bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical Experience With Patient Administered Subcutaneous Dihydroergotamine Mesylate in Refractory Headaches
Authors: Klapper J. A. , Stanton J.
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

This study examines the practicality and efficacy of dihydroergotamine mesylate (DHE) when self‐administered sub‐cutaneously in a population of refectory headache patients. Forty‐three patients with chronic daily headache or migraine headache without aura, who had been taught self‐injection of DHE either through the Raskin Protocol or in an outpatient headache clinic, were contacted by telephone and administered a questionnaire regarding usage and results from DHE injection. Ninety‐two percent of patients could successfully administer DHE. Forty‐six percent of patients experienced 90% or greater relief of pain and the majority of patients (77%) had greater than 50% relief. Emergency room use was decreased in 83% and 80% preferred DHE to their previous therapy. While side effects were common (79%), only four patients (9%) stopped DHE for this reason. No convincing evidence for the development of rebound headaches due to DHE was found in this sample.
Abortive Migraine Therapy With Oral Naproxen Sodium Plus Metoclopramide Plus Ergotamine Tartrate With Caffeine
Authors: Saadah Hanna A.
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

The oral tablet combination, (550 mgs. of naproxen sodium plus 10 mgs. of metoclopramide plus 1 mg. of ergotamine tartrate plus 100 mgs. of caffeine), was retrospectively studied in 63 patients who used it to abort migraine headaches. On the average, 84% of the headaches were totally aborted; minor side effects occurred in 40% of the patients, and 87% of the patients considered the combination superior to all prior treatments.
Fluoxetine Prophylaxis of Migraine
Authors: Adly Camran , Straumanis John , Chesson Andrew
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

Many patients with severe migraine remain refractory to the current treatment regimens or cannot tolerate the side effects. Since current research implicates serotonin dysregulation in migraine pethogenesis, we investigated in a double blind, placebo controlled study the prophylactic effect of the serotonergic drug fluoxatine. Sixteen subjects were randomly assigned to 8 week fluoxatine treatment and 16 to the placebo group; nine subjects in each group completed the study. Migraine headache scores were obtained for two weeks prior to commencement of treatment, and then for each successive two week period, Zung depression scores were obtained before and after completion of the study. Fluoxetine caused significant reduction in headache scores starting with weeks 3‐4 of treatment; there was no significant change with placebo. Depression scores did not differ between groups before treatment, and did not significantly change with either treatment. Fluoxetine appears to be a safe and effective drug for migraine prophylaxis, and deserves further therapeutic trials with larger groups for longer periods of time.
Phenelzine Therapy for Headache Patients With Concomitant Depression and Anxiety
Authors: Turkewitz L. Jay , Casaly Joseph S. , Dawson Gregory A. , Wirth Oliver
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

Eleven patients with refractory chronic daily headache, associated depression, and generalized anxiety were treated with phenelzine. Ten patients (91%) had a greater than or equal to 50% improvement in headache frequency, seven (64%) had a similar degree of improvement in mood and headache intensity or activity level.Orthostatic hypotension was the most common side effect and necessitated discontinuation of therapy in two patients. One patient suffered a hypertensive crisis which was easily managed and caused no permanent sequelae. Based on these preliminary results, we conclude that phenelzine is effective in the treatment of chronicdaily headache with associated depression and anxiety, but further investigations are needed to determine if thereis selective efficacy of phenelzine for this subgroup of patients.
Medication Use and Disability Among Migraineurs: A National Probability Sample Survey
Authors: Celentano David D. , Stewart Walter F. , Lipton Richard B. , Reed Michael L.
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

Objective: To measure the use of prescription medication in treating migraine headache and the associations betweenmedication use and sociodemographic factors, and headache characteristics.

Design: National sample survey using a mailed questionnaire to determine symptoms accompanying or preceding severe headaches; frequency, duration, and disability from severe attacks: use of medications to control pain; and medical‐care use for severe headaches.

Setting: A stratified sample of United States households.

Patients: A sample of 20,468 respondents, aged 12 to 80 years, who responded to a survey on “severe” headaches during the prior year.

Measurements and Main Results: Overall, 20.2% of respondants reported severe headaches. Migraine was found in 17.6% of females and 5.7% of males. Of the migraineurs, 40.1% of female and 28.3% of male migraineurs reported using prescription drugs to control pain. Blacks were less likely then whites to report prescription use. Insignificant differences were seen in rates of prescription use among various income levels and regions of the country. Use of prescription medication varied considerably by symptoms and characteristics of migraine attacks. Vomiting and sensory aura were most frequently associated with medication use, as were severity and duration of attacks. Use of urgent‐care services for severe headache attacks was associated with frequent use of prescription medications. Patients who reported a physician diagnosis of migraine were more likely to use prescription medication than other migraineurs.

Conclusions: Most migraineurs in the United States are not being treated with prescription medications. Many active migraine patients would benefit from appropriate treatment if care was sought and diagnosis made.
Flunarizine Is Effective in Prophylaxis of Headache Associated With Scleroderma
Authors: Mazagri Rida , Shuaib Ashfaq
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

Migraine‐like headaches may occasionally be seen in patients with scleroderma. The mechanism of these headaches is not well established but may be secondary to central "Raynaud's phenomenon". We report a patient with such headaches that responded dramatically to the centrally acting calcium channel blocker, flunarizine. We suggest that flunarizine should be considered in the management of patients with scleroderma and migraine‐like headaches.
Depression in Adolescent Headache Patients
Authors: Kaiser Ronald S.
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

A study of 28 patients aged between 13–18 years with chronic daily headache revealed that 86% of them were diagnosed as depressed based upon psychological evaluation. Instruments that were best able to evaluate depression in this population were Identified. These tended to be more projective in nature since teenagers typically did not readily admit to being depressed. A treatment model utilizing antidepressant medication prophylactically, biofeedback, and psyche‐therapy is proposed in order to alleviate depression and help achieve normal functioning as quickly as possible.
Short‐lasting, Unilateral, Neuralgiform Headache Attacks with Conjunctival Injection and Tearing (SUNCT Syndrome): IV. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia during and outside paroxysms
Authors: Kruszewski Piotr , Sand Trond , Shen Jie Ming , Sjaastad Ottar
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

SUNCT is a headache syndrome characterized by short‐lasting (usually 15‐120 sec), unilateral head pain paroxysms localized in the peri‐ocular area, accompanied by conjunctival injection, lacrimation, nasal stuffiness, rhinorrhea, and subclinical forehead sweating, all on the symptomatic side. A relative bradycardia seems to be an integral part of the paroxysm; a parasympathetic stimulation could theoretically be the causative factor for the bradycardia. In 3 SUNCT patients, vagal nerve function (E:I ratio) has been monitored outside and during pain paroxysms, while 3 other patients could be studied in the attack‐free period only. E:I ratio is obtainable in the course of a maximally deep breath and represents the ratio of the longest R‐R Interval during a 5 sec long expiration to the shortest R‐R interval during a 5 sec long inspiration. The mean E:I ratio of SUNCT patients outside paroxysms was significantly higher than the mean E:I ratio in an aged‐matched control group. The E:I ratio was, however, significantly decreased during paroxysms in comparison with ratios obtained outside the pain paroxysms. After 0.6 mg atropine administration s.c. to one of the patients in the symptomatic phase, the heart rate increased, and the relative bradycardia during headache paroxysm was diminished (but not completely abolished). The E:I ratio was lowered but it was still slightly larger outside than during attacks. The reason for the abrupt and seemingly clear attack‐related decrement in E:I ratio together with the previously described relative bradycardia remains enigmatic, however the possibility of increased parasympathetic tone cannot be excluded.
SUNCT may be Another Manifestation of Orbital Venous Vasculitis
Authors: Hannerz Jan , Greitz Dan , Hansson Per , Ericson Kaj
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

A patient with more than 20 years of SUNCT, i.e., Iong lasting periods with frequent attacks of intense orbital pain with a duration of about one minute, associated with ipsilateral conjunctival injection, lacrimation, rhinorrhea and facial sweating is described. Some attacks were possibly related to increased cerebral blood flow but could also be triggered from the oral area. Orbital phlebography showed pathologic changes on the side of the pain, changes which were normalized when the attacks ceased to appear. Due to these findings in conjunction with serum evidence of inflammation, associated systemic symptoms and susceptibility to steroids and azathioprine, venous vasculitis is suggested to be the cause of SUNCT in this patient. Carbamazepine and sumatriptan decreased the frequency, intensity and duration of attacks, although not completely.
Low Dose Flunarizine in the Prophylaxis of Migraine
Authors: Bassi P. , Brunati L. , Rapuzzi B. , Alberti E. , Mangoni A.
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

In a period of one year (1990) we selected 40 patients suffering from migraine. For an open randomized study there were 2 groups of patients: the first were treated with 10 mg of flunarizine per day and the second with 3 mg per day. The patients were treated for 4 months consecutively.

There were 11 drop outs (27.5%): nine for poor compliance and 2 due to side effects. The efficacy of flunarizine in the prophylaxis of migraine was essentially identical in the two dosage groups while the incidence of side effects was considerably reduced in the patients treated with the lower dose.
Evaluation and Emergency Treatment of Headache
Authors: Silberstein Stephen D.
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

Headache is a common complaint in patients presenting to the emergency department. Most such headache are benign, but some have a more severe organic cause. Occasionally, patients present with a chronic headache disorder with which they can no longer cope. The new International Headache Society Classification of Headache is reviewed along with the differential diagnosis of benign headache disorders. Headache diagnosis by history is examined in detail followed by a discussion of the emergency presentation of headache patients. Causes for concern are presented, along with a detailed discussion of differential diagnosis, Including subarachnoid hemorrhage, meningitis, sinusitis, glaucoma, internal carotid artery dissection, and cerebro‐vascular disease. Also discussed are medications used for the symptomatic treatment of headache, including analgesics, NSAIDs, narcotics, end ergotamine preparations. Approaches to the treatment of the severe, persistent headache in the emergency department are outlined and treatment options suggested. Headache medication overuse is discussed and guidelines are presented to recognize the condition and prevent its recurrence.
Great Auricular Neuralgia
Authors: Blumenthal Harvey J.
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

An unusual neuralgia of the great auricular nerve resulting from a skin incision to Insert a cardiac pacemaker is described. The anatomy and presumed pathophysiology are discussed.
Chronic Daily Headache: Long‐Term Prognosis Following Inpatient Treatment With Repetitive IV DHE
Authors: Silberstein Stephen D. , Silberstein Joshua R.
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

We retrospectively studied the long‐term (2‐year) outcome of 50 consecutive patients admitted to our inpatient headache program because of chronic daily headache (CDH) associated with the overuse of analgesics, ergotamine, or both. They had been detoxified, given repetitive intravenous dihydroergotamine (IVDHE) and prophylactic medications as part of the program, and had become headache‐free on this regimen. At the time of admission, 37 of the 50 patients had transformed migraine (TM), 12 had new daily persistent headache (NDPH), and 1 had chronic tension‐type headache; 29 of the patients with TM, 7 of those with NDPH, and the single patient with chronic tension‐type headache had coexistent migraine. Substances abused, alone or in combination, included: caffeine in 39 patients (av. 441 mg/d), acetaminophen in 32 (av. 2187 mg/d), aspirin in 24 (av. 1807 mg/d), ibuprofen in 9 (av. 1156 mg/d), narcotics in 7 (av. 10.1 mg morphine equivalents/d) and ergotamine in 11 (av. 2.3 mg/d). Twenty patients were using preventive medication at the time of admission. Follow‐up evaluations were performed at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after discharge. Forty‐three patients were analyzed at 3 months. Of these, 44% had an excellent or good result and 28% a fair result; 3 were overusing analgesics. At 24 months, 39 patients were analyzed: 59% had a good or excellent result and 28% a fair result; 5 were overusing analgesics, 4 of whom were doing poorly.

We conclude that most patients (87%) detoxified from analgesic/ergotamine overuse as part of an inpatient treatment program using repetitive IV DHE continue to do well over the long term, as demonstrated by the findings obtained during 2 years of follow‐up.
5‐HT 2 Serotonin Receptor on Blood Platelet of Migraine Patients
Authors: Govitrapong Piyarat , Limthavon Chanchira , Srikiatkhachorn Anan
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

Several lines of evidence have previously suggested that platelets might play a primary or secondary role in migraine pathogenesis, and that in addition serotonin receptors on human platelets might be involved in those processes. By using [3H]‐spiperone as a radioligand and ketanserin to determine the non‐specific binding, the numbers of 5‐HT2 serotonin receptors on platelet membrane obtained from normal healthy and migraine subjects were determined. We found a significant decrease (p <0.02) in the maximal receptor numbers (Bmax) on platelet membrane of migraine patients (Bmax= 33.01±5.57 fmol/mg protein ) when compared to the normal healthy group (Bmax=86.59±9.09 fmol/mg protein) whereas the dissociation equilibrium constant (Kd) values (2.47±0.44 nM and 3.41±0.95 nM for the normal and migraine subjects, respectively) remained unchanged. The platelet response showed a higher degree of agreeability in migraine subjects, whereas the platelet counts were the same. This finding implies that serotonin receptors on the platelet may reflect some aspect of the pathogenesis of migraine headache.
The Relationship of Anger, Depression, and Perceived Disability Among Headache Patients
Authors: Tschannen T. A. , Duckro P. N. , Margolis R. B. , Tomazic T. J.
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

Depression is a common concomitant of headache. Conflict with regard to anger or the expression of anger has also been discussed in terms of its relationships to headache. The direction of the relationship between headaches and depression and/or anger is not clear from available research literature. Thus, the present study proposed to examine the interrelationships among measures of anger expression, depression and self‐reported disability in a sample of chronic headache patients. It was predicted that there would be significant correlations between depression and perceived disability, and anger held in and perceived disability. Finally, it was predicted that anger held in would be shown to impact perceived disability by way of its relationship to depression.

Path analysis was employed to investigate the relationships among the variables. Results showed a significant and positive relationship between depression and perceived disability, which supported the first hypothesis. Anger expression was not significantly related to perceived disability. Therefore, the second hypothesis was not supported. Anger‐in, however, was strongly and positively related to depression.

Although the causal direction of the relationships cannot be stated with certainty, the suppression of anger appears to be a moderating variable that amplifies the experience of depression among chronic headache patients.
Cluster Headache Following Head Injury: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Turkewitz L. Jay , Wirth Oliver , Dawson Gregory A. , Casaly Joseph S.
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

A relation between head trauma and cluster headache is frequently described in the literature. The percentage of cluster patients with a history of head injury is approximately 16.5 when several large studies are reviewed. The present paper reports another case where there is close proximity between head injury and the onset of cluster headache. A review of the literature attempts to document the supposition that there is indeed a causal or precipitous role for head injury in cluster cephalgia pathogenesis.
MR‐Angiography During Spontaneous Attacks of Cluster Headache: A Case Report
Authors: Waldenlind Elisabet , Ekbom Karl , Torhall Jorgen
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

Magnetic resonance (MR) angiography was performed during and between two spontaneous and untreatedattacks in a 24‐year old male patient with episodic cluster headache. The ipsilateral ophthalmic artery wasobserved to be markedly dilated during both attacks. No changes were seen in the internal carotid artery or any ofthe main arterial branches on either side. A repeat MR‐angiography two weeks later when the patient was inclinical remission showed no abnormalities. Our present case report suggests that the MR technique provides auseful method for non‐invasive angiography during spontaneous attacks of cluster headache.
The Relationship Between Perceived Stress, Social Support and Chronic Headaches
Authors: Martin Paul R. , Soon Kristina
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

A group of chronic headache sufferers (migraine and tension‐type headache) was compared with agroup of nonheadache control subjects in terms of two domains of social support (social integration andfunctional support), perceived social support, sources of social support, and perceived stress. Headachesufferers and controls were not differentiated with respect to number of social relationships, sources ofsupport and availability of support. In contrast, headache sufferers were significantly less satisfied withthe support available to them and scored lower on all four types of functional support measured(appraisal, esteem, belonging and tangible). Support measures did not show a linear relationship withheadache chronicity, and were at their lowest at an intermediate point in the headache history rather thanat an early or late point. Headache sufferers scored higher on perceived stress than control subjects anddifferences between the groups increased as a function of headache chronicity.The findings were interpreted as suggesting that clinicians and researchers should focus greaterattention on the social dimension of headaches.
Brain Potential Differences Related to Spatial Attention in Migraineurs With and Without Aura Symptoms Support Supposed Differences in Activation.
Authors: Woestenburg J.C. , Kramer C.J. , Orlebeke J.F. , Passchier J.
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

It is to be expected that differences in electrical activity of the brain between migraine patients with aura and those without aura can only be revealed by stimuli that provoke visual spatial processing, i.e. stimuli that trigger so called endogenous Visual Evoked Potential (VEP) activity. This is not the case for the flashes and checkerboard reversals. Those stimuli elicited exogenous activity only. During and between attacks the blood flow of migraineurs with aura changes in the posterior cerebral part of the brain, which is assumed to be specialized in the processing of spatial aspects of visual stimuli.

Reaction times (RTs), early and late Event Related Potential (ERP) differences were compared at 12 scalp positions for two groups of migraineurs (with and without aura) and a control group. They had to perform a passive attention task, checkerboard reversals, and an active attention task, where attention was either divided into or focussed at spatial locations.

In agreement with many studies on migraine, checkerboard stimuli did not differ on any early components. However, RTs were faster for migraineurs with aura and their early components were different when stimuli were highly attended. This is probably because these stimuli can relatively easily trigger cortical activity due to an over activated central mechanism and an enhanced level of attention.
The Prevalence of Headache and Migraine in Atopic Children: An Epidemiological Study in General Practice
Authors: Mortimer M.J. , Kay J. , Gawkrodger D.J. , Jaron A. , Barker D.C
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

The lifetime prevalence of headache and migraine was assessed in an unselected sample of atopic (asthma, eczema or rhinitis) children in a general practice population of known socio‐economic and age/sex composition. Maternal migraine was also recorded. The prevalence of both headache and migraine was significantly and proportionally higher in children with atopic disorders compared to those without. Childhood migraine was associated with atopy and the association was strongest with rhinitis. Rhinitis in children was associated with maternal migraine. A history of atopy (especially rhinitis) supports the diagnosis of migraine in young children with paroxysmal headaches.
Transcranial Doppler Sonography in Chronic Paroxysmal Hemicrania
Authors: Shen Jie Ming
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

Three patients with chronic paroxysmal hemicrania (CPH) (1 M, 2 F) and 9 healthy controls (8 M I F) were studied with transcranial Doppler (TCD) sonography. One patient who was studied during the spontaneous attacks hyperventilated markedly. Middle cerebral artery velocity (VMCA) was measured in the first attack, and anterior cerebral artery velocity (VACA) in the second attack, respectively. VMCA and VACA decreased bi‐laterally during attack. VMCA started to decrease at an early stage of the attack, i.e. prior to the major hyperventilation that was observed during the attack. VACA on the symptomatic side decreased less than that on the other side (P<0.05). Cerebral vasomotor reactivity (VMR) was expressed as the percentage change in mean blood flow velocity as a function of end‐tidal PCO2 (PETCO2) reduction induced by voluntary hyperventilation (DV/DPETCO2). In the 3 patients, a slightly lowered VMR was observed in the MCA and posterior cerebral artery on both sides, and in the ACA on the symptomatic side IP>0.05) in comparison with controls. These observations may imply an abnormal vascular reactivity in CPH.
Diagnoses and Symptom Patterns in Children Presenting to a Pediatric Headache Clinic
Authors: Gladstein Jack , Holden E. Wayne , Peralta Ligia , Raven Marybeth
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

The diagnosis of migraine headache in children and adolescents is complex and not well understood. This study was conducted to compare diagnostic rates, using various criteria for pediatric migraine, and specific symptom characteristics in a sample of children referred for care to a specialized pediatric headache clinic. A structured interview was used at the patient's initial assessment visit to elicit symptom patterns and therapies attempted for headache. Clinical diagnoses were based on consensus agreement reached by a multidisciplinary team. Statistically derived diagnostic rates based on International Headache Society (IHS), Prensky, Vahlquist and our own criteria were significantly lower than clinical diagnostic rates. IHS diagnostic rates were differentially distributed as a function of race, but no other effects were found for demographic variables on diagnostic rates. Specific symptom patterns, however, varied as a function of race, gender and age of the child. The results underscore the need for comprehensive, developmentally based models of the evolution of migraine headache as a foundation for future research and the further development of clinically sensitive diagnostic criteria for pediatric migraine.
Uncommon EEG Pattern in an 8‐Year‐Old Boy With Recurrent Migraine Aura Without Headache
Authors: Soriani S. , Scarpa P. , Faggioli R. , Carlo L. De , Voghenzi A.
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSISA case of an 8‐year‐old boy with recurrent migraine auras without headache, precipitated by minor head trauma, is reported. Aura was characterized, besides other brain‐stem signs, by confusional state. An uncommon electroencephalographic pattern recorded during the episodes, characterized by diffuse continuous beta activity, is described. Recognition of this finding may prevent an inappropriate diagnosis of drugs ingestion.
Headaches From Chemical Exposures
Authors: Martin Richard W. , Becker Charles
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSIS

Headaches are a common complaint after work place or environmental exposures. A striking index case led to a literature review which uncovered only limited information. We then performed a retrospective descriptive study of 50 subjects referred to University Clinics with the complaint of headaches associated with chemical exposures at their work place. Our data suggest a different headache may exist depending on whether the chemical exposure is routine and limitéd versus accidental and extensive. Low level work place chemical exposures appear to cause headaches that abate soon after cessation of the exposure. A single accidental and extensive exposure may lead to patient complaints of a new headache syndrome that may last from several months to years. The characteristics associated with the onset of a new headache syndrome from accidental chemical exposure includes: 1) An acute large quantity of exposure. 2) A short latency of onset of the heralding headache. 3) A severe intensity and long duration of the heralding headache. 4) New recurring headaches that were not experienced before the acute exposure. We suggest a possible term for this high exposure syndrome i.e. Chemical Headache Exposure Syndrome (CHES).
Re‐Placing Whiteness in Spatial Assimilation Research
Authors: Wright Richard , Ellis Mark , Parks Virginia
Published: May 2005

This paper works through some of the epistemological and methodological consequences of an unreflexive use of white suburbs as the expected residential destination in U.S. spatial assimilation research. Foregrounding immigrant suburbanization in spatial assimilation occludes alternative geographic trajectories; simply put, spatial diffusion need not be central city to suburban decentralization. More problematically, spatial assimilation research often translates residential movement to the suburbs into increasing proximity with whites. This results in the degree of segregation from whites becoming the standard by which immigrant assimilative progress is gauged. Building on critical whiteness studies and recent research on aspatial assimilation, we develop some new theoretical entry points into the process of spatial assimilation. We treat metropolitan areas as constellations of neighborhoods rather than a central city–suburban doughnut and become circumspect in our use of whites as a referent category. Our investigation of spaces of assimilation in greater Los Angeles reveals that established immigrants are more dispersed residentially than recent conational arrivals, although the effect varies by group. For many immigrant groups, these dispersions from concentrations of initial settlement do not reduce segregation from whites. Segregation lessens over time, however, between immigrants and other native‐born Americans. For many groups, but by no means all, a dispersed residential pattern is associated with higher quality neighborhoods.
Radiographically Detectable Soft Tissue Calcification in Chronic Renal Failure
Authors: Barber Don L. , Rowland G. N.
Published: May 2005

Soft tissue calcification is known to occur in association with chronic renal failure. This soft tissue calcification is frequently recognized microscopically, but infrequently identified radiographically. This paper reviews the role of chronic renal failure in soft tissue calcification and presents three case histories of chronic renal failure in dogs in which soft tissue calcification of the stomach, kidneys, and footpads was detected radiographically. In all three dogs, gastric‐wall mineralization was visible radiographically as thin, linear, mineralized densities. Renal mineralization was seen radiographically in two of the dogs. One of the dogs had nodular mineral deposits in the footpads of all feet. Although microscopy confirmed the soft tissue calcification of these and other structures, there was poor correlation between microscopic and radiographic degrees of visceral soft tissue calcification. There was also poor correlation between the degree of calcium and phosphate imbalance and the extent of radiographic evidence of soft tissue calcification.
CANINE DIROFILARIASIS: ITS RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE
Authors: Carlisle Carol H.
Published: May 2005

Radiography was a valuable aid in the diagnosis of dirofilariasis, even in moderate stages, when the lesions associated with this disease were known and recognized. Pulmonary parenchymal changes is dirofilariasis were more severe around the branches of the pulmonary arteries and, together with the arterial changes, produced a radiographic picture that was characteristic of heartworm disease. These parenchymal changes were classified into alveolar, interstitial, bronchovascular, and mixed patterns. The complexity of the pathologic changes resulted in the radiographic predominance of mixed patterns. The alveolar and mixed patterns produced dense radeiopacities that often masked the arterial detail but regressed with treatment. The interstitial pattern was less dense but usually remained in spite of treatment. Radiographs of dog lungs with dirofilariasis are necessary to initiate a treatment program, as the selection of a particular program depends on the degree of the involvement of the sdpulmonary parenchyma. Adult worms should not be destroyed while severe parenchymal changes persist. A detailed examination of survey radiographs with careful evaluation of pathologic changes involving the lungs, particularly surrounding the main pulmonary artery and its branches, can lead to a diagnosis of dirofilariasis, aid in assessment of the severity of the disease, and assist in planning a treatment program.
RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THE PALMAR ASPECT OF THE EQUINEMETACARPAL CONDYLES: A NEW PROJECTION*
Authors: Hornof William J. , O'Brien Timothy R.
Published: May 2005

A New radiographic projection of the equine thrid metacarpal bone condyles and developed to aid detection and evaluation of ulcerative cartilaginous and osseous lesions on the MC III Papmar aspect. The most sccessful projection tried was a nonweight‐bearing one with the leg extended. Subsequent clinical evaluation proved this projection to be significant in confirming and further delineating palmar lesions seen on weight‐bearing lateromedial and flexed lateromedial radiographs. The new projection has also proved valuable in the complete evaluation of vertical MC III condylar fractures. It makes possible detection of fracture comminution at the condylar articular surface, fractures which cannot be seen on other projections.
ECTRODACTYLY (SPLIT‐HAND DEFORMITY) IN THE DOG
Authors: Carrig ColinB. , Wortman JeffreyA. , Morris EarlL. , Blevins WilliamE. , Root CharlesR. , Hanlon GriseldaF. , Suter PeterF.
Published: May 2005

Radiographs of 14 dogs with ectrodactyly of the forelimb were evaluated and the defect classified according to the site of division of the longitudinal axis of the paw. The majority of separations occurred between metacarpal bones one and two, although separations were also noted between metacarpal bones two and three, two and four, and three and four. Other lesions noted in affected limbs included digit contracture, digit aplasia, metacarpal hypoplasia and metacarpal fusions. Bilateral involvement was noted in only one of 14 cases. No breed or sex predisposition was found and there was equal involvement of the left and right limbs.
A COMPARISON OF NORMAL FELINE THORACIC RADIOGRAPHS MADE IN DORSAL VERSUS VENTRAL RECUMBENCY
Authors: Carlisle Carol H. , Thrall Donald E.
Published: May 2005

Thoracic radiographs of 11 normal cats were made in dorsal (VD) and ventral (DV) recumbency with a vertically directed x‐ray beam. These radiographs were compared subjectively and objectively with each other and with an additional pair of radiographs made with the cats in dorsal and ventral recumbency using a horizontally directed x‐ray beam. Differences were found between VD and DV thoracic radiographs but they were minimal. In VD radiographs the caudal mediastinum and accessory lobe regïon of the lung were more clearly seen but cardiac shape varied somewhat. In DV radiographs, the appearance of the heart was more constant and caudal lobar pulmonary arteries more clearly seen. The results of this study indicated that both VD and DV radiographs are satisfactory for radiographic examination of the feline thorax
MULTIPLE CONGENITAL URINARY TRACT ABNORMALITIES IN A BITCH: A CASE HISTORY REPORT
Authors: Bargai Uri , Bark Hylton
Published: May 2005

A 2 1/2‐month‐old, female German Shepherd Dog was examined because of incontinence since birth. Multiple urinary anomalies which included left renal agenesis, right hydronephrosis and hydroureter and urinary bladder dysfunction were found by excretory urography. These abnormalities were confirmed at necropsy. In addition, vesicovaginal continuity with apparent absence of the urethra was also found
PRIMARY BONE TUMORS IN THE CAT:
Authors: Turrel Jane M. , Pool Roy R.
Published: May 2005

A description of the clinical behavior, radiographic signs, histologic appearance, therapy, and clinical sequelae in 15 cats with primary bone tumors seen over a 10‐year period is presented. Seven tumor types were identified: osteosarcoma (3 cats), chondrosarcoma (4 cats), parosteal osteosarcoma (2 cats), giant cell tumor (1 cat), ossifying fibroma (1 cat), solitary osteochondroma (1 cat), and osteochondromatosis (3 cats). The cats had a mean age of 8.4 years and there was no sex predilection. Domestic short‐hair, mixed‐breed cats comprised 80% of affected cats. A retrospective review of feline osteosarcomas was made and data was compared to that of canine osteosarcomas. Significant differences were the incidence of metastatic disease, the age on onset, forelimb‐hindlimb incidence, and duration of clinical signs. Five tumors were surgically excised successfully. Radiotherapy controlled one unresectable tumor. Three young adult cats had osteochondromatosis with progressively enlarging lesions limited to flat and irregular bones. Two of the three cats were FeLV positive. Metastatic disease was not detected in any cats in this study.
ABDOMINAL RADIOTHERAPY
Authors: Feeney Daniel A. , Johnston Gary R.
Published: May 2005

Physical aspects of external beam abdominal radiotherapy are discussed. Acute, intermediate, and late radiation effects on tissue are reviewed as a basis for determining abdominal organ tolerance to therapeutic radiation. Specific tolerances of critical organs that may be affected by abdominal radiotherapy are itemized, and the manifestations of intolerance are described. Potential application of abdominal radiotherapy to veterinary medicine is proposed. Data available on management of adverse reactions to abdominal radiotherapy are summarized.
ORTHOVOLTAGE RADIOTHERAPY OF CANINE TRANSMISSIBLE VENEREAL TUMORS
Authors: Thrall Donald E.
Published: May 2005

Eighteen dogs with transmissible venereal tumors were treated with orthovoltage radiotherapy. Total radiation doses ranged from 10 to 30 Gy, given during periods of one to 34 days. Tumor cure, defined as lack of recurrence within one year after completion of radiotherapy, was observed in all 18 dogs. In seven of eight dogs, tumors were cured with a single dose of 10 Gy. The tumor that recurred after the single 10 Gy dose had been treated with chemotherapy prior to radiotherapy and was subsequently cured with additional radiotherapy. Data presented indicate that transmissible venereal tumors are radiocurable and that a single dose of 10 Gy is sufficient for cure in most dogs.
PERCUTANEOUS CHOLECYSTOGRAPHY IN NORMAL DOGS
Authors: Wrigley Robert H. , Reuter Ruth E.
Published: May 2005

A technique for fluoroscopically guided percutaneous cholecystography, using a 23‐gauge Chiba needle, is described. Successful percutaneous cholecystograms were obtained in 20 normal dogs, with minimal short‐term and no long‐term clinical side effects.
THE RHESUS MONKEY
Authors: Silverman Sam , Jagdis Frank , Hoeprich Paul D. , Merten Dave , Morgan Joe P.
Published: May 2005

Transbronchoscopic inoculation of five serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae was used to produce pneumonia in five rhesus monkeys. The development and resolution of the pneumonia were followed radiographically and clinically. The initial inoculation determined the lung lobes that would become involved. The acute state was accompanied by a febrile response, leukocytosis, and bacteremia. Resolution of the pneumonia occurred in six weeks. The radiographic features of spontaneous streptococcal pneumonia in rhesus monkeys were similar but not identical to those found in man. However, extension to other lobes, mediastinal lymphadenopathy, and extensive pleural effusion, as often noted in the human, were not identified. The rhesus monkey is thought to be a good animal model for the radiographic evaluation of streptococcal pneumonia.
RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF EQUINE LUMBOSACRAL AND PELVIC ABNORMALITIES BY LINEAR TOMOGRAPHY
Authors: Jeffcott L. B.
Published: May 2005

Radiologic findings are described in 20 horses with clinical signs of a caudal lumbar or hindlimb problem; the horses were subjected to linear tomography of the lumbosacral and pelvic regions. The cases could be divided into four groups: sacroiliac arthrosis (6 horses), lumbosacral abnormalities (3 horses), pelvic or lumbar fracture (6 horses), and no radiographic abnormalities (5 horses). Five of the six horses with sacroiliac arthrosis had spur formation, with localized arthrosis at the caudal aspect of the sacral wing and its articulation with the auricular surface of the ilium. In one horse these lesions were confirmed at postmortem examination. The sixth horse, a Standardbred trotter, had more even and widespread arthrosis of the sacroiliac joint. The three lumbosacral abnormalities were present in two horses with fusion of the L5‐L6 articulation and one horse with a wider than normal sacrolumbar articulation. Linear tomography also proved to be of diagnostic and prognostic value in the evaluation of lumbar and pelvic fractures. Finally, tomography could be used to eliminate the presence of sacroiliac or lumbosacral damage in some horses that presented with clinical signs suggestive of disease of the lumbosacral or sacroiliac region.
IMAGING: BONE*
Authors: Selcer B. A.
Published: May 2005

Bone can be imaged by a variety of methods including survey radiography, stress radiography, contrast radiography, fluoroscopy, tomography, magnification radiography, xeroradiography, and nuclear imaging. Each of these imaging techniques and modalities is presented as it applies to diagnostic imaging of bone in veterinary medicine
PROSTATIC REFLUX DURING POSITIVE CONTRAST RETROGRADE URETHROGRAPHY IN THE DOG
Authors: Ackerman Norman
Published: May 2005

Forty‐five positive contrast retrograde urethrograms in which contrast medium reflux into the prostate was identified were evaluated to determine whether a correlation existed between the time and pattern of reflux and the nature of the prostatic disease. Prostatic diseases identified included prostatitis (25 dogs), prostatic tumor (13 dogs), and prostatic hyperplasia (1 dog). Six dogs with contrast medium reflux had no evidence of prostatic disease. No correlation was found between presence of prostatic reflux and specific prostatic diseases; however, prostatic tumor or infection was observed more frequently than hyperplasia, metaplasia, or cyst in the dogs with contrast medium reflux. A linear pattern and irregular, indistinct margination of the contrast medium reflux were associated with prostatitis; however, these patterns were also observed in dogs without prostatic disease
M‐MODE ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY AS A DIAGNOSTIC AID FOR FELINE CARDIOMYOPATHY
Authors: Soderberg Susan F. , Boon June A. , Wingfield Wayne E. , Miller Charles W.
Published: May 2005

Normal cats and cats with congestive cardiomyopathy (CCM) and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) were examined using M‐mode echocardiography to determine its diagnostic capabilities. Sixteen normal cats were examined to verify previously reported data and to add further echocardiographic inforamtion (left atrial/aortic root ratio, left posterior wall thickness at end systole and end diastole, amplitude of mitral valve excursions, and velocity of valve opening and closure) to aid in differential diagnosis. Significant (p<0.05) changes were detected between the normal cats and those with cardiomyopathy. In each type of cardiomyopathy, alterations in left atrial dimension, left atrial/aortic root ratio, left ventricular dimension, left ventricular wall thickness and percentage of ventricular dimensional change were identified. Altered mitral valve motion was found with HCM. Echocardiography was found to be an accurate technique for definitive diagnosis of feline cardiomyopathy.
VASCULAR RESPONSE TO FRACTURE HEALING IN THE BOVINE
Authors: Singh A. P. , Nigam J. M.
Published: May 2005

Angiography during metatarsal fracture healing following simple coaptation, stainless steel plating, and allogeneic onlay bone plating was performed in 24 calves. Angiograms obtained during the early stage of fracture healing demonstrated enhanced extraosseous vascularity at and around the fracture site regardless of the technique used for immobilization. However, the increased soft tissue vascularity was more intense in animals with simple coaptation than with metallic or allogeneic onlay bone plating. From four to six weeks the fracture site was vascularized, with visualization of crossover vascular contacts and ramification of vessels supplying the bridging callus. These changes were observed earlier and were more intense following plating. Enhanced soft tissue vascularity persisted longer in animals with delayed union and infection, whereas it regressed to nearly normal by the tenth week in normally healing fractures.
DIAGNOSTIC PNEUMOPERICARDIOGRAPHY IN DOGS WITH SPONTANEOUS PERICARDIAL EFFUSION
Authors: Thomas William P. , Reed John R. , Gomez Juan A.
Published: May 2005

To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of pneumopericardiography, diagnostic pneumopericardiograms from 39 dogs with spontaneous pericardial effusion of various etiologies were reviewed. Diagnoses were confirmed by surgical biopsy, necropsy, or follow‐up evaluation. Thirty‐two of 39 studies (82%) were considered diagnostic. There were one false‐positive and six false‐negative studies. Fifteen of 16 studies (94%) in dogs with idiopathic sanguinous pericardial effusion were negative (i.e., similar to those in normal dogs). Seven of 12 right atrial hemangiosarcomas (58%), six of six heartbase neoplasms (100%), and two of two pericardial cysts (100%) were outlined. Studies in two cases of infective pericarditis revealed abnormal findings, while a negative study was obtained in one patient with pericardial mesothelioma. Lateral positions were most valuable in idiopathic effusions and for outlining heartbase neoplasms. The left lateral recumbent position was particularly important for outlining hemangiosarcomas. Pericardial cysts were profiled best in ventral or dorsal recumbent positions. This study documents the high diagnostic potential of technically adequate pneumopericardiograms in the etiologic diagnosis of pericardial effusion in the dog.
CONTRAST RADIOGRAPHY OF THE OVINE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Authors: Sharma Sandeep K. , Singh Ambika P. , Tayal Rishi , Chandna Inder S.
Published: May 2005

Contrast radiography of the alimentary canal was conducted in six adult sheep with barium sulfate (70% W/V, 25–30 ml/kg). A period of 12 hours was adequate for opacification of most parts of the gastrointestinal tract. The presence of contrast medium in different parts of the alimentary canal was noted for as long as 60 hours. The right lateral view was adequate for visualization of most structures, but the typical laminar mucosal pattern of the omasum and the spiral mucosal folds of the abomasum were demonstrated better on the ventrodorsal view.
ANATOMY OF THE CANINE ORBITAL REGION
Authors: Fike John R. , LeCouteur Richard A. , Cann Christopher E.
Published: May 2005

Computed tomography (CT) was used to study the normal anatomy of the orbital region in one Beagle. Direct transverse and reformatted dorsal, sagittal, and oblique plane images were used to distinguish various soft tissue structures. Intraorbital fat provided a natural contrast against which extraocular muscles and nerves could be discerned. The noninvasive nature and the multiplanar imaging capabilities of CT provided a means by which the orbital contents could be precisely localized and differentiated from one another.
TWO‐DIMENSIONAL, REAL‐TIME ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN THE DOG Technique and Anatomic Validation
Authors: Thomas William P.
Published: May 2005

Two‐dimensional, real‐time echocardiography (2DE), studied extensively in humans, has only recently been utilized in veterinary medicine. To develop standardized transducer locations and examination technique and to validate cardiac anatomy as imaged from these locations, 2DE was performed in 12 normal, anesthetized dogs. Anatomic structures were identified by shape, position and motion, selective microbubble‐laden saline injections, and percutaneous pin insertion followed by necropsy dissection. Consistent echotomographic images were obtained from right intercostal and left intercostal transducer locations. From the right, long‐axis and short‐axis views of the heart were obtained. From the left, several long‐axis views were possible. One or more views of all four cardiac chambers, atrioventricular and semilunar valves, and the proximal portions of the great vessels were obtained by systematic examination from both sides of the thorax. It was concluded that complete anatomic evaluation of the canine heart by 2DE was possible using a standardized, systematic examination technique.