bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inter-institutional Framework towards Ensuring SDGs in Somaliland, Transformative Paradigm
Authors: Madar Mohamed , Subari Mustafa Din , Baqutayan Shadiya M.S.
Published: October 2018

The United Nations (UN) Rio+20 summit obligated nations to develop set of universal development goals as indicated in the UN sustainable development goals (SDGs). These goals were designated to enhance and further improve strategies cope with failures of the expired millennium development goals (MDGs) (Under-Secretary-General, 2013). Researches and other official reports at present indicate that SDGs are the extension or the continuation of the expired MDGs. The MDGs were mostly relief projects toward improving human life through aid based approach. The MDGs projects did not thus so far remarkably improve the target sectors but alleviated hunger and reduced extreme poverty in some countries while countries like Somaliland, hunger and poverty are on the increase. This doesn’t mean that MDGs were totally failed projects, but to indicate that the set targets were not improved as supposed to be due to lack of context based national strategic framework. Additional monitoring and evaluation of MDGs was haphazard since there had not been specific indicators adopted to report the progress. The SDGs signed up by the Somaliland government this year (2017) would inherit challenges hindered MDGs to produce the anticipated outcomes if they are not strategically avoided.  Socioeconomic development and national sustainability are often posed as being in conflict because of tradeoffs between the growing demands of least developed counties like Somaliland as well as lower standards of living and poor capacity of the national institutions. This review paper suggests a need to adopt an indigenous integrated framework, which ensures that synergy is exploited and collaborative strategies are put in place towards achieving SDG targets. This paper proposes a comprehensive framework and key recommendations focusing on filling the gaps left in the MDGs and accelerate in achieving the new goals and targets of SDGs.
MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY OF RENAL CANCER
Authors: Zaridze D. G. , Mukeriya A. F. , Shan’gina O. V. , Matveev V. B.
Published: October 2018

Kidney cancer consists of renal cell cancer (RCC) accounting for over 90 % of all kidney carcinomas and the transitional cell cancer. Clear cell cancer is a predominant type (80–85 %) of RCC. Smoking, overweight, obesity, hypertension, occupational exposures to pesticides, specifically to trichloroethylene are considered causal risk factors for sporadic i.e. non-hereditary RCC. The majority of sporadic RCC have polygenic etiology. They develop as a result of combined effect of large number of low penetrance genetic susceptibility genes (genetic polymorphism). The interplay of exposures to environmental risk factors and genetic susceptibility of exposed individuals is believed to influence the risk of developing sporadic RCC. Inheritance of high penetrance genes is associated with very high risk of the RCC. To these genes belongs, for example, VHL (von Hippel–Lindau). Germline mutations in VHL are causing VHL syndrome and hereditary type of RCC. Risk of RCC in individuals with germ-line mutations is very high however the proportion RCC associated with these events is very low (>5–7 %). Environmental factors virtually do not influence the risk of these cancers.

The studies in molecular epidemiology based on candidate gene approach have shown that certain types (variants) of polymorphisms of GST, MTHFR, TYMS, VHL genes are associated with RCC. The genome wide association studies identified over twenty locus with single nucleotide polymorphism affecting the risk of RCC. The risk loci so far identified for RCC account for only about 10 % of the familial risk of RCC. Thus more studies with larger sample size are needed. As more RCC susceptibility alleles are discovered, deciphering the biological basis of risk variants should provide new insights into the biology of RCC that may lead to new approaches to prevention, early detection and therapeutic intervention.
SEQUENTIAL THERAPY OF METASTATIC CASTRATION-RESISTANT PROSTATE CANCER: NEW POSSIBILITIES
Authors: Markova A. S. , Matveev V. B. , Nazranov B. M.
Published: October 2018

Currently, doctors have at their disposal a number of drugs prolonging life of patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). The majority is approved for use as the 1st line therapy and, in absence of direct comparison, is considered potentially equally effective. Patients with CRPC need continuous treatment for suppression of disease progression resulting in sequential use of therapeutic agents. Modern standards and recommendations do not provide a clear algorithm for prescription, therefore an individual approach is necessary taking in account various factors of a particular case ranging from previous therapies to patients’ preferences. This article considers the most significant factors affecting CRPC therapy selection and ways of therapy optimization in compliance with the established treatment standards and taking into account the list of drugs approved for use in Russia.
METASTASIS OF RENAL CANCER TO BREAST: DESCRIPTION OF CLINICAL CASE
Authors: Chernova E. V. , Khaylenko V. A. , Zhukova L. G. , Abdullaev A. G. , Komov D. V. , Lyubchenko L. N. , Khaylenkо A. V. , Kudashkin N. E. , Burov D. A.
Published: October 2018

The main method of treatment of local stages of clear cell renal cancer is surgical. The question of conducting adjuvant irradiation and chemotherapy after radical operations is open. Patients with solitary distant metastases and a favorable prognosis may become candidates for surgical treatment. Surgical removal of isolated solitary metastases allows to achieve 35–60  % of 5-year overall survival. The patient, observed in N.N.  Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology with metastasis of renal cancer in the pancreas, and then in the breast is an extremely rare clinical case presented in this article.
REVIEW OF THE ARTICLE “METASTASIS OF RENAL CANCER TO BREAST: DESCRIPTION OF CLINICAL CASE”
Authors: Popov A. M.
Published: October 2018

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18F-PSMA-1007 POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY/COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF RECURRENT PROSTATE CANCER: CLINICAL OBSERVATION
Authors: Dolgushin M. B. , Meshcheryakova N. A. , Odzharova A. A. , Matveev V. B. , Nevzorov D. I. , Platonova O. E. , Kochergin P. V.
Published: October 2018

Objective: demonstration of possibilities of18F-prostate specific membrane antigen-1007 (18F-PSMA-1007) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) for diagnostic prostate cancer recurrence.

The article presents clinical observation of the patient with prostate cancer biochemical recurrence after the multiple treatment.18F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT demonstrates high sensitivity in prostate cancer recurrence diagnostic, in particular with low prostatic specific antigen level.
LARGE PAPILLARY UROTHELIAL NEOPLASM OF LOW MALIGNANT POTENTIAL: A CASE REPORT
Authors: Tomilov A. A. , Seregin I. V. , Veliev E. I. , Paklina O. V. , Setdikova G. R.
Published: October 2018

Last World Health Organization 2016/ISUP (International Society of Urologic Pathologists) papillary urinary tumor classification include papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential (PUNLMP).  This type of tumor is characterized by minimal atypia as well as low recurrence and progression rates. The article describes a clinical case of large PUNLMP treatment.
REVIEW OF THE ONCOLOGICAL UROLOGY PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY (ASCO) 2018 ANNUAL MEETING
Authors: Kirichek A. A. , Kamolov B. Sh. , Matveev V. B. , Nazranov B. M.
Published: October 2018

The 54th American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Annual Meeting took place between 1st and 5th June in Chicago (USA) united more than 40,700 professionals of various fields. Oncological urology topics account for a considerable proportion of the Annual Meeting proceedings. In this article, a review of the most significant reports on cancer urology from the ASCO 2018 Annual Meeting is presented.
JUBILEE
Authors: Editorial Article
Published: October 2018

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PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE 9 IN RENAL CELL CARCINOMA
Authors: Cherdantseva T. M. , Bobrov I. P. , Varlamov S. V. , Myadelets M. N. , Klimachev I. V. , Avdalyan A. M. , Ganov D. I. , Lazarev A. F.
Published: October 2018

Objective: to assess matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9)  expression in renal cell carcinoma cells and cells of intratumoral inflammatory infiltrates depending on clinical and morphological characteristics and postoperative survival.

Materials and methods. We evaluated MMP-expression in 108 renal cancer tissue specimens. The intensity of immunohistochemical staining was estimated by measuring integral optical density in cytoplasm.

Results. We found that the integral optical density of MMP-9 immunostaining in tumor cells and cells of intratumoral inflammatory infiltrates correlates with important prognostic factors for renal cancer, including histological type of cancer, TNM stage, tumor size, Fuhrman nuclear grade, metastasis, and 5-year postoperative survival.

Conclusion. Integral optical density of MMP-9 immunostaining is an additional prognostic factor for renal cell carcinoma.
CURRENTLY AVAILABLE TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR METASTATIC RENAL CELL CARCINOMA
Authors: Alekseev B. Ya. , Kaprin A. D. , Kolesnikov G. P. , Mukhomed’yarova A. A. , Konopleva E. I. , Kalpinskiy A. S.
Published: October 2018

Over the last 10 years, the capacities of second-line systemic therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) changed significantly. Targeted therapy is a standard treatment for patients with mRCC. However, the choice of therapeutic agents for such patients remains challenging. In the absence of reliable prognostic biomarkers, physicians can use only the results of randomized clinical trials and their own routine experience with targeted drugs when choosing a regimen of second-line therapy. The article discusses the current situation with second-line therapy with the three new options available for patients with mRCC. It also contains a case report, describing our successful experience of treatment a female patient that received 6 variants of chemotherapy with good effect during 89 months after the diagnosis.
HYPOXIA-DEPENDANT MECHANISMS OF REGULATING NEOANGIOGENESIS AND APOPTOSIS IN PATIENTS WITH EARLY RECURRENT LOCALIZED PROSTATE CANCER
Authors: Kit O. I. , Bova F. S. , Maksimov A. Yu.
Published: October 2018

Objective. Examination of the expression of genes responsible for hypoxia-dependent control of transcription, neoangiogenesis, and apoptosis in tumor tissue of the prostate, in patients with localized prostate cancer (РС) with biochemical recurrence (BR) and without recurrences after radical prostatectomy (RPE).

Materials and methods. The main group included 56 patients with localized PC who had been diagnosed with BR within two years after RP. 60 patients with localized PC who did not relapse had a comparative group. 55 patients in whom operative biopsy specimens of the prostate gland were taken within healthy tissues with the removal of benign prostatic hyperplasia were combined into a control group. Determination of the expression level of the BAX, BCL2, VEGFA and HIF1α genes in tumor tissue was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Results. In patients with localized PC after RPE, development of BR is associated with an increase in the expression of BCL2, VEGFA and HIF1α genes and a decrease in the expression of the BAX gene. In patients with localized PC and early recurrence of tumor tissue through a hypoxia-dependent factor that enhances transcritical processes in tumor cells, neoangiogenesis is activated, which is associated with inhibition of apoptosis of tumor cells by enhancing the expression of the antiapoptotic gene BCL2.

Conclusion. Determination of the expression of BAX, BCL2, VEGFA and HIF1α genes in tumor tissue with localized PC allows further assessment of the risk of disease progression after surgical treatment.
POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS OF MINIMALLY INVASIVE THERAPIES FOR PROSTATE CANCER
Authors: Enikeev D. V. , Rapoport L. M. , Amosov A. V. , Enikeev M. E. , Chinenov D. V. , Snurnitsyna O. V. , Gerasimov A. N. , Dzhalaev Z. K. , Gaas M. Ya. , Laukhtina E. A. , Taratkin M. S.
Published: October 2018

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men. Radical prostatectomy (open, laparoscopic, or robotic) remains the main method of surgical treatment for prostate cancer. However, minimally invasive therapies for prostate cancer are becoming increasingly popular in recent years, because they have similar efficacy as open surgery. The most studied minimally invasive therapies are cryoablation, high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), and brachytherapy.

Despite the minimization of damage to neighboring structures, minimally invasive procedures can cause a number of complications, like any other surgical interventions. Each method has specific limitations and the most typical complications. Since multiple minimally invasive methods are currently available, we can ensure an individual approach to each particular patient, thus using the advantages of the methods and avoiding possible complications. This article covers the most frequent and severe complications of minimally invasive therapies for prostate cancer, as well as the methods of their prevention and treatment.
ROBOT-ASSISTED PELVIC LYMPH NODE DISSECTION USING ICG TESTING IN PATIENTS WITH PROSTATE CANCER
Authors: Aboyan I. A. , Pakus D. I. , Pakus S. M. , Grachev S. V. , Berezin K. V.
Published: October 2018

The objective is to investigate the possibility of using fluorescent testing in robot-assisted radical prostatectomy using indocyanine green (ICG testing) during pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) in patients with localized prostate cancer.

Materials and methods. Fifteen minutes prior to robot-assisted PLND, intraprostatic transperineal administration of 0.4 ml of indocyanine green (ICG) per lobe under transrectal ultrasound control was performed. Fluorescence map was used. After activation of the FireFly mode, fluorescence of the lymph nodes was evaluated. If a sentinel lymph node was present, lymph node dissection was performed using the FireFly mode. If fluorescence was diffuse, PLND using this option wasn’t performed.

Results. In total, 35 patients with localized prostate cancer underwent surgery. Mean age was 62.0 ± 6.5 years (41–68 years), mean prostatespecific antigen level prior to surgery was 15.6 ± 11.3 ng/ml (1.5–27.0 ng/ml).  Postoperative examination revealed micrometastases in the lymph nodes in 7 (20 %) cases. Sentinel lymph nodes were detected in 29 patients. Intraoperative examination revealed sentinel lymph nodes metastases in 6 (17 %) cases, in other cases (83 %) metastases were absent. Morphological examination showed that in 5 (83 %) of 6 patients with lesions in the sentinel lymph node, micrometastases in other lymph nodes were present. In patients without lesions in the sentinel lymph node, no micrometastases in other lymph nodes were observed. PLND complications included lymphocele in 3 (8 %) patients, prolonged drain indwelling time in 5 (14 %) patients.

Conclusion. Initial experience of our clinic shows reproducibility and low complications profile of fluorescence monitoring in the near-infrared region using ICG testing during robot-assisted PNLD. In conditions of continuous increase in the number of performed robot-assisted radical prostatectomies, ICG testing is a promising minimally invasive method for evaluation of regional metastases allowing to detect the sentinel lymph node. This approach allows to decrease the number of complications associated with PLND.
NEW TREATMENT STANDARD FOR PATIENTS WITH NON-METASTATIC CASTRATION-RESISTANT PROSTATE CANCER
Authors: Alekseev B. Ya.
Published: October 2018

Men with nonmetastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer and a rapidly rising prostate-specific antigen level are at high risk for metastasis. Until recently there was no standard of treatment for this category of patients. A total of 1401 patients with nonmetastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer and a prostate-specific antigen doubling time of 10 months or less underwent randomization to double-blind, phase III PROSPER trial. Patients were continuing androgen-deprivation therapy in combination with enzalutamide (at a dose of 160 mg) or placebo once daily. The median metastasis-free survival was 36.6 months in the enzalutamide group versus 14.7 months in the placebo group. Enzalutamide treatment resulted in a 71 % lower risk of radiographic progression or death than did placebo (hazard ratio 0.29; 95 % confidence interval 0.24 to 0.35; p <0.001). Adverse events were consistent with the established safety profile of enzalutamide.
LASER EN-BLOC RESECTION OF NON-MUSCLE-INVASIVE BLADDER CANCER: CLINICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL SPECIFICITIES
Authors: Severgina L. O. , Sorokin N. I. , Dymov A. M. , Tsarichenko D. G. , Enikeev D. V. , Kislyakov D. A. , Rapoport L. M. , Korovin I. A. , Korolev D. O.
Published: October 2018

Objectives to enhance the morphological diagnostic complex in order to predict postoperative outcomes in a more accurate way and to optimize patients with non-muscular invasive bladder cancer treatment.

Materials and methods. The study included 34 patients from 25 to 71 years old underwent laser en-block resection, the most of them were males – 28. In 9 cases multiple carcinomas (2 or more) were found. Huge tumors (2 cm or more in one dimension) were resected in 6 patients. Results. The major part of tumors removed (n = 22) histologically appeared to be papillary urothelial carcinomas with low grade of malignancy and PUNLMP; in 6 cases G2 was verified, one tumor with high malignancy potention – G3. In 3 patients intramuscular invasion was found (invasive carcinoma T2) excluding them from the study.

Discussion. Laser en-block resection of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer appears to be the most optimal approach in operative treatment that provides representative histological material. For correct morphological estimate we recommend either to expand the resection zone to 1 cm which allows to remove circular resection margin or to take extra pinch biopsy from tumor crater (vertical margin). In 3 patients from our study positive circular margin was revealed histologically whereas foci of perineural and perivascular invasion were found in one case. A new subgrading of stage T1 depending on intramuscular invasion depth was suggested whereas the main criteria is the muscularis mucosae involvement.

Conclusion. Morphological estimate of circular resection margin provides an ability to predict postoperative outcomes and correct the treatment in one or another way. Subgrading for T1-stage tumors is recommended for following correct postoperative prognosis and possibility of tumor recurrence.
BLADDER CANCER: MEDICAL TREATMENT STRATEGIES
Authors: Bolotina L. V. , Kaprin A. D. , Kostin A. A.
Published: October 2018

Variety of treatment options for unresectable/metastatic bladder cancer calls for definition of consistency to use medications for different cases. There is expediency to keep vinflunine for bladder cancer as one of effective options.
GENETIC ASPECTS OF TESTICULAR DYSGENESIS SYNDROME AND ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS
Authors: Nemtsova M. V. , Dantsev I. S. , Mikhaylenko D. S. , Loran O. V.
Published: October 2018

Today it is noted that the most cases of the hypospadias, cryptorchidism, testicular microlithiasis, as well as problems of semen quality and testicular germ cell tumours can be a clinical manifestation of testicular dysgenesis syndrome caused by abnormal development of reproductive organs. In the last decade, technological progress in the molecular genetics has made possible to carry out a directed search for genetic factors associated with reproductive disorders in men. In the review we attempted to analyze available literature data on the testicular dysgenesis syndrome and its constituent condition and also to consider the risk factors associated with its development. We give particular attention to the consideration of genetic factors that determine the manifestation of testicular microlithiasis, cryptorchidism and testicular germ cell tumors, both individual clinical conditions and in the syndrome of testicular dysgenesis. Knowledge of the genetic aspects of reproductive damage will allow us to characterize the complex interconnection of the human genome with the clinical phenotype, clarify the role of unfavorable factors of the environment and the lifestyle of the individual, and suggest new approaches to treatment.
PROBLEMATICS OF ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT IN THE ECONOMY OF KNOWLEDGE BASED ON LOGISTIC APPROACH
Authors: Balchik E. A. , Kalinina O. V. , Barykin S. E.
Published: October 2018

The theoretical approach of the knowledge economy to the development of the strategy of industrial enterprises on the basis of the logistical methodology are covered. The definition of strategy and strategic planning for the knowledge economy is presented. The process of strategy development is characterized and the algorithm of strategic planning of an industrial enterprise is proposed taking into account the knowledge economy.
KARAKTERISTIK SURIMI BASAH DAN KERING DARI IKAN BARONANG (Siganus sp.)
Authors: Wawasto Ari , Santoso Joko , Nurilmala Mala
Published: October 2018

Ikan baronang (Siganus sp.) adalah salah satu jenis ikan yang potensial digunakan sebagai bahan baku surimi. Surimi kering adalah salah satu bentuk surimi yang telah mengalami proses pengeringan dan memiliki banyak keuntungan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu menentukan frekuensi pencucian dan suhu pengeringan terbaik dalam pembuatan surimi kering. Penelitian ini terdiri dari tiga tahap yaitu preparasi bahan baku, pembuatan surimi basah dan pembuatan surimi kering dengan ulangan sebanyak tiga kali. Pencucian dengan dua kali dipilih sebagai perlakuan terbaik dengan derajat putih 50,61%, protein larut garam 5,27%, pH 7,07 dan kekuatan gel 1.387,4 g.cm. Suhu pengeringan 60oC adalah suhu pengeringan terbaik dengan derajat putih 61,93%, daya ikat air 8,53 mL/g, protein larut garam 1,96%, densitas 0,43 mL/g, kapasitas rehidrasi 2,79 mL/g dan stabilitas emulsi 61,09%.
Spontaneous Speech Segmentation: Functional and Prosodic Aspects With Applications for Automatic Segmentation / A segmentação da fala espontânea: aspectos prosódicos, funcionais e aplicações para a tecnologia
Authors: Barbosa Plínio A. , Raso Tommaso
Published: October 2018

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A segmentação da fala espontânea: aspectos prosódicos, funcionais e aplicações para a tecnologia / Spontaneous Speech Segmentation: Functional and Prosodic Aspects with Applications for Automatic Segmentation
Authors: Barbosa Plínio A. , Raso Tommaso
Published: October 2018

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Effect of Cosmetic Procedures in the Periorbital Area on the Organ of Vision: Overview
Authors: Trubilin V. N. , Poluninа E. G. , Kurenkov V. V. , Andzhelova D. V. , Kapkova S. G. , Chinenova K. V.
Published: October 2018

Practitioners in ophthalmology in recent years often face the effects of cosmetic procedures on the paraorbital area, as well as directly on the eyelids. Such influences include botox injections in paraorbital area, blepharoplasty, eyelash extensions, injections of various fillers, etc. These manipulations are widely used and often lead to various complications of the vision organ. Eyelash extensions are a popular procedure, especially among urban, young women, but there are potential health risks from the procedure. Tattooing of eyelids leads is the cause of dysfunction of meibomian glands, which can lead to the dry eye syndrome, manifested as complaints about a feeling of chronic discomfort in the eyes. Due to the growing popularity of the age tattoo, it is necessary to pay close attention to the training of specialists who conduct this procedure. The procedure for permanent eyelid make-up should be performed after careful consideration of possible complications, and by special trained professionals. In recent years, various cosmetic procedures for rejuvenating the face plays great role, for example, injections of botulinum toxin, as well as various dermal fillers — the application of which is aimed at eliminating the aging signs. The qualification of the specialist his awareness of the occurrence of possible complications, as well as the awareness of patients who undergo this procedure is an important aspect in the application of botulinum toxin, both for therapeutic and cosmetic purposes. Of great interest are the complications associated with ischemia in the form of soft tissue necrosis and vascular occlusion caused by fillers introduction. It is reported that the frequency of vascular occlusion with dermal fillers is up to 3 per 1000 injections. The only proven elimination of soft tissue ischemia in case of a hyaluronic acid filler use is early high-dose hyaluronidase injections, since this drug helps deactivate the action of hyaluronic acid. Modern ophthalmologic practice is inextricably linked with the latest methods of modern cosmetology medicine, the results of it can effect on the functions of the whole organism as the organ of vision in particular. This fact and the specificity of possible complications arising from cosmetic procedures in the periorbital zone should be taken into account during the anamnesis collecting anamnesis, and examining patients, including preoperative preparation, and in choosing the treatment method.
Surgical Treatment of Bullous Keratopathy: Modern Approaches and Trends
Authors: Trufanov S. V. , Osipyan G. A. , Salovarova E. P. , Bagh R. , Semchenko K. N.
Published: October 2018

According to WHO, corneal pathology is the fourth cause (5.1 %) of blindness among the main causes of significant visual impairment in the world after cataract, glaucoma and macular degeneration. Bullous keratopathy is a serious progressive corneal disease, in which the endothelial lesion plays the main role leading to the chronic corneal edema, reduce of visual acuity, development of pain syndrome, formation of permanent opacities, and various infectious complication, which may result in eye globe loss. Since the second half of 90th XX century various modifications of modern posterior (endothelial) keratoplasty have been introduced in the clinical practice, which were subsequently used widely for the treatment of bullous keratopathy. The introduction of new microkeratomes used in refractive surgery significantly contributed to the development of endothelial keratoplasty microsurgical technique, which enables the high quality, selective replacement of the affected corneal layers in comparison to the manual lamellar keratoplasty techniques. One of the contraindications for endothelial keratoplasty is an irreversible central stromal opacity. In that case, modern technologies and new equipment (particularly femtosecond laser) provide an opportunity to perform the penetrating keratoplasty with a complex-shaped profile and corresponding edges of the graft and its bed. In bullous keratopathy, top-hat keratoplasty represents the pathogenically targeted treatment method that allows transplanting of more endothelial cells with a relatively smaller diameter of graft’s anterior segment. This article reviews the literature on modern surgical treatment of bullous keratopathy.
Results of Trifocal Intraocular Lenses Implantation in Patients with Cataract and Presbyopia
Authors: Belikova E. I. , Borzykh V. A.
Published: October 2018

Purpose: to evaluate the clinical results of trifocal intraocular lenses implantation with different optical characteristics; optimization of preparation stages and intraocular correction of presbyopia. Patients and Methods. Phacoemulsification with binocular implantation of trifocal intraocular lenses (IOL) was performed in 35 patients with cataract and presbyopia. IOL AcrySof® IQ PanOptix® was implanted in 32 eyes, AT LISAtri839MP — 38 eyes. Preoperative evaluation included standard examination with surgeon’s consultation and clarification of patients’ lifestyle and vision motivations at all distances. Postoperative evaluation included measurement of refraction, visual acuity at three distances, quality and visual acuity under mesopic conditions. Proposed to use the test questionnaire, visual acuity testing tables at intermediate distances, nomograms for IOLs power calculation developed by the authors. Results. Postoperative spherical refraction was 0.17 ± 0.23D, which did not exceed 0.5D deviation from the target refraction. Uncorrected distance visual acuity ≤ 0.5 reached in 100 % of patients on the first day after surgery. Visual acuity ≤ 0.5 at intermediate distance was achieved in 34 eyes (89.5 %) of patients with implanted IOL AT LISAtri, and the same results has been recorded for near in 33 eyes (86.8 %). On the next day after surgery in the PanOptix® group, all patients monocular gave ≤ 0.6 for intermediate and near, and 96.9 % of eyes ≤ 0.5 for far. All patients from both groups (PanOptix® or LISAtri) after 6 months binocular showed visual acuity ≤ 0.8 for far, near or intermediate distances, no patient noted a need to use any spectacle correction and did not notice significant visual impairment in mesopic conditions. Conclusion. Implantation of Trifocal IOLs AcrySof® IQ PanOptix® and AT LISAtri 839MP allows patients spectacle independence and high-quality of vision in mesopic conditions. An individual approach to each patient, concomitant ophthalmopathology, general status, life style, primary refraction and precise IOLs power calculation, allows the surgeon widely to apply this technology for presbyopia intraocular correction.
A Differentiated Approach to the Complex Treatment of Cornea Ulcers
Authors: Chentsova E. V. , Verigo E. N. , Hazamova A. I.
Published: October 2018

Ulcerative lesions of the cornea in 17–21 % lead to functional and up to 8 % to anatomical death of the eye depending on the severity. The aim of the work was to develop an algorithm of surgical treatment of patients with corneal ulcers. Comprehensive examination, treatment and outcomes in the dynamics of ulcerative lesions was performed in 126 patients, 86 patients of them received surgical intervention (with the threat of corneal perforation or present) for emergency indications and in 40 cases combined treatment was carried out with the use of a crosslinking (CRL) in corneal ulcer and ulcer a corneal transplant. Surgical intervention included autoconjuctival plasty (AUC), the transplantation of amniotic membrane in combination with blepharorrhaphy (TAM + BR), lamellar keratoplasty (PKP), penetrating keratoplasty (PK), reconstructive keratoplasty (RCP). The most favorable outcomes with relief of inflammation were achieved in RCP and PC. In cases of delayed epithelialization of the cornea and graft (herpesvirus infection and trophic disorders), the most resonant ones were TAM and TAM + BR. CRL treatment was carried out in 3 variants: 1-as the main method of treatment, 2 — CRL in combination with TAM + BR, 3 — CRL + keratoplasty ( 5–7 days after surgery). As a treatment result, epithelialization of ulcerative-destructive process and partial increase in visual acuity were observed in all patients. Based on the results of patient’s treatment the algorithm of complex surgical care was created. It takes into account the etiology, localization, depth and severity of the inflammatory process, the area of ulcerative lesions of the cornea and of the graft, reduced terms of treatment inflammation and rehabilitation period.
In Vivo Histomorphologic Structure of Cornea after FemtoLASIK Using Various Femtosecond Laser Systems
Authors: Doga A. V. , Mushkova I. A. , Karimova A. N. , Kechin E. V.
Published: October 2018

Purpose:to compare in vivo histomorphologic structure of cornea after the FemtoLASIK procedure using femtolaser systems Femto Visum (Russia) and Femto LDV Z6 (Switzerland).Patients and methods:The study was carried for 70 eyes from 70 patients with low to moderate myopia after FemtoLASIK procedure. Group 1 (Femto Visum) included 36 eyes (n = 36) there the flap were formed using femtolaser Femto Visum («Optosystems», Russia), group 2 (Femto LDV Z6) included 34 eyes (n = 34) and Femto LDV Z6 was used («Ziemer Ophthalmic Systems AG», Switzerland). The excimer laser ablation was performed with Microscan Visum system («Optosystems», Russia) in both groups. The Femto Visum and Femto LDV Z6 groups were comparable in terms of pre-operative data (age, sex, corneal curvature, central corneal thickness, sphere, cylinder, spherical equivalent) (p > 0.05). In vivo histomorphological structure of the cornea was examined using confocal microscope Confoscan 4 (Nidek, Japan) 1 week, 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after FemtoLASIK. The endothelial cell density (ECD) was measured with endothelial microscope (EM-3000, Tomey, Japan) before surgery and 12 months after FemtoLASIK.Results:The main in vivo histomorphological cornea changes occurred in the anterior and middle layers of the corneal stroma during post-operative period in both groups (Femto Visum and Femto LDV Z6). The underlying corneal structures remained intact. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (p > 0.05). Twelve months postoperatively, the loss of ECD was 0.31 % in the Femto Visum group and 0.33 % in the Femto LDV Z6 group (p > 0,05).Conclusions:FemtoLASIK procedures using Femto Visum (Russia) and Femto LDV Z6 (Switzerland) lead to similar histomorphological cornea changes in post-operative period (p > 0.05) and they are safe for corneal structure in the treatment of myopia.
Morphofunctional Studies in the Early Diagnosis of Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma
Authors: Kazaryan E. E. , Ronzina I. A. , Sheludchenko V. M. , Smirnova T. V. , Safonova D. M. , Khasyanova M. V.
Published: October 2018

Purpose:to study the relationship between the optic nerve structural changes and the electrophysiological parameters of visual analyzer in the early diagnosis of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG).Patients and methods.68 people took part in the study. 48 patients (56 eyes) were diagnosed with ophthalmic hypertension, suspected glaucoma (age ranged from 35 to 67 years, the average age was 51 years) and 20 healthy subjects (40 eyes) who entered the control group (age 32 up to 63 years, the average age is 47 years). All patients underwent standard ophthalmologic examination, multifocal electroretinography (mEPHRG), confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (KSLO), electrophosphhenes and CFCs. For all types of analysis of mEPHR indices (by rings, quadrants and 3D), normal topography and density of the biopotential of the central region of the retina were recorded in patients with suspected glaucoma. The indices of the electrosensitivity of the inner layers of the retina, the conductivity of the axial fasciculus of the optic nerve, and CFSC also corresponded to normal values. Analysis of CCEA results showed a significant decrease of NRF volume of and the thickness of the retinal layer of nerve fibers compared to the control group, while in the group of patients with suspected glaucoma in 71 % of cases, the decrease of indicators correlated with the abnormalities in the static perimetry that was carried out earlier. Conducted morphometric studies confirm the fact that the decrease in the volume of IUU and SNV begins at the early, preclinical stage of glaucoma, and this in patients with ophthalmic hypertension can provide valuable information on the early diagnosis of POAG.
The Results of Morphometric Assessment of the Macular Zone in Congenital Cataract
Authors: Katargina L. A. , Kruglova T. B. , Arestova N. N. , Trifonova O. B.
Published: October 2018

Purpose:to study the morphological characteristics of the macular zone using optical coherence tomography to assess its development in congenital cataract.Patients and methods:a comprehensive ophthalmological examination was performed in 147 children (269 eyes) aged 1 to 15 years, including, along with traditional methods, optical coherence tomography on the Spectralis HRA + OCT instrument, Heidelberg Engineering. Of these, 193 eyes were with pseudophakia after the removal of congenital cataracts in children aged 2 months to 14 years, 18 eyes with aphakia after the removal of congenital cataracts in children aged 2 months to 11 years, 20 unoperated eyes with partial forms of congenital cataracts and 38 paired conditionally healthy eyes in children with unilateral congenital cataracts. Visual evaluation of linear tomograms, measurement of 5 parameters of the central zone of the fundus and calculation of the macular index were performed.Results:various features of the macular zone were revealed: changes in the macular contour, lamellar structure of the retina, thinning of the choroid, and elements of epiretinal fibrosis. Evaluation of retinal differentiation with the help of a macular index, calculated on the basis of morphometric characteristics, revealed its violations in 52.8 % of cases, which was not always revealed in the visual analysis of tomograms. The best morphometric parameters of the central zone of the fundus are noted in the eyes with pseudophakia in comparison with aphakia (p < 0.05).Conclusion:there is a variability in the state of the macula. In patients with congenital cataracts. Better indicators of the central zone of the fundus in front of the eye with pseudophakia in comparison with aphakia justify the feasibility of performing surgical treatment of congenital cataracts simultaneously with the implantation of the intraocular lens, including in infants. Thinning of the choroid in the subfoveiolar zone with congenital cataract may indicate a violation of trophism and exert additional influence on the physiological development of the macular zone.
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy from the Point of View of OCT-Angiography. Part 1. Chorioretinal Blood Flow Changes
Authors: Shchuko A. G. , Zhukova S. I. , Iureva T. N. , Zlobina A. N.
Published: October 2018

Numerous recent studies indicate that the key mechanism for the development of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSR) is damage to retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). At the same time, the reports appeared in recent years indicate that an equally important link in pathogenesis is the disturbances of the choroidal blood flow. Thus, the introduction into clinical practice of optical coherence tomography in the angiography (OCTA) mode made it possible to visualize the retinal and choroidal vessels taking into account their segmentation, which opens up prospects for studying chorioretinal blood flow in the CSR.Purpose:to reveal the regularities of the change in the choroidal blood flow in patients with SCR according to the OCTA data, to assess their informativeness and role in the pathogenesis of the disease.Patients and methods:26 patients with SCR aged 35–54 years were examined. To assess the chorioretinal blood flow, optical coherence tomography of the retina is included in the angiography mode in the scope of the diagnostic examination.Results and discussion:It has been revealed that the number of large vessels in the immediate vicinity of the RPE is increasing in SCR, i.e. the vessels move towards the retina in the direction of the least resistance. Disturbance of the hierarchy of the vasculature is an important fact, allowing to speak about pronounced hemodynamic disorders. Disturbance of the topography of large-caliber vessels is accompanied by the formation of a characteristic vascular pattern. The revealed predominance of the reticular pattern of large vessels in patients with CSR is more likely due to the presence of a significant number of bifurcations and anastomoses, as well as an increase in the proportion of crossed vessels. This may be accompanied by an increase in total vascular resistance. Consequently, the hydraulic resistance can increase at these sites, a turbulent blood flow occurs and the permeability of the vascular wall increases. Correspondence between changes in RPE and choriocapillaries was established. Taking into account that the RPE detachments from 450 to 780 (on average 515 ± 72.3) μm, revealed in the projection of the altered choriocapillaries, have comparable sizes with the value of one vascular lobe (515 × 450) μm, one can speak of a local lesion of choriocapillaries and RPE within one arteriocentric lobules.Conclusions:The revealed changes in regional blood flow are progressive and can be used as classification and prognostic criteria for choroidal dysfunction.
Effects of Regular Physical Activity on the Visual Analyzer and the General Condition of Children and Adolescents
Authors: Yurova O. V. , Andzhelova D. V. , Chayka A. A.
Published: October 2018

Purpose.to study the effect of physical exertion on the visual analyzer and the general functional state in children and adolescents who regularly engage in sports.Material and Methods.The study was conducted in a group of 600 children and adolescents aged from 8 to 17 years who were divided into two groups of 300 people: the I group — “athletes” (regularly engaged in sports), the second group — “schoolchildren” (those engaged in sports less than 3 hours per week). Each group was divided into two subgroups of 150 people — “emmetrops” and “myopes”. The parameters of visual acuity, axial eye length, indices of regional eye hemodynamics were evaluated.Results.After 12 months, the group “athletes” showed a statistically significant decrease in refraction on average by 0.14 ± 0.18 on the background of stable visual acuity. In the group “schoolchildren” there was a significant reduction in visual acuity without correction by 0.06 ± 0.19 (p = 0.004) and refractive indices by 0.35 ± 0.61 (p < 0.001) on the average. After 12 months, among the emmetrops, myopia was diagnosed in 6 % of cases in the “athletes” group and 10 % in the “schoolchildren” group. Among the “myopes” in both groups there was a significant increase in the body mass index and the number of persons with impaired functional state of the musculoskeletal system in the form of a violation of posture and shape of the foot in comparison with the “emmetrops”.Сonclusion.Regular physical activity can be considered as one of the factors preventing the development and progression of myopia, and functional disorders of the musculoskeletal system in the form of violation of posture and shape of the foot and excessive body weight — as possible risk factors for the development of myopia.
Morphologic Versions of Postoperative Opacities of the Lens Capsule in Contemporary Cataract Surgery (Working Classification)
Authors: Fedorov A. A. , Gamidov A. A. , Motalov V. G. , Komratova L. V. , Averkina E. A. , Kuznetsova M. A. , Gamidov R. A.
Published: October 2018

Purpose: creation of working classification of morphologic variations of postoperative lens capsule opacity after Micro-Invasive cataract surgery. Material and methods. Morphologic study of the lens capsule (LC) has been conducted on 4 artiphakic cadaveric eyes. A specimen of an isolated anterior lens capsule, obtained during the repeated operation with changes characteristic for anterior capsular contraction syndrome has been studied too. The obtained specimens have been researched with the method of semithin sections. Results. The analysis of the morphologic cadaveric LC specimens revealed the polymorphism of secondary cataract (SC). Besides well known “classic” SC forms, which were caused by fibroplasias processes or pseudo-regeneration a new type of postoperative LC opacity not represented in the available literature before has been revealed. The given variant of opacities was called “pseudo-hyaloid” form and characterized by the absence of clear LC borders, changes of its normal structure, the appearance of loose fibrillar structure with microslit spaces and exfoliations, that possibly was the consequence of acustic cavitation, arising in the result of ultrasonic effect. As a result the LC lost characteristic for it the role of the dense bed and made impossible adhesion and migration on its changed surface the proliferative fibrocellular elements characteristic for “classic” SC forms. The microscopy results of the isolated anterior LC specimen in the area of capsulotomic aperture showed the presence of altered abundant loose fibrillar tissue with microporous structure and expressed forming of folds. Making layers of fibrous tissue exceeded the thickness of the normal anterior LC in 10 and more times and considerably reduced the diameter of capsulotomic aperture. Conclusion. The variety of postoperative LC opacities confirmed by the results of morphologic studies afforded to suggest a new working classification in which all possible morphologic variants and the stages of the secondary pathologic changes forming of anterior LC. The suggested classification is convenient for the understanding and must promote to make a right algorithm in the choice of optimal and safe technology of laser reconstructive interventions.
Light Reflection from the Intraocular Lens and a Way to Reduce It. Theoretical Study
Authors: Kuznetsov S. L.
Published: October 2018

The purposeof the study was to examine the effect of the intraocular lens (IOL) position in the probability of occurrence of the phenomenon of light reflection from its surface and to justify the method of its reduction from the standpoint of the optics laws and eye anatomical parameters.Methods.Based on the laws of physical optics, the reflection of light from the surfaces of the IOL was calculated. The phenomenon of light reflection from the IOL was analyzed, in particular, influence such factors as the lens position in the eye and pupil diameter on its occurrence.Results.It was found that with increasing of distance from the iris to posterior chamber IOL, the angle of appearance of the phenomenon of light reflection from the lens decreases significantly, with the most significant change (angle narrowing from 80° to 19°, i.e., 4.21 times) with increasing of the distance from 1 to 3 mm, which is quite achievable at the present stage of intraocular correction. It was shown that the pupil diameter is less influences by appearance of the phenomenon of light reflection from the lens: it is significant only at a minimum distance from the iris to the IOL (the position of the standard posterior chamber IOL) and insignificant when the IOL is removed from the iris. The obtained results demonstrate the optimality of the method for preventing the appearance of the phenomenon of light reflection from the IOL by removing the intraocular lens from the iris at a distance corresponding to the position of posterior capsule of native lens.Conclusions.In this study, on the basis of the laws of physical optics and mathematical calculations, the leading role of such factor as the IOL position in the eye in appearance and intensity of the phenomenon of light reflection from the lens is substantiated for the first time. The proposed method for reducing the appearance of the phenomenon of light reflection from the IOL, which manifests itself in the form of glare in the eye, visible to others, on the basis of increasing the distance from the iris to the IOL is the optimal solution to the important problem of improving the quality of life of patients with pseudophakia.