bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Medication adverse events in the ambulatory setting: A mixed-methods analysis
Authors: Wong Joanne , Lee Shin-Yu , Sarkar Urmimala , Sharma Anjana E
Published: September 2022

Purpose

To characterize ambulatory care adverse drug events reported to the Collaborative Healthcare Patient Safety Organization (CHPSO), a network of 400 hospitals across the United States, and identify addressable contributing factors.

Methods

We abstracted deidentified ambulatory care CHPSO reports compiled from May 2012 to October 2018 that included medication-related adverse events to identify implicated medications and contributing factors. We dual-coded 20% of the sample. We quantitatively calculated co-occurring frequent item sets of contributing factors and then applied a qualitative thematic analysis of co-occurring sets of contributing factors for each drug class using an inductive analytic approach to develop formal themes.

Results

Of 1,244 events in the sample, 208 were medication related. The most commonly implicated medication classes were anticoagulants (n = 97, or 46% of events), antibiotics (n = 24, 11%), hypoglycemics (n = 19, 9%), and opioids (n = 17, 8%). For anticoagulants, timely follow-up on supratherapeutic international normalized ratio (INR) values occurred before the development of symptoms. Incident reports citing antibiotics often described prescribing errors and failure to review clinical contraindications. Reports citing hypoglycemic drugs described low blood sugar events due to a lack of patient education or communication. Reports citing opioids described drug-drug interactions, commonly involving benzodiazepines.

Conclusion

Ambulatory care prescribing clinicians and community pharmacists have the potential to mitigate harm related to anticoagulants, antibiotics, hypoglycemics, and opioids. Recommendations include increased follow-up for subtherapeutic INRs, improved medical record integration and chart review for antibiotic prescriptions, enhanced patient education regarding hypoglycemics, and alerts to dissuade coprescription of opioids and benzodiazepines.
Intact finger representation within primary sensorimotor cortex of musician’s dystonia
Authors: Sadnicka Anna , Wiestler Tobias , Butler Katherine , Altenmüller Eckart , Edwards Mark J , Ejaz Naveed , Diedrichsen Jörn
Published: September 2022

Musician’s dystonia presents with a persistent deterioration of motor control during musical performance. A predominant hypothesis has been that this is underpinned by maladaptive neural changes to the somatotopic organization of finger representations within primary somatosensory cortex. Here, we tested this hypothesis by investigating the finger-specific activity patterns in the primary somatosensory and motor cortex using functional MRI and multivariate pattern analysis in nine musicians with dystonia and nine healthy musicians. A purpose-built keyboard device allowed characterization of activity patterns elicited during passive extension and active finger presses of individual fingers. We analysed the data using both traditional spatial analysis and state-of-the art multivariate analyses. Our analysis reveals that digit representations in musicians were poorly captured by spatial analyses. An optimized spatial metric found clear somatotopy but no difference in the spatial geometry between fingers with dystonia. Representational similarity analysis was confirmed as a more reliable technique than all spatial metrics evaluated. Significantly, the dissimilarity architecture was equivalent for musicians with and without dystonia. No expansion or spatial shift of digit representation maps were found in the symptomatic group. Our results therefore indicate that the neural representation of generic finger maps in primary sensorimotor cortex is intact in musician’s dystonia. These results speak against the idea that task-specific dystonia is associated with a distorted hand somatotopy and lend weight to an alternative hypothesis that task-specific dystonia is due to a higher-order disruption of skill encoding. Such a formulation can better explain the task-specific deficit and offers alternative inroads for therapeutic interventions.
Paromomycin and Miltefosine Combination as an Alternative to Treat Patients With Visceral Leishmaniasis in Eastern Africa: A Randomized, Controlled, Multicountry Trial
Authors: Musa Ahmed M , Mbui Jane , Mohammed Rezika , Olobo Joseph , Ritmeijer Koert , Alcoba Gabriel , Muthoni Ouattara Gina , Egondi Thaddaeus , Nakanwagi Prossy , Omollo Truphosa , Wasunna Monique , Verrest Luka , Dorlo Thomas P C , Musa Younis Brima , Nour Ali , Taha Ahmed Elmukashfi Elmukashfi , Ismail Omer Haroun Ahmed , Khalil Eltahir A G , Njenga Simon , Fikre Helina , Mekonnen Tigist , Mersha Dagnew , Sisay Kasaye , Sagaki Patrick , Alvar Jorge , Solomos Alexandra , Alves Fabiana
Published: September 2022

Background

This study aimed to determine whether paromomycin plus miltefosine (PM/MF) is noninferior to sodium stibogluconate plus paromomycin (SSG/PM) for treatment of primary visceral leishmaniasis in eastern Africa.

Methods

An open-label, phase 3, randomized, controlled trial was conducted in adult and pediatric patients at 7 sites in eastern Africa. Patients were randomly assigned to either 20 mg/kg paromomycin plus allometric dose of miltefosine (14 days), or 20 mg/kg sodium stibogluconate plus 15 mg/kg paromomycin (17 days). The primary endpoint was definitive cure after 6 months.

Results

Of 439 randomized patients, 424 completed the trial. Definitive cure at 6 months was 91.2% (155 of 170) and 91.8% (156 of 170) in the PM/MF and SSG/PM arms in primary efficacy modified intention-to-treat analysis (difference, 0.6%; 97.5% confidence interval [CI], −6.2 to 7.4), narrowly missing the noninferiority margin of 7%. In the per-protocol analysis, efficacy was 92% (149 of 162) and 91.7% (155 of 169) in the PM/MF and SSG/PM arms (difference, −0.3%; 97.5% CI, –7.0 to 6.5), demonstrating noninferiority. Treatments were well tolerated. Four of 18 serious adverse events were study drug–related, and 1 death was SSG-related. Allometric dosing ensured similar MF exposure in children (<12 years) and adults.

Conclusions

PM/MF and SSG/PM efficacies were similar, and adverse drug reactions were as expected given the drugs safety profiles. With 1 less injection each day, reduced treatment duration, and no risk of SSG-associated life-threatening cardiotoxicity, PM/MF is a more patient-friendly alternative for children and adults with primary visceral leishmaniasis in eastern Africa.

Clinical Trials Registration

NCT03129646.
Transmission of Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in US Hospitals
Authors: Luterbach Courtney L , Chen Liang , Komarow Lauren , Ostrowsky Belinda , Kaye Keith S , Hanson Blake , Arias Cesar A , Desai Samit , Gallagher Jason C , Novick Elizabeth , Pagkalinawan Stephen , Lautenbach Ebbing , Wortmann Glenn , Kalayjian Robert C , Eilertson Brandon , Farrell John J , McCarty Todd , Hill Carol , Fowler Vance G , Kreiswirth Barry N , Bonomo Robert A , van Duin David ,   for the Multi-Drug Resistant Organism Network Investigators Network Investigators and the Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group
Published: September 2022

Background

Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKp) is the most prevalent carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales in the United States. We evaluated CRKp clustering in patients in US hospitals.

Methods

From April 2016 to August 2017, 350 patients with clonal group 258 CRKp were enrolled in the Consortium on Resistance Against Carbapenems in Klebsiella and other Enterobacteriaceae, a prospective, multicenter, cohort study. A maximum likelihood tree was constructed using RAxML. Static clusters shared ≤21 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and a most recent common ancestor. Dynamic clusters incorporated SNP distance, culture timing, and rates of SNP accumulation and transmission using the R program TransCluster.

Results

Most patients were admitted from home (n = 150, 43%) or long-term care facilities (n = 115, 33%). Urine (n = 149, 43%) was the most common isolation site. Overall, 55 static and 47 dynamics clusters were identified involving 210 of 350 (60%) and 194 of 350 (55%) patients, respectively. Approximately half of static clusters were identical to dynamic clusters. Static clusters consisted of 33 (60%) intrasystem and 22 (40%) intersystem clusters. Dynamic clusters consisted of 32 (68%) intrasystem and 15 (32%) intersystem clusters and had fewer SNP differences than static clusters (8 vs 9; P = .045; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −4 to 0). Dynamic intersystem clusters contained more patients than dynamic intrasystem clusters (median [interquartile range], 4 [2, 7] vs 2 [2, 2]; P = .007; 95% CI: −3 to 0).

Conclusions

Widespread intrasystem and intersystem transmission of CRKp was identified in hospitalized US patients. Use of different methods for assessing genetic similarity resulted in only minor differences in interpretation.
Predictors and outcome of electrical storm–induced cardiogenic shock
Authors: Incognito Cameron , Martens Pieter , Hedley Jeffrey , Parker Joshua D , Posadas Kristine , Gangidi Shravani , Wazni Oussama , Menon Venu , Rickard John , Hussein Ayman , Tang Wai Hong Wilson
Published: September 2022

Aim

Limited information is available about the short- and long-term outcomes in electrical storm (ES)-induced cardiogenic shock (CS) and its predictors.

Methods and results

This is a retrospective, single-centre cohort study of consecutive patients with ES admitted to the Cardiac Intensive Care Unit between 2015 and 2020. The proportion of ES patients who developed CS was adjudicated, and clinical predictors of in-hospital ventricular arrhythmia (VA)-related mortality and 1-year all-cause mortality were investigated. Of the 214 patients with ES, 33.6% developed CS. Left-ventricular ejection fraction, admission lactate, absence of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator, and admission central venous pressure were independently associated with development of CS (P < 0.03 for all). Based on these variables, a FLIC score was developed (https://riskcalc.org/FLICscore/) to predict ES-induced CS [area under the curve (AUC) = 0.949, with AUC = 0.954 in a validation cohort, both P < 0.001]. Patients who developed CS had a 11.3-fold [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.7–12.8] increased odds for in-hospital VA-related mortality and 9.4-fold (95% CI 4.0–22.4) increased odds for in-hospital all-cause mortality. A FLIC score above 0.62 was associated with a 6.2- and 5.8-fold increased odds for respectively similar endpoints. Patients with ES-induced CS received more treatment modalities to manage the ES (4.5 ± 1.8 vs. 2.3 ± 1.2, P < 0.001) and had longer length of stay [14 (8–27) vs. 8 (5–13), P < 0.001] than patients without CS. Interestingly, if patients with ES-induced CS survived to discharge, their outcomes were similar to those without CS at 1 year.

Conclusion

Cardiogenic shock in ES is a frequent and potentially life-threatening complication with high short-term mortality. A novel risk score could identify patient at risk, generating a potential for early risk-based interventions.
A novel predictive model for distinguishing mediastinal lymphomas from thymic epithelial tumours
Authors: Wang Shuai , Lin Miao , Yang Xinyu , Lin Zhenyang , Wang Siyang , Jiang Jiahao , Chen Gang , Ao Yongqiang , Gao Jian , Shi Hongcheng , Cheng Luya , Ding Jianyong
Published: September 2022

OBJECTIVES

We recently reported a high rate of nontherapeutic thymectomy. Mediastinal lymphomas (MLs) are the malignancies most likely to be confused with thymic epithelial tumours (TETs). This study aimed to establish a predictive model by evaluating clinical variables and positron emission tomography to distinguish those diseases.

METHODS

From 2018 to 2021, consecutive patients who were pathologically diagnosed with TETs or MLs were retrospectively reviewed. Univariable and multivariable analyses were used to identify association factors. The Akaike information criterion was used to select variables. A nomogram was developed and validated to differentiate MLs from TETs.

RESULTS

A total of 198 patients were included. Compared with TETs, patients with MLs were more likely to be younger with higher metabolic tumour volume (154.1 vs 74.6 cm3), total lesion glycolysis (1388.8 vs 315.2 g/ml cm3), SUVmean (9.2 vs 4.8), SUVpeak (12.9 vs 6.3) and SUVmax (14.8 vs 7.5). A nomogram was established based on the stepwise regression results and the final model containing age and SUVmax had minimal Akaike information criterion value of 72.28. Receiver operating characteristic analyses indicated that the area under the curve of predictive nomogram in differentiating MLs from TETs was 0.842 (95% CI: 0.754–0.907). The internal bootstrap resampling and calibration plots demonstrated good consistence between the prediction and the observation.

CONCLUSIONS

Combination of age and SUVmax appears to be a useful tool to differentiate MLs from TETs. The novel predictive model prevents more patients from receiving nontherapeutic thymectomy.
Assessing sex-based differences in postsurgical clinical outcomes after use of del Nido cardioplegia
Authors: Honzel Emily , Nemeth Samantha , Kazzi Brigitte E , Kossar Alexander P , Sun Jocelyn , Kaku Yuji , Takeda Koji , Takayama Hiroo , Argenziano Michael , Spellman Jessica , Miltiades Andrea , Fung Kenmond , Beck James , Smith Craig R , Kurlansky Paul , George Isaac
Published: September 2022

Created with BioRender.com.

OBJECTIVES

del Nido cardioplegia is used to pharmacologically arrest the heart during cardiac surgery and decrease reperfusion- and ischaemia-related myocardial injury. Studies have demonstrated the physiological differences between male and female hearts, potentially related to cardiac size or myocyte calcium handling; we aimed to assess for between-sex differences in clinical outcomes after receipt of del Nido cardioplegia.

METHODS

Patients who underwent coronary artery bypass or coronary artery bypass graft/valve surgery at our institution using del Nido cardioplegia (January 2014 to December 2019) were included (n = 2118). Clinical data were collected retrospectively. After the creation of a propensity-matched cohort (n = 1252), multivariable logistic regression was used to analyse binary postoperative outcomes, and a Gamma model was used for a continuous postoperative outcome. Our primary end-point was a composite end-point comprised of 30-day mortality and/or need for a post-bypass mechanical support device.

RESULTS

The final cohort included 459 females and 793 males (matched up to 1:2, all standardized mean differences <0.1). Multivariable logistic regression showed that biological sex was not associated with the composite primary end-point (odds ratio = 0.898, P = 0.779). A Gamma model indicated that there were no sex-related differences in vasoactive-inotropic scores reflecting vasopressor and inotrope usage at the time of patient operating room exit (exp[est] = 1.394, P = 0.189).

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings showed no significant between-sex differences in clinical outcomes after receiving del Nido cardioplegia, suggesting adequate myocardial protection as currently administered. Further research is warranted to elicit if there are sex-based differences between cardioplegic solutions.

IRB APPROVAL DATE (PROTOCOL NUMBER)

26 May 2021 (AAAR8359).
Reproducibility of ventricular arrhythmias at exercise testing for prediction of non-ischaemic left ventricular scar in athletes
Authors: Brunetti Giulia , Graziano Francesca , Cavigli Luna , Cipriani Alberto , D’Ascenzi Flavio , Bauce Barbara , Pilichou Kalliopi , Perazzolo Marra Martina , Corrado Domenico , Zorzi Alessandro
Published: September 2022

Aims

The non-ischaemic left ventricular scar (NILVS) is an emerging substrate of ventricular arrhythmias (VA) in the athlete. We tested the diagnostic value of VA reproducibility at repeated exercise testing (ET).

Methods and results

We included consecutive athletes who underwent cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) for evaluation of VA and two consecutive ET off-therapy within 12 months. Those with a positive family history of premature sudden death/cardiomyopathy, syncope/pre-syncope, ECG or echocardiography abnormalities, or low-risk VA (exercise-suppressed infundibular or fascicular VA) were excluded. The NILVS was defined as subepicardial/midmyocardial stria of late gadolinium enhancement involving >5% of the LV mass. Reproducibility was defined as the occurrence of VA with the same pattern and behaviour during repeated ET. Of 325 athletes who underwent CMR for evaluation of VA, 75 were included, and 30 showed NILVS involving three [2–4] LV segments. At first ET, athletes with NILVS showed a higher prevalence of exercise-induced VA (93% vs. 53%, P < 0.001), while other VA characteristics did not differ between groups. At repeated ET, reproducibility was observed in 97% of athletes with vs. 13% without NILVS (P < 0.001). The remaining 87% of athletes with normal CMR either did not show any VA at repeated ET (59%) or showed arrhythmias with different patterns, mostly infundibular. Reproducibility yielded a positive predictive value for NILVS of 83% and a negative predictive value of 98%.

Conclusion

VA reproducibility at repeated ET predicted an underlying NILVS in athletes with VA and otherwise normal clinical work-up. This finding may improve risk stratification and appropriate CMR referral of athletes with apparently idiopathic VA.
Long-term outcomes of left atrial appendage isolation using cryoballoon in persistent atrial fibrillation
Authors: Yorgun Hikmet , Şener Yusuf Ziya , Tanese Nikita , Keresteci Ahmet , Sezenöz Burak , Çöteli Cem , Ateş Ahmet Hakan , Boveda Serge , Aytemir Kudret
Published: September 2022

Aims

There is an increasing trend evaluating the role of non-pulmonary vein (PV) triggers to improve ablation outcomes in persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) as pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) strategy alone has modest outcomes. We investigated the long-term safety and efficacy of left atrial appendage isolation (LAAi) in addition to PVI using cryoballoon (CB) in persistent AF.

Methods and results

In this multicentre retrospective analysis, we included a total of 193 persistent AF patients (mean age: 60 ± 11 years, 50.3% females) who underwent PVI and LAAi using CB. Baseline and follow-up data including electrocardiography (ECG), 24 h Holter ECGs, and echocardiography were recorded for all patients. Atrial tachyarrhythmia (ATa) recurrence was defined as the detection of AF, atrial flutter, or atrial tachycardia (≥30 s) after a 3-month blanking period. At a median follow-up of 55 (36.5–60.0) months, 85 (67.9%) patients with PVI + LAAi were in sinus rhythm after the index procedure. Ischaemic stroke/transient ischemic attack occurred in 14 (7.2%) patients at a median of 24 (2–53) months following catheter ablation. Multivariate regression analysis revealed heart failure with preserved ejection fraction [hazard ratio (HR) 2.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04–5.02; P = 0.038], male gender (HR 0.53, 95% CI 0.29–0.96; P = 0.037), and LA area (HR 1.04, 95% CI 0.53–1.32; P = 0.023) as independent predictors of ATa recurrence.

Conclusion

Our findings demonstrated that the LAAi + PVI strategy using CB had acceptable long-term outcomes in patients with persistent AF. Systemic thrombo-embolic events are an important concern throughout the follow-up, which were mostly observed in case of non-adherence to anticoagulants.
SID-4/NCK-1 is important for dsRNA import in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Bhatia Sonya , Hunter Craig P
Published: September 2022

RNA interference is sequence-specific gene silencing triggered by double-stranded RNA. Systemic RNA interference is where double-stranded RNA, expressed or introduced into 1 cell, is transported to and initiates RNA interference in other cells. Systemic RNA interference is very efficient in Caenorhabditis elegans and genetic screens for systemic RNA interference-defective mutants have identified RNA transporters (SID-1, SID-2, and SID-5) and a signaling protein (SID-3). Here, we report that SID-4 is nck-1, a C. elegans NCK-like adaptor protein. sid-4 null mutations cause a weak, dose-sensitive, systemic RNA interference defect and can be effectively rescued by SID-4 expression in target tissues only, implying a role in double-stranded RNA import. SID-4 and SID-3 (ACK-1 kinase) homologs interact in mammals and insects, suggesting that they may function in a common signaling pathway; however, a sid-3; sid-4 double mutants showed additive resistance to RNA interference, suggesting that these proteins likely interact with other signaling pathways as well. A bioinformatic screen coupled to RNA interference sensitivity tests identified 23 additional signaling components with weak RNA interference-defective phenotypes. These observations suggest that environmental conditions may modulate systemic RNA interference efficacy, and indeed, sid-3 and sid-4 are required for growth temperature effects on systemic RNA interference silencing efficiency.
Interpreting convolutional neural network decision for earthquake detection with feature map visualization, backward optimization and layer-wise relevance propagation methods
Authors: Majstorović Josipa , Giffard-Roisin Sophie , Poli Piero
Published: September 2022

In the recent years, the seismological community has adopted deep learning (DL) models for many diverse tasks such as discrimination and classification of seismic events, identification of P- and S-phase wave arrivals or earthquake early warning systems. Numerous models recently developed are showing high accuracy values, and it has been attested for several tasks that DL models perform better than the classical seismological state-of-art models. However, their performances strongly depend on the DL architecture, the training hyperparameters, and the training data sets. Moreover, due to their complex nature, we are unable to understand how the model is learning and therefore how it is making a prediction. Thus, DL models are usually referred to as a ‘black-box’. In this study, we propose to apply three complementary techniques to address the interpretability of a convolutional neural network (CNN) model for the earthquake detection. The implemented techniques are: feature map visualization, backward optimization and layer-wise relevance propagation. Since our model reaches a good accuracy performance (97%), we can suppose that the CNN detector model extracts relevant characteristics from the data, however a question remains: can we identify these characteristics? The proposed techniques help to answer the following questions: How is an earthquake processed by a CNN model? What is the optimal earthquake signal according to a CNN? Which parts of the earthquake signal are more relevant for the model to correctly classify an earthquake sample? The answer to these questions help understand why the model works and where it might fail, and whether the model is designed well for the predefined task. The CNN used in this study had been trained for single-station detection, where an input sample is a 25 s three-component waveform. The model outputs a binary target: earthquake (positive) or noise (negative) class. The training database contains a balanced number of samples from both classes. Our results shows that the CNN model correctly learned to recognize where is the earthquake within the sample window, even though the position of the earthquake in the window is not explicitly given during the training. Moreover, we give insights on how a neural network builds its decision process: while some aspects can be linked to clear physical characteristics, such as the frequency content and the P and S waves, we also see how different a DL detection is compared to a visual expertise or an STA/LTA detection. On top of improving our model designs, we also think that understanding how such models work, how they perceive an earthquake, can be useful for the comprehension of events that are not fully understood yet such as tremors or low frequency earthquakes.
Systematic review of digital interventions to support refusal self-efficacy in child and adolescent health promotion
Authors: Nyman Johanna , Tornivuori Anna , Salanterä Sanna , Barroso Teresa , Parisod Heidi
Published: September 2022

Refusal self-efficacy protects against risky health behavior. Digital interventions have the potential to support self-efficacy due to the enactive experience provided by digital technologies. The aim of this systematic literature review was to evaluate the evidence of digital interventions to support refusal self-efficacy in child and adolescent health promotion. Following the Cochrane Collaboration guidelines, five electronic databases were searched from 2009 to 2020. The studies were assessed by two independent reviewers according to the eligibility criteria. Eligible studies were included in the review, assessed for risk of bias, synthesized narratively and assessed for evidence quality with the GRADE approach. Twenty-three studies, that examined 18 different interventions, were included in the review. The interventions included various digital elements as means to support the child and adolescent refusal self-efficacy (e.g. games, videos, feedback and activities for regulating feelings). The interventions improving refusal self-efficacy were more often used at home setting and addressed the four sources of self-efficacy with different digital elements regardless of intervention duration and intensity. Although the results on intervention effects varied and the evidence quality remained low, the overall evidence concerning these interventions was encouraging. Based on the subgroup analysis, the results were mainly encouraging among girls. When these interventions are implemented in health promotion, their benefits and weaknesses need to be considered comprehensively. The results provide information for designing and developing digital interventions to support child and adolescent refusal self-efficacy. Further research with larger sample sizes and more rigorous study designs is needed to strengthen the evidence of these interventions.
Comprehensive school health: teachers’ perceptions and implementation of classroom physical activity breaks in US schools
Authors: Barcelona Jeanne , Centeio Erin , Phillips Sharon , Gleeson Dara , Mercier Kevin , Foley John , Simonton Kelly , Garn Alex
Published: September 2022

Modifications to the social–ecological model, such as Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child (WSCC) frameworks, have been utilized in comprehensive school health interventions. Classroom physical activity breaks are used when implementing whole-of-school approaches. However, the onus to implement classroom physical activity breaks is on school stakeholders. This study aimed to explore teacher and principal perceptions and implementation of physical activity breaks in elementary schools. Further, this study investigated how theoretical factors representative of the social–ecological model and their interactions affect teacher and principal perceptions and utilization of classroom physical activity breaks. Interviews were conducted to understand teacher and principal perceptions and implementation. A total of 12 classroom teachers and five principals participated in semi-structured interviews which were analyzed using constant comparison and deductive analysis to identify relationships and themes coded across the social–ecological and WSCC models. To ensure fidelity individuals that led the professional development (n = 2) were also interviewed. Three main themes emerged as part of the data analysis: (i) The Connection Between Intrapersonal Knowledge and Interpersonal Professional Development, (ii) Resources, Sharing Means Caring and (iii) The Policy Level Creates Time. Teachers and principals valued knowledge and resources and felt that policy facilitated implementation. Results suggest that classroom physical activity breaks are influenced by multiple factors across varied levels of the social–ecological model. Understanding this relationship can inform future professional development to increase the provision of classroom physical activity breaks among teachers.
Determinants of nutrition practice and food choice in UK construction workers
Authors: Wronska Magdalena Daria , Coffey Margaret , Robins Anna
Published: September 2022

The workplace is considered an effective setting for health and wellbeing interventions, including programmes focusing on nutrition, and provides opportunities to tailor programmes to meet the specific needs of industry and employees. This study explored nutrition practices amongst construction workers and managers to inform the design of a nutrition intervention. Five focus groups were conducted on three construction sites: two with managers (n = 11) and three with workers (n = 27). Construction workers and managers identified several unhealthy nutrition-related behaviours, including high consumption of convenient and fast foods, excessive coffee, alcohol, energy drinks and low fruit and vegetable intake. These behaviours were often attributed to high workloads, long working hours and physically demanding jobs. Snacking and skipping meals were repeatedly reported, attributed to short breaks and poor accessibility to food outlets. The nutritional quality of meals differed between individuals (homemade vs fast food), depending on the type of sites (temporary vs permanent) and site location. Nutrition knowledge, establishing routines, meal planning and preparation were recognized as important in sustaining healthy nutrition habits. However, meal preparation depended on the facilities available, which differed between managers and workers, highlighting the complex relationship between the workplace context and eating behaviours. Construction workers were interested in learning about nutrition and improving their eating habits through nutrition intervention. However, they highlighted that better cooking and storage facilities on site, together with fewer job demands and longer break times, would enhance the sustainability of the intervention and their ability to make healthier food choices.
Realist evaluation of health promotion interventions: a scoping review
Authors: Malengreaux Ségolène , Doumont Dominique , Scheen Bénédicte , Van Durme Thérèse , Aujoulat Isabelle
Published: September 2022

This scoping review aims to give a narrative account of existing realist evaluation practices in health promotion. Realist evaluations of health promotion interventions published between 2010 and 2021 were identified by searching five academic databases: Embase, Pubmed, PsycINFO, ScienceDirect and Scopus. A data-charting form was created based on the characteristics of realist evaluation and four core features of an approach appropriate for evaluating health promotion interventions. Seventeen articles met the inclusion criteria. These were classified into two types of studies: those aiming to build an initial program theory and those aiming to test an initial program theory. Our results revealed a great variety of realist evaluation practices and uncovered a growing interest in realist evaluation over the years. Our searches identified a lack of participative practice and capacity-building intention. Our examination of the data collection and analysis methods points to some common practices in using multi-methods. Perspectives on realist evaluation practices and on assessing the effectiveness of health promotion have been identified.
The maximum likelihood ensemble smoother for the Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation
Authors: Hurst Christopher , Zupanski Milija , Gao Xinfeng
Published: September 2022

Data assimilation (DA) aims to combine observations/data with a model to maximize the utility of information for obtaining the optimal estimate. The maximum likelihood ensemble filter (MLEF) is a sequential DA method or a filter-type method. Weaknesses of the filter method are assimilating time-integrated observations and estimating empirical parameter estimation. The reason is that the forward model is employed outside of the analysis procedure in this type of DA method. To overcome these weaknesses, the MLEF is now extended as a smoother and the novel maximum likelihood ensemble smoother (MLES) is proposed. The MLES is a smoothing method with variational-like qualities, specifically in the cost function. Rather than using the error information from a single temporal location to solve for the optimal analysis update as done by the MLEF, the MLES can include observations and the forward model within a chosen time window. The newly proposed DA method is first validated by a series of rigorous and thorough performance tests using the Lorenz 96 model. Then, as DA is known to be used extensively to increase the predictability of the commonly chaotic dynamical systems seen in meteorological applications, this study demonstrates the MLES with a model chaotic problem governed by the 1D Kuramoto–Sivashinky (KS) equation. Additionally, the MLES is shown to be an effective method in improving the estimate of uncertain empirical model parameters. The MLES and MLEF are then directly compared and it is shown that the performance of the MLES is adequate and that it is a good candidate for increasing the predictability of a chaotic dynamical system. Future work will focus on an extensive application of the MLES to highly turbulent flows.
The evolving privacy and security concerns for genomic data analysis and sharing as observed from the iDASH competition
Authors: Kuo Tsung-Ting , Jiang Xiaoqian , Tang Haixu , Wang XiaoFeng , Harmanci Arif , Kim Miran , Post Kai , Bu Diyue , Bath Tyler , Kim Jihoon , Liu Weijie , Chen Hongbo , Ohno-Machado Lucila
Published: September 2022

Concerns regarding inappropriate leakage of sensitive personal information as well as unauthorized data use are increasing with the growth of genomic data repositories. Therefore, privacy and security of genomic data have become increasingly important and need to be studied. With many proposed protection techniques, their applicability in support of biomedical research should be well understood. For this purpose, we have organized a community effort in the past 8 years through the integrating data for analysis, anonymization and sharing consortium to address this practical challenge. In this article, we summarize our experience from these competitions, report lessons learned from the events in 2020/2021 as examples, and discuss potential future research directions in this emerging field.
Using mobile meditation app data to predict future app engagement: an observational study
Authors: Fowers Rylan , Berardi Vincent , Huberty Jennifer , Stecher Chad
Published: September 2022

Objective

Meditation with mobile apps has been shown to improve mental and physical health. However, regular, long-term meditation app use is needed to maintain these health benefits, and many people have a difficult time maintaining engagement with meditation apps over time. Our goal was to determine the length of the timeframe over which usage data must be collected before future app abandonment can be predicted accurately in order to better target additional behavioral support to those who are most likely to stop using the app.

Methods

Data were collected from a randomly drawn sample of 2600 new subscribers to a 1-year membership of the mobile app Calm, who started using the app between July and November of 2018. App usage data contained the duration and start time of all meditation sessions with the app over 365 days. We used these data to construct the following predictive model features: total daily sessions, total daily duration, and a measure of temporal similarity between consecutive days based on the dynamic time warping (DTW) distance measure. We then fit random forest models using increasingly longer periods of data after users subscribed to Calm to predict whether they performed any meditation sessions over 2-week intervals in the future. Model fit was assessed using the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC), and an exponential growth model was used to determine the minimal amount of data needed to reach an accurate prediction (95% of max AUC) of future engagement.

Results

After first subscribing to Calm, 83.1% of the sample used the Calm app on at least 1 more day. However, by day 350 after subscribing, 58.0% of users abandoned their use of the app. For the persistent users, the average number of daily sessions was 0.33 (SD = 0.02), the average daily duration of meditating was 3.93 minutes (SD = 0.25), and the average DTW distance to the previous day was 1.50 (SD = 0.17). The exponential growth models revealed that an average of 64 days of observations after subscribing to Calm are needed to reach an accurate prediction of future app engagement.

Discussion

Our results are consistent with existing estimates of the time required to develop a new habit. Additionally, this research demonstrates how to use app usage data to quickly and accurately predict the likelihood of users’ future app abandonment. This research allows future researchers to better target just-in-time interventions towards users at risk of abandonment.
Orphan optical flare as SOSS emission afterglow, localization in time
Authors: Lipunov V , Kornilov V , Zhirkov K , Tyurina N , Gorbovskoy E , Vlasenko D , Simakov S , Topolev V , Francile C , Podesta R , Podesta F , Svinkin D , Budnev N , Gress O , Balanutsa P , Kuznetsov A , Chasovnikov A , Serra-Ricart M , Gabovich A , Minkina E , Antipov G , Svertilov S , Tlatov A , Senik V , Tselik Yu , Kechin Ya , Yurkov V
Published: September 2022

We report on MASTER optical observations of an afterglow-like optical and X-ray transient AT2021lfa/ZTF21aayokph. We detected the initial steady brightening of the transient at 7σ confidence level. This allowed us to use smooth optical self-similar emission of GRBs model to constrain the explosion time to better than 14 min as well as to estimate its initial Lorentz factor Γ0 = 20 ± 10. Taking into consideration the low Γ0 and non-detection in gamma-rays, we classify this transient as the first failed GRB afterglow.
Directly detecting the envelopes of low-mass planets embedded in protoplanetary discs and the case for TW Hydrae
Authors: Zhu Zhaohuan , Bailey Avery , Macías Enrique , Muto Takayuki , Andrews Sean M
Published: September 2022

Despite many methods developed to find young massive planets in protoplanetary discs, it is challenging to directly detect low-mass planets that are embedded in discs. On the other hand, the core-accretion theory suggests that there could be a large population of embedded low-mass young planets at the Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) contraction phase. We adopt both 1D models and 3D simulations to calculate the envelopes around low-mass cores (several to tens of M⊕) with different luminosities, and derive their thermal fluxes at radio wavelengths. We find that, when the background disc is optically thin at radio wavelengths, radio observations can see through the disc and probe the denser envelope within the planet’s Hill sphere. When the optically thin disc is observed with the resolution reaching one disc scale height, the radio thermal flux from the planetary envelope around a 10 M⊕ core is more than 10 per cent higher than the flux from the background disc. The emitting region can be extended and elongated. Finally, our model suggests that the au-scale clump at 52 au in the TW Hydrae disc revealed by ALMA is consistent with the envelope of an embedded 10–20 M⊕ planet, which can explain the detected flux, the spectral index dip, and the tentative spirals. The observation is also consistent with the planet undergoing pebble accretion. Future ALMA and ngVLA observations may directly reveal more such low-mass planets, enabling us to study core growth and even reconstruct the planet formation history using the embedded ‘protoplanet’ population.
Low-ionization structures in planetary nebulae – II. Densities, temperatures, abundances, and excitation of six PNe
Authors: Mari M Belén , Gonçalves Denise R , Akras Stavros
Published: September 2022

Here we present the spatially resolved study of six Galactic planetary nebulae (PNe), namely IC 4593, Hen 2-186, Hen 2-429, NGC 3918, NGC 6543, and NGC 6905, from intermediate-resolution spectra of the 2.5 m Isaac Newton Telescope and the 1.54 m Danish telescope. The physical conditions (electron densities, Ne, and temperatures, Te), chemical compositions and dominant excitation mechanisms for the different regions of these objects are derived, in an attempt to go deeper on the knowledge of the low-ionization structures (LISs) hosted by these PNe. We reinforce the previous conclusions that LISs are characterized by lower (or at most equal) Ne than their associated rims and shells. As for the Te, we point out a possible different trend between the N and O diagnostics. Te[N ii] does not show significant variations throughout the nebular components, whereas Te[O iii] appears to be slightly higher for LISs. The much larger uncertainties associated with the Te[O iii] of LISs do not allow robust conclusions. Moreover, the chemical abundances show no variation from one to another PN components, not even contrasting LISs with rims and shells, as also found in a number of other works. By discussing the ionization photon flux due to shocks and stellar radiation, we explore the possible mechanisms responsible for the excitation of LISs. We argue that the presence of shocks in LISs is not negligible, although there is a strong dependence on the orientation of the host PNe and LISs.
Calibrating excursion set reionization models to approximately conserve ionizing photons
Authors: Park Jaehong , Greig Bradley , Mesinger Andrei
Published: September 2022

The excursion set reionization framework is widely used due to its speed and accuracy in reproducing the 3D topology of reionization. However, it is known that it does not conserve photon number. Here, we introduce an efficient, on-the-fly recipe to approximately account for photon conservation. Using a flexible galaxy model shown to reproduce current high-z observables, we quantify the bias in the inferred reionization history and galaxy properties resulting from the non-conservation of ionizing photons. Using a mock 21-cm observation, we perform inference with and without correcting for ionizing photon conservation. We find that ignoring photon conservation results in very modest biases in the inferred galaxy properties for our fiducial model. The notable exception is in the power-law scaling of the ionizing escape fraction with halo mass, which can be biased from the true value by ∼2.4σ (corresponding to ∼−0.2 in the power-law index). Our scheme is implemented in the public code 21cmFAST.
The cosmology dependence of the concentration–mass–redshift relation
Authors: López-Cano Daniel , Angulo Raúl E , Ludlow Aaron D , Zennaro M , Contreras S , Chaves-Montero Jonás , Aricò G
Published: September 2022

The concentrations of dark matter haloes provide crucial information about their internal structure and how it depends on mass and redshift – the so-called concentration–mass–redshift relation, denoted c(M, z). We present here an extensive study of the cosmology-dependence of c(M, z) that is based on a suite of 72 gravity-only, full N-body simulations in which the following cosmological parameters were varied: σ8, ΩM, Ωb, ns, h, Mν, w0, and wa. We characterize the impact of these parameters on concentrations for different halo masses and redshifts. In agreement with previous works, and for all cosmologies studied, we find that there exists a tight correlation between the characteristic densities of dark matter haloes within their scale radii, r−2, and the critical density of the universe at a suitably defined formation time. This finding, when combined with excursion set modelling of halo formation histories, allows us to accurately predict the concentrations of dark matter haloes as a function of mass, redshift, and cosmology. We use our simulations to test the reliability of a number of published models for predicting halo concentration and highlight when they succeed or fail to reproduce the cosmological c(M, z) relation.
qPTM: an updated database for PTM dynamics in human, mouse, rat and yeast
Authors: Yu Kai , Wang Ye , Zheng Yongqiang , Liu Zekun , Zhang Qingfeng , Wang Siyu , Zhao Qi , Zhang Xiaolong , Li Xiaoxing , Xu Rui-Hua , Liu Ze-Xian
Published: September 2022

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are critical molecular mechanisms that regulate protein functions temporally and spatially in various organisms. Since most PTMs are dynamically regulated, quantifying PTM events under different states is crucial for understanding biological processes and diseases. With the rapid development of high-throughput proteomics technologies, massive quantitative PTM proteome datasets have been generated. Thus, a comprehensive one-stop data resource for surfing big data will benefit the community. Here, we updated our previous phosphorylation dynamics database qPhos to the qPTM (http://qptm.omicsbio.info). In qPTM, 11 482 553 quantification events among six types of PTMs, including phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, methylation, SUMOylation and ubiquitylation in four different organisms were collected and integrated, and the matched proteome datasets were included if available. The raw mass spectrometry based false discovery rate control and the recurrences of identifications among datasets were integrated into a scoring system to assess the reliability of the PTM sites. Browse and search functions were improved to facilitate users in swiftly and accurately acquiring specific information. The results page was revised with more abundant annotations, and time-course dynamics data were visualized in trend lines. We expected the qPTM database to be a much more powerful and comprehensive data repository for the PTM research community.
Will Earth's next supercontinent assemble through the closure of the Pacific Ocean?
Authors: Huang Chuan , Li Zheng-Xiang , Zhang Nan
Published: September 2022

Earth's known supercontinents are believed to have formed in vastly different ways, with two endmembers being introversion and extroversion. The former involves the closure of the internal oceans formed during the break-up of the previous supercontinent, whereas the latter involves the closure of the previous external superocean. However, it is unclear what caused such diverging behavior of supercontinent cycles that involved first-order interaction between subducting tectonic plates and the mantle. Here we address this question through 4D geodynamic modeling using realistic tectonic set-ups. Our results show that the strength of the oceanic lithosphere plays a critical role in determining the assembly path of a supercontinent. We found that high oceanic lithospheric strength leads to introversion assembly, whereas lower strength leads to extroversion assembly. A theoretically estimated reduction in oceanic crustal thickness, and thus its strength, during Earth's secular cooling indicates that introversion was only possible for the Precambrian time when the oceanic lithosphere was stronger, thus predicting the assembling of the next supercontinent Amasia through the closure of the Pacific Ocean instead of the Indian-Atlantic oceans. Our work provides a new understanding of the secular evolution of plate tectonics and geodynamics as the Earth cooled.
Successful Treatment of Delayed Localized Necrotizing Inflammatory Myositis After Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 mRNA-1273 Vaccine: A Case Report
Authors: Li Jennifer Chen , Siglin Jonathan , Marshall Michael S , Stemmer-Rachamimov Anat , Bloom Seth M , Blumenthal Kimberly G
Published: September 2022

Reported adverse reactions to the mRNA-1273 vaccine (Spikevax, Moderna Inc) against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) range from mild, local delayed cutaneous reactions to rarer, more serious reactions such as myocarditis. Here, we describe the presentation and successful treatment of delayed, localized necrotizing inflammatory myositis following a third dose of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. To our knowledge, this is the first report of biopsy-confirmed, delayed inflammatory myositis after administration of an mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine booster.