bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The prevalence of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy according to different diagnostic criteria
Authors: Razpotnik Marcel , Bota Simona , Wimmer Philipp , Hackl Michael , Lesnik Gerald , Alber Hannes , Peck‐Radosavljevic Markus
Published: December 2020

Background and Aims

Recently published criteria by 2019 Cirrhotic Cardiomyopathy Consortium set a lower threshold for reduced ejection fraction to diagnose systolic dysfunction in cirrhotic patients, and stress testing was replaced by echocardiography strain imaging. The criteria to diagnose diastolic dysfunction are in general concordant with the 2016 ASE/EACVI guidelines and differ considerably from the 2005 Montreal recommendations. We aimed to assess the prevalence of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy according to different diagnostic criteria.

Methods

Cirrhotic patients without another structural heart disease, arterial hypertension, portal vein thrombosis, HCC outside Milan criteria and presence of TIPS were enrolled. Speckle‐tracking echocardiography was performed by EACVI certified investigators.

Results

A total of 122 patients with cirrhosis fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Overall prevalence of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy was similar for 2005 Montreal and 2019 CCC: 67.2% vs 55.7% (P = .09); and significantly higher compared to 2009 ASE/EACVI criteria: 67.2% vs 35.2% (P < .0001) and 55.7% vs 35.2% (P = .002) respectively. Significantly more patients had diastolic dysfunction according to the 2005 Montreal compared to the 2009 ASE/EACVI and 2019 CCC criteria: 64.8% vs 32.8% (P < .0001) and 64.8% vs 7.4% (P < .0001). Systolic dysfunction was more frequently diagnosed according to 2019 CCC criteria compared to 2005 Montreal (53.3% vs 16.4%,P < .0001) or ASE/EACVI criteria (53.3% vs 4.9%,P < .0001).

Conclusion

Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy was present in around 60% of cirrhotic patients when applying the hepatological criteria. A considerably higher prevalence of systolic dysfunction according to the 2019 CCC criteria was observed. Long‐term follow‐up studies are needed to establish the validity of these criteria to predict clinically relevant outcomes.
It Takes a Coalition: The Community Impacts of Collaboration
Authors: Craig Alison W.
Published: December 2020

Members of Congress frequently collaborate on policy initiatives, reaching out to colleagues in both parties to find common ground on solutions for the problems faced by their constituents. Using a novel dataset of over 30,000 “Dear Colleague” letters sent by members of the 111th Congress, I use the collaborative relationships that exist in the earliest stages of the policy process to measure the social influence of legislators. I demonstrate that districts represented by members of Congress who are better connected to their colleagues receive a greater share of federal grant money. I argue that this is because collaborative legislators are well‐positioned to be influential allies to strategic bureaucrats who want to maintain a broad base of support for their programs in Congress. Thus, devoting resources to building relationships with their colleagues is one way members of Congress can more effectively support the communities they represent.
Drivers and facilitators of hunting behaviour in domestic cats and options for management
Authors: Cecchetti Martina , Crowley Sarah L. , McDonald Robbie A.
Published: December 2020

Domestic cats Felis catus are distinct from other domesticated animals because their phenotype and genotype are relatively unchanged. While they live with people as pets or pest controllers, they retain capacity for survival independent of human support and readily persist as feral animals. Most cats retain some propensity to express hunting behaviours, even if hunting is not required for nutrition. In some settings, depredation by cats is a threat to biodiversity conservation, leading to attempts to mitigate their impacts.

We characterise drivers and facilitators of the hunting behaviour of domestic cats: evolutionary origins, diet, life history, personality and environment. Hunting is driven particularly by evolutionary constraints and associated physiological and nutritional requirements. Proximate causes of variation in hunting behaviours relate to prey availability, husbandry and degree of domestication, while early life history and personality play further roles.

We review cat management approaches in terms of effectiveness, feasibility and welfare. Amongst lethal, large‐scale methods of population control, poisoning is most frequently used in cat eradications from islands. Because poisoning is challenged on welfare grounds, euthanasia is used at smaller scales and in inhabited, mainland settings. Non‐lethal approaches, primarily surgical sterilisation, are favoured by cat advocates but entail challenging logistics and scale. In attempts to inhibit predation of wild species by pet cats, owners restrict outdoor access and use collar‐mounted devices, including bells, sonic devices, collar covers and bibs. Other individual‐level interventions, such as dietary and behavioural enrichment, some of which may improve cat welfare, have potential, but effects on hunting remain untested.

Understanding and managing the hunting behaviour of cats are complex challenges. We highlight drivers and facilitators of this behaviour, representing starting points for formulating solutions that might be acceptable to cat owners and wider groups of people who value cat welfare, while also being effective for wildlife conservation.
Global drivers of recent diversification in a marine species complex
Authors: Silva Catarina N.S. , Murphy Nicholas P. , Bell James J. , Green Bridget S. , Duhamel Guy , Cockcroft Andrew C. , Hernández Cristián E. , Strugnell Jan M.
Published: December 2020

Investigating historical gene flow in species complexes can indicate how environmental and reproductive barriers shape genome divergence during speciation. The processes influencing species diversification under environmental change remain one of the central focal points of evolutionary biology, particularly for marine organisms with high dispersal potential. We investigated genome‐wide divergence, introgression patterns and inferred demographic history between species pairs of all six extant rock lobster species (Jasusspp.), which have a long larval duration of up to two years and have populated continental shelf and seamount habitats around the globe at approximately 40oS. Genetic differentiation patterns reflected geographic isolation and the environment (i.e. habitat structure). Eastern Pacific species (J. caveorumandJ. frontalis) were geographically more distant and genetically more differentiated from the remaining four species. Species associated with continental shelf habitats shared a common ancestry, but are geographically distant from one another. Similarly, species associated with island/seamount habitats in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans shared a common ancestry, but are also geographically distant. Benthic temperature was the environmental variable that explained most of the genetic differentiation (FST), while controlling for the effects of geographic distance. Eastern Pacific species retained a signal of strict isolation following ancient migration, whereas species pairs from Australia and Africa, and seamounts in the Indian and Atlantic oceans, included events of introgression after secondary contact. Our results reveal important effects of habitat and demographic processes on the recent divergence of species within the genusJasus, providing one of the first empirical studies of genome‐wide drivers of diversification that incorporates all extant species in a marine genus with long pelagic larval duration.
Mutational analysis of the Hsp70 substrate‐binding domain: Correlating molecular‐level changes with in vivo function
Authors: Xu Linan , Zhang Hong , Cuskelly Daragh D. , Doyle Sean , Perrett Sarah , Jones Gary W.
Published: December 2020

Hsp70 is an evolutionarily conserved chaperone involved in maintaining protein homeostasis during normal growth and upon exposure to stresses. Mutations in the β6/β7 region of the substrate‐binding domain (SBD) disrupt the SBD hydrophobic core resulting in impairment of the heat‐shock response and prion propagation in yeast. To elucidate the mechanisms behind Hsp70 loss of function due to disruption of the SBD, we undertook targeted mutational analysis of key residues in the β6/β7 region. We demonstrate the critical functional role of the F475 residue across yeast cytosolic Hsp70‐Ssa family. We identify the size of the hydrophobic side chain at 475 as the key factor in maintaining SBD stability and functionality. The introduction of amino acid variants to either residue 475, or close neighbor 483, caused instability and cleavage of the Hsp70 SBD and subsequent degradation. Interestingly, we found that Hsp70‐Ssa cleavage may occur through a vacuolar carboxypeptidase (Pep4)‐dependent mechanism rather than proteasomal. Mutations at 475 and 483 result in compromised ATPase function, which reduces protein re‐folding activity and contributes to depletion of cytosolic Hsp70 in vivo. The combination of reduced functionality and stability of Hsp70‐Ssa results in yeast cells that are compromised in their stress response and cannot propagate the [PSI+] prion.
Tinea capitis et barbae caused by Trichophyton tonsurans: A retrospective cohort study of an infection chain after shavings in barber shops
Authors: Müller Valentina Laura , Kappa‐Markovi Korina , Hyun Julia , Georgas Dimitrios , Silberfarb Gabriel , Paasch Uwe , Uhrlaß Silke , Nenoff Pietro , Schaller Jörg
Published: December 2020

Background

Tinea capitis is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by dermatophytes. In Central Europe, it is mainly caused by zoophilic dermatophytes, as, for example Microsporum (M) canis or Trichophyton (T) mentagrophytes and increasingly by anthropophilic fungi. T tonsurans was commonly related to the Tinea gladiatorum, where transmission occurred between infected persons or via contaminated floors.

Objective

Reporting the transmission of this highly contagious dermatophyte for the first time via beard shaving and hairdressing in barber shops in Germany.

Patients and methods

18 young male patients developed tinea capitis and/or barbae shortly after shavings of the beard and/or hair in a barber shop. Native, cultural and molecular diagnostics as well as tissue biopsies and resistance tests were performed of skin and hair samples.

Results

In all samples, T tonsurans could be identified. The medical history and the clinical picture suggest a transmission through contaminated hairdressing tools. The patients were treated with terbinafine or itraconazole in combination with or exclusively with topical antimycotics.

Conclusion

The transmission and a resulting increase in the incidence of infections with T tonsurans may be due to shavings with direct skin contact of insufficiently disinfected hairdressing tools. This path of infection has already been observed in Africa and is now being described for the first time in Germany. Knowledge of the pathogen and its transmission ways are essential to interrupt the chain of infection.
Introduction: Participatory Research and Ethics in Mesoamerican Fieldwork
Authors: Little Walter E. , Rees Martha W.
Published: December 2020

This introduction explores particular ways in which participatory research is practiced in Mesoamerica by ethnographers. It provides an introduction to the history of participatory research and its interlinkages to a host of ethical concerns that are explored in greater depth in eight, reflexive ethnographic essays by anthropologists who conduct research in Guatemala and Mexico. This introduction and the ten essays in this issue, including two commentaries, present several, sometimes conflicting, discussions about the complicated processes of conducting ethnographic research in Mesoamerica and, in particular, what participatory research means in this linguistically and culturally diverse region of the world. In this introduction, key aspects of the history of participatory research are reviewed, as well as ethical issues related to consent and confidentiality in specific field sites that may conflict with the requirements of funding and academic institutions. This collection of essays aims to capture a panorama of ethnographic experiences in Mesoamerican field sites to highlight the collaborations, as well as the ethical and pragmatic dilemmas encountered in participatory research.

(I) can't use names even in field notes.

We can't anticipate how our representation will play out.

(We have an) ethical and moral duty to promote human rights.

People want money, not collaboration.

We provoke dialogues with people. We can engage other publics. We are possible facilitators of dialogue between different groups of people.
Language Use and Participatory Research
Authors: Little Walter E.
Published: December 2020

This essay explores various reasons and politics behind learning a field research language that go beyond the merely pragmatic function of being a tool to collect data. Moreover, the role of language competency in one's field language is interlinked with the ethics of conducting research and by reflecting on specific ethnographic contexts in Guatemala, it is possible to explore some of the contours of participatory research. One dimension, the appropriate language competency in cultural context, collaboration is considered foundational to participatory research. It is argued that ethnographers’ collaborators and friends in their research sites shape the roles and language use. In some cases, it is unethical and culturally disrespectful to not use the language preferred by collaborators. In short, the language used in participatory projects is not just about data collection, it is an ethical choice.
Protective effects of Crataegus azarolus L. berries aqueous extract against castor oil–induced diarrhea, oxidative stress, and inflammation in rat
Authors: Sammari Houcem , Jedidi Saber , Selmi Houcine , Rtibi Kais , Jabri Mohamed‐Amine , Jridi Mourad , Zouari Nacim , Toumi Lamjed , Sebai Hichem
Published: December 2020

Background

Diarrhea is a multifactorial gastrointestinal disorder responsible for about 5 million deaths annually. The chemical composition, the antioxidant activity of Crataegus azarolus berries aqueous extract (CABAE) as well as its protective effects against castor oil–induced diarrhea, oxidative stress, and inflammation in rat were studied.

Methods

Sixty male rats were used and divided into six groups of ten animals in each: Control (C), castor oil (CO), CO+various doses of CABAE (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg b.w., p.o.), and CO+loperamide (LOP, 10 mg/kg b.w., p.o.).

Key Results

The CABAE showed relatively high levels of total polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins. The LC‐HRESIMS technique allowed the identification of 5 phenolic compounds and the major component is quinic acid. In vivo studies showed that CABAE protected against castor oil–induced diarrhea and intestinal fluid accumulation. The CABAE counteracted castor oil–induced lipoperoxidation, preserved GSH and thiol groups levels, and prevented the depletion of antioxidant enzyme activities, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). The CABAE administration also protected against castor oil–induced inflammatory markers (ALP and CRP) increase. More importantly, castor oil induced an increase of intracellular mediators, such as hydrogen peroxide, free iron, and calcium, while CABAE pretreatment significantly reversed them to near control levels.

Conclusion

The Crataegus azarolus berries aqueous extract significantly protected against diarrhea due in part to its antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties.
Fine roots and mycorrhizal fungi accelerate leaf litter decomposition in a northern hardwood forest regardless of dominant tree mycorrhizal associations
Authors: Lang Ashley K. , Jevon Fiona V. , Vietorisz Corinne R. , Ayres Matthew P. , Hatala Matthes Jaclyn
Published: December 2020

Fine roots and mycorrhizal fungi may either stimulate leaf litter decomposition by providing free‐living decomposers with root‐derived carbon, or may slow decomposition through nutrient competition between mycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi.

We reduced the presence of fine roots and their associated mycorrhizal fungi in a northern hardwood forest in New Hampshire, USA by soil trenching. Plots spanned a mycorrhizal gradient from 96% arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) associations to 100% ectomycorrhizal (ECM)‐associated tree basal area. We incubated four species of leaf litter within these plots in areas with reduced access to roots and mycorrhizal fungi and in adjacent areas with intact roots and mycorrhizal fungi.

Over a period of 608 d, we found that litter decayed more rapidly in the presence of fine roots and mycorrhizal hyphae regardless of the dominant tree mycorrhizal association. Root and mycorrhizal exclusion reduced the activity of acid phosphatase on decomposing litter.

Our results indicate that both AM‐ and ECM‐associated fine roots stimulate litter decomposition in this system. These findings suggest that the effect of fine roots and mycorrhizal fungi on litter decay in a particular ecosystem likely depends on whether interactions between mycorrhizal roots and saprotrophic fungi are antagonistic or facilitative.
Agricultural land use disrupts biodiversity mediation of virus infections in wild plant populations
Authors: Susi Hanna , Laine Anna‐Liisa
Published: December 2020

Human alteration of natural habitats may change the processes governing species interactions in wild communities. Wild populations are increasingly impacted by agricultural intensification, yet it is unknown whether this alters biodiversity mediation of disease dynamics.

We investigated the association between plant diversity (species richness, diversity) and infection risk (virus richness, prevalence) in populations of Plantago lanceolata in natural landscapes as well as those occurring at the edges of cultivated fields. Altogether, 27 P. lanceolata populations were surveyed for population characteristics and sampled for PCR detection of five recently characterized viruses.

We find that plant species richness and diversity correlated negatively with virus infection prevalence. Virus species richness declined with increasing plant diversity and richness in natural populations while in agricultural edge populations species richness was moderately higher, and not associated with plant richness. This difference was not explained by changes in host richness between these two habitats, suggesting potential pathogen spill‐over and increased transmission of viruses across the agro‐ecological interface. Host population connectivity significantly decreased virus infection prevalence.

We conclude that human use of landscapes may change the ecological laws by which natural communities are formed with far reaching implications for ecosystem functioning and disease.
Transcriptional and post‐transcriptional regulation of heading date in rice
Authors: Zhou Shirong , Zhu Shanshan , Cui Song , Hou Haigang , Wu Haoqin , Hao Benyuan , Cai Liang , Xu Zhuang , Liu Linglong , Jiang Ling , Wang Haiyang , Wan Jianmin
Published: December 2020

Rice is a facultative short day (SD) plant. In addition to serving as a model plant for molecular genetic studies of monocots, rice is a staple crop for about half of the world’s population. Heading date is a critical agronomic trait, and many genes controlling heading date have been cloned over the last 2 decades. The mechanism of flowering in rice from recognition of day length by leaves to floral activation in the shoot apical meristem has been extensively studied. In this review, we summarise current progress on transcriptional and post‐transcriptional regulation of heading date in rice, with emphasis on post‐translational modifications of key regulators, including Heading date 1 (Hd1), Early heading date 1 (Ehd1), Grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (Ghd7). The contribution of heading date genes to heterosis and the expansion of rice cultivation areas from low‐latitude to high‐latitude regions are also discussed. To overcome the limitations of diverse genetic backgrounds used in heading date studies and to gain a clearer understanding of flowering in rice, we propose a systematic collection of genetic resources in a common genetic background. Strategies in breeding adapted cultivars by rational design are also discussed.
Metastatic salivary gland carcinoma: A role for stereotactic body radiation therapy? A study of AIRO‐Head and Neck working group
Authors: Franzese Ciro , Ingargiola Rossana , Tomatis Stefano , Iacovelli Nicola Alessandro , Beltramo Giancarlo , Franco Pierfrancesco , Bonomo Pierluigi , Zanetti Isa Bossi , Argenone Angela , Cante Domenico , Romanello Domenico Attilio , Musio Daniela , De Felice Francesca , Furlan Carlo , Scorsetti Marta , Orlandi Ester
Published: December 2020

Objectives

The role of radiotherapy (RT) for oligometastases is currently established in different oncological settings but data on salivary gland cancer (SGC) are lacking. We evaluated the role of RT in oligometastatic SGC patients, focusing on stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT).

Materials and methods

We performed a retrospective, multicentric study of oligometastatic SGC treated with palliative RT or SBRT. Endpoints included response evaluation and local control (LC).

Results

Between 2006 and 2016, 64 patients were collected from 9 Italian Cancer Centers, on behalf of the Italian Association of Radiotherapy and Clinical Oncology (AIRO) Head and Neck Working Group. 37 patients (57.8%) were suffering from adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) and 27 patients (42.2%) had non‐ACC. Thirty‐four patients underwent palliative RT (53,1%), and 30 received SBRT (46,9%). Most common metastatic sites were bone for palliative RT and lung for SBRT. Among patients treated with SBRT, an objective response or a stability was observed in all treated lesions. After a median follow‐up of 29.2 months (range 2.3–117.1), LC at 12 months was 57.5% for patients treated with SBRT and was higher in ACC subgroup.

Conclusion

We confirmed the potential role of SBRT in the management of oligometastatic SGC patients to control limited burden of disease considering the absence of effective systemic therapies.
Hypotension and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes among children with multiple exposures to general anesthesia: Subanalysis of the Mayo Anesthesia Safety in Kids (MASK) Study
Authors: Gleich Stephen J. , Shi Yu , Flick Randall , Zaccariello Michael J. , Schroeder Darrell R. , Hanson Andrew C. , Warner David O.
Published: December 2020

Background

The potential adverse effects of exposures to general anesthesia on the developing human brain remain controversial. It has been hypothesized that hypotension accompanying anesthesia could be contributory. We hypothesized that among children exposed to multiple anesthetics prior to age 3, children developing adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes would be more likely to have intraoperative hypotension.

Methods

Two previously published study cohorts were utilized for analysis: the retrospective and prospective Mayo Anesthesia Safety in Kids cohorts. The two lowest consecutive systolic blood pressure measurements were abstracted and standardized by calculating a z‐score for noninvasive blood pressure reference ranges for children. The lowest systolic blood pressure z‐score (continuous variable) and intraoperative hypotension (lowest systolic blood pressure z‐score <−1.0) were used to assess the association of intraoperative hypotension with the incidence of learning disabilities or attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder(retrospective cohort) and factor scores/cluster membership (prospective cohort).

Results

One hunderd and sixteen and 206 children with multiple exposures to general anesthesia were analyzed in the retrospective and prospective cohorts with mean lowest systolic blood pressure z‐scores −0.26 (SD 1.02) and −0.62 (SD 1.10), respectively. There was no overall association of the lowest z‐score or hypotension with learning disabilities or attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the retrospective cohort. In the prospective cohort, there was no overall association of the lowest systolic blood pressure or hypotension with factor scores or cluster membership.

Conclusions

We did not find evidence to support the hypothesis that, among children exposed to multiple anesthetics prior to age 3, children developing adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes would be more likely to have intraoperative hypotension compared with those who did not.
The impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the education and wellness of U.S. Pediatric Anesthesiology Fellows
Authors: Shih Grace , Deer Jeremy D. , Lau Jennifer , Loveland Baptist Lindsey , Lim Doyle J. , Lockman Justin L.
Published: December 2020

Background

The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic caused state‐wide shutdowns of elective surgical activities in March and April of 2020 forcing graduate medical education program directors and their trainees in the United States to quickly adapt to new rules and circumstances.

Aim

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the current pandemic on pediatric anesthesiology fellow education and wellness nationally in order to guide creation of optimal support systems for fellows during the ongoing pandemic.

Methods

In July 2020, an electronically distributed survey was sent to all United States‐based pediatric anesthesiology fellowship program directors who were asked to distribute the survey to all current/graduating fellows.

Results

A total of 75 out of 184 pediatric anesthesiology fellows (41%) responded to the survey. Major domains identified include reduction of clinical time, financial impact, mental health/wellness effects, and concerns about the overall quality of the fellowship educational experience. Respondents indicated that the pandemic has led to personal quarantine (and/or illness) leave time (21.3%), changes in finances (42.7%) and career opportunities (37.3%), decreased clinical education/experience (28%), and a dissatisfaction with the modified didactic experience (22.7%). In addition, a majority of respondents (97.3%) experienced increased stressors during this pandemic, including worry for family members (80%), stress due to changes in certifying examinations (76%), and fear of contracting COVID‐19 from a patient (72%).

Conclusion

While the results of this survey are only one snapshot in time during an evolving pandemic, these results highlight important domains where program directors and other departmental leaders might focus limited resources to maximize the educational experiences and overall wellness for pediatric anesthesiology fellows.
Influence of germline genetic variants on dermoscopic features of melanoma
Authors: Pozzobon Flavia Carolina , Tell‐Marti Gemma , Calbet‐Llopart Neus , Barreiro Alicia , Espinosa Natalia , Potrony Míriam , Alejo Beatriz , Podlipnik Sebastian , Combalia Marc , Puig‐Butillé Joan Anton , Carrera Cristina , Malvehy Josep , Puig Susana
Published: December 2020

Nevus count is highly determined by inherited variants and has been associated with the origin of melanoma. De novomelanomas (DNMMs) are more prevalent in patients with a low nevus count and have distinctive dermoscopic features than nevus‐associated melanomas. We evaluated the impact of nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) ofMTAP(rs10811629, rs2218220, rs7023329 and rs751173),PLA2G6(rs132985 and rs2284063),IRF4(rs12203592), andPAX3(rs10180903 and rs7600206) genes associated with nevus count and melanoma susceptibility, and theMC1Rvariants on dermoscopic features of 371 melanomas from 310 patients. AllMTAPvariants associated with a low nevus count were associated with regression structures (peppering and mixed regression), blue‐whitish veil, shiny white structures, and pigment network. SNPs ofPLA2G6(rs132985),PAX3(rs7600206), andIRF4(rs12203592) genes were also associated with either shiny white structures or mixed regression (all correctedp‐values ≤ .06). Melanomas from red hair colorMC1Rvariants carriers showed lower total dermoscopy score (p‐value = .015) and less blotches than melanomas from non‐carriers (p‐value = .048). Our results provide evidence that germline variants protective for melanoma risk and/or associated with a low nevus count are associated with certain dermoscopic features, more characteristic of de novo and worse prognosis melanomas.
Psychological factors related to self‐disclosure and relationship formation in the online environment
Authors: D'Agata Madeleine T. , Kwantes Peter J. , Holden Ronald R.
Published: December 2020

The current research constructs a measure of one's willingness to form online relationships and disclose personal and private information and examines how this measure relates to personality and individual differences. In Study 1, we developed a measure to assess one's Openness to Form Online Relationships (OFOR). Two factors emerged: Engagement and Suspicion. Results indicated that individuals who reported higher OFOR Engagement also self‐reported higher self‐concealment and self‐monitoring and lower Honesty‐Humility and Conscientiousness. In Study 2, we examined the extent to which our measures and the OFOR related to people's actual willingness to share personal information. Higher OFOR Engagement was related to greater disclosure. In addition, self‐concealment and the Dark Triad were significantly related to the severity and privacy of self‐disclosure. The current research constructs a new measure of and provides insight into some of the individual differences and personality traits involved in a person's openness to form relationships online and his/her willingness to disclose private information. This work contributes to our understanding of the factors that may make some individuals vulnerable to being deceived by others in the online environment. This work can be used to inform training or messaging to increase community resilience against deception, such as online scams.
Regulation of Krüppel homolog 1 expression by photoperiod in the bean bug, Riptortus pedestris
Authors: Dong Li , Udaka Hiroko , Numata Hideharu , Ito Chihiro
Published: December 2020

In Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera, Alydidae), adult females develop their ovaries under long‐day conditions (LD), but enter reproductive diapause with suppression of ovarian development under short‐day conditions (SD). This photoperiodic response is regulated by juvenile hormone (JH). Krüppel homolog 1 (Kr‐h1) encodes a JH‐inducible transcriptional factor and plays a pivotal role for reproduction in some insects. In the present study, we molecularly characterized Kr‐h1 and investigated Kr‐h1 expression patterns under SD and LD in R. pedestris. The open reading frame of Kr‐h1 was 1320 bp encoding a protein of 440 amino acids. The deduced protein contained eight conserved C2H2‐type zinc finger domains. The expression levels of Kr‐h1 increased from 5 days and peaked at 7 days after transfer from SD to LD. By contrast, Kr‐h1 was constantly expressed at a low level under SD. Topical application of a JH analogue induced ovarian development and Kr‐h1 expression even under SD, suggesting that Kr‐h1 is a JH‐inducible gene in R. pedestris. Then, we examined the effect of knockdown of circadian clock genes Clock (Clk) and mammalian‐type cryptochrome (cry‐m) by RNA interference (RNAi) on the ovarian development and Kr‐h1 expression. Clk RNAi prevented ovarian development and decreased the Kr‐h1 expression under LD, whereas cry‐m RNAi induced ovarian development and Kr‐h1 expression under SD. These results imply that JH secretion is prevented by Clk RNAi under LD and induced by cry‐m RNAi under SD. From these results, we suggest that Kr‐h1 expression is JH dependent and closely correlates with photoperiodic regulation of ovarian development.
Indeterminacy: Deep but not Rock Bottom
Authors: Mariani Cristian
Published: December 2020

Barnes (2014, Analytic Philosophy, 55, 339) has argued on this journal for the following conditional: If there is any metaphysical indeterminacy, this must be at the most fundamental level of reality. To argue for this claim, Barnes relies on two principles that I shall call bivalent completeness and determinate link. According to the former, a complete description is a bivalent assignment of truth values to every sentence. The determinate link, instead, establishes that the determination relation between levels of reality preserves determinacy from one level to another. In response to Barnes’ conclusion, Eva (2018, Thought, 7, 31) has recently pointed out that bivalent completeness is question begging. In this paper, I will first show why Eva's line of reasoning can be resisted. My aim will then be to present a stronger case against Barnes’ argument by challenging the determinate link. In the presence of metaphysical indeterminacy, the link between fundamental and derivative facts might itself be the locus of indeterminacy. I will conclude by showing that Barnes and Eva make many unwarranted assumptions regarding both indeterminacy and fundamentality. The logical space around the connection between these two notions appears to be much wider than what they seem to be aware of, or so I will argue.
Tools for Tragedy: Procedures for Assessing Historic Redress Claims
Authors: Winter Stephen
Published: December 2020

Programs providing monetary redress for historical injustices are often heralded as praiseworthy acts of national accountability. However, critics tend to judge their implementation harshly. Those unfavorable judgments respond, at least in part, to trade‐offs between important values that are “hard‐wired” into the basic tools of assessment. Exposing those trade‐offs can help observers understand the compromises inherent in program design and, hopefully, support policy makers in creating more rational programs.

Related Articles

Kahn‐Nisser, Sara. 2018. “Constructive Criticism: Shaming, Incentives, and Human Rights Reforms.”Politics & Policy46 (1): 58‐83.https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12240

Ryan, Susannah. 2015. “White Gold and Troubled Waters in Southern Africa: Hydropolitical Policy's Effect on Peace in Lesotho and South Africa.”Politics & Policy43 (2): 239‐255.https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12114

Woessner, Matthew, and April Kelly‐Woessner. 2006. “Slavery Reparations and Race Relations in America: Assessing how the Restitutions Debate Influences Public Support for Blacks, Civil Rights, and Affirmative Action.”Politics & Policy34 (1): 134‐154.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2006.00007.x
Street‐Level Bureaucrats as Policy Entrepreneurs: The Nexus between Timing of Traffic Enforcement Activities and Road Safety Policy Outcomes
Authors: Sidha Zedekia , Asingo Patrick , Magutu Justine
Published: December 2020

This article examines the influence of street‐level bureaucratic discretion over the timing of implementation on road safety policy outcomes. It is premised on freshly collected data from road users and traffic enforcement officers in Nairobi, Kenya. It employed Street‐Level Bureaucratic Theory for purposes of conceptualization. It observed that traffic police divisions, like most street‐level bureaucracies, are chronically under‐resourced. They do not have sufficient officers and equipment to monitor safety police compliance and conduct traffic control activities among other roles. To cope with these challenges, they make discretionary choices over activities to concentrate on at any given time. Given that the police play an important role in fostering road safety policy compliance, the study concludes that their failure to target safety implementation at the time when the violations are prevalent is linked to the incessant road safety policy failures across the globe.

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Brogan, Michael James. 2017. “Evaluating Risk and Natural Gas Pipeline Safety.” Politics & Policy 45 (4): 657‐680. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12211

Shock, David R. 2013. “The Significance of Opposition Entrepreneurs on Local Sales Tax Referendum Outcomes.” Politics & Policy 41 (4): 588‐614. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12028

Shrock, Peter. 2010. “Changes in Relationships between State Characteristics and Regulatory Enforcement over Time.” Politics & Policy 38 (5): 991‐1013. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2010.00261.x
The Racialization of International Trade
Authors: Mutz Diana , Mansfield Edward D. , Kim Eunji
Published: December 2020

Despite their less vulnerable economic status, white individuals' attitudes toward overseas trade in the United States may have become more protectionist than those of economically disadvantaged minorities. We present results from five different studies examining two different ways in which trade may have become racialized. First, we examine the extent to which a person's racial identity is associated with levels of trade support. Second, we examine whether the predominant racial identity of a potential trading‐partner country influences people's willingness to trade with that country. Using various surveys and multiple survey experiments conducted over the past 12 years, we find that white individuals have become less supportive of trade than minorities and that whites are more likely than minorities to favor trade with highly similar countries. We suggest that minority support for trade is due to four well‐documented differences in the psychological predispositions of whites and minorities in the United States. Minorities have lower levels of racial prejudice, are lower in social dominance, and express less nationalism than whites. At the same time, there is evidence of rising ingroup racial consciousness among whites. Each of these characteristics has been independently linked to trade support in a direction encouraging greater support for trade among minorities. As the United States grows ever closer to becoming a “majority minority” nation, the racialization of trade attitudes may stimulate shifts in the likely future of America's trade relationships.
The Historical Presidency: The Gilded Age Presidents and the Economy
Authors: Zachary Taylor Mark
Published: December 2020

Do presidents matter for America's economic performance? This article reports several findings and hypotheses derived from a set of least likely cases, the Gilded Age presidents. These executives are often dismissed as weak and ineffective non‐entities. However, statistical data and qualitative evidence suggest that presidents do matter, even during the Gilded Age. They are powerful and essential actors who can deeply affect American economic performance in three subtle ways. The (in)action of Gilded Age presidents during economic crises appears to have mattered most. More tentatively, presidential vision and skill at coalition building also appear to correlate strongly with economic performance. These findings are not merely of historical interest, as the similarities with the twenty‐first century are striking. These cases therefore have important implications for theories of presidential power and performance, American political development, and the role of ideas in politics.
Neural responses to social acceptance predict behavioral adjustments following peer feedback in the context of a real‐time social interaction task
Authors: Weinberg Anna , Ethridge Paige , Pegg Samantha , Freeman Clara , Kujawa Autumn , Dirks Melanie A.
Published: December 2020

Strong social connections are important predictors of both mental and physical health. The ability to effectively process social feedback from other people and adjust behavior accordingly is a critical part of skillfully navigating the social landscape. However, relatively few studies have considered neural systems driving these behavioral adjustments. In this study, 254 participants engaged in a peer interaction game while electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded. In this game, participants repeatedly “interact” with a small set of virtual peers over a series of rounds, in which they provide feedback to their peers, and receive feedback from them in turn. A reward‐sensitive event‐related potential called the Reward Positivity (RewP) was extracted from the EEG following positive feedback from peers, and multilevel modeling was used to examine whether the RewP moderated associations between the feedback participants received during the task and their subsequent behavior. Participants were more likely to accept coplayers who had previously voted to accept them, and to like coplayers who had voted to accept them on the same round. A larger RewP was associated with a stronger tendency to modify behavior following feedback from peers, both in terms of voting behavior and expressions of liking. These data suggest that initial neural responsiveness to reward within 300 ms of positive social feedback may guide social behaviors. Thus, this line of research represents an important step toward a more complete understanding of the ways in which neural responses to feedback are involved in human social behaviors.
Unsettling Resilience: Colonial Ecological Violence, Indigenous Futurisms, and the Restoration of the Elwha River*
Authors: Mauer K. Whitney
Published: December 2020

This study challenges dominant, academic conceptualization of resilience in light of the Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe's (LEKT) experiences of ecosystem restoration. Resilience has gained traction in social science as a framework for a community's response to environmental, social, and political disturbances, the contours of which are not well understood in Indigenous contexts. Interviews with LEKT members on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington State reveal that colonial ecological violence associated with the damming of the Elwha River in the early half of the 20th century continues to shape contemporary possibilities for Klallam resurgence, sovereignty, and self‐determination. Cultural resurgence has been enhanced; but unanticipated burdens and heightened feelings of powerlessness and deprivation remain. Resilience‐based approaches to ecosystem restoration support aspects of Indigenous survival and collective continuance, but they are unlikely to support significant revitalization and self‐determined development unless the structural basis of ecological violence and Indigenous futurisms of resurgence, self‐determination, and sovereignty are addressed.
Low cardiorespiratory fitness and obesity for ADHD in childhood and adolescence: A 6‐year cohort study
Authors: Muntaner‐Mas Adrià , Ortega Francisco B. , Femia Pedro , Kiive Evelyn , Eensoo Diva , Mäestu Jarek , Franke Barbara , Reif Andreas , Faraone Stephen V. , Harro Jaanus
Published: December 2020

Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent disorder in childhood and identifying risk factors associated with developing ADHD during childhood and adolescence is relevant from a clinical and epidemiological point of view. This work examines (a) whether overweight/obesity and low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are associated with increased ADHD symptoms in childhood (cross‐sectional analysis), and (b) whether overweight/obesity and low CRF levels during childhood predict increased ADHD symptoms in adolescence (longitudinal analysis). Data were examined from a longitudinal study of Estonian inhabitants who took part in the European Youth Heart Study (EYHS) in 1998 and 1999 (baseline age 9 years), who were re‐evaluated 6 years later as part of the longitudinal Estonian Children Personality Behaviour and Health Study (ECPBHS). CRF was determined via an incremental maximal cycle‐ergometer test, overweight/obesity was based on body mass index (BMI), and the 7‐point af Klinteberg Hyperactivity Scale was used to assess ADHD symptoms at both time points. In the cross‐sectional analysis, children with overweight/obesity were at greater risk of ADHD symptoms compared to underweight/normal weight children, as were those unfit compared to fit children (OR = 1.92 and 95%CI = 1.02‐3.55, and OR = 1.84 and 95%CI = 1.13‐2.98, respectively). The cross‐sectional association between BMI and ADHD symptoms was mediated by CRF (z = 2.116, 42.9%; P = .034). The longitudinal analysis showed being unfit in childhood was associated with a greater risk of increased ADHD symptoms 6 years later in adolescence (OR = 2.26 and 95%CI = 1.14‐4.47), even after adjusting for baseline ADHD symptoms and BMI. Our result suggests that being unfit is an additional risk factor for increased ADHD symptoms during childhood and adolescence. The association between BMI and ADHD symptoms was mediated by CRF in the cross‐sectional analysis, and no association was seen between overweight/obesity and increased ADHD symptoms.
Nordic Hamstring Exercise training induces improved lower‐limb swing phase mechanics and sustained strength preservation in sprinters
Authors: Alt Tobias , Severin Jannik , Komnik Igor , Nodler Yannick T. , Benker Rita , Knicker Axel J. , Brüggemann Gert‐Peter , Strüder Heiko K.
Published: December 2020

Nordic Hamstring Exercise (NHE) training improves eccentric hamstring strength and sprint performance. However, detraining causes rapid reductions of achieved adaptations. Furthermore, the transfer of improved hamstring capacity to swing phase mechanics of sprints is unknown. This longitudinal study aimed (a) to quantify NHE‐induced adaptations by camera‐based isokinetic assessments and sprint analyses, (b) to relate the magnitude of adaptations to the participants' initial performance level, (c) to investigate the transferability to sprints, and (4) to determine strength preservations after 3 months. Twelve sprinters (21 years, 1.81 m, 74 kg) were analyzed throughout 22 weeks. They performed maximal sprints and eccentric knee flexor and concentric knee extensor tests before and after a 4‐week NHE training. Sprints and isokinetic tests were captured by ten and four high‐speed cameras. The dynamic control ratio at the equilibrium point (DCRe) evaluated thigh muscle balance. High‐intensity NHE training elicited significant improvements of hamstring function (P range: <.001‐.011, d range: 0.44‐1.14), thigh muscle balance (P < 0.001, d range: 0.80‐1.08) and hamstring‐related parameters of swing phase mechanics (P range: <0.001‐0.022, d range: 0.12‐0.57). Sprint velocity demonstrated small increases (+1.4%, P < 0.001, d = 0.26). Adaptations of hamstring function and thigh muscle balance revealed moderate to strong transfers to improved sprint mechanics (P range: <0.001‐0.048, R2 range: 34%‐83%). The weakest participants demonstrated the highest adaptations of isokinetic parameters (P range: 0.003‐0.023, R2 range: 42%‐62%), whereas sprint mechanics showed no effect of initial performance level. Three months after the intervention, hamstring function (+6% to +14%) and thigh muscle balance (+8% to +10%) remained significantly enhanced (P < 0.001, ƞp2 range: 0.529‐0.621). High‐intensity NHE training induced sustained improved hamstring function of sprinters, which can be transferred to swing phase mechanics of maximal sprints. The initial performance level, NHE training procedures and periodization should be considered to optimize adaptations.