bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PILOT FIELD TESTS OF SHOCK-WAVE TREATMENT OF WELLS AT THE FIELDS OF JSC "OZENMUNAIGAS"
Authors: Togasheva A.R. , Bayamirova R.Y. , Zholbassarova A.T. , Sarbopeeva M.D. , Arshidinova M.T.
Published: October 2023

The most important scientific and technical problem in the field of field development is the most complete extraction of oil from the subsurface while ensuring high rates of development. The solution of this problem is complicated by the fact that most of the oil fields in the Western region of the Republic of Kazakhstan have moved to a late stage of development. At the deposits of the Mangystau region, the composition of borehole products includes resins, asphaltenes, paraffins, salts. All this leads to colmatation of bottom-hole zones of wells (CCD), a decrease in the pick-up rate of injection wells, a decrease in the flow rates of producing wells. New progressive methods of processing the bottomhole zone include methods of shock-wave action on productive rock strata. The purpose of the PFT shock wave processing (SWP) of wells is to restore and increase the pick-up of injection wells in combination with the use of chemical compositions, as well as to intensify oil production at surrounding producing wells. The SWR was carried out at 10 injection wells of the fields of JSC "Ozenmunaigas". For each injection well, groups of producing reacting wells (cells) were identified, for which the effect was calculated according to the methods. According to the results of the PFT (pilot field tests), the technological effect (increase in pick-up) was obtained at 6 injection wells and the effect of additional production was achieved at 5 cells of reacting producing wells. The success rate of the technology was 50%.
PREPARATION OF CALCULATION PARAMETERS ACCORDING TO LOGGING DATA FOR 19-24 PRODUCTIVE HORIZONS OF THE UZEN FIELD
Authors: Umirova Gulzada , Togizov Kuanysh , Muzapparova Akerke , Kisseyeva Shyryn
Published: October 2023

The oil and gas production complex plays a leading role in the economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the development of which is associated with the exploration, development and exploitation of not only new, but also mature oil and gas fields. In recent years, the country's large and well-known oil and gas fields have entered the last stage of development, which is accompanied by water cut, deterioration of collector properties and reduction of production rates. One such field is Uzen. Under these conditions it is advisable to create a unified system for interpretation of well logging data, which is based on a reliable petrophysical model of the field. The purpose of the research shown in this article is to test the developed methodology for the integrated interpretation of logging data for complex reservoir strata in the Uzen field. Complex reservoirs are defined as those with a layered texture, irregular lithology and a complex void space structure. This approach makes it possible to develop cost-effective strategies to maximise field returns while minimising production and economic risks. This paper focuses on the results of testing a new methodology for interpreting logging data in order to produce the most reliable estimation parameters.
SURFACTANT�POLYMER FLOODING: GEOCHEMICAL MONITORING OF THE PROPERTIES OF FORMATION FLUIDS AT THE IMPACT AREA
Authors: Shipaeva Maria , Sudakov Vladislav , Nurgaliev Danis , Mingazov Dinar , Startseva Anastasia
Published: October 2023

Chemical flooding allows for the improvement of oilfield performance after standard waterflooding processes. Chemical EOR methods modify different properties of fluids and/or rock to mobilize the remaining oil. It is expected that the residual oil will be different in properties than conventional. A new technology is presented to study a surfactant�polymer flooding, based on a periodic sampling and measuring properties of oil and water during 15 months. At each sampling date, 2D reservoir model was built to track these changes in the study area. It is shown that the composition of the water has changed - highly permeable channels were closed and formation waters were involved in the production. The properties of oil have also changed - depending on the site of impact, there are areas with more degraded oil in production after injection of chemicals. The study area is a terrigenous reservoir with 3 chemical injection wells and 16 production wells. High-precision mass spectrometry methods were carried out on each sample, which made it possible to evaluate the effectiveness of ongoing work on chemical flooding. Geochemical monitoring shows the redistribution of filtration flow directions in the reservoir volume.
THE IMPORTANCE OF USING APPROPRIATE ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT IN POTENTIALLY EXPLOSIVE ATMOSPHERES GENERATED BY HYDROGEN
Authors: Fotau Dragos , Moldovan Lucian , Rad Marcel , Zsido Sorin
Published: October 2023

Evaluation of explosion-proof protected electrical equipment in scope of certification is extremely important considering the risk of explosion that has to be minimized in order to ensure life safety and health of workers and to prevent damaging of property and the environment, as well as free movement of goods when they meet the essential safety requirements at European level.
Electrical equipment that operates in potentially explosive atmosphere, have characteristics specially designed for operation in this area. For security reasons, it is essential that the integrity of these special features be preserved in these areas throughout the life of the installation.
Using electric equipment in potentially explosive atmospheres brings forward several particularities therefore the problems that appear during the design, construction and operation of electrical devices and installations brings forward numerous difficulties, their approach requiring special attention considering all the technical, economical and labor safety aspects.
The purpose of the paper is to reveal the importance of using appropriate electrical equipment design to be used in potentially explosive atmospheres generated by hydrogen.
THE RISK OF INITIATING EXPLOSIVE ATMOSPHERES BY ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGES FROM MATERIALS AND TECHNICAL EQUIPMENT USED IN INSTALLATIONS WHERE HYDROGEN IS PRESENT
Authors: PAUN Florin Adrian , JURCA Adrian Marius , PARAIAN Mihaela , POPA Mihai Catalin , TAZLAUANU Anca Alexandra
Published: October 2023

Materials and technical equipment, especially their external parts, are inherently subjected to the electrification process during their use. The electrification process of the materials and external parts of the equipment, especially the non-conductive ones, is responsible for the generation, through specific mechanisms, of significant amounts of electrostatic charges. The electrostatic charges generated as a result of the electrification process on the materials and external parts of the technical equipment used in Ex., environments constitute a risk, namely of the occurrence of electrostatic discharges which in the presence of an explosive atmosphere can produce an explosion and/or fire.
Consequently, the work aims to identify and establish the technical and organizational methods, respectively the essential safety and health requirements applicable to technical equipment and materials intended for use in environments with explosive atmospheres, the application of which allows the elimination of the risk of electrification and the occurrence of electrostatic discharges and consequently the reduction to an acceptable level of risk of explosion and/or fire.
THE IDENTIFICATION OF PERSONS USING EYE BIOMETRICS IN A SOCIETY WITH HIGH SECURITY DEMANDS
Authors: Kotkova Barbora , Blahova Marta
Published: October 2023

The article presents the possibilities of using retinal images for identification of persons using biometric technologies. The properties of the retina that are used for identification are completely unique to each person and do not change over time. The probability that two exactly the same retinal vasculature patterns will be mismatched is very low to zero. Therefore, the use of retina for biometric identification is rated as very accurate in contrast to the reliability of other biometric methods and is used in areas with the highest security requirements. For a comprehensive understanding of the issue, the article contains an overview of biometric technologies, biometric properties and their characteristics. The processing principle and user requirements are described, the advantages and disadvantages of individual technologies are summarized. Subsequently, their reliability is compared according to established criteria. Since identification using the retina turns out to be the most reliable, the article only focuses more specifically on it. The structure of the eye and retina is described in detail, the principle of obtaining, storing and comparing images with the aim of achieving a result in the form of agreement or disagreement between two images. Emphasis is also placed on the safe storage of information obtained in this way with regard to the GDPR in the European Union. At the end of the article, the assessment of the reliability of the biometric system, the financial demands and the possibilities of implementation in companies where the risk of attack and the amount of damage caused are so high that the investment in the biometric system is definitely worth it.
BRIEF ON DEVELOPMENT OF ICE LOAD ESTIMATION FOR HYDROTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Authors: Sharapov Dmitry
Published: October 2023

Article contain an overview of development of ice loads estimation on offshore structures. It begins by discussing the importance of calculating ice loads for the safety and reliability of offshore structures; then explores the evolution of ice load calculation in norms from the past to the present, including the development of international standards and guidelines and the advancements in ice load estimation techniques. The article further delves into the methods used for ice load estimation before the development of modern standards, highlighting their limitations and reliance on empirical data. It then discusses the significant step forward in ice load estimation, which is the application of the discrete element method (DEM), providing more accurate and reliable estimates of ice loads on offshore structures. The article outlines the advantages of DEM over traditional methods and why it is better for ice load estimation. It also explores the modern software packages that can be used for discrete element modelling of ice loads on offshore structures, including commercial and open-source options. Article emphasizes the importance of remaining at the forefront of the latest technologies and techniques for ice load estimation, highlighting the critical role of accurate and reliable ice load estimation in ensuring the safety and reliability of offshore structures in extreme environments. It provides a comprehensive overview of ice load estimation on offshore structures, covering the evolution of norms and methods, the application of DEM, and modern software packages. It underscores the importance of ongoing research and development in this field to ensure that offshore structures are designed and built to the highest standards of safety and reliability.
BURNED AREA PREDICTION USING SMOKE PLUME DETECTION FROM HIGH SPATIAL RESOLUTION IMAGERY
Authors: Ahlen Julia
Published: October 2023

The fast-spreading wildfire engulfs the dense parched flora and all obstructions in its way, transforming a woodland into a volatile reservoir of combustible materials. Once ignited, fires can expand at a velocity of up to 23 km/h. As flames spread across vegetation and woodlands, they have the potential to become self-sustaining, propagating sparks and embers that can spawn smaller fires miles away. The proximity of the burning materials to the observer has a direct impact on the density of smoke produced by the fire. This relationship is crucial for fire management teams and emergency responders and helps them assess the severity of a fire, predict its behavior, and make informed decisions regarding evacuation measures, resource allocation, and the protection of affected communities and ecosystems. Drones are valuable tools in the fight against forest fires. They can capture high-resolution imagery, thermal imaging, and video footage, supplying insights into the properties, behavior, and direction of the fire. By employing classical image processing techniques, it is possible to analyze these images and promptly determine the extent of land cover affected.
According to the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency, more than 25000 ha of forest burned down during the period of 2012-2021, which resulted in severe damage costs. The presence of a reliable and easily accessible smoke detection and assessment tool could significantly reduce the impact of wildfires. This study utilizes low and mid-level image processing techniques to analyze the domain of wildfires, leveraging smoke properties to estimate the extent of land affected by the flames.
APPROACH TO DIGITAL TWIN OF IMMOVABLE CULTURE HERITAGE
Authors: Marinov Ivan , Simeonova Gabriela , Mickrenska Christina , Antova Gergana
Published: October 2023

The use of digital twin models in immovable culture heritage enables better decisionmaking about preventive maintenance, heritage management, and interpretation, as well as accurate digital documentation. This publication discusses an approach for creating a digital twin using different methods of spatial data acquisition: close range terrestrial digital photogrammetry, aerial digital photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning. The "Holy Transfiguration" Church in Pomorie, Bulgaria which is the oldest functioning church on the Bulgarian Black Sea coast, was chosen for the purpose of the task. The different deliverables were compared by quality and quantity characteristics. The distance measurements by a measuring tape and classical land surveying measurements with a total station were made to control the data quality. In conclusion, the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches for collecting spatial data for digital twin of immovable culture heritage and their application are described.
MONITORING OF TECTONIC MOVEMENTS IN THE ADRIATIC REGION THROUGH NATIONAL PERMANENT SATELLITE NETWORKS
Authors: Bejko Ethem , Ormeni Rrapo , Sina Bledar , Blloshmi Eduart , Mucaj Dionald
Published: October 2023

The purpose of this study is the analysis of the dynamics of tectonic movements accompanied by two strong seismic events that occurred in the Durres area (Albania) in September-November 2019, through the use of GNSS technology, applied to national permanent satellite geodetic networks. Previous studies have been carried out on our study area by foreign authors from Croatia, Greece, and Italy. For our study case, we relied on geodetic weekly data secured from the Bulletins of Italian and Austrian stations, BSW52, of some of the constituent points of the two national permanent satellite networks of Italy (5 points) and Albania (6 points), located on both sides of the dividing line between the Eurasian tectonic plate and the Adriatic microplate. The analysis of the data secured in 7 campaigns was carried out by grouping them into 3 main analysis periods: the period before the September earthquake (F1-F4, called A), the period during the earthquakes (F4-F5, called B), and the period after the November earthquake (F5-F7, called C). It turns out that in plan the speed of movement in the area is: -0.00294m/year for period (A), -0.01912m/year for period (B), and -0.00305m/year for period (C). While in height, the speeds of movement are: 0.00130m/year for period (A), -0.04268m/year for period (B), and 0.00273m/year for period (C). These vectors also show us that the intensity T between period (B) and the average periods (A, C) is about 17 times in plan and 42 times in height. Combined this analysis with data that includes strong consecutive seismic events in the area, we believe that this intensity T can lead us to the most accurate predictability of the moment of the occurrence of the next tectonic energy release, thus of the next earthquake.
APPLICATION OF SAR DATA TIME SERIES FOR MONITORING OF GEODINAMIC PROSSES IN THE SOFIA REGION
Authors: Atanasova Mila , Nikolov Hristo
Published: October 2023

In this study the effect of hazardous geodynamic processes in the area around the city of Sofia is investigated using radar satellite data. The area is of particular interest due to its high population density and high concentration of industrial facilities and residential areas. This highlights the importance of the study area in societal aspect. This the reason the authors set the main objective of this research to be the monitoring of the ongoing geodynamic processes by complementary use of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and GNNS data. In this paper shown is how the surface deformations in the area of Sofia are analysed using a time series of satellite SAR data from ESA missions. Main advantages of those data are the operational acquisition at fixed intervals and the free access from the ESA repositories which allows creation of interferometric time series produced from SAR data. To densify the time series data from ascending and descending satellite orbits were processed. As final result vector layers containing only those points from the unwrapped interferometric images that exhibit coherence values above the threshold are produced. GNSS data from permanent and regularly measured local geodetic networks are used for validation of the information obtained from SAR data concerning the study area. The results from our research were verified with those from an independent source, in case European Ground Motion Service. Finally to explain the studied geodynamic process in the area data regarding regional geology were used too.
GEO-ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE CLOSURE OF COAL MINES OF DONBAS (BASED ON RADIO-LOCATION SATELLITE SURVEYING MATERIALS)
Authors: Apostolov Alexander , Yelistratova Lesya , Hodorovsky Artur , Orlenko Tetiana , Tymchyshyn Maksym
Published: October 2023

The article considers the intensity of the subsidence process of the given surface of the territory of the Central coal-mining district of Donbas from 2015 to 2021, according to radar data from the Sentinel-1 satellite. There are 26 mines on this territory, most liquidated by completely uncontrolled flooding of mining operations without further control of the hydrodynamic regime. This study aims to determine the dangerous zones formed due to soil subsidence to rank the territory, particularly minefields, according to the degree of degradation processes (on the example of the Main Anticline of Donbas). The satellite-based radar differential Interferometry (DInSAR) methodology based on the SNAP program was used to construct a map of the Earth's surface vertical movements. The obtained results show that on a regional scale within the region from the northwest to the southeast, there is an increase in the amplitude of the vertical movements of the daytime surface, which coincides with the direction of the rise in the intensity of neotectonic movements of the entire territory of Donbas. It was established that the part of the works is divided into two regions according to the characteristics of the manifestation of local upward movements: northwestern and southeastern, which are clearly distinguished by the morphology of their constituent structures of the field of the local component of the vertical movements of the Earth's crust.
RAINWATER RETENTION AND USE AS AN IMPORTANT ELEMENT OF SUSTAINABLE WATER MANAGEMENT IN URBAN AREAS
Authors: Klosok-Bazan Iwona , Boguniewicz-Zablocka Joanna , Nowak Roksana , Gono Miroslava
Published: October 2023

Precipitation is the main source of recharge of water resources, thus guaranteeing their renewability. Not only hydrometeorological changes, but also anthropogenic factors exacerbate the above-mentioned effects. The increase in the level of investment seen especially in recent years in urban agglomerations through the intensification of development, increased development of impervious and paved surfaces, the use of vacant land, and thus the reduction of biologically active areas has resulted in an increase in rainwater runoff into the urban drainage system. As a result, this has caused temporary local urban flooding, or sewer flooding, and has thus become a common problem in today's cities. Prevention has forced the need to pay attention to issues related to the causes of and compensation for water deficits through corrective measures involving the development of effective methods of prevention and counteraction. A change in the approach hitherto prevailing in urban planning has also become a fundamental factor. The traditional approach to the disposal of surface runoff assumed only that rainwater should be discharged as quickly as possible into a receiving body. Traditional sewer systems served this purpose. The purpose of this paper is to perform a review of current solutions in the field of rainwater management and to carry out a technical and economic use of them in relation to the traditional model of the sewerage system.
EFFECT OF INTER-ROW DISTANCE ON SOME QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE INDICATORS OF WHITE MUSTARD (SINAPIS ALBA L.) SEEDS
Authors: Kintl Antonin , Hunady Igor , Lukas Vojtech , Brtnicky Martin , Elbl Jakub
Published: October 2023

In 2021, a field experiment was conducted with white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) the seed of which is an interesting raw material in agriculture, industry and food production. Stands of tested plants were established without tillage into a freezing catch crop from the Fabaceae family within regenerative agriculture. The stand of clovers was used as a tool of bio-drilling to work the soil and as a source of nitrogen required by the subsequent crop, and the frozen biomass was applied as mulch onto the soil surface. The aim of the experiment was to find out whether the different inter-row distance (RD1 � 0.136 m and RD2 � 0.375 m) affects some yield characteristics: seed yield, 1000-seed weight, contents of oil, glucosinolate, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic and erucic acids in seeds. The crop of interest was sown on 29 April 2021 and the seed was harvested on 9 August 2021. Average of values from the two experimental variants with the different inter-row distance was 2.27 t/ha (seed yield), 6.91 g (1000-seed weight) and 26.9 % (oil content); in these parameters, no statistically significant difference was found similarly as in the contents of glucosinolate, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic and erucic acids. Based on experimental results with the different inter-row distance (RD1 � 0.136 m and RD2 � 0.375 m) it was found out that inter-row distance had no demonstrable influence on the studied parameters in this experiment. Therefore, it can be stated that the gained knowledge paves the way for modern technologies in the cultivation of white mustard seed when principles of regenerative agriculture are complied with.
ESTABLISHING MELIORATIVE MEASURES OF SOILS WITHIN THE I.F. RAICSICS MIHAILO DRAGAN FARM, SANICOLAU MARE, TIMI? COUNTY, ROMANIA
Authors: Duma Copcea Anisoara Claudia , Mihut Casiana Doina , Cozma Antoanela Lena , Mazare Veaceslav , Mircov Vlad
Published: October 2023

The agricultural area of the town of Sanicolau Mare is 18,836 ha, where the following types of soil were identified: aluviosols, 2,335.66 ha; chernozems, 7,553.24 ha; vertosols, 4,407.62 ha; gleysols, 94.18 ha; solonetz, 659.26 ha; and soil associations, such as aluviosols, chernozems, vertosols and solonetz, 3,786.04 ha. The town is in the low plain of the Aranca Canal. The plain is generally plane, but slightly fragmented as a result of water erosion during flooding by the River Mure? (no longer possible nowadays) an of the uneven deposits of alluvial material.
The purpose of this study is to improve and capitalize on the productive potential of the agricultural lands in the studied area that can be achieved under the conditions of the integrated approach of the hydro-meliorative measures with the agro-soil-meliorative and cultural ones, which aim to ensure an aero-hydric regime in the soil within optimal parameters of functionality.
PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SOILS IN THE AREA OF DOMASNEA MUNICIPALITY CARAS SEVERIN COUNTY
Authors: Okros Adalbert , Mihut Casiana Doina , Dragoescu Andrea Alina , Chis Codruta , Nita Simona
Published: October 2023

The first attempts to explain the phenomena of soil formation and evolution were based on one or more pedogenetic factors, which results in the fact that there are a wide range of concepts and formulations in this regard. It is also specified that in the formation of the soil cover, in addition to pedogenetic processes, some geological processes also take place, which interfere with the formation of the soil cover and which are considered pedogeological processes. A thorough analysis of the specific and combined actions of all the factors involved in these processes is necessary in order to explain the genesis of soils and to establish their evolution time, both under natural conditions and under the conditions of their use by humans. This current research is important because it contributes to the knowledge of the physico-chemical characterization of the soil in the Doma?nea region, Cara? Severin. This knowledge can contribute to future research on other soiels with similar characteristics. Climate is a particularly active and important factor for soil formation through the complex of meteorological phenomena: precipitation, temperature, wind, air humidity, brightness, and other aspects. The climate influences the process of pedogenesis and soil evolution, both directly and indirectly. Directly, it acts through the amount of precipitation, through the amount of water that evaporates, temperature, wind, etc. The action of the climate on the massive rocks starts right from the first phases of solification, triggering their disaggregation and alteration and their transformation into loose rocks.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS FOR COMBUSTION CH4 AND H2 FOR COAXIAL JET BURNERS (DIFFUSE COMBUSTION)
Authors: MIHAESCU Lucian , STANCIU Dorin , LAZAROIU Gheorghe , JARCU Elena-Adriana , GRIGORIU Rodica Manuela
Published: October 2023

The use of hydrogen as a fuel requires as much research as possible on the construction and functional parameters for the development of appropriate burners.
The researches undertaken are addressed to diffuse flame burners with concentric jets of fuel and air. These burners cannot lead to flame return, the combustion being much safer, than for the case of burners with fuel-air mixture.
The researches were carried out by numerical modeling through the ANSYS-FLUENT V.14.0 software.
An important stage of the research, carried out theoretically, included the establishment of the hydrogen velocity at the exit of the burner section. Compared to this size, the question of the level of air velocity in the accompanying jet was further raised. It simulated operation with both a low level of air velocity and a high level up to the value of the fuel speed.
The processing of the obtained data demonstrated the superiority of the flames with high air velocities, but also the great concordance between the flame obtained at the combustion of hydrogen with that of methane.
The numerical modeling aimed at determining the conditions of hydrogen combustion for a hydrogen-air coaxial admission for the realization of methane-like flames. This also responds to the behavior of the hydrogen flame in the combustion chambers of the gas turbines, which are intended to modify the burner and not the room itself. The fact that the length of the hydrogen flame was about 10% below that of the methane flame also gives a positive response to this technical application.
If in gas turbines the fuel compressor can provide hydrogen speed at the outlet of the burner, for other industrial applications there remains an open problem of ensuring hydrogen pressure.
CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS ON THE USE OF HYDROGEN TO REDUCE CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FLUE GASES
Authors: Lazaroiu Gheorghe , Mihaescu Lucian , Jarcu Elena-Adriana , Grigoriu Rodica Manuela
Published: October 2023

In the energy field hydrogen will be more obvious to use by certain technologies than by direct combustion. The paper presents a conceptual analysis on the use of hydrogen by hydrogen by hydrogenation of carbon dioxide with final product methane, by hydrogenation of carbon dioxide, with the final product of methanol and by injection in certain proportions into the natural gas network.
A new application of carbon dioxide hydrogenation is the decarbonisation of flue gases. To this end, conceptual analyses have been carried out for the capture of CO2 from flue gases, including through cascading energy production, required by a significant decrease in pollution.
The experimental development for the hydrogenation of carbon dioxide with an experimental pilot plant shall also be submitted.
At the same time, the pressure and temperature conditions for the methaneization plants are also presented. References are also made to catalysts of the latest generation, for a high efficiency of the respective hydrogenation processes.
With regard to the hydrogenation of carbon dioxide from flue gases, the effect of water vapor and oxygen on the overall efficiency of the process shall also be clarified.
By converting carbon dioxide into combustible substances, an important step towards transforming it into an energy vector is taken. This reduces expenditure by storing it and important steps are taken towards a circular energy.
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS FOR TEXTILE STRUCTURES BASED ON COPPER YARNS
Authors: Grosu Marian Catalin , Aileni Raluca Maria , Sarbu Teodor
Published: October 2023

The paper presents a new approach to the design and development of textile woven structures with copper yarn content intended for heating systems. Copper is known for its high electrical conductivity, meaning it can easily transfer electrical energy through its surface. This makes copper yarns ideal for heating applications, as they can quickly and efficiently transfer heat to the surrounding environment. In addition to their electrical properties, copper yarns also have good thermal conductivity, which means that they can transfer heat from one surface to another without losing much energy.
Copper yarns are also highly durable and flexible, assuring comfort to wear, non-toxic, reliable, and safe which makes them ideal for use in a range of textile performance applications, including clothing and non-clothing systems, with reduced risk of fire or electrical hazards. The analysis of the surface electrical resistivity as a function of the structural parameters of the woven textile structures, namely the distribution and the thickness of the copper yarns in the fabric's weft will highlight the variations between the conductive fabrics developed.
METHODS OF RECYCLING LITHIUM ION BATTERIES
Authors: Sarbu Teodor
Published: October 2023

Lithium ion batteries are widely used in portable electronic devices, electric vehicles and renewable energy storage. They can be harmful to the environment if disposed of improperly. Recycling lithium ion batteries is an important solution to reduce their impact on the environment.
Currently, there are several methods of recycling lithium ion batteries, including chemical recycling and physical recycling.
Chemical recycling involves dismantling batteries and separating the components through chemical reactions such as hydrolysis and pyrolysis. These methods can be effective in recovering precious metals such as nickel, cobalt and manganese, but they are expensive and energy intensive.
On the other hand, physical recycling involves the use of different technologies to separate battery components according to their physical properties, such as density and magnetism. These technologies include gravimetric separation, flotation separation and magnetic separation. Physical recycling methods are less expensive and more environmentally friendly, but may be less effective in recovering precious metals.
In general, the recycling of lithium-ion batteries is an important solution for protecting the environment and conserving natural resources. However, continued efforts are needed to improve recycling methods and increase public awareness of the importance of battery recycling.
NEW ASPECTS OF EXPLOSION CHARACTERISTICS OF SELECTED HYBRID MIXTURES
Authors: Helegda Iris , Helegda Matous , Skrinsky Jan , Kubricka Katerina , Podkul Marek
Published: October 2023

A small amount of flammable gas mixed with dust can cause a large explosion with serious consequences. In this study, explosion tests of hybrid mixtures were performed in an explosion chamber with a volume of 0.02 m3. Spitzer et al. (2023) presented the first ever test of hybrid mixtures with methane as the gas component and a specific cornstarch as the dust sample, investigating the practicality of the whole procedure, the dispersion of the results and the variation between the test apparatuses. The research mentioned above, was focused on the ignition source, the accuracy of the pressures, and the mixing procedure. All this was tested on a hybrid mixture under normal atmospheric conditions.
In this study, we demonstrate the effect of a higher initial initiation temperature of the hybrid mixture. The experiments were carried out in a 0.02 m3 explosion chamber. The laboratory-sized vessels used in the present study are geometrically similar to the study mentioned above. Dynamic explosion pressures were recorded by a pair of piezoelectric pressure sensors (Kistler, model 701A) and a sensor charge amplifier (Kistler, model 5041E1) combined with programmable logic controllers.
BULGARIAN GAS HYDRATE PROGRAM: NEW PARADIGM AVOIDS CLIMATE AND ENERGY CRISES WITHOUT TECHNOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS
Authors: Vasilev Atanas , Kvamme Bjorn , Botusharov Nikola I. , Pehlivanova Rositsa , Petsinski Petar
Published: October 2023

The purpose of this research is to create a new paradigm as a scientific base for national programs for gas hydrate R&D and projects for technology development and gas hydrate exploitation. The main tasks are the results to mitigate climate and energy crises and to avoid technology problems of renewable energetics and social problems from mass jobs changes in energy and related sectors. The methodology includes analyses and examples from unsuccessful national programs and production tests and a thermodynamic approach as a base method for gas hydrate processes study. Major findings show the need for a new scientific base (replacement of the simplified approach based on equilibrium P-T phase curves supported by laboratory experiments with the consistent application of a thermodynamic approach); new primary technology for hydrate production (replacement of CH4 in hydrates with CO2); a new first stage of exploitation (CCS); new final products (H2 and/or CH4 � CH4 is new because the new paradigm creates it as the only energy source with negative footprint to the atmosphere). The impact of a wide application of the new paradigm doesn�t require drastic technology and job stresses and effectively contributed to a better climate and cheaper energy. The new paradigm stimulates positive changes in geopolitics, poverty, education, innovations, environment, and quality of life.
DETERMINATION OF THE HEAT REQUIREMENTS DURING THE ECODORMANCY FOR THE CHERRY (PRUNUS AVIUM) IN BULGARIA
Authors: Malasheva Petya , Georgieva Veska , Kazandjiev Valentin
Published: October 2023

In temperate climates, fruit crop yields are primarily determined by environmental conditions, especially during dormancy and in the early stages of their phenological development. Climate anomalies, with both warmer spring temperatures and greater temperature fluctuation, have altered phenology, leading to a greater risk of spring frost damage to orchards.
The sweet cherry (Prunus avium), like other fruit species in the temperate climate, needs to accumulate a cultivar-specific quantity of chilly units during the endodormancy, and heat units during ecodormancy for breaking of dormancy and flowering properly in spring. The knowledge of chilly and heat requirements is important in the selection of the appropriate cultivars for the produces in a particular area. This study aims to estimate growing degree hours (GDH) requirements up to flowering for 12 cherry cultivars grown in the basic regions of industrial cherry production in Bulgaria. Phenological and hourly temperature observations for nine years (2002-2010) were used to perform this study. The GDH were calculated as the sum of temperatures above 5�C accumulated from the breaking of dormancy to the flowering. The heat requirements (HR) for flowering ranged between 1908-3868 GDH. The results indicate that the flowering time of cherry in the studied regions is influenced by GDH. Identification of cultivars with higher HR and later flowering is important for cherry production, especially in regions with frequent late spring frosts occurrence.
RECENT CLIMATE ASSESSMENT AND FUTURE CLIMATE CHANGE IN BULGARIA � BRIEF ANALYSIS
Authors: Bocheva Lilia , Malcheva Krastina , Chervenkov Hristo
Published: October 2023

The main goal of the analysis presented in the paper is to contribute to a clearer understanding of climate changes in Bulgaria, assessing the long-term changes in annual characteristics of surface temperature and precipitation in the period 1961-2020 and providing climate projections to the end of the 21st century. During the last decades of the 20th century, a tendency towards warming occurred in Bulgaria. Since the 1990s, only four years have had negative temperature anomalies compared to the reference period 1961-1990. Changes in the precipitation regime are also apparent, with increasing frequency of days with both torrential rainfall and dry, hot weather. The analysis of future climate is focused on the projected changes under the four RCP climate change scenarios for selected ETCCDI climate indices, computed on a yearly basis: absolute maximum temperature (TXx), absolute minimum temperature (TNn), the maximum number of consecutive frost days (CFD), the maximum number of consecutive summer days (CSU), precipitation sum (RR), number of heavy precipitation days (RR10mm) and maximum number of consecutive dry days (CDD). The projected significant warming is manifested in the spatial patterns and temporal evolution of all considered temperature indicators. Despite the predicted decreasing precipitation trend, especially in Southeast Bulgaria, the changes are statistically significant only for scenario RCP8.5.
ASSESSMENT OF BIOCHAR'S ABILITY TO ADSORB MOBILE GENETIC ELEMENTS INCLUDING ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE GENES
Authors: Kuryntseva Polina , Karamova Kamalya , Selivanovskaya Svetlana , Galitskaya Polina
Published: October 2023

Biochar is a highly porous pyrolysis product with a high specific surface area and adsorption properties, capable of adsorbing various compounds and formations, including ARG-containing MGEs. To assess the ability of biochar to adsorb MGE, a model experiment was carried out: in sterill flasks, the microbial community isolated from composts was cultivated on LB-medium, oxytetracycline and a mixture of heavy metals were added as factors potentially stimulating the production of MGE.
Neither heavy metals nor oxytetracycline led to an increase in the concentration of intracellular total DNA and did not lead to an increase in the proportion of intracellular plasmid DNA in the formed sediments of the samples; on the contrary, their decrease was found to be 20 and 35%, respectively. The introduction of biochar did lead to significant effect on the concentration of intracellular total DNA. At the same time, the concentration of total DNA in the supernatant was higher in samples with biochar, the introduction of oxytetracycline led to an increase 2.1 times the count of plasmid extracellular DNA, which is a potential carrier of ARG.
It was shown that biochar is able to reduce the count of ARG due to the mechanism of sorption of MGEs (plasmids) that are carriers of the tet(A) gene; such an effect has not been established with respect to the tet(B) gene. Most likely, this mechanism plays a minor role in reducing the spread of ARG, since it is specific only for some MGEs.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EXTRACTION METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF PAHS IN SOILS USING GC-MS
Authors: Kamalova A. , Galitskaya P. , Gordeev A. , Khamieva A. , Kuryntseva P.
Published: October 2023

Soil contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is a widespread concern due to the high potential for human exposure through inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact. In this study, we compared the efficiency of three different methods for PAHs extraction from model samples, including ultrasonic (US), mechanical shaking and purification with commercial QuEChERS kit (Shq), and ultrasonic extraction coupled with QuEChERS (USq) by gas chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole tandem mass-spectrometry (GC-MS).
The results showed that in the ultrasonic extraction with subsequent purification using QuEChERS, the content of PAHs in the sample varied from 86.91 to 2211.60 ng/g. Whereas, in mechanical shaking method, this range was in the range 1.56-761.20 ng/g. In the case of ultrasonic extraction without sorbent purification, only for acenaphthene, fluorene, and benzo(g,h,i)perylene, the values were higher compared to the other two methods: 285.78�27.56 ng/g, 577.48�73.62 ng/g, and 266.35�177.30 ng/g, respectively. The comparison of PAH extraction efficiency showed that the combination of ultrasonic extraction and purification with QuEChERS (USq) was the most efficient method and rapid, obtaining the highest yields for all tested PAHs.
DESIGN THINKING AND ACTION COMPETENCE: FILLING THE GAP WITH UNIVERSITY TRAINING
Authors: Zeltina Mara , Radomska Marharyta
Published: October 2023

The transition to sustainable pathways of economic development depends on the clear understanding of the sustainability principles, but it also needs ability to evaluate critically conventional professional practices and rethink them into sustainable one. However, the previous years of struggling for economic transformations have showed a serious issue � lack of action competence when it comes to the implementation of the sustainable solutions. The design thinking is a core of professional competency and high performance, but it must also incorporate skills to act and perform according to the plan. It is especially important for projects embedding sustainable solutions, which are often seen as a complicated and not profitable activity, demanding considerable investments. Moreover, this kind of perception is often demonstrated by all stakeholders � developers, businessmen and authorities. Thus, we believe that action competence must be a fundamental element of design thinking development in students. The most suitable platform for this is project-based learning, which should include a block of feasibility assessment and implementation planning. The paper presents the description of training methods and approaches for building the bridge between design thinking and action competence, based on the project-based courses delivered in Liepaja University and National Aviation University. The methodology of the research included three rounds of experiments, involving student works rating, student self-assessment and peer-review, which undergo analysis as well. The results of the work offer recommendations on the improvement of project design skills and action competence.
ENVIRONMENT IMPACT OF ECO-ENGINEERED VERSUS CONVENTIONAL FOOTWEAR
Authors: Pantazi-Bajenaru Mirela , Georgescu Mihai , Alexandrescu Laurentia , Foiasi Traian
Published: October 2023

The objective of the circular economy is to definitively change the way in which we produce and consume, it consists of doing more with less, and it brings us back to simplicity, trying to break the dependence: production-consumption of raw materials, making the most of each material and extending its useful life. Through eco-design, it seeks to generate circular products that allow the easy separation of all materials, providing new ways of their management and processing to avoid elimination at the end of their useful life so that they can be recovered to start a new life, �closing the circle�. In this study, the carbon footprint generated by the materials and manufacturing processes of the classic shoe vs the "eco-engineered" version was analyzed. The type and source of the materials that make up the footwear are of major influence. Thus, a textile material obtained through recycling was chosen for the upper. The sole used to obtain the footwear product was recycled TPU. The carbon footprint was analyzed with LCA software, GaBi. The LCA was performed on the materials and process for each type of footwear. The Carbon footprint for the eco-engineered version presents values between 65-80% lower than the conventional version. These values depend on the type and amounts of materials and whether this footwear is repaired / recycled.
FLORISTIC COMPOSITION AND FODDER VALUE OF SOME COMMUNAL PASTURES OF TIMIS COUNTY, ROMANIA: (A CASE STUDY)
Authors: Durau Carmen Claudia , Chis Ana Codruta , Okros Adalbert , Mihut Casiana Doina
Published: October 2023

Agri-fodder value, i.e., the diversity of floristic composition of communal pastures in Romania is strongly affected by impropper management practiced for the last three decades. Most permanent grassland areas are excessively grazed in addition to the effect of climate change on the multiplication and development of plant species making up the grassy cover. Communal pastures are the most important source of feed for animal growers in the territorial administrative units (TAUs) of the Timis County. Their current state is strongly correlated with grazing practices, with the maintenance of floristic composition, and their improvement methods. The goal of this paper is to illustrate ( from the perspective of floristic composition and of fodder value) the evolution of some communal pastures from Timis County. The study was carried out during three years (2020-2022) on several permanent grasslands belonging to the same TAUs. The Research method used is that of the double meter which points out biodiversity (the Shannon-Weaver Index H�, pastoral value PV, and grazing capacity Gc. Correlating these parameters allowed the authors to draw conclusions on the impact of management on vegetation and fodder value of the pastures studied. The results thus obtained are useful for the design of management strategies and for the development of some prediction models regarding the evolution of the grassy cover and of the agri-fodder value in the studied perimeter.
STUDIES ON CLIMATE IMPACTS AND RISKS IN ROMANIA
Authors: Manescu Camelia , Mateoc-Sirb Nicoleta , Sicoe-Murg Oana , Manescu Alina , Vass Hunor
Published: October 2023

The purpose of this paper is to study the effects and risks of climate change in Romania. The research methodology used is based on the analysis and synthesis of information from the climate change literature. The main research method used in the paper is content analysis. The authors of the paper find that climate change is already having many negative consequences on health, environmental and economic issues in Romania, affecting all regions. The importance of publishing this study is to increase and improve the content of the literature in the field. The authors' analysis found that, in general, the effects of climate change jeopardise economic development prospects, increase the risks of famine and thus potentiate conflict and forced displacement, and deepen existing vulnerabilities, socio-economic inequalities and gender discrimination. In recent decades, countries around the world, including Romania, have focused their efforts both on mitigating the impact of climate change through measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and on increasing their capacity to adapt to the effects of climate change.