bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Federal Dilemma
Authors: Corry J. A.
Published: June 2006

All federal systems of government have been subjected to severe strain in recent years. It is not Canada alone that has felt the onslaught of economic and social change. The German federation went down before the Nazi tidal wave. The Australian federation was hard put to it to weather its difficulties in the early thirties. The United States of America, the greatest of them all, has been through continuous rack and strain in the past decade. What the permanent ravages of depression and the New Deal on the federal structure will be is as yet far from clear. The devices of navigation to which the national and state governments have been driven are described by some as the rise of a new federalism to meet the challenge of new conditions and by others as the destruction of the independence of the states. Observers in the other countries concerned are equally at variance in their interpretations, except, of course, in Germany where the results are fairly conclusive. There have been so many bad guesses in predicting political trends in the past few years that the prudent will hesitate to lay bets. But the nature of the predicament which generates strain in federal systems has become sufficiently clear that the main elements can be outlined with some confidence.
The Effect of the War on Oriental Minorities in Canada
Authors: Angus H. F.
Published: June 2006

The presence in Canada of substantial minorities of Oriental race interests us both as citizens and as social scientists. Even those who believe that the task of good citizenship has been made harder by immigration from Asia must recognize that the interest of Canada to the social scientist has been enhanced.

The racial minorities are three in number and are very unequal in importance. There are about 25,000 persons of Japanese race in Canada, of whom 23,000 live in the province of British Columbia. The Chinese are somewhat more numerous in Canada, although there are only 21,769 in British Columbia. There are very few East Indians and it is significant that the Special Committee on Orientals in British Columbia which reported in December, 1940, treated “Orientals” and “Persons of Japanese and Chinese racial origins” as interchangeable terms.

The figures cited concern race (as determined by paternal descent) and do not indicate nationality or culture. Of the 23,000 persons of Japanese race in Canada approximately 2,400 are naturalized Canadians, and 13,400 Canadians by birth. This leaves an alien group of 7,200 but it must not be overlooked that many of those who are Canadians by birth may claim Japanese nationality by descent, or may have Japanese nationality imposed upon them because their parents have registered their births at the consulates. It is probable that almost all the Canadian-born are more Canadian than Japanese in culture, and this is true of some of the immigrants from Japan who entered Canada at early ages. Not many Chinese are Canadian either by birth or naturalization. For the former the figure is 900, for the latter 200. Of the East Indians probably none are aliens.
The Religious Sect in Canadian Economic Development
Authors: Clark S. D.
Published: June 2006

There is probably no other form of organized group life in the Canadian community which has been more unstable than the organization of religion. The history of Protestantism in the country is very largely a history of church unions and sectarian divisions. If account were taken of the activities of the Jesuit Order in New France, of the defection at various times of many Catholics to Protestant religious sects, and of recent anti-clerical movements in the province of Quebec and among the Catholic immigrant population in Western Canada, the same would be found to be true in a general way of Catholic development in the country.

The dream of the universal church, of the church which would unite all nations and all classes, has never been fully realized, in Canada as elsewhere in the Western World. Efforts to accomplish such an object, by the establishment of a state church, by the union of separate religious bodies, or by the initiation of a new religious movement which would transcend all other religious groups have invariably failed in face of the expression of strong separatist forces in religious organization. Out of every such effort to create an all-embracing religious body in the community have come new movements of religious protest, the religious sect.

On the other hand, the sect form of religious organization has proved equally unstable. The pure sect, the religious group organized exclusively in terms of the other-worldly or spiritual interests of its members, has never been more than an idealistic conception of religious organization finding expression in movements of religious reform at various times. The necessity of existing in a worldly society has led religious sects from the very beginning to accept to some extent a worldly outlook. Where they have not succeeded in developing into churches, or at any rate into types of religious organization accommodated to the secular community, they have perished. Almost from the moment of their inception, they have been forced to make such a choice between social accommodation or extinction.
Post-war Tax Policy
Authors: Higgins Benjamin
Published: June 2006

Previous post-war experience is so uniform, and economists differ so little in their prognoses for the next post-war period, that it seems safe to be somewhat dogmatic about the situation that post-war tax policy must meet. In the absence of measures specifically designed to prevent it, there is every reason to expect the typical post-war pattern of hesitation, inflation, deflation, boom, and prolonged depression. It is clear that the unprecedented magnitude of the war effort could lead to fluctuations of unprecedented violence. If the Japanese war were to end soon after the European war, or if it were on a much smaller scale, it is conceivable that the uncertainty characteristic of the months just after cessation of hostilities might lead directly to deep depression. During the reconversion period, there is bound to be serious unemployment in certain industries and regions, that could start a cumulative downswing if allowed to produce a commensurate drop in national income. If on the other hand the Japanese campaign lasts several months and is on a comparable but nevertheless smaller scale, the “hesitation” period may be completely ironed out.

In the first year or two after the European armistice, and perhaps even for a similar period after the Japanese armistice, the primary economic problem will still be scarcity of consumers' goods relative to potential demand for them. The money supply has already risen over 70 per cent since war began, and with $1.75 billion of war bonds in the hands of individuals and another $1.5 billion in the hands of non-financial corporations even before the fifth war loan, it could rise another 70 per cent through sale of government securities to the banking system if war ended tomorrow.
The Effect of Health Insurance on the Demand for Health Services
Authors: Richter L.
Published: June 2006

How will the introduction of health insurance influence the demand for health services? In the discussions on the reform of our health services this question has been seldom put and hardly ever answered. Expressly or tacitly the assumption is made that the present demand can be used as a yardstick for measuring future needs under a system which it is thought aims mainly at a more equitable distribution of available services.

The problem is, however, of a more fundamental nature. What health insurance would achieve is to remove the whole field of health care from the automatism of the price system. The fee-for-service system based on the individual's ability to pay for medical care will disappear. A compulsory scheme of prepayments will be introduced which will entitle insured persons to services whenever they need them or whenever they feel that they do. Economic and psychological factors about which very little is known so far will come into play, and are bound to have a profound influence on the demand for health care. Changes may be of a quantitative and of a qualitative nature. Not only may the demand increase but it may also be directed toward other types of health care than in the past.

All these factors have to be considered when the foundations of a national system of health insurance are being laid. They are, of course, decisive for the cost of the scheme and for the supply of health personnel. But the evaluation of the potential demand will also have a bearing on the type of services to be offered, on the form of organization and administration, and above all, on the methods used for making the beneficiaries of the scheme conscious of their responsibilities.
Training for Public Administration: A Symposium. I. The Social Sciences and Public Administration
Authors: Coats R. H.
Published: June 2006

By “The Social Sciences and Public Administration,” the title assigned me by Professor Clokie, I am assuming he meant “Special Teaching in the Social Science Departments of Canadian Universities for Students Contemplating the Civil Service as a Career,” which is both more definitive and (being of eight words or over) even long enough for copyright. It is to “lead off” a symposium on “Training for Public Administration,” a vasty frame of reference indeed, taking in (some might go so far as to think) a course in the great school of Practical Politics itself.

Insinuating this role upon me, Professor Clokie pointed out that I had been a long time in the Public Service, and was now a teacher in a university. It is the logic of the redoubtable Pott, Mr. Pickwick's editor-friend, on Chinese metaphysics—an impregnable logic, says Mr. Bernard Shaw. In my case, however, whilst I was undoubtedly in the Service a long time indeed, at Toronto I am only what is called a “Visiting Professor,” i.e., one who lectures merely on what he knows, and can be let out at any time. Moreover, that new flower, the Course in Public Administration, which (again in the search for the particular) seems to represent a fortiori the “special teaching” aforesaid, was unknown in my generation as a student, and late-blooming in my generation as a civil servant. But one must not let one's style be cramped, and today therefore I take it as a sort of text, if only in the grand manner to which educationally speaking so old-fashioned a civil servant is accustomed.
Mistakes at Work
Authors: Hughes Everett C.
Published: June 2006

The comparative student of man's work learns about doctors by studying plumbers; and about prostitutes by studying psychiatrists. This is not to suggest any degree of similarity greater than chance expectation between the members of these pairs, but simply to indicate that the student starts with the assumption that all kinds of work belong in the same series, regardless of their places in prestige or ethical ratings. In order to learn, however, one must find a frame of reference applicable to all cases without regard to such ratings. To this end, we seek for the common themes in human work. One such theme is that of routine and emergency. By this I mean that one man's routine of work is made up of the emergencies of other people. In this respect, the pairs of occupations named above do perhaps have some rather close similarities. Both the physician and the plumber do practice esoteric techniques for the benefit of people in distress. The psychiatrist and the prostitute must both take care not to become too personally involved with clients who come to them with rather intimate problems. I believe that in the study of work, as in that of other human activities and institutions, progress is apt to be commensurate with our ability to draw a wide range of pertinent cases into view. The wider the range, the more we are forced to find a fundamental frame of reference.
Keynes In Cambridge
Authors: Plumptre A. F. W.
Published: June 2006

I Was asked to write a paper about “Keynes in Cambridge,” to supplement two other papers about his work as a public servant and as an economist. I am glad to do this, but let me explain at the beginning the limits of my qualifications. I worked under him as an undergraduate for two years, 1928 to 1930, and I saw something of him on three later visits to Cambridge in 1931,1934, and 1936. I saw him again in the United States several times during the war when he was representing the Government of the United Kingdom in financial discussions. From all this you will gather that I cannot claim for a moment to have been an intimate friend. Nevertheless I understand I am supposed to write in a rather more personal vein than those who are reading the other papers.

Let me begin by talking, about Keynes as a teacher. During the years in which I happened to work under him, 1928 to 1930, his thinking on monetary theory was changing. These were the transition years between his traditional quantity-theory-of-money approach, in his Tract on Monetary Reform published in 1923, and his novel savings-and-investment approach, in his Treatise on Money published in 1930. He put forward his new ideas in a series of eight lectures—one a week for one term. Obviously the lectures had to be highly condensed and, despite the pleasantness and clearness with which they were delivered, I doubt that many undergraduates got very much out of them. However, they were not primarily intended for undergraduates; Keynes was trying out his new ideas on anyone who cared to listen, and there was always a group of his fellow dons at his lectures, as well as some graduate students who were still rather rare in Cambridge.
Economic Analysis and Agricultural Policy
Authors: Boulding K. E.
Published: June 2006

By “agricultural policy” I mean the pattern of those acts of government, especially of national governments, which specifically concern the agricultural segment of society. The discussion of agricultural policy, like that of any other social problem, involves all the social sciences, perhaps one should say all the sciences. Economic analysis, dealing as it does with a limited range of abstractions, cannot pretend to give an “answer” to any social problem, agricultural policy included. Sociological, political, legal, historical, psychological, technical considerations obviously enter into the discussion. Nevertheless it may be useful to ask what are the insights yielded by economic analysis, as a discipline of thought and as a system of related propositions, in approaching a problem of this degree of generality. The case for economics, or for any other discipline of thought, is the case for specialization. The problems involved in the study of even so relatively simple a problem as agricultural policy are beyond the wit of any single mind to explore fully. To appreciate the problems of agriculture fully one would need to be an economist, sociologist, political scientist, social psychologist, biologist, chemist, physicist, botanist, zoologist, and much more; and in these days no one man can hope to be expert in all fields. The only way in which we can even begin to encompass any problem is by specialization; but, according to what is almost the first proposition in economics, specialization is useless without exchange. The aim of this paper is a little intellectual trade, a small offering of an economist to other disciplines, in the hope perhaps of some enlightenment in return.
The Prospects for the Rule of Law
Authors: Corry J. A.
Published: June 2006

The events of the last thirty years have reinforced the attachment of the thoughtful to the Rule of Law. After watching the shocking excesses of rulers who had escaped from the restraints of law, we can think of dozens of reasons for maintaining the authority of law, which we could not have articulated thirty years ago. But agreement on the end has not enabled us to agree on the means. What kind of institutional arrangements are needed to meet the requirements of the Rule of Law? Since there are infinite possible gradations between the untrammelled licence of rulers and the Rechtstaat of eighteenth-century England, what minimum framework of restraints on rulers is needed? Supposing we could determine the formal requirements of the minimum, in what kind of a society can they be maintained and guaranteed? To be specific, will the inner nature and the inexorable requirements of the collectivist societies in which we live erode and submerge them?

What is required for the Rule of Law to be effective? On the one hand, some have contended that the phrase is essentially meaningless because it means only that the exercisers of power must show that it was conferred on them by law. Hitler showed a scrupulous regard for legal and constitutional forms as he persuaded the German Reichstag to confer on him practically boundless discretion. He could always point to legal warrant for the substance of his actions. In this sense, we might become subject to the most capricious tyranny without ever abandoning the Rule of Law.
Toward a General Theory of Growth
Authors: Boulding K. E.
Published: June 2006

The growth phenomenon is found in practically all the sciences and even in most of the arts, because almost all the objects of human study grow—crystals, molecules, cells, plants, animals, children, personalities, knowledge, ideas, cities, cultures, organizations, nations, wealth, and economic systems. It does not follow, of course, from the mere universality of the growth phenomenon that there must be a single unified theory of growth which will cover everything from the growth of a crystal to the growth of an empire. Growth itself is not a simple or a unified phenomenon, and we cannot expect all the many forms of growth to come under the umbrella of a single theory. Nevertheless all growth phenomena have something in common, and what is more important, the classifications of forms of growth and hence of theories of growth seem to cut across most of the conventional boundaries of the sciences. In addition there are a great many problems which are common to many apparently diverse growth phenomena.
Organized Philanthropy in an Urban Community
Authors: Ross Aileen D.
Published: June 2006

Although philanthropy has been important in many societies, it is safe to say that it has never played such a prominent role, nor become such an elaborate part of the social structure, as it has in twentieth-century North America. Much has been written on it, particularly in recent years, and many reasons have been given for its development, but there has been little scientific analysis of it as a social activity, nor interest in its relations to the social order. The purposes of this paper are threefold: to trace the development of organized philanthropy since the beginning of the century in a Canadian city, here called Wellsville; to analyse how the philanthropic pattern has become elaborated and integrated into the structure of the community; and to assess the function which this organized activity fulfils for both the individual and various groups in the community.

Before the twentieth century, philanthropy in Canada was a haphazard affair, and except for the few individual donors who occasionally gave large sums of money for the cause of religion, health, or education, “giving” was mainly confined to the poor and indigent. Today vast sums of money are continuously being raised by the combined efforts of large numbers of voluntary collectors for an infinite number of purposes. Thus in a relatively short period of time “giving,” once the prerogative of the pious and wealthy, has become part of the common experience of a large proportion of the population of any modern city or large town. With the increase in giving has come the increased participation of many people in the actual work of collecting money through the media of highly organized, money-raising campaigns.
Religious Affiliation and Electoral Behaviour: A Case Study
Authors: Meisel John
Published: June 2006

In many countries of the Western Hemisphere the nineteenth century witnessed the gradual expansion of the franchise. This development was made possible in the English-speaking world by the fact that the political creed of the power élite—liberalism—created a climate of opinion favourable to a belief in the inevitability of progress and the perfectability of man. The decision about who was to govern, and in general terms the way in which government was to be carried out, was to be made by the majority of the adult population. The necessity of deciding such important matters would, it was thought, induce the voters to rise to the occasion demanded by their new responsibilities: they would, on the whole, become politically educated, informed, and wise. In casting their ballots men were expected to bear in mind the public good, not private gain. John Stuart Mill, for example, in opposing the secret ballot, argued that a person's vote

is not a thing in which he has an option; it has no more to do with his personal wishes than the verdict of a juryman. It is strictly a matter of duty; he is bound to give it according to his best and most conscientious opinion of the public good. Whoever has any other idea of it is unfit to have the suffrage; its effect on him is to pervert not to elevate his mind. Instead of opening his heart to an exalted patriotism and the obligation of public duty, it awakens and nourishes in him the disposition to use a public function for his own interest, pleasure, or caprice. … In any political election … the voter is under an absolute moral obligation to consider the interest of the public, not his private advantage.…
Some Thoughts on the Public Service
Authors: Deutsch J. J.
Published: June 2006

It has been my good fortune to be a member of the Canadian public service for approximately twenty years. I hope that the authorities of the Bank of Canada will forgive me if I include in this period my employment with that important institution. I am afraid that the bank cannot escape the responsibility for having brought me here in the first place. It was characteristic of Ottawa and of the significant role of the bank that I felt myself to be a part of the larger public service from the start. Here I should confess that I made an attempt to enter the civil service from the beginning, but jobs were few and I did not make the grade. Upon graduation I made an application to write an examination but the opportunity to do so never arose. Unquestionably I was eliminated by inspection and, I have no doubt, quite rightiy so. It is proper that I should admit my failures from the outset. However, the bank was willing to take a chance. This was the first of many pieces of good luck which I have enjoyed.
The Struggle of Prerogative and Common Law in the Reign of James I
Authors: Waite P. B.
Published: June 2006

No conscience molten into gold,

Nor forged accusers bought and sold,

No cause deferred, nor vain spent journey,

For there Christ is the King's Attorney. …

—Sir Walter Raleigh,

A Passionate Man's Pilgrimage

In English history the seventeenth century is the locus classicus of the struggle between the prerogatives of the king and the rights of Parliament. And the student, looking beyond James II and Charles I, tends to see the Revolution of 1688 and the Civil War of the 1640's latent in the first two decades of the century. Indeed, the struggle between James I and Parliament in these years has more than once been stated in moral terms: the supporters of prerogative were wrong, Parliament and the common law were right. More than one student has regarded the seventeenth century as Tanner did: a drama, the prologue of which is the reign of James I, and the final act the Revolution of 1688. The suggestiveness of this analogy obscures the real nature of the struggle; one looks for events on the stage and neglects the world outside it.
Confederation and Responsible Government
Authors: Ward Norman
Published: June 2006

Responsible government, as Professor Hodgetts has demonstrated convincingly in his Pioneer Public Service, means more than that the political life of the executive depends on the support of a majority of the members of the elected legislature. Behind the executive, government departments must be so organized that the ministers can exercise a control for which they can be held responsible. The issuance of public money to pay for departmental activities must be under a central authority, and so must a thorough audit of expenditures. The public accounts must be intelligible to the laymen who sit in Parliament, and a system of estimating in advance the needs of government for each ensuing year is indispensable. “Each of these aspects of internal financial control,” in Professor Hodgetts' words, “… had to be satisfactorily developed if Parliament was to become the watchdog of the executive.” They were satisfactorily developed between 1840 and Confederation, some of them as late as the middle sixties.

Partly because several of the political and administrative practices involved were still in their infancy, and partly because Confederation meant the destruction of old lines of authority and the creation of new ones, a severe strain was put on several essential elements in responsible government in 1867. The administrative side of the story, as it concerned governmental financial control, has already been told by Herbert Balls, but the legislative side has hitherto been neglected. The legislative story, not only in its financial aspect but also in the wider context of the whole parliamentary scene, is worth recounting.
Hungary: Russia's Pyrrhic Victory
Authors: Smith Denis ,   United Nations, General Assembly, Official Records
Published: June 2006

The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 is documented in two books published in the spring and summer of last year. The first is a comprehensive collection of speeches, documents, radio reports, and newspaper articles arranged chronologically to trace the uprising from its first stirrings in the Petofi Circle and the Literary Gazette to its prolonged and anguished death under the Kadar repression. Its method is impressionistic, designed to convey the hope, determination, uncertainty, and desperation of the participants in two weeks of national revolution, and to “observe a revolution and a war with a thousand eyes” (p. 7). It succeeds in transmitting the mood of the revolution by careful editing of the selections, many of them eloquent and impassioned; and it develops a much more complete picture of the revolt than most North Americans could imagine from newspaper and radio reports during the uprising. It leaves many questions unanswered, and some unasked; the editor, Melvin J. Lasky, presents die collection with its ambiguities unresolved. He does not attempt to draw his own conclusions from the incomplete evidence that he has collected. The book does, as the editor hopes, tell the story of the tragedy with directness and sympathy. It implies more than it says.
Capital Mobility and Stabilization Policy Under Fixed and Flexible Exchange Rates
Authors: Mundell R. A.
Published: June 2006

The world is still a closed economy, but its regions and countries are becoming increasingly open. The trend, which has been manifested in both freer movement of goods and increased mobility of capital, has been stimulated by the dismantling of trade and exchange controls in Europe, the gradual erosion of the real burden of tariff protection, and the stability, unparalleled since 1914, of the exchange rates. The international economic climate has changed in the direction of financial integration and this has important implications for economic policy.

My paper concerns the theoretical and practical implications of the increased mobility of capital. In order to present my conclusions in the simplest possible way, and to bring the implications for policy into sharpest relief, I assume the extreme degree of mobility that prevails when a country cannot maintain an interest rate different from the general level prevailing abroad. This assumption will overstate the case but it has the merit of posing a stereotype towards which international financial relations seem to be heading. At the same time it might be argued that the assumption is not far from the truth in those financial centres, of which Zurich, Amsterdam, and Brussels may be taken as examples, where the authorities already recognize their lessening ability to dominate money market conditions and insulate them from foreign influences. It should also have a high degree of relevance to a country like Canada whose financial markets are dominated to a great degree by the vast New York market.
Some Aspects of National Party Support in Canada
Authors: Regenstreif S. Peter
Published: June 2006

Political parties have come to be accepted as at least a partial solution to the problem posed for the political system by the gap between society on the one hand and the state, the locus of decision-making authority, on the other. Generally, such questions as the social basis of party affiliation and the extent of participation of party supporters have been approached, at least by the major and best known studies of popular political participation in the United States, from the electoral side: a sample survey of a single community or a national electorate is made while an election campaign is in progress. Through such surveys, a substantial amount of information has been accumulated. In Canada few surveys have been conducted, and apart from the efforts of the Gallup poll no national sampling of the political community has been attempted for public consumption.
Market Concepts in Political Theory
Authors: Macpherson C. B.
Published: June 2006

If this paper were not too slight it might have been given a sub-title: a note on cultural lag in political science. For one of the things I want to suggest is that political scientists, whether out of envy or pure admiration for their economist colleagues, have in recent decades increasingly taken over an equilibrium-market concept from economics without realizing that they have been taking cast-off clothing. The epithet is perhaps unfair. But it does seem that just when economics has been moving away from its concept of the economy as a pure price system and turning to a notion of the economy as a system of power, carried on by power blocs rather than by maximizing individuals, political theory has been taking over the concept of the equilibrating price system and working it into a general theory of the political process. As economics adopts power concepts in a search for realism, political science adopts market concepts in a search for theoretical elegance. In this curious double process of transvestism I do not think political science has been the gainer. Economists may object that they have not abandoned marginal equilibrium analysis, and I would not insist that they have. Certainly they have not abandoned the search for elegance, and if their elegance is getting a little lumpier they are to be applauded for their greater realism. But the political scientists' use of market concepts is clear enough to be a matter of some concern.
A Staple Theory of Economic Growth
Authors: Watkins Melville H.
Published: June 2006

The staple approach to the study of economic history is primarily a Canadian innovation; indeed, it is Canada's most distinctive contribution to political economy. It is undeveloped in any explicit form in most countries where the export sector of the economy is or was dominant. The specific terminology—staple or staples approach, or theory, or thesis—is Canadian, and the persistence with which the theory has been applied by Canadian social scientists and historians is unique.

The leading innovator was the late Harold Innis in his brilliant pioneering historical studies, notably of the cod fisheries and the fur trade; others tilled the same vineyard3 but it is his work that has stamped the “school.” His concern was with the general impact on the economy and society of staple production. His method was to cast the net widely. The staple approach became a unifying theme of diffuse application rather than an analytic tool fashioned for specific uses. There was little attempt to limit its application by the use of an explicit framework. Methodologically, Innis' staple approach was more technological history writ large than a theory of economic growth in the conventional sense.
Linear Programming Estimates of Changes in Input Coefficients
Authors: Matuszewski T. I. , Pitts P. R. , Sawyer John A.
Published: June 2006

The purpose of this study is to develop a procedure for estimating changes in the coefficients of an inter-industry input-output matrix. Every attempt to prolong the useful life of such a set of coefficients carries an obvious practical interest. We desire to find a procedure which does not call for large quantities of supplementary data, and which does not require more than a reasonable volume of calculations.

The method is applied to a sixteen-industry Canadian input-output matrix for the year 1949. This matrix is an aggregation of the forty-two-industry table published by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics. The adjustment of the coefficients (i.e., their up-dating) is done for 1956. Thus, the objective of the study is to estimate the 1956 matrix of input coefficients.

Projections of the output of each of the sixteen industries for the years 1950–59 using the unadjusted 1949 matrix of input coefficients and estimates of the actual final demand for these years produce discrepancies between the projected outputs and estimates of actual output which quickly become too large to be tolerated. The projection errors for 1957–59 are shown in columns 3, 7, and 11 of Table I, where the 1949 matrix is referred to as matrix A. It is the fact that the quality of these projections deteriorates as one moves away from the base year that led us to examine various methods of up-dating the base-period coefficients. Although at first glance it may seem inappropriate to use a matrix for projections eight to ten years away from the year to which it refers, it should be kept in mind that input-output tables are frequently at least five years out of date by the time they are published. For example, it is unlikely that the table for 1961 presently being constructed by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics will be published before 1967.
The Foreign Currency Business of Canadian Chartered Banks
Authors: Shearer Ronald A.
Published: June 2006

Discussions of the post-war development of the Euro-dollar market have drawn attention to the foreign currency business of Canadian chartered banks. In these discussions interest in Canadian banks' foreign currency operations has centred on their international implications, and particularly on their impact on the balance of payments of the United States. With the exception of parts of a paper by O. Altman and a short section in the Report of the Porter Commission there has been little analysis of the development and significance of this business as an adjunct of the Canadian financial system. This paper is an attempt partially to fill this gap. It draws together available information on the foreign currency business of the banks, including some data on interest rates which are not otherwise readily available, and presents an analysis of the growth, changing character, and domestic implications of these operations since the mid-1950's. The analysis is intended to complement and extend the work previously reported by Altman and the Porter Commission.

The chartered banks conduct a variety of transactions in currencies other than Canadian dollars. For convenience these can be classified into five categories. It should be noted, however, that even if these categories were sharply distinct conceptually (which they are not), published data would not permit precise quantification of each.
A Comparison of Consumer Expenditures in Quebec and Ontario
Authors: Palda Kristian S.
Published: June 2006

For some time now, and with increasing frequency, it has been asserted that cultural differences between the two major language groups in Canada are marked and that these differences carry over into economic behaviour. On a less general plane it is also said that there are differences between patterns of consumption in Ontario and Quebec and that these differences are largely due to “cultural” and not economic factors. However, to date there has been no verification of the latter hypothesis.

There are several reasons for undertaking such a verification. First, it may make an indirect empirical contribution to the current debate about the existence and future development of a separate French-Canadian community, different from the rest of Canada in both cultural and economic aspects. Second, as far as it was possible to determine, there have been no investigations undertaken comparing regional patterns of consumption, possibly because most economically developed countries are considered homogeneous in this respect (but note, for instance, Belgium and Switzerland). Is it likely that two large groups of people living since “time immemorial” in a single economy and exposed to much the same economic and social pressures differ in important respects in their consumption patterns? And that these differences, if any, will tend to persist even after certain important economic and demographic variables have been controlled? Finally, on the commercial plane, if we can find significant differences in consumer expenditures (albeit confined in this study to major expenditure classes), sellers may be led to a conscious effort at the exploitation of regional market segments.
Voting Behaviour and the Ethnic-Religious Variable: A Study of A Federal Election in Hamilton, Ontario
Authors: Anderson Grace M.
Published: June 2006

Although much interest has been manifested lately in voting behaviour in Canadian elections no recent study attempts to segregate the religious and the ethnic variables. Moreover, when the religious-ethnic variable is considered as a single component, other differences such as socio-economic status, education, median age, and sex-ratio of the groups concerned are commonly slighted. This paper summarizes an attempt to examine the variables of religious affiliation and ethnicity separately, while at the same time controlling for other relevant variables.

The data used in this study were collected in the “North End” district of the city of Hamilton, Ontario, in May and June, 1962, immediately prior to the federal election. The district selected is a working class area inhabited by many English- and some French-speaking Canadians and by immigrants from many European countries. It is relatively homogeneous with regard to income and style of life. Geographically, the area's boundaries are those of census tract 14. It is bordered on the north and west by Lake Ontario and on the south and east by a railway. The area is thus somewhat segregated and distinct from the rest of the city. To make the sample as fully representative as possible the probability sample method was employed. In this method every unit in the sample has an equal opportunity of being selected to be interviewed. It was carried out as follows: (1) All households located in the area to be studied were numbered in the order they are listed in the 1961 Vernon City Directory, i.e., by streets in alphabetical order. There were 2208 households listed. (2) 400 random numbers, without duplications, were selected, all of which fall between 0001 and 2208. (3) Households bearing these numbers (in our numbering of the directory) represent the sample. (4) Case numbers from 1 to 400 were assigned arbitrarily. In households where both resided, male respondents were to be interviewed in households designated by even numbers, and female respondents in households designated by odd numbers. (5) The sample is of households, not of families or buildings or persons.
Metaphors, Laments, and the Organic Community
Authors: Barnard F. M.
Published: June 2006

The language of political discourse abounds in metaphors and laments. The general tendency to make abstract ideas more intelligible by expressing them through concrete analogues accounts for the former. The latter are most commonly the reaction to disenchantment with conditions that have failed to come up to expectation.

From the dictionary definition of a metaphor as “the figure of speech in which a name or descriptive term is transferred to some object different from, but analogous to, that to which it is properly applicable” (OED), it follows that the function of a metaphor is to express similarity rather than identity. In practice, however, the degree of similarity implied by a metaphor has a wide range of variation from the most far-fetched comparison to so nearly complete an identification that it is difficult to distinguish the metaphor from a literal description. Thus, for example, a fringe of organismic thinkers—though not the mainstream of political organicism as T. D. Weldon has suggested—maintained that the state was not merely like an organism but was in fact an organism, and therefore imagined that the laws which control a biological organism should apply equally to the political or social organism.

Ambiguity may stem either from imperfections inherent in a particular metaphor or from lack of precision in establishing the extent of identification implied. In addition, the assumption of similarity between two objects or two ideas which have many, but not all, of their attributes in common may serve to withdraw attention from their unique attributes which, on occasion, may prove to be the most significant ones.
Conservation and the Theory of Exhaustible Resources
Authors: Gordon Richard L.
Published: June 2006

Conservationists have long argued that the free market neglects the needs of future generations. Economists who have examined this argument have stressed the dubious realism of any rigorous formulation of the conservationist position, but relatively little attention has been paid to the implications of policies designed to increase the weight given to future demands. Scott has conjectured that such policies might speed exhaustion of mineral resources. If he is correct, the usual conservationist argument that neglect of the future is equivalent to a too rapid use of resources would no longer hold. This article seeks to provide a rigorous proof of Scott's hypothesis.

The economic literature has shown that all rigorous definitions of neglect of the future involve the use of higher than “desirable” interest rates. To explore the consequences of such interest rates, one requires a theory of how resource producers act. Such guidance is provided by the Gray-Hotelling pure theory of exhaustion. A simple test of the basic question is provided by showing how an industry that behaves according to theory would alter its actions if interest rates were lowered.

Section III of this paper provides such a test. The first two sections provide the necessary preliminaries—examination of the justifications given for the contention that interest rates are too high, and a brief explanation of the pure theory of exhaustion. The final section discusses further implications of the basic theorem set out in Section III.
The Wages Fund Controversy Revisited
Authors: Breit William
Published: June 2006

“The wages fund theory is the crowning instance of an untrue abstraction … and it has probably done more injury to the reputation of economic theory than any other generalization ever received into economics textbooks and then expunged from them.” These words, by James Bonar, fairly well express the view that has dominated economic thought on the wages fund doctrine for the past century. Writing forty years after Bonar, Paul Samuelson claims he has been impressed by the “falseness and emptiness of the wage fund doctrine,” stating that the controversy it inspired “constitutes one of the most sterile chapters in that dreary gap between the classical age and the revolutionary neoclassical discoveries of that last third of the nineteenth century.”
Microstimulation of the somatosensory cortex can substitute for vibrissa stimulation during Pavlovian conditioning
Authors: Leal-Campanario Rocio , Delgado-García José María , Gruart Agnès
Published: June 2006

The primary somatosensory cortex (S1) contains a map representation of the body surface. We hypothesized that S1 stimulation can successfully substitute for (or be substituted by) direct stimulation of skin receptors. We prepared rabbits for evoking eyelid conditioned responses (CRs) using a trace “shock-air puff” paradigm. In a first series of experiments, animals received a conditioned stimulus (CS, a train of electrical pulses) in the whisker pad or in the S1 areas for vibrissae or for the hind limb. In the three cases, the CS was followed 250 ms from its end by an air puff presented to the cornea as an unconditioned stimulus (US). Learning curves from the three groups presented similar values, although animals stimulated with a central CS acquired their CRs faster. In a second series of experiments, animals were divided into four groups and were presented either centrally or peripherally with the same CS for six conditioning sessions. Then, the CS was switched from central to peripheral, or vice versa, for 5 additional days. Conditioned animals were not able to discriminate between peripheral (vibrissae) stimuli and stimuli presented to the corresponding S1 (vibrissae) area, but they were able to discriminate between CSs presented to S1 (hind limb) and body (vibrissae) regions. The kinetic properties of evoked CRs were not modified by CS switching. It is proposed that S1 allows the construction of somatosensory percepts of the body surface but does not allow distinguishing the central or peripheral location of the evoking stimuli.
JCell—a Java-based framework for inferring regulatory networks from time series data
Authors: Spieth C. , Supper J. , Streichert F. , Speer N. , Zell A.
Published: June 2006

Motivation: JCell is a Java-based application for reconstructing gene regulatory networks from experimental data. The framework provides several algorithms to identify genetic and metabolic dependencies based on experimental data conjoint with mathematical models to describe and simulate regulatory systems. Owing to the modular structure, researchers can easily implement new methods. JCell is a pure Java application with additional scripting capabilities and thus widely usable, e.g. on parallel or cluster computers.

Availability: The software is freely available for download at

Contact:  christian.spieth@uni-tuebingen.de