bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Concept of Flow
Authors: Nakamura Jeanne , Csikszentmihalyi Mihaly
Published: November 2023

What constitutes a good life? Few questions are of more fundamental importance to a positive psychology. Flow research has yielded one answer, providing an understanding of experiences during which individuals are fully involved in the present moment. Viewed through the experiential lens of flow, a good life is one that is characterized by complete absorption in what one does. In this chapter, we describe the flow model of optimal experience and optimal development, explain how flow and related constructs have been measured, discuss recent work in this area, and identify some promising directions for future research.
Humility
Authors: Tangney June Price
Published: November 2023

Although humility is commonly equated with a sense of unworthiness and low self-regard, true humility is a rich, multifaceted construct that is characterized by an accurate assessment of one’s characteristics, an ability to acknowledge limitations, and a “forgetting of the self.” In this chapter, I describe current conceptions of humility, discuss the challenges in its measurement, and review the scant empirical work addressing it directly and indirectly. I also will discuss briefly interventions for enhancing humility.
From Social Structure to Biology Integrative Science in Pursuit of Human Health and Well-Being
Authors: Ryff Carol D , Singer Burton
Published: November 2023

What does it mean to be psychologically well, and what are the factors that promote such well-being? These are the initial questions we will explore in this chapter. A multidimensional formulation of psychological well-being derived from numerous conceptual frameworks will be described, and we will use this framework to summarize findings on individual differences in positive psychological functioning. Variation associated with sociodemographic factors (i.e., age, gender, socioeconomic status) is of particular interest.
Positive Growth Following Acquired Physical Disability
Authors: Elliott Timothy R , Kurylo Monica , Rivera & Patricia
Published: November 2023

People acquire physical disabilities through aging and a multitude of mishaps, diseases, and infections. Although clinicians have offered many different explanations for the diverse psychological reactions that occur in the wake of physical disabilities, few have applied scientific tools to study these behaviors, and fewer still have presented heuristic and testable theoretical explanations. Moreover, most observers have overlooked the potentially valuable experience of acquiring a physical disability. Writers have given only scant attention to positive growth and optimal living with chronic health problems, as well as the related searches for meaning, purpose, and fulfillment.
Emotion and the Repair of Close Relationships
Authors: Johnson Susan M
Published: November 2023

Couple therapy is a journey. It is a journey from the territory called marital distress, where depression, anxiety, and the disruption of families and children’s development are part of the landscape, to a place called a good relationship that sustains people in their lives and promotes mental and physical health. This territory was for many years a dark and mysterious place. The vagaries of adult love and intimacy were not even considered to be an area of legitimate study for social scientists. This has now changed. We now have a rapidly expanding science of close relationships that offers the couple therapist a map to the territory of adult love and to the process of relationship repair. Specifically, the new science of close relationships can help the therapist to construct pivotal change events in couple therapy sessions and also to deal with impasses in such change events. A major part of this new science is a new understanding of the key role of emotion in the definition and redefinition of close relationships.
Phylogenetic Inference: Distance Methods
Authors: Nei Masatoshi , Kumar Sudhir
Published: November 2023

In distance methods or distance matrix methods, evolutionary distances are computed for all pairs oftaxa, and a phylogenetic tree is constructed by considering the relationships among these distance values. There are many different methods of constructing trees from distance data. Here we discuss only the methods that have proved to be useful for actual data analysis.
Introduction
Authors: Smith Sherry L
Published: November 2023

A few years ago, I attended a slide-illustrated lecture on “Blackfeet Sacred Geography” presented by a member of the Blackfeet tribe. As lights lowered in the room and views of magnificent Montana and Alberta landscapes lit up the screen, Curly Bear Wagner described the events that made these places sacred. He explained where and how the Beaver Bundle came to the Blackfeet. He talked about Scarface and the Sun Dance. While Wagner displayed pictures of the sacred places, seemingly unchanged over the years, and related his peoples’ connection to them, my mind drifted to Walter McClintock who, exactly one hundred years before Wagner’s lecture, walked into a Blackfeet camp and found his life’s calling. McClintock was one of those turn-of-the-century types who concluded the Blackfeet, and other Indians, could not survive in the twentieth century. So, he set about filling notebooks with Indian stories, legends, and descriptions of ceremonies. He spent several years photographing the Blackfeet of Montana and Canada in various poses. In time, McClintock put together his own lantern-slide-illustrated lectures and went on the road, regaling audiences with stories of how the Blackfeet acquired the Beaver Bundle and tales of Scarface and the Sun Dance. He believed that without such efforts as his, all traces of Blackfeet culture would disappear forever.
From Enemy To Inspiration: Charles Erskine Scott Wood and the Meaning of Indians
Authors: Smith Sherry L
Published: November 2023

In 1875, lieutenant charles erskine scott wood, a freshly minted graduate of the United States Military Academy, set off for the West. He carried with him the trappings of a soldier, but the soul of a poet. That Wood landed in the Indian-fighting army was his father’s doing. William Maxwell Wood, surgeon general of the United States Navy, had secured a West Point appointment for his son. But the imaginative, artistic young man did not enjoy the regimentation of military life, and his academic record proved mediocre for Erskine and his father were often at odds. Wood believed his father’s military demeanor made him a “despot” within the family, later claiming that the “joyless tyranny in which we were brought up made a lasting impression on me.” For his part, the father declared Erskine “a perfect Indian.” From earliest childhood, then, Erskine juxtaposed the army and the Indian, with the military representing regimentation, despotism, and tyranny, and the Indian, resistance to such things.
Cosa ch’a l’é sta storia? The Interaction of Pragmatics and Syntax in the Development of WH-Interrogatives with Overt Complementizer in Piedmontese
Authors: Parry Mair
Published: November 2023

Data from the Atlante Sintattico dell ‘Italia Settentrionale analyzed in Poletto and Vanelli (1995) reveal that in a number of northern Italian dialect areas, partial or WR-interrogatives are introduced by the complementizer che in addition to the WR-phrase (henceforth [WR+che]), as in the above quotation from a nineteenth century play in Piedmontese (Cichin-a, p. 20). ASIS questionnaire replies show the phenomenon occurring in both main and subordinate clauses in Piedrnontese, Swiss-Lombard dialects of the Lugano area (but not Locarno); some Alpine Lombard varieties; and some Romagnolo, Veneto, and Friulian varieties; but only in subordinate clauses in Trentino and not at all in most Ligurian, Emilian, and Lombard dialects.
The Ongoing Experiment: Restoration of Lake Mendota and Its Watershed
Authors: Carpenter Stephen R , Lathrop Richard C , Nowak Peter , Bennett Elena M , Reed Tara , Soranno Patricia A
Published: November 2023

When Wakefield’s battalion pursued the Sauk warriors led by Chief Black Hawk through the uncharted wilds of southern Wisconsin, the lands surrounding the lakes supported wetlands, prairies, oak savannas, and forests (Curtis 1959). Wakefield’s account, and paleolimnology, tells us that the lakes were clear with light-colored sediment (Hurley et al. 1992, Kitchell and Sanford 1992, Kitchell and Carpenter 1993). By the late 1840s, clearing ofland for agriculture was well under way (Lathrop 1992a), as the city of Madison and the newly founded University of Wisconsin were developing on Lake Mendota’ s shore. By 1880, newspaper accounts regularly reported blooms of noxious algae and fish kills in the Madison lakes (Brock 1985). Subsequent studies of lake sediments show dramatic changes in the lake’s plankton at about this time (Hurley et al. 1992, Kitchell and Sanford 1992, Kitchell and Carpenter 1993).
Great Physicists
Authors: Cropper William H
Published: November 2023

Here is a lively history of modern physics, as seen through the lives of thirty men and women from the pantheon of physics. William H. Cropper vividly portrays the life and accomplishments of such giants as Galileo and Isaac Newton, Marie Curie and Ernest Rutherford, Albert Einstein and Niels Bohr, right up to contemporary figures such as Richard Feynman, Murray Gell-Mann, and Stephen Hawking. We meet scientists--all geniuses--who could be gregarious, aloof, unpretentious, friendly, dogged, imperious, generous to colleagues or contentious rivals. As Cropper captures their personalities, he also offers vivid portraits of their great moments of discovery, their bitter feuds, their relations with family and friends, their religious beliefs and education. In addition, since scientists in a particular field often inspire those who follow, Cropper has grouped these biographies by discipline--mechanics, thermodynamics, particle physics, and so on--each section beginning with a historical overview. Thus in the section on quantum mechanics, readers can see how the work of Max Planck influenced Niels Bohr, and how Bohr in turn influenced Werner Heisenberg. By sequencing the biographies in this way, Cropper gives us an overall portrait of each field. Our understanding of the physical world has increased dramatically in the last four centuries, starting with Galileo and his telescope and stretching to Stephen Hawking’s work on black holes and cosmology. With Great Physicists, readers can retrace the footsteps of the men and women who led the way.
A Man Obsessed
Authors: Newton Isaac
Published: November 2023

In his later years, Isaac Newton was asked how he had arrived at his theory of universal gravitation. “By thinking on it continually,” was his matter-of-fact response. “Continual thinking” for Newton was almost beyond mortal capacity. He could abandon himself to his studies with a passion and ecstasy that others experience in love affairs. The object of his study could become an obsession, possessing him nonstop, and leaving him without food or sleep, beyond fatigue, and on the edge of breakdown.
Unities and a Unifier
Authors: Helmholtz Hermann
Published: November 2023

Science is largely a bipartisan endeavor. Most scientists have no difficulty identifying with one of two camps, which can be called, with about as much accuracy as names attached to political parties, theorists and experimentalists. An astute observer of scientists and their ways, Freeman Dyson, has offered a roughly equivalent, but more inspired, division of scientific allegiances and attitudes. In Dyson’s view, science has been made throughout its history in almost equal measure by “unifiers” and “diversifiers.” The unifiers, mostly theorists, search for the principles that reveal the unifying structure of science. Diversifiers, likely to be experimentalists, work to discover the unsorted facts of science. Efforts of the scientific unifiers and diversifiers are vitally complementary. From the great bodies of facts accumulated by the diversifiers come the unifier’s theories; the theories guide the diversifiers to new observations, sometimes with disastrous results for the unifiers.
Adventure in Thought
Authors: Einstein Albert
Published: November 2023

Modern theoretical physicists like to think of themselves as intellectual explorers, and the greatest of them have indeed discovered new and exotic physical worlds, both microscopic and macroscopic. Travel in these intellectually distant realms has proved hazardous because it takes the explorer far from the world of ordinary experience. Werner Heisenberg, one of the generation of theorists who found the way to the quantum realm, the strangest of all the physical worlds, likened the intellectual expeditions of modern physics to the voyage of Columbus. Heisenberg found Columbus’s feat remarkable not because Columbus tried to reach the East by sailing west, nor because he handled his ships masterfully, but because he decided to “leave the known regions of the world and sail westward, far beyond the point from which his provisions could have got him back home again.” The man who ranks above all others as an intellectual Columbus is Albert Einstein. He took such expeditions far beyond “the safe anchorage of established doctrine” into treacherous, uncharted seas. Not only was he a pioneer in the quantum realm; he discovered and explored much of the territory of modern physics.
Matrix Mechanics
Authors: Heisenberg Werner
Published: November 2023

The birth of the grand synthesis of quantum theory—now known as “quantum mechanics”—was not the happy event it might have been. To everyone’s surprise, what came into the world was not one infant but two—twins. And to make matters worse, the two births were months apart, with different doctors officiating; there were even some ugly rumors about the parentage of the two arrivals. Erwin Schro¨ dinger and his colleagues in Munich and Berlin, who claimed the child they called “wave mechanics,” found little to admire in the other child, called “matrix mechanics,” claimed by Werner Heisenberg and his friends in Go¨ ttingen and Copenhagen. Said Schro¨ dinger about matrix mechanics: “I was discouraged, if not repelled, by what seemed to me a rather difficult method of transcendental algebra, defying any visualization.”
Immigrant Exclusion and Language Restriction In The Twentieth Century
Authors: Schmid Carol L
Published: November 2023

High levels of immigration in the United States have typically led to two trends: an increase in various strains of xenophobia, and a crusade to “Americanize” the new immigrants. As John Higham observed, “When neither a preventative nativism nor the natural health of a free society seemed sufficient to cope with disunity, a conscious drive to hasten the assimilative process, to heat and stir the melting pot, emerged” (1967: 235). Both the post-1965 era and the period of Americanization campaigns-defined as the decades between the 1890s and the 1920s—aimed at the “new immigration” from southern and eastern Europe (Graham and Koed, 1993), shared a significant upsurge of newcomers, who were thought to be significantly different from the native-born population and incapable of being assimilated. The debates that raged over immigration and language policy expose the extent of the anxiety about who was to be included in the nation, which has compelled a reexamination of what it means to be an American.
Preliminary Statistical Concepts
Authors: Deutsch Clayton V
Published: November 2023

The field of statistics is concerned with quantitative methods for collecting, organizing, summarizing, and analyzing data, as well as for drawing conclusions and making reasonable decisions on the basis of such analysis. The field of statistics is extensive; the goal here is a pragmatic presentation of the concepts essential to geostatistical reservoir modeling. Geostatistics is distinct from statistics in three main respects: (1) focus on the geological origin of the data, (2) explicit modeling and treatment of spatial correlation between data, and (3) treatment of data at different volume scales and levels of precision.
Object-Based Facies Modeling
Authors: Deutsch Clayton V
Published: November 2023

Object-based facies models are visually attractive because the resulting facies realizations mimic idealized geometries interpreted in outcrops and modern analogues. Such models show facies belonging to clean geological shapes with realistic non-rectilinear continuity, which cannot be modeled with cell-based approaches. This chapter gives some details of modeling facies with object­ based techniques.
Uncertainty Management
Authors: Deutsch Clayton V
Published: November 2023

Multiple geostatistical realizations can be generated that reproduce the input data equally well. This chapter addresses the inevitable questions related to the space of uncertainty, validating geostatistical models, the number of realizations required, the value of ranking realizations, and decision making in the presence of uncertainty.
Introduction
Authors: Cain William E
Published: November 2023

Honored in the United States and around the world for his lute individualism, his insight into and celebration of and his piercing social criticism, Henry David Thoreau stands among the major authors in the American literary canon. But his work did not secure its renown until decades after his death in 1862. In his lifetime Thoreau (with the accent on the first syllable, as in “thorough”) published only a handful of poems, a number of essays, and just two books, A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers (1849) and Walden; or, Life in the Woods (1854). The first book was a failure, and the second only a modest success. His Concord neighbors were aware that Thoreau was a writer, but few had any idea of the scope and scale of his writing. Nor did they appreciate how different he was from Ralph Waldo Emerson, the sage from whose influence Thoreau was felt to be struggling to break free. Many who knew Thoreau, even his friends, found him cranky, opinionated, difficult; some went further, calling him complacent and conceited. The people in the town thought him strange-a Harvard-educated young man who sauntered in the woods and meandered from one odd job to the next.
Domesticity on Walden Pond
Authors: Tichi Cecelia
Published: November 2023

Much is made of the Iliad in Thoreau’s experiment in living at walden Pond, but very little of the table on which it sat. The volume of Homer’s epic on the three-legged table inside Thoreau’s ten-by-fifteen-foot house is just one of the Iliadic references that leads scholars of Walden to research Thoreau’s studies in classical Greek at Harvard College, to note his favorite edition and his enthusiasm for a heroic Homeric life, and to search out the many citations in Walden in order to debate the extent to which the text might be deliberately heroic and/ or epic (Sattelmeyer, Thoreau’s Reading, 6, 8, 9, 23; Johnson, “Revolution and Renewal,” 216-18). Thoreau’s table, however, has gone unremarked, though it too recurs in Walden, both in Thoreau’s inventory of furniture (which also includes his bed, desk, three chairs, and looking-glass), and again when he enjoys the table anew when placing it outdoors in the sunlight (Walden, III-I2). Indoors, we learn, the table occupies the single room that serves as kitchen, chamber, keeping-room—and parlor (242).
The Theory, Practice, and Influence of Thoreau’s Civil Disobedience
Authors: Rosenwald Lawrence A
Published: November 2023

“I on my side, require of every writer, first or last, a simple and sincere account of his own life, and not merely what he has other men’s lives.” This is an excellent principle of Thoreau’s, and I shall begin this chapter by giving at least an account of the viewpoint from which I have written it.
Descent Of Meaning
Authors: Turner Mark
Published: November 2023

IN THE Meno, Plato disarmingly proposes that meaning is never created, only remembered. One can sympathize with Plato, for although absolute nativism seems to deny the experience of having a new idea and the evidence of cultural evolution, there isn’t a good technical explanation for how new meaning could arise. Plato’s nativism at least gives an answer on the side of process, to the extent that collapsing imagination and innovation into memory reduces the number of processes. For if we reject Plato’s ingenious dodge, we must discover some process through which new local meanings can be constructed. How did the terres-trial making of meaning advance from what lizards do to what human beings do? We are not even allowed to assume cumulative increase—the lizard emerges from its leathery shell able to hunt and fight, while the human newborn cannot walk or see. How did the universe get, by some evidently circuitous path, from the simplicity present at the big bang to the complex construction of meaning that is the subject of social science? Social scientists study particular elaborate constructions of meaning, taking it for granted that there is construction of meaning.
Psychoneuroimmunology
Authors: Kemeny Margaret E
Published: November 2023

Psychoneuroimmunology is an interdisciplinary field that involves the investigation of the bidirectional relationships between the mind, brain, and immune system and the implications of these relationships for clinical disease. This field is highly relevant to health psychology for a number of reasons. First, studies in this field examine the physiological linkages that explain relationships between psychological factors and the etiology and progression of disease. The immune system is a major pathophysiological system whose dysfunctions can play a critical role in the etiology and progression of a variety of diseases, including infections, the autoimmune diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis), some forms of cancer, and even cardiovascular disease. By understanding how psychological factors and their neurophysiological correlates affect the immune system, it is possible to flesh out part of the mechanistic pathway that links psychological factors to disease. Specifying a mechanistic or mediational pathway is central to establishing a causal relationship between a specific psychological factor and a health outcome (see Figure 5.1 for an X-Y-Z schematic representation of central components of this pathway; Kemeny, 2003). Psychoneuroimmunology studies can provide evidence for each of the links in this pathway and can point to critical psychological elicitors and mediating systems.
Expressive Writing, Emotional Upheavals, and Health
Authors: Pennebaker James W , Chung Cindy K
Published: November 2023

There is a long history in psychology and medicine linking the occurrence of traumatic experiences with subsequent physical and mental health problems. What is it about a trauma that influences health? Several candidates immediately come to mind. Psychologically, personal upheavals provoke intense and long-lasting emotional changes. The unexpected events are generally associated with cognitive disruption, including rumination and attempts to understand what happened and why. Socially, traumas are known to cause wholesale disruptions in people’s social networks. Behaviorally, and perhaps because of the social and psychological changes, traumas are often associated with lifestyle changes such as unhealthy smoking, drinking, exercise, sleeping, and eating patterns. Each of these psychological, social, and behavioral effects is associated with a host of biological changes, including elevations in cortisol, immune disruption, cardiovascular changes, and a cascade of neurotransmitter changes.
Microwaves are the first step
Authors: Hecht Jeff
Published: November 2023

CHARLES TOWNES was notorious among Columbia graduate students for arriving at the Pupin physics lab early in the morning, singing or whistling cheerily, before the cleaning woman had arrived or the students had staggered off to bed. His children were young, and he was the sort of self-disciplined man who rose early to make the most of the day.
A dark horse joins the race
Authors: Hecht Jeff
Published: November 2023

TED MAIMAN DIDN’T SEEM TO BE A CONTENDER in the laser race at the Shawanga Lodge meeting. He had been invited to give a paper, but it covered the compact liquid-nitrogen-cooled ruby microwave maser he had finished in July. It was an elegant device that represented important progress, but it was a microwave maser, and by September 1959, microwave masers were no longer on the cutting edge of physics. Microwave maser papers were part of the crowd at the conference; it was the handful of papers on lasers—officially “optical masers” at Columbia and Bell Labs—that stood out.
The EPP in a Topic-Prominent Language
Authors: Kiss Katalin É
Published: November 2023

The standard version of the EPP, requiring essentially that the subject position be filled in every sentence, is clearly violated in such so-called free word order languages as Hungarian, in which the VP-external position(s) can be filled by any argument of the V or can also remain empty. In an attempt to maintain the universality of the EPP, Alexiadou and Anagnostopoulou (1998) claim that in ‘free word order’ languages displaying rich verbal inflection and pro drop, the EPP is actually automatically satisfied by V movement to AgrS.
Analysis of Apoptosis in the Preimplantation Embryo
Authors: Brison Daniel R , Metcalfe Anthony D , Bloor Debra J , Hunter Helen R , Brady Gerard , Kimber Susan J
Published: November 2023

A basic requirement in development is the proliferation of sufficient cells to form the structure of the organism. This is seen nowhere more clearly than during the earliest transition in mammalian development, from the single-celled zygote to the multicellular blastocyst. However, the generation and maintenance of a cell population is not just a function of cell division by mitosis and cytokinesis, but is counterbalanced by cell loss via apoptosis. Apoptosis is a physiological form of cell death and is characterized morphologically by nuclear condensation and blebbing, followed by shrinkage of the cell and formation of membrane-bound vesicles of degraded chromatin (1, 2). The cell does not release its soluble contents into intercellular spaces; rather, these apoptotic bodies are phagocytosed by macrophages or neighboring cells with phagocytic capacity. In contrast, necrotic cell death is accidental and occurs in response to trauma or injury such as osmotic shock. This results in loss of plasma membrane integrity, followed rap- idly by cell and nuclear lysis and release of contents into intercellular spaces, frequently resulting in an inflammatory response.
Human Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Lanzendorf Susan E , Boyd Catherine A , Wright Diane L
Published: November 2023

In 1981, Evans and Kaufman (1) described the technique for isolating embryonic stem (ES) cell lines from mouse blastocysts. In this procedure, the inner cell mass is used to give rise to an undifferentiated cell line capable of indefinite proliferation in vitro. ES cell lines are also pluripotent, meaning that under the appropriate conditions, they can undergo differentiation to give rise to any cell type in the body. This potential can be demonstrated in vivo by injection into mouse blastocysts to create chimeras or by grafting to an ectopic site, such as the testis, to form teratomas. In the absence of cytokines that prevent differentiation, ES cells form embryoid bodies in vitro, structures that contain the three primary germ layers.
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
Authors: Sousa Paul De , Ritchie William , Dinnyes Andras , King Tim , Paterson Lesley , Wilmut Ian
Published: November 2023

The methods of nuclear transfer in mammals have created many new opportunities in biology, medicine, and agriculture. Potential uses of these technologies include production of animal organs and tissues for transplantation to human patients (xenotransplantation), improvement of livestock, provision of human cells for treatment of degenerative diseases (stem cell therapy), and analysis of specific gene product function and the mechanisms that regulate gene expression. These applications are discussed in detail elsewhere (1, 2). Many of these nuclear transfer applications introduce genetic changes in cells before their use as nuclear donors in order to genetically modify the offspring. For example, research is focusing on producing genetically modified pigs so that the organs and tissues will not be rejected by human patients following xenotransplantation.
Subject Extraction, the Distribution of Expletives, and Stylistic Inversion
Authors: Taraldsen Knut Tarald
Published: November 2023

The main purpose of this chapter is to argue that subject/verb inversion is more pervasive in the syntax of modem French than is generally recognized. In particular, I argue that in all cases where wh-movement extracts a subject from an embedded clause, the subject is in a position lower than the usual preverbal subject position. An analysis based on this assumption is shown to provide an account of the French que/qui alternation that is superior to previous accounts. Arguments to this effect are provided throughout sections 1 and 2.

The analysis turns on certain hypotheses about the interaction of expletive clitics and the properties of certain functional heads in French. These hypotheses, in tum, have consequences for the analysis of Stylistic Inversion, which is discussed in section 3.
Commentary on Part II
Authors: Markman Ellen M , Jaswal Vikram K
Published: November 2023

Some of the most fundamental questions one can ask about cognitive development are related to the nativist-empiricist debate: How do we best characterize the initial state of the infant, and how do we explain the transition from the initial state to the mature cognition of adults? Carey and Markman (1999) argued that, at heart, this is a debate about whether there are domain-specific learning mechanisms. The empiricist position is that the initial state can be characterized in terms of perception and that general, all-purpose learning mechanisms, which can form associations and detect correlations, are sufficient to account for the acquisition of knowledge. Many of the outstanding issues in cognitive development center on questions of the domain specificity of learning and of the need to postulate core concepts or constraints on learning. Also central to the field are questions of whether cognition, especially the cognition of infants and young children, should be characterized as perceptual or conceptual, and whether attributing “theories” to infants and young children is necessary to account for their understanding of the world or whether it is an anthropomorphic overinterpretation of the evidence. These six chapters on the nature of children’s categories raise many of these most basic questions about human cognition and its development and provide thoughtful discussions, pertinent evidence, and elegant models for how best to characterize children’s classifications. We will emphasize two of these questions in our comments: (1) Are children’s classifications theory based or derived solely from computing correlations over perceptual features? (2) What role does language, in terms of naming categories, play?
Intonation, Mental Representation, and Coherence
Authors: Wennerstrom Ann
Published: November 2023

Coherence distinguishes a text from a random group of words or utterances based on the relationships among the ideas behind it. One aspect of coherence is cohesion, the connections between linguistic elements within the text. It is not unexpected that intonation plays a role in cohesion and, thereby, coherence; it is one of the linguistic resources available to speakers to link elements in the text together so that the discourse as a whole makes sense. In chapter 2, we saw that a pitch boundary at the end of a phrase can anticipate the next constituent to complete its interpretation. We also saw that L* pitch accents can be associated with lexical items that a speaker believes should already be accessible to the hearer, whereas L+H* pitch accents can signal a contrast relationship with items that have come before. These and other pitch morphemes help hearers draw connections between what is uttered and what is already represented in their minds during the interaction.
Intonation and Speech ACT Theory
Authors: Wennerstrom Ann
Published: November 2023

The focus of this chapter is the relationship between intonational meaning and the pragmatics of spoken language within the broad framework of speech act theory. One central question is how intonation contributes to the “illocutionary force” of an utterance—that is, how does the intonation help to convey the speaker’s intention in producing it. I will examine cases wherein intonation can be the key factor in distinguishing one speech act from another, even if the lexicogrammatical structure remains constant. For example, intonation plays a role when what is grammatically a statement is uttered with a question intonation, as in “We’re out of chocolate syrup?” which in my family sounds more like an accusation directed at the person whose job it is to do the shopping than a statement of fact.
A Smoother Pebble
Authors: Benson Donald C
Published: November 2023

This book takes a novel look at the topics of school mathematics--arithmetic, geometry, algebra, and calculus. In this stroll on the mathematical seashore we hope to find, quoting Newton, “...a smoother pebble or a prettier shell than ordinary...” This book assembles a collection of mathematical pebbles that are important as well as beautiful.
What is to be Done?
Authors: Hey Jody
Published: November 2023

One agreeable aspect of the explanation of the species problem is that it does not entail a radical or utopian corrective. Biologists have figured out some good ways to study species, notwithstanding a fair bit of confusion and miscommunication, and so it is not surprising that many of our traditions of studying species and referring to species remain fairly well justified even after we come to an understanding of the species problem. For example, it is clear that many definitions of species are roughly synonymous with the idea of large evolutionary groups, and so necessarily I do not think that we have been off base when we think of real species in these ways.
Introduction: Reading Texts and Building Context
Authors: Ferraro Joanne M
Published: November 2023

Do you think all the good qualities of men and all the good qualities of women that historians claim are true? You should know that it is men that have written these things, and that they never tell the truth if not in error; and because of their envy and ill will towards women, they rarely say good things about us. Rather they praise their own sex in general and themselves in particular.
An Anti-American Revolt
Authors: Connelly Matthew
Published: November 2023

Dillon was equally frank. He said that “the French deficit was so huge that there was nothing the United States could do unless the French took steps to rectify this situation.” Marjolin described plans for new taxes and spending reductions, but Dillon knew not to take these pledges at face value. Under his successor, Amory Houghton, the U.S. embassy in Paris had continued to forward inside information on the faltering economic reforms. Since Schweitzer’s “unauthorized” conversation with Charles Yost in February, 27 billion francs had been added to the special budget for the war.3
Drawing the Line
Authors: Connelly Matthew
Published: November 2023

Even after it became obvious to all but a few holdouts that Algeria was not France, there remained many more lines to draw or redraw across the Maghreb if Algerians were to have peace as well as independence. First, there were the contested boundaries of the new state. Would it be allowed to come into being only at the price of permanent territorial enclaves — such as the base at Mers el-Kebir — or even partition? And would Algeria make good its claim to so great a share of the Sahara? It was also necessary to parcel out the various competencies that came with statehood. In particular, Algerian negotiators would have to clarify the distinction they drew between French multicommunautaire proposals and what they considered to be more acceptable forms of economic and cultural association within and between states. Finally, they had to draw a line in time indicating when and how they would accept these responsibilities — either from France or some transitional authority. Organizing the transfer of power first appeared as a pressing, practical matter.
Electrical Signaling in Neurons
Authors: B.Levitan Irwin , Kaczmarek Leonard K
Published: November 2023

Although neurons have many features in common with other cells, they are unique because their primary functions are to receive, modify, and transmit messages. This includes information transfer from one cell to the next, as well as between different parts of the same cell. In this and the following four chapters we will focus on the nature and mechanisms of the electrical signals that neurons use both for intracellular communication and as stimuli for the generation of intercellular messages.
How Neurons Communicate: Gap Junctions and Neurosecretion
Authors: B.Levitan Irwin , Kaczmarek Leonard K
Published: November 2023

Within any organism, cells must be able to communicate. This is of course important in tissues other than the brain, but is essential for proper nervous system function. There are three general ways in which cells talk to each other: 1. Direct transfer of molecules and ions from the cytoplasm of one cell into that of another. As we mentioned in Chapter 1, this is mediated by gap junctions. 2. The release of a chemical that diffuses to, and acts on, another cell. This release process is termed secretion. 3. Direct physical contact. A cell can be influenced profoundly by events triggered when molecules in its plasma membrane interact with the membranes of adjacent cells. This chapter will deal with the first two of these modes of communication, modes that neurons use on a day-to-day basis to generate specific behaviors. The third pattern of communication plays a very important role in the development of neurons and their connections, and we shall discuss it in more detail in Chapters 15 through 18.
Neural Networks and Behavior
Authors: B.Levitan Irwin , Kaczmarek Leonard K
Published: November 2023

As cells go, neurons are not loners. Every function of the nervous system, from regulation of autonomic activities such as heartbeat to the control of complex animal behaviors such as dating and mating, reflects the coordinated action of a network of interacting neurons. A major challenge of neurobiology is to understand the nature of the interactions and computations that neural networks carry out. In this chapter, we describe a number of simple neural networks whose biological roles are known. These representative examples have been chosen to illustrate how specific cellular properties of different neurons in a network are essential to the function of the network as a whole.
Introduction: Cultural Diversity and the Problem of Aesthetics
Authors: Elliott Emory
Published: November 2023

When one person makes an aesthetic judgment about another in declaring that person to be physically or spiritually beautiful or, more important to our work here, in decreeing the other’s cultural expression and artistic productions to possess superior qualities, the aesthetic functions as a positive bridge across the gap of difference. At the same time, however, when the person making such a judgment is in a dominant position politically, legally, or economically over the other and renders aesthetic judgments that demean and subordinate the other by pronouncing the person or his or her cultural production to be inferior, beneath consideration, or objectionable, the aesthetic may operate as a tool of divisiveness, enmity, and oppression.
The Aesthetics of Wounding: Trauma, Self-Representation, and the Critical Voice
Authors: Mchugh Kathleen
Published: November 2023

Trauma involves a violent event and a body which registers its effects. Historically a medical term deriving from the Greek “wound” and “to pierce,” trauma referred to a bodily wound, especially one produced by sudden physical injury that usually pierced or ruptured the skin (Laplanche and Pontalis, 465). Today, trauma has come to shape or haunt many and diverse discourses. Two features are crucial to its contemporary applications: the sudden, unexpected occurrence of the traumatic event and the disturbance it wreaks on organs or systems that otherwise would receive, “understand” and incorporate the significance of the event on the organism.
Becoming Evil
Authors: Waller James
Published: November 2023

Political or social groups wanting to commit mass murder on the basis of racial, ethnic or religious differences are never hindered by a lack of willing executioners. In Becoming Evil, social psychologist James Waller uncovers the internal and external factors that can lead ordinary people to commit extraordinary acts of evil. Waller debunks the common explanations for genocide- group think, psychopathology, unique cultures- and offers a more sophisticated and comprehensive psychological view of how anyone can potentially participate in heinous crimes against humanity. He outlines the evolutionary forces that shape human nature, the individual dispositions that are more likely to engage in acts of evil, and the context of cruelty in which these extraordinary acts can emerge. Illustrative eyewitness accounts are presented at the end of each chapter. An important new look at how evil develops, Becoming Evil will help us understand such tragedies as the Holocaust and recent terrorist events. Waller argues that by becoming more aware of the things that lead to extraordinary evil, we will be less likely to be surprised by it and less likely to be unwitting accomplices through our passivity.
The “Mad Nazi”: Psychopathology, Personality, and Extraordinary Evil
Authors: Waller James
Published: November 2023

On November 20, 1945, “the greatest trial in history”—the indictment of alleged Nazi war criminals—opened. The Nuremberg Trials, held at the site of annual Nazi Party rallies and one of the few German cities that did not lie in almost total ruins (even after eleven Allied air raids), were the first trials in history for “crimes against the peace of the world.”
Who Are the Killers? Identities of the Perpetrators
Authors: Waller James
Published: November 2023

Ultimately, a contest between dispositional and situational explanations is not productive. Overreliance on either type of influence runs the risk of unnecessarily constraining our understanding of how ordinary people commit extraordinary evil. Instead, what we should be concerned with is the relative importance of dispositional and situational factors in explaining extraordinary human evil.
What Is the Immediate Social Context? A Culture of Cruelty
Authors: Waller James
Published: November 2023

As I pointed out in chapter 6, mainstream social psychology has long believed that what really matters is not who you are, but where you are. Decades of research have hammered home the power of the situation in influencing our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Generally, social psychologists believe that personality variables have little predictive utility because they depend on forecasts of future actions based on past reactions in similar situations— but rarely based on the exact situation currently being encountered. Thus, predictions based mainly on personality variables often misinterpret or underestimate the dominating and pervasive impact of the immediate social context.
From Myth to Personality Disorder
Authors: Ronningstam Elsa
Published: November 2023

Paradoxically, the Narcissus myth by Ovid (Melville, 1986, pp. 61–66), which in our time has come to represent self-love or self-reflection, actually described the tragic inability to love at all (Winge, 1967). It is the story of a beautiful young man, son of the river nymph Liriope and the river god Cephisus, whose destiny—to die young if he gets to know himself—had been early prophesied. Because of his cold, hard pride, Narcissus could not be touched by the many young boys and girls who loved him, not even by Echo, whose “heart was fired” by the sight of him. When Narcissus fell in love with the image in the pool, he mistakenly took it for a real body and did not understand that it was a reflection of his own body. In other words, Narcissus could not conceive that he was in love with his own reflection; he was caught in an illusion. All efforts to converse with the unreachable image in the spring left Narcissus disheartened and filled with despair. Finally he realized: “I am he! Oh, now I know for sure the image is my own; it’s for myself I burn with love; I fan the flames I feel” (Melville, 1986, pp. 64–65). Heartbroken, he wished he could separate himself from his own body so that the image he loved would go away. He then sensed that death was the only solution as “now we two—one soul—one death will die” (p. 65). He faded away, and when the nymphs came to bury his body, they found a flower at its place.
Identifying Pathological Narcissism
Authors: Ronningstam Elsa
Published: November 2023

The terms “pathological narcissism,” “narcissistic disorder,” and “narcissistic personality disorder” (NPD) have often been used interchangeably in the clinical literature. Other terms such as “narcissistic” and narcissistic “disturbances,” “features,” and “traits” also frequently occur in both clinical and social psychological discussions, often without any further definition. This chapter outlines and describes strategies for identifying pathological narcissism and NPD in terms of self-esteem and affect regulation, interpersonal relativeness, and superego functioning, as well as the clinical presentation of some of the significant narcissistic characteristics. For the purposes of clarity, the following definitions of pathological narcissism, narcissistic traits/features/characteristics, narcissistic disorder, and NPD will be used throughout this volume.
The Impact of Kinship on Mating and Reproduction
Authors: Paul Andreas , Kuester Jutta
Published: November 2023

Theories of sex and kinship have long been among the favorites of the humanities, and the study of incest and incest avoidance, in particular, has often been regarded as being at the very heart of anthropological theory (see e.g., Shepher 1983, Thornhill 1991, Wolf 1995). The reason for this was succinctly stated by Claude Levi-Strauss(] 969: 24, 25): “The prohibition of incest ... is the fundamental step because of which, by which, but above all in which, the transition from nature to culture is accomplished Before it, culture is still nonexistent; with it, nature’s sovereignty over man is ended. The prohibition of incest is where nature transcends itself It brings about and is in itself the advent of a new order.”
“Recognizing” Kin: Mechanisms, Media, Minds, Modules, and Muddles
Authors: Rendall Drew
Published: November 2023

The explosion of research on kin-biased behaviors (the observable preferential treatment of genetic relatives) following Hamilton’s theory of inclusive fitness has encompassed various issues, but one of special interest has been the proximate (unobservable internal) mechanisms by which kin are actually recognized. After all, the ability to recognize kin is an essential prerequisite to accruing the hypothesized advantage to inclusive fitness. Hence, in addition to comprehensive studies of the form and extent of kin-biased behaviors in diverse animal taxa, the decades following Hamilton’s (1964) landmark articles have seen considerable focused research on the specific mechanisms by which organisms recognize their kin.