bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
WATERSHED CLASSIFICATION USING CANONICAL CORRESPONDENCE ANALYSIS AND CLUSTERING TECHNIQUES: A CAUTIONARY NOTE1
Authors: Caratti John F. , Nesser John A. , Lee Maynard C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Watershed classification using multivariate techniques requires the incorporation of continuous datasets representing controlling environmental variables. Often, out of convenience and availability rather than importance to the structure of the system being modeled, the environmental data used originate from a variety of sources and scales. To demonstrate the importance of appropriate environmental data selection, classifications of six‐digit hydrologic units (1:24,000) across selected geographic areas within the Interior Columbia River Basin were produced. Canonical correspondence analysis was used to select and test environmental variables important in predicting Rosgen stream types and valley bottom classes. Then, hierarchical agglomerative clustering was used to group (classify) watersheds based on these variables. Statistically significant results were derived from the use of organized classification data with presumed predictive relationships to watershed properties, and a random distribution of environmental variables from the same datasets provided similar results. The results contained herein demonstrate that these analysis techniques do not necessarily select meaningful variables from a broad spectrum of data and that significant results are easily generated from randomly associated data. It is suggested that classifications produced using these multivariate techniques, especially when using multi‐scale data or data of unknown significance, are subject to invalid inferences and should be used with caution.
CONTROLLING PHOSPHORUS IN RUNOFF FROM LONG TERM DAIRY WASTE APPLICATION FIELDS1
Authors: McFarland Anne M.S. , Hauck Larry M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Phosphorus (P) in runoff from long term animal waste application fields can contribute to accelerated eutrophication of surface waters. Manure when applied at nitrogen (N) agronomic rates generally increases soil P concentrations, which can increase runoff of soluble P. Along the North Bosque River in central Texas, dairy waste application fields are identified as the most controllable nonpoint source of soluble P in a total maximum daily load. To evaluate P reduction practices for fields high in soil extractable P, edge‐of‐field runoff was measured from paired plots of Coastal bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)/ winter wheat (Triticum spp.). Plots (about 0.4 ha) received manure at P agronomic rates following Texas permit guidelines and commercial N during the pretreatment period. During the post‐treatment period, control plots continued to receive manure at P agronomic rates and commercial N. Treatment plots received only commercial N during the post‐treatment period. Use of only commercial N on soils with high extractable P levels significantly decreased P loadings in edge‐of‐field runoff by at least 40 percent, but runoff concentrations sometimes increased. No notable changes in extractable soil P concentrations were observed after five years of monitoring due to drought conditions limiting forage uptake and removal.
PCN BASED METAL PARTITIONING IN URBAN SNOWMELT, RAINFALL/RUNOFF, AND RIVER FLOW SYSTEMS1
Authors: Mishra S.K. , Sansalone John J. , Glenn Donald W. , Singh Vijay P.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Drawing an analogy between the popular Soil Conservation Service curve number (SCS‐CN) method based infiltration and metal sorption processes, a new partitioning curve number (PCN) approach is suggested for partitioning of heavy metals into dissolved and particulate bound forms in urban snowmelt, rainfall/runoff, and river flow environments. The parameters, the potential maximum desorption, ψ, and the PCN analogous to the SCS‐CN parameters S and CN, respectively, are introduced. Under the condition of snowmelt, PCN (or ψ) is found to generally rely on temperature, relative humidity, pH, and chloride content; during a rainstorm, ψ is found to depend on the alkalinity and the pH of the rainwater; and in the river flow situation, PCN is found to generally depend on the temperature, pH, and chloride content. The advantage of using PCN instead of the widely used partitioning parameter, Kd, is found to lie in the PCN's efficacy to distinguish the adsorption (or sorption) behavior of metals in the above snowmelt, rainfall/runoff, and river flow situations, analogous to the hydrological behavior of watersheds.
WATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF STORM WATER FROM MAJOR LAND USES IN SOUTH FLORIDA1
Authors: Graves Gregory A. , Wan Yongshan , Fike Dana L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Starting in 1998, a study was conducted to characterize storm water quality from predominant land use types in a coastal watershed along the south central coast of Florida, namely citrus, pasture, urban, natural wetland, row crop, dairy, and golf courses. Sixty‐three sampling sites were located at strategic points on drainage conveyances for each of seven specific land use areas. Runoff samples were collected following storm events that met defined rainfall criteria for a period of 30 months. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), heavy metals, pesticides, and other water quality parameters were determined, and the results were analyzed to compare and characterize land uses as relative sources for these constituents in runoff. Results showed that runoff from most land use types had low dissolved oxygen concentration and that sediment and nutrient concentrations were closely related to land use, particularly to the amount of fertilizer applied in each land use. Among the eight heavy metals tested, copper was the most frequently detected and was mostly associated with runoff from citrus and golf course land uses. High levels of arsenic were also detected in golf course runoff. The most frequently detected pesticide was simazine from citrus. The information and methodologies presented may facilitate pollution source characterization and ecological restoration efforts.
COLUMBIA RIVER FLOW AND DROUGHT SINCE 17501
Authors: Gedalof Ze'ev , Peterson David L. , Mantua Nathan J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A network of 32 drought sensitive tree‐ring chronologies is used to reconstruct mean water year flow on the Columbia River at The Dalles, Oregon, since 1750. The reconstruction explains 30 percent of the variability in mean water year (October to September) flow, with a large portion of unexplained variance caused by underestimates of the most severe low flow events. Residual statistics from the tree‐ring reconstruction, as well as an identically specified instrumental reconstruction, exhibit positive trends over time. This finding suggests that the relationship between drought and streamflow has changed over time, supporting results from hydrologic models, which suggest that changes in land cover over the 20th Century have had measurable impacts on runoff production. Low pass filtering the flow record suggests that persistent low flows during the 1840s were probably the most severe of the past 250 years, but that flows during the 1930s were nearly as extreme. The period from 1950 to 1987 is anomalous in the context of this record for having no notable multiyear drought events. A comparison of the flow reconstruction to paleorecords of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) support a strong 20th Century link between large scale circulation and streamflow, but suggests that this link is very weak prior to 1900.
APPLICATION OF THE RHESSys MODEL TO A CALIFORNIA SEMIARID SHRUBLAND WATERSHED1
Authors: Tague Christina , McMichael Christi , Hope Allen , Choate Janet , Clark Robyn
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Distributed hydrologic models which link seasonal streamflow and soil moisture patterns with spatial patterns of vegetation are important tools for understanding the sensitivity of Mediterranean type ecosystems to future climate and land use change. RHESSys (Regional Hydro‐Ecologic Simulation System) is a coupled spatially distributed hydroecological model that is designed to be able to represent these feedbacks between hydrologic and vegetation carbon and nutrient cycling processes. However, RHESSys has not previously been applied to semiarid shrubland watersheds. In this study, the hydrologic submodel of RHESSys is evaluated by comparing model predictions of monthly and annual streamflow to stream gage data and by comparing RHESSys behavior to that of another hydrologic model of similar complexity, MIKESHE, for a 34 km2 watershed near Santa Barbara, California. In model intercomparison, the differences in predictions of temporal patterns in streamflow, sensitivity of model predictions to calibration parameters and landscape representation, and differences in model estimates of soil moisture patterns are explored. Results from this study show that both models adequately predict seasonal patterns of streamflow response relative to observed data, but differ significantly in terms of estimates of soil moisture patterns and sensitivity of those patterns to the scale of landscape tessellation used to derive spatially distributed elements. This sensitivity has implications for implementing RHESSys as a tool to investigate interactions between hydrology and ecosystem processes.
SUBSURFACE RETURN FLOW AND GROUND WATER RECHARGE OF TERRACE FIELDS IN NORTHERN TAIWAN1
Authors: Liu Chen‐Wuing , Huang Han‐Chen , Chen Shih‐Kai , Kuo Yi‐Ming
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This study estimates subsurface return flow and effective ground water recharge in terraced fields in northern Taiwan. Specifically, a three dimensional model, FEMWATER, was applied to simulate percolation and lateral seepage in the terraced fields under various conditions. In the terraced paddy fields, percolation mainly moves vertically downward in the central area, while lateral seepage is mainly focused around the bund. Although the simulated lateral seepage rate through the bund exceeded the percolation rate in the central area of the paddy field, annual subsurface return flow at Pei‐Chi and Shin‐Men was 0.17 × 106 m3 and 0.37 × 106 m3, representing only 0.17 percent and 0.21 percent of the total irrigation water required for rice growth at Pei‐Chi and Shin‐Men, respectively. For upland fields, the effective ground water recharge rate during the second crop period (July to November) exceeded that during the first crop period (January to May) because of the wet season in the second crop period. Terraced paddy fields have the most efficient ground water recharge, with 21.2 to 23.4 percent of irrigation water recharging to ground water, whereas upland fields with a plow layer have the least efficient ground water recharge, with only 4.8 to 6.6 percent of irrigation water recharging to ground water. The simulation results clearly revealed that a substantial amount of irrigation water recharges to ground water in the terraced paddy, while only a small amount of subsurface return flow seeps from the upstream to the downstream terraced paddy. The amounts of subsurface flow and ground water recharge determined in the study are useful for the irrigation water planning and management and provide a scientific basis to reevaluate water resources management in the terrace region under irrigated rice.
HOW RIPARIAN ECOSYSTEMS ARE PROTECTED AT LAKE TAHOE1
Authors: Cobourn John
Published: June 2007

Riparian ecosystems are designated for special protection from development and disturbance at Lake Tahoe. The Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (TRPA) required protection of Stream Environment Zones (SEZs) in its Regional Plan for the Lake Tahoe Basin in 1987. These zones are identified by the presence of key indicators such as the evidence of surface water flow, riparian vegetation, near‐surface ground water, designated floodplain, and alluvial soils. They are mapped on each potential building site and assigned a setback that is also off limits to building construction. The SEZs are protected to maintain their functions and values, including flood attenuation, water quality enhancement, and wildlife habitat. Strict regulations control use or disturbance of SEZs on public and private property throughout the watershed. The TRPA has set restoration targets to increase the acreage of naturally functioning SEZs in the Tahoe Basin. Many SEZ restoration projects have been designed and implemented, but SEZ restoration targets have not been met. More SEZ restoration projects are being designed and funded each year. Restoration designers would benefit from increased effectiveness monitoring of completed projects and Web‐based dissemination of monitoring results.
REMOTE SENSING OF RIPARIAN BUFFERS: PAST PROGRESS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS1
Authors: Goetz Scott J.
Published: June 2007

Riparian buffer zone management is an area of increasing relevance as human modification of the landscape continues unabated. Land and water resource managers are continually challenged to maintain stream ecosystem integrity and water quality in the context of rapidly changing land use, which often offsets management gains. Approaches are needed not only to map vegetation cover in riparian zones, but also to monitor the changes taking place, target restoration activities, and assess the success of previous management actions. To date, these objectives have been difficult to meet using traditional techniques based on aerial photos and field visits, particularly over large areas. Recent advances in remote sensing have the potential to substantially aid buffer zone management. Very high resolution imagery is now available that allows detailed mapping and monitoring of buffer zone vegetation and provides a basis for consistent assessments using moderately high resolution remote sensing (e.g., Landsat). Laser‐based remote sensing is another advance that permits even more detailed information on buffer zone properties, such as refined topographic derivatives and multidimensional vegetation structure. These sources of image data and map information are reviewed in this paper, examples of their application to riparian buffer mapping and stream health assessment are provided, and future prospects for improved buffer monitoring are discussed.
WATERSHED SCALE INVENTORY OF EXISTING RIPARIAN BUFFERS IN NORTHEAST MISSOURI USING GIS1
Authors: Herring Joseph P. , Schultz Richard C. , Isenhart Thomas M.
Published: June 2007

An observational study was conducted at the watershed scale using land cover (vegetation) data to assess the absence or presence of riparian buffers in three northeastern Missouri watersheds. Forests and grasslands lying within a 61 m (200 ft) parallel band directly adjacent to streams were considered “buffers” for improving or protecting water quality and were characterized according to their length, width, and vegetation type. Results indicated that riparian buffers were abundant throughout the watersheds but were typically narrow along first‐order and second‐order streams; in many cases they may not have been wide enough to provide adequate stream protection. At least 90 percent of all streams had buffer vegetation immediately adjacent to the streambanks, but as few as 31 percent of first‐order streams had buffers extending to 61 m from the stream on at least one side. On‐site evaluations are needed to determine the condition of these forests and grasslands and their ability to process nonpoint source pollutants. The results will be useful for providing natural resource managers with knowledge of current watershed conditions as well as in identifying specific locations for future conservation efforts within each watershed.
ASSESSMENT OF SAMPLING ERROR ASSOCIATED WITH SOIL MOISTURE ESTIMATION DESIGNS1
Authors: Kim Gwangseob , Valdés Juan B. , North Gerald R. , Kim Hong Tae
Published: June 2007

A spectral formalism was developed and applied to quantify the sampling errors due to spatial and/or temporal gaps in soil moisture measurements. A design filter was developed to compute the sampling errors for discrete measurements in space and time. This filter has as its advantage a general form applicable to various types of sampling design. The lack of temporal measurements of the two‐dimensional soil moisture field made it difficult to compute the spectra directly from observed records. Therefore, the wave number frequency spectra of soil moisture data derived from stochastic models of rainfall and soil moisture were used. Parameters for both models were estimated using data from the Southern Great Plains Hydrology Experiment (SGP97) and the Oklahoma Mesonet. The estimated sampling error of the spatial average soil moisture measurement by airborne L‐band microwave remote sensing during the SGP97 hydrology experiment is estimated to be 2.4 percent. Under the same climate conditions and soil properties as the SGP97 experiment, equally spaced ground probe networks at intervals of 25 and 50 km are expected to have about 16 percent and 27 percent sampling error, respectively. Satellite designs with temporal gaps of two and three days are expected to have about 6 percent and 9 percent sampling errors, respectively.
STATEWIDE EMPIRICAL MODELING OF BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION OF SURFACE WATERS1
Authors: Wickham James D. , Nash Maltha S. , Wade Timothy G. , Currey Lee
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Bacterial contamination of surface waters is attributed to both urban and agricultural land use practices and is one of the most frequently cited reasons for failure to meet standards established under the Clean Water Act (CWA) (P.L. 92–500). Statewide modeling can be used to determine if bacterial contamination occurs predominantly in urban or agricultural settings. Such information is useful for directing future monitoring and allocating resources for protection and restoration activities. Logistic regression was used to model the likelihood of bacterial contamination using watershed factors for the state of Maryland. Watershed factors included land cover, soils, topography, hydrography, locations of septic systems, and animal feeding operations. Results indicated that bacterial contamination occurred predominantly in urban settings. Likelihood of bacterial contamination was highest for small watersheds with well drained and erodible soils and a high proportion of urban land adjacent to streams. The number of septic systems and animal feeding operations and the amount of agricultural land were not significant explanatory factors. The urban infrastructure tends to “connect” more of the watershed to the stream network through the creation of roads, storm sewers, and wastewater treatment plants. This may partly explain the relationship between urbanization and bacterial contamination found in this study.
MODELING THE BIG BLACK RIVER: A COMPARISON OF WATER QUALITY MODELS1
Authors: Caviness Kimberly S. , Fox Garey A. , Deliman Patrick N.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality uses the Steady Riverine Environmental Assessment Model (STREAM) to establish effluent limitations. While the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has approved of its use, questions arise regarding the model's simplicity. The objective of this research was to compare STREAM with the more commonly utilized Enhanced Stream Water Quality Model (QUAL2E). The comparison involved a statistical evaluation procedure based on sensitivity analyses, input probability distribution functions, and Monte Carlo simulation with site‐specific data from a 46‐mile (74‐km) reach of the Big Black River in central Mississippi. Site specific probability distribution functions were derived from measured rates of reaeration, sediment oxygen demand, photosynthesis, and respiration. Both STREAM and QUAL2E reasonably predicted daily average dissolved oxygen (DO) based on a comparison of output probability distributions with observed DO. Observed DO was consistently within 90 percent confidence intervals of model predictions. The STREAM approach generally overpredicted while QUAL2E generally matched observed DO. Using the more commonly assumed lognormal distribution as opposed to a Weibull distribution for two of the sensitive input parameters resulted in minimal differences in the statistical evaluations. The QUAL2E approach had distinct advantages over STREAM in simulating the growth cycle of algae.
ASSESSMENT OF POSSIBLE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN AN URBAN CATCHMENT1
Authors: Denault Catherine , Millar Robert G. , Lence Barbara J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Stationarity of rainfall statistical parameters is a fundamental assumption in hydraulic infrastructure design that may not be valid in an era of changing climate. This study develops a framework for examining the potential impacts of future increases in short duration rainfall intensity on urban infrastructure and natural ecosystems of small watersheds and demonstrates this approach for the Mission/Wagg Creek watershed in British Columbia, Canada. Nonstationarities in rainfall records are first analyzed with linear regression analysis, and the detected trends are extrapolated to build potential future rainfall scenarios. The Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) is used to analyze the effects of increased rainfall intensity on design peak flows and to assess future drainage infrastructure capacity according to the derived scenarios. While the framework provided herein may be modified for cases in which more complex distributions for rainfall intensity are needed and more sophisticated stormwater management models are available, linear regressions and SWMM are commonly used in practice and are applicable for the Mission/Wagg Creek watershed. Potential future impacts on stream health are assessed using methods based on equivalent total impervious area. In terms of impacts on the drainage infrastructure, the results of this study indicate that increases in short duration rainfall intensity may be expected in the future but that they would not create severe impacts in the Mission/Wagg Creek system. The equivalent levels of imperviousness, however, suggest that the impacts on stream health could be far more damaging.
ESTIMATING STREAMFLOW AND ASSOCIATED HYDRAULIC GEOMETRY, THE MID‐ATLANTIC REGION, USA1
Authors: Mohamoud Yusuf M. , Parmar Rajbir S.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Methods to estimate streamflow and channel hydraulic geometry were developed for unpaged streams in the Mid‐Atlantic Region. Observed mean annual streamflow and associated hydraulic geometry data from 75 gaging stations in the Appalachian Plateau, the Ridge and Valley, and the Piedmont Physiographic Provinces of the Mid‐Atlantic Region were used to develop a set of power functions that relate streamflow to drainage area and hydraulic geometry to streamflow. For all three physiographic provinces, drainage area explained 95 to 98 percent of the variance in mean annual streamflow. Relationships between mean annual streamflow and water surface width and mean flow depth had coefficients of determination that ranged from R2= 0.55 to R2= 0.91, but the coefficient of determination between mean flow velocity and mean annual streamflow was lower (R2= 0.44 to R2= 0.54). The advantages of using the regional regression models to estimate streamflow over a conceptual model or a water balance model are its ease of application and reduced input data needs. The prediction of the regression equations were tested with data collected as part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP). In addition, equations to transfer streamflow from gaged to ungaged streams are presented.
A WATER QUALITY‐BASED APPROACH FOR WATERSHED WIDE BMP STRATEGIES1
Authors: Wu Jing , Yu Shaw L. , Zou Rui
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Watershed management strategies generally involve controlling nonpoint source pollution by implementing various best management practices (BMPs). Currently, stormwater management programs in most states use a performance‐based approach to implement onsite BMPs. This approach fails to link the onsite BMP performance directly to receiving water quality benefits, and it does not take into account the combined treatment effects of all the stormwater management practices within a watershed. To address these issues, this paper proposes a water quality‐based BMP planning approach for effective nonpoint source pollution control at a watershed scale. A coupled modeling system consisting of a watershed model (HSPF) and a receiving water quality model (CE‐QUAL‐W2) was developed to establish the linkage between BMP performance and receiving water quality targets. A Monte Carlo simulation approach was utilized to develop alternative BMP strategies at a watershed level. The developed methodology was applied to the Swift Creek Reservoir watershed in Virginia, and the results show that the proposed approach allows for the development of BMP strategies that lead to full compliance with water quality requirements.
MONTHLY RUNOFF PREDICTIONS BASED ON RAINFALL FORECASTS IN A SMALL OKLAHOMA WATERSHED1
Authors: Garbrecht Jurgen D. , Schneider Jeanne M. , Van Liew Michael W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Conditions under which monthly rainfall forecasts translate into monthly runoff predictions that could support water resources planning and management activities were investigated on a small watershed in central Oklahoma. Runoff response to rainfall forecasts was simulated using the hydrologic model SWAT. Eighteen scenarios were examined that represented combinations of wet, average, and dry antecedent rainfall conditions, with wet, normal, and dry forecasted rainfall. Results suggest that for the climatic and physiographic conditions under consideration, rainfall forecasts could offer potential application opportunities in surface water resources but only under certain conditions. Pronounced wet and dry antecedent rainfall conditions were shown to have greater impact on runoff than forecasts, particularly in the first month of a forecast period. Large forecast impacts on runoff occurred under wet antecedent conditions, when the fraction of forecasted rainfall contributing to runoff was greatest. Under dry antecedent conditions, most of the forecasted rainfall was absorbed in the soil profile, with little immediate runoff response. Persistent three‐month forecasts produced stronger impacts on runoff than one‐month forecasts due to cumulative effects in the hydrologic system. Runoff response to antecedent conditions and forecasts suggest a highly asymmetric utility function for rainfall forecasts, with greatest decision‐support potential for persistent wet forecasts under wet antecedent conditions when the forecast signal is least dampened by soil‐storage effects. Under average and dry antecedent conditions, rainfall forecasts showed little potential value for practical applications in surface water resources assessments.
HYDROLOGIC MODELING OF A BIOINFILTRATION BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICE1
Authors: Heasom William , Traver Robert G. , Welker Andrea
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The goal of this research was to develop a methodology for modeling a bioinfiltration best management practice (BMP) built in a dormitory area on the campus of Villanova University in Pennsylvania. The objectives were to quantify the behavior of the BMP through the different seasons and rainfall events; better understand the physical processes governing the system's behavior; and develop design criteria. The BMP was constructed in 2001 by excavating within an existing traffic island, backfilling with a sand/soil mixture, and planting with salt tolerant grasses and shrubs native to the Atlantic shore. It receives runoff from the asphalt (0.26 hectare) and turf (0.27 hectare) surfaces of the watershed. Monitoring supported by the hydrologic model shows that the facility infiltrates a significant fraction of the annual precipitation, substantially reducing the delivery of nonpoint source pollution and erosive surges downstream. A hydrologic model was developed using HEC‐HMS to represent the site and the BMP using Green‐Ampt and kinematic wave methods. Instruments allow comparison of the modeled and measured water budget parameters. The model, incorporating seasonally variable parameters, predicts the volumes infiltrated and bypassed by the BMP, confirming the applicability of the selected methods for the analysis of bioinfiltration BMPs.
INFLUENCES OF SOIL DATASET RESOLUTION ON HYDROLOGIC MODELING1
Authors: Peschel Joshua M. , Haan Patricia K. , Lacey Ronald E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Soils represent a fundamental abiotic parameter in defining the characteristics of an ecosystem. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) produces the most detailed digital spatial soil datasets that are publicly available. The Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database contains basic attributes for the continuous coverage of soils across the United States. In its standard format, the SSURGO database is incompatible for use within the ArcView Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). A modified version of the State Soil and Geographic (STATSGO) database is the template soils dataset used by ArcView SWAT. This paper presents the methodology and development of a SSURGO database preprocessor extension for the ArcView SWAT model. A case study for the Upper Sabinal River Watershed near Uvalde, Texas, is given. Results indicate that hydro‐logic output parameter differences occur when comparing the STATSGO and SSURGO database information in the ArcView SWAT model under identical modeling conditions. Specifically, the SSURGO model produced a greater daily mean water yield with evapotranspiration and surface runoff being found consistently lower across the watershed. The most likely causes assigned to this phenomenon were higher percolation and resulting ground water return flow values due to significantly larger saturated hydraulic conductivity values associated with the SSURGO 2.x database.
CHARACTERIZATION OF HYDROLOGIC CONDITIONS TO SUPPORT PLATTE RIVER SPECIES RECOVERY EFFORTS1
Authors: Anderson Donald M. , Rodney Mark W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Efforts are under way to recover habitat for several threatened and endangered species in and along the Platte River in central Nebraska. A proposed recovery program for these species requires a means of characterizing “wet” versus “normal” versus “dry” hydrologic conditions in order to set corresponding Platte River instream flow targets. Methods of characterizing hydrologic conditions in real time were investigated for this purpose. Initially, 10 watershed variables were identified as potentially valuable indicators of hydrologic conditions. Ultimately, six multiple linear regression equations were developed for six periods of the year using a subset of these variables expressed as frequencies of nonexceedence. The adequacy of these equations for characterizing conditions was assessed by evaluating their historic correlation to subsequent flow in the central Platte River (1947–1994). These equations explained 54 to 82 percent of variability in the observed flow exceedences in the validation datasets, depending upon the period of year evaluated. These equations will provide initial criteria for setting applicable flow targets to determine, in real time, whether water regulation projects associated with the species recovery effort can divert or store flows without conflicting with recovery objectives.
An Investigation of Adaptive Expertise and Transfer of Design Process Knowledge
Authors: McKenna Ann F.
Published: June 2007

Transfer of knowledge is a common and ongoing area of investigation in many education studies. The topic is of central importance to the education community because it enables educators to understand how knowledge learned in one context can apply, or transfer, to new contexts. This is particularly important in the context of technological innovation and design education. That is, design often requires the generation of solutions that do not already exist. Generating unique solutions requires the ability to recognize when previous knowledge or learning is appropriate, and then to accurately apply previous learning to novel situations. Furthermore, focusing on transfer of knowledge brings a learner-centered approach to education such that learning experiences are designed to reinforce and to build on students’ prior knowledge. This paper presents results from a study that measured the type of design process knowledge that gets transferred into and out of design-focused courses. The study included approximately 100 students in three different courses: one freshman and two upper-level design courses. Results from this study shed light on the nature of students’ design process knowledge, as novice (freshman) as well as more experienced (junior and senior) student designers. In addition, study results show significant increases in pre- and post-measures of design process knowledge as students advance in the curriculum. Finally, we describe our findings in the context of an emerging framework for instruction and assessment: adaptive expertise. The concept of adaptive expertise is relevant to design education since it presents a model that guides the educational experience to have a balance of gaining technical proficiency with opportunities for applying one’s knowledge in innovative ways.
Design Integrated in the Mechanical Engineering Curriculum: Assessment of the Engineering Clinics
Authors: Kadlowec Jennifer , Bhatia Krishnan , Chandrupatla Tirupathi R. , Chen John C. , Constans Eric , Hartman Harriet , Marchese Anthony J. , Lockette Paris von , Zhang Hong
Published: June 2007

At Rowan University, design has been infused into the curriculum through an eight-semester course sequence called the Engineering Clinics. Through this experience, students learn the art and science of design in a multidisciplinary team environment and hone their design skills throughout their 4-year career. This paper describes the objectives of the clinics, types of projects, and how the clinics complement traditional core courses in the curriculum. Impacts and benefits of the clinics on students and faculty are discussed, including retention and graduate study rates comparing Rowan University mechanical engineering students to their peers nationally. An assessment of the clinics is presented based on survey data and accreditation objectives and outcomes. Survey data from students were assessed to determine levels of students’ satisfaction and confidence based on the clinics. Results of alumni and employer surveys also provide valuable feedback for assessing and improving the clinics as well as confirmation of the impact of clinics after graduation. Survey data are discussed along with challenges of the clinics at Rowan and adaptability of them at other institutions. Overall, the clinics are a positive and integrated design experience in the curriculum and assist students in achieving the program objectives.
Dominant Role of the
cbb
3
Oxidase in Regulation of Photosynthesis Gene Expression through the PrrBA System in
Rhodobacter sphaeroides
2.4.1
Authors: Kim Yong-Jin , Ko In-Jeong , Lee Jin-Mok , Kang Ho-Young , Kim Young Min , Kaplan Samuel , Oh Jeong-Il
Published: June 2007

In this study, the H303A mutant form of the
cbb
3
oxidase (H303A oxidase), which has the H303A mutation in its catalytic subunit (CcoN), was purified from
Rhodobacter sphaeroides
. The H303A oxidase showed the same catalytic activity as did the wild-type form of the oxidase (WT oxidase). The heme contents of the mutant and WT forms of the
cbb
3
oxidase were also comparable. However, the
puf
and
puc
operons, which are under the control of the PrrBA two-component system, were shown to be derepressed aerobically in the
R. sphaeroides
strain expressing the H303A oxidase. Since the strain harboring the H303A oxidase exhibited the same cytochrome
c
oxidase activity as the stain harboring the WT oxidase did, the aerobic derepression of photosynthesis gene expression observed in the H303A mutant appears to be the result of a defective signaling function of the H303A oxidase rather than reflecting any redox changes in the ubiquinone/ubiquinol pool. It was also demonstrated that ubiquinone inhibits not only the autokinase activity of full-length PrrB but also that of the truncated form of PrrB lacking its transmembrane domain, including the proposed quinone binding sequence. These results imply that the suggested ubiquinone binding site within the PrrB transmembrane domain is not necessary for the inhibition of PrrB kinase activity by ubiquinone. Instead, it is probable that signaling through H303 of the CcoN subunit of the
cbb

3

oxidase is part of the pathway through which the
cbb

3

oxidase affects the relative kinase/phosphatase activity of the membrane-bound PrrB.
folA, a New Member of the TyrR Regulon inEscherichia coliK-12
Authors: Yang Ji , Ogawa Yoshito , Camakaris Helen , Shimada Tomohiro , Ishihama Akira , Pittard A. J.
Published: June 2007

ThefolAgene was identified as a new member of the TyrR regulon by genomic SELEX. Binding of TyrR to two sites infolAactivated its transcription. Mutations in the N-terminal or central domain of TyrR, the α subunit of RNA polymerase, or integration host factor all abolished activation of thefolApromoter.
Filamentous Morphology in GroE-Depleted
Escherichia coli
Induced by Impaired Folding of FtsE
Authors: Fujiwara Kei , Taguchi Hideki
Published: June 2007

The chaperonin GroE (GroEL and the cochaperonin GroES) is the only chaperone system that is essential for the viability of
Escherichia coli
. It is known that GroE-depleted cells exhibit a filamentous morphology, suggesting that GroE is required for the folding of proteins involved in cell division. Although previous studies, including proteome-wide analyses of GroE substrates, have suggested several targets of GroE in cell division, there is no direct in vivo evidence to identify which substrates exhibit obligate dependence on GroE for folding. Among the candidate substrates, we found that prior excess production of FtsE, a protein engaged in cell division, completely suppressed the filamentation of GroE-depleted
E. coli
. The GroE depletion led to a drastic decrease in FtsE, and the cells exhibited a known phenotype associated with impaired FtsE function. In the GroE-depleted filamentous cells, the localizations of FtsA and ZipA, both of which assemble with the FtsZ septal ring before FtsE, were normal, whereas FtsX, the interaction partner of FtsE, and FtsQ, which is recruited after FtsE, did not localize to the ring, suggesting that the decrease in FtsE is a cause of the filamentous morphology. Finally, a reconstituted cell-free translation system revealed that the folding of newly translated FtsE was stringently dependent on GroEL/GroES. Based on these findings, we concluded that FtsE is a target substrate of the GroE system in
E. coli
cell division.
CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS IN OCHRONOSIS
Authors: Wagner Loyd R. , Knott James L. , Machaffie Reginald A. , Walsh John R.
Published: June 2007

A case of ochronosis with far-advanced cardiovascular, skeletal, and prostatic manifestations is reported. An attempt is made to correlate the location of pigment with other pathological changes in this disorder. A brief discussion of the hereditary factors, the metabolic pathways of homogentisic acid, and the pathogenesis of ochronosis is presented.
THE TOTAL WHITE CELL COUNT OF THE BLOOD AS AN INDICATOR OF ACUTE RADIATION DAMAGE AND ITS VALUE DURING THE FIRST FEW HOURS AFTER EXPOSURE
Authors: Hulse E. V.
Published: June 2007

The total white cell count of the blood is of no value in assessing the degree of acute radiation damage in rats during the first 48 hours after exposure. This is because there is a transient neutrophilia after irradiation which counteracts, to a varying extent, the reduction in numbers of the other white cells. A similar neutrophilia occurs in human patients and there is no reason to expect that the total white cell count over the same period would be of any greater value in man. It is suggested, therefore, that the total white cell count of the blood is not suitable as a method for sorting radiation casualties.
THE TOXICITY OF RUBBERS AND PLASTICS USED IN TRANSFUSION-GIVING SETS
Authors: Cruickshank C. N. D. , Hooper Caroline , Lewis H. B. M. , MacDougall J. D. B.
Published: June 2007

The toxicity of different rubbers and plastics used in transfusion-giving sets has been investigated by examining their effects on (a) cultures of chick embryo tissues, (b) the oxygen uptake of guinea-pig skin tissue cultures, and (c) the growth ofStr. pyogenes.

The results of the laboratory tests have been compared with the incidence of thrombophlebitis after prolonged transfusions through the various materials.

It was found that where the materials inhibited the growth ofStr. pyogenesthey were also toxic to tissue cultures, but that some materials which were toxic to tissue cultures did not inhibit bacterial growth.

The assessments of the relative toxicity of the materials tested by the two tissue culture methods were in agreement. The skin respiration studies, however, gave more information on the early effects of the toxic materials. The relative toxicity of the materials as revealed by these tests could be correlated with the differences in the incidence of thrombophlebitis following intravenous infusions administered through giving-sets assembled with the materials tested.

It is suggested therefore that the toxicity revealed by these tests is of clinical importance, and that tissue culture toxicity tests will prove to be of value in selecting rubbers and plastics for clinical purposes.
PENICILLIN ANTIBODY
Authors: Bird G. W. G.
Published: June 2007

A serum which specifically agglutinated penicillin-coated erythrocytes is described. The active constituent had the charac eristics of an antibody. Its laboratory and clinical significance is discussed.
CAERULOPLASMIN AS DEMONSTRATED BY STARCH GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
Authors: Cumings J. N. , Earl C. J.
Published: June 2007

Starch gel electrophoresis has demonstrated that graded concentrations of sodium sulphate do not precipitate the serum globulins in any reasonable degree of purity.

The use of this form of electrophoresis has shown that caeruloplasmin is associated with a globulin in the Fa2position.

This technique can be employed as a screening test for patients suspected of suffering from hepatolenticular degeneration.
THE IDENTIFICATION OF A FLUORESCENT REDUCING SUBSTANCE IN THE URINE OF PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Authors: McMillan Mary
Published: June 2007

The report that 2,5-dihydroxyphenylpyruvic acid occurs in the urine of patients with collagen disease has not been confirmed, and no evidence was found for regarding collagen disease as being due to an inherent error in tyrosine metabolism as suggested by Japanese workers.

A strongly reducing substance was conspicuous in the urine of patients with rheumatoid arthritis but not in that of normal persons. This substance was identified as 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA).

A method is described for the measurement of 3-HAA in urine, employing ether extraction, paper chromatography in a formate solvent, and visual assessment by fluorescence in ultra-violet light and colour with Ehrlich's reagent.

Normal persons excreted from less than 125 to 375 μg./day (average rather lower than 200 μg./day); those suffering from rheumatoid arthritis excreted from less than 125 to 2,250 μg./day (average 820 μg./day).

The excessive excretion of 3-HAA in persons with rheumatoid arthritis was investigated in terms of other aspects of the activity of the disease. Some relationship was suggested between excretion levels, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the sensitized sheep cell test.

Cases of osteoarthritis, other orthopaedic conditions, and miscellaneous diseases were examined. A few of the latter, including diseases of the haemopoietic system, were associated with increased excretion of 3-HAA.
TYRAMINE-PRODUCING STREPTOCOCCI IN NEONATAL DIARRHOEA
Authors: Bridson E. Y. , Brown Jean
Published: June 2007

An outbreak of neonatal diarrhoea associated with large numbers ofStreptococcus faecalisvar.zymogenesis described.

A follow-up survey showed that 23.3% of 347 healthy babies carried this organism without ill effect.

The tyrosine decarboxylase activity of the streptococci from both sick and healthy babies was identically high.

It is suggested that the tyramine-producing activity of these streptococci was not the primary cause of the diarrhoea.
THE INFLUENCE OF MECHANICAL FACTORS ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE PERIPHERAL ARTERIES AND THE LOCALIZATION OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Authors: Robertson J. H.
Published: June 2007

In a study of the peripheral arteries a period of development lasting until the end of the second decade of life is described. During this time there is evidence of medial hypertrophy and a continued formation of the longitudinal muscular cushions described in the foetus. Bands of longitudinal muscle also appear in the media of certain vessels. It is considered that the findings confirm the functional significance of foetal cushions and further suggest their relationship to the stresses of pulsation. In the later decades the tendency of atherosclerotic plaques to develop at the site of cushions is believed to reflect the importance of mechanical factors in the localization of this disease.
A HAEMORRHAGIC DISORDER IN PREGNANCY DUE TO AN “ANTICOAGULANT” PREVENTING THE CONVERSION OF FIBRINOGEN TO FIBRIN
Authors: Baker S. J. , Jacob E.
Published: June 2007

A bleeding disorder occurring during labour and affecting mother and foetus is described.

All stages of coagulation were normal until the reaction fibrinogen→fibrin. Either there was some abnormality present in the fibrinogen molecule, or there was an “anticoagulant” acting at this stage.

The abnormality was reversible by protamine sulphate and toluidine blue, but in other respects did not resemble hyperheparinaemia.

Reversibility of a clotting defect by protamine or toluidine blue is not sufficient evidence on which to make a diagnosis of hyperheparinaemia.

Demonstration of a prolonged clotting time occurring in late pregnancy does not necessarily justify the diagnosis of “afibrinogenaemia.”
AMINOACIDURIA AND MEGALOBLASTIC ANAEMIA
Authors: Fowler D. , Cox E. V. , Cooke W. T. , Meynell M. J.
Published: June 2007

Urinary amino-acid chromatograms from 23 patients with megaloblastic anaemia have been studied before and after therapy. The most consistent abnormality was an increased taurine or increased taurine/glycine ratio. This was not related directly to deficiency of vitamin B12or folic acid or to the degree of anaemia.
SERUM IRON DETERMINATION
Authors: Kok D'A. , Wild F.
Published: June 2007

A simple, rapid, and sensitive method for the determination of iron in serum or plasma is described.

The procedure is carried out at room temperature with 2 ml. of serum or plasma, or with 1 ml. if high values are expected; it can be applied to turbid or jaundiced samples, whether previously frozen or not.

An ethanolic solution of 4: 7-diphenyl-1: 10-phenanthroline is used to produce a coloured iron complex, the optical density of which can be measured in any suitable photometer, using either 10 or 20 mm. fused glass cuvettes or matched tubes of 1.1 cm. internal diameter.
AN IMPROVED WHITE CELL DILUENT FOR USE WITH THE EEL ELECTRONIC BLOOD CELL COUNTER
Authors: Taylor F. , Rickards A. G.
Published: June 2007

An improved white cell diluent for use with the Eel electronic counter is described. It possesses advantages over previously described diluents in the rapidity of its action as a red cell stromalysin and in its ability to conserve surviving leucocytes for long periods of time. These properties enable counts to be made either immediately after preparation of the suspension or several hours later. The diluent is equally suitable for use with capillary or venous blood samples. When used for counting leucocytes it has been found necessary to effect a minor modification to the machine whereby the light intensity is reduced by approximately one-half.