bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chain extended vinyl aniline modified cyclohexanone formaldehyde resin
Authors: Kizilcan Nilgün , Ateş Esin
Published: June 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper was as follows. The in situ chemical oxidation (ICO) of vinyl aniline modified cyclohexanone formaldehyde resin (CFVAnR) in the presence of potassium persulphate salt (K2S2O8) was accomplished in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) solutions at 35°C and 70°C. The chemical composition and structure of the oxidized CFVAnR were characterised by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, DSC, TGA and SEM.

Design/methodology/approach

The reactive vinyl and amine groups of the cyclohexanone formaldehyde resin were reacted in the presence of potassium persulphate. CFVAn resin was dissolved in DMSO inside a round bottom flask immersed in a water bath thermostated at reaction temperature of 35°C and 70°C, respectively. Solution of K2S2O8 was prepared in DMSO and this was added into the resin solution.

Findings

It was shown that the vinyl groups in the resin were reacted easily with persulphate salt to obtain chain extended CFVAnR (CECFVAnR). The oxidised 4‐vinyl aniline modified cyclohexanone‐formaldehyde resin has solublity in organic solvents.

Research limitations/implications

The reaction mixture must be stirred continuously. Temperature should be controlled to prevent the thermal polymerisation of vinyl group and higher branching of amino groups. The persulphate ion (S2O82−) has a standard oxidation potential, but when activated by heat (40‐60°C). Furthermore, sulphate radical can react with water or hydroxide to produce hydroxyl radical (−OH). When persulphate is used for in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) application at relatively low temperatures (e.g. <20°C), the oxidation reactions are usually less aggressive due to a slow generation rate of SO4−.

Practical implications

This study provides technical information for the synthesis of chain extended resins. The modified resins contain vinyl groups. The chemical radical system has been used to polymerise these vinyl groups and resins with much higher molecular weight might be produced. The resins may also promote the adhesive strength of a coating and corrosion inhibition to metal surfaces of a coating.

Social implications

This resin will be used for the preparation of AB‐ and ABA‐type block copolymers. These block copolymers may exhibit different properties due to incorporation of ketonic resins into the block copolymer structure.

Originality/value

Chain extended CFVAnR (CECFVAnR) was synthesised by one step reduction‐oxidation reaction, at 35°C (CECFVAnR1) and 70°C (CECFVAnR2) in the presence of potassium persulphate salt. These soluble resins may overcome difficulties in the applications of polymers and open new application areas. Therefore, the chain extended vinyl aniline modified resin may find a number of new application areas as well as existing UV curable resin and polymer applications.
Effect of hollow glass microspheres and cenospheres on insulation properties of coatings
Authors: Sahu P.K. , Mahanwar P.A. , Bambole V.A.
Published: June 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to prepare heat insulating exterior emulsion coating and to study its heat insulating property along with mechanical, chemical and weathering resistance properties with varying amount of hollow glass microspheres and cenospheres.

Design/methodology/approach

For heat insulating effect, various compositions were made by incorporating different proportions of hollow glass microspheres (HGM) and cenospheres (C). The mechanical, chemical, morphological and optical properties of the coating films were studied and compared.

Findings

Addition of hollow glass microspheres and cenospheres enhanced heat insulating property of the coating, hardness, tensile strength and wet scrub resistance. It was evaluated that optimum loading for both cenospheres and hollow glass microspheres was 10 wt.% and both the systems showed good mechanical, chemical resistance and weathering properties.

Practical implications

Addition of hollow glass microspheres and cenospheres to acrylic emulsion coating is a simple and inexpensive method.

Originality/value

The new heat insulating coatings with good thermal insulation properties and improved weather resistance were prepared. These coatings could find applications in demanding fields such as exterior wall coatings and roof coatings.
Review of chemo‐responsive shape change/memory polymers
Authors: Lu H.B. , Huang W.M. , Yao Y.T.
Published: June 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the underlying mechanism and physico‐chemical requirements of chemo‐responsive shape change/memory polymers and to explore the future trend of development and potential applications.

Design/methodology/approach

Working mechanism in chemo‐responsive shape change/memory polymers is firstly identified. And then the physico‐chemical requirements for the representative polymers are characterized.

Findings

The different working mechanisms, fundamentals, physico‐chemical requirements and theoretical origins have been discussed. Current research and development on the fabrication strategies of chemo‐responsive shape change/memory polymers have been summarised. The future trend and potential applications have been explored and estimated.

Research limitations/implications

This review examines physico‐chemical requirements and theoretical origins necessary to achieve chemo‐responsiveness, and then discusses recent developments and future trends.

Practical implications

Shape change/memory polymers can be used in the broad field of bio‐ and/or medicine.

Originality/value

Breakthroughs and rapid development of chemo‐responsive shape change/memory polymers will significantly improve the research and development of smart materials, structures and systems.
Social business and Grameen Danone Foods Limited
Authors: Sardana G.D.
Published: June 2013

Purpose

Capitalism as a concept is founded on “free economy” guided by a free price system and free access to markets. Many of the ills facing present day society such as unemployment, poverty, rising disparities of income, malnutrition, high polluted environment are getting increasingly linked to this corporate philosophy. Alternatives such as social business enterprises have been suggested and practiced by some of the enlightened entrepreneurs. This paper examines the tenets of social business, which advocates enhancing values to society, and the social benefit to all the stakeholders.

Design/methodology/approach

This is an exploratory study and presents the origin, the rationale of the development of the strategic business model and its implementation. The model, based on the philosophy of social business, has been developed and practiced by Grameen Danone Foods Limited. The study has been conducted entirely on the basis of information and data available in the public domain.

Findings

The findings show an encouraging contribution towards enhancing social benefits to society. These are visible in meeting the needs of the children suffering from malnutrition, in the generation of employment and providing a rare dignity to the poor of the poorest. The shortfall in business results is traced to missing economy of scale of operations.

Originality/value

Social business is a new and a bold concept. It has faced many hurdles in its journey to meet objectives. The solutions it has discovered are sure to benefit many researchers, entrepreneurs, social‐welfare oriented societies, non‐profit organizations, national planners, regulators and society‐leaders.
Equity and the hidden factor land: a hypothesis
Authors: Loehr Dirk
Published: June 2013

Purpose

The paper seeks to develop a research hypothesis: although individual companies deviate, in an average observation equity seems to reflect the value of land, and profits appear to reflect the land rent‐earning capacity of the company's assets.

Design/methodology/approach

This hypothesis is based on a broad interpretation of the almost forgotten production factor – land, as an exclusive real option. The article substantiates the connection between equity and key assets preliminarily by considering samples of balance sheets of Germany and the UK.

Findings

The land rent (in a wide sense) is hidden in many cases and diffusing on assets with similar features as land. Access to land (in a broad sense) and the foundation of the profits on rents appear to be an essential base for sustainable performance of companies.

Originality/value

If the hypothesis holds true, equity is nothing other than indirect participation in land (in a broad sense), with impacts on many concepts. For instance, investment policy of pension funds had to be revised, since old‐age provision in stocks would be an indirect investment in land – but an economy as a whole cannot build its savings on land. A consequent taxation on land and other natural resources could replace business taxation. Only a sound endowment with equity opens the access to land and similar assets, which is a challenge for small and medium sized companies.
Classification of CSR standards in the light of ISO 26000
Authors: Delchet‐Cochet Karen , Vo Linh‐Chi
Published: June 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the different classifications of existing reference documents related to corporate social responsibility (CSR) and to propose a complementary approach of this subject in regard to ISO26000.

Design/methodology/approach

The publication of ISO 26000 in November 2010, an International Standard providing guidelines for CSR, seems to have modified the landscape of reference documents by bringing up the issue of legitimacy in the overview of the standards. The paper analyzes four different classifications of existing reference documents related to CSR in order to understand their approach.

Findings

The issue of the purpose and legitimacy of tools evoked by ISO 26000 experts enables this paper to propose a complementary approach to existing classifications, by positioning the main tools related to CSR in relation to each other.

Originality/value

This article presents a comparison of existing classification of CSR standards in regard to ISO26000.
Connecting producers and consumers through fair and sustainable value chains
Authors: Doherty Bob , Huybrechts Benjamin
Published: June 2013

Purpose

This paper seeks to pinpoint the role played by social enterprises in the growth and mainstreaming of fair trade.

Design/methodology/approach

The review encompasses seminal papers on the growth and mainstreaming of fair trade.

Findings

A crucial role is played by social enterprises in establishing fair trade in the mainstream. However this mainstreaming is contested and is argued by some to also lead to potential mission drift.

Research limitations/implications

This review primarily investigates the Northern aspects of fair trade, in particular the role of social enterprise in the market growth of fair trade and its mainstreaming. However more research is required to unpack the producer perspectives of mainstreaming fair trade.

Practical implications

The article investigates one of the pioneering fields of social enterprise to see what lessons can be drawn for other social enterprise sectors that have mainstream ambitions.

Originality/value

This contribution provides a novel review to demonstrate the role played by social enterprise in the growth of fair trade. It argues that the dual mission of fair trade is out of balance and is in danger of becoming reduced to a certification scheme based on minimum compliance. However a rebalancing of social and commercial objectives and acknowledging the innovative approach of fair trade social enterprises would strengthen this pioneering social movement.
The behaviour of solder pastes in stencil printing with electropolishing process
Authors: Lee Yong‐Won , Kim Keun‐Soo , Suganuma Katsuaki
Published: June 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of the electropolishing time of stencil manufacturing parameters and solder‐mask definition methods of PCB pad design parameters on the performance of solder paste stencil printing process for the assembly of 01005 chip components.

Design/methodology/approach

During the study, two types of stencils were manufactured for the evaluations: electroformed stencils and electropolished laser‐cut stencils. The electroformed stencils were manufactured using the standard electroforming process and their use in the paste printing process was compared against the use of an electropolished laser‐cut stencil. The electropolishing performance of the laser‐cut stencil was evaluated twice at the following intervals: 100 s and 200 s. The performance of the laser‐cut stencil was also evaluated without electropolishing. An optimized process was established after the polished stencil apertures of the laser‐cut stencil were inspected. The performance evaluations were made by visually inspecting the quality of the post‐surface finishing for the aperture wall and the quality of that post‐surface finishing was further checked using a scanning electron microscope. A test board was used in a series of designed experiments to evaluate the solder paste printing process.

Findings

The results demonstrated that the length of the electropolishing time had a significant effect on the small stencil's aperture quality and the solder paste's stencil printing performance. In this study, the most effective electropolishing time was 100 s for a stencil thickness of 0.08 mm. The deposited solder paste thickness was significantly better for the enhanced laser‐cut stencil with electropolishing compared to the conventional electroformed stencils. In this printing‐focused work, print paste thickness measurements were also found to vary across different solder‐mask definition methods of printed circuit board pad designs with no change in the size of the stencil aperture. The highest paste value transfer consistently occurred with solder‐mask‐defined pads, when an electropolished laser‐cut stencil was used.

Originality/value

Due to important improvements in the quality of the electropolished laser‐cut stencil, and based on the results of this experiment, the electropolished laser‐cut stencil is strongly recommended for the solder paste printing of fine‐pitch and miniature components, especially in comparison to the typical laser‐cut stencil. The advantages of implementing a 01005 chip component mass production assembly process include excellent solder paste release, increased solder volume, good manufacture‐ability, fast turnaround time, and greater cost saving opportunities.
Kin recognition and competition in plants
Authors: Dudley Susan A. , Murphy Guillermo P. , File Amanda L.
Published: June 2013

Plants recognize their kin and respond to growing with relatives with changes in functional traits. Here, we integrate competition and evolutionary theory to evaluate these changes.

We draw parallels between the definitions and empirical measurement of competitive effect and competitive response from competition theory, and the costs and benefits of altruistic and selfish behaviours from kin selection theory.

Do plants compete less with relatives, as these parallels suggest? While functional traits respond to the presence of relatives or strangers, no study has directly demonstrated that plants are less competitive with siblings.

However, there are empirical challenges in identifying the competitive value of traits that are measured destructively, such as root allocation.

If these challenges can be addressed, kin recognition responses can offer new insights into plant competition.
Do protected areas benefit freshwater species? A broad‐scale assessment for fish in Australia's Murray–Darling Basin
Authors: Chessman Bruce C.
Published: June 2013

Assessment of the performance of protected areas in conserving freshwater biodiversity has been limited, has mostly involved small‐scale studies and has produced mixed findings.

I analysed monitoring data from Australia's Murray–Darling Basin (>106 km2 and mostly arid or semi‐arid) to compare fish assemblages between rivers inside and outside of protected areas.

The average richness and abundance of native species were significantly lower at sites within protected areas, but these sites were weighted towards steeper terrain and colder climates.

When analysis was confined to a subset of geographically and environmentally matched sites, the richness and abundance of native species did not differ significantly between protected and unprotected areas, and only two native species were significantly more abundant within protected areas, whereas another two were significantly more abundant outside.

Synthesis and applications. Protected status probably has little effect on native fish in the Murray–Darling Basin because it does not, by itself, exclude threats such as alien fish and alteration of water regimes. My findings therefore support the view that reserves need to be designed and managed specifically for freshwater species if they are to be most effective in their conservation. In the Murray–Darling Basin, and in similar regions around the world, actions such as greater control of alien species and allocation of adequate environmental flows will likely be critical to enabling protected areas to realize their potential for aquatic conservation.
The resolution and regeneration of a cointegrate plasmid reveals a model for plasmid evolution mediated by conjugation and oriT site‐specific recombination
Authors: Wang Pengxia , Zhang Chunyi , Zhu Yiguang , Deng Yun , Guo Suxia , Peng Donghai , Ruan Lifang , Sun Ming
Published: June 2013

Cointegrate plasmids are useful models for the study of plasmid evolution if their evolutionary processes can be replicated under laboratory conditions. pBMB0228, a 17 706 bp native plasmid originally isolated from Bacillus thuringiensis strain YBT‐1518, carries two nematicidal crystal protein genes, cry6Aa and cry55Aa. In this study, we show that pBMB0228 is in fact a cointegrate of two plasmids and contains two functional replication regions and two functional mobilization regions. Upon introduction into B. thuringiensis strain BMB171, pBMB0228 spontaneously resolves into two constituent plasmids via recombination at its oriT1 and oriT2 sites. The resolution does not require conjugation but can be promoted by conjugation. We further confirm that the resolution is mediated by oriT site‐specific recombination requiring Mob02281 or Mob02282. Additionally, the two constituent plasmids of pBMB0228 are mobilizable, and can fuse back via oriT site‐specific integration after entering into the same cell by conjugation. Our study confirms that native plasmid can reversibly interconvert between a cointegrate structure and its constituent plasmids. This study provides insight into the evolution of cointegrate plasmids, linking plasmid evolution with conjugation and the oriT site‐specific recombination function of relaxase.
Functional and compositional succession of bacterioplankton in response to a gradient in bioavailable dissolved organic carbon
Authors: Dinasquet Julie , Kragh Theis , Schrøter Marie‐Louise , Søndergaard Morten , Riemann Lasse
Published: June 2013

Studies indicate that bacterial taxa utilize different fractions of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) pool, while others suggest functional redundancy among constituents of bacterioplankton, implying only a weak coupling between community structure and function. We examined bacterial compositional and functional [ectoenzymatic activities and growth efficiency; bacterial growth efficiency (BGE)] responses to a gradient in bioavailable DOC (bDOC). This was achieved over 10 days in DOC utilization assays containing Baltic Sea water with variable amounts of natural bDOC. Measurements of bacterial growth, O2 and DOC consumption in the assays using non‐invasive sampling showed that BGE changed over time and that the bDOC utilized accounted for 4–13% of the DOC pool. Pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes demonstrated minor differences at the phylum level between samples, whereas larger successional differences were discernible at lower phylogenetic levels. Our study suggests that changes in concentrations of bDOC affect bacterioplankton BGE and community structure by selecting for some taxa while the relative abundance of most taxa remained unaffected. Ectoenzymes activities suggested preferential degradation of protein‐rich compounds by bacteria, switching to carbohydrate‐rich DOC when proteins were depleted. Hence, there was a fairly weak linkage between bacterial community composition and DOC utilization suggesting that overall bacterioplankton community structure only to some extent has predictive power for processing of the DOC pool.
Gendered Candidate Emergence in Britain: Why are More Women Councillors Not Becoming MPs?
Authors: Allen Peter
Published: June 2013

The link between local councils and the House of Commons is well established, with many MPs learning their trade at the local level. Local councils are also fruitful environments for female politicians, with just over 32 per cent of all councillors being women. However, existing evidence suggests that women councillors are less likely than men to make the jump from local to national politics. This article uses original empirical data to assess the political ambitions of local councillors and places them in context, asking which factors have the most influence on whether a councillor has considered running for parliamentary office.
Competing Visions of Community: Empowerment and Abandonment in the Governance of Coalfield Regeneration
Authors: Doering Heike
Published: June 2013

This article engages with recent debates which assert that community participation and empowerment are place‐contingent. The particular nature of localities has regularly been taken to account for success or failure in processes of participation and regeneration. In contrast, this article exposes the failings based in the nature of the process of regeneration in the complex intersection of national agendas of community participation, regional objectives of economic growth and local aspirations of social cohesion and improved amenities. These agendas meet in the seemingly mutual pursuit of the ‘active community’. They become manifest in the micro‐politics of negotiating and enacting different constructions of community by the different actors ‘empowered’ in the regeneration process: regional development agencies, local government and local civil society. The article is based on ethnographic research in the Kent coalfield. The coalfields as distinct places have commanded a lasting place in the academic and policy literature: romanticized as the epitome of ‘communityness’ but demonized as the site of problem groups. This otherness has outlasted the industry the communities were built on. The analysis here shows that the social organization of regeneration in an arguably ‘different’ place is less driven by local specificities than by a failure to make visible conflicting constructions of community; therefore both the pathologizing of disadvantaged social groups and calls for more ‘community’ in policy delivery rather than policy reform are called into question.
Simulation training for breast and pelvic physical examination: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Dilaveri CA , Szostek JH , Wang AT , Cook DA
Published: June 2013

Background

Breast and pelvic examinations are challenging intimate examinations. Technology‐based simulation may help to overcome these challenges.

Objective

To synthesise the evidence regarding the effectiveness of technology‐based simulation training for breast and pelvic examination.

Search strategy

Our systematic search included MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsychINFO, Scopus, and key journals and review articles; the date of the last search was January 2012.

Selection criteria

Original research studies evaluating technology‐enhanced simulation of breast and pelvic examination to teach learners, compared with no intervention or with other educational activities.

Data collection and analysis

The reviewers evaluated study eligibility and abstracted data on methodological quality, learners, instructional design, and outcomes, and used random‐effects models to pool weighted effect sizes.

Main results

In total, 11 272 articles were identified for screening, and 22 studies were eligible, enrolling 2036 trainees. In eight studies comparing simulation for breast examination training with no intervention, simulation was associated with a significant improvement in skill, with a pooled effect size of 0.86 (95% CI 0.52–1.19; P < 0.001). Four studies comparing simulation training for pelvic examination with no intervention had a large and significant benefit, with a pooled effect size of 1.18 (95% CI 0.40–1.96; P = 0.003). Among breast examination simulation studies, dynamic models providing feedback were associated with improved outcomes. In pelvic examination simulation studies, the addition of a standardised patient to the simulation model and the use of an electronic model with enhanced feedback improved outcomes.

Author's conclusions

In comparison with no intervention, breast and pelvic examination simulation training is associated with moderate to large effects for skills outcomes. Enhanced feedback appears to improve learning.
Molecular characterization of DnaJ 5 homologs in silkworm Bombyx mori and its expression during egg diapause
Authors: Sirigineedi Sasibhushan , Vijayagowri Esvaran , Murthy Geetha N. , Rao Guruprasada , Ponnuvel Kangayam M.
Published: June 2013

A comparison of the cDNA sequences (1 056 bp) of Bombyx mori DnaJ 5 homolog with B. mori genome revealed that unlike in other Hsps, it has an intron of 234 bp. The DnaJ 5 homolog contains 351 amino acids, of which 70 contain the conserved DnaJ domain at the N‐terminal end. This homolog of B. mori has all desirable functional domains similar to other insects, and the 13 different DnaJ homologs identified in B. mori genome were distributed on different chromosomes. The expressed sequence tag database analysis of Hsp40 gene expression revealed higher expression in wing disc followed by diapause‐induced eggs. Microarray analysis revealed higher expression of DnaJ 5 homolog at 18th h after oviposition in diapause‐induced eggs. Further validation of DnaJ 5 expression through qPCR in diapause‐induced and nondiapause eggs at different time intervals revealed higher expression in diapause eggs at 18 and 24 h after oviposition, which coincided with the expression of Hsp70 as the Hsp 40 is its co‐chaperone. This study thus provides an outline of the genome organization of Hsp40 gene, and its role in egg diapause induction in B. mori.
Business expatriates' cross‐cultural adaptation and their job performance
Authors: Shi Xingsong , Franklin Peter
Published: June 2013

While a positive relationship between the cross‐cultural adaptation and job performance of business expatriates is widely assumed and intuitively plausible, empirical studies do not consistently confirm this relationship. The current quantitative study investigated expatriates sent to and from China, two hitherto neglected but increasingly important groups. The sample of more than 800 participants is considerably larger than in previous studies of other types of expatriates. The study, in the China‐based contexts, confirms the existence of links between cross‐cultural adaptation, job performance and other factors. It is also shown, among other relationships reported on here, that expatriates accompanied by their partners or family members display better cross‐cultural adaptation and job performance. Length of assignment is shown – counter‐intuitively – to be only weakly related to adaptation and performance, and, surprisingly, expatriation experience – often regarded as predictive of expatriate effectiveness – to be unrelated to cross‐cultural adaptation and job performance. The implications of the findings for expatriate selection, training, and assignment management are discussed.
Luxury uptake of magnesium by peas, Pisum sativum
Authors: Reid J.B. , Trolove S.N. , Tan Y. , Johnstone P.R.
Published: June 2013

Increasing the magnesium (Mg) concentration of vegetables (biofortification) will often require ‘luxury’ uptake where the whole‐plant concentration of Mg (cp) is greater than required for maximum yield. Our aim was to quantify some of the physiological factors influencing luxury uptake of Mg to aid subsequent development of agronomic techniques for biofortification. Peas, Pisum sativum, were used as a test species. A sand culture experiment related vegetative growth and cp for plants grown with a range of Mg and potassium (K) supply rates. We developed a model of Mg uptake including feedback control exerted by cp. The model was parameterised with results from a solution culture experiment and then used to explore ways to increase luxury uptake of Mg. Feedback control of Mg uptake by cp was weak. Biomass did not increase if the Mg concentration exceeded 0.11% in the whole plant or 0.13% in the shoots. Values obtained in the field are often larger than this. Our results indicate that luxury uptake of Mg by peas is readily achieved, provided that there is ample supply of Mg2+ to the root surfaces. In field soils though, transport of Mg2+ to the roots may limit uptake and cation exchange processes restrict the ability of Mg fertilisers to substantially increase Mg uptake. Increasing root growth will usually increase Mg uptake, but cp may not rise if biomass is also increased.
Consequences of being Rhesus D immunized during pregnancy and how to optimize new prevention strategies
Authors: Tiblad Eleonor , Westgren Magnus , Pasupathy Dharmintra , Karlsson Anita , Wikman Agneta T.
Published: June 2013

Objective

To analyze the timing of Rhesus D (RhD) immunization in pregnancy and the consequences for the index pregnancy and for subsequent pregnancies to be able to optimize the design of antenatal screening and prevention programs.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Stockholm county, Sweden.

Population

All RhD immunized pregnant women 1990–2008 before the introduction of routine antenatal anti‐D prophylaxis.

Methods

Data were collected from transfusion medicine registers and databases, medical records, the Swedish Medical Birth Register and the National Perinatal Quality Register and entered into a standardized database before analysis.

Main outcome measures

The order of pregnancy and trimester when immunization occurred and treatment of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn.

Results

A total of 290 RhD immunized women were included in the study. In 147/290 (51%) of the women, sensitization occurred with their first‐born child and in 96/290 (33%) it occurred with their second‐born child. Anti‐D antibodies developed during the second or third trimester in 212/290 (73%) and in 61/290 (21%) at term or after delivery. In subsequent pregnancies 56% (144/259) of the neonates required treatment for hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn.

Conclusions

Based on our study, at least half of the cases could potentially have been avoided by routine antenatal anti‐D prophylaxis in the beginning of the third trimester. To optimize the beneficial effects of new prevention programs, we propose providing anti‐D prophylaxis in gestational week 28–30 selectively to all RhD‐negative women with RhD‐positive fetuses.
Textural and Morphometric Analysis Applied to Holocene Pottery from Takarkori Rock Shelter (SW Libya, Central Sahara): A Quantitative Sedimentological Approach
Authors: Eramo G. , Aprile A. , Muntoni I. M. , Zerboni A.
Published: June 2013

This paper proposes the application of digital image processing of plane‐ and cross‐polarized light photomicrographs to textural and morphometric analysis as an extension of routine petrographic characterization. The aim is to answer questions on the provenance and technology of quartz‐ and calcite‐bearing potsherds from the Takarkori rock shelter (Libyan Sahara, from around 8900 to 4200 uncal. years bp). Specific processing algorithms run on image analysis freeware (ImageJ) isolate quartz and calcite inclusions to obtain quantitative textural and morphometric data that are useful in identifying different local fluvial and swampy sedimentary environments as sources of sandy clays for pottery.
Facilitation of short‐term memory by histaminergic neurons in the nucleus accumbens is independent of cholinergic and glutamatergic transmission
Authors: Kraus M M , Prast H , Philippu A
Published: June 2013

Background and Purpose

Here, we have investigated whether learning and/or short‐term memory was associated with release of ACh and glutamate in the rat nucleus accumbens (NAc). Additionally, neurotransmitter release in the NAc was assessed during facilitation of cognitive processes by antagonists of inhibitory histamine autoreceptors.

Experimental Approach

The olfactory, social memory test was used in combination with push–pull superfusion of the NAc. A male, juvenile rat was exposed twice to an adult male rat at intervals of 60 or 90 min, and release of ACh and glutamate was determined in the NAc of the conscious adult rat. Histamine receptor antagonists were applied i.c.v.

Key Results

First exposure of a juvenile rat to an adult rat increased ACh and glutamate release in the NAc of the adult rat. Repetition of exposure after 60 min did not change release of ACh and glutamate, while contact time to recognition (CTR) was shortened. Repetition of exposure after an interval of 90 min prolonged CTR and enhanced accumbal ACh and glutamate release rates. Injection (i.c.v.) of thioperamide (histamine H3 receptor antagonist) together with famotidine (H2 receptor antagonist), 80 min prior to second exposure, diminished CTR and abolished ACh and glutamate release when second exposure was carried out 90 min after the first one.

Conclusions and Implications

Histaminergic neurons per se facilitated short‐term memory, without activation of cholinergic and/or glutamatergic neurons in the NAc of rats. Cholinergic and glutamatergic neurons within the NAc contributed to learning but not to recall of memory.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed issue on Histamine Pharmacology Update. To view the other articles in this issue visit http://dx.doi.org/
10.1111/bph.2013.170.issue‐1
The importance of comprehensive phylogenetic (evolutionary) classification—a response to Schmidt‐Lebuhn's commentary on paraphyletic taxa
Authors: Stuessy Tod F. , Hörandl Elvira
Published: June 2013

The review of paraphyly in botanical systematics by Schmidt‐Lebuhn brings together a number of useful perspectives for the reader. It fails to offer new ideas, however, and it does not recognize the fallacies of strict cladistic classification, namely accepting only holophyletic groups, and insisting that sister groups have the same rank. The reason for adherence to these rules is to maintain the convenience of cladistic classification. While convenience in biological classification by itself is not necessarily bad, it becomes unacceptable when its use overshadows achieving a higher level of evolutionary (and phylogenetic) information content. Evolutionary divergence and reticulation are both significant parts of the evolutionary process that cannot be ignored in biological classification and that are necessary for high predictive quality.
Tobacco consumption induces alveolar crest height loss independently of mandibular bone mass and bone density
Authors: Mesa Francisco , Souki Nizar , Galindo‐Moreno Pablo , Velasco‐Torres Miguel , O'Valle Francisco , Bravo Manuel
Published: June 2013

Aim

To investigate the relationship of tobacco consumption with alveolar crest height (ACH) loss and mandibular bone mass estimated by digital panoramic radiography and cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT).

Material and methods

We studied 315 patients (43.2% [n = 136] men and 56.8% [n = 179] women) with mean age of 36.6 ± 5.3 (range 21–30 years (16.2%), range 31–46 years (83.8%); 9% (n = 71) were smokers (>10 cig./day). A mean of 13.0 ± 2.0 mandibular teeth were present: 37.5% of patients had 6–12 teeth and 62.5% 13–16 teeth. We analyzed 315 digital panoramic radiographs (2D) and calculated the ACH, mandibular cortical width, and basal and alveolar bone gray level values. ACH and bone density were also measured on CBCT (3D) in the 110 patients scheduled for implantation.

Results

In the univariate analysis, ACH loss was greater in older patients (P = 0.012) and in those with fewer mandibular teeth (P < 0.001) and showed a relationship with tobacco consumption that was close to significant (P = 0.079). In the multivariate analysis, the number of mandibular teeth (P < 0.001) and tobacco consumption (P = 0.048) were significantly associated with ACH. Alveolar and basal bone densities were associated, respectively, with number of mandibular teeth (P = 0.012) and cortical width (P = 0.030).

Conclusion

In a Caucasian population aged 21–46 years, tobacco consumption was significantly associated with ACH loss. However, ACH loss showed no significant relationship with mandibular bone mass estimated either as mandibular cortical width index or bone density on digital panoramic radiographs or as bone density on CBCT. ACH loss was a local event independent of mandibular bone mass status.
Postoperative respiratory management in living donor lobar lung transplantation
Authors: Chen Fengshi , Chin Kazuo , Sato Masaaki , Aoyama Akihiro , Murase Kimihiko , Azuma Masanori , Bando Toru , Date Hiroshi
Published: June 2013

Background

We evaluated postoperative respiratory management of living donor lobar lung transplantation (LDLLT).

Methods

Perioperative variables were reviewed in 21 patients who underwent LDLLT at our institution. Recipients were kept intubated for at least two d after LDLLT to maintain optimal expansion of the implanted lobes. Subsequently, if weaning from artificial ventilation could be tolerated, extubation was considered with the assistance of non‐invasive ventilation (NIV). If this could not be tolerated, early tracheostomy was considered.

Results

All 21 recipients were weaned from artificial ventilation. Twelve patients underwent tracheotomy 4.4 ± 1.8 d after LDLLT and were weaned from artificial ventilation 24.3 ± 17.0 d after LDLLT. Eleven patients were extubated 3.6 ± 1.7 d after LDLLT with NIV, but two of them were reintubated, and finally weaned from artificial ventilation via tracheostomy. Excluding these two patients, NIV was required for 3.8 ± 3.9 d after extubation. The early postoperative course was significantly eventful in patients with tracheostomies, and artificial ventilation, ventilatory support, and intensive care unit stays were longer. Twenty patients (95%) showed survival at 24.4 ± 13.4 months of follow‐up.

Conclusions

Postoperative respiratory management with NIV and early tracheostomy were useful after LDLLT.
A cross‐sectional analysis of over‐the‐counter codeine use among an Australian sample of people who regularly inject drugs
Authors: Arora Sheena , Roxburgh Amanda , Bruno Raimondo , Nielsen Suzanne , Burns Lucy
Published: June 2013

Introduction and Aims

The study aims to examine the medical and non‐medical use of over‐the‐counter (OTC) codeine combination drugs in a sample of people who inject drugs; and to examine risk factors associated with exceeding the recommended dose of OTC codeine, including the experience of pain.

Design and Methods

This study analysed annual survey data from a convenience sample of people who inject drugs in Australia who are interviewed for the Illicit Drug Reporting System. People who have injected drugs (n = 902) on at least a monthly basis in the preceding six months across Australia were interviewed. Participants were asked about their use of OTC codeine and their experience of pain.

Results

One third (35%) of participants had used OTC codeine in the preceding six months and 52% (95% confidence interval 48.7–55.3) of this group had exceeded the recommended dose on their last occasion of use. This clearly places them at increased risk of harms associated with toxicity from the accompanying analgesic found in combination codeine products. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that those exceeding the recommended codeine dose of OTC codeine were more likely to be experiencing moderate to very severe pain.

Discussion and Conclusion

There is a need to evaluate the approach to pain management in this population. Greater pharmacist involvement, real‐time monitoring of sales, the development of screening tools to identify those at risk of harm and further education of primary care practitioners could be beneficial in reducing the risk of harm associated with these medications for all users of OTC codeine, including people who inject drugs. [Arora S, Roxburgh A, Bruno R, Nielsen S, Burns L. A cross‐sectional analysis of over‐the‐counter codeine use among an Australian sample of people who regularly inject drugs. Drug Alcohol Rev 2013;32:574–581]
Internally displaced women as knowledge producers and users in humanitarian action: the view from Colombia
Authors: Sandvik Kristin Bergtora , Lemaitre Julieta
Published: June 2013

The literature on evidence‐based action in humanitarian crises commonly focuses on how inter‐and non‐governmental organisations can produce better knowledge and how this can be translated into improved programming. Yet, there is little recorded experience of, or concern about, how the beneficiaries of humanitarian relief can produce and use knowledge of their predicament. This paper is based on a case study of how the Liga de Mujeres Desplazadas, an internally displaced women's organisation in northern Colombia, employs proactively research‐generated data to advance its own agenda in its interactions with donor bodies and the government. The paper finds that beneficiaries of humanitarian aid can, and do, use participatory research to advance their own ends in the legal and political spaces created around humanitarian crisis. However, their agency is limited by poverty, violence, and local balances of power. The paper concludes that beneficiaries' priorities in the production of data about humanitarian crises warrant further study.
On the use of evidence in humanitarian logistics research
Authors: Pedraza‐Martinez Alfonso J. , Stapleton Orla , Van Wassenhove Luk N.
Published: June 2013

This paper presents the reflections of the authors on the differences between the language and the approach of practitioners and academics to humanitarian logistics problems. Based on a long‐term project on fleet management in the humanitarian sector, involving both large international humanitarian organisations and academics, it discusses how differences in language and approach to such problems may create a lacuna that impedes trust. In addition, the paper provides insights into how academic research evidence adapted to practitioner language can be used to bridge the gap. When it is communicated appropriately, evidence strengthens trust between practitioners and academics, which is critical for long‐term projects. Once practitioners understand the main trade‐offs included in academic research, they can supply valuable feedback to motivate new academic research. Novel research problems promote innovation in the use of traditional academic methods, which should result in a win—win situation: relevant solutions for practice and advances in academic knowledge.
The role of evidence in humanitarian assessment: the Seed System Security Assessment and the Emergency Market Mapping and Analysis
Authors: Byrne Karri Goeldner , March Julie , McGuire Shawn , Meissner Laura , Sperling Louise
Published: June 2013

This paper reviews advances in the development and use of two evidence‐based assessment toolkits: the Seed System Security Assessment (SSSA) and the Emergency Market Mapping and Analysis (EMMA). Both were created in the past five years and have been employed in a range of acute and chronic stress contexts across Africa, Asia, and parts of the Americas, in periods of civil strife, displacement, and drought, as well as following earthquakes, flooding, and political instability. The aims of this paper are threefold: to review advances with regard to each tool; to compare how each toolkit gathers and uses evidence, while considering possibilities for greater complementarity; and to reflect on the nature of ‘evidence’ used to guide humanitarian response in sudden‐onset and chronic crisis situations. A comparison highlights the importance of triangulation and informed analysis for drawing conclusions from imperfect evidence, understanding the limitations of each assessment methodology, and confronting tacit assumptions.
High frequency of IKZF1 genetic alterations in adult patients with B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Tokunaga Kenji , Yamaguchi Shunichiro , Iwanaga Eisaku , Nanri Tomoko , Shimomura Taizo , Suzushima Hitoshi , Mitsuya Hiroaki , Asou Norio
Published: June 2013

Alterations in the IKZF1 gene are associated with poor prognosis in pediatric B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B‐ALL). We examined the relationship between IKZF1 alterations and clinical findings in 78 adult patients with B‐ALL. Aberrant isoforms of IKZF1 were detected using RT‐PCR. The copy numbers of IKZF1 exons and fusion genes caused by exon deletions were determined using RQ‐PCR and genomic PCR, respectively. We detected aberrant IKZF1 isoforms in 20 of the 78 patients (13 Ik6 and seven Ik10) and deletions of the entire or parts of the IKZF1 gene in 40 of 70 patients. No IKZF1 point mutations were detected by direct sequencing. Nineteen Ik6 and Ik10 isoforms had been generated through genomic exon deletions, but one through aberrant splicing. In total, 41 of the 78 (52.6%) patients harbored IKZF1 alterations, which were identified in 20 of 24 (83.3%) patients with Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)–positive B‐ALL compared with 21 of 54 (38.9%) Ph‐negative B‐ALL (P = 0.0004). IKZF1 alterations are highly involved even in adults with B‐ALL. To fully detect IKZF1 alterations, several methods with alternative approaches are required. To elucidate the clinical significance of IKZF1 alterations in adult B‐ALL, our study warrants prospective clinical studies with a full analysis of IKZF1 alterations.
Signaling Type and Post‐IPO Performance
Authors: Deb Palash
Published: June 2013

Management research has examined how signaling at the time of an initial public offering (IPO) certifies firm quality and helps address the adverse selection problem for uninformed investors. We add to this literature by proposing a typology of signals based on whether the signal involves upfront cash investments (default‐independent) or whether it is meant to be a credible non‐cash commitment to suffer negative consequences should the firm underperform (default‐contingent). We also argue that this definitional distinction highlights differences in the underlying characteristics of these signal types in terms of cost, certifiability, clarity, consistency, commitment, and visibility. Using underwriter reputation and patents as proxies for default‐independent signals, and director ownership and founder status as proxies for default‐contingent signals, we find that only default‐independent signals improve post‐IPO firm performance.