bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary Processes of Diversification in a Model Island Archipelago
Authors: Brown Rafe M. , Siler Cameron D. , Oliveros Carl H. , Esselstyn Jacob A. , Diesmos Arvin C. , Hosner Peter A. , Linkem Charles W. , Barley Anthony J. , Oaks Jamie R. , Sanguila Marites B. , Welton Luke J. , Blackburn David C. , Moyle Robert G. , Townsend Peterson A. , Alcala Angel C.
Published: October 2013

Long celebrated for its spectacular landscapes and strikingly high levels of endemic biodiversity, the Philippines has been studied intensively by biogeographers for two centuries. Concentration of so many endemic land vertebrates into a small area and shared patterns of distribution in many unrelated forms has inspired a search for common mechanisms of production, partitioning, and maintenance of life in the archipelago. In this review, we (a) characterize an ongoing renaissance of species discovery, (b) discuss the changing way biogeographers conceive of the archipelago, (c) review the role molecular phylogenetic studies play in understanding the evolutionary history of Philippine vertebrates, and (d) describe how a 25-year Pleistocene island connectivity paradigm continues to provide some explanatory power, but has been augmented by increased understanding of the archipelago's geological history and ecological gradients. Finally, we (e) review new insights provided by studies of adaptive versus nonadaptive radiation and phylogenetic perspectives on community ecology.
Population Cycles in Forest Lepidoptera Revisited
Authors: Myers Judith H. , Cory Jenny S.
Published: October 2013

A quarter century ago, the question was posed of whether a general hypothesis could explain population cycles of forest Lepidoptera. Since then, considerable progress has been made in elucidating mechanisms associated with cyclic dynamics of forest Lepidoptera. Delayed density-related parasitism and reduced fecundity during population peaks are common influences on population dynamics, although why fecundity declines is not understood. The hypothesis that sunspots explain cycles is rejected. The influences of delayed-induced plant defenses on populations are inconsistent, but interactions between plant chemistry, pathogens, and immunity remain rich areas for future study. Population dynamics of forest Lepidoptera can be synchronous over large geographic scales, and repeatable waves of spread of outbreaks occur for some species. Climate warming could modify species distributions and population cycles, but mechanisms have not been elucidated and changes in cyclic dynamics are not generally apparent. Integration of top-down and bottom-up influences on cyclic dynamics and quantification of dispersal are necessary for progress in understanding patterns of insect outbreaks.
Advances in Silkworm Studies Accelerated by the Genome Sequencing ofBombyx mori
Authors: Xia Qingyou , Li Sheng , Feng Qili
Published: October 2013

Significant progress has been achieved in silkworm (Bombyx mori) research since the last review on this insect was published in this journal in 2005. In this article, we review the new and exciting progress and discoveries that have been made in B. mori during the past 10 years, which include the construction of a fine genome sequence and a genetic variation map, the evolution of genomes, the advent of functional genomics, the genetic basis of silk production, metamorphic development, immune response, and the advances in genetic manipulation. These advances, which were accelerated by the genome sequencing project, have promoted B. mori as a model organism not only for lepidopterans but also for general biology.
Insect Mitochondrial Genomics: Implications for Evolution and Phylogeny
Authors: Cameron Stephen L.
Published: October 2013

The mitochondrial (mt) genome is, to date, the most extensively studied genomic system in insects, outnumbering nuclear genomes tenfold and representing all orders versus very few. Phylogenomic analysis methods have been tested extensively, identifying compositional bias and rate variation, both within and between lineages, as the principal issues confronting accurate analyses. Major studies at both inter- and intraordinal levels have contributed to our understanding of phylogenetic relationships within many groups. Genome rearrangements are an additional data type for defining relationships, with rearrangement synapomorphies identified across multiple orders and at many different taxonomic levels. Hymenoptera and Psocodea have greatly elevated rates of rearrangement offering both opportunities and pitfalls for identifying rearrangement synapomorphies in each group. Finally, insects are model systems for studying aberrant mt genomes, including truncated tRNAs and multichromosomal genomes. Greater integration of nuclear and mt genomic studies is necessary to further our understanding of insect genomic evolution.
Molecular Mechanisms of Phase Change in Locusts
Authors: Wang Xianhui , Kang Le
Published: October 2013

Phase change in locusts is an ideal model for studying the genetic architectures and regulatory mechanisms associated with phenotypic plasticity. The recent development of genomic and metabolomic tools and resources has furthered our understanding of the molecular basis of phase change in locusts. Thousands of phase-related genes and metabolites have been highlighted using large-scale expressed sequence tags, microarrays, high-throughput transcriptomic sequences, or metabolomic approaches. However, only several key factors, including genes, metabolites, and pathways, have a critical role in phase transition in locusts. For example, CSP (chemosensory protein) and takeout genes, the dopamine pathway, protein kinase A, and carnitines were found to be involved in the regulation of behavioral phase change and gram-negative bacteria–binding proteins in prophylaxical disease resistance of gregarious locusts. Epigenetic mechanisms including small noncoding RNAs and DNA methylation have been implicated. We review these new advances in the molecular basis of phase change in locusts and present some challenges that need to be addressed.
Interactions Between Insect Herbivores and Plant Mating Systems
Authors: Carr David E. , Eubanks Micky D.
Published: October 2013

Self-pollination is common in plants, and limited seed and pollen dispersal can create localized inbreeding even within outcrossing plants. Consequently, insects regularly encounter inbred plants in nature. Because inbreeding results in elevated homozygosity, greater expression of recessive alleles, and subsequent phenotypic changes in inbred plants, inbreeding may alter plant-insect interactions. Recent research has found that plant inbreeding alters resistance and tolerance to herbivores, alters the attraction and susceptibility of plants to insects that vector plant pathogens, and alters visitation rates of insect pollinators. These results suggest that interactions with insects can increase or decrease inbreeding depression (the loss of fitness due to self-fertilization) and subsequently alter the evolution of selfing within plant populations. Future work needs to focus on the mechanisms underlying genetic variation in the effects of inbreeding on plant-insect interactions and the consequences of altered plant-insect interactions on the evolution of plant defense and plant mating systems.
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: Game-Changing Innovation for Patients with Aortic Stenosis
Authors: Harjai Kishore J. , Paradis Jean-Michel , Kodali Susheel
Published: October 2013

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is an emerging technology for the management of patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS). First reported in 2002, TAVR has made remarkable progress in the past decade with completion of major randomized clinical trials, multiple observational registries, and evolution of several new devices. This article is a brief introductory overview of the TAVR procedure, devices, trials and registries, and newer developments in the field.
G Protein–Coupled Receptors Revisited: Therapeutic Applications Inspired by Synthetic Biology
Authors: Heng Boon Chin , Aubel Dominique , Fussenegger Martin
Published: October 2013

G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate the majority of cellular responses to hormones and neurotransmitters within the human body. They have much potential in the emerging field of synthetic biology, which is the rational, systematic design of biological systems with desired functionality. The responsiveness of GPCRs to a plethora of endogenous and exogenous ligands and stimuli make them ideal sensory receptor modules of synthetic gene networks. Such networks can activate target gene expression in response to a specific stimulus. Additionally, because GPCRs are important pharmacological targets of various human diseases, genes encoding their protein/peptide ligands can also be incorporated as target genes of the response output elements of synthetic gene networks. This review aims to critically examine the potential role of GPCRs in constructing therapeutic synthetic gene networks and to discuss various challenges in utilizing GPCRs for synthetic biology applications.
Free Fatty Acid (FFA) and Hydroxy Carboxylic Acid (HCA) Receptors
Authors: Offermanns Stefan
Published: October 2013

Saturated and unsaturated free fatty acids (FFAs), as well as hydroxy carboxylic acids (HCAs) such as lactate and ketone bodies, are carriers of metabolic energy, precursors of biological mediators, and components of biological structures. However, they are also able to exert cellular effects through G protein–coupled receptors named FFA1–FFA4 and HCA1–HCA3. Work during the past decade has shown that these receptors are widely expressed in the human body and regulate the metabolic, endocrine, immune and other systems to maintain homeostasis under changing dietary conditions. The development of genetic mouse models and the generation of synthetic ligands of individual FFA and HCA receptors have been instrumental in identifying cellular and biological functions of these receptors. These studies have produced strong evidence that several FFA and HCA receptors can be targets for the prevention and treatment of various diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, and inflammation.
Targeting PCSK9 for Hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Norata Giuseppe Danilo , Tibolla Gianpaolo , Catapano Alberico Luigi
Published: October 2013

Dyslipidemias are a predominant risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Biological and genetic research has led to the identification of several genes and proteins that may be pharmacologically targeted to improve lipoprotein profiles and possibly cardiovascular outcomes in patients with dyslipidemia. The observation that proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) regulates the levels of circulating low-density lipoprotein C (LDL-C) by enhancing the degradation of the hepatic low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) prompted the search for drugs that inhibit PCSK9 activity. Several approaches to inhibiting PCSK9 activity have been proposed; these involve inhibitory antibodies, small molecules, and gene silencing. To date, the most promising and advanced approach relates to monoclonal antibodies, which can decrease LDL cholesterol by 65–70%, even as an add-on therapy to a maximal dose of a statin. Phase III studies and large, event-driven clinical trials are ongoing and will fully address the viability and role of these drugs in clinical practice.
Physiology and Pharmacology of the Enteroendocrine Hormone Glucagon-Like Peptide-2
Authors: Drucker Daniel J. , Yusta Bernardo
Published: October 2013

Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a 33-amino-acid proglucagon-derived peptide secreted from enteroendocrine L cells. GLP-2 circulates at low basal levels in the fasting period, and plasma levels rise rapidly after food ingestion. Renal clearance and enzymatic inactivation control the elimination of bioactive GLP-2. GLP-2 increases mesenteric blood flow and activates proabsorptive pathways in the gut, facilitating nutrient absorption. GLP-2 also enhances gut barrier function and induces proliferative and cytoprotective pathways in the small bowel. The actions of GLP-2 are transduced via a single G protein–coupled receptor (GLP-2R), expressed predominantly within the gastrointestinal tract. Disruption of GLP-2R signaling increases susceptibility to gut injury and impairs the adaptive mucosal response to refeeding. Sustained augmentation of GLP-2R signaling reduces the requirement for parenteral nutrition in human subjects with short-bowel syndrome. Hence GLP-2 integrates nutrient-derived signals to optimize mucosal integrity and energy absorption.
Development of Novel Materials through Computational Materials Design (CMD®)
Authors: Kasai Hideaki , Aspera Susan Meñez , Saputro Adhitya Gandaryus
Published: October 2013

COMPUTATIONAL MATERIALS DESIGN (CMD®) has been proven to be a powerful tool to develop novel materials that suites the necessities of modern technological advancement. In this article, the development of CMD® through time will be discussed as exemplified by different quantum calculations that served as a benchmark for materials design. Some relevant findings and applications that have been fully realized with the aid of methodologies incorporated in CMD® will also be discussed.
A Ligand-Assisted Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalyzed by (Nitro)Cobalt Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines
Authors: Goodwin John Alan , Aslund Tyler H. , Tuley Leanne R. , Simmons Johnathan A. , Kimble Robert J. , Creager Stephen , Shetzline Jamie
Published: October 2013

The redox chemistry of the nitro, nitrosyl, and peroxynitro ligands in cobalt porphyrins and phthalocyanines has been shown to be able to catalytically activate dioxygen in its electrochemical reduction. Two compounds have been focus of this study by cyclic voltammetry and density functional theory computational methods: the cationic porphyrin complex (nitro)(pyridyl)cobalt(III)TMpyP-2 immobilized in a Nafion® film with silver nanoparticles, and (nitro)(dimethylaminopyridyl)cobaltperfluoro-phthalocyanine, (NO2)(Me2Npy)CoF16Pc on a glassy carbon electrode. The porphyrin complex shows catalytic ORR activity that is short-lived, but the phthalocyanine complex appears to be a robust catalyst. DFT computational studies were used to evaluate the possible intermediates of the system and to corroborate the observed behavior.
Antibiotics modulate intestinal immunity and prevent necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm neonatal piglets
Authors: Jensen Michael L. , Thymann Thomas , Cilieborg Malene S. , Lykke Mikkel , Mølbak Lars , Jensen Bent B. , Schmidt Mette , Kelly Denise , Mulder Imke , Burrin Douglas G. , Sangild Per T.
Published: October 2013

Preterm birth, bacterial colonization, and formula feeding predispose to necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Antibiotics are commonly administered to prevent sepsis in preterm infants, but it is not known whether this affects intestinal immunity and NEC resistance. We hypothesized that broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment improves NEC resistance and intestinal structure, function, and immunity in neonates. Caesarean-delivered preterm pigs were fed 3 days of parenteral nutrition followed by 2 days of enteral formula. Immediately after birth, they were assigned to receive either antibiotics (oral and parenteral doses of gentamycin, ampicillin, and metronidazole, ANTI, n = 11) or saline in the control group (CON, n = 13), given twice daily. NEC lesions and intestinal structure, function, microbiology, and immunity markers were recorded. None of the ANTI but 85% of the CON pigs developed NEC lesions by day 5 (0/11 vs. 11/13, P < 0.05). ANTI pigs had higher intestinal villi (+60%), digestive enzyme activities (+53–73%), and goblet cell densities (+110%) and lower myeloperoxidase (−51%) and colonic microbial density (105 vs. 1010 colony-forming units, all P < 0.05). Microarray transcriptomics showed strong downregulation of genes related to inflammation and innate immune response to microbiota and marked upregulation of genes related to amino acid metabolism, in particular threonine, glucose transport systems, and cell cycle in 5-day-old ANTI pigs. In a follow-up experiment, 5 days of antibiotics prevented NEC at least until day 10. Neonatal prophylactic antibiotics effectively reduced gut bacterial load, prevented NEC, intestinal atrophy, dysfunction, and inflammation and enhanced expression of genes related to gut metabolism and immunity in preterm pigs.
Evidence for and against epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in the liver
Authors: Xie Guanhua , Diehl Anna Mae
Published: October 2013

The outcome of liver injury is determined by the success of repair. Liver repair involves replacement of damaged liver tissue with healthy liver epithelial cells (including both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes) and reconstruction of normal liver structure and function. Current dogma posits that replication of surviving mature hepatocytes and cholangiocytes drives the regeneration of liver epithelium after injury, whereas failure of liver repair commonly leads to fibrosis, a scarring condition in which hepatic stellate cells, the main liver-resident mesenchymal cells, play the major role. The present review discusses other mechanisms that might be responsible for the regeneration of new liver epithelial cells and outgrowth of matrix-producing mesenchymal cells during hepatic injury. This theory proposes that, during liver injury, some epithelial cells undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), acquire myofibroblastic phenotypes/features, and contribute to fibrogenesis, whereas certain mesenchymal cells (namely hepatic stellate cells and stellate cell-derived myofibroblasts) undergo mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET), revert to epithelial cells, and ultimately differentiate into either hepatocytes or cholangiocytes. Although this theory is highly controversial, it suggests that the balance between EMT and MET modulates the outcome of liver injury. This review summarizes recent advances that support or refute the concept that certain types of liver cells are capable of phenotype transition (i.e., EMT and MET) during both culture conditions and chronic liver injury.
Role of macrophage PPARγ in experimental hypertension
Authors: Kriska Tamas , Cepura Cody , Gauthier Kathryn M. , Campbell William B.
Published: October 2013

Targeted disruption of the Alox15 gene makes mice resistant to angiotensin II-, DOCA/salt-, and Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME)-induced experimental hypertension. Macrophages, a primary source of Alox15, are facilitating this resistance, but the underlying mechanism is not known. Because Alox15 metabolites are peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ agonists, we hypothesized that activation of macrophage PPARγ is the key step in Alox15 mediation of hypertension. Thioglycollate, used for macrophage elicitation, selectively upregulated PPARγ and its target gene CD36 in peritoneal macrophages of both wild-type (WT) and Alox15−/− mice. Moreover, thioglycollate-injected Alox15−/− mice became hypertensive upon l-NAME treatment. A similar hypertensive effect was observed with adoptive transfer of thioglycollate-elicited Alox15−/− macrophages into Alox15−/− recipient mice. The role of PPARγ was further specified by using the selective PPARγ antagonist GW9662. WT mice treated with 50 μg/kg daily dose of GW9662 for 12 days became resistant to l-NAME-induced hypertension. The PPARγ antagonist treatment also prevented l-NAME-induced hypertension in thioglycollate-injected Alox15−/− mice, indicating a PPARγ-mediated effect in macrophage elicitation and the resultant hypertension. These results indicate a regulatory role for macrophage-localized PPARγ in l-NAME-induced experimental hypertension.
SerpinB1 deficiency is not associated with increased susceptibility to pulmonary emphysema in mice
Authors: Cremona Tiziana P. , Tschanz Stefan A. , von Garnier Christophe , Benarafa Charaf
Published: October 2013

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by emphysema and chronic bronchitis and is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Tobacco smoke and deficiency in α1-antitrypsin (AAT) are the most prominent environmental and genetic risk factors, respectively. Yet the pathogenesis of COPD is not completely elucidated. Disease progression appears to include a vicious circle driven by self-perpetuating lung inflammation, endothelial and epithelial cell death, and proteolytic degradation of extracellular matrix proteins. Like AAT, serpinB1 is a potent inhibitor of serine proteases including neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G. Because serpinB1 is expressed in myeloid and lung epithelial cells and is protective during lung infections, we investigated the role of serpinB1 in preventing age-related and cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in mice. Fifteen-month-old mice showed increased lung volume and decreased pulmonary function compared with young adult mice (3 mo old), but no differences were observed between serpinB1-deficient (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. Chronic exposure to secondhand cigarette smoke resulted in structural emphysematous changes compared with respective control mice, but no difference in lung morphometry was observed between genotypes. Of note, the different pattern of stereological changes induced by age and cigarette smoke suggest distinct mechanisms leading to increased airway volume. Finally, expression of intracellular and extracellular protease inhibitors were differently regulated in lungs of WT and KO mice following smoke exposure; however, activity of proteases was not significantly altered. In conclusion, we showed that, although AAT and serpinB1 are similarly potent inhibitors of neutrophil proteases, serpinB1 deficiency is not associated with more severe emphysema.
Hypoglycemic Activity and Antioxidative Stress of Extracts and Corymbiferin fromSwertia bimaculata In VitroandIn Vivo
Authors: Liu Zhaoxia , Wan Luosheng , Yue Yuedong , Xiao Zuoqi , Zhang Yutang , Wang Yonglong , Chen Cuiping , Min Qiuxia , Chen Jiachun
Published: October 2013

The present study was to investigate the anti-diabetic activities ofSwertia bimaculata. Based on the glucose consumption ofS. bimaculataextractsand different fractions (petroleum, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate,n-butanol and water extracts) in 3T3-L1 adipocyte assay, ethanol (ETH) and dichloromethane (DTH) extracts had the most effective potency. Furthermore, ETH, DTH and corymbiferin (the most abundant component of DTH) were evaluated for anti-diabetic effects in high fat and sucrose fed combined with low dose streptozocin induced diabetic rats. DTH and corymbiferin displayed remarkable anti-diabetic activities. The fasting blood glucose levels were significantly decreased, while the serum insulin levels were obviously increased. The oral glucose tolerance was also improved. The lowed serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglyceride levels and increased ratio of HDL (high density lipoprotein)/LDL were observed. The insulin sensitivity was improved on the basis of increased expressions of insulin-receptor substrate-2, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Ser/Thr kinase AKT2. And also DTH and corymbiferin improved antioxidant capacity and carbohydrate metabolism in diabetic rats, along with the improvement of histopathology of livers and pancreaticβcells. Corymbiferin was one of active constituents, responsible for anti-diabetic properties. Therefore,S. bimaculatacould be considered as an alternative agent against diabetes mellitus.
Obtaining an Initial Solution for Facility Layout Problem
Authors: Shoja Sangchooli Ali , Akbari Jokar Mohammad Reza
Published: October 2013

The facility layout approaches can generally be classified into two groups, constructive approaches and improvement approaches. All improvement procedures require an initial solution which has a significant impact on final solution. In this paper, we introduce a new technique for accruing an initial placement of facilities on extended plane. It is obtained by graph theoretic facility layout approaches and graph drawing algorithms. To evaluate the performance, this initial solution is applied to rectangular facility layout problem. The solution is improved using an analytical method. The approach is then tested on five instances from the literature. Test problems include three large size problems of 50, 100, and 125 facilities. The results demonstrate effectiveness of the technique especially for large size problems.
Hot-Wire Calibration at Low Velocities: Revisiting the Vortex Shedding Method
Authors: Sattarzadeh Sohrab S. , Kalpakli Athanasia , Örlü Ramis
Published: October 2013

The necessity to calibrate hot-wire probes against a known velocity causes problems at low velocities, due to the inherent inaccuracy of pressure transducers at low differential pressures. The vortex shedding calibration method is in this respect a recommended technique to obtain calibration data at low velocities, due to its simplicity and accuracy. However, it has mainly been applied in a low and narrow Reynolds number range known as the laminar vortex shedding regime. Here, on the other hand, we propose to utilize the irregular vortex shedding regime and show where the probe needs to be placed with respect to the cylinder in order to obtain unambiguous calibration data.
Riemannian Means on Special Euclidean Group and Unipotent Matrices Group
Authors: Duan Xiaomin , Sun Huafei , Peng Linyu
Published: October 2013

Among the noncompact matrix Lie groups, the special Euclidean group and the unipotent matrix group play important roles in both theoretic and applied studies. The Riemannian means of a finite set of the given points on the two matrix groups are investigated, respectively. Based on the left invariant metric on the matrix Lie groups, the geodesic between any two points is gotten. And the sum of the geodesic distances is taken as the cost function, whose minimizer is the Riemannian mean. Moreover, a Riemannian gradient algorithm for computing the Riemannian mean on the special Euclidean group and an iterative formula for that on the unipotent matrix group are proposed, respectively. Finally, several numerical simulations in the 3‐dimensional case are given to illustrate our results.
“Follow the Leader”: A Centrality Guided Clustering and Its Application to Social Network Analysis
Authors: Wu Qin , Qi Xingqin , Fuller Eddie , Zhang Cun-Quan
Published: October 2013

Within graph theory and network analysis, centrality of a vertex measures the relative importance of a
vertex within a graph. The centrality plays key role in network analysis and has been widely studied
using different methods. Inspired by the idea of vertex centrality, a novel centrality guided clustering
(CGC) is proposed in this paper. Different from traditional clustering methods which usually choose the
initial center of a cluster randomly, the CGC clustering algorithm starts from a “LEADER”—a vertex
with the highest centrality score—and a new “member” is added into the same cluster as the “LEADER” when
some criterion is satisfied. The CGC algorithm also supports overlapping membership. Experiments on
three benchmark social network data sets are presented and the results indicate that the proposed CGC
algorithm works well in social network clustering.
Long-Lasting Effects of Oxy- and Sulfoanalogues of L-Arginine on Enzyme Actions
Authors: Dzimbova Tatyana A. , Milanov Peter B. , Pajpanova Tamara I.
Published: October 2013

Arginine residues are very important for the structure of proteins and their action. Arginine is essential for many natural processes because it has unique ionizable group under physiological conditions. Numerous mimetics of arginine were synthesized and their biological effects were evaluated, but the mechanisms of actions are still unknown.
The aim of this study is to see if oxy- and sulfoanalogues of arginine can be recognized by human arginyl-tRNA synthetase (HArgS)—an enzyme responsible for coupling of L-arginine with its cognate tRNA in a two-step catalytic reaction. We make use of modeling and docking studies of adenylate kinase (ADK) to reveal the effects produced by the incorporation of the arginine mimetics on the structure of ADK and its action. Three analogues of arginine, L-canavanine (Cav), L-norcanavanine (NCav), and L-sulfoarginine (sArg), can be recognized as substrates of HArgS when incorporated in different peptide and protein sequences instead of L-arginine. Mutation in the enzyme active center by arginine mimetics leads to conformational changes, which produce a decrease the rate of the enzyme catalyzed reaction and even a loss of enzymatic action. All these observations could explain the long-lasting nature of the effects of the arginine analogues.
Performance Evaluation of Volumetric Water Content and Relative Permittivity Models
Authors: Mukhlisin Muhammad , Saputra Almushfi
Published: October 2013

In recent years many models have been proposed for measuring soil water content (θ) based on the permittivity (ε) value. Permittivity is one of the properties used to determine θ in measurements using the electromagnetic method. This method is widely used due to quite substantial differences in values of ε for air, soil, and water, as it allows the θ value to be measured accurately. The performance of six proposed models with one parameter (i.e., permittivity) and five proposed models with two or more parameters (i.e., permittivity, porosity, and dry bulk density of soil) is discussed and evaluated. Secondary data obtained from previous studies are used for comparison to calibrate and evaluate the models. The results show that the models with one parameter proposed by Roth et al. (1992) and Topp et al. (1980) have the greatest R2 data errors, while for the model with two parameters, the model proposed by Malicki et al. (1996) agrees very well with the data compared with other models.
Sound Sensitivity of the Saccule for Low Frequencies in Healthy Adults
Authors: Emami Seyede Faranak , Pourbakht Akram , Daneshi Ahmad , Sheykholeslami Kianoush , Emamjome Hessamedin , Kamali Mohammad
Published: October 2013

Approximately 80 years ago John Tait speculated about a possible auditory role for the otolith organs in humans those days, there was no direct evidence for that idea. This time is for us to review and research. Then, the objective of our study was to investigate saccular hearing in healthy adults. We selected twenty healthy controls and twenty-four dizzy cases. Assessment comprised of audiologic evaluations, cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMPs), and recognition of spoken phonemes in white noise (Rsp in wn). In the case group (a total of 48 ears), the cVEMPs abnormalities were all unilateral (24 affected ears and 24 contralateral unaffected ears). Affected ears with decreased vestibular excitability as detected by abnormal cVEMPs had decreased Rsp in wn (mean=60.78±8.33), whereas both unaffected (mean=96.24±2.4) and control ears (mean=96.24±2.4) presented normal results. The correlation between RSP in wn and p13 latencies was significant (P<0.05, r=-0.551). The peak-to-peak amplitudes showed significant correlation to RSP in wn (P<0.05, r=0.307). The correlation between RSP in wn and the latencies of n23 was significant (P<0.05, r=-0.493). We concluded in presence of severe competing noise, saccule has a facilitating role for cochlea and can improve to detection of loud low-frequencies.
School Accountability and Youth Obesity: Can Physical Education Mandates Make a Difference?
Authors: Schneider Helen , Zhang Ning
Published: October 2013

This paper explores the effect of accountability laws under No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) on obesity rates among school-aged children in the United States. Our results show that pressures due to school closures for poor performance, rewards for good performance, and assistance to schools that lag behind lead to lower levels of vigorous physical activity. This effect is significant for high school children only. We find no significant impact of school accountability laws on children in grades 3 through 8 after state characteristics such as state obesity rate are taken into account. We also find that state physical education mandates increase physical activity for children in grades 3 through 8 and mitigate the negative effect of accountability pressures on physical activity at the high school level where accountability pressures are most effective at decreasing physical activity and increasing obesity. The study shows that physical education mandates play an important role in promoting physical activity for all grades in our sample.
Resveratrol‐Loaded Polymeric Nanoparticles: Validation of an HPLC‐PDA Method to Determine the Drug Entrapment and Evaluation of Its Antioxidant Activity
Authors: da Rocha Lindner Gabriela , Khalil Najeh Maissar , Mainardes Rubiana Mara
Published: October 2013

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and PLA‐poly(ethylene glycol) (PLA‐PEG) nanoparticles containing resveratrol (RVT) were developed, and their antioxidant activity was evaluated. An analytical method using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/photodiode array (PDA) detection was also developed and validated for RVT determination in nanoparticles. The mobile phase consisted of methanol : water (51 : 49, v/v) flowed at 0.9 mL/min, and the PDA detector was set at wavelength of 306 nm. The mean diameter of the nanoparticles varied between 180 and 220 nm, and the encapsulation efficiency of RVT ranged from 60% to 88%. The nanoparticles containing RVT were evaluated for their ability to scavenge the radical (2,2‐azinobis (3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) diammonium salt) (ABTS•+). The profile obtained from the PLA nanoparticles containing RVT demonstrated that after 24 h, there was almost no increase in antioxidant activity, which was lower than that of the free RVT and RVT‐loaded PLA‐PEG nanoparticles. For PLA‐PEG nanoparticles, the radical‐scavenging activity of RVT was shown to increase with time, and after 48 h, it was similar to that observed with free RVT.
Linear Isometries between Real Banach Algebras of Continuous Complex-Valued Functions
Authors: Alimohammadi Davood , Pazandeh Hadis
Published: October 2013

Let and be compact Hausdorff spaces, and let
and be topological involutions on and , respectively. In 1991,
Kulkarni and Arundhathi characterized linear isometries from a
real uniform function algebra on (, ) onto a real uniform function
algebra on (, ) applying their Choquet boundaries and
showed that these mappings are weighted composition operators.
In this paper, we characterize all onto linear isometries and certain
into linear isometries between and
applying
the extreme points in the unit balls of and .
Structural Health Monitoring of a Reinforced Concrete Building during the Severe Typhoon Vicente in 2012
Authors: Kuok Sin-Chi , Yuen Ka-Veng
Published: October 2013

The goal of this study is to investigate the structural performance of reinforced concrete building under the influence of severe typhoon. For this purpose, full‐scale monitoring of a 22‐story reinforced concrete building was conducted during the entire passage process of a severe typhoon “Vicente.” Vicente was the eighth tropical storm developed in the Western North Pacific Ocean and the South China Sea in 2012. Moreover, it was the strongest and most devastating typhoon that struck Macao since 1999. The overall duration of the typhoon affected period that lasted more than 70 hours and the typhoon eye region covered Macao for around one hour. The wind and structural response measurements were acquired throughout the entire typhoon affected period. The wind characteristics were analyzed using the measured wind data including the wind speed and wind direction time histories. Besides, the structural response measurements of the monitored building were utilized for modal identification using the Bayesian spectral density approach. Detailed analysis of the field data and the typhoon generated effects on the structural performance are
discussed.
16α-Hydroxyfriedelin and 3-Oxo-16-methylfriedel-16-ene as Building Blocks: Crystal Structure and Hirshfeld Surfaces Decoding Intermolecular Contacts
Authors: Corrêa Rodrigo S. , Duarte Lucienir P. , Silva Grácia D. F. , de Oliveira Djalma M. , Ellena Javier , Doriguetto Antônio C.
Published: October 2013

In this paper the importance of C–H⋯O intermolecular hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces in crystal packing stabilization of 16α-hydroxyfriedelin (1) and 3-oxo-16-methylfriedel-16-ene (2) is described. Compound1is a natural product isolated from the hexane extract ofSalacia ellipticabranches, whereas compound2is obtained from compound1after dehydration accompanied by methyl migration of C-17 to C-16. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments for1and2were carried out at 150 K, and the crystallographic study demonstrated that these compounds crystallize in noncentrosymmetric space groups, with1showing an orthorhombic P212121space group and2a monoclinic P21one. Compounds1and2are composed of five fused six-membered rings presenting a chair conformation, except for the central ring of2, which adopts a half-chair conformation. In addition, the intra- and intermolecular parameters were studied using CCDC MOGUL analyses and Hirshfeld surfaces.
Modeling of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Volume Changes during CT-Based Image Guided Radiotherapy: Patterns Observed and Clinical Implications
Authors: Gay Hiram A. , Taylor Quendella Q. , Kiriyama Fumika , Dieck Geoffrey T. , Jenkins Todd , Walker Paul , Allison Ron R. , Ubezio Paolo
Published: October 2013

Background. To characterize the lung tumor volume response during conventional and hypofractionated radiotherapy (RT) based on diagnostic quality CT images prior to each treatment fraction.Methods. Out of 26 consecutive patients who had received CT-on-rails IGRT to the lung from 2004 to 2008, 18 were selected because they had lung lesions that could be easily distinguished. The time course of the tumor volume for each patient was individually analyzed using a computer program.Results. The model fits of group L (conventional fractionation) patients were very close to experimental data, with a median Δ% (average percent difference between data and fit) of 5.1% (range 3.5–10.2%). The fits obtained in group S (hypofractionation) patients were generally good, with a median Δ% of 7.2% (range 3.7–23.9%) for the best fitting model. Four types of tumor responses were observed—Type A: “high” kill and “slow” dying rate; Type B: “high” kill and “fast” dying rate; Type C: “low” kill and “slow” dying rate; and Type D: “low” kill and “fast” dying rate.Conclusions. The models used in this study performed well in fitting the available dataset. The models provided useful insights into the possible underlying mechanisms responsible for the RT tumor volume response.
An Approach for the Visualization of Temperature Distribution in Tissues According to Changes in Ultrasonic Backscattered Energy
Authors: Xia Jingjing , Li Qiang , Liu Hao-Li , Chen Wen-Shiang , Tsui Po-Hsiang
Published: October 2013

Previous studies developed ultrasound temperature-imaging methods based on changes in backscattered energy (CBE) to monitor variations in temperature during hyperthermia. In conventional CBE imaging, tracking and compensation of the echo shift due to temperature increase need to be done. Moreover, the CBE image does not enable visualization of the temperature distribution in tissues during nonuniform heating, which limits its clinical application in guidance of tissue ablation treatment. In this study, we investigated a CBE imaging method based on the sliding window technique and the polynomial approximation of the integrated CBE (ICBEpaimage) to overcome the difficulties of conventional CBE imaging. We conducted experiments with tissue samples of pork tenderloin ablated by microwave irradiation to validate the feasibility of the proposed method. During ablation, the raw backscattered signals were acquired using an ultrasound scanner for B-mode andICBEpaimaging. The experimental results showed that the proposedICBEpaimage can visualize the temperature distribution in a tissue with a very good contrast. Moreover, tracking and compensation of the echo shift were not necessary when using theICBEpaimage to visualize the temperature profile. The experimental findings suggested that theICBEpaimage, a new CBE imaging method, has a great potential in CBE-based imaging of hyperthermia and other thermal therapies.
Potential Biomarkers of Insulin Resistance and Atherosclerosis in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Syed Ikmal Sharifah Intan Qhadijah , Zaman Huri Hasniza , Vethakkan Shireene Ratna , Wan Ahmad Wan Azman
Published: October 2013

Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with coronary artery disease have become a major public health concern. The occurrence of insulin resistance accompanied with endothelial dysfunction worsens the state of atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. The combination of insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction leads to coronary artery disease and ischemic heart disease complications. A recognized biological marker, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, has been used widely to assess the progression of atherosclerosis and inflammation. Along with coronary arterial damage and inflammatory processes, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein is considered as an essential atherosclerosis marker in patients with cardiovascular disease, but not as an insulin resistance marker in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. A new biological marker that can act as a reliable indicator of both the exact state of insulin resistance and atherosclerosis is required to facilitate optimal health management of diabetic patients. Malfunctioning of insulin mechanism and endothelial dysfunction leads to innate immune activation and released several biological markers into circulation. This review examines potential biological markers, YKL-40, alpha-hydroxybutyrate, soluble CD36, leptin, resistin, interleukin-18, retinol binding protein-4, and chemerin, as they may play significant roles in insulin resistance and atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with coronary artery disease.
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo in Irradiated Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Survivors
Authors: Feng Shaoyan , Fan Yunping , Guo Liqing , Liang Zibin , Mi Jiaoping
Published: October 2013

Purpose. It has been assumed that postirradiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients are prone to benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). The purpose of this study was to better understand this clinical entity. Materials and Methods. From September 2003 to June 2011, we conducted a retrospective study of 11 irradiated NPC patients with BPPV in our institute. During the same period, 11 irradiated NPC patients without BPPV were randomly selected and enrolled as the control group. All medical records of these patients were evaluated. Results. The risk of BPPV rises significantly when the patient undergoes radiotherapy (RT) twice and the threshold radiation dose is >120 Gy (P=0.027). The occurrence of postirradiated BPPV was significantly related to incidences of otitis media and sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) (P=0.011
and 0.009, resp.). All the patients responded well to repositioning maneuvers. Conclusion. A second course of RT, postirradiated otitis media, or SNHL is associated with the potential risk of radiation-induced BPPV. Repositioning maneuvers were safe and effective for relief of this disease.
Structures and Stabilities of Alkaline Earth Metal Oxide Nanoclusters: A DFT Study
Authors: Batra Prinka , Gaba Ritu , Issar Upasana , Kakkar Rita
Published: October 2013

The stability orders of a number of alkaline earth oxide cluster isomers (MO)n, M = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba and 1≤n≥6 have been determined by means of density functional theory studies using the LDA-PWC functional. Among the candidate structures, the hexagonal-ring-based isomers and the slab shapes are found to display similar stabilities. Stacks of hexagonal (MO)3 rings are found to be the slightly preferred growth strategy among the (MgO)6, isomers. In contrast, the slab structures are slightly preferred for the other alkaline metal oxide (MO)6 clusters. An explanation based on packing and aromaticity arguments has been proposed. This study may have important implications for modeling and understanding the initial growth patterns of small nanostructures of alkaline earth metals.
Modeling and Performance Improvement of the Constant Power Regulator Systems in Variable Displacement Axial Piston Pump
Authors: Park Sung Hwan , Lee Ji Min , Kim Jong Shik
Published: October 2013

An irregular performance of a mechanical‐type constant power regulator is considered. In order to find the cause of an irregular discharge flow at the cut‐off pressure area, modeling and numerical simulations are performed to observe dynamic behavior of internal parts of the constant power regulator system for a swashplate‐type axial piston pump. The commercial numerical simulation software AMESim is applied to model the mechanical‐type regulator with hydraulic pump and simulate the performance of it. The validity of the simulation model of the constant power regulator system is verified by comparing simulation results with experiments. In order to find the cause of the irregular performance of the mechanical‐type constant power regulator system, the behavior of main components such as the spool, sleeve, and counterbalance piston is investigated using computer simulation. The shape modification of the counterbalance piston is proposed to improve the undesirable performance of the mechanical‐type constant power regulator. The performance improvement is verified by computer simulation using AMESim software.
Viruses as Modulators of Mitochondrial Functions
Authors: Anand Sanjeev K. , Tikoo Suresh K.
Published: October 2013

Mitochondria are multifunctional organelles with diverse roles including energy production and distribution, apoptosis, eliciting host immune response, and causing diseases and aging. Mitochondria-mediated immune responses might be an evolutionary adaptation by which mitochondria might have prevented the entry of invading microorganisms thus establishing them as an integral part of the cell. This makes them a target for all the invading pathogens including viruses. Viruses either induce or inhibit various mitochondrial processes in a highly specific manner so that they can replicate and produce progeny. Some viruses encode the Bcl2 homologues to counter the proapoptotic functions of the cellular and mitochondrial proteins. Others modulate the permeability transition pore and either prevent or induce the release of the apoptotic proteins from the mitochondria. Viruses like Herpes simplex virus 1 deplete the host mitochondrial DNA and some, like human immunodeficiency virus, hijack the host mitochondrial proteins to function fully inside the host cell. All these processes involve the participation of cellular proteins, mitochondrial proteins, and virus specific proteins. This review will summarize the strategies employed by viruses to utilize cellular mitochondria for successful multiplication and production of progeny virus.
Influence of Hydroxyethyl Cellulose Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Jute Fibres, Yarns, and Composites
Authors: Nag Ranajit K. , Long Andrew C. , Clifford Michael J.
Published: October 2013

Jute yarns were treated by tap water with and without tension at room temperature for 20 minutes and then dried. Fibre and yarn strength were measured before and after treatment. Unidirectional (UD) composites were made by both treated and untreated yarns with and without applying hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) as size material. Water-treated jute yarns without tension and composites made of those yarns showed decreased strength, and water treated jute yarns with tension and composites made of those yarns showed increased strength with respect to raw yarns and composites made of raw yarns. However, no specific trend was noticed for fibre tensile strength and tensile modulus. HEC sized yarns showed up to 12% higher failure load with respect to unsized yarns, and composites made of HEC sized yarns showed up to 17% and 12% increase in tensile strength and tensile modulus, respectively, compared to composites made of similar types of unsized yarns.