bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimizing Screening for Intrastriatal Interventions in Huntington's Disease Using Predictive Models
Authors: Barrett Matthew J. , Negida Ahmed , Mukhopadhyay Nitai , Kim Jin K. , Nawaz Huma , Jose Jefin , Testa Claudia
Published: March 2024

Background

Intrastriatal delivery of potential therapeutics in Huntington's disease (HD) requires sufficient caudate and putamen volumes. Currently, volumetric magnetic resonance imaging is rarely done in clinical practice, and these data are not available in large research cohorts such as Enroll‐HD.

Objective

The objective of this study was to investigate whether predictive models can accurately classify HD patients who exceed caudate and putamen volume thresholds required for intrastriatal therapeutic interventions.

Methods

We obtained and merged data for 1374 individuals across three HD cohorts: IMAGE‐HD, PREDICT‐HD, and TRACK‐HD/TRACK‐ON. We imputed missing data for clinical variables with >72% non‐missing values and used the model‐building algorithm BORUTA to identify the 10 most important variables. A random forest algorithm was applied to build a predictive model for putamen volume >2500 mm3 and caudate volume >2000 mm3 bilaterally. Using the same 10 predictors, we constructed a logistic regression model with predictors significant at P < 0.05.

Results

The random forest model with 1000 trees and minimal terminal node size of 5 resulted in 83% area under the curve (AUC). The logistic regression model retaining age, CAG repeat size, and symbol digit modalities test‐correct had 85.1% AUC. A probability cutoff of 0.8 resulted in 5.4% false positive and 66.7% false negative rates.

Conclusions

Using easily obtainable clinical data and machine learning‐identified initial predictor variables, random forest, and logistic regression models can successfully identify people with sufficient striatal volumes for inclusion cutoffs. Adopting these models in prescreening could accelerate clinical trial enrollment in HD and other neurodegenerative disorders when volume cutoffs are necessary enrollment criteria. © 2024 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
The Phenotypic and Genotypic Spectrum of CSF1R‐Related Disorder in China
Authors: Wu Jingying , Cheng Xin , Ji Duxin , Niu Huiwen , Yao Songquan , Lv Xukun , Wang Jianqiang , Li Ziyi , Zheng Haoran , Cao Yuwen , Zhan Feixia , Zhang Mengyuan , Tian Wotu , Huang Xiaojun , Luan Xinghua , Cao Li
Published: March 2024

Background

Colony‐stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R)‐related disorder (CRD) is a rare autosomal dominant disease. The clinical and genetic characteristics of Chinese patients have not been elucidated.

Objective

The objective of the study is to clarify the core features and influence factors of CRD patients in China.

Methods

Clinical and genetic‐related data of CRD patients in China were collected. Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and Sundal MRI Severity Score were evaluated. Whole exome sequencing was used to analyze the CSF1R mutation status. Patients were compared between different sexes, mutation types, or mutation locations.

Results

A total of 103 patients were included, with a male‐to‐female ratio of 1:1.51. The average age of onset was (40.75 ± 8.58). Cognitive impairment (85.1%, 86/101) and parkinsonism (76.2%, 77/101) were the main clinical symptoms. The most common imaging feature was bilateral asymmetric white matter changes (100.0%). A total of 66 CSF1R gene mutants (22 novel mutations) were found, and 15 of 92 probands carried c.2381 T > C/p.I794T (16.30%). The MMSE and MoCA scores (17.0 [9.0], 11.90 ± 7.16) of female patients were significantly lower than those of male patients (23.0 [10.0], 16.36 ± 7.89), and the white matter severity score (20.19 ± 8.47) of female patients was significantly higher than that of male patients (16.00 ± 7.62). There is no statistical difference in age of onset between male and female patients.

Conclusions

The core manifestations of Chinese CRD patients are progressive cognitive decline, parkinsonism, and bilateral asymmetric white matter changes. Compared to men, women have more severe cognitive impairment and imaging changes. c.2381 T > C/p.I794T is a hotspot mutation in Chinese patients. © 2024 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
An efficient shear and bending‐locking‐free quadrilateral plate element using a modified Hellinger‐Reissner functional and the Bergan free formulation
Authors: Batoz Jean‐Louis , Katili Irwan , Widyatmoko Susilo , Antaluca Eduard
Published: March 2024

This paper presents a general variational principle as theoretical support for creating a simple and efficient quadrilateral plate finite element called BKWA, having only a single displacement and two rotations at corner nodes according to the Reissner‐Mindlin plate theory. The functional is a modified Hellinger‐Reissner in terms of the kinematic variables and independent transverse shear strains. Hence, we consider quadratic rotations, as in DKQ, and linear independent shear strains with constant tangential components on sides, as in MITC4. The quadratic rotation contributions and the mixed shear strain components are wiped out by static condensation. To adequately satisfy the constant curvature patch tests, we also consider the orthogonality conditions between the linear and quadratic bending modes, as in the Bergan free formulation, to avoid ‘spurious bending energy’ for thick plates (also called bending locking). The paper contains comprehensive patch tests and convergence tests with regular and irregular meshes (displacements, internal forces, and strain energy) of circular and square plates. The element is compared with other existing elements (MITC4, DKMQ). It is concluded that BKWA is an efficient element regarding several criteria.
Drinking behavior patterns may be associated with persistent depressive symptoms after alcohol abstinence in alcohol use disorder
Authors: Kurihara Kazuhiro , Shinzato Hotaka , Takaesu Yoshikazu , Kondo Tsuyoshi
Published: March 2024

Aim

This study examined the association between drinking behavior patterns and depressive symptoms after alcohol abstinence in patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD).

Method

We recruited 102 AUD inpatients with baseline depressive symptoms, indicated by scores ≥6 on the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self‐Report Japanese Version (QIDS‐SR‐J) pre‐detoxification. Post‐4‐week abstinence, remission was defined as QIDS‐SR‐J scores <6. Patients were classified into remitted (n = 51) and persistent (n = 51) groups. Comparative analyses were conducted using patient profiles and the Drinking Behavior Pattern 20‐item Questionnaire (DBP‐20). Logistic regression identified factors related to post‐abstinence persistent depression. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis determined DBP‐20 cutoff scores differentiating between persistent and remitted depression.

Results

The persistent group exhibited higher scores in the DBP‐20 “coping with negative affect” subscale. Logistic regression showed low education, unemployment, and using alcohol for coping as significant factors for persistent depression. Conversely, an automatic drinking pattern indicated natural remission post‐abstinence. A subscale score of ≥8 in alcohol use for coping, especially among unemployed patients, predicted persistent depression (sensitivity 86.8%, positive predictive value 73.3%).

Conclusion

Unemployed patients with AUD using alcohol to cope with negative affect may experience residual depression even after detoxification. In contrast, patients with AUD with predominantly automatic drinking behavior may exhibit natural remission post‐abstinence.
Al, N Codoping and the Effect of O Vacancy in Photocatalyst SrTiO3
Authors: Wang Na , Su Xinhao , Deng Jinxia
Published: March 2024

In light of the potential for enhancing SrTiO3 (STO)'s photocatalytic efficiency, particularly in the visible light region, a study is conducted on Al, N codoping in STO herein using first‐principles calculations. The effect of oxygen vacancy (VO) is also considered. It is found that AlSr, NO can significantly reduce the bandgap; however, their formation energies are rather high, and the defect levels they brought in may induce recombination centers. Under O‐deficient conditions, VO can facilitate Al, N doping in STO. When Al, N codope in STO, AlTi, NO, and VO would tend to combine, and formation of complex defect AlTi + NO + VO can further enhance N dopability in STO. Moreover, AlTi + NO + VO can simultaneously reduce the bandgap and eliminate the defect levels induced by NO. However, AlTi + NO + VO may not fully realize the potential for the photocatalytic activity due to the low optical absorption and unsuitable band alignment. The work provides a theoretical guidance for the photocatalytic performance of STO in the visible light region.
New‐onset primary Sjögren's syndrome following exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Liu Shu , Zhang Jing , Liu Mian , Chen Qun , Wang Shiying , Wang Dandan , Sun Lingyun
Published: March 2024

Background

Understanding the clinical implications of autoimmune manifestations associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is essential to reduce its consequences. This study was aimed at determining the activities of new‐onset primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS) since the emergence of SARS‐CoV‐2.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study included data from 471 participants with dry mouths and eyes who had been attending Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital since December 2019. By April 2023, patients diagnosed with pSS were sequentially assigned to vaccinated group (n = 24) or vaccinated and infected group based on exposure (n = 20). Patients diagnosed with pSS within 3 months of vaccination against SARS‐CoV‐2 were assigned to a vaccinated group, and those who had been vaccinated and then developed pSS within 3 months of follow up after direct exposure to SARS‐CoV‐2 were assigned to a vaccinated and infected group. The controls comprised age‐ and sex‐matched patients who had not been exposed to SARS‐CoV‐2 before December 2019 (n = 21). We then compared data among the three groups.

Results

The vaccinated and infected patients had more fever, malaise, splenomegaly, and weight loss before diagnosis and a higher European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology Sjögren's syndrome disease activity index at the time of onset than the other two groups. Vaccinated patients had a higher frequency of anti‐nuclear antibody (ANA) titers > 1:320 (n = 12; 50%) and anti‐phospholipid antibodies (aPL) (n = 7; 29%) than the controls. The frequency of anti‐Ro/SSA antibodies (13, 65%), ANA titers > 1:320 (n = 16; 80%), and aPLs (n = 7; 29%) (n = 5; 25%) were all significantly higher in vaccinated patients with infection than those in the controls. Higher doses of glucocorticoids, cyclosporin A, and tacrolimus were administered to the vaccinated and infected than the vaccinated and control groups (p < 0.05, for all).

Conclusions

Patients with new‐onset pSS and a history of vaccination and SARS‐CoV‐2 infection might have more active disease. Further strengthening the assessment of people with a clear history of SARS‐CoV infection and the monitoring of potential populations for autoimmune screening should not be overlooked.
Perspectives of Community Pharmacy Staff on Commonly Encountered Skin Conditions and the Key Challenges Towards Enhancing Their Role in Dermatology
Authors: Shariff Zakia , Harvey Jane , Leighton Paul , Boyd Matthew , Ridd Matthew , Santer Miriam , Tucker Rod , Maidment Ian
Published: March 2024

This research letter discusses the perspectives of community pharmacy staff on commonly encountered skin conditions and the key challenges towards enhancing their role in this area. A mixed methods online survey was created, and a total of 174 community pharmacy staff completed the survey. The results highlight the range of conditions currently encountered in community pharmacy and the breadth of challenges facing community pharmacy staff, in particular challenges surrounding providing a differential diagnosis. Community pharmacies are an integral part of the NHS and have a key role in managing skin conditions; however, in order to optimise this role, the perspectives of staff discussed in this letter need to be further explored and addressed.
FeNi2S4–A Potent Bifunctional Efficient Electrocatalyst for the Overall Electrochemical Water Splitting in Alkaline Electrolyte
Authors: Hegazy Mohamed Barakat Zakaria , Zander Judith , Weiss Morten , Simon Christopher , Gerschel Philipp , Sanden Sebastian A. , Smialkowski Mathias , Tetzlaff David , Kull Tobias , Marschall Roland , Apfel Ulf‐Peter
Published: March 2024

For a carbon‐neutral society, the production of hydrogen as a clean fuel through water electrolysis is currently of great interest. Since water electrolysis is a laborious energetic reaction, it requires high energy to maintain efficient and sustainable production of hydrogen. Catalytic electrodes can reduce the required energy and minimize production costs. In this context, herein, a bifunctional electrocatalyst made from iron nickel sulfide (FeNi2S4 [FNS]) for the overall electrochemical water splitting is introduced. Compared to Fe2NiO4 (FNO), FNS shows a significantly improved performance toward both OER and HER in alkaline electrolytes. At the same time, the FNS electrode exhibits high activity toward the overall electrochemical water splitting, achieving a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at 1.63 V, which is favourable compared to previously published nonprecious electrocatalysts for overall water splitting. The long‐term chronopotentiometry test reveals an activation followed by a subsequent stable overall cell potential at around 2.12 V for 20 h at 100 mA cm−2.
Ostracods from the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary at El Matuasto Section, Neuquén Basin, Argentina: taxonomy, palaeoecological and palaeobiogeographical inferences
Authors: Ceolin Daiane , Santos Filho Marcos Antonio B. , Concheyro Andrea , Fauth Gerson
Published: March 2024

This work presents a taxonomic, palaeoecological and palaeobiogeographical study of the ostracod fauna around the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary from the El Matuasto section, Neuquén Basin, Argentina. The analysis of 64 samples resulted in the recovery of 82 marine ostracod species, of which four are new: Hemiparacytheridea condilomata, Paramunseyella stictus, Hysterocythereis acuminata and Aleisocythereis? picnus. In addition, the genera Sapucariella, Monoceratina, Aracajuia, Microceratina and Pelecocythere are reported for the first time from the Neuquén Basin. Palaeoecological inferences indicate fluctuations in abundance and diversity, occurring alongside environmental change from an inner to medium shelf during the Maastrichtian and to an outer shelf in the Danian. The Maastrichtian fauna was less abundant than that in the Danian, which shows a rapid recovery after the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary. During the Danian, a small interval also shows a sudden decrease in abundance and diversity that could potentially be related to the Dan‐C2 event. In addition, the described genera and species in this study suggest a strong palaeobiogeographical affinity with the Paraíba Basin, northeastern Brazil.
Cloning and functional analysis of Gb4CL1 and Gb4CL2 from Ginkgo biloba
Authors: Zhou Xian , Cao Jie , Liu Xiao‐Meng , Wang Li‐Na , Zhang Wei‐wei , Ye Jia‐Bao , Xu Feng , Cheng Shuiyuan
Published: March 2024

4‐Coumarate‐CoA ligase (4CL) gene plays vital roles in plant growth and development, especially the regulation of lignin metabolism and flavonoid synthesis. To investigate the potential function of 4CL in the lignin biosynthesis of Ginkgo biloba, this study identified two 4CL genes, Gb4CL1 and Gb4CL2, from G. biloba genome. Based on the phylogenetic tree analysis, Gb4CL1 and Gb4CL2 protein were classified into Class I, which has been confirmed to be involved in lignin biosynthesis. Therefore, it can be inferred that these two genes may also participate in lignin metabolism. The tissue‐specific expression patterns of these two genes revealed that Gb4CL1 was highly expressed in microstrobilus, whereas Gb4CL2 was abundant in immature leaves. The onion transient expression assay indicated that Gb4CL1 was predominantly localized in the nucleus, indicating its potential involvement in nuclear functions, while Gb4CL2 was observed in the cell wall, suggesting its role in cell wall‐related processes. Phytohormone response analysis revealed that the expression of both genes was upregulated in response to indole acetic acid, while methyl jasmonate suppressed it, gibberellin exhibited opposite effects on these genes. Furthermore, Gb4CL1 and Gb4CL2 expressed in all tissues containing lignin that showed a positive correlation with lignin content. Thus, these findings suggest that Gb4CL1 and Gb4CL2 are likely involved in lignin biosynthesis. Gb4CL1 and Gb4CL2 target proteins were successfully induced in Escherichia coli BL21 with molecular weights of 85.5 and 89.2 kDa, proving the integrity of target proteins. Our findings provided a basis for revealing that Gb4CL participated in lignin synthesis in G. biloba.
Digital Archaeology Between Hype and Reality: The Results of a Survey on the Use of 3D Technologies in Archaeology
Authors: Hostettler Marco , Buhlke Anja , Drummer Clara , Emmenegger Lea , Reich Johannes , Stäheli Corinne
Published: March 2024

Between January and March 2020, the EAA Community for 3D-Technologies in Archaeology conducted an international online survey on the current use of image-based 3D technologies. The aim was to gain broader insight into the application of image-based 3D technologies in archaeological practice and cultural-heritage management. The survey made it possible to determine the most important aims of the use of 3D technologies, as well as providing an overview both of the software and data formats used and of current archiving practices for raw and/or generated data. In this way, the main challenges for the further development of the techniques and the ongoing implementation of 3D technologies in practice can be identified.
Archiving the Third Dimension: Production, Maintenance and Use of 3D Models in Cultural Heritage Management
Authors: Kruse Kristin , Schönenberger Esther
Published: March 2024

In 2017, the Archaeology Department of the Canton Zurich defined photogrammetry in Agisoft Metashape as a new standard. The years have shown the advantages of the method, especially when documenting complex 3D structures, like skeletons or ruins, on site. While generating 3D models was a well-trodden path, the storage of 3D models needed some exploration. The first challenge was to incorporate 3D data into a pre-existing archive system. The second challenge was to secure both easy access for everyone and long-term storage at the same time. We propose a solution where access and storage are treated as two separate issues. This allows the content to be viewed without technological restrictions (e.g. as 3D PDF or VR application). While independently the same models are stored in a normalised geometry file (e.g. OBJ file) for long term use. Since long-term standards for 3D data have yet to be established, we have decided to provide a temporary backup system by keeping the raw data (photos) together with the processing report for replication purposes. Our solution comes with a lot of redundancy. However, this is still a trial and error approach, one that we would like to work on with fellow 3D enthusiasts.
Concluding Remarks – Coordinates for the Future of Digitalised Archaeology
Authors: Hostettler Marco , Buhlke Anja , Drummer Clara , Emmenegger Lea , Reich Johannes , Stäheli Corinne
Published: March 2024

The diverse contributions in this book show that the main challenges for the field are a lack of standardisation, interoperability and open-source solutions, as well as of long-term archiving solutions. The contributions also show that efforts are being made to sustainably integrate 3D technologies into the field of archaeology. Within the broader context of digital archaeology, it is argued that, in addition to technical issues, attention must be paid to ethical considerations about the nature of technology, cultural heritage and accessibility. Finally, the entanglements of technology with violent contexts must also be critically assessed.
Defrag Memories: The 3D Spatial Analysis of the Remains of Commemorative Gestures in the Necropolis of Porta Nocera at Pompeii
Authors: Fouriaux François
Published: March 2024

The archaeological excavation carried out in 2018 by W. Van Andringa, T. Creissen and H. Duday at Porta Nocera, Pompeii, brought to light a new funerary enclosure. During the excavation, a homogeneous layer was unearthed right below the eruptive deposit layers of 79 AD. This stratum revealed several traces of occupation linked to the funerary enclosure. As the fine excavation of the artifacts proceeded, the position and form of every single fragment unearthed was methodically recorded in situ as a supplement to the multidisciplinary studies realised by specialists. This exceptional context of preservation enabled us to implement an innovative 3D spatial analysis of the objects and their fragmentation, in order to understand the nature and frequency of commemorative gestures at the human space-time scale. The use of digital 3D visualisation thus permits us to analyse and demonstrate the existence of certain ephemeral human acts that would otherwise not be perceived. Here, I present the method and first results, which will be integrated into a thesis directed by Prof. W. Van Andringa.
Rock Art in Three Dimensions: Comments on the Use and Possibilities of 3D Rock Art Documentation
Authors: Horn Christian , Peternell Mark , Ling Johan , Green Ashely , Potter Rich
Published: March 2024

Methods to document rock art in all three dimensions have become a standardized workflow. In this article, we discuss their advantages and disadvantages when compared to older reductive approaches to rock art documentation. Furthermore, some misunderstandings regarding 3D documentation are addressed. As the majority of the problems presented by the 3D documentation of rock art can be solved through advanced visualization workflows, recent developments in this area are described. The rock art documentation described in this contribution also serves wider research purposes, which will be discussed. Newly discovered images and newly developed machine learning algorithms will also be introduced.
Thermal Metamaterials for Temperature Maintenance: From Advances in Heat Conduction to Future Convection Prospects
Authors: Zhou Xinchen
Published: March 2024

Maintaining temperature is crucial in both daily life and industrial settings, ensuring human comfort and device functionality. In the quest for energy conservation and emission reduction, several contemporary passive temperature control technologies have emerged, including phase change temperature control, shape memory alloys, solar thermal utilization, sky radiation cooling, and heat pipe systems. However, there is a pressing need for more quantitative methods to further optimize temperature maintenance. With advancements in theoretical thermotics and the emergence of thermal metamaterials, it is clear that temperature fields can be precisely manipulated by fine-tuning thermal and structural parameters. This chapter introduces three innovative devices: the energy-free thermostat, the negative-energy thermostat, and the multi-temperature maintenance container. All are grounded in the principles of thermal metamaterials and primarily operate under conduction heat transfer conditions. When compared with traditional technologies, the unparalleled efficacy of thermal metamaterials in temperature management is evident. Moreover, brief prospects present strategies to improve temperature maintenance under convection heat transfer, thus expanding the application spectrum of thermal metamaterials. This chapter concludes by spotlighting the evolution and interplay of the aforementioned three devices, marking the progression of thermal metamaterials from theoretical ideas to tangible engineering solutions. These insights not only bridge the gap between applied physics and engineering but also underscore the practical potential of thermal metamaterials.
Fundamental Methods and Design Paradigm for Omnithermotics
Authors: Wang Chengmeng , Xu Liujun , Wang Jun , Yang Shuai
Published: March 2024

This chapter offers a comprehensive exploration into the realm of thermal metamaterials, emphasizing their transformative potential in regulating the three primary modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. The foundation of this exploration is rooted in the theory of transformation omnithermotics, which has been instrumental in unifying these heat transfer modes. The article delves into various functional designs, including omnithermal metamaterials capable of thermal cloaking, concentration, and rotation. The effective medium theory further broadens the scope, allowing for the simultaneous manipulation of the three heat transfer modes. A notable highlight is the introduction of omnithermal restructurable metasurfaces, which exhibit dual properties in both infrared and visible light spectrums. Additionally, this chapter touches upon other artificially designed structures, such as radiative cooling and engineered cellular solids, drawing parallels with natural counterparts like wood and bone. The BCC lattice structure, in particular, is spotlighted for its unique thermal and mechanical properties, making it a promising candidate for future applications. The culmination of these findings underscores the vast potential of thermal metamaterials in diverse applications, from energy efficiency to aerospace engineering.
Omnithermal Metamaterials: Mastering Diverse Heat Transfer Modes
Authors: Yang Fu-Bao , Huang Ji-Ping
Published: March 2024

Transformation omnithermotics has emerged as a revolutionary theory within heat transfer, seeking to cohesively control the three primary heat transfer modes: conduction, convection, and radiation. Historically, orchestrating these modes in unison has posed immense challenges due to their unique properties and operational dynamics. This chapter delves deep into the core principles of transformation omnithermotics and its prowess in seamlessly integrating the complexities of these varied modes. We present an exhaustive exploration of cutting-edge devices birthed from this concept, such as the omnithermal cloaking, concentrating, and rotating apparatuses. As underscored by finite-element simulations and bolstered by experimental insights, these devices signify a pioneering horizon in thermal management. In this chapter, we endeavor not only to clarify the integration of these fundamental heat transfer modes within transformation omnithermotics but also to spotlight the vast potential it unlocks for avant-garde thermal management techniques.
Geometric Phases in Particle Diffusion with Non-Hermitian Hamiltonian Structures
Authors: Yang Fu-Bao , Huang Ji-Ping
Published: March 2024

Geometric phases in particle diffusion systems offer a different understanding beyond traditional Brownian motion and Fick’s laws. Here we introduce a unique structure composed of two rings moving in opposite directions and a stationary intermediate layer, which plays multifunctional roles in controlling particle diffusion. Numerical simulations using COMSOL Multiphysics validate the theoretical framework and provide deeper insights into the behavior of geometric phase. We also describe a bilayer particle-diffusion cloak, illustrating its simple design and adaptable control mechanisms. This system has potential applications in industries like healthcare and environmental management, thus expanding the understanding of the geometric phase and offering insights for the design of particle-diffusion metamaterials.
Summary and Prospect
Authors: Yang Fu-Bao , Huang Ji-Ping
Published: March 2024

In this chapter, we provide a summary of the book and cast our gaze towards what lies ahead. Specifically, we delineate several pivotal scientific queries that will steer the prospective trajectory of diffusionics, alongside the prospective engineering implementations of diffusion metamaterials.
Diffusion Metamaterials: Basic Experimental Methods
Authors: Yang Fu-Bao , Huang Ji-Ping
Published: March 2024

In the field of diffusion metamaterials, the demand to fabricate materials with unique or extreme properties has significantly risen. These methods, essential in the realm of passive materials, also extend to adaptive or actively tunable materials, broadening our capability to manipulate material parameters beyond the natural scope. This advancement in material science underscores the increasing need for both passive and adaptable solutions in various application domains. The current chapter delves into the sophisticated techniques and methodologies employed to actualize the parameters required by theories introduced, including effective medium theory, adaptable multi-function design and active systems with external gain or loss.
Spatial and Temporal Modulation of Thermoelectric Metamaterials
Authors: Yang Fu-Bao , Huang Ji-Ping
Published: March 2024

In this chapter, we delve into the exciting realm of emerging multiphysics metamaterials, which holds great potential for orchestrating intricate physical processes. Our focus lies in exploring the concept of spatially and spatiotemporally modulated thermoelectric metamaterials, aiming to achieve multifaceted control over the thermal and electric domains. To establish a solid theoretical foundation for spatially modulated thermoelectric metamaterials, we delve into decoupled transformation thermoelectrics, coupled transformation thermoelectrics, and nonlinear transformation thermoelectrics. These theories serve as the basis for achieving functional control over electric and thermal fields. Recognizing the limitations of single-functionality and the inherent immutability of conventional thermoelectric metamaterials, a novel concept emerges-that of spatiotemporal multiphysics metamaterials, which incorporates the temporal dimension. This transformative facet empowers each physical field with manifold functionalities and the ability to seamlessly transition between them. To realize this vision, we develop rotatable checkerboard structures with varying rotation times, material compositions, and geometric shapes. These structures facilitate flexible switching of thermal and electric functions, enabling capabilities such as cloaking, sensing, and concentrating. The outcomes of our research offer a promising spatiotemporal platform for realizing adaptive and intelligent manipulation of multiphysics fields. This advancement paves the way for innovative applications and opens up new horizons in the field of metamaterials.
Bee-Ing positive about wasp-negative media reporting: the opinions of scientists and their influence on the media
Authors: Oi C. A. , Brown R. L. , Sumner S.
Published: March 2024

Insects are the most diverse group on earth, providing a vast array of essential functions for people and nature. Yet, our appreciation of their contributions is biased towards a few economically important taxa, especially pollinating insects like honeybees. Other taxa are less well appreciated despite the important roles they play, and these taxa are rarely (if ever) the focus of conservation initiatives. Here, we explore the role that scientists play through their interactions with the media in shaping our attitudes towards one of the least appreciated insects—the aculeate (stinging) wasps. Vespine wasps are an excellent taxonomic group for such a study as they are important predators in native ecosystems (e.g., the Northern Hemisphere—in Europe and North America) but ecologically devastating as invasive species in many regions of the Southern Hemisphere (e.g., New Zealand, Australia, South America). Despite this, global media coverage of wasps invariably focuses on and emotively exaggerates the negative defensive stinging behaviour of wasps, and almost entirely overlooks their beneficial positive roles (as pest controllers and pollinators). Wasp and bee scientists from around the world were surveyed about their interactions with the media and how they considered these interactions to influence public perceptions and insect conservation. Our surveys capture the negative-wasp and positive-bee biases experienced by scientists through their interactions with the media. We consider the implications of such biases on wasp populations, their conservation and management, and make recommendations for a more balanced portrayal of this important and diverse group of insects.
Effectiveness of combined local therapy with antibiotics and fibrin vs. vacuum-assisted wound therapy in soft tissue infections: a retrospective study
Authors: Kaiser S. , Verboket R. D. , Frank J. , Marzi I. , Janko M.
Published: March 2024

Purpose

Soft tissue infections can be severe and life-threatening. Their treatment consists currently in radical surgical wound debridement and combined systemic antimicrobial therapy. Different side effects are possible. Local antibiotic therapy represents a new approach to reduce side effects and improve healing. The aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of the local sprayed use of antibiotics with fibrin sealing compared with negative pressure wound therapy as an established treatment of soft-tissue infections.

Methods

In this retrospective study, patients with soft tissue infections who underwent surgical treatment were analysed. One group consists of patients, who received local fibrin-antibiotic spray (FAS) (n = 62). Patients treated by vacuum-assisted wound therapy (VAWT) as the established treatment were the control group (n = 57). Main outcomes were differences in the success of healing, the duration until healing and the number of needed operations.

Results

Clinical healing could be achieved for 55 patients (98.21%) in the FAS group vs. 47 patients (92.16%) in the VAWT group (p = 0.19). Time to require this was 10.65 ± 10.38 days in the FAS group and 22.85 ± 14.02 days in the VAWT group (p < 0.001). In the FAS group, patients underwent an average of 1.44 ± 0.72 vs.3.46 ± 1.66 operations in the VAWT group (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Compared to vacuum-assisted wound therapy in soft tissue infections, local fibrin-antibiotic spray shows faster clinical healing and less needed operations. Leading to shorter hospital stays and more satisfied patients. The combination of sprayed fibrin and antibiotics can be seen as a promising and effective method.
Biologikatherapie bei schwer erkrankten Patienten mit „NSAID-exacerbated respiratory disease“ und stattgehabter ASS‑Desaktivierung
Authors: Staufenberg Anna-Rebekka , Frankenberger Hanna K. , Förster-Ruhrmann Ulrike , Spahn Franziska C. , Klimek Ludger , Fruth Kai , Stihl Clemens , Matthias Christoph , Gröger Moritz , Hagemann Jan
Published: March 2024

Hintergrund

Die chronische Rhinosinusitis mit Nasenpolypen (CRSwNP) ist eine chronisch-entzündliche Erkrankung der oberen Atemwege mit starker Beeinträchtigung der Lebensqualität. Die von „NSAID-exacerbated respiratory disease“ (NERD) betroffenen Patienten weisen i. d. R. ein hochdynamisches Wiederauftreten der Beschwerden nach Operation, oraler Kortikosteroidgabe und Acetylsalicylsäuredesensibilisierung (ATAD) auf. Die Add-on-Biologikatherapie hat die Wahl des therapeutischen Konzepts grundlegend verändert, Subgruppen wie der der NERD sind jedoch unzureichend untersucht. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist, es eine multizentrische retrospektive Studie über die Add-on-Therapie mit Dupilumab, Omalizumab und Mepolizumab bei Patienten mit gesichertem NERD vorzustellen.

Methode

Es handelt sich um eine retrospektive Kohortenstudie von Patienten (NERD+, Status nach ATAD) dreier Referenzzentren in Deutschland (München, Mainz, Berlin). Subjektive und objektive Parameter wurden nach 4/8/12 Monaten in Übereinstimmung mit EPOS/EUFOREA-Richtlinien (European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps/European Forum for Research and Education in Allergy and Airway Diseases) erhoben. Die Auswahl der Biologika erfolgte je nach Verfügbarkeit und Patientencharakteristik.

Ergebnisse

Behandlungen wurden bei n = 122 Patienten mit CRSwNP und NERD begonnen. Der endoskopische Polypenscore, der SNOT-22-Fragebogen-Score (Sino-Nasal Outcome Test), der visuelle Analogskala-Score für die Gesamtsymptome/Schwere der Erkrankung und der Geruchssinn (psychophysische Tests mit Sniffin’Sticks/Brief Smell Identification Test, B‑SIT, Fa. Sensonics, Inc., Haddon Heights, NJ, USA) verbesserten sich signifikant nach 4 bzw. 12 Monaten Zusatztherapie (p < 0,0001). Alle 3 Biologika führten zu einer signifikanten Verbesserung eines oder mehrerer Krankheitsparameter. Unerwünschte Ereignisse waren nicht lebensbedrohlich, führten aber in 4 Fällen zu einem Wechsel des Biologikums. Die Patienten bewerteten die Biologikatherapie signifikant besser als ATAD, mit einer besseren langfristigen Kontrolle der Krankheit.

Schlussfolgerung

Die Add-on Biologikatherapie ist wirksam, sicher und wird in der Gruppe der CRSwNP + NERD-Patienten weitgehend akzeptiert. Künftige Studien könnten personalisierte Algorithmen mit sequenzieller Chirurgie, ATAD und/oder Biologikatherapie ermöglichen.
Is longer maternal care always beneficial? The impact of a 4-year paid parental leave
Authors: Bičáková Alena , Kalíšková Klára
Published: March 2024

We study the impact of an extension of paid family leave in the Czech Republic from 3 to 4 years on children’s long-term outcomes. We find that an additional year of maternal care at age 3 has an adverse effect on children’s human capital investments and labor market attachment. Affected children are 6 percentage points less likely to be enrolled in college and 4 percentage points more likely to be not in education, employment, or training (NEET) at age 21–22. While the negative impact on education is persistent, with an 8 percentage points lower probability of completing college by the age of 27, the effect on NEET is short-lived. The results are driven by children of low-educated mothers, whose education and NEET outcomes are affected by as much as 12 percentage points. Our findings are consistent with previously documented positive effects of universal childcare on child long-term outcomes and with the fact that the extended maternal care induced by the extension of family leave led to a postponement of public kindergarten enrollment.
A deep ensemble learning method for cherry classification
Authors: Kayaalp Kiyas
Published: March 2024

In many agricultural products, information technologies are utilized in classification processes at the desired quality. It is undesirable to mix different types of cherries, especially in export-type cherries. In this study on cherries, one of the important export products of Turkey, the classification of cherry species was carried out with ensemble learning methods. In this study, a new dataset consisting of 3570 images of seven different cherry species grown in Isparta region was created. The generated new dataset was trained with six different deep learning models with pre-learning on the original and incremental dataset. As a result of the training with incremental data, the best result was obtained from the DenseNet169 model with an accuracy of 99.57%. The two deep learning models with the best results were transferred to ensemble learning and a 100% accuracy rate was obtained with the Maximum Voting model.
Bacteria Associated with Spores of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Improve the Effectiveness of Fungal Inocula for Red Raspberry Biotization
Authors: Ważny Rafał , Jędrzejczyk Roman J. , Rozpądek Piotr , Domka Agnieszka , Tokarz Krzysztof M. , Janicka Martyna , Turnau Katarzyna
Published: March 2024

Intensive crop production leads to the disruption of the symbiosis between plants and their associated microorganisms, resulting in suboptimal plant productivity and lower yield quality. Therefore, it is necessary to improve existing methods and explore modern, environmentally friendly approaches to crop production. One of these methods is biotization, which involves the inoculation of plants with appropriately selected symbiotic microorganisms which play a beneficial role in plant adaptation to the environment. In this study, we tested the possibility of using a multi-microorganismal inoculum composed of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and AMF spore-associated bacteria for biotization of the red raspberry. Bacteria were isolated from the spores of AMF, and their plant growth-promoting properties were tested. AMF inocula were supplemented with selected bacterial strains to investigate their effect on the growth and vitality of the raspberry. The investigations were carried out in the laboratory and on a semi-industrial scale in a polytunnel where commercial production of seedlings is carried out. In the semi-industrial experiment, we tested the growth parameters of plants and physiological response of the plant to temporary water shortage. We isolated over fifty strains of bacteria associated with spores of AMF. Only part of them showed plant growth-promoting properties, and six of these (belonging to the Paenibacillus genus) were used for the inoculum. AMF inoculation and co-inoculation of AMF and bacteria isolated from AMF spores improved plant growth and vitality in both experimental setups. Plant dry weight was improved by 70%, and selected chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (the contribution of light to primary photochemistry and fraction of reaction centre chlorophyll per chlorophyll of the antennae) were increased. The inoculum improved carbon assimilation, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration after temporary water shortage. Raspberry biotization with AMF and bacteria associated with spores has potential applications in horticulture where ecological methods based on plant microorganism interaction are in demand.
Mulching effects on soil evaporation, crop evapotranspiration and crop coefficients: a review aimed at improved irrigation management
Authors: Ramos Tiago B. , Darouich Hanaa , Pereira Luis S.
Published: March 2024

Mulching is a widely adopted agronomic practice, often used as a water-saving strategy due to its effectiveness in reducing soil evaporation. However, effects vary depending on the materials used and the extent of mulch soil coverage. Consequently, the impacts of mulching may differ considerably across production systems, preventing the establishment of reliable guidelines for irrigation water management. The objective of this study is to comprehensively review existing literature that compares mulching versus no-mulching management, aiming to gain a deeper understanding of the effects of mulching on soil evaporation (Es), crop coefficients (Kc), and actual crop evapotranspiration (ETc act). 58 studies were selected. The impact of mulching was particularly notable in the early crop stages, when the soil is not fully covered. Data in literature shows that plastic films were more effective in reducing Kc than organic materials. However, this effect, while evident during the early crop stages, diminished throughout the rest of the season. Black plastic films were more effective during the early crop stages compared to other colored plastics, particularly relative to the decrease of Kc, but this effect also diminishes during the rest of the season. Building upon these findings, the study provides guidelines for expected reductions in Kc values based on the type of crop, crop stage, and the mulching material most used in each cropping system.
Comprehensive proteomics of CSF, plasma, and urine identify DDC and other biomarkers of early Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Rutledge Jarod , Lehallier Benoit , Zarifkar Pardis , Losada Patricia Moran , Shahid-Besanti Marian , Western Dan , Gorijala Priyanka , Ryman Sephira , Yutsis Maya , Deutsch Gayle K. , Mormino Elizabeth , Trelle Alexandra , Wagner Anthony D. , Kerchner Geoffrey A. , Tian Lu , Cruchaga Carlos , Henderson Victor W. , Montine Thomas J. , Borghammer Per , Wyss-Coray Tony , Poston Kathleen L.
Published: March 2024

Parkinson’s disease (PD) starts at the molecular and cellular level long before motor symptoms appear, yet there are no early-stage molecular biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis prediction, or monitoring therapeutic response. This lack of biomarkers greatly impedes patient care and translational research—l-DOPA remains the standard of care more than 50 years after its introduction. Here, we performed a large-scale, multi-tissue, and multi-platform proteomics study to identify new biomarkers for early diagnosis and disease monitoring in PD. We analyzed 4877 cerebrospinal fluid, blood plasma, and urine samples from participants across seven cohorts using three orthogonal proteomics methods: Olink proximity extension assay, SomaScan aptamer precipitation assay, and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry proteomics. We discovered that hundreds of proteins were upregulated in the CSF, blood, or urine of PD patients, prodromal PD patients with DAT deficit and REM sleep behavior disorder or anosmia, and non-manifesting genetic carriers of LRRK2 and GBA mutations. We nominate multiple novel hits across our analyses as promising markers of early PD, including DOPA decarboxylase (DDC), also known asl-aromatic acid decarboxylase (AADC), sulfatase-modifying factor 1 (SUMF1), dipeptidyl peptidase 2/7 (DPP7), glutamyl aminopeptidase (ENPEP), WAP four-disulfide core domain 2 (WFDC2), and others. DDC, which catalyzes the final step in dopamine synthesis, particularly stands out as a novel hit with a compelling mechanistic link to PD pathogenesis. DDC is consistently upregulated in the CSF and urine of treatment-naïve PD, prodromal PD, and GBA or LRRK2 carrier participants by all three proteomics methods. We show that CSF DDC levels correlate with clinical symptom severity in treatment-naïve PD patients and can be used to accurately diagnose PD and prodromal PD. This suggests that urine and CSF DDC could be a promising diagnostic and prognostic marker with utility in both clinical care and translational research.
Molecular probes targeting HER2 PET/CT and their application in advanced breast cancer
Authors: Gao Fang , Liu Fengxu , Wang Jun , Bi Junfang , Zhai Luoping , Li Dong
Published: March 2024

Purpose

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer cases are among the most aggressive breast tumor subtypes. Accurately assessing HER2 expression status is vital to determining whether patients will benefit from targeted anti-HER2 treatment. HER2-targeted positron emission tomography (PET/CT) is noninvasive, enabling the real-time evaluation of breast cancer patient HER2 status with accuracy.

Methods

We summarize the research progress of PET/CT targeting HER2 in breast cancer, focusing on PET/CT molecular probes targeting HER2 and their clinical application in the management of advanced breast cancer.

Results

At present, a variety of different HER2 targeted molecular probes for PET/CT imaging have been developed, including nucleolin-labeled antibodies, antibody fragments, nanobodies, and peptides of various affinities, among others. HER2-targeted PET/CT can relatively accurately evaluate HER2 expression status in advanced breast cancer patients. It has good performance in the early detection of small HER2-positive lesions, evaluation of HER2 status in lesions that cannot be readily biopsied, evaluation of the heterogeneity of multiple metastases, identification of lesions with altered HER2 status, and evaluation of the efficacy of anti-HER2 drugs.

Conclusion

HER2-targeted PET/CT offers a promising noninvasive approach for real-time assessment of HER2 status，which can be guide targeted treatment for HER2-positive breast cancer patients. Future prospective clinical studies will be invaluable for fully evaluating the importance of HER2-targeted molecular imaging in the management of breast cancer.