bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ASSESSMENT OF SNAKE ANTIVENOM ACTIVITY OF TAMARINDUS INDICA SEED COAT EXTRACT
Authors:   Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, Progressive Education Societys Modern College of Pharmacy (for Ladies), Pune, Maharashtra, India., D. Mundhe Priyanka , S. Pawade Balasaheb ,   Antitoxins and sera department, Haffkine biopharmaceutical corporation Ltd, Pune, Maharashtra, India., G. Waykar Indrasen ,   Antitoxins and sera department, Haffkine biopharmaceutical corporation Ltd, Pune, Maharashtra, India., K. Shaikh Innus ,   Antitoxins and sera department, Haffkine biopharmaceutical corporation Ltd, Pune, Maharashtra, India., D. Ambawade Prashant ,   Antitoxins and sera department, Haffkine biopharmaceutical corporation Ltd, Pune, Maharashtra, India., S. Kashikar Vrushali ,   Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, Progressive Education Societys Modern College of Pharmacy (for Ladies), Pune, Maharashtra, India.
Published: October 2021

Snakebite is a life-threatening medical emergency, and globally responsible for millions of deaths. In snakebites accidents only deaths are not a concern, it leads to more morbidities. Due to scanty healthcare facilities in rural areas of India, many people seek alternative treatment available in ethnic practices. Tamarindus Indica (TI) plant is rich in medicinal value and used to treat many diseases including snakebite treatment traditionally. In view of this TI seed coat extract (TISCE) was evaluated for antivenom activity. The phytochemical screening of TISCE was performed to understand its chemical composition. TISCE was evaluated for antivenom activity against Indian cobra venom (ICV), common krait venom (CKV), Russells viper venom (RVV), and saw-scaled viper venom (SCV) for phospholipase A2 (PLA-2), haemorrhagic in vitro and in vivo, procoagulant, proteolytic activity, and lethality studies. TISCE majorly contains saponins, glycosides, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds. Minimum indirect haemorrhagic dose (MIHD) observed for ICV (12.5 Âµg), CKV (5.0 Âµg),RVV (10.0 Âµg), and SVV (12.5 Âµg). TISCE inhibits the procoagulant activity of all venoms at a concentration of 18.0 Âµg. It also shows the neutralization of proteolytic enzymes of venom in a dose-dependent manner. A pre-incubated mixture containing five lethal dose 50 (LD50) of venom and TISCE was injected intravenously, all mice survived as venom neutralized by TISCE. The present study demonstrates the ability of TISCE to neutralize snake venom using suitable in vivo and in vitro methods. Further studies required to unravelling the speciï¬c active chemical constituent of TISCE that may used as novel alternative snakebite treatment. TISCE was able to prolong the deaths during the simulation study and may be used in the topical pharmaceutical formulation that will reduce local venom reactions causing much morbidity, which will collectively with Anti-snake venom (ASV), used to treat envenomed patients more effectively.
A REVIEW ON EPIDEMIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS AND TREATMENT OF LEPTOSPIROSIS
Authors:   Vignan Pharmacy College, Vadlamudi, Guntur (District) - 522213., Charishma Devi T.V.L. , Mounika B. ,   Vignan Pharmacy College, Vadlamudi, Guntur (District) - 522213., Sharmila SK. ,   Vignan Pharmacy College, Vadlamudi, Guntur (District) - 522213., S. Gottipati Satheesh ,   Vignan Pharmacy College, Vadlamudi, Guntur (District) - 522213., Srinivas Babu P. ,   Vignan Pharmacy College, Vadlamudi, Guntur (District) - 522213.
Published: October 2021

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease, it arises worldwide but it is most frequent in tropical and subtropical zone. It is one of the notifiable and treatable disease. Leptospirosis is a plague caused by species of bacteria called Leptospira the bacteria shed into the nature via urine of infected animals. Rats are the most recurrent source of human sepsis. Rivers are the assumption to be a predominant risk factor for transmission of disease to humans. It possesses an extensive variation of mechanisms that allow them to avoid the host immune system and cause infection. The infection is extremely vast ranging from subclinical to multi organ infection with elevated mortality. It is frequently mild but can be terminal, it is likely to be serious and the serious alignment form known as Weils disease and can easily steer to death. The mingling of renal failure, hemorrhage and jaundice is known as Weils disease. It is the most affection pattern associated with critical leptospirosis. It is accumulating as a serious problem worldwide and superficially existing as co-infections with various unrelated diseases, including malaria and dengue. Laboratory diagnostic tests are not always accessible and usually diagnosis is executed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) serology and microscopic agglutination test, rapid test are also feasible. The MAT (microscopic agglutination test) is known as Gold standard. Serological tests are most frequently used for the diagnosis of leptospirois. The carcinogenesis of human disease and mechanism of cell membrane injuries which take place mainly due to the occupancy of leptospirosis along with their antigen in host tissues many molecules hand out to the ability of leptospira to invade, colonize and to adhere. In most of the cases antibiotics are preferred to reduce the symptoms of leptospirosis.
EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE ON INCIDENCE OF PREECLAMPSIA AND ECLAMPSIA
Authors:   Senior Resident , Dept. of Obstetrics &Gynaecology, PMCH, Patna., Hans Punit , Sinha Anjana ,   Associate Professor, Dept. of Obstetrics &Gynaecology, PMCH, Patna., Kumar Uday ,   D.M. Gastroenterology ,Consultant Ford Hospital, Patna, Bihar.
Published: October 2021

Background:Preeclampsia and eclampsia continue to be the one of leading causes of maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity worldwide. As global warming has become major concern all over the world ,there is need of studies to know its impact on womens health. Aim of this study is To observe the effect of environmental temperature on incidence of preeclampsia and eclampsia. Methods and Material: This is a comparitive study to know the effect of hot and cold months on incidence of preeclampsia and eclampsia , conducted in department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at a tertiary health centre . All the patients admitted in Labor room emergency were included in the study, making total number of 33,267 admissions in 47 months. All records of the patients admitted were reviewed. All the data were arranged month wise on Microsoft excel 2010âˆ™Ink , and calculations were done on this spread sheet. Months were divided into two groups : Hot weather group[ N = 11] comprising of months with average maximum temperature >30ÂºC and Cold weather group[N=9] comprising of months with average maximum temperature â‰¤ 18ÂºC. Temperature range for Hot and Cold weather were in accordance with WHO. Statistical analysis used: Statistic tests used were Chi-square. Results: Of total admissions incidence of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia cases was 2.8%(927/33267).There was no significant effect of hot weather on incidence of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia cases (p > 0.05) while significant effect of cold weather was seen leading to increased incidence of pre-eclapmsia and eclampsia cases (p <0.05). Conclusions: Trend of global warming warrants the need to study the effect of environmental changes on maternal health on large scale.
HEAD TRANSPLANTS: FROM REVERIE TO REALITY
Authors:   Post Graduate Student, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saraswati Dental College., Mathur Mrinalini , Kumar Aurora Jitender ,   Professor and Head, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery,SaraswatiDental College., Mishra Priyatam ,   Post Graduate Student, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saraswati Dental College.
Published: October 2021

In the past, head transplantation used to be an imagination mostly narrated in folklore. However, nowadays with the advancement in science it is possible that soon head transplant might be feasible. It promises to be a boon to individuals who suffer from a terminal disease but have a healthy brain. Fear and skepticism over surgical, ethical and psychosocial issues do exist in the community over it but recently, the first cephalosomatic anastomosisperformed in a human model confirms the possibility of such a procedure in near future. What remains unanswered though is the outcome of such a crazy procedure.
MALADIES DE VERNEUIL : A PROPOS DE 11 CAS AU CENTRE HOSPITALIER REGIONAL AMISSA BONGO DE FRANCEVILLE ET REVUE DE LA LITTERATURE
Authors:   Service De Chirurgie Generale. Centre Hospitalier Regional Amissa Bongo de Franceville, Universite Des Sciences De La Sante., Offobo S. Ngakani , M. JP Owono ,   Owono JP, Service De Chirurgie Generale Hopital Des Instructions Des Armees Omar Bongo Odimba., K. JA Aseke ,   Diallo Kadidiatou F, Chirurgie, Universite Des Sciences De La Sante Socaras P Centre Hospitalier Universitaire De Havan Cuba.,   Owono JP, Service De Chirurgie Generale Hopital Des Instructions Des Armees Omar Bongo Odimba., Poduermo Socaras ,   Owono JP, Service De Chirurgie Generale Hopital Des Instructions Des Armees Omar Bongo Odimba., Ndong JF Ngakani Offobo Silvere Ondo ,   Service De Chirurgie Generale. Centre Hospitalier Regional Amissa Bongo de Franceville, Universite Des Sciences De La Sante.
Published: October 2021

La maladie de VERNEUIL est une maladie de la peau decrite en 1854.Elle se manifeste par des nodules (formation cutanee arrondies et saillantes) douloureuses et des abces (amas de pus collecte dans une cavite). Ou hydrosadenite suppurative est une affection naissant des glandes sudoripares apocrines. Cest une affection rare, le diagnostic est souvent fait au stade de la chronicite. La recherche dautre localisation doit etre systematique. Le traitement est essentiellement chirurgical, astreignant consistant en des exereses larges et parfois repetees. La recidive est frequente laissant des cicatrices inesthetiques. Notre etude retrospective concerne 11 cas de maladies de VERNEUIL, dix patients de sexes masculins et une patiente de sexe feminin avec un age moyen entre 30,2 ans. La clinique etait dominee par plusieurs fistules a la region peri anale. Lobjectif etait detudier les caracteristiques epidemiologique, cliniques, paracliniques et therapeutiques de cette pathologie rare, chronique, mal connue et de consequences psychologiques.
The problem of corruption in government organizations: Empirical evidence from Indonesia
Authors: Ratmono Dwi , Cholbyah Arini , Cahyonowati Nur , Darsono Darsono
Published: October 2021

Corruption in government organizations is an important and relevant topic to study because of its impact on the state in terms of financial losses and a decrease in the quality of human development. This study is also relevant because previous analyses are still limited in their modeling and measuring comprehensive fiscal decentralization variables. This study aims to examine the effect of fiscal decentralization and quality of government on the level of corruption and the impact of corruption on the human development index. The sample of this paper comprises 113 local governments on the island of Java, Indonesia, for the period 2015–2018. Statistical testing was carried out using Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The test results show that fiscal decentralization has a positive effect on corruption with a path coefficient of 0.100 and is significant at 5% alpha. Likewise, poor governance (proxied by internal control weaknesses) has a positive effect on the level of corruption with a coefficient of 0.062 and is significant at an alpha of 10%. The results of the PLS-SEM test also show that corruption has a negative impact on the human development index with a coefficient of –0.206 and is significant at 1% alpha. The practical significance of this study is the importance of the internal control system reliability as a complementary variable for fiscal decentralization to prevent corruption.
On convergence and compactness in variation with shift of discrete probability laws
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Alexeev Ivan A. , Khartov Alexey A. ,   Smolensk State University
Published: October 2021

We consider a class of discrete distribution functions, whose characteristic functions are separated from zero, i. e. their absolute values are greater than positive constant on the real line. The class is rather wide, because it contains discrete infinitely divisible distribution functions, functions of lattice distributions, whose characteristic functions have no zeroes on the real line, and also distribution functions with a jump greater than 1/2. Recently the authors showed that characteristic functions of elements of this class admit the Lévy-Khinchine type representations with non-monotonic spectral function. Thus our class is included in the set of so called quasi-infinitely divisible distribution functions. Using these representation the authors also obtained limit and compactness theorems with convergence in variation for the sequences from this class. This note is devoted to similar results concerning convergence and compactness but with weakened convergence in variation. Replacing of type of convergence notably expands applicability of the results.
Search of weights in the problem of finite-rank signal estimation in presence of noise
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Zvonarev Nikita K.
Published: October 2021

The problem of weighted finite-rank time-series approximation is considered for signal estimation in “signal plus noise” model, where the inverse covariance matrix of noise is (2p+1)-diagonal. Finding of weights, which improve the estimation accuracy, is examined. An effective method for the numerical search of the weights is constructed and proved. Numerical simulations are performed to study the improvement of the estimation accuracy for several noise models.
The effect of distributions symmetrization on their peakedness
Authors:   St. Petersburg Department of the Steklov Mathematical Institute, Revyakov Mikhail I.
Published: October 2021

Indirect transformations of a one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and multidimensional random variable are proposed. They are based on various symmetrizations of the density function. The focus is on changing peakedness of a distribution about the origin.
On a question concerning D4-modules
Authors:   Department of Mathematics, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Das Soumitra
Published: October 2021

An R-module M is called a D4-module if ‘whenever M1 and M2 are direct summands of M with M1 + M2 = M and M1 ∼= M2, then M1 ∩ M2 is a direct summand of M’. Let M = ⊕i∈IMi be a direct sum of submodules Mi with Hom(Mi,Mj ) = 0 for distinct i, j ∈ I. We show that M is a D4-module if and only if for each i ∈ I the module Mi is a D4-module. This settles an open question concerning direct sums of D4-modules. Our approach is independent of the solution obtained by D’Este, Keskin Tütüncü and Tribak recently.
Areas of attraction of the pendulum under the influence of oblique vibration of the suspension point
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Petrov Аlexander G.
Published: October 2021

The inverse problem of stabilizing a spherical pendulum in a given position by means of high-frequency vibration of the suspension point is posed. The position of the pendulum is determined by the angle between the pendulum rod and the vertical. For any given position of the pendulum, a one-parameter series of oblique vibration characteristics (the amplitude of the vibration velocity and the angle between the vibration velocity vector and the vertical) is found to stabilize the pendulum in this position. For the obtained series, the regions of attraction are determined (the initial points from which a given stable position of the pendulum will be established under the influence of vibration).
The forgotten process: Information disarmament in the Soviet/US reproachment of the 1980s
Authors:   USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism, University of Southern California, Cull Nicholas
Published: October 2021

This article contends that just as an excess of conventional arms requires a disarmament processes, so the weaponization of media should be met with an information disarmament process. The article examines elements of this work deployed to assist in the US — Soviet rapprochement of the 1980s. Cases discussed include a mutual textbook review project, citizento-citizen conferences mounted by the Chautauqua Society and a series of forums held via satellite television links called Spacebridges. The emergence of government-to-government information talks in which the United States Information Agency led by Charles Z.Wick engaged various elements of the Soviet state media apparatus is traced. The meetings from 1986 through 1989 are summarized, including the frank discussion of the challenge of disinformation and of mutual stereotyping. It is asserted that this process was more effective than is generally remembered, but success required a rough symmetry within the US/Soviet relationship. The internal crisis within the USSR repositioned the country as a junior partner and led the US to misperceive the end of the Cold War in terms of victory and defeat, with counterproductive results.
“Honeymoon” of the Russian Empire and the United States during WWI
Authors:   Russian State University for the Humanities, Zhuravleva Victoria I.
Published: October 2021

The article focuses on the debatable issues of Russian-American relations from 1914 until the fall of Tsarism, such as the degree of the two countries’ rapprochement, ethnic questions, the positive dynamics of mutual images and the intensified process of Russians and Americans studying each other. Based on primary and secondary sources, this work intends to emphasize that the conflict element in bilateral relations did not hamper cooperation between the two states. The author’s multipronged and interdisciplinary approach allowed her to conclude that the United Sates was ready to engage in wide-ranging interaction with the Russian Empire regardless of their ideological differences. From the author’s point of view, it was the pragmatic agenda that aided the states’ mutual interest in destroying the stereotypes of their counterpart and stimulated Russian Studies in the US and American Studies in Russia. Therefore, the “honeymoon” between the two states had started long before the 1917 February Revolution. However, Wilson strove to turn Russia not so much into an object of US’ “dollar diplomacy”, but into a destination of its “crusade” for democracy. The collapse of the monarchy provided an additional impetus for liberal internationalism by integrating the Russian “Other” into US foreign policy. Ultimately, an ideological (value-based) approach emerged as a stable trend in structuring America’s attitude toward Russia (be it the Soviet Union or post-Soviet Russia).
Evaluation of satellite-based precipitation products from GPM IMERG and GSMaP over the three-river headwaters region, China
Authors: Wang Hua , Yuan Yixian , Zeng Suikang , Li Wuyan , Tang Xiaobo
Published: October 2021

The three-river headwaters region (TRHR) is the birthplace of the Yangtze River, the Yellow River and the Lantsang River in China. Based on the grid surface precipitation data released by China Meteorological Administration (CMA), this paper evaluated the accuracy and error components of four near-real-time satellite precipitation products (GSMaP-NRT, GSMaP-MVK, IMERG-Early and IMERG-Late) in the era of a GPM (Global Precipitation Measurement) in TRHR. The conclusions are as follows: (1) The precipitation in TRHR is concentrated in the east and south, and the precipitation in the west is very low. IMERG (Early and Late) has a good spatial distribution of precipitation, while GSMaP has an obvious spatial smoothing of precipitation distribution, and does not better highlight the local precipitation characteristics. (2) The inversion accuracy of the satellite products is the best in the source region of the Lantsang River, followed by the source region of the Yellow River. The satellite products all show the lower correlation coefficient and serious underestimation of precipitation in the west of the TRHR. In addition, the closer to the west of the TRHR, the lower hit rate and the higher false alarm rate of the satellite products, especially the NRT and MVK products. In the eastern margin of the Yellow River headwater region and the Lantsang River headwater Region, RMSE and overestimated precipitation were higher in NRT and MVK, and FAR was higher in spite of higher POD and CSI. (3) The errors of GSMaP in the source region of the Yellow River and the Lantsang River are mainly caused by misreporting precipitation and overestimating the precipitation level, while the errors of GSMaP in the west of the TRHR are mainly caused by missing measurements of precipitation events. The underestimated precipitation of IMERG mainly comes from the missed measurement of precipitation and the underestimate of precipitation level, and there is no large false precipitation. (4) In addition, we found that the satellite products in the lake distribution area of the TRHR have serious missed precipitation errors, indicating that the GPM satellite products have the poor detection ability of precipitation near plateau lakes. On the whole, the precipitation inversion accuracy of IMERG (Early and Late) products is higher, which can better detect the occurrence of precipitation events, but the estimation of precipitation level is still not accurate. The precision of precipitation of satellite products near inland lakes on the plateau is poor, so the algorithm improvement of new products needs to be further solved in the future.
Identifying dominant component of runoff yield processes: a case study in a sub-basin of the middle Yellow River
Authors: Zhang Li , Hu Caihong , Jian Shengqi , Wu Qiang , Ran Guang , Xu Yuanhao
Published: October 2021

The effects of long-term natural climate change and human activities on runoff generation mechanism in the middle Yellow River Basin are long-standing concerns. This study analyzed the characteristics of hydro-climatic variables in the meso-scale Tuweihe catchment based on the observed data for the period 1956–2016 and a climate elastic method. The spatial distribution of dominant runoff processes (DRP) following land use changes in case of rainfall was identified. The results show significant decreasing trends in annual runoff, whereas slightly downward trends are identified for annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration, 1984 is detected as the mutation year of the study period. The average contributions of climate change and human activities to the runoff reduction in the Tuweihe catchment were 33.2% and 66.8%, respectively. In general, the influences of human activities on runoff are applied mostly through the alteration of the catchment characteristics. The dominant runoff processes changes between 1980 and 2015 show significant effects of large-scale soil and water conservation measures in the Tuweihe catchment. We found that Hortonian overland flow (HOF) and fast subsurface flow (SSF1) were the two main processes in 1980 (30.3% and 34.4% respectively), but the proportion of HOF decreased by 9.6% in 2015. The proportions of saturation overland flow (SOF) and SSF have increased to varying degrees, which means that the catchment is more prone to generate subsurface flow processes. Consequently, under similar rainfall conditions, the runoff yield of flood events decreases in the second period.
Evaluating water quality using social media and federal agency data
Authors: Lambert Lixia He , Bir Courtney
Published: October 2021

United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) drinking water violation report is currently one of the most reliable measures of evaluating United States drinking water quality. While states continuously strive to comply with federal water quality standards making this documentation continuously relevant, consumers are likely to perceive water quality through sensory aesthetics or physical and virtual social networks. This research quantifies the relationship between consumer perceptions and government-reported drinking water quality to provide insights to state water managers and policymakers. We evaluated consumer perceptions of tap water using weekly social media data. The online search returned 898,709 mentions and 799,035 posts. Net sentiment, measured as the number of negative posts minus the number of positive posts divided by the number of posts expressing sentiment, was determined and ranged from −100 to 100. Net sentiment was uncorrelated with USEPA weekly water quality violations for most states. Net sentiment was correlated with violations related to arsenic standards (−0.223) and a total number of violations (−0.220) for Washington. For California, net sentiment was correlated with violations related to disinfectants and other organic compounds (−0.295). In many cases, water violations in one city became national news, which eclipsed local water issues circulating on social media.
Smart water grid: a review and a suggestion for water quality monitoring
Authors: Bharani Baanu B. , Jinesh Babu K. S.
Published: October 2021

Water is a valuable resource and an elixir of life. It is intimately linked to living standards around the world. Reducing water stress and conserving the resource is vital. It is the need of the hour to ameliorate conventional water resources systems to monitor water quantity and quality parameters continuously in real-time. Smart solutions play an important role in monitoring system parameters and making on-site measurements. This paper focuses on Smart Water Grid, an ingenious way to monitor and preserve the quantity and quality parameters in real-time by deploying remote sensors in the water distribution system. It presents a review of various sensors deployed, networking protocols used and cloud platforms employed in monitoring the water distribution system. The suitable networking protocols for the water distribution systems are suggested by analyzing various smart solutions. It also proposes an architecture for an IoT-based system to monitor residual chlorine concentration in the water distribution system. Smart Water Grid using Wireless Sensor Networks and the Internet of Things enables the monitoring of on-site conditions and generates alerts during abnormal conditions. It can enhance timely decision-making which will help in managing valuable water resources more efficiently.
Rain garden infiltration rate modeling using gradient boosting machine and deep learning techniques
Authors: Kumar Sandeep , Singh K. K.
Published: October 2021

Rain garden is effective in reducing storm water runoff, whose efficiency depends upon several parameters such as soil type, vegetation and meteorological factors. Evaluation of rain gardens has been done by various researchers. However, knowledge for sound design of rain gardens is still very limited, particularly the accurate modeling of infiltration rate and how much it differs from infiltration of natural ground surface. The present study uses experimentally observed infiltration rate of rain gardens with different types of vegetation (grass, candytuft, marigold and daisy with different plant densities) and flow conditions. After that, modeling has been done by the popular infiltration model i.e. Philip's model (which is valid for natural ground surface) and soft computing tools viz. Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM) and Deep Learning (DL). Results suggest a promising performance (in terms of CC, RMSE, MAE, MSE and NSE) by GBM and DL in comparison to the relation proposed by Philip's model (1957). Most of the values predicted by both GBM and DL are within scatter limits of ±5%, whereas the values by Philips model are within the range of ±25% error lines and even outside. GBM performs better than DL as the values of the correlation coefficients and Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency (NSE) coefficient are the highest and the root mean square error is the lowest. The results of the study will be useful in selection of plant type and its density in the rain garden of the urban area.
O processo de interação em torno do feedback corretivo oral e a teoria sociocultural no ensino de inglês como língua estrangeira
Authors: Rubin Battistella Tarsila , Dos Santos Lima Marilia
Published: October 2021

O objetivo deste artigo é trazer algumas reflexões sobre o processo de ensino-aprendizagem de inglês como língua estrangeira (LE), a partir da interação em torno do feedback corretivo oral e de conceitos da teoria sociocultural, focalizando os aprendizes e a professora de um curso de Licenciatura em Letras/Inglês em uma universidade privada no sul do Brasil. Os resultados apontam que a correção é significativa no sentido de promover o ensino-aprendizagem de uma LE, ao ser realizada levando-se em consideração  fatores linguísticos, cognitivos e idiossincráticos dos aprendizes. Percebemos que o feedback corretivo e a aprendizagem da língua podem ser beneficiados pela mediação linguística e pela interação dialógica entre os envolvidos no processo.
Em defesa do ensino de gramática na escola
Authors: Martins Marco Antonio
Published: October 2021

Assumindo os pressupostos da teoria da variação e mudança linguística e estudos sobre o ensino de gramática, apresentamos neste artigo resultados de uma pesquisa realizada no âmbito do Mestrado Profissional em Letras no Brasil/ProfLetras. A pesquisa diz respeito aos diferentes usos do acusativo anafórico de terceira pessoa em textos narrativos escritos por alunos do 9º ano do ensino fundamental. Elabora-se uma proposta de ensino que considere o papel da escola na recuperação de formas não mais presentes na gramática do português brasileiro – tais como os clíticos acusativos de terceira pessoa (o/a). Sistematiza-se aqui uma proposta de tratamento didático-pedagógica para um ensino de gramática que considere a língua em uso.
The Anti-inflammatory Effects of Two Ent-kaurane Diterpenes from the
Stems and Leaves of Gochnatia decora
Authors: Zhang Mi , Liu Yanfang , Dai Weifeng , Cao Qihui
Published: October 2021

Aim and objectives:

The Gochnatia decora (Kurz) A. L. Cabrera is a rare woody plant
belonging to the family of Asteraceae. The bark of this plant is used as a Chinese folk medicine to
treat cough and pneumonia. However, the effective substance related to its efficacy remains unknown.
This study aims to evaluate the potential anti-inflammatory activities of the chemicals isolated
from this plant using a model of LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells.

Material and Methods:

Chemical constituents were isolated from the stems and leaves of G. decora
by a series of chromatographic separation methods and identified by spectral analysis techniques.
The model of inflammation in vitro was established by treatment of 1μM LPS on
RAW264.7 cells. The influence of tested compounds on inflammatory factor production, including
NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, was determined by ELISA. The mechanisms involved were studied
by western blot analysis.

Results:

Two known ent-kaurane diterpenes (1 and 2), identified as ent-17-hydroxy-15-oxokauran-
19-oic acid (1) and ent-15α-hydroxy-16-kauran-19-oic acid (2), were isolated from the stems and
leaves of G. decora. The bioassay showed that both of them produced significant inhibition of
LPS-induced release of NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, iNOS, and COX-2 expression. Western
blot analysis showed that these two chemicals blocked LPS-induced phosphorylation of NF-κB.

Conclusions:

Compounds 1 and 2 were obtained from the genus Gochnatia.These compounds
demonstrated useful anti-inflammatory activities in the model of LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. A
potential action mechanism may be the correlation of the NF-κB pathway.
Antimicrobial Evaluation, Molecular Docking and ADME Properties of
Indole Amide Derivatives
Authors: Doğanay Derya , Özcan Sevval M. , Şentürk Ahmet M. , Ölgen Süreyya
Published: October 2021

Background:

Besides the viral infections, bacterial infections can cause serious and lifethreatening
complications and drug resistance is an important problem to fight bacterial infections. Therefore,
it is important to discover novel antimicrobial agents to fight such infections.

Objective:

Several indole containing antimicrobial drug development studies have been reported in literature
that provided strong evidence for good antimicrobial activities against a variety of microorganisms.
Taken into consideration from these findings, antimicrobial properties of previously synthesized 16 indole
amide derivatives were evaluated by in vitro tests against 14 different microorganisms, and also molecular
docking and in silico prediction studies were used to identify structure-activity relationship of compounds.

Methods:

Antimicrobial activity of compounds was determined by disc diffusion and tube dilution methods.
Molecular docking of compounds was studied to determine the relationship between the structure of
compounds with DNA gyrase interactions of microorganisms by using the version of Autodock vina
4.2.6. Mol inspiration and Swiss ADME prediction online software programs were also used to identify
drug-like properties of compounds.

Results:

The results showed that some compounds exhibited quite pronounced antibacterial and antifungal
activities compared to reference drugs. These results were also supported by molecular docking studies
and in silico ADME calculations presented that all tested compounds obey Lipinski’s Rule of Five and
are metabolized by CYP450 enzymes.

Conclusion:

It can be concluded that these results can be taken as a reference in the development of new
indole-based antimicrobial agents.
Discovery of Novel Cytochrome bc1 Complex Inhibitor Based on Natural
Product Neopeltolide
Authors: Chen Tao , Zhang Rui , Wang Yu-Xia , Gao Meng-Qi , Chen Qiong , Zhu Xiao-Lei , Yang Guang-Fu
Published: October 2021

Background:

Natural products (NPs) are important sources for the design of new drugs and
agrochemicals. Neopeltolide, a marine NP, has been identified as a potent Qo-site inhibitor of cytochrome
bc1 complex.

Methods:

In this study, a series of neopeltolide derivatives was designed and synthesized by the simplification
of its 14-membered macrolactone ring with a diphenyl ether fragment. The enzymatic inhibition
bioassays and mycelium growth inhibition experiments against a range of fungi were performed to determine
their fungicidal activities.

Results:

The derivatives have potent activity against the porcine bc1 complex. Compound 8q showed the
best activity with an IC50 value of 24.41 nM, which was 8-fold more effective than that of positive control
azoxystrobin. Compound 8a exhibited a 100% inhibitory rate against Zymoseptoria tritici and Alternaria
solani at a 20 mg/L dose.

Conclusion:

Computational results indicated that compounds with suitable physicochemical properties,
as well as those forming a hydrogen bond with His161, would have good fungicidal activity. These data
could be useful for the design of bc1 complex inhibitors in the future.
Role of the Osteochondral Unit in the Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis: Focus on the Potential Use of Clodronate
Authors: Molfetta Luigi , Casabella Andrea , Rosini Sergio , Saviola Gianantonio , Palermo Augusto
Published: October 2021

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Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic disease characterized by inflammation and progressive deterioration of the joint. The etiology of OA includes genetic, phlogistic, dismetabolic and mechanical factors. Historically, cartilage was considered the target of the disease and therapy was aimed at protecting and lubricating the articular cartilage. The osteochondral unit is composed of articular cartilage, calcified cartilage, and subchondral and trabecular bone, which work synergistically to support the functional loading of the joint. Numerous studies today show that OA involves the osteochondral unit, with the participation therefore of the bone in the starting and progression of the disease, which is associated with chondropathy. Cytokines involved in the process leading to cartilage damage are also mediators of subchondral bone edema. Therefore, OA therapy must be based on the use of painkillers and bisphosphonates for both the control of osteometabolic damage and its analgesic activity. Monitoring of the disease of the osteochondral unit must be extensive, since bone marrow edema can be considered as a marker of the evolution of OA. In the present review, we discuss some of the pathogenetic mechanisms associated with osteoarthritis, with a particular focus on the osteochondral unit and the use of clodronate.
MicroRNAs: Crucial Players in the Differentiation of Human Pluripotent
and Multipotent Stem Cells into Functional Hepatocyte-Like Cells
Authors: Wu Liying , Farzaneh Maryam , Xu Hao , Yuan Guojia , Liang Xiaolu , Liu Xiaoguang , Li Zuobiao , Chen Nianping
Published: October 2021

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Hepatic disease negatively impacts liver function and metabolism. Primary human hepatocytes
are the gold standard for the prediction and successful treatment of liver disease. However,
the sources of hepatocytes for drug toxicity testing and disease modeling are limited. To overcome
this issue, pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have emerged as an alternative strategy for liver disease
therapy. Human PSCs, including embryonic stem cells (ESC) and induced pluripotent stem cells
(iPSC) can self-renew and give rise to all cells of the body. Human PSCs are attractive cell sources
for regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, drug discovery, and developmental studies. Several
recent studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can also differentiate (or trans-differentiate)
into hepatocytes. Differentiation of human PSCs and MSCs into functional hepatocytelike
cells (HLCs) opens new strategies to study genetic diseases, hepatotoxicity, infection of hepatotropic
viruses, and analyze hepatic biology. Numerous in vitro and in vivo differentiation protocols
have been established to obtain human PSCs/MSCs-derived HLCs and mimic their characteristics.
It was recently discovered that microRNAs (miRNAs) play a critical role in controlling the ectopic
expression of transcription factors and governing the hepatocyte differentiation of human
PSCs and MSCs. In this review, we focused on the role of miRNAs in the differentiation of human
PSCs and MSCs into hepatocytes.
Does a Nursing Associate Programme Team Work and Leadership Module Make a Difference to Student Nursing Associate Self-reported Leadership Skills? A Mixed-methods Study
Authors: Williamson Graham , Maund Beverley , Knowles Sandy
Published: October 2021

Background:

Leadership is an essential element in the skills of healthcare professionals at all levels. This is true for Registered Nurses as well as Nursing Associates, who are registered professionals with a two-year foundation degree programme as role preparation.

Objective:

This paper reports a study examining potential gains that might accrue from leadership and team-working module in year two of the Nursing Associate Foundation Degree programme at one university in the South West of England.

Methods:

We conducted a mixed-methods study in the summer of 2020, with a pre- and post-module survey using the Student Leadership Inventory – Self, and a virtual focus group on the video conferencing software Zoom ™.

Results:

The survey results showed a statistically significant difference between Student Nurse Associates’ scores before and after the module, with a moderate effect size. The virtual focus group confirmed benefits that included growing personal confidence amongst those that attended and that they could identify leadership styles and team dynamics in practice.

Conclusion:

As effective leadership is associated with patient safety and quality of care, we conclude that not only has this module been effective, but also that such preparation for practice can have important real-world impacts beyond the classroom.
Pain Assessment and Management in Intensive Care Unit: Nurses' Practices, Perceived Influencing Factors, and Educational Needs
Authors: Alnajar Malek Kh. , Shudifat Raed , Mosleh Sultan M. , Ismaile Samantha , N'erat Monther , Amro Khadijah
Published: October 2021

Background:

Critically ill patients and those mechanically ventilated or unable to communicate may not be able to report any pain they experience. Consequently, pain assessment and management (PAM) is challenging and underestimated in intensive care units (ICUs), where patients suffer alteration of consciousness, sedation, invasive procedures and mechanical ventilation.

Aim:

This study aimed to investigate ICU nurses’ PAM practices, their perceptions of influencing factors, and their related educational needs.

Methods:

A descriptive cross-sectional design was employed, using a valid self-reported questionnaire.

Results:

Among the sample of 171 nurses, 55% were male and 83% held a bachelor’s degree. 60% reported performing pain assessment for patients able to report pain and 50% for those unable to do so. Almost 40% of participants reported that pain management plans and scores were not discussed in medical rounds. Workload and lack of guidelines were reported as the most common barriers to PAM, while the most common enablers were perceived to be prescribing analgesia and considering pain a priority. Nurses recognized the need for education regarding pain, especially the physiological (50%) and psychological (47%) consequences of untreated pain.

Conclusion:

Nurses’ reported performance of pain assessment for ICU patients remains suboptimal. Therefore, healthcare professionals, organizations, nursing schools, and policymakers should work together to improve nurses’ PAM knowledge and practices.
Adequate Intake and Supplementation of B Vitamins, in Particular Folic
Acid, can Play a Protective Role in Bone Health
Authors: Rondanelli Mariangela , Tartara Alice , Fossari Federica , Vecchio Viviana , Faliva Milena Anna , Naso Maurizio , Perna Simone , Nichetti Mara , Peroni Gabriella
Published: October 2021

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In vitro and animal model studies have shown that vitamin B (VB) deficiency has negative
consequences on bone as a result of direct or mediated activity of hyperhomocysteinemia.
However, there are still no precise indications regarding a possible VB role in order to maintain
bone health. So, the aim of this narrative review was to consider state of the art correlation between
VB dietary intake, blood levels and supplementation and bone health (bone mineral density
(BMD), bone turnover markers and fractures risk) in humans. This review includes 29 eligible
studies.
Considering VB blood levels, the 14 studies considered have shown that low serum folate can be a
risk factor for reduced BMD and fractures in the elderly, particularly women; no independent association
was found for other VB. Studies that evaluate the relationship between VB dietary intake
and BMD are only 2; one, conducted on 1869 women, demonstrated a positive effect of folate intake
on BMD. Another demonstrated a dose-dependent inverse relationship between vitamin B6
dietary intake and risk of hip fracture, but only for 35298 female participants.
Regarding the relationship between BV supplementation and bone health (9 studies with only VB
and 4 with other nutrients), all studies that considered patients with hyperhomocysteinemia or with
low folate blood levels, are in agreement in demonstrating that folate supplementation (500mcg-
5mg) is useful in improving BMD. In conclusion, a request for folate and homocysteine blood levels
in elderly patients with osteopenia/osteoporosis is mandatory. For patients with
hyperhomocysteinemia or with low folate blood levels, folate supplementation (500mcg-5mg) is
crucial.
La vigencia en el tipo de las Sentencias de Unificación, y los cambios Jurisprudenciales en la Jurisdicción Contencioso Administrativo: Un asunto en construcción
Authors: Ardila Obando Carlos Enrique
Published: October 2021

Introduction: With the consolidation of jurisprudence as a formal source of our system of sources, the need has been generated to specify the effects over time of the unification sentences and the jurisprudential changes, so that the tensions between the legal certainty and material justice. Objective: can be harmonized which means defining whether the issuance of a unification sentence or the realization of a jurisprudential change have effects in the future prospective effect, or if the effects are of immediate application to administrative processes or judicial in progress-retroactive effect; Faced with this legal dilemma, the jurisprudence of the Contentious Administrative Jurisdiction has been addressing this problem, in the absence of legal regulation and the lack of analysis by the doctrine. Method or Methodology: a descriptive analysis of the decisions of the Contentious Administrative Jurisdiction that have addressed the problem under study is carried out, to start from there, infer or deduce some rules that underlie the studied decisions. Results and conclusions: ending with an analysis critical of some of them, proposing alternatives to reconcile the principles of legal security and material justice.
Desarrollo social, factor de mitigación de la criminalidad en el Pacífico colombiano
Authors: Serrano guzmán Juan pablo , Tejada Sánchez Norman
Published: October 2021

Objective: The Colombian Pacific region is a zone of conflict between the illegal smuggling of drug trafficking and the coexistence of illegal armed groups. To date, the State has promoted in its security policy a development of military and police actions to address this phenomenon within its anti-drug policy agenda. However, the conditions of underdevelopment in the region are multipliers of the threat and the means to overcome it have not been effective. Objective: In this study it is proposed that actions aimed at promoting social development, without relying on prohibitionist or legalistic routes towards drugs that are assumed, will allow the inhabitants to decide between legality or illegality, as opportunities for regional integration will be created. In this way, it will be possible to move f rom military control to institutional control of the territory. Method and methodology: This descriptive and qualitative research are to be able to understand that the problems circulating in the peaceful region are not only an application of force to return security to the territory, but also the need for comprehensive solutions with a social factor that returns that fabric to national ownership for development. Conclusions and results: In this sense, it is possible to perceive that the lack of opportunities in a depressed social environment requires special attention f rom the government to base a change of culture of illegality as a measure of hope and social recovery.