bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rancang Bangun Hot Plate Magnetic Stirrer Berbasis Arduino Uno
Authors: Adnyana I Gede Sura , Mahardiananta I Made Agus , Suhartono Suhartono , Dharmayanti Cokorda Istri
Published: May 2023

Pencampuran antara bahan dengan reagen dalam analisis kimia haruslah sempurna salah satu alat yang dapat digunakan adalah hot plate magnetic stirrer. Pada penelitian ini dibuat hot plate magnetic stirrer berbasis arduino uno dilengkapi dengan kecepataan putar, suhu, dan waktu pengadukan sesuai kebutuhan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif eksploratif, terdiri atas kajian tentang hot plate magnetic stirrer yang akan dikembangkan, mengembangkan produk atas dasar temuan- temuan tersebut, melakukan uji coba lapangan sesuai dengan latar dimana produk tersebut akan dipakai, serta melakukan revisi terhadap hasil uji lapangan. Hasil pengujian alat dapat menghasilkan larutan yang bersifat homogen. Hot plate magnetic stirrer yang dibuat memiliki kecepatan putaran yang dapat dipilih dari kecepatan 100 rpm hingga 4000 rpm, suhu pemanas hingga 120oC, dan waktu pengadukan tanpa batas dengan sistem hitung mundur dalam waktu detik.
Rancang Bangun Sistem Kendali Dan Monitoring Performa Alat Peraga Praktik Refrigerator
Authors: Mutaufiq Mutaufiq , Irwanto Asep A. Ruri , Berman Ega Taqwali , Sumardi Kamin , Wiyono Apri
Published: May 2023

Refrigerator merupakan salah satu alat peraga pendidikan di Laboratorium Refrigerasi Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia. Sistem kontrol pada alat ini masih konvensional, seperti refrigerator yang digunakan di rumah-rumah tinggal. Sehingga alat peraga refrigerator tidak dapat digunakan sebagai media pendidikan jarak jauh, seperti saat pandemi Covid-19 yang mewajibkan pendidikan dilaksanakan secara daring. Pada penelitian ini, telah dikembangkan sistem kontrol peraga praktik refrigerator agar dapat diakses secara daring dari rumah tinggal. Sistem kontrol refrigerator dikembangkan menjadi modul SKMP (Sistem Kendali dan Monitoring Performa) refrigerator jarak jauh. Pengembangan dilakukan pada sistem kontrol ON/OFF refrigerator dan sistem monitoring performa refrigerator agar bisa dilakukan secara daring melalui telepon seluler Android. Secara umum tahapan penelitian untuk mengembangkan alat kontrol menggunakan pendekatan research and development yang meliputi concept, design, collecting materials, assembly, dan uji coba. Pengujian dilakukan untuk mengetahui kehandalan kontrol ON/OFF jarak jauh dan mengetahui hasil monitoring performa refrigerator jarak jauh selama 60 menit beroperasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa modul SKMP dapat mengontrol secara ON/OFF alat peraga refrigerator dengan baik melalui telepon seluler. Selain itu performa refrigerator juga dapat diamati dengan mudah melalui aplikasi eWelink pada telepon seluler. Sehingga alat peraga refrigerator yang telah dilengkapi modul SKMP dapat dipertimbangkan untuk digunakan sebagai media belajar secara daring.
Studi Komparasi Kinerja Interior Gateway Protocol Berbasis Distance Vector dan Link State
Authors: Ramadhani Gilang , Maulana Sugiartana Nursuwars Firmansyah , Gunawan Rohmat
Published: May 2023

Routing Protocol merupakan seperangkat aturan yang digunakan oleh router untuk menentukan jalur dalam meneruskan paket data ke jaringan tujuan. Pemilihan rute penting dilakukan agar paket data dapat sampai ke tujuan dengan tepat. Dynamic routing banyak diterapkan karena menggunakan protocol dan algoritma dalam penentuan rute secara otomatis. Interior gateway protocol (IGP) merupakan salah satu jenis dynamic routing yang digunakan untuk bertukar informasi routing table dalam sistem otonom. IGP terbagi dua kategori: berbasis distance vector dan link state. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk melakukan studi komparasi kinerja routing protocol berbasis distance vector dan link state. Routing Information Protocol (RIP) version 2 atau RIP v2 yang termasuk kategori routing protocol berbasis distance vector dan Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) yang termasuk kategori routing protocol berbasis link state dipilih untuk digunakan dalam percobaab pada penelitian ini. Delay, packet loss, waktu konvergensi, throughput diukur dalam setiap percobaan pada penelitian ini. Berdasarkan hasil percobaan yang telah dilakukan, nilai RTD routing protocol OSPF maupun RIP v2 tidak memiliki perbedaan yang signifikan, tetapi nilai RTT routing protocol RIP v2 0,9 % lebih besar dibanding nilai RTT routing protocol OSPF. Waktu konvergensi ketika terjadi failover, routing protocol OSPF hanya memerlukan waktu sekitar 2,01 s, sedangkan routing protocol RIP v2 memerlukan waktu 178,16 s. Waktu konvergensi ketika terjadi recovery, routing protocol OSPF memerlukan waktu sekitar 49,55 s, sedangkan routing protocol RIP v2 hanya memerlukan waktu 4,04 s. Dalam file transfer, throughput yang dihasilkan routing protocol OSPF sekitar 93 MBps dengan waktu pengunduhan 119,63 s, sedangkan routing protocol RIP v2 sekitar 95 MBps dengan waktu pengunduhan 117,82 s.
A V4-ek gazdasági és politikai kapcsolata Izraellel – a szavazati magatartás az ENSZ Közgyűlésben a V4-ek és Izrael viszonyrendszerében
Authors: Seidner Márton
Published: May 2023

Kutatásomban a visegrádi csoport (visegrádi együttműködés, visegrádi országok, visegrádi négyek, V4) szavazati irányultságát vizsgálom az elmúlt tíz év távlatában, az Izraellel kapcsolatos Egyesült Nemzetek Szervezete (ENSZ) Közgyűlés határozatai alapján. A Közgyűlés 2012 és 2022 között 870 db határozatról szavazott. E határozatok esetében vizsgáltam a szavazati magatartást. Egy átfogó bevezető keretén belül ismertetem a visegrádi együttműködés történetét, alapjait és fontosabb mérföldköveit. Ahhoz, hogy a visegrádi együttműködés kialakulását, vizsgálatának módszertanát és az egyéni kutatás eredményét értelmezni lehessen, szükségesnek tartom, hogy bemutassam Izrael és a V4-ek közötti gazdasági kapcsolatok alakulását, ismertessem röviden Izrael nemzeti és diaszpórát érintő külpolitikai érdekeit. Kutatásomban azt vizsgálom, hogy Izrael külpolitikai törekvései mennyiben sikeresek a visegrádi együttműködéssel való kapcsolatok kialakításában. Az izraeli–V4 gazdasági kapcsolatok felértékelődése mennyiben járult hozzá a V4-ek Izraelt támogató hozzáállásának kialakításához. A kutatás vizsgálatának eredményeként bemutatom a visegrádi együttműködés szavazati mechanizmusát az ENSZ Közgyűlésben, megvizsgálva, hogy melyik ország szavaz az Európai Unió (EU) vagy az izraeli álláspont mellett, vagy ellen.
The Resurrection Motif in Hosea 5:8-6:6: an Exegetical Study
Authors:   , Pryce Bertrand ,   Andrews University
Published: May 2023

This study investigates Hos 5:8-6:6 in an attempt to discover the mode and function of the resurrection motif. Chapter 1 surveys the interpretation of Hos 5:8-6:6 since the beginning of the twentieth century to the present. Previous discussion of this passage, notwithstanding a few careful exegetical and pointed treatments, is in the main cursory, not comprehensive and detailed, or engages in alteration of the MT. The studies reviewed support either a healing, historical/political, or resurrection viewpoint of Hos 6:1-3. These conclusions are for the most part not buttressed by a detailed and close scrutiny of each verse and similar contexts in Hosea, and often do not assume general reliability of the Hebrew text of Hos 5:8-6:6. The review of literature shows the need for a multifaceted-exegetical approach. Chapter 2 deals with preliminary exegetical considerations. These cover limitation, translation, historical context, form, thematic patterns, and lexical data. The main focus of this chapter is on the lexical survey of certain significant terms assigned to sickness-healing and death resurrection categories. Chapter 3 treats the exegesis proper. It is apparent that the two divine speeches in Hos 5:8-15 and 6:4-6 tell of judgment of sickness and death leveled on Israel and Judah. The response in 6:1-3 reveals that the people expected both healing from sickness and resurrection from death. It is shown in greater detail that the twin parallel terms sk30 and sk30 in Hos 6:2 and in the remainder of the OT without exception speak of the resurrection hope, either physical or metaphorical. The death and resurrection concepts in Hos 5:8-6:6 reappear in the concluding chapters in Hos 13-14. We conclude that the resurrection motif exists in Hos 5:8-6:6. However, its use is metaphorical referring to the restoration of the exiled and abandoned people. Thus, the resurrection theme functions to bring hope to a desperate people punished for their faithlessness. The metaphorical use of the resurrection concept by Hosea implies its existence prior to his time in the second half of the eighth century B.C.
The Relationship Between Moral Judgment, Selected Personality Factors, and Marital Satisfaction
Authors:   , Wallace Thomas ,   Andrews University
Published: May 2023

Problem. The purpose of this study was to observe relationships between moral judgment, personality, and marital satisfaction. Method. The population included all white, American, married couples whose religious orientation was Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, Seventh-day Adventists, or United Methodists. A total of 264 subjects (132 married couples) completed a demographic questionnaire, the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS), the Defining Issues Test (DIT), and the California Psychological Inventory (CPI). Data were analyzed using multiple-regression analysis and analysis of variance. The influence of stage of family life cycle, educational achievement level, and religion were controlled. Results. Means and variances for the DAS and CPI resembled normative data. DIT means, however, were more than one standard deviation below normative data. Overall results showed that subjects who scored above the sample mean in norm-favoring (CPI) were more satisfied in marriage (DAS) than those who scored lower. Subjects who scored in the lowest one-third of the DIT obtained the highest marital satisfaction scores. Subjects who scored in the top one-third of the DIT obtained the lowest marital satisfaction scores. Husbands who scored above the sample mean in self-realization scored higher in marital satisfaction. Fathers of young children scored higher in marital satisfaction if they also scored above the sample mean in norm-favoring. Fathers of teenage children scored higher in marital satisfaction if they tended to be extraverted. Wives who scored above the sample mean in norm-favoring scored higher in marital satisfaction. Wives who had no more than a high-school education tended to be less satisfied in marriage if they scored higher than their husbands in moral judgment. Conclusion. Husbands tend to be more satisfied in marriage when they are free of neurotic trends, mature, insightful, optimistic, and have a wide range of interests. Wives tend to be more satisfied in marriage when they are well-organized, conscientious, conventional, and dependable. Wives who have no more than a high-school education tend to be much more satisfied in marriage if the husband's level of moral judgment is equal to or higher than their own.
Impeccability in 1 John: an Evaluation
Authors:   , Wade Leon ,   Andrews University
Published: May 2023

The First Epistle of John confronts us with a dilemma which, since its inception, has challenged many students of the Bible. On the other hand, the Christian must not deny his sinfulness -- for which, however, there is a ready solution in the expiation wrought by Jesus Christ. On the other hand, the one who abides in God and is born of him does not sin and, indeed, cannot sin. Many solutions, discussed and evaluated in chapter 1 have been attempted to harmonize this apparent contradiction. Though some are more satisfying than others, a common weakness exhibited among them all is a lack of comprehensiveness which does not do justice to the categorical language of the epistle. The background study of the document, examined in chapter 2, aims to discover the nature and character of the opponents reflected in the epistle, and their possible relationship to the statements of impeccability. A negative answer is found in that the problem of the epistle is not directly related to the opponents of the community. An examination of the structure of the document (chapter 3) confirms the finding that such statements are rather paraenetic in nature and addressed to the members of the writer's own community. A more fruitful enterprise is found in the examination of the Johannine terminology for sin (chapter 4), where the concept of anom(')ia provides a useful clarification for the categorical statement of impeccability in 1 John 3. Anom(')ia--as a sin concept referring to opposition to God with eschatological overtones--becomes relevant. The last and major sections of this study (chapter 5) is devoted to exegeting the three blocks of material related to the problematic statements of the document. As a result, it becomes apparent that four concepts should qualify the statements of impeccability: (1) The concept of anom(')ia which epitomizes rejection of and apostasy from Christ. (2) The concept of "abiding." (3) The idea of "being born of God." (4) The "sin-unto-death" terminology. A multiple approach which combines these concepts is a reasonable solution to the problem of why, at the same time, a Christian can and cannot sin.
The Son of the Morning and the Guardian Cherub in the Context of the Controversy Between Good and Evil
Authors:   , Bertoluci Jose ,   Andrews University
Published: May 2023

Problem. Isaiah 14:12-15 and Ezekiel 28:12-19 have been used, since the times of the Church Fathers, to explain the origin of sin in the universe, and interpreted as depicting the fall of Satan from heaven. However, through the years--especially from the end of the nineteenth century and on--theologians have affirmed that those passages report historical events, making use of mythological material in their narratives; and therefore have not to do with the origin of sin or Satan. It is the aim of this dissertation to verify these claims. Method and Results. Chapter 1 reviews the interpretations of the passages from the first centuries of the Christian Era till the present. Until the end of the nineteenth century, both passages were interpreted in two main ways: (1) referring to Satan or (2) referring to some historical figure, perhaps some Babylonian ruler. From that time the mythological view has added to the interpretation. Chapter 2 examines the alleged origins and parallel material found in Sumerian, Akkadian, Hittite, Greek, Ugaritic, as well as Biblical literature. The research demonstrated that although similar motifs and imagery are present in the passages under study as well as in literature of Israel's neighbors, a myth of Helel ben Shahar and of the Guardian Cherub, which would reflect the Biblical account in its main aspects, could not be found. It seems the similarities in the use of the terms and pictures are due to cultural continuity or common elements in the ancient Near East. Chapter 3 examines the structure of Isa 14 and Ezek 28 in relation to the immediate context and the whole books; and exegetes the passages in the light of the whole Bible. The exegesis shows that: (1) these passages depict Helel and the Cherub in a language which transcends the earthly realm; (2) the immediate context and the whole books (especially Isaiah) shows a tension between earthly and cosmic dimensions, as well as a struggle between the forces of good and evil; (3) Isa 14 uses the words mashal and Babylon in a particular way; and (4) a comparison between these two passages shows they depict the same figure. These factors carry us to the conclusion that the two passages portray the fall of the chief angel Satan from heaven and his role in the controversy between good and evil.
Edward Alexander Sutherland and the Seventh-day Adventist Educational Reform: the Denominational Years
Authors:   , Ashworth Warren ,   Andrews University
Published: May 2023

Problem. Edward Alexander Sutherland, 1865-1955, was one of the most notable and successful educational reformers of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. He served the church for sixty years, fifty-three of them as president of four Adventist colleges. This study has been delimited to his years of denominational employment, 1890 through 1904, but does not include his forty-one years as president of Madison College--a self-suporting Adventist institution that received no direct financial assistance from the denomination. Method. This study, investigating Sutherland's life from the perspective of his work as an educational reformer, employed the historical method of research. Major sources included extensive correspondence housed in the archives of the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, Loma Linda University, Andrews University, and the Ellen G. White Estate. Official minutes of organizations and institutions, denominational periodicals, and miscellaneous archival materials were also valuable sources of information. Conclusions. Sutherland led in the campaign to eradicate the classics from Seventh-day Adventist colleges and to place the Bible at the center of the curriculum. His philosophy of holistic education permanently altered the thrust of Adventist education from the elementary through the college levels. He was instrumental in the creation of the Adventist elementary and secondary-school system and a distinctive teacher-training program. Placing major emphasis on manual labor, Sutherland developed a viable work-study curriculum and sought to instill in Adventist youth a deep commitment to being missionaries regardless of their chosen career. Attuned to the reforms of his era, Sutherland's work was reflective of the educational innovations attempted both in the Adventist church and in society at large around the turn of the century. His aggressive actions brought to fruition many of the reforms that his Adventist predecessors in the United States had not been able to consummate, as well as reforms not previously attempted by them. Sutherland's efforts to integrate faith and learning illuminate the most significant reform period in the early years of Adventist education. This study should be helpful in providing perspective for the educational challenges presently confronting the Seventh-day Adventist Church.
Perceptions of the Role of the Bible Class in Four Christian Liberal Arts Colleges: Considered in the Context of Conflicting Rationales
Authors:   , Castrejon Jaime ,   Andrews University
Published: May 2023

Problem. The four Seventh-day Adventist senior colleges in Inter-America aim at training Christian professionals who will serve the church either directly on its payroll or indirectly as devoted Christian professional laymen. The colleges are doubly challenged to maintain academic excellence while providing spiritual nourishment and commitment. The Bible class is central to this approach to education. Adventist leaders and educators, however, have not given serious study to the questions arising from this practice. No guidelines exist for determining an adequate amount of Bible classes. Each institution sets its own requirements which results in great disparity among them in this regard. No study has inquired whether these courses are appreciated or if they fulfill the spiritual and academic rationales which justify their inclusion in the curriculum in the first place. Method. This dissertation, since it is philosophical in nature, used the documentary research method. It sought to elaborate, through contemporary literature, a rationale for justifying the presence of Bible classes in College according to Adventist educational tradition and for judging the results of the survey made. Two questionnaires were developed: one for non-theology or non-religion seniors and another for educators. The analyses of opinions were presented using simple arithmetical calculations. Results. Most college seniors regarded Bible courses as a blessing. Those studying at institutions requiring a greater number of Bible credits did not express less appreciation for their classes. In fact, they seemed more appreciative. Students showed a stronger positive opinion than teachers about Bible classes. Most educators felt they were integrating their subjects with the Christian faith and most students agreed. Students and educators felt strongly that the professional qualifications of Bible teachers needed improvement. Conclusions. Adventist college educators in Inter-America seem to be committed creationist-supernaturalist-Christians who integrate their subjects with the tenets of their faith. Students seem appreciative of whatever Bible classes they are required to take providing those classesare practical, provide spiritual nourishment, have substance, and are taught attractively and effectively by good Christian models.
Selected Dimensions and Orientations of Religiosity Related to Marital Satifaction As Perceived by Married Seventh-day Adventists in the Midwest
Authors:   , Dudley Margaret ,   Andrews University
Published: May 2023

Problem. A significant number of married people in contemporary American culture are exhibiting difficulty with the marriage relationship. Since Seventh-day Adventists believe that the Bible suggests basic guidelines, it would seem that their religion would have a positive effect on their marital relationship. The basic question for this research was: For Seventh-day Adventists does religiosity, defined as commitment to biblically-based religious beliefs and practices, contribute to marital satisfaction? Some previous studies demonstrated that it does. Additional multidimensional research was needed to identify which religious dimensions and orientations correlate with marital satisfaction. A multidimensional study of this kind has never been completed on a Seventh-day Adventist population. Method. The data-producing sample consisted of 228 married Seventh-day Adventists, presently living with their spouses, who resided in the states of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin. Households were selected by a computerized program. A 63-item research instrument was constructed for the measurement of religiosityand marital satisfaction. Multiple regression was the major statistical method employed to analyze the data.The.05 level was set as the significance criterion for this research. Findings. The religiosity variables that significantly correlated with marital satisfaction at p $\le$.0001 were family worship and perceived congruence with spouse on religiosity and church attendance. The religiosity variables that significantly correlated at p $\le$.01 were intrinsic orientation and private ritualistic practices. Those that significantly correlated at p $\le$.05 were religious experience, public ritualistic practices, and salience of religion. The demographic variables that were used as controls were gender, level of education, age, years married, yearly income, and number of children at home. Of these variables only gender correlated with marital satisfaction at a statistically significant level (p $\le$.01). Conclusions. This study appears to confirm the assumptions that religiosity is measurable, multidimensional, and multifaceted. The strongest predictors for marital satisfaction were family worship and congruence with spouse on religiosity and church attendance. The common theme appeared to be that of spouses sharing religious activities. Another factor that appeared to add to marital satisfaction was possession of an intrinsic religious orientation. A possible explanation is that such persons are able to see beyond their own needs and are more likely to be aware of the needs of their marriage partner and others who touch their life space.
A Curriculum Data Base for Continuing Education for Ministers in the Colombia-Venezuela Union Mission of the Seventh-day Adventist Church
Authors:   , Escobar Edgar ,   Andrews University
Published: May 2023

Background and Purpose of the Study. The Seventh-day Adventist Church is seeking research data on which to base the planning and development of efficient continuing education for ministry programs geographically and culturally adapted to the territories where the ministers are serving. As a needs assessment, the study sought data regarding the societies in which the program functions, the ministers' attitudes toward their ministerial training, their needs and aspirations on subject matter, learning-situation preferences, motivations, and obstacles for continuing education. The study also surveyed the opinions of administrators, departmental directors, and lay leaders at the Union, Conference, and Mission levels. Methodology. Societal factors of the countries of the Colombia-Venezuela Union Mission were collected and organized from existing sources. Information concerning the ministers was obtained by a questionnaire with two five-point scales. Data were analyzed and rankings were developed for: level of ministers' preparation, needs, scores indicating the difference between need and preparation, motivators, deterrents, and learning situations.The Chi-square test of independence was selected to determine significance using the .05 alpha level. Findings. The societal factors considered significant for a continuing education curriculum were: (1) religious freedom and degree of preoccupation with spiritual matters; (2) education as a way of economic development and social change; (3) expansion of educational services and number of professionals; (4) importance of family kinship; (5) growth patterns of the population; (6) health hazards; and (7) growth patterns of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. The return rate for administrators and departmental directors was 83 percent; for ministers, 81 percent, and lay leaders, 77 percent. The survey revealed that ministers need a wide range of improvement in pastoral skills and theological-biblical-historical subjects. The ranking of general subject-matter areas by groups of respondents was: (1) evangelistic skills, (2) church leadership, (3) pastors' personal/professional development, (4) theology and Biblical studies, (5) preaching/worship skills, (6) pastoral care, and (7) church history. Recommendations. Based on the findings of the study, the recommendations fell in three categories: (1) curricular recommendations, (2) general recommendations for the planning of continuing education, and (3) recommendations for further study. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.)
Toward a Rationale for Foreign-Language Proficiency Requirements for Doctoral Degrees in Selected Professional Disciplines
Authors:   , Holman Aurelia ,   Andrews University
Published: May 2023

Problem. In the United States, a uniquely American situation exists in that there appears to be no uniform or consistent comprehensive rationale underlying foreign-language study and proficiency requirements for doctoral degrees. As contrasted to students in other parts of the world, especially in Europe--where compulsory basic requirements are usually met by language studies in elementary through secondary school--most American graduate students are ill-prepared for foreign-language proficiency examinations on the doctoral level. Method. Historical literature was reviewed to gather information regarding the development of foreign-language requirements in the United States and in Europe. In addition, a request for information about current procedures in American institutions of higher learning was sent to the principal administrator of each school accredited by professional accrediting associations and offering doctoral degrees in education, business, music, and theology.A comprehensive rationale was synthesized on the basis of historical trends, current practices, and concepts expressed by administrators. The rationale was sent to a panel of forty randomly selected administrators for validation. Results. The rationale addresses eleven issues: (1) the need for foreign-language requirements on the doctoral level; (2) the purposes for such requirements; (3) the number of languages to be required; (4) specific languages to be required; (5) function of language competence; (6) degree of competence needed; (7) needs for other tools; (8) relationship between general and specific requirements; (9) appropriate time for completing foreign-language study; (10) administration; and (11) institutional policies. Conclusions and Recommendations. It was concluded that: (1) A comprehensive rationale must be flexible as needs vary; (2) There is a need to establish priorities as to which tool subjects are most useful in each discipline; (3) Basic foreign-language studies should be completed before doctoral studies are begun whenever feasible; (4) Foreign-language study should be strongly encouraged, but foreign languages should not automatically be part of doctoral requirements; (5) When there is a need for specific foreign-language competences in a discipline, these should be specified in the publications of professional schools; (6) When there is a demonstrable need within an individual program, any foreign language should be allowed to fulfill doctoral requirements; (7) Lack of an adequate foreign-language background may limit study options in some professional disciplines.
A Descriptive Analysis of Evangelical Seminaries in Canada Based on and Comparing the Views of their Presidents and Deans and of the Canadian Leaders of Evangelical Denominations
Authors:   , Oke Edward ,   Andrews University
Published: May 2023

Problem Evangelical seminaries in Canada enroll more students than those of mainline denominations, yet they lack recognition and acceptance. This problem may be due to insufficient information, inaccurate understanding of evangelicals, or the fact that most of them were founded since 1970. No study has attempted to describe them or to analyse their distinctives and growth. Method One of the most recent studies of Canadian seminaries was by Robert T. Handy who compared Canadian and American members of ATS and reported his findings in the Spring 1982 issue of Theological Education which also included responses from five Canadian educators. The six articles, as they described Canadian institutions, were summarized and their findings listed and used as the basis for this study. three questionnaires were developed to solicit the views of the presidents and deans of evangelical seminaries and of Canadian leaders of evangelical denominations, pertaining to these findings, and to compare and analyze their responses. Results Evangelical seminaries are similar to those Handy studied in size, closeness of relationship to their church traditions, curriculum, historical influences, and level of theological creativity, but differ in the types of associations they hold with other educational institutions and on their views concerning the relationship of graduate studies to ordination. Evangelical leaders support the maintenance of denominational distinctives, lack interest in interdenominational preparation of ministers, are satisfied with the current number and location of evangelical seminaries, and desire a Canadian approach to accreditation. The institutions are adjusting programs to better prepare students for ministry in Canada. Conclusions Evangelical seminaries in Canada are a diverse, growing, distinctive group which merits recognition and which needs dialogue with others in theological education. Their presidents and deans agree more closely with one another on the issues raised than they do with leaders of their supporting denominations.
Premarital Preparation Within the Home, School, and Church as Perceived by Adolescents in the Lake Union Conference of Seventh-day Adventists
Authors:   , Stevens Ernest ,   Andrews University
Published: May 2023

Problem. In today's society increasing stress and problems face the traditional Judeo-Christian marriage and family. Adolescents are being confronted with these problems as a result of the continuing rate of divorce and internal stress within family relations. The Seventh-day Adventist church has historically emphasized the importance of marriage and the family. However, as the Christian marriage and family face changes in today's society, there is a need for greater awareness of the factors which influence the premarital preparation of adolescents. The purpose of this study was to research adolescents' perceptions of their premarital preparation. The primary hypothesis of this study is that there is a relationship between perceived premarital preparation by SDA adolescents and their perception of how they have been prepared by the home, school, and church. This study utilized descriptive and correlational research. Data utilized in the research were collected from 332 seniors from 10 academies who answered the Premarital Preparation Questionnaire, a Likert-type attitudinal scale. In this ex-post facto study the data were studied by five types of statistical analyses: measures of central tendency, correlation coefficients, factor analysis, chi square, and analysis of variance. The results indicated that in 7 of the 12 subhypotheses the null hypothesis was rejected. The data indicated that adolescents generally perceived they were prepared in 16 premarital preparation topics and that the topics were very important. It was 'idicated that in general their exists a relationship between adolescents' perception of their premarital preparation and how their perception of the contribution by the home, school, and church relates to their preparation. It may be concluded from the data and comments by adolescents in this study that their approach to marriage and family life has been influenced by education, role models, and social environment. These factors and others appear to have influenced their perception of the premarital preparation provided them by the home, school, and church.
Effects of Administrator Implemented Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Grouping on Reading Achievement of Selected Sixth-Grade Students
Authors:   , Thacker Jerry ,   Andrews University
Published: May 2023

Problem. A Nation at Risk reported that the average achievement score of high-school students on most standardized tests is lower now than it was a quarter of a century ago, and the majority of the brightest students fail to achieve according to their ability. A salient problem in educating pupils is that of attaining reading comprehension achievement scores comparable to their intellectual potential. This study examines the effects of administrator implemented homogeneous and heterogeneous grouping on the reading achievement of selected sixth-grade students. Method. This was a quasi-experimental study using parametric techniques. The tests for hypotheses were analysis of variance, analysis of covariance, and multiple linear regression. This study compares the reading comprehension achievement of an experimental group and a control group. It also compares the interaction of gender as a factor in reading achievement due to instructional grouping techniques. There were 113 sixth-grade students in the experimental group and 59 students in the control group. Results. Nine hypotheses were tested for three reading group levels: (1) high ability, (2) average ability, and (3) low ability. Reading achievement was not affected to a statistically significant degree at alpha = .05 by either instructional approach--homogeneous or heterogeneous--regardless of reading group ability level. Hypotheses applicable to both high-ability and average-ability students exposed to homogeneous instruction found no significant differences related to gender. However, low-ability female students scored significantly higher than low-ability male students. Hypotheses applicable to both high-ability and low-ability students exposed to heterogeneous instruction found no significant differences related to gender. However, average-ability male students scored significantly better than average-ability female students. Conclusions. Academic performance, as measured by sixth-grade reading scores, was not affected to a statistically significant degree by the instructional approach--homogeneous or heterogeneous--regardless of reading group ability level. Although there was a degree of inconsistency in regard to gender, average-ability male students tended to perform better in reading classes when exposed to heterogeneous instruction and low-ability female students tended to perform better in reading classes when exposed to homogeneous instruction.
The Problem of Synoptic Relationships in the Development and Testing of a Methodology for the Reconstruction of the Matthean Community
Authors:   , McIver Robert ,   Andrews University
Published: May 2023

Problem. The problem faced in this study was to discover a method of obtaining data concerning the Matthean community in a way that does not pre-suppose a solution to the problem of Synoptic relationships. To find such a methodology has become desirable because of the recent reopening of the question of Synoptic relationships. Method. By comparing the Synoptic Gospels it is possible to detect patterns of differences between them. Particularly helpful is the material unique to the Gospel of Matthew. This is examined to discover the characteristic emphases of the Gospel. Further investigation showed that the sequences of events were closely parallel between Matthew and Mark, even down to the sequencing of small details. This allows the comparison of parallel pericopae without having to make a decision as to which was dependant on the other. Particular attention was given to the degree of relatedness of parallel pericopae before they were utilized. If a strong pattern of difference exists, then data concerning the Matthean community can be derived from this pattern of differences without necessarily deciding upon a particular solution to the problem of Synoptic relationships. Results. The Matthean community was found to have a clear self-definition. It had moved beyond the racial and religious boundaries of Judaism, but was still in acrimonious debate with it. The community was in all likelihood a prosperous city community. It included such functionaries as scribes and prophets. While the community rejected the oral law, it strongly affirmed the validity of the Old Testament law. It appears to have observed the Sabbath and the distinction between clean and unclean foods. It is suggested that the purpose of the Gospel was to meet the community needs. An unexpected result was the emergence of evidence that the relationship between Matthew and Mark was based on an underlying common oral tradition. Conclusion. It is possible to develop a methodology for investigating the Matthean community without having to adopt one or other of the proposed solutions to the problem of Synoptic relationships.
Investigating the Efficacy of Sucralfate in the Treatment of Oral Paraquat Poisoning: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial
Authors:   Department of Clinical Toxicology, Clinical Toxicology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran, Jafar Zoofaghari Shafea , Dorooshi Gholamali ,   Department of Clinical Toxicology, Clinical Toxicology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran, Meamar Rokhsareh ,   Department of Clinical Toxicology, Clinical Toxicology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran, Otroshi Arman ,   Department of Clinical Toxicology, Clinical Toxicology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran, Gheshlaghi Farzad ,   Department of Clinical Toxicology, Clinical Toxicology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran, Mansourian Marjan ,   Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran, Izadi-mood Nastaran ,   Department of Clinical Toxicology, Clinical Toxicology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Published: May 2023

Background: There is a high prevalence of intentional paraquat poisoning especially for suicide reported from many part of the world, with its negative effects on the lungs, kidneys, heart, and digestive system. This study was planned, aimed at investigating the efficacy of sucralfate in the treatment of oral paraquat poisoning with respect to its clinical outcomes. Methods: A randomized double-blind clinical trial was conducted on 70 patients, suffering from oral paraquat poisoning. These patients were divided into two groups of 35 each. Subsequently, gastric lavage was performed for each patient in the control and treatment groups with 5g sucralfate mixed in tap water in the treatment group, but with tap water alone in the controls. The patients’ hemodynamic and laboratory parameters were evaluated and recorded, on admission and the hospital discharge dates. In addition, the patients’ final clinical outcome, including survival or death was also recorded. Results: The results of the present study revealed that the patients’ hemodynamic parameters, coagulation factors, renal and liver laboratory findings did not differ significantly between the two groups (P>0.05). Moreover, 45.7% and 31.4% of the patients died in the control and treatment groups, respectively (P>0.05). Conclusions: The sucralfate administration did not have a significant effect on the patients’ hemodynamic and laboratory parameters. The survival of patients in the treatment group was slightly higher than those in the control group. Also the patients in the treatment group had less pulmonary and renal complications in the long-term than those in the control group.
Anti-bacterial Property and Cytotoxicity of Allium sativum and Myrtus communis Extracts Against Nosocomial Bacterial Infections
Authors:   Antimicrobial Resistance Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Infection Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Moghadam Somayeh Soleymanzadeh , Mazar Atabaki Samaneh ,   Antimicrobial Resistance Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Infection Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Ebrahimnejad Pedram ,   Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran., Mohammadi Zahra ,   Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran., Nobakht Maliheh ,   Antimicrobial Resistance Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Infection Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Published: May 2023

Background: Microbial infections and the resistance to antibacterial drugs are on the rise, and scientists are in search of the safest and most effective approach to overcome them. Medicinal plants are potentially effective against many microorganisms. Therefore, this study was planned to examine the antibacterial properties and cytotoxicity of the extracts of Allium sativum and Myrtus communis against bacteria that cause nosocomial infections. Methods: A. sativum and M. communis were collected from the northern regions of Iran during the spring. After preparing the hydroalcoholic extracts of A. sativum and M. communis, the minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC & MBC) were determined. The cytotoxicity of the extracts was asseyed in normal cells and Hu02 fibroblast cell line. Results: The MIC and MBC of A. sativum (62.5 mg/mL) against Salmonella enterica were similar. Also, the MIC of A. sativum and M. communis against Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were similar (62.5 & 15.6 mg/mL), respectively. The viability percentage of skin fibroblasts after treatment for 48 hours with the extract of A. sativum was significantly higher than that of M. communis. Conclusion: Both extracts from A. sativum and M. communis demonstrated good antimicrobial properties. Based on the results, the safe antibacterial potential of the extracts may be used as alternative agents to fight against nosocomial bacterial infections.
The Effect of Lactobacillus fermentum Against Lead-induced Oxidative Damages in Rat Kidneys
Authors:   Department of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences,Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Falavarjan, Iran., Fatemi Mahnoosh , Ghandehari Fereshte ,   Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Falavarjan, Iran., Ghazanfarpour Elham ,   Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Falavarjan, Iran., Fatemi Yeganeh ,   Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
Published: May 2023

Background: Kidneys are the most vulnerable organs with respect to oxidative stress caused by lead poisoning. In this study, renal biomarkers were investigated in rats, exposed to lead after treatment with or without Lactobacillus fermentum. Methods: Twenty-four rats were divided into four groups of five each as follows: a) control, b) lead-exposed, c) Lactobacillus fermentum–treated, and d) rats exposed to lead followed by treatment with L. fermentum. After eight weeks of treatment, the renal biomarkers in blood and antioxidant factors in the kidneys were evaluated. The kidneys were also examined histopathologically for alterations due to lead exposure. Results: In lead-exposed rats, the creatinine, urea, uric acid, malondialdehyde, and tissue lead contents were significantly higher, while catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione levels were lower than those found in the controls. After treatment of lead-exposed rats with L. fermentum, the levels of these factors were significantly lower and the last two factors were higher compared to those of the lead-exposed group. There was no significant change in the level of catalase. The histopathological changes due to lead exposure in these rats decreased after treatment with L. fermentum. Conclusion: The results indicated that L. fermentum reduced the toxic effects of lead on the kidneys, either by potentiating the renal antioxidant system or by removing lead from the treated rats, or both. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the mechanisms by which L. fermentum exerts its anti-lead poisoning effects.