bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New horizons in evidence-based care for older people: individual participant data meta-analysis
Authors: Clegg Andrew , Bandeen-Roche Karen , Farrin Amanda , Forster Anne , Gill Thomas M , Gladman John , Kerse Ngaire , Lindley Richard , McManus Richard J , Melis Rene , Mujica-Mota Ruben , Raina Parminder , Rockwood Kenneth , Teh Ruth , van der Windt Danielle , Witham Miles
Published: March 2022

Evidence-based decisions on clinical and cost-effectiveness of interventions are ideally informed by meta-analyses of intervention trial data. However, when undertaken, such meta-analyses in ageing research have typically been conducted using standard methods whereby summary (aggregate) data are extracted from published trial reports. Although meta-analysis of aggregate data can provide useful insights into the average effect of interventions within a selected trial population, it has limitations regarding robust conclusions on which subgroups of people stand to gain the greatest benefit from an intervention or are at risk of experiencing harm. Future evidence synthesis using individual participant data from ageing research trials for meta-analysis could transform understanding of the effectiveness of interventions for older people, supporting evidence-based and sustainable commissioning. A major advantage of individual participant data meta-analysis (IPDMA) is that it enables examination of characteristics that predict treatment effects, such as frailty, disability, cognitive impairment, ethnicity, gender and other wider determinants of health. Key challenges of IPDMA relate to the complexity and resources needed for obtaining, managing and preparing datasets, requiring a meticulous approach involving experienced researchers, frequently with expertise in designing and analysing clinical trials. In anticipation of future IPDMA work in ageing research, we are establishing an international Ageing Research Trialists collective, to bring together trialists with a common focus on transforming care for older people as a shared ambition across nations.
SimSCSnTree: a simulator of single-cell DNA sequencing data
Authors: Mallory Xian Fan , Nakhleh Luay
Published: March 2022

We report on a new single-cell DNA sequence simulator, SimSCSnTree, which generates an evolutionary tree of cells and evolves single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and copy number aberrations (CNAs) along its branches. Data generated by the simulator can be used to benchmark tools for single-cell genomic analyses, particularly in cancer where SNVs and CNAs are ubiquitous.

Availability and implementation

SimSCSnTree is now on BioConda and also is freely available for download at https://github.com/compbiofan/SimSCSnTree.git with detailed documentation.
Survival after active surveillance versus upfront surgery for incidental small pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours
Authors: Ricci Claudio , Partelli Stefano , Landoni Luca , Rinzivillo Maria , Ingaldi Carlo , Andreasi Valentina , Savegnago Giulia , Muffatti Francesca , Fontana Michele , Tamburrino Domenico , Deiro Giacomo , Alberici Laura , Campana Davide , Panzuto Francesco , Tuveri Massimiliano , Bassi Claudio , Salvia Roberto , Falconi Massimo , Casadei Riccardo
Published: March 2022

Background

The safety of observing small non-functioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (NF-Pan-NETs) remains under debate.

Methods

This was a multicentre retrospective study of patients with small incidental NF-Pan-NETs. Survival of patients who underwent upfront surgery versus active surveillance was compared. The risk of death was matched with that in the healthy population. The excess hazard rate and probability of a normal lifespan (NLP) were calculated. Propensity score matching (PSM) with a 1 : 1 ratio was used to minimize the risk of selection bias.

Results

Some 222 patients (43.7 per cent) underwent upfront surgery and 285 (56.3 per cent) were observed. The excess hazard rate for the entire cohort was quantifiable as 0.04 (95 per cent c.i. 0 to 0.08) deaths per 1000 persons per year, and the NLP was 99.7 per cent. Patients in the active surveillance group were older (median age 65 versus 58 years; P < 0.001), and more often had co-morbidity (45.3 versus 24.8 per cent; P = 0.001), and smaller tumours (median 12 versus 13 mm; P < 0.001), less frequently located in the pancreatic body–tail (59.5 versus 69.6 per cent; P = 0.008, 59.3 versus 73.9 per cent; P = 0.001). Median follow-up was longer for patients who underwent upfront surgery (5.6 versus 2.7 years; P < 0.001). After PSM, 118 patients per group were included. The excess hazard rates were 0.2 and 0.9 deaths per 1000 persons per year (P = 0.020) for patients in the active surveillance and upfront surgery groups respectively. Corresponding NLPs were 99.9 and 99.5 per cent respectively (P = 0.011).

Conclusion

Active surveillance of small incidental NF-Pan-NETs is a reasonable alternative to resection.
Brain Death, the Soul, and Material Dispositions
Authors: Lee Patrick
Published: March 2022

I defend the position argued previously by Germain Grisez and me that total brain death is a valid criterion of death on the grounds that a human being is essentially a rational animal, and a brain-dead body lacks the radical capacity for rational actions. I reply to Josef Seifert’s objection that our positions rest on a reductionist view of the human person, and to other objections concerning the inter-relation between the human soul, its powers, and functions of the brain. I argue that a brain-dead body lacks the material dispositions needed for having the form or soul of a human being.
Amon Wilbee and Leveller Beginnings, 1647–8
Authors: De Krey Gary S
Published: March 2022

Amon Wilbee was the authorial pseudonym for four tracts critical of the Long Parliament that appeared between July 1647 and May 1648. Wilbee depicted leading MPs as corrupt, self-interested, and insensitive to the needs of the people. These tracts reveal much about the origins of the Levellers; but, because of their uncertain authorship, they have received little attention from civil war historians. This essay provides the first systematic examination of their authorship, publishing contexts, and relevance to scholarly interpretation of the Levellers. Extensive textual comparisons suggest that William Walwyn was probably the principal drafter of the Amon Wilbee tracts; Richard Overton and Edward Sexby are also identified as likely contributors.

Amon Wilbee’s political posture evolved from anti-Presbyterianism in July 1647 to a broader disillusionment with leading Independents and the Long Parliament itself by November 1647. Wilbee’s polemical trajectory is consistent with recent scholarly assertions that the Levellers did not fully emerge as a detached political faction until the autumn of 1647. The authorship and print history of these publications point to a convergence of civilian and army radicals in the emergence of the Levellers at that time. As political propaganda, the Wilbee tracts sought to influence and mobilise a radical Independent community of discourse in London, nearby counties, and the New Model Army from which the initial Leveller following was drawn. The essay also bears significantly on interpretations of the Leveller authors’ attitudes towards monarchy and republicanism and helps explain why the Levellers attracted ordinary people.
Long-term outcome of patients undergoing re-exploration for bleeding following cardiac surgery: a SWEDEHEART study
Authors: Heimisdottir Alexandra A , Nielsen Susanne J , Karlsson Martin , Jeppsson Anders , Gudbjartsson Tomas
Published: March 2022

OBJECTIVES

Excessive bleeding leading to re-exploration is a severe complication of cardiac surgical procedures, associated with early postoperative morbidity and mortality. Less is known about the long-term outcome of these patients. We evaluated the impact of re-exploration after cardiac surgery on peri- and postoperative morbidity and mortality, as well long-term mortality, in a well-defined nationwide population.

METHODS

In this retrospective study, 48 060 consecutive patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and/or valve surgery from 2006 to 2015 were analysed. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with re-exploration, morbidity and mortality. Cox regression analysis was implemented to explore the association between re-exploration and long-term mortality. The mean follow-up time was 4.6 years (range 0–10 years) with follow-up time set at 31 December 2015.

RESULTS

Overall, 2371 patients (4.9%) underwent re-exploration. Factors associated with re-exploration included advanced age, procedures other than isolated CABG and acute surgery. Re-explored patients had an increased risk of unadjusted mortality at 30, 90 and beyond 90 days (all P < 0.001). Significance was maintained after adjustment at 30 days [odds ratio: 3.94, 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.19–4.85, P < 0.001] and 90 days (odds ratio: 3.79, 95% CI: 3.14–4.55, P < 0.001), but not with long-term mortality (hazard ratio: 1.02, 95% CI: 0.91–1.15, P = 0.712). Furthermore, re-exploration was independently associated with other postoperative complications, e.g. prolonged hospital stay, stroke and renal injury.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients who are re-explored for bleeding within 24 h have almost four-fold higher odds of mortality within 3 months post-procedure. However, the increased risk of death following re-exploration is not maintained in the long term.
MICROBE-OPOLY: exploring the microbial world through associations
Authors: Soule Tanya
Published: March 2022

This commentary describes the creation of a microbiology-themed Monopoly™ gameboard assignment for studying microbial diversity. Students worked in groups to redesign the standard Monopoly™ playing tokens, currency, action cards, properties, and special spaces for any microbial-themed topic using a provided template. A postassignment anonymous survey found that the students enjoyed this assignment and the opportunity to share their knowledge in a unique and creative format. While this assignment is especially amenable to microbiology due the large diversity seen in the microbial world, it could easily be adapted to other topics such as genetics, chemistry, or even math, where categorical associations or patterns are prevalent.
Mapping the edge of subducted slabs in the lower mantle beneath southern Asia
Authors: Rochira Federica , Schumacher Lina , Thomas Christine
Published: March 2022

We investigate the presence of seismic structures in the Earth's mantle by searching for seismic signals that travel off the great circle path direction and are reflected or scattered off structures in the lower mantle. We focus on areas of current and past subduction beneath Eurasia by using events from Indonesia and Japan recorded at the broad-band stations in Germany, Morocco and Namibia. Applying seismic array techniques, we measure the direction and traveltime of the out-of-plane arrivals and backtrace them to their location of reflection/scattering. We backtrace the signals as P-to-P and S-to-P waves and extend the methodology to P-to-S waves. There seems to be a low number of reflection points in the regions beneath Eurasia in our study. Investigating possible causes, we find that the focal mechanism influences the presence of out-of-plane reflected waves. However, the potential coverage with our data set is large and should allow detection, but there may potentially be few seismically visible structures in the region. Most of our backtraced reflectors are located beneath southern Asia and are found shallower than 1500 km depth. They correlate well with the edges of prominent high velocity anomalies in tomographic inversions beneath southern Asia, which have been interpreted as remnants of fossil slabs of the subduction of the Tethys Oceans. We also observe few reflectors deeper than 1600 km that are located away from subducting regions and their positions coincide with the eastern edge of the African low velocity anomaly. These observations suggest that the presence of reflectors in the mid-lower mantle is not exclusively related to current or past subducting regions, but widespread throughout the mantle.
Apple, Test of Acaricides, 1973
Authors: Asquith Dean , Hull Larry A. , Travis James W.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to run-off to single-tree plots in a randomized block design with 2 replicates of Golden Delicious and 2 York Imperial. Treated single-trees were separated by others not sprayed with acaricides. Experi-mental sprays were applied with a John Bean sprayer, 35 gpm pump, equipped with a spray mast carrying 7 spray guns arranged to wet the uniformly trimmed trees. Spray dates for the test acaricides were: Replicates A and C only July 5 and 6 (Treatments Omite 6 E 118 ml and Vydate 4 EC 118 ml were not applied); on July 12 and 13 all treatments except Vydate were applied to all plots in all 4 replicates; a simi-lar spray was applied on August 15; Vydate spray dates were May 17, June 1, June 15, July 2, July 16, August 2, and August 20. Effec-tiveness of the test acaricides on the European red mite was assessed by counting the mites several times during the season on samples of 20 leaves/tree, 80/treatment. Until the last count of the season on August 23, mite counts for the York Imperial trees. Replicates A and C, and for the Golden Delicious trees. Replicates B and D, were kept separate. The count of twospotted spider mites, predatory mites: Amblyseiusfallacis, and Zetzelliamali on August 23 are shown as mites/100 leaves to make the differences between treatments more apparent. Apple aphid data were collected by counting the number of infested terminals out of 10/tree, 40/treatment. Also the number of infested leaves per infested terminal was counted and the average calculated. Aaverage temperatures were: June 71.30° F, July 73.32° F, and August 73.53° F. Rainfall in inches was: June 5.04, July 2.03, and August 4.57.
Arborvitae,

A

.

Cupressella

Control Berkeley, California, 1974-75
Authors: Koehler C. S.
Published: March 2022

Established landscape planting of arborvitae shrubs, 4 to 7 feet in height, were sprayed with hand compression sprayers to point of complete coverage on April 12, 1974. Single plant plots were used with 4 replications of all treatments in a randomized complete block design. Adult moths were in flight on date of application. On March 14, 1975, 5 foliage tips were cut from each plot, weighed, and cocoons counted prior to emergence of 1975 generation of moths. On that date also, unsightliness ratings given to all plots based on rating of 1 to 10; represented no visible injury and 10 represented extreme browning.
Apple, Insecticide Test, 1974
Authors: Asquith Dean , Hull Larry A. , Travis James W. , Mowery Paul D.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to run-off to single-tree plots in a randomized block design with 4 replicates of Golden Delicious. Treated single-trees were separated by others not sprayed with insecticides. Experimental sprays were applied with a John Bean sprayer, 35 gpm pump, equipped with a spray mast carrying 7 spray guns arranged to wet the uniformly trimmed trees. Spray dates for the test insecticides were: May 14, 30, June 13 (UC-49035 treatments dropped after June 13), June 27 and 28, July 19 and 20, and August 8. The fungicide mixture 1.5 lb captan 50W plus 1.5 lb Polyram 80W/acre was applied with an airblast sprayer on May 29, June 10 and 25, July 8 and 23, August 5 and 19. Average temperatures were: May 59.16° F, June 65.62° F, July 72.87° F, August 72.24°F, and September 63.23° F. Rainfall in inches was: May 3.31, June 5.05, July 1.56, August 2.73, and September 4.88. 1974 was a light crop year. Effectiveness of the insecticides on the codling moth-oriental fruit moth complex was evaluated by scoring for injury all drops after July 1 and a picked sample of 25 apples/replicate, 544/treatment taken on August 26, eighteen days after the last spray. Apple samples averaged 136/replicate, 544/treatment. Effectiveness of the insecticides on the European red mite and on Z.mali was determined by making counts of mites on samples of 20 leaves/tree, 80 leaves/treatment. Effect of the sprays on the predator S.punctum was evaluated by 3-min counts of larvae, pupae and adults around the periphery of the test trees. Effectiveness on apple aphids was determined by collecting 4 terminals from the top of the tree and 4\terminals from around the bottom of the tree. Then the number of aphids on the most infested leaf from each terminal was counted.
Apple, Summer Mite Control, 1975
Authors: Hill Clarence H.
Published: March 2022

Acaricide treatments were applied midseason to young apple trees. The trees had a grower applied, standard spray schedule until mid-July. On July 24 a spray of Captan 50W 4 lb + Sevin 50W 4 lb/A was uniformly applied at 4X concentration (100 gal/A). The acaricides were applied July 31 with a high pressure hydraulic sprayer operating at 540 psi. The trees were sprayed to run off. Dual tree treatments were replicated 5 times. The mite populations were sampled the day of treatment and at weekly intervals for the following five weeks.
Apple, European Red Mite Control, Selective Acaricides, 1975
Authors: Swift Fred C.
Published: March 2022

Several compounds were evaluated for toxicity to the European red mite and one of its major predators in the northeastern U.S., Amblyseiusfallacis. The experiment was conducted in an 11 year old orchard of Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, and Stayman at the Rutgers Fruit Research Center, Cream Ridge, N.J. All treatments, one tree of each variety per treatment, were applied on July 16; a repeat application-of AC 85258 was made on July 30. Sprays were applied with a handgun at 250 psi, 6 gallons per tree. Rainfall totalling 1.85 inches fell during the night of July 20. Pre-treatment mite population estimates were based on samples of 25 leaves/tree, pooled, brushed and censused; post-treatment estimates were based on counts on individual leaves (5 leaves/tree, 15/treatment, randomly selected), using a stereoscopic microscope.
Apple, Leafroller Control, 1975
Authors: Thomas John H.
Published: March 2022

Insecticide treatments applied as full-season, dilute sprays were evaluated in a block of 10-11 year-old trees for leafroller control. The entire block was sprayed with Dikar 6 lb/A + Systox 6E 10 oz/A on April 10, April 17, April 23; Captan 50W 6 lb/A on April 30; Agri-Strep 1.5 lb/A on May 5; Dikar 6 lb/A + Agri-Strep 1.5 lb/A on May 9; Dikar 6 lb/A + Guthion 50W 1.5 lb/A alternate middles on May 16; Dikar 6 lb/A + Guthion 50W 1.5 lb/A + Karathane 0.5 lb/A + NAA 5 ppm on May 22; Dikar 6 lb/A + Guthion 50W 1.5 lb/A + Karathane 9 oz/A on June 3 and June 9. Single-tree plots were replicated 5 times using Stayman, York and Rome varieties. Treatments were applied to runoff using a high pressure Bean sprayer operating at 540 psi on the following dates: June 17, June 24, July 8, July 22, August 8, August 19, August 27. Omite 6E 24 oz/A + Captan 80W 4 lb/A were airblasted on all plots on August 19. The harvest appraisal dates were October 14 for Stayman, October 16 for York and October 17 for Rome. Treatments were evaluated by examining 250 apples (50/rep., 1 rep. Stayman, 2 rep. York, 2 rep. Rome). One apple may have had more than one type of damage.
Snap Beans,

E.

Varivestis

Control
Authors: York Alan C.
Published: March 2022

Bean seed was planted using a Planet Jr in 25 ft rows on 30 inch centers on June 5, 1975, near French Lick, Indiana. Six treatments including a check were arranged in a randomized block design with 4 replicates. Each treatment consisted of 2 sprayed rows separated from the next treatment by an unsprayed row. Soil type was silt loam with fragipans, moderate to poorly drained. Insecticides were applied on 4 dates with a compressed air sprayer at the rate of 100 gallons spray per acre, 40 psi. Mexican bean beetles (egg masses, larvae, and adults) were counted on 3 occasions: the first 2, entire plants were examined; on the third, 10 trifoliate leaves were checked. Plots were harvested by hand on July 23, 1975 (5 row feet per replicate), and weighed.
Broccoli,

M.

Persicae

Control, Salinas Vicinity, 1975
Authors: McCalley Norman F.
Published: March 2022

Broccoli ‘Green Duke’ was planted two rows per bed April 21, 1975, with a Dahlman Precision Seeder at the Green Giant Co. test site. On May 21, prior to thinning, insecticides were applied by CO2 sprayer equipped with a hand held boom fitted with 6 Spraying Systems 8001 T-jet flat fan nozzles operated at 60 gal/A and 60 psi covering 1 bed. Plots were I bed (40 inch centers) x 33 ft, replicated four times in a randomized complete block design.
Detection of Possible Resistance to Insecticides in Cabbage Looper Larvae, 1974
Authors: Halfhill J. E. , Treat T. L.
Published: March 2022

Local growers of cole crops have found it increasingly difficult to control the larvae of the cabbage looper using the recommended rates of application for some of the insecticides commonly employed. Following the establishment of a laboratory culture of the locally derived cabbage looper, three sizes of larvae (2nd, late 34d, and late 4th or 5th) were challenged with the recommended doses of these insecticides. Five-plant bouquets of 30 to 40 day old seedling garden peas were dipped in solutions of the insecticides until thoroughly wetted. After permitting the excess moisture to drain off for about 1 hr, two bouquets from each treatment were placed into a 2 liter container together with 5 larvae of a given size. The containers were covered with nylon screening and were held in the laboratory where the temperature ranged from 20 to 25°C, the RH was about 40% and the photophase was 14 hr. There were three replications of each treatment. Mortality was determined by examining the larvae in each container every 24 hr for 5 days.
Control of Cruciferous Insect Pests, 1974 and 1975
Authors: Su C. Y. , Kungand S. P. , Rose R. I.
Published: March 2022

Several field tests for the control of cabbage insect pests were conducted at the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center in 1974 and 1975. Field evaluations were conducted using RCB experimental designs witff.a plot size of 10 square meters and four replicates of each treatment. For each crop planting, nine insecticides and one control were tested. Insecticides were applied with 2.5 gallon air pressure sprayers, each calibrated with a stopwatch.
Control of the Onion Maggot in Muck Soils, Orange County, New York
Authors: Straub R. W.
Published: March 2022

Granular and liquid drench maggot treatments were applied at planting time on April 25, at Florida, and on April 30, at Pine Island. Application was through a single-cone seeder equipped with a liquid in-furrow attachment. Pre-weighed amounts of granular formulations were applied with seed into furrows made with a single shoe. Liquid formulations were dispensed under CO2 pressure (40 psi) into the furrow with seed at dosages comparable to 50 gal/15 inch row acre. Seeds were planted to a final stand of 9.5 plants/foot. Plots were single 15 inch rows, 40 ft long with five replications in randomized blocks. The soil was organic muck and moisture was 60% of field capacity at planting. Initial stand counts were taken from the center 20 ft of each 40 ft row. Manzate 200 at 3 lb/a (smut control) served as the untreated check. All insecticide treatments also received fungicides for smut control. Evaluations started when first damage noted and consisted of inspecting plants from each 20 ft row section. Maggot damaged plants were eliminated. Damage counts were made May 30, June 5, 12, 19, and 26.
Potato Leafhopper Control with Soil Applied Systemic Insecticides
Authors: Libby J. L. , Longridge J. L.
Published: March 2022

Two-row 54 ft plots with rows 36 inch apart were planted with “B-size” certified seed of the ‘Superior’ cultivar at the U. W. Research Farm, Arlington, Wisconsin, on May 20, 1975. Treatments applied on May 20 consisted of 4 replicates in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied as granules mixed with the fertilizer and banded in-furrow through a Lockwood 2-row potato planter or were sprayed in the open furrow with a Solo-back pack sprayer delivering 72 gal of spray per acre. The soil type was Piano silt loam (sand 12%, silt 70%, clay 18%) and the pH 6.2. Vines were killed on August 28. Total rainfall from planting to vine killing was 11.87 inch. Insect counts were taken with a 15 inch insect sweep net. Yields were taken on September 10. Potato leafhoppers reached high population levels by mid-June. Aster leafhopper, potato flea beetle, potato aphid, and green peach aphid numbers were low in these plots. Untreated control plots suffered severe “hopperburn” by early August which rendered them no longer conducive to insect feeding.
Wireworm Control on Potatoes Grown on Sod, 1975
Authors: Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes were planted May 16, at Rosemount, Minn., on fescue-bluegrass sod plowed and disced May 16. The field had been in sod the previous 4 years. The soil type is a Waukegan silt loam. Insecticides were applied as in-furrow, split-band treatments at planting. Plots were 2 rows, 50 ft long, randomized in complete blocks with 4 replications. Eptam preplant and Sencor post emergence herbicidal treatments were applied for weed control. Fungicidal sprays, Dithane M-45, Bravo, or Difolatan, were applied weekly from June 20. No foliar insecticides were applied despite high potato leaf-hopper populations which appreciably reduced yields. The plots were harvested September 11. The potatoes were washed, graded, and those that were B-size or larger were scored for wireworm injury and weighed.
Irish Potato, Control of Potato Infesting Aphids, 1975
Authors: Storch R. H. , Simpson Geddes W.
Published: March 2022

Experiments A, E, and F were 6x6 Latin square designs and B, C, and D were 8x6, 7x6, and 7x6 randomized complete block designs respectively and were conducted at Presque Isle, Maine on land that was sown to oats in 1974. Planting dates were May 19, 1975 for experiments A and B and May 20, 1975 for experiments C - F. In each experiment the 9.1 m space between blocks and the 1.4 m space between columns and at the sides and ends of the experiments were sown to oats at planting. Each plot consisted of 4 rows, 0.9 m apart and 15.2 m long. The 56.7 healthy seed pieces were hand planted 30.5 cm apart. Fertilization and hilling practices were normal for the area. Late blight control was effected by weekly foliar applica-tions of Rohm and Haas M45 (1121 ga i/ha July 9 to 31, 1681 ga i/ha August 4 to 20, and 2242 ga i/ha August 25 to 29). Soil applica-tions of insecticides were made by hand with a metered plastic tube into the furrow just prior to planting. Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Slosser sprayer (14.1 kg/cm2 and 1.2 kl/ha). Foliar insecticides were mixed with the fungicide. Numbers of aphids (by species) were counted on a top, middle, and bottom leaf of 25 plants in the center rows of each plot. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformation of the raw data using log10(x + 1). Means of the total number of wingless aphids were compared with Duncan’s new multiple range test and reconverted in the Table. The soil was classified as Caribou Loam, pH 5.2. For the growing season, rainfall was about 80% of normal and temperatures were about 2°C above normal.
Potato Insect Control, Freeville, New York, 1975
Authors: Tingey W. M. , Kim T. H.
Published: March 2022

‘Katahdin’ potatoes were planted on May 29, 1975, in Phelps gravelly silt loam soil at a spacing of 9 to 12 inches within the row using a 2-row McConnell potato planter. Individual plots were 2 rows wide 32 ft in length. Row spacing was 34 inches and plots were separated by 2 skip rows. Experimental design was randomized complete block with 4 replications. Fertilization consisted of 1250 lbs/A of 12-24-12 NPK, in 2, in-row bands at planting. Weed control was by Lorox at 2.0 lb a.i./acre post-planting, pre-emergence. Manzate 200 was used at 1.6 lb a.i./acre at weekly intervals season-long for control of late blight. Granular systemic chemicals were applied immediately prior to planting in the seed furrow, using a Planet Jr cone seeder; a tractor-mounted, electrically-driven Gandy applicator was used for side-dress treatments. Foliar sprays were applied by tractor-mounted boom sprayer at 250 psi and 100 gal/A. Plots were not irrigated; rainfall (inches) during growing period was: June (4.0), July (3.1), August (4.5).
Potato

L.

Canus

Control, Grandview, Washington, 1070
Authors: Toba H. H. , Landis B. J. , Powell D. , Foiles L. L. , Mondor W. T.
Published: March 2022

The soil type in the test plot is not known, but it was probably Sagemoor Series, very fine sandy loam, with less than 2% organic matter. Broadcast and sidedress treatments were conducted as separate experiments, and each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot was 6 rows wide (34 inch apart) and 40 ft long. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Broadcast granular treatments were applied with a hand-operated grass seeder on May 1, 1970, then double-disced in the soil on the same day. Potatoes were planted on May 5. Sidedress applications were made on May 12, using tractor-mounted Gandy applicators; granules were placed in I inch bands, 4 inch to each side and level with the potato seed pieces. The plots were rill irrigated. The 4 center rows of each plot were harvested on October 5. Injury (any penetration of a tuber by wireworms) was assessed based on percent injury by weight. Percentages of injured tubers were transformed to and analyzed by analysis of variance and Duncan’s new multiple range test.
Laboratory Insecticide Screening,

C.

Glauca

, Yakima, Washington, 1971
Authors: Toba H. H. , Landis B. J. , Foiles L. L.
Published: March 2022

C. glauca larvae were collected in the fall of 1970 from Wiley City, Washington, and held at 40°F until the tests were conducted. The soil used was “river-bottom soil”, sandy loam,<0.5% organic matter, sifted with 8-mesh sieve. The bioassays were conducted as follows: insecticides were mixed with air-dry soil in a Twin shell dry blender for 15 min, after which water was added to the soil (2.7% moisture), and the treated soil was placed in 0.5-pt Mason fruit jars. The dosage rates simulated broadcast treatments, and the incorporation of materials to 6 inch in depth. Two boiled wheat grains were pushed down ca. 1 inch into the soil of each jar. One wireworm was placed in each jar; if the wireworm did not burrow into the soil within 1 min, the wireworm was replaced. Regular jar lids were used, but they were not secured tightly. Each treatment consisted of 10 jars. The jars were held in a laboratory maintained at ca. 20 to 25°C. The jars were checked once weekly to determine mortality, which included any dead or moribund larvae. At the weekly checks, moisture was added to the soil as required, two new boiled wheat grains were added, and the same live larvae were replaced in the corresponding jars. Three separate tests were con-ducted, and the results are summarized in the table.
Myzus

Persicae

Control, 1975
Authors: Waddill Van
Published: March 2022

Potato seed pieces were planted 4 inch apart in marl soil on November 13, 1974. Plots consisted of 2 rows 3 ft apart, 40 ft long. Treatments were randomized and replicated 3 times. Insecticides were applied January 31, 1975 in 100 gal water/A using a 150 psi tractor mounted sprayer with 5 nozzles per row. Plots were evaluated 3 and 10 days post-application by randomly selecting 10 bottom leaves per plot and counting the number of living aphids. Means were separated using Duncan’s multiple range statistics.
Wireworm Control on Sweet Potatoes
Authors: Sorensen Kenneth A.
Published: March 2022

Shell DD at 10 gallons per acre was applied in row for nematodes on May 2, 1973. Sweet potatoes ‘Jewel’ were planted on May 23. Treatments were applied at lay-by on July 26, when roots were enlarging. Plots con-sisted of three rows, 50 ft long with four replications in randomized complete blocks. Soil was classified as a Norfolk Sandy Loam, with pH of 5.1, O. M. of 0.9% and adequate soil moisture. Insecticides were applied broadcast over the row with a hand-cranked cyclone seeder. Wireworm damage was evaluated by turning out the center row in each plot, from which sweet potatoes were selected at random for scoring. One hundred roots were scored per treatment on October 9. Damage classes were: 0 = no damage; 1 = up to 5 holes; 2 = 6 to 10 holes; and 3 = 11 or more holes/sweet potato. When this damage was averaged, a “damage index” was obtained. “Percent damage control” was arrived at by the following formula: for treated sweet potatoes let A = the damage index and B = the % sweet potatoes damaged; for untreated (check) sweet potatoes let X = the damage index and Y = the % sweet potatoes damaged; then 100 - (AB/XY x 100) = percent damage control, a factor which relects the effectiveness of the insecticide by comparing wireworm damage to potatoes from treated plots with potatoes from untreated plots.
Alfalfa Weevil and Variegated Cutworm Control on Alfalfa in Nebraska, 1975
Authors: Peters Leoy L.
Published: March 2022

Alfalfa weevil control demonstrations were conducted in Franklin and Thayer Counties in south central Nebraska. An infestation of variegated cutworms developed in the Thayer County plot and population counts were made of both pests. Ground-applied plots were 40 by 150 ft and replicated 3 times at each loca-tion. Insecticides were applied with a compressed air plot sprayer mounted on an International Harvester 140 tractor. The air-applied plots in Thayer County were flight-swath wide, approximately 300 ft. long.
Wireworm Control in Field Corn, Pierce Co., Nebraska 1975
Authors: Pike K. S. , Mayo Z. B.
Published: March 2022

Field corn was seeded at a rate of 19,000-21,000 seeds per acre using a John Deere Model 70, 4 row planter on May 16, 1975. Insecticides were banded over the row in front of the press wheel or applied in seed furrow. Plots were single rows, 1,000 feet long with 40-inch spacing replicated twice in randomized blocks. The plot area was in sod prior to 1974 and in corn from 1974 to 1975. Soil was classified as a Thurman Valentine, with pH of 6.0 (water), percent organic matter, sand and clay; 4.0, 49.0, 31,0. Evaluation of wireworm feeding injury to seed and seedling stage com was based on paired sub-samples of treated and untreated adjacent rows taken May 27 and 28, 1975. Each single row subsample consisted of 6 adjacent seeds or seedling plants. Analysis of covariance was used to adjust for wireworm injury intensity encountered at the subsampling sites. Five sub-sample stand counts (each 20 ft long per row) were taken on July 15, 1975.
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Gossypiella

Control in Cotton, 1975
Authors: Watson T. F.
Published: March 2022

Five treatments were replicated 4 times in randomized blocks. Plots were 8 rows wide and 280 ft long. Applications were made with a high clearance sprayer using 40 psi and 3 nozzles per row at a speed of 5 mph and applying 9.6 gallons per acre. The initial treatment was applied when larval infestations in bolls reached ca 25% and was continued on 7 day intervals for a total of 9 applications. Boll sampling was done on a weekly schedule and one day prior to treatment. Yields were taken from the center 2 rows of each plot.
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Control, Yuma, 1975
Authors: Turtle D. M. , Arvizo G. L.
Published: March 2022

Four numbered compounds were evaluated for control efficacy in November and December: PP067 and PP199 50DG; and PGP-102 and PGP-103 40EC. Plots were treated November 18 at the rate of 25 gallons of spray per acre with a ground sprayer to replicated plots (4X) of .25 acre each. Mite counts were recorded on November 21, 26, and December 1. Figures represent the number of mites per head based on 5 heads per plot. These grain heads were rapped or beaten on a seed sieve over a plastic funnel. The grain heads were used in preference to leaves since they were heavily infested to the extent of considerable webbing.
Apple, Experimental Miticide Evaluations, 1984
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Cobb L. J. , David P. J.
Published: March 2022

The miticide DPX-Y5893 at 2 rates and Plictran were applied on 14 Jun and compared to a treatment of Trithion + oil sprayed 12 Apr (delayed dormant). Single tree plots were arranged in a randomized block design and replicated 4 times. Trees were sprayed to runoff with a handgun using a Bean 35 gal/min hydraulic sprayer operating at 400 psi. Treatments were evaluated by randomly selecting 25 leaves per replicate, brushing onto glass plates with a modified Henderson-McBurnie brushing machine and counting with a binocular microscope.
Corn Earworm, European Corn Borer, and Fall Armyworm Control on Sweet Corn, 1984
Authors: Graustein Mark R.
Published: March 2022

“Silver Queen” and “White Satin” were planted on 22 Jun in alternating 4-row plots 15 ft long on 30-inch centers. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 5 times. Only the center 2 rows of the “Silver Queen” plots were treated using a 2.5 gal CO2 pressurized hand sprayer with a delivery rate of 61 gal/acre at 40 psi. A twice refined non-emulsified soybean oil (2RNE) was also used with Pydrin and Lorsban in ratios of 3:1 and 2:1, oil to insecticide respectively. The sprayer was equipped with 1 hollow-cone nozzle per row which was directed at the ear zone during application. Treatments were applied on 14, 20, 24, and 31 Aug. Twenty ears from the center 2 rows of each plot were harvested on 7 Sep and graded as either fresh market or processable. To be graded fresh market, the kernels had to be free of insect feeding damage. Processing corn could have up to 1.5 inch tip damage and/or slight damage to a few kernels on the side of the ear.
Budworm Control on Sweet Corn, Fall, 1981
Authors: Leibee Gary L.
Published: March 2022

Sweet corn was planted 5 Oct in Myakka fine sand on the Univ. of Florida’s Agricultural Research and Education Center in Sanfbrd. Furadan 10G 2 lb (AI)/acre and Lasso 15G 3 lb (AI)/acre were incorporated at planting time in a 15 inch band for nematode and weed control, respectively. A plot consisted of one 50-ft row with 12-inch plant spacing. Plots were separated by 2 untreated rows (row spacing was 30 inches). Treatments were replicated in randomized complete blocks separated by 10 ft weed-free alleys. Sprays were applied with a CO2 pressurized sprayer mounted on an Allis-Chalmers model G tractor. Three nozzles were used per row; 1 overhead (TX 24) and 1 drop (TX 12) on each side. The delivery rate was 50 gap with a boom pressure of about 40 psi and a speed of 3 mph. Sprays were applied 27 Oct, 4, 12, and 15 Nov. Twenty plants per plot were rated for damage on 19 Nov as follows: 0 = no damage; 1 = etching only (evidence of foliar feeding by newly hatched larvae); 2 = light bud damage; 3 = severe bud damage; and 4 = bud completely destroyed. Damage ratings were taken when the plants were 12 to 18 inches tall; the stage considered most susceptahle to bud destruction by fall armyworm. Only the percentage of plants showing ratings of 3 and 4 were included in the table since the lower ratings were not considered a threat to the plant.
Whorl Applications to Control Fall Armyworm in Sweet Corn, 1984
Authors: Whalen J. , Vanderhoef H.
Published: March 2022

Sweet corn was planted on 29 Jun near Georgetown, DE. Plots were 4 rows wide on 40-inch centers and 20 ft long. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Granular whorl treatments were applied with a hand shaker in a 7-inch band over the whorl. Foliar treatments were applied with a wheelbarrow design, CO2 pressurized sprayer using 1 nozzle per row delivering 69 gal/acre at 40 psi on 26 Jul. Ten plant whorls were removed from each plot, unrolled, and the number of infested plants were counted.
Foliar and Fruit Insect Control, 1983
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Johnson E. M.
Published: March 2022

‘Black Magic’ eggplant was transplanted 6 Jun near Benson, NC. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot consisted of a single row, 10-ft long on 44-inch centers. Terraclor 75WP was added to the transplant water. Black plastic was used as a mulch in all plots. Foliar treatments were applied using a CO, pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow-cone nozzle (HC 17 70°) delivering 50 gal/acre at 60 psi. One cup of transplant water/plant was used for those treatments applied at transplanting. Foliar treatments were applied 12, 18 and 25 Jul. Colorado potato beetles (CPB) and aphid infestations were evaluated 12 Jul, foliar damage was evaluated 19 Jul and worm damage to fruit was evaluated 22 Aug.
Insect Control on Fall Kale, 1984
Authors: Criswell Jim T. , Karner Ken
Published: March 2022

Kale was planted 29 Aug. Plots consisted of three 3-m rows with 0.3 m between rows. A randomized complete block design was used and plots were replicated 4 times. Treatments were applied 19 Oct and 29 Oct. Thiodan was applied on 19 Oct only. Delivery rate was 30 gal/acre with a CO2 sprayer at 30 psi. Samples were taken by clipping 0.3 m of the center row of each plot and inspecting for larvae. Rainfall 27 Oct (2.25 inches).
Mushroom Sciarid Control with Diflurenzuron (DIMILIN), 1984
Authors: Rinker D. L. , Tetrault R.
Published: March 2022

Twenty-four mushroom growing trays (0.37m2 X 0.15m), each containing 22.6 kg (72% water) of deammoniated and pasteurized Phase II wheat-straw-bedded horse manure, were individually spawned with llOg of light cream mushroom spawn (MGA #801) and placed into a single mushroom production room. During the spawn run 480 female sciarids were released into the production room and an additional 1000 females 26 days alter spawning. For the test, Dimilin 25W at a formulation rate of 412 g/100m2 was applied as a drench to the casing surface in the first casing water application. Three pasteurized casing materials were used: (1) Canadian Sphagnum Peat Moss, (2) mineral soil, and (3) mixture of weathered spent compost and Canadian Sphagnum Peat Moss (1:1, by volume). Evaluation of diflubenzuron to control sciarid larvae in each casing type was measured through yield assessment and larval sampling in the casing.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetles on Potatoes with Foliar Sprays, 1984
Authors: Bowman James S. , Everich Robert C.
Published: March 2022

This study site was located on the Rodonis Farm, Litchfield, New Hampshire, where resistance to several registered insecticides has been reported. Katahdin’ Irish potato seed pieces were planted in rows spaced 3 ft apart on 17 May ’84. Each plot consisted of two 25-ft rows and each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Spray applications were begun on 15 Jun ’84 when the plants began to emerge and adult beetles were present and laying eggs. Spray applications were repeated on 26, 29 Jun, 9, 19, 30 Jul and 8 Aug ’84 for all treatments except 1 of the CME 13406 3-oz treatment which was extended to 20-day intervals between sprays instead of the conventional 10-day interval. Applications were made with a B&G CO2 pressurized sprayer at a rate of 32 gal/acre (40 psi) using a 5-ft hand-held boom with 4 nozzles which covered 2 rows. A light rain following the 26 Jun application made it necessary to repeat the application on 29 Jun. Evaluations were made on 2, 12 Jul and 14 Aug by counting the live larvae in each plot (50 ft row) that are visible from above without disturbing the foliage. On 14 Aug ’84 a damage rating assessment was made using the M. Semel system of: L = visible feeding but less than 10% of foliage consumed; M = 10-25%; S = 26-50%; VS = greater than 51% but not totally defoliated; DEF = defoliated. Yields were taken on 6 and 7 Sep ’84 by hand digging and weighing the potatoes from 10 ft of row in each plot.
Apple, Timed Insecticide Treatments for Control of the Leafroller Complex, 1984
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Cobb L. J. , David P. J.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to mature York trees in a comparative test on 21 Jun, 29 Jun, 16 Aug and 28 Aug. Single tree treatments were used in a randomized block design and replicated 4 times. Trees were sprayed to runoff using a Bean 35 gal/min hydraulic sprayer operating at 400 psi. Because of high mite populations, Vendex 4F 8 fl oz/ 100 gal was added to all treatments on 21 Jun and 29 Jun. A preliminary evaluation of leafroller injury to fruit was done on 15 Aug by checking 50 apples/ replicate. Fruit were examined on trees and total injuries by first generation leafrollers were recorded. Fruit samples (100/rep) were harvested and examined on 2 Oct for leafroller injury.
Foliar Applications of Insecticides for Control of Colorado Potato Beetles on Potatoes, 1984
Authors: Sandvol Larry E. , Pavek Diane , Baird Craig
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted 10 May ’84 in declo silt loam soil at the Aberdeen Research & Extension Center, Aberdeen, ID. The plots consisted of four 25-ft rows planted 36 inches apart. Thirty treatments were replicated 4 times in a complete randomized block design. Treatments were applied 6 Jul with a hand held, 2-row 4-flat fan nozzle, CO2 pressurized sprayer, calibrated to deliver 13 gal/acre at 30 psi. Canola treatments were applied with a battery powered Micron Corporation HERBI sprayer. Colorado potato beetle populations from each plot were sampled 1 day before and 1, 3, 7 days after spraying by counting live larvae that were visible without disturbing the foliage of the middle 2 rows of each plot.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control on Potato, 1983
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Johnson E. M.
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted 28 Apr near Benson, NC. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot consisted of single rows 10 ft long on 42-inch centers. Treatments were applied using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow-cone nozzle delivering 100 gal/acre at 40 psi. Applications were made on 6 Jun. Number of larvae and % defoliation were evaluated on 6 Jun and 16 Jun.
Potato, Wireworm Control with Dyfonate, Thimet and Vapam, Moxee, WA, 1983
Authors: Toba H. H.
Published: March 2022

A test was conducted in a solid-set sprinkler-irrigated field of potatoes to evaluate treatments for reducing wireworm damage. The soil type was Cleman very fine sandy loam (Aridic Haploxeroll) with a pH of 6.6-7.8 and an organic matter content of 1-2%. On 25 Mar, ’83, seven wireworms were found in 50 soil samples obtained in the test area with a posthole digger to a depth of at least 18 inches. One treatment of Vapain was applied as a drench in fall (1 Nov, 1982) and another in spring (18 Mar, 1983). Vapam (73 oz) was diluted in 311 gal water and the entire volume was sprinkled on a plot, an equivalent of 50 gal Vapam/acre in 1-acre-inch of water. Preplant broadcast (PPB) applications of Dyfonate were also made in fall (2 Nov, 1982) and in spring (18 Apr, 1983) by broadcasting the granules with a hand-operated spreader, and the plots were rototilled to a depth of 4-6 inches immediately after application. On 27 Apr, at-plant seed-piece furrow (APF) applications of Dyfonate and Thimet were made with Gandy applicators mounted on the planter by placing 1-inch bands of granules in the planter shoe, level with and directly ahead of the seed pieces. Each treatment plot measured 30 ft long and 11.3 ft wide (4 rows, 34-inch spacing), and each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Adjacent plots were separated laterally by 2 border rows. On 13 Oct, tuber samples were harvested from the 2 center rows of each plot (ca. 15 ft/row). Expressed as % of tubers by weight, an injured tuber was one with any wireworm feeding, and a damaged tuber was one with any injury as severe as described in Sec. 51.1560 and 51.1564 of the U.S. Standards for Grades of Potatoes.