bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emerging harmful algal blooms caused by distinct seasonal assemblages of a toxic diatom
Authors: Sterling Alexa R. , Kirk Riley D. , Bertin Matthew J. , Rynearson Tatiana A. , Borkman David G. , Caponi Marissa C. , Carney Jessica , Hubbard Katherine A. , King Meagan A. , Maranda Lucie , McDermith Emily J. , Santos Nina R. , Strock Jacob P. , Tully Erin M. , Vaverka Samantha B. , Wilson Patrick D. , Jenkins Bethany D.
Published: October 2022

Diatoms in the Pseudo‐nitzschia genus produce the neurotoxin domoic acid. Domoic acid bioaccumulates in shellfish, causing illness in humans and marine animals upon ingestion. In 2017, high domoic acid levels in shellfish meat closed shellfish harvest in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island for the first and only time in history, although abundant Pseudo‐nitzschia have been observed for over 60 years. To investigate whether an environmental factor altered endemic Pseudo‐nitzschia physiology or new domoic acid‐producing strain(s) were introduced to Narragansett Bay, we conducted weekly sampling from 2017 to 2019 and compared closure samples. Plankton‐associated domoic acid was quantified by LC‐MS/MS and Pseudo‐nitzschia spp. were identified using a taxonomically improved high‐throughput rDNA sequencing approach. Comparison with environmental data revealed a detailed understanding of domoic acid dynamics and seasonal multi‐species assemblages. Plankton‐associated domoic acid was low throughout 2017–2019, but recurred in fall and early summer maxima. Fall domoic acid maxima contained known toxic species as well as a novel Pseudo‐nitzschia genotype. Summer domoic acid maxima included fewer species but also known toxin producers. Most 2017 closure samples contained the particularly concerning toxic species, P. australis, which also appeared infrequently during 2017–2019. Recurring Pseudo‐nitzschia assemblages were driven by seasonal temperature changes, and plankton‐associated domoic acid correlated with low dissolved inorganic nitrogen. Thus, the Narragansett Bay closures were likely caused by both resident assemblages that become toxic depending on nutrient status as well as the episodic introductions of toxic species from oceanographic and climatic shifts.
Leveraging ray tracing cores for particle‐based simulations on GPUs
Authors: Zhao Shiwei , Lai Zhengshou , Zhao Jidong
Published: October 2022

Neighbor searching is an essential and computationally heavy step in particle‐based numerical methods such as discrete element method (DEM), molecular dynamics, peridynamics, and smooth particle hydrodynamics. This article presents a novel approach to accelerate particle‐based simulations by leveraging ray tracing (RT) cores in addition to CUDA cores on RTX GPUs. The neighbor search problem is first numerically converted into a general ray tracing problem so that it can be possible to utilize the hardware acceleration of RT cores. A new, general‐purpose RT‐based neighbor search algorithm is then proposed and benchmarked with a prevailing cell‐based one. As a showcase, both algorithms are implemented into a GPU‐based DEM code for simulating large‐scale granular problems including packing, column collapse and debris flow. The overall simulation performance is examined with varying problem sizes and GPU specs. It demonstrates that the RT‐based simulations are 10%–60% faster than the cell‐based ones, depending on the simulated problems and GPU specs. This study offers a new recipe for next‐generation high‐performance computing of large‐scale engineering problems using particle‐based numerical methods.
Donor recognition: A double‐edged sword in charitable giving
Authors: Luo Jun , Gao Guanlin
Published: October 2022

Previous studies discover confounding results on how donor recognition affects individual charitable giving. To answer the questions of how different donor recognition schemes affect individual giving and what type is more effective as a marketing strategy to meet different fundraising goals, we conducted a field experiment in China with three donor recognition types: voluntary, involuntary, and mandatory donor recognition. We used social media to recognize donors and verified the field experiment results with naturally occurring data. We observed similar behavioral patterns in both samples. The results of this study explain the mixed results from previous studies, suggesting that there is no one‐size‐fits‐all approach for recognizing donors. Decision makers of nonprofit organizations need to select the appropriate type of donor recognition based on their fundraising goals.
Effect of time‐restricted eating on sex hormone levels in premenopausal and postmenopausal females
Authors: Kalam Faiza , Akasheh Rand T. , Cienfuegos Sofia , Ankireddy Aparna , Gabel Kelsey , Ezpeleta Mark , Lin Shuhao , Tamatam Chandra M. , Reddy Sekhar P. , Spring Bonnie , Khan Seema A. , Varady Krista A.
Published: October 2022

Objective

Concerns have been raised regarding the impact of time‐restricted eating (TRE) on sex hormones in females. This study examined how TRE affects sex steroids in premenopausal and postmenopausal females.

Methods

This is a secondary analysis of an 8‐week TRE study (4‐ to 6‐hour eating window) conducted in adults with obesity. Men and perimenopausal females were excluded. Females were classified into two groups based on menstrual status: premenopausal (n = 12) or postmenopausal (n = 11).

Results

After 8 weeks, body weight decreased in premenopausal females (−3% ± 2%) and postmenopausal females (−4% ± 2%) (main effect of time, p < 0.001), with no difference between groups (no group × time interaction). Circulating levels of testosterone, androstenedione, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) did not change in either group (no group × time interaction). Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) concentrations decreased (p < 0.05) in premenopausal (−14% ± 32%) and postmenopausal females (−13% ± 34%; main effect of time, p = 0.03), with no difference between groups. Estradiol, estrone, and progesterone were measured only in postmenopausal females, and they remained unchanged.

Conclusions

In premenopausal females, androgens and SHBG remained unchanged during TRE, whereas DHEA decreased. In postmenopausal females, estrogens, progesterone, androgens, and SHBG did not change, but DHEA was reduced.
Elevated temperature mechanical behavior of waste short carbon fiber incorporated glass fiber/epoxy composites
Authors: Dasari Srinivasu , Patnaik Satyaroop , Behera Priyadarshi , Ray Bankim Chandra , Prusty Rajesh Kumar
Published: October 2022

The fabrication of carbon fiber‐reinforced polymer composites generates vast amounts of waste carbon fiber. In the present work, these waste carbon fibers were added in varying contents (0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 wt%) to glass fiber/epoxy (GE) composite as short carbon fibers (SCFs) to improve its ambient and elevated temperature mechanical performance. The flexural and tensile behavior of the SCF modified GE composites were assessed at 30, 50, 70, and 110°C. The most significant improvement in mechanical performance was achieved by adding only 0.1 wt% of SCF into GE composite across most of the temperatures. At elevated temperatures, all the SCF‐modified GE composites showed superior mechanical performance over the control GE composite. An important correlation between SCF content in GE composite and elevated temperature mechanical performance enhancement has been discussed. Differential scanning calorimetry was performed to understand the effect of SCF addition on GE composite's glass transition behavior. Fractography was conducted to study the various failure mechanisms at ambient and elevated temperatures.
Characterization of novel natural cellulosic fibers from Abutilon Indicum for potential reinforcement in polymer composites
Authors: ArunRamnath R. , Murugan S. , Sanjay M. R. , Vinod A. , Indran S. , Elnaggar Ashraf Y. , Fallatah Ahmed M. , Siengchin Suchart
Published: October 2022

The prime objective of this research study was the investigation the new natural cellulosic fiber extracted from the stem of Abutilon Indicum plants as an alternative reinforcement in greener composite materials for structural applications. Abutilon Indicum a flowering plant with unique medicinal values are abundantly found in India and other south Asian countries. The fibers extracted from the stem of the Abutilon Indicum plant are proven to be sustainable, ecofriendly, and novel and hence this fiber is chosen for characterization study. In this experimental investigation the physical, chemical, thermal, morphological, crystallinity, chemical constituents, and surface characteristics of raw Abutilon Indicum fibers (AIF) were analyzed. Chemical analysis results convey the presence of higher cellulose content of (56.12 wt.%) in AIF. The diameter (175 μm) and density (1.170 g/cm3) of AIFs are determined by physical analysis of the raw fibers. Such lower density values observed in AIF make it as a perfect material for lightweight applications. Crystalline properties of AIFs are determined from X‐ray diffraction tests with a crystalline index of 77.35%, and crystalline size of 2.20 nm, which attributes to the presence of cellulose‐1β and the crystallites are ordered in nature. Thermal stability of 175°C, maximum degradation temperature upto 302.6°C and kinetic activation energy of 86.95 kJ/mol of AIF are established based on thermo gravimetric analysis. Morphological and surface characteristics of AIF through a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) analysis revealed that the raw fibers display a relatively finer surface. Research findings of the AIF mentioned above conclude that the AIFs prove to be an ideal, alternative reinforcement in greener composite materials for sustainable and cleaner production of components in structural applications.
Longitudinal neutralization activities on authentic Omicron variant provided by three doses of BBIBP‐CorV vaccination during one year
Authors: Lai Dan‐yun , Xue Jun‐biao , He Ping , Jiang He‐wei , Li Yang , Ma Ming‐liang , Hong Wei , Yu Jun‐ping , Wei Hong‐ping , Tao Sheng‐ce
Published: October 2022

The majority of people in China have been immunized with the inactivated viral vaccine BBIBP‐CorV. The emergence of the Omicron variant raised the concerns about protection efficacy of the inactivated viral vaccine in China. However, longitudinal neutralization data describing protection efficacy against Omicron variant is still lacking. Here we present one‐year longitudinal neutralization data of BBIBP‐CorV on authentic Omicron, Delta, and wild‐type strains using 224 sera collected from 14 volunteers who have finished three doses BBIBP‐CorV. The sera were also subjected for monitoring the SARS‐CoV‐2 specific IgG, IgA, and IgM responses on protein and peptide microarrays. The neutralization titers showed different protection efficacies against the three strains. By incorporating IgG and IgA signals of proteins and Spike protein derived peptide on microarray, panels as potential surrogate biomarkers for rapid estimation of neutralization titers were established. These data support the necessity of the 3rd dose of BBIBP‐CorV vaccination. After further validation and assay development, the panels could be used for reliable, convenient and fast evaluation of the efficacy of vaccination.
Retrospective comparison of respiratory syncytial virus and metapneumovirus clinical presentation in hospitalized children
Authors: Illan Montero Jonathan , Berger Alice , Levy Jack , Busson Laurent , Hainaut Marc , Goetghebuer Tessa
Published: October 2022

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and Human metapneumovirus (hMPV), members of Pneumoviridae family are common causes of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI) among children. Study material includes routine nasopharyngeal samples obtained during 8‐year period for hMPV and one single season for RSV in children hospitalized for ARTI between 0 and 15 years at the Center Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Saint Pierre in Brussels. Positive samples for RSV or hMPV identified by viral culture, lateral flow chromatography test for RSV or direct fluorescent assay for hMPV were selected retrospectively. Characteristics of children hospitalized for RSV or hMPV infections were compared. Children hospitalized for RSV infection were significantly younger and requiring more respiratory support, longer hospital stay and transfers in Pediatric intensive Care Units than those hospitalized for hMPV infection. Pneumonia diagnostic and antibiotics therapies were more significantly associated with hMPV infections. In conclusion, despite their genetic similarities, RSV, and hMPV present epidemiological and clinical differences in pediatric infections. Our results should be confirmed prospectively.
Growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) levels predict adverse respiratory outcomes in premature neonates
Authors: Almudares Faeq , Hagan Joseph , Chen Xinpu , Devaraj Sridevi , Moorthy Bhagavatula , Lingappan Krithika
Published: October 2022

Growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a stress‐responsive cytokine, and its expression increases during inflammation, hyperoxia, and senescence. Significantly, GDF15 is secreted by the placenta, and maternal levels increase throughout pregnancy. Serum GDF15 level is a promising biomarker for many lung diseases like pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary fibrosis. However, circulating GDF15 levels in preterm infants and their role as a predictor of respiratory outcomes have not been studied. We hypothesized that GDF15 levels would increase with gestational age at birth, and that postnatal GDF15 will be correlated with adverse respiratory outcomes in preterm infants. Scavenged blood samples were retrieved from 57 preterm infants at five time points, from birth until 36‐weeks postmenstrual age (PMA). GDF15 levels were measured using ELISA in 114 samples. We performed two‐sample t‐test, correlation and linear regression, logistic regression, and mixed‐effects linear models for statistical analysis, and significance was identified when p < 0.05. Contrary to our hypothesis, for every 1‐week increase in gestational age at birth, the predicted GDF15 level decreased by 475.0 pg/ml (p < 0.001). Greater PMA was significantly associated with lower serum GDF15 levels (p < 0.001). Interestingly, higher GDF15 levels were associated with a longer need for mechanical ventilation (p = 0.034), prolonged respiratory support need (p < 0.001), and length of hospital stay (p = 0.006). In conclusion, in preterm infants, GDF15 levels show an inverse correlation with gestational age at birth, with higher levels in more preterm babies, and levels trend down postnatally. Furthermore, longitudinal GDF15 levels through 36 weeks PMA predict adverse respiratory outcomes in preterm infants.
Triazole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus exposed to new chiral fungicide mefentrifluconazole
Authors: Xu Shiji , Shen Jiatao , Lang Hongbin , Zhang Luqing , Fang Hua , Yu Yunlong
Published: October 2022

BACKGROUND

Triazole resistance in the human fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus has been a growing challenge in clinic treatment with triazole drugs such as itraconazole. The fast evolvement of triazole resistance in A. fumigatus in the ecosystem has drawn great attention, and there has been a possible link between the application of triazole fungicides in agriculture and triazole resistance in A. fumigatus. The change in susceptibility of A. fumigatus exposed to the new chiral triazole fungicide mefentrifluconazole was investigated in this study.

RESULTS

The results indicated that triazole resistance in A. fumigatus was acquired with exposure to mefentrifluconazole at a level of greater than or equal to 2 mg L−1 in liquid medium and soil (not at 0.4 nor 1 mg L−1). Interestingly, stereoselectivity was found in the acquisition of triazole resistance in A. fumigatus when exposed to mefentrifluconazole. R‐mefentrifluconazole, which is very active on plant pathogens, exhibited stronger possibility in the development of the resistance in A. fumigatus than its antipode. Overexpression of cyp51A, AtrF, AfuMDR1 and AfuMDR4 were associated with the acquired resistance in A. fumigatus with hereditary stability.

CONCLUSION

The results suggest that triazole resistance in A. fumigatus could be resulted from the selection of mefentrifluconazole at concentrations larger than 2 mg L−1. Mefentrifluconazole should be applied within the dosage recommended by good agricultural practice to avoid the resistance in A. fumigatus in soil. This also may be applicable to other triazole fungicides. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
A network paradigm predicts drug synergistic effects using downstream protein–protein interactions
Authors: Wilson Jennifer L. , Steinberg Ethan , Racz Rebecca , Altman Russ B. , Shah Nigam , Grimes Kevin
Published: October 2022

In some cases, drug combinations affect adverse outcome phenotypes by binding the same protein; however, drug‐binding proteins are associated through protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks within the cell, suggesting that drug phenotypes may result from long‐range network effects. We first used PPI network analysis to classify drugs based on proteins downstream of their targets and next predicted drug combination effects where drugs shared network proteins but had distinct binding proteins (e.g., targets, enzymes, or transporters). By classifying drugs using their downstream proteins, we had an 80.7% sensitivity for predicting rare drug combination effects documented in gold‐standard datasets. We further measured the effect of predicted drug combinations on adverse outcome phenotypes using novel observational studies in the electronic health record. We tested predictions for 60 network‐drug classes on seven adverse outcomes and measured changes in clinical outcomes for predicted combinations. These results demonstrate a novel paradigm for anticipating drug synergistic effects using proteins downstream of drug targets.
ZnO Nanoparticles Synthesis and Characterization by Hydrothermal Process for Biological Applications
Authors: Wirunchit Supamas , Koetniyom Wantana
Published: October 2022

This research is interested in the development of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticle synthesis by hydrothermal precipitation solutions for biological applications. The synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles study from zinc nitrate (Zn(NO3)2) precursor under the three precipitator solutions consists of potassium hydroxide (KOH), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH), respectively. The synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles is investigated using the following techniques: X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), and Raman spectroscopy techniques. The structure and size of the ZnO nanoparticles are analyzed by using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE‐SEM), and finally, the antibacterial efficacy of the ZnO nanoparticles is studied. The hydrothermal synthesis condition realizes that the smallest ZnO nanoparticles come from the zinc nitrate (Zn(NO3)2) precursor reacted with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) precipitator at 120 °C for 4 h.
Detection of the Biexciton of Monolayer WS2 in Ellipsometric Data: A Maximum‐Entropy Success
Authors: Le Long V. , Kim Tae Jung , Kim Young Dong , Aspnes David E.
Published: October 2022

For nearly 50 years, the Burg/Andersen (BA) maximum‐entropy (ME) deconvolution procedure has been used to sharpen, and therefore accentuate, weak features in spectra, optical and otherwise. It is shown that the BA procedure can be further enhanced to yield even sharper features. Using this approach, the authors establish the existence of the biexciton in ellipsometric data of monolayer WS2 at 50 K, whereas differentiation and standard BA analysis cannot.
Suppression Effect on the Domain Wall Tilting in Synthetic Antiferromagnetic Racetrack Driven by the Spin–Orbit Torque
Authors: He Xiaodong , Yun Jijun , Zhang Jianrong , Zhai Yongbo , Guo Xi , Zhang Xu , Cui Baoshan , Ren Yang , Zuo Yalu , Xi Li
Published: October 2022

The perpendicularly magnetized synthetic antiferromagnet is an ideal candidate for racetrack memory due to the low stray field, allowing the closely packed domain wall (DW) and high recording density. Herein, the dynamics of DW motion driven by the magnetic field and current are investigated in the synthetic antiferromagnetic (SAF) Ta/Pt/Co/Pt/Ru/Pt/Co/Ta structures with different thicknesses of the top magnetic (TM) Co layers. The results illustrate that the direction of the DW motion will be reversed when the field pulse is below a critical field for the sample with a negligible remanence ratio. As for the current‐driven DW motion case, a significant enhancement of the DW velocity, as well as a strong suppression effect on the tilting of DW's plane due to the strong interlayer exchange coupling for the SAF structure, is found. The fast DW velocity and small tilting angle in SAF are valuable for spintronic racetrack memories.
Decentralized adaptive neural fixed‐time tracking control of constrained interconnected nonlinear systems with partially unmeasurable states
Authors: Hao Siwen , Pan Yingnan , Zhu Yanzheng , Ahn Choon Ki
Published: October 2022

This article devises a new adaptive fixed‐time tracking control strategy for interconnected nonlinear systems containing partially unmeasurable states and time‐varying output constraints. Radial basis function neural networks, as function approximators, are utilized to model the unknown functions, and the partially unmeasurable states of the systems are estimated by a reduced‐order observer. By constructing a transferred function, system outputs are directly constrained in a time‐varying constraint bound. Meanwhile, the first‐order sliding mode differentiators are utilized to reduce the computational burden caused by the repeated differentiations of virtual controllers. Under the Lyapunov function and the fixed‐time theory, the decentralized adaptive fixed‐time controllers are constructed. It is proved that the closed‐loop systems are fixed‐time stable and the output signals are restricted in the bounded compact set. Finally, two simulation examples demonstrate the validity of the proposed control scheme.
Assessment of the potential natural status of riparian zones in the Czech Republic
Authors: Jakubínský Jiří , Machová Kateřina , Prokopová Marcela , Cudlín Ondřej , Purkyt Jan , Štěrbová Lenka , Pechanec Vilém , Cudlín Pavel
Published: October 2022

Riparian zones represent an important ecosystem providing a range of functions and services important to humans—for example, biodiversity support, a reduction in erosion risk, or the transport of pollutants from the surrounding landscape to watercourses. At the same time, it is an environment that has been often subjected to significant pressure during the agricultural cultivation of the landscape or the development of industrial and residential activities of human society. Thus, a large number of riparian ecosystems have been disappeared or degraded. The assessment of the overall ecological status of riparian habitats constitutes an important source of information for watercourse management and landscape planning, the aim of which should be to maintain good status or to improve the current unsatisfactory state of these habitats. However, in order to reliably evaluate the current ecological status of the landscape, it is necessary to have information on the reference status, that is, a potentially natural status that would prevail without human influence. For this purpose, a methodology that can determine the potential natural status of riparian zones for Central European conditions was developed. In this study, it was found that approximately a quarter (26%) of all river basins in the Czech Republic reach very low environmental values of the potential natural status of riparian zones and, conversely, approximately 29% of river basins are expected to develop significantly above average riparian zone quality.
Kinetics of the Template Synthesis and Acidic Decomposition of the Methylboron‐Capped Iron(II) Tris‐heptoximate: Dramatic Changes in a Series of Alicyclic α‐Dioximate Ligand Synthons
Authors: Pomadchik Alexander L. , Belov Alexander S. , Lebed Ekaterina G. , Vologzhanina Anna V. , Asachenko Andrey F. , Topchiy Maxim A. , Voloshin Yan Z.
Published: October 2022

Reaction of the template synthesis of the methylboron‐capped iron(II) tris‐heptoximate clathrochelate on Fe2+ ion as a matrix was found to proceed in the quantitative yield in diluted aqueous‐organic solutions. This complex is intensively colored in the visible range, whereas the initial ligand synthons are optically silent, thus allowing to photometric study the kinetics of its synthesis and acidic decomposition reactions. Template condensation of the corresponding chelating and capping ligand synthons gave a solid form of this macrobicyclic complex, which was characterized using modern spectral methods and by the single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (XRD) experiment. Kinetic schemes and parameters of the aforementioned reactions for the methylboron‐capped clathrochelates, the derivatives of six‐ (H2Nx), seven‐(H2Gx) and eight(H2Ox)‐membered alicyclic α‐dioximes, are dramatically affected by their alicyclic ring size. If the general schemes of their formation persist, those for H2Nx and H2Gx contain a rate‐determining stage, whereas that for H2Ox has three initial consecutive stages with close rates. Passing from H2Nx to H2Gx caused a decrease in the synthesis reaction rates of their macrobicyclic derivatives by approximately three orders of magnitude. These kinetic effects were explained using the XRD data for the initial α‐dioximes and for their methylboron‐capped macrobicyclic derivatives.
A Glycerol‐Based Deep Eutectic Solvent as Natural Medium and Organic Reductant for Homocoupling of (Hetero)Aryl Chlorides: a Green Route to 2,2’‐Bipyridine and Biaryl Scaffolds
Authors: Paparella Andrea Nicola , Messa Francesco , Dilauro Giuseppe , Troisi Luigino , Perrone Serena , Salomone Antonio
Published: October 2022

A glycerol‐based Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) enables the Pd‐catalyzed activation of (hetero)arylchlorides and promotes the formation of 2,2’‐bipiyridines and biaryls through an Ullmann‐type homocoupling in smooth experimental conditions (80 °C) with Ca(OH)2 as a green base and Pd/C as heterogeneous catalyst. Noteworthy, the coupling does not need the addition of external reducing agents, like metals, since the glycerol present in the DES acts as a safe and green organic reductant. The heterogeneous catalytic system (DES‐Pd/C) showed to be easily recyclable and has been applied to the sustainable synthesis of the Abametapir drug.
Nanozymes for Regenerative Medicine
Authors: Mou Xiaozhou , Wu Qingyuan , Zhang Zheao , Liu Yunhang , Zhang Jungang , Zhang Chengwu , Chen Xiaoyi , Fan Kelong , Liu Huiyu
Published: October 2022

Nanozymes refer to nanomaterials that catalyze enzyme substrates into products under relevant physiological conditions following enzyme kinetics. Compared to natural enzymes, nanozymes possess the characteristics of higher stability, easier preparation, and lower cost. Importantly, nanozymes possess the magnetic, fluorescent, and electrical properties of nanomaterials, making them promising replacements for natural enzymes in industrial, biological, and medical fields. On account of the rapid development of nanozymes recently, their application potentials in regeneration medicine are gradually being explored. To highlight the achievements in the regeneration medicine field, this review summarizes the catalytic mechanism of four types of representative nanozymes. Then, the strategies to improve the biocompatibility of nanozymes are discussed. Importantly, this review covers the recent advances in nanozymes in tissue regeneration medicine including wound healing, nerve defect repair, bone regeneration, and cardiovascular disease treatment. In addition, challenges and prospects of nanozyme researches in regeneration medicine are summarized.
An Anthradithiophene Donor Polymer for Organic Solar Cells with a Good Balance between Efficiency and Synthetic Accessibility
Authors: Bianchi Gabriele , Carbonera Chiara , Ciammaruchi Laura , Camaioni Nadia , Negarville Nicola , Tinti Francesca , Forti Giacomo , Nitti Andrea , Pasini Dario , Facchetti Antonio , Pankow Robert M. , Marks Tobin J. , Po Riccardo
Published: October 2022

Over the past few years, the organic photovoltaics technology (OPV) has reached remarkable power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), mostly thanks to the advent of nonfullerene acceptors as well as to a high level of materials engineering. Yet, the complex materials syntheses behind these results ultimately limit technological readiness. The quest for scalable organic compounds offering high PCE and reasonably low synthetic complexity is a must to close the gap between laboratory R&D and commercial products. The synthesis and full characterization of a new conjugated polymer called PATTD is reported herein, based on a novel anthradithiophene as an electron‐rich building block coupled with a commercially available dithienylbenzodithiophenedione as an electron‐withdrawing comonomer. Its photovoltaic properties are studied in blends with IT‐4F and IDIC as acceptors. PATTD:IT‐4F‐based photovoltaic devices exhibit a PCE approaching 10% and over 2300 h shelf‐life stability. The PATTD scalability factor (SF), together with the PATTD‐based photovoltaic performances, lead to a PCE/SF value equal to 0.297, placing such devices into the innermost circle of OPV materials, achieving one of the best compromises between efficiency and synthetic complexity and at the same time offering promising industrial perspectives.
Graphdiyne (g‐CnH2n−2)‐Supported Organic–Inorganic Composites with Zinc Cadmium Sulfide for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Li Dujuan , Ma Xiaoli , Jin Zhiliang
Published: October 2022

As a new 2D carbon hybrid material, graphdiyne (GD) has attracted much attention due to its good conductivity, adjustable electronic structure, and special electron transfer enhancement properties. Due to its special properties, it has great potential in the field of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Considering the modification of GD from the perspective of nano size and bandgap matching, CuS@GDY hybrids to modify ZnCdS are introduced, and the sheet hybrid improved ZnCdS nanoparticles' dispersion. From another point of view, GD not only enhances the optical absorption of the composite but also acts as the main reduction site. Meanwhile, when GD appears in ZnCdS/CuS heterojunction in the form of an electronic bridge, the separation efficiency of photoinduced carriers in ternary system is greatly improved. Finally, the charge transfer mode of the composite system assisted by GD through radical trapping and in situ X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy experiments are analyzed and verified. The ternary hybrid ZnCdS/CuS@GD prepared in this experiment has excellent photoelectrochemical properties and stability. The design idea and characterization analysis of this article can provide reference and reference value for further research of graphite acetylene in the field of photocatalysis.
Integration of systems design and risk management through model‐based systems development
Authors: Uludağ Yıldız , Evin Ersin , Gürbüz Nazan Gözay
Published: October 2022

Model‐based systems engineering is a powerful methodology to develop safety‐critical systems. The use of the system model as a single source of truth for risk and dependability analysis results in a consistent and complete assessment. Besides, representation and logging of the assessment within the model result in a complete and up‐to‐date single source of information that can be used during the device certification as well. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive risk management SysML profile that includes interconnected safety analysis [functional hazard assessment (FHA), fault tree, and failure mode and effect analysis (FTA, FMEA)], control measure, and evaluation model elements in compliance with the medical standards. Model‐based risk assessment of a point‐of‐care diagnostic device for sepsis has been shown as a case study to show the implementation of the profile. This device is a standalone unit and the test results obtained directly affect the patient. Therefore, both the top‐down (FHA and FTA) and bottom‐up (FMEA) safety assessment methods have been used. Another objective of the study is to define a systematic and holistic method to perform fault tree analysis, not only from the system architecture models but also from the functional, activity, and sequence diagrams of the system model.
Lake Superior Kiyi reproductive biology
Authors: Vinson Mark R. , Herbert Matthew E. , Ackiss Amanda S. , Dobosenski Jamie A. , Evrard Lori M. , Gorman Owen T. , Lyons Joshua F. , Phillips Sydney B. , Yule Dan L.
Published: October 2022

Objective

The Lake Superior Kiyi Coregonus kiyi is an understudied species being considered for reintroduction into Laurentian Great Lakes where it no longer occurs. Herein, we provide descriptions of Kiyi reproductive biology with the intention of guiding potential gamete collections for propagation.

Methods

Data were collected on Kiyi spawning timing, spawning locations, spawning season catch rates, length at sexual maturity, sex ratios, fecundity, egg size, and larval occurrences in Lake Superior from 1996–2021. These data were compared to observations made a century prior in Lakes Michigan, Ontario, and Superior.

Result

Contemporary Kiyi spawning occurred between late December and late January when surface water temperatures cooled to <4°C. Spawning Kiyi were caught almost exclusively in 38.1-mm stretch mesh, as compared to larger meshes (50.8–76.2 mm). Capture depths for developing, ripe, running, and spent female Kiyi were similar and ranged from 82 to 221 m. Fifty percent of female and male Kiyi were classified as sexually mature at ~150 mm total length. Fecundity estimates ranged from 1,578 to 6,720 eggs/female. Mean diameter of unfertilized eggs was 1.7 mm. Recently hatched larval Kiyi were collected at the surface during May–July at 62 of the 113 locations sampled throughout the lake in 2019.

Conclusion

Our work suggests that Kiyi gamete collection efforts from mid-December through January using 38.1-mm gill-net panels set at bathymetric depths of at least 100 m would maximize the collection of spawning Kiyi and reduce the bycatch of other Coregonus species. Future research questions include the following: (1) “Do Kiyi form spawning aggregations at specific spawning areas, or do they spawn indiscriminately across the lake?”; (2) “Do Kiyi spawn near the bottom or up in the water column?”; (3) “What is the relationship between fall lake overturn and Kiyi spawn timing?”; and (4) “Could summer larval and age-0 Kiyi collections provide an opportunity for establishing a captive broodstock?”
Polystyrene microplastics induce autophagy and apoptosis in birds lungs via PTEN/PI3K/AKT/mTOR
Authors: Lu Hongmin , Yin Kai , Su Heng , Wang Dongxu , Zhang Yue , Hou Lulu , Li Jun bo , Wang Yu , Xing Mingwei
Published: October 2022

Microplastics (MPs) seriously pollute and potentially threaten human health. Birds are sentinels of environmental pollutants, which respond quickly to contamination events and reveal current environmental exposure. Therefore, birds are good bioindicators for monitoring environmental pollutants. However, the mechanism of lung injury in birds and the role of the PTEN/PI3K/AKT axis are unknown. In this study, broilers treated with different polystyrene microplastics (PS‐MPs) (0, 1, 10, and 100 mg/L) were exposed to drinking water for 6 weeks to analyze the effect of PS‐MPs on lung injury of broilers. The results showed that with the increase of PS‐MPs concentration, malonaldehyde (MDA) content increased, and catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) activity decreased, further leading to oxidative stress. PS‐MPs caused the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway to be inhibited by phosphorylation, and autophagy accelerated formation (LC3) and degradation (p62), causing autophagy. In PS‐MPs exposed lung tissues, the expression of Bax/Bcl‐2 and Caspase family increased, and MAPK signaling pathways (p38, ERK, and JNK) showed an increase in phosphorylation level, thus leading to cell apoptosis. Our research showed that PS‐MPs could activate the antioxidant system. The antioxidant system unbalance‐regulated Caspase family, and PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathways initiated apoptosis and autophagy, which in turn led to lung tissue damage in chickens. These results are of great significance to the toxicological study of PS‐MPs and the protection of the ecosystem.
Introduction
Authors: Hornung Johanna
Published: October 2022

Long-term policy developments can be shaped by social groups of policy actors and policy programs. This observation has made the Programmatic Action Framework (PAF) the starting point of a relatively new perspective that provides a complementary view on policy processes. It assumes that, based on shared biographical intersections, policy actors coalesce around a policy program to achieve policy change in order to advance their own authority and careers in a policy area. Meanwhile, the perspective of programmatic action has been successfully applied to other contexts, yet so far without a systematic reflection on the institutional preconditions necessary for programmatic action to take place. Programmatic groups and programs are essentially shaped by institutions. A systematic evaluation of these institutions is important, especially when one wants to apply the perspective in different countries and at different times. Based on in-depth comparative case studies, this book explores the question of what institutions are necessary for the formation and success of groups.
Political Institutions and Public Policy
Authors: Hornung Johanna
Published: October 2022

In order to shed light on this missing link between programmatic action and political institutions, this chapter reviews how institutions are currently discussed in policy process research in order to derive hypotheses that may explain under which institutional conditions programmatic action should or should not take place. The goal of this overview of the state of the art is twofold. On the one hand, it serves to assess the contribution of the PAF to existing theories of the policy process and the understanding of institutions in it. In doing so, it becomes clear why a new theoretical lens is needed and where and why the PAF is able to fill gaps left by others. On the other hand, the established approaches to explaining policy change and stability with respect to policy processes contain assumptions and hypotheses about the role of institutions that can be integrated into the PAF and help sharpen the analytical power of a look at the institutional conditions for programmatic action. They do this by formulating mechanisms between theoretical concepts that can also be adapted, or at least assumed to be relevant, to the formation of programmatic groups and the success of the group and its program. At the very least, they lay the groundwork for the question that asks about the influence of institutional settings familiar in comparative politics on policy change.
Programmatic Action in German Health Policy
Authors: Hornung Johanna
Published: October 2022

Taking a look at the history of health policy in Germany from 1990 to 2020, this chapter outlines the existence of programmatic action and identifies the programmatic actors relevant to the changes in health policy. The empirical study is based on a discourse network analysis, an in-depth analysis of the biographical trajectories of individuals, as well as a systematic connection of the programmatic content to the individual programmatic actors. Thereby, this chapter provides an explanation for 20 years of health policy developments in Germany. However, it also notes that programmatic action in German health policy has ended in the 2010s, and it provides explanations for why this is the case.
In the Prison Cell
Authors: Marti Irene
Published: October 2022

This chapter deals with prisoners’ experience of and in the prison cell. It argues that the cell is the crucial context for the foundation and maintenance of prisoners’ sense of self and personal integrity. The chapter starts with a description of the legal and institutional norms regarding the design, materiality and furnishing of the cell. It then explores the various meanings prisoners attribute to their cells, their individual experiences of being inside and their ways of arranging their cells anddoing timein this place where they spend most of their time alone, depending on their mode ofbeing with time—that is, their personal attitude towards their indeterminate confinement.
Conclusion
Authors: Marti Irene
Published: October 2022

The conclusion reviews the main insights of this book, emphasizing both the importance of viewing incarceration as a lived experience and the necessity of taking seriously the institutional constraints and challenges of prison policy today. Without amalgamating prisoners’ perspectives into an ‘average’ viewpoint, it provides a summary of the main findings around four over-arching issues faced by prisoners who are doing indefinite time: the continual shifting between hope and resignation; the need to maintain a sense of self and personal integrity; the continued need for social belonging and recognition; and the constant ambivalence caused by the fact that experiences of relative freedom available through leisure activities are also poignant reminders of the realities of captivity.
Celestial Mellin amplitude
Authors: Jiang Hongliang
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Celestial holography provides a promising avenue to studying bulk scattering in flat spacetime from the perspective of boundary celestial conformal field theory (CCFT). A key ingredient in connecting the two sides is the celestial amplitude, which is given by the Mellin transform of momentum space scattering amplitude in energy. As such, celestial amplitudes can be identified with the correlation functions in celestial conformal field theory. In this paper, we introduce the further notion of celestial Mellin amplitude, which is given by the Mellin transform of celestial amplitude in coordinate. For technical reasons, we focus on the celestial Mellin amplitudes for scalar fields in three dimensional flat spacetime dual to 1D CCFT, and discuss the celestial Mellin block expansion. In particular, the poles of the celestial Mellin amplitude encode the scaling dimensions of the possible exchanged operators, while the residues there are related to the OPE coefficient squares in a linear and explicit way. We also compare the celestial Mellin amplitudes with the coefficient functions which can be obtained using inversion formulae. Finally, we make some comments about the possible generalizations of celestial Mellin amplitudes to higher dimensions.
Rock Classification with Features Based on Higher Order Riesz Transform
Authors: Reinhardt Martin , Bernstein Swanhild , Richter Johanna
Published: October 2022

Most modern algorithms use convolutional neural networks to classify image data of different kinds. While this approach is a good method to differentiate between natural images of objects, big datasets are needed for the training process. Another drawback is the demand for high computational power. We introduce a new approach which involves classic feature vectors with structural information based on higher order Riesz transform. Following this way we create a framework specialized for texture data like images of rock cross-sections. The key advantages are faster computations and more versatile choices of the underlying machine learning tools while maintaining a comparable accuracy in comparison with state-of-the-art algorithms.
Nested association mapping-based GWAS for grain yield and related traits in wheat grown under diverse Australian environments
Authors: Chidzanga Charity , Mullan Daniel , Roy Stuart , Baumann Ute , Garcia Melissa
Published: October 2022

Key message

Utilising a nested association mapping (NAM) population-based GWAS, 98 stable marker-trait associations with 127 alleles unique to the exotic parents were detected for grain yield and related traits in wheat.

Grain yield, thousand-grain weight, screenings and hectolitre weight are important wheat yield traits. An understanding of their genetic basis is crucial for improving grain yield in breeding programmes. Nested association mapping (NAM) populations are useful resources for the dissection of the genetic basis of complex traits such as grain yield and related traits in wheat. Coupled with phenotypic data collected from multiple environments, NAM populations have the power to detect quantitative trait loci and their multiple alleles, providing germplasm that can be incorporated into breeding programmes. In this study, we evaluated a large-scale wheat NAM population with two recurrent parents in unbalanced trials in nine diverse Australian field environments over three years. By applying a single-stage factor analytical linear mixed model (FALMM) to the NAM multi-environment trials (MET) data and conducting a genome-wide association study (GWAS), we detected 98 stable marker-trait associations (MTAs) with their multiple alleles. 74 MTAs had 127 alleles that were derived from the exotic parents and were absent in either of the two recurrent parents. The exotic alleles had favourable effects on 46 MTAs of the 74 MTAs, for grain yield, thousand-grain weight, screenings and hectolitre weight. Two NAM RILs with consistently high yield in multiple environments were also identified, highlighting the potential of the NAM population in supporting plant breeding through provision of germplasm that can be readily incorporated into breeding programmes. The identified beneficial exotic alleles introgressed into the NAM population provide potential target alleles for the genetic improvement of wheat and further studies aimed at pinpointing the underlying genes.
Nipple Sparing Mastectomy Technique to Reduce Ischemic Complications: Preserving Important Blood Flow Based on Breast MRI
Authors: Karin Mardi R. , Pal Sunita , Ikeda Debra , Silverstein Max , Momeni Arash
Published: October 2022

Background

Nipple‐sparing mastectomy (NSM) with immediate breast reconstruction is commonly performed. However, nipple areolar complex (NAC) and mastectomy skin necrosis represent significant complications requiring reoperation and revision. Breast MRI, often obtained for oncologic assessment, can visualize the dominant breast and NAC vascular supply. This study describes the surgical technique utilizing breast MRI blood flow information to preserve important NAC blood supply, thereby, reducing ischemic complications.

Methods

After IRB approval, a prospectively maintained database of all NSM by a single breast surgeon from 2018 to 2020 formed the study group. Preoperative contrast enhanced Breast MRI analysis determined the dominant NAC blood supply. Intraoperatively, the dominant Internal Mammary Artery Perforator (IMP) to the NAC was preserved (IMP‐NSM). The IMP‐NSM surgical technique preserving the IMP blood flow, evaluation of breast MRI blood flow patterns, surgical findings, and ischemic complications were analyzed.

Results

114 NSM were performed in 74 patients (mean age: 49 years [range, 22–73 years], BMI 25.8 kg/m2 [range, 19–41 kg/m2]). Breast MRI identified the dominant IMP to the NAC in 92%. IMP preservation was successful in 89% (101/114). Necrosis requiring NAC removal occurred in 0.9% (1/114), and skin necrosis reoperation in 1.8% (2/114). Including all post‐operative necrosis occurred in 10.5% (12/114), statistically significantly lower compared to the literature for NSM assessing MRI blood flow data without surgical IMP preservation (necrosis 24.4%, p < 0.001) (Bahl et al. in J Am Coll Surg 223(2):279–285, 2016) utilizing Doppler for IMP preservation (necrosis 37%, p < 0.001) (Swistel et al. in Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2(8):e198, 2014) and dividing the IMP in all (necrosis 31.4%, p < 0.001) (Ahn et al. in Eur J Surg Oncol 44(8):1170–1176, 2018).

Conclusions

The IMP‐NSM surgical technique preserves the dominant blood supply to the NAC, thereby, decreasing ischemic complications.