bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Autonomy in Maternal Accounts of Birth after Cesarean
Authors: Soliday Elizabeth ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: November 2013

Following decades of maltreatment of women in obstetric care, professional respect for maternal autonomy in obstetric decision making and care have become codified in global and national professional ethical guidelines. Yet, using the example of birth after cesarean, identifiable threats to maternal autonomy in obstetrics continue. This paper focuses on how current scientific knowledge and obstetric practice patterns factor into restricted maternal autonomy as evidenced in three representative maternal accounts obtained prior and subsequent to birth after cesarean. Short- and long-term remedies to improve the current state of restricted maternal autonomy in clinical practice surrounding decision making on birth after cesarean are provided.
Contribuição palinológica ao conhecimento do Subgrupo Itararé na Serra dos Paes, sul do Estado de São Paulo
Authors: Souza Paulo Alves de , Vesely Fernando Farias , Assine Mario Luis
Published: November 2013

Este trabalho constitui a primeira contribuição paleontológica para o Subgrupo Itararé na Serra dos Paes, sul do Estado de São Paulo, correspondendo à porção superior da unidade na área. Quinze táxons foram reconhecidos, dos quais dois são inéditos para a porção brasileira da Bacia do Paraná: Granulatisporites austroamericanus Archangelsky & Gamerro e Protohaploxypinus panaki Utting. A assembléia é dominada por grãos de pólen teniados e poliplicados, destacando-se os gêneros Protohaploxypinus, Vittatina e Complexisporites, enquanto que esporos e grãos de pólen não-teniados são raros. Considerando o arcabouço palinobioestratigráfico da Bacia do Paraná e das bacias gondvânicas circunvizinhas, a idade da assembléia é considerada eopermiana (Sakmariano).
Ocorrência de fosfato de terras raras na Formação Resende, Paleógeno do Rift Continental do Sudeste do Brasil
Authors: Sant'anna Lucy Gomes , Riccomini Claudio , Valarelli José Vicente
Published: November 2013

A partir de estudos petrográficos e análises por MEV/EDS e DRX foi identificado fosfato de cálcio e terras raras (La, Nd) em depósito de lamito argilo-arenoso da Formação Resende, situado na borda norte da bacia homônima. Tendo em vista suas características morfológicas (hábito prismático hexagonal) e composição química, este m,ineral foi atribuído ao grupo do rabdofânio. Este fosfato é autigênico e sua origem é relacionada à dissolução de apatita detrítica, provavelmente a partir de soluções hidrotermais alcalinas, as quais teriam ainda fornecido parte dos elementos necessários a sua cristalização.
Colorado Floods Test Endurance, Skill of Utility Personnel
Authors: Buehrer Judi
Published: November 2013

Fast‐thinking, well‐trained staffs helped Colorado water utilities respond to and mitigate damage resulting from a 1,000‐year flood.
Innovative Residuals Management Yields Big Dividends
Authors: Kosterman Michael
Published: November 2013

Environmental concerns, regulatory requirements, and rising costs prompted the Racine Water Utility to rethink its decades‐old residuals‐handling procedures, resulting in streamlined processes and monetary savings.
What Are Some Best Practices for Safely Handling Chlorine and Other Dangerous Chemicals?
Authors: Morrison Scott
Published: November 2013

Those who work with chemicals such as chlorine should understand the hazards and take precautions to protect themselves, their co‐workers, utility facilities, and neighbors in the event of a leak or accident.
Los inmigrantes vistos por los españoles. Entre la amenaza y la competencia (1997-2007)
Authors: Checa Olmos Juan Carlos , Garrido Ángeles Arjona
Published: November 2013

The aim of this article is to analyze the attitude of the Spanish population towards immigration from 1997 to 2007. The information is obtained from the survey of attitudes and opinions regarding immigration in Spain administered by ASEP. The results show that, with the passage of time, an increase in anti-immigrant feelings has taken place. The main variables that explain this increase are on the one hand, the threat defined by the number of perceived immigrants and the loss of national identity, and, on the other hand, the competition for the economic and social resources and the state investment destined to immigration.
Versatile Functionalization of the Micropatterned Hydrogel of Hyperbranched Poly(ether amine) Based on “Thiol‐yne” Chemistry
Authors: Xu Yanling , Xu Hongjie , Jiang Xuesong , Yin Jie
Published: November 2013

The functionalization of a hydrogel with target molecules is one of the key steps in its various applications. Here, a versatile approach is demonstrated to functionalize a micropatterned hydrogel, which is formed by “thiol‐yne” photo‐click reaction between the yne‐ended hyperbranched poly(ether amine) (hPEA‐yne) and thiol‐containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (PEG‐POSS‐SH). By controlling the molar ratio between hPEA‐yne and PEG‐POSS‐SH, patterned hydrogels containing thiol or yne groups are obtained. A series of thiol‐based click chemistry such as “thiol‐epoxy”, “thiol‐halogen”, “thiol‐ene”, and “thiol‐isocyanate” are used to functionalize the thiol‐containing hydrogel (Gel‐1), while the yne‐containing hydrogel (Gel‐2) is functionalized through a typical copper‐catalysed alkyne‐azide reaction (CuAAC). FTIR, UV‐vis spectra and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) are used to trace these click reactions. Due to the selective adsorption to the hydrophilic dyes, the obtained patterned hydrogel of hPEA modified with fluorescence dye is further demonstrated in application for the recognition of guest molecules.
Testosterone concentrations in young healthy us versus Chinese men
Authors: Xu L. , Au Yeung S.L. , Kavikondala S. , Leung G.M. , Schooling C.M.
Published: November 2013

Background

Previous small studies examining differences in testosterone concentrations by ethnicity found mixed results for Caucasians and Chinese men, which might be confounded by age differences and living standards. The aim of the present study is to examine the differences in total, free, and bioavailable testosterone concentrations between healthy young men from the United States (US) and from the most economically developed part of China, i.e., Hong Kong (HK).

Methods

Cross‐sectional analysis based on 365 young men from the Third National Health and Nutrition examination Survey (NHANES III) in the US and 299 Chinese men recruited from university students. All participants were aged from 18 to 29 years. Main outcome measures were total testosterone (TT) and calculated bioavailable testosterone (Bio T) and free testosterone (FT).

Results

In both US and Chinese men, TT, FT, and Bio T concentration peaked at 20–24 years of age, at 23.19, 0.49, and 12.23 nmol/l in US men, and 20.72, 0.48 and 12.59 nmol/l in Chinese men, respectively. Among those aged 18–24 years, after adjusting for age, US men had higher TT (mean, 95% confidence interval: 21.64, 21.31–21.99 versus 20.20, 20.12–20.28 nmol/l), but not FT (0.47, 0.47–0.48 versus 0.47, 0.47–0.47 nmol/l) or Bio T (11.90, 11.83–11.97 versus 12.39, 12.35–12.42 nmol/l) than Chinese men.

Conclusions

TT, but not FT or Bio T concentrations are lower in young healthy Chinese men than US men. These differences apparent in young men may be important in understanding different patterns of diseases between Western and Asian populations. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:99–102, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genomics, the origins of agriculture, and our changing microbe‐scape: Time to revisit some old tales and tell some new ones
Authors: Harper Kristin N. , Armelagos George J.
Published: November 2013

Though agriculture is often viewed as one of humanity's crowning achievements, skeletal evidence indicates that dependence on domesticated plants and animals was accompanied by an increase in infectious disease. Scientists have proposed that many important infections emerged in the period following the advent of agriculture, as a result of newly dense populations and novel proximity to domestic animals that served as reservoirs for novel pathogens. Here, we review genomic evidence regarding pathogen origins, analyzing these data using the epidemiological transition framework. Genetic information has forced us to reconsider how and when many important pathogens emerged; it appears that a number of infections thought to result from contact with domesticated animals arose much earlier than agriculture was adopted. We also consider the broader effect of agriculture upon the microbiome, exploring potential consequences for human health. We end by discussing the changes in the human microbe‐scape we are likely to see in the future. Am J Phys Anthropol 57:135–152, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hybrid sol gel coating: A solution to prevent interactions between plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) and injectable drugs?
Authors: Bernard Lise , Cueff Régis , Massard Christophe , Blavignac Christelle , Awitor Komla O. , Chopineau Jean , Sautou Valérie
Published: November 2013

During the infusion of drugs with medical devices in plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) release of plasticizers in the injectable solution and/or sorption of drugs on PVC may occur. Thus, patient safety and/or effectiveness of his therapy may be altered. In this study, we assessed the efficiency of a sol gel hybrid coating in preventing plasticizers' release (di‐(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)) from PVC matrix and drug sorption into PVC. Remaining concentrations of drugs and plasticizer's concentration released after migration tests were assessed by liquid chromatography. Migration processes were followed by Fourier Transform Infrared – Attenuated Total Reflectance (FTIR‐ATR) spectroscopy and PVC surface changes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). An evaluation of the mechanical properties of both uncoated and coated polymer was done. The hybrid coating protects PVC from plasticizers leaching. Sorption of drugs tested is also limited. However, the protection against plasticized PVC interactions isn't optimal, probably due to a degradation of the layer, as shown on SEM microphotographs. Furthermore improvements might provide an efficient barrier to advert risks impaired to PVC interactions, to provide patient care safety. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40145.
Influence of chitosan derivatization on its physicochemical characteristics and its use as enzyme support
Authors: Urrutia Paulina , Bernal Claudia , Escobar Sindy , Santa Cristiam , Mesa Monica , Wilson Lorena , Illanes Andres
Published: November 2013

Chitosan was derivatized by two methodologies for analyzing their effect on chitosan physicochemical characteristics and its applicability as carrier for Bacillus circulans β‐galactosidase immobilization. Glutaraldehyde (GA) and epichlorohydrin (EPI) were used for crosslinking and activation of chitosan, producing the corresponding supports (C‐GA and C‐EPI‐EPI) after a one‐step and a two‐step process, respectively. The spherical shape and mean diameter of chitosan particles was not significantly affected by polymer derivatization, while Fourier transform infrared analysis showed that in both cases, chitosan polymer was chemically modified. TGA analysis indicated that C‐EPI‐EPI was the most thermally stable. The high degree of activation of C‐EPI‐EPI (586 μmol of aldehydes/g) resulted in the highest loss of activity during immobilization; hence a support with 100 μmol of aldehydes/g was produced (C‐EPI‐EPI100). The highest expressed activity (89.3 IU/g) was obtained with the enzyme immobilized in C‐GA, while the biocatalyst with highest thermal stability at 60°C was obtained with C‐EPI‐EPI100 (half‐life was 84‐fold higher than the one of the soluble enzyme). The best compromise between biocatalyst expressed activity and thermal stability corresponded to β‐galactosidase immobilized in C‐EPI‐EPI100. According to this study, chitosan derivatized with EPI is a thermally stable carrier appropriate for producing highly stable immobilized B. circulans β‐galactosidase. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40171.
MicroRNA‐451 Down‐Regulates Neutrophil Chemotaxis via p38 MAPK
Authors: Murata Koichi , Yoshitomi Hiroyuki , Furu Moritoshi , Ishikawa Masahiro , Shibuya Hideyuki , Ito Hiromu , Matsuda Shuichi
Published: November 2013

Objective

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small noncoding RNAs that regulate the activity of target messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and cellular processes. MicroRNA‐451 (miR‐451) is one of the miRNAs that is conserved perfectly among vertebrates, and it regulates cell proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis in tumors. However, the role of miR‐451 in autoimmune arthritis is unknown. This study was undertaken to identify the role of miR‐451 in autoimmune arthritis.

Methods

We compared the expression of miR‐451 in neutrophils from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and healthy controls. We also evaluated the role of miR‐451 in neutrophil chemotaxis in vivo and in vitro using murine neutrophils. The regulation of p38 MAPK by miR‐451 was assessed. Double‐stranded miR‐451 was administered to SKG mice, the arthritis score was determined, and histologic examination was performed.

Results

MicroRNA‐451 expression in neutrophils isolated from patients with RA was lower than that in healthy controls. Systemic administration of miR‐451 significantly disrupted the infiltration of neutrophils in an air‐pouch model of local inflammation without affecting apoptosis of neutrophils. Overexpression of miR‐451 significantly suppressed the migration of neutrophils to fMLP. We identified CPNE3 and Rab5a as direct targets of miR‐451. Overexpression of miR‐451 suppressed the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK via 14‐3‐3ζ, a known target of miR‐451, and Rab5a. In SKG mice, miR‐451 treatment reduced the severity of arthritis and the number of infiltrating cells.

Conclusion

These results suggest that miR‐451 suppresses neutrophil chemotaxis via p38 MAPK and is a potential target in the treatment of RA.
Mice Exposed to Diagnostic Ultrasound In Utero Are Less Social and More Active in Social Situations Relative to Controls
Authors: McClintic Abbi M. , King Bryan H. , Webb Sara J. , Mourad Pierre D.
Published: November 2013

Clinical use of diagnostic ultrasound imaging during pregnancy has a long history of safety and diagnostic utility, as supported by numerous human case reports and epidemiological studies. However, there exist in vivo studies linking large but clinically relevant doses of ultrasound applied to mouse fetuses in utero to altered learning, memory, and neuroanatomy of those mice. Also, there exists a well‐documented significant increase in the likelihood of non‐right‐handedness in boys exposed to diagnostic ultrasound in utero, potentially relevant given the increased prevalence of autism in males, and reports of excess non‐right‐handedness in this population. Motivated by these observations, we applied 30 minutes of diagnostic ultrasound to pregnant mice at embryonic day 14.5 and assayed the social behavior of their male pups 3 weeks after their birth. The ultrasound‐exposed pups were significantly (P < 0.01) less interested in social interaction than sham‐exposed pups in a three‐chamber sociability test. In addition, they demonstrated significantly (P < 0.05) more activity relative to the sham‐exposed pups, but only in the presence of an unfamiliar mouse. These results suggest that fetal exposure to diagnostic ultrasound applied in utero can alter typical social behaviors in young mice that may be relevant for autism. There exist meaningful differences between the exposure of diagnostic ultrasound to mice versus humans that require further exploration before this work can usefully inform clinical practice. Future work should address these differences as well as clarify the extent, mechanisms, and functional effects of diagnostic ultrasound's interaction with the developing brain. Autism Res 2014, 7: 295–304. © 2013 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimization potential of biomass supply chains with torrefaction technology
Authors: Batidzirai Bothwell , van der Hilst Floor , Meerman Hans , Junginger Martin H. , Faaij André P.C.
Published: November 2013

This study compared the economic and environmental impacts of torrefaction on bioenergy supply chains against conventional pellets for scenarios where biomass is produced in Mozambique, and undergoes pre‐processing before shipment to Rotterdam for conversion to power and Fischer‐Tropsch (FT) fuels. We also compared the impacts of using different land quality (productive and marginal) for feedstock production, feedstocks (eucalyptus and switchgrass), final conversion technologies (XtY and CXtY) and markets (the Netherlands and Mozambique). At current conditions, the torrefied pellets (TOPs) are delivered in Rotterdam at higher cost (7.3–7.5 $/GJ) than pellets (5.1–5.3 $/GJ). In the long term, TOPs costs could decline (4.7–5.8 $/GJ) and converge with pellets. TOPs supply chains also incur 20% lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions than pellets. Due to improved logistics and lower conversion investment, fuel production costs from TOPs are lower (12.8–16.9 $/GJFT) than from pellets (12.9–18.7 $/GJFT). Co‐firing scenarios (CXtY) result in lower cost fuel (but a higher environmental penalty) than 100% biomass fired scenarios (XtY). In most cases, switchgrass and the productive region of Nampula provide the lowest fuel production cost compared to eucalyptus and the marginally productive Gaza region. Both FT and ion in Mozambique are more costly than in Rotterdam. For the Netherlands, both FT and power production are competitive against average energy costs in Western Europe. The analysis shows that large‐scale bioenergy production can become competitive against fossil fuels. While the benefits of TOPs are apparent in logistics and conversion, the current higher torrefaction costs contribute to higher biofuel costs. Improvements in torrefaction technology can result in significant performance improvements over the future chain. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
One‐Pot Synthesis of (−)‐Oseltamivir and Mechanistic Insights into the Organocatalyzed Michael Reaction
Authors: Mukaiyama Takasuke , Ishikawa Hayato , Koshino Hiroyuki , Hayashi Yujiro
Published: November 2013

The one‐pot sequential synthesis of (−)‐oseltamivir has been achieved without evaporation or solvent exchange in 36 % yield over seven reactions. The key step was the asymmetric Michael reaction of pentan‐3‐yloxyacetaldehyde with (Z)‐N‐2‐nitroethenylacetamide, catalyzed by a diphenylprolinol silyl ether. The use of a bulky O‐silyl‐substituted diphenylprolinol catalyst, chlorobenzene as a solvent, and HCO2H as an acid additive, were key to produce the first Michael adduct in both excellent yield and excellent diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity. Investigation into the effect of acid demonstrated that an acid additive accelerates not only the E–Z isomerization of the enamines derived from pentan‐3‐yloxyacetaldehyde with diphenylprolinol silyl ether, but also ring opening of the cyclobutane intermediate and the addition reaction of the enamine to (Z)‐N‐2‐nitroethenylacetamide. The transition‐state model for the Michael reaction of pentan‐3‐yloxyacetaldehyde with (Z)‐N‐2‐nitroethenylacetamide was proposed by consideration of the absolute configuration of the major and minor isomers of the Michael product with the results of the Michael reaction of pentan‐3‐yloxyacetaldehyde with phenylmaleimide and naphthoquinone.
Synthesis, Coordination Chemistry, and Cooperative Activation of H2 with Ruthenium Complexes of Proton‐Responsive METAMORPhos Ligands
Authors: Terrade Frédéric G. , Lutz Martin , van der Vlugt Jarl Ivar , Reek Joost N. H.
Published: November 2013

The synthetic scope of proton‐responsive sulfonamidophosphorus (METAMORPhos) ligands is expanded and design principles for the selective formation of particular tautomers, ion pairs, or double condensation products are elucidated. These systems have been introduced in the coordination sphere of Ru for the first time, thereby enabling the exclusive coordination as a monoanionic P,O chelate. Depending on the Ru precursor, halide‐bridged dinuclear species 3–5 or cymene‐derived piano‐stool complexes 6–9 are isolated. The METAMORPhos framework is shown to play a role in the heterolytic cleavage of H2, with species 7 converted into neutral monohydride 10. Substitution chemistry with cymene complex 7 has also been examined, thereby giving rise to tetrakis(acetonitrile) adduct 11. Introduction of a second equivalent of METAMORPhos ligand to this species yielded the bis(ligated) derivative 13, for which variable‐temperature (VT) NMR spectroscopy indicates coalescence of the phosphine donors at high temperature. Solid‐state structures of 3, 6, 11, and 13 are presented to establish the precise bonding situation of the inorganic PNSO framework within METAMORPhos upon coordination as a proton‐responsive monoanionic P,O chelate.
Spatial and temporal variation, source profile, and formation mechanisms of PCDD/Fs in the atmosphere of an e-waste recycling area, South China
Authors: Xiao Xiao , Hu Jianfang , Chen Pei , Chen Deyi , Huang Weilin , Peng Ping'an , Ren Man
Published: November 2013

The present study investigated the impact of typical electronic waste (e-waste) dismantling activities on the distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in the adjacent atmospheric environment. The target areas included the town of Longtang, a well known e-waste recycling site, and 2 affected neighborhoods, all of which were within the city of Qingyuan, Guangdong Province, China. Air samples were collected from the 3 locations and analyzed following the standard methods. The results showed that the atmospheric PCDD/F level in Longtang was 159.41 pg m−3, which was approximately 16 to 17 times higher than its neighborhoods and 2 to 4 orders of magnitude higher than baseline levels reported for urban cities of the world. The homologue profiles were quite different from the typical urban air patterns, as de novo synthesis was likely to be the dominant formation pathway of the detected PCDD/Fs. The seasonal variations were minor, and the concentration change of PCDD/Fs between day and night did not follow a clear pattern. Given the unique atmospheric PCDD/F concentrations, similar homologue profiles, and the elemental carbon/organic carbon relationships of the 3 sampling sites, the relatively high dioxin levels in its 2 neighborhoods were most likely the result of the primitive e-waste dismantling activities undertaken in the town of Longtang. A simple risk assessment also showed that the residents of Qingyuan were at high risk of exposure to PCDD/Fs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:500–507. © 2013 SETAC
First‐Line Managers' HR Involvement and HR Effectiveness: The Case of South Korea
Authors: Ryu Seongmin , Kim Sunghoon
Published: November 2013

In this study, we empirically examine the consequences of devolving HR responsibilities to first‐line managers (FLMs) who make daily contacts with frontline workers. Drawing from HR strength theory, we propose that FLMs' involvement in HR enhances HR effectiveness. We also argue that the positive relationship between FLMs' HR involvement and HR effectiveness is compromised when a company employs an institutionally emerging HR system, and that this negative combinative effect will be alleviated by transferring HR knowledge to FLMs. We tested the hypothesized relationships using panel survey data from South Korea (N = 215). The results of our hierarchical regression analysis generally support our claims. Implications, limitations, and future research directions are also discussed. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
OPENNESS AND GROWTH: STILL AN OPEN QUESTION?
Authors: Winters L. Alan , Masters Andrew
Published: November 2013

We review recent empirical literature on the relationship between openness and the level of national income or, nearly equivalently, trade liberalisation and economic growth. Recent advances reinforce the presumption of a positive causal link from trade to income, especially by solving endogeneity issues more carefully than heretofore and by allowing for heterogeneity between countries. Heterogeneity suggests that low‐income countries may benefit less from trade liberalisation than do other countries, but this is not completely settled. We also argue for analysing policy decisions on trade policy with tools from decision theory rather than those from hypothesis testing. © 2013 Crown copyright. Journal of International Development © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Directly investigating the interaction between aptamers and thrombin by atomic force microscopy
Authors: Jiao Fang , Fan Huajun , Yang Guangda , Zhang Fan , He Pingang
Published: November 2013

Aptamers are single‐stranded nucleic acid molecules that can be used for protein recognition, detection, and inhibition. Over the past decades, two thrombin‐binding aptamers (15apt and 27apt) were reported by systemic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment technique. Though many studies have been reported about the interactions between the aptamers and thrombin by atomic force microscopy, the thrombins in those studies were all immobilized by chemical agents. Recently, we developed a new method using atomic force microscopy to directly investigate the specific interactions between thrombin and its two aptamers without immobilizing the thrombin. Furthermore, the unbinding dynamics and dissociation energy landscapes of aptamer/thrombin were discussed. The results indicate that the underlying interaction mechanisms of thrombin with its two aptamers will be similar despite that the structures of 15apt and 27apt are different in buffer solution. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐gaussian diffusion‐weighted imaging for assessing diurnal changes in intervertebral disc microstructure
Authors: Katsura Masaki , Suzuki Yuichi , Hata Junichi , Hori Masaaki , Sasaki Hiroki , Akai Hiroyuki , Mori Harushi , Kunimatsu Akira , Masutani Yoshitaka , Aoki Shigeki , Ohtomo Kuni
Published: November 2013

Purpose

To investigate the use of non‐Gaussian diffusion‐weighted imaging (q‐space imaging [QSI]) to estimate diurnal changes in intervertebral disc (IVD) microstructure.

Materials and Methods

IVDs of 15 male subjects (mean age, 27.3 years; mean body mass index, 22.50 kg/m2) were investigated once in the morning, less than 30 min after rising, and a second time in the evening after at least 10 h of normal physical activity, using 3 Tesla (T) MR imaging. T2 mapping and QSI data values (apparent diffusion coefficient [ADC], root mean square displacement [RMSD], and apparent kurtosis coefficient [AKC]) were calculated and compared between the morning and evening imaging sessions.

Results

The T2, ADC, and RMSD values showed a significant decrease in the evening (175.8 ± 49.5 ms, 1.56 ± 0.32 10−3mm2/s and 40.0 ± 3.0 μm, respectively; P < 0.05 for all values; paired t‐test), when compared with the morning values (226.5 ± 83.8 ms, 1.69 ± 0.29 10−3mm2/s and 45.2 ± 2.9 μm, respectively). The AKC value showed a significant increase in the evening (0.67 ± 0.08), when compared with the morning value (0.58 ± 0.04; P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The RMSD and AKC values obtained from QSI analysis may be biomarkers for IVD diurnal microstructural changes.J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;40:1208–1214. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Increased in vitro glial fibrillary acidic protein expression, telomerase activity, and telomere length after productive human immunodeficiency virus‐1 infection in murine astrocytes
Authors: Ojeda Diego , López‐Costa Juan José , Sede Mariano , López Ester María , Berria María Isabel , Quarleri Jorge
Published: November 2013

Although HIV‐associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) result from injury and loss of neurons, productive infection routinely takes place in cells of macrophage lineage. In such a complex context, astrocytosis induced by local chemokines/cytokines is one of the hallmarks of HIV neuropathology. Whether this sustained astrocyte activation is able to alter telomere‐aging process is unknown. We hypothesized that interaction of HIV with astrocytes may impact astrocyte telomerase activity (TA) and telomere length in a scenario of astrocytic activation measured by expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). To test this hypothesis, cultured murine astrocytes were challenged with pseudotyped HIV/vesicular stomatitis virus (HIV/VSV) to circumvent the absence of viral receptors; and GFAP, telomerase activity, and telomere length were quantified. As an early and transient event after HIV infection, both TA activity and telomere length were significantly augmented (P < 0.001). Later, a strong negative correlation (−0.8616, P < 0.0001) between virus production and telomerase activity was demonstrated. Once HIV production had reached a peak (7 dpi), the TA decreased, showing levels similar to those of noninfected cells. In contrast, the astrocyte became activated, exhibiting significantly increased levels of GFAP expression directly related to the level of HIV/VSV replication (P < 0.0001). Our results suggest that HIV‐infected astrocytes exhibit early disturbance in their cellular functions, such as telomerase activity and telomere length, that may attenuate cell proliferation and enhance the astrocyte dysregulation, contributing to HIV neuropathogenesis. Understanding the mechanisms involved in HIV‐mediated persistence by altering the telomere‐related aging processes could aid in the development of therapeutic modalities for neurological complications of HIV infection. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
INCREASING THE UPTAKE OF PERITONEAL DIALYSIS IN NEW ZEALAND: A NATIONAL SURVEY
Authors: Walker Rachael Claire , Marshall Mark Roger
Published: November 2013

Background

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) has been shown to offer a high quality of life and independence to patients. New Zealand (NZ) is a world leader in home dialysis, yet over the last decade, rates of PD have been steadily decreasing for unknown reasons.

Objectives

This paper reports on the findings of a national survey which explored the clinicians' perspectives on key factors that influence the rate of PD.

Design

Ten multi‐answer questions were asked of several groups of dialysis health professionals to assess factors that are barriers and enablers to PD, including patient choice of dialysis modality, information about PD and pre‐dialysis education delivery. All NZ nephrologists, pre‐dialysis and PD nurses were invited to complete an anonymous online survey. Responses were analysed to identify perceived barriers and enablers influencing the rate of PD uptake amongst incident dialysis patients.

Results

Completed surveys were received from 52% of nephrologists, 100% of pre‐dialysis nurses and 50% of PD nurses in NZ. In NZ, patients are offered a choice of dialysis modality with pre‐dialysis nurses delivering the majority of education. The most frequently identified barriers to uptake of PD were lack of information about PD, established misconceptions about PD and late referrals to dialysis. Important enablers were early and frequent pre‐dialysis education. The only two factors which were reported as very important contraindications to PD were dexterity and decreased cognitive function.

Conclusion

Early and frequent pre‐dialysis education encourages patients to choose PD and enables early identification and resolution of barriers to the uptake of PD.
Disciplinary and Fitness‐to‐Practice Data, Policies, and Practices in the NHS Trusts and Health Professional Bodies in the UK
Authors: Archibong Uduak , Baxter Carol Elaine , Darr Aliya , Walton Sean , Jogi Mohamed
Published: November 2013

It is important that NHS organizations have the ability to apply disciplinary procedures to ensure that staff behave in an appropriate and professional manner. Anecdotal evidence and a growing body of empirical studies indicates that Black minority ethnic (BME) doctors are more likely to be referred to the General Medical Council. Comparatively, less is known about the experiences of minority ethnic staff from other occupational groups within the NHS. This paper presents the findings abstracted from a larger study to assess the extent of involvement of BME staff in disciplinary procedures within the NHS. The study comprises several distinct phases, including a web audit of NHS trusts and examination of disciplinary policies and practices through workshops with human resources managers and representatives of health profession regulatory bodies alongside workshops with service managers to validate study recommendations to ensure relevance to the end users. Sufficient attention was not always given to transmit the ethos and values of the NHS, nor the organizational culture in which staff would be expected to work. There was repeated mention of a custom and practice culture existing within the NHS that was seen as perpetuating unwritten workplace norms and was instrumental in reproducing inequalities.
Topical immunotherapy with diphencyprone for in transit and cutaneously metastatic melanoma
Authors: Damian Diona L. , Saw Robyn P.M. , Thompson John F.
Published: November 2013

Topical diphencyprone (DPCP) can be used to treat in transit and cutaneously metastastatic melanoma. To date, 50 patients have received DPCP therapy for at least 1 month at our institution, with complete clearance of cutaneous disease in 46% and partial response in a further 38% of patients. Topical immunotherapy with DPCP is inexpensive and well‐tolerated and should be considered in patients with skin metastases unsuitable for or refractory to other forms of therapy. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 109:308–313. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Breeding bird use and wetland characteristics of diked and undiked coastal marshes in Michigan
Authors: Monfils Michael J. , Brown Patrick W. , Hayes Daniel B. , Soulliere Gregory J. , Kafcas Ernest N.
Published: November 2013

Dikes were built on Great Lakes coastal wetlands to enable water level management for wetland wildlife, particularly waterfowl, but few studies have compared bird use of these areas to undiked sites. During 2005–2007, we evaluated 9 diked and 7 undiked coastal wetlands at the St. Clair Flats (Lake St. Clair) and Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron) of Michigan, USA. We compared bird use of diked and undiked wetlands via 605 10‐minute point counts at randomly selected locations of emergent marsh and 287 45‐minute surveys of randomly selected open water areas. We also measured wetland characteristics in 1,521 randomly selected 0.25‐m2 quadrats to compare vegetation and physical conditions between diked and undiked wetlands. Diked wetlands had greater coverage and density of cattail (Typha spp.), coverage of floating‐leaved plants, water depth, and organic sediment depth compared to nearby undiked sites, whereas undiked wetlands had greater coverage and density of common reed (Phragmites australis) and bulrush (Schoenoplectus spp.) than diked wetlands. Bird species richness and similarity indices indicated comparable breeding bird communities. We observed greater abundances of Canada goose (Branta canadensis), wood duck (Aix sponsa), American bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus), least bittern (Ixobrychus exilis), and common gallinule (Gallinula galeata) in diked wetlands. These species likely responded to the deep‐water cattail marsh and aquatic bed dominating most diked sites. American coot (Fulica americana), Forster's tern (Sterna forsteri), ring‐billed gull (Larus delawarensis), and herring gull (Larus argentatus) abundance indices were greater in undiked wetlands, likely related to nesting and foraging habitat provided by the shallower, more open wetlands and connecting lakes. Diked wetlands did not benefit the bird community to the degree expected and conditions in diked areas were indicative of deep marshes with stabilized water levels. Periodic late‐summer drawdowns could encourage growth of plants we found associated with greater abundance of some priority bird species and reduction of floating vegetation negatively associated with abundance of several species. However, effective control of invasive common reed is needed to reduce risk of expansion during impoundment dewatering. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Osteopontin mediates tumorigenic transformation of a preneoplastic murine cell line by suppressing anoikis: An Arg‐Gly‐Asp‐dependent‐focal adhesion kinase‐caspase‐8 axis
Authors: Hsieh Yu‐Hua , van der Heyde Henri , Oh Eok‐Soo , Guan Jun‐Lin , Chang Pi‐Ling
Published: November 2013

Osteopontin (OPN), an adhesive, matricellular glycoprotein, is a rate‐limiting factor in tumor promotion of skin carcinogenesis. With a tumor promotion model, the JB6 Cl41.5a cell line, we have shown that suppressing 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA)‐induced OPN expression markedly inhibits TPA‐induced colony formation in soft agar, an assay indicative of tumorigenic transformation. Further, the addition of exogenous OPN promotes colony formation of these cells. These findings support a function of OPN in mediating TPA‐induced neoplastic transformation of JB6 cells. In regard to the mechanism of action by OPN, we hypothesized that, for JB6 cells grown in soft‐agar, secreted OPN induced by TPA stimulates cell proliferation and/or prevents anoikis to facilitate TPA‐induced colony formation. Analyses of cell cycle and cyclin D1 expression, and direct cell counting of JB6 cells treated with OPN indicate that OPN does not stimulate cell proliferation relative to non‐treated controls. Instead, at 24 h, OPN decreases anoikis by 41%, as assessed by annexin V assays. Further, in suspended cells OPN suppresses caspase‐8 activation, which is mediated specifically through its RGD‐cell binding motif that transduces signals through integrin receptors. Transfection studies with wild‐type and mutant focal adhesion kinases (FAK) and Western blot analyses suggest that OPN suppression of caspase‐8 activation is mediated through phosphorylation of FAK at Tyr861. In summary, these studies indicate that induced OPN is a microenvironment modulator that facilitates tumorigenic transformation of JB6 cells by inhibiting anoikis through its RGD‐dependent suppression of caspase‐8 activity, which is mediated in part through the activation of FAK at Tyr861. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The analysis of serum response factor expression in bone and soft tissue prostate cancer metastases
Authors: O'Hurley Gillian , Prencipe Maria , Lundon Dara , O'Neill Amanda , Boyce Susie , O'Grady Anthony , Gallagher William M. , Morrissey Colm , Kay Elaine W. , Watson R. William G.
Published: November 2013

BACKGROUND

Castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) represents a challenge to treat with no effective treatment options available. We recently identified serum response factor (SRF) as a key transcription factor in an in vitro model of castration resistance where we showed that SRF inhibition resulted in reduced cellular proliferation. We also demonstrated an association between SRF protein expression and CRPC in a cohort of castrate‐resistant transurethral resections of the prostate (TURPS). The mechanisms regulating the growth of CRPC bone and visceral metastases have not been explored in depth due to the paucity of patient‐related material available for analysis. In this study, we aim to evaluate SRF protein expression in prostate cancer (PCa) metastases, which has not previously been reported.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We evaluated the nuclear tissue expression profile of SRF by immunohistochemistry in 151 metastatic sites from 42 patients who died of advanced PCa. No relationship between SRF nuclear expression and the site of metastasis was observed (P = 0.824). However, a negative association between SRF nuclear expression in bone metastases and survival from (a) diagnosis with PCa (P = 0.005) and (b) diagnosis with CRPC (P = 0.029) was seen. These results demonstrate that SRF nuclear expression in bone metastases is associated with survival, with patients with the shortest survival showing high SRF nuclear expression and patients with the longest survival having low SRF nuclear expression.

CONCLUSION

Our study indicates that SRF is a key factor determining patients' survival in metastatic CRPC and therefore may represent a promising target for future therapies. Prostate 74:306–313, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Planning Cycle for Integrating Digital Technology Into Literacy Instruction
Authors: Hutchison Amy , Woodward Lindsay
Published: November 2013

With the adoption of the Common Core State Standards by most states, the use of digital tools in literacy and language arts instruction has become of critical importance to educators. These changes produce a need for a better understanding of how literacy and language arts teachers can successfully integrate digital tools into their instruction and the types of knowledge they employ as they do so. Thus, the purpose of this article is to present the Technology Integration Planning Cycle for Literacy and Language Arts to support teachers with integrating digital technology into literacy instruction. This instructional planning cycle identifies seven critical elements that influence literacy teachers' instructional planning involving digital technology and the success or failure of the resulting classroom instruction. A classroom example is provided to illustrate the instructional planning process.
Summer herpetofaunal response to prescribed fire and herbicide in intensively managed, mid‐rotation pine stands in Mississippi
Authors: Iglay Raymond B. , Leopold Bruce D. , Miller Darren A.
Published: November 2013

Managers of commercial forests are increasingly expected to incorporate conservation of biodiversity in forest management plans, but a paucity of information exists regarding herpetofaunal responses to mid‐rotation release practices of dormant‐season prescribed fire and selective herbicide in intensively managed pine (Pinus spp.) stands. However, these management tools have demonstrated capabilities of improving conservation value in these forests in the southeastern United States. Therefore, we investigated summer herpetofaunal responses to factorial combinations of dormant‐season prescribed fire and a commonly used herbicide (imazapyr) with a randomized complete block design of 6 mid‐rotation pine stands with 4 experimental units in Mississippi, USA, to which we applied at random 1 of 4 treatments (i.e., burn only, herbicide only, burn + herbicide, control). We captured 814 reptiles and 3,699 amphibians of 17 and 16 species, respectively, using drift‐fence arrays during May and June, 1999–2007. Herpetofaunal assemblages only differed between burn + herbicide and control plots in 2002. Species‐specific responses were limited to differences across years within treatments and greater eastern fence lizard (Sceloporus undulatus) relative abundance in burned or herbicide‐treated sites soon after treatment. Furthermore, herpetofaunal associations with measured environmental variables (e.g., vegetation structure and biomass and trap‐site characteristics) did not indicate that treatment influenced fluctuations in species relative abundances. Consistent with past studies, forest managers of commercial pine forests using dormant‐season prescribed fire with or without imazapyr will most likely have minimal additional effects on herpetofaunal assemblages, but current knowledge gaps require additional research to better understand mechanisms of species abundance and persistence in these landscapes. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Protectin DX, a Double Lipoxygenase Product of DHA, Inhibits Both ROS Production in Human Neutrophils and Cyclooxygenase Activities
Authors: Liu Miao , Boussetta Tarek , Makni‐Maalej Karama , Fay Michèle , Driss Fathi , El‐Benna Jamel , Lagarde Michel , Guichardant Michel
Published: November 2013

Neutrophils play a major role in inflammation by releasing large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by NADPH oxidase (NOX) and myeloperoxidase (MPO). This ROS overproduction is mediated by phosphorylation of the NOX subunits in an uncontrolled manner. Therefore, targeting neutrophil subunits would represent a promising strategy to moderate NOX activity, lower ROS, and other inflammatory agents, such as cytokines and leukotrienes, produced by neutrophils. For this purpose, we investigated the effects of protectin DX (PDX)—a docosahexaenoic acid di‐hydroxylated product which inhibits blood platelet aggregation—on neutrophil activation in vitro. We found that PDX decreases ROS production, inhibits NOX activation and MPO release from neutrophils. We also confirm, that PDX is an anti‐aggregatory and anti‐inflammatory agent by inhibiting both cyclooxygenase‐1 and ‐2 (COX‐1 and COX‐2, E.C. 1.14.99.1) as well as COX‐2 in lipopolysaccharides‐treated human neutrophils. However, PDX has no effect on the 5‐lipoxygenase pathway that produces the chemotactic agent leukotriene B4 (LTB4). Taken together, our results suggest that PDX could be a protective agent against neutrophil invasion in chronic inflammatory diseases.
Influence of Radiation Processing of Cooked Beef Sausage on Its Lipids
Authors: Abedi Abdol‐Samad , Khaksar Ramin , Ferdousi Roholla , Komeilifanood Rozita , Azadnia Ebrahim , Eskandari Soheyl
Published: November 2013

The effect of gamma irradiation on fatty acid composition and lipid oxidation in emulsion‐type cooked beef sausages was investigated. Vacuum‐packaged sausages were irradiated at 2, 4, 6 and 8 kGy and stored at 4 °C for 4 weeks. Samples were analyzed for fatty acid composition at 0 and 4 weeks and lipid oxidation after 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks of storage. Irradiation reduced the content of oleic acid and linoleic acid, and the effect was intensified during storage. Elaidic acid content increased at doses of 6 and 8 kGy. The results indicated that irradiation at 6 and 8 kGy increased lipid oxidation, measured as the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances value. Based on the results, cooked beef sausages could be irradiated at 2 and 4 kGy without affecting the molecular structure of lipids.
OPTIMAL REINSURANCE WITH LIMITED CEDED RISK: A STOCHASTIC DOMINANCE APPROACH
Authors: Chi Yichun , Lin X. Sheldon
Published: November 2013

An optimal reinsurance problem from the perspective of an insurer is studied in this paper, where an upper limit is imposed on a reinsurer's expected loss over a prescribed level. In order to reduce the moral hazard, we assume that both the insurer and the reinsurer are obligated to pay more as the amount of loss increases in a typical reinsurance treaty. We further assume that the optimization criterion preserves the convex order. Such a criterion is very general as most of the criteria for optimal reinsurance problems in the literature preserve the convex order. When the reinsurance premium is calculated as a function of the actuarial value of coverage, we show via a stochastic dominance approach that any admissible reinsurance policy is dominated by a stop-loss reinsurance or a two-layer reinsurance, depending upon the amount of the reinsurance premium. Moreover, we obtain a similar result to Mossin's Theorem and find that it is optimal for the insurer to cede a loss as much as possible under the net premium principle. To further examine the reinsurance premium for the optimal piecewise linear reinsurance policy, we assume the expected value premium principle and derive the optimal reinsurance explicitly under (1) the criterion of minimizing the variance of the insurer's risk exposure, and (2) the criterion of minimizing the risk-adjusted value of the insurer's liability where the liability valuation is carried out using the cost-of-capital approach based on the conditional value at risk.