bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Economic crisis, sport success and willingness to pay: the case of a football club
Authors: Castellanos Garcia Pablo , García Villar Jaume , Manuel Sánchez Santos José
Published: July 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to obtain evidence about the scope of the determinants of the willingness to pay (WTP) of the residents in a Spanish city (A Coruña) for keeping a professional football team (Deportivo) competing at the highest level. Apart from the individual socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents and their attitudes as football fans, the authors try to know the influence on the WTP of factors such as the general economic conditions and the plausibility of the team disappearance.

Design/methodology/approach

– The value of the intangible benefits associated with the team existence is derived from the application of the contingent valuation method (CVM), using two surveys conducted in 2003 and 2012, respectively, with the aim of obtaining information concerning citizens’ behaviour and attitudes towards a professional football team.

Findings

– The consumption of public goods generated by the local football team is relatively inelastic to the sport success and general economic situation, but the value assigned by residents to those goods depends on these factors. Of the two components of the WTP, the non-use value is especially sensitive to changes both in the Spanish economic conditions and in the quality of the public goods generated by the football team.

Originality/value

– This is the first study that applies the CVM to a football team controlling for both the general economic conditions and the team sport success and, as such, it provides interesting insights into the nature and scope of the determinants of individuals’ WTP in a CVM setting.
Lifetime prediction and design aspects of reliable lead-free non-collapsible BGA joints in LTCC packages for RF/microwave telecommunication applications
Authors: Putaala Jussi , Salmela Olli , Nousiainen Olli , Kangasvieri Tero , Vähäkangas Jouko , Uusimäki Antti , Lappalainen Jyrki
Published: July 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to describe the behavior of different lead-free solders (95.5Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu, i.e. SAC387 and Sn7In4.1Ag0.5Cu, i.e. SAC-In) in thermomechanically loaded non-collapsible ball grid array (BGA) joints of a low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) module. The validity of a modified Engelmaier’s model was tested to verify its capability to predict the characteristic lifetime of an LTCC module assembly implementable in field applications.

Design/methodology/approach

– Five printed wiring board (PWB) assemblies, each carrying eight LTCC modules, were fabricated and exposed to a temperature cycling test over a −40 to 125°C temperature range to determine the characteristic lifetimes of interconnections in the LTCC module/PWB assemblies. The failure mechanisms of the test assemblies were verified using scanning acoustic microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and field emission SEM investigation. A stress-dependent Engelmaier’s model, adjusted for plastic-core solder ball (PCSB) BGA structures, was used to predict the characteristic lifetimes of the assemblies.

Findings

– Depending on the joint configuration, characteristic lifetimes of up to 1,920 cycles were achieved in the thermal cycling testing. The results showed that intergranular (creep) failures occurred primarily only in the joints containing Sn7In4.1Ag0.5Cu solder. Other primary failure mechanisms (mixed transgranular/intergranular, separation of the intermetallic compound/solder interface and cracking in the interface between the ceramic and metallization) were observed in the other joint configurations. The modified Engelmaier’s model was found to predict the lifetime of interconnections with good accuracy. The results confirmed the superiority of SAC-In solder over SAC in terms of reliability, and also proved that an air cavity structure of the module, which enhances its radio frequency (RF) performance, did not degrade the reliability of the second-level interconnections of the test assemblies.

Originality/value

– This paper shows the superiority of SAC-In solder over SAC387 solder in terms of reliability and verifies the applicability of the modified Engelmaier’s model as an accurate lifetime prediction method for PCSB BGA structures for the presented LTCC packages for RF/microwave telecommunication applications.
Influence of PTH offset angle in wave soldering with thermal-coupling method
Authors: Sharizal Abdul Aziz Mohd , Zulkifly Abdullah Mohd , Yee Khor Chu
Published: July 2014

Purpose

– The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of offset angle in wave soldering by using thermal fluid structure interaction modeling with experimental validation.

Design/methodology/approach

– The authors used a thermal coupling approach that adopted mesh-based parallel code coupling interface between finite volume-and finite element-based software (ABAQUS). A 3D single pin-through-hole (PTH) connector with five offset angles (0 to 20°) on a printed circuit board (PCB) was built and meshed by using computational fluid dynamics preprocessing software called GAMBIT. An implicit volume of fluid technique with a second-order upwind scheme was also applied to track the flow front of solder material (Sn63Pb37) when passing through the solder pot during wave soldering. The structural solver and ABAQUS analyzed the temperature distribution, displacement and von Mises stress of the PTH connector. The predicted results were validated by the experimental solder profile.

Findings

– The simulation revealed that the PTH offset angle had a significant effect on the filling of molten solder through the PCB. The 0° angle yielded the best filling profile, filling time, lowest displacement and thermal stress. The simulation result was similar to the experimental result.

Practical implications

– This study provides a better understanding of the process control in wave soldering for PCB assembly.

Originality/value

– This study provides fundamental guidelines and references for the thermal coupling method to address reliability issues during wave soldering. It also enhances understanding of capillary flow and PTH joint issues to achieve high reliability in PCB assembly industries.
Thermal warpage analysis of PBGA mounted on PCB during reflow process by FEM and experimental measurement
Authors: Xia Weisheng , Xiao Ming , Chen Yihao , Wu Fengshun , Liu Zhe , Fu Hongzhi
Published: July 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to study the thermal warpage of a plastic ball grid array (PBGA) mounted on a printed circuit board (PCB) during the reflow process.

Design/methodology/approach

– A thermal-mechanical coupling method that used finite-element method software (ANSYS 13.1) was performed. Meanwhile, a shadow moiré apparatus (TherMoiré PS200) combined with a heating platform was used for the experimental measurement of the warpage of PBGA according to the JEDEC Standard.

Findings

– The authors found that the temperature profiles taken from the simulated results and experimental measurement are consistent with each other, only with a little and acceptable difference in the maximum temperatures. Furthermore, the maximum warpage measurements during the reflow process are 0.157 mm and 0.149 mm for simulation and experimental measurements, respectively, with a small 5.37 per cent difference. The experimental measurement and simulated results are well correlated. Based on the validated finite element model, two factors, namely, the thickness and dimension of PCB, are explored about their effect on the thermal warpage of PBGA mounted on PCB during the reflow process.

Practical implications

– The paper provides a thorough parametrical study of the thermal warpage of PBGA mounted on PCB during the reflow process.

Originality/value

– The findings in this paper illustrate methods of warpage study by combination of thermal-mechanical finite element simulation and experimental measurement, which can provide good guidelines of the PCB design in the perspective of thermal warpage during the reflow process.
Assessment of probiotic potential and anticancer activity of newly isolated vaginal bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum 5BL
Authors: Nami Yousef , Abdullah Norhafizah , Haghshenas Babak , Radiah Dayang , Rosli Rozita , Khosroushahi Ahmad Yari
Published: July 2014

Numerous bacteria in and on its external parts protect the human body from harmful threats. This study aimed to investigate the potential beneficial effects of the vaginal ecosystem microbiota. A type of bacteria was isolated from vaginal secretions of adolescent and young adult women, cultured on an appropriate specific culture medium, and then molecularly identified through 16S rDNA gene sequencing. Results of 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the isolate belongs to the Lactobacillus plantarum species. The isolated strain exhibited probiotic properties such as low pH and high bile salt concentration tolerance, antibiotic susceptibility and antimicrobial activity against some pathogenic bacteria. The anticancer effects of the strain on human cancer cell lines (cervical, HeLa; gastric, AGS; colon, HT‐29; breast, MCF‐7) and on a human normal cell line (human umbilical vein endothelial cells [HUVEC]) were investigated. Toxic side effects were assessed by studying apoptosis in the treated cells. The strain exhibited desirable probiotic properties and remarkable anticancer activity against the tested human cancer cell lines (P ≤ 0.05) with no significant cytotoxic effects on HUVEC normal cells (P ≤ 0.05). Overall, the isolated strain showed favorable potential as a bioactive therapeutic agent. Therefore, this strain should be subjected to the other required tests to prove its suitability for clinical therapeutic application.
Intake of dairy products and calcium and prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy in Japan: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Miyake Y , Tanaka K , Okubo H , Sasaki S , Arakawa M
Published: July 2014

Objective

To examine the relationship between the intake of dairy products and calcium and the prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy.

Design

Cross‐sectional study.

Setting

Kyushu Okinawa Maternal and Child Health Study (KOMCHS).

Sample

A cohort of 1745 pregnant Japanese women.

Methods

Dietary intake during the preceding month was assessed using a self‐administered diet history questionnaire. Scores of 16 or higher on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale denoted depressive symptoms. Adjustment was made for age, gestation, region of residence, number of children, family structure, history of depression, family history of depression, smoking, secondhand smoke exposure at home and at work, job type, household income, education, and body mass index. In our analyses regarding dairy products in general, adjustment was also made for fish intake; in our analysis regarding calcium, adjustment was also made for the intake of saturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid plus docosahexaenoic acid, and vitamin D.

Main outcome measures

Depressive symptoms during pregnancy.

Results

Higher intake levels of yogurt and calcium were independently related to a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy: the adjusted odds ratios between extreme quartiles were 0.69 (95% CI 0.48–0.99, P for trend = 0.03) and 0.59 (95% CI 0.40–0.88, P for trend = 0.006), respectively. No relationships were observed between the intake of all dairy products, milk, or cheese and depressive symptoms during pregnancy.

Conclusions

The current results suggest that a higher intake of yogurt and calcium may be associated with a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy.
A reliable multiplex genotyping assay for HCV using a suspension bead array
Authors: Yang Yi‐Chen , Wang Der‐Yuan , Cheng Hwei‐Fang , Chuang Eric Y. , Tsai Mong‐Hsun
Published: July 2014

The genotyping of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) plays an important role in the treatment of HCV because genotype determination has recently been incorporated into the treatment guidelines for HCV infections. Most current genotyping methods are unable to detect mixed genotypes from two or more HCV infections. We therefore developed a multiplex genotyping assay to determine HCV genotypes using a bead array. Synthetic plasmids, genotype panels and standards were used to verify the target‐specific primer (TSP) design in the assay, and the results indicated that discrimination efforts using 10 TSPs in a single reaction were extremely successful. Thirty‐five specimens were then tested to evaluate the assay performance, and the results were highly consistent with those of direct sequencing, supporting the reliability of the assay. Moreover, the results from samples with mixed HCV genotypes revealed that the method is capable of detecting two different genotypes within a sample. Furthermore, the specificity evaluation results suggested that the assay could correctly identify HCV in HCV/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co‐infected patients. This genotyping platform enables the simultaneous detection and identification of more than one genotype in a same sample and is able to test 96 samples simultaneously. It could therefore provide a rapid, efficient and reliable method of determining HCV genotypes in the future.
Comparison of Short‐term Infusion Regimens of N‐Acetylcysteine Plus Intravenous Fluids, Sodium Bicarbonate Plus Intravenous Fluids, and Intravenous Fluids Alone for Prevention of Contrast‐induced Nephropathy in the Emergency Department
Authors: Kama Ahmet , Yılmaz Serkan , Yaka Elif , Dervişoğlu Erkan , Özgür Doğan Nurettin , Erimşah Emre , Pekdemir Murat
Published: July 2014

Background

There is no evidence regarding the several short‐term prophylaxis protocols for contrast‐induced nephropathy (CIN) that may be most feasibly convenient in emergency settings.

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacies of short‐term CIN prophylaxis protocols of normal saline, N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) plus saline, and sodium bicarbonate plus saline in emergency department (ED) patients at moderate or high risk of CIN after receiving intravenous (IV) contrast agent.

Methods

This single‐center, randomized, nonblinded clinical trial was conducted in the ED with adult patients requiring contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (CT). Patients with moderate to high risk of CIN according to the Mehran risk score, who consented to participate, were eligible. Patients with continuous renal replacement therapy or who reported contrast allergy were excluded. Enrolled patients were randomly assigned to receive 150 mg/kg NAC in 1000 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl), 150 mEq of sodium bicarbonate in 1000 mL of 0.9% NaCl, or 1000 mL of IV saline infusion, all given at 350 mL/hr for 3 hours. All of the patients were administered less than 100 mL of nonionic, low‐osmolality contrast agent. The primary outcome of CIN was defined as a 25% increase or a greater than 0.5 mg/dL increase in the serum creatinine level 48 to 72 hours later compared with the baseline measurement.

Results

A total of 107 patients were randomized to NAC (n = 36), sodium bicarbonate (n = 36), and saline prophylaxis (n = 35). The mean age of the patients was 71 years (95% confidence interval [CI] = 65 to 77 years), and 58 (54.2%) were male. The groups were similar regarding baseline characteristics and nephropathy risks. Of the 16 (14.9%) patients who eventually developed CIN, seven (19.4%) were in the NAC plus saline group, four (11.1%) were in the sodium bicarbonate plus saline group, and five (14.2%) were in the saline group. There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of the prevention of CIN (p = 0.60).

Conclusions

None of the short‐term protocols with normal saline, NAC, or sodium bicarbonate was superior in ED patients requiring contrast‐enhanced CT who had a moderate or high risk of CIN.
A new market for an old food: the U.S. demand for olive oil
Authors: Xiong Bo , Sumner Daniel , Matthews William
Published: July 2014

While U.S. consumption of olive oil has tripled over the past two decades, nearly all olive oil continues to be imported. Estimation of a demand system using monthly import data reveals that the income elasticity for virgin oils sourced from EU is above one, but demand for nonvirgin oils is income‐inelastic. The demand for olive oil as a single product is price‐inelastic. Differentiated by product characteristic and origin, olive oils are highly substitutable with each other but not with other vegetable oils. News about the health and culinary benefits of olive oil and the spread of Mediterranean diet contribute significantly to the rising demand.
The incidence and aetiology of acute kidney injury in children in Norway between 1999 and 2008
Authors: Jenssen Gaute Reier , Hovland Eirik , Bangstad Hans‐Jacob , Nygård Karin , Vold Line , Bjerre Anna
Published: July 2014

Aim

Primary acute kidney injury (AKI) is a direct cause of hospitalisation in children, but can also result from other conditions. There is limited information on the epidemiology of this condition. Our aim was to describe the national incidence rate and aetiology of acute kidney injury in children under the age of 16 in Norway from 1999 to 2008.

Methods

We carried out a retrospective study of medical records provided by all 18 of the paediatric hospital departments that specialise in treating paediatric patients with AKI.

Results

We identified 315 cases of AKI (53% male), with an estimated average annual incidence rate of 3.3 cases per 100 000 children and a median annual occurrence of 33 cases. Most cases (43%) were in children under five. We identified 53 aetiologies and classified these into 30 aetiological groups: 24% of the cases were prerenal (n = 75), 74% were intrinsic/renal (n = 234) and 2% were postrenal (n = 5). Nephritic syndromes was the major cause (44%) of AKI, followed by haemolytic‐uraemic syndrome (HUS) (15%).

Conclusion

Nephritic syndromes and HUS are the most common aetiologies of AKI in Norway. Although our results could indicate a low incidence of paediatric AKI in Norway, the lack of other national studies makes comparisons difficult.
Clinical predictors of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection in out‐patients
Authors: Shivashankar R. , Khanna S. , Kammer P. P. , Scott Harmsen W. , Zinsmeister A. R. , Baddour L. M. , Pardi D. S.
Published: July 2014

Background

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) recurs in 20–30% of patients.

Aim

To describe the predictors of recurrence in out‐patients with CDI.

Methods

Out‐patient cases of CDI in Olmsted County, MN residents diagnosed between 28 June 2007 and 25 June 2010 were identified. Recurrent CDI was defined as recurrence of diarrhoea with a positive C. difficile PCR test from 15 to 56 days after the initial diagnosis with interim resolution of symptoms. Patients who had two positive tests within 14 days were excluded. Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the association of clinical variables with time to recurrence of CDI.

Results

The cohort included 520 out‐patients; 104 had recurrent CDI (cumulative incidence of 17.5% by 30 days). Univariate analysis identified increasing age and antibiotic use to be associated with recurrent CDI. Severe CDI, peripheral leucocyte count and change in serum creatinine >1.5‐fold were not. In a multiple variable model, concomitant antibiotic use was associated with risk of recurrent CDI (HR = 5.4, 95% CI 1.6–17.5, P = 0.005), while age (HR per 10 year increase = 1.1, 95% CI 0.9–1.3, P = 0.22); peripheral leucocyte count >15 × 109/L (HR = 1.0, 95% CI 0.5–2.1, P = 0.92); and change in serum creatinine greater than 1.5‐fold (HR = 0.8, 95% CI 0.4–1.5, P = 0.44) were not.

Conclusions

Antibiotic use was independently associated with a dramatic risk of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection in an out‐patient cohort. It is important to avoid unnecessary systemic antibiotics in patients with Clostridium difficile infection, and patients with ongoing antibiotic use should be monitored closely for recurrent infection.
Adherence to UK national guidance for discharge information: an audit in primary care
Authors: Hammad Eman A. , Wright David John , Walton Christine , Nunney Ian , Bhattacharya Debi
Published: July 2014

Aims

Poor communication of clinical information between healthcare settings is associated with patient harm. In 2008, the UK National Prescribing Centre (NPC) issued guidance regarding the minimum information to be communicated upon hospital discharge. This study evaluates the extent of adherence to this guidance and identifies predictors of adherence.

Methods

This was an audit of discharge summaries received by medical practices in one UK primary care trust of patients hospitalized for 24 h or longer. Each discharge summary was scored against the applicable NPC criteria which were organized into: ‘patient, admission and discharge’, ‘medicine’ and ‘therapy change’ information.

Results

Of 3444 discharge summaries audited, 2421 (70.3%) were from two teaching hospitals and 906 (26.3%) from three district hospitals. Unplanned admissions accounted for 2168 (63.0%) of the audit sample and 74.6% (2570) of discharge summaries were electronic. Mean (95% CI) adherence to the total NPC minimum dataset was 71.7% [70.2, 73.2]. Adherence to patient, admission and discharge information was 77.3% (95% CI 77.0, 77.7), 67.2% (95% CI 66.3, 68.2) for medicine information and 48.9% (95% CI 47.5, 50.3) for therapy change information. Allergy status, co‐morbidities, medication history and rationale for therapy change were the most frequent omissions. Predictors of adherence included quality of the discharge template, electronic discharge summaries and smaller numbers of prescribed medicines.

Conclusions

Despite clear guidance regarding the content of discharge information, omissions are frequent. Adherence to the NPC minimum dataset might be improved by using comprehensive electronic discharge templates and implementation of effective medicines reconciliation at both sides of the health interface.
Safety, local tolerability and pharmacokinetics of ceftaroline fosamil administered in a reduced infusion volume
Authors: Edeki Timi , Kujacic Mirjana , Broadhurst Helen , Li Jianguo , Sunzel Maria
Published: July 2014

Aims

The standard dose of ceftaroline fosamil for patients with normal renal function is 600 mg diluted in 250 ml by 60 min intravenous infusion every 12 h. This two part phase I trial (NCT01577589) assessed safety and local tolerability of multiple ceftaroline fosamil 50 ml and 250 ml infusions, and pharmacokinetics following single administrations of each infusion volume.

Methods

Part A was a placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, multiple dose crossover study. Twenty‐four healthy subjects were randomized to simultaneous, bilateral ceftaroline fosamil 600 mg and placebo infusions in each arm (50 ml then 250 ml or vice versa) every 12 h for 72 h, with a ≥ 4.5 day washout. Local tolerability was evaluated by the Visual Infusion Phlebitis scale, with scores ≥2 considered infusion site reactions (ISRs). Part B was an open label crossover study. Ten subjects were randomized to single 50 ml and 250 ml ceftaroline fosamil 600 mg infusions on days 1 and 3 (washout on day 2). Blood samples for pharmacokinetic analysis were taken over 24 h.

Results

In part A, four subjects (16.7%) experienced ISRs, all of which were associated with placebo infusions. No ISRs were reported for either ceftaroline fosamil 50 ml or 250 ml. Plasma pharmacokinetics (ceftaroline fosamil, active ceftaroline and an inactive metabolite) were similar following single 50 ml and 250 ml infusions in part B.

Conclusions

No new safety concerns were identified for ceftaroline fosamil 600 mg 50 ml compared with 250 ml. These findings suggest infusion volumes down to 50 ml may be used in patients with fluid intake restrictions.
The presence of mast cell clonality in patients with unexplained anaphylaxis
Authors: Gülen T. , Hägglund H. , Sander B. , Dahlén B. , Nilsson G.
Published: July 2014

Background

The mechanisms by which mast cells in patients with unexplained anaphylaxis (UEA) are triggered remain elusive. Onset of episodes is unpredictable and often recurrent. The substantial overlap between the clinical manifestations ofUEAand clonal mast cell disorders (CMD) suggests an association between these rare disorders. The two forms ofCMDcharacterized to date are systemic mastocytosis (SM) and monoclonal mast cell activation syndrome (MMAS).

Objective

To examine the hypothesis that the pathogenesis ofUEAreflects the presence of aberrant subpopulations of mast cells.

Methods

Thirty (14 men, 16 women) patients (≥ 18 years) suffering from UEA and with no signs of cutaneous mastocytosis were recruited. Patients underwent an initial complete allergy work‐up to confirm the diagnosis of UEA. Level of baseline serum tryptase (sBT) and total IgE were determined. In addition, a bone marrow examination was performed on all 30 patients to investigate possible underlying CMD.

Results

Fourteen (47%) of our cases (nine men, five women) were diagnosed with CMD: 10 with SM and four with MMAS. Four of the 10 patients with SM had mast cell aggregates in their bone marrow. All patients with SM exhibited a sBT level > 11.4 ng/mL, whereas this level was elevated in only two of those with MMAS and four with UAE but not diagnosed with CMD. Total IgE levels were lower in the group of patients with CMD (P < 0.03).

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance

The pathogenic mechanism underlying UEA could be explained by the presence of immunophenotypically aberrant mast cells with clonal markers in 47% of our subjects, indicating that clonal mast cell disorders are present in a substantial subset of these patients. Thus, the presence of CMD should be considered in patients with UEA if they have an elevated level of sBT (≥ 11.4 ng/mL) and cardiovascular symptoms such as syncope.
Successful immunotherapy of autoimmune cholangitis by adoptive transfer of forkhead box protein 3+ regulatory T cells
Authors: Tanaka H , Zhang W , Yang G-X , Ando Y , Tomiyama T , Tsuneyama K , Leung P , Coppel R L , Ansari A A , Lian Z X , Ridgway W M , Joh T , Gershwin M E
Published: July 2014

Treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) has lagged behind that of other autoimmune diseases. In this study we have addressed the potential utility of immunotherapy using regulatory T cells (Treg) to treat murine autoimmune cholangitis. In particular, we have taken advantage of our ability to produce portal inflammation and bile duct cell loss by transfer of CD8+T cells from the dominant negative form of transforming growth factor beta receptor type II (dnTGF-βRII) mice to recombination-activating gene (Rag)1–/– recipients. We then used this robust established adoptive transfer system and co-transferred CD8+T cells from dnTGF-βRII mice with either C57BL/6 or dnTGF-βRII forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3+) T cells. Recipient mice were monitored for histology, including portal inflammation and intralobular biliary cell damage, and also included a study of the phenotypical changes in recipient lymphoid populations and local and systemic cytokine production. Importantly, we report herein that adoptive transfer of Treg from C57BL/6 but not dnTGF-βRII mice significantly reduced the pathology of autoimmune cholangitis, including decreased portal inflammation and bile duct damage as well as down-regulation of the secondary inflammatory response. Further, to define the mechanism of action that explains the differential ability of C57BL/6 Tregversus dnTGF-βRII Treg on the ability to down-regulate autoimmune cholangitis, we noted significant differential expression of glycoprotein A repetitions predominant (GARP), CD73, CD101 and CD103 and a functionally significant increase in interleukin (IL)-10 in Treg from C57BL/6 compared to dnTGF-βRII mice. Our data reflect the therapeutic potential of wild-type CD4+FoxP3+Treg in reducing the excessive T cell responses of autoimmune cholangitis, which has significance for the potential immunotherapy of PBC.
Defending plasma T3 is a biological priority
Authors: Abdalla Sherine M. , Bianco Antonio C.
Published: July 2014

Triiodothyronine (T3), the active form of thyroid hormone is produced predominantly outside the thyroid parenchyma secondary to peripheral tissue deiodination of thyroxine (T4), with <20% being secreted directly from the thyroid. In healthy individuals, plasma T3 is regulated by the negative feedback loop of the hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid axis and by homoeostatic changes in deiodinase expression. Therefore, with the exception of a minimal circadian rhythmicity, serum T3 levels are stable over long periods of time. Studies in rodents indicate that different levels of genetic disruption of the feedback mechanism and deiodinase system are met with increase in serum T4 and thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, while serum T3 levels remain stable. These findings have focused attention on serum T3 levels in patients with thyroid disease, with important clinical implications affecting therapeutic goals and choice of therapy for patients with hypothyroidism. Although monotherapy with levothyroxine is the standard of care for hypothyroidism, not all patients normalize serum T3 levels with many advocating for combination therapy with levothyroxine and liothyronine. The latter could be relevant for a significant number of patients that remain symptomatic on monotherapy with levothyroxine, despite normalization of serum TSH levels.
Cross‐sectional associations of acylation stimulating protein (ASP) and adipose tissue gene expression with estradiol and progesterone in pre‐ and postmenopausal women
Authors: Rezvani Reza , Gupta Abhishek , Smith Jessica , Poursharifi Pegah , Marceau Picard , Pérusse Louis , Bouchard Claude , Tchernof André , Cianflone Katherine
Published: July 2014

Objective

Sex steroid hormones play an important regulatory role in fat metabolism and obesity. We hypothesized involvement of interactions between ovarian hormones with acylation stimulating protein (ASP).

Design, patients and measurements

In 392 women with wide age (18–69 years) and body size (BMI: 17 to 90 kg/m2) ranges, fasting plasma levels of ASP, ovarian hormones, glucose, adiponectin and lipids/apolipoproteins were assessed, along with determination of metabolic syndrome (MS) features. Gene expression of C3 (ASP precursor) and related receptors C5L2, C3aR and C5aR in subcutaneous and omental adipose tissues was measured in a subset.

Results

Acylation stimulating protein correlated negatively with concentrations of estradiol (P < 0·0001), adiponectin (P < 0·001) and apolipoprotein A1 (P < 0·001) and positively with apolipoprotein B levels (P < 0·001), systolic blood pressure (P < 0·001), waist circumference (P < 0·001), and triglyceride concentrations (P < 0·01). In age‐matched groups of lean, overweight, metabolically healthy obese (MHO) and obese with metabolic syndrome (MSO), there was a stepwise increase in ASP levels (P < 0·001) while concentrations of adiponectin (P < 0·0001) and estradiol (P < 0·001) but not those of progesterone decreased. Progesterone but not estradiol levels correlated positively with C3 gene expression in omental adipose tissue (P < 0·05) and negatively with C5L2 expression in both omental (P < 0·01) and subcutaneous (P < 0·05) adipose tissues.

Conclusion

Our results are consistent with the concept that sex hormones differentially influence circulating ASP and adipose tissue gene expression of its related proteins in a depot‐specific manner. ASP may play a role in the regulation of regional fat metabolism through interactions with sex hormones in women.
The spectrum of clinical, hormonal and molecular findings in 280 individuals with nonclassical congenital adrenal hyperplasia caused by mutations of the CYP21A2 gene
Authors: Livadas S. , Dracopoulou M. , Dastamani A. , Sertedaki A. , Maniati‐Christidi M. , Magiakou A.‐M. , Kanaka‐Gantenbein C. , Chrousos G.P. , Dacou‐Voutetakis C.
Published: July 2014

Background

Nonclassical congenital adrenal hyperplasia (NC‐CAH) is caused by mutations of the CYP21A2 gene. The clinical manifestations and hormonal derangements of NC‐CAH are quite variable.

Objectives

(i) To define the phenotype and its relation to genotype according to gender and age and (ii) to evaluate the validity of currently applied hormonal criteria for establishing the diagnosis of NC‐CAH.

Patients and Methods

The clinical, hormonal and molecular data of 280 subjects (235 female) with NC‐CAH and a median age of 17·6 years were analysed. CYP21A2 genotyping was performed in all subjects.

Results

The majority of females aged less than 8 years presented with premature pubarche (88·3%), while those older than 8 presented with a polycystic ovary‐like phenotype (63·2%). A total of 7·7% of the females and 51·1% of the males were asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis. In the total group, 50·4% of the subjects were compound heterozygotes for one classical (C) and one nonclassical (NC) mutation, while 46% of the alleles studied carried the p.V281L mutation. Basal 17OHP values were below 6 nm (2 ng/ml) in 2·1% of the subjects with NC‐CAH, but none had peak 17OHP values post‐ACTH lower than 30 nm (10 ng/ml).

Conclusions

NC‐CAH has a variable phenotype depending on the age, gender and the presence of a classical mutation. A peak cut‐off value of 17OHP post‐ACTH lower than 30 nm excludes the diagnosis of NC‐CAH, whereas basal 17OHP <6 nm may represent a false‐negative result. A significant number of patients harboured a classical mutation, a finding which requires genotyping of the partner for genetic counselling.
Trends in cerebral palsy survival: are health measures really making a difference?
Authors: Reid Susan M
Published: July 2014

This commentary is on the original articles by Brooks et al. on pages 1059–1064 and 1065–1071 of this issue.
The Effect of Age on Right Ventricular Diastolic Function in Healthy Subjects Undergoing Treadmill Exercise Test
Authors: Celik Murat , Yalcinkaya Emre , Yuksel Uygar Cagdas , Gokoglan Yalcin , Bugan Baris , Kabul Hasan Kutsi , Barcin Cem
Published: July 2014

Objective

There is an increasing interest for the value of right ventricle (RV) in predicting exercise tolerance and prognosis in cardiovascular disease. However, there is relatively few data evaluating the effect of age on RV diastolic filling velocities during rest or exercise in healthy subjects.

Methods

A total of 54 healthy subjects were enrolled in this study. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to their age: Group 1 (≤45‐years‐old) and Group 2 (>45‐years‐old). A treadmill exercise test was performed using modified Bruce protocol. Conventional pulsed‐wave Doppler and tissue Doppler velocities were obtained both at rest and immediately after the end of exercise, respectively.

Results

In the overall analysis, tricuspid flow Doppler analysis showed a significant increase in A‐wave velocity, less marked rise in E‐wave velocity, decreased E/A ratio and decreased E‐wave deceleration time (EDT) with exercise. Tissue Doppler analysis revealed increased Aa velocity, decreased in Ea/Aa ratio and IVRT. No significant change was observed in Ea velocity and E/Ea ratio with exercise. Although diastolic velocities changed significantly with exercise, systolic velocities did not. Cardiac response to exercise differed slightly in the older subjects compared to younger ones. The older subjects were more likely to have a reduced mean rate of RV filling for the second half of diastole from baseline to peak exercise.

Conclusion

To distinguish normal physiological changes due to aging from those of pathologic conditions may provide benefits while evaluating patients with known or suspected cardiovascular disease.
Effect of Remote Ischemic Postconditioning on Left Ventricular Mechanics
Authors: Nacar Alper Bugra , Topcu Selim , Kurt Mustafa , Tanboga Ibrahim Halil , Karakaş Mehmet Fatih , Buyukkaya Eyup , Aksakal Enbiya , Sen Nihat , Akcay Adnan Burak , Bilen Emine
Published: July 2014

Background

Remote ischemic postconditioning (RIPC) decreases infarct size and prevents left ventricular (LV) remodeling in patients with myocardial infarction. However, there is no study that evaluates the effect of RIPC on LV mechanics assessed by speckle tracking echocardiography. Therefore, we aimed to test the effects of RIPC on LV deformation parameters such as strain, strain rate, rotation, and twist in healthy subjects.

Methods

The study group consisted of 22 healthy subjects. To test the effects of RIPC, 3 cycles of reperfusion followed by ischemia (each lasting 10 or 30 seconds) were applied immediately after 20 minutes of nondominant arm ischemia. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) was obtained at baseline and repeated 30 minutes after the completion of these cycles. In TTE images, apical 4‐3‐2 chamber longitudinal strain (LS)/strain rate, basal and apical circumferential strain/strain rate, and rotational parameters, such as basal rotation, apical rotation, and LV twist, were recorded.

Results

Apical 4‐3‐2 chamber LS and apical circumferential strain/strain rate measurements were comparable before and after RIPC, whereas basal circumferential strain was significantly decreased after RIPC (−23 ± 3.4 vs. −18.9 ± 6.9, P = 0.017). After RIPC, apical rotation was significantly increased (11.6 ± 3.7 vs. 16.7 ± 4.0, P < 0.001) and basal rotation was significantly decreased (−6.1 ± 2.1 vs. −4.7 ± 2.4, P = 0.03).Consequently, net LV twist was significantly increased (17.4 ± 4.5 vs. 21.7 ± 4.7).

Conclusions

We proposed that RIPC affects the rotational mechanics of the heart rather than longitudinal mechanics. These results might give new insights into understanding the favorable effects of the post‐ conditioning.
Host preference and suitability of grasses for Oebalus pugnax
Authors: Awuni G.A. , Gore J. , Cook D. , Bond J.A. , Musser F.R. , Adams C.A.
Published: July 2014

The rice stink bug, Oebalus pugnax (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae: Carpocorini), though graminaceous, discriminates among its numerous host grass species. This could represent a feeding preference, it could be related to host suitability for growth and development. To clarify the role of host grass discrimination, two laboratory studies were conducted: (1) free‐choice tests to evaluate preferences of O. pugnax among 11 wild host grass species found in three rice‐producing counties of the central Mississippi Delta (MS, USA), and (2) no‐choice tests to evaluate the impact of rice (Oryza sativa L.), junglerice [Echinochloa colona (L.) Link], and dallisgrass (Paspalum dilatatum Poir.) (all Poaceae), on the development of O. pugnax from second instar to adult. In the free‐choice test, four experiments were conducted, each with four sets of host grass species and observed 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 h after release in cages. Approximately 4 h was necessary for O. pugnax to settle on preferred host grasses. Oebalus pugnax showed a feeding preference for junglerice over all 10 other grass species. Bahiagrass, Paspalum notatum Flueggé, was the least preferred. The no‐choice tests showed significant effect of host grass species on O. pugnax mean development time of nymphal survival to adults. Survival of nymphs was lower and mean development time was longer on dallisgrass compared to rice and junglerice. Knowledge of O. pugnax rate of growth and development on host grasses could be useful in the future development of rice integrated pest management strategies.
Sickle cell disease in children: chronic complications and search of predictive factors for adverse outcomes
Authors: Silva Inês Vaz , Reis Ana Filipa , Palaré Maria João , Ferrão Anabela , Rodrigues Teresa , Morais Anabela
Published: July 2014

Background

Sickle cell disease (SCD) has extremely variable phenotypes, and several factors have been associated with the severity of the disease.

Objectives

To analyze the chronic complications of SCD and look for predictive risk factors for increased severity and number of complications.

Methods

Retrospective study including all children followed for SCD in the Paediatric Haematology Unit of a tertiary hospital in Portugal, who completed 17 yr old between the years 2004 and 2013.

Results

We identified 44 patients, 55% female and 98% black. Chronic complications occurred in 80% of cases. Slight dilatation of the left ventricle was the most frequent complication (47.7%), followed by respiratory function disturbs (43.2%), microlithiasis or cholelithiasis (40.9%), increased flow velocity of cerebral arteries (31.8%), enuresis, delayed puberty and bone abnormalities (6.8% each), sickle cell retinopathy and leg ulcer (4.6% each) and recurrent priapism (2.3%). We identified a statistically significant association between leukocytes >15 000/μL and a higher number of hospitalizations (P < 0.001) and chronic complications of the disease (P = 0.035). The occurrence of dactylitis in first year of life was also significantly associated with a higher number of hospitalizations (P = 0.004) and chronic complications (P = 0.018). The presence of α‐thalassemia was associated with a lower number of chronic complications (P = 0.036).

Conclusions

Leucocytosis and dactylitis in the first year of life can be predictors of SCD severity, while the presence of α‐thalassemia can be protective. The determination of early predictors of chronic complications of SCD may improve the comprehensive care of these patients.
Baculoviruses: diversity, evolution and manipulation of insects
Authors: Ikeda Motoko , Hamajima Rina , Kobayashi Michihiro
Published: July 2014

Baculoviruses, members of the familyBaculoviridae, are large, enveloped viruses that contain a double‐stranded circularDNAgenome of 80–180 kbp, encoding 90–180 putative proteins. These viruses are exclusively pathogenic for arthropods, particularly insects, and have been developed, or are being developed, as environmentally sound pesticides and eukaryotic vectors for foreign protein expression, surface display, gene delivery for gene therapy, vaccine production and drug screening. The baculoviruses contain a set of approximately 30 core genes that are conserved among all baculovirus genomes sequenced to date. Individual baculoviruses also contain a number of lineage‐ or species‐specific genes that have greatly impacted the diversification and evolution of baculoviruses. In this review, we first describe the general properties and biology of baculoviruses and then focus on the baculovirus genes and mechanisms involved in the replication, spread and survival of baculoviruses within the context of their diversity, evolution and insect manipulation.
Carbon accumulation of tropical peatlands over millennia: a modeling approach
Authors: Kurnianto Sofyan , Warren Matthew , Talbot Julie , Kauffman Boone , Murdiyarso Daniel , Frolking Steve
Published: July 2014

Tropical peatlands cover an estimated 440 000 km2 (~10% of global peatland area) and are significant in the global carbon cycle by storing about 40–90 Gt C in peat. Over the past several decades, tropical peatlands have experienced high rates of deforestation and conversion, which is often associated with lowering the water table and peat burning, releasing large amounts of carbon stored in peat to the atmosphere. We present the first model of long‐term carbon accumulation in tropical peatlands by modifying the Holocene Peat Model (HPM), which has been successfully applied to northern temperate peatlands. Tropical HPM (HPMTrop) is a one‐dimensional, nonlinear, dynamic model with a monthly time step that simulates peat mass remaining in annual peat cohorts over millennia as a balance between monthly vegetation inputs (litter) and monthly decomposition. Key model parameters were based on published data on vegetation characteristics, including net primary production partitioned into leaves, wood, and roots; and initial litter decomposition rates. HPMTrop outputs are generally consistent with field observations from Indonesia. Simulated long‐term carbon accumulation rates for 11 000‐year‐old inland, and 5 000‐year‐old coastal peatlands were about 0.3 and 0.59 Mg C ha−1 yr−1, and the resulting peat carbon stocks at the end of the 11 000‐year and 5 000‐year simulations were 3300 and 2900 Mg C ha−1, respectively. The simulated carbon loss caused by coastal peat swamp forest conversion into oil palm plantation with periodic burning was 1400 Mg C ha−1 over 100 years, which is equivalent to ~2900 years of C accumulation in a hectare of coastal peatlands.
Green Consumption, Ecolabelling and Capitalism's Environmental Limits
Authors: Scales Ivan R.
Published: July 2014

Green consumption attempts to reduce capitalism's environmental impacts by influencing consumer behaviour. It is based on the premise that consumers can be provided with information about the environmental conditions of production through ‘eco’ labels and brands, enabling them to make choices about their consumptive patterns. In response to the growth in green consumerism, there has been a flourishing theoretical and empirical body of work in a wide range of social science disciplines critiquing green consumption from a broadly Marxian perspective and raising questions about capitalism's environmental limits. In this paper, I explore how recent scholarship has advanced Marxian and Green Marxian theory and consider its implications for green consumerism. I focus on the following three arguments: (i) that capitalism's emphasis on profit and a relentless pursuit of economic growth tends to create a ‘metabolic rift’ so that people are increasingly separated, spatially and socially, from the ecosystems that support them; (ii) whilst green consumerism plays up the ability of individual consumers to influence production, power tends to lie with large producers and retailers; and (iii) whilst in principle green consumption empowers consumers by providing with them greater information about the conditions of production, it tends to obscure more fundamental problems such as the intensity of resource consumption.
Corporate Social Responsibility and Development in Africa: Issues and Possibilities
Authors: Idemudia Uwafiokun
Published: July 2014

The literature on the relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and development in Africa is only just emerging, and it is characterized by a wide range of diverse perspectives. While the analysis of the CSR‐development nexus in Africa has been particularly insightful, there is often the lack of sufficiently grounded systematically accumulated empirical evidence. However, central to the CSR‐development nexus debate in Africa is the disagreement over the reimagining of the role of business from being the cause to becoming a part of the solution to the problem of underdevelopment in the region. This paper critically examines the CSR‐development nexus literature in Africa and lays bare the controversies that have so far emerged. The article engages with the drivers of CSR, its dynamics and nature within Africa. It then examines the debate of whether or not contextual factors matters for CSR and its relationship with development. Crucially, it identifies differences between proponents of CSR is good for development and those that share opposing views at the conceptual, practical, and discourse levels. The paper concludes by considering the emerging issues and its implications for future research agenda.