bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemical composition of the essential oils of Citrus sinensis cv. valencia and a quantitative structure-retention relationship study for the prediction of retention indices by multiple linear regression
Authors: Azar Aberoomand , Nekoei Mehdi , Larijani Kambiz , Bahraminasab Sakineh
Published: November 2011

The chemical composition of the volatile fraction obtained by head-space
solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME), single drop microextraction (SDME) and
the essential oil obtained by cold-press from the peels of C. sinensis cv.
valencia were analyzed employing gas chromatography-flame ionization detector
(GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The main
components were limonene (61.34 %, 68.27 %, 90.50 %), myrcene (17.55 %, 12.35
%, 2.50 %), sabinene (6.50 %, 7.62 %, 0.5 %) and ?-pinene (0 %, 6.65 %, 1.4
%) respectively obtained by HS-SPME, SDME and cold-press. Then a quantitative
structure-retention relationship (QSRR) study for the prediction of retention
indices (RI) of the compounds was developed by application of structural
descriptors and the multiple linear regression (MLR) method. Principal
components analysis was used to select the training set. A simple model with
low standard errors and high correlation coefficients was obtained. The
results illustrated that linear techniques such as MLR combined with a
successful variable selection procedure are capable of generating an
efficient QSRR model for prediction of the retention indices of different
compounds. This model, with high statistical significance (R2 train = 0.983,
R2 test = 0.970, Q2 LOO = 0.962, Q2 LGO = 0.936, REP(%) = 3.00), could be
used adequately for the prediction and description of the retention indices
of the volatile compounds.
On a nonnegative irreducible matrix that is similar to a positive matrix
Authors: Loewy Raphael
Published: November 2011

Let A be an n×n irreducible nonnegative (elementwise) matrix. Borobia and Moro raised the following question: Suppose that every diagonal of A contains a positive entry. Is A similar to a positive matrix? We give an affirmative answer in the case n = 4.
An envelope for the spectrum of a matrix
Authors: Psarrakos Panayiotis , Tsatsomeros Michael
Published: November 2011

We introduce and study an envelope-type region ɛ(A) in the complex plane that contains the eigenvalues of a given n×n complex matrix A. ɛ(A) is the intersection of an infinite number of regions defined by cubic curves. The notion and method of construction of ɛ(A) extend the notion of the numerical range of A, F(A), which is known to be an intersection of an infinite number of half-planes; as a consequence, ɛ(A) is contained in F(A) and represents an improvement in localizing the spectrum of A.
Bounds on the k-tuple domatic number of a graph
Authors: Volkmann Lutz
Published: November 2011

Let k be a positive integer, and let G be a simple graph with vertex set V (G). A vertex of a graph G dominates itself and all vertices adjacent to it. A subset S ⊆ V (G) is a k-tuple dominating set of G if each vertex of V (G) is dominated by at least k vertices in S. The k-tuple domatic number of G is the largest number of sets in a partition of V (G) into k-tuple dominating sets.

In this paper, we present a lower bound on the k-tuple domatic number, and we establish Nordhaus-Gaddum inequalities. Some of our results extends those for the classical domatic number.
On the difference equation $y_{n + 1} = \frac{{\alpha + y_n^p }}
{{\beta y_{n - 1}^p }} - \frac{{\gamma + y_{n - 1}^p }}
{{\beta y_n^p }}
$
Authors: Öztürk İlhan , Zengin Saime
Published: November 2011

In this paper, we investigate the global stability and the periodic nature of solutions of the difference equation $y_{n + 1} = \frac{{\alpha + y_n^p }}
{{\beta y_{n - 1}^p }} - \frac{{\gamma + y_{n - 1}^p }}
{{\beta y_n^p }},n = 0,1,2,...
$ where α, β, γ ∈ (0,∞), α(1 − p) − γ > 0, 0 < p < 1, every y
n ≠ 0 for n = −1, 0, 1, 2, … and the initial conditions y−1, y0 are arbitrary positive real numbers. We show that the equilibrium point of the difference equation is a global attractor with a basin that depends on the conditions of the coefficients.
Strength and dynamic characteristics analyses of wound composite axial impeller
Authors: Wang Jifeng , Olortegui-Yume Jorge , Müller Norbert
Published: November 2011

A low cost, light weight, high performance composite material turbomachinery impeller with a uniquely designed blade patterns is analyzed. Such impellers can economically enable refrigeration plants to use water as a refrigerant (R718). A strength and dynamic characteristics analyses procedure is developed to assess the maximum stresses and natural frequencies of these wound composite axial impellers under operating loading conditions. Numerical simulation using FEM for two-dimensional and three-dimensional impellers was investigated. A commercially available software ANSYS is used for the finite element calculations. Analysis is done for different blade geometries and then suggestions are made for optimum design parameters. In order to avoid operating at resonance, which can make impellers suffer a significant reduction in the design life, the designer must calculate the natural frequency and modal shape of the impeller to analyze the dynamic characteristics. The results show that using composite Kevlar fiber/epoxy matrix enables the impeller to run at high tip speed and withstand the stresses, no critical speed will be matched during start-up and shut-down, and that mass imbalances of the impeller shall not pose a critical problem.
The Emerging Use of Brain Stimulation Treatments for Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Fitzgerald Paul B.
Published: November 2011

Objective: The aim of this study was to review the current state of development and application of a wide range of brain stimulation approaches in the treatment of psychiatric disorders.

Method: The approaches reviewed include forms of minimally invasive magnetic and electrical stimulation, seizure induction, implanted devices and several highly novel approaches in early development.

Results: An extensive range of brain stimulation approaches are now being widely used in the treatment of patients with psychiatric disorders, or actively investigated for this use. Both vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) have been introduced into clinical practice in some countries. A small body of research suggests that VNS has some potentially long-lasting antidepressant effects in a minority of patients treated. rTMS has now been extensively investigated for over 15 years, with a large body of research now supporting its antidepressant effects. Further rTMS research needs to focus on defining the most appropriate stimulation methods and exploring its longer term use in maintenance protocols. Very early data suggest that magnetic seizure therapy (MST) has promise in the treatment of patients referred for electroconvulsive therapy: MST appears to have fewer side effects and may have similar efficacy. A number of other approaches including surgical and alternative forms of electrical stimulation appear to alter brain activity in a promising manner, but are in need of evaluation in more substantive patient samples.

Conclusions: It appears likely that the range of psychiatric treatments available for patients will grow over the coming years to progressively include a number of novel brain stimulation techniques.
Challenges and Opportunities in Transforming a City into a “Zero Waste City”
Authors: Zaman Atiq Uz , Lehmann Steffen
Published: November 2011

The currently consumption-driven society produces an enormous volume of waste every day. Continuous depletion of natural finite resources by urban populations is leading the globe to an uncertain future. Therefore, to prevent further depletion of global resources, sustainable consumption and a strategic waste management system would be required. It is evident that a significant number of global non-renewable resources such as cadmium, mercury and tellurium will experience permanent shortfall in global supply within the next two to three decades. Astonishingly, the current recycling rate of these very scarce metals is significantly low in all cities around the globe. The concept of the zero waste city includes a 100% recycling of municipal solid waste and a 100% recovery of all resources from waste materials. However, transforming currently over-consuming cities into zero waste cities is challenging. Therefore, this study aims to understand the key factors waste management systems in cities such as consumption, resource depletion and possible decoupling opportunity through implementing the “zero waste city” concept. The study proposes five significant principles for transforming current cities into zero waste cities in the context of long-term sustainability. A simultaneous and harmonized application of sustainable behaviour and consumption, product stewardship, a 100% recycling and recovery of resources, legislated zero landfill and incineration are required to transform current city into a zero waste city.
Effect of Ginkgo Biloba Extract 50 on Immunity and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Ischemia Reperfusion Rats
Authors: Lu Shaoping , Guo Xia , Zhao Pinting
Published: November 2011

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of Ginkgo biloba extract 50 (GBE50), a well-known natural antioxidant, against immunity and antioxidant enzyme activities in ischemia reperfusion (IR) rats. Rats were then divided into six groups fed for 15 days with the same diet: three groups (IV, V, VI) were treated by different doses of GBE50 suspension [20, 40, or 60 mg/kg body weight by oral gavage every day at a fixed time (10.00 a.m.)] (equal to 5, 10 and 20 times, respectively, the maximum recommended human dose), and three groups (I, II, III) were untreated. At the end of the experiment, rats’ hearts were subjected to 30 min of ischemia followed by 90 min of reperfusion. Results showed that IR significantly enhanced heart rate, S-T height, myocardium (myeloperoxidase) MPO activity and blood interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor Alpha (TNF-a), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels, blood aspartate transaminase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatinine kinase (CK) activities, reduced myocardium sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase (Na+-K+-ATPase), calcium-magnesium adenosine triphosphatase (Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase) activities and antioxidant enzyme activities in IR group (III) compared to sham control group (II). Pretreatment of GBE50 markedly significantly reduced heart rate, S-T height, myocardium MPO activity and blood IL-8, TNF-a, IL-1β levels, blood AST, LDH, and CK activities, enhanced myocardium Na+-K+-ATPase, Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activities and antioxidant enzyme activities in IR group (II) compared to IR group (III). The results suggested that the GBE50 may reduce the oxidative stress in the reperfused myocardium, and increased immunity and antioxidant activities in IR rats.
A Peritoneal Dialysis Regimen Low in Glucose and Glucose Degradation Products Results in Increased Cancer Antigen 125 and Peritoneal Activation
Authors: Le Poole Caatje Y. , Welten Angelique G.A. , Ter Wee Piet M. , Paauw Nanne J. , Djorai Amina N. , Valentijn Rob M. , Beelen Robert H.J. , Van Den Born Jacob , Van Ittersum Frans J.
Published: November 2011

Background

Glucose and glucose degradation products (GDPs) in peritoneal dialysis fluids (PDFs) are both thought to mediate progressive peritoneal worsening.

Methods

In a multicenter, prospective, randomized crossover study, incident continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients were treated either with conventional lactate-buffered PDF (sPD regimen) or with a regimen low in glucose and GDPs: Nutrinealx1, Extranealx1, and Physionealx2 (NEPP regimen; all solutions: Baxter Healthcare, Utrecht, Netherlands). After 6 months, patients were switched to the alternative regimen for another 6 months. After 6 weeks of run-in, before the switch, and at the end of the study, 4-hour peritoneal equilibration tests were performed, and overnight effluents were analyzed for cells and biomarkers. Differences between the regimens were assessed by multivariate analysis corrected for time and regimen sequence.

Results

The 45 patients who completed the study were equally distributed over both groups. During NEPP treatment, D4/D0 glucose was lower ( p < 0.01) and D/P creatinine was higher ( p = 0.04). In NEPP overnight effluent, mesothelial cells ( p < 0.0001), cancer antigen 125 ( p < 0.0001), hyaluronan ( p < 0.0001), leukocytes ( p < 0.001), interleukins 6 ( p = 0.001) and 8 ( p = 0.0001), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF, p < 0.0001) were increased by a factor of 2 – 3 compared with levels in sPD effluent. The NEPP regimen was associated with higher transport parameters, but that association disappeared after the addition of VEGF to the model. The association between NEPP and higher effluent levels of VEGF could not be attributed to glucose and GDP loads.

Conclusions

Study results indicate preservation of the mesothelium and increased peritoneal activation during NEPP treatment. Whether the increase in VEGF reflects an increase in mesothelial cell mass or whether it points to another, undesirable mechanism cannot be determined from the present study. Longitudinal studies are needed to finally evaluate the usefulness of the NEPP regimen for further clinical use.
The Autoimmune Disease Risk Allele of UBE2L3 in African American Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Recessive Effect Upon Subphenotypes
Authors: AGIK SANDRA , FRANEK BEVERLY S. , KUMAR AKAASH A. , KUMABE MARISSA , UTSET TAMMY O. , MIKOLAITIS RACHEL A. , JOLLY MEENAKSHI , NIEWOLD TIMOTHY B.
Published: November 2011

Objective.

UBE2L3 is associated with susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis in European ancestry populations, and this locus has not been investigated fully in non-European populations. We studied the UBE2L3 risk allele for association with SLE, interferon-α (IFN-α), and autoantibodies in a predominantly African American SLE cohort.

Methods

We studied 395 patients with SLE and 344 controls. The UBE2L3 rs5754217 polymorphism was genotyped using Taqman primer-probe sets, and IFN-α was measured using a reporter cell assay.

Results.

The UBE2L3 rs5754217 T allele was strongly enriched in African American patients with anti-La antibodies as compared to controls, and a recessive model was the best fit for this association (OR 2.55, p = 0.0061). Serum IFN-α also demonstrated a recessive association with the rs5754217 genotype in African American patients, and the TT/anti-La-positive patients formed a significantly high IFN-α subgroup (p = 0.0040). Similar nonstatistically significant patterns of association were observed in the European American patients with SLE. Case-control analysis did not show large allele frequency differences, supporting the idea that this allele is most strongly associated with anti-La-positive patients.

Conclusion.

This pattern of recessive influence within a subgroup of patients may explain why this allele does not produce a strong signal in standard case-control studies, and subphenotypes should be included in future studies of UBE2L3. The interaction we observed between UBE2L3 genotype and autoantibodies upon serum IFN-α suggests a biological role for this locus in patients with SLE in vivo.
Protecting Enterprise Networks
Authors: Ampah Nana K. , Akujuobi Cajetan M.
Published: November 2011

Our new IDS, which employs both signature-based and anomaly detection as its analysis strategies, will be able to detect both known and unknown attacks and further isolate them. An auto-reclosing technique used on long rural power lines and multi-resolution techniques were used in developing these IDS, which will help update existing IPSs. It should effectively block SYN-flood attacks; distributed denial of service attacks (DDoS) based on SYN-flood attacks, and helps eliminate four out of the five major limitations of existing IDSs and IPSs.
Botnet Behavior Detection using Network Synchronism
Authors: García Sebastián , Zunino Alejandro , Campo Marcelo
Published: November 2011

Botnets’ diversity and dynamism challenge detection and classification algorithms depend heavily on static or protocol-dependant features. Several methods showing promising results were proposed using behavioral-based approaches. The authors conducted an analysis of botnets’ and bots’ most inherent characteristics such as synchronism and network load within specific time windows to detect them more efficiently. By not relying on any specific protocol, our proposed approach detects infected computers by clustering bots’ network behavioral characteristics using the Expectation-Maximization algorithm. An encouraging false positive error rate of 0.7% shows that bots’ traffic can be accurately separated by our approach by analyzing several bots and non-botnet network captures and applying a detailed analysis of error rates.
Bio-Inspired Techniques for Topology Control of Mobile Nodes
Authors: Sahin Cem Safak , Urrea Elkin , Uyar M. Umit
Published: November 2011

In this chapter, we introduce a topology control mechanism based on genetic algorithms (GAs) within a mobile ad hoc network (MANET). We provide formal and practical aspects of convergence properties of our force-based genetic algorithm, called FGA. Within this framework, FGA is used as a decentralized topology control mechanism among active running software agents to achieve a uniform spread of autonomous mobile nodes over an unknown geographical terrain. FGA can be treated as a dynamical system in order to provide formalism to study its convergence trajectory in the space of possible populations. Discrete time dynamical system model is used for calculating the cumulative effects of our FGA operators such as selection, mutation, and crossover as a population of possible solutions evolves through generations. To demonstrate applicability of FGA to real-life problems and evaluate its effectiveness, we implemented a simulation software system and several different testbed platforms. The simulation and testbed experiment results indicate that, for important performance metrics such as normalized area coverage (NAC) and convergence rate, FGA can be an effective mechanism to deploy nodes under restrained communication conditions in MANETs operating in unknown areas. Since FGA adapts to the local environment rapidly and does not require global network knowledge, it can be used as a real-time topology controller for realistic military and civilian applications.
On Using Multiagent Systems for Spectrum Sharing in Cognitive Radios Networks
Authors: Mir Usama , Merghem-Boulahia Leila , Gaïti Dominique
Published: November 2011

In modern day wireless networks, spectrum utilization and allocation are static. Generally, static spectrum allocation is not a feasible solution considering the distributed nature of wireless devices, thus some alternatives must be ensured in order to allocate spectrum dynamically and to mitigate the current spectrum scarcity. An effective solution to this problem is cognitive radio (CR), which seeks the empty spectrum portions and shares them with the neighboring devices. The CR devices can utilize the available spectrum more efficiently if they try to work together. Therefore, in this work, we review a number of dynamic spectrum allocation techniques, especially those using multiagent systems and game-theoretical approaches, and investigate their applicability to CR networks. The distributed nature of these two domains makes them suitable for CR networks. In fact, the idea of dynamic spectrum sharing using these techniques is not entirely new and several interesting approaches already exist in literature. Thus, in our study we try to focus on existing spectrum sharing literature and cooperative multiagent system for CR networks. We are particularly interested in showing how the distributed nature of multiagent system can be combined with cognitive radios in order to alleviate the current static spectrum usage as well as maintaining cooperation amongst the CR nodes. Moreover, our work includes the description of various scenarios in which spectrum sharing is an essential factor and hence must be performed in a dynamic and opportunistic manner. We also explain the working of our proposed spectrum allocation approach using multiagent system cooperation in one of these scenarios and verify its formal behavior using Petri net modeling.
The Future of Newspapers
Authors: Kurniawan Antonius Ruddy , Mervin Kok Wai Mun , Qiushi Zhang
Published: November 2011

There are many challenges faced by newspaper companies to gain competitive advantage over the internet and increasing digital media consumption. How do newspaper companies face these challenges? How can they refine and strategize their business model to remain competitive? What are the issues that newspaper industries face? With all these questions, this chapter discusses key areas and conceptual models of future newspapers’ strategy framework and supply chain management through literature review and analysis of technologies and innovations.
Social Network Citizenship
Authors: Seraj Mina , Toker Aysegul
Published: November 2011

This chapter describes and discusses the specificities of membership commitment to online social networks. While delineating these specificities, we introduce the concept of social network citizenship (SNC) to define the characteristics of committed network members. A conceptual model involving commencement, creation, change, and commitment is developed in order to establish the antecedents of this new concept. In addition, the implications for marketing practice are discussed to reveal how companies can acquire social network citizens to retain their social media marketing strategies successful.
Social Media as Positive Disruption in Education, E-Learning and B-Learning
Authors: King Kathleen P.
Published: November 2011

Today, the preparation that learners receive in higher education often fails to meet the needs and demands of the world of work, research, and success. This chapter proposes that the changes social media is causing in the business world can be further leveraged in higher education to cultivate 21st century learners, primed for innovative thinking. A model is provided which scaffolds critical thinking, communication, collaboration, and creativity and innovation through low cost/no-cost social media tools in educational and professional settings. At this time, social media’s capabilities and near ubiquitous access provide an essential infrastructure which has not been seen before. The chapter also presents specific strategies, valuable recommendations, and further direction for social media’s use.
Innovation 2.0
Authors: Anttiroiko Ari-Veikko
Published: November 2011

In this chapter we analyze business networks as a part of a multi-domain innovation ecology, which includes global production and innovation ecosystems, institutional network facilitators, and local communities and users. Their interplay is a reflection of the reconfiguration of inter-sectoral relations, in which business, government, and citizens may produce collaborative synergies and, thus, contribute to growth, competitiveness, and social development. Web 2.0 is not a panacea, nor does it bring benefits automatically. On the contrary, companies need to be sensitive to the network logic and partners’ orientations in order to maximize the innovation potential of global innovation networks facilitated by social network sites and other Web 2.0 tools and services.
Improving the Effectiveness of Advertising in Internet Social Networking
Authors: Rejón-Guardia Francisco , Sánchez-Fernández Juan , Muñoz-Leiva Francisco
Published: November 2011

In this paper we review the most recent developments and contributions in the field of social media to business and professional networking, marketing, and critical success factors including case studies in communications actions. More specifically, we focus on the role of advertising in Internet social networks (ISN) and their function as a channel of communication from the consumer’s perspective. To do so, we describe the important role ISNs play today in business strategies aimed at relationship marketing as well as the most widely-used advertising formats. We apply the Elaboration Likelihood Model of behavior to ISNs to gain a better understanding of advertising effectiveness from the standpoint of degree of involvement; distinguishing between vehicle exposure and ad involvement. Finally, factors that reduce the effectiveness of advertising in ISNs are revised using a model that focuses on cognitive avoidance. In the research, cognitive avoidance and advertising effectiveness are considered to be consequences of undesirable perceptions that emerge during exposure to advertisements.
Public Relation Practitioners, Independency, and Teamwork in the UAE Organizations
Authors: Al-Jenaibi Badreya
Published: November 2011

This study includes topics related to social networking and teamwork in the United Arab Emirates organizations. The paper focuses on different concepts including the meaning of teamwork, formal and informal teamwork, and social teamwork challenges. Several key issues to be addressed are evaluating network communication in business, teamwork rewards, and scopes in the UAE business organizations. The research method utilized is a structural interview and focus group that includes 14 Public Relations practitioners in different public and private organizations. The researcher developed specific questions, such as: What are the challenges that face Public Relations practitioners when developing teamwork for social networking? Do leaders respect social network teams? Why? What are the advantages and disadvantages of social network teams? One of the research goals is to investigate PR employees and their adaptation of teamwork in local organizations, collaborations, and virtual and social networking. The study concludes with many behavioral and PR employees’ thoughts, such as a preference of informal teamwork as it relates to the organizational environment. Consequently, if the managers offer motivation and job satisfaction, the teamwork will accrue.
Globalization in Benedict XVI’s Caritas in Veritate
Authors: Flanagan Patrick
Published: November 2011

Benedict XVI, the present pontiff of the Roman Catholic Church, published Caritas in Veritate in June 2009. This third papal encyclical of his is distinguished from his others that dealt with the area of theology commonly known as “constructive” or “systematic.” In this most recent publication, Benedict XVI moves his writing into a rich historical arena known as Roman Catholic social teaching. Building upon a solid tradition of popes tackling political, social, and economic issues, Benedict XVI tackles acute contemporary concerns. The key areas Benedict XVI addresses in this encyclical are globalization, the economy, technology, and the environment. Germane to this text, this chapter will seek to explain how globalization is described and critiqued by Benedict XVI in this pivotal letter of his pontificate. While globalization will be the primary focus, because of the interrelationship between the aforementioned topics, attention obviously will also to be given to the other primary areas.
Registry Culture and Networked Sociability
Authors: Zavala Pérez José María
Published: November 2011

The rise of individualism and the enhanced prominence of subjectivity that challenge inherited identities and references entail the achievement of wider margins for anonymity and personal fulfillment. On the other hand, increased registry habits generate tons of detailed information, which collides with an apparently rejected chance to better protect privacy. Identity and sociability are key concepts to understand this voluntary disclosure exerted in a context of networked individualism. New patterns of social interaction arise, and new models have to be designed to comprehend the space between individual and society. The circulation of such a great amount of information is often categorized as “surveillance,” but the control of others is just one of the possible benefits that individuals can obtain from these available flows.
Net Gain?
Authors: Kaye Barbara K. , Johnson Thomas J.
Published: November 2011

This study examined the influence of motivations for, and reliance, on social network sites on selective exposure (purposely seeking agreeable political information) and selective avoidance (purposely dodging disagreeable political information). The results are based on an online survey that was posted during the four-week period surrounding the 2008 presidential election. The responses from 1,530 politically interested social network users revealed five primary motivations were found for accessing social network sites: (1) political information seeking, (2) anti-traditional media sentiment, (3) expression/affiliation, (4) political guidance/judgments, and (5) personal fulfillment. Of these five motivations, the latter three predict selective exposure but none predict selective avoidance. Reliance is not a predictor of selectivity, but gender and several political characteristics are predictors of both selective exposure and selective avoidance.
Creating Smart Cities with Intelligent Transportation Solutions
Authors: Hin Leo Tan Wee , Subramaniam R.
Published: November 2011

Transportation is often the bane of urban societies. Traffic gridlocks and inadequate availability of a comprehensive and affordable public transportation system further accentuate the problem. This chapter focuses on the Singapore experience with intelligent transportation solutions to alleviate a range of problems, thus contributing to its positioning as a smart city. We focus on seven issues: public transportation using modern mass rapid transit trains; congestion control using electronic road pricing; electronic monitoring advisory systems to guide road users on adverse conditions or incidents on roads; computerized traffic signaling systems to streamline the throughput of vehicles in roadways; intelligent dispatch of taxis, which helps to minimize idle cruising time; parking guidance systems to alert motorists of the nearest car park, in the process decreasing the level of floating traffic on roads; and integrated ticketing systems to promote inter-modal transfer. A unique funding mechanism that has led to the evolution of a modern and efficient public transportation system is also elaborated. Being a city state and a living laboratory of intelligent transportation systems that have attracted international attention, it is suggested that there are some lessons to be drawn from the Singapore experience in managing transportation problems in smart cities.
Local Commitment
Authors: Heland Laure
Published: November 2011

This contribution concerns the planning process applicable to sustainable urban neighbourhoods whose increasing number in Europe appears to be changing the framework of urban development. Having briefly presented the main characteristics of sustainable neighbourhoods in Europe, this chapter then specifically concentrates on sustainable urban neighbourhoods resulting from an ecological rehabilitation process in the city of Albertslund, in Denmark. While these rehabilitation experiments remain anecdotal when compared with new sustainable districts, they nevertheless represent a far greater structuring potential for cities. Our hypothesis is that the implementation of sustainable development renews local planning practices. We shall also see how these districts attempt to overcome a major contradiction inherent in new eco-neighbourhoods by combining a search for eco-technological performances with the incorporation of more social and cultural challenges. Our research suggests that the local actions of inhabitants can play an important role in making sustainable development work.
Educational Recommendation in an Informal Intentional Learning System
Authors: Okoye Ifeyinwa , Maull Keith , Foster James , Sumner Tamara
Published: November 2011

Recommender systems have become part of the standard toolkit of web personalization. These same tools and techniques are now making their way into educational and adaptive e-learning systems. In this chapter, we will discuss aspects of a prototype system, the Customized Learning Service for Concept Knowledge (CLICK), an application designed to provide digital library resources recommendations based on user’s concept knowledge demonstrated through automated evaluation and approximation of their knowledge state from essay writing. We present the underlying concepts behind recommender systems, review learner models as they are designed within the CLICK environment, and review the lessons learned. We will discuss aspects of how CLICK supports intentional learning as well as extensions to the existing technology to improve such support. Future challenges and directions for CLICK and related technologies are also discussed.
An Ontology Network for Educational Recommender Systems
Authors: Díaz Alicia , Motz Regina , Rohrer Edelweis , Tansini Libertad
Published: November 2011

This chapter presents how an ontology network can be used to explicitly specify the relevant features of Semantic Educational Recommender Systems. This ontology network conceptualizes the different domains and features involved in these kind of systems in a set of interrelated ontologies. Basically, this chapter presents a detailed study of the semantic relationships that exist among the ontologies in the network considering learners and educators goals and taking also into account relevance feedback by users. One important contribution of this work is to show how the ontology-based reasoning mechanism can be used to validate the recommendation criteria and to assure flexibility for tailoring the educational resource adequacy features (called Educational Resource Quality).
Factorization Techniques for Predicting Student Performance
Authors: Thai-Nghe Nguyen , Drumond Lucas , Horváth Tomáš , Krohn-Grimberghe Artus , Nanopoulos Alexandros , Schmidt-Thieme Lars
Published: November 2011

Recommender systems are widely used in many areas, especially in e-commerce. Recently, they are also applied in e-learning for recommending learning objects (e.g. papers) to students. This chapter introduces state-of-the-art recommender system techniques which can be used not only for recommending objects like tasks/exercises to the students, but also for predicting student performance. We formulate the problem of predicting student performance as a recommender system problem and present matrix factorization methods, which are currently known as the most effective recommendation approaches, to implicitly take into account the prevailing latent factors (e.g. “slip” and “guess”) for predicting student performance. As a learner’s knowledge improves over time, too, we propose tensor factorization methods to take the temporal effect into account. Finally, some experimental results and discussions are provided to validate the proposed approach.
Investigation of Rotor Performance and Loads of a UH-60A Individual Blade Control System
Authors: Yeo Hyeonsoo , Romander Ethan A. , Norman Thomas R.
Published: November 2011

Wind tunnel measurements of performance, loads, and vibration of a full-scale UH-60A Black Hawk main rotor with an individual blade control (IBC) system are compared with calculations obtained using the comprehensive helicopter analysis CAMRAD II and a coupled CAMRAD II/OVERFLOW 2 analysis.
Measured data show a 5.1% rotor power reduction (8.6% rotor lift to effective-drag ratio increase) using 2/rev IBC actuation with 2.0° amplitude at μ = 0.4. At the optimum IBC phase for rotor performance, IBC actuator force (pitch link force) decreased, and neither flap nor chord
bending moments changed significantly. CAMRAD II predicts the rotor power variations with the IBC phase reasonably well at μ = 0.35. However, the correlation degrades at μ = 0.4. Coupled CAMRAD II/OVERFLOW 2 shows excellent correlation with the measured rotor power variations
with the IBC phase at both μ = 0.35 and μ = 0.4. Maximum reduction of IBC actuator force is better predicted with CAMRAD II, but general trends are better captured with the coupled analysis. The correlation of vibratory hub loads is generally poor by both methods, although
the coupled analysis somewhat captures general trends.
Distribution Pattern of Plasmodium falciparum Chloroquine Transporter (pfcrt) Gene Haplotypes in Sri Lanka 1996–2006
Authors: Zhang Jenny J. , Senaratne Tharanga N. , Daniels Rachel , Valim Clarissa , Alifrangis Michael , Amerasinghe Priyanie , Konradsen Flemming , Rajakaruna Rupika , Wirth Dyann F. , Karunaweera Nadira D.
Published: November 2011

Widespread antimalarial resistance has been a barrier to malaria elimination efforts in Sri Lanka. Analysis of genetic markers in historic parasites may uncover trends in the spread of resistance. We examined the frequency of Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine transporter (pfcrt; codons 72–76) haplotypes in Sri Lanka in 1996–1998 and 2004–2006 using a high-resolution melting assay. Among 59 samples from 1996 to 1998, we detected the SVMNT (86%), CVMNK (10%), and CVIET (2%) haplotypes, with a positive trend in SVMNT and a negative trend in CVMNK frequency (P = 0.004) over time. Among 24 samples from 2004 to 2006, we observed only the SVMNT haplotype. This finding indicates selection for the SVMNT haplotype over time and its possible fixation in the population.
Retrieval of stratospheric aerosol density profiles from SCIAMACHY limb radiance measurements in the O2 A-band
Authors: Ovigneur B. , Landgraf J. , Snel R. , Aben I.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. In this paper we present an approach to retrieve stratospheric aerosol number densities in the altitude range 10–40 km from SCIAMACHY limb radiance measurements in the spectral range of the O2 A absorption band, near 760 nm. Here, the characteristic light paths differ for the measured light in the O2 A-band and in the spectral continuum next to the absorption band. This difference is used to distinguish the effect of stratospheric aerosol scattering and ground reflection on the limb measurement. The capability to disentangle both effects is illustrated for SCIAMACHY limb observations over the Libyan desert, where the measurements are not affected by tropospheric clouds. Comparison of the SCIAMACHY retrieval and the SAGE II aerosol extinction product between 75° southern and northern latitude shows the clear need for prior knowledge of the mean size of the stratospheric aerosol for the SCIAMACHY retrieval. We found best agreement between SCIAMACHY and SAGE II aerosol extinction for the period 2003–2005 for a prior choice of the mean aerosol size radius of 0.2 μm. The overall agreement between both data sets is in the range <50% root mean square difference at 14–30 km with a minimum of 30% at 22 km.
Consistent assimilation of MERIS FAPAR and atmospheric CO2 into a terrestrial vegetation model and interactive mission benefit analysis
Authors: Kaminski T. , Knorr W. , Scholze M. , Gobron N. , Pinty B. , Giering R. , Mathieu P.-P.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. The terrestrial biosphere is currently a strong sink for anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Through the radiative properties of CO2 the strength of this sink has a direct influence on the radiative budget of the global climate system. The accurate assessment of this sink and its evolution under a changing climate is, hence, paramount for any efficient management strategies of the terrestrial carbon sink to avoid dangerous climate change. Unfortunately, simulations of carbon and water fluxes with terrestrial biosphere models exhibit large uncertainties. A considerable fraction of this uncertainty is reflecting uncertainty in the parameter values of the process formulations within the models. This paper describes the systematic calibration of the process parameters of a terrestrial biosphere model against two observational data streams: remotely sensed FAPAR provided by the MERIS sensor and in situ measurements of atmospheric CO2 provided by the GLOBALVIEW flask sampling network. We use the Carbon Cycle Data Assimilation System (CCDAS) to systematically calibrate some 70 parameters of the terrestrial biosphere model BETHY. The simultaneous assimilation of all observations provides parameter estimates and uncertainty ranges that are consistent with the observational information. In a subsequent step these parameter uncertainties are propagated through the model to uncertainty ranges for predicted carbon fluxes. We demonstrate the consistent assimilation for two different set-ups: first at site-scale, where MERIS FAPAR observations at a range of sites are used as simultaneous constraints, and second at global scale, where the global MERIS FAPAR product and atmospheric CO2 are used simultaneously. On both scales the assimilation improves the match to independent observations. We quantify how MERIS data improve the accuracy of the current and future (net and gross) carbon flux estimates (within and beyond the assimilation period). We further demonstrate the use of an interactive mission benefit analysis tool built around CCDAS to support the design of future space missions. We find that, for long-term averages, the benefit of FAPAR data is most pronounced for hydrological quantities, and moderate for quantities related to carbon fluxes from ecosystems. The benefit for hydrological quantities is highest for semi-arid tropical or sub-tropical regions. Length of mission or sensor resolution is of minor importance.
Triggering conditions and depositional characteristics of a disastrous debris flow event in Zhouqu city, Gansu Province, northwestern China
Authors: Tang C. , Rengers N. , van Asch Th. W. J. , Yang Y. H. , Wang G. F.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. On 7 August 2010, catastrophic debris flows were triggered by a rainstorm in the catchments of the Sanyanyu and Luojiayu torrents, Zhouqu County, Gansu Province northwestern China. These two debris flows originated shortly after a rainstorm with an intensity of 77.3 mm h−1 and transported a total volume of about 2.2 million m3, which was deposited on an existing debris fan and into a river. This catastrophic event killed 1765 people living on this densely urbanised fan. The poorly sorted sediment contains boulders up to 3–4 m in diameter. In this study, the geomorphological features of both debris flow catchment areas are analyzed based on the interpretation of high-resolution remote sensing imagery combined with field investigation. The characteristics of the triggering rainfall and the initiation of the debris flow occurrence are discussed. Using empirical equations, the peak velocities and discharges of the debris flows were estimated to be around 9.7 m s−1 and 1358 m3 s−1 for the Sanyanyu torrent and 11 m s−1 and 572 m3 s−1 for the Luojiayu torrent. The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of the conditions leading to catastrophic debris flow events.
Immortalization of Human and Rhesus Macaque Primary Antigen‐Specific T Cells by Retrovirally Transduced Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase
Authors: Barsov Eugene V.
Published: November 2011

Human and rhesus macaque primary antigen‐specific T cells derived from infected or immunized individuals or animals are a valuable material with which to study cellular immune responses against pathogens and tumors. Antigen‐specific T cells can be expanded in vitro but have a finite proliferative life span. After a limited period in culture, primary T cells undergo replicative senescence and stop dividing. This restricts their applicability to short‐term experiments and complicates their use in adoptive immunotherapy. The proliferative life span of primary human and rhesus macaque T cells can be considerably extended by ectopically expressed human telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT). Antigen‐specific T cells transduced with TERT‐expressing retroviral vectors can proliferate and expand in culture for long periods of time while maintaining their primary T cell characteristics, including antigen‐specific responses. Thus, TERT‐immortalized T cells are an important and valuable resource for studying T cell–mediated immune responses and, potentially, for adoptive immunotherapy. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 95:7.21B.1‐7.21B.20. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Validation of potential classification criteria for systemic sclerosis
Authors: Johnson Sindhu R. , Fransen Jaap , Khanna Dinesh , Baron Murray , van den Hoogen Frank , Medsger Thomas A. , Peschken Christine A. , Carreira Patricia E. , Riemekasten Gabriela , Tyndall Alan , Matucci‐Cerinic Marco , Pope Janet E.
Published: November 2011

Objective

Classification criteria for systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma) are being updated jointly by the American College of Rheumatology and European League Against Rheumatism. Potential items for classification were reduced to 23 using Delphi and nominal group techniques. We evaluated the face, discriminant, and construct validity of the items to be further studied as potential criteria.

Methods

Face validity was evaluated using the frequency of items in patients sampled from the Canadian Scleroderma Research Group, 1000 Faces of Lupus, and the Pittsburgh, Toronto, Madrid, and Berlin connective tissue disease (CTD) databases. Patients with SSc (n = 783) were compared to 1,071 patients with diseases similar to SSc (mimickers): systemic lupus erythematosus (n = 499), myositis (n = 171), Sjögren's syndrome (n = 95), Raynaud's phenomenon (RP; n = 228), mixed CTD (n = 29), and idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH; n = 49). Discriminant validity was evaluated using odds ratios (ORs). For construct validity, empirical ranking was compared to expert ranking.

Results

Compared to mimickers, patients with SSc were more likely to have skin thickening (OR 427); telangiectasias (OR 91); anti–RNA polymerase III antibody (OR 75); puffy fingers (OR 35); finger flexion contractures (OR 29); tendon/bursal friction rubs (OR 27); anti–topoisomerase I antibody (OR 25); RP (OR 24); fingertip ulcers/pitting scars (OR 19); anticentromere antibody (OR 14); abnormal nailfold capillaries (OR 10); gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms (OR 8); antinuclear antibody, calcinosis, dysphagia, and esophageal dilation (all OR 6); interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis (OR 5); and anti–PM‐Scl antibody (OR 2). Reduced carbon monoxide diffusing capacity, PAH, and reduced forced vital capacity had ORs of <2. Renal crisis and digital pulp loss/acroosteolysis did not occur in SSc mimickers (OR not estimated). Empirical and expert ranking were correlated (Spearman's ρ = 0.53, P = 0.01).

Conclusion

The candidate items have good face, discriminant, and construct validity. Further item reduction will be evaluated in prospective SSc and mimicker cases.