bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The influence of a low and high calcium diet on the development and chemical composition of the skeleton in swine
Authors: Evans R. E.
Published: March 2009

(1) The skeletons of young pigs on a ration composed mainly of cereal grains but with the addition of cod-liver oil show a very distinct lack of calcification, the percentage of ash being about 12 per cent. lower than in the bones of normal animals.

(2) Calcification of the bones proceeds up to maturity. A difference of about 360 gm. tricalcic phosphate was found between the same mature bones of normal and calcium-deficient animals.

(3) The ratio of lime to phosphate is almost the same in the different bones of the same individual as well as in the normal and rachitic bones of swine. The main characteristic of the bones in low-calcium rickets is a low-ash content, but the composition of the ash is normal.
Variation in harvest index of maize (Zea mays) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) grown in a marginal rainfall area of Kenya
Authors: Pilbeam C. J.
Published: March 2009

Maize (Zea mays L.) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were grown in five seasons, beginning in the long rains 1990 and ending in the short rains 1992, at Kiboko, Kenya under a range of different management conditions (N fertilization, irrigation, population density and intercropping). Seed weight was plotted against total dry weight to determine harvest index for both crops. For bean the intercept of this relationship for each experiment, with one exception, was not significantly different from zero, so that the slopes of the regressions were the harvest indices. Harvest indices for bean varied more between seasons (0·38–00·85) than from the effects of management practices (00·53–0·71). Over all seasons and treatments, the index for bean did not vary systematically with crop weight, and averaged 0·50. By contrast, a similar analysis for maize over all seasons and treatments, showed that the harvest index varied with crop dry weight, approaching an asymptotic value as dry weight increased. The regression intercepts for the different experiments were significantly different from each other, and in three cases differed significantly from zero. Therefore, although the slopes for the different experiments were parallel, they did not always represent the harvest index.
Institutions, Partisanship, and Inequality in the Long Run
Authors: Scheve Kenneth , Stasavage David
Published: April 2009

It has been widely suggested by political scientists and economists, based on empirical evidence for the period since 1970, that the institution of centralized wage bargaining and the presence of a government of the left are associated with lower levels of income inequality. The authors make use of new data on top income shares as well as long-run series on wage inequality to examine the effects of partisanship and wage bargaining over a much longer time period, nearly the entire twentieth century. Their empirical results provide little support for the idea that either of these two factors is correlated with income inequality over this period. They then show that a closer look at the introduction of centralized wage bargaining in individual countries during the middle part of the twentieth century reveals that in countries that moved to centralize wage bargaining, income inequality had already been trending downward well before the institutional change, that the move to centralized bargaining did not alter this trend, and that these changes in income inequality were also observed in countries that did not adopt centralized wage bargaining at this time. The results suggest that there were alternative institutional paths to reduced income inequality during most of the twentieth century. This raises the possibility that either structural economic changes or commonly shared economic and political events, such as world wars and economic crises, may ultimately be more important for understanding the evolution of income inequality than are the institutional or partisan characteristics commonly considered to be decisive by political scientists.
Modesty and Monarchy: Rethinking Empress Maria Theresa at Schönbrunn
Authors: Yonan Michael E.
Published: March 2009

The austrian habsburg court under Empress Maria Theresa has been characterized as combining an informal domesticity with a rigid ceremonial structure inherited from her predecessors. In this picture of life at the Habsburg court, the strict protocol and elaborate calendar of ceremonies only partially designated how the imperial family structured its time; protocol and ceremony coexisted, it would seem, with more casual and relaxed forms of familial interaction. Popular Austrian writing on Maria Theresa has stressed the image of the empress as mother, and the maternal quality of this portrait has colored some modern notions of how her palaces were occupied and used. Tourists visiting Schönbrunn palace, for example, are often told that many of its rooms were designed with familial contact in mind, and the resulting picture of the palace's use and habitation is curiously modern. The notion that an “imperial domesticity” governed actions at Maria Theresa's Schönbrunn has found its way into scholarly literature as well; one scholar has gone so far as to describe Schönbrunn's admixture of ceremonial and intimate spaces asvorbiedermeierlich, that is, prefiguring the family-oriented, bourgeois culture of nineteenth-century Vienna. The instigator of this myth may be Stefan Zweig, who in 1932 described Marie Antoinette's childhood at Schönbrunn as one filled with carefree play, personal freedom, and adventure, all of which prepared her inadequately for her future role as queen of France. The modern visitor to Schönbrunn might be forgiven for thinking that, despite the palace's sumptuous rooms and elegant decoration, it differs minimally from the modern single-family home.
Transfers of detainees: legal framework,non-refoulementand contemporary challenges
Authors: Droege Cordula
Published: March 2009

The article outlines the legal framework that governs transfers of individuals, and in particular the international law principle ofnon-refoulementand other obstacles to transfers. The author addresses some of the new legal and practical challenges arising in detention and transfers in the context of multinational operations abroad and analyses the contemporary practice of transfer agreements.
Earthworm and Nematode Metallothioneins
Authors: Stürzenbaum Stephen R.
Published: March 2009

The earthworm and the nematode are primary soil sentinel and model invertebrate organisms. Their metallothioneins (MT) display striking structural and functional features. Firstly, the primary sequences, though remarkably conserved within species belonging to the same genus, have notable divergencies containing additional potentially metal-binding residues. Secondly, cadmium is the major transcriptional activator of MT expression in the intestinal cells. Thirdly, the MT promoters seemingly lack functional metal response elements which underlines the finding that MTF-1 is absent from the nematode and possibly the earthworm genome. This chapter highlights past, present, and future advances aiming to dissect the synergies and discrepancies of the metallothioneins from two evolutionary very distant relatives of soil dwelling worms.
Simultaneous fitting of a potential-energy surface and its corresponding force fields using feedforward neural networks
Authors: Pukrittayakamee A. , Malshe M. , Hagan M. , Raff L. M. , Narulkar R. , Bukkapatnum S. , Komanduri R.
Published: April 2009

An improved neural network (NN) approach is presented for the simultaneous development of accurate potential-energy hypersurfaces and corresponding force fields that can be utilized to conduct ab initio molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo studies on gas-phase chemical reactions. The method is termed as combined function derivative approximation (CFDA). The novelty of the CFDA method lies in the fact that although the NN has only a single output neuron that represents potential energy, the network is trained in such a way that the derivatives of the NN output match the gradient of the potential-energy hypersurface. Accurate force fields can therefore be computed simply by differentiating the network. Both the computed energies and the gradients are then accurately interpolated using the NN. This approach is superior to having the gradients appear in the output layer of the NN because it greatly simplifies the required architecture of the network. The CFDA permits weighting of function fitting relative to gradient fitting. In every test that we have run on six different systems, CFDA training (without a validation set) has produced smaller out-of-sample testing error than early stopping (with a validation set) or Bayesian regularization (without a validation set). This indicates that CFDA training does a better job of preventing overfitting than the standard methods currently in use. The training data can be obtained using an empirical potential surface or any ab initio method. The accuracy and interpolation power of the method have been tested for the reaction dynamics of H+HBr using an analytical potential. The results show that the present NN training technique produces more accurate fits to both the potential-energy surface as well as the corresponding force fields than the previous methods. The fitting and interpolation accuracy is so high (rms error=1.2 cm−1) that trajectories computed on the NN potential exhibit point-by-point agreement with corresponding trajectories on the analytic surface.
Magnetization reversal dominated by domain wall pinning in FePt based spin valves
Authors: Mihai A. P. , Attané J. P. , Vila L. , Beigné C. , Pillet J. C. , Marty A.
Published: March 2009

In this paper, we study FePt/NM/FePt//MgO (NM=Pt or Pd) spin valves with perpendicular magnetization deposited by molecular beam epitaxy. Using extraordinary Hall effect and magnetoresistance, we show that the electrodes can be of different coercivities and magnetically decoupled, with current-in-plane magnetoresistances up to 0.8% at room temperature. Finally, using magnetic force microscopy observations, we prove that the different coercivities of the electrodes are controlled by different magnetization reversals and domain-wall pinning, thus allowing the obtaining of an antiparallel state.
Cosmic-Ray Detection Based on Gray-Scale Morphology of Spectroscopic CCD Images
Authors: Zhu Jia , Zhu Zhangqin , Wang Chong , Ye Zhongfu
Published: April 2009

Detection of cosmic-ray hits is important because of their disturbing effects on image processing. An algorithm based on gray-scale morphology to detect cosmic-rays in single spectroscopic CCD images is presented in this paper. Based on the morphological differences between cosmic-ray hits and spectra, the operations of erosion and dilation are used to deal with images successively, with appropriate structuring elements. Points of cosmic-ray hits can be detected by analyzing the variation between data pre- and post-operation. Examples of the algorithm are given at the end of this paper, with several groups of both simulated LAMOST images and observed SDSS images to show its performance.
THE TRAVERSETTE (ITALIA) ROCKFALL: GEOMORPHOLOGICAL INDICATOR OF THE HANNIBALIC INVASION ROUTE*
Authors: MAHANEY W. C. , KAPRAN B. , KALM V. , TRICART P. , CARCAILLET C. , BLARQUEZ O. , MILNER M. W. , BARENDREGT R. W. , SOMELAR P.
Published: April 2009

Numerous small, low volume rockfalls around the crest of the Italian and French Alps, principally formed from calcareous mica schist and metabasalt, have impeded travel across the major cols for millennia. As documented by Polybius and Livy in the ancient literature, Hannibal's Army was blocked by a two‐tier rockfall on the lee side of the Alps, a rubble sheet of considerable volume that delayed his exit into the upper Po River Country. An in‐depth study of the possible cols reveals that the only such two‐tier landform lies below the Col de la Traversette, at ∼2600 m above sea level. In addition, it represents a problem in applied geomorphology, namely, to accurately determine the nature of the surface rubble sheet in Hannibal's time (218 bc). A reconstruction of the initial deposit, likely Late Glacial, following the retreat of the Po Glacier, is based upon an analysis of the source rock and geological setting. Further specifications on the geometry of the Neoglacial cover sediment are based on weathering characteristics, lichen cover and soil development. The ‘myth’ that Hannibal fired the rockfall to comminute boulders is plausible given the vegetation records which support tree growth nearby, but is unsubstantiated by the lack of any carbonized rock.
First Record of the Peritrich Trichodina diaptomiBasson and Van As, 1991 (Protozoa: Ciliophora) on a South American Calanoid Notodiaptomus deitersi (Poppe, 1890) (Crustacea: Copepoda)
Authors: DA SILVA WILLIAM M. , ROCHE KENNEDY F. , DE VICENTE FÁBIO S. , DELBEN ÂNGELA A. S. T.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT. The ciliate Trichodina was recorded on the calanoid Notodiaptomus deitersi in a shallow, eutrophic reservoir, located in the centre‐west of Brazil. The species was confirmed as Trichodina diaptomi, a species widely distributed in Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia. It was observed moving freely over the carapace of the copepod, and using its adhesive disc. This is the first record for the species in the Americas.
The Bankrupt Framework of Neoliberalism: A Bailout of Anthropological Theory
Authors: Schwegler Tara A
Published: March 2009

Janine R Wedel is contributing editor of “Research on Policy,” the AAA Interest Group for the Anthropology of Public Policy column in Anthropology News.
A Career Boost for Junior Faculty
Authors: Winslow Deborah
Published: March 2009

Deborah Winslow is contributing editor of “Gateway to NSF,” the National Science Foundation column in Anthropology News.
A Simple Model for Teaching Postmortem Monocular Indirect Ophthalmoscopy
Authors: Lantz Patrick E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract:  Although the ophthalmoscope was invented by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1851, pathologists until recently have relied almost exclusively on ocular enucleation to identify and describe postmortem fundal abnormalities. An inexpensive but valuable tool for forensic pathologists, the postmortem monocular indirect ophthalmoscope consists of a light source attached to a headband along with a hand‐held lens. This permits a wide view of the fundus after death but the technique can be challenging to master for pathology residents and forensic pathology fellows. To facilitate skill acquisition in monocular indirect ophthalmoscopy, a simple and inexpensive teaching model can be constructed from hinged, cylindrical plastic containers. An artificial pupil created in the lid and a removable color fundal image placed in the bottom of the opaque container allows the pathologist‐in‐training to practice the technique of monocular indirect ophthalmoscopy and correctly identify, localize, and describe fundal abnormalities such as retinal hemorrhages.
High‐Sensitivity Detection of Fruit Tree Viruses Using Bacterial Magnetic Particles
Authors: Chen Ji‐Feng , Li Ying , Wang Zhen‐Fang , Li Ji‐Lun , Jiang Wei , Li Shao‐Hua
Published: March 2009

Prunus necrotic ring spot virus (PNRSV) and grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) were detected by fluoroimmunoassay using bacterial magnetic particles (BMPs), and a double antibody sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (DAS‐ELISA). For the fluoroimmunoassay, fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled anti‐PNRSV antibody or anti‐GFLV antibody was conjugated onto BMPs of Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense MSR‐1. With this method, a very low minimum antigen concentration (1 × 106 dilution of the original sample concentration) could be detected. Using DAS‐ELISA, the minimum antigen detection concentration was the original sample concentration. Thus, comparing these two methods, a BMP‐based method could increase the sensitivity up to six orders of magnitude (106) higher than an ELISA‐based method of detection PNRSV and GFLV.
A RESEARCH NOTE: ANTIOXIDANT EFFECTS ON COLOR OF AN IRRADIATED BOVINE MYOGLOBIN MODEL SYSTEM
Authors: STETZER ANDREA J. , NOVAKOFSKI JAN E. , BREWER MARY SUSAN
Published: April 2009

To determine whether antioxidants could protect meat color during irradiation, we extracted myoglobin (Mb) from beef hearts, treated it with one of four antioxidants (control, citric acid [CA], ascorbic acid [AA], ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid [EDTA] or propyl gallate [PG]) and irradiated it at 0.00, 1.25, or 2.50 kGy. The myoglobin model system was then evaluated for pH; Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) L*, a* and b* values; hue angle; chroma; and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Adding CA and AA to the beef myoglobin model system resulted in higher L*, a* and b* values than did EDTA and PG, indicating that these samples were lighter, redder and more yellow. EDTA‐ and PG‐containing samples were more similar to controls containing no antioxidants. Hue angle and chroma supported these findings. Irradiation had no effect on pH, color or TBARS. These results indicate that antioxidants have more influence on beef color than irradiation and that the acidic antioxidants have the potential for preserving color.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Irradiation has the potential to reduce the microbial load on meat products, producing safer foods for consumers. However, a number of reports have indicated that irradiation can compromise the bright, cherry red color of fresh meat. Off‐color will result in consumer rejection of products that may be safe. Antioxidants have the potential to preserve meat color by affecting the state of myoglobin; however, studying these effects in vivo is challenging because of the complexity of the system. In this model system, which was devoid of enzymatic reducing systems and equivalents, the acidic antioxidants, ascorbic acid (AA) and citric acid (CA), were most effective in preserving the color of the pigment. These antioxidants appear to have the greatest potential for preserving fresh meat color during irradiation.
INFLUENCE OF HYDROXYPROPYL METHYLCELLULOSE ON THE RHEOLOGICAL AND MICROSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WHOLE WHEAT FLOUR DOUGH AND QUALITY OF PURI
Authors: SUDHA M. L. , RAO G. VENKATESWARA
Published: April 2009

Puri is a traditional unleavened fried product prepared from whole wheat flour. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) was used to study its effect on rheological characteristics of whole wheat flour dough and puri making quality. Addition of HPMC at 0.5 and 1.0% w/w increased the water absorption and dough stability whereas the resistance to extension and extensibility decreased. Pasting temperature, peak viscosity and cold paste viscosity gradually decreased. The moisture and fat contents of puri increased marginally. Quality parameters and sensory acceptability were monitored after 0 and 8 h of storage. Addition of 0.5% HPMC gave higher sensory scores. Microscopic observations during puri processing showed that the starch granules in the control dough were clearly visible in the protein matrix, which reduced on frying due to partial gelatinization. Microstructure of puri with HPMC showed higher gelatinization of starch. It also helped in moisture retention and hence, resulted in highly pliable and soft‐textured puri.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Puri is a traditional unleavened fried product that is prepared by mixing whole wheat flour and water, sheeted to a desirable thickness and fried. Use of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) affected the whole wheat flour dough and puri making quality. It helped in moisture retention and hence, resulted in highly pliable and soft‐textured puri. Microstructure of puri with HPMC showed higher gelatinization of starch.
A brief history of gout
Authors: BHATTACHARJEE Shom
Published: March 2009

Gout is relatively unique among rheumatological diseases in that its effects were common and, at least in history, disproportionately represented in prominent authority figures. Effective treatments have only been available for just over a century and therefore for the most part, the disease has run relatively unchecked. Consequently, it may have had global ramifications. The history of gout, from apocryphal orthodoxy to medical clarity, is reviewed, using a few of the more colourful characters in its considerable pantheon.
Genomic Regions Conserved in Lineage II
Escherichia coli
O157:H7 Strains
Authors: Steele Marina , Ziebell Kim , Zhang Yongxiang , Benson Andrew , Johnson Roger , Laing Chad , Taboada Eduardo , Gannon Victor
Published: March 2009

Populations of the food- and waterborne pathogen
Escherichia coli
O157:H7 are comprised of two major lineages. Recent studies have shown that specific genotypes within these lineages differ substantially in the frequencies with which they are associated with human clinical disease. While the nucleotide sequences of the genomes of lineage I strains
E. coli
O157 Sakai and EDL9333 have been determined, much less is known about the genomes of lineage II strains. In this study, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) was used to identify genomic features that define lineage II populations. Three SSH experiments were performed, yielding 1,085 genomic fragments consisting of 811 contigs. Bacteriophage sequences were identified in 11.3% of the contigs, 9% showed insertions and 2.3% deletions with respect to
E. coli
O157:H7 Sakai, and 23.2% did not have significant identity to annotated sequences in GenBank. In order to test for the presence of these novel loci in lineage I and II strains, 27 PCR primer sets were designed based on sequences from these contigs. All but two of these PCR targets were found in the majority (51.9% to 100%) of 27 lineage II strains but in no more than one (<6%) of the 17 lineage I strains. Several of these linage II-related fragments contain insertions/deletions that may play an important role in virulence. These lineage II-related loci were also shown to be useful markers for genotyping of
E. coli
O157:H7 strains isolated from human and animal sources.
Varying Rate of RNA Chain Elongation during
rrn
Transcription in
Escherichia coli
Authors: Dennis P. P. , Ehrenberg M. , Fange D. , Bremer H.
Published: March 2009

The value of the rRNA chain elongation rate in bacteria is an important physiological parameter, as it affects not only the rRNA promoter activity but also the free-RNA polymerase concentration and thereby the transcription of all genes. On average, rRNA chains elongate at a rate of 80 to 90 nucleotides (nt) per s, and the transcription of an entire
rrn
operon takes about 60 s (at 37°C). Here we have analyzed a reported distribution obtained from electron micrographs of RNA polymerase molecules along
rrn
operons in
E. coli
growing at 2.5 doublings per hour (S. Quan, N. Zhang, S. French, and C. L. Squires, J. Bacteriol. 187:1632-1638, 2005). The distribution exhibits two peaks of higher polymerase density centered within the 16S and 23S rRNA genes. An evaluation of this distribution indicates that RNA polymerase transcribes the 5′ leader region at speeds up to or greater than 250 nt/s. Once past the leader, transcription slows down to about 65 nt/s within the 16S gene, speeds up in the spacer region between the 16S and 23S genes, slows again to about 65 nt/s in the 23S region, and finally speeds up to a rate greater than 400 nt/s near the end of the operon. We suggest that the slowing of transcript elongation in the 16S and 23S sections is the result of transcriptional pauses, possibly caused by temporary interactions of the RNA polymerase with secondary structures in the nascent rRNA.
Determination of trace amounts of lead by adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry with L-3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)alanine
Authors: Gholivand Mohammad Bagher , Pourhossein Alireza , Shahlaei Mohsen
Published: March 2009

A sensitive and selective procedure is presented for the voltammetric determination of lead. The procedure involves an adsorptive accumulation of lead L-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)alanine (LDOPA) on a hanging mercury drop electrode, followed by a stripping voltammetric measurement of reduction current of an adsorbed complex at –0.15 V (vs Ag|AgCl). Optimum conditions for lead analysis include pH 8.5, 80 μM LDOPA and accumulation potential –0.15 V (vs Ag|AgCl). The peak currents are proportional to the lead concentration 1–300 nmol l–1 with a detection limit of 0.6 nmol l–1 and accumulation time 60 s. The method was used for the determination of lead in blood, dry tea and also in waters.
Differentiation of PSRA due to Group A and due to Nongroup A Streptococci in Patients with Early Arthritis and Elevated Antisteptolysin-O at Presentation
Authors: Jansen T. L. Th. A.
Published: March 2009

A study was performed of consecutive patients presenting to a Dutch early arthritis clinic with a primary suggested diagnosis of reactive arthritis due to streptococci between April 1998 and January 2003, in a well-defined reference population consisting of 600 000 inhabitants. At 1 year after presentation out of 45 acute arthritis patients with initially an elevated antistreptolysin-O and without an alternative rheumatic diagnosis only 9 patients (20%) were not diagnosed as PSRA; 16 cases (36%) were due to NGAS, 20 cases (44%) due to GAS. The estimate of the annual incidence rate of PSRA in the Netherlands during the study was 1.26 per 100 000: 0.70 GAS-related. A diagnostic set of criteria was formulated based on the original Ayoub&Ahmed criteria by adding a serological criterium ASO/antiDNaseB ratio <1.4 and excluding a clinical criterium on chronicity/recurrency of arthritis: likelihood ratio for a positive test 7.9 [95% confidence interval (95%CI: 2.7–22.7)], for a negative test 0.06 [95%CI: 0.009–0.39].
Hemospermia in Patients with Congenital Coagulation Disorders: A Study of Three Cases
Authors: Girolami A. , Scarparo P. , Candeo N. , Sartori R. , Scandellari R. , Girolami B.
Published: April 2009

Hemospermia is usually a symptom of urological relevance, however it may have also a medical and hematological significance and has been reported in congenital or acquired bleeding disorders. Because of this symptom’s negative psychological impact on the patient, it is likely that the condition is underplayed and therefore underdiagnosed. During the years 1967–2003 we had the opportunity to see 3 patients with hemospermia on a congenital bleeding disorder: a patient with hemophilia A, another with prothrombin deficiency and finally a patient with von Willebrand disease type I. All patients were heterosexual. In all instances the course was benign since it required administration of substitution therapy on only 2 occasions. Rest and abstinence from sexual activity appeared to be helpful. The first patient had other signs and symptoms compatible with the diagnosis of urethritis due to Escherichia coli and he underwent a course of antibiotic therapy. The other 2 cases appeared to be idiopathic since no associated condition was found. Urinary cytology, rectal examination, prostate sonography and prostate-specific antigen were normal in all cases. The rarity of hemospermia in congenital bleeding disorders remains unexplained, although the strong perineal and sphincter muscles may exercise a compressive hemostatic effect which could prevent or reduce bleeding.
The Case for Adversarial yahad
Authors: Holtz Shalom
Published: March 2009

The words yahad and yahdāw regularly denote the relationship between opponents in physical warfare. Evidence from Hebrew and Akkadian shows that they have a similar function in descriptions of legal disputes, as well.
The Contested Meaning of the Crosses at Columbine
Authors: Spencer J. William , Muschert Glenn W.
Published: March 2009

Spontaneous memorials that emerged at Columbine after the shootings became a focal point of news coverage. Especially visible in this discourse were 15 wooden crosses that symbolized the 13 victims of the shootings and the 2 youth who carried out the shootings. The discourse about such memorials has much to reveal about the collective meanings of the events that gave rise to them. In the case of the crosses of Columbine, these meanings are matters of both consensus and contestation. This article examines how the news media constructed the controversy over the crosses through the ways that they represented the shootings, their aftermath, and the participants. It also examines how the resolution to the controversy was constructed from the very language used to construct it. The conclusion examines Columbine's role as a model for public mourning, one that suggests the victory of traditional senses of moral culpability.
The Predictive Validity of CBM Writing Indices for Eighth-Grade Students
Authors: Amato Janelle M. , Watkins Marley W.
Published: March 2009

Curriculum-based measurement (CBM) is an alternative to traditional assessment techniques. Technical work has begun to identify CBM writing indices that are psychometrically sound for monitoring older students’ writing proficiency. This study examined the predictive validity of CBM writing indices in a sample of 447 eighth-grade students. Regression analyses revealed that simple fluency measures were not adequate for assessing secondary students’ writing. A more complex fluency measure, the number of correct punctuation marks, and an accuracy-based measure, the percentage of correct word sequences, were the best predictors of a written expression test for eighth-grade students. However, overall results of the current study provided only limited support for the use of CBM to assess writing skill at the secondary level.
Manifestations of Humanism in Revolutionary Cuba
Authors: Kronenberg Clive W.
Published: March 2009

The humanist dimension of revolutionary Cuban society owes much to the thinking and action of Che Guevara, a principal architect of the Cuban Revolution. Examination of Che's association with the humanist tradition of revolutionary thought and, in particular, the ideas of Martí and Marx reveals his resolute devotion to moral standards and human values (as promoted by José Martí) and a revolutionary “theoretical response” to defeating human alienation, oppression, exploitation, and inequality (as advanced by the Marxist tradition). Through his contributions, revolutionary Cuban society embraced a distinctively humanistic ethos despite the efforts of others to imbue it with a dogmatic, cold scholasticism. While some political doctrines have changed since his death, fundamental socialist tenets prevail in Cuba to this day.
The Cuban Revolution and the New Latin American Leadership
Authors: Suárez Salazar Luis
Published: March 2009

From the early days of the revolutionary triumph of January 1959, Cuba has embraced the dream of Latin American freedom and solidarity. It has accordingly given priority to supporting Latin American and Caribbean revolutionary movements engaged in taking political power through armed struggle and the construction of socialism and groups involved in other forms of struggle for democracy, national liberation, and social justice. At the same time, it has pursued policies with regard to the reformist civilian governments of the region that have helped to reduce the influence of U.S. administrations and their hemispheric allies. It has repeatedly reaffirmed its desire for political and economic integration with the countries of the region as a step toward true independence in the face of neoliberal globalization. With the emergence in the region of new leftist leadership seeking postneoliberal economic alternatives and participatory democracy, its cooperative relations with other Latin American countries have strengthened and deepened.
When Do Objects Become More Attractive? The Individual and Interactive Effects of Choice and Ownership on Object Evaluation
Authors: Yunhui Huang  , Lei Wang  , Junqi Shi
Published: March 2009

Four studies used the Implicit Association Test to explore the individual and interactive influence of perceived ownership and perceived choice on object evaluation. In Study 1, participants implicitly preferred their possessions over others' when all chosen by a third party (i.e., the ownership effect). In Study 2, participants implicitly preferred self-chosen objects over other-chosen objects when all given to the third party (i.e., the choice effect). In Study 3, the ownership effect disappeared when participants compared their self-chosen possessions with others' possessions that were chosen by the participants. In Study 4, the choice effect remained even when participants compared their self-chosen possessions with their possessions that were chosen by others. These results suggest that while the ownership effect could be attenuated by perceived choice, the choice effect is stable even under the influence of perceived ownership.
Near-optimal Conditions for the In Vitro Culture of Hemopoietic Progenitor Cells in Bone Marrow from the Rat
Authors: Molyneux Gemma , Rizzo Sian , Turton John , Phul Parvinder , Gibson Frances
Published: March 2009

In vitro techniques for the culture of hemopoietic stem cells and committed hemopoietic progenitor cells in rat bone marrow have not been adequately described in the literature. In the present investigations, and using commercially available hemopoietic cytokines and growth factors, the conditions required to perform long-term bone marrow culture (LTBMC) using rat femoral bone marrow were studied, in conjunction with the colony-forming unit cell assay (CFU-C), to quantify the number of progenitor cells. CFU-C production by LTBMCs, set up using Iscove’s modified Dulbecco’s medium supplemented with fetal calf serum and horse serum, ceased after week 2 of culture. However, the duration of CFU-C production was significantly increased by supplementing LTBMCs with the cytokine recombinant mouse stem cell factor or recombinant rat stem cell factor.
Ccn2/Ctgf Overexpression Induced by Cigarette Smoke during Cutaneous Wound Healing is Strain Dependent
Authors: Cardoso Juliana Fernandes , Mendes Fabio Almeida , Amadeu Thaís Porto , Romana-Souza Bruna , Valença Samuel Santos , de Moraes Sobrino Porto Luís Cristóvão , Abreu José Garcia , Monte-Alto-Costa Andréa
Published: March 2009

Cigarette smoke has been associated with poor healing in several studies, but the precise mechanisms involving this impairment are still not elucidated. The aim of this work was to investigate cigarette smoke exposure effects on initial phases of cutaneous healing in mice, focusing mainly on gene expression of two molecules involved in wound repair (Ccn2/Ctgf and Tgfb1) and to study if these effects are strain dependent. Mice were exposed to the smoke of nine cigarettes per day, three times per day, for ten days. In the eleventh day an excisional wound was made. The control group was sham-exposed. The cigarette smoke exposure protocol was performed until euthanasia, seven days after wounding. Wound contraction was evaluated. Sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Sirius red, and toluidine blue, and also immunostained for alpha-smooth muscle actin. Gene expression of Ccn2/Ctgf and Tgfb1 was evaluated by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Smoke-exposed animals presented delay in wound contraction; fibroblastic, inflammatory, and mast cell recruitment; re-epithelialization; myofibroblastic differentiation; and Ccn2/Ctgf and Tgfb1 gene expression. Those alterations were strain dependent. This work confirmed the deleterious effects of cigarette smoke exposure on mouse cutaneous healing depending on mouse strain and links these effects to an overexpression of Ccn2/Ctgf.
Incorporating Extrinsic Goals Into Decision and Cost-Effectiveness Analyses
Authors: Hazen Gordon B. , Schwartz Alan
Published: March 2009

It has not been widely recognized that medical patients as individuals may have goals that are not easily expressed in terms of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). The QALY model deals with ongoing goals such as reducing pain or maintaining mobility, but goals such as completing an important project or seeing a child graduate from college occur at unique points in time and do not lend themselves to easy expression in terms of QALYs. Such extrinsic goals have been posited as explanations for preferences inconsistent with the QALY model, such as unwillingness to trade away time or accept gambles. In this article, the authors examine methods for including extrinsic goals in medical decision and cost-effectiveness analyses. As illustrations, they revisit 2 previously published analyses, the management of unruptured intracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) and the evaluation of preventive strategies for BRCA + women.
Is There a Role for Decision Aids in Advanced Breast Cancer?
Authors: Sepucha Karen R. , Ozanne Elissa M. , Partridge Ann H. , Moy Beverly
Published: March 2009

Background . A diagnosis of metastatic breast cancer (BC) forces patients and providers to make difficult treatment decisions. Objective . To pilot test a decision aid (DA) for advanced BC. Design . Pretest, posttest study. Setting . Two academic cancer centers in Boston, Massachusetts. Patients . Fifty patients diagnosed with advanced BC. Intervention . A patient DA that consisted of a 30-minute DVD and booklet. Measurements . Patients were surveyed at baseline, after the intervention, and at 3 months. Measures included use and acceptability of DA, distress, treatment goals, and preference for and actual participation in decisions. Physicians were surveyed at baseline and 3 months. Measures included treatment goals, assessment of patients' experience with treatments, and patients' preference for and actual participation in decisions. Results . Thirty-two patients (64%) enrolled and completed the baseline survey, 30 completed the postvideo survey, and 25 completed the 3-month survey. The DA was acceptable and did not increase distress. The majority desired to share decision making with their doctor. Only 38% achieved their desired level of participation. At baseline, agreement between patients and providers on the main goal of treatment (lengthen life v. relieve symptoms) was 50% (κ = —0.045, P = 0.71), and at 3 months it was 74% (κ = 0.125, P = 0.48). Conclusions . It is feasible to perform a clinical trial of a DA with advanced BC patients. Most participants wanted to participate in decisions about their care and found the DA acceptable. This study highlights several issues in developing and implementing DAs in this vulnerable population facing complex decisions.
Deviance Among Young Italians
Authors: Froggio Giacinto , Lori Massimo
Published: March 2009

Despite more than three decades of research on the relationship between values and deviance, until now results have not completely clarified what kind of relationship it is. Criminological theories (sociological and psychosocial) emphasize on a relationship between certain values, such as hedonistic and materialistic ones, and deviance, but few theorists explain whether these values are predictors of deviance. In this study, using a sample of 500 young Italians, the authors try to verify whether value systems can be considered predictors of juvenile deviance and if so, which type of value system. An attempt is made to identify what is the values’ capability to explain deviance in comparison with other psychosocial and demographic predictors. Results confirm the past findings of a relation between hedonistic and materialistic values and deviance but show only a modest and peripheral ability of values to explain deviance.
Going Regional
Authors: Swanstrom Todd , Banks Brian
Published: March 2009

Community-based regionalism (CBR) is the attempt by community-based organizations (CBOs) to reorient regional policies to benefit disadvantaged communities. Advocates of CBR have mostly called not for regional governments, but for collaborative regional governance processes. This article examines the efforts of (CBOs) to form regional governance processes that target jobs from federally funded transportation projects to disadvantaged communities. Transportation policy has long been dominated by a policy monopoly centered on state departments of transportation and their highway engineers. By balancing conflict and collaboration, entrepreneurial CBOs have been able to penetrate this policy monopoly and negotiate successful local hiring agreements using collaborative regional governance processes. We conclude that success will be limited, however, without supportive federal and state policies.
Integrating Investment and Equity
Authors: Clark Jennifer , Christopherson Susan
Published: March 2009

Since the 1980s, different conceptions of regionalism have emerged, reflecting distinct perspectives on place and space and a variety of policy orientations. The debates in planning over which regional policies are both “equitable” and “democratic” have been intense. This article clarifies these debates through a critical regionalist approach to the two prominent “regionalisms,” investment and distributive. This article then proposes how to strengthen the connections between investment and distributive regionalism and build on the successful practices in each arena. The authors argue that a progressive regionalism requires focus on (1) the labor market as a whole and (2) multiscalar coalitions and policy initiatives.
Increased Specificity of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Third Edition Matrix Reasoning Test Instructions and Time Limits
Authors: Callens Andy M. , Atchison Timothy B. , Engler Rachel R.
Published: March 2009

Instructions for the Matrix Reasoning Test (MRT) of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Third Edition were modified by explicitly stating that the subtest was untimed or that a per-item time limit would be imposed. The MRT was administered within one of four conditions: with (a) standard administration instructions, (b) explicit instructions that the test would not be timed, (c) an imposed 20-s time limit, or (d) an imposed 60-s time limit. Relative to standard instructions, an explicit statement that the MRT would not be timed did not alter the number of correct responses. Furthermore, correct responses in the 60-s time-limited group were not significantly different than with standard instructions. The 20-s time limit, however, led to significantly fewer correct responses.
Fathering, Class, and Gender
Authors: Shows Carla , Gerstel Naomi
Published: March 2009

Using a multimethod approach (including a survey, interviews, and observations), this article examines the link between class and masculinities by comparing the way two groups—professional men (physicians) and working-class men (emergency medical technicians, or EMTs)—practice fatherhood. First, the authors show that these two groups practice different types of masculinity as they engage in different kinds of fatherhood. Physicians emphasize “public fatherhood,” which entails attendance at public events but little involvement in the daily care of their children. In contrast, EMTs are not only involved in their children's public events but also emphasize “private fatherhood,” which entails involvement in their daily care. Second, the authors suggest that these differing types of involvement can be explained by the contrasting employment conditions of each group as well the gender order of their families, especially the divergent labor market positions of spouses and the division of parenting. The authors conclude by arguing that these working-class fathers are “undoing gender” while professional fathers reproduce the conventional gender order.
Violence and the Maternal in the Marquis de Sade
Authors: Clack Dr Beverley
Published: March 2009

Feminist philosophers of religion have drawn attention to desire as a neglected category for approaching the sources and concerns of religion. This paper extends this discussion by engaging with one particularly disturbing aspect of the writings of the Marquis de Sade. In a world where ultimate sexual pleasure is derived from destruction of the Other, Sade glories in describing the suffering of mothers, often at the hands of their own children. This paper offers one possible reading of these dark desires through employing aspects of psychoanalytic theory to suggest that, rather than isolate him from the majority of humanity, we might consider possible connections between the desires he details and our own. This involves considering the ambivalence of the mother, and thus challenging the (often oppressive) idealization of the all-caring, all-nurturing mother.
The Politics of God in the Christian Tradition
Authors: Radford Ruether Rosemary
Published: March 2009

This article traces the development of the idea of God from the ancient Near East thought into Patristic Christianity with its fusion with Greek philosophy. The article details five patterns that shape the way in which God language in Christianity influences social and political systems: androcentrism or male domination over women; anthropocentrism or human domination over nature; ethnocentrism or the domination of a `chosen' people over other people; militarism, and asceticism or the dualism and hierarchy of mind over body. It also suggests how these patterns of domination can be dismantled and more mutual relations between God, humans and nature developed.
Evaluation of Lifetime Trauma Exposure and Physical Health in Women With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder or Major Depressive Disorder
Authors: Dennis Michelle F. , Flood Amanda M. , Reynolds Victoria , Araujo Gustavo , Clancy Carolina P. , Barefoot John C. , Beckham Jean C.
Published: March 2009

The current study examines lifetime trauma exposure rates in 148 women with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive disorder (MDD), or neither diagnosis and whether this is related to measures of PTSD, depression, hostility, health symptoms, and health care utilization. Findings indicate that multiple trauma exposures were prevalent in this sample, with 96% of those with PTSD and 79% of those with MDD reporting three or more trauma exposures compared to 46% in the comparison group. Controlling for diagnostic status, regression analysis for PTSD symptom severity reveals that the trauma exposure adult physical assault category was significantly associated with more severe PTSD and depressive symptoms, whereas the childhood violence category was most associated with increased hostility. PTSD and MDD groups reported greater past year health conditions and health care utilization.
Modeling the Occurrence of Nitrogen Oxides Indoors
Authors: Vilčeková S. , Šenitková I.
Published: March 2009

The contamination of indoor air is largely from the use of gas for heating and cooking appliances. A comprehensive analysis of indoor air pollution by nitrogen oxides shows that the extent of indoor air pollution and consequent exposure varies as a result of many factors mainly the differing distribution of appliances and their level of use. This study aims to formulate a mathematical model for the production of nitrogen oxides indoors. The physical processes that determine the concentrations of indoor nitrogen oxides as a function of outdoor concentrations, indoor emission rates, and building characteristics have been mathematically described. The mathematical model developed has been parameterized for typical Slovak residences. The modeling of the occurrence of indoor nitrogen oxides and verification of the model are presented in this paper.