bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An approximate dynamic programing approach to the development of heuristics for the scheduling of impatient jobs in a clearing system
Authors: Li Dong , Glazebrook Kevin D.
Published: January 2010

A single server is faced with a collection of jobs of varying duration and urgency. Each job has a random lifetime during which it is available for nonpreemptive service. Should a job's lifetime expire before its service begins then it is lost from the system unserved. The goal is to schedule the jobs for service to maximize the expected number served to completion. Two heuristics have been proposed in the literature. One (labeled πS) operates a static priority among the job classes and works well in a “no premature job loss” limit, whereas the second (πM) is a myopic heuristic which works well when lifetimes are short. Both can exhibit poor performance for problems at some distance from the regimes for which they were designed. We develop a robustly good heuristic by an approximative approach to the application of a policy improvement step to the asymptotically optimal heuristic πS, in which we use a fluid model to obtain an approximation for the value function of πS. The performance of the proposed heuristic is investigated in an extensive numerical study. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 2010
Exposure of adolescents and young adults to alcohol advertising in Brazil
Authors: Pinsky Ilana , Jundi Sami A. R. J. El , Sanches Marcos , Zaleski Marcos J. B. , Laranjeira Ronaldo R. , Caetano Raul
Published: January 2010

With the objective of examining adolescents' and young adults' exposure to alcohol advertising in Brazil as well as the relationship between exposure and heavy alcohol consumption, 3007 subjects were selected through a multistage cluster sample procedure from households in 143 municipalities in all Brazilian states and interviewed between November 2005 and April 2006. Data presented here come from a subsample of 1091 interviews with adolescents (661 with 14–17 years old) and young adults (430 with 18–25 years old), and were collected on sociodemographic characteristics, alcohol consumption, alcohol advertising exposure and exposure to prevention messages. The authors observed that 61% of the sample reported exposure to alcohol advertising in different media, from ‘almost every day’ to ‘more than once a day’ in the previous month. 12% reported seeing an alcohol prevention message. Participating in alcohol promotions in pubs, restaurants or the internet was reported by 10.7% of the adolescents and was significantly associated with patterns of high intensity drinking. Adolescents were as exposed as, and sometimes more, than young adults, leading the authors to conclude that youngsters were heavily exposed to alcohol marketing messages.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polymeric dopant effects of bent‐core covalent‐bonded and hydrogen‐bonded structures on banana‐shaped liquid crystalline complexes
Authors: Yang Po‐jen , Wang Ling‐yung , Tang Chieh‐yin , Lin Hong‐Cheu
Published: January 2010

Two series of banana‐shaped liquid crystalline (LC) H‐bonded complexes HPm/CBn (i.e., bent‐core H‐bonded side‐chain homopolymer HP mixed with bent‐core covalent‐bonded small molecule CB) and CPm/HBn (i.e., bent‐core covalent‐bonded side‐chain homopolymer CP mixed with bent‐core H‐bonded small molecular complex HB) with various m/n molar ratios were developed. The bent‐core covalent‐ and H‐bonded structural moieties were homopolymerized in the banana‐shaped LC H‐bonded complexes HPm/CBn and CPm/HBn, respectively. The influences of m/n molar ratios (polymeric moieties vs. small molecular moieties) on the mesomorphic and electro‐optical properties of both banana‐shaped LC H‐bonded complexes HPm/CBn and CPm/HBn were investigated. The polar smectic phases could be achieved and stabilized by smaller contents of polymeric dopants in banana‐shaped LC H‐bonded complexes, such as HP1/CB10, HP1/CB15, CP1/HB10, and CP1/HB15, which possessed tunable spontaneous polarization (Ps) values according to the molar ratios of m/n, that is, lower Ps values obtained in H‐bonded complexes HPm /CBn and CPm / HBn with higher ratios of H‐bonded moieties (larger m/n molar ratios), respectively. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 764–774, 2010
The power of thiol‐ene chemistry
Authors: Kade Matthew J. , Burke Daniel J. , Hawker Craig J.
Published: January 2010

As a tribute to Professor Charlie Hoyle, we take the opportunity to review the impact of thiol‐ene chemistry on polymer and materials science over the past 5 years. During this time, a renaissance in thiol‐ene chemistry has occurred with recent progress demonstrating its unique advantages when compared with traditional coupling and functionalization strategies. Additionally, the robust nature of thiol‐ene chemistry allows for the preparation of well‐defined materials with few structural limitations and synthetic requirements. To illustrate these features, the utility of thiol‐ene reactions for network formation, polymer functionalization, dendrimer synthesis, and the decoration of three‐dimensional objects is discussed. Also, the development of the closely related thiol‐yne chemistry is described. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 743–750, 2010
Reversible coordinative chain transfer polymerization of styrene by rare earth borohydrides, chlorides/dialkylmagnesium systems
Authors: Zinck Philippe , Valente Andreia , Bonnet Fanny , Violante Ana , Mortreux André , Visseaux Marc , Ilinca Simona , Duchateau Rob , Roussel Pascal
Published: January 2010

The ability of various rare earth borohydride and chloride complexes/n‐butylethylmagnesium systems to operate styrene chain transfer polymerization in mild conditions has been assessed. Thirteen precatalysts have been considered: the rare earth trisborohydrides Ln(BH4)3(THF)x (x = 3, Ln = Nd (1), La (2), Sm (3), x = 2, Ln = Y (4), Sc (5)), the rare earth chlorides LnCl3(THF)x (x = 3, Ln = Nd (6), La (7), Sm (8), Y (9), x = 2, Ln = Sc (10)), the mixed La(BH4)2Cl(THF)2.6 (11) and the half‐lanthanidocenes Cp*Ln(BH4)2(THF)2 (Ln = Nd (12), La (13)). Six systems were found to be active precatalysts for the polymerization of styrene. 1, 2, and 11 led to an efficient transmetalation of the growing polystyrene chain with the simultaneous occurrence of βH elimination, whereas 7, 12, and 13 led to catalyzed chain growth behavior. It is noteworthy that the catalyzed chain growth obtained with 12 and 13 occurs with significant stereoselectivity. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 802–814, 2010
Effect of oligonucleotide conformation on its facilitation efficiency on negatively charged micelle‐to‐vesicle transition
Authors: Guo Xia , Li Hua , Ran Xiangmei , Gong Zhiyun , Guo Rong
Published: January 2010

In our previous article, we reported for the first time that the oligonucleotides composed of one nucleotide species, for example, oligo d(A)n, oligo d(C)n, and oligo d(T)n, could facilitate negatively charged sodium dodecyl sulfate/dodecyl triethyl ammonium bromide mixed micelles to transform to vesicles. In this study, we will report the facilitation ability of self‐complementary hairpin‐structured oligonucleotides, oligo d(AnCTn) and oligo d(AT)nACT(AT)n (or oligo d(AT)nC(AT)n), on micelle‐to‐vesicle transition. It is found that the facilitation behavior of hairpin‐structured oligonucleotide is different from that of the oligonucleotide comprising one base species, and the facilitation efficiency of hairpin‐structured oligonucleotide is closely dependent on the sequence of bases A and T; oligo d(AnCTn) is more efficient than oligo d(AT)nACT(AT)n (or oligo d(AT)nC(AT)n). Moreover, oligo d(AnCTn) is more efficient than oligo d(A)n, oligo d(C)n, and oligo d(T)n. Since so far, there is very limited report about the facilitation effect of oligonucleotide and DNA on vesicle formation as well as the role of their conformation in their interaction with surfactant, this study should be expected to provide some helpful information for the application of DNA/amphiphile system. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 852–860, 2010
Synthesis and gas permeation properties of poly(diarylacetylene)s having substituted and twisted biphenyl moieties
Authors: Hu Yanming , Shimizu Toshiyuki , Hattori Kyohei , Shiotsuki Masashi , Sanda Fumio , Masuda Toshio
Published: January 2010

Diarylacetylene monomers containing substituted biphenyl (1a–f) and anthryl (1g) groups were synthesized and then polymerized with TaCl5‐n‐Bu4Sn catalyst to produce the corresponding poly(diarylacetylene)s (2a–g). Polymers 2a–f were soluble in common organic solvents such as cyclohexane, toluene, and chloroform. According to thermogravimetric analysis, the onset temperatures of weight loss of the polymers were over 400 °C in air, indicating considerably high thermal stability. Free‐standing membranes 2a and 2c–e were prepared by the solution casting method. Desilylation of Si‐containing membrane 2c was carried out with trifluoroacetic acid to afford 3c. All the polymer membranes, especially those having twisted biphenyl groups, exhibited high gas permeability; for example, their oxygen permeability (PO2) values ranged from 130 to 1400 barrers. Membrane 2d having two chlorine atoms in the biphenyl group showed the highest gas permeability (PO2 = 1400 barrers) among the present polymers. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 861–868, 2010
Living cationic polymerization of isobutyl vinyl ether using a variety of metal oxides as heterogeneous catalysts: Robust, reusable, and environmentally benign initiating systems
Authors: Kanazawa Arihiro , Kanaoka Shokyoku , Aoshima Sadahito
Published: January 2010

Cationic polymerization of isobutyl vinyl ether (IBVE) was examined using a variety of metal oxides in conjunction with IBVE–HCl adduct as a cationogen in toluene at 0 °C. Iron oxides (α‐Fe2O3, γ‐Fe2O3, and Fe3O4) induced living polymerization in the presence of an added base, ethyl acetate or 1,4‐dioxane, to give polymers with very narrow molecular weight distributions (MWDs). Conversely, with other metal oxides such as Ga2O3, In2O3, ZnO, Co3O4, and Bi2O3, polymers with bimodal MWDs, including long‐lived species along with uncontrolled higher molecular weight portions, were produced in the presence of an added base. A small amount of nBu4NCl or 2,6‐di‐tert‐butylpyridine (DTBP) suppressed the uncontrolled portion to induce controlled reactions with Ga2O3, In2O3, and ZnO. The roles of these reagents are discussed in terms of the nature of the active sites of the catalyst surface and the polymerization mechanisms. In addition, the reusability of the catalyst, the effect of stirring before and during polymerization, and the estimation of the number of active sites are also described. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 916–926, 2010
Magnetic polyvinylamine nanoparticles by in situ precipitation reaction
Authors: Mohammadi Zahra , Wang Xiang , Berkland Cory
Published: January 2010

Magnetic nanoparticles represent emerging tools in biomedical and pharmaceutical research. Because in most cases, the surfaces of these nanoparticles are hydrophobic, surface modifiers are usually applied to stabilize the colloidal suspension in an aqueous media. This investigation reports a simple technique for the preparation of MnFe2O4 synthesized within polyvinylamine (PVAm) nanoparticle reactors. Magnetite nanoparticles were previously synthesized using a similar scheme; however, substituting MnFe2O4 for Fe3O4 improved nanoparticle magnetization properties and further established the synthetic approach. PVAm nanoparticles exhibited more than 18% manganese ferrite loading by weight, a saturation magnetization of ∼ 40 emu/g of MnFe2O4, excellent colloidal stability, and reactive primary amines for possible drug conjugation or surface modification. Transmission electron micrographs revealed that the dispersions contained ∼ 50 nm PVAm nanoparticles incorporating manganese ferrite particles with a size less than ∼ 7 nm. This reaction scheme further justifies a unique synthetic methodology for magnetic nanoparticles offering potential use in contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging or drug delivery. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 991–996, 2010
Intrastrand foldamer crosslinking by reductive amination
Authors: Smaldone Ronald A. , Lin En‐chi , Moore Jeffrey S.
Published: January 2010

A series of m‐phenylene ethynylene (mPE) foldamers were crosslinked in their helical conformation using a reductive amination‐based strategy. This was accomplished by placing aldehyde moieties in the backbone of the oligomer at specific residues, which allowed a diamine crosslinker to covalently link the helical loops together. Three different foldamers with crosslinks placed at different locations in the backbone were synthesized and characterized by mass spectrometry, 1H NMR, and gel permeation chromatography. The effect of the crosslinking on the stability of the folded state was evaluated through solvent denaturation studies. These studies show a reduction in the oligomer's ability to unfold of up to 30% relative to an unmodified mPE oligomer of the same length in solvents that promote unfolding. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 927–935, 2010
Synthesis of statistical and block copolymers containing adamantyl and norbornyl moieties by reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization
Authors: Lou Qin , Kishpaugh Matthew A. , Shipp Devon A.
Published: January 2010

The synthesis of statistical and block copolymers, consisting of monomers often used as resist materials in photolithography, using reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization is reported. Methacrylate and acrylate monomers with norbornyl and adamantyl moieties were polymerized using both dithioester and trithiocarbonate RAFT agents. Block copolymers containing such monomers were made with poly(methyl acrylate) and polystyrene macro‐RAFT agents. In addition to have the ability to control molecular weight, polydispersity, and allow block copolymer formation, the polymers made via RAFT polymerization required end‐group removal to avoid complications during the photolithography. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 943–951, 2010
Nucleation effect of cyclodextrin inclusion complexes on the crystallization of isotactic poly(1‐butene)
Authors: Li Chun , Isshiki Naoe , Saito Hiromu , Kohno Kazufumi , Toyota Akinori
Published: January 2010

The β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) and γ‐cyclodextrin (γ‐CD) inclusion complexes (ICs) with four kinds of polyolefin were prepared. The crystallization behavior of isotactic poly(1‐butene) (iPB‐1) blended with these CDs and ICs was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, polarized optical microscopy, and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. The iPB‐1 blended with the ICs was found to exhibit higher crystallization temperature (TC), smaller spherulites, and faster crystallization rate than neat iPB‐1. These results indicate that the ICs can act as nucleating agent on the crystallization of iPB‐1 and induce the accelerated crystallization. The guest molecules of ICs play an important role in the nucleation effect of ICs on the crystallization of iPB‐1. ICs with polyolefin having higher TC as guest molecules have higher nucleation effect than the one with polyolefin having lower TC as guest molecules. And, the CDs and ICs induce different crystal form of iPB‐1. The crystal of iPB‐1 blended with CDs is defective, whereas the crystal of iPB‐1 blended with ICs is more perfect. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 389–395, 2010
Dimensional stability of sparse network microstructures formed by photopolymerization‐induced phase separation
Authors: Guenthner Andrew J. , Hess David M. , Cash Jessica J.
Published: January 2010

The morphology of sparse filament networks formed during photopolymerization‐induced phase separation of mixtures of NOA81 (a UV‐curable thiol‐ene adhesive) in mixed cosolvents consisting of water, diglyme, and polyethers of varying molecular weight was investigated as a function of the molecular weight and relative amount of the polyethers used. During photopolymerization (50 mW/cm−2 of 365 nm radiation for 60 s) of solutions containing 5 wt % NOA81 and a total oligo‐ether or polyether to water ratio of 8:1 by weight, viscoelastic phase separation produced a sparse network of interconnected NOA81 filaments. During the subsequent evaporation and/or solidification of the solvents, the network compacted significantly via a collapse process that was curtailed by increasing both the weight fraction and molecular weight of the nonvolatile polyether. The influence of mass and momentum transport processes on the collapse of the phase‐separated network and the resultant final morphology was determined with the aid of dimensional analysis, leading to the identification of sedimentation and compaction driven by the motion of the interface as key factors. The networks exhibiting the least collapse combine a high level of interconnectivity and specific surface area with a low occupied volume fraction while being fabricated via a simple, template‐free process. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 396–410, 2010
Optical characterization of polycarbonate: Influence of additives on optical properties
Authors: Aden Mirko , Roesner Andreas , Olowinsky Alexander
Published: January 2010

In laser transmission welding of thermoplastics the optical properties of the joining parts determine the quality of the welding result. Especially, the scattering of laser radiation in the transparent welding part has an impact on weld seam properties. This scattering is caused by additives. For polycarbonate (PC) with different additives the transmittance, the reflectance and the collimated transmittance are measured with a UV‐VIS‐NIR spectrometer. From this data, the optical properties, such as scattering coefficient, absorption coefficient, and anisotropy factor are calculated. The calculations are made with the aid of the four‐flux model of radiation transport in the diffusive approximation. The results show that the additives have a significant influence on the scattering coefficient. For most additives under consideration the scattering is forward directed, which means that most of the radiation is transmitted into the absorbing welding part. However, the power density distribution of the transmitted radiation may differ significantly from PC without additives. So, the weld seam may also differ due to different additives. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 451–455, 2010
Nucleation of isotactic polypropylene crystallization by gold nanoparticles
Authors: Masirek Robert , Szkudlarek Ewelina , Piorkowska Ewa , Slouf Miroslav , Kratochvil Jaroslav , Baldrian Josef
Published: January 2010

Nucleation of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) crystallization by gold (Au) nanoparticles was studied. Regardless of their size, 4.3, 8.8, 28.3, and 84.5 nm, all particles were able to nucleate spherulites when deposited on the iPP surface. However, when added and melt‐mixed with iPP, only the smallest particles affected significantly the iPP bulk crystallization. Au nanoparticles larger than 4.3 nm, at the concentration of 0.001 wt %, did not influence the crystallization of iPP. Contrary to this, 0.001 and 0.005 wt % of Au nanoparticles having the size of 4.3 nm increased crystallization temperature of the iPP by 7–8 °C and decreased markedly the sizes of polycrystalline aggregates. Aggregation of Au nanoparticles in the polymer matrix was evidenced by electron microscopy and contributed to their decreased effectiveness in the nucleation of iPP crystallization. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 469–478, 2010
The Best of pss
Authors: Stutzmann Martin
Published: January 2010

Contrary to the overall trend in the worldwide economy, 2009 actually has turned out a good year for the physica status solidi journal series. With more than 10.000 published pages, pss (a), pss (b), pss (c), and pss (RRL) continue to be major players on the stage of journals covering the entire broad spectrum of solid state physics. While more and more highly specialized journals appear on the market, the broad scope of physica status solidi constitutes an opportunity and a challenge at the same time: An opportunity for those who from time to time look across the borders of their own field of specialization and become interested in and are inspired by seemingly unrelated results of colleagues in other fields. A challenge, because the organization of a high quality peer review process for a broad range of topics requires a much larger base of knowledgeable referees and puts a higher demand on the Editorial Boards and the editorial staff. Although we at physica status solidi are certainly not perfect, I am confident that we have done a pretty good job here again in 2009.

This is reflected by the continuously increasing Impact Factor of the ISI‐listed pss journals (see figure), as well as by the large number of accesses and downloads on the internet. We are particularly proud of the fact that the first official Impact Factor of the youngest member in the pss family, the Rapid Research Letters, is higher than 2. This is definitely a good start and motivates us to further develop the unique profile of pss (RRL) as the fastest peer‐reviewed journal in solid state physics.

To give you an idea of the broad range of topics covered by the various journals of the pss series, below please find a list [1–16] of highly cited, respectively downloaded, or otherwise outstanding articles published in 2008/2009. They reflect the many scientific facets of modern solid state physics: solar cells, carbon‐based materials, spin physics and magnetism, nanotechnology, electronic devices, solid state theory, ferroelectricity, auxetic materials, photocatalysis, organic/inorganic hybrid systems, etc., etc. This ‘Best of pss’ collection can also be reached through the materials science portal of Wiley‐VCH materialsviews.com, and all articles are freely accessible until June. If you have a couple of minutes or – even better – an hour, just browse through this list and enjoy!

My best personal wishes and thanks go to all our contributors, readers, referees, my fellow Editors, and the dedicated staff of the Editorial Office in Berlin. May 2010 be a good year for all of you!
Multifaceted activity of HIV Vpr/Vpx proteins: the current view of their virological functions
Authors: Fujita Mikako , Otsuka Masami , Nomaguchi Masako , Adachi Akio
Published: January 2010

Primate immunodeficiency viruses encode viral proteins that are uniquely auxiliary to their growth in host cells. Of these accessory proteins, those designated Vpr and Vpx are least well understood with respect to their functions in the viral replication cycle. Moreover, their assigned roles based on the results in published studies remain controversial. This review summarises current knowledge on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Vpr/Vpx proteins, and discusses their functional activities during the viral life cycle in macrophages and T lymphocytes, the two major target cells of HIV infection. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Escape of herpesviruses from the nucleus
Authors: Lee Chung‐Pei , Chen Mei‐Ru
Published: January 2010

The nuclear envelope of eukaryotic cells is composed of double lipid‐bilayer membranes, the membrane‐connected nuclear pore complexes and an underlying nuclear lamina network. The nuclear pore complexes serve as gates for regulating the transport of macromolecules between cytoplasm and nucleus. The nuclear lamina not only provides an intact meshwork for maintaining the nuclear stiffness but also presents a natural barrier against most DNA viruses. Herpesviruses are large DNA viruses associated with multiple human and animal diseases. The complex herpesviral virion contains more than 30 viral proteins. After viral DNA replication, the newly synthesised genome is packaged into the pre‐assembled intranuclear capsid. The nucleocapsid must then transverse through the nuclear envelope to the cytoplasm for the subsequent maturation process. Information regarding how nucleocapsid breaches the rigid nuclear lamina barrier and accesses the inner nuclear membrane for primary envelopment has emerged recently. From the point of view of both viral components and nuclear structure, this review summarises recent advances in the complicated protein–protein interactions and the phosphorylation regulations involved in the nuclear egress of herpesviral nucleocapsids. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Weight of a link in a shortest path tree and the Dedekind Eta function
Authors: Van Mieghem Piet
Published: January 2010

The weight of a randomly chosen link in the shortest path tree on the complete graph with exponential i.i.d. link weights is studied. The corresponding exact probability generating function and the asymptotic law are derived. As a remarkable coincidence, this asymptotic law is precisely the same as the distribution of the cost of one “job” in the random assignment problem. We also show that the asymptotic (scaled) maximum interattachment time to that shortest path tree, which is a uniform recursive tree, equals the square of the Dedekind Eta function, a central function in modular forms, elliptic functions, and the theory of partitions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2010
Multi‐ink pattern generation by dip‐pen nanolithography®
Authors: Jang Jae‐Won , Smetana Alexander , Stiles Paul
Published: January 2010

Multiplexed patterns of hydrogels and phospholipids with fluorescent dyes are accomplished by dip‐pen nanolithography® (DPN®). For example, four different dye‐labeled hydrogel dot arrays are DPN® patterned within 50×50 µm2 area, and two different dye‐doped phospholipids dots and letters with less than 1 µm line‐width are also DPN® patterned. We demonstrate that multi‐ink patterns with precise alignment are able to be printed by DPN® within a micron‐scale. Moreover, this multi‐ink DPN® patterning methodology can be extended to delicate bio‐materials printing in a subcellular scale with accurate positioning control. SCANNING 32: 24–29, 2010. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cord entanglement and perinatal outcome in monoamniotic twin pregnancies
Authors: Dias T. , Mahsud‐Dornan S. , Bhide A. , Papageorghiou A. T. , Thilaganathan B.
Published: January 2010

Objectives

To assess the prevalence of cord entanglement and perinatal outcome in a large series of monoamniotic twin pregnancies and to review the recent literature on similar published large series.

Methods

Prospective observational study of all prenatally detected cases of monoamniotic twin pregnancies during an 8‐year period in a tertiary fetal medicine unit. A Medline database review for publications since 2000 containing five or more cases of monoamniotic pregnancies that showed data on cord entanglement and perinatal outcome was also undertaken.

Results

A total of 32 monoamniotic pregnancies were diagnosed during the study period, including three conjoined twins, seven pregnancies with twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) syndrome, three surgical pregnancy interruptions for discordant fetal abnormality and one miscarriage before 16 weeks' gestation. The remaining 18 monoamniotic pregnancies were included in the study analysis. All monoamniotic pregnancies were complicated with antenatal cord entanglement diagnosed by B‐mode and color Doppler ultrasound. There were 34 live births and a double intrauterine death diagnosed at 19 + 2 weeks' gestation. There were two late neonatal deaths, one from congenital complete heart block and the other after surgery for transposition of the great arteries. The overall perinatal loss rate was 11.1% after 16 weeks and 5.9% after 20 weeks' gestation. The cumulative rates of cord entanglement and perinatal mortality in the reviewed literature were 74% and 21%, respectively.

Conclusions

Umbilical cord entanglement is present in all monoamniotic twins when it is systematically evaluated by ultrasound and color Doppler. Perinatal mortality in monoamniotic twins is mainly a consequence of conjoined twins, TRAP, discordant anomaly and spontaneous miscarriage before 20 weeks' gestation. Expectantly managed monoamniotic twins after 20 weeks have a very good prognosis despite the finding of cord entanglement. The practice of elective very preterm delivery or other interventions to prevent cord accidents in monoamniotic twins should be re‐evaluated. Copyright © 2010 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developmental outcome of isolated fetal microcephaly
Authors: Stoler‐Poria S. , Lev D. , Schweiger A. , Lerman‐Sagie T. , Malinger G.
Published: January 2010

Objective

To assess the neurodevelopmental outcome of children with prenatally diagnosed isolated microcephaly defined as head circumference more than 2 SD below the gestational mean.

Methods

Children aged 2–6 years who had been diagnosed in utero as having head circumference measurements more than 2 SD below the gestational mean were compared with normocephalic children, utilizing a standard neuropsychological battery. Comparisons were also made within the study group.

Results

HCs were between −2 and −4.8 SD, only one fetus having a HC below −3 SD. Children with a prenatal head circumference between 2 SD and 3 SD below the gestational mean did not differ significantly from the control group regarding cognitive, language and motor functioning. However, they exhibited more behavioral‐emotional problems. There were no significant differences between children who had suffered from intrauterine growth restriction and those who had not, or between those with familial and those with non‐familial microcephaly. Nevertheless, linear regression analysis showed that head circumference in utero helps predict cognitive functioning later in life.

Conclusions

Prenatally diagnosed head circumference between 2 SD and 3 SD below the gestational mean is not a risk factor for later abnormal neuropsychological development. Copyright © 2010 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Value of ultrasonographic detection of normal ovarian tissue in the differential diagnosis of adnexal masses in pediatric patients
Authors: Stankovic Z. B. , Bjelica A. , Djukic M. K. , Savic D.
Published: January 2010

Objective

The aim of the study was to evaluate whether the presence of normal ovarian tissue, the ‘ovarian crescent sign’ (OCS), could assist in the differential diagnosis between benign and malignant adnexal masses in young patients.

Methods

This was a prospective observational study, from March 2004 to January 2006, which included 98 patients younger than 20 years of age (including two with bilateral tumors) with an ultrasonographic diagnosis of an adnexal mass. Morphological assessment using the Ueland index was performed in each case. Patients were also systematically examined for the presence of the OCS and a comparison was made with the Ueland index. All findings in surgically treated patients were compared with the final histological diagnosis.

Results

There were 100 adnexal masses: 90 were benign and 10 were malignant. Forty‐eight were managed expectantly and 52, including 17 cases of adnexal torsion, underwent surgical treatment. The OCS was found in 65 (72%) benign adnexal masses and in one (10%) non‐invasive malignant tumor. A Ueland index score of < 7 was found in 85 (94%) benign masses and in one (10%) non‐invasive malignancy. The OCS was seen in 15 (45%) of 33 masses in premenarchal patients and in 51 (76%) of 67 masses in postmenarchal patients. The OCS was absent in 15 (88%) of the torsioned adnexal masses.

Conclusions

The presence of normal ovarian tissue adjacent to an ovarian mass is a useful morphological feature that can assist exclusion of a malignant tumor in pediatric and adolescent patients. When compared with the Ueland index, diagnostic sensitivity of the OCS is similar, but specificity is lower. The presence of the OCS is significantly less frequent in premenarchal patients than in postmenarchal patients. Copyright © 2010 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement of net ecosystem production and ecosystem respiration in a Zoysia japonica grassland, central Japan, by the chamber method
Authors: Dhital Deepa , Muraoka Hiroyuki , Yashiro Yuichiro , Shizu Yoko , Koizumi Hiroshi
Published: January 2010

Measuring light, temperature, soil moisture, and growth provides a better understanding of net ecosystem production (NEP), ecosystem respiration (Reco), and their response functions. Here, we studied the variations in NEP and Reco in a grassland dominated by a perennial warm‐season C4 grass, Zoysia japonica. We used the chamber method to measure NEP and Reco from August to September 2007. Biomass and leaf area index (LAI) were also measured to observe their effects on NEP and Reco. Diurnal variations in NEP and Reco were predicted well by light intensity (PPFD) and by soil temperature, respectively. Maximum NEP (NEPmax) values on days of year 221, 233, 247, and 262, were 2.44, 2.55, 3.90, and 4.17 μmol m−2 s−1, respectively. Throughout the growing period, the apparent quantum yield (α) increased with increasing NEPmax that ranged from 0.0154 to 0.0515, and NEP responded to the soil temperature changes by 44% and Reco changes by 48%, and Reco responded from 88 to 94% with the soil temperature diurnally. NEP's light response and Reco's temperature response were affected by soil water content; more than 27% of the variation in NEP and 67% of the variation in Reco could be explained by this parameter. NEP was strongly correlated with biomass and LAI, but Reco was not, because environmental variables affected Reco more strongly than growth parameters. Using the light response of NEP, the temperature response of Reco, and meteorological data, daily NEP and Reco were estimated at 0.67, 0.81, 1.17, and 1.56 g C m−2, and at 2.88, 2.50, 3.51, and 3.04 g C m−2, respectively, on days of year 221, 233, 247, and 262. The corresponding daily gross primary production (NEP + Reco) was 3.5, 3.3, 4.6, and 4.6 g C m−2.
A conceptual framework for the study of modular responses to local environmental heterogeneity within the plant crown and a review of related concepts
Authors: Kawamura Koji
Published: January 2010

Plants respond to local heterogeneity in abiotic and biotic conditions by changing module‐level morphology, growth, and reproductive patterns. This paper presents a conceptual framework for the study of modular responses in plant crowns, clarifies the points that should be considered for scaling up from modular responses to the consequences at the whole‐plant level, characterizes the interspecific differences in modular response patterns, and discusses their ecological significance. The modular response was defined as either autonomous or interactive, depending on whether the response of a module to its local condition is independent from the conditions of other modules. For evaluation of the autonomy of the modular response, the importance of considering positional relationships and organizational levels of modules was then proposed as these internally affect the modular response pattern, and their interspecific differences were characterized using several concepts. The identification of an autonomous modular unit is essential for scaling up module‐level studies to the whole plant. For understanding the ecological significance of the modular response, further interspecific comparisons and assessments of the scale and the predictability of environmental heterogeneity are required. The conceptual framework will be useful for such purposes.
Pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee in skeletally immature patients
Authors: Baroni Eduardo , Russo Bibiana Dello , Masquijo Julio Javier , Bassini Oscar , Miscione Horacio
Published: January 2010

Introduction

Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) is a benign idiopathic proliferative disorder that results in villous or nodular formation in the joints, tendons sheaths, and bursae. As PVNS is a rare pathology in children, diagnosis is often delayed. In this study, we analyze the therapeutic methods used and results obtained in the treatment of this pathology.

Materials and methods

All patients with PVNS of the knee seen between January 1988 and June 2006 were evaluated. We assessed the form of presentation, time to diagnosis, previous diagnosis, type of treatment, relapse, and the need for subsequent treatment.

Results

Nine patients with age range 2–15 years and a mean follow-up of 8.5 years were evaluated. Four patients had the diffuse form and four had the localized or nodular form; all of them were intra-articular. In only three cases were preoperative radiographic findings observed. The mean delay in diagnosis was 18 months. Open resection was performed in five patients and arthroscopic resection in four. Joint function was satisfactory in 78% of the patients at the last follow-up and there were no postoperative recurrences.

Conclusions

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a useful diagnostic tool and the way to detect relapse, and allows accurate determination of the tumor extent. Surgery is the treatment of choice. Worse results are directly related to delay in diagnosis.
Flächenpolitik durch nachhaltige, geschlechtergerechte Stadtentwicklung und partizipative Planung
Authors: Evers Mariele , Hofmeister Sabine
Published: January 2010

The authors’ hypothesis is that a consequent implementation of Gender Mainstreaming in sustainable urban planning and regional development could increase the potentials of limiting the sealing and reduction of open space. Besides the aspects of economical land consumption a broad and active involvement of stakeholders and the public is implicit for a sustainable land use policy – participation processes have to be realised in a gender and diversity sensitive and integrative way. Can computer-based instruments such as Planning Support Systems contribute to ensure realisation of gender-equitable planning? This paper illustrates conceptional strategies, potential instruments and specific features.
Electromagnetic Scintillation
Authors: Wheelon Albert D.
Published: January 2010

Electromagnetic Scintillation describes the phase and amplitude fluctuations imposed on signals that travel through the atmosphere. The volumes that make up Electromagnetic Scintillation will provide a modern reference and comprehensive tutorial, treating both optical and microwave propagation and integrating measurements and predictions at each step of the development. This first volume deals with phase and angle-of-arrival measurement errors, accurately described by geometrical optics. It will be followed by a further volume examining weak scattering. In this book, measured properties of tropospheric and ionospheric irregularities are reviewed first. Electromagnetic fluctuations induced by these irregularities are then estimated for a wide range of applications. The book will be of interest to those working in the resolution of astronomical interferometers and large single-aperture telescopes, as well as synthetic aperture radars and laser pointing/tracking systems. It is also directly relevant to those working in laser metrology, GPS location accuracy, and terrestrial and satellite communications.
Harmonic Measure
Authors: Garnett John B. , Marshall Donald E.
Published: January 2010

During the last two decades several remarkable new results were discovered about harmonic measure in the complex plane. This book provides a careful survey of these results and an introduction to the branch of analysis which contains them. Many of these results, due to Bishop, Carleson, Jones, Makarov, Wolff and others, appear here in paperback for the first time. The book is accessible to students who have completed standard graduate courses in real and complex analysis. The first four chapters provide the needed background material on univalent functions, potential theory, and extremal length, and each chapter has many exercises to further inform and teach the readers.
Confronting Modernity in the Cinemas of Taiwan and Mainland China
Authors: Lu Tonglin
Published: January 2010

This book is a cultural study of New Wave cinema that considers the experience of modernity and modernization in Taiwan and mainland China. While following separate paths, Taiwan and China have rapidly modernized, economically and culturally, since 1949. Despite differences in the political, social and economic systems of these countries, the process of modernization in both have challenged traditional cultural norms. Tonglin Lu examines how differences in cultural formation between Taiwan and China have influenced reactions to modernity and how cultural identity has taken different forms on both sides of the Taiwan straits. She illustrates how these differences in the experience of modernity are expressed through analysis of paradigmatic films produced in both countries, with a particular emphasis on their formal experiments.
Shapes and Shells in Nuclear Structure
Authors: Ragnarsson Ingemar , Nilsson Sven Gvsta
Published: January 2010

There are a variety of models which can be used to study nuclear structure and dynamics. This book gives a comprehensive overview of these various models, concentrating in particular on a description of deformed and rotating nuclei. Following a treatment of the semi-empirical mass formula and nuclear stability, the liquid-drop and simple shell models are introduced and described. The spherical nuclear one-particle potential is introduced and developed to cover the case of deformed nuclei. The latter chapters of the book are devoted to discussions of barrier penetration, fast nuclear rotation, nucleon-nucleon interactions and the pairing interaction. Many problems and solutions are included, which help to illustrate key concepts. The book will be invaluable to graduate students of nuclear physics, and to anyone engaged in research in this field.
Formalism and the Freudian Aesthetic
Authors: Hutcheon Linda
Published: January 2010

This study has a double focus: in the first place, it seeks to chart the parallel re-evaluation of both formalism and psychology in twentieth-century literary theory by using the work and career of the French literary critic, Charles Mauron (1899–1966) as a scaffolding. Using a structure of biography and literary history, it investigates Mauron's rather odd position, both inside and outside two different critical contexts, the French and the English, a position that makes his work a particularly revealing reflection of the diverse critical trends and tensions of our age. The second focus of this study is suggested in the tension in Mauron's work created by his need to objectivise the subjective. The recent conflicts between continental and British criticism or, more generally, between the new formalism (represented by structuralism and semiotics) and the liberal humanist tradition raise an important contemporary issue prefigured in Mauron. The broader context of his work is that of the eternal theoretical debate regarding the designation of literary criticism as an objective or a subjective activity, as a science or as the ultimate human and humane act.
Dynamics of One-Dimensional Quantum Systems
Authors: Kuramoto Yoshio , Kato Yusuke
Published: January 2010

One-dimensional quantum systems show fascinating properties beyond the scope of the mean-field approximation. However, the complicated mathematics involved is a high barrier to non-specialists. Written for graduate students and researchers new to the field, this book is a self-contained account of how to derive the exotic quasi-particle picture from the exact solution of models with inverse-square interparticle interactions. The book provides readers with an intuitive understanding of exact dynamical properties in terms of exotic quasi-particles which are neither bosons nor fermions. Powerful concepts, such as the Yangian symmetry in the Sutherland model and its lattice versions, are explained. A self-contained account of non-symmetric and symmetric Jack polynomials is also given. Derivations of dynamics are made easier, and are more concise than in the original papers, so readers can learn the physics of one-dimensional quantum systems through the simplest model.
Economic Rationalism in Canberra
Authors: Pusey Michael
Published: January 2010

Throughout the world since the 1970s, state and public sector reform has been driven by a conservative agenda emphasising notions of 'streamlining' and 'rationalisation'; Australia has been no exception. Michael Pusey undertakes a detailed analysis of top bureaucrats in Canberra who have been responsible for this recasting of national policy. He concludes that economist rationalist view dominate each of the key ministries, and have altered the traditional balance between the economy, the state and society. The book also discusses the social significance of economic rationalisation and public sector reform from a theoretical perspective, contributing to contemporary understanding of modernisation, public morality and citizenship in the new global order.
Law in a Market Context
Authors: Malloy Robin Paul
Published: January 2010

In Law in a Market Context Robin Paul Malloy examines the way in which people, as social beings, experience the intersection of law, markets, and culture. His work recognizes that experience varies by such characteristics as culture, race, gender, age, and class, among others. Thus, market analysis must account for these variations. Through case examples, illustrative fact patterns, and problems based on hypothetical situations he demonstrates the implications and the ambiguities of law in a market society. In his analysis he provides a complete and accessible introduction to a vast array of economic terms, concepts, and ideas - making this book a valuable primer for anyone interested in understanding the use of market concepts in legal reasoning.
Conjugated Polymer Surfaces and Interfaces
Authors: Salaneck W. R. , Stafstrom S. , Brédas J. L.
Published: January 2010

The authors illustrate the basic physics and materials science of conjugated polymers and their interfaces, particularly, but not exclusively, as they are applied to polymer-based light emitting diodes. The approach is to describe the basic physical and associated chemical principles that apply to these materials, which in many instances are different from those that apply to their inorganic counterparts. The main aim of the authors is to highlight specific issues and properties of polymer surfaces and interfaces that are relevant in the context of the emerging field of polymer-based electronics in general, and polymer-based light emitting diodes in particular. Both theoretical and experimental methods used in the study of these systems are discussed. This book will be of interest to graduate students and research workers in departments of physics, chemistry, electrical engineering and materials sciences studying polymer surfaces and interfaces and their application in polymer-based electronics.
Evolution and Structure of the Internet
Authors: Pastor-Satorras Romualdo , Vespignani Alessandro
Published: January 2010

This book, first published in 2004, describes the application of statistical physics and complex systems theory to the study of the evolution and structure of the Internet. Using a statistical physics approach the Internet is viewed as a growing system that evolves in time through the addition and removal of nodes and links. This perspective permits us to outline the dynamical theory required for a description of the macroscopic evolution of the Internet. The presence of such a theoretical framework appears to be a revolutionary and promising path towards our understanding of the Internet and the various processes taking place on this network, including, for example, the spread of computer viruses or resilience to random or intentional damages. This book will be of interest to graduate students and researchers in statistical physics, computer science and mathematics studying in this subject.