bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fractals in Nerve and Muscle
Authors: Bassingthwaighte James B , Liebovitch Larry S , West Bruce J
Published: November 2023

Mechanical vibrations, chemical concentrations, and action potentials are all forms of information that can be transmitted from one point in space to another by means of various mechanisms. We are familiar with the sound waves that enable us to hear the distant roll of thunder and light waves that enable us to see the lightning flash, but we are less familiar with the waves found in excitable media that enable us to transform these sensory inputs into messages usable by the brain. In practice, these latter waves result from the rhythmic timing of spatially distributed pacemakers such as found in the heart, intestine, kidney, uterus, and stomach. These pacemaker cells are nonlinear biological oscillators that are capable of spontaneous excitation, which can also be entrained by external excitation.
lntraorgan Flow Heterogeneities
Authors: Bassingthwaighte James B , Liebovitch Larry S , West Bruce J
Published: November 2023

The variation in a physiological property, characteristic, or measure is often found to be important to organ function. Variations in histologic staining, in receptor densities, in NADH fluorescence, etc., are noted in many current articles. Most such variations that have been revealed by morphometric or chemical methods are spatial variations. Advances in technical accuracy allow us to distinguish between true spatial variation and experimental errors in the values measured at different spatial positions. These observations raise questions as to the cause of variation. In this chapter we shall use measures of regional blood flows to illustrate the approaches, while remembering that the same methods may also be used to evaluate spatial heterogeneity for other attributes, such as the density of binding sites for β-blockers or the concentrations of ATP or lactate dehydrogenase.
Post-verbal Negative Markers
Authors: Zanuttini Raffaella
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter I have examined the syntactic behavior of pre-verbal negative markers. I focused on the top part of the clause and examined their distribution with respect to subject clitics, complement clitics, and movement of the verb past 1°. Now I turn to the distribution of post-verbal negative markers, a class that I define by the property of following the finite form of the verb — either the main verb, when the verbal form is simple, or the auxiliary, when the verbal form consists of an auxiliary and a participle. I focus in particular on their position with respect to the past participle and infinitival forms of the verbs and to certain classes of adverbs, which I will refer to as “lower adverbs.” This investigation, combined with the one of pre-verbal negative markers, will allow me to formulate a hypothesis about the structure of clauses negated by negative markers, as well as on the proper syntactic characterization of these elements. The questions I am trying to answer are the following:
Negative Imperatives
Authors: Zanuttini Raffaella
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I examine the behavior of both pre-verbal and post-verbal negative markers in co-occurrence with imperative verbs. With a few exceptions, the pre-verbal negative markers that can negate a clause by themselves are incompatible with lexical verbs in the imperative form, although they are compatible with auxiliary verbs in the imperative form and with verbal forms from other verbal paradigms (indicative, subjunctive, etc.) used as imperatives. Post-verbal negative markers, however, do not show any systematic incompatibility with imperative forms. First I examine the rather complex pattern of data, and then I explore what could be the cause of such an asymmetry in their syntactic behavior.
Universal Banking and Reform of the Financial Safety Net
Authors: Saunders Anthony , Walter Ingo
Published: November 2023

One important question, especially in light of the U.S. thrift crisis and widespread proposals for safety net reform, is the implication of U.S. universal banking for the domestic safety net. Does universal banking require major safety net reforms for fear of increasing taxpayer exposure? Or would simply removing regulatory forbearance and too-big-to-fail guarantees—together with firmly implementing bank closure rules—provide sufficient conditions for the introduction of universal banking in the United States? And if, indeed, the safety net can be administered in a manner that avoids an increase in the size of the taxpayers’ potential burden, is there any need to restrict the scope of activities in which a (universal) bank can engage?
Towards a Rational and Competitive Regulatory Structure
Authors: Saunders Anthony , Walter Ingo
Published: November 2023

Global economic and financial interdependence has fundamentally and permanently changed economic and financial life in the United States. Many of today’s policymakers grew up at a time when U.S. international trade was perhaps 3% of GNP. Today it is four times that. They were taught that fiscal deficits did not matter much and could easily be funded domestically. Now foreign savings are largely relied upon to cover excess federal spending. They learned that U.S. interest rates could be set at will by the Federal Reserve. Today American monetary policy is conducted with a wary eye on the Bundesbank and the Bank of Japan. They were convinced that U.S. financial institutions were world-class competitors and would inevitably stay that way, only to see many of them in full retreat.
Introduction
Authors: Depuydt Leo
Published: November 2023

This study is about the function of the conjunctive. Although it discusses many details about the use of the conjunctive, its principal aim is to reflect in general on what the conjunctive expresses and to suggest a definition of its basic meaning.
Semantic Types of Conjunctive Chains
Authors: Depuydt Leo
Published: November 2023

In most of the examples cited previously, the con-joining effect of the conjunctive is as obvious as the contrast between the absence of “don’t” in “Don’t drink and drive” and its presence in “Don’t drink and don’t drive.” But in other instances, it is not as apparent why the conjunctive is chosen to follow a given conjugation base when that conjugation base could simply have been repeated.
Translating the Conjunctive
Authors: Depuydt Leo
Published: November 2023

Omitting a certain element found in the original is often a fitting English equivalent for the conjunctive chain (see § 4). However, the typological affinity between the Egyptian and English constructions is not one of complete one-to-one correspondence, but rather of overlap. A detailed investigation could probably determine, in view of a standardized translation technique, where omission of elements is appropriate as English counterpart of the conjunctive chain and where it is not, and how much ought not to be repeated in individual cases. Such an investigation will not be attempted here.
Conjunction Beyond the Conjunctive
Authors: Depuydt Leo
Published: November 2023

A significant number of verb forms and constructions in Egyptian and Coptic have in common that they express conjunction. There is therefore room in grammars for a chapter on conjunction. Conjunction is not quite coordination and it is not quite subordination. Its essence lies in the combination of coordination and subordination (see § 65). In some constructions expressing conjunction, the hierarchy is syntactically more articulated than others.
Contrastive Emphasis and Contiguity
Authors: Depuydt Leo
Published: November 2023

The use of contrastive emphasis for referring to contiguous events is not unique to the construction described above. It also features in another idiom in which a substantival form of the aorist emphasizes adverbial phrases consisting of the preposition r with infinitive, as in the following example.
Events Prone to Contracting A Relationship of Contiguity
Authors: Depuydt Leo
Published: November 2023

In principle any pair of events should be able to feature in the construction described previously, providing the relationship between the two events is one of contiguity. Yet there are certain types of events that are more prone than others to contract a contiguous relation with an event following them. Two types will be singled out here.
Simultaneity as an Expression of Contiguity
Authors: Depuydt Leo
Published: November 2023

Passages discussed in previous sections show how anteriority is used as a means of hyperbole to refer to contiguous events. But also simultaneity is employed with the same effect, though the hyperbole is evidently less forceful.
An Expression of Contiguitydating to the New Kingdom
Authors: Depuydt Leo
Published: November 2023

From the Eighteenth Dynasty onward, a remarkable construction made its appearance in Egyptian. This construction consists of a sdm=f form of an intransitive verb followed by a sdm.n=f form of a transitive verb.
Fiduciary Law And The Professions: Regulation Of Civil Servants, Business Professionals, And Lawyers
Authors: Rodwin Marc A
Published: November 2023

Many professionals have conflicts of interest. Some resemble those physicians encounter; others differ. In many cases, society has developed policies to deal with the conflicts of interest among professionals. These problems and policies parallel a range of comparable options that now face physicians. Of particular interest are policies for federal employees, business professionals, and lawyers.
Languages of Africa
Authors: Lyovin Anatole V
Published: November 2023

In Africa, as elsewhere, there has obviously been some diffusion of linguistic features from one family to another (e.g., tones into Afro-Asiatic languages, and clicks from Khoisan languages into a number of Bantu languages). Thus, even though speakers of Hausa are racially quite distinct from most other Afro-Asiatic speakers in that they are Negroid whereas the majority of Afro-Asiatic speakers are not, and even though Hausa has tones which most Afro-Asiatic languages do not, Africanists no longer dispute the classification of Hausa as a member of the Afro-Asiatic language family.
Knowledge Works
Authors: Fruin W Mark
Published: November 2023

This book offers a close-up look at a factory in Japan that is typical of what the author calls Knowledge Works’. Like so many Japanese factories, this one - the Yanagicho works of the Toshiba Corporation - is highly productive, efficient, and flexible. While the factory is ordinary looking on the outside, its workers are anything but ordinary as they strive to improve the way they work and the quality of the products they produce. The key to this is the continuous creation and application of knowledge throughout the factory, from workers on the shop floor, to research and development engineers, to top management. The author explains how Japanese culture and religion prepare workers for their role in this process of creating and disseminating knowledge.
Subject-Verb Agreement
Authors: Henry Alison
Published: November 2023

There is a noticeable difference in subject-verb agreement patterns between standard English and Belfast English.

In standard English, the -s ending occurs only with third person singular subjects; in Belfast English, a plural subject NP may occur with a verb showing the -s ending, a phenomenon pointed out in a number of sociolinguistic studies, and known as “singular concord” (Policansky 1976, Milroy 1981, Finlay 1988).
Skepticism about Minimalismand about Nonminimalism, Too
Authors: Perry Michael
Published: November 2023

The search must be for a function which might (indeed, must) involve the making of policy, yet which differs from the legislative and executive functions; which is peculiarly suited to the capabilities of the courts; which will not likely be performed elsewhere if the courts do not assume it; which can be so exercised as to be acceptable in a society that generally shares Judge [Learned] Hand’s satisfaction in a “sense of common venture”; which will be effective when needed; and whose discharge by the courts will not lower the quality of the other departments’ performance by denuding them of the dignity and burden of their own responsibility.
The Supreme Court and the Fourteenth Amendment, II: Substantive Due Process
Authors: Perry Michael
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapter, we considered mainly issues the Supreme Court has addressed and doctrinal developments it has fashioned in the name of “equal protection”. I now want to turn to issues addressed and developments fashioned in the name of “substantive due process”.
War In The Gulf, 1990–91
Authors: Khadduri Majid , Ghareeb Edmund
Published: November 2023

For most Americans, the war against Iraq lingers in memory as a vast morality play, a drama offering ready made heroes and villains: a glowering dictator in military uniform, hapless Kuwaiti refugees with tales of persecution, plucky pilots with high-tech wizardry, and a defiant American president, ringing Churchillian as he drew a line in the sand. But this characterization of the war is greatly oversimplified, a one-dimensional portrait, lacking in context and nuance. In War in the Gulf, 1990- 91, eminent scholars Majid Khadduri and Edmund Ghareeb paint a very different picture, one that brings historical depth to the portrait, and displays the actions of many of the participants in a new and revealing light. Khadduri and Ghareeb offer a far more accurate and complex portrait of the Iraq-Kuwait conflict, providing a wealth of background information not readily available before. They made a distinction between the differences between Iraq and Kuwait over frontiers, territory, and sovereignty and the method pursued by Iraqi leaders to resolve those differences. They explore, for instance, the history of relations between Iraq and Kuwait, revealing that Kuwait had once been a part of Basra (in southern Iraq) during the Ottoman rule, and only became a separate country while under British control (it was the British in fact who drew the much-disputed boundary line between Iraq and Kuwait). Khadduri and Ghareeb describe the many decades of struggle to resolve the boundary issue, examining the repeated attempts by other Arab states to mediate according to Islamic traditions of consultation and peaceful resolution within the faith. The authors also show how Saddam Husayn's war with Iran exacerbated the boundary tensions. Because of the decade-long war, Iraq badly needed oil revenue to repay wartime loans and to rebuild, but Kuwait persisted in pumping far beyond its OPEC quota, driving down prices, and costing Iraq billions of dollars of revenue. The book reveals how Kuwait spurned Arab attempts to mediate this clash over oil prices as well as the longstanding boundary dispute, frustrating efforts to resolve this crisis by peaceful means. In one particularly interesting section, the book examines the diplomatic talks during the early summer of 1990, both among various Arab nations (most notably, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Kuwait), and with Saddam Husayn and the United States (they show how messages from Washington and a visit by a congressional delegation lead by Senator Dole convinced the Iraqi leaders that they would be allowed to settle their problems with Kuwait without outside interference). Khadduri and Ghareeb carry us through to the present, exploring the war and its aftermath, from the uprisings against Baghdad, to the continuing U.N. sanctions, to the recent defections from Saddam's inner circle. War in the Gulf is a balanced, eye-opening account of one of the central events of recent years.
Some Basic Issues
Authors: Heine Bernd
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapters, a framework for understanding the nature of auxiliary constructions, at least of some salient kinds of auxiliary construction, was presented. For this purpose, a number of theoretical notions were introduced. While most of them have been discussed in the current literature on grammaticalization (see especially Traugott & Heine 1991; Heine, Claudi, & Hiinnemeyer 1991), there exists disagreement as to their relevance and their exact meaning. Some of these notions are now looked at in more detail in order to provide a better understanding of them, but also with a view to illustrating the kinds of problem that are still associated with them. In the present chapter we will be concerned with problems that are not confined to auxiliaries; rather we will look at some more general problems that concern the semantic, syntactic, and morphological development of linguistic symbols.
Conclusions
Authors: Heine Bernd
Published: November 2023

If two scholars use the same methodology, apply it to the same kind of data within one and the same language, and arrive at maximally contrasting conclusions, then this fact would seem to require an explanation. English auxiliaries, for example, are subject modifiers according to Schmerling (1983) but verb modifiers according to Janssen (1983). Note that both scholars presented their conclusions at the same time, on the same language, and using exactly the same model, which is the PTQ (Proper Treatment Quantification) model of Montague (1973). Other paradigm cases of contrasting analysis can be found in the controversies between Jackendoff (1972) and McCawley (1975), or between Pullum and Wilson (1977) on the one hand and Akmajian et al. (1979) on the other, or between Huddleston (1976b) and Palmer (1979b): While the former claim that English auxiliaries are main verbs, the latter insist that they are not; rather that auxiliaries constitute a category that is different from that of main verbs.
‘No Star Performance’The Office in the 1940s
Authors: Nagel Robert F
Published: November 2023

Around the time Marshall was hired, Houston learned that NAACP members in Tennessee were concerned because, they believed, he had withdrawn from a university desegregation case there. Houston told his colleagues in Tennessee, ’This is no star performance.’ He was ’primarily the administrator’ of the legal campaign against discrimination, and he wanted to make sure that it would become ’self-perpetuating so that the loss of the head or any set of members will not hamper progress.’ One way to do that, he pointed out, was to ensure that ’Negroes not only have a few lawyers but dozens who can push the program through.’ Even more, ’switching and changing’ made the campaign more effective because it demonstrated to opponents that they could not derail the challenges merely by harassing Houston with ’personal reprisals.’ Houston understood a central fea-ture of civil rights litigation: that lawyers operated under constraints that limited their success. As Jeremy Bentham put it, ’The law is not made by judge alone, but by Judge and Company.’ Opposing lawyers, unsympathetic judges, clients, the NAACP as an organization, other interest groups-all were part of the ’company’ with which the NAACP’s lawyers had to deal.
’Behind This Are Certain Facts of Life’ Law in Brown
Authors: Nagel Robert F
Published: November 2023

Oral advocacy before the Supreme Court is a peculiar art. Its point usually is not to persuade undecided justices; rather, it is to inform them about the case. Many justices are better listeners than they are readers, finding it easier to understand an oral argument than a written one. Oral argument, then, often goes over the ground covered in the brief. Of course the style ought to change. Written advocacy has a formal pace and manner, while a good oral argument is more conversational. Many lawyers are intimidated by the Supreme Court setting and the importance of the occasion. Marshall’s frequent appearances before the Court, in contrast, made it easy for him to talk with the justices, rather than ’make an argument’ to them. Oral arguments also test the waters. Lawyers must decide how to spend their limited time before the Court. They usually will be more comfortable making their easier arguments and ordinarily can present them more clearly in a short time. Yet, precisely because the arguments are easier, lawyers have less to do to bring the justices to see how the argument goes. A lawyer confident that the justices under-stand the easier arguments might spend the available time in laying out the more difficult ones, knowing that the questioning might be rougher and that the full argument might not get across. The NAACP lawyers in the school segregation cases had the advantage of arguing five cases in succession.
The ’Battle Between the Sovereigns’ Violent Resistance to Brown, 1955-1961
Authors: Nagel Robert F
Published: November 2023

When Brown met violent resistance in Little Rock, Arkansas, the LDF lawyers’ deepest feelings about race and the law were drawn into play. Little Rock superin-tendent Virgil Blossom began planning for desegregation while Brown was before the Supreme Court. Over the course of a year, Blossom and his staff developed a plan to desegregate the city’s schools in stages. Two schools under construction would open without segregation as high schools, probably in September 1956. A year later the junior high schools would be desegregated, and several years later the plan would spread to the city’s elementary schools. In May 1955, the school board modified Blossom’s plan: Central High School would be desegregated in September 1957 and the junior highs in 1960, and the date for desegregating elementary schools was left open, though 1963 seemed likely. Students could transfer out of schools where they were part of the minority; as a result, a neighborhood atten-dance plan would probably end up with some African-Americans attending some previously white schools and no whites attending previously black schools. In making Central High the focus of desegregation, the board selected a school lo-cated in a working-class neighborhood while exempting the school under construc-tion in a neighborhood where many white professional and business people lived. Blossom thought preparing a desegregation plan was a routine aspect of his job. In contrast, when the school board announced its plan, it said it was proposing to desegregate the schools only because it had to.1 Daisy Bates led the local NAACP branch. Bates, a resident of Little Rock since 1941, published a newspaper for the city’s African-American community. Acting with the help of Wiley Branton, the branch filed a petition for desegregation with the school board in August 1954. Branton, the first African-American graduate of Arkansas’s law school, practiced law in his home town of Pine Bluff, forty-five miles from Little Rock. The branch watched as the school board’s plans developed, and, when its members concluded that the new high school was about to open in 1956 as an all-white school, they filed suit in February 1956 seeking admission to the new school. At the outset, the case was a ’routine’ desegregation suit, and the LDF national staff had little to do with its first stages; Ulysses Simpson Tate, the
Indonesia
Authors: Parapak Jonathan L
Published: November 2023

Indonesia is a nation of 6,000 inhabited islands (and even more uninhabited ones) sprawling over 5,000 km along the equator. The population of over 190 million makes it the fifth most populous country in the world. Tying the country together has benefited from modem means, especially satellites-Indonesia was the fourth country to launch a satellite-based communications system. That continues a long tradition-by the fifth century correspondence via letters was common: couriers walked, rode horses, or traveled by sailing vessel. This chapter looks at development of telecommunications in Indonesia; the next chapter expands on the structural changes that began in the 1980s.
Pacific Island Nations
Authors: Jussawalla Meheroo
Published: November 2023

The concept of a Pacific Telecommunity is rapidly becoming a reality with the emergence of a vibrant region of enormous opportunity in business and equally significant potential in the conduct of everyday life. Communication and transportation technologies have globalized commerce and are integrating the countries and remote islands of the Pacific into a vital, synergetic region. Pacific island nations (PINs) occupy less than 550,000 km2 of land (about the same as France) scattered over fifty times as much ocean. The combined 1991 population of the Polynesian, Melanesian, and Micronesian islands was around 6.3 million (somewhat larger than Hong Kong), 62 percent of them in Papua New Guinea, which means only some 2.4 million elsewhere (slightly fewer than in Singapore). Many of the islands are north of the equator, although all are commonly called South Pacific; tropical Pacific is more accurate.
The United States
Authors: Noam Elim.
Published: November 2023

Telecommunications in the United States began in 1836 with Samuel Morse and the electromagnetic telegraph. The first U.S. telegraph message, sent from Baltimore to Washington in 1844, was, “What hath God wrought?” The same question was being asked one and a half centuries later when there was fear U.S. telecommunications had been severely crippled by the policy of deregulation, and by the divestiture of the dominant telecommunications institution, American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T).
Selling War
Authors: Cull Nicholas John
Published: November 2023

British propaganda brought America to the brink of war, and left it to the Japanese and Hitler to finish the job. So concludes Nicholas Cull in this absorbing study of how the United States was transformed from isolationism to belligerence in the years before the attack on Pearl Harbor. From the moment it realized that all was lost without American aid, the British Government employed a host of persuasive tactics to draw the US to its rescue. With the help of talents as varied as those of matinee idol Leslie Howard, Oxford philosopher Isaiah Berlin and society photographer Cecil Beaton, no section of America remained untouched and no method--from Secret Service intrigue to the publication of horrifying pictures of Nazi atrocities--remained untried. The British sought and won the support of key journalists and broadcasters, including Edward R. Murrow, Dorothy Thompson and Walter Winchell; Hollywood film makers also played a willing part. Cull details these and other propaganda activities, covering the entire range of the British effort. A fascinating story of how a foreign country provoked America’s involvement in its greatest war, Selling War will appeal to all those interested in the modern cultural and political history of Britain and the United States.
Women as Vessels and Vectors: Lessons from the HIV Epidemic
Authors: Faden Ruth , Kass Nancy , McGraw Deven
Published: November 2023

The AIDS epidemic often is described as a faithful mirror of everything that is wrong or failing in American health care and science policy. This characterization has particular resonance with respect to women. Increasingly, feminist commentators are claiming that virtually every dimension of the American response to the HIV epidemic—from public health policy to biomedical research to medical care—has ignored the interests and experiences of women. These are tough claims about potential moral wrongdoing in medicine and biomedical science that ought to be of central concern to the field of bioethics, but, to date, they have received little attention in the bioethics literature. Although the HIV epidemic has attracted considerable bioethics commentary, the issues standardly discussed have been little informed by considerations of either gender or class. With a few exceptions, most notably the work of Carol Levine, women have been considered in the bioethics literature only with respect to reproduction, where the implications of vertical transmission for prenatal screening and childbearing among women who are HIV-positive have been discussed.
Gender, Feminism, and Death: Physician-Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia
Authors: Wolf Susan M
Published: November 2023

The debate in the United States over whether to legitimate physicianassisted suicide and active euthanasia has reached new levels of intensity. Oregon has become the first state to legalize physician-assisted suicide, and there have been campaigns, ballot measures, bills, and litigation in other states in attempts to legalize one or both practices. Scholars and others increasingly urge either outright legalization or some other form of legitimation, through recognition of an affirmative defense of “mercy killing” to a homicide prosecution or other means.

Yet the debate over whether to legitimate physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia (by which I mean active euthanasia, as opposed to the termination of life-sustaining treatment) is most often about a patient who does not exist—a patient with no gender, race, or insurance status. This is the same generic patient featured in most bioethics debates.
Nurturing The Premature Infant
Authors: Goldson Edward
Published: November 2023

Traditionally, non-medical, developmental intervention with premature infants has been a controversial topic in neonatal intensive care units (NICU). However, a small but growing band of researchers have been pushing for the acceptance of alternative interventions, such as kangaroo care and massage therapy, that do not resort to surgical or other medical practices. Edward Goldson, a pediatrician at Children’s Hospital in Colorado, has assembled the top researchers in the field to contribute to this comprehensive volume that deals with non-medical intervention with premature infants. Nurturing the Premature Infant is the first to combine the innovative research in this growing area and present it in a single volume. Not only will it be indispensable to professionals in the field, but it will also be of interest to parents of premature infants.
Clause Structure and Language Change
Authors: Battye Adrian , Roberts Ian
Published: November 2023

The Principles-and-Parameters approach to linguistic theory has triggered an enormous amount of work in comparative syntax over the last decade or so. A natural consequence of the growth in synchronic comparative work has been a renewed interest in questions of diachronic syntax, and this collection testifies to that trend. These papers focus on questions of clause structure which have become a central theme of theoretical work since the pioneering work in the late 1980s by Chomsky, Pollock, and others. The languages studied by an international roster of contributors include all the major Romance and Germanic languages. This volume is of central importance for anyone working in theoretical, comparative, or historical syntax.
Two Types of Verb Second in the History of Yiddish
Authors: Santorini Beatrice
Published: November 2023

As is well known, all the Germanic languages except modern English exhibit the verb-second phenomenon, as do several (mostly medieval) varieties of Romance. According to this word order constraint, the inflected verb appears as the second overt constituent of a clause-regardless of whether the first constituent is the subject. Thus, in a verb-second language, clauses in which the first constituent is not the subject, exhibit obligatory subject-verb inversion.
On the Decline of Verb Movement to Comp in Old and Middle French*
Authors: Vance Barbara
Published: November 2023

In the study presented here I examine inverted declarative clauses from several Old and Middle French texts written between the 13th and the 15th centuries and suggest, on the basis of synchronic and diachronic differences within this class of clauses, an explanation for the decline of verb movement to Comp over the period in question. Although it has often been claimed (cf. e.g. Martin (1980); Adams (1987a,b), Lemieux and Dupuis (this volume)) that French remains essentially a verb-second language until the end of the Middle French period (14th-15th c.), my data show clearly that not all inversions are strictly of the verb-second type, despite many surface indications that are consistent with such an interpretation.
Verb Second, Pro-drop, Functional Projections and Language Change1
Authors: Hulk Aafke
Published: November 2023

In this article we present an account of the history of verb second and pro drop in French and English. We shall identify two types of verb second languages, which we call C-oriented or CV2 languages, and I-oriented or IV2 languages, and the specific properties correlating with this distinction. Next, we shall see how the distinction as drawn, in conjunction with certain assumptions concerning the licensing of functional properties, allows a very articulate account of the history of French, in terms of a development from CV2 to IV2 to non-V2, and sound theoretical motivation why English developed from CV2 to I-non-V2 and did not move through the IV2 stage.
Evolution, Woman ‘s Rights, and Civilizing Missions
Authors: Newman Louise Michele
Published: November 2023

As they looked back over recent decades, contemporary observers of the 1890s recognized this period in U.S. history as “the Era of Woman” -a time when women ‘s organizations proliferated and the country seemed especially focused on women ‘s issues and women ‘s rights. Richard T. Ely, director of the School of Economics, Political Science, and History at the University of Wisconsin, declared, “Our age may properly be called the Era of Woman, because everything which affects her receives consideration quite unknown in past centuries.” Commentators at the time were impressed with the recent “progress” of woman, her increased visibility in public and political affairs, her entry into colleges and universities, and her commitment to social reform. Those in sympathy with the woman ‘s movement viewed these changes in woman ‘s status as the manifestation of evolutionary progress, a sign that the civilization of the United States was equal to the higher civilizations of Europe and far superior to the primitive cultures of Asia and Africa. In the words of Joseph Rodes Buchanan, a professor of physiology, medicine, and anthropology, “sustained womanhood is a Western condition, as degraded womanhood is the Oriental condition.
The Making of a White Female Citizenry: Suffragism, Antisuffragism, and Race
Authors: Newman Louise Michele
Published: November 2023

In the 1870s, 1880s, AND 1890s, white suffragists used theories of evolution to support a new rationale for their own enfranchisement, one that depended on redefining what it meant to be a white female citizen. The new definitions made use of older beliefs in white women ‘s moral superiority but also drew on a growing conviction that white women ‘s special racial qualities were needed to counteract the influence of the immigrant and African American men who had just been enfranchised. As government representatives, ministers, and church groups discussed how to make citizens out of so-called primitives, white suffragists conceptualized a special role for themselves in assimilating nonwhite peoples into U.S. civilization and made this point one of their primary rationales for their own inclusion in the franchise.
Assimilating Primitives: The “Indian Problem” as a “Woman Question”
Authors: Newman Louise Michele
Published: November 2023

In 1891, the same year that May French-Sheldon sailed to Africa, Frances Willard addressed the National Council of Women, a gathering that included the heads of most of the major women ‘s organizations from around the country. Willard tried to clarify what she thought was at the heart of the woman question. “Women as a class have been the world ‘s chief toilers; it is a world-old proverb that ‘their work is never done.” ‘Although she could have been thinking about women working in factories, or as teachers, nurses, and domestic servants, or even aJl women ‘s unpaid domestic labor in their own homes, Willard did not make reference to any of these instances. Instead, she drew upon the observations of one of her temperance workers on an Indian reservation in Florida. As Willard reported, this temperance worker saw oxen grazing and a horse roaming the pasture, while two women were grinding at the mill, pushing its wheels laboriously by hand. Turning to the old Indian chief who sat by, the temperance woman said, with pent-up indignation, “Why don ‘t you yoke the oxen or harness the horses and let them turn the milll” The “calm view” set forth in his answer contains a whole body of evidence touching the woman question. Hear him: “Horse cost 1uoney; ox cost money; squaw cost nothing.
The Organization as a Market Economy
Authors: Ackoff Russell L
Published: November 2023

The Problems Created by Nonmarket Economies Today, a number of countries are trying to convert from a centrally planned and centrally controlled economy to a market economy. Not one national economy that is centrally planned and controlled has ever attained as high a level of economic development as has been attained by national market economies. Of course, not every national market economy has flourished, but every national economy that has flourished has been a market economy. Therefore, for nations, a market economy appears to be necessary though not sufficient to attain a high level of economic development.
The Multidimensional Organization
Authors: Ackoff Russell L
Published: November 2023

Because American corporations are now in a rapidly changing environment, they reorganize frequently. In fact, some appear to reorganize continuously. A great deal of time and energy are consumed in this process. In addition, the possibility of layoffs often associated with reorganization is very unsettling and frequently leads to decreased productivity. Little wonder, then, that reorganization is usually resisted, especially at the lower levels of an organization, where its effects are usually greatest.
Suffixaufnahme in Hurrian: Normal Cases and Special Cases
Authors: Wegner Ilse
Published: November 2023

The phenomenon of Suffixaufnahme-the repetition of the number and case marking of the head noun on the attributive noun in the genitive case-has been on record since Hurrian first began to be investigated. It is commonly regarded as a peculiarity of Hurrian and as one of the most characteristic features of this agglutinative and exclusively suffixing language of the Ancient Near East (cf. Speiser 1941: 201).
Possessive and Relational Forms in Chukchi
Authors: Koptjevskaja-Tamm Maria
Published: November 2023

This chapter is concerned with the morphology and syntax of two nominal forms in Chukchi, the Possessive (1) and the Relational (2). These forms, which are mainly used as adnominal attributes and thus correspond to European genitives, optionally agree with their head in case, as in (1a) and (2a), or in number, as in (1b) and (2b).
Embarrassment as Pride: Narrative Resourcefulness and Strategies of Normativity Among Cretan Animal-Thieves
Authors: Herzfeld Michael
Published: November 2023

The phrase “honor among thieves” suggests the paradox faced not only by thieves, but by all those (e.g., anarchists) whose principled defiance of the norms of an encompassing society requires that they, too, develop their own forms of normativity: ethical rules of conduct, organizational coherence, and social predictability. These “alternative normativities” generate modes of excuse-making that ironically echo the standardized pieties of the encompassing order. Linguistic clues provide the rhetorical armament for these tecnhiques of legitimation.
Detective Stories at Dinnertime Problem Solving Through Co-Narration
Authors: Ochs Elinor , Smith Ruth C , Taylor Carolyn E
Published: November 2023

In this essay, we focus on storytelling as a problem-solving discourse activity. Our concern is the interface of cognitive and social activity, as outlined in Vygotskian theory (Vygotsky 1978, 1981; Wertsch 1985; Rogoff and Lave 1984) and displayed in the context of everyday family dinnertime talk. Our research base consists of 20 white, English-speaking, American families, varying in social class, whom we visited on two evenings for several hours, video- and audio-recording them as they ate dinner, relaxed, and put their children to bed.
“We Want to Borrow Your Mouth”: Tzotzil Marital Squabbles
Authors: Haviland John B
Published: November 2023

If marriage is (social) order, then marital breakdown is disorder, and divorce a kind of reordering. “Order,” in this triple metaphor, is a semiotic notion, that is, it is not a neutral description of an objective state of affairs, but a property found (or sought) in events and arrangements, attributed to behavior and protagonists (who may also be faulted for its absence, for “disorderliness”), and, often, enforced (by interpreters) on outcomes and consequences. A potent device for producing this kind of order-or for undermining or usurping it-istalk.
Good Food For Bad Stomachs
Authors: Janowitz Henry D
Published: November 2023

We are a culture increasingly obsessed with food and health, and with the possible relationship between the two. Yet everywhere we look we see conflicting opinions and advice about the role of food in health. We are inundated by books, T.V. specials, magazine and newspaper articles - so much so that people have begun to ignore today’s recommendations of health experts, knowing that today’s fad will be gone tomorrow. In Good Food for Bad Stomachs, Dr, Henry Janowitz shares this healthy skepticism about some of these news stories and sets out to make sense of the many research reports and claims, to sort out fact from opinion, and to suggest a sensible diet for those of us who have gastorintestinal complaints and for those of us who do not. He asks two central questions which shape the content and spirit of the book: Is there an “ideal” diet and is there a consensus on what the “ideal” diet might contain? And most important to his patients, what do we know about the role of our eating habits in preventing, causing, and treating the many disorders which plague our gastrointestinal tract and its associated digestive glands—the liver, gall bladder, and pancreas? Dr. Janowitz does believe we are what we eat, and the good news is that we can prevent many of our modern diseases by adhering to simple guidelines that are built on solid evidence and the insights of a master clinician who has spent a lifetime listening, treating, and healing patients.
The Ulcer Ensemble
Authors: Janowitz Henry D
Published: November 2023

Let’s start with the upper intestinal tract and consider its in flammatory and ulcerative disorders: heartburn and peptic esophagitis, gastric and duodenal ulcer, and gastritis. I begin here not only because the problems originate in the first portion of the gastrointestinal tract, but because they probably represent the largest group of disorders from which we suffer.
Diverticula, Diverticulosis, And Diverticulitis
Authors: Janowitz Henry D
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I want to address the role of diet in preventing and treating those curious little pouches that can occur along the gastrointestinal tract, mostly in the colon, that are at times painful, and that sometimes can cause serious complications. I’ll have a word to say as well about those pouches that cluster in the small intestine, particularly the jejunum.
A Cross-Linguistic Study of Romance and Arbëresh Causatives
Authors: Guasti Maria Teresa
Published: November 2023

Languages vary in the way of expressing causative constructions. There are languages that have morphological causatives. These are obtained by combining a verb root that expresses some event with a bound morpheme—the causative affix—to form a morphologically complex verb (cf. Baker 1988; Comrie 1985, among others). Other languages have analytical causatives. Unlike the preceding case, the causative verb and the verb expressing the caused event are morphologically distinct.
The Theory of Syntactic Focalization Based on a Subcategorization Feature of Verbs
Authors: Jo Mi-Jeung
Published: November 2023

A phenomenon such as scrambling is a diagnostic of nonconfigurationality. It is implied that scrambling is responsible for some degree of ‘flat’ structure (Hale, 1982). Languages with scrambling such as Korean and Hungarian also exhibit movement to configurationally arranged A’-positions such as Topic and Focus positions. Since syntactic Focusing uniformly requires immediate adjacency to a verb, the former precedes and is hierarchically higher than the latter (cf. Horvath (1981), E. Kiss (1981) and Jo (1986)). This configurational phenomenon in the so-called ‘nonconfigurational’ languages has invited various accounts.
Focus in Quechua
Authors: Muysken Pieter
Published: November 2023

This study is a first attempt to analyze what is known about focus in Quechua within the perspective of recent views of clause structure as a layered set of functional projections. The primary data will be drawn from the varieties of Quechua spoken in south-central Peru, such as Ayacucho and Cuzco, although I refer to studies of other varieties such as Huanuco Quechua (Weber (1989)) as well.
Grant and Eisenhower
Authors: Ambrose Stephen E
Published: November 2023

General/President George Washington stood first in war, first in peace, first in the hearts of his countrymen. In the nineteenth century, only General/President Ulysses S. Grant came close to such a pinnacle. In the twentieth century, it was General/President Dwight D. Eisenhower who came closest. Washington, Grant, and Eisenhower commanded the largest armies their country had ever put into the field in the biggest wars their country had ever fought. Washington, Grant, and Eisenhower served two terms as President of the United States, and they accomplished their major political objectives. Washington built a nation, established precedents, and healed wounds; his task was to bring together a country that had just fought what was as much a civil war as a war for independence. Grant had to bind up a nations’ wounds and bring Southerners back into the body politic after a terrible civil war. Eisenhower also had to bind up wounds after the upheavals of World War II and the Korean War, and bring the Germans back into the community of Western Civilization.
Gendering Two Wars
Authors: Campbell D’Ann , Jensen Richard
Published: November 2023

Family, gender, and death were inextricably bound up in what it meant to be a soldier in the Civil War and World War II. This essay will look at some aspects of family and gender roles, with special emphasis on how soldiers were tied to their families, especially their womenfolk, and how in tum the families and women related to the war, and to the threat of death. Private versus public was the classic tension in the lives of American women. But the patriotic demands of wartime highlighted the tension and added new dimensions as well.
To Preserve a Nation: Abraham Lincoln and Franklin D. Roosevelt as Wartime Diplomatists
Authors: Jones Howard
Published: November 2023

As Difficult as it is to believe, historians have only recently begun to focus on the wartime diplomacy of Presidents Abraham Lincoln and Franklin D. Roosevelt. Indeed, the international threat faced by Lincoln has still received remarkably little attention. The most extensive treatment of Lincoln as diplomatist remains Jay Monaghan’s beautifully crafted 1945 study, Diplomat in Carpet Slippers: Abraham Lincoln Deals with Foreign Affairs; but this work rests on thin archival research and, of course, lacks the insights afforded by the literature published in the last fifty years. Roosevelt’s diplomacy has been the subject of much more scholarly work.
Analysis of Results: The Effects of Literacy and Maturation
Authors: Ravid Dorit Diskin
Published: November 2023

This chapter evaluates the test hypotheses underlying the structured test against the results described in 2.2 above. In general, I hypothesized that the amount of both Appropriate and Normative responses should rise with age; that there would nonetheless be a disparity between the amount of Normative responses given by high-SES and low-SES speakers of the same age; that certain deviations should characterize specific sections of the population; and that children would approach the task differently than adults, but that their strategies would be somewhat similar to those employed by older low-SES subjects.