bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vascular Complications of Systemic Sclerosis during Pregnancy
Authors: Chakravarty Eliza F.
Published: August 2010

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by progressive fibrosis of the skin and visceral tissues as well as a noninflammatory vasculopathy. Vascular disease in systemic sclerosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among nonpregnant patients with SSc and is even a bigger concern in the pregnant SSc patient, as the underlying vasculopathy may prevent the required hemodynamic changes necessary to support a growing pregnancy. Vascular manifestations including scleroderma renal crisis and pulmonary arterial hypertension should be considered relative contraindications against pregnancy due to the high associations of both maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. In contrast, Raynaud's phenomenon may actually improve somewhat during pregnancy. Women with SSc who are considering a pregnancy or discover they are pregnant require evaluation for the presence and extent of underlying vasculopathy. In the absence of significant visceral vasculopathy, most women with SSc can expect to have reasonable pregnancy outcomes.
An Existence Result for Second‐Order Impulsive Differential Equationswith Nonlocal Conditions
Authors: Li Meili , Liu Haiqiang
Published: August 2010

The Leray‐Schauder alternative is used to investigate the
existence of solutions for second‐order impulsive differential equations with nonlocal conditions
in Banach spaces. The results improve some recent results.
Global Behavior of Two Families of Nonlinear Symmetric Difference Equations
Authors: Liu Wanping , Yang Xiaofan , Yang Luxing
Published: August 2010

We mainly investigate the global asymptotic stability and exponential convergence of positive solutions to two families of higher‐order difference equations, one of which was recently studied in Stević′s paper (2010). A new concise proof is given to a quite recent result by Stević and analogous parallel result of the other inverse equation, which extend related results of Aloqeili (2009), Berenhaut and Stević (2007), and Liao et al. (2009).
Radiolytic Synthesis of Pt-Ru Catalysts Based on Functional Polymer-Grafted MWNT and Their Catalytic Efficiency for CO and MeOH
Authors: Yang Dae-Soo , Sim Kwang-Sik , Kwen Hai-Doo , Choi Seong-Ho
Published: August 2010

Pt-Ru catalysts based on functional polymer-grafted MWNT (Pt-Ru@FP-MWNT) were prepared by radiolytic deposition of Pt-Ru nanoparticles on functional polymer-grafted multiwalled carbon nanotube (FP-MWNT). Three different types of functional polymers, poly(acrylic acid) (PAAc), poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAc), and poly(vinylphenyl boronic acid) (PVPBAc), were grafted on the MWNT surface by radiation-induced graft polymerization (RIGP). Then, Pt-Ru nanoparticles were deposited onto the FP-MWNT supports by the reduction of metal ions usingγ-irradiation to obtain Pt-Ru@FP-MWNT catalysts. The Pt-Ru@FP-MWNT catalysts were then characterized by XRD, XPS, TEM ,and elemental analysis. The catalytic efficiency of Pt-Ru@FP-MWNT catalyst was examined for CO stripping and MeOH oxidation for use in a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). The Pt-Ru@PVPBAc-MWNT catalyst shows enhanced activity for electro-oxidation of CO and MeOH oxidation over that of the commercial E-TEK catalyst.
Initial Stage of Consolidation of Silicon-Carbide Nanocrystals under Pressure: A Tight-Binding Molecular-Dynamics Study
Authors: Tsuruta Kenji
Published: August 2010

Tight-binding molecular-dynamics (TBMDs) simulations are performed to study atomic and electronic structures during high-temperature consolidation processes of nanocrystalline silicon carbide under external pressure. We employ a linear-scaling method (the Fermi-operator expansion method) with a scalable parallel algorithm for efficient calculations of the long time-scale phenomena. The results show that microscopic processes of the consolidation depend strongly on initial orientations of the nanocrystals. It is observed that an orientational rearrangement of the nanocrystals initially misaligned is induced by an instantaneous shearing force between nanocrystals, whereas the aligned system undergoes densification without shearing. Analysis on an effective-charge distribution and an average bond-order distribution reveals electronic-structure evolutions during these processes.
PIK3CA Mutation Uncouples Tumor Growth and Cyclin D1 Regulation from MEK/ERK and Mutant KRAS Signaling
Authors: Halilovic Ensar , She Qing-Bai , Ye Qing , Pagliarini Raymond , Sellers William R. , Solit David B. , Rosen Neal
Published: August 2010

Mutational activation of KRAS is a common event in human tumors. Identification of the key signaling pathways downstream of mutant KRAS is essential for our understanding of how to pharmacologically target these cancers in patients. We show that PD0325901, a small-molecule MEK inhibitor, decreases MEK/ERK pathway signaling and destabilizes cyclin D1, resulting in significant anticancer activity in a subset of KRAS mutant tumors in vitro and in vivo. Mutational activation of PIK3CA, which commonly co-occurs with KRAS mutation, provides resistance to MEK inhibition through reactivation of AKT signaling. Genetic ablation of the mutant PIK3CA allele in MEK inhibitor–resistant cells restores MEK pathway sensitivity, and re-expression of mutant PIK3CA reinstates the resistance, highlighting the importance of this mutation in resistance to therapy in human cancers. In KRAS mutant tumors, PIK3CA mutation restores cyclin D1 expression and G1-S cell cycle progression so that they are no longer dependent on KRAS and MEK/ERK signaling. Furthermore, the growth of KRAS mutant tumors with coexistent PIK3CA mutations in vivo is profoundly inhibited with combined pharmacologic inhibition of MEK and AKT. These data suggest that tumors with both KRAS and phosphoinositide 3-kinase mutations are unlikely to respond to the inhibition of the MEK pathway alone but will require effective inhibition of both MEK and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT pathway signaling. Cancer Res; 70(17); 6804–14. ©2010 AACR.
Chemokine Expression of Intraocular Lymphocytes in Patients with Behçet Uveitis
Authors: Kim Tae Wan , Chung Hum , Yu Hyeong Gon
Published: August 2010

Background: To compare the expression of chemokines in the aqueous humor and chemokine receptors in intraocular lymphocytes from Behçet and non-Behçet uveitis patients. Methods: A total of 95 uveitis patients were included in this study. We studied 39 Behçet and 56 non-Behçet uveitis patients. Flow cytometric analysis was performed using lymphocytes from the aqueous humor and the peripheral blood during the active phase of intraocular inflammation. We compared the expression of CXCR1, CXCR3, and CCR5 in CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes and the concentration of intraocular CXCL8, CXCL10 and CCL5 in Behçet and non-Behçet patients. Results: The CD4+ cell population was higher in the aqueous humor of non-Behçet patients, whereas the CD8+ cell population was higher in the aqueous humor of Behçet patients. The expressions of CXCR1 and CCR5 were not significantly different between the two groups, whereas the intraocular expression of CXCR3 was higher in the CD4+ cells of non-Behçet and in the CD8+ cells of Behçet uveitis patients. Intraocular CXCL8 and CXCL10 levels were higher in Behçet than they were in non-Behçet patients. CCL5 levels were not different between the groups. Conclusions: This suggests that the expression of chemokines and chemokine receptors in intraocular lymphocytes is different in Behçet compared to non-Behçet uveitis patients, which might be related to the differential phenotypes of intraocular lymphocytes among different uveitis etiologies.
Bevacizumab (Avastin) as an Adjunct to Vitrectomy in the Management of Severe Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy: A Prospective Case Series
Authors: Abdelhakim Mohamad Amr Salah Eddin , Macky Tamer A. , Mansour Khaled Abdel Galil , Mortada Hassan Ali
Published: August 2010

Purpose: To evaluate the role of preoperative intravitreal bevacizumab as an adjunct to vitrectomy in diabetic eye disease. Methods: Twenty eyes of 18 patients were recruited and underwent a single intravitreal injection of bevacizumab 1.25 mg 1 week prior to vitrectomy. Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) was done before and 1 week after injections. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and ophthalmic evaluation were done before, 1 week after injections, 1 day, 1 week and monthly for 3 months after vitrectomy. Results: The mean age was 47.7 ± 10.39 years. The male:female ratio was 2:3. Mean preinjection BCVA (logMAR) was 1.460 ± 0.439. FFA showed a dramatic reduction in dye leakage 1 week after injection. Intraoperative bleedings were minimal in most cases (85%, n = 17). Postoperatively, 16 patients had no bleeding (80%), 4 had minimal bleeding (20%), and 1 had recurrent fibrovascular proliferation (5%). The mean BCVA on day 1, week 1, months 2 and 3 after surgery were 1.645 ± 0.422, 1.300 ± 0.413, 1.065 ± 0.538 and 1.065 ± 0.538 logMAR, respectively (p = 0.078, 0.123, 0.002 and 0.002, respectively). Conclusion: Bevacizumab administered prior to vitrectomy was well tolerated and was particularly useful during surgery.
The Standardized Uptake Value of 18-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography after Chemoradiation and Clinical Outcome in Patients with Localized Gastroesophageal Carcinoma
Authors: Murthy Santosh B. , Patnana Srikrishna V. , Xiao Lianchun , Rohren Eric , Hofstetter Wayne L. , Swisher Stephen G. , Liao Zhongxing , Lee Jeffrey H. , Bhutani Manoop S. , Macapinlac Homer A. , Wang Xuemei , Ajani Jaffer A.
Published: August 2010

Background: Empirical trimodality (TM) or bimodality (BM) approaches lead to unpredictable outcomes in patients with localized gastroesophageal carcinoma (LGC). We hypothesized that the standardized uptake value (SUV) of positron emission tomography (PET) after chemoradiation would define the clinical outcome in patients. Methods: We analyzed272 (TM = 155 and BM = 117) LGC patients after chemoradiation PET and studied its association with overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). The log-rank test, multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, and Kaplan-Meier survival plots were used to analyze the dichotomized data (using the median as a cutoff). Results: The median survival of TM patients was 49 months (95% CI: 36 to not reached) and that of BM patients was 20 months (95% CI: 15–34; p < 0.0001); however, if the postchemoradiation SUV was <4.6 (4.6 = median SUV), the OS of TM and BM patients was not significantly different (p = 0.22). In the multivariate Cox model, postchemoradiation SUV (p = 0.02), baseline stage (p = 0.03), histology grade (p = 0.01), and having surgery (p = 0.004) were independent prognosticators for OS and DFS. Conclusions: These data document that the low postchemoradiation SUV in both TM and BM patients defines clinical aggression and has a similar clinical outcome. Systematic validation of PET changes, in this setting, can facilitate individualization of therapy of LGC patients.
PINCH Protein Expression in Normal Endometrium, Atypical Endometrial Hyperplasia and Endometrioid Endometrial Carcinoma
Authors: Zhang Hong-Zhen , Li Xue-Hui , Zhang Xia , Zhang Zhi-Yong , Meng Ya-Li , Xu Shu-Wen , Zheng Yan , Zhu Zhen-Long , Cui Dong-Sheng , Huang Li-Xia , Yan Bao-Yong , Sun Xiao-Feng
Published: August 2010

Background: Particularly interesting new cysteine-histidine rich protein (PINCH), as an adapter protein of the LIM family for signal transduction in the integrin and growth factor pathway, is upregulated in the stroma of several common types of cancers and involved in promoting tumor progression. In the present study, we examined PINCH expression in normal endometrium, atypical endometrial hyperplasia and endometrioid carcinoma, and further studied the relationships of PINCH expression with clinicopathological variables in cancer patients. Methods: PINCH expression was examined by immunohistochemistry in 23 normal endometrial samples, 18 atypical endometrial hyperplasias and 48 endometrioid endometrial carcinomas. Results: The PINCH expression in the stroma of cancer (71%) was significantly increased compared to either normal endometrium (17%, p < 0.0001) or atypical hyperplasia (39%, p = 0.017), along with 9 cancers that had stronger PINCH expressions at the invasive margin of the cancers compared to the inner cancers. PINCH expression in cancer was higher in the patients with hypertension (p = 0.041) and estrogen exposure time >30 years (p = 0.021). On the other hand, PINCH expression was not related to menopausal status, gravid status, blood sugar/lipid, family background of cancer, histological grade, myometrial invasion, cervical involvement, lymph nodal metastases, growth pattern, estrogen and progestogen receptors (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The results suggest that PINCH seems to play a role, presently unknown, in the tumorigenesis and development of endometrial cancer that merits further study.
Body Mass Index and Risk of Stroke and Myocardial Infarction in a Relatively Lean Population
Authors: Yatsuya Hiroshi , Toyoshima Hideaki , Yamagishi Kazumasa , Tamakoshi Koji , Taguri Masataka , Harada Akiko , Ohashi Yasuo , Kita Yoshikuni , Naito Yoshihiko , Yamada Michiko , Tanabe Naohito , Iso Hiroyasu , Ueshima Hirotsugu ,   for the Japan Arteriosclerosis Longitudinal Study (JALS) Group
Published: August 2010

Background–

The association of overweight/obesity with the incidence of cardiovascular diseases, especially stroke, has not been comprehensively examined in relatively lean populations in which stroke is more prevalent than coronary heart disease.

Methods and Results–

Pooled individual data from 16 Japanese cohorts comprising 45 235 participants ages 40 to 89 years without previous history of cardiovascular disease were studied. During follow-up, 1113 incident strokes and 190 myocardial infarctions were identified. At baseline, mean ages of men and women were 55.4 and 56.5 years and mean body mass indices (BMI) were 23.0 and 23.4 kg/m
2
, respectively. Compared with those with BMI <21.0, incidence rates of cerebral infarction in subjects with BMI ≥27.5 were significantly elevated in both men (hazard ratio, 1.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.28 to 2.56) and women (hazard ratio, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.23 to 2.21), adjusted for age, smoking, and drinking habit. Incidence of cerebral hemorrhage was also associated positively with BMI in both men (hazard ratio, 2.51; 95% CI, 1.21 to 5.20) and women (hazard ratio, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.12 to 3.52). Adjustment for systolic blood pressure, a mediating factor, significantly attenuated most BMI association with stroke in both sexes. For myocardial infarction, the hazard ratio was 3.16 (95% CI, 1.66 to 6.01) for BMI 27.5 or greater versus less than 21.0 only in men, which appeared partly mediated by total cholesterol and SBP.

Conclusions–

Overweight/obesity was associated with an increased risk of cerebral infarction and hemorrhage in men and women and myocardial infarction in men. Weight control may have the potential to prevent both stroke and myocardial infarction in Japan.
Case Report on Kadzoev, 30 November 2009
Authors: Mincheva Elitsa
Published: August 2010

The detention periods authorized by Directive 2008/115 sparked significant criticism both within and without the EU. In its preliminary ruling of 30 November 2009, the Court of Justice countered concerns that a further erosion of the fundamental rights of irregular migrants might occur due to a broad interpretation of the directive by national courts.
Levels of Linguistic Accommodation across a National Border
Authors: Watt Dominic , Llamas Carmen , Ezra Johnson Daniel
Published: August 2010

The political border between England and Scotland has been claimed to coincide with the most tightly packed bundle of isoglosses in the English-speaking world. The borderland, therefore, may be seen as the site of discontinuities in linguistic features carrying socioindexical value as markers of “Scottishness” or “Englishness.” However, in an ongoing study of four border towns, the connection between inhabitants’ claimed national identities and their use of indexical features has been found to vary depending on whether the localities are at the border’s eastern or western ends, and on the speaker’s age. This article examines the accommodatory strategies of a female Scottish English-speaking field-worker in her interactions with younger and older male speakers from localities on either side of the border. The linguistic behavior of the field-worker is examined at the phonological, discoursal, and lexical levels, and variability in her speech is considered in light of (1) her interlocutors’ actual usage of the variables in question, (2) the interviewees’ perceived status as “older” versus “younger” and as “Scottish” versus “English,” and (3) the broader picture of the stability of usage of linguistic forms and of national identities in the localities in question.
Mechanisms of Accommodation among Emerging Adults in a University Setting
Authors: Bigham Douglas S.
Published: August 2010

In accommodation contexts where dialects already contain extensive overlap, the processes of convergence/divergence may be better specified in terms of the “expansion” and “reduction” of linguistic variation. Among emerging adults at Southern Illinois University, contact between South Midland and Northern Cities speakers illustrates that accommodation of variation in the /u/, /o/, /æ/, and / / vowels is expressed not through the wholesale adoption of new forms but rather through an expansion or reduction of the range of previously existing forms. By providing this alternative view, this study mitigates the competing discussions regarding the primary importance of speaker identity/attitudes versus frequency of interaction by allowing both a role in shaping the outcomes of dialect contact and accommodation. The author suggests that the mechanisms of expansion and reduction in accommodation are echoic of more general processes in language contact and language change.
Hip-Hop, White Immigrant Youth, and African American Vernacular English: Accommodation as an Identity Choice
Authors: Cutler Cecelia
Published: August 2010

How can scholars interpret the individual stylistic choices that speakers make? To what degree do individuals make identity choices to accommodate to one group or another? Much of the research on accommodation focuses on the standard—nonstandard or on the local—nonlocal dimension. There is notably little research into accommodation from forms that are indexical of a particular ethnic identity to forms that are indexical of another ethnic identity. This article takes up the question of accommodation toward African American Vernacular English (AAVE) and New York Latino English (NYLE) among white ethnic immigrants in New York City who affiliate with hip-hop culture. It provides evidence to support a view of accommodation that stems from a strong attitudinal orientation toward the group with which a speaker wants to associate.
Unfolding the Proactive Process for Creativity
Authors: Gong Yaping , Cheung Siu-Yin , Wang Mo , Huang Jia-Chi
Published: August 2010

The authors integrate the employee proactivity, information exchange, and psychological safety perspectives to develop a model of individual creativity. Proactive employees prepare themselves with resources in anticipation of effecting changes. The authors propose that proactive employees seek informational resources through exchanging with others in the workplace. Information exchange, in turn, fosters the development of trust relationships that provide psychological safety for creative endeavors. The authors collected time-lagged data from a sample of 190 matched employee–manager pairs in a specialty retail chain. The results showed that proactive employees engaged in more information exchange and, by so doing, built stronger trust relationships with supervisors and colleagues. These trust relationships, in turn, increased employee creativity. The relationship between information exchange and employee creativity was fully mediated by trust. The authors discuss the implications of the findings for creativity theory and research.
This is Not a Boundary Object: Reflections on the Origin of a Concept
Authors: Leigh Star Susan
Published: August 2010

There are three components to boundary objects as outlined in the original 1989 article. Interpretive flexibility, the structure of informatic and work process needs and arrangements, and, finally, the dynamic between ill-structured and more tailored uses of the objects. Much of the use of the concept has concentrated on the aspect of interpretive flexibility and has often mistaken or conflated this flexibility with the process of tacking back-and-forth between the ill-structured and well-structured aspects of the arrangements. Boundary objects are not useful at just any level of scale or without full consideration of the entire model. The article discusses these aspects of the architecture of boundary objects and includes a discussion of one of the ways that boundary objects appeared as a concept in earlier work done by Star. It concludes with methodological considerations about how to study the system of boundary objects and infrastructure.
Emigration, Generation, and Collective Memories
Authors: Corning Amy D.
Published: August 2010

Research on memory of public events consistently reveals generational effects, where individuals remember best the events from their “critical years” of adolescence and early adulthood—a phenomenon attributed to privileged encoding or retrieval of memories due to primacy of experience. Prior research, however, has not decoupled the youthful period from transitional experiences more generally, raising the question of whether primacy generated by important transitions not tied to youth—such as emigration from one country to another—might also enhance memories. Survey data are used to examine effects of generation on collective memories of public events among a sample of mostly Jewish emigrants from the Soviet Union and its successor states. Evidence points to persistent generational effects, linking memory to adolescence and young adulthood specifically, rather than to primacy of transitional experiences in general. Perspectives that emphasize adolescents’ agentic interpretation, construction of meaning, and decision-making suggest reasons for the link between memories and youth.
Maritally Aggressive Men: Angry, Egocentric, Impulsive, and/or Biased
Authors: Schweinle William , Ickes William , Rollings Kathryn , Jacquot Colette
Published: August 2010

This research explored the relationships between the language that 86 married men used to describe their marriages, other personal characteristics of the men, and the men’s wife-directed aggression. Methods included linguistic inquiry word count analysis, temperament measures, an empathic accuracy-type paradigm, and signal detection analysis. Husbands’ use of anger words and egocentric words in describing their marriages, along with husbands’ impulsivity, critical/rejecting overattribution bias, and attentional disorder/ impairment predicted the men’s wife-directed aggression. Multiple regression and moderation analyses revealed that men’s use of anger words and first-person pronouns in describing their own marriages were unique predictors of their wife-directed aggression. Also, men’s critical/rejecting overattribution bias and impulsivity interacted to predict the men’s wife-directed aggression. Results are discussed in terms different wife-abuser subtypes and their implications for the treatment of aggressive husbands.
Results of Laboratory Evaluation of Acute Knee Effusion after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Paci James M. , Schweizer Scott K. , Wilbur Danielle M. , Sutton Levi G. , Werner Frederick W. , Scuderi Matthew G. , Cannizzaro John P.
Published: August 2010

Background

Infection after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is a rare and potentially devastating complication. No normative data have been reported for knee aspiration after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the early postoperative period.

Hypothesis

Determining normative laboratory data from a retrospective review of noninfected early postoperative anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction knee effusions will allow for the calculation of an aspirate white blood cell (WBC) threshold value indicative of infection.

Study Design

Case series (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 4.

Methods

A 2-year retrospective chart review of 151 anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction patients was performed. Thirty-one noninfected patients meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria and 1 infected patient had laboratory data collected, including peripheral blood and knee effusion aspirate analyses. Laboratory data from pertinent published studies of infected knees after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction were combined with the data of our 1 infected patient, establishing a historical control group. Data were analyzed and results were then compared. Infected aspirate WBC threshold value statistics were then calculated.

Results

Analysis of noninfected knee effusion aspirates revealed a mean WBC count of 9600/uL (standard deviation [SD], 15 200), and a mean of 66% polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells (SD, 34). Aspirate WBC 98% confidence interval (CI) was 2800/uL to 16 200/uL, and the 98% CI for PMN cells was 58% to 84%. Aspirate WBC count >16 200/uL is 86% sensitive, 92% specific, and has a positive likelihood ratio of 10.4 as an indicator of infection.

Conclusion

Benign effusion after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is common and is associated with elevated inflammatory markers. When concerned, knee aspiration after anterior cruciate ligament surgery gives the highest yield to differentiate between a painful effusion and a septic knee in the early postoperative period while awaiting definitive culture results. The authors report confidence intervals defining the range of cell count variables for noninfected patients requiring aspiration, specifically WBC and PMN, and suggest a WBC threshold value of >16 200/uL be used as an indicator of infection. On the basis of comparison with historical control data, the authors believe these data are significant and will be reliable for clinical use.
Attrition From Premedical Studies Among Latinas: Case Studies
Authors: Gonzalez MariaElena , Barr Donald A. , Wanat Stanley F.
Published: August 2010

Minorities are significantly underrepresented in the U.S. physician workforce. Female minorities wishing to become doctors face additional gender barriers, since women who enter college with the desire of becoming physicians are more likely than men to exit programs of undergraduate studies (“premed studies”) that lead to medical school. To explore the factors that may cause minority women to lose interest in a medical career, in-depth one-to-one interviews were conducted during the first quarter of freshman year with minority women who had said prior to matriculating that they were interested in pursuing a career in medicine. Interviews with seven Latinas were analyzed to develop grounded theory to identify potential causes of attrition from premedical studies within this underrepresented group. Findings point to the importance of linking such students into premedical-student support systems at the beginning of their freshman year to retain them in the premedical pipeline and argue that the mechanisms that push students out of the “premed pipeline” operate at the institutional level to passively, rather than actively, discourage premedical students’ career ambitions.
Book Review: Fluids and Electrolytes: A 2‐in‐1 Reference for Nurses
Authors: Davidson Debra J. , Lyman Beth
Published: August 2010

Munden J (editor). Fluids and Electrolytes: A 2‐in‐1 Reference for Nurses. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006. Restruture page‐count as size[@units=“page”] 310 pp; $46.95. ISBN 1‐58255‐425‐0.
Rapid Infusion of Fish Oil–Based Emulsion in Infants Does Not Appear to be Associated With Fat Overload Syndrome
Authors: Gura Kathleen M. , Puder Mark
Published: August 2010

Background: Inadvertent rapid infusion of parenteral lipid emulsion is an inherent risk when fats are infused separately from the dextrose–amino acid solution. Patients may experience hypertriglyceridemia that resolves upon discontinuation of the infusion; in other cases, complications such as fat overload syndrome can occur. Since 2004, fish oil–based emulsions have been used investigationally for the treatment of parenteral nutrition–associated liver disease. Anecdotal reports suggest that patients who receive rapid infusions of this emulsion do not develop symptoms consistent with fat overload syndrome. The aim of this investigation was to determine whether infants receiving a rapid infusion of a fish oil lipid emulsion exhibited symptoms consistent with fat overload syndrome. Methods: The medical records of patients treated at Children's Hospital Boston with a fish oil emulsion from September 2004 to August 2008 were reviewed for cases of rapid infusion. Results: Six of 99 patients (6%) received a dose of fish oil emulsion at an infusion rate that exceeded 0.17 g/kg/h. Infusion rates as high as 5 g/kg/h were accidentally administered (range, 0.2‐5 g/kg/h) without evidence of fat overload syndrome. Transient elevations in serum triglyceride levels were observed but promptly returned to acceptable levels. Conclusions: Rapid infusion of a fish oil–based emulsion in 6 infants were well tolerated. No patients developed signs or symptoms of fat overload syndrome.
Nutrition in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Mallon Daniel P. , Suskind David L.
Published: August 2010

Nutrition interventions play a central role in the treatment and management of inflammatory bowel disease in children. Malnutrition is a common presenting symptom in both pediatric ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease and is associated with increased morbidity. Providing macronutrients can improve growth; likewise, identifying and correcting micronutrient deficiencies can improve comorbid conditions like osteopenia and anemia. Although many patients manipulate their diets to help treat their inflammatory bowel disease, only parenteral nutrition with bowel rest and exclusive enteral nutrition therapy have been shown effective for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
Growth in Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Andrew Morag J. , Sullivan Peter B.
Published: August 2010

Cerebral palsy is often accompanied by abnormalities of growth and nutrition; children with severe motor impairments are most at risk. Nutrition, neurological, and endocrine factors all contribute to suboptimal growth. Poor growth and nutrition are associated with poor general health outcomes and reduced levels of participation, and therefore warrant careful evaluation and appropriate intervention. The lack of normative data combined with the complex interaction of nutrition and nonnutrition factors contributing to growth in this population present real difficulties in management. Particular care is needed to avoid overfeeding and the resultant increase in fat mass and associated morbidity.
From Policy to Prisoners to People: A “Soft Mixed Methods” Approach to Studying Transgender Prisoners
Authors: Jenness Valerie
Published: August 2010

This article describes the official protocol and unexpected contingencies that motored data collection for a large scale study of transgender inmates in California prisons for men. The focus is on gender and sexuality as methodological confounds that, surprisingly and productively, ultimately served to shed insight into basic sociological questions as well address the policy questions that originally motivated the research. Drawing on serendipitously collected ethnographic data from a plethora of exchanges with experts, California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) officials, researchers, and transgender inmates, this article reveals the categorization commitments and processes that permeate the lives of “the girls among men” in prisons for men. In light of these findings, the author argues for the value of adopting what she calls a “soft mixed methods” approach when doing non-ethnographic work designed to inform policy. To do so stimulates sociological imagination and ultimately provides more nuanced, layered, and complicated answers to policy questions while also providing insights into more basic research questions.
Public Higher Education and New York State’s Economy
Authors: Vogel Richard , Keen W. Hubert
Published: August 2010

The formation of human capital in modern economic growth theory is one of the underlying foundations of economic growth. Higher education, such as that offered through the State University of New York (SUNY) system, serves as an important gateway to developing and expanding human capital within the state. Established in 1948, SUNY has grown from 28 to 64 institutions, with a total enrollment of more than 427,000 students, approximately 37% of all higher education enrollments in the state. Using a growth accounting framework, the authors examine SUNY’s impact on state economic growth from 1960 to 2001. The results of the analysis indicate that investments in SUNY and growth in state output and income are cointegrated and that SUNY has a positive and significant effect on state economic growth.
The Effect of Reiki on Work-Related Stress of the Registered Nurse
Authors: Cuneo Charlotte L. , Curtis Cooper Maureen R. , Drew Carolyn S. , Naoum-Heffernan Christine , Sherman Tricia , Walz Kathleen , Weinberg Janice
Published: August 2010

Purpose: The Reiki Master Teacher group at a large academic, urban medical center studied the effects of Reiki on work-related stress in Registered Nurse Reiki I class participants. Research suggests that work-related stress is an influential factor in nursing burn out and retention. Reiki, an ancient form of Oriental “energy work” or healing, has been found to decrease stress. Methods: The Perceived Stress Scale tool was administered prior to the Reiki I class and after three weeks of practicing self-Reiki. Findings: Seventeen participants returned follow-up data. Results indicated that practicing Reiki more often resulted in reduced perceived stress levels. Conclusions: Data from this small pilot study supports educating nurses about Reiki practice to decrease work-related stress.
Social Cognition in Schizophrenia
Authors: Green Michael F. , Horan William P.
Published: August 2010

Social cognition has become a rapidly growing area of schizophrenia research. Individuals with schizophrenia show substantial and persistent impairments in a range of social cognitive domains, including emotion processing, social perception, attributional bias, and theory of mind. The social cognitive impairment in schizophrenia is associated with, but separable from, impairments in (nonsocial) neurocognition such as attention, memory, and problem solving. Social cognition is a key determinant of functional disability of schizophrenia; it acts as a mediator between neurocognition and functional outcome, and it contributes unique information about functional outcome beyond that provided by neurocognition. Efforts to develop interventions to improve social cognitive impairments through new pharmacological and training approaches are under way.
Psychosocial Treatments for Schizophrenia
Authors: Addington Jean , Piskulic Danijela , Marshall Catherine
Published: August 2010

This article focuses on the importance of psychosocial interventions for individuals with schizophrenia. We present recent research in the areas of cognitive behavior therapy, social skills training, family interventions, supported employment, and cognitive remediation. We consider issues within those domains of treatment, such as symptom remission versus functional recovery, the limitations of pharmacotherapy, and the potential for psychosocial interventions to address both family and patient issues.
Ventral Hippocampus, Interneurons, and Schizophrenia
Authors: Grace Anthony A.
Published: August 2010

Dysfunction within the dopamine system has been the predominant hypothesized cause of schizophrenia for some time; however, there is little anatomical or postmortem evidence showing that the roots of this disorder are to be found within the dopaminergic neurons. Instead, the dopamine system appears to be dysregulated due to pathological influences from other structures. Recent postmortem and imaging studies have looked to the hippocampus as a potential site of this pathology. Our studies using a developmental animal model of schizophrenia found hyperactivity in the hippocampus likely drives the disruption in dopamine system function. This overactivity appears to be due to the functional loss of short axon interneurons that control the activity of the primary output neurons of the hippocampus. These data suggest that a more effective treatment of schizophrenia may be to normalize hippocampal function rather than block dopamine receptors. Moreover, given the high sensitivity of the hippocampus to stress-induced damage and the fact that stress is a risk factor for schizophrenia, controlling stress in the premorbid state may be an effective preventative measure to circumvent the transition to psychosis.
Prenatal Factors in Schizophrenia
Authors: King Suzanne , St-Hilaire Annie , Heidkamp David
Published: August 2010

The purpose of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge on how nongenetic factors occurring before, during, or soon after birth are related to schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric illness with a varied clinical presentation that has both environmental and genetic origins and that may result from insults to the nervous system that occur throughout development. In line with this, several endogenous (internal) and exogenous (external) nongenetic factors of pregnancy and birth have been related to an increased risk for schizophrenia in later life. These factors include maternal diabetes, low birth weight, older paternal age, winter birth, and prenatal maternal stress, among others. Although each of these nongenetic factors alone slightly increases the risk for schizophrenia, risk increases when these factors combine with each other and with other risk factors. The mechanisms that link each specific risk factor with the occurrence of schizophrenia remain largely unknown. In order to build better models of the illness, researchers will have to address the question of how environmental and genetic risk factors work together in increasing risk and explore to what extent certain underlying risk factors may explain different aspects of the disease.
Testing the Effectiveness of Monetary Policy in Malaysia Using Alternative Monetary Aggregation
Authors: Leong Choi-Meng , Puah Chin-Hong , Mansor Shazali Abu , Lau Evan
Published: August 2010

The capability of monetary aggregates to generate stable links with fundamental economic indicators verifies the effectiveness of monetary targeting. However, traditional monetary aggregates become flawed when financial reforms take place. As official monetary aggregates fail to maintain stable links with crucial economic indicators in Malaysia, monetary targeting has been substituted by interest rate targeting. Therefore, Divisia monetary aggregates, which are considered superior to their simple-sum counterparts are used in the investigation for Malaysia. The findings imply that Divisia M2 money demand is stable and capable of generating appropriate coefficients with correct signs for the variables included. Thus, Divisia money has shed new light on the usefulness of monetary targeting in formulating monetary policy in Malaysia.
Juvenile Court Referrals and the Public Schools: Nature and Extent of the Practice in Five States
Authors: Krezmien Michael P. , Leone Peter E. , Zablocki Mark S. , Wells Craig S.
Published: August 2010

Federal legislation and concern about high-profile school shootings have placed attention on safe schools and school discipline. Anecdotal evidence and several reports indicate that in response to calls to promote safety, schools are increasingly referring students to the juvenile courts for acts of misbehavior. Using data from the National Juvenile Court Data Archive, the study reported here examined school referrals (SR) to the juvenile courts in five states from 1995 to 2004. We studied SR over time as well as the proportion of total referrals originating in schools. There was variability in the number of referrals to the juvenile courts originating in the schools and in the trends of SR across states as well as the odds that referrals originated in schools. We found evidence that in four of five states, referrals from schools represented a greater proportion of total referrals to juvenile courts in 2004 than in 1995. We also found differences in the odds of SR to out-of-school referrals (OSR) by race and by gender in some states but not in others. The findings suggest that states may differ in the way in which their schools respond to misbehavior and in the way their schools directly refer students to the juvenile courts. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of the findings.
The Educational Experiences of Street-Life-Oriented Black Boys: How Black Boys Use Street Life as a Site of Resilience in High School
Authors: Payne Yasser Arafat , Brown Tara M.
Published: August 2010

This Participatory Action Research (PAR) project worked with four active street-life-oriented Black men to document how a community sample of street-life-oriented Black boys between the ages of 16 and 19 frame and use “street life” as a site of resilience inside schools. Qualitative data were collected in the form of written responses on 156 surveys, 10 individual interviews, and one group interview. Data were primarily collected inside the street communities of Harlem, New York City and Paterson, New Jersey. Qualitative findings reveal the young men, overall, hold positive views of formal education and its significance in their lives. Yet they hold negative attitudes regarding previous and current educational experiences. Also, results demonstrate the young men ultimately position their street orientation as an adaptive identity to have inside schools.
Prothrombotic Profile in Children With Peripheral Gangrene
Authors: Ahluwalia Jasmina , Naseem Shano , Singh Surjit , Suri Deepti , Das Reena , Sachdeva M. U. S. , Varma Neelam
Published: August 2010

Peripheral gangrene is rare in children. Protein C, protein S, and antithrombin deficiency, positivity for anticardiolipin antibodies or lupus anticoagulant and factor V Leiden mutation are important causes of thrombosis in the venous system. There is paucity of literature on the contribution of these factors in children with peripheral gangrene. We evaluated the role of aforementioned factors in children with peripheral gangrene. Protein S deficiency was seen in one case and another was transiently positive for lupus anticoagulant. None of the 11 age- and sex-matched normal controls had protein C, protein S, or antithrombin deficiency. Our results indicate that deficiency of protein C, protein S, and antithrombin, and positivity for anticardiolipin antibodies, lupus anticoagulant, and factor V Leiden are uncommon causes of peripheral gangrene in children in north-western India. Fibrinolytic and antiplatelet parameters were not tested. Testing for these may yield further clues to the etiology of this condition.
Acquired Platelet Dysfunction in 109 Patients From a Tertiary Care Referral Hospital
Authors: Sharma Prashant , Kar Rakhee , Bhargava Rahul , Ranjan Ravi , Pravas Chandra Mishra  , Saxena Renu
Published: August 2010

Background: Acquired platelet function defects (PFDs) remain poorly characterized, underrecognized, and therefore understudied. Patients/Methods: Clinical and laboratory records of 109 patients with acquired PFDs diagnosed over 5 years were analyzed. Screening studies (platelet count, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and thrombin time), template bleeding time, platelet factor 3 (PF-3) availability test, light-transmission aggregometry, and further testing as indicated were performed. Results: 64 patients had mild and 26 had major bleeding. In all, 15 were referred for preoperative testing, whereas 4 had thrombotic events. Causes and associations of PFDs were drug-induced (34), idiopathic (34), hematopoietic neoplasms (15; myeloma 4, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia 2, chronic myeloid leukemia 4, essential thrombocythaemia 3, and primary myelofibrosis and chronic lymphocytic leukemia 1 each), chronic liver disease (4), postcardiac surgery (2), uremia (2), and thalassemia major (7). Miscellaneous disorders comprised the rest. Conclusions: Acquired PFDs span a wide range of disease settings. Systematic, sequential laboratory testing identifies patterns of dysfunction, excludes inherited disorders, and streamlines management.
Physical fitness in northern European youth: Reference values from the Latvian Physical Health in Youth Study
Authors: Sauka Melita , Priedite Ilga S. , Artjuhova Ludmila , Larins Viesturs , Selga Guntars , Dahlström Örjan , Timpka Toomas
Published: August 2010

Aims: Physical fitness has the potential to be used as a key health determinant in youth. The aim of this study was to establish age- and sex-stratified reference values for health-related physical fitness in Latvian school-age children and to identify notable sex differences. Methods: Physical fitness was assessed using the EUROFIT test battery. Data were gathered from schoolchildren aged between 6 and 17 years (n = 10,464) by a medical team using standardised methods (EUROFIT battery). Fitness levels, stratified by chronological age and sex, were computed as mean ± SD. Each test was also analysed for differences between males and females in each age group. Results: Boys performed better than girls in muscular endurance and strength, cardiorespiratory endurance, and speed—agility fitness tests. Girls had better flexibility than boys (p < 0.001). There was also a more pronounced improvement in physical fitness scores with age in boys compared with girls. Conclusions: Physical fitness reference values were developed for Latvian children and adolescents. These reference values will permit comparisons between students during physical education lessons and provide a baseline against which progress in physical fitness among northern European youths can be compared.
Urban African American Girls at Risk: An Exploratory Study of Service Needs and Provision
Authors: Brubaker Sarah Jane , Fox Kristan C.
Published: August 2010

Although much has been gained from efforts to document and improve upon race and gender bias within the juvenile justice system, research continues to overlook the importance of service provision, particularly in terms of race and gender differences and inequities. Research focusing on urban African American girls, in particular, remains sparse. This article contributes to these neglected areas by presenting findings from an exploratory, qualitative study of service providers in a southeastern city in the United States. The findings are based on providers’ perceptions of the major problems and needs of the African American girls they serve, as well as of the strengths, weaknesses, and challenges of the programs and services they provide.