bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vibrational analysis of various isotopomers of L‐Alanyl‐L‐Alanine in aqueous solution: Vibrational absorption, vibrational circular dichroism, Raman, and Raman optical activity spectra
Authors: Jalkanen K. J. , Nieminen R. M. , Knapp‐Mohammady M. , Suhai S.
Published: February 2003

In a recent work (Knapp‐Mohammady, M.; Jalkanen, K. J.; Nardi, F.; Wade, R. C.; Suhai, S. Chem Phys 1999, 240, 63–77) the structures of the zwitterionic species of L‐alanyl‐L‐alanine (LALA) in aqueous solution using a combination of molecular mechanics (MM) and density functional theory (DFT) have been reported. Subsequently, the vibrational absorption (VA) and vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) and the Raman and Raman Optical Activity (ROA) spectra have been reported. In this work an analysis of the aqueous solution VA, VCD, Raman, and ROA spectra for various isotopomers of LALA are reported. DFT Becke3LYP/6‐31G* theory has been used to determine the geometry, Hessian, atomic polar tensors (APT), and atomic axial tensors (AAT), and the electric dipole–electric dipole polarizability derivatives (EDEDPD), which are required for us to simulate the VA, VCD, and Raman spectra. The electric dipole–magnetic dipole polarizability derivatives (EDMDPD) and the electric dipole–electric quadrapole polarizability derivatives (EDEQPD) have been calculated at the RHF/6‐31G* level of theory. The VA, VCD, Raman, and ROA spectral simulations for the various isotopomers are compared with the experimentally measured spectra. With the DFT, explicit water molecules, and a continuum solvent model we are better able to reproduce the vibrational absorption and Raman spectra than previously reported. The AAT have been implemented at the DFT level, although not within the continuum treatment. The VCD sign pattern could be reproduced with the DFT atomic axial tensors calculated for the LALA plus explicit water molecules. The continuum treatment of the solvent for the calculation of these tensors appears to be a secondary effect. The ROA spectra are not well reproduced due to the failure to take into account electron correlation via DFT and the continuum treatment of the solvent for the EDMDPD and EDEQPD. We look forward to reporting ROA simulations utilizing more accurate tensors in the near future. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2003
Design of a new mechanism for context data storage on Web systems and its implementation using component‐object technology
Authors: Uehara Satoru , Mizuno Osamu , Kikuno Tohru
Published: February 2003

In this research, the authors design and implement a new mechanism to store shared data (context data) across several sessions in a World Wide Web (hereafter Web) system. The Web is being used more and more in client–server system architecture, and this trend is continuing. However, in a client–server system that uses a Web system, problems that did not occur on conventional client–server systems (those that do not use the Web) occur. One of these is storing context data. The HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) protocol used in a Web system is a session, and as a result context data cannot be preserved. Although several mechanisms to store the context data have been proposed, each has problems with security and reliability. The authors have decided to use the so‐called document view architecture in order to design a new context data storage mechanism to resolve these problems. This architecture provides the primary functions needed to store context data. The special characteristic of this new mechanism is found in storing context data in main memory on the client computer. In addition, the authors decided to introduce component‐object technology to improve efficiency. This allows for a significant increase in security and reliability. Finally, the authors demonstrate the validity of their new context data storage mechanism using common applications. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 34(3): 53–63, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10020
Development of a user adaptive home page recommendation software, “WebNavigator”
Authors: Kutsumi Hiroshi , Naito Eiichi , Araki Shoichi , Emura Satoshi , Arai Tadaharu
Published: February 2003

The authors report on the development of their software “WebNavigator,” a tool for gathering home page information easily for new Internet users, which learns the preferences of the user based on home page viewing history and then recommends new home pages based on those preferences. The important factors in learning a user's preferences are immediacy for tracking changes in interests and stability so as not to be affected by the noise included in the observed data. Issues for the software include setting parameters to unify the earlier user profile and the feature vector for home pages being viewed at present. These rate parameters are found by learning, using several home pages deemed to be “interesting” or “not interesting” to the user. The changes in the user's interests can be tracked by observing the changes in these parameters over time. In this paper, the authors describe the results of evaluating the validity of the software's home page recommendations by investigating experimentally the changes in various users' interests. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 34(3): 44–52, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10069
Morphological operations by locally variable structuring elements and their applications to region extraction in ultrasound images
Authors: Ito Masayasu , Tsubai Masayoshi , Nomura Akira
Published: February 2003

In this paper, we define a new adaptive morphological operation, in which the value of a structuring element varies adaptively depending on the local intensity information of the processing image of interest. We prove that the proposed adaptive morphological operation has almost the same mathematical structure and properties as the conventional ones have. There are many useful functions in the method. Among them are the opening and closing, which implement both smoothing of the image and emphasizing of the edges at a time. Conventional opening operation has a smoothing function but not both. Applying our method to relatively unclear images such as ultrasound ones with speckle noise, its usefulness can be found in extracting regions. We also discuss parameter setting, and its enhancement effect together with experimental results is demonstrated. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 34(3): 33–43, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10196
A method for arrangement of road network based on streetwise transformation
Authors: Yamamori Kazunori , Honda Hiroshi , Hasegawa Junichi
Published: February 2003

This paper considers the simplified map (deformé map) for road guide, which is often used in advertisements and pamphlets, and proposes a new road rearrangement method. For this type of road deformation problem, the authors have already developed a parallel and iterative method of straightening transformation and the direction quantization of the road segment (edge). With the past method, however, it is not always true that the globally satisfactory rearrangement is obtained, because of the edgewise applied transformation. From such a viewpoint, this paper proposes a new parallel transformation method using the street, not the edge, as the unit. In this paper, a “street” refers to a sequence of edges that continue almost as a straight line. As the first step herein, all streets are automatically extracted from the input road map. Then, streets are divided into several classes based on their directions and shape features. Lastly, the edge composing the street is transformed by the force determined for each class. In the experiment using 88 actual road maps, the proposed method produced better results than the past method for 95% of the whole maps. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 34(3): 20–32, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10202
A real‐time vision‐based interface using Motion Processor and applications to robotics
Authors: Mihara Isao , Yamauchi Yasunobu , Doi Miwako
Published: February 2003

The authors developed a new vision‐based interface that detects gestures in real time to enable interaction between the user and computer. This vision‐based interface consists of two elements: the “Motion Processor™” and the “extraction of the region of interest (ROI).” The Motion Processor is a new image acquisition device. By illuminating the target object with near‐infrared light and using image sensors to collect the reflected light, the Motion Processor can eliminate the background and collect shape, motion, and depth information of only the target object. In addition, the authors proposed a method of using the collected image depth information to quickly and stably extract the ROI and showed, according to evaluation experiments on a PC, that the region can be detected with high precision within 0.06 second. Real‐time sensing of the shape and motion of a specific object from an image can be implemented by using the Motion Processor and this ROI extraction method, enabling this interface to function as a computer eye that can easily recognize a target object. The authors applied this real‐time vision‐based interface to the field of robotics and used it together with speech recognition on a single PC to create a prototype of a pet robot system that can respond to the user's gestures. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 34(3): 10–19, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10203
A local indexing for learning resources on WWW
Authors: Hasegawa Shinobu , Kashihara Akihiro , Toyoda Jun'ichi
Published: February 2003

Learning with existing Web‐based resources has become popular and important, particularly as the realization of lifelong and distance learning. However, many resources do not usually have a clear description of what kind of learners should use them, what kind of learning goal can be achieved, and so forth, which makes it difficult for learners to select appropriate Web‐based resources. We have accordingly proposed a framework for reorganizing existing Web‐based learning resources with indexes representing their characteristics, which consist of “How To Learn” indexes in addition to conventional “What To Learn” indexes, in order to build a learning resource database. This framework supports a new approach called local indexing, which allows instructors to assess indexes of the resources from their own points of view. This paper also describes a support for the local indexing and its preliminary evaluation. The results of this evaluation suggest that the local indexing support enables instructors to simply and consistently find out how learning resources should be learned. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 34(3): 1–9, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10231
Video stream selection according to lecture content in remote lectures
Authors: Sakiyama Takuro , Ohno Naoki , Mukunoki Masayuki , Ikeda Katsuo
Published: February 2003

In a remote lecture photographed by multiple cameras, the task of selecting the video streams to be transmitted to a remote location is now performed mainly by the lecturer, and represents a large burden. This paper proposes a method for automating this task. The lecture context is expressed as a predefined sequence of transitions between lecture states, and the relationship between the lecture context and the video streams to be transmitted is implemented as rules. Since the lecture states are constructed as combinations of easily observable information from real lecture scenes, the appropriate video streams can be selected without an understanding of lecture content by matching the extracted lecture state sequences against the predefined rules. Experiments with simulated lectures using a blackboard and overhead projector have shown that the proposed method is effective in real‐time selection of the video streams to be transmitted. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 34(3): 64–75, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.1195
BIST‐oriented test pattern generator for detection of transition faults
Authors: Asakawa Takeshi , Iwasaki Kazuhiko , Kajihara Seiji
Published: February 2003

As a technique for complementing the long testing time, which is a shortcoming of pseudo‐random pattern test, we will propose a BIST‐oriented test pattern generator (TPG) which achieves high fault detection efficiency with a short testing time for transition faults. The proposed TPG is composed by adding LFSR, shift registers, and multiplexers to the scan part. The partial sequences of ATPG vectors are stored in an on‐chip RDM or external tester and the scan‐in is performed. The test patterns are generated, which are the result of mixing the partial sequence of ATPG vectors and the pseudo‐random vectors generated by LFSR. Since the random pattern resistant faults will be detected by the partial sequences of ATPG vectors, a high fault detection efficiency can be achieved with a short testing time. Since it is not necessary to perform the scan‐in for every operation clock, the real operation speed test using a low‐speed tester is possible. We will also show a technique for reducing the ATPG vectors to be stored. The proposed technique is evaluated, by using ISCAS benchmark circuits, for testing time, fault detection efficiency, and hardware quantity, and the effectiveness of the proposed technique is examined. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 34(3): 76–84, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.1196
Calculating association between technical terms based on co‐occurrences in keyword lists of academic papers
Authors: Aizawa Akiko , Kageura Kyo
Published: February 2003

In this paper, the authors evaluate a method to calculate association between specialized terms using co‐occurrence information in author keywords from academic papers. When author keywords found in academic paper databases are used, co‐occurrence information in units of separate compound words can easily be obtained. However, because only a few words co‐occur in one paper, the problem of data sparseness arises. Thus, in this paper, the authors take into consideration indirect co‐occurrence relationships when computing relatedness. They create a large‐scale terminology graph which connects sets of keywords for a paper using co‐occurrence relationship links, then define the distance between two sets of terms using the average path length. In addition, the authors evaluate the validity of their proposed method for calculating association by applying the terminology graph created using a real, large‐scale academic paper database to the problem of automatic classification of texts, then compare the results to when direct co‐occurrence and context vectors are used. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 34(3): 85–95, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.1197
Optimum partition of two‐dimensional frequency band with human visual sensitivity for subband image coding
Authors: Kameda Masashi , Ohtake Kohhei , Miyahara Makoto
Published: February 2003

This paper proposes a method of optimizing the partition of a two‐dimensional frequency band so that high‐quality reconstructed images are obtained by subband image coding. This partitioning is derived by minimizing the weighted quantization noise power with human visual sensitivity. To simplify the coding system, the structure of the filter bank is analyzed. The band partition parameters which makes the filter bank more efficient are selected, based on experimental results for actual images. The quality of images reconstructed by the proposed method is evaluated by using the relationship between the weighted quantized noise power and their entropy. The proposed method is subjectively evaluated by comparing it with a nonweighted method and the DCT method. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 34(3): 96–110, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.1198
Relationship between perceived social support and immune function
Authors: Miyazaki Takao , Ishikawa Toshio , Iimori Hirofumi , Miki Akiko , Wenner Marcus , Fukunishi Isao , Kawamura Noriyuki
Published: February 2003

Although a previous meta analysis showed some substantial relationships between social support and immune function, there is still no knowledge about the effects of social support on natural killer (NK) cell number. In this study we examined the direct relationships between peripheral lymphocyte subpopulations and several aspects of social support. We administered the Japanese version of the Stress and Coping Inventory (SCI) by Rahe (1994) to 98 male workers with a written informed consent. Blood samples were collected at 10.00 hours. Lymphocytes subsets were measured by flowcytometry using CD3, CD16, and CD56 antibodies. Partial correlation coefficient controlled by age and smoking between social support and immune cells revealed that there were weak but significant correlations between perceived social support and the numbers of CD3‐/CD16+and CD3‐/CD56+ NK cells (r = 0.25, 0.26). There was no correlation between social support and percentage of NK cells. Positive correlation of perceived social support with NK cell numbers suggested that perceived social support has a direct effect on NK cells and that increased social support might be accompanied by high natural immunity. Further investigation should be undertaken to elucidate why only perceived social support was correlated to NK cells. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early historical literature for post‐traumatic symptomatology
Authors: Birmes Philippe , Hatton Leah , Brunet Alain , Schmitt Laurent
Published: February 2003

The early historical evolution of the concept of psychological trauma is relevant to the establishment of PTSD as a syndrome. The authors conducted selective computerized and manual reviews of the literature concerning the history of trauma‐related disorders. Exposure to overwhelming terror can lead to troubling memories, which has been a central theme in the literature since the time of Gilgamesh. Reexperiencing was well known and conversion reactions were described, but until the 18th century chroniclers and philosophers essentially reported anecdotes. Nostalgia and traumatic neurosis were first identified during the American Civil War and after the first railway crashes in the 19th century. The isolated anecdote thus evolved into a clinical entity whose medical and psychiatric complexity underwent large‐scale development during and immediately after World War I. An historical approach of traumatic disorders identification provides an integrated view of multiple psychological symptoms, some included and others not included in current post‐traumatic syndromes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social support and individual styles of coping in the Japanese workplace: an occupational stress model by structural equation analysis
Authors: Kitaoka‐Higashiguchi Kazuyo , Nakagawa Hideaki , Morikawa Yuko , Ishizaki Masao , Miura Katsuyuki , Naruse Yuchi , Kido Teruhiko , Sukigara Masune
Published: February 2003

The aim of the present study was to ascertain the role of social support and individual styles of coping on employee well‐being. The subjects were intermediate managers working for a zipper and sash manufacturing company in Japan. Measurements were made of the following: depression using the Self‐rating Depression Scale (SDS), job demand, job control, social support using Karasek's Job Content Questionnaire, and of three coping styles: emotion‐oriented coping, task‐oriented coping and avoidance‐oriented coping using the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS). Data was analysed by structural equation modeling. Each coping style had a direct effect on depression. Emotion‐oriented coping had a negative effect. On the other hand, task‐oriented coping and avoidance‐oriented coping had a positive effect. Moreover, there was an indirect effect that coping styles precede and determine the perception of social support as well as job demand and control. Social support showed a direct positive effect on depression. However, the overall impact on employee well‐being was greater for individual coping styles as compared to social support from either supervisors or co‐workers. The present study showed the effectiveness of coping strategies in the workplace. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gender differences in the use of social support as a moderator of occupational stress
Authors: Bellman Steven , Forster Nick , Still Leonie , Cooper Cary L.
Published: February 2003

Studies of the moderating effect of social support on the direct effects of occupational stressors have yielded conflicting results that have differed in direction and significance. These differences may have been due to the narrow range and/or poor quality of the measures used. Also, males and females may differ in their perceptions of stress sources and outcomes and their use of social support across stressors. This study used the well‐validated Pressure Management Indicator (PMI) to measure social support and eight sources and nine outcomes of occupational stress in a sample of 204 Australian managers (55 per cent females, mean age 41.4 years) from various companies. Multiple regression revealed that for both males and females, social support moderated the effects of stressors on energy levels, job satisfaction, organizational security and organizational commitment, although social support interacted with different stressors across genders. Social support had a significant interaction effect on organizational commitment for males only, and, for females only, a significant interaction effect on state of mind. These results suggest that social support interventions will not reduce the effects of stress on all outcomes, and will produce different results for males and females. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of stressful training on human pain threshold
Authors: Yamaguchi Keiji , Toda Kazuo , Hayashi Yoshihiko
Published: February 2003

Pain sensation usually depends on psychological factors such as motivational and emotional state. The purpose of the present study was to reveal the effect of intensive training as rangers of Japan Ground Self Defence Force (JGSDF), which would be a strong stressor, on the pain threshold in human skin and tooth. Participants were seven uniformed members (aged 19–21 years old) who underwent ranger training in the 8th Division of the JGSDF. Before and after their hard training for 40 days, both skin and tooth pain threshold were measured. We selected five skin sites for pain test using a von Fray type filament. To measure tooth pain threshold, four teeth were selected and a conventional electric pulp tester was used. The threshold values in the skin were significantly increased after ranger training. However, the increase of tooth pain threshold was not clearly observed at each tooth tested. A close relationship between the changes in skin and tooth pain threshold was observed in two of the seven subjects. The present study indicates that intensive training can evoke analgesic effects which are thought to be stress‐induced analgesia. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coping with post‐traumatic stress symptoms following relationship dissolution
Authors: Chung Man Cheung , Farmer Steven , Grant Keren , Newton Rebecca , Payne Sally , Perry Melissa , Saunders Jenny , Smith Charlotte , Stone Nina
Published: February 2003

The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between post‐traumatic stress symptoms resulting from relationship dissolution and coping style. The hypothesis was that some degree of post‐traumatic stress symptoms would be evident among the sample and that the coping strategies of seeking social support, escape–avoidance, self‐controlling and accepting responsibility would be associated with such symptoms. Eighty‐eight university students who had experienced the dissolution of a romantic relationship over the preceding 24 months participated in the research. They were interviewed using the Impact of Event Scale (IES), the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and the Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WOC). The results showed that the mean score of intrusion was slightly higher than that of avoidance. The sample scored significantly higher in the IES items than one standardized sample of medical students but significantly lower in intrusion than another standardized sample of clinical patients. Fifty‐one per cent of the sample scored above the cut‐off of the GHQ. The results also showed that both intrusion and avoidance were significantly correlated with all GHQ items. The sample used the self‐controlling coping strategy the most, followed by escape–avoidance and positive reappraisal. The sample also employed coping strategies of distancing and seeking social support. Stepwise multiple regression analyses showed that escape–avoidance, distancing, seeking social support and planful problem solving were significant predictors to the IES total. Escape–avoidance and accepting responsibility were significant predictors to the IES intrusion. Escape–avoidance and distancing were significant predictors to the IES avoidance. Escape–avoidance was the only significant predictor to the GHQ total. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vacuum deposited solar control coatings on PET‐film
Authors: Böhme Thomas , Krautz Heidrun , Thielsch Roland
Published: February 2003

Automobilverglasungen mit Solar–Control–Beschichtung, die durch eine erhöhte Reflexion im nahen infraroten Spektralbereich den Wärmeeintrag in die Fahrgastkabine durch Sonnenstrahlung um 50 % reduzieren, finden zunehmende Anwendung in Fahrzeugen aller Klassen. Sie erhöhen den Fahrkomfort, führen zu Treibstoffeinsparungen für die Klimaanlage und sind gleichzeitig gestalterisches Element im Fahrzeugdesign. Eine Variante zur Herstellung dieser Beschichtungen ist das Magnetron‐Sputtern auf eine transparente, flexible Kunststofffolie (PET).

Im Beitrag werden die Funktion, der prinzipielle Aufbau sowie anlagentechnische und technologische Aspekte der Herstellung dieser Solar‐Control‐Schichten auf PET‐Folie für den Automobilbau sowie für Anwendungen im Architekturbereich vorgestellt.
Plasmachemical microstructuring of polymeric surfaces for pharmacology and medical diagnostics
Authors: Müller Michael , Sciarratta Vincenzo , Oehr Christian
Published: February 2003

Die Plasmamaskentechnik ist ein Verfahren zur regioselektiven physikalisch‐chemischen Strukturierung von Massenkunststoffen im Mikrometerbereich, das prinzipiell auch halbkontinuierlich durchgeführt werden kann. Die damit herstellbaren funktionellen Oberflächenstrukturen auf polymeren Substraten sind besonders für die Verwendung als Biochips geeignet. Sie ermöglichen die Verwendung von niedrigpreisigen polymeren Kunststoffen als modifizierbare Substrate, die nach geeigneten biochemischen Ausrüstungen für analytische Verfahren in der medizinischen Diagnostik und pharmazeutischen Wirkstoffforschung eingesetzt werden und die die zunehmende Verwendung des Hochdurchsatzscreening (HTS) mit Mikroarrays für Genomics und Proteomics sowie die Entwicklung von Zellbiochips unterstützen.
Piston gauge with electronic balance for calibrations of very low pressures
Authors: Delajoud P. , Girad M.
Published: February 2003

Kolbenmanometer sind sehr genaue Druckmessgeräte. In der herkömmlichen Bauform hält die vom Messdruck ausgeübte Kraft einen Kolben bzw. Zylinder im Schwebezustand. Infolge des Eigengewichts von Kolben bzw. Zylinder liegt der kleinste messbare Druck bei einigen kPa (einige 10 mbar). Die Firma DH Instruments Inc. hat ein neues Kolbenmanometer entwickelt, bei dem die vom Messdruck auf einen Kolben wirkende Kraft mittels einer Kraftmesszelle erfasst wird, wodurch der Messbereich zu kleinen Drücken hin wesentlich erweitert wird. Das neue Gerät bietet einen Messbereich von 1 Pa bis 15 kPa (0,01 mbar bis 150 mbar) bei Überdruck, Differenzdruck und Absolutdruck. Es wird eine Auflösung bis zu 1 mPa (10‐5 mbar) und eine Messunsicherheit von (5 mPa + 3·10‐5 p) erreicht. Die Kalibrierung des Geräts erfolgt durch Eichung der Kraftmesszelle und Bestimmung der wirksamen Fläche der Kolben‐Zylinder‐Anordnung. Das Gerät beinhaltet einen automatischen Druckregler. Die integrierte Software erlaubt, Kalibrierungen mit einer Vielzahl von Prüflingen durchzuführen. Als Anwendungsbeispiel des neuen Kolbenmanometers wird der automatische Test von kapazitiven Membranmanometern in verschiedenen Druckbereichen gezeigt.
Hydrogen in High Vacuum Systems with Turbomolecular Pumps and Different Backing Pumps
Authors: Breitenbach J. B. , Discherl J. , Lachenmann R.
Published: February 2003

Die Kombination von Weitbereich‐Turbomolekularpumpe und Membranpumpe ergibt ein kleines, aber sehr leistungsfähiges und vor allem ölfreies Hochvakuumpumpensystem. Turbomolekularpumpen haben gasartabhängige Kompressionsverhältnisse, die kleinsten bei Wasserstoff. Daher kann das Restgas im Hochvakuum merklich durch den Wasserstoffpartialdruck bestimmt werden. Es wurden Restgasuntersuchungen an einem Hochvakuumsystem mit Turbomolekularpumpe und verschiedenen Vorpumpen durchgeführt, die zeigen, dass keine Verbesserung des Wasserstoffpartialdruckes eintritt, wenn eine Membranpumpe mit niedrigem Enddruck durch eine Drehschieberpumpe oder einen Rootspumpstand ersetzt wird. Wie die Messungen zeigen, wird der Enddruck durch das Verhältnis Ausgasungsrate zu Saugvermögen bestimmt und nicht durch das Kompressionsverhältnis der Hochvakuumpumpe in Abhängigkeit vom Vorvakuumdruck. Der Wasserstoffpartialdruck stieg allerdings an, wenn das Vorvakuum der Membranpumpe erhöht wurde. Bei einem Vorvakuumdruck kleiner 0,5 mbar erreichte das Hochvakuum einen stabilen, durch eine weitere Absenkung des Vorvakuums nicht verbesserbaren Wert.
Distribution of energy in the channel of side channel compressors
Authors: Surek D. , Espich M.
Published: February 2003

Mittels dynamischer Druckmesssonden wurden die Totaldrücke und die dynamischen Druckanteile im gesamten Seitenkanalquerschnitt ausgemessen. Die dynamischen Gasdruckverläufe, die als Gasdruckschwingungen auftreten, können mit dem Effektivwert, dem Spitzenwert und mit dem Amplitudenanteil pA der Gasdruckschwingung bei der Schaufeldrehfrequenz charakterisiert werden. Daraus können die Bereiche des intensiven spezifischen Impulsstromtransportes und auch der stärksten Arbeitsübertragung im Seitenkanal ermittelt werden. Aus der Druckverteilung lässt sich in Verbindung mit der Geschwindigkeitsverteilung im Seitenkanalquerschnitt auch die Verteilung der spezifischen Energie im Seitenkanal ermitteln. Die Geschwindigkeiten in der Tangential‐Radial‐Ebene und in der Radial‐Axial‐Ebene lassen sich in den Laserlichtschnitten von 1 mm Dicke mittels der Lasermesstechnik ermitteln.
Spatial organization of microtubules in various types of cells in the embryonic tectal plate of mouse using immunofluorescence after PEG embedding
Authors: MEININGER Vincent , BINET Stéphane
Published: February 2003

The spatial organization of microtubules in mitotic as well as in interphase cells and in axons has been investigated in situ in the embryonic nervous system of mice using high molecular weight polyethylene glycol‐embedded semithin sections and immunofluorescence with a tubulin‐specific polyclonal antibody.

In situ, the overall process of mitosis appears nearly identical to that described in cell culture. All types of mitotic microtubules (kinetochore, interpolar and asterial) can be visualized at the different stages. The slight differences from observations in cell culture are explained by differences in cell interactions.

In bipolar neuroepithelial cells, interphasic microtubules appear in the form of a framework surrounding the nucleus during its to‐and‐fro movements and which follows the modifications in shape of the cell processes. These microtubules seem to play an active role in the mechanism, indicating the modifications in length of the apical process.

In the differentiating young neuron, tubulin increases in amount to be involved in the elongation of axonal microtubules. This increase seems to be independent of the presence of axons in the environment. Axonal microtubules are independent of a microtubule‐organizing center localized in the perikaryon.
Light and electron microscopic immunolocalization of two nuclear antigens in the liver of Pleurodeles waltl using monoclonal antibodies
Authors: PYNE Chandra K. , CHARLEMAGNE Jacques , BOUCHER Dominique , LACROIX Jean‐Claude
Published: February 2003

The distribution of 2 nuclear antigens in the interphase nuclei of liver of Pleurodeles waltl was determined with the help of monoclonal antibodies, using immunofluorescence for light microscopy and indirect immunoperoxidase and immunogold labeling procedures for electron microscopic localization. The antibodies C36/1 and A33/22 label antigens with relative molecular masses of 270 kDa and 80 kDa, and isoelectric points of 7.0 and 6.4, respectively. The liver of urodels is characterized by the presence of a peripheral layer of hematopoietic cells around the parenchymatous tissue formed by typical hepatocytes. The antibody C36/1 labels the nuclei of both types of cells, whereas the antibody A33/22 labels the nuclei of hepatocytes but not those of the peripheral hematopoietic cells. With both these antibodies, labeling, whenever observed, is restricted to fibrillar structures in the interchromatin space, i.e., to peri‐ and inter‐chromatin fibrils; condensed chromatin, nucleoli, and nuclear envelope are not labeled.
Control of cililary beat by calcium: the effects of lindane, a potent insectiside
Authors: Marano Francelyne , Krishnaswamy Sushila , Betrencourt Claudine , Schoevaert Damien , Provost Jean‐Marie , Volochine Boris
Published: February 2003

Summary— The ciliary beat and cell motility of Dunaliella, a biflagellate unicellular green alga, have been studied by means of computer analysis of high‐speed microcinematography and laser doppler velocimetry. Lindane was found rapidly to inhibit cell velocity in less than 5 min and in a dose‐related manner. After the initialp 5‐min period, inhibition remained nearly stable for at least 3 hr.

The waveform of the ciliary beat was not uniformly affected by lindane and only the effective stroke was greatly slowed down. The recovery stroke was not significantly modified, and the general form of the wave did not seem to be altered. Bending parameters automatically measured from high‐speed movies that lindane induced a considerable lengthening of the initiation phase of wave propagation. Since lindane interacts specifically with calcium transport and can induce an increase in cytoplasmic calcium, the strong effect of lindane on cilliary beat is probably correlated with a modification of the calcium balance of the cell. These results support the hypothesis of a control of bend initiation by calcium.
Hereditary variation of ciliary patterns in ciliated protozoa
Authors: Genermont Jean
Published: February 2003

Summary— In ciliates, the basic pattern of ciliature consists of longitudinal polarized ciliary rows. This basic pattern is expected to be retained through successive binary fissions by means of the so‐called cytotactic mechanisms, as a consequence of autogenetic proliferation of basal bodies within each row. This idea is supported by the hereditary transmission of 180° rotated rows in Tetrahymena and Paramecium. These mechanisms should theoretically ensure intraclonal homogeneity for ciliary row number. In fact, some alterations are responsible for either loss or addition of rows. Such alterations are not strictly random processes, since they have been shown to be controlled by nuclear genes.

Cytotaxis does not account for exact positioning of primordia for complex structures (buccal ciliature, for instance): the sites of basal body proliferation are determined by certain “positional information” which, in turn, is controlled by chromosomal genetic material more or less independently of pre‐existing structures, as illustrated by many spontaneous or induced mutations.

All deviations from the wild‐type phenotype seem to be associated with very reduced fitness, at least in laboratory conditions. On the other hand, the currently known variants cannot account for intraspecific diversity. Thus, the evolutionary significance of these phenomena remains somewhat obscure.
Pre‐erythrocytic stages of plasmodia. Role of specific and nonspecific factors
Authors: Mazier Dominique , Miltgen Franca̧ois , Nudelman Sergio , Nussler Andreas , Renia Laurent , Pied Sylvianne , Goma Joseph , Gentilini Marc
Published: February 2003

Protection against pre‐erythrocytic stages of malaria is possible as demonstrated by the generation of resistance after immunization with irradiated sporozoites. However, mechanisms involved are more numerous and intricate than previously believed and it progressively appears that the role of the presumed target, the sporozoite, might be negligible compared with that of the hepatic stage. The comparative use of in vivo and in vitro models clearly demonstrated that the intrahepatocytic parasite can be the target of antibodies, cytokines, phagocytic and cytotoxic cells, nonspecific factors‐mechanisms in part induced by the previous or subsequent developmental stages.
Expression and characterization of alkaline phosphatases during differentiation of human pancreatic cancer (Capan‐1) cells in culture
Authors: Fanjul Marjorie , Thèveniau Magali , Palévody Claude , Rougon Geneviève , Hollande Étienne
Published: February 2003

Summary— Human pancreatic cells of the Capan‐1 cell line differentiate in culture. During the exponential growth phase, the cells are undifferentiated, only becoming differentiated during the stationary phase. The formation of domes in this phase is related to the exchange of water and electrolytes. The present study was designed to characterize the localization and expression of alkaline phosphatases (AP) in Capan‐1 cells during growth in culture. Biochemical, cytoenzymatic and immunocytochemical methods were employed combined with light and electron microscopic examination. AP essentially of the placental type were expressed progressively during the exponential growth phase, and were seen to be distributed over the surface of the Capan‐1 cells. In the stationary phase, the AP became localized on the surface of microvilli. The precipitates of the enzyme reaction highlighted regular four‐boided structures. Biochemical assays showed a progressive increase in activity of this enzyme in cells during both the exponential and stationary growth phases. However, in the stationary phase between days 7 and 8, there was a fall in enzyme activity, with a corresponding increase in this activity in the culture medium. Cytological examination indicated that this fall could be accounted for by loss of AP‐positive membranes by vesiculization of apical microvilli and release of microvesicles into the culture medium. Immunoblots showed that Capan‐1 cells expressed two types of AP, a placental type (70 kDa) and to a lesser extent a liver type (80 kDa). Expression of the placental type was attributed to a neoplastic derepression of the coding gene, while the liver type was assumed to be a normal gene expression of human duct cells. The placental type AP might thus serve as a marker of transformation, and the liver type as a marker of differentiation.
Brefeldin A induces a microtubule‐dependent fusion of galactosyltransferase‐containing vesicles with the rough endoplasmic reticulum
Authors: Strous Ger J. , Berger Eric G. , Van Kerhof Peter , Bosshart Herbert , Berger Bea , Geuze Hans J.
Published: February 2003

Summary— The fungal drug brefeldin A (BFA) has recently been found to induce a redistribution of medial‐ and cis‐Golgi components to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), raising the possibility of the existence of a retrograde pathway from the Golgi complex to the ER. Here, we demonstrate a BFA‐induced reversible rearrangement of the trans‐Golgi membrane protein galactosyltransferase (Gal‐T) to the ER in HeLa cells. With immunofluorescence microscopy we have shown that BFA first caused a rapid change of Gal‐T immunolabelling from a normal Golgi complex pattern to long and slender structures emanating from the cell centre and co‐localizing with tubulin. Then immunofluorescence became ER‐like. This effect was not dependent on ongoing protein synthesis and was reversed to normal within 120 min after removal of the drug. Restoration of the Golgi complex after removal of brefeldin A was energy‐dependent but not mediated by microtubules nor dependent on protein synthesis. BFA‐induced backflow of Gal‐T was inhibited by nocodazole, a microtubule‐disrupting agent. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that BFA treatment resulted in the fusion of Gal‐T‐containing vesicles with the ER. Furthermore, sucrose gradient centrifugation showed a significant shift in density of mature Gal‐T polypeptides upon BFA treatment: about 40% of the enzyme migrated from its original density (1.13 g/ml) to the density of rough ER (1.19 g/ml). Thus, BFA caused microtubule‐dependent vesicular backflow from a trans‐Golgi component to the ER followed by fusion of the Golgi‐derived vesicles with the ER.
The Sertoli‐spermatid processes in the mouse: New cellular structure
Authors: Segretain Dominique , Decrossas Beatrice
Published: February 2003

Summary— In addition to the known Sertoli‐cell processes, processes of the mouse spermatid's cytoplasm are found to invaginate neighbouring spermatids. Surrounded by the adjacent Sertoli process, the spermatid processes form a “spermatid‐Sertoli cell process”. They are observed between spermatids at the same step or at different steps of their development and degenerate mostly at step 13 to 15 of spermiogenesis. Whether these structures are related to either spermatid exchanges or connections or participate to cytoplasm elimination is discussed.
Scottish chemistry, classification and the early mineralogical career of the ‘ingenious’ Rev. Dr John Walker (1746 to 1779)
Authors: EDDY M. D.
Published: February 2003

The Rev. Dr John Walker was the Professor of Natural History at the University of Edinburgh from 1779 to 1803. Although his time in this position has been addressed by several studies, the previous thirty years that he spent ‘mineralizing’ have been virtually ignored. The situation is similar for many of the well-known mineralogists of the eighteenth century and there is a lack of studies that address how a mineralogist actually became a mineralogist. Using Walker's early career as a guide, this essay seeks to detail the making of an eighteenth-century Scottish mineralogist. The time frame under examination begins with Walker's matriculation at the University of Edinburgh in 1746 and it ends with his being appointed professor in 1779. The first section demonstrates that Walker's early mineralogical education at the Medical School and under William Cullen was closely linked to chemistry. The second section shows how he used chemical characters to classify minerals and to criticize the systems of Linnaeus, Da Costa, Wallerius and Cronstedt. Because Walker needed many ‘fossil’ samples to test the viability of his chemical mineralogy, the final section details how he used tours, patrons and correspondents to build his mineral collection.
Constructing a ‘revolution in science’: the campaign to promote a favourable reception for the 1919 solar eclipse experiments
Authors: SPONSEL ALISTAIR
Published: February 2003

A patriot fiddler-composer of Luton

Wrote a funeral march which he played with the mute on,

To record, as he said, that a Jewish-Swiss-Teuton

Had partially scrapped the Principia of Newton.

Punch, 19 November 1919, p. 422

When the results of experiments performed during the British solar eclipse expeditions of 1919
were announced at a joint meeting of the Royal Society and the Royal Astronomical Society,
they were celebrated in the next day's Times of London with the famous headline
‘Revolution in science’. This exemplified the general approbation with which
A. S. Eddington and F. W. Dyson's results were received, the upshot of which was
widespread approval for general relativity and worldwide fame for Albert Einstein. Perhaps because
of Einstein's present reputation, there has been little historical analysis of why his
theory should have been so celebrated on the basis of a single announcement of the results of
one group's experiments. In this paper I argue that the remarkable public and professional
success of the eclipse experiments was the direct result of a systematic and extended campaign by
Eddington and Dyson and their associates to create interest in relativity theory, build an
audience for the experiments, promote a favourable reception for the results and establish
their work as a crucial experiment that would distinguish between the gravitation theories of
Newton and Einstein. The campaign was motivated by Eddington's affection for Einstein's
theory, and was successful largely because of Eddington's substantial credibility.
A CASE FOR THE ABOLITION OF LEGAL COMPULSION AS A GROUND OF RESTITUTION
Authors: Hilliard Jonathan
Published: February 2003

Where two parties are liable in respect of the same obligation and one party discharges the obligation, he may be able to recover some or all of his outlay from the other. This article addresses the rationale underlying the relief granted in such circumstances. While restitution theorists tend to emphasise the claimant’s lack of choice, it is argued that this focus is misleading. Moreover, using unjust enrichment to explain relief is unnecessary and inaccurate. An alternative explanation is put forward, which derives support from the case law on contribution—that relief aims to ensure equitable distribution of the burden of liability.
WHAT WAS A RIGHT OF ENTRY?
Authors: Milsom S.F.C.
Published: February 2003

For five centuries most lawsuits claiming land hinged on the exercise of a right of entry whereby the claimant had become instantly seised. Historians have assumed that he had previously been disseised, the disseisor’s wrongful possession not having matured into a protected seisin. But the mechanism, not confined to reversing disseisins, was the alternative to a real action and therefore claimed title by inheritance. Inheritance did not start as the automatic devolution of a non-existent ownership. On each death the lord made a new grant to the heir and put him in seisin, which was not an abstraction like possession but by definition conferred by the lord. Changes beginning in the 12th century eroded the lord’s part in inheritance: instead of putting heirs in seisin lords athorised them to put themselves in; and finally one had the right of entry if a supposed lord could have given authority.
MINGLING THE WATERS
Authors: Polden Patrick
Published: February 2003

Views about the nature and extent of the “fusion” effected by the Judicature Acts frequently focus narrowly on those cases which determined the doctrinal position, with insufficient regard for the accompanying changes to practice, procedure and structures.

This article examines the means by which the promoters of the legislation and other interested parties sought to promote or restrain its formidable fusionist potential. It explores the use of cross-jurisdictional appointments to infuse equity into the common law divisions; the successive changes to the membership and working arrangements of the court of appeal; and the short-lived experiment of sending Chancery and appellate judges on circuit. It suggests that a more detailed examination of the effect of these structures and the role of individual judges of the Supreme Court of Judicature in its formative years is needed for a full understanding of the limited fusion that emerged.