bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eros & Greek Athletics
Authors: Scanlon Thomas F
Published: November 2023

Ancient Greek athletics offer us a clear window on many important aspects of ancient culture, some of which have distinct parallels with modern sports and their place in our society. Ancient athletics were closely connected with religion, the formation of young men and women in their gender roles, and the construction of sexuality. Eros was, from one perspective, a major god of the gymnasium where homoerotic liaisons reinforced the traditional hierarchies of Greek culture. But Eros in the athletic sphere was also a symbol of life-affirming friendship and even of political freedom in the face of tyranny. Greek athletic culture was not so much a field of dreams as a field of desire, where fervent competition for honor was balanced by cooperation for common social goals. Eros and Greek Athletics is the first in-depth study of Greek body culture as manifest in its athletics, sexuality, and gender formation. In this comprehensive overview, Thomas F. Scanlon explores when and how athletics was linked with religion, upbringing, gender, sexuality, and social values in an evolution from Homer until the Roman period. Scanlon shows that males and females made different uses of the same contests, that pederasty and athletic nudity were fostered by an athletic revolution beginning in the late seventh century B.C., and that public athletic festivals may be seen as quasi-dramatic performances of the human tension between desire and death. Accessibly written and full of insights that will challenge long-held assumptions about ancient sport, Eros and Greek Athletics will appeal to readers interested in ancient and modern sports, religion, sexuality, and gender studies.
Introduction
Authors: Slingerland Edward
Published: November 2023

Western scholars have in recent years grown justifiably reluctant to make sweeping generalizations about the character of Chinese or Eastern thought. Not only is most of the history of Chinese thought complicated by the presence of such “alien” traditions as Buddhism, but the pre-Buddhist tradition has shown itself to be much more complicated and multifaceted than once was thought. For example, the reconstruction of previously lost works such as the later Mohist canons has made less convincing the often-heard claim that “the Chinese” were not interested in problems of logic or language, while the renewed interest in the thought of Xunzi has shown the classical Confucian tradition to be much more complicated than the received, neo-Confucian account of Mencius as the sole orthodox successor to Confucius would have it. Nonetheless, our increasingly sophisticated conception of early Chinese thought allows us to continue to maintain some generalizations, paramount among which is the claim that Chinese thinkers were interested primarily in practical rather than theoretical questions. While there was a certain amount of debate between various schools concerning such theoretical questions as, for instance, what the good life for humans might be, the primary focus of early Chinese thinkers remained the problem of how to become good. The sort of knowledge that was therefore valued was not abstract knowledge that the good was to be defined in a certain way, but concrete knowledge concerning how to act in a way that was good, and the various schools customarily defended their positions not by theoretical argument but by pointing to exemplars who personified their values or by focusing on the practical implications of their own and others’ theories. Similarly, with regard to ethical standards, these thinkers appeal not to a set of maxims or abstract principles but rather to something resembling Aristotle’s “good person” criterion—that is, the concrete model provided by teachers or exemplars from the past.
Wu-wei as Conceptual Metaphor
Authors: Slingerland Edward
Published: November 2023

Before elucidating the conceptual structure of wu-wei as metaphor, I will first explain what is meant by “conceptual metaphor,” and this will require a brief introduction to a subfield of cognitive linguistics 1 concerned with metaphor theory. The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor Contemporary metaphor theory is perhaps most familiar to the general academic public through the works of George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, who see themselves as being engaged in a kind of “descriptive or empirical phenomenology” aimed at sketching out a “geography of human experience” (Johnson 1987: xxx—viii). One of the basic tenets of the contemporary approach to metaphor is that human cognition-the production, communication, and processing of meaning—is heavily dependent upon mappings between domains, with “mapping” understood as “a correspondence between two sets that assigns to each element in the first a counterpart in the second” (Fauconnier 1997:1) Another tenet is that the process of human cognition is independent of language, and that linguistic manifestations of cross-domain mappings are merely manifestations of deeper cognitive processes.
scientific Revolutions
Authors: Dyson Freeman J
Published: November 2023

John Randall was in 1939 a thirty-four-year-old English physicift who had made an undiffinguished career in solidstate physics. He was generally considered to be a hard worker but not very bright.

In September 1939 England was suddenly faced with a deadly enemy in the person of Adolf Hitler. England was miserably unprepared to defend itself against bombing or against air-supported invasion. The primitive radar system deployed around the English coast used meter-wave transmitters. These were then the only transmitters powerful enough to produce detectable echoes from an aircraft a hundred miles away.
Technology & Social Justice,
Authors: Dyson Freeman J
Published: November 2023

In 1985 I gave a series of lechires in Scotland, and the lechires were published in a book with the title Infinite in All Direclions. One of the chapters, “The Twenty first Century,” contained my guesses for the most important things to come. It included my lift of the three most: important technologies for the coming century: genetic engineering, artificial intelligence, and space travel. Now that the coming century is almost: here, things look different. The twenty-first century has moved from the far to the near future. My prediaions are less concerned with the long run and more concerned with the short run; In the short run, space travel is a joke. We look at the bewildered cosmonauts struggling to survive in the Mir space station.
The Conception Of Sexual Harassment
Authors: Crouch Margaret A
Published: November 2023

Before the 1970s, the expression “sexual harassment” was not in use; how ever, behavior of the sort that would later be labeled sexual harassment existed. Evidence for the existence of this behavior is found in documents, narratives, articles, and books about women and work, as well as in legal records. Some scholars have begun examining historical materials for in stances of the sorts of behaviors that are now being called sexually harassing, though there is a great deal of work still to be done in this area.
The Impact of the French and Haitian Revolutions
Authors: Davis David Brion
Published: November 2023

On january 2, 1893, the aging Frederick Douglass delivered an eloquent speech dedicating the Haitian Pavilion at the Chicago World’s Fair, or “Columbian Exposition.” As a recent United States minister and consul general to Haiti and as an Exposition Commissioner of the Haitian government, Douglass had helped to plan the exhibits of the pavilion, which he called, following the Puritan John Winthrop (and, from the New Testament, Matthew 5:14) “a city set upon a hill.” If few white Americans associated Haiti with a beacon of hope and salvation, it was a stroke of brilliance for the world’s most famous former slave to reverse popular imagery regarding a famous part of the islands Columbus had “discovered” four centuries earlier.
Thin Concepts to the Rescue: Thinning the Concepts of Epistemic Justification and Intellectual Virtue
Authors: Battaly Heather D
Published: November 2023

Much of contemporary analytic epistemology has been devoted to analyzing the concept of epistemic justification and providing necessary and sufficient conditions for its application. But, despite our best efforts, there has been persistent and widespread disagreement about these conditions, much of which appears to be irresolvable. Indeed, rival analyses have fueled the now notorious debate between internalists, who place accessibility requirements on justification, and externalists, who reject such requirements. At best, our analysis of justification has led to a stalemate, at worst to conceptual turmoil.
Recovering Corning: A Return to the Spirit of Specialty Materials
Authors: Graham Margaret B W , Shuldiner Alec T
Published: November 2023

Creating the “more embracing system” that former Corning chairman Amory Houghton Jr. had called for in the late 1960s proved to be no small matter; in fact, it was the work of more than one generation of managers. To generate a structure that could renew itself for creative purposes, even as Corning became a multibillion dollar company, involved institutionalizing innovation in its broadest sense: taking it out of the realm of technology alone and making it an activity that pervaded every part of the company.
Makers of Contemporary Lslam
Authors: Esposito John L , Voll John O
Published: November 2023

This book examines the development of contemporary Islamic movements and thought through the biographies of nine major activist intellectuals whose work povides the core of what the Islamic resurgence became in the 1990s, and is an important foundation for what it can become in the 21st century. By profiling nine such internationally recognised figures this volume provides a new understanding of the intellectual foundations of contemporary Islamic awareness and politics. The nine figures covered are: Ismail al-Faruqi, Khurshid Ahmad, Maryam Jameelah, Hasan Hanafi, Rashid Ghannoushi, Hasan al-Turabi, Abdol Karim Soroush, Anwar Ibrahim, and Abdurrahman Wahid. These nine have contributed to some of the most significant intellectual and activist developments in the Muslim world during the 1980s and 1990s - the period during which Islamic movements became a major force in Muslim societies and international affairs. They represent a distinctive phase in the evolution of Islamic thinking: the ongoing effort to create an effective synthesis of modernity and Islamic tradition.
Introduction: Muslim Activist Intellectuals and Their Place in History
Authors: Esposito John L , Voll John O
Published: November 2023

Socrates challenged the thinking of Athenians in the classical age and Confucius attempted to bring a new vision of society to the “Warring States” of China. Luther’s concepts and visions altered Western Christendom, and Lenin’s combination of intellectualism and activism transformed world history in the twentieth century. Throughout history, people of ideas who have become involved in the civic and political affairs of their day, as activist intellectuals, have attempted to play roles in the transformation of their societies. In the late twentieth century, a number of intellectuals in Muslim societies have played similar roles. They criticize existing institutions and mentalities and work to provide some alternative.
Khurshld Ahmad: Muslim Activist-Economist
Authors: Esposito John L , Voll John O
Published: November 2023

The Islamic resurgence has put Islam in the headlines and drawn a great deal of scholarly as well as media coverage. While one man, the Ayatollah Khomeini, has come to be equated with the resurgence of Islam in the popular mind and imagination, in fact the reassertion of Islam in Muslim life is a broad-based, complex, multifaceted phenomenon that has embraced Muslim societies from Sudan to Sumatra. Its leaders and organizations are as varied as its manifestations. Contemporary Islamic revivalism has included a greater emphasis on religious identity and values in private and public life. As a result, organizations like the Muslim Brotherhood and the Jamaat-i-Islami, that combine both the private and public emphases, best reflect the dynamism and leadership of contemporary Islam. Khurshid Ahmad of Pakistan is among the dominant figures in this select group. An early follower of Mawlana Mawdudi (1903-1979), the founder of the Jamaat-i-Islami, and a trained economist, Khurshid has been a leader of the Jamaat, a member of the cabinet and senate of Pakistan, a father of modern Islamic economics, and an internationally recognized Islamic activist.
Maryam Jameelah: A Voice of Conservative Islam
Authors: Esposito John L , Voll John O
Published: November 2023

In recent years, it has become more common to hear Muslim women’s voices in the public arena. However, if we look at twentieth-century Islam, Muslim discourse has been overwhelmingly dominated by male voices, from the Islamic modernism of Muhammad Abduh and his Salafiyya movement in the early twentieth century to the writings and activism of contemporary Islamic activists and movements; from the writings and speeches of the ulama to those of the many educated Muslim professionals who have increasingly employed Islamic rhetoric and symbolism to critique their societies and to plan a more indigenously rooted future. Maryam Jameelah is among the very few women who have crossed the gender gap. For several decades she has been a prolific voice in defense of traditional Islam. Her many books and articles have been translated into Urdu, Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Bengali, and Bahasa Indonesia. At first glance, Maryam Jameelah would appear to be the most unlikely of Islamic voices, a New York-born American Jew.
Anwar Lbrahim: Activist Moderate
Authors: Esposito John L , Voll John O
Published: November 2023

When Anwar Ibrahim organized a demonstration in Kuala Lumpur in 1980, he and his supporters were called “Malaysia’s own Islamic zealots.” Other observers at the time identified the organization he led as one of the largest “fundamentalist” groups in the country. Eighteen years later, when Anwar Ibrahim was tried in a highly visible court case on a variety of politically inspired charges, those charges did not include leading a religious opposition movement. He had been serving as deputy prime minister of Malaysia. Analysts spoke of him as “an unabashed globalist well suited to the modern world of markets and media,” and many spoke of him as a “liberal.” Following his arrest, his supporters formed the Parti Keadilan Nasional (National Justice Party) under the leadership of his wife, Wan Azizah Ismail, in what many people recognized was the effort “to pick up the banner of Anwar’s struggling reformasi (reform) movement aimed at . . . ushering in an era of democracy and political openness.” This transformation from a “charismatic” leader of an Islamic “fundamentalist” group into a globalist liberal advocating Southeast Asian reformasi appears dramatic. However, the change is more a measure of the transformation the religiopolitical context, both globally and in Malaysia, than a reflection of a dramatic change in the faith and views of Anwar Ibrahim himself.6 As in many places, what was politically marginal in the r97os became main-stream by the end of the twentieth century.
At Polar Ends of the Spectrum: Ear y Christian Ebionites and Marcionites
Authors: Ehrman Bart D
Published: November 2023

To say that one of the ensured results of historical scholarship is that Jesus was a Jew may sound a bit trite, like saying that one of the assured results of modern science is that paper is combustible. Still, not even a century ago, the Jewishness of Jesus was a matter of real dispute among serious scholars of ancient Christianity. Moreover, throughout the history of the Christian church, even when Jesus’ Jewish identity has not been denied it has been compromised, overlooked, or ignored. No one who working in the field of New Testament scholarship today, however, sees Jesus’ Jewishness as contentious on the one hand or insignificant on the other. Jesus was Jewish, and any evaluation of his words, deeds, and fate needs to keep that constantly in mind.
Cyclops
Authors: Mchugh Heather , Konstan David
Published: November 2023

Based on the conviction that only translators who write poetry themselves can properly re-create the celebrated and timeless tragedies of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, the Greek Tragedy in New Translations series offers new translations that go beyond the literal meaning of the Greek in order to evoke the poetry of the originals. Under the general editorship of Peter Burian and Alan Shapiro, each volume includes a critical introduction, commentary on the text, full stage directions, and a glossary of the mythical and geographical references in the play. Brimming with lusty comedy and horror, this new version of Euripides’ only extant satyr play has been refreshed with all the salty humor, vigorous music, and dramatic shapeliness available in modern American English. Driven by storms onto the shores of the Cyclops’ island, Odysseus and his men find that the Cyclops has already enslaved a company of Greeks. When some of Odysseus’ crew are seized and eaten by the Cyclops, Odysseus resorts to spectacular stratagems to free his crew and escape the island. In this powerful work, prize-winning poet Heather McHugh and respected classicist David Konstan combine their talents to create this unusually strong and contemporary tragic-comedy marked by lively lyricism and moral subtlety.
Characters
Authors: Mchugh Heather , Konstan David
Published: November 2023

Line numbers in the right-hand margin of the text refer to the English translation only, and the Notes on the text at p. 69 are keyed to these lines. The bracketed line numbers in the running head lines refer to the Greek text.
The Development of Individual Identity and Consciousness among Movements of the Left and Right
Authors: Klatch Rebecca E
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the effects of internal and external factors on the development of individual political consciousness and identity, as well as on the mobilization and course of social movements. I analyze the effects of these factors on movements of the Left and Right by considering activists involved in two predominant groups of the 1960s: Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) on the Left and Young Americans for Freedom (YAF) on the Right. This chapter is part of a larger project that compares women and men who were active in SDS and YAF, tracing their paths from early childhood, through the radicalizing events of the 1960s, up to their adult lives (Klatch 1999). Other studies focus on the collective identity of social movements; this study focuses on the formation and development of individual consciousness and political identity. Also, studies within social movements often focus on a single case; this study compares movements of the Left and Right, allowing for analysis of the differences as well as the parallels and overlaps in the development of consciousness and identity of activists in opposing movements.

In examining external factors, I use Karl Mannheim’s theory of generations to understand how historical location and differences in social background generated two opposing wings of the 1960s generation, with divergent political consciousness and identity. I analyze two internal factors: the importance of peers in solidifying commitment to a movement and in helping articulate and develop a broader analysis or framing of issues, and the effect of an organization’s size on activists’ experiences and views and the development of a movement.
Meaning and Structure in Social Movements
Authors: Whittier Nancy
Published: November 2023

The chapters in this book outline a new theoretical approach to social movements, which, in this view, are not self-contained. State structures, dominant cultures, and civil society shape movements, and, in turn, movements can reshape the states, policies, civil societies, and cultures within which they operate. Social movements are neither fixed nor narrowly bounded in space, time, or membership. Instead, they are made up of shifting clusters of organizations, networks, communities, and activist individuals, connected by participation in challenges and collective identities through which participants define the boundaries and significance of their group. Like movements, states and institutions also have structure, engage in action, and construct meaning. Like movements, states are not unified actors but are composed of specific organizations, campaigns, ideologies, factions, and individuals. These are grounded in particular organizational contexts and relationships, alliances, chains of command, and power struggles, and in legitimizing discourses and collective identities. This multilayered view of social movements highlights the interplay between collective identities, political opportunities, and culture and gives us a complex view of movements and their impact. In this chapter, I will lay out such an approach, outlining four basic assumptions. I will then move to a discussion of the state of knowledge about how meaning, structure, and internal and external dynamics interact to shape movement structure, strategies, and meanings.
On The Translation
Authors: Gibbons Reginald , Segal Charles
Published: November 2023

Some nuances of the text of Antigone, as of every Greek tragedy, must have been thrown into view by performance, especially since this was so stylized—the language markedly different from speech, many passages chanted or sung to accompanying music and dance, the dialogue exchanges punctuated by commentary within the play itself in the form of the choral odes. And the actors’ masks would have shifted all facial expressiveness to the voice and body. The very artiflicality of ancient performance could not help calling attention to the language itself rather than to action or the apparent personalities of the characters (something in which we take more interest than did the ancient Greek poets, for whom the play was an exploration not so much of character as of ultimate questions of human fate and freedom). We do not know how ancient audiences reacted to the theatrical convention of actors changing roles, yet surely the stagecraft would have had some effect on the audience’s sense of the language they were hearing.
Antigone
Authors: Gibbons Reginald , Segal Charles
Published: November 2023

eteokles and polyneikes, sons of self-blinded oidipous, have been at war, eteokles having refused to alternate the rule of Thebes with his brother, as he had promised, and polyneikes having led an army of military allies from Argos against the city. oidipous had put a curse on his two sons that they would kill each other, and in fact, on the day before the play opens, amidst battles surrounding the city, these two older brothers of antigone and ismene—eteokles, defending one of the seven gates of Thebes, and polyneikes, leading the attack against him—have fought and killed each other. Now, well before dawn in Thebes, the sisters antigone and ismene are standing—surprisingly—outside the great main doors of the house where they were born and where, under the guardianship of their uncle, kreon (their dead mother’s brother), they have again been living since the death of oidipous. polyneikes’ Argive alliance has now retreated during the night and abandoned the war and its dead warriors, whose bodies lie on the plains outside the walls of Thebes.
What is a Nymph?
Authors: Larson Jennifer
Published: November 2023

Scholars face a taxonomic dilemma in discussing the female figures of Greek mythology and cult. If the female under discussion is not a well-recognized goddess, one must decide (in the absence of convenient labeling by the ancient sources) whether to refer to her as a mortal woman (that is, a heroine), as a nymph, or as a member of some other group. Did the Greeks make a significant conceptual distinction between heroines and nymphs, and if so, what factors were used to distinguish them? No detailed discussion of these questions exists, and the matter of nomenclature has so far been idiosyncratic.
Gods, Goddesses, and Nymphs
Authors: Larson Jennifer
Published: November 2023

The nymphs’ relations with the Olympian gods, particularly Zeus and Poseidon, are usually envisioned in terms of abduction and sexual contact, which lead to colonization and the birth of eponymous heroes. These relationships are discussed in chapter 4. The focus of the present discussion is the special attraction between the nymphs, deities of the untamed or partially tamed landscape, and those gods who have strong rural or pastoral associations. In these cases, the relationships are sometimes best described as familial (Dionysos and his nurses, the rivers as fathers of nymphs) and sometimes as sexual (nymphs and silens).
Lore of the Nymphs in the Greek World
Authors: Larson Jennifer
Published: November 2023

In the sections that follow, I draw upon a wide spectrum of evidence to reconstruct, as far as possible, the nymph lore that belongs to each part of the ancient Greek world. The most useful literary sources for this task are the Greek poets, especially Homer, the Hesiodic corpus, the fragments of Greek epic, and Pindar; the fragments of the classical and Hellenistic Greek logographers and historians; and finally, the numerous histories and compilations of mythological, linguistic, and geographical information produced during the Roman Imperial period. Other evidence is provided by excavation reports, inscriptions, and above all, coins.
Secularization and the Worldliness of Theology
Authors: Anderson Victor
Published: November 2023

Cultural analysis is an intellectual practice. It is deeply rooted in and dependent on sociological unit ideas derived from the tradition of social theory. Unit ideas such as community and society, authority and legitimacy, status and class, power and domination, alienation and marginalization, and the sacred and secular continue to influence contemporary analysis of cultural practices. In cultural analysis, these categories are used as lenses through which to describe features of social life. The categories of cultural analysis may also disclose problems with and distortions to a particular social subject, whether the individual, groups, or classes. They may also guide one’s critique of particular institutions such as government, markets, labor, the academy, or a particular intellectual discipline such as academic theology. This essay is consistent with this third orientation of cultural analysis. That is, I use the categories of marginalization and secularization as a dual lens through which to discuss and understand critiques of academic theology entailed in much of the content of contemporary social criticism.
In the Raw: African American Cultural Memory and Theological Reflection
Authors: Pinn Anthony B
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I explore how attention to cultural production can enhance theological reflection in the following ways: (r) I discuss current uses of cultural production℄various sites of cultural memory—in African American theology; (2) I rethink collective memory and cultural resources by arguing that collective cultural memory is fragile if not fractured, and I assess the theological ramifications of fragile cultural memory; (3) I outline archaeological resources and the process of archaeological theology. The relationship between theology and cultural analysis guiding this discussion is as follows. Theology, at its best, is dependent upon cultural production as a means to understand the expression and substance of religious experience. Theology benefits from cultural analysis because the latter helps theology explore cultural production in all its complexity. Furthermore, cultural analysis can benefit from the sensitivity to religious sensibilities that undoubtedly guide cultural productions.
Between the Tariqa and the Shari’a: The Making of the Female Self
Authors: Butorovic Amila
Published: November 2023

This essay discusses the ways Muslim women have configured their spirituality within the Sufi tradition of Islam. While it agrees with previous studies that argue that Sufism allows for a much more individualistic spiritual growth than mainstream religious teachings, the essay attempts to problematize these mainly phenomenological views of Sufi inclusiveness that do not take into consideration the historical complexities associated with the emergence and development of the Sufi path. The essay argues that Sufi practices have always been in a dialectical relationship with the dominant religious discourse and, as such, have reflected many of its social ambiguities and practices, including those concerned with gender relations. Therefore, Sufi women’s participation in the mystical path has never been a simple one: rather, it has been predicated on their ability to navigate through the social constructions-Sufi and non—Sufi alike—of gender and public/private space. In that process, women mystics have left a powerful legacy that adds to the Sufi path a new metaphoric depth and a great symbolic diversity yet does not effect in any transformative way Muslim women’s social status.
Mother, Maiden, Child: Gender as Performance in The Book of Margery Kempe
Authors: Bradford Clare
Published: November 2023

The Book of Margery Kempe (1438) is frequently characterized as the first autobiography in English. The subject of the Book, however, is not the “I” of first-person narration but is referred to by way of third-person narration, in the introduction as “a synful caytyf” (Windeatt 1985:1) and throughout the Book as “this creatur.” This feature enacts a gap between Margery Kempe and her Book, prohibiting any simple or unproblematic identification of Kempe the author with the Margery Kempe constructed through the narrative of the Book. In another distancing strategy, the process of writing the Book is self-consciously present within it, since the narrative is, in part, about Margery’s difficulties in producing a narrative: finding trustworthy scribes; persuading them to invest their time in transcribing her narrative; convincing them that they will suffer no ill effects through association with her; quite simply, getting the task done. For Margery Kempe is represented in the proem to the Book as illiterate but educated, a combination difficult to imagine in our century, when knowledge is identified with literacy, but not in the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries, when there existed a robust tradition of oral transmission of instruction and stories through sermons, mystery plays, liturgical forms, and the practice of reading aloud to an audience.
The Future of Feminist Spiritualities
Authors: Devlin-Glass Frances , McCredden Lyn
Published: November 2023

We hope that the essays in this book will awaken a desire in their readers to embrace the future, exploring new modes of understanding and practising spirituality. Or do they underline the fierce grip of centuries-old patriarchy on the lives, imaginations, and sacred insights of women? New insights come about from engagement of intellectual rigor and from broader cultural practices and experiences, both personal and communal. There is a clear range of new directions that find a voice in these essays, each one the result of contemporary women asking what it might mean to think and act with an awareness of the spiritual. The future-directed, intertwined areas that emerge in this book might be listed in the following way: critical utopic thinking; historical recuperation and remapping; earthed spirituality; engagement in the representational agenda; ecofeminism; redefining the liberal humanist agenda; poststructuralist interventions; psychoanalysis and redefinings of female identity; new modes of women’s writing; performativity; post-coloniality.
Usurpation of Status and Status Symbols in the Roman Empire
Authors: Reinhold Meyer
Published: November 2023

The Basic Organizational Principle of the Social Systems of the ancient world was hierarchic structure, but social mobility existed in varying degrees. Roman society evolved into one of the most hierarchic and status conscious social orders in human history. In the imperial period, under the influence of the socio-political philosophy of Augustus, the Romans developed the highest degree and diversity of formal social stratification,1 and at the same time the highest incidence of social mobility in antiquity.
Human Nature as Cause in Ancient Historiography
Authors: Reinhold Meyer
Published: November 2023

A number of Ancient Iiistorians Consciously and Edacity isolated ‘human nature’ as a specific causative factor, or subjected events to analyses based on the presumed existence of such an operant force. This chapter engages this delimited aspect of ancient historiography.
The Declaration of War against Cleopatra
Authors: Reinhold Meyer
Published: November 2023

Paramount in the Political Tactics Of Octavian in 32 B.C. was the conversion of the de facto civil conflict with Antony and his adherents into a helium external with Cleopatra as queen of Egypt. The surviving sources dramatize the manoeuvre by featuring antithetically the datum that declaration of war, at the end of October 32, was issued against Cleopatra, not Antony.1 They do not, however, specify the formal charges against Cleopatra detailed in justification of a custom pique helium in accordance with Roman public law. The savage propaganda campaign unleashed against Cleopatra poured out a flood of extravagant indictments and recriminations (lust, whoring, incest, use of magic and drugs, drunkenness, animal worship, rampant luxury) that have echoed down through the ages in history, literature, and the popular image of her.2 A formal declaration of war, however, required a diplomatically formulated bill of particulars.
In Praise of Cassius Dia
Authors: Reinhold Meyer
Published: November 2023

In Using casern’s Mo’s History Of Rome to Help us Reconstruct the course of events, we are so much on the qui vive to single out defects, and to point the finger at him when he nods, misinterprets, or distorts that we tend to slight or pass by the solid contributions he often makes to our knowledge. Greater alertness to his virtues as an historian, to the valuable, sometimes unique interpretations and information he provides, is needed to achieve a more balanced perception of Dio’s work.
Epochē and Śūnyatā : Skepticism East and West
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

I emphasize these points because many modern writers—following Kant and earlier usage introduced by Berkeley, a usage muddied (though in constructive ways) by Hume—urge that a central task of philosophy is to “answer the skeptic”: to show, presumably, that what the skeptic denies to be possible is in fact not only possible, but actual.
Buddhism and Democracy
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

The question is important for several reasons: first, we indeed have in Buddhism and in liberal democratic theory two prima facie plausible frameworks for value, and their independent plausibility leads immediately to the question of their compatibility. Second, each framework has staked a claim to a central role in the global quest for human rights and justice, and indeed partisans of each have used the other in defense of their respective frameworks.
Compactness
Authors: Katz Jonathan I
Published: November 2023

Ten years before physicists and electrical engineers discovered gamma-ray bursts, astronomers discovered quasars. The astronomers were using large optical telescopes to search for the origin of strong cosmic radio sources. Radio telescopes produce only fuzzy images (like a myopic person trying to read fine print), and the earliest radio telescopes, built in the 1950s, were particularly poor. It was clear that radio waves came from the Sun, Jupiter, the center of our galaxy, the remains of exploded stars (supernovas), and a few bright nearby galaxies, but the identifications of most radio sources were not apparent, leading to a mystery very similar to that of the origin of gamma-ray bursts.
Afterglows
Authors: Katz Jonathan I
Published: November 2023

By 1993 most astronomers were convinced, on the basis of the BATSE data and apparently sound theoretical arguments, that gamma-ray bursts occur at cosmological distances, and that they involve relativistic expansion with Lorentz factors of one hundred or more. A convincing argument is only the beginning; it needs empirical confirmation.

Cosmological distances had a straightforward, and testable, implication—that if lines could be found in the spectra of gamma-ray bursts, they would show large redshifts. Their wavelengths would be multiplied by factors of 1.5, 2, 3 or more compared to their laboratory values.
The End of the Beginning
Authors: Katz Jonathan I
Published: November 2023

The end of the Gamma-Ray Observatory and BATSE in June 2000 put a temporary stop to the search for optical counterparts, because no longer would ROTSE and LOTIS be alerted when a burst was happening. They would still study variable stars, comets, and asteroids, for which their wide fields of view make them powerful tools, as they had whenever not alerted by GCN that BATSE was observing a burst.

This will not be the end of gamma-ray-burst astronomy, nor of the study of their visible counterparts.
Cadenza: Earth Might Be Fair
Authors: Ogilvy James A
Published: November 2023

Throughout this final chapter, the musical leit-motif that justifies the title is the playful dance of freedom rather than determinism, play as op posed to work, art as opposed to science, creativity as opposed to engineering, freedom as opposed to necessity. This business of better futures cannot be a grim calculation of the necessary. Instead, scenarios are stories about what might be possible. Don’t expect a rigorous proof for what must be done; only some suggestions for what might be done, and why, given all that has gone before, that’s the best we should hope for.
E
Authors: Castro Rafaela G
Published: November 2023

Labeled a folk illness, this medical condition is caused when undigested food sticks to part of the gastrointestinal tract, which can result in a hard ball forming in the stomach, sometimes with swelling involved. The condition may cause an internal fever, stomach pains, and possibly great thirst. Children suffer the most from this folk illness because they may not chew their food well, swallow gum, or otherwise not eat well. Some believe it can be caused by forcing children to eat food they don’t like. It is not an illness that is caused or can be treated by witchcraft. This condition is not always recognized by Western doctors, and Mexican Americans may seek the help of a curandero, or a sobador, a person who knows how to massage. A sobador may massage the abdomen or the back behind the stomach to dislodge the food that is stuck. Usually, family members know how to treat a condition like empacho, by either giving a laxative to clean out the stomach, giving an herb tea such as yerba buena (mint) or manzanilla (chamomile), or stroking the stomach with olive oil.
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Authors: Castro Rafaela G
Published: November 2023

A derogatory term used to describe Anglo or white Americans. The word was originally used by the Spaniards when referring to the French and comes from the Spanish word gave, meaning “a current of water” from a mountain torrent in the Pyrenees. It is an insulting term that can be found in decimas (ballads similar to the corrido) that expressed extreme hostility against Maximilian’s French troops in the 1860s. By the 1930s it was found to be used for Anglo Americans by Mexican Americans in El Paso, San Antonio, and Los Angeles. America Paredes stated that it was not until the 1960s that gavacho was used in Mexico City. The extension of the word to agavachado creates a new word used as a critical expression leveled at a Chicano who is considered to be too anglicized. During the 1970s, Chicano students at the University of Oregon in Eugene used a shortened version, gava, to refer to an Anglo student, usually not in a pleasant manner, as in “todo el financial aid es para los gavas” (all of the financial aid is for the Anglos).
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Authors: Castro Rafaela G
Published: November 2023

A jacal is a hut or shack, but in south and west Texas it refers to a specific type of structure that was home to the Tejano of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Jacales were the first houses built by the Spanish settlers in 1749 and became the houses of the mestizo (mixed-race) population of Texas. Constructed from posts and mud, with the vertical posts embedded in the ground, tied together with rawhide, and covered with a mixture of mud or clay, it is similar to the adobe house of New Mexico, except that the mud was not formed into bricks. The roofs were made of dried weeds, cane thatched with tule, straw, or coarse grass. Some of the straw roofs lasted for thirty or more years. Usually jacales were only one room, measuring twelve by twelve feet, and blankets covered the door and window, but they were well insulated, keeping out heat and cold, and lasting for many years. Construction of jacales started in the eighteenth century and persisted into the early twentieth century; it is identified with the Tejano way of life. When the Anglo Americans moved into Texas they too lived injacales until their “big houses” were built, but their vaqueros (cowboys) continued to live in jacales in clusters surrounding the ranches. To this day many people on the Mexican side of the border still live in jacales. The grandparents and parents of many Chicano baby boomers were born and raised in Tejano jacales, and the expression “nae( en un jacal” (I was born in a hut) has often been heard as the beginning line of a cuento (story).
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Authors: Castro Rafaela G
Published: November 2023

From the Spanish word nacer, nacimiento is the name for a Christmas nativity scene. In the Southwest the creation of nacimientos has been a tradition since the seventeenth century. A nacimiento may resemble a religious altar in that it is an assemblage of many articles and objects, all depicting the recent birth of Jesus Christ in the manger, but a nacimiento can also include other Christmasrelated images, biblical scenes, and possibly artifacts relating to the life experiences of the creator. The set of the nacimiento can vary in size from a small table to half a room, or to the whole front yard of a home. Outdoor nacimientos will have life-size figures of Mary and Joseph and various other biblical characters and animals. This custom is not particular to the Chicano community, and nativity scenes can be found throughout the country during the Christmas season. It is thought that Saint Francis of Assisi is the saint responsible for much of the veneration of the infant Jesus, and the custom of creating nativity scenes or monuments to the birth of Christ has been going on for hundreds of years.
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Authors: Castro Rafaela G
Published: November 2023

Chicano wedding rituals vary from state to state in the Southwest and the Midwest, often incorporating emerging American customs, but there are still common traditions that originate with Catholicism and the Spanish heritage that are shared from community to community. The Spanish word for a wedding is bocla, meaning “nuptials,” and often Chicanos will call a wedding celebration La Boda. The southwestern region with the most researched and documented wedding customs is New Mexico, because the descendents of the early Hispanos have been conscious of describing and writing down their traditions. For instance Fabiola Cabeza de Baca, Cleofas Jaramillo, and Nina Otero all wrote about the weddings of northern New Mexico. In her book The Good Life. Fabiola Cabeza de Baca has a brief chapter on wedding traditions, including recipes and a detailed description of the preparation of the food.
World Events and Career Experiences, A Personal Perspective
Authors: Mizruchi Mark S
Published: November 2023

I started college as a math major, but I was also interested in world events. It was the early 1970s; the student movement was in decline; a progressive presidential candidate, George McGovern, had just been soundly defeated; and I wanted to know why. Like many students of that generation, my quest for understanding eventually led me to Marxism. Elements of a crude, unconscious Marxism were already present in my worldview, but I now began to read Marx and Marxist literature, trying to figure out why American workers had not revolted against capitalism. I gradually reached the conclusion that they were victims of “false consciousness.” Their hostility toward students and the poor rather than big business reflected their inability to see the “true” sources of their malaise. The cause of this malady, I reasoned, must be big business itself, that is, the capitalist class.
In Defense of Foxes
Authors: Winship Christopher
Published: November 2023

There is a line among the fragments of the Greek poet Archilochus which says, “The fox knows many things, but the hedgehog knows one big thing.” ... Taken figuratively, the words can be made to yield a sense in which they mark one of the deepest differences which divide writer and thinkers, and it may be, human beings in general. For there exists a great chasm between those, on one side, who relate everything to a single central vision, one system, less or more coherent or articulate, in terms of which they understand, think and feel-a single, universal, organising principle in terms of which alone all they are and say has significance-and on the other side, those who pursue many ends, often unrelated and even contradictory, connected, if at all, only in some de facto way, for some psychological or physiological cause, related by no moral or aesthetic principle.
Professional Rebellions and Personal Researches, or How I Became Bored with Myself
Authors: Gamson Joshua
Published: November 2023

I was never much of a rebel. I was a shy and sometimes angry child, but my tantrums were generally directed at myself or at inanimate objects and only occasionally landed on my parents. As a teenager, when I really ought to have been hating my parents and differentiating myself from them, I found that they did little more than get on my nerves. I would call home if I was going to be late, brush my teeth if I had smoked pot, and get their permission to have a party when they were out of town. I tended to like my room neat, and sometimes I would even tell them what was going on in my life. This was always my style: as a good kid at school and at home, I pretty much got the freedom to do as I liked. Also, my parents had given me little to rebel against. I went to a public alternative high school with my parents’ full support, where kids did drugs and carved “HELP” and “FUCK” into their arms and got physical education credit for walking to school.
Abbreviation or Aberration: The Role of the Shushògi in Modern Sòtò Zen Buddhism
Authors: Heine Steven
Published: November 2023

Although karmic retribution for evil actions invariably infiltrates all three stages of time, the act of repentance [zange] transforms and lessens the effects considerably, and results in the eradication of wrongdoing or sin [metsuzai] and the attainment of purity. There-fore, let us repent before the Buddha in all sincerity, and realize that when we do this the merit-power of repentance not only saves and purifies us, it also stimulates the growth within us of pure, doubtfree faith and earnest effort. When pure faith appears it changes others just as it changes us, and its benefits encompass all beings, both animate and inanimate. Shushògi Sòtò Zen (or the Sòtò-shu) is the largest of the three Zen sects in Japan by far and, with 10 million adherents, stands as one of the larger of the traditional forms of Buddhism.1 Its 14,000 affiliated temples rank as the greatest number for any Buddhist institutional network, and it enjoys a growing clerical community of monks, nuns, temple priests, and ordained lay leaders. Like the other Japanese sects, Sòtò has survived challenges stemming from a variety of internal and external forces and pressures in the modern period, beginning with the Meiji Restoration in 1868 that caused a general decline of Buddhist influence.