bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LAND DEGRADATION IN DOLJ COUNTY, SOUTHERN ROMANIA: ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES, IMPACTS AND RESPONSES
Authors: Stringer L. C. , Harris A.
Published: November 2013

Central and Eastern Europe is experiencing significant land degradation, at the same time as social, economic and political transformation, and within the broader context of global climate change. This paper uses satellite data, primary field data and secondary information on Romania's social, political and economic dynamics, in a mixed‐method case study analysis of the drivers of, and responses to, environmental change and land degradation over the period 1984–2007. The analytical time frame encompasses the Socialist era, as well as transition to European Union membership, allowing identification of the ways in which the dominant political economic and social systems interact with biophysical factors and play out in the landscape. Although the Socialist era is often portrayed as environmentally destructive, results indicate that management during this time developed a relatively stable landscape, albeit at an economic and social cost. In the lead up to the collapse of Socialist governance, the landscape altered more, resulting in worsening land degradation and land cover change. Responses to land degradation have taken two main routes: land abandonment and tree planting. Although aspects of these responses are now more democratic and participatory, at the same time, they share some common ground with Socialist era approaches. Building on the positive aspects of Socialist management strategies yields important lessons in addressing land degradation challenges more broadly. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effectiveness and acceleration of bone repair in critical‐sized rat calvarial defects using low‐level laser therapy
Authors: de Oliveira Aline Muniz , Castro‐Silva Igor Iuco , de Oliveira Fernandes Gustavo Vicentis , Melo Bruno Raposo , Alves Adriana Terezinha Neves Novellino , Silva Júnior Arley , Lima Inayá Correa Barbosa , Granjeiro José Mauro
Published: November 2013

Background and Objective

Tissue regeneration remains a challenge for orthopedic and craniomaxillofacial surgery to treat bone loss. The use of low‐level laser therapy suggests a promise on this road with positive results for narrow defects. However, temporal and quantitative evaluations are required to understand the healing process of large injuries. The aim of this study was to investigate the repair of critical‐size bone defects in rat calvaria using a GaAlAs laser.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Bone defects (9 mm in diameter) were created on the skull of 30 Wistar rats separated in control or irradiated group. GaAlAs laser (λ = 830 nm, energy density = 2.5 J/cm2 and output power = 50 mW) was applied after surgery and six times more at 48 hours intervals. The animals were euthanized after 2, 4, and 8 weeks. Digital radiographs, descriptive histological and histomorphometric analyses were carried out.

Results

Radiographic analysis showed greater bone formation in the irradiated group than control at 8 weeks, covering 45% and 28% of the defect, respectively (P < 0.05). Histological analysis showed in the irradiated groups a higher amount of bone neoformation and greater maturity at 4 and 8 weeks. Histomorphometric analysis showed that the volume density of bone tissue at 4 weeks in the irradiated group was two times higher than the control (P < 0.01).

Conclusion

The biomodulation of low‐level laser therapy using 830 nm wavelength light was effective in promoting bone healing in critical defects despite the unfavorable prognosis as well as it accelerated the maturation of bone tissue. Lasers Surg. Med. 46:61–67, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Single‐molecule detection of a guanine(C8)‐thymine(N3) cross‐link using ion channel recording
Authors: Wolna Anna H. , Fleming Aaron M. , Burrows Cynthia J.
Published: November 2013

The capability to identify and sequence DNA damage within the context of the genome is an important goal for medical diagnostics. However, currently available methods are not suitable for this purpose. Ion channel nanopore analysis shows promise as a potential single‐molecule method to sequence genomic DNA in such a way that also allows detection of base or backbone modifications. Recent studies in human cell lines demonstrated the occurrence of a new DNA cross‐link between guanine (C8) and thymine (N3) (5’‐G*CT*‐3’). The current work presents immobilization and translocation studies of the 5’‐G*CT*‐3’ cross‐link in a single‐stranded oligodeoxynucleotide using the α‐hemolysin (α‐HL) ion channel. A 3’‐biotinylated DNA strand containing the 5’‐G*CT*‐3’ cross‐link was incubated with streptavidin that allowed immobilization of the DNA in the β‐barrel of α‐HL. In this experiment, the 5’‐G*CT*‐3’ cross‐link was placed near the sensitive constriction zone of α‐HL, yielding a 2.4% deeper blockage to the ion current level when compared with the unmodified strand. Next, free translocation of a cross‐link‐containing strand was studied, and an inverse relationship of the time constant with respect to an increase in the applied voltage was found, indicating that the cross‐link can easily fit into the β‐barrel and traverse through the ion channel. However, a modulation in the ion current level was not observed. These studies suggest that higher resolution ion channels or mechanisms to slow the translocation process, or both, might ultimately provide a mechanism for single‐molecule sequencing for G‐T cross‐links. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Block copolymer electrolytes for rechargeable lithium batteries
Authors: Young Wen‐Shiue , Kuan Wei‐Fan , Epps, Thomas H.
Published: November 2013

Ion‐conducting block copolymers (BCPs) have attracted significant interest as conducting materials in solid‐state lithium batteries. BCP self‐assembly offers promise for designing ordered materials with nanoscale domains. Such nanostructures provide a facile method for introducing sufficient mechanical stability into polymer electrolyte membranes, while maintaining the ionic conductivity at levels similar to corresponding solvent‐free homopolymer electrolytes. This ability to simultaneously control conductivity and mechanical integrity provides opportunities for the fabrication of sturdy, yet easily processable, solid‐state lithium batteries. In this review, we first introduce several fundamental studies of ion conduction in homopolymers for the understanding of ion transport in the conducting domain of BCP systems. Then, we summarize recent experimental studies of BCP electrolytes with respect to the effects of salt‐doping and morphology on ionic conductivity. Finally, we present some remaining challenges for BCP electrolytes and highlight several important areas for future research. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2014, 52, 1–16
Discharge Mode Analysis in a Dielectric Barrier Discharge Reactor with Two Bar‐Shaped Electrodes Separated by a Central Slit
Authors: Hur Min , Kang Woo Seok , Song Young Hoon , Kim Dong Joo , Yu Sang Seok
Published: November 2013

The discharge mode of a dielectric barrier discharge reactor with two bar‐shaped electrodes separated by a central slit is analyzed. The spatial and temporal distributions of seed electrons and surface charges in a current pulse significantly influence the start position and propagation of the discharge in the subsequent pulse. The discharge structure during the negative current pulse is separated into a cathode glow, a positive column, and an anode glow, whereas only a cathode glow is observed during the positive current pulse. A filamentary mode, which is caused by localizations of the space charge field, occurs only during the positive current pulse. The filamentary nature in the positive current pulse is strengthened with increases in the gap distance and applied voltage.
Catalytic Non‐Thermal Plasma Reactor for Decomposition of Dilute Chlorobenzene
Authors: Karuppiah Jayakodi , Manoj Kumar Reddy Pathpireddy , Linga Reddy Enakonda , Subrahmanyam Challapalli
Published: November 2013

Oxidative decomposition of low concentrations of chlorobenzene (CB) in air was carried out in a NTP reactor. Typical results indicated the better performance on addition of metal oxide catalysts in plasma zone. It may be concluded that catalytic plasma approach has promise, especially for the removal of low concentraions of CB, where conventional techniques are not energetically feasible. Among the metal oxides studied, AgOx/MnOx showed the better performance than MnOx and CoOx. During the removal of 50 ppm of CB, AgOx/MnOx under humid conditions showed 100% selectivity to total oxidadtion at 260 J L−1, which may be assigned due to the formation of hydroxyl radical and/or due to in situ ozone decomposition on the catalyst surface that may lead to the formation of a powerful oxidant atomic oxygen.
Improvements in carbon fibre reinforced composites by inkjet printing of thermoplastic polymer patterns
Authors: Zhang Yi , Stringer Jonathan , Grainger Richard , Smith Patrick J. , Hodzic Alma
Published: November 2013

A thermoplastic polymer solution was inkjet printed in a pre‐defined hexagonal pattern onto carbon fibre reinforced epoxy resin (CFRP), leading to a significant increase in strength, stiffness and toughness of the final aerospace grade compo‐site system. The approach consisted of depositing low‐viscosity polymer microdroplets having chemically and me‐chanically comparable properties to epoxy polymer, onto CFRP before curing and solidification. The microdroplets remained arrested between composite plies without direct contact with the neighbouring microdroplets ensuring preservation of the structural integrity of the new composite system after curing. The key to achieving this synergistic effect was in appropriately selected additive materials; however, the novel aspects also included the method itself, which enabled an accurate crack arrest mechanism.

magnified image

Inkjet printing of thermoplastic droplets in a hexagonal pattern on resin pre‐impregnated carbon fibre, showing increased mechanical properties.

(© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Seasonal dependence of the urban heat island on the street canyon aspect ratio
Authors: Theeuwes N. E. , Steeneveld G. J. , Ronda R. J. , Heusinkveld B. G. , van Hove L. W. A. , Holtslag A. A. M.
Published: November 2013

In this article we study the relation between the urban heat island (UHI) in the urban canyon and street geometry, in particular the aspect ratio. Model results and observations show that two counteracting processes govern the relation between the nocturnal UHI and the building aspect ratio: i.e. trapping of long‐wave radiation and shadowing effects. In general, trapping of long‐wave radiation supports the UHI, whereas shadowing effects reduce the UHI. The net effect depends on the UHI definition and the amount of available short‐wave radiation penetrating the canyon. In summer, autumn and spring the shadowing effects can already reduce the UHI starting at an aspect ratio between 0.5 and 1. The analysis is carried out using several methods. Firstly, the single‐column model version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used extensively. Two separate runs, one rural and one urban, are used to estimate the UHI. Secondly, the urban canyon temperature at the 2 m level is introduced, which allows for direct comparison between modelled and observed air temperatures within the urban canyon. Finally, the model is evaluated for all four seasons. The results of this research provide important insights for urban planning on how to use the aspect ratio to mitigate the UHI in the urban canyon.
Alternating current corona discharge/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization for mass spectrometry
Authors: Habib Ahsan , Usmanov Dilshadbek , Ninomiya Satoshi , Chen Lee Chuin , Hiraoka Kenzo
Published: November 2013

RATIONALE

Although alternating current (ac) corona discharge has been widely used in the fields of material science and technology, no reports have been published on its application to an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) ion source. In this work, ac corona discharge for an APCI ion source has been examined for the first time.

METHODS

The ambient atmospheric pressure ac corona discharge (15 kHz, 2.6 kVptp) was generated by using a stainless steel acupuncture needle. The generated ions were measured using an ion trap mass spectrometer. A comparative study on ac and direct current (dc) corona APCI ion sources was carried out using triacetone triperoxide and trinitrotoluene as test samples.

RESULTS

The ac corona discharge gave ion signals as strong as dc corona discharge for both positive and negative ion modes. In addition, softer ionization was obtained with ac corona discharge than with dc corona discharge. The erosion of the needle tip induced by ac corona was less than that obtained with positive mode dc corona.

CONCLUSIONS

A good 'yardstick' for assessing ac corona is that it can be used for both positive and negative ion modes without changing the polarity of the high‐voltage power supply. Thus, ac corona can be an alternative to conventional dc corona for APCI ion sources. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unleashing radical sites in non‐covalent complexes: The case of the protonated S‐nitrosocysteine/18‐crown‐6 complex
Authors: Osburn Sandra , O'Hair Richard A. J.
Published: November 2013

RATIONALE

Introducing radicals onto gas‐phase non‐covalent complexes and studying their chemistry is a relatively unexplored frontier. In generating these radicals via bond homolysis reactions, it is important that the energy necessary for forming the radical does not exceed the energy required for dissociating the complex itself. Based on this consideration, new approaches for creating these radicals will probably have to involve incorporation of weak bonds that can easily undergo homolysis.

METHODS

The formation of a radical cation, via collision‐induced dissociation, of protonated S‐nitrosocysteine non‐covalently bound to the crown ether 18‐crown‐6 is described here. The radical cation of this complex was isolated and subjected to collisional activation and ion‐molecule reactions with allyl iodide. The results were compared with those of the radical cation of 'bare' cysteine.

RESULTS

Collisional activation of the radical cation of the cysteine/crown complex led to fragmentation of cysteine as well as of the crown ether. Ion‐molecule reactions of the radical cation of the complex with allyl iodide led to products arising from I and allyl abstraction. Isolation and CID of the former product ion led to the loss of iodocysteine.

CONCLUSIONS

Cleavage of the weak S–NO bond has allowed the formation of a radical site onto a non‐covalent complex. Ion‐molecule reactions and collisional activation were utilized to probe the chemistry of this radical cation. The approach adopted here for incorporating a radical onto a cysteine/crown complex shows promise for the introduction of radical sites onto other biological non‐covalent complexes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Konstruktion und Bemessung der Festpunkte von Stehfalzprofileindeckungen auf Trapezprofilen bei Binderdächern
Authors: Dürnberger Dieter , Huck Gerhard , Maas Wolfgang , Misiek Thomas
Published: November 2013

Durch die Einleitung des Dachschubs aus der Außenschale zweischaliger Dachkonstruktionen von Binderdächern (Fixpunkt am Giebel), z. B. bei der Verwendung von Stehfalzprofilen, bei denen die Außenschale an diskreten Punkten an der Innenschale (Obergurte) befestigt ist, werden die Trapezprofile der Innenschale quer zur Spannrichtung durch eine Linienlast belastet. Im Rahmen eines Forschungsprojektes wurden Untersuchungen zur Ermittlung des Trag‐ und Verformungsverhaltens der Trapezprofile bei Einleitung dieser Linienlast durchgeführt, aus denen sich konstruktive Anforderungen sowie Berechnungsansätze ergeben.

Design of fixed points of standing seam profiles on decking profiles. Roof thrust from the outer layer of a double‐layer roof structures has to be introduced into the inner layer. Usually this is done at fixed points at the roof ridge. An outer layer of standing seam profiles attached to crests of the inner layer of trapezoidal sheeting at discrete points is a typical example. In this case, additional transverse bending moments occur. They sheeting panels are loaded with a line load transversely to the direction of span. Within the scope of a research program, investigations on the load‐bearing capacity and deformation behavior of the sheeting panels of the inner layer were performed. The work resulted in the design and calculation approaches presented here.
Mechanische Verbindungen im Metallleichtbau
Authors: Ulbrich Detlef , Primke‐Engel Reiner , Blunk Christoph , Glienke Ralf
Published: November 2013

Ohne das Verbinden von Einzelteilen zu Baugruppen und letztendlich zum finalen Produkt ist ein Bauen nicht möglich. Es existieren vielfältige Arten von Verbindungen, deren Eignung sehr stark von den zu verbindenden Werkstoffen und den daraus gefertigten Teilen abhängt. Dieser Beitrag beschäftigt sich speziell mit Verbindungen im Metallleichtbau. Neben den auch im Metallhochbau typischen Fügeverfahren wie Schweißen, Schrauben und Nieten findet man im Metallleichtbau weitere Verbindungsarten wie z. B. Falzverbindungen, Clinchen, Stanznietverbindungen und Setzbolzenverbindungen.

Eine detaillierte Beschreibung dieser vielfältigen Fügeverfahren würde den Rahmen dieses Beitrages sprengen. Es werden deshalb nur die den überwiegenden Teil aller Verbindungen im Metallleichtbau ausmachenden Verbindungen mit so genannten stiftförmigen Verbindungselementen, wie Schraubverbindungen, Blindnietverbindungen und Setzbolzenverbindungen, behandelt. Dabei werden die Anwendungsbereiche aufgezeigt, Vor‐ und Nachteile gegenübergestellt, die Ermittlung von Tragfähigkeitswerten kurz behandelt sowie Hinweise zur Bemessung und Ausführung gegeben.

Mechanical joints in metallic light weight structures. Construction is not possible without joining single parts to components and at the end to the final structure. There exist multifarious kinds of connections whose suitability mainly depends on the characteristic of raw material the structural parts are made of. This article especially deals with joints in metallic light weight structures. Beside the typical connections in metal structures like welding, bolting and riveting in metallic light weight structures further kinds of connections can be found like standing seam, clinch, punch rivet or cartridge fired pin connections.

Describing all these single methods would go beyond the scope of this article. That is why only the predominant part of all connections with so called pencil‐shaped fastening elements like screwed connections, blind riveted connections and connections with cartridge fired pins will be dealt with. Furthermore the scope of application will be shown, advantages and disadvantages will be compared, the determination of characteristic values or resistance will be shortly explained and advices for calculation and execution will be given.
Effektive Wärmedämmung bei Anwendung von Stahl‐Kassettenprofilen
Authors: Feldmann Markus , Pyschny Dominik , Brieden Matthias , Kuhnhenne Markus
Published: November 2013

Stahl‐Kassettenprofile werden vielfach bei der Herstellung raumabschließender Konstruktionen im Industrie‐ und Gewerbebau verwendet. Bisher werden überwiegend Stahl‐Kassettenkonstruktionen mit einem in der Regel 3 mm dünnen Trennstreifen zwischen Kassettenprofil und außenseitigem Trapezprofil realisiert. Eine wärmetechnisch optimierte Alternative ist die Ausbildung von Stahl‐Kassettenkonstruktionen mit vollflächiger Dämmschicht zwischen Kassettenprofil und außenseitigem Trapezprofil. Dadurch kann der Wärmebrückeneffekt im thermischen Einflussbereich des Kassettensteges deutlich reduziert werden.

Gegenstand des vorliegenden Beitrags ist zunächst die numerische Untersuchung möglicher zulässiger Vereinfachungen des geometrischen Aufbaus von Stahl‐Kassettenkonstruktionen. Mit Hilfe dieser geometrischen Vereinfachungen werden im weiteren Verlauf thermische Berechnungen an einer Vielzahl von Konstruktionen durchgeführt, die schließlich in ein Bemessungsdiagramm münden. Das Diagramm erlaubt es, für das eingesetzte Dämmstoffmaterial in Abhängigkeit von der jeweiligen Gesamtkonstruktion eine effektiv wirksame Dicke der Wärmedämmung zu ermitteln. Außerdem wird die in der Praxis häufig anwendete Bemessungshilfe “IFBS‐Fachinformation 4.05“ den numerischen Untersuchungen gegenübergestellt. Nach dem Vergleich der erzielten Ergebnisse beider Methoden werden die Ergebnisse der numerischen Berechnungen in Relation zu den aktuellen Referenzwerten nach Energieeinsparverordnung gesetzt. Die Diskussion und Bewertung der Resultate schließen den Beitrag ab.

Effective thermal insulation by application of steel cassette profiles. Steel cassette constructions are widely used for industrial and commercial buildings. Up to now mainly steel cassette constructions with a generally 3 mm thin marker space between cassette profile and exterior trapezoidal profile are realised. One thermal optimised alternative is the design of cassette constructions with continuous insulation layer between cassette profile and exterior profile. Thus the thermal bridging effect in the thermal sphere of the cassette web can be reduced significantly.

Subject of the following article is first the numerical investigation for possible simplifications of the geometric set‐up of steel cassette constructions. On the basis of these simplified steel cassettes thermal calculations of a huge number of constructions are carried out during the further procedure, which in conclusion opened out into an easy to use design table. The table enables for the deployed amount of insulation in dependency on each construction to determine an effective thickness of the thermal insulation. Furthermore the practically applied design help “IFBS‐Fachinformation 4.05” is opposed to the results. After comparing both methods the deliverables of the numerical calculations are put into relation to the current reference values of the German Energy Saving Regulation. The discussion and assessment of these results conclude the article.
MPS II: Adaptive Behavior of Patients and Impact on the Family System
Authors: Needham Mary , Packman Wendy , Rappoport Maxwell , Quinn Natasha , Cordova Matthew , Macias Sandra , Morgan Cynthia , Packman Seymour
Published: November 2013

Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II), also known as Hunter syndrome, is a chronic and progressive X‐linked lysosomal disease that mainly affects males. It occurs in 1 in every 65,000 to 1 in 132,000 births. There are two distinct forms of the disease based on age of onset and clinical course: mild and severe. MPS II affects many organ systems including the nervous, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and respiratory systems. Complications can include vision problems, progressive hearing loss, thickened and elastic skin, mental impairment, and enlarged liver and spleen. We herein focus on the adaptive behavior of individuals with MPS II, and the impact of MPS II on the family system. Outcomes from the Vineland‐II Adaptive Behavior Scales showed that the MPS II patient sample experienced significantly lower functioning in communication, daily living skills, socialization, and motor skills compared to normative data. Patients with severe MPS II were found to have significantly lower adaptive functioning in all domains, as compared to those with mild MPS II. Length of time on ERT had no significant relationship to adaptive functioning. Results from the Peds QL Family Impact Module indicated that families of patients with MPS II experienced a lower overall health‐related quality of life and overall lower family functioning (including lower emotional and cognitive functioning) than those with chronic illnesses residing in an inpatient setting.
CCN1 is a novel target to reduce the metastasis of melanoma
Authors: Hutchenreuther James
Published: November 2013

Melanoma is becoming increasingly common in recent years and has a very high mortality rate, owing largely to its highly metastatic nature. It tends to metastasize early in the course of the disease, and after metastasis is resistant to most current therapies. Preclinical data has indicated that heparin administered to patients as an antithrombotic treatment also has anti‐metastatic properties. Heparin has been shown to interfere with the binding of the integrin Very Late Antigen 4 (VLA‐4) to its ligand Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (VCAM‐1) and in a recent paper the laboratory of Bendas (Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Prepublished online) demonstrated that CCN1 binds to VLA‐4 and interference in this binding by heparin results in reduced strength of the VLA‐4/VCAM‐1 binding. This indicates that CCN1 might represent a good target for reducing the metastasis, and thus mortality, of melanoma.
BAP1 is phosphorylated at serine 592 in S‐phase following DNA damage
Authors: Eletr Ziad M. , Yin Luming , Wilkinson Keith D.
Published: November 2013

The human BAP1 deubiquitinating enzyme is a chromatin‐bound transcriptional regulator and tumor suppressor. BAP1 functions in suppressing cell proliferation, yet its role in the DNA damage response pathway is less understood. In this study we characterized DNA damage‐induced phosphorylation of BAP1 at serine 592 (pS592) and the cellular outcomes of this modification. In contrast to the majority of BAP1, pS592‐BAP1 is predominantly dissociated from chromatin. Our findings support a model whereby stress induced phosphorylation functions to displace BAP1 from specific promoters. We hypothesize that this regulates the transcription of a subset of genes involved in the response to DNA damage.
The Archaeology of Mediterranean Landscapes
Authors: Walsh Kevin
Published: November 2013

This volume presents a comprehensive review of palaeoenvironmental evidence and its incorporation with landscape archaeology from across the Mediterranean. A fundamental aim of this book is to bridge the intellectual and methodological gaps between those with a background in archaeology and ancient history, and those who work in the palaeoenvironmental sciences. The volume also aims to provide archaeologists and landscape historians with a comprehensive overview of recent palaeoenvironmental research across the Mediterranean, and also to consider ways in which this type of research can be integrated with what might be considered 'mainstream' or 'cultural' archaeology. This volume takes a thematic approach, assessing the ways in which environmental evidence is employed in different landscape types. It presents analyses of how people have interacted with soils and vegetation, and revisits the key questions of human culpability in the creation of so-called degraded landscapes in the Mediterranean. It covers chronological periods from the Early Neolithic to the end of the Roman period.
The Archaeology of Japan
Authors: Mizoguchi Koji
Published: November 2013

This is the first book-length study of the Yayoi and Kofun periods of Japan (c.600 BC–AD 700), in which the introduction of rice paddy-field farming from the Korean peninsula ignited the rapid development of social complexity and hierarchy that culminated with the formation of the ancient Japanese state. The author traces the historical trajectory of the Yayoi and Kofun periods by employing cutting-edge sociological, anthropological and archaeological theories and methods. The book reveals a fascinating process through which sophisticated hunting-gathering communities in an archipelago on the eastern fringe of the Eurasian continent were transformed materially and symbolically into a state.
Pico della Mirandola: Oration on the Dignity of Man
Authors: della Mirandola Pico
Published: November 2013

This is a new translation of and commentary on Pico della Mirandola's most famous work, the Oration on the Dignity of Man. It is the first English edition to provide readers with substantial notes on the text, essays that address the work's historical, philosophical and theological context, and a survey of its reception. Often called the 'Manifesto of the Renaissance', this brief but complex text was originally composed in 1486 as the inaugural speech for an assembly of intellectuals, which could have produced one of the most exhaustive metaphysical, theological and psychological debates in history, had Pope Innocent VIII not forbidden it. This edition of the Oration reflects the spirit of the original text in bringing together experts in different fields. Not unlike the debate Pico optimistically anticipated, the resulting work is superior to the sum of its parts.
Forgiveness and Retribution
Authors: Holmgren Margaret R.
Published: November 2013

Forgiveness and Retribution: Responding to Wrongdoing argues that ultimately, forgiveness is always the appropriate response to wrongdoing. In recent decades, many philosophers have claimed that unless certain conditions are met, we should resent those who have wronged us personally and that criminal offenders deserve to be punished. Conversely, Margaret Holmgren posits that we should forgive those who have ill-treated us, but only after working through a process of addressing the wrong. Holmgren then reflects on the kinds of laws and social practices a properly forgiving society would adopt.
Digital Waveform Generation
Authors: Symons Pete
Published: November 2013

This concise overview of digital signal generation will introduce you to powerful, flexible and practical digital waveform generation techniques. These techniques, based on phase-accumulation and phase-amplitude mapping, will enable you to generate sinusoidal and arbitrary real-time digital waveforms to fit your desired waveshape, frequency, phase offset and amplitude, and to design bespoke digital waveform generation systems from scratch. Including a review of key definitions, a brief explanatory introduction to classical analogue waveform generation and its basic conceptual and mathematical foundations, coverage of recursion, DDS, IDFT and dynamic waveshape and spectrum control, a chapter dedicated to detailed examples of hardware design, and accompanied by downloadable Mathcad models created to help you explore 'what if?' design scenarios, this is essential reading for practitioners in the digital signal processing community, and for students who want to understand and apply digital waveform synthesis techniques.
Contract Law Minimalism
Authors: Morgan Jonathan
Published: November 2013

Commercial contract law is in every sense optional given the choice between legal systems and law and arbitration. Its 'doctrines' are in fact virtually all default rules. Contract Law Minimalism advances the thesis that commercial parties prefer a minimalist law that sets out to enforce what they have decided - but does nothing else. The limited capacity of the legal process is the key to this 'minimalist' stance. This book considers evidence that such minimalism is indeed what commercial parties choose to govern their transactions. It critically engages with alternative schools of thought, that call for active regulation of contracts to promote either economic efficiency or the trust and co-operation necessary for 'relational contracting'. The book also necessarily argues against the view that private law should be understood non-instrumentally (whether through promissory morality, corrective justice, taxonomic rationality, or otherwise). It sketches a restatement of English contract law in line with the thesis.
Reviewing Shakespeare
Authors: Prescott Paul
Published: November 2013

Ranging from David Garrick's Macbeth in the 1740s to the World Shakespeare Festival in London 2012, this is the first book to provide in-depth analysis of the history and practice of Shakespearean theatre reviewing. Reviewing Shakespeare describes the changing priorities and interpretative habits of theatre critics as they have both responded to and provoked innovations in Shakespearean performance culture over the last three centuries. It analyses the conditions – theatrical, journalistic, social and personal – in which Shakespearean reception has taken place, presenting original readings of the works of key critics (Shaw, Beerbohm, Agate, Tynan), whilst also tracking broader historical shifts in the relationship between reviewers and performance. Prescott explores the key function of the 'night-watch constable' in patrolling the boundaries of legitimate Shakespearean performance and offers a compelling account of the many ways in which newspaper reviews are uniquely fruitful documents for anyone interested in Shakespeare and the theatre.
Recueil des chroniques et anchiennes istories de la Grant Bretaigne, à present nommé Engleterre
Authors: Wavrin Jean de
Published: November 2013

Part of the Rolls Series of historical documents, this five-volume collection, originally compiled in the fifteenth century, is the first history of England of this magnitude, spanning almost two millennia. It is the work of French knight Jean de Wavrin (c.1400–c.1473), a chronicler under Philip the Good and Charles the Bold, Dukes of Burgundy. Wavrin participated in several military expeditions, including some under the English banner, and was keen to keep the kingdom as an ally. The chief editor, archivist and antiquarian Sir William Hardy (1807–87), points out that Wavrin selected the best-known oral and written materials and added his own first-hand observations to tell a fascinating story with a profusion of details. Volume 5, published in 1891, begins with the arrest of the Duke of Gloucester in 1447 and ends with the restoration of Edward IV.
Polychronicon Ranulphi Higden, monachi Cestrensis
Authors: Higden Ranulf
Published: November 2013

Ranulf Higden (d.1364) was a monk at the abbey of St Werburgh in Chester. His most important literary work is this universal chronicle, which survives in over a hundred Latin manuscripts, testifying to its popularity. The earliest version of it dates from 1327, but Higden continued writing until his death, expanding and updating the text. It was also continued in other monastic houses, the most important being by John Malvern of Worcester. The English translation made by John Trevisa in the 1380s was also widely circulated and is included in this work, published in nine volumes for the Rolls Series between 1865 and 1886. The chronicle shows how fourteenth-century scholars understood world history and geography. Volume 3 contains the remainder of Book 2, and Book 3 covers the ancient world up to the age of Alexander the Great.
Polychronicon Ranulphi Higden, monachi Cestrensis
Authors: Higden Ranulf
Published: November 2013

Ranulf Higden (d.1364) was a monk at the Abbey of St Werburgh in Chester. His most important literary work is this universal chronicle, which survives in over a hundred Latin manuscripts, testifying to its popularity. The earliest version of it dates from 1327, but Higden continued writing until his death, expanding and updating the text. It was also continued in other monastic houses, most importantly by John Malvern of Worcester. The English translation made by John Trevisa in the 1380s was also widely circulated and is included in this work, published in nine volumes for the Rolls Series between 1865 and 1886. The chronicle shows how fourteenth-century scholars understood world history and geography. Volume 6 concludes Book 5, mostly on Anglo-Saxon England, and contains the beginning of Book 6, from King Alfred to the mid-tenth century.
Chronica magistri Rogeri de Houedene
Authors: Hoveden Roger of
Published: November 2013

Roger of Hoveden's Chronica was begun around 1192 and covers English history from 732 to 1201, when it is assumed he died. The work is largely an annotated compilation of various other chronicles, including the Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi Benedicti Abbatis (also reissued in this series). This was formerly attributed to Benedict of Peterborough, which was the view taken by William Stubbs (1825–1901) when he edited this work for the Rolls Series in 1868–71. Since the twentieth century, however, Hoveden has been recognised as the author. As a clerk to Henry II until 1189, and later as a diplomat during the Third Crusade, he was ideally placed to gain first-hand knowledge and also documents, which he provides here in full. Volume 4 (1192–1201) comprises public documents and original work by Hoveden, particularly relating to the north of England, where he was based.
Chronica majora
Authors: Paris Matthew
Published: November 2013

A Church of England clergyman and fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, Henry Richards Luard (1825–91) edited a number of works in the Rolls Series, for which he was noted for the quality of his indexing and the depth of his commentary. This seven-volume work, first published between 1872 and 1883, has been hailed as one of the best editions in the series. It is a rich source for English history from the Creation to 1259, written by England's greatest medieval historian. Matthew Paris (c.1200–59) became a monk at St Albans in 1217 and had access to a wide variety of documents as an acquaintance of such men as Bishop Robert Grosseteste and King Henry III, whom he knew well. Volume 7 contains a comprehensive index, a glossary, and errata and addenda.
The Collected Works of William Morris
Authors: Morris William , Morris May
Published: November 2013

A creative titan of the Victorian age, William Morris (1834–96) produced a prodigious variety of literary and artistic work in his lifetime. In addition to his achievements as a versatile designer at the forefront of the arts and crafts movement, Morris distinguished himself as a poet, translated Icelandic sagas and classical epics, wrote a series of influential prose romances, and gave lectures promoting his socialist principles. His collected works, originally published in 24 volumes between 1910 and 1915, were edited by his daughter Mary (May) Morris (1862–1938), whose introductions to each volume chart with insight and sympathy the development of her father's literary, aesthetic and political passions. Volume 18 contains the first part of the novel The Well at the World's End (1896).
Symeonis monachi opera omnia
Authors: Symeon of Durham
Published: November 2013

Little is known about the life of Symeon of Durham (fl. c.1090–c.1128), other than that he was one of the monks present at the translation of the remains of Saint Cuthbert in 1104. His eyewitness account of the opening of Cuthbert's coffin is just one of his writings included in this first volume of his complete works, published for the Rolls Series in 1882. The main Latin text here is his history of the church of Durham up to the year 1096, which draws on Northumbrian annals and provides much valuable information not found elsewhere. Supplemental to this are chapters relating to the see of Durham and the miracles of Cuthbert. The appendices comprise a poem by Adelwulf on the abbots of his monastery, and the lives of Bartholomew the Anchorite and Saint Oswald. Thomas Arnold (1823–1900) provides an extensive introduction as well as English side-notes to the Latin texts.
De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliae
Authors: Bracton Henry de
Published: November 2013

The thirteenth-century Latin legal treatise best known as Bracton is now thought to be the work of several hands, and Henry de Bracton (d.1268) to have been only the last of these. Work began on it in the 1230s and largely ceased in the early 1250s, but the treatise - an ambitious survey of English law - was never finished. Between 1878 and 1883, the scholar and jurist Sir Travers Twiss (1809–97) edited and published this work in six volumes for the Rolls Series. His text was mainly based on the first printed edition of 1569. Although he provided the first English translation of Bracton, Twiss's work has been criticised and since superseded. Volume 5 contains the final part of Book 4 and the first part of Book 5. These discuss writs of entry and writs of right, and procedural issues relating to essoins, defaults and the view.
Haig's Intelligence
Authors: Beach Jim
Published: November 2013

Haig's Intelligence is an important study of Douglas Haig's controversial command during the First World War. Based on extensive new research, it addresses a perennial question about the British army on the Western Front between 1916 and 1918: why did they think they were winning? Jim Beach reveals how the British perceived the German army through a study of the development of the British intelligence system, its personnel and the ways in which intelligence was gathered. He also examines how intelligence shaped strategy and operations by exploring the influence of intelligence in creating perceptions of the enemy. He shows for the first time exactly what the British knew about their opponent, when and how and, in so doing, sheds significant new light on continuing controversies about the British army's conduct of operations in France and Belgium and the relationship between Haig and his chief intelligence officer, John Charteris.
Gender, Manumission, and the Roman Freedwoman
Authors: Perry Matthew J.
Published: November 2013

Gender, Manumission, and the Roman Freedwoman examines the distinct problem posed by the manumission of female slaves in ancient Rome. The sexual identities of a female slave and a female citizen were fundamentally incompatible, as the former was principally defined by her sexual availability and the latter by her sexual integrity. Accordingly, those evaluating the manumission process needed to reconcile a woman's experiences as a slave with the expectations and moral rigor required of the female citizen. The figure of the freedwoman - fictionalized and real - provides an extraordinary lens into the matter of how Romans understood, debated, and experienced the sheer magnitude of the transition from slave to citizen, the various social factors that impinged upon this process, and the community stakes in the institution of manumission.
No Strength in Numbers: The Failure of Big-City Bills in American State Legislatures, 1880–2000
Authors: GAMM GERALD , KOUSSER THAD
Published: November 2013

Do big cities exert more power than less populous ones in American state legislatures? In many political systems, greater representation leads to more policy gains, yet for most of the nation's history, urban advocates have argued that big cities face systematic discrimination in statehouses. Drawing on a new historical dataset spanning 120 years and 13 states, we find clear evidence that there is no strength in numbers for big-city delegations in state legislatures. District bills affecting large metropolises fail at much higher rates than bills affecting small cities, counties, and villages. Big cities lose so often because size leads to damaging divisions. We demonstrate that the cities with the largest delegations—which are more likely to be internally divided—are the most frustrated in the legislative process. Demographic differences also matter, with district bills for cities that have many foreign-born residents, compared with the state as a whole, failing at especially high rates.
A Modest Proposal for the Propagation of Information Concerning Radiation Damage in the TEM, and as Fodder for Pasturized Professors
Authors: Egerton Ray
Published: November 2013

For a beam-sensitive specimen, the spatial resolution of TEM analysis is limited by radiation damage, and it is obviously a good thing to minimize the amount of damage that occurs during a measurement. Knock-on displacement damage, which predominates in metals, can be reduced by lowering the accelerating voltage (ideally below a threshold value that depends on atomic weight and displacement energy). Ionization damage (radiolysis), which predominates in organic materials, is often ameliorated if the specimen is cooled below room temperature.
NetNotes
Authors: Phillips Thomas E.
Published: November 2013

Selected postings from the Microscopy Listserver from July 1, 2013 to September 1, 2013. Complete listings and subscription information can be obtained at http://www.microscopy.com. Postings may have been edited to conserve space or for clarity.
AFM Integrated with SEM and FIB: A Synergistic Union
Authors: Lewis Aaron , Komissar A. , Ignatov A. , Fedoroyov Oleg , Maayan E. , Yablon Dalia , Taha H.
Published: November 2013

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and ion beam milling techniques are mature nanoscale measurement technologies, whereas atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a developing technology generating intense interest in the scientific community for basic research and development. These techniques have generally existed in separate worlds. This article discusses a capability that marries these technologies through an instrument recently introduced by Nanonics, the 3TB4000.
Award Nomination Deadline is November 15
Authors: Lyman Charles
Published: November 2013

The Microscopy Society of America (MSA) has a number of awards to honor achievements in microscopy. The series of Distinguished Scientist Awards and Burton Medal Awards began in 1975. For Distinguished Scientists, awards are made to individuals in both biological sciences and physical sciences who have had a long-standing career in microscopy or microanalysis. The Burton Medal recognizes scientists under the age of 40. Taken together there have been 117 awardees in these three categories.
Follicular helper T‐cell memory: establishing new frontiers during antibody response
Authors: Tsai Louis M , Yu Di
Published: November 2013

The generation of immunological memory during an immune response is a hallmark of the adaptive immune system. Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells are a CD4+ T‐cell subset specialised to regulate antibody response. Emerging evidence suggests that during antibody response, Tfh memory is generated along with the generation of B‐cell memory. There are multiple layers for the differentiation and function of memory Tfh cells. Both early committed precursor Tfh cells and effector Tfh cells exiting germinal centres can contribute to the memory Tfh pool. Functionally, memory Tfh cells not only enhance a secondary response upon antigen rechallenge but also circulate to non‐draining lymph tissues to differentiate into effector Tfh cells in the face of systemic antigen/pathogen spreading, thus also promoting a primary response. Circulating memory Tfh cells are a valuable marker to monitor the Tfh programme in human autoimmune diseases, infections and vaccinations. Future studies are required to understand the molecular mechanisms determining the commitment and plasticity of Tfh memory and hence the physiological functions of Tfh memory.
Bitter melon extract attenuating hepatic steatosis may be mediated by FGF21 and AMPK/Sirt1 signaling in mice
Authors: Yu Yongmei , Zhang Xian H. , Ebersole Blake , Ribnicky David , Wang Zhong Q.
Published: November 2013

We sought to evaluate the effects of Momordica charantia (bitter melon, BM) extract on insulin sensitivity, NAFLD, hepatic FGF21 and AMPK signaling in mice fed a high-fat diet. Male C57/B6 mice were randomly divided into HFD and HFD supplementation with BM for 12 week. Body weight, plasma glucose, FGF21 and insulin levels, hepatic FGF21 and AMPK signaling proteins were measured. The results showed that plasma FGF21 and insulin concentrations were significantly decreased and hepatic FGF21 content was significantly down-regulated, while FGF receptors 1, 3 and 4 (FGFR1, FGFR3 and FGFR4) were greatly up-regulated in BM group compared to the HFD group (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01). BM also significantly increased hepatic AMPK p, AMPK α1 AMPK α2 and Sirt1 content compared to the HFD mice. We, for the first time, demonstrated that BM extract attenuated hepatic steatosis in mice by enhancing hepatic FGF21 and AMPK/Sirt1 signaling.