bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ACCESSORY FOOD SUBSTANCES FOR OSMOPHILIC YEASTS: I. A BIOACTIVATOR IN HONEY STIMULATING FERMENTATION
Authors: Lochhead A. G. , Farrell Leone
Published: April 2011

Honey was found to contain an active principle which stimulated fermentation by certain osmophilic yeasts of the genus Zygosaccharomyces in synthetic media. The substance is dialyzable, insoluble in ether and acetone, not precipitated by 85% alcohol, resistant to heating in acid solution and non-volatile. The activating effect of honey is impaired by heating in alkaline solution and by prolonged exposure to moderate dry heat. The active principle may be separated into two fractions by selective adsorption by charcoal. The adsorbed fraction, which may be recovered by elution with alcohol, and the unadsorbed fraction are relatively inert alone, the presence of both being necessary for the active stimulation of fermentation.
ACCESSORY FOOD SUBSTANCES FOR OSMOPHILIC YEASTS: II. COMPARISON OF HONEY BIOACTIVATOR WITH BIOS
Authors: Farrell Leone , Lochhead A. G.
Published: April 2011

A bioactivator from honey, stimulating osmophilic yeasts, was compared with Bios. Complementary fractions from treatment with charcoal were found to exert effects similar to Bios I (inosite) and Bios II of Miller and associates, when tested with the Toronto strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Charcoal treatment of honey removes by adsorption Bios II leaving a residue, relatively inert by itself, containing inosite. Inosite, however, does not appear as the active substance in the charcoal filtrate for the strain of osmophilic Zygosaccharomyces tested, the growth of this organism being dependent upon the presence of another substance which, though not essential for the Toronto yeast, appears to be present in crude Bios II.
SELECTIVE HEATING BY SHORT RADIO WAVES AND ITS APPLICATION TO ELECTROTHERAPY
Authors: McLennan F.R.S. J. C. , Burton M.A. A. C.
Published: April 2011

In the first part of the paper the theoretical basis of the formulas, given in a previous communication, for the generation of heat in a poorly conducting dielectric which is placed in the field of a high-frequency oscillator, is examined in some detail. Its application to the complicated case met with in medical "radiothermy" is made and it is shown that the analysis applies with satisfactory accuracy to this case, though not to that of electrode diathermy. Prediction of the "selective" effect is possible from a knowledge of the characteristic electrical constants of the body-substances at high frequencies, and by proper choice of wave-length the heating of a particular part might be favored over that of neighboring parts.In the second part of the paper, experimental work is described which carries verification of the formulas to shorter wave-lengths. Experiments on the heating of meat demonstrate the selective effect and its dependence upon wave-length. The heating of such substances as liver, heart, and the different parts of an egg, are examined experimentally as examples of the various determining factors that are involved.The theoretical explanation of the effects is considered satisfactory and further developments depend upon the results of in viva experiments with shorter wavelengths than those at present in general use.
A SYNTHESIS OF THE METHYLTRYPTAMINES AND SOME DERIVATIVES
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

Because of the interest attached to N-methyltryptamine on account of its occurrence as an integral part of the calycanthine molecule, the free base and some of its derivatives have been synthesized. An account of the synthesis of N,N-dimethyltryptamine together with some carbolines derived from 1-methyltryptamme is also included. Finally, a detailed procedure for an improved preparation of tryptamine is given.
VELOCITY OF SOUND IN CYLINDRICAL RODS
Authors: Field Geo. S.
Published: April 2011

The experimental knowledge so far available of the velocity of longitudinal waves in cylindrical rods is reviewed, and it is shown that a close analogy most probably exists between waves in cylinders of liquid and in solid rods. The theory for rods due to Pochhammer is considered with reference to a specific case for which experimental velocities have been determined, and it is shown that the agreement at low frequencies is good. At higher frequencies, however, theory and experiment differ widely.
THE IONIZATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE MEASURED FROM FLYING AIRCRAFT
Authors: Rose D. C.
Published: April 2011

The Gerdian type of atmospheric ionization measuring apparatus was attached to a cabin aeroplane so that the state of ionization of the atmosphere could be studied. The limitations of the apparatus for aeroplane use are discussed. Measurements were taken from ground level to heights of 15000 ft. The results are plotted in number of ions per cc. (separate curves for positive and negative) at different altitudes.The results indicate that at the cloud level there is an abnormal excess of small positive ions and a minimum in the excess of positive ions over negative ions from 4000–6000 ft. higher. This does not include large ions such as charged water drops or dust particles. The observations were taken in regions free from clouds, the cloud level being determined by observation on clouds in the sky, and by relative humidity measurements taken at the same time.
STUDIES ON HOMOGENEOUS FIRST ORDER GAS REACTIONS: I. THE DECOMPOSITION OF ETHYLIDENE DIACETATE
Authors: Coffin C. C.
Published: April 2011

The decomposition represented by the general equation[Formula: see text]has been found to take place according to the monomolecular law. In the case of the several homologous esters already investigated at pressures above 10 cm. of mercury the reaction is entirely homogeneous, is uninfluenced by the presence of inert gases and obeys the Arrhenius equation. This paper describes the experimental method and deals with the decomposition of ethylidene diacetate to acetaldehyde and acetic anhydride at temperatures of 220° to 268 °C. and at initial pressures of 11 to 46 cm. of mercury. The heat of activation is 32900 cal./mol and the velocity constants (sec−1) are given by the equation, ln [Formula: see text]. The theoretical significance of the data is discussed.
THE TYPES OF OSMOPHILIC YEASTS FOUND IN NORMAL HONEY AND THEIR RELATION TO FERMENTATION
Authors: Lochhead A. G. , Farrell Leone
Published: April 2011

A study of the predominant sugar-tolerant yeasts infecting 163 samples of normal Canadian honey led to the recognition of eight different species, comprising the genera Zygosaccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces and Torula. The frequency of their occurrence varied greatly, one type, Z. richteri, being by far the most commonly encountered. The yeast predominating originally is not necessarily the most abundant type after fermentation. Analysis of samples fermenting within 14 months showed species of Zygosaccharomyces only to be most abundant, while Z. richteri, in addition to being the predominant type infecting a large majority of samples, was able, even in certain cases where it was originally outnumbered, to develop and apparently assume the leading role in fermentation.
THE UTILITY OF COOKED POTATO IN BAKING BREAD AND ITS RELATION TO CRUDE PROTEIN AND BAKING STRENGTH
Authors: Harris R. H.
Published: April 2011

Two commercially milled flours, baked by a formula including the liquid drained from boiled sliced potato, gave loaves showing a progressive increase in color and loaf volume with increasing quantities of the liquid. Dried mashed potato, containing all the original material, also caused an increase in volume with each increment of potato.A number of doughs, including controls and doughs treated with varying proportions of mashed potato, showed increased gas production with increasing quantities of potato. The gas lost from the doughs also tended to increase in the same manner but was less than the increase in the total gas evolved. The volume of the doughs accordingly increased with increasing potato concentration.A series of 10 commercial flours of various types was baked by the simple basic formula and by one including 5, 10 and 40% of cooked mashed potato in addition. A baking was also made of a blend of 50 gm. of flour to 50 gm. of potato and another using 1% diastatic malt and 0.001% KBrO3 in addition to the simple ingredients. The resultant loaf volumes were found to increase as more potato was added. The higher protein flours gave larger loaves throughout. The color of the loaves decreased with the higher potato concentrations, the grain and texture of these loaves also being very poor. Loaf volumes and baking score, calculated on a basis of 100 gm. total material, decreased above 30% potato concentration. Loaves baked with more than 10% potato to 100 gm. flour were of inferior grain and texture. Crude protein and loaf volume were significantly related throughout.
DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM INFECTION IN ESOX LUCIUS
Authors: Nicholson Daniel
Published: April 2011

This study showed that most of the summer caught jackfish or pike (Esox lucius) contained many larvae of D. latum (plerocercoids), in contrast to the winter caught fish which showed a scanty infestation. The larvae in the winter caught fish were small and frequently motionless, while those in the summer caught fish were large and quite active.When dogs were fed motile larvae from winter caught fish, very few adult tapeworms developed. Sixty per cent of the larvae contained in the summer caught fish produced adult tapeworms. This suggests that D. latum infection of the Esox fish is probably an annual event occurring in the early summer months.It is the small to medium sized Esox that contain numerous D. latum parasites. The very large fish contained so few parasites as to suggest that after a period of development the D. latum larvae (plerocercoid) in the flesh of the fish die off and disintegrate leaving no trace of their presence, and as the fish become large the procercoid form of the parasite has difficulty in penetrating the intestinal wall of the fish.
DISPERSION AND SELECTIVE ABSORPTION IN THE PROPAGATION OF ULTRASOUND IN LIQUIDS CONTAINED IN TUBES: PART II
Authors: Field G. S. , Boyle R. W.
Published: April 2011

More experimental work has been done on the propagation of ultrasound along tubes filled with liquid. The mathematical theory developed by Field has been subjected to a quantitative verification, and it has been shown that the discontinuities in the velocity-frequency curve are due to a transference of energy at certain frequencies from the longitudinal to a radial vibration. It has also been shown that the theory satisfactorily accounts for the observed facts, the phase velocities, particle velocities and the absorption frequencies having the values which the theory requires.
THE COMPARISON OF GASEOUS DENSITIES BY THE METHOD OF BALANCING COLUMNS
Authors: Snell Arthur H. , Shaw A. Norman
Published: April 2011

An application of the principle of balancing columns to the comparison of gaseous densities at any ordinary pressure is described. The precision of a given apparatus depends upon the heights of the columns, on the sensitivity of the pressure gauge, and on the extent of uncontrolled fluctuations in temperature. Without a thermostatic control and employing a simple modified form of the Toepler micromanometer with columns 12 m. in height, a sensitivity of 10−7 gm. per cc. is obtained. The apparatus and the technique are explained in detail, with a discussion on the elimination of errors. An application of the method is made in the field of hygrometry, and its usefulness in the measurement of air-gas ratios is also explained and recommended. An advance in precision is obtained, primarily by the use of an improved form of Toepler micromanometer.
A PIEZO-ELECTRIC METHOD OF MEASURING THE PRESSURE VARIATIONS IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
Authors: Watson H. G. I. , Keys D. A.
Published: April 2011

A piezo-electric pressure gauge is described in which the pressures produced by the explosions in an internal combustion engine are recorded as the displacements of the beam of a cathode-ray oscillograph. By applying a time displacement, synchronizing with the speed of the engine, to the beam so as to cause a displacement at right angles to the pressure displacements, the time-pressure characteristics of the engine explosions are obtained on a photographic film. This arrangement reduces the inertia of the gauge to a minimum and is of special value in obtaining records of a single cycle in the investigation of knocks. Specimen records taken on a Petter hot surface engine are given.
STUDIES ON THE FAILURE OF HYBRID GERM CELLS TO FUNCTION IN WHEAT SPECIES CROSSES
Authors: Thompson W. P. , Armstrong J. M.
Published: April 2011

Chromosome numbers were determined in numerous male gametophytes of F1 between 21- and 14-chromosome species of wheat. The results show that pollen grains with various chromosome numbers from 14 to 21 are actually formed and in approximately the theoretically expected proportions. The lack of plants in later generations which should result from the functioning of pollen grains with intermediate numbers is therefore not due to the failure of such grains to be formed because of a lack of random segregation at the second reduction division.Grains with intermediate numbers are retarded in their nuclear development, so that counts made on stamens in which division is most active give a smaller proportion of grains with intermediate numbers and a higher proportion with parental numbers than is expected theoretically. Retardation in nuclear development is correlated with a deficiency in cytoplasmic contents, 10 to 15% of the grains showing little or no cytoplasm, and another 15 or 20% showing some degree of reduction in cytoplasm. AH grains with reduced cytoplasm and some of those with normal contents are so retarded in nuclear development (having only one or two nuclei or no organized male cells) that they could not function when the normal ones are mature and the stamen dehisces. Unfavorable chromosome conditions in grains with intermediate numbers cause a complete abortion of some grains and retardation of nuclear development in others.Under the best available experimental conditions only 11 or 12% of F1 pollen grains germinate, in contrast to 70 or 80% for parental pollen. No grains with reduced cytoplasm germinate, and at least 50% of those with apparently normal cytoplasm fail to germinate.
PHENOMENA OF PRIMENESS
Authors: Gunn Charles Kenneth
Published: April 2011

The condition of muskrat pelts known as "primeness" is found to be independent of dermal characteristics and to be a function of epidermal pigment distribution. The microscopic characteristics of prime and unprime fur pelts are discussed and correlated with the macroscopic characteristics. A method is suggested for detecting primeness in the skin of living animals.
THE COEFFICIENT OF VISCOSITY OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE OVER A LOW TEMPERATURE RANGE
Authors: Stewart W. W. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The coefficient of viscosity of sulphur dioxide has been measured over a temperature range from 30° to − 75 °C. The method and apparatus used are similar to those described by Sutherland and Maass (5). All values for the viscosity are referred to air at 23 °C. The measured values for the viscosity between 0 °C. and 30 °C. agree within the experimental error, about 0.1%, with the values published by Trautz and his coworkers. At temperatures below 0 °C. the values obtained for the viscosity are important, as they supply data on the viscosity of sulphur dioxide which heretofore have not been available in the literature.
THE EFFECT OF COOKED POTATO IN CONJUNCTION WITH FERMENTABLE CARBOHYDRATE IN BREADMAKING
Authors: Harris R. H.
Published: April 2011

A series of 11 flours of different types and baking strengths were baked by a variety of methods in order to determine the effect of adding fermentable sugar to the dough in conjunction with cooked white and sweet potato. Preliminary bakings using a simple formula of flour, water, yeast, and salt, with and without sucrose indicated the value of sucrose in flours of low diastatic power.The addition of cooked white potato in the absence of sucrose gave still poorer results with these low diastatic flours, but improved the better flours. The addition of sucrose increased the response of all flours, the maximum stimulation being obtained when both malt and sucrose were added. Evidently, cooked white potato is not a satisfactory substitute for fermentable sugars.It was found that cooked sweet potato not only supported yeast activity, but also stimulated it. However, it also imparted a deleterious dark tint to the loaf, thus lowering the color score.The addition of potassium bromate without sucrose resulted in a greater loaf volume than that obtained by the use of the simple formula with sucrose, except in the case of two flours, particularly low in diastatic activity. The inclusion of diastatic malt increased the loaf volumes of these two flours.No significant relationship was found between protein content and loaf volume, in the absence of added fermentable carbohydrate. The addition of sucrose and malt to bakings with potato extract resulted in correlations equal to those obtained with other flour improvers.
A CONVENIENT MECHANICAL MEANS OF WINDING QUARTZ SPIRALS
Authors: Tapp J. S.
Published: April 2011

A mechanical device has been constructed for the automatic winding of quartz spirals with any desired pitch. The resultant spirals are compact, accurate and uniform, and are produced with a minimum of personal attention. A study was made of the relationship between the sensitivity and the diameter of the fibre employed.The machine itself is inexpensive and involves no complicated parts. About 50 successful spirals have been prepared in the manner recorded.
EFFECT OF RATE OF SEEDING UPON COMPARISON OF VARIETIES OF OATS
Authors: Hopkins J. W.
Published: April 2011

Three varieties of oats: Abundance, Banner and Daubeney, were sown at various rates in 1924-25-26 at four places differing widely in soil and climate, viz., Charlottetown, P.E.I., Macdonald College, Que., Scott, Sask., and Edmonton, Alberta. Daubeney has smaller seed and tillers more freely than the other two varieties.The method of field experimentation adopted is considered in the light of the principles of "randomisation" and "local control" developed at Rothamsted by R. A. Fisher. The plots sown at each rate were adequately replicated but their systematic arrangement precluded a valid estimate of the errors in yield comparisons. In particular, the arrangement of the plots sown at different rates was shown to coincide to some extent with variations in soil fertility.In general the differences in yield between plots of the same variety sown at different rates were small. Daubeney showed the greatest variations; the expected stabilizing effect of its tendency to tiller did not appear.The combined results of the three years indicate that the optimum rate of seeding may not be the same for different varieties at the same station, and certainly is not the same for the same variety at different stations. Near the optimum the effect of variations in seed rate upon yield were slight and, at three out of the four stations, all three varieties might be sown at a specified uniform rate without significantly increasing the ordinary experimental error.Large fluctuations were found in the percentage stand of plants recorded, due in part to unavoidable errors in counting, but still indicating significant differences between the stations. At three stations the optimum stand of Daubeney may have been higher than that of the other two varieties, though at only one station is the difference significant.
THE ELECTRIC MOMENT OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
Authors: Linton E. P. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The electric moment of hydrogen peroxide was found to be 2.13 × 10−18 in dioxan. Comparative measurements made on the electric moment of water gave 1.90 × 10−18 in dioxan. Measurements made with both water and hydrogen peroxide in ether gave lower values for their electric moments, and the reason for this is discussed. The structure of hydrogen peroxide is discussed, and the electric moment shown to be in agreement with all data as determined in this laboratory in indicating the presence of a co-ordinate co-valent bond.
MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS IN TRANSMISSION LINES
Authors: Niven C. D.
Published: April 2011

Various types of vibration are discussed with special emphasis on the large and uncommon type of vibration known as "galloping". The effect of an ice coating on the line was investigated and could not be proved to enhance vibrations artificially introduced into the line. A mathematical expression for the period when the cable sways in the wind was developed. This period was found to be approximately equal to the period of the "fundamental" of the span. After various experiments had been carried out, the conclusion was reached which attributed the cause of galloping to pulsating winds.
THE VOLUME RELATIONS OF THE SYSTEM CELLULOSE AND WATER
Authors: Filby Edgar , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The absolute specific volume of cellulose has been determined by means of helium gas. A new experimental procedure has been developed, which, it is claimed, is more accurate than any previously used where a small quantity of porous material is involved. The method is extended to include the measurement of the volume of a system resulting from the adsorption of a vapor on a porous material, and applied in this instance to the system cellulose-water vapor. The specific volume of cellulose in helium was found to be 0.640 ± 0.001 cc. The volume of the system cellulose-water vapor was found to be much smaller than that given by the components cellulose and condensed water, as long as the amount of adsorbed water was below 4%. With more than 8% of adsorbed water the density of subsequently sorbed water was found to be the same as that of the normal liquid.The hypothesis is put forward that the first water adsorbed on cellulose enters into a definite chemical combination, considerable contraction taking place, and that subsequently adsorbed water first causes an increase in cellulose surface, with further consequent contraction in the volume of the two components and then a filling up of the so-called capillary spaces in which the water maintains its liquid properties. The relation of this hypothesis to the hysteresis effect is indicated, the trend which further work should take is pointed out, and the interest of this problem from a practical point of view is discussed.
SPIROCHAETES OF THE DISTRICT OF MONTREAL AND OF THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC
Authors: Gardner G.
Published: April 2011

This paper is devoted to a brief discussion of the general characteristics of spircchaetes, including staining and cultures, and to records of observations on spirochaetes in Canada, which are of interest for comparison with those from other parts of the world.Fresh water from various sources was examined both directly and after collection and cultivation. The results show that while Canadian waters are extremely poor in spirochaetes they do contain various types resembling those recorded from other parts of the world. By maceration of vegetation in sterile tap water a number of spirochaetes were obtained including S. biflexa, S. pseudo-icterohemorragiae, and in particular a distinct type referred to as the "timothy type", obtained from timothy grass. This spirochaete resembles S. plicatilis, but is very much shorter (a maximum of 15 μ as compared with lengths up to 500 μ). The addition of oxazine (1–1000) causes the surface membrane and granulations to become distinct and also reveals the existence of an axial filament.The intestines of a number of animals, both vertebrate and invertebrate, were examined with negative results, but spirochaetes were obtained by cultivation from the saliva or foam of a cow. A number of rabbits were found to be infected with S. cuniculi and to harbor a spirochaete in the caecum. S. icterohemorragiae was also detected in the kidneys of wild rats.Strains of S. pseudo-icterohemorragiae (free living) were found to be non-pathogenic. Nevertheless after being cultivated for two or three years, some of these free living strains acquire certain characteristics of the pathogenic type and it is possible that under proper conditions the physiology of certain micro-organisms could be so changed as to render them pathogenic to man.The influence of cold on spirochaetes was also studied, cultures of S. pseudo-icterohemorragiae being kept at a temperature of approximately − 15 °C. The spirochaetes were found to lose their motility gradually and to break up into granules. Subcultures of these forms were negative. It would seem that the comparative rarity of spirochaetes in Canada may be attributed to the low winter temperatures.
CONDUCTIVITY DATA OF AQUEOUS MIXTURES OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AND ORGANIC ACIDS. II.
Authors: Hatcher W. H. , Powell E. C.
Published: April 2011

The conductivities of formic, acetic, propionic and succinic acids and succinic monoperacid have been studied in water and in aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution. These acids all add hydrogen peroxide to form un-ionized complexes which later, with time, lose water to form the so-called peracids of negligible conductivity. The formation of such complexes is dependent solely on the concentration of reagents, the peracid being produced subsequently by loss of water.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE GONADS OF MALE BIRDS AFFECTED WITH FOWL PARALYSIS (NEUROLYMPHOMATOSIS GALLINARUM)
Authors: Biely Jacob , Palmer V. Elvira
Published: April 2011

Observations are presented on six male birds affected with fowl paralysis. Characteristic lymphoid infiltrations were found in the nervous system and in the testes. Lymphomatous tumors of the testes occurred in three of the birds. Evidence is presented that spermatogenesis was definitely suppressed.
POLYMERIZATION OF VINYL ETHERS
Authors: Chalmers William
Published: April 2011

A number of vinyl ethers investigated were found to undergo violent polymerization reactions on the addition of free iodine. With very small amounts of the catalyst, considerable differences in polymerizability are disclosed, the phenyl ether being least sensitive to its action. The alkyl ethers, but not the phenyl ether, are very slowly converted into polymeric forms under the influence of heat and ultra-violet light. The orders of polymerization of the products range from 18 to 82. The "mer" refractivities of some of the polymers have been determined and shown to agree with the theoretical values calculated on simple assumptions. A closed-ring chain structure, with the structural units arranged in regular order and joined by normal, single bonds, is proposed.
A NEW STEM-END ROT OF POTATO
Authors: Foster W. R. , MacLeod H. S.
Published: April 2011

A new disease of potato, a hard, dry, corky, stem-end rot with a sharply defined margin, is reported from the coastal area of British Columbia. Stem-end hard rot is the name suggested for this disease. A fungus, Phomopsis tuberivora Güssow and Foster, isolated from rot lesions, reproduced typical symptoms of the characteristic stem-end rot. The optimum temperature for the growth of the causal organism is between 20° and 25 °C. The optimum hydrogen ion concentration for the growth is approximately 6.5.Between 38° to 40° F. (3.34 to 4.45 °C.) the usual storage temperature for potatoes, the disease makes little progress. Dipping the diseased potatoes in mercuric chloride, 1:1000, was not an effective control measure. Evidence of field experiments indicates that diseased tubers should not be used for planting purposes.
MEASUREMENTS OF IONIZATION IN THE KENNELLY-HEAVISIDE LAYER DURING THE SOLAR ECLIPSE OF 1932
Authors: Henderson John T.
Published: April 2011

The ionization of the Kenelly-Heaviside layer was measured by Appleton's method during the total solar eclipse of August 31, 1932. In contrast to normal days, a sudden decrease of 58% during the period of optical totality was found. This is shown to be in accord with Appleton's, but not with Chapman's, theory that the cause of lower layer ionization is ultra-violet light from the sun. Some measurements were made of the effective height of the Appleton layer and these are discussed in detail. There is a marked effect at the time of optical totality on this layer also.
FADING AND SIGNAL-STRENGTH MEASUREMENTS TAKEN DURING THE SOLAR ECLIPSE OF AUGUST 31, 1932
Authors: Henderson J. T. , Rose D. C.
Published: April 2011

This paper contains the results of observations on signal strength and fading, taken during the total solar eclipse of August 31, 1932, by the Canadian Marconi Company, the Northern Electric Company, the Marine Department of the Canadian Government and l'Ecole Polytechnique, Montreal.The Canadian Marconi Company at Yamachiche took signal-strength observations on trans-Atlantic and American short-wave stations. The Northern Electric Company measured field strengths in Montreal from the Ottawa station in the broadcast band (600 Kc.). The stations of the Marine Department in the Hudson Strait and Hudson Bay regions and also in the Newfoundland and Nova Scotia region took notes on short-wave reception from Ottawa and direction-finding bearings on specified nearby stations. L'Ecole Polytechnique had a receiving station at Rigaud, Quebec.The results of observations on short waves indicate no effect at the time of the predicted corpuscular eclipse, but a definite night effect at the time of optical totality. Direction-finding stations and observations on the broadcast band report no effect.
THE NATURE OF THE MECHANISM OF POLYMERIZATION
Authors: Hibbert Harold , Perry Stanley Z.
Published: April 2011

not available
SOME FEATURES OF ATMOSPHERIC EDDIES WITH APPLICATIONS TO THE VIBRATIONS OF TRANSMISSION LINES
Authors: Middleton W. E. Knowles
Published: April 2011

Some conclusions regarding atmospheric eddies, derived from the records of a pressure-tube anemograph at St. Hubert Airport near Montreal, are applied to the problem of the vibrations of transmission lines, furnishing a meteorological approach to the problem recently discussed by C. D. Niven.It is found (1) that during glaze storms the wind at 60 ft. above ground is generally less gusty than the average; (2) that the mean duration of a gust varies inversely as the square root of the wind velocity, and is too large to resonate with the ordinarily observed period of "galloping"; and (3) that the steadiest winds invariably occur on nights of low wind velocity when a large negative lapse rate of temperature has been built up, leading to the small high-frequency vibrations due to eddies forming behind the cables.The meteorological conditions accompanying a recent destructive case of "galloping" form the subject of part of the paper.
THE SULPHUR CONTENT OF CRUDE NAPHTHA FROM TURNER VALLEY IN RELATION TO REFINING PRACTICE
Authors: Shipley T. W.
Published: April 2011

Typical samples of Turner Valley naphtha were examined for their sulphur content and for their behavior towards common refining treatments. The sulphur content ranged from 0.15 to 0.19% and consisted of sulphides, organic disulphides and mercaptans. Thiophenes were present, but in very small amounts. No free sulphur or peroxides were detected. Distillation concentrated the color and color producing compounds and the gum and gum producing compounds in a small high-boiling residual fraction. Exposure to light, even in the absence of air, led to the development of a yellow color and to gum formation in all undistilled samples, treated or untreated. Distillation up to 165 °C. yielded a fraction (95% by volume) which remained colorless and free from gum formation when exposed to the air and to light for over eight months.Recovery of the propane and butane is recommended, and the treatment of the crude naphthas with sodium hydroxide solution or with sodium hydroxide and sodium sulphide solutions followed by distillation is suggested as a means of producing a fairly satisfactory gasoline. The caustic wash alone reduces the sulphur content to about 0.1%, while the alkaline-sodium sulphide wash reduces it to about 0.05%.Sulphuric acid, sodium hypochlorite, caustic wash, sodium plumbite and cupric chloride treatments were examined and the refined products compared for sulphur content, sweetness, corrosion, gum formation and color. None of these treatments prevented gum formation or the development of color when the treated samples were exposed to light.
INHERITANCE OF BUNT AND LOOSE SMUT REACTION AND OF CERTAIN OTHER CHARACTERS IN KOTA × RED BOBS AND GARNET CROSSES
Authors: Kilduff Thomas
Published: April 2011

Genetic studies were made in F2, F3 and F4 on the progeny of two common wheat crosses, Kota × Red Bobs and Kota × Garnet. Two chlamydospore collections from pure line hosts were used for inoculation in the bunt studies. The heritable nature of bunt reaction was clearly demonstrated in these crosses and evidence obtained that the degree of resistance found in Garnet must be conditioned by a single major factor. No genie hypothesis could be offered to explain the findings in regard to loose smut reaction due to a lack of agreement in infection percentages in the F3 and F4. Red kernel color in Kota and Red Bobs was found to be governed by two factor pairs. The results on the inheritance of awn characters agreed with the earlier findings of Clark and other workers with crosses of similar awned types, several factor pairs being involved. Two main factors appeared to condition the difference in strength of straw between Kota and Garnet, but the entire expression of the character can best be explained on a multiple factor basis. Correlated inheritance studies, made with the use of the correlation ratio η, indicated the presence of two linkage groups concerned with reaction to the bunt forms used. However, the linkage apparent between strength of straw and bunt susceptibility factors and between awn type and bunt resistance factors is not considered to be close enough to interfere with breeding for desirable bunt resistant varieties.
THE EFFECT OF MECHANICAL SEED INJURY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOOT ROT IN CEREALS
Authors: Machacek J. E. , Greaney F. J.
Published: April 2011

Greenhouse and field experiments have shown that the use of mechanically injured seed promotes the development of seedling blight and foot rot caused by Fusarium culmorum in cereals, thereby retarding the growth of the plants and decreasing yield.
THE ALKALOIDS OF FUMARACEOUS PLANTS: VI. Corydalis sempervirens (L.) PERS.
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

Corydalis sempervirens has yielded six alkaloids, two of which, bicuculline and bicucine, had been previously lound in Dicentra cucullaria. The similarity of these two plants is further demonstrated by the presence in the former of cryptopine and, as in the case of other fumaraceous plants, protopine. A new alkaloid. C19H17O6N(?), which has been named capnoidine appears to be isomeric with adlumidine but is not identical with it. A very small amount of an unidentified base melting at 201 °C. was also obtained.
PENETRATION DURING SULPHITE COOKING
Authors: Saunderson H. , Johnston H. W. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

This paper deals with some of the factors which influence the penetration of sulphite liquor into wood during the cooking process. The experimental technique for this purpose is described. The particular factors investigated in this paper are the influence of the calcium sulphite precipitate and the composition of the liquor on penetration.Certain conclusions may be drawn from the experimental results presented. These are summarized as follows:(1) The rate of penetration of sulphite liquor through a block of spruce wood is constant for a fixed low temperature. At a constant high temperature the rate of penetration increases continuously during the duration of a run, due to the opening up of the wood. This "cooking" action becomes evident at about 90 °C. for heartwood, and below 70 °C. for sapwood.(2) The rate of penetration of sulphite liquor is greater for a higher concentration of free sulphur dioxide. This increase in rate with sulphur dioxide concentration becomes more noticeable at higher temperatures, indicating that at least a part of the effect is due to cooking action.(3) The formation of a precipitate of calcium sulphite on the wood at high temperatures decreases the rate of forced penetration. This effect is more noticeable with porous wood, where the pressure differential is small. The plugging action is largely a surface effect, due to the formation of a layer of precipitate over the ends of the tracheids of the wood.
THE IONIZATION CONSTANTS OF p-NITROPHENYLACETIC AND PHENYLMALONIC ACIDS
Authors: Basterfield Steward , Tomecko James W.
Published: April 2011

The ionization constants of p-nitrophenylacetic and phenylmalonic acids have been determined from conductivity data. The value of K for p-nitrophenylacetic acid at 25 °C. is 1.04 × 10−4, about twice that of phenylacetic acid. The nitro group in the nucleus has not as powerful an effect on the ionization when the COOH group is in the side chain as it has when both nitro group and COOH are in the nucleus. K for p-nitrobenzoic acid is six times as great as K for benzoic acid. K for phenylmalonic acid is 2. 77 × 10−3 as compared with 1.6 × 10−3 for malonic acid.
THE YELLOW COLORING MATTER OF KHAPLI WHEAT, TRITICUM DICOCCUM: III. THE CONSTITUTION OF TRICIN
Authors: Anderson J. Ansel
Published: April 2011

Tricin is identical with 5,7,4′-trihydroxy-3′,5′-dimethoxyflavone which has been synthesized by the action of concentrated sulphuric acid on 5,7-dihydroxy-3′,4′,5′-trimethoxyflavone. The constitution has been confirmed by fusion with alkali which yielded syringic acid and phloroglucinol.
THE SORPTION OF WATER BY ASBESTOS FIBRE
Authors: Pidgeon L. M. , Winsen A. Van
Published: April 2011

The sorption of water by asbestos fibre has been examined using two modifications of the static method. In the first method the sample was weighed in the absence of air by a quartz spring balance, after which the required vapor pressure of water was admitted. In the second method the samples were weighed in air in a room the temperature and humidity of which were controlled. The two methods have given identical results, producing the sigmoid isotherm similar to those found in the cases of cotton and wood, and exhibiting a marked inflexion in the region of the saturation point. The rate of sorption has been examined using the sorption balance and it has been shown that at humidities below 70% equilibrium is established in a few minutes; at higher humidities longer time is required. Because of this and other reasons it is suggested that in this region capillary condensation is taking place.
SEED CONTENT, SEEDLING PRODUCTION AND FRUITFULNESS IN APPLES
Authors: Brittain W. H. , Eidt C. C.
Published: April 2011

The behavior of different types of apple crosses was found to be very similar, whether or not emasculation was practiced, indicating that selfing was not a serious factor in the latter case. In both cases it was found that (1) all varieties were fruitful when diploid varieties were used as male parents, though triploid × triploid crosses sometimes approximated the latter in this respect, and that (2) all varieties, regardless of chromosome constitution, were less fruitful when triploids were used as male parents. Though triploid varieties had a lower seed content than diploids, the seed content within the variety was characteristically greater wherever diploids were used as pollen parents. The results obtained with respect to seedlings were in general agreement with those based on seed alone, the order of production being as follows: first, diploid × diploid; second, triploid × diploid; third, diploid × triploid; and fourth, triploid × triploid. No correlation between seed content and weight could be demonstrated in Gravenstein, Baldwin, King and Wagener and a barely significant correlation in the case of Northern Spy. Various morphological abnormalities resulting from imperfect pollination are described.
THE INFLUENCE OF ELECTROLYTES ON THE FORMATION AND DECOMPOSITION OF URATE GELS
Authors: Young E. Gordon , Musgrave F. F. , Graham H. C.
Published: April 2011

A study has been made of the influence of various electrolytes in promoting gelation of aqueous supersaturated solutions of the urates of methylamine, lithium, piperazine and tetramethylammonium. The cation has been found to be the active agent. The minimal concentration of the electrolyte which is effective has been determined over the gelation range of the urate. The order of efficacy of the cations may be stated in general to be K > NH4 > Rb > Cs > Li > Na. A maximal concentration of electrolyte has been found above which immediate precipitation rather than gelation occurs. The time required for gelation varies inversely with the amount of electrolyte present in any single concentration of urate. The rigidity varies directly up to the point of precipitation. The time of crystallization of the gel varies directly with the concentration of the electrolytes, sodium chloride, rubidium chloride and lithium chloride but inversely with potassium chloride and ammonium chloride. Certain organic diamines have been found to possess the power of causing gelation over a limited range of urate. Ethyl alcohol, between 20 and 60%, causes gelation of lithium urate and methylamine urate.The thixotropic effect has been observed in gels of piperazine urate containing potassium chloride and lithium urate with alcohol.The action of electrolytes on urate gels is interpreted as partially electro-kinetic and partially lyotropic in nature.
AN X-RAY ANALYSIS OF THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE THALLIUM-TIN ALLOYS
Authors: Ireton H. J. C. , Blewett J. P. , Allen J. F.
Published: April 2011

An analysis of the crystal structure of thallium-tin alloys was carried out. It was found that the tin lattice constant had a maximum value at the eutectic point (42.5% thallium), while the superconducting curve showed a cusp-shaped minimum at this point and a peak at the solubility boundary. When tin was added to thallium a change from α to β-thallium was observed. This change is similar to that already noted in other alloys of thallium.
NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY OF CERTAIN TORTRICID SPECIES WITH STRUCTURAL DETAILS OF THE LARVAE AND PUPAE
Authors: McDunnough J.
Published: April 2011

Biological notes are given on six species of Tortricidae—Sparganothis directana Wlk.; Tortrix alleniana Fern.; Cacoecia myricana McD.; Cacoecia parallela Rob.; Tortricodes horariana Wlshm. and Peronea cornana McD.: three species of Eucosminae—Epinotia lindana Fern.; Epinotia myricana McD. and Anchylopera semiovana Zell.: five species of Argyroplocinae—Exartema cornanum Heinr.; Exartema permundanum Clem.; Exartema valdanum McD.; Argyroploce albiciliana Fern, and Evora hemidesma Zell.A comparative study of the setal pattern of both head and abdomen in the larvae of the above-mentioned species is presented and the main structural details of the pupae are also described. In this connection a critical comment on both Fracker's and Mosher's generic keys, based respectively on larval and pupal characters, is offered.
PYROLYSIS OF THE LOWER PARAFFINS: IV. THE CONVERSION OF GASEOUS PARAFFINS TO AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN BAFFLED QUARTZ TUBES
Authors: Cambron Adrien , Bayley Colin H.
Published: April 2011

The polymerization of gaseous olefine mixtures, such as are obtained by the pyrolysis of the lower paraffins, has been studied by passing the gases through heated quartz tubes under conditions of streamline and of turbulent gas flow. It is shown that the observed rate of polymerization of the gaseous olefines to liquid hydrocarbons is appreciably higher, at a given wall temperature, under conditions of turbulent flow. By subjecting propane to two thermal treatments at a maximum temperature of 950 °C., 29% by weight of the gas is converted to liquids of which 70% boil in the gasoline range, and over 30% by weight of the propane is recoverable in the gaseous by-products as olefines, the total conversion into useful products being consequently about 60%. Substantially the same results have been obtained in single-stage recycling experiments.
THE DENSITY OF PROPYLENE IN THE LIQUID AND VAPOR PHASES NEAR THE CRITICAL TEMPERATURE
Authors: Winkler C. A. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The density of propylene in the liquid and vapor phases was measured over the range 66° to 92 °C. by a refined dilatometer method and at the higher temperatures at the same time by a float method. Good agreement was found between the two methods, the latter being preferable in the neighborhood of the critical temperature. It was found that at temperatures below the critical, no variation in vapor density accompanied a change in the relative volume of the liquid. The data were obtained principally for an investigation to be published simultaneously on discontinuities above the critical temperature.
STUDIES ON FOOT AND ROOT ROT OF WHEAT: IV. EFFECT OF CROP ROTATION AND CULTURAL PRACTICE ON THE RELATIVE PREVALENCE OF HELMINTHOSPORIUM SATIVUM AND FUSARIUM SPP. AS INDICATED BY ISOLATIONS FROM WHEAT PLANTS
Authors: Broadfoot W. C.
Published: April 2011

The crown and root tissue from 43,305 of 47,360 plants examined in this investigation yielded Helminthosporium sativum, Fusarium culmorum and other Fusarium spp., either alone or in combination with these or other fungi and bacteria. It was the exception for any mature plant, the surface tissue of which was disinfected, to be free from fungi or bacteria. None of the various crop sequences or cultural practices used in this study appeared to significantly affect more than another the relative prevalence of either H. sativum or Fusarium spp., as indicated by isolations from the crown tissue of wheat. However, as there was a marked tendency at certain stations each year for H. sativum or Fusarium spp. to predominate, it was concluded that certain factors of the environment were more effective than the crop sequence in modifying the relative prevalence of the two fungi mentioned in the crown and root tissue of wheat plants.
CYTOSPORA INFECTION FOLLOWING FIRE INJURY IN WESTERN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Dearness John , Hansbrough J. R.
Published: April 2011

Data are given concerning the appearance of Cytospora spp. on 15 species of shrubs and trees following a light ground fire near D'Arcy, B.C. On 11 of the hosts was found a species of Cytospora, which is herein described under the name, C. pulcherrima. On three of the hosts was found an undetermined Cytospora with larger spores and darker, less delicate tendrils. On the one coniferous host present, Douglas fir, the only fungus present was determined as C. friesii Sacc.The taxonomic importance of the study rests on the range of species of infected hosts which revealed a width hitherto unknown or at least unreported for a Cytospora.
THE SOUND FIELD OF MEMBRANES AND DIAPHRAGMS: I. THE ANGULAR DISTRIBUTION OF THE SOUND PRODUCED BY A LARGE DIAPHRAGM
Authors: Ruedy R.
Published: April 2011

The amplitudes of the sound waves set up by a thin circular plate clamped at the edge and vibrating with circular and radial nodes, have been calculated for distances which are large with respect to the radius of the disk (loudspeaker). The results are compared with those obtained at various frequencies when a rigid oscillating piston set into an infinite wall is used as a source or reproducer of sound. The two main differences between the vibrating plate and piston are the much greater amplitudes obtained in certain directions when the diaphragm is used, even though the displacement at the centre of the disk may be the same in both cases, and the strong tendency to send the sound sideways instead of directly forward. While the diaphragm shares these properties to a certain extent with the stretched membrane, it displays them in a more practical range. The theoretical frequencies at which these features are found to be most pronounced are in agreement with the values found by experiment.