bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vibrational Spectroscopy and Supercritical Fluids
Authors: Barlow Stephen J. , George Michael W. , Poliakoff Martyn
Published: September 2006

The sections in this article are

Introduction

What areSCFs?

SCFsand Vibrational Spectroscopy

Practical Aspects – Principles of Cell Design

Design ofIRCells

Design of High Pressure (>1 kbar) and High TemperatureIRCells

Raman
Infrared Spectroscopy and Education
Authors: Avila Luis , Fine Leonard
Published: September 2006

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Pioneering Work

Creating Knowledgeable Users

A Tool for Teaching

Satisfying Learning Needs from High School to Higher Education

The Qualitative Analysis Approach

The Quantum Mechanics Approach

Impact of the Electronic Revolution

The

FT
‐
IR

Spectrometer

The Scanning Time and Its Importance in Constructivist Teaching

Sampling with More Energy

Bringing Research and Teaching Together

Research Grade Instrumentation in the Instructional Laboratory

Industry and Academia Partnerships

Future Trends

Spectral Libraries and the Internet

Instructional Software

Conclusions
R
aman Spectroscopy in Undergraduate Education
Authors: Pharr Christine , Neff Haley , Sullivan Angel , Tiegs Shawn
Published: September 2006

The incorporation of Raman Spectroscopy into the undergraduate chemistry curriculum is discussed based on a survey of large, medium, and small undergraduate chemistry programs. Factors that determine the optimal instrument choice for Raman instruction in the undergraduate laboratory are considered. A student experiment that compares and contrasts the use of Raman spectroscopy with infrared spectroscopy identifies many of the common benefits associated with Raman spectroscopy such as spectral simplicity, limited sample preparation, and use with aqueous solutions. Additional examples of undergraduate laboratory experiments include Raman spectrographic analysis of foodstuff, gem and mineral analysis, saturation of oils, and future applications in forensic science and environmental analysis.
Applications of Vibrational Spectroscopy in the Study of Explosives
Authors: McNesby Kevin L. , Pesce‐Rodriguez Rose A.
Published: September 2006

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Background on Explosives

Materials Handling

Vibrational Spectroscopy

Applications

Methods – Non‐Thermal Techniques

Transmission
FT
‐
IR
Spectroscopy

Attenuated Total Reflection (
ATR
)

Infrared Microscopy

FT
‐
IR
Photoacoustic Spectroscopy

Diffuse Reflection
FT
‐
IR
Spectroscopy

Surface‐Enhanced Infrared and Surface‐Enhanced
R
aman Spectroscopy

Grazing Angle Reflection/Absorption
FT
‐
IR
Spectroscopy

Theoretical Calculations

R
aman Spectroscopy

Methods – Thermal Techniques

Rapid‐Scan
FT
‐
IR
Spectroscopy

DAC

/

GAC

– Microspectroscopy

Transmission
FT
‐
IR
Spectroscopy of Thin Films

High Temperature
FT
‐
IR
Spectroscopy

Low Temperature
FT
‐
IR

Emission
FT
‐
IR
Spectroscopy

R
aman Spectroscopy

Conclusion

Acknowledgments
Noninvasive Diagnoses by Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Alam M. Kathleen
Published: September 2006

The sections in this article are

Introduction

The Study of Human Peripheral Muscle

Organ Perfusion and Metabolism

Skin Monitoring

Tumor Detection

Detection ofpHin Blood and Tissue

Lipids and Proteins

Body Composition

Conclusion
Vibrational Spectroscopy Applications in Clinical Chemistry
Authors: Shaw R. Anthony , Mantsch Henry H.
Published: September 2006

Vibrational spectroscopy is well suited in principle to carry out several of the most common quantitative blood, serum, and urine tests. In addition, the same techniques can serve as the foundation for explicitly diagnostic tests, with the vibrational spectrum serving as a molecular fingerprint characterizing the sample of interest; to the extent that the spectrum changes in a characteristic way with disease onset and progression; it may be exploited as a marker of both. This article summarizes the techniques that might be applied to carry out these tests routinely in the clinical laboratory, and detailing specific analytical and diagnostic tests that have been established as proof‐of‐concept examples to illustrate the potential for this approach.
In Vivo Near‐Infrared Spectrometry
Authors: Gributs Claudia E.W. , Burns David H.
Published: September 2006

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Light Propagation in Tissue

Tissue Properties

Models of Light Propagation in Turbid Media

Instrumentation

Light Sources

Continuous‐Wavelength Light Sources

Discrete‐Wavelength Light Sources

Wavelength Selection

Filters

Dispersive Elements

Interferometers

Detectors

SW‐NIR

LW‐NIR

Light Delivery and Collection

Direct Contact

Fiber Optic

Optical Relay Lens System

Respiratory Components

Hemoglobin

Myoglobin

Cytochrome C Oxidase

Glucose and Lactate

Structural Components

Water

Protein and Lipids

Temperature

pH

Conclusion
Ex Vivo Vibrational Spectroscopy Imaging
Authors: McIntosh Laura M. , Jackson Michael
Published: September 2006

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Instrumentation and Experimental Considerations

IR

Microspectroscopic Imaging Instrumentation

R
aman Microspectroscopic Imaging Instrumentation

Sample Preparation

Processing Methods for Microspectroscopic Images

Applications of Ex Vivo Microspectroscopic Imaging

Cancer

Neurology

Bone

Other Applications

Conclusions
Functional Infrared Imaging for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Attas Michael
Published: September 2006

Blood oxygenation is a key measure of the physiological activity of an organ or tissue at any given time. Near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and spectroscopic imaging of tissue can provide blood oxygenation information based on differences in absorption spectra of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin. Real‐time, in vivo NIR spectroscopic imaging of tissue can generate maps showing changes in activity as a function of time and location. The technique has been used to image the brain in action (with capabilities complementary to those of magnetic resonance imaging) and to study the response of skin to damage and disease. This article discusses instrumentation and methods, reviews NIR imaging studies of the brain, skin, and other organs (to 1999 December), and speculates on future developments.
Infrared Spectroscopy of Proteins
Authors: Fabian Heinz , Mäntele Werner
Published: September 2006

Infrared spectroscopy provides molecular information in systems that range from the level of peptides, isolate proteins and enzymes, to even more complex systems such as peptide–protein complexes and membrane‐bound proteins. The information may be a global one such as the secondary structure composition of a protein, or it may be highly specific such as the alteration of individual vibrating bonds in an enzyme. Furthermore, the structural information is not restricted to a static picture, but can also be obtained at high time resolution to allow true structure–function correlation. Illustrative examples are given to demonstrate the sort of information, which infrared techniques can provide and how this information can be extracted from the experimental data. In addition, strengths and limitations of the infrared approach are discussed. This should help the reader to evaluate whether a particular system is appropriate for study by infrared spectroscopy, and what specific advantages are gained when applying infrared techniques.
Raman Spectroscopy of Proteins
Authors: Kitagawa Teizo , Hirota Shun
Published: September 2006

The sections in this article are

Introduction

General Aspects of OrdinaryRaman Spectra of Proteins

AmidesIandIIIFrequencies and Secondary Structures

TrpBands and Microenvironments ofTrpResidues

Tyr Bands and Hydrogen Bonding

Histidine Band and Protonation

SSStretching Frequency and Conformation of Disulfide Bridge

UVResonanceRaman Spectra of Proteins

Amide Modes

Tyrosine‐Related Modes

Tryptophan‐Related Modes

Histidine‐Related Modes

Cysteine‐Related Modes

X‐Proline Vibrational Modes

Modes of Metal‐Coordinated Residues

Visible ResonanceRaman Spectra of Proteins

Heme Proteins

Heme Skeletal Vibrational Modes

FeHis andFeCys stretching modes

Fe(II)‐O2Related Modes

Fe(II)‐CORelated Modes

Fe(III)‐CNRelated Modes

Fe(II)‐NOandFe(III)‐NORelated Modes

Fe(III)‐OHRelated Modes

Fe(IV)ORelated Modes

Copper Proteins

Quinone Vibrations of Quinoproteins

Tyrosine Radical Modes in Proteins

Flavo Proteins

VisRRSpectra of Other Proteins
Vibrational Spectroscopy of Nucleic Acids
Authors: Taillandier E. , Liquier J.
Published: September 2006

This chapter presents the characterization of nucleic acid structures by vibrational spectroscopy. Discussed Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) and Raman spectra, recorded for the same samples containing DNA, RNA or mixed DNA and RNA strands, inform us about the base pairing schemes (Watson–Crick, reverse Watson–Crick, Hoogsteen.), the base‐sugar relative orientations around the glycosidic bond (anti or syn), the sugar pucker (N or S type) in antiparallel (right‐handed A or B, and left‐handed Z forms) or parallel duplexes and in antiparallel (purine motif) or parallel (pyrimidine motif) triple helices. Conformational transitions (B‐>A, B‐>Z, helix‐>coil) induced by varying the water content or the temperature of these structures are followed thanks to “marker” bands of the different geometries. In particular, the stability of these structures is studied by thermal denaturation experiments monitored by relative intensity changes of characteristic vibrational modes with increasing temperature.
Vibrational Spectroscopy of Carbohydrates and Glycoconjugates
Authors: Brandenburg Klaus , Seydel Ulrich
Published: September 2006

In this contribution, an overview of infrared and Raman spectroscopic analytic work carried out with a biologically important molecular class, the sugars, is given. This comprises pure sugars, that is, mono‐, oligo‐ and polysaccharides, and glycoconjugates, the latter represented by glycolipids and glycoproteins. The contribution is divided into sections—‘General Aspects’, subdivided into ‘Chemical structures’, ‘Infrared and Raman frequencies and band assignments’, and ‘Structural polymorphism’; ‘Methodological Studies’; ‘Analyses of Carbohydrates’, subdivided into ‘Mono‐ and oligosaccharides’ and ‘Polysaccharides’; ‘Analyses of Glycoconjugates’, subdivided into ‘Glycolipids and lipopolysaccharides’, ‘Glycoproteins and other glyco‐linked compounds; and finally ‘Interaction Studies’, subdivided into ‘Sugar‐protein interaction’, ‘Sugar‐membrane and sugar‐lipid interactions’, and ‘Interactions of sugars with other agents'.
Raman Spectroscopy of Viruses
Authors: Tuma Roman , Thomas George J.
Published: September 2006

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Nature of the Data

General Considerations

Off‐Resonance and ResonanceRaman Spectra of Viruses

Experimental Design

Applications to Icosahedral Viruses

Folding, Assembly and Maturation of the Capsid Subunit of thedsDNAVirusP22

Assembly of thedsRNAVirus φ6

CysteinylSHInteractions in theP22 Tailspike Protein

Other Applications to Icosahedral Viruses

Applications to Filamentous Viruses

Organization of PackagedssDNAin theFf(fd),Pf1 andPf3 Virions

Orientation of the Coat Protein α‐Helix in theFf(fd) andPf1 Virions

Orientations of Aromatic Side Chains in theFf(fd,f1) Virion

Related Applications

Development of New Protein Spectra‐Structure Correlations

Conclusion

Acknowledgments
Molecular Reaction Mechanisms of Proteins Monitored by Time‐Resolved FT‐IR Difference Spectroscopy
Authors: Gerwert Klaus
Published: September 2006

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Methods

Difference Spectroscopy

Principles ofFT‐IR

Sample Preparation

Transmission Cells

Attenuated Total Reflection Technique

Time‐ResolvedFT‐IRTechniques

Trigger Techniques

Photobiological Systems

Caged Compounds

Micro‐Mixing‐Cells

StaticFT‐IR

Band Assignments

Rapid ScanFT‐IR

Stroboscopic Technique

Step‐ScanFT‐IR

ExperimentalFT‐IRset‐ups

Step‐ScanFT‐IRof Noncyclic Reactions

FT‐Raman spectroscopy

Kinetic Analysis

Application to Proteins

Bacteriorhodopsin

Bacterial Photosynthetic Reaction Centers

CytochromecOxidase

TheGTPaseMechanism of SmallGTPBinding Proteins

TheGAPCatalyzedGTPasReaction

Conclusion

Acknowledgments
Applications of Vibrational Spectroscopy to Combinatorial Chemistry
Authors: Pivonka Don
Published: September 2006

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Infrared Sampling

Qualitative Analysis

Batch Mode Quantitative Analysis

Analysis of Reaction Progression

Flow Cell Applications

Demountable Flow Cell

Infrared Flow Cell Quantitation Methodologies

Analysis of Bead Properties

Analysis of Void Volume

Analysis of Reagent Diffusion

Reagent Partition

The
R
aman Spectroscopic Complement to Infrared Methodologies

Sampling

Selectivity

Spectral Subtraction

Excitation Laser Parameters

On‐Line Analysis of Reaction Progression

R
aman Quantitation

Library Validation

Conclusion
Familial occurrence of multiple pterygium syndrome: Expression in a heterozygote of the recessive form or variability of the dominant form?
Authors: Prontera Paolo , Sensi Alberto , Merlo Luciano , Garani Gianpaolo , Cocchi Guido , Calzolari Elisa
Published: September 2006

We report on a case with apparently familial multiple pterygium syndrome (MPS). The proposita was a 3‐year‐old girl with classical symptoms of MPS. A careful clinical examination of the father disclosed the presence of few minor signs of the syndrome, including difficulty in opening the mouth widely, scoliosis, pectus excavatum, hands with slight cutaneous syndactyly, and bilateral single palmar creases. The radiograph of the hands disclosed malformed carpal bones and an altered metacarpal‐phalangeal pattern. The father shows limited symptoms, which has been reported before in the autosomal dominant form of MPS. However, it is also possible that he is showing a heterozygous state of the autosomal recessive form of MPS. In conclusion, we emphasize the importance of examining accurately the parents of a child who has classical MPS phenotype, even those with normal stature and an absence of facial anomalies. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
pH‐dependent aggregation of cutinase is efficiently suppressed by 1,8‐ANS
Authors: Pedersen Shona , Nesgaard Lise , Baptista Ricardo P. , Melo Eduardo P. , Kristensen Søren R. , Otzen Daniel E.
Published: September 2006

We have studied the thermal stability of the triglyceride‐hydrolyzing enzyme cutinase from F. solani pisi at pH values straddling the pI (pH 8.0). At the pI, increasing the protein concentration from 5 to 80 μM decreases the apparent melting temperature by 19°C. This effect vanishes at pH values more than one unit away from pI. In contrast to additives such as detergents and osmolytes, the hydrophobic fluorophore 1,8‐ANS completely and saturably suppresses this effect, restoring 70% of enzymatic activity upon cooling. ANS binds strongly to native cutinase as a noncompetitive inhibitor with up to 5 ANS per cutinase molecule. Only the first ANS molecule stabilizes cutinase; however, the last 4 ANS molecules decrease Tm by up to 7°C. Similar pI‐dependent aggregation and suppression by ANS is observed for T. lanuginosus lipase, but not for lysozyme or porcine α‐amylase, suggesting that this behavior is most prevalent for proteins with affinity for hydrophobic substrates and consequent exposure of hydrophobic patches. Aggregation may be promoted by a fluctuating ensemble of native‐like states associating via intermolecular β‐sheet rich structures unless blocked by ANS. Our data highlight the chaperone activity of small molecules with affinity for hydrophobic surfaces and their potential application as stabilizers at appropriate stoichiometries. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 83: 619–629, 2006

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Nonisothermal denaturation kinetics of human hair and the effects of oxidation
Authors: Wortmann F.‐J. , Popescu C. , Sendelbach G.
Published: September 2006

Human hair as α‐keratin fiber exhibits a complex morphology, which for the context of this investigation is considered as a filament/matrix‐composite, comprising the intermediate filaments (IF) and a variety of amorphous protein components as matrix. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) under aqueous conditions was used to analyze the denaturation of the α‐helical material in the IFs and to assess the changes imparted by repeated, oxidative bleaching processes. The DSC curves were submitted to kinetic analysis by applying the Friedman method and assuming first order kinetics. It was found that the course of the denaturation process remains largely unchanged through oxidation, despite the fact that pronounced decreases of denaturation temperature as well as of enthalpy occur. In parallel, the reaction rate constant at the denaturation temperature, k(TD), increases with repeated treatments, that is with cumulative chemical modification. However, this effect is in fact small compared to the overall change of k(T) through the denaturation process. This leads to conclude that once the temperature rise in combination with the chemical change has induced a suitable drop of the viscosity of the matrix around the IFs, denaturation of the remaining helical material occurs along a pathway that is largely independent of temperature and of the pretreatment history. This emphasizes the kinetic control of the matrix over the denaturation process of the helical segments in the filament/matrix composite. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 83: 630–635, 2006

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
All‐atom contact potential approach to protein thermostability analysis
Authors: Chen Changjun , Li Lin , Xiao Yi
Published: September 2006

In this paper we use all‐atom potential energy to define and analyze the inter‐residue contacts in mesophilic and thermophilic proteins. Fifteen families of proteins are selected and each family has two representative proteins with greatly different preferred environmental temperatures. We find that both the number and energy of the contacts defined in this way show stronger correlations with the preferred temperatures of proteins than other factors used before. We also find that the charged‐polar and charged‐nonpolar residue contacts not only have larger contact numbers but also have lower single contact energies. Furthermore, the most important is that most of the thermophilic proteins have more charged‐polar and charged‐nonpolar residue contacts than their mesophilic counterparts. This suggests that they may play an important role in the thermostability of proteins, except usual charged–charged and nonpolar–nonpolar residue contacts. Charged residues may exert their profound influence by forming contacts not only with other charged residues but also with polar or nonpolar residues, thus further increasing the strength of contact network and then the thermostability of proteins. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 85: 28–37, 2007.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Plasmid system for the intracellular production and purification of affinity‐tagged proteins in Bacillus megaterium
Authors: Biedendieck Rebekka , Yang Yang , Deckwer Wolf‐Dieter , Malten Marco , Jahn Dieter
Published: September 2006

A multiple vector system for the intracellular high‐level production of affinity tagged recombinant proteins in Bacillus megaterium was developed. The N‐ and C‐terminal fusion of a protein of interest to a Strep II and a His6‐tag is possible. Corresponding genes are expressed under the control of a xylose‐inducible promoter in a xylose isomerase deficient host strain. The exemplatory protein production of green fluorescent protein (GFP) showed differences in produced and recovered protein amounts in dependence of the employed affinity tag and its N‐ or C‐terminal location. Up to 9 mg GFP per liter shake flask culture were purified using one‐step affinity chromatography. Integration of a protease cleavage site into the recombinant fusion protein allowed tag removal via tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease or Factor Xa treatment and a second affinity chromatographic step. Up to 274 mg/L culture were produced at 52 g CDW/L using a glucose limited fedbatch cultivation. GFP production and viability of the production host were followed by flow cytometry. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96: 525–537. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The hydrogen atom, revisited: Parallel‐field magnetic resonance
Authors: Weil John A.
Published: September 2006

Consideration of the magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the free hydrogen atom (1H0) reveals that, in addition to the well‐known transitions (EPR and NMR) occurring between the four spin states when the excitation magnetic field B1 is perpendicular to the static external field B, there exists a combination line (simultaneous electronic and nuclear spin flips) when B1 ∥ B, which becomes strong under some circumstances. The latter phenomenon is focused on and discussed herein, in some detail. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 28A: 331–336, 2006
Para‐hydrogen enrichment and hyperpolarization
Authors: Canet Daniel , Aroulanda Christie , Mutzenhardt Pierre , Aime Silvio , Gobetto Roberto , Reineri Francesca
Published: September 2006

This article begins with general considerations about enrichment of hydrogen gas into its para isomer (corresponding to nuclear spins in the singlet state); this is a necessary condition to obtain hyperpolarization from transfer of the relevant population excess. This transfer is generally mediated by a hydrogenation reaction such that the two protons become nonequivalent. The energy level populations of this new spin system can be calculated unambiguously using a density matrix formalism. This formalism is reviewed, and the authors propose a simple method that leads to the spin state after the hydrogenation reaction and the insertion of the sample in the NMR magnet. The effect of radio‐frequency pulses is also considered. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 28A: 321–330, 2006
Multiple operating points in a square‐root domain first‐order filter
Authors: De La Cruz‐Blas Carlos A. , López‐Martín Antonio , Carlosena Alfonso , Sarmiento Arturo
Published: September 2006

In this paper novel corrective circuits to avoid multiple operating points in a square‐root domain first‐order filter are proposed. By employing a DC test it is demonstrated that the filter possesses three operating points (two stable and one unstable) and the corrective circuits enforce the proper operating mode. The corrective circuits and filter are able to operate with very low supply voltages (as low asVGS+2VDSsat). Moreover, a detailed analysis concerning the impact that produces the corrective circuits on the filter performance is discussed. Both measurement and simulation results are provided to validate the circuits and analysis employed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unicast probing techniques for estimation of shared loss rate
Authors: Dinh Luong Dung , Vidács Attila , Bíró József , Dinh Dang Trang , Satoh Daisuke , Ishibashi Keisuke
Published: September 2006

The paper introduces two new unicast active end‐to‐end measurement techniques, called the single–double unicast probing (SDUP) and the delay‐based unicast probing (DUP), to estimate the rate of losses which occurs on the shared network path of two flows. A comprehensive performance evaluation and a comparison between these two techniques and an existing one having the same objective, the striped unicast probing (SUP) (Proceedings of the INFOCOM 2001—The IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, No. 2, Anchorage, Alaska, U.S.A., 2001; 915–923), were carried out. We demonstrate that our proposed SDUP technique provides even better estimation accuracy compared to that of the SUP while it requires only one piece of measurement equipment at only one receiver instead of deploying units to both receivers. Furthermore, with only one sender and receiver pair we can measure not only one shared path, but any partial path that begins at the sender and is located on the sender–receiver path. We also show that while the DUP have the same accuracy as the SUP in the case of Drop‐Tail buffer management, the DUP is capable of measuring loss rates of RED buffers, which the other techniques do not work with. The SDUP and the DUP are less intrusive and cause less bursty traffic compared to the SUP. Finally, the adaptation of these techniques into passive measurements is also considered. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Common infections in diabetes: pathogenesis, management and relationship to glycaemic control
Authors: Peleg Anton Y. , Weerarathna Thilak , McCarthy James S. , Davis Timothy M. E.
Published: September 2006

Specific defects in innate and adaptive immune function have been identified in diabetic patients in a range ofin vitrostudies. However, the relevance of these findings to the integrated response to infectionin vivoremains unclear, especially in patients with good glycaemic control. Vaccine efficacy seems adequate in most diabetic patients, but those with type 1 diabetes and high glycosylated haemoglobin levels are most likely to exhibit hypo‐responsiveness. While particular infections are closely associated with diabetes, this is usually in the context of extreme metabolic disturbances such as ketoacidosis. The link between glycaemic control and the risk of common community‐acquired infections is less well established but could be clarified if infection data from large community‐based observational or intervention studies were available. The relationship between hospital‐acquired infections and diabetes is well recognized, particularly among post‐operative cardiac and critically ill surgical patients in whom intensive insulin therapy improves clinical outcome independent of glycaemia. Nevertheless, further research is needed to improve our understanding of the role of diabetes and glycaemic control in the pathogenesis and management of community‐ and hospital‐acquired infections. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A green to red photoconvertible protein as an analyzing tool for early vertebrate development
Authors: Wacker Stephan A. , Oswald Franz , Wiedenmann Jörg , Knöchel Walter
Published: September 2006

Lineage labeling is one of the most important techniques in developmental biology. Most recently, a set of photoactivatable fluorescent proteins originating from marine cnidarians became available. Here, we introduce the application of the green to red photoconvertible protein EosFP as a novel technique to analyze early vertebrate development. Both injection of EosFP mRNA and purified, recombinant EosFP followed by a light‐driven green to red conversion allow lineage labeling in virtually any temporal and spatial dimension during embryonic development for at least 2 weeks. Specific staining of cells from nonsurface layers is greatly facilitated by light‐driven conversion of EosFP compared with traditional methods. Therefore, green to red photoactivatable proteins promise to be a powerful tool with the potential to satisfy the increasing demand for methods enabling detailed phenotypical analyses after manipulations of morphogenetic events, gene expression, or signal transduction. Developmental Dynamics 236:473–480, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spirituality and clinical care in eating disorders: A qualitative study
Authors: Marsden Patricia , Karagianni Efthalia , Morgan John F.
Published: September 2006

Objective:

Historical and contemporary research has posited links between eating disorders and religious asceticism. This study aimed to examine relationships between eating disorders, religion, and treatment.

Method:

Qualitative study using purposeful sampling, applying audiotaped and transcribed depth interview, subjected to interpretative phenomenological analysis.

Results:

Participants were 10 adult Christian women receiving inpatient treatment for anorexia or bulimia nervosa. Five dominant categories emerged: locus of control, sacrifice, self‐image, salvation, maturation. Appetitive control held moral connotations. Negative self‐image was common, based more on sin than body‐image. Medical treatment could be seen as salvation, with religious conversion manifesting a quest for healing, but treatment failure threatened faith. Beliefs matured during treatment, with prayer, providing a healing relationship.

Conclusion:

Religious beliefs impact on attitudes and motivation in eating disorders. Clinicians' sensitivity determines how beliefs influence clinical outcome. Treatment modifies beliefs such that theological constructs of illness cannot be ignored. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2006
Synthesis and Properties of Complexes of Vanadium(V) Oxide Trichloride with Nitrogen‐ and Oxygen‐Donor Ligands
Authors: Beard Charlotte D. , Barrie Rosalind J. , Evans John , Levason William , Reid Gillian , Spicer Mark D.
Published: September 2006

Intensely coloured, extremely moisture sensitive complexes [VOCl3(L)] (L = pyridine, quinoline, Ph3PO, Ph3AsO, pyridine N‐oxide), [VOCl3(L)2] (L = pyridine, Me3PO, pyridine N‐oxide), [VOCl3(L–L)] [L–L = 2,2′‐bipyridyl, 1,10‐phenanthroline, Ph2P(O)CH2P(O)Ph2, MeOCH2CH2OMe, 15‐crown‐5or Me2NCH2CH2NMe2] and [Cl3OV(μ‐L–L)VOCl3] [L–L =18‐crown‐6 or Ph2P(O)CH2P(O)Ph2] have been prepared from VOCl3 and the appropriate ligands in dichloromethane solution. These constitute the first extended series of complexes of vanadium(V) with neutral donor ligands. They have been fully characterised by analysis, IR, UV/Visible and multinuclear (1H, 31P, 51V) NMR spectroscopy, and their solution behaviour probed as a function of temperature using 51V NMR spectroscopy. Reducing ligands including phosphanes, arsanes, thio‐ and selenoethers immediately reduce VOCl3 to give VIV or VIII species. Oxygen atom transfer reactions of some of the complexes with Ph3P, Ph3As, Me2Se and Bu2S, leading to the corresponding ligand oxides are also described. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
The Effects of Fluorine and Chlorine Substituents across the Fjords of Bifluorenylidenes: Overcrowding and Stereochemistry
Authors: Pogodin Sergey , Rae Ian D. , Agranat Israel
Published: September 2006

The bistricyclic aromatic enes (BAEs) (E)‐ and (Z)‐1,1′‐difluorobifluorenylidene, 1,8,1′,8′‐tetrafluorobifluorenylidene, (E)‐ and (Z)‐3,3′‐difluorobifluorenylidene, 3,6,3′,6′‐tetrafluorobifluorenylidene, and their chlorinated analogues were subjected to a DFT study of overcrowding in their fjord regions. The B3LYP hybrid functional was employed to calculate energies and geometries of the twisted conformations of these BAEs. The diastereomers E11′F2 and Z11′F2 have identical twist angles (ω = 37.1°) and similar degrees of overcrowding, but differ in the degree and mode of pyramidalization, χ. In E11′F2, χ(C9) = +χ(C9′) = 7.0° (syn‐pyramidalization), while in Z11′F2, χ(C9) = –χ(C9′) = 1.0° (anti‐pyramidalization). By contrast, in E11′Cl2 and Z11′Cl2, ω = 40.6° and 42.7°, respectively. Introducing four halogen substituents results in higher twist angles: ω = 40.3° in 181′8′F4 and 52.6° in 181′8′Cl4. Surprisingly, Z11′F2 is more stable than E11′F2 (ΔH298 = –1.9 kJ/mol), whereas Z11′Cl2 is less stable than E11′Cl2 (ΔH298 = 2.2 kJ/mol). Both results are consistent with the experimental relative stabilities of these diastereomers. The unexpected stability of Z11′F2 is explained by a combination of steric and electronic effects. Calculations of Coulomb energies for point charge systems of atoms C, F, and H in the fjord regions shows stabilization of the (Z) diastereomer by –45.5 kJ/mol. The dipole–dipole interactions in the fjord region destabilize Z11′F2 by 6.4 kJ/mol relative to E11′F2. Careful examination of the NMR spectra of E11′F2 and Z11′F2 shows, in the latter, evidence of long‐range fluorine–fluorine coupling over seven bonds (11.4 Hz) and carbon–fluorine coupling over six bonds (4.8 Hz).(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Stream geomorphology in a mountain lake district: hydraulic geometry, sediment sources and sinks, and downstream lake effects
Authors: Arp C. D. , Schmidt J. C. , Baker M. A. , Myers A. K.
Published: September 2006

Lakes are common in glaciated mountain regions and geomorphic principles suggest that lake modifications to water and sediment fluxes should affect downstream channels. Lakes in the Sawtooth Mountains, Idaho, USA, were created during glaciation and we sought to understand how and to what extent glacial morphology and lake disruption of fluxes control stream physical form and functions. First, we described downstream patterns in channel form including analyses of sediment entrainment and hydraulic geometry in one catchment with a lake. To expand on these observations and understand the role of glacial legacy, we collected data from 33 stream reaches throughout the region to compare channel form and functions among catchments with lakes, meadows (filled lakes), and no past or present lakes. Downstream hydraulic geometry relationships were weak for both the single catchment and regionally. Our data show that downstream patterns in sediment size, channel shape, sediment entrainment and channel hydraulic adjustment are explained by locations of sediment sources (hillslopes and tributaries) and sediment sinks (lakes). Stream reaches throughout the region are best differentiated by landscape position relative to lakes and meadows according to channel shape and sediment size, where outlets are wide and shallow with coarse sediment, and inlets are narrow and deep with finer sediment. Meadow outlets and lake outlets show similarities in the coarse‐sediment fraction and channel capacity, but meadow outlets have a smaller fine‐sediment fraction and nearly mobile sediment. Estimates of downstream recovery from lake effects on streams suggest 50 per cent recovery within 2–4 km downstream, but full recovery may not be reached within 20 km downstream. These results suggest that sediment sinks, such as lakes, in addition to sources, such as tributaries, are important local controls on mountain drainage networks. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time trends of breast cancer survival in Europe in relation to incidence and mortality
Authors: Sant Milena , Francisci Silvia , Capocaccia Riccardo , Verdecchia Arduino , Allemani Claudia , Berrino Franco
Published: September 2006

Increasing breast cancer survival, observed in most western countries, is not easily interpreted: it could be due to better treatment, more effective treatment due to earlier diagnosis or simply lead‐time bias. Increased diagnostic activity (e.g., screening) can inflate both incidence and survival. To understand interrelations between incidence, mortality and survival trends and their consequences, we analyzed survival trends in relation to mortality and incidence. Starting with observed survival from EUROCARE, mortality from WHO and using the MIAMOD method, we estimated breast cancer incidence trends from 1970 to 2005 in 10 European countries. To smooth out peaks in incidence and survival due to early diagnosis activity, survival trends were assumed similar to those observed by EUROCARE in 1983–1994. The following patterns emerged: (1) increasing survival with increasing incidence and declining or stable mortality (Sweden, Finland); (2) slight survival increase, marked incidence increase and slight mortality decrease (Denmark, the Netherlands and France); (3) increasing survival, marked decrease in mortality and tendency to incidence stabilization (UK); (4) marked survival increase, steady or decreasing mortality and moderate increases in incidence (Spain, Italy); (5) stable survival, increasing incidence and mortality (Estonia). In most countries survival increased, indicating a real advantage for patients when accompanied by decreasing or stable mortality, and attributable to improved cancer care (Sweden, UK, France, Italy and Spain). In Finland (with high survival), the Netherlands and Denmark, increasing mortality and incidence indicate increasing breast cancer risk, probably related to life‐style factors. In Estonia, low and stable survival in the context of increasing incidence and mortality suggests inadequate care. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies in Chilean patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Palomo Iván , Pinochet Carmen , Alarcón Marcelo , Sandoval Rodrigo , Gonzalez Jaime , Monsalves Francisco , Forastiero Ricardo
Published: September 2006

Antiphospholipid (aPL) antibodies found in patients with autoimmune diseases are also detected in those with inflammatory diseases. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of these antibodies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and to evaluate the association of these antibodies with thrombosis and/or other clinical characteristics of this inflammatory disorder. Eighty‐four patients with RA and 82 normal controls were studied. Anticardiolipin (aCL), anti‐β2 glycoprotein I (anti‐β2GPI), and antiprothrombin (aPT) antibodies and the lupus anticoagulant (LA) activity were determined. Seven out of 84 (8.3%) patients were positive for aCL, six out of 84 (7.2%) for anti‐β2GPI, and six out of 84 (7.2%) for aPT, while in controls the overall prevalence of aPL antibodies was 3.6% (3 out of 82). All patients and controls were LA negative. There was no correlation between the presence of aPL with thrombosis and/or other clinical features of the antiphospholipid syndrome. We found aPL antibodies in 19.1% (16 out of 84) of the patients with rheumatoid arthritis and this prevalence was statistically higher than in normal controls (P<0.003). In this study, the presence of aPL antibodies was not associated with the development of thrombosis and/or thrombocytopenia. Whether the presence of aPL antibodies implies an increased risk for thrombosis and atherosclerosis in these patients should be studied further. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 20:190–194, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adenoviral vector platform for transduction of constitutive and regulated tricistronic or triple‐transcript transgene expression in mammalian cells and microtissues
Authors: Gonzalez‐Nicolini Valeria , Sanchez‐Bustamante Carlota Diaz , Hartenbach Shizuka , Fussenegger Martin
Published: September 2006

Background

Adenoviral particles can efficiently transduce a broad spectrum of cell types, so they are widely used in basic research and clinical trials.

Methods

We have developed a novel adenoviral vector platform for delivery of constitutive or streptogramin‐inducible expression of up to three therapeutic transgenes into a variety of murine and human cell lines, primary cells and microtissues.

Results

Coordinated expression of three independent transgenes in a compact genetic format was achieved by two different expression configurations: (i) The multicistronic expression format consisting of a single constitutive (simian virus 40 promoter, PSV40; murine or human cytomegalovirus immediate‐early promoter, PmCMV, PhCMV) or regulated (streptogramin‐inducible) promoters (PPIRON2) driving the expression of a single multicistronic transcript of which the first cistron is translated in a cap‐dependent manner and the two subsequent ones by internal ribosome entry site (IRES)‐mediated translation initiation. (ii) The triple‐transcript expression configuration, in which a combination of well‐established (PSV40, PhCMV, PmCMV) and novel synthetic constitutive promoters (PGTX) control transcription of three expression units. The constitutive multigene expression design enabled coordinated high‐level expression of the Bacillus stearothermophilus‐derived secreted α‐amylase (SAMY), the human vascular endothelial growth factor 121 (VEGF121) and the human placental secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) in monolayer populations and microtissues of Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO‐K1), human fibrosarcoma cells (HT‐1080), primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCs) and primary human aortic fibroblasts (HAFs). Streptogramin‐inducible tricistronic SAMY‐VEGF121‐SEAP expression provided excellent regulation performance—high‐level induction in the presence of the streptogramin antibiotic pristinamycin I (PI), near‐undetectable basal expression in the absence of PI, optimal adjustability and perfect reversibility—in all cell types, in particular in NRCs and NRC‐derived myocardial microtissues.

Conclusions

Triple‐transcript and tricistronic expression configurations conserve the DNA packaging capacity of the size‐constrained viral transduction systems and enable coordinated and regulated expression of up to three therapeutic transgenes for concerted clinical interventions in future gene therapy scenarios. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Raman noncoincidence effect of the ν(CO) band of ME6N liquid crystal across the nematic–isotropic phase transition studied by a micro‐spectroscopy experiment
Authors: Giorgini M. G. , Arcioni A. , Venditti G. , Musso M.
Published: September 2006

The Raman spectroscopic noncoincidence effect (NCE) of the ν(CO) band of the liquid crystal ME6N (4‐cyanophenyl‐4′‐hexylbenzoate) has been measured at different temperatures (47–52 °C) around the nematic‐isotropic phase transition (47.8 °C) employing a micro‐Raman experiment under confocal conditions and performed on a homogeneously aligned thin sample. The low value of NCE (0.9 cm−1) obtained over the whole temperature range suggests that the orientational structure of the liquid crystal in both phases is governed by the steric hindrances in the proximity of the carbonyl group, rather than by dipolar interactions. This hypothesis is supported by the results of a supplementary investigation of the NCE of the ν(CO) Raman band in liquid ketones and esters, made progressively more hampered by the insertion of bulky (phenyl) groups in proximity of the carbonyl group. The NCE of the ν(CO) band, in fact, decreases from 5.5 cm−1 in acetone (the less hampered) to 0.7 cm−1 in benzophenone (the most hampered among the studied ketones), and from 6.2 cm−1 in methyl acetate (the less hampered) to 2.2 cm−1 in phenyl benzoate (the most hampered among the studied esters). To our best knowledge, this represents the first attempt to analyze the NCE in terms of steric hindrance of the substituents around the target oscillator. A parallel analysis of the difference between the anisotropic and the isotropic bandwidths of the ν(CO) Raman band in these molecular liquids indicates that reorientational dynamics plays only a marginal role, if any. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immunogenicity and Safety of An Experimental Adjuvanted Hepatitis B Candidate Vaccine in Liver Transplant Patients
Authors: Nevens Frederik , Zuckerman Jane N. , Burroughs Andrew K. , Jung Maria-Christina , Bayas José M. , Kallinowski Birgit , Rivas Enrique Fraga , Duvoux Christophe , Neuhaus Peter , Saliba Faouzi , Buti Maria , Zarski Jean-Pierre , Pons Fernando , Vanlemmens Claire , Hamtiaux Virginie , Stoffel Michel
Published: September 2006

Patients with chronic liver disease are at higher risk of hepatitis B (HB) virus infection before and after liver transplantation, and they commonly have a suboptimal immune response to HB vaccines. In this randomized trial, we compared the immunogenicity of primary vaccination with 2 doses of an experimental adjuvanted HB vaccine (adjuvant system 04 containing aluminium and monophosphoryl lipid A [HB-AS04]) to that of 3 double doses of a licensed HB vaccine in 93 liver transplant candidates. Depending on the waiting list for liver transplantation, a booster dose of HB-AS04 or double booster dose of the licensed HB vaccine was given before or after surgery, at 6 to 12 months after initiation of the vaccination course. The percentage of subjects with seroprotective anti-HB surface antibody concentrations 1 month after booster was twice as high in the HB-AS04 group (60.0%), vs. patients in the comparator group (32.0%) (P = 0.035). In subjects who did not undergo liver transplantation before administration of the booster, better immunogenicity results were obtained: 80% of subjects were seroprotected after HB-AS04 vaccination vs. 60% with the comparator (P = 0.2302). Despite a slightly higher reactogenicity, the safety profile of the HB-AS04 vaccine was clinically acceptable. In conclusion, an improved antibody response was observed in liver transplant candidates with 3 doses of HB-AS04, as compared to 4 double doses of a comparator. Liver transplant candidates could benefit from the use of this experimental adjuvanted HB vaccine to further increase their protection against HB infection.
Liver Transpl 12:1489-1495, 2006.

© 2006 AASLD.
Dynamic magnetic resonance inverse imaging of human brain function
Authors: Lin Fa‐Hsuan , Wald Lawrence L. , Ahlfors Seppo P. , Hämäläinen Matti S. , Kwong Kenneth K. , Belliveau John W.
Published: September 2006

MRI is widely used for noninvasive hemodynamic‐based functional brain imaging. In traditional spatial encoding, however, gradient switching limits the temporal resolution, which makes it difficult to unambiguously identify possible fast nonhemodynamic changes. In this paper we propose a novel reconstruction approach, called dynamic inverse imaging (InI), that is capable of providing millisecond temporal resolution when highly parallel detection is used. To achieve an order‐of‐magnitude speedup in generating time‐resolved contrast estimates and dynamic statistical parametric maps (dSPMs), the spatial information is derived from an array of detectors rather than by time‐consuming gradient‐encoding methods. The InI approach was inspired by electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) source localization techniques. Dynamic MR InI was evaluated by means of numerical simulations. InI was also applied to measure BOLD hemodynamic time curves at 20‐ms temporal resolution in a visual stimulation experiment using a 90‐channel head array. InI is expected to improve the time resolution of MRI and provide increased flexibility in the trade‐off between spatial and temporal resolution for studies of dynamic activation patterns in the human brain. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On restoring motion‐induced signal loss in single‐voxel magnetic resonance spectra
Authors: Gabr Refaat E. , Sathyanarayana Shashank , Schär Michael , Weiss Robert G. , Bottomley Paul A.
Published: September 2006

Destructive interference from phase fluctuations caused by motion during 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) stimulated‐echo acquisition mode (STEAM) and point‐resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) acquisitions can significantly diminish the traditional √N‐gain in signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) afforded by averaging N signals, especially in the torso. The SNR loss is highly variable among individuals, even when identical acquisition protocols are used. This paper presents a theory for the SNR loss, assuming that the phase fluctuates randomly. It is shown that SNR in conventional averaging is reduced by the factor sinc(σϕ√3/π), where σϕ is the standard deviation (SD) of the phase. “Constructive averaging,” whereby each individual acquisition is phase‐corrected using the phase of a high‐SNR peak before averaging, reverses the SNR loss from motion‐induced dephasing, resulting in a {1/sinc(σϕ√3/π)}‐fold SNR improvement. It is also shown that basing phase corrections on an average of √N adjacent points both improves correction accuracy and effectively eliminates false signal artifacts when corrections are based on low‐SNR peaks. The theory is validated over a sevenfold range of variation in signal loss due to motion observed in 1H STEAM and PRESS data acquired from 17 human subjects (heart: N = 16; leg: N = 1). Constructive averaging should be incorporated as a routine tool for in vivo 1H MRS. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.