bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Commercially Available Essential Oils Combinations with Conventional Antibiotics against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria
Authors: Neagu Răzvan , Popovici Violeta , Ionescu Lucia-Elena , Ordeanu Viorel , Biță Andrei , Popescu Diana Mihaela , Ozon Emma Adriana , Gird Cerasela Elena
Published: April 2024

The present study aims to evaluate the antibacterial activity of five commercially available essential oils (EOs): Lavender (LEO), Clove (CEO), Oregano (OEO), Eucalyptus (EEO), and Peppermint (PEO) against the most-known MDR Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria - Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) - alone and in various combinations. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis established their complex composition. Then, the antibacterial activity was investigated in vitro by diffusimetric antibiogram method, using sterile cellulose discs with Ø 6 mm impregnated with 10 µl of sample and sterile borosilicate glass cylinders loaded with 100 µl of sample; MIC (µg/mL) for each EO was calculated from IZD values (mm) measured after 24 hours. The following EO combinations were evaluated: OEO+CEO, CEO+EEO, CEO+PEO, LEO+EEO, and EEO+PEO. Then, the influence of each dual combination on 3 conventional antibacterial drugs – Neomycin (NEO), Tetracycline (TET), and Bacitracin (BAC) - activity was investigated. The most active EOs against S. aureus and E. coli were LEO and OEO (IZD = 40 mm). They were followed by the CEO and EEO (IZD = 20-27 mm); PEO exhibited the lowest antibacterial activity (IZD = 15-20 mm). EEO alone showed the highest inhibitory activity on P. aeruginosa (IZD = 25-35 mm). It was followed by the CEO, LEO, and EEO (IZD = 7-11 mm), while PEO proved no antibacterial action against it (IZD = 0 mm). Only one synergic action was recorded (OEO+CEO against P. aeruginosa); EEO+PEO revealed partial synergism against S. aureus and CEO+PEO additive behavior against E. coli. Two triple associations with TET showed partial synergism against E. coli, and the other 2 ones (with NEO and TET) evidenced the same behavior against S. aureus; all contained EEO+PEO or CEO+PEO. Most combinations reported indifference. However, numerous cases were of antagonism between constituents included in double and triple combinations, and EOs with the strongest antibacterial activities belong to the highest antagonistic combinations. A consistent statistical analysis supports our results, showing that EOs with moderate antibacterial activities could generate combinations with higher inhibitory effects based on synergistic or additive interactions.
Protective Effects of Pyridoxine Hydrochloride on the Incidence of Corticosteroid-Induced Cleft Palate in C57BL/6J Mice Offsprings
Authors: Hassan Sherif , Abdelhameed Wael , Bamaga Ibraheem , Holdar Abdullah , Al-Qutub Alaa , Nofal Reda , Sherif Mahmoud
Published: April 2024

Abstract: Cleft palate is a congenital condition result from incomplete fusion of palatine shelves. The current study aimed to assess the effects of vitamin B6 on the incidence of corticosteroid-induced cleft palate model. Eighteen pregnant mice were divided into three groups. Mice of control group were injected with sterile physiological saline from 11th - 14th days of gestation. Mice of group II were injected with 125 mg/kg hydrocortisone from 11th - 14th days of gestation. Mice of group III were injected with hydrocortisone as in group II and given drinking water containing 500 µg/ml of vitamin B6 from day zero of gestation until delivery. Two days after delivery, the offspring were counted, and their head circumferences were taken for statistical analysis. The heads of the offspring were fixed and processed for paraffin sectioning and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Cleft palates were counted and statistically analyzed using ANOVA test to determine any significances (P
Distinguishing Axillary Lymphadenopathy after COVID-19 Vaccination from Malignant Lymphadenopathy
Authors: Yamanaka Shintaro , Tanaka Keiko , Miyagawa Masao , Kido Teruhito , Hasebe Shinji , Yamamoto Shoichiro , Fujii Tomomi , Takeuchi Kazuto , Yakushijin Yoshihiro
Published: April 2024

Objectives: To study the differences between malignant hypermetabolic axillary lymphadenopathy (MHL) and COVID-19 vaccine-associated axillary hypermetabolic lymphadenopathy (VAHL) using clinical imaging. Methods: A total of 1,096 patients underwent Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography (PET-CT) between June 1, 2021 and April 30, 2022, at Ehime University Hospital. In total, 188 patients with axillary lymphadenopathy after the COVID-19 vaccination were evaluated. The patients were classified into three groups such as VAHL (n=27), MHL (n=21), and equivocal hypermetabolic axillary lymphadenopathy (EqHL; n=140). Differences in lymph nodes (LNs) swellings were statistically analyzed using clinical imagings (echography, CT, and 18F-FDG PET) statistically. Results: MHL included a higher female population (90.5%) owing to a higher frequency of breast cancer frequency (80.9%). Axillary LNs of MHL did not show any LN fatty hilums (0%); however, those of VAHL and EqHL did (15.8 and 36%, respectively). After the logistic regression analysis of the patients who had axillary lymphadenopathy without any LN fatty hilums, the minor axis length and ellipticity (minor axis/major axis) in the largest axillary LN, SUVmax, and Tissue-to-Background Ratio (TBR) were useful in distinguishing malignant lymphadenopathies. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis indicated that a cut-off value of ≥7.3 mm for the axillary LN minor axis (sensitivity: 0.714, specificity: 0.684) and of ≥0.671 for ellipticity (0.667 and 0.773, respectively) in the largest LN with the highest SUVmax and TBR were predictive of MHL. Conclusion: Axillary lymphadenopathy ≥7.3 mm of the minor axis and ≥0.671 of ellipticity in LN without fatty hilum suggests malignancy even in patients who have received COVID-19 vaccination. Further examinations such as 18F-FDG PET are recommended for such patients
The Kirkhouse Trust: Successes and Challenges in Twenty Years of Supporting Independent, Contemporary Grain Legume Breeding Projects in India and African Countries
Authors: Holzeis Claudia Canales , Gepts Paul , Koebner Robert , Mathur Prem N , Morgan Sonia , Muñoz Amatriaín María , Parker Travis , Southern Edwin M , Timko Michael P
Published: April 2024

This manuscript reviews two decades of projects funded by the Kirkhouse Trust (KT), a charity registered in the UK. KT was established to improve the productivity of legume crops important in African countries and in India. KT’s requirements for support are: 1) the research must be done by national scientists in their home institution, either a publicly funded agricultural research institute or a university; 2) the projects need to include a molecular biology component, which to date has mostly comprised the use of molecular markers for the selection of one or more target traits in a crop improvement programme; 3) the projects funded are included in consortia, to foster the creation of scientific communities and the sharing of knowledge and breeding resources. This account relates to the key achievements and challenges, reflects on the lessons learned and outlines future research priorities.
Minireview on the Use of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics in Modulating Disturbance of Gastrointestinal Microbiota: An Alternative Therapy to Antibiotics
Authors: Meja Tigistu , Wolde Tesfaye , Sahilu Elshaday
Published: April 2024

Antibiotic prescription is the first line of treating bacterial diseases. But it affects the composition and function of non-targeted intestinal microbiota. Antimicrobial resistance will be the cause for the death of millions of people worldwide. By considering collateral damage of antibiotics, searching an alternative antimicrobial agent will be a solution to minimize the problems. Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics are an alternative to antibiotics. Thanks to GIT microbes as they are responsible for metabolism, energy production, protection from pathogens and immunomodulation. So, it is appreciable if the gut microbiota modulated through consumption of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics. Probiotic effects are genus and species specific. To get good health benefit of probiotics, safety of probiotics should be assessed before using them. This is mandatory for prebiotics and synbiotic selection. So this review paper gives information about side effects of antibiotics on gut microbiota, description of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics as alternative to antibiotics in modulating GIT microbiota, techniques of assessing safety of probiotics and health benefits of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics with scientific evidence in clinical trial and some disagreement and challenges of using probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics.
Disturbance Rejection Control of Grid-Forming Inverter for Line Impedance Parameter Perturbation in Weak Power Grid
Authors: Huang Mayue , Li Hui
Published: April 2024

When a grid-forming (GFM) inverter is connected to a low or medium voltage weak power grid, the line impedance with resistive-inductive characteristics will cause power coupling. Typical GFM decoupling control strategies are designed under nominal line impedance parameters. However, there are deviations between the nominal line impedance and actual parameters, resulting in poor decoupling effects. Aiming at this problem, this paper proposes a power decoupling strategy based on a reduced-order extended state observer (ESO). Firstly, the power dynamic model of GFM is established based on the dynamic phasor method. Then, the model deviation and power coupling due to line impedance parameter perturbation are estimated as internal disturbances of the system, and the disturbances are compensated on the basis of typical power control strategy and virtual impedance decoupling. Good decoupling performance is obtained under different impedance parameters, improving the control strategy's robustness. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by the results of RT Box hardware-in-the-loop experiments.
Novel Technologies towards the Implementation and Exploitation of “Green” Wireless Agriculture Sensors
Authors: Vassiliou Loukia , Nadeem Adnan , Chatzichristodoulou David , Vryonides Photos , Nikolaou Symeon
Published: April 2024

The manuscript presents the use of three novel technologies for the implementation of wireless green battery-less sensors that can be used in agriculture. The three technologies, namely additive manufacturing, energy harvesting, and wireless power transfer from airborne transmitters carried from UAVs, are considered for smart agriculture applications. Additive manufacturing is exploited for the implementation of both RFID based sensors and passive sensors based on humidity sensitive materials. A number of energy-harvesting systems at UHF and ISM frequencies are presented which are in position to power platforms of wireless sensors, including humidity and temperature IC sensors used as agriculture sensors. Finally, in order to provide the wireless energy to the soil-based sensors with energy harvesting features, wireless power transfer (WPT) from UAV carried transmitters is utilized. The use of these novel technologies can facilitate the extensive use and exploitation of battery-less wireless sensors which are environmentally friendly and thus “green”. Additionally, it can potentially drive precision agriculture in the next era, through the implementation of a vast network of wireless green sensors which can collect and communicate data, to airborne readers so as to support with data the Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning based, decision making platforms.
Heat and Mass Transformation of Casson Hybrid Nano Fluid (MoS2 + ZnO) based on Engine Oil over a Stretched Wall with Chemical Reaction and Thermo-diffusion Effect
Authors: Madiwal Shreedevi , Naduvinamani Neminath B.
Published: April 2024

This study investigates the potential of a hybrid nanofluid composed of MoS2 and ZnO nanoparticles dispersed in engine oil, aiming to enhance the properties of lubricant's chemical reaction with the Soret effect on stretching sheet under the influence of applied magnetic field. With the growing demand for efficient lubrication systems in various industrial applications, including automotive engines, the development of novel nanofluid-based lubricants presents a promising avenue for improving engine performance and longevity. However, the synergistic effects of hybrid nanoparticles in engine oil remain relatively unexplored. This research addresses this gap by examining the thermal conductivity, viscosity, and wear resistance of the hybrid nanofluid, shedding light on its potential as an advanced lubrication solution. By analyzing the dispersion stability and interaction mechanisms between nanoparticles and base oil, valuable insights are gained into the fundamental aspects governing the entertainment of hybrid nano lubricants. Overall, the objectives of studying hybrid nano lubricant MoS2+ZnO with engine oil aim to advance the development of more efficient and durable lubrication solutions for automotive engines, contributing to improved reliability, fuel efficiency, and environmental sustainability. Governing non-linear partial differential equations are simplified as ordinary differential equations by utilizing similarity variables. MATLAB Bvp4c technique is used to solve the obtained linear ODE equations. The outputs are presented through graphs and tables for various state variables. The comparative survey in all the graphs is presented for the nanofluid (MoS2/Engine oil) with the hybrid nanofluid (MoS2+ZnO/Engine oil). These graphs show the effect of various parameters M, Q, β, Pr, Ec, Sc, Sr, Kp, Kr and (hybrid nano lubricant parameter). The velocity profile diminished against the values of M, Kp, and β. Temperature profile rising with Ec and Q. reciprocally goes down to Pr. The concentration profile incremented with the value of Sr and decremented with the value of Sc, and Kr. With the increasing value of both f′ (η) and θ(η) increases. But in θ(η) hybrid nanofluid slows down with the higher value of .
Comparison of Vegetarian Sausages: Proximal Composition, Instrumental Texture, Descriptive Sensory Profile and Overall Liking with Consumers
Authors: Carhuancho-Colca Karen , Silva-Paz Reynaldo J. , Elías-Peñafiel Carlos , Salvá-Ruiz Bettit K , Encina-Zelada Christian R.
Published: April 2024

The aims of this research were to know the physicochemical parameters, texture properties and sensory profile of vegetarian sausages through the flash profile, overall liking and purchase intention. Additionally, protein, fat and carbohydrate contents, pH, water activity, color, instrumental texture and descriptive profile were quantified with the overall liking and purchase intention of four sausages: ovo-vegetarian (SO), classic vegan (SC), fine herb vegan (SH) and vegan quinoa (SQ). Regarding the physicochemical properties, significant differences (p < 0.05) were obtained. Using the flash profile, consumers described SO with attributes of elasticity, tamale smell, strange smell, characteristic flavor, pastiness, softness, pastel color. SC described as soft, pale color, characteristic odor, characteristic flavor, porous and flexible; SH and SQ characterized by the presence of ingredients, stew flavor, spices, pale and soft color. The SO sample presented greater overall liking and purchase intention compared to the other samples, and had a better texture and higher protein content. Through the HMFA analysis, a positive correlation was obtained between the texture and descriptive sensory of the flash profile, and on the other hand, a correlation between the physicochemical characteristics pH, aw, color, overall liking and purchase intention.
Development of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Navigation and Warehouse Inventory System Based on Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Lin Huei-Yung , Chang Kai-Lun , Huang Hsin-Ying
Published: April 2024

In this paper we present the exploration of indoor positioning technologies for UAVs, and navigation techniques for path planning and obstacle avoidance. The objective is to perform warehouse inventory tasks using a drone to search for barcodes or markers to identify the objects. For the indoor positioning techniques, we employ Visual-Inertial Odometry (VIO), Ultra-Wideband (UWB), AprilTag fiducial markers, and Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM). These algorithms encompass global positioning, local positioning, and pre-mapping positioning, comparing the merits and drawbacks of various techniques and trajectories. In UAV navigation, we combine SLAM-based RTAB-Map indoor mapping and navigation path planning of the ROS for indoor environments. This system enables precise drone positioning indoors and utilizes global and local path planners to generate flight paths that avoid dynamic, static, unknown, and known obstacles, demonstrating high practicality and feasibility. To achieve the warehouse inventory inspection, a reinforcement learning approach is proposed to recognize the markers by adjusting the UAV's viewpoint. We address several main problems in inventory management, including efficiently planning paths while ensuring a certain level of detection rate. Two reinforcement learning techniques, AC (Actor-Critic) and PPO (Proximal Policy Optimization), are implemented based on AprilTag identification. Testing is performed in both simulated and real-world environments, and the effectiveness of the proposed method is validated.Code is available at https://github.com/kellen080/Navigation and https://github.com/kellen080/Indoor\_Positioning.
Historical Overview of the Evolution of Studies and Classifications of Renal Tumors
Authors: BEN TAYEB Rafik , ELFATEMI Hinde
Published: April 2024

The classification of kidney tumors has undergone a remarkable evolution since the early 19th century, reflecting advances in medical science and technology. This historical overview traces the development of renal tumor classification, beginning with early clinical observations and macroscopic descriptions to the integration of molecular diagnostics in contemporary classifications. The establishment of international organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO) facilitated collaboration and standardization in tumor classification, leading to refined classifications and standardized nomenclature. Advancements in histological and molecular studies, particularly genetic analyses, revolutionized the understanding of renal cell carcinomas, enabling precise categorization based on molecular characteristics. The journey from rudimentary classifications to sophisticated systems based on detailed histological, immunohistochemical, and molecular criteria underscores the continuous evolution of kidney tumor classification. This article provides a comprehensive overview of this evolution, highlighting the contributions of scholars and the impact of technological advancements on our understanding and management of kidney tumors.
THz Wave Power Enhancement Using a Microstrip Line-based Combiner Integrated with Arrayed UTC-PDs
Authors: Ssali Hussein , Kamiura Yoshiki , Doi Ryo , Agemori Hiroki , Che Ming , Mikami Yuya , Kato Kazutoshi
Published: April 2024

Recent advancements in semiconductor photonic and electronic devices such as Uni-travelling-carrier photodiodes (UTC-PDs), have played a significant role in the development of Terahertz communication technology. However, a major challenge that still persists is the limited output power from a single UTC-PD required for practical transmission distances. To enhance the output power, we propose and demonstrate a novel Terahertz wave power combining technique using a photomixer device that comprises of two arrayed UTC-PDs monolithically integrated with a microstrip line-based 2 × 1 Wilkinson power combiner and a rectangular patch antenna on a Silicon Carbide (SiC) substrate at 300 GHz. At photocurrents of 8 mA and 10 mA from the two UTC-PDs, the device experimentally exhibited a 7.3 dB increase in power relative to the power obtained with 8 mA UTC-PD and a 4.4 dB increase in power relative to the power obtained with 10 mA UTC-PD, when both UTC-PDs were irradiated. This implies that power can be enhanced by a factor of N2 if the photocurrent is multiplied by a factor of N. This technology presents a holistic and cutting edge platform for further power multiplication by further increasing the number of arrayed UTC-PDs.
Attitudes of Healthcare Professionals in an Autonomous Community in Spain towards Paediatric Influenza Vaccination
Authors: Pérez-Martín Jaime Jesús , Iofrío de Arce Antonio , Zornoza-Moreno Matilde
Published: April 2024

Three autonomous communities have been the ones that, in the 2022-2023 season, anticipated the document approved by the Public Health Commission, recommending influenza vaccination for all children aged 6 to 59 months. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the attitude of healthcare professionals towards the first universal vaccination campaign in our region, as well as the acceptability of the vaccines used and the attitude towards the piloting of school vaccination. Cross-sectional, survey-based, descriptive study. All healthcare professionals involved in the campaign were invited to participate. The 91.9% of surveyed professionals thought that flu vaccination from 6 to 59 months was important or very important. 89.8% had previous experience regarding the intramuscular vaccine. The professionals valued the intranasal vaccine significantly more positively; however, there were no differences when asking for each of the vaccines without comparison. The inhaled vaccine was preferred by 97.5% for the following campaign. Piloted school vaccination showed 75% acceptance. The inhaled vaccine was preferred by most professionals and the piloted school vaccination was highly accepted, and independently associated to the importance of vaccination as considered by physicians, being a medical doctor, and participation in the pilot program.
Experimental Evaluation of Mechanical Compression Properties of Aluminum Alloy Lattice Trusses for Anti-ice System Applications
Authors: Ferro Carlo Giovanni , Varetti Sara , Maggiore Paolo
Published: April 2024

Lattice structures have emerged as promising materials for aerospace structures applications due to their high strength-to-weight ratios, customizable properties, and efficient use of materials. These properties make them at-tractive for use in anti-ice systems, where lightweight and heat exchanging are essential. This paper presents an extensive experimental investigation into mechanical compression properties of lattice trusses fabricated from AlSi10Mg powder alloy, a material commonly used in casted aerospace parts. The truss structures were manufactured using additive manufacturing Selective Laser Melting technique and subjected to uniaxial compressive loading to assess their performance. The results demonstrate that AlSi10Mg lattice trusses exhibit remarkable compressive strength with strong correlations depending upon both topology and cells’ parameters setup. The finding described highlights the potential of AlSi10Mg alloy as a promising material for custom truss fabrication, offering customizable cost-effective and lightweight solutions for aerospace market. The paper also emphasizes the role of additive manufacturing in producing complex structures with pointwise tailored mechanical properties.
Exogenous Cytokinin 4-PU-30 Modulates the Response of Wheat and Einkorn Seedlings to UV-B Radiation
Authors: Kirova Elisaveta , Moskova Irina , Manova Vasilissa , Koycheva Yana , Tsekova Zoia , Borisova Denitsa , Nikolov Hristo , Dimitrov Ventzeslav , Sergiev Iskren , Kocheva Konstantina
Published: April 2024

Abiotic stress is responsible for significant reduction in crop plant productivity worldwide. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a natural component of sunlight and a permanent environmental stimulus. This study investigated the distinct responses of young wheat and einkorn plants to excessive UV-B radiation (180 min at λmax 312 nm) following foliar pretreatment with 1 µM synthetic cytokinin 4PU-30. Results demonstrated that UV radiation significantly amplified hydrogen peroxide levels in both wheat and einkorn, with einkorn exhibiting more pronounced increase compared to wheat. This elevation indicated the induction of oxidative stress by UV radiation in the two genotypes. Intensified antioxidant enzyme activities and increased accumulation of typical stress markers and non-enzyme protectants were evidenced. Transcriptional activity of genes encoding key antioxidant enzymes was also investigated aiming to elucidate the genetic regulation of the antioxidant systems in both wheat and einkorn seedlings. Our results suggested a role for POX1 and POX7 genes in the UV-B tolerance of the two wheat species as well as a cytokinin stimulated UV-B stress response in einkorn mediated through upregulation of the tau subfamily gene GSTU6. Based on these findings it could be concluded that 4PU-30 had the potential of alleviating oxidative stress by attenuating the symptoms of superfluous UV-B illumination in the two examined plant species.
Impacts of the Methylated Cyclodextrin KLEPTOSE® CRYSMEB on Inflammatory Responses in Human In Vitro Models
Authors: Truffin Damien , Marchand Flora , Chatelais Mathias , Chêne Gérald , Saias Laure , Herbst Frauke , Lipner Justin , King Alastair
Published: April 2024

KLEPTOSE® CRYSMEB is a methylated cyclodextrin derivative displaying less methylated group substitution than randomly methylated cyclodextrin. It has demonstrated an impact on atherosclerosis and neurological diseases. linked in part to cholesterol complexation and immune response, but the impact on inflammatory cascade pathways was not clear. Thus, the impact of KLEPTOSE® CRYSMEB on various pharmacological targets was assessed using human umbilical vein endothelial cells in physiological and inflammatory conditions, followed by screening against twelve human primary cell-based systems designed to model complex human tissue and disease biology of the vasculature, skin, lung, and inflammatory tissues using the BioMAP® Diversity PLUS® Panel. Finally, the anti-inflammatory mechanism was investigated on peripheral blood mononuclear cells to evaluate anti-inflammatory or pro-resolving properties. The results showed that KLEPTOSE® CRYSMEB can modulate the immune system in vitro and potentially manage vascular issues by stimulating the expression of molecules involved in the crosstalk between immune cells and other cell types. It showed anti-inflammatory effects driven by pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion inhibition and could have different impacts on different tissue types. Moreover, this cyclodextrin showed no clear impact on pro-resolving lipid mediators. Finally, it appeared that the mechanism of action of KLEPTOSE® CRYSMEB seems to not be shared by well-known anti-inflammatory molecules.
Circulating Anti-endothelial Cell Antibodies in Patients with Geographic Atrophy Related to Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Authors: Żuber-Łaskawiec Katarzyna , Wilańska Joanna , Karska-Basta Izabella , Pociej-Marciak Weronika , Romanowska-Dixon Bożena , Sanak Marek , Kubicka-Trząska Agnieszka
Published: April 2024

Background and Objectives: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the major causes of central vision loss in the older age group and its dry form accounts for the majority of cases. Although several causes and mechanisms for the development and progression of AMD have previously been identified, the pathogenesis of this complex disease is still not entirely understood. As the inflammation and involvement of the immune system are strongly suggested to have a central role to promote the degenerative process and to stimulate the onset of complications, we aimed to analyze the prevalence of serum anti-retinal (ARA) and anti-endothelial cell antibodies (AECA) in patients with dry AMD and to determine their relationship with the clinical features of the disease, notably area of geographic atrophy (GA). Materials and Methods: We enrolled 41 patients with dry AMD and 50 sex- and age-matched healthy controls without AMD. The presence of ARA was determined by indirect immunofluorescence using monkey retina as an antigen substrate, while the presence of AECA was determined using cultivated human umbilical vein endothelial cells and primate skeletal muscle. Results: ARA were detected 36 (87.8%) AMD patients (titers range from 1:20 to 1:320) and in 16 (39.0%) (titers range from 1:10 to 1:40) of controls (p=0.0000). Twenty of the 41 patients (48.8%) were positive for AECA, while in a control group AECA were present only in 5 sera (10.0%). The titers of AECA in AMD patients ranged from 1:100 to 1:1000 and in the control group the AECA titers were 1:100 (p=0.0001). There were no significant correlations between the presence of AECA and disease activity. Conclusions: This study provides evidence for the possible involvement of an autoimmune process against retina and retinal vessel antigens in the pathogenesis of geographic atrophy associated with dry AMD.
Digital Risk and Financial Inclusion: Balance between Auxiliary Innovation and Protecting Digital Banking Customers
Authors: Ahmed Faraz , Hussain Arsalan , Khan Sajjad Nawaz , Malik Arsalan Haneef , Asim Muhammad , Ahmad Sadique , El-Affendi Mohammed
Published: April 2024

In recent years, the digital economy has played an increasingly important role in enhancing productivity, fostering growth, and facilitating the emergence of digital banking. With the widespread adoption of digital financial services for financial inclusion, the banking sector is experiencing a demand for digital transformation. It is important to note that despite the many advantages of this change, it also disrupts the familiar banking experience that customers have grown to expect, as well as introducing potential risks to maintaining customer protection at previous levels. Many critics have raised concerns regarding customer protection and potential exposure to various risks that may arise from digital financial services, which may result in both financial and non-financial losses. These risks can impact customer retention as dissatisfied customers may switch to alternative service providers. Additionally, reputation can be affected since merely offering digital financial services may not sufficiently safeguard customers. To remain competitive, financial institutions must deliver a secure experience that aligns with customer expectations while considering economic factors and societal needs. This is why it is essential to comprehend the severity of the risk factors that influence the protection of customers in the realm of digitalized banking services and products. In this study, five factors have been identified that influence customer protection when using digital financial services in Pakistan. Based on the analysis conducted using SmartPLS, it appears that all the factors proposed in this study have a significant and positive impact on the protection of customers. In particular, the information provided remains of paramount importance when it comes to determining the level of protection that a customer is entitled to within digital financial services, followed by responsiveness, privacy, authentication, and encryption mechanisms. Due to these findings, the implementation of enhanced information security management principles becomes imperative for the development and progress of the Pakistani digital banking industry.
Analysis Methodology for the Evaluation of Energy Efficiency and Energy Classification of Buildings in the Residential Sector
Authors: Tapia María Adelaida Pavón , Fernández Diego Carmona , Angelova Dorotea Dimitrova , González Juan Félix González
Published: April 2024

The implementation of sustainable practices, such as the use of renewable sources and efficient technologies, is crucial for reducing climate change. Energy efficiency is highly important on a global scale due to its relationship with climate change, aiming to minimize environmental impact. In Spain, renewable energy policies have increased self-sufficiency and reduced the use of fossil fuels. Optimizing energy consumption in residences, buildings, and industries is essential for improving efficiency. This was taken into consideration for conducting this study, focusing on the residential sector. The desire to understand the level of energy efficiency in Extremadura drove this project, which focuses on collecting and analyzing data on a set of homes located in the au-tonomous community of Extremadura, with the purpose of evaluating their energy efficiency. To achieve this, a computer tool will be employed to provide a detailed view of the different levels of energy efficiency present in the community. In addition to data collection and analysis, research will be conducted to identify areas for improvement. This will allow proposing a series of specific measures that users can implement to optimize energy efficiency in their homes, adapting them to the particular characteristics of each residence.
Mitigating Threats in LoRaWAN Air Pollution Monitoring: Blockchain-Integrated Wireless Security for Azores Archipelago
Authors: Nguyen Nick , Venezia Sean , Davis Joshua K , Baiocchi Orlando , Grant DC
Published: April 2024

The Azores Archipelago is a collection of volcanic islands near northwestern Portugal in the Atlantic Ocean. Because of the importance of accurate environmental monitoring for the advancement of research, transportation and tourism, a LoRaWan Sensor Network was developed to monitor levels of air pollution across these islands. This study presents an approach to the implementation of a blockchain network that is both lightweight and scalable, with the goal of preventing man-in-the-middle attacks on the design of sensor networks.
BUB1 Inhibition Sensitizes TNBC Cell Lines to Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy
Authors: Sriramulu Sushmitha , Thoidingjam Shivani , Siddiqui Farzan , Brown Stephen L , Movsas Benjamin , Walker Eleanor , Nyati Shyam
Published: April 2024

BUB1 is overexpressed in most human solid cancers including breast cancer. Higher BUB1 levels are associated with poor prognosis especially in patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Women with TNBC often develop resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, which are still the mainstay of treatment for TNBC. Our previous studies demonstrated that BUB1 kinase inhibitor (BAY1816032) reduced tumor cell proliferation and significantly enhanced radiotherapy efficacy in TNBC. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of BAY1816032 with a PARP inhibitor (olaparib), platinum agent (cisplatin), and microtubule poison (paclitaxel) alone or in combination with radiotherapy using cytotoxicity and clonogenic survival assays. BUB1 inhibitor sensitized BRCA1/2 wild-type SUM159 and MDA-MB-231 cells to olaparib, cisplatin and paclitaxel synergistically (combination index; CI
Microglial Replacement and COURIER or SPIT for Neuronal Gene Editing
Authors: Renteln Michael
Published: April 2024

Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors can be used for gene delivery. AAV.CAP-Mac was recently developed; it can cross the blood-brain barrier and transduce cells throughout the CNS. However, some brain regions were not transduced in adult rhesus monkeys. Additionally, AAV vectors can only package 5 kb of DNA. Also, AAV vectors may be genotoxic and cytotoxic, especially at high doses. Finally, AAV vectors are very expensive to produce at sufficiently high titers for treatment. Off-the-shelf cell-based delivery systems wherein the cells can infiltrate the target tissue and be hyper-motile would be ideal. Also, mRNA-based gene editing would be a transient treatment, and thus be much safer.
Enhancing User Experience: Exploring Mobile Augmented Reality Experiences
Authors: Awan Ali Baig , Mahmood Ammar Wasif , Sabahat Nosheen
Published: April 2024

In recent years, the integration of augmented reality (AR) technology into mobile devices has revolutionized both human-computer interaction and computer graphics. This transformative blend of virtual elements into the physical world has led to a new era of possibilities for user experiences. However, the unique challenges posed by Mobile Augmented Reality (MAR) applications demand a closer examination of design and usability considerations to ensure optimal user engagement and satisfaction. This study investigates users' experiences with Mobile Augmented Reality applications, with particular emphasis on design and usability-related concerns. Using a controlled experiment with twenty different people, this study uses thematic analysis to investigate UX improvement options. The aim is to furnish practical design principles that consider the individual characteristics and preferences of users, thereby contributing to the development of empirical insights that enhance Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) standards and best practices. Moreover, the results highlight the importance of user-centered design and assessment approaches. This work fills important gaps in the literature on UX studies of MAR applications and advances our knowledge of creating, engaging and easy-to-use augmented reality experiences.
Change of Natural Oscillation Frequencies of Buildings and Structures Depending on External Factors
Authors: Seleznev V.S. , Liseikin A.V. , Kokovkin I.V. , Soloviev V.M.
Published: April 2024

—This work is devoted to the development of the engineering seismic monitoring method created in Geophysical Survey of the Russian Academy of Sciences (GS RAS). In previous years, the “method of standing waves” was created and put into practice. It helps to separate natural oscillation modes of buildings and other engineering structures. The natural oscillations of hundreds of various objects (buildings, bridges, dams, etc.) had been studied and identified. We assumed that the physical condition of studied constructions could be controlled during exploitation by measuring the changes of natural oscillation frequencies. That would help to identify the appearance of defects in constructions, to prevent the risk of their destruction. However, it turned out that not everything is that simple: changes in frequency values are logically affected by changes in the environment around the studied objects. This article provides examples of these relations, influence of changes in environmental temperature, mass of objects and precipitation on the frequencies of natural oscillations.
Wastewater Treatment and Preparation for Reservoir Pressure Maintenance (rmp) System with Sodium Ferrate Solution, Produced On-Site by Membrane Electrolysis
Authors: Koniashina A. , Petkova A. , Sharafutdinova G.
Published: April 2024

Maintaining reservoir pressure is an important part if we are talking about efficient oil production. The reservoir pressure maintenance system allows oil to flow freely to the surface. This process is required to extend the life of the reservoir and maximize the efficient extraction of hydrocarbons. The quality of the oil and the service life of the system equipment directly depend on the quality of the water supplied to the reservoir.

Water treatment problems have always been an integral part of the development of society. Alkali metal ferrates are promising environmentally friendly reagents, which are the strongest oxidizing agents used in practice and capable of decomposing many chemically resistant pollutants, including critical in the preparation of water for RPM systems, such as hydrogen sulfide.

It is promising, environmentally friendly and cost-effective to use this technology for wastewater treatment and water treatment for RPM systems.
Three-dimensional thermomechanical modeling beneath southeastern Mexico, and its relation to the occurrence of interplate seismic events
Authors: Suenaga Nobuaki , Yoshioka Shoichi , Manea Vlad C. , Manea Marina , Moreno Erika J.
Published: April 2024

In this study, we investigate the relationship between the occurrence region of megathrust earthquakes, slow earthquakes such as a long-term slow-slip event and tectonic tremors, and temperature fields and dehydration processes near the plate interface in the subduction zone of the Cocos plate in southern Mexico, including the Guerrero seismic gap. For this purpose, we performed numerical simulations of 3-D thermomechanical subduction modelling with a combination of multiple unknown model parameters. The unknown parameters used are 1) the downdip limit of the high-viscous region within the mantle wedge, which was introduced by considering the non-uniform thickness distribution of the continental crust, and 2) its viscosity, and 3) frictional coefficient which contributes to the amount of frictional heating at the plate interface. The optimal model that best fits the observed Curie point depth distribution was determined among them whose optimal values for the above respective values were determined to be 55 km, 1.0×1028 Pas, and 0.00085, respectively. Comparing the temperature field for the best-fit model with the occurrence region of the interplate seismic events, the interplate temperature near the occurrence region of the megathrust earthquakes, a 2001-2002, 2006, and 2010 long-term slow slip event at a downdip of the Guerrero gap in the range where the amount of slip is 10 cm or more , tectonic tremors within the seaside swarms, and tectonic tremors within the inland swarms are estimated ranging from 200 to 400℃, from 400 to 550℃, from 500 to 600℃, and from 650 to 750℃, respectively. In addition, in and around the Guerrero seismic gap for the megathrust earthquake, where the slab geometry is concave, the plate interface temperature was estimated about 100°C lower than the surrounding area at the same depth in the along-arc direction. Because it is thought that complete stick-slip behavior does not occur in this low-temperature region, and suggests that it is related to the presence of the seismic gap. Comparing estimated dehydration processes near the plate interface with interseismic events suggests that large dehydration from the MORB within the oceanic crust and the ultramafic rock within the mantle wedge were identified near the long-term slow slip event and the tectonic tremor regions, respectively.
The Protective Efficacy of Recombinant Herpesvirus of Turkey (rHVT-ND-IBD) Vaccine Against Challenge with Velogenic Newcastle Disease Virus Genotype VII.1.1
Authors: Sultan Hesham A. , Hussein Hussein A. , Seida Ahmed Adel , Tantawi Laila , Gad Taha , El-Zanaty Abd Elfattah I. , Talaat Shaimaa
Published: April 2024

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) outbreaks occurred in several vaccinated and non-vaccinated poultry farms all over the world causing severe economic losses despite extensive vaccination. Class II genotype VII.1.1 NDV are predominant in Middle East and Asia, despite intensive vaccination regimes. In this study the protective efficacy of recombinant herpesvirus of turkey (rHVT-ND-IBD) expressing F protein of genotype VII with either live and /or inactivated ND conventional genotype II vaccines was evaluated in broilers against challenge with velogenic Newcastle disease virus (VNDV) genotype VII.1.1 (Chicken/ USC/Egypt /2015 with accession number MG029120) strain. Four vaccination regimes were used: live ND vaccine (V4 and LaSota) alone on day 1 &14, respectively, (G4) or either with rHVT-ND-IBD vector vaccine on day 1 (G3) or inactivated NDV vaccine (G1) or rHVT-ND-IBD vector and inactivated NDV vaccines on day 1 &7, respectively. In addition, non-vaccinated birds (G5). All groups were challenged on days 21 & 28. The assessment of protection was based on seroconversion, clinical protection, mean lesion scores (MLS) of histopathological changes and tracheal virus shedding after challenge with velogenic NDV genotype VII.1.1. The results showed that all vaccinated groups (G1, G2, G3 & G4) were clinically protected in compared to severe clinical signs with 85% mortality rate of non-vaccinated group (G5) when challenged on day 21. Whereas, after challenge on day 28 the clinical signs were varied from mild (G2 & G3), moderate (G1) and severe (G4) vs very severe respiratory, neurological and gastrointestinal disorders (G5). In addition, the mortality rates were 12.5%, 0%, 0% and 50% in G1, G2, G3 and G4, respectively, vs 87.5% in G5. Moreover, the tracheal virus shedding in G2 & G3 were significantly (p ≤ 0.01) reduced when compared to the G1, G4 & G5. The MLS were significantly (p ≤ 0.01) decreased in G2 and G3 when compared to other groups. It was concluded from this study that a complete clinical protection against challenge with genotype VII.I.I NDV was revealed in broilers vaccinated with live NDV genotype II and both the inactivated NDV genotype II and bivalent rHVT-IBD-ND vaccines. Upon that the combination of bivalent rHVT-IBD-ND with live and inactivated ND vaccines in broilers is recommended to obtain optimum clinical protection against genotype VII.1.1, especially in endemic countries.
Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on global urban expansion slowdown
Authors: Du Bo , Sun Lingyu , Wu Chen , Zhang Liangpei
Published: April 2024

In recent decades, the world has witnessed dramatic urbanization1,2. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has a great influence on global urbanization1,3. We still lack detailed information about the decline of urban expansion in different countries and regions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic4,5. Therefore, this study selected 468 representative cities, examining global urban expansion trends during the pre-pandemic (2018-2019) and post-pandemic (2020-2022) periods. The urban perspective reveals a mean 45.88% decrease in the urban expansion rate, with 46% of cities facing severe urban expansion slowdown. Cities in lower-middle-urban-area, high-income, and upper-middle-population groups are disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis of the relationship between urban expansion slowdown and anti-contagion policies identifies significant variations among countries. Germany, Mexico, and Italy experience more severe impacts on urban expansion under stringent policies, while China, India, and Brazil observe less effect. United Nations subregions, Eastern Asia and Northern America, with the largest urban areas, witnessed notable reductions in urban expansion due to the pandemic, highlighting diverse global impacts on urban development. The study estimates a 90,315 km2 decrease in global urban expansion area during the post-pandemic period, constituting 46.38% of the projected expansion area in the absence of the pandemic.
Electrochemical Treatment of Wastewater containing Reactive Blue 4 (RB4) Dye: RSM and ANN Optimization, Technoeconomic Analysis and Sludge Characterization
Authors: Gautam Kajal , Kumar Yatindra , Sonawane Shriram , Kumar Sushil
Published: April 2024

In the present study, electrochemistry based electro-coagulation (EC) process, as a green approach is used for the decolorization of Reactive Blue 4 (RB4) from simulated wastewater. A multivariate approach, response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD) is employed to model and optimize the EC process with five input variables (pH, initial concentration of dye, current density, operating time, and electrodes gap) to treat the wastewater containing RB4 dye. The efficiency of EC process is calculated in terms of % decolourization and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal. A back-propagation Artificial Neural Network (BP - ANN) is also engaged to predict the % colour and % COD removal. The experimental values of %decolourization (89.3%) and COD removal (84.3%) are found very close to predicted %decolourizations (88.6% and 89.4%) and COD removal (83.4% and 84.4%) at optimized conditions [pH (X1) = 7.0; initial dye concentration (X2) = 1297.6 mgL-1; current density (X3) = 13.42 mAcm-2; contact time (X4) = 70 min and initial electrodes gap (X5) = 1.0 cm] using RSM and ANN, respectively. Techno-economic efficacy is determined in terms of an operating cost as Rs. 114.82 m-3. The physico-chemical properties of the EC process generated sludge are analyzed using FTIR and FESEM/EDX. The comparative analysis with previous studies and future perspectives of the EC process for the removal of RB4 from wastewater is also carried out.