bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MULTIPLE‐OBJECTIVE SATISFICING DECISION PROBLEMS
Authors: TAKATSU SHINZO
Published: February 2008

For decision‐makers, the cognitive limit is one of the most critical factors which determine the quality of decisions, when they do not have enough information about their decision environment, and when they must strike a balance between conflicting objectives within a time limit. In such a situation, their decision‐making is often characterized by satisficing behaviors with multiple objectives under uncertainty. This paper aims to formulate a multiple‐objective satisficing problem and to study its fundamental properties, such as (1) existence of collectively satisficing solutions, (2) relationship among collectively satisficing solutions, Pareto satisficing solutions, weak Pareto satisficing solutions and max‐min solutions, and (3) characterization of Pareto satisficing solutions and of weak Pareto satisficing solutions.
HEURISTIC APPROACH TO CHINESE‐CHARACTER SEARCH
Authors: WU W.T.
Published: February 2008

The paper deals with a heuristic approach to a Chinese‐writing character search. Due to the small masks of the Chinese words being used in the approach, the database of the masks are compressed. Heuristic information, which is the summation of the values of elements of the mask, has been used in the searching process. It simplifies the approach and accelerates the search. By means of a FFT or FWT (Walsh Transformation) algorithm, a word may be mapped into its image form, which is a two‐dimensional array in a frequency domain; then a small mask is extracted.
ON THE BEST WAY OF DESIGNATING OBJECTS IN SENTENCE GENERATION
Authors: FARRENY H. , PRADE H.
Published: February 2008

This paper deals with a problem encountered in natural language generation which seems to have been largely ignored in the literature, that of generating non‐ambiguous (i.e. discriminating) designations of objects in a given context, from a knowledge basis, which associates the properties and relations, concerning the objects present in the environment, with their respective formal labels. A search algorithm of type A is proposed, which always generates a discriminating designation when such a designation exists in terms of the available knowledge; for the evaluation the algorithm uses a subjective length function which takes into account the “intelligibility” of the designation. This work takes place in the SYROCO system, a dialogue interface for limited domains of discourse; the sentence interpretation as well as the sentence generation in SYROCO are briefly presented in the first part of this paper.
VARIETY, INFORMATION AND FEEDBACK
Authors: ENGELL SEBASTIAN
Published: February 2008

We discuss the problem of the classification of continuous‐amplitude stochastic signals by their variety. It is shown in this context that continuous Gaussian processes must be characterized by three parameters which are intimately related to the ability of the process to carry information. Finally, conservation laws for the variety of stochastic signals under feedback are given, and the relation of variance and variety is discussed.
A SIMULATION STUDY ON THE CHEMOTON
Authors: CSENDES T.
Published: February 2008

In this paper properties and dynamical behaviour of a theoretical biological model, the chemoton are discussed. The chemoton features the general, common properties of the unicellular living beings. Since the reaction‐kinetical function of the chemoton is governed by a set of nonlinear differential equations, the study of its dynamical behaviour required computer simulation. This was carried out by using CSMP programs. The results proved that the model is capable of stable functioning, growing and multiplication.
ON DIFFERENT CLASSES OF LINGUISTIC VARIABLES DEFINED VIA FUZZY SUBSETS
Authors: YAGER RONALD R.
Published: February 2008

We introduce three different classes of linguistic variables. Each of these classes can assume values defined via a fuzzy subset.
CYBERNETICS IN AN EVOLVING SOCIAL SYSTEM
Authors: LASZLO ERVIN
Published: February 2008

Human societies can be conceptualized as natural systems satisfying four basic system criteria: Ordered wholeness; negative feedback deviation‐reducing capability; positive feedback deviation‐amplifying, self‐evolving capacity; and dual‐structural adaptation to sub‐ as well as suprasystems. While societies are obviously governable in stable, relatively organized situations, whether in totalitarian or fully participatory ways, it is concluded they are also governable during “crucial epochs” that are characterized by unstable, provisionally disorganized and unpredictable states—although different modes of governance prevail during these periods of rapid self‐evolution, when control is exercised by rapidly shifting and selectively amplifying peripheral movements. Analysis of the forms of transition governance during crucial epochs in self‐evolving social systems is important for suppressing totalitarian trends and consciously amplifying humanistic peripheral movements.
SOCIOCYBERNETICS AS THE SCIENCE OF SELF‐STEERING HUMAN ACTION
Authors: AULIN ARVID
Published: February 2008

The nature of sociocybernetics as a foundational science of human action, and some of the basic results in this line of research, and their consequences as to the governability, planning and control of social systems are discussed.
FAMILY AND SOCIAL SYSTEMS: A CYBERNETIC APPROACH
Authors: LANGMAN LAUREN
Published: February 2008

A systems approach to the family as a self‐regulating, goal‐directed system is developed. It is viewed in terms of socio‐legal boundaries delimiting certain role relationships and interactional patterns or action‐strategies, which are regulated by a hierarchy of steering principles and meta‐principles. Steering principles include adaptation, self‐regulation, control of interaction and morphogenesis, while meta‐principles include values, identity and meaning. The applicability of systems theory to family policy is discussed; its predictive possibilities should not be used to control, but to facilitate morphogenesis.
MODELIZATION OF SKELETAL MUSCULAR CONTRACTION; NUMERICAL APPLICATIONS IN RIGOR MORTIS AND IN MAGNESIUM‐CALCIUM METABOLISM
Authors: VALENTINI Fr. A. , NELSON P.P.
Published: February 2008

The numerical use of a general model of skeletal muscular contraction allows one to study some physiological phenomena. Rigor mortis is explained in terms of the ATP metabolism and is clearly distinguished from muscular fatigue. Dysfunctions of the muscular magnesium‐calcium metabolism are simulated after showing the existence of magnesium‐calcium regulation.
COMPARISON BETWEEN FUZZY INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Authors: GIL M.A. , LOPEZ M.T. , GIL P.
Published: February 2008

When we consider a decision problem under randomness and fuzziness, and several fuzzy information systems obtain, a comparison between them becomes interesting. In this paper, it is proposed to compare fuzzy information systems paying attention to the maximization of the “worth of fuzzy information system”.
EXPERIENCE WITH A DATA ANALYSIS METHOD:
Authors: BELL D.A. , MONTGOMERY T.
Published: February 2008

A new approach to meeting information requirements of Computer Application Systems has emerged recently, that of Distributed Database. To cope with the new issues raised by the approach, new Data Analysis methods have appeared. This paper discusses experience gained with one notation, the problems encountered and the creation of a new notation designed to overcome these problems.
COMPARATIVE PROPERTIES OF SEVERAL ENTROPIES IN INFORMATIONAL OBSERVATION THEORY
Authors: PADET COLETTE
Published: February 2008

In our previous papers, we proposed an analysis of the relations between information theory and observation theory. Referring to the parameters of the observation and using Shannon's formulation, we defined and calculated the information associated with a result of observation and the entropy of a random variable for a process of observation. This paper presents an extension of this theory for other definitions of entropy (Onicescu, hyperbolic). The method allows in particular to define Onicescu and hyperbolic entropies of continuous random variables. We examine the main properties of these new functions and propose a comparative analysis.
FUZZY SYSTEMS IN KNOWLEDGE ENGINEERING
Authors: NEGOITA CV
Published: February 2008

The purpose of this paper is to outline a theoretical approach to approximate reasoning. The author shares the view that the emergence of an algebraic approach is vital for the advancement of conceptual understanding as well as technical knowledge of knowledge engineering. The notion of a knowledge diagram is suggested as a unifying framework to explain some significant results in this area. This is a categorial point of view promoting the idea that the concept of transformation be taken as fundamental in place of membership. Entities are characterized by their universal properties which specify their role in relation to other entities. Once the operational description is known, internal structure is of lesser importance.
DIFFERENT CONCEPTS OF SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
Authors: AGRELL P. , VALLÉE R.
Published: February 2008

Systems analysis is not only interdisciplinary. It is purposeful complex action in a complex milieu of science and administration. Analysts enter the profession from very disparate fields, indeed more often from the scientific than from the administrative side. Whatever the origin, there are limitations in the practice and the perspective of everyone. One result of the paper is a taxonomy for distinctions in systems analysis methodology. It classifies systems analysis projects as well as parts of such and even longer series of such production. A further result is a description and a comparison of a few more or less special theories of the field, by this taxonomy.
A THREE‐STATE MARKOVIAN MODEL FOR PREDICTING HUMAN RELIABILITY
Authors: RAHIM M.A. , RAOUF A. , LASHKARI R.S.
Published: February 2008

In order to evaluate and predict a reliability function for certain continuous type tasks, a three‐state (discrete state‐time continuous) Markovian model is developed. Applications of the model are described through generated data on human errors.
OPTIMAL DETERMINATION OF DOSAGE IN PARKINSON'S DISEASE
Authors: HACISALIHZADE SELIM S.
Published: February 2008

In order to offset the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, the physician suggests a set‐trajectory for the concentration of a substance called L‐DOPA in the plasma. To attain this set‐trajectory a pill with the trademark Madopar is administered to the patient. The doses and timings of the pills have so far been determined in a more or less heuristic manner. In this paper methods of the system theory are used to compute the optimal doses and the timings. Different methods are worked out and applied on four different patients. In all four cases the computed treatments are found to be superior to the ones suggested by the physician.
SOME HEURISTICS FOR THE DISCRETE TIME‐PROPORTIONAL DEMAND INVENTORY PROBLEM
Authors: Arcelus F.J. , Srinivasan G.
Published: February 2008

This paper develops heuristics for the discrete‐time‐proportional demand inventory problem. In addition to the traditional minimal cost objective, return on investment in inventory is proposed as an alternative criterion in capital constrained situations. The resulting heuristics can be implemented with little computational effort. Moreover, the policies associated with the general inventory cases are independent of the length of the planning horizon. Some computational experience is also reported.
SOLVING THE SRAFFIAN SYSTEM OF PRODUCTION VIA THE USE OF A COMPUTER MODEL
Authors: MAJID S.A.
Published: February 2008

This study is conducted to determine a method of solving the Sraffian set of equations of production, using a computer model. Sraffa's theory is based on a very simple model of an economic system consists of a set of non‐linear equations. Consideration is given, in this paper, to the importance of using modelling and simulation techniques rather than analytical methods.
RECOLLECTION ERROR OF HIGHER‐ORDER CORRELATION MATRIX CONTINUOUS‐TYPE ASSOCIATIVE MEMORY
Authors: SHIOZAKI AKIRA
Published: February 2008

This paper discusses the recollection ability of a higher‐order correlation matrix continuous‐type associative memory in which each memorized pattern consists of real elements. Generally, the recollection error decreases according as the order of correlation increases, i.e. in a higher‐order correlation matrix associative memory, memorized patterns when the memory may recall a memorized pattern according to expectation increases. However, when the number of the elements in a key pattern is small, the recollection error does not decrease even if the order of correlation increases.
REASONING WITH FUZZY QUANTIFIED STATEMENTS: PART I
Authors: YAGER RONALD R.
Published: February 2008

We first investigate the properties associated with the cardinality of a fuzzy subset. We then use the concept of cardinality to provide a means for representing quantified statements. We then investigate the use of linguistic quantified statements for inference.
UNE METHODE D'OPTIMISATION GLOBALE APPLIQUEE A UN PROBLEME DE MECANIQUE VENTILATOIRE
Authors: KARPOUZAS I.
Published: February 2008

The object of this study is a comparison of two minimization methods (“Aliénor” and “Vignes directe”) applied to the mathematical modelization of a biological system, viz. the ventilatory system. “Aliénor's method” is a new global optimization technique which is not very often used, while “Vignes directe's method” has already existed for a long time.
A SIMPLE INFERENCE TECHNIQUE FOR DEALING WITH UNCERTAIN FACTS IN TERMS OF POSSIBILITY
Authors: PRADE HENRI
Published: February 2008

In this paper a new approach is proposed for dealing with uncertainty in reasoning. A numerical quantification based on possibility theory is used in the representation of uncertain facts or rules. The chaining of uncertain rules and the combination of results obtained from different chains of inference, are discussed at length. Only min or max operations are used in the chaining and in the combining processes for computing the possibility degrees corresponding to the different alternatives. Partial similarities with other approaches are pointed out.
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SRAFFIAN THEORY OF ECONOMICS TO CYBERNETICS
Authors: MAJID S.A.
Published: February 2008

A brief study is conducted, in this paper, to investigate the importance of the Sraffian system of production of commodities by means of commodities to the science of cybernetics as well as to economics.
PROBABILITY CODING AND RECONSTRUCTION OF INFORMATION IN INSTANTANEOUS HUMAN MEMORY
Authors: KOGAN A.B. , MRCHEV S.J.
Published: February 2008

The probability coding and reconstruction of information in the block‐system “Coding and Reconstruction” are examined in respect of the proposed block‐system organization and Instantaneous Human Memory. A definition is given of the capacity, the law of volume distribution and the capacity of buffer “sensual” registers.
A CYBERNETIC CONCEPT OF EVOLUTION—A VIEWPOINT
Authors: MEIDINGER F.
Published: February 2008

It is possible to derive a law, which relates mean cardiac and respiratory frequencies of fish, birds and mammals, to the concept of musical intervals of Pythagoras and that of the efficiency of rhythmic phenomena in electrophysiology and electricity. This proves the importance of automation in the evolution of living beings. It is also possible to explain the analogy between the evolution of the macrocosm (universe) and that of the microcosm by means of Belot's theory ‘Dualistic origin of Worlds’. This mechanism explains several facts which Newton's theory of universal attraction could not achieve.
REASONING WITH FUZZY QUANTIFIED STATEMENTS: PART II
Authors: YAGER RONALD R.
Published: February 2008

In this second part of a set of two papers we investigate some applications of quantified statements.
POLICY ANALYSIS FOR RURAL POVERTY—AN EMPIRICAL STUDY
Authors: RASTOGI P.N.
Published: February 2008

Poverty situation and problems of development in a remote village of U.P., India are briefly outlined. The dynamics of the situation are represented in the form of a multi‐loop system. Problems of development are seen as outcomes of malfunctioning feedback cycles. Disaggregation of salient variables of the multiloop system serves to identify the empirical dimensions of the problem situation and corresponding control policy requirements. A binary matrix procedure is utilized for deriving the relative importance of problem dimensions and policy measures.
A NOTE ON PROJECTIONS OF CONDITIONAL POSSIBILITY DISTRIBUTIONS IN APPROXIMATE REASONING
Authors: YAGER RONALD R.
Published: February 2008

We show that in the framework of the theory of approximate reasoning the taking of the projection on a conditional possibility distribution leads to a valid inference.
THE f*‐DIVERGENCE AS A CRITERION OF COMPARISON BETWEEN FUZZY INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Authors: PARDO L. , MENENDEZ M.L. , PARDO J.A.
Published: February 2008

In this paper on the basis of the f*‐Divergence, a comparison criterion between fuzzy Information Systems is presented. This criterion is called “f*‐Divergence Criterion”.
MODEL OF A DERIVATIVE AUTONOMOUS AND NONLINEAR SYSTEM
Authors: NICOLAU EDMOND , TRAIAN MURGAN ADRIAN
Published: February 2008

A derivative autonomous nonlinear feedback system is suggested as a possible model for physical and biological oscillating systems. Practical conditions for the existence and stability motion are derived.
COPING WITH UNCERTAINTY FOR KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION AND INFERENCE MECHANISM
Authors: DI NOLA ANTONIO , PEDRYCZ WITOLD , SESSA SALVATORE
Published: February 2008

A problem of handling fuzzy quantities in a process of knowledge acquisition and deriving an inference mechanism by means of fuzzy relation equations is studied in extensive way. It is clearly pointed out that both of them are closely related and correspond to various types of fuzzy relation equations that are considered. Their relevance to the form of knowledge collected is also indicated. A problem of dimension reduction of a knowledge base is considered as well. Two modes of the use of the knowledge base (goal‐, and data‐driven) are also studied.
ESTIMATING THE UNCERTAINTY ASSOCIATED WITH A VARIABLE IN A FINITE POPULATION
Authors: PEREZ R. , GIL M.A. , GIL P.
Published: February 2008

This paper is concerned with the problem of estimating the uncertainty associated with a variable in a finite population. The study of this problem leads to the following conclusion: The classical measure of uncertainty, Shannon's entropy, is not suitable for sampling from finite populations; nevertheless, by using the entropy of order ? = 2, proposed by Havrda and Charvat, one can define an unbiased estimator of the uncertainty associated with the variable in both, the sampling with replacement and the sampling without replacement. This conclusion will be illustrated by an example.
AN ALGORITHM FOR COLOURING ADDITIVE PUZZLES
Authors: DABIJA VLAD
Published: February 2008

Additive puzzles form a large and important class of problems in Artificial Intelligence, since many other problems may be shown to be homomorphic to them, and many techniques for solving them are easily transferable to certain classes of problems. For many additive puzzles, a homomorphic puzzle can be sometimes obtained which is much simpler than the initial one. If the simple puzzle cannot be solved from the image of a state in the first puzzle, then the first puzzle cannot be solved from that state. A method to obtain a simple homomorphic puzzle is by colouring its board. This paper presents an algorithm for colouring the boards of additive puzzles. Three heuristic backtracking decisions are discussed and their experimental performances are compared.
A PRELIMINARY PHASE OF LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION: OUTLINE OF A SYSTEM'S MODEL
Authors: ANDREEWSKY E. , ROSENTHAL V. , BOURCIER D.
Published: February 2008

It is the purpose of this paper to indicate certain difficulties confronting traditional approaches to language comprehension. Examples of these difficulties will be presented based on linguistic, psycholinguistic and neurolinguistic observations. We shall submit that efforts to provide a satisfactory account of these observations must entail a reconceptualization of language comprehension within a systems framework. A computer simulation of these observations indicates the feasibility of a simple model specifying a preliminary phase of language comprehension. This phase is defined as involving an interactive interface between the morphological properties of linguistic stimuli and the individual's “knowledge of the world”.
BANG BANG CONTROL OF THE PLANT
Authors: BALACHANDRAN K. , RAMASWAMY R.S.
Published: February 2008

In this paper, it is established that the error and error derivative can be reduced to zero simultaneously and in the shortest possible time with at most one switching reversal of the relay, provided the initial values of error and error derivative fall in a controllable region.
QUASI‐ASSOCIATIVE OPERATIONS IN THE COMBINATION OF EVIDENCE
Authors: YAGER RONALD R.
Published: February 2008

Quasi‐associative operators are defined and suggested as a general structure useful for representing a class of operators used to combine various pieces of evidence. We show that both averaging operators and Dempster‐Shafer combining operators can be represented in this new framework.
KEY SPACE COMPRESSION USING FORBIDDEN ZONES
Authors: BELL D.A. , JENKINS H.
Published: February 2008

Recent methods of data organisation have sought to preserve the original sequence of keys in the address space yet this often also results in the wastage of valuable storage space as a consequence of the simultaneous preservation of gaps in the sequence. The method of key space compression using forbidden zones seeks to minimize such wastage by removing those gaps in the sequence corresponding with keys which the designer knows beforehand cannot occur.
THE SINGLE ROOTS SIGMOID MODEL IN ENZYME KINETICS
Authors: ENGEL ALEJANDRO B.
Published: February 2008

The single roots sigmoid model of population dynamics is proposed as a mechanism for enzyme kinetics. Within this paradigm enzyme co‐operativity is analyzed, deriving an alternate formulation for the Hill coefficient and the binding polynomials.
BEHAVIOUR OF FUZZY ANOVA
Authors: DE GARIBAY V. GLZ.
Published: February 2008

This paper deals with the 1‐Way Fuzzy ANOVA and compares it with other classical techniques. Difficulties in obtaining general theoretic results force one to use simulation techniques. A variety of situations is considered in order to validate the conclusions.
COMPLETION TIMES IN NETWORKS—THE THEORY OF RELATIVELY CLOSED SYSTEMS APPLIED TO MAXIMUM OPERATORS
Authors: GRUBBSTRÖM ROBERT W , LUNDQUIST JANERIK
Published: February 2008

We consider an oriented network of activities characterized by activity times. Applying the theory of relatively closed systems, the network nodes are interpreted as elements and completion times as element outputs. The behavioural relation of each element is written algebraically in operator form. It is shown how the behavioural relation of the system as a whole may be solved in such a way that explicit dependencies of all completion times on the given activity times are obtained. In this process a matrix containing maximum operators is inverted and the operators in the inverse matrix retain their interpretation.
A MODEL FOR ACCURATE CARDIAC VOLUMETRY, Part I: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS
Authors: ENGEL ALEJANDRO B. , JOSE BEZERRA SILVIO , ARIE SIGUEMITUSO
Published: February 2008

The classical models for volumelry of the heart's left ventricle are based upon the simplifying assumption that this chamber is an ellipsoid. This simplification is needed in order to manually process radiographic images of the left ventricle. Computer processing of these images allows a much more realistic approach by associating with the left ventricle a topologically deformed ellipsoid, which approximately is its actual shape. This is the model proposed and analysed in this paper; from this model an algorithm is derived for accurately calculating left ventricle volumetry. This algorithm is simple enough to be implemented on most microcomputers provided with an analog‐to‐digital converter, like joystick, or a magic pen or digitizer. By this procedure the assessing of hemodynamical parameters can be performed in a few minutes with a great improvement in accuracy as compared with classical methods.
AN OVERVIEW OF CASSANDRA‐II
Authors: CRAIG IAIN D.
Published: February 2008

A brief non‐technical overview of the CASSANDRA‐II system is presented. The system performs knowledge‐based monitoring of aircraft movements in controlled airspace, and reports violations of air traffic control rules to the operator. The system is based on the blackboard model of problem solving, but differs in the relative autonomy of its abstraction levels. Abstraction levels, in CASSANDRA‐II, are equipped with control components which are responsible for scheduling all decisions based on the level contents. The system is designed for continuous real‐time operation; in this context, it is important that computer memory does not become full and halt the execution of the system. CASSANDRA‐II contains special‐purpose, knowledge‐based mechanisms for the removal of out‐dated blackboard information.
IMAGE RESTORATION USING THE MUTUAL INFORMATION PRINCIPLE
Authors: PAPADEMETRIOU RALLIS C. , KETSEOGLOU THOMAS J. , TZANNES NICOLAOS S.
Published: February 2008

Multiple Information Principle (MIP) is reviewed as a method of assigning a prior probability mass of density function to a random variable in the presence of some prior information. It is compared to the Maximum Information (MI) method and shown to be more general and inclusive of prior data available to the investigator. The image restoration problem is outlined as an inverse source problem with insufficient data for yielding a unique solution.
A FIVE COMPARTMENT LINEAR MAMMILLARY MODEL
Authors: CHERRUAULT Y. , SARIN V.B.
Published: February 2008

Compartmental models allow us to visualise the behaviour of phenomena and simplify the formulation of some equations related to such systems. Mammillary systems are among the most interesting in pharmacokinetics. In the present study, a five compartment linear mammillary model is considered in which the central compartment 1 is connected reversibly to all other compartments, and elimination occurs from compartment 1. A reidentification of different distribution rate constants is made, with concentrations of drug in central compartment at different times of observation being known. In order to rninimise the difference between the set of given concentrations of drug and the calculated values of concentrations, an optimisation method is used which reduces the unknown parameters involved, to a single variable. Thus, the problem requires a global minimum of a function of single variable. The results obtained with present method are compared with those obtained by the generalised least squares method.
Explanation, Prediction, Problem‐Solving and Decision‐Making in Social Systems
Authors: Rastogi P.N.
Published: February 2008

Inferences concerning analysis, explanation, prediction, problem‐solving, policy formulation and decision‐making are systematically derived by means of a social cybernetic methodology. The basis of the methodology lies in the construction of a multi‐feedback loop model of the social phenomenon/situation investigated. Salient variables of the system are then identified as those located at the intersection of several feedback cycles. They represent analogs of Ashby's “essential variables”. Their measurement in terms of a scale of “regulatedness” or viability (λ), permits an estimation of time‐varying states of the system's “health” and defines the specific goals of a problem solution. The λ ‐ equivalence of salient variables in terms of Wiener's Principle of Entrainment of Frequencies, yields verifiable predictive inferences. Their hierarchic disaggregation generates a “morphological map” of the problem/phenomenon. This map shows the micro‐level requirements of policies and/or problem‐solving. Maximisation of the viability of decision alternatives provides a logically simple approach to multi‐criteria/attribute decision‐making.
Systems, Cybernetics and Managerial Information Systems
Authors: Robb Fenton F.
Published: February 2008

The impact of technological change on the system dynamics of managerial organisations is considered. A forecast is made that, in order to preserve the unity of the organisation, a need for meta‐management information systems will emerge. The nature of such systems is considered briefly.
The Role of Uncertainty Principles in Inductive Systems Modelling
Authors: Klir George J.
Published: February 2008

It is well known that the only way of making complexity in inductive (data‐driven) systems modelling manageable is to be tolerant of predictive (or retrodictive) uncertainty in the resulting models. It is argued that two complementary principles — the principles of maximum and minimum uncertainty — are essential to using uncertainty properly to combat complexity. When uncertainty is conceptualised in terms of probability theory, these principles become the well‐established principles of maximum and minimum entropy. When a more general framework of fuzzy measures is employed, uncertainty becomes a multi‐dimensional entity and the maximum and minimum uncertainty principles lead to optimisation problems with multiple objective criteria. Four distinct types of uncertainty are now recognised and their well‐justified measures determined within fuzzy set theory and one subset of fuzzy measures — the Dempster‐Shafer theory of evidence. The uncertainty types and their measures are briefly described.
An Informational Extension of the Second Principle
Authors: Schächter François
Published: February 2008

An abstract Markov‐Informational representation of evolving systems is proposed. This representation is able to filter out purely cognitive aspects of the description. Furthermore, an abstract, informational extension of the second principle of physics is produced. The domain of applicability of the extension of the second principle is very large.
Cybernetics: Retrospect and Prospect
Authors: Fellgett P.B.
Published: February 2008

A view of cybernetics both in the past and in the future is given. The origins and definition of cybernetics are considered and the importance and complementarity of control and communications assessed. The practical problems of each involve optimal prediction if best performance is to be achieved. The essential role of feedback, which in a general sense is a manifestation of interaction, is emphasised.
Parallel String Matching Algorithms
Authors: Evans D.J. , Ghanemi S.
Published: February 2008

The string searching problem is central to many information retrieval and text editing applications. The Brute Force algorithm is inefficient in some cases and in this article four other algorithms are discussed, of which the Boyer‐Moore and the Improved Boyer‐Moore are found to be the fastest. A parallel implementation using the divide and conquer method is examined. Comparisons using the MIMD‐type parallel computer systems are presented.
Relationship Hierarchy for Picture Representation Using Entity‐Relationship Diagrams
Authors: Lee Edward T.
Published: February 2008

The entity relationship approach has been applied in many areas including that of picture representation. The hierarchical properties of relationship for pictorial representation are discussed in this article and the author claims that the ER approach adds a new dimension to picture representation, making it easy to use and understand. The results obtained may have further useful applications in picture retrieval and processing, pattern recognition and expert systems.
Cognition and Cybernetics
Authors: Nicolau Edmond
Published: February 2008

Humans acquire knowledge through their central nervous system and models of this process are the first connection between cognition and cybernetics. Taking this as its starting point, this article examines parallels between human psychology and the central nervous system, and models of computer systems; both are required to receive, process and interpret information. The author discusses the human neural system and neural nets and how these can be likened to Computer‐Aided Knowledge systems.
Fuzzy Coherent Systems
Authors: Montero F.J.
Published: February 2008

With the object of translating some concepts and results from classical Reliability Theory into particular types of multistate systems, this article starts by presenting some basic definitions of fuzzy systems. The concepts of fuzzy coherent and fuzzy crisp‐based systems are examined and some results on fuzzy coherent structures are presented. Both static and non‐static models are considered.
A Note on Information and Mental Models
Authors: Kampis G.
Published: February 2008

The concept of information is an important issue both in the context of modelling the human mind and in the design of intelligent machines. This article discusses the meaning of “information” and how it is acquired and observed, and presents a simple intuitive model for information acquisition. It proposes the idea that information has two forms, “referential” and “non‐referential” or “thing” and “described‐thing”. This suggests that we should develop process‐and action‐oriented information theories instead of descriptive ones.
The f*‐Divergences in the Sequential Observation of Fuzzy Information Systems
Authors: Luisa Menendez Ma
Published: February 2008

On the basis of the f*‐Divergence for fuzzy information systems, this article presents a sequential selection method for a fixed number of fuzzy systems. f*‐Divergence is a measure of the quantity of information concerning the state space provided by the fuzzy system when thea prioriprobability distribution is defined on the space. The method described by the author determines a procedure which maximises the “Terminal” f*‐Divergence.
A New Approach to CAAD (Computer Assisted Architectural Design): Morphogenetic Alphabets and Design Computability
Authors: Musès Charles
Published: February 2008

A new and realistic approach to manageable natural sets of morphological and morphogenetic elements is discussed with a view to simplifying computer‐assisted design functions and rendering such capability more flexible, powerful, and innovative for future needs in CAAD (Computer Assisted Architectural Design). The author believes that despite the violent hubris of a small but shrill party of machine idolators, humanity remains more biological than mechanical, and the salubrious and salutary source of architectural design still rests in the non‐artifactual creativity in which nature abounds, providing the most perennial and enduring source of design for human life and living styles. Computers are said to provide assistance here, especially in human‐interactive feedback loops, as well as can three‐dimensional “sections” of figures in higher spatial dimensions, not necessarily integral.
Evolutionary Cybernetic Systems Theory Considered as a Chapter of General Systems Theory — A Viewpoint
Authors: Jdanko Alexis V.
Published: February 2008

The approach is based on an evolutionary interpretation of the fundamental concepts of cybernetics, general systems theory, information theory, theory of automata, autopoiesis, etc. In the author's view, this enables us to formulate principles of the evolutionary theory of cybernetic systems which is visualised as the theory of structures, functions and evolution of cybernetic or control systems. This suggests a heuristic idea of cybernetic evolution as the higher stage of negentropic universal evolution of open systems.
The Free Energy as a Probabilistic‐Informational Distance
Authors: Schächter François
Published: February 2008

The association of the principle of Jaynes, with a new probabilistic‐informational concept — the opacity functional — conceived by Magur‐Schächter, is said to lead to an abstract framework where it is possible to put a measure on the distance between an instantaneous evolving state and the corresponding equilibrium state. An illustration is given for the Helmholtz thermodynamic potential of a perfect gas, which reveals the significance of such a distance. The treatment of this particular case suggests the possibility of a new and general method for a probabilistic‐informational approach developed by the ideas of Onsager, Prigogine, Jaynes, Truesdell and Tykodi.
Scientific‐Technological Innovation Processes — A New Field of Applied Systems Analysis
Authors: Lauenroth Hans‐Georg
Published: February 2008

The aim of the applied systems analysis of scientific‐technological innovation is to identify the most effective innovation fields and to develop innovation strategies. This cannot be achieved without the development of theoretical foundations, practical methods and principles, a heuristic algorithm and a computer‐aided decision system. Such a system is described in this article, and represents, it is claimed, the first steps towards a computer‐aided decision system for innovation strategies.
Informational Entropy of Distributed Deterministic Maps: Applications to Small Samples of Fuzzy Sets and to Pattern Recognition
Authors: Jumarie Guy
Published: February 2008

A definition of entropy of maps which does not involve probability, but nevertheless is fully consistent with Shannon entropy can be derived using the informational equation H(X,Y) = H(X) + H(Y,X). This approach has been extended in order to obtain the “Shannon entropy” of distributed maps. The model that is obtained involves two parameters which characterise the scanning procedures normally used by the cortex in human vision. The results are then used to re‐define the entropy of a fuzzy set and to extract the value of a membership from a small sample of observed data. The measure of entropic distance between patterns without using probability is also considered.
The Biology of Physical Knowledge
Authors: Fidelman Uri
Published: February 2008

A course of study on the philosophy of mathematics involved learning about Zeno's paradoxes and the solutions suggested for them by the ancient Greeks; the Eleatic and atomistic. The two schools were related to modern physics and the course students were asked which of the two approaches they preferred. They also participated in a test of the cerebral hemispheres. It was found that preference of the Eleatic solution over the atomistic is related to a dominance of the right hemisphere Over the left. The results are discussed in relation to the opposing views concerning Kant's theory of the a priori perception of physical phenomena.
A Formal Coding Structure for Database Record Processing
Authors: Yannakoudakis E.J.
Published: February 2008

Although “coding”, whether for document retrieval, information transmission, error detection, etc., has generally provided a number of valid practical techniques for satisfying user functional requirements, it has not so far been developed into a complete and coherent methodology which integrates these techniques into an overall and objective cycle. The aim of this paper is to analyse and present formally all the components of an integrated automatic coding system with the employment of axiomatic set‐theoretic principles.
Worker Performance in a Combined Manual and Decision Task under Different Work‐loads
Authors: Raouf Abdul , Ogawa Iji , Morooka Kozi
Published: February 2008

Industrial control tasks can also be called Combined Manual and Decision Tasks (CMDT). It is in the performance of such tasks that the human operator is likely to play an essential role as a decision maker. The findings presented are based on experimental studies in which 20 male subjects performed partial factorial experiments. Models of human performance in a two‐stage CMDT are developed and optimal conditions determined.
Visualisation of Financial Planning Models: The Case of an MCDM Model in Commercial Banking
Authors: Östermark Ralf , Kasanen Eero
Published: February 2008

The approach described is based on conceptual analysis and practical experience on large‐scale financial planning models. In the authors' view, improved ergonomics in modelling can be achieved by visualising not only the MCDM stage of the model but the whole model structure. Three visualisations are constructed that cover managerial trade‐offs, environmental uncertainty and resource requirements. The results presented are based on real‐world complex financial models in a large commercial bank. It is suggested that the quality of the model/user interface does not seem to depend so much on the interactiveness of the tools used, but on the comprehensive illustrations that guide managers to essential discussions.
General Problems of Cybernetics: An Educational Viewpoint
Authors: Andrew Alex M.
Published: February 2008

The general problems of cybernetics were considered from an educational point of view in an address to the Convegno de Cibernetica Scolastica, in Messina, Sicily. To do this satisfactorily the meaning of cybernetics should be discussed and the history of the emergence of the subject area reviewed with special reference to the future. Important implications for education are presented.
Towards a General Theory of Pattern Recognition
Authors: James D.B.
Published: February 2008

There are numerous applications in which pattern recognition is an important feature, but in the main the operator of the device used has devised by heuristic means a special theory that is only effective for the chosen application. It is suggested that it may be better to devise a general theory of pattern recognition.
A Ternary Domanial Structure as a Basis for Cybernetics and its Place in Knowledge
Authors: Stewart D.J.
Published: February 2008

It is shown that there are already in the literature two theoretical discontinuities, that between energy and information and that between description and evaluation, which serve to define a set of three domains. Examination of the relationship between these discontinuities and domains leads to a special sense of the concept of “domain”, the new concept of a “tern” and a “Principle of Ternality”. A theoretical structure is built up using this principle. Because concepts relating to value, judgement, and justification have a natural place in the proposed structure, it is offered as a means by which cybernetics can relate not only to the rest of science but also to other branches of knowledge.
The Philosophy of Cybernetic Systems Evolution and Problems of Evolutionary Epistemology
Authors: Jdanko Alexis V.
Published: February 2008

The synthesis of cybernetics and general systems theory makes it possible to formulate the concept of cybernetic evolution, considered as the higher stage of an anti‐entropic evolution universe. In this broad framework, it is possible to draw epistemological conclusions and implications. These concern the essence of cognition and knowledge, and directedness and the main stages of epistemic evolution, as well as classes and forms of cognitive mechanisms and processes. The three stages of cognition, the biological, the sociological or societal, and the technological, are discussed.
A Cybernetic Approach to Reduce Unemployment in Spain
Authors: Parra‐Luna Francisco , Montero de Juan Javier
Published: February 2008

Unemployment is one of the biggest problems in modern societies. A cybernetic approach is discussed which proposes the SOSISGEM model which integrates economic with social and political variables and controls to get the best possible combination of them (some 35 variables are treated through a system of 31 equations). The model developed pinpoints ways of substantially reducing unemployment in Spain. Politically speaking, the main drawback of the model is the need to increase public expenditure in Spain, which it is believed is taboo for the right‐wing political forces. The key variable of the model is seen as a political agreement between these forces and the government.
Further Results for the Linear Fuzzy Controller
Authors: Buckley James J.
Published: February 2008

A fuzzy controller is considered which attempts to control a process which has multiple outputs and inputs, towards some set points. The fuzzification/ defuzzification procedures, the fuzzy logic and the fuzzy control rules are considered and are chosen so that the defuzzified output is always a linear function of the inputs to the fuzzy controller.
Self‐monitoring and Self‐steering in Social Interaction: Theoretical Comments and an Empirical Investigation
Authors: Rosseel Eric , van der Linden Gert
Published: February 2008

A research project is described which aims at understanding how individual actors succeed in handling divergences in personal interests, subgroup interests and the global group interests. Self‐steering and steering others in a complex pattern of social interaction is a theme that was underpinned theoretically by a sociocybernetic point of view expressed by Baumgartner, Geyer, van der Zouwen and others.
Induction Processes and a Broad Concept of Evolution
Authors: Kuroda Naoki
Published: February 2008

Processes of the change of meaning in a system involve a discovery process, such as our cognition process, and a development or evolution process of information or of biological species. In other words, the processes of cognition and biological evolution are in the same structure of a living organism when viewed from the point of meaning. Cognition processes are shown to be induction processes and the concept of evolution in a wide sense is introduced. This is shown to be the same concept as the convergence of probabilistic induction processes.
On Average Turnaround Time
Authors: Lee Edward T.
Published: February 2008

Average turnaround time is an important consideration in selecting or evaluating computing systems. The greatest lower bound and the least upper bound of average turnaround time are investigated. New results are presented with illustrative examples.
Communications
Authors: Dickey Leslie J. , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: February 2008

Networking has been defined as the planned acquisition of contacts for mutual support. The usefulness of networking in several areas, sales, corporate, job search, etc., is described, and its particular usefulness for females in business is emphasised. A description of a networking system used by a major US company is provided. The conclusion provides some networking guidelines.
The Biology of Mathematical Knowledge
Authors: Fidelman Uri
Published: February 2008

Students studying the philosophy of mathematics were the subjects of an experiment to examine the functioning of the cerebral hemispheres. Results show that students whose right hemisphere is more developed than their left tended to prefer Platonistically presented logicism over nominalistical formalism. They also tended to prefer Brouwer's intuitionalism, which is based on Kant's temporal mode of perception, over Frege's geometrical approach. The result is tentatively explained by an information theoretical model of the brain's functioning and is related to the current discussion regarding constructivism and Kant's theory of consciousness.
A New Method for Global Optimisation (Alienor)
Authors: Cherruault Y.
Published: February 2008

The Alienor technique for global optimisation is described. The method is deterministic and uses the approximate properties of Archimedes' spirals, reducing n variables to a single one. It is shown that Monte Carlo methods are less efficient than Alienor, they need more computing time and convergence is not absolutely guaranteed. The application of the Alienor technique to many concrete problems is discussed.
Theories of Computational Complexity — Discussion and Review
Authors: Bridges Douglas S.
Published: February 2008

This is a review of a book of the same title written by Cristian Calude. A discussion is presented of the elements of computability and complexity theory and the origins of the theory discussed. The book is said to contain enough information for several different courses from undergraduate introduction to advanced graduate courses in algorithms and complexity (including the theories of Blum, Kolmogorov and Martin‐Löf).