bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scope and Limitations of Barbituric and Thiobarbituric Amino Acid Derivatives as Protecting Groups for Solid‐Phase Peptide Synthesis: Towards a Green Protecting Group
Authors: Ramkisson Shaveer , Al‐Rasheed Hessa H. , Dahlous Kholood A. , De La Torre Beatriz G. , El‐Faham Ayman , Albericio Fernando
Published: June 2021

DMB (Dimethylbarbituric) and DETB (Diethylthiobarbituric) are both barbituric and thiobarbituric acid derivatives respectively, that forms enamines with the Nα amine of amino acids. These compounds were found to be stable crystalline solids and show stability in the standard acidic and basic conditions used for solid‐phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) strategies. These protecting groups are cleaved by a mild solution of 2 % hydrazine hydrate in DMF and 2 % hydroxylamine in DMF, both at short reaction times. Their use in SPPS showed that DMB‐protected amino acids allow the preparation of peptides and therefore could be an alternative to the Fmoc strategy currently used. A further advantage of these protecting groups is that their preparation does not involve the concourse of phosgene derivatives and therefore they could be considered greener protecting groups than the carbamate‐based one.
Efficient Defect Passivation and Charge Extraction with Hexamethylenetetramine Interface Modification for Hole‐Transporting Layers‐Free CsPbBr3 Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Sun Mingran , Zhu Jingwei , He Benlin , Bu Fan , Ti Junjie , Yao Xinpeng , Chen Haiyan , Duan Yanyan , Tang Qunwei
Published: June 2021

The passivation of defects at perovskite films, surfaces and the promotion of charge extraction across perovskite/carbon back interface are of vital importance to develop the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of carbon‐based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) free of hole‐transporting layers (HTLs). Herein, an electron donor material with polyamino groups, hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA), is used as an efficient surface modifier for tribrominated all‐inorganic perovskite films. The modification with HMTA not only eliminates the defects by forming a bond between N atoms and positively charged ions but also optimizes the energy level structure of the perovskite film and back interface contact. Therefore, CsPbBr3 films with decreased trap states, extended carrier lifetimes, and enhanced hole mobility are gained, which significantly restrains charge recombination and energy loss as well as facilitates charge extraction and transfer at the perovskite/carbon interface. Finally, an improvement of PCE from 6.75% to 10.08% is obtained for carbon‐based HTL‐free CsPbBr3 PSCs without and with HMTA modification, respectively. Furthermore, the HMTA‐modified device without encapsulation presents an enhanced long‐term moisture and heat stability after being stored in the atmospheric environment with 80% relative humidity (RH) at 25 °C and 20% RH at 85 °C, respectively, due to the reduced defects and the improved hydrophobicity of perovskite film.
A method to acquire cross‐domain requirements based on Syntax Direct Technique
Authors: Liu Huaxiao , Zhang Mengxi , Liu Lei , Liu Zhou
Published: June 2021

With the rapid increase in the number of Apps, the requirement of users has also become extremely complex. Developers have to continuously acquire innovative requirements that provide the guideline for developing more competitive products. However, traditional methods to acquire requirements are not suitable for the App development due to the disadvantage that it cannot interact with users directly. Besides, some methods that use text and data analysis to acquire requirements automatically are hard to expand innovative products because they are often confined to the specific App or the same domain. Therefore, to attract more new users, developers try to find new portable inspiration from other domains for enriching the functions of the App. In this article, we propose a feature extraction method from the descriptions of Apps and use similarity matching to acquire cross‐domain requirements. Our experiments have verified that the Precision, the Recall, and the F‐measure are all as high as 80% of our feature extraction method. Besides, the requirements list we recommend also makes a good performance in terms of reusability with the average Reuse Rank of 59.33% and average Adjusted Functional Points of 7.49, the adaptability gets an average score of 3.3, and the average score of operability is 3.
GEAR: On optimal decision making with auxiliary data
Authors: Cai Hengrui , Song Rui , Lu Wenbin
Published: June 2021

Personalized optimal decision making, finding the optimal decision rule (ODR) based on individual characteristics, has attracted increasing attention recently in many fields, such as education, economics, and medicine. Current ODR methods usually require the primary outcome of interest in samples for assessing treatment effects, namely, the experimental sample. However, in many studies, treatments may have a long‐term effect, and as such, the primary outcome of interest cannot be observed in the experimental sample due to the limited duration of experiments, which makes the estimation of ODR impossible. This paper is inspired to address this challenge by making use of an auxiliary sample to facilitate the estimation of ODR in the experimental sample. We propose an auGmented inverse propensity weighted Experimental and Auxiliary sample‐based decision Rule (GEAR) by maximizing the augmented inverse propensity weighted value estimator over a class of decision rules using the experimental sample, with the primary outcome being imputed based on the auxiliary sample. The asymptotic properties of the proposed GEAR estimators and their associated value estimators are established. Simulation studies are conducted to demonstrate its empirical validity with a real AIDS application.
A near comprehensive phylogenetic framework gives new insights toward a natural classification of the African genus Cyrtorchis (Angraecinae, Orchidaceae)
Authors: Azandi Laura N. , Droissart Vincent , Sonké Bonaventure , Simo‐Droissart Murielle , D'haijère Tania , Farminhão João N.M. , Verlynde Simon , Kaymak Esra , Stévart Tariq
Published: June 2021

The genus Cyrtorchis is renowned for its conspicuous white, long‐spurred flowers, but also for its challenging problems of species delimitation due to the great morphological resemblance of their flowers. Based on a preliminary visual inspection of 1752 specimens, 27 morphogroups were defined including 6 unpublished taxa. Then, we used a representative sampling of 171 dried and alcohol‐preserved specimens representing 20 morphogroups to perform linear morphometrics through multivariate analyses on 43 morphological characters in order to confirm morphogroups delineation and identify their discriminant characters. Moreover, the monophyly of the two sections and of 21 morphological entities was tested through molecular analyses in order to produce a natural classification of the genus. DNA sequences from 69 Cyrtorchis specimens belonging to 15 published taxa (seven from C. sect. Homocolleticon, eight from C. sect. Cyrtorchis), six putative new Cyrtorchis taxa, as well as four taxa used as outgroups, were produced using one nuclear (nrITS‐1) and five plastid regions (matK, rps16, trnC‐petN intergenic spacer, trnL‐trnF intergenic spacer, ycf1), and were analyzed using maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches. We used this phylogenetic framework to infer the morphological character‐state evolution of six floral traits and assess their taxonomic value. Morphological analysis revealed two groups corresponding to the published sections. However, while molecular results recovered the monophyly of C. sect. Cyrtorchis, C. sect. Homocolleticon appears paraphyletic. Of the 21 morphologically defined taxa that were included in the molecular analyses, eight, namely C. aschersonii, C. henriquesiana, C. monteiroae, C. praetermissa, C. ringens, and three new taxa were proven monophyletic. The delimitation of the 19 remaining morphologically identified taxa was assessed using morphological approach only. The ancestral state reconstruction provided new insights into character‐state evolution in the genus by inferring the insertion point of the stipites at the rear third of the length of the viscidium as one of the main synapomorphic characters supporting the monophyly of the genus. Furthermore, viscidium structure, stipites shape, and the lateral lobes of the rostellum were found to be important to infer phylogenetic relationships within the genus.
Wealth and Desired Wealth
Authors: von Weizsäcker Carl Christian , Krämer Hagen M.
Published: June 2021

With increasing general prosperity, desired wealth increases faster than current consumption. There is thus a secular tendency for the “waiting period” Z to grow. This is already the case for demographic reasons that hold for the global population as a whole. The proportion of the global population living in absolute poverty is rapidly declining. A monetary system offering stable purchasing power represents an important contribution of society to facilitating adequate private provision for the future. The “savings triangle” is a highly simplified, but neat representation of these interrelationships. It offers a good approximation of the facts.
Concluding Remarks on the Negative Natural Rate of Interest
Authors: von Weizsäcker Carl Christian , Krämer Hagen M.
Published: June 2021

The Great Divergence: The period of production T is not rising anymore. The “waiting period” Z is rising over time with the rising standard of living and rising life expectancy, and this is the case worldwide. In the interest of full employment, the public debt periodD has to compensate for this divergence: T = Z − D. Using an extrapolation procedure that we have developed and the available empirical data, we calculate total private wealth in the OECD plus China region. Net public debt already accounts for nearly half of private wealth today. COVID-19 increases the optimal steady-statepublic debt period. Both our theory and our empirical findings are increasingly confirmed by the work of other economists: for example, by Lawrence Summers’secular stagnation thesis and by the study of Jordà, Schularick and others on the secular evolution of private wealth.
Die Videosprechstunde in einer unfallchirurgisch/orthopädischen Spezialsprechstunde
Authors: Theopold Jan , Osterhoff Georg , Melcher Peter , Henkelmann Ralf , Hepp Pierre
Published: June 2021

Hintergrund

Im Rahmen der Kontaktbeschränkungen aufgrund der COVID-19-Pandemie vom März 2020 wurde zur Aufrechterhaltung der Patientenversorgung eine videobasierte Sprechstunde eingeführt. Als Basis einer kontaktminimierenden Kommunikation wurde diese nach den Maßnahmen fortgeführt.

Ziel der Arbeit

Ziel dieser prospektiven Pilotstudie ist die Beurteilung hinsichtlich der Effektivität, der technischen Machbarkeit sowie der Steuerung von Patientenströmen sowohl unter Lockdown-Bedingungen sowie in der Zeit danach.

Material und Methoden

Die Auswertung erfolgte vom Beginn des ersten Lockdowns am 16.03.2020 bis zum Stichtag der zweiten einschränkenden Maßnahmen am 14.12.2020. Dokumentiert wurde die Qualität der Verbindungen bezüglich Ton und Bild. Weiterhin wurden die Konsequenzen aus den Gesprächen dokumentiert. Unterschieden wurde hierbei in 4 Kategorien: 1. keine erneute Vorstellung, 2. Wiedervorstellung in der Videosprechstunde, 3. operative Therapie und 4. Vorstellung zur klinischen Untersuchung.

Ergebnisse

Es erfolgten 236 Patientenvorstellungen mittels Videosprechstunde. Insgesamt erfolgten 182 (82 %) Gespräche ohne Einschränkungen. Bei 47 (21 %) Konsultationen handelte es sich um Erstvorstellungen. Bei 41 (18 %) Patienten erfolgte keine erneute Vorstellung. Bei 36 (16 %) Patienten wurde eine Wiedervorstellung in der Videosprechstunde geplant, bei 36 (16 %) Patienten erfolgte die direkte Einweisung zur Operation, und bei 105 (47 %) Patienten wurde eine Wiedervorstellung zur klinischen Untersuchung vereinbart.

Diskussion

Bei 40 % der Patienten konnte durch den Kontakt in der Videosprechstunde eine definitive Entscheidung gestellt werden. Auf der anderen Seite erfolgte bei 47 % der Patienten eine Vorstellung zur klinischen Untersuchung. Die Videosprechstunde ist eine sehr nützliche Maßnahme, um Patientenaufkommen zu leiten und den direkten Arzt-Patient-Kontakt sichtbar zu unterstützten.
Apparent diffusion coefficient cannot discriminate metastatic and non-metastatic lymph nodes in rectal cancer: a meta-analysis
Authors: Surov Alexey , Meyer Hans-Jonas , Pech Maciej , Powerski Maciej , Omari Jasan , Wienke Andreas
Published: June 2021

Background

Our aim was to provide data regarding use of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) for distinguishing metastatic and non-metastatic lymph nodes (LN) in rectal cancer.

Methods

MEDLINE library, EMBASE, and SCOPUS database were screened for associations between DWI and metastatic and non-metastatic LN in rectal cancer up to February 2021. Overall, 9 studies were included into the analysis. Number, mean value, and standard deviation of DWI parameters including apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of metastatic and non-metastatic LN were extracted from the literature. The methodological quality of the studies was investigated according to the QUADAS-2 assessment. The meta-analysis was undertaken by using RevMan 5.3 software. DerSimonian, and Laird random-effects models with inverse-variance weights were used to account the heterogeneity between the studies. Mean DWI values including 95% confidence intervals were calculated for metastatic and non-metastatic LN.

Results

ADC values were reported for 1376 LN, 623 (45.3%) metastatic LN, and 754 (54.7%) non-metastatic LN. The calculated mean ADC value (× 10−3 mm2/s) of metastatic LN was 1.05, 95%CI (0.94, 1.15). The calculated mean ADC value of the non-metastatic LN was 1.17, 95%CI (1.01, 1.33). The calculated sensitivity and specificity were 0.81, 95%CI (0.74, 0.89) and 0.67, 95%CI (0.54, 0.79).

Conclusion

No reliable ADC threshold can be recommended for distinguishing of metastatic and non-metastatic LN in rectal cancer.
Numerical modeling of bulk flow on a pelletizing disc in different rotational regimes
Authors: Gladky Anton , Lieberwirth Holger , Lampke Jan , Schwarze Rüdiger
Published: June 2021

Pelletizing processes are used in various industries to agglomerate fine materials. Investigation of this process is important for optimizing corresponding equipment and machines. In this article the particle-based discrete element method is used to simulate the particle behavior of a dry material on an inclined rotating disc (pelletizing disc). The process is modelled in different rotation regimes and by varying the inclination angle of the disc. Qualitative model verification is performed by a comparison of numerical simulations with experimental data. Contact data is used to analyze the flow mode of the simulated material and for detecting critical rotation speeds.
Predictive Value of Dynamic Peri-Transplantation MRD Assessed By MFC Either Alone or in Combination with Other Variables for Outcomes of Patients with T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Wang Zhi-dong , Wang Yue-wen , Xu Lan-ping , Zhang Xiao-hui , Wang Yu , Chen Huan , Chen Yu-hong , Wang Feng-rong , Han Wei , Sun Yu-qian , Yan Chen-hua , Tang Fei-fei , Mo Xiao-dong , Wang Ya-zhe , Liu Yan-rong , Liu Kai-yan , Huang Xiao-jun , Chang Ying-jun
Published: June 2021

We performed a retrospective analysis to investigate dynamic peri-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) minimal/measurable residual disease (MRD) on outcomes in patients with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). A total of 271 patients were enrolled and classified into three groups: unchanged negative MRD pre- and post-HSCT group (group A), post-MRD non-increase group (group B), and post-MRD increase group (group C). The patients in group B and group C experienced a higher cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) (42% vs. 71% vs. 16%, P<0.001) and lower leukemia-free survival (LFS) (46% vs. 21% vs. 70%, P<0.001) and overall survival (OS) (50% vs. 28% vs. 72%, P<0.001) than in group A, but there was no significant difference in non-relapse mortality (NRM) among three groups (14% vs. 12% vs. 8%, P=0.752). Multivariate analysis showed that dynamic peri-HSCT MRD was associated with CIR (HR=2.392, 95% CI, 1.816–3.151, P<0.001), LFS (HR=1.964, 95% CI, 1.546–2.496, P<0.001) and OS (HR=1.731, 95% CI, 1.348–2.222, P<0.001). We also established a risk scoring system based on dynamic peri-HSCT MRD combined with remission status pre-HSCT and onset of chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). This risk scoring system could better distinguish CIR (c=0.730) than that for pre-HSCT MRD (c=0.562), post-HSCT MRD (c=0.616) and pre- and post-MRD dynamics (c=0.648). Our results confirm the outcome predictive value of dynamic peri-HSCT MRD either alone or in combination with other variables for patients with T-ALL.
Professionelle Urteilsbildung in der Sozialen Arbeit
Authors: Dörr Margret , Klomann Verena
Published: June 2021

Urteilsbildung in der Sozialen Arbeit ist anspruchsvoll und komplex. Trotzdem ist der Prozess der Urteilsbildung bisher selten Gegenstand wissenschaftlicher Betrachtungen. Der Beitrag führt in den Schwerpunkt „Professionelle Urteilsbildung in der Sozialen Arbeit“ ein und stellt die einzelnen Beiträge kurz vor.
Welt im Umbruch – Deutschland braucht eine „Realpolitik im deutschen Interesse“
Authors: Gauland Alexander , Hampel Armin-Paulus
Published: June 2021

Deutschland steht auf der Weltbühne großen Herausforderungen gegenüber. Alte Mächte sind in der Krise und neue Machtzentren geben den Ton an. Regionale Konflikte wie in Afrika und Kriege wie in Syrien haben unmittelbare Auswirkungen auf Deutschland und Europa: wachsender Migrationsdruck und soziale Verwerfungen. Vor diesem Hintergrund schwankt die deutsche Außenpolitik zwischen Selbstverzwergung und dem Anspruch, „Weltmacht der Menschenrechte“ sein zu wollen. Als AfD fordern wir eine Rückbesinnung auf realpolitisches Handeln in der Außenpolitik.
Sandstone reservoir characteristics of Rio Del Rey basin, Cameroon, using well-logging analysis
Authors: Domra Kana Janvier , Diab Ahmad Ahmad , Gouet Daniel Hervé , Djimhoudouel Xavier , Koah Na Lebogo Serge Parfait
Published: June 2021

The present work deals with an interpretation of well log data (gamma ray (GR), resistivity, density, and neutron) from four wells, namely P-1, P-2, P-3 and P-4 in the study area of the Rio Del Rey basin. The well logs analysis indicates five potential sandstone reservoirs at the P-1, two at the P-2, four at the P-3 and six at the P-4. The neutron–density-GR logs highlight the sandstone gas reservoir characterized by high resistivity and crossover between neutron density. The neutron–density-GR cross-plot confirms the presence of sandstone containing hydrocarbons by a displacement of the cloud of points, from low to medium GR values, from the sandstone line to the left. Petrophysical parameters exhibit the value 12–41% for a volume of shale, 15–34% for effective porosity, 29–278 mD for permeability and 3–63% for water saturation. The three potential hydrocarbon reservoir saturation ranges from 22 to 45%. The study will contribute to future offshore oil and gas exploration and development in the Rio Del Rey basin, based on the geological and geophysical characteristics of the reservoirs delineated.
Enhanced Recovery After Cardiac Surgery: Where Do We Stand?
Authors: Gebauer Alexander , Petersen Johannes , Konertz Johanna , Brickwedel Jens , Schulte-Uentrop Leonie , Reichenspurner Hermann , Girdauskas Evaldas
Published: June 2021

Purpose of Review

Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols are multimodal and multi-professional strategies to enhance postoperative convalescence and thereby reduce the length of hospital stay and hospital-associated complications. This review provides an up-to-date overview about basic principles of enhanced recovery after surgery protocols, their transfer into cardiac surgery, and their current state of evidence. It is supposed to offer clinical implications for further adaptations and implementations of such protocols in cardiac surgery.

Recent Findings

ERAS protocols are a story of success in numerous surgical disciplines and led to a paradigm shift in perioperative care and the establishment of ERAS Cardiac Society, a non-profit organization that provides evidence-based guidelines and recommendations for further development of enhanced recovery protocols, trying to harmonize the many existing efforts of individual approaches for cardiac surgery.

Promising results from comprehensive ERAS protocols in cardiac surgery emerged. Nevertheless, there is a paucity of high-quality data about holistic approaches in cardiac surgery and further efforts need to be promoted.
2021 revised algorithm for the management of knee osteoarthritis—the Chinese viewpoint
Authors: Zhang Zhiyi , Huang Cibo , Cao Yongping , Mu Rong , Zhang Mun Chan , Xing Dan , Fan Dongwei , Ding Yunpong , Guo Junhuan , Hou Yong , Jianhao Lin , Veronese Nicola , Reginster Jean-Yves , Bruyere Olivier , Cavalier Etienne , Zhang Huaihuan
Published: June 2021

Aim

The European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ESCEO) algorithm for the management of knee osteoarthritis (OA) is available worldwide from 2014, but in 2019 an update was published. Based on this algorithm, a Working Group (WG), including ESCEO members and Chinese experts, wished to see how the new ESCEO algorithm was perceived by Chinese experts in knee OA and how it was integrated into their clinical practice.

Methods

A WG was held between members of the international ESCEO task force and a group of Chinese experts.

Results

Non-pharmacological approach should be combined with pharmacological interventions. In step 1, symptomatic slow-acting drugs for osteoarthritis (SYSADOA) are the most important background drugs. Evidence, supported by high-quality research, is available only for crystalline glucosamine sulfate (pCGS) and chondroitin sulfate. Topical NSAIDs could be used as an additional option. In step 2, oral NSAIDs could be useful, but cardiovascular/renal/gastrointestinal profiles of the patients should be considered. Intra-articular hyaluronic acid and corticosteroids are alternative to oral NSAIDs, but the evidence is still limited. If steps 1 and 2 are not sufficient, weak opioids could be used. Overall, the conclusions of the ESCEO algorithm are accepted in China for products available in this country. The WG suggests the importance of economic studies, specifically made in China.

Conclusion

This work provides evidence-based advice to establish a treatment algorithm in knee OA, for practical implementation in clinical practice in China.
The Spatial Structure and Local Experience of Residential Segregation
Authors: Roberto Elizabeth , Korver-Glenn Elizabeth
Published: June 2021

This study examines the extent to which road connectivity and physical barriers—such as highways, railroad tracks, and waterways—structure spatial patterns of racial and ethnic residential segregation and shape how segregation is locally experienced by residents. Our focus is on physical barriers that are also social boundaries—features of the built environment that reducephysicalconnectivity and mark asocialboundary between geographic areas. We measure residential segregation with attention to the proximity and road connectivity between locations, which allows us to identify areas where physical barriers mark a social boundary between geographic areas with different racial and ethnic compositions. Our approach integrates ethnographic observation of three such areas in Houston, Texas, to investigate residents' perceptions and local experience of social and spatial division. The results reveal that physical barriers are associated with heightened levels of ethnoracial segregation, and residents experience the barriers as symbolic markers of perceived distinctions between groups and physical impediments to social connection. Although barriers like highways, railroad tracks, and bayous are not inherently harbingers of ethnoracial segregation, our study demonstrates that physical barriers can provide the infrastructure for social boundaries and facilitate durable neighborhood racial divisions.
NGOs – die besseren Unternehmen oder business as usual?
Authors: Joachim Jutta , Schneiker Andrea
Published: June 2021

Nichtregierungsorganisationen (NGOs), so der Befund aus Wissenschaft und Praxis, übernehmen immer häufiger Praktiken und Strukturen von Wirtschaftsunternehmen. In diesem Kontext ist oftmals von einer „Kommerzialisierung“ von NGOs die Rede, die in unterschiedlichen politikwissenschaftlichen Disziplinen erforscht wird. Die Dritte-Sektor-Forschung, die Protest- und Bewegungsforschung, die Forschung zu NGOs in den Internationalen Beziehungen befassen sich jedoch jeweils nur mit Teildimensionen des Kommerzialisierungs-Phänomens und betrachten entweder nur damit verbundene organisationsinterne Veränderungen oder nach außen gerichtetes Organisationshandeln. Daher fehlt es einerseits an Wissen darüber, wie umfassend die Kommerzialisierung von NGOs vorangeschritten ist und welche Wechselbeziehungen es zwischen einzelnen Dimensionen der Kommerzialisierung gibt. Um diese Lücke zu schließen, trägt der Aufsatz nicht nur die unterschiedlichen Erkenntnisse der verschiedenen Disziplinen zusammen, sondern entwickelt auch ein analytisch-konzeptionelles Instrumentarium, auf dessen Basis die diversen Dimensionen von Kommerzialisierung identifiziert und analytisch getrennt voneinander betrachtet werden und Forschungsdesiderata benannt werden können.
Assistierte Fertilisation
Authors: Stiller Ruth
Published: June 2021

Ungewollte Kinderlosigkeit ist ein ernst zu nehmendes Problem. Für viele Paare stellt der Wunsch nach einem Kind einen zentralen Lebensinhalt dar. Gemäss der „World Health Organisation“ (WHO) liegt eine Sterilität vor, wenn trotz regelmässigem und ungeschütztem Geschlechtsverkehr nach 1 Jahr noch keine Schwangerschaft eingetreten ist. Die Prävalenz variiert je nach Land. Es wird geschätzt, dass in der westlichen Welt ca. jedes 7. Paar betroffen ist. Zahlreiche Gründe können für eine ungewollte Kinderlosigkeit verantwortlich sein. Vor Beginn einer Sterilitätstherapie sollten diese abgeklärt werden, um eine optimale Wahl der Sterilitätstherapie treffen zu können. Die assistiert-reproduktionsmedizinischen Techniken stellen wichtige Therapieoptionen mit guten Erfolgschancen dar. Mit dem Inkrafttreten des revidierten Fortpflanzungsmedizingesetztes der Schweiz ist es nun auch möglich, Verfahren, die früher nur im Ausland erfolgen konnten, im Inland durchzuführen. So kann mittlerweile Paaren mit schweren Erbleiden auch im eigenen Land eine Präimplantationsdiagnostik erfolgreich angeboten werden.
An investigation on the suitability of modern nondestructive testing methods for the inspection of specimens manufactured by laser powder bed fusion
Authors: Kolb Cara G. , Zier Katja , Grager Jan-Carl , Bachmann Andreas , Neuwirth Tobias , Schmid Simon , Haag Maria , Axtner Markus , Bayerlein Fabian , Grosse Christian U. , Zaeh Michael F.
Published: June 2021

Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) is increasingly used to fabricate functional parts used in safety-relevant applications. To ensure that the sophisticated part specifications are achieved, 100% quality inspections are performed subsequent to the buildup process. However, knowledge about the detectability of defects in L-PBF parts using NDT methods is limited. This paper analyzes the suitability of NDT techniques in an ex situ environment, in particular active infrared thermography, neutron grating interferometry (nGI), X-ray computed tomography, and ultrasonic testing for the examination of L-PBF parts made from Inconel 718. Based on a test specimen with artificially inserted defects with varying dimensions and depths, these NDT techniques were compared in terms of their attainable resolution and thus defect detection capability. The empirical studies revealed that nGI shows the highest resolution capability. It was possible to detect defects with a diameter of 100–200 m at a depth of 60–80 $${\upmu } \hbox {m}$$

μ
m

. The results are discussed with regard to their relevance for the examination of L-PBF parts and thus not only contribute to a better understanding of the potential of the NDT techniques in comparison but also assist stakeholders in additive manufacturing in evaluating the suitability of the NDT techniques investigated.
Warning users about cyber threats through sounds
Authors: Datta Prerit , Namin Akbar Siami , Jones Keith S. , Hewett Rattikorn
Published: June 2021

This paper reports a formative evaluation of auditory representations of cyber security threat indicators and cues, referred to as sonifications, to warn users about cyber threats. Most Internet browsers provide visual cues and textual warnings to help users identify when they are at risk. Although these alarming mechanisms are very effective in informing users, there are certain situations and circumstances where these alarming techniques are unsuccessful in drawing the user’s attention: (1) security warnings and features (e.g., blocking out malicious Websites) might overwhelm a typical Internet user and thus the users may overlook or ignore visual and textual warnings and, as a result, they might be targeted, (2) these visual cues are inaccessible to certain users such as those with visual impairments. This work is motivated by our previous work of the use of sonification of security warnings to users who are visually impaired. To investigate the usefulness of sonification in general security settings, this work uses real Websites instead of simulated Web applications with sighted participants. The study targets sonification for three different types of security threats: (1) phishing, (2) malware downloading, and (3) form filling. The results show that on average 58% of the participants were able to correctly remember what the sonification conveyed. Additionally, about 73% of the participants were able to correctly identify the threat that the sonification represented while performing tasks using real Websites. Furthermore, the paper introduces “CyberWarner”, a sonification sandbox that can be installed on the Google Chrome browser to enable auditory representations of certain security threats and cues that are designed based on several URL heuristics.

Article highlights

It is feasible to develop sonified cyber security threat indicators that users intuitively understand with minimal experience and training.

Users are more cautious about malicious activities in general. However, when navigating real Websites, they are less informed. This might be due to the appearance of the navigating Websites or the overwhelming issues when performing tasks.

Participants’ qualitative responses indicate that even when they did not remember what the sonification conveyed, the sonification was able to capture the user’s attention and take safe actions in response.
Huerto Alegre: an ecocentric socio-educational experience as a critical practice of education for sustainable development
Authors: Martínez-Rodríguez Francisco Miguel , Fernández-Herrería Alfonso
Published: June 2021

This paper explores the innovative socio-educational experience ofHuerto Alegre(Spain), linking it to a critical perspective of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD). Going beyond the ‘pluralist practices’ associated with the ESD, our case study seeks to redefine ESD from a critical and ecocentric perspective within the context of the Earth Charter (EC). Huerto Alegre’s social-educational programme is aimed at children and young people with the objective of creating critical thinking and fostering connections between school and the natural environment by working collaboratively with teaching professionals. The methodology of the paper focuses on a content analysis of the centre’s key documents and on the narratives of students, in addition to an in-depth interview with its director. It also presents a critical reconstruction of the subject. This complements, and gives meaning to, the theoretical debates surrounding ESD — debates that call for structural changes to our current model of society.
Advisors or Enablers? Bringing Professional Service Providers into the Guiding Principles’ Fold
Authors: RAMASASTRY Anita
Published: June 2021

After a decade, different businesses adhere to the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs). Some key commercial entities, however, remain largely outside of the UNGPs universe, including professional service providers (PSPs) who are retained by businesses to provide  expert advice and services. These advisors include lawyers, management consultants, architects and others. Some may have specialized units that provide advice on the UNGPs when retained solely for that purpose. But when asked to provide general commercial legal advice, to design a building, or restructure a business, such advisors do not typically appear to apply the UNGPs, to identify negative human rights impacts and tailor their advice in a way that prevents or mitigates such impacts. This article explores the connection between the advice provided by PSPs and negative human rights impacts. It underscores the critical need for these advisors to align their business processes and advisory services with the UNGPs to avoid being enablers of human rights abuses.
Conceptions of Epistemic Value
Authors: Perrine Timothy
Published: June 2021

This paper defends a conception of epistemic value that I call the “Simpliciter Conception.” On it, epistemic value is a kind of valuesimpliciterand being of epistemic value implies being of valuesimpliciter. I defend this conception by criticizing two others, what I call the Formal Conception and the Hybrid Conception. While those conceptions may be popular among epistemologists, I argue that they fail to explain why anyone should care that things are of epistemic value and naturally undercuts disputes about what is of epistemic value. I end by sketching and locating my conception within some increasingly popular views in meta-normativity.
Bounded Justice and the Limits of Health Equity
Authors: Creary Melissa S.
Published: June 2021

Programs, policies, and technologies — particularly those concerned with health equity — are often designed with justice envisioned as the end goal. These policies or interventions, however, frequently fail to recognize how the beneficiaries have historically embodied the cumulative effects of marginalization, which undermines the effectiveness of the intended justice. These well-meaning attempts at justice are bounded by greater socio-historical constraints. Bounded justice suggests that it is impossible to attend to fairness, entitlement, and equity when the basic social and physical infrastructures underlying them have been eroded by racism and other historically entrenched isms. Using the case of Brazil’s National Health Policy for the Black Population, this paper proposes that bounded justice can contribute to justice discourses by serving as a concept, a proffering to a multi-disciplinary conceptual framework, and a potential analytic for those interested in the design of policy, technology, and programmatic interventions towards health equity.
A Tangled Web: Deception in Everyday Dementia Care
Authors: Dresser Rebecca
Published: June 2021

Care workers and families often engage in deception in everyday interactions with people affected by dementia. While benevolent deception can be justified, there are often more respectful and less risky ways to help people with dementia seeking to make sense of their lives.
The cohomology rings of real toric spaces and smooth real toric varieties
Authors: Franz Matthias
Published: June 2021

We compute the cohomology rings of smooth real toric varieties and of real toric spaces, which are quotients of real moment-angle complexes by freely acting subgroups of the ambient 2-torus. The differential graded algebra (dga) we present is in fact an equivariant dga model, valid for arbitrary coefficients. We deduce from our description that smooth toric varieties are $\hbox{M}$-varieties.
LOCAL MARINE RESERVOIR AGE (ΔR) RECONSTRUCTED BASED ON THE TSUNAMI DEPOSIT FROM PANGANI BAY (TANZANIA)
Authors: Soulet Guillaume , Maselli Vittorio
Published: June 2021

Quantifying the local marine reservoir age (ΔR) and its change over time is critical for precise radiocarbon calibration of marine samples and for the study of the ocean carbon cycle. ΔR values are scarce for the African coast facing the Indian Ocean, and the few values available were obtained from pre-bomb shells collected during the 19th century. Here, the ΔR value for calibrated year 1110 ± 25 (1σ) CE was reconstructed from radiocarbon dating and Bayesian analysis of marine and terrestrial materials coexisting in a tsunami deposit discovered in Pangani Bay (Tanzania, western Indian Ocean coast). The reconstructed ΔR of –8 ± 40 (1σ, n = 3) is similar to pre-bomb regional estimates and provides new information to investigate regional ΔR change over time. The Bayesian analysis of the dated samples revises the age of the tsunami event found in Pangani Bay to 1064–1157 cal CE (95.4% confidence level) or 1110 ± 25 (1σ) cal CE, about one century younger compared to the previous estimate. Our results indicate that the new ΔR value and the proposed calibration approach can be used to refine existing chronologies in the region, with implications for paleo-environmental reconstructions and archaeological studies of Early Swahili societies.
A HIGHLY PORTABLE AND INEXPENSIVE FIELD SAMPLING KIT FOR RADIOCARBON ANALYSIS OF CARBON DIOXIDE
Authors: Garnett Mark H , Newton Josephine-Anne , Parker Thomas C
Published: June 2021

Radiocarbon (14C) analysis of carbon dioxide (CO2) can be extremely useful in carbon cycle studies because it provides unique information that can infer the age and source of this greenhouse gas. Cartridges containing the CO2-adsorbing zeolite molecular sieve are small and highly portable, which makes them more suitable for field campaigns in remote locations compared to some other CO2 collection methods. However, sampling with molecular sieve cartridges usually requires additional equipment, such as an infrared gas analyser, which can reduce portability and pose limitations due to power demands. In addition, 14C analysis of CO2 is increasingly being used in field experiments which require high numbers of replicate CO2 collections, placing extra pressure on an expensive and cumbersome collection apparatus. We therefore designed and built a molecular sieve CO2 sampling kit that utilizes a small, low power CO2 sensor. We demonstrate the reliability of the new kit for the collection of CO2 samples for 14C analysis in a series of laboratory and field tests. This inexpensive sampling kit is small, light-weight, highly portable, and has low power demands, making it particularly useful for field campaigns in remote and inaccessible locations.
Mediating Humanism and Scholasticism in Longobardo's “Resposta breve” and Ricci's Reading of Confucianism
Authors: Canaris Daniel
Published: June 2021

The “Resposta breve” (Brief response, 1623–24) by Niccolò Longobardo was one of the most controversial documents ever penned in the Jesuit China mission. Longobardo criticized the use of indigenous Chinese vocabulary by Matteo Ricci to express Christian concepts as a perilous accommodation to diabolical monism. This article proposes a close reading of how Longobardo employed Scholastic, humanist, and Chinese sources to critique Ricci's disregard for the neo-Confucian interpreters in his reading of ancient Confucianism. It argues that Longobardo's polemic with Ricci was not theological in nature but reflected his distrust of philology in reconstructing the original meaning of ancient texts.
Regulation of the normalized rate of driven magnetic reconnection through shocked flux pileup
Authors: Olson Joseph , Egedal Jan , Clark Michael , Endrizzi Douglass A. , Greess Samuel , Millet-Ayala Alexander , Myers Rachel , Peterson Ethan E. , Wallace John , Forest Cary B.
Published: June 2021

Magnetic reconnection is explored on the Terrestrial Reconnection Experiment (TREX) for asymmetric inflow conditions and in a configuration where the absolute rate of reconnection is set by an external drive. Magnetic pileup enhances the upstream magnetic field of the high-density inflow, leading to an increased upstream Alfvén speed and helping to lower the normalized reconnection rate to values expected from theoretical consideration. In addition, a shock interface between the far upstream supersonic plasma inflow and the region of magnetic flux pileup is observed, important to the overall force balance of the system, thereby demonstrating the role of shock formation for configurations including a supersonically driven inflow. Despite the specialized geometry where a strong reconnection drive is applied from only one side of the reconnection layer, previous numerical and theoretical results remain robust and are shown to accurately predict the normalized rate of reconnection for the range of system sizes considered. This experimental rate of reconnection is dependent on system size, reaching values as high as 0.8 at the smallest normalized system size applied.
Navigating gender in elite bargains: Women's movements and the quest for inclusive peace in Colombia
Authors: Phelan Alexandra , True Jacqui
Published: June 2021

A growing body of scholarship connects the participation of women and the inclusion of gender provisions to the sustainability of peace settlements. But how do women's groups navigate gender power structures and gendered forms of violence within complex and fragile political bargaining processes aimed at ending large-scale conflict? The 2016 Colombian peace agreement, internationally applauded for its inclusion of strong gender provisions and women's participation as negotiators and peace advocates, is a significant case for examining these questions. Drawing on original case material, including interviews of key actors on different sides of the conflict – this article analyses the political bargaining dynamics within and among women's movements, the Santos government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia, FARC). We argue that the inclusion of women was pivotal in transforming the elite bargaining process and power structures of Colombian society enabling a gender-based approach to the substantive peace agenda addressing transitional gender justice for sexual violence survivors and gender-equal redistribution through land and rural reform programmes. The study suggests that deeply situated political bargaining analysis is essential to navigating gender in elite bargains rather than a one-size-fits-all approach to inclusive peace.
Point cloud modeling and slicing algorithm for trajectory planning of spray painting robot
Authors: Yu Xinyi , Cheng Zhaoying , Zhang Yikai , Ou Linlin
Published: June 2021

To improve the uniformity of coating thickness and spraying efficiency, new point cloud modeling and slicing algorithm are proposed to deal with free-form surfaces for the spray painting robot in this paper. In the process of point cloud modeling, the edge preservation algorithm is firstly presented to avoid damaging the edge characteristic of the point cloud model. For the spraying gun, the coating deposition model on the free-form surface is determined on the basis of the elliptic doubleβdistribution model. Then, the grid projection algorithm is proposed to obtain grid points between adjacent slices on the free-form surface. Based on this, the analytical solution for calculating the coating thickness at each grid point is obtained. The cross-section contour points are obtained by intercepting the point cloud model with several parallel slices, which is important for the trajectory planning of the spray painting robot. Finally, the uniformity of coating thickness is optimized in terms of the moving speed of the spraying gun and the slice thickness. The simulation and numerical experiment results show that the uniformity of coating thickness and spraying efficiency are improved using the proposed point cloud modeling and slicing algorithm.
Recalling Victory, Recounting Greatness: Second World War Remembrance in Xi Jinping's China
Authors: Chang Vincent K. L.
Published: June 2021

The recent surge in public remembrance of the Second World War in China has been substantially undergirded by a centrally planned and systematically implemented discursive shift which has remained overlooked in the literature. This study examines the revised official narrative by drawing on three cases from China's school curriculum, museums and formal diplomacy. It finds that the once dominant trope of “national victimization” no longer represents the main thrust in the Chinese Communist Party's (CCP) rhetoric on the Second World War. Under Xi Jinping, this has been replaced by a self-assertive and aspirational narrative of “national victory” and “national greatness,” designed to enhance Beijing's legitimacy and advance its domestic and foreign policy objectives. By emphasizing national unity and CCP–KMT cooperation, the new narrative offers an inclusive and unifying interpretation of China's war effort in which the victory in 1945 has come to rival the 1949 revolution as the critical turning point towards “national rejuvenation.” The increasingly Sino-centric and centrally controlled narrative holds implicit warnings to those challenging Beijing's claim to greatness.
Written Constitutionalism, Past and Present
Authors: Gienapp Jonathan
Published: June 2021

Debates over constitutional originalism almost always center on meaning. Questions are typically focused, concentrated on the meaning of particular constitutional clauses at the moment of their inception: the Commerce Clause in 1787, the Second Amendment in 1791, or the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868. Given the prevalence of these investigations, theoretical and methodological debates over how to recover original constitutional meaning are concentrated on either the kind of meaning that should be targeted—original public meaning, original intended meaning, or original legal meaning—or how that meaning can be recovered—through conventional legal reasoning, corpus linguistics, or thick reconstruction of historical context. Regardless, virtually all originalist theories of meaning uncritically presuppose the nature of the object possessing that meaning: they take as given what the Constitution itself is and, by implication, what it has always been. Although it might not be clear what the Constitution originally meant, it is straightforward what the original Constitution originally was. It just is the Constitution.
Does Originalism Have a Natural Law Problem?
Authors: Mikhail John
Published: June 2021

Gienapp's critical move is to shift our attention from semantics to ontology. What is the Constitution? How was it conceived to exist in 1787, and how has that conception changed over time? These questions must be squarely addressed, he insists, before asking what the Constitution means. Does this whole text-focused enterprise rest on a mistake? Drawing on a wealth of primary sources and modern scholarship, Gienapp makes a strong and interesting case that it does. Boiled down, his main argument is that the founders were predominantly natural lawyers, and thus conceived of law quite differently than most originalists typically do.