bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AVERROES AND AQUINAS ON ARISTOTLE'S CRITERION OF SUBSTANTIALITY
Authors: GALLUZZO GABRIELE
Published: September 2009

The paper analyses Averroes's and Aquinas's different reconstructions of Aristotle's ontology in the central books of the Metaphysics. The main claim the paper argues for is that Averroes endorses an explanatory criterion of substantiality, while Aquinas favours an independent existence criterion. The result of these different choices is that the Arabic commentator believes that the forms of sensible objects are more substances than the objects of which they are the forms, while the Dominican Master sticks to the traditional picture that sensible objects hold some kind of priority over their ontological constituents in general and over form in particular. For Averroes, therefore, the central books of the Metaphysics mark a major departure from the Categories ontology, where particular sensible objects are regarded as fundamental entities and so primary substances. On Aquinas's reconstruction, by contrast, sensible objects are still thought of in the Metaphysics as primary substances in spite of their being analysable into matter and form.
Conflict adaptation and cognitive control adjustments following traumatic brain injury
Authors: LARSON MICHAEL J. , KAUFMAN DAVID A.S. , PERLSTEIN WILLIAM M.
Published: September 2009

Survivors of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) often demonstrate impairments in the cognitive control functions of detecting response conflict and signaling for recruitment of cognitive resources to appropriately adjust performance. These cognitive control functions can be measured using conflict adaptation effects, wherein manifestations of conflict detection and processing are reduced following high- relative to low-conflict trials. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were collected while 18 survivors of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and 21 demographically matched control participants performed a modified Stroop task. The incongruent-minus-congruent trial Stroop effect for trials preceded by incongruent (high conflict) and congruent (low conflict) trials were compared for behavioral (response time [RT] and error rate) and ERP reflections of cognitive control. Behavioral data showed a reduction in the Stroop effect for both control and TBI participant RTs when preceded by incongruent trials. The magnitude of these effects did not differentiate control and TBI participants. ERP data revealed a centro-parietal conflict slow potential (conflict SP) that differentiated incongruent from congruent trials. Planned comparisons showed a decreased amplitude conflict SP when ERPs were preceded by incongruent trials in control, but not TBI participants. Results indicate subtle TBI-related impairments in conflict resolution mechanisms in the context of intact RT-related conflict adaptation. (JINS, 2009, 15, 927–937.)
Diagnostik der koronaren Herzkrankheit – Teil 1: Generelles Testprinzip
Authors: Maeder  , Zellweger
Published: September 2009

Für die Diagnostik der koronaren Herzkrankheit (KHK) stehen verschiedene Tests zu Verfügung, die entweder die Koronaranatomie darstellen oder die belastungsinduzierte myokardiale Ischämie nachweisen. Ob ein Test für das Patientenmanagement hilfreich ist, hängt sehr stark vom klinischen Kontext ab, das heisst von der Vortest-Wahrscheinlichkeit für eine relevante KHK. Nicht jeder Test ist für jeden Patienten geeignet. Tests sind am hilfreichsten bei Patienten mit Thoraxschmerz und intermediärer Vortest-Wahrscheinlichkeit, indem sie das Vorliegen einer KHK bestätigen oder sehr unwahrscheinlich machen. Bei tiefer oder hoher Vortest-Wahrscheinlichkeit resultieren kaum diagnostische Zusatzinformation. Bei hoher Vortest-Wahrscheinlichkeit können die Tests aber im Rahmen einer Risikostratifikation Sinn machen. Bei asymptomatischen Patienten gibt es keine etablierten Indikationen für Tests, die über die Berechnung des globalen kardiovaskulären Risikos und Einleitung primärpräventiver Massnahmen hinausgehen.
Earthquakes, stress, and strain along an obliquely divergent plate boundary: Reykjanes Peninsula, southwest Iceland
Authors: Keiding M. , Lund B. , Árnadóttir T.
Published: September 2009

We investigate the seismicity and the state of stress along the obliquely divergent Reykjanes Peninsula plate boundary and compare the directions of stress from inversion of earthquake focal mechanisms with the directions of strain rate from GPS data. The seismicity on the peninsula since early instrumental recordings in 1926 shows a systematic change from primarily earthquake swarms in the west to main shock–aftershock sequences in the east. The largest earthquakes on the Reykjanes Peninsula typically occur by right‐lateral slip on N‐S faults and reach magnitude 6 on the eastern part of the peninsula. During 1997–2006 most earthquakes on the Reykjanes Peninsula were located in two areas, Fagradalsfjall and Krísuvík on the central part of the peninsula, as recorded by the South Iceland Lowland (SIL) seismic network. The state of stress estimated by inversion of microearthquake focal mechanisms from the SIL catalogue is mainly oblique strike slip, with a tendency toward a normal stress state. Mapping the directions of the least compressive horizontal stress (Shmin) shows an average Shmin direction of N(120±6)°E and a remarkable agreement with the directions of greatest extensional strain rate (Hmax) derived from GPS velocities during 2000–2006. The agreement between the directions of stress at depth and strain rate observed at the surface indicate that the earthquakes are primarily driven by plate motion.
A model of thermal conductivity for planetary soils: 1. Theory for unconsolidated soils
Authors: Piqueux S. , Christensen P. R.
Published: September 2009

We present a model of heat conduction for mono‐sized spherical particulate media under stagnant gases based on the kinetic theory of gases, numerical modeling of Fourier's law of heat conduction, theoretical constraints on the gas thermal conductivity at various Knudsen regimes, and laboratory measurements. Incorporating the effect of the temperature allows for the derivation of the pore‐filling gas conductivity and bulk thermal conductivity of samples using additional parameters (pressure, gas composition, grain size, and porosity). The radiative and solid‐to‐solid conductivities are also accounted for. Our thermal model reproduces the well‐established bulk thermal conductivity dependency of a sample with the grain size and pressure and also confirms laboratory measurements finding that higher porosities generally lead to lower conductivities. It predicts the existence of the plateau conductivity at high pressure, where the bulk conductivity does not depend on the grain size. The good agreement between the model predictions and published laboratory measurements under a variety of pressures, temperatures, gas compositions, and grain sizes provides additional confidence in our results. On Venus, Earth, and Titan, the pressure and temperature combinations are too high to observe a soil thermal conductivity dependency on the grain size, but each planet has a unique thermal inertia due to their different surface temperatures. On Mars, the temperature and pressure combination is ideal to observe the soil thermal conductivity dependency on the average grain size. Thermal conductivity models that do not take the temperature and the pore‐filling gas composition into account may yield significant errors.
Understanding virtual water flows: A multiregion input‐output case study of Victoria
Authors: Lenzen Manfred
Published: September 2009

This article explains and interprets virtual water flows from the well‐established perspective of input‐output analysis. Using a case study of the Australian state of Victoria, it demonstrates that input‐output analysis can enumerate virtual water flows without systematic and unknown truncation errors, an issue which has been largely absent from the virtual water literature. Whereas a simplified flow analysis from a producer perspective would portray Victoria as a net virtual water importer, enumerating the water embodiments across the full supply chain using input‐output analysis shows Victoria as a significant net virtual water exporter. This study has succeeded in informing government policy in Australia, which is an encouraging sign that input‐output analysis will be able to contribute much value to other national and international applications.
Scaling of the critical slip distance in granular layers
Authors: Hatano Takahiro
Published: September 2009

We investigate the nature of friction in granular layers by means of numerical simulation focusing on the critical slip distance, over which the system relaxes to a new stationary state. Analyzing a transient process in which the sliding velocity is instantaneously changed, we find that the critical slip distance is proportional to the sliding velocity. We thus define the relaxation time, which is independent of the sliding velocity. It is found that the relaxation time is proportional to the layer thickness and inversely proportional to the square root of the pressure. An evolution law for the relaxation process is proposed, which does not contain any length constants describing the surface geometry but the relaxation time of the bulk granular matter. As a result, the critical slip distance is scaled with a typical length scale of a system. It is proportional to the layer thickness in an instantaneous velocity change experiment, whereas it is scaled with the total slip distance in a spring‐block system on granular layers.
Atmospheric temperature change detection with GPS radio occultation 1995 to 2008
Authors: Steiner A. K. , Kirchengast G. , Lackner B. C. , Pirscher B. , Borsche M. , Foelsche U.
Published: September 2009

Existing upper air records of radiosonde and operational satellite data recently showed a reconciliation of temperature trends but structural uncertainties remain. GPS radio occultation (RO) provides a new high‐quality record, profiling the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere with stability and homogeneity. Here we show that climate trends are since recently detected by RO data, consistent with earliest detection times estimated by simulations. Based on a temperature change detection study using the RO record within 1995–2008 we found a significant cooling trend in the tropical lower stratosphere in February while in the upper troposphere an emerging warming trend is obscured by El Niño variability. The observed trends and warming/cooling contrast across the tropopause agree well with radiosonde data and basically with climate model simulations, the latter tentatively showing less contrast. The performance of the short RO record to date underpins its capability to become a climate benchmark record in the future.
Wave‐4 pattern of the equatorial mass density anomaly: A thermospheric signature of tropical deep convection
Authors: Liu Huixin , Yamamoto Mamoru , Lühr Hermann
Published: September 2009

The equatorial mass density anomaly (EMA) is an anomalous latitudinal distribution of the atmospheric mass density, with its equinox configuration consisting of a density trough near the Earth's dip equator flanked by density crests around ±25° dip latitude. As a novel feature, this study reveals a pronounced 4‐peak longitudinal pattern of the EMA, which is in reminiscence of the wave‐4 like structure in the neutral wind and the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA). It is found that the wave‐4 modulation in the EMA trough region is in phase with that in the EMA crest region, in contrast to the 180° phase reversal for the case of EIA. This difference strongly suggest that although the latitudinal structure of the EMA is principally caused by the EIA via ion drag, its wave‐4 pattern likely arises from different sources. The direct penetration of the non‐migrating diurnal tides DE3 to the F‐region height or thermal budget modulation by the composition NO at lower thermosphere are discussed as plausible candidates. Our results reveal a 4‐hour phase lag between the wave‐4 patterns in neutral density and wind, and a 2% peak‐to‐peak amplitude of the neutral density wave‐4 pattern. These results find good agreements with theoretical predictions based on direct penetration of the DE3 to F‐regions heights, hence strongly support this mechanism. Our observations thus add further evidences for the influence of tropical deep convection on the thermospheric dynamics.
Modeling EMIC wave growth during the compression event of 29 June 2007
Authors: McCollough J. P. , Elkington S. R. , Baker D. N.
Published: September 2009

On 29 June 2007, EMIC waves were observed on the ground by the Canadian Array for Realtime Investigations of Magnetic Activity (CARISMA) network of magnetometers between L = 5 and L = 7 in response to a significant magnetospheric compression. We describe a new MHD/particle method to simulate the phase space density dynamics of warm plasma particles in a realistic magnetosphere from the global Lyon‐Fedder‐Mobarry (LFM) MHD code and 3D test‐particle trajectories. We use these results to compute temperature anisotropies and plasma densities. We then compute convective wave growth rates for this event over a range of frequencies, and thus create a spatio‐temporal picture of where waves can be expected to be seen in magnetic local time and L‐shell. Results are shown to be consistent with ground‐based observations of this event.
A synthesis of Martian aqueous mineralogy after 1 Mars year of observations from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
Authors: Murchie Scott L. , Mustard John F. , Ehlmann Bethany L. , Milliken Ralph E. , Bishop Janice L. , McKeown Nancy K. , Noe Dobrea Eldar Z. , Seelos Frank P. , Buczkowski Debra L. , Wiseman Sandra M. , Arvidson Raymond E. , Wray James J. , Swayze Gregg , Clark Roger N. , Des Marais David J. , McEwen Alfred S. , Bibring Jean‐Pierre
Published: September 2009

Martian aqueous mineral deposits have been examined and characterized using data acquired during Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's (MRO) primary science phase, including Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars hyperspectral images covering the 0.4–3.9 μm wavelength range, coordinated with higher–spatial resolution HiRISE and Context Imager images. MRO's new high‐resolution measurements, combined with earlier data from Thermal Emission Spectrometer; Thermal Emission Imaging System; and Observatoire pour la Minéralogie, L'Eau, les Glaces et l'Activitié on Mars Express, indicate that aqueous minerals are both diverse and widespread on the Martian surface. The aqueous minerals occur in 9–10 classes of deposits characterized by distinct mineral assemblages, morphologies, and geologic settings. Phyllosilicates occur in several settings: in compositionally layered blankets hundreds of meters thick, superposed on eroded Noachian terrains; in lower layers of intracrater depositional fans; in layers with potential chlorides in sediments on intercrater plains; and as thousands of deep exposures in craters and escarpments. Carbonate‐bearing rocks form a thin unit surrounding the Isidis basin. Hydrated silica occurs with hydrated sulfates in thin stratified deposits surrounding Valles Marineris. Hydrated sulfates also occur together with crystalline ferric minerals in thick, layered deposits in Terra Meridiani and in Valles Marineris and together with kaolinite in deposits that partially infill some highland craters. In this paper we describe each of the classes of deposits, review hypotheses for their origins, identify new questions posed by existing measurements, and consider their implications for ancient habitable environments. On the basis of current data, two to five classes of Noachian‐aged deposits containing phyllosilicates and carbonates may have formed in aqueous environments with pH and water activities suitable for life.
Unraveling 1.5 Ga of brittle deformation history in the Laxemar‐Simpevarp area, southeast Sweden: A contribution to the Swedish site investigation study for the disposal of highly radioactive nuclear waste
Authors: Viola G. , Venvik Ganerød G. , Wahlgren C.‐H.
Published: September 2009

The Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company (SKB) is undertaking site investigation at two locations in Sweden, Forsmark and Laxemar‐Simpevarp, with the aim of identifying a suitable area for the construction of a deep repository for the disposal of highly radioactive nuclear waste. Fault slip data from outcrops and oriented drill cores were used to compute paleostress states and to unravel the sites' brittle deformation history. Results from the Laxemar‐Simpevarp area show that its suggested brittle history results from multiple reactivation of fracture and fault sets caused by the many orogenic episodes that affected the region during at least 1.5 Ga of geological evolution in the brittle deformational regime. Two compressional, approximately NW/NNW‐SE/SSE and NNE‐SSW oriented shortening events generated sets of conjugate, steep strike‐slip fractures. These sets formed during the late stages of the Svecokarelian and possibly also of the Gothian orogeny, soon after the region entered the brittle deformation domain. The Mesoproterozoic Sveconorwegian orogeny generated fractures and faults that are assigned to a third set of conjugate strike‐slip faults, which constrain an approximately E‐W σ1. The Caledonian shortening, oriented approximately NW‐SE to E‐W, reactivated the latter but also formed a new, similarly oriented set of subvertical strike‐slip fractures. Permian transtension was oriented NW‐SW and caused a prominent set of moderately dipping NW‐SE trending normal faults in the Precambrian basement of the study area. Two other approximately NW‐SW and NW‐SE oriented shortening events are recorded in Ordovician limestones and can be tentatively linked to the far‐field effects of the Laramide and Alpine orogenies.
Challenges for Visual Analytics
Authors: Thomas Jim , Kielman Joe
Published: September 2009

Visual analytics has seen unprecedented growth in its first 5 years of mainstream existence. Great progress has been made in a short time, yet significant challenges must be met in the next decade to provide new technologies that will be widely accepted throughout the world. This article explains some of those challenges in an effort to provide a stimulus for research, both basic and applied, that can realize or even exceed the potential envisioned for visual analytics technologies. We start with a brief summary of the initial challenges, followed by a discussion of the initial driving domains and applications. These are followed by a selection of additional applications and domains that have been a part of recent rapid expansion of visual analytics usage. We then look at the common characteristics of several tools illustrating emerging visual analytics technologies and conclude with the top 10 challenges for the field of study. We encourage feedback and continued participation by members of the research community, the wide array of user communities and private industry.
Assessment of Generic Drug Discount Programs Offered by Large Chain Pharmacies in the United States
Authors: Dwibedi Nilanjana , Sansgiry Sujit S.
Published: September 2009

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare various Generic Drug Discount Programs (GDDPs) offered by large chain pharmacies in the United States to understand similarities and differences within them. Data collected included questions such as whether the pharmacy offered any GDDP, discounted amount, total number of generic drugs and drug classes included in the GDDP, and whether the discounted amount was differentiated by the term ‘insured’ or ‘uninsured’. Comparison of GDDPs was conducted by matching drugs covered under each GDDP with top-100 generics consumed in the United States in 2007. Of the 37 pharmacies evaluated, 22 offered GDDPs. GDDP offered by Pathmark pharmacy contributed the highest number of top-100 drugs both in dollar amounts and in number of units sold. In conclusion, more than half of the large chain pharmacies in the United States offered some form of GDDPs, which were different across pharmacies. These GDDPs offered consumers an option to reduce their health-care costs. Most programs varied by number of drugs covered, days' supply, enrollment requirements and the discounted amounts for generic drugs.
The Brazilian Generic Market
Authors: Lobo Luciano M. Piochi
Published: September 2009

Brazil is celebrating 10 years since the approval of its Generic Law that introduced the concept of unbranded generic medicines. Historically, the issue was first discussed at the end of 1980s to facilitate access to reliable medicines for a significant part of the Brazilian population, and to increase competition among companies after the corresponding patents expire and it is mandatory to commercialize generic medicines with the non-proprietary name in the package. Nowadays Brazil has generic medicines to treat almost all known illnesses, which have brought cost savings of around 10 billion reais (US$4.2 billion) since their introduction. Moreover, companies interested in producing generic medicines have improved and/or opened facilities, invested in machinery, trained staff to become competitive at the global level and, this way, have started to export products. Consumers with limited purchasing power turn to generic medicines despite the weak adherence of physicians, pharmacists and drugstore attendants. Interchangeability continues to be one of the challenges facing generics in Brazil. The next 3 years will offer significant opportunities because of the expiration of the patents of ‘block-buster’ medicines and consequently the launch of generic medicines.
Tendering Short-Term Pricing Policies and the Impact on Patients, Governments and the Sustainability of the Generic Medicines Industry
Authors: Carradinha Hugo
Published: September 2009

The provision of affordable, high-quality health care is a political priority in Europe, and expenditure on pharmaceutical products is an important component of total health-care costs. The search by governments and health insurers to reduce health-care budgets has shown the importance of generic medicines, which are acquiring greater relevance. Generic medicines signify clear long-term savings to national health-care budgets.1 In this context, generic medicines are an essential part of the equation to the sustainability of the EU health-care system. Although the short-term results and price-cutting policies are only recent additions to the retail pharmaceutical market, the latest evidence shows that tendering and similar procurement systems play a negative role in patient health-care quality, government budgets and generic medicines industry sustainability and the capacity to continue to supply affordable prices.
Importance of Relationships among Small Accommodation Operations around the City of Perth
Authors: Alonso Abel Duarte
Published: September 2009

Numerous business studies discuss the importance of networks, strategic alliances and collaborative relationships for businesses. Despite such rich body of knowledge, however, such discussion appears to have fallen short of including small hospitality operations. In fact, hospitality industry studies exploring these dimensions are few and far between. Seeking to gather information and contribute to the limited body of knowledge in these areas, this study uses semi-structured interviews among 21 small accomodation operations around the city of Perth (Western Australia), including self-contained, bed and breakfast and farm-stay businesses. The overall tone of respondents' comments emphasises the critical value of collaborative relationships in ways that include referral of business and mutually beneficial exchanges with other local businesses. Furthermore, respondents' comments suggest that working collaboratively stimulates the growth of commercial opportunities among participating operations. Equally important is that some operators are able to design long-term strategies that might positively impact their community. For example, strong collaborative relationships can potentially enhance a destination's image with further implications for the area's promotion and marketability, while providing a positive experience for visitors.
Divide-and-conquer-based linear-scaling approach for traditional and renormalized coupled cluster methods with single, double, and noniterative triple excitations
Authors: Kobayashi Masato , Nakai Hiromi
Published: September 2009

We have reported the divide-and-conquer (DC)-based linear-scaling correlation treatment of coupled-cluster method with single and double excitations (CCSD) [Kobayashi and Nakai, J. Chem. Phys. 129, 044103 (2009)]. In the DC-CCSD method, the CCSD equations derived from subsystem orbitals are solved for each subsystem in order to obtain the total correlation energy by summing up subsystem contributions using energy density analysis. In this study, we extend the DC-CCSD method for treating noniterative perturbative triple excitations using CCSD T1 and T2 amplitudes, namely, CCSD(T). In the DC-CCSD(T) method, the so-called (T) corrections are also computed for each subsystem. Numerical assessments indicate that DC-CCSD(T) reproduces the CCSD(T) results with high accuracy and significantly less computational cost. We further extend the DC-based correlation method to renormalized CCSD(T) [Kowalski and Piecuch, J. Chem. Phys. 113, 18 (2000)] for avoiding the divergence that occurs in multireference problems such as bond dissociation.
Intersegment interactions and helix-coil transition within the generalized model of polypeptide chains approach
Authors: Badasyan A. V. , Hayrapetyan G. N. , Tonoyan Sh. A. , Mamasakhlisov Y. Sh. , Benight A. S. , Morozov V. F.
Published: September 2009

The generalized model of polypeptide chains is extended to describe the helix-coil transition in a system comprised of two chains interacting side-by-side. The Hamiltonian of the model takes into account four possible types of interactions between repeated units of the two chains, i.e., helix-helix, helix-coil, coil-helix, and coil-coil. Analysis reveals when the energy Ihh+Icc of (h-h, c-c) interactions overwhelms the energy Ihc+Ich of mixed (h-c, c-h) interactions, the correlation length rises substantially, resulting in narrowing of the transition interval. In the opposite case, when Ihh+Icc<Ihc+Ich, nontrivial behavior of the system is predicted where an intermediate plateau appears on the denaturation curve. For the latter case, calculations of the number of junctions and the average length of helical segments indicate rearrangement of helical segments at the transition point. Conceptual links are established with experimentally oriented theories of Ghosh and Dill [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 2306 (2009)] and Skolnick and Holtzer [Biochemistry 25, 6192 (1986)], providing a potential explanation for both favorable helix formation and disfavored intersegment interactions from the same theoretical perspective.
Transition path sampling of water exchange rates and mechanisms around aqueous ions
Authors: Kerisit Sebastien , Rosso Kevin M.
Published: September 2009

The rates and mechanisms of water exchange around two aqueous ions, namely, Na+ and Fe2+, have been determined using transition path sampling. In particular, the pressure dependence of the water exchange rates was computed to determine activation volumes. A common approach for calculating water exchange rates, the reactive flux method, was also employed and the two methods were compared. The water exchange rate around Na+ is fast enough to be calculated by direct molecular dynamics simulations, thus providing a reference for comparison. Both approaches predicted exchange rates and activation volumes in agreement with the direct simulation results. Four additional sodium potential models were considered to compare the results of this work with the only activation volume for Na+ previously determined from molecular simulation [D. Spångberg et al., Chem. Phys. Lett. 276, 114 (1997)] and provide the best possible estimate of the activation volume based on the ability of the models to reproduce known properties of the aqueous sodium ion. The Spångberg and Hermansson [D. Spångberg and K. Hermansson, J. Chem. Phys. 120, 4829 (2004)] and X-Plor/Charmm-22 [M. Patra and M. Karttunen, J. Comput. Chem. 25, 678 (2004)] models performed best and predicted activation volumes of −0.22 and −0.78 cm3 mol−1, respectively. For water exchange around Fe2+, transition path sampling predicts an activation volume of +3.8 cm3 mol−1, in excellent agreement with the available experimental data. The potential of mean force calculation in the reactive flux approach, however, failed to sufficiently sample appropriate transition pathways and the opposite pressure dependence of the rate was predicted as a result. Analysis of the reactive trajectories obtained with the transition path sampling approach suggests that the Fe2+ exchange reaction takes place via an associative interchange mechanism, which goes against the conventional mechanistic interpretation of a positive activation volume. Collectively, considerable insight was obtained not only for the exchange rates and mechanisms for Na+ and Fe2+ but also for identifying the most robust modeling strategy for these purposes.
Noise analysis in type-II InAs/GaSb focal plane arrays
Authors: Delaunay Pierre-Yves , Razeghi Manijeh
Published: September 2009

A long wavelength infrared focal plane array based on type-II InAs/GaSb superlattices was fabricated and characterized at 80 K. The noise equivalent temperature difference in the array was measured as low as 23 mK for an integration time of 0.129 ms. The noise behavior of the detectors was properly described by a model based on thermal, shot, read out integrated circuit, and photon noises. The noise of the imager was dominated by photon noise for photon fluxes higher than 1.8×1015 ph s−1 cm−2. At lower irradiance, the imager was limited by the shot noise generated by the dark current or the noise of the testing system. The superlattice detector did not create 1/f noise for frequencies above 4 mHz. As a result, the focal plane array did not require frequent calibrations.
Influence of powerful laser irradiation on electromagneto-optical dependences of yttrium iron garnets
Authors: Koronovskyy V. E.
Published: September 2009

Electromagneto-optical properties of yttrium iron garnets have been investigated in a longitudinal geometry by using optical polarimetry method. It is revealed that irradiation of yttrium iron garnet films by powerful laser impulse leads to essential increase in the electromagneto-optical effect value, which can be due to the elimination of the local mechanical strain or nonuniform pressure in them.
Remarkable two-photon absorption in open-shell singlet systems
Authors: Nakano Masayoshi , Yoneda Kyohei , Kishi Ryohei , Takahashi Hideaki , Kubo Takashi , Kamada Kenji , Ohta Koji , Botek Edith , Champagne Benoît
Published: September 2009

Remarkable enhancement of two-photon absorption (TPA) peak is theoretically predicted in symmetric open-shell singlet diradical systems with intermediate diradical character as compared to closed-shell and pure diradical systems. It is revealed that the largest TPA peak intensities occur for open-shell singlet diradicals having a ferromagnetically coupled ground state and strongly depend on the ratio between damping factors of the excited states. This result confirms that open-shell singlet conjugated molecules with intermediate diradical characters have precedence over conventional closed-shell conjugated systems in resonant third-order nonlinear optical properties.
Infrared reflectance anisotropy of wurzite GaN
Authors: Rodríguez-Aranda M. C. , Rodríguez A. G. , Navarro-Contreras H. , Vidal M. A.
Published: September 2009

We have measured the infrared reflectance anisotropy of bulk wurzite (0001) GaN. Reflectance difference (RD) spectra have been determined from the experimental reflectance for light polarization along the sample axes [01¯10] and [112¯0]. The spectra show an optical anisotropy around the frequency of the E1(LO) and A1(LO) GaN phonons. The spectra are influenced by the structural quality of the samples, as revealed by measurements of high resolution x-ray diffraction and Raman scattering. The RD may be originated by inhomogeneous anisotropic broadening of the optical phonons induced by crystal size distribution. Based on the sensitivity of the infrared spectra to the crystalline quality, we propose this infrared technique as a useful optical probe for hexagonal GaN characterization.
Understanding interactions between capped nanocrystals: Three-body and chain packing effects
Authors: Schapotschnikow Philipp , Vlugt Thijs J. H.
Published: September 2009

Self-assembly of capped nanocrystals (NC) attracted a lot of attention over the past decade. Despite progress in manufacturing of NC superstructures, the current understanding of their mechanical and thermodynamic stability is still limited. For further applications, it is crucial to find the origin and the magnitude of the interactions that keep self-assembled NCs together, and it is desirable to find a way to rationally manipulate these interactions. We report on molecular simulations of interacting gold NCs protected by capping molecules. We computed the potential of mean force for pairs and triplets of NCs of different size (1.8–3.7 nm) with varying ligand length (ethanethiol-dodecanethiol) in vacuum. Pair interactions are strongly attractive due to attractive van der Waals interactions between ligand molecules. Three-body interaction results in an energy penalty when the capping layers overlap pairwise. This effect contributes up to 20% to the total energy for short ligands. For longer ligands, the three-body effects are so large that formation of NC chains becomes energetically more favorable than close packing of capped NCs at low concentrations, in line with experimental observations. To explain the equilibrium distance for two or more NCs, the overlap cone model is introduced. This model is based on relatively simple ligand packing arguments. In particular, it can correctly explain why the equilibrium distance for a pair of capped NCs is always ≈1.25 times the core diameter independently on the ligand length, as found in our previous work [Schapotschnikow, R. Pool, and T. J. H. Vlugt, Nano Lett. 8, 2930 (2008)]. We make predictions for which ligands capped NCs self-assemble into highly stable three-dimensional structures, and for which they form high-quality monolayers.
Activation energies for evaporation from protonated and deprotonated water clusters from mass spectra
Authors: Hansen K. , Andersson P. U. , Uggerud E.
Published: September 2009

Experimental mass abundance spectra are used to extract evaporative activation energies (dissociation energies) for protonated water clusters, (H2O)NH+, and deprotonated water clusters, (H2O)NOH−, in the size range up to hundred molecules. The inversion is achieved by application of the shell correction method adapted from nuclear physics to the abundance spectra. The well known abundance anomaly for protonated clusters which occurs for N=20–22 is found to have the characteristic behavior of a shell closing, whereas other apparent magic numbers are only prominent peaks in the abundance spectra because of the instability of the evaporative precursor. For the deprotonated clusters, we find a similar shell closing for N=55–56.
Heavy atom nitroxyl radicals. II: Spectroscopic detection of H2As=O, the prototypical arsenyl free radical
Authors: He Sheng-Gui , Sunahori Fumie X. , Yang Jie , Clouthier Dennis J.
Published: September 2009

The previously unknown arsenyl (H2AsO) free radical has been identified in the gas phase through a combination of laser-induced fluorescence and single vibronic level emission spectroscopy in a supersonic expansion. Three isotopologues, H2AsO, HDAsO, and D2AsO have been detected as products of an electric discharge in mixtures of arsine or deuterated arsines, CO2, and argon. The observed spectra are assigned as due to the B̃ A2′-X̃ A2′ electronic transition in which an electron in the ground state π orbital is promoted to the π∗ orbital. Rotational analysis of high-resolution spectra proves that the radical is nonplanar in both electronic states with the following r0 structures: r″(As–H)=1.513(4) Å, r″(As–O)=1.672(1) Å, θ″(HAsH)=101.8(4)°, ground state out-of-plane angle=63.1°; r′(As–H)=1.525(10) Å, r′(As–O)=1.806(3) Å, θ′(HAsH)=93.4(10)°, and excited state out-of-plane angle=70.7°. Small hyperfine splittings in the spectra have enabled the determination of the arsenic Fermi contact parameter in both states. The results of our ab initio studies of the ground and excited state of this radical (see immediately preceding paper) are in good agreement with the spectroscopic analysis.
Determination of the solid-liquid interfacial free energy along a coexistence line by Gibbs–Cahn integration
Authors: Laird Brian B. , Davidchack Ruslan L. , Yang Yang , Asta Mark
Published: September 2009

We calculate the solid-liquid interfacial free energy γsl for the Lennard-Jones (LJ) system at several points along the pressure-temperature coexistence curve using molecular-dynamics simulation and Gibbs–Cahn integration. This method uses the excess interfacial energy (e) and stress (τ) along the coexistence curve to determine a differential equation for γsl as a function of temperature. Given the values of γsl for the (100), (110), and (111) LJ interfaces at the triple-point temperature (T∗=kT/ϵ=0.618), previously obtained using the cleaving method by Davidchack and Laird [J. Chem. Phys. 118, 7657 (2003)], this differential equation can be integrated to obtain γsl for these interfaces at higher coexistence temperatures. Our values for γsl calculated in this way at T∗=1.0 and 1.5 are in good agreement with those determined previously by cleaving, but were obtained with significantly less computational effort than required by either the cleaving method or the capillary fluctuation method of Hoyt, Asta, and Karma [Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 5530 (2001)]. In addition, the orientational anisotropy in the excess interface energy, stress and entropy, calculated using the conventional Gibbs dividing surface, are seen to be significantly larger than the relatively small anisotropies in γsl itself.
Maxwell–Wagner instability in bilayer dielectric stacks
Authors: Jinesh K. B. , Lamy Y. , Klootwijk J. H. , Besling W. F. A.
Published: September 2009

The Maxwell–Wagner effect, the enhanced charge migration to the interface of a stack of two dielectrics with different conductances, is shown to cause asymmetric leakage current and electrical breakdown behavior for different electrode polarities. For this purpose, metal-insulator-silicon capacitors were fabricated consisting of bilayered silicon dioxide–lanthanum zirconate dielectric stacks. Maxwell–Wagner instability and Debye polarization can be distinguished upon comparing electron injection from both sides of the stack. The Maxwell–Wagner charges have relaxation times that are nearly five orders of magnitude larger than the Debye polarization, suggesting the long-lasting influence of these trapped charges in nanolaminated dielectric systems.
Cavity ring-down ellipsometry
Authors: Karaiskou Anna , Papadakis Vassilis , Loppinet Benoit , Rakitzis T. Peter
Published: September 2009

We demonstrate the enhancement of ellipsometric measurements by multiple reflections of a polarized light pulse on a highly reflective target surface, using an optical cavity. The principle is demonstrated by measuring the adsorbed amount of a molecular vapor (fenchone) onto the ring-cavity mirrors. A phase shift sensitivity of about 10−2° in a single laser pulse is achieved in 1 μs. Further improvements are discussed that should allow sensitivities of at least 10−4°, surpassing current commercial ellipsometers, but also surpassing their time resolution by several orders of magnitude, allowing the uses of sensitive ellipsometry to be expanded to include the study of fast surface phenomena with submicrosecond resolution.
Hyperpolarized xenon NMR and MRI signal amplification by gas extraction
Authors: Zhou Xin , Graziani Dominic , Pines Alexander
Published: September 2009

A method is reported for enhancing the sensitivity of NMR of dissolved xenon by detecting the signal after extraction to the gas phase. We demonstrate hyperpolarized xenon signal amplification by gas extraction (Hyper-SAGE) in both NMR spectra and magnetic resonance images with time-of-flight information. Hyper-SAGE takes advantage of a change in physical phase to increase the density of polarized gas in the detection coil. At equilibrium, the concentration of gas-phase xenon is ≈10 times higher than that of the dissolved-phase gas. After extraction the xenon density can be further increased by several orders of magnitude by compression and/or liquefaction. Additionally, being a remote detection technique, the Hyper-SAGE effect is further enhanced in situations where the sample of interest would occupy only a small proportion of the traditional NMR receiver. Coupled with targeted xenon biosensors, Hyper-SAGE offers another path to highly sensitive molecular imaging of specific cell markers by detection of exhaled xenon gas.
THE IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL SEX-COMPOSITION ON WOMEN'S FERTILITY IN SPAIN
Authors: Martín García Teresa
Published: September 2009

This paper investigates to what extent variation in the distribution across occupational categories in the labour market affects women's demographic behaviour. It specifically explores which occupational categories are more beneficial for women in the transition to first, second and third birth in Spain. Event-history analyses are applied to retrospective data from the Spanish Fertility and Family Survey (1995). The results show that there are differences in women's fertility according to their occupational choice and demonstrate that health and teaching professionals show an advantage in harmonizing work and motherhood in Spain. This finding is consistent with the idea that not only the impact of occupational sex-segregation on women's fertility is explicable by each woman's specific attitudes towards motherhood and career but also by her employment conditions at the workplace. This effect is particularly strong in Spain due to the specific national context of combining family responsibilities and labour force participation.
A racialized space: social engineering in Jerusalem
Authors: Makdisi Saree
Published: September 2009

The Zionist project to remove or ‘transfer’ Palestinians from Palestine began but did not end in 1948; it continues to this very day. Since 1980, Jerusalem has been the central focus of the transfer process: the central hub of the project of coercively removing long-established Palestinian communities in order to make space for new Jewish arrivals. This paper examines the nature and mechanisms of this ongoing transfer from redrawing of boundaries and a system of checkpoints to the legal devices, complexities and manoeuvring employed to achieve the transfer of Palestinians, such as zoning, construction permits and even including documentation of the birth of a child. As the political, cultural and geographical core of the conflict between Zionism and the Palestinians, Jerusalem serves, in effect, as a kind of microcosm of the wider conflict.
Nucleotide excision repair–induced H2A ubiquitination is dependent on MDC1 and RNF8 and reveals a universal DNA damage response
Authors: Marteijn Jurgen A. , Bekker-Jensen Simon , Mailand Niels , Lans Hannes , Schwertman Petra , Gourdin Audrey M. , Dantuma Nico P. , Lukas Jiri , Vermeulen Wim
Published: September 2009

Chromatin modifications are an important component of the of DNA damage response (DDR) network that safeguard genomic integrity. Recently, we demonstrated nucleotide excision repair (NER)–dependent histone H2A ubiquitination at sites of ultraviolet (UV)-induced DNA damage. In this study, we show a sustained H2A ubiquitination at damaged DNA, which requires dynamic ubiquitination by Ubc13 and RNF8. Depletion of these enzymes causes UV hypersensitivity without affecting NER, which is indicative of a function for Ubc13 and RNF8 in the downstream UV–DDR. RNF8 is targeted to damaged DNA through an interaction with the double-strand break (DSB)–DDR scaffold protein MDC1, establishing a novel function for MDC1. RNF8 is recruited to sites of UV damage in a cell cycle–independent fashion that requires NER-generated, single-stranded repair intermediates and ataxia telangiectasia–mutated and Rad3-related protein. Our results reveal a conserved pathway of DNA damage–induced H2A ubiquitination for both DSBs and UV lesions, including the recruitment of 53BP1 and Brca1. Although both lesions are processed by independent repair pathways and trigger signaling responses by distinct kinases, they eventually generate the same epigenetic mark, possibly functioning in DNA damage signal amplification.
Biochemical and Pathological Response of Prostate Cancer in a Patient with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma on Sunitinib Treatment
Authors: Song Ik Chan , Lim Jae Sung , Yun Hwan Jung , Kim Samyong , Kang Dae Young , Lee Hyo Jin
Published: September 2009

Sunitinib is a small molecular inhibitor of tyrosine kinases and is used to treat advanced renal cell carcinoma and gastrointestinal stromal tumour after disease progression or intolerance to imatinib therapy. Here, we describe biochemical and pathological response of prostate cancer in a patient with metastatic renal cell carcinoma during sunitinib treatment. A 62-year-old man was referred to our hospital because of a mass in the scalp. He was diagnosed with left renal cell carcinoma with right renal and scalp metastases. In addition, synchronous prostate cancer involving less than one-half of the right lobe was found with a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) value of 23.4 ng/ml. Treatment was begun with sunitinib (50 mg daily, 4 weeks on and 2 weeks off). Regarding the prostate cancer, active monitoring was planned considering the far advanced renal cell carcinoma. Surprisingly, the PSA level was 3.4 ng/ml at week 6 and 0.2 ng/ml at week 12, and it subsequently remained normal. At the time of writing (cycle 6 of sunitinib therapy), the prostate nodule significantly decreased in size. Furthermore, a 12-core re-biopsy revealed pathological evidence of regression with sunitinib treatment, with control of his renal cell carcinoma.
Aesthetic Realism 1
Authors: Zangwill Nick
Published: September 2009

This article considers the nature of our aesthetic thought and experience. It does not tackle head-on the issue of whether or not we should think that reality includes mind-independent aesthetic properties and thus mind-independent aesthetic states of affairs in which objects or events possess mind-independent aesthetic properties. However, thinking about the nature of our aesthetic thought and experience unavoidably involves us in thinking about the metaphysics that we are committed to in our aesthetic thought and experience. The issue is whether or not aesthetic thought and experience is ‘realist’, in the sense that we represent aesthetic properties and states of affairs in such thoughts and experiences. If so, ‘common sense’ or ‘folk aesthetics’ has metaphysically dirty hands, though whether or not this common-sense metaphysics is true is another matter. In contrast with realists, there are ‘non-realists’, who deny that ordinary aesthetic thought and experience have such metaphysical commitments.