bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of micro via‐in pad design on surface‐mount assembly defects: part II – voiding and spattering
Authors: Lee Yong‐Won , Kim Keun‐Soo , Suganuma Katsuaki
Published: March 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to propose a solution procedure to minimize/eliminate voiding and spattering defects in the assembly of 0201 chip components with micro via‐in pads and 95 wt.%Sn‐5 wt.%Sb solder alloy.

Design/methodology/approach

In total, four different micro via‐in pad designs were compared (via‐hole opening size): ultra small via‐in pads (d: 10 μm), small via‐in pads (d: 20 μm), and large via‐in pads (d: 60 μm), as well as designs with no via‐in pads and capped via‐in pads. Two process variables were also evaluated for the goal of achieving a high‐yield assembly solution in micro via‐in pad and lead‐free solder systems. Potential factors, such as the preheat conditions of the reflow profile and stencil aperture size, which might affect voiding and spattering in solder joints with micro via‐in pad, were investigated. Solder voiding frequency and size were also determined from X‐ray inspection and sample cross‐section analysis.

Findings

The results indicated that larger via‐holes were seen to create bigger voiding than smaller via‐holes. For smaller via‐holes, spattering is a greater problem than voiding in solder joints. Ultra small via‐in pads generated higher spattering compared to no via‐in pads and capped via‐in pads. Capped via‐in pads exhibited the best results in preventing voiding and flux spattering, and provided a wide process window for the selection of process parameters. It is also indicated that spattering was found to rapidly reduced with both increasing stencil opening size and use of reflow profile with long‐preheat conditions.

Originality/value

The findings provide certain process guidelines for surface‐mount assembly with via‐in pad substrate design. The strategy is to prevent voiding and spattering by adopting capped via‐in pads, if possible, when applying micro via with the 95 wt.%Sn‐5 wt.%Sb solder alloy system.
Surface oxide analysis of lead‐free solder particles
Authors: Luo Xin , Du Wenhui , Lu Xiuzhen , Yamaguchi Toshikazu , Jackson Gavin , lei Ye Li , Liu Johan
Published: March 2013

Purpose

The composition and thickness of surface oxide of solder particles is extremely important to the quality of interconnect and reliability of packaged system. The purpose of this paper is to develop an observable measurement to research the issue.

Design/methodology/approach

AES (Auger electron spectroscopy), XPS (X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy), TEM (transmission electron microscopy) and STEM (scanning transmission electron microscopy) were employed to examine the oxide layer on microscale solder powders. Conventional techniques and FIB (Focus Ion Beam) were employed for the TEM sample preparation. High angle annular dark field (HAADF) pattern was applied to distinguish the oxide layer and the solder matrix by the contrast of average atomic number. The results were confirmed by AES and XPS measurement.

Findings

The solder powders were exposed to air (70% relative humidity) at 150°C for 0, 120 and 240 h for the accelerated growth of oxide. The surface oxide thickness was 6 nm and 50 nm measured by TEM for 0 h and 120 h samples, respectively. It was found that the increase in surface oxide thickness of solder particles is proportional to the rooting of time. The elemental distribution along the oxide was quantified by line scanning using STEM and the atomic ratio of Sn to O in the oxide layer nearer to the outer, the middle, and the inner (adjacent to the solder matrix) was found to be 1:2, 2:3 and 1:1, respectively. The result was validated using XPS which gave Sn to O ratio of 1:2 at 5 nm depth of surface oxide.

Originality/value

This is the first time FIB technology has been used to prepare TEM specimens for solder particles and TEM pictures shown of their surface oxide layer. Though requiring more care in sample preparation, the measurements by TEM and STEM are believed to be more direct and precise.
Fluidic aligned, dense SWNTs arrays as potential die adhesive and thermal interface material
Authors: Rong Hao , Wang Baoming , Lin Wei‐Qing , Sun Lichao , Zheng Jin‐Cheng , Lu Miao
Published: March 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to report a simple, room temperature approach to assemble dense, vertically aligned single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) between a chip and its substrate acting as a kind of thermal interface material by virtue of better mechanical and thermal properties.

Design/methodology/approach

Two silicon chips, with shallow trenches about 2 μm deep on the surface, were pressed together face to face with the trench direction perpendicular to each other. SWNT aqueous solution was driven into the gap between the two chips by capillary force. Later, the sample was baked to remove the moisture completely.

Findings

SWNTs beams were found to be assembled in the gap and have their two ends bonding with the interface of the two chips, respectively. The shear strength of the two chips was measured, and the thermal conductivity of the stacked chip‐SWNTs‐chip was tested using a laser flash method. In result, shear strength up to about 100 kPa, and an average thermal conductivity of 19.3 W·m−1·K−1 were demonstrated.

Originality/value

The paper proposes an approach to grown dense SWNT array bridging a chip and its substrate, and these SWNTs have potential capability to provide mechanical strength and higher thermal conductance instead of commercial thermal interface materials.
A random walk solution for fractional diffusion equations
Authors: Zielinski D.P. , Voller V.R.
Published: March 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop an alternative numerical approach for describing fractional diffusion in Cartesian and non‐Cartesian domains using a Monte Carlo random walk scheme. The resulting domain shifting scheme provides a numerical solution for multi‐dimensional steady state, source free diffusion problems with fluxes expressed in terms of Caputo fractional derivatives. This class of problems takes account of non‐locality in transport, expressed through parameters representing both the extent and direction of the non‐locality.

Design/methodology/approach

The method described here follows a similar approach to random walk methods previously developed for normal (local) diffusion. The key differences from standard methods are: first, the random shifting of the domain about the point of interest with, second, shift steps selected from non‐symmetric, power‐law tailed, Lévy probability distribution functions.

Findings

The domain shifting scheme is verified by comparing predictive solutions to known one‐dimensional and two‐dimensional analytical solutions for fractional diffusion problems. The scheme is also applied to a problem of fractional diffusion in a non‐Cartesian annulus domain. In contrast to the axisymmetric, steady state solution for normal diffusion, a non‐axisymmetric solution results.

Originality/value

This is the first random walk scheme to utilize the concept of allowing the domain to undergo the random walk about a point of interest. Domain shifting scheme solutions of fractional diffusion in non‐Cartesian domains provide an invaluable tool to direct the development of more sophisticated grid based finite element inspired fractional diffusion schemes.
How Agile can transform manufacturing: the case of Wikispeed
Authors: Denning Stephen
Published: March 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the views of the author, who has written extensively on the management tools needed for continuous innovation, and who believes that an Agile management process methodology that has revolutionized software development, has the potential to transform manufacturing.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper offers a glimpse of what Agile manufacturing will look like from the experience of Wikispeed, a California C‐Corporation that in three months developed a functional road‐safety‐legal automobile prototype able to travel 100 miles per gallon.

Findings

At Wikispeed as in Agile software development, work proceeds by trying to identify what customers want, defining those wants in terms of precisely articulated tests, prioritizing which tests are to be worked on, working in short cycles to deliver features or products that meet the tests, finding out from customers whether that's what they really want, and then continuing the cycle once again.

Research limitations/implications

The Wikispeed case is reported on.

Practical implications

In the Agile process, self‐organizing teams work in short cycles called “sprints” and develop the features and products in a series of projects or modules to facilitate rapid, customer‐valued innovation.

Originality/value

With Agile, the work of project teams enables a firm's product to continuously evolve in the light of the experience they gain and through customer feedback.
The role of coaching in police driver training
Authors: Passmore Jonathan , Townsend Claire
Published: March 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the potential value of coaching as a learning method for driver development within police blue light environments.

Design/methodology/approach

An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) study was undertaken with a sample of participants who had attended a five‐day coaching skills programme run for the Metropolitan Police Driving School, UK advanced driving instructors and a sample of police driving trainees who had been taught using a coaching approach.

Findings

The results indicate that the instructors who had taken part in the coaching training identified coaching as being of value in their work with developing advanced driving skills, specifically in raising awareness of police drivers and reducing drivers’ risk‐taking behaviour. The trainees indicated that they saw coaching as being of value in their learning in areas such as increased flexibility of approach and a focus on the relationship between attitude and driver behaviour.

Research limitations/implications

The study suggested positive benefits based on the experiences of this small sample of police driving instructors and police trainees. As a result, the UK's Association for Chief Police Officers (ACPO) is reviewing the role of coaching for wider application in driver training and for further research on the wider application of coaching as a learning methodology.

Originality/value

This is the first empirical study of the application of coaching in a blue light and police driving environment. While further research is required into the impact on safety, the paper suggests coaching may be a useful learning approach to police driver training.
The state of police integrity in Armenia: findings from the police integrity survey
Authors: Kutnjak Ivkovich Sanja , Khechumyan Aleksandr
Published: March 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study the extent and nature of police integrity in Armenia. It analyses police officer views about misconduct seriousness, appropriate and expected discipline, and willingness to report misconduct.

Design/methodology/approach

The respondents surveyed in this study are 468 Armenian police officers assigned to work in two large police departments, Yerevan and Lori. The overall response rate is 84 per cent. The respondents evaluated 11 hypothetical scenarios describing cases of police misconduct.

Findings

Although the majority of the respondents recognized and labelled the behaviour described in the scenarios as rule violating, a large proportion, in some cases even above 40 per cent, did not do so. The respondents’ evaluations of misconduct seriousness varied greatly across the scenarios. In only two scenarios, describing the acceptance of a bribe from a speeding motorist and the theft of a watch from a crime scene, the respondents thought that both the appropriate and expected discipline should and would be severe; in all of the other scenarios, the respondents expected and approved of either no discipline at all or quite lenient discipline. The code of silence appears to be strong among our respondents, protecting almost all behaviours described in the questionnaire. Unique to Armenia is the finding that the respondents estimated that they would subscribe to the code of silence to a larger extent than their fellow officers would.

Research limitations/implications

Police officers included in the survey come from two police departments.

Practical implications

Police administrators interested in controlling the code of silence could apply the methodology used in this research to ascertain the extent and nature of the code beforehand. They could use the methodology to assess and compare the police officer perceptions of the discipline the agency is expected to mete out with the discipline meted out in actual cases and, if necessary, work on addressing the discrepancy between the perceptions and reality.

Originality/value

Although Armenia has been one of the former Soviet republics that purged the communist government even before the breakdown of the Soviet Union, the transition toward democracy has been troublesome and riddled with widespread accusations of various types of failures in police integrity. The methodology used in this research enables measurement of the nature and extent of police integrity at the present time and also, subsequently, monitoring and detection of the changes in police integrity, which is particularly relevant for a police agency in transition.
The role of human resources in business model performance: the case of network‐based companies
Authors: Nielsen Christian , Montemari Marco
Published: March 2013

Purpose

This paper is concerned with identifying the role(s) of the individual employee(s) in the value creation process of three network‐based business models that are analyzed through case studies. The paper aims to focus on how the relationships between the network‐partners internally and also outside the network affect value creation.

Design/methodology/approach

The study conducted is a case study of three network‐based business models applying a semi‐structured interview approach as the primary source of data.

Findings

The study shows that, together with the terms “integrating” and “enabling” which the traditional literature tends to use, expressions like “building” and “aligning” can be added in order to describe the role of human resources in the value creation process of the network‐based business models. Human resources are found to be important for aligning the value proposition of the network as a whole to the customers' needs and expectations.

Research limitations/implications

The generalizability of the results are restricted by the fact that the network‐based businesses studied have a different set of stakeholder tensions than more traditionally organized.

Practical implications

This paper demonstrates the advantages of network‐based value configurations and indicates how performance measures may be directly derived from value creation maps.

Originality/value

This paper contributes to understanding advantages and drawbacks of network‐based companies and how such types of organization challenge the people within and outside of them.
Toward healthy prisons: the TECH model and its applications
Authors: Ross Michael W. , Jo Harzke Amy
Published: March 2013

Purpose

This paper aims to explore how the TECH Model (testing for and treating infectious diseases and vaccination; environmental modification to prevent disease transmission; chronic disease identification and treatment; and health maintenance and education) can be used for assessing and achieving healthy prisons.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper explores the concepts of “health in prison” and “healthy prisons” in the context of recent research and guidance. The paper then considers the TECH Model as an approach to achieving healthy prisons.

Findings

Under each of the four TECH Model domains are tasks to achieve a healthy prison. For prisons with poor or no resources, each domain contains steps that will improve prison health and move towards a healthy prison for both prisoners and staff. Implementation can thus be “low‐TECH” or “high‐TECH” depending on the setting and the available resources and the model is specifically designed to provide options for resource‐poor as well as resource‐rich correctional settings.

Originality/value

The TECH Model is a first step in characterizing the components of a healthy prison and the processes to achieve this. This Model could be implemented in all levels of prisons internationally.
Psychosocial determinants of risky sexual behaviour amongst South African male prison inmates in KwaZulu‐Natal and Mpumalanga Provinces
Authors: Sifunda Sibusiso , Reddy Priscilla , Braithwaite Ronald L. , Stephens Torrance , Ruiter Robert A.C. , van den Borne Bart
Published: March 2013

Purpose

To inform future intervention programmes, the purpose of this paper is to explore the psychosocial and contextual determinants of intention to reduce risky sexual behaviour amongst inmates in South African prisons.

Design/methodology/approach

A cross sectional study using interviewer administered questionnaires was conducted with 357 inmates across four prison facilities in South Africa that were involved in a pre‐release health education intervention for parolees in two provinces.

Findings

About 65 per cent of participants were first time offenders. Almost 50 per cent were unemployed prior to arrest and 66 per cent were married at time of incarceration. Self‐efficacy, general life skills efficacy and sexual communication were the strongest predictors of intention to reduce risky behaviour upon release. High intenders were significantly different from low intenders in their self‐efficacy, sexual communication, attitudes towards condom use and the perceived norm of sex being a non‐utilitarian transaction.

Research limitations/implications

One of the key limitations is the low literacy levels amongst prison inmates. Data also relied heavily on self reports of behaviours that may have occurred prior to the participants being incarcerated.

Originality/value

It is concluded that the exploration of subpopulation specific behavioural determinants is a critical step in the development of effective, contextually‐relevant, health education interventions.
Degradation Index for Quality Evaluation of Commercial Dietary Supplements of Bilberry Extract
Authors: Yamamoto Masao , Yamaura Katsunori , Ishiwatari Makiko , Shimada Maki , Kado Sayaka , Seki Hiroko , Shimada Norimoto , Ueno Koichi
Published: March 2013

In recent years, many anthocyanin‐containing dietary supplements of various dosages and formulations have been sold through advertising their large number of beneficial effects. On the other hand, there is an increased risk of distributing deteriorated supplements to consumers due to lax regulations, because in Japan these supplements are classified as food. Spectrophotometric methods are commonly used to control the quality of supplements. However, these methods have limitations with regard to assessing deterioration. In this study, we evaluated a new index for detection of deteriorated products. The stability of 3 formulations and the quality of 20 supplements were investigated by ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography, which is superior to spectrophotometry for identifying and quantifying individual anthocyanins. The stability was not only affected by storage temperature but also by formulation. We defined “Degradation Index” (DI) as an indicator of the deterioration of supplements. Of 20 supplements investigated, the DI of 5 supplements was more than 3‐fold the value of Bilberon‐25, and the worst one was 12.7‐fold. These results suggest that DI could be a useful quality control index for detecting deteriorated supplements.
Compositional Characteristics of Materials Recovered from Headed Gutted Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) by Isoelectric Solubilization and Precipitation Using Organic Acids
Authors: Paker Ilgin , Beamer Sarah , Jaczynski Jacek , Matak Kristen E.
Published: March 2013

Protein was recovered from headed gutted silver carp by isoelectric solubilization at pH 2.5, 3.0, 11.5, or 12.0 and precipitation (ISP) at pH 5.5 using acetic (AA) or a 30% formic and lactic acid combination (F&L) and 10 N sodium hydroxide. Total protein and fat recovery yields, proximate composition and mineral analyses of fractions were determined. Protein and lipid recovery yields when solubilized under basic conditions were comparable to yields reported from other studies using hydrochloric acid; however, the recovered fractions were less pure. Processing at basic pH using AA was more effective than F&L at removing impurities (P < 0.05) from the recovered protein fraction and impurities were effectively removed from recovered lipids regardless of processing pH or acid type (P > 0.05). For the most part, sodium was greater (P < 0.05) and there was less calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and iron (P < 0.05) in the recovered protein regardless of acid used when compared to the initial paste. This research shows that organic acids have the potential to recover protein and lipid by ISP processing.

Practical Application: This research presents a reliable method for extracting nutritionally valuable fish protein and oils from otherwise hard to process fish and its byproducts. Replacing the traditionally used strong acids with organic acids might further accomplish bacterial load reduction while resulting in similar to or improved protein recovery yields. Therefore, this technology may increase the commercial viability of hard to process fish.
Can exotic pine trees assist in restoration?
Authors: Norton David A. , Forbes Adam
Published: March 2013

Invasive exotic woody species, including conifers escaped from plantations, are usually regarded as serious threats to native biodiversity. Becerra & Montenegro (Applied Vegetation Science, 16, 2013, 2) present an interesting example of invasive Pinus radiata facilitating native woody regeneration in semi‐arid central Chile. However, the positive value of invasive conifers for restoration and conservation will not necessarily apply in all situations.
Genetic variants in the region of the C1q genes are associated with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Trouw L A , Daha N , Kurreeman F A S , Böhringer S , Goulielmos G N , Westra H J , Zhernakova A , Franke L , Stahl E A , Levarht E W N , Stoeken-Rijsbergen G , Verduijn W , Roos A , Li Y , Houwing-Duistermaat J J , Huizinga T W J , Toes R E M
Published: March 2013

Rodent models for arthritis implicate a role for complement in disease development and progression. In humans, complement deposition has been observed in inflamed synovia of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. In this study we analysed whether genetic variants of complement component C1q predispose to RA. We genotyped single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in and around the C1q genes, C1qA, C1qB and C1qC, in a Dutch set of 845 RA cases and 1046 controls. Replication was sought in a sample set from North America (868 cases/1193 controls), and a meta-analysis was performed in a combined samples set of 8000 cases and 23 262 controls of European descent. We determined C1q serum levels in relation to C1q genotypes. In the discovery phase, five of the 13 SNPs tested in the C1q genes showed a significant association with RA. Additional analysis of the genomic area around the C1q genes revealed that the strongest associating SNPs were confined to the C1q locus. Within the C1q locus we observed no additional signal independent of the strongest associating SNP, rs292001 [odds ratio (OR) = 0·72 (0·58–0·88), P = 0·0006]. The variants of this SNP were associated with different C1q serum levels in healthy controls (P = 0·006). Interestingly, this SNP was also associated significantly in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) from the North American Rheumatoid Arthritis Consortium study, confirming the association with RA [OR = 0·83 (0·69–1·00), P = 0·043]. Combined analysis, including integrated data from six GWAS studies, provides support for the genetic association. Genetic variants in C1q are correlated with C1q levels and may be a risk for the development of RA.
Plasma‐free vs deconjugated metanephrines for diagnosis of phaeochromocytoma
Authors: Pamporaki Christina , Därr Roland , Bursztyn Michael , Glöckner Stephan , Bornstein Stefan R. , Lenders Jacques W. M. , Pacak Karel , Krinner Axel , Eisenhofer Graeme
Published: March 2013

Background

The diagnosis of phaeochromocytoma is commonly performed by the measurements of plasma‐free normetanephrine and metanephrine. Plasma‐deconjugated normetanephrine and metanephrine have been proposed as alternative, equivalent, but easier to measure biomarkers.

Objective

The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic performance of plasma‐free vs deconjugated normetanephrine and metanephrine in patients tested for phaeochromocytoma.

Methods

The study population included a reference group of 262 normotensive and hypertensive volunteers, 198 patients with phaeochromocytoma and 528 patients initially suspected of having the tumour, but with negative investigations after at least 2 years of follow‐up. Measurements were performed using liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.

Results

Plasma concentrations of free normetanephrine were 17‐fold higher in patients with phaeochromocytoma than in the reference population, a 72% larger (P < 0·001) difference than that for the 10‐fold higher levels of plasma‐deconjugated normetanephrine. In contrast, relative increases in plasma concentrations of free and deconjugated metanephrine were similar. Using upper cut‐offs established in the reference population, measurements of plasma‐free metabolites provided superior diagnostic performance than deconjugated metabolites according to measures of both sensitivity (97% vs 92%, P = 0·002) and specificity (93% vs 89%, P = 0·012). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the free metabolites was larger than that for the deconjugated metabolites (0·986 vs 0·965, P < 0·001).

Conclusion

Measurements of plasma‐free normetanephrine and metanephrine are superior to the deconjugated metabolites for diagnosis of phaeochromocytoma.
PROSPER: a randomised comparison of surgical treatments for rectal prolapse
Authors: Senapati A. , Gray R. G. , Middleton L. J. , Harding J. , Hills R. K. , Armitage N. C. M. , Buckley L. , Northover J. M. A. ,   the PROSPER Collaborative Group
Published: March 2013

Aim

Rectal prolapse is a profoundly disabling condition, occurring mainly in elderly and parous women. There is no accepted standard surgical treatment, with previous studies limited in methodological quality and size. PROSPER aimed to address these deficiencies by comparing the relative merits of different procedures.

Method

In a pragmatic, factorial (2 × 2) design trial, patients could be randomised between abdominal and perineal surgery (i), and suture vs resection rectopexy for those receiving an abdominal procedure (ii) or Altemeier's vs Delorme's for those receiving a perineal procedure (iii). Primary outcome measures were recurrence of the prolapse, incontinence, bowel function and quality of life scores (Vaizey, bowel thermometer and EQ‐5D) measured up to 3 years.

Results

Two hundred and ninety‐three patients were recruited: 49 were randomised between surgical approaches (i); 78 between abdominal procedures (ii); and 213 between perineal procedures (iii). Recurrence rates were higher than anticipated, but not significantly different in any comparison: Altemeier's vs Delorme's 24/102 (24%) and 31/99 (31%) [hazard ratio (HR) 0.81; 95% CI 0.47, 1.38; P = 0.4]; resection vs suture rectopexy 4/32 (13%) and 9/35 (26%) (HR 0.45; 95% CI 0.14, 1.46; P = 0.2); perineal vs abdominal 5/25 (20%) and 5/19 (26%) (HR 0.83; 95% CI 0.24, 2.86; P = 0.8). Vaizey, bowel thermometer and EQ‐5D scores were not significantly different in any of the comparisons.

Conclusion

No significant differences were seen in any of the randomised comparisons, although substantial improvements from baseline in quality of life were noted following all procedures.
Perturbations in cortical development and neuronal network excitability arising from prenatal exposure to benzodiazepines in mice
Authors: Haas Matilda , Qu Zhengdong , Kim Tae Hwan , Vargas Ernesto , Campbell Kenneth , Petrou Steven , Tan Seong‐Seng , Reid Christopher A. , Heng Julian
Published: March 2013

During brain development, many factors influence the assembly and final positioning of cortical neurons, and this process is essential for proper circuit formation and normal brain function. Among many important extrinsic factors that guide the maturation of embryonic cortical neurons, the secreted neurotransmitter GABA has been proposed to influence both their migratory behaviour and their terminal differentiation. The full extent of the short‐term and long‐term changes in brain patterning and function caused by modulators of the GABA system is not known. In this study, we specifically investigated whether diazepam, a commonly used benzodiazepine that modulates the GABAA receptor, alters neuronal positioning in vivo, and whether this can lead to lasting effects on brain function. We found that fetal exposure to diazepam did not change cell positioning within the embryonic day (E)14.5 mouse cerebral cortex, but significantly altered neuron positioning within the E18.5 cortex. In adult mice, diazepam treatment affected the distribution of cortical interneurons that express parvalbumin or calretinin, and also led to a decrease in the numbers of calretinin‐expressing interneurons. In addition, we observed that neonatal exposure to diazepam altered the sensitivity of mice to a proconvulsant challenge. Therefore, exposure of the fetal brain to benzodiazepines has consequences for the positioning of neurons and cortical network excitability.
Writing New York’s Twentieth Century Jewish History: A Five Borough Journey
Authors: Gurock Jeffrey S.
Published: March 2013

The most significant works that follow the journey of New York’s Jews through the five boroughs of Gotham in the 20th century have focused on the lives Jews lived, the nature of group identification and their relationships with other immigrant, ethnic and racial groups with whom they shared the city’s streets. When, some 60 years ago, professional work began on the Lower East Side, the first stop in this Jewish journey, the emphasis of studies on that iconic community was on downtown’s socialist tradition and labor activities. Subsequently, historical writing shifted largely to exploring religious and other aspects of communal existence. An important recent work has called upon scholars to reconsider the importance of the radical tone that permeated the immigrant quarter. Another new and important contribution has refocused attention on Jewish relations with other immigrants and Christians within and without the enclave.

When, scholars, in the mid‐1970s, began following Jewish peregrinations out of downtown into Upper Manhattan, and eventually to the outer boroughs, much of the emphasis was on analyzing the textures of ethnic identification among Jews‐ particularly the children of immigrants‐ who settled in new neighborhoods. A concomitant major theme was their relationships with fellow New Yorkers, primarily the Germans, Italians and Irish around them.

During the early post‐war period, New York Jews decided whether or not to depart older enclaves for suburbia or to cities far away from Gotham. Writers have engaged their decision‐making process. More importantly, studies of those who stayed continued to examine the question of ethnic persistence while delving into their relationships, not only with other White ethnic groups, but with African Americans with whom now Jews often struggled.

Finally, the literature on the last decades of 20th century Gotham examines the position of Jews within different neighborhoods of the city and their sense of belonging in a metropolis that experienced periods of dramatic economic and social decline, and revival.
Inmate Governance in Brazilian Prisons
Authors: Darke Sacha
Published: March 2013

Prisons in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro are run not so much by prison guards as by inmates. In circumstances of severe overcrowding and acute staff shortage, prisoners are recruited or organise themselves, not only to perform clerical and janitorial work, but also to provide for welfare, discipline and security. Such inmate governance is as much a defining feature of Brazilian prison life as are inhumane living conditions. In recent years the roles played by inmates in managing the day‐to‐day running of Brazilian prisons have been largely subsumed by prison gangs. However, staff‐inmate relations remain characterised less by conflict and power as by accommodation and reciprocity.
Measurement and visualization of file‐to‐wall contact during ultrasonically activated irrigation in simulated canals
Authors: Boutsioukis C. , Verhaagen B. , Walmsley A. D. , Versluis M. , van der Sluis L. W. M.
Published: March 2013

Aim

(i) To quantify in a simulated root canal model the file‐to‐wall contact during ultrasonic activation of an irrigant and to evaluate the effect of root canal size, file insertion depth, ultrasonic power, root canal level and previous training, (ii) To investigate the effect of file‐to‐wall contact on file oscillation.

Methodology

File‐to‐wall contact was measured during ultrasonic activation of the irrigant performed by 15 trained and 15 untrained participants in two metal root canal models. Results were analyzed by two 5‐way mixed‐design anovas. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. Additionally, high‐speed visualizations, laser‐vibrometer measurements and numerical simulations of the file oscillation were conducted.

Results

File‐to‐wall contact occurred in all cases during 20% of the activation time. Contact time was significantly shorter at high power (P < 0.001), when the file was positioned away from working length (P < 0.001), in the larger root canal (P < 0.001) and from coronal towards apical third of the root canal (P < 0.002), in most of the cases studied. Previous training did not show a consistent significant effect. File oscillation was affected by contact during 94% of the activation time. During wall contact, the file bounced back and forth against the wall at audible frequencies (ca. 5 kHz), but still performed the original 30 kHz oscillations. Travelling waves were identified on the file. The file oscillation was not dampened completely due to the contact and hydrodynamic cavitation was detected.

Conclusion

Considerable file‐to‐wall contact occur‐red during irrigant activation. Therefore, the term ‘Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation’ should be amended to ‘Ultrasonically Activated Irrigation’.
Validation and modification of the phosphorus loss index as applied to a small catchment
Authors: Troitiño F. , Trasar‐Cepeda C. , Leirós M. C. , Gil‐Sotres F.
Published: March 2013

Environmental legislation in many countries requires the development of phosphorus indices to determine the risk of P loss from soils to water. The concentrations of total phosphorus (TP), molybdate‐reactive phosphorus (MRP) and particulate phosphorus (PP) and the movement of these P forms were determined in a small catchment in Galicia (north–west Spain) with the aim of establishing an index of P loss. The discharges and concentrations of the different P forms were measured at different points in the river basin. The information was used to estimate the accuracy of a P index derived from the model described by Gburek et al. (2000). The amount of P lost over the 5‐month period of study was ca. 60 g/ha; in essence, the overall loss was low. The P losses differed throughout the study period and between sampling points, and some areas of the catchment acted as P sinks. This was probably associated with the transport of deposited material by the rivers. Of the two components included in the index, the source factor was consistent with the source areas in the catchment as identified by water analysis. However, the transport factor was not very consistent with the field data and must be reconsidered.
Perinatal bereavement: a principle‐based concept analysis
Authors: Fenstermacher Kimberly , Hupcey Judith E.
Published: March 2013

Aim

To report an analysis of the concept of perinatal bereavement.

Background

The concept of perinatal bereavement emerged in the scientific literature during the 1970s. Perinatal bereavement is a practice‐based concept, although it is not well‐defined in the scientific literature and is often intermingled with the concepts of mourning and grief.

Design

Concept Analysis.

Data sources

Using the term ‘perinatal bereavement’ and limits of only English and human, Pub Med and CINAHL were searched to yield 278 available references dating from 1974–2011. Articles specific to the experience of perinatal bereavement were reviewed. The final data set was 143 articles.

Review methods

The methods of principle‐based concept analysis were used. Results reveal conceptual components (antecedents, attributes and outcomes) which are delineated to create a theoretical definition of perinatal bereavement.

Results

The concept is epistemologically immature, with few explicit definitions to describe the phenomenon. Inconsistency in conceptual meaning threatens the construct validity of measurement tools for perinatal bereavement and contributes to incongruent theoretical definitions. This has implications for both nursing science (how the concept is studied and theoretically integrated) and clinical practice (timing and delivery of support interventions).

Conclusions

Perinatal bereavement is a multifaceted global phenomenon that follows perinatal loss. Lack of conceptual clarity and lack of a clearly articulated conceptual definition impede the synthesis and translation of research findings into practice. A theoretical definition of perinatal bereavement is offered as a platform for researchers to advance the concept through research and theory development.
Feasibility of Mitral Isthmus and Left Atrial Roof Linear Lesions Using an 8 mm Tip Cryoablation Catheter
Authors: BETTS TIMOTHY R. , JONES MICHAEL , WONG KELVIN C.K. , QURESHI NORMAN , RAJAPPAN KIM , BASHIR YAVER
Published: March 2013

Left Atrial Linear Cryoablation

Background

Left atrial linear lesions are part of the ablation strategy for persistent atrial fibrillation. Radiofrequency (RF) energy is the standard energy modality. Pulmonary vein (PV) balloon cryoablation has similar success rates to RF energy but is unsuitable for linear lesions. This study assessed the feasibility and safety of left atrial linear lesions using an 8 mm tip cryoablation catheter.

Methods and Results

Consecutive patients undergoing left atrial ablation procedures for paroxysmal or persistent atrial fibrillation were studied. An 8 mm tip focal cryoablation catheter was used to create mitral isthmus and left atrial roof linear lesions and compared to a matched cohort undergoing RF ablation. A total of 21 patients (54 ± 11 years, 14 male), 15 undergoing de novo procedures using a dual console technique (simultaneous focal catheter and cryoballoon PV ablation) and 6 redo procedures (single console and focal catheter) were studied. Mitral isthmus ablation was successful in 19/21 (91%) with a mean total ablation time of 32.5 ± 2.9 minutes. Roof line ablation was successful in 18/19 with a mean ablation time of 15.6 ± 6.0 minutes. Success rates were similar but ablation times were longer than those in the matched RF group. Epicardial ablation in the coronary sinus was required less often with cryoablation (11/21 vs 17/21, P < 0.05). There were no complications.

Conclusion

Left atrial linear lesions with an 8 mm tip cryoablation catheter are feasible and safe with a high acute success rate. The need for coronary sinus ablation is reduced. A dual console technique is possible. Long‐term durability of linear lesions remains to be determined.
Demographic parameters of the two main fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) species attacking mango inCentralTanzania
Authors: Salum J. K. , Mwatawala M. W. , Kusolwa P. M. , Meyer M. D.
Published: March 2013

Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are among the most important pests damaging fruit crops growing in Tanzania. Demographic parameters forCeratitis cosyra(Walker) andBactrocera invadens(Drew, Tsuruta & White) are reported and compared. These include pre‐adult survival and development rates, adult survival and fecundity and population parameters such as the intrinsic rate of increase, and mean generation time. Population and biological parameters of theC. cosyraandB. invadenswere measured in an environmental chamber at 25°C and 30°C with 75%RHand at room temperature ranging 23–28°C. The results showed thatB. invadenshad shorter embryonic, larval and pupal development times thanC. cosyraindependent of temperature. Life expectancy of maleB. invadenswas significantly greater than that ofC. cosyra, while life expectancy of femaleB. invadenswas greater than that ofC. cosyrabut not significantly. Average net fecundity was higher forB. invadensthan forC. cosyra. Both species attained their highest intrinsic rate of increase and net reproductive rate at 30°C.B. invadensexhibited higher intrinsic rate of increase and net reproductive rate thanC. cosyraat all temperatures tested.
Issues and challenges associated with nurse‐administered procedural sedation and analgesia in the cardiac catheterisation laboratory: a qualitative study
Authors: Conway Aaron , Rolley John , Page Karen , Fulbrook Paul
Published: March 2013

Aims and objectives

To explore issues and challenges associated with nurse‐administered procedural sedation and analgesia in the cardiac catheterisation laboratory from the perspectives of senior nurses.

Background

Nurses play an important part in managing sedation because the prescription is usually given verbally directly from the cardiologist who is performing the procedure and typically, an anaesthetist is not present.

Design

A qualitative exploratory design was employed.

Methods

Semi‐structured interviews with 23 nurses from 16 cardiac catheterisation laboratories across four states in Australia and also New Zealand were conducted. Data analysis followed the guide developed by Braun and Clark to identify the main themes.

Results

Major themes emerged from analysis regarding the lack of access to anaesthetists, the limitations of sedative medications, the barriers to effective patient monitoring and the impact that the increasing complexity of procedures has on patients' sedation requirements.

Conclusions

The most critical issue identified in this study is that current guidelines, which are meant to apply regardless of the clinical setting, are not practical for the cardiac catheterisation laboratory due to a lack of access to anaesthetists. Furthermore, this study has demonstrated that nurses hold concerns about the legitimacy of their practice in situations when they are required to perform tasks outside of clinical practice guidelines. To address nurses' concerns, it is proposed that new guidelines could be developed, which address the unique circumstances in which sedation is used in the cardiac catheterisation laboratory.

Relevance to clinical practice

Nurses need to possess advanced knowledge and skills in monitoring for the adverse effects of sedation. Several challenges impact on nurses' ability to monitor patients during procedural sedation and analgesia. Preprocedural patient education about what to expect from sedation is essential.
Pre-empting conflict – a re-examination of the public interest defence in Uk copyright law
Authors: Griffiths Jonathan
Published: March 2013

It is over 10 years since the Court of Appeal confirmed the legitimacy of the public interest defence in copyright law in Ashdown v Telegraph Group Ltd. However, remarkably little is still known about the defence's function and scope. Indeed, acknowledgement of its unfathomability has become something of a commonplace of copyright jurisprudence and scholarship. This situation contrasts sharply with the position in other related areas of law, such as breach of confidence and defamation, in which courts have made dramatic strides in recasting doctrine to protect ‘public interest’ disclosures. Developments in EU copyright law have also plunged the defence into a renewed crisis of legitimacy. The time is therefore ripe for a reconsideration of the role of the public interest defence in UK copyright law. In this paper, an attempt is made to understand its implicit rationale and scope. It is argued that the existing jurisprudence reflects a persistent concern about copyright's potential to subvert policy outcomes generated by alternative regulatory systems and that the defence is to be viewed as a form of pre-emption doctrine, allowing courts to avoid the explicit rules established under the CDPA in circumstances in which their application would frustrate the outcomes of other more appropriate forms of regulation.
Environmental predictors of decapod species richness and turnover along an extensive Australian continental margin (13–35° S)
Authors: McCallum Anna W. , Poore Gary C.B. , Williams Alan , Althaus Franziska , O'Hara Tim
Published: March 2013

The use of environmental data in biogeographic studies of the deep sea is providing greater insight into the processes underlying large‐scale patterns of diversity. Recent surveys of Australia's western continental margin (~100–1100 m) provide systematic sampling of invertebrate megafauna along a gradient of 22° of latitude (13–35° S). Diversity patterns of decapod crustaceans were examined and we investigated the relative importance of environmental and spatial predictor variables on both species richness (alpha diversity) and species turnover. Distance‐based linear models (DistLM) indicated a suite of variables were important in predicting species turnover, of which temperature and oxygen were the most influential. These reflected the oceanographic features that dominate distinct depth bathomes along the slope. The numbers of species within samples were highly variable; a small but significant increase in diversity towards the tropics was evident. Replicated sampling along the margin at ~100 m and ~400 m provided an opportunity to compare latitudinal patterns of diversity at different depths. On the shallow upper slope (~400 m) temperature was disassociated from latitude and the latter proved to be the best predictor of sample species richness. The predictive power of latitude over other variables indicates that proximity to the highly diverse Indo‐West Pacific (IWP) may be important, especially considering that almost 40% of species in this study had a wide IWP distribution. In the management of Australia's marine environments, geomorphic surrogates have been emphasised when defining areas for protection. We found sea‐floor characteristics were relatively less important in predicting richness or community composition.