bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phanerozoic environments of black shale deposition and the Wilson Cycle
Authors: Trabucho-Alexandre J. , Hay W. W. , de Boer P. L.
Published: February 2012

Abstract. The spatial and temporal distribution of black shales is related to the development of environments in which they accumulate and to a propitious combination of environmental variables. In recent years, much has been done to improve our understanding of the mechanisms behind the temporal distribution of black shales in the Phanerozoic and of the environmental variables that result in their deposition. However, the interpretation of ancient black shale depositional environments is dominated by an oversimplistic set of three depositional models that do not capture their complexity and dynamics. These three models, the restricted circulation, the (open) ocean oxygen minimum and the continental shelf models, are an oversimplification of the variety of black shale depositional environments that arise and coexist throughout the course of a basin's Wilson Cycle, i.e. the dynamic sequence of events and stages that characterise the evolution of an ocean basin, from the opening continental rift to the closing orogeny. We examine the spatial distribution of black shales in the context of the Wilson Cycle using examples from the Phanerozoic. It is shown that the geographical distribution of environments of black shale deposition and the position of black shales in the basin infill sequence strongly depend on basin evolution, which controls the development of sedimentary environments where black shales may be deposited. The nature of the black shales that are deposited, i.e. lithology and type of organic matter, also depends on basin evolution and palaeogeography. We propose that in studies of black shales more attention should be given to the sedimentary processes that have led to their formation and to the interpretation of their sedimentary environments.
Indications for Vascular Grafts as Hemodialysis Access: Consensus from Experience in Italy
Authors: Tazza Luigi , Galli Franco , Mandolfo Salvatore , Forneris Giacomo , Di Dio Michele , Palumbo Roberto , Gallieni Maurizio , Bonforte Giuseppe , Carnabuci Antonio , Cavatorta Fosco , Aloisi Mauro , Carbonari Luciano
Published: February 2012

Introduction

In Italy, the use of arteriovenous grafts (AVG) is limited (1–5 %) due to different approaches to vascular access (VA) management as compared to other Countries, where guidelines (which may not apply to the Italian setting) have been produced. Therefore, the Study Group (GdS) on VA of the Italian Society of Nephrology produced this position paper, providing a list of 8 recommendations built upon current guidelines.

Methods

The most controversial and innovative issues of existing guidelines have been summed up in 12 different statements. We selected 60 Italian dialysis graft experts, nephrologists and vascular surgeons (PP1SIN Study Investigators). They were asked to express their agreement/disagreement on each issue, thus creating a new method to share and exchange information.

Results

Most of them agreed (consensus > 90%) on specific criteria set to choose AVG over native AVF (nAVF) and tunnelled venous catheter (tVC) and on the necessary conditions to implant them. They did not fully agree on the use of AVG in obese patients, in patients at risk of developing ischemia, on the priority of AVG as an alternative to brachial-basilic fistula with vein transposition, and in case of a poorly organized setting regarding graft maintenance. Keeping in mind that the nAVF should be preferred whenever is feasible, AVGs are indicated when superficial veins are unavailable or to repair a nAVF (bridge graft). An AVG is an alternative to tVC if the expected patient survival is long enough to guarantee its clinical benefits.
Epicutaneous Immunotherapy Compared with Sublingual Immunotherapy in Mice Sensitized to Pollen (Phleum pratense)
Authors: Mondoulet Lucie , Dioszeghy Vincent , Ligouis Mélanie , Dhelft Véronique , Puteaux Emilie , Dupont Christophe , Benhamou Pierre-Henri
Published: February 2012

Background. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of epicutaneous immunotherapy (EPIT) to sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) in a model of mice sensitized to Phleum pratense pollen. Methods. BALB/c mice were sensitized by sub-cutaneous route to pollen protein extract mixed treated for 8 weeks, using sham, EPIT, or SLIT. Measurements involved the serological response and cytokine profile from reactivated splenocytes, plethysmography after aerosol challenge to pollen, cell, and cytokine contents in the bronchoalveolar lavages (BALs). Results. After immunotherapy, sIgE was significantly decreased in the treated groups compared to sham (), whereas sIgG2a increased with EPIT and SLIT ( and versus sham). Reactivated splenocytes secreted higher levels of Th2 cytokines with sham (). Penh values were higher in sham than EPIT and SLIT. Eosinophil recruitment in BAL was significantly reduced only by EPIT (). Conclusion. In this model of mice sensitized to pollen, EPIT was at least as efficient as SLIT.
The Spectral Method for Solving Sine-Gordon Equation Using a New Orthogonal Polynomial
Authors: Soori Zoleikha , Aminataei Azim
Published: February 2012

We have presented a numerical scheme for solving one-dimensional nonlinear sine-Gordon equation. We apply the
spectral method with a basis of a new orthogonal polynomial which is orthogonal over the interval with weighting function
one. The results show the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method.
Synthesis of New Fused Benzothiadiazepines and Macrocyclic Sulfamides Starting from N,N-Disubstituted Sulfamides and N(Boc)-Sulfamides
Authors: Dehamchia Mohamed , Regainia Zine
Published: February 2012

Herein, we describe an efficient one-step synthesis of new fused benzothiadiazepine-1,1-dioxides and macrocyclic sulfamides. The synthesis of these compounds was achieved in moderate yields starting from previously described N,N′-disubstituted symmetric sulfamides and N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, N′-alkyl sulfamide. The chemical structures of all the new compounds reported in this work were confirmed by NMR, IR, and mass spectrometry. These compounds are beneficial building blocks that can be used in deriving new chemical entities that exert a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities.
A RESPEITO DA POSSIBILIDADE DA CONSCIÊNCIA ANIMAL
Authors: Vicentini Max Rogério
Published: February 2012

The basic believe that animals, as well men, are capable of sustain consciousness states is analysedhere. In order to approach this thorny subject we can not avoid to ask about the existence of criterions to gaugethose states to animals. The investigations of which would be those criterions and what are their justification basesconstitute the scope of this present article.
EDUCAÇÃO MORAL NA ESCOLA: CAMINHOS PARA A CONSTRUÇÃO DA CIDADANIA
Authors: Lepre Rita Melissa
Published: February 2012

The main purpose of this article is to reflect on moral education at school and its role in the construction of the citizen-student, in the search for the building of his autonomy. For such intent we present the conception of moral education proposed by some Spanish authors who continue and improve Piaget's ideas. Thereafter we propose an analysis of the school as a place for moral education focusing its possibilities and limitations.
Engineering Inorganic Nanoemulsions/Nanoliposomes by Fluoride‐Silica Chemistry for Efficient Delivery/Co‐Delivery of Hydrophobic Agents
Authors: Chen Yu , Gao Yu , Chen Hangrong , Zeng Deping , Li Yaping , Zheng Yuanyi , Li Faqi , Ji Xiufeng , Wang Xia , Chen Feng , He Qianjun , Zhang Linlin , Shi Jianlin
Published: February 2012

A novel drug‐formulation protocol is developed to solve the delivery problem of hydrophobic drug molecules by using inorganic mesoporous silica nanocapsules (IMNCs) as an alternative to traditional organic emulsions and liposomes while preserving the advantages of inorganic materials. The unique structures of IMNCs are engineered by a novel fluoride‐silica chemistry based on a structural difference‐based selective etching strategy. The prepared IMNCs combine the functions of organic nanoemulsions or nanoliposomes with the properties of inorganic materials. Various spherical nanostructures can be fabricated simply by varying the synthetic parameters. The drug loading amount of a typical highly hydrophobic anticancer drug‐camptothecin (CPT) in IMNCs reaches as high as 35.1 wt%. The intracellular release of CPT from carriers is demonstrated in situ. In addition, IMNCs can play the role of organic nanoliposome (multivesicular liposome) in co‐encapsulating and co‐delivering hydrophobic (CPT) and hydrophilic (doxorubicin, DOX) anticancer drugs simultaneously. The co‐delivery of multi‐drugs in the same carrier and the intracellular release of the drug combinations enables a drug delivery system with efficient enhanced chemotherapeutic effect for DOX‐resistant MCF‐7/ADR cancer cells. The special IMNCs‐based “inorganic nanoemulsion”, as a proof‐of‐concept, can also be employed successfully to encapsulate and deliver biocompatible hydrophobic perfluorohexane (PFH) molecules for high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) synergistic therapy ex vivo and in vivo. Based on this novel design strategy, a wide range of inorganic material systems with similar “inorganic nanoemulsion or nanoliposome” functions will be developed to satisfy varied clinical requirements.
Highly Fluorescent Conjugated Polyelectrolyte Nanostructures: Synthesis, Self‐Assembly, and Al3+ Ion Sensing
Authors: You Jungmok , Kim Jeonghun , Park Teahoon , Kim Byeonggwan , Kim Eunkyoung
Published: February 2012

A highly fluorescent triazine‐bridged polymer, poly[(diphenylamino‐s‐triazine)‐co‐(2‐methoxy‐5‐propyloxysulfonate‐1,4‐phenylene vinylene)] (DTMSPV), is synthesized from Wittig polycondensation of a triazine monomer with a water‐soluble p‐phenylene vinylene monomer. The fluorescent amphiphilic polymer in aqueous solution self‐assembled into nanoassemblies of micelle‐like nanostructure (MS) and π stacking nanostructure (πS), which have average sizes of 93 to 270 nm, depending on the concentration of DTMSPV. The micelle‐like nanostructure of DTMSPV (MS) shows blue emission at 457 and 488 nm with a high emission quantum yield (ΦE) of 31% in aqueous solution. On the other hand, the ΦE of π stacking structures (πS), formed in a highly concentrated solution, is lower than the MS. The MS exhibits fluorescence quenching as well as color change from blue to green/yellow, depending on the kinds of metal ions. The metal ion sensitivity is larger in the order of the main group ions (Na+, K+) < dicationic transition metal ions (Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Pd2+) < trivalent transition metal ions (Fe3+, Ru3+), with an exception of Al3+. In particular, the fluorescence of MS is dramatically quenched with color change to yellow in response to Al3+ concentrations. The selectivity and sensitivity of MS to Al3+ are unusually high even in the presence of competitive metal ions, which can be attributed to the specific interaction of triazine units with Al3+.
Polymer Microparticles with Controllable Surface Textures Generated through Interfacial Instabilities of Emulsion Droplets
Authors: Liu Shanqin , Deng Renhua , Li Weikun , Zhu Jintao
Published: February 2012

A general and versatile route to prepare hierarchical polymer microparticles via interfacial instabilities of emulsion droplets is demonstrated. Uniform emulsion droplets containing hydrophobic polymers and n‐hexadecanol (HD) are generated through microfluidic devices. When organic solvent diffuses through the aqueous phase and evaporates, shrinking emulsion droplets containing HD and polystyrene (PS) will trigger interfacial instabilities to form microparticles with wrinkled surfaces. Interestingly, surface‐textures of the particles can be accurately tailored from smooth to high textures by varying the HD concentration and/or the rate of solvent evaporation. Moreover, composite particles can be generated by suspending different hydrophobic species to the initial polymer solutions. This versatile approach for preparing particles with highly textured surfaces can be extended to other type of hydrophobic polymers which will find potential applications in the fields of drug delivery, tissue engineering, catalysis, coating, and device fabrication.
Superior mesenteric artery aneurysm in a 9‐year‐old boy with classical Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
Authors: de Leeuw K. , Goorhuis J.F. , Tielliu I.F.J. , Symoens S. , Malfait F. , de Paepe A. , van Tintelen J.P. , Hulscher J.B.F.
Published: February 2012

A 9‐year‐old boy with the classical type of Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (EDS) developed a symptomatic aneurysm of the superior mesenteric artery. His EDS diagnosis had been confirmed biochemically and genetically. Vascular complications are known to be associated with the vascular type of EDS, but this is the first report of a child with classical EDS who developed a major vascular complication. Clinicians should be aware that severe vascular complications albeit rare, can also occur in classical EDS. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Consanguinity and occurrence of cleft lip/palate: A hospital‐based registry study in Riyadh
Authors: Ravichandran Kandasamy , Shoukri Mohamed , Aljohar Aziza , Shazia Naz Subhani , Al‐Twaijri Yasmin , Al Jarba Ibtisam
Published: February 2012

This paper focuses on the influence of consanguinity on the occurrence of orofacial clefts. All patients with orofacial clefts registered at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh since June 1999 until December 2009 were included in this study. Patients were classified in two distinct groups: cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL ± P) and isolated cleft palate (CP). Chi‐squared test was used to test independence of variables. Intracluster correlation coefficient was estimated to assess the degree of concordance between siblings. Among 1,171 total patients, CL ± P was found to be more common (64.0%). Males were more likely to be affected with CL ± P (M:F = 1.5:1) and females were more likely to be affected with CP (M:F = 0.9:1; P < 0.0001). About a third of patients had a family history of clefts; family history was more likely to be positive for patients with CL ± P than for patients with CP (33.6% vs. 22.0%; P < 0.0001). Consanguineous relationships were seen in 56.8% of our patients' parents. Family history was more likely to be positive for patients whose parents were consanguineous than those who were non‐consanguineous (34.2% vs. 25.8%; P = 0.003), both for the CL ± P and CP groups. Recurrence among siblings did not differ between those born to consanguineous versus non‐consanguineous parents. Recurrence of clefts in offspring was higher among parents affected by cleft compared to those who were not affected (51.4% vs. 11.4%; P < 0.0001), both for CL ± P and CP groups. Education about anticipated genetic consequences of consanguinity is important for populations with a high degree of consanguinity. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
R179H mutation in ACTA2 expanding the phenotype to include prune‐belly sequence and skin manifestations
Authors: Richer J. , Milewicz D.M. , Gow R. , de Nanassy J. , Maharajh G. , Miller E. , Oppenheimer L. , Weiler G. , O'Connor M.
Published: February 2012

Mutations in ACTA2 (smooth muscle cell—specific isoform of α‐actin) lead to a predisposition to thoracic aortic aneurysms and other vascular diseases. More recently, the ACTA2 R179H mutation has been described in individuals with global smooth muscle dysfunction. We report a patient heterozygous for the mutation in ACTA2 R179H who presented with megacystis at 13 weeks gestational age and, at birth, with prune‐belly sequence. He also had deep skin dimples and creases on his palms and soles, a finding not previously described but possibly related to ACTA2. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the R179H mutation in ACTA2 in a child with prune‐belly sequence. We think the R179H mutation in ACTA2 should be included in the differential diagnosis of individuals presenting with the sequence without an identified mechanical obstruction. Furthermore, as ACTA2 R179H has been reported in patients with severe vasculomyopathy and premature death, we recommend that molecular testing for this mutation be considered in fetuses presenting with fetal megacystis with a normal karyotype, particularly if the bladder diameter is 15 mm or more, to allow expectant parents to make an informed decision. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Newly Discovered Bale Monkey Populations in Forest Fragments in Southern Ethiopia: Evidence of Crop Raiding, Hybridization With Grivets, and Other Conservation Threats
Authors: MEKONNEN ADDISU , BEKELE AFEWORK , FASHING PETER J. , LERNOULD JEAN‐MARC , ATICKEM ANAGAW , STENSETH NILS CHR.
Published: February 2012

Until recently, the Bale monkey (Chlorocebus djamdjamensis), an arboreal primate endemic to the southern Ethiopian highlands, remained virtually unstudied, and its distribution pattern inadequately documented. To broaden our knowledge of the species’ distribution and abundance, we carried out interviews with local people and total count surveys for Bale monkeys across 67 fragmented forest sites in human‐dominated landscapes in the Oromia and Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Regions, Ethiopia. From January 2010 to May 2011, we discovered 26 new Bale monkey populations inhabiting forest fragments at elevations ranging from 2,355 to 3,204 m asl. Across these populations, we recorded 37 groups ranging in size from 9 to 29 individuals (Mean = 19.5, SD = 4.5), for a total of 722 individuals. Black‐and‐white colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza) were sympatric with Bale monkeys at all sites, while grivet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) were found only at sites where Bale monkeys did not occur. All of the newly discovered Bale monkey sites once contained bamboo forest, though at 35% of the sites bamboo forest had been eliminated during the past two decades. The persistence of Bale monkeys at fragmented sites lacking bamboo suggests greater habitat flexibility for the species than previously thought, though the long‐term viability of populations both with and without bamboo remains uncertain. Human hunting in response to crop raiding, a behavior the monkeys engaged in at all sites, represents a major threat facing the newly discovered Bale monkey populations. Furthermore, despite their current lack of sympatry, apparently hybrid individuals between Bale monkeys and grivets were noted at three sites, posing yet another potential obstacle to Bale monkey conservation. Community conservation programs aimed at (1) protecting remaining habitat fragments, (2) planting bamboo and trees within and between fragments, and (3) reducing crop raiding represent the only hope for survival of the newly discovered Bale monkey populations. Am. J. Primatol. 74:423‐432, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transport and dephasing in a quantum dot: Multiply connected graph model
Authors: Treiber M. , Yevtushenko O.M. , von Delft J.
Published: February 2012

Using the theory of diffusion in graphs, we propose a model to study mesoscopic transport through a diffusive quantum dot. The graph consists of three quasi‐1D regions: a central region describing the dot, and two identical left‐ and right‐ wires connected to leads, which mimic contacts of a real system. We find the exact solution of the diffusion equation for this graph and evaluate the conductance including quantum corrections. Our model is complementary to the RMT‐models describing quantum dots. Firstly, it reproduces the universal limit at zero temperature. But the main advantage compared to RMT‐models is that it allows one to take into account interaction‐induced dephasing at finite temperatures. Besides, the crossovers from open to almost closed quantum dots and between different regimes of dephasing can be described within a single framework. We present results for the temperature dependence of the weak localization correction to the conductance for the experimentally relevant parameter range and discuss the possibility to observe the elusive 0D‐regime of dephasing in different mesoscopic systems.
Simplified design and control of an ideal heat‐integrated distillation column (ideal HIDiC)
Authors: Wu Guosong , Huang Kejin , Chen Haisheng , Wang Shaofeng , Wei Ningning , Wang San‐Jang
Published: February 2012

Three kinds of process simplification are derived for an ideal heat‐integrated distillation column (ideal HIDiC: S–0) using three heat exchangers between its rectifying and stripping sections. These include one with the heat exchangers located in the top, middle, and bottom of the ideal HIDiC, respectively (S–1), one with the vapor flows from the rectifying section and compressor as hot flows in the three heat exchangers (S–2), and one with the vapor flow from the rectifying section as sole hot flows in the three heat exchangers (S–3). The impact of process simplification is examined in terms of the separation of a binary mixture of ethylene and ethane. The S–1 appears inferior to the S–0 in thermodynamic efficiency, but with comparable dynamic behaviors. The S–2 and S–3 need lower capital investment and operating cost than the S–1, but with a sharp degradation in process dynamics and controllability. Although the augment of heat transfer areas leads to a reduction in operating cost, almost no favorable effect is identified on process operation. To derive a feasible design of the ideal HIDiC, one must therefore exercise a careful trade‐off between design and operation via the locations of these heat exchangers. © 2012 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A single‐mode rheological model for steady flows of polymer melts
Authors: Yang Jia , Liang Ji‐Zhao , Wang Kejian
Published: February 2012

The steady shear viscosity (ηs), the steady first normal stress coefficient (Ψ1), the steady second normal stress coefficient (Ψ2), and extensional viscosity (ηe) are four important parameters for polymer melts during polymer processing. In this article, we propose a stress and rate‐dependent function to describe creation and destruction of polymer junctions. Moreover, we also introduce a movement expression to describe nonaffine movement of network junctions. Based on network theory, a nonaffine single‐mode rheological model is presented for the steady flow of polymeric melts, and the equations of ηs, Ψ1, Ψ2, and ηe are derived from the model accordingly. Furthermore the dependences of ηs and ηe on model parameters are discussed for the model. Without a complex statistical simulation, the single‐mode model with four parameters yields good quantitative predictions of the steady shear and extensional flows for two low density polyethylene melts reported from previous literature in very wide range of deformation rates. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Effect of talc on thermal stability and flame retardancy of polycarbonate/PSBPBP composite
Authors: Zhao Xiaomin , Wei Ping , Qian Yong , Yu Haizhou , Liu Jiping
Published: February 2012

A novel flame retardant poly(3‐aminopropyl methylsiloxane bis(3‐hydroxy phenyl spirocyclic pentaerythritol bisphosphate)) (PSBPBP) in combination with talc was blended into polycarbonate (PC) by melt compounding. The flame retardancy and thermal stability of PC/PSBPBP/talc composites were investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, UL‐94 rating test, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Raman spectroscopy (RS), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The mechanical properties were also measured in this work. Increasing talc content leads to observed improvement on flame retardancy of PC composites. LOI value of PC/PSBPBP/10 wt % talc system was 34, and this system passed V0 rating in the UL‐94 test. The char yield at 700°C was 28.2% and the onset decomposition temperature shifted up to 540°C for PC/10% PSBPBP/10% talc system in TGA. In the Raman measure, the R value and G linewidth of PC/PSBPBP with 10 wt % talc composite increased to 1.41 and 65 cm−1 from 1.12 and 43 cm−1 of pure PC, respectively. The Raman results suggest that the char residue of PC/PSBPBP with talc composites was denser and had better barrier property, which is agreement with the SEM results. Besides, talc had no remarkable influence on the mechanical properties of PC/PSBPBP composites. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Synthesis and characterization of polybenzimidazole–nanodiamond hybrids via in situ polymerization method
Authors: Zhang Ru , Shi ZhiXing , Liu Yang , Yin Jie
Published: February 2012

Poly[2,2′‐(p‐oxydiphenylene)‐5,5′‐bibenzimidazole] (OPBI) was polymerized in poly(phosphoric acid) (PPA) with the presence of the pristine nanodiamonds (NDs) (0.2–5 wt %) to fabricate NDs‐g‐OPBI/OPBI nanocomposites via Friedel–Crafts (F‐C) reaction. The OPBI chains were successfully attached to the NDs through F‐C reaction between carboxylic acid from OPBI and NDs, which was proved by nuclear magnetic resonance, X‐ray photoelectron, and X‐ray diffraction. NDs‐g‐OPBI/OPBI nanocomposites show more homogeneous dispersion than the physical blending containing pristine NDs and OPBI matrix, as showed through scanning electronic microscopy images. The mechanical properties, including Young's modulus, yield strength, and tensile strength are all improved by the introduction of NDs (<1 wt %) without loss of ductility, which overcomes the brittleness brought by the addition of inorganic reinforced agent in traditional composites. Dynamic mechanical analysis results showed that the modulus of the ND‐g‐OPBI/OPBI nanocomposites was significantly higher than OPBI matrix, and the NDs‐g‐OPBI/OPBI nanocomposites displayed more pronounced improvement than the physical blending, which could be ascribed to the homogeneous dispersion of NDs particles and the covalent bonding between NDs and OPBI via F‐C reaction. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that all the OPBI nanocomposites containing NDs displayed the improved thermal stability. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Electrospinning of type I collagen and PCL nanofibers using acetic acid
Authors: Chakrapani V. Yogeshwar , Gnanamani A. , Giridev V.R. , Madhusoothanan M. , Sekaran G.
Published: February 2012

Fabrication of nanofibrous biomaterials based on natural materials (collagen, gelatin, etc.) through various techniques is an important research topic. Electrospinning, a well‐established technique for nanofiber production has also been extended for producing nanofibrous structures of natural materials. Collagen nanofiber production utilizes hexafluoro isopropanol (HFIP) as a solvent for electrospinning. Research efforts are now focused on replacing HFIP with an environmentally benign solvent. In this study, electrospinning of Type I collagen of bovine skin with polycaprolactone (PCL) as a blend and an environmentally benign solvent, acetic acid, was carried out. The samples produced were subjected to contact angle measurements, porosity estimation, SEM, FTIR, TGA, and DSC. Nanofibers in the range of 100–200 nm were produced with an optimum porosity of 60%. The instrumental analyses confirm the physical interaction between collagen and PCL. Electrospinning of collagen in an environmentally benign solvent has been carried out and its usage in tissue engineering is being investigated by our research group. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Characterization of extruded film based on thermoplastic potato flour
Authors: Zhang Yachuan , Yuan Xin , Thompson Michael R. , Liu Qiang
Published: February 2012

Potato flour is abundant and less expensive than starch, though its major component is starch. It would therefore seem to be an attractive and viable source of biomass for biodegradable thermoplastic products. This study prepared thermoplastic potato flour (TPF) and thermoplastic potato starch (TPS) films by extrusion and investigated their properties. A mixture of glycerol and triethyl citrate (25−35% of total weight) was chosen for the plasticizer. Properties of the TPF film, such as mechanical properties, surface hydrophilicity, surface energy, moisture sorption isotherm, and glass transition temperature (Tg), were characterized and compared with TPS film. The results showed that TPF film was comparable to TPS film in many properties. The mechanical properties of the TPF film, including tensile strength, elongation at break, and tensile modulus, were similar in magnitude to TPS film. In addition, TPF film showed lower Tg and surface hydrophilicity, but higher surface wetting capacity than TPS film. Components other than starch in potato flour were believed to have had a plasticization effect on TPF properties. Overall, potato flour demonstrated a comparable capacity for manufacturing thermoplastic film similar to the more expensive starch feedstock. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Influence of the relative amounts of crystalline and amorphous phases on the mechanical properties of polyamide‐6 nanocomposites
Authors: Gargalaka João , Couto Ricardo A. A. , Constantino Vera R. L. , Toma Henrique E. , Araki Koiti
Published: February 2012

The relative amounts of amorphous and crystalline γ‐ and α‐phases in polyamide‐6 nanocomposites, estimated from the deconvolution of X‐ray diffraction peaks using Gaussian functions, correlates with their mechanical, thermomechanical, and barrier properties. The incorporation of organoclay platelets (Cloisite 15A and 30B) induced the crystallization of the polymer in the γ form at expense of the amorphous phase, such that 1–2 wt % of Cloisite is enough to enhance the mechanical and the thermomechanical properties. However, higher nanofiller loads were necessary to achieve good barrier effects, because this property is mainly dependent on the tortuous path permeation mechanism of the gas molecules through the nanocomposite films. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Effect of solvent nature in casting‐based carbon nanofiber/poly(methyl‐methacrylate) nanocomposites
Authors: Varela‐Rizo Helena , Rodriguez‐Pastor Iluminada , Martin‐Gullon Ignacio
Published: February 2012

Eight different solvents, of different polarities, were used to prepare carbon nanofiber (CNF)/poly(methyl methacrylate nanocomposites by solvent casting. Selected solvents ranged from organic acetone to nonpolar toluene, passing through N‐containing solvents. In addition, pristine and oxygen and nitrogen‐functionalized CNFs were used. Two objectives were pursued: (1) the role of the solvent in the dispersion of the CNFs and (2) the benefit of the functionalization on the dispersion through the stability in the solvent and compatibility with the matrix. The dispersion analysis of the materials leads to the conclusion that solvents containing oxygen groups work better with the oxidized CNFs, similarly solvents containing nitrogen groups with the nitrogen‐functionalized CNFs. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Properties of potassium titanate whisker reinforced polytetrafluoroethylene‐based friction materials of ultrasonic motors
Authors: Fan Yu , Ding Qing‐Jun , Yao Zhi‐Yuan
Published: February 2012

Ultrasonic motors (USMs) are driven by friction forces between a stator and rotor. So the output properties and life of USMs are strongly related to the properties, such as the mechanical and tribological properties, of the frictional materials. In this study, the effects of the content of potassium titanate whiskers (PTWs) on the mechanical and tribological properties of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)‐based friction materials and the performances of the corresponding USMs were studied. The morphology of worn surfaces of PTFE composites were observed with a scanning electron microscope. The experimental results show that the PTWs not only increased the hardness and elastic modulus of the PTFE composites but also increased the friction coefficient and wear resistance of the PTFE composites. On the whole, the PTFE‐based friction materials filled with 5 wt % PTWs were the preferable friction materials for USMs. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Dithienocyclopentathieno[3,2‐b]thiophene Hexacyclic Arene for Solution‐Processed Organic Field‐Effect Transistors and Photovoltaic Applications
Authors: Cheng Yen‐Ju , Chen Chiu‐Hsiang , Lin Tai‐Yen , Hsu Chain‐Shu
Published: February 2012

We have developed a ladder‐type dithienocyclopentathieno[3,2‐b]thiophene (DTCTT) hexacyclic unit in which the central thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene ring was covalently fastened to two adjacent thiophene rings through carbon bridges, thereby forming two connected cyclopentadithiophene (CPDT) units in a hexacyclic coplanar structure. This stannylated Sn‐DTCTT building block was copolymerized with three electron‐deficient acceptors, dibromo‐thieno[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐4,6‐dione (TPD), dibromo‐benzothiadiazole (BT), and dibromo‐phenanthrenequinoxaline (PQX), by Stille polymerization, thereby furnishing a new class of alternating donor–acceptor copolymers: PDTCTTTPD, PDTCTTBT, and PDTCTTPQX, respectively. Field‐effect transistors based on PDTCTTPQX and PDTCTTBT yielded high hole mobilities of 0.017 and 0.053 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively, which are among the highest performances among amorphous donor–acceptor copolymers. A bulk heterojunction solar cell that incorporated PDTCTTTPD with the lower‐lying HOMO energy level delivered a higher Voc value of 0.72 V and a power conversion efficiency (PCE) value of 2.59 %.
Effect of In Utero Wi‐Fi Exposure on the Pre‐ and Postnatal Development of Rats
Authors: Poulletier de Gannes Florence , Haro Emmanuelle , Hurtier Annabelle , Taxile Murielle , Athane Axel , Ait‐Aissa Saliha , Masuda Hiroshi , Percherncier Yann , Ruffié Gilles , Billaudel Bernard , Dufour Philippe , Veyret Bernard , Lagroye Isabelle
Published: February 2012

BACKGROUND

The increase in exposure to the Wireless Fidelity (Wi‐Fi) wireless communication signal has raised public health concerns especially for young people. Animal studies looking at the effects of early life and prenatal exposure to this source of electromagnetic fields, in the radiofrequency (RF) range, on development and behavior have been considered as high priority research needs by the World Health Organization.

METHODS

For the first time, our study assessed the effects of in utero exposure to a 2450 MHz Wi‐Fi signal (2 hr/day, 6 days/week for 18 days) on pregnant rats and their pups. Three levels in terms of whole‐body specific absorption rate were used: 0.08, 0.4, and 4 W/kg. The prenatal study on fetuses delivered by caesarean (P20) concerned five females/group. The dams and their offspring were observed for 28 days after delivery (15 females/group).

RESULTS

For all test conditions, no abnormalities were noted in the pregnant rats and no significant signs of toxicity were observed in the pre‐ and postnatal development of the pups, even at the highest level of 4 W/kg.

CONCLUSIONS

In the present study, no teratogenic effect of repeated exposures to the Wi‐Fi wireless communication signal was demonstrated even at the highest level of 4 W/kg. The results from this screening study aimed at investigating Wi‐Fi effects, strengthen the previous conclusions that teratology and development studies have not detected any noxious effects of exposures to mobile telephony‐related RF fields at exposure levels below standard limits.
Improvement of light emission of Mn‐doped Zn2SiO4 phosphors with sodium
Authors: Hu Yi , Yang Jen‐Pu , Liu Jiun‐Shing
Published: February 2012

Mn‐doped willemite (Zn2SiO4:Mn) green phosphor were synthesized by sol–gel technology. The effect of the addition of sodium, as in the composition Zn(1.92 – X) NaXMn0.08SiO4, on the emission behavior was studied. FT–IR and EPR results revealed that sodium ion is incorporated into the lattice and results in the formation of isolated Mn2+ and Mn–Mn pairs. The maximum emission intensity of the sample under ultraviolet (UV) excitation occurred at the sodium concentration of x = ~0.03. The green emission at about 525 nm is assigned to Mn2+–Mn2+ pair centres on nearest neighbour Zn sites. The highest intensity of the green emission for x = ~0.03 is well close to the highest concentration of the Mn2+–Mn2+ pair. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of arecoline in areca nut based on field amplification in capillary electrophoresis coupled with electrochemiluminescence detection
Authors: Xiang Qian , Gao Ying , Han Bingyan , Li Jing , Xu Yunhong , Yin Jianyuan
Published: February 2012

A sensitive capillary electrophoresis–electrochemiluminescence (CE–ECL) assay with an ionic liquid (IL) was developed for the determination of arecoline in areca nut. The IL, 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMImBF4), was an effective additive improved not only the separation selectivity but also the detection sensitivity of the analyte. BMImBF4 in the separation electrolyte made the resistance of the separation buffer much lower than that of the sample solution, which resulted in an enhanced field amplified electrokinetic injection CE. ECL intensity of arecoline is about two times higher than that of the analyte with phosphate–IL buffer system. Resolution between arecoline and other unknown compounds in real samples was improved. Under the optimized conditions (ECL detection at 1.2 V, 16 kV separation voltage, 20 mmol/L phosphate with 10 mmol/L BMImBF4 buffer at pH 7.50, 5 mmol/L Ru(bpy)32+ and 50 mmol/L phosphate buffer in the detection reservoir), a detection limit of 5 × 10–9 mol/L for arecoline was obtained. Relative standard deviations of the ECL intensity and the migration time were 4.51% and 0.72% for arecoline. This method was successfully applied to determination of the amount of arecoline in areca nut within 450 s. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass on testosterone and prostate-specific antigen
Authors: Woodard G , Ahmed S , Podelski V , Hernandez-Boussard T , Presti J , Morton J M
Published: February 2012

Background

Obese men have lower serum levels of testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA), but an increased risk of dying from prostate cancer. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of surgically induced weight loss on serum testosterone, DHEA and PSA levels in obese men.

Methods

Consecutive men undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) participated in a prospective, longitudinal study. Main outcomes were changes were body mass index (BMI), percentage excess weight loss, serum levels of testosterone, DHEA and PSA, PSA mass and plasma volume, measured before operation and 3, 6 and 12 months later.

Results

In 64 patients, mean BMI fell from 48·2 kg/m2 before operation to 39·2, 35·6 and 32·4 kg/m2 at 3, 6 and 12 months after RYGB. Testosterone levels rose significantly from 259 ng/dl to 386, 452 and 520 ng/dl respectively. Serum PSA levels increased significantly from 0·51 ng/ml to 0·67 ng/ml at 12 months. There were no significant changes in DHEA or PSA mass.

Conclusion

RYGB normalizes the serum testosterone level. PSA levels increase with weight loss and may be inversely correlated with changes in plasma volume, indicating that PSA levels may be artificially low in obese men owing to haemodilution.
Compatibility of the HINTEGRA prostheses with Korean ankles as evaluated on the basis of cadaveric measurements
Authors: Eun Sang Soo , Lee Woo‐Chun , Lee Sang‐Ho , Paik Doo Jin , Hwang Young‐Il
Published: February 2012

The purpose of this study was to obtain anatomical measurements of the distal tibia and talus of Korean ankles and to evaluate, based on those measurements, the compatibility of the HINTEGRA prostheses in the context of total ankle replacement (TAR). We measured the length, width, height, and angles of the distal tibia and talus of 51 cadavers and compared these measurements with the corresponding dimensions of the HINTEGRA prostheses. The male ankles were larger than the female ones as was expected, but their overall shapes did not differ, which fact validates use of the prostheses irrespective of patients' sex. The dimensions of the talus itself did not differ significantly from those previously reported for American whites and blacks and South African whites. This might suggest a possibility that the HINTEGRA prostheses, being used in these countries, would be compatible to Korean ankles, too. In fact, the length range of the talar components was generally compatible with those derived from cadaveric measurements of the trochlea. However, the widths of the tibial and talar components were not completely compatible to Korean ankles. Above all, the length of the large‐sized tibial components was much longer than the largest ankles, which would confine the choice of prosthesis mainly to small‐sized ones for arthroplasty in Korea. Even though these prostheses are currently used, some modifications are needed to extend their usability in Korea, such as shortening and width/length ratio adjustment of the tibial component, and of the talar component accordingly. Clin. Anat. 25:1087–1092, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sonogashira–Hagihara Coupling towards Diaryl Alkynes Catalyzed by FeCl3⋅6 H2O/Cationic 2,2'‐Bipyridyl
Authors: Hung Tzu‐Ting , Huang Chun‐Min , Tsai Fu‐Yu
Published: February 2012

Efficient and environmentally benign one‐pot Sonogashira–Hagihara coupling of aryl iodides with 4‐aryl‐2‐methylbut‐3‐yn‐2‐ols catalyzed by an FeCl3⋅6 H2O/cationic 2,2'‐bipyridyl system in water under air in the presence of zinc powder reductant was performed. Various aryl iodides and 4‐aryl‐2‐methylbut‐3‐yn‐2‐ols were used as reactants, which afforded moderate to high yields of cross‐coupled products. Although alkyl‐substituted 2‐methylbut‐3‐yn‐2‐ol could not be coupled with aryl iodides, the use of alkyl terminal alkynes under similar conditions provided the corresponding products in moderate yields. This reaction protocol was also used to synthesize both symmetric and asymmetric 1,4‐diarylbuta‐1,3‐diynes. This one‐pot iron‐catalyzed Sonogashira–Hagihara coupling reaction progressed without the use of an organic solvent, a copper cocatalyst, or an inert atmosphere, rendering it an environmentally friendly method with potential for practical applications.
CO2 Capture in SOFC by Vapor Condensation and CH4 Production in SOEC Storing Excess Electricity
Authors: Schlitzberger C. , Brinkmeier N. O. , Leithner R.
Published: February 2012

Simple CO2 capture in combined solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) gasification or reforming (of hydrocarbons – fossil or biomass) cycles by condensing the water vapor of the anode exhaust gas after CO shifting and H2 recycling by a membrane is simulated. High efficiency of about 60 % is demonstrated. The separated CO2 can be stored in a two‐chamber tank at the same pressure and temperature as methane on the two sides of a flexible membrane which divides the tank into chambers since 1 mol CH4 results in 1 mol CO2. In a solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC), CO2 and steam can be recombined to CH4 using excess electricity, e.g., produced by wind or solar power, and O2 is left over. Thus, excess electricity can be stored chemically. Such a cycle allows hybrid vehicles with SOFC as range extender, running as zero‐emission vehicles also when using natural gas.
Dual Emission from Rhenium(I) Complexes Induced by an Interligand Aromatic Interaction
Authors: Morimoto Tatsuki , Ito Megumi , Koike Kazuhide , Kojima Tatsuhiro , Ozeki Tomoji , Ishitani Osamu
Published: February 2012

A series of rhenium(I) diimine complexes cis,trans‐[Re(dmb)(CO)2(PR1R2R3)(PR4R5R6)]+ (dmb=4,4′‐dimethyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine, Rn=phenyl or alkyl), each of which bears two phosphine ligands with various numbers of phenyl groups, has been synthesized by using the photochemical ligand‐substitution reaction. Detailed studies of the structural features, not only in the crystal but also in solution, indicate that the number of phenyl groups is a crucial factor in controlling the rotational conformation of the phosphine ligands, which in turn determines the extent of the π–π interaction between the aromatic diimine ligand and the phenyl group(s). The π–π interaction strongly affected both electrochemical and photophysical properties: 1) the oxidation power of the Re complex became stronger, 2) the lifetime of the excited state became longer, and 3) the Stokes shift between the 1MLCT absorption band and emission from the corresponding 3MLCT excited state became smaller. In particular, the diphenyl and triphenyl phosphine had much greater influence on the properties than the monophenyl phosphine ligand. Dual emission was observed from the different rotational conformers of the complexes with an intermediate number of phenyl groups in the phosphine ligands.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Engineering Design to Resolve the Layering Habit and Polymorphism Problems in Deep UV NLO Crystals: New Structures in MM′Be2B2O6F (M: Na, M′: Ca; M: K, M′: Ca, Sr).
Authors: Huang Hongwei , Yao Jiyong , Lin Zheshuai , Wang Xiaoyang , He Ran , Yao Wenjiao , Zhai Naixia , Chen Chuangtian
Published: February 2012

NaCaBe2B2O6F (I), KCaBe2B2O6F (II), and KSrBe2B2O6F (III) are prepared by solid state reaction using CaCO3, SrCO3, BeO, B2O3, NaF, KF, CaF2, and SrF2 as starting materials (710—740 °C, 48 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Metal Oxidation with N2O5: The Nitrosylium Nitrates (NO)Cu(NO3)3, (NO)2[Zn(NO3)4] and (NO)6 [Ni4(NO3)12] (NO3)2·(HNO3).
Authors: Gagelmann Steffen , Riess Katja , Wickleder Mathias S.
Published: February 2012

N2O5 is prepared by reaction of fuming HNO3 with P4O10 and directly condensed on the metal powders.
ChemInform Abstract: α‐Diketones as Acyl Anion Equivalents: A Non‐Enzymatic Thiamine‐Promoted Route to Aldehyde—Ketone Coupling in PEG400 as Recyclable Medium.
Authors: Bortolini Olga , Fantin Giancarlo , Fogagnolo Marco , Giovannini Pier Paolo , Venturi Valentina , Pacifico Salvatore , Massi Alessandro
Published: February 2012

The homocoupling reaction of α‐diketones, e.g. (I), is smoothly mediated by thiazolium salt HETP or, more conveniently, by catalytic amounts of commercially available thiazolium salt HEBT.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Efficient and Chemoselective Method for the Reduction of Nitriles Using the System Silane/Oxo‐Rhenium Complexes.
Authors: Cabrita Ivania , Fernandes Ana C.
Published: February 2012

Title reaction tolerates a wide range of functional groups, including aromatic halides, sulfone, sulfonamide and (thio)ether groups.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Pd‐Catalyzed Coupling of Hydrazine Derivatives with Aryl Halides.
Authors: Ma Fang‐Fang , Peng Zhi‐Yong , Li Wan‐Fang , Xie Xiao‐Min , Zhang Zhaoguo
Published: February 2012

A convenient protocol is developed to give a variety of ortho‐, meta‐, and para‐substituted N‐arylhydrazines.
ChemInform Abstract: The Hydroamination of Alkenes with Sulfonamides Catalyzed by the Recyclable Silica Gel Supported Triflic Acid.
Authors: Liu Pei Nian , Xia Fei , Zhao Zheng Le , Wang Qing Wei , Ren Yu Jie
Published: February 2012

Two versions including triflic acid adsorbed on silica gel are used for the title reaction and generally similar yields are produced.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereocontrolled Formation of Styrenes by Pd(0)‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Photoactivated (E)‐Alkenylgermanes with Aryl Bromides.
Authors: Tseng Chih‐Chung , Li Mungyuen , Mo Bingli , Warren Sarah A. , Spivey Alan C.
Published: February 2012

The use of PCy3.HBF4 instead of P(o‐tolyl)3 gives higher (E)‐selectivity, cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbon Dioxide Mediated Synthesis of 3(2H)‐Furanones from Diyne Alcohols.
Authors: Yuan Gaoqing , He Zaijun , Zheng Junhua , Chen Zhengwang , Huang Huawen , Shi Dabin , Qi Chaorong , Jiang Huanfeng
Published: February 2012

The metal‐free procedure renders possible the preparation of various furanone structures bearing a benzylic side chain.
ChemInform Abstract: Water‐Compatible One‐Pot Organocatalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Cyclic Nitrones. Application in Intramolecular 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition.
Authors: Sadaba David , Delso Ignacio , Tefero Tomas , Merino Pedro
Published: February 2012

A series of enantiopure five‐membered cyclic nitrones (III) is synthesized through asymmetric Michael addition of enolizable aldehydes to nitroalkenes followed by one‐pot Zn‐promoted reductive cyclization.