bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Power and Resistance in The Gifted Thai Series
Authors: Rizmadhani Terryna Pramesthi , Riyanto Theophilus Joko
Published: October 2024

This study applies Michel Foucault’s theory of power and resistance to explore how the school maintains control over students and how the students fight back. It reveals how the school uses power/knowledge to create rules and disciplinary power to enforce the system and rules in maintaining control. Students resist through micro-resistance by questioning the system and rules, and through strategic, tactical, and counter-conduct resistance by protesting the system and rules. The analysis shows the school establishes control by informing and threatening students, and by intimidating and punishing them. To resist, students question the rules in the conversations with friends and the headmaster, and protest by breaking the teacher’s metronome and complaining to the government. This study concludes that the school’s use of violence to maintain power contradicts Foucault's concept of power and leads to students' resistance, highlighting their desire for a fairer environment.
The Last War: A Screenplay Depicting Optimism In A Post-Apocalyptic World
Authors: Gunawan Michael Wenardi , Basuki Ribut
Published: October 2024

Optimism is an important thing for many people in order to maintain world peace. More specifically, optimism can still play a major role even when the world is in a post-apocalyptic state. Therefore, this creative work has been made to show how optimism can make a big difference in the post-apocalyptic era. The creative work will use the theory of optimism by Martin Seligman in his book ‘Learned Optimism’. The creative work will be in the post-apocalyptic genre, and will use the screenplay film format. The result of the making of the creative work is people will be more knowledgeable about optimism through the actions of the protagonist. In addition, more people will know about the effects of optimism through the character development of the protagonist and the ways it can make the world better at the conclusion of the creative work.
Patriarchal bias against nature and women in “The Red Bekisar” by Ahmad Tohari: an ecofeminist reading
Authors: Fernanditha Carina
Published: October 2024

Ahmad Tohari is one of the most famous Indonesian contemporary novelists, whose works are praised for their social and environmental criticism. The Red Bekisar is one of Tohari’s stories which specifically focuses on the danger of metropolitan life compared to the wisdom of the traditional way of living close to nature and God. With a woman as the lead character, The Red Bekisar might pass as a literary work representing environmental and feminist values at first glance. However, this research argues that when analyzed from the framework of ecofeminism, especially concerning the symbolic connection between nature and women, The Red Bekisar uses languages that naturalize women and feminize nature. It presents nature and women according to the patriarchal bias; as "others" who are wild, alluring to be conquered, dependent on male caretakers, and ultimately, as less than men.
Structural communication between the chromophore‐binding pocket and the N‐terminal extension in plant phytochrome phyB
Authors: Velázquez Escobar Francisco , Buhrke David , Fernandez Lopez Maria , Shenkutie Sintayehu Manaye , von Horsten Silke , Essen Lars‐Oliver , Hughes Jon , Hildebrandt Peter
Published: April 2017

The N‐terminal extension (NTE) of plant phytochromes has been suggested to play a functional role in signaling photoinduced structural changes. Here, we use resonance Raman spectroscopy to study the effect of the NTE on the chromophore structure of B‐type phytochromes from two evolutionarily distant plants. NTE deletion seems to have no effect on the chromophore in the inactive Pr state, but alters the torsion of the C‐D ring methine bridge and the surrounding hydrogen bonding network in the physiologically active Pfr state. These changes are accompanied by a shift of the conformational equilibrium between two Pfr substates, which might affect the thermal isomerization rate of the C‐D double bond and, thus, account for the effect of the NTE on the dark reversion kinetics.
Modeling daily soil salinity dynamics in response to agricultural and environmental changes in coastal Bangladesh
Authors: Payo Andrés , Lázár Attila N. , Clarke Derek , Nicholls Robert J. , Bricheno Lucy , Mashfiqus Salehin , Haque Anisul
Published: April 2017

Understanding the dynamics of salt movement in the soil is a prerequisite for devising appropriate management strategies for land productivity of coastal regions, especially low‐lying delta regions, which support many millions of farmers around the world. At present, there are no numerical models able to resolve soil salinity at regional scale and at daily time steps. In this research, we develop a novel holistic approach to simulate soil salinization comprising an emulator‐based soil salt and water balance calculated at daily time steps. The method is demonstrated for the agriculture areas of coastal Bangladesh (∼20,000 km2). This shows that we can reproduce the dynamics of soil salinity under multiple land uses, including rice crops, combined shrimp and rice farming, as well as non‐rice crops. The model also reproduced well the observed spatial soil salinity for the year 2009. Using this approach, we have projected the soil salinity for three different climate ensembles, including relative sea‐level rise for the year 2050. Projected soil salinity changes are significantly smaller than other reported projections. The results suggest that inter‐season weather variability is a key driver of salinization of agriculture soils at coastal Bangladesh.
Near‐vent chemical processes in a hydrothermal plume: Insights from an integrated study of the Endeavour segment
Authors: Coogan L. A. , Attar A. , Mihaly S. F. , Jeffries M , Pope M.
Published: April 2017

The Endeavour segment of the Juan de Fuca mid‐ocean ridge is one of the best studied ridge segments and has recently been instrumented as part of Ocean Networks Canada's NEPTUNE cabled observatory. Here we investigate the interaction between high‐temperature vent fluids and the overlying water column. A new tow‐yo survey found that the average temperature anomaly in the neutrally buoyant plume was ∼0.043°C. The water column temperature and light attenuation anomalies correlate linearly in some areas of the plume but in other areas there is a low light attenuation anomaly relative to the temperature anomaly. This temperature excess is interpreted to reflect heat input through (particle‐poor) diffuse flow. If this is correct, about half of the heat flux along the Endeavour segment comes from diffuse flow. Sediment trap and push core data show that the mass accumulation rate of the hydrothermal component of the sediments decreases rapidly with distance from the major vent fields. Large changes in the composition of the hydrothermal component of the sediments also occur with distance from the vent fields. The composition of the sediments indicates (i) sulfides precipitate early and accumulate most rapidly close to the vents with a preferential order of element removal from the plume of Cd > Ag > Cu > Co ∼ Fe; (ii) barite is deposited somewhat further from the vents. Strontium and Pb appear to be strongly incorporated in barite and/or other sulfate minerals; (iii) at most a few percent of the mass of these “insoluble” elements that is vented gets deposited within 1.5 km of the vents.
Shallow melting of MORB‐like mantle under hot continental lithosphere, Central Anatolia
Authors: Reid Mary R. , Schleiffarth W. Kirk , Cosca Michael A. , Delph Jonathan R. , Blichert‐Toft Janne , Cooper Kari M.
Published: April 2017

Widespread mafic volcanism, elevated crustal temperatures, and plateau‐type topography in Central Anatolia, Turkey, could collectively be the result of lithospheric delamination, mantle upwelling, and tectonic escape. We use results from 40Ar/39Ar geochronology, basalt geochemistry, and a passive‐source broadband seismic experiment obtained in a collaborative international effort (Continental Dynamics‐Central Anatolia Tectonics) to investigate the upper mantle structure and evolution of melting conditions over an ∼2400 km2 area south and west of Hasan volcano. New 40Ar/39Ar dates for the basalts mostly cluster between 0.2 and 0.6 Ma, but some scoria cones are as old as 2.5 Ma. Basalts are dominantly Mg‐rich (Mg# = 62–71), moderately alkaline (normative Ne < 5 wt %), and, based on major and trace element signatures, derived from a peridotitic source. Covariations between radiogenic isotope and trace element signatures reveal contributions from a subduction‐related component and intraplate‐like mantle asthenosphere, as well as from ambient upper mantle. Central Anatolian basalts reflect maximum mantle potential temperatures of <1350°C and an average pressure of melt equilibration of 1.4 GPa, which are cooler and shallower than for basalts from Eastern and Western Anatolia. When considered in light of regionally slow upper mantle shear wave velocities, the mantle lithosphere may be thin and infiltrated by melts, or largely absent. An absence of secular changes in melting conditions suggests little to no lithospheric thinning over the past ∼1 Ma, despite evidence for lithospheric extension. Hasan basalts appear to be generated by decompression melting in response to the rollback of the Cyprean slab.
Miocene‐Recent sediment flux in the south‐central Alaskan fore‐arc basin governed by flat‐slab subduction
Authors: Finzel Emily S. , Enkelmann Eva
Published: April 2017

The Cook Inlet in south‐central Alaska contains the early Oligocene to Recent stratigraphic record of a fore‐arc basin adjacent to a shallowly subducting oceanic plateau. Our new measured stratigraphic sections and detrital zircon U‐Pb geochronology and Hf isotopes from Neogene strata and modern rivers illustrate the effects of flat‐slab subduction on the depositional environments, provenance, and subsidence in fore‐arc sedimentary systems. During the middle Miocene, fluvial systems emerged from the eastern, western, and northern margins of the basin. The axis of maximum subsidence was near the center of the basin, suggesting equal contributions from subsidence drivers on both margins. By the late Miocene, the axis of maximum subsidence had shifted westward and fluvial systems originating on the eastern margin of the basin above the flat‐slab traversed the entire width of the basin. These mud‐dominated systems reflect increased sediment flux from recycling of accretionary prism strata. Fluvial systems with headwaters above the flat‐slab region continued to cross the basin during Pliocene time, but a change to sandstone‐dominated strata with abundant volcanogenic grains signals a reactivation of the volcanic arc. The axis of maximum basin subsidence during late Miocene to Pliocene time is parallel to the strike of the subducting slab. Our data suggest that the character and strike‐orientation of the down‐going slab may provide a fundamental control on the nature of depositional systems, location of dominant provenance regions, and areas of maximum subsidence in fore‐arc basins.
Aluminum in zircon as evidence for peraluminous and metaluminous melts from the Hadean to present
Authors: Trail Dustin , Tailby Nicholas , Wang Yanling , Mark Harrison T. , Boehnke Patrick
Published: April 2017

Zircon structurally accommodates a range of trace impurities into its lattice, a feature which is used extensively to investigate the evolution of silicate magmas. One key compositional boundary of magmas is defined by whether the molar ratio of Al2O3/(CaO + Na2O + K2O) is larger or smaller than unity. Here we report ∼800 Al in zircon concentrations from 19 different rocks from the Lachlan Fold Belt (southeastern Australia), New England (USA), and Arunachal leucogranites (eastern Himalaya) with Al2O3/(CaO + Na2O + K2O) whole rock values that range from 0.88 to 1.6. Zircons from peraluminous rocks yield an average Al concentration of ∼10 ppm, which distinguishes them from crystals found in metaluminous rocks (∼1.3 ppm). This difference is related to the materials involved in the melting, assimilation, and/or magma differentiation processes; for example, magmas that assimilate Al‐rich material such as metapelites are expected to produce melts with elevated alumina activities, and thus zircons with high Al concentrations. These observations are applied to the Archean and Hadean Jack Hills detrital zircon record. Detrital Archean zircons, with ages from about 3.30 to 3.75 Ga, yield Al in zircon concentrations consistent with origins in peraluminous rocks in ∼8% of the cases (n = 236). A single zircon from the pre‐3.9 Ga age group (n = 39) contains elevated Al contents, which suggests that metaluminous crustal rocks were more common than peraluminous rocks in the Hadean. Weathered material assimilated into these Hadean source melts was not dominated by Al‐rich source material.
Productivity diagnosed from the diel cycle of particulate carbon in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
Authors: White Angelicque E. , Barone Benedetto , Letelier Ricardo M. , Karl David M.
Published: April 2017

The rate of primary production (PP) in the ocean is a critical ecosystem function that contributes to the regulation of air‐sea CO2 exchange. Historically, oceanographers have relied primarily on in vitro measurements of 14C uptake (14C‐PP) as a proxy for PP. Yet it can be difficult to reconcile PP rates measured in vitro with in situ rates such as those based on oxygen. Here we present diel cycles of optically derived particulate organic carbon (POC) measured in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. We have calculated gross production (OPTGP) from the daytime increase and nighttime decrease of optically derived POC, assuming that the observed change in POC represents the sum of PP and community losses. We have compared these estimates to parallel 14C‐PP incubations and considered sources of difference. We find that OPTGP is strongly related to 14C‐PP in this region and that growth and loss rates of POC are tightly coupled.
Thermo‐cryogenic controls of fracture kinematics in permafrost rockwalls
Authors: Draebing D. , Krautblatter M. , Hoffmann T.
Published: April 2017

Thermo‐cryogenic processes prepare and trigger rockfalls and rockslides in alpine environments. Temporal occurrence, controls, and applied stresses of Thermo‐cryogenic processes on rock masses are poorly understood. This paper reports annual crackmeter measurements with 3 h resolution across perennially ice‐filled fractures in an unstable rock permafrost crestline. Thermo‐cryogenic processes are controlled by snow cover onset and duration. Thermal changes in snow‐free periods control expansion and contraction coincident temperature gradients on a daily to seasonal scale. We can show how snow cover promotes sustained temperatures from −9 to −1°C and boosts ice segregation‐related fracture opening up to 1 cm in 8 months. During snowmelt, meltwater induces ice erosion and ice relaxation, which occur in the freeze‐thaw window close to the thawing point. We hypothesize that Thermo‐cryogenic processes and their cyclic repetition can lead to Thermo‐cryogenic fatigue preparing rock slope failure and can control type and location of rockfalls in a changing climate.
Role of internal variability in recent decadal to multidecadal tropical Pacific climate changes
Authors: Bordbar Mohammad Hadi , Martin Thomas , Latif Mojib , Park Wonsun
Published: April 2017

While the Earth's surface has considerably warmed over the past two decades, the tropical Pacific has featured a cooling of sea surface temperatures in its eastern and central parts, which went along with an unprecedented strengthening of the equatorial trade winds, the surface component of the Pacific Walker Circulation (PWC). Previous studies show that this decadal trend in the trade winds is generally beyond the range of decadal trends simulated by climate models when forced by historical radiative forcing. There is still a debate on the origin of and the potential role that internal variability may have played in the recent decadal surface wind trend. Using a number of long control (unforced) integrations of global climate models and several observational data sets, we address the question as to whether the recent decadal to multidecadal trends are robustly classified as an unusual event or the persistent response to external forcing. The observed trends in the tropical Pacific surface climate are still within the range of the long‐term internal variability spanned by the models but represent an extreme realization of this variability. Thus, the recent observed decadal trends in the tropical Pacific, though highly unusual, could be of natural origin. We note that the long‐term trends in the selected PWC indices exhibit a large observational uncertainty, even hindering definitive statements about the sign of the trends.
On the role of ozone feedback in the ENSO amplitude response under global warming
Authors: Nowack Peer J. , Braesicke Peter , Luke Abraham N. , Pyle John A.
Published: April 2017

The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the tropical Pacific Ocean is of key importance to global climate and weather. However, state‐of‐the‐art climate models still disagree on the ENSO's response under climate change. The potential role of atmospheric ozone changes in this context has not been explored before. Here we show that differences between typical model representations of ozone can have a first‐order impact on ENSO amplitude projections in climate sensitivity simulations. The vertical temperature gradient of the tropical middle‐to‐upper troposphere adjusts to ozone changes in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, modifying the Walker circulation and consequently tropical Pacific surface temperature gradients. We show that neglecting ozone changes thus results in a significant increase in the number of extreme ENSO events in our model. Climate modeling studies of the ENSO often neglect changes in ozone. We therefore highlight the need to understand better the coupling between ozone, the tropospheric circulation, and climate variability.
The effect of ring current electron scattering rates on magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling
Authors: Perlongo N. J. , Ridley A. J. , Liemohn M. W. , Katus R. M.
Published: April 2017

This simulation study investigated the electrodynamic impact of varying descriptions of the diffuse aurora on the magnetosphere‐ionosphere (M‐I) system. Pitch angle diffusion caused by waves in the inner magnetosphere is the primary source term for the diffuse aurora, especially during storm time. The magnetic local time (MLT) and storm‐dependent electrodynamic impacts of the diffuse aurora were analyzed using a comparison between a new self‐consistent version of the Hot Electron Ion Drift Integrator with varying electron scattering rates and real geomagnetic storm events. The results were compared with Dst and hemispheric power indices, as well as auroral electron flux and cross‐track plasma velocity observations. It was found that changing the maximum lifetime of electrons in the ring current by 2–6 h can alter electric fields in the nightside ionosphere by up to 26%. The lifetime also strongly influenced the location of the aurora, but the model generally produced aurora equatorward of observations.
Effect of water on critical and subcritical fracture properties of Woodford shale
Authors: Chen Xiaofeng , Eichhubl Peter , Olson Jon E.
Published: April 2017

Subcritical fracture behavior of shales under aqueous conditions is poorly characterized despite increased relevance to oil and gas resource development and seal integrity in waste disposal and subsurface carbon sequestration. We measured subcritical fracture properties of Woodford shale in ambient air, dry CO2 gas, and deionized water by using the double‐torsion method. Compared to tests in ambient air, the presence of water reduces fracture toughness by 50%, subcritical index by 77%, and shear modulus by 27% and increases inelastic deformation. Comparison between test specimens coated with a hydrophobic agent and uncoated specimens demonstrates that the interaction of water with the bulk rock results in the reduction of fracture toughness and enhanced plastic effects, while water‐rock interaction limited to the vicinity of the propagating fracture tip by a hydrophobic specimen coating lowers subcritical index and increases fracture velocity. The observed deviation of a rate‐dependent subcritical index from the power law K‐V relations for coated specimens tested in water is attributed to a time‐dependent weakening process resulting from the interaction between water and clays in the vicinity of the fracture tip.
North Atlantic storm driving of extreme wave heights in the North Sea
Authors: Bell R. J. , Gray S. L. , Jones O. P.
Published: April 2017

The relationship between storms and extreme ocean waves in the North Sea is assessed using a long‐period wave data set and storms identified in the Interim ECMWF Re‐Analysis (ERA‐Interim). An ensemble sensitivity analysis is used to provide information on the spatial and temporal forcing from mean sea‐level pressure and surface wind associated with extreme ocean wave height responses. Extreme ocean waves in the central North Sea arise due to intense extratropical cyclone winds from either the cold conveyor belt (northerly‐wind events) or the warm conveyor belt (southerly‐wind events). The largest wave heights are associated with northerly‐wind events which tend to have stronger wind speeds and occur as the cold conveyor belt wraps rearward round the cyclone to the cold side of the warm front. The northerly‐wind events provide a larger fetch to the central North Sea to aid wave growth. Southerly‐wind events are associated with the warm conveyor belts of intense extratropical cyclones that develop in the left upper tropospheric jet exit region. Ensemble sensitivity analysis can provide early warning of extreme wave events by demonstrating a relationship between wave height and high pressure to the west of the British Isles for northerly‐wind events 48 h prior. Southerly‐wind extreme events demonstrate sensitivity to low pressure to the west of the British Isles 36 h prior.
Robust drying and wetting trends found in regions over China based on Köppen climate classifications
Authors: Chen Tiexi , Zhang Huixian , Chen Xing , Hagan Daniel Fiifi , Wang Guojie , Gao Zhiqiu , Shi Tingting
Published: April 2017

Controversial results in the drying and wetting trends were found with different indices and potential evapotranspiration calculations in previous studies. Here we make an attempt to find robust conclusions of drying and wetting trends over regions by coherent results of various independent indices by using China (1961–2012) as a study area. Precipitation, statistical, and physical drought indices, including the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) and self‐calibrating PDSI (sc_PDSI), with both the Penman‐Monteith (PM) and Thornthwaite (TH) approaches in PDSI calculation are considered. In consequence, four PDSI variants of PDSI_pm, sc_PDSI_pm, PDSI_th, and sc_PDSI_th are involved. To illustrate regional characteristics, six climatic regions based on the Köppen climate classification are defined. At the national scale, precipitation and SPEI indicate wetting trends but all PDSI variants have drying trends. On the other hand, these six indices exhibit coherent results in five of these six regions. Increases in wetness occur in arid region and the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau. Drying trends were found in semiarid and cold and temperate semihumid regions. Only the humid region in southeastern China is seen to have increasing precipitation and SPEI and decreasing PDSI variants. From the perspective of climatic regions, the drying trends mainly occur in the transition regions between the humid and arid regions in China. The spatial pattern of changes in droughts could be categorized by climatic zones, and the changes at regional scale are robust based on these six indices.
Evaluating hydrological processes in the Community Atmosphere Model Version 5 (CAM5) using stable isotope ratios of water
Authors: Nusbaumer Jesse , Wong Tony E. , Bardeen Charles , Noone David
Published: April 2017

Water isotope‐enabled climate and earth system models are able to directly simulate paleoclimate proxy records to aid in climate reconstruction. A less used major advantage is that water isotopologues provide an independent constraint on many atmospheric and hydrologic processes, allowing the model to be developed and tuned in a more physically accurate way. This paper describes the new isotope‐enabled CAM5 model, including its isotopic physics routines, and its ability to simulate the modern distribution of water isotopologues in vapor and precipitation. It is found that the model has a negative isotopic bias in precipitation. This bias is partially attributed to model overestimates of deep convection, particularly over the midlatitude oceans during winter. This was determined by examining isotope ratios both in precipitation and vapor, instead of precipitation alone. This enhanced convective activity depletes the isotopic water vapor in the lower troposphere, where the majority of poleward moisture transport occurs, resulting in the insufficient transport of water isotopologue mass poleward and landward. This analysis also demonstrates that large‐scale dynamical or moisture source changes can impact isotopologue values as much as local shifts in temperature or precipitation amount. The diagnosis of limitations in the large‐scale transport characteristics has major implications if one is using isotope‐enabled climate models to examine paleoclimate proxy records, as well as the modern global hydroclimate.
P and S wave attenuation tomography of the Japan subduction zone
Authors: Wang Zewei , Zhao Dapeng , Liu Xin , Chen Chuanxu , Li Xibing
Published: April 2017

We determine the first high‐resolution P and S wave attenuation (Q) tomography beneath the entire Japan Islands using a large number of high‐quality
data collected from P and S wave velocity spectra of 4222 local shallow and intermediate‐depth earthquakes. The suboceanic earthquakes used in this study are relocated precisely using sP depth phases. Significant landward dipping high‐Q zones are revealed clearly, which reflect the subducting Pacific slab beneath Hokkaido and Tohoku, and the subducting Philippine Sea (PHS) slab beneath SW Japan. Prominent low‐Q zones are visible in the crust and mantle wedge beneath the active arc volcanoes in Hokkaido, Tohoku, and Kyushu, which reflect source zones of arc magmatism caused by fluids from the slab dehydration and corner flow in the mantle wedge. Our results also show that nonvolcanic low‐frequency earthquakes (LFEs) in SW Japan mainly occur in the transition zone between a narrow low‐Q belt and its adjacent high‐Q zones right above the flat segment of the PHS slab. This feature suggests that the nonvolcanic LFEs are caused by not only fluid‐affected slab interface but also specific conditions such as high pore pressure which is influenced by the overriding plate.
Temporal variation of intermediate‐depth earthquakes around the time of the M9.0 Tohoku‐oki earthquake
Authors: Delbridge Brent G. , Kita Saeko , Uchida Naoki , Johnson Christopher W. , Matsuzawa Toru , Bürgmann Roland
Published: April 2017

The temporal evolution of intermediate‐depth seismicity before and after the 2011 M9.0 Tohoku‐oki earthquake reveals interactions between plate interface slip and deformation in the subducting slab. We investigate seismicity rate changes in the upper and lower planes of the double seismic zone beneath northeast Japan using both a β statistic approach and a temporal epidemic type aftershock sequence model. We do not observe an anomalous precursory increase in intermediate‐depth earthquake activity preceding the mainshock; however, following the mainshock, we observe a rate increase for the intermediate‐depth earthquakes in the upper plane. The average ratio of upper plane to lower plane activity and the mean deep aseismic slip rate both increased by factor of 2. An increase of downdip compression in the slab resulting from coseismic and postseismic deformation enhanced seismicity in the upper plane, which is dominated by events accommodating downdip shortening from plate unbending.
Interplate locking condition derived from seafloor geodetic observation in the shallowest subduction segment at the Central Nankai Trough, Japan
Authors: Yasuda Kenji , Tadokoro Keiichi , Taniguchi Sota , Kimura Hiroshi , Matsuhiro Kenjiro
Published: April 2017

We monitored seafloor crustal deformation at two observation stations on opposite sides of the Nankai Trough from 2013 to 2016 in order to investigate the interplate locking condition along the Central Nankai Trough. We estimated the seafloor crustal deformation with respect to the Amurian Plate based on five observations. The results for two stations, TCA and TOA, were 38±25 mm/yr toward N78°W and 57±21 mm/yr toward N69°W (1σ), respectively. The displacement rate at TOA is consistent with the motion of the Philippine Sea Plate with respect to the Amurian Plate using the Euler vector of the REVEL model. The displacement rate at TCA is similar to that at other seafloor geodetic stations, e.g., 48±10 mm/yr at KUM2 station, on the Kumano Basin. The interplate coupling rate was estimated to be roughly 70±40% (1σ) in the shallowest segment of the Nankai Trough.
High‐impact hydrologic events and atmospheric rivers in California: An investigation using the NCEI Storm Events Database
Authors: Young Allison M. , Skelly Klint T. , Cordeira Jason M.
Published: April 2017

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are long, narrow corridors of enhanced integrated water vapor and integrated vapor transport that can result in high‐impact hydrologic events (HIHEs) including floods, flash floods, and debris flows. This study examined the relationship between HIHEs and ARs in California for 10 water years by using the National Centers for Environmental Information Storm Events Database and a catalog of landfalling ARs provided by Rutz et al. (). Results illustrated that HIHEs related to floods and debris flows are commonly associated with ARs during the cold season across Northern California, whereas HIHEs related to flash floods are commonly not associated with ARs during the warm season across Southern California. Composite analyses illustrated that HIHEs associated with landfalling ARs are associated with synoptic‐scale flow patterns that support southwesterly water vapor flux that aligns favorably with California coastal topography to maximize upslope flow and orographic precipitation.
Direct determination of the air‐sea CO2 gas transfer velocity in Arctic sea ice regions
Authors: Prytherch John , Brooks Ian M. , Crill Patrick M. , Thornton Brett F. , Salisbury Dominic J. , Tjernström Michael , Anderson Leif G. , Geibel Marc C. , Humborg Christoph
Published: April 2017

The Arctic Ocean is an important sink for atmospheric CO2. The impact of decreasing sea ice extent and expanding marginal ice zones on Arctic air‐sea CO2 exchange depends on the rate of gas transfer in the presence of sea ice. Sea ice acts to limit air‐sea gas exchange by reducing contact between air and water but is also hypothesized to enhance gas transfer rates across surrounding open‐water surfaces through physical processes such as increased surface‐ocean turbulence from ice‐water shear and ice‐edge form drag. Here we present the first direct determination of the CO2 air‐sea gas transfer velocity in a wide range of Arctic sea ice conditions. We show that the gas transfer velocity increases near linearly with decreasing sea ice concentration. We also show that previous modeling approaches overestimate gas transfer rates in sea ice regions.
Magma‐magma interaction in the mantle beneath eastern China
Authors: Zeng Gang , Chen Li‐Hui , Yu Xun , Liu Jian‐Qiang , Xu Xi‐Sheng , Erdmann Saskia
Published: April 2017

In addition to magma‐rock and rock‐rock reaction, magma‐magma interaction at mantle depth has recently been proposed as an alternative mechanism to produce the compositional diversity of intraplate basalts. However, up to now no compelling geochemical evidence supports this novel hypothesis. Here we present geochemistry for the Longhai basalts from Fujian Province, southeastern China, which demonstrates the interaction between two types of magma at mantle depth. At Longhai, the basalts form two groups, low‐Ti basalts (TiO2/MgO < 0.25) and high‐Ti basalts (TiO2/MgO > 0.25). Calculated primary compositions of the low‐Ti basalts have compositions close to L + Opx + Cpx + Grt cotectic, and they also have low CaO contents (7.1–8.1 wt %), suggesting a mainly pyroxenite source. Correlations of Ti/Gd and Zr/Hf with the Sm/Yb ratios, however, record binary mixing between the pyroxenite‐derived melt and a second, subordinate source‐derived melt. Melts from this second source component have low Ti/Gd and high Zr/Hf and Ca/Al ratios, thus likely representing a carbonated component. The Sr, Nd, Hf, and Pb isotopic compositions of the high‐Ti basalts are close to the low‐Ti basalts. The Sm/Yb ratio of the high‐Ti basalts, however, is markedly elevated and characterized by crossing rare earth element patterns at Ho, suggesting that they have source components comparable to the low‐Ti basalts, but that they have experienced garnet and clinopyroxene fractionation. We posit that mingling of SiO2‐saturated tholeiitic magma with SiO2‐undersaturated alkaline magma might trigger such fractionation. Therefore, the model of magma‐magma interaction and associated deep evolution of magma in the mantle is proposed to explain the formation of Longhai basalts. It may, moreover, serve as a conceptual model for the formation of tholeiitic to alkaline intraplate basalts worldwide.
A 15 year catalog of more than 1 million low‐frequency earthquakes: Tracking tremor and slip along the deep San Andreas Fault
Authors: Shelly David R.
Published: April 2017

Low‐frequency earthquakes (LFEs) are small, rapidly recurring slip events that occur on the deep extensions of some major faults. Their collective activation is often observed as a semicontinuous signal known as tectonic (or nonvolcanic) tremor. This manuscript presents a catalog of more than 1 million LFEs detected along the central San Andreas Fault from 2001 to 2016. These events have been detected via a multichannel matched‐filter search, cross‐correlating waveform templates representing 88 different LFE families with continuous seismic data. Together, these source locations span nearly 150 km along the central San Andreas Fault, ranging in depth from ~16 to 30 km. This accumulating catalog has been the source for numerous studies examining the behavior of these LFE sources and the inferred slip behavior of the deep fault. The relatively high temporal and spatial resolutions of the catalog have provided new insights into properties such as tremor migration, recurrence, and triggering by static and dynamic stress perturbations. Collectively, these characteristics are inferred to reflect a very weak fault likely under near‐lithostatic fluid pressure, yet the physical processes controlling the stuttering rupture observed as tremor and LFE signals remain poorly understood. This paper aims to document the LFE catalog assembly process and associated caveats, while also updating earlier observations and inferred physical constraints. The catalog itself accompanies this manuscript as part of the electronic supplement, with the goal of providing a useful resource for continued future investigations.
Eulerian and Lagrangian approaches to multidimensional condensation and collection
Authors: Li Xiang‐Yu , Brandenburg A. , Haugen N. E. L. , Svensson G.
Published: April 2017

Turbulence is argued to play a crucial role in cloud droplet growth. The combined problem of turbulence and cloud droplet growth is numerically challenging. Here an Eulerian scheme based on the Smoluchowski equation is compared with two Lagrangian superparticle (or superdroplet) schemes in the presence of condensation and collection. The growth processes are studied either separately or in combination using either two‐dimensional turbulence, a steady flow or just gravitational acceleration without gas flow. Good agreement between the different schemes for the time evolution of the size spectra is observed in the presence of gravity or turbulence. The Lagrangian superparticle schemes are found to be superior over the Eulerian one in terms of computational performance. However, it is shown that the use of interpolation schemes such as the cloud‐in‐cell algorithm is detrimental in connection with superparticle or superdroplet approaches. Furthermore, the use of symmetric over asymmetric collection schemes is shown to reduce the amount of scatter in the results. For the Eulerian scheme, gravitational collection is rather sensitive to the mass bin resolution, but not so in the case with turbulence.
AMP‐activated protein kinase regulates lipid metabolism and the fibrotic phenotype of hepatic stellate cells through inhibition of autophagy
Authors: Chen Ming , Liu Jiaxing , Yang Lili , Ling Wenhua
Published: April 2017

Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the principal hepatic cell type responsible for liver fibrosis. Although AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) is known to regulate the activation of HSCs, little is known about its underlying molecular mechanisms. In the present study, we demonstrate that AMPK activation by 5‐aminoimidazole‐4‐carboxamide‐1‐4‐ribofuranoside (AICAR) restricts the fibrotic potential elicited by transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β) in LX‐2 cells through modulation of autophagy. AICAR treatment activated the mechanistic target of rapamycin/Akt pathway and thus inhibited autophagy flux and lipid droplet degradation in lysosomes induced by TGF‐β. Pretreatment with the autophagy inducer rapamycin reversed the effects of AMPK, further confirming that AICAR inhibited TGF‐β‐induced HSC activation via the regulation of autophagy flux. Our study indicates that AICAR exerts its anti‐fibrotic and anti‐lipid depletion effect, at least in part, by inhibiting TGF‐β‐induced autophagy flux.
Introduction to Biostatistical Applications in Health Research with Microsoft
®
Office
E
xcel
®
Authors: Hirsch Robert P.
Published: April 2017

Biostatistical Applications in Health Research with Microsoft Office Excel
is a textbook designed to communicate statistical logic and methods to health researchers. The text has four features that are part of that design. First, it does not rely on mathematical language to communicate statistical principles. Instead, it supplements mathematical language with literary and graphic approaches making statistical logic and methods accessible regardless of a student's comfort with mathematics. Second, the text features a flowchart that illustrates how statistical methods are selected. It is structured around this flowchart so that students can see how each statistical method is used as they are learning about it. Third, students are provided the opportunity to use Microsoft Office Excel to perform statistical analyses rather than presenting only methods that can be performed manually. Fourth, it covers a wide range of statistical procedures, including all those commonly used in health research. This makes the text a good reference as well as a good textbook. These four features as well as use of a clear conversational style make this text an excellent choice for communicating statistical concepts to health researchers.
Modeling Counts
Authors: Hilbe Joseph M.
Published: April 2017

Count data consist of a distribution of typically right skewed nonnegative integers, with the variance of the distribution varying with its mean. Counts may be modeled in a variety of ways, depending on the structure of counts and how they are adjusted by explanatory predictors. Poisson regression is the basic count model, with an assumed equality in the values of the mean and variance of the counts being modeled. However, in most real data situations, the variance of the counts is usually greater than the mean. When this occurs, the data is said to be overdispersed. Overdispersion results in biased standard errors and in a misspecified model. Methods are used to adjust standard errors from within the Poisson model, but when substantial overdispersion exists, it is preferable to employ models with a second dispersion parameter or develop two‐part and mixture models that are aimed to maximally ameliorate the effects of extra‐dispersion in the data being modeled.
Tough Nano‐Architectured Conductive Textile Made by Capillary Splicing of Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Liang Yue , Sias David , Chen Ping Ju , Tawfick Sameh
Published: April 2017

Flexible electronics require electrically conductive and mechanically reliable nanoscale thin films. However, thin metal films have low fracture energy, which limits the performance of flexible devices. We demonstrate the design and synthesis of highly conductive, strong and tough nano‐architectured textile by capillary splicing of aligned carbon nanotubes (CNT). Owing to the strong van der Waals forces among CNTs, the pristine CNT network has average strength of 170 MPa. The average fracture energy of the textile is 16 kJ/m2, 50 folds higher than metal nanofilms. The high toughness results from crack bifurcations and friction hysteresis in a dissipation zone propagating several millimeters ahead of the crack tip. This material is suitable for applications ranging from smart skin and flexible sensors.
Prediction of High Temperature Behavior of Open‐Cell Ceramic Foams Using an Experimental‐Numerical Approach
Authors: Settgast Christoph , Solarek Johannes , Klemm Yvonne , Abendroth Martin , Kuna Meinhard , Biermann Horst
Published: April 2017

Open‐cell ceramic foam filters are used for the casting process of molten metal to reduce the amount of non‐metallic inclusions and turbulence of the metal flow. These filters are exposed to high temperatures and loadings. The present work investigates the creep behavior for an artificial and stochastical filter structure, based on high temperature tests of carbon‐bonded alumina.
Controlled Release of LL‐37‐Derived Synthetic Antimicrobial and Anti‐Biofilm Peptides SAAP‐145 and SAAP‐276 Prevents Experimental Biomaterial‐Associated Staphylococcus aureus Infection
Authors: Riool Martijn , de Breij Anna , de Boer Leonie , Kwakman Paulus H. S. , Cordfunke Robert A. , Cohen Or , Malanovic Nermina , Emanuel Noam , Lohner Karl , Drijfhout Jan W. , Nibbering Peter H. , Zaat Sebastian A. J.
Published: April 2017

The present study aims to develop an implant coating releasing novel antimicrobial agents to prevent biomaterial‐associated infections. The LL‐37‐derived synthetic antimicrobial and anti‐biofilm peptides (SAAP)‐145 and SAAP‐276 exhibit potent bactericidal and anti‐biofilm activities against clinical and multidrug‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains by rapid membrane permeabilization, without inducing resistance. Injection of SAAP‐145, but not SAAP‐276, along subcutaneous implants in mice reduces S. aureus implant colonization by approximately 2 log, but does not reduce bacterial numbers in surrounding tissue. To improve their efficacy, SAAP‐145 and SAAP‐276 are incorporated in a polymer–lipid encapsulation matrix (PLEX) coating, providing a constant release of 0.6% daily up to 30 d after an initial burst release of >50%. In a murine model for biomaterial‐associated infection, SAAP‐145‐PLEX and SAAP‐276‐PLEX coatings significantly reduce the number of culture positive implants and show ≥3.5 and ≥1.5 log lower S. aureus implant and tissue colonization, respectively. Interestingly, these peptide coatings are also highly effective against multidrug‐resistant S. aureus, both reducing implant colonization by ≥2 log. SAAP‐276‐PLEX additionally reduces tissue colonization by 1 log. Together, the peptide‐releasing PLEX coatings hold promise for further development as an alternative to coatings releasing conventional antibiotics to prevent biomaterial‐associated infections.
Toward a Single‐Dose Vaccination Strategy with Self‐Encapsulating PLGA Microspheres
Authors: Bailey Brittany A. , Ochyl Lukasz J. , Schwendeman Steven P. , Moon James J.
Published: April 2017

Poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres have been widely examined for vaccine applications due to their attractive features of biocompatibility, biodegradability, ability to be internalized by antigen‐presenting cells, and long‐term antigen release. However, one of the major challenges for PLGA particle vaccines is the potential for antigen instability and loss of antigenicity and immunogenicity. To address this challenge, we have developed a new method of “self‐healing” encapsulation in PLGA microspheres, where pre‐made PLGA microspheres are loaded with protein antigens under aqueous conditions with minimal impact on their antigenicity and immunogenicity. In this report, we show that mice immunized with self‐encapsulating PLGA microspheres in a prime‐boost regimen generated significantly enhanced antigen‐specific CD8α+ T cell and antibody responses, compared with mice immunized with free, soluble protein admixed with calcium phosphate gel, a widely used adjuvant. Furthermore, a single‐dose of microspheres designed for >40 day sustained antigen release elicited robust cellular and humoral immune responses as efficiently as the prime‐boost vaccinations with calcium phosphate gel. Overall, these results suggest excellent potential of our self‐encapsulating PLGA microspheres as a vaccine platform for multiple‐dose as well as single‐dose vaccinations.
Chemical Strain Engineering of Magnetism in Oxide Thin Films
Authors: Copie Olivier , Varignon Julien , Rotella Hélène , Steciuk Gwladys , Boullay Philippe , Pautrat Alain , David Adrian , Mercey Bernard , Ghosez Philippe , Prellier Wilfrid
Published: April 2017

Transition metal oxides having a perovskite structure form a wide and technologically important class of compounds. In these systems, ferroelectric, ferromagnetic, ferroelastic, or even orbital and charge orderings can develop and eventually coexist. These orderings can be tuned by external electric, magnetic, or stress field, and the cross‐couplings between them enable important multifunctional properties, such as piezoelectricity, magneto‐electricity, or magneto‐elasticity. Recently, it has been proposed that additional to typical fields, the chemical potential that controls the concentration of ion vacancies in these systems may reveal an efficient alternative parameter to further tune their properties and achieve new functionalities. In this study, concretizing this proposal, the authors show that the control of the content of oxygen vacancies in perovskite thin films can indeed be used to tune their magnetic properties. Growing PrVO3 thin films epitaxially on an SrTiO3 substrate, the authors reveal a concrete pathway to achieve this effect. The authors demonstrate that monitoring the concentration of oxygen vacancies through the oxygen partial pressure or the growth temperature can produce a substantial macroscopic tensile strain of a few percent. In turn, this strain affects the exchange interactions, producing a nontrivial evolution of Néel temperature in a range of 30 K.