bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of heat processing on the nutritional value of groundnut products: I.—Protein quality of groundnut cotyledons for rats
Authors: Anantharaman K. , Carpenter K. J.
Published: November 2006

The trypsin inhibitor activity of raw groundnut cotyledons was approximately 20% of that found in raw soyabeans but was apparently sufficient to cause significant pancreatic hypertrophy in rats receiving 15% protein from this source in their diet. Autoclaving at 121° for 0.5 h reduced the inhibitor activity to one‐fifth; dry heating for the same time at this temperature reduced it to one‐half. There was a tendency for 0.5 h heating, wet or dry, at 100–121° slightly to increase the net protein utilisation (NPU) value of the protein for rats. Dry heating at 121° for 4 h severely reduced NPU; fluorodinitrobenzene‐available lysine in the severely heated material was similarly reduced but there was little change in the level of available methionine assessed using Streptococcus zymogenes.
Comparison of methods for assessing the availability of potassium and phosphorus in field soils to black currants and strawberries
Authors: Redmond W. J.
Published: November 2006

The validity of activity ratio measurements for potassium, and ion potential measurements for phosphate as criteria for the availability of these nutrient elements to blade currants and strawberries growing in the field was compared with the results obtained by determinations of exchangeable potassium and acetic acid‐soluble phosphorus for three different soils. The correlations between soil nutrient values and uptake by the plants, as evidenced by leaf nutrient content, were similar for each element irrespective of which method was used, so that for the particular field experiments concerned there would appear to be no advantage in replacing the straightforward extraction determinations by ion activity determinations for diagnostic purposes.
Determination of moisture and oil in the seed of winter rape (Brassica napus) II.‐Comparison of extraction methods for the estimation of oil
Authors: Hughes M.
Published: November 2006

The rate of oil extraction from moist and dry rape seed was compared over an extraction time of 20 h and showed oil to be more readily extractable from oven‐dried seed. Three methods of determining the oil content by extraction of single samples were compared with a method in which a number of samples contained in single satchets were extracted in one large extractor. No significant differences were shown between any of the methods used, and it is proposed where sample numbers are large, and oil content is the only analysis required, that the multiple extraction method of oven‐dried seed is satisfactorily quick and accurate.
Chemotherapy of fascioliasis: II.‐4‐Cyano‐2‐iodo‐6‐nitrophenol (nitroxynil) and related compounds
Authors: Davis M. , Rosenbaum J. , Wright D. E.
Published: November 2006

A series of halogenated nitro‐ and cyano‐phenols has been synthesised for structure‐activity studies against the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica. Hie functional groups of the most effective compound, 4‐cyano‐ 2‐iodo‐6‐nitrophenol (nitroxynil), have been modified in several ways.
Effect of heat pasteurisation on some egg white enzymes
Authors: Henderson Ann E. , Robinson D. S.
Published: November 2006

It has been shown by a potassium permanganate titration method that solutions of egg white decompose hydrogen peroxide. Using an oxygen electrode the 1st‐order rate constants for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (during the first minute of the reaction) by different samples of newly laid and laboratory heat‐treated egg white, have been calculated. An Arrhenius plot of calculated denaturation constants has shown that the activation enthalpy, free energy and entropy changes required for the heat inactivation of the catalase‐like property' were 39.8 kcal mole−1, 22.6 kcal mole−1 and 51 entropy units, respectively.

The effect of heat on the lyspzyme, the a‐mannosidase and the N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase enzymes of egg white has also been studied and it has been shown that the activity of N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase enzyme is reduced by heat at 53 to 57°. The activation enthalpy, free energy and entropy changes required for the heat inactivation of N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase were 62.9 kcal mole−1, 21.8 kcal mole−1 and 124.5 entropy units, respectively.

The results are discussed with particular reference to the occurrence, disputed by some workers, of a catalase enzyme in egg white, and to a possible application of the effects of heat on the egg white enzymes as a method for measuring the effectiveness of heat pasteurisation processes.
Note on differentiation of myofibrillar proteins
Authors: Champion Angela , Parsons A. L. , Lawrie R. A.
Published: November 2006

The detection of qualitative differences between the myofibrillar proteins of muscles, which superficial examination would classify as similar on the basis of their ‘redness’ or ‘whiteness’, emphasises the need for more subtle criteria for understanding meat quality.
Formulation of a protein‐rich vegetable mixture for prevention of protein‐calorie malnutrition
Authors: Hanafy M. M. , Seddik Y. , Aref M. K.
Published: November 2006

Several mixtures of crushed decorticated groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea), lime‐roasted chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and the white dregs of sesame (Sesamum indicum) are quantitatively and qualitatively compared with ‘standard’ proteins.

Using a selection of both children and adults, a blend ratio 3 : 2 : 1 (groundnut‐chickpea‐sesame) was selected as being fully palatable and readily acceptable.
Amino acid supplementation of a protein‐rich mixture of crushed groundnut, chickpea and sesame
Authors: Hanafy M. M. , Seddik Y. , Aref M. K.
Published: November 2006

Supplementation of a 3 : 2 : 1 crushed groundnut‐chickpea‐sesame mixture (in a 10% protein diet) with methionine to raise the level of sulphur‐containing amino acids from 187 to 228 mg/g N resulted in improved growth and lactation in the rat, but further supplementation with both methionine and tryptophan to the levels proposed by the FAO committee (1957) did not increase this effect.
Evaluation of whisky distillery by‐products III.—Effect of calcium supplements on the digestibility and intake of ruminant diets containing malt distiller's grains
Authors: Miller T. B. , El Hag G. A. , Pratt G.
Published: November 2006

Digestibility and intake data have been obtained from sheep fed on rations consisting of fresh and ensiled malt distiller's grains (MDG) fed alone and with hay and silage. The effects of calcium supplements have been measured with all rations, and calcium lactate has been compared with calcium carbonate. The results of digestibility trials with cattle have been included; in these the effect of additional calcium has been estimated with rations of barley straw + MDG.

When MDG was fed alone the intakes of fresh and ensiled forms were similar and there was a significant decrease in intake with duration of feeding. Fresh MDG had a significantly higher digestibility, and additional calcium increased the digestibilities of fresh and ensiled samples.

The intakes of rations containing hay + MDG and silage + MDG were positively correlated with digestibilities of the whole ration. Additional calcium resulted in higher intakes of hay and MDG but silage intakes were unaffected. The effect of added calcium was greater with hay + fresh MDG than with other combinations of constituents. Calcium carbonate and calcium lactate were equally effective in increasing intake.

The addition of NaCl during the ensilage of MDG reduced the retention of magnesium by sheep given grains with hay and silage.

Addition of calcium to cattle rations of barley straw and MDG produced an increase in the intake but digestibility of the diet was not affected. The rations with calcium provided 0·75 × maintenance requirements of the cattle for metabolisable energy and about twice the maintenance requirements for digestible crude protein.
Free sugars of wheat aleurone cells
Authors: Stevens D. J.
Published: November 2006

The sugars extracted from de‐fatted contents of the aleurone cells of wheat, accounted for 10% of the dry weight of the material. After separation by gel‐filtration and paper chromatography, the components were identified as 42% sucrose, 31 % raffinose, 20% neo‐kestose, and 6% fructosyl raffinose, with traces of two other oligosaccharides, one of which was probably stachyose. Monosaccharides, maltose, and higher oligosaccharides which occur in other parts of the grain, were absent.
Carotene‐Bleaching activity in plant tissue extracts
Authors: Blain J. A.
Published: November 2006

The effect of antioxidants on carotene‐bleaching by extracts of various vegetable tissues other than seeds suggests that this activity in general could be more readily attributed to intrinsic haematins than lipoxidases.
A role for acetate in the development of Low‐Temperature breakdown in apples
Authors: Wills R. B. H. , Scott K. J. , McGlasson W. B.
Published: November 2006

Increased rates of water loss, which reduced susceptibility of Jonathan apples to breakdown, caused a reduction in the level of acetic acid in the fruit. Increasing the level of acid, by the injection of acetic acid into the fruit, increased the incidence of breakdown.

It is suggested that acetic acid could promote breakdown, and its removal as acetate esters or free acid would reduce the disorder.
Analysis of fruit juice by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. II.—Direct determination of several major and trace metals
Authors: Roos J. T. H. , Price W. J.
Published: November 2006

A method has been developed for the determination, by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, manganese and zinc in fruit juices. The metals may be determined by direct aspiration of the sample, suitably diluted with water, after removal of suspended matter by centrifugation. It is not necessary to ash the samples prior to analysis. Results are given for the analysis of different fruit juices, and figures are presented for the accuracy and reproducibility of the recommended procedures.
Investigation of the clay mineral protection theory for non‐hydrolysable nitrogen in soil
Authors: Freney J. R. , Miller Raymond J.
Published: November 2006

The stability of clay minerals and synthetic clay mineral‐nitrogen complexes in boiling 6 N hydrochloric acid was studied to determine whether clay minerals in soil could protect nitrogen compounds or ions from solution.

The crystal structure of uncomplexed clay minerals, such as montmorillonite, appeared to be destroyed by boiling acid. Interlamellar ammonium did not reduce the solubility of these clay minerals in boiling acid, nor was the ammonium ion protected from solution. However, a number of organic nitrogen compounds (in particular quaternary ammonium salts) markedly reduced the solubility of montmorillonite. In addition the clay mineral reduced the solubility of organic nitrogen compounds in boiling acid. This reduction in solubility did not appear to be due to humin formation or to adsorption of nitrogen compounds on the amorphous residue produced from acid treatment of montmorillonite. The results suggest that a clay mineral protection theory for non‐hydrolysable nitrogen is tenable.
Effects of gamma irradiation on the available nitrogen status of soils
Authors: Singh B. R. , Kanehiro Y.
Published: November 2006

Five Hawaiian soils were irradiated at various levels of gamma irradiation and analysed for available (NH4 and NO3) nitrogen content immediately after irradiation, and after periods of incubation. The release of NH4‐N generally increased with increasing dosages in all soils, while NO3‐N decreased in some soils. Incubation studies showed that the loss of NO3‐N continued even after several days of irradiation. The rate of NH4‐N mineralisation in irradiated soils was highest during the first seven days and declined later on.
The siro gritometer for determination of the grit content of dried vine fruits
Authors: Hawker J. S. , Grncarevic M.
Published: November 2006

A relatively simple and inexpensive apparatus has been developed for the rapid determination of the surface contamination of dried vine fruits by grit. Up to 80 measurements can be made in an 8‐hour day by a semi‐skilled operator. Grit is separated from samples (200 g) of dried fruit by sieving, and grit particles greater than 50 μm diameter are collected on a small sieve. After separation of organic matter and grit in a saturated solution of potassium carbonate the height of grit in a tube of diameter 2 mm gives an index of the grit content of the fruit. Values obtained with the gritometer show significant correlation with values obtained using a previously accepted slower method.
Sugar changes during the preparation of burukutu beer
Authors: Faparusi S. I.
Published: November 2006

In the study of sugar changes during preparation of Burukutu beer, samples analysed were obtained from a local brewer. A freshly prepared drink was analysed together with gari – a starch adjunct. The pattern of sugar changes during this 5‐day malting stage was also followed. Twelve sugars were identified in the beverage while six sugars were shown to be present in the gari adjunct. Analyses of both germinated and ungerminated sorghum grains show that no new types of sugars resulted from the process of germination. In the study of amylase activity of the malts it was shown that detectable amylase activity began from the second day of germination onwards. Because of the relatively high concentrations of maltooligosaccharides in the drink, starch amylosis should have continued during the fermentation stage.
Availability of lysine in protein concentrates and diets using carpenter's method and a modified silcock method
Authors: Ostrowski H. , Jones A. S. , Cadenhead A.
Published: November 2006

A comparison was made of methods for the evaluation of the available lysine in protein concentrates and diets. Some modifications of the Silcock method, developed by Roach et al. for lysine determination are suggested, and the optimum range of lysine concentration in samples has been evaluated.

With animal protein concentrates, the Silcock method for measuring the total and residual lysine, after treatment with 1‐fluoro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene, gave results in close agreement with those for available lysine obtained using Carpenter's method. The short‐column system appeared to be free from carbohydrate interference which with Carpenter's method was probably responsible for higher values for available lysine especially for vegetable protein concentrates and cereal diets. The differences between the methods in values obtained for the available lysine in vegetable protein concentrates were significant.

The modified short‐column technique improved the separation of ornithine and lysine. The optimum range of lysine concentration that is recommended for application to a column is between 25 and 75 μg in 1 ml. By the use of the technique suggested it is possible to carry out a large number of analyses without the use of the automatic analyser system as used by Roach et al.
Fluoride content of fish protein concentrate and raw fish
Authors: Ke P. J. , Power H. E. , Regier L. W.
Published: November 2006

The fluoride content of fish protein concentrate prepared by the Halifax isopropanol process and also of several possible raw materials was determined by distillation without fusion. The concentration of fluoride in this dry material ranged from 20 to 760 ppm and was dependent upon the raw materials. The major source of the fluoride was the bones which were incorporated in the product to a variable extent. The levels in fresh fillets ranged between 2·3 and 5·4 ppm while whole eviscerated fish contained 3·6‐57 ppm fluoride.
Studies on potassium nutrition of plants III.—Effects of potassium concentration on growth and mineral composition of vegetable seedlings in solution culture
Authors: Freeman G. G.
Published: November 2006

Because of diffusion, the effective concentration of nutrients in contact with plant roots in sand culture is much less than the concentration of the nutrient solution supplied. For comparison with earlier observations in sand culture, solution culture experiments have been made with cabbage and red beet seedlings using readily available equipment for the control, within reasonable limits, of the potassium concentration of the root environment.

Weight responses and K content of tops and roots, Na content of tops, top: root weight ratios, percentage dry residue of top and root and potassium flux through the roots were influenced in similar ways by increase of K+ concentration in the medium. There were steep slopes to about K0·1 followed by an abrupt change of slope and levelling off or a slight fall at the highest potassium concentrations. The weight responses, K content of top and root and potassium flux increased with increasing nutrient medium K+ concentration whereas the other relationships were in the reverse direction.

Root potassium contents increased in a similar manner to those of the tops but were lower than the latter at corresponding medium K+ concentrations. Root sodium contents rose to a maximum at a medium concentration of 0·1 mequiv./1 of K+ and thereafter fell with increasing potassium in the medium. The sums of the cation equivalents (K, Na, Mg, Ca) in the tops and roots were approximately constant.

The limiting potassium concentration was determined from the response curves as the lowest concentration at which maximum yield was obtained. For beet in solution culture, the value was 0·15 and the corresponding concentration in sand culture was 0·7 mequiv./1 (ratio, sand/solution = 4·7); the values for cabbage were, respectively, 0·13 and 0·5 mequiv./1 (ratio, 3·8).

The rate of removal of potassium by beet seedlings from solutions containing initial concentrations in the range 0·01‐5 mequiv./1 was determined. The flux of potassium through the root surfaces varied from 0·35–1·89 μg K/g root/sec with increasing initial concentration in the medium.
Characterisation and fractionation studies on seed proteins of some of the leguminosae by starch‐gel electrophoresis
Authors: Adriaanse A. , Robbers J. E.
Published: November 2006

This investigation supplements the previously reported characterisation of 32 cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris and led to results for 5 cultivars of Vicia faba and 3 cultivars of Pisum sativum. Moreover, proteins of S1 fractions of commercial seeds of three Phaseolus vulgaris, two Vicia faba and three Pisum sativum cultivars were fractionated; electrophoretic patterns obtained for the albumin fractions (F1) are characteristic for the species used. By fractionation, three different globulin fractions (F2‐F4) are obtained; after electrophoresis optimum cultivar differences appear in the legumin patterns (F2).
Rapeseed meal II.—Chemical composition and biological quality of the protein
Authors: Ballester Digna , Rodrigo R. , Nakouzi J. , Chichester C. O. , Yáñez E. , Mönckeberg F.
Published: November 2006

The chemical composition (moisture, ash, protein, amino acids, ether extract, crude fibre, Ca, P, Fe, thioglucosides, isothiocyanates and oxazolidinethiones) and biological quality (net protein utilisation, available lysine and digestibility) were investigated in 12 samples of presscake meal of rapeseed (Brassica napus) collected from local factories. Crude fibre and mineral contents were comparatively high. Thioglucosides and their hydrolysis products (isothiocyanates and oxazolidinethiones, which are toxic) were found in high concentrations. All samples showed a high protein content and their amino acid patterns corresponded to a good‐quality protein with a score of 80, and an adequate level of available lysine. Nevertheless, the biological quality measured as net protein utilisation and digestibility gave low values, which could be explained on the basis of the presence of the toxic factors and the high level of crude fibre, respectively.
Use of molecular sieve 5A in the analysis of the flavour volatiles of cooked chicken
Authors: Hobson‐Frohock A.
Published: November 2006

A short column of molecular sieve 5A has been used to simplify the complex pattern of flavour volatiles extracted by isopentane from cooked meat, prior to analysis by gas‐liquid chromatography and identification by mass spectrometry. The molecular sieve removed all components from the mixture except aromatic hydrocarbons, branched cyclic compounds and some halogenated derivatives. Recovery experiments showed no loss of aromatics on the sieve and there was complete removal of n‐alkanes, n‐alkanals, n‐alkanones, n‐alkanols and fatty acid methyl esters. Some n‐alkanes were recovered from the molecular sieve by displacement with hexadecane.
Effect of time of application of fertiliser nitrogen on the distribution and identity of the nitrogenous constituents of young apple trees
Authors: Hill‐Cottingham D. G. , Cooper Denise R.
Published: November 2006

The initial response to an application of fertiliser N appeared always as a rise in the level of asparagine. Following spring and summer N applications this high level of asparagine later decreased as those of arginine and the insoluble N increased, but after autumn N application both asparagine and arginine accumulated, especially in the roots. Leaves were exceptional both in containing a high proportion of insoluble N at all times and in containing a large amount of soluble glutamine soon after spring N application, in addition to the arginine and asparagine.

Direct analyses have been transformed on to a weight basis and the results are given diagrammatically as the total weight of N present in each tissue of the tree as each of the four components: insoluble N, soluble arginine, soluble asparagine, or the total of all other soluble compounds. This has enabled the movement of N within the whole tree and the interchange between compounds in response to season and to fertiliser application to be recognised more readily.

The possible significance of the relative mobilities of arginine and asparagine is also discussed, together with the possible merits of sampling leaves or other tissues, for example the roots, for predicting the future crop potential of apple trees.
Electrochemical aspects of ion transport in plants
Authors: Macklon A. E. S.
Published: November 2006

One of the fundamental problems of ion transport is to differentiate between those ion species which are transported by means of metabolically driven ‘ion pumps’ and those which enter or leave the cell by diffusion. Electrochemical theory proposes models which allow relatively precise analysis of the ionic relationships of the cell, and has led to considerable advances in distinguishing between actively and passively transported ions. A brief account of the theory adopted is given, and its use illustrated with examples of ion‐uptake studies on potato tuber tissue, pea seedling stems and castor‐bean root systems.
Protein and amino acid composition of maize grain as influenced by variety and fertility
Authors: Keeney D. R.
Published: November 2006

The protein and amino acid composition of maize grain from four Wisconsin single‐cross hybrids grown on plots treated with 200 kg/ha of N or 200 kg/ha of N and 278 kg/ha of K fertiliser was determined. The yield increase due to N fertiliser was large, but K increased the yield of only one variety because of the adequate level of available K in the soil of the plot area. Little variation was found among varieties with respect to amino acid composition of the protein. The average protein concentration in maize grain was 7.0,7.7 and 8.4% with the control, N and N‐K treatments respectively. The results obtained indicated that the protein increase was due in large part to an increase in zein. The concentration in the maize grain of all essential amino acids, except methionine, was highest in the grain from the balanced N‐K fertilizer treatment.
Isolation of further components from wheat gliadins
Authors: Booth M. R.
Published: November 2006

Ion‐exchange chromatography on CM‐Sephadex C‐50 has enabled a wheat protein, the β3‐gliadin, to be isolated in a pure state for the first time from two widely differing varieties. The two proteins were shown to be almost identical in amino acid composition. The preparation of an athin from gliadin, and its analysis, is also reported.
Effect of processing variables on the stability of β‐Carotenes and xanthophylls of dehydrated parsley
Authors: Nutting M‐D. , Neumann H. J. , Wagner J. R.
Published: November 2006

Curled‐ and plain‐leaf parsley were analysed for β‐carotene, xanthophyll and the stereo‐isomers of β‐carotene, before and after various combinations of freezing, blanching, sulphiting and air‐drying. Heating of parsley by blanching or by dehydration of unblanched samples generally resulted in an increased retention of β‐carotene. Dried samples contained a higher percentage of the cis‐isomer and neo‐β‐carotene b but a lower percentage of the all‐trans‐isomer. Freezing unblanched parsley reduced total carotene content 8–13 %. Xanthophyll changes were similar to those for total carotene except that dried samples contained 2–28 % less xanthophyll than fresh parsley. Sulphited samples retained 8–30 % more carotenoid pigments than the non‐sulphited samples. Total β‐carotene of dried parsley stored for 3 months in air and in nitrogen at 22° decreased 10‐15%and 3·5‐10%, respectively, while that stored at –18° showed no change. The stereo‐isomer ratio did not change. Blanching had no apparent effect on carotene stability in storage. Carotene loss in fresh parsley, additional extractions, and enzymic destruction of added carotene were also investigated.
Isoprenoid fatty acids in antarctic krill (Euphausia superba)
Authors: Hansen R. P. , Meiklen Suzanne M.
Published: November 2006

In an attempt to elucidate the origin of phytanic (3,7,11,15‐tetramethylhexadecanoic), pristanic (2,6,10,14‐tetramethylpentadecanoic) and 4,8,12‐trimethyltridecanoic acids found in small quantities in whales, the fatty acid composition of the lipids from Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba Dana) was determined by gas‐liquid chromatography. Phytanic acid was found to be present to the extent of 1·4% of the total fatty acids, and was isolated and identified by mass and infra‐red spectrometry. Two other isoprenoid fatty acids, pristanic acid (0·04%) and 4,8,12‐trimethyltridecanoic acid (0·05%) were detected by gas‐liquid chromatography. E. superba constitute almost exclusively the diet of whales inhabiting Antarctic waters, and the phytanic acid in whale oils is probably derived from ingested krill which presumably biosynthesise this acid from the phytol moiety of chlorophyll present in the diatoms on which these planktonic crustaceans live.
Infra‐red identification of synthetic food colours
Authors: Evans W. H. , Macnab J. A. , Wardleworth D. F.
Published: November 2006

The solid‐state infra‐red spectra of 55 permitted and formerly permitted synthetic food colours have been recorded, and their polymorphism has been investigated. 31 of these, within the wide context of available spectra, are readily distinguishable; a further 15 are polymorphic but may be consistently converted to a form with a unique spectrum. The remaining nine give spectra indistinguishable from at least one other closely related dyestuff. With the aid of chromatographic techniques the latter, within the group of 55 food colours investigated, should be identifiable with the exception of two pairs of food colours.
Simultaneous determination of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in plant material by automatic methods
Authors: O'neill Judith V. , Webb R. A.
Published: November 2006

Existing methods, using autoanalyser and flame photometer equipment have been adapted and combined. Using one acid digest of plant material, three determinations, for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassiums are carried out simultaneously and automatically. Seventy samples per hour can be assayed. Time and mental fatigue in calculating results are reduced by using a two‐way table produced as a computer print‐out.
Changes in the composition of the rumen and abomasum lipids of sheep from birth to maturity
Authors: Body D. R. , Shorland F. B. , Czochanska Z.
Published: November 2006

The composition of the lipids of the rumen and abomasum tissues of foetal (at term), 1 month, 2 month and 1‐2‐year old sheep grazed on pasture has been determined.

The lipid content of the rumen tissues increased from 2.0% at birth to 3.4% in 1‐2‐year old sheep

While that of the abomasum tissues increased from 2.6 to 5.7%. The main change in the neutral lipid fraction was a decrease in the hydrocarbon content from 0.13 % in the rumen tissues and 0.08 % in the abomasum tissues at birth to 0.003% and 0.006% respectively in the 1‐2‐year old sheep. The main components of the phospholipid fraction of the rumen and abomasum tissues were 34.9‐ 46.8% phosphatidyl choline; 14.623.5 % phosphatidyl ethanolamine; 14.3‐21.1 % sphingomyelin; with smaller amounts of lysophosphatidyl choline (4 13‐12.6 %), acidic phospholipids (cardiolipin) (4.1‐8 ‐5 %) and phosphatidyl inositol/phosphaticlyl serine (3.0‐5.5 %). No marked changes in phos‐ pholipid composition with age were noted. The amounts of phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine tended to be higher in the abomasum than in the rumen whereas the sphingomyelin content of the rumen tissue phospholipids was generally greater than that of the abomasurn tissue phospholipids.

From the fatty acid composition of the triglycerides of the rumen and abomasum tissues it appeared that the foetal triglycerides were largely, though not entirely, of endogenous origin. In contrast the phospholipids of the foetal rumen and abomasum tissues contained di‐ and poly‐unsaturated as well as branched‐chain fatty acids in proportions similar to those found in older animals having access to pasture. From these results it is suggested that the phospholipids of the foetus are derived to a considerable extent from the maternal phospholipids.
Conservation of wilted and unwilted grass ensiled in air‐tight metal containers with and without the addition of molasses
Authors: Anderson B. K. , Jackson N.
Published: November 2006

Italian ryegrass was ensiled in gas‐tight silos in unwilted (21% dry matter) and wilted (42% dry matter) conditions without an additive and with the addition of molasses at a mean level of 8% in the dry matter. The total dry matter losses were 8·7, 7·2, 4·5 and 5·0% for unwilted, molassed unwilted, wilted, and molassed wilted grass silages respectively. The silages were all well preserved but the extent of fermentation had been reduced in the wilted silages. The losses of individual sugars during the silage process and the products of fermentation were used to assess the pathways of fermentation. The dominant pathway of fructose utilisation was by heterolactic fermentation. The addition of molasses reduced the ratio of fructose: glucose in the ensiled material and reduced the amount of mannitol produced during the ensilage process.
Determination of water‐soluble P2O5 in fertiliser solutions containing short‐chain linear polyphosphates. I—A preliminary study
Authors: Palgrave D. A. , Paton T. J. , Elson R.
Published: November 2006

A study of the official vanadium phosphomolybdate spectrophotometric method, to determine water‐soluble P2O5 in fertilisers, has shown that incomplete recovery may occur if a substantial proportion of the P2O5 is present as short‐chain linear polyanions. It is essential that the preparative stage allows for complete conversion of all water‐soluble P2O5 into orthophosphate, but unless the regulations are very broadly interpreted, degradation may be only partial. Consequently there is an element of uncertainty about the validity of the results. This investigation has shown the need for minor modifications of the method, including the use of a greater volume of acidulant and a more precise definition of the term ‘incipient ebullition’.
Automated determinations of phosphate content of soils under rubber cultivation
Authors: Ng S. K.
Published: November 2006

The phosphate status of rubber‐growing soils in West Malaysia is assessed by measuring the phosphate extracted with acid fluoride and with a mixture of perchloric and sulphuric acids. The extracted phosphate can in each case, be determined automatically on a Technicon Auto‐Analyzer, using the molybdenum blue colorimetric method with ascorbic acid as reductant. For P soluble in acid fluoride, the automated procedure is slightly more reproducible but gives somewhat lower results than the manual stannous chloride procedure, except for very low concentrations where the position is reversed.

Ascorbic acid prevents interference by Fe in the determination of perchloric acid‐soluble P; recovery and replicate tests show that the automated procedure is more accurate than the manual phosphovanadate method. Digestion with HCIO4/H2SO4 gives as good a measure of total soil P as HF/HNO3, and although values are slightly lower than with sodium carbonate fusion, the method is more convenient and rapid for routine analysis.
Uptake of magnesium and trace elements by the herbage of a reseeded upland pasture
Authors: Archer F. C.
Published: November 2006

Copper sulphate, sodium molybdate, magnesium sulphate, cobalt sulphate and basic slag were applied to the seedbed of a reseeded Welsh upland pasture in conjunction with lime at 1 ton and 4 tons per acre. The higher rate of liming produced a lower uptake of applied Co and a slightly higher uptake of applied Mo. The Cu and Mg contents of the herbage were similar at both rates of liming. Copper sulphate at 20 lb per acre increased the Cu content of the herbage by a factor of about 1·5 during the first growing season, but this effect was not significant during the subsequent seasons. Sodium molydbate at 4 oz per acre increased the Mo content of the herbage by a factor of about 2·0 in the first season after application, but this effect declined and was not observed after 4 years. Cobalt sulphate at 2 ib per acre increased the Co content of the herbage by a factor of about 4·0 in the first season after application, but this effect had declined to a factor of about 1·5 four years later. Basic slag at 6·75 cwt per acre each spring slightly increased the Mo and Mg contents of the herbage, but had no effect on its Co or Cu contents. Magnesium sulphate at 5 cwt per acre produced no significant effects on the Mg content of the herbage.
Copper‐catalysed oxidation of linoleic acid in buffered aqueous solutions. I—Effect of ascorbic acid
Authors: Allan W. A. , Wood H. L.
Published: November 2006

Ascorbic acid at a concentration of 10−3 M was a more effective pro‐oxidant in the presence of low copper concentrations than at high concentrations, particularly in the initial stages of oxidation or in the lower pH range (5·5–4·7). This suggested a much more complex role for ascorbic acid than that of copperreducing agent. Reaction of the ascorbic acid radical with oxygen and consequent formation of free HO' radicals was considered to be the most likely initiation reaction resulting from the oxidation of ascorbic acid to dehydroascorbic acid by copper. Dehydroascorbic acid was also found to be an effective pro‐oxidant in the presence of copper.
Conditioning of bovine muscle I.—Composition of the proteins of the myofibril
Authors: Penny I. F.
Published: November 2006

By selective extraction, precipitation and separation on diethylaminoethyl cellulose the proteins of the myofibril have been divided into a number of fractions which, quantitatively, do not vary in the longissimus dorsi muscles of six different beef animals. The fractions have been analysed by starch‐gel electrophoresis and some have been found to consist of almost pure proteins while others are complexes. About 80–85 % of the myofibrillar protein could be extracted of which 47% was myosin, 12% tropomyosin and 3% troponin. The amount of actin could not be determined since it appeared partly as complexes with α‐actinin, with troponin, and with the insoluble residue.
Variations in the vitamin C content of imported tomatoes
Authors: Twomey D. G. , Goodchild Jane
Published: November 2006

An analysis was made of the vitamin C content of late winter tomatoes.

A range of 6·8 to 31·2 mg reduced ascorbic acid per 100 g of fruit was observed in the batches of fruit examined in mid‐March 1969. The mean value was 12·6 mg ascorbic acid per 100 g of fruit.

It is emphasised that this mean figure was considerably lower than the 20 mg per 100 g given in McCance & Widdowson's (1967) ‘Tables of the Composition of Foods’ which are widely used in dietary surveys.
Pink discoloration in canned pears II.—Measurement of potential and developed colour in pear samples
Authors: Chandler B. V. , Mary Clegg K.
Published: November 2006

Procedures are described for the comparative assessment of the leucocyanidin content of pears, which is the principal factor determining their susceptibility to discoloration on processing, and for measuring the shade and depth of discoloration in the processed material. Application of these procedures to pears of different varieties, storage treatment, and processing treatments lead to useful conclusions relevant to the discoloration problem, and establish relations between the three parameters under certain defined processing conditions. The results emphasise the difficulties associated with the assessment of the susceptibility of large consignments of pears to discoloration under normal canning operations.
Carbohydrates in milk replacers for calves
Authors: Burt A. W. A. , Irvine Sheila M.
Published: November 2006

The lack of appropriate intestinal enzymes apparently limits the use of other carbohydrates to replace glucose and lactose in milk replacers.

The replacement of 20% lactose or glucose by wheat flour slightly reduced the digestibility of the organic constituents of the diet and a further slight reduction occurred when wheat flour was replaced by precooked maize starch. The relative digestibilities of these materials were: glucose, 100; lactose, 93.5; wheat flour, 71.5, and cooked maize starch, 62.5%.

Addition of a mixture of amylases and maltase reduced the digestibility of a milk replacer containing cooked potato starch.

Invertase addition immediately prior to feeding substantially improved the digestibility of a milk replacer containing 25% sucrose.
Nutritive value of meat meals. I—Possible growth depressant factors
Authors: Atkinson J. , Carpenter K. J.
Published: November 2006

When fed as supplements in a well‐balanced diet for the rat, a commercial meat‐meal sample and various heat‐damaged laboratory preparations including pure tendon stimulated growth, thus providing contradictory evidence to previous reports of possible toxicity in such materials. An increase in dietary ash level, similar to that brought about by addition of meat meal, caused no growth depression in rats given, as their sole source of protein, gut preparations low in ash. Freeze‐dried tendon had as low a value as oven‐dried tendon in sole protein experiments in which rats lost weight and died. Meat meal itself supported slow growth and no further response was obtained with supplements of methionine, cystine, tryptophan and lysine.
Nutritive value of meat meals II. —influence of raw materials and processing on protein quality
Authors: Atkinson J. , Carpenter K. J.
Published: November 2006

Commercial meat meals have shown low net protein utilisation values with rats of about 32, which is only 40% of the corresponding value for freeze‐dried meat or gut. Biological assays for methionine and tryptophan, based on the weight gains of chicks, have shown a similar inferiority of meat meals despite 81–87% digestibility of their N. It is concluded that the lysine, methionine and tryptophan of the meat meals are approximately 80% available and that dilution of muscle protein with tendon and ossein in the raw material is at least as important as processing damage in reducing the quality of the products. It is argued that previous estimates of only 30% availability of methionine in meat meals are erroneous. Further problems in the use of values for fluorodinitrobenzene‐available lysine and Streptococcus zymogenes‐ayailable trytophan are discussed.
Nutritive value of meat meals III. —value of meat meals as supplements to a cereal basal diet: Limiting amino acids in these diets
Authors: Atkinson J. , Carpenter K. J.
Published: November 2006

When fed to rats and pigs as supplements to a cereal‐based diet, meat meals were of significantly lower quality than fishmeal. The order of amino acid limitation in the meat meal‐plus‐cereal diet was first lysine and equal second methionine and threonine. Supplementation of meat meal with these three amino acids gave performance approximately equal to that obtained with fishmeal. Results obtained with the two species were very similar.
Comparison of a microbiological and a spectrophotometric method for the determination of nicotinic acid in fresh meat
Authors: Gorin N. , Schütz G. P.
Published: November 2006

The microbiological method for the determination of nicotinic acid with the aid of Leuconostoc mesenteroides ATCC 9135 was compared with a spectrophotometric method which included cleaning‐up of a meat extract by thin‐layer chromatography.

The results obtained were in good agreement. Average recovery factors of 95–107% and reproducibilities of 2–6% (standard deviation in % of the average) indicate that the results are reliable.
Studies on a kerosene‐like taint in mullet (Mugil cephalus)I.—general nature of the taint
Authors: Vale Gwenda L. , Sidhu G. S. , Montgomery W. A. , Johnson A. R.
Published: November 2006

A taint resembling kerosene is sometimes present in mullet (Mugil cephalus) caught near Brisbane, Australia. It is not thought to be the same as the ‘petroleum’ taint sometimes found in cod and salmon which is caused by the thermal decomposition of dimethyl‐β‐propiothetin to dimethyl sulphide. The ‘kerosene’ taint is removed from the body tissue of mullet by solvent extraction and is associated with the hydrocarbon fraction of the extract. Tainted fish differ from untainted fish in that they have fatinfiltrated livers, a higher lipid content in fillets and a different fatty acid composition of both fillets and livers.
Sequence in which essential amino acids become limiting for growth of rats fed rations containing cottonseed meal
Authors: Panemangalore Myna , Guttikar M. N. , Rao M. Narayana , Swaminathan M.
Published: November 2006

Two studies were made to determine the sequence in which essential amino acids become limiting for growth of rats fed rations containing 10% protein from cottonseed meal. In the first study, a mixture of six essential amino acids in which cottonseed proteins are deficient, as compared with human milk proteins, was added to the meal. Each of the amino acids was omitted sequentially and the effect on protein efficiency ratio (PER) and growth was studied. In the second study, the amino acids were added to the meal singly and in combinations. Data regarding PER and net protein utilisation (NPU) obtained in the two studies show that lysine is the first limiting amino acid in cottonseed proteins, followed by threonine, isoleucine and sulphur amino acids.
A possible rapid method of determining the moisture content of high‐moisture grain
Authors: Pixton S. W.
Published: November 2006

A linear relationship was shown to exist between the moisture content of barley and of tick beans and the temperature rise obtained when a quantity of concentrated sulphuric acid was added to the grain. This relationship can be used to determine the moisture content of grain, particularly at the higher moisture levels which are often outside the upper limit of many existing rapid methods of moisture measurement.

The ‘acid’ method is reasonably rapid, taking about 15 minutes, and gives a reproducibility of approximately 1.0% moisture content. If the initial temperature of the grain differs widely from the calibration temperature, a temperature correction must be applied.
Effect of pasteurisation on the chemical composition of liquid whole egg V.—Isolation and examination of a complex lipoprotein from pasteurised liquid egg
Authors: Parkinson T. L.
Published: November 2006

A high molecular weight substance isolated from the insoluble proteins of pasteurised liquid whole egg was found to be a complex lipoprotein containing 70 % lipid and 30 % protein. The lipid portion was a mixture of several different groups and the apoprotein was an extremely insoluble material with an amino acid composition that did not exactly match that of any egg protein reported in the literature but closely resembled that of vitellenin. It is postulated that this lipoprotein was derived from the low density fraction of egg yolk. A substance of lower molecular weight that was also separated from the inert fraction of insoluble proteins by gel filtration was tentatively identified as one of the lipovitellins.
Changes in available nitrogen content of soils during storage
Authors: Singh B. R. , Kanehiro Y.
Published: November 2006

Nitrification of mineralised NH4‐N was enhanced by long‐term laboratory storage in polyethylene bags. Such storage caused a slight decrease in soil pH, possibly due to release of acids from decomposing organic matter. Long‐term oven‐drying of soils released substantial amounts of NH4‐N; the NO3‐N remained practically unchanged. The magnitude of released NH4‐N was noted to be dependent upon the organic matter content of soils. It was speculated that the released NH4‐N came from the splitting of ammonium from N‐bearing organic compounds in these soils.
Studies on potassium nutrition of plants IV.—Effect of potassium nutrition on the composition of leaves of cabbage seedlings (Brassica oleracea capitata)
Authors: Freeman G. G. , Mossadeghi N.
Published: November 2006

The effect of potassium concentration in the nutrient medium on the composition of leaves of cabbage seedlings has been investigated. The plants were grown in sand culture with seven treatments ranging from extreme deficiency to relatively high potassium concentration. The total amounts of the mineral components were not influenced by the level of potassium nutrition. Similarly, proteins, amino acids and other organic nitrogen components, taken as a whole, did not vary appreciably as shown by the constancy of the Kjeldahl nitrogen values.

Sugar (reducing sugars + sucrose) content rose with increasing potassium concentration in the medium to a maximum (11.0%) at 2.5 mequiv./l and fell slightly at the highest K+ concentration. Starch content varied in a similar manner but values were, in general, less than half those of the corresponding sugar contents. Total organic acids content was at a maximum (18.6%) when K+ concentration in the medium was 0.1 mequiv./l and fell to a minimum (7.7%) at a K+ concentration of 2.5 mequiv./l. ‘Other carbohydrates’ (the difference between content of 70% [by vol.] alcohol‐insoluble residue and Kjeldahl nitrogen × 6.25) also contributed to the balance of percentage composition; the content rose to a maximum (35.2%) at a K+ concentration of 2.5 mequiv./l and fell off both at higher and lower K+ concentrations. Within the limits of experimental error, the totals of the leaf components determined were constant over the range of potassium concentrations of 0.1–5.0 mequiv./l in the medium and, on average, 90.7% of the dried leaf was accounted for.

Similar differences in mineral composition and ‘protein’, sugars and starch contents were found in plant fractions of different leaf ages in potassium deficiency. The differences were related to differences in potassium content which decreased with increasing leaf age.