bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Weight distributions on soles of feet in the primary and early permanent dentition with normal occlusion
Authors: Ishizawa Takayuki , Xu Hui , Onodera Ken , Ooya Kiyoshi
Published: April 2015

This study investigated the differences of weight distribution on the sole of the feet in the primary and the early permanent dentition by the modifying Morton staticometer. The distribution of body weight in the outer forward part on soles of feet in the permanent dentition group was significantly greater than that in the primary dentition group. The distribution of body weight in the heel on soles of feet in the permanent dentition group was significantly smaller than that in the primary dentition group. These results indicated that the weight was shifted from the heels to the forefeet from primary to permanent dentition
Human pulpal response to Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA): A histologic study
Authors: Chacko Dr. Varghese , Kurikose Dr. Sobha
Published: April 2015

The purpose of this study was to study the histologic changes in the dental pulp following pulpotomy with Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) and Calcium hydroxide. Pulpotomies were performed on premolar teeth that were to be extracted for orthodontic reasons. The radicular pulp was capped with either MTA or Calcium hydroxide and restored with IRM. The teeth were extracted at 4 and 8 week intervals, fixed in 10% formalin and then kept in 5% nitric acid for 28 days for demineralization. Longitudinal sections were then prepared and viewed under light microscope.The pulps capped with MTA (at the end of 4 weeks and 8 weeks) showed dentin bridge formation which was more homogenous and continuous with the original dentin when compared to the pulps capped with calcium hydroxide. The pulpal inflammation was also less in the MTA group as compared to the calcium hydroxide group at the end of 4 and 8 weeks.
Black stains in the mixed dentition: A PCR microbiological study of the etiopathogenic bacteria.
Authors: Saba C. , Solidani M. , Berlutti F. , Vestri A. , Ottolenghi L. , Polimeni A.
Published: April 2015

The aim of this work is to emphasize that particular stains on the third cervical of the buccal and lingual surfaces in mixed dentition, called "black stain." Previous research showed the microbiological etiology of this discoloration by chromogen bacterias. Our study shows bacteria spp involved in stains by means of PCR process and electrophoresis gel on the agarose medium. Sample was formed by 100 subject with black stain and 100 control subjects stain-free.A statistical analysis (SPSS 10.0) using X2 was performed in this study. Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella melaninogenica, were not involved in both in black stain subjects and in the control. On the contrary, Actinomyces could be involved in the pigmentation process.
A comparative evaluation of newer sedatives in conscious sedation
Authors: Koirala Dr. Bandana , Pandey Prof. R. , Saksen Prof. A. , Kumar Dr. Rakesh , Sharma Dr. Shivalal
Published: April 2015

This double blind study was undertaken to determine the safety and efficacy of orally administered newer sedatives and analgesics for conscious sedation in 120 child patients. Patients were randomly assigned into: Midazolam (I), Ketamine (II), Zolpidem (III), Midazolam plus Ketamine (IV), Midazolam plus Tramadol (V) and Zolpidem plus Tramadol (VI) groups of 20 each. Onset of action, level of sedation, ease of treatment completion, recovery time, and post-operative amnesia were assessed for all and compared. Midazolam plus ketamine was found the most effective combination providing a fast and adequate analgo-sedation in anxious and uncooperative child patients.
Long-term evaluation of orofacial function in children with Down syndrome after treatment with a stimulating plate according to Castillo Morales
Authors: Korbmacher H , Limbrock J , Kahl-Nieke B
Published: April 2015

The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the long-term orofacial development of Down children who received plate therapy according to Castillo Morales in their early childhood. The orofacial development of 27 Down children was documented before and after plate therapy and at a follow-up examination 13 years ± 6 months after initiation of therapy. The orofacial appearance significantly improved during therapy (p=0.00). During the follow-up, mouth posture remained stable (p=0.259), whereas tongue position further improved (p=0.034). A better long-term development was documented in children with initial severe orofacial dysfunctions.
A Case of Sialolithiasis in a Child
Authors: Oka Tomomichi , Nomura Jouji , Matsumura Yoshihiko , Yanase Shigeaki , Nagata Takayuki , Uno Shiori , Tagawa Toshiro
Published: April 2015

Sialolithiasis is a comparatively rare disease in children. Here, we report the case of a female aged 5 years and 7 months old with sialolithiasis of the submandibular duct, and we examine the causal factors, diagnostic techniques and treatment methods for the disease based on a review of the literature.
Indirect Pulp Capping in the Primary Dentition: a 4 Year Follow-up Study
Authors: Marchi Juliana , de Araujo Fernando , Fröner Andréa , Straffon Lloyd , Nör Jacques
Published: April 2015

Purpose :Evaluate clinical and radiographic changes in primary teeth submitted to indirect pulp capping (IPC) over a 48-month-period.

Methods: Twenty seven primary molars with deep caries, but without preoperative signs of irreversible pulpits, were treated with IPC. The teeth were randomly divided into two groups, according to the material used for protection of the dentin-pulp complex: (1) a calcium hydroxide liner(Dycal®) and (2) glass ionomer cement (Vitremer®).

Results: After 48 months, Group-1 showed a success rate of 88.8% and Group-2 of 93%. No statistical significant difference between the groups was observed(P = 0.62).

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The results of this study suggested that indirect pulp capping in primary teeth arrests the progression of the underlying caries, regardless of the material used as a liner.
The Effectiveness of Vitamin "E" in the Treatment of Oral Mucositis in Children Receiving Chemotherapy
Authors: El–Housseiny Azza , Saleh Susan , El–Masry Ashraf , Allam Amany
Published: April 2015

The aim of this study was to study the effect of vitamin "E" in the treatment of oral mucositis. 80 patients with oral mucositis were randomly distributed into 2 groups: group A, topically applied vitamin "E" and group B, vitamin "E" was given systemically. The 2 groups were evaluated for 5 days. Results showed that in group A grades of oral mucositis improved significantly, while in group B no significant improvement was noticed.

It is concluded that topical application of 100 mg vitamin "E" twice daily is an effective measure for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis.
Tooth Supported Prosthetic Rehabilitation in a 5-year-old Child with Early Childhood Caries
Authors: Mattuella Letícia Grando , da Fontoura Frasca Luis Carlos , Bernardi Leoni , Moi Gisele Pedroso , Medeiros Fossati Anna Christina , de Araújo Fernando Borba
Published: April 2015

This paper reports the case of a 5-year-old patient with early childhood caries (ECC) and presents an alternative prosthetic treatment with a tooth-supported overdenture. Primary canines were endodontically treated and received intraradicular posts with ball-type attachments to attach a tooth-supported overdenture. The patient was followed for 18 months both clinically and radiographically. In addition to esthetic and functional oral rehabilitation, the prosthetic treatment had an important psychological impact on recovery of patient's self-esteem.
Low-level-laser Therapy as an Alternative Treatment for Primary Herpes Simplex Infection: A Case Report
Authors: Navarro Ricardo , Marquezan Marcela , Ferraz Cerqueira Daniella , DA Silveira Bruno Lopes , Salete Nahás Pires Corrêa Maria
Published: April 2015

Gingivostomatitis is the most common primary and symptomatic clinical manifestation of HSV-1 infection. Painful oral lesions appear as ulcerative erosions on the gingiva, palate, buccal mucosa, and tongue, leading to eating and drinking difficulties with an evolution between 10-14 days. This paper describes a case of a 19- month-old boy with severe painful Gingivostomatitis lesions. Low level laser therapy (LLLT) was used with an immediate outcome.
Long-Term Effect of an Oral Health Promotion Program for Schoolchildren after the Interruption of Educational Activities
Authors: Antonio A. , Kelly A. , Valle Daniella , Vianna Roberto , Quintanilha Luís Eduardo
Published: April 2015

This study aimed to verify the long-term effects of an oral-health-promotion program for 203 schoolchildren 24 months after the interruption of educational activities. They were clinically examined to assess dental plaque and gingival bleeding at baseline, immediately after the educational phase (EP), and 12 and 24 months after withdrawal of the EP. The mean plaque scores gradually increased after interruption of the EP,and in the last assessment they were higher than the baseline scores, but similar to the ones verified 12 months after withdrawal of the EP. The mean gingival bleeding scores were maintained after interruption of the EP. However, it was verified that in the last assessment they were lower than the previous evaluations. And, in all analyses, it was far from the baseline mean scores (P < 0.05). Analysis indicated that the duration of the program favorably influenced its outcome.
Sedation in Uncooperative Children Undergoing Dental Procedures: A Comparative Evaluation of Midazolam, Propofol and Ketamine.
Authors: Rai Kavitha , Hegde Amitha , Goel Kukul
Published: April 2015

Dentists usually face a common problem dealing with pediatric patients due to their high levels of anxiety and fear, associated with dental procedures. Such children are usually managed by various pharmacological methods. The efficacy and safety of conscious sedation, using intravenous short acting group of drugs(midazolam, propofol and ketamine ) in uncooperative children, requiring oral rehabilitation was thus evaluated in this study. A total of 30 uncooperative children, aged 3-6 years, belonging to ASA I, II category formed the study group. The efficacy of the three group of drugs was evaluated on the basis of the onset of sedation, duration of action, side effects encountered, and the overall cooperative behavior of the child throughout the course of the procedure, after obtaining parental consent. Results showed that propofol was highly effective in terms of onset of sedation, although increased body movements and crying, pain on injection and intermittent cough was observed as the main side effects of the drug. Midazolam showed the longest duration of action, but was not very effective in terms of treatment completion due to increased movements and crying. Maximum cooperation during the procedure was obtained with ketamine and no adverse effects were encountered. We preferred ketamine from the results of our study and recommended future evaluation of ketamine in combination with other sedatives.
Pediatricians' Perceptions of the Use of Sweetened Medications Related to Oral Health
Authors: Neves Beatriz Gonçalves , da Silva Pierro Viviane Santos , Maia Lucianne Cople
Published: April 2015

Objective: To evaluate pediatricians' perceptions and attitudes about the use of liquid pediatric medicines and their relationship with dental caries and dental erosion. Study design: A cross sectional study was conducted. Data was collected by questionnaires handed out in hospitals, medical clinics and offices. A convenience sample of 104 pediatricians was obtained. Results: Most respondents (80.8%) stated that pediatric medicines could be related with dental disorders. Dental caries (64.7%) and tooth discoloration (43.7%)were the most frequent mentioned alterations, while only 3 (4.2%) respondents pointed out dental erosion. A considerable number of respondents (62.5%) recognized the presence of fermentable carbohydrates as a contributing factor to tooth decay, however not all of them recommended oral hygiene after their consumption(50.8%). Besides, 48 respondents (46.2%) also believed that pediatric medicines could cause dental wear. Conclusions: Pediatricians in this study did not perceive the correct relationship between the presence of acidity in medicines and dental erosion; however, most of them presented a reasonable awareness about the relationship between sugared pediatric medicines and dental caries. Besides, they were unaware about the need of recommending oral hygiene after medicines' use.
Distribution of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinusin Saliva of Mexican Preschool Caries-free and Caries-active Children by Microbial and Molecular (PCR) Assays
Authors: Loyola-Rodriguez Juan Pablo , Martinez-Martinez Rita Elizabeth , Flores-Ferreyra Blanca Irma , Patiño-Marin Nuria , Alpuche-Solis Angel Gabriel , Reyes-Macias Juan Francisco
Published: April 2015

The aim of the study was to investigate the distribution of mutans streptococci (MS) infection of caries-free(CF) and caries-active (CA) preschool Mexican children by microbial and molecular assays. Eighty preschool children were divided into two groups, 40 CF and 40 CA children. Saliva samples were inoculated onto MSB to identify CFU and DNA extractions were tested by PCR. Our results indicated that there was no statistical difference (p>0.05) between groups either in age, weight, height or sex. S. sobrinus was detected by PCR twice as much in the CA group, the difference being statistically significant (p<0.05). dmfs index was positive correlated with S. mutans (r=0.2941, p=0.0081), S. sobrinus (r=0.3384, p=0.0021) and S. mutans-S. sobrinus (r=0.3978, p=0.0003). ANCOVA revealed that dmfs index had a significant effect on the distribution of CFU of S. mutans (p=0.0118) and S. sobrinus (p=0.03). When MSB was compared with PCR to identify MS, there was no statistical difference (p>0.05). We conclude that S. mutans and S. sobrinus were isolated in higher numbers from CA children and those harbouring both bacteria had higher dmfs scores. PCR is a useful tool in molecular epidemiology for dental caries studies; it was effective in detecting and identifying MS from saliva in children.
Assessment of Head Tilt in Young Children with Unilateral Posterior Crossbite by Video Recording
Authors: Bevilaqua-Grossi Débora , Chaves Thaís Cristina , Lovato Margarete , de Oliveira Anamaria Siriani , Hallak Regalo Simone Cecílio
Published: April 2015

14 children with unilateral posterior crossbites (PCB) participated in this study and 14 children with Angle's class I occlusion. Body posture analysis was made by a video recording technique. The results showed greater tilt in the angles of head tilt in PCB children when compared to neutral occlusion children. We also observed that head tilt followed the side of crossbite. Such results suggest that unilateral PCB could be related to the development of head tilt on the same side of the crossbite.
In-Office Dental Bleaching and Enamel Microabrasion for Fluorosis Treatment
Authors: Bertassoni Luiz , Martin Juliana , Torno Vladja , Vieira Sérgio , Rached Rodrigo Nunes , Mazur Rui
Published: April 2015

Recently, mostly as a result of drinking water fluoridation, the number of young patients affected by fluorosis increased considerably. This study describes a minimally invasive technique, using in-office dental bleaching (35% hydrogen peroxide) and enamel microabrasion (silicon carbide and 12% hydrochloric acid)to eliminate fluorosis like stains. The association of techniques was efficient and can be recommended as a good conservative alternative for the treatment of fluorosis affected teeth.
Eruption Chronology of the Permanent Dentition in Spanish Children
Authors: Hernández M , Espasa E , Boj J
Published: April 2015

Background - Little information is available regarding the eruption chronology of Spanish children. Therefore, it is important to acquire accurate eruption parameters for the Spanish population. Aim - To establish the chronology of the permanent dentition. Design - A cross-sectional study based on a sample of 1123 Spanish Caucasian children ranging from 5 to 15 years of age, from three different schools in Barcelona, Spain. Results - The sample is representative of the Spanish population with regards to age, height and weight; and large enough to achieve the desired 95% confidence level. The results appear in the eruption tables included in the body of this paper. Conclusions - In both boys and girls, the lower left central incisor is the first, and the upper right second molar is the last tooth to erupt. Mandibular teeth tend to erupt before the corresponding maxillary teeth; however, there is no difference between the left and right sides of each arch. The results obtained are in agreement with similar studies performed in other groups of Caucasian children.
Juvenile Ossifying Fibroma of Maxilla: Report of a case
Authors: Juneja Manish , Kamboj Mala
Published: April 2015

Juvenile ossifying fibroma (JOF) is a rare type of fibro osseous lesion affecting the jaws of children under 15 years of age. We report a case of an 8–year–old boy diagnosed with trabecular form of JOF affecting the left maxilla with brief description about its histopathological differential diagnosis.
Multidisciplinary Management and Long-Term Follow-up of Mesiodens: A Case Report
Authors: Cogulu Dilsah , Yetkiner Enver , Akay Cemal , Seckin Ozlem , Alpoz Riza
Published: April 2015

Supernumerary teeth are relatively common in the oral cavity and are characterized by an excessive number of teeth. The term "mesiodens" refers to a supernumerary tooth located in the midline of the maxilla between the central incisors. Mesiodens may cause a variety of pathological complications such as impaction of the maxillary central incisors, tooth retention or delayed eruption of the permanent incisors,crowding, eruption within the nasal cavity, formation of diastema, intraoral infection, root anomaly, root resorption of adjacent teeth and cyst formation accompanied by bone destruction. Therefore it is recommended to follow-up with regular radiographic examination. Early diagnosis minimizes treatment needs and prevents associated complications. The present case, followed for 7 years, presented bilateral mesiodens resulting in delayed eruption of the permanent incisors and emphasizes the importance of multidisciplinary management and long-term follow-up.
Craniofacial architectural constraints and their importance for reconstructing the early Homo skull KNM-ER 1470
Authors: Bromage Timothy , McMahon James , Thackeray J. Francis , Kullmer Ottmar , Hogg Russell , Rosenberger Alfred , Schrenk Friedemann , Enlow Donald
Published: April 2015

Objective: Our objective is to exploit architectural constraint for the analysis and interpretation of craniofacial form, which we apply here to the reconstruction of the early Homo cranium KNM-ER 1470. We are motivated to perform this study because in the absence of biological criteria our preconceptions are likely to govern our concept of craniofacial form. Study Design: We reassembled the fragmented parts—left and right halves of the calvaria and the face—according to mammalian craniofacial architectural constraints described by Donald H. Enlow and colleagues. Results: When evaluated on a biological premise, KNM-ER 1470 is found to have a more prognathic midface than commonly appreciated. The relationship between facial prognathism and cranial capacity also provides an estimate downward for this specimen, from 752cc to ca. 700cc. Conclusion: Awareness of our preconceptions is critical to the performance of relatively unbiased research in fields characterized by interpretations of morphology. When perceptual bias is relatively minimized, applied here as an architecturally constrained of KNM-ER 1470 craniofacial skeleton, we are able to provide the scientific community with a more tractable Gestalt perspective of form.
Lingual Schwannoma Involving The Posterior Lateral Border Of The Tongue In A Young Individual: Case Report
Authors: Pereira Luciano José , Iucif Pereira Patrícia Peres , dos Santos João de Paula , Reis Filho Viator Ferreira , Dominguete Paulo Roberto , Costa Pereira Alessandro
Published: April 2015

A schwannoma, also called neurilemmoma, is a benign, encapsulated, slow growing tumor, arising from the neural sheath's Schwann cells of the peripheral, cranial or autonomic nerves. The etiology is unknown, there is no gender preference and the tumors occur most commonly between the ages of 20 and 50 years. Approximately 25–48 % of these tumors occur in the head and neck region, with only 1% occurring in the mouth. The current case reports a schwannoma of the tongue, found in a 12 year-old boy. The lesion was present for 6 months. The clinical examination revealed a 1.5x1.0 cm, sessile, rubbery, non-tender, non-ulcerated mass on the right posterior lateral border of the tongue. An excisional biopsy was performed under local anesthesia. The histological sections showed a circumscribed submucosal nodule composed of spindle cells with thin wavy nuclei arranged as typical Antoni A (with Verocay bodies) and Antoni B areas. Nuclear palisading distribution (typical of a schwannoma) was readily identifiable. The patient was recurrence free after one year.
Effectiveness of a Basic Training Presentation on Infant Oral Health Care for Pediatric Medicine Residents
Authors: Kebriaei Amy , Rothe Vincent , Pitner Sheryl , Balluff Mary , Salama Fouad
Published: April 2015

Objective: We hypothesize that viewing educational presentation with video will provide pediatric medicine residents with instructive information on infant oral health. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate an infant oral health education program targeting University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC) pediatric medicine residents.

Methods: Assessment of 32 pediatric medicine residents in the form of a questionnaire was completed immediately before and after a 60 minute educational intervention. The intervention was in the form of a PowerPoint presentation and video of infant oral health for health care providers. The 16-questions(True/false/don't know or multiple choice) questionnaire was based on the information presented in the lecture and video. Results: There was a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test scores (p-value<0.001). The mean score on the pre-test was 10.09 out of 16 (63%) and the mean score on the post-test was 13.3 out of 16 (83%). There was no significant correlation between age, gender, or year of residency training with pre or post-test scores. Twenty-five (78.1%) reported themselves "very likely" to use the information.Conclusions: A one hour Power Point and video educational intervention was effective in teaching pediatric medicine residents basic information on infant oral health.
The Use of General Anesthesia in Pediatric Dental Care of Children at Multi-Dental Centers in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Ba'akdah Rania , Farsi Najat , Boker Abdulaziz , Al Mushayt Abdullah
Published: April 2015

Objective: High caries reports in young Saudi children strongly suggest the need occasionally for general anesthesia to provide quality dental work. The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of patients, dental procedures and hospital protocols for Pediatric Dental General Anesthesia (PDGA) procedure at multi-dental centers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Study Design: Study sample included 90 children attending PDGA treatment at three governmental hospitals in Jeddah. Collected data included patient's demographics, medical condition, admission type, intra-operative protocols, and dental procedures.Results: Results showed the mean age of treated children was 5±2 years and the majority of them (93%)were treated for the first time under general anesthesia (GA). Long waiting duration for PDGA procedure was reported regardless of the patient age and medical status. Being very young with extensive caries was the major indication for GA (58%). Children mean preoperative fasting times were 10 ± 2 hours. Hospitals were significantly different in some protocols for PDGA procedures. Child behavior during GA induction was significantly related to child's age, premedication use, and hospital admission type. The mean number of treated teeth per child was 14±3.8 and the treatment mostly included restorations. Age was found to significantly affect the type of dental treatment, while gender and medical status did not. Conclusions: PDGA procedure is used mostly for young children with extensive dental caries. Children treated under GA received a comprehensive dental care in Saudi hospitals. Efforts should be directed to improve some of the existing hospitals protocols with PDGA procedure. The long waiting period for PDGA operation indicated the need to improve available facilities in the three hospitals.
Developmental Anomalies of Permanent Lateral Incisors in Young Patients
Authors: Fujita Yuko , Hidaka Akiko , Nishida Ikuko , Morikawa Kazumasa , Hashiguchi Daisuke , Maki Kenshi
Published: April 2015

Objective: To elucidate the prevalence of developmental anomalies of permanent lateral incisors among young patients in Japan. Study deign: A total of 1375 patients were observed between 1990 and 2008 at the Department of Pediatric Dentistry in the Kyushu Dental College Hospital and four private pediatric dental clinics in Kitakyushu City. Panoramic and periapical radiographs were examined for all those patients aged 5 to 19 years. Results: The prevalence of agenesis of the lateral incisors was 7.3% (100 patients), with more girls than boys being affected. The prevalence rates of absent upper and lower lateral incisors were 2.7 and 4.8 % (34 and 63 patients), respectively. Nine (0.7 %) of the total patients had microdontia. Eruption disturbance was present in five patients (0.4 %). Two of five patients presented with a disturbed eruption owing to an odontoma or a supernumerary tooth. Conclusion: In our study, the prevalence of agenesis of the lateral incisors was higher in Japanese children than in other populations, and eruption disturbance occurred less frequently than agenesis and microdontia. Nevertheless, the early differential diagnosis of an eruption disturbance is important in order to begin appropriate treatment at the optimal time.
Study of Stress Distribution and Displacement of the Maxillary Complex Following Application of Forces using Jackscrew and Nitanium Palatal Expander 2 – A Finite Element Study
Authors: Shetty Preeth , Hegde Amitha , Rai Kavita
Published: April 2015

The stress distribution patterns within the maxillary complex during the expansion by slow maxillary expansion plate and Nitanium palate expander 2 was analyzed. Objective: This comparative study was done using a finite element model of a young maxillary bone. The model was generated using the data from computerized tomographic scans of a dried maxillary bone. The model was then strained to a dimensional pattern of displacement and stress distribution for the two appliances. Results: This present study showed the maximum lateral displacement for jack screw by 0.170mm at the region of cusp tips of posteriors indicating a tipping movement.Whereas NPE2, showed maximum displacement of 0.004mm corresponding to maxillary molars. Concentration of stress distribution ranging from 343.42 N/mm2 to 412.60 N/mm2 for 0.5mm of expansion was significantly depicted at the palatal bone beside the central incisors for jack screw, when compared to NPE2 which depicted low magnitude of stress ranging from 7.78 N/mm2 to 9.08 N/mm2 uniformly distributed along the midpalatal suture. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggests that NPE2 appliance basically an orthodontic appliance however is capable of producing mild to moderate orthopedic changes in maxilla.
Antibacterial Efficacy of Diode and Er:YAG Laser Irradiation in Experimentally Contaminated Primary Molar Root Canals
Authors: Kuvvetli Senem Selvi , Sandalli Nuket , Topcuoglu Nursen , Kulekci Guven
Published: April 2015

Objective: In vitro comparison of the antibacterial efficacy of Diode and Er:YAG laser irradiation with that of NaOCl irrigation in contaminated primary molar root canals. Study Design: 96 root canals prepared from 32 extracted primary molar teeth were mechanically enlarged and the teeth were randomly divided into 4 subgroups. The roots were inoculated with an overnight culture of Enterococcus faecalis in tryptic soy broth for 24 hours. The root canals irradiated with diode and Er:YAG laser and irrigated with NaOCl(5.25%) were experimental groups and untreated canals served as positive control group. Bacterial growth was analysed by counting viable E.faecalis on tryptic soy agar plates. Results: The number of bacteria was significantly reduced in experimental groups in comparison with the control group. Diode laser was determined to be more effective in reducing the number of bacteria when compared to Er:YAG laser. NaOCl irrigation was found significantly most effective. Conclusions: Diode laser irradiation and 5.25 % NaOCl application provided a significant antibacterial effect in vitro, in contaminated primary molar root canals.
Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome; Oro-Dental Manifestations and Management
Authors: Roberts T , Stephen LXG , Fieggen K , Beighton P
Published: April 2015

The major manifestations of the Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome are developmental delay, short stature, mental impairment and epilepsy. Clefts of the lip and palate are sometimes present. Dental problems which are overshadowed by the major syndromic manifestations warrant appropriate management.

We have documented an affected South African boy, discussed his dental management and reviewed the oro-dental implications of the disorder.
Maternal-Child Oral Health Behaviors and Caries Experience in the Child
Authors: Parhar Gurveena , Yoon Richard , Chussid Steven
Published: April 2015

Objective: This study examined maternal and child oral health behaviors and potential risk factors for dental caries in high-risk children. Study Design: Data on oral health practices were collected from surveys of mother/caregivers and the child's dental chart was reviewed. Linear regression and ordered probit regression models were used to examine data. Results: A total of sixty questionnaires were completed. There was a marginally significant relationship (P=.08) between number of times per day a child consumed a sweetened beverage and the dmfs of the child. Mothers who snacked more frequently had a greater probability(24%) that their child snacked 3 times or more. Mothers who drank a sweetened beverage more frequently had a greater probability (40%) that their child drank a sweetened beverage 3 or more times a day. Mothers who brushed their teeth with fluoridated toothpaste had a greater probability (79%) that their child brushed 2 or more times a day with fluoridated toothpaste. Conclusions: Two maternal variables, reported soft drink consumption and dietary habits, appear promising for caries prediction. Implementation of dietary counseling and oral health programs for mothers and research merit further exploration.
Efficacy of Platelet-Rich-Plasma (PRP) in Bone Regeneration after Cyst Enucleation in Pediatric Patients – A Clinical Study
Authors: Nagaveni NB , Reddy B Praveen , Umashankar KV , Pranav B , Reddy Sreedevi , Radhika NB
Published: April 2015

Background: Platelet-rich-plasma (PRP) is a type of natural source of autologous growth factors, and has been used successfully in various fields. However, the use of PRP in children is not well documented. Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of adding PRP to a bone graft in the bone regeneration of cystic bony defects following cystectomy. Study design: Study sample included 20 children who were randomly divided into two groups with 10 patients in each group; all underwent cystectomy. In the first group (test group), after cystectomy the cystic defect was filled with PRP and bone graft. In the second group (control group) bone graft alone (without PRP) was used. Radiographs were recorded at 1 month, 2 months, 4 months and 6 months intervals after surgery to evaluate the defect bone fill in both groups. Results: The post-operative successive radiographs in the test group showed a significantly greater regeneration of bone in the height of bony defects with application of PRP to bone graft as compared to the control group. In the test group, by the first post operative month, about 58% of the defect was filled, which gradually increased in each month and showed about 94% of defect-fill by 6 months. In the control group, similar observation revealed only 31%of defect-fill by the first post-operative month and a 47% defect-fill at 6 months. Conclusion: The addition of PRP to bone graft appeared to enhance bone regeneration considerably. The combination of PRP and bone graft might have a potential for routine clinical use for regeneration of cystic bony defects in children.
Sleep Disordered Breathing in Children – A Review and the Role of a Pediatric Dentist
Authors: Padmanabhan Vivek , Kavitha PR , Hegde Amitha
Published: April 2015

Among the many factors important in children's development is sleep. Sleep disorders can impair children's sleep and lead to negative consequences. The most common sleep disordered breathing (SDB) in children is obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). One of the main causes of childhood SDB is enlargement of the tonsil tissues and, in most cases, their removal serves as an ultimate treatment of SDB. However, it remains unclear what proportion of children with enlarged tonsil tissue suffer from SDB. Dentists are becoming increasingly aware of the issue of SDB as they are sometimes involved in treatment of this condition using oral appliances. Moreover, as dentists often look into children's mouths, they can play an active role in identifying those with enlarged tonsils and referring them for sleep assessment. This review focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of SDB and also on the utility of oral appliances in the management of this disorder.
Evaluation of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Self-Reported Behaviors Among 3-5 Year Old School Children using an Oral Health and Nutrition Intervention.
Authors: Grant Jonelle , Kotch Jonathan , Quinonez Rocio , Kerr Jill , Roberts Michael
Published: April 2015

Methods: Ninety 3-5 year old children, 43 in the control group and 47 in the intervention group, participated in the study. An age and developmental appropriate prop-based oral health and nutrition intervention program was used. Subjects in the intervention group received a pre-test, an 8-10 minute prop-supported intervention, followed by an immediate post-test. The same test was repeated two weeks later. The control group received a pre-test and post-test two weeks later but no intervention. Results: Intervention improved scores in the immediate post-test but these improvements were not sustained two weeks later. The only positive relationship found for the entire group between pre-and two week post-test scores was for oral health knowledge. There were no significant findings when adjusted for race, intervention type or group. Conclusions:Changing oral health and nutrition knowledge, attitude and behavior may require intense and repetitive interventions to have a significant effect in this age cohort.
Inadvertent MTA Extrusion in an Immature Traumatized Permanent Incisor
Authors: Tezel Bahar , Uysal Serdar , Turgut Melek , Cehreli Zafer
Published: April 2015

This report describes the 24-month clinical and radiographic outcome of an unintentionally extruded mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) apical plug. A 9 year old boy presented with a previously traumatized, immature central incisor; associated with a large periradicular lesion. During placement of MTA in the treatment of wide open apex, the material was inadvertently extruded into the periapical region upon a sudden movement of the child. No intervention was made, except for obturation of the remaining root canal two weeks later. The radiographic follow up at 12 and 24 months confirmed successful management through the non surgical approach, as evidenced by advanced healing of the periapical lesion and regeneration of the periradicular tissue in the absence of clinical symptoms.
Tooth Autotransplantation as a Treatment Option: A Review
Authors: Park Jae Hyun , Tai Kiyoshi , Hayashi Daisuke
Published: April 2015

Autotransplantation can provide patients with all the benefits of a natural tooth, but is seldom considered as a treatment option, in large part because of a lack of knowledge about periodontal tissue or the anatomy of teeth. The authors conducted a literature search using the PubMed database. They searched for key words including "autotransplantation," "clinical indications," "sequence and treatment procedures," "healing factors and prognosis" and "treatment options". Autotransplantation demonstrates as a viable treatment alternative,especially in growing adolescents. It provides a biological and economical treatment option for tooth replacement.
Enamel Deproteinization before Acid Etching – A Scanning Electron Microscopic Observation
Authors: Ahuja Bhoomika , Yeluri Ramakrishna , Sudhindra Baliga M , Munshi AK
Published: April 2015

Objectives: This study was undertaken to evaluate the topographical features of enamel surface deproteinized with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and etched with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) compared to phosphoric acid alone using Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) Analysis. Study Design: 30 enamel blocks of 1mm2 from ten human sound extracted permanent molars were obtained and treated as under: Group 1 (10 blocks): Enamel surface was etched with 37% H3PO4 gel for 15 seconds. Group 2 (10 blocks):Enamel surface was treated with 5.25% NaOCl for 60 seconds and then etched with 37% H3PO4 gel for 15 seconds. 10 enamel blocks were included in the control group where no treatment was carried out. The samples were subjected to SEM analysis and 5 microphotographs of each sample were obtained at 500X magnification and evaluated for the quality of etching pattern of the enamel in percentage (%) using Auto-CAD 2007 software. Results: Mean values of etching pattern in Group 1 being 55.76% and Group 2 being 53.58%. No significant difference was observed between the two groups. Conclusion: The use of 37% phosphoric acid for 15 seconds still remains the best method for pretreatment of enamel.
Microleakage and Shear Punch Bond Strength in Class II Primary Molars Cavities Restored with Low Shrink Silorane Based versus Methacrylate Based Composite using Three Different Techniques
Authors: Fahmy Amal Ezzeldin , Farrag Nadia Moustafa
Published: April 2015

Objectives: This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the gingival microleakage in class II cavities in primary molars restored with a low shrink silorane resin composite (Filtek P90) or a nanohybride composite resin(Filtek supreme XT) using three different techniques, (total bonding, closed or open sandwich techniques)lined by nano-filled resin modified glass ionomer cement RMGIC (Ketac N100). Additionally, the shear punch bond strength between the two types of composite and KN100 was also examined. Study design:For microleakage test, two standardized class II slot cavities were prepared in proximal surfaces of 60 sound extracted primary molars which were divided into 2 groups of 30 each according to the type of composite. Each group was subdivided into 3 groups (n = 10) according to the restorative technique used. The restored teeth were examined for microleakage after immersion in 2% methylene blue dye using stereomicroscope at 20 X. Microleakage scores among the groups were compared using Kruskal Wallis test followed by pair wise Mann Whitney U test at P ≤ 0.05. Thirty disc specimens were prepared for determining the shear punch bond strength between the two composite materials and the KN100. Specimens were divided into 5 groups (n = 6) according to the adhesive protocol. The differences in mean bond strength values in MPa between groups were statistically analyzed using ANOVA followed by pair wise Tukey Post hoc test at P ≤ 0.05.Mode of failure was also evaluated for all groups. Results: Both the silorane resin and nano-composite resin showed superior marginal seal with the total bonding technique compared to closed and open sandwich techniques. The recorded mean shear punch bond strength values showed no statistical significant difference between the two resin composites without or with their adhesive bonding systems when bonded to the nano-ionomer. All specimens showed cohesive mode of failures except for silorane resin with Adper Easy Bond Self Etch Adhesive (AEBSEA) which showed adhesive mode of failure. Conclusions: The best marginal seal was obtained with the total bonding technique using both resin composites. The shear punch bond strength between KN100 and the two composite materials was not affected by either of the used adhesive bonding agent.
Early Response of Mechanically Exposed Dental Pulps of Swine to Antibacterial-Hemostatic Agents or Diode Laser Irradiation
Authors: Cannon M , Wagner C , Thobaben JZ , Jurado R , Solt D
Published: April 2015

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of an antibacterial and hemostatic agent to diode laser irradiation in the healing of mechanically exposed porcine pulps. Materials and Method: The experiment required three adult swine (Sus scrofa domestica, Yorkshire) with 36 teeth prepared with occlusal penetrations into the pulpal tissues. The preparations were performed under general anesthesia and the pulps were exposed using high speed instrumentation with rubber dam isolation and a disinfected field. Following instrumentation the coronal pulpal tissue was amputated and immediately treated with ferric sulfate and chlorhexidine semi-gel (12), diluted Buckley' formocresol solution (12) for 5 minutes or laser irradiation with a diode laser (12). After treatment, hemostasis was obtained and a ZOE base applied to the treated pulps (36). The pulpal bases were all covered with a RMGI (Fuji II LC). The tissue samples were collected at 4 weeks (28 days). Following fixation, the samples were de-mineralized, sectioned,stained and histologically graded with a scale of 0-4. Results: The treatment groups were statistically different with the Laser Treated Group demonstrating the least inflammation. Conclusion: Pulpotomy treatment with the KaVo Gentle Ray Diode Laser demonstrated significantly less inflammation than the other two pulpal therapy modalities. The ferric sulfate and chlorhexidine mixture demonstrated the greatest inflammation as histologically graded. Also, the histological sections of pulpotomized swine teeth treated with the ferric sulfate and chlorhexidine mixture presented with black pigmented areas in the pulp and surrounding tissue. The formocresol group (clinical standard) and the diode laser group did not present with the black precipitate.
Prevalence of Cariogenic and Periodontopathic Bacteria in Japanese Children in the Primary and Mixed Dentitions
Authors: Shimomura-Kuroki Junko , Yamashita-Matsuda Kie , Miyagawa Yukio , Shimooka Shohachi
Published: April 2015

Aim: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between infection with cariogenic bacteria or periodontal pathogens and the oral condition of children in the primary and mixed dentition stages. Method: Children aged 3 to 11 years were selected. Detection of cariogenic and periodontopathic bacteria and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analyses were performed, and the prevalence of infection with cariogenic bacteria or periodontal pathogens based on caries experience and dental stage was compared. Results: The prevalence of Streptococcus mutans in both stages was significantly higher in the caries group than in the caries-free group. The prevalence of Streptococcus sobrinus was significantly higher in the caries group only in the mixed dentition stage. The prevalence of periodontal pathogens was significantly higher in the mixed dentition stage than in the primary dentition stage, regardless of caries experience. However, there were no significant differences in the prevalence of the periodontal pathogens between the primary dentition and mixed dentition stages, based on caries experience. Conclusion: Our data suggested that cariogenic and periodontopathic bacteria have different infection patterns, and that the period of infection with these bacteria also differs.
Hyperbilirubinemic Stain: Location and Extent in Dental Tissues
Authors: Bimstein E , Magliocca K , Cohen D , Morelli G , Katz J
Published: April 2015

Objective: The purpose of the present manuscript is to describe the location and extent of hyperbilirubinemic stain in a primary molar of a 3-year-old who was diagnosed with cystic fibrosis shortly after birth, subsequently developed liver disease and hyperbilirubinemia, and received a liver transplant at age 10-months.Study design: Clinical and histological assessments were performed to evaluate the location and extent of hyperbilirubinemic stain in an extracted primary molar. Results: The clinical image, and macroscopic and microscopic histological examinations of a primary molar showed hyperbilirubinemic staining of enamel and of the coronal dentin that developed between birth and when the liver transplant took place, irregular dentin tubules, and an irregular cementum-dentinal junction. Conclusions: The findings of the present manuscript indicate that hyperbilirubinemc staining of primary teeth affects dental hard tissues at the time of their calcification, and the clinical picture of the stain may be related to stained enamel and/or dentin, and underlying stained dentin visible through translucent unstained enamel.
Smile Esthetics: Age Related Changes, and Objective Differences between Social and Spontaneous Smiles
Authors: Dindaroğlu Furkan , Doğan Servet , Ertan Erdinç Aslıhan
Published: April 2015

Objective: To evaluate the importance of age in orthodontic treatment by studying the dependence of smile and resting parameters on age and to expose differences between social and spontaneous smiles. Materials and Methods: Subjects consisted of 67 individuals aged between 17 and 55. The video recordings were transferred to a computer. 200 still frames were captured for each individual. 50 were captured in resting position, 50 during speech, 50 for social, and 50 for spontaneous smiles. One picture was selected from each group based on how pictures reflected the desired point ANOVA and Scheffe Post-hoc tests were performed on smile measurements. Results: In all the resting parameters, statistically significant differences were observed among age groups. Also, the response of these parameters to age differs between men and women. Statistically significant differences were found in some smile parameters among different age groups, for both smile types. We find significant differences between social and spontaneous smiles. Conclusion: Age related alterations should be taken into consideration during treatment planning, especially in women. Due to its high consistency, there are advantages with using a spontaneous smile in soft-hard tissue evaluations. We also emphasize the necessity to take dynamic registrations for a true functional evaluation.