bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hierarchically CdS Decorated 1D ZnO Nanorods‐2D Graphene Hybrids: Low Temperature Synthesis and Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance
Authors: Han Chuang , Chen Zhang , Zhang Nan , Colmenares Juan Carlos , Xu Yi‐Jun
Published: October 2014

A simple, low‐temperature synthesis approach is reported for planting CdS‐sensitized 1D ZnO nanorod arrays on the 2D graphene (GR) sheet to obtain the ternary hierarchical nanostructures, during which graphene oxide (GO) as the precursor of GR acts as a flexible substrate for the formation of ZnO nanorod arrays. The hierarchical CdS‐1D ZnO‐2D GR hybrids can serve as an efficient visible‐light‐driven photocatalyst for selective organic transformations. The fast electron transport of 1D ZnO nanorods, the well‐known electronic conductivity of 2D GR, the intense visible‐light absorption of CdS, the unique hierarchical structure, and the matched energy levels of CdS, ZnO and GR efficiently boost the photogenerated charge carriers separation and transfer across the interfacial domain of hierarchical CdS‐1D ZnO‐2D GR hybrids under visible light irradiation via three‐level electron transfer process. Furthermore, the superior reusability of ternary hybrids is achieved by controlling the reaction parameters, i.e., using visible light irradiation and holes scavenger to prevent ZnO and CdS from photocorrosion. This work demonstrates a facile way of fabricating hierarchical CdS‐1D ZnO‐2D GR hybrids in a controlled manner and highlights a promising scope of adopting integrative photosensitization and co‐catalyst strategy to design more efficient semiconductor‐based composite photocatalysts toward solar energy capture and conversion.
Organic Thin Film Transistors Based on Highly Dipolar Donor–Acceptor Polymethine Dyes
Authors: Liess Andreas , Huang Lizhen , Arjona‐Esteban Alhama , Lv Aifeng , Gsänger Marcel , Stepanenko Vladimir , Stolte Matthias , Würthner Frank
Published: October 2014

Organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) of a series of twenty dipolar donor–acceptor‐substituted polymethine dyes (D–A dyes, dipole moments from 3–15 D) are investigated. The employed merocyanine dyes contain a dimethine bridge that is substituted with 1‐alkyl‐3,3‐dimethylindolin‐2‐ylidene (“Fischer base”), 3‐alkyl‐2,3‐dihydrobenzothiazol‐2‐ylidene or 1,3‐benzodithiole‐2‐ylidene, respectively, as electron‐donating unit and various acceptor heterocycles. These studies show that thin films formed by these D–A dyes upon deposition in high vacuum are all composed of antiparallel π‐stacked dimers. However, they are either amorphous, discontinuous or highly crystalline due to the interplay between molecule‐substrate and dimer–dimer interactions. With the help of single crystal X‐ray analysis, out‐of‐plane X‐ray studies (XRD), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and atomic force microscopy (AFM), a correlation between the molecular structure, film ordering, and hole charge transport ability can be established. The mobility values are compared to Bässler's disorder charge transport theory and a film growth mechanism is proposed based on DFT calculations and single crystal structures. The results show that with carefully adjusted bulky substituents and high dipolarity an intimate centrosymmetric packing with a slipped, but tight π‐stacking arrangement could be realized. This provides two‐dimensional percolation pathways for holes and ultimately results in charge carrier mobilities up to 0.18 cm2 V−1 s−1.
Probing the Endocytic Pathways of the Filamentous Bacteriophage in Live Cells Using Ratiometric pH Fluorescent Indicator
Authors: Tian Ye , Wu Man , Liu Xiangxiang , Liu Zhi , Zhou Quan , Niu Zhongwei , Huang Yong
Published: October 2014

Viral nanoparticles have attracted extensive research interests in diverse applications of diagnosis and therapy. In particular, filamentous M13 bacteriophages have shown great potential in biomedical applications. However, its pathways entering into cells still remain unclear, and this greatly hinders its further use as a drug or gene carrier. Here, a ratiometric M13 pH probe is designed by conjugating two fluorescent dyes onto the surface of M13. Since the intensity ratio is not influenced by probe concentration, ion strength, temperature, photobleaching, and optical path length, this ratiometric probe can be used to investigate the intracellular pH map of M13. More importantly, the internalization mechanism of M13 can be elucidated. It is found that this filamentous phage shows great cell‐type dependence in interaction with cells and internalization mechanism. The phage tends to be bounded on the cell membrane of only epithelial cells, not endothelial cells. Furthermore, the M13 phage enters into cells through endocytosis with specific mechanism: clathrin‐mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis for HeLa; vesicular transport, clathrin‐mediated endocytosis, and macropinocytosis for MCF‐7; caveolae‐mediated endocytosis for human dermal microvascular endothelial cell (HDMEC). This work provides key notes for cancer diagnosis and therapy based on filamentous bacteriophage, especially for design of pH‐sensitive drug delivery systems.
Enantioselective Lewis‐Base‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrosilylation of Substituted Benzophenone N‐Aryl Imines: Efficient Synthesis of Chiral (Diarylmethyl)amines
Authors: Hu Xiao‐Yan , Zhang Min‐Min , Shu Chang , Zhang Yong‐Hong , Liao Li‐Hua , Yuan Wei‐Cheng , Zhang Xiao‐Mei
Published: October 2014

Lewis‐base‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrosilylation of substituted benzophenone N‐aryl imines was investigated. Among various chiral Lewis‐base catalysts, a catalyst derived from L‐Serine was found to be the most favorable one which promote the reaction to afford a series of (diarylmethyl)amines with high yields (up to 97 %) in moderate to good enantioselectivities (up to 97 % ee). The absolute configuration of the product was determined by the X‐ray crystallographic analysis.

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Long‐term outcomes of endoscopic maxillary mega‐antrostomy for refractory chronic maxillary sinusitis
Authors: Costa Milena L. , Psaltis Alkis J. , Nayak Jayakar V. , Hwang Peter H.
Published: October 2014

Background

Endoscopic maxillary mega‐antrostomy (EMMA) is a revision surgical procedure for recalcitrant maxillary sinusitis in which medical therapy and endoscopic antrostomy have been unsuccessful. In 2008 our group published favorable outcomes of EMMA in 28 patients with relatively short follow‐up and nonvalidated outcome measures. This study reports an update of long‐term outcomes of this same cohort, as well as outcomes of an interval cohort of 94 patients using validated outcome measures.

Methods

Retrospective review was performed for 122 patients (163 sides) who underwent EMMA between 2005 and 2013. For the original 2008 cohort, the original questionnaire from 2008 was readministered by telephone interview. For the interval cohort, preoperative and postoperative SNOT‐22 symptom scores and modified Lund‐Kennedy endoscopic scores were compared.

Results

The original 2008 cohort of 28 patients, now with a mean follow‐up period of 6.9 years, demonstrated sustained improvement of symptoms. The outcomes were statistically comparable to the 2008 study, with 72.4% reporting complete or significant improvement, 27.6% reporting partial improvement, and 0% reporting worsening.
Mikrofluidische Isolierung von Nukleinsäuren
Authors: Reinholt Sarah J. , Baeumner Antje J.
Published: October 2014

Die Detektion von Nukleinsäuren (NAs) in Mikrototalanalysesystemen (µTAS) für die patientennahe Diagnostik ist ein sich rasant entwickelndes Forschungsgebiet. Damit diese Systeme die höchste Effektivität erbringen, ist eine effiziente NA‐Isolierung aus der Ausgangsprobe entscheidend. Die Anwendung der Mikrofluidik erlaubt eine Reduktion der Probenmengen und des Reagentienverbrauchs, beschleunigt den Prozess, verhindert Verunreinigungen und kann zu einem automatisierten System führen. Durch die Implementierung von Mikrochips wurden neuartige Verfahren realisiert, die auf der makroskopischen Skala ungünstig und unbequem wären, aber eine exzellente Plattform für die mikroskopische NA‐Aufreinigung bieten. Dieser Aufsatz diskutiert die zahlreichen Verfahren zur NA‐Isolierung mithilfe miniaturisierter und mikrofluidischer Systeme sowie die zu berücksichtigenden Aspekte bei der Auswahl eines Verfahrens unter Einbeziehung der jeweiligen Vor‐ und Nachteile und der potenziellen Anwendungen. Die vorgestellten Verfahren umfassen die Nutzung von Silica‐basierten Oberflächen, funktionalisierten paramagnetischen Beads, Oligonukleotid‐modifizierten Polymeroberflächen, pH‐abhängig geladenen Oberflächen, Al2O3‐Membranen und Flüssigphasentrennung. Dieser Aufsatz liefert grundlegende Informationen, die zur Entwicklung einer Chemie benötigt werden, die eine Optimierung der Nukleinsäure‐Isolierung hin zu Effizienzen von 100 % ermöglichen soll.
Microfluidic Isolation of Nucleic Acids
Authors: Reinholt Sarah J. , Baeumner Antje J.
Published: October 2014

The detection of nucleic acids (NAs) within micro total analysis systems (μTASs) for point‐of‐care use is a rapidly developing research area. The efficient isolation of NAs from a raw sample is crucial for these systems to be maximally effective. The use of microfluidics assists in reducing sample sizes and reagent consumption, increases speed, avoids contamination, and enables automation. Through miniaturization into microchips, new techniques have been realized that would be unfavorable and inconvenient to use on a macroscopic scale, but provide an excellent platform for the purification of NAs on a microscopic scale. This Review considers the complexities of NA isolation with miniaturized and microfluidic devices, as well as the considerations when choosing a technique for microfluidic NA isolation, along with their advantages, disadvantages, and potential applications. The techniques presented include using silica‐based surfaces, functionalized paramagnetic beads, oligonucleotide‐modified polymer surfaces, pH‐dependent charged surfaces, Al2O3 membranes, and liquid‐phase isolation. This Review provides a basis to develop the chemistry to improve NA isolation and move it toward achieving 100 % efficiencies.
High cell density cultivation of Pseudomonas putida KT2440 using glucose without the need for oxygen enriched air supply
Authors: Davis Reeta , Duane Gearoid , Kenny Shane T. , Cerrone Federico , Guzik Maciej W. , Babu Ramesh P. , Casey Eoin , O'Connor Kevin E.
Published: October 2014

High Cell Density (HCD) cultivation of bacteria is essential for the majority of industrial processes to achieve high volumetric productivity (g L−1 h−1) of a bioproduct of interest. This study developed a fed batch bioprocess using glucose as sole carbon and energy source for the HCD of the well described biocatalyst Pseudomonas putida KT2440 without the supply of oxygen enriched air. Growth kinetics data from batch fermentations were used for building a bioprocess model and designing feeding strategies. An exponential followed by linearly increasing feeding strategy of glucose was found to be effective in maintaining biomass productivity while also delaying the onset of dissolved oxygen (supplied via compressed air) limitation. A final cell dry weight (CDW) of 102 g L−1 was achieved in 33 h with a biomass productivity of 3.1 g L−1 h−1 which are the highest ever reported values for P. putida strains using glucose without the supply of pure oxygen or oxygen enriched air. The usefulness of the biomass as a biocatalyst was demonstrated through the production of the biodegradable polymer polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA). When nonanoic acid (NA) was supplied to the glucose grown cells of P. putida KT2440, it accumulated 32% of CDW as PHA in 11 h (2.85 g L−1 h−1) resulting in a total of 0.56 kg of PHA in 18 L with a yield of 0.56 g PHA g NA−1. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 725–733. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of chitosan coating on a bacteria‐based alginate microrobot
Authors: Park Sung Jun , Lee Yu Kyung , Cho Sunghoon , Uthaman Saji , Park In‐Kyu , Min Jung‐Joon , Ko Seong Young , Park Jong‐Oh , Park Sukho
Published: October 2014

To develop an efficient bacteria‐based microrobot, first, therapeutic bacteria should be encapsulated into microbeads using biodegradable and biocompatible materials; second, the releasing rate of the encapsulated bacteria for theragnostic function should be regulated; and finally, flagellated bacteria should be attached on the microbeads to ensure the motility of the microrobot. For the therapeutic bacteria encapsulation, an alginate can be a promising candidate as a biodegradable and biocompatible material. Owing to the non‐regulated releasing rate of the encapsulated bacteria in alginate microbeads and the weak attachment of flagellated bacteria on the surface of alginate microbeads, however, the alginate microbeads cannot be used as effective cargo for a bacteria‐based microrobot. In this paper, to enhance the stability of the bacteria encapsulation and the adhesion of flagellated bacteria in alginate microbeads, we performed a surface modification of alginate microbeads using chitosan coating. The bacteria‐encapsulated alginate microbeads with 1% chitosan coating maintained their structural integrity up to 72 h, whereas the control alginate microbead group without chitosan coating showed severe degradations after 24 h. The chitosan coating in alginate microbeads shows the enhanced attachment of flagellated bacteria on the surface of alginate microbeads. The bacteria‐actuated microrobot with the enhanced flagellated bacteria attachment could show approximately 4.2 times higher average velocities than the control bacteria‐actuated microrobot without chitosan coating. Consequently, the surface modification using chitosan coating enhanced the structural stability and the motility of the bacteria‐based alginate microrobots. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 769–776. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Predictors of Strength of In‐Group Identity in Northern Ireland: Impact of Past Sectarian Conflict, Relative Deprivation, and Church Attendance
Authors: Goeke‐Morey Marcie C. , Cairns Ed , Taylor Laura K. , Merrilees Christine E. , Shirlow Peter , Cummings E. Mark
Published: October 2014

Social identity in Northern Ireland is multifaceted, with historical, religious, political, social, economic, and psychological underpinnings. Understanding the factors that influence the strength of identity with the Protestant or Catholic community, the two predominate social groups in Northern Ireland, has implications for individual well‐being as well as for the continuation of tension and violence in this setting of protracted intergroup conflict. This study examined predictors of the strength of in‐group identity in 692 women (mean age 37 years) in post‐accord Northern Ireland. For Catholics, strength of in‐group identity was positively linked to past negative impact of sectarian conflict and more frequent current church attendance, whereas for Protestants, strength of in‐group identity was related to greater status satisfaction regarding access to jobs, standard of living, and political power compared with Catholics; that is, those who felt less relative deprivation. The discussion considers the differences in the factors underlying stronger identity for Protestants and Catholics in this context. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oligosiloxane Functionalized with Pendant (1,3‐Bis(9‐carbazolyl)benzene) (mCP) for Solution‐Processed Organic Electronics
Authors: Sun Dianming , Yang Zhaomin , Ren Zhongjie , Li Huihui , Bryce Martin R. , Ma Dongge , Yan Shouke
Published: October 2014

A new oligosiloxane derivative (ODCzMSi) functionalized with the well‐known 1,3‐bis(9‐carbazolyl)benzene (mCP) pendant moiety, directly linked to the silicon atom of the oligosiloxane backbone, has been synthesized and characterized. Compared to mCP, the attachment of the oligosiloxane chain significantly improves the thermal and morphological stabilities with a high decomposition temperature (Td=540 °C) and glass transition temperature (Tg=142 °C). The silicon–oxygen linkage of ODCzMSi disrupts the backbone conjugation and maintains a high triplet energy level (ET=3.0 eV). A phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diode (PhOLED) using iridium bis(4,6‐difluorophenyl)pyridinato‐N,C2 picolinate (FIrpic) as the emitter and ODCzMSi as the host shows a relatively low turn‐on voltage of 5.0 V for solution‐processed PhOLEDs, maximum external quantum efficiency of 9.2 %, and maximum current efficiency of 17.7 cd A−1. The overall performance of this device is competitive with the best reported solution‐processed blue PhOLEDs. Memory devices using ODCzMSi as an active layer exhibit non‐volatile write‐once read‐many‐times (WORM) characteristics with high stability in retention time up to 104 s and a low switch on voltage. This switching behaviour is explained by different stable conformations of ODCzMSi with high or low conductivity states which are obtained under the action of electric field through a π–π stacking alignment of the pendant aromatic groups. These results with both PhOLEDs and memory devices demonstrate that this oligosiloxane–mCP hybrid structure is promising and versatile for high performance solution‐processed optoelectronic applications.
Colorimetric Solvent Indicators Based on Nafion Membranes Incorporating Nickel(II)‐Chelate Complexes
Authors: Hosokawa Hitoshi , Funasako Yusuke , Mochida Tomoyuki
Published: October 2014

To develop solvent‐recognition films, Nafion membranes incorporating cationic nickel‐chelate complexes, that is, [Ni(L1)(L2)]+ (HL1=acetylacetone, 2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐3,5‐heptanedione; L2=N,N‐diethylethylenediamine, N‐butyl‐N,N′,N′‐trimethylethylenediamine), were prepared. Immersion of the films in various solvents effected the color changes varying from red to pale blue green depending on the donor number of the solvents. The color change is based on an equilibrium shift between square‐planar and solvent‐coordinated octahedral geometries of the cations. The degree of the color change depended on the affinity of the incorporated complex to the solvent molecules. The films were robust and exhibited a reversible solvent response. The films exhibited thermochromism when a small amount of appropriate solvents were incorporated and changed from pale blue green at low temperatures to red at high temperatures.
Access to trans‐3,4‐Dihydroxy‐2‐alkylpyrrolidines and Piperidines by Use of Stereodefined Cyclic N,O‐Acetals as a Diversity‐Generating Element
Authors: Kang Soyeong , Kim Dong‐gil , Rhee Young Ho
Published: October 2014

A highly efficient and stereoselective synthetic pathway towards trans‐3,4‐dihydroxy‐2‐alkylpyrrolidines and piperidines is described. The nature of the protecting groups on the hydroxyl moieties played a crucial role on the trans selectivity. By using this method, a concise total synthesis of (−)‐2‐epilentiginosine has been achieved.
Exploring the rising incidence of neuroendocrine tumors: A population‐based analysis of epidemiology, metastatic presentation, and outcomes
Authors: Hallet Julie , Law Calvin How Lim , Cukier Moises , Saskin Refik , Liu Ning , Singh Simron
Published: October 2014

BACKGROUND

An increased incidence of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) has been reported worldwide, but the reasons underlying this rise have not been identified. By assessing patterns of metastatic presentation, this study sought to examine the epidemiologic characteristics of NETs and the contribution of early‐stage detection to the rising incidence.

METHODS

A population‐based retrospective cohort study was conducted with prospectively maintained databases linked at the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences. Adult patients with a NET diagnosis from 1994 to 2009 in Ontario, Canada were included. The main outcomes included the overall and site‐specific incidence, proportion of metastatic disease, overall survival (OS), and recurrence‐free survival (RFS).

RESULTS

Five thousand six hundred nineteen NET cases were identified. The incidence of NETs increased from 2.48 to 5.86 per 100,000 per year. Metastases were found in 20.8% at presentation and in another 38% after the initial diagnosis. The proportion of metastases at presentation decreased from 1994 to 2009 (from 29% to 13%). Therefore, although the incidence of all NETs increased, the overall incidence of metastases did not change (0.63‐0.69 per 100,000 per year). The 10‐year OS rate was 46.5%, and the RFS rate was 64.6%. In addition to the primary tumor site, independent predictors of worse OS included an advanced age (P < .0001), male sex (P < .0001), a low socioeconomic status (P < .0001), and rural living (P = 0.049).

CONCLUSIONS

The incidence of NETs has markedly increased over the course of 15 years. This is the first study to provide evidence suggesting that the increase in the incidence of NETs may be due to increased detection. In addition to tumor characteristics, low income and rural residency portend worse survival for patients with NETs. Cancer 2015;121:589–597. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Cognitive and Emotion Regulation Change Processes in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder
Authors: O'Toole Mia S. , Mennin Douglas S. , Hougaard Esben , Zachariae Robert , Rosenberg Nicole K.
Published: October 2014

The objective of the study was to investigate variables, derived from both cognitive and emotion regulation conceptualizations of social anxiety disorder (SAD), as possible change processes in cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for SAD. Several proposed change processes were investigated: estimated probability, estimated cost, safety behaviours, acceptance of emotions, cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression. Participants were 50 patients with SAD, receiving a standard manualized CBT program, conducted in groups or individually. All variables were measured pre‐therapy, mid‐therapy and post‐therapy. Lower level mediation models revealed that while a change in most process measures significantly predicted clinical improvement, only changes in estimated probability and cost and acceptance of emotions showed significant indirect effects of CBT for SAD. The results are in accordance with previous studies supporting the mediating role of changes in cognitive distortions in CBT for SAD. In addition, acceptance of emotions may also be a critical component to clinical improvement in SAD during CBT, although more research is needed on which elements of acceptance are most helpful for individuals with SAD. The study's lack of a control condition limits any conclusion regarding the specificity of the findings to CBT. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

Change in estimated probability and cost, and acceptance of emotions showed an indirect effect of CBT for SAD.

Cognitive distortions appear relevant to target with cognitive restructuring techniques.

Finding acceptance to have an indirect effect could be interpreted as support for contemporary CBT approaches that include acceptance‐based strategies.
Synthesis, characterization, and tribological properties of two‐dimensional Ti3C2
Authors: Yang Jin , Chen Beibei , Song Haojie , Tang Hua , Li Changsheng
Published: October 2014

We report on the preparation of two‐dimensional (2D) Ti3C2 and its friction and wear properties. Laminated Ti3AlC2 was synthesized by pressureless sintering using Ti, Al, and graphite, followed by HF exfoliation and sonication treatment to form 2D‐layered Ti3C2, which exhibited individual layer or stack of several layers. Analysis of microstructure and composition was used to confirm the successful exfoliation of laminated Ti3AlC2. The tribological behaviors of the as‐prepared 2D Ti3C2 as a lubrication additive in base oil were investigated. Results indicate that 2D‐layered Ti3C2 can greatly enhance the friction‐reducing and anti‐friction properties of base oil, especially with 1.0 wt% Ti3C2. This novel 2D‐layered Ti3C2 would be a good candidate for lubricating materials to meet emerging needs in practical applications.
Das Freie Wölben über den Schlingrippen der Schlosskapelle Dresden
Authors: Bauer Thomas , Neuling Kay , Huber Ralf
Published: October 2014

“… Die Kunst der Wölbung war der erste Sieg der Konstruktion über die Schwerkraft, … im Umgang mit dem Stein als Werkmaterial lernte der menschliche Geist, die Kräfte und Gesetze der Materie zu ergründen und sie planend für seine Zwecke nutzbar zu machen …“ [1].

So wie es Götz Fehr 1961 für die spätgotischen Werkleute um Benedikt Ried beschrieb, stand in den Jahren 2009 bis 2013 für die Autoren die gleiche Aufgabe bei der Rekonstruktion des Schlingrippengewölbes der Schlosskapelle Dresden von 15561, wo für die Ausführung der sphärisch gekrümmten Wölbsegel kaum mehr Überlieferungen sowohl zur Technologie des Freien Wölbens bei Schlingrippengewölben als auch zu den Materialien bekannt waren.

In einem mehrmonatigen Prozess wurden die Mörtel‐ und Ziegelrezepturen anhand von Befunden an noch bestehenden Wölbungen durch die Autoren studiert2 und durch Versuchsmodelle3, bei denen die Materialeigenschaften im Zusammenhang mit einem Freien Wölben erprobt wurden, letztendlich zum erfolgreichen Einsatz bei der Rekonstruktion der Dresdner Kapelle geführt.

The freely formed vaults over the winding ribs of the Chapel in Dresden’s Castle. “… The art of vaulting was the first ‘win‘ that construction had against gravity … Man’s spirit learned by dealing with stone as the building material how to determine the forces and laws of materials and how to plan to make them usable for his purposes …“ [1].

The same task as that which Götz Fehr described in 1961 for the Late Gothic craftsmen in Benedikt Ried presented itself to the authors for reconstructing the winding ribbed vault of the Chapel in Dresden’s Castle, dating from 1556 1, where hardly any traditional knowledge had been handed down through the generations about how to build the spherically curved, vault springing: not only concerning the technology of freely formed vaulting but also regarding the materials.

The authors studied 2 the formulas for mortars and bricks in a process lasting several months on the basis of findings from surviving vaults and by means of the test models 3 which they used to test the materials’ properties in connection with a freely formed vault before finally discovering how to use them successfully for reconstructing Dresden’s Chapel.
Effects of ice and floods on vegetation in streams in cold regions: implications for climate change
Authors: Lind Lovisa , Nilsson Christer , Weber Christine
Published: October 2014

Riparian zones support some of the most dynamic and species‐rich plant communities in cold regions. A common conception among plant ecologists is that flooding during the season when plants are dormant generally has little effect on the survival and production of riparian vegetation. We show that winter floods may also be of fundamental importance for the composition of riverine vegetation. We investigated the effects of ice formation on riparian and in‐stream vegetation in northern Sweden using a combination of experiments and observations in 25 reaches, spanning a gradient from ice‐free to ice‐rich reaches. The ice‐rich reaches were characterized by high production of frazil and anchor ice. In a couple of experiments, we exposed riparian vegetation to experimentally induced winter flooding, which reduced the dominant dwarf‐shrub cover and led to colonization of a species‐rich forb‐dominated vegetation. In another experiment, natural winter floods caused by anchor‐ice formation removed plant mimics both in the in‐stream and in the riparian zone, further supporting the result that anchor ice maintains dynamic plant communities. With a warmer winter climate, ice‐induced winter floods may first increase in frequency because of more frequent shifts between freezing and thawing during winter, but further warming and shortening of the winter might make them less common than today. If ice‐induced winter floods become reduced in number because of a warming climate, an important disturbance agent for riparian and in‐stream vegetation will be removed, leading to reduced species richness in streams and rivers in cold regions. Given that such regions are expected to have more plant species in the future because of immigration from the south, the distribution of species richness among habitats can be expected to show novel patterns.
Curiouser and curiouser: The role(s) of AID expression in self‐tolerance
Authors: Kelsoe Garnett
Published: October 2014

Aicda is crucial for antibody diversification by mediating Ig class‐switch recombination, V(D)J hypermutation (SHM) and, in some species, gene conversion. Recently, evidence has accumulated to show that Aicda is expressed during B‐cell development and that this expression in some unknown way, mediates tolerance in immature and transitional B cells. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Umiker et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2014. 44: 3093–3108] show that enforced expression of Aicda during early B‐cell development is associated with self‐tolerance. Curiously, constitutive Aicda expression that begins early in B cells suppresses the generation of autoreactive IgM but promotes the expression of self‐reactive IgG. In contrast, when Aicda is activated later in B‐cell development, self‐reactive IgM is abundant but IgG is not. These observations suggest pathways for self‐tolerance that have been little explored.
Access to Polycyclic Derivatives by Triflate‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Hydroarylation
Authors: Cacciuttolo Bastien , Poulain‐Martini Sophie , Fontaine‐Vive Fabien , Abdo Mahmoud Ali Hussein , El‐Kashef Hussein , Duñach Elisabet
Published: October 2014

An efficient and versatile synthesis of indane, tetralin and benzosuberan derivatives has been developed; the synthesis starts from nonactivated aromatic compounds bearing unsaturated side chains and is a bismuth(III) or indium(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate‐catalysed atom‐economic process. A variety of polycyclic compounds have been isolated in high yields. Lactonisation could be observed for esters with 2,2‐disubstituted terminal olefins through a Lewis acid catalysed reaction between the olefin and one of the ester groups.
Human values, legal regulation, and approval of homosexuality in Europe: A cross‐country comparison
Authors: Kuntz Anabel , Davidov Eldad , Schwartz Shalom H. , Schmidt Peter
Published: October 2014

Although research has revealed a trend toward liberalization of attitudes toward homosexuality in Western countries, acceptance of homosexuality differs remarkably among individuals and across countries. We examine the roles of individual value priorities and of national laws regarding homosexuality and the interaction between them in explaining approval of homosexuality. Data are drawn from the European Social Survey and include representative national samples of 27 European countries in 2010. As hypothesized, individuals who prioritized openness to change and universalism values approved of homosexuality more, whereas those who prioritized conservation and power values exhibited more disapproval. Approval was greater in countries whose laws regarding homosexuality were more progressive. In addition, legal regulation of homosexuality moderated the associations of individual value priorities. In countries with more progressive laws, both the positive effect of openness to change values and the negative effect of conservation values on approval of homosexuality were weaker. However, the positive effect of universalism values and the negative effect of power values did not vary as a function of national laws regarding homosexuality. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Model of separation performance of bilinear gradients in scanning format counter‐flow gradient electrofocusing techniques
Authors: Shameli Seyed Mostafa , Glawdel Tomasz , Ren Carolyn L.
Published: October 2014

Counter‐flow gradient electrofocusing allows the simultaneous concentration and separation of analytes by generating a gradient in the total velocity of each analyte that is the sum of its electrophoretic velocity and the bulk counter‐flow velocity. In the scanning format, the bulk counter‐flow velocity is varying with time so that a number of analytes with large differences in electrophoretic mobility can be sequentially focused and passed by a single detection point. Studies have shown that nonlinear (such as a bilinear) velocity gradients along the separation channel can improve both peak capacity and separation resolution simultaneously, which cannot be realized by using a single linear gradient. Developing an effective separation system based on the scanning counter‐flow nonlinear gradient electrofocusing technique usually requires extensive experimental and numerical efforts, which can be reduced significantly with the help of analytical models for design optimization and guiding experimental studies. Therefore, this study focuses on developing an analytical model to evaluate the separation performance of scanning counter‐flow bilinear gradient electrofocusing methods. In particular, this model allows a bilinear gradient and a scanning rate to be optimized for the desired separation performance. The results based on this model indicate that any bilinear gradient provides a higher separation resolution (up to 100%) compared to the linear case. This model is validated by numerical studies.
Using sheath‐liquid reagents for capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry: Application to the analysis of phenolic plant extracts
Authors: Maringer Leila , Ibáñez Elena , Buchberger Wolfgang , Klampfl Christian W. , Causon Tim J.
Published: October 2014

The combination of CE and MS is now a widely used tool that can provide a combination of high resolution separations with detailed structural information. Recently, we highlighted the benefits of an approach to add further functionality to this well‐established hyphenated technique, namely the possibility to perform chemical reactions within the sheath‐liquid of the CE‐MS interface . Apart from using hydrogen/deuterium exchange for online determination of numbers of exchangeable protons, the addition of DPPH• (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl) to the sheath‐liquid can be used as a fast screening tool for studying antioxidant characteristics of individual components. Such a CE‐MS methodology allows rapid and information‐rich analysis with minimal reagent and sample consumption to be performed. In the present work, we demonstrate the applicability of this approach for the characterization of phenolic plant extracts from the Labiatae family, namely Rosmarinus officinalis and Melissa officinalis. Using the described approach, a wide range of compounds (15 and 13 phenolic compounds, respectively) could be confidently identified using a combination of high resolution CE‐MS separations with implementation of online deuterium exchange and DPPH• reactions. These compounds included polyphenols, phenolic acids, and triterpene acids. In conjunction with online MS/MS experiments, extensive structural information for aglyconic and glycosylated antioxidants present in the extracts could be obtained using simple experimental changes, which can be carried out prior to the purchasing of expensive chemical standards or the time‐consuming preparative isolation of individual compounds.
Joint probabilistic forecasting of wind speed and temperature using Bayesian model averaging
Authors: Baran S. , Möller A.
Published: October 2014

Ensembles of forecasts are typically employed to account for the forecast uncertainties inherent in predictions of future weather states. However, biases and dispersion errors often present in forecast ensembles require statistical post‐processing. Univariate post‐processing models such as Bayesian model averaging (BMA) have been successfully applied for various weather quantities. Nonetheless, BMA and many other standard post‐processing procedures are designed for a single weather variable, thus ignoring possible dependencies among weather quantities. In line with recently upcoming research to develop multivariate post‐processing procedures, for example, BMA for bivariate wind vectors, or flexible procedures applicable for multiple weather quantities of different types, a bivariate BMA model for joint calibration of wind speed and temperature forecasts is proposed on the basis of the bivariate truncated normal distribution. It extends the univariate truncated normal BMA model designed for post‐processing ensemble forecast of wind speed by adding a normally distributed temperature component with a covariance structure representing the dependency among the two weather quantities.

The method is applied to wind speed and temperature forecasts of the eight‐member University of Washington mesoscale ensemble and of the 11‐member Aire Limitée Adaptation dynamique Développement International‐Hungary Ensemble Prediction System (ALADIN‐HUNEPS) ensemble of the Hungarian Meteorological Service, and its predictive performance is compared to that of the independent BMA calibration of these weather quantities and the general Gaussian copula method. The results indicate improved calibration of probability and accuracy of point forecasts in comparison to the raw ensemble and the independent BMA approach, and the overall performance of this bivariate model is able to keep up with that of the Gaussian copula method. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reward‐related decision making in older adults: relationship to clinical presentation of depression
Authors: McGovern Amanda R. , Alexopoulos George S. , Yuen Genevieve S. , Morimoto Sarah Shizuko , Gunning‐Dixon Faith M.
Published: October 2014

Objective

Impairment in reward processes has been found in individuals with depression and in the aging population. The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to use an affective neuroscience probe to identify abnormalities in reward‐related decision making in late‐life depression; and (2) to examine the relationship of reward‐related decision making abnormalities in depressed, older adults to the clinical expression of apathy in depression. We hypothesized that relative to older, healthy subjects, depressed, older patients would exhibit impaired decision making and that apathetic, depressed patients would show greater impairment in decision making than non‐apathetic, depressed patients.

Methods

We used the Iowa Gambling Task to examine reward‐related decision making in 60 non‐demented, older patients with non‐psychotic major depression and 36 older, psychiatrically healthy participants. Apathy was quantified using the Apathy Evaluation Scale. Of those with major depression, 18 individuals reported clinically significant apathy, whereas 42 participants did not have apathy.

Results

Older adults with depression and healthy comparison participants did not differ in their performance on the Iowa Gambling Task. However, apathetic, depressed older adults adopted an advantageous strategy and selected cards from the conservative decks compared with non‐apathetic, depressed older adults. Non‐apathetic, depressed patients showed a failure to adopt a conservative strategy and persisted in making risky decisions throughout the task.

Conclusions

This study indicates that apathy in older, depressed adults is associated with a conservative response style on a behavioral probe of the systems involved in reward‐related decision making. This conservative response style may be the result of reduced sensitivity to rewards in apathetic individuals. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating Presence for Customer Experience in a Virtual Environment: Using a Nuclear Power Plant as an Example
Authors: Lee Chia‐Hsuan , Chou Chinmei , Sun Tien‐Lung
Published: October 2014

In contrast to experiences offered by traditional media, this study used a three‐dimensional virtual environment to evaluate customer experiences. The aims of this study were twofold: first, to investigate whether virtual interaction can impress customers in a visual or auditory sense and thereby further induce “presence”; and second, to understand how to provide a better sense of presence by using virtual interactions. This study used a nuclear power plant control room to construct virtual customer experience patterns. The results of the questionnaire showed no statistical significance, except for one question: “How responsive was the environment to actions that you initiated (or performed)?” During the experience, interactively receiving information in the active model offered a more significant sense of presence. For the physiological measurement, we used the multiscale entropy of complexity to analyze the heart rate. The complexity index for the active model proved significantly larger than for the passive, indicating better adaptability to the active model.
Monetary Policy Indeterminacy and Identification Failures in the U.S.: Results from A Robust Test
Authors: Castelnuovo Efrem , Fanelli Luca
Published: October 2014

We propose a novel identification‐robust test for the null hypothesis that an estimated New Keynesian model has a reduced form consistent with the unique stable solution against the alternative of sunspot‐driven multiple equilibria. Our strategy is designed to handle identification failures as well as the misspecification of the relevant propagation mechanisms. We invert a likelihood ratio test for the cross‐equation restrictions (CER) that the New Keynesian system places on its reduced‐form solution under determinacy. If the CER are not rejected, sunspot‐driven expectations can be ruled out from the model equilibrium and we accept the structural model. Otherwise, we move to a second‐step and invert an Anderson and Rubin‐type test for the orthogonality restrictions (OR) implied by the system of structural Euler equations. The hypothesis of indeterminacy and the structural model are accepted if the OR are not rejected. We investigate the finite‐sample performance of the suggested identification‐robust two‐step testing strategy by some Monte Carlo experiments and then apply it to a New Keynesian AD/AS model estimated with actual US data. In spite of some evidence of weak identification as for the ‘Great Moderation’ period, our results offer formal support to the hypothesis of a switch from indeterminacy to a scenario consistent with uniqueness occurring in the late 1970s. Our identification‐robust full‐information confidence set for the structural parameters computed on the ‘Great Moderation’ regime turns out to be more precise than the intervals previously reported in the literature through ‘limited‐information’ methods. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effect of Rumination and Reappraisal on Social Anxiety Symptoms During Cognitive‐Behavioral Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder
Authors: Brozovich Faith A. , Goldin Philippe , Lee Ihno , Jazaieri Hooria , Heimberg Richard G. , Gross James J.
Published: October 2014

Objective

There is growing interest in the role of transdiagnostic processes in the onset, maintenance, and treatment of mental disorders (Nolen‐Hoeksema & Watkins, 2011). Two such transdiagnostic processes–rumination and reappraisal–are the focus of the present study. The main objective was to examine the roles of rumination (thought to be harmful) and reappraisal (thought to be helpful) in adults with social anxiety disorder (SAD).

Method

We conducted a randomized controlled trial of cognitive‐behavioral therapy (CBT) with 75 adults with SAD and examined pre‐ to post‐CBT changes as well as weekly fluctuations in rumination, reappraisal, and social anxiety symptoms.

Results

Socially anxious individuals’ baseline rumination (brooding) scores predicted weekly levels of social anxiety, rumination, and reappraisal, whereas baseline reappraisal scores did not. Greater weekly rumination was associated with greater weekly social anxiety, but reappraisal was not related to social anxiety.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that rumination may have a more significant role than reappraisal in understanding fluctuations in social anxiety during CBT for SAD.
Self‐recognition in pigeons revisited
Authors: Uchino Emiko , Watanabe Shigeru
Published: October 2014

Recognition of a self‐image in a mirror is investigated using the mark test during which a mark is placed onto a point on the body that is not directly visible, and the presence or absence of self‐directed behaviors is evaluated for the mirror‐observing subjects. Great apes, dolphins, possibly elephants, and magpies have all passed the mark test, that is, displayed self‐directed behaviors, whereas monkeys, crows, and other animals have failed the test even though they were able to use a mirror to find a not‐directly‐visible object. Self‐directed behavior and mirror use are prerequisites of a successful mark test, and the absence of these behaviors may lead to false negative results. Epstein, Lanza, and Skinner (1981) reported self‐directed behavior of pigeons in front of a mirror after explicit training of self‐directed pecking and of pecking an object with the aid of a mirror, but certain other researchers could not confirm the results. The aim of the present study was to conduct the mark test with two pigeons that had received extensive training of the prerequisite behaviors. Crucial points of the training were identical topography (pecking) and the same reinforcement (food) in the prerequisite behaviors as well as sufficient training of these behaviors. After training for the prerequisite behaviors, both pigeons spontaneously integrated the learned self‐directed and mirror‐use behavior and displayed self‐directed behavior in a mark test. This indicates that pigeons display mirror self‐recognition after training of suitable ontogenetic contingency.
Challenges to Decentralisation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Beyond the Political Settlement
Authors: Gaynor Niamh
Published: October 2014

Decentralisation is increasingly seen as an important part of conflict resolution and peacebuilding strategies within fragile states where increased public accountability and participation help reduce horizontal inequalities and address local grievances. This view assumes a strong political element to decentralisation, however. Drawing on fieldwork conducted in Kinshasa and in Bas‐Congo, this article highlights three key sets of challenges to political decentralisation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) which arise from its roots within the elite political settlement. A re‐orientation in support is proposed providing for a deeper political decentralisation and a more inclusive political settlement. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of five sulfonylurea herbicides in environmental waters and soil by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry after extraction using graphene
Authors: Li Cheng , Lu Anxiang , Wang Jihua , Li Jie , Ping Hua , Luan Yunxia , Chen Jiayi , Ha Xuejiao
Published: October 2014

A fast and novel analytical method was developed for the determination of trace levels of sulfonylurea herbicides in water and soil samples. Graphene was used as a sorbent for extraction, and ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry was used for quantification. Five sulfonylurea herbicides were preconcentrated from water samples using a graphene‐loaded packed cartridge, while extraction from soil samples was performed in a single step using graphene‐supported matrix solid‐phase dispersion. Under the optimized conditions, the calibration plots were linear in the range between 5 and 1000 ng/L for water samples, and between 1 and 200 ng/g for soil samples. All correlation coefficients (R) were >0.99. The limits of detection for water and soil samples were 0.28–0.53 ng/L and 0.08–0.26 ng/g, respectively. This method was successfully applied to the analysis of spiked samples of environmental water and soil, with recoveries ranging from 84.2–109.3 and 86.12–103.2%, respectively, all with relative standard deviations of <10%.