bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Marco contextual demográfico de la educación superior en la red educativa UNAH de la región sur
Authors: Flores Fonseca Manuel Antonio
Published: June 2017

Este artículo surge dentro del proyecto de investigación sobre “Oferta y Demanda de la Educación Superior en Honduras” que realiza la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras (UNAH), y que pretende estudiar la educación terciaria para contribuir a un mejor balance entre la oferta y la demanda por medio de un sistema integrado de valor y suministro de la educación superior. Específicamente se pretende estudiar la cadena de valor que tiene el beneficiario/demandante/usuario de educación superior como la fuente del valor, que significa un flujo de valor en forma de demanda, desde el demandante (final e intermedio), hasta el ofertante (ES), que incluye a su proveedor de insumos. Dicho flujo o cadena de demanda se manifiesta por el número de peticiones de graduados, como también por los resultados de investigaciones y dinero paralelo al flujo de valor, fluyendo hacia atrás (en dirección opuesta al flujo de la oferta). La cadena de suministro, es un flujo hacia adelante, en forma de oferta, desde el ingreso de estudiantes y propuestas de investigación, como los insumos provistos a la fuente de oferta, hasta el demandante/beneficiario intermedio y final.Dicha investigación por su complejidad se está desarrollando en varias etapas y dentro de las primeras en la contextualización del entorno socioeconómico, uno de ellas es la contextualización demográfica de la educación superior a nivel nacional, a su vez a nivel regional se operacionaliza en nueve regiones a través de las redes educativas regionales de la UNAH. El presente trabajo constituye la contextualización demográfica de la Red Educativa UNAH de la Región Sur, que abarca los departamentos de Choluteca y Valle y cuya sede central es el Centro Universitario del Litoral Pacífico (CURLP) con sede en la Ciudad de Choluteca. Comprende el estudio del tamaño y ritmo de crecimiento de la población, estructura por edad y sexo, comportamiento de las principales variables demográficas como son fecundidad, mortalidad y migración (interna e internacional), distribución espacial y varios aspectos de la población en edad de estudiar la educación superior en la región sur.La población de la región sur continua creciendo aceleradamente, teniendo una estructura joven, los niveles de la fecundidad y mortalidad son altos, comparados con otras regiones del país y la migración interna e internacional continuará haciendo a la región expulsora de población. En cuanto a la población en edad de estudiar en la educación superior ésta continúa creciendo, principalmente en las zonas rurales, sin embargo, los mayores volúmenes a nivel municipal se encuentran en los más poblados, que también son los más urbanizados.
Análisis sobre la proporcionalidad del ritmo de Migración Centro Americano a España, en relación al Índice de Desarrollo Humano
Authors: Argueta Moreno Jesús David
Published: June 2017

La presente investigación, de corte cualitativo, no experimental transversal, se enfoca en el estudio del fenómeno de la migración Centroamericana a España, desde la perspectiva de desarrollo social de estas comunidades en el periodo 1990-2011, a través del análisis de la interrelación, entre las variables: Tasa de Migración- Índice de Desarrollo Humano.Asimismo, se evaluará cuál de los componentes, que conforman el Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH), presentan una mayor incidencia sobre el mismo (sea el Indicador de Esperanza de Vida al Nacer, Índice de Educación o el Índice Producto Interno Bruto).Para el desarrollo de la propuesta, se aborda un breve diagnóstico de las condiciones sociales y económicas del contexto centroamericano, que facilitara la comprensión y tendencias del IDH, en el tiempo
Tendencias Migratorias Internacionales de Honduras
Authors: Flores Fonseca Manuel Antonio
Published: June 2017

La migración siempre ha estado presente en la sociedad hondureña, teniendo cambios en sus tendencias, que pueden delimitarse históricamente. Con el tiempo esta emigración llevó incluso a alcanzar el primer lugar de la región, simultáneamente el país se fue transformando en atractivo para inmigrar en los años sesenta por la población salvadoreña en la búsqueda de tierras y trabajo y en los años setenta y ochenta por los conflictos armados de El Guatemala, El Salvador y Nicaragua, más que todo como refugio. Finalmente la tendencia migratoria actual hondureña es la emigración, misma que se genera en los años noventa con la implementación de las políticas neoliberales que deprimen algunos sectores económicos, entre ellos el agrícola y generan una gran masa de jóvenes sin empleo o cuentapropistas muy proclives a la búsqueda de oportunidades en las regiones más desarrolladas del país y en gran medida en el exterior, principalmente en los Estados Unidos de América, a esto se suma el azote de los desastres naturales (Mitch) que como evento histórico visibiliza la emigración y a partir de ese momento se entroniza en la población hondureña alcanzado dimensiones de importancia, ya diversifica sus destinos y produce un flujo de remesas que introduce al país en el top mundial de proporciones más altas con respecto al Producto Interno Bruto.
Redes Sociales como apoyo a la educación superior en América Latina: caso particular de Tegucigalpa, Honduras
Authors: Aguilar Romero Marvin Josue , Rodríguez García José Luis
Published: June 2017

Como en la mayoría de sectores económicos generadores de bienes y servicios, la Educación Superior (ES) está teniendo un giro importante en la estructura económica de los países, debido a la concepción e integración de las NTIC´s dentro de su funcionar y accionar diario. Concibiendo el adaptarse a los cambios  globalizantes que permitan a lo interno de su estructura  la adaptación y asimilación de tales cambios; siendo también afectada la forma de interacción-vinculación con los agentes económicos.Este proceso no podría haberse dado sin las constantes invenciones e innovaciones tecnológicas  que le permiten a la sociedad,  acelerar la curva de aprendizaje como la curva de desarrollo. Implementándolos así en muchas áreas, es como así se puede llevar dicha implementación al campo educativo, específicamente en la ES, con todos estos avances se ha generado un nuevo paradigma en educación, pero con algunos impases. Dicho paradigma hace vislumbrar una educación mas libre, más enfocada en el estudiante, mas personalizada y más interactiva, lo cual se frena en una realidad que en países en vías de desarrollo debe ser sujeto de importancia en los tomadores de decisiones para lograr reducir la brecha digital que distancia el umbral de desarrollo entre países emergentes y países desarrollados.
Un análisis de la dinámica demográfica y el desarrollo: una mirada a la pobreza y empleo
Authors: Díaz Reyes Margarita Elizabeth
Published: June 2017

La relación entre población y desarrollo es una categoría conceptual que se fundamenta en consideraciones empíricas y datos estadísticos. Se describe la situación demográfica de Honduras por medio del comportamiento de su crecimiento poblacional, la estructura y composición de la población, Los patrones de fecundidad y mortalidad combinados con otras variables socioeconómicas importantes que tienen impacto en el proceso de desarrollo y que en este artículo se enfatiza sobre la pobreza y el empleo.El comportamiento demográfico de la población está influenciando fuertemente por factores - sociales, económicos, educativos, culturales que ejercen una presión constante sobre los fenómenos de la población, su dinámica y su evolución. Los niveles demográficos tienen características sobre aspectos sociales y viceversa, lo que denota que la población está muy fuertemente vinculada con el desarrollo. La interacción de estos procesos definen la tendencia demográfica, que puede/debe ser intervenida y modificada para mejorar la calidad de vida de la población. De ahí, que si existe una relación intrínseca entre población y desarrollo, como un binomio indisoluble.
Una relación entre el trabajo infantil y deserción escolar
Authors: Zavala Umanzo Julio César , Arrazola José Roberto
Published: June 2017

El trabajo infantil es una actividad que atenta con el esparcimiento emocional de los niños, sin embargo, es un evento latente en la sociedad hondureña y, si bien es cierto el trabajo infantil no es completamente nocivo per se, pero las casusas que lo motivan lo envuelven en un problema y las condiciones en las que se realiza son las agravantes al mismo. Muchas instituciones a nivel internacional y nacional velan por que los niños gocen de libertades y beneficios, y ante la imperante necesidad de que trabajen, consideran normas para clasificar las labores como permitidas para los infantes. Por otro lado, la educación es un derecho que se ve muchas veces truncado, al igual que el trabajo infantil, por diversos factores, ante ésta situación el estudio merece importancia, pues se pretende explorar una relación entre el trabajo infantil y la deserción escolar, el trabajo es un inicio para desarrollar la temática, pues sugiere un estudio por separado entre el dominio rural y urbano de este tema. Encontrando una relación a priori entre la población infantil que labora y la que desierta de la educación, en el periodo de 2007 a 2012 en Honduras.
Globalización de mercados y coexistencia del bien particular y el bien común
Authors: Flores Silva Jorge
Published: June 2017

El fenómeno de la globalización no es nuevo porque el capital siempre ha tenido orientación internacional. Es resultado de la forma de cómo se concibe la economía basada en la competitividad y la eficiencia, como valores supremos del mercado sobre la base del mercado libre, teniendo como criterio la ganancia.El mundo aparece globalmente y aparecen nuevas formas para la toma del poder a nivel planetario, en la que las transnacionales asumen un gran protagonismo sin precedentes para operar de manera total. La tecnología se absolutiza y si antes era para usarla como instrumento, ahora aparece y se constituye en un fin sí misma. La crítica que deviene no es por la tecnología en sí, sino en la incapacidad de llevar el desarrollo tecnológico para evitar el atraso, la destrucción y la exclusión de las mayorías. Al ser humano se le instrumentaliza y al negarse la solidaridad como negación de la persona, es manifestación de que se está en crisis que se torna en crisis global. Se planea la obsolescencia temprana de los bienes, esto implica también destruir rápidamente la naturaleza porque es de la naturaleza de donde se saca la materia prima para producirlos.
Diseño metodológico para la selección de una muestra representativa de estudiantes universitarios
Authors: Arrazola José Roberto , Zavala Umanzor Julio César
Published: June 2017

Las instituciones de educación superior juegan un papel fundamental en la gestión, transmisión y creación del conocimiento, lo que permite formular teorías y métodos que contribuyen a la resolución de diversos problemas económicos y sociales. Los estudiantes universitarios, que son los principales demandantes del sistema de educación superior, interactúan en un ambiente heterogéneo donde convergen diferentes factores que son de interés para la comunidad científica. En la última década, muchos investigadores se han preocupado por comprender y contextualizar el entorno donde los estudiantes universitarios se encuentran, así como medir la percepción de éstos en relación a diversos aspectos políticos, económicos y sociales. Debido al tamaño considerablemente grande de la población de estudiantes universitarios, muchas veces es necesario recurrir a una muestra de éstos para analizarla y posteriormente expandir los resultados a la población en general. En el presente artículo se desarrolla un diseño metodológico para la selección de una muestra representativa de estudiantes universitarios, elaborando una conceptualización de la teoría de muestreo, así como un análisis detallado de la metodología necesaria para la estratificación, afijación, selección y cálculo de los factores de expansión de la muestra, abriendo las puertas a futuras investigaciones en centros de educación superior.
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVEL OF FIRSTYEAR STUDENTS FROM JOZEF PILSUDSKI UNIVERSITY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN WARSAW
Authors: Gryko Karol , Perkowski Krzysztof , Kopiczko Anna , Włoch Damian
Published: June 2017

Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the level of declared physical activity of first-year students from Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw by using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The paper presents physical activity according to the students’ chosen degree course and sex. The study also analyzes physical activity in relation to the BMI index according to the classification by the World Health Organization (WHO). Basic procedures: The group of participants comprised 190 Physical Education (n = 115) and Sports (n = 75) students. The study was conducted in November 2015 and used the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Main findings: The results of the present study showed that the physical education students were characterized by a higher level of physical activity in each discussed type of physical activity than their peers studying sports. The study also revealed that the women showed greater physical activity than the men. It was only in vigorous-intensity physical activity that the men obtained higher results than the women. Conclusions: The male first-year students of the University of Physical Education in Warsaw prefer vigorous-intensity physical activity, and the female students prefer both moderate-intensity activities and walking. With the development of sports infrastructure and the growing number of sports services, women have become more physically active and achieve results rivaling, or at times, surpassing the results obtained by men.
[Meningococcal meningitis: a case of serogroup W in an underage migrant]
Authors: Dari Silvia , Cassano Anna Maria , Di Lorenzo Sabrina , Testa Marta , Aquilani Silvia
Published: June 2017

Meningococcal disease is a worldwide infection associated with different forms and degrees of severity. In Europe and Italy, the most frequent capsular serogroups of Neisseria meningitidis are B and C. The incidence of the disease is higher in 0-4-year-old children and very significant (or elevated) also in adolescents and young adults. Numerous cases of serogroup W have recently been reported during episodes of mass gathering, as well as outbreaks in the African Meningitis Belt.In 2016, also the Local Health Unit of Viterbo had to deal with a case of serogroup W meningitis in a two-year-old Nigerian migrant child, hosted in a hospitality center. Health surveillance procedures and chemoprophylaxis for contacts were quickly activated and no secondary cases were found. This experience allowed us to make considerations about the meningococcal disease from a clinical, epidemiological, and preventive point of view, emphasizing the usefulness of the current Italian surveillance System.
Rémunération et effort des travailleurs dans un cadre collectif
Authors: Bonein Aurélie , Vialle Isabelle
Published: June 2017

Nous passons en revue les effets de trois mécanismes incitatifs sur les efforts fournis par les travailleurs dans un cadre collectif. À cet égard nous présentons les cadres d’analyses retenus et les principaux résultats expérimentaux obtenus dans le cadre de rémunérations individuelles, relatives puis collectives.
Jeu du dictateur et jeu de la confiance : préférences distributives vs préférences dépendantes des croyances
Authors: Attanasi Giuseppe , Boun My Kene
Published: June 2017

L’article présente une revue de la littérature théorique et expérimentale sur les préférences sociales dans le jeu du dictateur et dans le jeu de la confiance. Deux types de préférences sociales sont analysés, l’aversion à l’inégalité associée aux préférences distributives et l’aversion à la culpabilité associée aux préférences dépendantes des croyances. Nous montrons dans un premier temps comment les deux types de préférences peuvent expliquer les déviations par rapport aux prédictions théoriques de la théorie des jeux standard. Nous discutons ensuite de l’insuffisance des modèles avec préférences distributives pour expliquer en détail les données expérimentales obtenues pour ces deux jeux de dilemme social. Notre principale conviction est que les modèles avec préférences dépendantes des croyances sont plus adaptés pour décrire l’hétérogénéité des comportements habituellement détectée dans de telles expériences. En particulier, sous l’hypothèse que la fonction d’utilité des joueurs dépend également de leurs croyances, alors la corrélation, entre le choix du dictateur (du receveur, dans le jeu de la confiance) et ses croyances de second ordre, habituellement observée pour ces deux familles d’expériences, peut être expliquée. Ce que ne permettent pas la théorie des jeux standard et ses extensions avec préférences distributives.
Combiner les expériences de terrain et la modélisation structurelle : le cas de la réciprocité en milieu de travail
Authors: Bellemare Charles , Marchand Steeve , Shearer Bruce
Published: June 2017

Nous considérons le rôle que l’économétrie structurelle peut apporter à la généralisation des résultats d’expériences de terrain. Nous illustrons cette valeur ajoutée dans le contexte de la recherche sur la réciprocité en milieu de travail. Nous y considérons la réaction des travailleurs à une augmentation de salaire (la réciprocité positive) ainsi qu’à une réduction de salaire (la réciprocité négative). Les entreprises peuvent ne pas vouloir effectuer des expériences dans lesquelles elles coupent le salaire de leurs employés, ce qui limite notre capacité à mesurer la réciprocité négative. Nous montrons que des résultats d’expériences qui impliquent une augmentation de salaire peuvent servir à estimer les paramètres structurels qui génèrent les réactions des travailleurs aux cadeaux. Ces paramètres permettent ensuite de prédire la réaction à une réduction de salaire.
Confiance, métacognition et perception
Authors: Massoni Sébastien
Published: June 2017

Les probabilités subjectives ont un rôle central dans la prise de décision. Si les modèles théoriques et les données expérimentales sont relativement silencieux en économie sur la façon dont se forment ces croyances lors du processus décisionnel, il n’est pas de même en sciences cognitives. Nous proposons ici une revue de littérature de l’étude de la métacognition au travers de modèles computationnels de détection du signal. Cette méthodologie est ensuite importée à la décision non perceptive et nous montrons comment son utilisation ouvre de nouvelles pistes de recherche dans l’étude des croyances subjectives en économie expérimentale.
Est-il intéressant que l’évaluation des compétences scolaires soit « diagnostique » ?
Authors: Rey Bernard
Published: June 2017

À partir d’une analyse du concept de diagnostic, cet article tente de cerner l’intérêt qu’il y a à pratiquer une évaluation « diagnostique » des compétences scolaires. L’analyse fait apparaître que le diagnostic peut être envisagé soit comme un constat, soit, en analogie avec le modèle médical, comme une démarche qui remonte de la performance de l’élève à sa compétence. Seul le second sens permet un usage pédagogique et didactique de l’évaluation diagnostique. Cependant, dans ce second cas, la notion de diagnostic implique une saisie de l’élève comme objet à analyser, qui semble incompatible avec la volonté éducative de l’instituer en sujet.
Dans le Black Box d’Igloolik : le cirque comme espace thérapeutique pour de jeunes Inuit ?
Authors: Lemaire Andréanne , Sokoloff Mélissa , Fraser Sarah , Vachon Mélanie
Published: June 2017

Les taux élevés de suicide chez les jeunes Inuit sont souvent considérés comme symptomatiques des changements culturels survenus en quelques générations seulement. Aujourd’hui, les jeunes Inuit ont à transiger entre des cultures qui peuvent être vécues comme deux mondes opposés, avec des valeurs, des attentes et des contraintes parfois inconciliables. La littérature en santé mentale soulève le problème de l’accès aux soins, mais aussi le manque d’adéquation des services avec les besoins spécifiques des Inuit et de leur culture. Plusieurs auteurs suggèrent des modèles de guérison alternatifs prometteurs qui se distinguent des modèles conventionnels de soins « occidentaux ». On dit souvent « penser à l’extérieur de la boîte ». Mais qu’en est-il de penser autrement, « dans la boîte », en s’intéressant aux ressources déjà présentes ? Le Black Box, local d’Artcirq à Igloolik où s’entraînent des Inuit à l’art du cirque, nous amène à réfléchir sur l’intervention en santé mentale en contexte inuit. Cet article vise à élaborer une réflexion sur l’espace de « l’entre deux » où se trouvent les jeunes Inuit d’aujourd’hui, dans une culture en transformation. Cette situation pourrait nécessiter un ajustement créatif pour répondre à la fois aux contraintes d’une société contemporaine et à celles liées à un ancrage dans une identité inuit. Pour ce faire, nous explorerons le concept de la tradition ainsi que l’apport de l’art pour la négociation des identités culturelles à l’aide de l’exemple d’Artcirq. Le potentiel thérapeutique de cet espace artistique au niveau communautaire sera discuté à partir de nos observations d’un terrain ethnographique.
Soutenir la sécurité alimentaire dans le Grand Nord : projets communautaires d’agriculture sous serre au Nunavik et au Nunavut
Authors: Lamalice Annie , Avard Ellen , Coxam Véronique , Herrmann Thora , Desbiens Caroline , Wittrant Yohann , Blangy Sylvie
Published: June 2017

Face aux grands défis de la sécurité alimentaire dans les villages du Nunavik et du Nunavut, le développement d’une agriculture nordique est envisagé comme une solution innovante. Visant la santé et le bien-être des communautés inuit, l’implantation d’une serre communautaire permet d’accroître l’offre en produits frais locaux et d’améliorer la qualité de l’alimentation, dans une démarche durable tenant compte de la dimension culturelle de la sécurité alimentaire. Cet article décrit les projets de serres communautaires de Kuujjuaq (Nunavik) et d’Iqaluit (Nunavut), ainsi que l’actuelle étude de faisabilité d’un projet de serre communautaire à Kangiqsujuaq (Nunavik). Nous présentons d’abord notre méthodologie qui repose sur les principes de la recherche participative basée dans la communauté. Nous nous penchons ensuite sur les principaux axes du projet de recherche : la contribution d’un projet de serre à la sécurité et à la souveraineté alimentaires et les défis techniques et organisationnels à relever pour l’optimisation d’une serre en contexte nordique. La démarche employée dans ce projet interdisciplinaire permet de construire, avec la communauté, un système d’approvisionnement local et durable et de comprendre la contribution d’un projet horticole à l’amélioration de la qualité de vie et de la santé des habitants.
Systemic Approach to Architectural Performance
Authors: Davidova Marie
Published: June 2017

First-hand experiences in several design projects that were based on media richness and collaboration are described in this article. Although complex design processes are merely considered as socio-technical systems, they are deeply involved with natural systems. My collaborative research in the field of performance-oriented design combines digital and physical conceptual sketches, simulations and prototyping. GIGA-mapping - is applied to organise the data. The design process uses the most suitable tools, for the subtasks at hand, and the use of media is mixed according to particular requirements. These tools include digital and physical GIGA-mapping, parametric computer aided design (CAD), digital simulation of analyses, as well as sampling and 1:1 prototyping. Also discussed in this article are the methodologies used in several design projects to strategize these tools and the developments and trends in the tools employed.  The paper argues that the digital tools tend to produce similar results through given pre-sets that often do not correspond to real needs. Thus, there is a significant need for mixed methods including prototyping in the creative design process. Media mixing and cooperation across disciplines is unavoidable in the holistic approach to contemporary design. This includes the consideration of diverse biotic and abiotic agents. I argue that physical and digital GIGA-mapping is a crucial tool to use in coping with this complexity. Furthermore, I propose the integration of physical and digital outputs in one GIGA-map and the participation and co-design of biotic and abiotic agents into one rich design research space, which is resulting in an ever-evolving research-design process-result time-based design.
Correlations of oriented ice and precipitation in marine midlatitude low clouds using collocated CloudSat, CALIOP, and MODIS observations
Authors: Ross Alexa , Holz Robert E. , Ackerman Steven A.
Published: June 2017

In April 2006, the Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) launched aboard the CALIPSO satellite and into the A‐Train constellation of satellites with its transmitter pointed near nadir. This proved problematic due to specular reflection from horizontally oriented ice crystals occurring more frequently than expected. Because the specular backscatter from oriented ice crystals has large attenuated backscatter and almost no depolarization, the standard lidar inversions cannot be applied. To mitigate this issue, the CALIOP transmitter was moved to 3° off nadir in November 2007. Though problematic for global CALIOP retrievals, the sensitivity to oriented ice during the first year of observations provides a unique data set to investigate scenes of this ice crystal signature. This study focuses on the CALIOP‐oriented signature that occurs in midlatitude ocean regions whose cloud tops are relatively warm and low, existing below 6 km. A significant seasonal dependence is found in the Northern Hemisphere with up to 19% of clouds below 6 km yielding specular reflection by CALIOP during the colder months. In contrast, the Southern Hemisphere lacks such seasonal dependence and sees fewer oriented ice crystals. Using collocated CloudSat observations with both CALIOP and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), we investigate the correlations of the oriented signature with MODIS cloud properties. Comparing with CloudSat precipitation retrievals, we find that the oriented signature is strongly correlated with surface precipitation with 64% of CALIOP‐oriented ice crystal cases precipitating compared to 40% for nonoriented cases.
Placing barrier‐island transgression in a blue‐carbon context
Authors: Theuerkauf Ethan J. , Rodriguez Antonio B.
Published: June 2017

Backbarrier saltmarshes are considered carbon sinks; however, barrier island transgression and the associated processes of erosion and overwash are typically not included in coastal carbon budgets. Here, we present a carbon‐budget model for transgressive barrier islands that includes a dynamic carbon‐storage term, driven by backbarrier‐marsh width, and a carbon‐export term, driven by ocean and backbarrier shoreline erosion. To examine the impacts of storms, human disturbances and the backbarrier setting of a transgressive barrier island on carbon budgets and reservoirs, the model was applied to sites at Core Banks and Onslow Beach, NC, USA. Results show that shoreline erosion and burial of backbarrier marsh from washover deposition and dredge‐spoil disposal temporarily transitioned each site into a net exporter (source) of carbon. The magnitude of the carbon reservoir was linked to the backbarrier setting of an island. Carbon reservoirs of study sites separated from the mainland by only backbarrier marsh (no lagoon) decreased for over a decade because carbon storage could not keep pace with erosion. With progressive narrowing of the backbarrier marsh, these barriers will begin to function more persistently as carbon sources until the reservoir is depleted at the point where the barrier welds with the mainland. Undeveloped barrier islands with wide lagoons are carbon sources briefly during erosive periods; however, at century time scales are net carbon importers (sinks) because new marsh habitat can form during barrier rollover. Human development on backbarrier saltmarsh serves to reduce the carbon storage capacity and can hasten the transition of an island from a sink to a source.
Crustal structure across the eastern North American margin from ambient noise tomography
Authors: Lynner Colton , Porritt Robert W.
Published: June 2017

Passive tectonic margins, like the eastern North American margin (ENAM), represent the meeting of oceanic and continental material where no active deformation is occurring. The recent ENAM Community Seismic Experiment provides an opportunity to examine the crustal structure across the ENAM owing to the simultaneous deployment of offshore and onshore seismic instrumentation. Using Rayleigh wave phase and group velocities derived from ambient noise data, we invert for shear velocity across the ENAM. We observe a region of transitional crustal thicknesses that connects the oceanic and continental crusts. Associated with the transitional crust is a localized positive gravitational anomaly. Farther east, the East Coast magnetic anomaly (ECMA) is located at the intersection of the transitional and oceanic crusts. We propose that underplating of dense magmatic material along the bottom of the transitional crust is responsible for the gravitational anomaly and that the ECMA demarks the location of initial oceanic crustal formation.
Constrained variability of modeled T:ET ratio across biomes
Authors: Fatichi Simone , Pappas Christoforos
Published: June 2017

A large variability (35–90%) in the ratio of transpiration to total evapotranspiration (referred here as T:ET) across biomes or even at the global scale has been documented by a number of studies carried out with different methodologies. Previous empirical results also suggest that T:ET does not covary with mean precipitation and has a positive dependence on leaf area index (LAI). Here we use a mechanistic ecohydrological model, with a refined process‐based description of evaporation from the soil surface, to investigate the variability of T:ET across biomes. Numerical results reveal a more constrained range and higher mean of T:ET (70 ± 9%, mean ± standard deviation) when compared to observation‐based estimates. T:ET is confirmed to be independent from mean precipitation, while it is found to be correlated with LAI seasonally but uncorrelated across multiple sites. Larger LAI increases evaporation from interception but diminishes ground evaporation with the two effects largely compensating each other. These results offer mechanistic model‐based evidence to the ongoing research about the patterns of T:ET and the factors influencing its magnitude across biomes.
Heterogeneity of direct aftershock productivity of the main shock rupture
Authors: Guo Yicun , Zhuang Jiancang , Hirata Naoshi , Zhou Shiyong
Published: June 2017

The epidemic type aftershock sequence (ETAS) model is widely used to describe and analyze the clustering behavior of seismicity. Instead of regarding large earthquakes as point sources, the finite‐source ETAS model treats them as ruptures that extend in space. Each earthquake rupture consists of many patches, and each patch triggers its own aftershocks isotropically. We design an iterative algorithm to invert the unobserved fault geometry based on the stochastic reconstruction method. This model is applied to analyze the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) catalog during 1964–2014. We take six great earthquakes with magnitudes >7.5 after 1980 as finite sources and reconstruct the aftershock productivity patterns on each rupture surface. Comparing results from the point‐source ETAS model, we find the following: (1) the finite‐source model improves the data fitting; (2) direct aftershock productivity is heterogeneous on the rupture plane; (3) the triggering abilities of M5.4+ events are enhanced; (4) the background rate is higher in the off‐fault region and lower in the on‐fault region for the Tohoku earthquake, while high probabilities of direct aftershocks distribute all over the source region in the modified model; (5) the triggering abilities of five main shocks become 2–6 times higher after taking the rupture geometries into consideration; and (6) the trends of the cumulative background rate are similar in both models, indicating the same levels of detection ability for seismicity anomalies. Moreover, correlations between aftershock productivity and slip distributions imply that aftershocks within rupture faults are adjustments to coseismic stress changes due to slip heterogeneity.
Utilizing oceanic electromagnetic induction to constrain an ocean general circulation model: A data assimilation twin experiment
Authors: Irrgang Christopher , Saynisch Jan , Thomas Maik
Published: June 2017

Satellite observations of the magnetic field induced by the general ocean circulation could provide new constraints on global oceanic water and heat transports. This opportunity is investigated in a model‐based twin experiment by assimilating synthetic satellite observations of the ocean‐induced magnetic field into a global ocean model. The general circulation of the world ocean is simulated over the period of 1 month. Idealized daily observations are generated from this simulation by calculating the ocean‐induced magnetic field at 450 km altitude and disturbing these global fields with error estimates. Utilizing an ensemble Kalman filter, the observations are assimilated into the same ocean model with a different initial state and different atmospheric forcing. Compared to a reference simulation without data assimilation, the corrected ocean‐induced magnetic field is improved throughout the whole simulation period and over large regions. The global RMS differences of the ocean‐induced magnetic field are reduced by up to 17%. Local improvements show values up to 54%. RMS differences of the depth‐integrated zonal and meridional ocean velocities are improved by up to 7% globally, and up to 50% locally. False corrections of the ocean model state are identified in the South Pacific Ocean and are linked to a deficient estimation of the ocean model error covariance matrices. Most Kalman filter induced changes in the ocean velocities extend from the sea surface down to the deep ocean. Allowing the Kalman filter to correct the wind stress forcing of the ocean model is essential for a successful assimilation.
Near‐Infrared‐Light Photodetectors Based on One‐Dimensional Inorganic Semiconductor Nanostructures
Authors: Liang Feng‐Xia , Wang Jiu‐Zhen , Li Zhi‐Peng , Luo Lin‐Bao
Published: June 2017

Recently, near‐infrared light photodetectors (NIRPDs) have attracted increasing interest due to their promising applications in both military and civil purposes. One‐dimensional inorganic semiconductor nanostructures (NSs) have unique electrical and optical properties and have been widely used to fabricate many NIRPDs. These prototype devices have geometries ranging from photoconductive‐type photodetectors and metal–semiconductor Schottky junction photodetectors to nano‐heterojunction photodetectors. They have good device performance including high responsivity and specific detectivity, fast response speed, low power consumption, etc. Here, we will review the state‐of‐the‐art advance in the fabrication of 1D semiconductor NSs for NIRPD application. We first briefly survey recent progress in the growth and fabrication methodologies including both bottom‐up and top‐down approaches. We also highlight the achievement in this flourishing field by sketching device fabrication, comparing the device performance, and discussing the operation mechanism. Finally, we close with unresolved issues and challenges.
Missing HLA C group 1 ligand in patients with AML and MDS is associated with reduced risk of relapse and better survival after allogeneic stem cell transplantation with fludarabine and treosulfan reduced toxicity conditioning
Authors: Shimoni Avichai , Vago Luca , Bernardi Massimo , Yerushalmi Ronit , Peccatori Jacopo , Greco Raffaella , Shem‐Tov Noga , Lo Russo Alessandro , Danylesko Ivetta , Apel Arie , Bonini Chiara , Lupo Stanghellini Maria Teresa , Nagler Arnon , Ciceri Fabio
Published: June 2017

Reduced‐toxicity conditioning with fludarabine and treosulfan is a dose‐intensive regimen with enhanced anti‐leukemia effect and acceptable toxicity in AML/MDS. HLA‐C regulates natural‐killer (NK) cell function by inhibiting Killer immunoglobulin‐like receptors (KIR) and is divided into C1 and C2 epitopes. The missing‐ligand theory suggests that missing recipient KIR ligands drives NK‐alloreactivity after SCT, in the absence of HLA‐mismatch by activating unlicensed donor NK cells. We analyzed SCT outcomes in 203 patients with AML/MDS, median age 58 years, given SCT from matched‐siblings (n = 97) or matched‐unrelated donors (n = 106), using two treosulfan doses (total 36 or 42 g/m2). 34% expressed one HLA‐C group 1 allele (C1C1), 19% one HLA‐C group 2 allele (C2C2), and 48% both KIR ligands (C1C2). Median follow‐up was 48 months. 5‐year relapse, nonrelapse mortality (NRM) and leukemia‐free survival (LFS) rates were 38%, 27%, and 36%, respectively. Relapse rates were 43%, 45%, and 26% in patients expressing C1C1, C1C2, and C2C2 ligands, respectively (P = .03). Multivariate‐analysis identified chemo‐refractory disease (HR 3.1, P = .003), poor cytogenetics (HR 1.7, P = .08), female donor to male recipient (HR 0.4, P = .01) and C2C2 ligands (HR 0.4, P = .04) as independent factors predicting relapse. HLA‐C ligands were not associated with GVHD or NRM. LFS was 33%, 30%, and 46%, respectively (P = .07). Chemorefractory disease (HR 3.1, P = .0004) and C2C2 group ligand (HR 0.6, P = .06) independently predicted LFS. Treosulfan dose did not predict any SCT outcome. In conclusion, missing HLA‐C group 1 ligand is associated with reduced relapse risk, similar NRM and improved LFS, after HLA‐matched SCT with treosulfan conditioning in AML/MDS.
Platelet counts in women with normal pregnancies: A systematic review
Authors: Reese Jessica A. , Peck Jennifer D. , McIntosh Jennifer J. , Vesely Sara K. , George James N.
Published: June 2017

The occurrence of thrombocytopenia in 5% of pregnant women at delivery, described as gestational thrombocytopenia, is well documented. A commonly believed concept is that gestational thrombocytopenia is the result of gradually decreasing platelet counts in all women during pregnancy. The goal of our study was to evaluate the data supporting this concept. To learn what is known about platelet counts throughout normal pregnancies, we systematically reviewed all publications describing platelet counts during pregnancy. We identified 3,039 studies; 46 reporting ≥30 women with normal pregnancies were included in our analyses. The combined mean platelet counts from all studies supported the concept that platelet counts decrease during pregnancy and increase postpartum: first trimester, 251,000/µL (95% CI, 238,000‐264,000/µL); second trimester, 238,000/µL (95% CI, 222,000‐253,000/µL); third trimester, 224,000/µL (95% CI, 213,000‐235,000/µL); delivery, 237,000/µL (95% CI, 209,000‐264,000/µL); 4‐8 weeks postpartum, 247,000/µL (95% CI, 207,000‐287,000/µL). However, individual studies were inconsistent. Eleven longitudinal studies compared platelet counts on the same women at different times during gestation: seven reported a decrease; four reported no change. Ten cross‐sectional studies compared platelet counts of different women at different times during gestation: five reported a decrease; five reported no change. Five studies compared platelet counts of pregnant to nonpregnant women: three reported that platelet counts were lower in pregnant women; one reported no difference; one reported that platelet counts were higher in pregnant women. These inconsistent data emphasize the need to accurately describe platelet counts throughout normal pregnancies. Accurate data are essential for evaluating the clinical importance of thrombocytopenia during pregnancy.
Scale of human mobility in the southern Andes (Argentina and Chile): A new framework based on strontium isotopes
Authors: Barberena Ramiro , Durán Víctor A , Novellino Paula , Winocur Diego , Benítez Anahí , Tessone Augusto , Quiroga María N , Marsh Erik J , Gasco Alejandra , Cortegoso Valeria , Lucero Gustavo , Llano Carina , Knudson Kelly J
Published: June 2017

Objectives

The goal of this article is to assess the scale of human paleomobility and ecological complementarity between the lowlands and highlands in the southern Andes during the last 2,300 years. By providing isotope results for human bone and teeth samples, we assess a hypothesis of “high residential mobility” suggested on the basis of oxygen isotopes from human remains.

Methods

We develop an isotopic assessment of human mobility in a mountain landscape combining strontium and oxygen isotopes. We analyze bone and teeth samples as an approach to life‐history changes in spatial residence. Human samples from the main geological units and periods within the last two millennia are selected.

Results

We present a framework for the analysis of bioavailable strontium based on the combination of the geological data with isotope results for rodent samples. The87Sr/86Sr values from human samples indicate residential stability within geological regions along life history. When comparing strontium and oxygen values for the same human samples, we record a divergent pattern: while δ18O values for samples from distant regions overlap widely, there are important differences in87Sr/86Sr values.

Conclusions

Despite the large socio‐economic changes recorded,87Sr/86Sr values indicate a persisting scenario of low systematic mobility between the different geological regions. Our results suggest that strontium isotope values provide the most germane means to track patterns of human occupation of distinct regions in complex geological landscapes, offering a much higher spatial resolution than oxygen isotopes in the southern Andes.
Venous thromboembolism in major trauma patients: a single‐center retrospective cohort study of the epidemiology and utility of D‐dimer for screening
Authors: Yumoto Tetsuya , Naito Hiromichi , Yamakawa Yasuaki , Iida Atsuyoshi , Tsukahara Kohei , Nakao Atsunori
Published: June 2017

Aim

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) can be a life‐threatening complication after major trauma. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of VTE and to assess the usefulness of D‐dimer for screening for VTE in major trauma cases among the Japanese population.

Methods

We examined a single‐center retrospective cohort of severely injured trauma patients who had been admitted to the emergency intensive care unit at Okayama University Hospital (Okayama, Japan) from April 2013 through to March 2016. Venous thromboembolism was confirmed by computed tomography angiography and computed tomography venography, which was determined based on the attending physician monitoring daily D‐dimer levels. Independent risk factors for VTE were determined by multiple logistic regression analysis. D‐dimer levels were evaluated using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) to predict VTE.

Results

The study cohort consisted of 204 trauma patients (median Injury Severity Score, 20). Of the 204 patients, 65 (32%) developed VTE. The median time from admission to VTE diagnosis was 10 days. In multiple logistic regression analysis, higher Injury Severity Score and the presence of lower extremity fractures were revealed to be a risk factor for VTE. D‐dimer levels at day 10 showed moderate accuracy, of which the AUROC was 0.785 (95% confidence interval, 0.704–0.866; P < 0.001). The cut‐off that maximized the Youden index was 12.45 μg/mL.

Conclusions

At least one of every three major trauma patients had potential development of VTE at a median of 10 days following admission to the intensive care unit. D‐dimer levels on day 10 can be a useful predictor of VTE.
Von der chemischen Topologie zu molekularen Maschinen (Nobel‐Aufsatz)
Authors: Sauvage Jean‐Pierre
Published: June 2017

Das Gebiet der molekularen Maschinen nahm seinen Anfang, nachdem mehreren Forschungsgruppen die relativ einfache Herstellung ineinander verschlungener Ringverbindungen gelungen war. Man unterscheidet hier Catenane, als ineinander verschlungene Ringe, und Rotaxane, bei denen Ringe auf molekulare Fasern oder Achsen aufgefädelt sind. Andere Familien von molekularen Maschinen wurden ebenfalls entwickelt, die nicht in den Bereich der Catenane oder Rotaxane gehören, diese stammen aber erst aus jüngerer Zeit. Da die Erzeugung ineinander verschlungener Ringmoleküle mit Blick auf das Gebiet der molekularen Maschinen so wichtig ist, werden wir mit diesem Teil unserer Arbeiten beginnen. Der zweite Teil wird sich den dynamischen Eigenschaften solcher Systeme widmen, sowie den Verbindungen, deren Bewegung auf kontrollierte Weise “von außen” gesteuert werden kann, d. h. den molekularen Maschinen. Wir werden unsere Ausführungen auf eine sehr begrenzte Auswahl von Beispielen beschränken, die wir als besonders repräsentativ für das Forschungsgebiet erachten.
Iridium(I)‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Hydrocarbonation of Alkenes: Efficient Access to Cyclic Systems Bearing Quaternary Stereocenters
Authors: Fernández David F. , Gulías Moisés , Mascareñas José L. , López Fernando
Published: June 2017

A catalytic, versatile and atom‐economical C−H functionalization process that provides a wide variety of cyclic systems featuring methyl‐substituted quaternary stereocenters is described. The method relies on the use of a cationic IrI–bisphosphine catalyst, which promotes a carboxamide‐assisted activation of an olefinic C(sp2)−H bond followed by exo‐cyclization to a tethered 1,1‐disubstituted alkene. The extension of the method to aromatic and heteroaromatic C−H bonds, as well as developments on an enantioselective variant, are also described.
ABi2(IO3)2F5 (A=K, Rb, and Cs): A Combination of Halide and Oxide Anionic Units To Create a Large Second‐Harmonic Generation Response with a Wide Bandgap
Authors: Liu Hongming , Wu Qi , Jiang Xingxing , Lin Zheshuai , Meng Xianggao , Chen Xingguo , Qin Jingui
Published: June 2017

A family of nonlinear optical materials that contain the halide, oxide, and oxyhalide polar units simultaneously in a single structure, namely ABi2(IO3)2F5 (A=K (1), Rb (2), and Cs (3)), have been designed and synthesized. They crystallize in the same polar space group (P21) with a two‐dimensional double‐layered framework constructed by [BiF5]2− and [BiO2F4]5− units connected to each other by four F atoms, in which two [IO3]− groups are linked to [BiO2F4]5− unit on the same side. A hanging Bi−F bond of [BiF5]2− unit is located on the other side via ionic interaction with the layer‐inserted alkali metal ions to form three‐dimensional structure. The well‐ordered alignments of these polar units lead to a very strong second‐harmonic generation response of 12 (1), 9.5 (2), and 7.5 (3) times larger than that of potassium dihydrogen phosphate under 1064 nm laser radiation. All of them exhibited a wide energy bandgap over 3.75 eV, suggesting that they will have a high laser damage threshold.
From Chemical Topology to Molecular Machines (Nobel Lecture)
Authors: Sauvage Jean‐Pierre
Published: June 2017

To a large extent, the field of “molecular machines” started after several groups were able to prepare, reasonably easily, interlocking ring compounds (named catenanes for compounds consisting of interlocking rings and rotaxanes for rings threaded by molecular filaments or axes). Important families of molecular machines not belonging to the interlocking world were also designed, prepared, and studied but, for most of them, their elaboration was more recent than that of catenanes or rotaxanes. Since the creation of interlocking ring molecules is so important in relation to the molecular machinery area, we will start with this aspect of our work. The second part will naturally be devoted to the dynamic properties of such systems and to the compounds for which motions can be directed in a controlled manner from the outside, that is, molecular machines. We will restrict our discussion to a very limited number of examples which we consider as particularly representative of the field.