bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identity in Early Adolescence: A Developmental Perspective
Authors: Archer Sally L. , Waterman Alan S.
Published: March 2007

Ego identity status definitions with examples are elaborated upon with particular reference to early adolescents. Patterns of potential identity status change for this age group are discussed within the context of Waterman's developmental model. From the findings of seven separate studies employing the Ego Identity Status Interview with samples ranging from the 6th grade to college entrance, it appears that a substantial majority of early and mid-adolescents are either identity diffuse or foreclosed. However, some instances of the moratorium and identity achievement statuses were found to occur even at the 6th grade level. In line with Erikson's developmental theory, with increasing grade level, the frequency of identity achievers and moratoriums increased while the frequency of foreclosures and diffusions decreased. The use of age appropriate scoring criteria for studying identity formation is discussed.
Career Preferences of Early Adolescents: Age and Sex Differences
Authors: Erb Thomas Owen
Published: March 2007

Motivating early adolescents in classrooms as well as counseling them in career decision making suggest that educators need a better understanding of developing career preferences among early adolescents. When the scores of males and females were compared across ages on eight career preference scales, several patterns emerged. Most career areas suffer a decline in interest among both boys and girls in the initial years of early adolescence. However, in five of eight areas, boys' scores showed a significant rebound after age thirteen reflecting stronger interest in high technology careers than did girls'. Girls, on the other hand, showed increasing interest in traditional areas such as service and organization. Both sexes indulged in dreams of trying careers in arts and entertainment.
Vulnerability and Resilience in Adolescence: Views from the Family
Authors: Hauser Stuart T. , Vieyra Marie Anne B. , Jacobson Alan M. , Wertlieb Donald
Published: March 2007

In this paper we consider family aspects of adolescent resilience. It has long been known that there are children who, despite exposure to significant risk factors, show few or no signs of developmental impairment. These children are referred to as "invulnerable' or resilient. A rapidly expanding literature deals with these unexpectedly favorable developmental outcomes. We explore linkages between adolescent development, an important stressor (chronic illness in adolescence), and a key psychosocial environment (the family). Following a broad review of resiliency research, we focus upon what is known about the varying impacts of a specific chronic illness, diabetes, upon adolescent development. In addition, we consider how the family magnifies, diminishes, or otherwise transforms the impact of this illness upon the adolescent patient. Finally, we describe an ongoing research program investigating diabetic adolescent development within the family.
Modeled Importance of Task Strategies and Achievement Beliefs: Effect on Self-Efficacy and Skill Development
Authors: Schunk Dale H. , Gunn Trisha Phelps
Published: March 2007

This experiment explored how modeling the importance of task strategy use and positive achievement beliefs affected self-efficacy and skill acquisition. Students deficient in division skills participated in a training program that included instruction and practice opportunities. In the context of instruction, students observed a model demonstrate division solution strategies. For one group the model emphasized the importance of using task strategies, for a second group the model emphasized the importance of positive achievement beliefs. Students in a third group received modeled importance of task strategy use and positive achievement beliefs. Modeling the importance of using task strategies enhanced students' motivation and skill development, but emphasizing both task strategy use and achievement beliefs led to the highest self-efficacy. Implications for teaching are discussed.
A Comparative Study of Teacher Stress in American and British Middle Schools
Authors: Tokar Edward , Feitler Fred C.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the study was to investigate the level of stress and the relationship between job-related stress and sources of stress for teachers in the United States in comparison to their counterparts in England. Self-report questionnaires from 773 middle school teachers served as the sample. Teachers in the survey reported a higher level of job-related stress than teachers surveyed in England in a previous study. A standard multiple regression analysis was used to determine the degree of association between levels of stress and sources of stress for teachers in urban, suburban, and rural middle schools. The multiple R's for cases in American urban, suburban, and rural schools were .56, 41, and .47, respectively. The standardized beta weights from the multiple regression procedures were analyzed and significant sources of teacher stress were identified. The results of the current study supported the previously reported findings of research based on a sample of teachers in the United Kingdom.
Contraceptive Orientation in Young Inner-City Adolescents: A Discriminant Analysis
Authors: Reis Janet
Published: March 2007

The results of a discriminant analysis on sexual knowledge and attitudes are reported for a sample of 265 Black inner-city adolescents divided according to their contraceptive orientation. Twenty-one percent (56) of the sample stated that they would have sexual intercourse without using any kind of birth control. This group did not differ from their 209 contraceptively oriented peers on knowledge of human sexuality, self-esteem or orientation toward the future, but differed significantly on three attitudinal dimensions directly related to sexual intercourse. Eighty-one percent of the sample of young adolescents was correctly classified according to their contraceptive orientation based on the linear discriminant function identified in the analysis (accounting for 38.4% of the variance). The findings are discussed in the context of peer pressure and familial factors which may alter a young adolescent's intentions to engage in contraceptively protected intercourse.
Life on the Margins: How Academically At-Risk Early Adolescents View Themselves and School
Authors: Strahan David
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the present study was to explore how academically at-risk seventh graders expressed views of themselves and of school. Previous investigations have provided a profile of marginal high school students as feeling disconnected from the academic world of school. This investigation compared journal entries and interview responses from ten students who had been retained in the seventh grade with ten students with similar academic histories who had been more successful in seventh grade. Results suggested that the two groups expressed similar views of peer and parental relationships. Students who were retained expressed much lower expectations for success than students in the -comparison group. Retained students' perceptions of their academic futures seemed disconnected from present performance and current assignments. These findings encourage middle grades educators to examine their perceptions of students, incorporate more peer interactions into academic activities, and extend efforts to help students reflect upon the relevance of educational activities.
Academic Achievement Orientation and Help-Seeking Behavior in Early Adolescent Girls
Authors: Gall Sharon Nelson-Le
Published: March 2007

This study evaluated task persistence and help-seeking behaviors among 40 girls, 20 each at the fourth- and sixth-grade levels. The girls were classified as high or low in mastery orientation using their scores on a subset of items on the Intellectual Achievement Responsibility Scale. Task persistence and help-seeking behaviors were observed while the girls performed a perceptual performance cognitive task. Results indicated that task persistence measured as time spent working on the task did not vary with grade level or mastery orientation. As predicted, girls high in mastery orientation displayed proportionately more adaptive bids for help that focused on solving the task than did their low mastery counterparts. Moreover, girls high in mastery orientation viewed help seeking more favorably as an alternative means of goal attainment than did low mastery-oriented girls. The results are discussed in terms of individual differences in strategies for coping with stress in achievement settings.
A Context Perspective on Early Adolescents' Friendship Expectations
Authors: Zarbatany Lynne , Ghesquiere Kristen , Mohr Karen
Published: March 2007

Contextual underpinnings of early adolescents' friendship expectations were assessed in this study. In private interviews, 67 10- to 12-year-old children (38 girls) described behavior they would like same-and opposite-sex friends to perform in five peer activities (academic, telephone conversations, watching TV/listening to music sports, games). Responses were coded using a modified version of the Bigelow and LaGaipa friendship expectation dimensions. Friendship expectations varied for activities but not for same and opposite-sex friends. For competitive activities (sports, games), friends were expected to perform behavior supportive of self-evaluation, such as ego reinforcement and preferential treatment. For noncompetitive activities, relationship enhancing expectations such as inclusion, common interests, and acceptance were evident. Helping was expected for academic activities. These findings indicate that the psychological meaning of friendship expectations cannot be discerned without considering the context in which they are embedded.
Adolescent Perceived Attachment to Parents in Relation to Competence, Depression, and Anxiety
Authors: Papini Dennis R. , Roggman Lori A.
Published: March 2007

Attachment theory leads to the suggestion that the supportive function of attachment relations may be most salient during early adolescent transitions, such as the child's transition into junior high. To test these effects, questionnaire measures of attachment to parents, emotional autonomy, perceived self-competence, depression, and anxiety were completed by forty-seven 12-year-olds at three times: the last semester of sixth grade, the first 2 months of seventh grade (in a junior high school), and the last semester of seventh grade. Correlational results revealed that attachment to parents was significantly and positively correlated with measures of self-perceived competence, especially during the child's transition into junior high (Time 2). Also, attachment to parents was found to be significantly but negatively related to adolescent feelings of depression and anxiety. These results support the expected emergence, during transitional periods, of the buffering effect of parent-adolescent attachment for adolescent feelings of competence and emotional well-being.
Motivation and Achievement in Early Adolescence
Authors: Wentzel Kathryn R.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the multiple goals that students try to achieve at school and their relations to academic performance. In all, 423 sixth- and seventh-grade students reported efforts to achieve mastery, evaluation, and social responsibility goals. Causal belief systems were assessed by asking students to choose one of three reasons why they try to earn good grades. Pursuit of all three classroom goals was related significantly and positively to students' grades, although evaluation and social goals were stronger predictors of grades than were mastery goals. Causal belief systems were related significantly to both classroom grades and standardized test scores over time, and students who reported earning grades because learning is fun and exciting (mastery-oriented beliefs) earned the highest grades. The role of social goals in promoting academic achievement and the importance of making a distinction between goals and processes that regulate goal pursuit are discussed.
Alternative Structural Models for Understanding Adolescent Problem Behavior in Two-Earner Families
Authors: Maggs Jennifer L. , Galambos Nancy L.
Published: March 2007

Longitudinal relations among Canadian adolescents' problem behavior, conflict with parents, and association with deviant peers were examined using covariance structure analysis with manifest variables (path analysis). Ninety young adolescents (mean age at Time I = 11.6 years) and their employed mothers and fathers completed questionnaires at three times of measurement spanning I year. Evaluation of the global and relative goodness-of-fit of competing hierarchically nested structural models (using LUSREL VII) showed that (a) the relations among problem behavior and parent-adolescent conflict were bidirectional (or reciprocal) and (b) problem behavior predicted future deviant peer contacts but (c) deviant peers did not predict future problem behavior. Gender differences were not observed in mean levels or the pattern of interrelations. Discussion focuses on viewing problem (or risk) behavior during adolescence as an antecedent and a consequence of the nature of family and peer relations.
A Longitudinal Study of Perceived Family Adjustment and Emotional Adjustment in Early Adolescence
Authors: Ohannessian Christine McCauley , Lerner Richard M. , Lerner Jaqueline V. , von Eye Alexander
Published: March 2007

This study examined the longitudinal relationship between perceived family adjustment and emotional adjustment in a group of 235 sixth- and seventh-grade students. The study had two primary purposes: (a) to assess the predictive relationship between family adjustment and emotional adjustment (indexed by scores for anxiety and depression); and (b) to test whether the adolescents' levels of self-worth, peer support, and coping abilities significantly moderated the relationship between family adjustment and emotional adjustment. As expected, perceived family adjustment and emotional adjustment were reciprocally related. In addition, adolescents who had high levels of self-worth, high levels of peer support, and good coping techniques appeared to be somewhat protected from the potentially harmful effects that maladaptive family functioning may have on emotional adjustment. These results highlight the importance of focusing on the underlying processes involved in human development.
Adolescent Sociometric Status and Social Support
Authors: Munsch Joyce , Kinchen Kristin M.
Published: March 2007

A sample of 247 early adolescents, classified into the sociometric statuses of popular, neglected, rejected controversial, and average, described their attempts to mobilize social support for help with a recent stressful event. Although the structural characteristics of the support networks mobilized did not differ by sociometric status, the amount of support provided by mobilized helpers did show some differences. It is suggested that sociomeiric status does not prevent adolescents from attempting to mobilize support when they experience stress, but it may affect the amount or type of support that mobilized helpers are willing to provide. An additional analysis found that mothers, fathers, and nonparental adults were relatively insensitive to sociometric differences and provided similar amounts of support to all adolescents. However, peers were more sensitive to status differences and varied the level of support they provided to adolescents in different statuses. The implications of these findings for coping with stress are discussed.
Early Adolescent Street Youth
Authors: Unger Jennifer B. , Simon Thomas R. , Newman Traci L. , Montgomery Susanne B. , Kipke Michele D. , Albomoz Michael
Published: March 2007

Despite the increasing knowledge about homeless and street youth in the United States, little is known about the youngest segments of those populations, early adolescents (12 through 15 years of age). Investigated in this study were the demographic and lifestyle characteristics of 245 street youth in California. Measures included demographic characteristics (e.g., gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation), peer group identification, history of homelessness, sources of shelter and money, and perceived health status. Results revealed high rates of problem behaviors and health risks: 34% reported affiliation with gangs, and 40% reported involvement in illegal activities such as prostitution, drug dealing, mugging, or stealing. Early adolescent street youth differed from older street youth on several demographic and lifestyle measures. These data indicated that early adolescents are especially at risk for negative psychological and physical consequences of life on the streets. Further research is needed to understand the unique needs of this understudied population.
Integrating Information Technology into the Marketing Curriculum: A Pragmatic Paradigm
Authors: Benbunan-Fich Raquel , Lozada Héctor R. , Pirog Stephen , Wisenblit Joseph , Priluck Randi
Published: March 2007

This article presents a framework for integrating information technology (IT) into the marketing curriculum in the context of the specific objectives of an undergraduate business program.The authors propose integration of IT via five technological modules: (1) Web-based communication among instructors and students, (2) use of the marketing department’s Web site as an educational resource, (3) the Internet as a marketing medium, (4) computer-supported market analysis and decision making, and (5) computer-enhanced business presentations. As an illustration, this article details the use of the five modules according to the specific program objectives at Seton Hall University. The article also outlines practical guidelines for the application of IT in teaching and learning and outcomes and assessments measures. Marketing educators can use this paradigm to promote more efficient teaching and better learning, and consequently students will be better prepared to manage and use IT in their professional careers.
Matching the Marketing Curriculum To Market Needs
Authors: Done Arthur A.
Published: March 2007

There is a strong need for marketing educators to carefully identify their markets and then make certain that their pro duct offering matches up well with market needs. One useful approach is to define the student as an intermediate market who buys and processes for resale, and the employer as the end market or final customer. To match the product offering to the expressed needs of these markets indicates the need for a change in curriculum design to switch the emphasis from sub ject matter acquisition to managerial skills development. The managerial skills desired by employers who hire our Business School graduates include written and verbal communicating, problem solving and decision making, project planning and im plementing, interpersonal competence, and others. Our course offerings should be so designed that the development of these skills becomes the primary product or objective and subject- matter mastery becomes the by-product.
Toward a Professional Marketing Education
Authors: Berdine W.R. , Hopkins Patricia M.
Published: March 2007

This paper illustrates four approaches to providing a pro fessional marketing education: academic specialization, con tent relevance, student membership in professional organiza tions, and career planning. Academic specialization is a career-track individualized program in one of the following areas: advertising, inter national marketing, marketing to professional buyers, market ing research, retail management, or transportation and dis tribution management, Content relevance is achieved using cases and the creation of a marketing plan. Other opportunities for relevance include the Small Business Institute Program, consulting with business executives, and work experience. Each student completes a career-plan project and a seminar to develop behavioral skills to enhance the process of find ing employment.
Creating a Successful Career: Guidelines and Suggestions for Recent Doctorates in Marketing
Authors: Lusch Robert F.
Published: March 2007

This article argues that the recent doctorate in marketing must create a successful career for himself-that others won't make things happen, but that the new graduate must make things happen. research and service.
Teach Public Relations Where it Belongs: In the Marketing Department
Authors: Rosenthal Walter
Published: March 2007

The majority of marketing majors in American colleges must be satisfied with a single public relations course, usually conducted by faculty outside the Marketing Department and the School of Business. This article describes the background of this pervasive problem and suggests a curriculum which would allow business faculty without a professional PR background to use previously acquired writing, analytical and other critical skills to overcome the inherent time and instructional constraints.
Student Marketing Portfolios: Professionalizing Our Discipline and Integrating Our Curriculum
Authors: Goldgehn Leslie A. , Soares Eric
Published: March 2007

This article presents the "marketing portfolio" as a vehicle for demonstrating student work to prospective employers.
"Chips": A Strategic Distribution Game
Authors: Cadotte Ernest R. , Rinehart Lloyd M.
Published: March 2007

Current marketing simulations minimize the channel of distribution element of the marketing mix. A new marketing simulation, "Chips," emphasizes strategic and tactical decision making in a dynamic, interactive, and competitive marketing environment. The game emphasizes channel management and negotiations, making it a useful supplement for courses in marketing management or marketing channels. Students are strongly attracted to the human interaction aspect of the negotiating process.
Postdoctoral Programs in Marketing: An Empirical Investigation of the "Retooling" Process
Authors: Pickett Gregory M. , Grove Stephen J. , Knowles Patricia A. , Muncy James A.
Published: March 2007

The recent increase in interest in structural factors contributing to marketing thought development has grown primarily out of the work of the AMA Task Force on Marketing Thought Development. One aspect of marketing thought development briefly discussed but not elaborated on by the task force is the role of "retooling" programs in preparing nonmarketing Ph.D.s for careers in academic marketing. This important topic has received very little empirical investigation. The current study presents the results of an empirical investigation which studied the perception of retooling programs and retooled academics by marketing department heads and chairpersons in the United States. The results bring a clear focus to the role that such programs can play in both marketing education and marketing thought development. They also indicate some of the promise and potential limitations of these programs.
Establishing Cross-Disciplinary Marketing Education
Authors: Alden Scott D. , Laxton Rita , Patzer Gordon L. , Howard Leslie
Published: March 2007

This article continues the dialogue about the proper breadth of the marketing curriculum. Specifically, we suggest that developing better links between marketing and other areas of business and fostering connections between marketing and liberal arts courses provide benefits to students, organizations, and society. Suggestions are made regarding pedagogy and necessary changes in the academic reward structure.
Strengthening the Relevance of the Marketing Strategy Course by Using a Career Planning Exercise
Authors: Haynes Paula J. , Helms Marilyn M.
Published: March 2007

This article outlines a career planning exercise that uses the strategic marketing framework. The exercise provides a means of increasing the relevance of the concepts taught in marketing strategy courses by placing these concepts into a practical context—the student's career development.
Marketing Faculty Retirement Plans: Findings, Scenarios, and Recommendations for an Uncertain Future
Authors: Claxton Reid P. , Rao C. P. , Kurtz David L.
Published: March 2007

Findings on marketing professors' retirement plans beyond year 2000 indicate that many intend to retire soon. Retirement issues and continuing weakness in the academic job market may present serious obstacles to meeting longer-term demand for terminally qualified marketing faculty members. Recommendations are presented based on two scenarios of supply/demand disequilibria for marketing professors.
Consumption Values and the Choice of Marketing Electives: Treating Students Like Customers
Authors: Stafford Thomas F.
Published: March 2007

In all of academe, educators in marketing should be best suited to a customer orientation. Customer-oriented marketing education might include an effort to better understand the values students derive from the services they receive, in order to aid in the diagnosis of choice behavior. The Theory of Consumption Values is presented as a conceptual framework to aid in understanding the values considered by students when evaluating course choices. A demonstration of the use of this theory to diagnose such choices is then provided. Results indicate that, among five specific consumption values (Conditional, Emotional, Epistemic, Functional, and Social), the choice of a course in customer behavior is predominantly driven by the desire for variety (the Epistemic value) and scheduling imperatives (the Conditional value).
Ethical Inclinations of Tomorrow's Advertising Practitioners
Authors: Pratt Cornelius B. , James E. Lincoln , Kailimai Karan J.
Published: March 2007

This study, which examines the ethical inclinations of undergraduate advertising students (N = 257) who indicate career interests in advertising, finds that student responses to four scenarios about advertising ethics tend not to indicate an application of absolute moral standards. A factor analysis of student responses to 17 statements about the ethics of advertising practices show three underlying dimensions; these are labeled, respectively, Advertising Claims and Standards, Agencies' Public Responsibility, and Agencies' Moral Standards. This study also offers suggestions for research.
Information Literacy and the Marketing Curriculum: A Multidimensional Definition and Practical Application
Authors: Sterngold Arthur H. , Hurlbert Janet M.
Published: March 2007

To help prepare students for an increasingly knowledge-based economy, developing students' information literacy should be a major objective of the marketing curriculum. Information literacy includes the ability to access, evaluate, integrate, and apply information to solve problems and gain new knowledge, using a wide variety of information sources, technologies, and methods. To develop this ability in students, we designed a 6-week group research project for a marketing strategy course that included library workshops, student-instructor conferences, and several assignments and tasks. The project develops the students' information literacy while strengthening their understanding of course content and applications.
Socialization-Based Approach to Predicting Retail Career Preference and Choice
Authors: Shim Soyeon , Gehrt Kenneth , Goldsberry Ellen
Published: March 2007

In this study, it was hypothesized that (1) four categories of retail career socialization (i.e., socialization related to education, work, retail establishments, and family) will predict three aspects of retail career preference (i.e., intrinsic, extrinsic, and lifestyle) and (2) retail career preference will, in turn, predict retail career choice. College juniors and seniors nationwide (N = 723) responded to a survey questionnaire. The findings indicated that socialization related to retail work and education had direct and indirect effects on retail career choice. Retail shopping–related socialization had pervasive, indirect effects on retail career choice via all three components of retail career preference. Family-related socialization had an overall negligible indirect effect on retail career choice through retail career preference. The intrinsic enjoyment component of retail career preference had the greatest effect on retail career choice, followed by the extrinsic compensation and lifestyle flexibility components of retail career preference.
A Customer Service Course: Bringing Marketing and Logistics Together
Authors: Sautter Elise Truly , Boberg Kevin , Maltz Arnold
Published: March 2007

Business is becoming more aware of the importance of customer service in customer satisfaction and retention. Customer service must be positioned as something that ultimately depends on successful management of both organizational and final consumer relationships across the supply chain. Unfortunately, traditional marketing curriculums study the delivery of customer service as a static and isolated event rather than as a function of the total business enterprise. Following suggestions for more integrative curriculums, the authors develop a course that positions customer service as an outcome of the total system and uses concepts from various research streams to promote successful delivery of customer service. Specific suggestions for course content and pedagogy are presented.
The Supreme Court, Affirmative Action, and Public Management: Where Do We Stand Today?
Authors: Kellough J. Edward
Published: March 2007

The author reviews Supreme Court decisions on affirm ative action to identify the boundaries of permissible voluntary race- or gender-conscious affirmative action by government employers. He concludes that standards of judicial review established prior to 1989 for affirmative action in the public sector have not been eroded by three controversial decisions taken by the Court that year in City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Company, Wards Cove Packing Com pany, Inc. v. Atonio, and Martin v. Wilks. However, the outcomes of these cases could nevertheless have a chilling effect on the willingness of some public employers to engage in permissible affirmative action.
What do we Mean When we Say "Professionalism?": A Language Usage Analysis for Public Administration
Authors: Fox Charles J.
Published: March 2007

This paper analyzes use of the term "professionalism" in public administration by language usage analysis—an interpretive methodology. It begins by arguing against static interpretation of professionalism implied by the sociological model. It then explores various meanings of professionalism by using a series of antinomies: professional-laity, professional-amateur, achievement-ascription, and professionals as a new class in opposition to other classes. Each antinomy reveals meanings of professionalism that public administrators should avoid or embrace in their quest to make public administration a widely recognized profession. Concluding remarks suggest a particular definition of professionalism appropriate to public administration.
Practicing the Politics of Inclusion: Citizen Surveys and the Design of Solid Waste Recycling Programs
Authors: Bacot Hunter , McCabe Amy S. , Fitzgerald Michael R. , Bowen Terry , Folz David H.
Published: March 2007

This study presents a framework for applying and interpreting citizen surveys to formulate community recycling programs. Viewed as a coproduced service, a recycling program's success depends on strong and sustained public support and participation. We find that knowing citizen opinions and attitudes toward recycling can help public managers maximize citizen participation in recycling. This analysis supports the value of conducting citizen opinion surveys as part of the recycling program design. Furthermore, such surveys are useful management tools for learning local opinions and attitudes that can be used to improve program design and sustain citizen participation in a community recycling program.
Ethics and the Chimera of Professionalism: The Historical Context of an Oxymoronic Relationship
Authors: Adams Guy B.
Published: March 2007

Like the Chimera of Greek mythology—an imaginary monster compounded of incongruous parts—professionalism has assimilated ethics as a part of its ordinary definition. In this paper, the relationship between professionalism and ethics is examined in historical context, which suggests the association of the two occurred during and just after the Progressive Era. It was during this period of time that technical rationality overwhelmed earlier understandings of professionalism—ones more conducive to moral reasoning. This paper addresses the prospects for a new professionalism in our present modern historical circumstances.
Resistance to Professional Managers in American Local Government
Authors: Box Richard C.
Published: March 2007

}Because of the American tradition of self-government and mistrust of administration, city-management professionals face difficulty in securing citizen acceptance of their roles. This is a particularly acute problem in the city manager form of local government because the manager is highly visible as the non-elected executive head of the agency. This paper argues that community resistance to the role of the local government general management professional is caused largely by a fear of loss of personal access or influence over governance, in essence, a conflict between the value of identification with community and the value of rational administration. The future of city management and local government professionalism generally may depend on an ability to adapt the premises of rational, scientifically based administration to the realities of the citizen's need for a sense of identification with a political and social community.
Balanced Budget Constitutional Amendment as a Budgetary Reform Idea: The View from Public Budgeting Researchers
Authors: Liou Kuotsai Tom
Published: March 2007

This study examines public budgeting researchers' views on the proposed balanced budget constitutional amendment. Focusing on the amendment's viability and adoptability, the study shows that the experts do not consider the balanced budget amendment a viable reform idea. The study further reveals that the experts' views on the balanced budget amendment are significantly correlated to their personal characteristics. Implications concerning the results of this study are discussed.
Correlates of Selection in the Presidential Management Internship Program
Authors: Desai Uday
Published: March 2007

The Presidential Management Internship Program (PMIP) was established in an effort to attract young individuals to the federal service. Since its creation, few studies have examined the characteristics of the interns selected for the program. This study investigates not only the intern characteristics but also the institutions that nominated them. Two findings are of particular interest. First, because few minorities are nominated for PMIP, the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) should continue to take measures to attract minorities to the PMI program. Second, the study found that a few programs/schools dominate the PMI program. This therefore suggests that OPM should continue to reach out to graduate programs that do not have a history of involvement with PMIP.
Employment Discrimination in State and Local Government: The Lesbian and Gay Male Experience
Authors: Riccucci Norma M. , Gossett Charles W.
Published: March 2007

In recent years, a number of state, county, and municipal governments have been confronted with demands to add the category "sexual orientation" to their employment discrimination ordinances and policies. This paper focuses on the experience of state and local governments in responding to these demands in both the legal and political arenas. The paper discusses the legal arguments that have been used to resist and advance equal employment opportunity in the public sector for lesbians and gay men. We pay particular attention to hiring, firing, and employment benefit issues. We conclude that despite some success in getting state and local governments to adopt non-discrimination policies, enforcement of those policies in meaningful ways is not effective or even present.
Avoiding the Issue
Authors: Alexander Jennifer
Published: March 2007

This article explicates the meaning of race and its institutionalization within public administration theory and practice. An argument is presented that conceptualizations of administrative responsibility in public administration have oversimplified or ignored what Gunnar Myrdal described more than 50 years ago as "the American dilemma. " Racism is an integral and often invisible component of the customary morality—a historically constructed system of meaning that establishes the customs and practices of a people. The author demonstrates that within public administration theory, administrative responsibility originates in customary morality. Brief suggestions are offered as to how administrators might confront a problem they are unable to resolve but are, nonetheless, compelled to address.
Greening Capitalism: Opportunities for a Green Commodity
Authors: Prothero Andrea , Fitchett James A.
Published: March 2007

In this article, the authors argue that greater ecological enlightenment can be secured through capitalism by using the characteristics of commodity culture to further progress environmental goals. The authors reject both naive ecological romanticism and revolutionary idealism on the grounds that they fail to offer any pragmatic basis by which greater environmental responsibility can be achieved. Drawing on the now well-established theoretical tradition of post-Marxist cultural criticism, the authors offer a conceptual justification for the development and implementation of a green commodity discourse. For this to be achieved and implemented, prevailing paradigms regarding the structure, nature, and characteristics of capitalism must be revised. Marketing not only has the potential to contribute to the establishment of more sustainable forms of society but, as a principle agent in the operation and proliferation of commodity discourse, also has a considerable responsibility to do so.
An Invitation to Participate in Affairs of the Journal of Macromarketing
Authors: Fisk George
Published: March 2007

This invitation explains our goal and illustrates specific objectives of macromarketing study. It identifies current priorities in macromarketing thought and explains why we believe the Journal of Macromarketing can serve the professional scholar and public and managerial social policy formulating communities concerned with marketing.
Consumer Expenditures and Consumer Satisfaction with the Spatial Marketing System
Authors: Ingene Charles A.
Published: March 2007

This article establishes a theoretical relationship between consumer satisfaction with the spatial marketing system and consumer expenditures on the product and service offerings of that system. Spatial marketing is defined as including those sectors where customers must travel to and from an outlet to acquire the offering; thus, it encompasses most of retailing and many of the consumer service industries. An empirical test is performed with 1977 data on grocery stores in 168 American SMSAs.
A New Approach to Measuring Socially Responsible Consumption Tendencies
Authors: Leigh James H. , Murphy Patrick E. , Enis Ben M.
Published: March 2007

Two approaches to measuring socially responsible consumption tendencies—the existing Social Responsibility Scale (SRS) and a new seven-dimension product differentiation construct-were compared using three groups believed to differ in their societal consciousness. Measurement tests revealed the commonly used SRS is suspect as a reliable and valid measure for use in marketing contexts. The product differentiation approach possessed more desirable and mostly consistent measurement properties.
Buyer Seller Productivity and Economic Development
Authors: McIntyre Roger P. , Kale Sudhir H.
Published: March 2007

Concepts of buyer productivity and seller productivity have not received much attention in previous macromarketing literature. This article focuses on how the relative productivity of the buyer and the seller shifts with the changing economic environment. The authors advocate a series of normative implications discussing how the concept of consumer productivity can be operationalized by policymakers and multinational firms in less developed countries.
The Relationship among Referents, Opportunity, Rewards, and Punishments in Consumer Attitudes toward Recycling: A Structural Equations Approach
Authors: Pelton Lou E. , Strutton David , Barnes James H. , True Sheb L.
Published: March 2007

Recycling has long been viewed as a practical solution to the problems associated with the excess of solid waste materials in the United States. Despite publicly and privately sponsored efforts aimed at encouraging consumers to recycle, voluntary participation remains low. This article reviews recycling research and identifies methodological and theoretical gaps in the literature. Two underlying theories emerge from the review: stimulus-response and differential association. Constructs taken from each theory are empirically tested as potential predictors of consumers' attitudes toward recycling. The findings suggest these theories are appropriate explanatory mechanisms in predicting consumers' intention to recycle. Recommendations regarding how best to promote consumer participation in recycling are developed and discussed.
Structural Changes in the Phonograph Record Industry and its Channels of Distribution, 1946-1966
Authors: Mittelstaedt Robert A. , Stassen Robert E.
Published: March 2007

The combination of changes in popular preferences and technological advances in sound recording and reproduction led to a deconcentration of the phonograph record industry in the 20 years after World War I. The unbreakable nature of the new products led to an expansion in the outlets by which recordings could be delivered to the consumer. These two trends combined to produce major changes in the channels of distribution.
Sociological Perspectives on Imposed School Dress Codes: Consumption as Attempted Suppression of Class and Group Symbolism
Authors: Crockett David , Wallendorf Melanie
Published: March 2007

As a reaction to crime and gang violence, public schools in U.S. inner-city areas are increasingly implementing dress codes. Dress codes restrict students use of clothing as an element of contemporary expressive consumption. The authors discuss three emic rationales for implementing dress codes: prevention of gang-related violence, prevention of clothing theft, and the imposition of discipline. They employ sociological theories of conflict, control, and delinquency to determine how dress codes function and their likely consequences, including their potential to produce hegemony and gender inequality. Several forms of student resistance to dress codes are outlined, and the authors conclude that dress codes shift rather than eliminate the symbolic expressions of class, ethnicity, and group membership that serve as the basis for school violence. The authors also acknowledge that a less well-articulated outcome of dress codes may be to partially stem the tide of brand obsession among young consumers.
Gender Inequity and Quality of Life: A Macromarketing Perspective
Authors: Hill Ronald Paul , Dhanda Kanwalroop Kathy
Published: March 2007

Consumption inequities have been explored within the consumer behavior and public policy literatures in marketing, but few investigations within these domains have examined their global dimensions. To help fill this gap, the authors investigate the gender aspects of consumer inequality worldwide using measures of quality of life at the societal level. After a brief introduction, a discussion of the theoretical foundation of our work and the measures used to examine inequities between men and women are presented. Analyses and results come next, followed by global policy recommendations and future research directions.
The Use of Kane's Dynamical Equations in Robotics
Authors: Kane Thomas R. , Levinson David A.
Published: March 2007

Extensive experience has shown that the use of general- purpose, multibody-dynamics computer programs for the numerical formulation and solution of equations of motion of robotic devices leads to slow evaluation of actuator forces and torques and slow simulation of robot motions. In this paper, it is shown how improvements in computational efficiency can be effected by using Kane's dynamical equations to formulate explicit equations of motion. To these ends, a detailed analysis of the Stanford Arm is presented in such a way that each step in the analysis serves as an illustrative example for a general method of attack on problems of robot dynamics. Simulation results are reported and are used as a basis for discussing questions of computational efficiency.
An Algorithm for Seam Tracking Applications
Authors: Khosla P.K. , Neuman C.P. , Prinz F.B.
Published: March 2007

Seam tracing is currently accomplished by exploiting special features of the robot and a priori knowledge of the seam geometry. This paper demonstrates the feasibility of tracking a seam in real time. A general-purpose seam tracing algo rithm is developed for implementation on a robot with six de grees of freedom. The algorithm is motivated by a physical interpretation of the T 6 and d T 6 matrices and the assumption that three-dimensional seam data are available. In the past, the d T 6 matrix and inverse Jacobian solutions have been used to compute the differential changes in the joint angles. The inverse Jacobian is used to introduce an iterative algo rithm to compute both large and small changes in the joint variables. The versatile seam tracking algorithm can be applied to a multitude of robotic seam tracking activities such as gluing, surface grinding, and flame cutting.
Identification of Partially Obscured Objects in Two and Three Dimensions by Matching Noisy Characteristic Curves
Authors: Schwartz Jacob T. , Sharir Micha
Published: March 2007

In this paper we analyze the problem of matching partially obscured, noise-corrupted images of composite scenes in two and three dimensions. We describe efficient methods for smoothing the noisy data and for matching portions of the observed object boundaries (or of characteristic curves lying on bounding surfaces of 3-D objects) to prestored models. We also report initial experiments showing the efficacy of this procedure.
Differential Topology of the Inverse Kinematic Problem for Redundant Robot Manipulators
Authors: Tchoń Krzysztof
Published: March 2007

In this paper a program of singularity theory is pro claimed to be of systematic use in robotics. Complete lists of normal forms are proposed and are regarded as candi date models of kinematics of robot manipulators. Argu ments for the applicability of candidate normal forms to manipulator kinematics are provided. Singularities and bifurcation diagrams of the normal forms are examined and consequences derived for the inverse kinematic prob lem in redundant kinematics with singularities.
Hidden Markov Model Analysis of Force/Torque Information in Telemanipulation
Authors: Hannaford Blake , Lee Paul
Published: March 2007

A new model is developed for prediction and analysis of sensor information recorded during robotic performance of tasks by telemanipulation. The model uses the Hidden Markov Model (stochastic functions of Markov nets; HMM) to describe the task structure, the operator or intelligent controller's goal structure, and the sensor sig nals such as forces and torques arising from interaction with the environment. The Markov process portion encodes the task sequence/subgoal structure, and the observation densities associated with each subgoal state encode the expected sensor signals associated with carry ing out that subgoal. Methodology is described for con struction of the model parameters based on engineering knowledge of the task. The Viterbi algorithm is used for model based analysis of force signals measured during experimental teleoperation and achieves excellent segmen tation of the data into subgoal phases. The Baum-Welch algorithm is used to identify the most likely HMM from a given experiment. The HMM achieves a structured, knowledge-based model with explicit uncertainties and mature, optimal identification algorithms.