bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the creation of the UK’s ‘hostile environment’
Authors: Webber Frances
Published: January 2019

The indictment presented to the Permanent Peoples’ Tribunal London Hearing in November 2018 on violations of the human rights of migrant and refugee peoples. It concentrates on the ways in which a ‘hostile environment’ has been created in the UK removing rights, enshrined in EU and international laws and conventions, to housing, health, livelihood, liberty, freedom of assembly, family and private life, freedom from inhuman and degrading treatment. Migrants and refugees with or without permission to be in the country are, the author argues, possessed of no rights but, at best, privileges that can be removed at any time.
Unsettling the taken (for granted)
Authors: Howitt Richard
Published: January 2019

Histories of colonial plunder produced geographies that settler societies take for granted as settled. While some aspects of the conqueror/settler imaginary have been unsettled in specific cases, and through the negotiation of new instruments such as the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, various national apologies and modern treaties, much unsettling remains to be done. New geographies of plunder, violence and abuse reinstate geographies of various kleptocracies across the planet, reinforcing the unnatural disasters of displacement, disfigurement and loss on many people, places and communities. This paper uses the framing offered by emergent discourses of Indigenous geographies to reconsider the task of unsettling the taken-for-granted privilege of settler dominance in Indigenous domains.
Steep Posterior Tibial Slope, Anterior Tibial Subluxation, Deep Posterior Lateral Femoral Condyle, and Meniscal Deficiency Are Common Findings in Multiple Anterior Cruciate Ligament Failures: An MRI Case-Control Study
Authors: Grassi Alberto , Macchiarola Luca , Urrizola Barrientos Francisco , Zicaro Juan Pablo , Costa Paz Matias , Adravanti Paolo , Dini Francesco , Zaffagnini Stefano
Published: January 2019

Background:

Tibiofemoral anatomic parameters, such as tibial slope, femoral condyle shape, and anterior tibial subluxation, have been suggested to increase the risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction failure. However, such features have never been assessed among patients experiencing multiple failures of ACL reconstruction.

Purpose:

To compare the knee anatomic features of patients experiencing a single failure of ACL reconstruction with those experiencing multiple failures or with intact ACL reconstruction.

Study:

Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Twenty-six patients who experienced failure of revision ACL reconstruction were included in the multiple-failure group. These patients were matched to a group of 25 patients with failure of primary ACL reconstruction and to a control group of 40 patients who underwent primary ACL reconstruction with no failure at a minimum follow-up of 24 months. On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the following parameters were evaluated: ratio between the height and depth of the lateral and medial femoral condyles, the lateral and medial tibial plateau slopes, and anterior subluxation of the lateral and medial tibial plateaus with respect to the femoral condyle. The presence of a meniscal lesion during each procedure was evaluated as well. Anatomic, demographic, and surgical characteristics were compared among the 3 groups.

Results:

The patients in the multiple-failure group had significantly higher values of lateral tibial plateau slope ( P < .001), medial tibial plateau slope ( P < .001), lateral tibial plateau subluxation ( P < .001), medial tibial plateau subluxation ( P < .001), and lateral femoral condyle height/depth ratio ( P = .038) as compared with the control group and the failed ACL reconstruction group. Moreover, a significant direct correlation was found between posterior tibial slope and anterior tibial subluxation for the lateral ( r = 0.325, P = .017) and medial ( r = 0.421, P < .001) compartments. An increased anterior tibial subluxation of 2 to 3 mm was present in patients with a meniscal defect at the time of the MRI as compared with patients who had an intact meniscus for both the lateral and the medial compartments.

Conclusion:

A steep posterior tibial slope and an increased depth of the lateral femoral condyle represent a common finding among patients who experience multiple ACL failures. Moreover, higher values of anterior subluxation were found among patients with repeated failure and those with a medial or lateral meniscal defect.
Increasing Schedule Predictability in Hourly Jobs: Results From a Randomized Experiment in a U.S. Retail Firm
Authors: Lambert Susan J. , Henly Julia R. , Schoeny Michael , Jarpe Meghan
Published: January 2019

For hourly workers, schedule predictability often depends on how far in advance schedules are posted. This article presents results from a process evaluation of an intervention to increase advance schedule notice in hourly retail jobs. The authors open up the black box of implementation to understand managers’ experiences posting schedules further in advance and employees’ ability to anticipate working time. Although schedules were posted further in advance in treatment than control stores, the intervention did not improve schedule anticipation. The findings demonstrate the value of attending to the “dual agenda” of assessing workplace interventions from the perspective of both employers and employees.
Assessing models for the prediction of mechanical properties for the recycled short fibre composites
Authors: Rouhi Mohammad S , Juntikka Magdalena , Landberg Johan , Wysocki Maciej
Published: January 2019

Processing of polymer fibre composites has a remarkable influence on their mechanical performance. These mechanical properties are even more influenced when using recycled reinforcement. Therefore, we place particular attention on the evaluation of micromechanical models to estimate the mechanical properties and compare them against the experimental results of the manufactured composites from recycled carbon fibre material. For the manufacturing process, an epoxy matrix and carbon fibre production cut-offs as reinforcing material are incorporated using a vacuum infusion process. In addition, continuous textile reinforcement in combination with the epoxy matrix is used as reference material to evaluate the degradation of mechanical performance of the recycled composite. The experimental results show higher degradation of the composite strength compared to the stiffness properties. Observations from the modelling also show the same trend as the deviation between the theoretical and experimental results is lower for stiffness comparisons than the strength calculations. Yet still, good mechanical performance for specific applications can be expected from these materials.
Development-Dependent Changes in the NR2 Subtype of the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus of the Rat
Authors: Herrera-Zamora J. Manuel , Castro-Sánchez Luis A. , Reyes-Mendez Miriam , Aguilar-Martinez Irving , Osuna-López Fernando , Moreno-Galindo Eloy G. , Navarro-Polanco Ricardo A. , Aguilar-Roblero Raul A. , Sánchez-Pastor Enrique , Alamilla Javier
Published: January 2019

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the main brain clock that regulates circadian rhythms in mammals. The SCN synchronizes to the LD cycle through the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT), which projects to ventral SCN neurons via glutamatergic synapses. Released glutamate activates N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, which play a critical role in the activation of signaling cascades to enable phase shifts. Previous evidence indicates that presynaptic changes during postnatal development consist of an increase in RHT fibers impinging on SCN neurons between postnatal day (P) 1 to 4 and P15. The aim of this study was to evaluate postsynaptic developmental changes in the NR2 subunits that determine the pharmacological and biophysical properties of the neuronal NMDA receptors in the ventral SCN. To identify the expression of NR2 subtypes, we utilized RT-PCR, immunohistochemical fluorescence, and electrophysiological recordings of synaptic activity. We identified development-dependent changes in NR2A, C, and D subtypes in mRNA and protein expression, whereas NR2B protein was equally present at all analyzed postnatal ages. The NR2A antagonist PEAQX (100 nM) reduced the frequency of NMDA excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) at P8 significantly more than at P34, but the antagonists for NR2B (3 μM Ro 25-6981) and NR2C/D (150 nM PPDA) did not influence NMDA EPSCs differently at the 2 analyzed postnatal ages. Our results point to P8 as the earliest analyzed postnatal age that shows mRNA and protein expression similar to those found at the juvenile stage P34. Taken together, our findings indicate that postsynaptic development-dependent modifications in the NR2 subtypes of the NMDA receptor could be important for the synchronization of ventral SCN neurons to the LD cycle at adult stages.
Current Status of Novel Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Acute Kidney Injury: A Historical Perspective
Authors: Griffin Benjamin R. , Gist Katja M. , Faubel Sarah
Published: January 2019

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and serious medical condition associated with significant increases in morbidity, mortality, and cost of care. Because of the high incidence and poor outcomes associated with AKI, there has been significant interest in the development of new therapies for the prevention and treatment of the disease. A lack of efficacy in drug trials led to the concern that AKI was not being diagnosed early enough for an effective intervention and that a rise in serum creatinine itself is not a sensitive-enough marker. Researchers have been searching for novel biomarkers that can not only assess a decline in kidney function but also demonstrate structural damage to the kidney and at time points earlier than increases in serum creatinine measurements allow. Over the past 10 years, there have been 3300 new publications and hundreds of new biomarkers investigated, yet concern still remains regarding AKI biomarker performance. The AKI biomarkers are yet to be widely utilized in clinical practice, leading some to question whether AKI biomarkers will ever reach their initial promise. However, we believe that biomarkers are an important part of current and future AKI research and clinical management. In this review, we compare the historical contexts of acute myocardial ischemia and AKI biomarker development to illustrate the progress that has been made within AKI biomarker research in a relatively short period of time and also to point out key differences between the disease processes that have been barriers to widespread AKI biomarker adoption. Finally, we discuss potential paths by which biomarkers can lead to appropriate AKI treatment responses that lower morbidity and mortality.
Imperfect Information in Menstrual Health and the Role of Informed Choice
Authors: Mahajan Tanya
Published: January 2019

This article explores how imperfect information and the culture of silence around menstruation have shaped the menstrual hygiene product market. It is generally considered that the use of sanitary napkins is equivalent to hygiene. This view is critically evaluated in light of evidence. In a highly competitive market, materials used in sanitary napkin products have evolved significantly. Policymakers and regulators need to be informed about the nature of products entering the Indian market and their implications on women’s health and cost to the environment. The menstrual hygiene market now offers some less-known innovations such as menstrual cups, reusable cloth pads and compostable sanitary napkins that could offer a more sustainable direction to the industry. However, they also have their own barriers to access and use. Given the increasing choice available in the market and potential for accessing information, it has become pertinent that relevant stakeholders—such as women, government officials and the media—are made aware of the basket of options for menstrual hygiene management. Field experiments done to this end indicate that informed choice will automatically ensure that cost to women’s health and the environment is minimised.
Access to legal records by children leaving State care: The experience of young people in NSW
Authors: Greenwood Brooke , Mansour Julia , Winnett Celia
Published: January 2019

For those who have been in the care of the State as children, access to records can be critical to securing justice and redress for past wrongs. This article outlines the arguments made in recent litigation undertaken by the Public Interest Advocacy Centre (PIAC) on behalf of young people who requested access to legal audits conducted on their files by the New South Wales (NSW) Department of Family and Community Services (FACS). It documents the policy change that was achieved as a result of the litigation and makes recommendations for further reform to better realise the rights of children in care to access their records.
Decreasing Room Traffic in Orthopedic Surgery: A Quality Improvement Initiative
Authors: DiBartola Alex C. , Barron Christine , Smith Scott , Quatman-Yates Catherine , Chaudhari Ajit M. W. , Scharschmidt Thomas J. , Moffatt-Bruce Susan D. , Quatman Carmen E.
Published: January 2019

Operating room (OR) traffic and door openings increase potential for air contamination in the OR and create distractions for surgical teams. A multidisciplinary intervention was developed among OR staff, surgical staff, vendors, radiology, and anesthesia and approved by the hospital system’s patient and quality safety department for implementation. Interventions included education, OR signage, and team-based accountability and behavioral interventions. After interventions were implemented, a second prospective, observational data collection was performed and compared to preintervention OR traffic. A total of 35 cases were observed over the 3-month period in the preintervention group; 42 cases were observed in the postintervention group. Average door openings per minute decreased by 22% ( P = .0011) after intervention. All surgical groups excluding anesthesia had significant reductions in OR traffic following the intervention. Behavioral interventions that focus on education, awareness, and efficiency strategies can decrease overall OR traffic for orthopedic cases.
Association Between Board Certification, Maintenance of Certification, and Surgical Complications in the United States
Authors: Xu Tim , Mehta Ambar , Park Angela , Makary Martin A. , Price David W.
Published: January 2019

Physician credentialing processes aim to improve patient safety and quality, but little research has examined their direct relationship with surgical outcomes. Using national Medicare claims for 2009 to 2013, the authors studied the association between board certification and completion of Maintenance of Certification (MOC) requirements and surgeon rates of complications for 8 elective procedures. Exemplar surgeons were defined as those in the lowest decile of complication rates, and outlier surgeons were those in the highest decile. The analysis included 1.9 million procedures performed by 14 598 surgeons (64% orthopedics, 17% general surgery, 11% urology, 7% neurosurgery). Board-certified surgeons were less likely to be outliers (odds ratio 0.79 [0.66-0.94]). However, completion of MOC was not associated with differences in complication rates in orthopedic surgery or urology. Incorporating additional assessment methods into MOC, such as video evaluation of technical skills, retraining on state-of-the-art care, and peer review, may facilitate further improvements in surgical quality.
Neurocognitive and Perceptual Processing in Genetic Mouse Models of Schizophrenia: Emerging Lessons
Authors: Diamantopoulou Anastasia , Gogos Joseph A.
Published: January 2019

During the past two decades, the number of animal models of psychiatric disorders has grown exponentially. Of these, genetic animal models that are modeled after rare but highly penetrant mutations hold great promise for deciphering critical molecular, synaptic, and neurocircuitry deficits of major psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia. Animal models should aim to focus on core aspects rather than capture the entire human disease. In this context, animal models with strong etiological validity, where behavioral and neurophysiological phenotypes and the features of the disease being modeled are in unambiguous homology, are being used to dissect both elementary and complex cognitive and perceptual processing deficits present in psychiatric disorders at the level of neurocircuitry, shedding new light on critical disease mechanisms. Recent progress in neuroscience along with large-scale initiatives that propose a consistent approach in characterizing these deficits across different laboratories will further enhance the efficacy of these studies that will ultimately lead to identifying new biological targets for drug development.
Allostatic Load and Biomarkers of Stress in the Preterm Infant: An Integrative Review
Authors: Casavant Sharon G. , Cong Xiaomei , Fitch Roslyn H. , Moore James , Rosenkrantz Ted , Starkweather Angela
Published: January 2019

Background:

Every year, an estimated 15 million babies are born preterm (<37 weeks’ gestational age) globally. These preterm infants are exposed to repeated stressful and often painful procedures as part of routine life-saving care within the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Low thresholds for tactile and nociceptive input make it more difficult for neonates to discriminate between noxious and nonnoxious stimuli, which can result in continuous activation of stress responses in an attempt to achieve stability through adaptation, or allostasis. Rapidly reoccurring stressors can render stress-response systems over- or underactive, creating wear and tear, or allostatic load. A better understanding of biomarkers related to allostatic load might aid in early detection and prevention/alleviation of allostatic load in this population.

Purpose:

To identify stress biomarkers that have been studied in preterm infants at different time points in the NICU and as long-term outcome measures.

Method/search Strategy:

Systematic searches were conducted of PubMed, CINAHL, SCOPUS, and PsychInfo databases.

Findings/results:

Twenty-one studies met inclusion criteria for this review. Several putative biomarkers were identified, including cortisol levels, epigenetic markers, brain microstructure, markers of oxidative stress, and the brain–gut–microbiome axis.

Conclusion:

The interaction of disease with therapeutic interventions may inadvertently increase infant allostatic load. In addition to human studies, future research should leverage newly available large data sets to conduct additional analyses.
Minimal clinically important difference of improvement on the Arm Function in Multiple Sclerosis Questionnaire (AMSQ)
Authors: van Munster Caspar EP , Kaya Levent , Obura Morgan , Kalkers Nynke F , Uitdehaag Bernard MJ
Published: January 2019

Background:

The Arm Function in Multiple Sclerosis Questionnaire (AMSQ) has been developed to assess upper extremity function of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). A minimal clinically important difference (MCID) value has not been determined yet.

Objective:

The objective of this study is to determine an MCID for AMSQ.

Methods:

We used the sensitivity- and specificity-based approach with dichotomized global perceived effect as an anchor.

Results:

The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve yielded an optimal threshold value of 14.5 (sensitivity 0.68 and specificity 0.79). The area under the ROC curve value was 0.77.

Conclusion:

We identified an MCID of 15 points for the AMSQ (range 31–186).
How do patients enter the healthcare system after the first onset of multiple sclerosis symptoms? The influence of setting and physician specialty on speed of diagnosis
Authors: Barin Laura , Kamm Christian P , Salmen Anke , Dressel Holger , Calabrese Pasquale , Pot Caroline , Schippling Sven , Gobbi Claudio , Müller Stefanie , Chan Andrew , Rodgers Stephanie , Kaufmann Marco , Ajdacic-Gross Vladeta , Steinemann Nina , Kesselring Jürg , Puhan Milo A , von Wyl Viktor ,   for the Swiss Multiple Sclerosis Registry
Published: January 2019

Background:

Diagnosing multiple sclerosis (MS) early is crucial to avoid future disability. However, potentially preventable delays in the diagnostic cascade from contact with a physician to definite diagnosis still occur and their causes are still unclear.

Objective:

To identify the possible causes of delays in the diagnostic process.

Methods:

We analyzed the data of the Swiss MS Registry. With logistic regression, we modeled the time from the first contact to the first consultation (contact-to-evaluation time, ⩽1 month/>1 month) and the evaluation-to-diagnosis time (⩽6 months/>6 months). Potential factors were health system characteristics, sociodemographic variables, first symptoms, and MS type.

Results:

We included 522 participants. Mostly, general practitioners (67%) were contacted first, without delaying the diagnosis. In contrast, first symptoms and MS type were the major contributors to delays: gait problems were associated with longer contact-to-evaluation times, depression as a concomitant symptom with longer evaluation-to-diagnosis times, and having primary progressive MS prolonged both phases. In addition, living in mountainous areas was associated with longer contact-to-evaluation times, whereas diagnosis after 2000 was associated with faster diagnoses.

Conclusion:

For a quicker diagnosis, awareness of MS as a differential diagnosis of gait disorders and the co-occurrence of depression at onset should be raised, and these symptoms should be attentively followed.
Explaining cruisers’ shore expenditure through a latent class tobit model: Evidence from the Canary Islands
Authors: Pino José Francisco Baños , Tovar Beatriz
Published: January 2019

This study analyzes the expenditure patterns of cruise ship passengers during stopovers in the Canary Islands, which is a key variable for evaluating the economic impact of this type of tourism from the point of view of local key stakeholders and residents. Information on cruisers’ expenditure was collected in each port of call by survey responses for six cruise seasons, during the period 2001–2015. Through a latent class model in a framework of censured regression, three distinct groups of passengers were identified. This approach fills a gap in the empirical tourism literature in order to achieve more accurate results to deal with cruise travelers’ heterogeneity. Moreover, the identification of these homogeneous groups is important so as to better design policies that allow for higher tourism economic impact onshore. Our findings suggest that it would be ideal to attract more class 1 cruise passengers.
The effects of psychoeducational interventions on caregivers of children with cancer: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Tang Winnie PY , Chan Carmen WH , Leung Doris YP , Chan Dorothy NS
Published: January 2019

This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the best available evidence concerning the effects of psychoeducational interventions (PEIs) on the psychosocial and coping outcomes for caregivers of pediatric oncology patients. A literature search was performed using 11 databases, from inception to June 2017. Keywords such as pediatric, caregiver, parents, cancer, and intervention were used. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. Studies with full text available online in English and those conducted of caregivers of children diagnosed with any form of cancer were included. Eleven RCTs were included in the analysis. Our meta-analysis revealed that PEIs have small to large effects on three outcomes, including post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSSs), mood, and problem-solving skills. However, the outcomes from PEI were not superior to the usual standard of care for anxiety, depression, and social support. Our meta-analysis provided moderate evidence that PEI enhances psychological and coping outcomes. Because coping affects both physical and psychological health, health care professionals could consider including coping as a core component in PEI delivered to caregivers of children with cancer.
Sensorless rotor field direct orientation controlled induction motor drive with particle swarm optimization algorithm flux observer
Authors: Luo Yung-Chang , Huang Wei-An
Published: January 2019

A speed estimation scheme based on the particle swarm optimization algorithm flux observer is proposed for a sensorless rotor field direct orientation controlled induction motor drive. The stator current and rotor flux was used to establish both the rotor field direct orientation controlled induction motor drive and the rotor-flux observer. The estimated synchronous angle position was acquired from a current-and-voltage parallel-model rotor estimator for implementation of the exact coordinate transformation to achieve a perfect rotor field direct orientation controlled induction motor drive. The rotor-flux observer was designed using the Lyapunov stability theory, and the estimated rotor speed was derived from the developed the rotor-flux estimator; this estimated speed was unaffected by the slip speed. The gain matrix of this flux observer was obtained using the particle swarm optimization algorithm because it is simple, achieves rapid convergence, and is suitable for a variety of conditions. This system was simulated using the MATLAB/Simulink® toolbox, and all the control algorithms were realized by a TI DSP 6713-and-F2812 control card. Both simulation and experimental results confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Vibration-based dual-criteria approach for damage detection in arch bridges
Authors: Jayasundara Nirmani , Thambiratnam David , Chan Tommy , Nguyen Andy
Published: January 2019

Vibration characteristics of a structure can be used as an indication of its state of structural health as they vary if the structural health is affected by damage. This is the broad principle used in structural health monitoring for vibration-based damage detection of structures. Although most structures are built to have a long life span, they can incur damage due to many reasons. Early damage detection and appropriate retrofitting will enable the continued safe and efficient functioning of structures. This study develops and applies a dual-criteria method based on vibration characteristics to detect and locate damage in arch bridges. Steel arch bridges are one of the most aesthetically pleasing bridge types, which are reasonably popular in Australia and elsewhere. They exhibit three-dimensional and somewhat complex vibration characteristics that may not be suitable for traditional vibration-based damage detection methods. There have been relatively fewer studies on damage detection in these bridge types, and in particular the arch rib and struts, which are important structural components, have received little attention for damage detection. This study will address this research gap and treat the damage detection in the arch bridge structural components using the dual-criteria method to give unambiguous results. The proposed method is first validated by experimental data obtained from testing of a laboratory arch bridge model. The experimental results are also used to validate the modelling techniques and this is followed by damage detection studies on this bridge model as well as on a full-scale long-span arch bridge. Results demonstrate that the proposed dual-criteria method based on the two damage indices can detect and locate damage in the arch rib and vertical columns of deck-type arch bridges with considerable accuracy under a range of damage scenarios using only a few of the early modes of vibration.
Sentence Length and Recidivism Among Prisoners Released Across 30 States in 2005
Authors: Tiedt Andrew D. , Sabol William J.
Published: January 2019

Longer prison sentences correlate with lower recidivism. However, it is difficult to disentangle individual effects related to aging and prior criminal histories from state practices and policies that impact the likelihood of reoffending. This study examines a large, administrative data set containing the criminal histories of prisoners released in 2005 to investigate this problem. We used Cox models with a shared frailty framework to account for the latent, state-level correlations that have a multiplicative effect on the individual likelihood of rearrest. These models reveal that the state effects account for considerable variation in rearrests, while also clarifying the roles of sentence length and disparate criminal histories on recidivism.
Staff Sexual Misconduct
Authors: Beck Allen J.
Published: January 2019

This is a study of female staff sexual misconduct, drawing on reports of victims identified in large-scale national surveys of adults in prison and jails and youth in juvenile facilities. Past research has often emphasized the inmate roles and staff member vulnerabilities. More recent scholarship has moved beyond the traditional conception of sexual abuse by female correctional workers as the consequence of manipulative and predatory actions by male inmates and placed greater responsibility on the women for their actions. Although the surveys conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics over the last decade in response to the 2003 Prison Rape Elimination Act are unable to speak to the motivations of the victims or the perpetrators, they provide an assessment of the magnitude of the problem and offer extensive detail on the circumstances surrounding female staff sexual misconduct. The findings indicate that female staff members are overrepresented among perpetrators of staff sexual misconduct in prisons, jails, and juvenile facilities. The data reveal a high level of staff misconduct, involving abuse of power, trading in favors, offers of special privileges and protection, and offers of alcohol and drugs, which co-occurs with female staff sexual misconduct.
Understanding Mortality in State Prison
Authors: Noonan Margaret E. , Ginder Scott
Published: January 2019

While most prisoners serve their time and are released without incident, approximately 3,000 state prisoners (less than 1%) die annually. The mortality rate of state prisoners (259 per 100,000) between 2001and 2010 was considerably lower than the mortality rate of the U.S. resident population (826 per 100,000), despite the disadvantaged social and economic background of prisoners prior to incarceration. Using data from the Deaths in Custody Reporting Program and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research model, we compared state prisoner deaths to deaths of their U.S. resident counterparts through direct standardization to determine differences in the mortality rates after adjusting for demographic differences between the two populations. Our findings show that male prisoners between the age of 18 and 75 have a lower overall mortality rate (248 per 100,000) than their counterparts in the adjusted resident population (325 per 100,000). With a few exceptions, gaps observed in cause-specific mortality rates between male prisoners and their U.S. resident counterparts shrink or disappear once the resident population is adjusted for demographic differences. This finding suggests that mortality outcomes may be the function of being an adult male between the ages of 18 and 75 rather than being a prisoner. However, mortality rates related to liver disease, septicemia, and AIDS-related causes were higher among males in prison than among males in the adjusted resident population. These higher rates suggest that these deaths may be linked to the social and economic disadvantages of prisoners and to their risky lifestyles prior to incarceration.
The Growth in the Elderly Inmate Prison Population
Authors: Scaggs Samuel J. A. , Bales William D.
Published: January 2019

State and federal prison systems have experienced an unprecedented and accelerating growth in their elderly inmate populations over the past three decades. While aging inmates have significant operational and cost implications for correctional systems, a clear understanding of the nature and mechanisms behind the growth in this special population does not exist. This article examines the trends in the older inmate population in Florida from 1980 to 2010 to assess whether significant changes in the punishment policies in the state over this period have contributed to this population’s growth and to better understand the composition of this special inmate group. We present annual data over a 31-year period to describe the trends in prison admissions, releases, stock populations, and the average length of stay for the age-groups of 49 or younger versus 50 and older. This trend analysis against a backdrop of changes in punishment structure over time will inform policy makers about how trends in demographic populations like the elderly inmate population in Florida have coincided with shifts in sentencing practices.
Lifetime Likelihood Computations With NIBRS
Authors: Akiyama Yoshio , Nolan James J. , Weiss Karen G. , Gilliard-Matthews Stacia
Published: January 2019

This article explores the conditions and assumptions under which it is possible to use National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) in lifetime crime computations, particularly for nonfatal violent crimes. We describe methods for using NIBRS to study lifetime risk for a variety of crimes and show how researchers and policy makers can apply these methods using readily available software such as Microsoft Excel. Finally, we demonstrate in two different studies how NIBRS can be used to estimate lifetime risk at the state and national levels. In doing so, we introduce the concept of the “average person” in each age–sex–race grouping to calculate the risk of victimization for this hypothetical person only.
Rape Against Adolescent and Emerging Adult Females
Authors: Rennison Callie Marie , Addington Lynn A.
Published: January 2019

Increased research attention to sexual violence in recent decades has resulted in greater understanding about these crimes. This work consistently finds that younger females are at the greatest risk for sexual assault and that certain correlates are related to sexual violence. Little is known about the situational contexts in which sexual assault, particularly rape, occurs as well as possible differences between adolescent and emerging adult female victims. We analyze 2012 National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) data using conjunctive analysis of case configurations to identify the situational contexts most commonly occurring for these age-groups for rapes reported to police. We also discuss the policy implications of our findings and how NIBRS might be used to better inform policy.
Comparing Diagnostic and Treatment Recommendations of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Available on the Internet With AAOS Clinical Practice Guidelines
Authors: Steimle Jerrod , Gabriel Speros , Tarr Ryan , Kohrs Brandon , Johnston Patrick , Martineau David
Published: January 2019

Background: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is one of the most common diagnoses in a hand surgeon’s office, with estimated cost exceeding US $2 billion annually in the United States. Due to this prevalence and cost, patients often turn to the Internet for their medical care. It has been estimated that 72% of Internet users have looked online for health information in the last year. There is concern that patients may be getting misinformation with their Internet medical searches. Methods: An informal survey of the Internet was conducted to evaluate the content available to the public on the Internet and social media platforms regarding the diagnosis and treatment of CTS. The top 20 listings of 3 major search engines and information within 3 major social media sites were included. Results: Information gleaned from the search showed that while most listings were helpful in providing accurate diagnostic information and appropriate treatment modalities, there was also a great number of treatment modalities mentioned that may not be recommended by the treating physician. The guidelines established by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons both in 2007 and in 2008 and more recently in 2016 were used as a general reference but not directly compared with the informal Internet search for statistical analysis. Conclusions: This search outlines the importance of the information readily available to patients and how this may potentially alter patients’ expectations prior to their arrival in the office.
Case series of prenatal diagnosis of fetal intrahepatic lesions and postnatal outcome
Authors: Pathak Sangeeta , Grosu Liliana
Published: January 2019

With advancing technology, it is becoming common for antenatal ultrasound to detect echogenic lesions in fetal abdomen. Paucity of data in this field, however, makes it difficult to counsel patients. We report four cases of fetal liver echogenic lesions, postnatal outcome (delivered during 2015–2016) and a literature review to increase awareness. Intrahepatic calcification is relatively common with an incidence of approximately 5–10 in 10,000 pregnancies. Prenatal detection of echogenic lesions in fetal abdomen causes huge anxiety and stress to parents; therefore, it is important for the ultrasonographers to be up to date with the evidence-based management of these lesions. Most lesions would carry no or little risk to neonate; however, few cases may require careful planning to optimise the time and place of delivery. We describe four cases between February 2015 and December 2016 using machine Voluson S6 and E8.
Sleep hygiene education and children with developmental disabilities: Findings from a co-design study
Authors: Sutton Julie E , Huws Jaci C , Burton Christopher R
Published: January 2019

This qualitative study develops a programme theory demonstrating the complexity embedded in sleep hygiene education (SHE) as an intervention to improve sleep problems in children with developmental disabilities. In co-design workshops, eight parents and six sleep practitioners deliberated themes developed from findings of an earlier exploratory study of stakeholder perceptions of SHE. A SHE tool underpinned by programme theory was developed evidenced by mid-range theories of change. Analytical themes were developed to explain the programme theory and the complexities of a successful SHE intervention: the need to legitimize children’s sleep problems and consider the nature of customization, knowledge sharing, health expectation and impact of sleep service rationing and gaming strategies on implementation success. Policy and practice implications include a need to raise the public profile of children’s sleep problems and promote parental involvement in intervention implementation. Further research is needed to test out this theory-driven framework for evaluating SHE.
A Review of Management and Importance of E-Commerce Implementation in Service Delivery of Private Express Enterprises of China
Authors: Farooq Qamar , Fu Peihua , Hao Yunhong , Jonathan Tchamy , Zhang Yanni
Published: January 2019

Express delivery is the growing industry that provides the means to facilitate people across the world by shipping goods and documents from one place to another. The profitability of sole companies is based on price, quality, reliability, and services. However, the impact of corporate value capture strategies on the overall sustainability of the value creation process is rarely discussed in the existing literature. This review article is aimed to develop a model to relate the effectiveness and efficiency of managerial processes with the quality of service delivery, employment, and customer retention. Extensive literature review establishes that Advancement in E-commerce Infrastructure strengthens the relationship of good management and customer retention. The present article further explains the mediation of automation in supply chain management in our model. This article has a theoretical contribution to the extant literature on e-commerce and supply chain management along with practical implication for taking care of contemporary techniques to automate the processes for success in Private Express Enterprise business, particularly for the managers, responsible for corporate performance.
Health Care Going Online: Help Seeking Behavior by Patients for Sexual Problems—Analysis of Online Queries on Sexual Health
Authors: Deshpande Sandip , Aiyappa Jaya , Mishra Sadhana , Naik Seema , Jain Samiksha , Rajesh Mamtha , Padhye Snehal , Kunte Hemal , Bhat Vidya
Published: January 2019

Background and Objective: Health care industry is going through a renaissance with the advances in mobile Internet technology. Health care seeking has become easier for people and there are multiple providers offering online consultations and counselling. Sexual medicine is still an unrecognized specialty in India. People suffering from sexual health problems and dysfunctions have a lot of stigma approaching health care professionals. With the coming in of Internet-based services, people are finding it easier to seek help online anonymously. As an industry this is likely to continue to grow and offer opportunities to people in distress to seek help.

Methodology: In the present study, we have done a retrospective analysis of 500 queries that were posted privately to the principal author. Results focused on the demographic details, the nature of the problem and an analysis of the content of the queries. The study discusses how the findings may be used to better understand the perceptions, concerns, and stated needs of people accessing online portals for sexual problems. This should also help equip counsellors interested in this field.

Results: The study clearly brought out the gender differences among those accessing online health care portals for sexual issues. A majority of the queries were from men asking about issues related to size and curvature of penis, masturbation, premature ejaculation, erectile dysfunction. Many of these queries stemmed from the lack of correct scientific knowledge which led to health anxieties including frustration, depression, and low self-esteem.
Revised Adult T-Cell Leukemia-Lymphoma International Consensus Meeting Report
Authors: Cook Lucy B. , Fuji Shigeo , Hermine Olivier , Bazarbachi Ali , Ramos Juan Carlos , Ratner Lee , Horwitz Steve , Fields Paul , Tanase Alina , Bumbea Horia , Cwynarski Kate , Taylor Graham , Waldmann Thomas A. , Bittencourt Achilea , Marcais Ambroise , Suarez Felipe , Sibon David , Phillips Adrienne , Lunning Matthew , Farid Reza , Imaizumi Yoshitaka , Choi Ilseung , Ishida Takashi , Ishitsuka Kenji , Fukushima Takuya , Uchimaru Kaoru , Takaori-Kondo Akifumi , Tokura Yoshiki , Utsunomiya Atae , Matsuoka Masao , Tsukasaki Kunihiro , Watanabe Toshiki
Published: January 2019

Purpose

Adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATL) is a distinct mature T-cell malignancy caused by chronic infection with human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 with diverse clinical features and prognosis. ATL remains a challenging disease as a result of its diverse clinical features, multidrug resistance of malignant cells, frequent large tumor burden, hypercalcemia, and/or frequent opportunistic infection. In 2009, we published a consensus report to define prognostic factors, clinical subclassifications, treatment strategies, and response criteria. The 2009 consensus report has become the standard reference for clinical trials in ATL and a guide for clinical management. Since the last consensus there has been progress in the understanding of the molecular pathophysiology of ATL and risk-adapted treatment approaches.

Methods

Reflecting these advances, ATL researchers and clinicians joined together at the 18th International Conference on Human Retrovirology—Human T-Lymphotropic Virus and Related Retroviruses—in Tokyo, Japan, March, 2017, to review evidence for current clinical practice and to update the consensus with a new focus on the subtype classification of cutaneous ATL, CNS lesions in aggressive ATL, management of elderly or transplantation-ineligible patients, and treatment strategies that incorporate up-front allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation and novel agents.

Results

As a result of lower-quality clinical evidence, a best practice approach was adopted and consensus statements agreed on by coauthors (> 90% agreement).

Conclusion

This expert consensus highlights the need for additional clinical trials to develop novel standard therapies for the treatment of ATL
Outcome of Children With Hypodiploid Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Retrospective Multinational Study
Authors: Pui Ching-Hon , Rebora Paola , Schrappe Martin , Attarbaschi Andishe , Baruchel Andre , Basso Giuseppe , Cavé Hélène , Elitzur Sarah , Koh Katsuyoshi , Liu Hsi-Che , Paulsson Kajsa , Pieters Rob , Silverman Lewis B. , Stary Jan , Vora Ajay , Yeoh Allen , Harrison Christine J. , Valsecchi Maria Grazia ,   on behalf of the Ponte di Legno Childhood ALL Working Group
Published: January 2019

PURPOSE

We determined the prognostic factors and utility of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation among children with newly diagnosed hypodiploid acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treated in contemporary clinical trials.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

This retrospective study collected data on 306 patients with hypodiploid ALL who were enrolled in the protocols of 16 cooperative study groups or institutions between 1997 and 2013. The clinical and biologic characteristics, early therapeutic responses as determined by minimal residual disease (MRD) assessment, treatment with or without MRD-stratified protocols, and allogeneic transplantation were analyzed for their impact on outcome.

RESULTS

With a median follow-up of 6.6 years, the 5-year event-free survival rate was 55.1% (95% CI, 49.3% to 61.5%), and the 5-year overall survival rate was 61.2% (95% CI, 55.5% to 67.4%) for the 272 evaluable patients. Negative MRD at the end of remission induction, high hypodiploidy with 44 chromosomes, and treatment in MRD-stratified protocols were associated with a favorable prognosis, with a 5-year event-free survival rate of 75% (95% CI, 66.0% to 85.0%), 74% (95% CI, 61.0% to 89.0%), and 62% (95% CI, 55.0% to 69.0%), respectively. After exclusion of patients with high hypodiploidy with 44 chromosomes and adjustment for waiting time to transplantation and for covariables in a Poisson model, disease-free survival did not differ significantly ( P = .16) between the 42 patients who underwent transplantation and the 186 patients who received chemotherapy only, with an estimated 5-year survival rate of 59% (95% CI, 46.5% to 75.0%) versus 51.5% (95% CI, 44.7% to 59.4%), respectively. Transplantation produced no significant impact on outcome compared with chemotherapy alone, especially among the subgroup of patients who achieved a negative MRD status upon completion of remission induction.

CONCLUSION

MRD-stratified treatments improved the outcome for children with hypodiploid ALL. Allogeneic transplantation did not significantly improve outcome overall and, in particular, for patients who achieved MRD-negative status after induction.
From Korea to Vietnam
Authors: Chung Patrick
Published: January 2019

This article provides a prehistory of the “container revolution” that occurred during the Vietnam War. It situates containerization in Vietnam within the broader history of US military-led capitalist globalization, demonstrating how US military contracting influenced the development of labor relations and business practices around the globe. Starting in Korea, US military leaders implemented a range of policies to promote cost savings and efficiencies in the construction and operation of its supply chains. Of most consequence was its promotion of racialized labor practices and privatization. These distinct but interrelated processes spoke to the US military’s complicity in the exploitation of workers in the pursuit of cost savings. Further, they ultimately led to the US military’s embrace of containerization. Though the negative impact for workers was abundantly clear even at the time of Vietnam, the US military rigorously promoted the technology and helped make the “box” the standard in the shipping industry.