bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consolidating and re‐evaluating the human disc nutrient microenvironment
Authors: McDonnell Emily E. , Buckley Conor T.
Published: February 2022

Background

Despite exciting advances in regenerative medicine, cell‐based strategies for treating degenerative disc disease remain in their infancy. To maximize the potential for successful clinical translation, a more thorough understanding of the in vivo microenvironment is needed to better determine and predict how cell therapies will respond when administered in vivo.

Aims

This work aims to reflect on the in vivo nutrient microenvironment of the degenerating IVD through consolidating what has already been measured together with investigative in silico models.

Materials and Methods

This work uses in silico modeling, underpinned by more recent experimentally determined parameters of degeneration and nutrient transport from the literature, to re‐evaluate the current knowledge in terms of grade‐specific stages of degeneration.

Results

Through modeling only the metabolically active cell population, this work predicts slightly higher glucose concentrations compared to previous in silico models, while the predicted results show good agreement with previous intradiscal pH and oxygen measurements. Increasing calcification with degeneration limits nutrient transport into the IVD and initiates a build‐up of acidity; however, its effect is compensated somewhat by a reduction in diffusional distance due to decreasing disc height.

Discussion

This work advances in silico modeling through a strong foundation of experimentally determined grade‐specific input parameters. Taken together, pre‐existing measurements and predicted results suggest that metabolite concentrations may not be as critically low as commonly believed, with calcification not appearing to have a detrimental effect at stages of degeneration when cell therapies are an appropriate intervention.

Conclusion

Overall, our initiative is to provoke greater deliberation and consideration of the nutrient microenvironment when performing in vitro cell culture and cell therapy development. This work highlights urgency for robust experimental glucose measurements in healthy and degenerating IVDs, not only to validate in silico models but to significantly advance the field in fully elucidating the nutrient microenvironment and refining in vitro techniques to accelerate clinical translation.
Protein Patterning on Microtextured Polymeric Nanobrush Templates Obtained by Nanosecond Fiber Laser
Authors: Verma Meenakshi , Rana Abhishek , Vidyasagar Koyyana E. Ch. , Kalyanasundaram Dinesh , Saha Sampa
Published: February 2022

Micropatterned polymer brushes have attracted attention in several biomedical areas, i.e., tissue engineering, protein microarray, biosensors, etc., for precise arrangement of biomolecules. Herein, a facile and scalable approach is reported to create microtextured polymer brushes with the ability to generate different type of protein patterns. Nanosecond fiber laser is exploited to generate micropatterns on poly(poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate) (polyPEGMA) brush modified Ti alloy substrate. Surface initiated atom transfer radical polymerization is employed to grow PolyPEGMA brush (11–87 nm thick) on Ti alloy surface immobilized with initiator having an initiator density (σ*) of 1.5 initiators per nm2. Polymer brushes are then selectively laser ablated and their presence on nontextured area is confirmed by atomic force microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Spatial orientation of biomolecules is first achieved by nonspecific protein adsorption on areas ablated by the laser, via physisorption. Further, patterned brushes of polyPEGMA are modified to activated ester that gives rise to protein conjugation specifically on nonlaser ablated brush areas. Moreover, the laser ablated brush modified patterned template is also successfully utilized for generating alternate patterns of bacteria. This promising technique can be further extended to create interesting patterns of several biomolecules which are of great interest to biomedical research community.
Some aspects of pitting corrosion susceptibility of As‐welded and thermally aged nitrogen‐alloyed 316SS weld metal
Authors: Mannepalli Srinivas , Shankar A. R. , Ningshen S. , Philip John
Published: February 2022

Type 316N (0.07% N) stainless‐steel welds prepared by shielded metal arc welding were evaluated for their pitting corrosion susceptibility in an acidified chloride environment and a neutral chloride environment in as‐welded and thermally aged conditions at 823 and 923 K for 4, 10, 24, and 100 h. After 100 h thermal aging at 823 K, 46% of δ ferrite was transformed into carbide and 81% δ ferrite was transformed into carbide and sigma phases at 923 K for 100 h. On thermal aging at 823 K (0–10 h) and 923 K (10–100 h), the changes in the degree of alloy depletion (DOA) and pitting potential were marginal due to the presence of nitrogen. Thermally aged samples at 823 K beyond 24 h showed a significant decrease in pitting potential in acidic and neutral chloride media, whereas at 923 K, the pitting potential decreased significantly up to 10 h. The results of DOA and passive current density from the double‐loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation (DLEPR) test and the electrochemical reactivation test (ERT) correlated well with the observed secondary phases. The role of alloy depletion in terms of the parameters DLEPR, ERT, microstructure, and nitrogen alloying on pitting corrosion is discussed.
Thieno[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐4,6‐dione‐Based Conjugated Polymers for Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Yasa Mustafa , Toppare Levent
Published: February 2022

Donor–acceptor (D–A) conjugated polymers have gotten significant attention in the past decades. Wide application area, ease of production, and cost‐effectiveness have made the D–A conjugated polymers a pivotal class of organic electronics. Organic solar cells (OSCs) became one of the most critical application areas of conjugated polymers among many. Up to the last decade, intensive research has been conducted on fullerene‐based OSCs. Drawbacks of fullerene derivatives like high cost, production obstacles, and difficulties in modifying molecular structure made the academia seek new alternatives. Emerging nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs) draw a new path for academia to tune OSCs' power conversion efficiency (PCE). With the ease of synthesis and purification, modification of molecular structure via various functional groups, NFAs start outperforming fullerene‐based acceptors. Thieno[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐4,6‐dione (TPD) is widely used in D–A conjugated polymers for high‐performance OSCs. As a strong electron‐withdrawing group, TPD provides deepened lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy level and wide bandgaps when introduced into polymer backbones, enhancing optoelectronic properties photovoltaic performance. Herein, an overview of the applications of TPD‐based donor and acceptor type conjugated polymers for nonfullerene and all‐polymer solar cells in the last 5 years is provided.
A novel simulation‐driven reconstruction approach for x‐ray computed tomography
Authors: Hsieh Jiang
Published: February 2022

Purpose

Radiation dose reduction is critical to the success of x‐ray computed tomography (CT). Many advanced reconstruction techniques have been developed over the years to combat noise resulting from the low‐dose CT scans. These algorithms rely on accurate local estimation of the image noise to determine reconstruction parameters or to select inferencing models. Because of the difficulties in the noise estimation for heterogeneous objects, the performance of many algorithms is inconsistent and suboptimal. Here, we propose a novel approach to overcome such shortcoming.

Method

By injecting appropriate amount of noise in the CT raw data, a computer simulation approach is capable of accurately estimating the local statistics of the raw data and the local noise in the reconstructed images. This information is then used to guide the noise‐reduction process during the reconstruction. As an initial implementation, a scaling map is generated based on the noise predicted from the simulation and the noise estimated from existing reconstruction algorithms. Images generated with existing algorithms are subsequently modified based on the scaling map. In this study, both iterative reconstruction (IR) and deep learning image reconstruction (DLIR) algorithms are evaluated.

Results

Phantom experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of the simulation‐based noise estimation in terms of the standard deviation and noise power spectrum. Quantitative results have demonstrated that the noise measured from the original image matches well with the noise estimated from the simulation. Clinical datasets were utilized to further confirm the accuracy of the proposed approach under more challenging conditions. To validate the performance of the proposed reconstruction approach, clinical scans were used. Performance comparison was carried out qualitatively and quantitatively. Two existing advanced reconstruction techniques, IR and DLIR, were evaluated against the proposed approach. Results have shown that the proposed approach outperforms existing IR and DLIR algorithms in terms of noise suppression and, equally importantly, noise uniformity across the entire imaging volume. Visual assessment of the images also reveals that the proposed approach does not endure noise texture issues faced by some of the existing reconstruction algorithms today.

Conclusion

Phantom and clinical results have demonstrated superior performance of the proposed approach with regard to noise reduction as well as noise homogeneity. Visual inspection of the noise texture further confirms the clinical utility of the proposed approach. Future enhancements on the current implementation are explored regarding image quality and computational efficiency. Because of the limited scope of this paper, detailed investigation on these enhancement features will be covered in a separate report.
Trendbericht Anorganik 2022 Teil 2: Nebengruppen und Koordinationschemie, Bioanorganik und mehr
Authors: Ringenberg Mark , Werncke Gunnar
Published: February 2022

Molekülchemie: Calcium bändigt Distickstoff, niedervalente Verbindungen in ungewöhnlichen Oxidationsstufen bestimmen das Geschehen, Koordinationsgeometrien kratzen an bisher für unmöglich Gehaltenem. Nebengruppen‐ und Koordinationschemie: aktivierter Distickstoff und die erste Reihe der Übergangsmetalle als Photosensibilisatoren.
GDCh‐Abschlusspreis 2021
Authors: Fries Maike
Published: February 2022

Die GDCh hat zum 15. Mal den GDCh‐Abschlusspreis (vormals GDCh‐Absolventenpreis) für die jahrgangsbesten Schulabgänger von Berufs‐ und Berufsfachschulen verliehen.
Structured transition is associated with improved outcomes in diabetes
Authors: Harmer Matthew J , Everitt Lucy H , Parker Lillie , Davis Nikki , Connett Gary , Nagra Arvind
Published: February 2022

This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a structured transition tool for the successful transitioning of young people (YP) with type 1 diabetes from paediatric to adult diabetic services.

In a single‐centre retrospective observational study, case notes were reviewed for YP with type 1 diabetes transitioning between paediatric and adult services between 2011–2014. YP were split into those who had participated in the ‘Ready Steady Go’ (RSG) structured transition programme as part of their routine care, and those who had not (RSG versus non‐RSG). Between group comparisons were made for changes in objective measures before and after transfer to adult services including: glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), non‐high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations and non‐elective diabetes‐related hospital admissions. Case note documentation of advice given during consultations was also reviewed.

Data were available for 106 YP. Of these, 71 had participated in the RSG transition programme. Programme use was associated with lower non‐elective, diabetes‐related hospital admissions and lower non‐HDL cholesterol concentrations compared with historical controls. The rise in HbA1c typically observed in YP during early adult life did not occur in the intervention group. No differences were observed in total cholesterol concentrations and body mass index. Trends towards higher rates of documentation of key topic discussions in the RSG group were significant for contraception and pregnancy.

Due to the observed improvements in markers of metabolic and diabetes control, this study supports the role of a structured transition tool such as the ‘Ready Steady Go’ programme for YP with type 1 diabetes. Copyright © 2022 John Wiley & Sons.
Free‐radical catalyzed oxidation reactions with cyclohexene and cyclooctene with peroxides as initiators
Authors: Luck Rudy L. , Newberry Nick K.
Published: February 2022

The free‐radical oxidation reaction of cyclohexene is accomplished at 80°C in a 10:1 1,2‐dichloroethane:acetonitrile mixture under an air atmosphere using 0.05 molar equivalents of either tBuOOH or H2O2 and results in a 33.7% conversion yielding 23.7% 2‐cyclohexen‐1‐one, 8.0% 2‐cyclohexen‐1‐ol, and 2.0% cyclohexene oxide. With cyclooctene under similar conditions, a 42.3% conversion is obtained, 40.3% cyclooctene oxide, 0.4% of 1,2‐cyclooctanediol, and 1.2% of 2‐cycloocten‐1‐one. The reaction is dependent on dioxygen as reduced yields are obtained under a nitrogen atmosphere. It is initiated best with H2O2 and tBuOOH and does not work with ammonium persulfate as a radical initiator. This free‐radical reaction was not useful for three other alkenes tested under similar reaction conditions. Transition states and activation energies were calculated with the APFD functional and 6‐311 + G(d) basis set for possible reaction pathways involving radicals produced from the homolysis of the peroxide OO bond followed by abstraction of an alkyl H atom, forming a cyclic alkene radical. This can react rapidly with dioxygen forming a cyclic‐alkene peroxide radical. This intermediate may result in ketone products via a unimolecular pathway, whereas the formation of epoxides requires a bimolecular route. This was confirmed experimentally as lower epoxide yields for reaction with cyclooctene were obtained if the reaction solution was diluted. It is suggested that reactions involving cyclohexene where similar yields of products were obtained may also involve free‐radical pathways.
“That was a tip from my physician”—Gender‐specific pathways of patients and relatives to outpatient psychosocial cancer counselling centres—A qualitative study
Authors: Billaudelle Fabian , Bayer Oliver , Hechtner Marlene , Taylor Katherine , Lang Jennifer , Alt Jürgen , Fried Marius , Singer Susanne
Published: February 2022

Objective

This study aims to identify pathways patients and their relatives take to outpatient psychosocial cancer counselling centres. We had a special interest in how access for men can be eased.

Methods

Cancer patients and relatives were purposively sampled in two regions in Germany. Participants were either outpatient cancer counselling centres (OCCCs) users or non‐users and participated in qualitative face‐to‐face interviews. We used different guidelines for users and non‐users. The interviews were analysed using content analysis.

Results

One hundred and three people participated in the study. Important pathways to outpatient psychosocial cancer counselling centres for both men and women were: information about the service and its content, easy access (obtaining appointments quickly and without bureaucracy, close to home), and recommendations from another person, in particular from their treating physician. Pathways especially important for men are positive and repeated recommendations from their treating physician and other people they trust, organisation by others on the men's behalf, the Internet, the possibility to talk to a male counsellor, making it a routine in the hospital to refer distressed patients to the counselling services, and the emphasis on information sharing. Women reported more often than men that they discovered and accessed OCCCs via information material.

Conclusions

Men in particular need recommendations from others, especially from their treating physician, in order to make use of psychosocial cancer counselling. In addition, stressing the provision of information instead of exploring and expressing emotions can ease access for men to cancer counselling.
RNA interference targeting Ras GTPase gene Ran causes larval and adult lethality in Leptinotarsa decemlineata
Authors: Shen Chen‐Hui , Jin Lin , Fu Kai‐Yun , Guo Wen‐Chao , Li Guo‐Qing
Published: February 2022

BACKGROUND

RNA interference (RNAi) is a breakthrough technology in pest control. It is highly efficient to Coleopteran pests such as the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata, a serious pest defoliator mainly attacking potatoes worldwide. The first step for effective pest control by RNAi is the development of effective and reliable target genes.

RESULTS

Our results revealed that continuous ingestion of dsLdRan for 3 days successfully silenced the target gene, inhibited larval growth and killed 100% L. decemlineata larvae. When the bioassay began at the second‐, third/fourth‐instar larval stages, the larval lethality mainly occurred at the fourth larval instar and prepupal stages, respectively. Importantly, consumption of dsLdRan for 3 days by the newly‐emerged males and females effectively knocked down the target transcript, reduced fresh weights and caused 100% of lethality within a week. The LdRan females possessed underdeveloped ovaries.

CONCLUSION

Considering that the larvae, adults and eggs are simultaneously sited on the potato plants, bacterially‐expressed dsLdRan is a potential RNAi‐based strategy for managing L. decemlineata in the potato field. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Evaluation of different setting configurations with a new developed telemedical interface of a parallel kinematic robotic system – An experimental development study
Authors: Axt Steffen , Dörflinger Andreas , Johannink Jonas , Kirschniak Andreas , Rolinger Jens , Wilhelm Peter
Published: February 2022

Background

For development of a minimally invasive intracorporal micromanipulator, a master‐slave telemanipulation system was required.

Methods

Different input positions for a tablet‐based input device with a heads‐up centred screen were evaluated. Personal preference was assessed using a questionnaire. Then, the most ergonomic and intuitive position was compared to a surgical reference position based on laparoscopic sigmoid resection.

Results

After comparing a 45°, 75° (pitch) and 60°/20° (pitch/yaw) to a 60° reference position no significant differences in processing time and number of failures could be demonstrated. Study participants indicated the 60°/20° position as the most comfortable in the questionnaire. This was therefore compared with the laparoscopic reference position, both sitting and standing. Here, the laparoscopic sitting position was perceived to be the most ergonomic.

Conclusions

The developed input device offers a maximum of flexibility and individualisation to reach ergonomic and intuitive conditions. General recommendations regarding an optimal setting cannot be given, based on our results.
The off-shell recursion for gravity and the classical double copy for currents
Authors: Cho Kyoungho , Kim Kwangeon , Lee Kanghoon
Published: February 2022

Abstract

We construct the off-shell recursion for gravity and the graviton current for the perturbative double field theory (DFT). We first formulate the perturbative DFT, which is equivalent but simpler to perturbative general relativity, to all-orders in fluctuations of generalised metric. The perturbative action and equations of motion (EoM) are derived to arbitrary order for pure gravity case. We then derive the graviton off-shell recursion, the gravity counterpart of the Berends-Giele recursion in Yang-Mills theory, through the so-called perturbiner method using the EoM of the perturbative DFT. We solve the recursion iteratively and obtain the graviton off-shell currents explicitly. We then discuss the classical double copy for the off-shell currents. We present the current KLT relation for gravity by extending the result proposed by Mizera and Skrzypek for the non-gravitational effective field theories. The relation represents graviton currents by squaring gluon currents with the KLT kernel up to gauge transformation and regular terms that do not have any pole. Finally we discuss the off-shell conservation of currents for nonlinear gauge choices.
Provider responses to discontinuous tariffs: evidence from Dutch rehabilitation care
Authors: Gaspar Katalin , Koolman Xander
Published: February 2022

Abrupt jumps in reimbursement tariffs have been shown to lead to unintended effects in physicians’ behavior. A sudden change in tariffs at a pre-defined point in the treatment can incentivize health care providers to prolong treatment to reach the higher tariff, and then to discharge patients once the higher tariff is reached. The Dutch reimbursement schedule in hospital rehabilitation care follows a two-threshold stepwise-function based on treatment duration. We investigated the prevalence of strategic discharges around the first threshold and assessed whether their share varies by provider type. Our findings suggest moderate response to incentives by traditional care providers (general and academic hospitals, rehabilitation centers and multicategorical providers), and strong response by profit-oriented independent treatment centers. When examining the variation in response based on the financial position of the organization, we found a higher probability of manipulation among providers in financial distress. Our findings provide multiple insights and possible indicators to identify provider types that may be more prone to strategic behavior.
A psychophysiological investigation of mourning: There are two sides to the story
Authors: Hoffmann Alexandra , Maran Thomas , Grünbaum Tilman , Liegl Simon , Lobis Ulrich , Sachse Pierre
Published: February 2022

Mourning constitutes an important human emotion, which might cause—among other things—major depressive symptoms when lasting for too long. To date, no study investigated whether mourning is related to specific psychophysiological activation patterns. Therefore, we examined physiological reactions induced by iconographic mourning-related stimuli in comparison to neutral and attachment stimuli in healthy adults (N = 77, mean age: 21.9). We evaluated pupillometric and eye-tracking parameters as well as heart rate variability (HRV) and skin conductance (EDA). Eye-tracking revealed a stronger dilated pupil during mourning in comparison to the neutral, but not to the attachment condition; furthermore, fixation patterns revealed less fixations on mourning stimuli. While HF HRV was reduced during mourning and attachment, we found no differences concerning EDA parameters between conditions. Results suggest specific eye-movement and pupil adaptations during representations of mourning, which might point toward inward cognition or avoidance, but no specific physiological pattern concerning HRV and EDA.
Sensitivity of the EQ-5D-5L for fatigue and cognitive problems and their added value in Q-fever patients
Authors: Geraerds A. J. L. M. , Polinder Suzanne , Spronk Inge , Olde Loohuis Alfons G. M. , de Groot Annemieke , Bronner Madelon B. , Haagsma Juanita A.
Published: February 2022

Purpose

Measuring health-related quality of life (HRQoL) with the EQ-5D-5L might lack sensitivity for disease-specific health complaints. This cross-sectional study analyzed whether fatigue and cognitive problems are captured by the EQ-5D-5L in a Q-fever patient population with persistent fatigue/cognitive problems, and whether addition of fatigue/cognition improved the explained variance for HRQoL.

Methods

A Dutch sample of Q-fever patients filled out the EQ-5D-5L and EQ VAS, the fatigue subscale of the Checklist Individual Strength, and a cognition dimension in the EQ-5D-5L format. The extent to which fatigue and cognition were captured by the EQ-5D-5L was determined based on distributional effects, head-to-head comparisons, Spearman rank correlation coefficients, and regression analyses. Explanatory power was determined of the EQ-5D-5L for the EQ VAS with and without a fatigue and cognition dimension.

Results

Out of 432 respondents, 373(86%) reported severe fatigue, 387(90%) cognitive problems. EQ-5D-5L utility and EQ VAS scores of respondents reporting severe fatigue/cognitive problems were significantly lower. Fatigue was strongly correlated with EQ-5D-5L dimensions usual activities and pain/discomfort (r = 0.602 and r = 0.510) and moderately with other EQ-5D-5L dimensions (r = 0.305–0.476). Cognition was strongly correlated with usual activities (r = 0.554) and moderately with other dimensions (r = 0.291–0.451). Adding fatigue to the EQ-5D-5L increased explanatory power for the EQ VAS with 6%.

Conclusion

Fatigue and cognitive problems in Q-fever patients were partially captured by the EQ-5D-5L dimensions. The addition of fatigue to the EQ-5D-5L slightly improved explained variance for the EQ VAS. This potentially also accounts for patients who experience sequelae of other infectious diseases, such as COVID-19.
Factors affecting the learning curve in robotic colorectal surgery
Authors: Wong Shing Wai , Crowe Philip
Published: February 2022

Learning related to robotic colorectal surgery can be measured by surgical process (such as time or adequacy of resection) or patient outcome (such as morbidity or quality of life). Time based metrics are the most commonly used variables to assess the learning curve because of ease of analysis. With analysis of the learning curve, there are factors which need to be considered because they may have a direct impact on operative times or may be surrogate markers of clinical effectiveness (unrelated to times). Variables which may impact on operation time include surgery case mix, hybrid technique, laparoscopic and open colorectal surgery experience, robotic surgical simulator training, technology, operating room team, and case complexity. Multidimensional analysis can address multiple indicators of surgical performance and include variables such as conversion rate, complications, oncological outcome and functional outcome. Analysis of patient outcome and/or global assessment of robotic skills may be the most reliable methods to assess the learning curve.
Geoheritage in the Minett UNESCO Biosphere (Southern Luxembourg): Inventory, Evaluation, and Conservation Aspects of Representative Geosites
Authors: Weis Robert
Published: February 2022

The southwestern part of Luxembourg, known as Minett in the local language use, exposes an exceptionally high diversity of marine near-shore sediment rocks from the Early to Middle Jurassic, owing to its proximal position at the north-eastern margins of the Paris Basin. The iconic Minette ironstone formation is known as the worldwide largest oolitic ironstone deposit from the last 500 my and the abandoned open cast mines are nowadays protected sites with a high biodiversity, intrinsically linked to geodiversity. The schistes bitumineux unit, a lateral equivalent of the well-known Posidonienschiefer of the Holzmaden region (South Germany), is frequently studied for its exceptionally preserved fossils of marine vertebrates, cephalopods, and insect remains, deserving its status as a Fossil-Lagerstätte of international relevance. Of regional importance are the Rumelange limestones, with coral patch-reef paleo-environments. The geomorphological main feature of the region is the Cuesta of the Middle Jurassic (‘Dogger-Schichtstufe’), with several outliers (‘Zeugenberge’) that represent widely visible landmarks in the landscape. In this paper, 16 geosites, representative of the geological, palaeontological, geomorphological, and hydrogeological heritage in the Minett UNESCO biosphere, are presented and evaluated according to scientific, educational, and geotouristic criteria.
Pollination efficiency of bumblebee, honeybee, and hawkmoth in kabocha squash, Cucurbita maxima, production in Kagoshima, Japan
Authors: Kamo Tsunashi , Nikkeshi Aoi , Tawaratsumida Tomoya , Tanaka Yoshihiro , Nakamura Shoko , Kishi Shigeki
Published: February 2022

Kabocha squash, Cucurbita maxima Duchesne, in delayed-start culture is one of the major cultivation systems in southwestern Japan. Honeybee introduction or hand-pollination has been practiced in this crop system, but the species composition, abundance, and pollination efficiency of major pollinators remain unclear. In the current study, we investigated which insect(s) accomplish pollination of kabocha squash. Among the total visitations to female flowers, honeybees, mostly Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), dominated at 94.4% and 85.3% at the experimental field in 2019 and 2020, respectively, followed by the bumblebee Bombus diversus diversus Smith (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and the hummingbird hawkmoth Macroglossum pyrrhosticta Butler (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). The number of pollen grains on the body surface of B. diversus diversus individuals was significantly greater than that on honeybees, such that a single visit by B. diversus diversus deposited 5–6 times more pollen grains on a stigma than a honeybee visit, meaning that the bumblebee is a more efficient pollinator at the individual level. However, visitations by numerous honeybees compensated for their lower individual efficiency and resulted in fruit set. In addition, we report for the first time that a lepidopteran can pollinate squash: our data indicate that pollen grains deposited by several visits of M. pyrrhosticta were likely to exceed the estimated minimum number of pollen grains required for fruit set. Our survey at the experimental field and at three private farms revealed that far more pollen than is required for fruit set was deposited on the stigmas by wild pollinators and wintering honeybees. These findings indicate that kabocha squash production in delayed-start culture in this region is practicable without pollination enhancement effort, such as honeybee introduction or hand-pollination.
Understanding postgraduate students’ perceptions of plagiarism: a case study of Vietnamese and local students in New Zealand
Authors: Tran Minh Ngoc , Hogg Linda , Marshall Stephen
Published: February 2022

Despite increasing scholarly interest in tertiary student perceptions of plagiarism, very little is known about those held by postgraduate (PG) students, although differences between undergraduate (UG) and PG students relate to both their characteristics and the demands of their studies. Furthermore, there is a dearth of research within the context of international education, where managing plagiarism is seen as a major challenge. This paper reports on a recent online survey with 207 Vietnamese (n = 72) and local (n = 135) PG students at a New Zealand university regarding their perceptions of plagiarism. The findings showed significant differences both between and within the two groups. Perception variations arose from a range of influences and prior experiences, not just the culture in which the students were initially educated. Differences related to participants’ age, gender, academic levels, disciplines, and teaching experience. This study’s findings contribute knowledge about under-researched PG students and problematize prevalent stereotypes of international students regarding plagiarism. They generate implications for higher education institutions to accommodate international and domestic PG student needs in ways that respect their diversities in detail as individuals, not as members of a homogeneous group. Further qualitative research to explore PG student perceptions in greater depth is recommended.
Monotheism and Forgiveness
Authors: Heim S. Mark
Published: February 2022

Forgiveness is a hallmark teaching within monotheistic religions. This Element introduces the topic in three ways. First, it considers the extent to which forgiveness is specific to or constituted by monotheistic beliefs, by a comparison with analogous teaching and practice in Buddhism. Second, the most extensive section explores the grammar of forgiveness shared across the Abrahamic traditions of Judaism, Christianity and Islam – elements of repentance, intercession, and eschatological deferral. This section identifies some of the divergent tendencies or emphases on this topic among those traditions. A third section addresses the role of forgiveness and monotheistic religions in human cultural evolution and the emergence of eusociality. The aim is for the reader to gain an introductory view of monotheism and forgiveness from a comparative religious example, from an internal examination of Abrahamic traditions, and from a developmental, secular perspective.
Sources of variability in the acquisition of Differential Object Marking by Turkish heritage language children in the United States
Authors: Coskun Kunduz Aylin , Montrul Silvina
Published: February 2022

Differential object marking (DOM) is an area of vulnerability in adult heritage speakers. This study traces such vulnerability to childhood by examining Turkish DOM in child Turkish heritage speakers in the U.S and the parental generation, who are the main input providers. Twenty first-generation immigrants, 20 adult and 20 child (aged 7–14) Turkish heritage speakers, and the monolingual group including 20 Turkish-speaking adults, 20 7–14-year-old and 20 3–6-year-old Turkish-speaking children in Turkey completed a story retelling task and a picture selection task. Results showed that the first-generation immigrants patterned with the monolingual adults. However, the heritage speakers (children and adults) omitted DOM in both tasks, showing more variable performance than the monolingual groups. These findings suggest that instability of DOM in heritage grammars is more likely due to insufficient input in the early years of heritage language development than to changes in parental input or attrition in later years.
Zur Güte von Evaluationsstudien deutschsprachiger Rechtschreibtrainings
Authors: Bruch Samira , Sanchez Kira Li , Schwinger Malte
Published: February 2022

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: In Überblicksstudien zur Effektivität von Rechtschreibtrainings wird häufig ausschließlich die Rechtschreibleistung als abhängige Variable adressiert. Positive Effekte auf motivationale Faktoren werden kaum untersucht, obwohl diese angesichts potentieller Wechselwirkungen mit Rechtschreibleistungen ebenfalls für die Effektivität von Rechtschreibtrainings bedeutsam sind. Methode: Angesichts der Bedeutsamkeit rechtschreibbezogener Motivation für die Effektivität von Rechtschreibtrainings wurde in der vorliegenden Studie auf Basis vorhandener Überblicksarbeiten sowie durch ergänzende Literaturrecherche ein Überblick erstellt, welche deutschsprachigen Rechtschreibtrainings (a) die Förderung rechtschreibbezogener Motivation als Ziel formulieren und (b) in ihren Evaluationsstudien die Wirksamkeit auf motivationale Faktoren untersuchen. Ergebnisse: In 25 der 34 analysierten Evaluationsstudien wurden motivationale Faktoren gar nicht untersucht, obwohl die zugehörigen Rechtschreibtrainings in ihren Manualen zumindest teilweise die Wirksamkeit auf Motivation postulieren. Innerhalb der Evaluationsstudien, die motivationale Faktoren berücksichtigt haben, wurden in knapp zwei Drittel der Fälle Erwartungs-Wert-Komponenten wie z.B. Selbstwirksamkeit erfasst, wenngleich methodische Unschärfen zu konstatieren waren. Diskussion: Insgesamt weisen die vorgelegten Befunde darauf hin, dass zukünftige Evaluationsstudien deutschsprachiger Rechtschreibtrainings Motivationsfacetten umfangreicher erfassen sollten als bisher.
„Genesungsbegleiter_innen nehmen uns doch den Job weg!“
Authors: Auclair Yvonne
Published: February 2022

Was ist bereits zu diesem Thema bekannt?

Der Einsatz von EX-IN-Genesungsbegleiter_innen (GB) in der Psychiatrie erfolgt zwar schon seit einigen Jahren, ist aber noch längst nicht flächendeckend eingeführt.

Wie wird eine neue Perspektive eingebracht?

Durch eine Befragung von Pflegeteams der LWL-Klinik Dortmund bei denen GB zum Einsatz kommen, werden Erfahrungen und Erkenntnisse der Pflegefachpersonen in der Zusammenarbeit zusammengefasst.

Was sind die Auswirkungen für die Praxis?

Gelingt die Integration von GB in die Behandlungsteams profitiert man durch die Ausweitung der Angebote, welche durch herkömmliche Fachpersonen nicht übernommen werden kann. GB können zu einer Haltungsänderung bei Pflegefachpersonen im Umgang mit Patient_innen beitragen, die von der professionellen Distanz hin zur professionellen Nähe führt.
War es das schon oder geht es erst richtig los?
Authors: Zuaboni Gianfranco , Burr Christian
Published: February 2022

Was ist bereits zu diesem Thema bekannt?

Die Peer-Arbeit in der Psychiatrie ist ein wichtiges Element, um die recovery-orientierte Arbeitsweise zu fördern. Die Verbreitung der Peer-Angebote erfolgte in relativ kurzer Zeit.

Wie wird eine neue Perspektive eingebracht?

Auch wenn die Etablierung der Peer-Arbeit fortgeschritten erscheint, gibt es nach wie vor viele Regionen und Institutionen ohne Peer-Arbeit.

Was sind die Auswirkungen für die Praxis?

Damit die zentralen Anliegen der Peer-Arbeit auch bei deren weiteren Entwicklung und Verbreitung nicht verloren gehen, sollten die vorhandenen Angebote regelmäßig evaluiert werden.
Natürlich gewachsen
Authors: Sonderegger Mario , Salina Andreas
Published: February 2022

Was ist bereits zu diesem Thema bekannt?

Die Peer-Arbeit hat sich in den letzten Jahren stark entwickelt. Vielfach sind Peer-Mitarbeitende im stationären Bereich engagiert, als Teil eines multiprofessionellen Teams.

Wie wird eine neue Perspektive eingebracht?

Die Autoren haben den Schritt in die Selbstständigkeit gewagt und eine Firma gegründet, die unterschiedliche Peer-Interventionen anbietet.

Was sind die Auswirkungen für die Praxis?

Wichtiger Beitrag, um die Angebote und das Potential der Peer-Arbeit über die Tätigkeit in herkömmlichen psychiatrischen Dienstleistungen zu erkennen.
Cultural Adaptation, Validation, and Psychometric Description of the	Pictorial Empathy Test (PET) in the Spanish Population
Authors: Baliyan Shishir , Cimadevilla José Manuel , Bustillos Antonio , Escamilla Joaquin Castillo , Leiman Marina , Sandi Carmen , Venero Cesar
Published: February 2022

Abstract: Research in psychology and social neuroscience distinguishes between dispositional and situational empathy for the cognitive and affective aspects of empathy. Yet, the Pictorial Empathy Test (PET) is one of the few brief tests focusing on situational affective empathy. This paper describes the adaptation of PET in a two-stage process, consisting of instrument translation and exploratory analysis of the construct in a university student sample, followed by confirmatory factor analysis and psychometric validation in a general population sample (Study 1, N = 79 and Study 2, N = 580). Our results indicate that the Spanish PET version constitutes a single factor structure with high internal consistency as well as high construct stability across genders and across in-person and online test administration setups. We report satisfactory convergent, discriminant, and nomological validity of the Spanish PET, as reported for the original version, in addition to when explored across new dimensions, like the Interpersonal Reactivity Index or in relation to age and prosocial tendencies. Based on the above, we discuss delineation of the distinct components of emotional empathy as measured by the instrument. The work presented supports the use of the Spanish PET version as a brief screening tool for state affective (emotional) empathy.
Coping of Young Refugees in Germany
Authors: Nilles Hannah , Kerkhoff Denise , Demir Zeynep , Braig Johanna , Schmees Pia , Rueth Jana-Elisa , Eschenbeck Heike , Lohaus Arnold
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Background: Coping is considered to have an important influence on well-being, especially in adolescent refugees dealing with a high amount of stress. In addition, gender differences in coping are a common topic for research and are often attributed to differences in socialization between boys and girls. Aims: The study aims at clarifying the gender differences in coping strategies used by non-Western adolescents. Additionally, associations with aspects of socialization, in particular Gender Role Attitudes (GRA), on gender differences are investigated. Method: Refugees from Syria, Iraq, and Afghanistan ( N = 106, 55% male) aged 11–18 years completed questionnaires in schools or housing facilities. Associations between gender, GRA, coping strategies, and well-being were investigated using moderation and regression analyses. Results: Gender differences found in previous literature could, in part be replicated. Refugee girls reported more anger-related emotion regulation than boys did. However, GRA did not show any connections to coping strategies. Limitations: Most limitations result from low reliabilities and possible biases due to the use of self-reports. Conclusion: The more frequent use of anger-related emotion regulation as the only gender difference replicated in this study highlights the importance of research with refugee samples to prevent over-generalization of previous results from Western cultures.
Scaling Behavior of Thermally Driven Fractures in Deep Low‐Permeability Formations: A Plane Strain Model With 1‐D Heat Conduction
Authors: Chen Bin , Zhou Quanlin
Published: February 2022

Injection of cold fluids through/into deep formations may cause significant cooling, thermal stress, and possible thermal fracturing. In this study, the thermal fracturing of low‐permeability formations under one‐dimensional heat conduction was investigated using a plane strain model. Dimensionless governing equations, with dimensionless fracture length , aperture , spacing , time , and effective confining stress , were derived. Solution of single thermal fracture was derived analytically, while solution of multiple fractures with constant (or dynamic) spacing were obtained using the displacement discontinuity method (and stability analysis). For single fracture, increases nonlinearly with and then transitions to scaling law , indicating that late‐time fracture length increases linearly with the square root of cooling time. For constantly spaced fractures, deviates from the single‐fracture solution at a later for a larger , showing slower propagation under inter‐fracture stress interaction. For dynamically spaced fractures, fracture arrest induced by stress interaction was determined by the stability analysis; the fully transient solution provides evolution of dimensionless fracture length, spacing, aperture, and pattern; a similar scaling law, with , obtained shows the effect of both stress interaction and fracture arrest. The solution and scaling law provide fast predictions for all reservoir and cooling conditions using (single) model parameter . Application to a geothermal site with demonstrates that thermal fractures reach 0.67, 6.25, and 78.00 m in length, 0.49, 2.30, and 13.00 m in spacing, and 0.43, 2.09, and 12.19 mm in aperture at 1, 100, and 10,000 days.
Canopy Temperature Is Regulated by Ecosystem Structural Traits and Captures the Ecohydrologic Dynamics of a Semiarid Mixed Conifer Forest Site
Authors: Javadian Mostafa , Smith William K. , Lee Kangsan , Knowles John F. , Scott Russell L. , Fisher Joshua B. , Moore David J. P. , van Leeuwen Willem J. D. , Barron‐Gafford Greg , Behrangi Ali
Published: February 2022

Plant canopy temperature (Tc) is partly regulated by evaporation and transpiration from the canopy surface and can be used to infer changes in stomatal regulation and vegetation water stress. In this study, we used a thermal Unmanned Aircraft Systems in conjunction with eddy covariance, sap flow, and spectral reflectance data to assess the diurnal characteristics of Tc and water stress status over a semiarid mixed conifer forest in Arizona, USA. Diurnal Tc dynamics were closely related to tree sap flow and changes in spectral reflectance associated with stomatal regulation. Consistent with previously reported deviations, we found that on average Tc was 1.8°C lower than the above canopy air temperature (Ta). However, the relationship between Tc and Ta varied significantly according to tree density and tree height classes, with taller and denser trees exhibiting relatively low |Tc‐Ta| (2.4 and 2.1°C cooler canopies, respectively) compared to shorter and less‐dense tree stands (1.7 and 1.5°C cooler canopies, respectively). We used these data to evaluate space‐borne diurnal measurements of Tc and water stress from the ECOsystem Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment on Space Station (ECOSTRESS) mission. We found that ECOSTRESS observations of Tc accurately tracked seasonal shifts in diurnal surface temperatures and vegetation water stress, and that site‐level observations of heterogeneity in forest composition and structure could be applied to separate the processes of canopy transpiration and soil evaporation within the ECOSTRESS footprint. This study demonstrates how proximal and satellite remote sensing approaches can be combined to reveal the diurnal and seasonally dynamic nature of Tc and water stress.
Clues to Pluto’s History Lie in Its Faults
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: February 2022

Studying geological features on Pluto’s surface can illuminate the ancient history of how the dwarf planet formed.
EBV infection-induced GPX4 promotes chemoresistance and tumor progression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Yuan Li , Li Shibing , Chen Qiuyan , Xia Tianliang , Luo Donghua , Li Liangji , Liu Sailan , Guo Shanshan , Liu Liting , Du Chaochao , Jia Guodong , Li Xiaoyun , Lu Zijian , Yang Zhenchong , Liu Huanliang , Mai Haiqiang , Tang Linquan
Published: February 2022

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) was the first oncogenic virus identified in humans. It is primarily associated with multiple lymphoid and epithelial cancers, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, its association with ferroptosis and its role in cancer therapy resistance have not been fully elucidated. Here, we show that EBV infection reduces the sensitivity of NPC cells to ferroptosis by activating the p62-Keap1-NRF2 signaling pathway in conjunction with upregulation of SLC7A11 and GPX4 expression. Knockdown of endogenous GPX4 or blockade of GPX4 using a specific inhibitor enhanced the chemosensitivity of EBV-infected NPC cells. Functional studies revealed that GPX4 knockdown suppresses the proliferation and colony formation of NPC cells. Mechanistically, GPX4 interacts with the TAK1-TAB1/TAB3 complex, regulates TAK1 kinase activity, and further activates downstream MAPK-JNK and NFκB pathways. High GPX4 expression is correlated with poor clinical outcomes in patients with NPC and other cancer types. Taken together, our findings suggest that EBV infection has important effects on redox homeostasis, revealing a previously unappreciated role for GPX4 in tumor progression. This novel mechanism provides a potential new target for the treatment of EBV-related tumors.