bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and oestradiol on the re-initiation of spermatogenesis in the adult photoinhibited Djungarian hamster
Authors: Meachem Sarah J , Schlatt Stefan , Ruwanpura Saleela M , Stanton Peter G
Published: March 2007

The roles of testosterone (T) and its metabolites on hamster spermatogenesis are poorly defined. This study assessed the effects of T, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and oestradiol (E) on the re-initiation of spermatogenesis in the adult Djungarian hamster. Hamsters raised under long photoperiods (LD, 16 h light:8 h darkness) were exposed to short photoperiods (SD, 8 h light:16 h darkness) for 11 weeks to suppress gonadotrophins. Groups of eight animals then received T, DHT and E for 5 weeks. Cell numbers were determined using the optical disector (sic). The number of Sertoli cells was suppressed in SD controls to 48% (P < 0.001) of LD control and restored either fully or partially by exogenous DHTand E (2.6- and 1.8-fold above SD levels) respectively, corresponding with a twofold elevation of serum FSH. The number of germ cells in SD animals was reduced (all P < 0.001) to levels reported. The number of type A spermatogonia increased in line with the rise in Sertoli cell number, by 2.6-fold (P < 0.01) and 1.8-fold (NS) above SD controls after DHT and E treatments respectively. DHT increased the number of type B spermatogonia/preleptotene spermatocytes, leptotene/zygotene and pachytene spermatocytes by 3.5-, 5.7- and 21-fold above SD (all P < 0.01) respectively, compared with a 2.2-fold (P < 0.01), 2.4-fold (not significant, NS) and 6-fold (NS) in E-treated animals respectively. Exogenous T had little effect on cell numbers or serum FSH compared with SD controls. Spermatids were rarely observed after steroid treatment. We believe this study suggests that steroids can regulate the re-initiation of early spermatogenic cells via a mechanism which includes FSH.
Unraveling the molecular targets pertinent to junction restructuring events during spermatogenesis using the Adjudin-induced germ cell depletion model
Authors: Xia Weiliang , Mruk Dolores D , Lee Will M , Cheng C Yan
Published: March 2007

During spermatogenesis, extensive restructuring takes place at the Sertoli–Sertoli and Sertoli–germ cell interface, which is regulated via intriguing interactions among cytokines, proteases, protease inhibitors, kinases, phosphatases, and transcription factors. This in turn determines the steady-state levels of integral membrane proteins at the cell junctions. We sought to further expand these observations using the Adjudin model. Adjudin is a potential male contraceptive that targets Sertoli–germ cell adhesion, causing exfoliation of spermatids and spermatocytes, but not spermatogonia, from the seminiferous epithelium. This model thus provides the means to identify crucial regulatory molecules and signaling pathways pertinent to junction restructuring events during spermatogenesis. In this study, genome-wide expression profiling of rat testes after treatment with Adjudin at the time of extensive junction restructuring was performed. Differentially regulated genes, such as cytokines, proteases, protease inhibitors, cell junction-associated proteins, and transcription factors pertinent to junction restructuring were identified. These data were consistent with earlier findings; however, much new information was obtained which has been deposited at the Gene Expression Omnibus data repository website: http://www.ncbi.nih.gov/geo/ with Accession number: GSE5131. The primary signaling events pertinent to junction restructuring in the testis induced by Adjudin were also delineated using bioinformatics. These findings were also consistent with recently published reports. The identified molecular signatures or targets pertinent to junction dynamics in the testis as reported herein, many of which have not been investigated, thus offer a framework upon which the regulation of junction restructuring events at the Sertoli–Sertoli and Sertoli–germ cell interface pertinent to spermatogenesis can be further studied.
Plane strain numerical model for drystone retaining walls
Authors: Walker P. , McCombie P. , Claxton M.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes an investigation undertaken to study the development of stable bulging in drystone retaining walls using a two-dimensional plane strain distinct element numerical model. Development of the numerical model, informed by field study investigations and material tests from a case study wall, is presented. A parametric study of the influence of backfill properties, wall block properties, wall joint properties, and wall geometry on stability is then briefly outlined. Three-dimensional aspects of bulging in drystone retaining walls are also discussed. Stable bulging failure is simulated in a plane strain distinct element model using tapered blocks and a voided porous wall structure. This behaviour is validated using a simple limit equilibrium analysis. The extent of bulging under simulated surcharge loading is shown to be dependent on model stiffness, which is influenced by wall and fill material properties, voidage in the wall, and masonry bonding.
Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Lipopolysaccharide‐Mediated Experimental Bone Loss Model for Aggressive Periodontitis
Authors: Rogers Jill E. , Li Fei , Coatney Derek D. , Rossa Carlos , Bronson Paul , Krieder Jaclynn M. , Giannobile William V. , Kirkwood Keith L.
Published: March 2007

Background: Bacterial constituents, such as Gram‐negative derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS), can initiate inflammatory bone loss through induction of host‐derived inflammatory cytokines. The aim of this study was to establish a model of aggressive inflammatory alveolar bone loss in rats using LPS derived from the periodontal pathogen Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans.

Methods: Eighteen female Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into LPS test (N = 12) and saline control (N = 6) groups. All animals received injections to the palatal molar gingiva three times per week for 8 weeks. At 8 weeks, linear and volumetric alveolar bone loss was measured by micro‐computed tomography (μCT). The prevalence of inflammatory infiltrate, proinflammatory cytokines, and osteoclasts was assessed from hematoxylin and eosin, immunohistochemical, or tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)‐stained sections. Statistical analysis was performed.

Results: A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS induced severe bone loss over 8 weeks, whereas control groups were unchanged. Linear and volumetric analysis of maxillae by μCT indicated significant loss of bone with LPS administration. Histologic examination revealed increased inflammatory infiltrate, significantly increased immunostaining for interleukin IL‐6 and ‐1β and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha, and more TRAP‐positive osteoclasts in the LPS group compared to controls.

Conclusion: Oral injections of LPS derived from the periodontal pathogen A. actinomycetemcomitans can induce severe alveolar bone loss and proinflammatory cytokine production in rats by 8 weeks.
Depth Distribution of Sulfonamide Antibiotics in Pore Water of an Undisturbed Loamy Grassland Soil
Authors: Burkhardt Michael , Stamm Christian
Published: March 2007

Despite the concern raised by the detections of veterinary antibiotics like sulfonamides (SA) in the environment, their fate in soils is still not sufficiently understood. In a previous article, we demonstrated that manure may substantially influence losses of SA via runoff from soils. Here, we report on the effect of manure on SA availability in soil pore water. Three sulfonamides (sulfadimidine, sulfadiazine, sulfathiazole) and two tracers (bromide and Brilliant Blue) were either applied in manure or as aqueous solution on grassland plots. After 1 and 3 d contact time, the plots were irrigated with deionized water. One day after irrigation, soil cores were taken and profiles of pore water concentrations were determined. The median SA concentrations of the top layer on manured plots varied between 40 and 60 μg L−1 and between 10 and 30 μg L−1 on the controls. For the conservative tracer Br the mass recovery was about 60 to 75% and much lower for the SA (2 to 14%). Apparent distribution coefficients Kd,app of the SA in the topsoil ranged between 3 and 15 L kg−1 on the manured plots and between 30 to 35 kg L−1 on the controls. Below the top layer, the concentration distribution showed a pattern typical for preferential flow. Locally, SA concentrations down to 30‐ to 50‐cm depth were as high as in the top 5 cm with little effect of the two application matrices. In the topmost layer, the data indicate that 10 to 25% of sulfadimidine were transformed to its acetyl‐metabolite.
Surgical management of a thyroglossal duct cyst in a cat
Authors: Giles James T. , Rochat Mark C. , Snider Timothy A.
Published: March 2007

Case Description—A 14-year-old castrated male domestic shorthair cat was evaluated because of a large fluid-filled mass on the ventral aspect of the neck that failed to resolve after repeated draining.

Clinical Findings—Radiography and computed tomography revealed a fluid-filled mass 13 cm in diameter extending from the level of the first cervical vertebra to the manubrium. No evidence of metastasis was seen. Cytologic examination of the fluid revealed it to be a transudate with a T4 concentration considered to be normal. Incisional biopsy of the cyst wall was performed and led to a diagnosis of thyroglossal duct cyst.

Treatment and Outcome—The cyst was excised, and no recurrence was observed 15 months after surgery. Aside from temporary seroma formation, no complications developed after the surgery. A distinct tract through the hyoid apparatus to the base of the tongue, as has been described in humans, was not identified.

Clinical Relevance—Thyroglossal duct cyst should be considered as a differential diagnosis in cats with masses on the ventral aspect of the neck. Complete excision appeared to be curative in the cat of this report.
Impact of euthanasia rates, euthanasia practices, and human resource practices on employee turnover in animal shelters
Authors: Rogelberg Steven G. , Reeve Charlie L. , Spitzmüller Christiane , DiGiacomo Natalie , Clark Olga L. , Teeter Lisa , Walker Alan G. , Starling Paula G. , Carter Nathan T.
Published: March 2007

Objective—To examine the effects of euthanasia rates, euthanasia practices, and human resource practices on the turnover rate among employees with euthanasia responsibilities at animal shelters.

Design—Cross-sectional original study.

Sample Population—36 shelters across the United States that employed at least 5 full-time employees and performed euthanasia on site.

Procedures—By mail, 1 survey was sent to each shelter. Surveys were completed by a senior member of management and were returned by mail. Questions assessed characteristics (eg, euthanasia rates) and practices of the animal shelter, along with employee turnover rates. By use of correlation coefficients and stepwise regression analyses, key predictors of turnover rates among employees with euthanasia responsibilities were investigated.

Results—Employee turnover rates were positively related to euthanasia rate. Practices that were associated with decreased turnover rates included provision of a designated euthanasia room, exclusion of other live animals from vicinity during euthanasia, and removal of euthanized animals from a room prior to entry of another animal to be euthanized. Making decisions regarding euthanasia of animals on the basis of factors other than behavior and health reasons was related to increased personnel turnover. With regard to human resources practices, shelters that used a systematic personnel selection procedure (eg, standardized testing) had comparatively lower employee turnover.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Data obtained may suggest several specific avenues that can be pursued to mitigate turnover among employees with euthanasia responsibilities at animal shelters and animal control or veterinary medical organizations.
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors
Authors: Monn James A. , Johnson Michael P. , Schoepp Darryle D.
Published: March 2007

Since the first suggestion of G‐protein coupled glutamate receptor(s) and the subsequent cloning of eight different subtypes within the past 2 decades, our understanding of the neurophysiologic role and importance of the metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors has greatly advanced, in large part owing to discovery and advancement of potent and selective pharmacological agents. These include orthosteric (i.e. N‐terminal glutamate‐site) agonists and antagonists possessing remarkable selectivity for one of the three mGlu receptor groups: Group I (mGlu1 and mGlu5), Group II (mGlu2 and mGlu3), or Group III (mGlu4, mGlu6, mGlu7 and mGlu8). More recently, subtype selective allosteric modulators that bind to the seven transmembrane (7‐TM) domain (potentiators, non‐competitive antagonists, and/or inverse agonists) for one or more of the eight mGlu receptor subtypes have been described. This chapter will focus on a brief description and summary of key findings for a number of these neuropharmacologic agents.
Pharmacology of the GABAAReceptor
Authors: Berezhnoy Dmytro , Gravielle Maria C. , Farb David H.
Published: March 2007

GABA mediates most inhibitory synaptic transmission in the adult vertebrate CNS by activating type‐A GABA receptors that contain an integral ion channel and type‐B GABA receptors that are G‐protein coupled. GABAAreceptors have been a rich target for the development of therapeutics for treatment of anxiety disorders, convulsive disorders, sleep disturbances, and for the induction of anesthesia. GABAAreceptors are composed of five membrane‐spanning subunits, selected from eight subunit subtypes (α, β, γ, δ, η, ρ, π, and θ) many of which contain multiple isoforms yielding at least 21 distinct subunit variants. These variations in subunit composition can have profound effects upon the functionality, pharmacology, and subcellular distribution of receptor subtypes. This chapter focuses on the relationship between receptor architecture and pharmacology of a large number of clinically relevant compounds such as benzodiazepines, barbiturates, anesthetics, neurosteroids and alcohols.
MetabotropicGABAReceptors
Authors: Gassmann Martin , Bettler Bernhard
Published: March 2007

We provide an overview on the current knowledge on protein interactions with GABABreceptors. Furthermore, we review recent studies that tried to establish a link between polymorphisms in GABABgenes and congenital human diseases. Taking recent developments in the field into account, we also touch on the most promising indications for GABABdrugs. Last but not least, the cloned receptors were used to establish high‐throughput compound screens based on functional assays, which yielded the first allosteric compounds acting at GABABreceptors. The features of these compounds will be discussed.
Voltage‐Gated Ion Channels
Authors: Fay Alex , Haddick Patrick C.G. , Jan Lily Yeh
Published: March 2007

This review will give an overview of the current state of knowledge about the structures of ion channels; the mechanisms of selectivity and gating; the cell biology of ion channels, including coassembly of channel subunits with other proteins and trafficking of ion channels; the physiological functions of ion channels and their roles in disease; and pharmacological tools available for the manipulation of ion channels in vitro and in vivo. While a vast array of ion channels exist with different selectivities and mechanisms of activation, some of these channel classes are reviewed in other chapters of this edition, and this chapter will focus on voltage‐gated K+, Na+, and Ca2+channels.
Neurotrophic Factors in Etiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders
Authors: Duman Ronald S.
Published: March 2007

Basic and clinical research has demonstrated a role for neurotrophic factors in the pathophysiology and treatment of mood disorders, contributing to a neurotrophic hypothesis of depression. Animal studies report that stress decreases the expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), as well as other trophic factors, in limbic brain structures, which could contribute to the atrophy and cell loss caused by stress and depression. In contrast, antidepressant treatment increases the expression of BDNF and increases the birth of newborn neurons in the adult hippocampus, effects that could block or even reverse the effects of stress. BDNF also produces antidepressant effects in behavioral models, further demonstrating the functional significance of this neurotrophic factor. The relevance of the basic research studies is supported by clinical studies demonstrating that levels of BDNF in brain and plasma of depressed patients is decreased relative to controls and that this effect is reversed by antidepressant treatments. Genetic studies are underway to identify polymorphisms of the BDNF gene that could directly contribute to depressive symptoms or increase vulnerability upon exposure to stress or other environmental factors. These findings further elucidate the cellular alterations underlying mood disorders and could lead to novel therapeutic interventions.
Benzodiazepines
Authors: Lüddens Hartmut , Korpi Esa R.
Published: March 2007

Starting with a short overview on the pharmacology of Benzodiazepine (BZ) receptor ligands that includes aspects of their therapeutic actions, development of tolerance and dependence to BZ and their metabolism this review pays special attention to the interaction and mode of action of BZ with the various γ‐aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors.

We discuss the diversity of GABAAreceptors with respect to the subunits, receptor subtypes, brain distribution and function. The functional domains on GABAAreceptors needed for the recognition and action of GABA and BZ as well as those needed for assembly are described. The structure activity relations of benzodiazepines are discussed with an emphasis on GABAAreceptor subtypes.
Neuroactive Steroids in Anxiety and Stress
Authors: Finn Deborah A. , Purdy Robert H.
Published: March 2007

Neuroactive steroids are endogenous and synthetic steroids which act on membrane receptors in the nervous system to excite or inhibit neuronal activity. Their effect on γ‐aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors and other ligand‐gated ion channels has been established, although the nature of the neuroactive steroid binding sites, which allosterically alter receptor function, remains obscure. A subgroup of this class of steroids is termedneurosteroids; these have been demonstrated to be biosynthesized from cholesterol in the nervous system. Neuroactive steroids also are biosynthesized by the adrenals and gonads before being secreted into the circulation. The role of neuroactive steroids in altering the function of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis is only now emerging. Ten animal models of anxiety and stress are described that are significantly altered by one or more groups of neuroactive steroids. Finally, neuroactive steroid interactions with stress‐induced behaviors in experimental animals and humans are reviewed.
Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs: Mechanism of Action
Authors: Meltzer Herbert Y.
Published: March 2007

Most atypical antipsychotic drugs (including clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, and ziprasidone) share in common more potent serotonin (5‐HT)2A than dopamine (DA) D2 receptor, antagonism/inverse agonism. They are also direct‐ or indirect‐acting 5‐HT1A receptor partial agonists. These features contribute to their low extrapyramidal adverse effects as well as their ability to improve cognition (perhaps via enhanced cortical and hippocampal DA release). Aripiprazole and bifeprunox are D2 partial agonists rather than D2 receptor antagonists. Some of these agents also act on multiple other receptors which may relate to efficacy (e.g., 5‐HT2C receptor inverse agonists, M1 muscarinic agonists, alpha2 adrenoceptor antagonists) or side effects (e.g., H1 receptor antagonism), or both. Thus, D2 receptor blockade is no longer the exclusive means to treat psychosis.
Dopaminergic and GABAergic Regulation of Alcohol‐Motivated Behaviors: Novel Neuroanatomical Substrates
Authors: June Harry L. , Eiler William J. A.
Published: March 2007

An understanding of the neuroanatomical substrates, neurocircuitry, and interaction of the neuronal systems which regulate alcohol drinking is key in the identification of novel targets for drugs to treat alcoholism in humans. In the present review novel substrates and circuitry within the dopaminergic and GABAergic systems which regulate alcohol motivated‐behaviors are discussed.
Vanilloid Receptor Pathways
Authors: Tominaga Makoto
Published: March 2007

Capsaicin receptor, TRPV1, is a nociceptor‐specific ion channel that can be activated not only by capsaicin but also by noxious heat (with a thermal threshold >43°) or protons (acidification), all of which are known to cause pain in vivo. The studies using TRPV1‐deficient mice have shown that TRPV1 is essential for selective modalities of pain sensation and for thermal hyperalgesia induced by tissue injury. Sensitization of TRPV1 through its phosphorylation revealed the involvement of TRPV1 in inflammatory pain. Given the fact that TRPV1 is a key molecule in peripheral nociception, modulation of TRPV1 function will lead to the development of novel anti‐nociceptive or anti‐inflammatory agents.
Narcolepsy: Neuropharmacological Aspects
Authors: Nishino Seiji
Published: March 2007

Narcolepsy (affects 1/2000 of the general population) is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, and other dissociated manifestations of rapid eye movement sleep (hypnagogic hallucinations and sleep paralysis). The disease is currently treated with amphetamine‐like compounds and modafinil for EDS and anticataplectics (antidepressants) for cataplexy. The major pathophysiology of human narcolepsy has recently been revealed by the extension of discoveries of narcolepsy genes in animal models: about 90% of human narcolepsy‐cataplexy has been found to be hypocretin/orexin ligand deficient. This directly led to the development of new diagnostic tests (i.e., CSF hypocretin measures). Hypocretin replacement is also likely to be a new therapeutic option for hypocretin deficient narcolepsy, but this is still not available in humans. Clinical and pharmacological aspects of narcolepsy as well as future directions are discussed.
Neurotrophic Factors
Authors: Hefti Franz F. , Walicke Patricia A.
Published: March 2007

Neurotrophic factors, which include the neurotrophins, the proteins related to glial cell‐derived neurotrophic factor, and other secreted proteins, serve multiple roles in function and plasticity of the nervous system. Several therapeutic uses of the neurotrophic factors or agonistic and antagonistic derivatives are actively pursued for neurodegenerative diseases, depression and pain.
Dementia and Pharmacotherapy: Memory Drugs
Authors: Buccafusco Jerry J.
Published: March 2007

Cognition and memory‐enhancing agents are in use for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. Presently the approved drugs belong to the pharmacological class of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. However, over the past decade numerous potential therapeutic targets have been identified and several novel drugs are in various stages of development, including subtype selective muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonists, and glutamic acid agonists. This review focuses on the drugs furthest along in drug‐development pipeline, but also discussed are new compounds and their targets with high potential for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Data are presented comparing novel potential cognition/memory‐enhancing drugs from different pharmacological classes in a non‐human primate model. The concept that drugs having multiple therapeutic targets will be necessary to obtain significant improvement in efficacy over the currently available agents also is discussed.
Pharmacotherapy and Treatment of Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Lok Au Wing , Calne Donald B.
Published: March 2007

The management of Parkinson's disease has evolved substantially in recent years. This chapter reviews the current practice of treatment for Parkinson's disease, with special emphasis on the management of treatment complications and non‐motor manifestations of the disease. The challenge of neuroprotective therapy in Parkinson's disease is also discussed.
Mechanisms Controlling Adipose Tissue Metabolism by the Sympathetic Nervous System: Anatomical and Molecular Aspects
Authors: Collins Sheila , Migliorini Renato H. , Bartness Timothy J.
Published: March 2007

The relative degree of adipose tissue responsiveness to catecholamines reflects the balance of multiple forces, each of which are shaped by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. On the genetic side are the developmentally programmed patterns and density of innervation into various adipose depots, and the amounts and types of the specific adrenergic receptors (ARs) and their metabolic targets that are expressed on the adipocytes within different depots. Within the latter aspect is whether the receptors are stimulatory (βARs) or inhibitory (αARs) for lipolysis, their coupling efficiency to the downstream signaling molecules, and the relative kinetic activity of those regulated enzymes, scaffolding proteins and transcription factors. Finally, there is the genetic profile that predisposes preadipocytes toward the progression of the brown versus white adipocyte phenotype. On the environmental side, diet contributes to the relative degree of adipose tissue response to catecholamines by altering the hormonal and metabolic signals that control important adipocyte genes. These include the ARs themselves, the kinase pathways ARs regulate, and hence also the ability to determine decisions about fat storage versus thermogenesis.

With our increased understanding of the SNS circuitry from the CNS to adipose tissue and the newer appreciation of signaling pathways that are activated in adipocytes by catecholamines, science is positioned in the future to better define the molecular and genetic regulatory points that determine adipose tissue sensitivity to dietary and other environmental forces, and to establish the underlying basis for the molecular decisions that drive a cell to become a white or brown fat cell. Such new insights that will be gained as a result will hopefully generate new therapeutic targets and approaches against the obesity epidemic in our midst.
The energetics of i‐DNA tetraplex structures formed intermolecularly by d(TC5) and intramolecularly by d[(C5T3)3C5]
Authors: Völker Jens , Klump Horst H. , Breslauer Kenneth J.
Published: March 2007

Cytosine‐rich DNA at low pH adopts an antiparallel tetraplex structure via the intercalation of two partially protonated, parallel stranded duplexes. This intriguing structural motif has been named i‐DNA. We have used a combination of spectroscopic and calorimetric techniques to characterize the properties of an intermolecular i‐DNA formed by d(TC5) and an intramolecular i‐DNA formed by d[(C5T3)3C5]. Our measurements reveal that both i‐DNA complexes are enthalpically stabilized by 6.5–7.0 kcal/molbase and entropically destabilized by 20 cal/molbase/K. These values are about 50% larger than the corresponding enthalpy and entropy values per base for Watson and Crick duplexes and for Hoogsteen triplexes, while being similar to per base enthalpy and entropy values reported for G‐quadruplexes. Our data also reveal a positive heat capacity change between 20 and 30 cal/molbase/K, values similar to that reported for polymeric Watson & Crick DNA duplexes. Solution‐dependent studies reveal the overall thermal and thermodynamic stability of i‐DNA complexes to be dictated by an interplay between pH and ionic strength. Based on the thermodynamic data measured, we discuss the feasibility of i‐DNA formation in the context of conventional DNA sequences, while commenting on potential roles for this structural motif in biological regulatory mechanisms. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 86: 136–147, 2007.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
A new approach to pulmonary embolism
Authors: Pisko-Dubienski Z A
Published: March 2007

Now that Hearts are Trumps,…. Now that Bells are Rung… to summon competent cardio-pulmonary resuscitation teams on call around the clock, it is a poor motto ‘To Live and Let Die’.
Squamous carcinoma of the anus—a review of 96 cases
Authors: McConnell E M
Published: March 2007

Ninety-six cases of squamous carcinoma of the anal canal are described; 55 had arisen within the canal and 41 from the margin. The methods of treatment included abdominoperineal resection, local resection, and radiotherapy. The uncorrected 5-year survival time was 42 per cent; the prognosis was better if the tumour arose from the margin than within the canal.
Acute non-tuberculous psoas abscess, report of 10 cases and review of the literature
Authors: Hardcastle J D
Published: March 2007

Ten cases of acute psoas abscess arising outside the spine are described, all of which presented as an emergency. In 8 the underlying disease was either in the large or small bowel; the abscess grew mixed faecal organisms which were gas-producing in 3 cases. Two cases of staphylococcal abscess are described, one of which was associated with a perinephric abscess. The problems encountered in diagnosis are described and the literature reviewed.
Corpus saphenous by-pass in the treatment of priapism
Authors: Eadie Douglas G A , Brock Terence P
Published: March 2007

Two cases treated by corpus saphenous by-pass for priapism have been reported. It is suggested that this method of treatment should be considered soon after the condition is established and when sensible local measures fail. Although in these cases no further erections have followed this treatment we believe that prolonged priapism prior to surgical intervention may be partly responsible.
Catheter emboli to the heart and pulmonary artery
Authors: Graham K J , Barratt-Boyes B G , Cole D S
Published: March 2007

Experiences with intracardiac catheter embolus in 6 patients over a 6-year period is reported, and a brief review of the literature made.
Diffuse cavernous haemangioma of the rectum and sigmoid colon
Authors: Stening S G , Heptinstall U P
Published: March 2007

A case of diffuse cavernous haemangioma of the rectum and sigmoid colon is presented and previous literature on the subject reviewed.

Intestinal haemangiomas present difficulties with diagnosis mainly due to lack of familiarity consequent upon their rarity, but they present an important cause of intestinal haemorrhage.

Diagnostically, the triad of bleeding per rectum, cutaneous haemangiomas, and phleboliths on radiography provide enough evidence to indicate an intestinal haemangioma.

Bleeding often occurs in, or dates from, an early period of life; barium contrast radiography should provide adequate confirmatory evidence as changes are characteristic of the cavernous type. The prospects for operative cure are good following resection of the diseased intestine.
Solitary cyst in the head of the pancreas
Authors: Desmond A M , Robinson M R G
Published: March 2007

A case of solitary cyst of the pancreas is described, and the management of such cysts discussed. The diagnosis of pancreatic cysts is not difficult using routine plain radiographs and barium and cholangiographic studies. More complex arteriographic and isotopic studies are not essential.

The treatment of solitary cysts is surgical excision, because of the possibility of malignancy, remembering that cystadenocarcinomas may be unilocular or multilocular. Malignant cysts are more common in females of a younger age-group.
Heterologous extracorporeal hepatic support: Haemodynamic, biochemical, and immunological observations
Authors: Abouna G M , Ashcroft T , Muckle T J , Skillen A W , Hull C J , Kirkley J R , Hodson A W
Published: March 2007

IN an attempt to provide an experimental appraisal of the value and limitations of extracorporeal heterologous liver perfusion as a method of temporary hepatic support, each of 4 normal calves was connected to a pig liver on two separate occasions at an interval of 1–3 weeks. With the technique employed these perfusions were tolerated for 6–7 hours. Acute liver failure was induced in another group of 5 calves by carrying out a portacaval anastomosis followed by ligation of the hepatic artery. Three of these animals were treated by repeated pig-liver perfusions. Survival was prolonged in 2 as compared with untreated controls, and the third made a complete recovery. Porcine protein was detected in all the calves after perfusion but antibody to this protein was only detected in 2 calves. Skin-grafts taken from the liver-donor pig during the second or third perfusion were accepted by the recipient calves for much longer periods than did unperfused animals. When 3 long-term surviving calves were challenged with intravenous porcine plasma only mild and transient reactions were seen.

It is suggested that extracorporeal liver perfusion is beneficial, it is relatively free from immunological reactions, and that this procedure appears to confer on the recipients some degree of immunological tolerance.
Acute chylous peritonitis: A case report
Authors: Weichert R F , Jamieson C W
Published: March 2007

Acute chylous peritonitis is a rare occurrence and like chylous ascites may be a manifestation of an underlying disease process. In over 50 per cent of reported cases the underlying cause has never been determined. A case is reported which for the first time gives lymphangiographic evidence that thoracic duct obstruction may be an aetiological factor in the previously reported idiopathic cases and a second case is reported which demonstrated normal abdominal lymphatics.
Selective vagotomy: A review of the anatomy and technique in 100 patients
Authors: Ruckley C V , Falconer C W A , Small W P , Smith A N
Published: March 2007

The anatomy, as demonstrated at operation, has been studied in a series of 100 selective vagotomies. The existence of a considerable number of variations was confirmed. In 33 per cent there was more than one large anterior trunk, but multiple posterior trunks were noted in only 5 per cent. Additional small nerves on the lower oesophagus were reported in 47 per cent of cases. Other variations are described. A technique for selective vagotomy is presented.
An evaluation of the use of stilboestrol and antibiotics in the early management of acute puerperal breast abscess
Authors: Benson E A , Goodman M A
Published: March 2007

One hundred and seventy-five cases of acute breast abscess treated surgically have been described. The supposed rationale for the early use of stilboestrol and antibiotics in this condition has been reviewed. Neither stilboestrol nor antibiotics confers any benefit with regard to rate of healing or recurrent abscess formation after incision. Whilst full evaluation of these drugs in breast abscess awaits a prospective trial, it is suggested that, in the case of stilboestrol, there are sufficient potential dangers to make its routine prescription undesirable, if not indefensible. In the case of antibiotics since no apparent benefit is conferred it might reasonably be concluded that administration is merely wasteful.
Filling of cervical and mediastinal nodes from the thoracic duct and the physiology of virchow's node—studies by lymphography
Authors: Negus D , Edwards J M , Kinmonth J B
Published: March 2007

Radiologic filling of supraclavicular nodes is normal and common (55 per cent of 92 pedal lympho-graphies). Supraclavicular nodes may fill without occlusion of the thoracic duct or of its termination.
A technique of pyloroplasty
Authors: Cassimally K A I
Published: March 2007

A method of pyloroplasty has been described. It makes use of the classic Y-en-V plastic procedures. The technique is safe and simple. It adapts itself beautifully to this well-vascularized area.

The number of cases submitted to this trial is small. The time lapse since the trial began is equally short.

However, a number of possible advantages have been enumerated. The short-term results are very encouraging.
Highly selective vagotomy without a drainage procedure in the treatment of duodenal ulcer
Authors: Johnston David , Wilkinson Alan R
Published: March 2007

A consecutive series of 25 patients with chronic duodenal ulcer has been treated by highly selective vagotomy without a drainage procedure. The vagal fibres passing to the distal 5–7 cm. of the stomach—the nerves of Latarjet—were left intact, as were the hepatic and coeliac branches of the vagus. The object was to denervate only the parietal cell mass, while preserving normal gastric emptying and normal inhibition of gastric secretion from the antrum and duodenum. This operation should cure the ulcer as effectively as vagotomy with drainage does, and at lower cost in terms of side-effects such as dumping and diarrhoea.

The insulin test was negative in each case, suggesting that vagal denervation of the parietal cell mass was complete. Evidence provided by mucosal biopsies taken at operation does not fully support this view, however. Pentagastrin-stimulated acid output was reduced by 70 per cent, and pepsin output by 51 per cent, 3 months after operation. The volume of resting juice was halved and spontaneous acid output was reduced by 97 per cent at this time. Thus, highly selective vagotomy is as effective as truncal or bilateral selective vagotomy with drainage in reducing gastric acid output in the early months after operation.

There have been no deaths. With 2 exceptions, the patients appear to be doing well clinically and few complain of side-effects, but the period of follow-up is only from 3 to 11 months.

These results are encouraging. They suggest that a highly selective vagotomy, denervating the parietal cell mass but leaving the antrum innervated, may be all that is required to cure most patients who have a chronic duodenal ulcer.
Traumatic aneurysm of the first portion of the right vertebral artery
Authors: Adeloye Adelola , Ngu V Anomah , Odeku E Latunde
Published: March 2007

A case of false aneurysm of the first portion of the right vertebral artery due to gunshot wound of the neck is described. The aneurysm was treated successfully by proximal and distal ligation and excision.
Popliteal artery occlusion associated with dislocation of the knee-joint. Report of a case with successful surgical repair
Authors: Eger M , Huler T , Hirsch M
Published: March 2007

The ninth case of successful surgical repair of popliteal artery injury associated with dislocation of the knee-joint is reported. Emphasis is placed on the limited time interval between injury and surgical intervention in order to achieve restoration of the circulation.
A new technique of antrectomy and gastroduodenal anastomosis associated with vagotomy in chronic duodenal ulcer. A report of 162 cases
Authors: Som Asita Lal
Published: March 2007

The duodenal ulcers are classified. A new technique of antrectomy is described in detail. A modified right paramedian approach and division of the falciform ligament are suggested during vagotomy. The follow-up results of the operations are shown and compared with other standard operations.
Calf denervation in the treatment of intermittent claudication
Authors: Pollock A V , Jackson D W
Published: March 2007

Seventy per cent of 44 selected claudicants were improved following calf denervation.

We feel that this simple operation has a place in the treatment of many claudicants, especially those in whom direct arterial surgery is not feasible.
Obstructive renal failure in bilharziasis
Authors: Dukes H M , Mynors J M
Published: March 2007

The management is considered of 10 patients who presented in advanced uraemia due to ureteric strictures consequent upon schistosomal infestation, 4 of whom recovered.

In view of the length of ureter involved in the disease process it is highly probable that definitive by-pass of the obstruction will require a replacement procedure, such as an ileal loop.

It seems likely that improved survival rates will be obtained where energetic measures are pursued aimed at the support of the patient and early relief of the obstruction, even if this can only be performed under local anaesthesia owing to the condition of the patient.
A semi-automated technique for the isolation of live lymphocyte suspensions from peripheral blood
Authors: Gelsthorpe Keith , Doughty Robert W , Fox Miles
Published: March 2007

A semi-automated method has been devised for the separation of viable human peripheral blood lymphocytes from standard units of donor blood. The tech- nique is based on the carbonyl iron method (Levine, 1956; Cassen, Hitt, and Hays, 1958), but using a continuous-flow system. Lymphocytes harvested by this technique have been used in the production of heterologous antilymphocytic serum (ALS).
Changes in blood-urea concentration after operation and their relation to the early diagnosis of acute renal failure
Authors: Bates C P , Pigott H W S , Stableforth P G
Published: March 2007

The blood-urea concentration was measured before and at 24, 48, and 72 hours after operation in 123 patients undergoing a range of major surgical procedures; the 24-hour urine volume and urine-urea concentration were also measured.
Radio-isotope scanning in the diagnosis of pancreatic disease
Authors: Charlesworth D , Testa H J , Pullan B R , Torrance Bruce
Published: March 2007

The results of 117 pancreatic scans using selenomethionine 75 are presented in conjunction with a report on a series of experiments undertaken to investigate the metabolism of selenomethionine. The total plasma radioactivity and plasma protein-bound activity in bile were monitored within the period of time taken by a pancreatic scan. A further investigation was also undertaken in order to find out into which plasma protein selenomethionine became incorporated during this time. The result of these experiments are presented with a discussion on the clinical application of pancreatic scanning and the usefulness of prescan preparations of the patient.
Replacement of heart valves with autologous fascia lata. Surgical technique
Authors: Ionescu M I , Ross D N , Wooler G H , Deac R , Ray D
Published: March 2007

Autologous fascia lata graft valves attached on to a Dacron-covered titanium frame have been used since April, 1969, at the General Infirmary at Leeds and the National Heart Hospital and Guy's Hospital, London.

Seventy-seven such grafts have been inserted into 70 patients with very good immediate and short-term clinical and haemodynamic results. No systemic emboli have occurred although anticoagulants have not been used.

The technique of preparing supported autologous fascia lata grafts for clinical use is outlined in detail and the surgical implantation of these grafts into the mitral, aortic, and tricuspid areas is described.
Carpometacarpal osteo-arthritis of the thumb
Authors: Sims C D , Bentley G
Published: March 2007

Thirty-three operations performed for the relief of painful carpometacarpal arthritis of the thumb between 1958 and 1966 at the Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, have been reviewed. The results of 6 arthrodeses of the carpometacarpal joint and 27 trapeziectomies are given. Both procedures gave relief of pain and restoration of function in the majority of patients. Power of grip was retained following arthrodesis of the carpometacarpal joint, but most patients who had weakness of grip after trapeziectomy had improved function due to pain relief. Fifty-four per cent of patients had arthritis of significant degree in the trapezioscaphoid joint as well as the carpometacarpal joint. The indications for arthrodesis and trapeziectomy are considered in the light of the radiological findings.
Automobile accidents in children and surface covering of heel defect thigh graft: A new method
Authors: Lodha S C , Mehta M C , Bapna P L
Published: March 2007

A new method of surface covering of heel defect is described. The advantages of this procedure over cross-leg flap are discussed.
Primary tumour arising in an isolated ureter
Authors: Keown D
Published: March 2007

A case of transitional-cell papilloma in an isolated ureter is presented. Noteworthy features are the interval of 40 years between division of the ureter and presentation of the tumour, the gross extent of the tumour, and the method of presentation as a large cystic swelling in the left flank.
Massive renal adenoma associated with intestinal malabsorption
Authors: McBrien M P , Hyde R D
Published: March 2007

A 43-year-old woman with evidence of intestinal malabsorption and a renal tumour was found to have a 2220-g. renal adenoma which showed no evidence of malignancy despite its size and known duration. The association of a benign renal tumour with jejunal villous atrophy and intestinal malabsorption is discussed.
Prostatic abscess
Authors: Trapnell John , Roberts Michael
Published: March 2007

Chitty (1957), reporting on prostatic abscess from the Bristol Department of Urology, suggested that the treatment of choice was transurethral resection of the entire gland. Over the 10 years since this initial report our experience has amply confirmed this view and a further series of 67 patients is now analysed. It would appear that there is no absolute means of establishing the diagnosis, either from the history or the clinical findings, and that even when the diagnosis is suspected it may only be confirmed by resection of the gland. The abscesses are not infrequently multiple and thus a simple saucerization of one cavity may leave further significant foci undiscovered. A full transurethral prostatectomy is therefore the treatment of choice. This policy of radical treatment by the transurethral route has been followed by minimal postoperative complications or recurrence.
The problems of traumatic skin loss of the lower limbs, especially when associated with skeletal injury
Authors: Saad M N
Published: March 2007

The problems relating to the management of traumatic skin loss of the lower extremity are discussed in Part I of this paper.

A short historical survey suggests that the two specialities of orthopaedic and plastic surgery should combine in the treatment of these injuries.

This is followed by some anatomical considerations which have practical application in reconstructive surgery of the lower limbs. Principles of treatment are laid down, with the intention that a normal and fully functional limb can be obtained by such combined treatment, provided there are no factors which limit reparative surgery.

The available methods of skin replacement and their application to different types of injuries are discussed.

In Part II, 135 compound fractures of the lower extremity are reviewed. These comprise 42 compound fractures of the small bones of the foot and 93 cases of compound fractures of the remainder of the large bones of the lower limb, including open knee- and ankle-joints.

The methods of analysis are mentioned and the results documented by a number of tables. The discussion which follows rationalizes a plan for management.