bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Calf-Sex Influence in Bovine Milk Production
Authors: Quaresma Miguel , Payan-Carreira R.
Published: October 2020

The main source of incomes in a dairy farm is milk sales, and any factor altering the production affects the farmers’ income significantly. According to the Trivers-Willard hypothesis, if the cows’ systems are generally good and offer competitive conditions, they produce more milk for bull calves. They also suggest that cows in a worse condition or of a genetically diverging strain invest more milk in heifer calves. The existence of a sex-bias in cows’ milk production remains controversial even if it would open new insights on the economic impacts of using sex-sorted semen to enhance farm productivity. Sex-biased milk production in cows can vary, favoring one sex or the other and, sometimes, none. It seems to favor females in intensive production systems, while in other less intensive systems, this effect seems to disappear. This chapter intends to address available evidence on the sex-biased cows’ milk production and discuss why further research forecasting this issue is needed, including other cattle populations and correlating the investment strategy with an animal welfare index. Besides, other factors, such as different housing and feedings, can impact the calf-sex milk production bias through pathways still to be understood.
Os vasilhames com apliques de anuros das estearias e a identificação biológica das espécies
Authors: Navarro Alexandre Guida , Rodrigues Miguel Trefaut , Grant Taran
Published: October 2020

Este artigo apresenta os resultados da análise dos vasilhames com apliques de anuros das cerâmicas arqueológicas oriundas de coletas sistemáticas nas estearias maranhenses associando-os às espécies biológicas. Parte-se, portanto, de um estudo interdisciplinar que busca atentar para a importância deste tipo de abordagem ainda pouco utilizada pelos arqueólogos brasileiros, sobretudo na Amazônia, cuja imagética arqueológica associada a sapos e rãs é recorrente no material arqueológico desta região. Apresentam-se os apliques de anuros, sua análise tecnológica, as formas dos vasilhames e a identificação das espécies, fomentando a interpretação dos resultados com enfoque na relação entre cultura material e biologia.
Political Form in Paul Celan
Authors: Shaw Beau ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: October 2020

Paul Celan’s “Tenebrae” is a scandalous poem: it describes how “unity with the dying Jesus” (in Hans-Georg Gadamer’s words) is achieved by means of the Jewish experience of the concentration camps. In this paper, I provide a new interpretation of “Tenebrae” that breaks from the two traditional ways in which the poem has been viewed—on the one hand, as a Christian poem that suggests that Jesus, insofar as he suffers just like Jewish concentration camp victims do, can provide “hope and redemption for the faithful” (Gadamer), and, on the other hand, as an ironic criticism of this Christian idea. Rather, I suggest that “Tenebrae” is a modification of Christianity: preserving Christian belief about Jesus’s death, it destroys that belief, and does so for the sake of the defense against Christian persecution. Finally, I suggest that this view reveals the peculiar poetic form of “Tenebrae”—what I call “political form.”
Tacit consent in the doctrines of John Locke and John Rawls
Authors: Obačkić Dragana
Published: October 2020

Political theory often raises the question of how to establish an authority that is legitimate, the latter implying that the said authority does not threaten the autonomy of the will of an individual, which, according to modern political theory, is a condition allowing us speak about authority over citizens. Otherwise, we could talk about subjects of that authority, which is not relevant for this paper. In order to preserve the autonomy of the will of an individual, it is necessary that the decision-makers of the authorities voluntarily consent to them. There are different types of consent in political theory and practice, among which are explicit and tacit consent. This paper deals with the phenomenon of tacit consent, more precisely with an analysis of the concept of tacit consent in the doctrines of John Locke and John Rawls.
Nupcialidad y dispensas matrimoniales en El Sagrario de la catedral de la ciudad de Puebla, Nueva España, durante el reinado de Felipe IV.
Authors: Grajales Porras Agustín , Illades Aguiar Lilián
Published: October 2020

Con la conquista y evangelización del Nuevo Mundo se introdujo el modelo de vida cristiana y consigo las normas morales específicas en cuanto a la conducta sexual y la formación de las familias. El período de análisis toca al reinado de Felipe IV, distinguiendo dos etapas: 1621-1639 y 1661-1669. Con base en 3.391 actas de casamiento, el estudio apunta a situar algunos patrones socioculturales de la nupcialidad y el nivel de apego a las normas tridentinas y su expresión en la Nueva España. Específicamente, se intenta descubrir la importancia relativa de los matrimonios con impedimentos dirimentes que obtuvieron licencia y los recursos de los parroquianos para eludir las amonestaciones prenupciales. Otros tópicos de interés son el canon del matrimonio, su registro, la frecuencia y evolución de las nupcias, su estacionalidad y el comportamiento diferencial de los grupos étnicos mayores de la sociedad colonial: amerindios, españoles con mestizos y afrodescendientes.

With the conquest and evangelization of the New World, the model of Christian life was introduced and with it the specific moral norms regarding sexual behavior and the formation of families. The period of analysis refers to the reign of Philip IV, distinguishing two stages: 1621-1639 and 1661-1669. Based on 3.391 marriage acts, the study aims to situate some socio-cultural patterns of nuptiality and the level of attachment to Tridentine norms and their expression in New Spain. Specifically, an attempt is made to discover the relative importance of marriages with diriment impediments that were licensed and the resources of parishioners to avoid prenuptial admonitions. Other topics of interest are the canon of marriage, its registration, the frequency and evolution of marriages, their seasonality and the differential behavior of the major ethnic groups of colonial society: Amerindians, Spaniards with mestizos and Afro-descendants.
Evolución del cálculo de la latitud por la altura meridiana incluido en los textos para la formación de los pilotos de la Carrera de Indias en tiempo de los Austrias.
Authors: Pintos Amengual Gabriel
Published: October 2020

Durante los siglos XVI y XVII, los Regimientos de Navegación fueron los textos donde se formaron los pilotos de la Carrera de Indias. Por lo que su análisis constituye un instrumento eficaz, para conocer el grado de formación que recibieron y su evolución. Dentro de los conocimientos exigidos a los pilotos se incluía el cálculo de la latitud observada por altura meridiana del Sol, lo que conformó el primer método astronómico de posicionamiento, que se les enseñó a los pilotos de la Carrera de Indias. En este artículo nos adentramos en el análisis de ese método de posicionamiento astronómico y su evolución a través de los textos seleccionados. Finalmente presentamos las reglas empleadas por los diversos autores, en las que durante el periodo estudiado no varió el procedimiento utilizado.      

During the 16th and 17th centuries, the so-called “Regimientos de Navegación” were the textbooks used to educate the pilotos de la Carrera de Indias. Therefore, their analysis is an effective tool to know the degree of training they received and its evolution. Among the knowledge required of the pilots was the calculation of the observed latitude by the meridian height of the Sun, which was the first astronomical method of positioning taught to the pilots of the Carrera de Indias. In this article, we delve into the analysis of this method of astronomical positioning and its evolution through the selected texts. Finally, we present the rules used by the various authors in which the procedure used did not vary during the studied period.
Fuentes primarias para el estudio de las rentas de propios y arbitrios de los municipios indianos.
Authors: Caño Ortigosa José Luis
Published: October 2020

La administración política, judicial y económica en la América española se vertebró, en última instancia, a partir de los ayuntamientos y sus gobiernos municipales. Representantes de la autoridad del Rey, eran el eslabón más cercano y directo al vasallo de la jerarquía absolutista. Asimismo, los Cabildos eran la primera representación de la población a la que gobernaban, impartían justicia, cobraban impuestos y daban servicios públicos. En ambos sentidos, en sus gestiones encauzadas verticalmente hacia las instituciones superiores, y hacia abajo en la aplicación de las medidas que aquellas les imponían, su capacidad de acción venía condicionada, sobre todo, por los recursos económicos a su disposición. Aparte, las políticas adoptadas de forma autónoma en los municipios también dependían de la economía local, de la autoridad reconocida y de las mercedes recibidas. Todo ello repercutió en las formas de actuar de cada municipio, en sus intereses y, consecuentemente, en las tipologías documentales que aparecen con más frecuencia en cada uno de ellos. La ordenación de esos tipos documentales, el análisis de su aparición y frecuencia, de las mercedes concedidas y las comunicaciones mantenidas nos aportan relevante y novedosa información que, en estudios comparativos, deben ofrecen nuevas respuestas e interrogantes sobre la temática. Interrogantes a los que hay que encontrar nuevos métodos históricos para darles solución. 

Economical, judicial and political administration in Spanish America was supported, ultimately, by councils and their local governments. On the one hand, as legal representatives of the royal authority, they were the most close and direct link with the vassals of the absolutist hierarchy. On the other hand Cabildos were the first representatives of the population they ruled, they administer justice, collect taxes and give public services. In both ways, managing up for their superior authorities and managing down applying the current legacy, the ability of councils to act was limited, mainly by the lack of economical resources. Moreover, politics autonomously adopted by local governments depended on several factors as the local economy, their recognized  authority  and  the favours received.  All these things affected the ways in which the councils acted and to their interests, and consequently to the types of documents they generated which are the ones we can  more frequently find  nowadays. The order of those documents, the analysis of their appearances and frequencies, just as the study of the given favours and the communications maintained, provide us lots of relevant and original information that will offer, through comparative studies, new answers and questions on the subject.  Questions that will need new historical methods to be solved.
Redescubrimiento de los pleitos judiciales de una temprana sociedad colonial. Corrientes, Río de la Plata (1588-1680).
Authors: Valenzuela Fátima , Pozzaglio Fernando
Published: October 2020

En este artículo nos proponemos explorar el fondo judicial del Archivo General de la Provincia de Corrientes. Por un lado, desarrollaremos un catálogo de las causas judicializadas entre 1612 y 1680, es decir, un instrumento descriptivo que puede ser utilizado por historiadores y/usuarios del archivo. Por otro lado, caracterizaremos los pleitos que corresponden a los albores de la configuración de la ciudad de San Juan de Vera. En ese contexto, presentaremos  una primera lectura en torno al funcionamiento de la justicia ordinaria y el accionar de otros funcionarios reales en el espacio colonial. De ese modo, lograremos una aproximación a los discursos y experiencias por medio de las causas judiciales.

In this article we propose to explore the judicial fund of the General Archive of the Province of Corrientes. On the one hand, we will develop a catalog of judicial cases between 1612 and 1680, that is, a descriptive instrument that can be used by other historians and users of the archive. On the other hand, we characterize the lawsuits that took place at the dawn of the configuration of the city of San Juan de Vera. In this context, we will develop a first reading about the operation of ordinary justice and the action of other royal officials in the colonial space. In this way, we get an approximation to discourses and experiences through judicial cases.
A MAC2-positive progenitor-like microglial population is resistant to CSF1R inhibition in adult mouse brain
Authors: Zhan Lihong , Fan Li , Kodama Lay , Sohn Peter Dongmin , Wong Man Ying , Mousa Gergey Alzaem , Zhou Yungui , Li Yaqiao , Gan Li
Published: October 2020

Microglia are the resident myeloid cells in the central nervous system (CNS). The majority of microglia rely on CSF1R signaling for survival. However, a small subset of microglia in mouse brains can survive without CSF1R signaling and reestablish the microglial homeostatic population after CSF1R signaling returns. Using single-cell transcriptomic analysis, we characterized the heterogeneous microglial populations under CSF1R inhibition, including microglia with reduced homeostatic markers and elevated markers of inflammatory chemokines and proliferation. Importantly, MAC2/Lgals3was upregulated under CSF1R inhibition, and shared striking similarities with microglial progenitors in the yolk sac and immature microglia in early embryos. Lineage-tracing studies revealed that these MAC2+ cells were of microglial origin. MAC2+ microglia were also present in non-treated adult mouse brains and exhibited immature transcriptomic signatures indistinguishable from those that survived CSF1R inhibition, supporting the notion that MAC2+ progenitor-like cells are present among adult microglia.
Beholde og rekruttere sykepleiere til sykehjem, en kvalitativ studie av avdelingssykepleieres erfaringer
Authors: Berge Hege , Eilertsen Grethe
Published: October 2020

Retaining and recruiting nurses in nursing homes, - a qualitative study of nurse managers' experiences

The purpose of the study was to explore nurse managers in Norwegian nursing homes experiences with retaining and recruiting of nurses. The study has a qualitative exploratory design. Ten nurse managers in nursing homes were interviewed. Two main themes emerged from the analysis: “Retaining nurses - a difficult line to balance” and “Recruiting – a field of excellence with ideals and reality”. Retaining and recruiting nurses challenged nurse managers in finding a balance between facilitating professional development, supporting the nurses in independent prioritization of tasks as well as economic and organizational work that were occasionally perceived as an obstacle. Nurse managers play an important role in the nursing homes and influence nurses’ retaining rate through active leadership. Good leadership may lead to a good reputation, which in turn is vital in retaining and recruiting nurses.
Platelet lysate induces chondrogenic differentiation of umbilical cord‐derived mesenchymal stem cells by regulating the lncRNA H19/miR‐29b‐3p/SOX9 axis
Authors: Cao Boran , Dai Xin
Published: October 2020

Platelet lysate (PL) has been shown to induce chondrogenic differentiation of human umbilical cord‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs). However, the underlying mechanism is still not clear. The aim of this study was to investigate whether long noncoding RNA H19 is involved in this process. hUCMSCs were isolated, identified and cultured in 5% PL‐supplemented chondrogenic differentiation medium. Chondrogenic differentiation was assessed by Alcian blue staining. The expressions of H19, miR‐29b‐3p, SRY‐related high‐mobility‐group box 9 (SOX9), collagen II and aggrecan were determined by quantitative real‐time PCR and western blot. The interaction between miR‐29b‐3p and H19 or SOX9 was analyzed by luciferase reporter assay. During PL‐induced chondrogenic differentiation of hUCMSCs, expressions of H19 and SOX9 were increased, whereas miR‐29b‐3p expression was decreased. H19 overexpression promoted, whereas H19 silencing attenuated the PL‐induced chondrogenic differentiation of hUCMSCs. SOX9 was identified as a direct target of miR‐29b‐3p, and H19 was observed to act as a sponge of miR‐29b‐3p to up‐regulate SOX9 expression. The chondrogenic differentiation‐promoting effect of H19 overexpression was negated when miR‐29b‐3p expression was up‐regulated by Lenti‐miR‐29b‐3p infection. In conclusion, PL induced chondrogenic differentiation of hUCMSCs by regulating the H19/miR‐29b‐3p/SOX9 axis.
Gold‐catalyzed C−H Functionalization of Phenothiazines with Aryldiazoacetates
Authors: Jana Sripati , Empel Claire , Pei Chao , Vinh Nguyen Thanh , Koenigs Rene M.
Published: October 2020

Phenothiazine is an important structural motif in pharmaceuticals and advanced functional organic materials. However, the C−H functionalization reaction of N‐protected phenothiazine is rather unexplored and often shadowed by its chemical reactivity on the heteroatomic centers, which limits the diversity of its potential applications. This report demonstrates a straightforward approach towards the site‐selective C−H functionalization of phenothiazine at the para‐position of N atom via gold‐catalyzed carbene transfer reactions (37 examples, up to 83% yield). The mechanism behind the regionselectivity of the C−H functionalization reaction was also elucidated by a combination of computational and experimental studies.

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Improvement of aeolian sandy soil in Mu Us, China with soft montmorillonite clay stone
Authors: Zhang Haiou , Guo Zhen , Li Juan , Lu Yangjie , Xu Yan
Published: October 2020

Aeolian sandy soil, common in Mu Us, China has poor structure and water holding capacity. The soft montmorillonite clay stone was used to adjust the structure and characteristics of sand soil. In this study, the soft montmorillonite clay stone was mixed with sand in the volume ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:5. Soil texture, organic matter content (OMC), and effects on crop yield from 2010 to 2018 were determined. When corn (Zea mays L.) was planted, the clay content, fractal dimension (FD), and OMC of the 1:2 compound soil showed a steadily increasing trend with a higher rate than the 1:1 and 1:5 compound soil. When potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) was planted, the increasing rates of the FD and OMC were largest in the 1:5 compound soil. Potato planting increased the FD of the soil particles by 15.3%, and the OMC was 13.76 times higher than it was prior to planting. Corn and potato crops had the largest sustainable yield index (SYI) and average yield, and the smallest coefficient of variation (CV) in the 1:2 and 1:5 compound soils, respectively. This indicated that 1:2 and 1:5 compound soils allowed for the highest yield stability and sustainability. The 1:2 and 1:5 compound soils were suitable for corn and potato growth, and the compound soil properties exhibited a sustainable and stable development trend. Therefore, this indicates that 1:2–1:5 compound ratios can be used as the optimum sand clay ratios for improving the characteristics of aeolian sandy soil using soft rock.
Novel GLI3 pathogenic variants in complex pre‐ and postaxial polysyndactyly and Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome
Authors: Patel Rashmi , Singh Subodh Kumar , Bhattacharya Visweswar , Ali Akhtar
Published: October 2020

Polydactyly is a limb malformation and can occur as nonsyndromic polydactyly, syndromic polydactyly, or along with other limb defects. A few genes have been identified that cause various forms of syndromic and nonsyndromic polydactyly, of which GLI3 has been extensively explored. In the present study, GLI3 gene was screened by direct resequencing in 15 polydactyly cases with or without other anomalies. GLI3 screening revealed two novel pathogenic variants, NM_000168.6:c.3414delC [p.(H1138Qfs*68)] and NM_000168.6:c.1862C>T [p.(P621L)], found in two unrelated cases of familial complex pre‐ and postaxial polysyndactyly and sporadic Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome (GCPS), respectively. The first pathogenic GLI3 variant, NM_000168.6:c.3414delC, causes premature protein truncation at the C‐terminal domain of GLI3. Alternatively, the second pathogenic variant, NM_000168.6:c.1862C>T, lies in the DNA binding domain of GLI3 protein and may affect its hydrophobic interaction with DNA. Both pathogenic GLI3 variants had reduced transcriptional activity in HEK293 cells that likely had led to haploinsufficiency and, consequently, the clinical phenotypes. Overall, the present study reports a novel familial case of complex pre‐ and postaxial polysyndactyly and the underlying novel pathogenic GLI3 variant expanding the clinical criteria for GLI3 mutational spectrum to complex pre‐ and postaxial polysyndactyly. Furthermore, this study also reports a novel GLI3 pathogenic variant linked to GCPS, highlighting the known genotype–phenotype correlation.
Selective Electrochemical Hydrolysis of Hydrosilanes to Silanols via Anodically Generated Silyl Cations
Authors: Liang Hao , Wang Lu‐Jun , Ji Yun‐Xing , Wang Han , Zhang Bo
Published: October 2020

The first electrochemical hydrolysis of hydrosilanes to silanols under mild and neutral reaction conditions is reported. The practical protocol employs commercially available and cheap NHPI as a hydrogen‐atom transfer (HAT) mediator and operates at room temperature with high selectivity, leading to various valuable silanols in moderate to good yields. Notably, this electrochemical method exhibits a broad substrate scope and high functional‐group compatibility, and it is applicable to late‐stage functionalization of complex molecules. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that the reaction appears to proceed through a nucleophilic substitution reaction of an electrogenerated silyl cation with H2O.
Phytochemical profiling of the stem bark of Betula utilis from different geographical regions of India using UHPLC‐ESI‐MS/MS
Authors: Mishra Tripti , Chandra Preeti , Kumar Brijesh , Baleshwar Meena , Joshi Pushpa , Rana Tikam Singh , Upreti Dalip Kumar , Pal Mahesh
Published: October 2020

A simple, rapid, sensitive, and reliable ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography‐hybrid linear ion trap triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of 10 bioactive compounds in stem bark of Betula utilis grown in high altitude of Himalaya, India. The objective of the study is to develop and validate ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography‐hybrid linear ion trap triple quadrupole mass spectrometry for investigation of geographical variations of triterpenoids, phenolics, and flavonoids contents in stem bark of B. utilis. The validated method was successfully applied to investigate geographical variations of triterpenoids, phenolics, and flavonoids in stem bark of B. utilis. The contents of betulinic acid and oleanolic acid were detected higher among selected analytes. The present variation study reveals great importance for the application and overall assessment of B. utilis.
Biopolymer blended films of poly(butylene succinate)/cyclic olefin copolymer with enhanced mechanical strength for packaging applications
Authors: Janjua Sadia , Hussain Zakir , Khan Zikriya , Liaqat Muhammad Arman , Umer Malik Adeel
Published: October 2020

The demand for biodegradable materials is on the rise because humanity is now more concerned about a sustainable lifestyle than ever before. In this regard, we present solution casting synthesized novel biopolymer blended films of poly(butylene succinate)/cyclic olefin copolymer (PBS/COC) for packaging applications. These films were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared microscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), universal tensile testing (ASTM D882 standard), and antibacterial Disc diffusion tests using gram‐negative Escherichia coli (E.coli) and gram‐positive Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) bacteria. The XRD and FTIR revealed the type of bonding to be physical in‐between the constituent polymers; ensuring the biodegradable nature of their blends, while the thickness of films was found to be <100 μm. The SEM, tensile, and antibacterial testing concluded that 30%PBS with 70%COC by weight blending is the best composition; showing a compact/pin‐holes free morphology, the highest strength of 91 MPa, and contact inhibition with E.coli and S.aureus bacteria.
Regional population genetics and global phylogeography of the endangered highly migratory shark Lamna nasus: Implications for fishery management and conservation
Authors: González M. Teresa , Sepúlveda Fabiola A. , Zárate Patricia M. , Baeza J. Antonio
Published: October 2020

The porbeagle shark Lamna nasus is a large highly migratory shark distributed in cold and temperate marine waters of the North Atlantic and Southern Hemisphere (SH). According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, the porbeagle is assessed globally as Vulnerable and regionally as Critically Endangered in the North Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea. This study explored, for the first time, the population genetics of L. nasus at a regional (south‐east Pacific Ocean) and global scale.

In this study, the null hypotheses of no genetic discontinuities among populations (i) within the SH, and (ii) between the SH and Northern Hemisphere (NH) were tested. Also, the demographic history of L. nasus in different ocean basins was assessed. Two mitochondrial markers (Control Region [CR] and cox1) well suited for population genetics inferences in sharks were used.

Spatial–genetic analyses suggested two genetic clusters co‐occurring in the south‐eastern Pacific Ocean. A two‐way ANOVA using the cox1 but not the CR mtDNA fragment detected an effect of genetic identity on shark body size. Phylogeographic analyses, haplotype networks, and analyses of molecular variance demonstrated genetic differences between populations from the NH and SH but not among populations in the SH.

Migration estimates indicated limited current maternal gene flow between the two hemispheres but high gene flow within hemispheres. Two well‐defined haplotype groups with star‐like shapes inhabited all ocean basins in the SH. These results could reflect a historical scenario of reproductive isolation and more recent mixture among previously isolated populations in the SH. A Bayesian skyline plot analysis indicated sudden population expansion in the SH occurring ~100–125 kya.

This study highlights the need for additional studies focusing on the population genomics (using nuclear markers, i.e. single nucleotide polymorphisms) and the general biology of L. nasus to explore the existence of genetically dissimilar populations in the SH. Such studies will help implementing efficient genetic monitoring programmes.
Ein Jahrhundert MPA Karlsruhe
Authors: Dehn Frank , Herrmann Nico
Published: October 2020

Die Materialprüfungs‐ und Forschungsanstalt (MPA Karlsruhe) ist mit ihren Themen aus der Bauforschung und ‐entwicklung ein wichtiger Bestandteil des Karlsruher Instituts für Technologie – Die Forschungsuniversität in der Helmholtz‐Gemeinschaft (KIT). Dies gilt nicht nur – aber vor allem – im Hinblick auf den Wissenstransfer von Forschungserkenntnissen in die Gesellschaft. Bedenkt man, dass der Nukleus der damaligen Polytechnischen Schule in Karlsruhe bei ihrer Gründung im Jahre 1825 das Bauwesen war, verwundert es nicht, dass an den Nachfolgeinstitutionen und dem heutigen KIT eine der traditionsreichsten Prüfanstalten für das Bauwesen in Deutschland angesiedelt ist. Seit nunmehr 100 Jahren steht die MPA Karlsruhe für wichtige Beiträge zur Entwicklung neuer Baustoffe und Bauweisen. Neben ihren Leistungen in Forschung und Innovation trägt sie außerdem zur forschungsorientierten Lehre für einen hohen Praxis‐ und Anwendungsbezug im Studium bei. Im Folgenden soll ein kurzer Abriss über die Geschichte der MPA Karlsruhe gegeben, die Gegenwart beleuchtet und ein Blick in die Zukunft des Hauses geworfen werden.
Massige Betonbauteile von Wasserbauwerken im (Klima‐)Wandel
Authors: Westendarp Andreas , Kunz Claus
Published: October 2020

Massige Bauteile im Wasserbau müssen unterschiedlichsten Dauerhaftigkeitsaspekten genügen, die bei Bemessung, Betonkonzeption und Ausführung in Einklang zu bringen sind. Die derzeitigen Regelungen zur Betonzusammensetzung sind aus bewährten Vorgehensweisen im Verkehrswasserbau über Jahrzehnte hinweg entstanden. Aus den Maßnahmen zur Beherrschung des Klimawandels, aber auch aus der Ressourcenverfügbarkeit im Bereich der Betonausgangsstoffe resultieren aktuell und auch künftig erhebliche Veränderungen am Baustoffmarkt. Aktuell zu nennen sind hier die mangelnde Verfügbarkeit von Flugasche oder auch der absehbare Rückgang bei Hüttensand und hüttensandhaltigen Zementen, welche bei der Konzeption und der Qualitätssicherung von Beton in vergleichsweise kurzer Zeit Umdenken und Anpassung erfordern. Der konstruktive Wasserbau steht im Bereich „Neubau massiver Wasserbauwerke” auch unter diesem Aspekt vor erheblichen Herausforderungen und benötigt eine Anpassungsstrategie. Hier geht es letztendlich um die Frage, wie in den nächsten Jahren überhaupt noch gebaut werden kann. Ausgehend von aktuellen Praktiken zur Sicherstellung der Dauerhaftigkeit werden Konzepte aufgezeigt, wie diese Herausforderungen im Verkehrswasserbau in Zukunft bewältigt werden können. Hierbei stehen nicht nur der Baustoff Beton an sich, sondern auch Bemessungs‐ und Dauerhaftigkeitskonzepte sowie Bauweisen, wie z. B. zoniertes Bauen oder Bauen mit Fertigteilen, im Blickpunkt.
Alkalisch aktivierte Bindemittel und ihre Anwendung im Beton
Authors: Neumann Thomas , Pulkin Maxim
Published: October 2020

Eine steigende Anzahl von Veröffentlichungen widmet sich derzeit dem Thema alkalisch aktivierte Bindemittel bzw. Geopolymere (AAB). Motiviert wird die Entwicklung entsprechender Bindemittel häufig durch den z. T. kontrovers diskutierten Gedanken nach einer Reduzierung von CO2‐Emissionen. Der vorliegende Beitrag verdeutlicht, dass durch speziell zusammengesetzte AAB‐Betoneigenschaften erreicht werden, die mit konventionellen Betonen bisher nicht erreicht werden konnten. Im Vordergrund steht dabei der chemische Widerstand gegenüber Säuren und Laugen. Damit wird das vorgestellte AAB besonders für die Herstellung von Rohren, Schächten und landwirtschaftlichen Bauten attraktiv. Darüber hinaus kann ein hoher Widerstand gegenüber hohen Temperaturen und Wärmeschock festgestellt werden. Somit eignet sich das Bindemittel auch für die Herstellung energetisch optimierter Wärmespeicher und hochtemperaturbeständiger Bauteile. Eine Herstellung entsprechender Betone ist mit geringem investivem Aufwand in nahezu jeder Betonmischanlage möglich.
Millennials' evaluation of corporate social responsibility: The wants and needs of the largest and most ethical generation
Authors: Chatzopoulou Elena , de Kiewiet Adrian
Published: October 2020

Millennials are the most ethical generation, yet their evaluations of ethical practice remain unexplored in academic literature. Recently, the field of corporate social responsibility is moving closer to the forefront of corporate concerns as it climbs the hierarchy of consumer needs. Millennials are more aware of company activity than any other generation and so this presents a crucial opportunity for marketers to explore the gap between consumer attitudes and consumer purchasing behaviour by improving their understanding of this unique generation. This study explores how millennials evaluate corporate social responsibility (CSR), how authenticity perceptions are structured within CSR and what factors are most important to their ethical behaviour. In order to capture these antecedents with adequate depth, 15 qualitative interviews were conducted and analysed iteratively and rigorously using thematic analysis. According to the findings, millennials evaluate company activity through a lens of idealism. They have a natural scepticism for corporate ethics which drives them to look for cues that company actions are authentic and originate from unselfish motives. Activities associated with philanthropy are not trusted by millennials as they believe that companies should be responsible for their own domains of activity. This study is significant in providing managers with an in‐depth understanding of a powerful generation and its contemporary mentality.
17O NMR Studies of Yeast Ubiquitin in Aqueous Solution and in the Solid State
Authors: Lin Binyang , Hung Ivan , Gan Zhehong , Chien Po‐Hsiu , Spencer Holly L. , Smith Steven P. , Wu Gang
Published: October 2020

We report a general method for amino acid‐type specific 17O‐labeling of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli. In particular, we have prepared several [1‐13C,17O]‐labeled yeast ubiquitin (Ub) samples including Ub‐[1‐13C,17O]Gly, Ub‐[1‐13C,17O]Tyr, and Ub‐[1‐13C,17O]Phe using the auxotrophic E. coli strain DL39 GlyA λDE3 (aspC− tyrB− ilvE− glyA− λDE3). We have also produced Ub‐[η‐17O]Tyr, in which the phenolic group of Tyr59 is 17O‐labeled. We show for the first time that 17O NMR signals from protein terminal residues and side chains can be readily detected in aqueous solution. We also reported solid‐state 17O NMR spectra for Ub‐[1‐13C,17O]Tyr and Ub‐[1‐13C,17O]Phe obtained at an ultrahigh magnetic field, 35.2 T (1.5 GHz for 1H). This work represents a significant advance in the field of 17O NMR studies of proteins.
Impact of N‐Truncated Aβ Peptides on Cu‐ and Cu(Aβ)‐Generated ROS: CuI Matters!
Authors: Esmieu Charlène , Ferrand Guillaume , Borghesani Valentina , Hureau Christelle
Published: October 2020

In vitro Cu(Aβ1–x)‐induced ROS production has been extensively studied. Conversely, the ability of N‐truncated isoforms of Aβ to alter the Cu‐induced ROS production has been overlooked, even though they are main constituents of amyloid plaques found in the human brain. N‐Truncated peptides at the positions 4 and 11 (Aβ4–x and Aβ11–x) contain an amino‐terminal copper and nickel (ATCUN) binding motif (H2N‐Xxx‐Zzz‐His) that confer them different coordination sites and higher affinities for CuII compared to the Aβ1–x peptide. It has further been proposed that the role of Aβ4–x peptide is to quench CuII toxicity in the brain. However, the role of CuI coordination has not been investigated to date. In contrast to CuII, CuI coordination is expected to be the same for N‐truncated and N‐intact peptides. Herein, we report in‐depth characterizations and ROS production studies of Cu (CuI and CuII) complexes of the Aβ4–16 and Aβ11–16 N‐truncated peptides. Our findings show that the N‐truncated peptides do produce ROS when CuI is present in the medium, albeit to a lesser extent than the unmodified counterpart. In addition, when used as competitor ligands (i.e., in the presence of Aβ1–16), the N‐truncated peptides are not able to fully preclude Cu(Aβ1–16)‐induced ROS production.
2D Metal‐Organic Framework Derived Co3O4 for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction and High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zheng Hao‐Yan , Xie Dan , Li He , Wu Shuang‐Yu , Qin Bo‐Wen , Cui Zheng , Zhang Xiao‐Ying , Zhang Jing‐Ping
Published: October 2020

Recently, MOF‐derived (metal‐organic framework) 2D materials, due to the special structure of the MOF inherited, have become a potential candidate for application in energy storage and conversion. In this work, a new 2D layered Co−MOF was synthesized as the precursor for fabricating Napoleon‐like Co3O4 (NL−Co3O4). The monolayer thickness of NL−Co3O4 is approximately 70 nm. The unique structure of layered porous of NL−Co3O4 derived from Co−MOF plays an important role in improving electrochemical and electro‐catalysis properties. As lithium ion battery anode material, NL−Co3O4 shows out‐bound cycling performance and rate capacity, which has an unprecedented high reversible capacity of 1120.5 mA h g−1 at 200 mA g−1 after 300 cycles and high rate capacities of 579.4 mA h g−1 under the current density of 6.4 A g−1. NL−Co3O4 still exhibits capacity of 679 and 576 mA h g−1 after 200 cycles at high current densities of 1 and 4 A g−1, respectively. Moreover, NL−Co3O4 has efficient oxygen evolution reduction (OER) catalytic performance (overpotential, ca. 420 mV), comparable with commercial RuO2. During the process of continuous catalysis of OER, NL−Co3O4 shows good durability for about 15 h.
Structural and Surface Properties of Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) – Fatty Acid‐based Nanoaggregates Derived from Self‐assembling Janus Dendrimers
Authors: Yaddehige Mahesh Loku , Chandrasiri Indika , Barker Abigail , Kotha Arun K. , Dal Williams Jon Steven , Simms Briana , Kucheryavy Pavel , Abebe Daniel G. , Chougule Mahavir B. , Watkins Davita L.
Published: October 2020

This study summarizes the synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of a library of biocompatible self‐assembling Janus dendrimers (JDs) and their resulting nanostructures possessing either a cationic (NH3+), anionic (COO−), or neutral (OH) surface. Strategically designed for applications in therapeutic delivery, the dendrimers are comprised of a polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendron as the hydrophilic portion and fatty acid (FA) functionalized dendrons as the hydrophobic portion. The physicochemical characterization and in vitro cell viability of amphiphilic JDs were performed. Microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis indicate the size (i. e., diameters) of spherical nanoaggregates ranging from 40 to 100 nm with zeta‐potential values ranging from −17.9 to +58.7 mV with respect to the terminal functional group of the JD employed. Furthermore, these systems exhibited spherical nanoaggregates with critical aggregate concentrations (CAC) ranging from 2.8 to 7.0 mg/L. At low concentrations (<200 μg/mL), JDs nanoaggregates showed minimal cell growth inhibitory properties in the in vitro testing, demonstrating their safety. The results of this study prove that a simple yet strategic combination of chemically distinctive dendritic segments can afford a versatile library of unique JDs nanoplatforms with excellent potential for biomedical applications.
The effect of grazing on winter survival of midday gerbil (Meriones meridianus) of different genders
Authors: Yang Su‐Wen , Yuan Shuai , Wu Xiao‐Dong , Zhang Rong , Yue Xiu‐Xian , Ji Yu , Li Lin‐Lin , Li Xin , Fu He‐Ping
Published: October 2020

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of grazing on midday gerbil (Meriones meridianus) population characteristics and survival of animals of different genders. The experiment used a randomized complete block design and was conducted in Alxa Left Banner, Inner Mongolia, China, in 2002 (The agricultural reclamation plots set up in 1994). From April 2006 to October 2010, midday gerbils were live‐trapped in 3 light grazing plots, 3 overgrazed plots, and 3 grazing exclusion plots. The quantity of vegetation was investigated in the two different grazing intensity areas and grazing exclusion area to determine the relationship between gerbils and plant food availability. The results suggested that there was higher gerbil density, individual body mass, and daily body mass growth rate in the grazing exclusion sites than the other sites across the whole year. Females had higher survival in grazing exclusion areas than in other treatments, but the males’ survival showed the opposite pattern. Our results indicated that grazing negatively influenced the midday gerbil population by reducing food availability. Grazing influenced the survival rates of male midday gerbils positively, but had negative effects on females. The reason for gendered differences in survival rates of midday gerbils requires further investigation.
Diet sources of the endangered Attwater's prairie‐chicken in Texas: evidence from δ13C, δ15N, and Bayesian mixing models
Authors: Torres‐Poché Zaria , Mora Miguel A. , Boutton Thomas W. , Morrow Michael E.
Published: October 2020

The Attwater's prairie‐chicken (APC; Tympanuchus cupido attwateri) was listed as an endangered species in 1967, and since then multiple studies have addressed ecological and human factors that may have limited their population recovery. In this study, we used stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen (δ13C and δ15N) in conjunction with Bayesian mixing models to determine current diets of APCs at the Attwater Prairie Chicken National Wildlife Refuge (APCNWR), and to compare them with past diets derived from the isotopic composition of feathers from museum specimens (1894–1965) to help elucidate potential factors limiting APC recovery. We collected feathers, blood, and feces from APCs at the APCNWR, and feathers from museum specimens. In addition, potential food items (vegetation, spiders, and insects) were collected from APCNWR and analyzed for δ13C and δ15N. A stable isotope mixing model (MixSIAR) was used to determine diet source contribution to past and present APC populations. δ13C values in APC blood were significantly greater in the fall than in the summer. Blood δ15N values were significantly greater in the summer than in the winter. δ13C values in feathers from museum and contemporary APCs were not different, although δ13C values in contemporary feathers were enriched by 0.5‰ relative to museum specimens. Results indicated that insects were the predominant food source in the summer and fall (61–65%) and C3 vegetation was predominant in the winter (64%). Using isotope values from feathers, the model predicted that the predominant food source during the period of feather growth were insects (62%) followed by C3 plants (17–18%), spiders (12–18%), and C4 plants (2–3%). Feathers from contemporary birds had δ15N values 0.9‰ lower than those from museum specimens, suggesting potential shifts in diets in APCs currently in the wild relative to the past. We hypothesize that the abundance and species richness of various arthropods may have changed at the APCNWR resulting in current APCs in the wild feeding on arthropods with lower δ15N values than in the past. Orthopterans comprised about 23% of the APCs diet currently in the wild, while they represented only about 19% in the past.
Differential effects of visually induced analgesia and attention depending on the pain stimulation site
Authors: Cordier Larissa , Ullrich Eva M. , Herpertz Stephan , Zieglgänsberger Walter , Trojan Jörg , Diers Martin
Published: October 2020

Background

The term ‘visually induced analgesia’ describes a reduced pain perception induced by watching the painful body part as opposed to watching a neutral object. In chronic back pain patients, experimental pain, movement‐induced pain and habitual pain can be reduced with visual feedback. Visual feedback can also enhance the effects of both massage treatment and manual therapy. The impact of somatosensory attentional processes remains unclear.

Methods

In the current study, participants received painful electrical stimuli to their thumb and back while being presented with either a real‐time video of their thumb or back (factor feedback). In addition, using an oddball paradigm, they had to count the number of deviant stimuli, applied to either their back or thumb (factor attention) and rate the pain intensity.

Results

We found a significant main effect for attention with decreased pain ratings during attention. There was no main effect for visual feedback and no significant interaction between visual feedback and attention. Post‐hoc tests revealed that the lowest pain intensity ratings were achieved during visual feedback of the back/ thumb and counting at the back/ thumb.

Conclusion

These data suggest that the modulation of perceived acute pain by visually induced analgesia may be influenced by a simultaneous somatosensory attention task.

Significance

Somatosensory attention reduced experimental pain intensity in the thumb and back in the presence of both congruent and incongruent visual feedback. We found no significant visual feedback effect on the complex interplay between visual feedback and somatosensory attention.
A Novel Amperometric Glucose Biosensor Based on Fe3O4‐Chitosan‐β‐Cyclodextrin/MWCNTs Nanobiocomposite
Authors: Peng Lincai , Luo Yingjie , Xiong Hongping , Yao Shun , Zhu Minghui , Song Hang
Published: October 2020

A novel enzymatic biosensing platform toward glucose is achieved with nanocomposite of magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4−CS−CD) and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The synergistic effect of chitosan, β‐cyclodextrin and MWCNTs can facilitate electron transfer between enzyme and electrode based on the promoting results of the cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The new biosensors exhibited direct electron transfer (DET) from enzyme to electrode after glucose oxidase (GOx) was immobilized on the modified electrode with the nanocomposite. Consequently, the enzymatic glucose biosensor displayed a considerably wide linear range (40 μM to 1.04 mM) with a high sensitivity of 23.59 μA mM−1cm−2, low detection limit of 19.30 μM, good selectivity, reproducibility and repeatability for detecting glucose. In addition, the current response still retained at 93.4 % after 25 days. Furthermore, the practical application of glucose biosensor was test in human serum samples with satisfactory accuracy, demonstrating promising and practical potential in biomedical diagnostics.
Steady natural convection heat and mass transfer flow through a vertical porous channel with variable viscosity and thermal conductivity
Authors: Ajibade Abiodun O. , Ojeagbase Princely O.
Published: October 2020

The present article studies the effects of suction/injection and variable physical properties on steady natural convection flow through a vertical channel. The investigation was done analytically using Differential Transformation Method (DTM). The variability in viscosity and thermal conductivity are considered linear function of temperature. The governing equations are transformed into a set of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Results obtained were compared with exact solution when some of the flow conditions were relaxed and results from DTM show an excellent agreement with the exact solution which was obtained analytically. The influence of the flow parameters on fluid temperature, concentration, and velocity are presented graphically and discussed for variations of the governing parameters. From the course of investigation, it was found that an increase in suction (S > 0) through the heated plate causes fluid temperature, velocity as well as concentration to decrease. However, an increase in injection causes heat transfer rate as well as skin friction at the heated plate to decrease.
Performance and Irreversibility Analysis of Spiral Plate Heat Exchangers
Authors: Sabouri Shirazi Amir Hossein , Ghodrat Maryam , Jafari Nasr Mohammad Reza
Published: October 2020

Herein, a model is developed based on energy balance equations to analyze and improve the performance of single‐phase counter‐current and co‐current flow spiral plate heat exchangers (SPHEs). The aim is to comprehensively check the performance and irreversibility factors based on energy, entropy, and entransy methods. First, a new optimization algorithm is proposed to maximize pressure drops and minimize the total cost by considering the geometric proportion of the SPHE. Second, the SPHE spiral turns are modeled as a series‐connected equivalent internal heat exchangers network to determine the temperature boundaries and develop the temperature–enthalpy diagram in analysis. The algorithm and modeling is validated in two stages for different flow arrangement SPHEs. Performance and irreversibility analysis shows similar result trends in different flow patterns. In third stage, a wide range of counter‐current flow SPHEs with constant heat transfer rate is designed, modeled, and analyzed by energy, entropy, and entransy methods. To recapitulate, results assert that SPHEs designed by new algorithm have higher overall heat‐transfer coefficient and compactness. Although entropy and entransy analyses reveal irreversibility trends with effectiveness in SPHEs, entransy analysis is more effective and reliable to analyze the SPHEs.