bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cucurbituril‐verkapselnde metallorganische Gerüstverbindung über Mechanochemie: Adsorbentien mit verbesserter Leistung
Authors: Liang Jun , Gvilava Vasily , Jansen Christian , Öztürk Secil , Spieß Alex , Lin Jingxiang , Xing Shanghua , Sun Yangyang , Wang Hao , Janiak Christoph
Published: May 2021

Es werden die ersten Beispiele für monolithische kristalline Wirt‐Gast‐Hybridmaterialien beschrieben. Durch die Reaktion von 1,3,5‐Benzoltricarbonsäure (H3BTC) und Fe(NO3)3⋅9 H2O in Gegenwart von Decamethylcucurbit[5]uril‐Ammoniumchlorid (MC5⋅2 NH4Cl⋅4 H2O) entstehen direkt MC5@MIL‐100(Fe)‐Hybrid‐Monolithe mit hierarchischen Mikro‐, Meso‐ und Makroporen. Diese “Flasche‐um‐Schiff”‐Synthese und die Ein‐Topf‐Formgebung werden insbesondere durch ein neu entdecktes, mechanochemisch gebildetes Fe‐MC5‐Fließgel erleichtert. Das entworfene MC5@MIL‐100(Fe)‐Hybridmaterial mit MC5 als aktive Domänen hat eine verbesserte CH4‐ und Blei(II)‐Aufnahmeleistung und eine selektive Aufnahme von Blei(II)‐Kationen bei niedrigen Konzentrationen. Dies zeigt, dass Wirt‐Gast‐Hybridmaterialien synergetische Eigenschaften aufweisen können, die Materialien auf Basis von Einzelkomponenten übertreffen.
Aufdeckung der Rolle von Hydrogencarbonat‐Ionen bei der Bildung von Calciumcarbonat im nahezu neutralen pH‐Bereich
Authors: Huang Yu‐Chieh , Rao Ashit , Huang Shing‐Jong , Chang Chun‐Yu , Drechsler Markus , Knaus Jennifer , Chan Jerry Chun Chung , Raiteri Paolo , Gale Julian D. , Gebauer Denis
Published: May 2021

Die Grundlagen der Mineralisation und die entsprechenden Mechanismen sind noch nicht ausreichend verstanden. Dies ist insbesondere für biologische und geologische Systeme der Fall. In dieser Studie konnte die Beteiligung von HCO3−‐Ionen an der Nukleation von CaCO3 durch quantitative Untersuchungen der Ionenassoziationen im nahezu neutralen pH‐Bereich nachgewiesen werden. Der strukturelle Einbau von HCO3−‐Ionen in amorphe Intermediate konnte mittels ssNMR belegt werden und wird des Weiteren durch quantenmechanische Berechnungen sowie Simulationen der Moleküldynamik gestützt. Der Einfluss von HCO3−‐Ionen erstreckt sich dabei auf 1) eine konkurrierende Rolle in Gleichgewichten bezüglich der Bildung von Ionenpaaren und Ionenclustern vor der Nukleation sowie auf 2) den Einbau in amorphe Mineralpartikel als wichtige strukturelle Komponente. Der Einfluss dieser aktiv beteiligten löslichen Spezies auf die Bildung von Calciumcarbonat ist von fundamentaler Bedeutung, um die physiologische und geologische Mineralisation in ihren Grundsätzen besser zu verstehen.
Development of active cassava starch films reinforced with waste from industrial wine production and enriched with pink pepper extract
Authors: Laureanti Emanuele Joana Gbur , Paiva Thainnane Silva , de Souza Tasso Ivisson , Dallabona Ithiara Dalponte , Helm Cristiane Vieira , de Matos Jorge Luiz Mario , Jorge Regina Maria Matos
Published: May 2021

This study investigated the influence of grape stalk (GS) from the Bordo grape variety (Vittis labruscaL.) as a reinforcing agent, and pink pepper (Schinus terebinthifoliusRaddi) extract (PPE) as an antioxidant, in cassava starch (CS)‐glycerol (GLY) films. The developed biodegradable films were characterized according to structural, barrier, mechanical, antioxidant and optical properties, as well as biodegradability and compared to both the control and blank films. Films containing a high GS content exhibited a significant increase in tensile strength (TS) values by 73%, whereas the films containing a high PPE content exhibited an important increase elongation (ELO) values by 20%, comparing to the control film (CO). The films containing 5.52% v/v of PPE presented an improving on antioxidant activity and barrier properties, leading DPPH and ABTS percentual radical scavenging activity by 51.79% and 58.18%, and decreasing water vapor permeability and solubility by expressive values of 34.11% and 79.43%, respectively. According to the results obtained in this study, the films using GS and PPE exhibited valuable characteristics and are an alternative for applications as a promising biodegradable packaging material.
The influence of 3‐glycidyloxypropyl trimethoxysilane on the rheological and in‐vitro behavior of injectable composites containing64Sbioactive glass, chitosan, and gelatin
Authors: Sohrabi Mehri , Yekta Bijan Eftekhari , Rezaie Hamid Reza , Naimi‐Jamal Mohammad Reza
Published: May 2021

The effect of cross‐linker 3‐glycidyloxypropyl trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) on the injectability, bioactivity, rheology, washout resistance, and cellular behavior of bio‐nano composite pastes containing a sol–gel derived bioactive glass (BG), chitosan (Cn), and gelatin (Gel), were studied. The results indicated that the structural integrity of the samples in the stimulated body fluid (SBF) was improved from 80% to 90% with the increase in the GPTMS content. In addition, the viscosity and injectability of the paste were affected, so that the later changed from 96% to 73% and the former changed from 132 × 103to 210 × 103 Pa.s, with addition of 20 wt% GPTMS. Furthermore, the bioactivity of the pastes was improved with the use of GPTMS. No toxicity was observed in the cellular studies of the GPTMS containing paste after 7 days, and the cells kept their shape and were attached firmly to the paste surface. The results of the present work showed that the use of GPTMS was beneficial in enhancing the properties of injectable paste.
La3+ modified poly(γ‐glutamic acid) hydrogels with high strength and anti‐swelling property for cartilage regeneration
Authors: Zhang Chenyang , Wu Hailin , Chen Jing , Zhu Peizhi , Gao Chunxia
Published: May 2021

The applications of synthetic hydrogels in cartilage regeneration are usually limited by their weak mechanical properties, uncontrolled swelling/degradation, and insufficient osteogenic activity. Developing tough hydrogels have been attracting great attention in biomedical engineering. In this study, a high strength and tough poly(γ‐glutamic acid) (γ‐PGA) hydrogels with excellent anti‐swelling property were developed by immersing as‐prepared γ‐PGA hydrogels in LaCl3 aqueous solution. Results revealed that the concentration of LaCl3 aqueous solution has great influence on the mechanical properties of γ‐PGA hydrogels. The tensile strength of γ‐PGA hydrogels improved from 0.12 ± 0.02 MPa to 14.65 ± 0.48 MPa when LaCl3 concentration was 0.15 M. Moreover, the swelling ratio decreased from 1035.75 ± 33.16% to 18.21 ± 3.08%. The morphology and microstructure of La3+ reinforced γ‐PGA hydrogels were characterized by SEM/EDS, FT‐IR and XPS. Furthermore, in vitro cytocompatibility of La3+ reinforced γ‐PGA hydrogels was evaluated via MC3T3‐E1 cells. Finally, this study provides a facile and effective strategy for modifying the mechanical and swelling properties of γ‐PGA‐based hydrogels, which offers great potential applications in cartilage repair and regeneration.
Subchondral Bone Length in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Deep Learning–Derived Imaging Measure and Its Association With Radiographic and Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Chang Gary H. , Park Lisa K. , Le Nina A. , Jhun Ray S. , Surendran Tejus , Lai Joseph , Seo Hojoon , Promchotichai Nuwapa , Yoon Grace , Scalera Jonathan , Capellini Terence D. , Felson David T. , Kolachalama Vijaya B.
Published: May 2021

Objective

To develop a bone shape measure that reflects the extent of cartilage loss and bone flattening in knee osteoarthritis (OA) and test it against estimates of disease severity.

Methods

A fast region‐based convolutional neural network was trained to crop the knee joints in sagittal dual‐echo steady‐state magnetic resonance imaging sequences obtained from the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI). Publicly available annotations of the cartilage and menisci were used as references to annotate the tibia and the femur in 61 knees. Another deep neural network (U‐Net) was developed to learn these annotations. Model predictions were compared to radiologist‐driven annotations on an independent test set (27 knees). The U‐Net was applied to automatically extract the knee joint structures on the larger OAI data set (n = 9,434 knees). We defined subchondral bone length (SBL), a novel shape measure characterizing the extent of overlying cartilage and bone flattening, and examined its relationship with radiographic joint space narrowing (JSN), concurrent pain and disability (according to the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index), as well as subsequent partial or total knee replacement. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for each outcome were estimated using relative changes in SBL from the OAI data set stratified into quartiles.

Results

The mean SBL values for knees with JSN were consistently different from knees without JSN. Greater changes of SBL from baseline were associated with greater pain and disability. For knees with medial or lateral JSN, the ORs for future knee replacement between the lowest and highest quartiles corresponding to SBL changes were 5.68 (95% CI 3.90–8.27) and 7.19 (95% CI 3.71–13.95), respectively.

Conclusion

SBL quantified OA status based on JSN severity and shows promise as an imaging marker in predicting clinical and structural OA outcomes.
One‐Step Synthesis of the 1‐Azaspiro[5.5]undecane Skeleton Characteristic of Histrionicotoxin Alkaloids from Linear Substrates via Hg(OTf)2‐Catalyzed Cycloisomerization
Authors: Matsumura Kunihiro , Nishikawa Keisuke , Yoshida Hiroaki , Niwa Toshiki , Fushii Yuichiro , Doe Matsumi , Morimoto Yoshiki
Published: May 2021

Histrionicotoxin (HTX) alkaloids isolated from the poison arrow frogs possess a unique structure characterized by a 1‐azaspiro[5.5]undecane skeleton common to the HTX family. The unique molecular architecture of HTXs and the interest as potential target drugs have prompted synthetic chemists to promote the total synthesis so far. However, all of the synthetic strategies to access the 1‐azaspiro[5.5]undecane framework of HTXs take a multistep approach from linear starting materials due to stepwise construction of either six‐membered carbo‐ or azacycle. Herein, we report the direct one‐step construction of the 1‐azaspiro[5.5]undecane skeleton from linear amino ynone substrates bearing an N‐methoxycarbonyl group utilizing our mercuric triflate (Hg(OTf)2)‐catalyzed cycloisomerization reaction. The utility of this novel methodology was demonstrated by the total and formal syntheses of HTX‐235A and HTX‐283A, respectively, from the azaspirocycle.
Incorporating Guanidinium as Perovskitizer‐Cation of Two‐Dimensional Metal Halide for Crystal‐Array Photodetectors
Authors: Pan Xiong , Chen Huaixi , Lu Lei , Han Shiguo , Ma Yu , Wang Jiaqi , Guo Wuqian , Xu Haojie , Luo Junhua , Sun Zhihua
Published: May 2021

Two‐dimensional (2D) hybrid perovskites are recently emerging as a potential family of semiconductors for versatile optoelectronic applications. Currently, the “perovskitizer” moieties are rigidly limited to small‐size cations, while few 2D metal‐halides containing guanidinium cations inside perovskite cages have been studied for photodetection. Herein, we present a new 2D hybrid perovskite, (i‐BA)2(G)Pb2I7 (where G is guanidinium and i‐BA is isobutylammonium), which adopts a bilayered framework of {GPb2I7}. Single‐crystal structure analyses disclose that G cations act as the perovskitizer, confined in the flexible perovskite cages formed by the distorted PbI6 octahedra. Such inorganic sheets are crucial to the superior semiconducting properties and optical bandgap, as verified by the density functional theory calculation. Furthermore, its planar crystal‐array photodetector shows fascinating photoelectric performance, including a quite low dark current (∼4.6×10−11 A), a large current switching ratio (∼1.0×103), and a notable photo‐responsivity of ∼0.72 A W−1, suggesting great potential of (i‐BA)2(G)Pb2I7 for photodetection.
“Passing” and its effects on Brazilian transgender people's sense of belonging to society: A theoretical study
Authors: Dias Cristiana Kaipper , da Rocha Leonardo Rafael Leite , Tateo Luca , Marsico Giuseppina
Published: May 2021

Passing is the research of oneself by trying to look and to be seen as a member of a social group by assuming its features. Individuals performing this process are willing to undergo several physical and behavioural changes to achieve this aspiration. Passing generally occurs among members of minority groups suffering discrimination who want to diminish the psycho‐social discomfort of their experience. Examples of passing are the attempts by ethnic minorities to whiten their skin, or the efforts of transgender people to look as much as possible, in the eyes of others, like the gender with which they identify. This paper aims to discuss aspects related to trans people's pursuit of passing, taking the Theory of Performativity of Gender and the Cultural Semiotic Psychology as its theoretical basis. This is a theoretical‐reflexive study that will debate the topic based on studies of this topic in Brazilian society.
Shengxuening Extracted from Silkworm Excrement Mitigates Myelosuppression via SCF‐Mediated JAK2/STAT3 Signaling
Authors: Ding Lu , Tan Yuxin , Xu Lulin , Jin Yanxia , Liu Yin , Tu Honglei , Zhang Dongdong , Wu Balu , Chen Yiran , Shen Hui , Liu Li , Huang Tingting , Zhou Fuling
Published: May 2021

Shengxuening (SXN) is a Chinese patent medicine with main ingredients (including chlorophyll derivatives and sodium iron chlorophyllin) extracted from silkworm excrement. SXN exhibited efficacy in clinical trials of renal anemia and iron deficiency anemia; however, the specific mechanisms remain unclear. This study found that SXN increased the number of peripheral blood cells and improved the bone marrow morphology in myelosuppressed mouse model, reversed the reduction in body weight and spleen indices, and increased the serum levels of erythropoietin and granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor. Quantitative real‐time PCR array and Western blot analysis showed the enhanced expression of stem cell factor (SCF), JAK2, and STAT3 in the liver. These results suggested that SXN promoted the recovery of hemopoietic function in myelosuppressed models by increasing the secretion of hematopoietic factors and activating the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Therefore, this medicine may be applied as therapeutic pharmaceutical drug to mitigate myelosuppression.
Lies, damned lies, and statistics, but bleeding and acute limb ischemia are facts!
Authors: Damluji Abdulla A. , Gilchrist Ian C.
Published: May 2021

Key Points

Bleeding and ischemic limb complications continue to plague patients with cardiogenic shock.

These complications are iatrogenic as they are not part of the pathophysiology of cardiogenic shock syndrome and are an attractive target for quality improvement.

Standardized care with vascular bundles may represent an important concept to reduce complications in this high‐risk patient group.
Clipping mitral valve or atrial fibrillation? Two is better than one!
Authors: Aranzulla Tiziana Claudia , Musumeci Giuseppe
Published: May 2021

Key Points

Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing MitraClip experience a doubled risk of in‐hospital stroke and higher 30‐day mortality.

Strategies to prevent in‐hospital stroke in AF patients undergoing MitraClip may involve both pre‐ and intra‐procedural management.

Specific trials are needed to assess the impact of uninterrupted anticoagulation, early heparinization, and previous AF ablation on outcome following MitraClip.
Achieving radiation reduction by adapting to technology advances
Authors: Balter Stephen , Moses Jeffrey W.
Published: May 2021

Key Points

This study demonstrates that the combination of image processing enhancements along with meticulous attention by operators to radiation hygiene can lead to significant and clinically meaningful reductions in radiation exposure.

The results obtained from a single experienced chronic total occlusion (CTO) operator in two sequential time periods are a reasonable substitute for a randomized trial.

Radiation exposure to patients and operators remains a significant hazard of CTO procedures.

Avoiding excessive dosage removes a barrier to successful procedural completion.
The prognostic significance of electrocardiography findings in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: A retrospective study
Authors: Yang Deyan , Li Jing , Gao Peng , Chen Taibo , Cheng Zhongwei , Cheng Kangan , Deng Hua , Fang Quan , Yi Chunfeng , Fan Hongru , Wu Yonghong , Li Liwei , Fang Yong , Tian Guowei , Pan Wan , Zhang Fan
Published: May 2021

Background

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has reached a pandemic level. Cardiac injury is not uncommon among COVID‐19 patients. We sought to describe the electrocardiographic characteristics and to identify the prognostic significance of electrocardiography (ECG) findings of patients with COVID‐19.

Hypothesis

ECG abnormality was associated with higher risk of death.

Methods

Consecutive patients with laboratory‐confirmed COVID‐19 and definite in‐hospital outcome were retrospectively included. Demographic characteristics and clinical data were extracted from medical record. Initial ECGs at admission or during hospitalization were reviewed. A point‐based scoring system of abnormal ECG findings was formed, in which 1 point each was assigned for the presence of axis deviation, arrhythmias, atrioventricular block, conduction tissue disease, QTc interval prolongation, pathological Q wave, ST‐segment change, and T‐wave change. The association between abnormal ECG scores and in‐hospital mortality was assessed in multivariable Cox regression models.

Results

A total of 306 patients (mean 62.84 ± 14.69 years old, 48.0% male) were included. T‐wave change (31.7%), QTc interval prolongation (30.1%), and arrhythmias (16.3%) were three most common found ECG abnormalities. 30 (9.80%) patients died during hospitalization. Abnormal ECG scores were significantly higher among non‐survivors (median 2 points vs 1 point, p < 0.001). The risk of in‐hospital death increased by a factor of 1.478 (HR 1.478, 95% CI 1.131–1.933, p = 0.004) after adjusted by age, comorbidities, cardiac injury and treatments.

Conclusions

ECG abnormality was common in patients admitted for COVID‐19 and was associated with adverse in‐hospital outcome. In‐hospital mortality risk increased with increasing abnormal ECG scores.
Aspirin, ibuprofen, and reduced risk of advanced colorectal adenoma incidence and recurrence and colorectal cancer in the PLCO Cancer Screening Trial
Authors: Chudy‐Onwugaje Kenechukwu , Huang Wen‐Yi , Su L. Joseph , Purdue Mark P. , Johnson Christine C. , Wang Lingxiao , Katki Hormuzd A. , Barry Kathryn Hughes , Berndt Sonja I.
Published: May 2021

Background

Studying the differential impact of aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs across the stages of colorectal neoplasia from early adenoma to cancer is critical for understanding the benefits of these widely used drugs.

Methods

With 13 years of follow‐up, the authors prospectively evaluated the association between aspirin and ibuprofen use and incident distal adenoma (1221 cases), recurrent adenoma (862 cases), and incident colorectal cancer (CRC; 2826 cases) among men and women in the population‐based Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. With multivariable‐adjusted models, odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for adenoma incidence and recurrence and hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for incident CRC were determined.

Results

The authors observed a significantly reduced risk of incident adenoma with ibuprofen use (≥30 vs <4 pills per month: OR, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.60‐0.95]; Ptrend = .04), particularly advanced adenoma (OR, 0.48 [95% CI, 0.28‐0.83]; Ptrend = .005). Among those with a previous adenoma detected through screening, aspirin use was associated with a decreased risk of advanced recurrent adenoma (≥30 vs <4 pills per month: OR, 0.56 [95% CI, 0.36‐0.87]; Ptrend = 0.006). Both aspirin (HR, 0.88 [95% CI, 0.81‐0.96]; Ptrend <.0001) and ibuprofen use (HR, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.70‐0.93); Ptrend = 0.003) ≥30 versus <4 pills per month were significantly associated with reduced CRC risk.

Conclusions

In this large prospective study with long‐term follow‐up, a beneficial role for not only aspirin, but also ibuprofen, in preventing advanced adenoma and curbing progression to recurrence and cancer among older adults was observed.
Subphthalocyanine‐Diketopyrrolopyrrole Conjugates: 3D Star‐Shaped Systems as Non‐Fullerene Acceptors in Polymer Solar Cells with High Open‐Circuit Voltage
Authors: Álvaro‐Martins Maria J. , Sánchez José G. , Lavarda Giulia , Molina Desiré , Pallarès Josep , Torres Tomás , Marsal Lluis F. , Sastre‐Santos Ángela
Published: May 2021

Four star‐shaped electron acceptors (C1‐OPh, C3‐OPh, C1‐Cl and C3‐Cl) based on a subphthalocyanine core bearing three diketopyrrolopyrrole wings linked by an acetylene bridge have been synthesized. These derivatives feature two different axial substituents (i. e., 4‐tert‐butylphenoxy (OPh) or chlorine (Cl)) and for each of them, both the C1 and the C3 regioisomers have been investigated. The four compounds exhibit a broad absorption band in the 450–700 nm region, with bandgap values near to 2 eV. These materials were applied in the active layer of inverted bulk‐heterojunction polymer solar cells in combination with the donor polymer PBDB‐T. Derivatives bearing the OPh axial group showed the best performances, with C1‐OPh being the most promising with a PCE of 3.27 % and a Voc as high as 1.17 V. Despite presenting the widest absorption range, the photovoltaic results obtained with C1‐Cl turned out to be the lowest (PCE=1.01 %).
Photoassisted Charge Transfer Between DMF and Substrate: Facile and Selective N,N‐Dimethylamination of Fluoroarenes
Authors: Ansari Tharique N. , Sharma Sudripet , Bora Pranjal P. , Ogulu Deborah , Parmar Saurav , Gallou Fabrice , Kozlowski Pawel M. , Handa Sachin
Published: May 2021

A reversible Van der Waals complex formation between the electron‐deficient fluorinated aromatic ring and N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) molecules followed by light irradiation resulted in charge transfer (CT) process. The complex was stabilized by ammonium formate and further decomposed to form the C−N bond. Control experiments revealed that the simultaneous SNAr pathway also contributes to product formation. This methodology is mild, metal‐free, and effective for the amination of a variety of substrates. The reproducibility of this methodology was also verified on gram‐scale reactions. The CT states were supported by control UV/Vis spectroscopy and computational studies.
Molecular Triad Containing a TEMPO Catalyst Grafted on Mesoporous Indium Tin Oxide as a Photoelectrocatalytic Anode for Visible Light‐Driven Alcohol Oxidation
Authors: Pati Palas Baran , Abdellah Mohamed , Diring Stéphane , Hammarström Leif , Odobel Fabrice
Published: May 2021

Photoelectrochemical cells based on semiconductors are among the most studied methods of artificial photosynthesis. This study concerns the immobilization, on a mesoporous conducting indium tin oxide electrode (nano‐ITO), of a molecular triad (NDADI−P−Ru‐TEMPO) composed of a ruthenium tris‐bipyridine complex (Ru) as photosensitizer, connected at one end to 2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐1‐piperidine N‐oxyl (TEMPO) as alcohol oxidation catalyst and at the other end to the electron acceptor naphthalenedicarboxyanhydride dicarboximide (NDADI). Light irradiation of NDADI−P−Ru‐TEMPO grafted to nano‐ITO in a pH 10 carbonate buffer effects selective oxidation of para‐methoxybenzyl alcohol (MeO−BA) to para‐methoxybenzaldehyde with a TON of approximately 150 after 1 h of photolysis at a bias of 0.4 V vs. SCE. The faradaic efficiency is found to be of 80±5 %. The photophysical study indicates that photoinduced electron transfer from the Ru complex to NDADI is a slow process and must compete with direct electron injection into ITO to have a better performing system. This work sheds light on some of the important ways to design more efficient molecular systems for the preparation of photoelectrocatalytic cells based on catalyst‐dye‐acceptor arrays immobilized on conducting electrodes.
Gastrointestinal symptomatology, diagnosis, and treatment history in patients with underweight avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder and anorexia nervosa: Impact on weight restoration in a meal‐based behavioral treatment program
Authors: Cooper Marita , Collison Amira O. , Collica Sarah C. , Pan Isabella , Tamashiro Kellie L. , Redgrave Graham W. , Schreyer Colleen C. , Guarda Angela S.
Published: May 2021

Objective

Gastrointestinal (GI) concerns are often presumed to complicate nutritional rehabilitation for restrictive eating disorders, yet their relationship to weight restoration outcomes is unclear. This retrospective chart review examined GI history and weight‐related discharge outcomes in primarily adult, underweight inpatients with anorexia nervosa (AN, N = 107) or avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID, N = 22) treated in a meal‐based, behavioral eating disorder program.

Method

Lifetime GI symptomatology, diagnoses, diagnostic tests, and procedures were abstracted from medical records. Generalized linear models examined associations of GI diagnoses, tests, and procedures with discharge BMI and rate of weight gain.

Results

Ninety‐nine percent of patients reported GI symptomatology and 83% had one or more GI diagnoses; with constipation and GERD most common. GI diagnoses (p <.01) and testing (p <.001) were more common in ARFID than AN. Average inpatient weight gain (1.59 kg/week), and discharge BMI (18.5 kg/m2), did not differ by group. Slower weight gain in patients with (1.3 kg/week), versus without (1.7 kg/week), history of tube feeding (p = .02), accounted for a main effect of GI procedures on inpatient rate of gain (p = .01).

Discussion

Despite ubiquitous GI symptomatology, meal‐based weight restoration achieved average weekly weight gain above recommended APA guidelines for hospitalized patients with an eating disorder. History of tube feeding was associated with slower mean weight gain, which remained, however, within recommended APA guidelines.
The effect of competing carnivores on the feeding behaviour of leopards (Panthera pardus) in an African savanna
Authors: Tarugara Allan , Clegg Bruce W. , Gandiwa Edson , Muposhi Victor K.
Published: May 2021

Knowledge of competition dynamics among Africa’s large carnivores is important for conservation. However, investigating carnivore behaviour in the field can be challenging especially for species that are difficult to access. Methods that enable remote collection of data provide a means of recording natural behaviour and are therefore useful for studying elusive species such as leopards (Panthera pardus). Camera traps and Global Positioning System (GPS) collars are powerful tools often used independently to study animal behaviour but where their data are combined, the interpretation of a species’ behaviours is improved. In this study we used data from baited camera trap stations to investigate the feeding habits of leopards at Malilangwe Wildlife Reserve, Zimbabwe. We investigated the influence of spotted hyenas, lions and other competing leopards on the feeding duration of leopards using Generalized Linear Mixed Effects Modelling. To test the influence of competing predators on resting distances from bait sites, eight leopards were fitted with GPS collars. Results showed that leopards spent the shortest time feeding on the baits in the presence of competing male leopards compared to other predators while lion presence caused animals to rest farthest from bait sites. Interaction analysis indicated that small‐bodied leopards spent significantly shorter durations feeding when spotted hyenas were present. Our findings demonstrate that competition from guild carnivores has negative impacts on the food intake of leopards, which may have implications for fitness and survival. This study provides a snapshot of the competition dynamics at bait sites which may give insight to ecosystem level interactions among large carnivores in savanna ecosystems.
Global change impacts on arid zone ecosystems: Seedling establishment processes are threatened by temperature and water stress
Authors: Lewandrowski Wolfgang , Stevens Jason C. , Webber Bruce L. , L. Dalziell Emma , Trudgen Melinda S. , Bateman Amber M. , Erickson Todd E.
Published: May 2021

Recruitment for many arid‐zone plant species is expected to be impacted by the projected increase in soil temperature and prolonged droughts associated with global climate change. As seed dormancy is considered a strategy to avoid unfavorable conditions, understanding the mechanisms underpinning vulnerability to these factors is critical for plant recruitment in intact communities, as well as for restoration efforts in arid ecosystems. This study determined the effects of temperature and water stress on recruitment processes in six grass species in the genus Triodia R.Br. from the Australian arid zone. Experiments in controlled environments were conducted on dormant and less‐dormant seeds at constant temperatures of 25°C, 30°C, 35°C, and 40°C, under well‐watered (Ψsoil = −0.15 MPa) and water‐limited (Ψsoil = −0.35 MPa) conditions. Success at three key recruitment stages—seed germination, emergence, and survival—and final seed viability of ungerminated seeds was assessed. For all species, less‐dormant seeds germinated to higher proportions under all conditions; however, subsequent seedling emergence and survival were higher in the more dormant seed treatment. An increase in temperature (35–40°C) under water‐limited conditions caused 95%–100% recruitment failure, regardless of the dormancy state. Ungerminated seeds maintained viability in dry soil; however, when exposed to warm (30–40°C) and well‐watered conditions, loss of viability was greater from the less‐dormant seeds across all species. This work demonstrates that the transition from seed to established seedling is highly vulnerable to microclimatic constraints and represents a critical filter for plant recruitment in the arid zone. As we demonstrate temperature and water stress‐driven mortality between seeds and established seedlings, understanding how these factors influence recruitment in other arid‐zone species should be a high priority consideration for management actions to mitigate the impacts of global change on ecosystem resilience. The knowledge gained from these outcomes must be actively incorporated into restoration initiatives.
Wildfire impacts on forest microclimate vary with biophysical context
Authors: Wolf Kyra D. , Higuera Philip E. , Davis Kimberley T. , Dobrowski Solomon Z.
Published: May 2021

Increasing wildfire activity in western North America has the potential to remove forest canopy cover over large areas, increasing the vulnerability of understory plants and juvenile trees to microclimatic extremes. To understand the impacts of wildfire on forest microclimatic buffering, we monitored daily temperature and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) in 33 plots over the first two growing seasons following two wildfires from 2017. The Lolo Peak and Sunrise fires occurred during a regionally extensive fire season, burning mixed‐conifer and subalpine forests across complex mountainous topography in western Montana. Sensors were deployed from June to September in 2018 and 2019 in sites stratified by aspect, elevation, and fire severity (unburned, moderate, high) to capture a range of forest types, biophysical contexts, and fire effects. Loss of canopy and understory vegetation had marked effects on microclimate: On average, sites burned at high severity had 3.7°C higher daily maximum temperatures and 0.81 kPa higher daily maximum VPD relative to paired unburned sites. Differences between burned and unburned sites were most pronounced when ambient temperatures were high, across diurnal and seasonal time scales. Differences were also more pronounced at sites with less canopy cover, more bare ground postfire, and greater long‐term water availability (i.e., low climatic water deficit). Our results reveal fire‐caused changes in microclimate extremes that are biologically meaningful for the postfire establishment of tree seedlings and understory vegetation. These effects depend strongly on biophysical context, with cool‐wet forests more vulnerable to fire‐caused changes in microclimate compared with warm‐dry settings. Our results further highlight the functional importance of standing dead trees for moderating surface temperature in postfire environments. Anticipating forest ecosystem responses to increased warming and wildfire activity, and the potential for fire to catalyze vegetation changes, thus requires considering the substantial impacts of fire on microclimate.
High aqueous salinity does not preclude germination of invasive Iris pseudacorus from estuarine populations
Authors: Gillard Morgane B. , Castillo Jesús M. , Mesgaran Mohsen B. , Futrell Caryn J. , Grewell Brenda J.
Published: May 2021

Estuarine ecosystems are threatened by climate change and biological invasions. Among global changes, sea‐level rise is broadly impacting tidal wetlands, through increases in salinity and alteration of inundation regimes. Extant freshwater plant species are often presumed to be limited to reaches of estuaries with low salinity and narrow tidal ranges. However, the potential for invasive freshwater species (e.g., Iris pseudacorus) to persist and spread with increased salinity and flooding is poorly understood and can jeopardize native biodiversity and other wetland ecosystem services. The successful establishment of invasive plants will be dependent on their tolerance to salinity and inundation, starting with the germination life stage. Changes to abiotic estuarine gradients may alter the germination process of tidal wetland plant species that underlies significant patterns of plant community composition and biodiversity. We explored germination responses of seeds from two invasive I. pseudacorus populations from freshwater and brackish tidal sites in California’s San Francisco Bay–Delta Estuary. We tested germination dynamics under salinity levels ranging from freshwater to seawater (0, 12.5, 25, and 45 dS/m) and two hydrological conditions (moist and flooded). Salinity levels >12.5 dS/m inhibited germination of seeds from both populations, consistent with viviparism and seedling emergence recorded at field sites. However, seeds exposed to seawater for 55 d germinated once exposed to freshwater. Germination velocity and seed buoyancy differed between populations, likely due to differences in seed coat thickness. Our results demonstrate that after 55 d in seawater, buoyant seeds of I. pseudacorus retain their ability to germinate, and germinate quickly with freshwater exposure. This suggests that invasive populations of I. pseudacorus can colonize new sites following potentially long‐distance dispersal of buoyant seeds with tidal currents. These findings inform risk assessments and highlight the need to prioritize the management of invasive I. pseudacorus in estuarine ecosystems impacted by rising sea level.
Resource availability drives plant–plant interactions of conifer seedlings across elevations under warming in Alaska
Authors: Okano Kyoko , Bret‐Harte M. Syndonia , Mulder Christa P. H. , Juday Glenn P.
Published: May 2021

Future warming may alter plant stress at high‐elevation treelines and forests, thereby changing plant–plant interactions. The relative importance of competition and facilitation may depend on the degree of resource or physical stress. According to the stress gradient hypothesis (SGH), physical stress on trees is more important at cold high elevations where facilitation predominates, and less important at low elevations where competition is the main interaction. Our goals were to investigate whether plant–plant interactions along elevational gradients corresponded to those predicted by the SGH, and to assess the effects of increasing temperatures on the growth of conifer seedlings in tundra–forest ecosystems in interior Alaska, USA. We established sites along two elevational gradients: one in tundra (four sites, 550–1170 m) and one in forest (three sites, 210–760 m). A field warming and neighbor removal experiment was conducted using transplanted seedlings of white spruce (Picea glauca). After three growing seasons, regardless of elevation, spruce seedling biomass was approximately 20% lower in seedlings with neighbor plants compared to those without neighbors. Therefore, there was no evidence for greater facilitation at high elevations across either tundra or forest elevational gradient. Seedlings in forest sites increased their shoot‐to‐root ratios and relative growth rates in height, suggesting competition for light, but this was not seen for seedlings growing in tundra sites. When warmed by greenhouses, seedling growth was stimulated in forests, especially at high elevations. In contrast, at tundra sites, warmed seedlings grew less than controls and the seedlings at high elevations showed water stress. Our results suggest that the resource stresses of low light and water availability are more important drivers of plant–plant interactions than the physical stress imposed by low temperature, possibly due to warming in the past 50 yr in this region. Further warming may increase growth of seedlings in forests, but is likely to decrease it in open tundra habitats, thereby slowing the upward movement of treeline in the near future.
Compromised long‐lived memory CD8+ T cells are associated with reduced IL‐7 responsiveness in HIV‐infected immunological nonresponders
Authors: Zhou Ming‐Ju , Huang Hui‐Huang , Song Jin‐Wen , Tu Bo , Fan Xing , Li Jing , Jin Jie‐Hua , Cao Wen‐jing , Hu Wei , Yang Tao , Zhou Chun‐Bao , Yuan Jin‐Hong , Fan Jin , Zhang Ji‐Yuan , Jiao Yan‐Mei , Xu Ruo‐Nan , Zhen Cheng , Shi Ming , Zhang Chao , Wang Fu‐Sheng
Published: May 2021

Immune deficiency is one of the hallmarks of HIV infection and a major cause of adverse outcomes in people living with HIV (PLWH). Long‐lived memory CD8+ T cells (LLMCs) are essential executors of long‐term protective immunity; however, the generation and maintenance of LLMCs during chronic HIV infection are not well understood. In the present study, we analyzed circulating LLMCs in healthy controls (HCs) and PLWH with different disease statuses, including treatment naïve patients (TNs), complete responders (CRs), and immunological nonresponders (INRs). We found that both TNs and INRs showed severely compromised LLMCs compared with HCs and CRs, respectively. The decrease of LLMCs in TNs correlated positively with the reduction of their precursors, namely memory precursor effector T cells (MPECs), which might be associated with elevated pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Strikingly, INRs showed an accumulation of MPECs, which exhibited diminished responsiveness to interleukin 7 (IL‐7), thereby indicating abrogated differentiation into LLMCs. Moreover, in vitro studies showed that treatment with dexamethasone could improve the IL7‐phosphorylated (p)‐signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT5) response by upregulating the expression of the interleukin 7 receptor (IL‐7Rα) on MPECs in INRs. These findings provide insights that will encourage the development of novel therapeutics to improve immune function in PLWH.
[Re(η6‐C6H5‐benzimidazole)2]+ and Derivatives as Dye Mimics; Synthesis, UV Absorption Studies and DFT Calculations
Authors: Gotzmann Carla , Blacque Olivier , Fox Thomas , Alberto Roger
Published: May 2021

Functionalizations of highly oxidation and hydrolysis stable mono‐cationic rhenium bis‐arene complexes [Re(η6‐C6H6)2]+ are of great interest. We directly built up structural features of the well‐known Hoechst Dye on the coordinated arenes as a model for prospective DNA minor groove binding studies. Extensions of the aromatic bis‐arene unit with functionalized and derivatized benzimidazole moieties resulted in a deep orange colour of the complexes, showing UV/Vis absorption spectra with multiple transition maxima. These have been assigned with support of DFT calculations to gain information about their charge transfer natures. The different transitions of the complexes, which are either intra‐ligand, ligand‐to‐ligand or metal‐to‐ligand charge transitions, were additionally compared and discussed with the spectra of the corresponding free ligands.
The Use of Potassium/Sodium Nitrite as a Nitrosating Agent in the Electrooxidative N‐Nitrosation of Secondary Amines
Authors: Wang Ying , You Shiqi , Ruan Mengyao , Wang Feiyi , Ma Chao , Lu Cuifen , Yang Guichun , Chen Zuxing , Gao Meng
Published: May 2021

We report herein on the electrochemical N‐nitrosation of secondary amines using widely available sodium/potassium nitrite as a nitrosating agent. This approach not only eliminates the need for using a combination of sodium/potassium and a strong acid but also has good functional group tolerance. The reaction is compatible with the late‐stage modification of pharmaceutical compounds and could be conducted in gram scale with a high reaction efficiency. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicate that the N‐nitrosation occurs via the anodic oxidation of KNO2 into an NO2 radical which is then transformed into an NO+ cation.
Asymmetric Synthesis of N‐Fmoc‐(S)‐7‐aza‐tryptophan via Alkylation of Chiral Nucleophilic Glycine Equivalent
Authors: Zou Yupiao , Takeda Ryosuke , Han Jianlin , Konno Hiroyuki , Moriwaki Hiroki , Abe Hidenori , Izawa Kunisuke , Soloshonok Vadim A.
Published: May 2021

Ni(II)‐complexes, derived from glycine Schiff bases with chiral tridentate ligands, have been used as powerful tools for the synthesis of structurally diverse tailor‐made amino acids. In this manuscript, asymmetric alkylation reaction between chiral nucleophilic glycine derived Ni‐complex and 3‐(chloromethyl)‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐b]pyridine has been developed under convenient conditions, which affords the corresponding alkylated Ni‐complex in 74 % yield and excellent diastereoselectivity (only one isomer). This reaction features convenient conditions and completely controlled diastereoselectivity, which provides a highly valuable approach for asymmetric synthesis of 7‐aza‐tryptophan.
Effects of air cooling structure on cooling performance enhancement of prismatic lithium‐ion battery packs based on coupled electrochemical‐thermal model
Authors: Zhang Lanchun , Chen Qian , Wang Tianbo
Published: May 2021

The increasing temperature of lithium‐ion batteries during charging and discharging affects its operational performance. The current studies mainly adopt simplified model, less considering the effect of the battery internal electrochemical reaction on the air cooling performance, and the air cooling structure needs to be further optimized. In order to solve the problems above, the coupled electrochemical‐thermal air cooling model was established, and the air cooling structure was optimized in terms of the relative position and height of the battery pack inlet and outlet, the distribution, and spacing of cells. The results show the better air cooling performance is achieved when the inlet and outlet are aligned on the same side. When the lateral inlet and outlet aligned on the same side, the lower outlet height is more important for improving the heat dissipation performance of the battery pack, but the worse temperature uniformity emerges. According to the cooling performance of different positions in the battery pack, a method for nonequidistant symmetrical distribution of cells is able to improve the temperature uniformity. The optimal combination of the air cooling structure with various factors is obtained.
On The Selection of Power Allocation Strategy in Power Domain Non‐Orthogonal Multiple Access (PD‐NOMA) for 6G and Beyond
Authors: Mounir Mohamed , El_Mashade Mohamed B. , Mohamed Aboshosha Ashraf
Published: May 2021

Non‐orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is an attractive candidate for 6G networks to support ultra‐massive machine‐type communications (umMTC). Power domain NOMA (PD‐NOMA) is the simplest type of NOMA, which assigns a different power level to each user. Power allocation in PD‐NOMA can be classified into fixed/dynamic power allocation (FPA/DPA). FPA is simple, but DPA is more suitable for the mobile environment than FPA. However, finding optimum power per each user in DPA is extremely complex. Fortunately, many DPA strategic design methods were introduced in literature as simple suboptimal solutions of DPA. Therefore, DPA strategic design methods and FPA techniques are simple approaches to implement PD‐NOMA in 6G and beyond. In literature, no previous work had compared the performances of all DPA strategic design methods, nor FPA techniques, to ease the selection of a simple strategy for PD‐NOMA in 6G. Motivated by that, this work compares performances of all DPA strategic design methods as well as FPA techniques, in terms of sum‐rate capacity, fairness, and bit error rate (BER). Results showed that the best DPA strategic design method and the best FPA technique have comparable performance.
Isolation, purification, and characterization of antioxidant peptides from fresh mare's milk
Authors: Waili Yizaitiguli , Gahafu Yiming , Aobulitalifu Alimijiang , Chang Zhanying , Xie Xiangyun , Kawuli Gulibahaer
Published: May 2021

In this study, the whey protein of fresh mare's milk was used as raw material. The antioxidant peptide liquid XMNDT was extracted from fresh mare's milk solution and purified. The peptide had a molecular weight of 1594.89 kDa and was mainly composed of VAPFPQPVVPYPQR. Antioxidant peptide XMNDT could inhibit the proliferation of A549 lung cancer cells in the G1 phase, accelerate cell apoptosis, increase the activity of SOD and the amount of GSH, and reduce the secretion of MDA. It also exhibited certain antioxidant capacity and free radical scavenging. These data can provide a basis for research on new antioxidant properties by reducing the inflammation caused by aging.
A neutral polysaccharide from Ophiocordyceps lanpingensis restrains cisplatin‐induced nephrotoxicity
Authors: Zhou Shubo , Zhou Yongchun , Yu Jiaji , Jiang Li , Xiang Yingying , Wang Juan , Du Yaxi , Cui Xiuming , Ge Feng
Published: May 2021

Ophiocordyceps lanpingensis is an edible mushroom distributed over the south‐eastern part of the Tibet Plateau, which is also recognized as an effective ethnomedicine to alleviate diseases. This study explored the effects of a kind of Ophiocordyceps lanpingensis neutral polysaccharide (ONP) on RAW264.7 macrophages and cisplatin‐induced nephrotoxicity. The results showed that ONP relieved the inflammatory response of RAW264.7 macrophages by increasing the expression level of anti‐inflammatory factor IL‐10. Furthermore, ONP treatment significantly prolonged the survival of the mice treated by cisplatin through decelerating pathological progress and alleviating damaged functions of the kidneys. Compared with the cisplatin group, ONP reduced the oxidative stress of the renal cells and the expression levels of pro‐inflammatory factors. Apoptosis of renal cells was also weakened in the ONP treatment group. These findings indicated that ONP alleviated cisplatin nephrotoxicity mainly by inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in the kidneys, underscoring the potential of ONP supplementation to alleviate the side effects of cisplatin chemotherapy.
Ertüchtigung von Trockenmauern unter Berücksichtigung des Artenschutzes
Authors: Knopp Julia , Spießl Robert , Stöger Jürgen , Wüstholz Timo , Maierhöfer Dieter
Published: May 2021

Das Land Baden‐Württemberg besitzt zahlreiche Trockenmauern an Verkehrswegen, die oftmals talseitig den Straßenkörper stützen und den heutigen Verkehrslasten nicht mehr ausreichend standhalten. Durch ihre besondere Bauweise sind Trockenmauern aber kleinräumige Habitate und werden als Biotope geschützt. Ziel des hier vorgestellten Projekts war es, die Mauern im Sinne des Artenschutzes im Bestand zu erhalten, aber auch die Standsicherheit der Mauern so zu erhöhen, dass sie die Lasten des Verkehrs tragen können. Vorgeschlagen wird, die Trockenmauern mit Drahtseilnetzen und Mikropfählen zu sichern. Besondere Anforderungen gab es an den Einbau der Mikropfähle durch die Bestandswand, da sichergestellt werden musste, dass keine Zementsuspension in das Mauerwerk abfließt. Die Maschenweite des Netzes wurde mit der Naturschutzbehörde abgestimmt, sodass die Zugänglichkeit der Mauer für die dort lebenden Arten weiterhin möglich ist.