bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Precision and accuracy in quantifying herbivory
Authors: JOHNSON MARC T. J. , BERTRAND JEFFERY A. , TURCOTTE MARTIN M.
Published: November 2015

1. Tissue removal by herbivores (i.e. herbivory) is a dominant interaction in most communities which has important impacts on natural and managed ecosystems. Despite the importance of herbivory, we lack a quantitative comparison of the efficacy of the most commonly used methods used to quantify herbivore damage.

2. We examined the factors that affect the precision and accuracy of visual and digital methods commonly used to quantify damage to leaves.

3. We created 224 digital leaves from four plant species. In a fully factorial design we manipulated leaf morphology and species, the location of damage (marginal or internal), estimation method (exact percentage or 25% bins), observer experience and expectancy bias (i.e., bias due to an expected result). Using 583 adult observers, we estimated the precision and accuracy of individuals' ability to visually estimate known levels of damage. In a third smaller experiment, we performed similar analyses using a digital scanner.

4. Across the first two experiments, individuals estimated damage with high precision (R2 = 0.75 and 0.80) and accuracy (slopeactual vs estimated = 0.88 and 0.86). However, the precision and accuracy of estimates were influenced by plant species, the location of damage, and estimation method. Inexperienced individuals also overestimated low levels of damage, and this bias decreased with experience. Digital methods were precise (R2 = 0.98) whereas accuracy was statistically indistinguishable from visual methods (slope = 0.91).

5. Visual estimates of damage provide the fastest and most cost‐effective method for quantifying herbivory, and our results show they can be precise and accurate. We use our results to provide specific recommendations for future research.
Effects of maternal diet on offspring fitness in the bird cherry‐oat aphid
Authors: HU XIANG‐SHUN , LIU XIAO‐FENG , RIDSDILL‐SMITH THOMAS JAMES , THIEME THOMAS , ZHAO HUI‐YAN , LIU TONG‐XIAN
Published: November 2015

1. Maternal and offspring diet effects on life‐history traits of the bird cherry‐oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi were tested on three wheat varieties. Using nine reciprocal combinations of wheat varieties, the effects of previous experience (maternal diet effect) on the aphid's response to resistant and susceptible varieties (offspring diet effect) were tested. Batis was susceptible, and Xiaoyan22 and Ww2730 were both resistant, but with different mechanisms.

2. Aphids produced the most alatae in the treatments with the most resistant maternal diet variety Xiaoyan22. The fecundity (F) and intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of these alatae were at their greatest in the most resistant offspring diet variety, but these traits were not influenced in the apterae.

3. There were significant interactions in the alatae production and apterae life‐history traits, such as rm, development time, weight gain, and mean relative growth rate, between the maternal and offspring diet varieties. The interactions in apterae responses between varieties, some of which were reciprocal, indicated phenotypic plasticity in these parthenogenetic aphids.

4. Rhopalosiphum padi produced more alatae on the most resistant variety; the alatae would disperse and were more fecund. The growth responses of the apterae showed phenotypic plasticity to the different combinations of maternal and offspring diet varieties. The phenotypic plasticity would allow R. padi to better utilise the variable environments represented by the small wheat plots of different varieties in China.
Nutritional considerations for equine rhabdomyolysis syndrome
Authors: Harris P. A. , Rivero J. L. L.
Published: November 2015

Exertional rhabdomyolysis represents a syndrome of typically recurrent exercise‐associated muscle damage in horses that arises from a variety of aetiologies. Major advances have been made in recent years in our understanding of the pathophysiology of equine rhabdomyolysis syndrome (ERS), and a few specific causative genetic defects have been identified. Despite the fact that there is no single procedure or set of procedures (including diet and management) that can guarantee against further episodes of ERS, appropriate management of susceptible individuals, including nutrition, may help to reduce the likelihood, severity or frequency of future episodes. Whilst the dietary advice can be more specific and targeted for those with a known intrinsic muscle problem, for all affected individuals, regardless of the underlying cause, a balanced diet (which is suitable for the individual), together with a well‐designed exercise programme, should be the initial management target. This paper will briefly review the condition and give general nutrition and management advice.
Review of gastric rupture in the horse
Authors: Dechant J. E. , Winfield L. S.
Published: November 2015

Gastrointestinal rupture is an important cause and complication of equine colic. The stomach is the most commonly affected segment in the gastrointestinal tract involved in gastrointestinal rupture. Gastric rupture can be primary or secondary; however, unless prodromal clinical signs are identified, localised and corrected, the resulting peritoneal contamination with feed, intestinal secretions and bacteria is invariably fatal. Causes for gastric rupture may be known or idiopathic; however, factors that predispose a horse to gastric rupture are poorly understood. Further research is needed to identify underlying causes and pathophysiology of gastric rupture to prevent it from occurring.
Herbage production, nutritive value and animal productivity within hardwood silvopasture, open and mixed pasture systems in Appalachia, United States
Authors: Neel J. P. S. , Belesky D. P.
Published: November 2015

Demand for livestock food products is projected to increase dramatically through to 2050. Increased livestock production capacity on marginal lands will be critical to meeting this demand. A 5‐year research effort was undertaken to evaluate lamb and sward productivity within open and hardwood silvopasture (SP) systems in Appalachia, USA. Grazing began in mid to late April each year, with the grazing season averaging 141 d. Grazing system treatments during 2002 and 2003 grazing seasons were as follows: 100% open pasture (OP), 67% OP and 33% SP, and 67% OP and 33% SP with delayed SP grazing initiation (OSD). In 2004, a 100% SP (SP) system was added. Animals were rotationally stocked through either 6 (2002–2004) or 7 (2005–2006) paddocks. Open pasture produced greater (P < 0·001) grazing season herbage yield, while all systems generated similar animal performance. Based on summer solstice, herbage production in spring was greater (P < 0·001) than summer, except in 2003. Total non‐structural carbohydrate (TNC) content was greater (P < 0·05) in spring than in summer, except in 2004. Animal performance was superior in spring versus summer (P < 0·001). Animal plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) was lower (P < 0·05) for OP in 2003. When PUN was correlated with nutritive value indicators, the ratio of TNC to crude protein (CP) had the strongest correlation. The strong correlation indicates the need for synchronized ruminal energy and CP availability. Development of silvopasture from existing woodlots has potential to improve whole farm productivity on marginal lands.
Effects of converted grassland on Hemiptera assemblages in surrounding rice fields
Authors: Yasuda Mika , Yasuda Tetsuya
Published: November 2015

Establishment of pastures for cattle grazing adjacent to rice crops may increase the abundance of rice pests, because some cultivated grass species are host plants to these insects. In this study, we investigated assemblages of Hemiptera potentially causing pecky rice in paddy fields in Japan, and the effects of converted grasslands on surrounding rice fields. We systematically sampled Hemiptera in five land‐use types, comprising riverside vegetation, rice fields, forage rice paddies, fallow fields and pasture in a fine‐scale agricultural mosaic. We also examined the abundance of the two main rice bug species, in relation to the proportion of pecky rice and distance to pasture. Converted pastures that contained cultivated bahia grass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), had the greatest abundance of three rice bug species; Stenotus rubrovittatus (Matsumura), Trigonotylus caelestialium (Kirkaldy) and Cletus punctiger (Dallas). The percentage of damaged pecky grains was significantly greater in rice fields near pasture (within 200 m) than in those farther away. Our study provides evidence that the main source of rice bugs in agricultural croplands was pasture; and suggests that managing food sources for these insect pests in pastures close to rice paddies could help reduce their detrimental impact on rice crops.
Investigation of bipotent differentiation of hepatoblasts using inducible diphtheria toxin receptor‐transgenic mice
Authors: Yanagida Ayaka , Mizuno Naoak , Yamazaki Yuji , Kato‐Itoh Megumi , Umino Ayumi , Sato Hideyuki , Ito Keiichi , Yamaguchi Tomoyuki , Nakauchi Hiromitsu , Kamiya Akihide
Published: November 2015

Aim

Hepatic progenitor cells, called hepatoblasts, are highly proliferative and exhibit bipotential differentiation into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes in the fetal liver. Thus, they are the ideal source for transplantation therapy. Although several studies have been performed in vitro, the molecular mechanisms regulating hepatoblast differentiation in vivo following transplantation remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate an in vivo model to analyze hepatoblast bipotency and proliferative ability.

Methods

Hepatic transplantation model using Cre‐inducible diphtheria toxin receptor‐transgenic mice (iDTR), and albafpCre mice expressing Cre under the control of albumin and α‐fetoprotein (AFP) regulatory elements were established. Fresh hepatoblasts were transplanted into diphtheria toxin (DT)‐injected iDTRalbafpCre mice and we analyzed their differentiation and proliferation abilities by immunostaining and gene expression profiles.

Results

Fresh hepatoblasts transplanted into DT‐injected iDTRalbafpCre mice engrafted and differentiated into both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. Additionally, the number of engrafted hepatoblast‐derived hepatocytes increased following partial hepatectomy and serial DT injections. Expression levels of hepatic functional genes in transplanted hepatoblast‐derived hepatocytes were similar to that of normal hepatocytes.

Conclusion

In our iDTRalbafpCre transplantation model, fresh hepatoblasts could differentiate into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. In addition, these donor cells were induced to proliferate by the following liver injury stimulation. This result suggests that this model is valuable for investigating hepatoblast differentiation pathways in vivo.
Learning from experience: improving the process of internationally educated nurses' application for registration — a study protocol
Authors: Giblin Cathy , Lemermeyer Gillian , Cummings Greta , Wang Mengzhe , Kwan Jennifer Anne
Published: November 2015

Aim

This study aims to improve the efficiency of the application for registration process for internationally educated nurses seeking licensure to practice.

Background

The licensure and employment of internationally educated nurses has been one strategy to address the global nursing shortage. However, little is known about which application characteristics relate to success in obtaining licensure.

Design

This project uses evidence from a retrospective statistical analysis of four years of internationally educated nurse application data to inform the development and implementation of changes to policies and practices at the College and Association of Registered Nurses of Alberta. Analysis of application data will also be conducted to evaluate the impact of the changes on outcomes and timelines.

Methods

The project encompasses four phases, with funding from Health Canada's Internationally Educated Health Professionals Initiative approved in March 2011. Phase One focuses on a statistical analysis of application data to identify characteristics associated with success in the application process and quantify timelines for the phases of the process. The resulting knowledge will inform Phase Two, the development and implementation of policy and practice changes. Further analysis will be completed in Phase Three, comparing outcomes and timelines between pre‐ and postimplementation data using statistical analyses and exemplar‐based statistics. Phase Four will focus on dissemination and knowledge transfer, potentially leading to further changes.

Discussion

Findings, policy and practice adaptations and implementation evaluation will provide evidence about the internationally educated nurse application for registration process to Registered Nurse regulators, educational institutions, internationally educated nurses, employers and governments.
FEA of Peri‐Implant Stresses in Fixed Partial Denture Prostheses with Cantilevers
Authors: Alencar Suyá Moura Mendes , Nogueira Lorenna Bastos Lima Verde , Leal de Moura Walter , Rubo José Henrique , Saymo de Oliveira Silva Thalisson , Martins Gregorio Antonio Soares , Moura Carmem Dolores Vilarinho Soares
Published: November 2015

Purpose

To compare stresses in the peri‐implant bone produced by fixed partial prostheses with mesial and distal cantilevers, when cemented or screwed onto implants.

Materials and Methods

The experimental design consisted of four 3D models obtained by volumetric computerized tomography and analyzed using finite element analysis (FEA). Stresses were simulated in two stages. Stage 1 consisted of application of the preload. A 288 N load was applied to pillar screws of the cemented prosthesis, resulting in 389 MPa peak; 257 N was applied to the intermediate screw (multi‐unit) resulting in 390 MPa peak; and 111 N was applied to the prosthesis infrastructure screw in the screwed prostheses, resulting in 390 MPa peak. In stage 2, the axial and oblique loads were applied. The axial load consisted of 50 N for molar implants and 30 N for premolar implants. The oblique load (on the buccal slope of the buccal cusp of each crown) consisted of 30 N for premolar implants and 50 N for molar implants, with a buccolingual vector at a 45° angle with the occlusal plane. The response variables were the axial and oblique stresses on the peri‐implant bone, according to the following groups: group 1—models of fixed partial prostheses cemented onto implants with mesial or distal cantilevers; group 2—models of fixed partial denture screwed onto implants with mesial or distal cantilevers. Data were recorded, evaluated, and compared.

Results

Oblique loads produced higher peak values than axial loads, and were located at the bone crest of the implant closest to the cantilever, regardless of the prosthesis type. In the cemented prosthesis models, oblique loads produced the highest peaks in the primary implant region when compared with the screwed prosthesis models.

Conclusion

The screwed fixed prostheses caused less stress on peri‐implant bone regardless of whether the cantilever was located mesially or distally.
Comparison of Rehabilitating Missing Mandibular First Molars with Implant‐ or Tooth‐Supported Prostheses Using Masticatory Efficiency and Patient Satisfaction Outcomes
Authors: Kumar Yogesh , Chand Pooran , Arora Varuni , Singh Saumyendra V. , Mishra Niraj , Alvi Habib A. , Verma Umesh P.
Published: November 2015

Purpose

To determine whether a fixed partial denture (FPD) or an implant replacement of a single missing tooth leads to better masticatory efficiency and patient satisfaction.

Materials and Methods

One‐hundred and twenty participants with missing mandibular right first molars were selected on the basis of predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. After obtaining informed consent, 60 participants were randomized to the teeth‐supported (FPD) group and 60 to the implant placement group (IMP). The study was divided into the following parts: (i) Completion of a Likert scale satisfaction questionnaire (postrehabilitation) by the participants. (ii) Evaluation of masticatory efficiency and performance 3 months after rehabilitation. Data were evaluated by applying t‐test and z‐test using statistical analysis (α ˂ 0.05).

Results

Masticatory efficiency of participants in the IMP and FPD groups was 74.95 ± 0.90% and 74.41 ± 3.35%, respectively (p = 0.607). Total satisfaction questionnaire scores for the two groups were also not significantly different; however, the mean scores of overall satisfaction and function categories in this questionnaire were significantly higher for the IMP group, while the mean score for the duration of treatment question was higher for the FPD group (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

The results of this study suggested that although masticatory performance and efficiency were not statistically different for single teeth replaced with implants or FPDs, patients perceived higher satisfaction with implant restorations; they also preferred the shorter treatment times for rehabilitation in the FPD group.
Rural‐Urban Differences in Costs of End‐of‐Life Care for Elderly Cancer Patients in the United States
Authors: Wang Hongmei , Qiu Fang , Boilesen Eugene , Nayar Preethy , Lander Lina , Watkins Kate , Watanabe‐Galloway Shinobu
Published: November 2015

Purpose

The objective of this study was to examine the rural‐urban differences in Medicare expenditures on end‐of‐life care for elderly cancer patients in the United States.

Methods

We analyzed Medicare claims data for 175,181 elderly adults with lung, colorectal, female breast, or prostate cancer diagnosis who died in 2008. The end‐of‐life costs were quantified as total Medicare expenditures for the last 12 months of care including inpatient, outpatient, physician services, hospice, home health, skilled nursing facilities (SNF), and durable medical expenditure. Linear regression models were used to estimate rural‐urban differences in log‐transformed end‐of‐life costs and logistic regressions were used to estimate probability of service use, adjusting for demographics, socioeconomic status, and comorbidities.

Findings

On average, elderly cancer patients cost Medicare $51,273, $50,274, $62,815, and $50,941 in the last year for breast, prostate, colorectal, and lung cancer, respectively. Rural patients cost Medicare about 10%, 6%, 8%, and 4% less on end‐of‐life care than their urban counterparts for breast, prostate, colorectal, and lung cancer, respectively. Rural cancer patients were less likely to use hospice and home health, more likely to use outpatient and SNF, and they cost Medicare less on inpatient and physician services and more on outpatient care conditional on service use.

Conclusions

The lower Medicare spending on end‐of‐life care for the rural cancer patients suggests disparities based on place of residence. A future study that delineates the source of the rural‐urban difference can help us understand whether it indicates inappropriate level of palliative care and find effective policies to reduce the urban‐rural disparities.
Nickeliferous pyrite tracks pervasive hydrothermal alteration in Martian regolith breccia: A study in NWA 7533
Authors: Lorand Jean‐Pierre , Hewins Roger H. , Remusat Laurent , Zanda Brigitte , Pont Sylvain , Leroux Hugues , Marinova Maya , Jacob Damien , Humayun Munir , Nemchin Alexander , Grange Marion , Kennedy Allen , Göpel Christa
Published: November 2015

Martian regolith breccia NWA 7533 (and the seven paired samples) is unique among Martian meteorites in showing accessory pyrite (up to 1% by weight). Pyrite is a late mineral, crystallized after the final assembly of the breccia. It is present in all of the lithologies, i.e., the fine‐grained matrix (ICM), clast‐laden impact melt rocks (CLIMR), melt spherules, microbasalts, lithic clasts, and mineral clasts, all lacking magmatic sulfides due to degassing. Pyrite crystals show combinations of cubes, truncated cubes, and octahedra. Polycrystalline clusters can reach 200 μm in maximum dimensions. Regardless of their shape, pyrite crystals display evidence of very weak shock metamorphism such as planar features, fracture networks, and disruption into subgrains. The late fracture systems acted as preferential pathways for partial replacement of pyrite by iron oxyhydroxides interpreted as resulting from hot desert terrestrial alteration. The distribution and shape of pyrite crystals argue for growth at moderate to low growth rate from just‐saturated near neutral (6 < pH<10), H2S‐HS‐rich fluids at minimum log fO2 of >FMQ + 2 log units. It is inferred from the maximum Ni contents (4.5 wt%) that pyrite started crystallizing at 400–500 °C, during or shortly after a short‐duration, relatively low temperature, thermal event that lithified and sintered the regolith breccias, 1.4 Ga ago as deduced from disturbance in several isotope systematics.
Different pathogenicities of Rice stripe virus from the insect vector and from viruliferous plants
Authors: Zhao Wan , Yang Pengcheng , Kang Le , Cui Feng
Published: November 2015

Persistent plant viruses usually depend on insects for their transmission; they cannot be transmitted between plants or through mechanical inoculation. However, the mechanism by which persistent viruses become pathogenic in insect vectors remains unknown. In this study, we used Rice stripe virus (RSV), its insect vector Laodelphax striatellus and host plant (Oryza sativa) to explore how persistent viruses acquire pathogenicity from insect vectors.

RSV acquired phytopathogenicity in both the alimentary tract and the salivary gland of L. striatellus.

We mechanically inoculated RSV into rice O. sativa leaves through midrib microinjection. Insect‐derived RSV induced a typical stripe symptom, whereas plant‐derived RSV only produced chlorosis in rice leaves. Insect‐derived RSV had higher expression of genes rdrp, ns2, nsvc2, sp and nsvc4 than plant‐derived RSV, and the latter had higher expression of genes cp and ns3 than the former in rice leaves. Different from plant‐derived RSV, insect‐derived RSV damaged grana stacks within the chloroplast and inhibited photosynthesis by suppressing the photosystem II subunit psbp.

This study not only presented a convenient method to mechanically inoculate RSV into plants, but also provided insights into the different pathogenic mechanisms of RSV from the insect vector and from viruliferous plants.
Essence and Possibility in the Leibniz‐Arnauld Correspondence
Authors: Stencil Eric
Published: November 2015

In the 1680s, Gottfried Leibniz and Antoine Arnauld engaged in a philosophically rich correspondence. One issue they discuss is modal metaphysics – questions concerning necessity, possibility, and essence. While Arnauld's contributions to the correspondence are considered generally astute, his contributions on this issue have not always received a warm treatment. I argue that Arnauld's criticisms of Leibniz are sophisticated and that Arnauld offers his own Cartesian account in its place. In particular, I argue that Arnauld offers an account of possibility that is actualist (only actual things exist),modalactualist (modality is irreducible) and essence‐based (essences groundde recounterfactuals).
Measuring what counts: Development of a new four‐category measure of adult attachment
Authors: SCHARFE ELAINE
Published: November 2015

Measurement issues have plagued attachment research over the past 30 years. Concerns range from limitations of the original paragraph measure (C. Hazan & P. R. Shaver, 1987), low reliability of continuous scales of Bartholomew's 4‐category measure, limited interpretation of the 2 dimensions of the Experience of Close Relationships and the Experience of Close Relationships‐Revised (ECR/ECR‐R; K. A. Brennan, C. L. Clark, & P. R. Shaver, 1998; R. C. Fraley, N. G. Waller, & K. A. Brennan, 2000), and time‐consuming coding of attachment interviews. In this article, a revision of the Relationship Scales Questionnaire (RSQ) is introduced. The new 4‐category scales were found to have improved internal consistency when compared with the original RSQ scales as well as moderate to high test–retest reliability and good construct validity, thereby providing an alternative measure for researchers who are interested in assessing the effects of the 4‐category model of attachment.
A Wittgensteinian Role‐Based Account of Assertion
Authors: Milić Ivan , Reining Stefan
Published: November 2015

According to an “orthodox” reading proposed by Dummett and more recently endorsed by Lugg and Price, the later Wittgenstein rejects the idea of grouping together certain utterances as a single class of assertions. We offer an alternative commentary on the Philosophical Investigations §§21–24, developing what we call a Wittgensteinian role‐based account of assertion. We then examine whether this role‐based account can solve the problem of on‐stage utterances. In the course of this, the merits of the account are shown and compared to an alternative proposal offered by Searle.
Exercise test using dry air in random adolescents: Temporal profile and predictors of bronchoconstriction
Authors: Johansson Henrik , Norlander Katarina , Alving Kjell , Hedenström Hans , Janson Christer , Malinovschi Andrei , Nordang Leif , Emtner Margareta
Published: November 2015

Background and objective

Guidelines recommend exercise tests using dry air to diagnose exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction (EIB). Lung function changes subsequent to these tests have not been investigated in a general adolescent population, and it remains unknown whether signs of airway inflammation, measured using exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), can predict a positive response. The aim of this study was to investigate the temporal aspect of decline in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) after an exercise test using dry air, and to investigate predictors of EIB.

Methods

From a cross‐sectional study on adolescents aged 13–15 years (n = 3838), a random subsample of 146 adolescents (99 with and 47 without self‐reported exercise‐induced dyspnoea) underwent standardized treadmill exercise tests for EIB while breathing dry air.

Results

Of the adolescents, 34% had a positive EIB test (decline of ≥10% in FEV1 from baseline) within 30 min. Of the subjects with EIB, 53% showed the greatest decline in FEV1 at 5 to 10 min (mean decline 18.5%), and the remaining 47% of the subjects showed the greatest decline at 15 to 30 min (mean decline 18.9%) after exercise. Increased FeNO (>20 ppb), female gender and self‐reported exercise‐induced dyspnoea were independently associated with a positive EIB test.

Conclusion

When assessing general adolescents for EIB with exercise test using dry air, there is a temporal variation in the greatest FEV1 decline after exercise. Therefore, lung function should be measured for at least 30 min after the exercise. Increased FeNO, female gender and self‐reported exercise‐induced dyspnoea can be predictors of a positive EIB test.
Do anti‐viral neutrophil responses exacerbate lung inflammation in asthma?
Authors: Vlahos Ross , Bozinovski Steven
Published: November 2015

See article, page 172
Coupled Nonlinear Schrödinger Equations with a Gauge Potential: Existence and Blowup
Authors: Dias João‐Paulo , Figueira Mário , Konotop Vladimir V.
Published: November 2015

We study solutions of the Cauchy problem for nonlinear Schrödinger system in with nonlinear coupling and linear coupling modeling synthetic magnetic field in spin‐orbit coupled Bose–Einstein condensates. Three main results are presented: a proof of the local existence, a proof of the sufficient condition for the blowup result in finite time for some solutions, and the persistence of the nonlinear dynamics in the limit where the spin‐orbit coupling converges to zero.
Envy and Altruism: Contrasting Bivariate and Univariate Prospect Preferences
Authors: Kaplanski Guy , Levy Haim
Published: November 2015

We compare prospect ordering with and without envy and altruism. We find that envy can induce a violation of the univariate first‐degree stochastic dominance (FSD), and thus a violation of the classic expected utility monotonicity axiom. Surprisingly, altruism can also violate FSD preferences. The intuitive explanation of the result in the case of altruism hinges on the sign of the mixed derivative of the bivariate preference: the individual might prefer a certain correlation between her wealth and her peer group's wealth, and is therefore willing to violate FSD as long as the outcomes of the two parties are ordered according to her preferences. When investments are considered, envy and altruism can distort not only preferences but also actual choices.
The potential for N2O emission and nitrate leaching in seasonally open solar greenhouses during the summer fallow: a 15N tracer study
Authors: Liu J. S. , Qiu W. H.
Published: November 2015

The mechanisms responsible for nitrous oxide (N2O) emission and the potential for nitrate leaching under seasonally open solar greenhouses were investigated in a nitrogen‐15 (15N) tracer study during the summer fallow period in Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China. 15N‐labelled urea and KNO3 were applied at 30 (U1, K1) and 60 (U2, K2) kg N/ha, respectively, to microplots in a solar greenhouse after harvest of tomatoes. Large N2O emissions resulted from each treatment, with a total N2O flux of 482, 1481, 2283, 656 and 991 g N/ha for control (CK), U1, U2, K1 and K2, respectively, were primarily observed during the first month of the summer fallow period, reflecting the combination of considerable residual nitrate, soil organic matter and rainfall. The total 15N‐N2O flux was 35.2, 37.2, 7.9 and 11.2 g N/ha for U1, U2, K1 and K2, respectively, accounting for 0.54, 0.40, 0.17 and 0.12% of the applied N, suggesting that both nitrification and denitrification contributed to the enhanced N2O emission. After 2 months of fallow, only 52.08–54.78% of applied 15N remained in the top 0–40 cm soil layer, where there was the main concentration of tomato roots. Of the total 15N‐labelled KNO3 applied, 86.76% (K1) and 82.06% (K2) remained in the 0–100 cm soil layers and the rest of the N (about 13.07% for K1 and 17.82% for K2, calculated by subtracting 15N‐N2O loss and 15N remaining in the 0–100 cm soil layers from the total applied 15N) leached below 100 cm. Solar greenhouses in north‐west China clearly have great potential for both N2O emission and nitrate leaching during the summer fallow period.
Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus Type‐1 by fresh‐frozen plasma treated with methylene blue and light
Authors: Álvarez Manuel , Luis‐Hidalgo Mar , Bracho María Alma , Blanquer Amando , Larrea Luis , Villalba José , Puig Nieves , Planelles Dolores , Montoro José , González‐Candelas Fernando , Roig Roberto
Published: November 2015

BACKGROUND

The risk of transfusion‐transmitted infection (TTI) has been minimized by introduction of nucleic acid testing (NAT) and pathogen inactivation (PI). This case report describes transmission of human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 (HIV‐1) to two recipients despite these measures.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

In March 2009 a possible TTI of HIV‐1 was identified in a patient that had received pooled buffy coat platelet concentrate (BC‐PLT) in November 2005. The subsequent lookback study found two more patients who had received methylene blue (MB)‐treated fresh‐frozen plasma (FFP) and red blood cells (RBCs) from the same donation. In November 2005 the donor had tested negative for both HIV antibodies and HIV‐1 RNA by 44 minipool (44 MP) NAT. Repository samples of this donation and samples from the recipients were used for viral load (VL) and sequence analysis.

RESULTS

HIV‐1 RNA was detectable by individual donation (ID)‐NAT in the repository sample from the 2005 window period donation and a VL of 135 copies/mL was measured. HIV‐1 infection was confirmed in both recipients of both BC‐PLT (65 mL of plasma) and MB‐FFP (261 mL of plasma), but not in the patient that had received 4‐week‐old RBCs (20 mL of plasma). The sequence analysis revealed a close phylogenetic relationship between the virus strains isolated from the donor and recipients, compatible with TTI.

CONCLUSIONS

Approximately 17,600 and 4400 virions in the MB‐FFP and BC‐PLT were infectious, but 1350 virions in the RBCs were not. ID‐NAT would have prevented this transmission, but the combination of MP‐NAT and MB‐PI did not.
Delayed clamping of the umbilical cord after delivery and implications for public cord blood banking
Authors: Allan David S. , Scrivens Nicholas , Lawless Tiffany , Mostert Karen , Oppenheimer Lawrence , Walker Mark , Petraszko Tanya , Elmoazzen Heidi
Published: November 2015

BACKGROUND

Public banking of umbilical cord blood units (CBUs) containing higher numbers of cells ensures timely engraftment after transplantation for increasing numbers of patients. Delayed clamping of the umbilical cord after birth may benefit some infants by preventing iron deficiency. Implications of delayed cord clamping for public cord blood banking remains unclear.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

CBUs collected by Canadian Blood Services at one collection site between November 1, 2014, and March 17, 2015, were analyzed. The delay in cord clamping after birth was timed and classified as “no delay,” 20 to 60 seconds, more than 60 seconds, or more than 120 seconds.

RESULTS

Of 367 collections, 100 reported no delay in clamping while clamping was delayed by 20 to 60 seconds (n = 69), more than 60 seconds (n = 98), or more than 120 seconds (n = 100) in the remaining cases. The mean volume and total nucleated cells (TNCs) in units with no delay in clamping were significantly greater than mean volumes for all categories of delayed clamping (Tukey's test, p < 0.05 for each comparison). The proportion of units with more than 1.5 × 109 TNCs was significantly reduced when clamping was delayed (p = 5.5 × 10−8). The difference was most marked for cords that were clamped more than 120 seconds after delivery (6.2% compared with 39%).

CONCLUSIONS

Delayed cord clamping greatly diminishes the volume and TNC count of units collected for a public cord blood bank. Creating an inventory of CBUs with high TNC content may take more time than expected.
Regionalism in Services: A Study of ASEAN
Authors: Gootiiz Batshur , Mattoo Aaditya
Published: November 2015

Can regionalism do what multilateralism has so far failed to do – promote greater openness of services markets? While previous research has pointed to the wider and deeper legal commitments under regional agreements as proof that it can, no previous study has assessed the impact of such agreements on applied policies. This paper focuses on the ASEAN region, where regional integration of services markets has been linked to the thriving regional supply chains. Drawing upon surveys in 2008 and 2012 of applied policies in the key services sectors of ASEAN countries, we assess the impact of the ASEAN Framework Agreement on Services (AFAS) and the ambitious ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint, which envisages integrated services markets by 2015. We find that ASEAN is not integrating faster internally than vis‐à‐vis the rest of the world: policies applied to trade with other ASEAN countries are virtually the same as those applied to trade with rest of the world. Moreover, the recent commitments scheduled under AFAS have not produced significant liberalisation and, in a few instances, services trade policy has actually become more restrictive. The two exceptions are in areas that are not on the multilateral negotiating agenda: steps have been taken towards creating regional open skies in air transport, and a few mutual recognition agreements have been negotiated in professional services. These findings suggest that regional negotiations add most value when focused on areas that are not being addressed multilaterally.
Banking Soundness Indicators and Sovereign Risk in Time of Crisis: The Case of the European Union
Authors: Parrado‐Martínez Purificación , Partal‐Ureña Antonio , Gómez Fernández‐Aguado Pilar
Published: November 2015

This study examines the impact of the soundness of the banking sector on sovereign risk of EU member countries during the financial crisis using a selection of financial soundness indicators (FSIs) and the sovereign ratings of the three main rating agencies. Unlike previous literature that typically focuses on the ability of FSIs to foresee banking crises, we estimate ordered response models to assess the power of these indicators to explain sovereign risk. Our results show that evaluations made by the rating agencies are related to the lagged values of core FSIs such that an improvement in these indicators leads to improvements in upcoming sovereign ratings. Hence, reinforced banking soundness would reduce the sovereign risk. Accordingly, governments, supervisors and central banks should pay close attention to the evolution of certain FSIs related to the banking sector, in addition to other variables that have traditionally been taken into account in analysing sovereign risk.
Retrospective cohort study on the incidence of acute kidney injury and death following hydroxyethyl starch (HES 10% 250/0.5/5:1) administration in dogs (2007–2010)
Authors: Hayes Galina , Benedicenti Leontine , Mathews Karol
Published: November 2015

Objective

To determine the incidence of in‐hospital adverse outcomes including acute kidney injury (AKI) and death in a population of dogs admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) receiving 10% hydroxyethyl starch (HES) [250/0.5/5:1] compared with the general ICU population, while controlling for illness severity.

Design

Cohort study conducted between January 2007 and March 2010.

Setting

Veterinary teaching hospital.

Animals

Consecutive sample of dogs receiving HES (n = 180) were compared with a randomly selected sample of dogs (n = 242) admitted to the ICU over the same period.

Interventions

None

Measurements and Main Results

AKI was defined as an at least 2‐fold increase in baseline creatinine concentration or new onset of oliguria/anuria persisting for ≥12 hours. The primary outcome was a composite of in‐hospital death or AKI. Unadjusted and adjusted analysis controlling for illness severity using the acute patient physiologic and laboratory evaluation (APPLEfast) score and other confounders was performed. HES was administered either as incremental boluses (median dose 8.2 mL/kg/day, interquartile range [IQR] 5.0–11.3 mL/kg/day) or as a continuous rate infusion (CRI; median dose 26mL/kg/day, IQR 24.0–48 mL/kg/day). In unadjusted analysis, HES administration was associated with increased risk of mortality (odds ratio [OR] = 2.33, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.51–3.58, P < 0.001) or AKI (OR = 3.87, 95% CI = 1.21–12.37, P = 0.02). In an adjusted analysis after controlling for illness severity, admission type, and concurrent administration of blood products, HES administration remained an independent risk factor for the composite adverse outcome (OR = 1.98, 95% CI = 1.22–3.22, P = 0.005), with a number needed to harm (NNH) = 6 (95% CI = 4–23).

Conclusions

HES therapy is associated with increased risk of an adverse outcome including death or AKI in dogs. A randomized controlled trial investigating the safety of HES therapy in canine patients is warranted.
Unilateral renal ischaemia in rats induces a rapid secretion of inflammatory markers to renal lymph and increased capillary permeability
Authors: Bivol Liliana Monica , Iversen Bjarne Magnus , Hultström Michael , Wallace Paal William , Reed Rolf Kåre , Wiig Helge , Tenstad Olav
Published: November 2015

Key points

Transient reduction in renal blood flow results in inflammation and is a primary cause of acute kidney injury, thereby representing a major clinical problem.

It is not known whether the inflammatory reaction is local only or part of a systemic response.

We accessed the renal microenvironment through isolation of lymph and were in this way able to investigate whether the inflammatory reaction is local or systemic.

Transient ischaemia followed by reperfusion resulted in a rapid production of inflammatory mediators locally in the renal interstitium.

We moreover showed that the injury response affected the glomerular as well as the non‐glomerular barrier and resulted in a reduced size and charge selectivity of the glomerular capillaries.

A better understanding of the inflammatory process associated with renal ischaemia–reperfusion (IR) injury may be clinically important. In this study we examined the role of the kidney in production of inflammatory mediators by analysing renal lymph after 30 min unilateral occlusion of renal artery followed by 120 min reperfusion, as well as the effect of IR on size selectivity for proteins in both glomerular and peritubular capillaries. All measured mediators increased dramatically in renal hilar lymph, plasma and renal cortical tissue samples and returned to control levels after 120 min reperfusion. The responses were differentiated; interleukin‐1β, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 and leptin were markedly increased in plasma before reperfusion, reflecting an extrarenal response possibly induced by afferent renal nerve activity from the ischaemic kidney. Tumour necrosis factor‐α  was the only mediator showing elevated lymph‐to‐plasma ratio following 30 min reperfusion, indicating that most cytokines were released directly into the bloodstream. The IR‐induced rise in cytokine levels was paralleled by a significant increase in high molecular weight plasma proteins in both lymph and urine. The latter was shown as a 14‐ to 166‐fold increase in glomerular sieving coefficient of plasma proteins assessed by a novel proteomic approach, and indicated a temporarily reduced size selectivity of both glomerular and peritubular capillaries. Collectively, our data suggest that cytokines from the ischaemic kidney explain most of the rise in plasma concentration, and that the locally produced substances enter the systemic circulation through transport directly to plasma and not via the interstitium to lymph.
Improvements on the Numerical Analysis of the Coupled Extensional–Torsional Response of a Flexible Pipe
Authors: Muñoz Héctor E. M. , de Sousa José R. M. , Magluta Carlos , Roitman Ney
Published: November 2015

In this paper, the coupled extensional–torsional behavior of a 4 in. flexible pipe is studied. The pipe is subjected to pure tension and two different boundary conditions are considered: ends free and prevented from axially rotating. The response of the pipe is predicted with a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element (FE) model. Some aspects of the obtained results are discussed, such as the effect of restraining the axial rotation at the extreme sections of the model; the effect of friction or adhesion between the layers of the pipe on the induced axial rotation (or torque) and elongation; and the reduction to simple plane behavior usually assumed by analytical models. The numerical results are compared to the ones measured in experimental tests. Reasonable agreement is observed between all results pointing out that the analyzed pipe is torque balanced and that friction mainly affects the axial twist induced by the applied tension. Moreover, the cross sections of the pipe remain straight with the imposed load, but different axial rotations are found in each layer.
Wall Shear Stress Generated by Aqueous Flowing Foam
Authors: Chovet Rogelio , Aloui Fethi , Keirsbulck Laurent
Published: November 2015

Aqueous foam flow over horizontal channels present significant pressure losses originated by the wall shear stress. Understanding this phenomenon is of paramount importance for the oil, food and cosmetic industries. In this study, we validate the use of the innovative polarographic method, used to measure the wall shear stress. It measures an oxy-reduction reaction controlled by the convection and diffusion phenomenon. The most reliable way of obtaining the wall shear stress is through the pressure losses. They allow obtaining the pressure gradient along the length of the channel, which can be related to an averaged wall shear stress. These measurement techniques were applied over a horizontal foam flow enclosed in a square duct of section 21 × 21 mm2; with a velocity of 2, 4 and 6 cm/s; and a void fraction of 70%. Results validate the use of the polarographic method to obtain the wall shear stress produced by foam flow inside a channel.
PIV Investigation of Couette-Taylor Flows With Axial Flows
Authors: Berrich Emna , Aloui Fethi , Legrand Jack
Published: November 2015

The Couette Taylor flows CTF strongly depend on geometrical characteristics of CT systems radio and aspect ratios. The superposition of axial flow may accentuate this dependence. Previous studies carried with relatively small radial and/or aspect ratios [1–3] or relatively low Taylor numbers (or rotational Reynolds number ReΩ) and/or low axial flux rates (exp. [4]: ReΩ < 50 and Reax < 400; [1] : Reax < 4), or limited to analytical approaches or numerical simulations adopting simplified hypothesis and assumptions. In order to complete information obtained for vortices characterization for relatively “high” Taylor numbers (303 ≤Ta≤ 1212) and relatively “high” axial Reynolds numbers (Reax ≤107), for relatively “big” CTS with a radial ratio η = Rint/Rout = 0.855 and an aspect ratio Γ= H/d = 31.03 (where H is the CTS height and d = (Rout – Rint) is the gap thickness), we realized a quantitative experimental study using standard and speed Velocimetry per Image of Particles (PIV) technique. The vortex structures for CTF with and without an “ascending” axial flow, according to the “direct protocol” i.e. The axial flow is superposed to an initial fully developed rotational flow were studied [5]. The vortex direction strongly depends on protocol history. The cartographies of velocity components are illustrated. The results mainly concern axial and radial velocity components. The cartographies of the vorticity ω, and the detection criteria Q and Γ2 are presented and discussed. The alternating between positive and negative values of axial velocity component characterizes the presence of contrarotating vortices. This allows determining the axial wavelengths (λ) for WTVF and MWTVF with and without axial flows. A same axial flow can have a stabilizing effect for a regime flow and a destabilizing effect for another. It enhanced the overlapping, the stretching, the folding or the breaking of vortices. From WTVF to MWTVF to TN, we illustrated that the vortices mixing is enhanced when the Taylor number increases due to vortices stretching and folding.
Application of an Integrated Flow and DBD Plasma Actuation Model to a High-Lift Airfoil: Part II — LES
Authors: Aram Shawn , Shan Hua , Lee Yu-Tai
Published: November 2015

A numerical study is conducted to explore the effect of a single dielectric barrier discharge (SDBD) plasma actuator for controlling a turbulent boundary layer separation on a deflected flap of a high-lift airfoil at a chord-based Reynolds number of 240000. An integrated numerical model consisting of a DBD electro-hydrodynamic (EHD) body force model and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) package called NavyFoam is employed in this study. The EHD body force is calculated by solving the Partial Deferential Equation (PDE)-based electrostatic equations for electric potential due to applied voltage and net charged density due to ionized air. The electric potential equation, the net charge density equation, and the flow equations are solved in separate computational domains.

Comparison of current computational results against experimental data indicates reasonable agreement between the two studies for the baseline flow as well as controlled cases using two AC waveforms including sine and pulse-amplitude-modulated sine with different modulation frequencies. Performance of the actuator is also examined for the square and pulse AC waveforms.

It is found that at the experimental conditions, the pulse-amplitude-modulated sine waveform provides the most lift enhancement in comparison with other waveforms used in this study, despite the least power input that it requires to operate.

The effect of the input voltage amplitude on the performance of the actuator is also examined for the sine and pulse-amplitude-modulated sine waveforms. It is shown that beyond a critical voltage, the sine wave is more effective in improving the aerodynamic performance of the airfoil than the other waveform.