bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of the naturalized flora of Southern Africa largely reflect the non‐random introduction of alien species for cultivation
Authors: Omer Ali , Fristoe Trevor , Yang Qiang , Maurel Noëlie , Weigelt Patrick , Kreft Holger , Bleilevens Jonas , Dawson Wayne , Essl Franz , Pergl Jan , Pyšek Petr , van Kleunen Mark
Published: October 2021

Biological invasions are one of the most defining features of the Anthropocene. Most studies on biological invasions focus on the later stages of the invasion process, that is after species have already become naturalized. It is frequently overlooked, however, that patterns in origin, phylogeny and traits of naturalized alien species might largely reflect which species have been introduced in the first place. Here, we quantify and assess such introduction biases by analyzing 5317 plant species introduced for cultivation (i.e. primarily as ornamental garden plants) in the 10 countries composing Southern Africa. We show that this cultivated alien flora represents a non‐random subset of the global flora and that this bias at the introduction stage largely contributes to patterns in geographic origin, phylogenetic composition and traits of the naturalized flora. For example, while species from Australasia are, compared to the global flora, disproportionally overrepresented in the naturalized cultivated flora of Southern Africa, this pattern is driven by their higher likelihood of introduction for cultivation. The same is true for the overrepresentation of free‐standing woody species in the naturalized cultivated flora. The strong phylogenetic clustering of the naturalized cultivated flora is also, to a large extent, driven by introduction bias. Although functional traits explained little variation in naturalization success of cultivated plants, naturalization success was more likely for plants with intermediate seed mass and height and high specific leaf area. Thus, despite strong biases in which species have been introduced to Southern Africa, there are significant patterns in the species characteristics related to naturalization probability. Our quantification of introduction biases demonstrates that they are huge, and that accounting for it is important to avoid over‐ or under‐emphasizing the characteristics of successfully naturalized alien plants.
Climate drivers of adult insect activity are conditioned by life history traits
Authors: Belitz Michael W. , Barve Vijay , Doby Joshua R. , Hantak Maggie M. , Larsen Elise A. , Li Daijiang , Oswald Jessica A. , Sewnath Neeka , Walters Mitchell , Barve Narayani , Earl Kamala , Gardner Nicholas , Guralnick Robert P. , Stucky Brian J.
Published: October 2021

Insect phenological lability is key for determining which species will adapt under environmental change. However, little is known about when adult insect activity terminates and overall activity duration. We used community‐science and museum specimen data to investigate the effects of climate and urbanisation on timing of adult insect activity for 101 species varying in life history traits. We found detritivores and species with aquatic larval stages extend activity periods most rapidly in response to increasing regional temperature. Conversely, species with subterranean larval stages have relatively constant durations regardless of regional temperature. Species extended their period of adult activity similarly in warmer conditions regardless of voltinism classification. Longer adult durations may represent a general response to warming, but voltinism data in subtropical environments are likely underreported. This effort provides a framework to address the drivers of adult insect phenology at continental scales and a basis for predicting species response to environmental change.
Multiaxial static strength of a 3D printed metallic lattice structure exhibiting brittle behavior
Authors: Gavazzoni Matteo , Pisati Marco , Beretta Stefano , Foletti Stefano
Published: October 2021

This paper focuses on numerical the prediction of multiaxial static strength of lattice structures. We analyze a body‐centered cubic cell printed with Selective Laser Melting in AlSi10Mg aluminum alloy. Parent material is experimentally characterized, and the Gurson‐Tveergard‐Needleman (GTN) damage model is calibrated to predict failure in numerical simulations. The GTN model is used to predict failure of the lattice structures exhibiting brittle localized fracture, and it is validated through static tests. The results of experimental tension/compression monotonic tests on lattice samples are compared with the results of numerical simulations performed on as‐built geometry reconstructed by X‐ray computed tomography, showing a good correlation. Combining the damage model with computational micromechanics, multiaxial loading conditions are simulated to investigate the effective multiaxial strength of the lattice material. Yielding and failure loci are found by fitting a batch of points obtained by some multiaxial loading simulations. A formulation based on the criterion proposed by Tsai and Wu (1971) for anisotropic materials provides a good description of yielding and failure behavior under multiaxial load. Results are discussed, with a specific focus on the effect of as‐built defects on multiaxial strength, by comparing the resistance domains of as‐manufactured and as‐designed lattices.
The safety of activated eptacog beta in the management of bleeding episodes and perioperative haemostasis in adult and paediatric haemophilia patients with inhibitors
Authors: Escobar Miguel , Castaman Giancarlo , Boix Santiago Bonanad , Callaghan Michael , de Moerloose Philippe , Ducore Jonathan , Hermans Cédric , Journeycake Janna , Leissinger Cindy , Luck James , Mahlangu Johnny , Miesbach Wolfgang , Mitha Ismail Haroon , Négrier Claude , Quon Doris , Recht Michael , Schved Jean François , Shapiro Amy D. , Sidonio Robert , Srivastava Alok , Stasyshyn Oleksandra , Vilchevska Kateryna V. , Wang Michael , Young Guy , Alexander W. Allan , Al‐Sabbagh Ahmad , Bonzo Daniel , Macie Christopher , Wilkinson Thomas A. , Kessler Craig
Published: October 2021

Introduction

Haemophilia patients with inhibitors often require a bypassing agent (BPA) for bleeding episode management. Eptacog beta (EB) is a new FDA‐approved recombinant activated human factor VII BPA for the treatment and control of bleeding in haemophilia A or B patients with inhibitors (≥12 years of age). We describe here the EB safety profile from the three prospective Phase 3 clinical trials performed to date.

Aim

To assess EB safety, immunogenicity and thrombotic potential in children and adults who received EB for treatment of bleeding and perioperative care.

Methods

Using a randomized crossover design, 27 subjects in PERSEPT 1 (12‐54 years) and 25 subjects in PERSEPT 2 (1‐11 years) treated bleeding episodes with 75 or 225 μg/kg EB initially followed by 75 μg/kg dosing at predefined intervals as determined by clinical response. Twelve PERSEPT 3 subjects (2‐56 years) received an initial preoperative infusion of 75 μg/kg (minor procedures) or 200 μg/kg EB (major surgeries) with subsequent 75 μg/kg doses administered intraoperatively and post‐operatively as indicated. Descriptive statistics were used for data analyses.

Results

Sixty subjects who received 3388 EB doses in three trials were evaluated. EB was well tolerated, with no allergic, hypersensitivity, anaphylactic or thrombotic events reported and no neutralizing anti‐EB antibodies detected. A death occurred during PERSEPT 3 and was determined to be unlikely related to EB treatment by the data monitoring committee.

Conclusion

Results from all three Phase 3 trials establish an excellent safety profile of EB in haemophilia A or B patients with inhibitors for treatment of bleeding and perioperative use.
Foetal hyperinsulinaemia and increased fat mass correlate negatively with circulating fatty acid concentrations in neonates of gestational diabetic mothers with dietary‐controlled glycaemia
Authors: Ortega‐Senovilla Henar , Schaefer‐Graf Ute , Herrera Emilio
Published: October 2021

Backgroud

Higher accretion of prenatal fat is associated with a higher proportion of obesity in children. However, most of the data on regulatory factors involved in fetal adipogenesis come from animal studies; in humans there is no evidence on how fetal insulin affects fatty acid concentrations and fetal adiposity.

Objective

We evaluate the relationship between fetal adipose tissue accretion with insulin and fetal consumption of circulating fatty acid (FA).

Methods

In fasting maternal blood at term and cord samples, from 41 gestational diabetes mellitus women (GDM) and 68 non‐diabetic controls, serum compounds were determined. Individual FA were analyzed and expressed as concentrations of FA (mmol/L).

Results

Both groups had similar maternal serum glucose, insulin, triacylglycerol (TAG), non‐esterified FA (NEFA), glycerol and leptin concentrations, but most individual maternal serum FA were lower in GDM than controls. Neonatal fat mass (FM) was higher in the GDM group even though neonatal birth weights were similar. In GDM cord serum glucose, insulin, NEFA and leptin were higher than controls, but glycerol and all individual FA were lower. In GDM neonates only, a negative correlation was found between each FA and FM, and there was a strong negative correlation between the concentrations of umbilical blood insulin and five major FA.

Conclusion

Our results show for the first time that hyperinsulinemia in fetuses of GDM women increases FA utilization, which may contribute to to their increased adiposity.
Image‐based automated Psoriasis Area Severity Index scoring by Convolutional Neural Networks
Authors: Schaap M.J. , Cardozo N.J. , Patel A. , de Jong E.M.G.J. , van Ginneken B. , Seyger M.M.B.
Published: October 2021

Background

The Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) score is commonly used in clinical practice and research to monitor disease severity and determine treatment efficacy. Automating the PASI score with deep learning algorithms, like Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), could enable objective and efficient PASI scoring.

Objectives

To assess the performance of image‐based automated PASI scoring in anatomical regions by CNNs and compare the performance of CNNs to image‐based scoring by physicians.

Methods

Imaging series were matched to PASI subscores determined in real life by the treating physician. CNNs were trained using standardized imaging series of 576 trunk, 614 arm and 541 leg regions. CNNs were separately trained for each PASI subscore (erythema, desquamation, induration and area) in each anatomical region (trunk, arms and legs). The head region was excluded for anonymity. Additionally, PASI‐trained physicians retrospectively determined image‐based subscores on the test set images of the trunk. Agreement with the real‐life scores was determined with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and compared between the CNNs and physicians.

Results

Intraclass correlation coefficients between the CNN and real‐life scores of the trunk region were 0.616, 0.580, 0.580 and 0.793 for erythema, desquamation, induration and area, respectively, with similar results for the arms and legs region. PASI‐trained physicians (N = 5) were in moderate–good agreement (ICCs 0.706–0.793) with each other for image‐based PASI scoring of the trunk region. ICCs between the CNN and real‐life scores were slightly higher for erythema (0.616 vs. 0.558), induration (0.580 vs. 0.573) and area scoring (0.793 vs. 0.694) than image‐based scoring by physicians. Physicians slightly outperformed the CNN on desquamation scoring (0.580 vs. 0.589).

Conclusions

Convolutional Neural Networks have the potential to automatically and objectively perform image‐based PASI scoring at an anatomical region level. For erythema, desquamation and induration scoring, CNNs performed similar to physicians, while for area scoring CNNs outperformed physicians on image‐based PASI scoring.
Chronic Absenteeism: Risks and Protective Factors Among Low‐Income, Minority Children and Adolescents
Authors: Malika Nipher , Granillo Cristie , Irani Crissy , Montgomery Susanne , Belliard Juan Carlos
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND

Low‐income and racial/ethnic minority students often face distinct challenges in attending school eading to lower academic performance, low graduation rates, and overall, an indicator of diminished long‐term social and financial stability. Chronic absenteeism is a national problem and to address this, a better understanding of risks and points of intervention for the students most at risk is needed. This cross‐sectional study sought to assess risks and protective factors associated with chronic absenteeism in a predominantly low‐income minority school district in Southern.

METHODS

Conducted in southern California, students (N = 24,439) ages 9 to 21 years were recruited. A logistic regression was used to assess the role poor physical and mental health, safety, bullying, and family risk factors attributed to chronic absenteeism.

RESULTS

Results revealed that asthma (odds ratio [OR] = 1.35, p < .001), being overweight/obese (OR = 1.38, p < .01), presence of family risk factors (OR = 1.49, p < .001), bullying (OR = 0.84, p < .05) and perceptions of safety at school (OR = 1.24, p < .05) increased the odds of chronic absenteeism, while protective factors such as support (OR = 1.30, p < .001), increased sleep (OR = 0.96, p < .001) and positive growth mindset (OR = 0.96, p < .001), mitigated it.

CONCLUSION

This study not only identifies risk but protective factors worth adhering to, to promote school attendance. Future research should further examine the role of mental health in chronic absenteeism.
Effects of root hemiparasite Escobedia grandiflora (Orobanchaceae) on southern Brazilian grasslands: Diversity, composition, and functional groups
Authors: Cardona Medina Edison , Sühs Rafael Barbizan , de Barcellos Falkenberg Daniel , Joner Fernando , Nodari Rubens Onofre
Published: October 2021

Aims

Escobedia grandiflora is a root hemiparasite from Central and South America, and its orange roots are used as a phytomedicine and food coloring. Since root hemiparasites from South America have not been extensively investigated, here, in the first study conducted on a Latin American root hemiparasite species, we investigated how Escobedia grandiflora affects the structure and diversity of plant communities in four locations in southern Brazil, all belonging to the Atlantic Forest biome. Specifically, we asked if the presence of the hemiparasite would: (a) affect plant species composition; (b) influence the plant diversity; and (c) influence the percentage cover of dominant plant species.

Location

Southern Brazil.

Methods

We conducted a paired‐quadrat, i.e., with and without hemiparasite, observational study in four locations in southern Brazil. For each quadrat, species composition and percentage of the vegetative cover of each species were visually evaluated.

Results

Species composition differed between quadrats with and without Escobedia grandiflora. Quadrats with Escobedia grandiflora showed higher species richness, Shannon´s diversity, and Pielou’s evenness. These results varied also among functional groups. Furthermore, the percentage of dominant species decreased in the presence of Escobedia grandiflora.

Conclusions

There is a clear association between the neotropical root hemiparasite Escobedia grandiflora and the grassland plant community structure. Higher plant diversity, dominance reduction, and changes in species composition are associated with the presence of this perennial hemiparasite. These findings were consistent among four grasslands with markedly different physiognomies. However, future manipulative experiments are necessary to fully disentangle the cause–effect relation between higher plant diversity and the presence of Escobedia grandiflora.
Listening to snitches: Race/ethnicity, English proficiency, and access to welfare fraud enforcement systems
Authors: Headworth Spencer , Ríos Viridiana
Published: October 2021

How does the state respond to members of the public seeking to mobilize its coercive power? Focusing on welfare fraud control units in the United States, we examine how race/ethnicity and written English proficiency affect access to systems for reporting welfare fraud suspicions. Using a correspondence audit, we assess fraud control authorities' likelihood of taking up reports from Latinas and Whites with higher and lower English proficiency. We find that fraud units are less likely to take up lower‐proficiency Whites' reports, but that lower proficiency's uptake‐dampening effect does not hold for Latinas. To explain the mechanisms underlying our experimental results, we draw on interviews with fraud investigators. The interview evidence reveals the determinations of investigative promise underlying these uptake disparities. For White reporters, English errors cue gatekeepers' preexisting skepticism about public reporters' reliability, decreasing enthusiasm for investing resources in these reports. Reports from lower‐English proficiency Latinas offer special viability appeal, however, offsetting the negative influence on uptake probability that errors demonstrate for White reporters. Our results shed new light on contemporary racial/ethnic dynamics in the US welfare system, and advance social scientific understanding of how bureaucratic gatekeepers decide what to do—if anything—with volunteered reports of misconduct.
Accounting for the preference for literal meanings in autism spectrum conditions
Authors: Vicente Agustín , Falkum Ingrid Lossius
Published: October 2021

Pragmatic difficulties are considered a hallmark ofautism spectrum conditions(ASC), but remain poorly understood. We discuss and evaluate existing hypotheses regarding theliteralismof ASC individuals, that is, their tendency for literal interpretations of non‐literal communicative intentions. We present evidence that reveals a developmental stage at which neurotypical children also have a tendency for literalism and suggest an explanation for such behaviour that links it to other behavioural, rule‐following, patterns typical of that age. We discuss evidence showing that strict adherence to rules is also widespread in ASC, and suggest that literalism might be linked to such rule‐following behaviour.
National identity and democracy: Effects of non‐voluntarism on formal democracy
Authors: Gabrielsson Daniel
Published: October 2021

In this article, I explore whether, and if so how, national identity affects the level of formal democracy in a country. I theorize and then investigate four assumptions: (i) classical nationalist stances hold that national membership depends on the accident of origin and cultural markers learned by early socialization. This non‐voluntary identity gives human beings a natural sense of belonging in society and fosters solidarity and trust that lead to better democracy; (ii) drawing on ideas about core values of ideal democracy the non‐voluntarist national identity exhibits an inherent contradiction between in‐group bias and intrinsic equality, which leads to lower levels of democracy; (iii) homogeneity in belief about what constitutes national belonging eases the dynamics between majority and minority, which benefits democracy; (iv) the presence of an in‐group identity, understood as a shared fellow‐feeling, boosts trust and solidarity and thereby benefits democracy. Individual‐level data about national identity comes from International Social Survey Programme (ISSP, 2013). Data about democracy comes from Varieties of Democracy (Coppedge et al., 2021; Pemstein et al., 2021). Results indicate that higher levels of non‐voluntarist features of national identity are strongly negatively correlated with levels of democracy and heterogeneity in beliefs about what constitutes national belonging relating to a higher level of liberal democracy.
Bolus flow and biomechanical properties of the esophageal wall during primary esophageal peristalsis: Effects of bolus viscosity and posture
Authors: Zifan Ali , Gandu Vignesh , Ledgerwood Melissa , Mittal Ravinder
Published: October 2021

Background

Studies show that intraluminal impedance recordings of the esophagus allow one to measure the luminal distension during peristalsis, an important parameter for calculation of the biomechanical properties of esophageal wall. The goal was to determine the effect of subject posture and bolus viscosity on the biomechanical properties of esophageal wall, and the rate of bolus flow along the length of the esophagus during primary peristalsis.

Methods

High‐resolution manometry impedance recordings were obtained in 14 normal healthy subjects. Swallows of 10 ml saline and viscous bolus were recorded in the supine and Trendelenburg positions. User identified the region of interest, and a custom‐designed software extracted parameters of interest such as bolus flow rate, esophageal wall tension, and esophageal wall distensibility in four equal segments of the esophagus.

Key Results

Bolus flow rate decreases along the length of the esophagus, being slowest in the distal esophagus. Bolus flow rate is smaller in the Trendelenburg position and with viscous bolus as compared with supine position and saline bolus. Esophageal wall tension is greater in the Trendelenburg position and with viscous bolus as compared with the supine position and saline bolus. The esophageal wall distensibility is larger in the distal as compared with proximal esophagus, which is true for both the saline and viscous bolus.

Conclusions & Inferences

We report, for the first time, bolus flow rate and biomechanical properties of the esophageal wall during swallow‐induced primary peristalsis. Future studies may investigate biomechanical basis of esophageal motility disorders using the methodology described.
Environmental and plant community drivers of plant pathogen composition and richness
Authors: Makiola Andreas , Holdaway Robert J. , Wood Jamie R. , Orwin Kate H. , Glare Travis R. , Dickie Ian A.
Published: October 2021

Interactions between individual plant pathogens and their environment have been described many times. However, the relative contribution of different environmental parameters as controls of pathogen communities remains largely unknown.

Here we investigate the importance of environmental factors, including geomorphology, climate, land use, soil and plant community composition, for a broad range of aboveground and belowground fungal, oomycete and bacterial plant pathogens.

We found that plant community composition is the main driver of the composition and richness of plant pathogens after taking into account all other tested parameters, especially those related to climate and soil.

In the face of future changes in climate and land use, our results suggest that changes in plant pathogen community composition and richness will primarily be mediated through changes in plant communities, rather than the direct effects of climate or soils.
Mechanistic models of seed dispersal by animals
Authors: Morales Juan Manuel , Morán López Teresa
Published: October 2021

Modelling seed dispersal by animals seems straightforward; we need a way to keep track of the position on the animal through time and a clock for how long seeds travel with it. Mathematical models show how changing seed retention parameters can result in very different seed dispersal kernels, including fat‐tailed ones. When movement is more realistic, in the sense that it is tied to the spatial distribution of resources, agent‐based models result in both seed consumption and dispersal kernels varying according to the neighborhoods of focal plants. In general, agent‐based models are built in ways that lead to overparameterization and poor predictive capacity. Considering several emergent properties that one wishes to capture and building a hierarchy of models varying in complexity should improve our understanding of the important mechanisms behind particular patterns. Progress in hierarchical data analysis tools allows fitting joint‐species models in which species‐level movement and foraging parameters are modelled as a function of species traits and their phylogenetic relationships. Overall, there has been great progress in data collection and modelling of seed dispersal by animals but we still need a better understanding of seed retention times, and of how bird physiology influences fruit choice. Further improvements in our ability to understand and predict seed dispersal by animals would probably also require considering individual personalities, as well as within and among species interactions. As our capacity to collect data bring us into the realm of big data and big models, important progress in mechanistic modelling of seed dispersal by animals should be achieved by close collaborations merging ecology, behavior, physiology, mathematics, computation and statistics.
Manual lymphatic drainage and muscle energy techniques after third molar surgery: A randomized split‐mouth clinical trial
Authors: da Silva Sérgio Pinheiro , de Vasconcelos Thiago Brasileiro , Spinato Itana Lisane , Pozza Daniel Humberto , Meira e Cruz Miguel , Guimarães Antônio Sérgio
Published: October 2021

Objective

The aim was to verify if manual lymphatic drainage (MLD) and muscular energy techniques (MET) helps on pain control and amplitude of mouth opening, in patients submitted to bilateral third molars surgeries.

Methods

Thirty consecutive patients, aged between 18 and 45 years, 53.7% males, were randomized in two groups: physical therapy group (PG), treated with MLD and MET on one random side of the mouth, being the other side, the control (CG). Additionally, for CG, paracetamol and dexamethasone were prescribed. The control of pain and inflammation in the PG was performed using manual therapy techniques (MLD and MET) and paracetamol. Postoperative pain was evaluated through visual analogue scale (VAS) and maximum active mouth opening by using a digital caliper.

Results

On the 8th postoperative day the VAS were 2.13 ± 1.84 in the CG and 0.33 ± 1.45 in the PG (p < 0.05); the maximum active mouth opening range were 36.85 ± 6.39 mm in the CG and 53.30 ± 6.66 mm in the PG (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

The present study emphasized that physical therapy is a good, noninvasive, alternative for the control of pain and limitation of mouth opening in the postoperative period of third molars surgery.

Impact Statement

The postoperative physical therapy (PPT) represents an efficient modality of treatment that allows a faster and better noninvasive postoperative recovery after third molar surgery. PPT can be used in public health services by integrating physiotherapists in the dental teams reducing the need for pharmacological therapies.
The application of contrast‐enhanced CT combined with Image navigation in retrieval of displaced tooth: A case report and literature review
Authors: Wang Fei , Wang Jing , Li Yuan , Cui Nian‐hui
Published: October 2021

Background

The displacement of a tooth to deep facial spaces is a rare but serious complication. The lateral pharyngeal space contains important structures such as the internal carotid artery, internal jugular vein and cranial nerves. To remove a displaced tooth from the lateral pharyngeal space is a difficult and high‐risk procedure because of the narrow space and the structures inside it.

Material and methods

This is a report of the application of contrast‐enhanced CT combined with image navigation in retrieval of a displaced tooth from the lateral pharyngeal space.

Results

The displaced tooth was removed successfully. Satisfactory wound healing was achieved, without postoperative complications.

Conclusion

This case report illustrates the importance of a method to optimize navigation, reduce damage to important anatomical structures, and provide a more precise and minimally invasive surgical procedure.
Oral ulcers in a finger‐sucking child after cutaneous wart therapy
Authors: McConnell Jennifer , Epperson Lindsey Claire , Eifert Faye , Aldy Kim
Published: October 2021

Common skin warts frequently appear on the fingers of children, a patient population in whom finger‐sucking is a prevalent habit. Despite overlap between these two pediatric conditions, there are no well‐reported specific precautions against the use of topical blistering wart treatments, such as trichloroacetic acid and cantharidin, in finger‐sucking children with warts. We report the case of oral ulcers in a pediatric patient secondary to thumb‐sucking after receiving treatment for multiple finger warts with combination cryotherapy, trichloroacetic acid, and cantharidin.
Variety‐specific transcript accumulation during reproductive stage in drought‐stressed rice
Authors: Gour Pratibha , Kansal Shivani , Agarwal Priyanka , Mishra Bhuwaneshwar Sharan , Sharma Deepika , Mathur Saloni , Raghuvanshi Saurabh
Published: October 2021

The divergence of natural stress tolerance mechanisms between species is an intriguing phenomenon. To study it in rice, a comparative transcriptome analysis was carried out in 'heading' stage tissue (flag leaf, panicles and roots) of Nagina 22 (N22; drought‐tolerant) and IR64 (drought‐sensitive) plants subjected to field drought. Interestingly, N22 showed almost double the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) than IR64. Many DEGs colocalized within drought‐related QTLs responsible for grain yield and drought tolerance and also associated with drought tolerance and critical drought‐related plant traits such as leaf rolling, trehalose content, sucrose and cellulose content. Besides, co‐expression analysis of the DEGs revealed several 'hub' genes known to actively regulate drought stress response. Strikingly, 1366 DEGs, including 21 'hub' genes, showed a distinct opposite regulation in the two rice varieties under similar drought conditions. Annotation of these variety‐specific DEGs (VS‐DEGs) revealed that they are distributed in various biological pathways. Furthermore, 103 VS‐DEGs were found to physically interact with over 1300 genes, including 32 that physically interact with other VS‐DEGs as well. The promoter region of these genes has sequence variations among the two rice varieties, which might be in part responsible for their unique expression pattern.
Multidimensional conservation laws and integrable systems II
Authors: Makridin Zakhar V. , Pavlov Maxim V.
Published: October 2021

In this paper we continue investigation of a new property of two‐dimensional integrable systems—existence of infinitely many local three‐dimensional conservation laws for pairs of integrable two‐dimensional commuting flows. Multicomponent two‐dimensional hydrodynamic reductions of the Mikhalëv equation are considered. Infinitely many three‐dimensional local conservation laws for the Korteweg–de Vries pair of commuting flows are constructed. Thus, we show that pairs of commuting dispersive two‐dimensional systems also possess infinitely many local three‐dimensional conservation laws. They can be used for averaging of multiparametric families of solutions to the Mikhalëv equation.
Longitudinal and cross‐sectional associations of adherence to 24‐hour movement guidelines with cardiometabolic risk
Authors: Leppänen Marja H. , Haapala Eero A. , Väistö Juuso , Ekelund Ulf , Brage Søren , Kilpeläinen Tuomas O. , Lakka Timo A.
Published: October 2021

This study aimed to examine (1) adherence to 24 h movement guidelines over a 2 years follow‐up in children aged 6–8 years and (2) association of this adherence with cardiometabolic risk factors. Physical activity and sleep were assessed by a monitor combining heart rate and accelerometry measurements. Screen time was reported by the parents. Body fat percentage, waist circumference, blood glucose, serum insulin, plasma lipids, and blood pressure were assessed, and a cardiometabolic risk score was calculated using z‐scores. Children were classified as meeting the guidelines if they had on average ≥60 min/day of moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity during the valid days; ≤120 min/day of screen time; and 9–11 h/day of sleep. In total, 485 children had valid data at baseline or at 2 years follow‐up. Analyses were conducted using adjusted logistic and linear regression models. Most children adhered to the 24 h movement guidelines at baseline, but the adherence decreased over the 2 years follow‐up. Meeting physical activity guidelines individually, or in combination with screen time and/or sleep, was longitudinally associated with a lower cardiometabolic risk score, insulin and waist circumference, and cross‐sectionally additionally with lower diastolic blood pressure and higher high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol. However, these associations became statistically non‐significant after adjustment for body fat. In conclusion, meeting 24 h movement guidelines at baseline increases the odds of meeting them at 2 years follow‐up in school‐aged children. Furthermore, meeting 24 h movement guidelines is associated with lower levels of cardiometabolic risk factors, but these associations are partly explained by lower body fat. Thus, promoting movement behaviors, especially physical activity, and healthy weight in early childhood is important in supporting cardiometabolic health in children.
Mariana de Oliva, criada india de Santa Rosa de Lima: vida y textos
Authors: Firbas Paul
Published: October 2021

Este trabajo estudia los textos de la canonización de Santa de Rosa de Lima, preparados en esa ciudad entre 1617-1618 y 1630-1632, y sus primeras hagiografías publicadas en el siglo XVII en Europa. Mediante el estudio de diversos testimonios, narraciones e información, y de sus variantes, se reconstruye la participación de la criada Mariana de Oliva, “india ladina”, en la vida de Rosa y en la producción de su santidad, entendida como un fenómeno textual y como la manifestación de una cultura urbana multiétnica.
Voces silenciadas por la historia: la hechicera Juana García o la obliteración de la afrodescendencia
Authors: Ruiz Tresgallo Silvia , López Basano Cecilia
Published: October 2021

Este ensayo pretende ahondar en el relato “Un negocio con Juana García”, incluido en el capítulo IX de El Carnero. Proponemos que el texto, a través de la representación de la partera Juana y sus hijas, visibiliza la vulnerabilidad ante la ley de las mujeres afrodescendientes en el Nuevo Reino de Granada. Nuestro análisis revela que la etnia de las protagonistas resulta instrumental tanto en la criminalización de sus actividades, relacionadas por los eclesiásticos con la hechicería, como en su expulsión del espacio colonial al que, según las autoridades, no tienen derecho a pertenecer.
La heterogeneidad social y espacial en el Gran Buenos Aires. Apuntes para el análisis
Authors: Di Virgilio María Mercedes , Aramburu Florencia
Published: October 2021

El presente trabajo analiza la configuración social y espacial del Gran Buenos Aires (GBA), el principal centro urbano de Argentina. Para ello, se presenta una revisión del proceso de conformación y expansión del GBA y sus problemáticas constitutivas en relación con el acceso al hábitat y al suelo metropolitano. A partir de esto, se introduce una caracterización sociohabitacional y socioterritorial, identificando procesos de segmentación que luego se plantean en relación con las principales dinámicas del mercado del suelo y su mediación en los procesos descritos anteriormente. Finalmente, se introducen las intervenciones recientes en materia habitacional, indagando sobre el modo en que dichas políticas públicas median, reproducen o reconfiguran las dinámicas metropolitanas. En cuanto a la metodología, se realizó una sistematización a partir del uso de fuentes secundarias. Para el abordaje sociohabitacional, se procesaron los datos recabados por el último censo de población y, para caracterizar las dinámicas del mercado de suelo y las intervenciones en materia habitacional, se recurrió a los datos presentados por los ministerios públicos.
El mat-building aplicado en vivienda
Authors: Sarmiento Ocampo Jaime
Published: October 2021

Mat-building (edificio estera) es el término que acuñó Alison Smithson para designar cierto tipo de edificios con capacidad de transformación en el tiempo, para otorgar mayores libertades a los individuos. El mat-building nos conduce a otro tipo de arquitectura que se aleja de lo formal —el objeto terminado—, para evidenciar una disposición adaptable a maneras de habitar variable.

La variabilidad del sistema se presta para albergar la vida cambiante de los seres humanos, es decir, para la vivienda. El mat representa hoy día una de las posibilidades más grandes por desarrollar en plena forma la vivienda contemporánea, pues permite la adaptación de las ciudades y su población en diferentes ámbitos y escalas. Al final del texto, a manera de conclusión, se presenta un ejemplo de aplicación, el sistema CAH, ganador del concurso BCN-NYC Affordable Housing Challenge para vivienda asequible en Barcelona y Nueva York.
Postdeposition annealing effect on atomic-layer-deposited Al2O3 gate insulator on (001) β-Ga2O3
Authors: Hiraiwa Atsushi , Horikawa Kiyotaka , Kawarada Hiroshi , Kado Motohisa , Danno Katsunori
Published: October 2021

β-Ga2O3 is gaining increasing attention from power device engineers owing to its wide bandgap and fabrication potential of low-cost, large-diameter substrates. Atomic-layer-deposited (ALD) Al2O3 has application potential for the gate insulation and surface passivation of β-Ga2O3 devices, which cannot incorporate a well-established SiO2/Si system. To improve the device performance and reliability, the effect of postdeposition annealing (PDA) on the gate insulation characteristics of Al/ALD-Al2O3/(001) β-Ga2O3 capacitors was comprehensively investigated. As in previous studies, PDA at 700 °C and higher sharply reduced the capacitor leakage current by three orders of magnitude. This threshold temperature was 100 °C lower than that for GaN devices. Space-charge-controlled field emission analysis revealed that the current reduction was achieved via conduction-band-offset enhancement from 1.45 to 2.2 eV. These changes were caused by Al2O3 crystallization, which started at 650 °C according to an x-ray diffraction analysis. Selective-area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns showed that the crystallized films comprised twinned γ-Al2O3, wherein the (111) planes are parallel to the sawtooth β-Ga2O3 (101) planes with epitaxial relations of γ-Al2O3 [01¯1] || β-Ga2O3 [010] and γ-Al2O3 [011¯] || β-Ga2O3 [010]. This epitaxy was realized by three-dimensional oxygen sublattice matching with relatively small misfits of less than 1%, 1%, and 8% along the γ-Al2O3 [21¯1¯], [111], and [011¯] directions, respectively. Furthermore, the SAED patterns displayed diffraction spots specific to triaxially tripled γ-Al2O3. This is yet to be identified as δ-Al2O3. Contrary to expectations, PDA magnified the bias instability of β-Ga2O3 capacitors, supposedly owing to the Al2O3 and Ga2O3 solid-solution reaction, which contrasts with the previous significant improvement in GaN capacitors. However, PDA negligibly affected the β-Ga2O3 capacitor interface characteristics. This result also contrasts sharply with the previous results obtained for GaN capacitors that experienced a PDA-induced increase in both interface states and flat-band voltage. This apparent thermal stability of Al2O3/(001) β-Ga2O3 interface can be ascribed to the aforementioned small lattice misfit at the γ-Al2O3/(101) β-Ga2O3 interface, which contrasts with the 12% misfit at the γ-Al2O3/(0001) GaN interface. These findings form the foundation for developing technologies to enhance the performance and reliability of ALD-Al2O3/β-Ga2O3 devices. Specifically, based on them, a guideline for reducing the bias instability is proposed.
Analyzing mass incarceration
Authors: Joe Sean
Published: October 2021

With almost 2 million people in confinement, the United States locks up more people per capita than any other nation. Understanding the reasons and then forging a path to reduce mass incarceration in America will require better research and analyses of the government policies and spending that sustain the US carceral system.
In Other Journals
Authors: Purnell Beverly A. , Zahn Laura M. , Smith H. Jesse , Nusinovich Yevgeniya , Jiang Di , Yeston Jake , Stajic Jelena
Published: October 2021

Editors’ selections from the current scientific literature
The transcription factor C/EBPβ in the dorsal root ganglion contributes to peripheral nerve trauma–induced nociceptive hypersensitivity
Authors: Li Zhisong , Mao Yuanyuan , Liang Lingli , Wu Shaogen , Yuan Jingjing , Mo Kai , Cai Weihua , Mao Qingxiang , Cao Jing , Bekker Alex , Zhang Wei , Tao Yuan-Xiang
Published: October 2021

The transcription factor C/EBPβ may be a master regulator of neuropathic pain caused by peripheral nerve injury.
Cross-sectional comparisons of sodium content in processed meat and fish products among five countries: potential for feasible targets and reformulation
Authors: Song Yuzhu , Li Yuan , Guo Chunlei , Wang Yishan , Huang Liping , Tan Monique , He Feng J , Harris Terry , MacGregor Graham A , Ding Jingmin , Dong Le , Liu Yu , Wang Huijun , Zhang Puhong , Ma Yuxia
Published: October 2021

Introduction

Reducing sodium intake has been identified as a highly cost-effective strategy to prevent and control high blood pressure and reduce cardiovascular mortality. This study aims to compare the sodium content in processed meat and fish products among five countries, which will contribute to the evidence-base for feasible strategies of sodium reduction in such products.

Methods

Sodium content on product labels of 26 500 prepackaged products, 19 601 meat and 6899 fish, was collected in supermarkets from five countries using the FoodSwitch mobile application from 2012 to 2018. To be specific, it was 1898 products in China, 885 in the UK, 5673 in Australia, 946 in South Africa and 17 098 in the USA. Cross-sectional comparisons of sodium levels and proportions meeting 2017 UK sodium reduction targets were conducted using Kruskal-Wallis H and the χ2test, respectively across the five countries.

Results

The results showed that processed meat and fish products combined in China had the highest sodium level (median 1050 mg/100 g, IQR: 774–1473), followed by the USA, South Africa, Australia, with the lowest levels found in UK (432 mg/100 g, IQR: 236–786) (p<0.001). Similar variations, that is, a twofold to threefold difference of sodium content between the highest and the lowest countries were found among processed meat and fish products separately. Large sodium content variations were also found in certain specific food subcategories across the five countries, as well as across different food subcategories within each country.

Conclusion

Processed meat and fish products differ greatly in sodium content across different countries and across different food subcategories. This indicates great potential for food producers to reformulate the products in sodium content, as well as for consumers to select less salted food.
Attenuation of Hg(II)-induced cellular and DNA damage in human blood cells by uric acid
Authors: Ahmad Shahbaz , Tufail Neda , Parveen Nazia , Mahmood Riaz
Published: October 2021

Mercury (Hg) is a widespread environmental pollutant and toxicant that induces multiple organ damage in humans and animals. Hg toxicity is mediated by the induction of oxidative stress in the target cells. We used uric acid (UA), a potent antioxidant found in biological fluids, to protect human red blood cells (RBC) and lymphocytes against Hg-mediated cell, organelle, and genotoxicity. RBCs were incubated with mercuric chloride (HgCl2), an Hg(II) compound, either alone or in the presence of UA. Incubation of RBCs with only HgCl2 increased the production of nitrogen and oxygen radical species, enhanced methemoglobin levels, heme degradation, free ferrous iron, oxidation of proteins and membrane lipids, and reduced the antioxidant capacity of cells. UA enhanced the antioxidant capacity of RBCs and restored metabolic, plasma membrane-bound, and antioxidant enzyme activities. Scanning electron microscopy showed that UA prevented HgCl2-mediated morphological changes in RBCs. HgCl2 dissipated the mitochondrial membrane potential and increased lysosomal membrane damage in lymphocytes, but UA pre-treatment attenuated these effects. Genotoxicity analysis by comet assay showed that UA protected lymphocyte DNA from HgCl2-induced damage. Importantly, UA itself did not exhibit any deleterious effects on RBCs or lymphocytes. Thus, UA protects human blood cells from Hg(II)-mediated oxidative damage, reducing the harmful effects of this extremely toxic metal. We suggest that UA has a similar protective role in plasma against heavy metal toxicity.
Reconstructing Tsallis holographic quintessence
Authors: Sharma Umesh Kumar , Srivastava Vandna
Published: October 2021

Within the framework of quantum gravity and modified entropy-area formalism, the Tsallis holographic dark energy is an effort to peep into a mysterious content of the Universe, the dark energy, to analyze its nature. The Tsallis parameter [Formula: see text] provides the main characteristic of the Tsallis holographic dark energy. Opting the value of Tsallis parameter [Formula: see text], a quintessence scalar field description of the Tsallis holographic dark energy model can be obtained. In this work, we present this quintessential explanation of the Tsallis holographic dark energy with [Formula: see text] and reconstruct the dynamics of the scalar field and the potential of quintessence.
Upper bounds for the regularity of symbolic powers of certain classes of edge ideals
Authors: Kumar Arvind , Selvaraja S.
Published: October 2021

Let [Formula: see text] be a finite simple graph and [Formula: see text] denote the corresponding edge ideal in a polynomial ring over a field [Formula: see text]. In this paper, we obtain upper bounds for the Castelnuovo–Mumford regularity of symbolic powers of certain classes of edge ideals. We also prove that for several classes of graphs, the regularity of symbolic powers of their edge ideals coincides with that of their ordinary powers.
RELEASED, BUT NOT LOST: MOTIVES AND ENVIRONMENTS DRIVING FIRMS’ KNOWLEDGE DISCLOSURE
Authors: LAMPE HANNES W. , IHL CHRISTOPH
Published: October 2021

Open innovation, in the form of inbound and outbound open innovation, is an ever-increasing research field. Research into outbound open innovation (i.e., the inside-out process) focused mostly on the commercialisation of internal knowledge. However, we know very little about firms’ voluntary nonpecuniary knowledge disclosure. This paper sheds light on this understudied research field by conducting a quantitative study that identifies which internal and external conditions foster firms’ knowledge disclosures. The results show that firms’ strategies to influence (i) the market and the competition and (ii) external spillovers are drivers of firms’ knowledge disclosures. Further, the moderating roles of environmental characteristics are shown. Firms’ environmental technological dynamism is found to strengthen the positive relationships between influencing external spillovers and knowledge disclosure. In contrast, the relationships between influencing the market and the competition and knowledge disclosure are negatively moderated by a firm’s environmental technological dynamism.