bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Japanese Perceptions of Motherhood
Authors: Bankart Brenda
Published: July 2006

Differences in Japanese attitudes toward motherhood were investigated using Hare-Mustin and Broderick's (1979) Motherhood Inventory (MI), administered to 157 male and 85 female university students and 72 mothers. Factor analyses revealed distinctive profiles for each group. Male students believed that motherhood was appropriate and natural for women and were content to let women operate independently within this role. Mothers emphasized that women's greatest fulfillment was associated with mothering. Female university students recognized the importance of and the hard work involved in mothering, but were less likely to perceive it as the primary source of women's fulfillment. Comparisons of group means on MI items revealed that university women held the least conventional views. Further research is needed to determine whether their attitudes about female gender roles reflect a general trend within this cohort of women or transitory responses related to stage in the life cycle.
Gender Comparisons of Mathematics Attitudes and Affect: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Hyde Janet Shibley , Fennema Elizabeth , Ryan Marilyn , Frost Laurie A. , Hopp Carolyn
Published: July 2006

This article reports the complex results of meta-analyses of gender differences in attitudes and affect specific to mathematics. Overall, effect sizes were small and were similar in size to gender differences in mathematics performance. When differences exist, the pattern is for females to hold more negative attitudes. Gender differences in self-confidence and general mathematics attitudes are larger among high school and college students than among younger students. Effect sizes for mathematics anxiety differ depending upon the sample (highly selected or general). One exception to the general pattern is in stereotyping mathematics as a male domain, where males hold much more stereotyped attitudes ( d = -.90). While affect and attitudes toward mathematics are not the only influences on the development of gender differences in mathematics performance, they are important, and both male and female affect and attitudes should be considered in conjunction with other social and political influences as explanations.
The Effects of Sexually Violent Rock Music on Males' Acceptance of Violence Against Women
Authors: St. Lawrence Janet S. , Joyner Doris J.
Published: July 2006

The effects of sexually violent music on undergraduate males' ( N = 75) attitudes toward women, acceptance of violence against women, and self-reported sexual arousal were evaluated. The experimental manipulation involved exposure to sexually violent heavy-metal rock music, Christian heavy-metal rock music, or easy-listening classical music. One month before the experimental manipulation, participants were administered two covariate measures (religious orientation and sex-role orientation); the Attitudes toward Women Scale; the Sex-Role Stereotyping, Adversarial Sexual Beliefs, Acceptance of Interpersonal Violence, and Rape Myth Acceptance subscales from the Sexual Attitudes Survey; and a sexual arousal index. The results indicated that males with an extrinsic religious orientation were more accepting of sexist and rape-supportive beliefs. Exposure to heavy-metal rock music, irrespective of lyrical content, increased males sex-role stereotyping and negative attitudes toward women. An unexpected finding was greater self-reported sexual arousal in response to classical music. Results are discussed with respect to participant and stimulus characteristics and experimenters' gender.
Aspiring to Careers in Male-and Female-Dominated Professions: A Study of Black and White College Women
Authors: Murrell Audrey J. , Frieze Irene Hanson , Frost Jacquelyn L.
Published: July 2006

In an examination of career aspirations, 101 black and 530 white college women were asked to indicate their occupational and educational plans, important considerations for career choices, and their attitudes toward combining the roles of career and family. Results indicated that women who planned careers in male-dominated occupations had higher career and educational aspirations than women who desired careers in female-dominated occupations. Black women who planned careers in male-dominated professions showed high levels of aspirations, planned more education than was necessary for the desired occupations, and perceived less conflict in combining the roles of career and family than their white counterparts. There were few differences between black and white women in their attitudes toward the traditional roles of men and women. Those choosing female-dominated careers, however, had more traditional attitudes regardless of race. Implications of these findings for the influence of occupational gender dominance on career aspirations are discussed.
Do The Bsri and Paq Measure the Same or Different Concepts?
Authors: Spence Janet T.
Published: July 2006

The present article assesses Frable's (1989) contention that the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ) measures only desirable instrumental and expressive characteristics, whereas the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) measures gender schema and related gender concepts. Comparison of the two instruments indicates, first, that they are similar in content and that the parallel M and F scales are substantially correlated. Further, the results obtained with the two instruments in three areas (self-esteem, sex-role attitudes, and gender-schematic processing) suggest that both are valid measures of desirable instrumental and expressive traits. Sex-role attitudes, however, tend to have small and typically nonsignificant relationships with both sets of scales, whereas few studies of gender schematic processing have produced replicable results even with the BSRI. However, Bem and her associates have reported positive results using other designs that have yet to be replicated using either the BSRI or the PAQ. Thus, in response to Frable's (1989) assertion, it seems at best premature to come to any conclusion about whether one, both, or neither of the questionnaires measure broad gender constructs.
Creativity, Caring, and Context: Women's and Men's Accounts of Humor Preferences and Practices
Authors: Crawford Mary , Gressley Diane
Published: July 2006

Empirical research on humor has perpetuated, rather than challenged, stereotypes of the humorless female. Among other biases, it has neglected participants' own definitions of “sense of humor” and their own accounts of their preferences and practices. In this study, 203 participants (72 males, 131 females) answered a 68-item Humor Questionnaire and also wrote a narrative about a person with an outstanding sense of humor. Factor analysis of the questionnaire revealed ten dimensions of humor, with four of the ten producing gender differences. Content analysis of the narratives produced a detailed account of the participants' definition of sense of humor. Both males and females viewed creativity, contextual relevance, and caring as components of an outstanding sense of humor. Gender similarities and differences are discussed in relation to the conversational context of spontaneous humor.
Gender and Causal Attributions for Mastery, Personal, and Interpersonal Events
Authors: Travis Cheryl B. , Phillippi Raymond H. , Henley Tracy B.
Published: July 2006

In two studies, achievement was conceptualized as consisting of affiliative as well as mastery events. Participants wrote about a recent achievement, provided causal attributions, and assessed the degree to which that achievement involved mastery, personal, and interpersonal themes in the first study. A second study randomly assigned participants a theme and asked them to assess the involvement of traditional correlates of achievement. Results indicated that individuals viewed achievement as consisting of mastery, personal, and interpersonal activities. These activities differed, however, in their associated pattern of correlates and attributions. Mastery events were characterized by public standards, high expectations, a process focus, completed time frame, and attributions to ability and effort. Interpersonal events were characterized by internal standards, lower expectations, an outcome focus, ongoing time frame, and attributions to luck. Characteristics reported for personal events varied as a function of methodology.
The Corporate Woman of the 1990s: Maverick or Innovator
Authors: Hatcher Maxine Arnold
Published: July 2006

Attention to gender and the impact of perceived female/male differences on vocational choices, vocational behavior, and career opportunity peaked in the late 1970s and seemed to reach a plateau with the conclusion that most workplace gender differences can be accounted for by other variables, for example, job tenure and organizational level. Women who entered the workplace in the mid 1970s are now reaching the middle levels of organizations and provide a cohort group on which to test this hypothesis. This study examines gender comparisons on paper-and-pencil personality tests and interest surveys in a group of executive-level adults representing a wide variety of industries and job functions. Gender comparisons are discussed either as a function of occupational choice or membership in a minority group. Acknowledging and explaining gender differences where they exist can provide women with validation and support for their own experience.
Gender and Work History in the Placement and Perceptions of Elder Community Volunteers
Authors: Fischer Karla , Rapkin Bruce D. , Rappaport Julian
Published: July 2006

This study explored factors that determine the types of volunteer jobs older adults are placed in, as well as factors that define the meaning of their roles. With a sample of 169 elder community volunteers (mean age, 73 years), we investigated the patterns of job perceptions of women and men in two types of volunteer positions: jobs that involved leadership and jobs that did not. A two-way MANOVA with gender and leadership as independent variables revealed that there was a significant interaction effect. When men are leaders, their sense of interpersonal feedback is higher than when they are non-leaders, but their sense of influence and autonomy is lower. Women in leadership jobs feel more influential and autonomous than their peers in non-leadership jobs. Subsequent analyses probing differences in job placement suggested that work history was a significant predictor of leadership jobs for men, but not for women. Correspondingly, men with prestigious preretirement work histories perceived their volunteer roles as less influential than men who had been in lower status jobs before retirement. Work history was not a predictor of job perception for women. These placement and perception issues are discussed within the context of an historical perspective on paid work, with special emphasis on gender.
Toward a Feminist Understanding of Women and Power
Authors: Yoder Janice D. , Kahn Arnold S.
Published: July 2006

Both psychologists and feminists believe power is an important and ubiquitous concept, yet its definition and scope eludes both groups. In this introduction to a special issue on women and power, we suggest three points to help organize and interpret research in the area. First, definitions of power should center around the distinction between “power-over,” the domination and control of one person or group over another, and “power-to” or personal empowerment. Second, power can be analyzed at different levels—societal, organizational, interpersonal, and individual—and, importantly, these levels interact. Third, power differences frequently underlie what appear to be gender differences in behavior; as society is currently configured, power and gender are never independent. Although the articles in this special issue often ask more questions than they answer, the present volume adds a feminist perspective to the psychological study of power.
The Use of Power and Influence in a Gendered World
Authors: Sagrestano Lynda M.
Published: July 2006

A review is presented of empirical research on the effects of gender and power on the use of influence strategies in interpersonal relationships. Several variables are considered, including gender, power, status, relationship of agent to target, and the goal of the influence attempt. Although gender appears to account for some of the findings, power and status are more critical variables in choice of power strategies. Because gender is inextricably linked to power and status, the relationship of gender to influence strategy usage can only be understood in terms of its relationship to power and status.
Memories of Childhood Sexual Abuse: Remembering and Repressing
Authors: Loftus Elizabeth F. , Polonsky Sara , Fullilove Mindy Thompson
Published: July 2006

Women involved in out-patient treatment for substance abuse were interviewed to examine their recollections of childhood sexual abuse. Overall, 54% of the 105 women reported a history of childhood sexual abuse. Of these, the majority (81%) remembered all or part of the abuse their whole lives; 19% reported they forgot the abuse for a period of time, and later the memory returned. Women who remembered the abuse their whole lives reported a clearer memory, with a more detailed picture. They also reported greater intensity of feelings at the time the abuse happened. Women who remembered the abuse their whole lives did not differ from others in terms of the violence of the abuse or whether the violence was incestuous. These data bear on current discussions concerning the extent to which repression is a common way of coping with childhood sexual abuse trauma, and also bear on some widely held beliefs about the correlates of repression.
Social Comparisons and Contentment
Authors: Bylsma Wayne H. , Major Brenda
Published: July 2006

This study explored the role of social comparison processes in fostering contentment among those who are objectively disadvantaged. We focus on how comparisons can produce gender differences in personal entitlement, perceptions of one's own performance, and pay satisfaction. We hypothesized that individuals would base judgments of entitlement, performance, and pay satisfaction more on comparisons with ingroup (same-sex) than outgroup (cross-sex) others, even when both types of comparison information were equally available, unavoidable, and made clear the disadvantaged status of the ingroup. As predicted, the amount students felt they were entitled to be paid, how well they thought they had performed (women only), and how satisfied they were with their pay were all influenced more by same-sex than cross-sex comparison information. The implications of these results for the tolerance of injustice among disadvantaged groups are discussed.
Mood and Well-Being in Consecutive Menstrual Cycles
Authors: Walker Anne
Published: July 2006

The level of consistency of cyclical change in well-being between consecutive menstrual cycles has important methodological, clinical, and theoretical implications. In this study, 109 women completed daily diaries of mood and physical well-being for two consecutive menstrual cycles. Scores in equivalent cycle phases were highly correlated, but the degree and direction of change from the pre-post menstrual phase were less consistent between cycles. Physical experiences proved more consistent across cycles than did emotional ones. Only 5.4% (nonsteroidal contraceptive users) and 7.8% (oral contraceptive users) of Cycle 2 emotional score variance could be accounted for by Cycle 1 scores compared to 15% and 22%, respectively, for physical scores. The data indicate that premenstrual experiences vary between menstrual cycles, and suggest that they cannot be adequately explained on the basis of simple biological determinism. Methodological and theoretical implications of the results are discussed.
Development and Testing of the Attitudes Toward Feminism and the Women's Movement (FWM) Scale
Authors: Fassinger Ruth E.
Published: July 2006

This article outlines the development and testing of the Attitudes Toward Feminism and the Women's Movement (FWM) Scale, a brief measure of affective attitudes toward the feminist movement. Thurstone's (1959) method of equal-appearing intervals was used initially to create the final 10-item summated rating (Likert) scale. Establishment of internal consistency reliability and construct (convergent and discriminant) validity was determined on a sample of 117 female and male college students. Results suggested a highly internally consistent and valid attitudinal measure. Additional evidence for the validity of the FWM is discussed in terms of research in which it has been successfully used.
Black and White College Women's Perceptions of Early Maternal Employment
Authors: Bridges Judith S. , Etaugh Claire
Published: July 2006

Black ( n = 89) and White ( n = 121) female students rated their perceptions of the mother of a one-year-old infant as a function of the mother's race (Black/White) and employment role (employment/nonemployment after the birth of her child). Results showed that White, compared to Black, students anticipated comparatively more role-related costs for the employed than the nonemployed mothers. Furthermore, Blacks, but not Whites, expected more role-related emotional rewards for the employed than the nonemployed mothers. The data are linked to previous findings concerning Whites' and Blacks' attitudes toward role integration.
Effects of Women's Studies Courses on Gender-Related Attitudes of Women and Men
Authors: Thomsen Cynthia J. , Basu Andra M. , Reinitz Mark Tippens
Published: July 2006

Attitudes about feminism, gender equality, and gender differences were assessed for male and female students enrolled in three women's studies courses and four control courses at the beginning and end of an academic semester. Compared to control students, women's studies students agreed more with feminist and equality items, and disagreed more with gender difference items, at the beginning of the term. Nonetheless, belief in gender differences decreased among men, but not women, enrolled in women's studies courses. Additionally, women's studies courses produced increased feminist attitudes among women, but decreased feminist attitudes among the small sample of men in the study.
Blaming The Perpetrator: Language that Distorts Reality in Newspaper Articles on Men Battering Women
Authors: Lamb Sharon , Keon Susan
Published: July 2006

In an earlier article, Lamb (1991) showed that journal authors, when writing about men battering women, wrote in a way that avoided assigning responsibility to men as perpetrators, and that this kind of writing was more common among male authors as well as female authors who wrote with men. This study examines first whether this kind of writing occurs in newspaper articles on men battering women, and whether two problematic styles of writing have an effect on the reader. Three versions of a newspaper article were developed to differentiate active voice, passive voice, and writing that implies shared responsibility for a man's violence. One hundred and eighty subjects read one of the three versions and endorsed one of five possible punishments for the man in the story who had been violent. Results showed that subjects did not differ in their selection of punishments for the active voice versus the passive voice version, but were much more lenient towards the man after reading the shared responsibility version.
Age, Gender, And Occupational Label: A Test of Social Role Theory
Authors: Kite Mary E.
Published: July 2006

Two studies tested the social role theory (Eagly, 1987) prediction that role information would override the age-related agency stereotype. Although results of Study 1 showed that employed people were viewed similarly in agency regardless of target age, interpretation was limited because employed targets were most often imagined to be male and young homemaker targets were most often imagined to be female. To control for this, target gender was added as an independent variable in Study 2. As expected, agency and communion ratings of employed targets and targets who cared for a home did not differ by target age, but agency ratings of average targets were higher for 35-year-old than for 70-year-old targets. Communion ratings for average targets did not differ by target age. Target gender effects on the agency measure replicated Eagly and Steffen's (1984, 1988) results. The importance of context to understanding stereotypes of the elderly is illustrated.
Expanding The Theorizing Of Lesbian Experience
Authors: Morgan Kris S.
Published: July 2006

Lesbians and Psychoanalysis: Revolutions in Theory and Practice, Judith M. Glassgold and Suzanne Iasenza (Eds.). New York: The Free Press, 1995. 385 pp., $35.00, ISBN: 0-02-874006–8.

The Lesbian Family Life Cycle, Suzanne Slater. New York: The Free Press, 1995. 265 pp., $25.00, ISBN: 0-02-920895–5.
Mapping And Reshaping The Structure Of Masculinity
Authors: Brooks Gary R.
Published: July 2006

Messages Men Hear: Constructing the Masculinities, Ian M. Harris. London: Taylor &Francis, 1995. 214 pp., $24.95 (paper), ISBN: 0-7484-0230–6.

Masculinity Reconstructed: Changing the Rules of Manhood—At Work, in Relationships, and in Family Life, Ronald F. Levant with Gini Kopecky. New York: Dutton, 1995. 308 pp., $22.95 (cloth), ISBN: 0-525-93846-X.
The Effects of Viewing Same-Gender Photographic Models on Body-Esteem
Authors: Grogan Sarah , Williams Zoe , Conner Mark
Published: July 2006

This study was designed to investigate the effects of viewing same-gender photographic models on women and men's body-esteem. Women and men completed body-esteem scales before and after viewing pictures of same-gender photographic models (experimental group) or landscapes (control group). Women scored significantly lower than men on the body-esteem scale [ F(1, 90) = 58.5, p < .001]. Women [ F(1, 90) = 8.70, p < .05] and men [ F(1, 90) = 4.17, p < .05] in the experimental group showed a significant decrease in body-esteem after seeing the photographs and the controls showed no significant change [women F(1, 90) = 0.57; men F(1, 90) = 0.00]. Results suggest that upward comparisons are made by women and men when viewing attractive same-gender models.
Three Widely Divergent Views on Effective Treatment of Abuse
Authors: Gilbert Mary S. , Forrest Linda
Published: July 2006

Treating Abuse in Families: A Feminist and Community Approach, Elaine Leeder. New York: Springer Publishing, 1994. 216 pp., $41.95, ISBN: 0-8261-8530-4.

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: Basic Principles, Protocols, and Procedures, Francine Shapiro. New York: Guilford Press, 1995. 398 pp., $40.00, ISBN: 0-89862-960-8.

Ending the Cycle of Abuse: The Stories of Women Abused as Children and the Group Therapy Techniques That Helped Them Heal, Philip G. Neyand Anna Peters. New York: Brunner/Maxel, 1995. 246 pp., $23.95, ISBN: 0-87630-752-7.
Fragments of Wholeness
Authors: Sears Sharon , Crosby Faye J.
Published: July 2006

Breaking the Mold: Women, Men, and Time in the New Corporate World, Lotte Bailyn. New York: Free Press, 1993. 189 pp., $22.95., ISBN: 0-02-901281-3.

The Dynamics of Service: Reflections on the Changing Nature of Customer/Provider Interactions, Barbara A. Gutek. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1995. 304 pp., $29.95, ISBN: 0-7879-0101-6.
Through Her Eyes
Authors: Norris Jeanette , Nurius Paula S. , Dimeff Linda A.
Published: July 2006

A major component of a woman's ability to resist assaults by strangers versus acquaintances lies in the social and cognitive context in which she is engaged with the perpetrator and within which she must recognize potential threat before engaging in a behavioral response. This paper presents questionnaire and focus group findings of heterosexual college sorority women's social contexts, perceived risks, responses, and psychological barriers to protecting themselves from sexual aggression threat by fraternity acquaintances. Several social and cognitive factors, including alcohol consumption and psychological barriers, were related to projected responses to sexual aggression. Participants in general held a high sense of invulnerability to victimization and an optimistic belief in their ability to resist sexual aggression. Several differences between previously victimized and nonvictimized women also emerged.
Alcohol and Dating Risk Factors for Sexual Assault Among College Women
Authors: Abbey Antonia , Ross Lisa Thomson , McDuffie Donna , McAuslan Pam
Published: July 2006

American societal norms frequently link alcohol, dating, and sexuality. This cross-sectional study examined the role of alcohol and dating risk factors for sexual assault among a representative sample of female students at a large urban university. Over half of the 1,160 women had experienced some form of sexual assault. Ninety-five percent of these assaults were committed by someone the woman knew and almost half of these assaults involved alcohol consumption by either the man, the woman, or both. Discriminant function analyses indicated that dating, sexual, and misperception experiences and alcohol consumption during these experiences predicted assault group status. Furthermore, alcohol consumption during consensual sex and sexual misperceptions were positively related to alcohol consumption during the sexual assault. The predictors of assault group status were similar for African American and Caucasian women. Theoretical implications are discussed and suggestions are made for combining alcohol and sexual assault prevention programming.
Conceptual and Methodological Issues in the Measurement Of Children's Sex Typing
Authors: Bigler Rebecca S.
Published: July 2006

Many reviewers of the literature on children's sex typing have remarked on the failure of researchers to attend carefully to methodological issues when designing measures of sex typing. In the present article, the importance of conceptually and operationally distinguishing among (a) the target of sex typing (i.e., self vs. others), (b) the form of sex typing (e.g., knowledge vs. attitudes), and (c) the domain of sex typing (e.g., occupations, activities, etc.) is emphasized. Several other methodological issues in measurement design, including the independence and comparability of masculine and feminine items, are also discussed. Finally, newly developed measures of sex typing designed to address these conceptual and methodological issues are described.
Hostile and Benevolent Sexism
Authors: Glick Peter , Fiske Susan T.
Published: July 2006

A theory of sexism as ambivalence, not just hostility, toward women is presented. Ambivalent Sexism Theory distinguishes between hostile and “ benevolent” sexism (each addresses issues of power, gender differentiation, and sexuality). Benevolent sexism encompasses subjectively positive (for the sexist) attitudes toward women in traditional roles: protective paternalism, idealization of women, and desire for intimate relations. Hostile sexism encompasses the negative equivalents on each dimension: dominative paternalism, derogatory beliefs, and heterosexual hostility. Both forms of sexism serve to justify and maintain patriarchy and traditional gender roles. The validity of a measure of these constructs, the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI), is reviewed. Comparisons are offered between the ASI and other measures of sexist attitudes (e.g., the AWS), with suggestions for the proper domains of different scales.
Objectification Theory: Toward Understanding Women's Lived Experiences and Mental Health Risks
Authors: Fredrickson Barbara L. , Roberts Tomi-Ann
Published: July 2006

This article offers objectification theory as a framework for understanding the experiential consequences of being female in a culture that sexually objectifies the female body. Objectification theory posits that girls and women are typically acculturated to internalize an observer's perspective as a primary view of their physical selves. This perspective on self can lead to habitual body monitoring, which, in turn, can increase women's opportunities for shame and anxiety, reduce opportunities for peak motivational states, and diminish awareness of internal bodily states. Accumulations of such experiences may help account for an array of mental health risks that disproportionately affect women: unipolar depression, sexual dysfunction, and eating disorders. Objectification theory also illuminates why changes in these mental health risks appear to occur in step with life-course changes in the female body.
A Conceptual Framework for Understanding Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality
Authors: Weber Lynn
Published: July 2006

Since the mid-1980s, scholarship and college courses that address multiple dimensions of inequality under the rubric of race, class, gender, and (recently) sexuality studies have grown rapidly. Most courses now employ a set of readings, many of which are drawn from a growing number of anthologies. A strength of this approach is its presentation of the diversity of human experiences and the multiplicity of critical perspectives. A weakness is its failure to convey the commonalities in race, class, gender, and sexuality analyses of social reality. To aid in teaching and research on race, class, gender, and sexuality, this article presents six common themes that characterize this scholarship. Race, class, gender, and sexuality are historically and globally specific, socially constructed power relations that simultaneously operate at both the macro (societal) and micro (individual) levels of society. Scholarship in this tradition emphasizes the interdependence of knowledge and activism.
Teaching the Psychology of Women Courses in Another Discipline
Authors: Wyche Karen Fraser
Published: July 2006

A survey of course titles in African American Studies departments and programs was conducted to examine the course offerings on the psychology of women, the psychology of African American women, and other areas of psychology as well as courses on gender from other disciplines. A total of 82 programs or departments of African American Studies and 182 courses were listed. The course discipline was stated in the majority of courses, with psychology having the most courses. Only a small percentage of the psychology courses listed gender in addition to race in the title. Of those courses listed in psychology, the majority were in social, developmental, or clinical psychology. The disciplines of English, sociology, history, and political science had listings of courses with both gender and race titles. This small survey indicates that the psychology of women has not had much influence on the curriculum of African American Studies. Possible reasons for this are discussed, as are solutions to this problem.
Group Gender Composition Effects on Judgments of Sexual Harassment
Authors: Burian Barbara K. , Yanico Barbara J. , Martinez Charles R.
Published: July 2006

This article examines the effects of participant gender, researcher gender, and group gender composition (ratio of women to men) on individual judgments about an ambiguous, hypothetical, sexual harassment grievance. The participants (116 men and 113 women) served on five-person mock hearing boards. A main effect for participant gender was found ( p < .01), with significantly more women (58.4%) making affirmative sexual harassment judgments than men (35.3%). A significant three-way interaction ( p < .01) revealed that, when led by male researchers, men in groups where they were the numerical minority (3 women/2 men) made significantly lower ratings, indicating less belief that sexual harassment had occurred ( M = 2.83), than those men in groups where they were in the majority (2 women/3 men, M = 4.87; 4 men/1 woman, M = 4.88). Ingroup and outgroup behavior observed by Rogers, Hennigan, Bowman, and Miller (1984) is proposed as a possible explanation for these results.
Multidimensional Assessment of Woman Battering
Authors: Dutton Mary Ann
Published: July 2006

Based on my experience as a domestic violence researcher, clinician, and forensic consultant, current methods of measurement are inadequate to capture a full understanding of the phenomena of battered women's experience. The reconceptualization of woman battering offered by Smith, Smith, and Earp (this volume) begins to fill a gap in research-and-assessment approaches to the problem of domestic violence. This commentary to Smith et al. addresses three major issues: (a) the importance of reconceptualizing battering as defined only by a series of discrete events, (b) the importance of a multidimensional assessment that includes measurement of discrete events along with an evaluation of battered women's experience, and (c) the continuity or developmental progression of battered victims' experience over time.
Exploring a Teaching/Research Nexus as a Possible Site for Feminist Methodological Innovation in Psychology
Authors: Weatherall Ann
Published: July 2006

In this article the links between feminist pedagogy and feminist research are used as a basis for exploring the potential that teaching about women and gender has a methodological resource for feminist research in psychology. Inspiration for this article stemmed from the author's experience of teaching a postgraduate class in Gender Issues in Psychology in New Zealand. An assessed task for the course required students to interview two women. The interviews were transcribed and the content summarized in a written report and an oral presentation. All parties involved with the project reported finding it an educational experience. The exercise is evaluated as an example of feminist research. The advantages and limitations of using the classroom as a resource for research by feminist psychologists are discussed.
Focusing on Participants
Authors: Quina Kathryn , Rose Jennifer S. , Harlow Lisa L. , Morokoff Patricia J. , Deiter Pamela J. , Whitmire Laura E. , Lang Michelle A. , Schnoll Robert A.
Published: July 2006

This article presents a model developed and assessed by a women's health research team to enhance sensitivity and increase readability of a survey to be used with community-based women. The survey consisted of quantitative measures of AIDS-related attitudes and behaviors, developed and used with traditional-aged college populations, and included questions of a highly personal nature. In Study 1, 30 women with English reading levels of third grade and above from two targeted community populations completed a survey in two waves of focus groups and gave feedback about readability, length, format, content, emotional responses, truthfulness in responding, and opinions about the research. Problem areas and changes that made the survey more readable, understandable, emotionally sensitive, and effective are reviewed. In Study 2, pre- and postmodification versions of nine scales are compared in 430 traditionalaged college women (pre) and 793 community-based women (post), the latter broken into subsamples for more refined comparisons. Results of five psychometric analyses demonstrate that psychometric integrity does not have to be hurt by such changes. In addition, this process illustrates how researchers can gain a better understanding of participants and their reactions to the research process through qualitative research methods.
Ethnic Variations in Perceptions of Men's Provider Role
Authors: Taylor Pamela L. , Tucker M. Belinda , Mitchell-Kernan Claudia
Published: July 2006

Relatively little research has examined current perceptions of men's provider role in light of widespread support for women's employment. This study examined attitudes toward provider role enactment and provider role responsibility and how such views varied by ethnicity, gender, demographic characteristics, immigration status, acculturation, and community economic conditions. Telephone interviews were conducted with 3,213 residents across 21 cities. The sample was 40% African American, 7% Mexican American, and 53% White. Though there was strong support for dual provider role enactment by female and male respondents, beliefs about men's responsibility for family provision displayed greater variability. Ethnic minorities, particularly less acculturated Mexican immigrants, were more likely than Whites to believe that men were responsible for making economic provisions. Favorable economic conditions for men were associated with a greater emphasis on male provider responsibilities among Mexican Americans and Whites, whereas the opposite was true for Blacks. Overall, the findings suggest that one's position in the socioeconomic structure and the economic potential for men in one's environment help shape these attitudes.
Body Image and Disordered Eating Among Asian American and Caucasian College Students
Authors: Mintz Laurie B. , Kashubeck Susan
Published: July 2006

Using a sample of Caucasian and Asian American college students, this research examined gender differences within race and race differences within gender with respect to a wide range of body image and disordered eating variables. Results indicated that: (a) regardless of race, women reported more problem attitudes and behaviors than did men; (b) gender differences were similar for Asian Americans and Caucasians, although Caucasians evidenced slightly more gender differences than did Asian Americans; (c) for men, race made no difference; and (d) for women, some race differences were found, with Caucasian women engaging in more dieting and binging behavior and Asian American women reporting lower self-esteem and less satisfaction with their racially defined features. Suggestions for future research are made, and implications are discussed.
African American College Women's Body Image: An Examination of Body Mass, African Self-Consciousness, and Skin Color Satisfaction
Authors: Jameca Woody Falconer , Neville Helen A.
Published: July 2006

The purpose of this study was to examine general and cultural factors associated with body image perceptions of African American women college students. A total of 124 African American college women attending a historically Black college completed the following scales: African Self-Consciousness (ASC) scale, the Skin Color Satisfaction Scale (SCSS), the Body Mass Index (BMI), and several body image measures. Results from simultaneous multiple regression analyses suggest that all three factors collectively accounted for a significant amount of variance in dimensions of body image satisfaction. Specifically, SCSS accounted for a significant amount of variance in three body image dimensions (i.e., appearance evaluation, satisfaction with specific body areas, internalization of social cultural messages of appearance), suggesting that the greater satisfaction with one's skin color was associated with more positive, internal perspectives of one's body image. The BMI accounted for a significant amount of variance in measures of appearance evaluation and satisfaction with body areas, such that greater BMI scores were related to a less positive evaluation of overall appearance but more satisfaction with specific body areas. Implications of the findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Disordered Eating, Acculturation, and Treatment-Seeking in a Community Sample of Hispanic, Asian, Black, and White Women
Authors: Cachelin Fary M. , Veisel Catherine , Barzegarnazari Emilia , Striegel-Moore Ruth H.
Published: July 2006

The purpose of this study was to examine disordered eating, acculturation, and treatment-seeking in a community sample of Hispanic, Asian, Black, and White women. Participants were 118 women with disordered eating (49 Hispanic, 21 Asian, 23 Black, and 25 White) and 118 healthy controls. Interviews were conducted to assess eating and weight-related behaviors, psychiatric symptoms, acculturation, and health care usage. Results indicated that the four ethnic groups were equally likely to present behavioral symptoms of bulimia, anorexia, or a binge-eating disorder. Hispanics were the most likely to use diuretics, and Black women were the most likely to use laxatives. Despite psychological distress among the eating disorder group, only a small percentage had received treatment during the past year; the eating disorder group was more likely than the controls to report that they had been denied treatment. More acculturated individuals were more likely to suffer from eating problems, and among the eating disorder group, less acculturated individuals were less likely to have received treatment.
Does “Feminist” Plus “Therapist” Equal “Feminist Therapist”?: An Empirical Investigation of the Link Between Self-Labeling and Behaviors
Authors: Moradi Bonnie , Fischer Ann R. , Hill Melanie S. , Jome LaRae M. , Blum Sasha A.
Published: July 2006

This research examined the therapy behaviors self-identified feminist therapists engaged in. Practicing therapists ( N = 101) were asked to endorse various feminist self-labels and to indicate how often they engaged in a variety of feminist (as assessed by the Feminist Therapy Behaviors-Revised [FTB-R] scale; and other therapy behaviors with both women and men clients. The following results were found. First, incrementally specific feminist self-labeling by therapists improved the prediction of therapy behaviors reflecting the notion that the personal is political. Second, the most strongly identified feminist therapists were distinguished from other therapists by their attention to issues of oppression (e.g., sexism, racism, heterosexism) and socialization. Third, therapists reported engaging in FTB-R behaviors with men clients almost as much as with women clients. And finally, FTB-R and other therapy behaviors emerged as distinct, both in terms of the underlying structure of therapists' responses and in terms of the links to feminist self-labeling.
Deficient Melanosome Formation in Some Coat‐Color Mutant Mice Revealed by a Monoclonal Antibody Against Melanosome
Authors: YANAI NOBUAKI , TAKEUCHI TAKUJI
Published: July 2006

Some coat‐color loci in mice are considered to control melanosome formation. In order to investigate genetic control of melanosome‐associated proteins, we prepared monoclonal antibodies against mouse melanosomes. Melanosomes were isolated from B16 mouse melanoma through differential fractionation. BALB/c mice were immunized with an SDS‐solubilized melanosome fraction. The spleen cells were subsequently fused with mouse myeloma cells, the resulting hybridomas cloned. Their secreted IgG was screened for reactivity to the SDS‐solubilized melanosome fraction. One monoclonal antibody, M10, was shown to react to melanosomes by immunoelectronmieroscopy. It recognized a single protein band of 61,000 dalton on immunoblots of gel‐fractionated melanosomes. The reactivities of M10 to skin homogenates from various coat‐color mutants were examined by the ELISA method. Five congenic genotypes, non‐agouti (a/a), brown (b/b), albino (c/c), dilute (d/d), and pink‐eyed dilution (p/p) were examined. Among these, b/b and p/p showed significantly lower reactivities than a/a. Our results seem to suggest that the pigment abnormalities in these mutants result from abnormalities of the melanosomal proteins. In the case of albino mice, the reactivity of M10 to skin homogenate was almost the same as the wild‐type mouse. It seems that the albino mice are capable of producing the melanosomal protein.
Differentiation of Neural Crest Cells of Xenopus laevis in Clonal Culture
Authors: AKIRA EIICHIRO , IDE HIROYUKI
Published: July 2006

Clonal cultures were performed with the use of neural crest cells and their derivatives, chromatophores, from Xenopus laevis in order to elucidate the state of commitment in early embryogenesis. Neural crest cells that outgrew from neural tube explants were isolated and plated at clonal density. Cloned neural crest cells differentiated and gave rise to colonies that consisted of 1) only melanophores, 2) only xanthophores, or 3) melanophores and xanthophores. Xanthophores and iridophores, which differentiated in vitro, were also isolated and cloned. Cloned xanthophores proliferated in a stable fashion and did not lose their properties. On the other hand, cloned iridophores converted into melanophores as they proliferated. These results suggest that there is heterogeneity in the state of commitment of neural crest cells immediately after migration with regard to chromatophore differentiation and that iridophore determination is relatively labile (at least in vitro), whereas melanophore and xanthophore phenotypes are stable.
Analysis and Quantification of Pheomelanins by Radioimmunoassay
Authors: AHENE AGO B. , CHEDEKEL MILES R. , KOCH WALTER H. , MALDONADO WALTER
Published: July 2006

An antiserum against α‐amino‐(4‐hydroxy‐6‐benzothiazolyl)propionic acid (AHBP), a major product obtained after hydriodic acid hydrolysis of pheomelanin, was raised in rabbits immunized with AHBP coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA). The antiserum was used to develop a radioimmunoassay (RIA) to AHBP. The limit of detection of the RIA is 0.1 ng of AHBP. The antiserum does not crossreact with other major hydriodic acid degradation products, and the assay has been used to estimate the amounts of AHBP in synthetic and natural melanins.
A Light‐Sensitive Yellow Ommochrome Pigment From the House Fly
Authors: BOLOGNESE A. , LIBERATORE R. , PISCITELLI C. , SCHERILLO G.
Published: July 2006

A light‐sensitive pigment (λ max at 430 and 340 nm), extracted in acidic methanol from the Musca domestica heads, showed, in the absorption curve, a plateau at 480–500 nm and a new maximum at 400 nm, after visible light irradiation. The light‐sensitive house fly pigment showed spectroscopic and chemical properties of the ommochrome pigments (Butenandt and Schäfer: Recent Progress in the Chemistry of Natural and Synthetic, Colouring Matters and Related Fields, Academic Press, New York, pp 13–33, 1962; Bolognese and Scherillo: Experientia 30:225–226, 1974). The treatment of the extracted pigment with a methanol‐HClsat. mixture afforded some coloured compounds; two main products were identified by comparison of their chromatographic and spectral properties with authentic samples of 1‐oxo‐2H‐3‐carbomethoxy‐5‐methoxy‐11‐(fumaroylmethylester)‐pyrido [3,2‐a] phenoxazine (compound 7) and 1‐oxo‐2H‐3‐carbomethoxy‐5‐methoxy‐9‐chlorine‐11‐(fumaroyl‐methylester)‐pyrido [3,2‐a] phenoxazine (compound 8), obtained from the oxidation mixture of 3‐hydroxykynurenine methylester (compound 9).
Growth of Normal Human Melanocytes in a Defined Medium
Authors: SHIPLEY GARY D. , PITTELKOW MARK R.
Published: July 2006

In this article we review some of our recent results on the growth of human skin cells in vitro with emphasis on the normal melanocyte. Growth in a defined culture medium of normal human melanocytes isolated from neonatal or adult skin has been achieved. Melanocytes can be routinely cultured in medium MCDB 153 (0.1 mM CaCl2) supplemented with bovine pituitary extract (BPE), insulin, ethanolamine, phosphoethanolamine, hydrocortisone, and 12‐O‐tetradecanoyl phorbol 13‐acetate (TPA). The cells can be propagated for up to 35 cumulative population doublings in this medium. Further studies have shown that the undefined component of the medium, BPE, can be replaced with purified heparin‐binding growth factor type‐2 (also known as basic fibroblast growth factor), HBGF‐2/bFGF, isolated from BPE. Neither epidermal growth factor nor trans‐forming growth factor type‐alpha could replace HBGP‐2/bFGF for the growth of melanocytes. These results are in contrast to the growth factor requirements for normal human fibroblasts or keratinocytes whose proliferation in serum‐free medium can be stimulated by either EGF or HBGF‐2/bFGF. We have examined mRNA isolated from serum‐free cultures of melanocytes, keratinocytes and fibroblasts for expression of the HBGF‐2/bFGF gene. Fibroblasts, but not melanocytes or keratinocytes, express 4 distinct transcripts which hybridize to a specific HBGF‐2/bFGF cDNA probe. Our results suggest that expression of the HBGF‐2/bFGF gene is cell‐type specific and that HBGF‐2/bFGF produced by dermal cells could support the proliferation and/or normal homeostasis of melanocytes and keratinocytes during development and in adult skin.