bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unrestrained ESCRT-III drives chromosome fragmentation and micronuclear catastrophe
Authors: Vietri Marina , Schultz Sebastian W. , Bellanger Aurélie , Jones Carl M. , Raiborg Camilla , Skarpen Ellen , Pedurupillay Christeen Ramane J. , Kip Eline , Timmer Romy , Jain Ashish , Collas Philippe , Knorr Roland L. , Grellscheid Sushma N. , Kusumaatmaja Halim , Brech Andreas , Micci Francesca , Stenmark Harald , Campsteijn Coen
Published: January 2019

The ESCRT-III membrane fission machinery1,2 restores nuclear envelope integrity during mitotic exit3,4 and interphase5,6. Whereas primary nuclei resealing takes minutes, micronuclear envelope ruptures appear irreversible and result in catastrophic collapse associated with chromosome fragmentation and rearrangements (chromothripsis), thought to be a major driving force in cancer development7-10. Despite its importance11-13, the mechanistic underpinnings of nuclear envelope sealing in primary nuclei and the defects observed in micronuclei remain largely unknown. Here we show that CHMP7, the nucleator of ESCRT-III filaments at the nuclear envelope3,14, and the inner nuclear membrane protein LEMD215 act as a compartmentalization sensor detecting the loss of nuclear integrity. In cells with intact nuclear envelope, CHMP7 is actively excluded from the nucleus to preclude its binding to LEMD2. Nuclear influx of CHMP7 results in stable association with LEMD2 at the inner nuclear membrane that licenses local polymerization of ESCRT-III. Tight control of nuclear CHMP7 levels is critical, as induction of nuclear CHMP7 mutants is sufficient to induce unrestrained growth of ESCRT-III foci at the nuclear envelope, causing dramatic membrane deformation, local DNA torsional stress, single-stranded DNA formation and fragmentation of the underlying chromosomes. At micronuclei, membrane rupture is not associated with repair despite timely recruitment of ESCRT-III. Instead, micronuclei inherently lack the capacity to restrict accumulation of CHMP7 and LEMD2. This drives unrestrained ESCRT-III recruitment, membrane deformation and DNA defects that strikingly resemble those at primary nuclei upon induction of nuclear CHMP7 mutants. Preventing ESCRT-III recruitment suppresses membrane deformation and DNA damage, without restoring nucleocytoplasmic compartmentalization. We propose that the ESCRT-III nuclear integrity surveillance machinery is a double-edged sword, as its exquisite sensitivity ensures rapid repair at primary nuclei while causing unrestrained polymerization at micronuclei, with catastrophic consequences for genome stability16-18.
Comparison between diffusion MRI tractography and histological tract-tracing of cortico-cortical structural connectivity in the ferret brain
Authors: Delettre C. , Messé A. , Dell L-A. , Foubet O. , Heuer K. , Larrat B. , Meriaux S. , Mangin J-F. , Reillo I. , de Juan Romero C. , Borrell V. , Toro R. , Hilgetag C. C.
Published: January 2019

The anatomical wiring of the brain is a central focus in network neuroscience. Diffusion MRI tractography offers the unique opportunity to investigate the brain fiber architecture in vivo and non invasively. However, its reliability is still highly debated. Here, we explored the ability of diffusion MRI tractography to match invasive anatomical tract-tracing connectivity data of the ferret brain. We also investigated the influence of several state-of-the-art tractography algorithms on this match to ground truth connectivity data. Tract-tracing connectivity data were obtained from retrograde tracer injections into the occipital, parietal and temporal cortices of adult ferrets. We found that the relative densities of projections identified from the anatomical experiments were highly correlated with the estimates from all the studied diffusion tractography algorithms (Spearman’s rho ranging from 0.67 to 0.91), while only small, non-significant variations appeared across the tractography algorithms. These results are comparable to findings reported in mouse and monkey, increasing the confidence in diffusion MRI tractography results. Moreover, our results provide insights into the variations of sensitivity and specificity of the tractography algorithms and hence, into the influence of choosing one algorithm over another.
Photoactivation of olfactory sensory neurons does not affect action potential conduction in individual trigeminal sensory axons innervating the rodent nasal cavity
Authors: Maurer Margot , Papotto Nunzia , Sertel-Nakajima Julika , Schueler Markus , Möhrlen Frank , Messlinger Karl , Col Roberto De , Frings Stephan , Carr Richard W
Published: January 2019

Olfactory and trigeminal chemosensory systems reside in parallel within the mammalian nose. Psychophysical studies in people indicate that these two systems interact at a perceptual level. Trigeminal sensations of pungency mask odour perception, while olfactory stimuli can influence trigeminal signal processing tasks such as odour localization. While imaging studies indicate overlap in limbic and cortical somatosensory areas activated by nasal trigeminal and olfactory stimuli, there is also potential cross-talk at the level of the olfactory epithelium, the olfactory bulb and trigeminal brainstem. Here we focused on potential interactions between olfactory and trigeminal signaling in the nasal cavity. We first used a forced choice paradigm to ascertain whether trigeminal and olfactory stimuli could influence behavior in mice. Mice avoided water sources associated with volatile TRPV1 and TRPA1 irritants, however, this aversion was mitigated when combined with a pure odorant (rose fragrance, phenylethyl alcohol, PEA). To determine whether olfactory-trigeminal interactions within the nose could potentially account for this behavioral effect we recorded from single trigeminal sensory axons innervating the nasal epithelium using an isolated in vitro preparation. To circumvent non-specific effects of chemical stimuli, optical stimulation was used to excite olfactory sensory neurons in a mouse line expressing channel-rhodopsin under the olfactory marker protein. During photoactivation of olfactory sensory neurons there was no modulation of action potential conduction in individual trigeminal axons. Similarly, no evidence was found for trigeminal axon collateral branching that might serve as a conduit for cross-talk between the olfactory epithelium and olfactory dura mater. Using direct assessment of trigeminal signals emanating from the mouse nasal cavity we see no evidence for paracrine nor axon reflex mediated cross-talk between olfactory and trigeminal sensory systems in the nasal cavity.
A strategic analysis of tea leaves supply chain before manufacturing – a case in Assam
Authors: Paul Tripti , Mondal Sandeep
Published: January 2019

Purpose

There exists insufficient literature on classification and taxonomy of tea leaves supply chain (TLSC), so the purpose of this paper is to study the existing TLSCs and classify them accordingly. Apart from this, the paper also focuses on identification of key decisions issues in the supply chains (SC) and developing a TLSC decision framework for the state of Assam in India.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper is based on a two-year detailed study on TLSC in Assam which encompasses 22 Tea Estates, 41 Small Tea Gardens (STGs) and a Research Institute (Tocklai Tea Research Institute). Secondary data were collected from relevant websites of various government organizations of India, company’s websites, annual reports, official statements from the companies, tea market reports, annual reports of the Indian Tea Association, the Tea Board of India, Tea Research Institute and published reports, etc.

Findings

The “point of origin” of TLSC is a tea garden, “point of consumption” is considered as a tea factory and green tea leaves (GTLs) forms the basic raw material. This SC includes mainly three players: Tea leaves growers, manufacturers of made tea and tea leaves agents. This study identifies the three types of TLSCs existing in Assam: TLSC1, TLSC2 and TLSC3. Among them, only TLSC1 is both responsive as well as an efficient chain, while the rest are only responsive chains. Later two SCs can be made efficient with the proposed TLSC4.

Research limitations/implications

There is an insufficient literature on classification and taxonomy of TLSC, therefore the study (considerably the classification and taxonomy of TLSC) was developed from the primary data which were collected from the 22 Tea Estates and 41 STGs of four districts of Assam, because of limited time (two years). The study should have involved more tea estates and small tea gardens for better classification and taxonomy.

Practical implications

The proposed model suggests that small tea growers may create a co-operative whereby smaller tea gardens (STGs) (members of the co-operative) unite to act as a single large garden, set up their own co-operative factory and recruit permanent tea plucking laborers. This up-gradation of TLSC2 and TLSC3 to TLSC4 may enable a group of STGs to work in a manner similar to a Tea Estate.

Originality/value

To the best of authors’ knowledge this is one of the first studies to classify the TLSC in Assam.
Impediments affecting the curbing of illicit financial flows of organised crime in developing economies
Authors: Sotande Emmanuel
Published: January 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the treats hindering war against illicit financial flows of organised crime in developing economies and Nigeria in particular. The examination shows that the impediments facing the fight against money laundering and organised crime financial flows vary from one country to another. It may be lesser in developed economies where most instruments, treaties and best practice recommendations to curb serious crime originated from. However, the impediments against the proceeds of organised crime in developing economies are overwhelming.

Design/methodology/approach

The research methodology adopted was qualitative analysis. This was applied through the use and analysis of documents and expert interviews.

Findings

The impediments jeopardising the success against organised crime and other related serious crime financial flows in developing economies are devastating. Consequently, the study offered some policy implications to help mitigate these impediments in developing countries. The dynamics and the phenomena of organised crime business model are operated with ingenious strategies within the global states. Therefore, staying in control of the menace and the threats originated from the organised criminal activities would require periodic review of the global initiatives, standards and strategies deployed by the standard setters to combat organised crime and its financial flows in developing and evolving economies. Additionally, the implementing countries should be carried along and allow to make inputs when such initiatives and standards are being developed.

Social implications

In Nigeria, there is a clear evidence of “collateral damage” in terms of social justice as result of financial exclusion of many bankable adults of the country that do not possess unique identities for account opening documentation and customer due diligence of the Financial Action Task Force recommendation 10.

Originality/value

There have been quite a number of studies on organised crime and still fewer have recognised the need to explore the success or failure of combating the proceeds of crime in developing economies. This study provides answer to these gaps by screening associated risks of fighting the proceeds of organised crime in developing countries and Nigeria in particular.
A Queensland research support network in emergency healthcare
Authors: Sweeny Amy , van den Berg Lisa , Hocking Julia , Renaud Julia , Young Sharleen , Henshaw Richard , Foster Kelly , Howell Tegwen
Published: January 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to describe the structure and impact of a Queensland Research Support Network (RSN) in emergency medicine (EM).

Design/methodology/approach

This paper presents a descriptive summary of EM networks, network evaluations and the structure and development of the Emergency Medicine Foundation’s (EMF) RSN in Queensland, including an observational pre- and post-study of research metrics.

Findings

In two years, the RSN supported 33 Queensland emergency departments (EDs), of which 14 developed research strategies. There was an increase in research active clinicians, from 23 in 2015 to 181 in 2017. Collaborator engagement increased from 9 in 2015 to 276 in 2017 as did the number of research presentations, from 6 in 2015 to 61 in 2017. EMF experienced a growth in new researchers, with new investigators submitting approximately 60 per cent of grant applications in 2016 and 2017. EMF also received new applications from a further three HHS (taking EMF-funded research activity from 8 to 11 HHS).

Research limitations/implications

This paper describes changes in KPIs and research metrics, which the authors attribute to the establishment of the RSN. However, it is possible that attribution bias plays a role in the KPI improvements.

Social implications

This network has actively boosted and expanded EM research capacity and capability in Queensland. It provides services, in the form of on-the-ground managers, to develop novice clinician-researchers, new projects and engage entire EDs. This model may be replicated nationwide but requires funding commitment.

Originality/value

The RSN improves front-line clinician research capacity and capability and increases research activity and collaborations with clear community outcomes. Collaborations were extended to community, primary health networks, non-government organisations, national and international researchers and academic institutions. Evaluating and measuring a network’s benefits are difficult, but it is likely that evaluations will help networks obtain funding.
Dynamic relationship between embodied and operational impacts of buildings
Authors: Ajayi Saheed O. , Oyedele Lukumon O. , Dauda Jamiu A.
Published: January 2019

Purpose

Buildings and their construction activities consume a significant proportion of mineral resources excavated from nature and contribute a large percentage of CO2 in the atmosphere. As a way of improving the sustainability of building construction and operation, various sustainable design appraisal standards have been developed across nations. Albeit criticism of the appraisal standards, evidence shows that increasing sustainability of the built environment has been engendered by such appraisal tools as Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM), Code for Sustainable Homes (CfSH), Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design and Comprehensive Assessment System for Built Environment Efficacy, among others. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of the appraisal standards in engendering whole lifecycle environmental sustainability of the built environment.

Design/methodology/approach

In order to evaluate the adequacy of sustainability scores assigned to various lifecycle stages of buildings in the appraisal standards, four case studies of a block of classroom were modelled. Using Revit as a modelling platform, stage by stage lifecycle environmental impacts of the building were simulated through Green Building Studio and ATHENA Impact estimator. The resulting environmental impacts were then compared against the assessment score associated with each stage of building lifecycle in BREAAM and CfSH.

Findings

Results show that albeit the consensus that the appraisal standards engender sustainability practices in the AEC industry, total scores assigned to impacts at each stage of building lifecycle is disproportionate to the simulated whole-life environmental impacts associated with the stages in some instances.

Originality/value

As the study reveals both strengths and weaknesses in the existing sustainability appraisal standards, measures through which they can be tailored to resource efficiency and lifecycle environmental sustainability of the built environment are suggested.
Novel mutations in WEE2: Expanding the spectrum of mutations responsible for human fertilization failure
Authors: Zhang Zhihua , Mu Jian , Zhao Junli , Zhou Zhou , Chen Biaobang , Wu Ling , Yan Zheng , Wang Wenjing , Zhao Lin , Dong Jie , Sun Xiaoxi , Kuang Yanping , Li Bin , Wang Lei , Sang Qing
Published: January 2019

Successful fertilization is fundamental for sexual reproduction. After undergoing a series of molecular and morphological changes, the haploid sperm fuses with the haploid oocyte to create a diploid zygote. Defects in this process might lead to human fertilization failure. We have previously found homozygous mutations in WEE2 that are responsible for human fertilization failure, but the genetic basis of human fertilization failure requires further investigation. In the present study, we screened for WEE2 mutations in a new cohort of patients with fertilization failure. Through Sanger sequencing of WEE2 exons, we identified seven novel mutations and two reported mutations in WEE2 from six affected individuals. Morphologically normal PB1 oocytes can be retrieved from all patients. However, most of the oocytes cannot be fertilized successfully. These findings confirmed our previous research and expanded the mutational spectrum of WEE2, making it a potential genetic diagnostic marker for those suffering from human fertilization failure.
A practical cytological approach to the diagnosis of breast‐implant associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma
Authors: Barbé Ellis , de Boer Mintsje , de Jong Daphne
Published: January 2019

The role of cytopathology in malignant lymphoma is largely restricted to primary screening in patients with lymphadenopathy of unknown causes and evaluation of relapse and transformation during follow‐up of patients with known and fully classified malignant lymphoma. Few lymphoma diagnoses fully rely on cytology, although breast‐implant associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma is currently the centre of clinical attention. Due to the major attention both in the medical and lay media for the recently substantiated high lymphoma risk in women with breast implants, cytopathology departments now frequently receive seroma fluid aspirates with this specific differential diagnostic consideration. In this review, we discuss clinico‐pathological aspects of breast‐implant associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma from a cytological point of view and provide guidelines for the processing of aspirates in daily practice and strategies for diagnostic work‐up of seroma fluids.
Modelling the spatial abundance of a migratory predator: A call for transboundary marine protected areas
Authors: García‐Barón Isabel , Authier Matthieu , Caballero Ainhoa , Vázquez José A. , Santos M. Begoña , Murcia José Luis , Louzao Maite
Published: January 2019

Aim

During their migration, highly mobile species cross multiple jurisdictional boundaries and multiple not‐specific marine protected areas (MPAs). When identifying the critical habitats where individuals aggregate, these areas can be ideal candidates for MPAs. This study was focused on the endangered fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) for which there is little knowledge on its distribution and abundance in non‐breeding temperate latitudes.

Location

Bay of Biscay (BoB).

Methods

Firstly, we modelled the relative abundance of fin whales by means of generalized additive models (GAMs) using data collected on the PELACUS (2007–2008) and JUVENA (2013–2016) oceanographic surveys during late summer. Secondly, we evaluated the reliability of the predictions by distinguishing environmental extrapolations and interpolations. Finally, we identified critical areas of highest predicted abundance and we assessed whether existing MPAs comprised within the Natura 2000 network and designated for other species offer protection to fin whales in the BoB.

Results

Fin whales were especially abundant in deep off‐shore waters, mainly associated with intermediate temperature water values in the inner part of the BoB. The years with the highest relative predicted abundances (an average of 1,500 whales) matched with years when warmer sea surface temperature extended into larger areas. In colder years, the average predicted abundance dropped to 400 whales. The main critical area for fin whales (defined by the highest 40% of abundance) was common for both surveys, and it was located in the south‐eastern part of the BoB.

Main conclusions

Our study contributes to the identification of important concentration areas of fin whales during late summer, based on reliable spatial predictions. The assessment of the current Natura 2000 network highlights the fact that only three MPAs marginally covered the critical area we have identified for fin whales. We propose a transboundary potential MPA to aid the conservation of the species in the BoB.
Protection against stroke with glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Barkas F. , Elisaf M. , Milionis H.
Published: January 2019

In experimental stroke models pretreatment with the newly introduced antidiabetic agents, glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor (GLP‐1R) agonists, has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects. Published evidence with regard to the effect of treatment with GLP‐1R agonists on the risk of stroke was evaluated. Data from prospective randomized placebo‐controlled trials up to October 2018 involving GLP‐1R agonists which reported cardiovascular outcomes as primary end‐points of efficacy and/or safety were meta‐analysed. Five eligible multicentre randomized placebo‐controlled trials (ELIXA, LEADER, SUSTAIN, EXSCEL and HARMONY) were included. The pooled analysis (n = 42 358) showed a significant reduction by 13% in the risk of total stroke from treatment with GLP‐1R agonists versus placebo (risk ratio 0.87, 95% confidence interval 0.78–0.98, P = 0.021) with no significant heterogeneity between trials (Q = 4.094, P = 0.393, I2 = 2.307%). When only fatal stroke was included (this applied for the ELIXA, LEADER, EXSCEL and HARMONY trials), active treatment was associated with a non‐significant reduction by 16% compared with placebo (risk ratio 0.84, 95% confidence interval 0.60–1.17, P = 0.29). The findings of this meta‐analysis support the evidence from earlier experimental studies calling attention to potential ‘stroke protective’ effects from treatment with GLP‐1R.
Tonic electromyographic activity following bilateral tonic–clonic seizures is associated with periictal respiratory dysfunction and postictal generalized EEG suppression
Authors: Park Katherine J. , Seyal Masud
Published: January 2019

Objective

No biomarkers reliably predict risk for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Postictal generalized electroencephalography (EEG) suppression (PGES) is a possible biomarker for SUDEP risk. However, its utility in predicting SUDEP remains uncertain. We had observed that postictal tonic electromyography (PTEMG) activity follows some generalized convulsive seizures (GCS). PTEMG activity and PGES may have a common pathophysiologic basis. PGES is associated with periictal respiratory distress. There is evidence that tonic EMG occurs with brain hypoxia. Thus PTEMG activity may be related to seizure‐associated hypoxemia. Pronounced variation occurs among expert clinicians in identifying PGES, thereby limiting its utility as a biomarker. Characteristics of PTEMG activity and its relationship to preceding GCS have not been explored. We studied PTEMG activity characteristics, its relationship to the preceding seizure and associated respiratory dysfunction.

Methods

We reviewed 145 GCS in 66 patients undergoing video‐EEG telemetry (VET). The presence of PTEMG activity was defined when tonic EMG occurred for at least 3 seconds following seizure termination and was identified with filter settings at 5‐200 Hz. Duration of PTEMG activity, the seizure, PGES, seizure‐associated peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SpO2) change, and end‐tidal CO2 were analyzed. We compared data from GCS with and without PTEMG activity.

Results

Ninety of 145 seizures with GCS had PTEMG activity. The remainder had postictal slowing without PTEMG activity, and cessation of activity was followed by EEG slowing. Duration of the initial PTEMG discharge was 39.1 (mean) ± (standard deviation) 17.9 seconds. SpO2 nadir was lower (P = 0.005) in seizures with PTEMG activity than in those without (72% vs 77%). End‐tidal CO2 was higher (P = 0.05) in seizures with PTEMG activity than in those without (63  vs 56 mm Hg). PGES duration was 35.6 ± 22.2 seconds and associated with duration of PTEMG activity (P < 0.001).

Significance

The novel finding is that PTEMG activity occurs following 62% of GCS and that seizures with PTEMG activity have greater severity of respiratory dysfunction than seizures without. PTEMG activity is readily discerned by visual analysis of VET at appropriate filter settings and has the potential of being a complementary or surrogate biomarker of PGES for assessing SUDEP risk.
Changes to vertical thermoregulatory movements of juvenile bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the northwestern Pacific Ocean with time of day, seasonal ocean vertical thermal structure, and body size
Authors: Hino Haruhiko , Kitagawa Takashi , Matsumoto Takayuki , Aoki Yoshinori , Kimura Shingo
Published: January 2019

Vertical movements related to the thermoregulation were investigated in 12 juvenile bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in Japanese waters using archival tag data. Movements changed with time of day, season, and body size. During daytime, bigeye tuna descended to greater depths, presumably to feed in the deep scattering layer (DSL). Thereafter, they repeatedly ascended to shallower layers, suggesting attempts at behavioral thermoregulation, although the beginning of vertical thermoregulatory ascents might reflect a shift in DSL depth. By the end of such movement, the whole‐body heat‐transfer coefficient might decrease because, although the depth and ambient temperature of the upper layers did not change, the body temperature gradually decreased significantly just after ascent for thermoregulation. Seasonal patterns indicated that the vertical thermal structure of the ocean might influence this ascent behavior. For example, from January to May, bigeye tuna made fewer ascents to less shallow waters, suggesting that they respond to increasing depths of the mixed surface layer by reducing energy expenditure during vertical migration. In addition, as body size increased, fewer thermoregulatory ascents were required to maintain body temperature, and fish remained deeper for longer periods. Thus, vertical thermoregulatory movements might change with body size as bigeye tuna develop better endothermic and thermoregulatory abilities. We hypothesize that bigeye might also increase cold tolerance as they grow, possibly due to ontogenetic shifts in cardiac function.
Managing the middle: A shift in conservation priorities based on the global human modification gradient
Authors: Kennedy Christina M. , Oakleaf James R. , Theobald David M. , Baruch‐Mordo Sharon , Kiesecker Joseph
Published: January 2019

An increasing number of international initiatives aim to reconcile development with conservation. Crucial to successful implementation of these initiatives is a comprehensive understanding of the current ecological condition of landscapes and their spatial distributions. Here, we provide a cumulative measure of human modification of terrestrial lands based on modeling the physical extents of 13 anthropogenic stressors and their estimated impacts using spatially explicit global datasets with a median year of 2016. We quantified the degree of land modification and the amount and spatial configuration of low modified lands (i.e., natural areas relatively free from human alteration) across all ecoregions and biomes. We identified that fewer unmodified lands remain than previously reported and that most of the world is in a state of intermediate modification, with 52% of ecoregions classified as moderately modified. Given that these moderately modified ecoregions fall within critical land use thresholds, we propose that they warrant elevated attention and require proactive spatial planning to maintain biodiversity and ecosystem function before important environmental values are lost.
Effects of tannins and monensin on the modulation of in vitro ruminal fermentation and ammonia production of nitrogen‐fertilized and non‐fertilized Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu
Authors: Brutti Danielle Dias , De Paula Nelcino Francisco , Zervoudakis Joanis Tilemahos , Cabral Luciano da Silva , Fonseca Mozart Alves , Macedo Bruna Gomes , Lima Leni Rodrigues
Published: January 2019

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the increasing levels of tannin supplementation—0 (control—no additive), 2, 4 and 6 mg/g of dry matter (DM)—versus monensin (0.02 mg/g DM) on in vitro ruminal fermentation of either nitrogen (N)‐fertilized or non‐fertilized Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu. Ruminal fluid was obtained from two grazing Nellore bulls receiving 0.3% of the body weight of a supplement free of additives. The incubations were conducted for four consecutive weeks with gas production (GP) recorded up to 96 hr, whereas pH and ruminal ammonia (N‐NH3) were measured at 24 and 48 hr, and volatile fatty acids at 48 hr. Additionally, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility (IVNDFD) were measured at 24, 48 and 96 hr. The crude protein (CP) contents for N‐fertilized and non‐fertilized forages were 11.77% and 7.75, respectively. There was no interaction between forage and additives (p > 0.05) for fermentation kinetic parameters. Nitrogen fertilization reduced (p < 0.05) the theoretical maximum of gas production (ml) (a), the maximum gas production rate (ml/hr) (b) and the lag time (L). The inclusion of monensin reduced (p < 0.05) b and L compared with control and inclusion of tannin. In general, the inclusion of monensin and tannins reduced (p < 0.05) the IVDMD and IVNDFD. Compared to monensin, tannin reduced (p < 0.05) the N‐NH3 and the acetate:propionate ratio. The use of N fertilization in tropical forage reduces in vitro gas production. Tannins and monensin influence the modulation of ruminal fermentation mainly by reducing neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility. Tannins reduce N‐NH3 concentration regardless of the use of N fertilization of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu.
Molecular profiling of the biphasic components of hepatic carcinosarcoma by the use of targeted next‐generation sequencing
Authors: Zhang Xin , Bai Qianming , Xu Yifan , Wang Wei , Chen Lingli , Han Jing , Zhu Hongguang , Zhang Zhigang , Hou Yingyong , Zhou Jian , Zhou Yuhong , Ji Yuan
Published: January 2019

Aims

To better understand the tumourogenesis and molecular features of hepatic carcinosarcoma (HCS).

Methods and results

We selected 13 cases of HCS, including the clinicopathological and immunohistochemical features, and analysed the molecular alterations in separately microdissected carcinomatous and sarcomatous components in eight cases by using targeted next‐generation sequencing with a panel of 329 cancer‐related genes. As a result, transitional areas were observed between the two components of HCS in all cases. Concordance and overlap in genetic alterations were identified in the two histological components of the eight HCS patients, indicating the clonal relatedness of the two tumour components. The most common gene alterations found in both components were TP53 (75%, 6/8) and NF1/2 (38%, 3/8) mutations and VEGFA amplification (25%, 2/8), which may be strongly associated with HCS tumorigenesis. Unique mutations and amplifications found only in one component were also identified. Amplifications involving MET (38%, n = 3/8) and PDGFRA (25%, n = 2/8) were present only in the sarcomatous components, whereas mutation affecting ERBB4 (25%, n = 2/8) and amplifications of CCND1 and FGF3/4/19 (38%, n = 3/8) were present only in the carcinomatous components, indicating their involvement in the clonal evolution of HCS. Furthermore, multiple potential therapeutic targets were identified for HCS.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that HCS could have been of monoclonal origin, and that the diverse clonal evolution might be driven by special molecular alterations in each tumour component. Our results also identify multiple therapeutic targets of HCS, which are valuable for the personalised treatment of HCS.
Exploring soybean management options for environments with contrasting water availability
Authors: Di Mauro Guido , Borrás Lucas , Rugeroni Pablo , Rotundo Jose L.
Published: January 2019

Soybean is commonly cultivated under rainfed conditions being water availability the main constraint. We evaluated the performance of different managements under contrasting water availability to test possible trade‐offs among managements, and to determine physiological variables explaining these yield differences. Four treatments were designed through specific combinations of cultivar, row spacing and stand density. They were classified as stress tolerance or yield potential strategies and were evaluated under two contrasting water availability treatments. Treatments ranged from 349 to 954 mm total water availability. Water stress treatments yielded 72% and 59% of the well‐watered treatment each year, similar to frequent soybean water stress levels for our production region. Management treatments showed significant yield differences (p < 0.05), but the management × water availability interaction did not (p = 0.42). No management option helped reduce negative water stress effects. Highest yields were achieved using 0.25 m row spacing, a stand density of 60 pl per m2, and a high yield potential genotype. Yield variations were explained by differences in harvested seeds per unit area (R2 = 0.75; p < 0.001) and total N uptake at maturity (R2 = 0.93; p < 0.001) across environments. Because management strategies specifically tailored to cope with water shortages showed limited value, farmers need to target yield potential management options.
Chinese undergraduate students' perceptions of mobile learning: Conceptions, learning profiles, and approaches
Authors: Lin Xiao‐Fan , Deng Cailing , Hu Qintai , Tsai Chin‐Chung
Published: January 2019

Close links between students' conceptions of and approaches to learning were established in the past research. However, only a few quantitative studies investigated this relationship particularly with regard to mobile learning (m‐learning). The correlation between learners' conceptions and approaches to m‐learning was analysed using a partial least squares analysis applied to data obtained from a sample of 971 undergraduate students in China. The results indicated that students' conceptions of m‐learning could be classified into reproductive, transitional, and constructive levels. Students may hold multiple m‐learning applications than a predominant one; hence, examining m‐learning as one monolithic entity may provide limited information. Latent profile analysis identified four learning profiles based on students' preferred m‐learning applications: passive, mixed, surface‐supportive, and high‐engagement.. Moreover, a general trend was observed, whereby students with reproductive and surface‐supportive learning profiles showed a tendency to adopt surface approaches, whereas those expressing constructive and mixed learning profiles were more inclined to adopt deep approaches. Interestingly, students with transitional conceptions and high‐engagement learning profiles tended to take both surface and deep approaches.
Regulation, Public Attitudes, and Private Governance
Authors: Dana David A. , Nadler Janice
Published: January 2019

Corporate adoption of politically contestable practices (e.g., sustainable forestry; cage‐free eggs) is increasingly common. In two studies, we empirically explore the relationship between corporate practices and subsequent public support for legislation mandating such practices. One hypothesis is that public support for new legislation decreases following corporate action because the private sector is perceived to be adequately managing the problem, thus obviating the need for a legislative response. A competing hypothesis is that public support for new legislation increases because people are prompted to recognize the issue in question as one in need of regulation. Our results suggest that announced changes to corporate practices can increase public support for legislation, but the effects differ depending on the political orientation of the perceiver. Legislators might fruitfully integrate corporate endorsements into public information efforts.
Defensive caesarean section: A reality and a recommended health care improvement for Romanian obstetrics
Authors: Ionescu Cringu Antoniu , Dimitriu Mihai , Poenaru Elena , Bănacu Mihai , Furău Gheorghe Otto , Navolan Dan , Ples Liana
Published: January 2019

Rationale

Defensive caesarean section (CS) has become one of the most common medical procedure worldwide. Additionally, performing CS in accordance with the patient's choice is an appropriate professional practice.

Aims and Objective

This paper reports a prospective, observational, multicenter study to quantify the use of this type of practice that is performed by obstetricians to avoid medico‐legal complaints and decrease the frequency of malpractice litigations.

Methods

We interviewed 73 obstetricians from three distinct units of obstetrics and gynaecology, to assess their opinion regarding defensive caesarean delivery and caesarean delivery performed upon maternal request. We conducted an opinion‐based survey using questionnaires based on nine, close‐ended questions.

Results

Out of 73 respondents, 51 (69.9%) stated that they perform defensive CS; 63 (86.3%) declared that their choice of birth delivery is influenced by the risk of being accused of malpractice; 60 (82.2%) indicated that it is normal for the patient to be able to decide on the type of delivery; and 63 (86.3%) declared that they consult their patients regarding their delivery preferences. We found statistically significant differences between the respondents who declare that they perform defensive CS (69.9%) and those who said that they are influenced by the risk of malpractice when they choose the method of delivery for their patients (86.3%) (P < .001; McNemar Test).

Conclusions

The results of our study indicate that defensive caesarean section is a widespread practice among obstetrics practitioners in Romania.
Morphological and Molecular Identification of a New Ciliate, Zoothamnium palmphlatum nov. spec. (Ciliophora, Peritrichia) from North China
Authors: Wang Xueyan , Ji Daode
Published: January 2019

A new peritrichous ciliate, Zoothamnium palmphlatum nov. spec., was collected from an estuary in Yantai, China. It was investigated, using both live observation and silver staining. The new species can be identified by a palm‐shaped colony consisting of highly developed and alternately arranged secondary branches, a double‐layered peristomial lip, and an infundibular polykinety 3 composed of two parallel kinetosomal rows. Phylogenetic analyses of the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene sequence show that Z. palmphlatum clusters with other members of the family Zoothamniidae. Furthermore, the comparison of primary and secondary SSU rDNA structures indicates that Z. palmphlatum is distinctly different from its morphologically similar species (93.2–97.0% in sequence similarity) in combination of H10 and H31 regions. Although Z. palmphlatum shares highest sequence similarity with Zoothamnium mucedo (98.9%), the new species has distinctly different structures in the H11, H12, H18, and H31 regions compared to Z. mucedo, which indicates that sequence similarity may not determine the similarity of the secondary structure.
The Interplay between Experiences of Abuse, Physical Activity, and Falls in Older Adults
Authors: Subedi Pooja
Published: January 2019

See the Reply by Reyes-Ortiz et al.
Developing behavioural indicators for intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviour for ICD‐11 disorders of intellectual development
Authors: Tassé M. J. , Balboni G. , Navas P. , Luckasson R. , Nygren M. A. , Belacchi C. , Bonichini S. , Reed G. M. , Kogan C. S.
Published: January 2019

Background

We present the work conducted to arrive at deriving behavioural indicators that could be used to guide clinical judgement in determining the presence and severity of deficits in intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviour for the purpose of making a diagnosis of disorders of intellectual development.

Methods

An interdisciplinary expert panel provided guidance in developing behavioural indicators for intellectual functioning. A national dataset of adaptive behaviour on a sample of individuals with a diagnosis of intellectual disability was used to develop the behavioural indicators for the adaptive behaviour. The adaptive behaviour data were analysed using a cluster analysis procedure to define the different severity groupings by chronological age groups.

Results

We present a series of tables containing behavioural indicators across the lifespan for intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviour, including conceptual, social and practical skills. These tables of behavioural indicators have been proposed for use in the clinical version of the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD‐11) to be published by the World Health Organization.

Conclusions

The proposed behavioural indicators for disorders of ID described in the present article and to be included in the ICD‐11 Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines are put forth to assist professionals in making an informed clinical decision regarding an individual's level of intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviour for the purpose of making a determination about the presence and severity of disorders of ID.
The mechanical hypothesis of septal aperture formation tested in an early medieval population from Ostrów Lednicki (Poland)
Authors: Myszka Anna , Kubicka Anna M. , Tomczyk Jacek
Published: January 2019

The aetiology of septal aperture formation is still an open question. The influence of bone robusticity, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, and the size and shape of ulnar processes has been discussed. Some researchers have shown that weaker muscles lead to greater joint hypermobility, the impingement of ulnar processes on the humeral lamina, and, consequently, septal aperture formation. Assuming this theory is correct, the question is whether flexion or extension or both play a role in septal lamina perforation. The aim of the study was to examine the mechanical hypothesis of septal aperture formation in samples of skeletal material derived from an early medieval cemetery in Ostrów Lednicki (Poland). A total of 136 pairs of bones (humeri and ulnae) were examined. Septal aperture was scored as present or absent. Entheseal changes in ulna were used as markers of activity patterns, especially involving elbow extension and flexion. Entheseal changes were assessed based on a three‐point rating scale. A significant negative correlation between septal aperture and triceps muscles was noted in right bones in females (τ = –0.331) and in both sexes combined (τ = −0.322). The relationship between septal aperture and the brachialis muscle was positive but non‐significant. This means that looser triceps lead to greater looseness of the elbow, greater protrusion of the olecranon process, and consequent septal aperture formation. Different results were obtained for the brachialis, which may suggest that forearm flexion does not significantly affect septal lamina perforation.
Efficacy of propranolol treatment in infantile hepatic haemangioma
Authors: Yang Kaiying , Peng Suhua , Chen Linwen , Chen Siyuan , Ji Yi
Published: January 2019

Aim

The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of propranolol treatment in multifocal and diffuse infantile hepatic haemangioma (IHH).

Methods

A retrospective study of symptomatic or potentially symptomatic IHH was performed in our hospital between 2011 and 2016.

Results

Thirteen patients were identified: 2 patients had diffuse lesions, and 11 patients had multifocal lesions, including 2 patients who had combined lesions that shared features of both multifocal and diffuse lesion patterns. Eleven (84.6%) patients had cutaneous infantile haemangioma. Hepatomegaly was the predominant clinical presentation. Hypothyroidism was identified in three patients, including one patient who had documented congestive heart failure (CHF). The median age at diagnosis and the median duration of treatment were 2.0 months (range 1.2–26.0) and 24.0 months (range 4.0–30.0). The median duration of follow‐up was 30.0 months (range 3.0–48.0). For patients with hypothyroidism, the thyroid hormone level was normal after 4 weeks of propranolol and levothyroxine treatment. All but one patient responded well to propranolol treatment. The patient who failed to respond to treatment died of CHF and abdominal compartment syndrome induced by hepatomegaly. No significant side effects of propranolol were observed during follow‐up.

Conclusions

Most multifocal and diffuse IHH respond well to propranolol. However, progressive cases may be fatal despite aggressive treatments. Our data suggest that propranolol may be considered the first‐line treatment for multifocal and diffuse IHH due to its efficacy.
Multifocal contact lenses: towards customisation?
Authors: Faria‐Ribeiro Miguel , González‐Méijome José M
Published: January 2019

Purpose

Firstly, to determine if eyes with spherical aberration (SA) that deviates significantly from the average level underperform when fitted with a simultaneous‐imaging contact lens (CL) with a power profile calculated for an ‘average eye’. Secondly, to determine if CL customisation can improve image quality in these eyes after fitting with a bifocal CL.

Methods

A statistical model of the wavefront aberration function of normal eyes was used to generate a vector of Zernike fourth‐order SA coefficients from 100 synthetic eyes. Four bifocal power profiles were modelled: centre‐near (CN) or centre‐distance (CD), and two‐zone or four‐zone. All designs had 0.1‐mm‐wide transition zones. Different levels of distance and add powers were modelled, using well‐established computational wave‐optics methods. Zone widths were optimised to obtain maximal multifocal efficiency (MFE), a metric based on the visual Strehl that synthesises the through‐focus curve in one number. The MFE was calculated for each synthetic eye coupled with each bifocal power profile.

Results

For an ‘average eye’, the mean MFE values were 0.33 vs 0.25 and 0.32 vs 0.29, for CN vs CD and two vs four zone designs, respectively. When the four power profiles were assessed in eyes with non‐average levels of ocular SA, the MFE decreased with higher levels of SA (eye and CL combined) for all designs. Some of this reduction in MFE could be prevented by adjusting the nominal distance and add power of the bifocal profiles to compensate for the increased or decreased level of combined SA. The four‐zone CN profile showed better tolerance for different levels of ocular SA than the two‐zone designs, but this was not true for the four‐zone CD design.

Conclusion

Eyes with SA levels differing significantly from the average level underperform when fitted with simultaneous‐imaging CLs with power profiles calculated for average eyes. Our findings suggest that visual performance at distance and near when wearing bifocal CLs can be improved by using a semi‐customised approach.