bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Attitudes toward condom education amongst educators for Deaf and hard-of-hearing adolescents in South Africa
Authors: Mall Sumaya , Swartz Leslie
Published: August 2014

Background: Disabled adolescents are at a critical time in their psychosocial and sexual development.Aim: This study explores the attitudes of educators working in schools for Deaf and hard-of-hearing pupils in South Africa toward condom education for their pupils.Methods: We conducted a combination of individual in-depth and joint interviews with a total of 27 participants. The sample comprised educators, school psychologists, school nurses and teaching assistants.Results: Results showed that educators were aware of the HIV risk for their pupils and reported the risk of sexual abuse or premature sexual activity as being risk factors for HIV infection. None of the schools had a written condom education policy. Whilst some schools were integrating condom education in existing school curricula, others faced moral or religious dilemmas in doing so. There were differences in attitudes, both amongst schools and amongst educators in the same schools.Conclusions: Given the context of a burgeoning HIV epidemic, it is vital to address adequate condom education in schools.
An audit of diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in Ethiopia
Authors: Ehlers Valerie J. , Aragaw Getahun S.
Published: August 2014

Background: Despite the existence of national tuberculosis guidelines (NTG) in Ethiopia, the incidence and prevalence of tuberculosis did not decline markedly. Audits could attempt to determine whether or not healthcare professionals actually implemented these guidelines, as non-implementation could contribute to suboptimal tuberculosis treatment outcomes.Aim: To evaluate healthcare providers’ implementation of Ethiopia’s NTG during the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in order to enhance tuberculosis treatment outcomes.Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study design was used.Results: Healthcare providers implemented the NTG during tuberculosis diagnosis for female (60.9%; n = 67) and male (56.1%; n = 69) patients. The correct numbers of anti-tuberculosis pills, complying with the NTG recommendations, were prescribed for 91.8% (n = 101) of the women and for 90.2% (n = 111) of the men. However, both over- and under-prescriptions of anti-tuberculosis drugs occurred. There was an over-diagnosis of smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis. Only 2.6% (n = 2) of the 76 smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis patients had been diagnosed correctly.Conclusion: Implementation of the NTG should be enhanced, especially with regard to the diagnosis of smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis patients and the correct prescription of anti-tuberculosis drugs. This would help to increase the number of correctly-diagnosed and -treated tuberculosis patients, improve tuberculosis treatment outcomes, decrease the spread of tuberculosis and prevent the development of multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis strains.
Attitudes and Perceptions of Pediatric Residents on Transitioning to CPOE
Authors: Webber E.C. , Shriner A.R.
Published: August 2014

Background: Many resident physicians have experienced transitioning from traditional paper documentation and ordering to an electronic process during their training.

Objective: We sought to investigate the attitudes and perceptions of residents related to implementation of computer provider order entry (CPOE) and clinical decision support (CDS).

Methods: Pediatric residents completed web-based surveys prior to CPOE implementation and at 6 months and 12 months after implementation. The survey assessed resident attitudes and perceptions related to CPOE and the use of CDS tools. Additionally, at 6 and 12 months, residents were asked how electronic medical record (EMR) resources might impact future career decisions.

Results: Prior to CPOE implementation, 70% of residents were looking forward to CPOE, but 28% did not want to transition from paper ordering. At 12 months post-implementation, 80% of residents favored CPOE over paper ordering and only 3.33% wished to revert to paper ordering. Residents reported an increase in time needed to enter admission orders 6-months after CPOE implementation. By 12 months post-implementation, there was no significant difference in perceived time to complete admission orders when compared to pre-CPOE responses. Most residents (91.67%) identified that overall EMR resources were an important factor when considering future employment opportunities. The most important factors included the degree of EMR implementation, technology resources and the amount of support staff. The least important factors included patient portal access and which EMR product is used.

Conclusions: Overall, residents demonstrated a preference for CPOE compared to traditional paper order entry. Many residents remained unaware of CDS tools embedded within CPOE at the 12 month follow-up, but a majority of residents did find them helpful and felt more knowledgeable about current guidelines. EMR resources, including degree of EMR implementation, technology resources and support staff are likely to be important factors as residents take future employment opportunities into consideration.

Citation: Shriner AR, Webber EC. Attitudes and perceptions of pediatric residents on transitioning to CPOE. Appl Clin Inf 2014; 5: 721–730

http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2014-04-RA-0045
Fundamentos em processamento de linguagem natural: uma proposta para extração de bigramas
Authors: Silva Edson Marchetti da , Souza Renato Rocha
Published: August 2014

Ë senso comum que o texto escrito é uma importante forma de registrar as informações e que atualmente grande parte desse conteúdo informacional está disponível em meio digital. Entretanto, de maneira geral, os computadores lidam com o texto como sendo uma cadeia de caracteres que não têm nenhum significado. A área de Processamento de Linguagem Natural (PLN) vem se empenhando em extrair significados do texto. Nesse sentido este trabalho apresenta uma revisão desse tema e propõe um método automatizado que utiliza uma heurística determinística denominada Heudet que visa extrair bigramas do texto. A meta é extrair o significado do texto através de um conjunto de expressões multipalavras identificadas. Os resultados obtidos foram melhores se  comparados com aqueles que utilizam-se das técnicas de medidas de associação estatística obtidas pelo software Ngram Statistics Package (NSP).
Estudo Cientométrico dos Programas de Pós-Graduação em Educação no Brasil
Authors: Moraes Maria Helena Machado de , Giroldo Danilo
Published: August 2014

Em um país de dimensões continentais como o Brasil, é fundamental a análise detalhada das potencialidades de cada região. A preocupação com a distribuição geográfica da pós-graduação no Brasil tem sido tema constante de debate. Estudos cientométricos têm contribuído para o desenvolvimento da ciência e da tecnologia no país, além de colaborar para pesquisas com indicadores sobre diferentes assuntos. Foram levantados indicadores como número e conceitos de PPGs em Educação, doutores, produção científica, população, IDEB e IDH. As fontes pesquisadas foram do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Capes, Ministério da Educação - MEC, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq e Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento - PNUD. A análise da distribuição espacial dos PPGs em Educação pelo Brasil reforça os grandes vazios em termos de formação de pessoal neste nível em uma área estratégica para o desenvolvimento da nação.
Aircraft observations of aerosol, cloud, precipitation, and boundary layer properties in pockets of open cells over the southeast Pacific
Authors: Terai C. R. , Bretherton C. S. , Wood R. , Painter G.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Five pockets of open cells (POCs) are studied using aircraft flights from the VOCALS Regional Experiment (VOCALS-REx), conducted in October and November 2008 over the southeast Pacific Ocean. Satellite imagery from the geostationary satellite GOES-10 is used to distinguish POC areas, and measurements from the aircraft flights are used to compare aerosol, cloud, precipitation, and boundary layer conditions inside and outside of POCs. Conditions observed across individual POC cases are also compared. POCs are observed in boundary layers with a wide range of inversion heights (1250 to 1600 m) and surface wind speeds (5 to 11 m s−1) and show no remarkable difference from the observed surface and free-tropospheric conditions during the two months of the field campaign. In all cases, compared to the surrounding overcast region the POC boundary layer is more decoupled, supporting both thin stratiform and deeper cumulus clouds. Although cloud-base precipitation rates are higher in the POC than the overcast region in each case, a threshold precipitation rate that differentiates POC precipitation from overcast precipitation does not exist. Mean cloud-base precipitation rates in POCs can range from 1.7 to 5.8 mm d−1 across different POC cases. The occurrence of heavy drizzle (> 0 dBZ) lower in the boundary layer better differentiates POC precipitation from overcast precipitation, likely leading to the more active cold pool formation in POCs. Cloud droplet number concentration is at least a factor of 8 smaller in the POC clouds, and the ratio of drizzle water to cloud water in POC clouds is over an order of magnitude larger than that in overcast clouds, indicating an enhancement of collision–coalescence processes in POC clouds. Despite large variations in the accumulation-mode aerosol concentrations observed in the surrounding overcast region (65 to 324 cm−3), the accumulation-mode aerosol concentrations observed in the subcloud layer of all five POCs exhibit a much narrower range (24 to 40 cm−3), and cloud droplet concentrations within the cumulus updrafts originating in this layer reflect this limited variability. Above the POC subcloud layer exists an ultraclean layer with accumulation-mode aerosol concentrations < 5 cm−3, demonstrating that in-cloud collision–coalescence processes efficiently remove aerosols. The existence of the ultraclean layer also suggests that the major source of accumulation-mode aerosols, and hence of cloud condensation nuclei in POCs, is the ocean surface, while entrainment of free-tropospheric aerosols is weak. The measurements also suggest that at approximately 30 cm−3 a balance of surface source and coalescence scavenging sinks of accumulation-mode aerosols maintain the narrow range of observed subcloud aerosol concentrations.
Drilling disturbance and constraints on the onset of the Paleocene/Eocene boundary carbon isotope excursion in New Jersey
Authors: Pearson P. N. , Thomas E.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. The onset of the Paleocene/Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) and associated carbon isotope excursion (CIE; about 56 million years ago) was geologically abrupt but it is debated whether it took thousands of years or was effectively instantaneous. A significant new record of the onset of the CIE was published by Wright and Schaller (2013) who claimed that it could be resolved across 13 annual layers in a drill core through the Marlboro Clay at Millville, New Jersey (Ocean Drilling Program Leg 174X). Supporting evidence of similar layering was also reported from another New Jersey drill site, Wilson Lake B, and a photograph of the Marlboro Clay in outcrop. Such a short duration would imply an instantaneous perturbation of the atmosphere and surface ocean, and the impact of a comet or asteroid as the likely cause. However it was suggested by Pearson and Nicholas (2014) from the published photographs that the layers in the Marlboro Clay could be artifacts of drilling disturbance (so-called "biscuiting", wherein the formation is fractured into layers or "biscuits" and drilling mud is injected in between). Here we report new observations on the cores which support that interpretation, including concentric grooves on the surfaces of the biscuits caused by spinning in the bit, micro-fracturing at their edges, and injected drilling mud. We re-interpret the outcrop evidence as showing joints rather than sedimentary layers. We argue that foraminifer concentrations in the sediments are far too high for the layers to be annually deposited in turbid waters at depths of 40–70 m, indicating that the onset of the CIE in the Marlboro Clay likely took on the order of millennia, not years. Re-coring of Millville to minimize drilling disturbance and allow a higher resolution study of the carbon isotope excursion is highly desirable.
Thermal damping and retardation in karst conduits
Authors: Luhmann A. J. , Covington M. D. , Myre J. M. , Perne M. , Jones S. W. , Alexander E. C. , Saar M. O.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Water temperature is a non-conservative tracer in the environment. Variations in recharge temperature are damped and retarded as water moves through an aquifer due to heat exchange between water and rock. However, within karst aquifers, seasonal and short-term fluctuations in recharge temperature are often transmitted over long distances before they are fully damped. Using analytical solutions and numerical simulations, we develop relationships that describe the effect of flow path properties, flow-through time, recharge characteristics, and water and rock physical properties on the damping and retardation of thermal peaks/troughs in karst conduits. Using these relationships, one can estimate the thermal retardation and damping that would occur under given conditions with a given conduit geometry. Ultimately, these relationships can be used with thermal damping and retardation field data to estimate parameters such as conduit diameter. We also examine sets of numerical experiments where we relax some of the assumptions used to develop these relationships, testing the effects of variable diameter, variable velocity, open channels, and recharge shape on thermal damping and retardation to provide some constraints on uncertainty. Finally, we discuss a tracer experiment that provides field confirmation of our relationships. High temporal resolution water temperature data are required to obtain sufficient constraints on the magnitude and timing of thermal peaks and troughs in order to take full advantage of water temperature as a tracer.
Prediction of extreme floods based on CMIP5 climate models: a case study in the Beijiang River basin, South China
Authors: Wu C. H. , Huang G. R. , Yu H. J.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. The occurrence of climate warming is unequivocal, and is expected to be experienced through increases in the magnitude and frequency of extreme events, including flooding. This paper presents an analysis of the implications of climate change on the future flood hazard in the Beijiang River basin in South China, using a Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model. Uncertainty is considered by employing five Global Climate Models (GCMs), three emission scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5), ten downscaling simulations for each emission scenario, and two stages of future periods (2020–2050, 2050–2080). Credibility of the projected changes in floods is described using an uncertainty expression approach, as recommended by the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The results suggest that the VIC model shows a good performance in simulating extreme floods, with a daily runoff Nash and Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE) of 0.91. The GCMs and emission scenarios are a large source of uncertainty in predictions of future floods over the study region, although the overall uncertainty range for changes in historical extreme precipitation and flood magnitudes are well represented by the five GCMs. During the periods 2020–2050 and 2050–2080, annual maximum 1-day discharges (AMX1d) and annual maximum 7-day flood volumes (AMX7fv) are projected to show very similar trends, with the largest possibility of increasing trends occurring under the RCP2.6 scenario, and the smallest possibility of increasing trends under the RCP4.5 scenario. The projected ranges of AMX1d and AMX7fv show relatively large variability under different future scenarios in the five GCMs, but most project an increase during the two future periods (relative to the baseline period 1970–2000).
On the genus Pachygnatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in the Albertine Rift of Burundi, with the description of three new species
Authors: Nzigidahera Benoît , Jocqué Rudy
Published: August 2014

Three new species of Pachygnatha, P. bispiralis sp. nov., P. intermedia sp. nov. and P. ventricosa sp. nov., are described from forest areas in western Burundi. The presence of P. procincta Bosmans & Bosselaers, 1994 in Burundi confirms its very wide distribution spanning most of Africa. Pachygnatha appears to be an important element of the afromontane spider fauna.
No Occasion for Pleasure: The Self-Worth Contingency of a Setback and Coping With Humor
Authors: Geisler Fay Caroline Mary , Loureiro de Assunção Vera
Published: August 2014

Whether or not one uses humor to cope with a setback may depend on the idiosyncratic relation of the setback to feeling of self-worth. All people pursue the higher order goal of self-validation, but people differ in what domains of life their self-worth is contingent upon and to what extent. In this article based on an incongruity theory of humor we argue that the use of humor in coping with a highly self-worth-contingent setback may be impeded by two cognitive-motivational processes: goal-driven activation and goal shielding. From the outlined theory we derived the hypothesis that the more a domain is contingent upon self-worth, the less likely a person will be to use humor to deal with a setback in that domain. We tested this hypothesis in two studies employing two forms of self-report, i.e., ratings of reaction likelihood to setbacks described at an abstract domain level (Study 1), and ranking of reaction likelihood to concrete setbacks from different domains (Study 2). The hypothesis was affirmed in different domains of self-worth contingency controlling for the influence of habitual coping with humor, coping by disengagement, and global self-esteem.
Humor Style and Motor Skills: Understanding Vulnerability to Bullying
Authors: Plenty Stephanie , Bejerot Susanne , Eriksson Kimmo
Published: August 2014

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of humor style and motor skills in vulnerability to bullying. 729 adults responded to the Humor Style Questionnaire (HSQ) and items retrospectively addressing their motor skills and bullying experiences during childhood. Consistent with recent research, poorer motor skills were associated with a greater extent of having been bullied. An association between stronger motor skills and affiliative humor was found, lending support to a shared biological basis theory underlying social and motor competency processes. Most importantly, being bullied was associated with higher self-defeating humor and lower affiliative humor. This supports earlier theoretical work by Klein and Kuiper (2006) and highlights the role that humor styles play in social interactions that can promote positive peer acceptance and wellbeing.
Humor Styles and the Intolerance of Uncertainty Model of Generalized Anxiety
Authors: Kuiper Nicholas A. , Klein Dana , Vertes Jaclyn , Maiolino Nadia Brittany
Published: August 2014

Past research suggests that sense of humor may play a role in anxiety. The present study builds upon this work by exploring how individual differences in various humor styles, such as affiliative, self-enhancing, and self-defeating humor, may fit within a contemporary research model of anxiety. In this model, intolerance of uncertainty is a fundamental personality characteristic that heightens excessive worry, thus increasing anxiety. We further propose that greater intolerance of uncertainty may also suppress the use of adaptive humor (affiliate and self-enhancing), and foster the increased use of maladaptive self-defeating humor. Initial correlational analyses provide empirical support for these proposals. In addition, we found that excessive worry and affiliative humor both served as significant mediators. In particular, heightened intolerance of uncertainty lead to both excessive worry and a reduction in affiliative humor use, which, in turn, increased anxiety. We also explored potential humor mediating effects for each of the individual worry content domains in this model. These analyses confirmed the importance of affiliative humor as a mediator for worry pertaining to a wide range of content domains (e.g., relationships, lack of confidence, the future and work). These findings were then discussed in terms of a combined model that considers how humor styles may impact the social sharing of positive and negative emotions.
Integrating Humor and Positive Psychology Approaches to Psychological Well-Being
Authors: Maiolino Nadia Brittany , Kuiper Nicholas A.
Published: August 2014

In this study we investigated how individual differences and personality constructs taken from the positive psychology and humor domains of psychology may play an important role in psychological well-being. Participants completed measures assessing trait gratitude, savoring, and humor styles; along with several positive and negative indicators of psychological well-being (e.g., life satisfaction, positive affect, depression, and anxiety). We first examined the degree of empirical and conceptual overlap among the personality constructs from these two domains. Here, we found that higher levels of gratitude and savoring were associated with higher levels of self-enhancing and affiliative humor, whereas higher levels of aggressive and self-defeating humor were primarily associated with lower levels of gratitude. Subsequent regression analyses indicated that the positive psychology construct of gratitude was predictive of several different indices of positive and negative well-being, whereas savoring was most predictive of greater positive affect. In addition, these regression analyses also revealed that the humor styles of self-enhancing and self-defeating humor provided a significant increase in the prediction of several positive and negative indices of well-being, above and beyond the effects attributable to the positive psychology constructs alone. These findings were then discussed in terms of developing a broader and more integrated theoretical approach to the understanding of psychological well-being.
Epsin deficiency impairs endocytosis by stalling the actin-dependent invagination of endocytic clathrin-coated pits
Authors: Messa Mirko , Fernández-Busnadiego Rubén , Sun Elizabeth Wen , Chen Hong , Czapla Heather , Wrasman Kristie , Wu Yumei , Ko Genevieve , Ross Theodora , Wendland Beverly , De Camilli Pietro
Published: August 2014

Epsin is an evolutionarily conserved endocytic clathrin adaptor whose most critical function(s) in clathrin coat dynamics remain(s) elusive. To elucidate such function(s), we generated embryonic fibroblasts from conditional epsin triple KO mice. Triple KO cells displayed a dramatic cell division defect. Additionally, a robust impairment in clathrin-mediated endocytosis was observed, with an accumulation of early and U-shaped pits. This defect correlated with a perturbation of the coupling between the clathrin coat and the actin cytoskeleton, which we confirmed in a cell-free assay of endocytosis. Our results indicate that a key evolutionary conserved function of epsin, in addition to other roles that include, as we show here, a low affinity interaction with SNAREs, is to help generate the force that leads to invagination and then fission of clathrin-coated pits.
Advancing research
Authors: Patterson Mark , Schekman Randy , Watt Fiona M , Weigel Detlef
Published: August 2014

eLife has introduced a new type of article–the Research Advance–that allows the authors of an eLife paper to publish results that build on their original research paper.
Fault zone regulation, seismic hazard, and social vulnerability inLos Angeles,California:Hazardor urban amenity?
Authors: Toké Nathan A. , Boone Christopher G. , Arrowsmith J. Ramón
Published: August 2014

Public perception and regulation of environmental hazards are important factors in the development and configuration of cities. Throughout California, probabilistic seismic hazard mapping and geologic investigations of active faults have spatially quantified earthquake hazard. In Los Angeles, these analyses have informed earthquake engineering, public awareness, the insurance industry, and the government regulation of developments near faults. Understanding the impact of natural hazards regulation on the social and built geography of cities is vital for informing future science and policy directions. We constructed a relative social vulnerability index classification for Los Angeles to examine the social condition within regions of significant seismic hazard, including areas regulated as Alquist‐Priolo (AP) Act earthquake fault zones. Despite hazard disclosures, social vulnerability is lowest withinAPregulatory zones and vulnerability increases with distance from them. Because theAPAct requires building setbacks from active faults, newer developments in these zones are bisected by parks. Parcel‐level analysis demonstrates that homes adjacent to these fault zone parks are the most valuable in their neighborhoods. At a broad scale, a Landsat‐based normalized difference vegetation index shows that greenness nearAPzones is greater than the rest of the metropolitan area. In the parks‐poor city of Los Angeles, fault zone regulation has contributed to the construction of park space within areas of earthquake hazard, thus transforming zones of natural hazard into amenities, attracting populations of relatively high social status, and demonstrating that the distribution of social vulnerability is sometimes more strongly tied to amenities than hazards.
Feeding humanity through global food trade
Authors: D'Odorico Paolo , Carr Joel A. , Laio Francesco , Ridolfi Luca , Vandoni Stefano
Published: August 2014

The recent intensification of international trade has led to a globalization of food commodities and to an increased disconnection between human populations and the land and water resources that support them through crop and livestock production. Several countries are not self‐sufficient and depend on imports from other regions. Despite the recognized importance of the role of trade in global and regional food security, the societal reliance on domestic production and international trade remains poorly quantified. Here we investigate the global patterns of food trade and evaluate the dependency of food security on imports. We investigate the relationship existing between the trade of food calories and the virtual transfer of water used for their production. We show how the amount of food calories traded in the international market has more than doubled between 1986 and 2009, while the number of links in the trade network has increased by more than 50%. Likewise, global food production has increased by more than 50% in the same period, providing an amount of food that is overall sufficient to support the global population at a rate of 2700–3000 kcal per person per day. About 23% of the food produced for human consumption is traded internationally. The water use efficiency of food trade (i.e., food calories produced per unit volume of water used) has declined in the last few decades. The water use efficiency of food production overall increases with the countries' affluence; this trend is likely due to the use of more advanced technology.
Rise in water vapor due to anthropogenic warming
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: August 2014

The rise in atmospheric water vapor—a significant greenhouse gas—over the past 30 years can be tied to human activities, according to a new paper (doi:10.1073/pnas.1409659111) published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
New research reveals tidal forces that shaped the Moon
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: August 2014

Gravity signatures from the Moon have shed light on its mysterious shape, according to a new study (doi:10.1038/nature13639) by researchers at University of California (UC), Santa Cruz.
Top U.S. cities see dramatic increase in small‐scale flooding due to sea level rise
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: August 2014

Small‐scale flooding—called nuisance flooding—has increased between 300% and 925% around the United States since the 1960s because of rising sea levels around the world, says a new report by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
Recruiting and Supporting Diverse Geoscience and Environmental Science Students
Authors: Doser Diane I. , Manduca Cathy , Rhodes Dallas
Published: August 2014

Producing a workforce that will be successful in meeting global environmental and resource challenges requires that we attract diverse students into the geosciences, support them fully in our programs, and assist them as they move into the profession. However, geoscience has the lowest ethnic and racial diversity of any of the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines (National Science Foundation (NSF), “Women, Minorities, and Persons with Disabilities in Science and Engineering,” http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/wmpd/2013/start.cfm) and is often viewed as a difficult choice for students with physical disabilities.
Wada Receives 2013 Jason Morgan Early Career Award: Citation
Authors: King Scott D.
Published: August 2014

The AGU Tectonophysics section is pleased to present the fifth Jason Morgan Early Career Award to Ikuko Wada for her research using numerical modeling coupled with geochemical and geophysical observations to understand processes associated with subduction. It is often stated that there is need for interdisciplinary approaches to advance the state of knowledge in subduction zone structure, dynamics, and island arc geochemistry, and Ikuko's research exemplifies how interdisciplinary research advances understanding.
Wada Receives 2013 Jason Morgan Early Career Award: Response
Authors: Wada Ikuko
Published: August 2014

I am extremely honored to receive this award and grateful to the Tectonophysics section of AGU for its recognition of my efforts and accomplishments. My interest in subduction zone geodynamics sprang from an essay project during my undergraduate studies, and I feel fortunate to have found a field that I am truly excited about and am proud that I have been able to contribute to this important field in geoscience ever since.
Recent variability of the global ocean carbon sink
Authors: Landschützer P. , Gruber N. , Bakker D. C. E. , Schuster U.
Published: August 2014

We present a new observation‐based estimate of the global oceanic carbon dioxide (CO2) sink and its temporal variation on a monthly basis from 1998 through 2011 and at a spatial resolution of 1°×1°. This sink estimate rests upon a neural network‐based mapping of global surface ocean observations of the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) from the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas database. The resulting pCO2 has small biases when evaluated against independent observations in the different ocean basins, but larger randomly distributed differences exist particularly in high latitudes. The seasonal climatology of our neural network‐based product agrees overall well with the Takahashi et al. (2009) climatology, although our product produces a stronger seasonal cycle at high latitudes. From our global pCO2 product, we compute a mean net global ocean (excluding the Arctic Ocean and coastal regions) CO2 uptake flux of −1.42 ± 0.53 Pg C yr−1, which is in good agreement with ocean inversion‐based estimates. Our data indicate a moderate level of interannual variability in the ocean carbon sink (±0.12 Pg C yr−1, 1σ) from 1998 through 2011, mostly originating from the equatorial Pacific Ocean, and associated with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation. Accounting for steady state riverine and Arctic Ocean carbon fluxes our estimate further implies a mean anthropogenic CO2 uptake of −1.99 ± 0.59 Pg C yr−1 over the analysis period. From this estimate plus the most recent estimates for fossil fuel emissions and atmospheric CO2 accumulation, we infer a mean global land sink of −2.82 ± 0.85 Pg C yr−1 over the 1998 through 2011 period with strong interannual variation.
Long‐term lava extrusion after the 2011 Shinmoe‐dake eruption detected by DInSAR observations
Authors: Miyagi Yousuke , Ozawa Taku , Kozono Tomofumi , Shimada Masanobu
Published: August 2014

In January 2011, the latest eruption began at Shinmoe‐dake volcano, Japan, and lava accumulated in the crater. Differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR) observations after the end of main eruption indicated continuous uplift on the lava surface. We estimated the volume increase of lava, and the volume change rate has decreased exponentially. Results from long‐term DInSAR processing indicate slow subsidence outside the crater. We interpret that this subsidence is caused by deflation of a shallow source located beneath the crater, which is a reaction to the extrusion of lava. Between November 2011 and May 2013, the total volume of extruded lava within the crater is estimated to be 6.7 ± 0.1 × 104 m3, which is comparable to the deflation volume of the shallow source. The system is not closed within the shallow source to the crater; thus, long‐term lava extrusion can be explained by continuous injection from a deeper source to the shallow source.
Pathways of basal meltwater from Antarctic ice shelves: A model study
Authors: Kusahara Kazuya , Hasumi Hiroyasu
Published: August 2014

We investigate spreading pathways of basal meltwater released from all Antarctic ice shelves using a circumpolar coupled ice shelf‐sea ice‐ocean model that reproduces major features of the Southern Ocean circulation, including the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). Several independent virtual tracers are used to identify detailed pathways of basal meltwaters. The spreading pathways of the meltwater tracers depend on formation sites, because the meltwaters are transported by local ambient ocean circulation. Meltwaters from ice shelves in the Weddell and Amundsen‐Bellingshausen Seas in surface/subsurface layers are effectively advected to lower latitudes with the ACC. Although a large portion of the basal meltwaters is present in surface and subsurface layers, a part of the basal meltwaters penetrates into the bottom layer through active dense water formation along the Antarctic coastal margins. The signals at the seafloor extend along the topography, showing a horizontal distribution similar to the observed spreading of Antarctic Bottom Water. Meltwaters originating from ice shelves in the Weddell and Ross Seas and in the Indian sector significantly contribute to the bottom signals. A series of numerical experiments in which thermodynamic interaction between the ice shelf and ocean is neglected regionally demonstrates that the basal meltwater of each ice shelf impacts sea ice and/or ocean thermohaline circulation in the Southern Ocean.
Multiple‐model adaptive robust dynamic surface control with estimator resetting
Authors: Gan Minggang , Chen Jie , Li Zhiping
Published: August 2014

A multiple‐model adaptive robust dynamic surface control with estimator resetting is investigated for a class of semi‐strict feedback nonlinear systems in this paper. The transient performance is mainly considered. The multiple models are composed of fixed models, one adaptive model, and one identification model that can be obtained when the persistent exciting condition is satisfied. The transient performance of the final tracking system can be improved significantly by designing proper switching mechanism during the parameter tuning procedure. The semi‐globally uniformly ultimately bounded stability of the closed‐loop system can be easily achieved because of the framework of adaptive robust dynamic surface control. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed multiple‐model controller. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intracellularly Degradable Hydrogen‐Bonded Polymer Capsules
Authors: Kempe Kristian , Ng Sher Leen , Gunawan Sylvia T. , Noi Ka Fung , Caruso Frank
Published: August 2014

The assembly of low‐fouling polymer capsules with redox‐responsive behavior and intracellular degradability is reported. Thiol‐containing poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline) (PEtOxMASH) brushes are synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of oligo(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline)methacrylate and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and subsequent ring‐opening reaction of the GMA. Sequential deposition of PEtOxMASH/poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA) multilayers onto silica (SiO2) particle templates and crosslinking through disulfide formation yield stable capsules after the removal of the SiO2 templates by buffered hydrofluoric acid (HF). The redox‐responsive nature of the disulfide crosslinking groups enables the degradation of these capsules under simulated intracellular conditions at pH 5.9 and 5 mm glutathione (GSH). Furthermore, capsule degradation is observed after incubation with dendritic (JAWS II) cells. Even at high capsule‐to‐cell ratios, PEtOxMASH capsules show only negligible cytotoxicity. Quartz crystal microgravimetry (QCM) studies, using 100% human serum, reveal that films prepared from PEtOxMASH exhibit low‐fouling properties. The degradation and low‐fouling properties are promising for application of PEtOxMASH films/capsules for the delivery and triggered release of therapeutics.
Combining Collagen and Bioactive Glasses for Bone Tissue Engineering: A Review
Authors: Sarker Bapi , Hum Jasmin , Nazhat Showan N. , Boccaccini Aldo R.
Published: August 2014

Collagen (COL), the most abundant protein in mammals, offers a wide range of attractive properties for biomedical applications which are the result of its biocompatibility and high affinity to water. However, due to the relative low mechanical properties of COL its applications are still limited. To tackle this disadvantage of COL, especially in the field of bone tissue engineering, COL can be combined with bioactive inorganic materials in a variety of composite systems. One of such systems is the collagen–bioactive glass (COL–BG) composite family, which is the theme of this Review. BG fillers can increase compressive strength and stiffness of COL‐based structures. This article reviews the relevant literature published in the last 15 years discussing the fabrication of a variety of COL‐BG composites. In vitro cell studies have demonstrated the osteogenic, odontogenic, and angiogenic potential of these composite systems, which has been confirmed by stimulating specific biochemical indicators of relevant cells. Bony integration and connective tissue vessel formation have also been studied by implantation of the composites in vivo. Areas of future research in the field of COL–BG systems, based on current challenges, and gaps in knowledge are highlighted.
Long term follow‐up of four patients with Keutel syndrome
Authors: Khosroshahi H.E. , Sahin S.C. , Akyuz Y. , Ede H.
Published: August 2014

Keutel syndrome (KS) [OMIM 245150] is an autosomal recessive hereditary syndrome characterized by multiple peripheral pulmonary stenoses (PPS), brachytelephalangia, inner ear deafness, and abnormal cartilage ossification or calcification. Mutations in the matrix Gla protein (MGP) gene have been reported in different unrelated families with KS previously. MGP is an extracellular matrix protein and calcification inhibitor; mutations in its encoding gene result in cartilage ossification or calcification, the main presenting feature of KS. This report describes the findings of four sisters with KS born to consanguineous parents were followed for 26 years in an irregular fashion. During follow‐up of the patients over the years the complications appear to be mostly involving the respiratory system. Permanent skin rashes, papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid, asthma, massive bullous pulmonary emphysema, severe systemic arterial hypertension, and short term memory loss were observed during long term follow‐up. The fertility status of the patients were also observed and infertility was observed in one of three married patients. © 2014 The Authors. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Unusually severe hypophosphatemic rickets caused by a novel and complex re‐arrangement of the PHEX gene
Authors: Pekkarinen Tuula , Lorenz‐Depiereux Bettina , Lohman Martina , Mäkitie Outi
Published: August 2014

X‐linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is caused by mutations in PHEX. Several other genetic forms of hypophosphatemia have also been described. These disorders share variable clinical presentation ranging from mild hypophosphatemia to severe lower extremity bowing. We report on a 43‐year‐old woman with short stature, painful leg deformities, and poor dentation. Her biochemical profile showed hypophosphatemia with renal phosphate wasting. Due to unusually severe clinical presentation and absence of mutations in Sanger sequencing of the PHEX gene, quantitative multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification was performed. A large deletion within the PHEX gene encompassing exons 8 to 11 was identified. We generated a specific junction fragment using long‐range PCR and sequenced the junction fragment to determine the exact deletion breakpoints. We found a heterozygous novel complex re‐arrangement involving gross deletions, insertions, and inversion of PHEX (hg19:g.22,115,003_22,141,395del;g:22,145,536_22,150,789delinsCins22,114,640_22,114,698invinsA). Thus, the complex re‐arrangement including a deletion of coding exons 8 to 11 of the PHEX can be regarded as the cause of XLH in the patient reported here. Phosphate and active vitamin D treatment was initiated with subsequent relief in bone pain and physical improvement. This report expands the spectrum of clinical severity underlying genetic defects in XLH and highlights the importance of conventional medical therapy even at adult age. Furthermore, our findings underscore the importance of search for gene deletions in patients with suspected XLH. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Further evidence of the importance of RIT1 in Noonan syndrome
Authors: Bertola Débora R. , Yamamoto Guilherme L. , Almeida Tatiana F. , Buscarilli Michelle , Jorge Alexander A. L. , Malaquias Alexsandra C. , Kim Chong A. , Takahashi Vanessa N. V. , Passos‐Bueno Maria Rita , Pereira Alexandre C.
Published: August 2014

Noonan syndrome (NS) is an autosomal dominant disorder consisting of short stature, short and/or webbed neck, distinctive facial features, cardiac abnormalities, cryptorchidism, and coagulation defects. NS exhibits genetic heterogeneity, associated with mutated genes that participate in RAS‐mitogen‐activated protein kinase signal transduction. Recently, a new gene (RIT1) was discovered as the causative gene in 17 of 180 Japanese individuals who were negative for the previously known genes for NS and were studied using exome sequencing (four patients), followed by Sanger sequencing (13 patients). The present study used the same technique in 70 Brazilian patients with NS and identified six with RIT1 missense mutations. Thus, we confirm that RIT1 is responsible for approximately 10% of the patients negative for mutations in the previously known genes. The phenotype includes a high frequency of high birth weight, relative macrocephaly, left ventricular hypertrophy, and ectodermal findings, such as curly hair, hyperpigmentation, and wrinkled palms and soles. Short stature and pectus deformity were less frequent. The majority of patients with a RIT1 mutation did not show apparent intellectual disability. Because of the relatively high frequency of mutations in RIT1 among patients with NS and its occurrence in different populations, we suggest that it should be added to the list of genes included in panels for the molecular diagnosis of NS through targeted next‐generation sequencing. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Risk and information evaluation of prioritized genes for complex traits: Application to bipolar disorder
Authors: Kao Chung‐Feng , Chuang Li‐Chung , Kuo Po‐Hsiu
Published: August 2014

Many susceptibility genes for complex traits were identified without conclusive findings. There is a strong need to integrate rapidly accumulated genomic data from multi‐dimensional platforms, and to conduct risk evaluation for potential therapeutic and diagnostic usages. We set up an algorithm to computationally search for optimal weight‐vector for various data sources, while minimized potential noises. Through gene‐prioritization framework, combined scores for the resulting prioritized gene‐set were calculated using a genome‐wide association (GWA) dataset, following with evaluation using weighted genetic risk score and risk‐attributed information using an independent GWA dataset. The significance of association of GWA data was corrected for gene length. Enriched functional pathways were identified for the prioritized gene‐set using the Gene Ontology analysis. We illustrated our framework with bipolar disorder. 233 prioritized genes were identified from 10,830 candidates that curated from six platforms. The prioritized genes were significantly enriched (Padjusted < 1 × 10−5) in 18 biological functions and molecular mechanisms including membrane, synaptic transmission, transmission of nerve impulse, integral to membrane, and plasma membrane. Our risk evaluation demonstrated higher weighted genetic risk score in bipolar patients than controls (P‐values ranged from 0.002 to 3.8 × 10−6). Substantial risk‐information (71%) was extracted from prioritized genes for bipolar illness than other candidate‐gene sets. Our evidence‐based prioritized gene‐set provides opportunity to explore the complex network and to conduct follow‐up basic and clinical studies for complex traits. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Selektive Bildung und ungewöhnliche Reaktivität von Tetraarsabicyclo[1.1.0]butan‐Komplexen
Authors: Schwarzmaier Christoph , Timoshkin Alexey Y. , Balázs Gábor , Scheer Manfred
Published: August 2014

Die selektive Bildung der zweikernigen Butterflykomplexe [{Cp′′′Fe(CO)2}2(μ,η1:1‐E4)] (E=P (1 a), As (1 b)) und [{Cp*Cr(CO)3}2(μ,η1:1‐E4)] (E=P (2 a), As (2 b)) als neue Vertreter dieser seltenen Verbindungsklasse wurde durch die Reaktion von E4 mit den entsprechenden dimeren Carbonylkomplexen gefunden. Die Komplexe 1 a und 2 b repräsentieren die ersten As4‐Butterflyverbindungen in einer verbrückenden Koordinationsform. Überdies werden erste Studien zur Reaktivität von 1 und 2 b präsentiert, die die Bildung der präzedenzlosen As8‐Cuneankomplexe [{Cp′′′Fe(CO)2}2{Cp′′′Fe(CO)}2(μ4,η1:1:2:2‐As8)] (3 b) und [{Cp*Cr(CO)3}4(μ4,η1:1:1:1‐As8)] (4) zeigen. Die Verbindungen sind vollständig durch NMR‐ und IR‐Spektroskopie sowie durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse charakterisiert. Zusätzlich geben DFT‐Rechnungen Einsicht in den Umwandlungsweg von der E4‐Butterflystruktur zum entsprechenden Strukturmotiv des Cuneans.
Copper‐Catalyzed Borylative Allyl–Allyl Coupling Reaction
Authors: Semba Kazuhiko , Bessho Naoto , Fujihara Tetsuaki , Terao Jun , Tsuji Yasushi
Published: August 2014

Borylative allyl–allyl coupling using allenes, bis(pinacolato)diboron, and allyl phosphates has been developed in the presence of a copper catalyst bearing an N‐heterocyclic carbene ligand. The reaction affords boryl‐substituted 1,5‐diene derivatives in good to high yields with high regioselectivity and Z selectivity.