bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Essai d’interprétation fonctionnelle des tables du Lexique-Grammaire
Authors: Tsuruga Yoichiro
Published: March 2014

In French, there are verbs that permit an interesting correspondence between N0 V N1 de N2 and N0 V N2 Loc N1 (Loc: a locative preposition). The correspondence between N0 V N1 de N2 and N2 V N1 is very close (84.0 %): 743 of 884 verbs), and so is the one between N0 V N1 avec N2 and N2 V N1 (88.1 % : 516 of 586 verbs) and the one between N0 V N1 de N2 and N0 V N1 avec N2 (66.3 %: 586 of 884 verbs). Different combinations of the four constructions N0 V N1 de N2, N0 V N2 Loc N1, N0 V N1 avec N2 and N2 V N1 variously account for the verbs taking N0 V N1 de N2. The verbs that accept the three former constructions but refuse only the fourth are very exceptional (1.5 % : 13 of 884 verbs), while those that refuse only the second are more numerous (46.2 %). The correspondence between N0 V N1 de N2 and N0 V N2 Loc N1 is in fact the least frequent (21.4 %). There are clear semantic and functional factors that control these tendencies. The tight correspondence between N0 V N1 de N2 and N2 V N1, for example, indicates clearly that the element functioning as the "materials" relation, with de, can also function very easily as subject of the same verb. It is important to try to bring out such fundamental functional information in the "Lexique-Grammaire" tables.
Acoustic variability and perceptual learning
Authors: Jongman Allard , Wade Travis
Published: March 2014

Jim Flege’s research on category formation has introduced or emphasized several key concepts, including equivalence classification and the distinction between new and similar phones. The research described in this chapter addresses these concepts by investigating the role of acoustic variability in the formation of new categories as well as the extent to which this variability may hinder or help native and non-native listeners. A production study comparing Spanish-accented and native English vowels reveals a much greater degree of variability in nonnatives’ use of the English vowel space. Results from a subsequent training study where vowel variability was systematically manipulated, suggests that for the most easily maintained distinctions, learning benefited from the high-variability training paradigm. In contrast, for very difficult distinctions, advantages were found for training only with minimal variability (prototypes). Finally, results are presented from a lexical decision task in which English and Dutch listeners responded to native and Dutch-accented English. While Americans prefer native English speech, the Dutch prefer the Dutch-accented stimuli. In addition, Dutch listeners are less efficient in processing words containing sounds that do not occur in Dutch even when listening to a native English speaker
Temporal remnants from Mandarin in nonnative English speech
Authors: Wang Yue , Behne Dawn
Published: March 2014

Second language (L2) production can take on the form of an interlanguage, a relatively stable system bearing the nature of both the native language (L1) and L2. Within such a system, acoustic-phonetic components of a syllable are known to bear interlanguage characteristics, but how do these interlanguage components interact within the syllable? The present study investigates temporal patterns of L1 and L2 in interaction within a syllable. Audio recordings were made of English stop-vowel syllables produced by native speakers of Mandarin who were fluent in English (ChE). Native English productions (AmE) of these syllables, and native productions of comparable Mandarin (ChM) stop-vowel syllables were also recorded. Temporal measures included stop closure duration, voiceonset time (VOT), vowel duration, and syllable duration. Results show that the internal timing of syllable components in ChE productions often deviates from ChE in the direction of AmE, with the closure duration, VOT, and vowel duration being intermediate to ChM and AmE. These temporal deviations of individual components were also compensated by temporal adjustments of other components in the syllable, maintaining a balanced distribution between the consonant and vowel. These findings are discussed in the context of previous research on interlanguage behavior and the gradual process of acquiring a target language.
The perception of tones and phones
Authors: Burnham Denis , Mattock Karen
Published: March 2014

Tone languages use lexical tone at the syllable level to contrast word meaning. In this chapter we present an overview of the status of tone research to date – what tone is, its unique status as both a segmental and suprasegmental feature of speech, and how it differs from other pitch-related information in speech – pitch-accent, intonation, stress, and emotional tone. The process by which tone perception develops from infancy through childhood to adulthood is reviewed for both tone and non-tone language speakers by drawing on the results of studies that have evaluated the perceptual salience of tones versus phones in speech perception, tonological versus phonological awareness tasks, spelling, and orthography. Issues regarding the status of tone as a linguistic device are considered with due reference to hemispheric (brain) specialisation of tone versus pitch processing, and the influence of linguistic versus non-linguistic context on tone perception. The chapter concludes with a comparison of the similarities and differences between tone and phone perception, and suggestions regarding possible directions for future research on tone perception.
Prosody in second language acquisition
Authors: Aoyama Katsura , Guion Susan G.
Published: March 2014

This study investigated prosodic aspects of native and non-native (native Japanese, NJ) speech in American English. Since Japanese is characterized as mora-timed and English as stress-timed, it was hypothesized that durational contrasts among syllables in English spoken by NJ speakers may not be as large as those in native speech. In addition, it was hypothesized that a wider fundamental frequency (F0) range may be found in utterances produced by NJ speakers than in native speech, because NJ speakers may rely on F0 to indicate stress due to pitch accent in Japanese. The participants were NJ adults and children (16 each), and age-matched native English (NE) adults and children (16 each). They repeated ten phrases/sentences after a model. Durations of each syllable and the whole utterance were measured, and the F0 range in each syllable and the whole utterance was calculated in semitones for three out of the ten phrases/sentences. The results indicated that absolute durations of syllables and utterances tended to be longer in the NJ speakers’ utterances than in the NE speakers’. Children’s utterances (NE and NJ combined) also tended to be longer than adults’. The F0 range was larger in the NJ speakers’ utterances than in the NE speakers’ in one target sentence. In addition, it was found that the duration of function words was proportionately longer in the NJ speakers’ utterances than in the NE speakers’ and that the F0 range was greater in the NJ adult speakers’ utterances than the NE adult speakers’ in content words. The results of this study partially support the hypothesis that NJ speakers rely on pitch difference to indicate stress in English. It is also possible that function words were not as reduced in nonnative speech as in native speech. Differences were found between adults and children, indicating that there may be developmental changes in prosodic aspects.
11. Language planning and policy in Quebec
Authors: Oakes Leigh
Published: March 2014

En tant qu’îlot francophone dans une Amérique du Nord essentiellement anglophone, le Québec est souvent considéré comme un modèle dans les questions de politique et d’aménagement linguistiques. Suivant une discussion des processus théoriques concernés, ce chapitre examine les mesures d’aménagement linguistique particulières pour lesquelles le Québec est devenu réputé et qui cherchent à y améliorer le statut du français (aménagement du statut), à assurer son adoption comme langue publique commune par tous les Québécois (aménagement de l’acquisition), ainsi qu’à enrichir la langue et à s’occuper de sa qualité (aménagement du corpus). Dans tous ces domaines, la politique et l’aménagement linguistiques du Québec sont aujourd’hui façonnés par les nouveaux défis posés par l’immigration et la mondialisation, ce qui témoigne d’une créativité et d’une capacité à s’adapter au changement qui font souvent défaut à la politique et à l’aménagement linguistiques d’autres contextes francophones.

As a French-speaking island in a predominantly English-speaking North America, Québec is often considered as a model in questions of language policy and planning. Following a discussion of the theoretical processes involved, this chapter examines the particular language-planning measures for which Québec has become well-known and which aim to improve the status of French there (status planning), assure its adoption as a common public language by all Quebecers (acquisition planning), as well as enrich the language and attend to its quality (corpus planning). In all these areas, Québec’s language policy and planning is today shaped by the new challenges presented by immigration and globalisation, demonstrating a creativity and an ability to adapt to change that are often lacking in the language policy and planning of other French-speaking contexts.
When the gate opens: The interaction between social and linguistic goals in child second language development
Authors: Philp Jenefer , Duchesne Susan
Published: March 2014

This study offers a cross disciplinary approach to exploring the potential benefits of peer interaction for the second language development of a six year old child, based on a qualitative analysis of interactions between the child and her peers over 6 weeks in a mainstream grade 1 classroom. We argue that the young learner’s second language development in school can only be understood in the context of her relationships with others. Her social goals of affiliation and participation impact her interactions and these interactions in turn have consequences for language use and language development. The findings point to the importance of peer relationships, and the recognition that other children are a resource for the young language learner in the classroom.
Acquiring Japanese as a second language (JSL) in a naturalistic context: A longitudinal study of a young child from a Processability Theory (PT) perspective
Authors: Iwasaki Junko
Published: March 2014

In recent times Processability Theory (PT) (Pienemann, 1998) has extensively supported findings from studies of a range of languages acquired as an L2, including Japanese (Di Biase & Kawaguchi 2002). Following the acquisition criteria proposed by Pienemann (1998), the current study analyses the points of emergence of verbal morpho-syntactic structures by a seven year old Australian boy who was acquiring Japanese as a second language (JSL) naturalistically. A comparison of the findings of the current study with those of the study by Di Biase and Kawaguchi (2002) shows that both child and adult learners went through a similar developmental sequence of acquisition of verbal morpho-syntax, namely category procedure, phrasal procedure and S-procedure as hypothesised by Pienemann (1998).
Learning a second language in the family
Authors: Mitchell Rosamond , Lee Chong Nim
Published: March 2014

This chapter shows how home activities can contribute to child L2 learning. The chapter draws on a longitudinal case study of a Korean family living temporarily in England. During shared L2 reading at home, and associated discussion and role play, the children developed their L2 word knowledge, their ability to explain and describe in L2, and a range of interaction skills. Sociodramatic play acting out the routines of English school life was also a popular home activity which built children’s confidence and readiness for participation in ‘real’ school. In both types of activity, the involvement of different configurations of family members with differing levels of English knowledge provided a stimulus for creative and ‘fun’ use of English, as well as mutual support and flexible scaffolding which maximised all the children’s opportunities to use and learn English.
Web-based translation for promoting language awareness
Authors: Abraham Lee B.
Published: March 2014

This chapter reports on a study that explored how students in a Spanish conversation course worked collaboratively to evaluate sentences translated from English to Spanish by a Web translation site. An analysis of language-related episodes (Swain & Lapkin, 1998) indicated that learners’ offline collaborative dialogue provided opportunities to become aware of and to correctly solve many of the grammatical and lexical problems in the translations. Recommendations for adapting this study’s task in order to show affordances and limitations of translation tools for reading and writing are provided. This chapter also analyzes translations from English to Spanish using selected parts of speech in different morphosyntactic environments to compare the overall quality of three Web translation sites. Future research could examine two or more grammatical features such as tense, mood, or aspect, the effectiveness of translations of idiomatic expressions and false cognates, or the quality of online translations of narratives, expository texts, and other genres.
Teaching language variation in French through authentic chat discourse
Authors: van Compernolle Rémi A. , Pierozak Isabelle
Published: March 2014

In this chapter, we provide a glimpse into the nature of moderated and non-moderated French-language chat in public, non-educational contexts, and we enumerate and explain a number of pedagogical applications aimed at helping learners of French participate in and have greater access to this type of authentic discourse beyond the classroom. We first present a corpus-based analysis of language variation in moderated and nonmoderated chat discussions, focusing in particular on orthography, the second-person pronouns tu and vous, the first-person plural pronouns nous and on, and verbal negation, in order to demonstrate the amount and types of variation that exist in these two different types of synchronous computer-mediated communication. We then provide a number of pedagogical recommendations for teaching sociolinguistic variation in French using computer-mediated communication data. The sample tasks and task components are conceptualized to include one or more spheres of learning opportunities proposed by the New London Group (1996).
Extracting useful terms from parenthetical expressions by combining simple rules and statistical measures
Authors: Hisamitsu Toru , Niwa Yoshiki
Published: March 2014

One year’s worth of Japanese newspaper articles contains about 300,000 ‘parenthetical expressions (PEs)’, pairs of character strings A and B related to each other by parentheses as in A(B). These expressions contain a large number of important terms, such as organization names, company names, and their abbreviations, and are easily extracted by pattern matching.

We have developed a simple and accurate method for collecting unregistered terms from PEs which identified two types of PEs by using pattern matching, bigram statistics, and entropy, and collected about 17,000 terms with over 97% precision.

Bigram statistics, combined with a small number of rules, identified ‘pairs of exchangeable terms’ (PET) in PEs, such as , which mostly contained important terms and their abbreviations. Entropy worked to highlight inner PE terms (such as , which means company personnel affair), that were clues useful for acquiring proper nouns such as company names, organization names, and person names.

Identification of PETs provided the opportunity to evaluate the usefulness of various bigram co-occurrence statistics. Seven statistical measures (frequency, Mutual Information, the χ2-test, the χ2-test with Yates’ correction, the log-likelihood ratio, the Dice coefficient, and the modified Dice coefficient) were compared.
Determining semantic equivalence of terms in information retrieval
Authors: Jing Hongyan , Tzoukermann Evelyne
Published: March 2014

An important issue in Information Retrieval is determining the semantic equivalence between terms in a query and terms in a document. We propose an approach based on context distance and morphology. Context distance is a measure we use to assess the closeness of word meanings. This context distance model compares the similarity of the contexts where a word appears, using the local document information and the global lexical co-occurrence information derived from the entire set of documents to be retrieved. We integrate this context distance model with morphological analysis in determining semantic equivalence of terms so that the two operations can enhance each other. Using the standard vector-space model, we evaluated the proposed method on a subset of TREC-4 corpus (AP88 and AP90 collection, 158,240 documents, 49 queries). Results show that this method improves the 11-point average precision by 8.6%.
Experimental evaluation of ranking and selection methods in term extraction
Authors: Nakagawa Hiroshi
Published: March 2014

An automatic term extraction system consists of a term candidate extraction subsystem, a ranking subsystem and a selection subsystem. In this paper, we experimentally evaluate two ranking methods and two selection methods. As for ranking, a dichotomy of unithood and termhood is a key notion. We evaluate these two notions experimentally by comparing Imp based ranking method that is based directly on termhood and C-value based method that is indirectly based on both termhood and unithood. As for selection, we compare the simple threshold method with the window method that we propose. We did the experimental evaluation with several Japanese technical manuals. The result does not show much difference in recall and precision. The small difference between the extracted terms by these two ranking methods depends upon their ranking mechanism per se.
Term extraction for automatic abstracting
Authors: Oakes Michael P. , Paice Chris D.
Published: March 2014

In this paper we describe term extraction from full length journal articles in the domain of crop husbandry for the purpose of producing abstracts automatically. Initially, candidate terms are extracted which occur in one of a number of fixed lexical environments, as found by a system of contextual templates which assigns a semantic role indicator to each candidate term.

Candidate terms which can be lexically validated — that is, whose constituent words and structure conform to a simple grammar for their assigned role — receive an enhanced weight. The grammar for lexical validation was derived from a training corpus of 50 journal articles. Selected terms may be used to generate a short abstract which indicates the subject matter of the paper.

We also describe a method for compiling a list of sequences which indicate the statistical findings of an experiment, in particular the interrelationships between terms. Such word sequences, when extracted and appended to an indicative abstract, will produce an informative abstract which describes specific research findings in addition to the subject matter of the paper.
News discourse
Authors: Jucker Andreas H.
Published: March 2014

Against the methodological background of historical discourse analysis, this paper traces some of the relevant factors that influenced the development of news discourse from the seventeenth to the twenty first century. In the seventeenth century the occasional news publications that were published in response to important events were replaced by more regular news publications. The structure of articles was generally narrative and chronological. The familiar inverted pyramid structure emerged from the beginning of the twentieth century. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, mass media news discourse consists of an ever-increasing flood of information that is broken down into increasingly smaller snippets of information in the form of hypertextual and multi-modal information units.
The economics academic lecture in the nineteenth century
Authors: Del Lungo Camiciotti Gabriella
Published: March 2014

This study investigates the economics lecture from a historical discursive perspective, focusing on the case of Marshall's lectures in Cambridge in 1873. The historical study of academic genres has primarily dealt with the research article and the textbook, while the academic lecture has been studied nearly exclusively from a pedagogical angle in spite of the fact that it is a genre perfectly suited to shed light on the lecturer/student relationship and ways of disseminating knowledge over time. The present analysis shows that the lecturer's persona is textually constructed through the use of interactional and evaluative discursive strategies, which include metadiscursive devices used to explicitly engage students' attention or to signal the lecturer's attitude to both the audience and the content of the lecture.
Genres and the appropriation of science
Authors: Taavitsainen Irma
Published: March 2014

According to the theory of appropriation, the same text can be perceived in different ways by different audiences. There are no stable meanings, but significations are constructed in different ways according to the competence of the audience. This article sets out to explore whether and how different appropriations can be verified in texts targeted at different audiences. Scientificloci communesdisseminated through literate layers of society in late medieval and early modern England providing common ground, and the scale from learned to popular emerged. Genres provide the key to different appropriations, and differences between the layers of writing are apparent: simplified statements and applications are highlighted in popular texts, while learned writings provide more theoretical, specific and accurate descriptions.
Focusing strategies in Old French and Old Irish
Authors: Wehr Barbara
Published: March 2014

A central pragmatic function is “Focus” (the concept which the speaker thinks is of special importance), with the subfunctions “Contrast” (“X and not Y”), “Exhaustive listing” (“X and nothing/nobody else”) and Emphatic focus, which correspond to different pragmatic intentions of the speaker. In Old Irish, “Contrast” and “Exhaustive listing” are obligatorily marked, as it seems, by the cleft construction. In contrast the cleft construction is rarely attested in Old French, as there existed a free word accent, so focused elements could be highlighted either by prosodic means only or by word-order (sentence-initial position) + prosodic means. The growing frequency of the cleft construction in Middle French can be related to the coming into existence of themot phonétique.

This contribution continues the approach of Wehr (1998) and (2001) in a historical perspective. The fact that the single word has no autonomy within thechaîne parléeis there made the basis for a Western-AtlanticSprachbundcomprising the Celtic languages, French and Portuguese.
Different cultures – different discourses? Rhetorical patterns of business letters by English and Russian speakers
Authors: Wolfe Maria Loukianenko
Published: March 2014

The chapter presents a cross-cultural analysis of rhetorical patterns in Russian and American business correspondence. The choice of linguistic features to be analyzed was guided by previous research in English as a Second Language, English for Specific Purposes, and Professional Communication studies. A few areas of Hofstede’s (1984) theory of cultural dimensions, such as power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and individualism/collectivism, were adapted for the linguistic and rhetorical analysis of the American and Russian business letters, and the data were tested in terms of these cultural dimensions. The results help illustrate the approach that could be taken while teaching intercultural rhetoric in English for Specific Purposes (ESP) business writing courses as well as Business Communication courses.
Direct address as a resource for humor
Authors: Norrick Neal R. , Bubel Claudia
Published: March 2014

This chapter explores the use of direct address to create humor in scripted jokes and in everyday conversation based on examples from corpora of transcribed conversational English. We take direct address to include any reference to a real or imagined listener with a proper or invented term of address. We show how forms of address in humor build on, extend and subvert the standard system. Direct address always has both an ‘attention, identification’ function and a ‘contact, expressive’ function, with one more prominent in any given context, but both these functions play various roles in the creation of humorous discourse, for instance when reciprocal direct address between friends, partners and family members leads to humorous banter in conversation. Ah, you sweet little rogue, you! Alas, poor ape, how thou sweat’st! Come, let me wipe thy face. Come on, you whoreson chops. Ah, rogue! i’ faith, I love thee. Shakespeare Henry IV, Part II II. 4. 233–236
Boundary-marking humor
Authors: Vine Bernadette , Kell Susan , Marra Meredith , Holmes Janet
Published: March 2014

Drawing on recorded workplace meetings of Maori and Pakeha women in one New Zealand government department, this paper illustrates some of the complexities of boundary-marking humor. In particular, we analyse examples where the humor illuminates some of the tensions experienced by less powerful groups working within the institutional parameters or frameworks of more dominant groups or sources of influence. The relevant in-group shifts and the humor may correspondingly orient to boundaries dividing different institutional groups, different sexes, and different ethnic groups at different times. In each case, no members of the out-group are present and the humor functions to build solidarity and rapport between in-group members.
Impolite responses to failed humor
Authors: Bell Nancy D.
Published: March 2014

The data discussed in this paper come from a larger project designed to address the neglected area of failed humor. A corpus of 207 elicited responses to failed humor was collected. The focus here is on the 44% that were coded as impolite. Findings show that most responses attacked the speaker using offensive, positive impoliteness strategies. Given that failing at humor is already humiliating, why might these interlocutors have opted to further punish the tellers with aggravated face attacks? Four somewhat overlapping reasons are suggested: the disruptive nature of humor, the expectations hearers held of the teller’s behavior, the characteristics of the study participants, and the identity concerns or face claims of the hearer.
Situating the public social actions of blog posts
Authors: Grafton Kathryn
Published: March 2014

This paper responds to Carolyn Miller and Dawn Shepherd’s proposal (2004) that the personal blog acts upon an exigence of self-cultivation and validation. I turn to situational rhetoric (Bitzer 1968; 1980) to further contextualize bloggers’ motives and illustrate how the blog’s presentation of self is constituted rhetorically. Engaging Michael Warner’s theory of publics (2002) and Anne Freadman’s concept of uptake (2002), I argue that bloggers who write public posts about a public event, Canada Reads, participate in two situations—the blog and the event—and their resulting social actions accommodate exigencies belonging to both. By directing attention to the post, we glimpse the intentionality of each mediated self, seen in the varying publics engaged, situations defined, interpretants selected, and exigencies affected.
Brave new genre, or generic colonialism?
Authors: McNeill Laurie
Published: March 2014

This chapter analyses online users’ debates about the generic classification and ancestry of “blogs” and “Internet diaries,” looking in particular at users’ defensive definitions and meta-generic commentary that would distinguish the blog from the diary. I argue that these directives draw on traditional generic stereotypes, reproduced from print culture, that associate the diary with the narcissistic, feminine, and amateur, qualities apparently antithetical to self-styled “bloggers.” Since actual practice does not necessarily support a tenable distinction between blogs and diaries, I suggest that such genre claims arise from and protect particular communities’ ideals about the World Wide Web—and therefore its forms of communication—as novel. These often-heated commentaries offer opportunities to explore how communities understand and invest in genre in an evolving situation. A blog is not a diary. A diary is where you store private information and self reflection about your life, snapshotted feelings, etc. A blog is publicly there for anyone to see….A blog is a living autobiography… –Austin (2006 19 Oct.) Weblog, n. A frequently updated web site consisting of personal observations, excerpts from other sources, etc., typically run by a single person, and usually with hyperlinks to other sites; an online journal or diary. –Oxford English Dictionary (2003) Defining “blog” is a fool’s errand. –Jeff Jarvis (2005 27 Aug.).
The early steps of modal and negation interactions
Authors: Gualmini Andrea , Moscati Vincenzo
Published: March 2014

Children’s interpretation of scopally ambiguous sentences has been the subject of much recent research. In this paper, we address this issue by looking at children’s interpretation of sentences containing an ambiguity between different scope-bearing elements, namely negation and a modal verb in Italian. We present experimental results suggesting that Italian-speaking children differ from Italian-speaking adults in that they choose strong inverse scope interpretations rather than weak surface scope interpretations.
OV sequences in early child Catalan and English
Authors: Tubau Susagna
Published: March 2014

In this paper I investigate the nature of preverbal objects in child English and Catalan. OV sequences occur in the children’s productions between approximately 19 months and 2 years of age even though both adult English and Catalan display VO word order. I claim that OV sequences emerge in child English and Catalan after Telicity Phrase and Aspect Phrase have been acquired but are still underspecified, thus not forcing movement of objects and verbs to Tel0 and Asp0 respectively. While V-to-Asp0 without object-to-Tel0 yields VO word order, the opposite yields OV, which disappears as soon as both movements can no longer take place non-simultaneously. In child Catalan, two kinds of OV sequences are distinguished: ‘true’ OV sequences, which occur with non-finite and non-adult inflected verbs, and Focus fronted OV combinations, which are attested with adult-like inflected verbs and whose syntax is different from ‘true’ OVs.
Have to, gotta, must?
Authors: Tagliamonte Sali A.
Published: March 2014

Quantitative analysis of forms used to express obligation/necessity in a variety of northern British English reveal that must is decreasing across generations. Instead of a marked increase in got to and gotta as reported for southern varieties of British English, these forms are used very little. Instead, there is stable variability between have to and have got to.

Multivariate analysis of internal and external factors contributing to the different forms demonstrates that have got to is favoured for generic statements, while have to is favoured for stative, personal statements. However, there is no significant effect of age or sex. It is suggested that have to and have got to both remain vigorous in this variety due to specialization of their respective functions.
Technology and phraseology
Authors: Stubbs Michael
Published: March 2014

From the 1700s onwards, important linguistic concepts and methods were developed and forgotten, then re-invented, sometimes much later, when the intellectual climate had changed and/or when technology had advanced. Examples include work on concordances (1700s: Cruden, Ayscough), on collocations (ca 1930 to 1950: H. E. Palmer, Firth), on KWIC concordances (1950s: Luhn), on lexical patterns (1960s: Sinclair), and on phrase frequency (1970s: Allén). Only with hindsight is it clear how the study of concordance data led to the model of phrasal meaning proposed by Sinclair in the 1990s. After discussion of these historical developments, I use the interactive PIE data-base designed by Fletcher (2003–2007) to generate data on recurrent multi-word units of meaning. Finally, I outline more extensive research programmes in empirical semantics.
The semantic and grammatical overlap of as and that
Authors: Kolbe-Hanna Daniela
Published: March 2014

Literature on British dialects (overview in Kortmann 2005: 1095) has already widely reported the use of the as-relativizer. However, as also occurs as complementizer in non-standard English. This paper explores how the lexis-grammar interface enables one lexeme – as – to become a non-standard grammatical variant of another lexeme – that – in two grammatical functions. The fact that as and that are of demonstrative origin enables the use of both items in anaphoric and cataphoric contexts. Whilst diachronic corpus data support the grammaticalization of that and of the as-relativizer as described in the Oxford English Dictionary, the grammaticalization of the complementizer as remains unclear. This paper offers an alternative path of grammaticalization based on observations in synchronic corpus data and parallels in as-constructions.
Polysemy and lexical priming
Authors: Tsiamita Fanie
Published: March 2014

Hoey’s theory of lexical priming makes three claims with respect to polysemy. According to one of them, two similarly common senses of a polysemous lexical item will avoid each others’ primings (cf. Hoey 2005: 82). The aim of this paper is to examine the extent to which this claim is valid with data on the polysemous noun drive. The study focuses on the two most frequent uses of drive, namely “journey in a car or other vehicle” and “private road leading up to a house” and examines what semantic categories the pre-modifying adjectives and nouns of these two senses tend to belong to when they are preceded by an article. The results of the analysis support Hoey’s claim.
Loud signatures
Authors: Duguid Alison
Published: March 2014

This paper is intended as a contribution to Corpus Assisted Discourse Studies1 (CADS), defined as a meeting of two disciplines, that of corpus linguistics and that of discourse analysis. Here, two small corpora of opinion articles from British broadsheets and Times Literary Supplement texts are compared, using WordSmith Tools, ConcGram and WMatrix to identify the salient resources, with particular reference to priming, lexico-grammatical patterns, textual interaction and the resources of engagement. Creative metaphors can be seen to exploit grammatical patterning and semantic preference to achieve pragmatic effects; and here a series of patterns are examined, looking at how irony uses the expectations set up by primings at the lexis-grammar interface. The paper also discusses the importance of text type and domain in certain patterns of grammatical cohesion.
The lexicogrammar of present-day  Indian English
Authors: Mukherjee Joybrato
Published: March 2014

The present paper puts into perspective four areas in which new local norms have emerged in the lexicogrammar of Indian English, the largest institutionalised second-language variety of English world-wide: (1) collocations, (2) new prepositional verbs, (3) new ditransitive verbs, and (4) verb-complementational patterns. At the descriptive level, it will be shown that corpus-based research provides new insights into quantitative and qualitative aspects of on-going structural nativisation at the lexis-grammar interface of Indian English. At the methodological level, it will be argued that in research into New Englishes well-balanced standard-size corpora can be fruitfully combined with very large collections of text obtained from the world-wide web, i.e. web-derived corpora.
Synchronic and diachronic evidence for parallels between noun phrases and sentences
Authors: Rijkhoff Jan
Published: March 2014

It has been shown that, up to a point, noun phrases and clauses have the same underlying structure: they share the same kind of ‘layered’ organization and accommodate the same kind of semantic modifier categories (Rijkhoff 2008a). This article presents synchronic and diachronic evidence to substantiate the claim that there are parallels between the layered analysis of the noun phrase and the clause. It will be argued that the layered NP/clause model is supported by two largely unidirectional historical developments in language, one metaphorical in nature (‘from space to time’) the other metonymic (‘from inner to outer layer’).
The verb phrase in the Kerebe language
Authors: Thornell Christina
Published: March 2014

The present article focuses on the Tanzanian Bantu language Kerebe and its morphologically complex verb phrase, which is presented in a descriptive framework. The description includes affirmative verb forms of general verbs and of copulas, negation and verbal extensions. The morphological complexity is reflected in the tense-aspect-mood (TAM) system, in copula markings and in verbal derivations. The analysis is based on a grammatical sketch of the Kerebe language written by the French Catholic priest Eugène Hurel (Hurel 1909) and two Internet-accessible word lists. Since Hurel describes Kerebe as being spoken in the beginning of 1900s, there was also a need to consult a mother-tongue speaker in order to verify the relevance of the data to present-day language items.
Split intransitivity in Japanese revisited
Authors: Toratani Kiyoko
Published: March 2014

This paper revisits the question raised by Kishimoto (1996): what determines the unergative-unaccusative split in the behavior of the V1 in a Japanese deverbal nominal construction (V1-V2-gen N) (e.g., toke-kake-no yuki “the snow, almost melted”). While previous accounts (e.g., Tsujimura & Iida 1999) relied on purely semantic treatments, this paper takes a fresh look at the construction, turning to syntax. This analysis crucially points out that the modifier subsumes two distinct units, “adjectival” and “reduced clausal,” and that the V1s split differently in each type on the basis of lexical aspect (i.e., the former requires the V1 to be telic and the latter, non-state). Construction-specific requirements which further affect the distribution of the elements are also delineated.
RPs and the nature of lexical and syntactic categories in Role and Reference Grammar
Authors: Van Valin Jr. Robert D.
Published: March 2014

Many syntactic theories assume a universal set of lexical categories, and they further assume these lexical categories are the basis of endocentric phrasal projections in the syntax. Role and Reference Grammar [RRG] makes neither of these assumptions, and in this paper an RRG account of lexical categories is developed, and it is argued that only noun and verb can be considered to be truly universal. Furthermore, the non-endocentric syntactic categories of RRG are expanded to include referring expressions, thereby solving problems that have plagued lexical-category-based, endocentric analyses. Finally, the issue of gradience in lexical categories is addressed, and it is argued that category labels like “noun” and “verb” are descriptive labels for words that share a large number of morpholexical and morphosyntactic properties, not theoretical concepts.
“Floating plurals”, prodrop and agreement – an optimality-based RRG approach
Authors: Kailuweit Rolf
Published: March 2014

In this paper, I shall try to provide a RRG description of agreement marking and “morphological” argument realization in Spanish. In Spanish, subject agreement can be expressed by a suffix, but the same suffix can realize the PSA-argument. Object clitics, too, can realize arguments or serve as agreement markers. Valeria Belloro, following the research put forth by Company, pointed out an interesting problem concerning argument realization and object clitics in standard Latin American Spanish. Plurality of the Non-Macrorole-Argument can be realized at the clitic denoting the Undergoer-Macrorole. My contribution will thus be to sketch a general RRG-framework for clitics, argument realization and agreement. As far as Belloro’s problem is concerned, I would like to show that the data can be described without presuming a kind of functional head at the level of constituent structure. In fact, speakers use the optimal clitic in each speech variety. What differs is the lexical entry for the clitics, and Grimshaw’s approach to Spanish clitics and optimality must therefore be reformulated. Choosing the optimal clitic is part of applying a constructional schema that comes into play as part of the linking algorithm within the rr g framework.
Is Role and Reference Grammar an adequate grammatical theory for punctuation?
Authors: Bellosta von Colbe Valeriano
Published: March 2014

In this paper, I show that Role and Reference Grammar can be developed into a syntactic theory encompassing both oral and writing language systems. To achieve this goal, I present in §2 some premises from a linguistic theory of writing systems. In §3–4 I review the correspondence rules between phonologicalsyntactic and written linguistic units in simple (§3) and complex (§4) structures in Spanish, according to the official orthography. At the end (§5), I draw some conclusions and present some perspectives for future research.
Complementizer-gap phenomena
Authors: Löwenadler John
Published: March 2014

Since Perlmutter (1971) the complementizer-gap effect has received much attention in linguistic research. This article investigates the solution presented in Van Valin (2005) which states that the phenomenon should be explained in pragmatic rather than syntactic terms. Using data from Swedish and several other languages I will argue that such a solution is unlikely to be correct, and that the English and Swedish facts are better explained by referring to available syntactic constructions. My conclusion is that in a cross-linguistic perspective restrictions on subject extraction must be regarded as a very heterogeneous phenomenon, and in order to explain the empirical data I will suggest a number of competing motivations related to the Accessibility Hierarchy, argument linking and syntactic templates.
Approaching lexical typology
Authors: Koptjevskaja-Tamm Maria
Published: March 2014

The paper aims at situating the research direction presented in the volume within the larger domain of typological research in general. It gives a short summary of what is meant by typological research, discusses the relation between semantic and lexical typology and the general premises for lexical-typological research. The bulk of the paper is devoted to the three main lexical-typological research foci – what meanings can(not) be expressed by a single word, what different meanings can be expressed by one and the same lexeme or by words derivationally related to each other, and what cross-linguistic patterns there are in lexicon-grammar interaction. The paper ends up with the general discussion of the urgent methodological problems facing lexical typology as a field.
Mapping semantic spaces: A constructionist account of the "light verb" xordæn 'eat' in Persian
Authors: Family Niloufar
Published: March 2014

Within the framework of Construction Grammar, the author develops an analytical tool to map semantic regularities in semantic spaces. This is illustrated with the study of the semantic spaces of the Persian “light verb”xordæn “to eat”. The light verb’s semantic space is populated by “notional islands” where groups of light verb constructions, expressing similar notions, combine the light verb with a restricted, but large, class of preverbs. The analysis shows that each notional island possesses linguistic and cognitive properties that allow intuitive disambiguation. It provides new results about meaning construction, productivity, and compositionality, and the basis of crosslinguistic investigations for processes of verb formation as they have evolved in different languages.
Semantic maps and the typology of colexification: Intertwining polysemous networks across languages
Authors: François Alexandre
Published: March 2014

Building upon the model of Semantic Maps (Haspelmath 2003), which typologists have designed mainly for grammatical semantics, this chapter discusses methodological issues for a model in lexical typology. By breaking up polysemous lexemes of various languages into their semantic “atoms” or senses, one defines an etic grid against which cross-linguistic comparison can be undertaken. Languages differ as to which senses theycolexify, i.e., lexify identically. But while each polysemous lexeme as a whole is language-specific, individual pairings of colexified senses can be compared across languages. Our model, understood as an empirical, atomistic approach to lexical typology, is finally exemplified with the rich polysemies associated with the notion “breathe”. Intertwined together, they compose a single, universal network of potential semantic extensions.
Semantic associations and confluences in paradigmatic networks
Authors: Gaume Bruno , Duvignau Karine , Vanhove Martine
Published: March 2014

In this article, we hypothesize that some of the structural properties of paradigmatic graphs of the hierarchical small world type are to be found in all natural languages. Within this hypothesis of the universal structure of paradigmatic graphs, we explore a method for the automatic analysis of semantic groupings in order to distinguish, on typological and cognitive levels, which groupings are universal, and which are more limited geographically, genetically or culturally.
Eating beyond certainties
Authors: Hénault Christine
Published: March 2014

The aim of this study is to give a crosslinguistic account of semantic paralellisms concerning verbs meaning “eat”. It is mainly based on both synchronic and diachronic data from Indo-European languages, and some comparisons are made with data from a few languages from other genetic stocks: Nahuatl, Mwotlap, Inuit and classical Arabic. The semantic parallelisms are organized semantically into three categories: concrete aspects, perceptual aspects and cognitive aspects. The study of the data suggests the possibility that there exists some universal semantic association for the concept of eating with the concepts of suffering and tormenting.
The Lexical Constructional Model
Authors: Butler Christopher S.
Published: March 2014

This article reviews briefly some recent work on relationships across a spectrum of functionalist, cognitivist and constructionist approaches to language. It then goes on to chart the history of the model currently known as the Lexical Constructional Model, showing how it has developed from work in a range of earlier approaches: Dikkian Functional Grammar, Coseriu’s Lexematics, Role and Reference Grammar, Wierzbicka’s Natural Semantic Metalanguage model, Mel’èuk’s Meaning-Text Theory, and most recently Goldberg’s version of Construction Grammar and the theory of metaphor and metonymy. The strengths of the model are then summarised, and a number of challenges for the future are discussed.