bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COVID-19 infection presenting with acute epiglottitis
Authors: Fondaw Alexander , Arshad Muzamil , Batool Saba , Robinson Brenton , Patel Toral
Published: July 2020

In this case report, we present a novel presentation of acute epiglottitis in a patient with severe acute respiratory syndrome—coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) who presented to the emergency room in extremis and respiratory failure requiring emergent cricothyrotomy. Epiglottitis has become less common since the introduction and widespread use of the Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) vaccine. This reduction in cases has shifted demographics of the disease from the pediatric population towards adults with comorbid conditions. Interestingly there is a high degree of overlap between many of the comorbidities between epiglottitis and COVID-19. The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome—coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), also referred to as coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), has been reported to affect the gastrointestinal tract and neural tissue and has been implicated in necrotizing encephalitis. We report the first known case of the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus presenting with acute epiglottitis.
Neurogranin as a Novel Biomarker in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Agnello Luisa , Gambino Caterina Maria , Lo Sasso Bruna , Bivona Giulia , Milano Salvatore , Ciaccio Anna Maria , Piccoli Tommaso , La Bella Vincenzo , Ciaccio Marcello
Published: July 2020

Background

In this study, we investigated the possible role of 2 novel biomarkers of synaptic damage, namely, neurogranin and α-synuclein, in Alzheimer disease (AD).

Methods

The study was performed in a cohort consisting of patients with AD and those without AD, including individuals with other neurological diseases. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neurogranin and α-synuclein levels were measured by sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs).

Results

We found significantly increased levels of CSF neurogranin and α-synuclein in patients with AD than those without AD. Neurogranin was correlated with total tau (tTau) and phosphorylated tau (pTau), as well as with cognitive decline, in patients with AD. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed good diagnostic accuracy of neurogranin for AD at a cutoff point of 306 pg per mL with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.872 and sensitivity and specificity of 84.2% and 78%, respectively.

Conclusions

Our findings support the use of CSF neurogranin as a biomarker of synapsis damage in patients with AD.
TESS observations of southern ultrafast rotating low-mass stars
Authors: Ramsay Gavin , Doyle J Gerry , Doyle Lauren
Published: July 2020

In our previous study of low-mass stars using TESS, we found a handful that show a periodic modulation on a period <1 d but also displayed no flaring activity. Here we present the results of a systematic search for ultrafast rotators (UFRs) in the Southern ecliptic hemisphere, which were observed in 2-min cadence with TESS. Using data from Gaia DR2, we obtain a sample of over 13 000 stars close to the lower main sequence. Of these, we identify 609 stars that lie on the lower main sequence and have a periodic modulation <1 d. The fraction of stars that show flares appears to drop significantly at periods <0.2 d. If the periods are a signature of the rotation rate, this would be a surprise, since faster rotators would be expected to have a stronger magnetic field and, therefore, produce more flares. We explore possible reasons for our finding: The flare inactive stars are members of binaries, in which case the stars rotation rate could have increased as the binary orbital separation reduced due to angular momentum loss over time, or that enhanced emission occurs at blue wavelengths beyond the pass band of TESS. Follow-up spectroscopy and flare monitoring at blue/ultraviolet wavelengths of these flare inactive stars are required to resolve this question.
Inference of Chromosome-Length Haplotypes Using Genomic Data of Three or a Few More Single Gametes
Authors: Li Ruidong , Qu Han , Chen Jinfeng , Wang Shibo , Chater John M , Zhang Le , Wei Julong , Zhang Yuan-Ming , Xu Chenwu , Zhong Wei-De , Zhu Jianguo , Lu Jianming , Feng Yuanfa , Chen Weiming , Ma Renyuan , Ferrante Sergio Pietro , Roose Mikeal L , Jia Zhenyu
Published: July 2020

Compared with genomic data of individual markers, haplotype data provide higher resolution for DNA variants, advancing our knowledge in genetics and evolution. Although many computational and experimental phasing methods have been developed for analyzing diploid genomes, it remains challenging to reconstruct chromosome-scale haplotypes at low cost, which constrains the utility of this valuable genetic resource. Gamete cells, the natural packaging of haploid complements, are ideal materials for phasing entire chromosomes because the majority of the haplotypic allele combinations has been preserved. Therefore, compared with the current diploid-based phasing methods, using haploid genomic data of single gametes may substantially reduce the complexity in inferring the donor’s chromosomal haplotypes. In this study, we developed the first easy-to-use R package, Hapi, for inferring chromosome-length haplotypes of individual diploid genomes with only a few gametes. Hapi outperformed other phasing methods when analyzing both simulated and real single gamete cell sequencing data sets. The results also suggested that chromosome-scale haplotypes may be inferred by using as few as three gametes, which has pushed the boundary to its possible limit. The single gamete cell sequencing technology allied with the cost-effective Hapi method will make large-scale haplotype-based genetic studies feasible and affordable, promoting the use of haplotype data in a wide range of research.
Is Phylotranscriptomics as Reliable as Phylogenomics?
Authors: Cheon Seongmin , Zhang Jianzhi , Park Chungoo
Published: July 2020

Phylogenomics, the study of phylogenetic relationships among taxa based on their genome sequences, has emerged as the preferred phylogenetic method because of the wealth of phylogenetic information contained in genome sequences. Genome sequencing, however, can be prohibitively expensive, especially for taxa with huge genomes and when many taxa need sequencing. Consequently, the less costly phylotranscriptomics has seen an increased use in recent years. Phylotranscriptomics reconstructs phylogenies using DNA sequences derived from transcriptomes, which are often orders of magnitude smaller than genomes. However, in the absence of corresponding genome sequences, comparative analyses of transcriptomes can be challenging and it is unclear whether phylotranscriptomics is as reliable as phylogenomics. Here, we respectively compare the phylogenomic and phylotranscriptomic trees of 22 mammals and 15 plants that have both sequenced nuclear genomes and publicly available RNA sequencing data from multiple tissues. We found that phylotranscriptomic analysis can be sensitive to orthologous gene identification. When a rigorous method for identifying orthologs is employed, phylogenomic and phylotranscriptomic trees are virtually identical to each other, regardless of the tissue of origin of the transcriptomes and whether the same tissue is used across species. These findings validate phylotranscriptomics, brighten its prospect, and illustrate the criticality of reliable ortholog detection in such practices.
Ruling Ideologies in Modern Turkey
Authors: Öktem Kerem
Published: July 2020

This chapter examines the continuities and ruptures in Turkey’s ruling ideologies. Rather than engaging in a detailed study of each of the major ideological traditions—Ittihadism, Kemalism, Turkism, center-right politics, and political Islam, which merit dedicated studies of their own evolution—this essay seeks to understand the logics of power and statecraft, which are common to these ideologies that came to power in different periods of modern Turkish history. The ascent to power of the Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, AKP) and its political conduct only reinforces this chapter’s core argument that groups in power have acted in comparable, if not similar, ways to organize and maintain power in society, despite their ideological differences. The control and instrumentalization of the state apparatus is central to the pursuit of the maintenance of power. This pursuit has reflected the Janus-faced nature of the Turkish state both as authoritarian (and, with reference to its illicit operations, as “deep state,” derin devlet) and paternalistic, providing an all-embracing “father state” (devlet baba). On the one hand, it entails an amalgam of coercive and often destructive policies to oppress dissent. On the other, it involves more integrative policies of a service state. Some of these conceptual building blocks of modern Turkey and its ruling ideologies began to lose their prevalence during the exceptional reform period in the late 1990s and early 2000s induced by the prospect of EU membership, but have since been restored as power has been consolidated in the hands of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.
Gender Politics and the Struggle for Equality in Turkey
Authors: Arat Zehra F. Kabasakal
Published: July 2020

Examining gender ideologies and politics since the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, this chapter follows a loose chronological order and analyzes policies and practices that discriminate on the basis of gender, struggles against such discrimination, and major progressive reforms under four periods: (1) the early decades of the republic, 1923–1945; (2) the multiparty era and class politics, 1946–1980; (3) identity politics and the reform era, 1981–2001; and (4) the AKP era, since 2002. While the focus is on domestic politics and actors, by highlighting important external connections and influences, the review contextualizes gender politics in an international context. The chapter intends to show that gender politics in Turkey have been volatile; adopted by male politicians under pressure or to achieve other goals, progressive policies remained limited and were not fully implemented; women’s political organization and mobilization were critical for progressive change; and, the authoritarian turn of the AKP threatens the advancements made before 2010 and has already caused damaging reversals in some areas.
Citizenship and Protest Behavior in Turkey
Authors: Kaya Ayhan
Published: July 2020

Political protest has a long and contested history in contemporary Turkish politics. While street demonstrations have been central to the repertoire of Kurdish movements, especially since the early 2000s as a by-product of Turkey’s Europeanization process, electoral forms of participation have been the prevalent mode among broader segments of the Turkish society in the post-1980 period. However, the consolidation of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) hegemony in electoral politics and increasing authoritarianism and Islamization accompanying the personification of political rule after 2011 have carried non-electoral forms of participation, what one could call “active citizenship,” to the forefront of political struggles. The Gezi movement of 2013, the largest mass mobilization in Turkish history, epitomizes this dynamic. This chapter demonstrates how the Gezi protests cultivated more democratic forms of citizenship in defiance of the national education curricula, which are designed to cultivate particular forms of citizenry in the service of the Turkish state elite. Based on the current state of the art, it argues that the Gezi generation has broken the binary opposition between being political and apolitical through unprecedented acts of citizenship.
Populism in TurkeyHistorical and Contemporary Patterns
Authors: Taşkın Yüksel
Published: July 2020

This chapter offers a historical and comparative analysis of populism in Turkey during and after the Cold War era. After a conceptual discussion of populism, it elaborates on the making of right and left populisms from Menderes in the 1950s to Ecevit in the 1970s and Erdoğan after 2002. The chapter then focuses on the reasons for the emergence of a new brand of right populism under Erdoğan and his AKP. The final section identifies the nature of the relationship between Erdoğan’s populism and the de-democratization process in Turkey in the light of theoretical debates on populism and authoritarianism across the world.
The Artificial Intelligence of the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Bryson Joanna J.
Published: July 2020

This chapter provides an overview of the nature and implications of artificial intelligence (AI), with particular attention to how they impinge on possible applications to and of law. Any artifact that transforms perception to more relevant information, including action, is AI. There is no question that AI, and digital technologies in general, are introducing massive transformations to society. Nevertheless, these impacts should be governable by less transformative legislative change. Indeed, the vast majority of AI—particularly where it has social impact—is and will remain a consequence of corporate commercial processes, and as such subject to existing regulations and regulating strategies. However, it is critical to remember that what is being held accountable is not machines themselves but the people who build, own, or operate them—including any who alter their operation through assault on their cybersecurity. It is thus important to govern the human application of technology—the human processes of development, testing, operation, and monitoring.
The Concept of Handoff as a Model for Ethical Analysis and Design
Authors: Mulligan Deirdre K. , Nissenbaum Helen
Published: July 2020

This chapter introduces the concept of handoff, which offers a lens through which to evaluate sociotechnical systems in ethical and political terms. It is particularly tuned to transformations in which system components of one type replace components of another. Of great contemporary interest are handoff instances in which AI take over tasks previously performed by humans, for example, labelling images, processing and producing natural language, controlling other machines, predicting human action (and other events), and make decisions. Grounded in past work in social studies of technology and values in design, the handoff analytical model disrupts the idea that if components of a system are modular in functional terms, replacing one with another will leave ethical and political dimensions intact. Instead, the handoff lens highlights different ways that different types of system components operate and interoperate and shows these differences to be relevant to the configuration of values in respective systems. The handoff lens offers a means to make ethically relevant changes salient that might otherwise be overlooked.
Race and Gender
Authors: Gebru Timnit
Published: July 2020

This chapter discusses the role of race and gender in artificial intelligence (AI). The rapid permeation of AI into society has not been accompanied by a thorough investigation of the sociopolitical issues that cause certain groups of people to be harmed rather than advantaged by it. For instance, recent studies have shown that commercial automated facial analysis systems have much higher error rates for dark-skinned women, while having minimal errors on light-skinned men. Moreover, a 2016 ProPublica investigation uncovered that machine learning–based tools that assess crime recidivism rates in the United States are biased against African Americans. Other studies show that natural language–processing tools trained on news articles exhibit societal biases. While many technical solutions have been proposed to alleviate bias in machine learning systems, a holistic and multifaceted approach must be taken. This includes standardization bodies determining what types of systems can be used in which scenarios, making sure that automated decision tools are created by people from diverse backgrounds, and understanding the historical and political factors that disadvantage certain groups who are subjected to these tools.
Ethical Issues in Our Relationship with Artificial Entities
Authors: Donath Judith
Published: July 2020

This chapter examines the ethics of human relationships with artificial entities—bots, robots, and other computational systems created to interact with humans as if they were sentient and autonomous individuals. Sentience—the ability to have emotions, to feel pain and want to avoid it—is a core concept here. All currently existing artificial entities are nonsentient, but their interactions and design evoke the impression of a conscious entity with personality and emotion. This impression of consciousness is inherently deceptive. Some artificial entities are beneficial, while others are manipulative and harmful. The chapter then addresses ethical issues in the design and deployment of artificial entities, considering the ethical responsibilities of researchers and designers.
Algorithms and the Social Organization of Work
Authors: Ajunwa Ifeoma , Schlund Rachel
Published: July 2020

This chapter argues that the proliferation of automated algorithms in the workplace raises questions as to how they might be used in service of the control of workers. In particular, scholars have noted machine learning algorithms as prompting a data-centric reorganization of the workplace and a quantification of the worker. The chapter then considers ethical issues implicated by three emergent algorithmic-driven work technologies: automated hiring platforms (AHPs), wearable workplace technologies, and customer relationship management (CRM). AHPs are “digital intermediaries that invite submission of data from one party through preset interfaces and structured protocols, process that data via proprietary algorithms, and deliver the sorted data to a second party.” The use of AHPs involves every stage of the hiring process, from the initial sourcing of candidates to the eventual selection of candidates from the applicant pool. Meanwhile, wearable workplace technologies exist in a variety of forms that vary in terms of design and use, from wristbands used to track employee location and productivity to exoskeletons used to assist employees performing strenuous labor. Finally, CRM is an approach to managing current and potential customer interaction and experience with a company using technology. CRM practices typically involve the use of customer data to develop customer insight to build customer relationships.
We’re Missing a Moral Framework of Justice in Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Le Bui Matthew , Noble Safiya Umoja
Published: July 2020

This chapter assesses the concepts of fairness and bias in artificial intelligence research and interventions. In considering the explosive growth, emergence of, and investment in high-profile AI fairness and ethics interventions within both the academy and industry—alongside the mounting and proliferating calls for the interrogation, regulation, and, in some cases, dismantling and prohibition of AI—it contests and questions the extent to which such remedies can address the original concerns and problems they are designed to address. Indeed, many community organizations are organizing responses and challenging AI used in predictive technologies—facial-recognition software and biometrics technologies—with increasing success. Ultimately, the canon of AI ethics must interrogate and deeply engage with intersectional power structures that work to further consolidate capital in the hands of the elites and that will undergird digital informational systems of inequality: there is no neutral or objective state through which the flows and mechanics of data can be articulated as unbiased or fair.
Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders among Sexual and Gender Minority Populations
Authors: Peta Jayme L.
Published: July 2020

Despite robust evidence that barriers exist for sexual and gender minority (SGM) individuals in accessing mental health care, and evidence that these populations are at higher risk for mental health concerns in general, there is a lack of literature on schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders in SGM populations or specific adaptations and changes needed to engage and treat SGM individuals with these disorders in a culturally competent manner. This chapter outlines key areas of research regarding SGM populations with schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders, including important considerations for differential diagnosis and suggestions for cultural competence. Also covered are the unique needs of SGM populations with these disorders and the needs of subpopulations (transgender and gender nonbinary individuals, people of color, and transition-age youth). Directions for future research are discussed.
Personality Disorders among Sexual and Gender Minority Populations
Authors: Prud’homme Julie , Robillard Christina L. , Turner Brianna J.
Published: July 2020

Research examining the prevalence, impact, and course of personality disorders in sexual and gender minority populations is sparse; however, the available literature suggests that personality pathology is more prevalent in sexual and gender minorities compared to those who identify as heterosexual and/or cisgender. Although research is limited, several competing hypotheses have attempted to explain this disparity, including environmental, developmental, minority stress, and dual marginalization theories, as well as critical theories that point to possible roles of diagnostic, clinician, and cultural biases. This chapter highlights three critical future directions. First, rigorous longitudinal research needs to be conducted to evaluate competing etiological hypotheses of personality disorders in sexual and gender minorities. Second, future personality research should examine through an intersectional lens how additional aspects of one’s identity (e.g., ethnicity, class) interact with sexual orientation and gender to influence the experiences of these groups. Finally, clinicians and researchers must be sensitive to both the need to accurately document personality pathology, and the need to avoid unnecessarily pathologizing the experiences of sexual and gender minorities. Ultimately, addressing these future directions would enhance clinicians’ and researchers’ understanding of and ability to respond to the mental health needs of sexual and gender minority populations.
Suicidal Behavior among Sexual and Gender Minority Populations
Authors: Haas Ann P. , Mortali Maggie G.
Published: July 2020

This chapter examines the research literature about suicide and suicide attempts in sexual and gender minority (SGM) populations, comparing this information, where possible, with current knowledge of suicidal behavior in general populations. Drawing on studies across several decades, the authors identify the key research strategies used to study the prevalence and patterns of SGM suicide deaths and attempts, and discuss their contributions and limitations. Theoretical models for understanding SGM suicidal behavior and their implications for suicide prevention are also discussed. The chapter describes how understanding of SGM suicidal behavior has been limited, in particular, by the lack of routine, systematic identification of decedents’ sexual orientation and gender identity at the time of death and insufficient attention to the impact of sociocultural and structural factors on SGM suicide risk.
Black U.S. Sexual and Gender Minority Mental Health
Authors: Lassiter Jonathan Mathias , Follins Lourdes Dolores , Smallwood Stacy W. , Wilton Leo , Alexander Alishia , Saifa Wall Sean
Published: July 2020

This chapter provides a comprehensive and nuanced review and critique of the extant scholarship related to Black sexual and gender minority (SGM) mental health in the United States. The authors highlight the determinants of mental health, the prevalence of mental health problems and inequities, and protective and resilience factors related to Black SGM mental health within five different subgroups: transgender people, intersex people, bisexual people, lesbians, and gay/same-gender-loving men. An intersectional approach is used to draw attention to how racial, gender, socioeconomic, and sexual orientation identities at the individual level influence experiences of oppression at the structural level to synergistically impact mental health. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the gaps in the literature related to Black SGM mental health and recommendations for addressing them.
Asian American and Pacific Islander Sexual and Gender Minority Mental Health
Authors: Hunt Emily , Huang Cindy Y.
Published: July 2020

Psychological research on sexual and gender minority (SGM) people of color has grown in recent years; however, little is still understood about the experiences of Asian American and Pacific Islander SGMs. The purpose of this chapter is to synthesize the current research that examines the intersections of the racial identity of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, SGM identity, and the mental health of Asian American and Pacific Islander SGMs. Historical contexts of attitudes toward SGMs in Asian and Pacific Island countries as well as in the United States are provided to contextualize the specific sociocultural issues faced by Asian American and Pacific Islander SGMs in the United States. The authors also discuss the role of specific Asian American and Pacific Islander cultural values such as gender norms, family values, and loss of face in the development and expression of SGM identity. This chapter also examines the unique mental health risks faced by Asian American and Pacific Islander SGMs through the lens of double minority stress. The authors conclude with recommendations for directions of future research.
Sexual and Gender Minority Mental Health among Older Adults
Authors: Butler Sandra S.
Published: July 2020

This chapter reviews existing literature on mental health issues among sexual and gender minority older adults. Current LGBTQ older adults lived their formative years prior to the gay liberation movement of the 1970s; a lifetime of discrimination and concealment affects their mental health today. While early studies of sexual and gender minority older adults were largely based on small, relatively restricted samples, two recent national studies out of the University of Washington have improved on sample diversity and generalizability of results. Findings from these larger studies and several others are reviewed, highlighting what is known about positive and negative mental health conditions among LGBTQ older adults and related practice implications. The chapter concludes with a look at ongoing gaps in knowledge about mental health issues confronting sexual and gender minority older adults and best practices for serving them.
Alcohol Use Disorders among Sexual and Gender Minority Populations
Authors: Crane Phoenix R. , Swaringen Katarina S. , Foster Anthony M. , Talley Amelia E.
Published: July 2020

Sexual and gender minority populations are at a heightened risk of developing alcohol-related problems, such as alcohol use disorder, compared to their heterosexual, cisgender counterparts. The present chapter presents recent prevalence rates of alcohol use disorder and examines how relations among sexual orientation, gender, and alcohol use are influenced by mechanisms relevant to minority stress theory, the intersectionality framework, and other social factors such as racism, sexism, homophobia, sexual victimization, and stigma. This chapter also explores available intervention and treatment initiatives for alcohol misuse in sexual and gender minority populations, suggesting empirically informed approaches to maximize the effectiveness of tailored programs.
Career Development Theory: An Integrated Analysis
Authors: Yates Julia
Published: July 2020

Career theories are developed to help make sense of the complexity of career choice and development. The intricacy of the subject matter is such that career theories most often focus on one or two aspects of the phenomenon. As such, the challenges of integrating the theories with each other, and integrating them within career practice, are not insignificant. In this chapter, an overview of the theoretical landscape is offered that illustrates how the theories align with each other to build up a comprehensive picture of career choice and development. The chapter introduces a wide range of theoretical frameworks, spanning seven decades and numerous academic disciplines, and discusses the most well-known theorists alongside less familiar names. The chapter is structured around four concepts: identity, environment, career learning, and psychological career resources. Suggestions are offered for the incorporation of theories in career practice.
Informal Learning and the Creative Process
Authors: Smith Gareth Dylan
Published: July 2020

This chapter offers a focused discussion of the interconnected areas of informal learning and musical creative process. It draws together scholarship on musical creativities and music learning from inside and outside of school or other institutional educational contexts, combining these in exploration of learning realization and identity realization. Through the framework of the “four Ps” of creativity, the chapter shows how informal learning both requires and nurtures creativity among individuals and groups. Drawing on scholarship by Lucy Green, Ruth Wright, and other key figures in music education, the chapter concludes by discussing the empowering, democratizing potential of informal learning approaches in schools. Informal learning is an inherently creative phenomenon, with a particular emphasis on and benefits for the development, agency, and empowerment of individuals.
Music Creative Processes in Infants and Children
Authors: Gratier Maya , Filippa Manuela
Published: July 2020

This chapter presents a description of musical practices ranging from the earliest forms of musical exploration in infancy to elaborate forms of spontaneous singing in children. It focuses on the biological origins of musical creativity, situating it as a multimodal and eminently social activity. Knowledge of the precocious musical abilities of infants has grown over the past years, but their functions remain obscure. This chapter suggests that a process of musical socialization is initiated in early infancy through social interactions involving affectionate speaking, singing, and moving of adults. Accordingly, it becomes difficult to disentangle the musical and linguistic features that characterize the kind of inventive sound-play infants and children partake in. The chapter argues, finally, that the discoveries made by developmental psychologists in this field should set the stage for new pedagogical practices for very young and older music learners.
Biobanks
Authors: Laurie Graeme T. , Coleman Carl H.
Published: July 2020

This chapter examines biobanks as a case study of multiple legal and governance challenges that cut across conventional jurisdictional lines. The advent of large-scale biobanks—collections of biomedical samples linked to personal data and other resources such as health records—has come to represent a watershed in health research regulation in many countries. As such, this chapter stresses two features of biobanks that raise questions about the role of law and regulation. First, this chapter examines the extent to which existing legal frameworks must be adapted to accommodate particular features of biobanking (and how far this is successful). Second, it highlights examples of ways in which some biobanks have developed their own governance mechanisms—in addition to legal compliance in the local country—that are aimed at promoting engaged and ethically robust biobanking practices
Access to Healthcare in Europe
Authors: den Exter André , Syrett Keith
Published: July 2020

This chapter describes the main features of European healthcare systems. The chapter identifies key characteristics of these systems: the organisation, financing, and delivery of health services, and the main actors. It then questions what the systems cover, who are eligible to receive healthcare, when patients receive healthcare, and the physician’s duty to provide care. In addition to highlighting the applicable regulatory framework, this chapter also describes some general trends.
The Political Economy of Nonlife: Biopower, Ontosecurity, and the Shamisen Skin Trade in Japan
Authors: Yamada Keisuke
Published: July 2020

This chapter examines the ways in which the trade in raw cat and dog skins and processed goods in the shamisen (Japanese three-stringed lute) industry has changed in the last five decades. It employs Michel Foucault’s concept of biopolitics in order to analyze the causal relationship between the changing systems of governance through life and the historical trajectory of shamisen skin making and trade. Biopolitics, it argues, is not merely a means to incorporate different forms and modalities of life into political discourse, tactics, and rationalities, but it can also operate to marginalize the political presence, existential vitality, and ontosecurity of nonlife—individuated entities, such as the shamisen, that are conceived as “inert,” “inorganic,” or “nonliving” in society. This chapter approaches the political-economic history of music by closely examining the distribution and exercises of biopower and their effects on specific economic activities that surround the making of the instruments in historical times.
The Energy Politics of India
Authors: Powell Lydia
Published: July 2020

While it is not surprising that political factors shape the Indian energy landscape, few systematic attempts have been made to address exactly what interests most heavily influence energy choices and the precise nature of their impacts. Available research suggests that scholars need to move beyond simplistic explanations, such as lack of political will or capacity constraints, and recognize a broader set of interacting social, structural, institutional, and political agency variables. The technocratic analyses and projections based on simulation models that dominate the academic literature neglect political and social perspectives as unscientific, esoteric, or theoretical. Thus this chapter argues that future research should focus on political and economic power relations at the national, regional, and domestic levels when tracking poor outcomes of energy choices and policies. In the future, an emphasis on theoretically informed analysis will deepen understanding of hard choices related to the equitable distribution of energy in India and also facilitate implementation of more progressive energy policies.
The Politics of Chiefs and Commoners before the 1830s
Authors: Jimenez Raevin
Published: July 2020

The field of pre-1830 South African history has been subject to periodic interrogations into conventional narratives, sources, and methods. The so-called mfecane debates of the 1980s and 1990s marked a radical departure from characterizations of warfare in the interior, generally regarded in earlier decades as stemming solely or mostly from the Zulu king Shaka. Efforts to reframe violence led to more thorough considerations of political elites and statecraft from the late eighteenth to the early nineteenth century but also contributed to new approaches to ethnicity, dependency, and to some extent gender. A new wave of historiographical critique in the 2010s shows the work of revision to be ongoing. The article considers the debates around the wars of the late precolonial period, including unresolved strands of inquiry, and argues for a move away from state-level analysis toward social histories of women and non-elites. Though it focuses on the 1760s through the 1830s, the article also presents examples highlighting the importance of recovering deeper temporal context for the South African interior.
Latin American Women’s Movements
Authors: Fernández Anderson Cora
Published: July 2020

This chapter provides an overview of women’s movements in Latin America, from their early emergence at the turn of the twentieth century until today, as well as of the scholarly discussions that followed. The chapter identifies the similarities and differences with mobilizations of women in industrialized northern countries while also highlighting the contributions of Latin American scholars and experiences to the analysis of women’s movements. It explores the national, regional, and international contexts that influenced women’s mobilization throughout the years and discusses the internal tensions around goals and strategies among women’s organizations. It argues that Latin American women’s movements have been behind significant political and cultural transformations. Through the struggles for women’s suffrage, labor rights, human rights accountability, democratization, equal parental rights, indigenous rights, sexual and reproductive rights, and against sexual violence, women have contributed to the democratization of families, societies, and nations.
Economic Globalization and Social Movements in Latin America
Authors: Almeida Paul , Pérez Martín Amalia
Published: July 2020

Economic globalization in Latin America over the past four decades has resulted in some of the largest mass mobilizations in the region and has influenced electoral outcomes. This chapter traces the evolution of economic liberalization over time from the early years of the debt crisis to the institutionalization of neoliberalism as the dominant development strategy. Different forms of collective resistance to market-driven globalization are examined at the local, national, and transnational levels of social and political life. The authors also explore the current stage of globalization, characterized by intensifying environmental threats of resource extraction and climate change that are generating new rounds of popular mobilization. This overview concludes with a theoretical discussion of the key conditions driving the emergence of defensive mobilization in response to neoliberalism, including resource infrastructures, oppositional political parties, strategic experience, and the construction of meaning, grievances, and economic threats.
Sociology of Migration in Latin America
Authors: Rivera-Sánchez Liliana , Domenech Eduardo
Published: July 2020

Since the middle of the twentieth century, the study of migration in Latin America has evolved in response to the themes and debates dominating the social sciences at specific points in time. This chapter provides an overview of the field of sociology of migration in Latin America. It covers some of the principal debates within and contributions from the sociological research carried out by social scientists from various disciplines and by experts working in national academic institutions as well as a variety of international organizations. In short, this introduction presents an analytical reconstruction of the development of and the differentiation achieved in the specialization of the studies of migratory processes from various sociological approaches. This overview demonstrates that the field of migration studies is broad, heterogeneous, and, above all, inextricably multidisciplinary.
A Sociological Approach to the Study of Alternative and Complementary Medicine in Argentina
Authors: Freidin Betina , Ballesteros Matías
Published: July 2020

This chapter presents a body of empirical research conducted on the practice, utilization, and diffusion of alternative and complementary medicines (CAM), attending to the theoretical debates into which they are framed. It incorporates theoretical approaches from the medical sociology and the sociology of professions to study the field of acupuncture practice. It analyzes the legitimation processes and strategies followed by specialists to institutionalize their practices in a context of biomedical dominance and high occupational competition. Also from a constructivist view, it studies how medical doctors trained in CAM build their professional identity and develop their clinical practice. In interview studies with CAM users, it draws on theoretical approaches that point to pragmatism, pluralism, and critical attitudes toward the biomedical model in late modernity to explain utilization, whereas in focus groups with users and non-users of CAM it shows how they allocate credibility to and build trust in different offerings and specialists. Finally, the role of the newspaper coverage of Ayurveda is analyzed considering the increasing global dissemination and commoditization of Oriental medicines.
Mexican Women and Decision Making in Health
Authors: del Carmen Castro Vásquez María , Aranda Gallegos Patricia
Published: July 2020

This chapter maintains that it is possible to do empirical research that differentiates the two analytic dimensions of the “habitus” concept of Pierre Bourdieu and proposes a first approach to the analysis of this concept. The aim is to provide a way to operationalize the concept of habitus and show its relevance to understanding how women’s health decision making in health services occurs in Mexico. The sociological reflection is based on qualitative data from research projects of several years regarding the habitus of women when dealing with the problems of human papillomavirus (HPV) or cervical cancer, or when undergoing a Pap smear. The chapter postulates that differentiating these two dimensions not only confirms the practical usefulness of the concept of habitus, but it is also a way to show, in the discourse and practices of the agents, The most determined dimension, as well as the largest agency of its appreciations, dispositions and resources. In their analysis of empirical data, the authors uses other concepts such as field, capital, agency, strategy, autonomy, consent, and trajectories.
Forced Displacement and Globalization in Latin America
Authors: Angarita-Cañas Pablo Emilio
Published: July 2020

Forced displacement in Latin America has dramatically increased in the twenty-first century. The vast majority of forced displacements in 2016 took place in high-risk zones characterized by low institutional reaction capacity, high levels of economic vulnerability, and high exposure to man-made and natural dangers. The new complexities of this old regional phenomenon demand that we revise our understanding of forced displacement and asylum seeking, as both are no longer exclusively caused by internal armed conflicts. Recent cases in countries such as Colombia, Venezuela, Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras allow us to discern myriad factors driving forced displacements and diverse mobilities in the region, which could in turn bring another, deeper humanitarian crisis in Latin America. This contribution addresses these topics vis-à-vis the new forms of violence and displacement in the region.
Language Assessment
Authors: Enns Charlotte , McQuarrie Lynn
Published: July 2020

Assessment is an essential component of an effective bilingual literacy program. The relationship between language and literacy is complex. For bilingual individuals, the complexity of that relationship is increased. When bilingualism involves a signed language, the relationship becomes even more complicated, and disentangling the critical strands of language and literacy learning can be an ongoing challenge. This chapter provides a strengths-based perspective to guide educators in their assessment considerations when developing the literacy abilities of deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) bilingual learners, defined as children who are learning a signed language and concurrently a spoken/written language, such as ASL–English. In particular, the chapter explores the valuable ways that signed language abilities contribute to literacy development. Also highlighted is the critical and ongoing need for effective and culturally responsive signed language measures to better inform literacy teaching approaches.
Deaf Studies in Literacy
Authors: Dostal Hannah M. , Easterbrooks Susan R.
Published: July 2020

This chapter summarizes the major trends that run through the chapters of the Oxford Handbook on Deaf Studies in Literacy and contextualizes suggestions for where researchers and education professionals should turn their attention. Three clear trends emerged in the curating of the chapters. First, we have made notable progress in our understanding of the literacy process, but many aspects of literacy were left behind. This must be rectified. Second, it is time for a renewed focus on stronger, more robust research that takes the field beyond simple correlations to explanations of causation. These should elucidate the remaining pieces needed to understand fully the components of the literacy process. Third, research and practice must cease working in silos. Significant collaboration between the university and the classroom must become the norm. Finally, information for the purpose of information should no longer be the purpose of research. Rather, collaborative researchers must focus on the development of classroom and home interventions that will improve literacy outcomes for deaf and hard-of-hearing learners.
Prevailing Theories of Reading Development and Deafness
Authors: Connor Carol , Greenberg Jamie
Published: July 2020

Understanding how children learn to read and become proficient readers has been facilitated by models of reading developed over the past three decades. These include, among others, the Simple View of Reading, the lexical quality hypothesis, and the lattice model. These models have shaped effective reading interventions for children with typical hearing and have implications for understanding dyslexia and dysgraphia. Importantly, they can provide insights into why many children who are deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) have so much trouble learning to read and write. This chapter uses the lattice model of reading development to illustrate where DHH children may encounter barriers to learning to read and how such barriers might be overcome. The lattice model proposes that reciprocal and interacting effects of linguistic processes, text-specific processes, instruction, and cognitive, social, and regulatory processes all contribute to children’s reading development. Included is a discussion of a new version of the lattice model that has been adapted to support the research findings for children who are DHH.
What Is Malleable in Literacy Teaching and Learning Among Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Readers?
Authors: Lubke Jennifer K. , McGill-Franzen Anne , Ward Natalia
Published: July 2020

Many attempts have been made to determine what factors are most important in one’s potential for learning to read. These have been investigated for the purpose of determining effective instructional procedures. This chapter on literacy development aims to problematize instructional approaches that emphasize children’s deficits and, instead, make more visible approaches that build on children’s strengths, regardless of their individual differences. A fundamental belief must be that literacy is teachable and, for all children, learnable. This chapter will delineate those aspects of literacy that are malleable, evidenced by case studies and research review, and will suggest pathways (i.e., skills, strategies, and procedures) that are most effective for teachers and researchers to pursue. It describes connections to the broad field of deafness and literacy development and implications for teachers, administrators, service providers, and others concerned with the literacy success of deaf and hard-of-hearing children.