bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FACTORS AFFECTING THE DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE IN HARD RED SPRING WHEAT BY COMMERCIAL ELECTRICAL METERS
Authors: Paull A. E. , Martens V.
Published: April 2011

Statistical analysis of data obtained with eight commercial electrical moisture meters and 159 samples of Hard Red Spring wheat shows that variations in bushel weight and kernel weight have an effect on the moisture readings but variations in protein and ash content do not. An appreciable amount (from 10 to 30%) of the variation in the G.R.L., Steinlite, Marconi, and Mullard readings is attributable to variations in bushel weight alone; and in the Patterson and Tag–Dielectric readings to bushel weight and kernel weight jointly. The Tag–Heppenstall and Universal meters are not influenced appreciably by the factors investigated.
EFFECT OF THE ILLUMINATION OF THE NEGATIVE ON THE RESOLVING POWER OF A PROJECTION PRINT
Authors: Tate P. A.
Published: April 2011

Axial measurements have been made of the resolving power of photographic projection printing systems. Besides the usual diffuse and specular systems a third system was considered in which the aperture of the projection lens is not entirely filled by the image of the source. If the relative aperture of this system is calculated considering the source image as the entrance pupil of the lens, then at small relative apertures this system has greater resolving power than the other systems. However, there is no advantage in using the third system at small relative apertures. At large to moderate relative apertures there are only very slight differences among the three systems. Diffusion screens placed in a condenser enlarging system may cause considerable reduction in resolving power if the lens was not previously filled by the image of the source. This effect, and also the high contrast that is very frequently present, are thought to be the origin of references in the literature to sharper pictures obtainable with condenser enlarging systems.
PARTICLE IDENTIFICATION IN PHOTOGRAPHIC EMULSIONS BY THE DELTA-RAY METHOD
Authors: Voyvodic L.
Published: April 2011

A comparison is made in this study between the δ-ray densities expected theoretically and those observed experimentally on charged particle tracks in Ilford G5 emulsions. The energies of δ-rays are determined here by means of grain-counting measurements and energy-loss considerations. Using this method of energy determination and the theoretical formula for δ-ray density, good agreement has been found with the experimental distributions on proton, μ-meson, deuteron, and α-particle tracks. The agreement is satisfactory both in absolute value and in the shape of the δ-ray density distribution. These results are considered to show that the δ-ray technique is suitable as an absolute method of charged particle identification in photographic emulsions.
SPECIFIC HEATS OF CERTAIN SALTS OF IRON GROUP ELEMENTS FROM 65° TO 300°K.
Authors: Vasileff H. D. , Grayson-Smith H.
Published: April 2011

Using a new low temperature calorimeter, which is briefly described in the paper, the specific heats have been measured from 65° to 300°K. for the following salts: chromium sulphate (hydrated and anhydrous), chromium nitrate, cobalt nitrate, and nickel nitrate (hydrated). Hydrated chromium sulphate was found to have a transition of the second order at 195°K., while the specific heat of the anhydrous salt was quite regular. The hydrated nitrates all showed second order transitions in the neighborhood of 150°K. The entropy changes associated with these transitions have been estimated approximately, and vary from about 0.4 R for cobalt nitrate to 1.65 R for chromium nitrate, where R is the gas constant. Pending further evidence, it is tentatively suggested that the transitions are due to the onset of partial rotation of the H2O groups in the crystals.
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF AN ACOUSTIC FILTER
Authors: Olson N.
Published: April 2011

Equations have been derived for the frequency limits of the attenuation bands, the degree of attenuation, and the phase change of a specific type of filter which cannot be readily analyzed by the side branch method. The characteristics have been verified by measurements on experimental filters.
A SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF EXHAUST GAS TEMPERATURES IN THE PULSE-JET ENGINE
Authors: Quinn H. F.
Published: April 2011

This paper describes a spectrophotometric method whereby instantaneous values of a variable flame temperature, in the particular case of nonluminous flames, may be determined and continuously recorded.This new technique, which depends upon the establishment of monochromatic black-body radiation conditions in the flame for a small region in the visible spectrum, involves the continuous measurement of radiation intensity in the above region, the intensity being, thereafter, correlated with the temperature of the flame.The problem of temperature measurement in the general case of nonluminous flames (flames which do not contain an appreciable amount of free carbon in the form of soot) is considered and a brief review of previous techniques employed for this purpose over the past 50 years is given. The basic theory and preliminary experimental justification of the present method are discussed.A description of the apparatus and the experimental arrangement used by the author in a specific application of the present method in the determination of the time variation of temperature in the exhaust flame of a pulse-jet engine is given. This includes details of a special type of spectrophotometer which employs a multiplier photocell as the radiation detecting and measuring element and, also, a "black-body" cavity constructed as a standard radiation source for the calibration of the former instrument. An original technique used to investigate the emissivity of flames colored by alkali metal vapors is described and its application to the present problem shown.Finally, the measurable temperature range of the present apparatus is considered together with the inherent limitations of the new method.
THE THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF STYRENE–BUTADIENE POPCORN POLYMER
Authors: Winkler C. A. , Halpern J.
Published: April 2011

At temperatures of the order of 250 °C., popcorn polymer undergoes decomposition to soluble polymer. The reaction is catalyzed by peroxides present in the popcorn when the latter is formed. These peroxides may be removed by extracting the polymer with benzene. The kinetics of both the catalyzed and purely thermal solubilization reactions were investigated. The rates of both reactions are first order, the catalyzed degradation having a higher activation energy and a higher frequency factor. The rate of the thermal reaction decreases and its activation energy increases with increasing butadiene content of the polymer. A linear relation between the activation energy and the log of the frequency factor, for the decomposition of popcorn polymers of different butadiene contents, was observed. The results indicate that the rate of solubilization is determined by the activation energy of the bond scission process, and is independent of the degree of cross-linking of the polymer.
ON THE O–O BOND ENERGY IN HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
Authors: Giguère Paul-A.
Published: April 2011

The valence-state energy of the oxygen atom, calculated recently by Pauling, agrees with the lower value, 35 kcal. per mole, for the O–O bond energy. A critical review of the question is presented.
THE PREPARATION OF SOME SUBSTITUTED BENZOPHENONES AND BENZOHYDROLS
Authors: Picard Jean P. , Kearns C. W.
Published: April 2011

Six benzophenones and their corresponding benzohydrols have been prepared. The former were obtained through the extension of a method employed by Boeseken for the preparation of benzophenone dichloride by the action of carbon tetrachloride on benzene in presence of anhydrous chloride. The ketones obtained were subsequently reduced in good yields to the corresponding hydrols by means of aluminum isopropylate. Some of these compounds have been found to possess insecticide properties.
β-AROYL-α,β-DIPHENYLPROPIONIC ACIDS FROM DIPHENYLSUCCINIC ANHYDRIDE
Authors: McRae John A. , Bannard Robert A. B. , Ross Ronald B.
Published: April 2011

β-Aroyl-α,β-diphenylpropionic acids have been prepared in good yields from diphenylsuccinic anhydride either by the Friedel–Crafts' or by the Grignard reaction. The latter served also for the determination of the orientation of the acids produced in the Friedel–Crafts' reactions. Reduction of the aroyl acids was studied using the Clemmensen, high pressure hydrogenation and Meerwein–Ponndorf methods.
RAPID METHOD FOR ESTIMATION OF GLYCEROL IN FERMENTATION SOLUTIONS
Authors: Lambert Marguerite , Neish A. C.
Published: April 2011

The glycerol is quantitatively oxidized to formaldehyde by periodic acid, using a five minute oxidation period to minimize oxidation of glucose. The iodate and periodate are reduced to iodide by a large excess of sodium arsenite and the formaldehyde then determined directly in the oxidation mixture, by the color reaction with chromotropic acid. The precision of the method is about ± 2% in the range 2 to 8 p.p.m. of glycerol. The error due to glucose, in quantity equal to the glycerol, is only 2.5 to 5.0% and can be easily corrected for when the glucose content of the solution is known. One worker can analyze 40 to 60 samples per day.
LIGHT-SCATTERING STUDIES OF SODIUM THYMONUCLEATE
Authors: Smith D. B. , Sheffer H.
Published: April 2011

The scattering of light by aqueous solutions of three different samples of sodium thymonucleate has been investigated. It was found that one sample in water consisted of randomly coiled molecules of molecular weight greater than 24 × 106. A second sample gave a less viscous solution in water and was only partially coiled, the coiling of the molecules being increased by the addition of a small amount of sodium chloride. In dilute salt solution the molecular weights of all three samples were greater than 3.7 × 106. Two samples of nucleate were degraded in solution by irradiation with ultraviolet light in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. In both cases the nucleate was converted into material consisting of rodlike molecules, 2400 Å in length and having a molecular weight of 750,000.
THE CIS-TRANS ISOMERIZATION OF AZOBENZENE IN SOLUTION
Authors: Winkler C. A. , Halpern J. , Brady G. W.
Published: April 2011

Relations for the solvent effect on the rate of a unimolecular, nonionic reaction are derived, using existing theories of solutions and of chemical kinetics. The kinetics of the cis-trans isomerization of azobenzene were investigated in 16 pure solvents. A linear relation between the activation energy, E, and the square root of the internal pressure of the solvent, (P′S)1/2 was found, in agreement with the theory. Linear relations between log A and E, and between log k and (P′S)1/2 were also found, but the results for the reaction in highly polar solvents deviated significantly from these relations. The kinetics of the reaction in mixed solvents indicate that the azobenzene is preferentially surrounded by the component in which it is more readily soluble.
THE NORMAL BOILING POINTS AND OTHER PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF STRONG SOLUTIONS OF SILVER NITRATE AND OF AMMONIUM NITRATE
Authors: Campbell Alan N. , Kartzmark Elinor M.
Published: April 2011

The present paper is a record of certain of the physical properties of solutions of silver nitrate and of ammonium nitrate, which were made by us in connection with our work on conductance. Some of these properties were actually used in calculations, others not, but they are collected here in their entirety. The properties described are: (1) normal boiling point; (2) densities and partial molar volume of water in solution; (3) viscosities at different concentrations and temperatures, as compared with those of a typical nonelectrolyte, urea; (4) the temperature coefficient of fluidity compared with the temperature coefficient of conductance; (5) the distribution coefficient of acetic acid between ether and solutions of silver nitrate.
PHOTOSENSITIZED REACTIONS OF CARBON TETRAFLUORIDE
Authors: Dacey J. R. , Hodgins J. W.
Published: April 2011

Hg (63P1) at room temperature and at 300 °C. and Hg (61P1) at room temperature fail to react with carbon tetrafluoride at a measurable rate. Xe (3P1) causes carbon tetrafluoride to decompose with a quantum efficiency of about unity to yield fluorine and an unidentified solid product. It is concluded that the energy necessary to break the first C–F bond m CF4 is more than 154 and less than 194 kcal. per mole. Hydrogen atoms produced from Hg (63P1) at room temperature and at 300 °C. and from Hg (61P1) at room temperature do not react with carbon tetrafluoride. It is concluded from this that the activation energy of the reaction CF4 + H → CF3 + HF is not less than 14 kcal. per mole.
DIELECTRIC DISPERSION STUDIES OF POLYVINYL ACETATE IN TOLUENE
Authors: Mason S. G. , Funt B. L.
Published: April 2011

Dielectric measurements were performed on solutions of polyvinyl acetate in toluene at three fixed frequencies over a temperature range. Both the molecular weight of the samples and their concentration in solution were systematically varied. The experiments show that the dielectric behavior of polyvinyl acetate in solution is in better qualitative agreement with the Debye theory of dielectrics than that generally found for solid polymers. Nevertheless serious discrepancies appear when a quantitative comparison is made. It was found that only rough approximations of the molecular size can be made from the Debye theory. Activation energies and entropies for dipole rotation were calculated on the basis of the theory of absolute reaction rates. Small positive values of the entropy were found, indicating restricted dipole rotation. A relatively narrow distribution of relaxation times, approaching that commonly associated with nonpolymeric materials, was found.
COMPARISON OF THE NITROLYSIS OF 1, 3-DICYCLOHEXYLIMIDAZOLIDINE WITH THAT OF HEXAMETHYLENETETRAMINE
Authors: Boivin J. L. , Wright George F
Published: April 2011

The nitrolysis of N,N′-dicyclohexylimidazolidine has been effected with formation of the nitrate salt, the nitroso derivative, and the aceto derivative of N,N′-dicyclohexyl-N-nitro-1,2-diaminoethane. The absence of the dinitro derivative suggests that demethylolation is not related to nitramine formation. When formaldehyde splits off to leave a weakly basic amine, as in hexamethylenetetramine nitrolysis, then subsequent nitration will occur; but it will not take place if the resulting amine is strongly basic. Nitrolysis will depend also on reactivity of nitric acid, which can be decreased by addition of ammonium nitrate. This decrease will prevent esterification of intermediate N-methylolamines but not nitrolysis of hexamethylenetetramine types. However both nitrolysis and esterification are thus prevented with dicyclohexylimidazolidine. On the other hand the two nitrolyses are related by the fact that both are accelerated by electropositive chlorine.
ACID-BASE REACTIONS IN NONAQUEOUS MEDIA APPLICABLE TO ANALYTICAL AND RADIOCHEMICAL SEPARATIONS: 1. REACTIONS IN ORGANIC DERIVATIVES OF AMMONIUM CHLORIDE
Authors: Starke K.
Published: April 2011

Experiments have been performed to investigate whether the common acids formed by water can be replaced by solutions of proton donors in nonaqueous solvents for dissolving metals and oxides. Hydrogen chloride as proton donor and nitrogen compounds as solvents have been examined in particular. It has been found that molten hydrochlorides of some aromatic amines dissolve metals and oxides readily and at convenient temperatures. The advantages to be gained in analytical and radiochemistry by the use of such compounds instead of acids formed by water are discussed.
THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF PICEA MARIANA (MILL.) B.S.P.
Authors: Shaw A. C.
Published: April 2011

The essential oil of Picea mariana has been prepared and its major constituents separated by fractional distillation. Evidence for the presence of 15 constituents has been obtained, and santene, tricyclene, l-α-pinene, l-camphene, l-β-pinene, myrcene, d- Δ3-carene, dl-limonene, terpinolene, dl-camphor, l-borneol, and l-bornyl acetate have been identified with certainty.
SURFACE FILMS AND PARTICLE SIZE DETERMINATION OF POWDERS
Authors: Gray Vincent R.
Published: April 2011

It has been found possible to spread almost any powder on a water surface in a layer one particle thick and to study its surface pressure – area relation by conventional film balance techniques. A special sprinkler was developed for placing the powder on the surface, and flotation agents were adsorbed on particles which do not normally float. Fine particles needed extended outgassing and drying before they were sufficiently deflocculated. Although all films collapsed more or less readily on compression it was possible to define a point in the compression curve which represented a rigid film. The thickness of this film was a definite fraction of the mean particle diameter, measured by microscopic methods, the fraction varying with ease of agglomeration and with the shape of the particles. This method can be used for measurement of mean particle size and it possesses certain advantages over existing methods for many purposes.
THE THERMODYNAMIC FUNCTIONS OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
Authors: Giguère Paul-A.
Published: April 2011

Using structural data and vibrational frequencies measured recently, the thermodynamic functions of gaseous hydrogen peroxide were calculated by the statistical method over the range 298.16 to 1500°K. at 100° intervals. Some uncertainty results from the lack of accurate information on the potential barrier hindering free rotation of the OH groups in the molecule. The equilibrium constants of a few important reactions involving hydrogen peroxide were also calculated from existing data on the heat of decomposition and the heat of dilution.
A 40 °C. ISOTHERMAL CALORIMETER
Authors: Coffin C. C. , Caule E. J.
Published: April 2011

A 40° Bunsen-type isothermal calorimeter has been built and tested. The working substance, benzalacetone, is thermostatted by the vapor of methylal boiling under a constant pressure. An impurity in the benzalacetone makes it necessary to calibrate the instrument in exactly the same way in which it is to be used. Under carefully controlled conditions and with a constant mantle thickness the reproducibility is of the order of 0.2%. With about half the benzalacetone in the solid state, the calorimeter constant was found to be 0.0455 (± 0.0001) gm. of mercury per calorie. This instrument, which can be readily adapted to micro and semimicro work, was designed primarily for the direct determination of the heats and rates of certain enzymatic and bacteriological processes.
A Note on the Constitution of a Certain Nitration Product of 3,3′-Dichloroazoxybenzene
Authors: Keirstead Karl F. , Gaudry Roger
Published: April 2011

not available
USE OF LIQUID AMMONIA IN THE FRACTIONATION OF WHEAT STRAW HOLOCELLULOSE
Authors: Bishop C. T. , Adams G. A.
Published: April 2011

Wheat straw holocellulose, after soaking in liquid ammonia for 36 hr. at room temperature, was fractionated by successive extractions with cold water, 0.5% sodium carbonate, 0.5% potassium hydroxide, and 2.2% potassium hydroxide. Pretreatment with liquid ammonia increased the material soluble in cold water from 3% to 20.2%. Hemicellulose fractions were precipitated from the extracts by ethanol. A complete analytical balance was obtained by estimating ash, pentosan, uronic acid anhydride, acetyl, and methoxyl contents of the original holocellulose, of each of the fractions and of the residue. Analyses of the isolated fractions showed some systematic differences, with pentosan contents increasing and uronic acid anhydride decreasing progressively in the alkali soluble fractions. D-xylose, L-arabinose, D-glucose, D-galactose, and hexuronic acid in approximate molar ratios of 40:7:2:1:4 were found in the hemicellulose fractions. The presence of the sugars was confirmed by isolation of crystalline derivatives. A uronic acid complex, resistant to hydrolysis, was isolated and the components shown to be D-xylose and a monomethoxyl galacturonic acid.
QUALITATIVE STUDIES OF SOIL MICROORGANISMS: IX. AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS OF RHIZOSPHERE BACTERIA
Authors: Wallace R. H. , Lochhead A. G.
Published: April 2011

A study was made of the more specific amino acid requirements of bacteria from the rhizospheres of clover, flax, and wheat plants for which a chemically defined medium containing 23 amino acids provided essentials for maximum growth. Of seven groups of amino acids, the sulphur-containing group (cysteine, methionine, and taurine) was found to be of special significance, the omission of this group resulting in a pronounced decrease in the percentage of organisms able to develop. Further study of organisms dependent upon this group of amino acids for growth showed methionine to be by far the most essential compound. While evident for bacteria from the rhizosphere of all three crops, the effect was more pronounced in the case of clover than with flax or wheat.
STUDIES OF CANADIAN THELEPHORACEAE: V. TWO NEW SPECIES OF ALEURODISCUS ON CONIFERS
Authors: Jackson H. S.
Published: April 2011

Two species of Aleurodiscus occurring on conifers, which have been under observation for several years, are described as new. Both are related to Aleurodiscus roseus (Pers. ex Fr.) Höhn. & Litsch. The first, described as A. Minnsiae sp. nov., occurs most commonly on Tsuga canadensis and is noteworthy because of an associated sclerotial disseminating phase of characteristic morphology, which has been known under the herbarium name Minnsia carnea E. & E. ined. The history of our knowledge of this phase is given in some detail. The second species occurs on Pinus Strobus and is described as A. Pini sp. nov. The known collections of both species are listed. Comparative culture work was conducted which showed that the two species are heterothallic, have a different growth rate, and are incompatible. They are also different from a form of A. roseus occurring on Populus which proved to be homothallic.
SPIKE DENSITY, SPELTOIDY, AND COMPACTOIDY IN HEXAPLOID WHEAT
Authors: Unrau John , Smith W. E. , McGinnis R. C.
Published: April 2011

F2 progeny from F1 plants monosomic for chromosome IX of Hymar obtained from the cross of chromosome IX deficient Chinese Spring × Hymar, a variety of club wheat, were studied for spike type segregation and chromosomal constitution. Spikes from plants with two members of chromosome IX from Hymar were club, intermediate, or common-type. Spikes from plants monosomic for chromosome IX were likewise club, intermediate, or common type but all had typical speltoid characteristics. When the spike type segregates were combined, there resulted an almost perfect fit to a 1:2:1 ratio of club, intermediate, and common spike type plants, respectively, indicating that chromosome IX was not associated with inheritance of spike type. It is suggested that subcompactoidy and compactoidy resulting from an increase in the dosage of chromosome IX is caused by an increase in the dosage of the gene for square-headedness carried by this chromosome. The shortening of plants having higher dosages of chromosome IX is probably caused by abnormal chromosomal constitution resulting in genetic unbalance.
EFFECTS OF 2,4-D AND SOIL MOISTURE ON THE CATALASE ACTIVITY, RESPIRATION, AND PROTEIN CONTENT OF BEAN PLANTS
Authors: Corns W. G.
Published: April 2011

Bean plants grown under various controlled moisture conditions in a greenhouse, and sprayed with 2,4-D, showed differences in catalase activity, carbon dioxide output, total nitrogen content, and visual response. Catalase and respiration of leaves were stimulated or depressed depending upon soil moisture, concentration of 2,4-D, and time after treatment, but there was not always a positive correlation between the two activities. Protein in leaves, with a few noteworthy exceptions, was decreased by 2,4-D. Extremes among leaf responses were induced in plants recently deprived of optimum moisture. Catalase, respiration, and protein content of stems were greatly increased by 2,4-D. This was especially noticeable in plants in moist soil. Soil treatments with 2,4-D solution followed by adequate moisture effected, in above-ground parts of plants, responses resembling those measured after foliage sprays on beans in moist soil. Fasciation of underground parts resulted only from a soil application involving relatively dilute (50 p.p.m.) concentration of 2,4-D.
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF PSEUDOMONAS NIGRIFACIENS AS RELATED TO GROWTH AND PIGMENT PRODUCTION
Authors: Katznelson H. , White A. H.
Published: April 2011

The organic and inorganic requirements were determined for growth and pigment production by Pseudomonas nigrifaciens, an organism causing a reddish brown discoloration on the surface of mildly salted butter. Amino acids such as alanine, asparagine, proline, or glutamic acid were the best source of nitrogen for both growth and pigment production in a synthetic medium containing sodium chloride, inorganic salts, and glycerol; however, a carbohydrate was required only for pigment production in this amino acid medium. Na, K, Mg, S, P, and Cl or Br were also essential for both growth and pigmentation, larger amounts of these elements usually being required for synthesis of pigment than for growth. The dark brown-purple pigment produced was insoluble in all the common organic solvents hot or cold. With proline as a source of nitrogen a reddish-purple pigment developed which became deep purple then a deep brown purple. It is suggested that two pigments may be formed; one, a melanin-like dark brown substance originating possibly by polymerization of certain oxidation products of tyrosinase, the other, a dark purple condensation product of a secondary amine (such as proline) with the product (such as o-quinone) of a tyrosinase-catalyzed oxidation of phenolic substances produced by the organism.
AN ANALYSIS OF CLADOPHLEBIS (KLUKIA) DUNKERI SCHIMPER, A MESOZOIC FERN FROM WESTERN CANADA
Authors: Radforth Norman W. , Woods Arthur B.
Published: April 2011

The fossilized remains of frond fragments, occurring as carbonaceous compressions, have been investigated by the transfer method and other palaeobotanical techniques. The structural details revealed, particularly those related to morphological features of the fructifications, facilitate discussion on the phylogeny of the plant. Spores and spore characters disclosed for the first time have also proved important from phylogenetic aspects. The plant is more closely related to the carboniferous representatives of Schizaeaceae than to the more recent members of this family.
ARE LEUCOCYTOZOON SAKHAROFFI SAMBON AND LEUCOCYTOZOON BERESTNEFFI SAMBON SYNONYMOUS?
Authors: Fallis A. Murray
Published: April 2011

The size of the gametocytes of a leucocytozoon in young crows shows a wide variation in birds obtained in different localities. The host cell nucleus of infected cells may be pushed to one side, almost surround the parasite, or be intermediate between these extremes. Previous descriptions, given by various authors, of Leucocytozoon sakharoffi and L. berestneffi show similar differences in these characters. L. berestneffi is considered therefore to be a synonym of L. sakharoffi.
SOME EFFECTS OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION ON SOCKEYE SALMON EGGS AND ALEVINS
Authors: Bell G. Mary , Hoar William S.
Published: April 2011

Ultraviolet radiation of wave lengths from 2800 Å to 3100 Å, generated by a General Electric RS sun lamp, was used to irradiate eggs and alevins of the sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Mortality curves are presented for a series of measured dosages. Irradiation of eggs in the later stages of development produced a stimulating effect on the rate of hatching. These premature alevins, which hatched a month before the controls, were abnormal in several respects. The vertebral column was curved downward over the region of the heart, growth was retarded, the yolk was not utilized as rapidly as in the controls and pigmentation was delayed. The mortality was particularly high at the time of hatching and the process was abnormal. Histological examination of irradiated alevins revealed changes in the epidermis and fibroelastic layers of the skin. These were localized to the irradiated regions. Heavy doses produced severe degeneration of the epidermal layer with the formation of granules in the nuclei, the breakdown of the goblet cells, and subsequent desquamation. The changes were less extreme with lower dosages and in these fish a recovery began about 13 days after irradiation. Internal organs and tissues beneath the fibroelastic layers of the skin were not visibly affected by the irradiation.
POPULATION CYCLES AND GENE FREQUENCY FLUCTUATIONS IN FOXES OF THE GENUS VULPES, IN CANADA
Authors: Calhoun John B.
Published: April 2011

Population densities of foxes of the genus Vulpes over most of Canada have shown a fairly regular 9 to 10 year cycle upon which has been superimposed a trend toward increase in numbers. These changes in density are investigated with reference to changes in frequency of the two genes that determine the presence of black rather than red pigment of the pelage. Of the 14 27-year series of gene frequency data, only two show any apparent correlation with the 9 to 10 year cycle in population density. These two, each with a negative correlation whose probability is less than.001, are for the "Alaskan black" gene in the North West Territories and for the "Canadian black" gene in Quebec. On the basis of these latter data the hypothesis is forwarded that there is some selective factor that may operate against these two "black" genes in an expanding population and may favor their increase in frequency when the population is decreasing in size. It is believed that this hypothesis is sufficient to explain the gradual decrease in gene frequency associated with the gradual increase in the size of the population. This hypothesis is utilized to explain the east–west gradient in gene frequency on the basis of negative selection from presumed eastern and western glacial refugia.
LARVAE OF DIPTEROUS PARASITES OF NYMPHAL AND ADULT GRASSHOPPERS
Authors: Smith R. W. , Finlayson Thelma U.
Published: April 2011

The first-instar larvae of 19 sarcophagid and one anthomyiid, and the second-instar larvae of four tachinid species parasitic in nymphal and adult grasshoppers in Canada are described in detail and keys presented for their identification.
A CYTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF THE ABSORPTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF IRON IN THE FROG,RANA PIPIENS
Authors: McCallion David J. , Scott Joseph L.
Published: April 2011

Cytochemical studies for iron in starved frogs fed a single large dose (50 to 200 mgm.) of ferric sulphate or metallic iron showed that free iron was most readily absorbed by the intestinal mucosa of the duodenum. Liver iron increased slightly two hours after feeding, reached a maximum condition after six hours, and decreased considerably by 12 hr. The increased liver iron was found in the Kuppfer cells, the lining cells of the sinusoids, and the stellate cells of the pigment patches. Iron in the liver of control frogs was usually confined to the pigment patches. After ferric sulphate solution was fed there was an increase in the amount of free iron in the spleen and in the liver but not in the kidney. There was a marked increase in masked iron in the nuclei of the cells of the liver and spleen, and even in those of the kidney of these same animals.
THE EFFECT OF HUMIDITY AND TEMPERATURE ON CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION OF DEER MICE AND ON HEAT TRANSMISSION THROUGH THEIR FUR
Authors: Hart J. S.
Published: April 2011

The carbon dioxide production of deer mice at 1° to 18 °C. was not affected by humidity, but increasing the temperature decreased the carbon dioxide production of the mice. Heat transmission of mouse fur was also independent of humidity.
THE PYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDE CONTENT OF HUMAN BLOOD CELLS IN ANEMIA
Authors: Blanchaer M. C.
Published: April 2011

The pyridine nucleotide content of the blood cells was measured in five normal individuals and in 27 hospital patients with various degrees of anemia. The pyridine nucleotide values of 12 anemic patients who had consumed an adequate diet for some time prior to the study were higher than those of the normal subjects. A negative correlation was observed between the cellular pyridine nucleotide content and the severity of the anemia when the latter was expressed as the logarithm of either the red cell count or the hemoglobin concentration. The remaining 15 patients had dietary histories suggestive of a low intake of niacin and protein. The blood cell pyridine nucleotide levels of this group were of the same order as those of the normal subjects but in most cases were distinctly below those of the well nourished anemic patients with a comparable degree of anemia.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF DIETARY FACTORS TO RAT SERUM ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE: 1. THE EFFECT OF FAT, METHIONINE, AND CYSTINE
Authors: Tuba Jules , Shaw Ridley K.
Published: April 2011

In synthetic diets fed to weanling rats, methionine and fat must be present in a definite ratio in order to maintain a serum alkaline phosphatase activity equal to that obtained on a standard laboratory diet of animal checkers. This ratio is approximately 1:25 by weight for a diet containing 8.5% fat. Increased fat enhances, while increased methionine lowers, the serum phosphatase activity. Although in some experiments methionine was fed in concentrations sufficient to lower phosphatase activity to what has been considered definitely subnormal values, growth was good and the general condition of the animals was excellent. However, beyond certain concentrations of the amino acid, food consumption decreased and weight losses occurred. Cystine had no effect in opposing the action of methionine on serum alkaline phosphatase.
A NOTE ON THE EFFECT OF AN INTRAVENOUS INJECTION OF BILE SALT ON THE PLASMA PHOSPHATASES OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Haight W. F.
Published: April 2011

Since it has been established (a) that the alkaline phosphatase activity of the plasma is increased in obstructive jaundice, (b) that the white cells are rich in alkaline phosphatase, (c) that this alkaline phosphatase is liberated from the cells in the presence of bile salts, and (d) that bile salts accumulate in the blood when the biliary tract is obstructed, there remained the possibility that the increase in plasma alkaline phosphatase observed after obstruction to the biliary tract might be the result of the liberation of alkaline phosphatase from the white cells by the retained bile salt. However the injection of bile salt into the blood stream of rabbits caused an increase in the acid phosphatase activity of the plasma with no significant change in the concentration of alkaline phosphatase. Since there is no increase in the acid phosphatase of the plasma in obstructive jaundice, these experiments provide no evidence for the theory that the increase in plasma alkaline phosphatase that follows biliary obstruction is the result of the retention of bile salt.
ON RAT SERUM LIPASE: 1. A SIMPLE MICROMETHOD FOR ESTIMATION OF LIPASE ACTIVITY IN RAT SERUM
Authors: Tuba Jules , Hoare Robert
Published: April 2011

A titrimetric micromethod is described for estimating the lipolytic action of rat serum on tributyrin, tripropionin, and ethyl butyrate. A study has been made of factors affecting the action of the enzyme. Values for serum lipase levels of normal adult male and female rats are presented for the three substrates.
THE EFFECTS OF HIGH FAT DIETS AND COLD ENVIRONMENT ON THE ASCORBIC ACID CONTENT OF THE BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE
Authors: Pagé Edouard , Babineau Louis-Marie
Published: April 2011

At room temperature, the ascorbic acid content of the brown adipose tissue is doubled when rats are fed a high fat diet. It is nevertheless lower than in tissues studied by others under somewhat similar conditions. In cold adapted rats, the brown body is considerably hypertrophied and the ascorbic acid content is from four to eight times higher than at room temperature. Under our experimental conditions, rats exposed to cold doubled the weight of their perirenal fat with little or no change in total body weight. It is concluded that cold stimulates fat metabolism and that both ascorbic acid and the brown adipose tissue are involved in the process.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON INTERFERENCE BETWEEN LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS AND MM VIRUSES
Authors: Rhodes A. J. , Chapman Marion
Published: April 2011

Well marked interference is demonstrable when LCM virus is injected cerebrally in hamsters and MM virus peritoneally four or seven days later, the usual paralyzing action of the latter virus being prevented. This interference can still be demonstrated when the MM virus is injected 30 days after the LCM virus, but not when the sequence of the injections is reversed. The unparalyzed survivors of a successful interference experiment are actively immune to LCM virus. The brain, cord, and viscera of survivors, tested 10 and 11 days after the beginning of an interference experiment, contain the same amount of LCM virus as the organs of controls inoculated with this virus alone. The same organs, however, contain significantly less MM virus than the organs of controls inoculated with MM virus only. It appears that in a successful interference experiment, MM virus is prevented from multiplying in the organs of the hamster for at least six or seven days. Observations on the distribution of LCM and MM viruses in the viscera, brain, and cord of normal hamsters show that in both instances the blood is quickly invaded, and thereafter viral growth occurs in the viscera as well as the central nervous system. The reaction between the two viruses probably therefore occurs in viscera as well as central nervous system.
VARIATIONS IN PROTEIN CONTENTS OF PLANTS, HEADS, SPIKELETS, AND INDIVIDUAL KERNELS, OF WHEAT
Authors: Levi I. , Anderson J. A.
Published: April 2011

Protein contents of individual kernels of wheat, representing random samples taken from two plots of 0.1 acre and two plots of 0.23 acre, were found to be distributed within samples in an approximately normal manner over a range of at least 6 percentage units with a standard deviation of 1.4 units.Protein contents of grain of 68 Thatcher plants, comprising a 10 ft., 1-row plot, had a range of 2.7% and a standard deviation of 0.6%. Within plants, the average range for single heads was 1.7%; the maximum range was 4.9%. Heads with high protein contents tended to occur on the shorter tillers of plants containing more than three tillers.Determinations were made on each of the kernels in three plants. Mean values for individual spikelets were normally distributed over a range of 5.1%; two extreme values, representing spikelets containing only one kernel, increased the range to 9.6%; the standard deviation for spikelets within heads was about 1.1%. Protein contents of spikelets tended to decrease towards the top from about the top third of the head; the top two spikelets of each head generally had decidedly lower protein contents than the remaining spikelets.Within spikelets containing three kernels, the top kernel tended to be decidedly lower in protein content (mean, 14.7%) than the remaining two; the middle kernel (15.9%) tended to be slightly higher than the lowest one (15.7%). In spikelets containing only two kernels, the top one tended to be about 0.3% lower in protein content. Within plants, the protein contents of individual kernels were normally distributed over a range of about 6% with a standard deviation of 1.2%.
ELONGATION HYSTERESIS OF HEVEA AND SYNTHETIC ELASTOMERS
Authors: Mooney M. , Black S. A.
Published: April 2011

A hysteresis test has been developed which measures directly the energy loss per cycle of elongation. Six samples are stretched, like the spokes of a wheel, between a small disk and a large disk. The large disk is motor driven, and the small disk, mounted on a ball bearing, is displaced eccentrically with respect to the larger disk. In the elongation cycle which each sample undergoes with each revolution, the hysteresis causes an average force on the small disk which is normal to the eccentric displacement and is proportional to the energy loss per cycle. A lever and balance system makes it possible to measure this force continuously while the machine is running.Measurements were made on gum stocks of Hevea and five commercial synthetic elastomers. Testing conditions included temperatures, T, of 0°, 35°, 70°, and 105 °C., frequencies, f, of 5 and 50 c.p.s., mean elongations, e, of 50, 100, and 200%, and elongation amplitude, A, 25%. Absolute hysteresis, H, (loss/cycle-(amplitude)2) at first decreases with increasing e and then flattens or goes through a minimum. Hysteresis decreases with increasing T. The temperature coefficient between 0° and 35 °C. is very large for Hycar. Hysteresis usually increases with f, but only slightly in most cases; and Hevea at e = 400% shows a reversal of frequency effect, which is presumably associated with crystallization effects.Under the same test conditions, the hysteresis of the synthetics is 10 to 20 times that of Hevea.When the hysteresis data for all synthetic stocks at various temperatures are plotted against T–Ts, Ts being second order transition temperature of the respective elastomer, the data lie within a rather narrow band. From this it is concluded that the hysteresis of synthetic elastomers arises from the same molecular forces which cause hardening and embrittlement at and below Ts.
EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY BY STABILIZATION OF VITAMIN A AND CAROTENE
Authors: Lips H. J. , McFarlane W. D.
Published: April 2011

Accelerated tests for antioxidant activity are described which depend on the protection of vitamin A concentrates (in ethylene dichloride solution) against ultraviolet irradiation, and on the protection of carotene (in mineral oil solution) against heat and aeration. The protection of vitamin A was influenced by light-filtering effects; the carotene method appeared to be more generally useful. The stabilizing power of wheat-germ oil for both solutions of Vitamin A and carotene against light is partly due to a screening effect by pigments. Some of the protection is also due to other components of the wheat-germ oil, but it is not known whether these function as stabilizers against light according to the usual theories of antioxidant action. Light-accelerated decomposition of vitamin A and carotene appeared more suitable for special tests than for general evaluation of antioxidants; stability experiments in the absence of light gave a more generally applicable picture of antioxidant activity.
THE ARSENIC, LEAD, TIN, COPPER, AND IRON CONTENT OF CANNED CLAMS, OYSTERS, CRABS, LOBSTERS, AND SHRIMPS
Authors: Dick James , Pugsley L. I.
Published: April 2011

A survey of the heavy metal content of canned shellfish and crustaceans sold on the Canadian market has been made. With the exception of one sample of clams having 5 p.p.m. of lead, one sample of lobster having 13 p.p.m. of lead and, one sample of lobster having 7 p.p.m. of arsenic, of the 120 samples analyzed the values found were not significantly above the limits established for the heavy metal content of foods.
HUMIN FORMATION DURING WHEAT GLUTEN HYDROLYSIS
Authors: Lusena C. V.
Published: April 2011

The effect of different amounts of starch and crude fat on humin formation during the hydrolysis of gluten prepared from a commercial flour depended on the acid/protein ratio, high ratios giving less humin nitrogen and less humin weight. The nitrogen content of humin was almost independent of the acid/protein ratio but increased with decreasing humin formation. Filtration time increased markedly with increasing purity of the samples. The color of the hydrolyzates varied slightly with impurities and acid/protein ratios.
THE OXIDATION, DECOMPOSITION, IGNITION, AND DETONATION OF FUEL VAPORS AND GASES: XVI. BENZENE AS A KNOCKING FUEL IN CONDITIONS PROMOTING THE FORMATION OF FINELY DIVIDED CARBON
Authors: King R. O. , Durand E. J. , Allan A. B.
Published: April 2011

Experiments are described which demonstrate that benzene becomes a knocking fuel when used in a spark ignition Otto cycle engine if operating conditions are such that the vapor–air mixture becomes impregnated with finely divided carbon. The carbon was obtained on the impingement of the flame of burning benzene on relatively cool surfaces in the combustion chamber and by the burning of liquid drops dispersed in a combustible vapor–air mixture. The droplets were obtained by wet carburation even when the over-all mixture was weak; the engine being run with low temperature coolant, low temperature air supply, and with the carburetor attached directly to the engine head.
FLOWMETER ERROR IN MEASURING PULSATING FLOW
Authors: Tait G. W. C.
Published: April 2011

Measurement of air flow with variable orifice type flowmeters in laboratory experiments revealed discrepancies that could not be explained as errors arising from faulty calibration, leaks in the system, or failure to reduce readings to standard conditions of temperature and pressure. They were found to arise because of the occurrence of rapid pulsations in the air flow. A theoretical analysis of the effect showed that these instruments indicate root mean square rather than average flow rates. The results of experiments designed to test the theory were in reasonable agreement with the predicted values. It was found that errors arising from the occurrence of pulsations could be minimized by insertion of a suitable smoothing device between the pump and flowmeter. For example, an orifice with a pressure drop of 40 cm. of water reduced the flowmeter error to 5% of the true flow rate.
THE EFFECT OF HEMICELLULOSES ON THE PAPERMAKING PROPERTIES OF WHITE BIRCH
Authors: Sitch D. A. , Marshall H. Borden
Published: April 2011

A fibrous holocellulose was isolated from white birch using hot acidified sodium chlorite solutions. Pulps of varying hemicellulose content were prepared by alkaline treatment, and their beating and sheetmaking properties compared with the original holocellulose. Tensile strength increased with hemicellulose content, whereas tearing resistance and fold endurance decreased. Bursting strength reached a maximum at about 15% alkali-extractable hemicellulose content. Pulps obtained in yields of 46–53%, i.e., containing 10–20% hemicellulose, possessed the best over-all strength.A bleached sulphite pulp prepared from the same chips in a yield of 43.6% contained 20.7% alkali-extractable hemicellulose. The over-all yield of α-cellulose was about 6% lower, based on the wood, than in the case of the holocellulose, thus indicating greater fiber damage during the sulphite process. Hand sheets made from the sulphite pulp were inferior to sheets made from a chlorite pulp of the same hemicellulose content in bursting and tensile strengths but had better tearing and fold properties.The presence of hemicellulose was found to increase the rate at which the average fiber length was reduced during beating, thus indicating a correlation between fiber flexibility and hemicellulose content.Since pulps of high strength were prepared, it was concluded that greater quantities of white birch pulp at the appropriate hemicellulose content could be incorporated in many commercial furnishes.
USE OF MAGNESIUM ALLOY ANODES IN SHIP PROTECTION
Authors: Barnard K. N.
Published: April 2011

This paper describes the results of a 14 month test of magnesium alloy anodes in sea water. The current from the anodes was used to protect cathodically an inactive Algerine Class minesweeper. The results obtained show that it is practical to use magnesium alloy anodes in ship protection and that only a relatively small current is required to prevent the corrosion of underwater hulls of inactive ships. A convenient criterion to determine the amount of current required is given.