bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The flavonoid quercetin decreases ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression but not SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in cultured human lung cells
Authors: Houghton Michael James , Balland Eglantine , Gartner Matthew James , Thomas Belinda Jane , Subbarao Kanta , Williamson Gary
Published: June 2024

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) binds to angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on host cells, via its spike protein, and transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2) cleaves the spike‐ACE2 complex to facilitate virus entry. As rate‐limiting steps for virus entry, modulation of ACE2 and/or TMPRSS2 may decrease SARS‐CoV‐2 infectivity and COVID‐19 severity. In silico modeling suggested the natural bioactive flavonoid quercetin can bind to ACE2 and a recent randomized clinical trial demonstrated that oral supplementation with quercetin increased COVID‐19 recovery. A range of cultured human cells were assessed for co‐expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2. Immortalized Calu‐3 lung cells, cultured and matured at an air–liquid interface (Calu‐3‐ALIs), were established as the most appropriate. Primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs) were obtained from healthy adult males (N = 6) and cultured under submerged conditions to corroborate the outcomes. Upon maturation or reaching 80% confluence, respectively, the Calu‐3‐ALIs and PBECs were treated with quercetin, and mRNA and protein expression were assessed by droplet digital PCR and ELISA, respectively. SARS‐CoV‐2 infectivity, and the effects of pre‐ and co‐treatment with quercetin, was assessed by median tissue culture infectious dose assay. Quercetin dose‐dependently decreased ACE2 and TMPRSS2 mRNA and protein in both Calu‐3‐ALIs and PBECs after 4 h, while TMPRSS2 remained suppressed in response to prolonged treatment with lower doses (twice daily for 3 days). Quercetin also acutely decreased ADAM17 mRNA, but not ACE, in Calu‐3‐ALIs, and this warrants further investigation. Calu‐3‐ALIs, but not PBECs, were successfully infected with SARS‐CoV‐2; however, quercetin had no antiviral effect, neither directly nor indirectly through downregulation of ACE2 and TMPRSS2. Calu‐3‐ALIs were reaffirmed to be an optimal cell model for research into the regulation of ACE2 and TMPRSS2, without the need for prior genetic modification, and will prove valuable in future coronavirus and respiratory infectious disease work. However, our data demonstrate that a significant decrease in the expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 by a promising prophylactic candidate may not translate to infection prevention.
Fabrication of bacterial cellulose/PVP nanofiber composites by electrospinning
Authors: Cesur Nevra Pelin , Zad Ghaffari Vahdat Kosar , Türkoğlu Laçin Nelisa
Published: June 2024

This study aimed to address a significant challenge in the application of bacterial cellulose (BC) within tissue engineering and regenerative medicine by tackling its inherent insolubility in water and organic solvents. Our team introduced a groundbreaking approach by utilizing zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) as a solvent to render BC soluble, a novel contribution to the literature. Subsequently, the obtained soluble BC was combined with varying concentrations of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Notably, we pioneered the fabrication of BC/PVP composite scaffolds with customizable fiber surface morphology and regulated degradation rates through the electrospun technique. Several key parameters, such as PVP concentration (8%, 15%, 12%, and 20% w/v), applied voltage (22, 15, and 12 kV), and a fixed nozzle‐collector distance of 10 cm with a flow rate of 0.9 mL/h, were systematically evaluated so as to find the optimum parameter created BC/PVP product with electrospun. For electrospun BC/PVP products, a voltage of 12 kV was found to be optimal. Intriguingly, our findings revealed enhanced cell adhesion and proliferation in BC/PVP electrospun products compared with using PVP membranes alone. Specifically, cell viability for PVP and PVP/BC electrospun products was determined as 50.73% and 79.95%, respectively. In terms of thermal properties, the BC/PVP electrospun product exhibited a mass loss of 82.6% at 380°C, while PVP alone experienced 90.2% mass loss at around 280°C. Furthermore, the protein adhesion capacities were measured at 62.3 ± 1.2 μg for PVP and 99.4 ± 2 μg for BC/PVP electrospun products, whereas product showed no biodegradation over 28 days and had notable water retention capacity. In conclusion, our research not only successfully attained nanofiber morphology but also showcased enhanced cell attachment and proliferation on the BC/PVP electrospun product.
Vapor‐phase synthesis of MOF films
Authors: Choe Myeonggeun , Lee Hyeonwoo , Choi Hee Cheul
Published: June 2024

Fabrication of thin films is the most crucial step in introducing promising new materials into practical devices. Among the various materials, metal–organic framework (MOF) thin films have gained widespread attention with the advantage of diverse applications. In this review, two representative vapor‐phase synthetic methods, (1) molecular layer deposition (MLD), (2) chemical vapor deposition (CVD) are addressed as emerging techniques.
Post‐synthetic modifications of MOF‐74 type frameworks for enhancing CO2 capture and moisture stability
Authors: Kurisingal Jintu Francis , Choe Jong Hyeak , Kim Hyojin , Youn Jeongwon , Cheon Gayoung , Hong Chang Seop
Published: June 2024

Anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions pose a significant threat to the delicate balance between human society and the natural environment. Carbon capture and sequestration is a technology designed to selectively capture CO2 emissions generated from power plants and industrial facilities, preventing them from entering the atmosphere. Diamine‐modified metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) show promising capabilities in achieving remarkable CO2 capacities, highlighting their potential for effective CO2 capture applications. Herein, using MOF‐74 type frameworks, we discussed our various methodologies designed to enhance the CO2 adsorption capacity, while also tackling the issue of maintaining structural integrity over prolonged periods, especially in humid environments. The challenges and prospects for CO2 capture by diamine‐functionalized hydrophobic MOFs are highlighted.
Sorption and mobility assessment of tembotrione in soils of upper, trans and middle Gangetic plain zones of India
Authors: Ghoshal Debabrata , Dixit Mahima , Narayanan Neethu , Saini Priya , Kumar Aman , Banerjee Tirthankar , Singh Neera , Gupta Suman
Published: June 2024

The presence of undesired agrochemicals residues in soil and water poses risks to both human health and the environment. The behavior of pesticides in soil depends both on the physico‐chemical properties of pesticides and soil type. This study examined the adsorption–desorption and leaching behavior of the maize herbicide tembotrione in soils of the upper (UGPZ), trans (TGPZ) and middle Gangetic plain zones of India. Soil samples were extracted using acetone followed by partitioning with dichloromethane, whereas liquid–liquid extraction using dichloromethane was used for aqueous samples. Residues of tembotrione and its metabolite TCMBA, {2‐chloro‐4‐(methylsulfonyl)‐3‐[(2,2,2‐trifluoroethoxy) methyl] benzoic acid}, were quantified using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The data revealed that tembotrione adsorption decreased with increasing pH and dissolved organic matter but increased with salinity. The maximum adsorption occurred at pH 4, 0.01 m sodium citrate and 4 g/L NaCl, with corresponding Freundlich constants of 1.83, 2.28 and 3.32, respectively. The hysteresis index <1 indicated faster adsorption than desorption. Leaching studies under different flow conditions revealed least mobility in UGPZ soil and high mobility in TGPZ soil, consistent with groundwater ubiquity scores of 4.27 and 4.81, respectively. Soil amendments decreased tembotrione mobility in the order: unamended > wheat straw ash > wheat straw > farm yard manure > compost. The transformation of tembotrione to TCMBA and its mobility in soil columns were also assessed.
Gender‐affirming surgeries for transgender and gender diverse individuals and associated health outcomes
Authors: Rezaei Shawheen J. , Miller Amitai S. , Miranda Noah , Ganor Oren
Published: June 2024

Gender‐affirming care is treatment that recognizes and affirms the gender identity of transgender and gender‐diverse (TGD) individuals. Though not all TGD people choose to surgically transition, gender‐affirming surgeries (GAS) are an important part of many TGD people's transition. GAS can include a wide array of procedures aimed at aligning an individual's physical characteristics and gender identity. This review describes the most common procedures considered to be GAS, detailing important relevant considerations for each procedure. These include transfeminine procedures (i.e., breast augmentation, penile inversion vaginoplasty, orchiectomy, tracheal shave, and facial feminization); transmasculine procedures (i.e., chest masculinization, hysterectomy, phalloplasty, and metoidioplasty); and other procedures (i.e., fertility preservation and hair removal). Patient outcomes and the legal landscape for GAS are also discussed to contextualize these procedures within largest discourses surrounding gender‐affirming care.
Revisiting beta‐2 microglobulin as a prognostic marker in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Jelicic Jelena , Juul‐Jensen Karen , Bukumiric Zoran , Runason Simonsen Mikkel , Roost Clausen Michael , Ludvigsen Al‐Mashhadi Ahmed , Schou Pedersen Robert , Bjørn Poulsen Christian , Ortved Gang Anne , Brown Peter , El‐Galaly Tarec Christoffer , Larsen Thomas Stauffer
Published: June 2024

Background

Several clinical prognostic models for diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) have been proposed, including the most commonly used International Prognostic Index (IPI), the National Comprehensive Cancer Network IPI (NCCN‐IPI), and models incorporating beta‐2 microglobulin (β2M). However, the role of β2M in DLBCL patients is not fully understood.

Methods

We identified 6075 patients with newly diagnosed DLBCL treated with immunochemotherapy registered in the Danish Lymphoma Registry.

Results

A total of 3232 patients had data available to calculate risk scores from each of the nine considered risk models for DLBCL, including a model developed from our population. Three of four models with β2M and NCCN‐IPI performed better than the International Prognostic Indexes (IPI, age‐adjusted IPI, and revised IPI). Five‐year overall survival for high‐ and low‐risk patients were 43.6% and 86.4% for IPI and 34.9% and 96.2% for NCCN‐IPI. In univariate analysis, higher levels of β2M were associated with inferior survival, higher tumor burden (advanced clinical stage and bulky disease), previous malignancy and increased age, and creatinine levels. Furthermore, we developed a model (β2M‐NCCN‐IPI) by adding β2M to NCCN‐IPI (c‐index 0.708) with improved discriminatory ability compared to NCCN‐IPI (c‐index 0.698, p < 0.05) and 5‐year OS of 33.1%, 56.2%, 82.4%, and 96.4% in the high, high‐intermediate, low‐intermediate and low‐risk group, respectively.

Conclusion

International Prognostic Indices, except for NCCN‐IPI, fail to accurately discriminate risk groups in the rituximab era. β2M, a readily available marker, could improve the discriminatory performance of NCCN‐IPI and should be re‐evaluated in the development setting of future models for DLBCL.
Elimination of radiation‐induced senescent cancer cells and stromal cells in vitro by near‐infrared photoimmunotherapy
Authors: Suzuki Motofumi , Kobayashi Hisataka , Hara Daiki , Hanaoka Hirofumi
Published: June 2024

Introduction

Therapy‐induced senescent cancer and stromal cells secrete cytokines and growth factors to promote tumor progression. Therefore, senescent cells may be novel targets for tumor treatment. Near‐infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR‐PIT) is a highly tumor‐selective therapy that employs conjugates of a molecular‐targeting antibody and photoabsorber. Thus, NIR‐PIT has the potential to be applied as a novel senolytic therapy. This study aims to investigate the efficacy of NIR‐PIT treatment on senescent cancer and stromal cells.

Methods

Two cancer cell lines (human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells and human pancreatic cancer MIA PaCa‐2 cells) and two normal cell lines (mouse fibroblast transfected with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 [HER2] cells and human fibroblast WI38 cells) were used. The cytotoxicity of NIR‐PIT was evaluated using anti‐epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody panitumumab and anti‐HER2 antibody transtuzumab.

Results

Cellular senescence was induced in A549 and MIA PaCa‐2 cells by 10 Gy γ‐irradiation. The up‐regulation of cellular senescence markers and characteristic morphological changes in senescent cells, including enlargement, flattening, and multinucleation, were observed in cancer cells after 5 days of γ‐irradiation. Then, NIR‐PIT targeting EGFR was performed on these senescent cancer cells. The NIR‐PIT induced morphological changes, including bleb formation, swelling, and the inflow of extracellular fluid, and induced a significant decrease in cellular viability. These results suggested that NIR‐PIT may induce cytotoxicity using the same mechanism in senescent cancer cells. In addition, similar morphological changes were also induced in radiation‐induced senescent 3T3‐HER2 fibroblasts by NIR‐PIT targeting human epidermal growth factor receptor 2.

Conclusion

NIR‐PIT eliminates both senescent cancer and stromal cells in vitro suggesting it may be a novel strategy for tumor treatment.
An overview of the applied use of chatbots for substance use disorder: Past, present and future
Authors: Ogilvie Lisa , Prescott Julie , Carson Jerome
Published: June 2024

Aim

The purpose of this paper was to critically evaluate the use of chatbots as an eHealth resource for substance use disorder. It considers their past, present and future use, including the progression of the new wave of generative chatbots.

Findings

This paper finds chatbots for substance use disorder to be an underutilised resource, noting that there are few solutions and that these have limitations. It identifies that, along with limitations with general chatbot design, there are also serious ethical concerns given the vulnerabilities of the target population.

Discussion

How a collaborative design can address some of the limitations is discussed, as well as the restrictions this could pose to leveraging the latest technological advances. The ethical concerns presented in the applied use of both existing and prospective chatbots are explored, and how there is a need to safeguard users in matters of mental health support.
Prune belly syndrome: A rare case report
Authors: Gyawali Siddinath , Gyawali Balkrishna , Ghimire Bhumika , Shrestha Bibek , Khanal Pratima , Dahal Geha Raj , Koirala Dinesh Prasad
Published: June 2024

Key Clinical Message

In babies presenting with an omphalocele, other components of the prune belly syndrome should be scrutinized for early diagnosis and timely intervention.

A male baby on his 13th day of life presented with an omphalocele. On evaluation, he had congenital absence of left kidney and bilateral cryptorchidism. Therefore, he was diagnosed with prune belly syndrome. He responded well to abdminoplasty, and wait and watch policy was applied for his cryptorchidism.
Diagnosis of pulmonary lophomoniasis in an elderly anthracosis patient with resistant respiratory symptoms: A literature review and a case report study
Authors: Tajik Jalayeri Mohammad Hadi , Lashkarbolouk Narges , Mazandarani Mahdi
Published: June 2024

Key Clinical Message

Anthracosis causes chronic lung inflammation and immunodeficiency, which are associated with parasitic conditions like lophomonas. Healthcare providers must consider both anthracosis and pulmonary lophomoniasis when evaluating patients with respiratory symptoms, as early detection and treatment can lead to better outcomes for affected individuals. Proper diagnosis and management of these conditions can help prevent complications and improve overall lung health.

Anthracosis is a chronic pulmonary disease characterized by black pigmentation of the bronchial mucosa due to carbon accumulation in the lungs. This condition can result in immunosuppression and make patients more susceptible to parasitic diseases. A 77‐year‐old patient was admitted with fever, dyspnea, and cough with whitish‐yellow sputum that began 2 months ago. Symptoms worsened with partial response to outpatient treatment. Bronchoscopy was requested due to abnormal lab tests and CT scan findings. Bronchoscopy sample revealed anthracosis and microscopic analysis of BAL detected live oval flagellated lophomonas protozoa. Treatment consisted of bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and antibiotic therapy. Anthracosis is linked to parasite diseases, such as lophomonas; thus, concurrent pulmonary lophomoniasis should be considered when anthracosis is identified. Healthcare providers must be vigilant in diagnosing and treating both anthracosis and pulmonary lophomoniasis, as the presence of one may indicate the possibility of the other.
Surface‐Segregated IrCo Nanoparticles on CoO Nanosheets with Ultralow Ir Loading for Efficient Acidic Water Splitting
Authors: Zaman Bilal , Fan Jinchang , Wang Dewen , Fan Huafeng , Gong Ming , Faizan Muhammad , Cui Xiaoqiang
Published: June 2024

IrO2 is the benchmark catalyst for acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER), however, the high cost and low earth abundance hinder its large‐scale application. Herein, surface‐segregated IrCo nanoparticles on CoO nanosheets with a strong electronic interaction are synthesized through the ion exchange‐pyrolysis method. The resulting IrCo−CoO heterostructures, containing an ultra‐low Ir content of 4.73 wt %, demonstrate exceptional performance in the acidic OER. The catalyst exhibits a low overpotential of 270 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 and remarkable stability, with noticeable activity decay observed only after 140 hours of continuous operation. These results surpass most reported Ir‐based electrocatalysts. Specifically, the mass activity at the overpotential of 300 mV for the IrCo−CoO catalyst reaches 124.52 mA mgIr−1, which is 20 times higher than that of commercial IrO2. Furthermore, we constructed a home‐made overall water splitting cell utilizing IrCo−CoO heterostructures as both anode and cathode electrodes, achieving a current density of 10 mA cm‐−2 at a voltage of 1.51 V. Our findings present a promising strategy for designing high‐efficient catalysts with significantly reduced noble metals loading.
Aggregation Mechanisms and Molecular Structures of Amyloid‐β in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Niu Zheng , Gui Xinrui , Feng Shuang , Reif Bernd
Published: June 2024

Amyloid plaques are a major pathological hallmark involved in Alzheimer's disease and consist of deposits of the amyloid‐β peptide (Aβ). The aggregation process of Aβ is highly complex, which leads to polymorphous aggregates with different structures. In addition to aberrant aggregation, Aβ oligomers can undergo liquid‐liquid phase separation (LLPS) and form dynamic condensates. It has been hypothesized that these amyloid liquid droplets affect and modulate amyloid fibril formation. In this review, we briefly introduce the relationship between stress granules and amyloid protein aggregation that is associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Then we highlight the regulatory role of LLPS in Aβ aggregation and discuss the potential relationship between Aβ phase transition and aggregation. Furthermore, we summarize the current structures of Aβ oligomers and amyloid fibrils, which have been determined using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and cryo‐electron microscopy (cryo‐EM). The structural variations of Aβ aggregates provide an explanation for the different levels of toxicity, shed light on the aggregation mechanism and may pave the way towards structure‐based drug design for both clinical diagnosis and treatment.
Understanding racial differences in financial hardship among older adults surviving cancer
Authors: Davis Elizabeth S. , Poulson Michael R. , Yarbro Alaina A. , Franks Jeffrey A. , Bhatia Smita , Kenzik Kelly M.
Published: June 2024

Background

Despite Medicare coverage, financial hardship is a prevalent issue among those diagnosed with cancer at age 65 years and older, particularly among those belonging to a racial or ethnic minority group. Sociodemographic, clinical, and area‐level factors may mediate this relationship; however, no studies have assessed the extent to which these factors contribute to the racial/ethnic disparities in financial hardship.

Methods

Surveys assessing financial hardship were completed by 721 White (84%) or Black (16%) patients (aged 65 years and older) who were diagnosed with breast (34%), prostate (27%), lung (17%), or colorectal (14%) cancer or lymphoma (9%) at the University of Alabama at Birmingham between 2000 and 2019. Financial hardship included material, psychological, and behavioral domains. Nonlinear Blinder–Oaxaca effect decomposition methods were used to evaluate the extent to which individual and area‐level factors contribute to racial disparities in financial hardship.

Results

Black patients reported lower income (65% vs. 34% earning <$50,000) and greater scores on the Area Deprivation Index (median, 93.0 vs. 55.0). Black patients reported significantly higher rates of overall (39% vs. 18%), material (29% vs. 11%), and psychological (27% vs. 11%) hardship compared with White patients. Overall, the observed characteristics explained 51% of racial differences in financial hardship among cancer survivors, primarily because of differences in income (23%) and area deprivation (11%).

Conclusions

The current results identify primary contributors to racial disparities in financial hardship among older cancer survivors, which can be used to develop targeted interventions and allocate resources to those at greatest risk for financial hardship.
Recent advances in robust and ultra‐thin Li metal anode
Authors: Luo Zheng , Cao Yang , Xu Guobao , Sun Wenrui , Xiao Xuhuan , Liu Hui , Wang Shanshan
Published: June 2024

Li metal batteries have been widely expected to break the energy‐density limits of current Li‐ion batteries, showing impressive prospects for the next‐generation electrochemical energy storage system. Although much progress has been achieved in stabilizing the Li metal anode, the current Li electrode still lacks efficiency and safety. Moreover, a practical Li metal battery requires a thickness‐controllable Li electrode to maximally balance the energy density and stability. However, due to the stickiness and fragile nature of Li metal, manufacturing Li ingot into thin electrodes from conventional approaches has historically remained challenging, limiting the sufficient utilization of energy density in Li metal batteries. Aiming at the practical application of Li metal anode, the current issues and their initiation mechanism are comprehensively summarized from the stability and processability perspectives. Recent advances in robust and ultra‐thin Li metal anode are outlined from methodology innovation to provide an overall insight. Finally, challenges and prospective developments regarding this burgeoning field are critically discussed to afford future outlooks. With the development of advanced processing and modification technology, we are optimistic that a truly great leap will be achieved in the foreseeable future toward the industrial application of Li metal batteries.
Extramedullary T‐lymphoblastic blast crisis in a young male with chronic myeloid leukemia: A rare presentation diagnosed on cytology and flow cytometric immunophenotyping
Authors: Kaur Gunjangeet , Gupta Parikshaa , Mallik Nabhajeet , Gupta Nalini , Sachdeva Man Updesh Singh , Malhotra Pankaj
Published: June 2024

Background

Extramedullary blast proliferations (EBPs) are known to occur in around 15% of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients in the blast phase. Immunophenotypically, the EBPs are commonly myeloid as compared to the lymphoid. Amongst the lymphoid EBPs, T‐lymphoblastic type is considerably rare. Furthermore, the occurrence of EBPs at the initial clinical presentation is extremely rare and such presentations almost always portend the occurrence of an imminent hematological blast crisis shortly.

Case

A 25‐year‐old male presented with abdominal fullness for 1 month. There was no history of abdominal pain, vomiting, jaundice, weight loss, or night sweats. On clinical examination, the patient was found to have pallor and was febrile. There was hepatosplenomegaly and a single, firm, mobile, left posterior cervical lymph node measuring 1.5 × 1 cm was palpable. Routine blood counts revealed anemia, leukocytosis, and thrombocytopenia. A fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) from the cervical revealed T‐lymphoid EBP, confirmed by flow cytometry. Subsequently, his bone marrow examination revealed a diagnosis of CML with BCR::ABL1 fusion. Thus, a final diagnosis of CML with extramedullary T‐lymphoid blast crisis localized to the cervical lymph node was rendered.

Conclusions

The present report, besides highlighting the utility of FNA cytology in rendering such challenging diagnoses, also reiterates the significance of ancillary techniques, such as flow cytometry, which play a key role in early diagnosis and exact characterization of such rare and aggressive hematolymphoid neoplasms.
Confirmation of ethanol administration in racing greyhounds by LC‐MS‐MS
Authors: Cawley Adam , Karamatic Steven , Sutton Gordon , Hibbert D. Brynn , McKinney Andrew R. , Nelis Samantha , Caldwell Karen , Young E. Bruce , Richards Stacey , Keledjian John
Published: June 2024

Ethanol is a prohibited substance in professional animal racing as its administration causes physiological effects such as depression of the central nervous system. Regulation of potential doping agents, including those that inhibit performance, is critical to ensure integrity and animal welfare in greyhound racing, but the detection of ethanol is complicated by dietary and/or environmental exposure. In response, a reliable analytical method capable of detecting recent ethanol administration in greyhound urine samples was validated and implemented. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS‐MS) was used to investigate the variation in urinary ethanol metabolites; ethyl‐β‐D glucuronide (EG;
 = 1.0 μg/ml,
 = 3.3 μg/ml) and ethyl sulfate (ES;
 = 0.9 μg/ml,
 = 1.9 μg/ml) levels from a reference population of 202 racing greyhounds. These were compared to urine samples collected following administration of ethanol to one male and one female greyhound. Results were used to establish a threshold within the national rules of greyhound racing:
and
 > 20 μg/ml in urine are defensible criteria to confirm ethanol administration to greyhounds. Case studies of competition samples are provided to demonstrate the forensic translation of this work.
Sea urchin roe quality within urchin barrens and improvement through kelp restoration
Authors: Miller Kelsey I. , Balemi Celia A. , Blain Caitlin O. , Spyksma Arie J. P. , Shears Nick T.
Published: June 2024

Sea urchin overgrazing is a major cause of kelp loss and consequently sea urchin removal is frequently promoted as a tool for restoring kelp in urchin barrens. While many sea urchin species support high‐end roe fisheries, roe condition is generally lower in barrens than in kelp forests due to reduced food availability. Understanding how roe condition varies between kelp and barren habitats, and in response to kelp restoration, is key to developing effective, culturally and socially acceptable approaches to sea urchin removal and for assessing the potential benefits of kelp restoration. We assessed whether sea urchin roe quality within urchin barrens in northeastern Aotearoa New Zealand can be sufficient for harvest, and whether sea urchin removal can ultimately enhance urchin roe condition (by increasing food quality and quantity). We monitored roe condition (roe weight and gonadosomatic index [GSI]) in kelp forest and urchin barrens monthly for one year at two sites, and quarterly over two years at four sites following large‐scale (1.6–2 ha) sea urchin removal from urchin barrens. While roe condition was generally lower in barrens, the magnitude of this difference varied seasonally and among sites. Sea urchin roe quality within barrens was sufficient for commercial harvest (GSI ≥ 6%) during spring–summer at three sites. Following large‐scale sea urchin removal, kelp and fucoid density increased over two years (~9–58 plants m−2), but remained low in barren control areas. Although variable, sea urchins from removal areas (restored kelp) typically showed increased GSI, roe weight, and improved roe color within nine months following removal. These results suggest that, at some locations, harvest may provide a viable method for removing urchins from urchin barrens for kelp restoration purposes. However, to ensure sea urchin densities are reduced and maintained below the critical levels needed to achieve restoration outcomes, strategic approaches with critical evaluation of methods are required. Furthermore, we demonstrate that effectively removing urchins and promoting kelp recovery can ultimately improve urchin roe quality.
Fire in the rainforest: A 3200‐year history of fire in a West Kalimantan, Indonesia, tropical rainforest
Authors: Hendricks Lauren B. , Anshari Gusti Z. , Gavin Daniel G.
Published: June 2024

Despite its perceived historical rarity, fire is an important disturbance in tropical rainforests. Very large rainforest fires have been observed multiple times in recent decades, often during years of strong El Niño‐Southern Oscillation droughts. Fire in rainforest has major short‐term consequences for humans and wildlife by converting forest to fire‐prone fern, shrub, and grass, but the long‐term effects remain to be seen. Borneo's indigenous groups have been using fire to clear land for centuries, yet the prevalence and spatial patterns of premodern fire across forest types in Borneo are not well understood. This research set out to reconstruct fire in a 1500‐ha primary rainforest spanning 800 m of elevation in Indonesian Borneo with the goal of elucidating the role humans have played in rainforest fire. We found that humans played an important role in the occurrence of fire in recent centuries. Evidence of fire—charcoal >2 mm—is more abundant in forest types where humans would be more likely to live and/or practice swidden agriculture. However, pyrogenic material is ubiquitous across the study area, showing that all forest types have experienced fire. A set of 50 radiocarbon dates showed that in lowland areas—where human‐caused fire is most likely—fire occurred throughout the last 3200 years, peaking 1300–1600 ce. The upland areas lacked evidence of fire before 1250 ce but otherwise had a similar pattern to the lowlands. The period of high fire coincides with regional demographic changes as well as regional droughts documented elsewhere in Southeast Asia. In upland areas, fires likely burned only under regional drought when fires could more easily spread upslope. Although forest plot studies at this site show little structural evidence of past fires, tree diversity is lower than expected in the most burned areas (alluvial benches). Thus, our results suggest that land clearance was a major source of fire, but the current intact state of these rainforests indicates that they were largely resilient to fires and land use hundreds of years ago. Recent fires mirror patterns of fire spread that occurred hundreds of years ago, though their severity and extent are likely much greater.
Right ventricular dysfunction and impaired right ventricular–pulmonary arterial coupling in paradoxical low‐flow, low‐gradient aortic stenosis
Authors: Nies Richard J. , Nettersheim Felix S. , Braumann Simon , Ney Svenja , Ochs Laurin , Dohr Johannes , Nies Jasper F. , Wienemann Hendrik , Adam Matti , Mauri Victor , Baldus Stephan , Rosenkranz Stephan
Published: June 2024

Aims

Paradoxical low‐flow, low‐gradient aortic stenosis (pLFLG AS) may represent a diagnostic challenge, and its pathophysiology is complex. While left ventricular (LV) systolic function is preserved, right ventricular dysfunction (RVD) and consecutive LV underfilling may contribute to low‐flow and reduced stroke volume index, and to adverse outcomes following transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential role of RVD in pLFLG AS, and to assess the impact of pre‐procedural RVD on clinical outcomes after TAVI in patients with pLFLG AS.

Methods and results

Out of 2739 native AS patients, who received TAVI at the University of Cologne Heart Center between March 2013 and June 2021, 114 patients displayed pLFLG AS and were included in this study. Right ventricular (RV) function was assessed by transthoracic echocardiography, and a fractional area change (FAC) ≤35% and/or a tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) <18 mm determined RVD. In addition, the TAPSE/systolic pulmonary artery pressure ratio (TAPSE/sPAP) was monitored as a measure of RV–pulmonary arterial (PA) coupling. An impaired FAC and TAPSE was present in 21.9% and 45.6% of patients, respectively, identifying RVD in 50.0%. RVD (p = 0.016), reduced FAC (p = 0.049), reduced TAPSE (p = 0.035) and impaired RV–PA coupling (TAPSE/sPAP ratio <0.31 mm/mmHg; p = 0.009) were associated with significantly higher all‐cause mortality compared to patients with normal RV function. After adjustment for sex, age, body mass index, EuroSCORE II, previous myocardial infarction and mitral regurgitation, independent predictors for all‐cause mortality were FAC, sPAP, TAPSE/sPAP ratio, right atrial area, RV diameter and tricuspid regurgitation.

Conclusions

Adverse RV remodelling, RVD and impaired RV–PA coupling provide an explanation for low‐flow and reduced stroke volume index in a subset of patients with pLFLG AS, and are associated with excess mortality after TAVI.
Mechanistic Insight on the Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols by Trivalent Copper from DFT Calculations
Authors: Wang Guanqi , Jarjayes Olivier , Moreau Yohann , Thomas Fabrice
Published: June 2024

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out to elucidate the mechanism of alcohol oxidation by a Cu(III) anilidosalen complex. The study considered singlet, broken‐symmetry singlet, and triplet states. During the first step the alcoholate binds to the copper, inducing valence tautomerism, transforming the Cu(III) complex into a Cu(II)‐alkoxyradical adduct. Subsequently, an “aniline” ring abstracts a hydrogen from the substrate with a low barrier, yielding a Cu(I) aniline complex and the aldehyde, akin to galactose oxidase. Catalyst re‐oxidation is coupled to dioxygen reduction. Initially, dioxygen is reduced by Cu(I) into superoxide, which binds to the metal. Protonation then yields either a Cu(II)‐hydrosuperoxo or a Cu(III)‐hydroperoxo adduct. Further protonation closes the catalytic cycle by releasing hydrogen peroxide.
Tuning Valence Tautomerism in Dinuclear Cobalt Complexes by Modulating Communication in the Bridging Ligand
Authors: Janetzki Jett T. , Gransbury Gemma K. , Gable Robert W. , Giansiracusa Marcus J. , Starikova Alyona A. , Boskovic Colette
Published: June 2024

The capability of bis(dioxolene) ligands to access multiple redox states makes them ideal candidates to tune the electronic properties of metal complexes, for example to achieve valence tautomerism (VT). In this study, a family of dinuclear cobalt complexes have been isolated with the bridging bis(dioxolene) thean− ligand in the cat2−‐cat2−, cat2−‐SQ⋅− and SQ⋅−‐SQ⋅− states (cat2−=catecholate, SQ⋅−=semiquinonate): [{CoIII(tpa)}2(theacat−cat)](PF6)2 (1), [{CoIII(tpa)}2(theacat−SQ)](PF6)3 (2), and [{CoIII(tpa)}2(theaSQ−SQ)](PF6)4 (3) (theaH4=2,3,6,7‐tetrahydroxy‐9,10‐dimethyl‐9,10‐dihydro‐9,10‐ethanoanthracene, tpa=tris(2‐pyridylmethyl)amine). Multi‐technique analysis confirms that 1, 2 and 3 adopt low spin‐CoIII containing {CoIII‐cat‐cat‐CoIII}, {CoIII‐cat‐SQ‐CoIII} and {CoIII‐SQ‐SQ‐CoIII} states, respectively. Compound 1 undergoes thermally‐induced {CoIII‐cat‐cat‐CoIII} ⇌ {CoIII‐cat‐SQ‐CoII} VT in the solid‐ and solution‐states above 300 K, involving high spin‐CoII. This interconversion is contrary to expectations, as tpa typically stabilizes low spin‐CoIII‐catecholate. Compound 2 is mixed‐valence class II/II–III, indicating a localized electronic structure, with electron transfer faster than the EPR and solvent rearrangement timescales, but slower than the infrared timescale. Compound 3 exhibits strong antiferromagnetic exchange. The overlap between the dioxolene π‐orbitals in thean− increases the accessibility of the cat2−‐SQ⋅− state, resulting in VT for 1. This study demonstrates that thean− can be isolated in multiple oxidation states in metal complexes, which is promising for applications in magnetic materials.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct Alkynylation of Carbazoles with Alkynyl Bromides
Authors: Dharaniyedath Jyothis , Kumar Vikash , Gandeepan Parthasarathy
Published: June 2024

Carbazole derivatives are vital in medicinal and materials chemistry, yet accessing diverse substitutions remains challenging. Here, we introduce a regioselective approach for C1 and C8 alkynylation of carbazoles via palladium‐catalyzed C−H activation. This method provides a direct route to mono‐ and di‐alkynylated derivatives, addressing the scarcity of alkynylated carbazole‐based materials. Our study broadens the synthetic toolbox for carbazole functionalization, offering potential applications in optoelectronics, bio‐imaging, and beyond, while contributing to developing sustainable C−H activation methodologies.
Metabolic, cardiovascular, neuromuscular and perceptual responses to repeated military‐specific load carriage treadmill simulations
Authors: Vine Christopher A. J. , Coakley Sarah L. , Blacker Sam D. , Runswick Oliver R. , Myers Stephen D.
Published: June 2024

Bouts of military load carriage are rarely completed in isolation; however, limited research has investigated the physiological responses to repeated load carriage tasks. Twelve civilian men (age, 28 ± 8 years; stature, 185.6 ± 5.8 cm; body mass 84.3 ± 11.1 kg and maximal oxygen uptake, 51.5 ± 6.4 mL·kg−1 min−1) attended the laboratory on two occasions to undertake a familiarisation and an experimental session. Following their familiarisation session, participants completed three bouts of a fast load carriage protocol (FLCP; ∼65 min), carrying 25 kg, interspersed with a 65‐min recovery period. Physiological strain (oxygen uptake [V̇O2] and heart rate [HR]) was assessed during the FLCP bouts, and physical performance assessments (weighted counter‐movement jump [wCMJ], maximal isometric voluntary contraction of the quadriceps [MIVC] and seated medicine ball throw [SMBT]) was measured pre and post each FLCP bout. A main effect for bout and measurement time was evident for V̇O2 and HR (both p < 0.001 and Ѡ2 = 0.103–0.816). There was no likely change in SMBT distance (p = 0.201 and Ѡ2 = 0.004), but MIVC peak force reduced by approximately 25% across measurement points (p < 0.001 and Ѡ2 = 0.133). A mean percentage change of approximately −12% from initial values was also evident for peak wCMJ height (p = 0.001 and Ѡ2 = 0.028). Collectively, these data demonstrate that repeated FLCP bouts result in an elevated physiological strain for each successive bout, along with a substantial reduction in lower body power (wCMJ and MIVC). Therefore, future research should investigate possible mitigation strategies to maintain role‐related capability.
High‐Performance Double‐Layer Textile‐Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator
Authors: Zamani Mahsa , Valipouri Afsaneh , Ravandi Seyed Abdolkarim Hosseini , Alsikh Abdulkarim
Published: June 2024

This article aims to investigate the electrical output performance of the proposed textile‐based triboelectric nanogenerator (T‐TENG) under the operating principle of contact–separation mode. Herein, the T‐TENG structure is developed by electrospinning and weaving technologies. Therein, core–shell yarns are initially fabricated by applying nanocomposite zinc oxide /polyamide‐66 (ZnO–PAn) fibers on carbon (C) yarns. Then, yarns are directly woven as weft with polyamide‐66 yarns as warp to assemble the T‐TENG structure with the help of the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) layer. The results show that increasing the microscopic factor (i.e., the surface roughness) of the PTFE layer about twice can, respectively, enhance the open‐circuit voltage and short‐circuit current of the T‐TENG up to 27% and 21.7% on average; besides that the thickness of the PTFE layer plays an important role in the electrical output quality of T‐TENG. Equally important, improving the rough surface of the active layer (i.e., woven fabric layer) through nanocomposite fibers (ZnO/PAn) can endow the T‐TENG structure to generate excellent electrical potentials under different tapping frequencies. Interestingly, the best electrical output performance obtained in this article can reach maximum values (≈14 μA and 200 V) at 10 Hz with a structure (C–ZnO5%PAn/PAf@PTFE2m) and achieve a 2.7 mW power density on a 27 MΩ external resistance.
From Acoustic to Electric: Advanced Triboelectric Nanogenerators with Fe‐Based Metal–Organic Frameworks
Authors: Babu Anjaly , Gupta Sushmita , Katru Rajesh , Madathil Navaneeth , Kulandaivel Anu , Kodali Prakash , Divi Haranath , Borkar Hitesh , Khanapuram Uday Kumar , Rajaboina Rakesh Kumar
Published: June 2024

This study explores using metal–organic framework materials, notably MIL‐88 A and BaTiO3, as multifunctional additives within polydimethylsiloxane to boost the performance of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). This novel approach has significantly improved the TENG device's efficiency, making it an effective triboelectric layer. The developed TENG device produces an open‐circuit voltage, short‐circuit current, and maximum power density of 486 V, 160 μA, and 5.82 W m−2, respectively. The fabricated TENG device is used to power 360 light emitting diodes and various self‐powered electronic devices. A unique feature of the study is the transformation of acoustic energy into electrical energy using the TENG device. A small‐sized TENG is attached to a loudspeaker's diaphragm, converting sounds from various musical instruments and animal noises into electrical signals. This capability opens up new avenues for harnessing ambient acoustic energy, a largely untapped resource.
Characteristics of malignant brain tumor‐associated epileptic spasms
Authors: Yamada Naoki , Kuki Ichiro , Fukuoka Masataka , Nukui Megumi , Inoue Takeshi , Umaba Ryoko , Kunihiro Noritsugu , Yamasaki Kai , Uda Takehiro , Fujisaki Hiroyuki , Okazaki Shin
Published: June 2024

Although epilepsy is the most common comorbidity of brain tumors, epileptic spasms rarely occur. Brain tumors associated with epileptic spasms are mostly low‐grade gliomas. To date, few studies in the literature have reported on malignant (Grades 3–4) brain tumors associated with epileptic spasms. Thus, we aimed to investigate the characteristics of malignant brain tumor‐associated epileptic spasms. We retrospectively reviewed patients with malignant brain tumors and epileptic spasms in our institution. Data on demographics, tumor histology, magnetic resonance imaging, epileptic spasm characteristics, electroencephalography, and treatment responsiveness were also collected. Six patients were included. In all cases, the brain tumors occurred in infancy in the supratentorial region and epileptic spasm onset occurred after the completion of brain tumor treatment. Anti‐seizure medication did not control epileptic spasms; two patients were seizure‐free after epileptic surgery. Although all patients had developmental delays caused by malignant brain tumors and their treatment, developmental regression proceeded after epileptic spasm onset. Two patients who achieved seizure‐free status showed improved developmental outcomes after cessation of epileptic spasms. This is the first report of the characteristics of malignant brain tumor‐associated epileptic spasms. Our report highlights a difficulties of seizure control and possibillity of efficacy of epileptic surgery in this condition. In malignant brain tumor‐associated epileptic spasms, it is important to proceed with presurgical evaluation from an early stage, bearing in mind that epileptic spasms may become drug‐resistant.
Dynamic characteristics of the tip leakage vortex in an oil–gas multiphase pump based on vorticity decomposition theory
Authors: Shi Guangtai , Sun Guodong , Wang Qingfang , Quan Hui , Huang Zongliu , Wen Haigang , Hao Zhengkai
Published: June 2024

The paper combines experimental and numerical simulation methods to investigate the tip leakage vortex (TLV) in an oil–gas multiphase pump. The study aims to understand the evolution and dynamic characteristics of the TLV. The vorticity decomposition theory is used to analyze the spatial–temporal evolution, transient behavior, and rigid vorticity of the TLV. The findings reveal that the TLV is formed near the pressure surface when the tip clearance jet passes through the shear layer. In one impeller rotation period, transient fluctuations of the TLV are attributed to pressure differences and velocity changes across the tip clearance, and the TLV undergoes two split–dissipation–recurrence processes within one impeller rotation cycle. The presence of the gas phase enhances the scale and strength of the TLV while prolonging its existence in the flow channel. Analysis based on the rigid vorticity transport equation shows that the growth of the TLV and collapse are primarily governed by the rigid vortex generation term. The Coriolis force term contributes to stabilizing the TLV, while the rigid vorticity stretching term affects its shape. Furthermore, the gas phase significantly increases the value of the Rigid vorticity Curl of pseudo‐Lamb vector Term (RCT), which plays a crucial role in the prolonged existence of the TLV under gas–liquid two‐phase conditions. From an inlet gas void fraction of 0%–20%, the RCT value increases by 4.8 × 106/s2, the entropy production value increases by 75.55%, and the hydraulic efficiency decreases by 16.29%.
Evaluation of Short-Term Mussel Test for Estimating Toxicity
Authors: Wang Ning , Kunz James L. , Ivey Christopher D. , Cleveland Danielle , Steevens Jeffery A.
Published: June 2024

Effect concentrations of ammonia, nickel, sodium chloride, and potassium chloride from short-term 7-day tests were compared to those from standard chronic 28-day toxicity tests with juvenile mussels (fatmucket, Lampsilis siliquoidea) to evaluate the sensitivities of the 7-day tests. The effect concentrations for nickel (59 µg Ni/L), chloride (316–519 mg Cl/L, a range from multiple tests), and potassium (15 mg K/L) obtained from the 7-day tests were within a range of effect concentrations for each corresponding chemical in the 28-day tests (41–91 µg Ni/L, 251–>676 mg Cl/L, 15–23 mg K/L), whereas the 7-day ammonia effect concentration (0.40 mg/L total ammonia nitrogen; TAN) was up to 3.3-fold greater than the 28-day effect concentrations (0.12–0.36 mg TAN/L) but with overlapped 95% confidence limits. These results indicate that the 7-day tests produced similar estimates compared to the 28-day tests. Further studies are needed to evaluate the 7-day test sensitivity using additional chemicals with different modes of toxic action. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:2020–2025. Published 2024. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.