bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elevated ATP via enhanced miRNA-30b, 30c, and 30e downregulates the expression of CD73 in CD8+ T cells of HIV-infected individuals
Authors: Shahbaz Shima , Okoye Isobel , Blevins Gregg , Elahi Shokrollah
Published: March 2022

CD8+ T cells play a crucial role against chronic viral infections, however, their effector functions are influenced by the expression of co-stimulatory/inhibitory receptors. For example, CD73 works with CD39 to convert highly inflammatory ATP to adenosine. However, its expression on T cells in the context of viral infections has not been well defined. Here, we analyzed the expression of CD73 on human T cells in a cohort of 102 HIV-infected individuals including those on antiretroviral therapy (ART), ART-naïve, and long-term non-progressors who were not on ART. We found that the frequency of CD73+ T cells was markedly lower among T cell subsets (e.g. naïve, effector or memory) in the peripheral blood of all HIV-infected individuals. Notably, CD73 was decreased at the cell surface, intracellular and gene levels. Functionally, CD8+CD73+ T cells exhibited decreased cytokine expression (TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-2) upon global or antigen-specific stimulation and impaired expression of cytolytic molecules at the gene and protein levels. In contrast, CD8+CD73+ T cells expressed elevated levels of homing receptors such as CCR7, α4β7 integrin, which suggests a migratory advantage for these cells as observed in vitro. We also observed significant migration of CD73+CD8+ T cells into the cerebrospinal fluids of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients at the time of disease relapse. Moreover, we found that elevated levels of ATP in the plasma of HIV-infected individuals upregulates the expression of miRNA30b-e in T cells in vitro. In turn, inhibition of miRNAs (30b, 30c and 30e) resulted in significant upregulation of CD73 mRNA in CD8+ T cells. Therefore, we provide a novel mechanism for the downregulation of CD73 via ATP-induced upregulation of miRNA30b, 30c and 30e in HIV infection. Finally, these observations imply that ATP-mediated downregulation of CD73 mainly occurs via its receptor, P2X1/P2RX1. Our results may in part explain why HIV-infected individuals have reduced risk of developing MS considering the role of CD73 for efficient T cell entry into the central nervous system.
Estimativas de potencialidades hidrogeológicas em um aquífero não confinado a partir do parâmetro resistência elétrica transversal
Authors: Silva Verônica Jorge , Lucena Leandson Roberto Fernandes
Published: March 2022

O Aquífero Barreiras, de natureza porosa e caráter hidráulico predominantemente não confinado, representa o principal manancial hídrico do litoral leste do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. A falta de dados confiáveis acerca de poços, entretanto, dificulta a identificação de áreas com maior favorabilidade hídrica, especialmente fora dos perímetros urbanos. Esta pesquisa é fundamentada na utilização de métodos geoelétricos, particularmente do parâmetro resistência elétrica transversal, bem como teste de aquífero para as estimativas de parâmetros hidráulicos, a fim de identificar áreas com maiores potencialidades hidrogeológicas tomando-se como alvo uma área no baixo curso do Rio Maxaranguape-RN. Os resultados mostram uma faixa no centro da área com resistências elétricas transversais superiores a 25.000 Ohm.m², valores estes derivados de modelos inversos de sondagens elétricas verticais-SEVs e associadas com subáreas de maiores espessuras e/ou resistividades médias da zona saturada. Nesse aspecto, análises com regressão linear entre os parâmetros espessura e resistividade média da zona saturada, esta correlacionada à condutividades hidráulicas, com a resistência elétrica transversal demonstram que a resistividade elétrica média é preponderante no cálculo da resistência transversal, exibindo um fator de correlação R² de 0,88, em detrimento de um R² de 0,39 da relação entre espessura saturada e resistência transversal. Adicionalmente, um mapa de estimativas de transmissividade hidráulica para a área foi elaborado, considerando calibração geoelétrica e teste de aquífero em poço adjacente, realçando a faixa de maior resistência transversal como, igualmente, apresentando maiores transmissividades hidráulicas e, portanto, mais promissora para captações futuras.
Attenuation of cisplatin induced myelosuppression by methanol extract ofCedrus deodarain Wistar rats
Authors: Sushmitha Dindukurthi Harinathbabu , Ramesh Channaiah , Sowmya Belladamadagu Appajappa , Sushma Bai Byrojai Rao , Rawal Pinkey , Shabana Shafi Ulla Khan
Published: March 2022

Objective

The present study was performed to evaluate the protective effects of methanol extract ofCedrus deodaraagainst cisplatin induced.

Methods

Myelosuppression in albino Wistar rats. All experimental animals were administered with cisplatin on 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th day to induce bone marrow toxicity and rats were treated with methanol extract ofC. deodarafor 21 days. Blood samples were collected from all the animals on day 1st, 7th, 14th and 21st after 1 h before the administration of the drugs and hematological parameters like RBC, WBC, platelets, hemoglobin, hematocrit, eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, bleeding time and clotting time were determined were determined. At 21st, all rats were sacrificed and bone marrow samples were collected. The part of bone marrow samples was used for the determination of antioxidant enzymes and remaining were subjected to histopathological examination.

Results

The animals of therapeutic groups administered with extract ofC. deodarahave exhibited significant rise in hematological parameters and shorten bleeding time and clotting time when compare to toxic control animals on the day 14 and day 21. The histopathological examination revealed the regeneration of bone marrow cells in the extract treated animals. There was significant reduction in lipid peroxidation and increase in antioxidant enzymes was found in extract treated animals.

Conclusions

The methanol extract ofC. deodaraof have shown significant protective effects against cisplatin induced myelosuppression in albino Wistar rats.
Gaptronics: multilevel photonics applications spanning zero-nanometer limits
Authors: Jeong Jeeyoon , Kim Hyun Woo , Kim Dai-Sik
Published: March 2022

With recent advances in nanofabrication technology, various metallic gap structures with gap widths reaching a few to sub-nanometer, and even ‘zero-nanometer’, have been realized. At such regime, metallic gaps not only exhibit strong electromagnetic field confinement and enhancement, but also incorporate various quantum phenomena in a macroscopic scale, finding applications in ultrasensitive detection using nanosystems, enhancement of light–matter interactions in low-dimensional materials, and ultralow-power manipulation of electromagnetic waves, etc. Therefore, moving beyond nanometer to ‘zero-nanometer’ can greatly diversify applications of metallic gaps and may open the field of dynamic ‘gaptronics.’ In this paper, an overview is given on wafer-scale metallic gap structures down to zero-nanometer gap width limit. Theoretical description of metallic gaps from sub-10 to zero-nanometer limit, various wafer-scale fabrication methods and their applications are presented. With such versatility and broadband applicability spanning visible to terahertz and even microwaves, the field of ‘gaptronics’ can be a central building block for photochemistry, quantum optical devices, and 5/6G communications.
Behavioral response of breeder toward development program of Ongole crossbred cattle in Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia
Authors: Widodo  , Kamardiani Diah Rina , Utami Beti Nur
Published: March 2022

Ongole crossbred were endemic cattle in Java Island due to their good adaptation to the environment. The Government of Yogyakarta Special Region sought to develop cattle farms through an Ongole crossbred cattle development program in the Gunungkidul Regency to preserve this Ongole crossbred population. The study aimed to describe the behavior of breeders who participated in the Ongole crossbred cattle development programs on the post of this program. A sample of 40 small-breeder participants of this program was interviewed. The observed behaviors were all activities conducted by the breeders in carrying out the Ongole crossbred cattle farming. This study showed that breeders well implemented toward some core program, i.e., facilities management, cultivating forage, integrated animal service, and conserving productive female cows since program completion. However, due to limitations of capital ownership, the breeders were not well producing alternative fodder. Based on this result, the government was recommended to introduce a simple small farming capacity machine to small farmers to process the agricultural waste as animal feed.
Use of line laser scanning thermography for the defect detection and evaluation of composite material
Authors: Li Yin , Song Yuan-jia , Yang Zheng-wei , Xie Xing-yu
Published: March 2022

The line laser scanning thermography was applied for the defect detection and evaluation of composite material in this work, which was carried out by the following procedures. First, a novel contrast enhancement method by homomorphic technology was proposed and validated by a case study. Then, a specimen containing 12 prefabricated defects was detected using line laser scanning thermography and the obtained thermal image sequence and changeable temperature were analyzed. Finally, the defect area was obtained via such thermal image processing as contrast enhancement based on the proposed method, threshold segmentation and quantitative evaluation. The obtained results show that the composite material defects with a depth of less than 4 mm can be detected using line laser scanning thermography but that with a depth of less than 3 mm can be evaluated quantitatively with a small error less than 10%.
Produktlebenslauforientierte Erfolgsrechnung
Authors: Westkämper Engelbert , Osten-Sacken Detlev v. d.
Published: March 2022

An die Hersteller von Investitionsgütern werden immer höhere Anforderungen im Hinblick auf die technische Leistungsfähigkeit der Maschinen und Systeme sowie auf Betriebskosten und Prozeßsicherheit gestellt. Von ihnen wird erwartet, daß bei der Maschinenkonzeption über den Entstehungsprozeß hinaus die Prozesse der Gebrauchs- und Entsorgungsphase berücksichtigt und zunehmend fachlich sowie organisatorisch betreut werden.
Automatisierte Inbetriebnahme von Vorschubantrieben
Authors: Tönshoff Hans Kurt , Brahms Ulrich
Published: March 2022

Der Aufwand für die Inbetriebnahme von komplexen Regelungen für Vorschubantriebe kann mit Hilfe einer automatischen Optimierung erheblich vereinfacht werden. In diesem Beitrag wird eine Lösung zur Selbsteinstellung von komplexen Regelungen vorgestellt

Der Arbeitsinhalt dieses Berichts ist Gegenstand der Forschergruppe „Struktur und Steuerung schneller Maschinen“ der Universität Hannover und wird durch die DFG gefördert

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Software-Engineering im Bereich der Produktionstechnik
Authors: Reinhart Gunther , Ansorge Dirk , Mauderer Michael , Sabbah Alexander
Published: March 2022

Auf Basis der Ergebnisse einer Industrieumfrage

Diese Umfrage wurde im Rahmen des von der Bayerischen Forschungsstiftung geförderten Forschungsverbundes Software-Engineering (ForSoft) durchgeführt

wird in diesem Beitrag der Stand der Softwareentwicklung im Bereich der Produktionstechnik vorgestellt. Es zeigt sich, daß aufgrund differenzierter Anforderungen an das Software-Engineering für die Entwicklung von Software bei der Auftragsplanung und -steuerung in der Produktion sowie für die Entwicklung von Software zur Anlagen- und Maschinensteuerung Verbesserungspotentiale zu finden sind.
Impulsmagnetische Umformung
Authors: Uhlmann Eckart , Forstmann Ute
Published: March 2022

Die zunehmende Bedeutung des Leichtbaus für technische Produkte führt zu neuen Fertigungskonzepten, wie beispielsweise die Verwendung von Aluminium als Leichtbauwerkstoff oder der Aufbau von Konstruktionen aus Profilen. Für diese Konzepte sind innovative Produktions- und Fertigungstechniken erforderlich. Ein solches Verfahren ist die impulsmagnetische Umformung oder Magnetumformung.
Von der Geometrieverarbeitung zum virtuellen Produkt
Authors: Krause Frank-Lothar , Jansen Helmut
Published: March 2022

Professor Günter Spur hat die Entwicklung der CAD-Technologie in Deutschland über einen Zeitraum von beinahe 35 Jahren wesentlich beeinflußt. Dieser Beitrag erscheint aus Anlaß seines 70. Geburtstags. Er stellt die Entwicklung der grundlegenden und industrieorientierten CAD-Forschung am Institut für Werkzeugmaschinen und Fabrikbetrieb der TU Berlin (IWF) sowie des Fraunhofer-Instituts für Produktionsanlagen und Konstruktionstechnik (IPK) in diesem Zeitraum an Hand von Beispielen dar.
Unternehmens-übergreifende Informations-ressourcen
Authors: Abramovici Michael
Published: March 2022

Die effiziente Erschließung und Nutzung neuester Informationen aus verschiedenen firmeninternen und -externen Quellen wird in den nächsten Jahren für die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der Unternehmen enorm an Bedeutung gewinnen. In diesem Beitrag wird über neue Forschungsansätze berichtet. Langfristiges Ziel sollte die Entwicklung von persönlichen Informationsassistenten sein, die eine anwendungsorientierte Versorgung der Nutzer mit relevanten, hochwertigen Informationen unterstützen.
Generierung und Bewertung von Prozeßketten
Authors: Klocke Fritz , Fallböhmer Markus , Trommer Gunnar
Published: March 2022

Ein Ziel des Simultaneous Engineering besteht darin, eine konstruktionsbegleitende Fertigungsplanung zu unterstützen. Entsprechende Methoden ermöglichen es, an der Wertschöpfung beteiligte Technologien auszuwählen und zu Technologieketten zu kombinieren. Die darauf aufbauende Generierung und Bewertung von Fertigungsfolgen zeigt eine Rangfolge von konstruktionsbegleitenden Fertigungsalternativen.
CAD- und PDM-Anwendungen im Anlagenbau
Authors: Hellwig Horst E.
Published: March 2022

Die nachfolgenden Betrachtungen sind Professor Günter Spur gewidmet, einem großen Lehrer und einem menschlichen und fachlichen Vorbild, der in diesen Tagen 70 Jahre alt wird. Inhaltlich zieht dieser Beitrag eine Schleife über CADAnwendungen im Anlagenbau in den letzten 25 Jahren und gibt einen Ausblick auf die Anforderungen über die Jahrtausendwende hinaus.
Digitale Kreativität in der Produktentwicklung durch Virtuelle Realität
Authors: Lehmann Clemens M.
Published: March 2022

Der Einsatz von Techniken der Virtuellen Realität findet immer mehr Anwendungsfelder. Durch die unmittelbare Wechselwirkung zwischen Menschen und rechnergenerierten Darstellungen, bietet die Virtuelle Realität auch neuartige Ansätze zur Unterstützung kreativer Produktentwicklungsprozesse.
Digitale Wasserzeichen in virtuellen Welten*
Authors: Lutz Monika
Published: March 2022

Durch die freie Verfügbarkeit von Daten und Informationen im Internet besteht der Bedarf an wirkungsvollen Schutzmechanismen für geistiges Eigentum. Für 2D-Bilder stellen digitale Wasserzeichen ein Mittel zum Nachweis der rechtmäßigen Nutzung dar. In diesem Beitrag werden Ansätze der Entwicklungsarbeiten an 3D-Modellen dargestellt.
Berechnung exzentrisch belasteter hydrostatischer Führungen
Authors: Perovic Bozina
Published: March 2022

Die Berechnung exzentrisch belasteter hydrostatischer Führungen erfordert komplizierte und zeitaufwendige mathematische Rechnungen. Es entsteht ein nichtlineares Gleichungssystem mit mehreren Unbekannten, das numerisch nur mit dem Einsatz von Rechnerprogrammen gelöst werden kann. Zur optimalen Auslegung der Führung und ihrer lversorgung ist diese Berechnung Öjedoch unerläßlich.
The Status and Role of Doorkeepers in the Early Medieval West
Authors: Day Juliette
Published: March 2022

Although the functions associated with someone charged with responsibility for the doors of a church—and by extension for the church building as a whole—were required, the development of a specific office that would be institutionally and ritually recognized was not inevitable. The ambiguities attached to the office relate to its name, where and whether it was situated in the clerical cursus, and the range of presumed actual and symbolic duties. Gathering together the scattered evidence for Gaul, Spain, and Italy from the later fourth century until the eighth century merely exacerbates the confused situation. That it became the first step in the clerical cursus is mainly due to the dominant influence of three sources deemed to be authoritative: the Statuta ecclesiae antiqua, the De septem ordinibus ecclesiae, and certain writings of Isidore of Seville.
Interpreting the Functions of the Roman Clergy in the Early Fifth Century
Authors: Dunn Geoffrey D.
Published: March 2022

Examining the information we have about deacons and presbyters in Rome during the first two decades of the fifth century contributes to the larger picture of their role and function and is instructive for several reasons. While there has been scholarly attention drawn to the prescriptive decrees of the Roman bishops regulating the life of their clergy, particularly regarding the clerical cursus honorum and lifestyle (marriage and sexual continence), less has been given to descriptive information about how deacons and presbyters operated. Although far from complete, this information is valuable. From the letters of Innocent I (402–417) we discover much about the liturgical functions of such clerics (through the invaluable letter to Decentius of Gubbio) as well as the role they played in being episcopal letter-bearers and negotiators. From Boniface I (418–422) we are reminded of another role of deacons and presbyters, that of electors and candidates for episcopal office. This information is filtered through the imperial correspondence concerning the electoral dispute between Boniface and Eulalius. We only gain insight into this process of episcopal election in practice when something went wrong. In this case, the undercurrent of tension between deacons and presbyters in Rome overflowed into open rivalry that required imperial intervention. This dispute is linked with the tensions that characterized the last months of Zosimus’s episcopacy of 417–418, where complaints about the bishop reached the imperial court in Ravenna and seem to have flowed from reactions to Zosimus’s changing responses to the Pelagian controversy. Such tension between deacons and presbyters existed in the time of Damasus (366–384), as revealed through Ambrosiaster and Jerome. It would be reasonable to conclude that such tension was present throughout this fifty-year period, ignited by different issues and most visible at the time of the election of a new bishop. Why then do we not find evidence of this tension under Innocent I? Perhaps he was a successful enough manager of his personnel that there were no significant outbreaks, or whatever problems there were did not require him to write about them to anyone else, thereby eliminating any trace of them from recorded memory. Most of our information comes filtered through the bishop’s perspective, and it is only with a letter sent from the presbyters of Rome to Ravenna in 419 in support of Boniface that we hear anything from the clergy themselves during this period. The evidence for the liturgical function of presbyters in the letter to Decentius perhaps unwittingly helps us understand the tension. Presbyters were closely tied to the populace, while, as we know from elsewhere, deacons were more closely tied to the bishop. It was the priestly or sacramental function of presbyters in controlling the boundaries of church membership that contributed to the collision course between them and the financially and administratively powerful deacons.
Reading the Collatio Legum Mosaicarum et Romanarum (or Lex Dei) in the Middle Ages
Authors: Frakes Robert M.
Published: March 2022

A fragment of a previously unknown manuscript of the anonymous late antique text known as the Collatio Legum Mosaicarum et Romanarum (Collation of the Laws of Moses and of the Romans) or as the Lex Dei (Law of God) was recently discovered in the Zadar State Archives in Croatia. This bifolium seems to come from a lost ninth-century manuscript of the work. It had been reused as the cover of a registry book by the notary Articutius in 1403. While recent examination of this new fragment in the context of the manuscript tradition of the work has suggested more information about the lost manuscript and the legal culture of medieval Dalmatian cities, examination of the manuscript tradition and handling of the Collatio by other medieval authors can provide some insight into the broader use of the Collatio in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages and even into the reception of Roman law in the early medieval West.
The effects of drying and fermentation on the bioaccessibility of phenolics and antioxidant capacity of Thymus vulgaris leaves
Authors: Ozkan K. , Karadag A. , Sagdic O.
Published: March 2022

Fresh thyme leaves (Thymus vulgaris L.) were dried at 45 °C for 5 h and naturally fermented at 20 °C in a brine solution containing salt and vinegar for 18 days. The ethanolic extracts of fresh (FT), dried (DT), and fermented-pickled (PT) thyme leaves were assessed in terms of total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant capacity values and subjected to in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. TPC, TFC, and antioxidant capacity values of fermented thyme leaves were found significantly higher than of dried and fresh samples. The bioaccessibility index (BI) value for TPC and TFC was highest for PT and lowest for DT, indicating that both processes had different effects on the structure of phenolic compounds present in the thyme leaves. Similarly both Recovery and BI values of DPPH antioxidant capacity were highest for PT, but lowest for fresh samples. When CUPRAC assay was applied, the recovery % for FT and PT was similar, and the BI was higher for FT. Results showed that compared to the results of fresh thyme leaves, drying and pickling had a considerable effect on the initial phenolic compounds extracted and their fate during in vitro digestion.
Residue characteristics of seven fungicides in cherry tomatoes and vegetable tomatoes
Authors: Chen Lichao , Wei Jie , Li Xuesheng , Li Honghong
Published: March 2022

A modified QuEChERS method using a GC-ECD to determine the multiple residues of pyraclostrobin, difenoconazole, dimethomorph and azoxystrobin and to indirectly determine the total residues of maneb, mancozeb and propineb by a GC-FPD (with an S filter) was established and validated. Meanwhile, field trials were conducted in accordance with good agricultural practice (GAP) to study their characteristics of residue degradation under the agricultural climate and cropping system of Guangxi Province. The separation effect of each target peak was good with a linearity range of 0.01–5 mg L−1, a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.003–0.015 mg kg−1 and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.01–0.05 mg kg−1. The average recovery ranges of vegetable tomatoes and cherry tomatoes were 70.5–120.0% and 70.8–119.8%, respectively, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of less than 7.1%. Field trials of seven fungicides in vegetable and cherry tomatoes showed that the half-lives (t1/2) of the dithiocarbamate fungicides (metiram, mancozeb, and propineb, defined as total residues determined as CS2), pyraclostrobin, difenoconazole, dimethomorph, and azoxystrobin were in the ranges of 5.2, 12.7–17.8, 7.6–7.9, 6.6–6.9, and 6.3–6.6 d in vegetable tomatoes, respectively. The cherry tomatoes presented ranges of 4.3–4.5, 10.8–11.8, 6.7–7.0, 5.4–5.5, and 5.9–6.2 d, respectively. Combined with the final residue and market monitoring results, the results show that cherry tomatoes have significantly higher terminal residues, initial deposits, and maximum residues of seven fungicides than vegetable tomatoes, and these seven pesticides can be detected in cherry tomatoes purchased from three markets. Therefore, cherry tomatoes may be regarded as representative varieties of tomatoes in realizing residual extrapolation for the establishment of the maximum residue limit (MRL) value of fungicides in tomatoes and for conducting market monitoring.
Experimental investigation of material properties of Al-Sic-fly ash composite
Authors: Kirubadurai B. , Kanagaraja K. , Jegadeeswari G. , Sundharesan R.
Published: March 2022

Composite materials are granted first choice in the present manufacturing scenario due to their compatibility with tolerances up to 0.001 mm and lower weight. The research design works on the composites of the metal matrix, which are used primarily for aeronautical and industrial applications. Metal matrix composites are being used extensively in structural engineering. Silicon carbide and fly shell ash were used as compliance in aluminium alloys for the manufacture of metal matrix composites (LM13). The composite metal matrix is created employing Stir Casting method. When compared to open moulding, closed moulding, and cast polymer moulding, it is a less expensive and more effective method. The composites produced were then examined for mechanical properties, from the results it was found that the presence of ash and ceramic grains can adversely impact the properties of the composites and even make them brittle. It is time to change the mechanical properties of aluminium by creating hybrid composites with double and often triple-reinforced sections. Hybrid composites have greater performance, better tolerance to tear, low density, resistance to corrosion and strong rigidity over metal matrix composites. In this research an Al-Sic-fly ash composite is proposed and the mechanical properties of hardness, tensile strength, corrosion strength, micro structure analysis are investigated.
Geometric design, modelling and finite element analysis of spur gear pairs having normal teeth based on the modification of the pressure angle
Authors: Bodzás Sándor
Published: March 2022

The aim of the thesis is the geometric design, CAD modelling and TCA of spur gear pairs having normal teeth based on the modification of the pressure angle. The first task is the geometric design and CAD modelling of the gear pairs (5 pairs are designed) where only the pressure angle is modified beside the constancy of the other initial parameters. The second task is to analyse the comparison possibility and the accuracy similarity of the 2D and the 3D models by the Hertz (equivalent) stress analysis. Finally, I give analysis of the maximum equivalent stress, normal stress and contact pressure for each pair while three teeth are rolling down on each other.
Architecture Revisits Math & Science: Computation in a Visual Thinking Pedagogy
Authors: Brackett Robert
Published: March 2022

This paper makes a case for the greater integration of computational logic and principles in core undergraduate architectural design courses as visual thinking pedagogy. Math and computation present abstract problems that may seem at odds with the real-world design concepts with which students are familiar. Because architecture students are typically strong visual thinkers, abstract mathematical language can be difficult to learn, but these concepts can be used as a pedagogical interface to support visual problem-solving in the design process. Building on the work of Christopher Alexander in Notes on the Synthesis of Form and A Pattern Language, the idea of “pattern languages” can be used to develop a curriculum that relies on math and computation to connect the visual and social systems at work in the design process. Design curricula can integrate computational thinking based on vector math, geometry, calculus, matrices, set theory, visual programming, and scripting to build students’ computational literacy through visual problem-solving. George Stiny’s “shape grammars” offer an intuitive analog method for introducing students to computational thinking through elements and rules in preparation for designing with digital tools. The further we distance ourselves from the fundamental operations of mathematics and computation, the more we risk becoming obsolete in the process. Computer programs can automate modeling, analyzing, programming, reviewing, and even designing buildings. For now, that places the architect in a narrow domain of design and visual aesthetics, which will quickly be subsumed by machine algorithms deployed by software companies. These machine constructions operate at the social/cultural scale, a place suited for the critical position and service of architects. The education of an architect should therefore provide students with critical knowledge and skills that position them to define the parameters of automation and challenge the computer programmers with radical ideas, communicated in a shared language of mathematics that is both visual and abstract.
Architecture in the Anthropocene: Toward an Ecological Pedagogy of Parts and Relationships
Authors: Jenewein Oswald
Published: March 2022

The impact of human activity on the global climate has started to cause physical repercussions that form, transform, and inform the natural and built environment. These repercussions have been materializing in a variety of ways, from sea level rise to wildfires, from health-threatening pollution to contamination of air, soil, and water. Architectural education in the age of climate crisis must tackle ecological challenges and respond to the impacts of global environmental change. This paper uses three curricular components as a case study to demonstrate how architectural education may be able to address global challenges through the lens of ecology, showcasing (1) Design Studios, (2) Seminar Courses, and (3) International Initiatives. This methodological approach is strongly connected to a pedagogy based on flat hierarchies, personal engagement, and collective awareness of the individuals within a course environment. The content-based pedagogy around ecology becomes a guide for both architecture and architectural pedagogy. The aim is to provide students with an understanding of how the formal relationship between the (geometric) parts of space becomes an integral part of the emerging systems within the changing environment. This paper also highlights the importance of travel components in contemporary architectural curricula, promoting a global-campus concept that is based on international academic and professional partnerships. Concrete examples of interdisciplinary and inter-university collaborations are provided to connect teaching components to research projects. The paper concludes by relating teaching and research endeavors to the current transition of traditional architecture programs to STEM-affiliated disciplines.
Rural Studio and the Front Porch Initiative: The Opportunities and Challenges of Place-Based Research
Authors: Stagg Mackenzie , McGlohn Emily
Published: March 2022

Harnessing the applied student research developed through design-build projects at Auburn University Rural Studio, the Front Porch Initiative aims to develop a scalable, sustainable, and resilient process for delivering homes in underserved rural communities. Student research forms the basis for the Initiative’s work, which extends its reach and impact through collaboration with housing providers and policymakers. A unique process of prototype home development and versioning of the homes engages students in the research of home affordability at different points in their architectural education. Graduate students undertake a comprehensive project: designing, developing, and ultimately building a prototype home for a local client in Rural Studio’s West Alabama service area. Third-year undergraduate students then utilize those prototypes for in-depth study and development of a specific topic related to contemporary issues in housing, such as accessibility, energy performance, material research, or emerging building technologies. Faculty working through the Front Porch Initiative can synthesize that information and deliver it as products to housing providers outside of Rural Studio’s service area. Currently, student research is driven by the particular demands of creating housing in the rural communities of West Alabama. This provides students the opportunity to deeply investigate and respond to local conditions, a key component of Rural Studio’s teaching pedagogy. However, as the Front Porch Initiative continues to expand the geographic, climatic, and sociocultural footprint of the housing research, Rural Studio faces new and different challenges and opportunities presented by other localities. As the Studio moves forward, it works to better understand how the local and particular can inform a broader conversation on rural housing while educating the next generation of citizen architects.
Agency in the Education of an Architect: Models of Engagement Toward Empowering Students
Authors: Pannone Michelle
Published: March 2022

The disparity between education and practice continues to dominate academic discourse, but oftentimes forgotten is the impact that agency plays in architectural education and, in turn, a student’s presence and contributions within the future of the built environment. Integrating a haptic and tangible process with easily recognizable social implications alongside traditional didactic models in architectural education engenders a sense of empowerment and obligation to a larger social authority. How might agency drive the education of an architect? In addition to teaching technical skills, how might academia address the methods to develop students’ skill sets working with and through local and political actors? Implemented as an experimental design-build course, the intention is to enable students to apply their understanding of the design thinking process and knowledge of architectural principles in their community. The specific course that is the case study engages students across a variety of levels outside their comfort zone through collaborating with departments, administrators, and stakeholders to truly understand the inner workings of a project at the scale of a community. The outcomes, presented through a case study of an experimental course, further exemplify how architecture students employ the concepts of environmental psychology and participatory planning in action, within the context of a semester-long design-build, to create a more integrated user-driven approach to architectural education. Leveraging the next generation of thinkers by empowering them to apply their skills for the betterment of society is critical to the future. In cultivating experiences that empower students, it is imperative to recognize each student’s ability to impact the built environment, further establishing the basis of their responsibility as a designer through developing a sense of collective agency in their design education. Therefore, not only addressing but actively pursuing engagement in the context of their education transforms their academic experience from a passive learner to an active participant.
Introduction: Participatory Design and Community Engagement
Authors: Ferguson Justin , Hampton Shane
Published: March 2022

This introductory section of the Participatory Design and Community Engagement portion of the Schools of Thought proceedings contains an overview of the session's chairs, its themes, and included papers.
Engagement as Theory: Architecture, Planning, and Placemaking in the Twenty-First Century City
Authors: Carriere Michael , Schalliol David
Published: March 2022

Our recent book, "The City Creative: The Rise of Urban Placemaking in Contemporary America" (University of Chicago Press, 2021), details how participatory design and community engagement can lead to democratically planned, inclusive urban communities. After visiting more than two hundred projects in more than forty cities, we have come to understand that planning, policy, and architectural design should be oriented by local communities and deep engagement with intervention sites. Of course, we are not the first to reach such a conclusion. In many ways, our work builds off contributions made by individuals, including Jane Jacobs, Kevin Lynch, and Christopher Alexander, and such movements as Team 10 and the advocacy architecture movement of the 1960s. Nevertheless, we need to broaden this significant conversation. Importantly, our classroom work has allowed us to better understand how histories often left out of such discussions can inform this new approach. To that end, we have developed community-student partnerships in underserved neighborhoods in cities like Milwaukee and Detroit. Through these connections and their related design-build projects, we have seen how the civil rights movement, immigration narratives, hip-hop culture, and alternative redevelopment histories, such as in urban agriculture, can inform the theory and practice of design. We want to bring these perspectives into dialogue with the mainstream approach to development and design. How does this look and work? Using a case study from the Milwaukee School of Engineering (MSOE) University Scholars Honors Program curriculum, we highlight the redevelopment of Milwaukee’s Fondy Park, an effort to create community-centered spaces and programming in an underserved African American community. Lessons include those essential for pedagogy and education, as well as for how these issues are theorized and professionally practiced, with implications for institutions, programs, and individuals.
Igniting Community Through Engaged Teaching
Authors: Criss Shannon , Gore Nils
Published: March 2022

Much of what we consider to be traditional teaching practices has been formed within the limits of a classroom setting, buried within a disciplinary focus. Yet our students face great societal, economic, and environmental challenges. We must ask what are we educating our students for? Do traditional models prepare our undergraduate and graduate students for a dynamic and changing world? Service-learning gets students involved in thinking in the context of real-world issues about how to address pressing community needs in partnership with community organizations. In this paper, community-engaged teaching and service-learning will be illuminated by highlighting four diverse pedagogical approaches. This paper will provide new considerations for how to integrate or advance service-learning through courses: (1) learn by designing and making; (2) learn by cross-disciplinary engagement; (3) learn by engaging in other fields and cultures; and (4) learn by serving in the pipeline.
Community Engagement and Service-Learning Reciprocity
Authors: Schaefer Shawn
Published: March 2022

As part of the University of Oklahoma’s Christopher C. Gibbs College of Architecture, the Urban Design Studio prepares graduate students from diverse backgrounds in its Master of Urban Design program to practice as urban design professionals. The studio uses a reciprocal community engagement and service-learning approach that benefits cities and residents of Oklahoma and provides students with meaningful educational experiences. Four case studies of studio projects are considered here. Each case study focuses on a different type of project, including creative urban design practice, participatory action research, community-based planning, and real-life, real-time placemaking. The studio regularly collaborates with communities on urban design studies and interventions. One such project focused on the revitalization of a three-mile stretch of Route 66 running through the heart of Tulsa. Participatory action research is represented by Tulsa Photovoice, an example of how studio faculty and students collaborate with communities to discover knowledge. Working in a more traditional framework, studio students led a community-based planning process for the downtown plan of the city of Muskogee, Oklahoma, entitled a Landscape of Hope. Finally, placemaking activities like the one for the Chapman Green illustrate how students learn by making. Each case study explains how the project was initiated, what community engagement techniques were used, and how students participated. Project outcomes are also summarized.
Oblique Pedagogical Strategies: Improv and Speculative Realism in Support of Social Justice Design Education
Authors: Watt Trudy
Published: March 2022

This paper acknowledges the extent to which the majority of people who work in the field of architecture are white, examines the way that whiteness in the prevailing charity-service model of community-engaged design undermines meaningful social justice design, calls for dismantling white cultural dominance in architectural education, and outlines a pedagogical method that has shown some promise in uncovering blind spots caused by dominant culture belonging that commonly prevents architects from understanding the experiences of others during design analysis, especially where asymmetrical privilege exists, such as in the field of community-engaged design. With roots in improvisational theater tactics and a thinking framework from speculative realism that helps undermine defaulting to traditional hierarchies, these oblique pedagogical strategies appear to expand student capacity for open inquiry and self-reflection, revealing previously invisible biases, and may point to more meaningful social justice design with community. The hope is that this is an entry to providing transformative education in undergraduate architecture studios that creates unfettered creative space for students of color and productively reveals bias to white students. The concern remains that the tactic persists in centering white feelings of comfort in a way that erases BIPOC distress in the studio. Early experiments with this pedagogical approach showed promise in a fifth-year undergraduate capstone studio at Jefferson University focused on how architects (a largely privileged population) can form alliances with communities experiencing gentrification (a largely marginalized population) and again in a -second-year undergraduate studio deployed within a design fundamentals curriculum at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee School of Architecture and Urban Planning.
Are Manufacturing Jobs Still Good Jobs? An Exploration of the Manufacturing Wage Premium
Authors: Tito Maria D. , Bayard Kimberly , Cajner Tomaz , Gregorich Vivi
Published: March 2022

This paper explores the factors behind differences in wages between manufacturing and other sectors. Using data from the Current Population Survey, we find that the manufacturing wage premium—the additional pay a manufacturing worker earns relative to a comparable nonmanufacturing worker—disappeared in recent years and that the erosion of the premium has primarily affected workers employed in production occupations, who experienced a wage decline of 2.5 percentage points since the 1990s relative to other workers in production occupations. While the demographic composition and other worker observables introduce level differences in manufacturing premia, our analysis suggests that they are not responsible for the declining trends. A decomposition of the premium by union membership status reveals that declines have been substantially larger across union members. To quantify the role of unionization membership on wage premia, we exploit the heterogeneity in membership status across industries within manufacturing. We find that the decline in union membership explains more than 70 percent of the decline in premia since the 1990s for union members, but the declines in unionization rates have not significantly affected non-union premia, which have instead responded to other factors, such as capital intensity. Our findings suggest that the erosion of “good” manufacturing jobs has contributed to the increase in overall wage inequality and could accelerate the decline of the manufacturing sector.
Money Market Fund Vulnerabilities: A Global Perspective
Authors: Bouveret Antoine , Martin Antoine , McCabe Patrick E.
Published: March 2022

Money market funds (MMFs) are popular around the world, with over $9 trillion in assets under management globally. From their origins in the 1970s, MMFs have operated in a niche between the capital markets and the banking system, as investment funds that offer private money‐like assets with features similar to those of bank deposits. Hence, they are vulnerable to runs that arise from liquidity transformation and from sudden changes in investor perceptions of the funds’ ability to serve as money‐like assets. Since 2000, MMF runs have occurred in many countries and under many regulatory regimes. The global pattern of runs and crises shows that MMF vulnerabilities are not unique to a particular set of governing arrangements, and that mitigating these vulnerabilities requires fundamental reforms that either place MMFs more clearly within the investment‐fund sector or establish protections for MMFs similar to those for deposits.
Timing of Admission to the Surgical Intensive Care Unit is Associated with in-Hospital Mortality
Authors: Kim Mi Kyoung , Jung Eun-Joo , Park Seulkee , Kim Im-kyung
Published: March 2022

Purpose: The relationship between the timing of admission (work-hours or after-hours) to the intensive care unit (ICU) and mortality among surgical ICU (SICU) patients is unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether admission to SICU during after-hours was associated with in-hospital mortality.Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted in a tertiary academic hospital. The data of 571 patients who were admitted to the SICU and whose complete medical records were available were analyzed. Work-hours were defined as 07:00 to 19:00 Monday to Friday, during which the ICU was staffed with intensivists. After-hours were defined as any other time during which the SICU was not staffed with intensivists. The primary outcome measure was in-hospital mortality according to the time of admission (work-hours or after-hours) to the SICU.Results: A total of 333 patients, were admitted to the SICU during work-hours, and 238 patients after-hours. Unplanned admissions (47.1% vs. 33.3%, p < 0.001), acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II score ≥ 25 (23.9% vs. 11.1%, p < 0.001), the need for ventilator support (34.0% vs. 17.4%, p < 0.001), and the use of vasopressors (50.0% vs. 33.3%, p < 0.001) were significantly higher in the after-hours group compared with the work-hours group. Multivariate analyses revealed that the timing of SICU admission was an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality (odds ratio, 2.526; 95% confidence interval, 1.010–6.320; p = 0.048).Conclusion: This study showed that admission to the SICU during after-hours was associated with increased in-hospital mortality.