bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dinoflagellate cysts as indicators of climatic and oceanographic changes during the past 40 kyr in the Santa Barbara Basin, southern California
Authors: Pospelova Vera , Pedersen Thomas F. , de Vernal Anne
Published: May 2006

The dinoflagellate cyst record from Ocean Drilling Program Hole 893A, Santa Barbara Basin, southern California, is examined at millennial‐scale resolution for the past ∼40 kyr. Changes in cyst abundance, composition of cyst assemblages, and their diversity reflect major shifts in climate and ocean circulation in the region over this time interval. Throughout the sequence, dinoflagellate cyst assemblages are dominated by heterotrophic dinoflagellates. Brigantedinium spp. and other upwelling‐related taxa such as Echinidinium and Protoperidinium americanum are abundant, indicating the continued influence of coastal upwelling on the basin during the late Quaternary. A significant increase in cyst accumulation rates is seen during the Holocene and, to a lesser extent, during shorter warming events such as Bolling/Allerod and Dansgaard‐Oeschger interstadials, implying enhanced marine productivity during these periods. Cyst diversity is high during the Holocene. An increase in abundance of cysts produced by autotrophic dinoflagellates in the late Holocene suggests enhanced input of warm, nutrient‐rich waters. In contrast, cyst assemblages from the Last Glacial Maximum exhibit a relatively low diversity and an increase in the cysts of heterotrophic dinoflagellates, in particular Selenopemphix nephroides. The presence of this taxon in association with Brigantedinium spp. implies substantial cooling of surface waters in the Santa Barbara Basin at that time.
Multidisciplinary study of flank instability phenomena at Stromboli volcano, Italy
Authors: Falsaperla S. , Neri M. , Pecora E. , Spampinato S.
Published: May 2006

This study concerns the unstable scarp named Sciara del Fuoco (SDF) at Stromboli volcano, merging geo‐structural observations, live‐cam records in the visible and IR bands, analysis of vertical aerial photographs, and seismic records. These are used to assess morpho‐structural changes between 2002 and 2004. The onset of the lava effusion on 28 December, 2002 preceded a gravitational collapse by two days, affecting a wide area of the SDF above and below sea level. We surmise that the collapse enhanced latent instability of the scarp. The 2002–2003 lava flows had a remarkable stabilizing effect on wide portions (>50%) of the SDF, whilst erosive phenomena continued in the zone not covered by lava. This caused unrelenting regression of the upper landslide scarp toward the summit craters in the form of rockfalls and debris flows. If the crater conduit were involved in the sliding, then a change in eruptive behavior cannot be excluded.
Anisotropic optical properties in electroluminescent conjugated polymers based on grazing angle photoluminescence measurements
Authors: Yim Keng-Hoong , Friend Richard , Kim Ji-Seon
Published: May 2006

Grazing angle photoluminescence (GPL) originates from a waveguided light emitted at grazing angle to the substrate due to the total internal reflections, and the light emission is polarized with enhanced intensity at selective mode wavelength. GPL measurements reveal the optical anisotropy of luminescent conjugated polymers, in particular, the alignment of emitting dipoles from which emission occurs, in contrast to spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements that give the anisotropy in the absorption. Based on the GPL emission intensities and spectra, we investigate the anisotropic optical properties in electroluminescent poly(9,9′-di-n-octylfluorene-alt-benzothiadiazole) (F8BT) conjugated polymer thin films of different molecular weights (Mn=9–255kg∕mol), both in the pristine and annealed states. The optical anisotropy in F8BT films generally increases with molecular weight, suggesting that higher molecular weight polymers with longer chains are more likely to lie in-plane to the substrate. Upon annealing, high molecular weight F8BT films show even a higher degree of anisotropy, in contrast to low molecular weight F8BT films that become more isotropic. Annealing causes the polymer chains to rearrange and adopt a configuration in which the interchain exciton migration to better ordered low energy (LE) emissive states is strongly suppressed. We observe that the emissive states in F8BT are strongly affected by the local polymer chain arrangement, producing the less ordered high energy (HE) emissive states near the substrate interface where there is a higher degree of chain disorder and the LE states in the bulk of the film. When spin coated onto a quartz substrate precoated with a poly(styrenesulfonate)-doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT:PSS) layer, films of F8BT show severe luminescence quenching near the PEDOT:PSS interface for both the LE and HE emissive states, but a selective quenching of the LE states in the bulk of the film. These observations have important implications for fabricating efficient electronic devices using conjugated polymers as an active material, since the performance of these devices will strongly depend on anisotropic optical properties of electroluminescent conjugated polymers.
Automation for monitoring of the refractive index profile of vapor-phase-deposited soot preforms for optical fiber
Authors: dos Santos J. S. , Ono E. , Suzuki C. K.
Published: May 2006

The vapor-phase axial deposition process is currently one of the most advantageous methods to produce preforms for optical fibers, due to its high efficiency and reduced production cost. However, this method has great difficulty in determining the refractive index profile, since it is influenced by too many process parameters. In this work, an automation system to determine the refractive index profile by monitoring the preform deposition surface profile during the soot preform deposition stage is presented. Based on a previous study that showed a strong correlation between these two profiles, an automation system was developed in LABVIEW to monitor the deposition surface profile during the preform deposition stage in order to estimate the preform germanium doping profile and refractive index profile, as well as a theoretical study to develop this system in order to minimize the performance impairment. As a result, not only preforms with a predetermined index profile were produced but also a reduction in production cost was obtained by decreasing the number of preform rejects.
Coalescence inhibition of hydrous RuO2 crystallites prepared by a hydrothermal method
Authors: Chang Kuo-Hsin , Hu Chi-Chang
Published: May 2006

Coalescence of particulates accompanied with crystal growth upon annealing at/above 200°C, found for hydrous RuO2 (RuO2∙nH2O) prepared by a sol-gel process, is effectively inhibited by the formation of RuO2∙nH2O nanocrystallites in a hydrothermal process. This thermal stability, attributable to the barrier originated from the lattice energy of crystallites, maintains high water content, nanocrystalline structure, and porous nature of RuO2∙nH2O annealed at elevated temperatures from 200to400°C. A hydrothermal derived RuO2-based supercapacitor with high specific capacitance (ca. 200Fg−1 measured at 100mAcm−2) and a cycle lifetime longer than 40000cycles, resulting from thermal stability, is demonstrated.
Impedance study near the ferroelastic transition in TlH2PO4
Authors: Kim S. H. , Lee K. W. , Kim I.-M. , Lee Cheol Eui , Lee Kwang-Sei
Published: May 2006

The high temperature phase in TlH2PO4, a hydrogen-bonded antiferroelectric/ferroelastic material, was investigated by ac impedance measurements. A Warburg diffusion was manifested in the low-frequency region in the Cole-Cole plots near the ferroelastic transition temperature Tc′=357K, indicating a surface instability. The temperature dependent impedance, analyzed by a simple equivalent circuit model, was discussed in view of hydrogen delocalization on the surface.
Small sealed Ta crucible for thermal analysis of volatile metallic samples
Authors: Janssen Y. , Angst M. , Dennis K. W. , Canfield P. C. , McCallum R. W.
Published: May 2006

Differential thermal analysis on metallic alloys containing volatile elements can be highly problematic. Here we show how measurements can be performed in commercial, small-sample equipment without modification. This is achieved by using a sealed Ta crucible, easily fabricated from Ta tubing and sealed in a standard arc furnace. The crucible performance is demonstrated by measurements on a mixture of Mg and MgB2, after heating up to 1470°C. We also show data, measured on an alloy with composition Gd40Mg60, that clearly show both the liquidus and a peritectic and are consistent with published phase-diagram data.
Pannexin 1 in erythrocytes: Function without a gap
Authors: Locovei Silviu , Bao Li , Dahl Gerhard
Published: May 2006

ATP is a widely used extracellular signaling molecule. The mechanism of ATP release from cells is presently unresolved and may be either vesicular or channel-mediated. Erythrocytes release ATP in response to low oxygen or to shear stress. In the absence of vesicles, the release has to be through channels. Erythrocytes do not form gap junctions. Yet, here we show with immunohistochemical and electrophysiological data that erythrocytes express the gap junction protein pannexin 1. This protein, in addition to forming gap junction channels in paired oocytes, can also form a mechanosensitive and ATP-permeable channel in the nonjunctional plasma membrane. Consistent with a role of pannexin 1 as an ATP release channel, ATP release by erythrocytes was attenuated by the gap junction blocker carbenoxolone. Furthermore, under conditions of ATP release, erythrocytes took up fluorescent tracer molecules permeant to gap junction channels.
A two-level unreplicated factorial experiment to determine the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on dry matter yield of permanent pasture
Authors: Astatkie T. , Joseph A.A. , Martin R.C.
Published: May 2006

In organic pasture systems, the balance of soil fertility is maintained by maximizing the cycling of on-farm nutrients. In this study, the effect of fertility management on dry matter yield in organic pasture systems was examined using an unreplicated 25 factorial design. The factors were nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), compost and seaweed extract, each at two levels (with [+] and without [−]). The trials were conducted in 2000 and 2001 at two fields on an organic dairy farm in Nova Scotia, Canada. The pasture mix is predominantly perennial ryegrass, orchardgrass and white clover. The fertility treatments were applied in spring, and forage yield was collected from early-, mid- and late-summer harvests. The analysis revealed the significance of several interaction effects, which varied considerably from harvest to harvest. Both +N and +Compost treatments were associated with increased yield. High levels of P and K already present in the soil either diminished or varied the effects of P and K treatments. Seaweed extract enhanced the effectiveness of N and compost, but reduced yield when used alone. The results suggest that the commonly recommended use of seaweed extract for organic pasture management can be detrimental to biomass production unless sufficient nitrogen is provided. Despite the unusually dry weather in the 2 years, the study demonstrated the applicability of unreplicated two-level factorial experiments in agricultural field studies.
Cook‐Chill in Perspective
Authors: Wilkinson Peter J.
Published: May 2006

The technological developments in mass catering need to remain
under close microbiological and epidemiological scrutiny. There is,
however, no evidence at present to suggest that cook‐chill catering is
less safe than conventional catering methods and an increasing body of
evidence to suggest the opposite.
Packaging Meat for Prolonged Chilled Storage: The CAPTECH Process
Authors: Gill C.O.
Published: May 2006

A packaging system for greatly extending the storage life of
chilled red meat is described. Development of the fully commercial
system required the active involvement of three groups, individually
having specialised knowledge of meat science, packaging technology or
meat production and marketing. The system uses equipment and packaging
materials that assure the establishment and maintenance of an
oxygen‐free CO⊂2 atmosphere around product, the atmosphere being
established without stressing the product or packaging. Meat of good
hygienic quality packed in the system can be stored at the optimum
chiller temperature without spoilage for up to six months. During that
time, the product retains a good appearance and desirable eating
qualities. Meat in any form, from whole carcasses to minces, is
preserved equally effectively in the system. It is likely that the
system can be applied for prolonged storage of a wide range of chilled
products other than red meat.
Trans‐science and Moral Panics: Understanding Food Scares
Authors: Beardsworth A.D.
Published: May 2006

The issue of food safety and the general public′s perception of it
is addressed. Risk perception among consumers is a major factor
affecting food choice. The cultural and economic context within which
food consumption as risk‐taking behaviour is defined and it is shown
that long‐term cultural and economic trends have developed a situation
in which ambivalence concerning food can interact with intensive media
coverage to induce acute bouts of large‐scale collective anxiety. It is
shown that the recent food scares in the UK are not random occurrences;
they emerge from an interaction of a number of identifiable factors.
Southwark Microwave Temperature Survey
Authors: Insuli Philip , Denton David
Published: May 2006

The findings of a temperature survey of chilled foods reheated in
microwave ovens in commercial premises are reported. Final reheating of
chilled foods must be to pasteurisation temperatures because of their
widespread contamination with food poisoning bacteria. It was found that
caterers do not generally thoroughly reheat food to the Department of
Health′s recommended level. It is concluded that there is widespread
lack of understanding of microwave cooking by food handlers. A number of
recommendations are made to rectify this situation.
Information Services: Charging and Contracting Out –
The Public Librarian′s View
Authors: Miller Andrew
Published: May 2006

The generation of income from fines, fee‐based services and other
ventures by Glasgow District Libraries is explained and the arguments
for this income‐generating approach are presented.
Managers’ Competence: Rhetoric, Reality and Research
Authors: Collin Audrey
Published: May 2006

This article draws attention to our rudimentary knowledge of
managers’ competence, against the background of the rhetoric currently
being employed, for example, in the Management Charter Initiative. Its
aim is to unravel some of the existing confusions about the meaning of
“competence”, by identifying and briefly examining some of
the epistemological, philosophical and methodological issues which
require attention before we proceed further in this field of study.
Unions on the Margin?
Authors: Marchington Mick
Published: May 2006

Discussions about the position of British trade unions under Thatcherism continue to interest scholars and practitioners in the UK, and a variety of theories have been put forward which suggest that unions are becoming increasingly marginal to workplace employee relations. Three of these are focused on, namely, the roll‐back of union organisation, the separation of collective bargaining from strategic decision making, and the impact of employee involvement on union activity. These ideas are evaluated against data from a longitudinal study of four multi‐plant private sector organisations, each of which has high levels of union density and some forms of employee involvement. The data, which were collected in the late 1980s, suggest that simple monocausal correlations – such as employee involvement is directly undermining trade unions – are not robust enough to cope with the reality of organisational life. Much more credence needs to be given to the environmental and more broader managerial context within which employee relations takes place.
Redundancy Rights – Rights for Whom?
Authors: Simpson D.H.
Published: May 2006

The 1965 Redundancy Payments Act was
amended by the 1975 Employment Protection Act
to give substantial rights to trade unions to
challenge managerial decisions on redundancies.
These included advance warning of impending
redundancies, the right to make representations
to the employer, and to receive the employer′s
reply. Cabinet ministers, introducing the
legislation, felt that it would generate negotiations
either to quash the redundancies or to provide
alternative solutions to impending job losses. In
investigating 74 incidences of redundancy, covering
10,500 workers, it was found that these rights
have, for the most part, merely oiled the process
of managerial decisions over redundancies, by
enjoining trade unions to such decisions; decisions
on which they have no real impact. Rights for trade
unions, then, in practice translate to gains for
employers. An important caveat to this situation
occurs where an agreement on redundancies
exists, generally giving workers substantial
benefits, although there are still too many trade
union officials and employers who do not wish to
sign such agreements.
THE USE OF PUBLIC REFERENCE LIBRARIES
Authors: Payne Celia
Published: May 2006

The development of reference services in
public libraries is described and the
importance of standards accentuated. The
need for proper marketing and systematic
evaluation, both qualitative and quantitative,
is explained. An unobtrusive telephone test
of 15 libraries is analysed and the results of
interviews with 455 users of 13 public
reference libraries given. Satisfactory results
were obtained for straightforward questions
but an occasional tendency towards flippancy
by staff was highlighted. A further
disquieting feature which came to light was
the number of people who did not approach
staff for help.
A Simultaneous‐equations Model of Cross‐national Differentials in Fertility and Female Labourforce Participation Rates
Authors: Mahdavi Saeid
Published: May 2006

A simultaneous‐equations model is specified to analyse
cross‐country differentials in measures of aggregate fertility and
female labourforce participation rates (GFR and FLPR respectively).
Emphasis is placed on the impacts of changes in patterns of income
distribution (as represented by quintile income shares) on GFR and FLPR
and interaction between the two endogenous variables. The empirical
results suggest that: (1) while income redistribution in favour of the
poorest may be expected to reduce GFR, an even larger reduction in GFR
may be expected when the income redistribution favours middle‐income
households, (2) such a reduction in GFR may take place at the expense of
a lower FLPR which is also found to be negatively affected by a ceteris paribus improvement in income distribution, and (3) an
increase in FLPR in developing countries may not necessarily lower GFR
possibly owing to compatibility of the mother and worker roles of
married women.
Factors behind the Supply and Demand for Less Alienating
Work, and Some International Illustrations
Authors: Rosner Menachem , Putterman Louis
Published: May 2006

An economic framework for understanding the incidence of less
alienating job designs in varying industrial settings is developed. Both
the supply and demand sides are discussed, and the approach is
illustrated by consideration of the frequency of introduction of
alienation‐reducing job designs in Swedish, Japanese, US and Israeli
kibbutz industrial enterprises. The competitiveness of product and
labour markets, and the set of available methods of attracting workers
and eliciting real effort from them, are among the key explanatory
factors found to operate in the cases examined.
Bankers to Charity
Authors: Cowton Christopher J.
Published: May 2006

Charities appear to be of growing significance in
the United Kingdom, particularly in the context
of changed attitudes towards the scope and role
of the welfare state. They are also becoming
increasingly professional in their management.
This article attempts to break new ground in
considering charities as a segment for the
provision of banking services, beginning with an
account of the current policies of the major
clearing banks. The second half of the article
assesses current market shares, using publicly
available data on a sample of large and medium‐sized
charities.
Two Strategies for Regaining US Manufacturing Dominance
Authors: Modarress Batoul , Ansari A.
Published: May 2006

Despite US government policymakers′ hopes for a return to US predominance in the marketplace, manufacturers face the fact that the Japanese manufacturing superiority is largely due to better quality, cost‐effective operations, and rapid response to customers. A few explanations for the US disadvantage have been preferred (such as higher wages, unionisation, lack of lifetime employment, lack of automation, lack of existence of economies of scale and the dynamic effect of the learning curve), but all have been refuted. The researchers believe the explanation lies in the lack of emphasis on two strategies in manufacturing dominance: first, integrating quality control techniques into all operating disciplines, including design, production, and logistics; second, efficient utilisation of manufacturing resources including equipment, material, personnel, and time. This article examines the role of these two strategies in regaining US manufacturing dominance and reports the advantages obtained by nine manufacturing organisations implementing them.
Quality‐Strategy and Quality‐Management Connections
Authors: Tillery Kenneth R. , Rutledge Arthur L.
Published: May 2006

Quality will continue to be an issue to the business community in the 1990s. Firms facing the changing demands from their customer groups as well as from their competitors must come to terms as to what “quality” means to there overall business in order to achieve it through their strategies and operating systems. This article looks at two basic areas of this quality concern: the quality‐strategy connection and the quality‐management connection. Each firm′s approach to quality should be unique. The dilemma is matching the firm′s competences and abilities with its customers′ needs within its competitive market. This dilemma can be overcome by providing equal attention to design quality and conformance quality to ensure the strongest link possible between quality and strategy. Then use the Quality‐Management connection to develop a strong customer orientation, integrate quality goals and facilitating mechanisms throughout the process, and focus on prevention of non‐conformance.
Building Quality Control Systems for Hospital Food‐service Operations
Authors: Lin Bin‐Shan
Published: May 2006

In the health care area, there is a wealth of information about quality control methods, but little has been written about computer‐based quality control systems. This article focuses on the development of a statistical process control (SPC) system for hospital food‐service operations. An SPC system is put in perspective so that a view is given of where it fits into the food‐service operations and an understanding of some of its important advantages and of some of the implementation problems may be understood. Several insights for building a quality control system are suggested. Management and control issues are addressed. These issues are reviewed and discussed, and some comments are made on the practical implications for hospital food‐service operations.
Quality Management and Design‐Build: The Opportunities for this Method of Procurement
Authors: Cornick T.C. , Barre N.J.
Published: May 2006

The UK construction industry has approached the application of quality assurance with some confusion. This is due in part to the traditional methods of procurement which have tended to separate the responsibility for design from that of production, quite unlike manufacturing industries for which the quality systems standard BS 5750/ISO 9000 was developed. This article describes why the design and build method of procurement ‐ which offers a single point of responsibility for both design and production ‐ supports the successful application of quality management to a building. It is based on Reading University research into quality systems, and experience gained from the SERC‐funded Teaching Company Scheme at Kyle Stewart Ltd.
Quality Assurance in the Textile Industry: Part II
Authors: Allen Neal , Oakland John S.
Published: May 2006

The work described is part of three‐stage project on the practice of quality management in the textile industry. This article is concerned with the results of structured in‐company interviews in 23 organisations. The interview programme examined the background of the company and the “quality manager”, the organisation for quality, quality systems, quality control (including process control) and quality costs. The findings show, in many of the respondents, the absence of quality policies, lack of attention to quality training, and generally poor quality systems. The conclusions are that, in spite of a general increase in awareness of the importance of quality to competitiveness, actual management practices in the textile industry have not changed greatly.
The Organization of Quality Management: From Abstract Model to Real Example
Authors: van de Water H. , de Vries Jan
Published: May 2006

Discusses the organization of quality management from the perspective of control. First defines an abstract control system in terms of hierarchy. Then uses this model to describe the organization of quality management in more detail. Indicates how this abstract control system can be realized in a concrete situation. Aims at making a clear distinction between the hierarchy concept in terms of control and the usual hierarchy concept as it is being used in organizations.
THE POWER OF EI AT FORD
Authors: Denton D. Keith
Published: May 2006

The efforts of Ford to get their employees actively involved in
improving quality is one of America′s recent success stories. Employee
involvement was one of the key reasons why Ford, which recalled more
cars than it built in 1978, has progressed to recently outearning the
much larger General Motors. It took not only upper management support
but a total rethinking of relationships between line management and
their employees. Out of this process came Ford′s eight basic steps for
launching EI. It is a systematic approach that has produced results.
An Alternative Approach for Controlling Statistical Audit
Sampling Risks
Authors: Thompson James H. , Ward Bart H.
Published: May 2006

Traditional approaches to risk control used for planning,
executing, and evaluating substantive audit tests focus primarily on the
risk of accepting a materially misstated amount (β risk) and only
consider passively the risk of rejecting a correctly stated amount
(α risk). This article discusses an alternative – the
trade‐off approach – that formally considers both risks. Although
the traditional and the trade‐off approach frequently lead to the same
statistical conclusion, there are some applications in which only the
trade‐off approach, can provide a statistical conclusion in support of
the auditor′s assertion that a client′s balance is correctly stated. The
article identifies these applications and suggests that the trade‐off
approach merits further consideration.
Understanding the Relationship between Business Risk and
Inherent Risk
Authors: Colbert Janet L.
Published: May 2006

Business risk and inherent risk both bear on the audit; the audit
risk model; and the nature, timing, and extent of work performed.
Inherent risk and business risk bear an inverse relationship to
detec‐tion risk and have a direct effect on the level of work performed.
Neither risk can be eliminated totally and neither is controllable by
the auditor. Business risk relates to the financial statements and
affects overall audit risk; inherent risk applies to an individual audit
area. Inherent risk is explicitly included in the professional standards
and the audit‐risk model while business risk is not and has only an
indirect bearing on the model. Management can take steps to affect the
level of inherent risk, but the perceptions of users of the financial
statements bear on business risk.
China's Environmental Protection Objectives by the Year 2000
Authors: Guogang Han , Zhiqi Qiao , Bingzheng Hou , Shuangjin Liu , Zhongjie Zhu , Rongqing Sun , Wenyong Mao , Xingquo Zhang
Published: May 2006

The general objectives of environmental protection by the year 2000
are:

o basic control of environmental pollution

o enhancement of environmental quality of major cities

o co‐ordination of environmental, economic and social development.

Proposals are listed and suggestions for the main measures to be
undertaken are given for the advances that should be made by 2000 with
respect to: (1) cities and economic areas; (2) industrial pollution; (3)
pollution and construction of rural environment; (4) use and
conservation of natural resources; (5) conservation of the water supply;
(6) protection of the marine environment; (7) scientific and
technological progress and environmental education; and (8)
environmental management.
Alternative Theory of Management Education
Authors: Thorpe Richard
Published: May 2006

The present state of management education in the UK is examined,
discussing what managers actually do and the skills and competencies
required to do it. The idea of Action Learning is also examined and the
ways this method can be employed to overcome current difficulties are
outlined.
HRD in Eastern Europe
Authors: Frank Eric , Bennett Roger
Published: May 2006

This monograph is devoted to the countries of Eastern Europe, which
are experiencing the dramatic changes following on from the fundamental
developments of the last few years. These countries, Albania, Bulgaria,
Czecho‐slovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the USSR and Yugoslavia, are
likely to become members of a greater Europe in the future. Their
economic and educational systems are examined and the structures of
their management training systems are described.
The DELTA Programme: Towards European Learning Technology
Authors: Bestebreurtje R.
Published: May 2006

During 1988 the pre‐pilot phase of the European DELTA programme
took place. It is an extensive research and development programme to
stimulate advanced learning technology in corporate training on a
European scale. An overview is given of the background of the initiation
of the research programme. Major outcomes of the pre‐pilot are
discussed, such as the LSRM framework for communication in this area,
ideas on standardisation, three possible educational settings and the
type of courses that can be distinguished. Some ideas are discussed
regarding a European database on training courses. Also an overview is
given of the current DELTA programme to show its direction, and finally
some remarks are made on the future “main” phase of DELTA.
New Techniques for Effective Training Management
Authors: Clark Richard E.
Published: May 2006

Argues that training has two special qualities which make its
effective management different from managing other functions. These are
(1) an internal service not usually seen as central to the core business
and (2) an attempt to influence human performance. Puts forward ways of
effectively managing training, including developing a marketing plan and
monitoring developments in training. Links this with the cognitive
theory of motivation and how this can be harnessed and used.
Marketing to Older Adults: an Overview and Assessment of
Present Knowledge and Practice
Authors: Moschis George P.
Published: May 2006

Summarizes the topics, challenges and existing knowledge on
marketing to older consumers. Discussescontradictory beliefs about older
consumers and how to market to them, explaining reasons for these
contradictions and stereotypes. Suggests a method for aiding decision
makers evaluating information in this market and for formulating
strategies. Notes that the field of older consumer behaviour and
marketing is still developing.
Marketing Services Internationally: Barriers and Management
Strategies
Authors: Dahringer Lee D.
Published: May 2006

Focuses on the international marketing of services and the need for
service marketers to be aware ofbarriers to international marketing
unique to the service sector, as well as of management strategies for
overcoming such barriers. Describes fundamental barriers to the
successful international marketing of services. Includes a discussion of
the significance of GATT. Explores managerial implications of tariff and
non‐tariff barriers for international services marketing.
Review of a Company’s Teacher Secondment Programme
Authors: Meadon Liz
Published: May 2006

The BAT (UK and Export) teacher secondment programme is reviewed,
the advantages of an industry placement for teachers are listed and the
hurdles which need to be overcome to continue the programme are
considered.
Non‐formal Education in Developing Countries
Authors: Bacquelaine Myriam , Raymaekers Erik
Published: May 2006

Non‐formal Education (NFE) is widely seen to
foster development and to provide an alternative to
formal education in developing countries. The article
surveys the emergence of NFE in developing
countries; discusses definitions, classifications and
terminology, case studies and inventories of NFE.
The objectives of many NFE programmes are seen
to be restrictive and ill‐considered and provision is
not adapted to the real needs of target groups.
General trends in NFE are outlined by region; its
costs, funding and resources are analysed. Finally
the contribution of NFE to development is
discussed and the desirability of better integration
of NFE with formal systems.
Managing Change in British Primary Education: Some European Perspectives
Authors: Blyth Alan
Published: May 2006

This article attempts to illuminate aspects of
change in British primary education today through
European parallels. The British systems
themselves display many, though not close,
similarities to European problems and practices,
but they differ in detail, especially on issues such
as the speed and nature of change, on age‐grading,
and on the nature of rural problems. Internal
organisation of schools has been generally less
authoritarian in Britain, though the advent of Local
Management of Schools presents a challenge
without any direct equivalent. Meanwhile there
are precedents almost everywhere for a national
primary curriculum, though not for a core‐and‐foundations
structure, nor for the introduction of
so complex a curriculum so abruptly. Mutual
information about primary education under
different systems is desirable, but not easy to
bring about.
Star light, star bright, won’t someone tell me my work’s
all right?
Authors: Rosenberg DeAnne
Published: May 2006

Questions the real purpose of performance appraisal and describes
how it is best achieved. Notes that criticism breeds defensiveness but
performance feedback can be done without criticism. Discusses effective
performance evaluation and the use of self‐evaluation. Concludes that
performance appraisals should be a series of steps to ensure
expectations are clear and as an opportunity to cement the working
relationship between employee and manager.
Developing Careers in organizations
Authors: Jackson Charles
Published: May 2006

Suggests a self‐development approach to career management.
Describes the importance of the exchange of information on employment
opportunities between individuals and their employers. Provides a set of
careers counselling activities. Concludes that career planning involves
trying to make predictions about future job opportunities and preparing
for the unpredictable.
Risky Business: The Socialisation of Managers in the 21st Century
Authors: Feldman Daniel C.
Published: May 2006

The shrinking supply of labour, the
rising expectations of new entrants into
the workforce, the trend towards
corporate downsizing, and the growth
in the number of plateaued middle
managers will require corporations to
develop innovative ways of recruiting,
selecting, training, and developing new
employees by the end of the century.
Companies will need to be more
effective in recruiting and maintaining
a culturally diverse workforce, in
managing new recruits in “flat track”
careers, and in using plateaued middle
managers more extensively as mentors.
Some Environmental Aspects of Ischaemic Heart Disease
Authors: Klevay Leslie M.
Published: May 2006

The origins of ischaemic heart disease are obscure. The article
discusses the influence of environment, heredity and diet (especially
for consumption). It is then proposed that dietary deficiencies of
copper may be a factor that enhances risk of the disease. The evidence
for this is discussed.
Drinking Water Biodenitrification: Demonstration Plant
Results
Authors: Nurizzo C. , Vismara R. , Allione M.R.
Published: May 2006

The article reports on the extension of a previous pilot study on
denitrification of water in a demonstration plant: the results showed
that four reference loads of nitrate (0.45, 0.80, 1.15 and 1.45 kg
nitrate‐N per m⊃3 per day) were successfully controlled by the
treatments suggested: biodenitrification in a biological reactor using a
carbon substrate (sucrose).
Faculty as Gatekeepers: Non‐academic Staff Participation in
University Governance
Authors: Henkin Alan B. , Persson Dorothy
Published: May 2006

Faculty expectations for non‐academic staff participation in
systems of shared authority (governance) define the parameters of
legitimate interests. Delineates and analyses role sender (faculty)
views of non‐academic staff participation in organizational governance.
Studies four issue areas (academic affairs, financial and personnel
affairs, institutional affairs, and student affairs). There was
considerable support for non‐academic staff participation in governance.
Results suggest limited roles in governance for non‐academic employees
in complex organizations where faculty are primary role senders, and no
support for the significant redistribution of legitimate faculty rights
and authorities.
Land Options and Executing Deeds After the Law of Property
(Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989
Authors: Bowden Michael
Published: May 2006

Looks at the results of the Law of Property (Miscellaneous
Provisions) Act 1989: first, the formalities required to execute deeds;
second, formalities for entering into a contract to dispose of land;
third, other minor consequences – mortgages and business leases.
ATTRACTING GRADUATES TO RETAILING
Authors: Houlton Robert , Thomas Annette
Published: May 2006

In the mid‐1980s a group of leading British retail companies
jointly identified a mismatch between their graduate recruitment
requirements and the motivation of graduate applicants and entrants.
Many graduate entrants had a personal goal of being appointed to a head
office post and many were reluctant to make a long‐term commitment to
retail operations management. The analysis of this problem is outlined
by a joint‐company working party which recommended the formation of the
Consortium of Retail Teaching Companies. It provides reasons why
graduate recruitment is considered to be strategic to the future of the
industry and outlines the programme of the Consortium since 1988.
EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN: ATTITUDES AND PRACTICES IN EDUCATION
Authors: Al‐Khalifa Elisabeth
Published: May 2006

In a period of staff shortages, women
teachers are under‐represented in school
management and experience inequalities of
pay and treatment. Management training and
government policy on staffing overlooks the
possible contribution of women to
management despite the considerable evidence
available of how women are discriminated
against directly and indirectly, preventing
access into management. The development of
management concepts in education is recent
but this has re‐emphasised the masculine
associations of school leadership. Lines of
action for change have been indicated through
past developments but the changed
circumstances following the Education Reform
Act 1988 have created new difficulties for
women despite their potential as effective
managers in a changing education climate.
A Customer‐based Competitive Analysis for Logistics Decisions
Authors: Lambert Douglas M. , Sharma Arun
Published: May 2006

Evidence suggests that the recent interest in
competitive strategy and competitive positioning,
while good in itself, has resulted in the
management of many firms placing too much
emphasis on competitive performance and too
little emphasis on customer expectations. This
research in the chemical industry provides support
for the conclusion that management needs to
refocus on the customer if US companies are
going to succeed in the increasingly competitive
marketplace. A methodology is presented that can
be used by management to collect and analyse
customer‐based competitive data for use in
establishing priorities for customer service
expenditures.
Service Logistics: An Introduction
Authors: Davis Frank W. , Manrodt Karl B.
Published: May 2006

The Council of Logistics Management has commissioned a study to
determine the potential of applying logistics principles in service
organisations. The authors suggest that logistics principles are even
more important in service organisations than in production firms. To
realise this potential, however, the definition of logistics must be
expanded. Service logistics is defined as the management of activities
which respond to customers on an individual basis. The services′
historical underpinnings are examined and some guiding concepts central
to service response logistics are provided. These concepts include the
benefit delivery, delivery processes, delivery orientation, responsive
planning, and a customer service model that focuses on individual
customer needs.
Cost Minimisation of Multiple‐vehicle Shipments
Authors: Haessler Robert W.
Published: May 2006

Describes how an LP‐based one‐dimensional packing algorithm can be
used to minimise costs in three different multiple‐vehicle shipment
planning problems. The three applications considered are: (1) shipping
industrial trucks by container when weight is the dominant constraint;
(2) shipping automotive parts in racks by truck when volume is the
dominant constraint; and (3) shipping large rolls of paper in railcars
of varying size with incentive rates when volume is the dominant
constraint.
Manufacturing Strategy as a Competitive Weapon
Authors: Young Steve
Published: May 2006

In today′s highly competitive and fast‐changing business
environment, the manufacturing function must be more highly integrated
into the total company. Successful manufacturers have realised that the
manufacturing function can be made to offer benefits which allow them to
compete more effectively in the marketplace. These benefits, covering
costs, quality and responsiveness, can be derived only by fundamentally
questioning existing practices. It is necessary to develop a
manufacturing strategy which is totally integrated into overall business
strategy and other functional interests must be subordinated to this.
The Size and Growth of the “Unexplained Residual” in OECD Countries
Authors: Thisen Jean K.
Published: May 2006

The hypothesis that the growth in total GNP can also be explained
by other factors than the growth in total inputs (capital and labour)
and their respective productivities is analysed by the use of 1960‐1985
OECD country data. The OLS estimations of the models of embodied and
disembodied technical change in both capital services as measured by the
R&D expenditures and labour productivity as measured by investment
expenditures in education and health showed very significant results.
However, despite the inclusion of these expenditures in the aggregate
production function, GNP growth has not been fully exhausted in all OECD
countries. Indeed, the unexplained residual which was computed for these
countries turned out to be of non‐negligible magnitude and growth. The
assumed non‐factor sources of growth containing the unexplained residual
which may not be associated by the movement along a production function
would include non‐quantifiable political, social and institutional
forces which, in some cases, might interact to speed or adversely delay
growth unless they remain stable or improved.
The Timing of Changes in G and T in the Balanced‐budget Multiplier
Authors: Raiklin Ernest
Published: May 2006

The analysis of the standard balanced‐budget multiplier is based on
the suppositions that the general price level and interest rates are
fixed and that the equal changes in government expenditures and taxes
are autonomous. However, no explicit assumption is made about the timing
of the dynamic adjustments. This article does just this. It concentrates
on the time periods within which government revenues and expenditures
vary either simultaneously or iteratively. It stresses the importance of
the timing “menu” for the makers of fiscal policy in their
pursuit of manipulating the changes in the national product and in the
level of employment.
The Japanese in the Sunshine State: Development or Domination?
Authors: Williams Jeremy B.
Published: May 2006

The volume of Japanese investment in the Queensland tourist
industry in recent years has attracted much public comment, and
accusations of racism have been at the centre of some quite heated
debate. Liberal economists argue that Japanese investment is essential
for the future prosperity of the Queensland economy. This article
challenges that view, and questions the validity of the arguments
traditionally advanced in favour of Japanese involvement in the
Queensland tourist industry. The author then goes on to suggest that all
Australians have the opportunity to benefit from the growth of the
tourism industry, and not just the privileged few. The article concludes
by discussing the prospect of this happening, given existing social,
political and institutional constraints.
The Relevance of Leadership Variables for Performance Appraisal
Authors: Galin Amira
Published: May 2006

A great deal of time and effort is invested by personnel managers
and researchers in minimising performance appraisal errors. Until
recently, these efforts concentrated on improving the design,
implementation and the monitoring of appraisal instruments, producing
only minimal improvement in the accuracy of performance appraisal. The
amount and type of impact that leadership style and other rater
characteristics have on appraisal errors are investigated.
Who Wants Harmonisation? Image and Reality in Single Status Working
Authors: Rowlinson Michael , Hassard John , Forrester Paul
Published: May 2006

New evidence from a British electronics plant on the experience of
a harmonisation programme is presented and questions the generally
accepted favourable image of moves towards single status working. The
presentation is novel in that instead of offering a traditional
literature review followed by the empirical data, the article develops
two forms of case description. The first case is a fictional
“Composite” account derived from previously published
materials in which we have assembled the key themes into a single
narrative to convey an image of harmonisation as it is presented in the
literature. This can then be compared with the more contradictory
experience of harmonisation found during ethnographic research at the
Collaborating Company, where management was more constrained and the
process was not conflict free. The two cases can be read as a contrast
between image and reality which then needs to be explained.