bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ecobiology of Anaphothrips obscurus, a new dweller of citrus orchards brought in by more sustainable pest management practices
Authors: Gómez‐Martínez María A. , Aguilar‐Fenollosa Ernestina , Jaques Josep A. , Pina Tatiana
Published: May 2017

The abundance and frequency of Anaphothrips obscurus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) increased in a cover of Festuca arundinacea (Poaceae) when this plant was used to improve the biological control of the clementine key pest Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae).

To unveil the ecological role of A. obscurus in this system, we re‐explored field data and performed laboratory studies aiming to determine its demographic parameters and feeding habits, as well as its role as a prey of predatory mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) occurring in the Spanish citrus agreoecosystem.

Field studies indicate that T. urticae populations decreased, whereas those of A. obscurus and phytoseiids, as a whole, increased.

Reproductive and demographic parameters of macropterous and brachypterous morphs of A. obscurus were different and confirmed the host status of F. arundinacea.

Anaphothrips obscurus could compete with T. urticae as a result of its higher intrinsic rate of increase in F. arundinacea. However, A. obscurus zoophagy on T. urticae eggs and the host status of citrus can be discarded.

Anaphothrips obscurus can be a prey for Euseius stipulatus, Neoseiulus barkeri and Neoseiulus californicus (three phytoseiids preying on T. urticae), suggesting that apparent competition between A. obscurus and T. urticae could occur in citrus orchards.
Comparison of circumferential peripheral angle closure using iridotrabecular contact index after laser iridotomy versus combined laser iridotomy and iridoplasty
Authors: Cho Hyun‐kyung , Kee Changwon , Yang Heon , Huh Hyoun Do , Kim Su Jin , Park Young Min , Park Jong Moon
Published: May 2017

Purpose

To compare the quantitative changes of peripheral angle after laser iridotomy (LI) alone (group A) or combined LI and Iridoplasty (group B) using iridotrabecular contact (ITC) index by swept‐source anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS‐OCT).

Methods

In this prospective comparative observational study, OCT images were obtained before and after the procedure. In each image frame, scleral spur (SS) and the ITC end point (EP) were marked and ITC index was calculated as a percentage of the angle closure from 360°. Age, gender, diagnosis and initial ITC index in Group B were matched with group A. Changes in ITC index, anterior chamber angle parameters, and intraocular pressure (IOP) were inspected.

Results

Thirty‐three eyes (20 patients) with shallow anterior chamber were included in each group. Initial ITC index and initial IOP were not significantly different between the two groups (both p > 0.05). However, ITC index and IOP after the procedure were significantly lower in group B than those in group A (ITC index: 31.3 ± 23.2 in group A, 19.0 ± 21.3 in group B, p = 0.011, IOP: p = 0.004). All anterior chamber angle parameters in group B and all parameters in group A except nasal trabecular‐iris angles (TIA) were significantly increased after the laser procedure (all p < 0.05).

Conclusion

In patients with shallow anterior chamber, combined LI and Iridoplasty may open the peripheral angle better than LI alone. Iridoplasty may be able to additionally relieve the peripheral angle closure caused by other mechanisms than pupillary block.
If you needed an organ transplant would you have one? The effect of reciprocity priming and mode of delivery on organ donor registration intentions and behaviour
Authors: O'Carroll Ronan E. , Haddow Lorna , Foley Laura , Quigley Jody
Published: May 2017

Objective

There are approximately 6,500 people on the UK national transplant waiting list, around 400 of whom die every year. Only 35% of the UK population are currently on the organ donation register. We report two studies examining whether a reciprocity prime, in which participants were asked whether they would accept a donated organ, increased organ donation intentions and behaviour.

Design

Between‐participants, randomized controlled design.

Methods

In two studies, participants who were not currently registered organ donors took part either face‐to‐face or online and were randomly allocated to a reciprocity prime or control condition. Following the manipulation, they were asked to indicate, on either a paper or online questionnaire, their intention to join the organ donor register. Study 2 was similar to Study 1 but with the addition that after reporting intention, participants were then offered an organ donation information leaflet or the opportunity to click a link for further information (proxy behavioural measure).

Results

In both studies, reciprocity primed participants reported greater intentions to register than controls. However, in Study 2, no effect on donation behaviour was found.

Conclusions

Reciprocal altruism may be a useful tool in increasing intentions to join the organ donor register. Further evaluation is required to determine whether this increase in intention can be translated into organ donation behaviour.

Statement of contribution

What was already known?

Demand for organs in the United Kingdom far outstrips supply, so finding strategies to increase registration on the organ donor register could save hundreds of lives per year. Despite the majority of people in the United Kingdom agreeing that organ donation is a good thing, most people do not register as donors. A limited amount of evidence of the impact of perceived reciprocity suggests that encouraging people to consider themselves as recipients and priming ideas of shared responsibility may increase the likelihood of their subsequent willingness to register.

What does this study add?

Novel evidence that employing a simple reciprocity prime increases organ donor registration intentions.

Replication of findings across two separate studies.

Novel examination of the impact of mode of delivery of messages to encourage organ donation.

A basis for further research into the translation of intentions into organ donor registration behaviour.
Rapid amyloid‐β oligomer and protofibril accumulation in traumatic brain injury
Authors: Abu Hamdeh Sami , Waara Erik Rollman , Möller Christer , Söderberg Linda , Basun Hans , Alafuzoff Irina , Hillered Lars , Lannfelt Lars , Ingelsson Martin , Marklund Niklas
Published: May 2017

Deposition of amyloid‐β (Aβ) is central to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis and associated with progressive neurodegeneration in traumatic brain injury (TBI). We analyzed predisposing factors for Aβ deposition including monomeric Aβ40, Aβ42 and Aβ oligomers/protofibrils, Aβ species with pronounced neurotoxic properties, following human TBI. Highly selective ELISAs were used to analyze N‐terminally intact and truncated Aβ40 and Aβ42, as well as Aβ oligomers/protofibrils, in human brain tissue, surgically resected from severe TBI patients (n = 12; mean age 49.5 ± 19 years) due to life‐threatening brain swelling/hemorrhage within one week post‐injury. The TBI tissues were compared to post‐mortem AD brains (n = 5), to post‐mortem tissue of neurologically intact (NI) subjects (n = 4) and to cortical biopsies obtained at surgery for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus patients (iNPH; n = 4). The levels of Aβ40 and Aβ42 were not elevated by TBI. The levels of Aβ oligomers/protofibrils in TBI were similar to those in the significantly older AD patients and increased compared to NI and iNPH controls (P < 0.05). Moreover, TBI patients carrying the AD risk genotype Apolipoprotein E epsilon3/4 (APOE ε3/4; n = 4) had increased levels of Aβ oligomers/protofibrils (P < 0.05) and of both N‐terminally intact and truncated Aβ42 (P < 0.05) compared to APOE ε3/4‐negative TBI patients (n = 8). Neuropathological analysis showed insoluble Aβ aggregates (commonly referred to as Aβ plaques) in three TBI patients, all of whom were APOE ε3/4 carriers. We conclude that soluble intermediary Aβ aggregates form rapidly after TBI, especially among APOE ε3/4 carriers. Further research is needed to determine whether these aggregates aggravate the clinical short‐ and long‐term outcome in TBI.
Phase I study of glasdegib (PF‐04449913), an oral smoothened inhibitor, in Japanese patients with select hematologic malignancies
Authors: Minami Yosuke , Minami Hironobu , Miyamoto Toshihiro , Yoshimoto Goichi , Kobayashi Yukio , Munakata Wataru , Onishi Yasushi , Kobayashi Masahiro , Ikuta Mari , Chan Geoffrey , Woolfson Adrian , Ono Chiho , Shaik Mohammed Naveed , Fujii Yosuke , Zheng Xianxian , Naoe Tomoki
Published: May 2017

The hedgehog signaling pathway regulates multiple morphogenetic processes during embryogenesis. Aberrant activation of the hedgehog pathway signal transduction in adult tissues is associated with the pathogenesis of hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. We report findings from an open‐label, multicenter phase I trial of the selective, small‐molecule hedgehog signaling inhibitor glasdegib (PF‐04449913) in Japanese patients with select advanced hematologic malignancies. Glasdegib was administered as once‐daily oral doses (25, 50 and 100 mg) in 28‐day cycles after a lead‐in dose on Day −5. The primary objectives were to determine first‐cycle dose‐limiting toxicities, safety, vital signs and laboratory test abnormalities. Secondary objectives included evaluation of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and preliminary evidence of clinical activity of glasdegib. No dose‐limiting toxicities were noted in the 13 patients in the present study. All patients experienced at least one treatment‐emergent, all‐causality adverse event. The most frequent treatment‐related adverse events (observed in ≥3 patients) were dysgeusia (n = 9), muscle spasms (n = 5), alopecia, decreased appetite (n = 4 each), and increased blood creatinine phosphokinase, constipation and diarrhea (n = 3 each). Two deaths occurred during the study and were deemed not to be treatment‐related due to disease progression. Glasdegib demonstrated dose‐proportional pharmacokinetics, marked downregulation of the glioma‐associated transcriptional regulator GLI1 expression in normal skin, and evidence of preliminary clinical activity, although data are limited. Glasdegib was safe and well tolerated across the dose levels tested. It is confirmed that the 100‐mg dose is safe and tolerable in Japanese patients, and this dose level will be examined in the future clinical trial.
Effects of comorbidity and medication use on the haemodynamic status during office‐based laryngeal procedures: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Wang C.T. , Liao L.J. , Lo W.C. , Huang T.W. , Cheng P.W.
Published: May 2017

Objective

Office‐based laryngeal procedures (OBLPs) are emerging as effective alternative modalities for vocal disorders. This study systematically investigates the haemodynamic status of patients, specifically focusing on the potential effects of underlying comorbidity and medication use.

Design

Prospective cohort study.

Setting

Tertiary referral centre.

Participants

We prospectively recruited 214 consecutive patients who received OBLPs during January‐December 2015. All procedures were performed under local anaesthesia without sedation, in an upright (sitting) position.

Main outcome measures

We measured heart rate (HR), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and oxygen saturations at baseline (before procedure), immediately after local anaesthesia to the pharynx and larynx, immediately after completing of procedure, and 20 minutes after the procedure.

Results

Systolic, diastolic blood pressures and HR all significantly increased after local anaesthesia, and gradually decreased after the procedure (P<.01). Oxygen concentration remained unchanged. Patients with comorbidity and those receiving vasoactive medications showed significantly higher perioperative blood pressures than the other patients (P<.05), but the trend remained similar. Prominent hypertension (systolic ≥160 mm Hg or diastolic ≥100 mm Hg) was noted in 17 patients, more commonly in patients with older age, higher baseline blood pressures and receiving vasoactive medications. Only 2% of patients with normal baseline measurements developed prominent hypertension perioperatively. Tachycardia (HR≥100 bpm) developed in 22 patients, more frequently in patients with higher baseline HRs, and perceiving greater discomforts.

Conclusion

This study revealed that routine haemodynamic monitoring may not be necessary for all the OBLPs, but should be considered for older patients, those with higher baseline blood pressure or HR, sensitive patients who might be more susceptible to perioperative discomfort, and those receiving vasoactive medications.
Index report of cutaneous angiosarcomas with strong positivity for tyrosinase mimicking melanoma with further evaluation of melanocytic markers in a large angiosarcoma series
Authors: Leon‐Castillo Alicia , Chrisinger John S. A. , Panse Gauri , Samdani Rashmi T. , Ingram Davis R. , Ravi Vinod , Prieto Victor G. , Wang Wei‐Lien , Lazar Alexander J.
Published: May 2017

Cutaneous angiosarcoma can be challenging to diagnose particularly when poorly vasoformative and studied on biopsies. We report a case of a cutaneous angiosarcoma with strong positivity for tyrosinase, the first to our knowledge, initially misdiagnosed as melanoma. We subsequently evaluated the reactivity of panmelanocytic cocktail (tyrosinase, HMB‐45 and Melan‐A), SOX10, tyrosinase and MITF in a large tissue microarray (TMA) of angiosarcoma. The TMA included 142 cases of angiosarcomas (29 cutaneous, 22 primary breast, 41 post‐radiation breast, 15 visceral, 26 deep soft tissue and bone, 5 chronic lymphedema‐associated and 4 angiosarcomas arising in other sarcomas). Immunohistochemical studies were performed with anti‐panmelanocytic cocktail, anti‐SOX10, anti‐MITF and anti‐tyrosinase antibodies. TMA staining results were scored on intensity and percentage of tumoral labeling. Aside from the index case, no cases (0 of 133) showed positivity for tyrosinase including 28 cutaneous angiosarcomas. One breast angiosarcoma (1 of 131) was positive for MITF. All cases were negative for SOX10 and panmelanocytic cocktail (0 of 132). Angiosarcomas can rarely be positive for tyrosinase and MITF. Pathologists should be cognizant of these rare exceptions to prevent confusion with melanoma. Additional immunohistochemical markers for vascular and melanocytic differentiation, thorough histological examination for vasoformative and in situ areas as well as clinical impression are helpful in these exceptionally problematic cases.
Extramedullary disease at diagnosis of AML does not influence outcome of patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant in CR1
Authors: Bourlon Christianne , Lipton Jeffrey H. , Deotare Uday , Gupta Vikas , Kim Dennis D. , Kuruvilla John , Viswabandya Auro , Thyagu Santhosh , Messner Hans A. , Michelis Fotios V.
Published: May 2017

Objective

Extramedullary disease (EMD) at diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has been associated with increased risk of relapse and worse outcomes post‐chemotherapy. This study sought to investigate the association of EMD with outcomes following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo‐HCT).

Methods

This single‐center retrospective study investigated the impact of EMD at diagnosis on the outcome of patients transplanted for AML in first complete remission (CR1). The study included 303 consecutive patients with AML transplanted in CR1, median age 51 years (range 18‐71).

Results

EMD at diagnosis was documented in 39 patients (13%), either histologically (26 patients) or clinically/radiologically (13 patients). Among the 39 EMD patients, 16 had CNS disease, seven had gingival infiltration, and five had leukemia cutis. On univariate analysis, EMD had no significant impact on survival, with a 3‐year OS of 55% (95% CI 38‐69) compared to 48% for the non‐EMD group (95% CI 42%‐55%) (P=.84). Likewise, 3‐year CIR was 18% vs 19% (P=.86) and 3‐year NRM was 26% vs 33% (P=.83) for EMD vs non‐EMD groups, respectively. Multivariate analysis confirmed these results.

Conclusions

We conclude that EMD at diagnosis of AML does not seem to influence outcomes following allo‐HCT performed in CR1.
A single bout of exercise increases hippocampalBdnf: influence of chronic exercise and noradrenaline
Authors: Venezia A. C. , Quinlan E. , Roth S. M.
Published: May 2017

Research in human subjects suggests that acute exercise can improve memory performance, but the qualities of the exercise necessary to promote improved memory, and the signaling pathways that mediate these effects are unknown. Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf), noradrenergic signaling, and post‐translational modifications toAMPAreceptors have all been implicated in the enhancement of memory following emotional or physical arousal; however, it is not known if a single bout of exercise is sufficient to engage these pathways. Here we use a rodent model to investigate the effects of acute and chronic exercise on hippocampal transcript‐specificBdnfexpression and phosphorylation of theGluR1subunit of theAMPA‐type glutamate receptor. A single bout of treadmill exercise was insufficient to mimic the increased expression ofGluR1protein and phosphorylation at Ser845 observed following 1 month of voluntary wheel running. However, acute exercise was sufficient to increaseBdnftranscriptIVmessenger RNA (mRNA) expression in sedentary subjects, but not subjects housed for 1 month with a running wheel. High‐intensity acute exercise increased totalBdnfmRNAin sedentary mice, but not above levels observed following chronic access to the running wheel. Although depletion of central noradrenergic signaling withDSP‐4 reducedBdnfIVmRNA, the effect of acute exercise onBdnfmRNApersisted. Our characterization of the effects of acute exercise onBdnfexpression and persistence in the absence of noradrenergic modulation may inform strategies to employ physical activity to combat cognitive aging and mental health disorders.
Creating positive practice environments in a primary health care setting
Authors: Rabie Tinda , Klopper Hester C. , Coetzee Siedine K.
Published: May 2017

Aim

The aim of this study was to explore and describe the perceptions of nurse managers, nurses, and a physician in the community health centre with the most positive practice environment in a province of South Africa.

Methods

Ten (N = 10) semistructured individual interviews were conducted with personnel of the community health centre with the most positive practice environment.

Results

Personnel cited the following as the most important characteristics of a positive practice environment in a primary health care setting: support, leadership and governance, collegial nurse‐physician relationships, and quality of care.

Conclusion

In a primary health care setting, it is important to train, appoint, and support managers who in turn will be able to train and support their personnel. Furthermore, reciprocal community involvement must be encouraged between personnel of the community health centre and stakeholders in the community to improve the health status of the community. Finally, group cohesions between all health care workers and managers at different organisational levels should be encouraged, as this enhances teamwork and a culture of teaching‐learning and improves the competence of all staff.
Safety and efficacy of the combination of once‐daily tadalafil and alpha‐1 blocker in Japanese men with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia: A randomized, placebo‐controlled, cross‐over study
Authors: Takeda Masayuki , Yokoyama Osamu , Yoshida Masaki , Nishizawa Osamu , Hirata Kinya , Nakaoka Ryuhei , Takita Yasushi , Murakami Masahiro
Published: May 2017

Objectives

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of tadalafil plus α1‐blocker combination therapy in Japanese patients with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Methods

The present multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, two‐period cross‐over study compared the effects of tadalafil and a placebo added to ongoing α1‐blocker therapy. A total of 171 Japanese patients were randomized.

Results

Tadalafil combined with an α1‐blocker did not decrease blood pressure in the orthostatic test. The only statistically significant differences in vital signs between the combination and monotherapy groups were diastolic blood pressure and pulse (P = 0.0194 and 0.0313, respectively). However, these changes were not considered clinically meaningful. Treatment‐related adverse events occurred in 28.1% (47/167) and 24.2% (39/161) of patients in the combination therapy and α1‐blocker monotherapy groups, respectively. Additionally, 56.7% (89/157) of patients preferred combination therapy to monotherapy, though this was not statistically significant (P = 0.0937). There was a statistically significant reduction in the International Prostate Symptom Score voiding subscore in the combination therapy group (P = 0.0442).

Conclusions

Concurrent treatment with tadalafil and an α1‐blocker seems to be safe and well tolerated in Japanese patients with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Adding tadalafil to baseline α1‐blocker therapy does not translate in adverse effects on the blood pressure. Patients tend to prefer combination therapy over monotherapy, and there seems to be a clinical benefit when using combination therapy.
Bone scan index: A new biomarker of bone metastasis in patients with prostate cancer
Authors: Nakajima Kenichi , Edenbrandt Lars , Mizokami Atsushi
Published: May 2017

Bone scintigraphy is one of the first‐line imaging modalities for the screening and follow up of bone metastasis in patients with prostate cancer. The amount (%) of bone metastasis can be calculated using a bone scan index thanks to recent advances in quantitative bone scintigraphy. Since an artificial neural network was applied for hot‐spot characterization and quantitation, the bone scan index has become a simple, reproducible and practical means of quantifying bone metastasis. The bone scan index is presently considered as an imaging biomarker of bone metastasis. The present article summarizes the principles and application of bone scan index using dedicated software (EXINI bone in Europe and North America; BONENAVI in Japan), and the advantages and cautions of using the bone scan index. The bone scan index could serve as a practical marker with which to monitor disease progression and treatment effects in multicenter studies, and to manage prostate and other types of cancer in the clinical setting.
Fiscal Decentralisation and Local Economic Growth: Evidence from a Fiscal Reform in China
Authors: Ma Guangrong , Mao Jie
Published: May 2017

This paper uses a fiscal decentralisation reform in China – namely, the province‐managing‐county (PMC) reform – to examine the effects of fiscal decentralisation on local economic growth. The PMC reform abolished the subordinate fiscal relationship between prefectures and counties and transferred much of the tax and spending authority from the prefecture to the county level. Exploiting a county‐level panel data set over 2001–11, we find that the reform has led to a significant increase in the GDP growth rate. The effect is considerably more pronounced in regions with superior initial institutional quality. We also identify channels: the PMC reform induced county governments to exert lower tax burdens on firms and increase spending on infrastructure construction.
Auditor selection and corporate social responsibility
Authors: Sun Wen‐Chi , Huang Hua‐Wei , Dao Mai , Young Chaur‐Shiuh
Published: May 2017

This study examines the association between the selection of an industry‐specialist auditor and corporate social responsibility (CSR). We find that firms with higher CSR ratings are more likely to hire industry‐specialist auditors (national‐level industry leaders, city‐level industry leaders or joint city‐national industry leaders). Moreover, firms with better CSR performance related to product quality and the environment in controversial industries are found to select non‐specialized auditors. The results suggest that such firms may overinvest in CSR activities associated with the environment and product issues to disguise the sin nature of their manufactured goods, and simultaneously engage low quality auditors perhaps to avoid full disclosure of potential environmental and legal liabilities. Overall, we conclude that CSR is associated with the non‐controversial firms ensuring high quality financial reporting in response to societal expectations, and thus CSR firms in such industries have strong incentives to engage industry‐specialist auditors.
Loosening of the fixing screw in single implant crowns: predisposing factors, prevention and treatment options
Authors: Kourtis Stefanos , Damanaki Mariana , Kaitatzidou Sofia , Kaitatzidou Aikaterini , Roussou Vasiliki
Published: May 2017

The problem of technical complications in implants and implant‐supported restorations has existed for decades. The most frequent complication is the loosening of the fixing screw, which although is not catastrophic, if it occurs repeatedly, it may affect the success of the implant therapy and the patient satisfaction. Factors that affect the frequency of prosthetic complications include: the implant‐abutment connection, para‐functional habits, cantilevers, and the type of restoration. Regarding the implant‐abutment connection, the first systems were those with an external hexagon. Because of their small height and the disadvantages that this entails, other connection types were developed, such as those of hexagonal and conical connection, which decreased the complication rates, including the loosening of the fixing screw. On the dilemma “cement‐ or screw‐retained restoration”, the choice depends on biological, technical, and aesthetic factors. Cement‐retained restorations are simpler in construction with lower cost and clinicians are more familiar with the clinical procedure. On the other side, if the fixing screw of the abutment is loosened in a cement‐retained restoration, it may be a difficult and demanding clinical task to fix this prosthetic complication. Screw‐retained restorations are more prone to loosening of the fixing screw, but allow easy retrievability and repair. Their use however, is often restricted because of diverting or unfavorable inclination of the alveolar ridge and the implant. The aim of this article was to present clinical solutions for the complication of screw‐loosening through clinical examples and discuss the factors that may predispose to its occurrence.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

The problem of technical complications in implants and implant‐supported restorations has existed for decades. The most frequent complication is the loosening of the fixing screw which, although is not catastrophic, if it occurs repeatedly, it may affect the success of the implant therapy and the patient satisfaction. Factors that affect the frequency of prosthetic complications include: the implant‐abutment connection, para‐functional habits, cantilevers and the type of restoration.

The treatment options for the clinician are limited but certain preventing measures during construction of the restoration may be helpful to overcome this clinical problem.
Does the presence of unilateral maxillary incisor edge asymmetries influence the perception of smile esthetics?
Authors: Betrine Ribeiro Joanna , Alecrim Figueiredo Bruna , Wilson Machado Andre
Published: May 2017

Objective

Determine orthodontists and laypersons' perception of maxillary central and lateral incisor edge asymmetries in full‐face and close‐up smiles.

Material and Methods

Four smile photos were selected for this study: two full‐face and two close‐up smile photos of two male subjects, a white man and an Afro‐descendant man. Both were considered pleasant smiles, following some principles of an ideal smile. Images were digitally altered to create tooth wear asymmetries on the maxillary left central and lateral incisor in 0.5 mm increments. Final images were arranged randomly into a photo album and were shown to 86 judges (43 orthodontists and 43 laypersons). Judges were asked to evaluate the attractiveness of the images according to a visual analog scale. Data were statistically analyzed using one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the Tukey's post hoc test and the Student t test.

Results

There was no statistically significant difference in the mean esthetic scores of the full‐face and close‐up smile photos. The most attractive smiles were those without asymmetries and those with 0.5 mm wear in the lateral incisor, whereas the least attractive ones were those with 1.0‐1.5 mm wear in the central incisors. Statistically significant difference was found in the mean scores given by the judges in most cases. The orthodontists were more critical and assigned lower scores than the laypersons.

Conclusions

The presence of maxillary incisor asymmetries is a critical factor influencing the perception of smile esthetics. The most attractive smiles of the men investigated were those without asymmetry and those with 0.5 mm incisor edge asymmetry in the lateral incisor.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

The presence of incisal asymmetries (especially in maxillary central incisors) negatively influences smile esthetics, corroborating the clinical hypothesis that the closer to the facial midline, the greater the need for symmetry.
Study on combined heat pump drying with freeze‐drying of Antarctic krill and its effects on the lipids
Authors: Sun Dewei , Cao Chen , Li Bo , Chen Hongjian , Cao Peirang , Li Jinwei , Liu Yuanfa
Published: May 2017

To better preserve quality of Antarctic krill for wide food application, a drying method by the combining both the heat pump drying (HPD) and freeze‐drying (FD) was investigated. The effect on its dehydration efficiency, and effects on lipid extraction rate and lipid qualities and cost of the process were compared. The Antarctic krill was first treated by HPD, followed by the FD method. The lipids extracted from the various dehydrated samples were compared. In addition, the time and energy consumption during the process of dehydration and the physical properties such as color and microstructure of the Antarctic krill samples dehydrated by various drying methods were also compared. The results indicated that Antarctic krill drying by combined dehydration had good color and microstructure, which were both close to the FD sample, and better than the heat pump and hot air drying samples alone. The procedure was performed with an optimal dehydration temperature of HPD at 60 °C and a transition point of 40% moisture content, followed by freezing‐drying up to moisture content of 10%. Lipids extracted from Antarctic krill dried through procedure would have high lipid extraction rate (21.02%), low acid value (10.4 mg KOH/g), high astaxanthin content (200 mg/kg). Importantly it would save about 62 and 50%, respectively, of time and energy consumption in comparison of freezing‐drying method. Therefore, this study was for the first time to show that the combined dehydration of HPD and FD could be viable applicable dehydration method for Antarctic krill treatment.

Practical applications

HPD can provide efficient dehydration with a low temperature and energy consumption for high water content materials. The combined dehydration procedure of HPD and FD for Antarctic krill treatment could supply excellent quality of Antarctic krill as foodstuffs and for its further processes such as lipid extraction. This procedure would be more feasible for the food industrial processes.
Change of appetite in patients with functional digestive disorder. Association with psychological disorders: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Fysekidis Marinos , Bouchoucha Michel , Mary Florence , Airinei Gheorghe , Bon Cyriaque , Benamouzig Robert
Published: May 2017

Background and Aims

Changes in appetite are a frequent complaint in patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). The aims of this study are to evaluate whether the changes in appetite are associated with specific FGIDs and to explore associations of these changes with symptoms of anxiety or depression.

Methods

This study included 1009 consecutive FGID patients (71% female), aged 48.9 years who all filled out a Rome III questionnaire for the evaluation of FGIDs, submitted to a psychological evaluation of symptoms of anxiety, and completed the Beck Depression Inventory questionnaire. The patients were classified according to their appetite change using a 7‐point grading scale and split into three groups: those with appetite loss, those with no change in appetite, and those with increased appetite.

Results

Among the 1009, 496 patients (49%) reported a change in appetite, of which 332 (33%) patients reported a decrease in appetite and 164 (16%) patients reported an increase in appetite.

Appetite was not affected in 51% of patients. Changes in appetite depended on gender, body mass index and psychometric evaluation scores. Increased appetite did not have specific FGIDs associations, while decreased appetite was associated with esophageal, gastroduodenal, bowel, and anorectal symptoms. The presence of depressive symptoms was also a predictor for the majority of FGIDs in decreased appetite, while anxiety trait was significant for globus and dysphagia.

Conclusions

Decreased appetite was associated with FGIDs, especially in the presence of depressive symptoms. A reduced appetite would help to predict psychological disorders associated with FGIDs.

Financial disclosure

None declared.

Legal registration

This study was a registered study in the French National Drug Agency (ANSM, Agence Nationale de Securité du Medicamentet des produits de santé, Study Number 2016‐A01120‐51).

Competing interests

Michel Bouchoucha, Marinos Fysekidis, Florence Mary, Gheorghe Airinei, Cyriaque Bon, and Robert Benamouzig have no competitive interests.
Addressing Hazardous Implications of Additive Manufacturing: Complementing Life Cycle Assessment with a Framework for Evaluating Direct Human Health and Environmental Impacts
Authors: Bours Justin , Adzima Brian , Gladwin Susan , Cabral Julia , Mau Serena
Published: May 2017

Additive manufacturing (AM) is transforming manufacturing technology and the distribution of production capital. As the use of three‐dimensional printers begins to extend into homes, schools, and factories, the industry is not well equipped to address the potential for deleterious environmental and health impacts. Proactive assessment tools are needed so that materials developers and designers, printer operators, and print end users can create and choose the most appropriate and safe materials and AM processes based on their use cases. Current life cycle assessments (LCAs) do not provide sufficient information to support materials decisions based on concerns about hazard exposure. To address this shortcoming, we developed a framework that complements LCA with hazard and green design metrics derived from analyzing human health and environmental impacts in the later stages of the AM life cycle. We then identified suitable existing methodologies for evaluation across these stages and synthesized the methodologies into higher‐level metrics for comparative analysis of materials. To illustrate the benefits of this framework, we compared two common AM materials: Autodesk Standard Clear Prototyping Resin (PR48), an open‐source formulation used in photopolymerization processing AM, and bio–polylactic acid, a ubiquitous, biosourced polymer used in an extrusion‐based AM system called fused filament fabrication.
Self‐esteem development in the school context: The roles of intrapersonal and interpersonal social predictors
Authors: Wagner Jenny , Lüdtke Oliver , Robitzsch Alexander , Göllner Richard , Trautwein Ulrich
Published: May 2017

Objective

When considering that social inclusion is a basic human need, it makes sense that self‐esteem is fueled by social feedback and the sense of being liked by others. This is particularly true with respect to early adolescence, when peers become increasingly important. In the current article, we tested which components of social inclusion are particularly beneficial for the development of self‐esteem by differentiating between intrapersonal components (i.e., self‐perceptions of social inclusion) and interpersonal components (i.e., perceiver and target effects of liking).

Method

Using longitudinal data from 2,281 fifth graders and 1,766 eighth graders (TRAIN; Jonkmann et al., 2013), we tested mean‐level self‐esteem development and the role of intrapersonal components in this development. Using classroom round‐robin data on liking from subsamples of 846 (689) fifth‐(eighth‐)grade students nested in 46 (39) classes, we tested effects of interpersonal relationship components on self‐esteem development in the classroom context.

Results

The three major findings demonstrated, first, no consistent trends in mean levels of self‐esteem in early to middle adolescence; second, constant positive effects of intrapersonal components between students and within students across time; and third, no stable effects of interpersonal components.

Conclusions

The discussion highlights the role of intrapersonal components and the methodological challenges of our study.
Putative Cerebral Microbleeds in Dogs Undergoing Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Head: A Retrospective Study of Demographics, Clinical Associations, and Relationship to Case Outcome
Authors: Kerwin S.C. , Levine J.M. , Budke C.M. , Griffin J.F. , Boudreau C.E.
Published: May 2017

Background

Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are focal intraparenchymal signal voids on gradient‐echo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), corresponding to regions of chronic hemorrhage. In humans, they are associated with systemic disease and shorter survival times. Although similar findings have been identified in dogs, their epidemiology and clinical correlations have not been investigated.

Objective

To determine epidemiological features, clinical associations, and associations with outcome for putative CMB‐like foci (putative microbleeds [pMBs]) identified by T2*‐weighted MRI in dogs.

Animals

Five hundred and eighty‐two dogs undergoing 3T brain MRI between 2011 and 2016.

Methods

Retrospective case–control study. Demographic, diagnostic, and clinicopathological data were obtained from medical records and phone follow‐up. Demographic variables were compared between dogs with and without evidence of pMBs. For dogs with such evidence, and a subset of matched controls, associations with clinical presentation, concurrent disease, and survival times were evaluated.

Results

Dogs with pMBs were older (P < .001) and smaller (P = .004) than unaffected dogs. Compared to matched controls, they presented more frequently for vestibular signs (P = .030). Cortical atrophy occurred concurrently with pMBs in 26% (14/54) of dogs. Diagnosed renal disease was not significantly associated with pMBs, but proteinuria was more common in dogs with pMBs than in matched controls (odds ratio = 3.01, P = .005). Dogs with pMBs had a shorter median survival time than did matched controls (P = .011).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Putative microbleeds occurred in 54 of 582 (9.3%) of dogs undergoing brain MRI, but may not be a normal consequence of aging. They were associated with shorter survival time and proteinuria in the study population.
Variation in male ornaments in two lizard populations with contrasting parasite loads
Authors: Llanos‐Garrido A. , Díaz J. A. , Pérez‐Rodríguez A. , Arriero E.
Published: May 2017

In the context of the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis, we explored how differences in parasite load affect the way in which sexual ornaments codify information about individual quality. We studied variation in sexual signals in two Iberian populations of the lizard Psammodromus algirus, a species in which sexually active males display a red head coloration. In one population, males were free of tick nymphs, whereas in the other one all males were tick‐infested (mean of 12.7 tick nymphs/individual).At the onset of the breeding season, the red‐coloured surface was larger in the non‐parasitized population than in the parasitized one, whereas the opposite was true for colour saturation. We experimentally simulated a bacterial infection (by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide) to examine the effects of immune activation on the expression of this sexual ornament. In the non‐parasitized population, our treatment caused a reduction in the red‐coloured surface of experimental males, whereas in the parasitized population it caused a decrease in colour saturation. In the parasitized population, males that displayed sexual coloration were larger, and had fewer parasites, than uncoloured ones, and inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide injection in the palm of the hind paw was negatively correlated with colour saturation, but not with colour extension. Thus, we suggest parasites not only constrained the expression of sexual ornaments, but they also changed the signal properties that conveyed useful information about the quality of their bearers.
Probabilistic Baseline of Finite Element Model of Bridges under Environmental Temperature Changes
Authors: Liu Yang , Zhang Shaoyi
Published: May 2017

The material properties and structural stiffness of actual bridges fluctuate with variations in environmental temperature; therefore, it is not appropriate to use a determined finite element model (FEM) as the baseline model for localizing the structural damage of bridges. To address this issue, we proposed the concept of the probabilistic baseline of FEM of bridges under variable environmental temperature, that is, we established reasonable probability distributions of the physical parameters of bridges that are suitable for damage localization with varying environmental temperature. First, a method is presented to obtain the probabilistic baseline of FEM of bridges, which imports cluster analysis into stochastic FEM updating. Unlike the conventional methods, the measured natural frequencies first are classified into different clusters using the Gaussian mixture method (GMM), with each cluster consisting of measured data that satisfy the same Gaussian distribution. Then, the conventional methods of stochastic FEM updating can be conveniently implemented to obtain the probabilistic baseline of FEM for each cluster. Second, for each cluster, the mean values and covariance of the updating parameters are updated in two sequential steps, and a new approach is proposed for determining the initial covariance of the updating parameters. The results of an actual example show that predetermining a reasonable initial covariance for the updating parameters can accurately and efficiently obtain the updated results. Finally, the effectiveness of the presented method is verified through the monitoring data of an actual bridge.
The serine/threonine phosphatases of apicomplexan parasites
Authors: Yang Chunlin , Arrizabalaga Gustavo
Published: May 2017

The balance between phosphorylation and de‐phosphorylation, which is delicately regulated by protein kinases and phosphatases, is critical for nearly all biological processes. The Apicomplexa are a large phylum which contains various parasitic protists, including human pathogens, such as Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium and Babesia species. The diverse life cycles of these parasites are highly complex and, not surprisingly, many of their key steps are exquisitely regulated by phosphorylation. Interestingly, many of the kinases and phosphatases, as well as the substrates involved in these events are unique to the parasites and therefore phosphorylation constitutes a viable target for antiparasitic intervention. Most progress on this realm has come from studies in Toxoplasma and Plasmodium of their respective kinomes and phosphoproteomes. Nonetheless, given their likely importance, phosphatases have recently become the focus of research within the apicomplexan parasites. In this review, we concentrate on serine/threonine phosphatases in apicomplexan parasites, with the focus on comprehensively identifying and naming protein phosphatases in available apicomplexan genomes, and summarizing the progress of their functional analyses in recent years.
Plant–plant interactions influence developmental phase transitions, grain productivity and root system architecture in Arabidopsis via auxin and PFT1/MED25 signalling
Authors: Muñoz‐Parra Edith , Pelagio‐Flores Ramón , Raya‐González Javier , Salmerón‐Barrera Guadalupe , Ruiz‐Herrera León Francisco , Valencia‐Cantero Eduardo , López‐Bucio José
Published: May 2017

Transcriptional regulation of gene expression influences plant growth, environmental interactions and plant–plant communication. Here, we report that population density is a key factor for plant productivity and a major root architectural determinant in Arabidopsis thaliana. When grown in soil at varied densities from 1 to 32 plants, high number of individuals decreased stem growth and accelerated senescence, which negatively correlated with total plant biomass and seed production at the completion of the life cycle. Root morphogenesis was also a major trait modulated by plant density, because an increasing number of individuals grown in vitro showed repression of primary root growth, lateral root formation and root hair development while affecting auxin‐regulated gene expression and the levels of auxin transporters PIN1 and PIN2. We also found that mutation of the Mediator complex subunit PFT1/MED25 renders plants insensitive to high density‐modulated root traits. Our results suggest that plant density is critical for phase transitions, productivity and root system architecture and reveal a role of Mediator in self‐plant recognition.
Depression symptom dimensions and asymmetrical frontal cortical activity while anticipating reward
Authors: Nelson Brady D. , Kessel Ellen M. , Klein Daniel N. , Shankman Stewart A.
Published: May 2017

Unipolar depression has been characterized as involving diminished approach motivation and reward sensitivity. A psychophysiological indicator of approach motivation involves an asymmetry in frontal EEG activity, such that greater left relative to right frontal cortical activity indicates increased approach motivation. Consistent with the perspective of reduced approach motivation tendencies, depression has been associated with decreased relative left frontal cortical activity. To date, supporting research has primarily relied on categorical diagnoses or composite symptom counts. However, given the heterogeneity in depression, it is unclear what specific symptom dimensions relate to decreased relative left frontal cortical activity. The present study examined the association between multiple depression symptom dimensions and asymmetrical frontal cortical activity while anticipating reward in separate undergraduate (n = 75) and clinical samples (current major depressive disorder [n = 68] and never depressed controls [n = 67]). All participants completed the Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms, a self‐report measure of factor‐analytically derived symptom dimensions. Frontal cortical activity was assessed during a computerized slot machine task while participants anticipated potential monetary reward or no incentive. In undergraduates with low depression symptoms and never depressed controls, reward trials relative to no‐incentive trials elicited greater relative left frontal cortical activity. Furthermore, in both samples across all participants, increased dysphoria and lassitude symptoms were associated with decreased relative left frontal cortical activity while anticipating reward. The present study suggests that depression symptoms consistent with motivational disengagement are associated with decreased relative left frontal cortical activity.