bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: McMahon Cian T.
Published: January 2016

This introductory chapter argues that mid-nineteenth-century Irish migrants mainly felt threatened by the notion that New World countries such as the United States and Australia were Anglo-Saxon nations with no room for Catholic Celts. Unwilling to renounce their Celtic self-image and “become Saxon,” however, the Irish developed a diasporic identity that the author calls “global nationalism.” Constantly adapting to the practical exigencies of given times and places—by vacillating between ethnic solidarity and civic pluralism—global nationalism portrayed the Irish as an international community capable of simultaneous loyalty to their old and new worlds. This was a complicated discourse often marked by paradox and contradiction, yet by laying claim to this multivalent identity, the Irish joined other migrant groups in expanding the modern parameters of citizenship and mobility.
“A Lone, Lone Spot in the Far Southern Seas”
Authors: McMahon Cian T.
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines Irish racial discourse in the Australian colonies during the five years that the Young Irelanders spent there as “state prisoners.” Juxtaposing the private and public writings of these exiles with the opinions of Irish Australia’s main weekly newspaper, the chapter reveals the early inklings of global nationalism. On the one hand, finding themselves in a society united not by nationalism but by settler colonialism, Irish Celts portrayed themselves as hearty pioneers entirely suitable for membership in this far-flung British settler society. On the other hand, global nationalism’s edge of ethnic solidarity, which situated these migrants spatially among contemporary Irish Celts abroad, remained strong. As it had in Ireland in the 1840s, the international spread of the Irish popular press fostered the construction of this new identity.
Battling the Anglo-Saxon Myth
Authors: McMahon Cian T.
Published: January 2016

This chapter looks at the contours of Irish American racial discourse between the arrival of the first Young Irelanders in the late 1840s to the United States and the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861. It challenges the truism that the Irish, in assimilating themselves in American society, had cut ties with their homeland and adopted a white identity, thus ceasing to be “Green.” As a matter of fact, American Anglo-Saxonism constituted a greater threat to these migrants than any alleged lack of whiteness. Rather than seek to become Saxon, however, Irish immigrants expanded the boundaries of American citizenship by depicting themselves as members of what one exile termed a proud and noble “world-wide race” of Celts.
“Scarce a Battlefield from the North Pole to the South”
Authors: McMahon Cian T.
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines how Irish people in the United States, Ireland, and abroad interpreted Irish participation in the American Civil War. It argues that, thanks in part to extensive worldwide press coverage of the conflict, the war solidified the Irish sense of themselves as an international community. There were two aspects to this wartime global nationalism. The first was an ethnic solidarity, which portrayed Irish Celts as a race of universal soldiers whose storied reputation for bravery and honor had been earned on countless battlefields across time and space. The second side of Irish global nationalism portrayed the war as part of a transnational ideological struggle.
“American by Nationality yet Irish by Race”
Authors: McMahon Cian T.
Published: January 2016

This chapter demonstrates that, with social relations in a state of flux after the war, many Irish editors pressed an agenda that sought to break down, rather than build up, walls around the American polity. By demanding the right, bought with their blood, to pledge simultaneous loyalty to their new and old homes, the Irish successfully broadened how postbellum Americans thought about citizenship and mobility. The postbellum years were a period of fluidity in which notions of nationality and citizenship, turned upside down by war, were redefined. Immigrant groups, such as Irish Catholics, whose numbers were being continually augmented by a steady stream of newcomers, sought to use their military service as a lever to establish equality between native-born and naturalized citizens.
The Future of Madrasas
Authors: Moosa Ebrahim
Published: January 2016

This chapter reflects on the future of madrasas. It argues that the future of madrasas is constrained by the inability of madrasa communities to make informed decisions about the complex world they inhabit; more specifically, to harness their full intellectual strength in order to make a meaningful contribution to a broader society. It considers debates and disagreements over whether the old madrasa curriculum should be retained, altered or blended with another comprised of modern disciplines. It also examines the question of Muslim identity as it relates to Islamic cosmopolitanism and Islamic parochialism. Finally, it explains how psychic ambivalence among Muslim intellectuals and elites has contributed to the stalemate over the use of modern knowledge in order to advance Muslim religious thought.
Letter to Policy Makers
Authors: Moosa Ebrahim
Published: January 2016

In this chapter, the author presents a letter that he would like to send to the president of the United States and members of Congress explaining the role of the madrasas in Muslim religious life. He notes how intelligence sources and the pundit classes have successfully portrayed the madrasas of South Asia as sworn enemies not only of America but also of the West and the civilized world. Several journalists and columnists, he insists, have made lucrative careers in manufacturing links between terrorism and the madrasas without any proof. The author says the majority of Muslims in South Asia view the madrasas as places of religious learning, not of terror; hence, waging a cultural war against Muslim societies is not the answer but only aggravates the situation. In conclusion, he calls on the United States to revise its attitude when it comes to dealing with Muslim communities around the world.
Letters to My Teachers
Authors: Moosa Ebrahim
Published: January 2016

In this chapter, the author presents letters that he would like to send to his teachers in the Indian madrasas that he attended to share his personal experiences with the madrasa leadership and to provide a sketch of his madrasa career. He says the madrasa leadership in South Asia and elsewhere do not fully comprehend that the negative image of the madrasa in the West also impacts the reputation of Islam as a faith tradition. The betterment of these institutions and their graduates, he argues, can only add to the flourishing of Muslim communities globally. The author, now a professor of Islamic Studies at the University of Notre Dame, also reflects on how madrasas taught him how to love knowledge and learning.
Epilogue
Authors: Moosa Ebrahim
Published: January 2016

This epilogue argues that constructive engagement with the madrasa tradition presents an opportunity to meaningfully serve humanity in the ways of faith and tradition. It explains how South Asia's madrasas can help promote a serious renewal of religious scholarship, and that failure to implement significant reforms might undermine a great tradition. Hope lies with the voices at the margins of the madrasa tradition that realize the importance of providing an intelligible and enlightened orthodoxy for Muslims today. Knowledge does not only have to serve the purpose of salvation and bypass the realities of the world in which believers live and flourish. In order to understand the Qur'an, the Sunna, and the historical Muslim intellectual tradition, the experience of contemporary Muslims must be given a central role in the interpretative process.
Race and the Roots/Routes Traced by Latin Musicians
Authors: Abreu Christina D.
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines the development of the earliest Latino communities in New York during the 1940s and 1950s. It explores how music played a role in the growth of the community, looking into the musical and cultural contributions of musicians Mario Bauzá, Marco Rizo, and many others. These musicians discussed topics about musical innovation, authenticity, and commercialism which disrupted “Cuban,” “Afro-Cuban,” and “Latin” as static or singular musical genres and identity categories. Racial ideas and practices, as well as cultural traditions and expectations, informed these conversations and prompted individual and collective desires for social mobility and racial equality, especially among Cuban musicians. The chapter highlights the role of race and class in shaping the stories of the musicians, describing their migration, participation in entertainment, and their sense of racial and ethnic identity.
Cuban Musicians and New York City’s Cuban Social Clubs
Authors: Abreu Christina D.
Published: January 2016

This chapter explores the associational life of Cubans in New York by looking into the El Club Cubano Inter-Americano and the Ateneo Cubano de Nueva York, two of the most active social clubs during the 1940s and 1950s. It examines the discursive elements and processes of racial and ethnic negotiation that characterized the “Cuban New York” experience brought about by these clubs. The musicians hired by these clubs participated in the development of Cuban and Afro-Cuban consciousness and community. Through them, Cubans gained the symbolic and cultural capital that would position Cubanness and Afro-Cubanness as central to Hispanidad and Latinidad. The chapter argues that members and leaders of Cuban social clubs thought about their self-presentation and sought to engage the broader Spanish speaking public of New York City, in cooperation with the city's Spanish language press.
La Prensa’s Musical Popularity Contests and Fund-Raising Festivals
Authors: Abreu Christina D.
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines the musical popularity contests and fund-raising musical showcases sponsored by La Prensa, New York's largest and longest-running Spanish-language daily newspaper, from 1941 to 1959. It analyzes the presence of black and white Cuban singers, musicians, and dancers that were figured prominently in these contests and festivals. Their involvement serves as early examples of the role Cuban musicians and Cuban ethnic identity played in the development and broadcasting of Hispano/a and Latino/a identity that was both local and hemispheric. The chapter also situates La Prensa as an ethnic institution that shaped ideas and practices related to Afro-Cubanness and Hispanidad. The Concurso de Popularidad and the Gran Festival sponsored by the newspaper are examples of transnational traditions that constituted both a lived social practice and a symbolic reconnection to the homeland.
Cubans in Miami’s Pan-American Paradise
Authors: Abreu Christina D.
Published: January 2016

This chapter turns to Miami and discusses the role of Cubans and Cuban popular culture in the city. It examines the social clubs Círculo Cubano and Juventud Cubana, and the nightclubs Tropicana and Barra Guys and Dolls, whose events and activities illustrate the early emergence of “Cuban Miami” in the context of the ideology and racialized practices of Pan-Americanism, and against the backdrop of the Cuban Revolution. Through the Spanish-language press, the Cuban groups in the city also demonstrated an early instance of pan-Lantino/a unity in the struggle for social justice. During their stay in Miami, many black Cuban artists found themselves in a Jim Crow city that was protective of its black-white model of racial classification but inconsistent in its treatment and categorization of Cubans and Latino/as of color.
The Scholarship on Southern Lynching
Authors: Bailey Amy Kate , Tolnay Stewart E.
Published: January 2016

This chapter begins by briefly setting out the book's purpose, namely to use newly available information about the victims of southern lynching to answer questions such as: who were the individuals subjected to this vicious crime? Did they possess specific characteristics that put them at risk, other than being black and male? Were certain “kinds” of men more likely to be targeted in specific “kinds” of communities? The remainder of the chapter provides a foundation about the phenomenon of lynching and a basic understanding of what previous studies of lynching have been able to tell us about the lynching era and what remains unknown. It does so by discussing the definition of lynching; the frequency of lynching; what happened at lynchings; why lynchings occurred and why they ended; the victims of lynching; and why lynching and its victims matter in the twenty-first century.
Targeted Because of Their Success?
Authors: Bailey Amy Kate , Tolnay Stewart E.
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines whether black and mixed-race men with higher social standing were exposed to a greater risk of mob violence than were their lower-status neighbors. The results show that southern mobs did not select their victims at random from the general black male population. There were important differentials in the risk of victimization according to both social marginality and social standing. However, what motivated mobs to exercise discretion in their targeting of victims cannot be known. Mobs did consider potential community reaction in their selection of victims. But until there is access to better information about the decision-making calculus of southern mobs the precise explanation for the patterns of differential risk for black men that was documented in this chapter and in Chapter 4 must remain open for debate.
Vulnerability in Economic, Political, and Religious Context
Authors: Bailey Amy Kate , Tolnay Stewart E.
Published: January 2016

Chapters 4 and 5 demonstrated that individual-level characteristics linked to social marginality or higher-status differentially affected black and mixed-race men's vulnerability to mob violence based on the local context. This chapter attempts to integrate these two sets of findings by examining whether the influence of individual-level factors on the exposure of black men to victimization was itself shaped by the nature of the local context of danger, as measured by economic, political, and religious variables. The results from Chapters 4 and 5 suggest that individuals who were more normative within their local communities enjoyed some degree of protection—perhaps a level of anonymity granted by being unremarkable. The converse of this, of course, is that being unusual could seal a man with the mark of vulnerability that increased his likelihood of being targeted. This chapter shows that these processes operated in a more or less similar manner throughout the South, in communities dominated by King Cotton and heavily integrated into global markets by virtue of this fact, as well as in those communities composed mainly of yeoman farmers who produced primarily for their own consumption. Despite overwhelming evidence that unusual levels of social status or marginality made some men targets and provided others with relative immunity, there is no evidence that these factors were linked to the local institutional structures most imbued with power—the economic foundations, the political arena, and the religious alignments.
From Sel’tsy to Siedlce
Authors: Babiracki Patryk
Published: January 2016

This chapter describes the Polish communists' learning experiences on the Eastern front in 1943–45. With Stalin's support, they sought to create a center of power that would rival the political and military forces loyal to the Polish government in London. Stalin saw that a Soviet-sponsored Polish organization with its own military units as a potential asset in at least three ways. First, it would allow Stalin to speak on behalf of a visible, institutionalized Polish community in the Soviet Union during the inevitable negotiations with the other leaders of the great powers over the postwar order—and thus, it would help legitimize Soviet geopolitical interest as a Polish claim. Second, there was a functional advantage to having such an organized political community ready for a potential power contestation in Poland, whatever its exact nature might be. Third, the symbolic weight of associating the Polish left with the agents of victory on the Eastern Front and the liberating Red Army furnished the communists with a weapon against Polish skeptics.
Soviet Soft Power and the Polish Thaw
Authors: Babiracki Patryk
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines the changes in Soviet-Polish cultural contacts during the immediate post-Stalin years of 1953–57. Stalin's death, “collective leadership,” and Khrushchev's ascendance to power offered new possibilities for reciprocal cultural relations and a more flexible Soviet approach in Poland. But the cautious de-Stalinization in the USSR together with the rapid Polish Thaw complicated the work of Soviet international outreach institutions. The new Soviet “hands-off” approach to East European affairs also meant that a number of institutions that hitherto had intervened in the cultural affairs of the Soviet Union's East European satellites were suddenly deprived of Moscow's support. Though many Soviet cultural outreach officials toyed with ingenious ideas about how to run these operations more effectively, the state of limbo negated their best efforts—and they were forced to leave.
Conclusion
Authors: Babiracki Patryk
Published: January 2016

This chapter begins with a discussion of how The Ugly American, a novel about U.S. effort to win over the hearts and minds of the masses in Southeast Asia during the early Cold War, mirrors the realities of Soviet soft-power politics during the Cold War. Against the received knowledge of a lockstep oppressive Soviet regime, the present volume has drawn attention to individuals who tried to improve Stalin's new empire by forging sensitive and reciprocal cultural relations with their East European allies. It also acknowledges the enormous influence of Soviet-sponsored political, economic, and cultural integration. The communists profoundly transformed the East European landscapes, languages, fashions, rhythms of industrial production, identities, and values. By the 1970s, the inhabitants of the Soviet Bloc or, more broadly, the “socialist second world,” came to share a distinct culture that eventually outlived socialist political systems. This book does not negate the vast influence of Soviet transformative energies; it merely suggests that particularly in the postwar decade, all those changes had little to do with the Soviet Union's authentic power of attraction.
Empire’s Shades and Shadows
Authors: Babiracki Patryk
Published: January 2016

This introductory chapter sets out the book's purpose, namely to examine both sides of the story of Soviet-Polish cultural interactions during the troubled and little-known postwar decade. It builds on both classic accounts of Soviet-East European relations, new works on Sovietization, and recent studies that recognize the Soviet and Polish communists' limited successes in meeting their stated objectives. It shows that the Soviets participated actively in shaping Poland's culture and cultural relations between the two countries. Yet many Soviet officials displayed a much greater sensitivity to local conditions than has been acknowledged. They also experienced a great deal of confusion about what was expected of them. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
Breaching the Peace
Authors: Berrey Stephen A.
Published: January 2016

This chapter presents the oppositions that the Freedom Riders encountered while traveling in Alabama and Mississippi, in an attempt to desegregate interstate travel. In Alabama, a group of local whites led by the Ku Klux Klan attacked a bus carrying black and white Freedom Riders in an attempt to stop desegregation. Meanwhile, in Mississippi, a group of police officers arrested the Freedom Riders traveling in the state, charging them with a breach of the peace. The unfavorable responses to the Freedom Riders in Alabama and Mississippi represented two very different types of performances. The Alabama performance cast the Ku Klux Klan white members as defenders of segregation, while the Mississippi performance cast uniformed white people as defenders of law and order.
Intimacy, Black Criminality, and Whiteness
Authors: Berrey Stephen A.
Published: January 2016

This chapter discusses a study concerning the number of homicides, as well as state executions, in Mississippi in 1955. The report showed that that year 184 blacks and 51 whites died by homicide. Five were killed by white citizens, six by officers of the law, four by execution, and one by suicide. In a majority of the cases, the homicide had been committed by another black individual. In the decade following the 1955 report, the findings from this research appeared in a range of materials defending segregation, including in newspaper articles, mailings from segregationist organizations, and public and political speeches. The allusions to black crime represented the approaches white Mississippians and other white Southerners embraced to justify their racial practices, one of which was the constitutional arguments for the state's rights over federal authority.
Epilogue
Authors: Berrey Stephen A.
Published: January 2016

This concluding chapter discusses the dramaturgical qualities of the daily racial routines in Jim Crow. The place was a kind of theatrical production that depended on stages and props, on scripts and stage directions, and especially on actors and audiences. Laws, customs, and the manipulation of geography came together to establish performative expectations for blacks and for whites. Incumbent upon individuals to perform—to move, to talk, to gesture—in specific ways, Jim Crow had to be remade each day with each interaction. Accordingly, if living in Jim Crow had something to do with lynchings and with vigilantes dressed in white hoods and robes (Ku Klux Klan), it was also defined through countless mundane experiences, from walking along the sidewalk, to boarding a bus, to shopping for clothes.
The Desertion of Tradition
Authors: Brown Thomas J.
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines the controversy over the Confederate flag in South Carolina. It argues that beyond the most obvious racial politics of the flag, the claim for continuity from the Lost Cause era to the millennial defense of the Southern Cross fails to recognize important shifts in the foundations and uses of Confederate memory. The raising of the flag above the South Carolina statehouse in March 1962 reflected its emergence in a popular culture of recreation and consumption that was starkly different from and in some ways antithetical to the memorial culture of the Lost Cause. When state display of the flag came under attack, its defenders could not rely on the gender, religious, and class structures that had sustained earlier Confederate commemoration. The most vital form of Confederate commemoration now projected the disintegration of traditional social institutions into an atomism best exemplified by the consumer marketplace.
Modern Times
Authors: Brown Thomas J.
Published: January 2016

This chapter first describes how lyrics from Bob Dylan’s album Modern Times incorporated snippets from the poetry of Henry Timrod without attribution. It argues that even before the Civil War, Timrod personified an experience of defeat and self-recognition that would complement Dylan’s conception of modernity in Modern Times. The discussion then turns Ted Phillips’ book City of the Silent: The Charlestonians of Magnolia Cemetery and the postmodern renewal of Confederate remembrance. For Phillips, the lasting value of the Confederacy rested in its demonstration that shared remembrance might serve as a basis for everyday performance of community. He recognized that this collective memory was a form of fiction, and he addressed the quintessential fictionalization of the Confederate saga, Gone with the Wind, more thoroughly than he covered any military campaign.
No Man of Honor Shall Shrink from Running His Chance
Authors: Gallman J. Matthew
Published: January 2016

This chapter discusses the political transition the northerners had to face as the Civil War dragged on to its third year. By January, the Union army was a war for liberation, thanks to the controversial Emancipation Proclamation. Two months later Congress passed the Enrollment Act of 1863, laying the groundwork for the first federal draft in US history. The new federal conscription legislation expanded on the earlier state militia draft and signaled a dramatic shift in the Union’s approach to filling the ranks. As well, the home front satire directed toward the North’s disreputable types grew harsher. And with hopes of a speedy resolution to the war dashed and the costs of war mounting, civilians—both men and women—wrestled with new discussions of the meaning of citizenship and participation.
Power for Service
Authors: Gloege Timothy E. W.
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines the Reverend Reuben A. Torrey's early life, his ideas about “power for service,” and the ways they developed during his tenure at the Moody Bible Institute. Torrey had met Moody during the latter's 1878 revival meeting in New Haven, Connecticut, and had found himself drawn to the ideas of this “strange, uneducated man.” It would be another decade before the two men crossed paths again, but Torrey would spend much of that time attempting to understand Moody's teachings regarding the Holy Spirit. Torrey later came to understand his experience of the Holy Spirit in the context of contract ideology. In the age of mass employment, the concept of contract became a catch-all solution to the ongoing problem of defining economic freedom.
A Consuming Faith
Authors: Gloege Timothy E. W.
Published: January 2016

This chapter charts the key pivot by corporate evangelicals at the Moody Bible Institute (MBI), from religious identities rooted in Christian work to consumer identities branded as “pure religion.” Evangelicals at the MBI had forged a consuming faith from the ideological overlap between modern consumer capitalism and religion—both advertisers and evangelists were tackling the same problem of individual human choice, after all, and both groups welcomed any art or science that gave them an advantage. The ideas that had been lifted from marketing and advertising strategies helped transition evangelicals from Moody's conviction that an authentic faith produced Christian workers to a new ideal embodied by the savvy consumer—a believer who rightly judged and appropriated correct belief and practice from the options in the religious marketplace.
Epilogue
Authors: Gloege Timothy E. W.
Published: January 2016

This concluding chapter traces the role of the Moody Bible Institute (MBI) in the continuing developments of modern conservative evangelicalism. The MBI has continued to wrestle with the difficulties of maintaining a pristine reputation for “pure religion” amid the completely free market of religion. Yet the MBI's influence has waned over the years, although the future existence of the school that D. L. Moody founded does not appear to be in serious jeopardy. However, it seems unlikely that it will ever achieve something approaching its former glory. Having pioneered the techniques for establishing religious authority out of nothing, it is now a victim of its own success.
Introduction
Authors: Gloege Timothy E. W.
Published: January 2016

This introductory chapter charts a brief history of how American Protestantism had developed in conjunction with modern consumer capitalism. There are many points of entry to this corporate evangelical network, but the story that follows focuses on one of its key institutions, the Moody Bible Institute (MBI) in Chicago. The MBI was founded by the salesman-turned-revivalist Dwight L. Moody, the most important evangelical of the late nineteenth century. He ingeniously weaved disparate ideas drawn from business and religion into a compelling, if unstable, form of evangelical Protestantism. After Moody's death in 1899, a second generation of evangelicals led by Henry Parsons Crowell transformed MBI in significant ways. They shifted focus from converting the working classes to influencing middle-class Protestantism and swapped their overarching metaphor of industrial work with modern consumption.
Heading South
Authors: Hartnett Kimberly Marlowe
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines Harry Golden’s career at South Carolina, where he would launch his personal journal, the Carolina Israelite. At Charlotte, Golden became intrigued by two aspects of life: the prevalence of prostitution and segregation, which he constantly wrote about during his career. The chapter describes Golden’s work at the Charlotte Labor Journal and Dixie Farm News which became popular within Charlotte’s Jewish community, due to his anti-discrimination articles. The community’s members became the first subscribers of the Carolina Israelite. Despite his popularity however, Golden knew that he needed the help of famous personalities to promote his paper which contained his views. As a way to “court the big shots,” Golden awarded gold medals, as determined by his readers’ votes. Some of the recipients of the award were North Carolina Governor J. Melville Broughton and Frank Porter Graham, president of the University of North Carolina.
Ghosts and Great Men
Authors: Hartnett Kimberly Marlowe
Published: January 2016

This chapter recalls Harry Golden’s larger involvement in the Civil Rights Movement during its height in the 1960s. It also describes Golden’s coverage of the trial of Otto Adolf Eichmann for Life in 1960. As a Nazi war criminal, Eichmann was tried in Israel on charges of engineering the deaths of six million Jews during the Holocaust. Life chose Golden for the job, as he was the most popular mainstream Jewish writer, and the coverage gave him further international exposure. After the trial, Golden became involved with the Alabama Campaign of the Civil Rights Movement, supporting the Freedom Rides project by CORE in 1961. The projects aimed to stop segregation in Alabama, a state where the practice was still prevalent even though the Supreme Court had made it unconstitutional. The chapter also explores Golden’s relationship with Martin Luther King and Robert and John F. Kennedy—key people in the movement towards desegregation.
Only in America
Authors: Hartnett Kimberly Marlowe
Published: January 2016

This epilogue affirms Harry Golden’s critical role in the fight against racial discrimination. It argues that Golden provided a reminder that the Civil Rights Movement was not a unified effort but a complicated convergence of old hatreds, postwar changes in the economy, and new expectations by African Americans. The carefully preserved speeches, legislation, and manifestos of politicians and movement leaders give a partial view of the upheaval of the time. Golden’s straightforward editorializing in the Carolina Israelite expands and colors the picture. His ability to communicate the everyday injustices and common needs faced by African Americans was a bridge that brought many white Americans into sympathy with, or at least some understanding of, the struggle for civil rights. When delivering speeches to regular folks around the country, Golden used his stories to convey a simple message: that one’s everyday acts of bravery or cowardice were of real consequence.
Resistance
Authors: Hogue Michel
Published: January 2016

This chapter documents both the efforts to dismantle Metis borderland settlements and the attempts by Metis communities to resist their expulsion. It shows how, in the United States, Metis efforts to work out new arrangements to sustain themselves, whether on Indian reservations or elsewhere, ran up against perceptions of Metis foreignness, dualistic visions of race, and a reluctance to recognize Metis corporate rights. In Canada, the clash over Metis political and land rights exploded in the 1885 North-West Resistance. Despite the border's continued promise of asylum, federal attitudes toward Metis group rights and the social conditions in Metis communities on either side had become strikingly similar.
Constance Fenimore Woolson and the Tourist Outback of Florida
Authors: Kennedy-Nolle Sharon D.
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines the work of Constance Fenimore Woolson, who imagined freedpeople, particularly freedwomen, as successful citizens in an ethnically diverse America. Her writings contributed to the ongoing debates over the definition of citizenship, the meaning of freedom, and the fate of the free-labor ideology. Additionally, her magazine articles helped foster the rise of a consumer culture, transforming the military district of Eastern Florida into a tourist paradise for her fellow northerners. The chapter analyzes three key strategies which Woolson used in her writing. First, her travel sketches relocated national origin myths from New England to the ancient cities of Florida, taking advantage of the state’s varied colonial history. Secondly, she mainly wrote about the freedpeople and recognized their rightful place in Florida’s cultural, political, and economic life. Lastly, Woolson substituted a work ethic suitable to Florida’s challenging climate and landscape for the northern, gendered work ethic.
Sewing on the Badges of Servitude
Authors: Kennedy-Nolle Sharon D.
Published: January 2016

This chapter analyzes the novels of Albion Winegar Tourgée, who unlike Constance Woolson, was a leading actor in the Reconstruction’s violent drama as it played out. Being a combat veteran, a carpetbag jurist, and a politician, Tourgée’s commitment to social justice helped shape the course of the Reconstruction in the Second Military District. The chapter examines how Tourgée enabled many Americans, especially the freedpeople, to imagine a truly new birth of freedom. Throughout his works, he portrayed Reconstruction’s “incidents” in a way that would show the promise of citizenship for African Americans. His debut novel Toinette (1874) set forth Reconstruction themes that would become the basis of his later works. The novel dramatizes Reconstruction’s issues by focusing on the suffering of a freedwoman. Toinette serves as Tourgée’s most thorough exploration of the legal treatment of property rights and the issue of bodily ownership.
George Washington Cable and the Wages of Ventriloquized Performance in New Orleans, Louisiana
Authors: Kennedy-Nolle Sharon D.
Published: January 2016

This chapter discusses the work of Louisiana native George Washington Cable, whose works primarily centered on the creole identity during the Reconstruction. Delivered when the nation still felt the polarizing effects of military occupation, Cable dramatized an “occupation” black Creole identity that was caught up in social conflict. Cable was able to put the mutually constitutive categories of blackness and whiteness in tension by performing a black Creole identity that is, by definition, ethnically amalgamated. His displacement of racialized identity through ethnicity created a dual counterfeit for audiences to access pleasure and to repair sectional rifts between the North and the South through a privileged southern exoticism as his works set the stage for the critical roles that performance and performed identities would play in the Reconstruction. The chapter analyzes how Cable’s works, while illustrating “blackness,” also produced a version of whiteness that invaded, occupied, and “ventriloquized” alien “blackness.”
Imperial Crises, Imperial Diplomacy
Authors: Khan Sulmaan Wasif
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines how the Dalai Lama's departure from Lhasa sparked a crisis and caused the People's Republic of China to change from empire-lite to a harder, heavier imperial structure. When the Dalai Lama fled Lhasa, it resulted in a flurry of rebellions across Tibet and revealed the weakness of the Chinese state in the region. The PRC's main goal was to strengthen state control of the Tibetan plateau—and a significant part of this task was making sure that the notion of an independent Tibetan state did not gain international legitimacy, whether through a resolution at the United Nations or through Tibetans forming diplomatic ties with other countries. The story of why Tibet did not become another Korea is crucial to understanding why events in the Tibetan borderlands unfolded the way they did. The rest of this chapter discusses the Chinese state's attempts to win international public opinion through its use of “the diplomacy of imperialism” in the face of the challenge emanating from its borderlands.
Border Crossers
Authors: Khan Sulmaan Wasif
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines how Sino-Nepali border crossings exposed the weakness of the People's Republic of China in the Tibetan borderlands, in part by triggering unpredictable responses from local authorities distant from the capital. It presents the stories of the Sino-Nepali border crossers, particularly Ma Tengbiao, and the dangers they posed: criminals fleeing retribution through hidden passes, spies linked to Taiwan and the United States, troops appearing where they were not supposed to be. The movements of the border crosses highlight the gap between center and periphery and show how events in the Tibetan borderlands redefined Chinese foreign policy during the Cold War—and indeed, China itself. The rest of this chapter discusses Zhou Enlai's trip to Nepal, the links between the Guomindang and Tibetan rebels, the impact of the fourth world on Chinese foreign policy, and how improved relations with Nepal opened up broader possibilities for Chinese diplomacy.
Muslim, Trader, Nomad, Spy
Authors: Khan Sulmaan Wasif
Published: January 2016

This chapter tells the stories of some of the people who traveled between the People's Republic of China and India, and of the officials who had to decide on how to deal with them. More specifically, it examines the collaboration between Guomindang spies and Tibetans in Nepal, the emergence of trade in the Himalayas, the rioting by Tibetan Muslims in Lhasa, and nomads' crossing across disputed boundaries in search of pasture. The rest of this chapter considers China's response to India's refusal to compromise on the border dispute, its perceived assistance to the Tibetans, and its attempts to exploit ethnic tension within Tibet. It also discusses the famine that ensued in the Tibetan plateau when the PRC terminated the cross-border trade.
Epilogue
Authors: Khan Sulmaan Wasif
Published: January 2016

This epilogue discusses the reforms implemented by the People's Republic of China with respect to Tibet after the crisis sparked by the Dalai Lama's exile to India. With the Dalai Lama gone, the PRC saw little reason to continue delaying reform in political Tibet; indeed, it saw reform as one of the keys to pacifying the insurgency. From mobilizing the masses and pacifying the rebellion, to defeating the invading Indian forces, introducing land reform, and launching people's communes in Tibet, such changes not only transformed life in the Tibetan borderlands but also caused China to redefine its foreign policy toward the third world.
Public
Authors: Levander Caroline Field , Guterl Matthew Pratt
Published: January 2016

This chapter argues that the hotel is both a public space and a series of discrete domesticities—and this medley of seemingly opposed spaces and spheres is a key feature of the hotel’s enduring allure in modern culture. The constant balancing between exposure and concealment—between public and private spheres—is the daily work of modern life in an urban setting. How a society divides its space into public and private spheres and how this division controls individuals’ movement from one place to another have become subjects of critical attention in the fields of architectural theory, political philosophy, and urban studies. The intimate space of the home has evolved to embrace new lifestyles and a greater integration of intimate arrangements into the logic of the urban city’s public spaces as loci of sociability and intermingling.
Rich
Authors: Levander Caroline Field , Guterl Matthew Pratt
Published: January 2016

This chapter explores the narrative of the hotel—particularly the resort hotel—as an empire, in which the hotel can be easily imagined as being part of a global network of colonial outposts. Central to the resort’s popularity and enduring fascination is the fantasy, and limited opportunity, it provides for individuals to literally and figuratively conquer the world. The modern hotel’s function is one that streamlines and standardizes the experience of imperial tourism, to make the sexuality and servility of the native employee predictable, accessible, and even affordable—and thus to make the space that guests occupy occur at the direct expense of local residents.
Poor
Authors: Levander Caroline Field , Guterl Matthew Pratt
Published: January 2016

This chapter discusses how the plethora of hotels that have sprung up to accommodate the world’s poor and indigent create new ways to imagine the minimal amount of space that bodies can take up. In contrast to the ever-expansive hotel spaces provided for the rich—as discussed in the previous chapter—the poor occupy increasingly minuscule scales of space that encroach on human life at the most basic level. The dramatic reallocation of space in which the hotel trades seems to mirror and help to enforce the growing gap between rich and poor—the upper one percent versus the rapidly expanding rest. The number of cheap rooms for rent in the United States has decreased even as the number of working poor has dramatically increased, creating a low-income short-term housing shortage of unprecedented proportions.
The Roots of the Sino-Vietnamese Conflict
Authors: Zhang Xiaoming
Published: January 2016

This chapter presents an overview of China's involvement in Vietnam to lay a foundation for a further analysis of the Sino-Vietnamese conflict in a historical context. Focusing on the 1960s and 1970s, it discusses the distrust and suspicion between the Chinese and the Vietnamese that may have been a reflection of an undercurrent of tension between Beijing and Hanoi during the wars against France and the United States. After many years of committing China's resources to Hanoi's war effort, the Chinese had created for themselves a new enemy, as the two countries later engaged in a conflict lasting more than a decade.
Planning and Preparation for the Invasion
Authors: Zhang Xiaoming
Published: January 2016

This chapter explores the People's Liberation Army's (PLA) implementation of the invasion operations at the campaign and tactical levels in the context of Cold War history. The People's Republic of China (PRC) never planned to engage in a fight with the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), and the PLA had never before prepared for such a military action. Chinese forces were undermanned, underequipped, and poorly trained. The most serious difficulty was the lack of enthusiasm among the rank and file. Many soldiers did not understand why they would attack a country that seemed like—and had often been compared to—China's “little brother.” During the invasion, the characteristics of the PLA's operational art in military campaigns foreshadowed both continuities and changes for years to come. Preparations for war against Vietnam were a national undertaking in support of the Chinese leadership's strategic objectives.
In the Shadow of the Border Conflict
Authors: Zhang Xiaoming
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines how the border conflicts affected the social and economic development of two border provinces, Guangxi and Yunnan, and how the People's Liberation Army (PLA) used the conflicts to stimulate military modernization and to rebuild its reputation. It also discusses how Chinese media, including literature, movies, and music, covered the conflict and how these cultural artifacts of war influenced Chinese society in the 1980s. The border war with Vietnam forced Guangxi and especially Yunnan Provinces to commit enormous human and material resources to support military operations. Although the reasons for the region's backwardness were multifaceted, the border conflict certainly took a huge toll on its economic and social development. Socially and culturally, the war with Vietnam generated literature, songs, and motion pictures that extolled PLA soldiers who had sacrificed themselves.
Conclusion
Authors: Zhang Xiaoming
Published: January 2016

This chapter presents the author's reflections about the Sino-Vietnamese conflict. It argues that the 1979 Sino-Vietnamese War caused shockwaves within the international system of states. It not only marked the first time that Communist countries had been at war with each other but also happened in the immediate aftermath of the Second Indochina War between Vietnam and its proxies and the United States. After the Iron Curtain was built in the late 1940s, communist countries aligned together and locked themselves in a global struggle against “Western imperialism.” The eruption of the Sino-Vietnamese conflict, on the heels of the Sino-Soviet split a decade earlier, further divided the communist world, driving socialist countries to align themselves in coalitions ready to go to war against each other. The Sino-Vietnamese conflict also changed the balance of power between the United States and the Soviet Union, setting the stage for the eventual collapse of the Soviet empire.
Concepts and Traditions of Military Leadership in Early Rome (to 367 BC)
Authors: Drogula Fred K.
Published: January 2016

This chapter reveals that the origins of Roman military command do not lie in the traditional account of a joint consulship that was established at the foundation of the republic. Rather, two underlying trends are visible: military command was originally a separate sphere from civilian governance, and so the commander was originally understood to be different from the magistrate; and the early Romans understood military command to be a decentralized activity that could be undertaken simultaneously by several independent praetors or other commanders. Hence, the republic had started with a far less centralized and regularized system of command, as opposed to traditional accounts that point to a concept of military command that has remained unchanged since the foundation of the republic.
Fundamental Concepts of Authority in Early Rome (to 367 BC)
Authors: Drogula Fred K.
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines the most basic and fundamental concepts of authority that defined the early military commander in Roman tradition, and it attempts to create a foundation from which to chart the evolution of military command in later periods. More specifically, the chapter looks at the three most fundamental types of authority exercised by military commanders: the potestas they (eventually) held as civil magistrates, the auspicium they possessed as intermediaries between the state and its gods, and the imperium they wielded as military commanders. The imperium in particular is defined as the singular and indivisible authority of military command that was forbidden within the civilian sphere of Rome except in dire emergencies.
The Concept of Provincia in Early Rome (to 367 BC)
Authors: Drogula Fred K.
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines the concept of provincia as a specific sphere within which the imperium conferred the absolute (but vaguely defined) authority to give orders and to enforce one’s will. The provincia defined the purpose for which the commander’s imperium was to be used, but it did not define or limit how the commander was to use his imperium within the pursuit of that purpose. Because the provincia and provincial assignment defined the sphere in which each commander’s imperium was absolute and unchallenged, there was no need to establish different degrees of imperium between different commanders; the notion of rank was unnecessary because each command was clearly defined. Instead of placing its commanders into a hierarchy of rank or a chain of command, the Romans gave each commander a different provincia, thereby establishing whose imperium took priority or precedence in what sphere.