bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reliable network inference from unreliable data: A tutorial on latent network modeling using STRAND
Authors: Redhead Daniel , McElreath Richard , Ross Cody T.
Published: October 2021

Social network analysis provides an important framework for studying the causes, consequences, and structure of social ties. Standard self-report measures—e.g., as collected through the popular ‘name-generator’ method—however, do not provide an impartial representation of transfers, interactions, or social relationships. At best, they represent perceptions filtered through the cognitive biases of respondents. Individuals may, for example, report transfers that did not really occur, or forget to mention transfers that really did. The propensity to make such reporting inaccuracies is both an individual-level and item-level characteristic—variable across members of any given group. Past research has high- lighted that many network-level properties are highly sensitive to such reporting inaccuracies. However, there remains a dearth of easily deployed statistical tools that account for such biases. To address this issue, we introduce a latent network model that allows us to jointly estimate parameters measuring both reporting biases and a latent, underlying social network. Building upon past research, we conduct several simulation experiments in which network data are subject to various reporting biases, and find that these reporting biases strongly impact our ability to accurately infer fundamental network properties. These impacts are not adequately addressed using standard approaches to network reconstruction (i.e., treating either the union or the intersection of double-sampled data as the true network), but are appropriately resolved through the use of our latent network models. To make implementation of our models easier for end-users, we provide a fully-documented R package, STRAND, and include a tutorial illustrating its functionality when applied to empirical food/money sharing data from a rural Colombian population.
The Primacy of Intention and the Duty to Truth: A Gandhi-Inspired Argument for Retranslating Hiṃsā and Ahiṃsā, with Connections to History, Ethics, and Civil Resistance
Authors: Davies Todd
Published: October 2021

The words "violence" and "nonviolence" are increasingly misleading translations for the Sanskrit words hiṃsā and ahiṃsā -- which were used by Gandhi as the basis for his philosophy of satyāgraha. I argue for re-reading hiṃsā as “maleficence” and ahiṃsā as “beneficence.” These two more mind-referring English words – associated with religiously contextualized discourse of the past -- capture the primacy of intention implied by Gandhi’s core principles, better than “violence” and “nonviolence” do. Reflecting a political turn in moral accountability detectable through linguistic data, both the scope and the usage of the word “violence” have expanded dramatically. The expanded scope of “violence” reflects greater consciousness of the various forms that serious harm can take, but also makes it harder to convincingly characterize people and actions as “nonviolent.” New translations could clarify the distinction between hiṃsā and ahiṃsā, and thereby prevent some misunderstandings of Gandhi. Training in beneficence would reflect Gandhi’s psychological path to reducing avoidable harm: detachment from the ego, learning to love universally, and seeking truth by experiment.
Entangled footprints: Understanding urban neighbourhoods by measuring distance, diversity, and direction of flows in Singapore
Authors: Chen Qingqing , Chuang I-Ting , Poorthuis Ate
Published: October 2021

Traditional approaches to human mobility analysis in Geography often rely on census or survey data that is resource-intensive to collect and often has a limited spatio-temporal scope. The advent of new technologies (e.g. geosocial media platforms) provides opportunities to overcome these limitations and, if properly leveraged, can yield more granular insights about human mobility. In this paper, we use an anonymized Twitter dataset collected in Singapore from 2012 to 2016 to investigate this potential to help understand the footprints of urban neighbourhoods from both a spatial and a relational perspective.We construct home-to-destination networks of individual users based on their inferred home locations. In aggregated form, these networks allow us to analyze three specific mobility indicators at the neighbourhood level, namely the distance, diversity, and direction of urban interactions. By mapping these three indicators of the spatial footprint of each neighbourhood, we can capture the nuances in the position of individual neighbourhoods within the larger urban network. An exploratory spatial regression reveals that socio-economic characteristics (e.g. share of rental housing) and the built environment (i.e. land use) only partially explain these three indicators and a residual analysis points to the need to explicitly include each neighbourhood's position within the transportation network in future work.
The extension of late working life in Germany: trends, inequalities, and the East-West divide
Authors: Dudel Christian , Loichinger Elke , Klüsener Sebastian , Sulak Harun , Myrskylä Mikko
Published: October 2021

The extension of late working life has been proposed as a potential remedy for the challenges of aging societies. For Germany, surprisingly little is known about trends and social inequalities in the length of late working life. Here, we use data from the German Microcensus to estimate working life expectancy from age 55 onwards for the 1941-1955 birth cohorts. We adjust our calculations of working life expectancy for working hours, and present results for western and eastern Germany by gender, education, and occupation. While working life expectancy has increased across cohorts, we find strong regional and socioeconomic disparities. Decomposition analyses show that among males, socioeconomic differences are predominantly driven by variation in employment rates; whereas among women, variation in working hours is also highly relevant. Older eastern German women have longer working lives than older western German women, which is likely attributable to the GDR legacy of high female employment.
Behaviorisme sebagai Pendekatan Tema dalam Rancangan Pusat Kreasi dan Eksplorasi Musik Indie di Surabaya
Authors: Aprimianto Ghanda Pradana , Sulistyo Broto Wahyono , Ratniarsih Ika
Published: October 2021

Perkembangan musik dewasa ini sangat beragam dan semakin kreatif, salah satu dampak dari perkembangan musik tersebut adalah munculnya jalur dan pergerakan musik indie. Tidak terkecuali di Indonesia dan khususnya di kota Surabaya, yang sudah mulai mengenal jalur bermusik ini sejak tahun 1990an. Dan sudah banyak pula musisi-musisi indie yang berprestasi bahkan go international membawa nama baik Indonesia di kancah musik dunia. Hal tersebut berbanding terbalik dengan kondisi yang ada, dikarenakan jalur musik indie yang bebas dan mandiri serta memiliki idealisme yang kuat dalam berkarya, maka jalur musik ini kurang mendapat wadah serta perhatian dari para penikmat musik dan label rekaman besar. Letak lokasi site tepatnya berada di Jalan Mayjend Yono Suwoyo, Pradahkalikendal, Dukuh Pakis, Kota Surabaya, Jawa Timur. Site terletak dekat dengan area komersil yaitu Pakuwon Trade Center (PTC) Surabaya, Lenmarc Mall Surabaya dan Intiland. Batas utara site merupakan pemukiman warga, batas selatan site adalah jalan raya dan Lenmarc Mall. Sedangkan batas barat site adalah lahan parkir, tanah kosong dan pemukiman warga. Dan batas timur site adalah jalan raya, ruko dan apartemen Adhiwangsa. Dengan luas site sebesar 5,3 Ha, yang meliputi fasilitas utama seperti gedung pertunjukan musik indoor, amphiteater outdoor, dan gedung pelatihan musik. Sedangkan fasilitas pendukung seperti galeri musik, convention hall, cafe dan foodcourt.
France before Europe 1992
Authors: Balassa Bela
Published: October 2021

The deadline of Europe 1992 is approaching.
Tocqueville on the Theory and Practice of American Federalism
Authors: Hancock Ralph C.
Published: October 2021

James T. Schleifer, in his extremely valuable The Making of Tocqueville’s Democracy in America, laments the existences, in the Frenchman’s famous study, of “a lingering confusion” regarding the nature of American federalism.
La Revolution Française dans le miroir d’Octobre
Authors: Milacic Slobodan
Published: October 2021

Toutes les couches et générations des intelligentsias françaises ont eu tendance à faire une lecture très ambitieuse des événements de 1789; ceci en faisant une interprétation à la fois, nationaliste et universaliste. La Révolution moderne a été inventée en France. Puis, brevetéc par son expérience (voire même son « inexpérience ») historique et conceptualisée par ses penseurs de tous genres, elle a été rapidement ficelée et rendue prête à 1’exportation. En ce sens le mythe de 89 était mis en place trés tôt. Depuis il a servi de référence primordiale — incontournable — pour la constitution d’une grille de lecture révolutionnaires universelle. Tous les événements révolutionnaires postériéurs, français ou étrangers. historiques ou actuels, en sont rendu débiteurs, à la fois idéologiquement et méthodologiquement. L’esprit ethnocentrique sinon « récupérateur » a joué ici avec le systématisme que seuls des réflexes d’une culture bien implantée pouvaient produire
L’Interlude canadien pendant le voyage en Amérique d’Alexis de Tocqueville et de Gustave de Beaumont
Authors: Bergeron Gerard
Published: October 2021

L’expression » interlude canadien » est du spécialiste André Jardin, qui en fit le titre de l’un des quelque quarante chapitres de sa biographie, qui fait autorité, de l’auteur de De la démocratie en Amérique.
Lettre de Paris
Authors: Crozier Michel
Published: October 2021

Ce qui m’a frappé le plus, en revenant à Paris, au retour d’un séjour de trois mois en Californie, c’est une impression de prospérité, de tranquillité et de business as usual.
The Problems of Democracy: a report on th Yale Conference on Tocqueville, Spring 1990
Authors: Scalia Laura
Published: October 2021

This year’s conference commemorating the one hundred fiftieth anniversary of the publication of Democracy in America, by Alexis de Tocqueville, both reflects the author’s broad based appeal and helps explain why so many scholars continue to use his ideas in their own research.
Inspirations et contradictions chez Tocqueville: a report on the Yale Conference on Tocquevill, Spring 1990
Authors: Dubor Françoise
Published: October 2021

Deux communications considèrent la théorie littéraire que l’on peut discerner chez Tocqueville. Liée de façon plus ou moins appuyée, selon les intervenants, à la notion sociopolitique de démocratie, cette théorie qui met à jour une » littérature démocratique » se fonde sur l’observation du monde américain, et tente de dégager sa propre originalité.
France’s present and future in both Europe and the world: Spring 1990 Conference at the French Institute, New York University
Authors: Maguire Lisa
Published: October 2021

Evening colloquia at the Maison Française, New York University, Spring 1990 The academic year of 1989–90 witnessed both the crumbling of the Soviet bloc, as well as a continued preoccupation with the coming economic integration of Europe.
France meets the challenge of Europe: a report on the Conference at the French Institute, New York University: Fall 1990
Authors: Stockdale Jacqueline
Published: October 2021

Summary of conferences at the French Institute The past several years have been filled with many abrupt and largely unforeseen transformations in French, European, and world history. Among the most dramatic of these changes were those occurring within the Eastern bloc countries; these changes necessitate the reinterpretation and redefinition of East-West relations and, more specifically, their implications for France and Europe.
Judicial Review in France
Authors: Shapiro Martin
Published: October 2021

Although the matter I am about to take up might normally be relegated to a footnote, it is so important that I prefer to present it in the text as an introduction. Alec Stone is a Ph.D. candidate at the University of Washington completing a dissertation on the Conseil Constitutionnel. During a year in which I was teaching in Paris we conferred a number of times about the dissertation and, subsequent to the return of both of us to the States, I have become a sort of unofficial dissertation advisor.
Où Va La Cohésion Sociale En France?
Authors: Glaude Michel
Published: October 2021

La société française est-elle, sous l'effet des tensions avivées par la crise économique, menacée d'une perte de cohésion plus ou moins durable? La dynamique des processus d'exclusion ne révèle-t-cllc pas des forces centrifuges à l'œuvre dans l'ensemble du corps social? Comment et à quel niveau joueront les facteurs correctifs d'intégration sociale?
L'apport de Tocqueville aux idées décentralisatrices
Authors: Bacot Guillaume
Published: October 2021

La question de la décentralisation administrative occupe une place très importante dans l'œuvre de Tocqueville. Il importe donc de la situer par rapport à cette œuvre elle-même, pour bien en comprendre la portée, ainsi que l'a fait Darío Roldán dans un article publié en 1994 dans La Revue Tocqueville. Mais il convient aussi de tenir compte de l'environnement intellectuel de l'époque, pour prendre la mesure des influences extérieures sur Tocqueville, car la décentralisation administrative était l'un des problèmes les plus discutés au moment de la rédaction de La démocratie en Amérique.
Intellectuals, Social Change and Foreign Policy in Inter-War Japan
Authors: Jansen Marius B.
Published: October 2021

The pages that follow discuss the place and role of intellectuals in inter-war Japan with particular reference to their relevance to the development of Japanese foreign policy.
Asie, Amérique latine : les conditions de l'émergence
Authors: Fouquin Michel
Published: October 2021

Les rythmes de croissance économique varient considérablement d'un pays à l’autre sur des périodes parfois très longues, se traduisant par l’émergence ou le déclin des différentes nations qui composent le monde. C’est un exercice classique pour les économistes que de tenter de mesurer et d’expliciter les causes de ces convergences et de ces divergences (Denisson, De Jong, Barro, Sala-i-Martin, Madisson).
America's Two Visitors: Tocqueville and Weber
Authors: Diggins John P.
Published: October 2021

A common assumption holds that the best and most reliable guide to an interpretation of America came from the Frenchman Alexis de Tocqueville and his great classic, Democracy in America. Max Weber never wrote a book on America; in fact, all his writings first appeared as articles in scholarly journals and were only later to find shape in the form of a book. But many of his: thoughts on America, some based on his trip to the U.S. in 1904, can be culled from his various writings, wartime journalism, and correspondance, most of which is being published with such commendable Germanic editorial and annotational thoroughness that his œuvre will be unavailable for years to come.
The Unsociable Frenchmen: Associations and Democracy in Historical Perspective
Authors: Harrison Carol
Published: October 2021

If one hundred thousand Americans felt strongly about any single issue they would immediately form a voluntary association to promote their point of view among their fellow citizens. One hundred thousand Frenchmen with similarly strong feelings on the same subject would write individual letters to the prefect demanding his attention to the problem. Thus Alexis de Tocqueville disposed of the problem of association in France: Frenchmen were intrinsically resistant to association. Failing to understand the virtues of association, Frenchmen missed “the mother of all other forms of knowledge” necessary to democratic progress.
La Démocratie ou le livre fermé
Authors: Nolla Eduardo
Published: October 2021

« Ne lisez pas comme les enfants lisent, pour vous amuser, ni comme les ambitieux lisent, pour vous instruire. Non, Lisez pour vivre ». Lettre de Gustave Flaubert à Mademoiselle Leroyer de Chantepie (6 juin [1857]), Correspondance. II. Paris. 1980.
Sur les traces de Tocqueville en Roumanie
Authors: Zub Alexandru
Published: October 2021

De la présence de Tocqueville dans la culture roumaine, je ne montrerai ici que des traces. Car poursuivre systématiquement, avec les instruments disponibles actuellement, toutes les manifestations de cette présence, me semble une démarche dépourvue de chances d'aboutir, ou qui en tout cas exigerait des efforts disproportionnés par rapport aux résultats. Malgré ces lacunes que je dois assumer, la recherche des traces, guettée toujours par l'impasse, a le mérite de nous obliger à expliquer au fond pourquoi d'autres historiens de l'époque ont attiré l'attention plus que Tocqueville et comment son œuvre a quand meme pénétré dans certains milieux culturels roumains.
Une « politique abstraite et littéraire » : l’intelligentsia et la démocratie. Le Cas roumain
Authors: Antohi Sorin
Published: October 2021

Un colloque sur « Tocqueville et la démocratie aujourd'hui » est une invitation à l'anachronisme et aux comparaisons les plus vertigineuses et semble pouvoir autoriser quelques manquements aux bienséances de l'analyse. Fort de cette prémisse, je vais esquisser les rapports de l'intelligentsia à la démocratie, en m'en tenant suitoul aux rapports de l'intelligentsia roumaine à la démocratie hésitante du post-totalitarisme, sans renoncer pour autant à en suggérer la portée (c$t-)européennc. Dernière mise en garde : dans l'intérêt de la concision, le métatexte immédiat dont mon propos n'est que l'application sera invoqué seulement dans la brève bibliographie, sans commentaire.
Beyond Coca Cola: Europe and the American Way
Authors: Caplow Theodore
Published: October 2021

In L'Europe des Européens (1997), Henri Mendras presents a magisterial account of recent social change in western Europe, which he describes in loving detail. Falling squarely in the Tocqucvillian tradition, this fine work clearly invites comparison between the Europe of the Europeans and the America of the Americans in their present conjuncture.
Prix Tocqueville 1997
Authors: Peyrefitte Alain , Crozier Michel
Published: October 2021

Le prix Tocqueville 1997 a été décerné par le jury présidé par Alain Peyrefitte à Michel Crozier pour l’ensemble de son œuvre. Monsieur Raymond Barre a remis le Prix au château de Tocqueville grâce à l’hospitalité de Monsieur d'Hérouville, sous la présidence de Madame Heinis, sénateur de la Manche. La Revue Tocqueville est heureuse de publier les discours d'Alain Peyrefitte et de Michel Crozier.
La Robe en question : Adrien Du Port et le jury criminel (29-30 mars 1790)
Authors: Martucci Roberto
Published: October 2021

C'est la détermination obstinée d'Adrien Du Port qui a imposé à l'Assemblée Constituante, au cours des débats sur la réforme judiciaire (mars-avril 1790), la décision de faire du jury criminel la pierre angulaire du nouveau système judiciaire français. En constilutionnalisant le principe du jury criminel comme juge du " fait ", la phase transitoire réglée par les décrets Beaumetz est définitivement dépassée et le modèle de procès accusatoire est acquis.
Les Libéraux Français Et Le Jury Criminel
Authors: Jaume Lucien
Published: October 2021

« Le juge prononce la peine que la loi inflige pour ce fait ; et pour cela, il ne lui faut que des yeux », Montesquieu (VI. 3).
The American Jury and Democratic Justice
Authors: Abramson Jeffrey
Published: October 2021

Jury trials in the United States are unlike any others in the world. Nowhere else do juries, chosen from among ordinary citizens of the community, wield such extraordinary power independently of judges. And hence, nowhere else do jury trials betray the tensions inherent in the very ideal of democratic justice. The American jury is designed precisely to represent popular justice, and yet whoever said that justice is always popular? The American jury renders verdicts according to conscience, as well as law, sometimes nullifying laws thought unjust or unworthy of enforcement against particular defendants. But whoever said the conscience of the people is always pure or that reason rather than prejudice will direct acts of nullification?
Elites, Old and New in Novosibirsk
Authors: Hughes James
Published: October 2021

The collapse of communist rule has removed many of the obstacles to research into elites in the former Soviet Union. A clear difference of approach has emerged between investigations of state-level elites, which tend to be quantitative, and studies of sub-state regional and local elites, which tend to be qualitative. In the case of the Russian Federation, state-level regulation of elite circulation at all levels has weakened considerably with the disappearance of the CPSU nomenklatura mechanism of appointment. Concurrently, the fragmentation of power in the post-Soviet system, at a time of immense political and economic transformation, has accentuated the importance of sub-state regional and local elites.
Tocqueville entre au lycée
Authors: Etienne Jean
Published: October 2021

En 1967, Raymond Aron intronisait Tocqueville comme l’un des pères fondateurs de la sociologie. Aujourd’hui, il fait son entrée dans les nouveaux programmes des sciences économiques et sociales des classes terminales « ES » des lycées, aux côtés de Durkheim, Marx et Weber. Si la référence à ces trois derniers auteurs s’est imposée d'emblée, il n’en fut pas de même pour notre aristocrate. Au mieux il était considéré comme un politiste, au pire comme un essayiste. Surtout, on voyait en lui un ultra-libéral, péché rédhibitoire pour une génération d’enseignants formée dans les années soixante à la pensée marxiste.
Présentation
Authors: Mendras Marie
Published: October 2021

Depuis quelques années, le Russe se demande qui le gouverne. Il a acquis la conviction que le pouvoir de décision échappe aux institutions et se diffuse dans les réseaux d’argent et d’influence dont le fonctionnement est opaque. Il exprime à travers le vote et les enquêtes d’opinion une méfiance très grande à l’égard de toutes les institutions et des hommes qui y siègent, de la Présidence de l’Etat jusqu’aux conseils municipaux.
Gouvernance introuvable à Briansk et à Smolensk
Authors: Lallemand Jean-Charles
Published: October 2021

Les modes de gouvernance en Russie continuent leurs mutations. Les rapports d'autorité, les jeux de pouvoir et les relations entre gouvernants et gouvernés ne sont pas encore institutionnalisés durablement dans un cadre étatique stable. Pour l'essentiel, les subsidiarités entre l'Etat central et les régions restent à inventer. L'organisation future de l'Etat russe semble devoir se façonner en fonction des rapports de force actuels entre niveaux de pouvoir. Or ceux-ci dépendent en grande partie des capacités des gouvernants des provinces à produire des sous-systèmes cohérents pour s'imposer face à la capitale.
Tocqueville et le problème de la clôture politique
Authors: Jacques Daniel
Published: October 2021

Tocqueville demeure aujourd’hui une figure problématique de la tradition politique moderne. Certains penseurs se réclament de sa pensée pour défendre la liberté des Modernes alors que d’autres puisent à sa critique de la démocratie, assimilant celle-ci à une critique de la modernité. Si bien que Tocqueville a eu des lecteurs de tous les partis, en passant de Marx à Nietzsche. Cette ambivalence de renseignement tocquevillien illustre une dimension essentielle de la conscience politique européenne.
L’Union européenne et la souveraineté à la française : le point de vue du juriste
Authors: Le Roy Thierry
Published: October 2021

Historiens et historiens des idées remonteraient avant la Révolution française pour aborder ce thème ; Tocqueville, lui, le ferait assurément. Cela éclairerait notamment ce que représente en France l'élément de souveraineté dans la souveraineté nationale.
Unité et pluralité : la souveraineté révolutionnaire et son héritage
Authors: Jaume Lucien
Published: October 2021

Il vaut la peine de porter sur la notion de « souveraineté nationale » le regard de l’historien et du philosophe des idées politiques : loin d’avoir fondamentalement une portée négative ou une finalité préservatrice (contre la personnalisation du pouvoir), ainsi que le soutenait Carré de Malberg chez les juristes, le concept révolutionnaire véhicule un contenu déterminé, d’autant plus insistant qu’il provient de cette monarchie absolue avec laquelle la Révolution veut se persuader qu’elle a totalement rompu : en effet, l’unité et l’indivisibilité de la souveraineté (termes venus de la monarchie) comptent autant dans les esprits que sa dévolution à la Nation.
L'apprentissage des notions economiques : Une comparaison franco-britannique
Authors: Vergés Pierre
Published: October 2021

Même si le Channel n'est qu'une frêle séparation entre la France et l'Angleterre, les histoires economiques de chacun de ces deux pays sont assez dissemblables. Elles produisent des cultures économiques fort différentes. Si proches géographiquement et économiquement, les jeunes anglais et les jeunes français construisent des images qui ne se ressemblent guère. Nous sommes arrivés à cette conclusion, après une enquête comparative faîte dans ces deux pays. Cette recherche était aussi conduite parallèlement dans deux pays nouvellement venus à l'économie de marché : la Pologne, la République Tchèque.
Les relations de confiance
Authors: Galland Olivier
Published: October 2021

La confiance est un des traits de la vie sociale qui, avec des réseaux et des normes, permet aux individus d'agir ensemble de façon plus efficace pour poursuivre des buts communs. En ce sens, la notion de confiance est étroitement imbriquée à celle de « capital social » telle qu'elle a été développée par James Coleman (1990). Mais l'objet de cet article n'est pas de prolonger cette réflexion théorique. Il est, plus modestement, d'essayer de déterminer empiriquement les variations du niveau de confiance dans les pays développés et ses liens avec l'évolution des relations sociales.
L'invention des primaires
Authors: Lacorne Denis
Published: October 2021

L'invention des primaires présidentielles est un événement tardif qu'il faut précisément dater et situer dans une longue suite de réformes du mode de sélection des candidats à la présidence des Etats-Unis. En simplifiant, on peut distinguer quatre étapes principales : 1) le système de sélection pensé et élaboré par les Constituants américains, 2) la période de prédominance du Congrès (« King Caucus »), 3) l'instauration des Conventions étatiques et nationales, qui marque le triomphe des partis politiques, 4) l'introduction des primaires directes par les critiques de la « partitocratie » et les tenants du Progressisme.
On Economic Sovereignty: European Nation-States Between Globalization and Regional Integration
Authors: Le Cacheux Jacques
Published: October 2021

European monetary unification has once again brought the issue of national economic sovereignty to the front: often regarded as the quintessential attribute of national sovereignty in the realm of economics, monetary powers have been most solemnly foregone and transferred to a supranational authority, independent from political bodies. Insistence by the French minister of Finance that restructuring French banking sector should take place within the national borders, frustration over the impossibility for continental member states to go on imposing an embargo over British beef, the opening of the so-called Millennium round of international trade negotiations in late November in Seattle, the loud reactions of the German government and press to the hostile takeover bid over Mannesmann, a giant “German” telecommunication company, by the “British” Vodafone: over recent months, there have been many examples of the ambivalent way in which European nation states react to the consequences of globalization and international monetary integration.
Evolution récente du rôle des syndicats en Allemagne
Authors: Reutter Werner
Published: October 2021

Les fonctions, la structure et le pouvoir d’influence des syndicats allemands sont actuellement tous exposés à un processus de transformation qui est interprété par beaucoup comme une crise de fonction. Pourtant, l’évolution à long terme se caractérise par une grande proportion de continuité, qui ne permet pas - tout au moins pas encore - de déterminer une perte de fonction fondamentale ou une rupture structurelle. Ceci dit, les pertes d’adhérents, les modifications d’organisation politique et structurelles amoindrissent les conditions requises à l’existence des groupements d’intérêts corporatistes.
Daniel Bell: Prix Tocqueville 1999
Authors: Peyrefitte Alain
Published: October 2021

En cette année 1999, qui incite à dresser le bilan du siècle, le jury du prix Tocqueville a pensé qu’il était juste de couronner la réflexion d’un homme qui a cherché à comprendre et à faire comprendre les désarrois, les contradictions, les catastrophes de ce siècle.
Les indicateurs de pilotage des établissements en France
Authors: Merle Pierre
Published: October 2021

Longtemps, l’établissement fréquenté ne fut pas considéré comme une variable susceptible d’influencer sensiblement les progrès des élèves (Coleman, 1966 ; Jencks, 1972). Ce temps est révolu. Au cours des années soixante-dix et surtout quatre-vingts se sont développés des travaux sur « l’école efficace » (the school effectiveness studies) dont l’intérêt indéniable a été de montrer que chaque établissement apportait une contribution plus ou moins importante, désignée par le terme efficacité, à la réussite scolaire des élèves (Mortimore, 1988).
Présentation
Authors: van Zanten Agnès
Published: October 2021

Les observateurs des politiques éducatives en France et en Europe ont été très nombreux à noter la montée en puissance de l’évaluation comme outil de régulation au cours des vingt dernières années. Cette évolution, qui est parallèle à celle que l’on observe dans d’autres secteurs, correspond à plusieurs mouvements. Elle s’inscrit tout d’abord dans un processus global de rationalisation de l’action publique qui conduit à donner une place grandissante, tout au moins dans le discours, aux savoirs des experts.
The market form in United Kingdom education
Authors: Ball Stephen
Published: October 2021

Education in the UK is awash with policy. Since the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher introduced the Education Reform Act of 1988, all levels and aspects of education have been subject to a constant deluge of reform and change. The Labour government have made their own contribution to this policy onslaught. At the 1998 Labour Party Annual Conference a briefing paper for delegates - Pledges into Action: Education and Employment, (Labour Party Policy Unit) listed 47 education-related policies, initiatives and funding decisions announced since the 1997 election victory. There have been many more since.
L’histoire des États-Unis en France : une histoire en devenir
Authors: Weil François
Published: October 2021

Dans un texte célèbre de 1958 consacré au " dilemme de l'historien américain de la France moderne ", David Pinkney avançait l'idée que les chercheurs américains ne pourraient jamais rivaliser avec leurs collègues français en matière de recherches originales, et devraient mettre l'accent sur des ouvrages de généralisation, de synthèse ou d'interprétation. En 1990, plus de trente ans après avoir formulé pour la première fois ce qui fut bientôt baptisé " la thèse de Pinkney ", son auteur estimait que son analyse était devenue caduque, à mesure que les historiens américains de la France multipliaient recherches originales et innovations historiographiques (Pinkney, 1958, 1975 et 1991).
Comparing French and American Sociology
Authors: Lamont Michèle
Published: October 2021

The sociology of the social sciences had developed rapidly in the last few decades. Researchers have given special attention to the development and institutionalization of sociology. Despite the availability of a large body of literature on various national sociological fields, comparative studies of the discipline are still few. The existing studies rarely compare these fields systematically along salient dimensions.
On Being French in Chicago 1950-51
Authors: Mendras Henri
Published: October 2021

In 1950, for an aspiring sociologist, going to Chicago was like a Muslim going to Mecca. One hoped to return with the title of Hajji, anointed by the reigning high priests of sociology who dwelt there. The Chicago School, which in the twenties had literally invented urban ecology by analyzing Chicago's ethnic minorities (Park, Burgess, McKenzie, The City, 1925), was very much alive. There were survivors around the campus - I had the rare privilege of lunching once with Ernest Burgess. But there were also the "young Turks," those who would soon reorient sociological research and give birth to what we now call ethno-methodology. People like Lloyd Warner were in full scholarly flower.
France Between Étatiste Tradition and the American Federalist Model
Authors: Schmidt Vivien A.
Published: October 2021

Like it or not, the federalism that France, with its etatiste tradition, had so long eschewed is now gaining ground. Rather than coming from across the Atlantic, however, it results from the increasing encroachments of the European Union, which resembles the U.S. model of federalism both in its quasi-federal institutional structures and pluralist policymaking processes, although it is admittedly very much sui generis. And France, having so long resisted any federalist challenges to central authority from below, now finds it undermined from above, by the very European entity of which it was one of the principal architects.
History: the Reciprocal Influences
Authors: Bell David A.
Published: October 2021

In the spring of 1984, I came across a blisteringly polemical account of the American historical profession in Harper's magazine. Written by Gertrude Himmelfarb, a distinguished conservative scholar of Victorian Britain, it charged her fellow historians with such obsessive eagerness to uncover the smallest details of everyday life in the past that they had lost sight of the truly important things in history: ideas, politics, war and diplomacy. Himmelfarb had no shortage of villains to blame for this dreadful state of affairs, including Marxism, and what Americans would soon come to call "political correctness."
L’autre vision du Canada
Authors: Dufour Christian
Published: October 2021

Il y a un siècle, le premier Canadien français à devenir premier ministre du Canada, Sir Wilfrid Laurier, exhortait les Canadiens anglais de l’époque à se sentir un peu moins britanniques et membres de l’Empire, davantage Canadiens, comme leurs compatriotes de langue française l’étaient déjà depuis le début du XVIII siècle.
Republicanism, Liberalism, Illiberalism: An American Debate in French Translation
Authors: Hulliung Mark
Published: October 2021

Just when you thought the question whether American political culture has been “republican” or “liberal” had played itself out, three new books appear raising the stakes in the contest of interpretations: Michael Sandel’s Democracy and Its Discontents (1996), Rogers Smith’s Civic Ideals (1997), and James Kloppenberg’s The Virtues of Liberalism (1998).
Beyond the Liberal-Republican Debate: A Response to Mark Hulliung
Authors: Smith Rogers M.
Published: October 2021

I hope I will not seem ungrateful for Mark Hulliung’s many gracious comments regarding Civic Ideals when I say that I almost feel as if I agree with him more than he does.
Tocqueville on Leadership and Moral Character
Authors: Manzer Robert A.
Published: October 2021

Contemporary thinking about leadership stresses the inadequacy of an old-fashioned, authoritarian model of leadership for today’s world.
Tocqueville’s Fragmented Encounter with India
Authors: Saez Lawrence
Published: October 2021

Tocqueville’s investigation of India is one of the lesser-known contributions to his historiography.
Présentation
Authors: Calvès Gwénaële
Published: October 2021

Le 17 décembre 1999, une journée d’études organisée par le RESSAC a cherché à examiner les termes dans lesquels se pose, en France et aux Etats-Unis, la « question de l’intime ».
Le principe démocratique et l’Union européenne : le défi d’une démocratie post-nationale
Authors: Mény Yves
Published: October 2021

Le débat en Europe et sur l'Europe a en grande partie changé de nature à partir des années 1970 : durant la décennie qui a précédé la création du Marché commun et durant les quinze aimées qui ont suivi la signature du Traité de Rome, l'attention des militants pro ou anti européens, aussi bien que celle des médias et des observateurs, s'est polarisée sur les modalités ou éventuellement les finalités d'une intégration disputée : Que devait faire l'Europe ? Quels pays devaient ou pouvaient s'agréger dans cette aventure commune ? Peu de réflexion et de discussion était consacré — y compris par les pères fondateurs — à la nature de cette créature nouvelle et en particulier à sa compatibilité avec les systèmes politiques nationaux.
Tocqueville on Equality and Democracy: Reflections on Latin America
Authors: Antonio José , Rivera Aguilar
Published: October 2021

In his essay on Tocqueville and Latin America Claudio López-Guerra asserts that, according to Alexis de Tocqueville, in the XIXth century Mexico and the United States had the same social state but not the same mores. The contention that follows is that religion (Catholicism v. Protestantism) is more important than equality in shaping the mores of a democratic people. In Democracy in America Tocqueville asserted: “It is true that the Anglo-Americans brought equality of conditions with them to the New World. There were neither commoners nor nobles there, and professional prejudices were always as unknown as prejudices of birth.
Jefferson, Louisiana, and American Nationhood
Authors: Onuf Peter S.
Published: October 2021

For Thomas Jefferson, the westward expansion of the new United States epitomized the progress of civilization. Near the end of his life, he looked back on the new nation’s history. “Let a philosophic observer commence a journey from the savages of the Rocky Mountains, eastwardly towards our sea-coast,” he wrote William Ludlow, and he will have observed “this march of civilization advancing from the sea coast, passing over us like a cloud of light”: as civilization advanced, “Barbarism has been receding.”1 Nearly a quarter of a century earlier, in his First Inaugural Address, Jefferson looked forward in time and west across the continent, to that “chosen country, with room enough for our descendants, to the thousandth and thousandth generation.”
De l’incorporation à l’exclusion : les relations entre Amérindiens, Européens et Anglo-Américains dans la Vallée du Mississippi de 1699 à 1830
Authors: Vidal Cecile
Published: October 2021

Au cours du XVIIIe siècle, la vallée du Mississippi vit se succéder ou coexister les souverainetés française, espagnole, britannique et états-unienne. C’est pourquoi l’analyse des relations entre les Amérindiens et les Européens ou les Euro-Américains de la fondation de la colonie de Louisiane en 1699 au Removal Act de 1830 permet de s’interroger sur la thèse du génie colonial que l’historiographie traditionnelle depuis Francis Parkman attribue aux Français.1 Ces derniers, en tant que peuple, auraient développé des relations beaucoup plus ouvertes, fluides, tolérantes et conciliantes avec les Amérindiens que les Espagnols et les Anglo-Saxons. Ce poncif ne relève pas seulement d’un discours construit a posteriori par les historiens.
Jumping Out Of Ordinary Time: Sacred Rhetoric in American Political Discourse
Authors: Eisenach Eldon J.
Published: October 2021

After the attack on the World Trade Center, a struggle immediately began over how to characterize that event. Was it an act of war or a crime? Those who wanted to contain the event within the framework of ordinary politics, to be handled by properly designated officials within pre-existing procedures and language, said the act was a crime, the perpetrators were criminals, and those who aided the criminals should be apprehended and tried in a court of justice. The resulting punishment would complete the event and everything would proceed within ordinary, diachronic, time.1
Les problèmes structurels de le médecine française
Authors: de Kervasdoué Jean
Published: October 2021

La santé des Français s’améliore toujours et encore : l’espérance de vie à la naissance dépasse en 2004 la barre symbolique de l’âge de 80 ans, augmentant en une seule année de 10 mois ! Cette croissance constitue indéniablement un succès de la médecine, mais plus encore de la société française.
Henri Mendras: retour sur un itinéraire
Authors: Grémion Pierre
Published: October 2021

Une journée en hommage à Henri Mendras a été organisée à Sciences Po le 10 décembre 2004.
Navigating Pension Policy in the United States
Authors: Cook Fay Lomax
Published: October 2021

Politicians in the United States used to have a saying about the politics of Social Security: “Touch it and you die.” Often called “the third rail of American politics,” Social Security was seen as untouchable.
Remembering Merton
Authors: Caplow Thedore
Published: October 2021

Robert King Merton, a member of the founding committee of The Tocqueville Society/La Société Tocqueville, died in New York in 2003 at the age of 92.
Tocqueville as Economic Sociologist?
Authors: Swedberg Richard
Published: October 2021

Tocqueville’s views on politics, religion and law have attracted many commentators, as opposed to his views on economic topics.
Towards Global Governance?
Authors: Lamy Pascal
Published: October 2021

There is no agreed definition of globalization.
Squaring the Circle: The Multiple Purposes of Civil Society in Tocqueville’s Democracy in America
Authors: Neem Johann N.
Published: October 2021

When Alexis de Tocqueville visited the United States, he was amazed by the new uses to which Americans put voluntary associations.
The notwithstanding clause: Legislatures, courts, and the electorate
Authors: Leckey Robert , Mendelsohn Eric
Published: October 2021

This article interprets the notwithstanding clause in section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. When a legislature activates the notwithstanding clause, subsection 33(2) temporarily ensures a protected law’s ‘operation’ by preventing it from being ‘inconsistent’ with the Constitution of Canada in the sense of the supremacy clause, thereby precluding judicial remedies such as striking down. Construed in the light of its components (some never considered by the Supreme Court of Canada) and other constitutional features, the notwithstanding clause does not make rights irrelevant or strip them of their legal character. Nor does it confide the assessment of trade-offs about rights to the legislature alone. Instead, subsection 33(3) indicates a framework for such assessments in which the voting public plays a crucial evaluative role. The courts, as interpreters and guardians of the Constitution, can, and in some circumstances should, support the public’s constitutional role by declaring the extent to which a protected law unjustifiably limits Charter rights. The public’s ability to take such declarations into account in evaluating rights trade-offs would advance the democratic purpose of subsection 33(3), a purpose that underpins our constitutional framework more broadly.
Düşük Sosyo-Ekonomik Statüdeki Ergenlerde Psikolojik İyi Oluş: Sistemi Meşrulaştırıcı İnançların, Öfke ve Hayranlık Duygularının Rolü
Authors: ALTOP Ecem , SOLAK Nevin
Published: October 2021

Bu çalışmada, düşük sosyo-ekonomik statüdeki (SES) ergenlerin psikolojik iyi oluşlarının ergenlerin varlıklı akranlarıyla ilgili hissettikleri duygularla ve ekonomik eşitsizliğe dair inançlarıyla ilişkisi araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada, ekonomik eşitsizlikle ilgili inançlar bireylerin mevcut ekonomik, sosyal ve politik düzenlemeleri meşrulaştırma ve savunma motivasyonunu konu alan sistemi meşrulaştırma kuramı perspektifinden ele alınmıştır. Duygulardan ise mevcut çalışma bağlamı ile oldukça ilişkili olan iki duyguya, öfke ve hayranlık duygularına odaklanılmıştır. Çalışmada varlıklı akranlarla ilgili hissedilen öfke ve hayranlık duygularının ekonomik sistemi meşrulaştırma ve iyi oluş arasındaki ilişkiye aracılık edeceği ileri sürülmüştür. Araştırmanın örneklemini göreli düşük SES’ye sahip 182 lise öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Öfke ve hayranlık duyguları SES grupları arasında farklı sonuçlar ortaya çıkarma olasılığı olan çeşitli bağlamlarda ölçülmüştür. Bu bağlamlar şunlardır: maddi tüketim imkânları, ailesel etkenler, geleceğe yönelik imkânlar ve güç, yetkinlik ve fiziksel çekicilik algısı, kişilerarası ilişkiler ve eğitim imkânları. Sonuçlar, iyi oluşun sistemi meşrulaştırma puanı ile pozitif, öfke toplam puanı ve hayranlık toplam puanı ile negatif ilişkili olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca öfkenin, özellikle de varlıklı akranların “maddi tüketim imkânları”na sahip olduğu için duyulan öfkenin, ekonomik sistemi meşrulaştırma ve psikolojik iyi oluş arasındaki ilişkiye aracılık ettiği ortaya konulmuştur. Bununla birlikte, hayranlığın toplam puanın ve özellikle “maddi tüketim imkânları” ve “kişilerarası ilişkiler” boyutları alanındaki hayranlığın, iyi oluş ile negatif ilişkisi bulunsa da sistemi meşrulaştırma ile istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişkisi bulunmamıştır. Araştırmanın sonuçları, düşük SES’deki ergenlerin psikolojik iyi oluşlarını anlamada, varlıklı akranlarla ilgili öfke ve hayranlık duygularının ve ekonomik sisteme meşruiyet atfetmeye yönelik eğilimlerinin rolünü de göz önünde bulundurmanın önemine işaret etmektedir.
Psikoterapilerin Etkililiğini Belirleyen Faktörlerin İncelenmesi: Bir Derleme Çalışması
Authors: GÖKKAYA Füsun , YURDALAN Fatih , KARAGÜLMEZ Kadriye , EMEÇ Kubilay
Published: October 2021

Psikoterapi, psikoterapist ve danışan arasında profesyonel bir ilişkinin olduğu, birçok faktörden etkilenen bir etkileşim sürecidir. Bu derleme çalışmasında psikoterapilerin danışanlar üzerinde etkili olmasında hangi faktörlerin belirleyici olduğu araştırılmıştır. Bu faktörler, psikoterapistten, danışandan hem psikoterapistten hem danışandan kaynaklanan faktörler ile terapötik çerçeve ve terapötik ilişki başlıkları altında sınıflandırılmıştır. Psikoterapistten kaynaklandığı düşünülen faktörler arasında psikoterapistin seanslar içerisindeki işlevselliği, yetkinliği, yeterliliği, sahip olduğu terapötik beceriler gibi özellikleri saymak mümkündür. Danışandan kaynaklanan faktörler arasında ise danışanın motivasyonu, seanstan beklentileri, psikolojik zihinliliği gibi kavramlar sayılabilmektedir. Psikoterapinin etkililiğini belirleyen diğer faktörler fiziksel ortam, süre, ücret gibi kavramlar terapötik çerçeve başlığı altında ele alınırken, terapinin doğasını ve işlevselliğini belirleyen terapötik ilişki diğer bir etmen olarak ele alınmıştır. Kullanılan bu kavram ve tekniklerin terapide kalımı ve sağlıklı bir ilişkinin kurulup sürdürülmesinde önemli olduğu görülmüştür. Bu bağlamda derleme çalışmasının literatüre önemli bir katkı sunacağı düşünülmektedir. Sonuç olarak, bu becerilerin öğrenilmesinde iyi bir eğitimin yanında deneyimli kişilerden süpervizyon alma, psikoterapistlerin teknikleri kavramasını ve uygulayabilmesini kolaylaştıracağı düşünülmektedir.
Witnessed in Stone: Epigraphic Evidence of Addressees of the Prophet’s Missives in Ḥaḍramawt
Authors: Frantsouzoff Sergey А.
Published: October 2021

The present article deals with the authenticity of early Islamic historical tradition. The sceptical approach of some Western scholars is balanced by an attempt to substantiate the data available in the Arab Muslim sources with the information from the inscriptions from South Arabia. The author was fortunate to discover an Islamic source, which dates back to the first half of 9thcentury AD, the Kitāb al-Ṭabaqāt alkabīr by Ibn Sa‘d, which comprises the missives of the Prophet Muhammad to two noble clans of Ḥaḍramawt: dhū Marḥab and al-Bassī. These clans are also mentioned in two late Sabaean inscriptions, which originate from the territory of Ḥaḍramawt: Beeston – Wādī Sanā’ and MM (al-Mukalla’ Museum) 157. Therefore, the existence of at least two addressees of the missives of the prophet Muḥammad is confirmed in the epigraphic documents from Ancient Yemen.