bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trauma and Memory: The case of the Great Famine in the People's Republic of China (1959-1961)
Authors: Weigelin-Schwiedrzik Susanne
Published: September 2003

Taking the Great Famine from 1959 to 1961 in the aftermath of the Great Leap Forward as an example, the article presents an inquiry into different aspects of trauma and memory in the context of culture and politics in the PRC. It shows that even in a highly politicized environment like the PRC politics in its capacity to either suppress or instigate public debate about individual or collective memories is not the only, probably not even the most important factor in making individual remembrances about events of traumatic dimensions enter the realm of communicative and possibly cultural memory. Besides psychological factors complicating communication about traumatic experiences cultural particularities have to be taken into account in order to be able to answer the question why the Great Famine could have been the subject of a taboo for such a long time and why it eventually re-emerged at the surface of public debate during the nineteen eighties and nineties. While party historians are still reluctant to discuss the disaster of the Great Famine at length, literature is serving as a forum of debate and remembrance on what peasants went through during the late nineteen fifties. Different novels are discussed in the article to show how the perspective of those who directly participated in the events differs from the next generation trying to answer the question why people in China could have gone through all these sufferings without asking any questions. The explanations they give stress cultural particularities such as ancestor worship compelling people to forget the suffering of the past if only enough people survive to preserve the continuity of the clan (Yu Hua). The repetitiveness of traumatic experiences occurring in 20th century Chinese history is seen as another reason why the Great Famine could be tabooed for more than 30 years (Mo Yan). But besides these factors stressing that trauma is dealt with differently in different cultural settings the fact that the Great Famine as part of the Great Leap Forward had been a topic of inner party debate ever since it took place has to be seen as a political factor of major importance both instrumental in this taboo and in instigating public debate on the estimated 35 million victims of what is called the greatest famine in world history.
The Moderating Effect of Job Security on the Relation between Role Clarity and Job Performance: A Longitudinal Field Study
Authors: Fried Yitzhak , Slowik Linda Haynes , Shperling Zipi , Franz Cheryl , Ben-David Haim A. , Avital Naftali , Yeverechyahu Uri
Published: September 2003

In a longitudinal field study of a random sample of employees in an organization undergoing major restructuring and downsizing, we investigated the moderating influence of job security on the effect of role clarity on employee performance. The results support our hypothesis. That is, job performance increased over time under higher levels of role clarity. Moreover, this increase in performance was maximized when both role clarity and job security were high, while deterioration in performance was greatest when role clarity was low and job security was high.
Globalization and its Mal(e)Contents
Authors: Kimmel Michael S.
Published: September 2003

Globalization changes masculinities - reshaping the arena in which national and local masculinities are articulated, and transforming the shape of men's lives. Gender becomes one of the chief organizing principles of local, regional and national resistance to globalization, whether expressed in religious or secular, ethnic or national terms. This article examines the ways in which masculinities and globalization are embedded in the emergence of extremist groups on the far right in Europe and the US, with a final discussion of the Islamic world. It discusses the ways in which global political and economic processes affect lower middle-class men in the economic North, and describes several of their political reactions, especially their efforts to restore public and domestic patriarchy. All deploy `masculinity' as symbolic capital, as an ideological resource (1) to understand and explicate their plight; (2) as a rhetorical device to problematize the identities of those against whom they believe themselves fighting; and (3) as a recruitment device to entice other, similarly situated young men, to join them.
Rhetorical Spaces: Participation and Pragmatism in the Evaluation of Community Health Work
Authors: McKie Linda
Published: September 2003

In this article I adopt the concept of `rhetorical spaces' as a tool for exploring the creation of dialogues between stakeholders that can enhance realistic participation by communities. It is argued that evaluation research can be imbued with a `code of presentation' that renders input from community participants to be unspoken, unheard or dismissed. Without an understanding and appreciation of the myriad processes of participation by communities, evaluation research cannot adequately reflect the heterogeneity of experiences for communities, researchers and funders. To develop these arguments I draw upon a case study of the development and dissemination of an evaluation resource for community groups. In conclusion, I reflect upon the potential for a realistic pragmatism to inform and support the development of participation in the evaluation of community work.
Arthroscopic synovectomy of the wrist in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Park M. J. , Ahn J. H. , Kang J. S.
Published: September 2003

We analysed the results of arthroscopic synovectomy of the wrist in 18 patients (19 wrists) with rheumatoid arthritis who had not responded to conservative treatment. The patients’ symptoms were assessed using visual analogue scales for pain and satisfaction. Standard posteroanterior radiographs which were taken pre-operatively and at final follow-up were analysed using a modified Larsen scoring system (normal, 0; total destruction, 40). The mean follow-up period was 29.2 months (24 to 45). The mean pre-operative pain score was 8.58 which decreased to 3.58 one year after surgery and increased again to 4.42 at final follow-up. This suggested a gradual increase in pain with time. The mean satisfaction score was 6.26. The mean modified Larsen’s score was 9.8 pre-operatively and 13.9 at final follow-up, which demonstrated the slow progression of degenerative changes.

Arthroscopic synovectomy for rheumatoid arthritis of the wrist allows effective pain relief and high patient satisfaction, although any prolonged benefits will require long-term follow-up.
Production of polymer particles with ethyleneurea groups by emulsifier‐free emulsion polymerization and the wet adhesion property of the emulsion film
Authors: Okubo M. , Matsuda M. , Terada A. , Kagawa Y. , Kondo S.
Published: September 2003

A film was prepared from an n‐butyl methacrylate/methacrylamide ethylethyleneurea (EU) copolymer [P(BMA–EU)] emulsion produced by an emulsifier‐free emulsion copolymerization. The wet adhesion of the emulsion film on an alkyd resin was significantly improved by copolymerization with a small amount of EU (0.5–1.0 mol %). A sodium dodecyl sulfate emulsifier, postadded to the emulsifier‐free emulsion, reduced the wet adhesion. The wet adhesion of a film prepared from a poly(n‐butyl methacrylate) (PBMA)/P(BMA–EU) composite emulsion produced by an emulsifier‐free seeded emulsion copolymerization with PBMA seed particles was higher than that of a P(BMA–EU) film with the same EU content. The localization of EU and the cleanliness at the particle surface were also key factors in the improvement of the wet adhesion of the polymer emulsion film. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 1825–1829, 2003
Experimental model of continent colostomy using rectus abdominis neosphincteroplasty
Authors: Hetzer F H , Schwizer W , Kuenzi W , Demartines N
Published: September 2003

Background

Use of dynamic myoplasty to create a continent stoma has produced promising results, but long-term stoma continence has not been achieved. The aim of the study was to establish and test a new model.

Methods

Three types of dynamic rectus abdominis sphincteroplasty around a colostomy and two conditioning protocols were tested in ten domestic pigs. Continence was assessed by means of conventional defaecography and neosphincter manometry after 8 and 12 weeks. The neosphincter muscle was studied histologically to assess the transformation of muscle type.

Results

Use of a distal rectus muscle sling surrounding the stoma by 270° with a low-frequency conditioning protocol achieved a continent colostomy for more than 12 h on each of 5 consecutive days. The neosphincter had a 40-mm high-pressure segment with mean pressure of 74 (range 67–82) mmHg. The proportion of type I muscle fibres increased from 38 (range 32–42) to 74 (range 66–78) per cent after 12 weeks of conditioning.

Conclusion

This pilot study demonstrated the feasibility of a continent stoma in an animal model with a dynamic rectus neosphincter. Long-term results should be confirmed in a larger series before use in humans can be considered.
Activation of src‐family tyrosine kinases by LPS regulates cytokine production in dendritic cells by controlling AP‐1 formation
Authors: Napolitani Giorgio , Bortoletto Nicola , Racioppi Luigi , Lanzavecchia Antonio , D'Oro Ugo
Published: September 2003

The role of src‐family tyrosine kinases in LPS‐induced DC maturation has not been fully addressed. We show that LPS induces activation of c‐Src and Lyn in human DC. Inhibition of these kinasesby PP1 uncoupled LPS‐induced cytokine production from the up‐regulation of costimulatory molecules, resulting in DC still capable of stimulating T cell proliferation but much less efficient in inducing Th1 differentiation. This is the first example of a pharmacological inhibitor able to modulate the capacity of DC to induce a particular type of immune response. Inhibition of src‐family kinases impaired phosphorylation and accumulation of c‐Jun, leading to reduced formation of AP‐1 complexes upon LPS stimulation. Thus, src‐kinases control cytokine production in LPS‐induced DC maturation through a timely formation of AP‐1.
Chemical composition and antibacterial activities of lupin seeds extracts
Authors: Lampart‐Szczapa Eleonora , Siger Aleksander , Trojanowska Krystyna , Nogala‐Kalucka Małgorzata , Malecka Maria , Pacholek Bogdan
Published: September 2003

Determination of influence of lupin natural phenolic compounds on antibacterial properties of its seeds was carried out. Raw material were seeds of Lupinus albus, L. luteus, and L. angustifolius. The methods included the determination of the content of proteins, total phenolic compounds, free phenolic acids, and tannins as well as antibacterial properties with ethanol extracts. The content of total phenolic compounds was smaller in testas than in cotyledons and the highest levels are observed in bitter cultivars of Lupinus albus cv. Bac andL. angustifolius cv. Mirela. Lupin tannins mainly occurred in cotyledons of the white lupin, predominantly in the bitter cultivar Bac. Free phenolic acids were mainly found in testas. Only extracts from the testas displayed antibacterial properties, which excludes the possibility of alkaloid influence on the results. The results suggest that inhibition of test bacteria growth depended mainly upon the content of the total phenolic compounds.
The relationship between performance appraisal criterion specificity and statistical evidence of discrimination
Authors: Hennessey H. W. , Bernardin H. John
Published: September 2003

Plaintiffs' expert witnesses in EEO cases involving performance appraisals often claim that adverse
impact is a result of the type of rating format used. Their theory is that more specific rating criteria will
lead to lessened adverse impact. We tested that theory by comparing data from a simple category‐based
rating system against data from a standards‐based Work Planning and Review appraisal system with over
248,000 performance appraisals of state employees. Using logistic regression and statistical definitions of
prima facie discrimination, we found no support for the hypothesis that adverse impact is materially affected by
criterion specificity. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Early environment contributes to developmental disruption of MPFC after neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions in rats
Authors: Wood Graham K. , Quirion Rémi , Srivastava Lalit K.
Published: September 2003

Using a putative animal model of schizophrenia, neonatal rat ventral hippocampal (VH) lesions, combined with cross‐fostering Lewis and Fisher rats, we previously demonstrated that the postpubertal expression of amphetamine‐induced hyperlocomotion after lesioning depends on the early environment of the pups. However, an important question that emerged from our studies was whether the early environment leads to sparing of function within the VH or to the disruption of another structure, such as the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC). To answer this question, we took advantage of the natural variation in maternal care of Sprague‐Dawley rat dams and separated them into high and low arched back nursing (ABN) groups. Then, on postnatal day 7 (PD7) the pups from the two groups of dams were lesioned in the VH. As a measure of VH function, the rats were tested in a reference memory paradigm, which demonstrated that nVH‐lesioned rats raised by high or low ABN dams had pronounced deficits, suggesting that VH functions are not fully spared. Next, the integrity of the MPFC was tested in a number of paradigms in which MPFC function has been implicated. In all three paradigms a similar result was found, that only lesioned rats raised by high ABN dams displayed deficits, such as a lack of MPFC control of amphetamine‐induced locomotion, decreased working memory, and decreased anxiety. These results suggest that the early environment does not affect the recovery of the VH to nVH lesion. Rather, the early environment interacts with nVH lesions in such a way that disrupts the development and function of MPFC. Synapse 50:223–232, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
What catatonia can tell us about “top-down modulation”: A neuropsychiatric hypothesis
Authors: Northoff Georg
Published: September 2003

Differential diagnosis of motor symptoms, for example, akinesia, may be difficult in clinical neuropsychiatry. Symptoms may be either of neurologic origin, for example, Parkinson's disease, or of psychiatric origin, for example, catatonia, leading to a so-called “conflict of paradigms.” Despite their different origins, symptoms may appear more or less clinically similar. Possibility of dissociation between origin and clinical appearance may reflect functional brain organisation in general, and cortical-cortical/subcortical relations in particular. It is therefore hypothesized that similarities and differences between Parkinson's disease and catatonia may be accounted for by distinct kinds of modulation between cortico-cortical and cortico-subcortical relations. Catatonia can be characterized by concurrent motor, emotional, and behavioural symptoms. The different symptoms may be accounted for by dysfunction in orbitofrontal-prefrontal/parietal cortical connectivity reflecting “horizontal modulation” of cortico-cortical relation. Furthermore, alteration in “top-down modulation” reflecting “vertical modulation” of caudate and other basal ganglia by GABA-ergic mediated orbitofrontal cortical deficits may account for motor symptoms in catatonia. Parkinson's disease, in contrast, can be characterized by predominant motor symptoms. Motor symptoms may be accounted for by altered “bottom-up modulation” between dopaminergic mediated deficits in striatum and premotor/motor cortex. Clinical similarities between Parkinson's disease and catatonia with respect to akinesia may be related with involvement of the basal ganglia in both disorders. Clinical differences with respect to emotional and behavioural symptoms may be related with involvement of different cortical areas, that is, orbitofrontal/parietal and premotor/motor cortex implying distinct kinds of modulation – “vertical” and “horizontal” modulation, respectively.
What ape language research means for representations
Authors: Kako Edward
Published: September 2003

Shanker & King (S&K) rightly stress that recent ape language research has important implications for language development and origins. But the evidence does not warrant their conclusion that we can dispense with representations. Indeed, their own discussion of the nature of communication highlights the central role that representations must play in our models of communicative competence, in and out of language.
Dancing on thin ice
Authors: Kuczaj Stan A. , Ramos Joana A. , Paulos Robin L.
Published: September 2003

The “new” paradigm proposed by Shanker & King (S&K) is neither new nor a significant advance in our understanding of communication. Although we agree that social interaction is important, ignoring the roles of mental processes and the significance of information exchange is theoretically dangerous. Moreover, the “communicative dance” is sequential. If one partner does not lead, how is the other to follow?
Relativistic implications of a natural-language-based format for thought
Authors: Henser Steve
Published: September 2003

I will argue (contra Carruthers) that accepting natural language as the format of many of our thoughts should entail accepting a version of Whorfian relativism and that, rather than something to be avoided, evidence from bilingual cognition suggests that incorporating this idea into future research would yield further insights into the cognitive functions of natural language.
The problematic transition from specific competences to general competence
Authors: Hurford James R. , Dessalles Jean-Louis
Published: September 2003

Postulating a variety of mutually isolated thought domains for prelinguistic creatures is both unparsimonious and implausible, requiring unexplained parallel evolution of each separate module. Furthermore, the proposal that domain-general concepts are not accessible without prior exposure to phonetically realized human language utterances cannot be implemented by any concept-acquisition mechanism.
Human expression and experience: What does it mean to have language?
Authors: Visetti Yves-Marie , Rosenthal Victor
Published: September 2003

We support Shanker & King's (S&K's) proposal for a dynamic systems approach in ape language research, but question their vision of what it means to have language. Language plays an essential role in the making of the human mind. It underlies any kind of human interaction and codetermines perception and action. Moreover, what gives human thought the very characteristic architecture of textuality criterially requires a third party.
Complexities in Cancer Risk Counseling: Presentation of Three Cases
Authors: Schneider Katherine A. , Stopfer Jill E. , Peters June A. , Knell Ellen , Rosenthal Gladys
Published: September 2003

Complexities abound in the identification and management of families at increased risk for inherited forms of cancer. One of the ways to learn as a profession how best to provide cancer risk counseling (CRC) is to share counseling experiences. Such cases can provide insight into the issues raised by families and ways in which genetic counselors have handled complex situations. Here we describe three CRC cases initially presented at the 1995 American College of Medical Genetics meeting. The first case involves balancing the importance of informing a family of the presence of an inherited cancer syndrome with the family's right “not to know.” The second case illustrates the difficulties in assisting an individual to make medical management decisions in the face of uncertain risk information. The third case describes the complex interactions with a woman before and after her decision to have prophylactic surgery.
Recent results on the thermoluminescence properties of diaspore
Authors: Correcher Virgilio , Garcia‐Guinea Javier , Valle‐Fuentes Francisco José
Published: September 2003

The presence of hydrated diaspore (α‐AlOOH) on the Martian surface allows us to speculate that this material could act as: α‐Al2O3 precursor and water source. In this study, new analytical data on the thermoluminescence (TL) properties of natural diaspore from Goian (Pontevedra, Spain) in the UV‐blue spectral region are reported. The results indicate that it could be also used as a dosimeter for dating purposes, since it possesses an acceptable sensitivity to radiation, reproducibility, linear dose response in the studied range (up to 100 Gy), and a high stability of the relative TL emission after six months of storage. Some physical trapping parameters for each irradiated curve (trap depth, pre‐exponential factor, intensity and peak position) are estimated assuming first order kinetics for the 180°C TL peak.
The
Xenopus
Egg Wnt/β-catenin Pathway
Authors: Moon Randall T.
Published: September 2003

In embryonic development in vertebrates, β-catenin signaling promotes polarization of the embryo to establish the dorsoventral axis and it is this process that is highlighted by the
Xenopus
Egg Wnt/β-catenin Pathway. In the amphibian
Xenopus
, fertilization of the egg results in the establishment of a parallel array of microtubules with the plus end pointing away from the sperm entry point. Concurrent with a process of cortical rotation, in which the cortex of the egg utilizes these microtubules to rotate relative to the inner cytoplasm, there is a movement of small vesicles toward the plus end of the microtubules. Cells inheriting these vesicles are destined to give rise to dorsal and anterior structures of the embryo. Two components of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, Dishevelled and β-catenin, accumulate on the side of the egg and early embryo that receive these small vesicles. It is likely that Dishevelled is associated with the vesicles that move along the microtubules, and that it promotes the stabilization and dorsal accumulation of β-catenin. Although Wnts and Frizzled are present in the egg, their roles in axis specification remain unclear. Dorsal β-catenin then activates direct target genes, including the homeobox genes
siamois
and
twinned
. Activation of these genes on the prospective dorsal side is necessary and sufficient for formation of the gastrula organizer, which organizes the embryonic germ layers and axes.

Science Viewpoint

R. T. Moon, B. Bowerman, M. Boutros, and N. Perrimon, The promise and perils of Wnt signaling through β-catenin.
Science
296
, 1644-1646 (2002). [
Abstract
] [
Full Text
]
Circadian Rhythms in Animals: A Canonical Connections Map
Authors: Van Gelder Russell N.
Published: September 2003

Circadian rhythms are near-24-hour endogenous rhythms of behavior and physiology that are a nearly universal feature of eukaryotic life. Genetic and biochemical experiments over the past decade have allowed the construction of a viable working model for the molecular mechanisms underlying circadian rhythm generation in animals. The basic mechanism consists of two intertwined transcription-translation negative feedback loops. One loop--the "positive loop"--controls the rhythmic expression of a well-conserved Per-Arnt-Sim (PAS)-domain-containing positive transcription factor (Clock in
Drosophila
, and BMAL1, which is also known as MOP3, in the mouse). The second loop--the "negative loop"--controls the expression of another PAS-domain protein (the repressor Period), as well as species-specific repressors (Timeless in
Drosophila
and Cryptochrome in mice). The loops are intertwined because Period and its binding partners directly repress transcription mediated by Clock and its binding partners (Cycle in
Drosophila
and BMAL1 in the mouse), whereas Clock:Cycle (or CLOCK:BMAL1) drives the transcription of
period
and the other repressors, as well as that of repressors of
Clock
or
Bmal1
transcriptional expression. Other factors, including conserved kinases such as Casein kinase I ϵ (CkIϵ), have essential functions in the timekeeping mechanism. Remarkably, this mechanism appears to be fundamentally conserved between
Drosophila
and mammalian circadian clocks. This Canonical Connections Map Pathway describes the basic mechanism underlying circadian signaling, whereas the accompanying specific Pathway Maps for
Drosophila
and murine circadian mechanisms describe the individual known components of the circadian clock and their mutual interactions.

Science Viewpoint

R. N. Van Gelder, E. D. Herzog, W. J. Schwartz, P. H. Taghert, Circadian rhythms: In the loop at last.
Science
300
, 1534-1535 (2003). [
Abstract
] [
Full Text
]
Gβγ and K
ACh
: Old Story, New Insights
Authors: Mirshahi Tooraj , Jin Taihao , Logothetis Diomedes E.
Published: September 2003

Dissociation of the heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein (G protein) βγ subunits from the α subunit is a prerequisite step in the ability of these proteins to signal to downstream effectors. There is evidence that ions such as Na
+
and Cl
-
can facilitate this dissociation. Interestingly, for K
ACh
, the first known effector for Gβγ, intracellular Na
+
can also activate the channel independently of Gβγ. Both Gβγ and Na
+
strengthen channel interactions with the membrane phospholipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP
2
), an event thought to be essential in opening the channel. PIP
2
interacts with channel regions that form a binding pocket proximal to the transmembrane domains and is likely to exert a tangential, pulling force to mechanically open a gate at the cytoplasmic face of the channel pore. The tangential force generated by channel-PIP
2
interactions is the likely force behind gating in all inwardly rectifying K
+
channels. The gate opens when the lower part of the pore-lining transmembrane α helix pivots around a glycine residue in the middle of the helix. This mechanism of channel gating is conserved among K
+
channels from bacteria to mammals and may represent a common mechanism for K
+
channel gating.
The IFN-γ Pathway
Authors: Aaronson David S. , Horvath Curt M.
Published: September 2003

The interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) signal transduction pathway closely resembles the canonical Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway. The IFN-γ Pathway is thus a paradigm for most other JAK-STAT pathways that result in dimerization of STAT transcription factors in response to phosphorylation, including the mammalian STAT4, STAT5A, STAT5B, and STAT6, as well as orthologous systems in various organisms. IFN-γ is a crucial component of innate and adaptive immunity. The Connections Map shows activation of STAT1 by JAK1 and JAK2 and includes several negative regulators of the pathway.

Science Viewpoint

D. S. Aaronson, C. M. Horvath, A road map for those who don't know JAK-STAT.
Science
296
, 1653-1655 (2002). [
Abstract
] [
Full Text
]
A Speculative Model of AChR Gating at the Frog Neuromuscular Junction
Authors: Auerbach Anthony
Published: September 2003

The animation depicts a speculative model of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) gating at the frog neuromuscular junction. Following a nerve impulse, the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) is released from synaptic vesicles docked at the active zone of the presynaptic nerve terminal. ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft to bind to AChRs, ligand-gated channels found at the lips of the postjunctional folds of the muscle, initiating gating, a conformational change that allows ions to flow through the channel and thereby elicit an electrical response in the muscle (the end-plate potential). In the AChR, gating involves a series of small conformational changes that propagate throughout the channel as it moves from "closed" to "open," rather than a synchronous switch in protein configuration.

[
Resource Details
]
Of Rafts and Moving Water
Authors: Cohen David M.
Published: September 2003

The ability to respond rapidly to changes in tonicity is crucial for cellular and organismal survival. Sensors of osmotic stress are beginning to be discovered. For example, results from expression cloning in a heterologous system have implicated GAP43 as a component of a peripheral nervous system sensor of hypotonicity. These results and the role of lipid rafts, protein kinase C, and members of the phospholipase C-δ family are discussed in the context of cellular responses to osmotic stress. Calcium is also involved in the osmotic stress response, and both intracellular calcium released through inositol trisphosphate receptors and extracellular calcium transported through TRPV4 (a member of the transient receptor potential family) may contribute.
Acanthamoeba polyphaga
Strain Age and Method of Cyst Production Influence the Observed Efficacy of Therapeutic Agents and Contact Lens Disinfectants
Authors: Hughes Reanne , Heaselgrave Wayne , Kilvington Simon
Published: September 2003

The effects of age in culture and the type of medium used for induction of
Acanthamoeba polyphaga
(Ros) cysts on susceptibilities to polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB; 3 μg/ml), chlorhexidine digluconate (30 μg/ml), myristamidopropyl dimethylamine (20 μg/ml), H
2
O
2
(3%), and two multipurpose contact lens solutions (MPS-1 and MPS-2, based on 1 μg of PHMB per ml) were examined. Strain Ros-02 was cryopreserved on isolation in 1991, while strain Ros-91 had been in continuous axenic culture. Significant differences in susceptibilities to the disinfectants were found depending on the medium used for cyst preparation and the age of the test strain, with Ros-02 generally being more resistant. For example, the killing of Ros-91 cysts produced from an axenic culture of trophozoites in the presence of 50 mM MgCl
2
by MPS-2 was 4 logs, but the killing of Ros-02 by MPS-2 was only 2 logs (
P
< 0.05) and killing of both strains with cysts obtained from monoxenic cultures with
Escherichia coli
was only 1 log (
P
< 0.001). Assays repeated with different batches of the various cyst types gave consistent results. A batch of Ros-91 cysts stored at 4°C and tested over an 8-week period with MPS-1 showed progressively increasing susceptibility to disinfection, although there was no loss of viability during storage (
P
< 0.01). These observations have important implications for the standardization and interpretation of
Acanthamoeba
disinfectant and therapeutic agent testing.
A participatory approach to the study of lifting demands and musculoskeletal symptoms among Hong Kong workers
Authors: Yeung S , Genaidy A , Deddens J , Shoaf C , Leung P C
Published: September 2003

Aims:To investigate the use of a worker based methodology to assess the physical stresses of lifting tasks on effort expended, and to associate this loading with musculoskeletal outcomes (MO).

Methods:A cross sectional study was conducted on 217 male manual handling workers from the Hong Kong area. The effects of four lifting variables (weight of load, horizontal distance, twisting angle, and vertical travel distance) on effort were examined using a linguistic approach (that is, characterising variables in descriptors such as “heavy” for weight of load). The numerical interpretations of linguistic descriptors were established. In addition, the associations between on the job effort and MO were investigated for 10 body regions including the spine, and both upper and lower extremities.

Results:MO were prevalent in multiple body regions (range 12–58%); effort was significantly associated with MO in 8 of 10 body regions (odds ratios with age adjusted ranged from 1.31 for low back to 1.71 for elbows and forearm). The lifting task variables had significant effects on effort, with the weight of load having twice the effect of other variables; each linguistic descriptor was better described by a range of numerical values rather than a single numerical value.

Conclusions:The participatory worker based approach on musculoskeletal outcomes is a promising methodology. Further testing of this approach is recommended.
Confirmed Locus on Chromosome 11p and Candidate Loci on 6q and 8p for the Triglyceride and Cholesterol Traits of Combined Hyperlipidemia
Authors: Naoumova Rossitza P. , Bonney Stephanie A. , Eichenbaum-Voline Sophie , Patel Hetal N. , Jones Bethan , Jones Emma L. , Amey Joanna , Colilla Susan , Neuwirth Clare K.Y. , Allotey Rebecca , Seed Mary , Betteridge D. John , Galton David J. , Cox Nancy J. , Bell Graeme I. , Scott James , Shoulders Carol C.
Published: September 2003

Background—

Combined hyperlipidemia is a common disorder characterized by a highly atherogenic lipoprotein profile and increased risk of coronary heart disease. The etiology of the lipid abnormalities (increased serum cholesterol and triglyceride or either lipid alone) is unknown.

Methods and Results—

We assembled 2 large cohorts of families with familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL) and performed disease and quantitative trait linkage analyses to evaluate the inheritance of the lipid abnormalities. Chromosomal regions 6q16.1-q16.3, 8p23.3-p22, and 11p14.1-q12.1 produced evidence for linkage to FCHL. Chromosomes 6 and 8 are newly identified candidate loci that may respectively contribute to the triglyceride (logarithm of odds [LOD], 1.43;
P
=0.005) and cholesterol (LOD, 2.2;
P
=0.0007) components of this condition. The data for chromosome 11 readily fulfil the guidelines required for a confirmed linkage. The causative alleles may contribute to the inheritance of the cholesterol (LOD, 2.04 at 35.2 cM;
P
=0.0011) component of FCHL as well as the triglyceride trait (LOD, 2.7 at 48.7 cM;
P
=0.0002).

Conclusions—

Genetic analyses identify 2 potentially new loci for FCHL and provide important positional information for cloning the genes within the chromosome 11p14.1-q12.1 interval that contributes to the lipid abnormalities of this highly atherogenic disorder.
Prospective Study of Single and Multiple Lacunar Infarcts Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Arauz Antonio , Murillo Luis , Cantú Carlos , Barinagarrementeria Fernando , Higuera Jesús
Published: September 2003

Background and Purpose—

We investigated whether lacunar infarct (LI) patients with >1 lacune have different vascular risk factors, a different prognosis, and poorer functional outcome than those with a single lacune.

Methods—

The study included 175 first-ever LI patients. The group was divided according to the presence of multiple (n=136) or single (n=39) LI. The association of single or multiple LI with the principal vascular risk factors, leukoaraiosis, outcome, and recurrence was investigated with logistic regression models that included age, sex, and cardiac disease.

Results—

No significant differences were found between single and multiple LI with respect to age, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, and heavy alcohol drinking. Diabetes mellitus (odds ratio [OR], 2.43; 95% CI, 1.09 to 5.4), high levels of hematocrit (>0.47) (OR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.21), and leukoaraiosis (OR, 3.58; 95% CI, 1.77 to 7.51) were significantly related to multiple but not to single LI. Stroke recurrence rate was 7.7% in patients with single LI and 24.3% in the multiple LI group (OR, 3.84; 95% CI, 1.1 to 13.3). During a median follow-up of 12 months (range, 6 to 156 months), 94% of the single LI patients and 77.2% of the multiple LI patients had favorable outcomes (Rankin Scale score 0 to 2) (OR, 5.4; 95% CI, 1.25 to 23.9).

Conclusions—

Diabetes mellitus, leukoaraiosis, and high levels of hematocrit are important risk factors in patients with >1 LI. The presence of multiple LI may be an important prognostic indicator not only for functional recovery but also for a higher rate of recurrence.
C. elegansPAR-3 and PAR-6 are required for apicobasal asymmetries associated with cell adhesion and gastrulation
Authors: Nance Jeremy , Munro Edwin M. , Priess James R.
Published: September 2003

PAR proteins distribute asymmetrically across the anterior-posterior axis of the 1-cell-stage C. elegans embryo, and function to establish subsequent anterior-posterior asymmetries. By the end of the 4-cell stage,anteriorly localized PAR proteins, such as PAR-3 and PAR-6, redistribute to the outer, apical surfaces of cells, whereas posteriorly localized PAR proteins, such as PAR-1 and PAR-2, redistribute to the inner, basolateral surfaces. Because PAR proteins are provided maternally, distinguishing apicobasal from earlier anterior-posterior functions requires a method that selectively prevents PAR activity after the 1-cell stage. In the present study we generated hybrid PAR proteins that are targeted for degradation after the 1-cell stage. Embryos containing the hybrid PAR proteins had normal anterior-posterior polarity, but showed defects in apicobasal asymmetries associated with gastrulation. Ectopic separations appeared between lateral surfaces of cells that are normally tightly adherent, cells that ingress during gastrulation failed to accumulate nonmuscle myosin at their apical surfaces and ingression was slowed. Thus, PAR proteins function in both apicobasal and anterior-posterior asymmetry during the first few cell cycles of embryogenesis.
A role for GRIP domain proteins and/or their ligands in structure and function of the trans Golgi network
Authors: Yoshino Atsuko , Bieler Bert M. , Harper Dawn C. , Cowan David A. , Sutterwala Shaheen , Gay Denise M. , Cole Nelson B. , McCaffery J. Michael , Marks Michael S.
Published: September 2003

tGolgin-1 (golgin-245, trans golgi p230) and golgin-97 are members of a family of peripheral membrane proteins of unknown function that localize to the trans Golgi network (TGN) through a conserved C-terminal GRIP domain. We have probed for GRIP protein function by assessing the consequences of overexpressing isolated GRIP domains. By semi-quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy we found that high level expression of epitope-tagged, GRIP domain-containing fragments of tGolgin-1 or golgin-97 specifically altered the characteristic pericentriolar distribution of TGN integral membrane and coat components. Concomitantly, vesicular transport from the TGN to the plasma membrane and furin-dependent cleavage of substrate proteins in the TGN were inhibited. Mutagenesis of a conserved tyrosine in the tGolgin-1 GRIP domain abolished these effects. GRIP domain overexpression had little effect on the distribution of most Golgi stack resident proteins and no effect on markers of other organelles. Electron microscopy analyses of GRIP domain-overexpressing cells revealed distended perinuclear vacuoles and a proliferation of multivesicular late endosomes to which the TGN resident protein TGN46 was largely mislocalized. These studies, the first to address the function of GRIP domain-containing proteins in higher eukaryotes, suggest that some or all of these proteins and/or their ligands function in maintaining the integrity of the TGN by regulating resident protein localization.
Prospective clinical study of autologous chondrocyte implantation and correlation with MRI at three and 12 months
Authors: Henderson I. J. P. , Tuy B. , Connell D. , Oakes B. , Hettwer W. H.
Published: September 2003

In order to determine the usefulness of MRI in assessing autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) the first 57 patients (81 chondral lesions) with a 12-month review were evaluated clinically and with specialised MRI at three and 12 months.

Improvement 12 months after operation was found subjectively (37.6 to 51.9) and in knee function levels (from 85% International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) III/IV to 61% I/II). The International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores showed an initial deterioration at three months (56% IKDC A/B) but marked improvement at 12 months (88% A/B).

The MRI at three months showed 82% of patients with at least 50% defect fill, 59% with a normal or nearly normal signal at repair sites, 71% with a mild or no effusion and 80% with a mild or no underlying bone-marrow oedema. These improved at 12 months to 93%, 93%, 94% and 91%, respectively.

The overall MR score at 12 months suggested production of normal or nearly normal cartilage in 82%, corresponding to a subjective improvement in 81% of patients and 88% IKDC A/B scores. Second-look surgery and biopsies in 15 patients (22 lesions) showed a moderate correlation of MRI with visual scoring; 70% of biopsies showed hyaline and hyaline-like cartilage. Thus, MRI at 12 months is a reasonable non-invasive means of assessment of ACI.
Influence of heat impact in reconstituted skim milk on the properties of yoghurt fermented by ropy or non‐ropy starter cultures
Authors: Lorenzen Peter Chr. , Ebert Yvonne , Clawin‐Rädecker Ingrid , Schlimme Eckhard
Published: September 2003

The paper describes studies on the influence of heat impact in reconstituted skim milk on chemical and functional properties of yoghurt products. Reconstituted skim milk was heated for 20 min at 85°C, 90°C, or 95°C. Ropy (producing exopolysaccharides, EPS) or non‐ropy strains of S. thermophilus and L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus were used as starter culture for yoghurt manufacture. The studies have shown that the fermentation times decreased with increasing heat impact when the ropy starter culture was used, while they remained to a far extent unchanged if the non‐ropy starter culture was applied. The lactic acid contents of the yoghurt products were in the same range when the milk was heated at 85°C or 90°C, while they were different when milk was heated at 95°C. There was a tendency visible that an increase in preheating leads to increased L(+)‐ and decreased D(–)‐lactic acid contents if the non‐ropy culture was applied. Using the ropy culture, it was vice versa. A slightly decrease in proteolysis with increasing heat impact was to be noted with both starter cultures. Concerning the relation of proteolysis to acidification, the fermentation process could be subdivided into three sections with different slopes if the non‐ropy starter culture was used, while a linear relation was found if the ropy starter culture was applied. Regarding final product characteristics it was found that the functional properties of yoghurt decreased with increasing heat impact when the ropy starter culture was applied, while they remained to a far extent unchanged when the non‐ropy starter culture was used. It can be concluded from these studies that a preheating of milk at a temperature of 85°C (20 min) is optimal in regard to final yoghurt product characteristics.
Inelastic neutron scattering, Raman, infrared and DFT theoretical studies on chloranilic acid
Authors: Pawlukojć A. , Bator G. , Sobczyk L. , Grech E. , Nowicka‐Scheibe J.
Published: September 2003

The vibrational spectra of chloranilic acid (2,5‐dihydroxy‐3,6‐dichloro‐[1,4]‐benzoquinone) in the solid state were studied by using inelastic neutron scattering (INS), infrared (IR) and Raman (R) spectroscopy. The spectra were compared with simulated spectra using the Gaussian and Climax programs. Sufficiently good agreement between the experimental and theoretical (DFT) spectra is observed although the calculations show that in the crystalline state a bifurcation of hydrogen bonds takes place. Relatively strong intermolecular interactions are noticeable when the experimental (x‐ray) and calculated bond lengths and angles with participation of OH groups are compared. The studies of the deuterium isotope effect in the IR and R spectra enabled us to analyse the low‐frequency out‐of‐plane vibrations and particularly the ν(OH) and ν(OD) modes. In the case of the ν(OH) and ν(OD) vibrations, one observes a strong asymmetry of the bands (low‐frequency wings), which can be interpreted in terms of a coupling of the ν(OH) mode with low‐frequency ones damped by the lattice phonons and no fine structure of the ν(OH) and ν(OD) bands is observed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A history of the international group for correlation analysis in chemistry
Authors: Shorter John
Published: September 2003

The author has been Secretary of the International Group for Correlation Analysis in Chemistry (formerly Organic Chemistry) since it was founded in 1982. A series of conferences in the USA, which began with a Symposium on Linear Free Energy Correlations at Durham, NC, in 1964, eventually stimulated the development of a similar series in Europe, starting with a conference on Correlation Analysis in Organic Chemistry at Assisi, Italy, in 1979. This conference established a continuing organization in a provisional form and, at the second conference in Hull, UK, in 1982, this became the International Group for Correlation Analysis in Organic Chemistry. The conferences have continued ever since at intervals of between two and three years at venues in Europe or (on two occasions) in Asia, and now total nine. The Group (which dropped the ‘Organic’ from its title in 1991) has been an Associated Organization of IUPAC since 1990. The article describes the development of the Group as a society during twenty years and its various activities, including the conferences and a substantial Newsletter, produced at intervals of six months to a year for 24 issues. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
π‐Electron delocalisation for intramolecular resonance assisted hydrogen bonds
Authors: Janusz Grabowski Sławomir
Published: September 2003

π‐Electron delocalisation for the intramolecular resonance assisted hydrogen bonds (IRAHBs) is analysed here. The investigation is based on MP2/6‐311++G** calculations as well as on the results derived from the Bader theory. The Mulliken analysis of the change in natural population atomic charges for the IRAHB systems shows that there is a transfer of the electron charge from the R1CCR2CR3region into the OH…O hydrogen bond. The results of calculations also show that the strength of IRAHBs depends mainly on the process of the π‐electron delocalisation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distinguishing proximal from distal causes is useful and compatible with accounts of compensatory processing in developmental disorders of cognition
Authors: Jackson Nancy Ewald , Coltheart Max
Published: September 2003

Models of the architecture of mature cognitive systems can inform the study of normal and disordered cognitive development, if one distinguishes between proximal and distal causes of performance. The assumption of residual normality need not be made in order to apply adult models to performance early in development, because these models can be modified to reflect the results of compensatory processing.
The Vygotskian advantage in cognitive modeling: Participation precedes and thus prefigures understanding
Authors: Johnson Christine M.
Published: September 2003

Shanker & King's (S&K's) proposal is consistent with a Vygotskian model of development which assumes that cognition is first social and visible, and only later internalized and invisible. Rather than slipping into positing “epistemic operators” like understand or intend as generative of behavior during language learning or theory of mind tasks, this approach profits from keeping its focus on charting the ontogeny of embodied interactions.
Did Residual Normality ever have a chance?
Authors: Levine Susan C. , Regier Terry , Solomon Tracy L.
Published: September 2003

Thomas & Karmiloff-Smith (T&K-S) show that the assumption of residual normality (RN) does not hold in connectionist simulations, and argue that RN has been inappropriately applied to childhood disorders. We agree. However, we suggest that the RN hypothesis may never have been fully viable, either empirically or computationally.
Cross-domain thinking: Common representation format or generalized mapping process?
Authors: Dominey Peter F.
Published: September 2003

In Carruthers’ formulation, cross-domain thinking requires translation of domain specific data into a common format, and linguistic LF thus plays the role of the common medium of exchange. Alternatively, I propose a process-oriented characterization, in which there is no common representation and cross-domain thinking is rather the process of establishing mappings across domains, as in the process of analogical reasoning.