bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhanced piezoelectricity and temperature stability in LaFeO3‐modified KNN‐based lead‐free ceramics
Authors: Wang Ting , Wu Chao , Xing Jie , Wu Jiagang , Li‐Chen Bowen , Xu Xingyu , Wang Ke , Zhu Jianguo
Published: April 2019

(0.96‐x)K0.48Na0.52NbO3‐0.04Bi0.5Na0.5ZrO3‐xLaFeO3 ceramics (abbreviated as KNN‐BNZ‐LF1000x) with enhanced piezoelectric performance and temperature stability were prepared by the conventional solid‐state sintering method. It was found that the incorporation of LaFeO3 gradually shifted the O‐T phase boundary toward room temperature, while maintaining the Curie temperature above 300°C. The optimal piezoelectricity was found at x = 0.006, with relatively high piezoelectric constant d33 of 345 pC/N as well as a high level of unipolar strain (0.126% at 3 kV/mm). Benefiting from the diffused phase transition induced by appropriate amount of LaFeO3 content, the KNN‐BNZ‐LF6 sample possessed greatly enhanced the temperature stability of , which varied less than 8% in the temperature range of 20°C‐100°C.
Alkali binding by magnesium silicate hydrates
Authors: Bernard Ellina , Lothenbach Barbara , Pochard Isabelle , Cau‐Dit‐Coumes Céline
Published: April 2019

The binding of Na+, K+, and Li+ by magnesium silicate hydrate (M–S–H) was investigated in batch sorption experiments. Sorption isotherms and cation exchange measurements indicated the binding of alkalis in cation exchange sites compensating the negative surface charge of M–S–H. Higher pH values led to further deprotonation of the silanol groups and a higher alkali uptake by M–S–H. No significant incorporation of alkalis in the main silica or magnesium oxide sheets was observed. However, the silica sheets were less polymerized in the presence of higher alkali hydroxide concentrations.
Managing relational autonomy in interactions: People with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Dowling Sandra , Williams Val , Webb Joe , Gall Marina , Worrall Deborah
Published: April 2019

Background

This article is about interactions that occur when someone with intellectual disabilities is engaged in everyday activities with a personal assistant (PA) or a support worker.

Method

We examine the detail of nine hours of naturally occurring video‐recorded interactions, to explore how “relational autonomy” is done in practice. Nine people with ID and seven staff took part in the research, which took place in England from 2016–17.

Results

We selected six extracts to illustrate different types of joint decision‐making. Informed by inclusive research with a drama group of people with intellectual disabilities, we focus on the ways in which (a) future plans are discussed; (b) choices are offered during an activity; (c) people reflect on their decisions.

Conclusion

The article concludes with discussion about the teaching and learning content of choice‐making, on relational autonomy, and the practice learning for PAs, support workers and for people with intellectual disabilities.
Molecular operational taxonomic units reveal restricted geographic ranges and regional endemism in the Indo‐Pacific octocoral family Xeniidae
Authors: McFadden Catherine S. , Gonzalez Asaul , Imada Rei , Shi Sara S. , Hong Prudence , Ekins Merrick , Benayahu Yehuda
Published: April 2019

Aim

To quantify taxon diversity, biogeographic distributions and patterns of community assembly in xeniid octocorals using molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs).

Location

Red Sea, Indian and western Pacific Oceans.

Taxon

Xeniidae, a family of reef‐dwelling octocorals (Anthozoa, Octocorallia).

Methods

Xeniids collected at 13 locations were sequenced at three barcode loci, and assigned to MOTUs defined by minimum genetic distance thresholds. Taxon richness (number of MOTUs) and endemicity (per cent of MOTUs found at a single location) were quantified. Patterns of β‐diversity (species turnover) and phylogenetic β‐diversity (lineage turnover) among geographical regions were visualized using hierarchical clustering, non‐metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) plots and distance‐decay relationships. Community assembly was investigated by comparing the mean pairwise distance (MPD) and mean nearest taxon distance (MNTD) separating species in each assemblage to values generated for null communities.

Results

A genetic distance threshold of 0.3% discriminated 67 MOTUs, with taxon richness ranging from 2–18 MOTUs per site. Out of the 67 MOTUs, 48 (72%) were found at only a single location, and only two spanned both the western Indian and Pacific Oceans. Species turnover among sites was high, but phylogenetic β‐diversity was lower than β‐diversity and differed significantly from null models of community assembly at only two sites. β‐diversity and phylogenetic β‐diversity both increased significantly with geographic distance, and sites clustered into three distinct biogeographic regions (Red Sea and western Indian Ocean; Western Australia; western Pacific Ocean and Great Barrier Reef, Australia). All five major clades of xeniids were represented in each region.

Main conclusions

A genetic approach to biodiversity estimation suggests that most xeniid taxa are regional endemics whose geographic distribution is likely governed by dispersal limitation. This conclusion contrasts with published records of certain morphospecies occurrences, which imply that they have broad geographic ranges. So far, the distribution of xeniid biodiversity mirrors that of scleractinian corals, with species richness highest in the Coral Triangle, but endemicity peaking in peripheral areas.
Impact of updated pediatric hypertension guidelines on progression from elevated blood pressure to hypertension in a community‐based primary care population
Authors: Kharbanda Elyse O. , Asche Steve E. , Dehmer Steven P. , Sinaiko Alan R. , Ekstrom Heidi L. , Trower Nicole , O'Connor Patrick J.
Published: April 2019

In 2017, definitions for pediatric hypertension were updated. A threshold of 130/80 mm Hg was introduced for stage 1 hypertension in adolescents, and children with obesity were removed from the reference population, lowering the 95th percentile, compared to the 2004 Fourth Report. The impact of these changes on care for youth with elevated blood pressure has not been well described. The objective of this study was to compare the 2017 and 2004 criteria for hypertension, evaluating how they impact estimates of risks for elevated blood pressure to progress to hypertension. Data came from youth 10‐17 years of age with ≥2 elevated blood pressure measurements (≥90th percentile or ≥120/80 mm Hg) between 04/15/2014 and 04/14/2016 and three additional measurements over two subsequent years. Blood pressures were recorded in primary care practices within a large health system, as part of routine care. Rates of incident hypertension following persistent elevated blood pressure based on the 2017 guidelines vs the 2004 Fourth Report were compared. We found, among 2025 youth with persistent elevated blood pressure, 46% were female and mean age was 14.6 years. Over 2 years of follow‐up, progression to hypertension occurred in 5.9% using the 2017 guidelines vs 1.1% using 2004 Fourth Report definitions. Using the 2017 criteria, progression was most common in older youth and those with obesity. In conclusion, for most youth, elevated blood pressure does not progress to hypertension within 2 years. However, progression from elevated blood pressure to hypertension was more than 5‐fold greater when applying the 2017 guidelines compared to the older 2004 Fourth Report criteria.
Long‐term stability of root coverage procedures for single gingival recessions: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Dai Anna , Huang Jia‐Ping , Ding Pei‐Hui , Chen Li‐Li
Published: April 2019

Aim

To evaluate the long‐term (≥2 years) stability of root coverage procedures for single gingival recessions.

Materials and Methods

A complete literature search was performed up to July 2018. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) following ≥2 years were selected. Primary outcomes were complete root coverage (CRC) and mean root coverage (MRC). Secondary outcomes were width of keratinized tissue (KTW) and patient‐centred parameters. Meta‐analysis was conducted when possible.

Results

A total of fifteenRCTs were included. The results demonstrated significantly higherMRCin short‐term than long‐term after coronally advanced flap (CAF; 7.29%,p = 0.006). WhenCAFcombined with connective tissue graft (CTG), no significant difference was observed inCRCorMRCfor short‐term versus long‐term (1.00,p = 0.97; 2.35%,p = 0.09), and it resulted in better long‐term efficacy thanCAFalone in terms ofCRC(0.69,p = 0.0006) andKTW(−0.63 mm,p = 0.04). ForCAFplus enamel matrix derivative, the meta‐analysis showed no significant difference between the short‐term and long‐term results ofCRC(1.26,p = 0.21).

Conclusions

CAFalone could result in decreased postoperative percentage of root coverage with time.CAF + CTGcould maintain long‐term stability and result in better root coverage outcomes thanCAF.
Infrabony defects 20 years after open flap debridement and guided tissue regeneration
Authors: Petsos Hari , Ratka‐Krüger Petra , Neukranz Erik , Raetzke Peter , Eickholz Peter , Nickles Katrin
Published: April 2019

Aim

Evaluation of 20‐year results after open flap debridement (OFD) and guided tissue regeneration (GTR) of infrabony defects in a randomized controlled trial.

Materials and methods

In originally 16 periodontitis patients (baseline examination), periodontal surgery was performed in 44 infrabony defects. Polylactide acetyltributyl citrate barriers were randomly assigned to 23 out of these 44 defects (parallel). Ten of these patients (GTR) exhibited a second, contra‐lateral defect (OFD) each (split‐mouth). At baseline, 12, 120 and 240 ± 12 months after surgery probing depths, attachment level, bleeding on probing as well was Plaque Index, Gingival Bleeding Index and plaque control record were obtained.

Results

Twelve patients contributing 38 defects were available at 240 months. At 12, 120 and 240 ± 12 months, both groups showed significant (p < 0.01) attachment gain (split‐mouth: OFD: 12 months: 4.15 ± 2.93 mm; 120 months: 3.35 ± 2.37 mm, 240 months: 3.60 ± 2.55 mm; GTR: 12 months: 3.50 ± 2.47 mm; 120 months: 3.90 ± 2.76 mm, 240 months: 3.80 ± 2.69 mm; parallel: OFD: 12 months: 3.53 ± 2.04 mm; 120 months: 3.59 ± 2.54 mm, 240 months: 3.53 ± 2.50 mm; GTR: 12 months: 4.07 ± 2.88 mm; 120 months: 3.13 ± 2.22 mm, 240 months: 3.13 ± 2.22 mm). Seven teeth (3 OFD, 4 GTR) were lost. Only 1 patient out of 12 was kept in regular supportive periodontal therapy (SPT) over 20 years. The study failed to show significant attachment gain differences between both groups after 240 months.

Conclusions

Twenty years after OFD and GTR in infrabony defects in a population with lack of regular SPT attachment gains at 12 months after surgery were stable. About 82% of the initially included teeth were still in place.
Prevalence and risk indicators of peri‐implantitis in a sample of university‐based dental patients in Italy: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Vignoletti Fabio , Di Domenico Giovanna Laura , Di Martino Maria , Montero Eduardo , de Sanctis Massimo
Published: April 2019

Aim

Reports regarding prevalence of peri‐implant diseases show widely varying prevalence rates, which can be explained partially by variable diagnostic criteria adopted. Furthermore, several different factors have been associated with peri‐implant diseases. Hence, the aim of this cross‐sectional study is to (a) determine the prevalence, extent and severity of peri‐implant diseases in patients enrolled in a university dental clinic and (b) to evaluate the association between peri‐implantitis and patient/implant‐related factors.

Material and Methods

A total of 237 subjects from the Dental Department of Vita‐Salute San Raffaele University (Milan, Italy) with 831 implants with more than 1 year of follow‐up after loading were clinically evaluated. Implants showing bleeding on probing (BOP), with or without suppuration, and/or probing pocket depth (PPD) ≥ 4 mm, were radiographically analysed. Demographic and clinical data were collected to evaluate by multilevel regression analysis association with peri‐implantitis.

Results

The prevalence of peri‐implant mucositis and peri‐implantitis was 38.8% and 35%, respectively. Patients with a FMBS > 25%, having ≥4 implants as well as implants with plaque, PPD ≥ 4 mm or less than 1 mm of keratinized mucosa presented higher odds ratios for peri‐implantitis.

Conclusions

Peri‐implant diseases are frequent conditions affecting >70% of the patients. Several patient/implant‐related factors may influence the risk for peri‐implantitis.
Fifteen‐year gap between oral health of blacks and whites in the USA
Authors: Nalliah Romesh P. , Virun Vladyslav , Dhaliwal Gurmukh , Kaur Harleen , Kote Anuradha
Published: April 2019

Aim

The purpose of the present study was to consider racial differences across three survey questions related to adult oral health in the National Oral Health Surveillance System (NOHSS) between 1999 and 2014.

Methods

The NOHSS tracks population‐level progress made toward improved oral health in the USA. NOHSS adult indicators of oral health data were extracted for 1999‐2014, and trends were studied by race.

Results

Among adults ≥18 years in 1999, 70.7% of whites and 60.3% of blacks had visited a dentist in the past year. By 2014, 68.4% of whites and 56.5% of blacks had visited a dentist in the past year. Among adults aged ≥65 years in 1999, 24.5% of whites and 33.2% of blacks had lost all natural teeth due to dental caries or gingival/periodontal disease. By 2014, 14.3% of whites and 22.1% of blacks had lost all natural teeth.

Conclusions

There have been overall gains in key indicators of oral health in the USA; however, blacks remain far behind whites in the NOHSS adult oral health indicators.
Impact of low ghrelin level in patients with postadolescent acne
Authors: Abdel Rahman Sherine , El Esaway Fatma
Published: April 2019

Background

Ghrelin is a 28 amino acid peptide predominantly produced by the stomach. There are many putative roles for ghrelin beyond homeostatic appetite control.

Aim of the work

To determine ghrelin's level in postadolescent acne and study its relationship to plasma lipid profile, IR and acne severity and to correlate variables.

Patients and methods

This is a case‐control study where 50 patients with postadolescent acne and 50 age‐sex compatible controls were enrolled. Acne severity was assessed according to the Hayashi acne grading criteria. The parameters measured were serum level of ghrelin, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein, high‐density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and insulin.

Results

The mean serum level of Ghrelin was significantly lower in patients compared to control group and acne severity had a significant effect on ghrelin's level. Serum levels of insulin, fasting glucose, HOMA‐IR, and TG were significantly increased in patients group compared to control. Serum TC, HDL, and LDL showed no significant difference between both studied groups. Ghrelin hormone had a positive correlation to HDL and a negative correlation to BMI, LDL, HOMA‐IR, and Insulin.

Conclusion

This study postulated that low level of ghrelin may predispose patients with postadolescent acne to hyperinsulinemia, type 2 diabetes or dyslipidemia.
Abnormalities in endothelial form of nitric oxide synthase is pathogenic in limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis
Authors: Jia Xiu‐Juan , Mu Qi‐Ri , Lei Tie‐Chi
Published: April 2019

Background

Limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis is one subtype of systemic sclerosis which is characterized by a prototypic multisystem fibrotic disorder.

Objective

This study aimed to further investigate the pathological mechanism of limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis (lcSSc).

Methods

The dataset GSE76807 generated from 10 lcSSc patients and five healthy controls was used. After the preprocessing of the original data, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and then performed functional analysis, protein–protein interaction (PPI) network and module analysis. Additionally, the transcription factors (TFs) and miRNAs which potentially regulating DEGs were identified and the co‐regulatory network was constructed. Finally, DEGs targeted by current drugs were identified. Real‐time quantitative PCR analyses of some DEGs in mice with lcSSc were performed.

Results

Total 203 up‐regulated and 189 down‐regulated DEGs were obtained. The up‐regulated genes were enriched in protein interactions at the synapses neuronal system, NCAM1 interactions, and CREB phosphorylation through the activation of CaMKII, while, cilium assembly, and endothelial form of nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activation were enriched by down‐regulated genes. SCRT2 and RABEP1 regulated by miR‐218 were hub nodes in the network. DRD4 and GRIN2D were the main drug targets. RABEP1 and SSB were found lowly expressed in mice model with lcSSc.

Conclusion

Endothelial form of NOS activation would be suppressed, and the process of neuronal migration and outgrowth would be activated to participant in the pathological mechanism of lcSSc.
An overview of herbal alternatives in androgenetic alopecia
Authors: Dhariwala Maria Yusuf , Ravikumar Padmini
Published: April 2019

The second most common alopecia—Androgenetic alopecia (AGA)—occurs due to hormonal imbalance. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) an androgenic hormone is a sex steroid, produced in the gonads. The target sites of DHT are similar to that of testosterone, and it attaches easily remaining bound for 53 minutes as compared to 35 minutes of testosterone. Excess of DHT causes miniaturization of hair reducing the anagen phase and increasing the telogen phase leading to hair loss. Normally up to ten percent of testosterone in the body irreversibly gets converted into DHT by the action of enzyme 5‐alpha‐reductase. Inadequate blood flow to the scalp can also be another reason for hair loss encountered due to lower oxygen and nutrients reaching it. AGA affects both sexes; however in males, it leads to major hair loss. Conventional drugs such as minoxidil and finasteride are widely used for the treatment. However, several drawbacks such as allergic contact dermatitis, burning, ejaculation disorder, and decreased libido are reported. Available literature suggests the role of herbal drugs to have the action against 5‐alpha‐reductase enzyme inhibiting it and reducing the hair loss. This can be further potentiated since they exhibit lesser side effects. Recent advancements observed in the medicinal, cosmetic, and engineering fields can prove to be an asset. This article focuses on herbs which can be used in AGA. A review of Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens), Green tea (Camellia sinensis), Pumpkin seed (Curcurbita pepo), Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), Grape seed (Vitis vinifera), and Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) is attempted.
Skin sebum and skin elasticity: Major influencing factors for facial pores
Authors: Hameed Abdul , Akhtar Naveed , Khan Haji Muhammad Shoaib , Asrar Muhammad
Published: April 2019

Objective

The current research work was initiated to develop anti‐aging phytocosmetic formulation of phytoantioxidant, to evaluate their effect on human skin, and to link R parameters of skin with skin sebum and aging.

Methods

According to COLIPA, 10 healthy male volunteers, aged between 20 and 30 years, having no skin infection or other hypersensitivity disorders, were included in the study. The effect of formulation was evaluated on skin pores and skin elasticity on cheeks for 90 days at regular interval. Various parameters of visible facial pores were assessed using the Skin VisioFace®, Cutometer®, Elastometer®, and Sebumeter®. These data were compared and correlated to examine the possible relationship between visible facial pores, skin elasticity, and skin sebum.

Results

From R0 to R9, R0, R5, and R9 were negatively correlated with elasticity while R7 shows a positive correlation with elasticity. R7 parameter of Cutometer® was negatively correlated with facial large pores (r = −0.337, P = 0.033). R9 parameter of Cutometer® was significantly positively correlated with facial large pores (r = 0.54, P = 0.000).

Conclusion

We could assume that the enhancement of skin elasticity would be the fundamental strategies in the prevention of size and count of visible facial pores (fine and large) by the application of formulation containing natural compounds.
A cream of herbal mixture to improve melasma
Authors: Zhang Qiongyu , Tu Ying , Gu Hua , Sun Dongjie , Wu Wenjuan , Man Mao‐Qiang , Chen Hongduo , Liu Haiyang , Ma Xiao , He Li
Published: April 2019

Background

Melasma is an acquired, common hyperpigmented disorder on the face. While many therapeutic approaches are available, their efficacy is moderate.

Objective

To investigate the safety and efficacy of a cream containing herbal mixture for melasma.

Methods

A total of 90 volunteers with melasma were enrolled in this randomized, double‐blind, controlled clinical study, and they were randomly divided into three groups (A, B, and C). Patients in group A were treated with a cream containing herbal mixture, while groups B and C were treated with arbutin cream and placebo, respectively, twice daily for 12 weeks. Melasma area and severity index (MASI) score, melanin index (MI), erythema index (EI), changes in density of inflammatory cells, and adverse events were evaluated every 4 weeks.

Results

Although MASI scores declined significantly in both groups A and B (P < 0.05), a greater reduction was seen in group A (13.00−9.82 = 3.18 for group A; 12.65−10.84 = 1.81 for group B). Moreover, the cream containing herbal mixture, but not arbutin cream and placebo, significantly reduced EI and density of inflammatory cells after 12‐week treatment (P < 0.05). No adverse reactions were observed in either group A or group C. In group B, two subjects experienced mild erythema and itching, which disappeared after stop using the arbutin cream.

Conclusion

The cream containing herbal mixture is safe and effective for melasma.
Serum levels of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor in patients with acne vulgaris
Authors: Mikhael Nancy W. , Hamed Ahmed M. , Mansour Amira I. , Abdelrahman Eman S.
Published: April 2019

Background

Many dermatological diseases have a great impact on the psychological state of patients, like urticaria, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and acne vulgaris. Finding a “gold standard” biomarker for chronic stress in acne patients is challenging because of the complex etiology of the chronic stress and its variable manifestations.

Aims

The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between serum levels of BDNF and the presence and severity of acne vulgaris and to assess the relationship of this biomarker to both the degree of psychological stress and the quality of patients’ lives (QoL).

Patients and Methods

Sixty patients with acne vulgaris were included, together with twenty apparently healthy, age‐, and sex‐matched individuals as a control group. Patients filled a Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) questionnaire; both patients and controls filled a Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS) and perceived stress scale‐10 (PSS) questionnaires. Serum levels of BDNF were measured for patients and controls using ELISA technique.

Results

Patients with acne had significantly lower levels of BDNF and significantly higher HADS and PSS‐10 questionnaires scores. A significant negative correlation was found between serum levels of BDNF and PSS questionnaire scores.

Conclusion

Patients with acne are at a high risk to develop chronic stress, anxiety, and depression. BDNF is a good predictor for assessment of chronic stress in such patients.
Reversing the lens: How followers influence leader–member exchange quality
Authors: Xu Angela J. , Loi Raymond , Cai Zhenyao , Liden Robert C.
Published: April 2019

Building on Foa and Foa's (1974) resource theory, this study explores why, how, and when followers’ proactive engagement in taking charge behaviours can drive leader–member exchange (LMX) relationships. Through a three‐wave multi‐rater field survey among 230 leader–follower dyads in China, we found that follower taking charge is positively related to LMX after accounting for the effect of in‐role performance. Our results suggest leader perceived service resources (i.e., the efforts and actions carried out by the focal follower that make the leader's work more effective) as the underlying mechanism of this relationship. Further, our findings demonstrate that achievement‐goal‐striving leaders are more likely to recognize the service value of taking charge followers and subsequently develop high‐quality LMX relationships with them. This study moves LMX theory forward by investigating follower‐driven LMX development. It also contributes to the emerging work on followership by ‘reversing the lens’ between leadership practice (in terms of LMX) and follower behaviour (in terms of taking charge).

Practitioner points

Leaders should be aware of the valuable service resources associated with followers’ taking charge attempts.

Followers who work under achievement‐goal‐striving leaders should be more proactive in building high‐quality relationships with their bosses by taking charge at work.

To benefit from high‐quality LMX relationships, organizations should train leaders to appreciate followers’ taking charge endeavours.
Disagreement in leader–follower dyadic exchanges: Shared relationship satisfaction and investment as antecedents
Authors: Loignon Andrew C. , Gooty Janaki , Rogelberg Steven G. , Lucianetti Lorenzo
Published: April 2019

Leader–member exchange (LMX) has long been considered a relationship‐based, dyadic model of leader–follower interactions. Recent reviews of this literature have, however, documented a paucity of research focusing on relationship‐based antecedents and dyadic‐level outcomes. In this study, we draw upon the relationship investment model to consider the effects of shared perceptions (or lack thereof) of relationship satisfaction and investment in the LMX relationship, from both the leader and follower's perspectives in predicting divergent perceptions of LMX (i.e., dyadic LMX disagreement). Using multi‐source data obtained from managers and their subordinates working at 31 organizations, we test hypotheses using a specific form of multivariate multilevel regression (i.e., a one‐with‐many model). Our findings suggest that dyadic LMX disagreement is associated with differences in how leaders and followers weight the importance of satisfaction and investments in their relationship. Also, if leaders are overinvested or over‐satisfied, we observe unique forms of disagreement in LMX ratings. Based on these results, we highlight implications for extending theory and research in LMX as well as work relationships.

Practitioner points

Disagreements among leaders and subordinates regarding the quality of their relationship (i.e., not seeing eye to eye) can weaken the impact of subordinates’ efforts and reduce their engagement.

Leaders and subordinates can more easily see eye to eye about their relationships by acknowledging the difference in importance they place on the previous investment they have made in the other person and discussing what each member of the pair is seeking to obtain from their relationship.

It is more difficult for leaders and subordinates to see eye to eye about their relationships when leaders have invested more or are more satisfied than their subordinates.
Development and validation of nomogram for prediction of malignant transformation in oral leukoplakia: A large‐scale cohort study
Authors: Wang Tianjiao , Wang Lin , Yang Huifang , Lu Han , Zhang Jianyun , Li Nan , Guo Chuan‐Bin
Published: April 2019

Purpose

Oral leukoplakia (OL) is the well‐known disorder of oral mucosa, which has potential to be malignant and can lead to squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). In the following study, we developed a comprehensive nomogram for predicting the malignant progression of OL, based on analysis of clinicopathological variables.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed with OL was performed between 1998 and 2017 at the Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology. OL was confirmed by pre‐treatment biopsy. The candidate risk factors for OL malignant transformation were screened from clinicopathological variables using the Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. The nomogram model was generated based on the COX regression results and was validated through Harrell concordance index (c‐index) and calibration plots

Results

The incidence of OL malignant transformation (MT) was 12.2% (107/875), and the mean follow‐up time was 4.5 years. The risk factors (age, histologic grade, site of lesion and smoking habit) derived from Cox proportional hazard regression analysis were incorporated in a novel nomogram model for prediction of MT severity. The c‐index value of the nomogram model was 0.752, which confirmed the prediction ability; and was further confirmed by calibration plots results.

Conclusion

Our data suggest that patients with OL who are over 50 years old, non‐smokers with dysplasia, and OL lesions involving the lip, the floor of mouth, and tongue have an enhanced risk of MT. The established nomogram model has the predictive value of malignant progression, which is conductive to screen high‐risk patients and guide treatment strategy.
Identification and pathogenicity of Macrophomina species collected from weeds in melon fields in Northeastern Brazil
Authors: Negreiros Andréia Mitsa Paiva , Sales Júnior Rui , León Maela , de Assis Melo Naama Jessica , Michereff Sami Jorge , de Queiroz Ambrósio Márcia Michelle , de Sousa Medeiros Hohana Lissa , Armengol Josep
Published: April 2019

In this work, a collection of 94 Macrophomina isolates obtained from roots of two weed species, Trianthema portulacastrum and Boerhavia diffusa, collected during surveys conducted during 2015 and 2016 in melon production fields in Northeastern Brazil, were characterized by using molecular techniques. Phylogenetic analysis of the EF1‐α gene allowed the identification of 32 isolates as M. phaseolina and 62 isolates as M. pseudophaseolina. Results of a pathogenicity test performed on melon seedlings of the cv. “Gladial” revealed that all M. phaseolina isolates inoculated were able to cause disease to melon seedlings, but only some M. pseudophaseolina isolates were able to infect them. This study represents the first report of M. pseudophaseolina in both T. portulacastrum and B. diffusa weeds, which are prevalent in the main Brazilian melon producing and exporting regions. Information about the biology and epidemiology of M. pseudophaseolina is scarce because of its recent description; thus, further research is needed for a better understanding of this fungus as a potentially emerging pathogen of melon and other crops.
Efficacy and safety of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir with low‐dose ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1a infection without cirrhosis
Authors: Poordad Fred , Sedghi Shahriar , Pockros Paul J. , Ravendhran Natarajan , Reindollar Robert , Lucey Michael R. , Epstein Michael , Bank Leslie , Bernstein David , Trinh Roger , Krishnan Preethi , Polepally Akshanth R. , Unnebrink Kristina , Martinez Marisol , Nelson David R.
Published: April 2019

Patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) treated with interferon‐free direct‐acting antivirals may still require ribavirin. However, ribavirin is associated with adverse events that can limit its use. This open‐label, multicentre, Phase 3 study evaluated the safety and efficacy of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir + dasabuvir (OBV/PTV/r + DSV) with low‐dose ribavirin for 12 weeks in genotype 1a‐infected patients without cirrhosis. The primary efficacy endpoint was sustained virologic response at post‐treatment Week 12 (SVR12). The primary safety endpoint was haemoglobin <10 g/dL during treatment and decreased from baseline. Overall, 105 patients enrolled. The SVR12 rate was 89.5% (n/N = 94/105; 95% CI, 83.7‐95.4). The study did not achieve noninferiority versus the historic SVR12 rate for OBV/PTV/r + DSV plus weight‐based ribavirin. Five patients experienced virologic failure, four discontinued, and two had missing SVR12 data. Excluding nonvirologic failures, the SVR12 rate was 94.9% (n/N = 94/99). One patient met the primary safety endpoint. OBV/PTV/r + DSV plus low‐dose ribavirin offers an alternative option for patients in whom full‐dose ribavirin may compromise tolerability, although noninferiority to the weight‐based ribavirin regimen was not met.
Hepatitis C virus testing, liver disease assessment and direct‐acting antiviral treatment uptake and outcomes in a service for people who are homeless in Sydney, Australia: The LiveRLife homelessness study
Authors: Bajis Sahar , Grebely Jason , Cooper Lucy , Smith Julie , Owen Greg , Chudleigh Alan , Hajarizadeh Behzad , Martinello Marianne , Adey Sara , Read Phillip , Gilliver Rosemary , Applegate Tanya , Treloar Carla , Maher Lisa , Dore Gregory J.
Published: April 2019

People who are homeless have increased hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection risk, and are less likely to access primary healthcare. We aimed to evaluate HCV RNA prevalence, liver disease burden, linkage to care and treatment uptake and outcomes among people attending a homelessness service in Sydney. Participants were enrolled in an observational cohort study with recruitment at a homelessness service over eight liver health campaign days. Finger‐stick whole‐blood samples for Xpert® HCV Viral Load and venepuncture blood samples were collected. Participants completed a self‐administered survey and received transient elastography and clinical assessment by a general practitioner or nurse. Clinical follow‐up was recommended 2‐12 weeks after enrolment. For participants initiating direct‐acting antiviral (DAA) therapy, medical records were audited retrospectively and treatment outcome data were collected. Among 202 participants (mean age, 48 years), 82% were male (n = 165), 39% (n = 78) reported ever injecting drugs, of whom 63% (n = 49) injected in the previous month. Overall, 23% (n = 47) had detectable HCV RNA and 6% (n=12) had cirrhosis. HCV RNA prevalence among participants with either injecting or incarceration history was 35% (37/105), compared to 4% (3/73) among participants without these risk factors. Among those with detectable HCV RNA, 23 (49%) commenced therapy, of whom 65% (n = 15) achieved sustained virological response, while the remainder had no available treatment outcome. No participant had documented virological failure. HCV DAA treatment uptake among people attending a homelessness service was encouraging, but innovative models of HCV care are required to improve linkage to care and treatment uptake among this highly marginalized population.
Management of Hepatitis C Infection in children in the era of Direct‐acting Antiviral Agents
Authors: Karnsakul Wikrom , Schwarz Kathleen B.
Published: April 2019

Chronic hepatitis C certainly is a global health burden in children as well as in adults. Spontaneous viral clearance can occur in early childhood but is uncommon thereafter. Although the majority of cases are asymptomatic during childhood and young adulthood, without an effective treatment, children who acquire HCV via vertical transmission can develop chronic liver disease and other complications including end‐stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma in adulthood. Efforts from worldwide health organizations, the pharmaceutical industry, and clinical and research institutions have resulted in very effective interferon‐free therapy with direct‐acting antiviral agents (DAAs) for HCV‐infected children. In this manuscript, we will briefly review the epidemiology of HCV in children, historic treatment, current published data on DAAs in children and conclude with suggestions for management of the child with HCV in the era of DAAs.
Effects of supplementing taurine in all‐plant protein diets on growth performance, serum parameters, and cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase gene expression in black sea bream, Acanthopagrus schlegelii
Authors: Tong Shengli , Wang Lei , Kalhoro Hameeda , Volatiana Josie A. , Shao Qingjun
Published: April 2019

Taurine has been reported as an important nutrient in some fish species, but its efficacy in black sea bream, Acanthopagrus schlegelii has not been determined. Therefore, a study was performed to explore the effects of taurine supplementation on growth performance, serum parameters, and related gene expression in black sea bream juveniles fed all‐plant protein diets. A fishmeal diet (FM) and five all‐plant protein diets with graded taurine levels (T0, T0.25, T0.5, T1, and T2) were formulated. The results showed that all‐plant protein diets could significantly inhibit fish growth, but dietary taurine supplementation could significantly improve weight gain, thermal unit growth coefficient, feed efficiency, and protein retention efficiency when fish are fed with an all‐plant protein diet. No significant differences were observed in moisture, crude protein, and crude lipid content of the whole body and dorsal muscle among all treatments. Dietary taurine supplementation could significantly increase serum total protein and albumin but significantly decrease serum total cholesterol and hepatic total bile acid in all‐plant protein diets. Fish fed the T0 diet showed a significantly lower cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase (CYP7A1) messenger RNA (mRNA) level than the FM group, but dietary taurine supplementation could significantly improve CYP7A1 mRNA expression.
Incidence of antimicrobial resistance genes and class 1 integron gene cassettes in multidrug-resistant motile Aeromonas sp. isolated from ornamental guppy (Poecilia reticulata)
Authors: Hossain S. , De Silva B.C.J. , Wickramanayake M.V.K.S. , Dahanayake P.S. , Wimalasena S.H.M.P. , Heo G.-J.
Published: April 2019

Aeromonas sp. are opportunistic pathogenic bacteria which are associated with various diseases in ornamental fish, aquaculture raised species and wild fisheries. In our study, antimicrobial resistance patterns, antimicrobial resistance genes and class 1 integron gene cassettes of 52 guppy-borne Aeromonas sp. were examined. The isolates were identified as A. veronii (n = 34), A. dhakensis (n = 10), A. hydrophila (n = 3), A. caviae (n = 3) and A. enteropelogenes (n = 2) by gyrB gene sequencing. Every isolate was resistant to at least four antimicrobials in disc diffusion test. The resistance to amoxicillin, nalidixic acid and oxytetracycline was 100% among the tested isolates. 92·30, 76·92, 71·15, 51·92, 51·92 and 50·00% of the isolates were resistant to ampicillin, rifampicin, imipenem, cephalothin, tetracycline and trimethoprim respectively. The multiple antibiotic resistance index values ranged from 0·28 to 0·67. PCR amplification of antimicrobial resistance genes implied the occurrence of tetracycline resistance (tetA (65·39%), tetE (25·00%) and tetB (15·38%)), plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (qnrS (26·92%) and qnrB (17·31%)) and aminoglycoside resistance (aphaAI-IAB (7·69%) and aac (6′)-Ib (3·84%)) genes in the isolates. The IntI gene was positive for 36·54% of the isolates and four class 1 integron gene cassette profiles (aadA2, qacE2-orfD, aadA2-catB2 and dfrA12-aadA2) were identified. These data suggest that ornamental guppy can be a reservoir of multidrug-resistant Aeromonas sp. which comprise different antimicrobial resistance genes and class 1 integrons.

Significance and Impact of the Study

Antimicrobial resistance genes and integron gene cassettes of ornamental fish-borne aeromonads are poorly studied. The antimicrobial resistance patterns, antimicrobial resistance genes and class 1 integron gene cassettes of Aeromonas sp. isolated from ornamental guppy were characterized for the first time in Korea. The incidence of different antimicrobial resistance genes and class 1 integron gene cassettes were observed in multidrug-resistant Aeromonas isolates. This result suggests that better management practices are necessary to prevent and address the serious consequences of indiscriminate and inappropriate antimicrobial use, and the distribution of multidrug-resistant bacteria.
Divergence with gene flow is driven by local adaptation to temperature and soil phosphorus concentration in teosinte subspecies (Zea mays parviglumisandZea mays mexicana)
Authors: Aguirre‐Liguori Jonás A. , Gaut Brandon S. , Jaramillo‐Correa Juan Pablo , Tenaillon Maud I. , Montes‐Hernández Salvador , García‐Oliva Felipe , Hearne Sarah J. , Eguiarte Luis E.
Published: April 2019

Patterns of genomic divergence between hybridizing taxa can be heterogeneous along the genome. Both differential introgression and local adaptation may contribute to this pattern. Here, we analysed two teosinte subspecies,Zea maysssp.parviglumisand ssp.mexicana, to test whether their divergence has occurred in the face of gene flow and to infer which environmental variables have been important drivers of their ecological differentiation. We generated 9,780 DArTseqTM SNPs for 47 populations, and used an additional data set containing 33,454 MaizeSNP50 SNPs for 49 populations. With these data, we inferred features of demographic history and performed genome wide scans to determine the number of outlier SNPs associated with climate and soil variables. The two data sets indicate that divergence has occurred or been maintained despite continuous gene flow and/or secondary contact. Most of the significant SNP associations were to temperature and to phosphorus concentration in the soil. A large proportion of these candidate SNPs were located in regions of high differentiation that had been identified previously as putative inversions. We therefore propose that genomic differentiation in teosintes has occurred by a process of adaptive divergence, with putative inversions contributing to reduced gene flow between locally adapted populations.
Assessing thermal adaptation using family‐based association andFSToutlier tests in a threatened trout species
Authors: Amish Stephen J. , Ali Omar , Peacock Mary , Miller Michael , Robinson Morgan , Smith Seth , Luikart Gordon , Neville Helen
Published: April 2019

Discovering genetic markers associated with phenotypic or ecological characteristics can improve our understanding of adaptation and guide conservation of key evolutionary traits. The Lahontan cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii henshawi) of the northern Great Basin Desert, USA, demonstrated exceptional tolerance to high temperatures in the desert lakes where it resided historically. This trait is central to a conservation hatchery effort to protect the genetic legacy of the nearly extinct lake ecotype. We genotyped full‐sibling families from this conservation broodstock and samples from the only two remaining, thermally distinct, native lake populations at 4,644 new single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Family‐based genome‐wide association testing of the broodstock identified nine and 26 SNPs associated with thermal tolerance (p < 0.05 andp < 0.1), measured in a previous thermal challenge experiment. Genes near the associated SNPs had complex functions related to immunity, growth, metabolism and ion homeostasis. Principal component analysis using the thermotolerance‐related SNPs showed unexpected divergence between the conservation broodstock and the native lake populations at these loci.FSToutlier tests on the native lake populations identified 18 loci shared between two or more of the tests, with two SNPs identified by all three tests (p < 0.01); none overlapped with loci identified by association testing in the broodstock. A recent history of isolation and the complex genetic and demographic backgrounds of Lahontan cutthroat trout probably limited our ability to find shared thermal tolerance loci. Our study extends the still relatively rare application of genomic tools testing for markers associated with important phenotypic or environmental characteristics in species of conservation concern.
Kinned to beNorwegian: transnational adoptees' positioning in relation to whiteness and the negotiation of nationhood
Authors: Zhao Yan
Published: April 2019

Embedded in ongoing discussions on everyday nationhood in the context of migration‐related diversity, this article explores how Norwegian transnational adoptees, as border subjects, negotiate their national belonging and identities by positioning themselves in relation to whiteness. By doing so, it further explores the relationship between race and nation. The analysis demonstrates that transnational adoptees position themselves as white when encountering the norm of whiteness, which the author argues in favour of understanding as continued process of doing race. While phenotypic differences trigger a process of racialisation through which transnational adoptees can easily be placed in a minoritised position, adoption provides them with unique access to whiteness, mostly along the negotiable and intertwined dimensions of kinship and the notion of ‘origin’, referred to as the place where they grew up. The article argues that individuals' positioning along majoritisation/minoritisation processes is another important dimension to understand one's multiple and fluid national identity and belonging in migration‐related diversity. The analysis also furthers the discussions on hierarchy of belonging by highlighting the relevance of kinship in intersection with race.
Bone turnover markers predict type of bone histomorphometry and bone mineral density in Asian chronic haemodialysis patients
Authors: Laowalert Suthanit , Khotavivattana Tanatorn , Wattanachanya Lalita , Luangjarmekorn Pobe , Udomkarnjananun Suwasin , Katavetin Pisut , Eiam‐Ong Somchai , Praditpornsilpa Kearkiat , Susantitaphong Paweena
Published: April 2019

Background

Although the levels of intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) are well‐controlled following the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative guideline, the incidence of osteoporosis and fracture are still high in haemodialysis (HD) patients. This study was conducted to investigate the correlation between bone turnover markers, bone mineral density (BMD), and bone histomorphometry in HD patients.

Methods

Twenty‐two chronic HD patients were enrolled. Serum levels of bone turnover markers were measured. Double tetracycline‐labelled iliac crest bone specimens were evaluated using specialized a computer program (Osteomeasure). The types of bone histomorphometry were classified based on turnover, mineralization and volume. BMD and coronary artery calcification were also determined.

Results

Bone histomorphometry revealed osteitis fibrosa (50%), adynamic bone disease (45%) and mixed uremic osteodystrophy (5%). Serum iPTH level predicted high bone turnover with area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) of 0.833 (95% CI = 0.665–1.000, P = 0.008). Serum TRAP‐5b also had ROC of 0.733 (95% CI = 0.517–0.950, P = 0.065). In addition, when using serum iPTH (cut‐off 484.50 ng/mL) or serum TRAP‐5b (cut‐off 1.91 pg./mL) to predict high turnover, the sensitivity was 0.917. On the other hand, when both iPTH and TRAP‐5B were above these cut‐off, the specificity was 1.000. Low BMD and severe vascular calcification were commonly identified. However, there were no significant correlations between bone biomarkers and BMD or severe vascular calcification.

Conclusion

Although iPTH levels were close to the target of Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative guideline, abnormal bone histomorphometry, BMD, and severe vascular calcification are still common. Bone biopsy is still crucially required as an accurate diagnostic tool in providing optimal guide for the treatment. © 2019 Asian Pacific Society of Nephrology