bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring Freud’s Resistance to The Oceanic Feeling
Authors: Ackerman Sarah
Published: February 2017

This paper takes up Romain Rolland’s description of a nearly universal “oceanic feeling” and considers Freud’s avowed disinterest in this concept. Herman Melville elaborates and expands the concept of the oceanic in the text of Moby Dick, juxtaposing Ishmael’s oceanic reverie while up high on the masthead with Ahab’s focused determination to destroy Moby Dick. Melville’s extension of the concept recasts the oceanic as an aspect of Freud’s recommendations about the necessary conditions for psychoanalytic process, inviting a comparison of going to sea with going into analysis. Freud’s Civilization and Its Discontents allows for further thoughts about the danger Freud recognizes in this feeling, a way that the oceanic feeling may be an expression of the death instinct. Together, these explorations point in the direction both of a centrality of an oceanic experience in psychoanalysis and a recognition of the risks that the oceanic entails, deepening our understanding of the many reasons Freud might have wished to avoid it.
La traduzione d'autore come genere letterario: Alcune note sul De interpretatione recta di Leonardo Bruni
Authors: Zanobini Michele
Published: February 2017

Il presente articolo offre una lettura analitica del De interpretatione recta di Bruni, soffermandosi su quegli aspetti peculiari del testo che lo rendono il primo manuale di traduzione apparso in Occidente dopo le riflessioni di San Girolamo. Nel primo trentennio del Quattrocento, l'umanista aretino Leonardo Bruni compone questo trattato, e lo fa con una duplice finalità: se infatti l'opera, prima nel suo genere, codifica i canoni da seguire nel tradurre testi antichi, dall'altro essa mira a far tacere le aspre critiche di cui l'intellettuale era stato fatto oggetto per le sue traduzioni latine di Aristotele. Il tono di un tale sdegno certo non colpisce se calato nella temperie culturale del primo umanesimo fiorentino, ma appare talmente marcato da limitare il potenziale innovativo dell'opera del Bruni.

Soppesando debitamente meriti e limiti del trattato bruniano, questo articolo si propone di sottolineare la centralità del De interpretatione recta sia come manifesto intellettuale umanista che come opera pionieristica della grande filologia quattrocentesca italiana.
Gender and Caste at Work: Evolution of a Factory Regime Under the Sumangali Scheme
Authors: Rahul N.
Published: February 2017

The feminisation of labour practised by the spinning industry in Tamil Nadu in the name of the Sumangali Scheme is based on a highly exploitative labour arrangement of employing girls belonging to socio-economically deprived sections. Using a socially sensitive factory regime approach developed by Ching Kwan Lee, this article brings to light changes that are underway in a prominent mill that has been the target of NGO activism. The findings show that a highly despotic factory regime has slowly transformed into a hegemonic regime premised on the reconstruction of the employer as a benevolent patron. The study unravels the complex intersection of caste and gender in shaping the new factory regime.
An Active-Learning Approach to Fostering Understanding of Research Methods in Large Classes
Authors: LaCosse Jennifer , Ainsworth Sarah E. , Shepherd Melissa A. , Ent Michael , Klein Kelly M. , Holland-Carter Lauren A. , Moss Justin H. , Licht Mark , Licht Barbara
Published: February 2017

The current investigation tested the effectiveness of an online student research project designed to supplement traditional methods (e.g., lectures, discussions, and assigned readings) of teaching research methods in a large-enrollment Introduction to Psychology course. Over the course of the semester, students completed seven assignments, each representing a stage of the research process. Students formed hypotheses, tested their hypotheses using data from the class, interpreted their results, generated future directions, created PowerPoint slides summarizing their projects, and presented their results in a poster session. We found support for the hypothesis that the research methods intervention would lead to better performance on a research methods quiz compared to students in a nonintervention section taught by the same instructor. This intervention demonstrated that it is feasible to use project-oriented active-learning techniques to foster understanding of research methods in large classes.
Whitewashing City Spaces
Authors: Triece Mary E.
Published: February 2017

Despite the tangible and documented impact race plays in questions of housing, employment, education, and health, discourses of antiracialism perpetuate the idea race—and by extension, racism—is no longer a relevant marker of disparity. In this alleged “post race” context, how do news accounts cover stories on urban crisis and renewal? This article takes up scholarly calls to develop “conceptual tools” that may enable critical scholars to explore how racism continues undercover in the 21st century. I argue for the importance of exploring how strategic forgetting operates in conjunction with the familiar and formulaic frame of personalization to erase or evade the continued presence of structured, systemic racism in the (re)construction/renewal of city spaces.
The Social Life of Measures: Conceptualizing Measure–Value Environments
Authors: Brighenti Andrea Mubi
Published: February 2017

Issues of measure and measurement, and their relation to value and values, are of concern in several major threads in contemporary social theory and social research. In this article, the notion of ‘measure–value environments’ is introduced as a theoretical lens through which the life of measures can be better understood. A number of points are made which represent both a continuation and a slight change in emphasis vis-à-vis the existing scholarship. First, it is argued that the relation between measure and value is necessarily circular – better, entangled. Second, a conceptualization of measures as territorializing devices is advanced. Third, importance is given to the fact that measures are not simply tools in our hands, they are also environments in which we live. Fourth, attention is drawn to the fact that the unit ( n = 1) is not just a quantitative happening among others, but is qualitatively distinct.
Gods of the Anthropocene: Geo-Spiritual Formations in the Earth’s New Epoch
Authors: Szerszynski Bronislaw
Published: February 2017

In this article the author argues that we need not just to ‘decolonize’ the Anthropocene but also to ‘desecularize’ it – to be aware that in the new age of the Earth we may be coeval with gods and spirits. Drawing particularly on the work of Gilles Deleuze, Félix Guattari and Georges Bataille, and using concepts from both thermodynamics and fluid dynamics, the author starts to develop an interdisciplinary theory of planetary spirit and use this to speak of both the ‘laminar’ high gods of time that are being invoked to summon the story of Earth’s ongoing transformation into a canonical mythos, and the turbulent lower spirits of place which manifest particular, situated dynamics on an Earth crossed by interlocking gradients and flows of energy, value, power and entropy. He suggests that what might once have been distinct territorialized ‘cultures’ or ‘natures’ in which humans engaged in particular situated patterns of interaction with animals, spirits and other beings are increasingly being convened into a global multinatural system.
Help wanted
Authors: Brodie Jacqueline , Van Saane Sebastiaan Huib , Osowska Renata
Published: February 2017

The purpose of the research presented in this article was to investigate the added value of mentoring for entrepreneurs during the start-up phase. This small-scale exploratory research focused on five start-up entrepreneurs in Scotland to determine the entrepreneurs’ perceptions regarding the ‘added’ value of their mentoring support. To achieve the research aim, a qualitative approach was adopted and an embedded case study strategy was followed with data collection from semi-structured in-depth interviews. The case study findings indicated a selection of perceived benefits of the mentoring experience for the start-up entrepreneurs, which included gaining business knowledge, getting guidance and prioritizing goals, an increase in confidence and access to relevant networks. The results point towards the use of multiple mentors and peer support at start-up to maximize the full benefits of the mentoring process. The study also provides tentative recommendations for supporting agencies as well as entrepreneurs to enhance the value in the mentee–mentor relationship.
Digging performance characterization for hydraulic excavator considering uncertainty during digging operation
Authors: Chen Jin , Zou Zhihong , Pang Xiaoping
Published: February 2017

A methodology whereby the digging performance of the hydraulic excavator can be determined is presented, with uncertainty during the digging operation being taken into consideration. Natural variability in medium properties and differences in operation styles are the significant sources of uncertainty. The most probable direction interval of the digging resistance obtained from the experimental data is given to quantify the contribution of uncertain medium properties to the variation of the digging resistance direction. A digging capability polygon, which is used to characterize excavator’s capability to apply forces to overcome the digging resistance, is defined by the driving capability constraints of hydraulic cylinders, the stability constraints of the excavator and the most probable direction interval of the digging resistance. A set of significant performance measures, which can be used to quantify the maximum digging capability of the excavator and the exerting extent of the driving capability of hydraulic cylinders, are given based on the digging capability polygon for a given manipulator configuration. The Cartesian workspace of the excavator is discretized into finite digging points to reduce the computational work for global digging performance analysis. Considering differences in operation styles, for each digging point the digging angle is discretized with a certain step and the inverse kinematics approach is taken to derive the manipulator configuration corresponding to each incremental step of the digging angle. Quantitative measures of the global digging performance are proposed according to the performance statistics for all manipulator configurations of all digging points in the entire workspace. These measures can be used to assess the mechanical capability of the working mechanism of a hydraulic excavator and to assess the operation styles used by different operators who have different level of experiences. Finally, the proposed methodology is illustrated using an application example of a 36-ton hydraulic excavator.
A national strategy for a low-carbon economy: The contribution of regional development planning
Authors: Troy Patrick
Published: February 2017

Planning for a low-carbon future in Australia will need to address simultaneously three aspects of sustainable development: centralisation/regional development, mobility and communication. After reviewing existing roadmaps for low-carbon growth by 2050, the article identifies the importance for Australia of an integrated and mutually reinforcing set of measures, based on a bold approach to urban and regional planning. Taking account of national geography, the approach is based on the decentralisation of energy production, use and storage, and on new uses of communication, transport and the location of food, water and mineral resources. Revitalised regional centres could be connected, through new energy and transport solutions, by a national transport arc and electrified highways. The use of infrastructure funding to support low-carbon regional development would avoid the ‘tragedy of the commons’, transcending incremental, cumulative approaches based on compensation and incentives for household, business and sectoral abatement efforts. It would generate long-term environmentally sustainable development.
3D Optical Investigation of 2 Nail Systems Used in Tibiotalocalcaneal Arthrodesis: A Biomechanical Study
Authors: Evers Julia , Lakemeier Martin , Wähnert Dirk , Schulze Martin , Richter Martinus , Raschke Michael J. , Ochman Sabine
Published: February 2017

Background:

Although retrograde intramedullary nails for tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis (TTCA) are an established fixation method, few studies have evaluated the stability of the available nail systems. The purpose of this study was to compare biomechanically the primary stability of 2 nail-systems, A3 (Small Bone Innovations) and HAN (Synthes), in human cadavers and analyze the exact point of instability in TTCA by means of optical measurement.

Methods:

In 6 pairs of lower legs (n = 12) of fresh-frozen human cadavers with osteoporotic bone structure, bone mineral density (BMD) was determined. Pairwise randomized implantation of either an HAN or A3 nail was executed. Performance and stability were measured by quasi-static tests using 3D motion tracking (NDI Optotrak-Certus) followed by cyclic loading tests during dorsi- and plantarflexion.

Results:

3D optical analysis in quasi-static tests showed a significantly lower degree of movement for the HAN nail in rotational and dorsi-/plantarflexion, especially in the subtalar joint. Cyclic loading tests were consistent with quasi-static tests.

Conclusion:

The A3 nail offered lower stability during axial torsion in the ankle and subtalar joints and during plantar- and dorsiflexion in the subtalar joint in osteoporotic bones. This study was the first to examine the primary stability of different arthrodesis nails in TTCA and their bony parts with a 3D motion analysis.

Clinical Relevance:

The better stability of the locking-only HAN nail in this osteoporotic test setup could lead to more favorable results in comparison to the A3 nail in clinical use.
3D Biometrics for Hindfoot Alignment Using Weightbearing CT
Authors: Lintz François , Welck Matthew , Bernasconi Alessio , Thornton James , Cullen Nicholas P. , Singh Dishan , Goldberg Andy
Published: February 2017

Background:

Hindfoot alignment on 2D radiographs can present anatomical and operator-related bias. In this study, software designed for weightbearing computed tomography (WBCT) was used to calculate a new 3D biometric tool: the Foot and Ankle Offset (FAO). We described the distribution of FAO in a series of data sets from clinically normal, varus, and valgus cases, hypothesizing that FAO values would be significantly different in the 3 groups.

Methods:

In this retrospective cohort study, 135 data sets (57 normal, 38 varus, 40 valgus) from WBCT (PedCAT; CurveBeam LLC, Warrington, PA) were obtained from a specialized foot and ankle unit. 3D coordinates of specific anatomical landmarks (weightbearing points of the calcaneus, of the first and fifth metatarsal heads and the highest and centermost point on the talar dome) were collected. These data were processed with the TALAS system (CurveBeam), which resulted in an FAO value for each case. Intraobserver and interobserver reliability were also assessed.

Results:

In normal cases, the mean value for FAO was 2.3% ± 2.9%, whereas in varus and valgus cases, the mean was −11.6% ± 6.9% and 11.4% ± 5.7%, respectively, with a statistically significant difference among groups ( P < .001). The distribution of the normal population was Gaussian. The inter- and intraobserver reliability were 0.99 +/- 0.00 and 0.97 +/-0.02

Conclusions:

This pilot study suggests that the FAO is an efficient tool for measuring hindfoot alignment using WBCT. Previously published research in this field has looked at WBCT by adapting 2D biometrics. The present study introduces the concept of 3D biometrics and describes an efficient, semiautomatic tool for measuring hindfoot alignment.

Level of Evidence:

Level III, retrospective comparative study.
The effect of terrorism on tourism development in Nigeria
Authors: Ajogbeje Korede , Adeniyi Oluwatosin , Folarin Oludele
Published: February 2017

This article investigated the tourism–terrorism nexus in Nigeria using quarterly time series data within a vector autoregression analytical framework. Unlike extant studies, we gauge the influence of terrorism shocks on the tourism sector specifically on the one hand and broadly the response of some key macroeconomic variables on the other hand. Several interesting results ensued. To sum up these findings, we found a negative response of tourism revenues to terrorist incidents over the long haul as well as adverse effects on other key macroeconomic variables. Therefore, government policies to revamp the ailing economy should be complemented with well-tailored counter-terrorism approaches for effectiveness.
Investigating Debates Around Racism in Sport to Facilitate Perspective Transformation in the Secondary English Classroom
Authors: Merga Margaret K. , Booth Sarah
Published: February 2017

The English classroom is a space in which issues of social justice can be explored through texts, using a critical literacy approach. Indigenous Australians have been subject to racist policies throughout postcolonial Australian history, and racist attitudes toward Australia’s original inhabitants prevail. This article suggests that racism in the Australian Football League online discourse community can be addressed in the English classroom, as social media texts in this area provide rich illustration of the prevailing antisocial attitudes thriving both in this community and the broader Australian community. Informed by both critical literacy and transformative learning theory (TLT), this article proposes a learning experience to facilitate perspective transformation in a secondary classroom. This experience draws on TLT to construct an experience incorporating introspection, stimulating awareness, reflection, and action. This experience is proposed in the hope that reticence to directly challenge antisocial views in the classroom may be overcome.
Risk of falls associated with antiepileptic drug use in ambulatory elderly populations
Authors: Maximos Mira , Chang Feng , Patel Tejal
Published: February 2017

Background:

Falls are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in older adults. About a third of those aged 65 years or older fall at least once each year, which can result in hospitalizations, hip fractures and nursing home admissions that incur high costs to individuals, families and society. The objective of this clinical review was to assess the risk of falls in ambulatory older adults who take antiepileptic drugs, medications that can increase fall risk and decrease bone density.

Methods:

PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library electronic databases were searched from inception to July 2014. Case-control, quasi-experimental and observational design studies published in English that assessed quantifiable fall risk associated with antiepileptic drug use in ambulatory patient populations with a mean or median age of 65 years or older were eligible for inclusion. One author screened all titles and abstracts from the initial search. Two authors independently reviewed and abstracted data from full-text articles that met eligibility criteria.

Results:

Searches yielded 399 unique articles, of which 7 met inclusion criteria—4 prospective or longitudinal cohort studies, 1 cohort study with a nested case-control, 1 cross-sectional survey and 1 retrospective cross-sectional database analysis. Studies that calculated the relative risk of falls associated with antiepileptic drug use reported a range of 1.29 to 1.62. Studies that reported odds ratios of falls associated with antiepileptic drug use ranged from 1.75 to 6.2 for 1 fall or at least 1 fall and from 2.56 to 7.1 for more frequent falls.

Discussion:

Health care professionals should monitor older adults while they take antiepileptic drugs to balance the need for such pharmacotherapy against an increased risk of falling and injuries from falls.
Compulsory licences on pharmaceutical patents in India: A short article
Authors: Rathod Sandeep K.
Published: February 2017

Over the last few years, multiple media reports have commented on compulsory licensing of pharmaceutical patents in India. A majority of these reports painted a doomsday scenario and were devoid of facts. The grant of India’s sole compulsory licence in March 2012 (to Natco for Bayer’s patented drug – Sorafenib) spawned a series of media reports theorising that the grant of this compulsory license was ‘… a major blow to global pharmaceutical firms’ and speculating a beginning of compulsory licensing era for pharmaceuticals patents. However, this simply has happened and India till date has rejected all subsequent compulsory licence applications filed after the Natco/Sorafenib compulsory license application. The purpose of the present article is to collate the present information around the various compulsory licences in India and provide some historical background at a time when even developed countries are beginning to issue compulsory licences for pharmaceutical products.
Multi-level assessment to Reach Out to rural breast cancer survivors
Authors: Gisiger-Camata Silvia , Adams Natasia , Nolan Timiya S. , Meneses Karen
Published: February 2017

Rural breast cancer survivors experience gaps in post-treatment education and support. We report the development and delivery of Reach Out to Rural Breast Cancer Survivors Program. Community-based participatory research and multi-level assessment were used to (a) engage rural community leaders, survivors, and providers; (b) analyze and report results of discussion groups to understand survivorship concerns and preferences; (c) integrate discussion group findings to develop, tailor, and deliver Reach Out; and (d) evaluate Reach Out with regard to satisfaction and helpfulness. In total, 16 rural breast cancer survivors participated in discussion groups. Four major concerns were identified through content analysis: lost in transition, self-management in survivorship, preference for support, and cancer surveillance. Major concerns and survivor preferences were integrated into Reach Out. A 15-item evaluation survey was used to assess the acceptability and helpfulness of Reach Out. In all, 72 participants attended three Reach Out programs; 96% completed evaluations of acceptability and helpfulness. In all, 68 were breast cancer survivors (99%), 88.4% were interested in the information; 91% indicated that personal objectives were met. Content about maintaining health, lymphedema management, and sexuality were ranked as most helpful. Rural survivorship concerns were similar to non-rural survivors, the major difference being access to services. In conclusion, multi-level assessment and community engagement were keys to understand rural survivorship and to develop and deliver content that attended to rural breast cancer survivors’ preferences.
Hybrid Creatures: Mrs Patrick Campbell’s Contributions to Pygmalion
Authors: Gregory Fiona
Published: February 2017

This paper considers the role of actress Stella (Mrs Patrick) Campbell in the creation and reception of George Bernard Shaw's play Pygmalion, which premiered its first English-language production at His Majesty's Theatre in April 1914. Accounts of Pygmalion often perpetuate a narrative that presents Campbell as an egocentric performer who systematically dismantled Shaw's vision for the play and forced him to exert greater authorial control over its later incarnations. This paper reassesses Campbell's creative contribution to Pygmalion and the influence she had on the play's genesis and reception, focussing specifically on the impact of her continued association with the role of Paula in Arthur Wing Pinero's The Second Mrs Tanqueray, her landmark performance of 1893. Reading Paula and Eliza against each other – and through the body of Stella Campbell – I consider these characters as hybrid figures, a reading that in turn highlights Campbell's own hybrid status and her consequent displacement in the British theatrical establishment of the early twentieth century.
Universal molecular screening does not effectively detect Lynch syndrome in clinical practice
Authors: Brennan Beatrice , Hemmings Christine T. , Clark Ian , Yip Desmond , Fadia Mitali , Taupin Douglas R.
Published: February 2017

Background:

Lynch syndrome (LS) due to an inherited damaging mutation in mismatch repair (MMR) genes comprises 3% of all incident colorectal cancer (CRC). Molecular testing using immunohistochemistry (IHC) for MMR proteins is a recommended screening tool to identify LS in incident CRC. This study assessed outcomes of population-based routine molecular screening for diagnosis of LS in a regional center.

Methods:

We conducted a prospective, consecutive case series study of universal IHC testing on cases of resected CRC from September 2004–December 2013. Referred cases with abnormal IHC results that attended a familial cancer clinic were assessed according to modified Bethesda criteria (until 2009) or molecular criteria (from 2009).

Results:

1612 individuals underwent resection for CRC in the study period and had MMR testing by IHC. Of these, 274 cases (16.9%) exhibited loss of expression of MMR genes. The mean age at CRC diagnosis was 68.1 years (± standard deviation 12.7) and the mean age of those with an IHC abnormality was 71.6 (± 11.8). A total of 82 (29.9%) patients with an abnormal result were seen in a subspecialty familial cancer clinic. Patients aged under 50 ( p = 0.009) and those with loss of MSH6 staining ( p = 0.027) were more likely to be referred and to attend. After germ-line sequencing, 0.6% (10 of 82) were identified as having a clinically significant abnormality. A further eight probands with pathogenic germ-line mutations were identified from other referrals to the service over the same time period.

Conclusions:

While technically accurate, the yield of ‘universal’ IHC in detecting new Lynch probands is limited by real-world factors that reduce referrals and genetic testing. We propose an alternative approach for universal, incident case detection of Lynch syndrome with ‘one-stop’ MMR testing and sequencing.
Management of thrombosis in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: a clinician’s guide
Authors: Griffin Morag , Munir Talha
Published: February 2017

Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH), an ultra-orphan disease with a prevalence of 15.9 per million in Europe, is a life-threatening disorder, characterized by haemolysis, bone marrow failure and thrombosis. Patients with PNH prior to the availability of eculizumab had a median survival of between 10 and 22 years, with thrombosis accounting for 22–67% of deaths. 29–44% of patients had at least one thrombosis. This paper provides a clinician’s guide to the diagnosis, management and complications of PNH, with an emphasis on thrombosis.
Parental Views of Promoting Fruit and Vegetable Intake Among Overweight Preschoolers and School-Aged Children
Authors: Nepper Martha J. , Chai Weiwen
Published: February 2017

Given the importance of parental influence on children’s eating habits, we explored perceptions of parents of overweight (body mass index–for-age percentile ≥85%) preschoolers (3-5 years) and overweight school-aged children (6-12 years) regarding challenges in promoting fruit and vegetable intake and how they and other family members influence their overweight children’s dietary habits. Focus groups were conducted with 13 parents of overweight preschoolers and 14 parents of overweight school-aged children. Codes and themes were developed by inductive data analysis. Four common themes were identified: short shelf life of fresh fruits and vegetables prohibiting parents from purchasing, children’s taste changes in fruits and vegetables, parents having the primary influence on children’s dietary intake, and wanting fruits and vegetables “ready to go.” Parents of school-aged children were more concerned about their children’s weight, and extended family members negatively influenced children’s dietary intake compared with parents of preschoolers. Our findings provide valuable insight for nutrition/health educators when developing family-based interventions for weight management.
Opioid Analgesic Prescribing Practices of Dental Professionals in the United States
Authors: Steinmetz C.N. , Zheng C. , Okunseri E. , Szabo A. , Okunseri C.
Published: February 2017

The prescription of opioid analgesics by dental professionals is widespread in the United States. Policy makers, government agencies, and professional organizations consider this phenomenon a growing public health concern. This study examined trends in the prescription of opioid analgesics for adults by dental professionals and associated factors in the United States. Data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (1996-2013) were analyzed. Descriptive statistics were calculated separately for each year. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate the overall trend during the period with and without adjusting for dental procedures and personal characteristics. Survey weights were incorporated to handle the sampling design. The prescription of opioid analgesics following dental care increased over time. After adjusting for sociodemographic factors, source of payment, and type of dental procedure, the odds ratio (OR) of prescribing opioid analgesics following a dental visit per each decade difference was 1.28 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19–1.38). Surgical, root canal, and implant procedures had the highest rates of opioid prescriptions and the greatest increases in rates over the study period. After adjusting for personal characteristics and type of dental procedure, the OR of receiving a prescription for opioids comparing blacks, Asians, and Hispanics to whites was 1.29 (95% CI, 1.17–1.41), 0.57 (95% CI, 0.47–0.70), and 0.84 (95% CI, 0.75–0.95), respectively. Opioid analgesic prescriptions following dental visits increased over time after adjusting for personal characteristics and type of dental procedure. The odds of receiving a prescription for opioids were higher for certain racial/ethnic minority groups.

Knowledge Transfer Statement: This study highlights dental professionals prescribing practices of opioid analgesics by following dental treatments in the United States. With this knowledge, appropriate guidelines, protocols, and policies can be developed and implemented to address any inappropriate prescribing practices of opioid analgesics. In addition, this information could lead to an improvement in the prescribing practices of dental professionals and to evidence-based therapeutic decision making.
miR-28 regulates the germinal center reaction and blocks tumor growth in preclinical models of non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Bartolomé-Izquierdo Nahikari , de Yébenes Virginia G. , Álvarez-Prado Angel F. , Mur Sonia M. , Lopez del Olmo Juan A. , Roa Sergio , Vazquez Jesus , Ramiro Almudena R.
Published: February 2017

Key Points

miR-28 is a regulator of the GC reaction that dampens B-cell receptor signaling and impairs B-cell proliferation and survival. miR-28 has antitumoral activity in BL and DLBCL.
Successful clozapine re-challenge in a patient with three previous episodes of clozapine-associated blood dyscrasia
Authors: Foster Jessica , Lally John , Bell Victoria , Shergill Sukhi
Published: February 2017

A case is presented of a 30-year-old female with treatment-resistant schizoaffective disorder who was referred to a tertiary-level specialist psychosis service. We describe the history of clozapine trials and associated episodes of agranulocytosis and neutropenia, followed by the successfully tolerated third clozapine re-challenge within our service.
Stroke Epidemiology and Risk Factor Management
Authors: Guzik Amy , Bushnell Cheryl
Published: February 2017

Purpose of Review: Death from stroke has decreased over the past decade, with stroke now the fifth leading cause of death in the United States. In addition, the incidence of new and recurrent stroke is declining, likely because of the increased use of specific prevention medications, such as statins and antihypertensives. Despite these positive trends in incidence and mortality, many strokes remain preventable. The major modifiable risk factors are hypertension, diabetes mellitus, tobacco smoking, and hyperlipidemia, as well as lifestyle factors, such as obesity, poor diet/nutrition, and physical inactivity. This article reviews the current recommendations for the management of each of these modifiable risk factors.

Recent Findings: It has been documented that some blood pressure medications may increase variability of blood pressure and ultimately increase the risk for stroke. Stroke prevention typically includes antiplatelet therapy (unless an indication for anticoagulation exists), so the most recent evidence supporting use of these drugs is reviewed. In addition, emerging risk factors, such as obstructive sleep apnea, electronic cigarettes, and elevated lipoprotein (a), are discussed.

Summary: Overall, secondary stroke prevention includes a multifactorial approach. This article incorporates evidence from guidelines and published studies and uses an illustrative case study throughout the article to provide examples of secondary prevention management of stroke risk factors.
Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Rabinstein Alejandro A.
Published: February 2017

Purpose of Review: This article provides an update on the state of the art of the emergency treatment of acute ischemic stroke with particular emphasis on the alternatives for reperfusion therapy.

Recent Findings: The results of several randomized controlled trials consistently and conclusively demonstrating that previously functional patients with disabling strokes from a proximal intracranial artery occlusion benefit from prompt recanalization with mechanical thrombectomy using a retrievable stent have changed the landscape of acute stroke therapy. Mechanical thrombectomy within 6 hours of symptom onset should now be considered the preferred treatment for these patients along with IV thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) within the first 4.5 hours for all patients who do not have contraindications for systemic thrombolysis. Patients who are ineligible for IV rtPA can also benefit from mechanical thrombectomy. Collateral status and time to reperfusion are the main determinants of outcome.

Summary: Timely successful reperfusion is the most effective treatment for patients with acute ischemic stroke. Systems of care should be optimized to maximize the number of patients with acute ischemic stroke able to receive reperfusion therapy.
Prevention and Management of Poststroke Complications
Authors: Huang Josephine F.
Published: February 2017

Purpose of Review: This article provides a synopsis of the immediate and delayed medical complications of stroke, with an emphasis on prevention and management of these complications.

Recent Findings: Meta-analysis of the trials for endovascular treatment of acute stroke shows no significant increase in hemorrhagic events. Rehabilitation guidelines published by the American Heart Association and American Stroke Association in 2016 aid in providing the best clinical practice for patients with stroke, from the time of their initial hospitalization to their return to the community.

Summary: Medical complications from stroke are common and are associated with poor clinical outcomes, increased length of hospital stays and higher rates of readmission, increased cost of care, delayed time to rehabilitation, and increased mortality. Being cognizant of the common complications encountered, taking appropriate measures to prevent them, and knowing how to manage them when they do occur are essential to the continued care of patients with stroke.
Stroke Rehabilitation
Authors: Belagaje Samir R.
Published: February 2017

Purpose of Review: Rehabilitation is an important aspect of the continuum of care in stroke. With advances in the acute treatment of stroke, more patients will survive stroke with varying degrees of disability. Research in the past decade has expanded our understanding of the mechanisms underlying stroke recovery and has led to the development of new treatment modalities. This article reviews and summarizes the key concepts related to poststroke recovery.

Recent Findings: Good data now exist by which one can predict recovery, especially motor recovery, very soon after stroke onset. Recent trials have not demonstrated a clear benefit associated with very early initiation of rehabilitative therapy after stroke in terms of improvement in poststroke outcomes. However, growing evidence suggests that shorter and more frequent sessions of therapy can be safely started in the first 24 to 48 hours after a stroke. The optimal amount or dose of therapy for stroke remains undetermined, as more intensive treatments have not been associated with better outcomes compared to standard intensities of therapy. Poststroke depression adversely affects recovery across a variety of measures and is an important target for therapy. Additionally, the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) appears to benefit motor recovery through pleiotropic mechanisms beyond their antidepressant effect. Other pharmacologic approaches also appear to have a benefit in stroke rehabilitation.

Summary: A comprehensive rehabilitation program is essential to optimize poststroke outcomes. Rehabilitation is a process that uses three major principles of recovery: adaptation, restitution, and neuroplasticity. Based on these principles, multiple different approaches, both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic, exist to enhance rehabilitation. In addition to neurologists, a variety of health care professionals are involved in stroke rehabilitation. Successful rehabilitation involves understanding the natural history of stroke recovery and a multidisciplinary approach with judicious use of resources to identify and treat common poststroke sequelae.
Arterial Ischemic Stroke in Children and Young Adults
Authors: Lo Warren D. , Kumar Riten
Published: February 2017

Purpose of Review: This article reviews risk factors, recurrence risk, evaluation, management, and outcomes of arterial ischemic stroke in children and young adults.

Recent Findings: The risk for recurrence and mortality appear to be low for neonatal and childhood stroke. Most children have relatively mild deficits, but those who have greater neurologic deficits, poststroke epilepsy, or strokes early in life are at risk for lower overall cognitive function. Stroke recurrence and long-term mortality after stroke in young adults are greater than originally thought. Cognitive impairments, depression, and anxiety are associated with higher levels of poststroke unemployment and represent targets for improved poststroke care. Poststroke care in young adults involves more than medical management. Self-reported memory and executive function impairments may be more severe than what is detected by objective measures. Assessment of possible cognitive impairments and appropriate management of psychological comorbidities are key to maximizing the long-term functional outcome of stroke survivors.

Summary: Childhood and young adult stroke survivors survive for many more years than older patients with stroke. To ensure that these survivors maximize the productivity of their lives, neurologists must not only optimize medical management but also recognize that impairments in cognition and mood may be remediable barriers to long-term functional independence.
Separation of different pollen types by chemotactile sensing in Bombus terrestris.
Authors: Ruedenauer Fabian A. , Leonhardt Sara D. , Schmalz Fabian , Rössler Wolfgang , Strube-Bloss Martin F.
Published: February 2017

When tasting food, animals rely on chemical and tactile cues, which determine the animal’s decision on whether or not to eat food. As food nutritional composition has enormous consequences for the survival of animals, food items should generally be tasted before they are eaten or collected for later consumption. Even though recent studies confirmed the importance of e.g. gustatory cues, compared to olfaction only little is known about the representation of chemotactile stimuli at the receptor level (let alone higher brain centers) in animals other than vertebrates. To better understand how invertebrates may process chemotactile cues, we used bumblebees as a model species and combined electroantennographical (EAG) recordings with a novel technique for chemotactile antennal stimulation in bees. The recorded EAG responses to chemotactile stimulation clearly separated volatile compounds by both compound identity and concentration, and could be successfully applied to test the receptor activity evoked by different types of pollen. We found that two different pollen types (apple and almond) (which were readily distinguished by bumblebees in a classical conditioning task) evoked significantly distinct neural activity already at the antennal receptor level. Our novel stimulation technique therefore enables investigation of chemotactile sensing which is highly important for assessing food nutritional quality while foraging. It can further be applied to test other chemosensory behaviors, such as mate or nest mate recognition, or to investigate whether toxic substances, e.g. in pollen, affect neuronal separation of different food types.
Planning of the Lesson from the Perspective of Activity Approach
Authors: Сухаревская  , Sukharevskaya E.
Published: February 2017

The article discusses the problem of planning of modern lesson in the primary school, based on the activity arrangement. The author is dedicated, that the improvement of the process of primary education is associated not with particular changers in certain educational methods, but with the orientation on the pedagogical technologies. The structure of activity approach to the younger schoolchildren education is characterized.
Schoolchildren Development Resources: Heuristic Conversation and Experimentalism
Authors: Кожокарь  , Kozhokar Svetlana
Published: February 2017

The article gives examples of heuristic conversations for preschool children that help children to investigate the laws of nature, to get to know such physical phenomena as sound, its transmission and reflection, refraction of sun rays and their perception by human. In such conversations the understanding of cause-and-effect relationship is formed existing in inanimate nature, cognitive process to the world around us and creative fantasy are developed.
Failure Is an Option: Institutional Change, Entrepreneurial Risk, and New Firm Growth
Authors: Eberhart Robert N. , Eesley Charles E. , Eisenhardt Kathleen M.
Published: February 2017

Does an institutional change that lowers failure barriers improve new firm growth? We take advantage of a quasi-natural experiment in Japan that drastically reduced the stringency of bankruptcy regulations to examine this question. Using longitudinal data over a 10-year period, we find that bankruptcy reform increases the rates of bankruptcy and founding—and, more importantly, the likelihood of high-growth ventures—by disproportionately encouraging elite individuals (i.e., those with superior human and social capital) to start firms. In turn, these firms are more likely than others to achieve high growth. Broadly put, we contribute to research at the nexus of institutional theory and entrepreneurship by emphasizing the connectedness of barriers to failure, venture growth, and elite entrepreneurs. We also highlight how institutional change that eases bankruptcy change can foster a regenerative cycle of failure, founding, and growth by attracting more capable entrepreneurs. Overall, we conclude that lowering barriers to failure via lenient bankruptcy laws encourages more capable—and not just more—entrepreneurs to start firms.

The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2017.1110 .
A Route Choice Model with Context-Dependent Value of Time
Authors: Xu Hongli , Yang Hai , Zhou Jing , Yin Yafeng
Published: February 2017

This paper proposes a route choice model that incorporates the various behavioral mechanisms in route choice proposed in the literature including the shortest path, bounded rationality, asymmetric preference, and the time surplus maximization. In the proposed model, travelers are assumed to compare travel cost to their status quo (travel cost of the currently used path) in deciding whether to switch to another alternative, and the underlying value of time is adaptive in the sense that it varies across different route choice contexts. We find that the status quo-dependent route choice model can handle the route choice inertia resulting from different sources (e.g., travelers’ misperceptions, satisficing behavior, asymmetric preference). Moreover, the inertia is path-specific and can incorporate the scaling effect of travel cost on travelers’ route choices. Examples are provided to illustrate the proposed status quo-dependent route choice model as well as its connection with various existing route choice models.
Avoiding hospital admission in COPD: impact of a specialist nursing team
Authors: Cox Karen , Macleod Susan C , Sim Caroline J , Jones Arwel W , Trueman Jacqui
Published: February 2017

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common, preventable and incurable disease. The costs of caring for patients with COPD is estimated to be more than £800 million a year for acute hospital admissions alone ( Department of Health, 2012 ). The hospital-at-home model is increasingly being adopted for COPD patients following British Thoracic Society (BTS) guidelines for the delivery of hospital admission-avoidance schemes ( BTS, 2007 ). The aim of this case-note review was to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of a specialist nurse-led acute respiratory assessment service working with COPD patients in the community. The review recorded patient flow through the service and documented assessments and treatments. It was able to document potential benefits and cost savings.
Effects of work environment on patient and nurse outcomes
Authors: Copanitsanou Panagiota , Fotos Nikolaos , Brokalaki Hero
Published: February 2017

Background:

Several parameters of the nurse's work environment lead to fewer patient complications and lower nurse burnout. The aim of this systematic review was the analysis of research data related to the effect of nurses' work environments on outcomes for both patients and nurses.

Methods:

Medline was searched by using keywords: ‘working conditions’, ‘work environment’, ‘nurses’, ‘nursing staff’, ‘patients’, ‘outcomes’.

Results:

In total, 10 studies were included, of which 4 were cross-sectional and the remaining were descriptive correlational studies. Patients who were hospitalised in units with good work environments for the nurses were more satisfied with the nursing care than the patients in units with poor work environments. Nurses who perceived their work environment to be good experienced higher job satisfaction and lower rates of burnout syndrome.

Conclusions:

A good work environment constitutes a determinant factor for high care quality and, at the same time, relates to improved outcomes for the nurses.
The seasonal flu vaccination and uptake among healthcare workers
Authors: Glasper Alan
Published: February 2017

Emeritus Professor Alan Glasper, from the University of Southampton, discusses the quest by NHS England to encourage nurses and other healthcare workers to have the vaccination
K is for our clean-cut Kidneys…
Authors: Hammond Paula , Lillie Stephen
Published: February 2017

This month, we continue our series that takes the form of an extended alphabetical adventure around the body, helping children to get to know themselves a little better.