bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mapping tumor habitats in isocitrate dehydrogenase -wild type glioblastoma: Integrating MRI, pathologic, and RNA data from the Ivy Glioblastoma Atlas Project
Authors: Park Ji Eun , Oh Joo Young , Park Do Hoon , Lee Ho-Su , Yoon Shinkyo , Kim NakYoung , Park Seo Young , Song Sang Woo , Kim Young-Hoon , Hong Chang-Ki , Kim Jeong Hoon , Kim Ho Sung
Published: August 2024

Background

The goal of the study was to spatially validate intratumoral subregions (tumor habitat) using physiologic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on the pathology of the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-wild-type whole-glioblastoma sample.

Methods

Data from 20 patients (168 slides) were obtained from the Ivy Glioblastoma Atlas Project. On MRI, tumor habitats were defined using voxel-wise clustering of the apparent diffusion coefficient and cerebral blood volume maps for contrast-enhancing lesions (CEL) and non-enhancing lesions (NEL). On pathology slides, normalized areas of leading-edge, infiltrating tumor (IT), cellular tumor (CT), hypervascular lesion (CThypervascular), and perinecrotic lesion (CTperinecrotic) were obtained. Gross specimen was coregistered on MRI and correlation between pathology-MRI habitats was calculated. RNA sequencing of 67 samples was assessed using 4 Neftel subtypes and further correlated with pathology.

Results

Six tumor habitats were identified: hypervascular, hypovascular cellular, and hypovascular hypocellular habitats for CEL and NEL. CT was correlated with hypovascular cellular habitat in CEL (r = 0.238, P = .005). IT was correlated with hypovascular cellular habitat in NEL (r = 0.294, P = .017). CThypervascular was correlated with hypervascular habitat in NEL (r = 0.195, P = .023). CTperinecrotic was correlated with imaging necrosis (r = 0.199, P = .005). Astrocyte-like subtypes were correlated with IT (r = 0.256, P < .001), while mesenchymal-like subtypes were correlated with CTperinecrotic area (r = 0.246, P < .001).

Conclusions

Pathologically matched tumor subregions were CT with hypovascular cellular habitat in CEL and infiltrative tumor with hypovascular cellular habitat in NEL. Identification of the most aggressive, as well as infiltrative tumor portion, can be achieved using noninvasive MRI tumor habitats.
Wilfred Owen
Authors: Vandiver Elizabeth
Published: August 2024

This chapter surveys classical reception in the war poetry of Wilfred Owen and demonstrates the crucial importance of classics for his work. It begins with a brief biography of Owen, focusing particularly on his education, his unfulfilled hopes of attending university, and his determined efforts to learn Latin, and giving a summary of his war service, his treatment at Craiglockhart Hospital, and his friendship with Siegfried Sassoon. The chapter then turns to detailed discussion of the war poems. The poems are grouped into four categories, the first three of which foreground the most significant forms of classical reception that Owen employs: poems that allude to Horace’s Odes, starting with Owen’s most famous poem, ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’; poems that allude, directly or indirectly, to the classical katabasis (Underworld journey) or to the Underworld itself; and Owen’s direct retellings of classical myths; a final Miscellaneous category includes other classically informed poems. Poems that include only brief references to classics are surveyed in a separate section. The chapter establishes that Owen was directly familiar with Horace’s Odes, showing that he not only quoted Horace’s Latin in ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’ but also incorporated translations of Horatian phrases and aspects of Horatian structure into other poems. The chapter also demonstrates Owen’s familiarity with Ovid’s Metamorphoses, Vergil’s Aeneid, and Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey.
This Door Which Opens on to What?
Authors: Heath Iona
Published: August 2024

An account of doors and thresholds and the challenge of crossing them, especially while visiting patients in their own homes.
Looking
Authors: Heath Iona
Published: August 2024

An account of finding wisdom relevant to the care of patients in John Berger’s descriptions of looking at photographs and paintings alongside the importance of acknowledging the legitimacy of multiple viewpoints, and deepening one’s understanding by responding in writing.
Listening
Authors: Heath Iona
Published: August 2024

An exploration of the differences between the visual and the verbal, the deafness of power, and the effects of learning directly from patients.
Connecting
Authors: Heath Iona
Published: August 2024

An account of the subtle processes of initiating the conversation with a patient that enables recognition, trust, and continuity of care.
Thinking
Authors: Heath Iona
Published: August 2024

What does it mean to think? A discussion of the extent to which labels and guidelines limit rather than encourage thinking, alongside an exploration of the moral requirement to sometimes disregard rules.
Space and Place
Authors: Heath Iona
Published: August 2024

An account of the opportunity of space and the security of place and how this intersects with illness experience.
Pain
Authors: Heath Iona
Published: August 2024

An exploration of the unknowability of another’s pain alongside an account of the power of biography to scar biology and so cause illness and disease.
Angels
Authors: Heath Iona
Published: August 2024

An account of angels in relation to everything either evanescent or eternal, mysterious and numinous, and particularly, in relation to the tenderness of both affection and love.
ID Wars in Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Banégas Richard , Cutolo Armando
Published: August 2024

Identity documents provide rights to citizenship and social inclusion. They can also generate violence and conflicts. This book explores Côte d'Ivoire’s ‘ID war’ as a paradigmatic case of a citizenship crisis, centred on the access to national identity cards and certificates. Using ethnographic and historical data, it shows how the documentary struggle for citizenship has continued in the post-crisis reconstruction, affecting the new policies of identification and registration based upon biometrics and new technologies. It describes how the latter have been overturned and reframed by the Ivorian society. Focusing on the production and negotiation of legal identities, the book delves into the social life of IDs and biometrics. It describes the clandestine world of the margouillats, the corrupt brokers of the civil registry; the forms of documentary falsification aimed at taming legal and bureaucratic principles with the requirements of ordinary social life; the hidden practices of state apparatuses of identification and the local machinery of biometric registration; the self-made censuses and systems of identification used by minorities seeking recognition in the public space. Through these ethnographic descriptions with a specific approach ‘from below’, the book shows that actual reforms supposed to depoliticize—and, in the case of biometric technologies, to de-socialize—identification do not erase its constitutively political dimension. From a comparative perspective, the case of Côte d'Ivoire reveals the unprecedented revenge of the documentary state on the biometric state and encourages us to rethink their dyadic opposition in a more complex triangulation of identification, debt, and recognition.
The Politics of Identification: Genealogy of a Citizenship Crisis
Authors: Banégas Richard , Cutolo Armando
Published: August 2024

Chapter 2 shows that the ‘war of identification’ in Côte d'Ivoire has a deep historical dimension. It aims at linking the political history of individual and collective identities to their material translation in 'papers' and identification dispositifs, understood as public policies, institutional practices, and ideological configurations that carry with them common representations of citizenship. Its ambition is to trace the genealogy of the crisis of citizenship that has arisen around the issue of identity papers, looking at them ‘from above’ and ‘from below’. Five configurations are highlighted in this genealogy: the first three, examined in Chapter 2, help us to understand the transition from a documentary informality, specific to an economic conception of citizenship (the first section), to an autochthonist enclosure of national belonging under Ivoirité (the second section), and even an attempt, under Gbagbo, to institutionalize identification through the ancestral village (the third section).
The Fabric of Statelessness
Authors: Banégas Richard , Cutolo Armando
Published: August 2024

Chapter 5 makes a further step on identification and citizenship by focusing on rural communities displaced from Haute Volta in the 1930s and settled in ‘colonial villages’ in central Côte d’Ivoire. It asks how and why an old local issue of citizenship and documents came to be recast in terms of the ‘risk of statelessness’ by the government and international organizations. Despite their legal recognition as national citizens, these people were kept in a liminal status of juridical exception and political dependence from the ruling party. The chapter recalls their historical discrimination and their struggle for ‘papers’. It shows that neither the civil registration nor biometric reforms have radically altered their documentary insecurity and the old stereotypes that continue to structure national belonging. Far from reducing the risks of statelessness, the chapter concludes by assuming that new technologies of identification may even pave the way for its digital consolidation.
Consent and Waiver
Authors: Howley Jessica
Published: August 2024

This chapter focuses on consent as a tool for addressing overlapping individual and interstate claims. It considers both the consent of a State or individual as a means of precluding the wrongfulness of conduct otherwise in breach of an obligation owed to the other, and the consensual waiver by a State or an individual of the claims of that other, as mechanisms through which an entity may purport to preclude that other’s overlapping claim. Drawing extensively on practice, including in respect of lump-sum settlement agreements, it examines the effect of both individual waivers of interstate claims and interstate waivers of individual claims. It demonstrates their scope to preclude overlapping claims, even where the relevant entities hold separate rights. It also highlights, including through examining topical debates regarding reforms of international investment law, the significant role of State consent in addressing overlapping individual and interstate claims: preventing claims from being brought altogether through alteration of individual claims mechanisms.
Introduction
Authors: Swanwick Ruth , Fobi Daniel , Nyadu Offei Yaw , Mills Oppong Alexander , Fobi Joyce , Appau Obed , Asomaning Derrick , Doku Richard , Amanvida Gibbah Linda
Published: August 2024

This introductory chapter outlines the overall aims of the book and frames the writing context. The writing team introduce themselves by presenting their different cultural and professional perspectives and sharing their diverse experiences of being deaf and hearing project team members. The team explain how they approached the writing process to ensure an inclusive, culturally appropriate, and collective voice for this text. The positionality of the writing is explained with a particular focus on the ways in which the authors sought to work with social and cultural understandings of deafness. The need to problematize what this stance means in a low-income African context is underlined. The authors explain how the text incorporates aspects of empirical research undertaken by the project team and preview the sequence through the subsequent chapters and their content.
Avali Alāha nūru ūpāiā
Authors: Puri Maria
Published: August 2024

The chapter examines a cluster of five Kabīrian hymns found in Rāga Prabhtī section of the Guru Granth Sahib (GGS), which, besides the utterances of the Sikh gurus, includes compositions by bhagats, among them Kabīr. The compositions of bhagats are known collectively as bhagat bāṇī, with the appellation of Kabīr Bāṇī given to the body of sabads and saloks bearing Kabīr signature. Taking hymn V, the opening line of which is quoted in the title, as the starting point, all the five hymns are analysed for sectarian, and more specifically, Islamic overtones, in an attempt to place the cluster within the Sikh praxis and textual scholarship. A hypothesis linking editorial strategies evident in the five-cluster arrangement with the consummate exposition of the Sikh worldview provides a possible working template for intratextual studies of the Kabirian oeuvre and further discourse on the dialogic nature of the GGS as a whole.
Translating the Truth of Truths
Authors: Cavaliere Stefania
Published: August 2024

This introduction presents the following three chapters, which deal with three interconnected works belonging to the textual tradition of the Sanskrit allegorical drama Prabodhacandrodaya by Kr̥ṣṇamiśra (11th century). Each of these three chapters focuses on a translation of the text, namely the Brajbhāṣā version of Nanddās (1570), which may have been the intermediary between the Sanskrit matrix and the Persian translation Gulzār-i ḥāl (1662-3) by the poet Balīrām, and another version in Brajbhāṣā by Brajvāsīdās (1760), itself based on the Persian text. Considering each text independently, the chapters will highlight some variations in the evolution of the story, adapting to different historical, religious and cultural contexts. In parallel, a joint analysis of these works in their mutual connections and in relation to their matrix raises questions about the dynamics of circulation of ideas and texts in early modern Indian intellectual history.
The Gulzār-i ḥāl by Banvālīdās
Authors: Cappello Giuseppe
Published: August 2024

This chapter explores the transmission and reception of the Gulzār-i ḥāl by Banvālīdās, a Persian adaptation of the Sanskrit drama Prabodhacandrodaya by Kr̥ṣṇamiśra (11th century). It is also hypothesized that Banvālīdās composed it through the intermediacy of Prabodhcandroday nāṭak (c.1570), a Brajbhāṣā version by Nanddās. In his work, Banvālīdās textualized Advaitic philosophical elements of the source text(s) through the filter of Vaḥdat al-Vujūd, the tradition of Islamic mysticism considering God and the creation as one Being, and the entire world as His manifestation. This chapter focuses on two possible prefaces of Banvālīdās’ work to investigate how the source texts and their authors were presented to the Indo-Persian readership through the agency of Persian literary conventions and Sufi technical terms. It also focuses on the working praxis used to adapt the Braj source into Persian to shed light on how problematic the attribution of the Gulzār-i ḥāl to Banvālīdās only is.
The Sixth Tale
Authors: Bitel Lisa M.
Published: August 2024

Family in the síd had its advantages. Your kinfolk were beautiful, immortal, and wealthy, and they could wield magic. Mortal parents could be more difficult. Ailill and Medb manipulated their children for their own selfish purposes, as in this tale and the story of the great Cattle-Raid of Cúailnge. The story of that táin flows as an underground current through this táin, which is more like a romance of Fróech and Findabair. Some poets will tell you that this tale, too, exists merely to explain why Fróech brought his troops to help Medb in the Cattle-Raid. Although it is also called a táin, there is no rustling in this tale until the end. Scholars quarrel about whether it began as a tale told around the fire or was composed by an imaginative monk at his writing table.
Afterword
Authors: Green Jeffrey Edward
Published: August 2024

The Afterword justifies the propriety of treating Bob Dylan as a modern-day prophet. It addresses readers who remain hesitant about that characterization by pointing to both similarities and fruitful differences between Dylan and prophets of the biblical type and by explaining why Dylan is an ideal prophet for those otherwise skeptical of prophecy. It recapitulates Dylan’s original contributions to the meaning of self-reliance, postsecularism, and political realism. And it concludes by comparing Dylan and Ralph Waldo Emerson, both freethinking and eloquent standard-bearers in their respective times, but divergent in their perspectives on the potential for harmony between duty to self and duty to others and their outlook for a just and democratic future world.
Maimon's Essay on a New Logic or Theory of Thinking
Authors: Franz Timothy
Published: August 2024

The Essay on a New Logic or Theory of Thinking was Salomon Maimon’s hard-won success after a lifetime’s pursuit of philosophical wisdom, originally published in Berlin in 1794. Timothy Franz presents its first English translation, with the goal of allowing the New Logic to be an object of further study, accessible to the philosophical tradition. Maimon’s work is the product of philosophical genius, and at its heart it is a serene account of reflection on thought that determines the principles of logic, on the one hand, and the principles of scientific cognition of the world, on the other, culminating in a thought-provoking metaphysics and philosophy of religion. Maimon also intended the work to be the foundation of his ethics, political philosophy, and aesthetics. However, as a Jewish philosopher from Lithuania, he had learned his subject as a wanderer, and he struggled to be understood by his fellow Jews, by Germans, and by the philosophical community. Consequently, there is considerable tension between Maimon’s philosophical vision and his persona and presentation. Franz translates the text of the New Logic, the Letters of Philalethes to Aenesidemus, in which Maimon defends his views against the thinkers closest to him, two hostile reviews he vigorously annotated, and the letter to Kant introducing his idea for a critical philosophy of logic. Franz prefaces the work with a brief history of Maimon’s philosophical development and an introduction that attempts to reconcile Maimon’s presentation with his argument and to understand both of them together.
[Pure Reason and Illusion]
Authors: Franz Timothy
Published: August 2024

Chapter 12 is Maimon’s criticism of Kant’s doctrine of the ideas of reason. Maimon argues that Kant’s ideas of the soul, world, and God are erroneous products of imagination rather than reason. The argument is that, while Kant takes reason to be the capacity of principles (since reason tries to justify the validity of inferences in general by grounding this validity on the highest principles of the soul, the world, or God), Maimon takes reason to be only the capacity to infer. For Maimon has already obtained the principles of valid inference in his reflection. Therefore, the faculty of inferences has nothing to do with how far inferences go, and it does not seek to ground itself beyond itself. Thus, Maimon begins to differentiate reason and the imagination on this point. One consequence of this is that Maimon will not take Kant’s Transcendental Antinomies to be consequential arguments.
Why Did Calvin Write His Prefatory Letter to King Francis I?
Authors: Balserak Jon
Published: August 2024

This chapter examines Calvin’s life and intellectual, spiritual, and moral development up to roughly 1536. The chapter discusses Calvin’s conversion to evangelicalism and his flight from Paris and eventually France, due to accusations of Lutheranism. It then examines Calvin’s prefatory letter to King Francis I, which he included in the first edition of his Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536) (as well as every other edition). It argues that the contents of the letter are crafted so as to present Calvin in a particular light and hide his (illegal) plans to evangelize his French homeland—plans which he had already begun. This demonstrates Calvin’s deep concern to craft his public-facing image. The chapter concludes with his arrival in Geneva and mentions his friendship with, and the possible influence on him of, Guillaume Farel.
Conclusion
Authors: Pilcher Jeffrey M.
Published: August 2024

The conclusion summarizes the book as a history of how humans have made beer and how they have made meanings with these beers. It follows the invention of beer styles as they served to commodify the beverage, creating status symbols with the cachet of local origins, even after production had become thoroughly globalized. Global perspective is important to reveal how exchange spurred the development of brewing traditions, which have often been attributed to isolated nations or civilizations. Global vision also reveals the power relationships that have shaped the production and consumption of beer, particularly the racialized politics of prohibition and empire. The evolution of beer has depended on the formation of taste communities, from the early modern styles to the invention of craft beer connoisseurship on the internet. Although mass-produced and craft beers have been marketed with vastly different messages, both are capitalist commodities with mutually intwined destinies.
Mexican Philosophy in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Sánchez Carlos Alberto
Published: August 2024

In this chapter, we explain how Mexican philosophy is not European philosophy. Beginning with Alonso de la Veracruz, philosophy in Mexico sought to remain neutral, to remain at a distance from its environment and its circumstance. But as time wore on, its neutrality was tested by the demands of Mexico itself. The methods of European philosophy began to be seen as ill-fitted to this New World reality, being simply too abstract for an alien land. Nonetheless, it persisted, and for centuries the American circumstance continued to be seen through a European lens. Eventually, in the twentieth century, Mexican philosophy would arrive at a conception of itself as distinctive, still reflecting its relation to Europe but now actively affirming itself in its own individuality in spite of that relation. In the process of becoming aware of itself, it achieves a certain anti-Europeanness.
Rest in Peace, Charles Byrne?
Authors: Gerber David A.
Published: August 2024

It isn’t often that the deathbed wishes of an obscure eighteenth-century Irish peasant who barely lived twenty-two years become a matter for intense contemporary public ethical debate or international media attention. Such is the case with the instructions that Charles Byrne (1761–1783), the publicly exhibited “Irish Giant,” gave his friends, as he lay dying in shabby rooms in London in 1783. Byrne told them that he wanted to be buried at sea in a leaded coffin that would sink irretrievably to the ocean floor, there to be left alone and never to be a spectacle again. Byrne is still waiting over two centuries later to have his deathbed wishes fully honored. As this chapter will make clear, Byrne’s desire to control the fate of his own body, which was in life a spectacle viewed for money by a gawking public, has resonated well beyond his death.
Chin Up
Authors: Craton Lillian E.
Published: August 2024

Was it her beard and her “manly” assertion of rights that brought Madam Clofullia’s marriage to an end? Like the gossipy Clipper, this chapter seeks to intrude on their personal realm. What role did this woman’s facial hair play in shaping her opportunities for romance? How did it affect her sense of her own value? Was she proud of her beard and career? Was she embarrassed by it? Such questions of affect and personal experience are the hardest to answer when one revisits the historical bearded ladies of the nineteenth-century freak show. This desire to connect—to meet these performers as real people—shows how compelling images of bodily spectacle remain decades after Leslie Fielder showed “that the distinction between audience and exhibit, we and them, normal and Freak” is simply “illusion . . . untenable in the end.” Ultimately, it is curiosity about bearded ladies that is interrogated in this essay.
Monstrous Births and the Religious Imagination
Authors: Stahl Devan
Published: August 2024

The history of monstrous births in the West is inextricable from religious history. Christianity in particular was responsible for defining the meaning of monstrous events—those natural events, including the birth of children, that appeared to contravene the natural order. Christian theology drove how such individuals were understood and treated for centuries. Well into the modern era, monstrous births provoked intense theological speculation, particularly for Christians who believed they could understand God through the created world. What exactly God was communicating, however, was debated. No matter what conclusion was drawn, however, the unusual anatomy of the monstrous child was meaningful. The transcendent meaning—how the body related to God—and social meaning—what the body signaled to the community—of the monster’s body had to be considered before the physician or anatomist was allowed to intervene on it (whether the monster was alive or dead).
Guitar Voicing II
Authors: Koozin Timothy
Published: August 2024

Following the introduction to guitar barre chords provided in Chapter 1, this chapter continues with guitar chords that utilize open strings, showing how basic fretted chord shapes form “chord spaces” that guitarists navigate creatively. Examples by artists including Tom Petty, the Grateful Dead, the Rolling Stones, the Eagles, and Liz Phair provide a framework in exploring songs by Sheryl Crow that use fretboard space to establish axial harmonic relationships, projecting virtual environments and dramatic trajectories that interact with vocal persona. Crow employs G-chord space in an artistically personalized way to craft an individual creative strategy. Blending rock and country style idioms, she creates songs that juxtapose mythic imagery of the American West against realistic narratives of modern romance, crisis, and recovery. Given the easy access to the more materially grounded E minor submediant, G-chord fretboard space offers the potential to musically personify a powerful metaphor: a crisis waiting to happen.
Borrowing from Our Heroes
Authors: Randles Clint
Published: August 2024

This chapter lays the groundwork for understanding the role of cover songs in being and becoming a songwriter. Advice is provided for how to think about cover songs in the development of a personal voice. Strategies are provided to help both students and their teachers think about the process of covering songs so that the lesson seeds can be accomplished more successfully. Small group music-making is presented as a way to nurture the best of what can be accomplished through covering songs. Keys, vocal range, and the work of professional artists are shared across the chapter as well as “water” and “sunlight” for help and inspiration.
Advanced Cover Song Seeds
Authors: Randles Clint
Published: August 2024

This chapter contains example lesson plan seeds for advanced cover song lessons. It leverages concepts from across the chapters of the book. It centers on the creative practices and processes of professional songwriters, performing musicians, recording musicians, and scholars of songwriting. It provides the reader with resources for further growth and exploration. It leverages the musicianship that can be developed in small student-centered ensembles where the teacher functions like a music producer in the classroom. Lesson seeds include sections on lesson time, modifications for special learners, formal and informal assessment strategies and rubrics, and learning outcomes. The reader is urged to start thinking of ways of developing their own ideas for seeds.
From Language Revitalization to Digital Replication
Authors: Matthes Erich Hatala
Published: August 2024

This chapter argues that conservation practices that are participatory and situated are best positioned to allow individuals and communities to confront change on their own terms. Building on the argument from the previous chapter, which argued that conservation should aim to empower individuals and communities to confront change on terms they can accept, this chapter surveys conservation cases from a wide range of contexts in order to illustrate how such conservation practices can generate distinctive participatory goods. The ability of community members to participate in conservation also shapes our understanding of what kinds of things are authentic and how authenticity can be maintained. The chapter considers both familiar cases of material conservation as well as novel forms of digital preservation and replication.
Nahuatl Nations
Authors: Pharao Hansen Magnus
Published: August 2024

The Nahuatl language is one of Mexico’s official national languages, and as the language of the Aztecs, it holds a special place in the national imagination. But it is also the language of many indigenous micro-nations scattered throughout the country, and even across the borders into the United States. So what happens when the Mexican state that has long worked to eradicate indigenous languages decides to support and revitalize indigenous languages, and does this help or damage the ability of indigenous communities to keep their languages alive? Based on long-term ethnography, this book is about how the Nahuatl language plays a role in the political life of different kinds of communities, from the Mexican nation, to indigenous towns and regions, and to the Mexican diaspora in the United States. It is also about how politics plays a role in the life of a language. It argues that to understand why some indigenous languages become endangered and disappear, while others remain vital community languages, one must understand the political relations between the speech communities and the national community, and the way that the language is integrated into the fabric of indigenous community life. Engaging with indigenous scholarship on political sovereignty of indigenous peoples, it introduces the concept of “semiotic sovereignty” to analyze the semiotic relations between indigenous political communities and nation-state politics. It argues that it is of crucial importance for indigenous communities to control their own semiotic resources, prominently including language.
Introduction
Authors: McNicholl Adeana
Published: August 2024

The Introduction introduces the sources investigated throughout the book: narratives about pretas composed in South Asia during the first millennium of Buddhism’s development. These stories, which typically feature humans misbehaving and being reborn as suffering ghosts, or pretas, do not merely communicate abstract ideas about cosmology and karma for the masses. Instead, Preta narratives contributed to the ongoing construction of Buddhist cosmology. Stories about humans being reborn as suffering pretas were additionally not simple scare tactics to encourage good behavior. These tales posit an affective process of ethical cultivation in which the generation of ethical selves corresponds to that of ideal bodies. The production of affective experiences through literary aesthetics is key to ethical development in these stories, which both model and elicit embodied experiences that are ethically formative.
“Disappearing into clouds of smoke”
Authors: Klitzman Robert L.
Published: August 2024

This chapter provides an introduction to the book. It charts how the author, a physician and psychiatrist, became interested in these topics, journeying from wariness of the roles of religion and spirituality in medicine, given his scientific training, to seeing how these realms constitute important dimensions of patients’ experiences, and how physicians often ignore these domains. This chapter describes the in-depth interview research that underlies the book and outlines its key themes: how patients of varied beliefs (from devoutly religious—whether Christian, Jewish, or Muslim—to “spiritual but not religious,” atheist or agnostic) confront these challenges, how doctors often ignore these areas, and how chaplains have developed ways of addressing these realms and aiding patients and families. However, chaplains face obstacles and are often marginalized or misunderstood. These issues have broader implications for elucidating how people of varied backgrounds wrestle with religious, spiritual, and existential quandaries.
“Why has God let me down?”
Authors: Klitzman Robert L.
Published: August 2024

Before they confront serious disease and possible death, most people have held beliefs of some kind, whether religious, spiritual, agnostic, or atheistic. Initially, many patients struggle to rely on these past perspectives, but these prior beliefs, while helping numerous patients, frequently falter. This chapter probes how chaplains help such patients and families. Members of conservative churches often feel disappointed and incensed at God, wondering whether God has forsaken them, and chaplains encourage such patients to explore these emotions. Patients also may clash with their families or others about such beliefs. Combat veterans and other patients who may have injured others, even if unintentionally, can wrestle with added guilt. Even nonreligious patients at times feel intense regrets that can affect their mind and body. Parents of ill children frequently feel that they are somehow responsible for their offspring’s disease. Chaplains have developed supple ways of assisting patients and families grappling with these concerns.
“The voice of the voiceless”
Authors: Klitzman Robert L.
Published: August 2024

Due to their limited resources, chaplaincy departments unfortunately miss many individuals, especially members of certain vulnerable groups. These groups vary, but all of them confront misunderstandings, stigma, discrimination, and barriers in receiving ideal spiritual and other care. Doctors and nurses may have difficulty communicating with non-vocal patients, for instance, who nonetheless face existential and spiritual challenges. Psychiatry has long viewed religion with suspicion, yet patients with mental health problems, too, face existential and spiritual quandaries that psychopharmacology may miss. Given various religious institutions’ homophobia, LGBTQ+ patients often grapple with added challenges, but feel that spirituality is important. Disadvantaged minority groups of other ethnicities and races may receive substandard care, too. Muslim patients have been increasing in number but encounter particular barriers. Islamophobia can impede mental health and pursuit of treatment. Unfortunately, chaplains remain disproportionately white and Christian and speak English only.
The Intelligibility Question (Part I)
Authors: Kane Robert
Published: August 2024

This chapter begins the discussion of the Intelligibility Question: Can one make sense of a free will requiring indeterminism without reducing it to mere chance, or luck or mystery? The chapter begins to show how this might be done by appealing to a certain kind of self-formation and what the author calls “self-forming actions” or SFAs. In the process of doing this, the chapter addresses a host of objections and criticisms concerning the intelligibility and possibility of such a libertarian free will, objections from empirical sciences, from issues about luck, about micro- and macro-control, about so-called Austin-style examples, objections concerning the phenomenology and rationality of such actions, about probabilistic causation, will-power, responsibility, and other objections and issues encountered in beginning to develop a coherent and intelligible libertarian account of free will.
Theological Context
Authors: Bassiouni Mahmoud
Published: August 2024

This chapter discusses the theological context of the Islamic human rights discourse and takes a closer look at the concepts of sharīʿa, fiqh, and Islamic law. It aims to clarify and differentiate these terms and offer a systematic understanding of them. In a longer historical excursus, it critically examines classical explanations for the stagnation of Islamic law and points to several factors that have fundamentally shaped its formal and substantive development. Based on that, it distinguishes a static from a dynamic conception of Islamic law in order to help explain the differences among the various Muslim positions on human rights.
New Conceptions of the maqāṣid
Authors: Bassiouni Mahmoud
Published: August 2024

This chapter engages with the modern Islamic legal discourse and examines several proposals for the reconceptualization of Islamic legal purposes, highlighting two broad strategies: reinterpretation and expansion. The reinterpretation approach seeks to adapt classical legal purposes to contemporary contexts, giving them a new horizon of meaning. The expansion approach aims to broaden the classical catalogue of legal purposes. Critically, the chapter emphasizes the need to adhere to the premises of the classical theory so as to enable a coherent and methodologically sound revision of the maqāsid, rather than relying on arbitrary determinations. To avoid the latter, it is necessary to identify those goods that fulfill the criteria of necessity, universality, and empirical observability.
Brackets
Authors: Barton Jill
Published: August 2024

Brackets can add clarity and simplicity because they help writers avoid shoving an ill-fitting quote into their writing. All the justices use brackets when part of a quote doesn’t quite work, making these sharp parenthetical marks a key part of the legal writer’s toolkit. But too many brackets can get clunky, weighing down sentences. The justices strike a balance. Pairs of brackets appear every other page or less, on average. The examples in this chapter show that when a quotation is essential, meaning that paraphrasing is not an option, brackets can help. The technical details: Use brackets to show a change to a word’s capitalization or a verb tense or when swapping a term or phrase for something else. Also, brackets—and never ellipses—show a change to the start of a quoted sentence, as examples in the chapter show.
Adjectives and Adverbs
Authors: Barton Jill
Published: August 2024

Adjectives and adverbs are essential but often overused in legal writing. Mark Twain advised writers to “kill” the adjectives and adverbs in their writing. But, he qualified: “I don’t mean utterly, but kill most of them—then the rest will be valuable. They weaken when they are close together. They give strength when they are wide apart.” The justices unanimously follow a similar philosophy, devoting only about 5% of their words to adjectives and 3% to adverbs. But they can’t “kill” all these auxiliary descriptors. The precise nature of the law requires elucidation. The crime of murder, for instance, is not just a “killing” but the “intentional killing of a human being.” The definition requires the specificity from the adjective “intentional” to differentiate it from an accidental killing, a legal distinction judges and juries are often called upon to make.
Negatives
Authors: Barton Jill
Published: August 2024

Negative language is unavoidable in legal writing. Words such as unreasonable, unlawful, unlicensed, and unpermitted abound in constitutions and statutes. Laws, by nature, tend to prohibit, rather than permit, as shown with the triple negative in the Eighth Amendment: “Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.” All the justices use negative wording and even double negatives on occasion to finesse a point, sometimes for emphasis, sometimes to cut out shades of gray. Among the most amusing is a line from Chief Justice Roberts: “That decision is as inexplicable as it is unexplained.” Even so, most of the justices opt for this wordier option only once or twice a term. Overall, their use of positive wording far exceeds the negative.
Prepositions
Authors: Barton Jill
Published: August 2024

Prepositions are tiny words that often show direction, location, or time. The justices unanimously reject the old adage that you cannot end a sentence with a preposition. All nine make their writing more conversational by not forcing a fix to this archaic standard. All will end a sentence with a preposition when the workaround is awkward or wordy. The justices know that sometimes a sentence is better when this old-timey preposition rule is broken, as Justice Gorsuch shows here: “Congress, of course, didn’t list every public entity the statute would apply to.” Additionally, the justices keep their writing concise by cutting out the unnecessary prepositional phrase.
Pronouns
Authors: Barton Jill
Published: August 2024

Pronouns are a form of shorthand that, by their nature, too often fail to fully stand for what they are describing. Pronouns can create confusion when used improperly. Gender pronouns can offend and exclude individuals who are non-binary or whose gender is undisclosed or unknown. The justices have shown a willingness to use more inclusive pronouns. While some legal writing experts argue that the Court should go further and adopt the non-binary they, the legal profession is not yet uniform in its approach. The rules in this chapter explain where things stand now, along with tips on fixing common pronoun mix-ups and making writing more inclusive. For instance, at the first opportunity in 2020, a six-justice majority chose to use the correct personal pronouns when ruling in favor of a transgender woman. The Court did so again at the next opportunity, in 2023.
Qualifiers and Intensifiers
Authors: Barton Jill
Published: August 2024

Qualifiers, such as quite and somewhat, add vagueness to what would otherwise be a black-and-white description, while intensifiers, such as really and very, pile on to one’s point. With qualifiers and intensifiers, some writing experts will say to give them up. But all the Supreme Court justices use qualifiers and intensifiers in moderation to maneuver through gray areas of the law. They do not shy away from tempering their points with qualifiers or augmenting them with intensifiers. This chapter shows how the justices use these less-than-specific descriptors. The words just, rather, and so are the most popular choices among the justices. Even the word that’s loathsome to some, literally, appears a few dozen times in Supreme Court opinions. And in some cases, the justices even double up and use a pair of intensifiers or qualifiers.
Verbs
Authors: Barton Jill
Published: August 2024

Strong, active verbs are a signature of U.S. Supreme Court opinions. The justices do not just confront or deal with legal issues. They grapple, battle, tangle, tackle, unravel, delve, combat, ferret out, fumble, and plow through them. They pick powerful verbs to expound on the scenes playing out in cases. They take care to elect exactly the right action, choosing everyday verbs along with more singular ones. The basic lessons here: keep subjects and verbs close, and make sure the subject and verb match, especially in complicated sentences. The more advanced lessons: Pick a variety of dynamic, active verbs over inert, passive ones or nominalizations, which are verbs disguised as clunky nouns and adjectives. The justices use vigorous verbs to energize their writing or create a flowing cadence. Or they skip the verb altogether to create a pithy fragment.
Mobilization versus Pacification
Authors: Wang Frances Yaping
Published: August 2024

Chapter 6 employs automated text analysis to examine the content of mobilization and pacification campaign media, revealing their subtle differences in valence, narratives, and emotions. Typically, mobilization campaigns lean towards a negative tone, whereas pacification campaigns tend to be more positive. Both campaign types consistently incorporate distinct themes and manipulate diverse emotions with varying intensities. These discoveries provide valuable insights into the strategic deployment of propaganda, illustrating how China molds public opinion to align with its foreign policy aims. Grasping these subtleties is essential for deciphering the true motives of authoritarian regimes like China and understanding the impact of these media campaigns.
Religion as Framework
Authors: Loewy Shacham Ilanit
Published: August 2024

This chapter argues that in the Āmuktamālyada, Śrīvaiṣṇavism is not simply a topic presented through the court-poem idiom, but rather an all-encompassing ideological and poetic framework. Specifically, the chapter focuses on two often-ignored episodes in the Āmuktamālyada in which Śrīvaiṣṇava doctrine plays a central role, tracing the changes these two stories underwent from their Sanskrit purāṇic origins, through references to them in treatises and commentaries by the Śrīvaiṣṇava ācāryas in Maṇipravāḷa, and into the different form they take in Kṛṣṇadevarāya’s poem. The comparisons highlight how deeply Śrīvaiṣṇava discourse influenced Kṛṣṇadevarāya, shaping everything from narrative content and construction to philosophy, poetics, and vocabulary.
Conclusion
Authors: Loewy Shacham Ilanit
Published: August 2024

The conclusion argues that while the Āmuktamalyada encompasses the physical, literary, and ideological space of Sanskrit poetry and the royal court, it is equally rooted in the Śrīvaiṣṇava community—its geographic contours, philosophy, history, and literary corpus. Similarly, though the Āmuktamalyada is influenced by Śrīvaiṣṇava hagiographic texts, it differs from them in content and organization. It is through the expansion of the Śrīvaiṣṇava community that kings, kingship, and empire are given room in the text, but they are subordinated to the community of devotees who act as Viṣṇu’s proxies. The conclusion reiterates that the Āmuktamalyada is indicative of the complex, multilingual settings of sixteenth-century South India, where literary texts were engaged in, and indebted to, their local surroundings and, at the same time, connected to larger cultural and poetic spaces.
Conclusion
Authors: Mandelbaum Michael
Published: August 2024

In the first half of the twentieth century, eight leaders—Wilson, Lenin, Hitler, Churchill, FDR, Gandhi, Ben-Gurion, and Mao—overcame obstacles to obtain power in their countries. They adopted what were for the time radical political ideas and sought to put them into practice. All were prolific and effective readers, writers, and/or speakers. Most qualified as outsiders in their societies and could only have come to power in the unusual circumstances of the first half of the twentieth century, All were determined and skillful in the pursuit of power. The impact of their careers on the societies in which they lived, and on the world, varied widely, ranging from benign and constructive to murderously disastrous.
Before the First Flood
Authors: Conca Ken
Published: August 2024

This chapter sketches the earliest efforts of Howard County to address its problem of flood risk. The chapter focuses on two policy initiatives: a countywide flood-risk assessment exercise and a controversial “rain tax” to fund stormwater management programs. The risk assessment demonstrated several problems with risk modeling and reveal some of its embedded value judgments. The rain tax exposed deep divisions over where to draw the line between private property and public responsibility. These precursor episodes anticipated controversies that would later erupt in Ellicott City, a historic mill town in the county that recently suffered two fatal flash flood disasters within 22 months.
Introduction
Authors: Ott Dennis , Gallego Ángel J.
Published: August 2024

This chapter introduces the aims and methods of cartography. It looks into Chomsky's (1965) influential exposition of levels of adequacy in theory construction. Most issues of cartography arise immediately at the higher level of explanatory adequacy. If the goal of linguistic theory is a genuine explanation, researchers should be wary of methods of investigation and modes of explanation, wherein inherent arbitrariness and resultant descriptive power make the completion of the theory a mere matter of time and resources. The chapter mentions that current cartographic literature has revealed changes on the now-common naming of functional projections. It also considers several cartographic assumptions and practices and the notion of descriptive adequacy.