bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two Examples of Administrative Texts
Authors: Imhausen Annette
Published: January 2018

This chapter presents two examples that illustrate basic mathematical concepts used during the New Kingdom: Papyrus Harris I and Papyrus Wilbour. Papyrus Harris I is primarily a political document, documenting the relation between Ramses III and the temples of Egypt. It includes illustrations accompanied by hieroglyphic texts. The hieratic parts consist of lists of temple endowments and a brief summary of the entire reign of King Ramses III. The topic of the Wilbour papyrus is the administration of arable land, and thus this text is one of the sources one should take into account when reading the famous statement of Herodotus that geometry was invented in Egypt and then passed into Greece.
QRE as a Structural Model for Estimation
Authors: Goeree Jacob K. , Holt Charles A. , Palfrey Thomas R.
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses the use of maximum-likelihood methods to estimate the precision and other parameters of interest, for example, those that capture risk aversion, inequity aversion, altruism, etc. It also considers “noisy Nash” and other (nonequilibrium) error specifications. This estimation can be done with any standard statistical package, for example, GAUSS, Mathematica, R, and MATLAB. The sample programs contained in this chapter are specified in a manner that is intended to clarify the underlying structure of the quantal response equilibrium (QRE) analysis and to illustrate how to use numerical methods to calculate QRE. The chapter is organized around a series of applications, each based on a laboratory experiment that presented interesting estimation issues.
Introduction
Authors: Taves Ann
Published: January 2018

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book analyzes the role of revelatory claims in three groups that emerged in the United States in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries: Mormonism, Alcoholics Anonymous, and the network of students associated with A Course in Miracles. These three case studies are not only richly documented but also present intriguing comparative possibilities. Each had a key figure whose unusual experiences and/or abilities led to the emergence of a new spiritual path and to the production of scripture-like texts that were not attributed directly to them. However, the three groups do not make the same claims for their scripture-like texts, and their respective collaborations generated very different social formations.
An Anonymous Fellowship
Authors: Taves Ann
Published: January 2018

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) dates its beginning as a fellowship to 10 June 1935, the day cofounder Dr. Bob Smith took his last drink. This anniversary was marked at AA International Conventions beginning with the Twentieth Anniversary International Convention in St. Louis in 1955 and every five years thereafter. In conjunction with its twentieth anniversary, Bill Wilson prepared and AA published the second edition of ...
Teaching(s)
Authors: Taves Ann
Published: January 2018

This chapter draws on unpublished versions of the Course to analyze the interactions between Schucman, Thetford, and the Voice in the early stages of scribing it. If we analyze the types of material that appeared in the first few months of the scribed notes, we find considerable continuity with the material in the letters and the pre-Course “sort of diary” entries, along with a shift in the proportions as the process unfolds. During the first few weeks of scribing, the Voice made a distinction between the personal material and “the more generalizable quality which this course is aimed at.” The Voice later came into its own not only as an entity separate from Helen but as an author-teacher taking charge of the text it was producing.
Motivation
Authors: Taves Ann
Published: January 2018

This chapter uses research on motivation to consider why some and not others were motivated to participate in the process of group formation and how competing motives directed toward different goals were given voice as alternate “selves.” It argues that the alternate selves can be understood as group-identified selves, that is, as selves that were motivated to speak for the group as a whole and thus to guide the emergence of the group as a group. In social identity terms, these group-identified selves—the Lord, the Higher Power, and the Voice—articulated the norms and values of the group and “chastised” individuals when their individual identities threatened the goals of the emerging group. Individuals were motivated to postulate or confirm the presence of a suprahuman entity and its role in guiding them when doing so promised to resolve deep-seated problems. In so doing, they became founding teams. Individuals were motivated to convert—becoming first followers—when their individual aims meshed with or could be positively transformed in light of the apparent goals of the postulated entity.
Political Theory
Authors: Wolin Sheldon S.
Published: January 2018

This chapter presents the author's reflections about vocation and invocation. He says that while vocation is associated with “calling” and is freighted with a rich genealogy, invocation is associated with “recalling,” and its genealogy or theoretical relevance seems, at first glance, unpromising, since it is apt to be associated with defect, as in the recall of faulty cars. But defect suggests that something is missing, and invocation does have that association. In ancient Rome an invocation was an appeal to a departed deity. While vocation implies action, a practice, invocation may be said to imply memory and to enjoin recovery. Vocation predicates a certain commitment, “ideal” though not disinterested, to the particular practice in question. Invocation is a response to a certain kind of loss.
Editorial
Authors: Wolin Sheldon S.
Published: January 2018

For nearly two decades, Americans have witnessed, experienced, and been shaped by the steady corruption of the public realm and its modes of discourse. The deceptions of Vietnam and Watergate were the climactic moments in this experience but not the sole instances of a condition in which the experiment of a politics without trust is being attempted. This chapter reflects upon the most recent episode, the purloined briefing papers made available to the Reagan campaign organizers. At issue is not whether the Reagan campaign was as corrupt as Nixon's, but the different ways in which the Reagan administration is corrupt and what corruption now means.
Agitated Times
Authors: Wolin Sheldon S.
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses the notion of agitation. Agitation suggests a politics of premeditated spontaneity and of varying but controlled tempos. However, this represents an older understanding, one that is close to the cooptation and normalization of agitation, agitation as the contrived outrage of orthodoxy. A contemporary conception might evade cooptation by adopting an understanding of agitation as inspired intervention, sudden, short-lived, dramatic, disruptive, unco-optable. But does this last conception, in its concern to avoid entrapment in institutional processes, deprive action of any staying-power and of democratic legitimacy? The chapter then attempts to clarify what is at stake by contrasting two ideal-types of politics and their tempos. One conception represents agitation as disruptive, energetic intervention whose results include a large element of the unpredictable and perhaps some element of the anarchic; the other is represented by an ideal of action as orderly, stylized, shaped, and limited by prescribed processes, procedures, even time-tables, that are designed to produce predictable (i.e., consistent) decisions or results.
What is Liberalism?
Authors: Bell Duncan
Published: January 2018

This chapter attempts to reframe the way in which the liberal tradition is understood. It opens with a critique of some existing interpretive protocols used to delimit political traditions. It then introduces a new way of conceptualizing liberalism, suggesting that it can be seen as the sum of the arguments that have been classified as liberal, and recognized as such by other self-proclaimed liberals, across time and space. The second half of the chapter analyzes the emergence and subsequent transformation of the category of liberalism in Anglo-American political thought between 1850 and 1950. It traces the evolution of the language of liberalism in nineteenth-century Britain, and explores how the scope of the liberal tradition was massively expanded during the middle decades of the century, chiefly in the United States, such that it came to be seen by many as the constitutive ideology of the West. It argues that this broad understanding of liberalism was produced by a conjunction of the ideological wars fought against “totalitarianism” and assorted developments in the social sciences.
Ideologies of Empire
Authors: Bell Duncan
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores aspects of the modern imperial imaginary and distinguishes three ideal-typical aspects of imperial ideology: justification, governance, and resistance. Ideologies of justification are those patterns of thought that provide reasons, explicit or implicit, for supporting or upholding imperial activity. They seek to legitimate the creation, reproduction, or expansion of empire. Ideologies of governance articulate the modalities of imperial rule in specific contexts. Particular ideologies of justification may be compatible with diverse and conflicting ideologies of governance, while precluding others. Finally, ideologies of resistance deny the legitimacy of imperial control. They too cover a broad spectrum, ranging from moderate positions that reject only some aspects of imperial rule and seek accommodation with the existing order, through to defenses of violent rebellion and the revolutionary transcendence of the system.
The Idea of a Patriot Queen?
Authors: Bell Duncan
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses how the monarchy was figured in arguments about imperial federation. First, it was argued that the august institution of the monarchy could act as a marker of stability and constitutional fidelity in a globe-spanning imperial polity, thus reassuring skeptics that a strong thread of historical continuity ran through proposals for uniting Britain and the settler colonies. Second, an idealized representation of Queen Victoria served as an anchor for national identity across vast geographical distances, her popularity binding the far-flung peoples of her realm in close communion. Or so it was claimed. The chapter also contends that the way in which she was often represented in imperial debate echoed an older civic humanist language of “patriot kingship,” a fantasy vision of the monarch as the enemy of corruption, the protector of the people, and the strong but benevolent leader of a dynamic commercial people.
Gene Flow
Authors: Hendry Andrew P.
Published: January 2018

This chapter looks at empirical methods for quantifying gene flow and inferring its role in adaptive divergence. An important point made therein is that gene flow can sometimes aid adaptation, such as when it enhances the genetic variation on which selection acts. The key questions addressed with empirical data are divided into the potential negative versus positive effects. On the negative side, questions include to what extent gene flow constrains adaptive divergence among environments, and how the resulting maladaptation might cause population declines and limit species' ranges. On the positive side, questions include whether gene flow has a special benefit in the case of antagonistic coevolution, and whether it can save (rescue) populations that would otherwise go extinct.
Community Structure
Authors: Hendry Andrew P.
Published: January 2018

This chapter begins with an outline of mathematical approaches for evaluating how genotypes/phenotypes might alter community structure, which points to predictions about when such effects should be strongest in nature. It then summarizes common approaches for empirical work, which might be broadly classed as (1) the effects of genotypes/phenotypes within and among populations, and (2) the year-by-year correspondence between phenotypic change and community change. These key questions examine the current state of knowledge for two classic applications of evolutionary thinking to community theory: predator–prey interactions and competition. The chapter also considers the importance of intraspecific genetic diversity for community structure, which echoes and extends the intense interest surrounding the effects of interspecific diversity.
Ecosystem Function
Authors: Hendry Andrew P.
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores how the mathematical frameworks, empirical methods, and predictions introduced for community structure can be extended to ecosystem function. Also outlined is an alternative conceptual framework (biological stoichiometry) for evaluating eco-evolutionary dynamics at the ecosystem level. The key questions in this analysis include the importance of intraspecific diversity, the relative strength of the various effects, on what time scales do the effects play out, and to what extent are the effects direct or indirect. The chapter also addresses whether the effects of genotypes decrease toward higher levels of complexity (from phenotypes to communities to ecosystems), and to what extent feedbacks are evident-traits influence ecosystems which then influence traits.
Who Left the South and How Did They Fare?
Authors: Boustan Leah Platt
Published: January 2018

This chapter shows that, for the southern blacks, migration is a route to economic advancement. To do so, the chapter first investigates the family background of black migrants leaving the South, revealing that young migrants living in the North in 1940 were drawn from households at both the top and the bottom of the occupational distribution. After arriving at their destinations, black migrants did not suffer an earnings penalty in the northern economy, but neither did they out-earn northern-born blacks as some have suggested. Rather, southern migrants earned just as much as northern-born blacks upon arrival in the North and experienced a similar pace of earnings growth over time.
Competition in Northern Labor Markets
Authors: Boustan Leah Platt
Published: January 2018

This chapter shows that northern employers used black migrants more interchangeably with other black workers than with similarly skilled white workers in the North. The lack of substitutability between black and white workers was due both to actual differences in productivity—owing to, for example, racial disparities in school quality—and to discrimination in job assignments. In addition, the competition with southern blacks generated larger wage losses for black men in the North than for similarly skilled whites. This chapter argues that the migration produced clear economic winners and losers. The southern migrants themselves benefited from the move from the low-wage South, while existing black workers in the North lost ground. In part because of competition from southern in-migrants, black workers experienced little earnings growth in the North relative to whites before 1965.
Motivations for White Flight: The Role of Fiscal/Political Interactions
Authors: Boustan Leah Platt
Published: January 2018

This chapter compares the trajectory of housing prices in adjacent neighborhoods separated by a municipal border. In each of these pairs, one neighborhood is located within the city limits and the other is just across the border into the suburbs. The housing stock and local attributes of these neighborhoods were virtually identical, but residents on either side of the municipal border were assessed different property tax rates and had access to a different set of public goods. This chapter shows that the price premium associated with suburban units increased at the border as the black population rose in the city from 1960 to 1980, even though the racial composition of the neighborhoods under consideration was little changed. This pattern suggests that the decline in the demand for city residence with black in-migration was, in part, due to fiscal/political changes at the citywide level.
Introduction
Authors: Schickler Eric
Published: January 2018

This introductory chapter provides a background of the civil rights realignment. The conventional account treats the civil rights realignment as the disruption of one stable partisan alignment and its replacement by another alignment in which race played a defining role. The critical decisions driving this process occurred in the 1960s as national party elites grappled with the question of how to respond to pressure from civil rights activists. The choices made at the center then reverberated throughout the political system, gradually remaking both parties at the mass and middle levels. In contrast, this book argues that the partisan realignment on civil rights was rooted in changes in the New Deal coalition that emerged in the mid- to late 1930s, not the 1960s. Rather than realignment starting in Washington and diffusing out and down, state parties and locally oriented rank- and-file members of Congress provided a key mechanism for pro-civil rights forces to capture the Democratic Party from below.
Race
Authors: Schickler Eric
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the status quo before the start of the civil rights realignment, showing that civil rights was simply not viewed as part of the standard “liberal program” as of the early 1930s. Although African Americans were vocal in attacking Franklin D. Roosevelt's weak civil rights record, they were largely alone. When whites on the left pushed Roosevelt to be a more forthright liberal or progressive, they criticized him for inadequate support for labor, weak business regulation, and insufficient recovery spending—but not for his failure to back civil rights. At this early stage, the “enemies” of a liberal Democratic Party generally were not identified with the South but instead were probusiness Democrats from the Northeast, associated with Al Smith of New York. Economic questions were the key battleground in the eyes of white liberals, and civil rights did not figure in these debates.
Liberalism Transformed
Authors: Schickler Eric
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the deepening and consolidation of ideological changes as support for civil rights became a defining commitment of a more robust liberal coalition in the 1940s. African American movement activists capitalized on the World War II crisis to force new civil rights issues onto the political agenda—such as fair employment practices and discrimination in the military—and to forge a much broader civil rights coalition. After the war, continued movement activism laid the groundwork for the dramatic fight over the Democratic platform at the convention in 1948. Ultimately, the political work by African American groups, in cooperation with the Congress of Industrial Organizations and other urban liberals, fostered a new understanding of “liberalism” in which support for civil rights was a key marker of one's identity as a liberal.
Beyond the Roll Call
Authors: Schickler Eric
Published: January 2018

This chapter argues that rank- and-file northern Democrats in the House of Representatives also responded to activist and constituent pressure for civil rights by the late 1930s and early 1940s. These locally rooted politicians proved willing to take on southern Democrats and party leaders by signing discharge petitions that extricated civil rights bills from obstructionist committees, forcing the measures to the House floor. Prior to the late 1930s, northern Republicans had outpaced northern Democrats in their civil rights support. Northern Democrats showed increased civil rights support by the end of the 1930s, displacing northern Republicans as the leading advocates of civil rights during World War II. The Democrats most supportive of civil rights came from the highly urban, unionized areas that were most associated with New Deal liberalism, while the smaller number of GOP supporters tended to come from atypical districts for the party. The gap between the parties was substantial from the mid-1940s onward.
Foiehibition
Authors: DeSoucey Michaela
Published: January 2018

This chapter argues that foie gras was rendered strange, salient, and compelling because of a discernible absence of care—as opposed to the French national “ethic of care” detailed in the previous chapters—for something that is clearly not part of the United States' cultural traditions or even a chapter of the story of the culinary “melting pot” of ethnic food traditions finding their way into mainstream American tastes. Events surrounding the ultimately unsuccessful ordinance banning foie gras—a little-known, luxury food item—in Chicago's restaurants offers a prime example of how chance and contingency can affect the cultural evolution of a city's politics of food.
The Paradox of Perspective
Authors: DeSoucey Michaela
Published: January 2018

This chapter shifts attention to the more general challenges and paradoxes of developing moral understandings around a contested food such as foie gras by asking, up front and center, how we can know if a practice is cruel and, for individuals who wish to be moral eaters, which side we must take. It offers analyses of the moral discourses, empirical claims, perceptions, and political strategies that both sides of the foie gras debate have employed. In doing so, the chapter unpacks the social antagonisms that anchor the contemporary gastropolitics of foie gras in the United States, revealing that the relational contexts that make symbolic boundaries between “us” and “them”—and the social antagonisms that they spur—continue to matter tremendously within the contemporary politics of food.
Mathematics in the Islamic World in Medieval Spain and North Africa
Authors: Folkerts Menso , Hughes Barnabas , Wagner Roi , Berggren J. Lennart , Folkerts Menso , Hughes Barnabas , Wagner Roi , Berggren J. Lennart , Folkerts Menso , Hughes Barnabas , Wagner Roi , Berggren J. Lennart
Published: January 2018

This chapter turns to the mathematics of medieval Islam. These include the mathematical theories and practices that grew, and often flourished, in that part of the world where the dominant religious and cultural influence was the religion of Islam, though this chapter focuses on the mathematics written in Spain and North Africa. The historical period under consideration is roughly the 700 years from 750 CE to 1450 CE, although the earliest mathematical works date from around 825. The chapter first discusses the arithmetic from this period, through the works of Aḥmad ibn al-Bannā, and others. Treatises on algebra, combinatorics, geometry, and trigonometry also follow, focusing on the selected works of many notable mathematicians of medieval Islam.
Iran, 1979
Authors: Barany Zoltan
Published: January 2018

This chapter explains why Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi’s Imperial Armed Forces (IAF) were unwilling or unable to prop up the crumbling edifice of his regime. It draws on the main contours of the political and socioeconomic setting of Iran in the late 1970s, followed by a more detailed outline of the conditions of the Iranian military and its relationship to the Shah as well as to the population. Next, the chapter focuses on the main events of the January 1978–February 1979 period that led to the regime’s collapse and then considers the role of the armed forces during the revolutionary period, explaining the reasons behind their actions or lack thereof. Finally, the chapter sums up the reasons for the success of the uprising and ponders whether experts should have been able to foresee the military’s response to the revolution and, if so, at what point.
Burma, 1988 and 2007
Authors: Barany Zoltan
Published: January 2018

This chapter shows the generals’ responses to the attempt to depose a different kind of regime, a military dictatorship, in the case of Burma. Military regimes are very difficult to unseat unless their rulers evidence some willingness to give up power. In Burma they did not, either in response to the student-led revolution in 1988, or, nearly two decades later, in the series of large demonstrations led by Buddhist monks that is now customarily referred to as the “Saffron Revolution.” Looking at Burma could not be more timely, given its ongoing but still nascent, still hesitant, and still easily reversible democratization process that began in late 2010.
Phylogenetic Patterns within Communities
Authors: Cadotte Marc W. , Davies T. Jonathan
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses the use of phylogenetic distances to infer mechanisms of ecological assembly. Mechanisms influencing patterns of community assembly act on the ecological similarities and differences of organisms, and not on the number of species. Phylogenetic patterns of relatedness have provided an especially useful and popular approach to quantifying expected species ecological differences for examining community assembly. Over the past decade, phylogenetic information has been widely used in community assembly studies to test a basic set of hypotheses about the relatedness of co-occurring species. This chapter considers two kinds of metrics employing phylogenetic information: those that examine patterns of relatedness by measuring phylogenetic distances among species, and those that provide an index of phylodiversity within an assemblage by accounting for the distribution of or evenness in edge lengths.
Detecting Patterns of Trait Evolution
Authors: Cadotte Marc W. , Davies T. Jonathan
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines a variety of methods for detecting the patterns of evolution of a certain trait. It first considers common metrics for evaluating phylogenetic signal and compares fit of alternative evolutionary models. When trait data deviates significantly from assumptions of Brownian motion (BM), the phylogenetic distances separating taxa on a time-calibrated tree might not accurately capture phenotypic distance between species. If we are able to identify the correct model of trait evolution, we can transform the branch lengths on the phylogenetic tree to match. Nevertheless, we might still favor using the untransformed tree because complex evolutionary models might not generalize across traits. The chapter also reviews alternative models of trait evolution, including a model of constrained evolution, multirate and multioptima models, speciational models, and white noise model. Finally, it looks at some of the common models for reconstructing ancestral states for discrete and continuous data.
The New Ecology
Authors: Schmitz Oswald J.
Published: January 2018

Our species has transitioned from being one among millions on Earth to the species that is single-handedly transforming the entire planet to suit its own needs. In order to meet the daunting challenges of environmental sustainability in this epoch of human domination—known as the Anthropocene—ecologists have begun to think differently about the interdependencies between humans and the natural world. This book provides the best available introduction to what this new ecology is all about—and why it matters more than ever before. It describes how the science of ecology is evolving to provide a better understanding of how human agency is shaping the natural world, often in never-before-seen ways. The book emphasizes the importance of conserving species diversity, because it can offer a portfolio of options to keep our ecosystems resilient in the face of environmental change. It envisions humans taking on new roles as thoughtful stewards of the environment to ensure that ecosystems have the enduring capacity to supply the environmental services on which our economic well-being—and our very existence—depend. It offers the ecological know-how to maintain and enhance our planet's environmental performance and ecosystem production for the benefit of current and future generations. The book shows how today's ecology can provide the insights we need to appreciate the crucial role we play in this era of unprecedented global environmental transition.
Biological Diversity and Ecosystem Functions
Authors: Schmitz Oswald J.
Published: January 2018

This chapter reflects on the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functions. Drawing connections between ecosystem functions and ecosystem services can make the concept of sustainability less nebulous. It offers tangible ways to translate science into practice by revealing the intricacies of nature and the many threads that link humans to nature through such intricacies. Establishing such connections illustrates why it is important to ensure that ecosystem functions endure. The chapter shows how the New Ecology is helping us appreciate how and why the complex ways that species that have evolved and forged interdependencies with each other matter to sustainability. It argues that maintaining diversity within ecosystems ensures that a wide range of options is available for adapting to environmental change.
Domesticated Nature
Authors: Schmitz Oswald J.
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines how humans reengineer the world to suit their own needs, a process known as domesticating nature. The New Ecology is grappling with the issue of what an increasingly domesticated world means for the inner workings of nature. Ecological scientific study is already revealing important impacts on ecosystems that could jeopardize sustainability. But in doing so, it is also newly uncovering interesting ways that species may respond to changes wrought by humans. The chapter considers the new theories being advanced by ecologists to explain how nature works in order to address the challenges presented by human domestication of nature. For example, ecologists are now deploying transplant experiments that test for local adaptation and plasticity in thermal tolerance among species populations and whether this adaptive capacity is sufficient to sustain biodiversity, food web dependencies, and ecosystem functions along with services across different thermal conditions.
“Go Work Over There and Come Do Something Here”
Authors: Garip Filiz
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses a particular group that dominated the migrant stream from Mexico to the United States in 1965. The group contained a large share of men—many of them household heads who were married with children—from rural central-western communities in Mexico. Migrants in the group typically had little education, worked in agriculture in both Mexico and the United States, and took multiple trips of short duration. This group is referred to as circular migrants. Circular migrants declined both in absolute numbers and in relative size over time, accounting for less than 10 percent of new migrants by 2010. Circular migrants declined in numbers as incomes in Mexico rose, real wages in the United States fell, and the budget dedicated to securing the border grew exponentially between 1965 and 2010.
Creative Human Capital
Authors: Chumley Lily
Published: January 2018

This chapter illustrates how artists (yishujia) and designers (shejishi) occupy newly prominent positions in China, as model producers, consumers, and citizens/subjects. As paragons of the “creative class,” artists and designers often figure as models for aspirational fantasies in television series and movies aimed at young audiences. Chinese publics are now more often invoked and addressed as consumers (xiaofeizhe) or citizens (guomin, shimin) rather than workers or producers. But members of the “creativity industries” (chuang yi chanye) are represented as elite producers of value in bureaucratic discourses and policies that extol the importance of cultural industries. Here, the chapter outlines the four major themes underscoring this phenomenon—creative practice, self-styling, aesthetic community, and postsocialism.
Escaping the Islamic State?
Authors: Salomon Noah
Published: January 2018

This epilogue first describes cases of Sudanese university students joining ISIS. It then argues that if we begin to evaluate the success of the Sudanese Islamic state project based not on the staying-power of the particular doctrines the Inqadh regime imposed or on the institutional forms it assumed, but rather on the questions it continues to provoke and the aspirations it engenders, we will better be able to explain why groups like ISIS have become attractive to Sudanese students living in the era of the late Inqadh. The fact that the renegade students felt they could not fulfill Islamic political aspirations in Sudan but needed to make the radical move of traveling across the world to join an organization vilified both at home and internationally suggests not only that the definition of an Islamic state remains as contested as ever, but that, contrary to some predictions, the failures of the Islamic state model in Sudan have led not to the eclipse of Islam as a viable political foundation, but rather to an even more active search for its true embodiment.
Introduction
Authors: Hassan Mona
Published: January 2018

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book explores the complex constellations of meanings and networks that shaped Muslim reactions to the remarkably unexpected disappearance of an Islamic caliphate in the thirteenth and twentieth centuries. It probes the collective memories encircling the caliphate, as an institution enmeshed with the early history of Islam, which circulated widely across Afro-Eurasia and created a shared sense of community among disparate peoples at the same time as it gave rise to differing and competing visions of the community's past, present, and future. The book asks two essential questions: What did Muslims imagine to be lost with the disappearance of the Abbasid and Ottoman caliphates in 1258 and 1924 respectively? And how did they attempt to recapture that perceived loss, and in doing so redefine the caliphate for their times, under shifting circumstances?
Manifold Meanings of Loss: Ottoman Defeat, Early 1920s
Authors: Hassan Mona
Published: January 2018

This chapter considers a protracted poetic debate between one of the last Ottoman şeyhülislams Mustafa Sabri and the Egyptian Prince of Poets Aṭmad Shawqī, conducted through the Egyptian press in the 1920s, to illustrate how modern regional contexts and professional affiliations created divergent interpretations of the Ottoman Caliphate's significance, even among those Muslim elites who shared an intense devotion to defending its legacy. For Mustafa Sabri, who hailed from the Ottoman religious hierarchy, the abolition of the caliphate meant a loss of the primacy of Islamic law, whereas for Aṭmad Shawqī, who assailed the British with his poetic pen, it meant the loss of the last great Muslim power in an age of colonialism.
Debating a Modern Caliphate
Authors: Hassan Mona
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the contentious debates among modernist and traditional Muslim scholars in the Turkish Republic and Egypt over the future of the caliphate. Scholars and intellectuals on both sides of the divide faced serious consequences for their positions: İsmail Şükrü's publisher was brutally murdered by Mustafa Kemal's lead bodyguard, Seyyid Bey was sidelined from power after justifying the new Turkish regime, and Mustafa Sabri lived in double exile in Egypt. Although not directly instigated by his intriguing views on the caliphate, Said Nursi survived multiple poisonings, imprisonment, and exile within Republican Turkey for his charismatic potential and activism. The separation of the caliphate from the Ottoman Sultanate followed by the Ottoman Caliphate's abolition had opened up the possibilities for new and passionately contested configurations of power.
The Swirl of Religious Hopes and Aspirations
Authors: Hassan Mona
Published: January 2018

This epilogue discusses the later birth and development of Islamist movements of widely divergent strains, contrasts their stances with those held by the majority of Muslims, and further contemplates some of the book's central themes. It emphasizes broader patterns regarding the dynamic intersection of faith, community, and politics across time and space, and highlights differences among the premodern and modern contexts of religious communities and their imaginaries. In the modern context, the surging currents of nationalism, colonialism, materialism, and internationalism were influential in shaping the overall tenor of intellectual and social responses to the symbolic communal loss of the Ottoman Caliphate in 1924. Nationalist politics seeking to thwart European colonial incursions and to either embrace or reject the narrowing Turkification and centralization of the Ottoman Empire helped form the reactions of Muslims in Turkey, Egypt, Syria, Palestine, India, the Indonesian Archipelago, and elsewhere. Yet the ideas generated by other traditionally trained Islamic scholarsmore closely paralleled patterns from the past, by forging jurisprudential accommodations of new political realities and by encouraging others to focus on the everlasting Divine.
Overview
Authors: Harding Don , Pagan Adrian
Published: January 2018

There are many events that recur. These are evident either directly in time series or through their effects on economic outcomes. Examples include business and financial cycles, crises, high and low levels of volatility and sentiment, and floods and droughts. There are three key issues that need to be dealt with when discussing recurrent events. These are: (i) the description of the event via a set of statistics; (ii) the uses that can be made of these statistics; and (iii) the possibility of predicting these events, in particular by using information sets that contain more information than just calendar time. It pays to consider the basic issues involving recurrent events in the context of a simple example, and that is the modus operandi of this overview chapter.
Model-Based Rules for Describing Recurrent Events
Authors: Harding Don , Pagan Adrian
Published: January 2018

The chapter discusses a particular way of producing rules to summarize the nature of the recurrent events. These rules come from the idea that the data incorporating the recurrent event can be captured by models that specify a number of regimes, and then using the information provided by the fitted model to date the recurrent event. The chapter discusses variants of Markov switching models in the context where there is only a single series in which the recurrent event is observed. It then deals with dating cycles with univariate series. Finally, it considers model-based rules for dating events with multivariate series.
Only the Best Is Good Enough for God: Leibniz’s Synthesis of Scholasticism and the New Science
Authors: Hösle Vittorio
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on the philosophy of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716). Leibniz's oeuvre has incontestably gained prestige in the twentieth century. For thinkers who, like present-day analytical philosophers of religion, would like to articulate the basic ideas of classical metaphysics in a way that is logically more precise and not incompatible with modern science, Leibniz's ideas are the most important source of inspiration. His philosophical ideas stand much closer to traditional Christian theology and ethics, despite his fascination with modern science and despite his agreement with Spinoza that divine omnipotence implies omnicausality. He can also provide a good foundation for his intuitions because he is an incomparably better logician than Spinoza, indeed with the calculus ratiocinator he outlined the idea of a symbolic logic long before Boole, De Morgan, and Frege.
Introduction
Authors: Dow Katharine
Published: January 2018

This book examines what nature, ethics, and reproduction mean to the people of Spey Bay, a coastal village in northeast Scotland. Drawing on an ethnographic research undertaken by the author beginning in late 2005, plus various follow-up trips, the book explores what a group of middle-class people making “good” lives in Spey Bay think about reproduction and assisted reproductive technologies in a time characterized by the rise of biotechnology, fear of environmental crisis, explicit attention to ethics, and intense public scrutiny of reproduction, parenting, and kinship. This introduction provides an overview of bioethics, an academic discipline that has been closely associated with questions about reproduction, and some of the main themes of the book. It also maps the context of Spey Bay by describing the place and the feeling of being there and outlining some of the issues that preoccupy its inhabitants.
You’ve Been Trumped!
Authors: Dow Katharine
Published: January 2018

At the start of the twentieth century, the golf resort was the most important industry in Spey Bay alongside the salmon fishing at Tugnet. The golf links and hotel were originally built in 1907 and this was by all accounts a popular leisure destination, with the Lossiemouth-born former British prime minister Ramsay MacDonald a regular player in the 1920s, so there has in fact been over a century of tourism in the village. However, this declined during World War II, when the hotel was requisitioned for RAF troops based at Nether Dallachy, one mile southeast of Spey Bay. The hotel was largely destroyed in a fire in 1965 and later rebuilt with little of its former grandeur....
Learn More Zulu
Authors: Sanders Mark
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the ways that white appropriation gave Zulu its power and value relative to other African signifiers. It first provides an overview of the legacy of John William Colenso, who, as Church of England Bishop of Natal from 1855 until his death in 1883, made it his business to refine, correct, and amplify existing grammars and dictionaries in Zulu. It then considers the distinction between Zulu and Kitchen Kafr—or Fanagalo, as it was called later. It also reflects on what stands in the way of learning Zulu and how Fanagalo becomes a substitute not only for Zulu, but also for other African languages. The author concludes by charting his history of attempts at learning Zulu in South Africa by citing Sibusiso Nyembezi's 1970 language manual, Learn More Zulu.
Conclusion
Authors: Winter Stefan
Published: January 2018

This concluding chapter summarizes key themes and presents some final thoughts. The book has shown that the multiplicity of lived ʻAlawi experiences cannot be reduced to the sole question of religion or framed within a monolithic narrative of persecution; that the very attempt to outline a single coherent history of “the ʻAlawis” may indeed be misguided. The sources on which this study has drawn are considerably more accessible, and the social and administrative realities they reflect consistently more mundane and disjointed, than the discourse of the ʻAlawis' supposed exceptionalism would lead one to believe. Therefore, the challenge for historians of ʻAlawi society in Syria and elsewhere is not to use the specific events and structures these sources detail to merely add to the already existing metanarratives of religious oppression, Ottoman misrule, and national resistance but rather to come to a newer and more intricate understanding of that community, and its place in wider Middle Eastern society, by investigating the lives of individual ʻAlawi (and other) actors within the rich diversity of local contexts these sources reveal.
Education
Authors: Allan Michael
Published: January 2018

This chapter considers the pedagogical instantiation of literature as a disciplined practice, with particular emphasis on the arguments for reformed educational policy, often anchored in fears of fanaticism as a counterpart to the moral force of modernization. It discusses the role of education in the writings of colonial administrators Lord Cromer and Alfred Milner, both of whom associate learning to read with the cultivation of sensibilities necessary to the supposedly virtuous ends of liberal government. Drawing from distinctions between taʻlīm (instruction) and tarbiyah (cultivation), as well as opinions versus prejudice, the chapter examines the role of reading as part of a broader conceptualization of education, civic participation, and the colonial Egyptian state.
Introduction
Authors: Bandelj Nina , Wherry Frederick F. , Zelizer Viviana A.
Published: January 2018

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book brings together a set of scholars from seven disciplines—economics, anthropology, communication, sociology, political science, philosophy, and law—in order to document the multiple advances in monetary analysis and the changes in monetary forms. Drawing from a dazzling panoply of theories and empirical cases, the chapters illuminate money's past, present, and future. Along the way, the authors grapple with perennial questions but also confront novel dilemmas about money's constitution, its effects, and how we account for it. They address questions such as: What explains the multiple ways in which we use, give, or save money? Are the monies we exchange in our private transactions fundamentally different than those used to trade in financial and corporate markets? Under what conditions, to what extent, and how does the expansion of monetary exchanges transform the prevailing quality of social life?
Utopian Monies
Authors: Dodd Nigel
Published: January 2018

Since the 2008 global financial crisis, there has been an explosion of interest in alternative and complementary currencies, by academics, governments, practitioners, and activists who are interested in the social and political possibilities generated by money's myriad forms; and by everyday users of money who are coming face-to-face with new forms of payment such as Apple Pay and PayPal, novel modes of financing such as crowdfunding and peer-to-peer lending, and new digital currencies such as Bitcoin. Much of this interest has sought to reverse the conventional wisdom that money is a socially corrosive force. This chapter offers a survey and discussion of some of the most important developments in this field and argues that they all help to confirm the value and continuing relevance of Zelizer's pathbreaking analysis of the social meaning of money and, more recently, her work on the role of monetary media in the formation of circuits of commerce.
Reimagining the State in a Global Space
Authors: Rosenboim Or
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines perceptions of the state in a global context, arguing that the emergence of globalism encouraged mid-century thinkers to reimagine—but not abandon—the nation-state. In particular, it considers Raymond Aron’s proposals to reinterpret the political space of the nation-state in the post-war era and how the war experience formed his conceptualization of international relations. While the state remained for Aron the main bastion of individual liberty, he acknowledged its conceptual and structural insufficiency in the age of globalism. Aron’s interpretation of political ideologies in conversation with the sociologist Karl Mannheim and the philosopher Jacques Maritain led to the development of his loose and pluralistic vision of European unity held together by “political myth.” The chapter also compares Aron’s vision of world order with that of David Mitrany.
Writing a World Constitution
Authors: Rosenboim Or
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines perceptions of federal world order by focusing on a group of American and European émigré intellectuals in the United States who formed the Chicago Committee to Frame a World Constitution Draft (1945–1948). The Chicago Committee, led by Robert M. Hutchins, Richard McKeon, and Giuseppe Antonio Borgese, united leading intellectuals and scholars concerned with the crisis of world order after the atomic bomb. Theirs was a sustained intellectual attempt to delineate the theoretical foundations for a world federation and global government, and cement them in a constitutional document. The chapter considers the committee’s contribution to mid-century conceptualizations of legal, political, and moral universalism. It also explores issues relating to pluralism and human rights in the committee’s discussions.