bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Next‐generation RNA sequencing reveals differential expression of MYCN target genes and suggests the mTOR pathway as a promising therapy target in MYCN‐amplified neuroblastoma
Authors: Schramm Alexander , Köster Johannes , Marschall Tobias , Martin Marcel , Schwermer Melanie , Fielitz Kathrin , Büchel Gabriele , Barann Matthias , Esser Daniela , Rosenstiel Philip , Rahmann Sven , Eggert Angelika , Schulte Johannes H.
Published: August 2012

In many cancer types, MYC proteins are known to be master regulators of the RNA‐producing machinery. Neuroblastoma is a tumor of early childhood characterized by heterogeneous clinical courses. Amplification of the MYCN oncogene is a marker of poor patient outcome in this disease. Here, we investigated the MYCN‐driven transcriptome of 20 primary neuroblastomas with and without MYCN amplification using next‐generation RNA sequencing and compared the results to those from an in vitro cell model for inducible MYCN (SH‐EP MYCN‐ER). Transcriptome sequencing produced 30–90 million mappable reads for each dataset. The most abundant RNA species was mRNA, but snoRNAs, pseudogenes and processed transcripts were also recovered. A total of 223 genes were significantly differentially expressed between MYCN‐amplified and single‐copy tumors. Of those genes associated with MYCN both in vitro and in vivo, 32% of MYCN upregulated and 37% of MYCN downregulated genes were verified either as previously identified MYCN targets or as having MYCN‐binding motifs. Pathway analyses suggested transcriptomal upregulation of mTOR‐related genes by MYCN. MYCN‐driven neuroblastomas in mice displayed activation of the mTOR pathway on the protein level and activation of MYCN in SH‐EP MYCN‐ER cells resulted in high sensitivity toward mTOR inhibition in vitro. We conclude that next‐generation RNA sequencing allows for the identification of MYCN regulated transcripts in neuroblastoma. As our results suggest MYCN involvement in mTOR pathway activation on the transcriptional level, mTOR inhibitors should be further evaluated for the treatment of MYCN‐amplified neuroblastoma.
Mouse Shoulder Morphology Responds to Locomotor Activity and the Kinematic Differences of Climbing and Running
Authors: Green David J. , Richmond Brian G. , Miran Sara L.
Published: August 2012

Mechanical loads play a significant role in determining long bone shape and strength, but less work has explored how these loads influence flat bones like the scapula, which has been shown to vary with locomotor preference among primate taxa. Here, we tested the effects of voluntary running and climbing exercise in mice to examine how the mechanical loads borne from different locomotor patterns influence shoulder morphological development. Ninety‐nine female wild‐type mice were distributed equally among sedentary control, activity‐wheel running, and vertical climbing experimental conditions. Running mice had the lowest body masses, larger intrinsic shoulder muscles, and the most pronounced differences in scapular size and shape relative to the other groups. Climbing mouse scapular morphology also differed significantly from the control individuals, but these differences were not as marked as those between the running and control mice. This might be attributable in part to greater levels of activity in the wheel‐runners relative to the climbers. Additionally, climbing mice held their bodies closer to the substrate and maintained more flexed limbs and posterior hand positions compared with the kinematics of running. As a result, climbers differed significantly from both the running and control mice in developing a relatively broader infraspinous region, which is likely related to preferential recruitment of the infraspinatus and teres minor muscles to maintain flexed shoulder postures. The results of this study demonstrate that variation in activity level and type of locomotor regime over a significant portion of the life history influences muscle and bone development in the shoulder. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 9999B:621–638, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Screening of polyphenolic plant extracts for anti‐obesity properties in Wistar rats
Authors: Boqué Noemi , Campión Javier , de la Iglesia Rocío , de la Garza Ana L , Milagro Fermín I , San Román Belén , Bañuelos Óscar , Martínez J Alfredo
Published: August 2012

Background

Polyphenols have been reported to prevent chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. The objective of the study was to conduct a screening for potential anti‐obesity polyphenolic plant extracts using a diet‐induced animal model. Rats were fed a high‐fat‐sucrose (HFS) diet with or without supplementation of different polyphenolic plant extracts (almond, apple, cinnamon, orange blossom, hamamelis, lime blossom, grape vine, and birch) for 56–64 days.

Results

Body weight gain was lower in rats supplemented with apple, cinnamon, hamamelis and birch extracts as compared to HFS non‐supplemented group. Moreover, apple and cinnamon extracts prevented the increase in fat mass promoted by the HFS diet. Insulin resistance, estimated by the homostatic model assessment–insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) index, was reduced in rats fed apple, cinnamon, hamamelis and birch extracts. Apple extract also prevented the HFS‐induced hyperglycaemia and hyperleptinaemia.

Conclusion

Only apple and cinnamon extracts were finally considered as potentially important anti‐obesogenic extracts, due to their body fat‐lowering effects, while the improvement of obesity‐related metabolic complications by apple polyphenols highlights this extract as a promising functional food ingredient for the management of obesity and its metabolic complications. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Low level laser arrests abdominal aortic aneurysm by collagen matrix reinforcement in apolipoprotein E‐deficient mice
Authors: Gavish Lilach , Rubinstein Chen , Berlatzky Yacov , Gavish Leah Y. , Beeri Ronen , Gilon Dan , Bulut Atilla , Harlev Mickey , Reissman Petachia , Gertz S. David
Published: August 2012

Background and Objectives

Recent in vitro studies by our group indicated that low level laser irradiation (LLLI) modifies cellular processes essential to the progression of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Using high‐frequency ultrasonography (HF‐u/s) in the angiotensin‐II (Ang‐II)‐infused, apolipoprotein‐E‐deficient (Apo‐E−/−) mouse model of AAA, we found that LLLI markedly inhibited aneurysm formation and preserved arterial wall elasticity. We now report, using quantitative histopathology, the likely mechanism underlying the preventative effect of LLLI on aneurysm formation in this model.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

This study was performed on 32 Apo‐E−/− mice of which 10 were Ang‐II‐infused and LLL‐irradiated (780 nm, 2 J/cm2, 9‐minutes), 12 were Ang‐II‐infused but not irradiated, and 10 were saline infused. The aortas were excised at 28d, sectioned at 250 µm intervals, and stained with H + E, Movat‐pentachrome and picrosirius‐red for histomorphometry, and immunostained with Mac‐2 and α‐actin for detection of macrophages and SMCs, respectively.

Results

Transmural disruptions of the aorta occurred with distinct predilection for branch orifices. In the LLLI‐treated animals, the frequency of these disruptions was lower (#branches with break points: 17 of 40 vs. 32 of 48, P = 0.023 by Chi‐squared), their size smaller (length [mm]: 0.48 ± 0.26 vs. 0.98 ± 1.42, P = 0.044 by ANOVA with FPLSD), and the number of Mac‐2‐positive macrophages in the intramural areas of these disruptions lower than in the non‐treated control (#Macrophages/0.01 mm2 at break points: 11.6 ± 7.2 vs. 26.0 ± 15.7, P = 0.016 by Kruskal–Wallis). The average size of the medial SMCs was larger reflecting a heightened synthetic state (SMC size [µm2]: 463.9 ± 61.4 vs. 354.9 ± 71.7, P = 0.001 by ANOVA with FPLSD). Furthermore, at sites of transmural disruption, the %area occupied by collagen of the overall area of attempted repair (%Col/WO) was significantly greater in the LLLI‐treated animals versus control (%Col/WO: 41 ± 13 vs. 32 ± 16, P = 0.009 by ANOVA with FPLSD).

Conclusion

Enhanced matrix reinforcement and modification of the inflammatory response at sites of transmural injury are prominent mechanisms by which LLLI reduces AAA progression in this model. Lasers Surg. Med. 44: 664–674, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spiropyran‐Conjugated Pluronic as a Dual Responsive Colorimetric Detector
Authors: Oh Yeon Jeong , Nam Jeong A. , Al‐Nahain Abdullah , Lee Sangkug , In Insik , Park Sung Young
Published: August 2012

Novel spiropyran‐conjugated Pluronic [polyethylene oxide (PEO)‐b‐polypropylene oxide (PPO)‐b‐polyethylene oxide (PEO)] micelles are developed as a new colorimetric detector showing photo‐ or thermo‐switchable behavior. Facile conjugation of spiropyran to Pluronic was confirmed by 1H NMR, UV–Vis, and Fluorescence spectroscopy. A switchable photoluminescence is found depending on the irradiation with either UV or visible light, and temperature resulting from structural isomerization of spiropyran between spiropyran (SP) and merocyanine (MC) form. Cytotoxicity of the spiropyran‐conjugated Pluronic (SP‐PL) was evaluated following an MTT assay, whereas photo responsiveness of spiropyran within the micelles was determined by confocal laser scanning microscopy.
“Flying by the seat of our pants”: What dementia family caregivers want in an advanced caregiver training program
Authors: Samia Linda W. , Hepburn Kenneth , Nichols Lynne
Published: August 2012

Although dementia caregiver stress and burden can be ameliorated with intervention, such interventions typically occur in specific caregiving contexts and at specific points in the progression of the dementing illness. We explored the ongoing learning needs and preferences of previously trained caregivers. Descriptive analysis of caregiver survey responses (N = 168) informed follow‐up focus group interviews conducted with 26 family caregivers. Content analysis of focus group data showed that caregivers enjoyed the interactive problem‐solving of the group related to preparing for the future, shaping the troubling behavior of the care recipient, reshaping the resource team, and caring for themselves. These findings support the need for advanced training as caregivers move through the trajectory of caring for persons with dementia. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 35:598–609, 2012
Thermal properties stability of UV irradiated PVA nanohybrid composites
Authors: El‐Brolossy T. A. , Saber O.
Published: August 2012

Zn‐Al‐salicylic nanohybrid layers have been prepared and used as fillers for polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Nanohybrid layers of a broad absorption area in UV region were completely and uniformly dispersed in a continuous polymer matrix. PVA and PVA nanohybrid composite (NHC) films were exposed to UV irradiation. Thermal properties (diffusivity, effusivity, and conductivity) of both have been measured through photoacoustic technique before and after UV irradiation. Thermal parameters of PVA suffered from a quick deterioration with UV exposure due to reduction of the phonon mean free path as a result of molecular chain scissions. However, significant stability in such parameters of NHC has been obtained under the influence of UV irradiation. This thermal properties stability may be an important step on the way of obtaining photostable polymer NHC. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pneumonectomy: The final cut in a rare incidence of persistent bronchopleural fistula following empyema
Authors: Peters Robert T. , Child Frances , Long Anna‐May , Humphrey Gillian M.E. , Rakoczy George
Published: August 2012

The incidence of necrotizing pneumonia and empyema complicated by bronchopleural fistula is rising. We describe the case of a 2‐year‐old boy who presented with empyema thoracis and necrotizing pneumonia who developed a bronchopleural fistula. At initial thoracotomy for decortication, necrotic lung was found and resected. He subsequently underwent further thoracotomy, prolonged chest tube drainage and endobronchial glue application attempts to close a bronchopleural fistula. The fistula was only sealed at third thoracotomy and completion pneumonectomy. This case highlights the potential challenges faced when dealing with air leaks in the setting of infection and we discuss the treatment options available. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013; 48:617–621. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of field methyl isothiocyanate flux following Pacific Northwest surface‐applied and ground‐incorporated fumigation practices
Authors: Littke Matt H , LePage Jane , Sullivan David A , Hebert Vincent R
Published: August 2012

Background

A fumigant volatilization emission was conducted in Washington State in the fall of 2008 to estimate flux following applications of metam sodium by modified low‐boom‐height (LBH) center‐pivot chemigation and soil‐incorporated shank injection. This study was performed in a commercial potato field circle to assess emission rates and total cumulative field loss of methyl isothiocyanate (MITC) (the biologically active conversion product of metam sodium) under conditions typical for fall Pacific Northwest potato preplant fumigation. This assessment provides regionally specific MITC emission rate information for modeling appropriate field‐edge set‐back buffer distances for bystander protection.

Results

Soil‐incorporated shank injection appreciably reduced MITC emissions, with lower periodic flux compared with low‐drift surface‐applied LBH chemigation during treatment applications and over the 4 day post‐fumigation experimental timeframe. The estimated total cumulative fumigant loss was 13% by shank injection compared with 47% by LBH chemigation over the application/post‐application monitoring period.

Conclusion

The greater adoption of shank‐injection fumigation will immediately aid in reducing bystander inhalation exposure to MITC, especially in high‐soil‐fumigation regions existing at the rural–urban interface.© 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Very low dose ion‐implantation effect on heteroepitaxial 3C‐SiC mechanical properties
Authors: Anzalone R. , Piluso N. , Marino A. , Sciuto A. , D'Arrigo G.
Published: August 2012

Cubic silicon carbide (3C‐SiC) is regarded as a promising candidate for high‐power and high‐frequency devices application. In order to control and modify locally the cantilever bending, or the resonant frequency of the microstructures (as required for sensor development), the dependence of mechanical properties of 3C‐SiC film with the defect density (artificially induced by ion implantation) was investigated. Freestanding cantilevers were used to evaluate the mechanical properties and the residual stress of implanted SiC film. The microstructures were implanted with a very low dose of Si+ ions at 80 keV, using high‐voltage implantation system. The beam deflection from the initial position, the modification of fundamental resonant frequency and the micro‐Raman phonon mode maps were used to correlate the variation of Young's modulus with the induced defects.
Theoretical studies of the structural, electronic, and optical properties of Cu2HgGeS4
Authors: Li Dan , Ling Furi , Zhang Xinghong , Zhu Zhenye
Published: August 2012

We present a first‐principles investigation of the electronic structure for Cu2HgGeS4 in stannite structure using the screened‐exchange density functional method. This crystal is a direct‐band‐gap semiconductor, and the calculated band gap is 1.27 eV. The dielectric function, absorption coefficient, reflectivity, and energy‐loss function in the two independent polarizations are also studied using the density functional theory (DFT) within the screened‐exchange local density approximation (sX‐LDA). We discuss the high‐frequency dielectric constant and optical transitions between the valence bands (VBs) and the conduction bands (CBs) in the spectra of the imaginary part of the dielectric function at length. We also find a very high absorption coefficient and a wide absorption spectrum for this material. The prominent structures in the spectra of reflectivity and energy‐loss function are discussed in detail. The anisotropy is reflected in all the optical spectra.
Deposition of gold nanoparticle films using spray pyrolysis technique: Tunability of SPR band by electric field
Authors: Kumar Neetesh , Komarala Vamsi K. , Dutta Viresh
Published: August 2012

Gold nanoparticle films are prepared using a simple inexpensive spray pyrolysis technique. X‐ray as well as TEM diffraction patterns revealed pure cubic structure. The effect of gold nanoparticle concentration on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band position and bandwidth are investigated for varying spray solution volume. The tunability of SPR band position and bandwidth using an electric field, by applying a voltage (up to 2000 V) to the nozzle, has been demonstrated. The reduced full width at half maximum and blue shift in the SPR band position are observed with ΔλFW ∼ 55 nm and ΔλP ∼ 40 nm for the applied voltage of 2 kV. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Reconsidering Compulsory English in Developing Countries in Asia: English in a Community of Northeast Thailand
Authors: Draper John
Published: August 2012

This article reviews the issue of compulsory English in the Asia‐Pacific region and examines the English component of a single‐site exploratory study of multilingualism in a disadvantaged ethnic minority (DEM) community of Northeast Thailand. The concept of ethnolinguistic vitality was used as a framework for an analysis of community language experience, attitudes, and ability, and the study presents a picture of perceptions and usage of English, that is, the end results of the English as a foreign language (EFL) paradigm. The study found very low levels of self‐reported English ability and little experience or positive opinion of English generally in the community, but increased self‐reported ability and experience in the younger generation. Satisfactory levels of English literacy were self‐reported in the younger generation, but this literacy did not appear to be used for much outside academia. Although this may call into question the compulsory English paradigm, a desire was expressed for continued access to English in schools. The study presents factors that may improve the quality of English language teaching in suchDEMsettings in light of the increased competition in the workforce that regionalism will bring.
On flux quantization in F-theory II: unitary and symplectic gauge groups
Authors: Collinucci Andrés , Savelli Raffaele
Published: August 2012

Abstract

We study the quantization of the M-theory G-flux on elliptically fibered Calabi-Yau fourfolds with singularities giving rise to unitary and symplectic gauge groups. We seek and find its relation to the Freed-Witten quantization of worldvolume fluxes on 7-branes in type IIB orientifold compactifications on Calabi-Yau threefolds. By explicitly constructing the appropriate four-cycles on which to calculate the periods of the second Chern class of the fourfolds, we find that there is a half-integral shift in the quantization of G-flux whenever the corresponding dual 7-brane is wrapped on a non-spin submanifold. This correspondence of quantizations holds for all unitary and symplectic gauge groups, except for SU(3), which behaves mysteriously. We also perform our analysis in the case where, in addition to the aforementioned gauge groups, there is also a ‘flavor’ U(1)-gauge group.
Proposal for splenectomy‐omitting radical distal pancreatectomy in well‐selected left‐sided pancreatic cancer: multicenter survey study
Authors: Kim Sung Hoon , Kang Chang Moo , Satoi Sohei , Sho Masayuki , Nakamura Yoshiharu , Lee Woo Jung
Published: August 2012

Background

When distal pancreatectomy is carried out for left‐sided pancreatic cancer, splenectomy is usually performed not only for margin‐negative resection but also for effective clearance of the splenic hilar lymph nodes (LNs). However, the incidence of splenic hilar LN metastasis in these patients has not been definitively determined.

Methods

From April 2010 to June 2011, in a pilot study, we analyzed the medical records of twelve patients who had undergone radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy. Potential remnant soft tissue around the splenic hilum, which would be left following an extended Warshaw's procedure, was dissected and sent to a pathologist. Three Japanese medical centers conducted a retrospective survey of splenic hilar lymph node metastasis in left‐sided pancreatic cancer to support our study.

Results

In the pilot study, all twelve patients had adenocarcinoma with a median tumor size of 2 cm. Six patients had LN metastasis and a median number of 4 splenic hilar LNs were evaluated; however, no splenic hilar LN metastasis was noted. In the Japanese multicenter survey (n = 85), only four patients had splenic LN metastasis. Small (<3 cm) and proximal (neck/body) left‐sided pancreatic cancer might not be associated with splenic hilar LN metastasis (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

In well‐selected left‐sided pancreatic cancer, the incidence of splenic hilar LN metastasis is low enough that splenectomy‐omitting radical distal pancreatectomy would be feasible. The rationale for routine splenectomy should be re‐evaluated, and the oncologic effects of the preserved spleen need to be investigated further.
Acting on Multiple Stages
Authors: Ibert Oliver , Schmidt Suntje
Published: August 2012

This paper takes a social-constructionist approach to the terms vulnerability and resilience in order to test their analytical potential within the frame of an empirical spatial-science study. The empirical object was deliberately chosen from a field untypical for vulnerability analyses: the volatile labour markets for musical actors. The paper draws on qualitative interviews to trace the actors’ construction of labour-market related uncertainties, mainly caused by labour-market dynamics as well as institutional and territorial mismatches. Barely any resilience strategies exist for these forms of vulnerability. As a result, musical actors construct multiple identities from their bodies and talents, which they use in a targeted way within different spatial and social contexts. Two forms of network governance are additionally established to attenuate some of the competitive mechanisms. From a spatial viewpoint, these practices constitute transient, multi-local activity spaces in the labour market in which action is more effective when combined with a relatively stable home base.
Single‐Lead Percutaneous Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for the Treatment of Shoulder Pain From Subacromial Impingement Syndrome
Authors: Wilson Richard D. , Harris Michael A. , Bennett Maria E. , Chae John
Published: August 2012

This case report demonstrates the feasibility of a single‐lead peripheral nerve stimulation system for the treatment of pain secondary to chronic subacromial impingement syndrome. The participant was a 57‐year‐old man who experienced persistent pain from subacromial impingement syndrome for 20 months despite having undergone conservative therapy of steroid injection and physical therapy. After study enrollment, a single intramuscular lead was placed percutaneously into the deltoid muscle of the affected shoulder. He was treated 6 hours per day for 3 weeks and the lead was removed. The primary outcome measure was the Brief Pain Inventory (Short‐form) Question 3 (BPI 3), which queries the worst pain in the last week on a 0‐10 numerical rating scale. At baseline, BPI 3 was an 8. At the end of treatment and at 4 and 12 weeks after treatment, BPI 3 scores were 2, 0, and 0, respectively. Substantial improvements in shoulder impairment, quality of life, and shoulder disability measures were also observed. Additional studies are needed to further demonstrate safety and efficacy, determine optimal dose, define optimal prescriptive parameters, expand clinical indications, and demonstrate long‐term effect.
Subcritical transition and spiral turbulence in circular Couette flow
Authors: Burin M. J. , Czarnocki C. J.
Published: August 2012

We present new observations of a controlled transition to turbulence in a fundamental but little-studied regime: circular Couette flow with only the outer cylinder rotating. Our apparatus consists of an outer cylinder of fixed radius and three inner cylinders having different radii that are used interchangeably to study the effect of flow curvature. With the smallest inner cylinder the end-cap configuration (vertical boundary conditions) may also be varied. The turbulent transition is found to be sensitive to both gap width and end-cap configuration, with wider gaps transitioning at higher rotation rates. All configurations are observed to transition with hysteresis and intermittency. A laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV)-based study of the azimuthal velocity profile as a function of gap width and rotation rate reveals that turbulence, once initiated, is confined to regions of significant shear. For wider gap widths, the radial location of these shear layers is determined by the chosen end-cap configuration. This, in turn, affects the transition Reynolds number, which we posit to be radially dependent. The narrow-gap case in particular features spiral turbulence, whose properties are found to be similar to observations of the phenomenon in related shear flows. The velocity profile in this case is correlated with overlapping boundary layers, suggesting a coupling mechanism for the origin of laminar-turbulent banding phenomena.
L'Ethnologie dans l'Ouest-Africain: Bibliographie Sommaire 1920-7
Authors: Labouret Henri
Published: August 2012

Les travaux d'ethnologie relatifs à l'Ouest-Africain et publiés au cours de ces dernières années peuvent se ranger, semble-t-il, en trois catégories: (a) Études d'ensemble, (b) Monographies régionales, (c) Mémoires et articles.

Il ne saurait être question, bien entendu, de les énumérer tous et de les apprécier dans un compte-rendu de quelques pages, nous nous bornerons donc à mentionner ceux d'entre eux parvenus à notre connaissance et qui paraissent les plus importants, nous excusant par avance des omissions nombreuses que nous serons forcés de commettre.
Ida War—An Appreciation
Authors: Westermann D.
Published: August 2012

Professor Ida C. Ward, until 1948 head of the African Department of the School of Oriental and African Studies in the University of London, was equally eminent as a teacher and researcher; she had lectured in many European universities and her distinguished gifts were known and appreciated in Europe and America. It is largely through her work and her personality that the African Department of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, has become a world-famous institution in the field of African linguistics. Her name will forever be connected with the study of African languages, and in particular of African tone languages. It was the function of tone in West African languages on which her work centred, and her achievements in this difficult and delicate field have initiated a new phase in our knowledge of African speech. Hers was the unfailing ear, the keen observation of sound-production and the art of reproducing foreign sounds and new sound-sequences, which make the true phonetician. What gave her work such fullness of life and actuality was its intimate linking with practical language study. It may be said that many of her important discoveries were the immediate outcome of her teaching. Teaching, practising, and researching were to her an indissoluble unit. ‘The practical depends on the scientific, for one can never tell what practical problems—or solutions of problems—will be thrown up by meticulous scientific analysis’, and ‘on the other hand, the practical application of scientific research keeps the researcher within bounds, as it were, and will not allow him too far into the realms of conjecture and theorising’. She was an ideal and enthusiastic teacher, never tiring, never losing patience. A group consisting of herself, an African assistant, and a small cluster of students was her ideal; here all were partners in the same aim, and all took an active part in the subject discussed.
To Members of the Institute
Authors: Forde Daryll
Published: August 2012

Members will be interested to know of progress and developments since the reorganization and expansion of the London office which were announced in the Journal for January 1944. In April 1944 a meeting of the Bureau of the Institute was held, when policy was considered and schemes for future work approved. A Consultative Committee was set up under the chairmanship of Sir Harms Vischer, and including French and Belgian members, to advise the officers on the development of the Institute's scientific and general activities within the framework laid down by the Executive Council before the war. The Linguistic Advisory Committee has been re-established under the chairmanship of Professor Ida Ward.
Tributes to the Memory of Lord Lugard
Authors: Hailey  , Oldham J. H. , The Editor
Published: August 2012

It has always been to me a matter of regret that I did not know Lord Lugard at an earlier stage in his great career. My acquaintance with him dated indeed only from 1935, when I first began work on behalf of the ‘African Survey’. I need not say that I then received from him that generous assistance which he was always ready to give to those who were interesting themselves in a field of knowledge in which he had such an unrivalled mastery. Nor need I say that he was equally generous in the counsel and guidance he gave me when I subsequently succeeded him as member of the Permanent Mandates Commission at Geneva. At the first meeting of the Commission which I attended, his former colleagues spoke of him in terms which deeply impressed me. It was obvious that they had a most sincere appreciation of those personal qualities which had won for him so much respect among all students of Colonial affairs and so genuine an affection from a wide circle of friends in this country. But there was more; they had clearly recognized that his name had added distinction and prestige to the position which the Commission occupied in the international world.
Lord Lugard: A General Appreciation
Authors: Perham Margery
Published: August 2012

It is too soon after the death of Lord Lugard to attempt anything more than to write down some ideas and impressions that come into the mind at the first realization of our loss.

The chief impression upon considering Lord Lugard's public career is the immense range of his life and work. This never ceased to astonish, as some chance remark of his suddenly recalled that nearly seventy years before he had been playing his part in imperial affairs. From the moment when in 1878, at the age of twenty, he left Sandhurst, until a few days before his death, his was an active working life. As the needs of the British Empire changed and his own qualities and ideas developed, he passed through four clear-cut stages of his career, any two of which would have represented the life-work of most public men.
Combining field phenological observations with distribution data to model the potential distribution of the fruit flyCeratitis rosaKarsch (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: de Villiers M. , Hattingh V. , Kriticos D.J.
Published: August 2012

Despite the potential for phenological and abundance data to improve the reliability of species niche models, they are seldom used. The aim of this study was to combine information on the distribution, relative abundance and seasonal phenology of Natal fruit fly,Ceratitis rosaKarsch (Diptera: Tephritidae), in South Africa to model its potential global distribution. Bucket traps, baited with Biolure, were used to trapC. rosain different climatic regions of South Africa over a two-year period. A CLIMEX niche model of the potential global distribution ofC. rosawas fitted using the collected trapping data and other distribution records from South Africa. Independent distribution records for elsewhere in Africa were reserved for model validation. The CLIMEX model results conformed well to the South African trapping data, including information on relative abundance and seasonal phenology, as well as to the pattern of presence records of the species elsewhere in Africa. The model suggests that under recent historical conditions a large part of South America, Central America, Mexico and southern USA may be climatically suitable for establishment ofC. rosa. In Europe, climatically suitable habitat is restricted to coastal regions of the Mediterranean, in Asia, mostly to the southern and south eastern countries, and in Australia mostly to the wetter south and east. The independent cross-validation provided by South African relative abundance and seasonal phenology data, central African distribution data and relevant species specific biological information provides greater confidence in the modelled potential distribution ofC. rosa.
Calcium and phosphorus utilization in growing sheep supplemented with dicalcium phosphate
Authors: DIAS R. S. , LÓPEZ S. , PATIÑO R. M. , SILVA T. S. , SILVA FILHO J. C. , VITTI D. M. S. S. , PEÇANHA M. R. S. R. , KEBREAB E. , FRANCE J.
Published: August 2012

The objective of the current study was to evaluate the utilization of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) in growing sheep consuming increasing amounts of dicalcium phosphate. Eighteen growing sheep, aged 8 months, were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0, 12·5 and 25 g of dicalcium phosphate/day. During the experiment, animals were injected intravenously with 7·4 MBq of45Ca and32P and samples of plasma, faeces and urine were subsequently taken daily for 1 week after injection. Rumen fluid was sampled on days 4–7 after injection. Specific radioactivity in plasma and in faeces were used to determine true absorption of Ca and P, whereas plasmatic and ruminal specific radio-activities were used to determine endogenous P flow into the rumen and turnover time of rumen P. Increasing dicalcium phosphate intake led to linear increases in faecal excretion of endogenous Ca and P (P<0·05), suggesting that surpluses of ingested Ca and P were voided through secretion to the gut. True absorption coefficients for 0, 12·5 and 25 g of dicalcium phosphate ingested daily were 0·54, 0·41 and 0·38 for Ca, and 0·66, 0·62 and 0·64 for P, respectively. Flows of endogenous P into the rumen increased linearly and ruminal turnover time of P decreased linearly (P<0·01) as P intake was increased. Concentrations of Ca and P in bone were not affected by the increased amounts of these minerals ingested (P<0·05). In conclusion, increasing ingestion of dicalcium phosphate increases faecal excretion of Ca and P, thus decreasing the efficiency of utilization of both minerals. Moreover, increasing levels of dietary P increased endogenous P excretion, contributing to the amount of P disposed of in the environment.
Ear presentation of Lyme borreliosis in a child
Authors: Keh S M , Vestey J P , HO-Yen D , Cain A J
Published: August 2012

Objective:

This case report aims to raise awareness amongst clinicians of ear presentation of cutaneous borrelia.

Case report:

We report a recent case of borrelia lymphocytoma cutis benigna in a child presenting with unilateral earlobe swelling, who was otherwise well. A review of the English language literature, including management of the disease, is also presented.

Conclusion:

This case highlights the fact that borrelia lymphocytoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of a persistent, unilateral, inflamed, swollen earlobe in an otherwise healthy child.
The population impact of common mental disorders and long-term physical conditions on disability and hospital admission
Authors: Weich S. , Bebbington P. , Rai D. , Stranges S. , McBride O. , Spiers N. , Meltzer H. , Brugha T.
Published: August 2012

Background

Long-term physical conditions (LTCs) consume the largest share of healthcare budgets. Although common mental disorders (CMDs) and LTCs often co-occur, the potential impact of improved mental health treatment on severe disability and hospital admissions for physical health problems remains unknown.

Method

A cross-sectional study of 7403 adults aged 16–95 years living in private households in England was performed. LTCs were ascertained by prompted self-report. CMDs were ascertained by structured clinical interview. Disability was assessed using questions about problems with activities of daily living. Population impact and potential preventive gain were estimated using population-attributable fraction (PAF), and conservative estimates were obtained using ‘treated non-cases’ as the reference group.

Results

Of the respondents, 20.7% reported at least one LTC. The prevalence of CMDs increased with the number of LTCs, but over two-thirds (71.2%) of CMD cases in people with LTCs were untreated. Statistically significant PAFs were found for CMDs and recent hospital admission [13.5%, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 6.6–20.0] and severe disability (31.3%, 95% CI 27.1–35.2) after adjusting for LTCs and other confounders. Only the latter remained significant when using the most conservative estimate of PAF (21.8%, 95% CI 14.0–28.9), and this was reduced only slightly when considering only participants with LTCs (18.5%, 95% CI 7.9–27.9).

Conclusions

Better treatments for CMDs in people with LTCs could achieve almost the same population health gain in terms of reducing severe disability as those targeted at the entire population. Interventions to reduce the prevalence of CMDs among people with LTCs should be part of routine medical care.
Minimality, transitivity, mixing and topological entropy on spaces with a free interval
Authors: DIRBÁK MATÚŠ , SNOHA ĽUBOMÍR , ŠPITALSKÝ VLADIMÍR
Published: August 2012

We study dynamics of continuous maps on compact metrizable spaces containing a free interval (i.e. an open subset homeomorphic to an open interval). Special attention is paid to relationships between topological transitivity, weak and strong topological mixing, dense periodicity and topological entropy as well as to the topological structure of minimal sets. In particular, a trichotomy for minimal sets and a dichotomy for transitive maps are proved.
Preclinical evaluation of non-imidazole histamine H3 receptor antagonists in comparison to atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia
Authors: Brown Jordan W. , Whitehead Caroline A. , Basso Ana M. , Rueter Lynne E. , Zhang Min
Published: August 2012

Cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia (CDS) are implicated as a core symptom cluster of the disease and are associated with poor daily life functioning. Unfortunately, current antipsychotic agents provide little alleviation of CDS, representing a critical unmet therapeutic need. Here we investigated the effects of ABT-239 and A-431404, non-imidazole histamine H3 receptor (H3R) antagonists, in animal models with relevance to CDS. As N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor hypofunction is considered an important factor in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, acute administration of ketamine or MK-801 was used to induce cognitive impairments. The assays employed in the current studies were spontaneous alternation in cross-maze, used as an indication of working memory, and inhibitory avoidance (IA), used to assess long-term memory retention. Risperidone and olanzapine were also tested to directly compare the effects of H3R antagonists to two widely used antipsychotics. ABT-239 and A-431404, but not risperidone and olanzapine, attenuated ketamine-induced deficits on spontaneous alternation in cross-maze, while none of these compounds affected alternation performance on their own. ABT-239 and A-431404 also attenuated MK-801-induced impairments in IA; no effects were observed when given alone. Risperidone and olanzapine, however, failed to attenuate MK-801-induced deficits in IA and produced dose-dependent impairments when given alone. ABT-239 was also investigated in methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) treated rats, a neurodevelopmental model for schizophrenia. Chronic, but not acute, treatment with ABT-239 significantly improved spontaneous alternation impairments in MAM rats tested in cross-maze. In summary, these results suggest H3R antagonists may have the potential to ameliorate CDS.
Using humanitarian aid to ‘win hearts and minds’: a costly failure?
Authors: Williamson Jamie A.
Published: August 2012

This article contends that the integration of humanitarian assistance in efforts to ‘win hearts and minds’ in counter-insurgencies has not been successful, and that the costs, both operational and legal, clearly outweigh any benefits. It demonstrates how such manipulation of humanitarian assistance runs counter to fundamental principles of international humanitarian law. In addition, a growing body of research suggests that the use of short-term aid and relief programmes as part of counter-insurgency has been ineffectual, and that, in places such as Afghanistan, it may even have undermined the overall military goal of defeating insurgents. With the United States and NATO military operations winding down in Afghanistan, it is time for the military and policy-makers reviewing ‘winning hearts and minds’ as a counter-insurgency strategy to draw the lessons and recognize the importance of a neutral and independent space for humanitarian aid.
Trauma und Sucht: Implikationen für die Psychotherapie
Authors: Potthast Nadine , Catani Claudia
Published: August 2012

Ziel: Die vorliegende narrative Übersichtsarbeit geht der Frage nach, welche Rolle traumatische Lebenserfahrungen und damit assoziierte Traumafolgestörungen bezüglich der Ätiologie und Pathogenese von Suchterkrankungen spielen und welche Implikationen sich daraus für die therapeutische Praxis ableiten. Ergebnisse: Die aktuelle empirische Befundlage belegt ein gehäuftes gemeinsames Auftreten von traumatischen Erfahrungen und substanzbezogenen Störungen sowie eine erhöhte Komorbidität von Posttraumatischer Belastungsstörung und Suchterkrankungen. Befunde aus Interview- und Fragebogenstudien sowie aus experimentellen Untersuchungen mit komorbiden Patienten zeigen, dass Betroffene psychotrope Substanzen als Selbstmedikation einsetzen, um ihre traumabedingte Symptomatik zu lindern. Es entsteht ein komplexes, sich gegenseitig aufrechterhaltendes Wechselspiel zwischen Traumafolge- und Suchtsymptomatik, welches die Behandlung deutlich erschwert. Schlussfolgerungen: Zur Unterbrechung dieses Wechselspiels erscheint ersten Befunden zufolge ein von Beginn an integrativer, traumafokussierter Behandlungsansatz besonders geeignet. Auch wenn diesbezüglich erste erfolgsversprechende traumakonfrontative Therapieansätze entwickelt wurden, stehen größere prospektive Untersuchungen sowie randomisiert kontrollierte Therapiestudien diesbezüglich noch aus und sollten einen Schwerpunkt zukünftiger Forschung auf diesem Gebiet bilden.
Effects of Depressive Syndromes on the Everyday Competence of Nursing Home Residents with Dementia
Authors: Verhülsdonk Sandra , Engel Sabine
Published: August 2012

Depression in dementia is very common and has significant effects on the functional impairment of nursing-home residents. This study assesses depression, depression diagnosis, cognitive status, status of medication and functional status in 138 residents. Results: (1) 34.1% of the demented residents had a depressive symptomatology. (2) No diagnosis of “depression” was documented for a high percentage of depressed residents. (3) No correlation between depressive symptoms and treatment with antidepressants was present. (4) There was no correlation between the stage of dementia and the rate of depression. (5) There were significant differences in the everyday competence between depressive and nondepressive residents with dementia. The data suggest the need for an adequate diagnosis and treatment of depressive residents with dementia and underlines the need for improvement in care and treatment in primary care and nursing homes.
North Atlantic wave height trends as reconstructed from the 20th century reanalysis
Authors: Wang Xiaolan L. , Feng Yang , Swail V. R.
Published: August 2012

This study reports on the 1871–2010 trends in significant wave heights (Hs) in the North Atlantic, as statistically reconstructed from the 20th century reanalysis (20CR) ensemble of mean sea level pressure (SLP) fields. The 20CR SLP data set for the North Atlantic has been reported to be homogeneous since 1871, although it has discontinuities before 1949 in other regions. A multivariate regression model with lagged dependent variable is used to represent the SLP‐Hsrelationship. It is calibrated and validated using the ERA‐Interim reanalysis ofHsand SLP for the period 1981–2010.Trends in the reconstructed annual mean and maximumHsare found to be consistent with those derived from two dynamical wave reanalysis data sets (MSC50 and ERA40), which indicates robustness of the trend estimates. The trend patterns of extremeHsgenerally feature increases in the northeast North Atlantic with decreases in the mid‐latitudes; but there are seasonal variations. The main features of the patterns of trends over the last half century or so are also seen in the last 140‐yr period (1871–2010). However, the trend magnitudes are much greater in the last half century than in the 140 years.
Kramers‐Kronig analysis of leaf refractive index with the PROSPECT leaf optical property model
Authors: Chen Ming , Weng Fuzhong
Published: August 2012

Kramers‐Kronig dispersion relations are the inherent cross‐constraints on the real and imaginary parts of the complex refractive index of dielectric materials. These relations are utilized in this study for estimating leaf refractive index from leaf absorption spectra. A mixing model is developed for calculating the leaf refractive index with respect to the variation of leaf mass compositions and absorptive properties. The model is based on the variational function fitting method of Kramers‐Kronig analysis. The validity of the model is analyzed with pure liquid water measurements and well‐established leaf optical measurements. It is found that the model has a very good performance in modeling the spectral details of leaf refractive index and provides an efficient physical framework for improving and extending the leaf‐level optical property model.
Chemical heterogeneity on Mercury's surface revealed by the MESSENGER X‐Ray Spectrometer
Authors: Weider Shoshana Z. , Nittler Larry R. , Starr Richard D. , McCoy Timothy J. , Stockstill‐Cahill Karen R. , Byrne Paul K. , Denevi Brett W. , Head James W. , Solomon Sean C.
Published: August 2012

We present the analysis of 205 spatially resolved measurements of the surface composition of Mercury from MESSENGER's X‐Ray Spectrometer. The surface footprints of these measurements are categorized according to geological terrain. Northern smooth plains deposits and the plains interior to the Caloris basin differ compositionally from older terrain on Mercury. The older terrain generally has higher Mg/Si, S/Si, and Ca/Si ratios, and a lower Al/Si ratio than the smooth plains. Mercury's surface mineralogy is likely dominated by high‐Mg mafic minerals (e.g., enstatite), plagioclase feldspar, and lesser amounts of Ca, Mg, and/or Fe sulfides (e.g., oldhamite). The compositional difference between the volcanic smooth plains and the older terrain reflects different abundances of these minerals and points to the crystallization of the smooth plains from a more chemically evolved magma source. High‐degree partial melts of enstatite chondrite material provide a generally good compositional and mineralogical match for much of the surface of Mercury. An exception is Fe, for which the low surface abundance on Mercury is still higher than that of melts from enstatite chondrites and may indicate an exogenous contribution from meteoroid impacts.