bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A partly coverable badge signalling avian virus resistance
Authors: Andersson Måns S. , Ödeen Anders , Håstad Olle
Published: March 2006

We investigated whether the sexually selected forehead patch of the collared flycatcher Ficedula albicollis is an honest badge of status indicating quality expressed as immunological response. We used both manual measurements and digital measurements, the latter based on photographs. Badge‐size data were collected during the mating period and during the nestling feeding period to capture trait plasticity. Concomitant with first sample collection, birds were inoculated with a novel antigen. Antibody response was strongly and positively correlated with badge expression during the mating period and with the increase in badge expression during the mating period as compared with outside this period. The results support the Hansen and Rohwer theory of coverable badges, are consistent with the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis and with the good genes model suggesting that, on a population level, the expression of secondary sexual traits should be an honest signal positively associated with traits that are beneficial for survival. The results also suggest that manual measurements of this type of secondary sexual trait are sufficiently exact.
Versatile ciliary behaviour in capture of particles by the bryozoan cyphonautes larva
Authors: Strathmann Richard R.
Published: March 2006

Cyphonautes larvae of a bryozoan, Membranipora membranacea, used several ciliary mechanisms to capture algal cells upstream from the lateral band of cilia that produces a feeding current. (1) Lateral cilia changed beat and a backcurrent occurred at the time and place that particles were retained. (2) Algal cells were sieved and held stationary at the upstream (frontal) side of a row of laterofrontal cilia that were not beating. (3) Localized extension of cilia toward the inhalant chamber, coincident with particle captures, indicated that laterofrontal cilia flick toward the inhalant chamber. These flicks may aid transport of captured particles toward the mouth. Thus my earlier report that larvae only sieve, in contrast to the adults (which have an active ciliary response) was in error. The similar ciliary bands in adult and larval bryozoans and in other lophophorates (brachiopods, and phoronids) suggest that these animals share a core repertoire of ciliary behaviours in the capture and concentration of suspended food particles.
How can everyday practical knowledge be understood with inspiration from philosophy?
Authors: Lykkeslet Else , Gjengedal Eva
Published: March 2006

Abstract  Many nursing scholars are inspired by philosophy when investigating phenomena within nursing. This paper focuses on the everyday practical knowledge of nurses. Based on an empirical project carried out in a surgical ward the authors make an attempt, with help from philosophy, at identifying and conceptualizing elements of knowledge in everyday practice. With reference to texts by Heidegger and Wittgenstein the authors investigate two dimensions of nursing knowledge: a dimension of doing and a dimension of being. These dimensions are further developed and concretized in the paper. The doing dimension is emphasized through the concepts of adapting and exploring. The being dimension has its basis in being understanding and being connected. These two dimensions constitute a form of knowledge which is mobile and flexible. This knowledge is in place in everyday situations and it works where it is supposed to work.
The binary: an obstacle to scholarly nursing discourse?
Authors: Kikuchi June F.
Published: March 2006

Abstract  Recently, a concern has been raised about a particular kind of behaviour that is adversely affecting the quality of nursing theoretical discourse. With the behaviour being attributed to nurses’ tendency to think in binary terms, it has been proposed that nurses replace their binary way of thinking with thinking that is inclusive and expansive and is based on an epistemology of contradiction. While agreeing that the behaviour of concern is indeed unscholarly, I disagree that the culprit is the binary. In this commentary, I argue that the culprit is sophistical argumentation involving a binary (real or not) and that, by not making room for legitimate binaries, we run the danger of ‘throwing out the baby with the bathwater’. Further, I argue that the proffered solution is illusory. Its epistemological basis prohibits the deliverance of that which is promised.
Gene conversion in transgenic maize plants expressing FLP/FRT and Cre/loxP site‐specific recombination systems
Authors: Djukanovic Vesna , Orczyk Waclaw , Gao Huirong , Sun Xifan , Garrett Nicole , Zhen Shifu , Gordon‐Kamm William , Barton Joanne , Lyznik L. Alexander
Published: March 2006

DNA recombination reactions (site‐specific and homologous) were monitored in the progeny of transgenic maize plants by bringing together two recombination substrates (docking sites and shuttle vectors) in the zygotes. In one combination of transgenic events, the recombination marker gene (yellow fluorescent protein gene, YFP) was activated in 1%−2% of the zygotes receiving both substrates. In other crosses, chimeric embryos and plants were identified, indicative of late recombination events taking place after the first mitotic division of the zygotes. The docking site structure remained unchanged; therefore, all recovered recombination events were classified as gene conversions. The recombinant YFP‐r gene segregated as a single locus in subsequent generations. The recombination products showed evidence of homologous recombination at the 5′ end of the YFP marker gene and recombinational rearrangements at the other end, consistent with the conclusion that DNA replication was involved in generation of the recombination products. Here, we demonstrate that maize zygotes are efficient at generating homologous recombination products and that the homologous recombination pathways may successfully compete with other possible DNA repair/recombination mechanisms such as site‐specific recombination. These results indicate that maize zygotes provide a permissive environment for homologous recombination, offering a new strategy for gene targeting in maize.
Goodness‐of‐fit Procedures for Copula Models Based on the Probability Integral Transformation
Authors: GENEST CHRISTIAN , QUESSY JEAN‐FRANÇOIS , RÉMILLARD BRUNO
Published: March 2006

Abstract. Wang & Wells [J. Amer. Statist. Assoc.95 (2000) 62] describe a non‐parametric approach for checking whether the dependence structure of a random sample of censored bivariate data is appropriately modelled by a given family of Archimedean copulas. Their procedure is based on a truncated version of the Kendall process introduced by Genest & Rivest [J. Amer. Statist. Assoc.88 (1993) 1034] and later studied by Barbeet al. [J. Multivariate Anal.58 (1996) 197]. Although Wang & Wells (2000) determine the asymptotic behaviour of their truncated process, their model selection method is based exclusively on the observed value of itsL2‐norm. This paper shows how to compute asymptoticp‐values for various goodness‐of‐fit test statistics based on a non‐truncated version of Kendall's process. Conditions for weak convergence are met in the most common copula models, whether Archimedean or not. The empirical behaviour of the proposed goodness‐of‐fit tests is studied by simulation, and power comparisons are made with a test proposed by Shih [Biometrika85 (1998) 189] for the gamma frailty family.
Aleukaemic leukaemia cutis as an initial manifestation of myeloid/NK cell precursor acute leukaemia
Authors: Dekio I , Anzai H , Ohyama M , Tanikawa A , Amagai M , Yokoyama K , Okamoto S , Tanaka M
Published: March 2006

Aleukaemic leukaemia cutis is a rare condition characterized by infiltration of leukaemic cells into the skin before they appear in the peripheral blood. We report a case of an aleukaemic leukaemia cutis, which had a history of exposure to atomic bomb radiation. A 57‐year‐old Japanese woman initially presented with a 20‐week history of multiple red papules and plaques mainly over the trunk. Histological examination revealed the infiltration of atypical monocytic cells in the dermis, but no leukaemic cells were detected in the peripheral blood. Twenty‐three weeks after the appearance of the eruption, leukaemic cells were detected in the peripheral blood for the first time. The results of immunohistochemistry of the skin biopsy specimen and flow cytometry of the peripheral blood indicated the rare phenotype of myeloid/NK cell precursor acute leukaemia. This is the first case report of myeloid/NK cell precursor acute leukaemia presenting as aleukaemic leukaemia cutis in the English literature, and awareness of this clinical presentation may be important to reach the correct diagnosis.
Home range, habitat choice and activity of stoats (Mustela erminea) in a subarctic area
Authors: Hellstedt P. , Henttonen H.
Published: March 2006

We monitored the home ranges, habitat use and activity of stoats Mustela erminea in north‐west Finnish Lapland with radio‐tracking in years 1998 and 1999, and found a dominance hierarchy in habitat use between and within sexes. Altogether, eight female and seven male stoats were caught and radio‐tracked. Males and females differed from each other both in the size of their home ranges and in habitats. Mature females live in areas where the abundance of the preferred Microtus prey is the highest. Dominant males lived in less productive habitats than females, but in more productive areas than non‐dominant mature males. Furthermore, both male and female activity levels were higher during the snowless non‐breeding season than the breeding season, but we found no activity differences between sexes through the diurnal cycle. We compare the results from Finnish Lapland with those from other regions, and discuss the flexibility of stoat behaviour in subarctic conditions.
Limb proportions and the ontogeny of quadrupedal walking in infant baboons (Papio cynocephalus)
Authors: Shapiro L. J. , Raichlen D. A.
Published: March 2006

Much of the diversity in preferred walking gait (footfall sequence, interlimb timing) observed among mammals can be understood as a biomechanical response to variation in body shape, in conjunction with efforts to maintain stability. Primates, unlike most other mammals, exhibit a preference for diagonal sequence, diagonal couplets (DSDC) walking gait, but there remains no clear consensus on this gait's possible biomechanical or adaptive advantages. This study examines primate gait from an ontogenetic perspective, and tests the hypothesis that ontogenetic gait transitions are influenced by changes in body shape. Support for this hypothesis could provide insight on the biomechanics and evolution of DSDC gait preferences in adult primates. Data on limb proportions, footfall sequence and interlimb timing were collected at 2‐week intervals for four infant baboons (Papio cynocephalus) as they aged from 1 to 9 months. Despite some variation among individuals, DSDC walking was the most frequently used gait throughout the developmental period, but it was nearly always used in combination with lateral sequence walking. An important transition occurred at c. 5 months, when limb couplets used in lateral sequence walking shifted from diagonal to lateral, and the frequency of DSDC walking increased. The couplets shift within lateral sequence walking coincided with a relative increase in hind limb length, and was most likely attributable to the avoidance of ipsilateral limb interference. Limb proportions thus appear to have a functional influence on lateral sequence walking, but do not explain the consistent use of DSDC walking during the sampled developmental period.
Accuracy of serum uric acid in predicting complications of pre‐eclampsia: a systematic review
Authors: Thangaratinam S , Ismail KMK , Sharp S , Coomarasamy A , Khan KS
Published: March 2006

Background  Pre‐eclampsia is one of the largest causes of maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity. Hyperuricemia is often associated with pre‐eclampsia.

Objective  To determine the accuracy with which serum uric acid predicts maternal and fetal complications in women with pre‐eclampsia.

Study design  Systematic quantitative review of test accuracy studies.

Search strategy  We conducted electronic searches in MEDLINE (1951–2004), EMBASE (1980–2004), the Cochrane Library (2004:4) and the MEDION database to identify relevant articles. A hand‐search of selected specialist journals and reference lists of articles obtained was then carried out. There were no language restrictions for any of these searches.

Selection criteria  Two reviewers independently selected the articles in which the accuracy of serum uric acid was evaluated to predict maternal and fetal complications of pre‐eclampsia.

Data collection and analysis  Data were extracted on study characteristics, quality and accuracy to construct 2 × 2 tables with maternal and fetal complications as reference standard. Summary likelihood ratios for positive (LR+) and negative LR(−) test results are generated for various threshold levels of uric acid.

Main results  There were 18 primary articles that met the selection criteria, including a total of 3913 women and forty‐one 2 × 2 tables. In women with pre‐eclampsia, a positive test result of uric acid greater than or equal to a 350‐μmol/l threshold predicted eclampsia with a pooled likelihood ratio (LR) of 2.1 (95% CI 1.4–3.5), while a negative test result had a pooled LR of 0.38 (95% CI 0.18–0.81). For severe hypertension as the outcome measure, the LRs were 1.7 (95% CI 1.3–2.2) and 0.49 (95% CI 0.38–0.64) for positive and negative test results, respectively, and for caesarean section the LRs were 2.4 (95% CI 1.3–4.7) and 0.39 (95% CI 0.20–0.76). For stillbirths and neonatal deaths the respective LRs were 1.5 (95% CI 0.91–2.6) and 0.51 (95% CI 0.20–1.3). For the prediction of small‐for‐gestational‐age fetus, the pooled LRs were 1.3 (95% CI 1.1–1.7) and 0.60 (95% CI 0.43–0.83) for positive and negative results, respectively.

Author's conclusion  Serum uric acid is a poor predictor of maternal and fetal complications in women with pre‐eclampsia.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci from Quercus mongolica var. crispula
Authors: MISHIMA KENTARO , WATANABE ATSUSHI , ISODA KEIYA , UBUKATA MASATOSHI , TAKATA KATSUHIKO
Published: March 2006

Microsatellites were isolated and characterized for the Japanese oak species, Quercus mongolica var. crispula, distributed in temperate deciduous forests of Japan. Eleven of the 48 primer pairs designed successfully amplified unambiguous and polymorphic single loci among 67 Q. mongolica var. crispula individuals within a plot in southwestern Japan. The observed and expected heterozygosities of the 11 microsatellite markers ranged from 0.522 to 0.896 and from 0.536 to 0.882, respectively. These polymorphic microsatellite markers are useful for estimating pollen‐mediated gene flow in Q. mongolica var. crispula.
Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci in Bornean treeshrews (Tupaia spp.)
Authors: MUNSHI‐SOUTH J. , WILKINSON G. S.
Published: March 2006

In this study, we developed five microsatellite loci from an enriched genomic library constructed for the pygmy treeshrew (Tupaia minor), and adapted another two from a previous study on the common treeshrew (Tupaia glis), for use in studying mating and dispersal patterns in Bornean treeshrews. We screened 32 plain treeshrew (Tupaia longipes) and 54 large treeshrew (Tupaia tana) individuals at these loci. Polymorphism ranged from two to 13 alleles, and heterozygosity ranged from 0.29 to 0.88. These results indicate the general utility of these microsatellites for genetic analyses in other Tupaia spp.
Fifteen polymorphic simple sequence repeat markers from expressed sequence tags of Liriodendron tulipifera
Authors: XU MENG , LI HUOGEN , ZHANG BO
Published: March 2006

We developed and evaluated simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers derived from expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of Liriodendron tulipifera. Characteristics of 15 EST‐SSR loci were investigated using 33 L. tulipifera individuals. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to five. The expected and observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.216 to 0.751 and from 0.182 to 0.97, respectively. These loci were further tested for their cross‐species transferability to Liriodendron Chinense. Because of their high level of polymorphism and transferability, our 15 single‐locus EST‐SSR markers will be valuable tools for research on mating system, population genetics and systemic evolution of Liriodendron.
MEGATHERIUM CELENDINENSE SP. NOV. FROM THE PLEISTOCENE OF THE PERUVIAN ANDES and THE PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF MEGATHERIINES
Authors: PUJOS FRANÇOIS
Published: March 2006

Abstract:  A new Pleistocene megatheriine, Megatherium celendinense sp. nov., is reported from a cave in the north of the Peruvian Andes. It is the largest Andean Megatheriinae and is characterized by a short, massive, Y‐shaped premaxilla unfused to the maxilla, a dorsoventrally compressed occiput perpendicular to the dorsal plane of the cranial roof, prominent and posteriorly extended occipital condyles, an extremely reduced deltopectoral crest and a poorly marked musculospiral groove on the humerus, a rectilinear anterior margin of the distal epiphysis of the tibia, a concave lateral margin of the fibula, discoid and ectal facets of the astragalus clearly separated in dorsolateral view, and a pedestaled articular facet for the meso‐entocuneiform on the ectocuneiform. The monophyly of the subfamily is confirmed. (Pyramiodontherium, Megatheriops, Megatherium and Eremotherium) constitute a monophyletic clade and (Pyramiodontherium, Megatheriops) and (Eremotherium, Megatherium) are sister groups. The genus Megatherium includes two clades: (M. altiplanicum, M. americanum), subgenus Megatherium, and an Andean lineage (M. sundti, M. urbinai, M. celendinense sp. nov., M. tarijense, M. medinae), subgenus Pseudomegatherium. Anatomical characters suggest a more quadrupedal stance for Andean Megatheriinae (Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Chile) than those from lower altitude regions.
A REVIEW OF TRIASSIC TETRAPOD TRACK ASSEMBLAGES FROM ARGENTINA
Authors: MELCHOR RICARDO N. , DE VALAIS SILVINA
Published: March 2006

Abstract:  This paper contains the first comprehensive ichnotaxonomic review of the Triassic tetrapod track record in Argentina, including previous accounts and new material recently discovered, and an analysis of its composition and stratigraphic distribution. Triassic footprints have been recorded from three basins: the Ischigualasto‐Villa Unión and Cuyo basins in north‐west Argentina, and the Los Menucos depocentre in northern Patagonia. Most are in successions of Middle Triassic age; a lower number are from the Late Triassic, and there are two records from Early Triassic rocks. The known track types include: Brachychirotherium isp., cf. Brachychirotherium isp., Chirotherium barthii, Dicynodontipus ispp., Grallator isp., Rhynchosauroides isp., Rigalites ischigualastianus, Rigalites isp., Tetrasauropus isp., and bird‐like, chirotheriid and unidentified tridactyl footprints. The ichnogenera GallegosichnusCasamiquela, 1964, CalibarichnusCasamiquela, 1964, PalaciosichnusCasamiquela, 1964 and StipanicichnusCasamiquela, 1975 are considered to be synonyms of Dicynodontipus (Hornstein, 1876). In addition, the abandonment of the following ichnogenera (and single ichnospecies) that are based on poorly preserved material is suggested: Ingenierichnus sierraiCasamiquela, 1964, Rogerbaletichnus aguileraiCasamiquela, 1964 and Shimmelia chirotheroidesCasamiquela, 1964. At least eight Triassic ichnofaunas can be recognized. The most peculiar is that of the Late Triassic Los Menucos depocentre, which is characterized by the dominance of therapsid footprints (Dicynodontipus ispp.). The track assemblages from the Cuyo Basin display the highest ichnodiversity, with five footprint types.
A NEW DERCETID FISH (NEOTELEOSTEI: AULOPIFORMES) FROM THE TURONIAN OF THE PELOTAS BASIN, SOUTHERN BRAZIL
Authors: DE FIGUEIREDO FRANCISCO J. , GALLO VALÉRIA
Published: March 2006

Abstract:  Dercetid fishes are common in Tethyan marine deposits of Europe, Asia and Africa. In this paper, we describe a South American dercetid fish, Brazilodercetis longirostris gen. et sp. nov., based on juvenile and adult specimens found in core samples at c. 4000 m sediment depth in the Atlântida Formation (Pelotas Basin, southern Brazil). Brazilodercetis longirostris is a slender, elongate fish recognized on the basis of the following features: prominent snout; contact between mesethmoid and frontals very anterior to the orbit; mesethmoid separating the premaxillae for half of their length; juvenile specimens bearing wedge‐like teeth on the anterior third of maxilla; long and shallow crest crossing epioccipital, parietal and posterior border of frontal; a pipe‐like preopercle; and reduced neural spine at the middle point of neural arch. Brazilodercetis shares a number of features with the other dercetids, including a pointed snout that is longer than the lower jaw (with Rhynchodercetis and Hastichthys), a medioparietal skull roof (with Cyranichthys and Benthesikyme), an unroofed posttemporal fossa (with Dercetoides, Rhynchodercetis and Pelargorhynchus), a flange on the anguloarticular (with Dercetoides, Hastichthys, Rhynchodercetis and Cyranichthys), untoothed premaxillae (with Hastichthys and probably Rhynchodercetis), and a single row of teeth on the maxillae (with Dercetis, Benthesikyme, Rhynchodercetis, Pelargorhynchus, Dercetoides and Hastichthys).
LATE ORDOVICIAN BRACHIOPODS FROM THE DULANKARA FORMATION OF THE CHU‐ILI RANGE, KAZAKHSTAN: THEIR SYSTEMATICS, PALAEOECOLOGY AND PALAEOBIOGEOGRAPHY
Authors: POPOV LEONID E. , COCKS L. ROBIN M.
Published: March 2006

Abstract:  Brachiopods from the late Ordovician (late Caradoc) Dulankara Formation of the Chu‐Ili Range, Kazakhstan, are reviewed. Those from the upper two members of the formation, the Degeres and Akkol members, are systematically described. New genera from the Dulankara Formation are Nikitinamena (Plectambonitoidea: Leptellinidae), with type species Nikitinamena bicostata sp. nov., and Weberorthis (Orthoidea: Plectorthidae), with type species Mimella brevis Rukavishnikova. Another new genus is Glyptomenoides (Strophomenoidea: Glyptomenidae), with type species Rafinesquina girvanensis Salmon from the Caradoc of Girvan, Scotland. Other new species from the Dulankara Formation are Holtedahlina orientalis, Platymena tersa, Christiania proclivis, Leangella (Leangella) paletsae, Metambonites subcarinatus, Ogmoplecia nesca and Plectorthis licta. The ecology and assemblages of all three members of the Dulankara Formation are identified or reviewed, and their palaeogeographical significance assessed: the Chu‐Ili Terrane (on which the Dulankara Formation was situated during the Ordovician) formed part of the relatively low‐latitude peri‐Gondwanan complex of terranes, and was probably not far from North and South China. The faunal links suggested between the Dulankara brachiopods and contemporary faunas from Australia are now perceived to be weaker than previously thought.
A NEW SPECIES OF MOERITHERIUM (PROBOSCIDEA, MAMMALIA) FROM THE EOCENE OF ALGERIA: NEW PERSPECTIVES ON THE ANCESTRAL MORPHOTYPE OF THE GENUS
Authors: DELMER CYRILLE , MAHBOUBI MOHAMED , TABUCE RODOLPHE , TASSY PASCAL
Published: March 2006

Abstract:  A new species of Moeritherium (Proboscidea, Mammalia), M. chehbeurameuri sp. nov., is described from remains discovered in the early late Eocene locality of Bir El Ater, Algeria. Although mainly represented by isolated teeth, it shows distinct synapomorphies which justify its attribution to the genus Moeritherium, together with exclusive features that led to the creation of the new species. The main characteristic of this new taxon is the almost complete lophodonty shown by its molars, while Moeritherium is commonly regarded as a bunolophodont to bunodont taxon. In addition to this lophodonty, this new taxon shows anatomical features as yet unknown for the genus, but often met within lophodont early proboscidean taxa such as Phosphatherium escuilliei and Numidotherium koholense. Although a revision of the whole genus Moeritherium is outside the scope of this paper, the main controversies and discussion about the definition of species within the genus Moeritherium are discussed. The surprising lophodonty of M. chehbeurameuri, together with its small size, its early late Eocene age and the weak molarization of its P3 support the hypothesis of a lophodont hypothetical ancestor for moeritheres, and therefore strengthen the growing hypothesis of a lophodont dental ancestral morphotype for proboscideans.
How Should We Look at Rape in Early America?
Authors: Block Sharon
Published: March 2006

While rape may not have affected events associated with traditional linear histories, sexual assaults were regular features of early American life that affected individuals and society at large. But how should historians determine the influence of rape on early America? Based on nearly one thousand incidents of possible sexual coercion and hundreds of extra‐legal commentaries on rape, this article explore how early Americans discussed rape and what impact it may have had on their lives. Attending to the micro and the macro influences of rape can help historians understand early Americans’ worlds and relationships to one another.
Evolution of H2O content in a polymetamorphic terrane: the Plattengneiss Shear Zone (Koralpe, Austria)
Authors: TENCZER V. , POWELL R. , STÜWE K.
Published: March 2006

The Koralpe of the Eastern European Alps experienced high‐temperature/low‐pressure metamorphism (∼650 °C and 6.5 kbar) during the Permian and eclogite facies metamorphism (∼700 °C and 14 kbar) during the Eo‐Alpine (Cretaceous) metamorphic event. In the metapelitic Plattengneiss shear zone that constitutes much of the Koralpe, the second metamorphism caused only partial re‐equilibration of the assemblages formed during the first metamorphism. It is shown here that the Eo‐Alpine mineral assemblage, garnet + biotite + muscovite + plagioclase + quartz (with or without kyanite), formed under low water activity conditions that are consistent with the level of dehydration that occurred during the Permian event. This implies that the rocks were essentially closed‐system from the peak of the Permian metamorphism through the Eo‐Alpine event. The evolution of water content of the rocks is traced through time: that prograde dewatering during the Permian metamorphic event terminated at the metamorphic peak with a water content around 3–4 mol.%. The water content remained then constant and led to water‐undersaturation during the subsequent Eo‐Alpine metamorphism. From the water content and activity evolution a post‐peak isothermal decompression path close to the solidus is inferred for the Eo‐Alpine event.
Adult Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Authors: Stockschlaeder Marcus , Sucker Christoph
Published: March 2006

Abstract:  Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a proliferative histiocytic disorder of unknown cause originating from dendritic cells. The clinical presentation of LCH is highly variable. Although the features of this disease have been well described in children, they remain poorly defined in adults. Here, we review the current knowledge about adult LCH, focussing on clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.
Cholesterol‐Induced Caveolin Targeting to Lipid Droplets in Adipocytes: A Role for Caveolar Endocytosis
Authors: Le Lay Soazig , Hajduch Eric , Lindsay Margaret R. , Le Lièpvre Xavier , Thiele Christoph , Ferré Pascal , Parton Robert G. , Kurzchalia Teymuras , Simons Kai , Dugail Isabelle
Published: March 2006

We have investigated the targeting of caveolin to lipid bodies in adipocytes that express high levels of caveolins and contain well‐developed lipid droplets. We observed that the lipid droplets isolated from adipocytes of caveolin‐1 knock out mice contained dramatically reduced levels of cholesterol, indicating that caveolin is required for maintaining the cholesterol content of this organelle. Analysis of caveolin distribution by cell fractionation and fluorescent light microscopy in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes indicated that addition of cholesterol rapidly stimulated translocation of caveolin to lipid droplets. The cholesterol‐induced trafficking of caveolins to lipid droplets was shown to be dynamin‐ and protein kinase C (PKC)‐dependent and modulated by src tyrosine kinase activation, suggesting a role for caveolar endocytosis in this novel trafficking pathway. Consistent with this, caveolae budding was stimulated by cholesterol addition. The present data identify lipid droplets as potential target organelles for caveolar endocytosis and demonstrate a role for caveolin‐1 in the maintenance of free cholesterol levels in adipocyte lipid droplets.
Expanding the Role of the Dynein Regulatory Complex to Non‐Axonemal Functions: Association of GAS11 with the Golgi Apparatus
Authors: Colantonio Jessica R. , Bekker Janine M. , Kim Sarah J. , Morrissey Kari M. , Crosbie Rachelle H. , Hill Kent L.
Published: March 2006

The mammalian GAS11 gene is a candidate tumor suppressor of unknown function that was previously identified as one of several genes upregulated upon growth arrest. Interestingly, although GAS11 homologs in Trypanosoma brucei (trypanin) and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (PF2) are integral components of the flagellar axoneme and are necessary for regulating flagellar beat, the GAS11 gene was discovered based on its expression in cells that do not assemble a motile cilium. This suggests that GAS11 function might not be restricted to the cilium. To investigate this possibility, we generated GAS11‐specific antibodies and demonstrate here that GAS11 is expressed in a variety of mammalian cells that lack a motile cilium. In COS7 cells, GAS11 is associated with the detergent‐insoluble cytoskeleton and exhibits a juxtanuclear localization that overlaps with the pericentrosomal Golgi apparatus. This localization is dependent upon intact microtubules and is cell‐cycle regulated, such that GAS11 is dispersed throughout the cytoplasm as cells progress through mitosis. GAS11 remains associated with Golgi fragments following depolymerization of cytoplasmic microtubules but is dispersed upon disruption of the Golgi with brefeldin A. These data suggest that GAS11 is associated with the Golgi apparatus. In support of this, recombinant GAS11 binds Golgi membranes in vitro. In growth‐arrested mIMCD3 cells, GAS11 co‐localizes with γ‐tubulin at the base of the primary cilium. The pericentrosomal Golgi apparatus and base of the cilium both represent convergence points for microtubule minus ends and correspond to sites where dynein regulation is required. The algal GAS11 homolog functions as part of a dynein regulatory complex (DRC) in the axoneme (Rupp and Porter. J Cell Biol 2003;162:47–57) and our findings suggest that components of this axonemal dynein regulatory system have been adapted in mammalian cells to participate in non‐axonemal functions.
Aetiology and rates of treatment of traumatic dental injuries among 12‐year‐old school children in a town in southern Brazil
Authors: Traebert Jefferson , Bittencourt Dax Dalton , Peres Karen Glazer , Peres Marco Aurélio , De Lacerda Josimari Telino , Marcenes Wagner
Published: March 2006

Abstract –  The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence, aetiology, place of occurrence and rates of treatment of traumatic dental injuries (TDI) among 12‐year‐old schoolchildren in Herval D'Oeste, Brazil. A cross‐sectional survey was carried out through clinical examination of upper and lower permanent incisors and interviews with 297, 12‐year‐old schoolchildren enrolled in public and private schools. Intra‐examiner diagnosis variability, measured by kappa values on tooth‐by‐tooth basis was above 0.7. The prevalence of TDI was 17.3% (95% CI 12.7–21.9). Children who had an incisal overjet size >5 mm were 3.5 (95% CI 1.5–8.1) times more likely to have TDI than children who had an incisal overjet of <5 mm (P = 0.005). The most common type of injury found was enamel fracture alone. Of the total of 87 traumatized teeth, only 27.6% were treated. Acid etch restorations were the most common treatment provided. Acid etch restorations were the most common type of treatment needed. The majority of the cases of TDI occurred at home (17.8%) and at school (17.8%). Collisions (24.5%), mainly with doors, and physical leisure activities (20.0%) such as cycling and playing soccer were the main activities related to TDI aetiology. It can be concluded that there is a great treatment need reflecting neglect of TDI treatment. The main causes of TDI were collisions and physical leisure activities.
Two Responses to ‘Shakespeare and Embodiment: An E‐Conversation’
Authors: Strier Richard , Mazzio Carla
Published: March 2006

This article presents a brief skeptical response by Richard Strier and an extended reflection by Carla Mazzio on ‘Shakespeare and Embodiment: An E‐Conversation’ (doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00180.x). The participants in this original online conversation included Mary Floyd‐Wilson, Gail Kern Paster, Tanÿa Pollard, Katherine Rowe, and Julian Yates; Matthew Greenfield moderated.

The participants assessed the current state of work on early modern bodies, offered bibliographical suggestions, and suggested topics for future inquiries. Paster, a key figure in the development of this sub‐field, described her work to date as an “ecology of the passions” or an “ecology of the body” more generally; she called for more study of the “ensouled body.”
The Benedictine Reform: Current and Future Scholarship
Authors: Robertson Nicola
Published: March 2006

Scholarship on all aspects of the tenth‐ and early eleventh‐century English Benedictine Reform has flourished over the last two decades. This survey attempts to identify specific trends within this research, concentrating primarily on work published within the last ten to fifteen years. It highlights the interdisciplinary nature of this field, including work which addresses the history, archaeology and literature of the reform period. The discussion of scholarship is structured around the themes identified; notably the people and places of the reform, editions and translations of primary sources, electronic resources, intellectual culture, textual production, literary productions – both in Latin and Old English – of a variety of genres and the role of women in the reform. It concludes with an analysis of current scholarship and suggests areas where further research is needed.
British Ill Done?: Recent Work on Shakespeare and British, English, Irish, Scottish and Welsh Identities
Authors: Maley Willy
Published: March 2006

This contribution toLiterature Compasshas a three‐fold purpose. First, it aims to do what it says in the title, and flag up recent approaches to British identities in Shakespeare studies. Secondly, it seeks to remind readers of an earlier and now largely forgotten tradition of nationalist criticism and scholarship preoccupied with the place of Britain – nation, state and empire – that flourished in the 1920s and 1930s. Thirdly, it endeavours to excavate some of the more obscure material on the subject that, because of its place of publication, may have been overlooked. The material collected here covers issues of borders, colonialism, culture, genre, identity, invasion, language, mapping, monarchy, plantation, union, and the matter of Britain, especially in the histories, though as will be seen this work encompasses most of Shakespeare’s corpus. The short introductions to each section and the accompanying bibliography of over 300 items, ranging from notes and queries to substantial essays, is divided into six sections, beginning with a brief overview of the historical debate, then focusing on criticism dealing broadly with Britain, then embracing material ordered by constituent nation: England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. That there is an even spread of material under this handful of headings suggests that each and every nation within this multi‐nation state, as well as the problematic and often contested whole, has attracted its fair share of critical concern.
The Victorians’ View of France
Authors: Martens Britta
Published: March 2006

This article makes the case for a critical consideration of the Victorians’ attitude towards France which goes beyond studies of literary influence and focuses on their response to French culture in a broader sense. Using Dickens’s writings on France as an example, it suggests that recent developments in cultural studies and research into the cross‐Channel exchange of ideas can enhance our understanding of the Victorians’ relationship with France and their concept of their own national culture.
The most C‐terminal tri‐glycine segment within the polyglycine stretch of the pea Toc75 transit peptide plays a critical role for targeting the protein to the chloroplast outer envelope membrane
Authors: Baldwin Amy J. , Inoue Kentaro
Published: March 2006

The protein translocation channel at the outer envelope membrane of chloroplasts (Toc75) is synthesized as a larger precursor with an N‐terminal transit peptide. Within the transit peptide of the pea Toc75, a major portion of the 10 amino acid long stretch that contains nine glycine residues was shown to be necessary for directing the protein to the chloroplast outer membrane in vitro[Inoue K & Keegstra K (2003) Plant J34, 661–669]. In order to get insights into the mechanism by which the polyglycine stretch mediates correct targeting, we divided it into three tri‐glycine segments and examined the importance of each domain in targeting specificity in vitro. Replacement of the most C‐terminal segment with alanine residues resulted in mistargeting the protein to the stroma, while exchange of either of the other two tri‐glycine regions had no effect on correct targeting. Furthermore, simultaneous replacement of the N‐terminal and middle tri‐glycine segments with alanine repeats did not cause mistargeting of the protein as much as those of the N‐ and C‐terminal, or the middle and C‐terminal segments. These results indicate that the most C‐terminal tri‐glycine segment is important for correct targeting. Exchanging this portion with a repeat of leucine or glutamic acid also caused missorting of Toc75 to the stroma. By contrast, its replacement with repeats of asparagine, aspartic acid, serine, and proline did not largely affect correct targeting. These data suggest that relatively compact and nonhydrophobic side chains in this particular region play a crucial role in correct sorting of Toc75.
Upper Gastrointestinal Complications among Users of Paracetamol
Authors: González‐Pérez Antonio , García Rodríguez Luis A.
Published: March 2006

Abstract: Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been associated with upper gastrointestinal complications such as bleeding or perforation. Paracetamol has been traditionally considered a safer alternative to NSAIDs. In a previous case‐control study we found that paracetamol at high doses increased the risk of upper gastrointestinal complications. We proposed to review all studies addressing the association between paracetamol and upper gastrointestinal complications and placed our results in the context of existing literature. We conducted a nested case‐control study using the United Kingdom General Practice Research Database during the period between April 1993 and October 1998. Then we performed a systematic review of the literature indexed in MEDLINE published between 1980 and 2004. We identified a total of twelve studies that assessed the association between paracetamol and upper gastrointestinal complications. We used a fixed effects model to calculate a summary estimate of these studies. In the nested case control study, use of paracetamol was associated with a small elevated risk of upper gastrointestinal complications (relative risk (RR), 1.3; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.1–1.5). The RR was 3.6 (95% CI, 2.6–5.1) among paracetamol users of more than 2 g daily, whereas smaller doses did not increase the risk. Among the twelve studies identified in the systematic review, estimates ranged from 0.2 through 2.0 with a summary estimate of 1.3 (95% CI, 1.2–1.5). Our findings indicate that use of paracetamol at the doses most commonly used confer little or no increased risk of upper gastrointestinal complications. More data are needed to confirm or refute the suggestion that high‐dose paracetamol is associated with an increased risk of upper gastrointestinal complications of the same magnitude as the one observed with traditional NSAIDs.
Templates for Analysis of Individual‐Level Prescription Data
Authors: Hallas Jesper , Støvring Henrik
Published: March 2006

Abstract: The advent of large population‐based prescription databases has enabled us to study drug use with the individual user as our unit of analysis. This review presents three non‐specific analytic templates that may be applied to individual‐level prescription data. The ratio of prevalence odds to incidence rate can estimate the average duration for drug use. Limitations and pitfalls are discussed. Although it should be cautiously interpreted, it provides a reasonable ranking of drugs with respect to their retention in users. The Lorenz curve is an analytic tool to express skewness in drug use. It shows the proportion of drug use that is accounted for by percentiles of drug users, ranked according to their volume of drug intake. It may express the extent of heavy users as well as sporadic small‐volume users and may, for example, be used to screen for an unsuspected abuse potential of a drug. The waiting‐time distribution is a frequency distribution of first occurrences of drug use within a time‐window. It forms the basis for a theoretical model for robust estimates of prevalence and incidence rate. On an intuitive level, it displays visual correlates of epidemiological prescribing parameters such as period prevalence, point prevalence, incidence rate, duration, prescription renewal rate, relapse of treatments and seasonality. Each measure may be incorporated into an integral matrix that reflects various traits in utilization of every drug or drug class, thereby possibly finding abnormalities that suggest sub‐optimal prescribing.
Chemoprevention in Gastrointestinal Cancers: Current Status
Authors: Grau Maria V. , Rees Judy R. , Baron John A.
Published: March 2006

Abstract: Chemoprevention, pharmacological intervention for disease prevention, aims to intervene in pathways that lead to clinical disease before the disease occurs. Cancer chemoprevention is a relatively new field, but for gastrointestinal cancers, clinical trials have highlighted the chemopreventive potential of several agents. For colorectal neoplasia, trials with aspirin and other non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) and calcium have demonstrated the most significant reductions of risk. In observational studies, NSAIDs also consistently appear to protect against oesophageal and gastric cancer. Calcium, and perhaps vitamin D, are also promising and have the advantage of being inexpensive, safe interventions. For the prevention of oesophageal cancer, antitumour‐B and retinamide have provided hopeful results, although it is not clear that these findings can be extrapolated from the study populations in Asia to western countries. Evidence from China suggests that a combination of β‐carotene, α‐tocopherol and selenium may protect against oesophageal cancer, but the relative importance of each agent is unclear, and, again, their effects in other populations has not yet been assessed. Mass immunization against hepatitis B seems to be the most effective means of reducing the incidence of hepatocellular cancer worldwide. In addition, treatment with interferon α in patients chronically infected with hepatitis C virus shows considerable promise, given the increasing prevalence of hepatitis C virus carriage in recent years. TJ‐9, polyprenoic acid and anti‐aflatoxin compounds are also possible avenues that deserve future research.
Antidepressants and Risk of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Authors: De Abajo Francisco J. , Montero Dolores , García Rodríguez Luis A. , Madurga Mariano
Published: March 2006

Abstract: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are nowadays the most widely used antidepressants in the world, mainly because they have a better adverse reaction profile and a higher safety margin in overdoses, when compared to other antidepressants. These drugs recently have been the target of important debates concerning safety issues, among them the possibility that they may increase the risk of bleeding. Over the 1990s, an increasing number of individual cases of bleeding disorders were reported in the literature and to the pharmacovigilance programmes which prompted several epidemiological and pharmacological studies. In this review we have examined all available data. The whole evidence supports the hypothesis that antidepressants with a relevant blockade action on serotonin reuptake mechanism increase the risk of bleeding. Such disorders may have different degrees of severity and may be located anywhere in the body. The epidemiological evidence is, however, more robust for upper gastrointestinal bleeding. It has been estimated that upper gastrointestinal bleeding may occur at a frequency ranging from 1 in 100 to 1 in 1,000 patient‐years of exposure to high‐affinity drugs (the SSRIs), with the very old patients being in the highest part of the range. The increased risk may be of particular relevance when the SSRIs are associated with NSAIDs as well as low‐dose aspirin.
A New Combination Treatment for Premature Ejaculation: A Sex Therapist’s Perspective
Authors: Perelman Michael A.
Published: March 2006

This article describes the diagnosis and treatment of premature ejaculation (PE) from a sex therapist’s perspective and proposes that combination therapy integrating sex therapy and sexual pharmaceuticals is frequently the best treatment approach. Failure to appreciate the multimodal etiology and pathophysiology of PE makes the condition more difficult to diagnose and treat. Many physicians have tried pharmacologic approaches, but are limited to providing topical anesthetics or suggesting off-label uses of antidepressant and erectile dysfunction medications, because no medication is currently indicated specifically for PE. Furthermore, patients frequently relapse after discontinuation of the pharmaceutical. Sex therapists appreciate the multidimensional nature of PE for the patient and partner, but few patients seek out this approach, which is labor-intensive and often lacking long-term follow-up success. Most men with PE are not receiving treatment, secondary to their embarrassment about discussing their condition and a lack of clinician inquiry about sexual dysfunction. Even for those who do engage in discussion, diagnoses may be inconsistent, because a universally accepted definition of the condition and diagnostic criteria are nonexistent. Men with PE experience anxiety and lack sexual self-confidence; subsequently, their sexual and overall relationship frequently suffer. Because PE involves psychosocial and physiologic factors, treatment that addresses both should yield the best balance of function. There is interest in new agents designed specifically for PE to provide an improved pharmacotherapeutic opportunity. Yet, a combination treatment integrating pharmaceuticals and sex therapy would provide an optimized approach. Besides increasing coital latency directly, sexual pharmaceuticals could be used to provide greater opportunity for men to recognize their premonitory sensations to ejaculation more readily, facilitating a “choice point”, which is key to facilitating behavioral change and learning. Such a combination approach would result in prolonged ejaculatory latency, improved treatment satisfaction, and superior long-term outcome.