bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fuzzy modeling network type 2 and principal component analysis for the diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Damayanti A , Maimunah S , Pratiwi A B
Published: September 2019

Diabetic retinopathy is a disease caused by vascular complications of diabetes mellitus. The more increasing number of people with diabetes mellitus every year, then indirectly the chances of someone’s eye experiencing diabetic retinopathy disorders are also increasing. Fundus photos are one way to detect diabetes mellitus in the retina of the eye. The stages used in the detection process of diabetic retinopathy include the stage of pre-processing fundus images namely grayscale and histogram equalization processes, the stage of reducing image size using Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and the stage of diabetic retinopathy detection on fundus images using fuzzy modeling network type 2. Fuzzy modeling network type 2 is a method using multilayer neural network architecture with backpropagation learning and fuzzy systems for its rules. The results of the validation system test show that the process of detecting diabetic retinopathy using the type 2 fuzzy modeling network algorithm is obtained the accuracy of 80%.
Metaheuristic Algorithms for Solving Multiple-Trips Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows (MTVRPTW)
Authors: Pratiwi A B , Sasmito A , Istiqomah Q S , Kurniawan M R , Suprajitno H
Published: September 2019

Multiple-Trips Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows (MTVRPTW) is problem of determining vehicles routes involving depot and number of customers in order to minimize the number of vehicles used and travel time. MTVRPTW has objective to minimize the total costs of transportation which are the number of tours, total tour duration time and range of duration time. This paper provides metaheuristic algorithms to solve the MTVRPTW. Firefly Algorithm, Cuckoo Search Algorithm and Flower Pollination Algorithm are applied and compared in exchange for having the performances. Based on the experimental results using different size of data shows that Firefly Algorithm performs better than Cuckoo Search Algorithm and Flower Pollination Algorithm in solving MTVRPTW.
Think Pair Share (TPS) Model Using Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics (STEM) Approach in Mathematics Learning
Authors: Werdiningsih I , Budiyono  , Pratiwi H
Published: September 2019

The students achievement in mathematics is low because the lack of learning innovation. This research was conducted to students’ mathematics learning achievement by through the think pair share (TPS) model using science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) approach designed in quantitative descriptive research. The population of this research was students in the eighth grade in the whole Junior High School in Karanganyar Districts, and the sample of the research was students in the eighth grade in SMP N 1 Matesih. The findings revealed that the TPS model using STEM approach had better mathematics learning achievement in geometry than students with TPS model. Moreover, students with TPS model had better mathematics learning achievement in geometry than students with direct learning.
On Vertex Irregular Total k-labeling and Total Vertex Irregularity Strength of Lollipop Graphs
Authors: Nur Ni’mah Siti’ Aisyah , Indriati Diari
Published: September 2019

Let G be a connected graph with vertex set V(G) and edge set E(G). A vertex irregular total k-labeling

λ
:
V
(
G
)
∪
E
(
G
)
→

{

1
,
2
,
…
,
k

}

of a graph G is a labeling of vertices and edges of G in such a way that the weights of any two different vertices x and y are distinct. The weight of a vertex x in G, denoted by wt(x), is defined as the sum of the label of x and the labels of all edges incident with the vertex x. The total vertex irregularity strength of G, denoted by tvs(G), is the smallest positive integer k for which the graph G has a vertex irregular total k-labeling. The (m, n)-lollipop graphs denoted by Lm,n
is a graph obtained by joining a complete graph Km
to a path graph Pn
with a bridge. In this research, we investigate tvs of lollipop graphs Lm,n
for m ≥ 3 and n ≥ 1, denoted by tvs(Lm,n
).
Server Room Temperature & Humidity Monitoring Based on Internet of Thing (IoT)
Authors: Alvan Prastoyo Utomo Moechammad , Aziz Abdul , Winarno  , Harjito Bambang
Published: September 2019

In Monitoring Temperature and humidity for Server Room is a system based an IoT, which provides information while regulating temperature and humidity inside the server room. There are various types of sensors in the prototype, using all parameters of temperature and humidity that can be measured. This system can be used to monitor the temperature or humidity of a particular room or place. The proposed system continuously sends data to the cloud to monitor data from anywhere. For direct monitoring and regulation, the system is equipped with features to provide notifications to users through the telegram application dynamically. The prototype brain is a Raspberry and Arduino module. Temperature and Humidity Sensor (DHT11) are connected to Raspberry. Every time these values exceed the threshold selected for each notification given to the user via the telegram application by utilizing the telegram API. Based on the notification, the user can remotely set the room temperature by giving an order via the telegram application. The Proposed System effectively monitors and dynamically controls commands via telegram applications or through web server applications.
The γ-Dimension of Images of Bi-Lipschitz Function
Authors: Wibowo S , Kurniawan V Y , Siswanto
Published: September 2019

The integral staircase function defined on a fractal set is special case of the bi-Lipschitz function of order α ∈ (0, 1) and the image of this function does not preserve γ –dimensions. In this paper, we show the sufficient condition for any function defined on a fractal set satisfies the bi-Lipschitz condition of order α ∈ (0, 1). Moreover, the image of the bi-Lipschitz function does not preserve γ –dimensions of its domain.
Functional thinking profile of mathematics problems based on gender in senior high school
Authors: Pamungkas L N , Kusmayadi T A , Fitriana L
Published: September 2019

In learning mathematics, the functional thinking of students is very important so that they are expected to be able to understand mathematics material in depth and be able to overcome difficulties experienced gradually. Functional thinking is very necessary for mathematics because it is one of the main keys in algebraic thinking which includes generalization of functions. This study aims to describe the functional thinking of high school students in solving mathematical problems in terms of gender differences. This study used the descriptive qualitative method. The research subjects consisted four students of nasional senior high school students of class eleven grade which included excellent schools in Boyolali. The results show that the related activities determine the equation of the circle from two points. The subjects of this study were four students with two male students and two female students. Subjects of male and female students tend to have similarities in how to determine the circle equation from two points, namely by trial and error using existing mathematical operations. It can be concluded that the functional thinking of both subjects is relatively the same. It is just that the female subject is more specific in finding the equation of the circle if two points are known.
Intensity of Teak Wood Production in Central Java Using Point Process by Counting Measure Approach
Authors: Respatiwulan  , Jatiningsih L , Susanti Y , Handayani S S , Pratiwi H , Slamet I , Hartatik
Published: September 2019

Teak is known as a tree that has a high quality wood and economic value. Teak forests have important role as supporting ecosystems, preventing erosion, and have social functions for research facilities. Central Java has the largest teak forest area on Java. The number of districts that teak wood production in units of time in can be assumed as a counting process. The counting process that considers the events in surrounding area which also has teak forests is called the point process. In this research, we determine the intensity of teak wood production in Central Java with a point process by counting measure approach. There are some steps to reach the research’s aim: 1). Mapping the Forest Management Unit (FMU) of the Central Java Regional Division, 2). Divide the FMUs area of the Central Java Regional Division into 3 sub-regions with the same area, 3). Classify FMUs according to their respective sub regions, 4). Calculate the number of FMUs scattered in each sub-region, 5). Determine the intensity of teak wood production with the counting measure approach based on step (4). We obtained that the production of teak in the Central Java Regional Division dominated by type AIII (large round wood). Overall sub region I is the largest teak production area in Central Java, especially at FMU Randublatung.
Design of a laboratory-scale sugarcane weighing system
Authors: Veerasakulwat S , Udompetaikul V , Hongwiangjan J
Published: September 2019

Recently, sugarcane harvesters have been increasingly used in sugarcane harvesting. Loading trucks were traveling along the harvesters to collect the harvested cane billets. Since cane harvesters are expensive machines, there is an idea of collaborative farming by combining multiple fields from different owners to reduce operating costs and time. However, it is difficult to fairly classify yields from different fields. Site-specific yield monitoring system is not common in typical harvesters. Farmers only know the weight on each truck without its collecting location when selling the sugarcane to the factory. This research was the feasibility study to develop a hydraulic weighing system in laboratory scale for further applying to the side-tipping loading trucks. A low-cost hydraulic weighing system was fabricated. A microcontroller was used to read signals from pressure and gyroscopic sensors and then to calculate the applied load. Accuracy and precision of the system were examined. The coefficient of determination (R2) of the relationship between the actual and determined loads was 0.978. The standard error of prediction (SEP) of the system was 2.348 kg. The results show that there was feasibility to apply the system on farm scale; however, further study with a larger scale should be conducted.
Energy analysis of green manure managements on organic riceberry rice production
Authors: Wongsewasakun Pathai , Phaphungwitayakul Wera
Published: September 2019

Rice production in Thailand has been an important part of the Thai economy. In this research, was analyzed and compared energy use pattern for organic rice production in different green manure managements. The rice variety used was Riceberry. The study was conducted from July 2017 to January 2018 on the long-term agricultural field trial at Lamphun province, Thailand. Each field was divided into three equal parts (Crotalaria juncea, Sesbania rostrata and Control treatments). The results showed that the main energy consumption in organic rice production came from fuel (60%) and machinery (30%), moreover green manures treatments increased slightly total energy input but gave large total energy output more than control treatment. The energy use efficiency of sesbania, control and croralaria were 8.18, 5.59 and 7.28, respectively, while the net energy were 18, 864.41, 7, 521.57 and 2, 547.13 MJ Rai−1 (1 Rai = 0.16 Hectare = 1, 600 m2), respectively, as well as the energy productivity were 0.28, 0.18 and 0.25 kg MJ−1, respectively. Therefore, in this study using sesbania as green manure before planting was suitable for organic rice production since the highest values in the energy use efficiency, the net energy and the energy productivity when compared with the other treatments.
Feasibility study of sugarcane stalks separation from trash using PCA based on color space of digital photos
Authors: Panduangnate Lalita , Saengprachathanarug Khwantri , Posom Jetsada , Phuphaphud Arthit , Chea Chanreaksa , Taira Eizo
Published: September 2019

Percentage of trash in the harvested sugarcane is one of the key quality indicators and needed to be examined since it affects sugar production efficiency. Currently, in Thailand, measurements of trash are done by randomly sampling by labors, which leads to delay and high labor cost this article aims to study the possibility of using the Principle Component Analysis (PCA) on the digital photos to detect harvested cane out of the trash. The component values of 5 color spaces (RGB, HSV, LAB, XYZ, and YIQ) of sugarcane stalks and trash images were obtained and then analyzed using PCA. The thresholding equation of each space was determined and applied for detecting sugarcane stalk pixel. The results revealed that the quality percentage (QP) of detection of all 5 color spaces was in a range from 82.27% to 96.19%, while those of LAB and RGB were the best at 96.06% and 94.90% respectively.
Solutions of the Klein Gordon equation with generalized hyperbolic potential in D-dimensions
Authors: Okorie Uduakobong S , Ikot Akpan N , Edet C O , Rampho G J , Sever R , Akpan I O
Published: September 2019

We solve the D- dimensional Klein–Gordon equation with a newly proposed generalized hyperbolic potential model, under the condition of equal scalar and vector potentials. The relativistic bound state energy equation has been obtained via the functional analysis method. We obtained the relativistic and non-relativistic ro-vibrational energy spectra for different diatomic molecules. The numerical results for these diatomic molecules tend to portray inter-dimensional degeneracy symmetry. Variations of the energy eigenvalues obtained with the potential parameters have been demonstrated graphically. Our studies will find relevant applications in the areas of chemical physics and high-energy physics.
Thin-film micro-concentrator solar cells
Authors: Alves Marina , Pérez-Rodríguez Ana , Dale Phillip J , Domínguez César , Sadewasser Sascha
Published: September 2019

Photovoltaic (PV) energy conversion of sunlight into electricity is now a well-established technology and a strong further expansion of PV will be seen in the future to answer the increasing demand for clean and renewable energy. Concentrator PV (CPV) employs optical elements to concentrate sunlight onto small solar cells, offering the possibility of replacing expensive solar cells with more economic optical elements, and higher device power conversion efficiencies. While CPV has mainly been explored for highly efficient single-crystalline and multi-junction solar cells, the combination of thin-film solar cells with the concentration approach opens up new horizons in CPV. Typical fabrication of thin-film solar cells can be modified for efficient, high-throughput and parallel production of organized arrays of micro solar cells. Their combination with microlens arrays promises to deliver micro-concentrator solar modules with a similar form factor to present day flat-panel PV. Such thin-film micro-concentrator PV modules would use significantly less semiconductor solar cell material (reducing the use of critical raw materials) and lead to a higher energy production (by means of concentrated sunlight), with the potential to lead to a lower levelized cost of electricity. This review article gives an overview of the present state-of-the-art in the fabrication of thin-film micro solar cells based on Cu(In,Ga)Se2 absorber materials and introduces optical concentration systems that can be combined to build the future thin-film micro-concentrator PV technology.
EU‐Wide Impacts of the 2013 CAP Direct Payments Reform: A Farm‐Level Analysis
Authors: Espinosa Maria , Louhichi Kamel , Perni Angel , Ciaian Pavel
Published: September 2019

This paper analyzes the microeconomic effects of the 2013 reform of the EU's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). This is done using the EU‐wide individual farm model (IFM‐CAP). Simulation results show that although the reform succeeded to partially harmonize direct payments (DP) among farms and Member States, relatively strong differences in the distribution still remain in place. Around 62% of the farms increase their income, whereas the remaining 38% lose from the reform. The reform benefits small farms, while large farms lose out. As measured by the Gini coefficient, the 2013‐CAP reform only partially reduces the disparity in the distribution of DP and farm income among farms. The Gini decomposition shows that subsidies (in particular decoupled payments) contribute to a decrease in the inequality of total farm income. The future CAP reform needs to have a stronger overhaul of the DP system in order to achieve a substantial reduction in inequality in the distribution of payments among farms and regions in EU.
Invited Commentary: Social Cohesion, Depression, and the Role of Welfare States
Authors: Rostila Mikael
Published: September 2019

In this issue of the Journal, Baranyi et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2019;000(00):000–000) examine the longitudinal associations of perceived neighborhood disorder and social cohesion with depressive symptoms among persons aged 50 years or more in 16 different countries. An important contribution of their article is that they study how neighborhood-level social capital relates to depression in different welfare-state contexts. Although the authors provide empirical evidence for some significant differences between welfare states in the relationship between social capital and depression, they say little about potential explanations. In this commentary, I draw attention to welfare-state theory and how it could provide us with a greater understanding of Baranyi et al.’s findings. I also discuss the potential downsides of grouping countries into welfare regimes. I primarily focus on the associations between social cohesion and depression, as these associations were generally stronger than those for neighborhood disorder and depression. Finally, I provide some suggestions for future research within the field and discuss whether the findings could be used to guide policies aimed at increasing social cohesion and health.
The Longitudinal Associations of Perceived Neighborhood Disorder and Lack of Social Cohesion With Depression Among Adults Aged 50 Years or Older: An Individual-Participant-Data Meta-Analysis From 16 High-Income Countries
Authors: Baranyi Gergő , Sieber Stefan , Cullati Stéphane , Pearce Jamie R , Dibben Chris J L , Courvoisier Delphine S
Published: September 2019

Although residential environment might be an important predictor of depression among older adults, systematic reviews point to a lack of longitudinal investigations, and the generalizability of the findings is limited to a few countries. We used longitudinal data collected between 2012 and 2017 in 3 surveys including 15 European countries and the United States and comprising 32,531 adults aged 50 years or older. The risk of depression according to perceived neighborhood disorder and lack of social cohesion was estimated using 2-stage individual-participant-data meta-analysis; country-specific parameters were analyzed by meta-regression. We conducted additional analyses on retired individuals. Neighborhood disorder (odds ratio (OR) = 1.25) and lack of social cohesion (OR = 1.76) were significantly associated with depression in the fully adjusted models. In retirement, the risk of depression was even higher (neighborhood disorder: OR = 1.35; lack of social cohesion: OR = 1.93). Heterogeneity across countries was low and was significantly reduced by the addition of country-level data on income inequality and population density. Perceived neighborhood problems increased the overall risk of depression among adults aged 50 years or older. Policies, especially in countries with stronger links between neighborhood and depression, should focus on improving the physical environment and supporting social ties in communities, which can reduce depression and contribute to healthy aging.
Glycine receptor autoantibodies disrupt inhibitory neurotransmission
Authors: Crisp Sarah J , Dixon Christine L , Jacobson Leslie , Chabrol Elodie , Irani Sarosh R , Leite M Isabel , Leschziner Guy , Slaght Sean J , Vincent Angela , Kullmann Dimitri M
Published: September 2019

Immunoglobulin G autoantibodies to glycine receptors are found in many patients with progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus (PERM). Crisp et al. show that purified patient IgGs disrupt inhibitory neurotransmission in cultured motoneurons, and provide evidence for direct antagonistic actions on glycine receptors.
Granule Cell Ensembles in Mouse Dentate Gyrus Rapidly Upregulate the Plasticity-Related Protein Synaptopodin after Exploration Behavior
Authors: Paul Mandy H , Choi Myoung , Schlaudraff Jessica , Deller Thomas , Del Turco Domenico
Published: September 2019

The plasticity-related protein Synaptopodin (SP) has been implicated in neuronal plasticity. SP is targeted to dendritic spines and the axon initial segment, where it organizes the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) into the spine apparatus and the cisternal organelle, respectively. Here, we report an inducible third localization of SP in the somata of activated granule cell ensembles in mouse dentate gyrus. Using immunofluorescence and fluorescence in situ hybridization, we observed a subpopulation of mature granule cells (~1–2%) exhibiting perinuclear SP protein and a strong somatic SP mRNA signal. Double immunofluorescence labeling for Arc demonstrated that ~ 75% of these somatic SP-positive cells are also Arc-positive. Placement of mice into a novel environment caused a rapid (~2–4 h) induction of Arc, SP mRNA, and SP protein in exploration-induced granule cell ensembles. Lesion experiments showed that this induction requires input from the entorhinal cortex. Somatic SP colocalized with α-Actinin2, a known binding partner of SP. Finally, ultrastructural analysis revealed SP immunoprecipitate on dense plates linking cytoplasmic and perinuclear ER cisterns; these structures were absent in granule cells of SP-deficient mice. Our data implicate SP in the formation of contextual representations in the dentate gyrus and the behaviorally induced reorganization of cytoplasmic and perinuclear ER.
Multicountry Distribution and Characterization of Extended-spectrum β-Lactamase–associated Gram-negative Bacteria From Bloodstream Infections in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Toy Trevor , Pak Gi Deok , Duc Trung Pham , Campbell James I , El Tayeb Muna Ahmed , Von Kalckreuth Vera , Im Justin , Panzner Ursula , Cruz Espinoza Ligia Maria , Eibach Daniel , Dekker Denise Myriam , Park Se Eun , Jeon Hyon Jin , Konings Frank , Mogeni Ondari D , Cosmas Leonard , Bjerregaard-Andersen Morten , Gasmelseed Nagla , Hertz Julian T , Jaeger Anna , Krumkamp Ralf , Ley Benedikt , Thriemer Kamala , Kabore Leon Parfait , Niang Aissatou , Raminosoa Tiana Mirana , Sampo Emmanuel , Sarpong Nimako , Soura Abdramane , Owusu-Dabo Ellis , Teferi Mekonnen , Yeshitela Biruk , Poppert Sven , May Jürgen , Kim Jerome H , Chon Yun , Park Jin Kyung , Aseffa Abroaham , Breiman Robert F , Schütt-Gerowitt Heidi , Aaby Peter , Adu-Sarkodie Yaw , Crump John A , Rakotozandrindrainy Raphaël , Meyer Christian G , Sow Amy Gassama , Clemens John D , Wierzba Thomas F , Baker Stephen , Marks Florian
Published: September 2019

Background

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global health concern, yet, there are noticeable gaps in AMR surveillance data in regions such as sub-Saharan Africa. We aimed to measure the prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Gram-negative bacteria in bloodstream infections from 12 sentinel sites in sub-Saharan Africa.

Methods

Data were generated during the Typhoid Fever Surveillance in Africa Program (TSAP), in which standardized blood cultures were performed on febrile patients attending 12 health facilities in 9 sub-Saharan African countries between 2010 and 2014. Pathogenic bloodstream isolates were identified at the sites and then subsequently confirmed at a central reference laboratory. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, detection of ESBL production, and conventional multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for genes encoding for β-lactamase were performed on all pathogens.

Results

Five hundred and five pathogenic Gram-negative bloodstream isolates were isolated during the study period and available for further characterization. This included 423 Enterobacteriaceae. Phenotypically, 61 (12.1%) isolates exhibited ESBL activity, and genotypically, 47 (9.3%) yielded a PCR amplicon for at least one of the screened ESBL genes. Among specific Gram-negative isolates, 40 (45.5%) of 88 Klebsiella spp., 7 (5.7%) of 122 Escherichia coli, 6 (16.2%) of 37 Acinetobacter spp., and 2 (1.3%) of 159 of nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) showed phenotypic ESBL activity.

Conclusions

Our findings confirm the presence of ESBL production among pathogens causing bloodstream infections in sub-Saharan Africa. With few alternatives for managing ESBL-producing pathogens in the African setting, measures to control the development and proliferation of AMR organisms are urgently needed.
Occurrence of Typhoid Fever Complications and Their Relation to Duration of Illness Preceding Hospitalization: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Cruz Espinoza Ligia María , McCreedy Ellen , Holm Marianne , Im Justin , Mogeni Ondari D , Parajulee Prerana , Panzner Ursula , Park Se Eun , Toy Trevor , Haselbeck Andrea , Seo Hye Jin , Jeon Hyon Jin , Kim Jong-Hoon , Kwon Soo Young , Kim Jerome H , Parry Christopher M , Marks Florian
Published: September 2019

Background

Complications from typhoid fever disease have been estimated to occur in 10%–15% of hospitalized patients, with evidence of a higher risk in children and when delaying the implementation of effective antimicrobial treatment. We estimated the prevalence of complications in hospitalized patients with culture-confirmed typhoid fever and the effects of delaying the implementation of effective antimicrobial treatment and age on the prevalence and risk of complications.

Methods

A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed using studies in the PubMed database. We rated risk of bias and conducted random-effects meta-analyses. Days of disease at hospitalization (DDA) was used as a surrogate for delaying the implementation of effective antimicrobial treatment. Analyses were stratified by DDA (DDA <10 versus ≥10 mean/median days of disease) and by age (children versus adults). Differences in risk were assessed using odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity and publication bias were evaluated with the I2 value and funnel plot analysis, respectively.

Results

The pooled prevalence of complications estimated among hospitalized typhoid fever patients was 27% (95% CI, 21%–32%; I2 = 90.9%, P < .0001). Patients with a DDA ≥ 10 days presented higher prevalence (36% [95% CI, 29%–43%]) and three times greater risk of severe disease (OR, 3.00 [95% CI, 2.14–4.17]; P < .0001) than patients arriving earlier (16% [95% CI, 13%– 18%]). Difference in prevalence and risk by age groups were not significant.

Conclusions

This meta-analysis identified a higher overall prevalence of complications than previously reported and a strong association between duration of symptoms prior to hospitalization and risk of serious complications.
The Monitoring and Evaluation of a Multicountry Surveillance Study, the Severe Typhoid Fever in Africa Program
Authors: Mogeni Ondari D , Cruz Espinoza Ligia María , Im Justin , Panzner Ursula , Toy Trevor , Pak Gi Deok , Haselbeck Andrea , Ramani Enusa , Schütt-Gerowitt Heidi , Jacobs Jan , Metila Octavie Lunguya , Adewusi Oluwafemi J , Okeke Iruka N , Ogunleye Veronica I , Owusu-Dabo Ellis , Rakotozandrindrainy Raphaël , Soura Abdramane Bassiahi , Teferi Mekonnen , Roy Keriann Conway , Macwright William , Breiman Robert F , Kim Jerome H , Mogasale Vittal , Baker Stephen , Park Se Eun , Marks Florian
Published: September 2019

Background

There is limited information on the best practices for monitoring multicountry epidemiological studies. Here, we describe the monitoring and evaluation procedures created for the multicountry Severe Typhoid Fever in Africa (SETA) study.

Methods

Elements from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) recommendations on monitoring clinical trials and data quality, respectively were applied in the development of the SETA monitoring plan. The SETA core activities as well as the key data and activities required for the delivery of SETA outcomes were identified. With this information, a list of key monitorable indicators was developed using on-site and centralized monitoring methods, and a dedicated monitoring team was formed. The core activities were monitored on-site in each country at least twice per year and the SETA databases were monitored centrally as a collaborative effort between the International Vaccine Institute and study sites. Monthly reports were generated for key indicators and used to guide risk-based monitoring specific for each country.

Results

Preliminary results show that monitoring activities have increased compliance with protocol and standard operating procedures. A reduction in blood culture contamination following monitoring field visits in two of the SETA countries are preliminary results of the impact of monitoring activities.

Conclusions

Current monitoring recommendations applicable to clinical trials and routine surveillance systems can be adapted for monitoring epidemiological studies. Continued monitoring efforts ensure that the procedures are harmonized across sites. Flexibility, ongoing feedback, and team participation yield sustainable solutions.
The Severe Typhoid Fever in Africa Program Highlights the Need for Broad Deployment of Typhoid Conjugate Vaccines
Authors: Carey Megan E , Steele A Duncan
Published: September 2019

The Typhoid Surveillance in Africa Program (TSAP) and the Severe Typhoid Fever in Africa (SETA) program have refined our understanding of age and geographic distribution of typhoid fever and other invasive salmonelloses in Africa and will help inform future typhoid control strategies, namely, introduction of typhoid conjugate vaccines.
The Severe Typhoid Fever in Africa Program: Study Design and Methodology to Assess Disease Severity, Host Immunity, and Carriage Associated With Invasive Salmonellosis
Authors: Park Se Eun , Toy Trevor , Cruz Espinoza Ligia Maria , Panzner Ursula , Mogeni Ondari D , Im Justin , Poudyal Nimesh , Pak Gi Deok , Seo Hyeongwon , Chon Yun , Schütt-Gerowitt Heidi , Mogasale Vittal , Ramani Enusa , Dey Ayan , Park Ju Yeong , Kim Jong-Hoon , Seo Hye Jin , Jeon Hyon Jin , Haselbeck Andrea , Conway Roy Keriann , MacWright William , Adu-Sarkodie Yaw , Owusu-Dabo Ellis , Osei Isaac , Owusu Michael , Rakotozandrindrainy Raphaël , Soura Abdramane Bassiahi , Kabore Leon Parfait , Teferi Mekonnen , Okeke Iruka N , Kehinde Aderemi , Popoola Oluwafemi , Jacobs Jan , Lunguya Metila Octavie , Meyer Christian G , Crump John A , Elias Sean , Maclennan Calman A , Parry Christopher M , Baker Stephen , Mintz Eric D , Breiman Robert F , Clemens John D , Marks Florian
Published: September 2019

Background

Invasive salmonellosis is a common community-acquired bacteremia in persons residing in sub-Saharan Africa. However, there is a paucity of data on severe typhoid fever and its associated acute and chronic host immune response and carriage. The Severe Typhoid Fever in Africa (SETA) program, a multicountry surveillance study, aimed to address these research gaps and contribute to the control and prevention of invasive salmonellosis.

Methods

A prospective healthcare facility–based surveillance with active screening of enteric fever and clinically suspected severe typhoid fever with complications was performed using a standardized protocol across the study sites in Burkina Faso, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Ethiopia, Ghana, Madagascar, and Nigeria. Defined inclusion criteria were used for screening of eligible patients for enrollment into the study. Enrolled patients with confirmed invasive salmonellosis by blood culture or patients with clinically suspected severe typhoid fever with perforation were eligible for clinical follow-up. Asymptomatic neighborhood controls and immediate household contacts of each case were enrolled as a comparison group to assess the level of Salmonella-specific antibodies and shedding patterns. Healthcare utilization surveys were performed to permit adjustment of incidence estimations. Postmortem questionnaires were conducted in medically underserved areas to assess death attributed to invasive Salmonella infections in selected sites.

Results

Research data generated through SETA aimed to address scientific knowledge gaps concerning the severe typhoid fever and mortality, long-term host immune responses, and bacterial shedding and carriage associated with natural infection by invasive salmonellae.

Conclusions

SETA supports public health policy on typhoid immunization strategy in Africa.
The Typhoid Fever Surveillance in Africa Program: Geospatial Sampling Frames for Household-based Studies: Lessons Learned From a Multicountry Surveillance Network in Senegal, South Africa, and Sudan
Authors: Baker Stephen , Ali Mohammad , Deerin Jessica Fung , Eltayeb Muna Ahmed , Cruz Espinoza Ligia Maria , Gasmelseed Nagla , Im Justin , Panzner Ursula , Kalckreuth Vera V , Keddy Karen H , Pak Gi Deok , Park Jin Kyung , Park Se Eun , Sooka Arvinda , Sow Amy Gassama , Tall Adama , Luby Stephen , Meyer Christian G , Marks Florian
Published: September 2019

Background

Robust household sampling, commonly applied for population-based investigations, requires sampling frames or household lists to minimize selection bias. We have applied Google Earth Pro satellite imagery to constitute structure-based sampling frames at sites in Pikine, Senegal; Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; and Wad-Medani, Sudan. Here we present our experiences in using this approach and findings from assessing its applicability by determining positional accuracy.

Methods

Printouts of satellite imagery combined with Global Positioning System receivers were used to locate and to verify the locations of sample structures (simple random selection; weighted-stratified sampling). Positional accuracy was assessed by study site and administrative subareas by calculating normalized distances (meters) between coordinates taken from the sampling frame and on the ground using receivers. A higher accuracy in conjunction with smaller distances was assumed. Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn multiple pairwise comparisons were performed to evaluate positional accuracy by setting and by individual surveyor in Pietermaritzburg.

Results

The median normalized distances and interquartile ranges were 0.05 and 0.03–0.08 in Pikine, 0.09 and 0.05–0.19 in Pietermaritzburg, and 0.05 and 0.00–0.10 in Wad-Medani, respectively. Root mean square errors were 0.08 in Pikine, 0.42 in Pietermaritzburg, and 0.17 in Wad-Medani. Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn comparisons indicated significant differences by low- and high-density setting and interviewers who performed the presented approach with high accuracy compared to interviewers with poor accuracy.

Conclusions

The geospatial approach presented minimizes systematic errors and increases robustness and representativeness of a sample. However, the findings imply that this approach may not be applicable at all sites and settings; its success also depends on skills of surveyors working with aerial data. Methodological modifications are required, especially for resource-challenged sites that may be affected by constraints in data availability and area size.
Pneumocystis Infection Outbreaks in Organ Transplantation Units in France: A Nation-Wide Survey
Authors: Le Gal Solène , Toubas Dominique , Totet Anne , Dalle Frederic , Abou Bacar Ahmed , Le Meur Yann , Nevez Gilles ,   Anofel Association, Accoceberry Isabelle , Bailly Eric , Bellanger Anne Pauline , Bonhomme Julie , Cateau Estelle , Candolfi Ermanno , Damiani Celine , Dannaoui Eric , Dardé Marie-Laure , Debourgogne Anne , Delhaes Laurence , Desoubeaux Guillaume , Favennec Loic , Flori Pierre , Gabriel Frédéric , Iriart Xavier , Lachaud Laurence , Leterrier Marion , Le Pape Patrice , Machouard Marie , Marty Pierre , Maubon Danièle , Millon Laurence , Pomares Christelle , Pons Denis , Rodier Marie-Hélène
Published: September 2019

The burden of nosocomial Pneumocystis infections in transplantation units in France was evaluated through a retrospective survey. Over 12 years, 16 outbreaks occurred, including 13 among renal transplant recipients (RTRs). We performed Pneumocystis jirovecii genotyping in 5 outbreaks, which suggested that specific strains may have been selected by RTRs.
Scandcleft randomized trials of primary surgery for unilateral cleft lip and palate: maxillary growth at eight years of age
Authors: Küseler Annelise , Mølsted Kirsten , Marcusson Agneta , Heliövaara Arja , Karsten Agneta , Bellardie Haydn , Sæle Paul , Brinck Eli , Skaare Pål , Rizell Sara , Chalien Midia Najar , Mooney Jeanette , Eyres Philip , Shaw William , Semb Gunvor
Published: September 2019

Objectives

To assess differences in craniofacial growth at 8 years of age according to the different protocols for primary cleft surgery in the Scandcleft project.

Design and setting

Prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial (RCT) involving 10 centres, including non-syndromic Caucasians with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP). In Trial 1, a common surgical method (1a) with soft palate closure at 3–4 months of age and hard palate closure at 12 months of age was tested against similar surgery but with hard palate repair at 36 months (delayed hard palate closure) (1b). In Trial 2, the common method (2a) was tested against simultaneous closure of both hard and soft palate at 1 year (2c). In Trial 3, the common method (3a) was tested against hard palate closure together with lip closure at 3 months of age and soft palate closure at 1 year of age (3d). Participants were randomly allocated by use of a dice. Operator blinding was not possible but all raters of all outcomes were blinded.

Subjects and methods

The total number of participating patients at 8 years of age was 429. Lateral cephalograms (n = 408) were analysed. The cephalometric angles SNA and ANB were chosen for assessing maxillary growth for this part of the presentation.

Results

Within each trial (Trial 1a/1b, Trial 2a/2c, and Trial 3a/3d), there was no difference in cephalometric values between the common and the local arm. There were no statistically significant differences in the SNA and ANB angles between the common arm in Trial 1a (mean SNA 77.8, mean ANB 2.6) and Trial 2a (mean SNA 79.8, mean ANB 3.6) and no difference between Trial 1a and Trial 3a, but a statistical difference could be seen between Trial 2a and Trial 3a (mean SNA 76.9, mean ANB 1.7). However, the confidence interval was rather large. Intra- and inter-rater reliability were within acceptable range.

Conclusions

The timing and the surgical method is not of major importance as far as growth outcomes (SNA and ANB) in UCLP are concerned.

Registration

ISRCTN29932826

Protocol

The protocol was not published before trial commencement.
MDR Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ST34 carrying mcr-1 isolated from cases of bloodstream and intestinal infection in children in China
Authors: Luo Qixia , Wan Fen , Yu Xiao , Zheng Beiwen , Chen Yunbo , Gong Chenhui , Fu Hao , Xiao Yonghong , Li Lanjuan
Published: September 2019

Objectives

Children are vulnerable to Salmonella infection due to their immature immune system. Cases of infection with mcr-1-harbouring Salmonella in child inpatients have not been reported in China before.

Methods

Salmonella isolates from gastroenteritis and bacteraemia were screened using primers targeting mcr-1. Complete genome sequences of mcr-1-harbouring isolates were determined using the PacBio RS II platform. The transferability of mcr-1-harbouring plasmids was verified by conjugation.

Results

We investigated two mcr-1-carrying polymyxin-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ST34 isolates, S61394 and S44712, from bloodstream and intestinal Salmonella infection of two child inpatients, respectively. Both isolates were non-susceptible to commonly used antibiotics for children that compromised the success of clinical treatment and infection control. The mcr-1-harbouring plasmids pLS61394-MCR and pLS44712-MCR (from S61394 and S44712, respectively) were both conjugative pHNSHP45-2-like IncHI2-type epidemic plasmids carrying multiple resistance genes. Compared with pHNSHP45-2, a ∼33 kb insertion region encoding Tn7 transposition protein and heavy metal resistance proteins was identified in pLS61394-MCR, which might enhance adaptation of bacteria carrying this plasmid to various ecological niches. The phylogenetic tree of worldwide mcr-harbouring Salmonella indicated a host preference of mcr and a worldwide and cross-sectoral prevalence of the mcr-positive Salmonella ST34 clone.

Conclusions

To our knowledge, for the first time we report completed whole genomes of mcr-1-positive MDR Salmonella Typhimurium ST34 isolated from infected children in China, suggesting that improved surveillance is imperative for tackling the dissemination of mcr-harbouring MDR Salmonella Typhimurium ST34.
A spectroscopic census of the Fornax cluster and beyond: preparing for next generation surveys
Authors: Maddox Natasha , Serra Paolo , Venhola Aku , Peletier Reynier , Loubser Ilani , Iodice Enrichetta
Published: September 2019

The Fornax cluster is the nearest large cluster in the southern sky, and is currently experiencing active assembly of mass. It is thus the target of a number of ongoing observing campaigns at optical, near-infrared, and radio wavelengths, using state-of-the-art facilities in the Southern hemisphere. Spectroscopic redshifts are essential not only for determining cluster membership, but also kinematics within the cluster and identifying substructures. We present a compilation of all available major spectroscopic campaigns undertaken within the Fornax region, including new and previously unpublished spectroscopy. This provides not only a comprehensive census of Fornax cluster membership as a resource for the many ongoing studies of this dynamic system, but also probes the large-scale structure in the background volume.
iRAPs curb antisense transcription in E. coli
Authors: Magán Andrés , Amman Fabian , El-Isa Fatinah , Hartl Natascha , Shamovsky Ilya , Nudler Evgeny , Schroeder Renée , Sedlyarova Nadezda
Published: September 2019

RNA polymerase-binding RNA aptamers (RAPs) are natural RNA elements that control transcription in cis by directly contacting RNA polymerase. Many RAPs inhibit transcription by inducing Rho-dependent termination in Escherichia coli. Here, we studied the role of inhibitory RAPs (iRAPs) in modulation of antisense transcription (AT) using in silico and in vivo approaches. We revisited the antisense transcriptome in cells with impaired AT regulators (Rho, H-NS and RNaseIII) and searched for the presence of RAPs within antisense RNAs. Many of these RAPs were found at key genomic positions where they terminate AT. By exploring the activity of several RAPs both in a reporter system and in their natural genomic context, we confirmed their significant role in AT regulation. RAPs coordinate Rho activity at the antisense strand and terminate antisense transcripts. In some cases, they stimulated sense expression by alleviating ongoing transcriptional interference. Essentially, our data postulate RAPs as key determinants of Rho-mediated AT regulation in E. coli.
Reducing the Nicotine Content of Cigarettes: Effects in Smokers With Mental Health Conditions and Socioeconomic Disadvantages
Authors: Tidey Jennifer W , Muscat Joshua E , Foulds Jonathan , Evins A Eden , Gaalema Diann E , Denlinger-Apte Rachel L
Published: September 2019

In this commentary, we review results from laboratory studies and randomized clinical trials that have examined the effects of very low–nicotine-content cigarette use in smokers with mental health conditions and socioeconomic disadvantages. On the basis of scientific evidence to date, we conclude that a reduced-nicotine standard for cigarettes would likely reduce cigarette smoking in these populations, without increasing psychiatric symptoms or compensatory smoking.
Early life stages of Calanus pacificus are neither exposed nor sensitive to low pH waters
Authors: McLaskey Anna K , McElhany Paul , Busch D Shallin , Maher Michael , Winans Amanda K , Keister Julie E
Published: September 2019

We characterized the vertical distribution of Calanus pacificus eggs and larvae and the carbonate chemistry that they are exposed to in Puget Sound, WA. We found that, under stratified conditions, more than 90% of eggs and nauplii stages 1–4 were distributed above the pycnocline, in seawater with pH higher than 7.7. In addition, eggs and larvae from 101 females were reared for 5 days under a range of pH conditions (7.2–8.0) to investigate how pH sensitivity varies among individuals. We observed a slight increase in naupliar survival at pH 7.3 in Individual Brood experiments, while in Mixed Brood experiments, exposure to pH 7.3 led to a small decline in hatching success. In a Split Brood experiment, inter-individual variability among different females’ broods masked pH effects. These results indicate that C. pacificus early life stages are generally tolerant to short-term direct effects of ocean acidification.
Exploring the Boundaries of Missing Persons: Hidden Interplay Between Policing and Private Entities in Relation to Cases on the Periphery
Authors: Collie Craig J R
Published: September 2019

This discursive article explores the argument that, by gently tweaking core parameters of what it means to be a missing person—specifically relating to definition and risk—the role played by private organizations and entities in managing the problem of missing persons can be interrogated. The examination begins by inquiring into the extent to which police take ownership of missing persons as an issue, utilizing net-widening and pluralization concepts to investigate the limits of the police role. To inquire into the role of definitional widening, the case of lost children in commercial spaces is used, arguing that private providers are routinely responsibilized with managing lost child cases that would otherwise enter into missing person statistics. To explore tweaks to the definition of risk in relation to missing, the debtor tracing industry is explored. The final argument is made that further exploration of the periphery of ‘missingness’ ought to be undertaken.
Macroeconomic Tail Risks and Asset Prices
Authors: Schreindorfer David
Published: September 2019

I document that dividend growth and returns on the aggregate U.S. stock market are more correlated with consumption growth in bad economic times. In a consumption-based asset pricing model with a generalized disappointment-averse investor and small, IID consumption shocks, this feature results in a realistic equity premium despite low risk aversion. The model is consistent with the main facts about stock market risk premiums inferred from equity index options, remains tightly parameterized, and allows for analytical solutions for asset prices. An extension with non-IID dynamics accounts for excess volatility and return predictability, while preserving the model’s consistency with option moments.

Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.