bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bordering On: Robert Kroetsch’s Aesthetic
Authors: LECKER ROBERT
Published: January 2017

Robert Kroetsch’s aesthetic theory has usually been treated as secondary to his poetry and fiction. Yet an examination of this theory as it emerges through numerous reviews, articles, essays, and interviews offers insight into the problems and paradoxes informing Kroetsch’s oeuvre. Kroetsch’s aesthetic is unified by a recurring border metaphor which for him expresses the position of the contemporary Canadian writer caught between private, geographic, and archetypal extremes. Kroetsch explores these extremes in his attempt to create a dialectical (and deconstructive) understanding of those tensions which he sees as central to Canadian literary experience.
The Alberta Experience
Authors: HOWARD  , PALMER TAMARA
Published: January 2017

By raising and exploring some basic historical, political and sociological questions, the article attempts to clarify the major forces that have shaped Alberta in the past and those forces currently at work, molding the province’s contemporary identity. Since 1905, Alberta has experienced remarkably rapid social, demographic and economic change. The essay explores some of the significant consequences of this rapid change. It also traces Alberta’s political history (characterized by the rapid rise and fall of political movements, one-party dominance, and a tendency toward one-man rule) and the abrupt changes in Alberta’s economic bases in order to explain the province’s recent tendency to combine maximum economic power and maximum political alienation from central Canada. The first section questions the existence of a clearly-focused Alberta identity; the second whether or not, amidst flux, there have been elements of continuity. The article concludes with some speculations about Alberta’s current profile and its future direction.
Celebrations and History on the Prairies
Authors: SMITH DAVID E.
Published: January 2017

Celebration orders history by selecting some events, themes and individuals for recognition but not others. On two occasions within a quarter century Alberta and Saskatchewan have examined their past during province-wide celebrations of their golden jubilees (1955) and diamond jubilees (1980). Spatial and temporal comparisons of these events reveal an array of differences in attitudes, values and practices between the two prairie provinces. A subsidiary theme of the paper is that during the same period cultural initiatives by the federal government, beginning with the Royal Commission on National Development in the Arts, Letters and Sciences (Massey Commission), have prompted a provincial cultural response, which by 1980 had become part of the phenomenon of “province-building.”
Changing Images of the West
Authors: FRANCIS R. DOUGLAS
Published: January 2017

This article examines the changing images of the Canadian West from early exploration to the present through a study of the secondary literature. The approach is interdisciplinary; the writings of historians, historical geographers, literary and art critics are examined. The image of the West changed from that of a wilderness in the pre- 1850 era to an idyllic and expansionist region capable of becoming by the late nineteenth century a utopian society for those who lived there. By 1920 and certainly by the Depression decade a new "realistic" image emerged, a product of the harsh physical environment of the time. In the postwar era, historians, literary critics, artists and historical geographers attempted to escape the "environmental" approach by searching for an image of the West in the internal landscape of the mind.
‘Progressive’ Counterparts of the CCF: Social Credit and the Conservative Party in Saskatchewan, 1935-1938
Authors: ANDREWS KEN
Published: January 2017

Saskatchewan political history in the 1930s frequently has been analyzed in narrowly ideological terms, particularly regarding the roles of the CCF and Social Credit. However, co-operation among CCF, Social Credit and Conservative constituency associations in the 1938 provincial election suggests a consensus against the governing Liberal Party. Many associations found they had more in common philosophically with one another than the views their leaders espoused. Co-operation was largely subverted due to the power of party leaderships and lack of organizational profiCiency. However, co-operation which jelled in some constituencies proved politically potent, suggesting less ideologically disparate directions to agrarian dissent at the time than most historical literature suggests.
The Later Thought of J. S. Woodsworth, 1918-1942: An Essay in Revision
Authors: MILLS ALLEN
Published: January 2017

James Shaver Woodsworth has been commonly thought of as a man of unbending practical resolve and constant intellectual principle. This paper argues that he was in many respects a jumble of contradictions. Most obviously, though a socialist and of a modernist turn of mind, Woodsworth remained a product of an earlier pioneer age in Canada, and consequently displayed a world view that was a mixture of gradualism, practicality, nativism, isolationism and individualism.
“There Is Some Power About the Land” — The Western Agrarian Press and Country Life Ideology
Authors: JONES DAVID C.
Published: January 2017

The emergence of the prairie west between 1900 and 1920 was intimately tied to the growth of a country life ideology. Perpetuated in part by the farm press, this ideology depicted the land as the common nurse of mankind, the fount of health, peace, virtue and the Spirit. The counter culture was the city, unproductive and parasitic, source of dissipation, sham and unfulfillment. A transnational phenomenon with implications for the search for the Canadian identity, the ideology also motivated the reform movements, the farm agencies, and the literature of a generation.
The Role of Federal Laboratories in the Technological Development of Canadian Industry
Authors: Smith M.E.
Published: January 2017

Canada’s national R&D effort has long been characterized by very strong federal presence and a much weaker performance on the part of industry. This fact has dominated the science policy debates of the last two decades, and has resulted in increasing pressures from federal scientific institutions to help meet the technological needs of Canadian industry. This paper examines the origins of these pressures and reviews some of the policy initiatives that have resulted. The paper further argues that the individual contributions which federal R&D programs can make are more limited than is generally believed, and that greater sensitivity to the various roles which are played by government laboratories will have to be reflected in science policy choices for the 1980s.
Accountability and the Science Research Councils
Authors: Chapman Ian D. , Farina Chummer
Published: January 2017

An analysis of the grants awarded by the National Research Council 1964-74 and published in annual grant reports shows that important and far-reaching policies were developed in that period. The reports do not contain any reference to these policies. This paper examines the nature of the research council’s accountability to Parliament under these circumstances, and suggests ways of improving the evaluation and reporting of a science research council’s work.
The Contours of Canadian Jewish History
Authors: TULCHINSKY G.
Published: January 2017

This paper emphasizes that the Canadian Jewish experience in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries was in many ways distinctive. While similar in many respects to the experiences of American Jews, the character of Canada’s Jewish community was shaped by Canada’s constitutional structure, political life, national composition, urban patterns and economic development. About half of Canada’s Jews live in Montreal where French and English anti-semitism contributed significantly to the emergence of national organizations stressing defensiveness and the enthusiasm for Jewish nationalism in the Zionist movement. Migration patterns were also crucial to the special character of Canadian Jewry as was the absence, so different from the American experience, of an over-riding spirit of nationalism and national identity. The result is that Canadian Jewry emerged in the 1930s with a somewhat different personality, a personality of considerable significance to Canada’s national life.
Harold Innis and the Unity and Diversity of Confederation
Authors: HUTCHESON JOHN
Published: January 2017

This paper explores the theme of unity and diversity in Innis’ theory of Canadian economic development. The first section is concerned with the way in which staples have created regional economies. The second section takes up the analysis of the role of government in economic development and the third examines Innis’ view of the epochal economic changes that were occurring in his own lifetime.
Wasted Heritage and Waste Heritage: The Critical Disregard of an Important Canadian Novel
Authors: HYMAN ROGER LESLIE
Published: January 2017

This paper deals with the critical response to Waste Heritage, Irene Baird’s 1939 novel about social unrest in western Canada. The paper argues that Waste Heritage is an example of a category of fiction which can loosely be called "the novel of engagement," a category which is a dominant form of twentieth-century fiction, but which is also part of the mainstream of the western literary tradition. The paper goes on to argue that Waste Heritage has been ignored because of a "category mistake" in Canadian criticism which labelled such novels ’’social propaganda’’ and refused to consider them on their literary merits. The paper concludes with an analysis of those merits in Waste Heritage.
The State Agenda in Quebec and Ontario, 1960-1980
Authors: Finbow Robert
Published: January 2017

This essay seeks to evaluate the popular hypothesis that ethnoregional factors have created a neo-nationalist and interventionist state “ethic” in Quebec. The study provides a comprehensive categorization of all new legislative enactments adopted in Ontario and Quebec between 1960 and 1980, using refinements of typologies originally employed by Lionel Ouellet. Similarities and differences in the amount of legislation adopted by each province in various policy fields are then assessed. Some significant differences are discovered in such areas as economic stimulation, state corporations, national symbols, international affairs, education, and social assistance policy which may reflect ethnoregional variations. However, the amount of legislation adopted by each state in numerous other fields is quite similar, suggesting that many modern challenges have been dealt with in like fashion by the two provinces.
Contrasting Development of the Hydro-Electric Industry in the Montreal and Toronto Regions, 1900-1930
Authors: Armstrong Christopher , Nelles H.V.
Published: January 2017

This paper employs four dichotomized variables (monopolistic or competitive industrial organization; united or divided municipal jurisdiction; harmony or friction in intergovernmental relations; abundant or scarce natural resources) to compare the development of the hydro-electric industries in the Toronto and Montreal regions and concludes that differences in these structural conditions facilitated public ownership in the former case and inhibited it in the latter.
L’aide financière directe au secteur manufacturier au Québec et en Ontario, 1960-1980
Authors: Faucher Philippe , Blais André , Young Robert
Published: January 2017

L’examen, sur une période de vingt ans, des programmes et des montants consacrés par les gouvernements du Québec et de l’Ontario à l’aide financière directe aux entreprises manufacturières est l’occasion d’aborder la question de la politique industrielle sous un angle nouveau. Ainsi, malgré la multiplication des programmes, il est étonnant de constater que la somme des subventions, prêts et cautionnements ne représente qu’une faible proportion des dépenses gouvernementales, de la valeur ajoutée et des investissements manufacturiers. D’autre part, on remarque que l’evolution de l’aide financière, contrairement à l’opinion la plus répandue, subit d’importantes fluctuations, dont nous tentons d’identifier les causes. Enfin la comparaison entre les deux provinces montre que si l’aide québécoise est la plus généreuse, les objectifs, et donc l’intention des Iégislateurs, sont fort comparables. En ce sens, on ne saurait affirmer que le Québec soit plus interventionniste que l’Ontario sa voisine.
Ontario Revenue Budgets 1960-1980
Authors: Drummond Robert J.
Published: January 2017

A review of Ontario revenue budgets over a twenty year period, designed to permit comparison with those in Quebec over the same two decades. Before 1967, budgets in Ontario were prepared with little apparent attention to the stabilization potential of provincial fiscal actions. After 1967, the province adopted a more explicit fiscal stance in each budget and, in the last five or six years, has preferred shortterm, narrowly targeted tax adjustments rather than across-the-board changes. Since 1977, the government has pursued a policy of public sector spending restraint which, combined with a reluctance to raise taxes, has signalled a commitment to "supply-side" strategy. The implicit preference for private-sector economic solutions is demonstrated as well by the shifting of tax burdens in the two decades from corporations and fuels taxes to personal income and retail sales taxes. The importance of federal transfers is also evident, as is the role of federal income tax adjustments in constraining provincial tax policy.
L’analyse des discours du budget: le cas du Québec, 1960-1980
Authors: Bellavance Michel
Published: January 2017

Dans cet article portant sur les discours du budget prononcés par les Ministres des finances du gouvernement du Québec, au cours de la période 1960-1980, l’auteur distingue quatre sous-périodes, chacune correspondant à la gouverne d’un parti politique particulier. De l’analyse qui suit, ii ressort que la marge de manoeuvre dont ont disposé les Ministres des finances, au cours des vingt années considérées, a fluctué à la fois en fonction de la conjoncture économique, de la situation financière héritée des gouvernements antérieurs et de la philosophie économique et budgétaire épousée par les gouvernements à diverses périodes. Si des différences importantes apparaissent, d’une période à l’autre, dans l’ensemble les priorités gouvernementales en matière de revenus et de dépenses ont davantage eu tendance à se ressembler qu’à se distinguer clairement. En somme, les discours du budget québécois sont apparus à l’auteur comme des documents essentiellement politiques révélant l’utilisation de stratégies variées adoptées dans le but de s’assurer l’appui du plus grand nombre.
The Diefenbaker Years Revisited: The Demise of the Keynesian Strategy in Canada
Authors: Campbell Robert Malcolm
Published: January 2017

The irrationality of economic policy during the Diefenbaker administration is normally seen to have been the result of its incompetence and tendency to interfere politically in the economy. This is posed in contrast to previous administrations’ use of Keynesian policy, which offered a simple and technical, apolitical and non-interventionist approach to economic policy. However, events of the late 1950s demonstrated the futility of a Keynesian approach in Canada, and this necessitated the devising of new economic strategies. These policies would be more ambitious than Keynesian ones (hence, more liable to error and failure) and more interventionist (hence, more open to political scrutiny and controversy).
The Women of Margaret Laurence
Authors: Chambers Robert D.
Published: January 2017

The theme of religion in modern Canadian fiction achieves a wide variety of literary expressions, both traditional and experimental. Amongst the many fictional characters who reflect our religious experience, the women in Margaret Laurence’s Manawaka novels are particularly memorable creations, not only because of the liveliness with which they are dramatized but also because of the rich diversity of their religious responses.
“Can Any Good Thing Come From Nazareth?”: Comedy in the Prairie Hinterland
Authors: Haverluck Bob
Published: January 2017

When the sense of shame is part of a region’s self-perception, it will also inform the region’s art. The comedy of Paul Hiebert is symptomatic of this tendency. His comic art, which focuses on the prairie region, is infused with and constricted by this sense of shame, and in a larger sense reflects a common metropol-hinterland dynamic. Hiebert’s theological writings serve to reinforce this dimension of hinterland consciousness and lead to a cultural submissiveness. Counter to this tendency, the paper supports an emerging shift in the vision and values of prairie art and theology.
Bulwark to Battlefield: Religion in Quebec Literature
Authors: Shek Ben-Z.
Published: January 2017

This article is an overview of the treatment of religious themes in Quebec literature in general and in the novel in particular. It first sets out the indissociable link between Catholicism and Quebec culture in its various manifestations. It then shows how aspects of the religious question were represented in the first hundred years of the novel form (1837-1937), almost exclusively in a traditional way. Note will be taken, however, of non-conformist works in that period which were harbingers of the counter-current. The latter emerged especially since 1938 and made the religious theme a battlefield, a prime target of contemporary writers.
Heart of Flesh: Exile and the Kingdom in English Canadian Literature
Authors: Duffy Dennis
Published: January 2017

The idea of a convenant between God and the White occupants of North American space runs through the literature of the continent. The literature of Anglophone Canada exhibits a pattern in which the exile from America of the United Empire Loyalists and their foundation of a new Kingdom in Canada confirm the existence of a sense of destiny and obligation. A secularized culture such as evolved in Canada still speaks in a rhetoric of rights and duties, an understanding of which is relevant to the understanding of our current cultural preoccupation with the fate of the natural environment.
Idealism and Pragmatism in Local Government: The Calgary Experience 1911-30
Authors: Foran Max
Published: January 2017

The early development of local government, particularly in western Canada, has been traditionally associated with the provision of necessary services. The various town and city councils have been seen as desperately trying to cope with emergent situations rather than pursuing imaginative or long-range policies. In Calgary, however, city council on occasion did consider policies which involved significant redirections in urban management. Yet they were never translated into actual practice. It is submitted that this failure was due to the pragmatic mentality which dominated the administrative arm of local government during this period. Certainly it emphasizes a fundamental difference between the legislative and executive function of local government in its formative stages.
Indian Affairs Under Duncan Campbell Scott: The Plains Cree of Saskatchewan 1913-1931
Authors: Grant S.D.
Published: January 2017

The Indian Administration under Duncan Campbell Scott, Deputy Superintendent General 1913-1931, is examined from historical and political perspectives, then related to the socio-economic effects experienced by the Plains Cree of Saskatchewan. Aside from Scott’s racial bias and the inherent conflict between his aim of complete assimilation and the practices of the Department, this study shows that policies, described as being in the best interest of the native, were designed primarily to meet the short term needs and long range goals of the white man.
A Decade of Change: Origins of the Nishga And Tsimshian Land Protests in the 1880s
Authors: Patterson II E. Palmer
Published: January 2017

The decade of the 1880s was one of ferment and change for the Nishga. Internal and external factors operated. The allotment of reserves, the coming of Indian administration, the changing role of the missionary, the conflict within the missionary community — all of these were felt and reacted to by the Nishga. Rivalries between Nishga and Tsimshian and among the Nishga contributed to the sharpened awareness of changes regarding the land. The threat to the land was keenly felt and became the public issue. It retained that position for the next one hundred years, with intermittent periods of greater or lesser intensity.
La France apportant la foi aux Hurons de Nouvelle France: un tableau conservé chez les Ursulines de Québec
Authors: Gagnon François-Marc , Lacroix Laurier
Published: January 2017

Le Couvent des Ursulines de Québec conserve un grand tableau habituellement intitulé La France apportant la Joi aux Indiens de la Nouvelle France, attribué au Frère Luc et daté de 1671. Une étude iconographique serrée de ce tableau, et une relecture des documents d’époque qui le concernent, amènent cependant l’auteur à réviser ces données traditionnelles. Il ressort de son analyse que l’intention du tableau était historique et qu’il voulait représenter allégoriquement les débuts de l’évangélisation des Hurons par les missionnaires jésuites. L’auteur propose enfin une explication plausible de sa présence chez les Ursulines.
From Artifice to Artifact: Stages in the Industrialization of a Northern Hunting People
Authors: Ridington Robin
Published: January 2017

Northern Native people were nomadic hunters who sustained themselves entirely from locally available resources. Their technology emphasized the possession of knowledge rather than material goods: they valued artifice over artifact. Contact with Europeans forced northern Natives to become dependent on artifacts they could not produce. They became suppliers of raw materials within a foreign economy. This paper discusses their response to contact conditions and compares the fur trade period to the present. It argues that southern Canadians are now dependent on northern resources and must learn from the experience of northern Native people.
Native Hunting and the Migratory Birds Convention Act: Historical, Political and Ideological Perspectives
Authors: Gottesman Dan
Published: January 2017

In the last twenty years restriction of native hunting of migratory birds under international wildlife law has been a source of conflict between the Canadian government and native peoples. It has been assumed by jurists, scholars and native groups that key provisions of the Migratory Bird Treaty and the Migratory Birds Convention Act (1918) were not intended to apply to native hunters when originally drafted—that violations of aboriginal and treaty hunting rights were simply overlooked by policymakers during the negotiation and legislative drafting process. This article reassesses the intentions, attitudes and motives of Canadian and American wildlife conservation policy-makers with respect to native hunting and wildlife destruction. First, the political history of the Migratory Bird Treaty is outlined, the roles played by American special-interest groups and Canadian policy-makers are defined, and the treaty negotiations are scrutinized for evidence of ‘intent.’ Second, attitudes toward native hunting and wildlife destruction held by the elite group of Canadian civil servants that lobbied for and negotiated the Treaty and drafted the Act are evaluated to clarify ‘intent’ further. Third, administrative and legislative precedents for restricting native hunting in Canada are identified and the perceptions of native hunting that underwrote them are defined. Finally, the question of ‘intent’ is explored by evaluating wildlife conservationists’ perception of native hunting against their ideology of wildlife conservation—an ideology which primarily served the economic interests and psychological needs of men in industrialized liberal-capitalist society.
Eléments de réforme du système électoral du Nouveau-Brunswick
Authors: Doucet Philippe , Finn Jean-Guy
Published: January 2017

La représentation parlementaire résultant du système électoral majoritaire uninominal à un tour ne semble plus être capable d’accommoder les tensions et la polarisation attribuables au régionalisme et au caractère bi-ethnique de la société canadienne. Le présent article se penche sur les problèmes de représentation en général et examine plus spécialement ceux qui caractérisent le système politique du Nouveau-Brunswick. Après avoir souligné les écarts considérables entre le vote populaire et Ies sièges attribués aux divers partis depuis 1900, ainsi que l’accroissement de la polarisation ethnique et régionale au cours des plus récentes élections, les auteurs étudient les avantages et les inconvénients de diverses formules de représentation proportionnelle. Ils concluent qu’un modèle associant des éléments de représentation proportionnelle à des éléments du système majoritaire serait susceptible de favoriser le plus le maintien de la démocratie parlementaire au Nouveau-Brunswick.
Images of Canada in Advertising
Authors: Hammerschmidt Hildegard
Published: January 2017

This paper analyses the language of Canadian advertising and explores the ways in which, apart from its primary objectives, it functions as a social, cultural, and political indicator.
Canada’s Liberal Pacifists and the Great War
Authors: Socknat Thomas P.
Published: January 2017

What was the fate of liberal pacifism in Canada during the Great War? Although the majority of social reformers identified with the war effort, not all pre-war pacifists succumbed to war hysteria or renounced pacifism outright. Some simply fell silent. Others tried to maintain a more critical acquiescence in the war. Most important, however, was a small minority of radical pacifists whose opposition to war was but one expression of their larger critique of the entire social and economic order. Although not articulated fully during the first war, their synthesis of pacifism with radical social action laid the basis for a renewed peace movement in the post-war era.
Institutionalization and the Pacific Settlement of Interstate Conflict: The Case of Canada and the International Joint Commission
Authors: Nossal Kim Richard
Published: January 2017

It is often argued that one of the reasons why the Canadian-American relationship has remained essentially peaceable over the last 150 years is that both states have institutionalized the way in which they settle conflicts between them. The International Joint Commission, an institution created in 1909 to settle conflicts over boundary waters, usually features prominently in these arguments. This paper suggests that the IJC has functioned so well over its seven decades of existence because it serves low-stakes and parochial interests, and that had it been assigned larger responsibilities at its creation, it would have been allowed to fall into disuse long ago. This conclusion, it is argued, considerably limits the applicability of the IJC model to other issue areas of conflict between states.
Is the Liberal Party Declining? Liberals, Conservatives, and Provincial Politics 1867-1980
Authors: McCormick Peter
Published: January 2017

The paper considers the question of what patterns can be identified in the performance of the two major parties in provincial politics since 1867, looking at two criteria: first, the number and proportion of provincial administrations held by each party over the period; and second, the number and proportion of aggregate members in provincial legislatures. The paper goes on to see how these patterns relate to the performance of the two parties in federal politics, and to indicate what predictions can be made about the future performance of the parties in provincial politics based on extrapolations from the patterns indicated.
From Urban Centre to Isolated Village: Regional Effects of Limited Entry in the British Columbia Fishery
Authors: WARRINER G. KEITH , GUPPY L. NEIL
Published: January 2017

The influence of the 1969 Davis Plan and policies of limited entry in the B.C. salmon fishery are examined for regional disparities. Notwithstanding the several failings of government policy, there is little evidence of their impacting disproportionately upon the economies of remote coastal communities. Contrary to expectations, urbanization of the Pacific fleet has not occurred. In the salmon fishery the proportion of the fleet associated with small coastal centres has grown, with corresponding losses to urban centres. When all the Pacific fisheries are considered both the absolute number of vessels associated with remote communities as well as their shares in the fleet have increased, while significant declines have occurred in the Vancouver region and Prince Rupert. As well, over time some of the historical disparities in earnings between urban and rural fishermen have been reduced, although not overcome. While time and changes in fleet configuration, capitalization and technology help to account in part for the economic advantage of urban fishermen, much of this difference cannot be explained. The role of policy in effecting these changes is discussed.
Political Efficacy and Political Activity Among Fishermen in Southwest Nova Scotia: A Research Note
Authors: APOSTLE RICHARD , KASDAN LEONARD , HANSON ARTHUR
Published: January 2017

This paper reports briefly on the political attitudes and behaviour of fishermen in southwest Nova Scotia. On the basis of some recently gathered survey data, we show that these fishermen are considerably more alienated than a comparable sample of workers in the Maritimes, and that they are also somewhat more likely to be politically active. In this context, we discuss some recent conflicts between the fishermen and the federal Department of Fisheries and Oceans, and speculate about comparative differences in involvement in policy processes between Canada and the United States.
Concepts of Indian Government Among Prairie Native Indian University Students
Authors: LONG J. ANTHONY , boldT MENNO
Published: January 2017

Increasingly, Indian leaders argue that self-government is necessary for Indian peoples to improve their social and economic conditions. The achievement of self-government is also integrally linked to the Indians’ broader goal of decolonization. Despite their emphasis on self-government, however, Indian leaders have been slow to define what self-government means in operational terms, such as jurisdiction and structures. This failure has greatly hindered their ability to negotiate with the federal and provincial officials on this issue. In this paper we present attitudinal data on operational aspects of Indian self-government, taken from a survey of status Indian university students from the prairie provinces. In general, we find that the students make a sharp distinction between what is idealistically desirable and what is realistically possible in the way of increased self-government, given the relationships that exist between status Indians and the federal and provincial governments. Moreover, we find that over one-half of the students have significant reservations as to the capacity of Indian peoples to effectively exercise self-government at this time.
Fishermen of Northwest Newfoundland: Domestic Commodity Production in Advanced Capitalism
Authors: SINCLAIR PETER R.
Published: January 2017

This paper investigates the changing social organization of the fishermen in northwest Newfoundland, especially Port au Choix. Until the mid-sixties these fishermen worked as domestic commodity producers utilizing simple inshore technologies. Subsequently, a minority adopted more capital intensive technologies based on individual property ownership and the hiring of wage-labour. Shrimp and cod dragging became the preferred form of fishing. Yet domestic commodity producers also increased in number in a context where alternative employment was scarce and state policy permitted survival. The significance of state intervention is emphasized and implications of the Kirby Task Force report are considered. The experience of the fishermen is examined in relation to theories of primary production in advanced capitalism which are found to be inadequate to cope with the complexities of change in this area due to an excessively lineal and structuralist orientation.
Canada’s Coastal Fisheries: Formation of Unions, Cooperatives, and Associations
Authors: Clement Wallace
Published: January 2017

Building some lines of analysis applicable to the study of class formation, this paper focuses on conceptual formulations useful for understanding unions, cooperatives and associations in Canada’s coastal fisheries. The paper attempts to give some content to class relations by identifying major patterns of production relevant to Canada’s fisheries. The paper is not simply an exercise in classification (although this is necessary) but focuses on the need to identify processes and incorporate political and cultural/ideological practices in developing relevant social categories. The purpose is to begin to understand the material basis of various organizational forms and assess the political and ideological struggles within fisheries.
The Organization of Women and Ethnic Minorities in a Resource Industry: A Case Study of the Unionization of Shoreworkers in the B.C. Fishing Industry 1937-1949
Authors: MUSZYNSKI ALICJA
Published: January 2017

Agreements negotiated for female cannery workers by the United Fishermen and Allied Workers’ Union, as late as 1973, contained discriminatory clauses which perpetuated conditions of inequality among shoreworkers. Women were not the first or only group in the industry to suffer discrimination. The division of labour in plants reflected differences in gender and race, and this feature was incorporated into union agreements. In this paper I trace the historical roots of these agreements and argue that the specific structural, ideological and historical conditions within which the U.F.A.W.U. was formed are critical in understanding the causes of inequality. Many of these conditions were outside the control of union leaders, but once they were reflected in union agreements they attained a structural status that has been very difficult to eradicate.
Lost Causes: The League for Social Reconstruction and the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation in Quebec in the 1930s and 1940s
Authors: HORN MICHIEL
Published: January 2017

In the 1930s and 1940s the LSR and CCF in Montreal were the base for the CCF in the province of Quebec. Rooted in anglophone Montreal, however, the LSR and CCF were unable to put down roots among French Canadians. The CCF’s "Englishness" made it seem foreign, its socialism was objectionable to the Roman Catholic hierarchy, and its centralism was unacceptable even to radical French Canadian nationalists. The CCF increased its support among French Canadians in the early and mid-1940s, but the dimensions of that support continued to be very modest. Even in the provincial election of 1944 and the federal election of 1945, when support peaked, fewer than three in a hundred Quebecers voted for the party. Most of those votes were in the Montreal area. By the election of 1949, in which A.M. Klein contested Cartier for the CCF, whatever hopes the party had had of capturing Quebec were clearly dead.
A. M. Klein: Modernité et Loyauté
Authors: KATTAN NAIM
Published: January 2017

Nourri de culture juive, biblique, impliqué intimement et d’une manière passionnée dans la vie de la communauté juive de Montréal et dans le destin des Juifs après l’holocauste et la naissance de l’Etat d’Israël, A.M. Klein est aussi un écrivain de langue anglaise au fait de la modernité littéraire et notamment de l’oeuvre de James Joyce. Son livre The Second Scroll se place à l’apogée de son oeuvre. Commentaire et célébration du Livre, cet ouvrage s’inscrit dans la littérature anglophone du Canada comme un point marquant de la modernité. Pour Klein, le judaïsme est une lecture du monde qui n’est pas contredite par les religions qui en sont issues, le christianisme et l’islam.
The Klein-Joyce Enigma
Authors: EDEL LEON
Published: January 2017

This article seeks deeper soundings in A.M. Klein’s psyche. It is based in part on Klein’s 1940s letters to the author, read in the light of Caplan’s recent biography of Klein. The article explores the poet’s obsession with James Joyce and his other extra-poetic activities — public relations, journalism, Zionist lectures, politics. The article suggests that beyond his struggle for a livelihood, A.M. Klein had a marked ambivalence towards his mother who was critical of his bookishness and his failure to adhere to the bourgeois side of life as well as his law practice. Klein’s plan to produce a gloss to all of Ulysses and his "transference" to Joyce are discussed in the light of their Judaeo-Catholic and Montreal-Dublin affinities.
The Rocking Chair: Portrait of the Poet as Province
Authors: FERGUSON LINDA LUFT
Published: January 2017

Klein’s volume of poems about Québec has been much praised for its sympathetic portrayal of the people of the province. While this praise is justified, the essence of the sympathy in this portrayal lies in affinities between Klein’s own culture and the traditions and values of the Québécois. The Québec depicted in The Rocking Chair provides a medium through which Klein communicates the themes which dominate his poetic oeuvre: religion and tradition, the joys of childhood and youth, the life of the community as it both nourishes and alienates the poet. And yet, through the expression of these concerns which are central to the poet himself, Klein shows a keen awareness of many aspects of the Québécois people as their society moved through a period of rapid, and difficult, transition.
From Yiddish to "Yiddishkeit": A.M. Klein, J.I. Segal and Montreal’s Yiddish Culture
Authors: FUERSTENBERG ADAM
Published: January 2017

While the religious sources of A.M. Klein’s work have been acknowledged, his debt to Yiddish and its literature — from which he derived nourishment and inspiration all his life — has been ignored. Klein matured in a Jewish Montreal which was largely Yiddish-speaking and he knew well its prominent Yiddish writers and communal leaders, especially the poet J.I. Segal with whom he shared a nostalgia and love for the values and traditions of Eastern European "shtetl" life. In fact, Klein’s roots in Yiddish Montreal and his identification with Segal were a major source of inspiration in his attempt to synthesize Yiddish and English culture in a futile desire to arrest Jewish assimilation in North America. Unfortunately his sense of failure at being ignored by the Jewish public, on whose behalf he had attempted this synthesis, likely aggravated his growing alienation in his last years and contributed to his tragic silence after 1954.
The Third Solitude: A.M. Klein’s Jewish Montreal, 1910-1950
Authors: TULCHINSKY GERALD
Published: January 2017

From the beginning, the world of Montreal Jewry of A.M. Klein’s era, from about 1910 to 1950, formed a kind of "third solitude" between the dominant French and English solitudes. Although united by certain common concerns — for example, the rise of fascism in the 1930s and the plight of Jewish refugees — and by a common language, Yiddish, the community was an extremely varied one politically, economically, and culturally. Much of its vitality arose from the tensions between different interests: capitalist factory owners and socialist workers; Zionists and anti-Zionists; orthodoxy and secularism. By the end of this period the community came to assume a certain order and structure, adapting to, as well as contributing to, the social development of Montreal.
The Transformation of the Eastern Townships of Richard William Heneker, 1855-1902
Authors: RUDIN RONALD
Published: January 2017

Between 1855 and 1902 Richard William Heneker played a major role in most of the major economic and social institutions in the Eastern Townships region of Quebec. He helped establish a number of businesses with other members of the region’s English-speaking elite, but by the turn of the century most of these had fallen under the control of interests from beyond the area. He was a champion of various institutions designed to serve the English-speaking population of the region, but by 1902 this population had been swamped by the arrival of large numbers of francophones. Heneker’s career points to the transformation of a region. Many of the changes seen by this region were also experienced by Canada as a whole.
The First Campaigns for Birth Control Clinics in British Columbia
Authors: McLAREN ANGUS
Published: January 2017

In 1936 Dorothea Palmer, one of the hired representatives of A.R. Kaufman’s Parents’ Information Bureau, was tried for distributing birth control information to the women of Eastview, Ontario. Because of the public attention drawn to the trial it has become a commonplace notion that Kaufman — a conservative businessman — was the first Canadian to propagate birth control ideas. In fact, a decade earlier in British Columbia the Canadian Birth Control League was founded. This paper seeks to explain why birth control should have been first defended in Canada by western socialists.
Student Aid, Federal-Provincial Relations, and University Finance
Authors: KUCHARCZYK JOHN
Published: January 2017

If provincial government funding of universities continues to decline, the traditional relationship between student aid, tuition costs and institutional finance will likely undergo major changes. The role of student contributions to university financing will become more critical as post-secondary institutions attempt to effectively supplement the funding they receive from government sources. Thus while universities should be given more discretion in setting tuition fees, appropriate student aid schemes must also be devised in order to counter any adverse impact on access to post-secondary education.
Sociology and the Nationalist Challenge in Canada
Authors: WHYTE DONALD
Published: January 2017

A formative influence on the way in which the sociological study of Canadian society has developed was the widespread nationalist movement of the 1960s and 1970s, a movement which emphasized economic and cultural autonomy and a rejection of American political hegemony. This paper examines the impact of the nationalist challenge on that development, arguing that the debate encouraged a reorientation in the sociology of Canadian society and injected epistemological arguments into the debate. Among Anglophone scholars this reorientation has brought sociology into closer affinity with the older social sciences of history and political economy; by contrast, within the Francophone community sociological study has been redirected toward the aim of nation-building and the autonomy of Quebec society. While mainline specialities within sociology prevail in Canada as in the United States, the nationalist challenge induced a degree of self-consciousness and historical awareness which have significantly influenced the sociological orientation to Canadian society.
Canadian Foreign Aid: Facing a Crisis of Its Own?
Authors: YOUNG ROGER
Published: January 2017

Development assistance, better known as foreign aid, finances only a minor part of investment in the Third World yet it receives a disproportionate share of attention from policy-makers and the public in the industrialized world. Canadian aid policy has suffered from a confusion of objectives. Policy has evolved to respond to a mixed set of interests. Domestic economic and political, humanitarian, and foreign policy interests compete for primacy in the implementation of the aid program. As such, aid in Canada is often poorly understood, sometimes misrepresented and open to abuse by individual interests and lacking in widespread public support. For the Third World, aid represents the North’s "soft option" in its relations with developing countries and remains a mixed blessing.
The Internationalization of Canadian Bank Capital (With a Look at Bank Activity in the Caribbean and Central America)
Authors: KAUFMAN MICHAEL
Published: January 2017

Canada is home to a handful of the largest of the international commercial banks. This is a result of a highly concentrated and centralized banking system. Although the internationalization of Canadian bank capital dates back one hundred years to the penetration into US, Caribbean, and British markets, the most impressive period of growth was part of the massive expansion of international banking from 1969 until the early 1980s. The greatest area of the banks’ Third World presence is in the Caribbean, where more than 300 branches, massive offshore and merchant banking operations, and private lending to governments have made Canadian banks predominant among the international banks in the region. However historically important, these Caribbean operations have declined in relative importance within the banks’ investment strategies.
Commerce Over Conscience: The Trudeau Government and South Africa, 1968-84
Authors: REDEKOP CLARENCE G.
Published: January 2017

The 1970 foreign policy White Paper sought to achieve a balance in two areas of conflicting Canadian objectives: between promoting economic growth in Canada through enhanced economic ties with South Africa and promoting social justice in southern Africa, and between the support for peaceful change and social justice in southern Africa. The failure of the government to achieve such a balance led, in 1977, to a policy review which resulted in the withdrawal of government-sponsored economic links with South Africa. The evidence, however, indicates the existence of a substantial gap between rhetoric and reality in that economic as opposed to moral considerations continued to dominate Canadian relations with South Africa. Continuity, rather than change, was the dominant characteristic of the Trudeau government’s policy towards South Africa.
The Roots of Fantasy: Document and Invention in Robertson Davies’s Fiction
Authors: KEITH W.J.
Published: January 2017

Robertson Davies is well known for combining realism with forays into wonder and fantasy. His frequent use of books and documents within his texts helps to combine realism and wonder, and this is achieved by mixing allusions to real books and documents with references to imaginary ones. Davies’s playful confusing of the real and the fabricated is an important part of his art and provides interesting links with the work of such post-modernist writers as Jorge Luis Borges. His technique and artistry need to be considered at a sophisticated critical level.
Of Parasites and Governors: Christopher Dewdney’s Poetry
Authors: LECKER ROBERT
Published: January 2017

Christopher Dewdney’s poetry has often been described as radical and Post-Modern in intent. But he is not a pure experimentalist. An examination of his work reveals many traditional poetic assumptions and conflicts that arc often ignored. The clash between tradition (which Dewdney expresses through the metaphor of “Governor”) and innovation (which he expresses through the metaphor of “Parasite”) articulates a basic conflict I explore: that between perceptual repression and perceptual freedom. This conflict is described, first, through reference to some of Dewdney’s theoretical statements, and, second, through an application of those theories to some of his representative poems.
Philosophy and Denominationalism in Ontario
Authors: ARMOUR LESLIE
Published: January 2017

Professional philosophy in Ontario is rooted in denominationalism; yet from its beginnings it tended to undermine denominational distinctions. Catholics, Anglicans, Presbyterians, Baptists, and two groups or Methodists established colleges in Ontario in the nineteenth century, all but the Baptists before the middle or that century, and each could claim at least one philosopher or distinction. Each denomination taught philosophy. Yet none of the philosophers who wrote extensively did anything to foster the particular doctrines of his denomination and all of them offered very general defences of religion which could, in principle, accommodate their rivals. It is argued that the reasons had to do originally with the strong desire for intellectual respectability and, later, with the need to face common challenges to religion from science and history.