bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Many Mornings After: Campus Sexual Assault and Feminist Politics
Authors: Haaken Janice
Published: March 2017

In 1994, the feminist journalist Katie Roiphe published a book titled The Morning After in which she argues that the women's movement had become obsessed with victimization. With many of her case examples centered on campus sexual politics, Roiphe laments college women's demands for the very forms of patriarchal protections that second‐wave feminists fought to overturn. In the two decades since the publication of this book, campus activists have gained considerable ground in bringing sexual assault into public awareness, insisting (contra Roiphe) that victims have been all too silent. This article presents an appraisal of this historical legacy and draws out key lessons to be learned from the history of feminist organizing around sexual assault on campuses. The author explains how radical, liberal, and socialist feminist politics offer different lenses for framing sexual assault and discusses the value of a psychoanalytic feminist optics for thinking through dilemmas at the level of political practice.
Medieval queenship
Authors: Earenfight Theresa
Published: March 2017

This essay surveys new identities and frameworks for the study of medieval queens that have emerged over the past 30 years and argues that the study of queens and the practice of queenship has transformed the study of monarchy. Queenship is understood by most scholars to be a cluster of customs, practices, and political theory that focuses on who queens were and what they did; how they were perceived by their peers; and how they were vital to family, culture, religion, and economics in the European Middle Ages. Empirical research on queens and empresses cuts across time and space and is grounded in feminist theory and methods; it rejects traditional masculine‐centered political history in favor of a nuanced understanding of women and power.
Feasibility of single‐session endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery for ipsilateral large renal stones and retrograde intrarenal surgery for contralateral renal stones: Initial experience
Authors: Kwon Ohseong , Park Juhyun , Cho Min Chul , Son Hwancheol , Jeong Hyeon , Cho Sung Yong
Published: March 2017

Objectives

To analyze the feasibility of carrying out endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery with supine miniaturized percutaneous nephrolithotomy and retrograde intrarenal surgery for patients with bilateral stones in a single session.

Methods

The records of consecutive patients presenting with bilateral kidney stones who underwent endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery with miniaturized percutaneous nephrolithotomy (15‐Fr miniaturized nephroscope) and retrograde intrarenal surgery on one side, and retrograde intrarenal surgery on the contralateral side were prospectively collected and analyzed. After the miniaturized percutaneous nephrolithotomy procedure, flexible uretero‐renoscopy was carried out for active removal of the stone fragments. Subsequently, retrograde intrarenal surgery was carried out on the contralateral side.

Results

Overall, 26 patients were included in the analysis. The stone‐free rate of the initial endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery side was 76.9% (20/26), and the stone‐free rate of the contralateral retrograde intrarenal surgery side was 92.3% (24/26). Complications occurred in two patients (postoperative bleeding and urinary tract infection); however, these conditions were completely resolved with appropriate medications within 2 weeks postoperatively. Univariate logistic regression analyses showed that accumulation of surgical experience (OR 117.3, P = 0.046) was a significant predictor for stone‐free status.

Conclusion

Carrying out endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery and contralateral retrograde intrarenal surgery in a single session for patients with bilateral stones is feasible and safe.
Cross‐Border Marriages in South Korea and the Challenges of Rising Multiculturalism
Authors: Kim Keuntae
Published: March 2017

This study explores trends in international marriage migration, determinants of international marriage, and factors that affect employment and poverty status of marriage migrant females in Korea. The results suggest that the number of cross‐border marriages increased rapidly in the early 2000s but has declined since the mid‐2000s, perhaps because of the Korean government's strict regulations and of saturation in the demand for foreign wives. The analysis also indicated that rural males with a graduate degree have a similar probability to urban males with a high‐school education. Employment opportunities vary substantially by the foreign wife's country of origin, implying that social policies for addressing the difficulties of multicultural families should be tailored toward specific ethnic groups. Those who participated in work training programmes were significantly more likely to be employed than non‐participants, and the size of social support network significantly reduced the odds of living in poverty.
Potential causes of medication errors: perceptions of Serbian nurses
Authors: Svitlica B.B. , Simin D. , Milutinović D.
Published: March 2017

Aim

The aim of this study was to identify the most common contributing factors to medication errors in everyday practice of Serbian nurses.

Background

Nurses have the key role in medication, and it is very important that they understand why errors occur.

Methods

This research study was a cross‐sectional study in five healthcare institutions. The sample was 965 nurses. A specially designed questionnaire was used as the research instrument.

Results

The most dominant contributing factor of medication errors was insufficient number of nurses. Interestingly other dominant factors given in literature were not recognized in this research study.

Discussion

The study results confirm that the recommendations we find in literature cannot be simply copied and implemented into the existing system, but can be used as a starting point for further research.

Limitation

The obtained data were compared with the studies of the countries with different healthcare systems and different educational structures of nurses.

Conclusion

The results of the study imply that healthcare institutions have to take the initiative and the responsibility for teaching safe medication use during formal education, as well as in clearly planned programmes of continuous education for nurses.

Implications for nursing

To reduce errors to the least possible level, it is important that nurses clearly define what an error is and recognize the causes and the importance of reporting and analysing them.

Implications for health policy

Systemic practices are required in the health system in Serbia and the culture of patients’ safety accepted as the common goal and imperative of everyday practice.
A high‐resolution tape sensor improves the accuracy of applied pressure profiles during lower‐leg bandaging – results from a study using a fibre‐optic sensing tape
Authors: Parkinson Luke A , van Zanten Malou , Piller Neil , Arkwright John W
Published: March 2017

Compression bandaging is a mainstay practice in the treatment of conditions such as chronic wounds and lymphoedema. However, the ability of practitioners to measure bandage application to a desired pressure profile is difficult because of sensor limitations. We have used a novel fibre‐optic‐based, high‐resolution sub‐bandage pressure monitor to measure adherence to a target pressure gradient during compression bandaging. Participants of various experience (n = 46) were asked to bandage a lower‐leg manikin to a gradient of 40 (ankle) to 20 mmHg (proximal calf) in both a blinded trial and subsequently with sensor feedback. Mean pressures across all sensors for both the blind and sensor‐guided trials approximated a target mean of 30 mmHg. However, the mean gradient achieved in the blinded trial showed an inverse pressure gradient to the target with a high‐pressure region at the mid‐calf (44 ± 19 mmHg). Correlation to the target gradient improved from R2 = 0·62 during the blind trial to 0·93 using sensor feedback, with a gradient that closely approximated the target. This demonstrates the use of high‐resolution sub‐bandage pressure sensing in improving the ability of practitioners to achieve a target pressure gradient in compression bandaging for clinical use and training.
On the use of spectral reflectance indices to assess agro‐morphological traits of wheat plants grown under simulated saline field conditions
Authors: El‐Hendawy S. E. , Hassan W. M. , Refay Y. , Schmidhalter U.
Published: March 2017

Successful breeding of plants for salinity stress tolerance requires realistic growing conditions and fast, non‐destructive evaluation techniques for phenotypic traits associated with salinity tolerance. In this study, we used subsurface water retention technique (SWRT) as a growing condition and spectral measurements as an evaluation method to assess different agro‐morphological traits of salt‐tolerant (Sakha 93) and salt‐sensitive (Sakha 61) wheat genotypes under three salinity levels (control, 60, and 120 mm NaCl). The effects of salinity on agro‐morphological traits were evaluated and related with forty‐five published vegetation‐ and water‐spectral reflectance indices (SRIs) taken at both the heading and grain milk growth stages for each salinity level, genotype, and growth stage. In general, the agro‐morphological traits gradually decreased as salinity levels increased; however, the reduction in these traits was more pronounced in Sakha 61 than in Sakha 93. The effect of salinity levels and their interaction with genotypes on the SRIs was only evident at the grain milk stage. The performance of the spectral reflectance indices depicted that the closest associations with agro‐morphological traits depended on salinity level, degree of salt tolerance of the genotypes, and growth stage. The SRI‐based vegetative indices correlated better with growth and yield of Sakha 93 than SRI‐based water indices and vice versa for Sakha 61. The SRI‐based vegetative and water indices are effective for assessment of agro‐morphological traits at early growth stages under high salinity level. The functional relationship between grain yield per hectare and the best SRIs was linear for the high salinity level and Sakha 61; however, the quadratic model was found to best fit this relationship for the control, moderate salinity level, and Sakha 93. The overall results indicate that the usefulness of the SRIs for assessment of traits associated with salinity tolerance is limited to salinity level and growth stage.
Founder representation and effective population size in old versus young breeds—genetic diversity of Finnish and Nordic Spitz
Authors: Kumpulainen M. , Anderson H. , Svevar T. , Kangasvuo I. , Donner J. , Pohjoismäki J.
Published: March 2017

Finnish Spitz is 130‐year‐old breed and has been highly popular in Finland throughout its history. Nordic Spitz is very similar to Finnish Spitz by origin and use, but is a relatively recent breed with much smaller population size. To see how breed age and breeding history have influenced the current population, we performed comprehensive population genetic analysis using pedigree data of 28,119 Finnish and 9,009 Nordic Spitzes combined with genomewide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data from 135 Finnish and 110 Nordic Spitzes. We found that the Finnish Spitz has undergone repeated male bottlenecks resulting in dramatic loss of genetic diversity, reflected by 20 effective founders (fa) and mean heterozygosity (Hz) of 0.313. The realized effective population size in the breed based on pedigree analysis () is 168, whereas the genetic effective population size (Neg) computed the decay of linkage disequilibrium (r2) is only 57 individuals. Nordic Spitz, although once been near extinction, has not been exposed to similar repeated bottlenecks than Finnish Spitz and had fa of 27 individuals. However, due to the smaller total population size, the breed has also smaller effective population size than Finnish Spitz ( = 98 and Neg = 49). Interestingly, the r2 data show that the effective population size has contracted dramatically since the establishment of the breed, emphasizing the role of breed standards as constrains for the breeding population. Despite the small population size, Nordic Spitz still maintains SNP heterozygosity levels similar to mixed breed dogs (mean Hz = 0.409). Our study demonstrates that although pedigree analyses cannot provide estimates of the present diversity within a breed, the effective population sizes inferred from them correlate with the genotyping results. The genetic relationships of the northern Spitz breeds and the benefits of the open breed registry are discussed.
Genome‐wide association study of cell‐mediated immune response in chicken
Authors: Raeesi V. , Ehsani A. , Torshizi R.V. , Sargolzaei M. , Masoudi A.A. , Dideban R.
Published: March 2017

Cell‐mediated immunity (CMI) causes the intracellular destruction of the antigen or elimination of the host cell to make animals resistant against exogenous antigens and cancers. In this study, a genome‐wide association study (GWAS) was carried out to identify genomic regions associated with CMI in chicken using chicken 60k high‐density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. Genomic relationships were taken into account to adjust for population structure. In order to account for multiple testing, chromosome‐wise false discovery rate was controlled at 5% and 10% levels. Moreover, a comparison of the power of fixed and mixed linear models based on genomic inflation factor was carried out. Mixed linear model (MLM) had better inflation rate, and therefore the results from MLM were used for subsequent analysis. Three significantly associated SNPs (FDR < 0.05) on chromosome 24 and linkage group E22C19W28_E50C23, and three suggestively associated SNPs (FDR < 0.1) on chromosome 1, 5 and 16 were identified. Pathway analysis showed that two biological pathways, which are related to immune response, were strongly associated with the candidate genes surrounding identified SNPs, and their influences were mostly on antigen processing and presentation, and cellular structure.
Long‐term administration of pyridostigmine attenuates pressure overload‐induced cardiac hypertrophy by inhibiting calcineurin signalling
Authors: Lu Yi , Zhao Ming , Liu Jin‐Jun , He Xi , Yu Xiao‐Jiang , Liu Long‐Zhu , Sun Lei , Chen Li‐Na , Zang Wei‐Jin
Published: March 2017

Cardiac hypertrophy is associated with autonomic imbalance, characterized by enhanced sympathetic activity and withdrawal of parasympathetic control. Increased parasympathetic function improves ventricular performance. However, whether pyridostigmine, a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, can offset cardiac hypertrophy induced by pressure overload remains unclear. Hence, this study aimed to determine whether pyridostigmine can ameliorate pressure overload‐induced cardiac hypertrophy and identify the underlying mechanisms. Rats were subjected to either sham or constriction of abdominal aorta surgery and treated with or without pyridostigmine for 8 weeks. Vagal activity and cardiac function were determined using PowerLab. Cardiac hypertrophy was evaluated using various histological stains. Protein markers for cardiac hypertrophy were quantitated by Western blot and immunoprecipitation. Pressure overload resulted in a marked reduction in vagal discharge and a profound increase in cardiac hypertrophy index and cardiac dysfunction. Pyridostigmine increased the acetylcholine levels by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase in rats with pressure overload. Pyridostigmine significantly attenuated cardiac hypertrophy based on reduction in left ventricular weight/body weight, suppression of the levels of atrial natriuretic peptide, brain natriuretic peptide and β‐myosin heavy chain, and a reduction in cardiac fibrosis. These effects were accompanied by marked improvement of cardiac function. Additionally, pyridostigmine inhibited the CaN/NFAT3/GATA4 pathway and suppressed Orai1/STIM1 complex formation. In conclusion, pressure overload resulted in cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac dysfunction and a significant reduction in vagal discharge. Pyridostigmine attenuated cardiac hypertrophy and improved cardiac function, which was related to improved cholinergic transmission efficiency (decreased acetylcholinesterase and increased acetylcholine), inhibition of the CaN/NFAT3/GATA4 pathway and suppression of the interaction of Orai1/STIM1.
Structural and functional connectivity in children and adolescents with and without attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Bos Dienke J. , Oranje Bob , Achterberg Michelle , Vlaskamp Chantal , Ambrosino Sara , de Reus Marcel A. , van den Heuvel Martijn P. , Rombouts Serge A.R.B. , Durston Sarah
Published: March 2017

Background

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has frequently been associated with changes in resting‐state functional connectivity, and decreased white matter (WM) integrity. In the current study, we investigated functional connectivity within Default Mode and frontal control resting‐state networks (RSNs) in children with and without ADHD. We hypothesized the RSNs of interest would show a pattern of impaired functional integration and segregation and corresponding changes in WM structure.

Methods

Resting‐state fMRI and diffusion‐weighted imaging data were acquired from 35 participants with ADHD and 36 matched typically developing peers, aged 6 through 18 years. Functional connectivity was assessed using independent component analysis. Network topology and WM connectivity were further investigated using graph theoretical measures and tract‐based spatial statistics (TBSS).

Results

Resting‐state fMRI analyses showed increased functional connectivity in right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and bilateral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) within the Default Mode and frontal control networks. Furthermore, a more diffuse spatial pattern of functional connectivity was found in children with ADHD. We found no group differences in structural connectivity as assessed with TBSS or graph theoretical measures.

Conclusions

Resting‐state networks show a more diffuse pattern of connectivity in children with ADHD. The increases in functional connectivity in right IFG and bilateral mPFC in children with ADHD may reflect reduced or delayed functional segregation of prefrontal brain regions. As these functional changes were not accompanied by changes in WM, they may precede the development of the frequently reported changes in WM structure.
Prevention of renal failure in Chinese patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: A cost‐effectiveness analysis
Authors: Wu Bin , Zhang Suhua , Lin Houwen , Mou Shan
Published: March 2017

Aims/Introduction

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the second leading cause (16.4%) of end‐stage renal disease in China. The current study assessed the cost‐effectiveness of preventingDKDin patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes from the Chinese healthcare perspective.

Materials and Methods

A lifetime Markov decision model was developed according to the disease course ofDKD. Patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes might receive treatment according to one of the following three strategies: (i) “do nothing” strategy (control strategy); (ii) treatment with angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensinIIreceptor blockers (universal strategy); (iii) or screening for microalbuminuria followed by angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensinIIreceptor blocker treatment (screening strategy). Clinical and utility data were obtained from the published literature. Direct medical costs and resource utilization in the Chinese healthcare setting were considered. Sensitivity analyses were undertaken to test the impact of a range of variables and assumptions on the results.

Results

Compared with the control strategy, both the screening and universal strategies were cost‐saving options that showed lower costs and better health benefits. The incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio of the universal strategy over the screening strategy wasUS$30,087 per quality‐adjusted life‐year, which was higher than the cost‐effectiveness threshold of China. The sensitivity analyses showed robust results, except for the probability of developing macroalbuminuria from microalbuminuria.

Conclusions

Screening for microalbuminuria could be a cost‐saving option for the prevention ofDKDin the Chinese setting.
Addiction: an underestimated problem in psoriasis health care
Authors: Zink A. , Herrmann M. , Fischer T. , Lauffer F. , Garzorz‐Stark N. , Böhner A. , Spinner C.D. , Biedermann T. , Eyerich K.
Published: March 2017

Background

Psoriasis is a disease of enormous socio‐economic impact. Despite approval of numerous highly efficient and costly therapies, a minor proportion of severely affected patients actually receives sufficient treatment.

Objective

To investigate whether addictions are associated with psoriasis and to develop evidence‐based recommendations for dermatologists in their daily clinical practice in order to improve medical assessment of psoriasis and patients’ quality of life.

Patients and Methods

Psoriasis patients at the University Department of Dermatology were asked to fill out a paper‐based self‐reported anonymous questionnaire with 92 questions of validated screening tests for the six most common addictions in Germany (alcohol, nicotine, drugs and illegal drugs, gambling, food). Body weight and height as well as current Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) were documented as well.

Results

Between October 2015 and February 2016, 102 patients (65 males, 37 females; mean age 49.7 years (SD 13.4), range 18–83 years) participated in the study. Fifty‐seven of the 102 patients showed addictive behaviour. Of these, 23.8% were high‐risk drinkers, 41% regular smokers, 11% at risk of drug abuse, 4.1% at risk of food dependency and 19% compulsive gamblers. Compared with the general population, these results are significantly higher for alcohol abuse (P < 0.005), nicotine (P < 0.001) and gambling (P < 0.001). Body mass index was significantly higher in the study population (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Addictions and gambling are more prevalent in patients with psoriasis compared with the general population. Respective screening measures are recommended in daily practice for doctors treating psoriasis patients, and PeakPASI is suggested as a score to document patients’ lifetime highest PASI. Parallel to new drug approvals and even more detailed insights into the pathomechanism of psoriasis, public health strategies and interdisciplinary approaches are essential for a general sustained psoriasis treatment.
From fixed to state‐dependent duration in public‐private partnerships
Authors: Danau Daniel , Vinella Annalisa
Published: March 2017

A government delegates a build‐operate‐transfer project to a private firm. In the contracting stage, the operating cost is unknown. The firm can increase the likelihood of facing a low cost, rather than a high cost, by exerting costly effort when building the infrastructure. Once the infrastructure is in place, the firm learns the true cost and begins to operate. Under limited commitment, either partner may renege on the contract at any moment thereafter. The novelty with respect to incentive theory is that the contractual length is stipulated in the contract in such a way that it depends on the cost realization. Our main result is that, if the break‐up of the partnership is sufficiently costly to the government and/or adverse selection and moral hazard are sufficiently severe, then the efficient contract is not robust to renegotiation unless it has a longer duration when the realized cost is low. This result is at odds with the literature on flexible‐term contracts, which recommends a longer duration when operating conditions are unfavorable, yet, with regard to a different setting, where the demand is uncertain and the cash‐flow is exogenous.
How people who self‐harm negotiate the inpatient environment: the mental healthcare workers perspective
Authors: Thomas J. B. , Haslam C. O.
Published: March 2017

Accessible summary

What is known about the subject?

Self‐harm plays a function, commonly in the form of distress management.

There has been little focussed exploration of how individuals who use self‐harm to manage distress cope when prevented from self‐harm in an inpatient environment and how staff respond to this issue.

What this paper adds to existing knowledge

This paper uses the experiences of mental health staff to add to the existing knowledge that self‐harm has a functional role and supports the notion that interventions for self‐harm should focus on the origins of distress.

It describes the potential consequences that focussing on prevention of self‐harm as opposed to actually managing distress may have on service‐users, how staff attempt to manage these consequences and factors that may impact on staff interventions to prevent further distress/harm.

What are the implications for practice?

The findings suggest that mental healthcare staff should aim to understand the function of self‐harm, use this understanding to develop an individualized care plan with the aim of managing distress and identify barriers to the effectiveness of the interventions so they can be worked around.

Introduction

Literature describes self‐harm as functional and meaningful. This creates difficulties for service‐users detained in an inpatient environment where self‐harm is prevented.

Aim

Mental healthcare staff were interviewed to build on existing evidence of issues with the prevention approach and explore, from a staff perspective, how self‐harm prevention impacts on service‐users, how they manage distress and how this impacts on staff and their approach to care.

Methods

Qualitative methods were used to allow unexpected themes to arise. Ten semi‐structured interviews were carried out with mental healthcare staff and thematically analysed.

Findings and discussion

The findings provide new evidence on the benefits and limitations of the inpatient environment for individuals who self‐harm. Findings indicate that being unable to self‐harm can lead to a continuation of distress and subsequent potentially harmful attempts to manage distress. Staff described experiencing a struggle for control in preventing self‐harm, leading to increasingly harmful methods of self‐harm. Alternatively some staff were able to support service‐users with distress management. We discuss factors influencing which of these ‘paths’ service‐users followed.

Implications

Considerations for care planning including understanding self‐harm, using individualized care planning and attending to barriers are outlined with the ultimate aim of reducing distress and the impact of prevention of self‐harm.
Coesite in suevite from the Ries impact structure (Germany): From formation to postshock evolution
Authors: Fazio Agnese , Mansfeld Ulrich , Langenhorst Falko
Published: March 2017

Coesite is one of the most common and abundant high‐pressure phases occurring in impactites. The mechanism of formation of coesite and its postshock evolution is revisited in this paper based on Raman microspectroscopy, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy of a coesite‐bearing suevite from the Ries impact structure. Our data indicate that coesite forms through a single process, i.e., by crystallization from high‐pressure silica melt, and that its formation is related to fluid inclusions in precursor quartz. During the postshock phase, coesite aggregates are partially modified by annealing and interactions with fluids. In an early stage of the postshock evolution, coesite is back‐transformed to quartz and the surrounding diaplectic glass devitrifies into β‐cristobalite, which transforms into α‐cristobalite and then into microcrystalline quartz during subsequent stages of the postshock evolution. Altogether these postshock modifications result in a significant volume loss and extensional fracturing. During a late postshock stage, the fractures are filled with clay minerals due to circulation of hydrothermal fluids.
Embedded Narratives: Metabolic Disorders and Pentecostal Conversion in Samoa
Authors: Hardin Jessica
Published: March 2017

Drawing from interviews and participant observation, this article explores the intersection of diagnosis of metabolic disorders and religious conversion among Pentecostal Christians in Samoa by analyzing what I call embedded narratives––conversion narratives embedded in illness narratives. Drawing from ethnographic data, I examine how using conversion narrative conventions enabled those living with metabolic disorders to narrate behavior change in a culturally and socially valorized way. By embedding their narratives, I suggest those living with metabolic disorders shifted the object of care from a disease process toward the creation of a religious life and in turn transformed the risks associated with metabolic disorders, including diet, exercise, and pharmaceutical use into moral risks associated with everyday religious life. In these cases, Pentecostal conversion created possible scripts for changing health practices, managing stress, and shifting resource use in the name of religious commitment, providing insights into how self‐care can be an expression of religious practice.
Bayesian species identification under the multispecies coalescent provides significant improvements to DNA barcoding analyses
Authors: Yang Ziheng , Rannala Bruce
Published: March 2017

DNA barcoding methods use a single locus (usually the mitochondrial COI gene) to assign unidentified specimens to known species in a library based on a genetic distance threshold that distinguishes between‐species divergence from within‐species diversity. Recently developed species delimitation methods based on the multispecies coalescent (MSC) model offer an alternative approach to individual assignment using either single‐locus or multiloci sequence data. Here, we use simulations to demonstrate three features of an MSC method implemented in the program bpp. First, we show that with one locus, MSC can accurately assign individuals to species without the need for arbitrarily determined distance thresholds (as required for barcoding methods). We provide an example in which no single threshold or barcoding gap exists that can be used to assign all specimens without incurring high error rates. Second, we show that bpp can identify cryptic species that may be misidentified as a single species within the library, potentially improving the accuracy of barcoding libraries. Third, we show that taxon rarity does not present any particular problems for species assignments using bpp and that accurate assignments can be achieved even when only one or a few loci are available. Thus, concerns that have been raised that MSC methods may have problems analysing rare taxa (singletons) are unfounded. Currently, barcoding methods enjoy a huge computational advantage over MSC methods and may be the only approach feasible for massively large data sets, but MSC methods may offer a more stringent test for species that are tentatively assigned by barcoding.
Azole resistance inCandida albicansfrom animals: Highlights on efflux pump activity and gene overexpression
Authors: Rocha Marcos Fábio Gadelha , Bandeira Silviane Praciano , de Alencar Lucas Pereira , Melo Luciana Magalhães , Sales Jamille Alencar , Paiva Manoel de Araújo Neto , Teixeira Carlos Eduardo Cordeiro , Castelo‐Branco Débora de Souza Collares Maia , Pereira‐Neto Waldemiro de Aquino , Cordeiro Rossana de Aguiar , Sidrim José Júlio Costa , Brilhante Raimunda Sâmia Nogueira
Published: March 2017

This study investigated potential mechanisms of azole resistance amongCandida albicansfrom animals, including efflux pump activity, ergosterol content and gene expression. For this purpose, 30 azole‐resistantC. albicansstrains from animals were tested for their antifungal susceptibility, according to document M27‐A3, efflux pump activity by rhodamine 6G test, ergosterol content and expression of the genesCDR1,CDR2,MDR1,ERG11byRT‐qPCR. These strains were resistant to at least one azole derivative. Resistance to fluconazole and itraconazole was detected in 23 and 26 strains respectively. Rhodamine 6G tests showed increased activity of efflux pumps in the resistant strains, showing a possible resistance mechanism. There was no difference in ergosterol content between resistant and susceptible strains, even after fluconazole exposure. From 30 strains, 22 (73.3%) resistant animal strains overexpressed one or more genes. From this group, 40.9% (9/22) overexpressedCDR1, 18.2% (4/22) overexpressedCDR2, 59.1% (13/22) overexpressedMDR1and 54.5% (12/22) overexpressedERG11. Concerning gene expression, a positive correlation was observed only betweenCDR1andCDR2. Thus, azole resistance inC.albicansstrains from animals is a multifactorial process that involves increased efflux pump activity and the overexpression of different genes.
Associations of maternal stress with children's weight‐related behaviours: a systematic literature review
Authors: O'Connor S. G. , Maher J. P. , Belcher B. R. , Leventhal A. M. , Margolin G. , Shonkoff E. T. , Dunton G. F.
Published: March 2017

Low adherence to guidelines for weight‐related behaviours (e.g. dietary intake and physical activity) among US children underscores the need to better understand how parental factors may influence children's obesity risk. In addition to most often acting as primary caregiver to their children, women are also known to experience greater levels of stress than men. This study systematically reviewed associations between maternal stress and children's weight‐related behaviours. Our search returned 14 eligible articles, representing 25 unique associations of maternal stress with a distinct child weight‐related behaviour (i.e. healthy diet [n = 3], unhealthy diet [n = 6], physical activity [n = 7] and sedentary behaviour [n = 9]). Overall, findings for the relationship between maternal stress and children's weight‐related behaviours were mixed, with no evidence for an association with children's healthy or unhealthy dietary intake, but fairly consistent evidence for the association of maternal stress with children's lower physical activity and higher sedentary behaviour. Recommendations for future research include prioritizing prospective designs, identifying moderators, and use of high‐resolution, real‐time data collection techniques to elucidate potential mechanisms.
Weaving animal temperament into food webs: implications for biodiversity
Authors: Moran Nicholas P. , Wong Bob B. M. , Thompson Ross M.
Published: March 2017

Recent studies into community level dynamics are revealing processes and patterns that underpin the biodiversity and complexity of natural ecosystems. Theoretical food webs have suggested that species‐rich and highly complex communities are inherently unstable, but incorporating certain characteristics of empirical communities, such as allometric body size scaling and non‐random interaction distributions, have been shown to enhance stability and facilitate species coexistence. Incorporating individual level traits and variability into food web theory is seen as a future pathway for this research and our growing knowledge of individual behaviours, in the form of temperament (or personality) traits, can inform the direction of this research. Temperament traits are consistent differences in behaviour between individuals, which are repeatable across time and/or across ecological contexts, such as aggressive or boldness behaviours that commonly differ between individuals of the same species. These traits, under the framework of behavioural reaction norms, show both individual consistency as well as contextual and phenotypic plasticity. This is likely to contribute significantly to the effects of individual trait variability and adaptive trophic behaviour on the structure and dynamics of food webs, which are apparently stabilizing. Exploring the role of temperament in the context of community ecology is a unique opportunity for cross‐pollination between ecological fields, and can provide new insights into community stability and biodiversity.
Magnitude of inbreeding depression and genetic variation analysis of agro‐morphological traits in orchardgrass
Authors: Spanani Soheila , Majidi Mohammad Mahdi
Published: March 2017

Inbreeding depression is the reduction in the fitness of inbred offspring relative to progeny from unrelated parents. In orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), limited efforts have been made to evaluate the effects of deliberate selfing on agro‐morphological traits and to estimate the genetic variation of traits. Twenty‐five genotypes of orchardgrass, along with 25 S1 (full‐sibs) and 25 families of half‐sibs, were created in 2012 and used to assess the consequences of the first generation of inbreeding and outcrossing for offspring fitness and to estimate heritabilities, genetic parameters and correlations of agro‐morphological traits during the period of 2013–2014 in the field. Different levels of inbreeding depression were observed for the traits, with higher values for plant height, days to inflorescence emergence and dry matter yield. The degree of inbreeding or outbreeding effects varied among the studied genotypes. This facilitates the development of inbred lines for further studies. The results showed that some of the studied genotypes were self‐fertile, thereby indicating the possibility of developing inbred lines from these genotypes. Heritabilities ranged from 0.10 for the number of stems per plant to 0.64 for spread among the studied populations. Spread had high heritability as well as high correlation with forage yield, thereby indicating that this trait could be used to improve forage yield indirectly.
“X” Marks the Spot: An Injection Technique for Alopecia Areata
Authors: Agrawal Shruti , Patel Devika , Shwayder Tor
Published: March 2017

Children with alopecia areata often have multiple patches of hair loss. When administering intralesional steroid injections, it can be difficult to monitor which areas have already been treated. Additionally, patients and their parents may worry that we did not treat all of the affected areas. We describe a simple technique to keep track of which areas have been treated.
FOXN1 Duplication and Congenital Hypertrichosis
Authors: Gilhooley Eimear , Gormally Siobhan , Irvine Alan , Lynch Sally Ann , Collins Sinead
Published: March 2017

We report a case of congenital hypertrichosis and FOXN1 duplication. FOXN1 is a member of the forkhead box gene family, located on chromosome 17. Its function includes differentiation of epithelial cells and regulation of keratinocytes, especially hair keratins. Loss of function of these transcription factors leads to a disruption in hair growth. As far as we are aware, this is the first case of FOXN1 duplication associated with congenital hypertrichosis to be reported in the literature.
Compound Heterozygosity of Dominant and Recessive COL7A Alleles in a Severely Affected Patient with a Family History of Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa: Clinical Findings, Genetic Testing, and Treatment Implications
Authors: Watson Kendra D. , Schoch Jennifer J. , Beek Geoffrey J. , Hand Jennifer L.
Published: March 2017

An 8‐year‐old girl born to a family with more than three generations of dominant dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DDEB) presented with life‐threatening confluent skin erosions, mitten hand deformity, and failure to thrive. Reassessment of her family history and genetic testing showed compound heterozygous COL7A mutations, one inherited from her DDEB‐affected mother and one from her unaffected, healthy father. This family illustrates the risk of unexpected, severe, autosomal recessive epidermolysis bullosa (EB) in a family with milder, multigenerational autosomal dominant EB. Clinicians should recognize the clinical spectrum of dystrophic EB and recommend genetic consultation when the phenotype conflicts with family history.
Pemphigus Vulgaris and Eosinophilic Esophagitis in a 13‐Year‐Old Boy: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Gue Sumant , Huang Gwendolyn , Moore Lynette , Hammond Paul , Boros Christina A.
Published: March 2017

This case report presents a 13‐year‐old boy referred to the Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, with a 5‐week history of severe oral ulcerations and significant weight loss of unknown origin. The diagnosis of pemphigus vulgaris was made after histologic and immunofluorescent examination of an intraoral deep incisional biopsy, with eosinophilic esophagitis also diagnosed during the initial upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. The association between pemphigus vulgaris and eosinophilic esophagitis in this case, although previously unreported, is explicable on the basis of dysregulation of desmoglein 1 (DSG1). This case report identifies a new clinical association that could help clinicians identify further such cases and provides insight into the pathogenesis of both conditions.
Stay away, but I may need your help! Mate choice and manipulation of prospective parents‐in‐law
Authors: APOSTOLOU MENELAOS
Published: March 2017

Mate choice involves intense manipulation between the parties involved. This research investigates the manipulation tactics that individuals use in two different scenarios, namely, in order to keep a distance from their mates' parents and in order to secure their help in maintaining an intimate relationship with their children. Study 1 found 29 acts that individuals used to keep the parents of their mates at a distance and 22 acts that individuals used to secure the help of their mates' parents in maintaining a relationship with their children. Study 2 employed a sample of 352 individuals and classified the former in six and the latter in two distinct manipulation tactics. Study 3 employed a sample of 306 parents to assess the effectiveness of the different manipulation tactics.
Earlier and greater hand pre‐shaping in the elderly: a study based on kinematic analysis of reaching movements to grasp objects
Authors: Tamaru Yoshiki , Naito Yasuo , Nishikawa Takashi
Published: March 2017

Background

Elderly people are less able to manipulate objects skilfully than young adults. Although previous studies have examined age‐related deterioration of hand movements with a focus on the phase after grasping objects, the changes in the reaching phase have not been studied thus far. We aimed to examine whether changes in hand shape patterns during the reaching phase of grasping movements differ between young adults and the elderly.

Methods

Ten healthy elderly adults and 10 healthy young adults were examined using the Simple Test for Evaluating Hand Functions and kinetic analysis of hand pre‐shaping reach‐to‐grasp tasks. The results were then compared between the two groups. For kinetic analysis, we measured the time of peak tangential velocity of the wrist and the inter‐fingertip distance (the distance between the tips of the thumb and index finger) at different time points.

Results

The results showed that the elderly group’s performance on the Simple Test for Evaluating Hand Functions was significantly lower than that of the young adult group, irrespective of whether the dominant or non‐dominant hand was used, indicating deterioration of hand movement in the elderly. The peak tangential velocity of the wrist in either hand appeared significantly earlier in the elderly group than in the young adult group. The elderly group also showed larger inter‐fingertip distances with arch‐like fingertip trajectories compared to the young adult group for all object sizes.

Conclusions

To perform accurate prehension, elderly people have an earlier peak tangential velocity point than young adults. This allows for a longer adjustment time for reaching and grasping movements and for reducing errors in object prehension by opening the hand and fingers wider. Elderly individuals gradually modify their strategy based on previous successes and failures during daily living to compensate for their decline in dexterity and operational capabilities.
The Role of Social Status in Poor Relief in a Modernizing Urban Society: The Case of Sheremetev's Almshouse, 1802–12
Authors: LAVRINOVICH MAYA B.
Published: March 2017

Sheremetev's Almshouse was the first private institution of social welfare in Russia which openly proclaimed that not all the poor deserved relief and exposed the applicants to inspections by the administrators. The study demonstrates that the recipients of the Almshouse relief did not belong to the lowest tiers of Moscow population but originated from its middle stratum. They were clerks and ranked officials, the military of middle ranks, and priests, or their families. Considerable number of them had additional sources of income before they obtained allowances from the Almshouse, only for a few of them the relief was crucial for survival. This paradox can be explained by examining the reports on the recipients written by an administrator of the Almshouse. The document reveals that the Almshouse supported those Moscow dwellers who were involved in the network of patronage or were connected by the relations of military or civil service with the administration of the Almshouse and with Moscow aristocracy. The support from the patrons served a better guarantee for the Almshouse's administration than the evidences of the neighbours or relatives. On the basis of the unearthed archival documents, the study brings out that the Almshouse was an institution deeply rooted in the Moscow patronage and protective network which connected people of middle stratum and the aristocracy. Selecting recipients of relief, the administration of the Almshouse was guided by the logic of privilege and assertion of status opposed to economic definitions of poverty.
Coercion, Reeducation, and the Prophylactic Chat: Profilaktika and the KGB's Struggle with Political Unrest in Lithuania, 1953–64
Authors: COHN EDWARD D.
Published: March 2017

This article analyzes the Khrushchev‐era KGB's use of a tactic known as profilaktika in its struggle with political unrest in Lithuania, one of the few former Soviet republics with an accessible secret police archive. In many cases involving low‐level anti‐Soviet activity, KGB officials chose not to prosecute citizens accused of minor political crimes, but to “invite” them to a “prophylactic chat” where they would be intimidated or manipulated into confessing and warned that they would be arrested if they broke the law again; in other cases, known as “profilaktika with the public's help,” the KGB organized humiliating public hearings at which the behavior of low‐level offenders was denounced by other Soviet citizens. I argue that profilaktika should not be seen as a straightforward example of post‐Stalin liberalization, but as a tactic that combined traditional secret police coercion and surveillance with ideologically inspired efforts at reeducation and moral reform. In the end, profilaktika suited the interests of both Khrushchev‐era officials and KGB operatives, allowing it to survive as a secret police tactic long after the ideological enthusiasm of the Khrushchev years had faded away.