bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subcutaneous Prostaglandin E2 Restrains Airway Mast Cell Activity in vivo and Reduces Lung Eosinophilia and Th2 Cytokine Overproduction in House Dust Mite-Sensitive Mice
Authors: Herrerias Aida , Torres Rosa , Serra Mariona , Marco Alberto , Roca-Ferrer Jordi , Picado César , de Mora Fernando
Published: March 2009

Background: Prostaglandin (PG) E2 is thought to exert protective effects in the lungs. Accordingly, aerosolized PGE2 prevents the experimentally induced airway response to allergen challenge in asthmatics. In vitro evidence indicating that functional PGE2 receptors (EP) are expressed on human mast cells and that PGE2 can alter cytokine production suggests that these phenomena may be involved in its beneficial effect in asthma. However, in vivo evidence is scarce. Methods: We assessed the effects of exogenous PGE2 and of the EP1/EP3 agonist sulprostone on the murine airway response to house dust mite (HDM) allergens, a model that accurately reproduces the spontaneous exposure of allergic asthma patients to aeroallergens. We also analyzed the in vivo impact of PGE2 on production in the murine airway of mast cell protease (mMCP)-1, a specific marker of lung mast cell activity, and on local production of cytokines. Results: Exogenous PGE2, but not sulprostone, reduced eosinophilic infiltration in HDM-sensitized mice by half and led to a strong reduction in airway Th2 cytokine expression. These anti- inflammatory effects were accompanied in vivo by a substantial reduction in HDM-induced upregulation of airway mMCP-1. Neither PGE2 nor sulprostone had any effect on airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the anti-inflammatory effect of PGE2 can be reproduced in vivo in HDM-sensitized mice and suggest that this protective effect is dependent in vivo on inhibition of the allergen-triggered proinflammatory activity of bronchial mast cells. Finally, the effect of PGE2 is linked to reduced upregulation of airway Th2 cytokines.
Association Analysis of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Gene Polymorphisms in Asthmatic Families
Authors: Szczepankiewicz Aleksandra , Rose-Zerilli Matthew J. , Barton Sheila J. , Holgate Stephen T. , Holloway John W.
Published: March 2009

Background: A role for neuronal modulation of inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness has been well described in asthma, and neurotrophins provide the link between inflammation and neuronal dysfunction. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is an important mediator in this interaction. The aim of this study was to analyze the possible relationship between polymorphisms of the gene encoding BDNF and susceptibility to asthma. Methods: 341 families with at least 2 siblings with asthma were genotyped for 4 BDNF polymorphisms (rs6265, rs2030324, rs988748 and rs7124442). Results: Analysis by family-based association tests revealed no significant association between any polymorphisms analyzed and asthma susceptibility. Furthermore, BDNF polymorphism was not associated with asthma-related phenotypes such as FEV1 % predicted, bronchial hyper-responsiveness, IgE level, asthma and atopy severity scores. Conclusions: Our results suggest that genetic variation in the BDNF gene does not contribute significantly to asthma susceptibility or severity.
Effect of Enzymatically Modified Isoquercitrin, a Flavonoid, on Symptoms of Japanese Cedar Pollinosis: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial
Authors: Kawai Mari , Hirano Toru , Arimitsu Junsuke , Higa Shinji , Kuwahara Yusuke , Hagihara Keisuke , Shima Yoshihito , Narazaki Masashi , Ogata Atsushi , Koyanagi Mihoko , Kai Tomoko , Shimizu Ryosuke , Moriwaki Masamitsu , Suzuki Yukio , Ogino Satoshi , Kawase Ichiro , Tanaka Toshio
Published: March 2009

Background: Flavonoids exert antiallergic and antioxidant effects. We investigated the efficacy of enzymatically modified isoquercitrin (EMIQ), a flavonoid, to relieve symptoms of pollinosis. Methods: In a parallel-group, double-blind placebo-controlled study design, 20 subjects with Japanese cedar pollinosis took two capsules daily of 100 mg EMIQ or a placebo for 8 weeks during the pollen season. Subjective symptoms and activities of daily living (ADL) scores were recorded every day, and the quality of life (QOL) score was obtained every 4 weeks. Blood sampling was performed before and after the study to measure serum cytokines, chemokines, IgE, quercetin and oxidized biomarkers. Results: During the entire study period, total ocular score and ocular itching score for the EMIQ group were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than for the placebo group. When limited to the individual periods, total symptom score for the EMIQ group was significantly lower (p < 0.05, week 4–5) than that for the placebo group while other scores for the EMIQ group, such as total nasal score (p = 0.06, week 4–5), nasal obstruction score (p = 0.08, week 4–5), lacrimation score (p = 0.06, week 5–6), ocular congestion score (p = 0.08, week 4–7) and ADL score (p = 0.08, week 4–7), all tended to be lower. The levels of serum cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-12, IL-13, interferon-γ, and eotaxin and IgE were not significantly downregulated by the intake of EMIQ but the serum concentrations of oxidized low-density lipoprotein and thymus and activation-regulated chemokine were reduced. Conclusion: Intake of the quercetin glycoside EMIQ was safe and influenced ocular symptoms caused by pollinosis.
Cognitive Impairment in Spinocerebellar Degeneration
Authors: Kawai Y. , Suenaga M. , Watanabe H. , Sobue G.
Published: March 2009

It has been reported that patients with spinocerebellar degenerations (SCDs) have cognitive dysfunction as well as limb and truncal ataxia, dysarthria and dysphagia. We review cognitive dysfunction in common types of SCD, including spinocerebellar ataxia types 1, 2, 3, 6, and 17, dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy, Friedreich’s ataxia, and multiple system atrophy. There are few studies that address cognitive function in SCD. Although there are few comparison studies among the various SCDs, cognitive dysfunction may be more common and severe in spinocerebellar ataxia type 17 and dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy. While cognitive dysfunction in SCD appears to represent frontal dysfunction, the mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction have not been directly clarified. Nevertheless, various lesions, including those in the cerebrocerebellar circuitry, cortico-striatal-thalamocortical circuitry, and the frontal lobe, may influence cognitive function to various degrees for each disease.
Clinical Interpretation of Reticulocyte Hemoglobin Content, RET-Y, in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Ng Hwee-Yeong , Chen Hung-Chun , Pan Lin-Lin , Tsai Yu-Che , Hsu Kao-Tai , Liao Shang-Chih , Chuang Fong-Rong , Chen Jin-Bor , Lee Chien-Te
Published: March 2009

Background: Iron deficiency is the most common factor associated with erythropoietin (EPO) hyporesponsiveness. Current iron indices are inadequate to demonstrate the status or utility of iron in erythropoiesis. The aims of this study are to investigate the value of the reticulocyte hemoglobin content, RET-Y, in hemodialysis (HD) patients and compare the levels with conventional iron indices. Methods: HD patients (n = 289) were divided into 4 groups according to serum ferritin (cutoff value 100 ng/ml) and transferrin saturation (TSAT, cutoff value 20%). The RET-Y value, hemogram and biochemical data were determined and compared between groups. Factors associated with RET-Y were examined. Results: The mean RET-Y value was 1,716 ± 125 AU. Patients with absolute iron deficiency had lower RET-Y levels and mean corpuscular volume (MCV). Patients with functional iron deficiency had a lower reticulocyte production index and serum albumin levels. MCV, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and albumin were independently correlated with the RET-Y level (all p < 0.001). EPO-independent patients had low iron indices and low RET-Y levels, but a higher reticulocyte production index and albumin levels were noted. Conclusion: RET-Y levels in HD patients were close to that of the normal population. Low RET-Y levels were observed in patients with absolute iron deficiency and also in EPO-independent patients with low ferritin and low TSAT. There was a strong association between the serum albumin and RET-Y levels in chronic HD patients.
The Pathogenic Role of Notch Activation in Podocytes
Authors: Niranjan Thiruvur , Murea Mariana , Susztak Katalin
Published: March 2009

Podocytes play a key role in the maintenance of the glomerular filtration barrier. Depletion or dysregulative mechanisms of podocytes can lead to the development of glomerulosclerosis. Signaling pathways that control these processes in podocytes are not fully understood. Recent studies from our and other laboratories found that genes that belong to the Notch pathway are regulated in patients and in animal models of renal disease. Genetic studies performed on mice with conditional expression of active Notch1 protein showed massive albuminuria, glomerulosclerosis, and ultimately renal failure and death of the animals. γ-Secretase inhibitors and genetic deletion of Notch transcriptional binding partner (Rbpj) protected animals from nephrotic syndrome. Further studies are needed to define whether the activation of Notch pathway in podocytes represents a common pathomechanism in glomerular injury, and its potential to be a therapeutic target for the treatment of chronic kidney disease.
Reduction in VEGF Protein and Phosphorylated Nephrin Associated with Proteinuria in Adriamycin Nephropathy Rats
Authors: Fan Qingfeng , Xing Yan , Ding Jie , Guan Na
Published: March 2009

Background/Aims: The relationship between vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the phosphorylated critical podocyte slit diaphragm molecule nephrin is not fully clarified. This study investigated the dynamic changes in VEGF expression and nephrin phosphorylation, and the effects of the antiproteinuric drugs prednisone and lisinopril on them in Adriamycin nephropathy rats. Methods: Renal tissues from Adriamycin rats were collected at days 3, 7, 14, and 28. Distribution and expression of VEGF was revealed by immunohistochemistry, real-time PCR and Western blot. Phosphorylated nephrin was evaluated by immunoprecipitation. Results: A discontinuous redistribution of VEGF was displayed at day 3, followed by significant protein reduction at day 7 with persistent downregulation to day 28. Phosphorylated nephrin decreased evidently at day 14 and persisted to day 28. The reduction in VEGF and phosphorylated nephrin was not a result of podocyte loss. The intervention of prednisone and lisinopril evidently reduced proteinuria, effectively attenuated the severe lesions of podocyte foot processes, and restored the reduction in VEGF and nephrin phosphorylation. At day 28, the reduction in VEGF and phosphorylated nephrin was negatively correlated with proteinuria, whereas the phosphorylated nephrin was positively correlated with VEGF protein from day 7 to day 28. Conclusion: The reduction in VEGF protein and nephrin phosphorylation was possibly involved in the proteinuria in Adriamycin rats, and there might be some relationship between VEGF and nephrin phosphorylation. The antiproteinuric effects of lisinopril and prednisone were achieved at least partially by restoring VEGF protein and nephrin phosphorylation.
Suppression Subtractive Hybridization Analysis of Gene Expression during Late Kidney Development Identifies the Developmentally Regulated Gene rPEA3
Authors: Chen Qiuxia , Xu Songzhou , Huang Songming , Zhang Aihua , Feng Quanchen , Guo Xirong , Guo Mei , Chen Ronghua , Yang Tianxin
Published: March 2009

Background: While early kidney development has been studied exhaustively, the later stages of nephrogenesis that occur after birth in the rodent are relatively poorly understood. To gain insight into this process, we detected the alterations in gene expression in rat kidney at two postnatal stages, P0 (0 day after birth), the time at which nephrogensis is still active, and P21 (21 days after birth), when nephrogenesis is complete. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were mated, and appearance of a vaginal plug was designated as E0. Kidneys were dissected from embryos at E13, E15, E17 and E19, and from postnatal days P0, P7, P14, P21 and adult rats. Suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) analysis was performed and highly expressed genes were evaluated as molecular markers by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), in situ hybridization, immunofluorescence, and Western blot. Results: Several differentially expressed genes were identified, including rPEA3, a member of the PEA3 subfamily of Ets domain transcription factors. Real time RT-PCR analysis revealed that rPEA3 exhibited dynamic developmental regulation, with high levels of expression from embryonic day E15 until birth, and declining levels thereafter. By in situ hybridization, rPEA3 mRNA was detected in the ureteric bud (UB) and surrounding metanephric mesenchyme of the kidneys from E15 until birth, but was undetectable in mature kidneys. Double-immunofluorescence staining showed that both rPEA3 and WT1 expressed in the condensed mesenchymal cells at E15 and E17; and later from E19 to P7, both expressed in the epithelial cells of ureteric bud and their branches. Conclusions: These studies provide compelling evidence that SSH is an effective method for identifying genes that are regulated during renal development, and suggest that the newly identified gene rPEA3 may play an important role in kidney development and differentiation.
Guillain-Barré Syndrome in Pregnancy: Early Diagnosis and Treatment Is Essential for a Favorable Outcome
Authors: Campos da Silva Fernanda , de Moraes Paula Gláucio , dos Santos Esteves Automari Caio Vinicius , Mendes de Almeida Daniele Sobral , Ubirajara Cavalcanti Guimarães Roberto
Published: March 2009

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute or subacute demyelinating polyneuropathy that rarely complicates pregnancy, but increases maternal and perinatal morbidity. A 15-year-old pregnant woman was admitted with ascending paralysis and acellular lumbar puncture suggestive of GBS. She required mechanical ventilation for 26 days, and was treated with intravenous immunoglobulin and corticosteroids. She recovered well and delivered vaginally a healthy newborn at 35 weeks’ gestation. The puerperium was complicated by tracheal stenosis which was surgically corrected.
Frequency of Sustained Intracranial Pressure Elevation during Treatment of Severe Intraventricular Hemorrhage
Authors: Ziai Wendy C. , Torbey Michel T. , Naff Neal J. , Williams Michael A. , Bullock Ross , Marmarou Anthony , Tuhrim Stanley , Schmutzhard Eric , Pfausler Bettina , Hanley Daniel F.
Published: March 2009

Background: Elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) is an important marker of neurological deterioration. The occurrence and significance of elevated ICP and low cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) in aggressively treated spontaneous intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) are not defined. Methods: We performed a secondary longitudinal exploratory data analysis of a randomized multicenter trial of urokinase (UK) versus placebo (Pcb) as a treatment for IVH. Eleven IVH patients who required an external ventricular drain (EVD) were randomized to receive either intraventricular UK or Pcb every 12 h until clinical response permitted EVD removal. ICP and CPP were recorded every 4 or 6 h, as well as before and 1 h after EVD closure for administration of study agent. ICP, CPP and the proportion of ICP readings above 20, 30, 40 and 50 mm Hg were analyzed. Results: Six UK and 5 Pcb patients aged 39–74 years (mean ± standard deviation; 53 ± 11 years) were enrolled. Initial ICP ranged from 0 to 38 mm Hg (10.9 ± 11.0), initial CPP from 65 to 133 mm Hg (100.5 ± 17.7). We recorded 472 ICP readings over the entire monitoring period. Of these 65 (14%) were >20 mm Hg, 23 (5%) >30 mm Hg, 9 (2%) >40 mm Hg and 3 (<1%) >50 mm Hg. Only 2 of 141 intraventricular injections of study agent with EVD closure were not tolerated and required reopening of the EVD. Conclusions: In the intensive care unit, initial ICP measured with an EVD was uncommonly elevated (1/11 patients) in this group of severe IVH patients despite acute obstructive hydrocephalus. Frequent monitoring reveals ICP elevation >20 mm Hg in 14% of observations during use of EVD. ICP elevation, though it can occur, is not routinely associated with EVD closure for thrombolytic treatment with UK.
Pathophysiology of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism Impairment in Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Cozzolino Mario , Ciceri Paola , Volpi Elisa Maria , Olivi Laura , Messa Pier Giorgio
Published: March 2009

Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is a classical feature of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Commonly, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and vitamin D deficiency are involved into the pathogenesis of SHPT. Parathyroid (PT) glands are characterized by a low turnover and rarely undergo mitoses. However, in the presence of low calcium, high phosphorus, vitamin D deficiency, and uremia, PT cells leave quiescence. In the last decade, both new molecular and cellular mechanisms have been investigated in the pathophysiology of SHPT, between them the emerging role of the PT vitamin D receptor and calcium-sensing receptor. Furthermore, recent studies indicate that the fibroblast growth factor-23 may play a central role in the regulation of phosphate-vitamin D metabolism in CKD. Certainly, in the next future, these new insights into the pathogenesis of SHPT will give the possibility to improve the treatment of this condition in the CKD population.
Weighing the Parts A Papyrological Perspective on the Parting of the Ways
Authors: Ezra Daniel Stökl Ben
Published: March 2009

A comparison of the ideological composition of the Qumran library and Christian libraries from ancient Egypt, reconstructed from pre-Constantinian papyri, reveals a profound difference in the amount of group-specific material: ca. 28% Qumran “sectarian” at Qumran vs. ca. 60% “Christian” books in ancient Egyptian Christian libraries. Even for the second century, where we have much less data, the divide is quite great. If we take Qumran as example for a Jewish sectarian library, still focused largely on the Hebrew Bible and writings shared with other Jews, Christian libraries portray an independent group-specific identity, quite early on.
The Text of Josephus's Works: An Overview
Authors: Leoni Tommaso
Published: March 2009

In the past few years Flavius Josephus has been the focus of much scholarly attention, but no recent study supplies a comprehensive introduction to the text of all of his works. The present article aims to fill this conspicuous gap, examining the various types of authorities (i.e., principal Greek manuscripts, ancient Latin translations, and the indirect tradition) upon which the text of Josephus is based.
Warring against Terror The War Scroll and the Mobilization of Emotion
Authors: Weitzman Steven
Published: March 2009

While noticing that the tactics and weapons prescribed in the War Scroll resemble those used by Greek and Roman armies, previous scholarship has been dubious of the idea that the scroll actually guided real-life military practice because its battle-plan seems so impractical, assuming a conflict that unfolds in a highly scripted way and relying on ritual and supernatural assistance. This essay aims to rethink the role that the War Scroll played in early Jewish military practice by reading it in light of Greco-Roman theories of how to deploy emotion in battle. Military thinkers like Xenophon and Julius Caesar recognized troop psychology as an important tactical variable that could be manipulated through ritual and supernatural portents. The War Scroll mirrors these practices in a way that supports reading it as a similar effort to manipulate troop psychology arising under the influence of—and perhaps in reaction against—Greco-Roman military practice.
Hybridity and the Letter of Aristeas
Authors: Charles Ronald
Published: March 2009

This paper explores how the complex notion of hybridity, as developed by Homi K. Bhabha, can shed light on the Letter of Aristeas. Throughout the narrative of this ancient Jewish tale one finds a risky attempt on the part of the author to incorporate the best aspects of the two cultures and modes of thinking—Judaism and Hellenism—within which his community were living in Alexandria. In order to understand the dynamics of the hybrid condition of Aristeas in its ambivalence, this paper argues that the multiple agencies in place to foster a certain version of Jewish identity in this diasporic social location are best captured in the forms of calculated negotiations, prudent affiliations, and idealized memory.
Effect of Food on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of an Oral Ghrelin Agonist (ARD‐07) in Healthy Subjects
Authors: MacLean Carol M. , Casanova Anna‐Tina , Baselgia‐Jeker Luisa , Neave Nicola , Larsen Finn , Skillern Laurence , Drewe Juergen , Beglinger Christoph
Published: March 2009

ARD‐07 (also known as EP01572) is a peptidomimetic growth hormone secretagogue that can be administered orally. The primary objective of this study is to determine the effects of a meal on the oral bioavailability of ARD‐07 after a single oral dose (0.5 mg/kg). In addition, the pharmacodynamic effects (growth hormone release, insulin‐like growth factor‐1 concentrations) and the tolerability of ARD‐07 are investigated in this open‐label, randomized, crossover study. Sixteen healthy subjects (8 males, 8 females) receive ARD‐07 on 2 different days; the treatment consists of a single oral dose of ARD‐07 (0.5 mg/kg body weight), once with and the second day without a test meal. Plasma kinetics of ARD‐07 and pharmacodynamic effects are quantified by specific assays. Results are given as mean ± SEM: The area under the curve for 0 to 24 hours is approximately twice as high without food (27.8 ± 4.1) than with food (13.7 ± 1.2; P = .002). The maximum observed ARD‐07 concentration relative to dose administration (Cmax) is more than twice as high without food (10.6 ± 1.6 ng/mL) than with food (4.4 ± 0.5 ng/mL; P = .001). Cmax of growth hormone occurs at a significantly (P = .001) later stage with food (Cmax = 13.0 ± 3.5 ng/mL) than without food (37.1 ± 5.3 ng/mL). Food has a marked effect on the absorption of ARD‐07: there is a significant difference in bioavailability between administration of oral ARD‐07 with and without food.
Exponential stability of stochastic switched systems
Authors: Filipovic V.
Published: March 2009

This paper proposes a method for exponential m-stability analysis of stochastic switched systems. The models, in a finite set of models, are non-linear stochastic models. It is assumed that there is no jump in the state at switching instants and there is no Zeno behaviour, ie, there is finite number of switches on every bounded interval. The stochastic hybrid systems have wide applications: transmission control protocol flows with congestion avoidance and slow-start modes; estimation in distributed networked systems; air traffic control; process control and communication networks for control systems. For analysis of stochastic switched system the multiple Lyapunov functions are used and exponential m-stability is proved. From the main result of the paper: 1) the exponential m1 -stability of stochastic switched systems whereby m1 ∈ (0, m); 2) the stability in probability. The exponentially stable equilibrium of system is relevant for practice because such systems are robust to perturbations.
Incarceration and Living Arrangements
Authors: London Andrew S. , Parker Wendy M.
Published: March 2009

The authors use data from the 1992 National Health and Social Life Survey to examine the association between incarceration and living arrangements, net of a range of sociodemographic and early life characteristics. Relative to living with a spouse and child(ren), there is evidence that a history of incarceration is strongly associated with several nonnuclear living arrangements, including living alone, as a sole adult with child(ren), with a partner and child(ren), with a partner but no child, and with other family but no spouse, partner, or child. These living arrangements may be indicative of lower levels of social integration, which have potentially serious consequences for these individuals as well as their families and communities. The authors discuss these results with reference to the decades-long, unprecedented mass incarceration that is ongoing in the United States today.
Nanofabrication, Nanoinstrumentation and Nanoassembly by Nanorobotic Manipulation
Authors: Fukuda Toshio , Nakajima Masahiro , Pou Liu  , ElShimy Haitham
Published: March 2009

A nanolaboratory is proposed to realize the capabilities of nanofabrication, nanoinstrumentation and nanoassembly to make three-dimensional structures, devices and systems in the nanoworld. A nanorobotic manipulation system is introduced to realize these capabilities inside a scanning electron microscope or a transmission electron microscope. Some precursors are introduced into the small working space in the nanoworld, so that cutting, bending, peeling and fixing operations in the nanoworld could be realized using nanomanipulators, electron-bean-induced deposition and other methodologies as in the macroworld. After making the three-dimensional structures, the nanodevices such as nanosensors and nanoactuators are fabricated using carbon nanotubes and a focused ion beam chemical vapor deposition process. Some nanodevices for bioapplications are also presented.
Automated Nanomanufacturing System to Assemble Carbon Nanotube Based Devices
Authors: Lai King Wai Chui , Ning Xi  , Fung Carmen Kar Man , Jiangbo Zhang  , Hongzhi Chen  , Yilun Luo  , Wejinya Uchechukwu C.
Published: March 2009

In this paper we report the design and implementation of a novel automated manufacturing system for carbon nanotube (CNT)-based nanodevices, which integrates a new dielectrophoretic (DEP) microchamber into a robotic-based deposition workstation. The microchamber has been fabricated to separate and select CNTs with the desired electronic property by using DEP force. Moreover, a series of tools for mass-producing consistent nanodevices has been developed with the CNT deposition workstation, such as computer-controllable micromanipulators and a micro-active nozzle. Detailed experimental studies of the CNT separation and deposition processes have been performed on both single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Preliminary results show that CNTs could be manipulated to multiple pairs of microelectrodes repeatedly. Consistent I—V characteristics and CNT formations of the fabricated devices were obtained. The yield of semi-conducting CNTs was also increased by using our system. Therefore, by using the proposed CNT separation and deposition system, CNT-based nanodevices with specific and consistent electronic properties can be manufactured automatically and effectively.
Residue Level Three-dimensional Workspace Maps for Conformational Trajectory Planning of Proteins
Authors: Madden Christopher , Bohnenkamp Peter , Kazerounian Kazem , Ilieş Horea T.
Published: March 2009

The function of a protein macromolecule often requires conformational transitions between two native conformations. Understanding these transitions is essential to the understanding of how proteins function, as well as to the ability to design and manipulate protein-based nanomechanical systems. In this paper we propose a set of 3D Cartesian workspace maps for exploring protein pathways. These 3D maps are constructed in the Euclidean space for triads of chain segments of protein molecules that have been shown to have a high probability of occurrence in naturally observed proteins based on data obtained from more than 38,600 proteins from the Protein Data Bank (PDB). We show that the proposed 3D propensity maps are more effective navigation tools than the propensity maps constructed in the angle space. We argue that the main reason for this improved efficiency is the fact that, although there is a one-to-one mapping between the 2D dihedral angle maps and the 3D Cartesian maps, the propensity distributions are significantly different in the two spaces. Hence, the 3D maps allow the pathway planning to be performed directly in the 3D Euclidean space based on propensities computed in the same space, which is where protein molecules change their conformations.
Sweden: detention and deportation of asylum seekers
Authors: Khosravi Shahram
Published: March 2009

Based on ethnographic fieldwork among undocumented migrants (including asylum seekers) in Stockholm between 2004 and 2006, additional interviews with police officers, deportation escorts and staff at Swedish detention centres and some fieldwork in Tehran in June 2005 and August 2007, this article examines the impact of Sweden's more restrictive asylum policy since the beginning of the decade. From a condition of `deportability' to incarceration in detention centres and then removal from Sweden, asylum seekers have been increasingly criminalised — their confinement and removal being seen as mechanisms for preserving national security. Focusing, in particular, on the techniques used by the detention apparatus to `humanise' and `rationalise' the confinement and expulsion of asylum seekers, it is argued that a discourse of `caring' and `saving' works, in effect, as a disciplinary mechanism that presents asylum seekers as responsible for their own detention and deportation.
Europe: crimes of solidarity
Authors: Fekete Liz
Published: March 2009

In response to increasing activism in support of migrants and asylum seekers across Europe, EU governments are seeking to criminalise acts of solidarity, in a number of different ways. Laws against the assisting of illegal migration — originally intended to target traffickers — are being deployed against those offering humanitarian support, such as accommodation or healthcare. And politicians who take a public stand in defence of migrants and asylum seekers face threats of prosecution. At the same time, criminal sanctions are increasingly being used against those who protest against deportations on planes and those who seek to rescue migrants stranded at sea.
Gendered Connections
Authors: Jensen Steffen
Published: March 2009

This article explores the gendered nature of urban politics in Cape Town by focusing on a group of female, township politicians. Employing the Deleuzian concept of `wild connectivity', it argues that these politically entrepreneurial women were able to negotiate a highly volatile urban landscape by drawing on and operationalizing violent, male networks — from struggle activists' networks, to vigilante groups and gangs, to the police. The fact that they were women helped them to tap into and exploit these networks. At the same time, they were restricted by their sex, as their ability to navigate space also drew on quite traditional notions of female respectability. Furthermore, the article argues, the form of wild connectivity to an extent was a function of the political transition, which destabilized formal structures of gendered authority. It remains a question whether this form of connectivity might endure, as Capetonian politics assumes a post-apartheid structure.
Surgical Treatment of Refractory Tibial Stress Fractures in Elite Dancers
Authors: Miyamoto Ryan G. , Dhotar Herman S. , Rose Donald J. , Egol Kenneth
Published: March 2009

Background

Treatment of tibial stress fractures in elite dancers is centered on rest and activity modification. Surgical intervention in refractory cases has important implications affecting the dancers’ careers.

Hypothesis

Refractory tibial stress fractures in dancers can be treated successfully with drilling and bone grafting or intramedullary nailing.

Study Design

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods

Between 1992 and 2006, 1757 dancers were evaluated at a dance medicine clinic; 24 dancers (1.4%) had 31 tibial stress fractures. Of that subset, 7 (29.2%) elite dancers with 8 tibial stress fractures were treated operatively with either intramedullary nailing or drilling and bone grafting. Six of the patients were followed up closely until they were able to return to dance. One patient was available only for follow-up phone interview. Data concerning their preoperative treatment regimens, operative procedures, clinical union, radiographic union, and time until return to dance were recorded and analyzed.

Results

The mean age of the surgical patients at the time of stress fracture was 22.6 years. The mean duration of preoperative symptoms before surgical intervention was 25.8 months. Four of the dancers were male and 3 were female. All had failed nonoperative treatment regimens. Five patients (5 tibias) underwent drilling and bone grafting of the lesion, and 2 patients (3 tibias) with completed fractures or multiple refractory stress fractures underwent intramedullary nailing. Clinical union was achieved at a mean of 6 weeks and radiographic union at 5.1 months. Return to full dance activity was at an average of 6.5 months postoperatively.

Conclusion

Surgical intervention for tibial stress fractures in dancers who have not responded to nonoperative management allowed for resolution of symptoms and return to dancing with minimal morbidity.
Practices of Faith and Racial Integration in South Texas
Authors: Nájera Jennifer
Published: March 2009

The article presents a case study about the experience of segregation and the process of racial integration within a local Catholic church in South Texas. Following the ideology of segregation that was prevalent during the early part of the 20th century, Anglo Catholics made efforts to both stymie Mexican popular religious practices and to segregate Mexican origin people. The case study demonstrates that, despite desegregation litigation of the 1960s, `customary' practices of Mexican segregation remained active well into the 1970s. The article suggests that because Mexican segregation had become custom, a change in the dominant racial ideology and, subsequently, racial integration could only occur through community building and the cultural empowerment of the Mexican origin community. In this case, cultural empowerment took root in the revival of Mexican popular religious practices.
`The Beacon of Hope for the Black Race'
Authors: Pierre Jemima
Published: March 2009

This article presents an ethnographic analysis of the state-sponsored Pan-African Historical Festival (PANAFEST) and Emancipation Day celebrations that commemorate Ghana's history of Pan-African and slavery while promoting `heritage tourism'. I argue that with calls for African emancipation and Pan-African cooperation, these celebrations create the space for the state's concrete production of social meanings around history, politics, and, especially, race. This Ghanaian state `race-craft', specifically, is revealed through the deployment of a particular narrative of slavery that allows for not only the explicit claim to racial affiliation with diaspora Black communities, but it also enables the recalling of Ghana's own racialized heritage for the production of new national subjectivities. It is also significant that, along with the concomitant growth of the global heritage tourism industry, these PANAFEST/Emancipation Day celebrations are occurring within the context of a shift to a neoliberal economic agenda. As the Ghanaian state continues to host and sponsor these international Pan-Africanist events, it draws on its position in the global economy to craft local and transnational racial subjectivity.
Violence, Business, and Identity in the Borderlands
Authors: Martínez Ernesto
Published: March 2009

Studies of the US—Mexico border continue to inform and challenge sociocultural anthropologists on how to think about race relations, ethnic communities, and identity. This article introduces the Chinese-Mexican community living in the northwest part of the Mexican—US border city of Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico. Identity plays a major role for this community in order for it to survive and, in some cases, thrive financially. I argue that long-standing people of Mexicali with Chinese ancestry (who I refer to as Chinescos) refuse to be categorized when asked to choose an identity. This community struggles to survive economically and socially at the border like other people in the community and live a moral life—a life with a set of values that will protect themselves, their families, and what matters most to them. Their identity is not static and they will choose their identity carefully. They will deploy Chinese values and citizenship strategies when appropriate, but will not shy away from being part of the Mexican community. This article illustrates these issues through two case studies: (a) a violent crime committed in Mexicali involving the Chinescos, and (b) the formation of businesses by the community. In conclusion, studying Mexicali, a US—Mexico border community provides a venue for understanding race relations and community formations.
Being a mayor: the view from four Colombian cities
Authors: Dávila Julio D
Published: March 2009

Local governments are particularly relevant to people's daily lives as they manage the infrastructure and services that directly influence quality of life. Elected mayors tend to be more responsive to the needs of the poor majority than centrally appointed mayors or mayors who are elected by fellow councillors. Colombia's municipal mayors have been elected since 1988 and local governments have been given increased responsibilities and powers to raise local revenues. In this paper, four municipal mayors at the end of their four-year term reflect, in their own words, on the role they have played in shaping their municipalities. They recount their personal engagement with local politics, share their views about their society and problems such as poverty, inequality and violence, describe the business of managing a local government and exercising leadership sometimes in difficult circumstances, reflect on the qualities of a mayor, and explain how they sought continuity for their government programmes. They see themselves as outsiders struggling against local political machineries. With one exception, they do not seem to see the poor as their natural interlocutors on whom they can rely for unswerving political support and to whom most of their energy should be directed.
Urban poverty and vulnerability to climate change in Latin America
Authors: Hardoy Jorgelina , Pandiella Gustavo
Published: March 2009

This paper considers who within the urban population of Latin America is most at risk from the likely impacts of climate change over the next few decades. It also considers how this risk is linked to poverty and to the inadequacies in city and municipal governments. It discusses those who live or work in locations most at risk (including those lacking the needed infrastructure); those who lack knowledge and capacity to adapt; those whose homes and neighbourhoods face the greatest risks when impacts occur; and those who are least able to cope with the impacts (for instance, from injury, death and loss of property and income). Adaptation to climate change cannot eliminate many of the extreme weather risks, so it needs to limit their impacts through good disaster preparedness and post-disaster response. This paper also discusses the measures currently underway that address the vulnerability of urban populations to extreme weather, and how these measures can contribute to building resilience to the impacts of climate change.
The slowing of sub-Saharan Africa's urbanization: evidence and implications for urban livelihoods
Authors: Potts Deborah
Published: March 2009

According to data from the most recent inter-census period, some sub-Saharan African countries are now urbanizing very slowly. Actual decreases in the level of urbanization are rare, but have been recorded for Zambia (where counter-urbanization began in the 1980s) and Côte d'Ivoire and Mali (where there is evidence of counter-urbanization during the 1990s). Countries where urbanization levels are stagnating or increasing very slowly, especially when considering large and medium-sized towns, include Benin, Mozambique, Senegal, Zimbabwe, Mauritania, Burkina Faso and Niger. The East African situation is more mixed, but growth rates in many large centres are around or below the national rate. For many urban centres there is evidence of increased circular migration, which has reduced the contribution of in-migration to urban growth. These trends are largely the result of declining economic opportunities in many urban areas, reflecting crises in urban poverty and livelihood insecurity.
``With My Head Up in the Clouds''
Authors: Panke Stefanie , Gaiser Birgit
Published: March 2009

Social tagging ranges among the ``killer applications'' of Web 2.0. An ever-growing international community uses Web sites such as the photo database Flickr and the bookmarking service Delicious. In addition, a number of other portals use tagging to compile user-specific metadata on information on any subject—whether it be travel destinations, personal contacts, films, or museum exhibits. Retrieving and storing information via tagging seems to meet users' needs for a number of purposes and in many contexts. Starting with a synopsis of the current literature on social tagging and then focusing on the results of two surveys—qualitative interviews and an online questionnaire—this article explores the potential and limitations of tagging as a tool for organizing shared and personal knowledge.
Ignoring Advice and Consent? The Uses of Judicial Recess Appointments
Authors: Graves Scott E. , Howard Robert M.
Published: March 2009

The authors seek to answer the questions of why presidents use the power to temporarily seat federal court judges during recesses of the Senate. The use of the recess power can upset the carefully calculated separation of powers envisioned by the framers, shifting power away from one branch of government toward another. Examining every judicial recess appointment from 1789 to 2004, the authors discover that presidents are conditionally strategic in their use of the unilateral authority to appoint federal court judges during Senate recesses but that the use of this power is careful and spare, especially in the modern era.
How embedded journalists in Iraq viewed the arrest of Al-Jazeera reporter Taysir Alouni
Authors: Fahmy Shahira , Johnson Thomas J.
Published: March 2009

Studies suggest that US reporters, who enjoy the protection of the First Amendment, are strong supporters of freedom of the press. However, studies also suggest that the press rarely challenges the positions of government elites, unless those elites do not agree on a course of action. What happens when attitudes toward free press and government policy collide? This study relies on a survey of embedded journalists conducted soon after the conviction of Al-Jazeera's most prominent reporter, Taysir Alouni, on charges that he collaborated with terrorist organizations. The survey was designed to discover whether embeds believe the arrest sets a dangerous precedent. The study also examines the degree to which attitudes about whether the arrest sets a dangerous precedent are correlated with attitudes about press freedom and amount of censorship in Iraq. Respondents were more likely than not to believe that the arrest would set a dangerous precedent, but the plurality did not take a position on the issue. Those who believed reporters should have maximum access to the war and those who believed that the government engaged in censorship were more likely to argue that Alouni's arrest may have a chilling effect on journalism.
National interest or business interest: coverage of conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo in The Australian newspaper
Authors: Hawkins Virgil
Published: March 2009

Most of the world's mass media have largely ignored the conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), despite the fact that it is by far the deadliest conflict in the world today. Other much smaller conflicts are instead chosen to be the subject of intense focus and attention, ostensibly on grounds of relevance to national interest and humanitarian concern. But neither of these rationales holds up to scrutiny. The Australian newspaper is no exception in this sense. This article quantitatively and qualitatively examines coverage of conflict in the DRC in The Australian, comparing it with that of other conflicts and crises, primarily Israel—Palestine, Darfur and Zimbabwe. It concludes that some subjective and narrow perceptions of national interest as well as business interests (producing news that `sells' and following international news flows) serve to explain the DRC's marginalization in The Australian .
Alcohol consumption and decreased risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: role of mTOR dysfunction
Authors: Hagner Patrick R. , Mazan-Mamczarz Krystyna , Dai Bojie , Corl Sharon , Zhao X. Frank , Gartenhaus Ronald B.
Published: March 2009

Several epidemiologic studies support the emerging paradigm that current alcohol consumers have decreased risk of most types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The observed lower risk among people who drank alcohol does not seem to vary with beverage type. The mechanisms accounting for alcohol-induced decrease in the incidence of lymphomas remain largely unknown. We demonstrate that low-dose chronic exposure to ethanol inhibits mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) C1 complex formation, resulting in decreased phosphorylation events involved in mTOR pathway signaling in a lymphoid-tissue specific manner. These changes in mTOR signaling lead to a decrease in eIF4E associated with the translation initiation complex and a repression of global cap-dependent synthesis in both lymphoma cell lines and normal donor lymphocytes. We show that chronic exposure of ethanol at physiologically relevant concentrations in a xenograft model results in a striking inhibition of lymphoma growth. Our data support a paradigm in which chronic ethanol exposure inhibits mTOR signaling in lymphocytes with a significant repression of cap-dependent translation, reducing the tumorigenic capacity of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in a human xenograft model. The ethanol-mediated repression of mTOR signaling coupled with decreased in vivo lymphoma growth underscore the critical role of mTOR signaling and translation in lymphoma.