bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Taxi Driver's Route Choice Behavior Analysis Based on Floating Car Data
Authors: Yao En Jian , Pan Long , Yang Yang , Zhang Yong Sheng
Published: August 2013

Taxi drivers are viewed having more driving experience, being more familiar with road traffic condition, and in turn having more rational route choice behaviors than ordinary drivers. Using floating car data (FCD) of Beijing taxi in 2010, this study discusses the influence of road network conditions and traffic status to taxi drivers route choice behaviors. First, trip information is extracted from FCD using trip-identification method; Second, map matching and K-shortest paths are used to construct the trajectories and the sets of alternate routes, and route similarity evaluation is conducted to build the sample data of route choice behavior analysis; Finally, route choice model for taxi drivers based on Multinomial Logit (MNL) Model is estimated. The result shows that taxi drivers tend to choose the route which has faster driving speed, less frequency of left turns, more proportion of express way and less proportion of minor road, and increasing a left-turn or decreasing travel speed by 2.12km/h has the same effect on route choice utility. This study is expected to be helpful to establish map-matching algorithm of FCD, route guidance scheme and traffic assignment model.
Options to Mitigate Congestion on Roads
Authors: Řezáč Miloslav , Cihlářová Denisa , Seidler Tomáš , Šimoník Petr
Published: August 2013

The article deals with the problem of emergence of congestions caused by wrong intersection design, especially roundabouts. There is analyzed the problem of bad design of roundabout according to the known standards. The real design is compared with theoretical demands and with the real operation resulting from in situ survey. There is described the behavior of the drivers and parameters affecting driving path through roundabout.
Operating Speed Based Criteria for Design Consistency Evaluation on Motorways in China
Authors: Chai Hua , Xie Jun , Zhao Xiao Lei
Published: August 2013

Operating speed is the final presentation of vehicles influenced by integration of highway geometric alignment, road environment, vehicle performance as well as drivers behavior; moreover, the larger speed differential between two consecutive segments is, the worse the design consistency of the section will be, where the probability of traffic accidents will be higher. In this paper, the existing operating speed based criteria for evaluation of design consistency are reviewed, however without comprehensive verification and calibration of the criteria in China, the adaptability and effectiveness of the criteria cannot be verified. The more personalized criteria for China highways are needed. The theoretical analysis of various operating speed based evaluation methods were put forward in order to decide the more localized evaluation method in China; afterwards, a traffic accident based analysis of different road sections of a motorway in northeastern China are put forward in order to verify the critical nominal road segments for road safety audit. Both of the operating speed and traffic accident resources of the verified road segments have been collected from the selected motorway. By applying graphic-arts technique and statistical analysis method, the operating speed based design consistency criteria were developed.
A Study on Travel Demand for High-Speed Train Based on Nested Logit Model
Authors: Yao En Jian , Yang Qi Rong , Zhang Yong Sheng , Dai Hong Na
Published: August 2013

High speed train (HST) has received plenty of attention due to the characteristics of safety, quickness, convenience and better service in China over recent years. With consideration of rapid development of HST and intense competition between HST and other transport modes, it is essential to estimate the travel demand for HST. In this research, a disaggregate logit model is applied to estimate the travel demand for high-speed train based on stated preference data. Considering the independence of irrelevant alternatives attribute, a nested structure is chosen to these alternatives. Besides, both the service attributes of transport mode and passengers' attributes are taken into account when establishes model. The results obtained confirm that HST occupies a significant position in modes conpetition and have an important impact on air in middle and long distance market.
Research of Vehicles Collecting and Distributing Model Considering the Interference of Side Vehicle
Authors: Wang Lei , Cao Jin Xin , Zhang Wei Li , Wu Jun
Published: August 2013

The agglomeration characteristics which are shown in traffic jams are similar to the biological swarm characteristics. It can be gat that besides the front vehicle causes acceleration, the side vehicle will lead to the deceleration and lateral displacement too, and the potential field will be influenced. This paper considers both the impact of front vehicle and side vehicle, and establishes the vehicles collecting and distributing model taking into account the interference of the side vehicle. After that the genetic algorithms is used to calibrate the relevant parameters, and the validity of the model is verified.
Choice Model for Leisure Vehicle Considering Park & Ride on Subway: A Case of Xianlin University City in Nanjing
Authors: Zhang Juan
Published: August 2013

Tow kinds of leisure vehicles are considered here, private car or parking & riding on subway. A case of Xianlin University City in Nanjing is chosen to help train and test a BP neural network, based on which multivariate linear regression assists to research the way of how to raise the use of parking & riding on subway. A four-layered structure, composed of those influencing factors, is designed first for establishing a neuron model which will help choose from driving or parking & riding on subway. This structure includes 6 indexes and 11 neurons. Then, a BP neural network trained and tested with the data from the case of the Xianlin University in Nanjing, consists of 3 layers with 15 nodes in the middle with the error less than 10-3. The original data are gained by Delphi technique, questionnaire, measurement and calculation. Finally, some conclusions are gained. Its considered necessary to continue improving the parking conditions around leisure places, especially for those health and amusement ones. Its also important to focus on the exit locations of subway stations, the route of underpass and the inner circumstance there. The real distance for foot to the destination is not so crucial as thought before, while the perceptible one plays a role. Its a good way to inform those private cars owners the conditions of the transportation congestions before their decisions on the leisure vehicles.
Stochastic Choice Behavior on Road Traffic Networks under Information Provision
Authors: Wang Jun , Liu Meng , Zhou Hong Mei , Ge Ying En
Published: August 2013

This paper attempts to model stochastic choice behavior in simultaneous trip route and departure time decision-making on road traffic networks, taking into account information quality and individual differences in information interpretation among the population of travelers. Different from the traditional stochastic model, the proposed choice behavior model assumes that road users simultaneously select the trip routes and departure times that have the largest probabilities of incurring the least generalized travel costs. This model is applicable in both static and dynamic settings and can be applied to both ordinary travelers as well as operators of emergent vehicles, e.g., the fire engine. The preliminary numerical experiments show that the proposed stochastic choice model can reflect the overreaction phenomena reported in studies of traffic information provision and the impacts of the types of traffic information on the effectiveness of information provision. This model opens a potential way to analyze network equilibrium behavior taking into account individual differences in the ability of information interpretation as well as information quality.
Research of Traffic Flow Guidance System Coordinated with Traffic Control Based on the Key Point of Network
Authors: Ma Xu Hui , Dong Bao Tian , Wang Zhi Jian
Published: August 2013

It is necessary and essential to coordinate Urban Traffic Control System with Urban Traffic Guidance System, which can integrate traffic facilities and establish the intelligent and economical transportation system. In the paper, we aim to solve the traffic jam of the key point of network utilizing the coordination technology based on the traffic guidance and control. To proving the algorithm, we set a network to simulate the cooperation strategy based on the paper. Simulation results show that the coordination strategy and technology can efftetively release the traffic jam.
Design of the Airport Perimeter Security System Based on Internet of Things
Authors: Cao Xue Ming , Jing Chen Mei , Zheng Xiao Dan
Published: August 2013

As an important part of the security system in a civil aviation airport, Airport Perimeter Security System construction has been paid universal attention by airport authorities. Sensor fencea novel, low-cost, low maintenance system that may be used on new or existing fences that results in an improved capability to detect, locate and classify intruders. By reviewing the concept and application trends of Internet of Things, features and applicability of different types of the airport perimeter security system are summarized. The Internet of Things is a kind of new technology that sensors and existing internet are integrated based on the technologies, such as RFID, wireless data communications. In this paper, the third generation of airport perimeter security system based on Internet of Things is proposed and designed.
Slope Effect in Traffic Flow with a Speed Difference
Authors: Yu Rui Ling , Zhang Cheng Hui
Published: August 2013

On a gradient road gravity as an external force acts upon running vehicles which show different characteristics from those on normal road. We investigated traffic flow on a gradient with a consideration of speed difference effect analytically and numerically. Stability and instability conditions were obtained by the use of linear stability theory. Nonlinear analysis method was taken to derive the mKdV equation and its kink-antikink soliton solution was obtained near the critical point in the unstable region. Kink-antikink density waves were reproduced in the simulation with a variable slope. Results show that the slope effect plays an important role in traffic flow.
Key Factors of Disaster Area Restoration
Authors: Lin Shu Hui , Chen Shi Ming
Published: August 2013

Due to frequent natural disaster around the world, the post-disaster recovery plan has become one of the most important issues that many countries face. In 2009, the devastation of a typhoon at southern Taiwan had washed away one of the local fishing villages. How to face and manage the high-risk-prone disaster area and its approach to restoration should be re-evaluated. This paper uses Pingtungs Raise Water, Grow Electricity plan as a case study to demonstrate the success of participant collaboration. With a donation of 100 million U.S dollars, 44 hectares of farm land, and integration of each other, sustainability of land use emerged. It does not only echo the government responsibility but also maintain the livelihood of the farmers. Although this plan aligns with concepts of sustainable development, it still faced challenges from formal rules, informal constraints and the enforcement characteristics of both. The 'Raise Water, Grow Electricity' plan shows a distinct pattern of institutional change. Through cooperation of informal constrains including local participation and translation of land and formal rules, local alliances can benefit and then call the new actors to join for more policy resources.
Study on Medium-Term and Short-Term Wind Power Forecasting Methods
Authors: Wu Gui Zhong , Zhang Yuan Biao , Su Cheng , Liu Yu Jie
Published: August 2013

In the paper, the wind power prediction is devided into medium-term forecasts and short-term forecasts. For medium-term forecasts, we use the weighted moving average method and BP neural network forecasting model, while for short-term forecasts, the ARMA model and combination forecasting model based on the maximum entropy principle are used. The application example shows that the weighted moving average method is easy and can precisely obtain the fluctuation trend of the wind power, while the accuracy rate of the BP neural network forecasting model is 91.23%, which is better than the former. The predictive results of the ARMA model are similar with actual trends and its accuracy rate is 88.98%. The combination model integrates the advantages of the BP neural network and ARMA model, and its accuracy rate is up to 92.58%.
The Design and Calculation of the Mooring System in Floating Body with Rope Wheel Device
Authors: Wang Yan Gang , Tong Xing Hua , Zhu Lin Sen , Liu Yong
Published: August 2013

Floating body with rope wheel structure is a new wave energy device, which is simple and low cost. Mooring system is the key technology of this device, which is use to limit the horizontal motion of the floating structure in the designated area. In this paper, potential energy theory has been used in the process of design and calculation of mooring system. Using the result of calculation, the motion of the floating body has been simulated numerically.
Applicability of One-Dimensional Transient Solutions for Ground-Coupled Heat Transfer in Buildings
Authors: Baladés J Daniel Mena , Rodríguez Maestre Ismael , Gómez Pascual Álvarez , Foncubierta Blázquez J. Luis
Published: August 2013

The ground-coupled heat transfer in buildings is a complex, transient and multidimensional problem. There have been many studies focused to obtain the heat flux in slab and basement foundations. Most of them include the multidimensional effects occur at the perimeter however there are situations in which the heat transfer is mainly one-dimensional. This paper presents a study that aims to establish the accurate of an analytical one-dimensional solution to estimate the ground-coupled heat transfer. Detailed simulation by using finite element software is used to obtain the total heat flux at indoor surface of the building for a whole year. Typical slabs and basements foundations for different dimensions have been analyzed. A correlation to estimate the relative error is proposed.
Consideration of Solar Water Heating System Applicationtechnology Guideline for Dezhou City
Authors: Wang Chong Jie , Ding Ding
Published: August 2013

Based on the main problemsmet in the bookmaking process of SolarWater HeatingSystem Application Technology Guideline for Dezhou City,this paper discusses key points of high-rise housing solar thermal collection integrationdesign. The paper introduces practicalissues that people live in high-rise housing face, in order to raise thenecessity to draft the Guideline. This article analyzes thermalcollection formats high-rise housing couldtake from the aspect of installation site, combination modeand operation mode. The article states troubleshooting methods of solar waterheating system within or out its normal lifeand interprets effective time of theramlcollection that solar water heating system shouldhave. Taking Dezhou Prospective City for example, the paper introducesthe application of high-rise housing solar thermal collection integrationdesign.
Status and Transformation Measures of the Roof of Existing Residential Buildings
Authors: Liu Hua Feng
Published: August 2013

Flat roof wildly exists in early built residential buildings in most of China cities. Flat roofs have many shortcomings such as sample function, large energy consumption and lacking features. Through researching of existing housing roofing, analysis the measures and advantages of transformation of flat roof to pitched, expounding the technology prospects of transformation of flat roof to pitched.
A Study on the Energy-Saving Reconstruction of the Roof of Existing Building
Authors: Han Ru Bing , Xu Zhi Mao , Long En Shen , Wang Yan
Published: August 2013

The energy-saving reconstruction for the existing building is very important for the large number of existing buildings in China. The energy-saving reconstruction in the roof is the key of the building energy-saving construction, and also the inevitable way for improving the urban heat island effect and comfort of the top-floor rooms. The energy-saving roof can be divided into two types including passive cooling and proactive cooling. This article analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the two types before coming up with the ways and expectation for the energy-saving construction of the existing building roof.
Comparative Analysis of Domestic and Foreign Urban Renewal
Authors: Ou Guo Liang
Published: August 2013

More attention of urban renewal has been paid in recent years in China, in which the relationship of the government, market and owners was complex increasingly. In this paper we introduced the theory, practice and achievements of foreign urban renewal, at the same time we also analyzed the situation of domestic urban renewal, and explored the different roles in urban renewal. Finally, we discussed the problem of domestic urban renewal and gave some suggestions.
Exploitation of Microclimate Diversity and Transitional Space Adaptability Focused on the Residence Interior: An Example of the Hot Summer and Cold Winter Zone in China
Authors: Lei Zu Kang , Gao Zhi Qiang , Zhou Le
Published: August 2013

This study focuses on the measurement of air temperature and relative humidity, aimed at the living spaces of a typical hot summer and cold winter zone in China, which is under the environment of winter without air conditioner. Different spaces with different functions would produce different microclimates, which could make the user feel different physiological and psychological feelings of comfort or discomfort.
Inspiration of New Chinese-Style Interior Design from Ming-Style Furniture
Authors: Dong Wen Ying , Ye Wen Xiao , Cheng Yao
Published: August 2013

Ming-style furnitures design features can be analyzed and summarized from its appearance and cultural connotation, display in the material of natural beauty, diverse and unified design, function and aesthetic, rich cultural connotation, etc. And discuss how to use them in new Chinese-style interior design. Accordingly, New Chinese-style home decorating can keep the traditional lingering charm of Chinese classical culture, adapt to the rhythm of modern life and satisfy peoples functional and artistic requirements.
Spatial-Temporal Analysis on Summer Heat Island Effect Based on Tests - With the Southeastern of Wuhan as an Example
Authors: Li Xue Song , Tao Xin Yu , Zhang Su Li
Published: August 2013

The urban heat island phenomenon is one of the important problems faced by the metropolitan environment in hot-summer and cold-winter areas. In order to conduct truthful and in-depth analysis on this phenomenon, this study covers temperature data acquisition and a series of data collation and analysis conducted with the mobile testing method, more actually reflects the heat island spatial-temporal changes from the central area of Wuhan in Summer to the urban fringe, analyzes the urban morphology, urban underlying surface characteristics, and impacts of human factors and microclimate, and explores the feasible quantification basis for urban design and planning.
Study on the Design Strategy of Commercial Pedestrian Street in Cold Regions Based on the Conditions of Microclimate
Authors: Li Jing Wei , Zhao Wen Yan
Published: August 2013

By pointing out problems of the micro climate environment in urban commercial pedestrian streets in cold regions, and around typical issues of cold climate: cold wind, sunshine and temperature, this paper proposes design strategies that embody fully chill feature and stress the influence of winter climate.
Benefit Evaluation of Urban Treated Roofwater Reuse
Authors: Zhou Ya Qun , Wang Wei Ping , Wang Wei
Published: August 2013

Benefit evaluation plays a very important role in the guiding of feasibility analysis and decision-making of rainwater utilization projects. This paper evaluated the benefits of roofwater reuse project in Jinan city; it is shown that the project has a national economy benefit obviously with a deficit in financial appraisal. The treated roofwater was used directly or injected into karst groundwater with deep well, which has a great ecological and social benefit, especially for the protection of springs in Jinan city.
Study on Water Distribution System's Biological Stability of Northern Living District
Authors: Zhang Xin Yu , Fu Ying , Qiu Li Ping , Yu Yan Zhen
Published: August 2013

AOC and BDOC are used to estimate the biostability of water distribution system in a northern living district of China. The results show that the concentrations of AOC and BDOC are 57.6 to 369.3 μg/L and 0.81 to 2.43 mg/L in water which is biologically unstable. The concentration of BDOC generally reduced with the along monitoring sites. The concentration of BDOC is greatly influence by residual chlorine and bacteria activity in water distribution system. The concentration of AOC is between 57.6 μg/L and 369.3 μg/L, and the bacteria number is form 5 to 43.
Reconstruction of Waste Water Treatment Plants in Russia, Approaches and Solutions
Authors: Gogina Elena S. , Makisha Nikolay
Published: August 2013

Absract: the article touches upon the main discovers some issues on construction and reconstruction of waste water treatment plants in Russia. It also shows some typical problems which specialists faced with and the ways to solve it.
Floating Feed in Ammonium Removal
Authors: Makisha Nikolay , Gogina Elena S.
Published: August 2013

the article touches the advantages of the use of immobilized sludge and describes various types of technological application.
Research on UNITANK Technology and its Application in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant
Authors: Bao Dong Jie , Liu Zhan Meng , Li Jing
Published: August 2013

Land treatment process was chosen as the first-stage project in Xingtai Wastewater Treatment Plant located in Xingtai city, Hebei Province, PR China. UNITANK was chosen as the treatment technology in the secondary project in order to ameliorate the drawbacks of large land occupation and inconvenient management. In this paper, the operation modes of sewage treatment system, flush water system and sludge discharging system of UNITANK were discussed in detail on the basis of introduction of the basic structure and the technological process. According to the analysis of the project, it is suggested that UNITANK is more suitable for small or middle wastewater treatment plants with the advantages of simple structure, less land occupation, cost-efficient and reliable operation.
Enhanced Coagulation with Chitosan-Modified Clays in Treatment of Micro-Polluted Water
Authors: Wang Yu Heng , Chen Shu Juan , Zhang Zhong Zhi , Ren Zi He , Ma Hui Lin
Published: August 2013

Using chitosan-modified diatomaceous earth (DE) to treat micro-polluted water by coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation (C/F/S), the results indicated that the modified DE could apparently increase the removal rates of turbidity and UV254 in comparison with adding DE alone, and the optimal ratio between chitosan and DE was 1:40. With the compounding of polyaluminium chloride (PAC) and modified DE, the treatment effect was obviously improved by coagulation aid of modified DE under adding the same PAC dosage. The best removal rates of turbidity and UV254 reached 96.2% and 47.9% respectively with the PAC dosage of 35 mg/L and the modified DE dosage of 45 mg/L. The results indicated that the treatment effect of micro-polluted water improved with the enhanced coagulation of chitosan-modified DE.
Research on Flocculation Behavior in Diethyl Phthalate Removal from Water by Using Anionic Flocculants P(AM-AA-AMPS)
Authors: Ma Jiang Ya , Zheng Huai Li , Tang Xiao Min , Chen Wei , Xue Wen Wen , Liao Yi , Guan Qing Qing , Liao Yong
Published: August 2013

Flocculation process with P(AM-AA-AMPS) as flocculants was used for the DEP removal from water. The structure and morphologies of the flocculants was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM). To maximize the DEP removal efficiency, single factor technique and an orthogonal array L9 (34) were employed to optimize the factors of dosage, initial pH value and stirring time. The results show that the optimal conditions are dosage of 10mg·L-1, initial pH value of 9 and stirring time of 6min. Moreover, flocculants dosage is the best significant factors in DEP removal.
The Application of Industrial Waste in Landscaping
Authors: Liu Yi Jie , Zhang Shu
Published: August 2013

This thesis put the main emphasis on how to utilize the solid waste, that is the offscum, to apply into landscaping after reprocessing. This thesis starts form discussing the building materials in landscaping and the specialness of construction, then tries to analyze the structure of every element in landscape construction, tries to select the industrial waste that can be applied into landscape construction from numerous industrial waste recycling products, and give a brief introduction of its mechanism and method. Besides, this thesis calls on modern landscape architect to actively utilize the waste to construct landscape, for not only lower project cost, but also more environment protection. Keywords: industrial waste; landscape; utilize, environment
The Ammonia Nitrogen Removal Enhanced by Biological Aerobic Filter Packed with a Novel Lightweight Zeolite Particles
Authors: Tang Hai , Ouyang Long , Zhao Xiang
Published: August 2013

The ammonia nitrogen (NH4-N) removal enhanced by biological aerobic filter (BAF) packed with novel micro-mesoporous lightweight zeolite particles (LZP) as carrier. The results showed that the biofilm can quickly grow up using LZP as media in the BAF. HLR of 1.2 was chosen as the optimal value under the average influent NH4+-N concentration of 24.6 mg/L, percent NH4-N removal of 87% and NLR of 0.24 kgN/m3.d was achieved. The kinetic performance of the LZP-BAF indicated that the relationship of NH4-N removal efficiency with the L could be described by an exponential equation (Ce/Ci=exp (-1.24/L0.344)).
Study on Combined Process of Adsorption-Membrane Separation for Military Toxicant VX Polluted Municipal Water Treatment
Authors: Wang Xiao Jie , Chen En Feng , Ji Yun Zhe
Published: August 2013

It developed test devices and carried out test adopting combined process of adsorption-membrane separation targeted at municipal water polluted by military toxicant VX. Investigation on purification effects of sand filtration, microfiltration, ultrafiltration, activated carbon adsorption and reverse osmosis was implemented in sections. It also studied on working principles of each section. Furthermore, comparative study has been made for adsorption performance of coaly granular activated carbon and that of shell activated carbon. The results show that the device can remove effectively simulation agent in water and the effluent quality complies with requirements of relevant standards.
Dewatering Excess Sludges of Sanitary Sewage by Supersound and PAFC
Authors: Gao Lin Xia , Liu Xiao Cheng , Wang Mei , Huang Lei
Published: August 2013

This experiment adopted supersound and polymeric aluminum ferric chloride (PAFC) dewatering excess sludges. Firstly, aluminum chloride and ferric chloride were synthetized to a novel inorganic flocculant ——PAFC and the optimal molar ratio of A1 and Fe was 7:3. Secondly, PAFC singly dewatered excess sludges. The optimum technological conditionwas the optimum dosage of 120mg/L and pH of 8. As a result , the sludge water content decreased from 87.48% to 70.87%. Thirdly, supersound singly dewatered excess sludges. The optimum technological condition was the optimum power of 150W and time of 2.5min. Lastly, the combination of supersound and PAFC sludge dewatered excess sludges and moisture content was reduced to 70.01%.
The System of Soil Management in the Coal Mining Collapse Area
Authors: Chen Juan Nong , Yue Zhi Xin
Published: August 2013

The environment restoring of the coal mining collapse area directly relates the region economy, the social stabilization, the ecological environment, also relates the sustainable development of mining area. And this is a serious problem for the mining area in China. In order to improve the environment of mining area, this paper analyzes the presence of collapse area in China. This paper analyzes the damages of coal mining collapse and the problems existing in the management and regulation of the collapse region. In addition to researching the way of soil management of coal mining subsidence area with Geographic Information System technology, he also exemplified the feasibility and necessity in soil management of the coal mining collapse area with Geographic Information System technology.
Evaluation of Water Land Safety Based on Explosive Bloom Assessment
Authors: Li Qi , Lv Mou , Ye Song
Published: August 2013

According to the frequent phenomenon of the explosive bloom at the water land, the reason could be found using the fault tree analysis method. According to the fault tree analysis results, the evaluation index system could be established combined with a water source data in the Dongying city. Finally, the fuzzy overall assessment model was successfully applied to assess a water land from the point of the explosive bloom in the Dongying city and a relative safety rating is given.
Study on the Migration Law of Heavy Metal Elements of Open Pit Waste Dump in Surrounding Soil
Authors: Zhao Xiao Guang , Yang Yang , Zhang Nian , Li Yu
Published: August 2013

Taking Shaanxi Tongchuan Cui Home Gully coal gangue as an example. The paper study on the migration law of heavy metal elements of open pit waste dump in surrounding soil by measuring and analyzing the contents of heavy metal elements which are Cu, Cr, Zn, Pb, Cd. The results show that: firstly, the elements contents of Cu, Cr, Zn, Pb are under the national secondary soil quality standard, but the content of Cd is above the national secondary soil quality standard, the single index of Cd is 3.03,this mean that the pollution is serious, so the situation should be pay more attention; secondly the contents of five heavy metals elements mainly accumulated in the range of 0~40cm soil profile in vertical direction, with the soil depth increase ,the contents of five heavy metals decrease, and when the soil depth is under 60m, the pollution reach stable state; thirdly, with the horizontal distance to coal gangue increase, the content of heavy metals which are Cu, Cr, Pb, Cd (soil depth is 5~20cm) decrease, but with the horizontal distance to coal gangue increase ,the content of Zn is much higher than other elements.
Effect of Long-Term Fertilization on Soil Water Balance and Water Use Efficiency in the Loess Plateau of China
Authors: Zhou Feng Li , Hu Yong Hong , Ma Hai Long , Xue Sha
Published: August 2013

Rational fertilization is the guarantee for the productivity and stability of crop and sustainable development of rain-fed agriculture. In this study, based on a long term fertilization experiment initiated in 1984, we researched the effect of different fertilizer application on soil water profile distribution and water use efficiency (WUE) from 1999 to 2010. The experimental design consisted a control treatment (CK) and eight fertilizer treatments: farmyard manure (M), farmyard manure and nitrogen (MN), farmyard manure and phosphorus (MP), nitrogen and phosphorus (NP), nitrogen, phosphorus and farmyard manure (NPM), nitrogen and potassium (NK), phosphorus and potassium (PK), nitrogen, potassium and potassium (NPK). Soil moisture content of MN, MP, MNP, M, and NP were significantly lower than Ck in 10-130 cm, while NPK and NK was only slightly lower than Ck. Compared with the CK, on average, treatments MNP and NPK increased the yield of crop by 259% and 226% and they also increased the crop WUE by 202% and 176%, respectively. The results indicated that the fertilizer application of NPK might be the best choice for the sustainable development of arid land agriculture on the Loess Plateau of China.
Simulation on Chemistry Tracer Transportation and Concentration in Extremely High ABL Environment in Northwest China
Authors: Ma Min Jin
Published: August 2013

Extremely high atmospheric boundary layer is observed over the arid area in Northwest China during late spring and early summer in 2000. By using the community mesoscale weather research and forecasting/Atmospheric Chemistry model (WRF-Chem), numerical simulation is performed to study chemistry tracer diffusion in the extremely high atmospheric boundary layer. Results show that the extremely high atmospheric boundary layer has great influence on the chemistry tracer transportation. The influence is more effective than that driven by wind which is limited by the local terrain. The tracer is controlled in low-level concentration during the daytime but increases rapidly during the nighttime. Sensitive experiments are performed by disturbing soil moisture and albedo to further investigate surface forcing on the atmospheric boundary layer height and the chemistry tracer concentration. It shows that soil moisture or albedo is disturbed as increasing makes the tracer concentration increase in low layer for response of ABL height decrease.
Self-Specific Memory Regulatory T Cells Protect Embryos at Implantation in Mice
Authors: Chen Ting , Darrasse-Jèze Guillaume , Bergot Anne-Sophie , Courau Tristan , Churlaud Guillaume , Valdivia Karina , Strominger Jack L. , Ruocco Maria Grazia , Chaouat Gérard , Klatzmann David
Published: August 2013

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play crucial roles in both fetal and tumor development. We recently showed that immunosurveillance by pre-existing CD44highCD62Llow activated/memory Tregs (amTregs) specific for self-Ags protects emergent tumor cells in mice. This Treg response of a memory type is more rapid than and dominates the antitumor response of tumor-specific effector T cells. In this study, we report striking similarities between the early Treg responses to embryo and tumor implantation. Tregs are rapidly recruited to uterus-draining lymph nodes and activated in the first days after embryo implantation in both syngeneic and allogeneic matings; express the markers of the amTreg subset; and are at least in part self-Ag specific, as seen in tumor emergence. Unlike in the tumor emergence setting, however, for which preimmunization against tumor Ags is sufficient for complete tumor eradication even in the presence of Tregs, Treg depletion is additionally required for high frequencies of fetus loss after preimmunization against paternal tissue Ags. Thus, amTregs play a major role in protecting embryos in both naive and preimmune settings. This role and the ensuing therapeutic potential are further highlighted by showing that Treg stimulation, directly by low-dose IL-2 or indirectly by Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand, led to normal pregnancy rates in a spontaneous abortion-prone model.
In Kidney Transplant Patients, Alemtuzumab but Not Basiliximab/Low-Dose Rabbit Anti-Thymocyte Globulin Induces B Cell Depletion and Regeneration, Which Associates with a High Incidence of De Novo Donor-Specific Anti-HLA Antibody Development
Authors: Todeschini Marta , Cortinovis Monica , Perico Norberto , Poli Francesca , Innocente Annalisa , Cavinato Regiane Aparecida , Gotti Eliana , Ruggenenti Piero , Gaspari Flavio , Noris Marina , Remuzzi Giuseppe , Casiraghi Federica
Published: August 2013

In this single-center matched-cohort study, we evaluated the phenotype of repopulating B cells and its correlation with donor-specific anti-HLA Ab development and long-term graft function in 16 renal transplant recipients and 32 age- and gender-matched controls induced with alemtuzumab or basiliximab (Bas)/low-dose rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin (rATG), respectively. Alemtuzumab, but not Bas/rATG, profoundly depleted peripheral B cells in the first 2 mo posttransplantation. Early posttransplant, naive B cells were significantly depleted, whereas Ag-experienced and memory B cells were partially spared. Transitional B cells transiently increased 2 mo posttransplant. At month 6 posttransplant, pregerminal center B cells emerged, a process promoted by increased BAFF serum levels. Thereafter, B cell counts increased progressively, mainly due to expansion of naive B cells. Conversely, Bas/rATG did not modify the B cell phenotype throughout the follow-up period. Alemtuzumab was associated with a higher incidence of de novo DSA compared with Bas/rATG. DSA development was predicted by changes in the B cell compartment and correlated with worse long-term graft function. Thus, alemtuzumab-induced B cell depletion/reconstitution may promote chronic humoral responses against the graft.
PTPN22 Modulates Macrophage Polarization and Susceptibility to Dextran Sulfate Sodium–Induced Colitis
Authors: Chang Hui-Hsin , Miaw Shi-Chuen , Tseng William , Sun Yi-Wei , Liu Chih-Chun , Tsao Hsiao-Wei , Ho I-Cheng
Published: August 2013

PTPN22, a protein tyrosine phosphatase expressed mainly in hematopoietic cells, has been linked to many autoimmune diseases. A C-to-T single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at position 1858 of human PTPN22 cDNA decreases the risk of Crohn’s disease. However, the function of PTPN22 and the mechanism by which this SNP reduces the risk of Crohn’s disease are poorly understood. We find that PTPN22 is expressed in macrophages. It suppresses M1 macrophage polarization and reciprocally promotes the expression of M2-associated genes. PTPN22-deficient mice develop severe colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium, and their intestinal macrophages express higher levels of M1 genes but lower levels of M2-associated genes. Furthermore, the protective T allele of the C1858T SNP is associated with attenuated expression of inflammatory cytokines and a higher level of PTPN22 in human M1 macrophages. This T allele–associated aberrant expression of PTPN22 is partly attributed to an autoinhibition mechanism, in which PTPN22 suppresses its own expression in M1 but not M2 macrophages. Our data not only demonstrate a critical role of PTPN22 in regulating macrophage polarization but also provide a molecular explanation for the protective effect of the C1858T SNP in Crohn’s disease.
The Nitrated Fatty Acid 10-Nitro-Oleate Attenuates Allergic Airway Disease
Authors: Reddy Aravind T. , Lakshmi Sowmya P. , Dornadula Sireesh , Pinni Sudheer , Rampa Dileep R. , Reddy Raju C.
Published: August 2013

Asthma is a serious, growing problem worldwide. Inhaled steroids, the current standard therapy, are not always effective in this chronic inflammatory disease and can cause adverse effects. We tested the hypothesis that nitrated fatty acids (NFAs) may provide an effective alternative treatment. NFAs are endogenously produced by nonenzymatic reaction of NO with unsaturated fatty acids and exert anti-inflammatory actions both by activating the nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ and via PPAR-independent mechanisms, but whether they might ameliorate allergic airway disease was previously untested. We found that pulmonary delivery of the NFA 10-nitro-oleic acid (OA-NO2) reduced the severity of murine allergic airway disease, as assessed by various pathological and molecular markers. Fluticasone, an inhaled steroid commonly used to treat asthma, produced similar effects on most end points, but only OA-NO2 induced robust apoptosis of neutrophils and their phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages. This suggests that OA-NO2 may be particularly effective in neutrophil-rich, steroid-resistant severe asthma. In primary human bronchial epithelial cells, OA-NO2 blocked phosphorylation and degradation of IκB and enhanced inhibitory binding of PPARγ to NF-κB. Our results indicate that the NFA OA-NO2 is efficacious in preclinical models of allergic airway disease and may have potential for treating asthma patients.
Serine Protease Inhibitor 6 Plays a Critical Role in Protecting Murine Granzyme B–Producing Regulatory T Cells
Authors: Azzi Jamil , Skartsis Nikolaos , Mounayar Marwan , Magee Ciara N. , Batal Ibrahim , Ting Christopher , Moore Robert , Riella Leonardo V. , Ohori Shunsuke , Abdoli Rozita , Smith Brian , Fiorina Paolo , Heathcote Dean , Bakhos Tannous , Ashton-Rickardt Philip G. , Abdi Reza
Published: August 2013

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a pivotal role in the maintenance of immune tolerance and hold great promise as cell therapy for a variety of immune-mediated diseases. However, the cellular mechanisms that regulate Treg maintenance and homeostasis have yet to be fully explored. Although Tregs express granzyme-B (GrB) to suppress effector T cells via direct killing, the mechanisms by which they protect themselves from GrB-mediated self-inflicted damage are unknown. To our knowledge, we show for the first time that both induced Tregs and natural Tregs (nTregs) increase their intracellular expression of GrB and its endogenous inhibitor, serine protease inhibitor 6 (Spi6) upon activation. Subcellular fractionation and measurement of GrB activity in the cytoplasm of Tregs show that activated Spi6−/− Tregs had significantly higher cytoplasmic GrB activity. We observed an increase in GrB-mediated apoptosis in Spi6−/− nTregs and impaired suppression of alloreactive T cells in vitro. Spi6−/− Tregs were rescued from apoptosis by the addition of a GrB inhibitor (Z-AAD-CMK) in vitro. Furthermore, adoptive transfer experiments showed that Spi6−/− nTregs were less effective than wild type nTregs in suppressing graft-versus-host disease because of their impaired survival, as shown in our in vivo bioluminescence imaging. Finally, Spi6-deficient recipients rejected MHC class II-mismatch heart allografts at a much faster rate and showed a higher rate of apoptosis among Tregs, as compared with wild type recipients. To our knowledge, our data demonstrate, for the first time, a novel role for Spi6 in Treg homeostasis by protecting activated Tregs from GrB-mediated injury. These data could have significant clinical implications for Treg-based therapy in immune-mediated diseases.
Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Activation Triggers IL-4 Production and Necrotic Death of Double-Negative T Cells in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Lai Zhi-Wei , Borsuk Rebecca , Shadakshari Ashwini , Yu Jianghong , Dawood Maha , Garcia Ricardo , Francis Lisa , Tily Hajra , Bartos Adam , Faraone Stephen V. , Phillips Paul , Perl Andras
Published: August 2013

The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is recognized as a sensor of mitochondrial dysfunction and effector of T cell lineage development; however, its role in autoimmunity, including systemic lupus erythematosus, remains unclear. In this study, we prospectively evaluated mitochondrial dysfunction and mTOR activation in PBLs relative to the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) during 274 visits of 59 patients and 54 matched healthy subjects. Partial least square–discriminant analysis identified 15 of 212 parameters that accounted for 70.2% of the total variance and discriminated lupus and control samples (p < 0.0005); increased mitochondrial mass of CD3+/CD4−/CD8− double-negative (DN) T cells (p = 1.1 × 10−22) and FOXP3 depletion in CD4+/CD25+ T cells were top contributors (p = 6.7 × 10−7). Prominent necrosis and mTOR activation were noted in DN T cells during 15 visits characterized by flares (SLEDAI increase ≥ 4) relative to 61 visits of remission (SLEDAI decrease ≥ 4). mTOR activation in DN T cells was also noted at preflare visits of SLE patients relative to those with stable disease or healthy controls. DN lupus T cells showed increased production of IL-4, which correlated with depletion of CD25+/CD19+ B cells. Rapamycin treatment in vivo blocked the IL-4 production and necrosis of DN T cells, increased the expression of FOXP3 in CD25+/CD4+ T cells, and expanded CD25+/CD19+ B cells. These results identify mTOR activation to be a trigger of IL-4 production and necrotic death of DN T cells in patients with SLE.
Type I IFNs Regulate Effector and Regulatory T Cell Accumulation and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Production during T Cell–Mediated Colitis
Authors: Kole Abhisake , He JianPing , Rivollier Aymeric , Silveira Danielle D. , Kitamura Kazuya , Maloy Kevin J. , Kelsall Brian L.
Published: August 2013

We explored the function of endogenous type I IFNs (IFN-1) in the colon using the T cell adoptive transfer model of colitis. Colon mononuclear phagocytes (MPs) constitutively produced IFN-1 in a Toll/IL-1R domain–containing adapter-inducing IFN-β–dependent manner. Transfer of CD4+CD45RBhi T cells from wild-type (WT) or IFN-α/β receptor subunit 1 knockout (IFNAR1−/−) mice into RAG−/− hosts resulted in similar onset and severity of colitis. In contrast, RAG−/− × IFNAR1−/− double knockout (DKO) mice developed accelerated severe colitis compared with RAG−/− hosts when transferred with WT CD4+CD45RBhi T cells. IFNAR signaling on host hematopoietic cells was required to delay colitis development. MPs isolated from the colon lamina propria of IFNAR1−/− mice produced less IL-10, IL-1R antagonist, and IL-27 compared with WT MPs. Accelerated colitis development in DKO mice was characterized by early T cell proliferation and accumulation of CD11b+CD103− dendritic cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes, both of which could be reversed by systemic administration of IL-1R antagonist (anakinra). Cotransfer of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) from WT or IFNAR1−/− mice prevented disease caused by CD4+CD45RBhi T cells. However, WT CD4+CD25+Foxp3GFP+ Tregs cotransferred with CD4+CD45RBhi T cells into DKO hosts failed to expand or maintain Foxp3 expression and gained effector functions in the colon. To our knowledge, these data are the first to demonstrate an essential role for IFN-1 in the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines by gut MPs and the indirect maintenance of intestinal T cell homeostasis by both limiting effector T cell expansion and promoting Treg stability.
Current Research, Part C, Canadian Shield
Authors:   Geological Survey of Canada
Published: August 2013

East of Val d'Or, gneisses with a dominant mafic and a widespread, minor ultramafic component can be followed into the Grenville Province some 80 km eastward from the Grenville Front. These gneisses are oriented east-west. This orientation may be inherited from
Archean structures. Other large areas are underlain by gneisses of intermediate to Je/sic composition with widespread subor
What dentists should know about oral cancer screening?
Authors: Kujan Omar B.
Published: August 2013

Although the advances in the diagnosis and treatment of oral cancer, it remains one of the most devastating malignancies. Early detection and prevention is a major key in combating policy of cancer. Screening offers an important opportunity for early detection. Several screening methods, visual examination, toluidine blue, fluorescence imaging, and brush biopsy, were used in oral cancer screening programs. General dental practitioner plays an important role in such programs. Therefore, this review aimed to outline the required information, knowledge, and evidence-based practice on oral cancer screening for dentists in order to incorporate this service into their daily routine.