bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Osteogenic efficacy of BMP‐2 mixed with hydrogel and bone substitute in peri‐implant dehiscence defects in dogs: 16 weeks of healing
Authors: Cha Jae‐Kook , Jung Ui‐Won , Thoma Daniel S. , Hämmerle Christoph H. F. , Jung Ronald E.
Published: January 2018

Objectives

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2) mixed with either polyethylene glycol hydrogel or synthetic bone substitute (SBS) on new bone formation in peri‐implant dehiscence defects after 16 weeks of healing.

Materials and methods

A guided bone regeneration procedure was performed in box‐type peri‐implant defects that were surgically prepared in six beagle dogs. The following four experimental groups were used (i) control (no graft), (ii) SBS+hydrogel, (iii) SBS+BMP‐2/hydrogel and (iv) BMP‐2/SBS+hydrogel. Volumetric analysis using micro‐computed tomography and histomorphometric analysis was performed at 16 weeks post‐operatively.

Results

The amount of new bone and the total augmented volume did not differ significantly between both BMP‐treated groups and the SBS+hydrogel group (p > .05). Likewise, no histometric differences were observed in the values of new bone area and bone‐to‐implant contact ratio among the three augmentation groups (new bone area: 0.06 ± 0.08, 0.19 ± 0.20, 0.48 ± 0.37 and 0.56 ± 0.60 mm2 [mean ± standard deviation] in groups 1–4, respectively; bone‐to‐implant contact: 9.44 ± 11.51%, 19.91 ± 15.19%, 46.31 ± 29.82% and 42.58 ± 26.27% in groups 1–4, respectively).

Conclusion

The osteogenic efficacy of BMP‐2 on the regeneration of peri‐implant bone defects was not detectable after 16 weeks regardless of the carrier materials.
Chemical options for the control of Siam Weed (Chromolaena odorata) in natural ecosystems
Authors: Vitelli Joseph S. , Panetta F. Dane , Madigan Barbara A. , Van Haaren Peter E.
Published: January 2018

The perennial shrub Siam Weed (Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M. King & H. Rob.), a native of the rainforests of central and southern America, is predicted to invade most countries between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. Subsequent to its discovery in northern Queensland, Australia in 1994, it was unsuccessfully targeted for eradication, with early control efforts restricted to manual removal and foliar spraying with triclopyr/picloram. A chemical trial involving five herbicides and three application methods (foliar, basal bark and cut stump) was undertaken in northern Queensland to identify effective chemicals to control this weed. Of the foliar herbicides tested, fluroxypyr (70 g/100 L) provided 99% mortality, triclopyr/picloram (105/35 g/100 L) 95%, while metsulfuron‐methyl (9 g/100 L) killed 85% of the treated plants. The herbicides fluroxypyr (300 g/100 L), picloram (43 g/1 kg) and triclopyr/picloram (400/200 g/100 L) killed greater than 98% of the plants when applied as basal bark or cut stump. The integration of fire into the management strategy either as a primary or secondary control option could have a major role, given that in this study, 99% of the Siam Weed soil seed bank was located on the soil surface.
Can aerial herbicide application control Grey Willow (Salix cinerea L.) and stimulate native plant recovery in New Zealand wetlands?
Authors: Griffiths James , Armstrong Helen , Innes Rachel , Terry Jon
Published: January 2018

Grey Willow (Salix cinerea L.) poses a significant threat to wetland ecosystems in New Zealand. To manage the ecological impacts and to control further spread, cost‐effective large‐scale control methods are needed. We investigated the response of Grey Willow and dominant wetland plant groups to the aerial boom‐spray application of glyphosate at 9 L/ha and triclopyr (amine) at 18 L/ha at three New Zealand wetlands. We found glyphosate substantially reduced the dominance of tall (>2 m) Grey Willow with commensurate increases in the dominance of most native plant groups. Triclopyr (amine) application resulted in poor Grey Willow control, was not associated with increased native plant group dominance, and some native plant groups declined where triclopyr (amine) was applied. We conclude that the aerial application of glyphosate is an effective large‐scale Grey Willow control tool and could be used to initiate the restoration of native plant communities in wetlands dominated by Grey Willow. But, evidence of Grey Willow recovery after control suggests that increases in native plant dominance will be reversed as Grey Willow re‐establish. Further research is needed to determine how to maintain and enhance native plant dominance after control, and to determine how to manage Grey Willow in fen areas where the Grey Willow canopy is discontinuous and nontarget herbicide impacts can occur. The aerial boom‐spray application of triclopyr (amine) for large‐scale Grey Willow control should be discontinued as it does not provide effective control and results in negative ecological outcomes.
Three‐dimensional neuromelanin‐sensitive magnetic resonance imaging of the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Prasad S. , Stezin A. , Lenka A. , George L. , Saini J. , Yadav R. , Pal P. K.
Published: January 2018

Background and purpose

The aim was to investigate the diagnostic utility of signal intensity measurement of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) using three‐dimensional (3D) neuromelanin‐sensitive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), for discrimination of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) from healthy controls.

Methods

T1‐weighted neuromelanin‐sensitive images of 16 patients with PD and 15 controls were quantitatively analyzed by placing circular 10 mm2 regions of interest over the central and lateral parts of the bilateral SNc and anterior to the cerebral aqueduct at three levels of the midbrain. Signal intensities and contrast ratios (CRs) were calculated, after which significant differences, correlations, sensitivity and specificity were calculated.

Results

The CRs of the central and lateral SNc were significantly lower in patients with PD. Lateral CRs were lower than the central CRs in both groups and significantly correlated with duration of illness. CRs of central and lateral parts of the SNc also correlated with the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale III OFF state scores. Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed lateral CRs to be more sensitive and central CRs to be more specific for the discrimination of patients with PD from controls.

Conclusions

Contrast ratio analysis of the SNc using 3D neuromelanin‐sensitive MRI may serve as a quick and accurate tool to discern between patients with PD and healthy controls.
Increase in neutrophils after recombinant tissue plasminogen activator thrombolysis predicts poor functional outcome of ischaemic stroke: a longitudinal study
Authors: Shi J. , Peng H. , You S. , Liu Y. , Xu J. , Xu Y. , Liu H. , Shi R. , Cao Y. , Liu C.‐F.
Published: January 2018

Background and purpose

Neutrophils, a pivotal immune responder to ischaemic brain insult, have been involved in neuroplasticity and increase after stroke. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (r‐tPA), a promising treatment improving neuroplasticity, promotes neutrophil degranulation. However, the dynamic profile of neutrophils after r‐tPA treatment and their effect on neurological recovery after stroke are not well studied.

Methods

Cell counts of neutrophils, lymphocytes and their ratio (NLR) were measured on admission and 24 h after r‐tPA infusion in 372 consecutively recruited acute ischaemic stroke patients (mean age 64 years). Death or major disability at 3 months after stroke was diagnosed based on the modified Rankin Scale (mRS ≥ 3) obtained by neurologists who were blinded to any hospital records. The longitudinal associations of percentage increase in neutrophils, lymphocytes and the NLR with death or major disability were examined by logistic regression adjusting for covariates including neurological deficits at baseline.

Results

Neutrophils exhibited a steeper increase after r‐tPA infusion in patients with death or major disability than in those without (P < 0.001). A 10% increase in neutrophils after r‐tPA infusion was associated with an 83% increased risk for death or major disability within 3 months after stroke onset [odds ratio (OR) 1.99, P = 0.009]. Increased neutrophils at 24 h after r‐tPA (OR 6.30, P < 0.001 after log transformation) but not on admission significantly predicted increased risks for death or major disability within 3 months after stroke onset. A similar phenomenon was also observed for the NLR.

Conclusions

A dynamic increase in neutrophils after stroke significantly predicts 3‐month death or major disability in acute ischaemic stroke patients receiving r‐tPA treatment.
Metabolomic characterization of human hippocampus from drug‐resistant epilepsy with mesial temporal seizure
Authors: Detour Julien , Bund Caroline , Behr Charles , Cebula Hélène , Cicek Ercument A. , Valenti‐Hirsch Maria‐Paola , Lannes Béatrice , Lhermitte Benoît , Nehlig Astrid , Kehrli Pierre , Proust François , Hirsch Edouard , Namer Izzie‐Jacques
Published: January 2018

Objective

Within a complex systems biology perspective, we wished to assess whether hippocampi with established neuropathological features have distinct metabolome. Apparently normal hippocampi with no signs of sclerosis (noHS), were compared to hippocampal sclerosis (HS) type 1 (HS1) and/or type 2 (HS2). Hippocampus metabolome from patients with epilepsy‐associated neuroepithelial tumors (EANTs), namely, gangliogliomas (GGs) and dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors (DNTs), was also compared to noHS epileptiform tissue.

Methods

All patients underwent standardized temporal lobectomy. We applied 1H high‐resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (HRMAS NMR) spectroscopy to 48 resected human hippocampi. NMR spectra allowed quantification of 21 metabolites. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis based on mutual information.

Results

Clear distinct metabolomic profiles were observed between all studied groups. Sixteen and 18 expected metabolite levels out of 21 were significantly different for HS1 and HS2, respectively, when compared to noHS. Distinct concentration variations for glutamine, glutamate, and N‐acetylaspartate (NAA) were observed between HS1 and HS2. Hippocampi from GG and DNT patients showed 7 and 11 significant differences in metabolite concentrations when compared to the same group, respectively. GG and DNT had a clear distinct metabolomic profile, notably regarding choline compounds, glutamine, glutamate, aspartate, and taurine. Lactate and acetate underwent similar variations in both groups.

Significance

HRMAS NMR metabolomic analysis was able to disentangle metabolic profiles between HS, noHS, and epileptic hippocampi associated with EANT. HRMAS NMR metabolomic analysis may contribute to a better identification of abnormal biochemical processes and neuropathogenic combinations underlying mesial temporal lobe epilepsy.
Digging deeper: A holistic perspective of factors affecting soil organic carbon sequestration in agroecosystems
Authors: Lal Rattan
Published: January 2018

The global magnitude (Pg) of soil organic carbon (SOC) is 677 to 0.3‐m, 993 to 0.5‐m, and 1,505 to 1‐m depth. Thus, ~55% ofSOCto 1‐m lies below 0.3‐m depth. Soils of agroecosystems are depleted of theirSOCstock and have a low use efficiency of inputs of agronomic yield. This review is a collation and synthesis of articles published in peer‐reviewed journals. The rates ofSOCsequestration are scaled up to the global level by linear extrapolation. Soil C sink capacity depends on depth, clay content and mineralogy, plant available water holding capacity, nutrient reserves, landscape position, and the antecedentSOCstock. Estimates of the historic depletion ofSOCin world soils, 115–154 (average of 135) Pg C and equivalent to the technical potential or the maximum soil C sink capacity, need to be improved. A positive soil C budget is created by increasing the input of biomass‐C to exceed theSOClosses by erosion and mineralization. The global hotspots ofSOCsequestration, soils which are farther from C saturation, include eroded, degraded, desertified, and depleted soils. Ecosystems whereSOCsequestration is feasible include 4,900 Mha of agricultural land including 332 Mha equipped for irrigation, 400 Mha of urban lands, and ~2,000 Mha of degraded lands. The rate ofSOCsequestration (Mg C ha−1 year−1) is 0.25–1.0 in croplands, 0.10–0.175 in pastures, 0.5–1.0 in permanent crops and urban lands, 0.3–0.7 in salt‐affected and chemically degraded soils, 0.2–0.5 in physically degraded and prone to water erosion, and 0.05–0.2 for those susceptible to wind erosion. Global technical potential ofSOCsequestration is 1.45–3.44 Pg C/year (2.45 Pg C/year).
Pressure‐induced crystallization of liquids: Maxima of nucleation, growth, and overall crystallization rates
Authors: Schmelzer Jürn W. P. , Abyzov Alexander S.
Published: January 2018

A set of equations is derived for determining the pressure at which nucleation, growth, and overall crystallization rates of glass‐forming liquids have their maximum values. The location and magnitudes of these maxima are determined and analyzed. The analysis is performed here based on the classical theories of nucleation and growth, however, without introducing additional assumptions such as the Stokes‐Einstein‐Eyring equation, models for specific kinetic mechanisms of aggregation, the specification of the type of pressure dependence of the diffusion coefficient, or specific models for the computation of the thermodynamic driving force of crystallization, the specific interfacial energy, and the work of critical cluster formation. Particular theoretical models are employed only for analytical estimates and for an illustration of the general results. For the description of the pressure dependence of the viscosity, a new model developed by the authors is utilized. Moreover, the concept of fragility has been advanced to variations of the viscosity of glass‐forming melts in dependence on pressure variations. Pressure fragility, defined appropriately, is shown to be one of the basic parameters determining the location and the magnitude of the maxima of nucleation, growth, and overall‐crystallization rates as a function of pressure.
Rapid expansion and diversification into new niche space by fluvicoline flycatchers
Authors: Fjeldså Jon , Ohlson Jan I. , Batalha-Filho Henrique , Ericson Per G. P. , Irestedt Martin
Published: January 2018

The fluvicoline New World flycatchers (subfamily Fluvicolinae, family Tyrannidae) inhabit a broad range of forest and non‐forest habitats in all parts of the New World. Using a densely sampled phylogeny we depict the diversification and expansion of this group in time and space. We provide evidence that a shift in foraging behaviour allowed the group to rapidly expand in a wide range of tropical and subtropical habitats in South America. The results support that four main clades expanded into and specialized to distinct habitats and climates (closed to open, and warm to cold), respectively, and subsequently underwent vicariant speciation within their respective ecoregions. The group soon reached a significant species diversity over virtually all of South and North America, and with parallel trajectories of speciation slow‐down in all four clades. The genusMuscisaxicolais an exception, as it invaded the most inhospitable and barren environments in the Andes where they underwent rapid diversification in the Plio‐Pleistocene.
Critical appraisal of the oxidative stress pathway in vitiligo: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Speeckaert R. , Dugardin J. , Lambert J. , Lapeere H. , Verhaeghe E. , Speeckaert M.M. , van Geel N.
Published: January 2018

Background

The pathogenesis of vitiligo remains a topic of extensive debate. This is partly due to the moderate efficacy of current treatments. The role of the oxidative stress pathway in vitiligo is a popular although controversial research topic.

Objective

To clarify the role of the oxidative stress pathway in vitiligo compared to other inflammatory skin disorders and to assess the therapeutic role of antioxidants.

Methods

We conducted a systematic search of the existing literature on the aberrancies of the oxidative stress pathway in vitiligo. Subsequently, the efficacy of both topical and oral antioxidants in clinical trials was investigated.

Results

A deregulated oxidative pathway is clearly evident with elevated superoxide dismutase, decreased catalase and increased lipid peroxidation. However, similar results have been obtained in other inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, lichen planus and urticaria. This questions the unique role of oxidative stress in the development of vitiligo. Some isolated successes have been reported with oral ginkgo biloba, polypodium leucotomos and vitamin C and E preparations, while other clinical trials have failed to show reproducible results. The use of topical antioxidants delivers in general no beneficial results.

Conclusion

The oxidative pathway is affected in vitiligo, but its unique initiating or contributory role in the pathogenesis is less evident. Interesting data support the added value of oral antioxidants in vitiligo although confirmatory studies are missing.
Elevated leukocyte count in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
Authors: Lucke Ilse M. , Peric Stojan , van Lieverloo Gwen G. A. , Wieske Luuk , Verhamme Camiel , van Schaik Ivo N. , Basta Ivana , Eftimov Filip
Published: January 2018

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination is often part of the diagnostic work‐up of a patient suspected of having chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). According to the European Federation of Neurological Societies and the Peripheral Nerve Society (EFNS/PNS) criteria, an elevated protein level without pleocytosis (leukocytes <10 cells/µl) is supportive of the diagnosis CIDP. It is unclear how many CSF leukocytes are compatible with the diagnosis CIDP and how extensive the diagnostic work‐up should be in patients with a demyelinating neuropathy and pleocytosis. We performed a retrospective study at two tertiary neuromuscular referral clinics and identified 14 out of 273 (6%) patients with CIDP with elevated CSF leukocytes (≥10 cells/µl). All these patients met the EFNS/PNS criteria for definite or probable CIDP. Eight patients (57%) presented with a subacute onset and four patients with an antecedent infection. Most patients responded well to therapy, and eight patients are currently in remission. In four patients, lumbar puncture was repeated. A spontaneous decrease in leukocytes before start of treatment was found in three patients. Our data indicate that a mild to moderate pleocytosis in CSF does not exclude the diagnosis of CIDP, especially in patients with a subacute onset of disease.
Health of Southern Tasmanian 4‐ to 6‐year‐old children in out‐of‐home care compared to peers
Authors: Rauter Marie , Jayakar Anagha , Clemens Tom , Galanos Zaharenia , Newbery Louise , Whelan Andrew
Published: January 2018

Aim

To compare the health of 4‐ to 6‐year‐old children in out‐of‐home care (OOHC) in Southern Tasmania with their peers.

Methods

Demographic and health data collection and prospective health assessment of all 4‐ to 6‐year olds in OOHC in Southern Tasmania on 30 August 2011 was undertaken. Data were compared to Tasmanian and/or Australian peers.

Results

A total of 109 of 129 children aged 4 to 6 years were included in the study. Time in OOHC was on average 38 (range 0–76) months. Premature birth (18%), low birthweight (20%) and congenital malformations (10%) were more common compared to peers. Antenatal exposure to illicit or abused substances (71%), alcohol (51%) and cigarettes (79%) were very high. Vertically acquired hepatitis C was diagnosed in 2% with 33% exposed. Immunisation completion was 78% compared to 92.9% of Tasmanian peers. Obesity (11% vs. 6% Tasmanian children), hearing impairment (7% vs. 1% Tasmanian children) and dental caries (61% vs. 45% Tasmanian children) were all higher than peers. Hospitalisation due to injury was more than twice that of Tasmanian peers (32.1 vs. 12.6 per 1000 per year). Developmental delay was 50% on screening. Emotional or behavioural difficulties were seen in 54%.

Conclusions

Children in OOHC have high health needs. Comprehensive health assessments offer an opportunity to better identify and manage these needs. High hepatitis C exposure in utero was unexpected. This study highlights the need for comprehensive health screening assessments for all children in OOHC. OOHC clinic data can be helpful in planning broad interventions for children in OOHC.
Health service utilisation amongst urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children aged younger than 5 years registered with a primary health‐care service in South‐East Queensland
Authors: Hall Kerry K , Chang Anne B , Anderson Jennie , Arnold Daniel , Otim Michael , O'Grady Kerry‐Ann F
Published: January 2018

Aim

The majority of Australia's Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander children live in urban areas; however, little is known about their health service use. We aimed to describe health service utilisation amongst a cohort of urban Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander children aged <5 years.

Methods

We analysed health service utilisation data collected in an ongoing prospective cohort study of children aged <5 years registered with an Aboriginal‐owned and operated primary health‐care service. Enrolled children were followed monthly for 12 months, with data on health service utilisation collected at baseline and at each monthly follow‐up. Health service utilisation rates, overall and by service provider and reason for presentation, were calculated and reported as incidence rates per 100 child‐months with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

Between February 2013 and November 2015, 180 children were enrolled, and 1541 child‐months of observation were available for analysis. The overall incidence of health service utilisation was 52.5 per 100 child‐months (95% CI 48.7–56.5); 81% of encounters were with general practitioners. Presentation rates were the highest for acute respiratory illnesses (30.7/100 child‐months, 95% CI 27.8–33.9).

Conclusions

In this community, acute respiratory illnesses are predominant causes of health service utilisation in young children. The health‐care utilisation profile of these children presents important opportunities for health promotion and intervention.
Multiple signaling systems target a core set of transition metal homeostasis genes using similar binding motifs
Authors: Garber Megan E. , Rajeev Lara , Kazakov Alexey E. , Trinh Jessica , Masuno Duy , Thompson Mitchell G. , Kaplan Nurgul , Luk Joyce , Novichkov Pavel S. , Mukhopadhyay Aindrila
Published: January 2018

Bacterial response to metals can require complex regulation. We report an overlapping regulation for copper and zinc resistance genes in the denitrifying bacterium, Pseudomonas stutzeri RCH2, by three two‐component regulatory proteins CopR1, CopR2 and CzcR. We conducted genome‐wide evaluations to identify gene targets of two paralogous regulators, CopR1 and CopR2, annotated for copper signaling, and compared the results with the gene targets for CzcR, implicated in zinc signaling. We discovered that the CopRs and CzcR have largely common targets, and crossregulate a core set of P. stutzeri copper and zinc responsive genes. We established that this crossregulation is enabled by a conserved binding motif in the upstream regulatory regions of the target genes. The crossregulation is physiologically relevant as these regulators synergistically and antagonistically target multicopper oxidases, metal efflux and sequestration systems. CopR1 and CopR2 upregulate two cop operons encoding copper tolerance genes, while all three regulators downregulate a putative copper chaperone, Psest_1595. CzcR also upregulated the oprD gene and the CzcIABC Zn2+ efflux system, while CopR1 and CopR2 downregulated these genes. Our study suggests that crossregulation of copper and zinc homeostasis can be advantageous, and in P. stutzeri this is enabled by shared binding motifs for multiple response regulators.
Peter Sloterdijk as an Ally of TheologyIn the Shadow of Mount Sinai, PeterSloterdijk, Polity, 2016 (ISBN 978‐0‐7456‐9924‐0), vi + 71 pp., pb £9.99Selected Exaggerations: Conversations and Interviews 1993–2012, PeterSloterdijk, Polity, 2016 (ISBN 978‐0‐7456‐9166‐4), xxii + 328 pp., pb £17.99Not Saved: Essays after Heidegger, PeterSloterdijk, Polity, 2017 (ISBN 978‐0‐7456‐9699‐7), xiv + 288 pp., pb £17.99
Authors: O'Leary Joseph S.
Published: January 2018

Peter Sloterdijk is an acute philosophical commentator on contemporary culture and has much to teach theologians anxious to be in dialogue with that culture. He began as a tough Nietzschean, determined to look unpleasant truths in the face: ‘There is no longer any knowledge of which one could be a friend (philos). Faced with what we know, the idea of loving it no longer occurs to us, but we ask ourselves instead how we can manage to live with it, without being turned to stone’. Some of his remarks on the training of the human animal smacked of eugenicism. But he also showed a religious penchant, editing an anthology on Gnosticism and developing an interest in spirituality. His religious musings, focused on Gnostic and Augustinian themes, may actually weaken him as a theorist. Today, despite radical gestures, he is perhaps best characterized as a mainstream liberal (as shown in his ardent praise of Emmanuel Macron). He views religious and philosophical traditions in a naturalistic perspective, and this can lead him into crassly reductive accounts of both. His reception of Heidegger reduces the question of Being to one of the material anthropological environment. His study of monotheism as a ‘rage bank’ whisks away its doctrinal and mystical depths. Yet his appreciation of religion as a praxis of interiority, his desire to embed religious and philosophical discourse in concrete anthropological knowledge, and his worrying about the strands of violence in monotheism put him in dialogue with theology.
Diversity in cancer care: exploring social categories in encounters between healthcare professionals and breast cancer patients
Authors: Nyholm Nanna , Halvorsen Ida , Mygind Anna , Christensen Ulla , Kristiansen Maria
Published: January 2018

Background

The burden of breast cancer is a key challenge for women's health globally. Rehabilitation needs and strategies for living with long‐term consequences of breast cancer and its treatment cannot be isolated from the social contexts of patients, including relationships with relatives and healthcare professionals.

Aim

This study explores how healthcare professionals’ categorisations engage with breast cancer patients’ social identities in encounters about rehabilitation before hospital discharge.

Method

We conducted a multiperspective case‐based qualitative study at a Danish department of breast surgery, including participant observations and interviews with twelve patients and eight nurses. Data were analysed thematically using theories of categorisation and clinical encounters. Ethical considerations: The Danish Data Protection Agency approved the study (journal number 2012‐41‐0701).

Results

Interactions in clinical encounters are shaped by categorisations of patients’ social identities in terms of social resources and ethnicity, and by the resource‐constrained organisational context, with impact on the assessments of the patient's rehabilitation needs.

Conclusions

There is a need for a greater focus on improving encounters between breast cancer patients and healthcare professionals to ensure that rehabilitation needs are accommodated for among diverse patient groups.
Strategic Automation for Citrus Processing
Authors: Borrison David E.
Published: January 2018

AUTOMATION: Automatically controlled operation of an apparatus, process, or system by mechanical or electronic devices that take the place of human organs of observation, effort, and decision. (Merriam-Webster)

STRATEGIC: Of great or vital importance within an integrated whole or to the taking place of a planned or unplanned occurrence. (Merriam-Webster)

Strategic automation requires a comprehensive plan for automating the entire plant. This master plan must be followed as individual areas are automated and incorporated into the overall plan. The master plan will set all the standards for process and instrument drawings, equipment identification, instrument tags, control systems, operator interface, and control room locations.

With a master plan the following advantages are realized;

* Newly automatedareas are easily integrated into the existing infrastructure.

* Fewer operators controlling multiple process areas from a single control room.

* Standardized operator interfaces minimize operator training and cross training.

* Maintenance personnel require less training because of common equipment.

* Spare parts inventories are reduced.

* Process changes or upsets can be sent throughout the system to adjust other affected areas.

* Monitoring and recording data from any area of the plant is easily accomplished.

Without a master plan none of the advantages are guaranteed. The cost to link and maintain different systems can be more expensive than the original cost of the system. Exchanging data between systems, or capturing and recording data across multiple systems can become very complex and expensive. Even the best designed, best of breed individual systems don’t always tie together to form a complete and comprehensive overall plant system.

Once the master plan is in place, all areas of a citrus plant can be automated. Some areas can be fully automated while others are better controlled by partial automation with enhanced information made available to the operators. Some decisions are driven by measurement instrument availability, while others are purely economical. The ultimate goals are better and more consistent product quality with fewer operating personnel, a process that responds automatically plant wide to changes, and data gathering to monitor and improve your entire process. This paper will address the typical process areas in a citrus plant and discuss viable control techniques as they apply to each area. It will also discuss the interactions between processing areas and the monitoring of the plant as a whole.

Paper published with permission.
Sanitary Welding Standards
Authors: Avery Richard E.
Published: January 2018

Austenitic stainless steel tube and pipe systems are a vital part of today’s sanitary (hygienic) processing facilities. Product contact surface welds in the tubular systems usually cannot be ground or conditioned, so it is essential that the as-welded surfaces are suitable for cleaning-in-place (CIP).

The American Welding Society AWS Dl8 Committee was formed in respond to the request by the 3-A Sanitary Standards Committee for help in preparing welding standards for use in the manufacture and construction of dairy and food product processing plants. The 3-A Sanitary Standards Committees develop and promulgate sanitary design standards for dairy and food processing, packaging and handling equipment and systems.

AWS D18.1:1999 Specification for Welding of Austenitic Stainless Steel Tube and Pipe Systems in Sanitary (Hygienic) Applications developed covers the requirements for gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) or TIG welding as it is also known, of austenitic stainless steel tube and pipe 1/4 in. (6 mm) diameter and larger. Sanitary processing systems is intended to include those systems handling products for human and animal consumption. Such products include dairy, meat, poultry, vegetable, beverage, and other products consumed by humans and animals.

The paper also includes design and operation guidelines that have proven useful to engineers and users of austenitic stainless steel piping systems.

Paper published with permission.
Aseptic Bulk Storage: Critical Control Point Review
Authors: Raasch Jeffrey
Published: January 2018

The Citrus industry continues to adapt to tremendous changes. In the past 20 years over 50% of the industries production facilities have shifted from FCOJ to NFC production.

Paper published with permission.
Pre-Extraction De-Oiling of Citrus Fruit by Roller Technology
Authors: Suter Michael L. , Garcia Salvador
Published: January 2018

Two seasons of testing have been done with pre-extraction abrasive roller technology to reduce the amount of peel oil in orange juice. The first season was done with a pilot scale unit (20 Tons / Hour). The following season a commercial scale unit (80 Tons / Hour) was tested in the field. Use of the equipment has allowed the processor to use high yield components at equal or better juice quality than standard extraction components. Additional advantages are seen in oil quality and VOC reduction.

Paper published with permission.
Continuing Education for Practicing Engineers
Authors: Earle Jonathan F. K.
Published: January 2018

The professional engineer of the 21st century must have a holistic view of his/her world, and recognize that continuing education is vital for maintenance of professional competitiveness.. Engineering education has generally responded to workforce technology needs which have traditionally changed rather slowly. Today’s professional engineer must be prepared to meet the challenges of an increasingly complex physical, legal, technical, and social climate with which he/she is confronted. Accordingly, today’s engineering education system is structured to prepare graduates for life-long learning, by placing greater emphasis on the learning process.

In the 21st century, workforce technology and demands are changing at an extremely rapid pace, and in order to remain current, the modern engineering professional must adapt to those rapid changes. Within this environment, expertise in a single discipline or technology is no longer considered adequate for the professional engineer, since he/she must be comfortable working in multi-disciplinary teams, be capable of integrating a broad range of knowledge, and working across intellectual boundaries.

The modern engineer must understand the global marketplace and its working environment, and in so doing develop an international perspective, and be prepared for participation in international projects. He/she must appreciate the issues relating to sustainability, and design accordingly to address the concerns. The engineer is expected to maintain a broad perspective, and be prepared to adjust to the rapid, dynamic changes which are encountered.

This paper identifies some of the reasons for the pursuit of continuing education, and reviews options which are available to the practicing engineer in Florida, with particular emphasis on opportunities offered by the University of Florida.

Paper published with permission.
Packaging for Citrus Juices
Authors: Emond Jean-Pierre
Published: January 2018

Packaging is usually referred to as the container holding a specific product. It is more accurate to refer to a packaging system, since many components are used together to make a package able to meet the needs of a product. A packaging system must meet four specific objectives:

• to protect the product

• to extend product shelf life

• to communicate the product to the customer

• to be convenient to the customer

A packaging system has many components and several levels of packaging. For example, a packaging system must include a shipping container where inside packaging units are found, which usually group a certain amount of individual packages. Only the retail size of a packaging system will be addressed for the purpose of this article.

Paper published with permission.
New Systems in Plant Sanitation
Authors: Johnson Paul A.
Published: January 2018

Clean-In-Place (CIP) of beverage, dairy and food processes is achieved by pre-rinsing, circulation of detergents, post rinsing, and sanitizing of process equipment designed for such automated cleaning. As processing plants have expanded production capacities, the size of the equipment has increased accordingly, creating a corresponding increase in the water volumes and sanitation compounds required to achieve proper cleaning and sanitation. The purpose of this paper is to identify the environmental factors impacted by the CIP process, further to offer areas of scrutiny that the processing facility staff may evaluate for improvement potential.

Paper published with permission.
Citrus Oil Recovery: Using Modern “State-of-the-Art” Centrifuge Technology as Part of Economical Citrus Processing
Authors: Pecoroni Stefan
Published: January 2018

The present citrus oil business is dominated by two trends:

The price for orange oil as a bulk product is under serious market pressure. This has been ongoing for a number of years. In many regions of the world, for example, Southern Italy, this has led to a situation where oil is no longer recovered. However, due to insufficient deoiling, this results in giving away a valuable product (even at a low price) and increased waste water treatment costs or losses in revenue when selling the peels for animal feed. Based on 30,000 l/h emulsion of orange oil coming from the extractors, a return on investment between one and two years can be achieved at present prices as shown in Table 1. Therefore, large processors must focus on increasing production efficiency.

In contrast to the economical situation for orange oil, we see a very strong dynamism in the market for other citrus oils. The price for more rare oils like grapefruit, pink grapefruit, lemon, and mandarin is increasing, partly influenced by climatic factors like hurricanes. This makes the recovered oil very valuable and brings an even stronger focus onto production efficiency.

In addition, the tendency towards constructing bigger production lines is still very dominant in the market, especially in Brazil and the US. This increases the pressure for the equipment suppliers to provide the industry with units having higher capacity and efficiency.

Westfalia Separator has reacted to this trend by introducing new models, such as the new ESE 500 for first stage oil emulsions and the new OSD 60 for second stage emulsions. These machines are tailor-made for these applications. In intense test work, these machines have been optimized for Brazilian as well as American processing conditions on various fruits. Mainly, the capacities have been brought up to a maximum level of 130 GPM depending on fruits and conditions. Furthermore, recovery rates could be optimized by approx. 10% from 3 lbs/ton to a level of 3.3 lbs/ton.

Paper published with permission.
The Use and Misuse of 300 Series Austenitic Stainless Steels in the Citrus Industry
Authors: Lewis Richard O.
Published: January 2018

The 300 series austenitic stainless steels have been used extensively and successfully in the Citrus Industry for numerous applications. Material cost and corrosion resistance to both citrus products and cleaning solutions for maintaining sanitary conditions has made type 304 and type 316 stainless steels the material of choice for process equipment, tanks, and piping systems.

However, corrosion failures have occurred and many have been the subject of forensic investigations to determine the cause and provide recommendations to avoid future, similar problems. Historically, the primary modes of corrosion failure of T304SS and T316SS have been experienced not only in the Citrus Industry but also in the chemical and petrochemical industries. These modes of corrosion include localized corrosion in the form of pitting and crevice corrosion, and stress corrosion cracking. Successful long-term performance is best obtained when (1) the correct alloy is selected for the application; (2) piping and equipment are carefully fabricated and passivated prior to being placed in service; and (3) the process system design and operation minimizes stagnation and solids deposition, especially at elevated temperature.

A table listing the composition of the most commonly available and specified 300 series austenitic stainless steels is shown in Table 1.

Paper published with permission.
An Electical Arc-Flash Hazard Analysis Primer: Reducing Arc-Flash Hazard Exposures Through Engineering Controls
Authors: Kolak John J.
Published: January 2018

The problem of electrical workers being injured or killed by electrical arcs and blasts is one of the most significant safety issues in the industry today. Accident data reveals that over 2,000 people are severely burned annually by electrical arc blasts on the job (1) and many others receive less severe burns that still result in significant pain and suffering to the victim. The purpose of this presentation is to provide an overview of the arc-flash hazard analysis (AFHA) process and general guidance for those organizations wishing to integrate AFHA into their overall electrical safety program.

The electric utility industry was the first non-academic group to study arc-flash hazards (AFH) when they noted that electrical workers often received the most severe burns from their clothing igniting and continuing to burn long after the initiating arc had extinguished. In particular, man-made fibers such as polyester, nylon, and rayon were known to melt and stick to the worker’s skin following an AF, and this resulted in burns many times worse than had the injured worker been wearing no clothing at all (2).

Subsequent studies were performed by private organizations and they impacted both the engineering and safe work practices associated with industrial plant operations. The primary standards or studies included:

• IEEE 1584 Guide for Performing Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations

• NFPA 70E Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace

• OSHA 29 CFR 1910.269: Electrical Power Generation, Transmission, and Distribution Standard

Of these documents, the IEEE 1584 Guide was most influential to engineers because it provided formulas for calculating incident energy levels, arc-flash protection boundaries, and a host of other important variables necessary to evaluate AFH in the work place. The term ‘incident energy’ refers to the amount of heat concentrated per unit-area of the skin. Incident energy is measured in calories per square centimeter (cal/cm2) of skin surface area. For reference, a value of 1.2 cal/cm2 will result in a second-degree burn of human skin (3).

The principal reason why AFHA is necessary is that studies revealed that electrical arcs are somewhat unpredictable events (4), and there were many cases where seemingly innocuous energy sources (small transformers) produced incident energy levels that far exceeded the limitations of flame resistant (FR) clothing or other forms of personal protective equipment. It became obvious that the best method for protecting employees from AFH would be to evaluate the hazard level and then mitigate it through the use of engineering controls.

Paper published with permission.
Sulfur Emissions Reduction Project at Southern Gardens Citrus
Authors: McDaniel Joe , Russ Brendon
Published: January 2018

Southern Gardens Citrus and the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP), in a cooperative effort at the Clewiston citrus processing facility, reduced SO2 emissions by 80% and particulate matter emissions by 73%. This project also reduced costly diesel fuel use by 25%, increased citrus pulp feed mill operation efficiency, and saved the company more than $4 million a year.

Paper published with permission.
Hit me with your best shot… to regenerate
Authors: Morris Jill K.
Published: January 2018

Intraneural ATP injection improves axonal recovery following spinal cord injury.
Fighting staph: Not child’s play
Authors: Scharschmidt Tiffany C.
Published: January 2018

Neutralizing antibodies to
Staphylococcus aureus
alpha-toxin are acquired in adolescence and augmented by infection or colonization.
Efficacy of Apramycin against Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in the Murine Neutropenic Thigh Model
Authors: Kang Anthony D. , Smith Kenneth P. , Berg Anders H. , Truelson Katherine A. , Eliopoulos George M. , McCoy Christopher , Kirby James E.
Published: January 2018

Apramycin, an aminocyclitol aminoglycoside, was rapidly bactericidal against
Acinetobacter baumannii
. In a neutropenic murine thigh infection model, treatment-associated
A. baumannii
CFU reductions of >4 log
10
per thigh were observed for all exposures for which area under the curve (AUC)/MIC ratio was >50 and maximum concentration of drug in serum (
C
max
)/MIC was ≈10 or higher. Based on these findings, we suggest that apramycin deserves further preclinical exploration as a repurposed therapeutic for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens, including
A. baumannii
.
Polyphosphate-Accumulating Bacteria: Potential Contributors to Mineral Dissolution in the Oral Cavity
Authors: Breiland Ashley A. , Flood Beverly E. , Nikrad Julia , Bakarich John , Husman Matthew , Rhee TaekHyun , Jones Robert S. , Bailey Jake V.
Published: January 2018

Bacteria that accumulate polyphosphates have previously been shown to dynamically influence the solubility of phosphatic minerals in marine settings and wastewater. Here, we show that dental plaque, saliva, and carious lesions all contain abundant polyphosphate-accumulating bacteria. Saturation state modeling results, informed by phosphate uptake experiments using the model organism
Lactobacillus rhamnosus
, which is known to inhabit advanced carious lesions, suggest that polyphosphate accumulation can lead to undersaturated conditions with respect to hydroxyapatite under some oral cavity conditions. The cell densities of polyphosphate-accumulating bacteria we observed in some regions of oral biofilms are comparable to those that produce undersaturated conditions (i.e., those that thermodynamically favor mineral dissolution) in our phosphate uptake experiments with
L. rhamnosus
. These results suggest that the localized generation of undersaturated conditions by polyphosphate-accumulating bacteria constitutes a new potential mechanism of tooth dissolution that may augment the effects of metabolic acid production.

IMPORTANCE
Dental caries is a serious public health issue that can have negative impacts on overall quality of life and oral health. The role of oral bacteria in the dissolution of dental enamel and dentin that can result in carious lesions has long been solely ascribed to metabolic acid production. Here, we show that certain oral bacteria may act as a dynamic shunt for phosphate in dental biofilms via the accumulation of a polymer known as polyphosphate—potentially mediating phosphate-dependent conditions such as caries (dental decay).
Draft Genome Sequences of Strains TRE 1, TRE D, TRE H, and TRI 7, Isolated from Tamarins and Belonging to Four Putative Novel
Bifidobacterium
Species
Authors: Puglisi Edoardo , Mattarelli Paola , Modesto Monica , Bonetti Andrea , Spiezio Caterina , Sandri Camillo , Morelli Lorenzo
Published: January 2018

Bifidobacterium
sp. strains TRE 1, TRE D, TRE H, and TRI 7 were isolated from two tamarins housed in Parco Natura Viva, Garda Zoological Park S.r.l. (Bussolengo, Verona, Italy). These strains belong to four putative novel species of the genus
Bifidobacterium
. The genome sizes were 2.7 Mb for TRE 1, 2.7 Mb for TRE D, 2.4 Mb for TRE H, and 2.7 Mb for TRI 7. The average GC contents were 63.18% for TRE 1, 58.27% for TRE D, 57.11% for TRE H, and 63.79% for TRI 7.
Completed Genome Sequences of Strains from 36 Serotypes of
Salmonella
Authors: Robertson James , Yoshida Catherine , Gurnik Simone , Rankin Marisa , Nash John H. E.
Published: January 2018

We report here the completed closed genome sequences of strains representing 36 serotypes of
Salmonella
. These genome sequences will provide useful references for understanding the genetic variation between serotypes, particularly as references for mapping of raw reads or to create assemblies of higher quality, as well as to aid in studies of comparative genomics of
Salmonella
.