bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theorizing Lateral Violence in Sápmi
Authors: Jensen Ellen Marie
Published: November 2019

Until the advent of social media, it has not been natural to speak openly about sexual violence in Sápmi. The tendency toward silence on the part of victim/survivors can be attributed to a number of factors, including fear of collective racialized judgement, fear of not being believed, and a tendency on the part of minorities to “protect their own.” However, in the last five years we have witnessed a wave of Sámi survivors—especially young women and Queer youth—sharing their personal, storied experiences of lateral violence on social media, and even in Sámi and mainstream media. Many survivors’ stories reflect a “calling out” of Sámi society to break with taboos, as well as a “calling out” of Norwegianization and state systemic indifference to the problem of sexual violence in Sámi communities. Pre-dating the watershed moment of the Divtasvuotna/Tysfjord case and the #metoo and #timesup movements in the USA, young Sámi women began telling their stories of survival of sexual assault and harassment on various social and traditional media platforms, and Sámi youth organizations addressed issues of sexual violence and harassment in their own organizational structures and in societal terms.

To the best of my knowledge, there has been limited research on sexual violence in Sápmi, with the exception of large-scale surveys from the health sciences that reveal that Sámi women experience domestic and sexual violence at higher rates than the majority Nordic population; further, it is well-known in Sámi society that the majority of offenders are themselves from within the Sámi community.

My presentation will be a “discussion of a new research idea” on theorizing the gendered, racial, and colonial nature of sexual violence against Sámi women in a historical and systemic trajectory.
First microsatellite markers for the pine catkin sawflyXyela concava(Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) and their application in phylogeography and population genetics
Authors: Kulanek Dustin , Blank Stephan M. , Kramp Katja
Published: November 2019

Microsatellites are widely used as powerful markers in population genetics because of their ability to access recent genetic variation and to resolve subtle population genetic structures. However, their development, especially for non-model organisms with no available genome-wide sequence data has been difficult and time-consuming. Here, a commercial high-throughput sequencing approach (HTS) was used for the very first identification of microsatellite motifs in the genome ofXyela concavaand the design of primer pairs flanking those motifs. Sixteen of those primer pairs were selected and implemented successfully to answer questions on the phylogeography and population genetics ofX. concava. The markers were characterized in three geographically distinct populations ofX. concavaand tested for cross-species amplification in two additionalXyelaand onePleroneuraspecies (Xyelidae). All markers showed substantial polymorphism as well as revealing subtle genetic structures among the three genotyped populations. We also analyzed a fragment of the nuclear gene region of sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha (NaK) and a partial mitochondrial gene region coding for cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) to demonstrate different genetic resolutions and sex-biased patterns of these markers, and their potential for combined use in future studies on the phylogeography and population genetics ofX. concava.Although a limited number of populations was analyzed, we nevertheless obtained new insights on the latter two topics. The microsatellites revealed a generally high gene flow between the populations, but also suggested a deep historical segregation into two genetic lineages. This deep genetic segregation was confirmed byNaK. While the high gene flow was unexpected, because of assumed restricted dispersal ability ofX. concavaand the discontinuous distribution of the host trees between the populations, the segregation of two lineages is comprehensible and could be explained by different refuge areas of the hosts during glacial times. TheCOIresults showed a discordant strong genetic structure between all populations, which might be explained by the smaller effective population size of the mitochondrial genome. However, given the frequent evidence of a similar nature in recent studies on sawflies, we also consider and discuss mitochondrial introgression on population level as an alternative explanation.
Oxidative stress as a potential target in acute kidney injury
Authors: Tomsa Anamaria Magdalena , Alexa Alexandru Leonard , Junie Monica Lia , Rachisan Andreea Liana , Ciumarnean Lorena
Published: November 2019

Background

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a major problem for health systems being directly related to short and long-term morbidity and mortality. In the last years, the incidence of AKI has been increasing. AKI and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are closely interconnected, with a growing rate of CKD linked to repeated and severe episodes of AKI. AKI and CKD can occur also secondary to imbalanced oxidative stress (OS) reactions, inflammation, and apoptosis. The kidney is particularly sensitive to OS. OS is known as a crucial pathogenetic factor in cellular damage, with a direct role in initiation, development, and progression of AKI. The aim of this review is to focus on the pathogenetic role of OS in AKI in order to gain a better understanding. We exposed the potential relationships between OS and the perturbation of renal function and we also presented the redox-dependent factors that can contribute to early kidney injury. In the last decades, promising advances have been made in understanding the pathophysiology of AKI and its consequences, but more studies are needed in order to develop new therapies that can address OS and oxidative damage in early stages of AKI.

Methods

We searched PubMed for relevant articles published up to May 2019. In this review we incorporated data from different types of studies, including observational and experimental, both in vivo and in vitro, studies that provided information about OS in the pathophysiology of AKI.

Results

The results show that OS plays a major key role in the initiation and development of AKI, providing the chance to find new targets that can be therapeutically addressed.

Discussion

Acute kidney injury represents a major health issue that is still not fully understood. Research in this area still provides new useful data that can help obtain a better management of the patient. OS represents a major focus point in many studies, and a better understanding of its implications in AKI might offer the chance to fight new therapeutic strategies.
Freight Safety in Freight Forwarding Business in Nigeria: The Challenges and Preventive Measure
Authors: Anthony Adepoju Adebiyi , Benson Irinyemi Ademola
Published: November 2019

Over the years, water transportation has been a major way of carrying over 90 percent of the physical carriage of Nigeria’s external trade . “The reason behind this overwhelming dominance of water transportation, compared with others can be seen in over congestion of most of our sea ports in Nigeria, even in other countries of the world, can be seen in the over congestion of most of our sea ports in Nigeria.”

However, the issue of safety and security in the maritime industry is a serious and complex one. The economic losses arising from security lapse in most of our ports in Nigeria have become unacceptable in today’s commercial climate. The most noticeable distruptions  in our present day commercial climate are  in the form of kidnapping, terrorism, theft of valuable cargoes, politically motivated crimes. In maritime business world, the undisputed facts are that, loss prevention mechanism which include security, safety, fire and risk management are top priority concerns. This paper has however attempted to analyze the contributing factors to insecurity in most of our seaports in Nigeria. And how insecurity in Nigeria sea can be curtailed or eradicated with the enabling laws governing the usage, management and control of the Nigeria sea ports.
A Study on Molecular Detection of Mutations Associated with Second Line Anti-tuberculosis Drug Resistance
Authors: Goyal Akansha , Gadhavi Hiral , Aring Binita , Mullan Summaiya
Published: November 2019

Background: Efficient tuberculosis (TB) control is based on an early diagnosis followed by the rapid identification of drug resistance, in order to treat patients adequately, break the chain of transmission, and avoid the spread of resistant strains. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis have emerged worldwide and seriously threaten TB control and prevention programs. At the same time, the emergence of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR TB) has also become an important global health problem.

Objectives: To detect common gene mutation pattern associated with drug resistance against second line anti-tuberculosis drugs in TB patients by SL-LPA as a rapid and early diagnostic test.

Materials and Methods:total 652 sputum samples were received from 30 districts at culture district laboratory, Jamnagar from October 2018 to December 2018, and were included in the study. Second line Second line- line probe assay (SL-LPA) was used to detect mutations associated with resistance for anti-tuberculosis drugs.

Results: Out of the 652 samples analyzed for mutations associated with second line anti-tuberculosisdrug resistance, 43% of the samples exhibited various forms of mutations. Out of these samples, mutations associated with gyrA gene were detected in 36.6% samples, gyrB gene mutation in 0.7% samples, rrs gene mutation in 4.4% samples and eis gene mutation in 1.2% samples.

Conclusion: The present study provide information on the mutation pattern of drug resistant strains present in the geographical area and help to provide the basis for effective strategies for control of drug resistant TB in this region. It also re-emphasizes the importance of second line LPA which can diagnose TB and drug resistance in a single day and allows earlier administration of appropriate treatment as compared to culture result which take 1-2 months.
Meeting notes
Authors: - -
Published: November 2019

Meeting minutes 10 March 1862.
Editorial
Authors: Tudor Keith , Hall Alayne
Published: November 2019

E ngā waka, e ngā mana, e ngā hau e wha, ngā mihi nui ki a koutou arā me to whānau hoki. Tenā koutou, tenā koutou, tenā koutou katoa. He tino hari maua, i te tari putanga tuarua na Ata: Journal of Psychotherapy Aotearoa New Zealand. I te putanga koutou o te kape tuatahi me te oho koutou nga aroro “Te Timatanga o te Kainga”. Tahuri ki a koutou kei te putanga tuarua inaianei, he whakamarama koutou nga aroro “Tona Kanohi”. Nō reira nga mihi mahana koutou ano, kei te hari awhero koe nga mahi kaiawhina tuhituhi taua ka korero pukapuka.
To the many talented and esteemed who are propelled together by the four winds, spread throughout the islands we greet you and your family warmly. We greet you once, twice, thrice. We are very pleased to bring you the second issue of Ata: Journal of Psychotherapy Aotearoa. In our first issue, we were enlightened by a number of contributions which explored concepts concerning “Home is Where we Start From”. We now turn to our second issue and the theme of “The Face of the Other”, the subject and theme of the New Zealand Association of Psychotherapists’ 2012 Conference, where concepts concerning this theme were illuminated for us. Once again we greet you warmly and we hope you enjoy the efforts of the writers who have contributed to this journal.
Reflexive theory
Authors: Tudor Keith , Cockburn Garry , Daniels Joan , Goulding Josie , Hubbard Peter , Larsen Sheila , Levien Brenda , Milton Chris , Morgaine Jules , Palmer Helen , Solomon Margot , Stuthridge Jo
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Western – and Northern – psychology and psychotherapy stand accused of an over emphasis on the individual, ego, and self (“the Self”), autonomy, and self-development. These criticisms have been made from other intellectual, cultural, social, spiritual and wisdom traditions, but may also be found in critical and radical traditions within Western thought. In this article, exponents of ten different theoretical orientations within or modalities of psychotherapy reflect on one or two key aspects of their respective theories which, together, offer a holistic conception of the person; account for family/social/cultural context; provide an understanding of the human trend to homonomy (or belonging) alongside autonomy; articulate a relational understanding of human development, attachment to and engagement with others; and emphasise spirit, group, and community. As such, these psychotherapies – and critiques of Western psychotherapy – offer a wider vision of the scope and practice of psychotherapy and its relevance in and to Aotearoa New Zealand.
Whakarāpopoto
E tū ana te whakapae, e kaha rawa ana te whakapau wā ki te takitahi a te whakaora hinengaro o te Uru me te Raki i te takitahi, te whakaī, me te whaiaro (“te Whaiaro”), tino rangatiratanga, me te whanaketanga whaiaro. I ara ake ana ēnei kūrakuraku i ētahi atu tikanga hinengaro, ahurea, hapori, wairua, me te mātauranga, engari ka kitea anō hoki i roto i ngā tikanga arohaeheanga rerekē hoki o te whakaarohanga Taiuru. Kei tēnei kōrero, ko ngā tauira o ngā ariā tekau āhua mau ki roto, ki te āhua rānei o te kaiwhakaora hinengaro e whakaata ana i tētahi, ētahi tirohanga rānei o ā rātou ake aria, ā, ngātahi e tuku ariā tapeke ana o te tangata; whakaaturanga horopaki whānau/hāpori; whakarato moohiotanga o te ia o te tangata ki te whakaōrite (whai tūrangawaewae rānei) i te taha o te tino rangatiratanga. Ki te whakapapa mātauranga whakapā ki te ira tangata, tōna whakapiri ki me te whakapiri ki ētahi atu hoki, ā, ka whakatāpua wairua, rōpū, hāpori hoki. Koia rā, ko ēnei kaiwhakaora hinengaro – paearu kaiwhakaora hinengaro o te Uru  – e tuku tirohanga whānui ana o te matapae me te mahi a te kaiwhakaora hinengaro me ana whakapaanga katoa i Aotearoa nei.
Cultural Supervision and Cultural Competence in the Practice of Psychotherapy and Applied Psychology
Authors: Morice Margaret Poutu , Fay Jonathan
Published: November 2019

The article offers an overview or meta-perspective on the parallels and kinship between cultural supervision and clinical supervision and between cultural supervision and cultural competence. It discusses some cultural competencies specific to working with indigenous Māori, competencies which may also establish principles of cultural competency for working safely and effectively amongst multiple lived realities within multicultural societies. It compares and contrasts aspirational and regulatory approaches to cultural competence and suggests some ways in which cultural competencies might be measureable and measured. Finally, it links the practice of cultural supervision to the development and maintenance of cultural competence.
Whakarāpopoto
He whakatakororanga whakaaro whānui tā tēnei tuhinga whakakapā atu ki te heretangata me ngā hono o te ahurea kaiwhakahaere me te ahurea kaitaunaki me te ahurea matatau. Ka matapakihia ētahi ahurea matatau arotika atu ki te mahi i te taha o te Māori, ngā mātauranga tērā pea ka whakaū mātāpono tūāpapa pūkenga mō te ora te mana i waenga i te rahi i te ahurea-tini porihanga. Ka whakaritea ka whakarerekēhia ngā moemoeā ngā momo whai i te koeke ahurea ā, ka whakaarahia ētahi huarahi e kitea ai te inetanga, te whakaine ahurea koeke. Haite mutunga, ka honoa te whakawai o te ahurea kaiwhakahaere ki te whanaketanga me te pupuritanga o te ahurea matatau.
“The Struggle to Live and Let Live …”
Authors: Fay Jonathan
Published: November 2019

This review offers a critique of Farhad Dalal’s article in this issue, an article which is based on his keynote address to the 2013 NZAP Conference. In this review article, I offer an appreciation for Farhad’s contribution, but also propose an alternative understanding of ethical discrimination. I suggest that psychotherapy is the child of Romanticism, in which it is axiomatic that intelligent empathy is better than observational rationality, and that equity is better than equality. The suffering of the oppressed is indeed privileged. The social, political, and therapeutic consequences of this shift in emphasis are significant, particularly for indigenous aspirations and the development of bicultural partnerships.
Waitara
He arohaehae tēnei arotake o te tuhinga a Farhad Dalal kei roto nei i tēnei puka māheni: he tuhinga mai i tana kōrero matua ki te Hui o te 2013 a NZAP. E horaina atu ana he mihi nui mō tāna i homai, engari ka whakatū hoki i tahi mātauranga rerekē mō te aukatinga matatika. Ko tāku e kī ana, he hua o te Whaiāipohanga te kaiwhakaora hinengaro, inā rā e mōhiotia ana he pai ake te pūaroha mātatau i te tirohanga arotake, ā, he pai ake hoki te tūtika i te ritetahi. Koia rā he makaunga te mamae o te pēhitanga. Whakahirahira ana te hua o te nekehanga tirohanga hāpori, tōrangapū haumanu hoki, hāngai tika ki ngā whāinga tangata whenua me te whanaketanga o te mahitahi ahurea takirua.
Stress‐responsive Entamoeba topoisomerase II: a potential antiamoebic target
Authors: Varghese Sneha Susan , Ghosh Sudip Kumar
Published: November 2019

Topoisomerases, the ubiquitous enzymes involved in all DNA processes across the biological world, are targets for various anticancer and antimicrobial agents. In Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of amebiasis, we found one of seven unexplored putative topoisomerases to be highly upregulated during heat shock and oxidative stress, and also during the late hours of encystation. Further analysis revealed the upregulated enzyme to be a eukaryotic type IIA topoisomerase (TopoII) with demonstrable activity in vitro. This enzyme is localized to newly forming nuclei during encystation. Gene silencing of the TopoII reduces viability and encystation efficiency. Notable susceptibility of Entamoeba TopoII to prokaryotic topoisomerase inhibitors opens up the possibility for exploring this enzyme as a new antiamoebic target.
Growth hormone receptor promotes osteosarcoma cell growth and metastases
Authors: Cheng Mo , Huang Wending , Cai Weiluo , Fang Meng , Chen Yong , Wang Chunmeng , Yan Wangjun
Published: November 2019

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the primary bone malignancy in children and adolescents, with a high incidence of lung metastasis and poor prognosis. Here, we report that growth hormone receptor (GHR) is overexpressed in OS samples compared with osteofibrous dysplasia. We subsequently demonstrated that GHR knockdown inhibited colony formation, promoted cell apoptosis and decreased the number of cells at G2/M phase in 143B and U2OS cells. Furthermore, knockdown of GHR inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Together, these findings indicate that GHR modulates cell proliferation and metastasis through the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase/AKT signaling pathway and may be suitable for use as a putative biomarker of OS.
Flexible Thermoelectric Devices of Ultrahigh Power Factor by Scalable Printing and Interface Engineering
Authors: Varghese Tony , Dun Chaochao , Kempf Nicholas , Saeidi‐Javash Mortaza , Karthik Chinnathambi , Richardson Joseph , Hollar Courtney , Estrada David , Zhang Yanliang
Published: November 2019

Printing is a versatile method to transform semiconducting nanoparticle inks into functional and flexible devices. In particular, thermoelectric nanoparticles are attractive building blocks to fabricate flexible devices for energy harvesting and cooling applications. However, the performance of printed devices are plagued by poor interfacial connections between nanoparticles and resulting low carrier mobility. While many rigid bulk materials have shown a thermoelectric figure of merit ZT greater than unity, it is an exacting challenge to develop flexible materials with ZT near unity. Here, a scalable screen‐printing method to fabricate high‐performance and flexible thermoelectric devices is reported. A tellurium‐based nanosolder approach is employed to bridge the interfaces between the BiSbTe particles during the postprinting sintering process. The printed BiSbTe flexible films demonstrate an ultrahigh room‐temperature power factor of 3 mW m−1 K−2 and ZT about 1, significantly higher than the best reported values for flexible films. A fully printed thermoelectric generator produces a high power density of 18.8 mW cm−2 achievable with a small temperature gradient of 80 °C. This screen‐printing method, which directly transforms thermoelectric nanoparticles into high‐performance and flexible devices, presents a significant leap to make thermoelectrics a commercially viable technology for a broad range of energy harvesting and cooling applications.
A Universal Seeding Strategy to Synthesize Single Atom Catalysts on 2D Materials for Electrocatalytic Applications
Authors: Zhao Shiyong , Chen Guangxu , Zhou Guangmin , Yin Li‐Chang , Veder Jean‐Pierre , Johannessen Bernt , Saunders Martin , Yang Shi‐Ze , De Marco Roland , Liu Chang , Jiang San Ping
Published: November 2019

Single‐atom catalysts (SACs) are attracting significant attention due to their exceptional catalytic performance and stability. However, the controllable, scalable, and efficient synthesis of SACs remains a significant challenge. Herein, a new and versatile seeding approach is reported to synthesize SACs supported on different 2D materials such as graphene, boron nitride (BN), and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). This method is demonstrated on the synthesis of Ni, Co, Fe, Cu, Ag, Pd single atoms as well as binary atoms of Ni and Cu codoped on 2D support materials with the mass loading of single atoms in the range of 2.8–7.9 wt%. In particular, the applicability of the new seeding strategy in electrocatalysis is demonstrate on nickel SACs supported on graphene oxide (SANi‐GO), exhibiting excellent catalytic performance for electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction with a turnover frequency of 325.9 h−1 at a low overpotential of 0.63 V and high selectivity of 96.5% for CO production. The facile, controllable, and scalable nature of this approach in the synthesis of SACs is expected to open new research avenues for the practical applications of SACs.
The Era of Digital Health: A Review of Portable and Wearable Affinity Biosensors
Authors: Tu Jiaobing , Torrente‐Rodríguez Rebeca M. , Wang Minqiang , Gao Wei
Published: November 2019

Digital health facilitated by wearable/portable electronics and big data analytics holds great potential in empowering patients with real‐time diagnostics tools and information. The detection of a majority of biomarkers at trace levels in body fluids using mobile health (mHealth) devices requires bioaffinity sensors that rely on “bioreceptors” for specific recognition. Portable point‐of‐care testing (POCT) bioaffinity sensors have demonstrated their broad utility for diverse applications ranging from health monitoring to disease diagnosis and management. In addition, flexible and stretchable electronics‐enabled wearable platforms have emerged in the past decade as an interesting approach in the ambulatory collection of real‐time data. Herein, the technological advancements of mHealth bioaffinity sensors evolved from laboratory assays to portable POCT devices, and to wearable electronics, are synthesized. The involved recognition events in the mHealth affinity biosensors enabled by bioreceptors (e.g., antibodies, DNAs, aptamers, and molecularly imprinted polymers) are discussed along with their transduction mechanisms (e.g., electrochemical and optical) and system‐level integration technologies. Finally, an outlook of the field is provided and key technological bottlenecks to overcome identified, in order to achieve a new sensing paradigm in wearable bioaffinity platforms.
Fast and Ultraclean Approach for Measuring the Transport Properties of Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Wei Nan , Laiho Patrik , Khan Abu Taher , Hussain Aqeel , Lyuleeva Alina , Ahmed Saeed , Zhang Qiang , Liao Yongping , Tian Ying , Ding Er‐Xiong , Ohno Yutaka , Kauppinen Esko I.
Published: November 2019

In this work, a fast approach for the fabrication of hundreds of ultraclean field‐effect transistors (FETs) is introduced, using single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). The synthesis of the nanomaterial is performed by floating‐catalyst chemical vapor deposition, which is employed to fabricate high‐performance thin‐film transistors. Combined with palladium metal bottom contacts, the transport properties of individual SWCNTs are directly unveiled. The resulting SWCNT‐based FETs exhibit a mean field‐effect mobility, which is 3.3 times higher than that of high‐quality solution‐processed CNTs. This demonstrates that the hereby used SWCNTs are superior to comparable materials in terms of their transport properties. In particular, the on–off current ratios reach over 30 million. Thus, this method enables a fast, detailed, and reliable characterization of intrinsic properties of nanomaterials. The obtained ultraclean SWCNT‐based FETs shed light on further study of contamination‐free SWCNTs on various metal contacts and substrates.
Antifreezing Hydrogel with High Zinc Reversibility for Flexible and Durable Aqueous Batteries by Cooperative Hydrated Cations
Authors: Zhu Minshen , Wang Xiaojie , Tang Hongmei , Wang Jiawei , Hao Qi , Liu Lixiang , Li Yang , Zhang Kai , Schmidt Oliver G.
Published: November 2019

Hydrogels are widely used in flexible aqueous batteries due to their liquid‐like ion transportation abilities and solid‐like mechanical properties. Their potential applications in flexible and wearable electronics introduce a fundamental challenge: how to lower the freezing point of hydrogels to preserve these merits without sacrificing hydrogels' basic advantages in low cost and high safety. Moreover, zinc as an ideal anode in aqueous batteries suffers from low reversibility because of the formation of insulative byproducts, which is mainly caused by hydrogen evolution via extensive hydration of zinc ions. This, in principle, requires the suppression of hydration, which induces an undesirable increase in the freezing point of hydrogels. Here, it is demonstrated that cooperatively hydrated cations, zinc and lithium ions in hydrogels, are very effective in addressing the above challenges. This simple but unique hydrogel not only enables a 98% capacity retention upon cooling down to −20 °C from room temperature but also allows a near 100% capacity retention with >99.5% Coulombic efficiency over 500 cycles at −20 °C. In addition, the strengthened mechanical properties of the hydrogel under subzero temperatures result in excellent durability under various harsh deformations after the freezing process.
A Noble Metal Dichalcogenide for High‐Performance Field‐Effect Transistors and Broadband Photodetectors
Authors: Wang Zhen , Wang Peng , Wang Fang , Ye Jiafu , He Ting , Wu Feng , Peng Meng , Wu Peisong , Chen Yunfeng , Zhong Fang , Xie Runzhang , Cui Zhuangzhuang , Shen Liang , Zhang Qinghua , Gu Lin , Luo Man , Wang Yang , Chen Huawei , Zhou Peng , Pan Anlian , Zhou Xiaohao , Zhang Lili , Hu Weida
Published: November 2019

2D layered materials are an emerging class of low‐dimensional materials with unique physical and structural properties and extensive applications from novel nanoelectronics to multifunctional optoelectronics. However, the widely investigated 2D materials are strongly limited in high‐performance electronics and ultrabroadband photodetectors by their intrinsic weaknesses. Exploring the new and narrow bandgap 2D materials is very imminent and fundamental. A narrow‐bandgap noble metal dichalcogenide (PtS2) is demonstrated in this study. The few‐layer PtS2 field‐effect transistor exhibits excellent electronic mobility exceeding 62.5 cm2 V−1 s−1 and ultrahigh on/off ratio over 106 at room temperature. The temperature‐dependent conductance and mobility of few‐layer PtS2 transistors show a direct metal‐to‐insulator transition and carrier scattering mechanisms, respectively. Remarkably, 2D PtS2 photodetectors with broadband photodetection from visible to mid‐infrared and a fast photoresponse time of 175 µs at 830 nm illumination for the first time are obtained at room temperature. Our work opens an avenue for 2D noble‐metal dichalcogenides to be applied in high‐performance electronic and mid‐infrared optoelectronic devices.
Environment‐Adaptable Artificial Visual Perception Behaviors Using a Light‐Adjustable Optoelectronic Neuromorphic Device Array
Authors: Kwon Sung Min , Cho Sung Woon , Kim Minho , Heo Jae Sang , Kim Yong‐Hoon , Park Sung Kyu
Published: November 2019

Emulating the biological visual perception system typically requires a complex architecture including the integration of an artificial retina and optic nerves with various synaptic behaviors. However, self‐adaptive synaptic behaviors, which are frequently translated into visual nerves to adjust environmental light intensities, have been one of the serious challenges for the artificial visual perception system. Here, an artificial optoelectronic neuromorphic device array to emulate the light‐adaptable synaptic functions (photopic and scotopic adaptation) of the biological visual perception system is presented. By employing an artificial visual perception circuit including a metal chalcogenide photoreceptor transistor and a metal oxide synaptic transistor, the optoelectronic neuromorphic device successfully demonstrates diverse visual synaptic functions such as phototriggered short‐term plasticity, long‐term potentiation, and neural facilitation. More importantly, the environment‐adaptable perception behaviors at various levels of the light illumination are well reproduced by adjusting load transistor in the circuit, exhibiting the acts of variable dynamic ranges of biological system. This development paves a new way to fabricate an environmental‐adaptable artificial visual perception system with profound implications for the field of future neuromorphic electronics.
A Fully Integrated Flexible Heterogeneous Temperature and Humidity Sensor‐Based Occupancy Detection Device for Smart Office Applications
Authors: Naqi Muhammad , Lee Sungho , Kwon Hyuk‐Jun , Lee Min Goo , Kim Minjung , Kim Tae Whan , Shin Hyun Kyu , Kang Sunju , Gandla Srinivas , Lee Han‐Seung , Ahn Yonghan , Lee Sanghyo , Kim Sunkook
Published: November 2019

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems in building operations have extensively gained significant interest in recent years for providing a comfortable environment and energy savings by utilizing the occupancy information of buildings. Herein, a flexible heterogeneous temperature and humidity sensor‐based occupancy detection device with an integrated wireless communication system is introduced. The multichannel (three‐channel) Pt‐based temperature and single‐channel humidity sensors afford excellent electrical conductivity, exceptional linearity, and high mechanical flexibility. The presented occupancy detection device design contains a multichannel temperature sensor, an interdigitated humidity sensor, a customized signal processing integrated circuit, a flexible battery, and a wireless communication system, which can be used to perform occupancy trials in offices. The proposed occupancy detection device is mounted on an office chair to analyze the environmental changes according to the user's activities and to address the challenge of long‐term continuous monitoring of temperature and humidity for managing the energy consumption in the building operations. The presented occupancy detection device provides a new platform for introducing a flexible device system to collect the actual occupancy information and is a new step toward “smart office” applications.
Catalytic Reductions Without External Hydrogen Gas: Broad Scope Hydrogenations with Tetrahydroxydiboron and a Tertiary Amine
Authors: Korvinson Kirill A. , Akula Hari K. , Malinchak Casina T. , Sebastian Dellamol , Wei Wei , Khandaker Tashrique A. , Andrzejewska Magdalena R. , Zajc Barbara , Lakshman Mahesh K.
Published: November 2019

Facile reduction of aryl halides with a combination of 5% Pd/C, B2(OH)4, and 4‐methylmorpholine is reported. Aryl bromides, iodides, and chlorides were efficiently reduced. Aryl dihalides containing two different halogen atoms underwent selective reduction: I over Br and Cl, and Br over Cl. Beyond these, aryl triflates were efficiently reduced. This combination was broadly general, effectuating reductions of benzylic halides and ethers, alkenes, alkynes, aldehydes, and azides, as well as for N‐Cbz deprotection. A cyano group was unaffected, but a nitro group and a ketone underwent reduction to a low extent. When B2(OD)4 was used for aryl halide reduction, a significant amount of deuteriation occurred. However, H atom incorporation competed and increased in slower reactions. 4‐Methylmorpholine was identified as a possible source of H atoms in this, but a combination of only 4‐methylmorpholine and Pd/C did not result in reduction. Hydrogen gas has been observed to form with this reagent combination. Experiments aimed at understanding the chemistry led to the proposal of a plausible mechanism and to the identification of N,N‐bis(methyl‐d3)pyridin‐4‐amine (DMAP‐d6) and B2(OD)4 as an effective combination for full aromatic deuteriation.

magnified image
An Ultra‐Flexible Solution‐Processed Metal‐Oxide/Carbon Nanotube Complementary Circuit Amplifier with Highly Reliable Electrical and Mechanical Stability
Authors: Kim Kyung‐Tae , Kang Seung‐Han , Kim Jaeyoung , Heo Jae Sang , Kim Yong‐Hoon , Park Sung Kyu
Published: November 2019

Here, high‐performance flexible complementary metal‐oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) amplifiers with extremely stable electro‐mechanical characteristics by employing low‐temperature solution‐processed amorphous indium–gallium–zinc oxide (a‐IGZO) and single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) thin film transistors (TFTs) is demonstrated. The photochemical‐activated combustion sol–gel a‐IGZO and SWCNT TFTs show average saturation mobility of 6.82 and 0.51 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively. Based on the devices, a‐IGZO/SWCNT‐based CMOS amplifiers are implemented on ultrathin and flexible substrates (thickness of ≈3 µm), exhibiting small‐signal gain and unity‐gain bandwidth of up to 25 dB and 25 kHz, respectively, with highly reliable characteristics from 1000 bending stress (radius of 125 µm) and positive gate bias stress conditions (for up to 3 h). The underlying mechanisms of the CMOS performance combined with large output impedance of the SWCNT load are investigated in detail via various circuit implementations and automatic integrated circuit modeling Spice simulation and comprehensive electrical analysis. To ensure the viability of the extremely stable electromechanical properties of the flexible amplifier, a numerical analysis is carried out based on finite‐element methods with an integrated circuit emphasis to find the best match of the CMOS architecture and optimized structural integrity, verifying highly reliable and scalable skin‐like electronics.
Nonpolar Resistive Switching of Multilayer‐hBN‐Based Memories
Authors: Zhuang Pingping , Lin Weiyi , Ahn Jaehyun , Catalano Massimo , Chou Harry , Roy Anupam , Quevedo‐Lopez Manuel , Colombo Luigi , Cai Weiwei , Banerjee Sanjay K.
Published: November 2019

Resistive switching (RS) induced by electrical bias is observed in numerous materials, including 2D hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), which has been used in resistive random access memories (RRAMs) in recent years. For practical high‐density, cross‐point memory arrays, compared with bipolar memories, nonpolar (or unipolar) devices are preferable in terms of peripheral circuit design and storage density. The non‐volatile nonpolar RS phenomenon of hBN‐based RRAMs with Ti/hBN/Au structure as a prototype is reported. Stable manual DC switching for ≈103cycles with an average window over five orders of magnitude is demonstrated. After identifying a possible mechanism related to the Joule heat that contributes to the rupture of conductive filaments in nonpolar RS operations, this mechanism is validated by analyzing the occurrence of the “Re‐set” process. Though the intriguing physical origin still requires more comprehensive studies, the achievement of nonpolar RS should make it more feasible to use hBN in practical RRAM technology.
A Modified Delphi Study to Prioritize Content for a Simulation‐based Pediatric Curriculum for Emergency Medicine Residency Training Programs
Authors: Mitzman Jennifer , Bank Ilana , Burns Rebekah A. , Nguyen Michael C. , Zaveri Pavan , Falk Michael J. , Madhok Manu , Dietrich Ann , Wall Jessica , Waseem Muhammad , Wu Teresa , McQueen Alisa , Peng Cynthia R. , Phillips Brian , Bullaro Francesca M. , Chang Cindy D. , Shahid Sam , Way David P. , Auerbach Marc
Published: November 2019

Objectives

Pediatric training is an essential component of emergency medicine (EM) residency. The heterogeneity of pediatric experiences poses a significant challenge to training programs. A national simulation curriculum can assist in providing a standardized foundation of pediatric training experience to all EM trainees. Previously, a consensus‐derived set of content for a pediatric curriculum for EM was published. This study aimed to prioritize that content to establish a pediatric simulation‐based curriculum for all EM residency programs.

Methods

Seventy‐three participants were recruited to participate in a three‐round modified Delphi project from 10 stakeholder organizations. In round 1, participants ranked 275 content items from a published set of pediatric curricular items for EM residents into one of four categories: definitely must, probably should, possibly could, or should not be taught using simulation in all residency programs. Additionally, in round 1 participants were asked to contribute additional items. These items were then added to the survey in round 2. In round 2, participants were provided the ratings of the entire panel and asked to rerank the items. Round 3 involved participants dichotomously rating the items.

Results

A total of 73 participants participated and 98% completed all three rounds. Round 1 resulted in 61 items rated as definitely must, 72 as probably should, 56 as possibly could, 17 as should not, and 99 new items were suggested. Round 2 resulted in 52 items rated as definitely must, 91 as probably should, 120 as possibly could, and 42 as should not. Round 3 resulted in 56 items rated as definitely must be taught using simulation in all programs.

Conclusions

The completed modified Delphi process developed a consensus on 56 pediatric items that definitely must be taught using simulation in all EM residency programs (20 resuscitation, nine nonresuscitation, and 26 skills). These data will serve as a targeted needs assessment to inform the development of a standard pediatric simulation curriculum for all EM residency programs.
Parallel increases in insect herbivory and defenses with increasing elevation for both saplings and adult trees of oak (Quercus) species
Authors: Galmán Andrea , Abdala‐Roberts Luis , Covelo Felisa , Rasmann Sergio , Moreira Xoaquín
Published: November 2019

Premise

Herbivory is predicted to increase toward warmer and more stable climates found at lower elevations, and this increase should select for higher plant defenses. Still, a number of recent studies have reported either no evidence of such gradients or reverse patterns. One source of inconsistency may be that plant ontogenetic variation is usually not accounted for and may influence levels of plant defenses and herbivory.

Methods

We tested for elevational gradients in insect leaf herbivory and leaf traits putatively associated with herbivore resistance across eight oak (Quercus, Fagaceae) species and compared these patterns for saplings and adult trees. To this end, we surveyed insect leaf herbivory and leaf traits (phenolic compounds, toughness and nutrients) in naturally occurring populations of each oak species at low‐, mid‐ or high‐elevation sites throughout the Iberian Peninsula.

Results

Leaf herbivory and chemical defenses (lignins) were unexpectedly higher at mid‐ and high‐elevation sites than at low‐elevation sites. In addition, leaf chemical defenses (lignins and condensed tannins) were higher for saplings than adult trees, whereas herbivory did not significantly differ between ontogenetic stages. Overall, elevational variation in herbivory and plant chemical defenses were consistent across ontogenetic stages (i.e., elevational gradients were not contingent upon tree ontogeny), and herbivory and leaf traits were not associated across elevations.

Conclusions

These findings suggest disassociated patterns of elevational variation in herbivory and leaf traits, which, in turn, are independent of plant ontogenetic stage.
PRC2‐complex related dysfunction in overgrowth syndromes: A review of EZH2, EED, and SUZ12 and their syndromic phenotypes
Authors: Cyrus Sharri , Burkardt Deepika , Weaver David D. , Gibson William T.
Published: November 2019

The EZH2, EED, and SUZ12 genes encode proteins that comprise core components of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), an epigenetic “writer” with H3K27 methyltransferase activity, catalyzing the addition of up to three methyl groups on histone 3 at lysine residue 27 (H3K27). Partial loss‐of‐function variants in genes encoding the EZH2 and EED subunits of the complex lead to overgrowth, macrocephaly, advanced bone age, variable intellectual disability, and distinctive facial features. EZH2‐associated overgrowth, caused by constitutional heterozygous mutations within Enhancer of Zeste homologue 2 (EZH2), has a phenotypic spectrum ranging from tall stature without obvious intellectual disability or dysmorphic features to classical Weaver syndrome (OMIM #277590). EED‐associated overgrowth (Cohen–Gibson syndrome; OMIM #617561) is caused by germline heterozygous mutations in Embryonic Ectoderm Development (EED), and manifests overgrowth and intellectual disability (OGID), along with other features similar to Weaver syndrome. Most recently, rare coding variants in SUZ12 have also been described that present with clinical characteristics similar to the previous two syndromes. Here we review the PRC2 complex and clinical syndromes of OGID associated with core components EZH2, EED, and SUZ12.
Central Role of Subthreshold Currents in Myotonia
Authors: Metzger Sabrina , Dupont Chris , Voss Andrew A. , Rich Mark M.
Published: November 2019

It is generally thought that muscle excitability is almost exclusively controlled by currents responsible for generation of action potentials. We propose that smaller ion channel currents that contribute to setting the resting potential and to subthreshold fluctuations in membrane potential can also modulate excitability in important ways. These channels open at voltages more negative than the action potential threshold and are thus termed subthreshold currents. As subthreshold currents are orders of magnitude smaller than the currents responsible for the action potential, they are hard to identify and easily overlooked. Discovery of their importance in regulation of excitability opens new avenues for improved therapy for muscle channelopathies and diseases of the neuromuscular junction. ANN NEUROL 2020;87:175–183
Early Intrathecal T Helper 17.1 Cell Activity in Huntington Disease
Authors: von Essen Marina R. , Hellem Marie N. N. , Vinther‐Jensen Tua , Ammitzbøll Cecilie , Hansen Rikke H. , Hjermind Lena E. , Nielsen Troels T. , Nielsen Jørgen E. , Sellebjerg Finn
Published: November 2019

Objective

Huntington disease (HD) is an autosomal dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the huntingtin (HTT) gene. No disease‐modifying therapy exists for the treatment of patients with HD. The purpose of this study was therefore to investigate early disease mechanisms that potentially could be used as a target therapeutically.

Methods

Lymphocyte activity in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 4 cohorts of HTT gene expansion carriers (n = 121 in total) and controls was analyzed by techniques based on flow cytometry and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays.

Results

The data of this study provide evidence of immune abnormalities before motor onset of disease. In CSF of HTT gene expansion carriers, we found increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL‐17, and increased consumption of the lymphocyte growth factor IL‐7 before motor onset of HD. In concordance, we observed an increased prevalence of IL‐17–producing Th17.1 cells in the CSF of HTT gene expansion carriers, predominantly in pre–motor manifest individuals. The frequency of intrathecal Th17.1 cells correlated negatively with progression of HD and the level of neurodegeneration, suggesting a role of Th17.1 cells in the early disease stage. We also observed a skewing in the balance between proinflammatory and regulatory T cells potentially favoring a proinflammatory intrathecal environment in HTT gene expansion carriers.

Interpretation

These data suggest that Th17.1 cells are implicated in the earliest pathogenic phases of HD and suggest that treatment to dampen T ‐cell–driven inflammation before motor onset might be of benefit in HTT gene expansion carriers. ANN NEUROL 2020;87:246–255
Zinc‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Formal [4+3] Annulation of Isoxazoles with Enynol Ethers by 6π Electrocyclization: Stereoselective Access to 2H‐Azepines
Authors: Zhu Xin‐Qi , Wang Ze‐Shu , Hou Bo‐Shang , Zhang Hao‐Wen , Deng Chao , Ye Long‐Wu
Published: November 2019

6π electrocyclization has attracted interest in organic synthesis because of its high stereospecificity and atom economy in the construction of versatile 5–7‐membered cycles. However, examples of asymmetric 6π electrocyclization are quite scarce, and have to rely on the use of chiral organocatalysts, and been limited to pentadienyl‐anion‐ and triene‐type 6π electrocyclizations. Described herein is a zinc‐catalyzed formal [4+3] annulation of isoxazoles with 3‐en‐1‐ynol ethers via 6π electrocyclization, leading to the site‐selective synthesis of functionalized 2H‐azepines and 4H‐azepines in good to excellent yields with broad substrate scope. Moreover, this strategy has also been used to produce chiral 2H‐azepines with high enantioselectivities (up to 97:3 e.r.). This protocol not only is the first asymmetric heptatrienyl‐cation‐type 6π electrocyclization, but also is the first asymmetric reaction of isoxazoles with alkynes and the first asymmetric catalysis based on ynol ethers.
The 3F Library: Fluorinated Fsp3‐Rich Fragments for Expeditious 19F NMR Based Screening
Authors: Troelsen Nikolaj S. , Shanina Elena , Gonzalez‐Romero Diego , Danková Daniela , Jensen Ida S. A. , Śniady Katarzyna J. , Nami Faranak , Zhang Hengxi , Rademacher Christoph , Cuenda Ana , Gotfredsen Charlotte H. , Clausen Mads H.
Published: November 2019

Fragment‐based drug discovery (FBDD) is a popular method in academia and the pharmaceutical industry for the discovery of early lead candidates. Despite its wide‐spread use, the approach still suffers from laborious screening workflows and a limited diversity in the fragments applied. Presented here is the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of the first fragment library specifically tailored to tackle both these challenges. The 3F library of 115 fluorinated, Fsp3‐rich fragments is shape diverse and natural‐product‐like with desirable physicochemical properties. The library is perfectly suited for rapid and efficient screening by NMR spectroscopy in a two‐stage workflow of 19F NMR and subsequent 1H NMR methods. Hits against four diverse protein targets are widely distributed among the fragment scaffolds in the 3F library and a 67 % validation rate was achieved using secondary assays. This collection is the first synthetic fragment library tailor‐made for 19F NMR screening and the results demonstrate that the approach should find broad application in the FBDD community.