bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implikasi Pembinaan Pemuda Gereja Atas Faktor-Faktor Penyebab Kasus Hamil di Luar Nikah
Authors: Sitorus Theresia Tiodora
Published: August 2020

This article discusses the implications of fostering church youth on the factors that cause cases of pregnancy out of wedlock. The author uses qualitative methods with data collection techniques of observation, and interviews, then in compiling the implications of the author using relevant library sources. The results showed that the factors causing cases of pregnancy out of wedlock are the lack of attention and supervision of parents, then the free association of youth, lack of self-fortification, lack of sexual knowledge, and technological developments that facilitate access to negative sexual information. The implication for church youth coaching is that holistic coaching is needed for both youth and parents. Coaching can be done by organizing groups to grow together, Christian faith seminars, personal care and making catechism curriculum on sexuality. Artikel ini membahas tentang implikasi pembinaan pemuda gereja atas faktor-faktor penyebab kasus hamil di luar nikah. Penulis menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data observasi, dan wawancara, kemudian dalam menyusun implikasi penulis menggunakan sumber-sumber pustaka relevan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor-faktor penyebab terjadinya kasus hamil di luar nikah adalah kurangnya perhatian dan pengawasan orang tua, kemudian pergaulan bebas pemuda, kurangnya pembentengan diri, minimnya pengetahuan seksual, dan perkembangan teknologi yang memudahkan akses informasi negatif seksual. Implikasi bagi pembinaan pemuda gereja adalah perlu dilaksanakan pembinaan yang holistik baik pada pemuda maupun orangtua. Pembinaan dapat dilaksanakan dengan menyelenggarakan kelompok tumbuh bersama, seminar iman Kristen, personal care dan pembuatan kurikulum katekisasi tentang seksualitas.
Tugas Pedagogis Gembala Dalam Menyiapkan Warga Gereja Menghadapi Perubahan Sosial
Authors: J.F. Sagala Lenda Dabora
Published: August 2020

Social change is an inevitable conversation. Everyone needs to be prepared for social change. Likewise for church members, they need to be prepared for social change and there must be a pastoral pedagogical task in preparing church people for social change. The author conducts research by analyzing literature analysis to examine the issue. To prepare church members for social change, a pastor needs to conduct coaching that emphasizes Christian beliefs, so that these beliefs can be demonstrated in daily life. Then the second pedagogical task is the value of trust in church members. Human needs in the era of society 5.0 are strengthening the value of consideration and understanding in this context based on Christian principles. Gospel communication can fade because of the challenges of the times, but opposes social change in the era of the 5.0 shepherd community in support of providing guidance that leads to gospel communication. Church members need to be equipped to be able to communicate the gospel in the midst of a Christian perspective. Perubahan sosial adalah sebuah situasi yang tidak bisa dihindari. Setiap orang perlu dipersiapkan dalam menghadapi perubahan sosial. Demikian pula bagi warga gereja, mereka perlu dipersiapkan untuk menghadapi perubahan sosial dan tentunya ada tugas pedagogis gembala dalam menyiapkan warga gereja untuk meghadapi perubahan sosial. Penulis melakukan penelitian dengan pendekatan analisis literatur untuk mengkaji isu tersebut. Untuk mempersiapkan warga gereja menghadapi perubahan sosial seorang gembala perlu melakukan pembinaan yang menekankan pada penguatan keyakinan iman Kristen, sehingga keyakinan tersebut dapat didemonstrasikan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.  Kemudian tugas pedagogis kedua adalah memperkuat nilai kemanusiaan pada warga gereja. Kebutuhan manusia di era masyarakat 5.0 adalah penguatan nilai kemanusiaan dan tentunya dalam konteks ini berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip kekristenan. Komunikasi injil dapat memudar karena tantangan zaman, tetapi menghadapi perubahan sosial di era masyarakat 5.0 gembala berperan untuk memberikan pembinaan yang mengarah pada komunikasi Injil. Warga gereja perlu diperlengkapi untuk dapat mengomunikasikan Injil di tengah perubahan cara pandang tentang kekristenan.
Perempuan: Sumber Dosa atau Sumber Hikmat? Tafsir Ulang Kejadian 3:1-24 dari Perspektif Feminis
Authors: Natar Asnath Niwa
Published: August 2020

There is an understanding that women and their bodies are the source of sin that must be shunned in our society. It is also evident in Christianity, where themes about women's bodies and their sexuality are also often associated with sin, transgression and punishment. This understanding is rooted in the story of Eve eating fruit in the Garden of Eden (Gen. 3:1-24) which is seen as a story of the "fall" of humans because of women's sin. In other words, women are seen as the cause of humans falling into sin. Of course, this understanding has a negative impact on women dignity. Women then experience discrimination almost in all fields. Their body and sexuality are also controlled by men. In this regard, a re-reading of the text of Genesis 3:1-24 is needed to free women from such kind of understanding. The author interprets the text of Genesis 3:1-24 from a feminist perspective using literature research methods. The result of this interpretation is that women are not the source of sin but rather the source of wisdom. Through the results of this interpretation is expected to change the way of thinking of society to respect women and their bodies better. Dalam kehidupan masyarakat terdapat pemahaman bahwa perempuan dan tubuhnya adalah sumber dosa yang harus dijauhi. Hal ini tampak dalam kekristenan di mana tema tentang tubuh perempuan dan seksualitasnya juga sering dihubungkan dengan dosa, pelanggaran dan hukuman. Pemahaman ini berakar dari kisah Hawa makan buah di taman Eden (Kej. 3:1-24) yang dipandang sebagai cerita “kejatuhan” manusia karena dosa perempuan. Dengan kata lain, perempuan dipandang sebagai penyebab manusia jatuh ke dalam dosa. Pemahaman ini menimbulkan dampak negatif terhadap perempuan secara keseluruhan. Perempuan mengalami diskriminasi hampir dalam segala bidang. Tubuh dan seksualitas mereka juga dikontrol oleh laki-laki. Sehubungan dengan hal itu, perlu dilakukan pembacaan ulang terhadap Kejadian 3:1-24 untuk membebaskan kaum perempuan. Penulis menafsirkan Kejadian 3:1-24 dari perspektif feminis dengan menggunakan metode penelitian literatur. Hasil dari penafsiran ini adalah bahwa perempuan bukan sumber dosa melainkan adalah sumber hikmat. Melalui hasil tafsiran ini diharapkan dapat mengubah cara berpikir masyarakat untuk lebih menghargai perempuan dan tubuhnya.
Fuzzy Logic based H-bridge STATCOM Controller to compensate Unbalanced Voltages
Authors: P Ankineedu Prasad G Mahesh
Published: August 2020

In this paper a new method four-leg topology is suggested for shunt compensation, the H-bridge multilevel
converters based on the half-bridge converters, to achieve higher performance as a STATCOM in a distorted
and unbalanced medium-voltage large-current system. Further, an extended Fuzzy based STATCOM is
proposed in order to manage more accurate compensation for high-power applications. Both proposals can be
controlled for various purposes such as reactive power and unbalance compensation, voltage regulation, and
harmonic cancellation. One interesting application for the Fuzzy logic based STATCOM could be the
improvement in power quality and performance of the electrified railway traction power supply system. Both
the H-bridge based STATCOM along with their proposed control strategies were simulated.
Tribal Medicinal Plants Specifically Of Rajasthan
Authors: , Dr. Shefali Jain Dr. Tripti Yadav, Dr. Ashish Kumar Mangal Bhai Patel
Published: August 2020

Around seven percent of tribal population of India lives in Rajasthan. Ethnobotany can be defined as the
total natural and traditional relationship and the interactions between man and his surrounding plant wealth
from times immemorial, due to sheer, necessity, intuition, observation and experimentation. Ethnobotany of
India might is among the earliest in the world and all traditional systems of medicine had their roots in
ethnobotany. Rajasthan has rich cultural diversity and biodiversity. The world health organization (WHO)
has recently recognized the importance of traditional medicinal system in different parts of globe and around
4000 plant spp. have been identified which are used in traditional herbal medicinal system . However,
proper identification of these crude drugs in Botanical terms has not been carried out or still remains disputed
as different authors ascribed different plants source to various crude drugs (Sanghi and Kumar, 2000). More
over several difficult diseases have problem related with vitality, diabetes, memory loss, could be cured
effectively by use of herbal medicine, which is generally not possible by the Allopathic medicines. However,
there is no systematic documentation of this information. Medicinal plants are distributed across diverse
habitats and landscape. Around 70 per cent of India’s medicinal plants are found in tropical areas. Mostly in
the various forest types spread across the Western and Eastern ghats, the Vindyas, Chota Nagpur Plateau,
Aravallis and Himalayas.
Power Management Strategy in PV-Wind Hybrid System with Cuckoo Search
Authors: , Kundeti Krishna Rao Ch. Prem Prakash
Published: August 2020

The main theme of this paper is to propose a Cuckoo MPPT technique for Hybrid PV-Wind Smart grid
system. Generally, Smart grid is an electrical grid which includes a variety of operation and energy measures
including smart appliances, renewable energy resources, and energy efficient resources. Electronic power
conditioning and control of the production and distribution of electricity are important aspects of the smart
grid. In order to get maximum output from a PV and wind energy system, an extensive research has been
underway for long time so as to access the performance of hybrid system. This paper presents PV- wind
hybrid system along with maximum power point tracking control algorithms, power electronics converters to
control the system, filters to reduce the harmonics from the converters. The proposed model and its control
strategy offer a proper tool for smart grid performance optimization. The proposed hybrid system is
experimentally verified in Matlab/Simulink.
ANFIS based Transformerless UPFC for Effective Power Flow Control
Authors: ,  P Ankineedu Prasad Kongathi Sivaram
Published: August 2020

This paper focus on specially designed ANFIS based Power Quality Conditioner for Micro Grid applications.
Three leg inverter coupled with solar PV with MPPT used as Compensator can be used for distinct DGs in the
micro grid for power quality improvement of the entire system. Optimum control can be achieved to avoid
detraction for voltage, current and Power flowing between Grid and DG. The Power Quality conditioner and
DG inverter have dual use for this particular purpose. Primarily used as power converter for injecting power
created from DG to Grid, secondly performed as parallel Active Power Filter for compensating harmonics,
unbalanced voltage, current, active and reactive power demand for the balance and unbalance burden with
in the Grid and neutral conductors. This paper is extended with ANFIS Controller for better improvement of
Power Quality. The above mentioned task extensively simulated under MATLAB/Simulink platform revels
that soon after compensation the THD.
Power Quality Improvement Using Three-Phase Solar PV Integrated UPQC
Authors: , Dr. S Chitra V Nanthagopal
Published: August 2020

This paper proposes the application of a Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) to enhance the power quality
and analyzed the solar PV integrated unified power quality conditioner (PV-UPQC).The PV-UPQC is employed
to maintain power quality under various current and voltage distortion. The PV-UPQC consists of a shunt and
series compensators connected back to back with common DC-link. The shunt compensator performs the dual
function of extracting power from PV array apart from compensating for load current harmonics. The series
compensator compensates for the grid side power quality problems such as grid voltage sag and swell. In
proposed system Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is used as a series compensator and also it enhance the
power quality. The UPQC is eliminate power quality issues like unbalanced grid voltage with harmonics and
load harmonics. The performance of the system are evaluated by simulating in MATLAB/Simulink
environment under a nonlinear load.
Maximum Power Point Tracking in Solar and Wind Hybrid Energy Conversion System
Authors: , Dr. K. Yasoda K. Ishwarya
Published: August 2020

In this paper, Maximum power point is tracked in both solar and wind energy conversion system using
MPPT controller and also analyzed the performance of the renewable energy system with MPPT and without
MPPT controller. Among all the renewable resources, Solar and Wind are the most popular resources due to
its ease of availability. Alone PV system or Wind system cannot completely meet load demands.Hence
photovoltaic and wind system are hybridized and optimized to satisfy the load demand. This paper proposed
a standalone hybrid renewable energy system which employs incremental conductance algorithm for
photovoltaic system and perturb and observe algorithm for wind energy conversion system is implemented.
Usage of this system combines the advantages of each generation system and provides electrical power to
meet various load conditions. Maximization and stabilization of power from the system with and without
MPPT controller is designed and analyzed in MATLAB/Simulink environment.
Performance of Geopolymer Concrete at High Temperature
Authors: , K K V D Prasad K. Lokesh
Published: August 2020

Production of concrete cause semanationo fan equal measure of Carbon dioxide, which is an ozone
depleting substance into environment causing a worldwide temperature alteration. Fly debris and ground
granulated impact heater slag (GGBS) has cementations material properties and consequently can be utilized
as substitute material for concrete to beat the natural issues. During power age in warm plants huge amount
of fly debris is created as a waste item, removal of which is issue and correspondingly GGBS is delivered in
steel plants. Normal waterway sand isn't accessible to meet the necessity and furthermore costlier because
of the constrained just as unlawfuldigging. Thus produced sand is utilized as another for stream sand.
Geo-polymer is normally known as inorganic aluminum -hydroxide polymer which is blended dominatingly
from silicon and aluminum particles in fly debris and GGBS. Structures like private structures, business
structures like film lobbies, workplaces, ventures, shopping centers, lodgings, schools, clinics, burrows, oil
wells and so forth, might be inclined to fire mishap at any timeframe during theiradministration.
Consequently in this examination an endeavor is made to consider the compressive quality and flexural
quality of geo-polymer concrete made of class F fly debris, GGBS,M sand, utilizing Sodium Hydroxide and
Sodium Silicate arrangements as salt activators in various blend extents and the examples are exposed to
warm relieving at 60°C and 70°C with various proportion so the activatorarrangements and molarities of
soluble arrangement presented to raised temperature.
An Investigation on Durability and Ductulity of Concrete using Fly Ash and Fibre Glass
Authors: , Ch Bhaskara Teja Eedi Divya
Published: August 2020

Concrete enterprise is dealing with the environmental impact, via the emission of CO2 while cement
manufacturing. Cement partly replaced with pozzolanic waste fabric like fly ash reduces the freeing of CO2.
Fly ash is made of thermal energy plants. Due to the usage of glass fibers to standard concrete has a big
compressive strength and flexural Strength. This research work deals the look at of different grades (M30,
M40) of GFRC by means of partial substitute of cement with fly ash. In keeping with mix proportions,
standard sizes of specimens are casted that allows you to locate the durability properties, ductility and
flexural power? Durability properties are performed with the aid of checking out the specimens for sulphate
and acid assaults. Whereas ductility and flexural energy is received from pressure-pressure curves. And
acquired results are as compared to traditional concrete. Its miles been determined from this research is that,
ductility, sturdiness and flexural electricity is higher for GFRC than traditional concrete.
Learner’s Evaluation in Teaching Learning Process
Authors: Venugopal Dr. Daruri
Published: August 2020

Learner’s Evaluation approach we understood the activities and experiences that the learners undergo
in order to acquire the desired behavior. The faculty plays an important role in providing learning
experiences. Learning experiences involve interaction of students and content with the help of faculty.
Learning experience lead to behavior changes among learners. Learner Appraisal ascertaining the extent
to which the teaching objectives have been met. The representation of the educational process shows the
linking of each element with the other. In learner’s evaluation in teaching learning process desired
direction and attainment of goals is guided by the educational objectives formulated by the educational
Institution, University and the faculty.
Active Power Control of Grid tied PV system using Fuzzy Controller
Authors: Y Lakshmi P Ankineedu Prasad and
Published: August 2020

Historically, electric power system operators have seen photovoltaic (PV) power systems as potential
sources of problems due to intermittency and lack of controllability. However, the flexibility of power
electronic inverters allows PV to provide grid-friendly features including volt-VAR control, ramp-rate
control, high-frequency power curtailment, and event ride-through. Commercially available smart PV
inverters can further provide frequency down-regulation by curtailing power, but they are unable to
provide true frequency regulation through active power control (APC) because they are unable to increase
power on command. This paper proposes a coordinated DC-link voltage control and deloading control for
two-stage PV system to offer frequency support in an islanded microgrid without energy storage system
(ESS). This paper proposes a predictive fuzzy logic based PV inverter control method for very fast and
accurate control of active power
Improvement of Power Quality WECS using AI Based STATCOM
Authors: A Ayyappa Swamy and P Ankineedu Prasad
Published: August 2020

The major concern in a growing power quality is harmonics distortion which is caused by the non-linear
nature of the loads. This problem has drawn much attention from utilities, users and industries. To reduce
the harmonic distortion for improving the power quality of the system a custom power devices has been
proposed. A static compensator (STATCOM) is implemented at distribution level for overcoming several
power quality problems. In this paper, new control technic i.e AI is proposed on shunt compensator to
estimates the weight values of load currents. The control approach is based on the convergence of the load
currents and property of the input signal. A working prototype of the STATCOM is implemented using
three-phase VSC and AI control technique based PWM controller approach is developed in
MATLAB/SIMULINK.
From the Book ‘Becoming Critical’: A Short Dialogue for Educator
Authors: Latief Suryawahyuni , Silalahi Wolter Parlindungan , Rachmawati Yeni
Published: August 2020

This paper performs a narrative analysis of the basic philosophy of education book. The book, “becoming critical” was written by Carr and Kemmis (1986). Authors rise up again this old book due to the whole content is essential for educator, students from undergraduate to doctoral level. In simple, the book narrated three basic educational research methodologies among all chapters: technical-theoretical-positivism, practical-interpretative-hermeneutics, and critical-reflection-emancipatory paradigm. Narrative is the central mechanism for meaning making. It is the multiple representations used to reference and make sense of human experience. Dealing with the pros and cons of those paradigms, this paper gives a brief memory to educator in doing research in education. To sum up, this paper illustrated education, knowledge, and action research.
Science Fun: Theory of Light
Authors: Khoiriyah Saidatul , Sukma Adhelia Karunia
Published: August 2020

We as budding researchers, try to present science in the form of comics. We present the theory of light by Christiaan Huygens and Sir Isaac Newton in a short comic strip.
Do We Experience Misconceptions?: An Ontological Review of Misconceptions in Science
Authors: Suprapto Nadi
Published: August 2020

A misconception is a misunderstanding in connecting a concept with other concepts, between new concepts and old concepts that are already in the minds of students, so that the wrong concepts are formed. Students' conceptions are different or contrary to the conceptions of the scientists. There are five kinds of misconceptions, namely: (a) preconceived notions; (b) non-scientific beliefs; (c) conceptual misunderstandings; (d) misconceptions of local languages (vernacular misconceptions); and (e) factual misconceptions. The causes of misconceptions are four parts: students, teachers, teaching materials or literature, context and teaching methods. It is expected that by knowing the types and causes of students' misconceptions in understanding science, it will be easier for teachers to find solutions in teaching science concepts. Examples of data related to misconceptions in physics are illustrated to reinforce explanations.
Long-Distance Romantic Relationships among International Students: “My First Qualitative Research”
Authors: Amelia Fenny Rizky
Published: August 2020

The purpose of this study was to seek depth information how international students maintain their relationship to stay feeling close with their romantic partners although separated by distance or live in a different country, the difficulties and the reasons they choose to remain in the long-distance relationship. Semi-structured interviewed were conducted to four international students. Five themes emerged, they are “keep in touch”, “this is my look”, “trustworthiness as foundation”, “family’s support”, and “relationship’s goal is get married”. The participants utilize many ways of communication to keep in touch well because it also becomes a difficulty for the relationship if it is not done seriously. Since many of the participants have got support from their family, it makes them more believed that this relationship would be no matter even in a long-distance relationship. Admittedly, the distance has both beneficial and negative aspects, but how the couples handle it through the communication, always trust each other and share the relationship’s goal, determined the maintenance and help to feel close in the long-distance relationship.
The Anxiety of Educational Reform and Innovation: Bridging of Top-Down and Bottom-Up Strategies within Practice Educational Reform of Curriculum in Indonesia
Authors: Setiawan Beni
Published: August 2020

Reform and innovation are important issues in the educational field. Education is dynamic and changing depends on globalization demands. To counterbalance for these changes, there are two strategies to make education change. Top down and bottom up strategies. Top down and bottom up have advantages and disadvantages to the reform and innovation of educational. For instance, the advantage of top-down is the government have the power to make policy, do research about national curriculum and implement that policy in the education area, especially at school but for making policy, regulation, research and implement government have spent more money without significant result. In another hand, the benefit of bottom-up is the innovation of education easily to find and grow up because they have involved directly in the change in school, also understand what they need in education because the teachers and the principle have strong connection with the students and indirectly evaluate the national curriculum which is appropriate or not. Nevertheless, school community as the representative of bottom-up did not have the power to bring that innovation in the top level because there is no connecting purpose between government and school. In addition, the big effect is the top-down, bottom-up has the different points of view to look into education. Furthermore, to solve that problem, there are some approaches could be bond to both strategies such as the collaborative, negotiate, conceptual, and strategic clarification, school-based management and strong site councils. Based on several previous researchers that approach is the best option for bridging the educational purpose between top down and bottom up.
Validation of the exercise self-efficacy scale (ESE-S) for increased adherence to physical activity
Authors: Nolan Rachel , Hallam Jeffrey
Published: August 2020

Background: Various self-efficacy instruments have been used to predict exercise behavior. Many of these scales have been shown to
be valid and reliable measures for the strength dimension of self-efficacy, but have overlooked the construct’s dimensions of magnitude and generality. This study established the Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale (ESE-S), a measure of the strength, generality, and magnitude dimensions of exercise self-efficacy, as a valid tool towards the promotion and adherence of routine physical activity.
Methods: Using a non-experimental, cross-sectional design, the ESE-S was administered to individuals aged 18 and older (n=270) who
were conveniently recruited from a large city located in Ohio. Participants were employees of a large, national company and consented
to participate in an employee wellness campaign over a two-day period. Participants completed the 24-item ESE-S onetime and demographic data were not collected. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the 4-factor hypothesized structure of the ESE-S.
Results: The confirmatory analysis showed that the data did not conform to the factorial structure as originally hypothesized, but did
retain a 4-four factor solution. Final factors identified from the confirmatory analysis were internal strength, external strength, generality, and magnitude.
Conclusions: This study confirmed a 4-factor, 21-item factorial structure. Although the structure differed from that hypothesized, the
results showed that the tool was a valid and reliable instrument to measure the dimensions of exercise self-efficacy commonly overlooked within the literature. Public health professionals and researchers can use the instrument to measure exercise self-efficacy and
develop self-efficacy based exercise promotion programs.
Key words: Exercise, self-efficacy, confirmatory factor analysis, physical activity
Age but not BMI Predicts Accelerated Progression of KOA: Data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative
Authors: Wallace Kyle , Nahhas Ramzi , Froehle Andrew , Khalil Naila
Published: August 2020

Background/Objectives: Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) accounts for about 35% of the arthritis burden among adults. Most adults with KOA
have slowly-progressing, common knee osteoarthritis (CKOA); however, some individuals experience accelerated KOA (AKOA), rapid
progression to end-stage disease within 48 months. This study analyzed individuals without radiographic evidence of KOA at baseline
to determine which (baseline) characteristics were associated with progression to CKOA and/or AKOA status 48 months later.
Methods Data (n = 1,561) from the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) were utilized. Multinomial logistic regression was employed to determine the magnitude of association between baseline risk factors and 48-month KOA status (AKOA and CKOA, compared to no KOA).
Results Older age (p = 0.032), greater baseline BMI (p < 0.001), female gender (p = 0.009), and greater baseline PASE score (p =
0.036) were significantly associated with CKOA (11.9% of participants) and/or AKOA (3.5% of participants) at 48 months. Age, BMI, and
PASE were all more strongly associated with greater risk of AKOA compared to risk of CKOA (Age: OR = 1.59 vs. 0.97; BMI: OR = 1.62
vs. 1.28; PASE: OR = 1.21 vs. 1.08). Of these, only BMI was significantly associated with greater risk of both AKOA and CKOA.
Conclusion Certain factors impact the risk of AKOA and CKOA differently. Age did not increase the risk of CKOA, but among those
with CKOA or AKOA, the proportion with AKOA increased with age. Thus, older age at onset is associated with more rapid KOA progression.
Keywords Age; osteoarthritis; accelerated knee osteoarthritis; common knee osteoarthritis
Summer Employment and Tobacco Use among College Students
Authors: Hardin Rachel , Roberts Megan
Published: August 2020

Background: Research has shown that tobacco use among college students is influenced by the social environment, especially among a subset of smokers known as social smokers. Although many college campuses now have tobacco-free policies that could restrict social use of tobacco products, these policies often do not extend to common places of summer employment for college students that have similar social environments. Currently, no recommended tobacco policy exists for such summer programs, and little research has been done to assess their need. Methods: The objective of this study was to examine trends in tobacco use among the college-aged summer employees of a non-profit organization. Participants included the college-aged summer employees of a seasonal non-profit organization based in the Appalachian region from May through August 2015. At the beginning and end of the summer employment period, an online cross-sectional survey was distributed to each eligible staff member to examine trends in tobacco use. Results: Among the 60 follow-up respondents, 22.8% (n=13) reported an overall increase in tobacco use over the summer, while 3.5% (n=2) reported a decrease in tobacco use and 73.7% (n=42) reported no change. Conclusions: These results indicate that college students are at risk of increasing their tobacco use during summer employment. There is a need for further research into the role of summer workplace influences on tobacco use among college students. Key words: tobacco, college students, social smoking, summer employment
Wars of Historical Memory (to the Statement of the Problem)
Authors: Tkachenko V. , Yakuba V.
Published: August 2020

The article is a study of historical memory wars. In particular, the director of the Institute of European, Russian and Eurasian Studies of the School of International Relations named after Elliott, George Washington University (Washington) Marlene Larwell most convexly and provocatively outlined the front of the wars of historical memory: “By identifying who can be labeled a ‘fascist’, we get the perfect Europe”. If Russia is fascist(that is, Putin’s regime can be typified as fascist or the Soviet past, which the Kremlin does not want to condemn, is equivalent to Nazism, as Central and Eastern European states claim), then Russia should be excluded from Europe. In addition, it was analyzed that politics continues to interfere with the interpretation of history, sowing antagonism between peoples. It has been found that “wars of historical memory” have become one of the important components of modern geopolitics, and as such they deserve to be the subject of a separate scientific study. Today, this is especially true to those pressing issues of history that flared up on the eve of the 75th anniversary of the end of World War II. Emphasis is placed on the fact that the problem has matured before, and now has simply entered the phase of “wars of historical memory”, there were anniversary events in Moscow in honor of the 70th anniversary of the Great Victory five years ago (2015). After Russia’s aggression against Ukraine, these celebrations took place without the presence of Western leaders. This was perceived by the Kremlin (or portrayed by him) as an insult and denial of the great victims of World War II – because they often write about the 27 million “Russians”who laid their lives on the altar of Victory. At the same time, the multinational composition of the Red Army is somehow not specified. And this approach does not improve mutual understanding between peoples. The article concludes that history, unfortunately, has become a political tool through which to legitimize or delegitimize a particular socio-political system.
Australian Policy Regarding the Indigenous Population (End of the XIXth Century – the First Third of the XXth Century)
Authors: Perga T.
Published: August 2020

An analysis of Australia’s governmental policy towards indigenous peoples has been done. The negative consequences of the colonization of the Australian continent have been revealed, in particular, a significant reduction in the number of aborigines due to the spread of alcohol and epidemics, the seizure of their territories. It is concluded that the colonization of Australia was based on the idea of the hierarchy of human society, the superiority and inferiority of different races and groups of people, and accordingly - the supremacy of European culture and civilization. It is demonstrated in the creation of reservations for aborigines and the adoption of legislation aimed at segregating the country's white and colored populations and assimilating certain indigenous peoples into European society, primarily children from mixed marriages. It has been proven that, considering the aborigines an endangered people and seeking to protect them from themselves, Europeans saw the way to their salvation in miscegenation - interracial marriages and the isolation of aboriginal children from their parents. This policy has been pursued since the end of the XIX century by the 1970s and had disrupted cultural and family ties and destroyed aboriginal communities, although government circles positioned it as a policy of caring for indigenous Australians. As a result, the generation of aborigines taken from their parents and raised in boarding schools or families of white Europeans has been dubbed the “lost generation”. The activity of A.O. Neville who for more than two decades held the position of chief defender of the aborigines in Western Australia and in fact became the ideologist of the aborigines’ assimilation policy has been analyzed. He substantiated the idea of the biological absorption of the indigenous Australian race as a key condition for its preservation and extremely harshly implemented the policy of separating Aboriginal children from their parents. It is concluded that the policy towards the indigenous population of Australia in the late XIX – first third of the XX century was based on the principle of discrimination on racial grounds.
“We are not so Fuzzy to Build Riots and Rebellion...”: Attempt of Massive Exemption of German Population from the USSR to Canada in 1929.
Authors: Dönninghaus V.
Published: August 2020

The mass exodus of German peasants to Moscow in 1929 attracted international attention to the plight of Soviet Germans. The unexpectedly stubborn resistance of the German rural population to the policy of socialist transformations, his desire to leave the USSR for Canada, accompanied by appropriate calls for the West, reinforced the regime’s distrust of “disloyal” nationalities. As relations between the USSR and Germany worsened, prejudice grew in Moscow against the Germans as an extremely reactionary group of people that discredited the Soviet system in the eyes of the world community. The Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (Bolsheviks) paid great attention to the “emigrants” not only because the periphery was unable to cope with this problem, but also because it was a question of Western national minorities. Moreover, this group, which in an organized manner opposed the policy of the Soviet regime, did not fit into the “class” scheme, since among the German peasants who decided to emigrate from the USSR, there were mainly middle peasants and poor people. The opposition to the Soviet system was not a social, but a national group. The regime resolved this contradiction by ceasing to consider the German peasants engulfed by the “American fever” “neutral” and collectively transferring them to the category of “class enemies”. Against the background of forced collectivization, the Kremlin regarded the mass movement of Germans for leaving the USSR as direct support for the “right deviators”, which gave this movement an “anti-Soviet character”. The belonging of the fugitives and their many supporters to the Western minority prompted the organs of the OGPU to look for the organizers of the emigration movement on the other side of the border. Peaceful emigration of Germans from the USSR turned out to be a specific, but very effective way of protesting collectivization. Its avalanche-like character, as well as the appeal for help to Germany as a “historical homeland” was considered a manifestation of disloyalty to the USSR of the entire German population of the country. Germany’s protectorate policy aimed at protecting the life, property and fundamental rights of its “diaspora” was expressed both in diplomatic pressure on the Kremlin and in specific acts of assistance to Soviet Germans. Such patronage of the Germans in the USSR inevitably aroused fears among the Kremlin leadership that they, especially in the atmosphere of impending war, pose a threat to the security of the state.
HISTORIC ROLE OF CHINA IN INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Oliynyk O.
Published: August 2020

The article considers the evolution of China’s policy of participation in international development, as well as the periodization of the main stages of development of China’s international relations with the world. It is established that China’s international cooperation and participation in international development have provided China with world recognition and international prestige. As a result of the analysis of the policy of international cooperation, the main priorities, directions and measures of the policy of international cooperation of China were revealed. After the formation of China, the country’s leadership preferred China’s cooperation with the Soviet Union and developing countries. If through cooperation with the USSR, China attracted technology, credit resources and specialists, then by cooperating with developing countries, China provided international assistance to the newly independent countries. Due to differences in political views between the USSR and China on development strategy and foreign policy priorities, relations between the USSR and China were frozen. As a result, China is declaring a policy of «non-alignment». Public diplomacy played an important role in shaping China's positive image in the international arena. As China’s position in the world has strengthened, so do China's tactics of international cooperation with developing countries has also changed. Gradually, China has been transforming from a donor to a global investor. China is becoming an active supporter of the intensification of the globalization of the world economy. It’s revealed China's leadership has been linked China’s future with increased involvement in global governance. China's political circles believe that the world needs greater political coordination, financial integration, infrastructural connectivity, impartial trade and human relations. China is pursuing its vision of global governance in the «One Belt, One Road» global initiative. China sees the future of human civilization in the joint development and creation of a world community of a common destiny.
THE IMPACT OF CONFUCIAN VALUES ON CHINA’S FOREIGN POLICY DURING THE PERIOD OF “REFORMS AND OPENNESS”
Authors: Meteliova Tetyana , Chghen Vira
Published: August 2020

The article is devoted to identifying the role of the Confucian component in shaping China’s foreign policy during the period of “reforms and openness”. The author analyzes the Chinese “soft power” model and its differences from the classical one, the theoretical foundations of which were formulated by J. Nye, and discovers the China’s “soft power” features in foreign policy and establishes its meaningful connection with Confucian values and concepts. The article provides an overview of “soft power” interpretations in the main works of Chinese scholars, examines the reflection of Confucian “soft power” ideas in the state and party documents and decisions of the period of “reforms and openness”, shows the application of Confucian principles in the foreign policy of China.

It is shown that the creation of effective Chinese “soft power” tools is becoming a part of a purposeful and long-term policy of the state. Such tools include the swift reform of leading media, TV and radio companies using modern technologies and focusing on foreign audience abroad, promoting China’s traditional and modern culture in foreign cultural markets, increasing China’s presence on the world market, spreading and promoting the Chinese language, “Education Export” and widening educational contacts, economic ties development and scientific and technical cooperation, public diplomacy development, support of the compatriots living abroad. Geopolitically, China’s soft power strategy is focused on developing relations with its close neighbors and creating a security belt around China.

It has been proved that modern China seeks to proclaim itself as a new “soft power” center, the creation of which is a part of the State purposeful long-term policy. It is accompanied by the active appeal of Chinese ideologists to the country's traditional cultural heritage and basing of this new foreign policy on the conservative values of Confucianism, which is a kind of civilizational code determining all aspects of social life for China.
THE DANGER OF CONFRONTATION BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND CHINA IN THE NEW COLD WAR
Authors: Fesenko Mykola
Published: August 2020

The article analyzes the risks to global security in the face of confrontation, as well as the struggle for world leadership in the United States and China. It is shown that the confrontation and deepening of contradictions between the United States and the People’s Republic of China can lead to a nuclear war. However, many researchers also believe that the image of the Chinese threat is now heavily exaggerated and based on the misunderstanding of China’s intentions. In general, expert and analytical centers are encouraged to start technological cooperation with China, rather than exacerbate confrontation. Therefore, on this day there is no clear answer to the question of whether the PRC really threatens US leadership in the framework of the emerging world order. On the contrary, among scholars, politicians and experts one can see the split that is growing in relation to this problem. Despite the opposite view on the ambitions of the People’s Republic of China to represent serious US competition in all areas, rivalry between countries of the so-called “Group Two” (“G-2”) in the coming years will intensify and more and more to put global security policy tasks.

China will be able to pursue a more independent policy than the United States only if it bypasses them in the areas of armaments and high technology. However, it is here that American leadership will remain undisputed for a long time to come. However, many analysts predict China’s world leadership in the next decade or decades, as it may soon surpass the United States in economic terms. However, being the greatest does not mean being the first one. In addition to being the world’s second largest economy, China is still a long way from taking the lead or competing in other areas (military-strategic, technological, social, etc.).

It has been proved that the optimal choice for China will not be the desire to forcibly introduce its regional, not to mention global, unipolarity, but to actively enter the multipolar world as a major independent center of power.
The new Cold War and its Influence on the Formation of Ukrainian Foreign Policy Priorities
Authors: Demenko O.
Published: August 2020

The article explores the state and development trends of modern international relations. It is noted that modern scientific thought has not yet developed unified approaches to characterizing the current stage in the development of international relations. At the same time, many scientists and political analysts assess the current state of international relations as a new “cold war”. In support of this position, they point out that in recent years a whole network of clashes, wars and contradictions has developed around the world, at the center of which were disagreements of the same nature as during the years of the first Cold War. At the same time, there is an opinion that the current relations between the West and the Russian Federation cannot be characterized as a new “cold war”. The status of Russia today cannot be compared with the status of the USSR, China is much stronger than the Russian Federation, and the United States remains the dominant force in the world.

It is noted that, although the current conflict in many respects differs from the first Cold War, there are a number of general signs that suggest the similarity of modern international relations with the conflict of the previous historical period. The tools that participants in the conflict can use have changed, the role of ideology has decreased, and, on the contrary, the importance of the economy, technologies and the information sphere has increased, nuclear weapons have a different influence and geography, and the processes of globalization significantly affect the dynamics of international relations. But in a sense, the current conflict can be called a continuation of the first Cold War.

Ukraine, along with some other post-Soviet countries, has become an arena of confrontation between the collective West and the Russian Federation in the context of the new Cold War. Based on this, the main priority of Ukraine’s foreign policy should be the effective implementation of the European and Euro-Atlantic integration strategy. Joining the Euro-Atlantic security system and approaching Western standards of democracy, law and socio-economic development will be the main guarantee of independence and further progressive development of the Ukrainian state.