bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Poisoning
Authors: Waldmann Carl , Rhodes Andrew , Soni Neil , Handy Jonathan
Published: August 2019

This chapter discusses poisoning and includes management of acute poisoning (including history, examination, immediate management, clinical examination, investigations, expert advice, reducing drug adsorption, enhancing drug elimination, extracorporeal techniques, and specific therapy of some common or difficult poisonings).
Introduction to Chest Radiology
Authors: Rosado-de-Christenson Melissa L.
Published: August 2019

Introduction to chest radiology provides a general overview of thoracic imaging. Chest radiography is an important part of the imaging evaluation of patients who present with thoracic complaints and is frequently ordered in patients undergoing physical examinations, hospital admission and surgery. Portable chest radiographs are also commonly obtained in patients in the intensive care unit. Chest computed tomography (CT) is characteristically employed for further evaluation of suspected pulmonary, vascular, pleural, mediastinal and chest wall abnormalities. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is often employed as a problem solving tool to further evaluate abnormalities found on radiography or CT. Radiologists should work with radiologic technologists to continuously assess and improve radiologic technique and image quality. Right and left markers must be noted on all radiographs in order to diagnose situs abnormalities. Radiologists should also strive to have optimal working conditions with regards to their reading rooms and viewing equipment. Accurate interpretation of thoracic imaging studies relies on a systematic evaluation of all thoracic structures on radiography, CT and MRI. Radiologists should produce clear radiologic reports and should include recommendations for further imaging and/or management when appropriate. Critical and unexpected imaging findings should be promptly communicated to the clinical team, and such communications should be documented on the radiologic report.
Basic Signs in Chest Radiology: Silhouette, Hilar Overlay, and Hilar Convergence Signs
Authors: Abbott Gerald F.
Published: August 2019

The basic “signs” in chest radiology are each formed by a combination of imaging findings that are known to be characteristic for a specific observation, often leading the radiologist to a more precise conclusion. Many of these signs were developed in the earliest decades of chest radiographic interpretation; others have been recognized in more recent years in the era of chest CT. Radiologists who are familiar with imaging signs facilitate the rapid recognition of complex imaging patterns, enabling the suggestion of a specific diagnosis, or a narrowed differential of diagnostic possibilities to be considered.
Endotracheal and Enteric Tubes
Authors: Ternes Tyler H.
Published: August 2019

The Endotracheal and Enteric Tubes chapter addresses these frequently used medical devices. An endotracheal tube (ETT) is a catheter placed into the airway for mechanical ventilation. It serves to protect the airway and provide adequate gas exchange. The ideal position of the endotracheal tube tip is approximately 5 cm above the carina. Complications of ETT placement include inadequate ventilation if placed too high or too low, esophageal intubation and tracheal injury. Tracheostomy tubes are used in patients who require long-term intubation. Enteric tubes are thin flexible hollow catheters that course into the stomach and beyond. They may be placed via nasal (nasogastic) or oral (orogastric) approach. When used for suctioning, the ideal position of the tube tip is within the stomach. When used for administration of drugs or nutrition, the tube tip is ideally advanced beyond the pylorus. Enteric tube malposition may be due to coiling within the esophagus or inadvertent malposition within the airway. Malpositioning could result in aspiration, lung injury, and pneumothorax.
Common Abnormalities on Portable Chest Radiography
Authors: Little Brent P.
Published: August 2019

Several acute pulmonary diseases are common in the inpatient setting including: Pneumonia, Aspiration, Pulmonary edema, Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), Atelectasis, and Pleural effusions or hemothorax. Appreciation of the clinical presentations and common imaging findings of these diseases is essential in interpreting bedside chest radiography. The chest radiograph is the most commonly performed radiographic examination, and bedside radiography plays an important role in assessing acute cardiopulmonary disease in the inpatient setting, particularly within intensive care units (ICUs). Radiologists must be aware of the range of abnormalities that manifest on bedside chest radiography in order to optimize patient care.
Pulmonary Embolic Disease
Authors: Raptis Constantine
Published: August 2019

Pulmonary emboli (PE) range from asymptomatic to life-threatening and are a common source of clinical concern in patients presenting with chest pain and dyspnea. CT using a PE protocol has become the standard for the evaluation of this condition. CT findings include intraluminal filling defects, parenchymal changes of infarction and potentially signs of right heart strain. These must be distinguished from well-known artifacts, most notably bolus-related and motion artifacts. Signs of acute PE must also be distinguished from those related to chronic PE, septic emboli, tumor emboli, chemical emboli and intraarterial thrombi. MR and nuclear studies may be useful in certain patients (e.g, young and those with allergies to iodinated contrast) and in those with certain suspected conditions (such as primary pulmonary arterial tumors or macroscopic tumor emboli).
Pneumothorax
Authors: Walker Christopher M.
Published: August 2019

The chapter titled pneumothorax discusses the radiographic and computed tomography (CT) manifestations of this entity. Pneumothorax may be divided clinically into three types: primary spontaneous, secondary spontaneous, and traumatic. Primary spontaneous pneumothorax is most common in tall, young male smokers and occurs in the absence of visible lung pathology. It is usually secondary to rupture of a small apical bleb or bulla. Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax occurs in patients with underlying lung pathology such as cavitary or cystic metastases, cystic lung disease, interstitial lung disease, and certain infections such as Pneumocystis jiroveci or Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia. Pneumothorax manifests on upright radiography as an apicolateral thin pleural line with no peripheral visible lung markings. On supine radiography, pneumothorax is more difficult to detect but may manifest with increased basal lucency, sharp delineation of adjacent structures such as mediastinal fat and hemidiaphragm, and the deep sulcus sign. Although tension pneumothorax is a clinical diagnosis, there are several radiographic signs that suggest the diagnosis including contralateral mediastinal shift and ipsilateral hemidiaphragm depression or inversion.
Pleural Effusion
Authors: Walker Christopher M.
Published: August 2019

Pleural effusion discusses the radiographic and computed tomography (CT) manifestations of this entity. Pleural effusion is classified based on pleural fluid analysis using Light’s criteria: transudative and exudative. Free pleural fluid collects in the most dependent aspect of the pleural space due to gravitational effects. It exhibits a meniscus configuration on upright chest radiography. Pleural effusion in a supine or semiupright patient is more difficult to identify but may be suspected in cases with a homogeneous or gradient-like opacity over the lower hemithorax, elevation of the hemidiaphragm contour, or an apical cap. Subpulmonic pleural effusion manifests with lateral displacement of the apex of the ipsilateral hemidiaphragm contour and increased distance between the gastric air bubble and pseudodiaphragmatic contour. Exudative pleural effusion should be suspected in cases with CT findings of pleural thickening, enhancement, septations, and/or loculations.
Endemic Fungal Infection
Authors: Betancourt Sonia L.
Published: August 2019

Endemic fungi (EF) live in soil as saprophytes, infect humans when their spores are inhaled, and often affect healthy individuals that live in or have visited certain areas. EF infection should be suspected in patients from endemic areas who present with pulmonary opacities and/or cavitary disease on imaging. However, disseminated life-threatening disease may affect also immunocompromised patients (e.g. AIDS). Consider EF infection in patients with bronchopneumonia associated with lymphadenopathy that does not respond to antibiotics. Fungal infection may mimic tuberculosis, metastatic disease, lung cancer. Immunosupression is frequently associated with disseminated EF infection. Chronic mediastinal histoplasmosis is a common benign etiology of superior vena cava syndrome.
Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infection
Authors: Martínez-Jiménez Santiago
Published: August 2019

Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), other than Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) may produce pulmonary infection. NTMI is typically an indolent infection except in immunocompromised and HIV infected patients. Imaging plays a crucial role in suggesting NTMI as a possible diagnosis in this patient population. Always consider classic or cavitary NTMI in patients with upper lobe cavitary disease similar to active cavitary TB. However, in such cases TB must always be excluded. In elderly white women, persistent right middle lobe/lingular atelectasis, bronchiectasis or consolidation should suggest the diagnosis of bronchiectactic NTMI. In patients with imaging findings of subacute hypersensitivity pneumonitis, the radiologist must review the history and consult with the clinician in order to identify the triggering allergen, including NTM which is associated with indoor hot tubs.
Introduction to Neoplasms of the Lung and Tracheobronchial Tree
Authors: Rosado-de-Christenson Melissa L.
Published: August 2019

The introduction to neoplasms of the lung and tracheobronchial tree addresses the different types of malignant and benign neoplasms of the lung. The most common primary lung neoplasm is lung cancer. It represents the most common cause of cancer mortality in American men and women. Lung cancer is comprised by four major cell types including adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma and large cell carcinoma. Many patients with lung cancer are symptomatic at presentation and most present with advanced disease. Lung cancer has a variety of imaging manifestations including nodules, masses, post-obstructive atelectasis/pneumonia, intrathoracic lymphadenopathy, extrapulmonary involvement and/or metastatic disease. Carcinoid tumor is an uncommon primary lung malignancy that often affects the airways, but typically exhibits an indolent behavior. Benign pulmonary neoplasms are rare and include neoplasms of the lung and airways such as hamartoma and endobronchial mesenchymal neoplasms. Pulmonary metastases are probably the most common pulmonary neoplasms and usually manifest as multifocal pulmonary nodules and masses.
Lung Cancer: Atelectasis and Consolidation
Authors: Benson Ryo E. C.
Published: August 2019

The chapter titled atelectasis and consolidation discusses these specific manifestations of lung cancer. Patients with lung cancer can present with postobstructive atelectasis and/or pneumonia secondary to centrally obstructive neoplasms. Typical central primary lung cancers are squamous cell and small cell carcinomas. Atelectasis may be sublobar, lobar or may involve the entire lung. Lobar atelectasis may exhibit the S-sign of Golden or the luftsichel sign, which suggest underlying malignancy and require further evaluation with chest CT or bronchoscopy. Central lung cancers may also manifest with postobstructive lipoid pneumonia, typically without active infection. In addition, some adenocarcinomas may manifest with imaging features of consolidation due to replacement of alveolar airspaces by tumor. Therefore, consolidations in adults should be followed to complete radiographic resolution to exclude underlying malignancy.
Emphysema
Authors: Henry Travis S. , Little Brent P.
Published: August 2019

Emphysema is the abnormal, permanent enlargement of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls, but without obvious fibrosis. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a spectrum of obstructive lung diseases that includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis – diseases that frequently coexist, especially in smokers. Emphysema is an extremely common disease and in most cases the diagnosis is established with clinical data including pulmonary function tests (PFTs). CT may be helpful for clarifying the diagnosis in mild cases or if another disease process (such as interstitial lung disease) is suspected. The three different types of emphysema (centrilobular, paraseptal, and panlobular) affect different parts of the secondary pulmonary lobule and are easily distinguished on CT. Emphysema distorts the normal lung anatomy and can cause superimposed processes (e.g. pneumonia or pulmonary edema) to look atypical on chest radiography and CT. Similarly, lung cancer may have an unusual morphology when it arises within emphysematous lung. Cystic lung disease and honeycombing in pulmonary fibrosis should not be confused with emphysema. Cysts and honeycombing have defined walls on CT, whereas centrilobular emphysema manifests as areas of low attenuation without perceptible walls.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Martínez Felipe
Published: August 2019

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a progressive chronic systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by symmetric deforming erosive synovitis. Pulmonary involvement may occur in 18% of all patients with RA, is one of the most common extra-articular manifestations of the disease and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The most common pleuropulmonary manifestations of RA are rheumatoid-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD), drug related lung disease, infection secondary to immunosuppression, necrobiotic nodules, organizing pneumonia, upper and lower airway disease, pulmonary vascular disease and serositis. A normal chest radiograph does not exclude RA-ILD. As disease progresses, radiographic abnormalities may become more apparent. Thin-section or high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) remains the study of choice to assess RA-ILD. Patients with RA-ILD have a slightly increased incidence of lung cancer, and radiologists must carefully scrutinize images looking for discrete nodules and masses.
Other Autoimmune Diseases
Authors: Martínez-Jiménez Santiago
Published: August 2019

Autoimmune diseases described herein include systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), dermatomyositis/polymyositis (DM/PM), Sjögren syndrome (SS), and mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD). SLE predominantly affects women of reproductive age. Although pleural involvement is the most common thoracic manifestation, other manifestations include pneumonia, diffuse alveolar hemorrhage and lupus pneumonitis. Interstitial lung disease in patients with SLE include non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) and usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP). DM/PM affects the skeletal muscle and may frequently result in hypoventilation and respiratory failure (respiratory muscle involvement) and aspiration (laryngeal involvement). Interstitial lung disease is also frequent, and NSIP and organizing pneumonia are the most common patterns. SS typically affects women in the 4th to 5th decades of life. Classic symptoms include xerophtalmia and xerostomia. Interstitial lung disease is among the most common thoracic manifestations; and although NSIP, UIP, organizing pneumonia and amyloidoisis can occur, lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP) is a characteristic form of interstitial lung disease in SS. MCTD combines clinical features of RS, SLE, PSS and PM/DM. Thoracic involvement typically manifests with pulmonary hypertension and interstitial lung disease (NSIP, UIP and LIP). Pulmonary hypertension can occur in any autoimmune disease and is often associated with a worse prognosis. Chest radiography and thin-section chest CT (or HRCT) are the imaging modalities of choice to detect and assess thoracic manifestations of autoimmune disease.
Pneumoconiosis
Authors: Bhalla Sanjeev
Published: August 2019

The term pneumoconiosis refers to lung disease related to dust inhalation. The inhaled particles produce a pulmonary reaction that may result in fibrosis as with asbestosis or silicosis or may result in a macrophage reaction with little fibrosis. Three key features must be addressed in a potential case of pneumoconiosis: identification of imaging signs of exposure, location of imaging findings and distribution of imaging abnormalities. Patients with pneumoconiosis may present with very subtle abnormalities usually well characterized on thin section CT or HRCT. When areas of cavitation are seen, tuberculosis must be considered in association with silicosis and coal worker pneumoconiosis. In addition, any noncalcified or indeterminate pulmonary nodule must be carefully assessed as some pneumoconioses, most notably silicosis and asbestosis, result in a higher incidence of primary lung cancer.
Silicosis and Coal Worker’s Pneumoconiosis
Authors: Azok Joseph T.
Published: August 2019

Silicosis and coal-workers pneumoconiosis (CWP) are fibrotic lung diseases secondary to the inhalation of free silica and coal dust. Exposure is typically occupational and occurs over many years before symptoms develop. Cough and shortness of breath are the most common presenting symptoms. Imaging features of silicosis and CWP are similar and often indistinguishable. Both silicosis and CWP result in upper lobe predominant disease. Pulmonary nodules are the most common imaging feature which may coalesce into progressive massive fibrosis. Lymphadenopathy and emphysema are additional findings seen in patients with silicosis and CWP. Silicosis has a higher incidence of tuberculosis and both pneumoconioses have a higher incidence of lung cancer.
Radiation Pneumonitis and Fibrosis
Authors: Henry Travis S. , Little Brent P.
Published: August 2019

Radiation pneumonitis represents an acute or subacute process following radiotherapy that may be reversible. Fibrosis is a more chronic process that may continue to evolve up to 2 years after treatment. To avoid confusion with other parenchymal opacities that may be encountered post-radiation, one must understand the technique used for radiotherapy in the thorax including: traditional, three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT), and stereotactic beam radiation therapy (SBRT). The goal of this chapter is to review these different techniques so that expected findings can be distinguished from more significant imaging abnormalities.
Diffuse Infiltrative Lung Disease
Authors: Martínez-Jiménez Santiago
Published: August 2019

Diffuse infiltrative lung disease refers to disorders with imaging abnormalities consisting of diffuse opacities that may manifest as reticular opacities, micronodules, hazy opacities or frank airspace disease. Diffuse infiltrative lung disease often refers to diffuse radiographic abnormalities that are optimally characterized on thin-section CT (e.g. interstitial lung disease such as UIP or NSIP). However, diffuse opacities on radiography may manifest with other findings on CT (e.g. cysts or emphysema). In addition, patients with diffuse infiltrative lung disease on CT may have normal radiographs (e.g. NSIP or pneumocystis pneumonia). The next chapters address pulmonary diseases manifesting with diffuse opacities on either chest radiography or CT, with an emphasis on the formulation of a narrow differential diagnosis.
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Authors: Javidan-Nejad Cylen
Published: August 2019

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) represents one of the most common chronic interstitial lung diseases. Usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) is the pathologic diagnosis of IPF and can be diagnosed when honeycombing is present with a basilar and peripheral predominance and findings not typical of UIP are absent. In the current era, when a diagnosis of UIP is made with confidence on HRCT, biopsy can be avoided. Yet, one must be familiar with mimics of UIP/IPF (most notably pulmonary edema superimposed on emphysema) to avoid confusion misdiagnosis. Radiologists must also be familiar with potential complications of UIP including progression, infection, accelerated fibrosis (which can be lethal) and primary lung cancer (which has an increased incidence in UIP).
Organizing Pneumonia
Authors: Javidan-Nejad Cylen
Published: August 2019

Organizing pneumonia (OP) is a nonfibrotic form of interstitial pneumonia that represents a manifestation of lung injury. It may be secondary to another process (such as vasculitis, collagen vascular disease, or drug therapy). When no inciting cause is found, the OP is believed to cryptogenic and the term Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia (COP) may be used clinically. Various patterns of OP may be encountered on imaging including classic (peripheral or bronchiolocentric consolidation), focal, crescentic, multinodular and fibrotic. The classic pattern is the most common, but the crescentic form (often known as the atoll or reverse halo sign) can be the most striking. The latter two patterns are more typical of OP associated with collagen vascular disease, most notably dermatomyositis and polymyositis.
Miscellaneous Lesions of the Mediastinum
Authors: Carter Brett W.
Published: August 2019

A group of several miscellaneous lesions may arise within one or more of the mediastinal compartments that are distinct from benign or malignant neoplasms, cysts, lymphadenopathy, and vascular lesions. Such entities cannot be classified as one specific disease type, and include extramedullary hematopoiesis and multiple types of herniations, specifically hiatal, paraesophageal and Morgagni hernias. Extramedullary hematopoiesis typically manifests as paravertebral masses that may exhibit fat attenuation or signal. Hiatal and paraesophageal hernias are common abnormalities in which the stomach herniates into the thorax through the esophageal hiatus. Morgagni hernias occur through an anterior diaphragmatic defect and typically contain omental fat but may also contain liver and bowel. As with other abnormalities of the mediastinum, these lesions may first be identified on chest radiography. However, correlation with pertinent clinical history and cross-sectional imaging, typically contrast-enhanced computed tomography, is necessary for definitive diagnosis.
Abnormalities of Pulmonary Venous Return
Authors: Cummings Kristopher W.
Published: August 2019

Abnormalities of pulmonary venous return in adults result from anomalous drainage of one or more pulmonary veins into a systemic vein, resulting in a left-to-right shunt. Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR) is most commonly encountered in adults in the upper lobes. PAPVR in the right upper lobe is commonly associated with a sinus venous atrial septal defect, whereas in the right lower lobe it is commonly encountered in association with other anomalies in Scimitar syndrome. Left upper lobe PAPVR is usually isolated. In some instances, patients can develop pulmonary over-circulation and hypertension, necessitating intervention. This chapter emphasizes CT and MR features key to recognizing and diagnosing these anomalies.
How public opinion steers national immigration policies
Authors: Böhmelt Tobias
Published: August 2019

Previous research suggests that client politics shape national migration laws in that they converge toward more liberal regulations. An examination of recently released cross-country data suggests, however, that there is little support for either convergence or generally more open policies. Trying to shed light on this empirical puzzle, I argue that democratic policymakers have incentives to listen to, and pursue policies that are favored by, the ‘unorganized’ electorate as well, since this maximizes their chances of staying in power. However, due to the influence of client interests that work against the public’s view on migration, a positive effect should only materialize under more salient circumstances, that is, when the inflow of foreign-born individuals is high. I analyze these expectations quantitatively using data that combine information on national migration policies with all European Social Survey rounds in 2002–2016. I find robust and significant support for public opinion influencing domestic immigration laws, but this effect only emerges with rather large migrant and refugee populations in the country.
Prevalence of neutral gas in centres of merging galaxies−II: nuclear H i and multiwavelength properties
Authors: Dutta R , Srianand R , Gupta N
Published: August 2019

Using a sample of 38 radio-loud galaxy mergers at z ≤ 0.2, we confirm the high detection rate (∼84 per cent) of H i 21-cm absorption in mergers, which is significantly higher (∼4 times) than in non-mergers. The distributions of the H i column density [$N(\rm{H\,{\small I}}$)] and velocity shift of the absorption with respect to the systemic redshift of the galaxy hosting the radio source in mergers are significantly different from that in non-mergers. We investigate the connection of the nuclear H i gas with various multiwavelength properties of the mergers. While the inferred $N(\rm{H\,{\small I}}$) and gas kinematics do not show strong (i.e. ≥3σ level) correlation with galaxy properties, we find that the incidence and $N(\rm{H\,{\small I}}$) of absorption tend to be slightly higher at smaller projected separations between the galaxy pairs and among the lower stellar mass-radio galaxies. The incidence, $N(\rm{H\,{\small I}}$) and line width of H i absorption increase from the pre-merger to the post-merger stages. The 100 per cent detection rate in post-mergers indicates that the neutral gas in the circumnuclear regions survives the coalescence period and is not yet quenched by the nuclear radio activity.
Dark Energy Survey Year 1 results: validation of weak lensing cluster member contamination estimates from P(z) decomposition
Authors: Varga T N , DeRose J , Gruen D , McClintock T , Seitz S , Rozo E , Costanzi M , Hoyle B , MacCrann N , Plazas A A , Rykoff E S , Simet M , von der Linden A , Wechsler R H , Annis J , Avila S , Bertin E , Brooks D , Buckley-Geer E , Burke D L , Carnero Rosell A , Carrasco Kind M , Carretero J , Cunha C E , D’Andrea C B , da Costa L N , De Vicente J , Desai S , Diehl H T , Dietrich J P , Doel P , Evrard A E , Flaugher B , Fosalba P , Frieman J , García-Bellido J , Gaztanaga E , Gerdes D W , Gruendl R A , Gschwend J , Gutierrez G , Hartley W G , Hollowood D L , Honscheid K , James D J , Jeltema T , Kuehn K , Kuropatkin N , Lima M , Maia M A G , March M , Marshall J L , Melchior P , Menanteau F , Miller C J , Miquel R , Ogando R L C , Romer A K , Sanchez E , Scarpine V , Schubnell M , Serrano S , Sevilla-Noarbe I , Smith M , Sobreira F , Suchyta E , Swanson M E C , Tarle G , Thomas D , Tucker D L , Zhang Y ,   (DES Collaboration)
Published: August 2019

Weak lensing source galaxy catalogues used in estimating the masses of galaxy clusters can be heavily contaminated by cluster members, prohibiting accurate mass calibration. In this study, we test the performance of an estimator for the extent of cluster member contamination based on decomposing the photometric redshift P(z) of source galaxies into contaminating and background components. We perform a full scale mock analysis on a simulated sky survey approximately mirroring the observational properties of the Dark Energy Survey Year One observations (DES Y1), and find excellent agreement between the true number profile of contaminating cluster member galaxies in the simulation and the estimated one. We further apply the method to estimate the cluster member contamination for the DES Y1 redMaPPer cluster mass calibration analysis, and compare the results to an alternative approach based on the angular correlation of weak lensing source galaxies. We find indications that the correlation based estimates are biased by the selection of the weak lensing sources in the cluster vicinity, which does not strongly impact the P(z) decomposition method. Collectively, these benchmarks demonstrate the strength of the P(z) decomposition method in alleviating membership contamination and enabling highly accurate cluster weak lensing studies without broad exclusion of source galaxies, thereby improving the total constraining power of cluster mass calibration via weak lensing.
Adenovirus major core protein condenses DNA in clusters and bundles, modulating genome release and capsid internal pressure
Authors: Martín-González Natalia , Hernando-Pérez Mercedes , Condezo Gabriela N , Pérez-Illana Marta , Šiber Antonio , Reguera David , Ostapchuk Philomena , Hearing Patrick , San Martín Carmen , de Pablo Pedro J
Published: August 2019

Some viruses package dsDNA together with large amounts of positively charged proteins, thought to help condense the genome inside the capsid with no evidence. Further, this role is not clear because these viruses have typically lower packing fractions than viruses encapsidating naked dsDNA. In addition, it has recently been shown that the major adenovirus condensing protein (polypeptide VII) is dispensable for genome encapsidation. Here, we study the morphology and mechanics of adenovirus particles with (Ad5-wt) and without (Ad5-VII-) protein VII. Ad5-VII- particles are stiffer than Ad5-wt, but DNA-counterions revert this difference, indicating that VII screens repulsive DNA-DNA interactions. Consequently, its absence results in increased internal pressure. The core is slightly more ordered in the absence of VII and diffuses faster out of Ad5-VII– than Ad5-wt fractured particles. In Ad5-wt unpacked cores, dsDNA associates in bundles interspersed with VII-DNA clusters. These results indicate that protein VII condenses the adenovirus genome by combining direct clustering and promotion of bridging by other core proteins. This condensation modulates the virion internal pressure and DNA release from disrupted particles, which could be crucial to keep the genome protected inside the semi-disrupted capsid while traveling to the nuclear pore.
Structural and functional insight into the Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein PrpR reveals a novel type of transcription factor
Authors: Tang Su , Hicks Nathan D , Cheng Yu-Shan , Silva Andres , Fortune Sarah M , Sacchettini James C
Published: August 2019

The pathogenicity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis depends upon its ability to catabolize host cholesterol. Upregulation of the methylcitrate cycle (MCC) is required to assimilate and detoxify propionyl-CoA, a cholesterol degradation product. The transcription of key genes prpC and prpD in MCC is activated by MtPrpR, a member of a family of prokaryotic transcription factors whose structures and modes of action have not been clearly defined. We show that MtPrpR has a novel overall structure and directly binds to CoA or short-chain acyl-CoA derivatives to form a homotetramer that covers the binding cavity and locks CoA tightly inside the protein. The regulation of this process involves a [4Fe4S] cluster located close to the CoA-binding cavity on a neighboring chain. Mutations in the [4Fe4S] cluster binding residues rendered MtPrpR incapable of regulating MCC gene transcription. The structure of MtPrpR without the [4Fe4S] cluster-binding region shows a conformational change that prohibits CoA binding. The stability of this cluster means it is unlikely a redox sensor but may function by sensing ambient iron levels. These results provide mechanistic insights into this family of critical transcription factors who share similar structures and regulate gene transcription using a combination of acyl-CoAs and [4Fe4S] cluster.
Impact of interventions to reduce overnutrition on healthcare costs related to obesity and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review
Authors: Olm Michaela , Stark Renée G , Beck Nathanael , Röger Christina , Leidl Reiner
Published: August 2019

Context

In recent decades, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have both become global epidemics associated with substantial healthcare needs and costs.

Objective

The aim of this review was to critically assess nutritional interventions for their impact on healthcare costs to community-dwelling individuals regarding T2DM or obesity or both, specifically using CHEERS (Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards) criteria to assess the economic components of the evidence.

Data Sources

Searches were executed in Embase, EconLit, AgEcon, PubMed, and Web of Science databases.

Study Selection

Studies were included if they had a nutritional perspective, reported an economic evaluation that included healthcare costs, and focused on obesity or T2DM or both. Studies were excluded if they examined clinical nutritional preparations, dietary supplements, industrially modified dietary components, micronutrient deficiencies, or undernutrition; if they did not report the isolated impact of nutrition in complex or lifestyle interventions; or if they were conducted in animals or attempted to transfer findings from animals to humans.

Data Extraction

A systematic review was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. Using predefined search terms, 21 studies evaluating food habit interventions or taxation of unhealthy foods and beverages were extracted and evaluated using CHEERS criteria.

Results

Overall, these studies showed that nutrition interventions and taxation approaches could lead to cost savings and improved health outcomes when compared with current practice. All of the included studies used external sources and economic modeling or risk estimations with population-attributable risks to calculate economic outcomes.

Conclusions

Most evidence supported taxation approaches. The effect of nutritional interventions has not been adequately assessed. Controlled studies to directly measure economic impacts are warranted.
The mass–richness relation of optically selected clusters from weak gravitational lensing and abundance with Subaru HSC first-year data
Authors: Murata Ryoma , Oguri Masamune , Nishimichi Takahiro , Takada Masahiro , Mandelbaum Rachel , More Surhud , Shirasaki Masato , Nishizawa Atsushi J , Osato Ken
Published: August 2019

Constraining the relation between the richness N and the halo mass M over a wide redshift range for optically selected clusters is a key ingredient for cluster-related science in optical surveys, including the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) survey. We measure stacked weak-lensing profiles around 1747 HSC CAMIRA clusters over a redshift range of 0.1 ≤ zcl ≤ 1.0 with N ≥ 15 using the HSC first-year shear catalog covering ∼140 deg2. The exquisite depth and image quality of the HSC survey allow us to measure lensing signals around high-redshift clusters at 0.7 ≤ zcl ≤ 1.0 with a signal-to-noise ratio of 19 within the comoving radius range $0.5\lesssim R\lesssim 15\, h^{-1}\:{\rm Mpc}$. We constrain the richness–mass relations P(ln N ∣ M, z) of HSC CAMIRA clusters assuming a log-normal distribution without informative priors on model parameters, by jointly fitting to the lensing profiles and abundance measurements under both Planck and WMAP cosmological models. We show that our model gives acceptable p-values when we add redshift-dependent terms proportional to ln (1 + z) and [ln (1 + z)]2 in the mean and scatter relations of P(ln N ∣ M, z). Such terms presumably originate from the variation of photometric redshift errors as a function of redshift. We show that constraints on the mean relation 〈M ∣ N〉 are consistent between the Planck and WMAP models, whereas the scatter values σln M ∣ N for the Planck model are systematically larger than those for the WMAP model. We also show that the scatter values for the Planck model increase toward lower richness values, whereas those for the WMAP model are consistent with constant values as a function of richness. This result highlights the importance of the scatter in the mass–richness relation for cluster cosmology.
An Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetase, OKI1, Is Required for Proper Shoot Meristem Size in Arabidopsis
Authors: Kitagawa Munenori , Balkunde Rachappa , Bui Huyen , Jackson David
Published: August 2019

In plants, the stem cells that form the shoot system reside within the shoot apical meristem (SAM), which is regulated by feedback signaling between the WUSCHEL (WUS) homeobox protein and CLAVATA (CLV) peptides and receptors. WUS–CLV feedback signaling can be modulated by various endogenous or exogenous factors, such as chromatin state, hormone signaling, reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling and nutrition, leading to a dynamic control of SAM size corresponding to meristem activity. Despite these insights, however, the knowledge of genes that control SAM size is still limited, and in particular, the regulation by ROS signaling is only beginning to be comprehended. In this study, we report a new function in maintenance of SAM size, encoded by the OKINA KUKI1 (OKI1) gene. OKI1 is expressed in the SAM and encodes a mitochondrial aspartyl tRNA synthetase (AspRS). oki1 mutants display enlarged SAMs with abnormal expression of WUS and CLV3 and overaccumulation of ROS in the meristem. Our findings support the importance of normal AspRS function in the maintenance of the WUS–CLV3 feedback loop and SAM size.
Estimation of the net energy value of barley for finishing beef steers1
Authors: Bowman Jan G P , Boss Darrin L , Surber Lisa M M , Blake Tom K
Published: August 2019

The objective of this study was to identify barley grain characteristics measured by laboratory procedures that could be used to predict barley energy content for finishing beef steers. Twenty-eight different barley genotypes were evaluated including 18 cultivars and 10 experimental lines. Laboratory analysis of barley samples included bulk density, particle size, N, ADF, starch, and ISDMD (in situ DM disappearance after 3 h of ruminal incubation). Animal performance data (BW, DMI, ADG, steer NEm, and NEg requirements) were collected from 26 feedlot experiments conducted in Montana and Idaho during a 10-yr period and were used to estimate barley NEm and NEg content. A total of 80 experimental units were available with each experimental unit being a diet mean from an individual feedlot experiment. Fifty-eight of the 80 experimental units were randomly selected and used in the development data set and the remaining 22 experimental units were used in the validation data set. Forward, backward, and stepwise selection methods were used to identify variables to be included in regression equations for NEm using PROC REG of SAS. Barley samples in the model development data set represented a wide range in concentrations (DM basis): N (1.6% to 2.8%), ISDMD (25.7% to 58.7%), ADF (3.6% to 8.0%), starch (44.1% to 62.4%), particle size (1,100 to 2,814 µm), and bulk density (50.8 to 69.4 kg/hL). The barley grain characteristics of particle size, ISDMD, starch, and ADF were the most important variables in six successful models (R2 = 0.48 to 0.60; P = 0.001). The six prediction equations gave mean predicted values for NEm ranging from 1.99 to 2.05 Mcal/kg (average 2.04 Mcal/kg; 0.45% CV). The mean actual NEm values from animal performance trials ranged from 1.75 to 2.48 Mcal/kg (average 2.03 Mcal/kg; 6.5% CV). The mean bias or difference in predicted vs. actual values ranged from −0.001 to 0.005 Mcal/kg. Barley NEg values calculated from animal performance ranged from 1.13 to 1.78 Mcal/kg (average 1.39 Mcal/kg; 8.4% CV). Average predicted barley NEm and NEg were 0.02 and 0.01 Mcal/kg less, respectively, than the 2.06 Mcal/kg NEm and 1.40 Mcal/kg NEg reported by NRC. Barley NE can be predicted from simple laboratory procedures which will aid plant breeders developing new feed varieties and nutritionists formulating finishing rations for beef cattle.
Blood lactate and rectal temperature can predict exit velocity of beef feedlot steers
Authors: Williams Andrew F , Boles Jane A , Herrygers Melissa R , Berardinelli James G , Meyers Michael C , Thomson Jennifer M
Published: August 2019

Interest in beef cattle temperament has increased due to growing consumer awareness of animal welfare and increased concern for handler safety. Temperament measures are based on behavioral responses to a perceived stressor. Subjective chute scoring has been used to give a numeric value to temperament; however, the subjectivity and variability among observers have been questioned. To deal with the perceived subjectivity and variability, other researchers have used exit velocity. Researchers have related faster exit velocities to increased cortisol and plasma lactate. The objectives of this study were to compare temperament between feedlot steers and heifers and to confirm chute side measures of temperament relationship to physiological responses to stress. Body temperature, blood and plasma lactate, serum glucose, salivary and serum cortisol concentrations were measured on Bos taurus commercial crossbred feedlot cattle (n = 197). Fast, medium, and slow classifications were developed from exit velocities. Plasma lactate was significantly different between all exit velocity classes. Exit velocity and physiological measures indicated that heifers were more excitable (faster exit velocities (P = 0.003), higher plasma lactate concentrations (P = 0.03), and cortisol concentrations (P = 0.001)). Simple correlations among these variables indicated body temperature (heifers r = 0.44, P < 0.0001; steers r = 0.45, P < .0001), plasma lactate (heifers r = 0.52, P < 0.0001; steers r = 0.63, P < 0.0001), blood lactate (heifers r = 0.53, P < 0.001; steers r = 0.59, P < 0.001), and glucose (heifers r = 0.54, P < 0.001; steers r = 0.32, P <0.003) were all related to exit velocity. Cortisol measures were not correlated to exit velocity in steers but were in heifers. Linear models constructed and evaluated using the Akaike information criterion indicated that blood lactate in combination with rectal temperature were strong candidates to predict exit velocity. Using the discriminate function analysis, the model correctly categorized fast and slow classifications 69.23% and 61.54%, respectively, indicating that in combination measures of body temperature and blood lactate can potentially increase accuracy of temperament identification or replace exit velocity as a measure of temperament. The plasma lactate and rectal temperature have the potential to become strong objective measures to augment or replace exit velocity.
David James Purslove Barker. 29 June 1938—27 August 2013
Authors: Barker Mary , Fall Caroline H. , Osmond Clive , Cooper Cyrus , Fleming Tom P. , Thornburg Kent L. , Burton Graham J.
Published: August 2019

Professor David James Purslove Barker was a physician and one of the most influential medical scientists of our time. His fetal programming hypothesis (known as the Barker Hypothesis) transformed thinking about what causes chronic diseases that are the scourge of modern society: cancer, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The Barker Hypothesis proposed that the environment of the fetus and infant determined by maternal nutrition and exposure to infection subsequently predisposes the pathologies of later life. He challenged the idea that chronic diseases result from a combination of bad genes and unhealthy adult lifestyle. The environment of the fetus and infant, he suggested, permanently set or ‘programmed’ the body's metabolism and growth, and thereby pathologies of old age. His initially controversial, but now widely accepted, ideas have produced an explosion of research worldwide into the complex processes of nutrition and growth during intrauterine and early post-natal life and how these cause adult diseases. His discoveries created a new field of research, developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD), influencing global scientific thinking. David believed that ‘the poorer health of people in lower socio-economic groups or living in impoverished places was linked to past and present neglect of the welfare of mothers and babies’. Tackling the epidemics of diabetes and heart disease in the Western world and in developing countries would require, he said, a shift in focus to prioritize the health and nutrition of adolescent girls, pregnant women and infants. This focus has subsequently been enshrined in global health policies and priorities.
Social coding of the multisensory space around us
Authors: Hobeika Lise , Taffou Marine , Viaud-Delmon Isabelle
Published: August 2019

Multisensory integration of stimuli occurring in the area surrounding our bodies gives rise to the functional representation of peripersonal space (PPS). PPS extent is flexible according to the affective context and the target of an action, but little is known about how social context modulates it. We used an audiotactile interaction task to investigate PPS of individuals during social interaction. Participants had to detect as fast as possible a tactile stimulus while task-irrelevant looming sounds were presented, while they were paired as collaborative dyads and as competitive dyads. We also measured PPS in participants seated near an inactive individual. PPS boundaries were modulated only when participants collaborated with a partner, in the form of an extension on the right hemispace and independently of the location of the partner. This suggests that space processing is modified during collaborative tasks. During collective actions, a supra-individual representation of the space of action could be at stake in order to adapt our individual motor control to an interaction as a group with the external world. Reassessing multisensory integration in the light of its potential social sensitivity might reveal that low-level mechanisms are modified by the need to interact with others.
Kinetic study of catalytic CO
2
hydration by metal-substituted biomimetic carbonic anhydrase model complexes
Authors: Park DongKook , Lee Man Sig
Published: August 2019

The rapid rise of the CO
2
level in the atmosphere has spurred the development of CO
2
capture methods such as the use of biomimetic complexes that mimic carbonic anhydrase. In this study, model complexes with tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (TPA) were synthesized using various transition metals (Zn
2+
, Cu
2+
and Ni
2+
) to control the intrinsic proton-donating ability. The pK
a
of the water coordinated to the metal, which indicates its proton-donating ability, was determined by potentiometric pH titration and found to increase in the order [(TPA)Cu(OH
2
)]
2+
< [(TPA)Ni(OH
2
)]
2+
< [(TPA)Zn(OH
2
)]
2+
. The effect of pK
a
on the CO
2
hydration rate was investigated by stopped-flow spectrophotometry. Because the water ligand in [(TPA)Zn(OH
2
)]
2+
had the highest pK
a
, it would be more difficult to deprotonate it than those coordinated to Cu
2+
and Ni
2+
. It was, therefore, expected that the complex would have the slowest rate for the reaction of the deprotonated water with CO
2
to form bicarbonate. However, it was confirmed that [(TPA)Zn(OH
2
)]
2+
had the fastest CO
2
hydration rate because the substitution of bicarbonate with water (bicarbonate release) occurred easily.