bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Laboratory Evaluation of Natural Decay Resistance and Efficacy of CCA-Treated Rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.)
Authors: Jusoh Ismail , Kamdem D. Pascal
Published: October 2004

Information on the natural decay resistance and efficacy of CCA-treated rubberwood is important for the
development rubberwood industry. The purpose of this study was to determine the natural decay resistance
of rubberwood and the efficacy of CCA-pressure treatment in order to explore a new opportunity
for this abundant raw material. Natural decay resistance and efficacy of CCA was estimated using soil-block
test according to AWPA E10-91. Cubes were exposed to six wood-decay fungi: two each from
white, brown, and soft rot. The moisture content of test cubes exposed to Irpex lacteus and Trametes versicolor
increased with weight loss increase, while that exposed to Gloeophyllum trabeum and Postia placenta
decreased. After a 12-week incubation period the average weight loss by white rot and brown rot
fungi was about 1.5 times higher than that of soft rot fungi. CCA retention of 4.1 kg/m3 reduced weight
loss to between 8% and 10%, retention of 14.5 kg/m3 protected weight loss by all test fungi from exceeding 2%.
19F NMR Spectroscopy for the Quantitative Analysis of Carbonyl Groups in Lignins
Authors: Sevillano R.M. , Mortha G. , Barrelle M. , Lachenal D.
Published: October 2004

The amount of carbonyl groups in an organosolv lignin was determined by 19F NMR spectroscopy after
different derivatizations: derivatization with trifluoromethylphenylhydrazine, fluorobenzoylation of
alcohol groups formed after NaBH4 reduction of lignin, fluorobenzoylation of phenolic hydroxyl groups
after catalytic hydrogenation of lignin. Oximation was also used for comparison. Carbonyl group contents
determined by 19F NMR after trifluoromethylphenylhydrazine derivatization were in good correlation
with results from other methods. Trifluoromethylphenylhydrazine derivatization is a fast and easy
technique, which provides a distinct quantification of aldehyde, ketone and quinone groups. Some round
robin lignins (Milne et al. 1992), using trifluoromethylphenylhydrazine derivatization and modified oximation
(Zakis 1994) provided significantly higher carbonyl group contents than the round robin test data,
which had been measured either by classical oximation or by reduction-UV methods. Other recently
reported carbonyl group estimations on round robin lignins (Faix et al. 1998; Ahvazi et al. 1999) were
either in agreement or in disagreement with the herein-presented results. This indicates that carbonyl
group analysis in lignins is difficult and that care must be taken when selecting an appropriate method.
An Investigation of Selected Factors that Influence Hardwood Wettability
Authors: Shupe Todd F. , Hse Chung Y. , Wang Wan H.
Published: October 2004

Wettability of sanded and non-sanded transverse and tangential sections of 22 southern hardwoods
species was judged by measurement of contact angles using phenol formaldehyde resins. As expected,
contact angle values on transverse sections were higher than those on tangential sections for both sanded
and non-sanded surfaces. On sanded surfaces, hackberry had the highest mean contact angle (64.7°),
and black oak had the lowest mean contact angle (50.1°). On non-sanded surfaces, winged elm had the
highest mean contact angle (59.1°), and sweetgum had the lowest mean contact angle (45.9°). In addition,
4 of the 22 species (southern red oak, sweetgum, white oak, and post oak) were selected to investigate
the effect of oven-drying, air-drying, and free-drying on wettability. The mean transverse contact
was 2.1°–29.0° and 5.1°–31.5° higher than radial and tangential values, respectively. The contact angle
pattern typically displayed for a given species and plane was generally oven-dry > air-dry > freeze-dry.
The species pattern for most methods and planes was: sweetgum > white oak > post oak > southern red
oak. White oak and post oak gave similar contact angle values.
Application of Scanning UV Microspectrophotometry to Localise Lignins and Phenolic Extractives in Plant Cell Walls
Authors: Koch G. , Kleist G.
Published: October 2004

The localisation of lignin and phenolic extractives in woody tissue was determined using scanning UV
microspectrophotometry. This improved cellular analytical technique enabled direct imaging of the topochemical
lignin distribution within individual cell wall layers with a resolution of 0.25 μm2. Selected
softwood (Picea abies), hardwood (Fagus sylvatica, Entandrophragma cylindricum, Prunus serotina)
and monocotyledon (Phyllostachys edulis) sections of 1 μm thickness were scanned at a fixed wavelength
and evaluated with the “APAMOS” software. This approach allowed the distribution pattern of
lignins and aromatic extractives within the cell wall to be visualised simultaneously. The method was
found to be ideally suited to the study of their subcellular distribution in plant cell walls.
Fungicidal Activity of 3'-Substituted-3-Stilbenols
Authors: Fisher T.H. , Jin Y. , Schultz T.P.
Published: October 2004

Twenty 3′-substituted-3-stilbenols were synthesized and tested for fungicidal activity (agar plate IC50
values) against two brown-rot fungi rot Gloeophyllum trabeum and Postia placenta and one white-rot
fungus Trametes versicolor. Compounds synthesized were eight trans-3-X-3′-stilbenols (X = OMe, Me,
Cl, OH, OPr, OBu, OOct, and O-p-Tol), three cis-3-X-3′-stilbenols (X = OMe, Me, Cl), three 3-hydroxy-α-(3-X-phenyl)cinnamic acids (X = OMe, Me, Cl), and six multisubstituted-3′-substituted-3-stilbenols (3′,4-diOMe, 3′-Me-4-OMe, 3′-Cl-4-OMe, 3′-OH-4-OMe, 3′-Cl-4-OMe-4′-OH, and 3′-Cl-4′-OH). The three cinnamic acids and 3′-OOct showed low to no activity against all three fungi. Most
of these 3′-substituted-3-stilbenols (15 of 20) had fungicidal activity against the white-rot fungus T. versicolor,
in contrast to earlier studies on 3′-substituted-4-stilbenols which were inactive against T. versicolor.
These 3′-substituted-3-stilbenols also had fungicidal activity against G. trabeum and P. placenta,
with the latter fungus having a parabolic lipophilic Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR).
3′-O-p-Tol-3-stilbenol was the most active against T. versicolor and fifth most active against P. placenta
of the twenty 3′-substituted-3-stilbenols examined here.
The crystal structures of Hg7Se3O13H2 and Hg8Se4O17H2 — two mixed-valent mercury oxoselenium compounds with a multifarious crystal chemistry
Authors: Weil Matthias
Published: October 2004

Single crystals of the mixed-valent compounds Hg7Se3O13H2 (I) and Hg8Se4O17H2 (II) were grown under hydrothermal conditions. The crystal structures were solved and refined from single crystal X-ray data collected at room temperature (I: R3, Z = 3, a = 5.9239(3), c = 37.096(3) Å, 1465 structure factors, 60 parameters, R[F
2 > 2σ(F
2)] = 0.0383, wR(F
2 all) = 0.0970, Goof = 1.047; II: P31c, Z = 2, a = 5.8908(6), c = 31.048(3) Å, 1889 structure factors, 69 parameters, R[F
2 > 2σ(F
2)] = 0.0662, wR(F
2 all) = 0.1626, Goof = 1.088). Both compounds show a multifarious crystal chemistry and contain triangular Hg3
4+ cluster cations, Hg2
2+ dumbbells, Hg2+ cations, HgO2
2– mercurate groups, and trigonal-pyramidal SeO3
2– as well as tetrahedral SeO4
2– anions and water molecules as simple building units. The description in terms of crystal chemistry leads to the more detailed formulae (HgIV/3
3) (HgI
2)(HgII)(HgIIO2)(SeIVO3)2(SeVIO4)(H2O) for I and (HgIV/3
3)(HgI
2)(HgII)2(HgIIO2)(SeIVO3)2(SeVIO4)2(H2O) for II, respectively. Characteristic features of the closely related structures are building blocks formed by parallel layers of Hg3
4+ triangles, layers of disordered Hg2
2+ dumbbells, layers of SeO4
2– and HgO2
2– groups, and layers of SeO3
2– groups which are all stacked along [001]. The layers are linked into a complex three-dimensional framework via common O atoms and H2O molecules. In comparison with Hg7Se3O13H2, the structure of Hg8Se4O17H2 contains an additional and disordered HgSeO4 layer which leads to a significant distortion of parts of the resulting structure.
In-situ pressure crystallization and X-ray diffraction study of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane at 0.5 GPa
Authors: Bujak Maciej , Katrusiak Andrzej
Published: October 2004

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane, C2H2Cl4 (denoted TCE, m.p. 230 K) has been in-situ pressure crystallized in a Merrill-Bassett diamond-anvil cell, and its structure has been determined at 0.5 GPa and 295 K from the single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. TCE crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21
/c with the molecules located at the inversion centers. The molecules are in the s-trans conformation, while they assume the gauche conformation in the crystal obtained by cooling. This implies that a phase transition may exist between the low-temperature and high-pressure phases of TCE. In the high-pressure phase the HC–CH moiety of the C2H2Cl4 molecule is disordered in two sites, one related to the other by the non-crystallographic mirror plane approximately through the four Cl atoms of one molecule. The refined occupancy factors for the disordered sites are 0.77 and 0.23. The role played by the Cl…Cl intermolecular interactions for the disorder, and the phase transition between TCE phases built of s-trans (high-pressure) and gauche (low-temperature) molecules have been discussed.
Homogeneous Ice Nucleation in Water and Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Koop Thomas
Published: October 2004

This review provides an introduction to ice nucleation processes in supercooled water and aqueous solutions. Concepts for experimental techniques suitable to study homogeneous ice nucleation are addressed, in particular differential scanning calorimetry of inverse emulsions. Ice nucleation data from aqueous solutions have been analyzed using two approaches, and the interrelations between those are examined. It is argued that the ice nucleation process is driven entirely by thermodynamic quantities and how this can be understood in the context of three proposed theories for supercooled liquid water. Ice nucleation data for pure water droplets surrounded by a gas have been compiled and evaluated; within experimental uncertainty neither a volume dependent nucleation process nor a surface dependent nucleation process is convincingly supported by the analysis. Finally, open questions in the area of supercooled aqueous solutions and ice nucleation are discussed.
Voltammetric Behaviour of Pentoxifylline at Mercury Electrode
Authors: Biçer Ender , Çınar Elif
Published: October 2004

The voltammetric behaviour of pentoxifylline (1-(5′-oxohexyl)-3,7-dimethylxanthine, PTX) was studied in several supporting electrolytes (Britton–Robinson buffer of pH 2–12, 0.1 M NH3/NH4Cl buffer (pH 9.08), 0.1 M Na2B4O7 (pH 9.30), 0.1 M KCl (pH 6.22). At 0.1 M Britton–Robinson buffer (pH 7.46) PTX gives two peaks at −0.150 V and −1.524 V, respectively. At low pH values (pH < 5.50), the second peak was obscured by the hydrogen evolution while the first peak is well defined at 0.1 M KNO3 supporting electrolyte (pH 6.22). The potential of the second peak is practically pH-independent in the pH range of 6.50–11.00. The peaks (at −0.150 V and −1.524 V) are attributed to the reduction of Hg(I)-PTX complex and carbonyl group at 5′-oxohexyl moiety of the molecule, respectively. The relationship between peak current of carbonyl group and concentration of PTX is linear in 1.48 × 10−5 − 1.34 × 10−4 M concentration range in 0.1 M KCl (pH 6.22). It was observed that PTX has adsorption/desorption characteristics. A plausible mechanism is proposed for the electrode reaction of PTX on the mercury electrode.
Reversible Gas Adsorption in Coated Wall Flow Tube Reactors. Model Simulations for Langmuir Kinetics
Authors: Behr P. , Terziyski A. , Zellner R.
Published: October 2004

A kinetic model has been developed to simulate reversible gas adsorption in coated wall flow tube reactors (CWFTs). The motivation of this work is to provide the theoretical framework for modelling studies in support of the results obtained from CWFT studies on the adsorption and desorption behaviour of atmospheric trace gases on ice surfaces at temperatures relevant to the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (190–230 K). The model consists of an axial sequence of individual flow tube sections of equal volumes in which the gas phase is homogeneously mixed and interactions with the coated wall occur by adsoption and desorption exclusively. The adsorption rate is assumed to be kinetically controlled and not to be transport limited. Moreover, chemical reactions are not considered. Simulations have been performed for the temporal behaviour of the gas phase concentration at the exit of the flow tube as a function of laboratory time for typical operation procedures of CWFTs with moveable injectors i.e. (i) instantaneous injection of the gas, (ii) instantaneous termination of the gas flow and (iii) movements of the injector with constant velocities. It is found that the temporal profiles show complex behaviours due to the overlap of adsorption and desorption upon successive exposure of the gas to different length of the ice surface. The validity of the model is demonstrated for the adsorption of acetone on an ice surface at 200 K as a case study.
The Influence of St. John's Wort on the Pharmacokinetics and Protein Binding of Imatinib Mesylate
Authors: Smith Patrick , Bullock Julie M. , Booker Brent M. , Haas Curtis E. , Berenson Charles S. , Jusko William J.
Published: October 2004

Study Objective. To determine the effect of St. John's wort on the pharmacokinetics of imatinib mesylate.

Design. Open‐label, complete crossover, fixed‐sequence, pharmacokinetic study.

Setting. Clinical research center.

Subjects. Ten healthy adult volunteers.

Intervention. Single 400‐mg oral doses of imatinib were administered before and after 2 weeks of treatment with St. John's wort 300 mg 3 times/day.

Measurements and Main Results. The pharmacokinetics of imatinib were significantly altered by St. John's wort, with reductions of 32% in the median area under the concentration‐time curve from time zero to infinity (p=0.0001), 29% in maximum observed concentration (p=0.005), and 21% in half‐life (p=0.0001). Protein binding ranged from 97.7–90.3% (mean 94.9%), was concentration independent, and was not altered by St. John's wort. Therapeutic outcomes of imatinib have been shown to correlate with both dose and drug concentrations.

Conclusion. Coadministration of imatinib with St. John's wort may compromise imatinib's clinical efficacy.
Frequency of New‐Onset Diabetes Mellitus and Use of Antipsychotic Drugs Among Central Texas Veterans
Authors: Barner Jamie C. , Worchel Jason , Yang Min
Published: October 2004

Study Objectives. To determine whether the frequency of new‐onset diabetes mellitus differs between patients taking atypical antipsychotic agents and those taking typical agents, whether the frequency of new‐onset diabetes differs among those taking the atypical antipsychotic agents, and what clinical and demographic factors influence the occurrence of new‐onset diabetes.

Design. Retrospective analysis.

Setting. Central Texas Veterans Health Care System.

Patients. Continuously enrolled adult (≥ 18 yrs) patients with no previous (6 mo) antipsychotic use and no history (previous 1 yr) of diabetes.

Measurements and Main Results. Data from the Central Texas Veterans Health Care System were extracted from September 1995—November 2002. Clinical and demographic factors used in the analysis were antipsychotic agent taken, body mass index, diabetes‐related risk factors, type of mental health comorbidity, age, sex, and race. Among those who met the inclusion criteria (3469 patients), χ2 analyses revealed no significant difference in the frequency of diabetes between the typical and atypical groups (p=0.5553) or among those taking atypical agents (p=0.6520). Multivariate logistic regression (1587 patients) revealed that increasing age (odds ratio [OR] 1.213, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.016–1.447, p=0.0324), nonwhite race (OR 1.761, 95% CI 1.174–2.640, p=0.0062), and hyperlipidemia (OR 1.606, 95% CI 1.064–2.425, p=0.0242) were significantly related to new‐onset diabetes.

Conclusions. Among veterans taking antipsychotic agents, no difference was noted in the frequency of diabetes between patients who took typical agents and those who took atypical agents. After controlling for demographic and clinical variables, still no significant difference was noted among the agents. The main factors (increasing age, nonwhite race, and hyperlipidemia) related to new‐onset diabetes were those that are typically associated with the disease.
Early Evaluation of Hematuria in a Patient Receiving Anticoagulant Therapy and Detection of Malignancy
Authors: Ripley Toni L. , Havrda Dawn E. , Blevins Steve , Culkin Daniel
Published: October 2004

A 63‐year‐old Caucasian man had a painless episode of dark‐colored urine while taking warfarin 62.5 mg/week for lone atrial fibrillation in the presence of documented stable anticoagulation. Urinalysis revealed microscopic hematuria. Three weeks later, he had an episode of gross, painless hematuria. Thorough evaluation of the upper and lower urinary tract with renal ultrasound, intravenous pyelography, and cystoscopy revealed poorly differentiated, early‐stage, transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. The patient was not aware of any exposure to carcinogens known to predispose to bladder cancer, nor was he a tobacco user. Early identification of the malignancy allowed for aggressive surgical intervention. Although this patient was considered low risk for the development of bladder cancer and was taking anticoagulants, the presence of hematuria was indicative of underlying pathology. Timely and thorough evaluation of hematuria in patients taking anticoagulants is necessary to identify and treat clinically important pathology.
Empiric Treatment of Multidrug‐Resistant Burkholderia cepacia Lung Exacerbation in a Patient with Cystic Fibrosis: Application of Pharmacodynamic Concepts to Meropenem Therapy
Authors: Kuti Joseph L. , Moss Kerry M. , Nicolau David P. , Knauft R. Frederic
Published: October 2004

A 31‐year‐old man with cystic fibrosis was diagnosed with multidrug‐resistant Burkholderia cepacia pneumonia. Meropenem 2000 mg every 8 hours was administered as a 3‐hour infusion to maximize pharmacodynamic exposure; oral minocycline 100 mg twice/day was also given. Blood samples were collected to confirm meropenem concentrations. Concentrations above the mimimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 8 μg/ml were achieved for 52% of the dosing interval, which is greater than what is required for a bactericidal effect. The patient's condition improved, he was discharged, and completed a 3‐week course of the antibiotic regimen. After 6 months, he had remained at his baseline level of health. This case demonstrates that pharmacodynamic principles can be used to design an antibiotic dosing regimen that can achieve optimal exposures when the MIC is above that considered susceptible to conventional dosing strategies.
Heart rate and blood pressure responses to a competitive role‐playing game
Authors: Ricarte J. , Salvador A. , Costa R. , Torres M.J. , Subirats M.
Published: October 2004

The effects of the outcome of competitive encounters on physiological parameters have been studied, especially testosterone levels, but hardly on other systems that, however, present a high sensitivity to stress. This study assessed the effect of a competitive game on heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) in a sample of university students. In addition, the influence of anxiety and attributions of the outcome was also explored. Only winners significantly showed a rise in HR during the competition followed by a decrease along the posttask phase in addition to more internal attributions. On the contrary, the average HR for losers during the competition was lower compared with their baseline values. No differences depending on the outcome were found in BP. The cardiovascular response as well as the subjective interpretation of the outcome suggest a more active strategy employed by winners vs. a more passive strategy of losers. Future studies should specifically investigate the importance of coping strategies for psychophysiological adaptation to contests and for the outcome reached. This would permit an advance in the understanding of the role of individual differences in the processes of stress and in associated diseases. Aggr. Behav. 27:351–359, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antiaggressive and motor effects of the DA release inhibitor CGS 10746B
Authors: Felip C.M. , Rodríguez‐Arias M. , Aguilar M.A. , Miñarro J.
Published: October 2004

In the present study the effects of a wide range of doses of the dopamine release inhibitor CGS 10746B were evaluated in spontaneous activity and in aggressive behaviour using the paradigm of isolation‐induced aggression. The two higher doses (8 and 16 mg/kg) produced a decrease in spontaneous motor activity. Antiaggressive effects were observed after administration of doses from 4 mg/kg upwards. At this dose, CGS 10746B diminished threat and attack, and although an increase in immobility was observed, no impairment of other motor behaviours was presented. With higher doses, aggression was practically abolished but with a concomitant effect on many other behaviours. When animals were separated depending on their latency of attack, those that showed a long attack latency (LAL) presented a stronger response to 4 mg/kg than those that had a short attack latency (SAL), which were not affected in their aggression by this dose. We can conclude that presynaptic dopamine function is necessary for the normal expression of aggressive behaviours, since CGS 10746B reduces aggression at doses that do not affect spontaneous motor activity. Aggr. Behav. 27:382–390, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proactive and reactive aggression among school bullies, victims, and bully‐victims
Authors: Salmivalli Christina , Nieminen Eija
Published: October 2004

Bullies, victims, bully‐victims, and control children were identified from a sample of 1062 children (530 girls and 532 boys), aged 10 to 12 years, participating in the study. Their reactive and proactive aggression was measured by means of peer and teacher reports. Peer and teacher reports were more concordant with respect to reactive than proactive aggression. Comparing the children in different bullying roles in terms of their reactive and proactive aggression, bully‐victims were found to be the most aggressive group of all. For this group, it was typical to be highly aggressive both reactively and proactively. Although bullies were significantly less aggressive than bully‐victims, they scored higher than victims and controls on both reactive and proactive aggression. However, observations at the person level, i.e., cross‐tabulational analyses, indicated that bullies were not only overrepresented among children who were both reactively and procatively aggressive but also among the only reactively aggressive as well as the only proactively aggressive groups. Victims scored higher than control children on reactive aggression, but they were not proactively aggressive. Furthermore, even their reactive aggression was at a significantly lower level than that of bullies and bully‐victims. Aggr. Behav. 28:30–44, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Col2‐GFP reporter mouse—A new tool to study skeletal development
Authors: Cho Jae Y. , Grant T. Dawn , Lunstrum Gregory P. , Horton William A.
Published: October 2004

Transgenic mice were generated that harbor a Col2‐GFP reporter that marks chondrocytes and their immediate precursors during skeletal development. Cells engaged in chondrogenesis were identified by conventional fluorescence microscopy and confocal optical sectioning within their native environments in live embryos and in thick tissue slices. The use of these mice offers a novel approach for studying the role of chondrocytes in skeletal development. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lack of association between schizophrenia and the phospholipase‐A2 genes cPLA2 and sPLA2
Authors: Frieboes Ralf M. , Moises Hans W. , Gattaz Wagner F. , Yang Liu , Li Tao , Liu Xiehe , Vetter Peter , Macciardi Fabio , Hwu Hai G. , Henn Fritz
Published: October 2004

The well‐established role of genetic factors in the etiology of schizophrenia together with reports of allelic association with cPLA2, a phospholipase‐A2 gene, a reported increase of phospholipase‐A2 activity, and the phospholipase‐A2 hypothesis of Horrobin et al. [1995: Med Hypotheses 45:605–613] strongly support cPLA2 (PLA2G4A) and sPLA2 (PLA2G1B) as candidate genes for schizophrenia. In search for allelic association between these phospholipase‐A2 genes and schizophrenia, two samples of Chinese and European origins, in total 328 unrelated schizophrenic patients and their parents, were investigated using Falk and Rubinstein's haplotype relative risk method. Both genes showed marginally significant evidence for association in the total sample (P ≤ 0.05), which, however, did not survive the Bonferroni correction for multiple testing. In conclusion, our results do not provide support for the phospholipase‐A2 hypothesis of schizophrenia. Additional studies will be necessary to rule out a possible confounding effect of niacin sensitivity as postulated by Hudson et al. [1999: Biol Psychiatr 46:401–405]. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A method for visual determination of sex, using the human hip bone
Authors: Bruzek Jaroslav
Published: October 2004

A new visual method for the determination of sex using the human hip bone (os coxae) is proposed, based on a revision of several previous approaches which scored isolated characters of this bone. The efficacy of the methodology is tested on a sample of 402 adults of known sex and age of French and Portuguese origins. With the simultaneous use of five characters of the hip bone, it is possible to provide a correct sexual diagnosis in 95% of all cases, with an error of 2% and an inability to identify sex in only 3%. The advantage of this new method is a reduction in observer subjectivity, since the evaluation procedure cannot involve any anticipation of the result. In addition, this method of sex determination increases the probability of a correct diagnosis with isolated fragments of the hip bone, provided that a combination of elements of one character is found to be typically male or female. Am J Phys Anthropol 117:157–168, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Masticatory form and function in the african apes
Authors: Taylor Andrea B.
Published: October 2004

This study examines variability in masticatory morphology as a function of dietary preference among the African apes. The African apes differ in the degree to which they consume leaves and other fibrous vegetation.Gorilla gorilla beringei, the eastern mountain gorilla, consumes the most restricted diet comprised of mechanically resistant foods such as leaves, pith, bark, and bamboo.Gorilla gorilla gorilla, the western lowland gorilla subspecies, consumes leaves and other terrestrial herbaceous vegetation (THV) but also consumes a fair amount of ripe, fleshy fruit. In contrast to gorillas, chimpanzees are frugivores and rely on vegetation primarily as fallback foods. However, there has been a long‐standing debate regarding whetherPan paniscus, the pygmy chimpanzee (or bonobo), consumes greater quantities of THV as compared toPan troglodytes, the common chimpanzee. Because consumption of resistant foods involves more daily chewing cycles and may require larger average bite force, the mechanical demands placed on the masticatory system are expected to be greater in folivores as compared to primates that consume large quantities of fleshy fruit. Therefore, more folivorous taxa are predicted to exhibit features that improve load‐resistance capabilities and increase force production.

To test this hypothesis, jaw and skull dimensions were compared in ontogenetic series ofG. g. beringei,G. g. gorilla,P. t. troglodytes, andP. paniscus. Controlling for the influence of allometry, results show that compared to both chimpanzees and bonobos, gorillas exhibit some features of the jaw complex that are suggestive of improved masticatory efficiency. For example, compared to all other taxa,G. g. beringeihas a significantly wider mandibular corpus and symphysis, larger area for the masseter muscle, higher mandibular ramus, and higher mandibular condyle relative to the occlusal plane of the mandible. However, the significantly wider mandibular symphysis may be an architectural response to increasing symphyseal curvature with interspecific increase in size. Moreover,GorillaandPando not vary consistently in all features, and some differences run counter to predictions based on dietary variation. Thus, the morphological responses are not entirely consonant with predictions based on hypothesized loading regimes. Finally, despite morphological differences between bonobos and chimpanzees, there is no systematic pattern of differentiation that can be clearly linked to differences in diet. Results indicate that while some features may be linked to differences in diet among the African apes, diet alone cannot account for the patterns of morphological variation demonstrated in this study. Allometric constraints and dental development also appear to play a role in morphological differentiation among the African apes. Am J Phys Anthropol 117:133–156, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dental and general health in a population of wild ring‐tailed lemurs: A life history approach
Authors: Sauther Michelle L. , Sussman R.W. , Cuozzo F.
Published: October 2004

Data are presented on dental and general health for seven groups of wild ring‐tailed lemurs, Lemur catta, from the Beza Mahafaly Reserve, in southern Madagascar. As part of a study of population demography, adults were captured, collared, and tagged, and biometric measurements, dental casts, and analyses of dental and general health were made. Results indicate that patterns of dental health vary by individual, age, sex, and habitat. Prime adults show more dental attrition than young adults. Prime males living in more marginal habitats show greater mean attrition than those living in richer habitats. Dental damage, specifically to the toothcomb, indicates that mechanical stresses to this region may include the initial harvesting of foods, in addition to grooming. Males exhibit more evidence of past trauma, including scars and chipped teeth. These results indicate that environmental as well as social factors, such as female dominance, may lead to sex differences in health patterns among lemurs. Am J Phys Anthropol 117:122–132, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thin‐plate spline analysis of allometry and sexual dimorphism in the human craniofacial complex
Authors: Rosas Antonio , Bastir Markus
Published: October 2004

The relationship between allometry and sexual dimorphism in the human craniofacial complex was analyzed using geometric morphometric methods. Thin‐plate splines (TPS) analysis has been applied to investigate the lateral profile of complete adult skulls of known sex. Twenty‐nine three‐dimensional (3D) craniofacial and mandibular landmark coordinates were recorded from a sample of 52 adult females and 52 adult males of known age and sex. No difference in the influence of size on shape was detected between sexes. Both size and sex had significant influences on shape. As expected, the influence of centroid size on shape (allometry) revealed a shift in the proportions of the neurocranium and the viscerocranium, with a marked allometric variation of the lower face. Adjusted for centroid size, males presented a relatively larger size of the nasopharyngeal space than females. A mean‐male TPS transformation revealed a larger piriform aperture, achieved by an increase of the angulation of the nasal bones and a downward rotation of the anterior nasal floor. Male pharynx expansion was also reflected by larger choanae and a more posteriorly inclined basilar part of the occipital clivus. Male muscle attachment sites appeared more pronounced. In contrast, the mean‐female TPS transformation was characterized by a relatively small nasal aperture. The occipital clivus inclined anteriorly, and muscle insertion areas became smoothed. Besides these variations, both maxillary and mandibular alveolar regions became prognathic. The sex‐specific TPS deformation patterns are hypothesized to be associated with sexual differences in body composition and energetic requirements. Am J Phys Anthropol 117:236–245, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variability of metapodials in primates with rudimentary digits: Ateles geoffroyi, Colobus guereza, and Perodicticus potto
Authors: Tague Robert G.
Published: October 2004

A tenet of evolutionary theory is that, within a species, phenotypic variability is inversely related to the intensity of stabilizing selection. A corollary is that a rudimentary or vestigial structure should be highly variable. This relationship between rudimentation and variability, however, may simply be part of a continuum, as several studies have shown that variability and size of a structure are inversely related. This study tests whether the first metacarpal (MC1) in Ateles geoffroyi and Colobus guereza and the second metacarpal (MC2) in Perodicticus potto are highly variable in their lengths relative to their other metapodials. The former two species have rudimentary thumbs, and the latter species has a rudimentary index finger. Fourteen other species of primates are included in the comparison. The results show that MC1 in A. geoffroyi and C. guereza and MC2 in P. potto are the relatively shortest first and second metapodials, respectively, in this sample of primates. However, an intraspecific analysis shows that neither MC1 in A. geoffroyi and C. guereza nor MC2 in P. potto is significantly more variable than the other metapodials. Nevertheless, an interspecific analysis shows that MC1 in A. geoffroyi and C. guereza is relatively the most variable among the first metapodials (i.e., MC1 and first metatarsal) in this study. MC2 in P. potto, however, is of relatively low variability compared with the other primates. These contrasting results are interpreted in terms of the developmental and evolutionary biology of digits. Am J Phys Anthropol 117:195–208, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphological and hormonal parameters in two species of macaques: Impact of seasonal breeding
Authors: Muehlenbein Michael P. , Campbell Benjamin C. , Murchison Mark A. , Phillippi Kathrine M.
Published: October 2004

To compare physiological and developmental differences between two cogeneric species that differ by seasonal vs. aseasonal breeding, values for morphological measurements, testicular volume, serum testosterone, estradiol, and dehydroepiandrosterone‐sulfate levels were obtained from 53 rhesus during the early breeding season, as well as 41 pig‐tailed macaque males maintained at the Tulane Primate Center. The two species exhibited similar body size, testosterone, and estradiol levels, but differed substantially in testicular volume (3.00 ± 1.7 vs. 1.72 ± 1.3 cc), abdominal skinfold measures (15.7 ± 9.2 vs. 9.0 ± 7.7 mm), and DHEA‐S levels (18.0 ± 11.7 vs. 7.6 ± 5.4 μg/dl). Significant interaction effects for species by age group were found for weight, tricep circumference, length, and estradiol level. In addition, length was more closely related to testicular volume among rhesus compared to pig‐tailed macaques, suggesting different developmental patterns between the species. Predictors of hormonal levels differed between the two species. In the rhesus, estradiol levels were related to testicular volume and testosterone levels while there were no anthropometric predictors of testosterone or DHEA‐S. For the pig‐tailed macaques, testicular volume was related to tricep circumference, testosterone to triceps skinfold and testicular volume, and estradiol to weight. It is argued that rhesus have larger testes for body size and more abdominal fat deposits during the early breeding season relative to pig‐tailed macaques reflecting the increased demands of sperm competition in a seasonally breeding species. Hormonal differences associated with the difference in breeding system appear to be primarily related to adrenal rather than testicular activity. Am J Phys Anthropol 117:218–227, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Factors affecting the work productivity of Oraon agricultural laborers of Jalpaiguri district, West Bengal
Authors: Roy Subrata K.
Published: October 2004

In developing countries like India, where the incidence of protein‐calorie malnutrition is high and mechanization is at a minimum, human labor provides much of the power for physical activity. This study presents anthropometric measurements, somatotypes, food intakes, energy expenditures, and work outputs of Oraon agricultural laborers of the Jalpaiguri district, West Bengal, in an attempt to identify the factors that predict high work productivity. Specifically, this study investigates 1) the relationship between morphological variation (anthropometric measurements and somatotype) and work productivity, 2) the nature and extent of the relationship between nutritional status and work productivity, and 3) the best predictor variables of work output. Classification of groups on the basis of median values of work output show that in the aggregate, the high productive groups are significantly younger than low‐productive groups in both sexes. Before age‐adjustment, the high productive groups show higher mean values of a few body dimensions, though these differ by sex, and both males and females exhibit a normal range of blood pressure and pulse rate values. Mean values of grip strength and back strength are higher in high‐output men and women. Mean values of both food intake and energy expenditure are also higher among men in high‐output groups, with only food intake higher in high‐output women. However, after eliminating the effects of age, the differences between low‐productive groups and high‐productive groups in most of the variables are not significant. Productivity predictors in males consist of age, food intake and chest girth (inhalation). Females, on the other hand, show age and grip strength (left) as work output predictors. Am J Phys Anthropol 117:228–235, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nuclear and mitochondrial genetic variation in the Yanomamö: A test case for ancient DNA studies of prehistoric populations
Authors: Williams Sloan R. , Chagnon Napoleon A. , Spielman Richard S.
Published: October 2004

Ancient DNA provides a potentially revolutionary way to study biological relationships in prehistoric populations, but genetic patterns are complex and require careful interpretation based on robust, well‐tested models. In this study, nuclear and mitochondrial markers were compared in the Yanomamö, to assess how well each data set could differentiate among closely related groups. The villages selected for the study share a recent fission history and are closely related to each other, as would likely be the case among prehistoric peoples living in the same valley or region. The Yanomamö generally practice village‐level endogamy, but some migration and gene flow are known to occur between villages. Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA data were compared using F‐statistics and genetic distance analyses. The nuclear data performed as expected, males and females from the same village were similar, and the villages were genetically distinct, with the magnitude of genetic differences correlated with historical relationship. However, mtDNA analyses did not yield the expected results. The genetic distances between villages did not correlate with historical relationship, and the sexes were significantly different from each other in two villages. Both the Lane and Sublett and the Spence methods, used to test for archaeological residence patterns, were consistent with endogamy. Hence, ancient DNA can, in principle, provide us with a unique opportunity to study genetic structure and gene flow in archaeological populations. However, interpretations, particularly those based on single loci such as mitochondrial DNA, should be cautious because sex‐specific migration and sampling issues may have dramatic effects. Am J Phys Anthropol 117:246–259, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Technical note: CT‐guided biopsy: A new diagnostic method for paleopathological research
Authors: Rühli Frank J. , Hodler Jürg , Böni Thomas
Published: October 2004

The aim of this paper was to demonstrate the application of computerized tomographic (CT)‐guided biopsy in a paleopathological examination. Researchers dealing with such special tasks should be aware of this method. We performed a CT‐guided percutaneous biopsy of an ancient Egyptian child mummy, which allowed us to revise its initial diagnosis.

Based on this experience, extended preinterventional planning and the choice of equipment (needle type) preferred by performing radiologists are strongly recom‐ mended, since they will influence diagnostic outcome. Easy documentation, suitable approaches according to the object's condition, and a reliable anatomical orientation without superposition effects during the procedure are some of the advantages of this method. It its already widely established in clinical practice. This technique is recommended for future tissue‐sampling of human paleopathologic remains like mummies that are still wrapped within their original bandages, or any small bone lesion of unclear etiology. Am J Phys Anthropol 117:272–275, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Studies on the interaction of DNA and water‐soluble polymeric Schiff base–nickel complexes
Authors: Xiao Yao‐Nan , Zhan Chun‐Xia
Published: October 2004

The modes and activities of the interaction of DNA and water‐soluble polymeric Schiff base–nickel complexes, which have been prepared by polymeric analogous reaction, have been discussed according to absorption spectra, circular dichroism spectra, and fluorescent probe method. It is indicated that polymeric matrix effect and increasing solubility in water can increase the interaction of these water‐soluble polymeric metal complexes with DNA. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 887–893, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10000
Hydrolytic degradation and diffusion studies on a polyphosphate ester
Authors: Narendran N. , Kishore K.
Published: October 2004

A polyphosphate ester was synthesized by interfacial polycondensation of bisphenol‐A and phenylphosphorodichloridate. Accelerated hydrolytic degradation studies were conducted under alkaline conditions. The effect of concentration of alkali and temperature were monitored. The rate of degradation reached a maximum value at 6 molar sodium hydroxide solution and then reduced. The activation energy for hydrolytic degradation was found to be 45 kcal/mol. Diffusion of alkali into the polymer pellet was studied at various concentrations of alkali and at various temperatures. The rate of diffusion also attained a maximum at 6M NaOH and the activation energy for diffusion process was found to be 12 kcal/mol. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 701–708, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10008
Resol‐type phenolic resin from liquefied phenolated wood and its application to phenolic foam
Authors: Lee Seung‐Hwan , Teramoto Yoshikuni , Shiraishi Nobuo
Published: October 2004

A liquefied wood‐based resol resin was prepared with excellent yield by a reaction of liquefied wood and formaldehyde under alkaline conditions. The effects of various reaction parameters on the extent of the yield of the resol resin, unreacted phenol content, and viscosity were investigated. Milder resol resinification conditions were required as compared to those used in conventional methods. The liquefied wood‐based resol resin was successfully applied to produce phenolic foam using appropriate combinations of foaming agents. Diisopropyl ether with a relatively higher boiling temperature was suitable for the foaming of liquefied wood‐based resol resin. Hydrochloric acid and poly(ethylene ether) of sorbitan monopalmitate were used as a catalyst and a surfactant, respectively. The obtained foams showed satisfactory densities and compressive properties, comparable to those of foams obtained from conventional resol resin. Foams with low density were obtained by the blending of liquefied wood‐based resol resin and conventional resol resin. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 468–472, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10018
Preparation, morphology, and thermoelectric property studies of BaTiO3 superfine fiber/castor oil polyurethane‐based IPN nanocomposites
Authors: Dongyan Tang , Liangsheng Qiang , Zheng Jin , Weimin Cai
Published: October 2004

A series of castor oil polyurethane/poly(methyl methacrylate) interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) and gradient IPNs, cured at room temperature, were prepared by a simultaneous IPN method. The polymerization processes were traced through IR techniques; results for the morphology and miscibility among multiple phases of materials, obtained by transmission electron microscopy, indicated that the systems belonged to graft‐mode IPNs, and the domains between two phases were controlled on a nanometer scale. Thermomechanical analysis detection results showed that through interpenetration between networks, the glass‐transition temperatures of the systems could be linked up effectively. Furthermore, the systems were combined with selected barium titanate superfine fibers. The composite techniques were determined, and the thermoelectric and mechanical properties were examined in detail. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 709–715, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10024
Acid‐catalyzed liquefaction of waste paper in the presence of phenol and its application to Novolak‐type phenolic resin
Authors: Lee Seung‐Hwan , Teramoto Yoshikuni , Shiraishi Nobuo
Published: October 2004

Liquefaction of waste paper (WP) was performed in the presence of phenol with an acid catalyst. Newspaper (NP) was liquefied more easily than box paper (BP) or business paper (BNP). Differences in the degree of liquefaction were due to different chemical compositions. That is, NP had a relatively high lignin content, which is known to be easily liquefied, whereas BP and BNP were mainly composed of cellulose with a crystalline structure, which is difficult to liquefy. The acid concentration and phenol/WP ratio were more important factors in the regulation of liquefaction than reaction temperature. The changes in the apparent molecular weight depending on the reaction time were more significant for phenolated NP, with high lignin content, than for phenolated BP. The obtained phenolated products showed thermal flow properties and reactivity as good as those of phenolated wood and commercial Novolak resin. Thermosetting moldings were obtained from phenolated products, and their flexural properties and thermal stability were comparable to those of phenolated wood and commercial Novolak resin. Flexural properties were further improved by the cocondensation reaction between the unreacted phenol of phenolated products and formaldehyde. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 1473–1481, 2002
Biodegradable polyurethane foam from liquefied waste paper and its thermal stability, biodegradability, and genotoxicity
Authors: Lee Seung‐Hwan , Teramoto Yoshikuni , Shiraishi Nobuo
Published: October 2004

Liquefaction of waste paper (WP) was conducted in the presence of polyhydric alcohols to prepare biodegradable polyurethane foam. The liquefied‐WP‐based polyol had suitable characteristics such as apparent molecular weight, hydroxyl value, and viscosity for the preparation of rigid polyurethane foam and was successfully applied to produce polyurethane foam with the appropriate combinations of foaming agents. The obtained foams showed satisfactory densities and mechanical properties as good as those of foams obtained from liquefied wood‐ and starch‐based polyols. The foams had almost the same thermal stability at initial weight loss and seemed to be potentially biodegradable because they were degraded to some extent in leaf mold. There were no mutagens or carcinogens in the water extracts of the foams. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 1482–1489, 2002