bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FLUXO DE CH4 EM ÁREA DE FLORESTA ÁS MARGENS DO RIO ARAGUAIA - MT
Authors: Costa Gabriel Brito , Rocha Humberto Ribeiro da , Freitas Hélber Custódio de
Published: August 2016

The aim of this study was to estimate the methane flux in an area of upland forest on the Araguaia River margin, in Santa Terezinha - MT, 15 km far from the LBA project flux measurement tower on the Bananal island - TO. For this a micrometeorological tower was installed on the river margin, with climatic variables sensors, eddy covariance and methane concentration by open optical path and closed in days of the rainy season in the region. Estimates of CH4 concentration showed good correlation between the sensors, with the highest concentrations at night and lower concentrations during the day, likely effect of differences between CLN and CLC, and averages around 1.8 ppm, near to that found in other sites upland forest. Both the river and the forest are sources of methane to the atmosphere. with a higher methane flux from river directions, being double the average of the direction from forest, but the daytime maximum of the forest direction are larger and can reach up to 30 nmol m-2 s-1.
VARIABILIDADE SAZONAL E INTERANUAL DO MICROCLIMA EM ÁREA DE FLORESTA NO SUDOESTE DA AMAZÔNIA
Authors: Andrade Nara Luisa Reis de , Sanches Luciana , Aguiar Renata Gonçalves , Ribeiro João Gilberto de Souza , Pinto Junior Osvaldo Borges
Published: August 2016

The Amazon is a recognized global ecosystem, due to its high biodiversity and the magnitude of the mass and energy exchanges performed. In this study it sought to analyze the seasonal and interannual variations of microclimate in a site of tropical forest in southwestern Amazon. For this purpose, net radiation data were used, air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed collected in a micrometeorological tower belonging to the LBA, located in Jaru Biological Reserve, from 2004 to 2010. The results showed that existence of well-defined seasonal patterns was verified, with variations between wet, wet-dry, dry, dry-humid periods for all variables in question. Yet, through analysis of the interannual variations were observed warming of the increment signs and decreased moisture in the locality. This observation, although patchy, deserves special attention, since changes in the microclimate in the Amazon region may have yet unknown consequences.
SOLUÇÃO ANALÍTICA PARA UM MODELO DE DISPERSÃO DE POLUENTES COM REAÇÃO FOTOQUÍMICA NA CAMADA LIMITE ATMOSFÉRICA
Authors: Weymar Guilherme Jahnecke , Bodmann Bardo Ernst Josef , Buske Daniela , Carvalho Jonas Da Costa , Vilhena Marco Túllio Menna Barreto de
Published: August 2016

This paper presents an analytical solution for three-dimensional advection-diffusion equation applied to the dispersion of reactive pollutants emitted into the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (PBL). Some substances when emitted in PBL suffer photochemical reactions, so a source term is included in the advection-diffusion equation to represent this reaction, turning the model more realistic. The pollutant concentration fields obtained by the proposed solution are compared with the mixing ratio data obtained by monitoring the air quality in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre. With the analysis of the results can be seen that the inclusion of the term proposed to represent a photochemical reaction of a reactive pollutant, a is a new proposal for the prediction of pollutant concentration in PBL.
ANÁLISE DE CONVERGÊNCIA DO MÉTODO GILTT PARA PROBLEMAS EM DISPERSÃO DE POLUENTES NA ATMOSFERA
Authors: Buske Daniela , Petersen Cláudio Zen , Quadros Régis Sperotto de , Gonçalves Glênio Aguiar , Contreira Juliana Ávila
Published: August 2016

In this paper, we present a convergence analysis of the GILTT method for pollutant dispersion problems consolidating the solution of the problem in analytical representation. There have been many advances in the GILTT technique over the past few years. The advection-diffusion equation was solved for the multidimensional case and applied to various situations, mainly in pollutant dispersion. The theorem of Cauchy-Kowalewsky guarantees the existence and uniqueness of an analytic solution for the advection-diffusion equation. In this paper, we present a convergence analysis for the GILTT method to pollutant dispersion problems. Numerical results are presented.
VARIÁVEIS METEOROLÓGICAS EM ÁREAS DE FLORESTA E PASTAGEM NA AMAZÔNIA OCIDENTAL EM ANOS DE EVENTOS EXTREMOS
Authors: Nascimento Jayne Soares Martins do , Aguiar Renata Gonçalves , Webler Alberto Dresch , Fischer Graciela Redies , Aguiar Leonardo José Gonçalves , Ruezzene Camila Bermond
Published: August 2016

Deforestation in the Amazon comes from historical contexts which date from the colonization of the region. Several studies have identified climate change from the conversion of forests into agricultural systems. So, this study aimed to identify possible differences in the behavior of the specific humidity, air temperature and net radiation due to conversion of forest to pasture, using data corresponding to extreme event years, once these have occurred in short period of time. Therefore, it was used measures of the variables of a tropical rain forest area and a pasture area, where there are two towers belonging to the Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia - LBA. The measurements correspond to the years of 2005 and 2010, which occurred drought events, and 2009, a year that occurred a flood period. For each variable were calculated hourly means of each site, separated by year and by period. It was found that the years with dry events showed greater variability in all variables, especially in the dry period of the mentioned years, being the pasture the most affected area. Understanding this dynamic enables better planning in agricultural activities in the region.
ESTIMATIVA DA PROBABILIDADE DE OCORRÊNCIA DE PRECIPITAÇÃO, A PARTIR DE TÉCNICAS ESTATÍSTICAS NÃO PARAMÉTRICAS APLICADAS A SIMULAÇÕES NUMÉRICAS DE WRF. UM CASO DE ESTUDO
Authors: Rodríguez Lissette Guzmán , Anabor Vagner , Puhales Franciano Scremin , Piva Everson Dal
Published: August 2016

In this paper was  used the  kernel density estimation (KDE),  a nonparametric method to estimate the probability density function of a random variable, to obtain a probabilistic  precipitation forecast, from an ensemble prediction with the  WRF model. The nine members of the prediction were obtained by varying the convective parameterization of the model, for a heavy precipitation event in southern Brazil. Evaluating the results, the estimated probabilities  obtained for periods of 3 and 24 hours, and various thresholds of precipitation, were compared with the estimated precipitation of the TRMM, without showing a clear morphological correspondence between them. For  accumulated in 24 hours, it was possible to compare the specific values of the observations of INMET, finding better coherence between the observations and the predicted probabilities. Skill scores were calculated from contingency tables,  for different ranks of probabilities, and the forecast of heavy rain had higher proportion correct in all ranks of probabilities, and forecasted precipitation with probability of 75%, for any threshold, did not produce false alarms. Furthermore, the precipitation of lower intensity with marginal probability was over-forecasted, showing also higher index of false alarms.
ANÁLISE DINÂMICA DE UM MODELO SIMPLIFICADO PARA A CAMADA LIMITE ATMOSFÉRICA NOTURNA
Authors: Rodrigues Áttila Leães , Costa Felipe Denardin , Santos Daniel Michelon dos , Medeiros Luiz Eduardo , Acevedo Otávio Costa
Published: August 2016

The complexity of the atmospheric flow in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) is particularly increased at night. On nights withclear skies and light winds is common the suppression of the turbulence and its rise in a localized and intermittent way, in bothtime and space. The intermittent turbulence in the stable boundary layer (SBL) usually depends on thermal and mechanicalforcings that control the production and destruction of turbulence in the flow under these conditions. Thus, in this work, thesolutions of a simplified atmospheric model, that is able to reproduce the intermittent behavior of tubulência in CLE, will beanalyzed in terms of external parameters that have direct influence on the turbulence behavior in the nocturnal atmospheric flow.The analysis of the stability diagrams shows the presence of periodic regions immersed in regions with great complexity, that is afeature present in many chaotic dynamic systems.
UM ESTUDO DO EFEITO DE OBSTRUÇÕES NO ESCOAMENTO DE SUBMESO NA CAMADA LIMITE CONVECTIVA
Authors: Guerra Viviane Da Silva , Acevedo Otávio Costa , Medeiros Luiz Eduardo , Battisti Adriano , Dill Thaís Freitas
Published: August 2016

The equations built over the years in the study of planetary boundary layer, although often based on experimental level, were created to idealized situations like, homogeneous surfaces flat, free from obstacles and steady state conditions. However such homogeneity situation is far from reality, because the earth’s surface features a large variability in topography, ground cover and urban areas. This paper presents a proposal to show the influence of the variability of the local surface as the obstacle effect on the flow in the timescale still small known, the Submeso in Convective Boundary Layer. To prove this effect was found a Transmission Factor for each wind sector in the eight micrometeorological stations present in the experimental site of Pedras Altas in the Pampa region in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Such Transmission Factor confirm the local influence of obstacles in filtering flow enabling identification of which quadrant the wind is more or less obstructed and even check in climbing time to osbtrução exerts greater impact.
PERFILADOR DE VENTO NO CENTRO DE LANÇAMENTO DE ALCÂNTARA: UMA ANÁLISE ESTATÍSTICA
Authors: Custodio Diogo Machado , Yamasaki Jorge , Quinsan Junior Hildo Romeo , Fisch Gilberto Fernando
Published: August 2016

Monitoring the atmospheric conditions is one of the main activities in Aerospace Meteorology. During the launch spacecraft operations, measuring the wind at various atmospheric layers is crucial to mission success. In the Alcantara Launch Center operates a Wind Profiler (WP) Vaisala LAP-12000 which provides vertical profiles of wind between 1500 and 6000m of altitude, in layers of 145m, at intervals of 10 minutes. This study conducts a statistical analysis over one year of data obtained with WP by comparison with Vaisala RS92SGP radiosondes (RS). Correlation (ρ) analyses were performed on wind speed and its zonal and meridional components; and mean and standard deviation (σ) of the differences between the zonal and meridional components. The results has shown a strong correlation between the data acquired with both instruments, with ρ > 0,75 and σ 6 3m/s in all performed analyses.
IDENTIFICATION AND ESTIMATION OF THE PERIOD OF NON TURBULENT OSCILLATORY PROCESSES IN THE STABLE BOUNDARY LAYER THROUGH AUTOCORRELATION FUNCTIONS
Authors: Schuster Cristiano Henrique , Schuster Jean Jonathan , Stüker Eduardo , Santos Daniel Michelon dos , Medeiros Luiz Eduardo , Costa Felipe Denardin , Martins Luis Gustavo Nogueira , Demarco Giuliano , Acevedo Otávio Costa
Published: August 2016

The autocorrelation function of the flow speed components, measures the relationship that the speed in a certain instant, has with the speed at an earlier instant. In some conditions, in the atmospheric flow, this autocorrelation presents a low frequency oscillatory shape, presenting negative lobes. This behavior is known as meandering phenomenon and becomes prevalent in low wind conditions. The objective of this study is to compare the adjustments of autocorrelation functions, present in the literature, with trial of the experimental data of FLOOSS II experiment, for determining the meandering oscillation period. Initially, three selection criteria were used to select the windows of analysis. Among the criteria the magnitude of the wind showed the most satisfactory. The fitting curves showed that both autocorrelation functions performed well, even with a large variability of oscillation periods that were found. The great variability in the oscillation period of the meandering phenomena can be associated with the nature of the physical phenomenon that is responsible for its origin. However, this hypothesis needs confirmation.
DUTOS TROPOSFÉRICOS E A ESTRUTURA DA CAMADA LIMITE PLANETÁRIA NA REGIÃO DE PETROLINA
Authors: Sousa Leandro Fontes de , Correia Magaly De Fatima , Aragão Maria Regina da Silva , Ribeiro Roberta Everllyn Pereira
Published: August 2016

The planetary boundary layer (PBL) structure is investigated focusing on days with low-tropospheric ducts occurrence in the Petrolina-PE region, in the period from 1 to 29 April 2014. Ducts identification and the estimative of the PBL top/height and its dynamic and thermodynamic characterization is based on 12 UTC upper-air soundings launched at the altitude station of Petrolina. Surface ducts are associated with high instability and wind speed intensification in the surface layer. Ducts at the PBL top (elevated ducts) are associated with a decrease in the moisture content of the air and a wind speed maximum, above the PBL, in the low-troposphere.
ANÁLISE DAS EMISSÕES ATMOSFÉRICAS DE FONTES MÓVEIS PARA A CIDADE PELOTAS – RS
Authors: Silva Karen Leandra Ávila da , Alonso Marcelo Félix , Oliveira Lucijacy Pereira de
Published: August 2016

This study aimed to establish an vehicular emissions inventory to the Pelotas city, for the 2012 base year. An analysis of vehicular emissions was proposed to the CO, NOx and NMHC atmospheric pollutants, following the methodology proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The vehicle fleet data was obtained from the National Traffic Department (DENATRAN-RS), resumed in five vehicle categories (light vehicles, light commercial vehicles, trucks, motorcycle and bus). The categorization of fuel consumed (gasoline, alcohol, biofuel and diesel) follows distribution obtained from the National Agency of Vehicle Manufacturer (Anfavea) and emission factors have been corrected by the deterioration factor, according to the methodology proposed in the National Inventory of vehicle emissions. As evidenced in inventory results, automobiles (totaling 59% of Pelotas fleet) accounted for approximately 63% of the emission of CO and 72% of NMHC emissions. As expected, the heavy vehicles (trucks / buses) accounted for 76% of NOx emissions in the city. It was estimated that the fleet vehicle Pelotas emits 11,497 tonnes of CO, 3,727 tons of NOx and 2,280 tons of NMHC.
ESTIMATIVA DE FLUXO DE CALOR LATENTE EM RESERVATÓRIOS ATRAVÉS DE UMA REDE NEURAL ARTIFICIAL
Authors: Vissotto Junior Dornelles , Hoeltgebaum Lucas Emílio Bernardelli , Almeida Ricardo Carvalho de
Published: August 2016

Micrometeorology monitoring has been used in reservoirs for latent heat flux measurements by eddy covariance. It is hard to establish long and continuous measurement datasets due to the complexity involved in this monitoring. When fails occur there is necessary a gap filling procedure to keep the continuity of the series. This filling could be performed through statistical techniques and use of model results. In this work we assessed the performance of a backpropagation Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Model to estimatives of latent heat fluxes at Furnas Lake – MG to fill the gaps in 50 days measurement dataset. The ANN was applied using various sets of input parameters, layer structures and trainning time. The performance of ANN estimatives were compared of a classic mass transfer model. The index of agreement are used to evaluate the performance of the models. The ANN Model index of agreement equal to 0.93536 showing better results than transfer model with 0.89681. The results showed that the ANN could be used with great performance to estimate latent heat flux and gap filling.
CALIBRAÇÃO DE EQUAÇÕES CLÁSSICAS PARA RADIAÇÃO DE ONDA LONGA NA REGIÃO DE PAMPA EM DIAS DE CÉU CLARO
Authors: Aimi Daniele Morgenstern , Roberti Débora Regina , Maldaner Silvana , Degrazia Gervásio Annes , Diaz Marcelo , Sebastiany Edyson Waghetti , Rubert Gisele Cristina
Published: August 2016

The atmospheric longwave radiation is a fundamental quantity in calculating the radiation balance at the surface. Measures of this magnitude in the gaucho Pampas region are scarce. An alternative estimate for this variable is the use of classical equations that use air temperatures and steam pressure. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of five equations in the estimation of the long atmospheric wave radiation for a clear day on a Pampa biome located in Santa Maria-RS. Atmospheric longwave radiation measurements taken throughout the year 2014 on the site of Santa Maria / Brazil were used to validate the performance of equations. After the radiation estimates by classical equations, an adjustment by least squares was empegando to calibrate such equations to the biome Pampa. By adjusting it noted that the equation Brutsaert (1975) was best described obsevada long wave radiation in the PAMPA region.
ESTIMANDO A MAGNITUDE DO PARÂMETRO DE LOOPING DO MEANDRO DO VENTO HORIZONTAL
Authors: Moor Lilian Piecha , Degrazia Gervásio Annes , Stefanello Michel , Mortarini Luca , Acevedo Otávio Costa , Maldaner Silvana , Szinvelski Charles , Roberti Débora Regina , Buligon Lidiane , Anfossi Domenico
Published: August 2016

The looping parameter m is the main value to characterize the meandering phenomenon. This parameter is relationship with negative lobes in the observed autocorrelation function generated from components of horizontal speed. In this work, we present a study comparing the mean values of the looping parameter between 2 diverse sites in the Brazilian sector.
CARACTERÍSTICAS DA ESTAÇÃO CHUVOSA EM MOÇAMBIQUE E PROBABILIDADE DE OCORRÊNCIA DE PERÍODOS SECOS CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RAINY SEASON IN MOZAMBIQUE AND PROBABILITY OF DRY SPELLS OCCURRENCE
Authors: Macie Odete Amélia de Amílcar , Freitas Edmilson Dias
Published: August 2016

The aim of this study is to determine the start and ending dates of the rainy season in Mozambique and analyze the probability of occurrence of significant dry periods, known as dry spells, during the rainy season. Daily precipitation data from 22 meteorological stations from the National Institute of Meteorology of Mozambique (INAM) distributed along the country were used for the period ranging from 1980 to 2012. The stations with the same characteristics in terms of intra seasonal regime of precipitation were clustered, by using the cluster’s analysis, and three homogeneous regions were found. From there, daily precipitation data were transformed in pentads and after that, thresholds that served as base to define the dry and wet conditions were determined. The results show that the date of start and ending of the rainy season in Mozambique varies from region to region and it can begin at the end of August through September (pentads 48 and 50) and finish between April to June. The probability of occurrence of dry period has increased during the transition phases of the rainy season all over the country.
ANÁLISE DO MOVIMENTO VERTICAL SOB DUAS DIFERENTES CONFIGURAÇÕES DE ALTOS NÍVEIS DA TROPOSFERA
Authors: Cossetin Fernando , Nunes André Becker , Teixeira Mateus Da Silva
Published: August 2016

The southern region of Brazil is potentially favorable the occurrence of extreme events, where these are due to different weather systems that operate in South America. Therefore various techniques have been exposed to improve the accuracy thereof, a characteristic what is present in many of them is the presence of troughs in the 500 hPa level. The present study aims to evaluate the vertical movement of two severe storm events that hit southern Brazil in the fall of 2013, one on 26 March and another on May 29, where both of them occurred from the same system type, but with different inclinations of the horizontal axis of the higher level trough of the atmosphere. For this were used data from the monthly compilation of significant cases of CPTEC / INPE for the choice of severe instability events. For the preparation of meteorological fields to be evaluated were reanalysis data used MERRA. This study showed that omega vertical upward movement was much more intense when related to the system associated with the negatively-trough (about 1.2 m s-1) while the upward movement associated with the positive-trough was around 0.5 m s-1.
DISCRIMINAÇÃO ENTRE RAJADAS DE VENTO CONVECTIVAS E NÃO-CONVECTIVAS
Authors: Ferreira Vanessa , Nascimento Ernani De Lima
Published: August 2016

The present study ivestigated in detail a serie of 184 wind gusts events originally discarded by Ferreira e Nascimento (2015), which presented a behavior not consistent with local convective activity by persist for several hours. This study aims to confirm or not the convective nature of these wind gusts. Using hourly data from automated weather stations maintained by Brazil National Weather Service (INMET), satellite imagery from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES 12 and 13), weather radars data and final analysis data from the National Centers for Environment Prediction (NCEP) Global Forecast System (GFS-FNL) the 184 intese wind gusts episodes was analysed, some recorded by weather stations located at high elevations and other in the coastal region of brazilian south. After a detailed analysis only 9 wind gusts events were confirmed as convective origin. For the weather stations located in high altitudes the most frequently forcing mechanism to explain intense wind gusts persisting for several hours was not convective activity, but the presence of a flow from north-northeast like a low-level jet (LLJ). In the coastal stations the most wind gusts originated from low pressure systems in synoptic scale located near the coast of southern Brazil, as extratropical cyclones.
SITUAÇÃO ATUAL DA QUALIDADE DO AR DAS PRINCIPAIS CIDADES DA AMÉRICA LATINA
Authors: Murcia Liana Giselle , Ortiz Edison , Martins Jorge , Morais Marcos , Ardiles Leda , Urbina Viviana Guerrero , Martins Leila
Published: August 2016

In this paper was done the compilation of Particulate Matter (PM) concentrations for the largest cities in Latin America, with over 1 million inhabitants in order to investigate the air quality situation in this region. For this study were obtained data from 28 cities of 13 countries from the World Health Organization reports (WHO), government agencies and monitoring stations. The results shows that, in most cities, the levels established by WHO guidelines, both PM10 and PM2.5, are exceeded, providing conditions that threaten the public health of citizens.
EVOLUÇÃO TEMPORAL DA PRECIPITAÇÃO E ATIVIDADE ELÉTRICA DE UMA TEMPESTADE COM OCORRÊNCIA DE TEMPO SEVERO
Authors: Pereira Rebeca Fonseca de Oliveira , Albrecht Rachel
Published: August 2016

This study aimed to analyze the spatial and temporal evolution of rainfall and electrification of a Convective System, which occured on March 12, 2012 over the city of São Paulo, during the time interval from 1830 to 1945 UTC. An analysis was made of the behavior of the three dimensional structure of radar reflectivity and lightning type Intra-cloud (IN) and Cloud-Solo (NS), based on two lightning detection networks installed in the region during the RAIN Project, in order to correlate the occurrence of severe weather to the evolution of cloud ascending current, precipitation formation and electrification of this storm. It was observed by the reflectivity of the FCTH Radar images that, at times, the SC showed high values of reflectivity, with over 70 dBZ and indicating the presence of hail within the system. Through the behavior of electrical discharges, it is also noted that these accompany the displacement and intensity of the updraft and through the lightning jump, it is possible to detect in advance whether if the storm is intensifying or not. If so, this storm could possibly become a severe weather and cause serious damage to society.
DESCRIÇÃO ESTATÍSTICA DO CICLO DIÁRIO DO VENTO NOS PRIMEIROS 100 METROS DE ALTURA DA C.L.P. NA LOCALIDADE DE COLONIA EULACIO, URUGUAI
Authors: Lucas Everton De Almeida , Arce Alejandro Mauricio Gutiérrez , Moraes Marcelo Romero de , Boezio Gabriel Cazes , Ottieri José Cataldo
Published: August 2016

In this work is presented a statistical description of wind profile in the first 100 m of height of the Planetary Boundary Layer, taking account the measurements in the tower Colonia Eulacio Uruguay. This tower has high vertical resolution of wind velocity measurements, form 10.1 m to 101.8 m. Thermometer are installed in 3.4 m and 100.8 m, also the tower is equipped with wind vane and pyranometer. We present the diurnal cycle of mean wind, intensity of turbulence in dependence of height, also standard deviation of direction is described as a measure of turbulence in wind. Stability state is computed with vertical gradient of temperature. Before sunrise (unstable condition) is seen a decrease in mean velocity of top levels (81.8 m and 101.8 m) and increase in lower levels (10.1 m and 25.7 m). Higher dispersion in dT/dz can be seen during night time (stable condition), superadiabatic values -0.02 ◦C/m can be seen during daytime with slow dispersion. Intensity of turbulence decrease with height, for all stability conditions, is seen a increase in intensity of turbulence for unstable condition.
LOW FREQUENCY MODULATION OF ATMOSPHERIC SURFACE LAYER IN AMAZONIA
Authors: Randow Celso Von , Miranda Francisco , Sá Leonardo Deanne Abreu
Published: August 2016

We investigate possible effects of modulation of the surface layer over Amazonian forest by motions that occur at time scales longer than the usual turbulent time scales (referred to as “low-frequency motions”). We present empirical evidence of their occurrence, possible influences on the turbulence structure in the surface layer and its effects on deviations of Monin-Obukhov Similarity theory predictions. To parameterize these effects, we estimate an ‘outer layer’ ‘fluctuating’ friction velocity (v*) as proposed by McNaughton (2006) to represent the additional energy transported down from the variable motions of the outer layer to the surface layer and study how frequently they could be significantly affecting the structure of surface layer. Based on analyses of scale variability of variances and covariances and relations with the parameterized v*, we propose that the relation between v* and u* could be used as an indicator of the strength of low frequency modulations in the region. We found that the ratio v*/u* is above 2 for roughly 50% of the unstable runs analyzed and it is likely that in these cases the surface layer is different from the textbook descriptions.
PADRÕES DE VENTO A NÍVEL DE SUPERFÍCIE PARA REGIÃO DA COSTA NORTE DO BRASIL
Authors: Medeiros Luiz Eduardo , Fisch Gilberto , Iriart Paulo , Costa Felipe Denardin , Oliveira Dionnathan Willian , Schuch Daniel
Published: August 2016

The atmospheric flow near the surface and in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) are investigated for the coastal part of Maranhão state. Near the coast in the PBL the flow is predominantly from the northeast quadrant with its meridional component increasing during the day and being from north-northeast and decreasing during the course of the night to be from east-northeast at early morning. The result of this is a small counterclockwise rotation but with no flow reversals. Through an analysis of extensive radiosonde data it is found that the flow above the PBL is predominantly southeasterly for the region. It is consequence of the outflow from the descending branch of the large-scale circulation of the Hadley cell. For stations further inland the flow is from approximately northeast during period between morning to noon but rotating clockwise to become from southeast-east (SEE) sector at early evening. The clockwise rotation continues in the afternoon and the wind becomes from south, and later southwest when in the evening it quickly becomes from north. The wind rotation during this period is mainly determined by an oscillating surface pressure gradient-force. During the night the local surface wind tendency is not controlled by the gradient-force probably because the air has to go against higher terrain and negative buoyancy becomes an important force of the momentum balance. The oscillating surface pressure-gradient-force is a response to a sea-breeze circulation. In the coast, we speculate that the flow does not reverse its meridional component because the surface pressure-gradient point south there for most of the time.
FECHAMENTO DO BALANÇO DE ENERGIA EM UMA FLORESTA TROPICAL: CONTRIBUIÇÕES DA TROCA TURBULENTA E ARMAZENAMENTO DE CALOR ECOSSISTEMA
Authors: Stoy Paul , Gerken Tobias , Fuentes Jose , Santos Rosa Nascimento dos , Randow Celso Von , Maia Jair Max Furtunato , Manzi Antonio , Chamecki Marcelo
Published: August 2016

The surface energy balance is rarely closed using the common half-hourly averaging period for turbulent fluxes as eddies of greater characteristic time scales often provide a non-trivial contribution to energy exchange. Here, we briefly discuss previous efforts to improve surfasse energy balance closure of a tropical rainforest ecosystem – the K34 site - and describe how measurements from the GoAmazon campaign can be used to improve our understanding of energy flux and storage in tropical canopies.
CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND EXTREME EVENTS OCCURRENCE IN PETROLINA-PE MUNICIPALITY
Authors: Morais Ygor Cristiano Brito , França Luciana Mayla de Aquino , Queiroz Wladimir Oliveira de , Souza Werônica Meira de , Galvíncio Josiclêda Domiciano
Published: August 2016

The Brazilian semi-arid features high climate variability, both spatial and temporal, and it constitutes one of the most vulnerable regions to possible changes in climate. The occurrence of droughts in the region has historically caused economic losses in agriculture and consequently on their local population’s well-being. This paper aims to analyze climate variability and extreme events in Petrolina municipality, in the State of Pernambuco and in the low middle São Francisco’s development region. We used a Petrolina rainfall station data, selected at 1915 to 2014. Mann-Kendall trend test and the Rainfall Anomaly Index (RAI), respectively, were applied for analysis of climate variability and extreme events. The results point to an increasing trend in precipitation, with statistical significance. This increase has occurred mainly since the 1960s, with the occurrence of the rainiest years from this year on. Meanwhile, the RAI revealed the occurrence of considered 19 years as very dry and two years classified as extremely rainy, highlighting the year 1985, which recorded the highest rainfall in the series (1059 mm).
SURFACE TEMPERATURE IN RESPONSE TO CHANGES IN COVERAGE AND DUE TO LAND USE URBAN EXPANSION: A STUDY IN BRASILIA-DF
Authors: Gomes Lidiane Cristina Félix
Published: August 2016

The objective of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of temperature of the land surface and land use through TM-Landsat 5 images, between 1987 and 2011 in Metropolitan Brasilia, the Federal District. The city was chosen to present quite peculiar characteristics resulting from its urban planning, including as regards its location, and that over the years has been modified due to the new trends in occupation of its territory. Satellite images were used Landsat 5-TM and SEBAL. The results indicated that the expansion of urban areas has contributed to a significant increase in temperatures over the years, but in the Pilot Plan, it was revealed that there was a cooling mostly derived from the implementation of wooded medians. In impermeable areas, the temperatures approached 30°C and was verified environments conducive to formation of urban heat islands.
Detection of Spread Fire at the Mesoregion of Paraíba Backwoods’
Authors: Vilar Pereira José Antônio , Da Silva Janaína Barbosa
Published: August 2016

The spread fire is an early agricultural technique widely used in Brazil; such technique causes serious harm to environment as well as damage to human health. Knowledge of spread fire cause and their localization is important for taking preventive measures. In Brazil, the National Institute of Spatial Research (INPE) manages the spread fire by detecting heat spots. The objective of this research was to identify the main heat spots over the mesoregion of Paraíba backwoods’ at the year of 2014. It was used heat spots’ data captured by the MODIS sensor, which is onboard of the AQUA_M-T satellite. It was registered heat spots in 56 of 83 cities inside the backwoods’ mesoregion, summing up to 304 heat spots. The occurrence of spread fire huddled mainly between July and December, months of drought in the studied area, therefore, it was concluded that the phenomenon is a product of the climate features which act simultaneously together with human deed related mainly to agriculture, where the fire is used by farmers as a tool for handling animal husbandry
Lessons Learned Going Back to School
Authors: Wernet Jamie L. W.
Published: August 2016

The author found that three things helped while trying to embrace more student-centered instruction: Setting both large-scale and small-scale goals, thoughtfully selecting initiatives to incorporate, and collaborating—sometimes creatively—with colleagues.
Structurally Sound Statistics Instruction
Authors: Casey Stephanie A. , Bostic Jonathan D.
Published: August 2016

Implementing the practice of looking for and making use of structure differs when addressing statistics content standards compared with mathematics content standards. Read about suggestions for tuning out noise in data to teach SMP 7 in statistics.
Toy Pigs Teach Statistics
Authors: Young Lanee
Published: August 2016

This activity engages students in a probability lesson that highlights the Pass the Pigs® game.
Establishing a Mathematics Whole-School Agreement
Authors: Karp Karen S. , Bush Sarah B. , Dougherty Barbara J.
Published: August 2016

This department publishes brief news articles, announcements, and guest editorials on current mathematics education issues that stimulate the interest of TCM readers and cause them to think about an issue or consider a specific viewpoint about some aspect of mathematics education. The Whole-school Agreement strategy proposes that all educators in a school community agree that mathematics is better taught when everyone shares in consistent language, symbols and notation, models and schema, and rules that support the developing learner.
Rocket Ship Exploration
Authors: Riddell Claire
Published: August 2016

Exploring how many pattern blocks will completely fill the Rocket Ship puzzle, students are challenged to use the most and fewest number of blocks possible. They have the opportunity to explore the composition and decomposition of shapes and generalize ideas about the relationship between the size of the pieces and the number of pieces. Each month, elementary school teachers are presented with a problem along with suggested instructional notes; asked to use the problem in their own classrooms; and encouraged to report solutions, strategies, reflections, and misconceptions to the journal audience.
Fun at The Fair
Authors: Leitze Annette Ricks , Hillman Toni , Porter Peggy M. , Overholt Allison K.
Published: August 2016

Math by the Month features collections of short activities focused on a monthly theme. These articles aim for an inquiry or problem-solving orientation that includes at least four activities each for grades K–2, 3–4, and 5–6. This month, challenge your students to look for all the mathematics at the local fair.
5 Strategies for Scaffolding Math Discourse with ELLs
Authors: Banse Holland W. , Palacios Natalia A. , Merritt Eileen G. , Rimm-Kaufman Sara E.
Published: August 2016

Eliminate obstacles to effective classroom communication with these research-tested suggestions.
A critical focus on the M in STEAM
Authors: Bush Sarah B. , Cox Richard , Cook Kristin Leigh
Published: August 2016

Contributors to the iSTEM (Integrating Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) department share ideas and activities that stimulate student interest in the integrated fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) in K–grade 6 classrooms. The authentic STEAM project described here was born of a critical need of one child in the community. Using the Design Thinking framework, a class of fourth graders embarked on what was arguably the most meaningful school project of their lives. We place an explicit focus on the M in STEAM.
Personal timeline
Authors: Cho Hoyun , Osborne Carolyn
Published: August 2016

Postscript items are designed as rich grab-and-go resources that any teacher can quickly incorporate into his or her classroom repertoire with little effort and maximum impact. A personal timeline provides a rich and relevant context this month for students' to investigate numbers and number relationships.
How γ-secretase hits a moving target
Authors: Sanders Charles R
Published: August 2016

An improved understanding of the ways that amyloid-beta peptides are formed could help efforts to find a treatment for Alzheimer’s disease.
Demonstration of electron beam excitation laser using a GaInN-based multiquantum well active layer
Authors: Hayashi Takafumi , Nagata Noriaki , Senga Takashi , Iwayama Sho , Iwaya Motoaki , Takeuchi Tetsuya , Kamiyama Satoshi , Akasaki Isamu , Matsumoto Takahiro
Published: August 2016

In this study, an electron beam excitation laser using a GaInN-based multiquantum well (MQW) active layer was investigated, and laser emission was observed for the first time from a GaInN-based MQW excited by an electron beam. This technology has the potential to provide access to an expanded wavelength region for the laser action of nitride-semiconductor-based lasers from deep UV to infrared.
Resistance switching memory operation using the bistability in current–voltage characteristics of GaN/AlN resonant tunneling diodes
Authors: Nagase Masanori , Takahashi Tokio , Shimizu Mitsuaki
Published: August 2016

Resistance switching memory operations using the bistability in the current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of GaN/AlN resonant tunneling diodes (RTDs) were investigated to realize an ultrafast nonvolatile memory operating at a picosecond time scale. Resistance switching memory operations based on electron accumulation due to intersubband transitions and electron release due to tunneling current were demonstrated with high reproducibility at room temperature when the leakage of electrons accumulating in the quantum well from the deep level in the AlN barrier was suppressed. A nonvolatile memory for the processor core in a normally off computing system is expected to be realized using the bistability in the I–V characteristics of GaN/AlN RTDs.
Joint estimation of crown of thorns (Acanthaster planci) densities on the Great Barrier Reef
Authors: MacNeil M. Aaron , Mellin Camille , Pratchett Morgan S. , Hoey Jessica , Anthony Kenneth R.N. , Cheal Alistair J. , Miller Ian , Sweatman Hugh , Cowan Zara L. , Taylor Sascha , Moon Steven , Fonnesbeck Chris J.
Published: August 2016

Crown-of-thorns starfish (CoTS;Acanthaster spp.) are an outbreaking pest among many Indo-Pacific coral reefs that cause substantial ecological and economic damage. Despite ongoing CoTS research, there remain critical gaps in observing CoTS populations and accurately estimating their numbers, greatly limiting understanding of the causes and sources of CoTS outbreaks. Here we address two of these gaps by (1) estimating the detectability of adult CoTS on typical underwater visual count (UVC) surveys using covariates and (2) inter-calibrating multiple data sources to estimate CoTS densities within the Cairns sector of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). We find that, on average, CoTS detectability is high at 0.82 [0.77, 0.87] (median highest posterior density (HPD) and [95% uncertainty intervals]), with CoTS disc width having the greatest influence on detection. Integrating this information with coincident surveys from alternative sampling programs, we estimate CoTS densities in the Cairns sector of the GBR averaged 44 [41, 48] adults per hectare in 2014.
Effect of 8-hydroxyquinoline and derivatives on human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells under high glucose
Authors: Suwanjang Wilasinee , Prachayasittikul Supaluk , Prachayasittikul Virapong
Published: August 2016

8-Hydroxyquinoline and derivatives exhibit multifunctional properties, including antioxidant, antineurodegenerative, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activities. In biological systems, elevation of intracellular calcium can cause calpain activation, leading to cell death. Here, the effect of 8-hydroxyquinoline and derivatives (5-chloro-7-iodo-8-hydroxyquinoline or clioquinol and 8-hydroxy-5-nitroquinoline or nitroxoline) on calpain-dependent (calpain-calpastatin) pathways in human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells was investigated. 8-Hydroxyquinoline and derivatives ameliorated high glucose toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. The investigated compounds, particularly clioquinol, attenuated the increased expression of calpain, even under high-glucose conditions. 8-Hydroxyquinoline and derivatives thus adversely affected the promotion of neuronal cell death by high glucose via the calpain-calpastatin signaling pathways. These findings support the beneficial effects of 8-hydroxyquinolines for further therapeutic development.
Effect of pillow height on the biomechanics of the head-neck complex: investigation of the cranio-cervical pressure and cervical spine alignment
Authors: Ren Sicong , Wong Duo Wai-Chi , Yang Hui , Zhou Yan , Lin Jin , Zhang Ming
Published: August 2016

Background

While appropriate pillow height is crucial to maintaining the quality of sleep and overall health, there are no universal, evidence-based guidelines for pillow design or selection. We aimed to evaluate the effect of pillow height on cranio-cervical pressure and cervical spine alignment.

Methods

Ten healthy subjects (five males) aged 26 ± 3.6 years were recruited. The average height, weight, and neck length were 167 ± 9.3 cm, 59.6 ± 11.9 kg, and 12.9 ± 1.2 cm respectively. The subjects lay on pillows of four different heights (H0, 110 mm; H1, 130 mm; H2, 150 mm; and H3, 170 mm). The cranio-cervical pressure distribution over the pillow was recorded; the peak and average pressures for each pillow height were compared by one-way ANOVA with repeated measures. Cervical spine alignment was studied using a finite element model constructed based on data from the Visible Human Project. The coordinate of the center of each cervical vertebra were predicted for each pillow height. Three spine alignment parameters (cervical angle, lordosis distance and kyphosis distance) were identified.

Results

The average cranial pressure at pillow height H3 was approximately 30% higher than that at H0, and significantly different from those at H1 and H2 (p< 0.05). The average cervical pressure at pillow height H0 was 65% lower than that at H3, and significantly different from those at H1 and H2 (p< 0.05). The peak cervical pressures at pillow heights H2 and H3 were significantly different from that at H0 (p< 0.05). With respect to cervical spine alignment, raising pillow height from H0 to H3 caused an increase of 66.4% and 25.1% in cervical angle and lordosis distance, respectively, and a reduction of 43.4% in kyphosis distance.

Discussion

Pillow height elevation significantly increased the average and peak pressures of the cranial and cervical regions, and increased the extension and lordosis of the cervical spine. The cranio-cervical pressures and cervical spine alignment were height-specific, and they were believed to reflect quality of sleep. Our results provide a quantitative and objective evaluation of the effect of pillow height on the biomechanics of the head-neck complex, and have application in pillow design and selection.
Introduction to Parkinson disease (PD) and its complications
Authors: Marvanova Marketa
Published: August 2016

Parkinson disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder in older adults characterized by motor and nonmotor symptoms and complications. Impulse control disorders (ICDs), such as pathological gambling, compulsive shopping, compulsive sexual behavior (hypersexuality), and binge eating disorder, affect 13.6% of the PD population. Use of dopamine receptor agonists (DRAs) is considered a major risk factor for ICD development. Amantadine and a high dose of levodopa were linked to ICDs to a lesser extent than DRAs. Based on the severity of behavior(s), ICDs can negatively impact social, professional, and familial lives of patients and their families. Ideally, all PD patients taking DRAs, high doses of levodopa, and/or amantadine should be routinely asked about or monitored for ICDs during therapy initiation and continuation. Dose decrease or withdrawal of the offending agent, primarily DRAs, is usually the most effective first step in ICD management. Careful dose adjustment with close monitoring is warranted due to risk for worsening of motor symptoms or emergence of dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome (DAWS). About 1/3 of PD patients with ICD who decrease or discontinue DRA experienced DAWS. The lowest dose of DRA will need to be continued to balance ICDs and DAWS as it is not alleviated by other dopaminergic or psychotropic medications. Other therapies with low empiric evidence, such as amantadine, naloxone, cognitive behavior therapy, deep brain stimulation, and psychopharmacotherapy showed mixed results for ICD management. It is crucial that clinicians are familiar with the psychiatric complications of PD, including ICDs, beyond mere recognition and management of motor symptoms.
Quantitative and economic analysis of clinical pharmacist interventions during rounds in an acute care psychiatric hospital
Authors: Gunterus Alicia , Lopchuk Shruti , Dunn Christina , Floyd Ronald , Normandin Brad
Published: August 2016

Introduction: Clinical pharmacists have become an integral part of multidisciplinary medical teams, including in the area of psychiatry. Previous studies have shown that having pharmacists in multidisciplinary medical teams has led to improved medication use, reduction of adverse drug events, and improved patient outcomes. The purpose of this study is to conduct a quantitative and economic analysis of the impact of clinical pharmacist interventions during hospital rounds in an acute care psychiatric hospital setting.

Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of 200 clinical pharmacist interventions documented between September 2013 and September 2014. Clinical pharmacist interventions were classified into several categories and types. Only clinical pharmacist interventions made during multidisciplinary team rounds were included in the study. Descriptive statistics were used for the quantitative analysis of clinical pharmacist interventions. The acceptance rate was calculated. Only the accepted clinical interventions were included in the economic analysis. Economic outcome involved an assessment of cost saving and cost avoidance.

Results: The most frequent types of clinical pharmacist interventions were discontinuation of medications (38.5%), laboratory monitoring (26%), and medication order modification (13.5%). The most common reason for drug discontinuation was polypharmacy. Clinical pharmacist interventions were associated with a 92.5% acceptance rate. Two hundred clinical pharmacist interventions were associated with $6760.19 medication cost saving and $62 806.67 cost avoidance.

Discussion: Clinical pharmacist interventions during rounds in an acute care psychiatric hospital setting mostly involve medication order modification and laboratory monitoring. They are also associated with significant cost saving and cost avoidance.