bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early Texts on Hindu-Arabic Calculation
Authors: Folkerts Menso
Published: October 2002

This article describes how the decimal place value system was transmitted from India via the Arabs to the West up to the end of the fifteenth century. The arithmetical work of al-Khwārizmī's, ca. 825, is the oldest Arabic work on Indian arithmetic of which we have detailed knowledge. There is no known Arabic manuscript of this work; our knowledge of it is based on an early reworking of a Latin translation. Until some years ago, only one fragmentary manuscript of this twelfth-century reworking was known (Cambridge, UL, Ii.6.5). Another manuscript that transmits the complete text (New York, Hispanic Society of America, HC 397/726) has made possible a more exact study of al-Khwārizmī's work. This article gives an outline of this manuscript's contents and discusses some characteristics of its presentation.
Observations on Hermann of Carinthia's Version of the Elements and
its Relation to the Arabic Transmission
Authors: Brentjes Sonja
Published: October 2002

This paper investigates the affiliation of Book I of the Latin translation of Euclid's Elements attributed to Hermann of Carinthia with the Arabic transmission of the Greek mathematical work. It argues that it is a translation of a
text of the Arabic secondary transmission, that is, of an Arabic edition mixed with comments. Two methodological claims are made in the paper. The first insists that the determination of a text whose transmission was as multifaceted and complex as the Euclidean Elements needs to be based on a systematic investigation of entire books rather than on selected theorems or diagrams of global, mostly structural relevance. The second claim starts from the experience that almost all results regarding the place of a particular document in a chain of transmission are conjectural. It acknowledges that individual results are more or less persuasive, depending upon the qualitative status of the argument. It
suggests that the quantitative accumulation of similarities, differences, errors, regularities, or peculiarities allows one to recognize patterns and thus improves the reliability of judgment.
On a Collection of Geometrical Riddles and their Role in
the Shaping of Four to Six “Algebras”
Authors: Høyrup Jens
Published: October 2002

For more than a century, there has been some discussion about whether medieval Arabic al-jabr (and hence also later European algebra) has its roots in Indian or Greek mathematics. Since the 1930s, the possibility of Babylonian ultimate roots
has entered the debate. This article presents a new approach to the problem, pointing to a set of quasi-algebraic riddles that appear to have circulated among Near Eastern practical geometers since c. 2000 BCE, and which inspired first the so-called “algebra” of the Old Babylonian scribal school and later the geometry of Elements II (where the techniques are submitted to theoretical investigation). The riddles also turn up in ancient Greek practical geometry and Jaina mathematics. Eventually they reached European (Latin
and abbaco) mathematics via the Islamic world. However, no evidence supports a derivation of medieval Indian algebra or the original core of al-jabr from the riddles.
On Heiberg's Euclid
Authors: Knorr Wilbur R.
Published: October 2002

In two articles published in 1881 and 1884, the young academics, Martin Klamroth and Johan L. Heiberg, engaged in a brief debate on the textual choices that should govern the publication of a new critical edition of Euclid's Elements. This short debate seemed to settle the problem in Heiberg's favor as to what should be
taken as the definitive text of Euclid's Elements. But the issue ought to be considered once again for there are good reasons for the claim that Klamroth was right, and
that Heiberg was wrong. If so, we have been consulting, and continue to consult, the wrong text in our efforts to interpret the Euclidean tradition. In order to substantiate this claim, the textual issue debated by Klamroth and Heiberg is rehearsed again, and the principal reasons brought forth by Heiberg against Klamroth's position are reconstructed. Specimens from three broad areas of evidence – structural, linguistic, and technical – will be considered. They reveal how the medieval tradition of the text
advocated by Klamroth displays textual superiority to the Greek tradition promoted by Heiberg. Such a reorientation of the texts has the potential to change significantly our understanding of ancient mathematics.
[Tdotu]ūsī and Copernicus: The Earth's Motion in Context
Authors: Ragep F. Jamil
Published: October 2002

A passage in Copernicus's De Revolutionibus regarding the rotation of the Earth provides evidence that he was aware, whether directly or indirectly, of an Islamic tradition dealing with this problem that goes back to Na[sdotu]īr al-Dīn al-[Tdotu]ūsī (1201–1274). The most striking similarity is the use of comets by both astronomers to discredit Ptolemy's “proofs” in the Almagest that depended upon observational evidence. The manner in which this question was dealt with by Copernicus, as an astronomical rather than natural philosophical matter, also argues for his being within the tradition of late medieval Islamic astronomy, more so than that of medieval Latin scholasticism. This of course is bolstered by his use of non-Ptolemaic models, such as the [Tdotu]ūsī couple, that have a long history in Islam but virtually none in medieval Europe. Finally, al-Qūshjī, who was in Istanbul just before Copernicus was born, entertained the possibility of the Earth's rotation; this also opens up the possibility of non-textual transmission.
Astronomical Observations in the Maghrib in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth
Centuries
Authors: Samsó Julio
Published: October 2002

An Andalusian tradition of zījes seems to have been predominant in the Maghrib due to the popularity of the zīj of Ibn Is[hdotu]āq al-Tūnisī (fl. Tunis and Marrakesh ca. 1193–1222) and derived texts compiled in the fourteenth century. This tradition computed sidereal planetary longitudes and allowed the calculation of tropical longitudes by using trepidation tables based on models designed in al-Andalus by Abū Is[hdotu]āq ibn al-Zarqālluh (d. 1100). This tradition also used Ibn al-Zarqālluh's model to calculate the obliquity of the ecliptic, which implied that this angle had a cyclical period of oscillation between a maximum of 23;53° and a minimum of 23;33°: after reaching this minimum value the obliquity of the ecliptic was bound to increase. This paper argues that some new Maghribi sources give information
on observations made in the Maghrib in the fourteenth and beginning of the fifteenth centuries that imply that precession had increased beyond the limits allowed by the Zarqāllian trepidation theory, while the obliquity of the ecliptic had diminished below the level accepted by astronomers who followed Ibn al-Zarqālluh. This explains the introduction in the Maghrib of Eastern zījes, which computed directly tropical longitudes and did not accept the cyclical variation of the obliquity. Information about observations of dawn and twilight made both in Egypt and in the Maghrib in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries is also presented.
Greek Mechanics in Arabic Context: Thābit ibn Qurra, al-Isfizārī and the Arabic Traditions of Aristotelian and Euclidean Mechanics
Authors: Abattouy Mohammed
Published: October 2002

Assuming the crucial interest of Arabic material for the recovery of the textual tradition of some Greek texts of mechanics, the following article aims at presenting a partial survey of the Graeco-Arabic transmission in the field of mechanics. Based on new manuscript material dating from the ninth to the twelfth century, it investigates the textual and theoretical traditions of two writings ascribed to Aristotle and Euclid respectively and
transmitted to Arabo-Islamic culture in fragmentary form. The reception and the impact of the Peripatetic Mechanics are analyzed on the basis of texts edited by al-Khāzinī as well as by the comparative study of the proof of the law of the lever in three authors: Pseudo-Aristotle, Thābit ibn Qurra, and al-Isfizārī. The codicological analysis of the extant manuscripts of Maqāla fī ‘l-mīzān – a rather systematic treatise on the balance ascribed to Euclid – leads to the assumption that it
is a Greek fragment edited in Arabic. This reconstruction of the Arabic tradition of Euclidean mechanics is further elaborated by an annotated synopsis of al-Isfizārī's systematic recension of the text.
The Coherence of the Arabic-Latin Translation Program in Toledo in
the Twelfth Century
Authors: Burnett Charles
Published: October 2002

This article reassesses the reasons why Toledo achieved prominence as a center for Arabic-Latin translation in the second half of the twelfth century, and suggests
that the two principal translators, Gerard of Cremona and Dominicus Gundissalinus, concentrated on different areas of knowledge. Moreover, Gerard appears to have followed a clear program in the works that he translated. This is revealed especially in the Vita and the “commemoration of his books” drawn up by his students
after his death. A new edition of the Vita, Commemoratio librorum and Eulogium, based on all the manuscripts, concludes the article.
Frederick II of Hohenstaufen and Arabic Science
Authors: Schramm Matthias
Published: October 2002

The article argues that Frederick II of Hohenstaufen and his court played
a unique role in the transfer and diffusion of Arabic science (with its Greek, Hebrew and Christian elements). Scientists at the court translated and elaborated upon it. Moreover, there existed a two-way traffic of scientific knowledge between Frederick and his court scholars, on the one hand, and several oriental courts and their scientists on the other hand. Thus the reader gains a view of Frederick's scientific activities from the Arab
perspective, too.

Frederick's contribution to the existing biological sciences of his time was his “Book of Falconry”, which was exceptional in the then contemporary approach and methods employed in those fields. Even in this treatise on falconry, Frederick drew upon the
fund of knowledge of Arab practitioners. This chain of arguments concerning Arabic science is situated within the setup of Frederick's oriental political practice and sumptuous court life.
Greek-Arabic-Latin: The Transmission of Mathematical Texts in the Middle Ages
Authors: Lorch Richard
Published: October 2002

During the Middle Ages many Greek mathematical and astronomical texts were translated from Greek into Arabic (ca. ninth century) and from Arabic into Latin (ca. twelfth century). There were many factors complicating the study of them, such as translation from or into other languages, redactions, multiple translations, and independently transmitted scholia. A literal translation risks less in loss of meaning, but can be clumsy. This article includes lists of translations and a large bibliography, divided into sections.
In the Service of the Reich: Aspects of Copernicus and Galileo in Nazi Germany’s Historiographical and Political Discourse
Authors: Remmert Volker R.
Published: October 2002

Argument

Focus of this paper is on the historiographical fate of Nicholas Copernicus and Galileo Galilei in Nazi Germany. Both played interesting roles in Nazi propaganda and the legitimization of Nazi political goals. In the “Third Reich,” efforts to claim Copernicus as a German astronomer were closely linked to revisionist policies in Eastern Europe culminating in the war-time expansion. The example of Galileo’s condemnation by the Catholic Church in 1633 became a symbol of its unjustified opposition to new “scientific” results, namely Nazi racial theory. After Catholic opposition against Nazi racial theory had reached a peak in 1937, the Galileo affair was turned into an instrument of Nazi propaganda against the Catholic Church.

Auch der Historiker steht in der Zeit, nicht über ihr.

Das Ewigkeitspostament hat er verloren.

Siegfried Giedion
The Analytic Ideal of Chemical Elements: Robert Boyle and the French Didactic Tradition of Chemistry
Authors: Gyung Kim Mi
Published: October 2002

Argument

Historians have accorded a privileged status to the analytic ideal of elements as a distinctive marker of “modern” chemistry. Boyle’s and Lavoisier’s have been used to characterize their modernity, which has in turn justified their status as the founding fathers of modern chemistry. It has been difficult, however, to establish a viable connection between these two fathers or the genealogy of their definitions. I argue in this paper that French didactic tradition gave rise to the definition Boyle stated in the Sceptical Chymist, or the analytic/philosophical ideal of elements. He did not endorse the definition he gave, but criticized its lack of analytic rigor and philosophical sophistication. His critique served as a negative heuristic, leading to Nicolas Lemery’s analytic ideal of “chemical principles” as distinct from “natural principles.” Lemery’s definition survived in French didactic tradition, as is evidenced in Macquer’s and Guyton’s textbooks which provided direct precedents for Lavoisier’s analytic ideal of “elements or principles.”
Physiological Optics and Physical Geometry
Authors: Hyder David Jalal
Published: October 2002

Argument

Hermann von Helmholtz’s distinction between “pure intuitive” and “physical” geometry must be counted as the most influential of his many contributions to the philosophy of science. In a series of papers from the 1860s and 70s, Helmholtz argued against Kant’s claim that our knowledge of Euclidean geometry was an a priori condition for empirical knowledge. He claimed that geometrical propositions could be meaningful only if they were taken to concern the behaviors of physical bodies used in measurement, from which it followed that it was posterior to our acquaintance with this behavior. This paper argues that Helmholtz’s understanding of geometry was fundamentally shaped by his work in sense-physiology, above all on the continuum of colors. For in the course of that research, Helmholtz was forced to realize that the color-space had no inherent metrical structure. The latter was a product of axiomatic definitions of color-addition and the empirical results of such additions. Helmholtz’s development of these views is explained with detailed reference to the competing work of the mathematician Hermann Grassmann and that of the young James Clerk Maxwell. It is this separation between 1) essential properties of a continuum, 2) supplementary axioms concerning distance-measurement, and 3) the behaviors of the physical apparatus used to realize the axioms, which is definitive of Helmholtz’s arguments concerning geometry.
The Foundations of Geometry and the Concept of Motion: Helmholtz and Poincaré
Authors: Heinzmann Gerhard
Published: October 2002

Argument

According to Hermann von Helmholtz, free mobility of bodies seemed to be an essential condition of geometry. This free mobility can be interpreted either as matter of fact, as a convention, or as a precondition making measurements in geometry possible. Since Henri Poincaré defined conventions as principles guided by experience, the question arises in which sense experiential data can serve as the basis for the constitution of geometry. Helmholtz considered muscular activity to be the basis on which the form of space could be construed. Yet, due to the problem of illusion inherent in the subject’s self-assessment of muscular activity, this solution yielded new difficulties, in that if the manifold is abstracted from rigid bodies which serve as empirical justification of the geometrical notion of space, then illusionary bodies will produce fictive manifolds. The present article is meant to disentangle these difficulties.
Helmholtz and the Psychophysiology of Time
Authors: Debru Claude
Published: October 2002

Argument

After having measured the velocity of the nervous impulse in the 1850s, Helmholtz began doing research on the temporal dimensions of visual perception. Experiments dealing with the velocity of propagation in nerves (as well as with aspects of perception) were carried out occasionally for some fifteen years until their final publication in 1871. Although the temporal dimension of perception seems to have interested Helmholtz less than problems of geometry and space, his experiments on the time of perception were technically rather subtle and seminal, especially compared with experiments performed by his contemporaries, such as Sigmund Exner, William James, Rudolf Hermann Lotze, Ernst Mach, Wilhelm Volkmann, and Wilhelm Wundt. Helmholtz’s conception of the temporal aspects of perception reflects the continuity that holds between psychophysiological research and the Kantian philosophical background.
‘Our Poore People in Tumults Arose’: Living in Poverty in Earls Colne, Essex, 1560–1640
Authors: WILLIAMS MARK
Published: October 2002

Through the use of tax assessments, parish registers, and accounts of overseers of the poor we have learned such about the growing problem of the poor in early modern rural England. What remains difficult is to get at the circumstances and thoughts of the rural poor themselves and their relationships with their better-off neighbors. The search engine and the nominal linkage features of the electronic Earls Colne archive can be employed to learn more about the depth of the late-Tudor and early-Stuart crisis through construction of ‘pauper biographies’. Even without poor relief accounts, the investigation into probate, court, parish, estate and private records confirms the alarming increase in numbers of impoverished people in rural communities, particularly after 1590, and the extent to which acute poverty was the fate of many more than those receiving parish relief. The study also reveals the life-long and multi-generational nature of poverty at the time, the increasing incidence of disorder among the poor after 1620, and the effect of leniency by the elite toward the disorderly poor leading up to the political crisis of the 1640s.
The Commons Preservation Society and the Campaign for Berkhamsted Common, 1866–70
Authors: COWELL BEN
Published: October 2002

This paper considers the role played by the Commons Preservation Society (CPS) in defending Berkhamsted Common in Hertfordshire from enclosure 1866–1870. The CPS was an organised pressure group, which deployed a series of legal and historical arguments to defend open spaces from development and to encourage anti-enclosure legislation. At Berkhamsted the CPS orchestrated a fence break in March 1866 to oppose forcibly the enclosure of a portion of the common by the trustees of the second Earl Brownlow. The primary purpose of the paper is to demonstrate how material gathered by lawyers working for the CPS in the course of the subsequent legal dispute over the fence break can be used to throw new light upon the uses of common lands in the later nineteenth century. A secondary aim of the paper is to consider the longer-term impact of the CPS on debates about common land and enclosure, and to point to the need for further research into the origins, motivations and activities of the Society.
Compulsory Child Labour: Parish Paupers as Indentured Servants in Finland, c. 1810–1920
Authors: RAHIKAINEN MARJATTA
Published: October 2002

This article challenges the interpretations by Viviana Zelizer and Clark Nardinelli of bound labour by farmed-out parish pauper children. Using the case of Finland, supported by the example of Sweden, it is argued that the exploitation of parish pauper children may have increased in the nineteenth century due to increasing adoption of a monetary economy in the countryside. As the productivity of a growing child fell short of his or her consumption, while the poor relief authorities strove to keep the compensation for this as low as possible, peasant farmers solved the discrepancy by over-exploiting farmed-out children. In both countries a system of auctioning-out paupers was applied, with no principal difference made between children and adults. The Finnish and Swedish cases suggest that industrial child labour and bound labour by parish pauper children many have reflected a similar attitude to the children of both the poor and the labouring classes.
Rural Women and Urban Extravagance in Late Nineteenth-Century Britain
Authors: HELLAND JANICE
Published: October 2002

This essay discusses two exhibitions that romanticised the rural Celtic fringes of Britain for consumption in London, the ‘metropolis of the world’. Alice Hart's reconstructed Donegal Village at the Irish Exhibition (1888), organised under the auspices of the Donegal Industrial Fund, assuaged the reality of poverty in the Congested Districts; the Duchess of Sutherland's faux Highland cottage at the Victorian Era Exhibition (1897), organised by Scottish Home Industries, suggested hunting, fishing and scenic views rather than land reform and emigration. While the differences between the organisations inform the parts they played in exhibitions, they clearly and precisely converge in one respect: both advertised, glorified and sold the rural when existence in Donegal and in the Highlands was financially precarious and disappearing. They also share another characteristic: the female patrons, their associations and the female workers have ironically disappeared from historical writings while still visible are the colonised representations of exhibitions in which they participated. This essay seeks to recollect the historical moment at which the two associations flourished, examine how each group performed its self-appointed task and analyse their places as urban enthusiasts of the rural experience.
A Voice Clamouring in the Wilderness: H. J. Massingham (1888–1952) and Rural England
Authors: MOORE-COLYER R. J.
Published: October 2002

H. J. Massingham was one of a group of writers flourishing between the wars who were concerned with recording the disappearing cultural traditions of an older rural world, describing the English countryside, and setting into motion a move to revitalise and regenerate that countryside from the desuetude and depression into which it had declined. Distrustful of reductionist science and mechanistic economics, Massingham championed what he perceived as the virtues of localism, organicism, the crafts and the culture of ‘peasant’ farming. In offering biographical details and in considering a range of his work, this article seeks to locate Massingham within the context of his times. Moreover, despite the criticism of his contemporary detractors who regarded his preaching of traditional values in husbandry, craft and land as escapist and antiquarian, the article concludes that many of Massingham's writings foreshadow twenty-first century concerns for organic holism, sustainability, food quality and environmental issues.
Finance versus Farming: Rural Reconstruction and Economic Reform, 1894–1955
Authors: CONFORD PHILIP
Published: October 2002

The early organic movement was closely connected with the crusade for monetary reform, since it was felt that Britain's agriculture and rural life could not be revived without challenging the vested interests of banking and the import-export trades. This paper focuses on the work of the Economic Reform Club and Institute (ERCI) from the 1930s to the 1950s, revealing the major part played in its activities by leading organicists. First, it identifies various strands that were drawn together in the ERCI: the monetary reform theories of Kitson and Douglas; the ideas of the Irish agricultural organiser ‘AE’ (G. W. Russell); and Montague Fordham's Rural Reconstruction Association. It then looks at various speeches and conferences arranged by the ERCI, particularly during the Second World War, to demonstrate the importance given to the organic school's proposed agricultural policies. In the post-war years Jorian Jenks, who also edited the Soil Association journal, ran the ERCI's journal Rural Economy as another platform for organic ideas, arguing for a conception of ‘economy’ based on natural resources rather than money. The paper concludes by suggesting that the anti-semitism sometimes found in early organic writings may be attributable to the organicists' dislike of the international finance system.
The Victorian Countryside a Hundred Years On
Authors: STEAD DAVID R.
Published: October 2002

Volume VII of The Agrarian History of England and Wales completes a major publishing event. In 1956 R. H. Tawney chaired a meeting launching a series of eight volumes surveying the history of the English and Welsh countrysides from the Neolithic period to the beginning of the Second World War. The first, volume IV covering the years 1500 through 1640, appeared in 1967. This, the last and by far the largest book in the sequence, crowns the earlier achievements. Running to over 2,300 pages and published in two parts, volume VII is approximately twice the size – and price – of its immediate predecessors. If the physical presence of the book is impressive, the same comment applies to its content, elegantly edited by E. J. T. Collins, which covers a diverse range of topics, from King Edward potatoes to military underpants.
Prioritization of areas in China for the conservation of endangered birds using modelled geographical distributions
Authors: Chen Guojun , Townsend Peterson A.
Published: October 2002

We developed distributional models for 90 threatened bird species in China, and used heuristic complementarity algorithms to prioritize areas for conservation. The pixel-based area selection prioritized 20 areas for protection, which covered all species analysed. Area selecting for endangered species based on the existing biosphere reserve system included only 37-62 species in eleven reserves, leaving 28-53 species unprotected. We employed algorithms for area selection based on species richness and rarity and obtained two views of a most efficient reserve network. We used the distributional hypotheses to identify additions to the reserve system that would improve its effectiveness substantially. The pixel-based area selection approach includes species much more efficiently on a per-area basis, and thus offers exciting perspectives for improved protection of the country's endangered avifauna.
Population census and habitat use of Rodrigues Warbler Acrocephalus rodericanus
Authors: Showler Dave A. , Côté Isabelle M. , Jones Carl G.
Published: October 2002

The Endangered Rodrigues Warbler Acrocephalus rodericanus is endemic to the Indian Ocean island of Rodrigues, one of the world's most devastated tropical islands, its native forest having been completely destroyed since human colonization three centuries ago. It is now found in thickets and woodland dominated entirely by non-native trees and shrubs. As a step to implementing conservation initiatives, a population census and habitat study was undertaken in April-June 1999. Using a combination of tape playback of song and point counts, at least 103 Rodrigues Warblers spread through nine wooded localities were observed, and a minimum population of 150 birds estimated. The majority (78%) and highest densities (2.3/ha) were found in habitat dominated by one introduced invasive tree, the rose-apple Syzygium jambos. Warblers were also found in plantations dominated by mahogany Swietenia mahagoni, tecoma Tabebuia pallida and Norfolk Island pine Araucaria cunninghamii, but at much lower densities (0.5/ha). Warbler densities were highest in habitat with a dense structure of small branches. There was a strong positive relationship between one index of human disturbance (number of cut branches) and warbler densities. This low-intensity cutting may promote the growth of new shoots thus perpetuating the dense vegetation structure that Rodrigues Warbler favours. At two localities, one supporting an existing population of warblers and the other prone to extirpation (shown from previous surveys), vegetation structure and composition were similar between sites, hinting that in some currently unoccupied areas, habitat is probably suitable and other factors are operating to preclude colonization and establishment. Further ecological studies would be desirable, especially to investigate the effect of nest-predation by introduced mammals and other factors suppressing warbler population growth.
Rarity in antpittas: territory size and population density of five Grallaria spp. in a regenerating habitat mosaic in the Andes of Colombia
Authors: Kattan Gustavo H. , Beltran J. William
Published: October 2002

Between 1995 and 2000, we made a comparative study of ranging patterns of individuals of five sympatric species of antpitta Grallaria spp. that differ in body size and extent of geographical range. Grallaria milleri is restricted to a small area in the central Andes of Colombia, G. rufocinerea is endemic to the Central Cordillera, and G. ruficapilla, G. nuchalis and G. squamigera are widely distributed in the tropical Andes. Using mist-nets, we captured and banded 76 individuals of the five species during the five year study period. We also radio-tracked six individuals for periods of 30-60 days, to obtain estimates of territory sizes. Recapture patterns revealed that antpittas exhibited high site fidelity, remaining in the same patch for documented periods of up to 34 months. However, some individuals were captured only once, and were probably transient through the area. Territory sizes estimated were 0.5-5.4 ha for G. milleri (n = 7), 1.4 and 1.5 ha for G. rufocinerea (n = 2), 1.9 ha for G. ruficapilla (n = 1), 9.3 ha for G. nuchalis (n = 1) and 2 and 4.5 ha for G. squamigera (n = 2). We compared these data with territory estimates of other Neotropical Formicariids. Our results indicated that antpittas had relatively small territories, and had population densities higher than assumed previously for these secretive birds of the forest understorey.
New data concerning the distribution, behaviour, ecology and taxonomic relationships of Minas Gerais Tyrannulet Phylloscartes roquettei
Authors: Raposo Marcos A. , Mazar Barnett Juan , Kirwan Guy M. , Parrini Ricardo
Published: October 2002

We report new observations of the globally threatened Minas Gerais Tyrannulet Phylloscartes roquettei from two areas in the São Francisco Valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil, between July 1993 and February 2002. Four pairs, one fledged young and two lone individuals were observed in the course of our fieldwork. It was previously known only from a female taken in the mid-1920s and sight records and tape-recordings in 1977. Our records extend the species' known range 250 km south and west of the type-locality region. Details of the first-known male specimen are presented, along with novel data concerning its vocalizations and behaviour. We draw attention to the possible relationship of the species to a group of four other Phylloscartes tyrannulets with similarly patterned faces and overall plumage, which exhibit a similar circum-Amazonian distribution pattern to three Phyllomyias tyrannulets. We also take the opportunity to draw more attention to the imperilled conservation status of the dry forests upon which P. roquettei and a host of other threatened and Near-threatened avian taxa depend.
Natural history notes and conservation of a Saffron-cowled Blackbird Xanthopsar flavus population in the southern coastal plain of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Authors: Dias Rafael A. , Maurício Giovanni N.
Published: October 2002

Saffron-cowled Blackbird Xanthopsar flavus is a globally threatened icterid of open areas of south-eastern South America. Several sources suggest that the species is declining throughout its range, mainly due to habitat destruction. Between December 1997 and December 1999 we studied a breeding population of X. flavus at the Banhado do Vinte-e-Cinco and Banhado da Mulata area, Rio Grande municipality, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. This population, previously unreported for the state's coastal plain, numbers at least 60 individuals and seems confined to an area of c. 35 km2. The area is characterized by Cyperacaea-dominated peat marshes in comparatively higher terrain, covered with sandy, rolling fields. The species was recorded in all months (not necessarily of the same year) except March, and a marked irregularity in flock size was detected. During the non-breeding period, flock size averaged 12.7 individuals (S.D. = 11.7; range = 2-37; n = 11). During the 1997-1998 breeding season (December to January), mean flock size was 25.3 individuals (S.D. = 16.2; range = 16-60; n = 7), while in the 1998-1999 and 1999-2000 breeding seasons, 33 and 4 individuals were recorded respectively. No pronounced discrepancy was found in the size of the largest flocks recorded per season (from 20 to 37 individuals), suggesting that the population is sedentary and that it undertakes only local movements. A nesting colony occupying the same part of the marsh in two successive breeding seasons was composed of six breeding pairs in 1997-1998, with an estimated nesting success of 31.8-36.3% at fledgling time. The species is highly gregarious and sociable, foraging flocks frequently following individuals of Black-and-White Monjita Heteroxolmis dominicana and, to a lesser extent, Yellow-rumped Marshbird Pseudoleistes guirahuro and Brown-and-yellow Marshbird P. virescens. Although habitat loss has been indicated as the main factor for the species' decline, we suggest that habitat perturbation and modification may affect negatively recruitment rates in the species and, theoretically, its overall population size. Furthermore, the conservation of Rio Grande's peat marshes should be regarded a regional priority, in order to preserve threatened birds and a very unusual wetland type.
Conservation implications of the temporal and spatial distribution of Bearded Vulture Gypaetus barbatus in Crete
Authors: Xirouchakis Stavros , Nikolakakis Manolis
Published: October 2002

We carried out a four-year (1995-1999) survey on the foraging and breeding distribution of Bearded Vulture Gypaetus barbatus on the island of Crete. The age classes of all birds sighted were systematically recorded and data on seasonal distribution patterns were collected; 262 observations were made covering an area of about 4,000 km2, at altitudes ranging from 200 m to 2,450 m a.s.l (mean 1,100 m). Adult birds were distributed evenly throughout the island while young birds avoided active territories and were mostly sighted at the periphery of the high mountains. The species depended almost entirely on domestic livestock herded into and away from the mountains seasonally, with birds foraging in the uplands (> 1,200 m a.s.l.) from early May to late October and frequenting midland pastures (600-1,200 m a.s.l.) for the rest of the year. The mean altitude of nesting sites was 750 m (range = 280-1,450 m), with 80% of nests positioned below the 1,000 m contour. Bearded Vultures are more vulnerable to human-induced mortality within their breeding territories and on midland pastures in winter than in the upland areas in summer.
Axiomatizability in inclusive equational logics
Authors: ROŞU GRIGORE
Published: October 2002

A categorical framework for equational logics is presented, together with axiomatizability
results in the style of Birkhoff. The distinctive categorical structures used are inclusion
systems, which are an alternative to factorization systems in which factorization is required
to be unique rather than unique ‘up to an isomorphism’. In this framework, models are any
objects, and equations are special epimorphisms in [Cfr ], while satisfaction is injectivity. A first
result says that equations-as-epimorphisms define exactly the quasi-varieties, suggesting that
epimorphisms actually represent conditional equations. In fact, it is shown that the
projectivity/freeness of the domain of epimorphisms is what makes the difference between
unconditional and conditional equations, the first defining the varieties, as expected. An
abstract version of the axiom of choice seems to be sufficient for free objects to be
projective, in which case the definitional power of equations of projective and free domain,
respectively, is the same. Connections with other abstract formulations of equational logics
are investigated, together with an organization of our logic as an institution.
Coalgebras of bounded type
Authors: GUMM H. PETER , SCHRÖDER TOBIAS
Published: October 2002

We use some results of Trnková to show first that subcoalgebras are always closed under
finite intersections. Assuming that the type functor F is bounded, we obtain a concrete
representation of the terminal F-coalgebra. We also provide several equivalent
characterizations of boundedness.
Investigation of concurrent processes by means of homotopy functors
Authors: SOKOŁOWSKI STEFAN
Published: October 2002

We show a method for translating concurrent systems into partially ordered sets in a
functorial way. This is done in a way resembling the construction of the fundamental groups
in topology. Since the morphisms of concurrent systems have a flavour of the
implementability of one system in another, the functor provides a tool for proving certain
non-implementability results.
On Köthe sequence spaces and linear logic
Authors: EHRHARD THOMAS
Published: October 2002

We present a category of locally convex topological vector spaces that is a model of
propositional classical linear logic and is based on the standard concept of Köthe sequence
spaces. In this setting, the ‘of course’ connective of linear logic has a quite simple structure
of a commutative Hopf algebra. The co-Kleisli category of this linear category is a cartesian
closed category of entire mappings. This work provides a simple setting in which typed
λ-calculus and differential calculus can be combined; we give a few examples of
computations.
Geometry of Interaction and linear combinatory algebras
Authors: ABRAMSKY SAMSON , HAGHVERDI ESFANDIAR , SCOTT PHILIP
Published: October 2002

We present an axiomatic framework for Girard's Geometry of Interaction based on the notion
of linear combinatory algebra. We give a general construction on traced monoidal categories,
with certain additional structure, that is sufficient to capture the exponentials of Linear Logic,
which produces such algebras (and hence also ordinary combinatory algebras). We illustrate the
construction on six standard examples, representing both the ‘particle-style’ as
well as the ‘wave-style’ Geometry of Interaction.
Is this the new sociology of science? An editorial
Authors: Burgen Arnold
Published: October 2002

We all know that Charles Darwin arrived at the great synthesis of evolution

working alone in the seclusion of Down House (yet even he encountered some

publication problems!) and that Albert Einstein also worked in isolation in the

Patent Office in Bern. Scientists working alone can continue to make great

discoveries, but in the past half century the nature of much of scientific research

has undergone major changes. These changes are partly due to the tremendous expansion

of the research community and institutions, which in former times consisted of a

handful of individuals, but have increased in size by one or more orders of magnitude.
Clash of civilizations?
Authors: BEREND IVAN T.
Published: October 2002

There have been numerous fault-lines in society in the past due to religion, race, social class and nation. Current fault-lines relate to demography: the West has a falling population whereas many countries elsewhere in the world are undergoing large population growth; net emigration has been replaced by immigration. The previous Western dominance in economic activity has also changed and the balance has moved east. These and other factors are considered as pointers to the future.
Five Germanys I have known
Authors: STERN FRITZ
Published: October 2002

This is an account of my experiences, personal and professional, of five different German regimes in the last century. I was born in Breslau in 1926 — so the first Germany I knew was the Weimar Republic — and lived under National Socialism until 1938 when I emigrated to the United States, where, by 1951, I was teaching German History. I travelled to the Federal Republic for the first time in 1950 and taught at the Free University in Berlin. I worked in the archives of the German Democratic Republic in 1961 and 1962 and participated in the first German historiographical controversy in 1964 and then lectured extensively in the fifth, unified Germany. This lecture was written and delivered at NIAS, Wassenaar, the Netherlands, in 1998 and it reflects on, and exemplifies, the relation between private memory and public history. The German past, in all its great and catastrophic complexity, is still present in German political and intellectual life and hence the work of the historian has a potential political and pedagogical impact. My basic approach to German history emerges in this essay, as it does even more pointedly in the lectures I give in Germany itself.
In the shadow of Goethe: Wittgenstein's intellectual project
Authors: MCGUINNESS BRIAN
Published: October 2002

Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951) had considerable influence on the ‘modern’ world but did not consider himself part of it. His search for a way of thinking, to give a deeper understanding than the science of his day, has considerable analogies with that of Goethe. He was less sanguine than Goethe about the possibility of a renewal of culture in his own day but his philosophical work, in its stress on restraint and concreteness, is permeated by the ethical ideals that he attempted to realize in his life and that of his friends. He also shows some kinship with Goethe's non-theistic mysticism. His philosophical work is a guide that, perhaps rightly, requires readers to find the answer for themselves.
Take back the past
Authors: WATSON GEORGE
Published: October 2002

The surprising fact about the 20th century was the return of the liberal free market, circling back to where it began. It was helped because liberalism, unlike socialism, was never a theory of history and could not be falsified by events. But, socialist historians still control the past, and it is still widely believed that the welfare state was created by socialism and that genocide is right-wing. In fact, socialist leaders, fearful of preserving capitalism, opposed the welfare state, which in Britain was the creation of Asquith. Between the wars, Labour had no national health plans, and it was the last of the British parties to accept the Beveridge report. Repetition and suppression have entrenched the myth, which is widely accepted, that welfare equals socialism. The first history of socialism, by a French radical, Alfred Sudre, was opposed to socialism as a conservative idea; Marx and Engels, Ruskin and Morris were openly conservative and the Bolsheviks proudly elitist.
The first pogrom: Alexandria 38 CE
Authors: VAN DER HORST PIETER W.
Published: October 2002

The first pogrom documented in history took place in Alexandria in the year 38 CE. The only document describing this event is an eyewitness account by the Jewish philosopher Philo of Alexandria. It is a problematic source because the concern of the author is largely theological and also because he fails to inform the reader about the causes of the violence. These causes must be sought in the combination of a growing tendency among Alexandrian intellectuals to depict Jews as criminal misanthropes, and the Jewish tendency to side with the Roman occupiers of Egypt.
Sex and death: old cliché, new reality
Authors: SANTOW GIGI
Published: October 2002

Demographers have traditionally been preoccupied with human reproduction and mortality, and with the links, at different levels of aggregation, between the two. Today, when in some regions of the world sexual intercourse carries with it the risk not just of pregnancy but of fatal infection with the human immunodeficiency virus, that traditional preoccupation acquires a special urgency.
Who owns the human genome? What can ownership mean with respect to genes?
Authors: MARKL HUBERT
Published: October 2002

The progressive elucidation of the structure of the human genome with the subsequent use of this information for various purposes, many of which will be of commercial value, raises questions about the ownership of the information. This article points out some of problems of defining the genome as property and explores the relevance of the usual criteria of patent law to this new situation.
Calcium, an earthy messenger in cells
Authors: BURGEN ARNOLD
Published: October 2002

Calcium is the major messenger inside cells that is responsible for muscle contraction, secretion and many other processes. This article outlines some of features of these activities and reports on an Academia conference in Heidelberg, Germany.
How to increase the impact of clinical guidelines on medical practice
Authors: VERSTRAETE M.
Published: October 2002

Clinical guidelines are not implemented in a simple linear way, their integration in clinical practice is an evolving process influenced by the doctor, the patient and society. Methodologically, it is not easy to evaluate definitively the impact of guidelines. The overall appraisal yields a pessimistic conclusion: in most cases, guidelines do not translate well enough into action (effect on physician behaviour) and are believed to express motivation rather than optimum care. To avoid an academic mirage, recommendations must be disseminated in ways that provide incentives for such action. Those to whom guidelines are directed must be remarkably receptive to, and already prepared to act on the message. There are some indications that the most successful strategy to change the behaviour of clinicians and general practitioners operates at a more local level, and with more careful targeting, than is feasible with a national or regional consensus exercise. In addition, a more forceful action plan and multi-pronged approach (e.g. including continuous medical education) is required.
Activation of the extraneuronal monoamine transporter (EMT) from rat expressed in 293 cells
Authors: Gründemann Dirk , Koschker Ann‐Cathrin , Haag Christine , Honold Cornelius , Zimmermann Tim , Schömig Edgar
Published: November 2002

The extraneuronal monoamine transporter from rat (EMTr) was heterologously expressed by stable transfection in human embryonic kidney 293 cells and characterized in radiotracer experiments.

EMTr‐mediated uptake of 1‐methyl‐4‐phenylpyridinium (MPP+) was saturable, with a Km of 151 μmol l−1 and Vmax of 7.5 nmol min−1 mg protein−1.

Compared to the human orthologue EMTh (gene symbol SLC22A3), EMTr was about two orders of magnitude more resistant to most inhibitors, including disprocynium24 and corticosterone.

Strikingly, inhibitors and substrates at low concentration stimulated EMTr‐mediated transport above control level with MPP+ and noradrenaline as substrate, but not with cimetidine. Results were confirmed with EMT from mouse.

With different IC50‐values for different substrates, the standard method to calculate Ki‐values is not applicable.

Our experiments suggest that activation is not caused by changes in membrane potential or trans‐stimulation. Since the extent of activation depends markedly on the chemical structure of the monitored substrate, involvement of a receptor‐mediated signalling pathway or recruitment of transporter reserve are implausible.

To explain activation, we present a kinetic model which assumes two binding sites for substrate or inhibitor per transporter entity, possibly resulting from the assembly of homodimers.

Activation explains previous reports about inhibitor‐insensitive catecholamine transport in rat brain.

We speculate that activation may serve to keep the transporter working for specific substrates in the face of inhibitors.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2002) 137, 910–918. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704926