bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What She Go Do
Authors: Munro Hope
Published: May 2018

In the 1990s, expressive culture in the Caribbean was becoming noticeably more feminine. At the annual Carnival of Trinidad and Tobago, thousands of female masqueraders dominated the street festival on Carnival Monday and Tuesday. Women had become significant contributors to the performance of calypso and soca, as well as the musical development of the steel pan art form. Drawing upon ethnographic fieldwork conducted by the author in Trinidad and Tobago, this book demonstrates how the increased access and agency of women through folk and popular musical expressions has improved inter-gender relations and representation of gender in this nation. This is the first study to integrate all of the popular music expressions associated with Carnival—calypso, soca, and steelband music—within a single volume. The popular music of the Caribbean contains elaborate forms of social commentary that allows singers to address various sociopolitical problems, including those that directly affect the lives of women. In general, the cultural environment of Trinidad and Tobago has made women more visible and audible than any previous time in its history. This book examines how these circumstances came to be and what it means for the future development of music in the region.
Woman Rising: Women Find Their Place in Calypso Music
Authors: Munro Hope
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines how calypso music emerged as a distinct form of popular music in Trinidad and Tobago, as well as the role that gender played in the construction and conventions of the calypso art form. It shows how the changing role of women, combined with the improved status of local expressive forms, enabled women to participate in the cultural life of Trinidad and Tobago. It also explains how changing attitudes toward local expressive culture facilitated women's participation, and how the musical change and innovation that happened as calypso music developed also enabled women to make more significant and lasting contributions to Trinidad's musical culture. The chapter looks at female calypsonians of the 1930s and 1940s who played important roles in the evolution of calypso music in Trinidad and Tobago.
The University of Pittsburgh and the Black Action Society: Campbell’s Early Years as a Student Activist
Authors: Harwell Osizwe Raena Jamila
Published: May 2018

Chapter one commences with a detailed account of Bebe Moore Campbell’s experiences at the University of Pittsburgh. Blending social history with biography, the chapter explores Campbell’s activism within the Black Action Society at the University of Pittsburgh from 1967-1971 and narrates her activities as a student in this period. Accounts of key organizations, political events, protests, and campus events are used to establish the general climate of the campus and to consider the author’s participation and leadership therein.
From Podium to Pen and Paper: 72 Hour Hold as Commentary, Critique, and Catharsis
Authors: Harwell Osizwe Raena Jamila
Published: May 2018

Chapter four considers the direct relationship between Campbell’s final novel, 72 Hour Hold, and her activist work with the NAMI-Urban LA. The novel is examined for Campbell’s recurring themes and for its socio-political commentary and emphasis on mental health disparities, coping with mental illness, and advocacy in black communities. It eventually becomes the top recommended reading for the National Alliance of Mental Illness. Campbell’s fictional account, and last major work before her death, bears striking resemblance to her own life and the challenges that emerged with her daughter Maia, upon the onset of bipolar disorder. 72-Hour Hold strategically extends the reach of Campbell’s activism by exposing the racial, economic, and social layers of mental illness to a broad audience.
Captain Marvel and the Art of Nostalgia
Authors: Cremins Brian
Published: May 2018

Why was Captain Marvel—a little boy named Billy Batson whose magic word transforms him into the World’s Mightiest Mortal—one of the most popular comic book characters in the United States in the 1940s? To answer this question, this book takes the reader on a journey through the lives of the writers, artists, and readers who devoted themselves to this hero and his adventures. It’s the story of artist C. C. Beck and writer Otto Binder, one of the most innovative and prolific creative teams of the Golden Age of comics in the U. S.; of the comic book fanzines of the 1960s, which celebrated Billy and the rest of the Marvel Family; and of an art form steeped in nostalgia, a term with a long, complex, and often misunderstood history. Taking its cue from C. C. Beck’s theories of comic art, this book is a study of why we read comics, and, more significantly, how we remember these heroes and the America that dreamed them in the first place.
“A Fabric of Illusion”
Authors: Cremins Brian
Published: May 2018

C. C. Beck was one of the most influential artists working in comics in the U. S. in the 1940s and 1950s. As the co-creator of Captain Marvel, he and his assistants worked on one of the best-selling comic book characters of the era. Later in his career, he also developed a reputation as a comics critic. In addition to his columns for The Comics Journal, he established the Critical Circle in the late 1980s, a group of friends, fellow artists, and fans with whom he shared his unpublished essays on the form. Like Will Eisner, Beck was significant as a cartoonist and as a theorist of comic art. This chapter explores how he applied those theories to his work, which is known for its narrative economy and simplicity.
Estimación emisiones de compuestos orgánicos volátiles, plantel de distribución de combustibles Recope, el Alto de Ochomogo, Cartago, Costa Rica
Authors: Quesada Carvajal Laura Vanessa , Pino Gomez Macario , Elizondo Hernández Rodolfo
Published: May 2018

Contexto: Este estudio presenta la estimación de las emisiones evaporativas generadas en el plantel de distribución de combustibles en el Alto de Ochomogo, Cartago, Costa Rica, y la selección del sistema de recuperación adecuado para reducir la emisión de estos gases a la atmósfera, disminuyendo así los efectos adversos provocados por estos compuestos en el ambiente y la salud de las poblaciones cercanas.Método: Se estimó la tasa de emisiones fugitivas en el proceso de carga de vehículos cisternas, usando factores de emisión de pérdidas de carga, y en el almacenamiento de combustibles, a través de un software especializado. Posteriormente, se seleccionó el sistema de tratamiento adecuado, considerando la capacidad de flujo de la corriente gaseosa que cada tecnología puede tratarResultados: Se determinó que la generación de COV es mayor en el área de cargaderos que en los tanques de almacenamiento, ya que estas corresponden a un 95 % y 5 %, respectivamente. En consecuencia, la propuesta del sistema de tratamiento de vapores de gasolina se enfoca en la zona de carga de combustible, con la selección de la condensación criogénica como tratamiento de recuperación no destructivo.Conclusiones: La estimación de tasa de emisiones fugitivas permitió tener una base para establecer una estrategia para la reducción de estas emisiones en pro de la salud de los trabajadores que están constantemente expuestos a ellas.Para disminuir las emisiones directas a la atmósfera durante la carga de las cisternas, se deben realizar los cambios necesarios para adaptarlos a un sistema hermético que permita enviar los vapores de gasolina que se generan por la presencia de producto residual en las paredes de los camiones y por la turbulencia que se provoca durante la carga del nuevo producto, a la unidad de recuperación de vapores que se instale.
Determinación de los componentes entrópicos de la accidentalidad: el trinomio vehículo/usuario/camino en la metrópoli de Guadalajara, México
Authors: García De Quevedo Najar Fernando , Gonzalez Pérez Mario Guadalupe , Asprilla Lara Yefer
Published: May 2018

Contexto: El reciente incremento de accidentes, percances o siniestros viales en los sistemas urbanos con características metropolitanas ha originado preocupación en las autoridades encargadas de planificar la movilidad y los subsistemas de transporte. Efectivamente, se tiene convergencia que la ocurrencia de este tipo de eventos se aleja de factores puramente estocásticos, sino son resultado de anomalías asociadas con la interacción intrasistémica del vehículo, el usuario y el camino. En este sentido, el objetivo de este trabajo consiste en determinar por medio del análisis sistémico los componentes que están provocando entropía en la segunda metrópoli más importante de México.Método: En este análisis se utilizan los preceptos de la teoría de los sistemas; de tal forma que a través de la triangulación de datos obtenidos in situ y solventados documentalmente se determinan los componentes causales de entropía intrasistémica. Para ello, se elabora una derivación modificada del modelo presión/estado/respuesta que identifica la homeostasia en la que se encuentra el sistema urbano.Resultados: Las altas tasas de exposición obliga al usuario a ocupar el subsistema vial por largos periodos de tiempo, lo cual detona en errores humanos voluntarios e involuntarios complementados con los requisitos laxos para la obtención de permisos de conducción. De aquí, los componentes que producen accidentes engloban en la parte camino a los pavimentos en mal estado, ausencia de señalización, diseño deficiente de intersecciones, entre otras; en la parte del vehículo, fallas mecánicas por vida útil de los componentes internos, marcos normativos flexibles, etc.; en la parte del usuario por incumplimiento de la normatividad, factores fisiológicos entre otros.Conclusiones: Desde el análisis sistémico la movilidad es una temática de estudio valiosa para detectar los desequilibrios en el trinomio vehículo/usuario/camino (V-U-C), que nos lleven a generar medidas preventivas y correctivas que supriman la accidentalidad, la morbilidad y la mortalidad en la metrópolis; o en otros términos para reducir los niveles de entropía en el sistema.
Indirect evaluation of digestive tract function on male lambs and ram based on feed digestibility and eating behavior
Authors: Prima A. , Rianto E. , Purbowati E. , Purnomoadi A.
Published: May 2018

This studywasaimed to examine the development and function ofdigestive organsof lamb in digesting feed based on feed digestibility valueandeating behaviour. The materials used were 11 lambs aged 3-4 months, body weight(BW)14.78 ± 1.99 kg (CV 3.98%), and 11 ramsaged 10-12 months, BW 22.18 ± 1.81 kg (CV 3.29%). The study used a completelyrandomized design of 2x2 in nestedpatterns. There were two ages compared (lambs vs ram) and every age was nested the diet i.e.100%Napiergrass (G100) vs mixed pellet 50% grass and 50% concentrate(G50C50). The diet was given at 3.5% of BW. Parameters observed were dry matter intake(DMI)and digestibility, eating and ruminating time. The results showed that were no significant differences between lambs and rams in DMI (averaged 3.33% BW),digestibility (averaged 49.00%), eating (192.56 min/d), and ruminating (364 min/d). Animalsgiven diet G50C50 had higher (P<0.05) DMI (666 vs 565 g/d), digestibility (50.49%vs 47.53%), and less (P<0.05) eating (47 vs 338 min/d) and ruminating (305 vs 423 min/d), as compared withthose fed diet G100.It is concludedthat the digestive tracts of lambs had developed and function to the stage similar to ram.
The prevalence of pathogenic bacteria and antimicrobial resistance in milk of Ettawa Grade goat
Authors: Andriani A. , Suwito W.
Published: May 2018

Ettawa Grade (PE) are potentially developed goats to produce milk and meat. Milk is food of animal that is rich in nutrients, but it is a perishable food easily contaminated by microorganisms. Contaminated pathogenic bacteria in milk can decrease the quality and has an organoleptic effect on milk, as well as endangers human health. Milk contaminated with bacteria antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in which is resistant to antibiotics, may adversely affect the response to treatment with antibiotics in humans when suffering from infectious diseases and using antibiotics in therapy. In this study Ettawa Grade's samples of fresh milk and other dairy products were taken from some of the goat farms in Yogyakarta Sleman district. The samples were tested for the presence of pathogenic bacteria and for its resistance to several kinds of antibiotics. In this study 35 Ettawa Grade's samples of fresh milk and other dairy products (fresh milk, milk powder, ice cream, and yoghurt) were taken from some of the goat farms in Sleman district-Yogyakarta. The samples were tested for the presence of pathogenic bacteria and for its resistance to several kinds of antibiotics. The result of the prevalence of pathogenic bacteria in goat fresh milk and other dairy products was 15% Escherichia coli and had multi resistance to multiple antibiotics, namely ampicillin, colistin sulphate, cefixime, kanamycin, oxytetracycline, tetracycline and sulfonamide.
The improvement of functional food in yogurt enriched with purple sweet potato (Ipomea batatas var. Ayamurasaki)
Authors: Afiati F. , Priadi G. , Setiyoningrum F.
Published: May 2018

he research was conducted to examine the use of purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas var. Ayamurasaki) to improve functional food of yogurt. This experiment has 2 factors of treatments. The first factor (i) was concentration of skim milk, i.e. 0%, 3% and 6%; the second factor (ii) was concentration of purple sweet potato, i.e. 0%, 2% and 4% of purple sweet potato. The parameters observed were viability of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), pH, moisture content, protein, fat, carbohydrate, ash and crude fiber and organoleptic. The results showed that there was no interaction between the concentration of skim-milk and the purple sweet potato on total LAB, moisture content and crude fiber. However, the interaction occurred on the levels of fat, protein, carbohydrate and ash. The organoleptic test results that yogurt enriched by 2% purple sweet potato without addition of skim was more preferable by panelist with a value of 3.65.
Non-genetic factor and genetic parameter analysis for growth traits in Sumba Ongole (SO) cattle
Authors: Putra W.P.B. , Agung P.P. , Said S.
Published: May 2018

The aim of this study was to evaluate non-genetic factors and genetic parameters of the growth traits in Sumba Ongole (SO) cattle. The growth traits were consisted of birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW), yearling weight (YW), average daily gain of pre-weaning (ADG1) and post-weaning (ADG2). Data from 143 heads of SO cattle (year 2011 to 2016) which raised at PT KAR were used in this study. Generalized Linear Model (GLM) analysis was performed to evaluate non-genetic effect including sex, year of birth, generation and season. Therefore, to evaluate genetic parameters, the heritability (h2) and genetic correlation (rg ) were performed using Paternal Halfshib Correlation method. The results showed that sex of calf had no significant effect (P>0.05) on BW, WW and YW, but year of birth had significant effect on those traits. The factor of season had significant effect on WW. The estimation of h2 values of growth traits were included high category (h2>0.30) and accurate (h2>SE) on BW (0.66±0.42), WW (0.65±0.44), YW (0.67±0.42), ADG1 (0.68±0.45) and ADG2 (0.70±0.43). The estimation of rg values were included high category (rg>0.50) and accurate (rg>SE) on BW-WW (0.87±0.63); BW-YW (0.95±0.87); ADG1-WW (0.99±0.34); WW-YW (0.98±0.48) and ADG1-YW (0.95±0.51). It was concluded that trait of WW could be used as selection criteria to increase YW trait in SO cattle.
Zorrilla, El poeta y el Semanario Pintoresco Español
Authors: De la Fuente Ballesteros Ricardo
Published: May 2018

Zorrilla no pudo escapar al éxito del artículo de costumbres en su época, de manera que, en medio del triunfo de este género, Ignacio Boix recaba su colaboración –un trabajo sobre la ﬁgura del “poeta”– para su obra Los españoles pintados por sí mismos. Como señala María de los Ángeles Ayala, el escritor vallisoletano va a seguir la modelización del género, dirigiendo sus palabras al lector, manifestando su satisfacción por el encargo que se le ha hecho, etc., todo ello al uso de las ﬁsiologías francesas, al igual que harán sus colegas participantes en esta colección (Blasco, 231-239). El objeto de este estudio no será una retrospectiva sobre lo que supone la aportación de Zorrilla al género, bien escasa por cierto, sino más bien una lectura de este artículo, dentro del contexto del pensamiento literario de los años cuarenta, a la vez que a la luz de la representación que del poeta hace en otros momentos el autor de Don Juan Tenorio, pues se evidencia al comparar este texto con otros que tienen por objeto el mismo personaje que hay una cierta distorsión del mismo. Todo ello contextualizado a través de una de las revistas más signiﬁcativas del momento: el Semanario Pintoresco.
Agreement Between Bioelectrical Impedance and Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry to Track Changes in Fat-Free Mass After Resistance Training in Older Women
Authors: Nascimento Matheus A. , Silva Danilo R.P. , Ribeiro Alex S. , Pina Fábio L.C. , Gerage Aline M. , Gobbo Luís A. , Mayhew Jerry L. , Cyrino Edilson S.
Published: May 2018

Nascimento, MA, Silva, DRP, Ribeiro, AS, Pina, FLC, Gerage, AM, Gobbo, LA, Mayhew, JL, and Cyrino, ES. Agreement between bioelectrical impedance and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry to track changes in fat-free mass after resistance training in older women. J Strength Cond Res 34(6): 1700–1708, 2020—The aim of our study was to compare the agreement between bioelectrical impedance (BIA) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to track changes on fat-free mass (FFM) after a resistance training (RT) program in older women. Forty-three older women (65.2 ± 4.6 years, 59.5 ± 9.2 kg, 156.4 ± 6.0 cm, 24.3 ± 3.3 kg·m−2) participated in a RT intervention (12 weeks, 8 exercises, 2 sets, 10–15 repetitions, 3 nonconsecutive days per week). Fat-free mass changes were determined by a single-frequency BIA device (EQ1), 6 BIA prediction equations for older women (EQ2, EQ3, EQ4, EQ5, EQ6, and EQ7), and DXA. At pretraining, 3 equations overpredicted, and 3 underpredicted DXA FFM (F = 244.63, p < 0.001), although all equations had high correlations with DXA (r = 0.78–0.83). After training, 4 equations overpredicted and one underpredicted DXA FFM (F = 176.25, p < 0.001). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry detected significant gains in FFM (0.65 ± 0.82 kg; p < 0.05), as did EQ3 (0.55 ± 1.69 kg; p < 0.05), and EQ4 (0.61 ± 1.88 kg; p < 0.05), whereas the remaining equations did not indicate significant changes in FFM. Low correlations between FFM and equation change values suggest that single-frequency BIA-derived equations may not provide sufficient accuracy to track changes in FFM after 12 weeks of RT in older women.
Global Training Effects of Trained and Untrained Muscles With Youth Can be Maintained During 4 Weeks of Detraining
Authors: Chaouachi Anis , Ben Othman Aymen , Makhlouf Issam , Young James D. , Granacher Urs , Behm David G.
Published: May 2018

Chaouachi, A, Ben Othman, A, Makhlouf, I, Young, JD, Granacher, U, and Behm, DG. Global training effects of trained and untrained muscles with youth can be maintained during 4 weeks of detraining. J Strength Cond Res 33(10): 2788–2800, 2019—Global (whole-body) effects of resistance training (i.e., cross-education) may be pervasive with children. Detraining induces less substantial deficits with children than adults. It was the objective of this study to investigate the global responses to 4 weeks of detraining after 8 weeks of unilateral leg press (LP) training in 10–13-year-old, pre-peak-height-velocity stage boys. Subjects were randomly separated into 2 unilateral resistance training groups (high load/low repetitions [HL-LR] and low load/high repetitions [LL-HR], and control group). Assessments at pre-training, post-training, and detraining included dominant and nondominant limbs, unilateral, 1 repetition maximum (1RM) and 60% 1RM LP, knee extension, knee flexion, elbow flexion, and handgrip maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), and countermovement jump (CMJ). All measures significantly increased from pre-test to detraining for both training programs, except for elbow flexion MVIC with increases only with HL-LR. All measures except CMJ and handgrip MVIC significantly decreased from post-test to detraining, except for elbow flexion MVIC with decreases only with HL-LR. The dominant trained limb experienced significantly greater LP improvements (pre- to detraining) and decrements (post- to detraining) with LP 1RM and 60% 1RM LP. In conclusion, youth HL-LR and LL-HR global training effects of trained and untrained limbs demonstrate similar benefits (pre- to detraining) and decrements (post- to detraining) with detraining. The findings emphasize that training any muscle group in a child can have positive global implications for improved strength and power that can persist over baseline measures for at least a month.
Few Safe Harbors
Authors: Osborne Thomas J.
Published: May 2018

Roughly the first 30 years of Peter Douglas’s life are sketched, from his birth in WW II Berlin, Germany to his landing a job with California Assemblyperson Alan Sieroty in 1971. His family’s wartime traumas affected him, while afterward his moving to coastal Southern California assuaged painful memories and opened new opportunities for ocean swimming, surfing, diving, and working on boats. Douglas’s grandmother, Alice Ehlers, exerted a profound influence on his ethical development as did Henri Lohrengel, a teacher. Later, Douglas’s wife helped shape his liberal politics. After overseas travel and law school completion, he worked for Sieroty, thereby embarking on a lifetime career in coastal governance.
Sea Change
Authors: Osborne Thomas J.
Published: May 2018

In the 1960s and early 1970s a profound shift in the Golden State’s history was taking place. The convergence of California’s counter-cultural movement, a Bay Area conservation effort, public insistence on beach access at the Sea Ranch development along the Sonoma coast, the Santa Barbara oil spill, and the struggle to pass environmental legislation in Sacramento catalyzed a robust, grass roots ecological consciousness. This consciousness, which spread nationwide, was resident in Douglas. The sea change in public thinking about the importance of protecting the environment that was taking place paved the way for statewide, as opposed to merely local, management of California’s shore.
Ebb Tide
Authors: Osborne Thomas J.
Published: May 2018

Having waged many battles on behalf of California’s coast and survived firing attempts, Douglas finally faced a foe that could not be outfought: terminal throat and lung cancer. Impending death edged him toward retirement and launched Douglas into his deepest metaphysical musings and on road trips to visit again the people and places that had meant the most to him. He reflected on the Earth, the cosmos, and nature; citizen activism to save the coast; property rights versus community rights; purposeful living and public service; and death. He confronted his last months with the same fearlessness that had characterized nearly his entire Coastal Commission career. For some time before his 2012 death the warrior-administrator had evolved into the coastal sage.
Robo sapiens japanicus
Authors: Robertson Jennifer
Published: May 2018

Japan is arguably the first postindustrial society to embrace the prospect of human-robot coexistence. Over the past decade, Japanese humanoid robots designed for use in homes, hospitals, offices, and schools have become celebrated in the global mass media and on social media. Robo sapiens japanicus casts a critical eye on press releases and PR videos that (mis)represent actual robots as being as versatile and agile as their science fiction counterparts. An ethnography and sociocultural history of governmental, academic, and popular discourses of human-robot relations in Japan, this book explores how actual robots—humanoids, androids, animaloids—are “imagineered” in ways that reinforce the conventional sex/gender system and political-economic status quo. The granting of “civil rights” to robots is interrogated in tandem with the notion of human exceptionalism. Similarly, how robots and robotic exoskeletons reinforce a conception of the “normal” body is juxtaposed with a deconstruction of the much-invoked theory of the uncanny valley.
Robot Rights vs. Human Rights
Authors: Robertson Jennifer
Published: May 2018

Since 2007, the Japanese state has actively promoted the virtues of a robot-dependent society and lifestyle. As the population continues to shrink and age faster than in other postindustrial nations, the state is banking on the robotics industry to reinvigorate the economy and to preserve Japan’s alleged ethnic homogeneity. The concept of extending citizenship to robots is discussed in conjunction with human rights and policies affecting ethnic minorities and non-Japanese residents. Laws of robotics articulated by Isaac Asimov and Osamu Tezuka are compared, and the familial nature of the latter’s is analyzed. What does the Japanese pursuit of coexistence between humans and robots forecast about new approaches to and configurations of civil society and attendant rights in Japan and in other technologically advanced postindustrial societies? Chapter 5 closes with observations about human exceptionalism and Japanese exceptionalism regarding human-robot relations.
Robot Reality Check
Authors: Robertson Jennifer
Published: May 2018

Missing from Innovation 25—and from the Inobe family narrative—is explicit attention to religious and spiritual beliefs and practices. As explained in chapter 1, Shinto metaphysics provides a synergistic nature-culture platform for studying human-robot coexistence. Several Buddhist temples have begun to advertise funeral and memorial services for robots and computers based on the fact that these devices have profound personal and familial significance. These services also include recycling options. The implications of advanced technology, like robotics, in the service of traditional social institutions are considered. The inconvenient truths informing proposals to incorporate robots into everyday life and work highlight the need for a reality check on robot visions and humanoid promises.
Animation, Plasticity, and Music in Italy, 1770-1830
Authors: Lockhart Ellen
Published: May 2018

This path-breaking study of Italian stage works reconsiders a crucial period of music history. Through an interdisciplinary examination of the statue animated by music, Ellen Lockhart deftly shows how Enlightenment ideas influenced Italian theater and music, and vice versa. As Lockhart reveals, the animated statue became a fundamental figure within aesthetic theory and musical practice during the years from 1770 to 1830. Taking as its point of departure a repertoire of Italian ballets, melodramas, and operas from the period around 1800, Animation, Plasticity, and Music in Italy traces its core ideas between science, philosophy, theories of language, itinerant performance traditions, the epistemology of sensing, and music criticism.
Pimmalione
Authors: Lockhart Ellen
Published: May 2018

This chapter traces the reception of Rousseau’s melodrama Pygmalion on the Italian peninsula during the final decades of the eighteenth century. It argues that these decades also saw a renewed impetus for a revival of the ancient Greek and Roman speech-song—an impetus that can be found within Rousseau’s musical writings and within the invention and reception of melodrama itself. A kind of Italian opera that drew on the themes and techniques of melodrama came into being in Venice in the 1790s.
Beginnings
Authors: Naremore James
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses Burnett’s childhood and education. He and his family moved from Mississippi to the Watts area of Los Angeles at the end of the 1940s, and in the 1960s he was admitted to the film school at UCLA, where he became a leading figure in the “L.A. Rebellion” of young black filmmakers. The chapter discusses the aims of that group and describes two of Burnett’s early films, Several Friends and The Horse.
Killer of Sheep (1977)
Authors: Naremore James
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses Burnett’s most celebrated film, which was completed as an MFA thesis and became one of the first movies to be designated by the Library of Congress as a national treasure. Shot on weekends using residents of Watts as actors and crew, Killer of Sheep describes the everyday life of a man who works in a sheep slaughterhouse. A film made up of short vignettes, it gives an alternately sad, humorous, and grim account of a black father who struggles for the survival of his family.
To Sleep with Anger (1990)
Authors: Naremore James
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses one of Burnett’s major achievements and the first of his films to be made under relatively normal Hollywood production circumstances. To Sleep with Anger tells the story of generational and class conflict within a black family in Los Angeles. Retired worker Gabriel and his wife, Susie, are visited by Harry, an old friend from the south, who becomes a houseguest. Soon after Harry’s arrival, strange things begin to happen. Gabriel falls ill, and his youngest son falls under Harry’s bad influence.
The Wedding (1998)
Authors: Naremore James
Published: May 2018

Based on Dorothy West’s novel of the same title, The Wedding is an expensively mounted, three-hour television film produced by Oprah Winfrey and directed by Burnett, with a large cast and a broad historical sweep. It centers on a wealthy enclave of blacks on Martha’s Vineyard in Massachusetts, where the youngest daughter of a prominent family is about to be married to a white jazz musician from New York. Neither of the two families approves of the match, and the plans for the elaborate wedding lead to a variety of dramatic conflicts. The film flashes back to the Reconstruction era, revealing the family trees of black “strivers” who have sacrificed love to become successful and are biased against anyone not of their class.
The Annihilation of Fish (1999)
Authors: Naremore James
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses the only feature film directed by Burnett that never found a distributor. An unusual, often sweetly comic romance starring James Earl Jones and Lynn Redgrave, The Annihilation of Fish tells the story of a relationship between an aging, apparently mismatched couple, one of them black and the other white, both of whom suffer from schizophrenia. Gradually, their love for one another enables them to overcome their cultural differences and psychological problems.
Nat Turner: A Troublesome Property (2003)
Authors: Naremore James
Published: May 2018

Very little is known about Nat Turner, the leader of the most famous slave revolt in American history. As Burnett’s experimental film shows, however, Turner was, in life, the property of slave owners, and after death, he became the property of various interpreters of his actions. Many whites have viewed him as an insane monster, and many blacks have regarded him as a revolutionary hero. He is the subject of oratory, literature, drama, film, and scores of historical writings. Burnett’s film seizes on these many representations and shows what they reveal about American history and society. It consists of interviews with a wide range of blacks and whites, plus a series of dramatic scenes based on writings about Turner, in which six different actors play him. Burnett has given us a meta-interpretation and the best way of understanding the Turner revolt.
Warming by the Devil’s Fire (2003)
Authors: Naremore James
Published: May 2018

Warming by the Devil’s Fire is one in a series of films on blues music produced for television by Martin Scorsese. Burnett’s episode is by far the best of the series, in part because it shows the culture of poverty and brutal labor out of which the blues were created. The film contains powerful archival footage of southern black musicians and the world in which they grew up. Interwoven with this material is a fictional but highly autobiographical story about a boy from Los Angeles whose grandmother sends him to visit relatives in Vicksburg, Mississippi. She hopes he will learn about old-time religion, but he falls into the hands of a ne’er-do-well uncle who is a passionate blues historian.
Namibia: The Struggle for Liberation (2007)
Authors: Naremore James
Published: May 2018

In 2007, the government of Namibia commissioned Burnett to write and direct a wide-screen epic film about the history of their war for independence against South Africa. They hoped to use the film as the foundation for a national film industry. Against great complications involving a nation of many languages and a large cast of inexperienced actors, Burnett gave them a film of which they could be proud. Unfortunately, the film had few commercial possibilities in America and has rarely been shown here. Beautifully shot in color, it concisely tells the story of the long, bloody war of liberation and its many political tensions. It is based, in part, on the autobiography of Sam Nujoma, Namibia’s first president.
Two Screenplays
Authors: Naremore James
Published: May 2018

Burnett is a complete filmmaker who has not only directed but also photographed, edited, and written many films. This chapter puts emphasis on his talent as a screenwriter, using two very different projects as examples. Bless Their Little Hearts was written for director Billy Woodbury and is similar in many ways to Burnett’s Killer of Sheep. It tells the story of an unemployed black man in Watts who suffers a crisis of masculinity while he tries to find a job and keep his family together. Man in a Basket is an adaptation of Crazy Kill by noir novelist Chester Himes. Set in 1950s Harlem, Burnett describes it as Himes’s only love story. Burnett has long wanted to direct this film and is still trying to find backers.
In His Element
Authors: Naremore James
Published: May 2018

Some of Burnett’s most characteristic and impressive work has taken the form of completely independent, very low budget short films that he has written, directed, photographed, and edited. These films return him to his beginnings as a sort of guerilla filmmaker who works in the streets. This chapter gives three examples: When It Rains (1995), a jazz fable about a neighborhood griot who tries to keep a mother and daughter from being evicted; The Final Insult (1997), an experimental mixture of documentary and fiction concerning homelessness in Los Angeles; and Quiet As Kept, a darkly comic film about a black family that has been displaced by Hurricane Katrina. The chapter ends with a comment on Burnett’s work in progress and his continuing importance for us today.
Zero Trimester
Authors: Waggoner Miranda R.
Published: May 2018

Increasingly, medical and public health recommendations urge all women of reproductive age to minimize health risks to future pregnancies even when pregnancy is not on the horizon. Such advice is predicated on the belief that good pre-pregnancy care will ensure better birth outcomes in the United States. This pre-pregnancy model of health care effectively designates a “zero trimester” in which women are expected, before conception, to anticipate motherhood and prepare their bodies for healthy reproduction. Some health experts believe that pre-pregnancy care will solve many medical and social ills that were not addressed by the prenatal care model that dominated medical thinking in the twentieth century. Others believe it represents yet another attempt to control women’s bodies. In The Zero Trimester, Miranda Waggoner traces the shifting boundaries of reproductive risk and maternal responsibility in America to understand how and why the task of perfecting pregnancies now encompasses the whole of a woman’s reproductive life, from menarche to menopause. Waggoner shows how the zero trimester arose alongside shifts in medical and public health priorities, contentious reproductive politics, and the changing realities of women’s lives in the twenty-first century. The emergence of the zero trimester is not simply about medical and health concerns; it is also, more broadly, about how cultural power and social ideologies can shape population health imperatives and women’s bodily experiences.
Someday, Now
Authors: Waggoner Miranda R.
Published: May 2018

This chapter introduces the contemporary medical and cultural visibility of the pre-pregnancy care model and details what the zero trimester includes. It covers the evidence and assumptions undergirding the pre-pregnancy care model and explains why the model has invited variable interpretations of its potential consequences for women’s reproductive autonomy and for maternal and child health. The rise of pre-pregnancy care is also discussed in relation to the history of prenatal care in the United States. Finally, key social science perspectives on medicine, motherhood, and reproduction are reviewed, setting up the argument that, with the rise of the zero trimester, medical and cultural ideals of womanhood and motherhood are increasingly intertwined.
Get a Reproductive Life Plan!
Authors: Waggoner Miranda R.
Published: May 2018

This chapter details how pre-pregnancy care has been taken up clinically and culturally, especially through the emergence of the “reproductive life plan” as a clinical tool. Drawing on expert interviews and an examination of medical pamphlets, professional literature, public health campaign materials, media depictions of pre-pregnancy care, and popular books, this chapter focuses on the individualized and gendered aspects of contemporary pre-pregnancy health ideas. Specifically, the pre-pregnancy care model is shown to reflect a neoliberal health ethos in which women are held individually responsible for the optimization of reproduction in America in the twenty-first century. This chapter makes the case that as reproductive knowledge and policy were produced, so were medicine, morals, and markets.
Transforming Desires into Demands
Authors: Sopranzetti Claudio
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores how, since the 1997 crisis, desires for commodities, access, and recognition emerged as a central focus of political struggle among the drivers, as well as among others. Under Thaksin, those desires were framed as legitimate forces that propelled people to participate in restarting of Thai economy after the 1997 crash. Since the 2006 coup, however, unelected governments dismissed them as the immoral effects of greed and Thaksin’s handouts. In between these two positions were the drivers who turned their unfulfilled desires for the commodities into requests for a more receptive leadership and for recognition of their status as citizens. In the period between 2009 and 2010, faced with a government unwilling to hear their voices, the drivers and millions of other citizens transformed those desires into political demands. The result was the largest protest in Thai history, a social mobilization that took to the streets to protest their political and economic oppression and exclusion.
Unraveling the Thai Capital
Authors: Sopranzetti Claudio
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on the Red Shirts protest that took over Bangkok from March to May 2010. In particular, it explores how motorcycle taxi drivers transformed their mobility and invisibility as urban connectors into political tactics, posing a significant challenge to state forces and ridiculing the pretense of state control over the city and its flows. The drivers—to use the words of Oboto, the man who led the largest group of organized motortaxis in the protest—embodied their role as “owners of the map,” holders of an unmatched knowledge of the urban terrain and gatekeepers of its channels. During three months of protest, the drivers emerged as unrelenting and uncontrollable political actors: invaluable allies and dreaded enemies, able to chart the terrain of the protest better than anybody else and move through it, rendering it readable to their allies and opaque to their enemies. Moving through back roads and parking lots, collecting and circulating information and directives, appearing and disappearing in the urban landscape—skills they developed in years of moving through Bangkok’s impenetrable traffic—the drivers managed to raise a formidable challenge to apparently unbeatable state forces.
Combining Powers
Authors: Sopranzetti Claudio
Published: May 2018

This chapter follows the association of motorcycle taxis after the end of the Red Shirts protest. It explores the attempt by military forces to cut off the drivers from the social movement and include them into the state security apparatus. The chapter shows how the association was divided between two conceptions of power—barami and amnāt—and positions this tension at the core the Thai political conflict in the last decade. We are not facing a binary, but rather the unresolved tensions and the failed attempts to combine two conceptualizations of power that need to coexist, even with their contradicting features. To govern Thailand, one needs to needs to have both amnāt and barami, both to claim moral charisma and institutional power, juggling both of them. The conflict, this chapter argues, emerged because, since 2006, no political figure has been seen able to do so.
Eco-Alchemy
Authors: McKanan Dan
Published: May 2018

For the past century, initiatives inspired by Rudolf Steiner’s anthroposophy have contributed to the evolution of environmental activism. Steiner’s 1924 course of lectures on agriculture initiated biodynamics, which became the first organized form of organic agriculture. Farmers and activists inspired by Steiner helped prepare the way for Rachel Carson’s campaign against pesticides, anticipated the major themes of Gaian spirituality, invented community-supported agriculture, and founded many of the world’s largest green banks. Waldorf schools and Camphill intentional communities, also inspired by Steiner, integrate concern for the environment into their practices of education and care for persons with special needs. Eco-Alchemy tells all these stories, with special attention to the ways anthroposophical initiatives have interacted with impulses rooted in other spiritual traditions. By placing anthroposophy within the broader history of environmentalism, Dan McKanan demonstrates that the environmental movement itself has a complex ecology and would not be as diverse or transformative without the contributions of anthroposophy. Anthroposophy’s greatest contribution has been its emphasis on the balancing of polarities, drawn from alchemy. By refusing the dichotomies of matter and spirit, nature and humanity, and science and spirituality, students of Rudolf Steiner help environmentalism evolve in new and creative ways.
Seed
Authors: McKanan Dan
Published: May 2018

Anthroposophy’s diverse environmental initiatives all sprouted from the “seed” of Rudolf Steiner’s spiritual teaching, given in books and lectures during the first decades of the twentieth century. Steiner was a complex teacher: a modern interpreter of Western esoteric traditions, an evolutionary thinker who proposed a spiritual alternative to Darwinian materialism, and an idealistic social reformer. Steiner’s Agriculture Course of 1924, which initiated biodynamic agriculture, expressed the holistic worldview characteristic of all environmental impulses, insisting that “in great Nature, everything is connected.” But Steiner’s holism extended beyond planet Earth to encompass the whole cosmos, including spiritual powers he claimed to access through alchemical and homeopathic practices.
Roots
Authors: McKanan Dan
Published: May 2018

Biodynamic agriculture grew steadily in the decades after Rudolf Steiner’s death, giving rise to an international organics movement by 1940. Three distinct groups of people spread the biodynamic impulse: “evangelists,” who actively promoted Steiner’s teaching; “translators,” who expressed the core ideas of biodynamics in non-anthroposophical language; and “allies,” who were primarily committed to other forms of organic practice. Thus, the organic movement was shaped by evangelist Ehrenfried Pfeiffer, translator Lord Northbourne, and allies Eve Balfour and J. I. Rodale. A generation later, it bore new fruit in the anti-pesticide impulse initiated by evangelists Marjorie Spock and Polly Richards and ally Rachel Carson.
Ecology
Authors: McKanan Dan
Published: May 2018

Anthroposophy occupies a distinct ecological niche within the broader environmental movement. Its commitment to Goetheanism sets it apart from academic science; its understanding of social justice differs from that of the mainstream left; and its stress on the human role in cosmic evolution can create tension with Gaian critiques of anthropocentrism. The relationship between anthroposophical initiatives and the Anthroposophical Society also shapes the way it interacts with other forms of environmentalism. Yet the boundaries between anthroposophy and other impulses can be sites of transformative dialogue.
Evolution
Authors: McKanan Dan
Published: May 2018

Anthroposophy, with its alchemical emphasis on the balancing of polarities, brings several gifts to the ongoing evolution of the environmental movement. These gifts include a cosmic holism that challenges us to attend to ever-widening circles of interconnection; a homeopathic model of social change that invites us to use subtle influences to heal the world; an appropriate anthropocentrism that allows us to experience ourselves as fully at home in the world; and a vision of planetary transmutation that can resist climate change while embracing biological and spiritual evolution.
Roasting Meat
Authors: Avieli Nir
Published: May 2018

This chapter talks about the meanings of what is clearly the most prominent and most “Israeli” food event on the Israeli calendar: Israel's Independence Day barbecues. Based on ethnographic research conducted on Independence days from 2002 to 2009 in Jerusalem's Sacher Park, the chapter examines the two main practices in this salient food event: the roasting of meat and the managing of space. These practices reflect age and gender hierarchies, express the masculine myth of Israeli independence, and reveal the Israeli mode of grasping space. These practices also expose the ambivalence characteristic of the sense of power Israeli Jews have when it comes to their strained relations with their Palestinian and Middle Eastern neighbors.
Meat and Masculinity in a Military Prison
Authors: Avieli Nir
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores the strained relations between Israeli Jews and the Palestinians living in the territories occupied by Israel during the 1967 war, based on a study conducted in an Israeli military prison for Palestinian detainees. The reserve soldiers charged with guarding the prison insisted that their poor military performance and their sense of weakness within the prison power structure were due to a lack of meat. A discourse of victimization evolved among the soldiers in which their apparent weakness—which they claimed to be a result of their meatless diet—became the justification for institutional and personal abuse inflicted on the Palestinian prisoners. The chapter also shows the intimate realties of the Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories and exposes some of the implicit mechanisms that maintain a sense of victimization among Israeli Jews.
Thai Migrant Workers and the Dog-Eating Myth
Authors: Avieli Nir
Published: May 2018

This chapter studies the prevailing total social fact that the Thai migrant workers who make for the bulk of the agricultural workforce in Israel systematically hunt and eat Israeli pet dogs. Despite extensive media accusations and widespread public consensus regarding the Thai penchant for Israeli dogs, ethnographic research reveals that Thai migrant workers do not hunt or eat dogs in Israel or in Thailand. The chapter argues that Israel's constituting socialist ethos conflicts deeply with the notion of migrant labor, especially when it comes to agriculture in the “working settlements”—kibbutzim and moshavim—that are the iconic manifestations of socialist Zionism. The chapter shows how this culinary myth defines a particular kind of negative exoticism that facilitated the dehumanization of the Thai migrant workers and justified their ongoing exploitation.