bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of seedling protection induced by a hypovirulent isolate of Rhizoctonia solani
Authors: Sneh B. , Ichielevich-Auster M. , Plaut Z.
Published: October 2007

Among several hypovirulent isolates of Rhizoctonia spp. tested, one isolate (No. 521) provided significantly higher protection (76–94%) to radish and cotton seedlings against infection by virulent isoltes of Rhizoctonia spp. and also induced a higher increased plant growth response than the others. The hypovirulent strain did not compete for root exudates. The protected plants were not induced to produce new polyphenols, melanins, more lignins, or phytoalexins. Also they did not produce inhibitors of pectinases or cellulases released by the pathogen, nor did they produce cell wall lytic-type enzymes, such as chitinase and β-(1,3) glucanase. Ca2+ content was significantly higher in seedlings colonized by the hypovirulent isolate. The hypovirulent isolate densely colonized the surface of roots and hypocotyls, and removal of its hyphae nullified the protection provided by this isolate. Key words: Rhizoctonia solani, damping-off, hypovirulent isolate, biological control.
Characteristics of the surface of banana peel in cultivars susceptible and resistant to maturity bronzing
Authors: Williams Michelle H. , Vesk Maret , Mullins Michael G.
Published: October 2007

Maturity bronzing, a disorder of banana fruit in the humid tropics, is characterised by a preharvest discoloration of the peel. Lesions in the peel of the commercial banana cultivar Williams occur on the surface of the fruit peel primarily in the wet season and their formation involves (i) separation of epidermal cells and (ii) intercellular cracking. During rapid growth the epidermis and the cuticle appear to be insufficiently elastic to accommodate the expansion of internal tissues. The resulting fracture patterns indicate that maturity bronzing is stress induced. Development of the epidermis of the fruit peel was studied by scanning electron microscopy in susceptible and resistant banana cultivars. Observations were compared with those found for the commercial cultivar Williams. At bunch emergence, susceptible cultivars had ridged epidermal cells but the epidermal cells of resistant cultivars had papillate outgrowths.
Phenology and ecophysiology of Aesculus sylvatica, a vernal understory tree
Authors: DePamphilis Claude W. , Neufeld Howard S.
Published: October 2007

Aesculus sylvatica, the Georgia buckeye, is a deciduous, understory tree of oak–hickory forests in the southeastern United States. It is the first woody species to produce leaves (mid-March) and the first to lose its leaves (beginning in June, complete by 1 September). Fruit maturation, however, continues through the season and dehiscence occurs in mid-September. To investigate this unusual phenology, environmental changes and ecophysiological responses of a population in Georgia were followed through one season. Light levels declined from 74% of full sun in March to around 4% after canopy closure in May. At that time, leaves began to senesce, as indicated by discoloration and declining levels of chlorophyll a and leaf nitrogen. Senescing leaves were often colonized by powdery mildew and (or) aphids, but these were not the primary cause of leaf death. Drought effects, such as midday wilting or stomatal closure were not observed, but daily maximum leaf conductances were correlated with soil moisture at 0–10 cm. Prior to canopy closure, maximum conductances were reached at PAR levels of 500 μmol m−2 s−1, while afterwards they occurred at 30 μmol m−2 s−1. Visibly senescent leaves had much lower conductances than healthy leaves. While seasonal soil moisture stress may affect the timing of leaf senescence, it does not seem to be the primary physiological trigger mechanism. Aesculus sylvatica appears to be a woody analog of shade-intolerant spring ephemeral herbs.
Initiation and development of the stem gall induced by Hemadas nubilipennis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) on lowbush blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium (Ericaceae)
Authors: West A. , Shorthouse J. D.
Published: October 2007

Hemadas nubilipennis Ashmead, a tiny chalcid wasp, induces a multichambered, reniform gall at the tips of vegetative shoots of Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton (lowbush blueberry). The life cycle of H. nubilipennis and the anatomical changes occurring within the shoots during gall development are described. Growth of attacked shoots is terminated by growth of the gall. Some aspects of gall growth and development are similar to those of galls induced by cynipid wasps, even though chalcids and cynipids are distantly related. Proliferation of insect-induced gall cells begins before the eggs of H. nubilipennis hatch, and by the time the larvae begin to feed, they are surrounded by thick layers of parenchymatous cells. Nutritive cells are differentiated from gall parenchyma, and as the gall matures, a layer of sclerenchymatous cells is differentiated and circumscribes each larval chamber.
Isolation of Oidiodendron maius from Rhododendron and ultrastructural characterization of synthesized mycorrhizas
Authors: Douglas G. C. , Heslin M. C. , Reid C.
Published: October 2007

Twelve fungal isolates were obtained from roots of field-grown Rhododendron plants. One of these produced ericoid mycorrhizal roots within 5 days when reassociated with Rhododendron plantlets under aseptic conditions. The organism was identified as Oidiodendron maius. A characteristic feature of this organism was production of conidiophores in both pure culture and in association with root cells of the host. Ultrastructural observations confirmed its mycorrhizal status and showed intracellular hyphae surrounded by an interfacial zone and plasma membrane. Hyphae were found in close association with the host nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles. Pure isolates derived from diverse alternative sources were also tested for mycorrhizal formation with Rhododendron under aseptic conditions. Thus, Pezizella ericae obtained from Calluna vulgaris produced mycorrhizal infections after 10 days of culture, whereas O. maius from Sitka spruce and Oidiodendron griseum from wood pulp failed to form mycorrhizas.
Pollen scavenging and rain involvement in the pollination mechanism of interior spruce
Authors: Runions C. John , Owens John N.
Published: October 2007

Pollination drops are secreted from the ovules of interior spruce (Picea glauca or Picea engelmannii and their hybrid) as seed cones begin to close at the end of the pollination period. Secreted pollination drops persist within spaces surrounding the micropylar opening in closed seed cones. Saccate pollen floats into the micropyle within the pollination drop. Pollination drops become voluminous enough, within the enclosed spaces, to scavenge pollen adhering to the micropylar arms and other surfaces in proximity with the micropyle. Scavenging of pollen from cone surfaces adjacent to the integuments is sometimes facilitated by rainwater that can float pollen into the opening of the micropyle before cone closure and pollination drop secretion. In practice, periodic, light misting of seed orchard trees during seed cone receptivity might increase pollination efficiency by mimicking rainwater involvement in the pollination mechanism. Rainwater involvement in pollination of some modern conifers may reflect a similar situation in the pollination mechanisms of ancestral conifers. Environments with limited rainfall combined with the requirement for moisture in the pollination mechanism may have provided the selective pressure for evolution of the pollination drop. Keywords: pollination drop, Picea, conifer, sacci.
Application of the matK gene sequences to grass systematics
Authors: Liang Hongping , Hilu Khidir W.
Published: October 2007

The 3′ region of the matK gene from 17 species, representing 13 tribes and six subfamilies of the Poaceae, is used to investigate the potential of the gene in addressing systematic questions in the family. The aligned sequences were analyzed by the Wagner parsimony methods using PAUP and PHYLIP and by the neighbor-joining method. Out of the 583 bp sequenced, 30% were variable and 14.9% were informative. The strict consensus tree, rooted by Joinvillea (Joinvilleaceae), showed well-resolved major clades that represent the grass subfamilies. The bambusoid Phyllostachys appeared as a basal clade in the family. Oryza diverged either before or after the Pooideae in the parsimony and neighbor-joining methods, respectively. The three members of the Pooideae grouped in a monophyletic lineage in both analyses. Arundo (Arundinoideae) was basal to the subfamilies Panicoideae and Chloridoideae. Analysis of the various types of DNA mutations underscores the potential of the matK gene in providing insight into grass systematic and evolution. Keywords: matK, Poaceae, grasses, phylogeny, chloroplast, DNA sequence.
Azimuthal asymmetry and dynamical fluctuation of compound multiplicity in nucleus–nucleus collisions at ultra-relativistic energy
Authors: Ghosh D , Deb A , Haldar P K , Guptaroy S
Published: October 2007

The paper reports a study on azimuthal asymmetry fluctuations in compound (pion combined with proton) multiplicity spectra obtained from interactions of 60A GeV 16O–nucleus and 200A GeV 32S–nucleus with AgBr nuclei. The maximum azimuthal asymmetry is investigated, averaged over different compound multiplicity intervals. The data exhibit the existence of a dynamical component in the emission asymmetry fluctuations. The degree of the asymmetry is found to decrease as the multiplicity increases, and the decrease is found to be faster for a heavier projectile. The latter may provide important information on the production mechanism, when compared to the similar studies of pion fluctuations, where no such dependence has been observed.

PACS Nos.: 25.75–q, 24.60 Ky
Central forces and secular perihelion motion
Authors: D'Eliseo M M
Published: October 2007

The first-order orbital equation and its perturbed version under the form of an integro-differential equation provide a new method to study, respectively, the elliptical orbit and the secular motion of a planetary perihelion due to the perturbing action of an important category of central forces: the inverse-power radial forces. For this, a general formula is found. The related problems of the gravitational bending of fast particles and light rays are studied using the same methods.

PACS Nos.: 02.60.Nm, 04.25.–g, 46.15.Ff, 45.50.Pk
Development of a hydraulic conductivity apparatus for bentonite soils
Authors: Siemens Greg , Blatz James A.
Published: October 2007

Measurement and interpretation of hydraulic conductivity in porous media is a complicated process, and many laboratory apparatuses exist for different soil types and conditions. To use models for interpretation and prediction of hydraulic conductivity, accurate test measurements are required. A new hydraulic conductivity apparatus is presented that includes simultaneous control of volume and stress states. The apparatus includes the ability to automatically control volume to apply selected displacement boundary conditions while imposing radial flow conditions. The capabilities of the system are displayed using two selected hydraulic conductivity tests on an unsaturated sand–bentonite mixture, which is a swelling soil. Hydraulic conductivity on the order of 10−13 m/s was measured using the new system and compared closely with previously measured values using a similar material. Post-test measurements displayed internal water content, density, and saturation changes that occurred during testing.
Volume change behaviour of saturated clays under drained heating conditions: experimental results and constitutive modeling
Authors: Abuel-Naga H.M. , Bergado D.T. , Bouazza A. , Ramana G.V.
Published: October 2007

One of the essential features of thermomechanical behaviour of saturated fine-grained soils is the thermally induced volume change occurring under a drained heating condition. In this study, a modified oedometer apparatus, able to handle temperatures up to 100 °C, was used to investigate the thermally induced volume change behaviour of soft Bangkok clay. The results of this experimental study provide additional experimental evidence and insights that may enhance the understanding of volume change behaviour of saturated clays at elevated temperatures. This paper also introduces an isotropic thermoelastoplastic constitutive model that closely predicts the thermally induced volume change behaviour of saturated clay specimens under normally consolidated conditions as well as overconsolidated conditions obtained by unloading process in the temperature range of 20–95 °C. Two yield limits, namely: loading yield limit and thermal yield limit, each of which can be measured from simple experimental results, are proposed to capture the volumetric plastic strain behaviour induced either by mechanical or thermal loading (or any combination thereof). The capability of the proposed model has been verified against experimental results obtained on soft Bangkok clay as well as on two other clays (Boom clay and MC clay) as reported in the literature.
Large-scale modelling of soil–pipe interaction during large amplitude cyclic movements of partially embedded pipelines
Authors: Cheuk C. Y. , White D. J. , Bolton M. D.
Published: October 2007

As the development of offshore hydrocarbons moves into deeper water, pipelines form an increasingly significant part of the required infrastructure. High-temperature high-pressure pipelines must be designed to accommodate thermal expansion and potential lateral buckling. A novel design approach is to control the formation of pre-engineered lateral buckles to relieve the expansion. The amplitude of these buckles is typically several pipe diameters. Assessment of the force–displacement interaction between the on-bottom pipeline and the seabed is crucial for design. A series of large-scale plane strain model tests has been conducted to measure the response of a pipe segment partially embedded in soft clay, during large amplitude cyclic movements, mimicking consecutive thermal expansion and contraction at a bend in a pipeline. Four key stages in the force–displacement response have been identified: (i) breakout, (ii) suction release, (iii) resistance against a steadily growing active berm, and (iv) additional resistance during collection of a pre-existing dormant berm. A simple upper bound solution is proposed to model the observed response. This solution captures the experimental trends including growth of the active berm and collection of dormant berms. This approach is the first attempt to quantitatively model the mechanisms underlying the response during large-displacement lateral sweeps of an on-bottom pipeline, accounting for the growth of soil berms.
Acute Noncardiac Conditions and In-Hospital Mortality in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Lichtman Judith H. , Spertus John A. , Reid Kimberly J. , Radford Martha J. , Rumsfeld John S. , Allen Norrina B. , Masoudi Frederick A. , Weintraub William S. , Krumholz Harlan M.
Published: October 2007

Background—

Acute myocardial infarction may be accompanied by acute, severe, concomitant, noncardiac conditions, but their prevalence and prognostic importance is not well defined. We sought to evaluate the prevalence of acute, severe, noncardiac conditions present at the time of hospital admission with acute myocardial infarction and to assess the association of these conditions with in-hospital mortality.

Methods and Results—

A total of 3907 patients admitted with an acute myocardial infarction were prospectively enrolled in 19 US centers between January 2003 and June 2004. Acute noncardiac conditions present at admission with imminent threat to life were identified from medical record review within 24 hours of admission. Using multivariable analyses, we evaluated the relationship between these conditions and in-hospital mortality. We documented a concomitant acute, severe, noncardiac condition in 6.8% (n=267) of the study sample. The most common concomitant conditions were severe pneumonia (potentially requiring intubation; 18.4%), severe gastrointestinal bleeding/anemia (15.7%), stroke (9.7%), and sepsis (9.4%). These patients were less likely to be ideal for or to receive evidence-based therapies at the time of admission. The in-hospital mortality was 21.3% (57 of 267) for patients with concomitant conditions versus 2.7% (100 of 3640) for those without these conditions. The presence of an acute noncardiac condition was associated with an increased risk of in-hospital mortality after adjustment for demographic and clinical characteristics and disease severity (odds ratio, 5.0; 95% confidence interval, 3.3 to 7.7).

Conclusions—

Concomitant, acute, noncardiac conditions are common and associated with a marked increase in the risk of in-hospital mortality.
Hypertension Produced by Reduced Uterine Perfusion in Pregnant Rats Is Associated With Increased Soluble Fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase-1 Expression
Authors: Gilbert Jeffrey S. , Babcock Sara A. , Granger Joey P.
Published: October 2007

The balance between proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor, placental growth factor, and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1), is altered in preeclampsia, and this dysregulation of angiogenic factors may be important in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Although sFlt-1 is elevated in preeclampsia, the mechanisms responsible for increasing this antiangiogenic factor remain unclear. We hypothesized that the hypertension produced by reduced uterine perfusion pressure (RUPP) is associated with increased sFlt-1 expression and decreased plasma vascular endothelial growth factor and placental growth factor concentrations in the pregnant rat. Arterial pressure was increased (130±3 versus 100±2 mm Hg;
P
<0.01) in the RUPP rats compared with the normal pregnant control rats. Plasma sFlt-1 concentration (660±270 versus 82±26 pg/mL;
P
<0.05) was increased, whereas plasma free placental growth factor (0.28±0.05 versus 1.7±0.5 pg/mL;
P
<0.01) and vascular endothelial growth factor (594±34 versus 830±33 pg/mL;
P
<0.01) concentrations were decreased in the RUPP rats compared with normal pregnant rats. Plasma sFlt-1:placental growth factor (37.2±7.8 versus 8.9±1.6;
P
<0.02) and sFlt-1:vascular endothelial growth factor (0.86±0.22 versus 0.28±0.06;
P
<0.05) ratios were increased in the RUPP rats compared with normal pregnant rats. Immunoreactive placental sFlt-1 was increased (1.1±0.1 versus 0.3±0.1;
P
<0.01) in RUPP rats contrasted with the normal pregnant rats. These findings support our hypothesis that RUPP increases the expression of sFlt-1 and alters the balance of angiogenic factors in the maternal circulation. These data also indicate that the RUPP model of pregnancy-induced hypertension may provide an invaluable model for mechanistic studies into the role of sFlt-1 in the pathogenesis preeclampsia.
Whither Financial and Monetary Integration in East Asia?
Authors: Park Yung Chul
Published: October 2007

The 1997 Asian financial crisis has helped to further regional financial and monetary cooperation. The purpose of this paper is to examine these efforts, their recent developments, and to predict the prospects of such cooperation. In order to deepen financial and monetary integration, the region must overcome several difficulties. The region's appetite for financial market liberalization has been dampened by the crisis and countries are building up foreign exchange reserves instead of reforming domestic financial markets. The diverse structures and development levels of the financial sector among the members is another obstacle. The fact that Japan does not have strong incentives for monetary integration and that the business cycle of member countries is not synchronized are obstacles to monetary integration. Also, the proliferation of FTAs has turned attention away from regional cooperation. Finally regional cooperation needs a leader that can bring impetus to institution building. As the two possible candidates, China and Japan, have been competitors rather than collaborators, the most realistic scenario for regional cooperation is that the ASEAN + 3 countries will muddle through and that the process will be painstakingly slow.
The Power of Black Magic
Authors: Glenn Cerise L. , Cunningham Landra J.
Published: October 2007

Movies featuring a “magical” or spiritually gifted Black lead character have been released for many years, and the trend continues to grow in popularity. These Black characters, often referred to as “magical Negroes,” generally focus their abilities toward assisting their White lead counterparts. At first glance, casting the Black and White leads in this manner seems to provide examples of Black and White characters relating to each other in a constructive manner; however, a closer examination of these interactions suggests a reinvention of old Black stereotypes rather than authentic racial harmony. Using a textual analysis of eight selected films: the Matrix trilogy— The Matrix (1999), The Matrix Reloaded (2003), and The Matrix Revolutions (2003)— The Legend of Bagger Vance (2000), The Green Mile (1999), Bringing Down the House (2003), Nurse Betty (2000), and Bruce Almighty (2003), this study formalizes a definition of the magical Negro and determines how these characterizations reinvent traditional Black stereotypes of mammy, jezebel, and Uncle Tom. This study reflects on the complex nature of the portrayal and acceptance of Blacks in contemporary times because these roles may commingle limited progress with traditionally racist stereotypes.
Emergency m-Health Services through High-Speed 3G Systems: Simulation and Performance Evaluation
Authors: Vouyioukas Demosthenes , Maglogiannis Ilias , Komnakos Dimitris
Published: October 2007

The present paper studies the prospective and the performance of a forthcoming high-speed third-generation (3G) networking technology called High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) for delivering emergency m-health applications. The joint transmission of voice, real-time video, medical data such as electrocardiogram, vital signals, heart sound and file transfer is performed for both uplink and downlink. Various scenarios are involved in terms of emergency situations in random locations, where no other system but 3G is available. The accomplishment of quality of service (QoS) is explored through a step-by-step improvement of HSPA systems parameters, incorporating admission and congestion control elements and the use of prioritization for m-health services. HSPA managed to meet the requirements for emergency m-health scenarios and adequately served the generated load.
The Freud Report on the future of welfare to work: Some critical reflections
Authors: Grover Chris
Published: October 2007

In December 2006 the Secretary of State for Work and Pensions announced a review of welfare to work policies in Britain. This was led by the investment banker, David Freud who reported in March 2007. This paper examines the report, particularly focusing upon broad issues — relationships between unemployment, worklessness and capitalism and gender issues — that are central to understanding the report's analysis and recommendations. It is argued that the report's general thrust dovetails neatly with New Labour's fixation with supply-side economics and its approach to exclusion that suggests paid work is the mark of the responsible and included individual, an approach that draws upon and reproduces capitalist and patriarchal patterns and structures of paid work.
The Ubiquitous Library for the Blind and Physically Handicapped — a case study of the LG Sangnam Library, Korea
Authors: Bae Kyung-Jae , Jeong Yoon-Seok , Shim Woo-Sub , Kwak Seung-Jin
Published: October 2007

This paper presents a project of the LG Sangnam Library that made real the concept of a ubiquitous library. The project intends to provide a service so that the print-disabled can take advantage of the library system and information services without complicated procedures in connections and user certifications by using NFC (Near Field Communication) technology-applied mobile phones. This model is composed of three scenarios. The first scenario offers a Digital Talking Book (DAISY) over the Internet. A user with a NFC reader-equipped mobile phone simply touches a dongle that is connected to a computer and enables the computer to conduct NFC and Bluetooth communications. The second scenario uses a wireless connection to the Internet via a mobile phone and the final scenario uses voice services via a telephone to access the library services. In the library services, users can listen to Digital Talking Books in real time. As shown in the scenarios, the purpose of the project is to offer a comfortable information environment for the print-disabled, including the blind and physically handicapped, by using ubiquitous technology.
Open Access and Institutional Repositories — A Developing Country Perspective: a case study of India
Authors: Ghosh S.B. , Kumar Das Anup
Published: October 2007

Open access facilitates the availability and distribution of scholarly communication freely, as a means and effort to solve the problem of inaccessibility, primarily due to financial constraints, particularly in the developing countries. In India there has been a gradual realization of the usefulness of open access among various institutions. Various open access initiatives have been undertaken and are operational. Many are in the developmental stage. Some initiatives have also been taken in the area of metadata harvesting services particularly public funded ones. The future of open access in India is dependent upon a proper policy and developing a proper framework. In the implementation of open access, LIS professionals should play a proactive role in the growth of collections in institutional repositories. The paper provides an overview about the present state of open access initiatives by various institutions of the country.
The Joint Czech and Slovak Digital Parliamentary Library
Authors: Malackova Eva , Sosna Karel
Published: October 2007

After the split of the Czechoslovak Republic into two republics in 1993 the idea of creating a common digital parliamentary library originated. The Czech Parliamentary Library started this project in 1995 and Slovakia joined in 2002. According to the agreement between of the two parliaments the joint digital library should in its complete shape contain the complete full texts of parliamentary prints (proposals, interpolations, explanations, decisions, invitations) and stenographical documents (shorthand writings) from 1848 until the present, in electronic form. The aim is to create and operate an automatic system of current and historical parliamentary documents. In 2000, the project was awarded the prestigious `Czech @' prize by the International Conference on Internet Use in Public Administration and Self-Government. The Joint Czech and Slovak Digital Parliamentary Library is now widely used in both countries.
Postdicting Arrests for Proactive and Reactive Aggression With the PICTS Proactive and Reactive Composite Scales
Authors: Walters Glenn D. , Frederick Alice A. , Schlauch Charles
Published: October 2007

The criminal arrest histories of 262 medium-security male inmates were correlated with the Proactive (P) and Reactive (R) composite scales of the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS). As predicted, only scores on the P scale correlated significantly with prior arrests for proactive aggression (robbery, burglary) and only scores on the R scale correlated significantly with prior arrests for reactive aggression (assault, domestic violence) when age, education, race, and marital status were controlled in a series of negative binomial regression analyses. The P and R scales also predicted the total number of arrests received by participants in this sample after these same four demographic measures were controlled. The implications of these results for the construct validity of the PICTS composite scales and for matching offenders to interventions are discussed.
Structural Validity of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist Among College Students With a Trauma History
Authors: Elhai Jon D. , Gray Matt J. , Docherty Anna R. , Kashdan Todd B. , Kose Samet
Published: October 2007

The authors conducted confirmatory factor analyses to test three-factor and four-factor models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) using the PTSD Checklist with college students reporting a traumatic event history. The authors found support for the three-factor DSM-IV-based PTSD diagnostic model including reexperiencing, avoidance/numbing, and hyperarousal symptom factors, with slightly better support for a four-factor model separating the avoidance and numbing factors. Results further attest to the PTSD Checklist's construct validity, and to research finding that PTSD avoidance and numbing constructs are distinct.
An Analysis of Korean Homicide Crime-Scene Actions
Authors: Salfati C. Gabrielle , Park Jisun
Published: October 2007

Recent studies have focused on how different styles of homicides will be reflected in the different types of behaviors committed by offenders at a crime scene. It is suggested that these different types of behaviors best be understood using two frameworks, expressive/instrumental aggression and planned/unplanned violence, to analyze the way the offender acts at the crime scene. Multidimensional analysis is carried out on the crime-scene actions of 70 Korean homicides. The proposed frameworks are found to be a useful way of classifying homicide offenses, assigning 80% of homicides to a dominant theme. Results also indicate that behavioral differences can be related to the differences in the offender–victim relationship. Finally, implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Forgiveness and the End of Economy
Authors: Bell Daniel M.
Published: October 2007

This paper considers the economic effect of the Christian practice of forgiveness. In particular, the argument is that the gift of divine forgiveness in Christ, as articulated by Anselm, interrupts `economy' (with its logic of scarcity, debt, and finally death) and puts in place an aneconomic order (with its theo-logic of abundance, ceaseless generosity, and resurrection) that is full of the promise of deliverance from the affliction of capitalism. Also addressed here is the way that the human reception of divine forgiveness takes shape in the Works of Mercy, how these works are not rightly understood as `mere charity' at home within `economy' but in fact constitute the appearance of an order that heralds the end of economy, and, finally, how this practice of forgiveness redeems/ reconfigures what is commonly called `economic justice'.
Being-in-Love: an Enquiry Into the Ontological Foundation of Ethics
Authors: Broadbent Hal St. John
Published: October 2007

This paper takes issue with those commentators of Heidegger's philosophy whose point of entry into his thinking is the inherited prejudices of others. It demonstrates that if prior judgments are suspended, so that Heidegger's texts are permitted to speak for themselves, the truth of his `position', more a wege than a static motionless point, gradually and inexorably begins to emerge. I take Pope Benedict's first encyclical, Deus Caritas Est , to draw the theological contours of a truly post-modern ethic. I then hold up Heidegger's philosophy, as this is characterized principally though not exclusively in his lecture Der Satz Der Identität, to consider possible symmetries. Finally I offer an answer to the question: does Heidegger's thought have ethical consequences?
When Is Torture Right?
Authors: McCready Douglas
Published: October 2007

Despite nearly universal condemnation, torture remains a tool for interrogation, intimidation, and punishing. Even many who abhor torture are willing to consider its use in extraordinary situations. Both the deontological absolute prohibition of torture and the consequentialist justification of torture are inadequate ethics to address the issue. Dershowitz, Walzer, and Elshtain, among others, have attempted to redress the problem with more finely-tuned approaches, of which Elshtain's rejection of justification in favor of grace and forgiveness appears the most promising. Confronting the practice of torture is also difficult because there is no generally accepted definition of what constitutes torture. Not all coercion is torture, and some coercion is both legal and moral. Torture, in any case, remains a wrongful act.
Intergenerational transfers of time and money in European families: common patterns — different regimes?
Authors: Albertini Marco , Kohli Martin , Vogel Claudia
Published: October 2007

The `generational contract' is the most important and also the most contentious dimension of contemporary welfare systems. Much of the debate on how to reform it is still truncated, however, by focusing on its public dimension only, especially on pensions and health-care provisions. For a full account, the transfer of resources between adult generations in the family needs to be included as well. So far, research on family transfers has almost exclusively been limited to single-country studies. In this article, we present a comparative study of financial transfers and social support in ten Western European countries based on the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) conducted in 2004. Our results confirm, at the European level, the existence of a common transfer pattern. There is a net downward flow from the older to the younger generations, both by inter vivos financial transfers and by social support. Transfers from the elderly parents to their children are much more frequent and also usually much more intense than those in the opposite direction. The positive balance decreases with age but even those over the age of 70 clearly remain net givers. Our results also demonstrate that country-specific transfer patterns follow the typology of welfare regimes. Transfers from parents to children are less frequent but more intense in the Southern European countries than in the Nordic ones, with the Continental European countries being somewhere in between the two. This welfare regime effect still holds after controlling for the most relevant characteristics of the parents.
State-sponsored Gentrification Under Market Transition The Case of Shanghai
Authors: Shenjing He
Published: October 2007

The state is playing an increasingly important role in the recent wave of gentrification. This study reveals that strong state intervention in Shanghai's gentrification can be seen in three aspects. First, the state stimulates and accommodates the consumption demands of gentrifiers. Second, to create optimal conditions for capital circulation, the state makes policy interventions and invests heavily in environment beautification and infrastructure construction. Third, the state mobilizes the most important resources to tackle the problem of fragmented property rights and to facilitate gentrification. The state-sponsored gentrification under market transition is motivated by the pursuit of economic and urban growth at the cost of large-scale residential displacement.
Tax Competition Among Municipal Governments
Authors: Hendrick Rebecca , Yonghong Wu  , Jacob Benoy
Published: October 2007

This research examines the incidence of property and sales tax competition among municipal governments in the Chicago metropolitan region and investigates whether the underlying mechanism is exit or voice. First, the research estimates a model with a spatial lag component that relates each municipality's tax or revenue burden to that of its neighbors, controlling for other factors. The results show that tax competition exists for property taxes, which suggests that the competition is based on voice rather than exit. Second, assessment of preferences and attitudes toward sales and property taxes and competition also demonstrates the importance of voice in establishing tax rates and levies.
Moving Up and Moving Out? Economic and Residential Mobility of Low-Income Chicago Families
Authors: Lewis Dan A. , Sinha Vandna
Published: October 2007

This article examines the residential and income mobility of 403 low-income Chicago families within a context shaped by welfare and public-housing reforms implemented in the mid-1990s. We assess the extent to which sample members became less poor and less isolated in economically and racially segregated areas in the years following implementation of these reforms. Sample members experienced marked income gains between 1999 and 2002, but the average income reaches a plateau at less than $16,000 per year. Despite significant residential mobility, there was only a slight reduction in the economic segregation of sample members and no discernable change in racial segregation.
Ceramics and group identities
Authors: Pikirayi Innocent
Published: October 2007

Southern African Iron Age archaeology has engaged with identity issues using ceramic evidence as the basis for culture group definition, chronology and determining origins and movements of people. Archaeological research should go beyond typologically defined ceramic styles to explore material culture meanings and group interactions. I argue that ceramics communicated social messages to their users, and thus archaeologists should borrow from communication theory to understand, for example, why pottery was decorated. It is from this decoration that archaeologists can obtain social meanings straddling across or beyond ethnic identities.
Clove plantations on nineteenth-century Zanzibar
Authors: Croucher Sarah K.
Published: October 2007

Clove plantations on nineteenth-century Zanzibar were sites on which many recent immigrants from Oman and Africa constructed new identities within the complex social relations of colonial rule, enslavement and concubinage. Archaeological evidence relating both to architectural and ceramic remains is used within this work to interpret such multifaceted identities. Ethnographic and historical accounts of African societies have both shown that gendered identities across the continent are, and have been in the past, characterized by diversity. This article has a wider significance beyond the field of African archaeology, in suggesting that archaeologists working across Africa are ideally placed to make an important contribution to the field of gender archaeology in exploring such heterogeneous subjectivities.
Integrating African cuisines
Authors: Lyons Diane
Published: October 2007

The strong relationship between cuisine and the construction of identity is an important topic of social science research, but archaeologists have only recently examined African foodways in these terms. Presented here is an ethnoarchaeological study of culinary practices in the Tigray Region, highland Ethiopia. The article suggests that cuisine and its associated heat treatment technologies provide important material practices that track construction, continuity and change in social identities. The study is of interest to archaeologists investigating how identities persist in a location as a result of geographic isolation, elite politics and land tenure systems that promote strong regional and local affiliations. The study is relevant to archaeologists interested in the social history of highland Ethiopia because the approach advocated here may help to elucidate factors that produced distinct geographic distributions of pottery wares in Pre-Aksumite and Aksumite times.
Where in Africa does Africa start?
Authors: MacEachern Scott
Published: October 2007

For the most part, the boundaries of African Studies remain fixed at the shores of that continent, with periodic excursions into diasporic communities across the seas. The northern limits of this enquiry into `Africa' are, however, more vaguely located, placed somewhere in the Sahara when they are thought of at all. This imprecision in the northern frontiers of `Africa' is closely related to traditional conceptions of race on the continent, and especially of a distinction between `Negroid' and `Caucasoid' peoples and histories. Recent genetic research in and to the south of the Sahara suggests that such distinctions are false, and that human biological variability in these regions does not accord with racialized models. Nevertheless, such models continue to be widely used in popular interpretations of events in these regions — most strikingly, today, in Darfur.
Contemporary Challenges of Participatory Field Research for Land Use Change Analyses: Examples from Kenya
Authors: Smucker Thomas A. , Campbell David J. , Olson Jennifer M. , Wangui Elizabeth E.
Published: October 2007

This article discusses the evolution of participatory methods and their benefits and pitfalls in contributing to land use and land cover change (LULCC) analyses. Participation has become a practical means of developing a more complete assessment of societal change by bringing local people's narratives and understandings to bear on the interpretation of data collected using more extractive methods, such as the household survey, or data collected remotely, such as satellite images. Their methodological value lies in their ability to provide insights into the local mediation of external political, economic, and cultural processes. However, the realization of these contributions to LULCC analysis requires sensitivity to community differentiation, competing narratives of change, and the broader social context in which participatory forums take place. Examples from Kenya suggest that participatory feedback workshops present distinct empirical advantages that allow researchers to develop an understanding of critical intersections of social and environmental change through a dialogical process whereby participants themselves frame the central categories and change processes.
Negotiating and Securing Access: Reflections from a Study into Urban Regeneration and Community Participation in Ethnically Diverse Neighborhoods in London, England
Authors: Maginn Paul J.
Published: October 2007

In the United Kingdom, there have been a plethora of scholarly investigations into community participation in urban regeneration programs. The outputs from such studies have shed theoretical and empirical light on the structure, process, nature, and extent of community participation in urban regeneration partnerships. However, there has been little discussion within the urban policy literature about methodological issues surrounding the study of community participation. Specifically, there has been no analysis of the process of securing access to, within, and through urban regeneration partnerships. This article sheds some light on the process of securing access by looking at the author's experiences of trying to negotiate access into three ethnically diverse neighborhoods in London to study the nature of community participation and power and the significance of race within urban regeneration partnerships. The author shows that negotiating access can be a lengthy and complex process as it involves developing relationships and earning the trust of a wide array of informants via asserting a portfolio of identities.
Semantic Frameworks: Methodological Reflections on How to Understand Mekeo “Sorcery” and “Magic”
Authors: Bergendorff Steen
Published: October 2007

This article departs from what has become known as Mekeo “sorcery” to argue that postfieldwork analysis should pay special attention to local organizations of meaning and how these are reflected in local practices. With this in mind, I first seek to eliminate Western notions from my field notes. The local meaning system is then uncovered with the help of locally narrated stories about the Mekeo deity, A'aisa. Finally, the way these stories narrate the relationship between essence and appearance is used as a template to understand the Mekeo sorcerer and his magic.
Fasting induces a biphasic adaptive metabolic response in murine small intestine
Authors: Sokolović Milka , Wehkamp Diederik , Sokolović Aleksandar , Vermeulen Jacqueline , Gilhuijs-Pederson Lisa A , van Haaften Rachel IM , Nikolsky Yuri , Evelo Chris TA , van Kampen Antoine HC , Hakvoort Theodorus BM , Lamers Wouter H
Published: October 2007

Background

The gut is a major energy consumer, but a comprehensive overview of the adaptive response to fasting is lacking. Gene-expression profiling, pathway analysis, and immunohistochemistry were therefore carried out on mouse small intestine after 0, 12, 24, and 72 hours of fasting.

Results

Intestinal weight declined to 50% of control, but this loss of tissue mass was distributed proportionally among the gut's structural components, so that the microarrays' tissue base remained unaffected. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of the microarrays revealed that the successive time points separated into distinct branches. Pathway analysis depicted a pronounced, but transient early response that peaked at 12 hours, and a late response that became progressively more pronounced with continued fasting. Early changes in gene expression were compatible with a cellular deficiency in glutamine, and metabolic adaptations directed at glutamine conservation, inhibition of pyruvate oxidation, stimulation of glutamate catabolism via aspartate and phosphoenolpyruvate to lactate, and enhanced fatty-acid oxidation and ketone-body synthesis. In addition, the expression of key genes involved in cell cycling and apoptosis was suppressed. At 24 hours of fasting, many of the early adaptive changes abated. Major changes upon continued fasting implied the production of glucose rather than lactate from carbohydrate backbones, a downregulation of fatty-acid oxidation and a very strong downregulation of the electron-transport chain. Cell cycling and apoptosis remained suppressed.

Conclusion

The changes in gene expression indicate that the small intestine rapidly looses mass during fasting to generate lactate or glucose and ketone bodies. Meanwhile, intestinal architecture is maintained by downregulation of cell turnover.