bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Palatable High‐Energy Diet Decreases the Expression of Cannabinoid Type 1 Receptor Messenger RNA in Specific Brain Regions in the Rat
Authors: Timofeeva E. , Baraboi E.‐D. , Poulin A.‐M. , Richard D.
Published: October 2009

In laboratory rodents, a palatable high‐energy diet (PHED) is usually consumed in a higher quantity than a standard laboratory diet, leading to the development of an obese phenotype. The central effects of PHED are not fully understood. Nonetheless, the long‐term consumption of PHED can decrease cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R) protein density in particular brain regions. However, little is known about the diet‐dependent regulation of the brain expression of CB1R mRNA. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of the long‐term consumption of PHED and short‐term (12 h) food deprivation on the brain expression of CB1R mRNA. For 13 weeks, rats were fed a standard laboratory chow or PHED presented as a free choice of chow, shortcake biscuits and pork spread. In total, the food intake of PHED rats was higher than that of chow‐fed animals. Expectedly, PHED rats demonstrated higher body weight than chow‐fed animals. The difference in body weight between PHED‐ and chow‐fed rats was as result of the fat but not the lean mass. PHED‐fed rats had significantly higher plasma levels of leptin and insulin and significantly higher levels of expression of suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (SOCS‐3) in the arcuate hypothalamic nucleus. The long‐term consumption of PHED significantly decreased the levels of CB1R mRNA expression in the cingulate (Cg) cortex, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus and the descending/autonomic divisions of the parvocellular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH), the ventrolateral parvocellular PVH and, to a lesser extent, the dorsomedial parvocellular PVH. Acute food deprivation decreased the levels of CB1R transcript in the Cg and ventrolateral parvocellular PVH. Altogether, the present results demonstrate that long‐term PHED leads to an increase in the hypothalamic expression of SOCS‐3 mRNA and a decrease in expression of CB1R mRNA in the Cg cortex and specific hypothalamic regions.
The β‐lactam‐sensitive d,d‐carboxypeptidase activity of Pbp4 controls the l,d and d,d transpeptidation pathways in Corynebacterium jeikeium
Authors: Lavollay Marie , Arthur Michel , Fourgeaud Martine , Dubost Lionel , Marie Arul , Riegel Philippe , Gutmann Laurent , Mainardi Jean‐Luc
Published: October 2009

Corynebacterium jeikeium is an emerging nosocomial pathogen responsible for vascular catheters infections, prosthetic endocarditis and septicemia. The treatment of C. jeikeium infections is complicated by the multiresistance of clinical isolates to antibiotics, in particular to β‐lactams, the most broadly used class of antibiotics. To gain insight into the mechanism of β‐lactam resistance, we have determined the structure of the peptidoglycan and shown that C. jeikeium has the dual capacity to catalyse formation of cross‐links generated by transpeptidases of the d,d and l,d specificities. Two ampicillin‐insensitive cross‐linking enzymes were identified, LdtCjk1, a member of the active site cysteine l,d‐transpeptidase family, and Pbp2c, a low‐affinity class B penicillin‐binding protein (PBP). In the absence of β‐lactam, the PBPs and the l,d‐transpeptidase contributed to the formation of 62% and 38% of the cross‐links respectively. Although LdtCjk1 and Pbp2C were not inhibited by ampicillin, the participation of the l,d‐transpeptidase to peptidoglycan cross‐linking decreased in the presence of the drug. The specificity of LdtCjk1 for acyl donors containing a tetrapeptide stem accounts for this effect of ampicillin since the essential substrate of LdtCjk1 was produced by an ampicillin‐sensitive d,d‐carboxypeptidase (Pbp4Cjk). Acquisition and mutational alterations of pbp2C accounted for high‐level β‐lactam resistance in C. jeikeium.
Shifting priorities in vector biology to improve control of vector‐borne disease
Authors: Lambrechts Louis , Knox Tessa B. , Wong Jacklyn , Liebman Kelly A. , Albright Rebecca G. , Stoddard Steven T.
Published: October 2009

Vector control remains the primary measure available to prevent pathogen transmission for the most devastating vector‐borne diseases (VBDs): malaria, dengue, trypanosomiasis, filariasis, leishmaniasis, and Chagas disease. Current control strategies, however, are proving insufficient and the remarkable advances in the molecular biology of disease vectors over the last two decades have yet to result in tangible tools that effectively reduce VBD incidence. Here we argue that vector biologists must fundamentally shift their approach to VBD research. We propose an agenda highlighting the most critical avenues to improve the effectiveness of vector control. Research priorities must be diversified to support simultaneous development of multiple, alternative control strategies. Knowledge across relevant diseases and disciplines should be better integrated and disease prevention efforts extended beyond the academic sector to involve private industry, ministries of health, and local communities. To obtain information of more immediate significance to public health, the research focus must shift from laboratory models to natural pathogen‐transmission systems. Identification and characterization of heterogeneities inherent to VBD systems should be prioritised to allow development of local, adaptive control strategies that efficiently make use of limited resources. Importantly, increased involvement of disease‐endemic country (DEC) scientists, institutes, and communities will be key to enhance and sustain the fight against VBD.
The ryanodine receptor type 1 gene variants in African American men with exertional rhabdomyolysis and malignant hyperthermia susceptibility
Authors: Sambuughin N , Capacchione J , Blokhin A , Bayarsaikhan M , Bina S , Muldoon S
Published: October 2009

It has been suggested that exertional rhabdomyolysis (ER) and malignant hyperthermia (MH) are related syndromes. We hypothesize that patients with unexplained ER harbor mutations in the ryanodine receptor gene type 1 (RYR1), a primary gene implicated in MH, and therefore ER patients are at increased risk for MH. Although there are reported cases of MH in individuals of African descent, there are no data available on molecular characterization of these patients. We analyzed RYR1 in six, unrelated African American men with unexplained ER, who were subsequently diagnosed as MH susceptible (MHS) by the Caffeine Halothane Contracture Test. Three novel and two variants, previously reported in Caucasian MHS subjects, were found in five studied patients. The novel variants were highly conserved amino acids and were absent among 230 control subjects of various ethnic backgrounds. These results emphasize the importance of performing muscle contracture testing and RYR1 mutation screening in patients with unexplained ER. The MHS‐associated variant Ala1352Gly was identified as a polymorphism predominant in individuals of African descent. Our data underscore the need for investigating RYR1 across different ethnic groups and will contribute to interpretation of genetic screening results of individuals at risk for MH.
Chromosome imbalances in syndromic hearing loss
Authors: Catelani ALPM , Krepischi ACV , Kim CA , Kok F , Otto PA , Auricchio MTBM , Mazzeu JF , Uehara DT , Costa SS , Knijnenburg J , Tabith A , Vianna‐Morgante AM , Mingroni‐Netto RC , Rosenberg C
Published: October 2009

The cause of hearing impairment has not been elucidated in a large proportion of patients. We screened by 1‐Mb array‐based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) 29 individuals with syndromic hearing impairment whose clinical features were not typical of known disorders. Rare chromosomal copy number changes were detected in eight patients, four de novo imbalances and four inherited from a normal parent. The de novo alterations define candidate chromosome segments likely to harbor dosage‐sensitive genes related to hearing impairment, namely 1q23.3–q25.2, 2q22q23, 6p25.3 and 11q13.2–q13.4. The rare imbalances also present in normal parents might be casually associated with hearing impairment, but its role as a predisposition gene remains a possibility. Our results show that syndromic deafness is frequently associated with chromosome microimbalances (14–27%), and the use of aCGH for defining disease etiology is recommended.
Selecting an optimal cutoff value for creatinine in the model for end‐stage liver disease equation
Authors: Huo Teh‐Ia , Hsu Chia‐Yang , Lin Han‐Chieh , Lee Pui‐Ching , Lee Jing‐Yi , Lee Fa‐Yauh , Hou Ming‐Chih , Lee Shou‐Dong
Published: October 2009

Huo T‐I, Hsu C‐Y, Lin H‐C, Lee P‐C, Lee J‐Y, Lee F‐Y, Hou M‐C, Lee S‐D. Selecting an optimal cutoff value for creatinine in the model for end‐stage liver disease equation. Clin Transplant 2009 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399‐0012.2009.01099.x. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  Background:  The model for end‐stage liver disease (MELD) is used for organ allocation in liver transplantation. The maximal serum creatinine (Cr) level for MELD is set at 4.0 mg/dL; however, there was no outcome data to justify this strategy.

Methods:  Ninety‐two patients with cirrhosis with Cr level >4 mg/dL were selected from 1438 patients and compared with MELD score‐matched controls for three‐month and six‐month mortality.

Results:  At three months, patients with Cr level >4 mg/dL had a significantly higher mortality rate than the 184 controls with a lower Cr level (44.6% vs. 29.3%, p = 0.015). This trend was still significant at six months: the mortality rate was 62% in the index group vs. 45.1% in the control group (p = 0.011). The difference between the index and control groups was the smallest (2.5% at three months and 3.4% at six months) when Cr was up‐scaled to 5.5 mg/dL. The predictive accuracy of the MELD was estimated by using area under receiver‐operating characteristic (AUC) curve. Only the cutoff of 5.5 mg/dL at six months displayed a higher AUC (0.753).

Conclusions:  A cutoff at 5.5 mg/dL may be more appropriate for the MELD. The MELD for patients with cirrhosis with advanced renal insufficiency deserves re‐evaluation.
Flowmetry‐based portal inflow manipulation for a small‐for‐size liver graft in a recipient with spontaneous splenorenal shunt
Authors: Chan See Ching , Lo Chung Mau , Chik Barbara H. , Chow Lorraine C. , Fan Sheung Tat
Published: October 2009

Chan SC, Lo CM, Chik BH, Chow LC, Fan ST. Flowmetry‐based portal inflow manipulation for a small‐for‐size liver graft in a recipient with spontaneous splenorenal shunt. Clin Transplant 2010: 24: 410–414. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  We report a case of living donor liver transplantation using a small‐for‐size graft (SFSG) with graft to estimated standard liver volume of only 28% in a recipient with spontaneous splenorenal shunt and demonstrate the value of intraoperative ultrasonic flowmetry. Despite an SFSG, the graft was underperfused. This was recognized by flowmetry and was rectified by ligation of the splenorenal shunt.
Carrot alternative oxidase gene AOX2a demonstrates allelic and genotypic polymorphisms in intron 3
Authors: Guerra Cardoso Hélia , Doroteia Campos Maria , Rita Costa Ana , Catarina Campos Maria , Nothnagel Thomas , Arnholdt‐Schmitt Birgit
Published: October 2009

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertion–deletions (InDels) are becoming important genetic markers for major crop species. In this study, we focus on variations at genomic level of the Daucus carota L. AOX2a gene. The use of gene‐specific primers designed in exon regions on the boundaries of introns permitted to recognize intron length polymorphism (ILP) in intron 3 AOX2a by simple polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. The length of intron 3 can vary in individual carrot plants. Thus, allelic variation can be used as a tool to discriminate between single plant genotypes. Using this approach, individual plants from cv. Rotin and from diverse breeding lines and cultivars were identified that showed genetic variability by AOX2a ILPs. Repetitive patterns of intron length variation have been observed which allows grouping of genotypes. Polymorphic and identical PCR fragments revealed underlying high levels of sequence polymorphism. Variability was due to InDel events and intron single nucleotide polymorphisms (ISNPs), with a repetitive deletion in intron 3 affecting a putative pre‐miRNA site. The results suggest that high AOX2a gene diversity in D. carota can be explored for the development of functional markers related to agronomic traits.
Different enhancement of senescence induced by metabolic products of Alternaria alternata in tobacco leaves of different ages
Authors: Jia Yu‐Jiao , Cheng Dan‐Dan , Wang Wei‐Bin , Gao Hui‐Yuan , Liu Ai‐Xin , Li Xin‐Min , Meng Qing‐Wei
Published: October 2009

The purpose of this study was to explore the mechanisms by which Alternaria alternata damages tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaves. Treatment with A. alternata metabolic products enhanced senescence in leaves of different ages, as indicated by the significant decrease in chlorophyll, soluble protein, photosynthetic O2 evolution and catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) activity as well as an increase in H2O2 content. The induction of senescence by A. alternata metabolic products increased as the age of the leaves increased. A. alternata metabolic products greatly influenced the behavior of photosystem II (PSII) in the leaves: oxygen evolving complex (OEC) activity and electron transport from primary quinone electron acceptor of PS II (QA) to secondary quinone electron acceptor of PS II (QB) were both significantly inhibited. This inhibition also became more pronounced in older leaves. In vitro experiments revealed that, without the influence of natural senescence, the A. alternata metabolic products directly inhibited the activity of a commercial CAT solution and inhibited photosynthetic O2 evolution, which resulted in excess PSII excitation pressure and an overaccumulation of H2O2 in leaf segments. These results suggest that the significant declines in photosynthesis and CAT activity induced by the metabolic products of A. alternata were important contributors to the overaccumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which accelerated senescence in tobacco leaves. The fact that the enhancement of senescence was getting more pronounced with the age of tobacco leaves might be related to the fact that older leaves already had higher H2O2 levels and less antioxidant activity as reflected in lower CAT activity.
Can pediatricians accurately identify maternal depression at well‐child visits?
Authors: Mishina Hiroki , Hayashino Yasuaki , Takayama John Ichiro , Kasahara Mari , Fukuhara Shunichi
Published: October 2009

Background:  The feasibility of a two‐item screening tool for maternal depression in a pediatric setting was recently reported. We assessed whether the accuracy of pediatrician recognition of maternal depression during the one‐month well‐child visit could be improved by an educational intervention using the two‐item screening tool.

Methods:  We conducted an educational intervention for pediatric residents in a suburban hospital in Tokyo, Japan, with outcome measurement before and after. Resident education included knowledge about postpartum depression and its impact on children, use of the two‐item screening tool and available management strategies. Sixteen pediatric residents examined 267 mother–infant dyads during well‐child visits. Residents documented the presence or absence of postpartum depressive symptoms on medical records. Depressive symptoms were also determined using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) survey; residents were not aware of the results. Using the EPDS as a “gold standard,” improvement in sensitivity and specificity of resident recognition of maternal depressive symptoms was determined.

Results:  The overall prevalence of postpartum depressive symptoms based on the EPDS was 15.4%. The sensitivity of resident recognition was 8% and specificity 98% before intervention, and 12% and 96% afterwards, respectively. The difference was not statistically significant. Residents indicated fear of maternal stigmatization and mothers' receptiveness to discussing depressive symptoms, as well as lack of time and skills, as major barriers to the identification of maternal depression.

Conclusions:  A simple educational intervention using a two‐item screening tool did not improve the pediatrician's accuracy in detecting depressive symptoms in mothers. Additional strategies to address perceived barriers may be needed.
Neurodevelopment in 1‐year‐old Japanese infants after congenital heart surgery
Authors: Matsuzaki Tachiyo , Matsui Mie , Ichida Fukiko , Nakazawa Jun , Hattori Asako , Yoshikosi Kumiko , Miyazaki Michie , Fujii Miu , Hagino Ikuo , Kagisaki Koji , Yagihara Toshikatsu
Published: October 2009

Background:  The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of persistent neurodevelopmental sequelae in 1‐year‐old infants after open heart surgery for congenital heart disease, using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development second edition (BSID‐II). A secondary objective was to confirm the applicability and usefulness of the BSID‐II in Japanese infants.

Methods:  Thirty‐nine infants who underwent repair of a ventricular septal defect before 6 months of age and 108 normal Japanese infants at 1 year of age were assessed using the BSID‐II.

Results:  In normal infants, scores on the Mental Development Index and the Psychomotor Development Index components of the BSID‐II ranged from borderline retardation to very superior following a normal distribution similar to those obtained for US controls. No problems were encountered, either in translation or in following the instructions when the BSID‐II was used to evaluate the 1‐year‐old Japanese infants. On the other hand, the mean scores on the Mental Development Index and the Psychomotor Development Index were significantly lower in Japanese patients than in normal Japanese infants, particularly for gross motor development (P < 0.001). Linear regression analysis showed that a longer intensive care unit stay was associated with impaired cognitive development at 1 year of age (P= 0.03).

Conclusions:  Neurodevelopmental functions in 1‐year‐old infants with congenital heart disease were lower than those in normal infants, especially for gross motor function using the BSID‐II. One risk factor that correlated with neurodevelopmental sequelae was the length of intensive care unit stay.
Study on the reference values of serum lipids in children aged 3–18 years old in Beijing, China
Authors: Liao Ying , Mi Jie , Wang Yanfei , Chen Stella , Liu Ying , Tang Chaoshu , Jin Hongfang , Du Junbao
Published: October 2009

Background:  The present study was designed to explore the reference values of serum lipids in children in Beijing.

Methods:  A total of 1071 healthy children from Beijing between 3 and 18 years of age were enrolled and divided into four groups: A, 3–5‐year‐old group; B, 6–9‐year‐old group; C, 10–14‐year‐old group; and D, 15–18‐year‐old group. Blood samples were obtained from the cubital veins of the participants under a fasting condition. A Hitachi 7600 Automatic Biochemistry Analyzer was used to determine the serum levels. The cut‐off points of reference values were the 75th and 95th percentiles for total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) while the 25th and 5th percentiles were used for high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) concentrations.

Results:  The highest 95th percentiles of TC among the four groups were 5.34 mmol/L for boys and 5.11 mmol/L for girls. Compared with those of boys, female TG levels were obviously higher in the 10–14‐year‐old group (P < 0.05) and HDL‐C levels were significantly higher in the 15–18‐year‐old group (P < 0.05). The serum TC, HDL‐C, and LDL‐C all peaked during the 6–9‐year‐old period and then declined during the adolescent stage. Also, the serum TG continuously increased with a relative plateau during the 6–14‐year‐old period. Obese and overweight children had higher TG and LDL‐C levels but lower HDL‐C levels.

Conclusion:  This study showed a picture of the serum lipids distribution in Chinese children and found that their TC levels were lower than those of children in Japan, Iran, and France, but were higher than those of Italian children.
Inauguration of the first Psychological Support Center for Disaster Victims in Korea
Authors: Bae Jeongyee , Kim Key‐Yong , Panuncio Rosel L. , Choi Namhee , Im Sook‐Bin
Published: October 2009

Disasters can strike uncontrollably whenever or wherever, leaving horrendous marks of physical and psychological damage on people upon their passing. Asia remains the most widely affected area of the world, with high death tolls, casualties, and economic losses recorded in past years. In fact, a developed country like South Korea incurs huge deficits from disaster‐related adversities. Restoration efforts and assistance for disaster survivors are generously provided by the Korean government. However, it is only recently that cases of postdisaster mental problems have been given attention. This article argues that, although material relief helps disaster victims to regain their physical losses, it is equally important to aid their psychological needs to prevent long‐term mental health problems. This article highlights Korea's first regional Psychological Support Center for disaster victims, which can be accessed online. With this Center, the country continues to strive in providing her people with holistic approaches to further enhance each citizen's quality of life.
Health‐care system and nursing in Sri Lanka: An ethnography study
Authors: De Silva Badurakada Sunil Santha , Rolls Colleen
Published: October 2009

This article stems from a larger ethnographic study that primarily explored nurses' cancer pain management in Sri Lanka. The findings presented in this article report on two aspects revealed in that study: the Sri Lankan health‐care system and nursing. The findings indicate that the Sri Lankan health‐care system is under considerable strain. Poor hospital management allows doctors to admit too many patients, resulting in chaotic and overcrowded work environments with unsustainable resources. This then impacts on the role of the nurse. This study highlights the adverse conditions under which nurses in Sri Lanka try to administer care, within a powerless and unchanging professional situation. Although this study extends the level of understanding of the situation for nurses in a government hospital, it also offers directions for policy‐makers and international nursing organizations to improve nursing education and governance in Sri Lanka.
Volunteer experiences in community housing during the Great Hanshin‐Awaji Earthquake, Japan
Authors: Kako Mayumi , Ikeda Sugako
Published: October 2009

The recovery phase of disasters is long term and the victims require intensive support. Experiences in disasters can be traumatic and affect people physically and psychologically. Recovery is not only about the rebuilding of infrastructure in the affected area but also about the rehabilitation of people and the rebuilding of their life. The importance of long‐term mental health care after disasters has been emphasized in the literature and the authors' volunteer participation during the Japanese Great Hanshin‐Awaji Earthquake in 1995 reinforced its importance. This article reports on the authors' experiences as health professional volunteers caring for dislocated people living in temporary housing after the earthquake, when kodokushi (death alone and, initially, unnoticed) and alcoholism claimed the life of some of these people.
Characterization of marine isoprene‐degrading communities
Authors: Alvarez Laura Acuña , Exton Daniel A. , Timmis Kenneth N. , Suggett David J. , McGenity Terry J.
Published: October 2009

Isoprene is a volatile and climate‐altering hydrocarbon with an atmospheric concentration similar to that of methane. It is well established that marine algae produce isoprene; however, until now there was no specific information about marine isoprene sinks. Here we demonstrate isoprene consumption in samples from temperate and tropical marine and coastal environments, and furthermore show that the most rapid degradation of isoprene coincides with the highest rates of isoprene production in estuarine sediments. Isoprene‐degrading enrichment cultures, analysed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and 454 pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and by culturing, were generally dominated by Actinobacteria, but included other groups such as Alphaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, previously not known to degrade isoprene. In contrast to specialist methane‐oxidizing bacteria, cultivated isoprene degraders were nutritionally versatile, and nearly all of them were able to use n‐alkanes as a source of carbon and energy. We therefore tested and showed that the ubiquitous marine hydrocarbon‐degrader, Alcanivorax borkumensis, could also degrade isoprene. A mixture of the isolates consumed isoprene emitted from algal cultures, confirming that isoprene can be metabolized at low, environmentally relevant concentrations, and suggesting that, in the absence of spilled petroleum hydrocarbons, algal production of isoprene could maintain viable populations of hydrocarbon‐degrading microbes. This discovery of a missing marine sink for isoprene is the first step in obtaining more robust predictions of its flux, and suggests that algal‐derived isoprene provides an additional source of carbon for diverse microbes in the oceans.
Shifts between Nitrospira‐ and Nitrobacter‐like nitrite oxidizers underlie the response of soil potential nitrite oxidation to changes in tillage practices
Authors: Attard E. , Poly F. , Commeaux C. , Laurent F. , Terada A. , Smets B. F. , Recous S. , Roux X. Le
Published: October 2009

Despite their role in soil functioning, the ecology of nitrite‐oxidizing bacteria, NOB, and their response to disturbances such as those generated by agricultural practices are scarcely known. Over the course of 17 months, we surveyed the potential nitrite oxidation, PNO, the abundance of the Nitrobacter‐ and Nitrospira‐like NOB (by quantitative PCR) and the community structure of the Nitrobacter‐like NOB (by PCR‐DGGE and cloning‐sequencing targeting the nxrA gene) in soils for four treatments: after establishment of tillage on a previously no‐tillage system, after cessation of tillage on a previously tillage system, and on control tillage and no‐tillage systems. Key soil variables (moisture, organic carbon content and gross mineralization – i.e. ammonification – measured by the 15N dilution technique) were also surveyed. PNO was always higher for the no‐tillage than tillage treatments. Establishment of tillage led to a strong and rapid decrease in PNO whereas cessation of tillage did not change PNO even after 17 months. PNO was strongly and positively correlated to the abundance of Nitrobacter‐like NOB and was also strongly related to gross mineralization, a proxy of N‐availability; in contrast, PNO was weakly and negatively correlated to the abundance of Nitrospira‐like NOB. Selection of a dominant population was observed under no‐tillage, and PNO was loosely correlated to the community structure of Nitrobacter‐like NOB. Our results demonstrate that Nitrobacter‐like NOB are the key functional players within the NOB community in soils with high N availability and high activity level, and that changes in PNO are due to shifts between Nitrospira‐like and Nitrobacter‐like NOB and to a weaker extent by shifts of populations within Nitrobacter‐like NOB.
Molecular dissection of bacterial acrylate catabolism – unexpected links with dimethylsulfoniopropionate catabolism and dimethyl sulfide production
Authors: Todd Jonathan D. , Curson Andrew R. J. , Nikolaidou‐Katsaraidou Nefeli , Brearley Charles A. , Watmough Nicholas J. , Chan Yohan , Page Philip C. B. , Sun Lei , Johnston Andrew W. B.
Published: October 2009

A bacterium in the genus Halomonas that grew on dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) or acrylate as sole carbon sources and that liberated the climate‐changing gas dimethyl sulfide in media containing DMSP was obtained from the phylloplane of the macroalga Ulva. We identified a cluster that contains genes specifically involved in DMSP catabolism (dddD, dddT) or in degrading acrylate (acuN, acuK) or that are required to break down both substrates (dddC, dddA). Using NMR and HPLC analyses to trace 13C‐ or 14C‐labelled acrylate and DMSP in strains of Escherichia coli with various combinations of cloned ddd and/or acu genes, we deduced that DMSP is imported by the BCCT‐type transporter DddT, then converted by DddD to 3‐OH‐propionate (3HP), liberating dimethyl sulfide in the process. As DddD is a predicted acyl CoA transferase, there may be an earlier, unidentified catabolite of DMSP. Acrylate is also converted to 3HP, via a CoA transferase (AcuN) and a hydratase (AcuK). The 3HP is predicted to be catabolized by an alcohol dehydrogenase, DddA, to malonate semialdehyde, thence by an aldehyde dehydrogenase, DddC, to acyl CoA plus CO2. The regulation of the ddd and acu genes is unusual, as a catabolite, 3HP, was a co‐inducer of their transcription. This first description of genes involved in acrylate catabolism in any organism shows that the relationship between the catabolic pathways of acrylate and DMSP differs from that which had been suggested in other bacteria.
SOVEREIGN INSOLVENCY PROCEDURES – A COMPARATIVE LOOK AT SELECTED PROPOSALS
Authors: Berensmann Kathrin , Herzberg Angélique
Published: October 2009

Abstract The most practicable short‐term approaches for sovereign debt restructuring would include a code of conduct (voluntary approach) and collective action clauses (contractual approach). In the medium term, a sovereign insolvency procedure (statutory approach) may have an important role to play because it would be a comprehensive instrument designed to coordinate different creditor groups prior to and during a debt crisis. This paper provides a survey of six comprehensive policy proposals for a sovereign bankruptcy procedure. It points to approaches that could improve existing proposals and creates a basis for new proposals which could prove conducive to reaching political consensus.
COLLECTIVE ACTION CLAUSES IN INTERNATIONAL SOVEREIGN BOND CONTRACTS – WHENCE THE OPPOSITION?
Authors: Häseler Sönke
Published: October 2009

Abstract In the debate on strengthening the international financial architecture, which peaked in 2002 after a series of emerging market sovereign debt crises, the universal adoption of collective action clauses (CACs) was the most promising reform proposal. Academics and the official sector had been promoting CACs at least since 1995, yet market practice did not begin to change until 2003. This delay is often attributed to the opposition of investors and sovereign borrowers to CACs. This paper evaluates the publicly stated as well as the suspected private motives of the two sides to block the proliferation of CACs. It draws on a wide range of existing evidence and adds some new theoretical considerations to show that there is no reason to be sceptical of CACs unless bailouts exist as an alternative crisis resolution mechanism. This conclusion may be of interest purely for the sake of historical accuracy. But more importantly, it may help to better understand any potential future resistance by market participants, for example in the process of introducing CACs in bonds governed by German law.
The Influence of Technological Knowledge Base and Organizational Structure on Technology Collaboration
Authors: Zhang Jing , Baden‐Fuller Charles
Published: October 2009

abstract

This study investigates how an incumbent company's internal characteristics influence its propensity to form learning alliances. A firm may be reluctant to enter a research alliance when it has deep knowledge in a certain technological field due to concerns about knowledge leakage and the low possibility of being able to learn much from collaboration. On the contrary, when the firm has a broad knowledge base, it may have high propensity to enter alliances due to more self‐confidence in its ability to learn fast from partners. In addition, we argue that when a firm concentrates its R&D at a central location, this neutralizes the positive and negative influences of the two knowledge base features on alliance formation. We tested and found support for the hypotheses using a database of 1550 alliances undertaken by 78 large incumbent pharmaceutical, chemical, and agro‐food companies active in the biotechnology sector during 1993–2002.
Promoting Resilience in Youth From Divorced Families: Lessons Learned From Experimental Trials of the New Beginnings Program
Authors: Wolchik Sharlene A. , Schenck Clorinda E. , Sandler Irwin N.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThis article focuses on the contributions that the program of research on the New Beginnings Program (NBP) has made to understanding pathways to resilience in youth who experience parental divorce. First, the research demonstrating that divorce increases risk for mental health, physical health, and social adaptation problems is reviewed. Next, theory and research linking social environmental‐level and youth‐level modifiable risk factors and resilience resources to youth's postdivorce adjustment are presented. The conceptual framework underlying the NBP and the risk factors and resilience resources targeted in this program are described next. The short‐term and long‐term results of two experimental, randomized efficacy trials of the NBP and moderators and mediators of its effects are then presented. Analyses that examine whether youth self‐systems beliefs account for the links between program‐induced changes in family‐level resilience resources and positive long‐term program on adaptation outcomes are presented and how experimental trials can be used to further theories of resilience for youth facing adversities is discussed. The final section describes directions for future research on the NBP.
Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care as a Preventive Intervention to Promote Resiliency Among Youth in the Child Welfare System
Authors: Leve Leslie D. , Fisher Philip A. , Chamberlain Patricia
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Demographic trends indicate that a growing segment of families is exposed to adversity such as poverty, drug use problems, caregiver transitions, and domestic violence. Although these risk processes and the accompanying poor outcomes for children have been well studied, little is known about why some children develop resilience in the face of such adversity, particularly when it is severe enough to invoke child welfare involvement. This paper describes a program of research involving families in the child welfare system. Using a resiliency framework, evidence from 4 randomized clinical trials that included components of the Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care program is presented. Future directions and next steps are proposed.
Goodness‐of‐fit test for a nonlinear time series
Authors: Nishiyama Yoichi
Published: October 2009

Abstract.  Goodness‐of‐fit test in a general model of nonlinear time series is considered. We present an asymptotically distribution‐free test based on a random field of innovation martingales. Its consistency under any fixed alternative is also proved.
An Integrated Model of Subnational Regional and Urban Economic Development: Framework of Analysis
Authors: JAIN AMEETA
Published: October 2009

The mechanism of subnational regional and urban economic development has been studied extensively by economists, geographers, town planners and other academics. The existing widely varying theories of regional economic development are insufficient on their own in explaining how a region can develop and prosper. Each theory has evaluated a few facets of regional economic development. Research from these different perspectives is narrow and prevents any cross‐fertilization of research from these diverse theories. Recognition of multiple factors affecting the development process has led the author to create an integrated model of regional and urban economic development. The essay first sets out to describe and explain this integrated model. Each of the components of this new model draws heavily upon seminal work in the field. This model proposes three rings. Each ring is at a different level of abstraction. The determinants of development described in each ring can influence each and every other determinant of development shown in the three‐ring structure. This model recognizes that development in any centre, be it regional or urban, nascent or established, is a composite end result of the complex interplay of all the determinants. The essay then goes on to show how this model can provide a broad holistic approach to regional economic development that can assist researchers in their attempts to understand and link its various theories.

Économistes, géographes, urbanistes et autres spécialistes ont largement étudié le mécanisme de développement économique urbain et régional infranational. Les très nombreuses théories existantes sur le développement économique régional sont insuffisantes à elles seules pour expliquer comment une région peut se développer et prospérer. Chaque théorie a évalué quelques facettes de cette évolution. Les études résultant de ces différentes perspectives ont un champ étroit et empêchent tout enrichissement mutuel des recherches émanant de ces diverses théories. Prenant en compte les facteurs multiples qui affectent le processus de développement, l'auteur a pu créer un modèle intégréde développement économique urbain et régional. Le texte commence par décrire et expliciter ce modèle intégré. Chacune de ses composantes repose en grande partie sur les travaux majeurs dans le domaine. Le modèle propose trois cercles. Chaque cercle se situe à un niveau d'abstraction différent. Les déterminants du développement présentés dans chaque cercle peuvent influencer tout ou partie des autres déterminants du développement appartenant à la structure d'ensemble. Le modèle admet que le développement dans un centre quelconque, qu'il soit régional ou urbain, naissant ou établi, est un aboutissement composite des interactions complexes de tous les déterminants du développement. Est ensuite montré comment ce modèle peut apporter une approche holistique élargie du développement économique régional, capable d'aider les chercheurs à comprendre et relier les diverses théories sur cette évolution.
The Ghetto, the Hyperghetto and the Fragmentation of the World
Authors: AGIER MICHEL
Published: October 2009

Reflecting on Loïc Wacquant's Urban Outcasts, my observations focus on two points: the ghetto and the hyperghetto. On the one hand, over and above the France–USA comparison, the text suggests that ‘the ghetto’ is a relative urban position, not one that establishes an identity. Within that framework, some French banlieues or Palestinian refugee camps are in a position of urban, social and political relegation that is well conveyed by the term ‘ghetto’ or ‘ghettoization’. On the other hand, if we are agreed that it is distance from the state that constitutes the ghetto, then transference of this notion of relegation to the global scale is a possible definition of ‘the hyperghetto’.

À propos de Urban Outcasts (Parias urbains), ce commentaire s'attache à deux aspects: le ghetto et l'hyperghetto. D'une part, au‐delà de la comparaison entre la France et les États‐Unis, le texte présente le ghetto comme une position urbaine relative, et non identitaire. Dans ce cadre, certaines ‘banlieues’ françaises ou des camps de réfugiés palestiniens sont dans une position de relégation urbaine, sociale et politique qui est bien rendue par le concept de ghetto ou ‘ghetto‐isation’. D'autre part, si l'on convient que c'est la distance à l'État qui fait le ghetto, alors une mondialisation de cette figure de la relégation est une définition possible de l'hyperghetto.
Guidelines for practical use of MAL‐PDT in non‐melanoma skin cancer
Authors: Christensen E , Warloe T , Kroon S , Funk J , Helsing P , Soler AM , Stang HJ , Vatne Ø , Mørk C
Published: October 2009

Methyl aminolaevulinate photodynamic therapy is increasingly practiced in the treatment of actinic keratoses, Bowen’s disease and basal cell carcinomas. This method is particularly suitable for treating multiple lesions, field cancerization and lesions in areas where a good cosmetic outcome is of importance. Good treatment routines will contribute to a favourable result. The Norwegian photodynamic therapy (PDT) group consists of medical specialists with long and extensive PDT experience. With support in the literature, this group presents guidelines for the practical use of topical PDT in non‐melanoma skin cancer.
Quantifying the information needs of doctors in the UK using clinical librarians
Authors: Davies Karen
Published: October 2009

Background and objectives:  The main objective of this paper is to determine the frequency of doctors’ clinical information needs using Clinical Librarians as data collectors, focusing on the UK acute sector. Additionally, the frequency of questions followed‐up by Clinical Librarians was determined. The information needs of doctors have been investigated in other countries, particularly the USA, but not in the UK. Clinical Librarians have not been utilized as data collectors in any previous studies.

Method:  Clinical Librarians counted clinical questions posed by doctors in clinical settings.

Results:  The Clinical Librarians counted 286 questions from 655 doctors discussing 1210 patient cases. This represents approximately one question for every four patients.

Conclusion:  Clinical Librarians can collect data to identify the number of information needs doctors have, but this was more successful when the Clinical Librarian was experienced and an established part of the clinical team.
Semi‐automating the manual literature search for systematic reviews increases efficiency
Authors: Chapman Andrea L. , Morgan Laura C. , Gartlehner Gerald
Published: October 2009

Background:  To minimise retrieval bias, manual literature searches are a key part of the search process of any systematic review. Considering the need to have accurate information, valid results of the manual literature search are essential to ensure scientific standards; likewise efficient approaches that minimise the amount of personnel time required to conduct a manual literature search are of great interest.

Objective:  The objective of this project was to determine the validity and efficiency of a new manual search method that utilises the scopus™ database.

Methods:  We used the traditional manual search approach as the gold standard to determine the validity and efficiency of the proposed scopus method. Outcome measures included completeness of article detection and personnel time involved. Using both methods independently, we compared the results based on accuracy of the results, validity and time spent conducting the search, efficiency.

Results:  Regarding accuracy, the scopus method identified the same studies as the traditional approach indicating its validity. In terms of efficiency, using scopus led to a time saving of 62.5% compared with the traditional approach (3 h versus 8 h).

Conclusions:  The scopus method can significantly improve the efficiency of manual searches and thus of systematic reviews.
Nitric oxide and cyclic nucleotide signal transduction modulates synaptic vesicle turnover in human model neurons
Authors: Tegenge Million Adane , Stern Michael , Bicker Gerd
Published: October 2009

The human Ntera2 (NT2) teratocarcinoma cell line can be induced to differentiate into post‐mitotic neurons. Here, we report that the human NT2 neurons generated by a spherical aggregate cell culture method express increasing levels of typical pre‐synaptic proteins (synapsin and synaptotagmin I) along the neurite depending on the length of in vitro culture. By employing an antibody directed against the luminal domain of synaptotagmin I and the fluorescent dye N‐(3‐triethylammoniumpropyl)‐4‐(4‐(dibutylamino)styryl)pyridinium dibromide, we show that depolarized NT2 neurons display calcium‐dependent exo‐endocytotic synaptic vesicle recycling. NT2 neurons express the neuronal isoform of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), the major receptor for nitric oxide (NO). We tested whether NO signal transduction modulates synaptic vesicle turnover in human NT2 neurons. NO donors and cylic guanosine‐monophosphate analogs enhanced synaptic vesicle recycling while a sGC inhibitor blocked the effect of NO donors. Two NO donors, sodium nitroprusside, and and N‐Ethyl‐2‐(1‐ethyl‐2‐hydroxy‐2‐nitrosohydrazino) ethanamine evoked vesicle exocytosis which was partially blocked by the sGC inhibitor. The activator of adenylyl cyclase, forskolin, and a cAMP analog induced synaptic vesicle recycling and exocytosis via a parallel acting protein kinase A pathway. Our data from NT2 neurons suggest that NO/cyclic nucleotide signaling pathways may facilitate neurotransmitter release in human brain cells.
Petrology of coesite‐bearing eclogite from Habutengsu Valley, western Tianshan, NW China and its tectonometamorphic implication
Authors: LÜ Z. , ZHANG L. , DU J. , BUCHER K.
Published: October 2009

Coesite inclusions in garnet have been found in eclogite boudins enclosed in coesite‐bearing garnet micaschist in the Habutengsu Valley, Chinese western Tianshan, which are distinguished from their retrograde quartz by means of optical characteristics, CL imaging and Raman spectrum. The coesite‐bearing eclogite is mainly composed of porphyroblastic garnet, omphacite, paragonite, glaucophane and barroisite, minor amounts of rutile and dotted (or banded) graphite. In addition to coesite and quartz, the zoned porphyroblastic garnet contains inclusions of omphacite, Na‐Ca amphibole, calcite, albite, chlorite, rutile, ilmenite and graphite. Multi‐phase inclusions (e.g. Czo + Pg ± Qtz, Grt II + Qtz and Chl + Pg) can be interpreted as breakdown products of former lawsonite and possibly chloritoid. Coesite occurs scattered within a compositionally homogenous but narrow domain of garnet (outer core), indicative of equilibrium at the UHP stage. The estimate by garnet‐clinopyroxene thermometry yields peak temperatures of 420–520 °C at 2.7 GPa. Phase equilibrium calculations further constrain the P–T conditions for the UHP mineral assemblage Grt + Omp + Lws + Gln + Coe to 2.4–2.7 GPa and 470–510 °C. Modelled modal abundances of major minerals along a 5 °C km−1 geothermal gradient suggests two critical dehydration processes at ∼430 and ∼510 °C respectively. Computed garnet composition patterns are in good agreement with measured core‐rim profiles. The petrological study of coesite‐bearing eclogite in this paper provides insight into the metamorphic evolution in a cold subduction zone. Together with other reported localities of UHP rocks from the entire orogen of Chinese western Tianshan, it is concluded that the regional extent of UHP‐LT metamorphism in Chinese western Tianshan is extensive and considerably larger than previously thought, although intensive retrogression has erased UHP‐LT assemblages at most localities.