bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure: Is it a route for infection in those with Obstructive Sleep Apnoea?
Authors: Mercieca Liam , Pullicino Richard , Camilleri Kyra , Abela Rodianne , Mangion Sean Apap , Cassar Julian , Zammit Matthew , Gatt Christine , Deguara Christopher , Barbara Christopher , Fsadni Peter , Montefort Stephen
Published: April 2017

Introduction Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the standard treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), with limited data about the prevalence of respiratory infections and microbial colonization in these patients.

Objectives The aim of this study was to determine if CPAP use is associated with respiratory infections and to identify the organisms that colonize or infect these patients.

Method A retrospective, case-controlled study in patients diagnosed with OSA was carried out. 137 patients were recruited and interviewed using a questionnaire. A nasal swab was taken from each patient. Patients using CPAP machines had swabs taken from masks and humidifiers.

Results 66 (48.2%) patients received CPAP treatment with 60.6% of them having a heated humidifier. 78.8% were male, with the majority using a full face mask (63.6%). No significant difference was seen in the prevalence of rhinosinusitis, lower respiratory tract infections and hospital admissions for pneumonia between CPAP and non-CPAP treated patients. The presence of a humidifier did not influence the prevalence of infections. Commensal flora was predominantly cultured from nasal swabs from both patient groups. Coagulase Negative Staphylococci and Diphtheroids were the main organisms cultured from masks and humidifiers respectively.

Conclusions This study shows that the use of CPAP, choice of mask and humidifier have no significant impact on the prevalence of infections and micro-organisms isolated. This is very reassuring to the physician prescribing CPAP therapy and users.
Neurocognitive Game between Risk Factors, Sleep and Suicidal Behaviour
Authors: Etindele Sosso Faustin Armel
Published: April 2017

Introduction Sleep and lifestyles interact to allow the appropriate development of cerebral structures, and prevention of mood disorders. But just a hand of articles identified a precise relationship between these two above, and the probability to develop a suicidal behaviour.

Objective The aim of this study is to explore how the suicidal behaviour is associated in simultaneous with sleep components, psychological stress, depression, anxiety, well-being, addiction, and global health of participants; and if it is also influenced by the sociodemographic profile of each subject.

Methods The present study was led by a questionnaire incorporating McNair test, and an incorporated score to evaluate suicide tendencies. The questionnaire also included socio-demographic items and other questions to exhibit a profile of suicide tendency for each individual.

Results Our results showed that the stress levels and well-being are comparable according to gender. Specifically the results showed that lack of sleep combined with a low score to McNair test strongly affects the suicidal tendency, while score of memory and attention decreased.

Conclusions The suicidal behaviour is closely linked with sleep parameters which decreased accordingly, and the family's history of medication and suicidal behaviour.
Aménagement du territoire et politiques favorables à un mode de vie physiquement actif et à une saine alimentation au Québec
Authors: Blouin Chantal , Robitaille Éric , Le Bodo Yann , Dumas Nathalie , De Wals Philippe , Laguë Johanne
Published: April 2017

Cet article analyse les politiques et mesures publiques mises en oeuvre depuis 2006 au Québec afin que l’aménagement du territoire devienne plus propice à l’adoption d’un mode de vie physiquement actif et d’une saine alimentation. L’analyse est fondée sur un inventaire et un codage caractérisant les mesures qui tentent de modifier l’environnement physique, pour influencer l’alimentation, l’utilisation du transport actif et public, de même que la pratique d’activités physiques diverses. Nous comparons ces mesures québécoises adoptées par les autorités locales, régionales et nationales aux recommandations scientifiques en promotion des saines habitudes de vie. Cette comparaison a été soumise à un processus délibératif incluant experts et parties prenantes. L’article présente des recommandations quant aux stratégies d’aménagement du territoire les plus prometteuses pour favoriser un mode de vie physiquement actif et une saine alimentation aux niveaux local, régional et national, ainsi que les implications que cela comporte sur le plan politique.
L’instrumentation des politiques locales de santé au prisme des activités de transcodage : le cas du Plan local de santé de la Ville de Rennes
Authors: Lonceint Romain
Published: April 2017

À partir de l’exemple du Plan local de santé (PLS) de la ville de Rennes, cet article interroge le processus d’élaboration d’un instrument d’action publique dans le secteur des politiques locales de santé à l’aune de la notion de transcodage (Lascoumes, 1994). Nous montrons alors que le PLS est le résultat à la fois d’opérations de recyclage d’actions et de dispositifs mis en oeuvre dans le cadre d’autres politiques municipales (éducation, transports, logement, etc.), mais également d’activités d’assemblage visant à mettre en cohérence des éléments issus de politiques sectorielles hétérogènes. S’il est envisagé comme une ressource de légitimation professionnelle par les acteurs chargés de la politique locale de santé, le PLS est également analysé comme une source de contraintes spécifiques et de tensions avec les autres services municipaux.
Des agents locaux aux prises avec une catégorie floue d’action publique. Enquête sur la « santé publique » dans une commune populaire de la banlieue parisienne
Authors: Mariette Audrey
Published: April 2017

À partir d’une enquête menée dans une commune populaire de la banlieue parisienne, cet article porte sur le travail des agents intermédiaires, municipaux et associatifs, responsables des politiques locales de « santé publique ». Ni professionnels de santé, ni travailleurs sociaux, ces agents – majoritairement des femmes, « cheffes de projet » ou « chargées de mission » – se situent entre les élites administratives et les agents subalternes. Il s’agit d’étudier la façon dont elles définissent et investissent cette catégorie qu’est la santé publique, qui fait objet de luttes, dans un contexte marqué par les réformes de l’État social et la « territorialisation » de l’action publique. En analysant leurs positions et dispositions, on montre comment ces agents aux missions floues et aux compétences hybrides, sont confrontés à des conditions d’emploi et de travail précaires et instables qui jouent sur leur manière de faire de la « santé publique » à l’échelle locale. La mise en cohérence de leurs pratiques, notamment par les chiffres, permet à ces salariées à cheval entre espaces municipal et associatif de créer de l’unité et de faire face à l’incertitude des financements. Tout en les critiquant, elles s’approprient les logiques de gestion venues des sommets de l’État – celles du « nouveau » management public et de la politique de la ville – pour pouvoir maintenir leurs activités, en cohérence avec leur engagement en faveur de la « santé communautaire » et de la « participation des habitants ».
Se soigner dans la ville. Diversité de l’offre, diversité des pratiques, diversité des leviers d’action publique ?
Authors: Vignes Maguelone
Published: April 2017

La ville contribue à la santé des personnes par l’offre de soins qu’elle propose et la manière dont elle rend ses services accessibles. Pour les malades chroniques, la ville apparaît ainsi comme un ensemble de ressources mobilisables pour faire face à leur maladie et se soigner. Cet article analyse conjointement les deux facettes de la rencontre entre services de soins et malades chroniques. Sont d’abord caractérisés les mécanismes de circulation qui sont induits par l’organisation professionnelle des soins et la distribution territoriale des services de santé (hospitalo-centrisme, intégration des soins, hôpital de jour en centre-ville, diversité et abondance des services). Ensuite, l’article analyse les pratiques de circulation des patients entre les prestataires à l’aide d’une typologie de leurs potentiels de mobilité dans les soins. Le croisement des deux aspects (mécanismes et pratiques de circulation) met en évidence les spécificités de l’offre urbaine de soins tout en en soulignant les inégalités d’accès. La discussion examine la manière dont des politiques urbaines (logement, urbanisme, transport, aide sociale), peuvent compenser les effets pernicieux de la territorialisation et de l’intégration des services et favoriser le recours aux soins. Les résultats présentés sont issus d’une analyse qualitative d’entretiens menés auprès de professionnels psycho-médico-sociaux et de personnes vivant avec le VIH/sida à Bruxelles et à Rouen.
La parole en action selon la méthodologie de la théorisation enracinée
Authors: Ben Romdhane Samar
Published: April 2017

Il semble difficile d’avoir accès à un document qui donne des repères clairs et précis quant au déroulement d’une méthodologie par théorisation enracinée à partir d’un corpus de discours conversationnels. Un tel manque risque de décourager toute recherche aspirant à faire de la théorisation enracinée à partir de données qui ne correspondent pas aux points de vue des acteurs, mais plutôt à leurs échanges et interactions. D’où l’originalité de la démarche décrite dans ce texte qui propose une illustration concrète de l’utilisation de la méthodologie de la théorisation enracinée dans le but de mieux comprendre le processus des acteurs sociaux (individuels et collectifs) qui rendent publiques leurs prises de position à propos d’une question éthico-politique. Nous explicitons dans la première partie de cet article l’exercice de réflexion qui nous a permis d’interroger les enjeux posés par la méthodologie adoptée. Dans la deuxième partie, nous abordons deux aspects qui nous ont permis d’explorer l’expérience discursive de la confrontation de points de vue antagonistes : la sélection d’un site (les auditions publiques en commission parlementaire) et l’échantillonnage à l’intérieur de ce site (les cas analysés). Enfin, nous exposons les opérations de codage et de catégorisation conduites à l’aide du logiciel d’aide à l’analyse de données qualitatives QSR NVivo pour montrer ce que l’exploitation de ce logiciel a apporté à notre démarche en permettant d’établir des liens entre des données de l’ordre de la parole publique où sont confrontés des points de vue opposés et en les organisant pour progressivement en arriver à une théorisation.
Recours à la MTE pour une étude du vécu professionnel du personnel enseignant en lien avec la diversité ethnoculturelle à l’école francophone en milieu minoritaire
Authors: Kamano Lamine , Benimmas Aïcha
Published: April 2017

Dans cet article, nous retraçons essentiellement le parcours méthodologique réalisé lors d’une recherche dont le but était de comprendre les croyances du personnel enseignant du milieu francophone minoritaire du Nouveau-Brunswick et ses pratiques pédagogiques en classes multiculturelles. Il s’agissait, spécifiquement, de cerner le vécu des enseignants francophones et leur rapport à la diversité ethnoculturelle dans leurs classes. En vue d’atteindre ce but, nous avons procédé par une méthode de recherche qualitative basée sur lagrounded theory(Corbin & Strauss, 2008; Glaser & Strauss, 1967). L’étude des croyances et des pratiques enseignantes étant une entreprise complexe, nous avons ajusté et réajusté, au fur et à mesure, notre démarche méthodologique dont les grandes lignes sont exposées dans cet article.
Interoperability and FAIRness through a novel combination of Web technologies
Authors: Wilkinson Mark D. , Verborgh Ruben , Bonino da Silva Santos Luiz Olavo , Clark Tim , Swertz Morris A. , Kelpin Fleur D.L. , Gray Alasdair J.G. , Schultes Erik A. , van Mulligen Erik M. , Ciccarese Paolo , Kuzniar Arnold , Gavai Anand , Thompson Mark , Kaliyaperumal Rajaram , Bolleman Jerven T. , Dumontier Michel
Published: April 2017

Data in the life sciences are extremely diverse and are stored in a broad spectrum of repositories ranging from those designed for particular data types (such as KEGG for pathway data or UniProt for protein data) to those that are general-purpose (such as FigShare, Zenodo, Dataverse or EUDAT). These data have widely different levels of sensitivity and security considerations. For example, clinical observations about genetic mutations in patients are highly sensitive, while observations of species diversity are generally not. The lack of uniformity in data models from one repository to another, and in the richness and availability of metadata descriptions, makes integration and analysis of these data a manual, time-consuming task with no scalability. Here we explore a set of resource-oriented Web design patterns for data discovery, accessibility, transformation, and integration that can be implemented by any general- or special-purpose repository as a means to assist users in finding and reusing their data holdings. We show that by using off-the-shelf technologies, interoperability can be achieved atthe level of an individual spreadsheet cell. We note that the behaviours of this architecture compare favourably to the desiderata defined by the FAIR Data Principles, and can therefore represent an exemplar implementation of those principles. The proposed interoperability design patterns may be used to improve discovery and integration of both new and legacy data, maximizing the utility of all scholarly outputs.
Monitoring and projecting snow on Hawaii Island
Authors: Zhang Chunxi , Hamilton Kevin , Wang Yuqing
Published: April 2017

The highest mountain peaks on Hawaii Island are snow covered for part of almost every year. This snow has aesthetic and recreational value as well as cultural significance for residents and visitors. Thus far there have been almost no systematic observations of snowfall, snow cover, or snow depth in Hawaii. Here we use satellite observations to construct a daily index of Hawaii Island snow cover starting from 2000. The seasonal mean of our index displays large interannual variations that are correlated with the seasonal mean freezing level and frequency of trade wind inversions as determined from nearby balloon soundings. Our snow cover index provides a diagnostic for monitoring climate variability and trends within the extensive area of the globe dominated by the North Pacific trade wind meteorological regime. We have also conducted simulations of the Hawaii climate with a regional atmospheric model. Retrospective simulations for 1990–2015 were run with boundary conditions prescribed from gridded observational analyses. Simulations for the end of 21st century employed boundary conditions based on global climate model projections that included standard scenarios for anticipated anthropogenic climate forcing. The future projections indicate that snowfall will nearly disappear by the end of the current century.
Revisiting summertime hot extremes in China during 1961–2015: Overlooked compound extremes and significant changes
Authors: Chen Yang , Zhai Panmao
Published: April 2017

Summertime hot extremes in China are categorized into three distinct types, i.e., independent hot days, independent hot nights, and compound events, based on differing configurations between daily maximum and minimum temperature. Linear trends for multiple indictors of these subtypes and traditionally defined hot days/nights exhibited remarkable differences in significance, magnitude, and even sign, especially for events involving daytime extremes. Thus, some significant changes masked in conventional analyses are successfully uncovered. Particularly, the dominance of independent hot days has decayed significantly, accompanied by a rapid boom of compound events and/or independent hot nights in different regions. These nighttime‐accentuated hot extremes have exhibited significant increases in duration, intensity, and spatial extent, with much stronger trends detected in severest events.
IMF dependence of energetic oxygen and hydrogen ion distributions in the near‐Earth magnetosphere
Authors: Luo H. , Kronberg E. A. , Nykyri K. , Trattner K. J. , Daly P. W. , Chen G. X. , Du A. M. , Ge Y. S.
Published: April 2017

Energetic ion distributions in the near‐Earth plasma sheet can provide important information for understanding the entry of ions into the magnetosphere and their transportation, acceleration, and losses in the near‐Earth region. In this study, 11 years of energetic proton and oxygen observations (> ~274 keV) from Cluster/Research with Adaptive Particle Imaging Detectors were used to statistically study the energetic ion distributions in the near‐Earth region. The dawn‐dusk asymmetries of the distributions in three different regions (dayside magnetosphere, near‐Earth nightside plasma sheet, and tail plasma sheet) are examined in Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The results show that the energetic ion distributions are influenced by the dawn‐dusk interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) direction. The enhancement of ion intensity largely correlates with the location of the magnetic reconnection at the magnetopause. The results imply that substorm‐related acceleration processes in the magnetotail are not the only source of energetic ions in the dayside and the near‐Earth magnetosphere. Energetic ions delivered through reconnection at the magnetopause significantly affect the energetic ion population in the magnetosphere. We also believe that the influence of the dawn‐dusk IMF direction should not be neglected in models of the particle population in the magnetosphere.
A new observational solar irradiance composite
Authors: Haberreiter Margit , Schöll Micha , Dudok de Wit Thierry , Kretzschmar Matthieu , Misios Stergios , Tourpali Kleareti , Schmutz Werner
Published: April 2017

Variations in the solar spectral irradiance (SSI) are an important driver of the chemistry, temperature, and dynamics of the Earth's atmosphere and ultimately the Earth's climate. To investigate the detailed response of the Earth's atmosphere to SSI variations, a reliable SSI data set is needed. We present an observational SSI composite data set that is based on 20 instruments and has been built by using probabilistic approach that takes into account the scale‐dependent uncertainty of each available SSI observation. We compare the variability of this new composite with available SSI reconstructions and discuss the respective modeled responses in the Earth's atmosphere. As the composite is based on purely statistical means, we consider it as a valuable independent data set.
Physical mechanisms for multiphase flow associated with hydrate formation
Authors: Behseresht Javad , Bryant Steven L.
Published: April 2017

Many Arctic hydrate reservoirs such as those of the Prudhoe Bay and Kuparuk River area on the Alaska North Slope (ANS) are believed originally to be natural gas accumulations converted to hydrate accumulations after being placed in the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) in response to ancient climate cooling. In this work, the implications of a previously described mechanistic model for the transport of gaseous and aqueous phases are studied using a transient 1‐D transport model during the conversion of a gas reservoir to a hydrate reservoir. The mechanistic model predicts/explains the vertical profile of hydrate saturation in “converted free gas” hydrate reservoirs. The initial gas phase saturation with depth is estimated from the profile of capillary entry pressure, which is estimated from grain size distributions measured in cores. The gas accumulation is assumed to be disconnected from its original source so that methane transport occurs only within it. As the base of the GHSZ descends through the sediment, hydrate forms within the GHSZ. The net volume reduction associated with hydrate formation creates a “sink” which drives flow of gaseous and aqueous phases to the hydrate formation zone. Mechanisms by which this fluid movement could have occurred are analyzed. Flow driven by saturation gradients plays a key role in creating reservoirs of large hydrate saturations, as observed in Mount Elbert stratigraphic test well in the Milne Point Unit of Alaska North Slope (ANS). Viscous‐dominated pressure‐driven flow of gaseous and aqueous phases cannot explain large hydrate saturations originated from large‐saturation gas accumulations. The mode of hydrate formation for a wide range of rate of hydrate formation, the rate of descent of the base of GHSZ, and host sediment characteristics are analyzed and characterized based on dimensionless groups. The proposed transport model is also consistent with field data from hydrate‐bearing sand units in Mount Elbert well. Results show that not only the petrophysical properties of the host sediment but also the rate of hydrate formation and the rate of temperature cooling at the surface contribute greatly to the final hydrate saturation profiles.
Slow and fast ruptures on a laboratory fault controlled by loading characteristics
Authors: Mclaskey Gregory C. , Yamashita Futoshi
Published: April 2017

Recent geodetic observations indicate that a single fault may slip slowly and silently or fast and seismically in different circumstances. We report laboratory experiments that demonstrate how the mode of faulting can alternate between fast “stick‐slip” events (70 to ~500 mm/s sliding rates) and slow silent events (~0.001 to 30 mm/s) as a result of loading conditions rather than friction properties or stiffness of the loading machine. The 760 mm long granite sample is close to the critical nucleation length scale for unstable slip, so small variations in nucleation properties result in measurable differences in slip events. Slow events occur when instability cannot fully nucleate before reaching the sample ends. Dynamic events occur after long healing times or abrupt increases in loading rate which suggests that these factors shrink the spatial and temporal extents of the nucleation zone. Arrays of slip, strain, and ground motion sensors installed on the sample allow us to quantify seismic coupling and study details of premonitory slip and afterslip. We find that seismic coupling decreases when slip rates fall below about 70 mm/s. The slow slip events we observe are primarily aseismic (less than 1% of the seismic coupling of faster events) and produce swarms of very small M −6 to M −8 events. These mechanical and seismic interactions suggest that faults with transitional behavior—where creep, small earthquakes, and tremor are often observed—could become seismically coupled if loaded rapidly, either by a slow slip front or dynamic rupture of an earthquake that nucleated elsewhere.
Vaporization of fault water during seismic slip
Authors: Chen Jianye , Niemeijer André R. , Fokker Peter A.
Published: April 2017

Laboratory and numerical studies, as well as field observations, indicate that phase transitions of pore water might be an important process in large earthquakes. We present a model of the thermo‐hydro‐chemo‐mechanical processes, including a two‐phase mixture model to incorporate the phase transitions of pore water, occurring during fast slip (i.e., a natural earthquake) in order to investigate the effects of vaporization on the coseismic slip. Using parameters from typical natural faults, our modeling shows that vaporization can indeed occur at the shallow depths of an earthquake, irrespective of the wide variability of the parameters involved (sliding velocity, friction coefficient, gouge permeability and porosity, and shear‐induced dilatancy). Due to the fast kinetics, water vaporization can cause a rapid slip weakening even when the hydrological conditions of the fault zone are not favorable for thermal pressurization, e.g., when permeability is high. At the same time, the latent heat associated with the phase transition causes the temperature rise in the slip zone to be buffered. Our parametric analyses reveal that the amount of frictional work is the principal factor controlling the onset and activity of vaporization and that it can easily be achieved in earthquakes. Our study shows that coseismic pore fluid vaporization might have played important roles at shallow depths of large earthquakes by enhancing slip weakening and buffering the temperature rise. The combined effects may provide an alternative explanation for the fact that low‐temperature anomalies were measured in the slip zones at shallow depths of large earthquakes.
Isopycnal eddy mixing across the Kuroshio Extension: Stable versus unstable states in an eddying model
Authors: Chen Ru , Gille Sarah T. , McClean Julie L.
Published: April 2017

The Kuroshio Extension (KE) jet transitions between stable and unstable states on interannual time scales. Cross‐jet eddy mixing in the two states is contrasted in the KE region (
), using a global eddying
configuration of the Parallel Ocean Program with online numerical particles. The 4 year period chosen (June 1994 to May 1998) covers a full cycle of the stable state, unstable state and the transition period. Large values of cross‐jet eddy diffusivities within the KE jet are concentrated in the upper 1000 m. In the upper ocean, elevated cross‐jet mixing within the KE jet is mainly concentrated in the downstream part of the KE jet, where the jet is weak but eddy activity is strong. The simulated time‐mean KE jet is more intense and extends further east in the stable state than in the unstable state. Consequently, strong cross‐jet mixing within the KE jet is located west of
E during June 1996 to May 1997 (a typical unstable state), but east of
during June 1995 to May 1996 (a typical stable state). However, average mixing within the KE jet is indistinguishable in the typical stable and unstable states. In the deep ocean, mixing is strongly influenced by topography, and thus their horizontal structures have less inter‐annual variability than in the upper ocean. One caveat is that results here cover one representative cycle of the two states. To obtain the climate mean mixing structures for the stable or unstable state, one would need numerical output covering a period much longer than 4 years.
Warm water pathways toward Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden Glacier, Northeast Greenland
Authors: Schaffer Janin , von Appen Wilken‐Jon , Dodd Paul A. , Hofstede Coen , Mayer Christoph , de Steur Laura , Kanzow Torsten
Published: April 2017

Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden Glacier (79NG) is the largest of three marine‐terminating outlet glaciers draining the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream. To understand how Atlantic waters supply waters in the cavity beneath the floating 79NG, we analyze historic and recent bathymetric, hydrographic, and velocity observations obtained on the Northeast Greenland continental shelf. The bathymetry is characterized by a trough system, consisting of the Westwind Trough and the Norske Trough in the northern and southern part of the continental shelf, respectively. Atlantic waters recirculating in Fram Strait cross the shelf break and enter the trough system at its southeastern inlet toward the inner shelf. Warm Atlantic Intermediate Water (AIW) present below 200 m in the Norske Trough shows large contributions of the recirculating Atlantic water. We found that the bathymetry is sufficiently deep to provide a direct subsurface pathway for warm AIW between the shelf break and the 79NG cavity via the Norske Trough. Likewise, based on the hydrographic data, we show that the Norske Trough supplies AIW warmer than 1°C to the 79NG, which is not present in the Westwind Trough. Our moored and lowered velocity measurements indicate that a boundary current carries warm AIW along the northeastern slope of Norske Trough toward the 79NG. We suggest that anomalies in Atlantic water temperatures in Fram Strait could reach 79NG within less than 1.5 years, thereby modifying the glacier's basal melt rates.
Upper ocean O2 trends: 1958–2015
Authors: Ito Takamitsu , Minobe Shoshiro , Long Matthew C. , Deutsch Curtis
Published: April 2017

Historic observations of dissolved oxygen (O2) in the ocean are analyzed to quantify multidecadal trends and variability from 1958 to 2015. Additional quality control is applied, and the resultant oxygen anomaly field is used to quantify upper ocean O2 trends at global and hemispheric scales. A widespread negative O2 trend is beginning to emerge from the envelope of interannual variability. Ocean reanalysis data are used to evaluate relationships with changes in ocean heat content (OHC) and oxygen solubility (O2,sat). Global O2 decline is evident after the 1980s, accompanied by an increase in global OHC. The global upper ocean O2 inventory (0–1000 m) changed at the rate of −243 ± 124 T mol O2 per decade. Further, the O2 inventory is negatively correlated with the OHC (r = −0.86; 0–1000 m) and the regression coefficient of O2 to OHC is approximately −8.2 ± 0.66 nmol O2 J−1, on the same order of magnitude as the simulated O2‐heat relationship typically found in ocean climate models. Variability and trends in the observed upper ocean O2 concentration are dominated by the apparent oxygen utilization component with relatively small contributions from O2,sat. This indicates that changing ocean circulation, mixing, and/or biochemical processes, rather than the direct thermally induced solubility effects, are the primary drivers for the observed O2 changes. The spatial patterns of the multidecadal trend include regions of enhanced ocean deoxygenation including the subpolar North Pacific, eastern boundary upwelling systems, and tropical oxygen minimum zones. Further studies are warranted to understand and attribute the global O2 trends and their regional expressions.
Importance of convective parameterization in ENSO predictions
Authors: Zhu Jieshun , Kumar Arun , Wang Wanqiu , Hu Zeng‐Zhen , Huang Bohua , Balmaseda Magdalena A.
Published: April 2017

This letter explored the influence of atmospheric convection scheme on El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) predictions using a set of hindcast experiments. Specifically, a low‐resolution version of the Climate Forecast System version 2 is used for 12 month hindcasts starting from each April during 1982–2011. The hindcast experiments are repeated with three atmospheric convection schemes. All three hindcasts apply the identical initialization with ocean initial conditions taken from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts and atmosphere/land initial states from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction. Assessments indicate a substantial sensitivity of the sea surface temperature prediction skill to the different convection schemes, particularly over the eastern tropical Pacific. For the Niño 3.4 index, the anomaly correlation skill can differ by 0.1–0.2 at lead times longer than 2 months. Long‐term simulations are further conducted with the three convection schemes to understand the differences in prediction skill. By conducting heat budget analyses for the mixed‐layer temperature anomalies, it is suggested that the convection scheme having the highest skill simulates stronger and more realistic coupled feedbacks related to ENSO. Particularly, the strength of the Ekman pumping feedback is better represented, which is traced to more realistic simulation of surface wind stress. Our results imply that improving the mean state simulations in coupled (ocean‐atmosphere) general circulation model (e.g., ameliorating the Intertropical Convergence Zone simulation) might further improve our ENSO prediction capability.
A new physical model of the electron radiation belts of Jupiter inside Europa's orbit
Authors: Nénon Q. , Sicard A. , Bourdarie S.
Published: April 2017

A new global physical model of the electron radiation belts of Jupiter inside the orbit of Europa is presented. It is an update of the Office National d'Etudes et de Recherches Aérospatiales model Salammbô proposed by Sicard and Bourdarie () that now integrates a contribution of the wave‐particle interaction above the orbit of Io. In addition, a revisited and more realistic boundary condition near Europa is implemented. The new Salammbô model is validated against the in situ flux measurements obtained by the Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, and Voyager 1 missions. The role of the wave‐particle interaction is discussed by investigating its effect on the predicted in situ fluxes. In particular, the interaction appears in our simulations as a strong pitch angle scattering process explaining the flux depletions intensities near the orbit of Io as well as the flux intensities near the spacecraft perijoves.
L1L5Together: Report of Workshop on Future Missions to Monitor Space Weather on the Sun and in the Solar Wind Using Both the L1 and L5 Lagrange Points as Valuable Viewpoints
Authors: Hapgood Mike
Published: April 2017

The “L5 in Tandem with L1: Future Space Weather Missions Workshop” was held in London on 6–9 March 2017 to discuss technical and programmatic steps toward an operational system for monitoring space weather conditions on the Sun and in the solar wind. This system would exploit the viewpoints provided by the Sun‐Earth L1 and L5 Lagrange points—two locations where we can place spacecraft in quasi‐stable orbits with complementary views of solar and interplanetary conditions that could lead to adverse space‐weather impacts at Earth. This personal report summarizes the talks and discussions at the workshop—pulling out key issues of likely interest to a wider audience and important considerations on the route to an operational system at L1 and L5, a system that can help to protect societies around the world from the risks posed by space weather.
The Mobius AIRO mobile CT for image‐guided proton therapy: Characterization & commissioning
Authors: Oliver Jasmine A. , Zeidan Omar A. , Meeks Sanford L. , Shah Amish P. , Pukala Jason , Kelly Patrick , Ramakrishna Naren R. , Willoughby Twyla R.
Published: April 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to characterize the Mobius AIRO Mobile CT System for localization and image‐guided proton therapy. This is the first known application of the AIRO for proton therapy.

Methods

Five CT images of a Catphan®504 phantom were acquired on the AIRO Mobile CT System, Varian EDGE radiosurgery system cone beam CT (CBCT), Philips Brilliance Big Bore 16 slice CT simulator, and Siemens SOMATOM Definition AS 20 slice CT simulator. DoseLAB software v.6.6 was utilized for image quality analysis. Modulation transfer function, scaling discrepancy, geometric distortion, spatial resolution, overall uniformity, minimum uniformity, contrast, high CNR, and maximum HU deviation were acquired. Low CNR was acquired manually using the CTP515 module. Localization accuracy and CT Dose Index were measured and compared to reported values on each imaging device. For treatment delivery systems (Edge and Mevion), the localization accuracy of the 3D imaging systems were compared to 2D imaging systems on each system.

Results

The AIRO spatial resolution was 0.21 lp mm−1 compared with 0.40 lp mm−1 for the Philips CT Simulator, 0.37 lp mm−1 for the Edge CBCT, and 0.35 lp mm−1 for the Siemens CT Simulator. AIRO/Siemens and AIRO/Philips differences exceeded 100% for scaling discrepancy (191.2% and 145.8%). The AIRO exhibited higher dose (>27 mGy) than the Philips CT Simulator. Localization accuracy (based on the MIMI phantom) was 0.6° and 0.5 mm. Localization accuracy (based on Stereophan) demonstrated maximum AIRO‐kV/kV shift differences of 0.1 mm in the x‐direction, 0.1 mm in the y‐direction, and 0.2 mm in the z‐direction.

Conclusions

The localization accuracy of AIRO was determined to be within 0.6° and 0.5 mm despite its slightly lower image quality overall compared to other CT imaging systems at our institution. Based on our study, the Mobile AIRO CT system can be utilized accurately and reliably for image‐guided proton therapy.
Measurement of skin surface dose distributions in radiation therapy using poly(vinyl alcohol) cryogel dosimeters
Authors: Eyadeh Molham M. , Wierzbicki Marcin , Diamond Kevin R.
Published: April 2017

In external beam radiation therapy (EBRT), skin dose measurement is important to evaluate dose coverage of superficial target volumes. Treatment planning systems (TPSs) are often inaccurate in this region of the patient, so in vivo measurements are necessary for skin surface dose estimation. In this work, superficial dose distributions were measured using radiochromic translucent poly(vinyl alcohol) cryogels. The cryogels simultaneously served as bolus material, providing the necessary buildup to achieve the desired superficial dose. The relationship between dose to the skin surface and dose measured with the bolus was established using a series of oblique irradiations with gantry angles ranging from 0° to 90°. EBT‐2 Gafchromic film was placed under the bolus, and the ratio of bolus‐film dose was determined ranging from 0.749 ± 0.005 to 0.930 ± 0.002 for 0° and 90° gantry angles, respectively. The average ratio over 0–67.5° (0.800 ± 0.064) was used as the single correction factor to convert dose in bolus to dose to the skin surface. The correction factor was applied to bolus measurements of skin dose from head and neck intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) treatments delivered to a RANDO phantom. The resulting dose distributions were compared to film measurements using gamma analysis with a 3%/3 mm tolerance and a 10% threshold. The minimum gamma pass rate was 95.2% suggesting that the radiochromic bolus may provide an accurate estimation of skin surface dose using a simple correction factor. This study demonstrates the suitability of radiochromic cryogels for superficial dose measurements in megavoltage photon beams.
Cognitive Load Theory, Element Interactivity, and the Testing and Reverse Testing Effects
Authors: Hanham Jose , Leahy Wayne , Sweller John
Published: April 2017

Summary: The testing effect arises when learners who are tested rather than relearning material obtain superior scores on a final test than those who relearn. Based on cognitive load theory, six experiments examined whether the effect was evident under low or high element interactivity (a measure of complexity) conditions. Students learning to write types of text were participants. In all experiments, effects on a final common test of two presentations were compared with a single presentation followed by a preliminary test. The testing effect on immediate tests was larger and more likely using lower element interactivity materials. A reverse testing effect was likely on immediate tests tapping higher element interactivity material but possibly eliminated by using a delayed test. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Integrating Physical Activities Into a Science Lesson on Preschool Children's Learning and Enjoyment
Authors: Mavilidi Myrto‐Foteini , Okely Anthony D. , Chandler Paul , Paas Fred
Published: April 2017

Summary: This study investigated the effects of physical activities that were integrated into a science lesson on learning among preschool children. A total of 90 children from seven childcare centres (Mage = 4.90, SD = 0.52; 45 girls) were randomly assigned across an integrated physical activity condition including task‐relevant physical activities, a nonintegrated physical activity condition involving task‐irrelevant physical activities, or a control condition involving the predominantly conventional sedentary style of teaching. Children learned the names of the planets and their order, based on the distance from the sun. For both the immediate and delayed (6 weeks after the programme) assessments, results showed that learning outcomes were highest in the integrated condition and higher in the nonintegrated condition than in the control condition. Children in the integrated condition scored higher on perceived enjoyment of learning than children in the control condition. Implications of integrated physical activity programmes for preschool children's health, cognition, and learning are further discussed. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
“I Should not Forget the Apples!”—Mind‐Wandering Episodes Used as Opportunities for Rehearsal in an Interrupted Recall Paradigm
Authors: Steindorf Lena , Rummel Jan
Published: April 2017

Mind‐wandering is mostly studied for its negative effects on ongoing cognitive tasks but may be also of adaptive value. We tested the idea of mind‐wandering providing opportunities for rehearsal by asking participants to study 20 grocery items for a recall test. After cued recall of 10 items, participants were either told that the recall task was finished or that it was interrupted for another task. All participants then performed a two‐back task during which thought contents were repeatedly probed. Cued recall of the remaining items was better in the interrupted than in the finished condition, and this effect was accompanied by a more efficient rehearsal strategy: Participants' thought‐reports in the interrupted condition revealed a stronger and more persistent engagement in shopping‐task‐related thoughts. Activating a relevant goal led to mind‐wandering episodes being persistently used as opportunities for rehearsal revealing participants' adaptive usage of off‐task thoughts.Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐Acupressure for Older Adults With Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Li Lydia W. , Harris Richard E. , Tsodikov Alex , Struble Laura , Murphy Susan L.
Published: April 2017

Objective

This double‐blind randomized controlled trial aimed to test the efficacy of self‐administered acupressure for pain and physical function improvement for older adults with knee osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods

Participants were community‐dwelling adults with symptomatic knee OA (n = 150, mean age 73 years), randomized to 1 of 3 groups: verum acupressure, sham acupressure, or usual care. Participants in the verum and sham groups, but not those in the usual care group, were taught to self‐apply acupressure once daily, 5 days/week for 8 weeks. Assessments were collected during center visits at baseline, and at 4 and 8 weeks. In addition, pain level was assessed weekly by phone using a numeric rating scale (NRS). Outcomes included the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) pain subscale (primary), and subjective and objective physical function measures and the NRS and physical function measures (secondary). Linear mixed regression analysis was conducted to test between‐group differences in mean changes from baseline for the outcomes at 8 weeks.

Results

Compared with usual care, both verum and sham acupressure participants experienced significant improvements in WOMAC pain (mean difference −1.27 units [95% confidence interval (95% CI) −1.95, −0.58] and −1.24 units [95% CI −1.92, −0.55], respectively), NRS pain (−0.74 units [95% CI −1.24, −0.24] and −0.51 units [95% CI −1.01, −0.01], respectively), and WOMAC function (−4.83 units [95% CI −6.99, −2.67] and −4.21 units [95% CI −6.37, −2.04], respectively) at 8 weeks. There were no significant differences between the verum and sham acupressure groups on any of the outcomes.

Conclusion

Self‐administered acupressure is superior to usual care in pain and physical function improvement for older adults with knee OA. The reason for the benefits is unclear, and the placebo effect may play a role.
ParaStamp and Its Applications to Cell Patterning, Drug Synergy Screening, and Rewritable Devices for Droplet Storage
Authors: Kuo Ching‐Te , Wang Jong‐Yueh , Wo Andrew M. , Chen Benjamin P. C. , Lee Hsinyu
Published: April 2017

Engineered materials have been employed as versatile tools to explore fundamental processes in cell biology/drug development as well as an approach towards intelligent devices, thereby becoming key components in modern technology. Herein, a ParaStamp technique is revealed to possess applications for cell patterning, drug screening, and rewritable functional patterning. The ParaStamp includes a micropatterned polydimethylsiloxane master and a liquid‐phased paraffin oil generated at high temperature, which can transfer the patterned paramembrane onto varied material surfaces such as glass, polystyrene, and flexible foil. This technique is simple and cost‐effective to meet the high‐throughput requirement for industries. Taken together, the findings herein should provide general insights in cell biology, biodetection, and the development of smart hydrophobic surfaces.
Nanoconfined Atomic Layer Deposition of TiO2/Pt Nanotubes: Toward Ultrasmall Highly Efficient Catalytic Nanorockets
Authors: Li Jinxing , Liu Wenjuan , Wang Jiyuan , Rozen Isaac , He Sha , Chen Chuanrui , Kim Hyun Gu , Lee Ha‐Jin , Lee Han‐Bo‐Ram , Kwon Se‐Hun , Li Tianlong , Li Longqiu , Wang Joseph , Mei Yongfeng
Published: April 2017

Small machines are highly promising for future medicine and new materials. Recent advances in functional nanomaterials have driven the development of synthetic inorganic micromachines that are capable of efficient propulsion and complex operation. Miniaturization and large‐scale manufacturing of these tiny machines with true nanometer dimension are crucial for compatibility with subcellular components and molecular machines in operation. Here, block copolymer lithography is combined with atomic layer deposition for wafer‐scale fabrication of ultrasmall coaxial TiO2/Pt nanotubes as catalytic rocket engines with length below 150 nm and a tubular reactor size of only 20 nm, leading to the smallest man‐made rocket engine reported to date. The movement of the nanorockets is examined using dark‐field microscopy particle tracking and dynamic light scattering. The high catalytic activity of the Pt inner layer and the reaction confined within the extremely small nanoreactor enable highly efficient propulsion, achieving speeds over 35 µm s−1 at a low Reynolds number of <10−5. The collective movements of these nanorockets are able to efficiently power the directional transport of significantly larger passive cargo.
Multilayer Nanofilms via Inkjet Printing for Stabilizing Growth Factor and Designing Desired Cell Developments
Authors: Choi Moonhyun , Park Hee Ho , Choi Daheui , Han Uiyoung , Park Tai Hyun , Lee Hwankyu , Park Juhyun , Hong Jinkee
Published: April 2017

Biologically versatile basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), well known for roles of signaling molecules between cells and regulating various cellular processes, has been proven to utilize specific functionalities. However, the remarkable functions are inclinable to dwindle with decrease of bFGFs' activity. In nanoscale, developing thin films with intrinsic characteristics of building molecules can facilitate handling various materials for desired purposes. Fabricating nanofilm and handling sensitive materials without detriment to activity via highly productive manufacturing are significant for practical uses in the field of biomedical applications. Herein, a multilayered nanofilm fabricating system is developed by inkjet printing to incorporate bFGF successfully. It is demonstrated that water mixed with glycerol as biological ink maintains stability of bFGFs through simulation and experimental study. With highly stable bFGFs, the proliferation of human dermal fibroblast is enhanced and the undifferentiated state of induced pluripotent stem cell is maintained by the controlled release of bFGF.