bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The offline Lagrangian particle model FLEXPART–NorESM/CAM (v1): model description and comparisons with the online NorESM transport scheme and with the reference FLEXPART model
Authors: Cassiani Massimo , Stohl Andreas , Olivié Dirk , Seland Øyvind , Bethke Ingo , Pisso Ignacio , Iversen Trond
Published: November 2016

Abstract. The offline FLEXible PARTicle (FLEXPART) stochastic dispersion model is currently a community model used by many scientists. Here, an alternative FLEXPART model version has been developed and tailored to use with the meteorological output data generated by the CMIP5-version of the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM1-M). The atmospheric component of the NorESM1-M is based on the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM4); hence, this FLEXPART version could be widely applicable and it provides a new advanced tool to directly analyse and diagnose atmospheric transport properties of the state-of-the-art climate model NorESM in a reliable way. The adaptation of FLEXPART to NorESM required new routines to read meteorological fields, new post-processing routines to obtain the vertical velocity in the FLEXPART coordinate system, and other changes. These are described in detail in this paper. To validate the model, several tests were performed that offered the possibility to investigate some aspects of offline global dispersion modelling. First, a comprehensive comparison was made between the tracer transport from several point sources around the globe calculated online by the transport scheme embedded in CAM4 and the FLEXPART model applied offline on output data. The comparison allowed investigating several aspects of the transport schemes including the approximation introduced by using an offline dispersion model with the need to transform the vertical coordinate system, the influence on the model results of the sub-grid-scale parameterisations of convection and boundary layer height and the possible advantage entailed in using a numerically non-diffusive Lagrangian particle solver. Subsequently, a comparison between the reference FLEXPART model and the FLEXPART–NorESM/CAM version was performed to compare the well-mixed state of the atmosphere in a 1-year global simulation. The two model versions use different methods to obtain the vertical velocity but no significant difference in the results was found. However, for both model versions there was some degradation in the well-mixed state after 1 year of simulation with the build-up of a bias and an increased scatter. Finally, the capability of the new combined modelling system in producing realistic, backward-in-time transport statistics was evaluated calculating the average footprint over a 5-year period for several measurement locations and by comparing the results with those obtained with the reference FLEXPART model driven by re-analysis fields. This comparison confirmed the effectiveness of the combined modelling system FLEXPART with NorESM in producing realistic transport statistics.
Easy Volcanic Aerosol (EVA v1.0): an idealized forcing generator for climate simulations
Authors: Toohey Matthew , Stevens Bjorn , Schmidt Hauke , Timmreck Claudia
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Stratospheric sulfate aerosols from volcanic eruptions have a significant impact on the Earth's climate. To include the effects of volcanic eruptions in climate model simulations, the Easy Volcanic Aerosol (EVA) forcing generator provides stratospheric aerosol optical properties as a function of time, latitude, height, and wavelength for a given input list of volcanic eruption attributes. EVA is based on a parameterized three-box model of stratospheric transport and simple scaling relationships used to derive mid-visible (550 nm) aerosol optical depth and aerosol effective radius from stratospheric sulfate mass. Precalculated look-up tables computed from Mie theory are used to produce wavelength-dependent aerosol extinction, single scattering albedo, and scattering asymmetry factor values. The structural form of EVA and the tuning of its parameters are chosen to produce best agreement with the satellite-based reconstruction of stratospheric aerosol properties following the 1991 Pinatubo eruption, and with prior millennial-timescale forcing reconstructions, including the 1815 eruption of Tambora. EVA can be used to produce volcanic forcing for climate models which is based on recent observations and physical understanding but internally self-consistent over any timescale of choice. In addition, EVA is constructed so as to allow for easy modification of different aspects of aerosol properties, in order to be used in model experiments to help advance understanding of what aspects of the volcanic aerosol are important for the climate system.
Multiple runoff processes and multiple thresholds control agricultural runoff generation
Authors: Saffarpour Shabnam , Western Andrew W. , Adams Russell , McDonnell Jeffrey J.
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Thresholds and hydrologic connectivity associated with runoff processes are a critical concept for understanding catchment hydrologic response at the event timescale. To date, most attention has focused on single runoff response types, and the role of multiple thresholds and flow path connectivities has not been made explicit. Here we first summarise existing knowledge on the interplay between thresholds, connectivity and runoff processes at the hillslope–small catchment scale into a single figure and use it in examining how runoff response and the catchment threshold response to rainfall affect a suite of runoff generation mechanisms in a small agricultural catchment. A 1.37 ha catchment in the Lang Lang River catchment, Victoria, Australia, was instrumented and hourly data of rainfall, runoff, shallow groundwater level and isotope water samples were collected. The rainfall, runoff and antecedent soil moisture data together with water levels at several shallow piezometers are used to identify runoff processes in the study site. We use isotope and major ion results to further support the findings of the hydrometric data. We analyse 60 rainfall events that produced 38 runoff events over two runoff seasons. Our results show that the catchment hydrologic response was typically controlled by the Antecedent Soil Moisture Index and rainfall characteristics. There was a strong seasonal effect in the antecedent moisture conditions that led to marked seasonal-scale changes in runoff response. Analysis of shallow well data revealed that streamflows early in the runoff season were dominated primarily by saturation excess overland flow from the riparian area. As the runoff season progressed, the catchment soil water storage increased and the hillslopes connected to the riparian area. The hillslopes transferred a significant amount of water to the riparian zone during and following events. Then, during a particularly wet period, this connectivity to the riparian zone, and ultimately to the stream, persisted between events for a period of 1 month. These findings are supported by isotope results which showed the dominance of pre-event water, together with significant contributions of event water early (rising limb and peak) in the event hydrograph. Based on a combination of various hydrometric analyses and some isotope and major ion data, we conclude that event runoff at this site is typically a combination of subsurface event flow and saturation excess overland flow. However, during high intensity rainfall events, flashy catchment flow was observed even though the soil moisture threshold for activation of subsurface flow was not exceeded. We hypothesise that this was due to the activation of infiltration excess overland flow and/or fast lateral flow through preferential pathways on the hillslope and saturation overland flow from the riparian zone.
Design formulae for a concave convex arc line gear mechanism
Authors: Chen Yangzhi , Yao Li
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Line gear is a newly developed gear mechanism with point contact meshing according to space curve meshing theory. This paper proposes a new form of line gear with a couple of concave convex arc tooth profiles. It has four characteristics. First, contact curve of the driving line gear is a cylindrical spiral curve. Second, two axes of a pair of line gears are located in the same plane with an arbitrary angle. Third, at the mesh point, normal tooth profiles of a line gear pair are a couple of inscribed circles. Namely, they form a couple of concave convex tooth profiles. Fourth, the tooth profile of a driving line gear is a convex, that of a driven line gear is a concave, and they are interchangeable. If only consider that the arcs of teeth at meshing point are tangent, the actual tooth surfaces may interfere outside of the meshing point. In this paper, the geometric condition of the tooth surface for a concave convex arc line gear mechanism is derived, and the optimal formulae of the tooth profile parameters are derived on basis of interference proof conditions. Finally, the 3-D modeling and kinematic simulation of line gear pairs show that the proposed line gear pairs can perform transmission normally. The proposed method will extend the application of line gear in the conventional power drive.
Finite-Element Modeling of Time-Dependent Sodium Exchange across the Hollow Fiber of a Hemodialyzer by Coupling with a Blood Pool Model
Authors: Ravagli Enrico , Grandi Elena , Rovatti Paolo , Severi Stefano
Published: November 2016

Introduction

Hollow fiber models describe the exchange of solutes between blood and dialysate across the membrane of a single fiber of the hemodialysis filter (hemodialyzer). This work aims to develop a new approach to simulate the solute exchange in a hollow fiber in a dynamic and realistic way. Sodium was chosen as our solute of interest due to its importance in hemodialysis as an osmotic regulator.

Methods

A 2-dimensional (2D) hollow fiber model based on the finite element method (FEM) is coupled to a simple blood pool model to dynamically update the concentration of the solute entering the dialyzer. The resulting coupled model maintains the geometrical detail of the 2D fiber representation and gains a dynamic, blood-side inlet solute concentration. In vitro dialysis sessions were carried out for model validation, by implementing a combination of blood volume loss and/or sodium concentration steps. Plasmatic sodium concentration was recorded by blood gas sampling. Dialysate inlet and outlet conductivities were continuously recorded.

Results

Simulated plasmatic sodium concentration was compared with data from the blood gas samples. A mean error of 1.76 ± 1.03 mM was found for the complete dataset, along with a 3.87 mM maximum error. The simulated outlet dialysate sodium concentration was compared with the recorded outlet dialysate conductivity: a very high correlation was found on the whole dataset (R2 = 0.992).

Conclusions

Coupling our FEM hollow fiber model to a simple blood pool model proved to be an effective approach for dynamical analysis of the properties of the hemodialyzer.
Physical Capacity in LVAD Patients: Hemodynamic Principles, Diagnostic Tools and Training Control
Authors: Reiss Nils , Schmidt Thomas , Workowski Anke , Willemsen Detlev , Schmitto Jan D. , Haverich Axel , Bjarnason-Wehrens Birna
Published: November 2016

Over time left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) have become an alternative to heart transplantation because of enormous technical development and miniaturization. Most patients present a significant improvement in clinical conditions and exercise capacity. Nevertheless, exercise tolerance remains markedly limited even after LVAD implantation compared to a control group. The complex physiological and hemodynamic changes in LVAD patients, both at rest and during exercise, are not yet understood, or at least not completely.

It is the aim of the present paper to describe the current state of scientific knowledge. Furthermore, the spectrum of diagnostic tools, including the noninvasive inert gas rebreathing method for measurement of cardiac output and associate parameters, are discussed. Options for training control in this special patient group are presented.
Tibial Revision Knee Arthroplasty: Influence of Modular Stems on Implant Fixation and Bone Flexibility in AORI Type T2a Defects
Authors: Nadorf Jan , Gantz Simone , Kohl Konner , Kretzer Jan P.
Published: November 2016

Background

Due to the varying bone defects presented to surgeons during revision total knee arthroplasty, modular implant systems are preferred over standard implant designs. However, every implant combination (sleeves, stems and augments) can affect the fixation in different ways and thus influence the long-term outcome. We therefore aimed to analyze the effect of large metaphyseal sleeves with and without short modular stems on implant fixation and bone flexibility of a modular tibial revision knee system.

Methods

A new tibial revision implant (Attune RP Revision; DePuy Synthes) with a sleeve was compared to a sleeve/stem combination implanted in synthetic bones with Anderson Orthopaedic Research Institute (AORI) Type T2a defects and also compared to an intact bone. Implant-bone-interface micromotions and bone deformations during standardized load application were measured using a digital image correlation system.

Results

The lowest relative micromotions were measured more distally for stemmed implants, and more proximally for the stemless group. When compared to an intact bone, there is increased proximal bone deformation in the stemless group.

Conclusions

Using a short stem in addition to a tibial revision implant with a metaphyseal sleeve in a moderate bone defect provides for more natural bone deformation. Although the main fixation area was shifted distally, relative micromotions were reduced. Based on this biomechanical study, the use of diaphyseal short stems with metaphyseal sleeves seems to be beneficial in terms of the initial implant fixation and for its flexibility, which is similar to that of intact bones in the case of AORI T2a defects.
Over-catheter tract suture to prevent bleeding and air embolism after tunnelled catheter removal
Authors: Letachowicz Krzysztof , Gołębiowski Tomasz , Kusztal Mariusz , Penar Jan , Letachowicz Waldemar , Weyde Wacław , Klinger Marian
Published: November 2016

Introduction

Severe, life-threating, complications might occur on dialysis catheter removal.

Methods

We present a useful technique that may prevent vascular air embolism and severe bleeding.

Results

The suture is placed around the catheter and tied over previous tract just after device removal.

Conclusions

Applying a compressing suture to the tract left after removal of a tunnelled haemodialysis catheter is a simple manoeuvre that could prevent severe complication.
Wharton, Sex, and the Terrible Honesty of the 1920s
Authors: Dawson Melanie
Published: November 2016

Reading Wharton's novels The Mother's Recompense and Twilight Sleep in relation to a broader cultural conversation about the supposedly new nature of honesty, “Wharton Sex, and the Terrible Honesty of the 1920s” interrogates one central tenet of this concept: that youth were understood to be more profoundly invested in honesty and its shocking provocations than were their elders. Warner Fabian's 1923 best seller, Flaming Youth, for example, proposes that part of the shock of the modern was youth's tendency to voice disconcerting, uncomfortable truths of the type Ann Douglas has explored and which early twentieth-century commentators such Fabian, Ben Lindsey and Wainwright Evans, and Frederick Lewis Allen presented as characteristics of a generation. Yet Wharton's vision disrupts this generational narrative by highlighting the younger generation's provocative postures of honesty, even while they engage in surreptitious affairs, display a willful blindness to troubling events, and exhibit self-denial in regard to their deepest desires. In all, youth of Wharton's 1920s fictions appear less than forthright about the most significant aspects of their lives, thereby complicating a central narrative that would divide generations via the matter of truth.
Evaluation of the Tolerability of Intermittent Intravenous Sildenafil in Pediatric Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Fender Robyn A. , Hasselman Ty E. , Wang Yanzhi , Harthan Aaron A.
Published: November 2016

OBJECTIVES:

The primary purpose of this study was to determine the tolerability of intermittent intravenous (IV) sildenafil for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension in pediatric patients. Secondary objectives were to evaluate parameters related to efficacy.

METHODS:

This was a retrospective chart review from January 2013 to August 2014 of pediatric patients under age 18 years treated with intermittent doses of IV sildenafil for pulmonary hypertension. Patients were excluded if they were over age 18 years or received sildenafil for other indications. Measures collected to assess tolerability include blood pressure and heart rate before and after the administration of IV sildenafil, as well as adverse events.

RESULTS:

Thirty-seven patients (21 females and 16 males) were identified meeting inclusion criteria, and 21 (56.8%) were on oral sildenafil prior to the initial IV dose. The mean decrease in blood pressure after the first dose of IV sildenafil was 7.16/2.74 mmHg. The decrease in systolic blood pressure was statistically significant. During the study period, 5 patients experienced medication related adverse events, primarily hypotension. Despite this, none of the patients had the medication discontinued due to these events. For secondary objectives, a statistically significant difference was not found between other clinical measures before and after intermittent IV sildenafil dosing.

CONCLUSIONS:

Sildenafil, when administered as intermittent IV doses, was tolerated by the majority of patients evaluated in this study. For pediatric patients with pulmonary hypertension in whom enteral or continuous IV sildenafil cannot be administered, intermittent IV sildenafil may be considered as an alternative administration option.
Asthma Review for Pharmacists Providing Asthma Education
Authors: Lampkin Stacie J. , Maslouski Cheryl A. , Maish William A. , John Barnabas M.
Published: November 2016

Asthma is the most common pediatric illness affecting more than 6 million children in the United States. Children with asthma have more frequent office visits and hospitalizations compared with adults. Despite advances in therapies, asthma still has a significant effect on the health care system. Regardless of the setting, pharmacists are uniquely equipped with an intimate knowledge of medications. With this knowledge, they can provide education to patients at various points throughout the health care system, from hospitalization to office visits to point of pick up at the pharmacy. The goal of this article is to equip the pharmacist with the necessary knowledge to provide education to these patients in a variety of practice settings, including community pharmacies, ambulatory care settings, and during transitions in care.
Quand projet d’immigration rime avec inscription dans les cours de francisation. La trajectoire langagière de neuf immigrantes scolarisées dans la région montréalaise
Authors: Ralalatiana Michela Claudie , Vatz-Laaroussi Michèle
Published: November 2016

Pour les nouveaux arrivants, le fait d’apprendre la langue du pays d’accueil les aide dans leur processus d’intégration. C’est le cas des femmes immigrantes du Québec, bien que plusieurs autres défis les attendent. Malgré tout, elles sont travaillantes et motivées dans cet apprentissage. Cet article présente une recherche portant sur la trajectoire langagière de neuf femmes immigrantes inscrites dans un programme de francisation au Québec. Par la démarche de la biographie langagière, des entrevues semi-dirigées et un journal d’apprentissage tenu durant quatre mois, ces neuf femmes scolarisées et inscrites à des cours de français à temps complet ont été interrogées sur leurs contacts avec la langue française, les langues parlées en classe au Québec et à la maison, leurs réseaux d’amis et leurs activités sociales. Globalement, elles sont proactives, s’ajustent au lieu où elles se trouvent, à l’Autre et aux enjeux du moment.
Heterochromatin assembly by interrupted Sir3 bridges across neighboring nucleosomes
Authors: Behrouzi Reza , Lu Chenning , Currie Mark A , Jih Gloria , Iglesias Nahid , Moazed Danesh
Published: November 2016

Heterochromatin is a conserved feature of eukaryotic chromosomes with central roles in regulation of gene expression and maintenance of genome stability. Heterochromatin formation involves spreading of chromatin-modifying factors away from initiation points over large DNA domains by poorly understood mechanisms. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, heterochromatin formation requires the SIR complex, which contains subunits with histone-modifying, histone-binding, and self-association activities. Here, we analyze binding of the Sir proteins to reconstituted mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-nucleosomal chromatin templates and show that key Sir-Sir interactions bridge only sites on different nucleosomes but not sites on the same nucleosome, and are therefore 'interrupted' with respect to sites on the same nucleosome. We observe maximal binding affinity and cooperativity to unmodified di-nucleosomes and propose that nucleosome pairs bearing unmodified histone H4-lysine16 and H3-lysine79 form the fundamental units of Sir chromatin binding and that cooperative binding requiring two appropriately modified nucleosomes mediates selective Sir recruitment and spreading.
Viral factors in influenza pandemic risk assessment
Authors: Lipsitch Marc , Barclay Wendy , Raman Rahul , Russell Charles J , Belser Jessica A , Cobey Sarah , Kasson Peter M , Lloyd-Smith James O , Maurer-Stroh Sebastian , Riley Steven , Beauchemin Catherine AA , Bedford Trevor , Friedrich Thomas C , Handel Andreas , Herfst Sander , Murcia Pablo R , Roche Benjamin , Wilke Claus O , Russell Colin A
Published: November 2016

The threat of an influenza A virus pandemic stems from continual virus spillovers from reservoir species, a tiny fraction of which spark sustained transmission in humans. To date, no pandemic emergence of a new influenza strain has been preceded by detection of a closely related precursor in an animal or human. Nonetheless, influenza surveillance efforts are expanding, prompting a need for tools to assess the pandemic risk posed by a detected virus. The goal would be to use genetic sequence and/or biological assays of viral traits to identify those non-human influenza viruses with the greatest risk of evolving into pandemic threats, and/or to understand drivers of such evolution, to prioritize pandemic prevention or response measures. We describe such efforts, identify progress and ongoing challenges, and discuss three specific traits of influenza viruses (hemagglutinin receptor binding specificity, hemagglutinin pH of activation, and polymerase complex efficiency) that contribute to pandemic risk.
Polygon Shaped 3G Mobile Band Antennas for High Tech Military Uniforms
Authors: Krishnan M. , Kannan G.
Published: November 2016

Smart Textiles integrated with communicating components have been used in military for many applications. Wearable antenna can be attached or embedded into smart textiles which could be used for communication between combat soldiers in the battlefield. This paper presents the design of three different polygon shaped patch antenna operating on 3G Mobile Band frequency 2100 MHz embedded on three different dielectric constant materials for Military applications. The proposed polygon shaped patch antenna introduces horizontal slit in its patch to improve the antenna performance. The effect of slit length and slit width on the antenna performance is analyzed.
Frequency and Magnetic Field Dependence of the Skin Depth in Co-rich Soft Magnetic Microwires
Authors: Zhukov A. , Talaat A. , Ipatov M. , Granovsky A. , Zhukova V.
Published: November 2016

We studied giant magnetoimpedance (GMI) effect in magnetically soft amorphous Co-rich microwires in the extended frequency range. From obtained experimentally dependences of GMI ratio on magnetic field and different frequencies we estimated the penetration depth and its dependence on applied magnetic field and frequency
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Photoluminescence Study of a Single Dopant Near White Light Emitting Li4CaB2O6:Dy3+ Nanophosphor.
Authors: Neharika Neharika , Kumar Vinay , Singh Vivek K. , Sharma J. , Ntwaeaborwa O.m. , Swart H.c.
Published: November 2016

Li4Ca1‐xB2O6:xDy3+ (x = 0.5—2.5 mol%) nanocrystalline phosphors are prepared by combustion synthesis involving mixtures of Ca(NO3)2, LiNO3, Dy2O3, and NH2CONH2 as the fuel together with 2.5 wt% PEG as dispersant (1.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Intermolecular Hydroalkoxylation of Allenes and Alkynes with Alcohols: Synthesis of Branched Allylic Ethers.
Authors: Liu Zi , Breit Bernhard
Published: November 2016

Regio‐ and enantioselective additions of alcohols to either terminal allenes or internal alkynes provide access to allylic ethers by using a Rh(I)/diphenyl phosphate catalytic system.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Base‐Catalyzed Solvent‐Tuned Chemoselective Carbotrifluoromethylation and Oxytrifluoromethylation of Unactivated Alkenes.
Authors: Yang Ning‐Yuan , Li Zhong‐Liang , Ye Liu , Tan Bin , Liu Xin‐Yuan
Published: November 2016

These unprecedented and chemodivergent trifluoromethylation reactions of alkenes allow for a rapid and diverse accumulation of trifluoromethylated tetralins and dihydrofurans by adjusting the base catalyst and solvent.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed C—S Bond Formation of Stable Enamines with Arene/Alkanethiols: Highly Regioselective Synthesis of β‐Amino Sulfides.
Authors: Jiang Yaojia , Liang Gaohui , Zhang Cong , Loh Teck‐Peng
Published: November 2016

A direct and regiocontrolled thiolation of stable enamines provides E‐configurated β‐amino sulfides through a palladium‐catalyzed C(sp2)—H functionalization under mild conditions using a phosphine ligand to prevent poisoning of the catalyst by S.
ChemInform Abstract: Controlled Ring‐Opening of Siloxydifluorocyclopropanes for Carbocyclization: Synthesis of Difluorocyclopentenones.
Authors: Song Xiaoning , Tian Shuangquan , Zhao Ziming , Zhu Dongsheng , Wang Mang
Published: November 2016

The reaction proceeds via intermediary siloxydifluorocyclopropanes.
ChemInform Abstract: Decarboxylative Csp3—Csp3 Coupling for Benzylation of Unstable Ketone Enolates: Synthesis of P‐(Acylethyl)phenols.
Authors: Wang Sasa , Chen Xinzheng , Ao Qiaoqiao , Wang Huifei , Zhai Hongbin
Published: November 2016

A novel TBAF‐induced decarboxylative benzylation of unstable ketone enolates is given.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Oxidation/C—H Functionalization of Ynones: Efficient and Rapid Access to Functionalized Polycyclic Salicyl Ketones.
Authors: Ji Kegong , Yang Fang , Gao Shiyue , Tang Jiangjiang , Gao Jinming
Published: November 2016

A variety of salicylic ketones is available by utilizing this non‐diazo approach.
ChemInform Abstract: Intermolecular Electrophilic Addition of Epoxides to Alkenes: [3 + 2] Cycloadditions Catalyzed by Lewis Acids.
Authors: Shuler William G. , Combee Logan A. , Falk Isaac D. , Hilinski Michael K.
Published: November 2016

Diastereoselective and regioselective electrophilic addition reactions of epoxides to alkenes afford tetrahydrofurans through a classic cationic mechanism initiated by epoxide C—O bond cleavage featuring inexpensive precursors, mild conditions, short reaction times, low catalyst loading, and scalability.
ChemInform Abstract: Bi(OTf)3 Catalyzed Solvent Free Approach to Unsymmetrical Diaryl(2‐indolyl)methanes Through 1,6‐Conjugate Addition of 3‐Substituted Indoles to para‐Quinone Methides.
Authors: Goswami Prithwish , Anand Ramasamy Vijaya
Published: November 2016

In the presence of the inexpensive, non‐toxic catalyst, a broad spectrum of title compounds is readily available within a short time in generally good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Cascade Reactions of α‐Halo‐N‐tosylhydrazones, Indoles, and Aryl Iodides.
Authors: Wu Guojiao , Deng Yifan , Luo Haiqing , Li Tianjiao , Zhang Yan , Wang Jianbo
Published: November 2016

α‐Halo‐N‐tosylhydrazones react with aryl iodides and diversely substituted indoles under Pd‐catalysis to give 3‐(2,2‐diarylvinyl)indoles mainly as E/Z mixtures.
ChemInform Abstract: Imidazolium and Potassium Hydrogen Carbonate Salts as Ecofriendly Organocatalysts for Oxazolidinone Synthesis.
Authors: Fournier Antoine H. , de Robillard Guillaume , Devillers Charles H. , Plasseraud Laurent , Andrieu Jacques
Published: November 2016

The catalyst is recyclable and reusable at least 4 times without any loss in yield.
ChemInform Abstract: Broensted‐Acid‐Mediated Divergent Reactions of Betti Bases with Indoles: An Approach to Chromeno[2,3‐b]indoles Through Intramolecular Dehydrogenative C2‐Alkoxylation of Indole.
Authors: Deb Mohit L. , Pegu Choitanya Dev , Deka Bhaskar , Dutta Prantu , Kotmale Amol S. , Baruah Pranjal K.
Published: November 2016

Under Broensted acid catalysis, naphthol‐based Betti bases either couple with indoles or undergo a new type of C—C bond cleavage giving diarylmethanes (not shown).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1‐Substituted Isoquinolines by Heterocyclization of TosMIC Derivatives: Total Synthesis of Cassiarin A.
Authors: Gutierrez Sara , Coppola Anna , Sucunza David , Burgos Carolina , Vaquero Juan J.
Published: November 2016

The protocol is applied to the preparation of the antiplasmodial alkaloid cassiarin A (IX).
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Construction of Pyrrolo[1,2‐b]isoquinolin‐10(5H)‐ones via a Redox‐Amination—Aromatization—Friedel—Crafts Acylation Cascade Reaction and Discovery of Novel Topoisomerase Inhibitors.
Authors: Zhang Wannian , et al.
Published: November 2016

Compound (IIIg) shows interesting anticancer activities against HeLa cervical, HCT116 colon, and A549 non‐small cell lung cancer cells as well as HepG2 heptanoma cells.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Free C—N Bond Formations: One‐Pot Synthesis of Pyrido[2′,1′:2,3]imidazo[4,5‐c]cinnolines, Benzo[4′,5′]thiazolo‐ and Thiazolo[2′,3′:2,3]imidazo[4,5‐c]cinnolines.
Authors: Kandimalla Satheeshkumar Reddy , Sabitha Gowravaram
Published: November 2016

An efficient one‐pot, two step procedure for the synthesis of novel fused cinnolines is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: (+)‐ and (‐)‐Ganodilactone, a Pair of Meroterpenoid Dimers with Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitory Activities from the Macromycete Ganoderma leucocontextum.
Authors: Chen He‐Ping , Zhao Zhen‐Zhu , Zhang Yu , Bai Xue , Zhang Ling , Liu Ji‐Kai
Published: November 2016

(+)‐ and (‐)‐Ganodilactone (I) from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma leucocontextum are a pair of novel meroterpenoid dimers possessing a unique 5′H‐spiro[chroman‐4,2′‐furan]‐2,5′‐dione ring system.
ChemInform Abstract: Three New Pregnane Alkaloids from Pachysandra terminalis.
Authors: Sun Yun , Chen Jin‐Xiong , Chen Jian‐Chao , Li Zhong‐Rong , Zhou Lin , Li Yan , Qiu Ming‐Hua
Published: November 2016

Three new pregnane alkaloids, pachystermine C (I), pachysanamine A (II), and pachysanamine B (III), are isolated from the title plant.
ChemInform Abstract: Group 5 Chemistry Supported by β‐Diketiminate Ligands
Authors: Hohloch Stephan , Kriegel Benjamin M. , Bergman Robert G. , Arnold John
Published: November 2016

Review: 195 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐ligand Cooperation at Tethered π‐Ligands
Authors: Verhoeven Dide G. A. , Moret Marc‐Etienne
Published: November 2016

Review: 104 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Functionalization of Indazoles by Means of Transition Metal‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: El Kazzouli Said , Guillaumet Gerald
Published: November 2016

Review: 101 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemical Allylic Oxidation of Olefins: Sustainable and Safe
Authors: Waldvogel Siegfried R. , Selt Maximilian
Published: November 2016

Review: 26 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Perspective: Ultrafast Magnetism and THz Spintronics
Authors: Walowski Jakob , Muenzenberg Markus
Published: November 2016

Review: 166 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Evolution of Emission Manners of Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes: From Emission of Singlet Exciton to Emission of Doublet Exciton
Authors: Obolda Ablikim , Zhang Ming , Li Feng
Published: November 2016

Review: [30 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Impact of Regiochemistry of Conjugated Molecules on the Performance of Organic Electronic Devices
Authors: Zhang Cheng , Zhu Xiao‐Zhang
Published: November 2016

Review: 73 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Conjugated Microporous Polymers with Distinctive π‐Electronic Properties Exhibiting Enhanced Optical Applications
Authors: Tan Jing , Chen Wu‐Ji , Guo Jia
Published: November 2016

Review: 28 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Fluorescence Sensor for the Detection of Peroxide Explosives
Authors: Zhang Yu , Fu Yan‐Yan , Zhu De‐Feng , Xu Jia‐Qiang , He Qing‐Guo , Cheng Jian‐Gong
Published: November 2016

Review: 63 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Recognition by Chiral Supramolecular Gels
Authors: Zhang Li , Jin Qingxian , Liu Minghua
Published: November 2016

Review: 74 refs.
Internalization of Dominance and Subordination: Barriers to Creative and Intellectual Fullness
Authors: Williams Tanya O.
Published: November 2016

This chapter explores the ways in which identities and positions of dominance or subordination in a societal system of power and privilege affect the way in which leadership is enacted.
Structural Assignment of Commercial Polyisobutylene Succinic Anhydride‐based Surfactants
Authors: van der Merwe Marina M. , Landman Marilé , van Rooyen Petrus H. , Jordaan Johannes H. L. , Otto Daniel P.
Published: November 2016

Concentration of the surface active agents in industrial products is a common source of error. In order to compare the efficiency of a number of polyisobutylene succinic anhydride (PIBSA) based surfactants, their concentration needs to be determined with a fair degree of accuracy. Industrial samples of the monoethanolamine adduct of PIBSA (PIBSA‐MEA) concentrate were used for chromatographic separation of the functionalized surfactant from the sample matrix. Complete spectroscopic assignments were based on detailed analysis of all the precursors and of the purified mixture of structural isomers. The structures of the double bond isomers were consistent with the expected addition products of the classic Alder‐ene reaction‐derived PIBSA. The carbon–carbon connectivity of the succinamide head group to the bulky polymer tail of PIBSA‐MEA was more complicated than previously thought, pointing towards regioselectivity in the nucleophilic substitution of PIBSA. By analogy, further structural assignments of two other surfactants, branded as PIBSA‐IMIDE and PIBSA‐UREA were made from the spectroscopic data recorded on crude industrial samples. Detailed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) assignments for all three surfactants reported here were utilized to develop a semi‐quantitative 13C‐NMR based method for the estimation of the amount of the functionalized surfactant relative to the total PIB content in the industrial concentrates. The results highlight common sources of structure‐ and concentration‐dependent errors in high internal phase emulsion formulations.
Quantifying Intrinsic and Extrinsic Contributions to Human Longevity: Application of a Two-Process Vitality Model to the Human Mortality Database
Authors: Sharrow David J. , Anderson James J.
Published: November 2016

The rise in human life expectancy has involved declines in intrinsic and extrinsic mortality processes associated, respectively, with senescence and environmental challenges. To better understand the factors driving this rise, we apply a two-process vitality model to data from the Human Mortality Database. Model parameters yield intrinsic and extrinsic cumulative survival curves from which we derive intrinsic and extrinsic expected life spans (ELS). Intrinsic ELS, a measure of longevity acted on by intrinsic, physiological factors, changed slowly over two centuries and then entered a second phase of increasing longevity ostensibly brought on by improvements in old-age death reduction technologies and cumulative health behaviors throughout life. The model partitions the majority of the increase in life expectancy before 1950 to increasing extrinsic ELS driven by reductions in environmental, event-based health challenges in both childhood and adulthood. In the post-1950 era, the extrinsic ELS of females appears to be converging to the intrinsic ELS, whereas the extrinsic ELS of males is approximately 20 years lower than the intrinsic ELS.
Who demands collective action in an imperfect institutional environment? a case study of the profession of advocates in Russia
Authors: Kazun Anton , Yakovlev Andrei
Published: November 2016

We analyse the profession of criminal defence lawyers (“advocates”) in Russia to understand their potential for collective action in an imperfect institutional environment. In 2013, we conducted a survey of 372 advocates in 9 regions of Russia. The following two main hypotheses are tested: (1) lawyers with strong ethical values have a higher demand for collective action; and (2) the negative experience of clients’ rights violations by law enforcement officers can motivate advocates to support the foundation of a strong professional association. We suggest that an advocate's profession with bona fide members at the core could be an instrument to evaluate and to improve the quality of law enforcement in Russia.
Understanding Interactive Online Advertising: Congruence and Product Involvement in Highly and Lowly Arousing, Skippable Video Ads
Authors: Belanche Daniel , Flavián Carlos , Pérez-Rueda Alfredo
Published: November 2016

Interactive online media are an increasingly preferred format for users and advertisers, and skippable online video advertisements are common on social media networks such as YouTube. The specific features and influences of this interactive marketing tool demand further consideration. Focusing on effective tactics, this article investigates the influence of introducing high-arousal and low-arousal stimuli on skippable ad effectiveness (i.e., ad acceptance, ad attitude, brand attitude, and ad intrusiveness), with the potential moderation of context congruency and product involvement. A pretest and three studies confirm that high-arousal ads are watched for longer time and are more effective in congruent contexts. Users’ product involvement determines the intrusiveness of high- and low-arousal skippable ads. These findings, along with their practical implications for this novel setting, provide further directions for research too.
Advertising and Word-of-Mouth Effects on Pre-launch Consumer Interest and Initial Sales of Experience Products
Authors: Kim Ho , Hanssens Dominique M.
Published: November 2016

This study examines how consumers’ interest in a new experience product develops as a result of advertising and word-of-mouth activities during the pre-launch period. The empirical settings are the U.S. motion picture and video game industries. The focal variables include weekly ad spend, blog volume, online search volume during pre-launch periods, opening-week sales, and product characteristics. We treat pre-launch search volume of keywords as a measure of pre-launch consumer interest in the related product. To identify probable persistent effects among the pre-launch time-series variables, we apply a vector autoregressive modeling approach. We find that blog postings have permanent, trend-setting effects on pre-launch consumer interest in a new product, while advertising has only temporary effects. In the U.S. motion picture industry, the four-week cumulative elasticity of pre-launch consumer interest is 0.187 to advertising and 0.635 to blog postings. In the U.S. video game industry, the elasticities are 0.093 and 1.306, respectively. We also find long-run co-evolution between blog and search volume, which suggests that consumers’ interest in the upcoming product cannot grow without bounds for a given level of blog volume.
Off-Target Effect of Sildenafil on Postsurgical Erectile Dysfunction: Alternate Pathways and Localized Delivery System
Authors: Salmasi Amirali , Lee Geun Taek , Patel Neal , Goyal Ritu , Dinizo Michael , Kwon Young Suk , Modi Part K. , Faiena Izak , Kim Hee-Jin , Lee Nara , Hannan Johanna L. , Kohn Joachim , Kim Isaac Yi
Published: November 2016

Introduction

There is no consensus on the best oral phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (PDE5I) for patients undergoing penile rehabilitation after surgical nerve injury.

Aim

To determine the mechanism of PDE5I on cultured neuronal cells and the effectiveness of local drug delivery using nanospheres (NSPs) to sites of nerve injury in a rat model of bilateral cavernous nerve injury (BCNI).

Methods

The effects of sildenafil, tadalafil, and vardenafil on cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cyclic guanosine monophosphate, and cell survival after exposure to hypoxia and H2O2 were measured in PC12, SH-SY5Y, and NTERA-2 (NT2) cell cultures. The effects of phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitor (PDE4I) and PDE5I on neuronal cell survival were evaluated. Male rats underwent BCNI and were untreated (BCNI), immediately treated with application of empty NSPs (BCNI + NSP), NSPs containing sildenafil (Sild + NSP), or NSPs containing rolipram (Rol + NSP).

Main Outcome Measures

Viability of neuronal cells was measured. Intracavernous pressure changes after cavernous nerve electrostimulation and expression of neurofilament, nitric oxide synthase, and actin in mid-shaft of penis were analyzed 14 days after injury.

Results

Sildenafil and rolipram significantly decreased cell death after exposure to H2O2 and hypoxia in PC12, SH-SY5Y, and NT2 cells. PC12 cells did not express PDE5 and knockdown of PDE4 significantly increased cell viability in PC12, SH-SY5Y, and NT2 cells exposed to hypoxia. The ratio of intracavernous pressure to mean arterial pressure and expression of penile neurofilament, nitric oxide synthase, and actin were significantly higher in the Sild + NSP and Rol + NSP groups than in the BCNI and BCNI + NSP groups. Limitations included analysis in only two PDE families using only a single dose.

Conclusion

Sildenafil showed the most profound neuroprotective effect compared with tadalafil and vardenafil. Sildenafil- or rolipram-loaded NSP delivery to the site of nerve injury prevented erectile dysfunction and led to increased neurofilament, nitric oxide synthase, smooth muscle content in rat penile tissue after BCNI.
Isolated Unilateral Hand Weakness Due to Cortical Cerebral Ischemia
Authors: Qu Wei , Gardiner Matthew
Published: November 2016

Isolated hand weakness is a relatively common clinical presentation. The differential diagnoses include peripheral and central neurological lesions. This is a report of sudden onset, pure hand weakness, without any other neurological signs or symptoms in the setting of a prolonged hospital stay for bilateral diabetic foot ulceration. A cerebral magnetic resonance image identified an “inverted omega sign” along the right precentral gyrus and paracentral lobule, consistent with an area of acute cortical infarction. Patients with acute pure hand weakness, and risk factors for cerebral vascular disease, should be carefully evaluated for a cortical lesion in addition to the routine peripheral neurologic workup.
Human Brain Chemokine and Cytokine Expression in Sepsis: A Report of Three Cases
Authors: Warford Jordan , Lamport Anna-Claire , Kennedy Barry , Easton Alexander S.
Published: November 2016

Background: Sepsis is a systemic response to infection that can affect brain function by inducing resident cells (including astrocytes and microglia) to generate brain chemokines and cytokines. However, there are few studies on the human brain. Since this information may shed further light on pathogenesis, our study objective was to measure the expression of 36 chemokines and cytokines in autopsied brain from 3 cases of sepsis and 10 controls, and to relate this to astrocyte and microglial activation. Methods: The right frontal pole was removed at autopsy and chemokine and cytokine expression measured by multiplexed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Immunohistochemistry and image analysis were carried out to determine the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a marker of activated astrocytes, and CD68 and CD45, markers of activated microglial cells. Results: Concentrations of the chemokines CXCL8, CXCL10, CXCL12, CCL13 and CCL22 were increased in pooled data from the three cases of sepsis (p<0.05); however, their messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was unaltered. CXCL13, CXCL1, CXCL2, CCL1, CCL2, CCL8, CCL20, (interleukin) IL-16, IL-1β and (tumour necrosis factor) TNF concentrations showed increases in two of three sepsis cases. Additionally, individual sepsis cases showed increases in mRNA expression for HDAC (histone deacetylase) 6 and EIF (eukaryotic translation initiation factor) 4A2. Brain GFAP expression was significantly increased (p<0.05) in pooled data from the three sepsis cases. Individual sepsis cases showed increases in CD68 or CD45 expression. Conclusions: These expression patterns add to our understanding of the pathogenesis of sepsis and its effects on the brain.
Another Perspective on the Coca-Cola Affair in Postwar France
Authors: KUO LAUREEN
Published: November 2016

The Coca-Cola affair is a notable incident that is often cited in the history of American investments in France. However, the previous literature has generally not examined the social and economic contexts framing the incident, choosing instead to focus on the perspectives of the French communist attacks on Coca-Cola and the political pressure exerted by the French beverage industry to deny Coca-Cola’s application to operate in France. This article, by analyzing the affair based on a broader historical framework, attempts to offer another perspective on this famous incident. Drawing on French and American archival materials, it argues that the major causes of Coca-Cola’s defeat in France were primarily practical, financial considerations of the French government. The success of Pepsi Cola’s investment project in France provides confirmation of such considerations, and were closely related to France’s ultimate national objectives in the postwar years.
Ampithoe qeshmensis sp. nov. (Amphipoda: Ampithoidae), a new herbivorous amphipod from the Persian Gulf
Authors: Layeghi Yeganeh , Momtazi Farzaneh
Published: November 2016

Herbivorous amphipods of the family Ampithoidae have an important role in marine ecosystems. Ampithoe qeshmensis sp. nov. is a new member of Ampithoidae from the Qeshm Island, Persian Gulf. The new species resembles A. kava, A. katae and A. cookana based on the second male gnathopod. Ampithoe qeshmensis sp. nov. is characterized by round and reduced distoventral spur on uropod 1 in male, mandibular palp article 3 longer than second one, robust seta on palm of second male gnathopod, and longer flagellum than peduncular article 5 on the second antenna.