bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CARL LINNAEUS'S ACQUAINTANCE WITH TROPICAL PLANTS
Authors: Stearn William T.
Published: April 2006

Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) made his first acquaintance with a tropical flora about 1744 when studying a large collection of herbarium specimens and drawings made in Sri Lanka (Ceylon) by Paul Hermann, and on these he based his Flora Zeylanica (1747). Otherwise, down to the publication of the Species plantarum (1753), his knowledge of tropical plants was based on a limited number in cultivation and on a large number of illustrations in the works of Kaempfer, van Rheede, J. and C. Commelin, Merian, Plumier, Petiver, Sloane, and Rumpfis, but relatively little on herbarium material. These works provide iconotypes for many 1753 Linnaean binomials. In 1758 Linnaeus bought Patrick Browne's Jamaican herbarium. He also received specimens from former students visiting tropical countries. Long before then European trading activities had dispersed some ruderal plants from port to port, making them almost pantropical. Collections often contained specimens of these. Hence Linnaeus tended to regard the tropical floras as rather uniform over the world instead of regionally very diverse. Nevertheless he devised a methodology and a nomenclature fundamental for the later development of tropical botany.
NOMENCLATURAL NOTES ON SOME MEDITERRANEAN ALGAE
Authors: Cormaci M. , Furnari G.
Published: April 2006

A nomenclatural revision of some Mediterranean algae has been carried out. Fifteen new combinations are proposed.
COMPACTORIZATION IN HERBARIA: PLANNING FACTORS AND FOUR CASE STUDIES
Authors: Touw Mia , Kores Paul
Published: April 2006

Compactors using open shelving and taking advantage of all available vertical space can allow specimens to be stored at significantly higher densities than in immobile systems. Space gain, however, is not automatic with compactors, and there is no substitute for careful consideration of local conditions and needs.
ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY STUDIED USING SEQUENCES OF FIVE MACROMOLECULES
Authors: Martin P. G. , Boulter D. , Penny D.
Published: April 2006

Phylogenetic trees for 11 angiosperm families have been constructed using data from 106 macro‐molecular sequences, 12 of them new and the rest from published sequences of cytochrome c, plastocyanin, ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit, ferredoxin and 5S‐ribosomal‐RNA. Analyses of data from single macromolecules are not consistent with one another but, for nine families, a phylogenetic tree derived from three macromolecules remains consistent as a fourth macromolecule is added. This nine‐family tree is thought to be reliable. The positions of the other two families, Malvaceae and Ranunculaceae, remain uncertain. A relationship between Chenopodiaceae and Polygonaceae confirms other taxonomic work but an equally reliable and close relationship between Fabaceae and Brassicaceae merits further taxonomic investigation.
BIOGEOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF NOTHOFAGUS (FAGACEAE)
Authors: Heads Michael
Published: April 2006

The purpose of this article is to present a short critique of the modern school of vicariance/cladistic biogeography. To achieve this aim recently published work on biogeographical methods and the southern beeches (Nothofagus) by Dr. C. J. Humphries is discussed in some detail.
A NEW LECTOTYPIFICATION PROPOSED FOR THE GENUS NOTOSCEPTRUM BENTH. (LILIACEAE)
Authors: Codd L. E.
Published: April 2006

In Farr, Leussink and Stafleu, Index Nominum Genericorum 2: 1185 (1979) the lectotype for the genus Notosceptrum Benth. (Liliaceae) is listed as N. alooides (H. Bol.) Benth., following Phillips, Genera of South African Flowering Plants ed. 2: 186 (1951). Reasons are given below for superseding this choice as unsatisfactory and for replacing it with N. benguellense (Bak.) Benth. as lectotype for the genus.
PHENETIC AND CLADISTIC RELATIONSHIPS IN COLLYBIA SECT. LEVIPEDES (FUNGI: BASIDIOMYCETES)
Authors: Vilgalys Rytas
Published: April 2006

Phenetic and cladistic methods were both used to study phylogenetic relationships of fungi in the genus Collybia section Levipedes. Ten North American taxa were scored for 23 morphological and ecological traits, and the resulting data set was used for both kinds of analysis. Essentially identical phenograms were generated regardless of the type of similarity or dissimilarity coefficient used. Both principal coordinate and minimum spanning tree analyses also produced results congruent with the various phenograms. For cladistic analysis, parsimony analysis was chosen to construct Wagner trees, which were rooted using several criteria. With only in‐group taxa in the analysis, a single Wagner tree resulted when the dictum ‘common is primitive’ was used to root the tree. Outgroup taxa were chosen from sections Striipedes, Vestipedes and Maculatae. Of the various runs using outgroup taxa from different sections of Collybia, only that with section Striipedes as outgroup resulted in a single unequivocal tree being resolved. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that Striipedes is most closely allied to Levipedes. All parsimony analyses indicated a high level of parallelism in section Levipedes. Both phenetic and cladistic analyses grouped taxa in a similar manner, although several differences in branching pattern were apparent. The C. dryophila complex was clearly distinguished from the rest of the section by all analyses. Other close relationships were suggested between C. alkalivirens and C. fuscopurpurea, and between C. spongiosa and C. kaufmanii. The Wagner trees are presented as hypotheses of phylogenetic relationship in Levipedes.
VARIATION IN LEAFLET MORPHOLOGY AMONG THREE POPULATIONS OF ZAMIA L. IN PUERTO RICO
Authors: Newell Sandra J.
Published: April 2006

Zamia leaflet morphology is compared among three populations in Puerto Rico. The variables measured were leaflet length, width, area, length : width ratio, number of leaflets per leaf, and leaf area. One population (Susúa) is highly significantly different in all variables from the other two populations. The Susúa plants have much longer and narrower leaflets and more leaflets per leaf. This population represents what is known as the narrow‐leaflet form and is considered by some to be a different species from the wide‐leaflet form. The other two populations (Arecibo and Santa Rosa) represent the wide‐leaflet form, although these two populations are significantly different from each other in all but one of the variables. The Arecibo plants have wider leaflets and more leaflets per leaf than the Santa Rosa plants. All four of the leaflet variables were non‐normally distributed and various transformations of the data did not entirely solve this problem. In the few cases where transformation produced a normal distribution of the data, the variances were highly significantly heterogeneous. The failure of this type of data to meet the assumptions of parametric statistics may limit the usefulness of these characters for taxonomic studies. The results are further discussed within the context of Zamia taxonomy.
ON THE IDENTITY OF ISOËTES TRIQUETRA A. BRAUN
Authors: Hickey R. James
Published: April 2006

Vegetative characters of Isoëtes are generally thought to be of little diagnostic value because of their plasticity and limited number of distinctive character states. The neglect of these vegetative features has resulted in incomplete species descriptions and taxonomic confusion. This problem is exemplified by I. triquetra, a name based on a single sterile collection, which has previously been assumed, but never shown, to be synonymous with I. andina. A comparative study of ligule morphology indicates that the two names are indeed synonymous.
NOTHOSCORDUM GRACILE, THE CORRECT NAME OF N. FRAGRANS AND THE N. INODORUM OF AUTHORS (ALLIACEAE)
Authors: Stearn William T.
Published: April 2006

Examination of the holotype (BM) of Allium inodorum Aiton (1789), basionym of Nothoscordum inodorum (Aiton) Nicholson, reveals this as conspecific with Allium neapolitanum Cyrillo (1788) and not a member of the genus Nothoscordum Kunth (Alliaceae). The correct name for the widely naturalized weedy species known as N. inodorum or as N. fragrans (Vent.) Kunth is N. gracile (Aiton) Stearn, syn. Allium gracile Aiton (1789). The current misapplication of the epithet inodorum goes back to an illustrated article by Ker‐Gawler in Curtis's Botanical Magazine 28: t. 1129 (1808) where N. gracile is depicted as A. inodorum; his later (1810) correction has been overlooked or ignored.
EDMUND CARROLL JAEGER (1887‐1983), DAVE KECK'S CALIFORNIA MENTOR
Authors: Ewan Joseph
Published: April 2006

The years of a desert naturalist with commentary from his protégé.
STATE‐OF‐THE‐ART HERBARIUM COMPACTOR SYSTEMS FOR DAO AND DAOM
Authors: Barr D. J. S. , Cody W. J. , Parmelee J. A.
Published: April 2006

High density storage of botanical and mycological specimens was achieved by using specially built, open‐faced cabinets on electrically operated, compactor mobiles. By utilizing as much height as possible and allowing two aisles per compactor module (block), 2‐3 times as much space was obtained as in conventional herbarium storage. The largest module comprises 11,200 pigeonholes on 16 double carriages and three single carriages each 18 ft long and 9 ft 2 in. high. The reduced aisle space was made practical by the use of a totally flexible aisle system where one wide or two smaller aisles can be placed anywhere in a module. Protection from insects and air tightness was obtained by use of a highly compressible, perimeter gasket around cabinet faces. Decks (false floors at rail height) were made of concrete in the basement and wood in the upper floors. Independently operated safety features include a floor‐level sweep and a locking mechanism for the aisles. Calculations on the weight of compactors, for purposes of floor loading, are given.
NEOTYPIFICATION OF TRIFOLIUM STOLONIFERUM MUHL. EX A. EAT. (FABACEAE)
Authors: Brooks Ralph E.
Published: April 2006

During an investigation to determine the distribution, abundance, and populational characteristics of the little known Trifolium stoloniferum Muhl. ex A. Eat., it became evident that type material was not clearly identifiable, and therefore a neotype is here designated.
ON THE RANK OF NICOTIANA HESPERIS BURBIDGE (SOLANACEAE)
Authors: Farooqui S. M. , Bahadur Bir
Published: April 2006

Study of seed and testa characters of Nicotiana occidentalis Wheeler and N. hesperis Burbidge indicates that the latter is not a subspecies of the former, but a distinct species.
CHROMOSOMAL FEATURES AS GENERIC CRITERIA IN THE ASTEREAE
Authors: Jones Almut G.
Published: April 2006

Several examples may serve to address four basic questions concerning the applicability of chromosomal features to the determination of generic limits in the Astereae: 1) What do chromosome numbers per se tell us? 2) Can we assume that x = 9 (or any other base number) is homologous for all taxa sharing the character state? 3) Can genera with more than one basic chromosome number be regarded as monophyletic? and 4) are chromosomal features correlated with gross morphological characters that will render them useful in the construction of general classifications? The evolutionary conservatism that makes chromosomal features very strong characters also limits the usefulness of the most common feature studied: the basic chromosome number. Chromosome count statistics are presented as a partial answer to the first question and, to prove a point, a “new” chromosome count is reported for Aster carolinianus. Examples are cited (e.g., Astranthium, Brachyscome, Chrysopsis, and Aster sensu lato) to show that base numbers may be primitive, or they may be derived by way of either dysploid reduction or amphidiploid increase. It is mainly with regard to the third question that concepts diverge, and there is no simple answer. The true situation may be that most genera are monobasic, but that there are a few which are not. In this connection, a well‐known example in the Aster alliance is discussed, which leads to an answer regarding the last question. Chromosomal features are basic to an understanding of relationships in the Astereae, but more so at the infrageneric than the generic level. Unless correlated with gross morphological (and/or distributional) characteristics, they are of limited value in the determination of generic boundaries.
TRENDS OF VARIATION AND SYSTEMATICS OF POACEAE
Authors: Hilu Khidir W.
Published: April 2006

Principal coordinate (PCA) and minimum spanning tree (MST) techniques were used to analyze trends of variation in the Poaceae. The distribution of the 214 grass genera on the first three factors is presented in two‐ and three‐dimensional diagrams. The Pooideae, Eragrostoideae and Panicoideae appeared at the extreme ends of the three factors. The two major tribes of the Panicoideae, Paniceae and Andropogoneae, were distinct particularly on the third factor. Bambusoideae, Arundinoideae, Centostecoideae, Oryzoideae, and the genera Nardus, Lygeum and Diarrhena occupied intermediate positions and were less divergent from the center of variation. Minimum spanning tree analysis showed that, except for the Arundinoideae, Centostecoideae and the nardoid group, connections among members of each subfamily are considerably higher than those between different subfamilies. This indicates a lack of distortion in the PCA and confirms the naturalness of these taxa. There was only one connection between the Paniceae and Andropogoneae, underscoring the distinctness of the two tribes. The genera Nardus, Diarrhena and Lygeum appeared in adjacent positions but were linked to different subfamilies. The implications of these analyses on the evolution of the Poaceae and the role of polyploidy and hybridization is discussed.
LECTOTYPIFICATION, TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE OF MORUS ALBA, M. TATARICA AND M. INDICA (MORACEAE)
Authors: Rao C. Kameswara , Jarvis C. E.
Published: April 2006

Lectotypes are designated for Morus alba, M. tatarica and M. indica. Morus tatarica is treated as synonymous with M. alba and following Bureau's treatment, M. indica is recognised as a variety of M. alba.
THE IDENTITY OF LOBELIA HIRSUTA L.
Authors: Thulin M.
Published: April 2006

Lobelia hirsuta L. is shown to apply to a South African member of Thymelaeaceae. The required new combination, Gnidia hirsuta (L.) Thulin, is made.
NAMES AND TYPES IN CORTADERIA STAPF (GRAMINEAE) II
Authors: Connor H. E.
Published: April 2006

Four further names are included in the synonymy of species of Cortaderia including one from Calamagrostis and another from Danthonia. The reproductive system in C. bifida is confirmed as autonomous apospory; no polliniferous plants of C. pungens have been seen in herbaria and it is suggested that this taxon may also be apomictic. Gynodioecism, the prevalent mode in the genus, is recorded for C. planifolia.
AGARDHIELLA VERSUS NEOAGARDHIELLA (SOLIERIACEAE, RHODOPHYTA): ANOTHER LOOK AT THE LECTOTYPIFICATION OF GIGARTINA TENERA
Authors: Gabrielson Paul W.
Published: April 2006

The specimen currently recognized as the lectotype of Gigartina tenera J. Agardh does not agree with the original protologue and is superseded. A new lectotype is designated which belongs to the taxon currently named Agardhiella subulata (C. Agardh) Kraft et Wynne. Neoagardhiella baileyi (Harvey ex Kuetzing) Wynne et Taylor and Agardhiella tenera (J. Agardh) Schmitz, the generic type, are synonyms of A. subulata. A correct name is needed for the plant currently named Solieria tenera (J. Agardh) Wynne et Taylor, and Euhymenia filiformis Kuetzing appears to be the earliest available, resulting in Solieria filiformis (Kuetzing) Gabrielson comb. nov.
NOMENCLATURE AND TYPIFICATION OF LEPTARRHENA (SAXIFRAGACEAE)
Authors: Gornall R. J.
Published: April 2006

The correct name for the species in a monotypic Leptarrhena (Saxifragaceae) is L. pyrolifolia (D. Don) R. Br. ex Seringe. Reasons are outlined for believing that Rafinesque was the first to lectotypify the genus (with L. pyrolifolia) and for believing that Small's choice of L. amplexifolia should be superseded. Both species names are lectotypified here, however. In a conspectus of the genus, nine synonyms are identified and one species name excluded.
REJECTION OF THE NAMES MAGNOLIA HEPTAPETA AND M. QUINQUEPETA (MAGNOLIACEAE)
Authors: Meyer Frederick G. , McCliniock Elizabeth
Published: April 2006

Buchoz (1779) published the genus Lassonia with two species, L. heptapeta and L. quinquepeta based on plant figures of Chinese origin first published by Buchoz in 1776. Only the Chinese vernacular names Yulan and Xinyi (or Mulan) appear on the original plates. In 1934, Dandy transferred both L. heptapeta and L. quinquepeta to the genus Magnolia, but these names of Buchoz were later rejected by him in preference of Magnolia denudata and M. liliiflora of Desrousseaux. More recently the Buchoz names have been resurrected by several authors which has resulted in a running controversy over the Buchoz names as to their application in the genus Magnolia. In fact, the figures themselves are without any redeeming botanical value whatsoever, as a close scrutiny of the figures reveals. The names Magnolia heptapeta (Buchoz) Dandy and M. quinquepeta (Buchoz) Dandy are categorically rejected as incertae sedis, because the Buchoz figures do not match the species to which some people apply his names, thus leaving the names unapplied and without identifiable types. The earliest applicable names for the taxa in question with the Chinese names Yulan and Mulan are Magnolia denudata and M. liliiflora, respectively, both of Desrousseaux (1791), based on the earlier illustrations of Kaempfer.
ON CORNERIAN AND OTHER TERMINOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMOUS AND GYMNOSPERMOUS SEED COATS: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND TERMINOLOGICAL RECOMMENDATIONS
Authors: Schmid Rudolf
Published: April 2006

A revision of Corner's (1976) classification of angiospermous (especially dicotyledonous) seeds is given in outline form according to the histology of the seed coat, namely, exo‐, meso‐, and endotestal seeds versus exo‐, meso‐, and endotegmic seeds. This revision is presented in the context of a historical perspective, and with certain explanations and caveats for the use of the classification. A digression pursues the terminology of the gymnospermous seed coat, in particular its division into sarco‐, sclero‐, and endotestal layers. An appendix lists published reviews of Corner's 1976 book The seeds of dicotyledons.
HAECKEL ET LA SYSTEMATIQUE VEGETALE
Authors: Barabé Denis
Published: April 2006

Haeckel outlined the first genealogical trees for plants and animals. A small portion of his work was dedicated to plant evolution. Haeckel gave a phylogenetic interpretation of the natural classification of plants as it existed at his time, deriving phylogeny from classification. According to him, a phylogeny based on comparative anatomy and upon which systematic evolution is founded, will be identical to that which could have been derived from ontogenesis or from paleontology if they had been known.

Haeckel ébaucha les premiers arbres généalogiques des plantes et des animaux. Une petite partie de son oeuvre est consacrée à l‘évolution des plantes. Haeckel a donné une interprétation phylogénétique de la classification naturelle des plantes qui existait à son époque. Il retrace la phylogénie à partir de la classification. Selon cet auteur une phylogénie établie d'après l'anatomie comparée‐sur laquelle se fonde l‘évolution systématique‐sera identique à celle que l'on aurait pu construire à partir des données de l'ontogenèse ou de la paléontologie, si elles avaient été connues.
AUGUSTIN AUGIER'S “ARBRE BOTANIQUE” (1801), A REMARKABLE EARLY BOTANICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE NATURAL SYSTEM
Authors: Stevens P. F.
Published: April 2006

Augustin Augier, an obscure scientist from Lyon, published in 1801 a detailed “Arbre botanique,” a tree‐like diagram that depicted the natural relationships he believed to exist among members of the plant kingdom. He attempted to produce a natural classification based on several parts of the flower, rather than on a single one, that would also function like a key. The botanical tree was the result, and Augier described in considerable detail the methodology that he used to produce this tree, a way of representing natural relationships distinctly uncommon at the time. Augier used the botanical tree to distinguish between different kinds of relationships, two of which are similar to those currently called homology and analogy. It is suggested that Augier's botanical tree is an example in miniature of some of the major changes that were shortly to transform early ninteenth century systematics.
THE ORIGIN OF LAND PLANTS: SOME ANSWERS, MORE QUESTIONS
Authors: Taylor Thomas N.
Published: April 2006

The discovery of new fossil plant remains, together with new interpretations of previously described forms, suggests that some ideas regarding the origin of land plants need to be modified. Some evidence suggests that perhaps plants with a bryophytic level of organization were on the land as early as the Ordovician. This suggestion is strengthened by a number of Devonian plants that lack tracheide despite possessing a suite of morphological features generally attributed to vascular plants. Such information necessitates that the current classification of early land plants be re‐examined, together with ideas about the origin and subsequent evolution of vascular plants and bryophytes.
THE HISTORIC AND CURRENT STATUS OF HERBARIA IN CHINA
Authors: Ma Wei‐liang
Published: April 2006

China is a large country, vast in territory and rich in natural resources. But the country has been isolated from the international botanical community for the past several decades. Since Liberation in 1949 the number of herbaria in China has increased by more than 500%. At the same time an extensive program to inventory the nation's botanical wealth and produce a flora for all of China has been undertaken. This paper attempts to summarize the history of herbaria in China and to make known their current status so that the rich resources they contain may become better known to the world's botanists.
NOTES ON ACAMPE PAPILLOSA LINDLEY, NOM. ILLEG. (ORCHIDACEAE)
Authors: Panigrahi G.
Published: April 2006

Acampe papillosa Lindley is an illegitimate name for A. praemorsa (Roxb.) Blatt. and McCann and A. carinata (Griff.), comb. nov. based on Saccolabium carinatum Griff. is proposed for A. papillosa auctt. non Lindley. Incidentally, A. multiflora (Lindl.) Lindl. is treated as conspecific with A. rigida (Smith) P. F. Hunt, in conformity with J. D. Hooker (1890), Seidenfaden (1977) and Jayaweera (1981).
Hoplophyllum DC., the sister group to Eremothamnus O. Hoffm. (Asteraceae)?
Authors: Karis Per Ola
Published: April 2006

Karis, P. O.: Hoplophyllum DC., the sister group to Eremothamnus O. Hoffm. (Asteraceae)? ‐ Taxon 41: 193–198. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

The two South African‐Namibian genera Hoplophyllum and Eremothamnus share two unique floral microcharacters. It is concluded that they are sister groups belonging in an extended tribe Eremothamneae.
Genera of Cyperaceae: interactive identification and information retrieval
Authors: Bruhl Jeremy J. , Watson Leslie , Dallwitz Michael J.
Published: April 2006

Bruhl, J. J., Watson, L. & Dallwitz, M. J.: Genera of Cyperaceae: interactive identification and information retrieval. ‐ Taxon 41: 225–234. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

An automated data bank of the sedge genera of the world has been developed using the DELTA system. The 122 narrowly defined genera are described in detail in terms of morphology, anatomy, photosynthetic pathways, synonyms, ecology, distribution, and classification. This paper describes an INTKEY version of the data bank (available for MS‐DOS microcomputers), and illustrates its use for interactive identification and data retrieval.
Rediscovery of Senecio australis Willd. (Asteraceae) after nearly two centuries
Authors: Belcher Robert O.
Published: April 2006

Belcher, R. O.: Rediscovery of Senecio australis Willd. (Asteraceae) after nearly two centuries. ‐ Taxon 41: 235–252. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Senecio australis Willd. is based on a Forster specimen said to be from New Zealand but has never again been collected there. Willdenow's name was misapplied by Sprengel to a taxon of the S. linearifolius complex of Australia, a usage rejected by Willis (1957). Hooker and Bentham both supposed S. australis to be some part of S. lautus G. Forster ex Willd. The question has remained controversial. It is here demonstrated that specimens collected on Norfolk Island and adjacent islets are identical with the holotype of S. australis, and are specifically distinct from the holotype of S. lautus. These two species are readily distinguished by consistent significant differences in calycular bracteoles, numbers of ray florets, and other features.
Bessey and Engler: a numerical analysis of their classification of the flowering plants
Authors: Cuerrier Alain , Barabé Denis , Brouillet Luc
Published: April 2006

Cuerrier, A., Barabé, D. & Brouillet, L.: Bessey and Engler: a numerical analysis of their classification of the flowering plants. ‐ Taxon 41: 667‐684. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

The classifications of Bessey and Engler were compared using the Mantel and Lapointe‐Legendre consensus tests. Even if real differences were noted in some of the dicta or principles underlying their systems, content of groups at the ordinal level was not statistically different. The main difference lies more in the hierarchical, topological structure of their classifications. Bessey's classification is less polytomous in the higher categories than Engler's. We hypothesize that Bessey was more concerned with the higher level, using a divisive approach to construct his classification, and Engler with the lower level, using an agglomerative or mixed approach. Our results show that Bessey's classification does not fully represent ‘an expression of a theory of evolution‘. Engler and Bessey appear to have used sequences of taxa to reflect their morphological progressions. The results of the numerical and historical analyses were in agreement. The former helped refining the results of the latter.

Il faut commencer une étude par quelques propositions évidentes qui fixent les idées. Cela fait, en général, un travail ennuyeux; mais nous avons une grande chance: c'est que les évidences, dont il s'agit ici, ont été négligées.

Jean Paulhan (1948)
Species limits and hypotheses of hybridization of Solanum berthaultii Hawkes and S. tarijense Hawkes: morphological data
Authors: Spooner David M. , van den Berg Ronald G.
Published: April 2006

Spooner, D. M. & Berg, R. G. van den: Species limits and hypotheses of hybridization of Solanum berthaultii Hawkes and S. tarijense Hawkes: morphological data. ‐ Taxon 41: 685‐700. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Solanum berthaultii Hawkes and S. tarijense Hawkes have been recognized as distinct species by all authors since their description in 1944. Some authors have considered them as sister species, but more recently they have been treated as unrelated species belonging to separate superseries. Hypotheses of species boundaries and hybridization have been examined using principal components analysis, stepwise discriminant analysis, canonical discriminant analysis, and one‐way analysis of variance. 25 morphological characters measured on four individuals from each of 84 living accessions from throughout their natural range were analysed. Extensive intra‐accession, intraspecific, and interspecific variability have been found in many characters, including those previously given great taxonomic weight. 9 characters show no statistically significant differences between species or putative interspecific hybrids. The remaining 16 characters show statistically significant differences between species and putative hybrids, but show so much variability that repeatable identifications of some accessions would require the use of population samples. The data suggest the possibility that the two species should be treated as one. Other currently‐recognized species within S. sect. Petota may need to be reevaluated for synonymy. The results also question the hypotheses of extensive hybridization, interpretation of series designations, and the phylogenetic interpretation of corolla shape at the superseries level in S. sect. Petota.
Cathaya loehrii, a misnomer for a Pliocene conifer cone
Authors: Farjon Aljos
Published: April 2006

Farjon, A.: Cathaya loehrii, a misnomer for a Pliocene conifer cone. ‐ Taxon 41: 721‐723. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

A fossil seed cone of a conifer (Pinaceae) from the Pliocene of Germany, first described under Abies, subsequently under Keteleeria, and since 1958 frequently referred to the new genus Cathaya, is shown to belong to none of these genera. The combination C. loehrii does not appear to have been validly published.
Superseding the lectotypification of Sideritis tragoriganum Lag. (Lamiaceae)
Authors: Rivera‐Nuñez D. , Castro C. Obón‐de , De la Torre‐García A.
Published: April 2006

Rivera‐Nuñez, D., Obón‐de Castro, C. De la Torre‐García, A.: Superseding the lectotypification of Sideritis tragoriganum Lag. (Lamiaceae). ‐ Taxon 41: 752‐755. 1992. ‐ISSN 0040‐0262.

The recent lectotypification of Sideritis tragoriganum Lag. is superseded because the illustration chosen as type is in serious conflict with the protologue and another element is available which is not in conflict with the protologue.
The concept of “potential taxa” in databases
Authors: Berendsohn Walter G.
Published: April 2006

Berendsohn, W. G.: The concept of “potential taxa” in databases. – Taxon 44: 207‐212. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The concept of a “potential taxon” as a name‐ and literature‐related data area in botanical databases is introduced. A potential taxon is a name with taxon circumscription information attached to it by means of one or more literature references. As a compromise solution between linking information in database systems entirely to specimen data or only to accepted names, using potential taxa can effectively preserve information links without hindering rapid database input and information processing. It is suggested that a potential taxon be cited by its name, followed by the abbreviation “sec.” (for secundum = according to) and at least one of the literature references used to define it.
The correct name of the hybrid between Festuca gautieri and Festuca eskia (Poaceae)
Authors: Gutiérrez Villarías M. I. , Fernández H. S. Nava , García‐Cernuda J. Hornet
Published: April 2006

Gutiérrez Villanas, M. I., Nava Fernández, H. S. & Homet García‐Cernuda, J.: The correct name of the hybrid between Festuca gautieri and Festuca eskia (Poaceae). ‐ Taxon 41: 76–77. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

The Festuca x souliei St.‐Yves types were studied and a lectotype designated, confirming the parentage cited in the protologue, F. eskia and F. quadriflora. Festuca x picoeuropeana Nava is the name for the hybrid between F. eskia and F. gautieri.
Festuca lasto Boiss. of southwestern Iberia (Poaceae)
Authors: de la Fuente V. , Ortuñez E.
Published: April 2006

Fuente, V. de la & Ortuñez, E.: Festuca lasto Boiss. of southwestern Iberia (Poaceae). ‐ Taxon 41: 78–79. 1992. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Festuca lasto Boiss. is a frequently overlooked binomial. It was illegitimately replaced by F. altissima Boiss. and F. boissieri Janka. It is accepted here for an Iberian species close to F. altissima All.
Nuclear staining in algal herbarium material: a reappraisal of the holotype of Callithamnion decompositum J. Agardh (Rhodophyta)
Authors: Maggs Christine A. , L'Hardy‐Halos Marie‐Thérèse
Published: April 2006

Maggs, C. A. & L'Hardy‐Halos, M.‐T.: Nuclear staining in algal herbarium material: a reappraisal of the holotype of Callithamnion decompositum J. Agardh (Rhodophyta). – Taxon 42: 521–530. 1993. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

The taxonomic importance of uninucleate vs. multinucleate vegetative cells in the Ceramiaceae is emphasized. It has been possible to make visible nuclei in old material, including type specimens, using aceto‐carmine and aceto‐iron‐haematoxylin stains. The holotypes of Ceramium roseum and Callithamnion fasciculatum (currently known as Callithamnion roseum and Pleonosporium borreri var. fasciculatum) have uninucleate cells and belong to Aglaothamnion. In contrast, the holotype of Callithamnion decompositum, a name that has been applied to collections of at least two uninucleate taxa, has multinucleate cells; its morphological and cytological details agree with those of specimens collected in France and Ireland that were previously thought to represent an undescribed species. Female reproductive morphology (described from a thallus with gametangia in addition to tetrasporangia), in conjunction with habit and vegetative features, indicates that this species belongs to Compsothamnion (Compsothamnieae), as a third species, being distinguished from C. thuyoides and C. gracillimum by its sessile, lateral tetrasporangia. The required new combinations under Aglaothamnion and Compsothamnion are made.
Typification of the names of Iberian Rubus species described by Sampaio
Authors: Monasterio‐Huelin E. , Castroviejo S.
Published: April 2006

Monasterio‐Huelin, E. & Castroviejo, S.: Typification of the names of Iberian Rubus species described by Sampaio. – Taxon 42: 601–608. 1993. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Lectotypes are designated for the 13 binomials validly published by Sampaio in Rubus, based on the study of the original material in Sampaio's herbarium in Oporto (PO) and of duplicates present in Madrid (MA). Of the 13 named species of Rubus described by Sampaio, 5 (R. sampaioanus, R. vagabundus, R. peratticus, R. henriquesii and R. brigantinus) are considered autonomous (regional), while the rest appear to be merely local species.
TYPIFICATION OF CALANDRINIA COLUMBIANA HOWELL (PORTULACACEAE)
Authors: Chambers Kenton L.
Published: April 2006

The circumstances of publication of the name Calandrinia columbiana Howell make it necessary to choose a lectotype from among Howell's specimens at ORE, in place of the previously nominated collection by David Lyall in the Gray Herbarium (GH). The taxon is currently assigned to Lewisia in the combination L. columbiana (Howell) B. L. Robinson.
The genus Cycas (Cycadaceae) in the Indian region, with notes on the application and typification of the name Cycas circinalis
Authors: Hill K. D.
Published: April 2006

Hill, K. D.: The genus Cycas (Cycadacae) in the Indian region, with notes on the application and typification of the name Cycas circinalis. – Taxon 44: 23‐31. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Diagnostic features of the Indian cycads are discussed, and a key is presented to the cycads of the Indian region. Cycas circinalis is shown to be an Indian endemic species, with two varieties.
Detection and analysis of genetic variation in Salicornieae (Chenopodiaceae) using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers
Authors: Luque T. , Ruiz C. , Avalos J. , Calderón I. L. , Figueroa M. E.
Published: April 2006

Luque, T., Ruiz, C., Avalos, J., Calderón, I. L. & Figueroa, M. E.: Detection and analysis of genetic variation in Salicornieae (Chenopodiaceae) using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. – Taxon 44: 53‐63. 1995. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Representatives of Arthrocnemum, Salicornia and Sarcocornia were analysed using RAPD. The methods used were optimized by testing different conditions of the parameters. The genetic characterization of the mentioned taxa proved possible, demonstrating the usefulness of RAPD techniques to determine generic limits in the Salicornieae.
Generic relationships in the Alooideae (Asphodelaceae)
Authors: Smith Gideon F. , Van Wyk Ben‐Erik
Published: April 2006

Smith, G. F. & Van Wyk, B‐E.: Generic relationships in the Alooideae (Asphodelaceae). ‐ Taxon 40: 557–581. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Within the Asphodelaceae the subfamily Alooideae is a natural (monophyletic) group. All the genera in this subfamily are therefore considered to have evolved from a common ancestor, based on the possession of character states which distinguish this complex from all other genera of the Asphodelaceae. However, no comprehensive interpretation of phylogenetic relationships within the entire subfamily based on comparative morphological data and phytogeographical considerations has yet been accomplished. The present paper investigates phylogenetic relationships of the genera Aloe, Astroloba, Chortolirion, Gasteria, Haworthia, Lomatophyllum and Poellnitzia using cladistic methodology. The most obvious similarities amongst these genera are the succulent leaf consistency, crescentiform or cymbiform leaf outline in cross‐section and the markedly bimodal karyotype of 2n = 14 chromosomes. For the cladistic analysis 16 characters were used and the genus Kniphofia was selected as outgroup on the basis of two synapomorphies with Alooideae, namely tubular flowers and fused perianth segments. The characters are discussed in detail, polarized into plesiomorphic and apomorphic states and then employed in the generation of a phylogenetic hypothesis using the “Hennig86” software package.
The identity of Sida radiciflora C. Presl
Authors: Fryxell Paul A.
Published: April 2006

Fryxell, P. A.: The identity of Sida radiciflora C. Presl. ‐ Taxon 40: 613–614. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

It is shown that Sida radiciflora C. Presl is to be removed from the Malvaceae and placed in the Geraniaceae as a synonym of Geranium sericeum Willd. ex Sprengel.
Lectotypification of Doronicum carpetanum (Asteraceae)
Authors: Pérez‐Morales C. , Llamas‐García F. , Penas‐Merino A.
Published: April 2006

Pérez‐Morales, C., Llamas‐García, F. & Penas‐Merino, A.: Lectotypification of Doronicum carpetanum (Asteraceae). ‐ Taxon 40: 631. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

The lectotype of Doronicum carpetanum Boiss. & Reuter ex Willk., a variable species, is a specimen in the Willkomm herbarium (COI) collected in the Sierra de Guadarrama by Boissier & Reuter in July 1858.
Comparative electrophoretic studies of seed proteins in some species of the genera Diplotaxis, Erucastrum, and Brassica (Cruciferae: Brassiceae)
Authors: Sánchez‐Yélamo M. D. , Ortiz J. M. , Gogorcena Y.
Published: April 2006

Sánchez‐Yélamo, M. D., Ortiz, J. M. & Gogorcena, Y.: Comparative electrophoretic studies of seed proteins in some species of the genera Diplotaxis, Erucastrum, and Brassica (Cruciferae: Brassiceae). — Taxon 41: 477–483. 1992. — ISSN 0040‐0262.

Seed proteins have been studied by electrophoresis in 29 wild taxa of the genera Diplotaxis, Erucastrum and Brassica (Brassicinae). Protein data were subjected to multivariate analysis, and the results were plotted on a two‐dimensional scatter diagram. They support the idea of a close affinity among all taxa, and are largely consistent with evolutionary patterns that had been inferred previously through the study of seed, seedling and fruit morphology.
Tribal disposition of genera in the Asclepiadaceae
Authors: Liede Sigrid , Albers Focke
Published: April 2006

Liede, S. & Albers, F.: Tribal disposition of genera in the Asclepiadaceae. – Taxon 43: 201‐231 1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Tribal affiliations for all generic names in the Asclepiadaceae are given. Homotypic synonymy is pointed out.
On the typification of Omphalina umbellifera (L.: Fr.) Quél. (Fungi, Agaricales)
Authors: Jørgensen Per M. , Ryman Svengunnar
Published: April 2006

Jørgensen, P. M. & Ryman, S.: On the typification of Omphalina umbellifera (L.: Fr.) Quél. (Fungi, Agaricales). – Taxon 43: 253‐255. 1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Omphalina umbellifera should be typified, in accordance with Fries's concept of the name, by the Rudbeck illustration. This is achieved by using the only element known to have been available to Linnaeus when he first described the taxon he later named Agaricus umbelliferus.
Cynanchum gerrardii ‐ a new combination for a well‐known African species (Asclepiadaceae)
Authors: Liede Sigrid
Published: April 2006

Liede, S.: Cynanchum gerrardii ‐‐ a new combination for a well‐known African species (Asclepiadaceae). ‐ Taxon 40: 113–117. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Examination of the lectotype (MO), designated here, of Cynanchum tetrapterum (Turcz.) Bullock, revealed that it is a synonym of Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R. Br. A new combination, Cynanchum gerrardii (Harvey) Liede, is required for the single leafless, stem‐succulent African Cynanchum species to which the name C. tetrapterum had been misapplied. In addition, Asclepias aphylla Thunb. is lectotypified and also placed in synonymy under S. viminale.
A survey of color charts for biological descriptions
Authors: Tucker Arthur O. , Maciarello Michael J. , Tucker Sharon S.
Published: April 2006

Tucker, A. O., Maciarello, M. J. & Tucker, S. S.: A survey of color charts for biological descriptions. ‐ Taxon 40: 201–214. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Color charts for biological descriptions have been published since 1776. These have varied in form to include bound volumes and fans with pigment samples or color printing and have been used to describe a range of organisms as specific as one genus to all natural history subjects. We recommend the format of the second edition of the Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart (c. 1986) in conjunction with the cross‐reference for other color charts from the 1966 edition.
THE NEOTYPIFICATION OF LEMNA MINUTA HUMB., BONPL. & KUNTH, AN EARLIER NAME FOR LEMNA MINUSCULA HERTER (LEMNACEAE)
Authors: Reveal James L.
Published: April 2006

Lemna minuta was proposed as a new species from Colombia in 1816 based on a collection that is now lost. The name is neotypified on the R. A. Philippi collection (STU) selected by Landolt (1986) as the “lectotype” for L. minuscula. Lectotypifications are proposed for L. valdiviana var. minima and L. minima.
LUCILIOPSIS PERPUSILLA WEDDELL IS A SPECIES OF CHAETANTHERA RUIZ & PAVON (ASTERACEAE, MUTISIEAE)
Authors: Anderberg Arne A. , Freire Susana E.
Published: April 2006

The genus Luciliopsis (Fig. 1), described by Weddell (1855) for the minute Bolivian L. Gnaphaliinae (Asteraceae), and evidence for a transfer of this species to Chaetanthera of the tribe Mutisieae is presented.
An overlooked printed Catalogue of plants in the botanick garden of South‐Carolina, 1810.
Authors: Ewan Joseph
Published: April 2006

Ewan, J.: An overlooked printed Catalogue of plants in the botanick garden of South‐Carolina, 1810. — Taxon 42: 365–367. 1993. — ISSN 0040–0262.

A printed 14‐page Catalogue that tabulates alphabetically 494 “vulgar” and scientific names of plants associated with the Charleston Botanick Garden has recently come to light. It complements the contemporary Catalogue of David Hosack's Elgin Botanic Garden of New York.
TAXONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF MICROHAIR MORPHOLOGY IN THE GENUS ERAGROSTIS BEAUV. (POACEAE)
Authors: Amarasinghe Vindhya , Watson Leslie
Published: April 2006

Strong correlations are demonstrated in 74 species of Eragrostis, involving microhair morphology (‘chloridoid’ and ‘panicoid‘) types, PCR (photosynthetic carbon reduction) sheath anatomy, and modes of spikelet disarticulation. The observations seem significant in relation to infrageneric classification.
INFRAGENERIC NAMES APPLICABLE TO HIERACIUM SUBGENUS CHIONORACIUM (COMPOSITAE: LACTUCEAE)
Authors: Garland Mark A.
Published: April 2006

Hieracium subgenus Chionoracium Schultz‐Bip. is the correct name for what has been called Hieracium subgenus Stenotheca (Monnier) Fries. All published names of subgenera, sections, subsections, and series based on species in this subgenus are listed and typified.
Typification of some Linnaean names in Phalaris (Gramineae)
Authors: Baldini R. M. , Jarvis C. E.
Published: April 2006

Baldini, R. M. & Jarvis, C. E.: Typification of some Linnaean names in Phalaris (Gramineae). ‐ Taxon 40: 475–485. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Lectotypes are designated or confirmed for the names of 6 Linnaean Phalaris species, plus one variety. Traditional usage is maintained in all cases. P. aquatica L. (syn. P. tuberosa L., P. bulbosa auct.) cannot be rejected as a nomen confusum, a category of name that no longer exists. P. bulbosa L. is kept in synonymy under Phleum subulatum (Savi) Ascherson & Graebner, also lectotypified here. The type of Phalaris arundinacea L. belongs to the widespread tetraploid cytotype. The hexaploid bears the name P. arundinacea subsp. oehleri Pilger (holotype verified) of which P. caesia Nees, here lectotypified, is a synonym.
On the status of Cytisus hirsutus and C. supinus (Fabaceae)
Authors: Cristofolini G. , Jarvis C. E.
Published: April 2006

Cristofolini, G. & Jarvis, C. E.: On the status of Cytisus hirsutus and C. supinus (Fabaceae). ‐ Taxon 40: 495–498. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

The earlier lectotypification of Cytisus hirsutus L., in the sense of C. villosus Pourret by Skalická, disrupting usage and constituting a potential threat to the latter name, is superseded as being in conflict with the protologue. The new lectotype, a specimen in the Burser Herbarium, enables continued use of the name in the traditional sense. C. supinus L., lectotypified here, is considered a taxonomic synonym of the simultaneously published C. hirsutus. [Ass. Ed.'s abstract.]
Typification of Melissa calamintha L., M. nepeta L., and Thymus glandulosus Req. (Lamiaceae), with some systematic observations
Authors: Garbari F. , Jarvis C. E. , Pagni A. M.
Published: April 2006

Garbari, F., Jarvis, C. E. & Pagni, A. M.: Typification of Melissa calamintha L., M. nepeta L., and Thymus glandulosus Req. (Lamiaceae), with some systematic observations. ‐ Taxon 40: 499–504. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Lectotypes are proposed for the basionyms of two taxa widely known under the designation of, e.g., Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi subsp. nepeta and subsp. glandulosa (L.) P. Ball, and also for Calamintha officinalis Moench (≡ Melissa calamintha L.) usually treated as synonymous to the latter. New morpho‐anatomical and phytochemical studies suggest, however, that these are seasonal morphs rather than discrete taxa and that they do not deserve recognition, not at any rate at a supra‐varietal level.
Palisot de Beauvois, the correct combining author of Erianthus giganteus (Poaceae)
Authors: Gandhi Kancheepuram N. , Dutton Bryan E.
Published: April 2006

Gandhi, K. N. & Dutton, B. E.: Palisot de Beauvois, the correct combining author of Erianthus giganteus (Poaceae). – Taxon 42: 855‐856. 1993. – ISSN 0040‐0262.

Erianthus giganteus, hitherto ascribed to either (Walter) Muhl. or (Walter) F. T. Hubb., should be attributed to (Walter) P. Beauv.
Lectotypification of Cardamine amara subsp. opicii (J. Presl & C. Presl) Čelak. (Brassicaceae)
Authors: Marhold K. , Hrouda L.
Published: April 2006

Marhold, K. & Hrouda, L.: Lectotypification of Cardamine amara subsp. opicii (J. Presl & C. Presl) Čelak. ‐ Taxon 42: 101‐102. 1993. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

The lectotype of Cardamine amara subsp. opicii is a specimen in the herbarium at the Botany Department, National Museum in Průhonice near Prague (PR), collected on Mt. Studniční hora in the Krkonoše Mts. by Ph. M. Opiz. The correct spelling of the epithet is opicii, not “opizii” as used by many authors.
The correct application of Physalis pruinosa L. (Solanaceae)
Authors: Martínez Mahinda
Published: April 2006

Martínez, M.: The correct application of Physalis pruinosa L. (Solanaceae). ‐ Taxon 42: 103‐104. 1993. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Physalis pruinosa L. displaces P. maxima Mill. for a Mexican and Central American species. P. grisea (Waterf.) M. Martínez, comb. et stat. nov., is the correct name for a North American plant that had been misnamed P. pruinosa.
Nomenclatural solutions in the Gesneriaceae
Authors: Feuillet Christian
Published: April 2006

Feuillet, C.: Nomenclatural solutions in the Gesneriaceae. ‐ Taxon 42: 105‐109. 1993. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

Following the rejection of the spelling Jankaea versus Jancaea, a new spelling is given for the name of intergeneric hybrids. A new nothogeneric name, ×Coracaea Feuillet, is established, with a new combination, ×C. bluemelii (Halda) Feuillet. The case of the overlooked generic name Columnea Raf. is presented. The status of Aikinia Wall. vs. Aikinia R. Br. is discussed. Arctocalyx Fenzl and Gesnera Mart. are typified.
Platycodoneae, a new tribe in Campanulaceae
Authors: Yeo P. F.
Published: April 2006

Yeo, P. F.: Platycodoneae, a new tribe in Campanulaceae. ‐ Taxon 42: 109. 1993. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.

A new tribe, Platycodoneae, is described in Campanulaceae; it is equivalent to subtribe Platycodoninae Schönland.