bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reproductive biology of pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) (Teleostei: Characidae) in the Cuiabá River Basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil
Authors: Costa Rosa Maria Rodrigues da , Mateus Lúcia Aparecida de Fátima
Published: November 2009

The purpose of this study was to analyze the reproductive strategy and life-history traits involved in the reproductive processes of P. mesopotamicus in two regions of the Cuiabá River basin, the first of these encompassing its headwaters (Cuiabazinho River - Rosário Oeste) and the other the flood area of the Cuiabá River (Porto Cercado - Poconé). A total of 391 individuals were sampled monthly from August 2006 to July 2007, 159 from the headwaters and 232 from the flood area. The size structure indicated that the females in the headwaters attain longer lengths than the males, while no differences in length were found in the flood area. Females predominated in the headwaters, while males outnumbered females in the flood area. The reproductive period in the headwaters extended from October to March, but was restricted to October and November in the flood area. Feeding activity showed significant differences in both sexes between the stages of gonadal maturation, with the highest values recorded in stages of gonadal inactivity. The length at first maturity was 34.89 cm and the length at which all specimens were ready for reproduction was 44 cm at both sampling sites. The spawning type was total and fecundity was positively correlated to the size of the female.
Racial and Socioeconomic Disparities in Residential Proximity to Polluting Industrial Facilities: Evidence From the Americans' Changing Lives Study
Authors: Mohai Paul , Lantz Paula M. , Morenoff Jeffrey , House James S. , Mero Richard P.
Published: November 2009

Objectives. We sought to demonstrate the advantages of using individual-level survey data in quantitative environmental justice analyses and to provide new evidence regarding racial and socioeconomic disparities in the distribution of polluting industrial facilities.

Methods. Addresses of respondents in the baseline sample of the Americans' Changing Lives Study and polluting industrial facilities in the Environmental Protection Agency's Toxic Release Inventory were geocoded, allowing assessments of distances between respondents' homes and polluting facilities. The associations between race and other sociodemographic characteristics and living within 1 mile (1.6 km) of a polluting facility were estimated via logistic regression.

Results. Blacks and respondents at lower educational levels and, to a lesser degree, lower income levels were significantly more likely to live within a mile of a polluting facility. Racial disparities were especially pronounced in metropolitan areas of the Midwest and West and in suburban areas of the South.

Conclusions. Our results add to the historical record demonstrating significant disparities in exposures to environmental hazards in the US population and provide a paradigm for studying changes over time in links to health.
The Economic Cost of Environmental Factors Among North Carolina Children Living in Substandard Housing
Authors: Chenoweth David , Estes Chris , Lee Christopher
Published: November 2009

Objectives. We quantified the economic cost of selected environmental factors among North Carolina children living in substandard housing.

Methods. We gathered data on direct medical care costs for specific childhood medical conditions associated with environmental factors commonly found in substandard housing. Medical claims data for 2006 and 2007 were obtained from BlueCross BlueShield of North Carolina and the North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services. Indirect costs were based in part on nonmedical data obtained from several previous studies.

Results. Total (direct and indirect) costs for the conditions assessed exceeded $92 million in 2006 and $108 million in 2007. Neurobehavioral conditions contributed to more than 52% of all costs, followed by lead poisoning (20%) and respiratory conditions (12%). Neurobehavioral conditions were the largest contributor to direct medical costs (44%), followed by respiratory conditions (38%) and accidental burns and falls (10%).

Conclusions. Direct and indirect costs associated with environmental factors appear to be increasing at about twice the rate of medical inflation. More aggressive policies and funding are needed to reduce the substantial financial impact of childhood illnesses associated with substandard housing in North Carolina.
The Health Impacts of Housing Improvement: A Systematic Review of Intervention Studies From 1887 to 2007
Authors: Thomson Hilary , Thomas Sian , Sellstrom Eva , Petticrew Mark
Published: November 2009

Objectives. We conducted a systematic review of the health impacts of housing improvement.

Methods. Forty-two bibliographic databases were searched for housing intervention studies from 1887 to 2007. Studies were appraised independently by H. T. and S. T. or E. S. for sources of bias. The data were tabulated and synthesized narratively, taking into account study quality.

Results. Forty-five relevant studies were identified. Improvements in general, respiratory, and mental health were reported following warmth improvement measures, but these health improvements varied across studies. Varied health impacts were reported following housing-led neighborhood renewal. Studies from the developing world suggest that provision of basic housing amenities may lead to reduced illness. There were few reports of adverse health impacts following housing improvement. Some studies reported that the housing improvement was associated with positive impacts on socioeconomic determinants of health.

Conclusions. Housing improvements, especially warmth improvements, can generate health improvements; there is little evidence of detrimental health impacts. The potential for health benefits may depend on baseline housing conditions and careful targeting of the intervention. Investigation of socioeconomic impacts associated with housing improvement is needed to investigate the potential for longer-term health impacts.
The Vida Verde Women's Co-Op: Brazilian Immigrants Organizing to Promote Environmental and Social Justice
Authors: Gute David M. , Siqueira Eduardo , Goldberg Julia S. , Galvão Heloisa , Chianelli Mônica , Pirie Alex
Published: November 2009

We reviewed the key steps in the launch of the Vida Verde Women's Co-Op among Brazilian immigrant housecleaners in Somerville, MA. The co-op provides green housecleaning products, encourages healthy work practices, and promotes a sense of community among its members. We conducted in-depth interviews with 8 of the first co-op members, who reported a reduction in symptoms associated with the use of traditional cleaning agents and a new sense of mutual support. Critical to the co-op's success have been the supportive roles of its academic partners (Tufts University and the University of Massachusetts, Lowell), effective media outreach, and a focus on advancing social justice. Next steps include implementing a formal business plan and assessing the appropriateness of cooperatives in other industries.
The Influence of Traffic on Air Quality in an Urban Neighborhood: A Community–University Partnership
Authors: Buonocore Jonathan J. , Lee Harrison J. , Levy Jonathan I.
Published: November 2009

Objectives. We evaluated the spatial and temporal patterns of traffic-related air pollutants in an urban neighborhood to determine factors contributing to elevated concentrations and to inform environmental justice concerns.

Methods. In the summer of 2007, we continuously monitored multiple air pollutants at a community site in the Mission Hill neighborhood of Boston, Massachussetts, and local high school students conducted mobile continuous monitoring throughout the neighborhood. We used regression models to explain variability in concentrations, considering various attributes of traffic, proximity to major roadways, and meteorology.

Results. Different attributes of traffic explained variability in fixed-site concentrations of ultrafine particles, fine particulate matter, and black carbon, with diurnal patterns and meteorological effects indicative of a greater local effect on ultrafine particles and black carbon. Mobile monitoring demonstrated that multiple traffic variables predict elevated levels of ultrafine particles, with concentrations of ultrafine particles decreasing by 50% within 400 meters of 2 major roadways.

Conclusions. Unlike fine particulate matter, ultrafine particles demonstrate significant spatial and temporal variability within an urban neighborhood, contributing to environmental justice concerns, and patterns can be well characterized with a community-based participatory research design.
A Computerized, Self-Administered Questionnaire to Evaluate Posttraumatic Stress Among Firefighters After the World Trade Center Collapse
Authors: Corrigan Malachy , McWilliams Rita , Kelly Kerry J. , Niles Justin , Cammarata Claire , Jones Kristina , Wartenberg Daniel , Hallman William K. , Kipen Howard M. , Glass Lara , Schorr John K. , Feirstein Ira , Prezant David J.
Published: November 2009

Objectives. We sought to determine the frequency of psychological symptoms and elevated posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) risk among New York City firefighters after the World Trade Center (WTC) attack and whether these measures were associated with Counseling Services Unit (CSU) use or mental health–related medical leave over the first 2.5 years after the attack.

Methods. Shortly after the WTC attack, a computerized, binary-response screening questionnaire was administered. Exposure assessment included WTC arrival time and “loss of a co-worker while working at the collapse.” We determined elevated PTSD risk using thresholds derived from Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision, and a sensitivity-specificity analysis.

Results. Of 8487 participants, 76% reported at least 1 symptom, 1016 (12%) met criteria for elevated PTSD risk, and 2389 (28%) self-referred to the CSU, a 5-fold increase from before the attack. Higher scores were associated with CSU use, functional job impairment, and mental health–related medical leave. Exposure–response gradients were significant for all outcomes.

Conclusions. This screening tool effectively identified elevated PTSD risk, higher CSU use, and functional impairment among firefighters and therefore may be useful in allocating scarce postdisaster mental health resources.
The Politics of Plastics: The Making and Unmaking of Bisphenol A “Safety”
Authors: Vogel Sarah A.
Published: November 2009

Bisphenol A (BPA), a synthetic chemical used in the production of plastics since the 1950s and a known endocrine disruptor, is a ubiquitous component of the material environment and human body. New research on very-low-dose exposure to BPA suggests an association with adverse health effects, including breast and prostate cancer, obesity, neurobehavioral problems, and reproductive abnormalities. These findings challenge the long-standing scientific and legal presumption of BPA's safety. The history of how BPA's safety was defined and defended provides critical insight into the questions now facing lawmakers and regulators: is BPA safe, and if not, what steps must be taken to protect the public's health? Answers to both questions involve reforms in chemical policy, with implications beyond BPA.
Pesticide Exposure and Occupational Safety Training of Indigenous Farmworkers in Oregon
Authors: Samples Julie , Bergstad Elizabeth A. , Ventura Santiago , Sanchez Valentin , Farquhar Stephanie Ann , Shadbeh Nargess
Published: November 2009

This follow-up study assessed indigenous and Latino farmworkers' occupational health and safety needs and measured variables related to pesticide exposure and pesticide safety training among this population. Results yielded differences between indigenous workers and Latino workers related to language barriers, experiences of workplace discrimination, preferred modes of information dissemination, pesticide exposures, and sufficiency of pesticide training. Employing more people who speak indigenous languages as interpreters, community and organizational leaders, and health workers may remove some of the linguistic and cultural barriers to occupational safety training.
Flow-Rate Estimation From Wellhead-Pressure and Temperature Data
Authors: Izgec B.. , Hasan A.R.. R. , Lin D , Kabir C.S.. S.
Published: November 2009

Flow-rate metering has a less-than-satisfactory track record in the industry. Modern sensors offer a solution to this vexing problem. This paper offers two methods for estimating flow rates, predominantly from temperature data to complement-rate measurements. One approach consists of modeling the entire wellbore and requires both wellhead pressure (WHP) and wellhead temperature (WHT), whereas the other uses transient temperature formulation at a single point in the wellbore to compute the total production rate.

In the entire-wellbore approach, we use a wellbore model handling steady flow of fluids but unsteady-state heat transfer to estimate production rate, given wellhead pressure and temperature. The model rigorously accounts various thermal properties of the fluid and the formation, including Joule-Thompson (J-T) (Thompson and Joule 1853) heating and/or cooling. In the single-point approach, a single-point-temperature measurement made anywhere in the wellbore, including at the wellhead, is needed to estimate the mass rate at a given timestep. The method entails full transient treatment of the coupled fluid-and heat-flow problem at hand.

Examples from both gas and oil wells are shown to illustrate the application of the proposed methodology. Good correspondence between the measured and calculated results demonstrates the robustness of the proposed methods. These methods provide important rate information in various settings. For instance, in mature assets they can fill in the information void between tests or replace suspect rate data. Even well-instrumented wells can benefit because the methods can act as a verification tool, particularly in assets where integrated asset models are used to fine tune rate allocation. In addition, the single-point approach can provide the much needed rate information during pressure-transient tests.
Bioenergy II: Scale-Up of the Milena Biomass Gasification Process
Authors: van der Meijden Christiaan M. , Veringa Hubert J. , Vreugdenhil Berend J. , van der Drift Bram
Published: November 2009

The production of Substitute Natural Gas from biomass (Bio-SNG) is an attractive option to reduce CO2 emissions and replace declining fossil natural gas reserves. The Energy research Center of the Netherlands (ECN) is working on the development of a technology to convert a wide range of biomass into Bio-SNG.The ECN Bio-SNG technology is based on indirect gasification of biomass. The MILENA indirect gasifier is developed to produce a gas, which can be upgraded into SNG with a high efficiency. Because of the indirect heating of the gasification process, no air separation is required. Char and tar are removed from the producer gas and are used as fuel to produce the required heat for the gasification process. The OLGA tar removal technology is used to remove tar and dust from the gas. After gas cleaning, the gas is catalytically converted into a mixture of CH4, CO2 and H2O. After compression and removal of CO2 and H2O, the remaining methane can be used as Bio-SNG.ECN produced the first Bio-SNG in 2004, using a conventional fluidized bed gasifier. The lab-scale MILENA gasifier was built in 2004. The installation is capable of producing approximately 8 Nm3/h methane-rich medium calorific gas with high efficiency. The lab-scale installation has been in operation for more than 1000 hours now and is working fine. Several biomass fuels were tested. Woody biomass appears to be the most suited fuel. The lab-scale gasifier is coupled to lab-scale gas cleaning installations (including OLGA) and a methanation unit. The integrated system was tested during several duration tests.The 30 kWth lab-scale gasifier was scaled up to 800 kWth biomass input. ECN has recently finished the construction of this pilot-scale gasifier, which has been taken into operation in the summer of 2008. First results, using wood as a fuel, show that the gas composition is similar to gas from the lab-scale installation.The pilot scale gasifier will be coupled to the existing pilot scale OLGA gas cleaning unit in 2009. Tests with the pilot-scale MILENA and OLGA will form the basis of a 10 MW MILENA  OLGA  gas engine demonstration plant. This demonstration will be taken into operation in 2012 and will be followed by a large SNG demonstration. 10 MW biomass input is seen as an attractive commercial scale for combined heat and power production from biomass. The scale foreseen for a commercial single-train Bio-SNG production facility is between 50 and 500 MWth. The expected net overall efficiency from wood to Bio-SNG is 70%.
Influence of Viscosity Ratio on Droplets Formation in a Chaotic Advection Flow
Authors: Habchi Charbel , Ouarets Sofiane , Lemenand Thierry , Della Valle Dominique , Bellettre Jérôme , Peerhossaini Hassan
Published: November 2009

The efficiency of liquid/liquid dispersion is an important sake in numerous sectors, such as the chemical, food, cosmetic and environmental industries. In the present study, dispersion is achieved in an open-loop reactor consisting of simple curved pipes, either helically coiled or chaotically twisted. In both configurations, we investigate the drop breakup process of two immiscible fluids (W/O) and especially investigate the effect of the continuous phase viscosity, which is varied by the addition of different fractions of butanol in the native sunflower oil. The global Reynolds numbers vary between 40 and 240, so that the flow remains laminar while the Dean roll-cells in the bends develop significantly. Different fractions of butanol are added to the oil in each case to examine the influence of the continuous phase viscosity on the drop size distribution of the dispersed phase (water). When the butanol fraction is decreased, the dispersion process is intensified and smaller drops are created. The Sauter mean diameters obtained in the chaotic twisted pipe are compared with those in a helically coiled pipe flow. The results show that chaotic advection intensifies the droplet breakup until there is a 25% reduction in droplet size.
The Google Book Settlement: Real Magic or a Trick
Authors: Samuelson Pamela
Published: November 2009

Although Paul Courant presents the Google Books Settlement as a win-win-win, Pamela Samuelson sees trouble ahead if it is approved.
Evaluation of the quality level of carcass from the aspect of proportion of major carcass parts in pork carcass sides
Authors: Kosovac Olga , Petrovic Milica , Zivkovic Branislav , Fabjan Mihal , Radovic Cedomir
Published: November 2009

Results of the investigation carried out on pork carcasses (n = 20), deriving from Large Yorkshire pigs, are presented in this paper. Investigation began with average body mass of pigs of approximately 25 kg and ended with average body mass of 100 kg. Trial animals received uniquediet mixture (content of crude protein 17,4%, lysine content 0,9%, cellulose content 4,9%). Following traits were determined: mass of warm carcass sides at slaughtering, fat thickness between 13th and 14th rib and on vertebrae where Gluteus medius pars piriformis most penetrates the fat tissue. After cooling of carcass sides during 24 hour period on temperature of 4?C, lateral section was cut between 13lh and 14th rib in order to determine section surface of the Musculus longissiums dorsi (MLD) and surrounding fat tissue. Based on MLD section and surrounding fat tissue the meat-fat ration on the back part of carcass was calculated. Dissection of right carcass side was done according to the method of WENINGER et al. (Petricevic, 1985). Following quantitativi traits are presented: pH1 and pH2 values determined by using the digital pH-meter 45 minutes post mortem and 24 hours subsequent to slaughtering, respectively. Average weight of warm carcass side was 41,7 kg. Major parameters for dissection are fat thickness (22,35 - 23,35 mm). MLD area was 36,40 cm2. In regard to the share of major parts of carcass sides, extremely high contribution of back part (8,20 kg or 19,62%) whereas the determined contribution of ham in carcass side was 10,68 kg or 25,5%. Contribution of muscle tissue in certain carcass parts varied. For instance, the highest relative share of muscle tissue was determined in ham and shoulder 71,91% and 71,67%, respectively, followed by neek, 62,86%, whereas in other major carcass parts value of aporox 58% was determined. Total content of muscle tissue in carcass side was 58,41%. Majority of quality parameters were within the normal values.
Chemical composition of colostrum and milk of sows fed conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) during last period of pregnancy
Authors: Barowicz T. , Migdal W. , Pieszka M. , Zivkovic Branislav
Published: November 2009

42 Large Polish White x Polish Landrace sows in the 3 rd and 4th reproductive cycle were divided into four groups. The sows were fed completed pelleted feeds with free access to water. The 2% or 4% sunflower oil (for control groups) and 2 or 4% CLA oil (for experimental groups), were added to the feeds for groups from 90th day of gestation to the parturition. CLA oil contained 61% CLA isomers (EDENOR UKD 6010, Henkel). Colostrum and milk samples (100 ml) were taken 24 hours after placental expulsion and at the 8th and 21 st days of lactation. The fat supplements were found to have no effect on the dry mater, fat, protein and ash content of sows' milk. The colostrum of sows given the dietary 4% supplement of CLA contained more lactose (p< 0.05). Significant differences in quantity of CLA in colostrum, the same for sows receiving in the diet 2% as 4% addition of CLA were observed (p<0.01). Significant differences (p< 0.05) were observed also in 8th of lactation. In both colostrum and milk samples from sows getting the addition of CLA in fodder decreasing tendencies of the content of unsaturated fatty acids -UF A, and increasing tendencies of the content of monounsaturated fatty acids -MUFA (p<0.05). The effect of studied factors in milk samples taken in 21 day of lactation was not observed.
Effect of lactic acid bacterial inoculant with enzyme and rolled barley additive on the chemical composition and protein degradation of alfalfa silage
Authors: Pys J. , Migdal W. , Pucek T. , Zivkovic Branislav , Fabjan Mihal , Kosovac Olga , Radovic Cedomir
Published: November 2009

In the experiment, forage (dry matter 216.3 g.kg-1) from the 1st cut of alfalfa (Medicago, sativa L.) cv, Radius, mown at the early flowering stage, was ensiled. Alfalfa was ensiled without inoculants; with lactic acid bacteria and enzyme inoculants; with rolled barley; or with rolled barley and lactic acid bacteria and enzyme inoculants. Rolled barley was added in amounts of 50,100, 150 and 200 g.kg-1 of alfalfa forage, The bacterial acid enzyme inoculants (Bactozym) contained cultures of Lacto bacillus casein, Enterococcus faecium M74 and Pediococcus sp. (a total of 1 5 x 109 CPU in Ig of friable preparation) in the powdered part and the cellulase-hemicellulase complex (25000 n cat. in 1ml) and glucose-oxidase (4000 n cat. in 1ml) in the liquid part. The inoculants was used in a water solution in the amount of 10mg bacterial component and 0,2 ml enzymatic component / kg-1 alfalfa forage. The supplement of only rolled barley to alfalfa forage was found to have no significant effect on improving the processes of proteolysis and deamination in this type of silages, compared to alfalfa silages made with bacterial and enzyme inoculants. Significantly lower crude protein and WSC losses in the fermentation process, increased intensity of lactic acid fermentation, the lack of propionic and butyric acid fermentation, and significantly reduced processes of protein degradation were found in alfalfa-rolled barley silages made with the addition of lactic acid bacteria and enzyme inoculants.
The effect of PRP genotype on growth of rams on test station
Authors: Kastelic M. , Kompan D.
Published: November 2009

The frequencies of alleles on PrP locus and its effect on growth of rams were studied in Jezersko solcavska and improved Jezersko solcavska breed. Genetic resistance against scrapie depends on genotype on PrP allele. Animals were housed in quarantine at age of approximately 120 days. They were moved to test station where stated with test at the age of 184 days. The procedure was finished at the age of 257 days. During the test the animals were genotypized on the PrP locus. The frequency of the most susceptible allele VRQ was only 3.11 % and of the most resistant allele ARR it was 18.56 %. Daily gains between ages of 120 and 257 days and between 184 and 257 days were not influenced by PrP genotype. The PrP genotype influenced only daily gain between birth and age of 257 days. ARR allele as heterozygote in combination with other alleles showed good growth performances. The ARR homozygotes grew slower in comparison with other genetic combinations, but the differences in comparison to the other genotypes were not significant with exception of live period daily gain.
The beef production efficiency of milk cattle used crossed with different intensive beef cattle breeds
Authors: Jukna V. , Jukna C. , Peciulaitienė N.
Published: November 2009

The cross efficiency of Lithuanian Black-and-White with intensive (Charolais, Limousin) and semi-intensive (Hereford, Angus) beef cattle bulls was analyzed. It was established that the weight at the age of 500 days of Charolais crossbred offspring were by 9.0 %, Limousin by 3.9 % (P<0,05), Hereford by 1.6 % higher, whereas Angus by 2.2 % lower than Lithuanian Blackand- White. The crosses with intensive breeds used by 6.6-6.2 % feed energy for 1 kg overweight and semi-intensive by 4.7-4.8 % less and theirs carcass yield was by 5.1-3.3 % (P<0.01-<0.05) and semi-intensive - by 2.2-1.8 % higher compared to purebred dams. The carcass of crossbred cattle was superior in point of muscularity class. Differences in meat chemical composition between crossbreeds and purebreds were insignificant. The crossbreeds had significantly superior pH of meat (P<0.05). Crosses, except Angus, had major water binding capacity and shear force of meat. Other meat quality traits of purebreds Lithuanian Black-and-White and theirs crossbreeds with analysed beef cattle breeds differed fractionally. It has been concluded that it is beneficial to cross Lithuanian Black-and-White with beef breed bulls. Efficiency of crossing with semi-intensive breed bulls was inconsiderable.
Selection of bull dams in population of Simmental cattle
Authors: Pantelic V. , Novakovic Z. , Ostojic-Andric D.
Published: November 2009

Increase of production and improvement of the quality of milk, as well as of the intensity of fertility, are main prerequisites of modern cattle production. For the purpose of production of domestic Simmental bulls it is necessary to select the best cows from main herd. These heads as a rule represent approx. 1% of best cows in the controlled population primary in regard to production of milk and milk fat, but also in regard to body development, udder development and fertility traits. Fertilization of bull dams is done according to adequate system, where, for each dam, annually, bull, previously selected as sire, is determined, whose semen will be used for her insemination. Since the fastest way for selection and genetic progress is sire-son line, the most attention is directed to selection of bull sires. In Serbia, annually, only very few bulls are tested, which is insufficient for realization of greater and faster genetic improvement of production and reproduction traits of Simmental population of cattle. Therefore, centres for artificial insemination often import semen of elite bulls for planned insemination of Simmental bull dams, or borrow young bulls from abroad (waiting bulls) whose semen is used for insemination of main population. In this paper criteria for selection of cows into category of bull dams are presented as well as results relating to milk production, fertility, body development and type score of bull dams of Simmental breed in Central Serbia.
The effect of mung bean powder, and/or low fat soy flour as meat extender on the chemical, physical, and sensory quality of buffalo meat product
Authors: Kenawi M.A. , Abdelsalam R.R. , El-Sherif S.A.
Published: November 2009

The chemical, physical, and sensory evaluation of buffalo meat patties was evaluated in order to study the effect of adding low fat soy flour and/or mung bean powder as meat extenders. The results indicated that using low fat soy flour or mung bean powder as meat extenders at a level of 10% reduced the moisture and fat content, whereas increased the fiber and protein contents in the cooked samples. The reduction was greatest in the control (100% buffalo meat), and lowest in the sample containing 5% of both low fat soy flour and mung bean powder. The cooking treatment increased the expressible water for the control and 10% low fat soy flour samples, and increased the protein water coefficient for all samples. The Feder value for sample containing 5% of both low fat soy flour and mung bean powder was similar to the control one. The addition of mung bean powder increased the water holding capacity, whereas the addition of low fat soy flour and mung bean powder as meat extenders decreased the cooking loss in the formulated patties. The lowest value was in the sample containing 5% of both extenders. Samples containing 5% of both low fat soy flour and mung bean powder had the highest water retention value, whereas the sample with 10% low fat soy flour had the highest fat retention value. Samples containing 5% of both low fat soy flour and mung bean powder had the highest values for color, taste, odor, juiciness, and overall acceptability among the other samples.
Chemical attributes and quality improvement of forage legumes
Authors: Vasiljevic Sanja , Milic D. , Mikic A.
Published: November 2009

Fresh, dried or preserved, forage legumes are highly suitable for use as roughage in the animal diet because of their richness in protein, vitamins, and mineral matter. Previous work on forage legumes breeding for improved quality has mostly focused on increasing the crude protein content of these crops. Another major parameter of forage legume quality, especially from the point of view of ruminant nutrition, is the in vitro digestibility of dry matter. Values of both these parameters decrease with age in all forage legumes due to a reduced leat to stem ratio and lignification. The decrease in digestibility after budding comes as a result of an increased lignin content and a rise in the proportion of starch polysaccharides. In the context of forage quality, especially important from the point of view of ruminant nutrition is the relation between structural and nonstructural carbohydrates. Structural carbohydrates include neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF), while non-structural ones are mostly starch. The latest efforts in forage legume breeding should encompass certain specific traits in order to completely fulfill the needs for safe feed in animal husbandry.
Estrus reaction of gilts as selection criteria for litter size
Authors: Vidovic V. , Punos D. , Tadic M.
Published: November 2009

The analysis of estrus symptoms has been done on 656 purebred and 884 crossbred gilts. Heritability estimates for estrus reaction in purebreds were low, 0.12 and 0.14 for crossbreds. The heritability for number of ovulation egs in purebred and crossbreds were 0.40. Genetic correlations between estrus reaction and litter size in first litter were high:0.88 than estrus reaction and life production 0.76. Correlation between same traits for crossbreds were higher: 0.93 and 0.87. In carantin room we measured age and weight of gilts together with estrus. The first estrus showed 90.8% and second 90.2% in purebred and 94.7% and 93.8% at F1 gilts. The gilts which did not show regular first and second estrus get born between 2 and 9, average 6.23 for purebred and 7.11 F1 alive piglets. Later on they had longer interval between birth and next estrus, 17- 48, average 32 empty days for purebred and 28 crossbreds gilts. Those animals had significant lover life production. In conclusion, it is necessary to note estrus reaction in carantin room at the beginning of production life of gilts. Gilts with irregular oestrus is necessary to get out of production imediately from carantin room to decrease economical losess in production.
Die entwicklung, die metamorphose, die entstehung: Die konzepte des organismus von Aristoteles bis Darwin
Authors: Kamerer Eva
Published: November 2009

(nemacki) In diesem Aufsatz versuche ich, die Elemente verschiedener Konzepte des Organismus in der Philosophie und in der Wissenschaft zu analysieren. Die Deutungen des Organismus und der Einheit der Natur bei Aristoteles, Kant und Goethe werden als ein Beispiel der Bewegung von einem finalistischen zum antifinalistischen Bild der Natur verstanden.
Sacrifice: Mot, institution, devenir-institutionnel. franz rosenzweig et la lutte contre les institutions
Authors: Bojanic Petar
Published: November 2009

(francuski) Avant de qualifier la th?orie du 'radical' de Rosenzweig de messianisme, il me semble important de localiser le 'registre du sacrifice' dans ce syst?me de connaissance. Du reste, c'est la premi?re innovation de Rosenzweig par rapport ? la tradition. Rosenzweig n'a ni essay? ni eu le temps de th?matiser en d?tail la figure du 'sacrifice' ou du korban comme le nom le plus g?n?rique d'une telle activit?. Tout ce que nous poss?dons se r?sume ? quelques fragments r?partis sur plusieurs ann?es de correspondance avec ses amis, auxquels Rosenzweig enseigne la pens?e du sacrifice et ses limites, et ? quelques-unes de ses notes sur la difficult? de traduire et d'effacer le mot allemand Opfer. Cependant, depuis le tout d?but, lorsqu'il 'traduit' et 'pense' le sacrifice comme 'don' ou 'offrande', son effort est tout ? fait transparent: Rosenzweig ne fait qu'interroger le rapprochement de Dieu ou d'Autrui.
Before and after the investigations: Wittgenstein on the origin and end of philosophy
Authors: Sladecek Michal
Published: November 2009

This paper points to the relation between Wittgenstein's position and Kant's transcendental dialectics with regard to the nature of philosophical problems and their roots in language, thinking and affinities of humans. Related to this, there is the question of function of philosophy which involves the removal of these problems, according to both authors. The author supports the thesis that, when it comes to Wittgenstein, it cannot be discussed about the end of philosophy if he considers that there is the natural affinity towards philosophical errors, the cause of which is the complexity of language. Therefore, the author criticizes the view according to which Wittgenstein speaks about antiphilosophy, that is, about the negative meaning of philosophical thought.
Hands, screws, triangles and absolute space
Authors: Filipovic Nenad
Published: November 2009

Hands and other incongruent counterparts are enough argument against relationist, at least Kant thought so, since some of his pre-critical writings. Arguments with incongruent counterparts are elegant and effective and they are quite attracted great attention of numerous authors who have criticized or defended the arguments in different ways. In a meanwhile discussions have gone too far from Kant's original argument, and from the spirit of that time, and received characteristics of modern philosophy and geometry. This text should show that Kant, as well as those who later defended him, did not achieve their goal - no conclusive argument against relationist have been brought by them.
The Brain as the Original Accounting Institution
Authors: Dickhaut John
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT: The evolved brain neuronally processed information on human interaction long before the development of formal accounting institutions. Could the neuronal processes represent the underpinnings of the accounting principles that exist today? This question is pursued several ways: first as an examination of parallel structures that exist between the brain and accounting principles, second as an explanation of why such parallels might exist, and third as an explicit description of a paradigm that shows how the benefits of an accounting procedure can emerge in an experiment.
Bariatric Surgery Reduces Oxidative Stress by Blunting 24-h Acute Glucose Fluctuations in Type 2 Diabetic Obese Patients
Authors: Marfella Raffaele , Barbieri Michelangela , Ruggiero Roberto , Rizzo Maria Rosaria , Grella Rodolfo , Mozzillo Anna Licia , Docimo Ludovico , Paolisso Giuseppe
Published: November 2009

OBJECTIVE

We evaluated the efficacy of malabsorptive bariatric surgery on daily blood glucose fluctuations and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic obese patients.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

The 48-h continuous subcutaneous glucose monitoring was assessed in type 2 diabetic patients before and 1 month after biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) (n = 36), or after diet-induced equivalent weight loss (n = 20). The mean amplitude of glycemic excursions and oxidative stress (nitrotyrosine) were evaluated during continuous subcutaneous glucose monitoring. During a standardized meal, glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1, glucagon, and insulin were measured.

RESULTS

Fasting and postprandial glucose decreased equally in surgical and diet groups. A marked increase in GLP-1 occurred during the interprandial period in surgical patients toward the diet group (P < 0.01). Glucagon was more suppressed during the interprandial period in surgical patients compared with the diet group (P < 0.01). Mean amplitude of glycemic excursions and nitrotyrosine levels decreased more after BPD than after diet (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

Oxidative stress reduction after biliopancreatic diversion seems to be related to the regulation of glucose fluctuations resulting from intestinal bypass.
“Massive” Fetal Thrombotic Vasculopathy Associated with Excessively Long Umbilical Cord and Fetal Demise: Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Taweevisit Mana , Thorner Paul Scott
Published: November 2009

Both excessively long umbilical cord (ELUC) and fetal thrombotic vasculopathy (FTV) have been associated with adverse perinatal outcomes, in particular, fetal loss and long-term neurological complications. The etiologies of these conditions are unclear and are likely multifactorial. Excessively long umbilical cord has been associated with FTV and fetal demise, with cases generally showing other cord abnormalities and only localized FTV. We report a 37-week male stillborn fetus whose placenta had a 113-cm-long umbilical cord with no other cord abnormalities associated with “massive” FTV (ie, >25% of the placental mass). This case illustrates the unusual occurrence of FTV of such severe extent in association with ELUC leading to fetal demise. This case illustrates that ELUC alone may be enough to predispose the placenta to massive FTV.
PHOX2B Immunolocalization of the Candidate Human Retrotrapezoid Nucleus
Authors: Rudzinski Erin , Kapur Raj P.
Published: November 2009

Research in animal models implicates the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) as a critical central chemoreceptor located in the brain stem. In rodents, RTN neurons co-express the tachykinin receptor NK1R and the transcription factor PHOX2B. In humans, PHOX2B mutations, which expand a polyalanine tract in the protein, cause congenital central hypoventilation syndrome. Mice with analogous Phox2B mutations model this phenotype and lack PHOX2B immunoreactivity in their RTNs. We evaluated PHOX2B immunoreactivity in sections of the caudal pons and medulla of 17 human fetuses and infants. The transcription factor was detected in brain stem nuclei that correspond to established sites of murine PHOX2B expression, including the RTN. The putative human RTN is located ventral to the facial nucleus and lateral to the superior olivary nucleus at the level of the pontomedullary junction.
Comparison of antioxidant capacity and phenolic compounds of berries, chokecherry and seabuckthorn
Authors: Li Wende , Hydamaka Arnold , Lowry Lynda , Beta Trust
Published: November 2009

Antioxidant capacity and phenolic compounds (phenolic acids and anthocyanins) of four berry fruits (strawberry, Saskatoon berry, raspberry and wild blueberry), chokecherry and seabuckthorn were compared in the present study. Total phenolic content and total anthocyanin content ranged from 22.83 to 131.88 g/kg and 3.51 to 13.13 g/kg, respectively. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity ranged from 29.97 to 78.86%. Chokecherry had the highest antioxidant capacity when compared with berry fruits and seabuckthorn. The highest caffeic acid, gallic acid and trans-cinnamic acid levels were found in chokecherry (6455 mg/kg), raspberry (1129 mg/kg) and strawberry (566 mg/kg), respectively. Caffeic acid was also the major phenolic acid in Saskatoon berry (2088 mg/kg) and wild blueberry (1473 mg/kg). The findings that chokecherry has very high antioxidant capacity and caffeic acid levels, are useful for developing novel value-added antioxidant products and also provide evidence essential for breeding novel cultivars of fruit plants with strong natural antioxidants.
PAMAM dendrimers — diverse biomedical applications. Facts and unresolved questions
Authors: Labieniec Magdalena , Watala Cezary
Published: November 2009

In this mini-review a number of novel outcomes, originating from studies in the field of PAMAM dendrimers, are presented and discussed. Owing to the multi-disciplinary nature of dendrimer chemistry it seems important to focus on the relevant topical research of PAMAM dendrimers, including their function, toxicity, surface modifications, and also possible new applications of these spherical polymers. We also consider the possibilities of specific functionalisation of PAMAM dendrimers — both novel ideas and those that have already been reported; as well as their cell-mediated effects (toxic and non-toxic). Then the reactivity of dendrimers’ terminal groups, and their anticipated protective role against modifications of biomacromolecules, are discussed with regard to future developments in biomedical research.
Dielectric and orientational properties of nematogenic 4-n-octyl(4′-cyanophenyl)benzoate
Authors: Bauman D. , Jadżyn J. , Wolarz E. , Modlińska A. , Dąbrowski R.
Published: November 2009

Experimental studies of the dielectric properties in the nematic and isotropic phases of 4-cyanophenyl-4′-n-octylbenzoate (8CPB) have been performed in the frequency range from 50 kHz to 100 MHz. The relaxation process related to the rotation around the short molecular axis has been analysed. The results obtained have revealed that in the vicinity of the I-N phase transition, the molecular subdiffusional rotation process occurs. It is connected with the pretransitional effects which are observed both in the static and dynamic dielectric measurements. On the basis of the temperature dependence of the relaxation time in the nematic and isotropic phases, the orientational order parameter 〈P2〉 has been determined. The values of 〈P2〉 obtained in this way have been compared with those evaluated from the measurements of the polarized electronic absorption of the dichroic dye, dissolved as guest probe in the mesogenic host.
Diagnosis of laryngeal dysplasia in five horses using magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography
Authors: Garrett K. S. , Woodie J. B. , Embertson R. M. , Pease A. P.
Published: November 2009

Reasons for performing study: Laryngeal dysplasia due to suspected maldevelopment of the fourth branchial arch has been reported previously in the horse and has been associated with rostral displacement of the palatopharyngeal arch and/or right laryngeal dysfunction. These studies all described the endoscopic and/or anatomicalpost mortemidentification of the disease, but ultrasonography or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of this disease have not been described.

Hypothesis: MRI and ultrasound findings accurately reflect the anatomical features of presumptive fourth branchial arch abnormality and allow accurateante mortemdiagnosis of this condition and, therefore, appropriate management.

Methods: Between February 2008 and January 2009, all horses examined at Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital diagnosed with rostral displacement of the palatopharyngeal arch and/or right laryngeal dysfunction using upper airway endoscopy (n = 5) underwent ultrasonography and MRI of the laryngeal region.

Results: All 5 horses that met the inclusion criteria were identified and all underwent laryngeal MRI and ultrasound examinations. Features consistent with laryngeal dysplasia, including lack of the cricothyroid articulation, dorsal extension of the thyroid cartilagelamina, and absence or hypoplasia of thecricopharyngeusmuscle, were seen in all cases using both types of imaging.

Conclusions and potential relevance: MRI and ultrasonography permit definitivepremortemdiagnosis of laryngeal dysplasia. Upper airway abnormalities identified using endoscopy can be more fully characterised using MRI and ultrasonography allowing more appropriate recommendations to be made. Preoperative imaging may also prevent inappropriate surgical intervention.
Equine laminitis model: Cryotherapy reduces the severity of lesions evaluated seven days after induction with oligofructose
Authors: Van Eps A. W. , Pollitt C. C.
Published: November 2009

Reasons for performing study: A previous preliminary study demonstrated the potential of distal limb cryotherapy (DLC) for preventing laminitis. Clinically, DLC must be effective for periods longer than 48 h and the preventive effect must extend beyond its discontinuation.

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of DLC, applied during the developmental phase of induced laminitis, on the severity of clinical laminitis and lamellar histopathology 7 days after dosing.

Methods: Eighteen normal Standardbred horses were divided into 3 groups of 6. Continuous cryotherapy was applied for 72 h to the distal limbs of the first group. The second and third groups were administered laminitis inducing doses of oligofructose and 72 h of cryotherapy applied (immediately after dosing) to the second group. After clinical assessment all horses were subjected to euthanasia 7 days after dosing and hoof lamellar tissues were harvested and analysed.

Results: In the laminitis induced horses clinical lameness and laminitis histopathology was significantly reduced in horses that underwent 72 h of DLC compared with untreated controls. Cryotherapy alone produced no significant lameness or other ill effect.

Conclusions: Continuous, medium‐ to long‐term (72 h) cryotherapy applied to the distal limbs of horses safely and effectively ameliorates the clinical signs and pathology of acute laminitis.

Potential relevance: Pre‐emptive distal limb cryotherapy is a practical method of ameliorating laminitis in ill horses at risk of developing the disease.