bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acoustic characteristics of resyllabification process in Korean
Authors: Lee Myoung Soon , Park Hyun
Published: September 2021

Purpose: This study aims to analyze acoustic characteristics of Korean words and nonwords according to resyllabification and meaningfulness.Methods: The experimental data consisted of 10 homonyms and 10 corresponding words. Computerized Speech Lab (CSL) 4150B was used in a quiet place for recording. Moreover, the randomized word list was presented to 20 subjects, and they were asked to read naturally as if they were talking comfortably to the subjects. The analysis program was Praat 6151 win 64bit (Boersma & Weenink, 2021). Pitch, intensity, and duration of the words and the first and the second syllables were measured, and the resyllabification liaison rules and resyllabification influenced them. To investigate acoustic characteristics according to resyllabification, independent sample t-test and multivariate test were conducted using SPSS 26 for the statistical processing of a syllable’s pitch, intensity, and duration changes.Results: First, there was a significant difference between the groups in post-syllable pitch ratio in words and nonwords, which was 40s–50s pitch change was greater than that of 20s–30s. Second, the post-syllable pitch ratio was a significant difference between gender groups and according to the effect of the liaison rule. Third, the post-syllable duration ratio showed a significant difference between age groups. The post-syllable pitch ratio was a significant difference according to the effect of the liaison rule.Conclusions: Therefore, when resyllabifications are generated by the liaison rule, the change of the post-syllable pitch can be explained by the focus prosody, and further research will be needed to establish a solid basis for this study.
Investigating the Use of Digital Health Technology to Monitor COVID-19 and Its Effects: Protocol for an Observational Study (Covid Collab Study)
Authors: Stewart Callum , Ranjan Yatharth , Conde Pauline , Rashid Zulqarnain , Sankesara Heet , Bai Xi , Dobson Richard J B , Folarin Amos A
Published: September 2021

Background

The ubiquity of mobile phones and increasing use of wearable fitness trackers offer a wide-ranging window into people’s health and well-being. There are clear advantages in using remote monitoring technologies to gain an insight into health, particularly under the shadow of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objective

Covid Collab is a crowdsourced study that was set up to investigate the feasibility of identifying, monitoring, and understanding the stratification of SARS-CoV-2 infection and recovery through remote monitoring technologies. Additionally, we will assess the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated social measures on people’s behavior, physical health, and mental well-being.

Methods

Participants will remotely enroll in the study through the Mass Science app to donate historic and prospective mobile phone data, fitness tracking wearable data, and regular COVID-19–related and mental health–related survey data. The data collection period will cover a continuous period (ie, both before and after any reported infections), so that comparisons to a participant’s own baseline can be made. We plan to carry out analyses in several areas, which will cover symptomatology; risk factors; the machine learning–based classification of illness; and trajectories of recovery, mental well-being, and activity.

Results

As of June 2021, there are over 17,000 participants—largely from the United Kingdom—and enrollment is ongoing.

Conclusions

This paper introduces a crowdsourced study that will include remotely enrolled participants to record mobile health data throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. The data collected may help researchers investigate a variety of areas, including COVID-19 progression; mental well-being during the pandemic; and the adherence of remote, digitally enrolled participants.

International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)

DERR1-10.2196/32587
Natural Bioactive Cyclopeptides from Microbes as Promising Anticancer Drug Leads: A Mini-review
Authors: Sukmarini Linda
Published: September 2021

Natural products from microbes are a rich source of bioactive molecules to serve as drug leads, predominantly in cancer therapy. Peptides are among the essential nature-derived biomolecules. Owing to their great diversity and favorable characteristics, cyclic peptides (cyclopeptides) from natural sources have become a propitious lead candidate for the development of therapeutics, including anticancer drugs. This present mini-review highlights cyclopeptides from microbial-derived natural products that have demonstrated significant cytotoxicity or anticancer activities. Moreover, this mini-review also provides a look into the mode of action of anticancer cyclopeptides. Selected examples are given for the potent anticancer cyclopeptides isolated in the recent decade from fungi and bacteria from both terrestrial and marine origins. Naturally occurring cyclopeptides with canonical and non-canonical amino acids isolated from fungi, myxobacteria, actinomycetes, marine cyanobacteria, and microbes associated with marine organisms and their anticancer activity are featured herein.
Formulation And Antioxidant Property Of Bitter Melon Seeds Oil Loaded Into SNEDDS Systems As A Nutraceutical
Authors: Winarti Lina , Sari Lusia Oktora Ruma Kumala , Ulfa Evi Umayah , Samsuri Dwi Ayu
Published: September 2021

Bitter melon seeds oil is less soluble in the gastrointestinal tract and has low absorption. Therefore, a self-nanoemulsion dosage form needed to support its absorption and increase its stability. This study aimed to formulate bitter melon seeds oil into a self-nano emulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) and evaluate its antioxidant activity using the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) method. The SNEDDS formulation uses bitter melon seed oil as the active ingredient and the oil phase, cremophor RH 40 as a surfactant, and glycerin as a co-surfactant. The results showed that the best SNEDDS formula obtains a ratio of oil: Smix (surfactant mixture) of 1:4. The best formula transmittance was 97.35 ± 0.04% with an emulsification time of 15.69 ± 0.06 seconds, a pH value of 6.87 ± 0.08, and a particle size of 31.8 ± 16.3 nm. Thermodynamic stability and robustness to dilution tests show the preparation is stable and resistant to various dilutions and pH. The antioxidant activity of bitter melon seed oil before and after being formulated into SNEDDS resulted in 62.73% and 50.31% reducing power. This result is not differences significantly. This study concluded that bitter melon seeds oil SNEDDS has good physical characteristics, stability, and no antioxidant activity changes.
Potential Vaccine Targets for COVID-19 and Phylogenetic Analysis Based on the Nucleocapsid Phosphoprotein of Indonesian SARS-CoV-2 Isolates
Authors: Aldino Muhammad , Maulani Renadya , Probojati Rasyadan , Dhea Karisma Viol , Ansori Arif Nur Muhammad , Parikesit Arli Aditya
Published: September 2021

Recently, the world is facing the outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 or SARS-CoV-2 and the number of infected patients is increasing every day. Researchers are doing their best to find the most effective treatment to tackle this deathly virus. Several approaches had been proposed to be tested in the lab for the efficacy but none of them are qualified to be use as the treatment of the COVID-19. Therefore, the aim of this study is to design a vaccine based on epitope, which were obtained from the nucleocapsid phosphoprotein (N protein). In addition, 38 samples of SARS-CoV-2 Isolates were being retrieved from the GISAID Database and NCBI GenBank. Later on, these samples will be used for checking the evolutionary relationship of the SARS-CoV-2 and also, to determine whether this nucleocapsid proteins are well-conserved (less or even no mutations occur at all) and whether there was any evolutionary relationship between the recent coronavirus with the previous coronavirus by conducting the phylogenetic analysis. Then, we wanted to see the molecular interaction between the human BCR/FAB receptor with the predicted peptides through the molecular docking process. All of the peptides were generated by the IEDB analysis tools and have already been tested for the antigenicity, so the one that was being docked are the peptide that has antigen properties. Based on the analysis that had been done, we would like to recommend the PEP1 as an epitope-based peptide vaccine candidate to deal with the SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks.
COVID-19–Associated Mortality among Kidney Transplant Recipients and Candidates in the United States
Authors: Mohan Sumit , King Kristen L. , Husain S. Ali , Schold Jesse D.
Published: September 2021

Background and objectives

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a profound effect on transplantation activity in the United States and globally. Several single-center reports suggest higher morbidity and mortality among candidates waitlisted for a kidney transplant and recipients of a kidney transplant. We aim to describe 2020 mortality patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States among kidney transplant candidates and recipients.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

Using national registry data for waitlisted candidates and kidney transplant recipients collected through April 23, 2021, we report demographic and clinical factors associated with COVID-19–related mortality in 2020, other deaths in 2020, and deaths in 2019 among waitlisted candidates and transplant recipients. We quantify excess all-cause deaths among candidate and recipient populations in 2020 and deaths directly attributed to COVID-19 in relation to prepandemic mortality patterns in 2019 and 2018.

Results

Among deaths of patients who were waitlisted in 2020, 11% were attributed to COVID-19, and these candidates were more likely to be male, obese, and belong to a racial/ethnic minority group. Nearly one in six deaths (16%) among active transplant recipients in the United States in 2020 was attributed to COVID-19. Recipients who died of COVID-19 were younger, more likely to be obese, had lower educational attainment, and were more likely to belong to racial/ethnic minority groups than those who died of other causes in 2020 or 2019. We found higher overall mortality in 2020 among waitlisted candidates (24%) than among kidney transplant recipients (20%) compared with 2019.

Conclusions

Our analysis demonstrates higher rates of mortality associated with COVID-19 among waitlisted candidates and kidney transplant recipients in the United States in 2020.
Health technology assessment (HTA) in England, France and Germany: what do matched drug pairs tell us about recommendations by national HTA agencies?
Authors: Schaefer Ramon , Hernandez Diego , Selberg Lorenz , Schlander Michael
Published: September 2021

Aims:
To explore health technology assessment (HTA) outcomes of matched drug pairs by national agencies in Germany (Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss, GBA), France (Haute Autorité de Santé, HAS) and England and Wales (NICE).
Methods:
We considered published GBA decisions, HAS reports and NICE guidance from January 2011 to June 2018. HTAs of matched pairs were compared overall, and for non-cancer and cancer drugs separately. We further analyzed the role of additional attributes related to cancer therapies.
Results:
Matched pairs show higher concordance for GBA/HAS than for GBA/NICE and HAS/NICE. Overall, NICE evaluated technologies more favorably than GBA and HAS. GBA appraisals of cancer drugs, however, tended to be more positive than cancer-related recommendations by NICE and HAS.
Conclusion:
The findings indicate substantial variations in HTAs, although cancer-related outcomes seem to diverge less than non-cancer results.
Ghrelin receptor in GtoPdb v.2021.3
Authors: Davenport Anthony P. , Holst Birgitte , Kleinz Matthias , Maguire Janet J. , Sivertsen Bjørn B.
Published: September 2021

The ghrelin receptor (nomenclature as agreed by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee for the Ghrelin receptor [19]) is activated by a 28 amino-acid peptide originally isolated from rat stomach, where it is cleaved from a 117 amino-acid precursor (GHRL, Q9UBU3). The human gene encoding the precursor peptide has 83% sequence homology to rat prepro-ghrelin, although the mature peptides from rat and human differ by only two amino acids [74]. Alternative splicing results in the formation of a second peptide, [des-Gln14]ghrelin with equipotent biological activity [49]. A unique post-translational modification (octanoylation of Ser3, catalysed by ghrelin Ο-acyltransferase (MBOAT4, Q96T53) [133] occurs in both peptides, essential for full activity in binding to ghrelin receptors in the hypothalamus and pituitary, and for the release of growth hormone from the pituitary [58]. Structure activity studies showed the first five N-terminal amino acids to be the minimum required for binding [4], and receptor mutagenesis has indicated overlap of the ghrelin binding site with those for small molecule agonists and allosteric modulators of ghrelin function [44]. An endogenous antagonist and inverse agonist called Liver enriched antimicrobial peptide 2 (Leap2), expressed primarily in hepatocytes and in enterocytes of the proximal intestine [35, 68] inhibits ghrelin receptor-induced GH secretion and food intake [35]. The secretion of Leap2 and ghrelin is inversely regulated under various metabolic conditions [71]. In cell systems, the ghrelin receptor is constitutively active [45], but this is abolished by a naturally occurring mutation (A204E) that results in decreased cell surface receptor expression and is associated with familial short stature [93].
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family in GtoPdb v.2021.3
Authors: MacEwan David
Published: September 2021

Dysregulated TNFR signalling is associated with many inflammatory disorders, including some forms of arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease, and targeting TNF has been an effective therapeutic strategy in these diseases and for cancer immunotherapy [5, 6, 49].
Lysophospholipid (LPA) receptors in GtoPdb v.2021.3
Authors: Blaho Victoria , Chun Jerold , Jones Danielle , Jonnalagadda Deepa , Kihara Yasuyuki , Ngo Tony , Ray Manisha , Tan Valerie P.
Published: September 2021

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptors (nomenclature as agreed by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on Lysophospholipid Receptors [55, 19, 82, 129]) are activated by the endogenous phospholipid LPA. The first receptor, LPA1, was identified as ventricular zone gene-1 (vzg-1) [40], This discovery represented the beginning of the de-orphanisation of members of the endothelial differentiation gene (edg) family, as other LPA and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptors were found. Five additional LPA receptors (LPA2,3,4,5,6) have since been identified [82] and their gene nomenclature codified for human LPAR1, LPAR2, etc. (HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee, HGNC) and Lpar1, Lpar2, etc. for mice (Mouse Genome Informatics Database, MGI) to reflect species and receptor function of their corresponding proteins. The crystal structure of LPA1 is solved and indicates that LPA accesses the extracellular binding pocket, consistent with its proposed delivery via autotaxin [13]. These studies have also implicated cross-talk with endocannabinoids via phosphorylated intermediates that can also activate these receptors. The binding affinities to LPA1 of unlabeled, natural LPA and anandamide phosphate (AEAp) were measured using backscattering interferometry (pKd = 9) [83, 104]. Utilization of this method indicated affinities that were 77-fold lower than when measured using radioactivity-based protocols [128]. Targeted deletion of LPA receptors has clarified signalling pathways and identified physiological and pathophysiological roles. Multiple groups have independently published validation of all six LPA receptors described in these tables, and further validation was achieved using a distinct read-out via a novel TGFα "shedding* assay [48]. LPA has been proposed to be a ligand for GPR35 [94], supported by a study revealing that LPA modulates macrophage function through GPR35 [54]. However chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 17 (CXCL17) is reported to be a ligand for GPR35/CXCR8 [76]. Moreover, LPA has also been described as an agonist for the transient receptor potential (Trp) ion channels TRPV1 [87] and TRPA1 [58]. All of these proposed non-GPCR receptor identities require confirmation and are not currently recognized as bona fide LPA receptors.
Succinate receptor in GtoPdb v.2021.3
Authors: Davenport Anthony P. , Hanson Julien , Liew Wen Chiy
Published: September 2021

Nomenclature as recommended by NC-IUPHAR [8]. The Succinate receptor was identified as being activated by physiological levels of the Kreb's cycle intermediate succinate and other dicarboxylic acids such as maleate in 2004. Since its pairing with its endogenous ligand, the receptor has been the focus of intensive research and its role has been evidenced in various (patho)physiological processes such as regulation of renin production, retinal angiogenesis, inflammation or the immune response.
Prolactin-releasing peptide receptor in GtoPdb v.2021.3
Authors: Caruso Vanni , Hills Rebecca , Lagerstrom Malin , Onaka Tatsushi , Schiöth Helgi
Published: September 2021

The precursor (PRLH, P81277) for PrRP generates 31 and 20-amino-acid versions. QRFP43 (43RFa) (named after a pyroglutamylated arginine-phenylalanine-amide peptide) is a 43 amino acid peptide derived from QRFP (P83859) and is also known as P518 or 26RFa. RFRP is an RF amide-related peptide [31] derived from a FMRFamide-related peptide precursor (NPVF, Q9HCQ7), which is cleaved to generate neuropeptide SF, neuropeptide RFRP-1, neuropeptide RFRP-2 and neuropeptide RFRP-3 (neuropeptide NPVF).
Voltage-gated calcium channels (CaV) in GtoPdb v.2021.3
Authors: Catterall William A. , Perez-Reyes Edward , Snutch Terrance P. , Striessnig Jörg
Published: September 2021

Ca2+ channels are voltage-gated ion channels present in the membrane of most excitable cells. The nomenclature for Ca2+channels was proposed by [127] and approved by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on Ca2+ channels [70]. Most Ca2+ channels form hetero-oligomeric complexes. The α1 subunit is pore-forming and provides the binding site(s) for practically all agonists and antagonists. The 10 cloned α1-subunits can be grouped into three families: (1) the high-voltage activated dihydropyridine-sensitive (L-type, CaV1.x) channels; (2) the high- to moderate-voltage activated dihydropyridine-insensitive (CaV2.x) channels and (3) the low-voltage-activated (T-type, CaV3.x) channels. Each α1 subunit has four homologous repeats (I-IV), each repeat having six transmembrane domains (S1-S6) and a pore-forming region between S5 and S6. Voltage-dependent gating is driven by the membrane spanning S4 segment, which contains highly conserved positive charges that respond to changes in membrane potential. All of the α1-subunit genes give rise to alternatively spliced products. At least for high-voltage activated channels, it is likely that native channels comprise co-assemblies of α1, β and α2-δ subunits. The γ subunits have not been proven to associate with channels other than the α1s skeletal muscle Cav1.1 channel. The α2-δ1 and α2-δ2 subunits bind gabapentin and pregabalin.
ZAC in GtoPdb v.2021.3
Authors: Davies Paul , Hales Tim G. , Jensen Anders A. , Peters John A.
Published: September 2021

The zinc-activated channel (ZAC, nomenclature as agreed by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee for the Zinc Activated Channel) is a member of the Cys-loop family that includes the nicotinic ACh, 5-HT3, GABAA and strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors [2, 3, 4]. The channel is likely to exist as a homopentamer of 4TM subunits that form an intrinsic cation selective channel equipermeable to Na+, K+ and Cs+, but impermeable to Ca2+ and Mg2+ [4]. ZAC displays constitutive activity that can be blocked by tubocurarine and high concentrations of Ca2+ [4]. Although denoted ZAC, the channel is more potently activated by H+ and Cu2+, with greater and lesser efficacy than Zn2+, respectively [4]. ZAC is present in the human, chimpanzee, dog, cow and opossum genomes, but is functionally absent from mouse, or rat, genomes [2, 3].
3A. Estrogen receptors in GtoPdb v.2021.3
Authors: Coons Laurel , Korach Kenneth S.
Published: September 2021

Estrogen receptor (ER) activity regulates diverse physiological processes via transcriptional modulation of target genes [1]. The selection of target genes and the magnitude of the response, be it induction or repression, are determined by many factors, including the effect of the hormone ligand and DNA binding on ER structural conformation, and the local cellular regulatory environment. The cellular environment defines the specific complement of DNA enhancer and promoter elements present and the availability of coregulators to form functional transcription complexes. Together, these determinants control the resulting biological response.
HOW DID COVID-19 PANDEMIC AFFECT THE TOURISM INDEX IN BORSA ISTANBUL?
Authors: Özen Ercan , Özdemir Letife
Published: September 2021

This study aims to determine how and to what extent the Covid-19 pandemic impacted the Turkish tourism sector index in Borsa İstanbul. Daily data for the period from March 27th 2020 to December 31st 2020 were used to find the relationship between the dependent variable (BIST tourism stock index) and the independent variables (Covid-19 cases and deaths in Turkey). The cointegration relationship between the Covid-19 pandemic and the BIST tourism index was investigated with the ARDL bound test. In addition, the effect of the Covid-19 pandemic on the BIST tourism index was tested with the Cointegrating Regression Models. As a result of the ARDL bound test, it was determined that there is a long-term cointegration relationship between the Covid-19 pandemic and the BIST tourism index. In addition, it has been determined that the impact of the short-term shocks caused by Covid-19 on the BIST tourism index will disappear in the long term and will balance again in about a week. According to the Cointegrating Regression Models (FMOLS, DOLS and CCR) results, it is seen that the deaths from Covid-19 significantly affect the tourism index. According to the models, a 1% increase in the number of deaths causes the BIST tourism index to decrease by 0.08%, 0.06% and 0.08%, respectively. The coefficient of the number of Covid-19 cases is not significant, showing that the number of cases does not have a sufficient effect on the tourism index. The findings of the paper have some implications for stock investors, policy makers, academicians and the company owners in the tourism index of Borsa Istanbul.
SPECIFICITIES OF STIMULATING MUSICAL TALENT WITHIN FORMAL MUSICAL EDUCATION
Authors: Nikolić Igor
Published: September 2021

The authors studying gifted and talented persons agree that adequate boosting of their development requires either specialized curricula or adaptation of the existing ones by acceleration and/or differentiation. The paper focuses on the specificities of boosting talent for music, taking into account the organized system of formal music education in Serbia. A special attention is paid to solfege teaching, as it constitutes the basis of musical literacy of future professional musicians. It is presumed that the implementation of the procedures highlighted in the paper, coupled with a special attention paid to the problems of organizing the work with talented pupils and students can lead to a degree of development enabling them to participate in various musical activities with a high level of motivation and no fear of lacking skills. The paper also points to the need to stimulate musical talent according to the pupils' and students' individual abilities, and in line with the specificities of the chosen field of specialization.
Common Law and Civil Law: Convergences Beyond a Written Constitution
Authors: Queiroz Barboza Estefânia Maria de , Kozicki Katya
Published: September 2021

Este artículo analiza la convergencia entre los sistemas del common law y civil law en relación con los parámetros de la judicial review, particularmente cuando los principios constitucionales, tanto explícitos como implícitos, funcionan para invalidar leyes ordinarias. También el artículo considera la experiencia canadiense para examinar cómo los no escritos pero implícitos principios constitucionales pueden ser usados para el fin de la judicial review. Y de la misma forma se revisa la teoría de The Invisible Constitution, de Laurence Trible. Finalmente, enfrentamos la cuestión de la Constitución viva, la cual incluye el concepto de Constitución como un instrumento vivo más allá de un texto formal.
¿Más derechos para todos? Derechos humanos, políticas públicas y el caso de los medicamentos huérfanos
Authors: Elizondo Mayer-Serra Carlos , Núñez González Leonardo
Published: September 2021

Al aprobarse la reforma constitucional en materia de derechos humanos de 2011, parecía haber un consenso sobre sus bondades. Había optimismo y no se vislumbraban los posibles riesgos y costos de su implementación. Este artículo analiza una serie de amparos basados en el derecho a la salud para que los servicios de salud del gobierno pagaran los llamados “medicamentos huérfanos”, utilizados para tratar enfermedades poco comunes. Promovidos por farmacéuticas, estos amparos pretendían obligar al Estado a comprar medicamentos caros y no debidamente probados. Esta disputa legal sirve para comenzar a analizar los puntos en que hay que poner atención sobre las implicaciones no deseadas de la reforma de derechos humanos, su impacto en las políticas públicas y la judicialización de los derechos sociales.
Ponderações e críticas sobre a eficácia vinculante dos motivos determinantes
Authors: Pansieri Flávio , Baptista da Luz Otávio Augusto
Published: September 2021

O presente artigo tem por objetivo analisar as ponderações e críticas sobre a eficácia vinculante dos motivos determinantes. Adentra-se nas teorias importadas do direito alemão para a compreensão de suas acepções na realidade brasileira. Para a formação desse entendimento, subdivide-se o estudo em abordagens sobre o suposto engessamento da evolução constitucional; da violação ao princípio da congruência; do diálogo institucional e dos motivos Determinantes e Obiter Dicta. Por fim, estuda-se a jurisprudência reiterada, expectativa qualificada e a proteção da confiança. Conclui-se que a modulação de efeitos é um verdadeiro dever da Corte para com o jurisdicionado, este dever está vinculado a força normativa à Constituição, que não pode ignorar a complexidade de interesses que esta abarca, e nesse sentido, deve buscar o equilíbrio objetivando a máxima efetividade de seus dispositivos.
Difficulties in Identifying Unaccompanied Refugee Children in Mixed Migration Flows: The Case of Mexico and Central America
Authors: Rea Granados Sergio Alejandro
Published: September 2021

This article aims to study and analyses the different problems, realities and challenges faced by children and adolescents that require international protection in the case of Mexico and Central America. This is due to the fact that the phenomenon of human mobility from a human rights perspective has not been a priority in the Americas region. On the contrary, this phenomenon is seen from a national security perspective, which causes that children and adolescents who require international protection are unnoticed as a result their human rights are easily attacked making them vulnerable. Due to international laws on refugees, this article proposes to find possible solutions to protect their human rights and rights recognized by refugee law. Firstly, the identification of unaccompanied refugee children and adolescents within the mixed migratory flows in the case of Mexico and Central America. Secondly, it also aims to find possible solutions to give them access to the asylum procedure as a result to protect their rights such as non-refoulement and the best interests of the child. Rights not only recognized by international refugee laws, but also by international human rights law, which are mandatory and part of the international obligations on those countries of study.
Femicides: Different Approaches from the Regional Protection of Human Rights
Authors: Orizaga Inzunza Isabel Anayanssi
Published: September 2021

Since the adoption of the term femicide for gender-based killings of women, the theoretical development and transition of this definition to a legal concept has contributed to the acknowledgment of this phenomenon as the most extreme manifestation of violence against women. In the international sphere, the regional systems of protection of human rights appear as fertile soil for victims of femicide to claim protection. Consequently, the European Court, Inter-American, and the ECOWAS Court of human rights play an important role in the investigation, prosecution, and reparation of femicide in their regions. Nevertheless, through their jurisprudence in the matter, regional courts of human rights have adopted different approaches for femicide. This shows striking differences in the recognition of the phenomenon of femicide, the development of State obligations, and the reparation for victims. The minimalistic approach applied by the European Court in its cases, as well as a single precedent of feminicide studied by the ECOWAS Court, makes us turn the view to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Based on its maximalist approach, the Inter-American Court has gone beyond its sister courts to establish a consolidated recognition of the phenomenon of femicide, and to develop in a wider and deeper way the scope of State obligations and reparations on femicide cases.
1968: One Year In the Life of the Mexican Federal Judiciary
Authors: Fix-Fierro Héctor
Published: September 2021

1968 is considered a mythical year in many parts of the world. In Mexico, it has acquired an almost sacred status. The student movement is com¬monly viewed as the beginning of the prolonged process of democratic transition that has unfolded in the last decades. Although there is very abundant literature about the events of that year, the role that the Mexican Federal Judiciary (MFJ) played in them has practically not been examined. The article analyzes the si¬tuation and performance of the Supreme Court of Justice and the MFJ during that single year. For this purpose, the essay examines the following aspects: the composition, organization and resources of the federal courts; judicial statistics; judicial precedents; judicial ideology and public perception on the justice system; and finally, the intervention of federal judges in the judicial proceedings instituted against the students and other leftist political dissidents. The article concludes that the MFJ was subject to many constraints and limitations that, for good measure, hampered its role in the defense of constitutional order. Twenty years later the reforms leading to the transformation of the Supreme Court of Justice into a constitutional court were started, favoring a more active intervention of judges and courts in the protection and defense of fundamental rights.
Applications of Mathematics and Nuclear Physics in Medicine
Authors: Agarwal Arav Sri
Published: September 2021

Abstract: This research paper examines the applications of mathematics and physics in medicine. Mathematical equations governing the physics behind nuclear medicine are deconstructed; the equations include the radioactive decay equation, nuclide uptake formula, formula for the total electric field, quaternions and their role in the geometry of CT and x-ray scans, the use of complex numbers and quaternions in CAT scans, and the utilization of partial differential equations in image processing. On the other hand, physics supports medicines in different areas, including medical imaging through popular MRI and ultrasound techniques. It contributes to therapy through radiation, ultrasonic technologies, laser physics, and vibrational medicine. Nuclear medicine relies on radioactive tracers, while non-ionizing radiation technologies support laser surgery; ultrasound imaging, and UV light treatments are used for diagnosing and treating chronic illnesses. Radiation oncology medical physicists apply medical physics for the assessment and monitoring of the safety of staff and patients involved in radiation therapy, with electromagnetism offering support in neural engineering, signal analysis, quantum electronics, and in studying the nervous system
ÉTICA EMPRESARIAL Y LABORAL: Los fundamentos y su aplicación
Authors: França-Tarragó Omar
Published: September 2021

Reseña a cargo del Prof. Dr.Omar França-TarragóDirector de la Cátedra Eticas AplicadasDepartamento de Formación HumanísticaUniversidad Católica del Uruguay
AJUSTE DE UNA PRUEBA DE CLOZE AL MODELO DE RASCH: CALIBRACIÓN, AJUSTE DE LOS ÍTEMS Y ESTUDIO DEL DIF
Authors: Oliveira Katya Luciane , Marín Rueda Fabián Javier , Angeli Santos Acácia Aparecida
Published: September 2021

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar el ajuste de una prueba de Cloze al modelo de Rasch y evaluar la dificultad de respuesta al ítem en función del sexo de las personas (DIF). Participaron de la investigación 1022 estudiantes universitarios de los estados de San Pablo e Minas Gerais, Brasil. La prueba de Cloze fue aplicada de forma colectiva. El análisis del instrumento mostró un buen ajuste al modelo de Rasch, así como también que todos los ítems fueron respondidos de acuerdo con el patrón esperado, demostrando de esa forma un buen ajuste. En relación al DIF, apenas cinco ítems indicaron diferenciar el sexo de los participantes. Con base en esos datos, se concluyó que hubo un equilibrio en las respuestas dadas por hombres y mujeres.
AGRESIVIDAD Y RETRAIMIENTO EN ADOLESCENTES
Authors: Contini Norma , Cohen Imach Silvina , Coronel Claudia Paola , Mejail Sergio
Published: September 2021

Se estudiaron las disfunciones de las habilidades sociales en adolescentes de 11 y 12 años de NES -Nivel Socioeconómico- bajo de Tucumán (Argentina) empleando el Cuestionario de Conducta Antisocial (CC-A) de Martorell y González Barrón (1992) y una encuesta sociodemográfica. Se indagó si se registraban conductas de agresividad, aislamiento y retraimiento (factores evaluados por el CC-A), y si existían diferencias significativas en función del género. Se describió el contexto socioeconómico en el que estaba inserto el adolescente. La muestra incluyó 106 sujetos escolarizados (55% mujeres, 45% varones) y se utilizó metodología descriptiva y exploratoria. Si bien la mayor parte de los participantes no presentaron déficits en el comportamiento social, en el 11% se identificaron comportamientos agresivos, en el 11% de aislamiento y en un 19% timidez y retraimiento. Se formulan hipótesis acerca de la relación entre los resultados encontrados y el contexto socioeconómico.
RIESGOS PSICOSOCIALES EN EL LUGAR DE TRABAJO: APROXIMACIÓN TEÓRICA Y MARCO LEGAL EN URUGUAY
Authors: González-Trijueque David , Giachero Silvana , Delgado Sabino
Published: September 2021

Esta comunicación procura realizar una aproximación al concepto de riesgos psicosociales en el lugar de trabajo y abordar algunos de los supuestos más habituales, con los que puede encontrarse el psicólogo en su práctica profesional. De hecho, el principal objetivo es facilitar una introducción al tema de riesgos psicosociales en el entorno laboral y plantear algunos de esos riesgos (ej. estrés laboral, Burnout, mobbing) que puedan ser de interés para los profesionales en Psicología y  Recursos Humanos. Asimismo, se describe –someramente- el contexto legal existente en Uruguay para abordar estos fenómenos. La importancia del estudio de estos factores radica en que la vigilancia y control sobre la salud laboral de los trabajadores, ha puesto de manifiesto que los riesgos presentes en el entorno laboral -y que suponen un importante peligro para la salud de las personas- no proceden exclusivamente de los factores físicos, sino que los factores psicosociales son muy importantes e influyen en la salud y el bienestar, es decir, en los estados de estrés que originan procesos físicos y / o psicológicos. Por último, se discute sobre la importancia de la prevención de riesgos laborales, como una herramienta útil para hacer frente a este tipo de situaciones.
THE «POWER» CONCEPT IN PUBLIC SPEECHES OF AMERICAN PRESIDENTS: SEMANTICS, SYNTAGMATICS AND PRAGMATICS
Authors:   ALEVTINA N. MOROZOVA Samara State University of Social Science and Education, Methodology Department, MOROZOVA ALEVTINA N. , TIURINA OLGA A. ,   OLGA A. TIURINA Samara State University of Social Science and Education, Methodology Department
Published: September 2021

The idea of power is crucial in political communication in general, and in American political communication, in particular. The article presents the analysis of the «power» concept as the key concept embodied in political discourse. Public speeches of two American presidents - Barack Obama and Donald Trump - over the time period from 2004 to 2019 were chosen as the material for this study. The analysis of the speeches from the viewpoints of lexical-semantic variants of the word power, its typical colligational (morpho-syntactic) and collocational (lexico-phraseological) peculiarities against the background of communicative strategies and tactics employed enabled to identify and describe the characteristic patterns of verbalizing the «power» concept. As a result, it was discovered that Obama’s discourse was characterized by integrative, informational and agonal strategies while Trump employed agonal and integrative strategies in his speeches. In the three meanings of the lexeme - 'authority, possession of control', 'strength, force', 'country, influential people', - invariant and variable morphological, syntactic, lexical, phraseological patterns were found. Among the invariant patterns, there was the use of the vocabulary representing American values and a number of tropes.
“LIVE” AND “DEAD” PARAPHRASING: A RESEARCH BASED ON THE SERVICES PROVIDED BY MODERN ONLINE PROGRAMMES
Authors:   IVAN S. SAMOKHIN Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, SAMOKHIN IVAN S. , NEPOMNYASHCHIKH NATALYA M. ,   NATALYA M. NEPOMNYASHCHIKH Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia
Published: September 2021

The article explores the essence and basic techniques of paraphrasing (rewriting) of a Russian-language scientific text. The motivation for the study were modern requirements for the publication activity of teaching and research staff of Russian universities. The attempts of assessing the level of services provided by “synonymizers” - online paraphrasing tools - for Russian scientific text samples have not been discussed in linguistic literature. The synonymizers available on the Internet were given a task to process the introductory paragraph from the article “Literary Pedagogy: Formation and Prospects” by E. M. Shastina and colleagues. It was found that the main method of paraphrasing that modern online services apply is the use of synonyms, along with such methods as selecting hyponyms and hypernyms, descriptive rewriting, changing the syntactic structure and adding lexical units that do not affect the content of the utterance. We conclude that at the present, synonymizers cannot compete with people - the quality of paraphrasing performed by all tested online services turned out unsatisfactory compared to the human-made version that involves the same techniques but with a completely different result. Besides, the article presents “The list of popular words and phrases used in scientific texts (with identical and similar vocabulary)” developed by the authors.
SYSTEMATIZATION OF SOME NAMES OF BIRDS IN THE TATAR LANGUAGE (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE SANDGROUSE FAMILY)
Authors:   RINAT T. SAFAROV G. Ibragimov Institute of Language, Literature and Art of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, SAFAROV RINAT T. , SAFINA ELVIRA I. ,   ELVIRA I. SAFINA G. Ibragimov Institute of Language, Literature and Art of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences
Published: September 2021

The current article aims at unifying ornithonyms of a particular family presented in different ways in various lexicographic sources. To achieve this goal, a review of the dictionaries of interest was carried out, their data were compared and analyzed, and a new terminology was proposed, corresponding to the most recent classification of taxa. According to the system we developed, the names of the genera of birds of the Sandgrouse family are reduced to two lexemes - саҗа (saja) and болдырык (boldyryk). To designate certain types, names were specified with words denoting a relevant feature of a particular type. In addition, the article discusses the etiology of terms, their distribution and meanings in various languages. Erroneous etymologies are also indicated. The research results might be useful in compiling new dictionaries of the Tatar language, as well as biology coursebooks in the Tatar language.
COMPARING NUMERALS IN OROCHON AND EVENKI
Authors:   Han Youfeng Research Institute for Interethnic Relation, YOUFENG HAN , SHUXIAN MENG ,   Meng Shuxian Department of National Affairs of Ethnic Minorities, MOROZOVA OLGA N. ,   Olga N. Morozova Amur State University, IVANASHKO YULIA P. ,   Yulia P. Ivanashko Amur State University, PROTSUKOVICH ELENA A. ,   Elena A. Protsukovich Amur State University, ANDROSOVA SVETLANA V. ,   Svetlana V. Androsova Amur State University, BULATOVA NADEZHDA YA. ,   NADEZHDA YA. BULATOVA Institute of Linguistic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: September 2021

The current article focuses upon the results of the numerals analysis and the ways of their forming in the Orochon language. The obtained data are compared with the existing data from previous studies on the numeral paradigm in the Evenki language. The study enabled to identify 8 subcategories of numerals in each language with 6 of them being similar. The main patterns to derive numerals are compounding and affixation. Compounding is the most productive pattern for cardinal and approximate numerals and fractions while ordinal numerals, measuring, distributive and limitative numerals, collective numerals to count animals are formed by adding suffixes. Genetic affinity of the Orochon and Evenki languages is expressed by the same or similar numeral stems and suffixes forming various numeral subcategories.
AUTOAND HETEROSTEREOTYPES OF CHINESE WOMEN AND MEN: APPEARANCE
Authors:   CHEN YAO Perm State University, YAO CHEN , EROFEEVA ELENA V. ,   ELENA V. EROFEEVA Perm State University
Published: September 2021

The current paper reports the results of sociolinguistic experiment that aimed to determine the language patterns of expressing gender auto- and heterostereotypes about female and male appearance. The data were obtained from questionnaires performed by 60 subjects (30 males and 30 females). Semantic and statistic analyses were used to process the subjects’ reactions. The obtained reactions were grouped in accordance with common semantic features, and it resulted in developing the field models of stereotypes structure with the core, middle zone and periphery. The study showed a considerable similarity of the total number of semantic features in the core zones for men and women. The middle zone (with the common features of “slim”, “height” and “behavior”) and the periphery (with no common features found) demonstrated rather differences than similarity that indicated incomplete stereotypization of the features. As expected, autostereotypes contained less negative features than heterostereotypes.
CONCERNING THE RATIONALISATION OF ENGLISH IDIOMS, PHRASAL VERBS AND COLLOCATIONS TEACHING TO STUDENTS OF NON-LINGUISTIC DEPARTMENTS
Authors:   IGOR V. BOICHUK Belgorod State National Research University, BOICHUK IGOR V. , ESHCHENKO IRINA O. ,   IRINA O. ESHCHENKO Belgorod State National Research University, LUKYANOVA ELENA V. ,   ELENA V. LUKYANOVA Belgorod State National Research University, BUBYREVA ZHANNA A. ,   ZHANNA A. BUBYREVA Belgorod State National Research University, TURNER IAN P. ,   IAN P. TURNER Belgorod State National Research University
Published: September 2021

This article considers the issue of rationalising of the English language idioms, phrasal verbs and collocations teaching, which is one of the most relevant fields in modern linguodidactics. The aim of the study is to identify the main methods of rationalisation available to the teacher in the field. We used the following methods: observation, experiment, data description and their analysis. As a result, we presented the history of the issue in Russian linguodidactics and lexicography, reviewed and analysed both theoretical and educational literature on the issue under study. The conclusions were made about the efficient ways to combine electronic resources with traditional printed materials, selective support in the native language, careful and finely attuned material selection, concentric presentation and consistent consolidation of the studied material based on students' majors as well as their individual character traits and native language. All this will combine to suggest the appropriate approach to the issue we are investigating.
ANALISIS KONSUMEN MEMILIH MINYAK MAKAN KEMASAN MENGGUNAKAN ANALYTICAL HIERARCHY PROCESS (AHP)
Authors: Azhar Asbon Hendra , Destari Ratih Adinda
Published: September 2021

Minyak makan  merupakan salah satu produk yang  dibutuhkan oleh Konsumen dalam memasak  jenis makanan. Di kehidupan sehari-hari tidak  semua minyak makan yang dipasarkan  akan dibeli oleh konsumen, karena ada beberapa aspek atau kriteria yang sangat dibutuhkan oleh konsumen untuk membeli produk minyak makan. Apalagi sekarang sudah ada produk minyak makan yang diproduksi dalam kemasan, sehingga konsumen tidak perlu repot lagi membelinya dan bisa disimpan dengan baik dimanapun disimpan . Mengatasi permasalahan tersebut diperlukan suatu  metode yang nantinya akan bisa mengambil suatu keputusan yang terbaik. Metode yang digunakan  adalah metode  Analitycal Hierarchy Process dimana merupakan  salah satu metode yang mampu merepresentasikan tingkat kepentingan berbagai pihak dengan mempertimbangkan saling keterkaitan antar kriteria yang ada sehingga bisa menghasilkan hasil terbaik dalam memilih jenis minyak makan  kemasan. Dalam penelitian ini didapat hasil skala prioritas yaitu untuk Minyak Makan Kemasan Bimoli  dengan nilai 0.2949, Sunco  nilai 0.253 , Kunci Mas nilai 0.2392  , dan Tropical  nilai 0.2123. Dimana hasil ini nantinya bisa menjadi referensi bagi konsumen untuk memilih Produk Minyak Makan Kemasan yang terbaik.
ANALISIS METODE KANO DAN OPTIMASI PADA LAYANAN WARUNG BAKSO
Authors: Elhias Mas Ayoe , Soeheri Soeheri , Kurniawan Helmi
Published: September 2021

Model Kano merupakan salah satu cara untuk mengetahui tingkat kepuasan konsumen terhadap pelayanan dan kualitas rasa makanan. Sedangkan metode optimasinya adalah dengan menghitung antrian yang ada di warung tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini dibuat untuk mengetahui tingkat kualitas pelayanan warung dan menghitung berapa antrian yang harus dilayani setiap jamnya. Warung Bakso Ojo lali merupakan warung bakso umum yang mampu memberikan pelayanan dengan kualitas terbaik, sehingga tercipta kepuasan bagi para pelanggannya. Berbagai macam keluhan yang sering muncul baik di media cetak maupun dari pengamatan awal membuat analisis indikator kualitas pelayanan Bakso Ojo Lali menjadi penting untuk dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui indikator kepuasan konsumen khususnya indikator mana yang paling berpengaruh terhadap kenaikan dan penurunan tingkat kepuasan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan menggunakan diagram Kano dan optimasi antrian untuk menganalisis dan mengkategorikan atribut-atribut kualitas pelayanan, berdasarkan seberapa baik tingkat pelayanan mampu memuaskan kebutuhan pelanggan Warung Bakso Ojo Lali. Hasil analisis nilai diagram Kano lebih baik dan terburuk diketahui atribut-atribut yang mempengaruhi peningkatan kepuasan pelanggan. Optimasi Antrian ini untuk mengetahui jumlah antrian yang ada dalam pelayana, dalam optimasi ini juga dapat diketahui waktu tunggu pelayanan yang akan diberikan kepada konsumen berdasarkan waktu pelayanan yang diberikan kepada masin-masing konsumen.Berdasarkan hasil analisis ini optimasi antrian dan analisis kano dapat diintegrasisikan menjadi satu kesatuan guna memperoleh kualitas pelayanan dan waktu pelayanan dalam antrian yang akan menghasilakan sebuah kualitas pelayanan.