bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Airborne Contamination on Semiconductor Wafers Traced to Humidification Plant Additives
Authors: Berro N. , Cook J. , Ingrey S. , Lester T. , Shepherd F. , Surridge R. , Westwood W.
Published: November 2020

Airborne contamination was observed on wafers being processed in a Class 100 semiconductor processing facility during a period of extremely cold weather. The contamination appeared as 1 to 2-μm-thick microdroplets, soluble in water and methanol. An analysis suggested that a reaction between additives (morpholine and sodium sulfite) in the humidification plant had formed a volatile product. A mechanism for formation and transport of this compound is proposed. Because of the chemical affinity of the contaminant for gold surfaces, a simple method for monitoring proved useful. Gold-coated, AT-cut quartz crystal monitors, normally used for thickness monitoring during vacuum deposition, were placed in the contaminated airstream and maintained at 10°C. The rate of change of resonant frequency gave an objective, qualitative measure of the concentration of the contaminant in the air. A test for the presence of the compound on surfaces and in aqucous samples was also devised. Warm, humid nitrogen is capable of carrying the contaminant selectively from such samples to a clean, cooled, gold mirror where the presence or absence of microdroplets can be observed. Such a source of contamination, due to standard cleanroom procedures, can have a significant effect on process yield.
A Cryogenic, Low-PPB Range Moisture Analyzer for Process Gases
Authors: Buck A. , Pressey R. , Yesenofski D. , Zatko D.
Published: November 2020

A commercial cryogenic chilled mirror moisture analyzer has been developed and tested for use with semiconductor process gases. The system is continuously reading, responds to moisture upsets within 40 sec, and can be used reliably at single-digit ppb moisture levels.

The CR-1 was evaluated by the methodology proposed at the Microcontamination '92 Conference. The evaluation shows that the instrument provides accurate and stable readings within the requirement specifications for gases used in semiconductor processing. With the CR-1, the gas system can be connected, purged-down, and be able to monitor at the 10 ppb level within 2 hr.
A Formulation of Product Reliability Through Environmental Stress Testing and Screening
Authors: Chan H.
Published: November 2020

Although hard defects may be detectable in factory tests, weak products may exhibit failures or degrade only under certain stress conditions. Without stress testing, these weak products may be shipped to customers and cause early failures in the field. These failures usually come from product weaknesses resulting in the presence of weak populations and the lower end of a broad main population for the product strength distribution. The requirements of the product strength distribution are determined by the reliability criteria and by the distribution of the lifetime maximum stress of the product. Environmental stress testing (EST), which includes corrective actions, aims at eliminating product weaknesses to achieve robustness. Enviromental stres screening (ESS) may augment EST, but is applicable only under certain conditions. Its applicablity also depends on whether the dominating failure may be stimulated by threshold stress, cumulative stresses, or their combination.
Using Environmental Databases to Develop Long-Term Stability Test Profiles: A Case Study
Authors: Lindsley Michelle , Anderson Robert
Published: November 2020

This paper presents a case study example of developing a long-term stability test profile using environmental databases to formulate a life-cycle environmental profile. The methods for using the database within the life-cycle environmental profile are presented. Using the environmental database along with limited data-collection activities enabled the development of a realistic long-term stability test.
A Numerical Study of Indoor Contaminant Mixing
Authors: Buchanan C. , Chung I. , Dunn-Rankin D.
Published: November 2020

Indoor air quality depends on the concentration and distribution of airborne contaminants. Often these are not uniform throughout the environment because the inlet air may not mix completely with the room air to dilute contaminants, which can be the result of poor room design or nonequilibrium conditions. The structure of the airflow and the extent of contaminant mixing depends on the location of flow and contaminant sources and sinks, as well as on the geometric barriers in the room. This paper describes a three-dimensional numerical simulation of the transport and dispersion of a passive, airborne contaminant in which the Navier-Stokes and concentration equations are solved under transient conditions for a rectangular enclosure with a single ventilation inlet and outlet. This investigation focuses on the effects of flow obstructions and ventilation rates on contaminant mixing.
Assessing Requirements for Wafer Environment Control
Authors: Fosnight William , Jensen David , Martin Ray
Published: November 2020

A methodology for assessing wafer environment control (WEC) needs based on process specific defect density (D0) goals, actual process and airborne particle levels, particle deposition velocity and wafer exposure time, as well as risks associated with changes in these factors is presented. The motivation is to ultimately determine cost-effective wafer isolation technology (WIT) strategies needed to achieve the required levels of particulate contamination at the wafer surface. The means of extending the methodology to other potentially yield-limiting nonparticulate airborne contaminants is also discussed.
Measurement of Inorganic Contaminant Extraction from Fluid Handling Components By Dynamic Extraction
Authors: Grant Donald , Lemke Travis , Duepner Greg , Wilkes Donna , Powell Norm
Published: November 2020

This paper addresses extraction of inorganic contamination from fluid handling components into semiconductor process chemicals. It presents a method of dynamic extraction that measures the rate at which inorganic contaminants are extracted from components as a function of time. The method overcomes many of the shortcomings of conventional techniques. It allows prediction of the amount of contamination added to chemical in a process tool with time. Examples of its use to measure extraction from all-Teflon 0.05-μm microporous membrane filters in 49 percent HF are included. Extraction from five different types of filters was measured. Each filter was tested for 2 to 8 weeks with multiple samples taken during the course of the extraction for metal analysis. Filters of the same type had similar extraction rates and similar contaminant "fingerprints." There were large differences between filter types. The use of an inappropriate O-ring on a filter cartridge was identified. The decrease in the rate of extraction from the filters was similar to theoretical predictions.
Feasibility of an In-Situ Particle Monitor on a Tungsten LPCVD Reactor
Authors: Fardi B. , MacGibbon B. , Tripathi S. , Moghadam F.
Published: November 2020

Reduction or elimination of particles generated within the semiconductor process equipment is vital to achieving high yields in the semiconductor industry. In-situ laser particle sensors that detect contaminants within the process equipment are gaining increasing acceptance because of their ability to detect problems in real-time. The prompt detection of particle problems followed by corrective actions will minimize impact to parts (wafers) sensitive to particle contamination. It is hypothesized that a relationship exists between the quantities of particles depositing on a wafer and particles detected by an in-situ particle sensor in the exhaust line. An extensive study was conducted to evaluate this hypothesis. An in-situ laser particle sensor was installed on the exhaust line of a Tungsten Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition (W-LPCVD) chamber. The exhaust line particle counts were collected during the processing of device wafers and during particle tests using monitor wafers. Correlations between the ISPM counts, particles deposited on the wafer, and yields are examined. The response of the particle sensor to the periodic chamber cleans is also presented and discussed.
Sterility Assurance for Cleanroom Wipers
Authors: Cooper Douglas
Published: November 2020

Procedures specified by the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) are used by Texwipe and some other wiper manufacturers to certify the sterility of sterile wipers. The tests assure that there is less than one chance in a million of having a viable particle on one of these sterile wipers when the package is first opened. In six of seven sets of wipers tested, the count distribution data supported the hypothesis that the bioburden (colony-forming units, cfu, per wiper) had a Poisson count distribution, which would come from having a uniform probability of finding a viable particle on each of the 30 wipers tested ion the set. No evidence was found for wipers in any set having a highly unusual level of bioburden.
Cleanroom Mats: An Investigation of Particle Removal
Authors: Whyte W. , Shields T. , Prvan T.
Published: November 2020

The variables that influence the particle removal efficiency of cleanroom mats were investigated. The removal efficiency was generally found to be greater if the mat was of a softer type, the particles smaller, the particle size distribution more homogeneous, the distance between the particles greater, and the adhesive strength of the mat surface greater.

One application of a mat surface was sufficient to remove a low concentration of similarly sized particles from a surface but it could require up to four mat surfaces to remove a high concentration of heterogeneously sized particles.

It was found with heterogeneously sized particles that larger particles were removed first, thus allowing access to the smaller particles which could then be removed. If the mat was soft, it allowed larger particles to sink into it and smaller particles than normal to be picked up.
The Origin of the Composite Wheeled Vehicle, Two-Wheeled Trailer, and Tracked Vehicle Vibration Schedules in MIL-STD-810D/E
Authors: Connon William
Published: November 2020

In the early and mid-1980s, a concerted effort was made at the Aberdeen Test Center (then Combat Systems Test Activity) to collect vibration data on a wide variety of vehicles to create laboratory vibration test schedules. The initial schedules were published in MIL-STD-810D and were updated for publication in MIL-STD-810E and ITOP (International Test Operations Procedure) 1-2-601. Although the vehicles used for schedule development are listed in the documents and a test scenario is described, little information has been published describing how the test levels compare with the actual measured levels and how the test courses used compare with the terrain likely to be encountered in the vehicle's normal operation. This paper describes the data acquisition and analysis efforts to show where and how measurements were made and how the final test levels relate to the actual measured levels. It will also describe the test courses used and show how they relate to "civilian sector" conditions such as operation on an unpaved road. The purpose of the paper is to provide an understanding of the physical severity represented by the test procedures used and the amount of conservatism and level exaggeration (to reduce test time) built into the schedule development process.
Lymphedema of breast cancer: risk factor and treatment
Authors: H. Losken Ana , Mullan Elisa
Published: November 2020

One of the well-known complication of breast cancer treatment is secondary lymphedema; an accumulation of protein-rich interstitial fluid due to the insufficient capacity of the lymphatic system. Lymphedema are affects about 20-30% of women following breast cancer treatment and the risk factors associated with lymphedema development after breast cancer surgery and or radiotherapy are not well established. Early diagnosis and treatment is considered important for successful management of breast cancer related arm lymphoedema. The objective of this study is to assess the value of risk factor and treatment modality of lymphedema. Electronic searches were conducted in MEDLINE®, EMBASE, CINAHL®, and Social Sciences Citation Index. Articles were included where researchers used qualitative research methods and when a comprehensive description of methods and the study's findings were provided. Among 1210 articles, 30-37% developed lymphedema and 45% associated with incresead body mass index (BMI), 53% related with higher stage of disease. Furthermore; 74% strongly step rise with the number of involved lymph nodes; 41% in comorbid diseases, and the time after surgery showed significant correlation with the development of lymphedema in 32%. Suction-assisted protein lipectomy (SAPL) has been shown to safely and effectively reduce the solid component of swelling in chronic lymphedema and microsurgery procedures, including lymphaticovenous anastomosis (LVA) and vascularized lymph node transfer (VLNT), have been shown to be effective in the management of the fluid component of lymphedema and allow for decreased garment use.
Critical role of farnesyltransferase inhibitor in protective myocardial function after endotoxemia in rat model
Authors: Durum Richard , F. Memon John
Published: November 2020

Farnesyltransferase (FTase) is one of the three enzymes in the prenyltransferase group that catalyzes most prenylation reactions and has been proposed as one component of acute inflammation. Endotoxemia was induced in male Wistar rats weighing 300-340 g by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection (10 mg/kg BW IV rout via the rat tail vein). Hemodynamic evaluation was performed 4-6 h post-LPS injection by measuring left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, dP/dtmax and myocardial tissue was histologically assessed to analyze macrophage infiltration and cellular damage. Left ventricular function was significantly impaired in the LPS-treated rats, as demonstrated by dP/dtmax (5579±213 vs. 2929±246 mmHg, ctrl vs. LPS; P=0.002) and ejection fraction (61% vs. 23%, ctrl vs. LPS; P=0.0035). LPS was significantly correlated with prominent myocardial cell injury characterized by the increased plasma cardiac troponin-I (cTn-I) and upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, rats pretreated with FTase inhibitor (Tipifarnib 15 mg/kg BW, IV rout via the rat tail vein) shortly before LPS administration improved myocardial function, dP/dtmax (2929±246 vs. 4125±126 mmHg, LPS vs. Tipifarnib; P<0.05) and ejection fraction (23% vs. 41%, LPS vs. Tipifarnib; P<0.05). The proinflammatory cytokines level, cTn-I level and macrophage accumulation are reduced after neutralized the LPS by FTase inhibitor P<0.05. These data suggest that FTase is a new potential molecular target to improved myocardial function in sepsis.
Maternal mortality, as a largely avoidable cause of death and reduction in maternal mortality has been a top priority in Brazil, despite massive program efforts to avert maternal deaths, the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in Brazil is still high especially in the poor area. Estimates of maternal mortality rates in Brazil are affected by underreporting of deaths, especially in less developed areas of the country where maternal mortality tends to be higher, and the absence of specific information indicating maternal death in reported deaths of women of reproductive age The objective of this study is to identify the true number of maternal deaths. We use data obtained from Ministry of Health information systems from the 2000 and 2012 Brazil Maternal Mortality Surveys to measure change in the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) and to measure changes in factors potentially related to such change. We estimate the changes in risk of maternal death between the two surveys using Poisson regression.
Authors: Campbell Jose , Duarte Osis Eliana
Published: November 2020

Maternal mortality, as a largely avoidable cause of death and reduction in maternal mortality has been a top priority in Brazil, despite massive program efforts to avert maternal deaths, the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in Brazil is still high especially in the poor area. Estimates of maternal mortality rates in Brazil are affected by underreporting of deaths, especially in less developed areas of the country where maternal mortality tends to be higher, and the absence of specific information indicating maternal death in reported deaths of women of reproductive age The objective of this study is to identify the true number of maternal deaths. We use data obtained from Ministry of Health information systems from the 2000 and 2012 Brazil Maternal Mortality Surveys to measure change in the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) and to measure changes in factors potentially related to such change. We estimate the changes in risk of maternal death between the two surveys using Poisson regression.
Exacerbates kidney injury in mice subjected to sepsis: critical impact of used heparin
Authors: Weighardt Peter , Hayashi Niels
Published: November 2020

Sepsis is the leading cause of death in critically ill patients, and the incidence of sepsis is increasing causes multiorgan failure, including acute kidney injury (AKI) and patients with both sepsis and AKI have an especially high mortality rate. Several different pathophysiological mechanisms have been proposed for sepsis-induced AKI: vasodilation-induced glomerular hypoperfusion, dysregulated circulation within the peritubular capillary network, inflammatory reactions by systemic cytokine storm or local cytokine production, and tubular dysfunction induced by oxidative stress animal sepsis models have been developed using LPS infusion. Renal dysfunction evaluated by serum creatinine and BUN was found in acute non-survivors (<24 hours) and decreased urine output in subacute non-survivors (24–96 hours). The study show that increased AKI in animal with blood collected heparin (P=0.002) compared to citrate, furthermore; sham mice that received heparin did not develop AKI.
Suppressions of metastatic breast cancer invasion and metastasis to brain/cross talk HER2/ERK1/2/MMP-9 signaling pathway
Authors: Lin Yu-Chun , Chin Dong-Qing
Published: November 2020

Understanding the molecular pathways that contribute to the development of metastatic breast cancer invasion and metastasis to brain is needed to improve the clinical utility of novel agents, and to predict the success of targeted personalized therapy based on tumor-specific mutations. Little is known about the clinical significance of HER2/ERK1/2/MMP-9 signaling pathway in breast cancer. We performed Global exon array to study the expression of ERK1/2/MMP-9 signaling pathway in metastatic breast cancer to brain, compared its expression in primary breast cancer and breast cancers metastatic to other organs, and validated the findings by RT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry was performed to study the expression and localization of ERK1/2/MMP-9 proteins in primary and metastatic breast cancer tissues and breast cancer cell lines. We performed matrigel invasion, transendothelial migration and membrane potential assays in established lines of normal breast cells.
The prevalence of mental disorders among lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) In Baghdad
Authors: M. Farhan Hafidh
Published: November 2020

he term LGBT is commonly used as short hand for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community, mental disorders higher prevalence among LGBT due to historical antigay stance and stigmatization of those people. To identify the prevalence of mental disorders in LGBT community and relation to their demographic variables. A case series study of 350 LGBT person in multicenter study in Baghdad was conduct within 4 years (2009-2013), Kinsey homo and heterosexual sexual scale used as a tool for assessment of sexual orientation and DSM 4 criteria for diagnosis of mental disorders. Only 150 0f 350 LGBT people suffered from mental disorders, regarding females the depression commonest (29%) followed by sadism (27%), while males depression and pedophilia commonest (17.8%) followed by nicotine and substance misuse (17%). The mental disorders were common among LGBT and there is different gender distribution.
A signature microRNA to predict biomarker panel for early diagnosis of renal cell cancer
Authors: H. Patel John , Günther David
Published: November 2020

Renal cancer is one of the most lethal human cancers and continues to be a major unsolved health problem. Conventional treatment approaches such as surgery, radiation, Immunotherapy, chemotherapy, or a combination thereof have had little impact on the course of this aggressive cancer and early cancer detection remains a major challenge in renal cancer but holds promise of resulting in a more favorable disease outcome. Circulating microRNAs (c-miRNAs) provide a new dimension as clinical biomarkers for disease diagnosis. In the current study we present a validated miRNA signature to predict biomarker panel for early diagnosis of renal cancer. The miRNA expression signature was profiled using custom miRNA microarray chips covering 8442human miRNAs derived from the miRBase database, version 16, released in 2010. These findings indicated that isolation and characterization of c-miRNAs may be a useful biomarker for prognosis, disease recurrence and early detection using cellular and molecular biology techniques from the circulation of renal cancer patients.
Peripartum cardiomyopathy management-multidisciplinary approach 2011-2013 at Care Institute of Medical Sciences
Authors: Devabhaktuni Pratibha , Chennapragada Sridevi , Manchala Sushma , Menon Rajeev , Patil Neelkanth , Bhupatiraju Somaraju
Published: November 2020

Background: Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is one of the rare causes of heart failure in pregnant women. It occurs in late pregnancy or up to 5 months post-partum. It is associated with high mortality and morbidity but with chances of full recovery. This paper discusses the treatment of peripartum cardiomyopathy, Peripartum cardiomyopathy management -multidisciplinary approach. 2011-2013 at CIMS.Methods: This is an observational study conducted at CARE institute of medical sciences, CIMS, during 2011-2013 years. Women fulfilling the criteria for the diagnosis of PPCM were included in the study. In this study we have analysed the obstetric intervention, the duration of ICU stay, hospital stay, maternal and perinatal outcomes. The cardiac drugs to manage each individual case suited to her condition have been mentioned.Results: Six cases were diagnosed to have PPCM in pregnancy when there was sudden onset of shortness of breath, cough, and palpitations. Four cases had history of PPCM in previous pregnancies and were managed in the current pregnancy. One rare case had features of cardiomyopathy seen in early gestational period, during the first trimester at eight weeks, when she was treated for ectopic gestation. Patients were managed by pregnancy cardiac team. There was no case of maternal mortality.Conclusions: PPCM is a rare condition. It requires a high index of suspicion and awareness among primary care givers for early diagnosis and prompt management. A pregnancy cardiac team approach benefits this subset of patients. Delayed time of presentation, LVEF and dilated ventricle are factors determining recovery.
The vegetarian who could not sleep: a case report
Authors: Sumathipala Sanjeewa
Published: November 2020

Sleep disorders are not unusual presentations to family medicine clinicians. Similarly, patients may have diets that can render them susceptible to vitamin deficiencies. Although not a commonly considered risk factor for sleep disorders, vitamin B12 is involved in the production of melatonin, a hormone regulating the sleep-wake cycle, and supplementation of vitamin B12 has been used to treat sleep disorders. This case study described a patient who presented with a sleep disorder and who was a vegetarian. Although he lacked obvious manifestations of vitamin B12 deficiency, his serum level was almost half the lower limit of normal, and with vitamin B12 supplementation, his sleep improved.
Determinants of delayed vaccination among children under 2 years attending an immunisation clinic of a tertiary care hospital, Kolkata
Authors: Chakraborty Nabanita , Joardar Gautam Kumar
Published: November 2020

Background: Immunization is one of the most effective public health measures for disease prevention and when administered timely leads to substantial reduction in child mortality and morbidity. However, timely administration of vaccines remains neglected putting the children at risk of acquiring the infections.  Methods: The study is a cross-sectional, observational study, conducted in the immunization clinic of KPC Medical College and Hospital from January to March 2019 among children below the age of 2 years. The sample size was 332. The mothers were interviewed with a pre-designed and pre-tested schedule regarding socio-demographic details and records were reviewed for scheduled date of immunization and to find any delay.Results: Total 33.7% children had some delay in receiving vaccines. The delay was found to be more in mothers <20 years of age, female children, children belonging to Hindu religion, children from joint family, children belonging to class 4 SES, children where maternal education is up to primary level and children with birth order≥3. Significant association was found between vaccine delay birth and order. (p<005). Sickness of the child accounted for 41% of the delays followed by both parents working, which accounted for 25.9% of delays.Conclusions: Delay in vaccination was found in approximately one-third of children. Thus more awareness generation is required among mothers regarding the timeliness of vaccinations and risk it poses on the children making them more susceptible to diseases in the period of delay.
Association of adult hippocampal neurogenesis with alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Gope Atryee
Published: November 2020

Neurogenesis in the adult brain has been reported to occur within three distinct regions, of which Hippocampus is the most studied one because of its importance in cognition and memory. Alzheimer’s disease attributes to almost 62% of all dementia cases. A recent study has established a link between adult hippocampal neurogenesis and alzheimer’s disease wherein a sharp decline in AHN is observed in patients suffering from alzheimer’s. This review summarizes alzheimer’s disease, the decline in AHN in alzheimer’s patients and probes into the efficacy of the newly generated hippocampal neurons in the context of memory and cognition. It also discusses the potential of targeting reduced AHN in alzheimer’s patients using neural stem cell-based therapy.
The Impact of Migration in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Review of Recent Evidence
Authors: Blyde Juan S. , Busso Matías , Ibáñez Ana María
Published: November 2020

This paper summarizes recent evidence on the effects of migration on a variety of outcomes including labor markets, education, health, crime and prejudice, international trade, assimilation, family separation, diaspora networks, and return migration. Given the lack of studies looking at migration flows between developing countries, this paper contributes to fill a gap in the literature by providing evidence of the impact of South - South migration in general and for the Latin American countries in particular. The evidence highlighted in this summary provides useful insights for designing policies to leverage the developmental outcomes of migration while limiting its potential negative effects.
Extracción selectiva de oro mediante membranas basadas en un nuevo material polimérico con sitios activos complejantes
Authors: López-Solis Carmen Lucía , Córdoba-Jiménez Denis Gabriel , Cuervo-Ochoa Germán , Martín-Franco Jaime , Gutiérrez-Valencia Tania Milena
Published: November 2020

Se sintetizó un nuevo polímero orgánico con características que le permiten actuar como agente extractante de iones metálicos. Se fabricaron membranas a partir de policloruro de vinilo (PVC), plastificante éter de 2 nitrofenil octilo (NPOE) y polímero sintetizado que se emplearon en la extracción de oro a partir de disoluciones acuosas del metal. Se estudió, además, el efecto de la adición de tetrafenilborato de sodio (Na-TFB) para mejorar el intercambio iónico entre la solución de trabajo y la membrana fabricada. Se determinó la composición y el espesor de la membrana con la cual se obtuvo el mayor porcentaje de extracción de oro, así como la selectividad del material hacia Au3+ en presencia de otros iones metálicos (Cu2+, Pb2+, Ca2+, Zn2+, Fe3+, Ni2+ y Al3+), cada uno con una concentración inicial de 1,4x10-4 M. Los resultados mostraron que en un ciclo se alcanzaron porcentajes de extracción cercanos al 80 % del contenido inicial de la solución (1x 10-4 M), con la ventaja de que se pudo reutilizar la misma membrana en tres ciclos sin pérdidas apreciables de eficiencia.
Investigation of Local Scour Hole Dimensions around Circular Bridge Piers under Steady State Conditions
Authors: ESKİ Ömer Yavuz , OZGENC AKSOY Aysegul
Published: November 2020

The local scour around bridge piers is one of the main causes of bridge failures. In this study, scour hole dimensions around circular bridge piers were investigated under clear water scour conditions for various steady flow rates. The experiments were performed with four different bridge pier diameters and seven different flow rates by using uniform sediment with a median diameter of 1.63 mm and geometric standard deviation of 1.3. After each experiments the bathymetry of scour hole was determined. New empirical equations to estimate scour hole length, scour hole width and scour hole volume (V) are proposed by using experimental findings and experimental data available in the literature. The experimental results were also compared with those calculated using several empirical equations given by previous studies. Since there is a lack of data about scour hole dimensions, the experimental findings presented in this study are useful for the researchers investigating the local scour process, and have contributed to the few experimental data in the literature.
PARTO CIRÚRGICO: AS MÚLTIPLAS EXPERIÊNCIAS DE MULHERES
Authors: Barral Fanny Eicherberger , Couto Telmara Menezes , De Almeida Lilian Conceição Guimarães , Bispo Tânia Christiane Ferreira , Oliveira Graziele Matos , Webler Natália
Published: November 2020

Objetivo: conhecer as experiências de mulheres que vivenciaram o parto cirúrgico. Método: estudo qualitativo. Foram realizadas entrevistas com dez mulheres que experienciaram parto cirúrgico em uma maternidade de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Posteriormente os dados foram sistematizados mediante a Análise Temática de Bardin. Resultados: as experiências das mulheres sobre o parto cirúrgico são permeadas pelo medo, atrelado principalmente à anestesia raquimedular. Evidenciou também que as condutas adotadas pelos profissionais impactam diretamente sobre essas experiências, visto que podem suprimir a genitora do processo de decisão sobre o tipo de parto, bem como obstaculizar o contato mãe-bebê. Experiências positivas permeadas pelo cuidado também foram apontadas. Conclusão: o estudo sinaliza para a necessidade de mudanças no cenário do parto cirúrgico, o que poderá contribuir para uma prática profissional que prioriza a qualidade da assistência ofertada e favorece o empoderamento das mulheres.

Descritores: Cesárea. Saúde da Mulher. Obstetrícia. Assistência Hospitalar.
Assessment of the Level of Environmental Risk in River Ecosystems of the Arctic Zone of Russia
Authors: Reshetnyak O.S.
Published: November 2020

The methodological approaches and the results of assessing the environmental risk level in river ecosystems of the Arctic region of Russia was presented. Assessing of the environmental risk level in ecosystem includes identifying possible negative consequences of anthropogenic impact, which are appeared in a violation of the structural organization of biocenoses. An intensification of the ecological devolution of individual communities of aquatic organisms is observed in modern conditions of anthropogenic impact and climatic variations in the Arctic ecosystems of rivers. The tendency to increase the ecological devolution level as the anthropogenic impact intensifies during the transition from less polluted Arctic rivers to more polluted ones (dirty) has been revealed. The ecological devolution level varies from absence (anthropogenic stress) to its appearance in the form of elements of ecological devolution. The results of the final assessment of the environmental risk level in the ecosystems of the Arctic region of Russia according to the ecological devolution level showed that the studied sections of the rivers are characterized by a low and medium level of risk. Further enhancement of anthropogenic impact on the catchments of Arctic rivers can lead to disruption of the ecological state of aquatic ecosystems and intensification of ecological devolutions processes which may increase the level of environmental risk.
Charitable Activities of German Settlers Representatives in the Social Life of the Crimea (Mid-19th - Early 20th Century)
Authors: Shendrikova S.P. , Vishnyakova N.E.
Published: November 2020

The article reveals the main issues of charitable activities of German landowners of the Tauride province of the 19th century, who not only created large model farms, but also devoted themselves to the social life of the Peninsula. The events of the Second World War (1939-1945) provoked the formation of negative public opinion about the German people, although the positive role of representatives of this nation is known in the history of Russia. However, today, the topic of charitable activities, patronage and philanthropy among the Ger-mans of the Crimea in the 19th - beginning of the 20th century is very inquisitive. The authors focus on the social activities of the German ethnic group in the territory of the Tauride province. Charitable activities in the Russian Empire initially did not have a sufficiently clear legal basis, however, with the adoption of the necessary legislative aspects, this direction became popular among a wealthy group of interested persons.
Efficient Public Administration: Some Aspects of the Establishment of State Executive Government Authorities in Russia
Authors:   Associate Professor of the Department of Administrative and Municipal Law of the Saratov State Law Academy PhD (Law), Smagina Tamara A.
Published: November 2020

The basis of the consideration of issues relating to individual elements of public administration are the scientific works of the professor, doctor of legal sciences, honored worker of science of the Russian Federation Nikolai Mikhailovich Konin. For the author, the theoretical views of the supervisor are a vector of continuous development. The task of the article is to identify obstacles that affect the ability to achieve one of the goals of administrative reform to eliminate excessive managerial powers, to reduce the number of civil servants and the structure of the apparatus of state authorities. The relevance of the issue is determined by the primary goal of public administration — to increase the efficiency of the executive branch. This area of activity depends on timely optimization of managerial processes, reduction in the number and structure of the state power apparatus, and elimination of duplication of managerial functions.
A Comparative Analysis of Proceedings in Cases on Administrative Offenses in General Jurisdiction and Commercial Courts
Authors:   Senior Lecturer of the Department of Theory and History of State and Law of the Law Institute of the Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University PhD (Law), Rubashkin Vladimir V.
Published: November 2020

The article is devoted to a comparative legal study of proceedings on administrative offenses under the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation and the Arbitration Procedure Code of the Russian Federation. Researches the debate issues of unification and differentiation of the order of consideration of cases of administrative offenses. Attention is paid to the difference in the procedure for appealing final decisions and decisions in the light of judicial reform.
A review of the thesis by A.D. Dymberov The Legal Regulation of the Application of Special Technical Means of Automatic Recording of Administrative Offenses Related to Road Traffic (Comparative Law Research) defended on May 30, 2019 at the Dissertation Council created based on the Kikot Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for the academic degree of PhD (Law) majoring in 12.00.14 — administrative law; administrative procedure (academic supervisor — Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, LL.D., Professor Anatoliy P. Shergin)
Authors:   Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation Professor of the Department of Administrative Law and Procedure of the Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL) LL.D., Professor, Stepanenko Yuriy V.
Published: November 2020

This publication is a review of Alexander Dymberov’s thesis for the degree of candidate of legal sciences.
The Lay of the Land: An Overview of Canada’s Undergraduate Research Opportunities within the Life Sciences
Authors:   University of British Columbia, Sun Evelyn , Graves Marcia L. ,   University of British Columbia, Oliver David C. ,   University of British Columbia
Published: November 2020

This article reviews the state of Canada’s undergraduate research opportunities in the life sciences across various institutions. Survey data gathered in 2019 from 20 departments in 14 universities show that all responding departments offer well-established forms of research that include credit-based directed studies or honors-thesis courses. Paid research opportunities are offered by 80–95 percent of the responding departments.
Remote Supergroup for Chemistry Undergraduates
Authors:   UNC Asheville, McMahon Caitlin M , Choquette Kimberly A. ,   Drew University, Stieber S. Chantal E. ,   California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, Gray Erin E. ,   Washington and Lee University
Published: November 2020

The Remote Supergroup for Chemistry Undergraduates (RSCU) brought together student and faculty scientists from 18 public and private institutions that primarily serve undergraduates, spanning 14 US states and one other country. RSCU’s goals included networking across institutions, promoting student understanding of the chemical literature, informing students about further educational and career opportunities, and facilitating discussions of equity and inclusion in science.
Diseño e implementación de un algoritmo de enfoque automático para el robot goniométrico Aparato para ojo compuesto
Authors: Guzmán Fonseca Mariana
Published: November 2020

El aparato robótico Goniometer para ojo compuesto en el Laboratorio de Física Computacional en la Universidad de Groningen requiere un algoritmo de enfoque automático que sea capaz de capturar imágenes para el análisis de insectos de ojo compuesto para su caracterización. En ausencia de un algoritmo adecuado que logra colocar la cámara en el lugar correcto, automatización GRACE tiene dificultades para buscar la imagen correspondiente. A través del presente artículo encontrará el diseño e implementación de algoritmos de enfoque automático. estructurado en módulos que mejoran la organización del proceso para lograr un adecuado análisis de ojos compuestos. Se ha propuesto un algoritmo que ejecuta cinco técnicas de capacidad de enfoque automático para determinar la nitidez de las imágenes en varios canales, así como para utilizar algunos de esos técnicas para mejorar el posicionamiento de la cámara y adquirir imágenes enfocadas.
Escaneo tridimensional y detección de objetos para una subsecuente manipulación por un robot colaborador
Authors: Alpízar Cambronero Alejandro
Published: November 2020

En el mundo se utiliza cada vez más la robótica para asistir en los distintos procesos que sellevan a cabo: desde la manufactura, la medicina y muchas otras áreas en las que se requierealivianar el trabajo del ser humano, ya sea por exceso de esfuerzo, la necesidad de altaprecisión o por la peligrosidad de la misma tarea que se desea llevar a cabo, entre otros.Los robots colaborativos tienen una gran capacidad de llevar a cabo tareas variadas; sinembargo, existe siempre una restricción hacia los mismos, son “ciegos”. Los robots pueden llevara cabo tareas para las que son programados, pero en un principio no cuentan con herramientasque les permitan ver su entorno para reaccionar acorde con él. Se han desarrollado distintastecnologías para superar estas barreras.El objetivo del proyecto es desarrollar la integración entre una tecnología láser de escaneotridimensional con un robot colaborativo, de manera que éste pueda realizar un escaneosobre una superficie de trabajo. Luego de completarse el escaneo, se debe analizar lainformación obtenida con un sistema de visión que se implementará, para luego poder darleal robot interpretación de los datos obtenidos y que el robot pueda subsecuentemente tomardecisiones respecto a las acciones a llevar a cabo y la ubicación de los distintos objetospresentes. Se llevará a cabo una investigación progresiva, en la que se puedan ir desarrollandolas herramientas necesarias para obtener los resultados deseados, para lograr al final un solosistema integrado de visión.
The use of different 17β-estradiol hormone doses and water temperatures to control cannibalism in catfish Clarias gariepinus seed
Authors: Putri Hylda Khairah , Zairin Jr. Muhammad , Carman Odang , Diatin Iis
Published: November 2020

Cannibalism is a major problem in the intensive catfish hatchery that caused high mortality. This phenomenon is allegedly due to the high level of testosterone hormones in the early larvae and seed stages. Testosterone is a maternal steroid hormone that is transferred directly by the parent to the egg. Catfish broodstock has high testosterone levels during the gonad maturation phase and it enters the eggs during the process of vitellogenesis. A high level of testosterone is considered to cause catfish seeds to behave aggressively and subsequently encourage cannibalism. This testosterone level may be reduced by estrogen through a negative feedback mechanism. This experiment aimed to evaluate the use of several 17β-estradiol doses at different water temperatures to control cannibalism in catfish seeds. This experiment used two factors, i.e. 17β-estradiol doses (0, 20, and 50 mg/kg) coated in the diet and water temperatures (28 and 31°C). The results showed that 17β-estradiol levels in catfish seeds increased with increasing experimental length. The use of 17β-estradiol at low water temperature (28°C) was better in decreasing mortality, while the dose of 50 mg/kg17β-estradiol which applied at 28°C was the best combination in controlling cannibalism on catfish seeds.
 
Keywords: 17β-estradiol, cannibalism, Clarias gariepinus, seed.
 
ABSTRAK
 
Kanibalisme merupakan salah satu masalah utama dalam pembenihan ikan lele intensif karena menyebabkan kematian yang tinggi. Fenomena ini diduga karena kadar hormon testosteron yang tinggi pada tahap larva dan benih. Testosteron merupakan hormon steroid maternal yang ditransfer secara langsung oleh induk ke telur. Induk ikan lele memiliki kadar testosteron yang tinggi pada fase pematangan gonad dan masuk ke dalam telur selama proses vitelogenesis. Tingginya kadar testosteron diduga menyebabkan benih berperilaku agresif dan akan mendorong kanibalisme. Kadar testosteron dapat ditekan dengan meningkatkan kadar hormon estrogen melalui mekanisme feedback negatif. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi penggunaan dosis estradiol-17β dan suhu pemeliharaan yang berbeda untuk mengendalikan kanibalisme pada benih ikan lele. Penelitian ini menggunakan dua faktor yaitu dosis estradiol-17β yang berbeda (0, 20, dan 50 mg/kg) yang diberikan melalui pakan, dan suhu pemeliharaan yang berbeda (28 dan 31°C). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi estradiol-17β pada benih ikan lele meningkat seiring dengan lamanya pemeliharaan. Penggunaan estradiol-17β pada suhu 28°C lebih baik dalam mengurangi mortalitas, sementara dosis estradiol-17β 50 mg/kg pada suhu pemeliharaan 28°C adalah kombinasi terbaik dalam mengendalikan kanibalisme pada benih ikan lele.
 
Kata kunci: benih, Clarias gariepinus, estradiol-17β, kanibalisme.
DIGITALE MEDIEN UND LERNSZENARIEN IM DAF-UNTERRICHT
Authors: Zobenica Nikolina N.
Published: November 2020

In der neuesten Zeit kann man eine rasant wachsende Bedeutung des E-Lernens auf allen Bildungsebenen beobachten. Zahlreiche digitale Medien werden ohne Vorbereitung und Planung in kurzer Zeit erprobt und eingesetzt, und das Lernen durch Versuche und Irrtum gewinnt zunehmend die Oberhand. In diesem Aufsatz werden mittels der theoretischen Analyse (1) die Schlüsselbegriffe im Zusammenhang mit dem E-Lernen geklärt, (2) seine Vorteile und Nachteile, (3) seine Einsatzmöglichkeiten im DaF-Unterricht in Bezug auf die didaktischen Prinzipien (Kompetenzorientierung, Interaktionsorientierung, Förderung von autonomem Lernen, Handlungsorientierung, Lerneraktivierung, Lernerorientierung, interkulturelle Orientierung) angeführt, und (4) verschiedene digitale Lernszenarien mit dem Ziel vorgestellt, Lehrende bei einem bedachten und planvollen Einsatz der digitalen Medien im DaF-Unterricht zu unterstützen.
Czy administracja publiczna musi wykonywać zadania z zakresu pomocy społecznej?
Authors: Nitecki Stanisław
Published: November 2020

Administracja publiczna powołana jest do realizacji zadań przypisanych państwu, a zatem takich, które przekraczają możliwości członków wspólnoty składającej się na państwo. Jednym z takich zadań jest wspieranie osób, które własnym staraniem nie są w stanie zaspokajać własnych potrzeb. Jego realizacja przez państwo wynika z zasady solidarności, która wspólnie z zasadą pomocniczości leży u podstaw wspierania tych, którzy nie są w stanie właściwie zadbać o własne potrzeby. Pomoc społeczna jest tą sferą aktywności społecznej, która może być zaspokajana mocą aktywności podmiotów indywidualnych, jednakże wspólnota po to utworzyła państwo, aby przy jego wykorzystaniu wspierać słabszych i tych, którzy nie są w stanie samodzielnie funkcjonować. Skoro pomoc społeczna jest zadaniem przypisanym wspólnotom, przy czym bez precyzyjnego wskazania, czy chodzi o wspólnoty lokalne, czy regionalne bądź o zasięgu ogólnokrajowym, oznacza to, że administracja obowiązana jest te zadania wykonywać. Wykonywanie zadań z tego zakresu może odbywać się przez samą administrację, ale także może ona zlecać je podmiotom niepublicznym. W tym zakresie podmioty będą wykonywały zadania leżące w gestii administracji i będą z nią współpracowały.
Egzogeniczne i endogeniczne źródła asymetrii informacji na rynku zamówień publicznych
Authors: Chrisidu-Budnik Agnieszka
Published: November 2020

Egzogeniczne i endogeniczne źródła asymetrii informacji są istotnym problemem rynku zamówień publicznych. Czynniki zewnętrzne wywołujące asymetrię informacji skutkują wzrostem ryzyka transakcji, a zarazem kosztów transakcyjnych. Czynniki wewnętrzne (behawioralne) związane są z dwoma ważnymi zjawiskami: negatywnej selekcji i pokusą nadużycia.
Letter to the Editor about the Article “Barrett or Barré?: The Need to End a Common Mispronunciation Among Portuguese Physicians”
Authors: Reis Carneiro Diogo , Sousa João André
Published: November 2020

N/a.
Model of Moisture Transport in Wood, Taking Into Account Diffusion and the Accompanying Adsorption of Water Vapour Through the Skeleton
Authors: Kucharczyk Andrzej , Pawlik Kamil
Published: November 2020

The paper presents a model of moisture transport in wood taking into account diffusion and the accompanying adsorption of water vapour through the skeleton. A two-parameter form of the source term was proposed, depending on the distance of the current mass concentration of bound water from the equilibrium state. The tests on cubic samples with a side of 2 cm were carried out which allowed to determine the coefficients of the proposed model on the basis of the reverse method. The tests were performed for pine, larch, oak and ash in all directions of orthotropy. Also the tests on thin samples were performed to verify the source term.