bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A matter of money? Policy analysis of rural boarding schools in China
Authors: Zhao Zhenzhou
Published: October 2011

The Chinese government has shifted the pattern of rural schooling over the past decade, replacing village schools with urban boarding schools. The stated goal is to improve school quality, while deploying resources more effectively. However, the new boarding schools fail to provide a safe, healthy environment or protect and enable students’ human rights. This article explores questions of how and why a boarding school policy supposedly intended to narrow the urban–rural educational gap has, in fact, achieved the opposite result, extending social injustice. Adopting a public choice perspective, the article analyses the roles of different stakeholders in the policy arena, including the policy initiator (the central government), the policy implementer (the local government) and policy consumers (children and society). The findings suggest that policy consumers are passive participants in interactions between various governmental bodies and society. Children’s interests are ignored and their rights overlooked in educational policy formulation and enactment.
Towards inclusion of cross-boundary students from Mainland China in educational policies and practices in Hong Kong
Authors: Yuen Celeste Yuet-Mui
Published: October 2011

Every society has an obligation to provide quality education to children regardless of their socio-economic and cultural backgrounds. The number of cross-boundary students (CBS) from Mainland China in Hong Kong schools is increasing. This article reviews educational policy and provision for educating CBS, presenting data from an empirical study. Data from three school-based case studies (pre-primary, primary and secondary) reveal an absence of systematic school-based policy or provision for newcomers. This article draws on the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child to review educational practices with regard to CBS populations. Despite the rapid growth in numbers of CBS, the case studies suggest that Hong Kong regional government’s policies fail to meet students’ transitional needs or guarantee their rights. There remains a serious policy gap that is left to schools and teachers to address as best they can. The article concludes by discussing implications for policy making and teacher professional development.
Populist disseminators, detached watchdogs, critical change agents and opportunist facilitators
Authors: Hanitzsch Thomas
Published: October 2011

This article sets out to map the journalistic field as a space of struggle between distinct professional milieus. These milieus crystallize around journalists who share similar views on journalism’s function in society. By means of cluster analysis, four global professional milieus were extracted from the survey responses of 1800 journalists in 18 countries: the populist disseminator, detached watchdog, critical change agent and the opportunist facilitator. The detached watchdog milieu clearly dominates the journalistic field in most western countries, while the milieu of the opportunist facilitator reigns supreme in several developing, transitional and authoritarian contexts. In accordance with the theoretical propositions, relatively little professional autonomy was found in contexts with rather strong corporate and commercial influences. However, a more universal approach would need to go beyond corporate and commercial factors in order to account for the realities of the journalistic field in non-western countries.
The making of the Europeans
Authors: Polonska-Kimunguyi Eva , Kimunguyi Patrick
Published: October 2011

This article explains the role of media in the identity-building process in the European Union (EU). Starting from a historical overview of different forms of nationalism in Europe and various ways in which nations emerged, it traces the efforts of current members of the European Union to create a common feeling of belonging in the EU’s unique post-national realm. Finally it examines whether media should be and could be the conveyors of the new pan-national European soul.
Toward a ‘macro-micro’ analysis of gender, power and ICTs
Authors: Kwami Janet D , Wolf-Monteiro Brenna , Steeves H Leslie
Published: October 2011

This essay, in response to Micky Lee’s article in this issue, agrees with her macro-level argument that the UNDP’s human development approach to new ICTs and global indices are grounded in old modernist models privileging neoliberal economic imperatives, treat ICTs as gender neutral and ignore global power relations. However, the authors argue that Lee’s critique is underdeveloped in three ways. First the term ICT is not clearly defined, yet there may be great differences between ICTs. Second, the concepts of gender and power need to be better conceptualized. Finally, the authors argue that intersections of gender, development and ICTs need to be addressed more holistically by linking macro- and micro-level analysis, as there are many examples of grassroots innovation and empowerment via ICTs (such as mobile phones). This response highlights developments in the design and production of softwares for ICT that illustrate resistance with implications for gender and other social divisions.
Factors That Influence the Efficacy of Stretching Programs for Patients With Hypomobility
Authors: Jacobs Cale A. , Sciascia Aaron D.
Published: October 2011

Context: Passive stretching exercise protocols, as part of outpatient treatment or home exercise programs, are used to improve hypomobility. Despite the cosmopolitan use of stretching exercises, little is known about the forces being applied to the joint during these routine treatments.

Type of Study: Clinical review.

Evidence Acquisition: Articles were identified using MEDLINE and Google Scholar databases, with searches initially limited to those articles published after 1995. Seminal articles that were referenced were also included.

Results: Many factors contribute to the clinical success of a stretching program, including the frequency, intensity, and duration of the stretching exercises, as well as patient- and joint-specific factors.

Conclusions: The goal of a stretching protocol is to maximize total end-range time both in the clinic and at home. Higher intensity, prolonged, and frequent stretching (10- to 15-minute bouts, 3 to 6 times per day) used as an adjunct to high-grade mobilizations may be beneficial for certain hypomobility conditions.
Intra-articular Lidocaine Injection for Shoulder Reductions
Authors: Waterbrook Anna L. , Paul Stephen
Published: October 2011

Context: The shoulder is the most commonly dislocated joint, and shoulder dislocations are very common in sports. Many of these dislocations present to the office or training room for evaluation. Usual practice is an attempt at manual reduction without analgesia and then transfer to the emergency department if unsuccessful. The clinical efficacy of intra-articular lidocaine for reduction of anterior shoulder dislocations in the outpatient setting was examined.

Evidence Acquisition: An OVID MEDLINE search (1966-present) was performed using the keywords shoulder, reduction, and analgesia as well as shoulder, intra-articular, and lidocaine. Search limits included articles in the English language. Bibliographic references from these articles were also examined to identify pertinent literature.

Results: Six randomized controlled clinical trials were identified that directly addressed this clinical technique. Although the reduction techniques used in these studies were not controlled, there was no statistically significant difference in success rates between groups. The complication rate, length of stay, and costs were significantly less in the intra-articular lidocaine group when compared with the intravenous sedation group.

Conclusions: According to current evidence, the use of intra-articular lidocaine injection for reduction of anterior shoulder dislocations is not harmful and is likely advantageous in the outpatient clinical setting.
SES, Trajectories of Physical Limitations, and Change in Depression in Late Life
Authors: Bierman Alex , Pearlin Leonard I.
Published: October 2011

This research examines whether the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and change in depression in late life is explained by trajectories of risk of physical limitations. Using a longitudinal study of older adults, this study documents multiple trajectories of risk of mobility limitations and basic activities of daily living (ADLs). Membership in these trajectories explains a substantial portion of the association between SES and change in depression, but it is only when both aspects of physical limitations are taken into account that this association is reduced to nonsignificance. This research demonstrates that important influences on changes in depression in late life are not simply due to aging, but instead are centrally contingent on individual placement in structures of inequality. Furthermore, the findings underscore that attention to both mobility limitations and ADLs is required to explain the relationship between SES and change in depression in late life.
Engineered cell homing
Authors: Sarkar Debanjan , Spencer Joel A. , Phillips Joseph A. , Zhao Weian , Schafer Sebastian , Spelke Dawn P. , Mortensen Luke J. , Ruiz Juan P. , Vemula Praveen Kumar , Sridharan Rukmani , Kumar Sriram , Karnik Rohit , Lin Charles P. , Karp Jeffrey M.
Published: October 2011

One of the greatest challenges in cell therapy is to minimally invasively deliver a large quantity of viable cells to a tissue of interest with high engraftment efficiency. Low and inefficient homing of systemically delivered mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), for example, is thought to be a major limitation of existing MSC-based therapeutic approaches, caused predominantly by inadequate expression of cell surface adhesion receptors. Using a platform approach that preserves the MSC phenotype and does not require genetic manipulation, we modified the surface of MSCs with a nanometer-scale polymer construct containing sialyl Lewisx (sLex) that is found on the surface of leukocytes and mediates cell rolling within inflamed tissue. The sLex engineered MSCs exhibited a robust rolling response on inflamed endothelium in vivo and homed to inflamed tissue with higher efficiency compared with native MSCs. The modular approach described herein offers a simple method to potentially target any cell type to specific tissues via the circulation.
Estimating hybridization in the presence of coalescence using phylogenetic intraspecific sampling
Authors: Gerard David , Gibbs H Lisle , Kubatko Laura
Published: October 2011

Background

A well-known characteristic of multi-locus data is that each locus has its own phylogenetic history which may differ substantially from the overall phylogenetic history of the species. Although the possibility that this arises through incomplete lineage sorting is often incorporated in models for the species-level phylogeny, it is much less common for hybridization to also be formally included in such models.

Results

We have modified the evolutionary model of Meng and Kubatko (2009) to incorporate intraspecific sampling of multiple individuals for estimation of speciation times and times of hybridization events for testing for hybridization in the presence of incomplete lineage sorting. We have also utilized a more efficient algorithm for obtaining our estimates. Using simulations, we demonstrate that our approach performs well under conditions motivated by an empirical data set forSistrurusrattlesnakes where putative hybridization has occurred. We further demonstrate that the method is able to accurately detect the signature of hybridization in the data, while this signal may be obscured when other species-tree inference methods that ignore hybridization are used.

Conclusions

Our approach is shown to be powerful in detecting hybridization when it is present. When applied to theSistrurusdata, we find no evidence of hybridization; instead, it appears that putative hybrid snakes in Missouri are most likely pureS. catenatus tergeminusin origin, which has significant conservation implications.
Whale phylogeny and rapid radiation events revealed using novel retroposed elements and their flanking sequences
Authors: Chen Zhuo , Xu Shixia , Zhou Kaiya , Yang Guang
Published: October 2011

Background

A diversity of hypotheses have been proposed based on both morphological and molecular data to reveal phylogenetic relationships within the order Cetacea (dolphins, porpoises, and whales), and great progress has been made in the past two decades. However, there is still some controversy concerning relationships among certain cetacean taxa such as river dolphins and delphinoid species, which needs to be further addressed with more markers in an effort to address unresolved portions of the phylogeny.

Results

An analysis of additional SINE insertions and SINE-flanking sequences supported the monophyly of the order Cetacea as well as Odontocete, Delphinoidea (Delphinidae + Phocoenidae + Mondontidae), and Delphinidae. A sister relationship between Delphinidae and Phocoenidae + Mondontidae was supported, and members of classical river dolphins and the generaTursiopsandStenellawere found to be paraphyletic. Estimates of divergence times revealed rapid divergences of basal Odontocete lineages in the Oligocene and Early Miocene, and a recent rapid diversification of Delphinidae in the Middle-Late Miocene and Pliocene within a narrow time frame.

Conclusions

Several novel SINEs were found to differentiate Delphinidae from the other two families (Monodontidae and Phocoenidae), whereas the sister grouping of the latter two families with exclusion of Delphinidae was further revealed using the SINE-flanking sequences. Interestingly, some anomalous PCR amplification patterns of SINE insertions were detected, which can be explained as the result of potential ancestral SINE polymorphisms and incomplete lineage sorting. Although a few loci were potentially anomalous, this study demonstrated that the SINE-based approach is a powerful tool in phylogenetic studies. Identifying additional SINE elements that resolve the relationships in the superfamily Delphinoidea and family Delphinidae will be important steps forward in completely resolving cetacean phylogenetic relationships in the future.
Metastatic breast cancer cells inhibit osteoblast differentiation through the Runx2/CBFβ-dependent expression of the Wnt antagonist, sclerostin
Authors: Mendoza-Villanueva Daniel , Zeef Leo , Shore Paul
Published: October 2011

Introduction

Breast cancers frequently metastasise to the skeleton where they cause osteolytic bone destruction by stimulating osteoclasts to resorb bone and by preventing osteoblasts from producing new bone. The Runt-related transcription factor 2, Runx2, is an important determinant of bone metastasis in breast cancer. Runx2 is known to mediate activation of osteoclast activity and inhibition of osteoblast differentiation by metastatic breast cancer cells. However, while Runx2-regulated genes that mediate osteoclast activation have been identified, how Runx2 determines inhibition of osteoblasts is unknown.

Methods

The aim of this study was to determine how Runx2 mediates the ability of metastatic breast cancer cells to modulate the activity of bone cells. We have previously demonstrated that Runx2 requires the co-activator core binding factor beta (CBFβ) to regulate gene expression in breast cancer cells. We, therefore, performed independent microarray analyses to identify target genes whose expression is dependent upon both Runx2 and CBFβ. Common target genes, with a role in modulating bone-cell function, were confirmed using a combination of siRNA, quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR), ELISA, promoter reporter analysis, Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays. The function of Runx2/CBFβ-regulated genes in mediating the ability of MDA-MB-231 to inhibit osteoblast differentiation was subsequently established in primary bone marrow stromal cell cultures and MC-3T3 osteoblast cells.

Results

We show that Runx2/CBFβ mediates inhibition of osteoblast differentiation by MDA-MB-231 cells through induction of the Wnt signaling antagonist, sclerostin. We demonstrate that MDA-MB-231 cells secrete sclerostin and that sclerostin-expression is critically dependent on both Runx2 and CBFβ. We also identified the osteoclast activators IL-11 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) as new target genes of Runx2/CBFβ in metastatic breast cancer cells.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that Runx2 and CBFβ are required for the expression of genes that mediate the ability of metastatic breast cancer cells to directly modulate both osteoclast and osteoblast function. We also show that Runx2-dependent inhibition of osteoblast differentiation by breast cancer cells is mediated through the Wnt antagonist, sclerostin.
Combinatorial roles for BMPs and Endothelin 1 in patterning the dorsal-ventral axis of the craniofacial skeleton
Authors: Alexander Courtney , Zuniga Elizabeth , Blitz Ira L. , Wada Naoyuki , Le Pabic Pierre , Javidan Yashar , Zhang Tailin , Cho Ken W. , Crump J. Gage , Schilling Thomas F.
Published: October 2011

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play crucial roles in craniofacial development but little is known about their interactions with other signals, such as Endothelin 1 (Edn1) and Jagged/Notch, which pattern the dorsal-ventral (DV) axis of the pharyngeal arches. Here, we use transgenic zebrafish to monitor and perturb BMP signaling during arch formation. With a BMP-responsive transgene, Tg(Bre:GFP), we show active BMP signaling in neural crest (NC)-derived skeletal precursors of the ventral arches, and in surrounding epithelia. Loss-of-function studies using a heat shock-inducible, dominant-negative BMP receptor 1a [Tg(hs70I:dnBmpr1a-GFP)] to bypass early roles show that BMP signaling is required for ventral arch development just after NC migration, the same stages at which we detect Tg(Bre:GFP). Inhibition of BMP signaling at these stages reduces expression of the ventral signal Edn1, as well as ventral-specific genes such as hand2 and dlx6a in the arches, and expands expression of the dorsal signal jag1b. This results in a loss or reduction of ventral and intermediate skeletal elements and a mis-shapen dorsal arch skeleton. Conversely, ectopic BMP causes dorsal expansion of ventral-specific gene expression and corresponding reductions/transformations of dorsal cartilages. Soon after NC migration, BMP is required to induce Edn1 and overexpression of either signal partially rescues ventral skeletal defects in embryos deficient for the other. However, once arch primordia are established the effects of BMPs become restricted to more ventral and anterior (palate) domains, which do not depend on Edn1. This suggests that BMPs act upstream and in parallel to Edn1 to promote ventral fates in the arches during early DV patterning, but later acquire distinct roles that further subdivide the identities of NC cells to pattern the craniofacial skeleton.
Voltammetric behavior of carvedilol in non-aqueous media and its analytical determination in pharmaceutical preparations
Authors: Yilmaz Bilal , Ekinci Duygu
Published: October 2011

In this study, a simple and reliable cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry method were developed and validated for determination of carvedilol in pharmaceutical preparations. The proposed method was based on electrochemical oxidation of carvedilol at platinum electrode in acetonitrile solution containing 0.1 m TBAClO4. The well defined three oxidation peaks were observed at 1.02, 1.17 and 1.42 V, respectively. Calibration curve that obtained by using current values measured for second peak was linear over the concentration range of 5–40 μg/ml. Intra- and inter-day precision values for carvedilol were <3.64 and accuracy (relative error) was better than 2.49%. The mean recovery of carvedilol was 99.8% for pharmaceutical preparations. The limits of detection and quantification were 1.32 and 4.00 μg/ml, respectively. No interference was found from three tablet excipients at the selected assay conditions. The method developed in this study is accurate, precise and can be easily applied to Dilatrend, Carvexal and Coronis tablets as pharmaceutical preparation.
Mechanical Characteristics of Degraded Silicone Bonded Point Supports
Authors: Hagl Anneliese
Published: October 2011

Tensile loading of bonded point supports is considered as the critical load case for adhesive material, e.g., silicone applied to such kinds of fixtures. From a durability point of view, the following defects of two-component adhesives are expected to have a significant impact on the response to this loading regime: the wrong mixing ratios of the adhesive components, inhomogeneous mixing due to insufficient or poor mechanical mixing procedures, load degradation of the adhesive bonding material, local degradations of the bonding, e.g., bubbles or poor adhesion. In order to investigate these aspects, different experimental approaches have been pursued. Regarding the mixing ratio aspect, material tests were performed with systematically varied mixing ratios for the analysis of the elastic and strength properties while for the other topics, tensile tests of bonded point supports were evaluated in detail. Cyclic tests of point supports in the tensile load regime were set up, differing in amplitudes and maximum peaks of the cycles, in order to analyze the impact of load histories on the mechanical characteristics of the specimens. For point supports subjected to monotonically increasing loads the qualitative assessment of the fracture surfaces revealed the existence and the potential impact of disturbances inside the bonding, such as bubbles or locally lacking adhesion, on the damage behavior and on related inferior mechanical performance. The main motivation for this kind of research is to improve confidence in the durability of bonded designs. Thus, our activities were focused on aspects which might affect durability from an application point of view, not from a purely academic one. Especially in Germany, the confidence of the authorities in this joining technique has to be strengthened by demonstrating a high degree of robustness in the application, and in view of the risk associated with potential in-field problems.
Aquatic and terrestrial organic matter in the diet of stream consumers: implications for mercury bioaccumulation
Authors: Jardine Timothy D. , Kidd Karen A. , Rasmussen Joseph B.
Published: October 2011

The relative contribution of aquatic vs. terrestrial organic matter to the diet of consumers in fluvial environments and its effects on bioaccumulation of contaminants such as mercury (Hg) remain poorly understood. We used stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen in a gradient approach (consumer isotope ratio vs. periphyton isotope ratio) across temperate streams that range in their pH to assess consumer reliance on aquatic (periphyton) vs. terrestrial (riparian vegetation) organic matter, and whether Hg concentrations in fish and their prey were related to these energy sources. Taxa varied in their use of the two sources, with grazing mayflies (Heptageniidae), predatory stoneflies (Perlidae), one species of water strider (Metrobates hesperius), and the fish blacknose dace (Rhinichthys atratulus) showing strong connections to aquatic sources, while Aquarius remigis water striders and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) showed a weak link to in‐stream production. The aquatic food source for consumers, periphyton, had higher Hg concentrations in low‐pH waters, and pH was a much better predictor of Hg in predatory invertebrates that relied mainly on this food source vs. those that used terrestrial C. These findings suggest that stream biota relying mainly on dietary inputs from the riparian zone will be partially insulated from the effects of water chemistry on Hg availability. This has implications for the development of a whole‐system understanding of nutrient and material cycling in streams, the choice of taxa in contaminant monitoring studies, and in understanding the fate of Hg in stream food webs.
The Chinese Version of the Multidimensional Orientation toward Dying and Death Inventory (Moddi-F/Chin): An Introduction
Authors: Wittkowski Joachim , Ho Samuel M. Y. , Chan Wallace C.-H.
Published: October 2011

Preliminary data on the test criteria of the Chinese version of the Multidimensional Orientation Toward Dying and Death Inventory (MODDI-F/chin) are presented. Data from a sample of Hong Kong college students ( N = 256) revealed internal consistencies of the eight subtests between .68 and .91, on the whole favorable shape of frequency distributions, and evidence of construct as well as differential validity of the instrument. The use of the full set of 47 items is recommended for the time being.
“Almost the Copy of My Child That'S Dead”: Shakespeare and the Loss of Hamnet
Authors: Smith Keverne
Published: October 2011

This article emphasizes the importance of studies which look at changes and similarities in mourning over time. It argues that relevant evidence can come from creative fiction as well as from other sources, provided that this is analyzed rigorously in terms of structures and patterns. As an illustration of this approach, it examines the evidence in recurring features of Shakespeare's plays that his writing was deeply and lastingly affected by the death of his only son Hamnet, a twin, at the age of 11, and identifies five motifs which support this interpretation: the resurrected child or sibling; androgynous and twin-like figures; a growing emphasis on father-daughter relationships; paternal guilt; family division and reunion. The article suggests that this approach could be applied to other instances where a body of creative writing shows traces of overt or buried grief.
The Cultural Meaning of Suicide: What Does That Mean?
Authors: Lester David
Published: October 2011

Scholars sometimes stress that it is important to know the individual meaning of suicide and the cultural meaning of suicide, but the meaning of these terms remains unclear. The present article discusses this problem and suggests that the individual meaning of suicide is best based on the motives for suicide, while the cultural meaning of suicide is best rooted in the lay theories of suicide in which the members of cultures and subcultures believe.
A Psychosocial Evaluation Process for Living Liver Donors: The University of Rochester Model
Authors: Nickels M. W. , Cullen J. P. , Demme R. A. , Vetter M. , Boulay R. , Betts R. , McKee M. , Orloff M. , Bozorgzadeh A.
Published: October 2011

Objective:

The donation of livers by living donors entails complex processes, both surgically and psychosocially, potentially involving risks in both domains. Thorough psychosocial evaluation is necessary to minimize those risks, yet little has been written about the donor assessment process. This article describes one such process, utilized by a transplant program in upstate New York.

Method:

Donor candidates undergo multiple psychosocial interviews early in the overall transplant evaluation process. Evaluators subsequently meet as a group, along with an independent ethicist, to determine psychosocial candidacy prior to final medical/surgical clearance.

Results:

Between 2003 and 2007, 416 donor candidates initiated and/or underwent full evaluation, resulting in a 17.5% surgery and 55.5% exclusion rate among those individuals. Of those ruled out, 20.8% were for (medical or psychosocial) reasons associated with the recipient, and 8.7% were for donor-related psychosocial issues.

Conclusion:

Given the primacy of psychosocial and ethical issues in living liver donor candidate evaluation, the multiple interview process, followed by team discussion and overseen by an ethicist removed from other transplant program functions, has advantages as a donor assessment model.
Disruptive Behaviors in the Medical Setting and Borderline Personality
Authors: Sansone Randy A. , Farukhi Shahzad , Wiederman Michael W.
Published: October 2011

Objective:

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized in the DSM by anger. While previous studies have examined various types of externalized aggression and violence among individuals with BPD, we are aware of no investigations of disruptive behaviors perpetrated by patients with BPD in medical settings—the focus of the present study.

Method:

Using a cross-sectional, consecutive sample of internal medicine outpatients from a resident provider clinic, we surveyed 397 participants regarding 17 disruptive behaviors related to medical personnel and assessed BPD using two self-report measures, the BPD scale of the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4 (PDQ-4) and the Self-Harm Inventory (SHI).

Results:

A statistically significantly greater proportion of respondents who exceeded the clinical cut-off scores for BPD on both the PDQ-4 and SHI endorsed at least one form of disruptive behavior. However, there were no differences between participants with versus without BPD symptomatology regarding the number of different forms of disruptive behaviors after that initial threshold of one such behavior was reached. Several specific disruptive behaviors were reported more often in those with BPD symptomatology (i.e., yelling, screaming, verbally threatening, and refusing to talk with medical staff as well as talking badly about medical staff to the patients' friends and family).

Conclusions:

BPD appears to be associated with a greater likelihood of disruptive behaviors in the medical setting, but not physical threat.
Anxiety Disorders, Hypertension, and Cardiovascular Risk: A Review
Authors: Player Marty S. , Peterson Lars E.
Published: October 2011

Hypertension, coronary heart disease (CHD), and anxiety disorders all cause substantial morbidity to patients and costs to the healthcare system. Associations between these diseases have been hypothesized and studied for decades. In particular, psychosocial stressors associated with anxiety disorders raise autonomic arousal via the hypothalamic-pituitary axis which increases circulating catecholamines. This heightened arousal is associated with an increased risk of hypertension and a pro-inflammatory state and, consequently, development of coronary heart disease. This association holds across the spectrum of anxiety disorders (generalized anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, panic disorder, and obsessive compulsive disorder) and also when controlling for comorbid conditions such as depression and physical ailments. Multiple cross sectional studies reveal a positive association between anxiety and hypertension. These associations are bidirectional, with those with hypertension being more likely to have anxiety and those with anxiety being more likely to have hypertension. However, a few studies have shown no association. Longitudinal studies point to an increased risk of development of hypertension in patients who suffer from anxiety. More convincing studies show links between anxiety symptoms and disorders, including panic disorder and PTSD, and cardiovascular outcomes. Drawing broad conclusions from these studies is challenging, however, given the multiplicity of scales used to measure anxiety disorders. Anxiety, hypertension, and CHD are common conditions seen in primary care, and anxiety may be an important predictor of future CHD outcomes. Better recognition of the association of these conditions and the possible roles of each in development of the other should alert primary care providers to be vigilant in monitoring and treating anxiety, hypertension, and CHD.
Snail meat: Significance and consumption
Authors: Dragicevic Olgica , Baltic Milan
Published: October 2011

The consumption of snail meat goes back to prehistoric times. Different ancient nations had snails on their menu, but Helices culture as a productive activity was born as a Roman culture. Some of the most economically important edible species are: Helix aspersa (Mtiller) Helixpomatia (Linne), Helix iucorum (Linne), Helix aperta (Born), Eobania vermiculata (Miiller). Together with its tasie, snail meat has several advantages over others: quite low lipid rate and calorie values versus rich mineral, essential amino acid and fatty acid content. The composition of snail meat is presented. In addition, the composition of different snail species and the part analyzed (pedal mass and visceral mass) is presented. Also, the differences in composition according to the species (snail meat horse/chicken meat, beef, swine meat, fish meat) are presented. The French are the world's leading consumers of snails. !n France snails come to market in a variety of ways. Estimated consumption of snails in France is around 40 000 tones/year. Total French imports account for 25% of world imports. France is also the leading exporter of prepared snails, mainly sold as preserved snails and prepared dishes. Snail imports have been much higher than exports (65 tones exported in 2002. vs. 2.700 tones imported). Despite the large consumption, only 3% of snails in France come from production (farming). Italy is in second place in the world consumption of snails, and Spain and Germany are in the third and fourth place. The development of snails consumption in Italy is followed with the same amount of production of snails in the whole biological circle. In 2001, from 24,700 tons, 9,350 tons (37.8%) came from production, 6 00 tons (2.4%) came from nature, and 14,750 tons (59.70%) came from imports (frozen, fresh and prepared snails). In Serbia, at the beginning of 2005, we had over 400 registered farms for snail production.
Energy status of dairy cows determined by biochemical analysis of organic components of milk
Authors: Samanc Horea , Kirovski Danijela , Dimitrijevic Blagoje , Vujanac Ivan , Damnjanovic Zoran , Polovina Mladen
Published: October 2011

Valid indicators of the energy status of cows are the body condition, parameters of the metabolic profile, hormonal status, and organic components of milk. The energy status of cows of the Holstein-Friesian breed from four farms was estimated on the grounds of urea, protein and fat concentration in milk. Investigations covered 62 samples of milk (11 from farm A, 16 from farm B, 15 from farm C, and 20 from farm D). All cows were in the first stage of lactation and fed rations recommended for that category of animal. The average fat concentration in all milk samples was 23?13 g/l, the average protein concentration was 29?3 g/l, while the average urea concentration was 4.6?1.3 mmol/l. It could be concluded on the basis of the value for the milk fat concentration alone that a decreased milk fat syndrome was present. In addition, graphic presentations are given for the relation between urea concentration and protein concentration, as well as protein and fat concentrations in the individual milk samples. Such an analysis provided a more detailed picture of the energy status of the examined cows. It was established that cows on farm A had a deficiency of energy and protein, and cows on farms B and C a deficiency of energy with a relative surplus of proteins. It was established that cows from farm D had a deficiency of energy, and there was an equal number of cows with a deficiency and with a relative surplus of proteins. The obtained results provide grounds for making recommendations for correcting the feed rations and improving the health of the cows. It stems from the obtained results that the determination of urea, fat and protein concentrations in milk is a reliable indicator of the energy status of cows, that it is rational and financially acceptable for every producer, regardless of whether it is implemented in small or large cattle farms. The diagnostic procedures used so far have been implemented in a limited form in daily practice because of insufficient reliability (evaluation of body condition) or lack of economic feasibility (metabolic profile and hormonal status of cows).
Selenium and vitamin E: Reproductive disorders in dairy cows
Authors: Joksimovic-Todorovic Mirjana , Davidovic Vesna
Published: October 2011

Selenium and vitamin E deficiency leads to reproductive disorders in dairy cows: placental retention, ovarian cysts, metritis, reduced percentage of conception, abortions, birthing of poorly vital calves. Placental retention is a post partal disorder of multifactorial etiology which has harmful effects on reproduction and the feasibility of milk production. The administration of selenium and vitamin E reduces the incidence of placental retention, which suggests that oxidative stress is responsible for the occurrence of this disorder. The occurrence of ovarian cysts has as its consequence a disorder in the oestral cycle. Vitamin E prevents oxidative damage of lipid membranes by preventing the forming of destructive hydroperoxides, acting in synergy with selenium. These nutrients protect cell membranes and lipid organelles, inhibit and destroy endogenous peroxides, and in that way protect the integrity of the membranes and reduce oxidative stress.
Blood chemistry changes in broiler chickens following supplementation with Cinnamomum zeylanicum
Authors: Faixová Zita , Faix Stefan
Published: October 2011

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of different doses of Cinnamomum zeylanicum in diet on blood biochemistry of broiler chickens. Thirty two, 1-d old male broiler chickens of a commercial strain ROSS 308 were distributed into groups of 8 birds in each one. The chicks received the diets from the day of hatching to 38 d of age. The four types of diets included basal diets for chicks (HYD 01, HYD 02 and HYD 03) supplemented by 0%, 0.1%, 0.05 and 0.025% cinnamon (Cinnamomi aetheroleum of Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Calendula a.s., Nov? L'ubov?a, Slovakia). Continuous lighting and water and feed ad libitum were provided throughout the trial. The addition of cinnamon to the diets caused a significantly lower plasma glucose level and the effects of cinnamon on plasma glucose levels tended to be dose-dependent. Dietary intake of 0.05 and 0.025% cinnamon reduced serum ALT and plasma potassium levels. Ingestion of cinnamon, however, resulted in no significant changes in circulating calcium, albumin, triglycerides, free glycerol and cholesterol levels. It was concluded that cinnamon could be used not only for flavor and taste in food preparation but it had an additional role in glucose metabolism in broiler chickens.
Papilledema as a diagnostic challenge — report of three cases
Authors: Cekić Sonja , Risimić Dijana , Stanković-Babić Gordana , Babić Rade , Jakšić Vesna , Jovanović Ivan , Đorđević-Jocić Jasmina
Published: October 2011

We present three different cases of patients with papilledema: one case with a primary tumour of the optic nerve, and two cases with secondary involvement of the optic nerve (breast carcinoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma). The visual acuity varies from sudden, painless, decrease of vision, to blurred vision and proptosis on the affected eye. A characteristic ophthalmoscopic examination shows a swollen optic disc and promonence with tortuosity of blood vessels. A fluorescein angiography shows dilated capillaries of the optic disc with leakage in the early phase and diffuse hyperfluorescence during the late phase. A ultrasonography B-scan of the affected eye shows prominent optic nerves with widened optic nerve sheath. An exhaustive history and complete ophthalmological examination are essential for the diagnosis, to which fluorescein angiography, B-scan ultrasonography, ocular coherent tomography, computerized tomography, and magnetic resonance can be used as useful additional tests. Treatment and prognosis depend on the primary process. We emphasize the crucial role of ophthalmologist in the early diagnosis of CNS neoplasia.
Anti-Inflammatory Drug Design Using a Molecular Hybridization Approach
Authors: Bosquesi Priscila Longhin , Melo Thais Regina Ferreira , Vizioli Ednir Oliveira , Santos Jean Leandro dos , Chung Man Chin
Published: October 2011

The design of new drugs with better physiochemical properties, adequate absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, effective pharmacologic potency and lacking toxicity remains is a challenge. Inflammation is the initial trigger of several different diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, asthma, atherosclerosis, colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, depression, cancer; and disorders such as obesity and sexual dysfunction. Although inflammation is not the direct cause of these disorders, inflammatory processes often increase related pain and suffering. New anti-inflammatory drugs developed using molecular hybridization techniques to obtain multiple-ligand drugs can act at one or multiple targets, allowing for synergic action and minimizing toxicity. This work is a review of new anti-inflammatory drugs developed using the molecular modification approach.
EVALUATION OF SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT: CRITERIA DETERMINATION / DARNUS ATLIEKŲ TVARKYMO SISTEMOS VERTINIMAS: KRITERIJŲ NUSTATYMAS
Authors: Podgaiskytė Viktorija
Published: October 2011

The article explores the problem of selecting performance criteria for evaluating waste collection and transportation system. The paper deals with the participants and processes involved in the before introduced processes. A literature review of criteria used for service evaluation is presented. The standards of selecting stages are identified. According to the specificity and complex­ity of the tested system, the complexity of the criteria for the diversity of different dimensions to evaluate similar system requires the evaluation method that allows assessing different dimensions of the factors.

Santrauka

Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjama viena iš atliekų tvarkymo sistemos fazių – atliekų surinkimas ir vežimas. Tyrime keliama atliekų surinkimo ir vežimo sistemos efektyvumo vertinimo – kriterijų nustatymo – problema. Straipsnyje analizuoja­mi atliekų surinkimo ir vežimo sistemą, jos dalyvius ir procesus nagrinėjantys moksliniai darbai ir jų potencialas. Nagrinėjami mokslinėje literatūroje minimi kriterijai, skirti sistemai ar tam tikrai jos daliai apibūdinti. Įvardinti pagrindiniai kriterijų nustaty­mo etapai; tuo vadovaujantis nustatyti atliekų surinkimo ir vežimo sistemos efektyvumą apibūdinantys kriterijai. Atsižvelgiant į tiriamos sistemos specifiką: sudėtingumą, kompleksinio vertinimo poreikį, naudojamų kriterijų sistemai apibūdinti įvairovę, nustatyta, kad šioms fazėms būdingi skirtingų dimensijų rodikliai. Konstatuota, kad sistemos efektyvumui įvertinti būtina tai­kyti metodus, kurie leidžia apibūdinti skirtingų dimensijų veiksnius.
Recurrent and Persistent Cytomegalovirus Infection in a Kidney Recipient Caused by the L595S Mutation in Ul97 Phosphotransferase Gene
Authors: Peixoto Maíra , Mascarenhas Lays , Cunha André , Dutra Margarida , Miranda Eva , Silva Ivo , Costa Sandra , Galvão Bernardo , Cunha Andréa
Published: October 2011

Ganciclovir (GCV) is the first therapeutic choice for prevention and treatment of active cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in solid organ transplant recipients in Bahia state, Brazil. Prolonged and repeated GCV therapy may result in drug-resistant virus, associated with progressive and disseminated disease. We present a case report of a young male kidney recipient, who was CMV-seronegative with a CMV-seropositive donor (D+/R-), and who developed clinical GCV resistance, confirmed by mutation in viral UL97 phosphotransferase responsible for GCV activation. Under prophylactic therapy with intravenous GCV for 6 weeks post-transplantation, he developed severe anaemia and hepatic enzyme increases, probably due to drug side effects. At this moment, the drug was discontinued and he started to be monitored by pp65 antigen test. At week 10 post-transplantation, he presented fever, myalgia, thrombocytopenia and neutropaenia, with a positive CMV antigen test. During treatment with intravenous GCV, antigenaemia assay demonstrated a higher number of positive cells, requiring GCV at higher doses. Pre-emptive therapy lasted for 31 days and he started the maintenance therapy with oral GCV. However, anti-genaemia assay demonstrated an extremely high number of positive cells, and he was rehospitalized and prescribed intravenous GCV. Severe leukopaenia led to GCV interruption, but immunosuppressive dose reduction helped to control the active CMV infection. GCV-resistant CMV infection resulted in increased morbidity, rehospitalization episodes and increased costs; therefore, implementation of resistance diagnostic tests in the transplantation routine is of great importance. We documented the first case of GCV-resistant CMV infection due to the L595S mutation in UL97 phosphotransferase gene in a kidney recipient from Bahia state, Brazil.
Quand des espaces potentiels de reliance disparaissent
Authors: Nivet Brigitte , Casalegno Jean-Claude
Published: October 2011

Résumé Le temps vécu par les acteurs peut paraitre anecdotique. Pourtant, en faisant preuve de « patience », c’est à travers lui que peut se révéler le Réel du travail. Les salariés le vivent dans leur subjectivité. Ils n’en sont bien sûr pas toujours conscients. Si la plupart des salariés dans une organisation ressentent de la souffrance, il ne s’agit pas seulement des conditions de travail dont il est question mais du Sens même de l’action collective. Cette souffrance parle aussi de la stratégie qu’ont choisie les dirigeants de l’entreprise. Si beaucoup d’efforts produisent peu de résultats, c’est que tout simplement l’entreprise n’a peut - être pas pris la bonne direction. L’écoute des salariés est donc une activité fondamentale du management stratégique.
La fermeture des espaces du je
Authors: Lesourd Serge
Published: October 2011

Résumé Rappelant le principe du libéralisme « Donnez moi ce dont j’ai besoin et vous aurez de moi ce que vous avez besoin vous-mêmes », l’auteur illustre ses limites avec la technique employée pour amener les femmes américaines à fumer. L’auteur met ensuite en évidence que le libéralisme s’arrête aux portes de la dignité. Le libéralisme s’arrète aussi aux portes des métiers où il est impossible de « réussir », de fournir un résultat conforme au désir, comme soigner ou psychanalyser, éduquer et gouverner.
Furtivité et archétype de l'ombre
Authors: Dumazert Jean-Pierre , Drillon Dominic
Published: October 2011

Résumé Cet article présente une passerelle entre le management et la psychanalyse. Les phénomènes furtifs posent les éléments d’un débat autour de l’individu, lorsque celui-ci évolue dans la complexité des situations professionnelles actuelles. Au travers d’un choix de verbatim issu d’entretiens qualitatifs, nous aborderons la complexité qui prend forme lorsqu’on tente de placer la furtivité entre management et psychanalyse. Les extraits rapportés sont mis en face à face avec l’archétype de l’Ombre propre à Carl Gustav Jung (1964). Celle-ci ouvre un nouvel espace de jeu entre le management et la psychanalyse, l’acteur rationnel et l’Ombre.
Comprendre l'expatriation
Authors: Ramboarison-Lalao Lovanirina
Published: October 2011

Résumé Cette étude a pour principal objectif de comprendre le parcours de 34 médecins malgaches expatriés en France. Prenant appui sur la méthode des récits de vie, cette étude mobilise pour ce faire, les apports de l’approche développementaliste de la carrière à l’international. Les résultats vont nettement faire ressortir deux profils-types : les médecins ayant une carrière interstitielle d’infirmier et occupant à terme leur profession d’origine, d’un côté ; ceux qui bifurquent définitivement vers le métier d’infirmier ou d’aide-soignant, de l’autre. Les entretiens mettent par ailleurs en lumière les facteurs socio-économiques, motivationnels et culturels qui peuvent expliquer cette expatriation.