bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consumption of Whey in Combination with Dairy Medium‐Chain Fatty Acids (MCFAs) may Reduce Lipid Storage due to Urinary Loss of Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Intermediates and Increased Rates of MCFAs Oxidation
Authors: Amer Bashar , Clausen Morten Rahr , Bertram Hanne Christine , Bohl Mette , Nebel Caroline , Zheng Hong , Skov Thomas , Larsen Mette Krogh , Gregersen Søren , Hermansen Kjeld , Dalsgaard Trine Kastrup
Published: September 2017

Scope

The aim of the paper is to investigate whether changes in the metabolome could explain observed changes in body composition in overweight adults after consumption of butter with high level of medium‐chain fatty acids (MCFAs) in combination with casein or whey.

Methods and results

With GC‐TOF and LC‐Q/MS, metabolites in plasma and urine from a 12‐week randomized double‐blinded human intervention including 52‐abdominally overweight adults were analyzed. The participants consumed 63 g per day of milk fat (high or low in MCFAs) and 60 g per day of protein (whey or casein). Urinary loss of the tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites and a concomitantly increase of glycerol in blood were observed in the whey + high‐MCFAs group, indicating potential lower anabolic processes, such as lipogenesis, by draining substrates. High intake of MCFAs resulted in elevated level of urinary adipic (independently of protein type) and plasma sebacic acid (with whey), indicating a potential increase in oxidation of MCFAs, which might lead to energy loss.

Conclusion

The type of protein showed highest effect on the overall metabolic profiles, but ω‐oxidation of MCFAs in the liver seemed to be the main reason for the observed reduction in body fat mass after consumption of high MCFAs, independent of type of protein.
Numerical modeling of the elastoplastic damage behavior of dry and saturated concrete targets subjected to rigid projectile penetration
Authors: Bian Hanbing , Jia Yun , Pontiroli Christophe , Shao Jian‐Fu
Published: September 2017

The objective of the present paper is to present a numerical study on the penetration performance of concrete targets with 2 different water contents. Numerical analysis has been performed by using the finite element code Abaqus/Explicit, in which a coupled elastoplastic damage model has been developed for saturated/unsaturated concrete under a wide range of confining pressures. The performance of proposed model has been firstly verified by simulating the triaxial compression tests and penetration tests realized with saturated/dry concretes. Comparisons of available experimental results and numerical simulations show that the proposed model is able to reproduce satisfactorily the mechanical behavior of saturated and dry concretes. A higher failure stress and a more important pores closing are generally obtained in dry concrete samples with respect to saturated ones. Furthermore, the main observed patterns of penetration test realized with saturated concrete targets are also satisfactorily simulated by the numerical results. Therefore, the proposed model is used to numerically predict the penetration performance of dry concrete target, and the penetration performance of dry/saturated concrete target is discussed. We observe that in dry concrete target, the penetration of projectile is strongly declined, and a smaller damage zone is created. The numerical predictions and discussions can help engineers to enhance their understandings on the influence of hydraulic conditions on structural vulnerability of concrete structures subjected to near‐field detonations or impacts.
A Review of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for the Management of Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma
Authors: Hanna Kirollos S.
Published: September 2017

Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is the second most common malignancy of the genitourinary system and the sixth most common cancer in the United States. The overall incidence of UC appears to be on the decline, but death rates have remained stable. Stage IV metastatic disease is associated with only a 5% survival rate at 5 years. Gemcitabine and cisplatin combinations or dose‐dense methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin are the preferred regimens for individuals with advance, metastatic disease and a good performance status and organ function. Second‐line therapies in this setting are limited. During the course of 1 year, five immune checkpoint inhibitors were approved for treatment of cancers in the locally advanced or metastatic setting: atezolizumab, nivolumab, durvalumab, avelumab, and pembrolizumab. Immunotherapies have played a significant role in the treatment of various cancers and have continued to expand. It is of utmost importance that practitioners include checkpoint inhibitors as treatment options for UC. Based on the limited data, pembrolizumab and atezolizumab may be the drugs of choice, as they are supported by the most influential data to date; however, further research is warranted. Ongoing clinical trials will further assess the benefits of inducing cellular immunity in the treatment of UC. These therapies mark a new landscape in the treatment of UC. In this article, the available data on immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic UC and their place in therapy are reviewed.
Pharmacovigilance Assessment of Immune‐Mediated Reactions Reported for Checkpoint Inhibitor Cancer Immunotherapies
Authors: Ali Ayad K. , Watson David E.
Published: September 2017

Study Objective

Ipilimumab, pembrolizumab, and nivolumab are checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) that activate T‐cell–mediated immune response. CPI can provide durable benefits to some cancer patients with melanoma, renal cell cancer, non–small cell lung cancer, or a growing list of other cancers. However, CPI treatment is also associated with adverse immune‐mediated reactions (IMRs) that can be life‐threatening. This pharmacovigilance analysis aims to characterize IMR signals in relation to CPI treatment.

Design

Retrospective pharmacovigilance disproportionality analysis.

Data Source

U.S. Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS).

Measurements and Main Results

Adverse event reports submitted to FAERS between 2011 and 2015 were analyzed. CPIs were identified by generic names, and IMRs were identified by MedDRA Preferred Terms. Empirical Bayes geometric means with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (EB05‐EB95) were calculated as CPI‐IMR association metrics. Signals were defined as metrics with EB05 ≥ 2.0. Overall, 1,018 IMR events were submitted for CPIs, corresponding to 76% for ipilimumab, 15% for nivolumab, and 9% for pembrolizumab. The period of data collection precluded data on the most recently approved CPI agents. IMRs consisted of 51% colitis, 16% endocrinopathies, 12% pneumonitis, 11% hepatitis, 4% infusion‐related reactions, 3% nephritis, and 3% other IMRs. Colitis contributed to 63% and 41% of IMRs for ipilimumab and nivolumab, respectively. Pneumonitis and hepatitis contributed to a majority of IMRs for pembrolizumab, for which nephritis and infusion‐related reactions were not reported. Signals of IMRs were detected for CPIs as a class (EB05 = 12.4) and individual agents: ipilimumab (EB05 = 13.2), nivolumab (EB05 = 15.0), and pembrolizumab (EB05 = 7.3). Colitis and pneumonitis had the strongest signals for CPIs (EB05 = 45.6 and EB05 = 17.6, respectively). Colitis was the strongest signal for ipilimumab (EB05 = 54.2), and pneumonitis was the strongest signal for nivolumab (EB05 = 48.0) and pembrolizumab (EB05 = 21.8).

Conclusion

Cancer immunotherapy with CPIs is associated with a multitude of IMRs, especially colitis and pneumonitis. Individual CPIs had variable IMR signals, and pharmacoepidemiologic studies are required to evaluate the identified signals.
Fabrication of poly(vinyl alcohol)‐graphene quantum dots coated with poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) for supercapacitor
Authors: Syed Zainol Abidin Shariffah Nur Jannah , Mamat Shuhazlly , Abdul Rasyid Suraya , Zainal Zulkarnain , Sulaiman Yusran
Published: September 2017

Conducting nanofiber composed of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) was prepared for symmetrical supercapacitor through electrospinning and electropolymerization techniques. The formation of PVA nanofibers with the addition of GQDs was excellently prepared with the average diameter of 55.66 ± 27 nm. Field emission scanning electron microscopy images revealed that cauliflower‐like structure of PEDOT was successfully coated on PVA‐GQD electrospun nanofibers. PVA‐GQD/PEDOT nanocomposite exhibited the highest specific capacitance of 291.86 F/g compared with PVA/PEDOT (220.73 F/g) and PEDOT (161.48 F/g). PVA‐GQD/PEDOT also demonstrated a high specific energy and specific power of 16.95 and 984.48 W/kg, respectively, at 2.0 A/g current density. PVA‐GQD/PEDOT exhibited the lowest resistance of charge transfer (Rct) and equivalent series resistance compared with PEDOT and PVA/PEDOT, indicating that the fast ion diffusion between the electrode and electrolyte interface. PVA‐GQD/PEDOT nanocomposite also showed an excellent stability with retention of 98% after 1000 cycles. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 50–58
Electrical and melt rheological characterization of PC and co‐continuous PC/SAN blends filled with CNTs: Relationship between melt‐mixing parameters, filler dispersion, and filler aspect ratio
Authors: Liebscher Marco , Domurath Jan , Krause Beate , Saphiannikova Marina , Heinrich Gert , Pötschke Petra
Published: September 2017

Electrical and melt rheological properties of melt‐mixed polycarbonate (PC) and co‐continuous PC/poly(styrene–acrylonitrile) (SAN) blends with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are investigated. Using two sets of mixing parameters, different states of filler dispersion are obtained. With increasing CNT dispersion, an increase in electrical resistivity near the percolation threshold of PC–CNT composites and (PC + CNT)/SAN blends is observed. This suggests that the higher mixing energies required for better dispersion also result in a more severe reduction of the CNT aspect ratio; this effect was proven by CNT length measurements. Melt rheological studies show higher reinforcing effects for composites with worse dispersion. The Eilers equation, describing the melt viscosity as function of filler content, was used to fit the data and to obtain information about an apparent aspect ratio change, which was in accordance with measured CNT length reduction. Such fitting could be also transferred to the blends and serves for a qualitatively based discussion. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2018, 56, 79–88
Pulmonary presentation of Kawasaki disease—A diagnostic challenge
Authors: Singh Surjit , Gupta Aman , Jindal Ankur Kumar , Gupta Anju , Suri Deepti , Rawat Amit , Vaidya Pankaj C. , Singh Meenu
Published: September 2017

Objectives

Kawasaki disease (KD) is a multisystemic vasculitis with predominant mucocutaneous manifestations. Pulmonary involvement in KD is distinctly uncommon and is not commonly recognized. We describe our experience of managing children with KD wherein the initial presentation was predominantly pulmonary.

Methods

Six hundred and two children have been diagnosed with KD during the period January 1993 to May 2017 in the Allergy Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh. Data were collected from inpatient records in Allergy Immunology Unit and follow‐up files in the Pediatric Rheumatology Clinic.

Results

Of 602 children, 11 (1.83%) had a predominant pulmonary presentation of KD. Mean age at diagnosis of KD was 2.5 years. Fever, cough and respiratory distress were the presenting complaints in all patients. First sign of KD was noted at a mean duration of 14.5 days from the onset of symptoms. Periungual desquamation was the most common clinical sign (72.7%). Persistent fever in spite of antimicrobials, thrombocytosis, and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C‐reactive protein levels pointed toward a diagnosis of KD in our patients. Parenchymal consolidation was evident on chest X‐ray in all patients, pleural effusion in six, empyema in three, and pneumothorax in two patients. Coronary artery abnormalities were evident in three patients. Intravenous immunoglobulin was given after a mean period of 22.4 days of onset of fever.

Conclusions

The diagnosis of KD is often delayed in children who have a predominantly pulmonary presentation. This can have adverse clinical consequences.
High‐Resolution Nanospectroscopy of Boron Nitride Nanotubes
Authors: Datz Dániel , Németh Gergely , Tóháti Hajnalka M. , Pekker Áron , Kamarás Katalin
Published: September 2017

Scattering type scanning near‐field optical microscopy (s‐SNOM) is an effective tool for the nanoscale examination of nano‐objects. In this paper, we present a modified device setup that enables spectroscopic measurements with a tunable laser, even without an FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) spectroscopy add‐on. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this setup by measurements on boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs). In far‐field absorption measurements, BNNTs have a characteristic peak around 1375 cm−1 due to a phonon polariton mode. This peak is also visible in near‐field measurements along with several other peaks that are not present in the far‐field spectrum. As these peaks are caused by local defects, their spatial distribution reveals the defect structure of individual nanotubes.
Treatment evaluation for a data‐driven subgroup in adaptive enrichment designs of clinical trials
Authors: Zhang Zhiwei , Chen Ruizhe , Soon Guoxing , Zhang Hui
Published: September 2017

Adaptive enrichment designs (AEDs) of clinical trials allow investigators to restrict enrollment to a promising subgroup based on an interim analysis. Most of the existing AEDs deal with a small number of predefined subgroups, which are often unknown at the design stage. The newly developed Simon design offers a great deal of flexibility in subgroup selection (without requiring pre‐defined subgroups) but does not provide a procedure for estimating and testing treatment efficacy for the selected subgroup. This article proposes a 2‐stage AED which does not require predefined subgroups but requires a prespecified algorithm for choosing a subgroup on the basis of baseline covariate information. Having a prespecified algorithm for subgroup selection makes it possible to use cross‐validation and bootstrap methods to correct for the resubstitution bias in estimating treatment efficacy for the selected subgroup. The methods are evaluated and compared in a simulation study mimicking actual clinical trials of human immunodeficiency virus infection.
Market Interaction and Pro‐Social Behavior: An Experimental Study
Authors: Collins Sean M. , Hamman John R. , Lightle John P.
Published: September 2017

When actions generate negative externalities for third parties, incentives exist to pass these “morally costly” decisions to others. In laboratory experiments, we investigate how market interaction affects allocations when the right to divide a sum of money between oneself and a passive recipient is commoditized. Allocation to recipients is reduced by more than half when determined by subjects who purchase or keep the right to make the division as compared to a control where subjects are directly assigned the right. Sellers report accurate beliefs about recipient allocations and do not report feeling less responsible the more often they sell the allocation right. The market allocates the right to make divisions more frequently to buyers who allocate more to recipients, but sellers who allocate less to recipients tend to sell less often. Selection cannot solely explain the results, suggesting market interaction itself may directly impact behavior.
Diversity, phylogeny and biogeography of the South American ‘cardiomyine’ rodents (Hystricognathi, Cavioidea) with a description of two new species
Authors: Pérez María E. , Deschamps Cecilia M. , Vucetich María G.
Published: September 2017

‘Cardiomyine’ rodents are extinct large terrestrial Caviidae closely related to capybaras, that inhabited large parts of South America during the middle Miocene and Pliocene. They are mostly preserved as isolated teeth, but also as skull and jaw fragments. Here we revise the taxonomy of this group and describe two new species, each pertaining to one of the two main late Miocene groups, represented by the genera Caviodon and Cardiomys. This suggests that the diversity of ‘cardiomyines’ was higher than previously thought. Among the specimens studied there are two almost complete skulls; one from the Andalhuala Formation, Catamarca, and the other from the Arroyo Chasicó Formation, Buenos Aires. The first, housed in the Field Museum of Natural History, was originally catalogued as Cardiomys ameghinorum, a common species for the late Miocene of north‐western Argentina (NOA), but is here transferred to the genus Caviodon. This is the first mention of the genus for NOA, enlarging its geographical distribution for the late Miocene. The second skull, assigned to Cardiomys sp., is housed in the Museo de La Plata. Furthermore, from the revision of the holotypes of the species of Caviodon (C. multiplicatus, C. bravardi, C. (Lelongia) paranensis, C. angustidens and C. scalai from the Conglomerado osífero of the Ituzaingó Formation; late Miocene, Argentina) we propose their synonymy with the type species C. multiplicatus, decreasing the specific diversity in that locality. Finally, our phylogenetic analysis indicates that the species of ‘cardiomyines’ are paraphyletic, placing them in a basal position among the Hydrochoerinae.
Formation Mechanism of Complex Oxide Inclusions in 55SiCr Spring Steels
Authors: Liu Yang , Zhang Ying , Zhang Lifeng , Ren Ying , Shen Ping , Luo Yan
Published: September 2017

In the current study, formation mechanism of complex oxide inclusions in spring steels is studied. The complex oxides are extracted from steel samples with different methods, including two‐dimensional observation on a polished cross section of steel samples, acid etching, and non‐aqueous solution electrolytic extraction to reveal the three‐dimensional morphology of inclusions. Most of the oxide inclusions are characterized as MgO or MgO · Al2O3 in a core covered with liquid components. Thermodynamic calculation is performed using Factsage 7.0 software. Both MgO, MgO · Al2O3 solid inclusions, and liquid inclusions are observed in the molten steel. Based on the wettability between the molten steel, solid MgO inclusions, and liquid inclusions, a mechanism for the formation of complex oxides is suggested, that is, the solid core is wrapped by liquid inclusions in the molten steel.
Concept and performance testing of an aluminum alloy bamboo‐shaped energy dissipater
Authors: Wang Chun‐Lin , Liu Ye , Zhou Li , Zhou Guangren , Lu Zhitao
Published: September 2017

Energy dissipaters constructed in precast structures play an important fuse‐type role in concentrating damage and protecting the primary structure. The stable tensile and compressive deformation capacity, easier fabrication method, and relatively lower cost are expected in energy dissipater to further enrich its practical application. In this paper, a new bamboo‐shaped fuse‐type energy dissipater consisting of an inner bamboo‐shaped core with slubs and an outer circular tube was developed with high‐precision, all‐metal machining, avoiding the adverse effect of grouting and welding. The aluminum alloy was applied to fabricate the proposed energy dissipater to improve the durability. A series of tests, containing 12 specimens, was performed to address the low‐cycle fatigue behavior of bamboo‐shaped dissipaters, and stable hysteretic curves were obtained without any local and overall buckling. The deformation of the core was evidently affected by slubs, which were restrained by the outer tube. Furthermore, parametric studies on design variables including length of segments, the length of slubs, the number of segments, and the size of gap between the slub and the tube are performed. On the basis of test results of all specimens, aluminum alloy bamboo‐shaped dissipaters show a promising future for wide application in new or retrofitted buildings, which require excellent seismic behavior and durability.
Optimal daily schedule of reconfiguration of distribution system with interconnected photovoltaic generators
Authors: Huang Zheng , Hara Ryoichi , Kita Hiroyuki
Published: September 2017

Network reconfiguration results in voltage deviations because of the time‐varying nature of loads. Nowadays, with the integration of renewable energy sources with the power grid, the optimal configuration should be determined taking into account the variations in loads and distributed generations. In this study, a long‐term reconfiguration method named the long‐term extended flow algorithm, which improves the timeliness of configuration behavior on time‐varying loads, is proposed to substitute for the previous short‐term ones. Moreover, optimal reconfiguration instants are achieved by a novel approach of optimal daily schedule called accumulation of unbalanced load distribution based on the trade‐off between switching operations costs and reduction in voltage deviations. The proposed methods were tested by case studies of two test distribution systems under real‐time measured data with the interconnection of photovoltaic generators in the MATLAB environment. By applying the proposed methods, the total operating cost of the network is reduced significantly within reasonable computation time, and its efficiency is also improved compared to fixed configuration, online reconfiguration policies, and daily schedule proposed by previous authors. © 2017 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Erratum zu: Veränderungen der Beeinträchtigungsschwere und Zielerreichung bei analytischer Psychotherapie bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit externalisierender Symptomatik
Authors: Fiedler D. , Weitkamp K. , Romer G. , Wiegand-Grefe S.
Published: September 2017

Erratum zu:

Psychotherapie Forum 2016

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00729-016-0071-x

Der Artikel „Veränderungen der Beeinträchtigungsschwere und Zielerreichung bei analytischer Psychotherapie bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit externalisierender Symptomatik“, von D. Fiedler, K. Weitkamp, G. Romer, S. Wiegand-Grefe, wurde …
Selective Synthesis of Polyoxyethylene–Polyoxypropylene Block Copolymer (Poloxamer) Fatty Acid Monoesters Over Homogeneous Organotin Catalyst
Authors: Nowicki Janusz , Woch Julia , Mościpan Małgorzata , Robaszkiewicz Andrzej , Grabowski Rafał , Semeniuk Izabela , Erfurt Karol
Published: September 2017

The synthesis of selected polyoxyethylene–polyoxypropylene block copolymer (poloxamer) fatty acid monoesters is presented. Organotin homogeneous catalyst Sn bis(2‐ethylhexanoate) effectively catalyzed the esterification reaction of (EO)–(PO)–(EO) block copolymer (poloxamer) with fatty acids. The reaction proceeded in high yield and high selectivity to monoesters. Content of diesters in final products was below 1 wt%. The new protocol opened up a high yield and high selective method for the synthesis of poloxamer fatty acid monoesters. These products are potentially interesting for industrial applications, e.g. in lubricants, cosmetics and, in particular, as potential emulsifying agents compatible with hydrocarbon bases, such as paraffin.
Synthesis of Sulfur‐Based Biocompatible Nonionic Surfactants and Their Nano‐Vesicle Drug Delivery
Authors: Ali Imdad , Shah Muhammad Raza , Imran Muhammad , Shafiullah
Published: September 2017

Nonionic surfactants are capable of forming nano‐range vesicles upon self‐assembling in an aqueous medium. These vesicles are highly stable, low in toxicity, and cost‐effective. Owing to their ability to solubilize both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances, they are of great interest for drug solubilization and delivery. This study describes the synthesis and characterization of two new nonionic surfactants and their screening for biocompatibility and drug loading potentials in nano‐scale niosomal vesicles. They were characterized through mass spectroscopy, 1HNMR, and FT‐IR. Their critical micelle concentration (CMC) was investigated using UV–vis spectrophotometry. The biocompatibility study was carried out through blood hemolysis and in vitro cytotoxicity assays. The surfactants have very low CMC values, are highly hemo‐compatible, and were nontoxic when tested against a cell culture. They were able to form nano‐range niosomal vesicles with large variation in their size. Both new surfactants were able to encapsulate increased amounts of the drug, in this case clarithromycin. The chemical nature of the drug remained intact in the niosomal vesicles. The results suggest that these nonionic surfactants could be promising drug delivery vehicles.
The Impact of Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection on Patients’ Prevention Behaviors
Authors: Weaver Frances M. , Trick William E. , Evans Charlesnika T. , Lin Michael Y. , Adams William , Pho Mai T. , Bleasdale Susan C. , Mullane Kathleen M. , Johnson Stuart , Sikka Monica K. , Peterson Lance R. , Solomonides Anthony E. , Gerding Dale N.
Published: September 2017

OBJECTIVE

To determine the impact of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (RCDI) on patient behaviors following illness.

METHODS

Using a computer algorithm, we searched the electronic medical records of 7 Chicago-area hospitals to identify patients with RCDI (2 episodes of CDI within 15 to 56 days of each other). RCDI was validated by medical record review. Patients were asked to complete a telephone survey. The survey included questions regarding general health, social isolation, symptom severity, emotional distress, and prevention behaviors.

RESULTS

In total, 119 patients completed the survey (32%). On average, respondents were 57.4 years old (standard deviation, 16.8); 57% were white, and ~50% reported hospitalization for CDI. At the time of their most recent illness, patients rated their diarrhea as high severity (58.5%) and their exhaustion as extreme (30.7%). Respondents indicated that they were very worried about getting sick again (41.5%) and about infecting others (31%). Almost 50% said that they have washed their hands more frequently (47%) and have increased their use of soap and water (45%) since their illness. Some of these patients (22%–32%) reported eating out less, avoiding certain medications and public areas, and increasing probiotic use. Most behavioral changes were unrelated to disease severity.

CONCLUSION

Having had RCDI appears to increase prevention-related behaviors in some patients. While some behaviors are appropriate (eg, handwashing), others are not supported by evidence of decreased risk and may negatively impact patient quality of life. Providers should discuss appropriate prevention behaviors with their patients and should clarify that other behaviors (eg, eating out less) will not affect their risk of future illness.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2017;38:1351–1357
Influence of large-scale motions on the frictional drag in a turbulent boundary layer
Authors: Hwang Jinyul , Sung Hyung Jin
Published: September 2017

Direct numerical simulation data of a turbulent boundary layer ($Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}=1000$) were used to investigate the large-scale influences on the vortical structures that contribute to the local skin friction. The amplitudes of the streamwise and wall-normal swirling strengths ($\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{x}$and$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{y}$) were conditionally sampled by measuring the large-scale streamwise velocity fluctuations ($u_{l}$). In the near-wall region, the amplitudes of$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{x}$and$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{y}$decreased under negative$u_{l}$rather than under positive$u_{l}$. This behaviour arose from the spanwise motions within the footprints of the large-scale low-speed ($u_{l}<0$) and high-speed structures ($u_{l}>0$). The intense spanwise motions under the footprint of positive$u_{l}$noticeably strengthened the small-scale spanwise velocity fluctuations ($w_{s}$) below the centre of the near-wall vortical structures as compared to$w_{s}$within the footprint of negative$u_{l}$. The streamwise and wall-normal components were attenuated or amplified around the modulated vortical motions, which in turn led to the dependence of the swirling strength on the$u_{l}$event. We quantified the contribution of the modulated vortical motions$\langle -w\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{y}\rangle$, which were related to a change-of-scale effect due to the vortex-stretching force, to the local skin friction. In the near-wall region, intense values of$\langle -w\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}_{y}\rangle$were observed for positive$u_{l}$. By contrast, these values were low for negative$u_{l}$, in connection with the amplification of$w_{s}$and$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{y}$by the strong spanwise motions of the positive$u_{l}$. The resultant skin friction induced by the amplified vortical motions within$u_{l}^{+}>2$was responsible for 15 % of the total skin friction generated by the change-of-scale effect. Finally, we applied this analysis to a drag-reduced flow and found that the amplified vortical motions within the footprint of positive$u_{l}$were markedly diminished, which ultimately contributed to the total drag reduction.
Experiments on transient growth of turbulent spots
Authors: Klotz L. , Wesfreid J. E.
Published: September 2017

We present detailed experiments on transient growth of turbulent spots induced by external forcing in plane Couette–Poiseuille flow, which are studied in the framework of linear transient growth. The experimental investigation is supplemented with full theoretical analysis. We compare quantitatively the experimental and theoretical results, including maximal gain and the time at which it occurs. We also present the limits of validity for the application of the linear theory at high amplitude perturbation and Reynolds number, showing experiments with self-sustained states.
Large-Scale Photometric Asymmetry in Galaxy Spin Patterns
Authors: Shamir Lior
Published: September 2017

Spin patterns of spiral galaxies can be broadly separated into galaxies with clockwise (Z-wise) patterns and galaxies with counterclockwise (S-wise) spin patterns. While the differences between these patterns are visually noticeable, they are a matter of the perspective of the observer, and therefore in a sufficiently large universe no other differences are expected between galaxies with Z-wise and S-wise patterns. Here, large datasets of spiral galaxies separated by their spin patterns are used to show that spiral galaxies with Z-wise spin patterns are photometrically different from spiral galaxies with S-wise patterns. That asymmetry changes based on the direction of observation, such that the observed asymmetry in one hemisphere is aligned with the inverse observed asymmetry in the opposite hemisphere. The results are consistent across different sky surveys (SDSS and PanSTARRS) and analysis methods. The proximity of the most probable asymmetry axis to the galactic pole suggests that the asymmetry might be driven by relativistic beaming. Annotated data from SDSS and PanSTARRS are publicly available.
The Chronology of Site 3 in Ulów (Tomaszów Lubelski District, East Poland): The Relevance of Anthracological Analysis for Radiocarbon Dating at a Multicultural Site
Authors: Moskal-del Hoyo Magdalena , Krąpiec Marek , Niezabitowska-Wiśniewska Barbara
Published: September 2017

Archaeological site 3 in Ulów is in an area previously thought not to have been settled before historical times. Systematic excavation work that began there in 2002 revealed long-term occupation from the Late Palaeolithic to the Middle Ages. The majority of archaeological features represent a cemetery belonging to the Late Roman and Early Migration periods (III–V c. AD, Wielbark culture). The site’s relative chronology was determined from analyses of archaeological artifacts. To complete the chronological framework required for a proper interpretation of cultural processes, a group of charcoal fragments was selected for radiocarbon (14C) dating. These charcoals were first taxonomically identified and weighed, and then designated for accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and conventional 14C analyses. The datings (n=43) indicated three main chronological horizons. Some of the graves from the Wielbark culture contained charcoals of younger or older age, posing problems in interpreting taphonomic processes at this multicultural site. In the light of the 14C dating results, the chronology of several features previously attributed to the Wielbark culture was re-interpreted.
Late Triassic ecosystem variations inferred by palynological records from Hechuan, southern Sichuan Basin, China
Authors: LI LIQIN , WANG YONGDONG , VAJDA VIVI , LIU ZHAOSHENG
Published: September 2017

The Late Triassic deposits of the Sichuan Basin, southwestern China are significant for hosting abundant and diverse fossil assemblages including plants (containing spores and pollen), bivalves and insects. However, the Late Triassic palaeoecological variations are still poorly documented in this region. Here we present results from a palynological study from the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation in Hechuan of Chongqing, southern Sichuan Basin. The palynological analysis revealed a well-preserved terrestrial palynoflora of high diversity, comprising 184 species in 75 genera of spores and pollen. Three palynological assemblages were recognized, reflecting terrestrial successions throughout the entire interval with significant changes in the vegetation. Cycads/bennettites/ginkgophytes and conifers show an increasing trend into younger deposits, while ferns and lycopsids decrease in relative abundance. The Late Triassic vegetation underwent changes from lowland fern forest to a mixed forest with more canopy trees. We applied the Spore-pollen Morphological Group (SMG) method and Sporomorph EcoGroup (SEG) model to interpret the palaeoclimate features. The results reveal that the lower part of the Xujiahe Formation was deposited under relatively warm and humid conditions with an overall cooling and drying trend from latest Norian to Rhaetian time, accompanied by a general decrease of ferns and simultaneous increase of gymnosperms, and a decline in diversity of miospores. This study presents data on variations within the terrestrial ecosystem prior to the end-Triassic extinction event in the Sichuan Basin, and therefore provides important information for understanding the changes in the vegetation preceding the end-Triassic event.
Pulsar wind nebulae created by fast-moving pulsars
Authors: Kargaltsev O. , Pavlov G. G. , Klingler N. , Rangelov B.
Published: September 2017

We review multiwavelength properties of pulsar wind nebulae created by supersonically moving pulsars and the effects of pulsar motion on the pulsar wind nebulae morphologies and the ambient medium. Supersonic pulsar wind nebulae are characterized by bow-shaped shocks around the pulsar and/or cometary tails filled with the shocked pulsar wind. In the past several years significant advances in supersonic pulsar wind nebula studies have been made in deep observations with the Chandra and XMM-Newton X-ray observatories and the Hubble Space Telescope. In particular, these observations have revealed very diverse supersonic pulsar wind nebula morphologies in the pulsar vicinity, different spectral behaviours of long pulsar tails, the presence of puzzling outflows misaligned with the pulsar velocity and far-UV bow shocks. Here we review the current observational status focusing on recent developments and their implications.
Plasma electron hole oscillatory velocity instability
Authors: Zhou Chuteng , Hutchinson Ian H.
Published: September 2017

In this paper, we report a new type of instability of electron holes (EHs) interacting with passing ions. The nonlinear interaction of EHs and ions is investigated using a new theory of hole kinematics. It is shown that the oscillation in the velocity of the EH parallel to the magnetic field direction becomes unstable when the hole velocity in the ion frame is slower than a few times the cold ion sound speed. This instability leads to the emission of ion-acoustic waves from the solitary hole and decay in its magnitude. The instability mechanism can drive significant perturbations in the ion density. The instability threshold, oscillation frequency and instability growth rate derived from the theory yield quantitative agreement with the observations from a novel high-fidelity hole-tracking particle-in-cell code.
PRESERVATION OF LOG-CONCAVITY UNDER CONVOLUTION
Authors: Mao Tiantian , Xia Wanwan , Hu Taizhong
Published: September 2017

Log-concave random variables and their various properties play an increasingly important role in probability, statistics, and other fields. For a distribution F, denote by 𝒟F the set of distributions G such that the convolution of F and G has a log-concave probability mass function or probability density function. In this paper, we investigate sufficient and necessary conditions under which 𝒟F ⊆ 𝒟G, where F and G belong to a parametric family of distributions. Both discrete and continuous settings are considered.
Which elements are useful for understanding the composition of ancient papyrus inks?
Authors: Gore D. B. , Choat M. , Jacob D. E. , Gloy G.
Published: September 2017

X-ray fluorescence spectrometry was used in mapping and spot analysis modes, to help identify which elements are useful for understanding the composition of ancient papyrus inks, for 25 papyri from four age groups. We report seven elements (Al, Si, P, S, Ca, Ti, Fe) which provide sufficient contrast to be useful for mapping analysis, and 16 elements (P, S, Cl, K, Ca, V, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Nb, Ag, Ba, and Pb) which show significant differences through time. Only one element – Pb – showed sufficient contrast in the thin ink layer to be significantly different when measured on the ink and adjacent papyrus. There is greater complexity in the elemental compositions of the papyrus and ink than can be understood with a study this size and additional work is required to develop and explain the patterns observed here.
Development of prediction models for upper and lower respiratory and gastrointestinal tract infections using social network parameters in middle-aged and older persons -The Maastricht Study-
Authors: Brinkhues S. , van Kuijk S. M. J. , Hoebe C. J. P. A. , Savelkoul P. H. M. , Kretzschmar M. E. E. , Jansen M. W. J. , de Vries N. , Sep S. J. S. , Dagnelie P. C. , Schaper N. C. , Verhey F. R. J. , Bosma H. , Maes J. , Schram M. T. , Dukers-Muijrers N. H. T. M.
Published: September 2017

The ability to predict upper respiratory infections (URI), lower respiratory infections (LRI), and gastrointestinal tract infections (GI) in independently living older persons would greatly benefit population and individual health. Social network parameters have so far not been included in prediction models. Data were obtained from The Maastricht Study, a population-based cohort study (N = 3074, mean age (±s.d.) 59.8 ± 8.3, 48.8% women). We used multivariable logistic regression analysis to develop prediction models for self-reported symptomatic URI, LRI, and GI (past 2 months). We determined performance of the models by quantifying measures of discriminative ability and calibration. Overall, 953 individuals (31.0%) reported URI, 349 (11.4%) LRI, and 380 (12.4%) GI. The area under the curve was 64.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) 62.6–66.8%) for URI, 71.1% (95% CI 68.4–73.8) for LRI, and 64.2% (95% CI 61.3–67.1%) for GI. All models had good calibration (based on visual inspection of calibration plot, and Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test). Social network parameters were strong predictors for URI, LRI, and GI. Using social network parameters in prediction models for URI, LRI, and GI seems highly promising. Such parameters may be used as potential determinants that can be addressed in a practical intervention in older persons, or in a predictive tool to compute an individual's probability of infections.
London, Lucknow and the Global Indian City c. 1857–1920
Authors: PERKINS C. RYAN
Published: September 2017

When Abdul Halim Sharar (1860-1926) set sail for England to ensure the Eton College-bound son of Viqar-ul Omrah (Prime Minister of the Nizam of Hyderabad, 1894–1901) received an Indo-Islamic education, it was Sharar's first foray outside of India. Like many previous Indian travelers he found his experiences to be eye opening. Inspired by his sojourns in England, Italy, France, and Spain, he serially published his travelogues upon his return to India in 1896. Providing examples of the failures and successes of industrialization, such accounts were evocative in their detail. They provided middle class Indians with global and historical perspectives of the changes brought by colonialism, industrialization, and urbanization in European and Indian cities. Drawing from Sharar's and other travelers’ accounts of the period, this essay examines the use of literature to humanize Lucknow's urban landscape, not only to transform the city, but also the relationship between the city and its inhabitants into one of sympathy and affection.
Giant Snails’ Century-Old Shells Recorded Monsoon Rainfall
Authors: Cartier Kimberly
Published: September 2017

Researchers explored past precipitation in India using shells from very large land snails collected there in 1918 and preserved in a British museum.
Microbial megacities fueled by methane oxidation in a mineral spring cave
Authors: Karwautz Clemens , Kus Günter , Stöckl Michael , Neu Thomas R , Lueders Tillmann
Published: September 2017

Massive biofilms have been discovered in the cave of an iodine-rich former medicinal spring in southern Germany. The biofilms completely cover the walls and ceilings of the cave, giving rise to speculations about their metabolism. Here we report on first insights into the structure and function of the biofilm microbiota, combining geochemical, imaging and molecular analytics. Stable isotope analysis indicated that thermogenic methane emerging into the cave served as an important driver of biofilm formation. The undisturbed cavern atmosphere contained up to 3000 p.p.m. methane and was microoxic. A high abundance and diversity of aerobic methanotrophs primarily within the Methylococcales (Gammaproteobacteria) and methylotrophic Methylophilaceae (Betaproteobacteria) were found in the biofilms, along with a surprising diversity of associated heterotrophic bacteria. The highest methane oxidation potentials were measured for submerged biofilms on the cavern wall. Highly organized globular structures of the biofilm matrix were revealed by fluorescent lectin staining. We propose that the extracellular matrix served not only as an electron sink for nutrient-limited biofilm methylotrophs but potentially also as a diffusive barrier against volatilized iodine species. Possible links between carbon and iodine cycling in this peculiar habitat are discussed.
Imaging the polymerization of multivalent nanoparticles in solution
Authors: Kim Juyeong , Ou Zihao , Jones Matthew R. , Song Xiaohui , Chen Qian
Published: September 2017

Numerous mechanisms have been studied for chemical reactions to provide quantitative predictions on how atoms spatially arrange into molecules. In nanoscale colloidal systems, however, less is known about the physical rules governing their spatial organization, i.e., self-assembly, into functional materials. Here, we monitor real-time self-assembly dynamics at the single nanoparticle level, which reveal marked similarities to foundational principles of polymerization. Specifically, using the prototypical system of gold triangular nanoprisms, we show that colloidal self-assembly is analogous to polymerization in three aspects: ensemble growth statistics following models for step-growth polymerization, with nanoparticles as linkable “monomers”; bond angles determined by directional internanoparticle interactions; and product topology determined by the valency of monomeric units. Liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy imaging and theoretical modeling elucidate the nanometer-scale mechanisms for these polymer-like phenomena in nanoparticle systems. The results establish a quantitative conceptual framework for self-assembly dynamics that can aid in designing future nanoparticle-based materials.
ORP5 and ORP8 bind phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-biphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P
2) and regulate its level at the plasma membrane
Authors: Ghai Rajesh , Du Ximing , Wang Huan , Dong Jiangqing , Ferguson Charles , Brown Andrew J. , Parton Robert G. , Wu Jia-Wei , Yang Hongyuan
Published: September 2017

ORP5 and ORP8, members of the oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP)-related proteins (ORP) family, are endoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins implicated in lipid trafficking. ORP5 and ORP8 are reported to localize to endoplasmic reticulum–plasma membrane junctions via binding to phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PtdIns(4)P), and act as a PtdIns(4)P/phosphatidylserine counter exchanger between the endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane. Here we provide evidence that the pleckstrin homology domain of ORP5/8 via PtdIns(4,5)P2, and not PtdIns(4)P binding mediates the recruitment of ORP5/8 to endoplasmic reticulum–plasma membrane contact sites. The OSBP-related domain of ORP8 can extract and transport multiple phosphoinositides in vitro, and knocking down both ORP5 and ORP8 in cells increases the plasma membrane level of PtdIns(4,5)P2 with little effect on PtdIns(4)P. Overall, our data show, for the first time, that phosphoinositides other than PtdIns(4)P can also serve as co-exchangers for the transport of cargo lipids by ORPs.
Anomalous metallic behaviour in the doped spin liquid candidate κ-(ET)4Hg2.89Br8
Authors: Oike Hiroshi , Suzuki Yuji , Taniguchi Hiromi , Seki Yasuhide , Miyagawa Kazuya , Kanoda Kazushi
Published: September 2017

Quantum spin liquids are exotic Mott insulators that carry extraordinary spin excitations. Therefore, when doped, they are expected to afford metallic states with unconventional magnetic excitations. Here, we report experimental results which are suggestive of a doped spin liquid with anomalous metallicity in a triangular-lattice organic conductor. The spin susceptibility is nearly perfectly scaled to that of a non-doped spin liquid insulator in spite of the metallic state. Furthermore, the charge transport that is confined in the layer at high temperatures becomes sharply deconfined on cooling, coinciding with the rapid growth of spin correlations or coherence as signified by a steep decrease in spin susceptibility. The present results substantiate the desired doped spin liquid and suggest a strange metal, in which the coherence of the underlying spin liquid promotes the deconfinement of charge from the layers while preserving the non-Fermi-liquid nature.
Transcriptomes and neurotransmitter profiles of classes of gustatory and somatosensory neurons in the geniculate ganglion
Authors: Dvoryanchikov Gennady , Hernandez Damian , Roebber Jennifer K. , Hill David L. , Roper Stephen D. , Chaudhari Nirupa
Published: September 2017

Taste buds are innervated by neurons whose cell bodies reside in cranial sensory ganglia. Studies on the functional properties and connectivity of these neurons are hindered by the lack of markers to define their molecular identities and classes. The mouse geniculate ganglion contains chemosensory neurons innervating lingual and palatal taste buds and somatosensory neurons innervating the pinna. Here, we report single cell RNA sequencing of geniculate ganglion neurons. Using unbiased transcriptome analyses, we show a pronounced separation between two major clusters which, by anterograde labeling, correspond to gustatory and somatosensory neurons. Among the gustatory neurons, three subclusters are present, each with its own complement of transcription factors and neurotransmitter response profiles. The smallest subcluster expresses both gustatory- and mechanosensory-related genes, suggesting a novel type of sensory neuron. We identify several markers to help dissect the functional distinctions among gustatory neurons and address questions regarding target interactions and taste coding.