bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application-Oriented Succinct Data Structures for Big Data
Authors: Shibuya Tetsuo
Published: October 2019

A data structure is called succinct if its asymptotical space requirement matches the original data size. The development of succinct data structures is an important factor to deal with the explosively increasing big data. Moreover, wider variations of big data have been produced in various fields recently and there is a substantial need for the development of more application-specific succinct data structures. In this study, we review the recently proposed application-oriented succinct data structures motivated by big data applications in three different fields: privacy-preserving computation in cryptography, genome assembly in bioinformatics, and work space reduction for compressed communications.
On the aerodynamic flow around a cyclist model at the hoods position
Authors: Miau Jiun-Jih , Li Shang-Ru , Tsai Zong-Xiu , Phung Mai Van , Lin San-Yi
Published: October 2019

Aerodynamic flow around an 1/5 scale cyclist model was studied experimentally and numerically. First, measurements of drag force were performed for the model in a low-speed wind tunnel at Reynolds numbers from $$5.5 \times 10^{4}$$5.5×104 to $$1.8 \times 10^{5}$$1.8×105. Meanwhile, numerical computation using a large eddy simulation method was performed at three Reynolds numbers of $$1.1 \times 10^{4}$$1.1×104, $$6.5 \times 10^{4}$$6.5×104 and $$1.5 \times 10^{5}$$1.5×105 to obtain the drag coefficients for comparison. Second, flow visualization was made in a water channel and the wind tunnel mentioned to examine the three-dimensional flow separation pattern on the model surface, which could also be realized from the numerical results. Finally, a wake flow survey based on the hot-wire measurements in the wind tunnel showed that in the near-wake region, the flow was featured with the formation of multiple streamwise vortices. The numerical results further indicated that these vortices were evolved from the separated flows occurred on the model surface.

Graphic Abstract
“It's not like they're selling your data to dangerous people”: Internet privacy, teens, and (non-)controversial public issues
Authors: Crocco Margaret S. , Segall Avner , Halvorsen Anne-Lise , Stamm Alexandra , Jacobsen Rebecca
Published: October 2019

This study examines high school students’ responses to a public policy discussion on the topic of Internet privacy. Specifically, students discussed the question of whether search engines and social media sites should be permitted to monitor, track, and share users’ personal data or whether such practices violate personal privacy. We observed discussions of the topic in four high school classrooms in 2015–2016, prior to the presidential election in 2016. We first explain why the topic failed to work as a controversial public issue with high schoolers. We then explain their responses to the issue. We found (1) students displayed a surprising trust in Facebook and Google; (2) students framed the issue of Internet Privacy as a conflict in values and a set of trade-offs; and (3) students tended to put more weight on personal responsibility than implications for democracy in their assessment of the (acknowledged) erosion of privacy as a result of social media and Internet search engines. We conclude with implications for social studies education and teacher education.
Self-similar compressible turbulent boundary layers with pressure gradients. Part 1. Direct numerical simulation and assessment of Morkovin’s hypothesis
Authors: Wenzel Christoph , Gibis Tobias , Kloker Markus , Rist Ulrich
Published: October 2019

A direct numerical simulation study of self-similar compressible flat-plate turbulent boundary layers (TBLs) with pressure gradients (PGs) has been performed for inflow Mach numbers of 0.5 and 2.0. All cases are computed with smooth PGs for both favourable and adverse PG distributions (FPG, APG) and thus are akin to experiments using a reflected-wave set-up. The equilibrium character allows for a systematic comparison between sub- and supersonic cases, enabling the isolation of pure PG effects from Mach-number effects and thus an investigation of the validity of common compressibility transformations for compressible PG TBLs. It turned out that the kinematic Rotta–Clauser parameter $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{K}$ calculated using the incompressible form of the boundary-layer displacement thickness as length scale is the appropriate similarity parameter to compare both sub- and supersonic cases. Whereas the subsonic APG cases show trends known from incompressible flow, the interpretation of the supersonic PG cases is intricate. Both sub- and supersonic regions exist in the boundary layer, which counteract in their spatial evolution. The boundary-layer thickness $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}_{99}$ and the skin-friction coefficient $c_{f}$, for instance, are therefore in a comparable range for all compressible APG cases. The evaluation of local non-dimensionalized total and turbulent shear stresses shows an almost identical behaviour for both sub- and supersonic cases characterized by similar $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{K}$, which indicates the (approximate) validity of Morkovin’s scaling/hypothesis also for compressible PG TBLs. Likewise, the local non-dimensionalized distributions of the mean-flow pressure and the pressure fluctuations are virtually invariant to the local Mach number for same $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{K}$-cases. In the inner layer, the van Driest transformation collapses compressible mean-flow data of the streamwise velocity component well into their nearly incompressible counterparts with the same $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{K}$. However, noticeable differences can be observed in the wake region of the velocity profiles, depending on the strength of the PG. For both sub- and supersonic cases the recovery factor was found to be significantly decreased by APGs and increased by FPGs, but also to remain virtually constant in regions of approximated equilibrium.
Self-similar compressible turbulent boundary layers with pressure gradients. Part 2. Self-similarity analysis of the outer layer
Authors: Gibis Tobias , Wenzel Christoph , Kloker Markus , Rist Ulrich
Published: October 2019

A thorough self-similarity analysis is presented to investigate the properties of self-similarity for the outer layer of compressible turbulent boundary layers. The results are validated using the compressible and quasi-incompressible direct numerical simulation (DNS) data shown and discussed in the first part of this study; see Wenzelet al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 880, 2019, pp. 239–283). The analysis is carried out for a general set of characteristic scales, and conditions are derived which have to be fulfilled by these sets in case of self-similarity. To evaluate the main findings derived, four sets of characteristic scales are proposed and tested. These represent compressible extensions of the incompressible edge scaling, friction scaling, Zagarola–Smits scaling and a newly defined Rotta–Clauser scaling. Their scaling success is assessed by checking the collapse of flow-field profiles extracted at various streamwise positions, being normalized by the respective scales. For a good set of scales, most conditions derived in the analysis are fulfilled. As suggested by the data investigated, approximate self-similarity can be achieved for the mean-flow distributions of the velocity, mass flux and total enthalpy and the turbulent terms. Self-similarity thus can be stated to be achievable to a very high degree in the compressible regime. Revealed by the analysis and confirmed by the DNS data, this state is predicted by the compressible pressure-gradient boundary-layer growth parameter$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}_{c}$, which is similar to the incompressible one found by related incompressible studies. Using appropriate adaption,$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}_{c}$values become comparable for compressible and incompressible pressure-gradient cases with similar wall-normal shear-stress distributions. The Rotta–Clauser parameter in its traditional form$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{K}=(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}_{K}^{\ast }/\bar{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}_{w})(\text{d}p_{e}/\text{d}x)$with the kinematic (incompressible) displacement thickness$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}_{K}^{\ast }$is shown to be a valid parameter of the form$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}_{c}$and hence still is a good indicator for equilibrium flow in the compressible regime at the finite Reynolds numbers considered. Furthermore, the analysis reveals that the often neglected derivative of the length scale,$\text{d}L_{0}/\text{d}x$, can be incorporated, which was found to have an important influence on the scaling success of common ‘low-Reynolds-number’ DNS data; this holds for both incompressible and compressible flow. Especially for the scaling of the$\bar{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}}\widetilde{u^{\prime \prime }v^{\prime \prime }}$stress and thus also the wall shear stress$\bar{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}_{w}$, the inclusion of$\text{d}L_{0}/\text{d}x$leads to palpable improvements.
Dynamics of rapidly depressurized multiphase shock tubes
Authors: Zwick D. , Balachandar S.
Published: October 2019

Rapid depressurization is a fluid phenomenon that occurs in many industrial and natural applications. Its behaviour is often complicated by the formation, propagation and interaction of waves. In this work, we perform computer simulations of the rapid depressurization of a gas–solid mixture in a shock tube. Our problem set-up mimics previously performed experiments, which have been historically used as a laboratory surrogate for volcanic eruptions. The simulations are carried out with a discontinuous Galerkin compressible fluid solver with four-way coupled Lagrangian particle tracking capabilities. The results give an unprecedented look into the complex multiphase physics at work in this problem. Different regimes have been characterized in a regime map that highlights the key observations. While the mean flow behaviour is in good agreement with experiments, the simulations show unexpected accelerations of the particle front as it expands. Additionally, a new lifting mechanism for gas bubble (void) growth inside the gas–solid mixture is detailed.
Supersonic turbulent boundary layer drag control using spanwise wall oscillation
Authors: Yao Jie , Hussain Fazle
Published: October 2019

Spanwise wall oscillation has been extensively studied to explore possible drag control methods, mechanisms and efficacy – particularly for incompressible flows. We performed direct numerical simulation for fully developed turbulent channel flow to establish how effective spanwise wall oscillation is when the flow is compressible and also to document its drag reduction (${\mathcal{D}}{\mathcal{R}}$) trend with Mach number. Drag reduction ${\mathcal{D}}{\mathcal{R}}$ is first investigated for three different bulk Mach numbers $M_{b}=0.3$, $0.8$ and $1.5$ at a fixed bulk Reynolds number $Re_{b}=3000$. At a given velocity amplitude $A^{+}$ ($=12$), ${\mathcal{D}}{\mathcal{R}}$ at $M_{b}=0.3$ agrees with the strictly incompressible case; at $M_{b}=0.8$, ${\mathcal{D}}{\mathcal{R}}$ exhibits a similar trend to that at $M_{b}=0.3$: ${\mathcal{D}}{\mathcal{R}}$ increases with the oscillation period $T^{+}$ to a maximum and then decreases gradually. However, at $M_{b}=1.5$, ${\mathcal{D}}{\mathcal{R}}$ monotonically increases with $T^{+}$. In addition, the maximum ${\mathcal{D}}{\mathcal{R}}$ is found to increase with $M_{b}$. For $M_{b}=1.5$, similar to the incompressible case, ${\mathcal{D}}{\mathcal{R}}$ increases with $A^{+}$, but the rate of increase decreases at larger $A^{+}$. Unlike the flow behaviour when incompressible, the flow surprisingly relaminarizes when it is supersonic (at $A^{+}=18$ and $T^{+}=300$) – this enigmatic behaviour requires further detailed studies for different domain sizes, $Re_{b}$ and $M_{b}$. The Reynolds number effect on ${\mathcal{D}}{\mathcal{R}}$ is also investigated. Although ${\mathcal{D}}{\mathcal{R}}$ generally decreases with $Re_{b}$, it is less affected at small $T^{+}$, but drops rapidly at large $T^{+}$. We introduce a simple scaling for the oscillation period as $T^{\ast }=T_{C}^{+}l_{I}^{+}/l_{C}^{+}$, with $l_{I}^{+}$ and $l_{C}^{+}$ denoting the mean streak spacing for incompressible and compressible cases, respectively. At the same semi-local Reynolds number $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}c}^{\ast }\equiv Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}\sqrt{\overline{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}}_{c}/\overline{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}}_{w}}/(\overline{\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}}_{c}/\overline{\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}}_{w})$ (subscripts $c$ and $w$ denote quantities at the channel centre and wall, respectively), ${\mathcal{D}}{\mathcal{R}}$ as a function of $T^{\ast }$ exhibits good agreement between the supersonic and strictly incompressible cases, with the optimal oscillation period becoming $M_{b}$-invariant as $T_{opt}^{\ast }\approx 100$.
Association between adiposity levels and cognitive impairment in the Chilean older adult population
Authors: Concha-Cisternas Y. , Lanuza F. , Waddell H. , Sillars Anne , Leiva A. M. , Troncoso C. , Martinez M. A. , Villagrán M. , Mardones L. , Martorell M. , Nazar G. , Ulloa N. , Labraña A. M. , Diaz-Martinez X. , Sadarangani K. , Alvarez C. , Ramirez-Campillo R. , Garrido-Mendez Alex , Luarte Cristian , Ho Frederick , Gray Stuart R. , Petermann-Rocha F. , Celis-Morales C.
Published: October 2019

Although both obesity and ageing are risk factors for cognitive impairment, there is no evidence in Chile on how obesity levels are associated with cognitive function. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the association between adiposity levels and cognitive impairment in older Chilean adults. This cross-sectional study includes 1384 participants, over 60 years of age, from the Chilean National Health Survey 2009–2010. Cognitive impairment was evaluated using the Mini-Mental State Examination. BMI and waist circumference (WC) were used as measures of adiposity. Compared with people with a normal BMI, the odds of cognitive impairment were higher in participants who were underweight (OR 4·44; 95 % CI 2·43, 6·45; P < 0·0001), overweight (OR 1·86; 95 % CI 1·06, 2·66; P = 0·031) and obese (OR 2·26; 95 % CI 1·31, 3·21; P = 0·003). The associations were robust after adjustment for confounding variables. Similar results were observed for WC. Low and high levels of adiposity are associated with an increased likelihood of cognitive impairment in older adults in Chile.
Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous magmatism in the Xiong’ershan gold district, central China: implications for gold mineralization and geodynamics
Authors: Pang Zhenshan , Gao Fuping , Du Yangsong , Du Yilun , Zong Zhaojian , Xie Jinsong , Xin Fengpei
Published: October 2019

The Xiong’ershan area is the third largest gold-producing district in China. The Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous magmatism in the Xiong’ershan area can be divided into two episodes: early (165–150 Ma) and late (138–113 Ma). Laser ablation – inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) zircon U–Pb dating yields ages of 160.7 ± 0.6 Ma and 127.2 ± 1.0 Ma for the Wuzhangshan and Huashan monzogranites in the Xiong’ershan area, respectively, representing the two magmatic episodes. The Wuzhangshan monzogranites exhibit adakite-like geochemical features (e.g. high Sr/Y ratios, low Yb and Y contents). Their Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic compositions are consistent with those of the amphibolites of the Taihua Group, indicating that the Wuzhangshan monzogranites were formed from partial melting of the Taihua Group metamorphic rocks. Compared to the Wuzhangshan rocks, the Huashan monzogranites have higher MgO, Cr, Co and Ni contents, but lower Sr/Y and Fe3+/Fe2+. All the samples from the Huashan monzogranites plot in the area between the Taihua Group amphibolite rocks and the mantle rocks in the (87Sr/86Sr)t vsεNd(t) and age vsεHf(t) diagrams, suggesting that the Huashan monzogranites were probably generated by mixing of mantle-derived magmas and the Taihua Group metamorphic basement melts. The gold mineralization (136–110 Ma) is coeval with the emplacement of the late-episode magmas, implying that crustal–mantle mixed magma might be a better target for gold mineralization compared to the ancient metamorphic basement melt. The data presented in this study further indicate that the transformation of the lithosphere from thickening to thinning in the Xiong’ershan area probably occurred between ~160 Ma and ~127 Ma, and that the gold mineralization in this area was probably related to lithospheric thinning.
ViDA: a Vlasov–DArwin solver for plasma physics at electron scales
Authors: Pezzi Oreste , Cozzani Giulia , Califano Francesco , Valentini Francesco , Guarrasi Massimiliano , Camporeale Enrico , Brunetti Gianfranco , Retinò Alessandro , Veltri Pierluigi
Published: October 2019

We present a Vlasov–DArwin numerical code (ViDA) specifically designed to address plasma physics problems, where small-scale high accuracy is requested even during the nonlinear regime to guarantee a clean description of the plasma dynamics at fine spatial scales. The algorithm provides a low-noise description of proton and electron kinetic dynamics, by splitting in time the multi-advection Vlasov equation in phase space. Maxwell equations for the electric and magnetic fields are reorganized according to the Darwin approximation to remove light waves. Several numerical tests show that ViDA successfully reproduces the propagation of linear and nonlinear waves and captures the physics of magnetic reconnection. We also discuss preliminary tests of the parallelization algorithm efficiency, performed at CINECA on the Marconi-KNL cluster. ViDA will allow the running of Eulerian simulations of a non-relativistic fully kinetic collisionless plasma and it is expected to provide relevant insights into important problems of plasma astrophysics such as, for instance, the development of the turbulent cascade at electron scales and the structure and dynamics of electron-scale magnetic reconnection, such as the electron diffusion region.
On a probable sense organ newly found in some eunicid polychaetes
Authors: Hayashi I. , Yamane S.
Published: October 2019

Through SEM observations a probable sense organ located at the base of the ventral side of each dorsal cirrus in some eunicid polychaetes is described. This organ is externally characterized by numerous long ciliary projections. Similar structures are also found on corresponding positions in species belonging to other family groups in the Order Eunicida but in the Order Phyllodocida were found only in Aglaophamus sp. This species also has a similar structure, with ciliary projections, at the ventral base of each dorsal cirrus. However, the situation is quite different from any Eunicida species in that numerous bundles of ciliary projections are also scattered on the lateral sides of the body. Although the function of the ciliated organ of eunicids still remains unknown, a brief TEM observation of this organ on Marphysa sanguinea clearly shows that this organ is a sensory receptor and seems to suggest that it serves as a chemoreceptor rather than a mechanoreceptor.
Morphology and function of the mandibular muscles in some coleoid cephalopods
Authors: Kear Amanda J.
Published: October 2019

The functional morphology of the buccal mass of 23 species of cephalopod (Octopoda, 4 species; Teuthoidea, 17; Sepioidea, 2) was investigated by gross dissection, histology and observations on fresh preparations. Cephalopod beaks lack a joint or articulation point. The jaws slide and rotate around an area rather than a fixed point. During closing the superior mandibular muscle (SMM) provides the force of a bite and the largest movement vector, whilst the inferior mandibular muscle (IMM) acts to retract the upper beak, causing shearing action. Dorsal portions of the lateral mandibular muscles (LMM) flex the upper beak walls outwards, probably to accommodate the backwards sweep of the radula and buccal palps during closing. To open the beaks, the ventral portions of the lateral mandibular muscles pull the rear lateral walls of the two beaks towards each other, moving the lower beak back relative to the upper.
Antifouling performance of the embryo and eggcase of the dogfishScyliorhinus canicula
Authors: Thomason Jeremy C. , Davenport John , Rogerson Andrew
Published: October 2019

The antifouling performance of the dogfishScyliorhinus canicula(L.) (Elasmobranchii: Squaliformes) eggcase-embryo combination was studied under experimental conditions, in conjunction with an analysis of fouling on wild cases. The cases were shown to develop an external heterogeneous microbial biofilm, and an internal heterogeneous microbial biofilm (when the case opens) composed primarily of cocci and bacilli. Macrofouling was limited on egg-cases (unless kept under high light intensities). Macrofouling ranged from <5% (recently laid cases) to 42% (>300 days exposure). This is a better performance than many commercial antifouling treatments. There was no evidence that the embryo was involved in the antifouling process.A priori, three hypotheses are suggested that might explain the antifouling mechanism of the dogfish eggcase-embryo combination: (1) the yolk/albumin/embryo emit antifouling chemicals; (2) a bacterial culture develops that prevents further fouling; (3) the case with/without an embryo has antifouling properties. The results presented here support the third hypothesis.
Macro- and megaplanktonic cnidarians collected in the eastern part of the Weddell Gyre during summer 1979
Authors: Pagès F. , Pugh P.R. , Gili J.-M.
Published: October 2019

The species composition, abundance and spatial distribution of macroplanktonic cnidarians in the eastern part of the Weddell Gyre are described from a series of nekton samples collected over three depth ranges between 0 and 2000 m. On average, cnidarians contributed 52·6% to the biovolume of these samples, although the range was high (5·0–93·1%). In total 23 species of siphonophores and 20 species of medusae were identified; a number that is very high in comparison with previous studies. There was a high diversity at bathypelagic depths, with 38 species being collected below 1000 m. The most abundant siphonophores were Dimophyes arctica (up to 45 nectophores per 104 m3) and Heteropyramis crystallina (up to 22 nectophores per 104 m3). The most abundant medusa was Pantachogon haeckeli (up to 30 specimens per 104 m3). Medusae were most abundant at mesopelagic depths, reaching 46 specimens per 104 m3 in the 500–1000 m depth range. Smaller calycophoran siphonophores were concentrated in the top 500 m of the water column, with total numbers averaging 107 per 104 m3. The number of larger calycophorans in-creased with depth, being most abundant in the 1000–2000 m depth range. Although many species had a widespread geographical distribution within the sampling area, the hydrographical conditions appeared to be affecting the distribution of some.
High genetic similarity between geographically distant populations in a sea anemone with low dispersal capabilities
Authors: Cava-Solé A.M. , Thorpe J.P. , Todd C.D.
Published: October 2019

Samples of the large sublittoral sea anemoneUrticina eques(Gosse) were collected from three localities in the northern North Sea and from one locality in the northern Irish Sea. Around the coast the total distance between sampling sites is approximately 1,200 km. The species has a large lecithotrophic larva which may not be planktonic. All samples were screened genetically for 13 loci coding for 11 different enzymes. Results overall indicated a high degree of genetic uniformity over the four populations sampled (FST= 0·025). The data are discussed in relation to current ideas of larval dispersal and results from other similar studies. It is concluded that the lack of genetic differentiation shown byUrticina equesis surprising given the apparently poor dispersive powers of the larva.
Environmental control of reproduction in Perinereis nuntia var. brevicirrus
Authors: Hardege J.D. , Bartels-Hardege H.D. , Yang Y. , Wu B.L. , Zhu M.Y. , Zeeck E.
Published: October 2019

Perinereis nuntia brevicirrus (Grube 1857), collected from a rocky shore at Qingdao (China) were cultured under different temperature, daylength and moonlight regimes. Ripe individuals were found in the field after an increase of water temperature in early summer, with a semilunar spawning peak from the beginning of June to the end of September. In laboratory experiments, daylength has no influence on maturation and reproduction. Temperature-controlled culture produces gravid, reproducing specimens at any time of the year after an increase in water temperature. For reproduction both sexual partners leave their burrows and swarm at the water surface in the early morning, performing a nuptial dance. The spawning behaviour, the nuptial dance and the release of gametes, are controlled by sex pheromones which are present in the coelomic fluid of mature worms. A sex pheromone from Platynereis dumerilü, 5-methyl-3-heptanone, is found in Perinereis nuntia brevicirrus and causes an increase in swimming activity during reproduction and the release of a small amount of sperm from males. This signal induces the release of eggs by the females followed by the release of masses of sperm by the male due to a second female pheromone.
The effects of dredging on shell formation in the razor clamEnsis siliquafrom Barrinha, southern Portugal
Authors: Gaspar M.B. , Richardson C.A. , Monteiro C.C.
Published: October 2019

Shell growth of the razor clamEnsis siliqua(Mollusca: Bivalvia) from southern Portugal has been analysed using both surface growth rings and internal shell microgrowth patterns. The growth rate estimated from an analysis of the growth rings is slower (von Bertalanffy growth, constant K=0·27) than that determined from the annual narrowing of the internal microgrowth patterns present in shell sections (K=0·65), although both methods predict a similar asymptotic length, L∞, of 144·8 and 139·6 mm, respectively.

The Barrinha razor clam population occurs in a heavily dredged area and an analysis of shell sections reveals the presence of a series of shell margin breaks consisting of deep clefts in the outer shell layer in which sand grains are embedded. It is suggested that these disturbances to shell growth are the result of repeated dredge damage. The frequency of the clefts increases with the size and age of the razor clams, and thus the shells provide a record of the intensity and frequency of unsuccessful capture or retrieval attempts. Cleft formation also occurred seasonally with the deposition of a small cleft during June, but these annual clefts were much less pronounced than those caused by dredge damage.
Changes in the swimming behaviour of larval herring in response to two different prey densities
Authors: Gallego A.
Published: October 2019

Laboratory-reared herring larvae adjusted several characteristics of their swimming behaviour to the presence of food in the experimental tank. When food density was low, as in the outer limits of a food patch in the sea, the larvae increased their turning frequency, an exploratory behaviour to locate the centre of the patch. At a higher prey concentration, such as in the centre of a food patch, the larvae crossed their previous swimming path more frequently, indicating a local search strategy aimed at foraging in the centre of the patch.

The prey of actively foraging planktonic predators, such as fish larvae, is patchily distributed. The main factors governing the ability of the predators to encounter prey are the relative velocities of predator and prey, and the prey detection radius by the predator relative to the distance between prey items (Gerritsen & Strickler, 1977). The enhancement of encounter rate by turbulence through its effect on relative velocity has been widely discussed in the literature since Rothschild & Osborn's (1988) publication. However, an effective forager should be able to adjust its behaviour to optimize prey encounter by, for example, altering its position in the water column in relation to conditions of turbulence, or modifying its searching behaviour in response to spatial aggregation of prey. This latter aspect has received comparatively little attention. Different swimming modes have been described in herring (Clupea harengus L.) larvae and in larvae of many other fish species. Foraging larvae swim in a more linear path between food patches and follow a more complex track when a patch of prey is located.
Mercury and selenium localization in macrophages of the striped dolphin,Stenella coeruleoalba
Authors: Nigro Marco
Published: October 2019

The cellular features of mercury and selenium accumulation has been studied by transmission electron microscopy and x-ray microprobe analysis in the liver of striped dolphins. Mercury and selenium occurred as dense intracellular granules, located mainly within the liver macrophages (Kupffer cells). Granules were composed of 150 A spherical particles showing the same electron diffraction pattern and x-ray spectrum as mercuric selenide. The role of macrophages in mercuric selenide granule production and storage is discussed.
Supplying the city of Ioannina with ‘modern’ waters, 1913–1940: the ‘modern infrastructural ideal’ in a mid-size Greek town
Authors: Chatzis Konstantinos , Mahera Anna , Mavrogonatou Georgia
Published: October 2019

A part of the Ottoman Empire for centuries, the city of Ioannina integrated into the Greek state following the Balkan wars of 1912–13. This article provides a first in-depth historical account of the city's water supply system from the early 1910s to the eve of World War II, and traces the path leading from a traditional system relying on private wells and public fountains to a modern water network entering inhabitants’ homes. In doing so, it also offers material and insights contributing to a larger research project on the technological modernization of urban Greece in the inter-war period, during which the Greek state itself was driven by a particularly strong urge to modernize the country.
A NOTE ON THE CUT-ELIMINATION PROOF IN “TRUTH WITHOUT CONTRA(DI)CTION”
Authors: FJELLSTAD ANDREAS
Published: October 2019

This note shows that the permutation instructions presented by Zardini (2011) for eliminating cuts on universally quantified formulas in the sequent calculus for the noncontractive theory of truth IKTωare inadequate. To that purpose the note presents a derivation in the sequent calculus for IKTωending with an application of cut on a universally quantified formula which the permutation instructions cannot deal with. The counterexample is of the kind that leaves open the question whether cut can be shown to be eliminable in the sequent calculus for IKTωwith an alternative strategy.
Spring-seeded cereal rye suppresses weeds in watermelon
Authors: Vollmer Kurt M. , Besançon Thierry E. , Carr Baylee L. , VanGessel Mark J. , Scott Barbara A.
Published: October 2019

Weeds can cause significant yield loss in watermelon production systems. Commercially acceptable weed control is difficult to achieve, even with heavy reliance on herbicides. A study was conducted to evaluate a spring-seeded cereal rye cover crop with different herbicide application timings for weed management between row middles in watermelon production systems. Common lambsquarters and pigweed species (namely, Palmer amaranth and smooth pigweed) densities and biomasses were often lower with cereal rye compared with no cereal rye, regardless of herbicide treatment. The presence of cereal rye did not negatively influence the number of marketable watermelon fruit, but average marketable fruit weight in cereal rye versus no cereal rye treatments varied by location. These results demonstrate that a spring-seeded cereal rye cover crop can help reduce weed density and weed biomass, and potentially enhance overall weed control. Cereal rye alone did not provide full-season weed control, so additional research is needed to determine the best methods to integrate spring cover cropping with other weed management tactics in watermelon for effective, full-season control.
Treatment life and economic comparisons of honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) and huisache (Vachellia farnesiana) herbicide programs in rangeland
Authors: Medlin Case R. , McGinty W. Allan , Hanselka C. Wayne , Lyons Robert K. , Clayton Megan K. , Thompson William J.
Published: October 2019

Herbicides have been a primary means of managing undesirable brush on grazing lands across the southwestern United States for decades. Continued encroachment of honey mesquite and huisache on grazing lands warrants evaluation of treatment life and economics of current and experimental treatments. Treatment life is defined as the time between treatment application and when canopy cover of undesirable brush returns to a competitive level with native forage grasses (i.e., 25% canopy cover for mesquite and 30% canopy cover for huisache). Treatment life of industry-standard herbicides was compared with that of aminocyclopyrachlor plus triclopyr amine (ACP+T) from 10 broadcast-applied honey mesquite and five broadcast-applied huisache trials established from 2007 through 2013 across Texas. On average, the treatment life of industry standard treatments (IST) for huisache was 3 yr. In comparison, huisache canopy cover was only 2.5% in plots treated with ACP+T 3 yr after treatment. The average treatment life of IST for honey mesquite was 8.6 yr, whereas plots treated with ACP+T had just 2% mesquite canopy cover at that time. Improved treatment life of ACP+T compared with IST life was due to higher mortality resulting in more consistent brush canopy reduction. The net present values (NPVs) of ACP+T and IST for both huisache and mesquite were similar until the treatment life of the IST application was reached (3 yr for huisache and 8.6 yr for honey mesquite). At that point, NPVs of the programs diverged as a result of brush competition with desirable forage grasses and additional input costs associated with theoretical follow-up IST necessary to maintain optimum livestock forage production. The ACP+T treatments did not warrant a sequential application over the 12-yr analysis for huisache or 20-yr analysis for honey mesquite that this research covered. These results indicate ACP+T provides cost-effective, long-term control of honey mesquite and huisache.
Horseweed (Conyza canadensis) management in Oklahoma winter wheat
Authors: Crose Jodie A. , Manuchehri Misha R. , Baughman Todd A.
Published: October 2019

Halauxifen plus florasulam, thifensulfuron plus fluroxypyr, and bromoxynil plus bicyclopyrone are three, relatively new POST premix herbicides developed for control of broadleaf weeds in winter wheat. These herbicides, along with older products, were evaluated for their control of horseweed in Altus, Perkins, and Ponca City, Oklahoma, during the spring of 2017 and 2018. Horseweed has become a critical weed in Oklahoma because of its extensive germination window, changes in tillage practices, and increase in herbicide-resistant horseweed biotypes. Visual weed control was estimated every 2 wk throughout the growing season and wheat yield was collected from three of the six site-years. Horseweed size ranged from 5 to 20 cm at time of application. The halauxifen plus florasulam, and thifensulfuron plus fluroxypyr combinations were effective at controlling a wide range of horseweed rosette sizes across all locations, whereas control with other treatments varied depending on presence of herbicide resistance, weed size at time of application, and mix partner.
Leisure Interests and Engagement
Authors: Kandler Christian , Piepenburg Annika
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Individual differences in interests and related engagement are often hypothesized to be mere expressions of core personality differences in specific contexts, such as occupation and leisur. However, previous research has found only moderate correlations between personality traits and operationalizations of interests. Moreover, interests showed comparable or even higher stability than personality traits. In the current study, we examined the correlations between different measures of Big Five personality traits and leisure interests as well as engagement in various leisure activities based on a sample of 407 individuals (132 males and 275 females). Furthermore, we compared rank-order and profile stability estimates, and analyzed the directionality of effects between the variables across two measurement occasions. Even though we found some systematic correlations between personality traits and leisure interests/engagement, most of them were small or only moderate. Estimates of profile stability tended to be larger for interests and engagements, whereas rank-order stability tended to be larger for Big Five traits. Moreover, we found bidirectional associations between personality traits and leisure interests/engagement. Thus, the results of our study provide strong support for a conceptualization of leisure interests as systematically linked with personality traits, but reflecting dispositions to behavior that are sufficiently distinct from personality traits.
Sediment Supply Explains Long‐Term and Large‐Scale Patterns in Salt Marsh Lateral Expansion and Erosion
Authors: Ladd Cai J.T. , Duggan‐Edwards Mollie F. , Bouma Tjeerd J. , Pagès Jordi F. , Skov Martin W.
Published: October 2019

Salt marshes often undergo rapid changes in lateral extent, the causes of which lack common explanation. We combine hydrological, sedimentological, and climatological data with analysis of historical maps and photographs to show that long‐term patterns of lateral marsh change can be explained by large‐scale variation in sediment supply and its wave‐driven transport. Over 150 years, northern marshes in Great Britain expanded while most southern marshes eroded. The cause for this pattern was a north to south reduction in sediment flux and fetch‐driven wave sediment resuspension and transport. Our study provides long‐term and large‐scale evidence that sediment supply is a critical regulator of lateral marsh dynamics. Current global declines in sediment flux to the coast are likely to diminish the resilience of salt marshes and other sedimentary ecosystems to sea level rise. Managing sediment supply is not common place but may be critical to mitigating coastal impacts from climate change.
Assessing Gauge Undercatch Correction in Arctic Basins in Light of GRACE Observations
Authors: Behrangi Ali , Singh Alka , Song Yang , Panahi Milad
Published: October 2019

Precipitation measurements at gauges are often considered as reference truth for evaluation of satellite precipitation products. However, gauges may contain large errors. A major source of gauge‐measurement error is snowfall undercatch in high latitudes. We show that the two popular correction factors (CFs) used in the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre monitoring and the Global Precipitation Climatology Project products are different by more than 50%. The CFs can be as large as 3; thus, the choice of CF introduces large uncertainties. Here, in light of observation of storage change from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and by using the mass conservation principle, we assess the two popular CFs over six Arctic basins. By investigating monthly time series and multiyear precipitation rates over the studied basins using GRACE‐based analysis, the CF based on Fuchs dynamic correction model used in Global Precipitation Climatology Centre monitoring is preferred.
Error growth in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere Based on Hindcast Experiments in a Whole Atmosphere Model
Authors: Pedatella N. M. , Liu H.‐L , Marsh D. R. , Raeder K. , Anderson J. L.
Published: October 2019

The capability to forecast conditions in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere is investigated based on 30‐day hindcast experiments that were initialized bimonthly during 2009 and 2010. The hindcasts were performed using the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with thermosphere‐ionosphere eXtension (WACCMX) with data assimilation provided by the Data Assimilation Research Testbed (DART) ensemble Kalman filter. Analysis of the WACCMX+DART hindcasts reveals several important features that are relevant to forecasting the middle atmosphere. The results show a clear dependence on spatial scale, with the slowest error growth occurring in the zonal mean and the fastest error growth occurring for small‐scale waves. The error growth rate is also found to be significantly greater in the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere compared to in the upper stratosphere to lower mesosphere, suggesting that the forecast skill decreases with increasing altitude. The results demonstrate that the errors in the lower thermosphere reach saturation, on average, in less than 5 days, at least with the current version of WACCMX+DART. A seasonal dependency to the error growth is found at high latitudes in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres but not in the tropics or global average. We additionally investigate the error growth rates for migrating and nonmigrating atmospheric tides and find that the errors saturate after ∼5 days for tides in the lower thermosphere. The results provide an initial assessment of the error growth rates in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere and are relevant for understanding how whole atmosphere models can potentially improve space weather forecasting.
Cretaceous Episodic Extension in the South China Block, East Asia: Evidence From the Yuechengling Massif of Central South China
Authors: Chu Yang , Lin Wei , Faure Michel , Xue Zhenhua , Ji Wenbin , Feng Zhentian
Published: October 2019

In the Cretaceous, the subduction of the Izanagi/Paleo‐Pacific plates beneath the South China Block (SCB) created a wide back‐arc domain characterized by numerous extensional basins coeval with voluminous magmatism. The SCB witnessed the whole evolution by records of widespread extensional structures to accommodate the lithospheric stretching. In the interior of the SCB, the Yuechengling (YCL) Massif preserves a large, low‐angle detachment fault, the Ziyuan Detachment (ZYD) at the western margin, and a high‐angle ductile normal fault, the Tianhu Fault (THF), in the middle of the massif. Both faults display ductile shearing with top‐to‐the west kinematics but play different roles in two stages of extension. In the early stage at 140–120 Ma, the THF deformed the eastern YCL pluton at a temperature of ~350 °C, but the ZYD shows limited movement at this time. On the contrary, the later stage (100–85 Ma) is characterized by pervasive middle‐ to high‐temperature deformation (~400–500 °C) and rapid exhumation along the ZYD, but the THF only underwent a near‐surface brittle overprint. Across the SCB, the two‐phase extension is widely recorded in other extensional structures and coincides with magmatic flare‐ups at its eastern margin, suggesting episodic changes in the subduction dip. Combined with two compressional events that took place between the intervals of extension, the SCB experienced two cycles of compression‐extension at 155–120 and 120–85 Ma. This periodicity is tentatively interpreted as a combined effect from the Izanagi/Paleo‐Pacific subduction angle change and a thickening‐foundering process in the arc region.
Antimicrobial Resistance Prediction for Gram-Negative Bacteria via Game Theory-Based Feature Evaluation
Authors: Chowdhury Abu Sayed , Call Douglas R. , Broschat Shira L.
Published: October 2019

The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria drives the need for advanced methods to identify antimicrobial-resistance (AMR) genes in bacterial pathogens. With the availability of whole genome sequences, best-hit methods can be used to identify AMR genes by differentiating unknown sequences with known AMR sequences in existing online repositories. Nevertheless, these methods may not perform well when identifying resistance genes with sequences having low sequence identity with known sequences. We present a machine learning approach that uses protein sequences, with sequence identity ranging between 10% and 90%, as an alternative to conventional DNA sequence alignment-based approaches to identify putative AMR genes in Gram-negative bacteria. By using game theory to choose which protein characteristics to use in our machine learning model, we can predict AMR protein sequences for Gram-negative bacteria with an accuracy ranging from 93% to 99%. In order to obtain similar classification results, identity thresholds as low as 53% were required when using BLASTp.
Fluoride contributes to the shaping of microbial community in high fluoride groundwater in Qiji County, Yuncheng City, China
Authors: Zhang Xin , Gao Xubo , Li Chengcheng , Luo Xuesong , Wang Yanxin
Published: October 2019

As a toxic element, excessive amounts of fluoride in environment can be harmful because of its antimicrobial activity, however little is known about the relationship between fluoride and the bacterial community in groundwater systems. Here, we use samples from a typical fluorosis area to test the hypothesis that fluoride concentration is a fundamental structuring factor for bacterial communities in groundwater. Thirteen groundwater samples were collected; high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing and statistical analysis were conducted to compare the bacterial community composition in individual wells. The results showed that Proteobacteria, with most relative abundance in groundwater, decreased along the groundwater fluoride concentration. Additionally, relative abundances of 12 families were also statistically correlated with fluoride concentration. The bacterial community was significantly explained by TOC (P = 0.045) and fluoride concentration (P = 0.007) of groundwater. This suggests that fluoride and TOC likely plays an important role in shaping the microbial community structure in these groundwater systems. Our research suggest that fluoride concentration should be taken into consideration in future when evaluating microbial response to environmental conditions in groundwater system, especially for fluoride rich groundwater.
A Two Dimensional Tunneling Resistance Transmission Line Model for Nanoscale Parallel Electrical Contacts
Authors: Banerjee Sneha , Luginsland John , Zhang Peng
Published: October 2019

Contact resistance and current crowding are important to nanoscale electrical contacts. In this paper, we present a self-consistent model to characterize partially overlapped parallel contacts with varying specific contact resistivity along the contact length. For parallel tunneling contacts formed between contacting members separated by a thin insulating gap, we examine the local voltage-dependent variation of potential barrier height and tunneling current along the contact length, by solving the lumped circuit transmission line model (TLM) equations coupled with the tunneling current self consistently. The current and voltage distribution along the parallel tunneling contacts and their overall contact resistance are analyzed in detail, for various input voltage, electrical contact dimension, and material properties (i.e. work function, sheet resistance of the contact members, and permittivity of the insulating layer). It is found the existing one-dimensional (1D) tunneling junction models become less reliable when the tunneling layer thickness becomes smaller or the applied voltage becomes larger. In these regimes, the proposed self-consistent model may provide a more accurate evaluation of the parallel tunneling contacts. For the special case of constant ohmic specific contact resistivity along the contact length, our theory has been spot-checked with finite element method (FEM) based numerical simulations. This work provides insights on the design, and potential engineering, of nanoscale electrical contacts with controlled current distribution and contact resistance via engineered spatially varying contact layer properties and geometry.
Author Correction: Early Cellular Responses of Prostate Carcinoma Cells to Sepantronium Bromide (YM155) Involve Suppression of mTORC1 by AMPK
Authors: Danielpour David , Gao Zhaofeng , Zmina Patrick M. , Shankar Eswar , Shultes Benjamin C. , Jobava Raul , Welford Scott M. , Hatzoglou Maria
Published: October 2019

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.