bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modulating Electrochemical Energy Storage and Multi‐Spectra Defense of MXenes by Interfacial Dual‐Filler Engineering
Authors: Chen Wenting , Guo Wei , Liu Zongxu , Dang Wanbin , Wang Jinxin , Cheng Mengting , Zhang Qiuyu
Published: July 2024

MXenes have attracted growing interest in electrochemical energy storage owing to their high electronic conductivity and editable surface chemistry. Besides, rendering MXenes with spectrum defense properties further broadens their versatile applications. However, the development of MXenes suffers from weak van der Waal interaction‐driven self‐restacking that leads to random alignment and inferior interface microenvironments. Herein, a nacre‐inspired MXene film is tailored by dual‐filling of 2‐ureido‐4[1H]‐pyrimidinone (UPy)‐modified polyvinyl alcohol (PVA‐UPy) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The dual‐nanofillers engineering endows the nanocomposite film with a highly ordered structure (a Herman's order value of 0.838), a high mechanical strength (139.5 MPa), and continuous conductive pathways of both the ab plane and c‐axis. As a proof‐of‐concept, the tailored nanocomposite film achieves a considerable capacitance of 508.2 F cm−3 and long‐term cycling stability without performance degradation for 10 000 cycles. It is efficient for spectra defense in radar and infrared bands, displaying a high electromagnetic shielding capacity (19186 dB cm2 g−1) and a super‐low infrared (IR) emissivity (0.16), with negligible performance decay after saving in the air for 1 year, responsible for the applications in specific and complex conditions. This interfacial dual‐filler engineering concept showcases effective nanotechnology toward sustainable energy applications with a long lifetime and safety.
Stretching Aligned Hydrogen Bonding Network to Evoke Mechanically Robust and High‐Energy‐Density P(VDF‐HFP) Dielectric Film Capacitors
Authors: Wu Qi , Liu Xingang , Liu Yuanbo , Zhang Chuhong , Nie Min
Published: July 2024

Polymer‐based dielectric film capacitors are essential energy storage components in electronic and power systems due to their ultrahigh power density and ultra‐fast charge storage/release capability. Nonetheless, their relatively low energy density does not fully meet the requirements of power electronics and pulsed power systems. Herein, a scalable composite dielectric film based on a ferroelectric polymer with edge hydroxylated boron nitride nanosheets (BNNS‐OH) is fabricated via the construction of a hydrogen bonding network and stretching orientation strategy. The presence of hydroxyl groups on boron nitride aids in forming a robust hydrogen bonding network within the ferroelectric polymer, leading to a significant increase in Young's modulus and superior dielectric performance. Furthermore, the stretching process aligns the BNNS‐OH and the hydrogen bonding network along the drawing direction via covalent and hydrogen bonding interaction, resulting in a remarkable tensile strength (109 MPa), breakdown strength (688 MV m−1), and energy density (28.2 J cm−3), outperforming mostrepresentative polymer‐based dielectric films. In combining the advantages of a simple preparation process, extraordinary energy storage performance, and low‐cost raw materials, this strategy is viable for large‐scale production of polymer‐based dielectric films with high mechanical and dielectric performance and opens a new path for the development of next‐generation energy storage applications.
Synergistic Layered Design of Aerogel Nanocomposite of Graphene Nanoribbon/MXene with Tunable Absorption Dominated Electromagnetic Interference Shielding
Authors: Habibpour Saeed , Rahimi‐Darestani Yasaman , Salari Meysam , Zarshenas Kiyoumars , Taromsari Sara Mohseni , Tan Zhongchao , Hamidinejad Mahdi , Park Chul B. , Yu Aiping
Published: July 2024

Electromagnetic pollution presents growing challenges due to the rapid expansion of portable electronic and communication systems, necessitating lightweight materials with superior shielding capabilities. While prior studies focused on enhancing electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (SE), less attention is given to absorption‐dominant shielding mechanisms, which mitigate secondary pollution. By leveraging material science and engineering design, a layered structure is developed comprising rGOnR/MXene‐PDMS nanocomposite and a MXene film, demonstrating exceptional EMI shielding and ultra‐high electromagnetic wave absorption. The 3D interconnected network of the nanocomposite, with lower conductivity (10−3–10−2 S/cm), facilitates a tuned impedance matching layer with effective dielectric permittivity, and high attenuation capability through conduction loss, polarization loss at heterogeneous interfaces, and multiple scattering and reflections. Additionally, the higher conductivity MXene layer exhibits superior SE, reflecting passed electromagnetic waves back to the nanocomposite for further attenuation due to a π/2 phase shift between incident and back‐surface reflected electromagnetic waves. The synergistic effect of the layered structures markedly enhances total SE to 54.1 dB over the Ku‐band at a 2.5 mm thickness. Furthermore, the study investigates the impact of hybridized layered structure on reducing the minimum required thickness to achieve a peak absorption (A) power of 0.88 at a 2.5 mm thickness.
Inducing Intermolecular Oxygen Coupling by Introducing S and FeOOH on Co(OH)2 Nanoneedle Arrays for Industrial Water Oxidation
Authors: Zhang Yijie , Zhang Weiyi , Zhang Xiaowen , Gao Yuan , Zhao Qiang , Li Jinping , Liu Guang
Published: July 2024

The design of electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) remains a limitation of industrial hydrogen production by electrolysis of water. Excellent and stable OER catalysts can be developed by activating lattice oxygen and changing the reaction path. Herein, S and FeOOH on the Co(OH)2 nanoneedle arrays are introduced to construct a heterostructure (S‐FeOOH/Co(OH)2/NF) as a proof of concept. Theoretical calculations and experimental suggest that the Co‐O‐Fe motif formed at the heterogeneous interface with the introduction of FeOOH, inducing electron transfer from Co to Fe, enhancing Co─O covalency and reducing intramolecular charge transfer energy, thereby stimulating direct intramolecular lattice oxygen coupling. Doping of S in FeOOH further accelerates electron transfer, improves lattice oxygen activity, and prevents dissolution of FeOOH. Consequently, the overpotential of S‐FeOOH/Co(OH)2/NF is only 199 mV at 10 mA cm−2, and coupled with the Pt/C electrode can be up to 1 A cm−2 under 1.79 V and remain stable for over 120 h in an anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer (AEMWE). This work proposes a strategy for the design of efficient and stable electrocatalysts for industrial water electrolysis and promotes the commercialization of AEMWE.
A Universal In‐Situ Interfacial Growth Strategy for Various MXene‐Based van der Waals Heterostructures with Uniform Heterointerfaces: The Efficient Conversion from 3D Composite to 2D Heterostructures
Authors: Kong Xianglong , Zong Xiaohang , Lei Zijin , Wang Zicong , Zhao Ying , Zhao Xudong , Zhang Junming , Liu Zhiliang , Ren Yueming , Wu Linzhi , Zhang Milin , He Fei , Yang Piaoping
Published: July 2024

Two‐dimensional (2D) van der Waals heterostructures endow individual 2D material with the novel functional structures, intriguing compositions, and fantastic interfaces, which efficiently provide a feasible route to overcome the intrinsic limitations of single 2D components and embrace the distinct features of different materials. However, the construction of 2D heterostructures with uniform heterointerfaces still poses significant challenges. Herein, a universal in‐situ interfacial growth strategy is designed to controllably prepare a series of MXene‐based tin selenides/sulfides with 2D van der Waals homogeneous heterostructures. Molten salt etching by‐products that are usually recognized as undesirable impurities, are reasonably utilized by us to efficiently transform into different 2D nanostructures via in‐situ interfacial growth. The obtained MXene‐based 2D heterostructures present sandwiched structures and lamellar interlacing networks with uniform heterointerfaces, which demonstrate the efficient conversion from 3D composite to 2D heterostructures. Such 2D heterostructures significantly enhance charge transfer efficiency, chemical reversibility, and overall structural stability in the electrochemical process. Taking 2D‐SnSe2/MXene anode as a representative, it delivers outstanding lithium storage performance with large reversible capacities and ultrahigh capacity retention of over 97% after numerous cycles at 0.2, 1.0, and 10.0 A g−1 current density, which suggests its tremendous application potential in lithium‐ion batteries.
All‐Small‐Molecule Ternary Organic Solar Cell with 16.35% Efficiency Enabled by Chlorinated Terminal Units
Authors: Guijarro Fernando García , Privado Maria , Shankar S. Shyam , Organero Juan Angel , de la Cruz Pilar , Sharma Ganesh Datt , Langa Fernando
Published: July 2024

In the last few years, there have been notable developments in organic solar cells using both small molecule donor and acceptor. It has been noted that adding halogens to the end groups of small molecules could enhance the film structure and, consequently, the performance of the devices. In this study, three novel small molecule donors are created. The molecules include a vinyl‐CPDT oligomer with three units, with end‐caps made up of indanedione groups and containing four H, four Cl, and four F substituents. The purpose of the study is to investigate how the halogen substituent affects the photovoltaic characteristics of binary devices made with the non‐fullerene acceptor (NFA) TOCR2 as the acceptor. Having the halogen in the device enhances its effectiveness, and FG5, which has 4‐Cl substituents in the end groups, shows the highest efficiency among all devices with a PCE of 14.39%. Incredibly, the ternary device that is created in normal atmospheric conditions with chloro‐substituted FG5 as the donor, TOCR2 as the acceptor, and the wide band gap NFA DICTF as the third element shows significantly improved efficiency, achieving PCE values of up to 16.35%.
Compact Kähler three-folds with nef anti-canonical bundle
Authors: Matsumura Shin-ichi , Wu Xiaojun
Published: July 2024

In this paper, we prove that a non-projective compact Kähler three-fold with nef anti-canonical bundle is, up to a finite étale cover, one of the following: a manifold with vanishing first Chern class; the product of a K3 surface and the projective line; or a projective space bundle over a two-dimensional torus. This result extends Cao–Höring’s structure theorem for projective manifolds to compact Kähler manifolds in dimension 3. For the proof, we investigate the Minimal Model Program for compact Kähler three-folds with nef anti-canonical bundles by using the positivity of direct image sheaves, $$\mathbb {Q}$$
Q
-conic bundles, and orbifold vector bundles.
Safety and efficacy of the mAXIS stapes prosthesis
Authors: Bevis Nicholas , Hüser Marc A. , Oestreicher David , Beutner Dirk
Published: July 2024

Purpose

Otosclerosis leads to a fixed stapes footplate and thus to hearing loss. The predominant treatment method is surgery, with various types of stapes prostheses available. The aim of this study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of the new mAXIS Stapes Prosthesis.

Methods

34 cases of otosclerosis were implanted with the new mAXIS Stapes Prosthesis. Comprehensive clinical assessments, including pre- and postoperative pure tone audiometry was performed at short-term (ST) follow-up at 25 (± 15) days and mid-term (MT) follow-up at 181 (± 107) days. The pure tone average of 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 kHz (PTA4) was calculated.

Results

In all cases, the application of the prosthesis was successful and straightforward. The postoperative PTA4 air-bone gap was 10.7 ± 5.2 dB at ST follow-up (n = 34) and 8.3 ± 4.1 dB at MT follow-up (n = 18). In 61% of cases, the ABG-closure was within 10 dB and in 100% of cases within 20 dB at MT follow-up.

Conclusion

Findings of this study support that the mAXIS Stapes Prosthesis is safe for implantation and shows promising audiological outcome. Future investigations will contribute its long-term efficacy and safety profile.
The effect of sodium bicarbonate mini-tablets ingested in a carbohydrate hydrogel system on 40 km cycling time trial performance and metabolism in trained male cyclists
Authors: Shannon Eli Spencer , Regnier Amanda , Dobson Ben , Yang Xiaolin , Sparks S. Andy , Mc Naughton Lars Robert
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) ingestion has been found to be ergogenic in high-intensity exercise that ranges from 1 to 10 min; however, limited studies have investigated high-intensity exercise beyond this duration.

Purpose

The present study aimed to determine the effect of NaHCO3 ingested using a carbohydrate hydrogel delivery system on 40 km time trial (TT) performance in trained male cyclists.

Methods

Fourteen trained male cyclists ingested 0.3 g kg−1 BM NaHCO3 (Maurten AB, Sweden) to determine individualised peak alkalosis, which established time of ingestion prior to exercise. Participants completed a 40 km familiarisation TT, and two 40 km experimental TTs after ingestion of either NaHCO3 or placebo in a randomised, double-blind, crossover design.

Results

NaHCO3 supplementation improved performance (mean improvement = 54.14 s ± 18.16 s; p = 0.002, g = 0.22) and increased blood buffering capacity prior to (HCO3− mean increase = 5.6 ± 0.2 mmol L−1, p < 0.001) and throughout exercise (f = 84.82, p < 0.001, pη2 = 0.87) compared to placebo. There were no differences in total gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS) between conditions either pre- (NaHCO3, 22 AU; Placebo, 44 AU; p = 0.088, r = 0.46) or post-exercise (NaHCO3, 76 AU; Placebo, 63 AU; p = 0.606, r = 0.14).

Conclusion

The present study suggests that ingesting NaHCO3 mini-tablets in a carbohydrate hydrogel can enhance 40 km TT performance in trained male cyclists, with minimal GIS. This ingestion strategy could therefore be considered by cyclists looking for a performance enhancing ergogenic aid.
Measurement of the $$\mathrm {{}^{12}C}(e,e')$$ Cross Sections at $$Q^2=0.8\,\textrm{GeV}^2/c^2$$
Authors: Mihovilovič M. , Doria L. , Achenbach P. , Ankowski A. M. , Bacca S. , Bosnar D. , Denig A. , Distler M. O. , Esser A. , Friščić I. , Giusti C. , Hoek M. , Kegel S. , Littich M. , Megias G. D. , Merkel H. , Müller U. , Pochodzalla J. , Schlimme B. S. , Schoth M. , Sfienti C. , Širca S. , Sobczyk J. E. , Stöttinger Y. , Thiel M.
Published: August 2024

We present the findings of a study based on a new inelastic electron-scattering experiment on the $${}^{12}$$

12

C nucleus focusing on the kinematic region of $$Q^2=0.8\,\textrm{GeV}^2/{c}^2$$

Q
2

=
0.8

GeV
2

/

c

2

. The measured cross section is sensitive to the transverse response function and provides a stringent test of theoretical models, as well as of the theoretical assumptions made in Monte-Carlo event-generator codes developed for the interpretation of neutrino-nucleus experiments, such as DUNE and HyperK. We find that modern generators such as GENIE and GiBUU reproduce our new experimental data within 10$$\%$$
%
.
Characterization of cells and mediators associated with pruritus in primary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas
Authors: Hu Man , Scheffel Jörg , Frischbutter Stefan , Steinert Carolin , Reidel Ulrich , Spindler Max , Przybyłowicz Katarzyna , Hawro Marlena , Maurer Marcus , Metz Martin , Hawro Tomasz
Published: July 2024

Patients with primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) often experience severe and difficult-to-treat pruritus that negatively affects their quality of life (QoL). However, the mechanisms of pruritus in CTCL, including mycosis fungoides (MF), remain largely unknown, and detailed characteristics of CTCL-associated pruritus is not fully elucidated. To characterize pruritus in CTCL, cutaneous B-cell lymphoma (CBCL), and large plaque parapsoriasis (LPP), and to identify potential itch mediators involved in the pathogenesis of pruritus in CTCL patients. Clinical data and blood samples were collected from 129 healthy subjects and 142 patients. Itch intensity, QoL impairment, psychological distress, and sleep quality were assessed using validated questionnaires and instruments. Blood levels of BDNF, CCL24, GRP, IL-31, IL-33, sST2, substance P, TSLP, tryptase and total IgE were measured using ELISA or ImmunoCAP. Pruritus was prevalent in CTCL, LPP and CBCL patients, with higher prevalence and severity observed in CTCL. In CTCL, pruritus correlated with significant impairment in QoL, sleep, psychological distress. Compared to healthy controls, elevated levels of IL-31, IL-33, substance P, total IgE, tryptase, and TSLP were found in MF patients. A comparison of MF patients with and without pruritus revealed higher levels of IL-31, substance P, GRP, and CCL24 in the former. Itch intensity positively correlated with IL-31, GRP, CCL24, and tryptase levels. Pruritus significantly burdens CTCL patients, necessitating appropriate therapeutic management. Our findings suggest that various non-histaminergic mediators such as tryptase and IL-31 could be explored as novel therapeutic targets for managing pruritus in MF patients.
High antinuclear antibody titer is associated with increased mortality risk in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Izhakian Shimon , Igawa May , Chen Zion Liora , Mekiten Ori , Freidkin Lev , Rosengarten Dror , Heching Moshe , Kramer Mordechai Reuven
Published: July 2024

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a diagnosis of exclusion, requiring that potential etiologies of interstitial lung disease be ruled out. Antinuclear antibody (ANA) testing is commonly performed in individuals with IPF, but the clinical significance of ANA positivity remains uncertain. A retrospective search identified 161 patients diagnosed with IPF between May 2010 and January 2021. Data on ANA titers at the time of diagnosis were available in all cases. Mean age of the patients was 66.4 ± 9.6 years; 70.8% were male. ANA titers were high (≥ 1:160) in 25.4% of the cohort. Baseline characteristics were comparable between those with high and low ANA titers. During follow-up (median 28 months), 93 patients (57%) died. On Cox proportional-hazards analysis with lung transplantation entered as a competing risk and adjusting for potential confounders (age, sex, and baseline forced vital capacity and diffusing lung capacity for carbon monoxide), ANA ≥ 1:160, as a dichotomized variable, was significantly associated with case-specific mortality (HR 2.25, 95% CI 1.14−4.42, P = 0.02) and older age (for each 10-year increment, HR 1.55, 95% CI 1.07−2.25, P = 0.02). High ANA titers appear to be associated with increased mortality in IPF. This finding emphasizes the potential prognostic value of ANA testing. Further studies are needed to validate these findings and explore their implications for patient management.
“When you need it quick, let us ship it right”: on the importance of port efficiency and service quality to comply with food trade standards in Ghana
Authors: Kornher Lukas , Sakyi Daniel , Tannor Linus Linnaeus
Published: July 2024

Agricultural exports are especially important because of their great potential for poverty reduction among smallholder farmers. However, many African countries, such as Ghana, fail to realize their full export potential due to institutional and technical constraints. This paper examines the importance of port efficiency and service quality in complying with food trade standards in Ghana. We provide a stylized theoretical model in which exporting firms are willing to pay for improved port service quality as long as the marginal revenue derived from a reduced likelihood of (border) rejection exceeds the marginal costs for improved service quality. We test the model’s predictions using primary data from 120 agri-food exporters in Ghana. Our results show that about two-thirds of exporting firms have a positive willingness-to-pay for a reduction in the handling time at the port and the risk of spoilage due to inadequate handling. These findings emphasize the importance of trade facilitation measures in improving port efficiency and service quality to accelerate agricultural exports.
Do former employees of foreign MNEs boost incumbent workers’ wages in domestic firms?
Authors: Flaherty Eoin T.
Published: July 2024

This paper examines whether there are wage spillovers from workers with experience in foreign multinational enterprises (MNEs) to incumbent workers in domestic firms. Using administrative panel data from Ireland, I examine possible heterogeneity for such spillovers across the wage distribution using quantile regressions. I begin by using existing methodology and find that, once industry-year and region-year dummies are added as control variables, the average wage spillover effect on incumbents from former foreign MNE workers moving to domestic firms disappears. Quantile regression results suggest that there are positive spillovers for incumbent workers in the top 50% of the wage distribution only. This indicates that foreign MNEs increase inequality through spillovers to domestic firms via labour mobility.
Oil prices and the euro exchange rate
Authors: Louka Kyriaki G. , Michail Nektarios A.
Published: July 2024

We use cointegration-based techniques to investigate the relationship between oil prices and the euro effective exchange rate taking also into account the influence of interest rates and stock prices. We find that higher oil prices cause a depreciation in the euro exchange rate (either nominal or real) in the short run. This suggests that during episodes of higher energy prices, the euro area consumer is faced with additional price pressures, as a depreciated euro causes import prices to further rise. Our study also indicates that as stock prices rise in the short and long term, the euro appreciates, while higher oil prices will likely result in overall higher policy rates and lower stock prices.
Group lending as a mechanism for self-insuring default risk
Authors: Krause Andreas
Published: July 2024

We show that banks can provide loans at low costs to high-risk borrowers in the form of a group lending contract in which all members are jointly liable for their loans. By providing such contracts borrowers self-insure against some of the default risk the bank faces. We determine the optimal group size in a competitive banking system and find that it is reasonably small and borrowers internalize an increasing fraction of the risk the higher their risks are.
Understanding crack growth within the γ′ Fe4N layer in a nitrided low carbon steel during monotonic and cyclic tensile testing
Authors: Varanasi Rama Srinivas , Koyama Motomichi , Yokoi Mizuho , Ootani Yusuke , Kubo Momoji , Tanahara Kento , Umezawa Osamu
Published: July 2024

Nitriding is a cost-effective method to realize simultaneous improvements in tensile and fatigue properties and resistance to abrasion and corrosion. Previous studies reported that nitriding pure Fe enhances tensile strength by ~ 70% and fatigue limit by ~ 200%. It is due to the increase in surface hardness caused by the formation of γ′(Fe4N) and ε(Fe2-3N) nitrogen-containing intermetallic compound phases. However, the intermetallic compound layer is prone to brittle-like cracking. To better design nitrided steels, it is crucial to identify the crack growth mechanisms via analysis of the microstructural crack growth paths within the ~ 4–6 µm thick nitride layer. In the current work, we statistically evaluate the crack propagation behavior in the γ′ Fe4N layer during monotonic and cyclic tensile deformation in nitrided low-carbon steel (0.1 wt% C). Since nitriding typically results in the formation of columnar grains, the effect of morphology needs to be clarified. To this end, the steel was shot-peened and subsequently nitrided to promote equiaxed nitride grains morphology (~ 16% increase). Crack growth paths were comparatively evaluated for multiple cracks, and no significant effect of nitride morphology was observed. {100}γ′ is the predominant transgranular crack path in the monotonic tensile tested specimen, followed by {111}γ′. It is despite the elastic modulus of {111}γ′ < {100}γ′. This contrary behavior is explained by {100}γ′ plane having the lowest surface energy (density functional theory calculations). In the cyclic tensile loaded specimen, experiments revealed that transgranular cracking along {100}γ′ (cracking via symmetric dislocation emission) or {111}γ′ (slip plane cracking) is equally likely.

Graphical abstract
Bovine Serum Albumin Nanoparticles as a Proposed Drug Formulation for the Delivery of 10H-2,7-diazaphenothiazine
Authors: Kulig Karolina , Morak-Młodawska Beata , Jeleń Małgorzata , Ziąbka Magdalena , Owczarzy Aleksandra , Rogóż Wojciech , Maciążek-Jurczyk Małgorzata
Published: July 2024

The synthesis of new compounds and nanoparticles is one of many attempts to circumvent the drug resistance. Albumin nanoparticles are biocompatible drug carriers with an ability to incorporate drugs without modifications. 10H-2,7-diazphenothiazine (2,7-DAPT) is a newly phenothiazine derivative with an anticancer, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activity with a low cytotoxicity toward normal splenocytes at the same time. Up to now, no administration route for 2,7-DAPT has been proposed, so the novelty of the study is synthesis of nanoparticles containing an active ingredient not yet used in the clinic. The aim of the study was to encapsulate 2,7-DAPT into bovine serum albumin (BSA) nanoparticles by desolvation method. This study was supplemented with spectroscopic studies of 2,7-DAPT, size and morphology measurements as well as release analysis at pH 7.4 and 5.6. 2,7-DAPT is a compound with high stability in solution and an ability to absorb at UV-Vis range. Based on the results of scanning electron microscopy, nanoparticles size oscillates around the value of 204 nm. The release of 2,7- DAPT from the nanoparticles was characterized by different mechanisms of release, which were dependent on the pH of the release buffer. The above results indicate the potential usefulness of the obtained nanoparticles. Due to the lack of studies of nanoparticles containing this substance, more detailed future analyses are required.
The social and environmental impact of entrepreneurship: a review and future research agenda
Authors: Scartozzi Giorgia , Delladio Silvia , Rosati Francesco , Nikiforou Argyro Iro , Caputo Andrea
Published: July 2024

This study seeks to systematize and integrate the scientific knowledge about the social and environmental impact of entrepreneurship. It does so by performing a bibliometric analysis and a systematic literature review of 172 journal articles. The study provides an overview of the current knowledge on the topic by identifying four thematic clusters: “social entrepreneurship for societal impact”, “entrepreneurship for sustainable development”, “female entrepreneurship for institutional change”, and “entrepreneurship for inclusive regional development”. It further reveals that entrepreneurship literature predominantly focuses on social impact, with less emphasis on environmental impact, and it stresses the need for future research to avoid working in silos. In particular, it suggests that the boundaries between the different impact domains are elusive and that the interlinkages between social, environmental, and economic impact should be further explored. Finally, it proposes that further studies need to increase clarity in the conceptualization and operationalization of impact in entrepreneurship research, as well as to pay more attention to the negative impact of entrepreneurship.
Oxidation Evolution and Activity Origin of N-Doped Carbon in the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Wu Jiaqi , Cheng Chuanqi , Lu Shanshan , Zhang Bin , Shi Yanmei
Published: August 2024

N-doped carbon materials, with their applications as electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), have been extensively studied. However, a negletcted fact is that the operating potential of the ORR is higher than the theoretical oxidation potential of carbon, possibly leading to the oxidation of carbon materials. Consequently, the influence of the structural oxidation evolution on ORR performance and the real active sites are not clear. In this study, we discover a two-step oxidation process of N-doped carbon during the ORR. The first oxidation process is caused by the applied potential and bubbling oxygen during the ORR, leading to the oxidative dissolution of N and the formation of abundant oxygen-containing functional groups. This oxidation process also converts the reaction path from the four-electron (4e) ORR to the two-electron (2e) ORR. Subsequently, the enhanced 2e ORR generates oxidative H2O2, which initiates the second stage of oxidation to some newly formed oxygen-containing functional groups, such as quinones to dicarboxyls, further diversifying the oxygen-containing functional groups and making carboxyl groups as the dominant species. We also reveal the synergistic effect of multiple oxygen-containing functional groups by providing additional opportunities to access active sites with optimized adsorption of OOH*, thus leading to high efficiency and durability in electrocatalytic H2O2 production.
Current applications of virtual reality in basketball training: a systematic review
Authors: Chan Chong Hang Michael , Ma Marco King In , Chan Tsing Kiu , Yeung Lok Tim , Chan Yau Kei
Published: July 2024

The application of virtual reality has shown potential in many endurance or aerobic sports. However, there is a lack of systematic reviews on the application of virtual reality in skill-based sports such as basketball. This systematic review aims to comprehensively review the existing approaches of virtual reality application in basketball training specifically and discuss their respective effectiveness in improving basketball performances. This systematic review also aims to explore if virtual reality is useful in basketball training and the most optimal way to incorporate virtual reality into basketball training. Scopus and PubMed are the only databases searched. The results were screened to identify relevant, original studies that directly applied virtual reality technology to basketball training for improving performance. Thirty-three articles are identified and included in this systematic review. The studies identified mainly focus on three different areas of basketball training, namely tactical training, shooting training, and ankle stability training, as well as the technicalities of application in basketball training. The findings reveal that virtual reality can be superior to the conventional training or real-life basketball training. The main benefits of virtual reality training include increased motivation and the access to training remotely. Optimal ways of introducing virtual reality training to basketball training as well as recommendations for coaches and future directions for researchers are also suggested.
Using item response theory to identify key symptoms of insomnia in a sample of university students with probable eating disorders
Authors: Pacella Kara A. Christensen , Richson Brianne N. , Short Nicole A. , Bottera Angeline R. , Irish Leah A. , Perko Victoria L. , Forbush Kelsie T.
Published: July 2024

Purpose

Researchers have theorized that interactions between appetitive and circadian disruptions result in increased eating disorder (ED) symptoms and insomnia. However, it is unclear how specific insomnia symptoms present among people with EDs and if the latent structure of insomnia in this population is similar to that of people with insomnia disorder.

Methods

We conducted a secondary analysis of data collected on ED and insomnia symptoms using a subset of students (N = 547; 79.52% female) with probable EDs at a large Midwestern American university. Item response theory (IRT) for polytomous items was performed to identify item difficulty, discrimination, and information parameters for the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). IRT parameters were compared to those established in a 2011 study of people diagnosed with insomnia disorder by Morin and colleagues.

Results

Clinically significant insomnia symptoms were common among students with ED pathology and symptom endorsement for each ISI item ranged from 40.77 to 86.65%. ISI items assessing insomnia-related impairment and distress showed better discriminative capacities and had higher item information than items assessing sleep behavior alterations (i.e., difficulties falling asleep, difficulties maintaining sleep, waking too early). Item discrimination was largely similar among the ED sample compared to previous IRT analyses in an insomnia disorder sample.

Conclusion

Insomnia symptoms are common among university students with probable EDs and similar to those reported by people with insomnia disorder. When considering insomnia assessment, items assessing sleep behaviors alone are likely inadequate to provide information about insomnia severity among people with EDs.

Level V

Evidence obtained from a cross-sectional descriptive study.
Perception of School Social Bonding (PSSB) Instrument: Structural and Concurrent Validity
Authors: Gentle-Genitty Carolyn S. , Keppens Gil , Kearney Christopher A.
Published: July 2024

School bonding refers to the connections that students have with their schools and with various aspects of their academic environments, with an emphasis on close affective relationships and investment in doing well at school. The Perception of School Social Bonding (PSSB) instrument is a 10-item, self-report instrument with 3 subscales measuring different aspects of student school bonding: attachment; involvement; and belief. The instrument is grounded in Hirschi’s theory of social control and was evaluated for structural and concurrent validity in a sample of 3,507 students from mixed ethnicity, gender, and age groups. The 3-factor structure of the scale was supported; differences across gender and ethnic groups were identified; and some subscale scores related inversely to chronic school absenteeism. The brevity and sensitivity of the PSSB may make it particularly useful as a universal screening measure in multi-tiered systems of support models.
Study of synergistic behavior during bituminous coal-cow manure co-gasification: The role of intrinsic AAEM and organic matter
Authors: Lu Hongqiao , Ma Meng , Wei Juntao , Bai Yonghui , Lv Peng , Wang Jiaofei , Song Xudong , Lu Guanghua , Yu Guangsuo
Published: July 2024

Co-thermal chemical conversion of coal and biomass is one of the important ways to realize efficient and clean utilization of coal. In this study, a typical Ningdong coal-Yangchangwan bituminous coal and cow manure were used to study the synergistic effect of intrinsic alkali, alkaline earth metals (AAEM) and organic matter on the co-gasification of coal and biomass by thermogravimetry analyzer (TG). The results showed that AAEM had obvious synergistic promotion effect on the gasification of a bituminous coal-cow manure mixture in the isothermal gasification (1000 ℃), whereas the organic matter will show the opposite effect on the process. To further investigate the effect of organic matter on the gasification process, the influence of organic matter on non-isothermal (25-1000 ℃) gasification reaction was investigated with heating rate of 10 ℃ /min, the kinetic parameters of the gasification reaction were obtained by Coats-Redfern method. The increase of biomass mass fraction in the sample facilitates the migration of alkali metals from the material to the solid phase. The possible mechanism of the synergistic effect of intrinsic AAEM/organic matter on the co-gasification process was proposed.
Feature learning and generalization error analysis of two-layer linear neural networks for high-dimensional inputs
Authors: Nishimori Hayato , Suzuki Taiji
Published: July 2024

It is well known that a model can generalize even when it completely interpolates the training data, which is known as the benign overfitting. Indeed, several work have theoretically revealed that the minimum-norm interpolator can exhibit the benign overfitting. On the other hand, deep learning models such as two-layer neural networks have been reported to outperform “shallow” learning models such as kernel methods under appropriate model sizes by adaptively learning the basis functions to the data. This mechanism is called feature learning, and it is known empirically to be beneficial even when the model size is large. However, it is generally difficult to show that benign overfitting occurs in learning models with feature learning especially for regression problems. In this study, we then analyze the predictive error of the estimator after one step feature learning in a two-layer linear neural network optimized by gradient descent methods and study the effect of feature learning on benign overfitting. The results show that feature learning reduces bias compared to a one-layer linear regression model without feature learning, especially when the eigenvalues of the covariance of input decay slowly. On the other hand, we clarify that the variance is hardly changed by feature learning. This differs significantly from the results for benign overfitting in the situation without feature learning and indicates the usefulness of feature learning.
Identifying and optimization of critical process parameters for the modulation of polysaccharide molecular size in Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype-1
Authors: Sangareddy Veerapandu , Mallu Maheswara Reddy , Matur Ramesh V. , Shaik Fayaz Basha , Nettem Balaprasad , Gajavelli Srujan
Published: July 2024

Maintaining the molecular size (MS) of Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide within specified range is essential for manufacture of conjugate vaccines, either through physical or acid hydrolysis before use in the conjugation process. Polysaccharide MS typically reduced, with high-pressure homogenization as an approach, for preserving their chemical structure. When the average MS of Pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide serotype-1(CPS1) exceeds 1200 kDa during fermentation, using a high-pressure homogenizer to reduce its MS to 150–250 kDa can become extremely difficult. Even after multiple homogenization cycles, obtaining polysaccharide of the required size can be challenging. Moreover, exceeding a certain number of homogenization cycles can negatively impact the stability, yield, and conjugation efficiency. To control polysaccharide MS, we conducted a design of experiments (DOE) study focused on the optimization of the fermentation process, employing serotype-1 as a represntative case. The successful optimization of these CPPs was achieved in a consistent and reproducible manner. Systematic evaluation by DOE based process optimization has provided valuable insights into precise polysaccharide manufacturing control of polysaccharide MS. Our findings confirm that maintaining Hy-Soy™ at 20-30 g/L and yeast extract at 1–3 g/L in the fermentation media, with a feed concentration of 2–3.5 g/L/H and 0.1–0.5 VVM of air, consistently yields polysaccharide with MS of < 1200 kDa. This strategy that can be extended to other S. pneumoniae serotype polysaccharide production.

Graphical abstract
Measles Outbreak Investigation in Aneded District, Northwest Ethiopia: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Tariku Mengistie Kassahun , Belete Abebe Habtamu , Worede Daniel Tarekegn , Tegegne Bantayehu Addis , Bante Simachew Animen , Misikir Sewnet Wongiel
Published: August 2024

Background

Between 2000 and 2018, global measles deaths decreased by 73%, but the disease remains prevalent in many developing countries, especially in Africa and Asia. Although Ethiopia was attempting to eliminate the measles, it still ranks fourth in the world in terms of the number of cases. The aim of the investigation was to describe the outbreak and identify its determinants in the Aneded district.

Methods

Between March 3, 2020, and April 2, 2020, the 89 patients and 178 controls participated in a case-control study. Data were gathered by means of in-person interviews with household leaders. The attack and case fatality rates were determined. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, variables having a p-value of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant cut-off points.

Results

An investigation was conducted on a total of 89 measles cases, with 3 deaths and 178 controls. In total, there were 1.65 attacks per 1000 people, or 3.4% of the case fatality rate. There were 155 days of outbreak duration. The disease was significantly associated with being female [adjusted odds ratios (AOR) = 2.66; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.38–5.11], under 5 years old [AOR = 7.24; 95% CI = 2.58–20.31], positive in attitude [AOR = 0.22; 95% CI = 0.11–0.42], and having a contact history [AOR = 3.19; 95% CI = 1.67–6.10].

Conclusion

The measles outbreak, with its higher attack and case fatality rate, has been influenced by factors like household attitudes, age, sex, contact and travel history and needs to be reduced through early detection, active surveillance, and fostering favorable attitudes towards disease prevention and control.
Rain‐Induced Surface Sensible Heat Flux Reduces Monsoonal Rainfall Over India
Authors: Zhou Xin , Ray Pallav , Tan Haochen , Dudhia Jimy , Ajayamohan R. S. , Gomes Helber , Pan Yipeng
Published: July 2024

Precipitation can induce a surface sensible heat flux since the raindrops are generally cooler than the surface. This precipitation‐induced sensible heat flux (QP) is typically ignored in models. However, during heavy rainfall, QP can be large and may not be negligible such as over India during the summer monsoon season. We provide the first results of incorporating QP in a simulation that shows ∼2% (∼5%) reduction in precipitation over India compared to the simulation without QP during a monsoonal active phase in 2017 (2018). This reduction was primarily due to a reduction in vertical advection of moisture. Additionally, QP modified the spatial distribution of precipitation with 40% of the geographical area encountering alterations of at least 20% in precipitation. This change in precipitation distribution across the region can have important implications for regional agriculture and irrigation practices. Changes in the partitioning of surface heat flux components due to QP is also discussed.
Using umbilical cord tissue to identify prenatal ethanol exposure and co-exposure to other commonly misused substances
Authors: Jones Joseph , Coy Donna , Gidron Dominique , Hariharan Shanthi , Jones Mary , Patel Niranjan , Racines Amy , Toma Sarah , Brown Guida
Published: July 2024

Objective

Substance misuse during pregnancy can result in a variety of poor pregnancy outcomes. Objective data reporting the prevalence of neonates born with ethanol metabolites (evidence of prenatal ethanol exposure) in their fluids or tissues are limited.

Study design

A secondary analysis of umbilical cord tissue specimens received for routine toxicological analysis was conducted. Prevalences of ethyl glucuronide (EtG), a long-term direct ethanol biomarker, were determined using a new laboratory tool, LDTD-MSMS. Additionally, other commonly misused substances were determined using routine procedures.

Results

Of 12,995 specimens, 238 (1.8%) specimens contained EtG. Concentrations of EtG ranged from 5 ng/g to 6679 ng/g (median 47 ng/mg; IQR: 16 ng/g, 203 ng/g). Of those 238 EtG-positive specimens, nearly 58% (N = 138) contained additional substances or metabolites.

Conclusion

Self-report of substance use during pregnancy is under-reported. We have demonstrated co-exposure of substances with ethanol is higher than previous reports.
Peroxisomal cholesterol metabolism regulates yap-signaling, which maintains intestinal epithelial barrier function and is altered in Crohn’s disease
Authors: Pinelli Marinella , Makdissi Stephanie , Scur Michal , Parsons Brendon D. , Baker Kristi , Otley Anthony , MacIntyre Brad , Nguyen Huong D. , Kim Peter K. , Stadnyk Andrew W. , Di Cara Francesca
Published: July 2024

Intestinal epithelial cells line the luminal surface to establish the intestinal barrier, where the cells play essential roles in the digestion of food, absorption of nutrients and water, protection from microbial infections, and maintaining symbiotic interactions with the commensal microbial populations. Maintaining and coordinating all these functions requires tight regulatory signaling, which is essential for intestinal homeostasis and organismal health. Dysfunction of intestinal epithelial cells, indeed, is linked to gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and gluten-related enteropathies. Emerging evidence suggests that peroxisome metabolic functions are crucial in maintaining intestinal epithelial cell functions and intestinal epithelium regeneration and, therefore, homeostasis. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms by which peroxisome metabolism impacts enteric health using the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and murine model organisms and clinical samples. We show that peroxisomes control cellular cholesterol, which in turn regulates the conserved yes-associated protein-signaling and contributes to intestinal epithelial structure and epithelial barrier function. Moreover, analysis of intestinal organoid cultures derived from biopsies of patients affected by Crohn’s Disease revealed that the dysregulation of peroxisome number, excessive cellular cholesterol, and inhibition of Yap-signaling are markers of disease and could be novel diagnostic and/or therapeutic targets for treating Crohn’s Disease. Our studies provided mechanistic insights on peroxisomal signaling in intestinal epithelial cell functions and identified cholesterol as a novel metabolic regulator of yes-associated protein-signaling in tissue homeostasis.
EZH2–STAT3 signaling pathway regulates GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis in glioblastoma
Authors: Yu Dong , Wang Shuai , Wang Jiajun , Zhang Kang , Niu Zihui , Lin Ning
Published: July 2024

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most therapeutically challenging primary brain tumor owing to the unique physiological structure of the blood–brain barrier. Lately, research on targeted therapy for gliomas has shifted focus toward the tumor microenvironment and local immune responses. Pyroptosis is a newly identified cellular demise characterized by the release of numerous inflammatory factors. While pyroptosis shows promise in impeding the occurrence and progression of GBM, the regulatory mechanisms governing this process in gliomas still require further investigation. The function of the Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) in pyroptosis remains unexplored. In this study, we discovered that 3-Deazaneplanocin A (DZNep), an inhibitor of EZH2, can induce pyroptosis in GBM in vitro experiments. Moreover, our investigation unveiled that the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3) could serve as a downstream regulator influenced by EZH2, impacting pyroptosis in GBM. Following treatment with DZNep and the STAT3 inhibitor (SH-4–54), there was an elevation in the levels of pyroptosis-related factors, namely NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain-associated protein 3 (NLRP3) and Gasdermin D (GSDMD). Moreover, simultaneous inhibition of both EZH2 and STAT3 led to the expression of inflammatory factors such as IL-1β and IL-18. In summary, we have identified that EZH2 regulates pyroptosis in GBM through STAT3, and pyroptosis could potentially be targeted for immunotherapy in GBM.