bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Examination of the distribution of oestrogen receptor between the stromal and epithelial compartments of the canine prostate
Authors: Chaisiri N. , Pierrepoint C. G.
Published: February 2007

The stromal and epithelial elements of the canine prostate gland have been mechanically separated for the individual measurement of the presence of oestrogen receptor. The purity of each fraction was assessed by light and electron microscopy and by certain biochemical parameters and was found to be good. The oestrogen receptor was demonstrated to be predominantly located in the stroma at a concentration of 181.5 ± 49.3 fmoles/mg cytosol protein compared with that in the epithelium of 44.5 ± 22.4 fmoles/mg cytosol protein. A high affinity for the tritiated ligand was also shown (kd = 2.81 ± 0.8) (× 1010).

The significance of these findings is discussed, especially with regard to the development of prostatic hyperplasia.
Current experience with radioimmunoassay techniques for prostatic acid phosphatase
Authors: Cooper John Fenimore , Finkle William D.
Published: February 2007

Data are presented demonstrating that radioimmunoassay techniques for measurement of serum prostatic acid phosphatase are more sensitive than enzymatic methods in the detection of all stages of prostatic cancer. The possibility of using a solid phase RIA technique to screen for prostatic cancer is considered. Sixty‐three hundred and twenty men over age 45 entering a clinical laboratory for any indication were evaluated using the RIA test for PAP. In this group 444 (7%) had elevated test values. Clinical recall and urologic review of the patients with elevated test results yielded 67 who were suspect for prostatic cancer, of whom 59 (88%) were confirmed by prostatic needle biopsy. These data suggest that the RIA for prostatic acid phosphatase as an isolated clinical procedure is not sufficiently specific to be used for screening due to the large number of false‐positive results. However, the RIA‐PAP test in combination with a follow‐up urologic examination is quite specific and deserves further consideration as a screening method for prostatic malignancy.
Clinical significance of serum and bone marrow acid phosphatase
Authors: Pontes J. Edson
Published: February 2007

Currently available immunochemical assays for the determination of serum prostatic acid phosphatase have improved the reliability of this biological marker in carcinoma of the prostate. Although the value of such methods for screening the general population is questionable, a certain percentage of elevated serum levels is observed in patients with localized disease. The significance of such findings is unclear at the present time. Recent evidence suggests that in elevated bone marrow acid phosphatase, using these methods is of predictive value in the future development of metastatic disease.
DNA pattern and cytological findings in fine‐needle aspirates of untreated prostatic tumors. A flow‐cytofluorometric study
Authors: Rönström Lars , Tribukait Bernhard , Esposti Pier‐Luigi
Published: February 2007

The cellular DNA content in fine‐needle prostatic aspirates from 500 untreated patients was determined by flow cytofluorometry. According to the DNA patterns diploid, tetraploid, and non‐tetraploid aneuploid cases were identified. In 301 cytologically benign cases more than 90% showed diploid DNA patterns. Among 166 carcinomas the incidence of aneuploid DNA values increased with the degree of anaplasia, ie, 44% in well‐differentiated, 78% in moderately differentiated, and 97% in poorly differentiated tumors. In aneuploid cases of well‐differentiated carcinomas almost exclusively tetraploid DNA patterns were observed, while in poorly differentiated carcinomas about 80% showed non‐tetraploid aneuploid DNA distributions. Among aneuploid cases of moderately differentiated carcinomas 2/3 were tetraploid and 1/3 non‐tetraploid aneuploid. Morphologically similar tumors may thus be separated by the DNA profiles. The biological significance of these results must be further evaluated by clinical follow‐up of the patients.
Immunohistochemistry of prostatic acid phosphatase
Authors: Yam Lung T. , Janckila Anthony J. , Lam William K. W. , Li And Chin‐Yang
Published: February 2007

The human prostatic acid phosphatase is a specific marker for the prostatic epithelial cells. By using an immunoperoxidase staining method for this enzyme, it is possible both to identify the prostatic epithelial cells and to recognize the prostatic origin of metastatic lesions of prostate cancer. Of the tissues containing prostatic epithelial cells from 120 patients, positive staining reaction was detected in 114 (95%), and negative in 6. In nonprostatic tissues from 242 patients, weak but positive staining reaction was detected in 8 (3.3%), including tissues from one renal cell carcinoma and 7 breast carcinomas. Of 27 patients in whom tumor tissues were tested at a time when tumor origin was unknown, the staining reaction was positive in 14 patients later found to have prostate cancer. It was negative in 6 patients with nonprostatic carcinoma and 7 patients with carcinoma of unknown primary. Although this immunohistochemical technique for prostatic acid phosphatase appears promising in diagnosing metastatic prostate cancer, its clinical significance and limitations remain unclear, and there are considerable technical problems yet to be solved. These problems are best approached by joint collaborative efforts of the various investigators interested in prostate cancer.
Intracellular localization of estramustine in rat ventral prostate in vitro
Authors: Peterson Curt , Björk Per , Forsgren Björn , Högberg Bertil
Published: February 2007

With the aim of studying the mechanism behind the effect of estramustine in the treatment of prostatic carcinoma, the intracellular fate of the drug has been investigated in rat ventral prostate in vitro. Minced tissue was incubated with [3H] estramustine under different conditions, homogenized, and submitted to isopycnic centrifugation on a sucrose gradient using the recently introduced vertical tube rotor. The subcellular localization of the drug was determined by comparison between the distribution of radioactivity in the gradient fractions and the activities of a number of marker enzymes. No metabolism of estramustine occurred as judged by thin‐layer chromatography. After incubation of the minced prostate tissue for 1 hour at 30° C with 0.15 μM of [3H] estramustine, most of the drug was recovered in the cytosol fractions which also contained the highest concentrations of the estramustine‐binding protein. However, after incubation with 220 μM of estramustine, most drug equilibrated in heavier fractions with high concentrations of N‐acetyl‐β‐glucosaminidase and cathepsin B, marker enzymes for the lysosomes as well as NADPH:cytochrome c reductase, marker enzyme for the endoplasmic reticulum. Extending the incubation time and increasing the temperature reduced the amount of estramustine equilibrating in the heavy fractions and concomitantly increased the portion localized in the cytosol. During all incubation conditions, very little drug seemed to accumulate in the nuclei since the drug distribution was completely different from that of DNA. This suggests that effects other than interaction with nuclear DNA might be of importance for the cytotoxic effect of estramustine.
In vivo studies on the antiandrogenic effects of cimetidine versus cyproterone acetate in rats
Authors: Baba S. , Paul H. J. , Follow K. , Janetschek G. , Jacobi G. H.
Published: February 2007

To investigate the antiandrogenic action of cimetidine in vivo, prostatic androgen uptake and metabolism, spermatogenesis, morphology of the prostate and testes, and plasma hormone levels were studied using Sprague‐Dawley rats, and the results were compared with the effects of cyproterone acetate or castration. Cimetidine and cyproterone acetate caused significant reduction in the weights of the ventral prostate and testes. The changes of ventral prostate were accompanied by a dose‐related epithelial atrophy. No adverse effect on spermatogenesis was observed after treatment with cimetidine at daily doses of 50 mg/kg or cyproterone acetate of 10 mg/kg. Although cimetidine treatment induced a significant decrease in plasma testosterone levels, the uptake of testosterone‐3H and its conversion to DHT of the ventral prostate were not inhibited by cimetidine.
The use of serum isoenzymes of alkaline and acid phosphatase as possible quantitative markers of tumor load in prostate cancer
Authors: Killian C. S. , Vargas F. P. , Pontes E. J. , Beckley S. , Slack N. H. , Murphy G. P. , Chu T. M.
Published: February 2007

The tumor burden of 98 patients with metastatic prostatic cancer was compared longitudinally with the activities of bone (BAP) and liver isoenzymes (LAP) of alkaline phosphatase, total acid phosphatase (AcP), and prostate‐specific acid phosphatase (PAP). A quantitative association between these enzyme markers and the tumor mass was suggested by comparing the enzymes with 1) both the treatment response and the estimation of metastasis by radionuclide bone scanning; 2) metastasis based upon radiographic evidence. In addition, an apparent extensive pretreatment bone tumor load was predictive for an elevated BAP activity, which was also a suggestive poor prognosis as previously reported. An elevation of PAP, in contrast to AcP, may precede the clinical disease progression in some patients. Data presented in this report have indicated that the levels of these enzymes compared well with the extent of tumor involvement and therefore may be considered suitable as adjuvant and even quantitative biochemical markers of bone and liver metastasis.
Immunologic aspects of the prostate
Authors: Lubaroff David M. , Reynolds Craig W. , Canfield Larry , McElligott David , Feldbush Thomas
Published: February 2007

Our experiments involving the use of the Dunning R3327 adenocarcinoma as an animal model of prostatic cancer as well as clinical studies on the immunocompetence of pros‐tatic cancer patients are described. Utilizing the Dunning tumor, we have demonstrated that this transplantable adenocarcinoma of the rat prostate was similar to human prostatic cancer with respect to its macroscopic and microscopic appearances, growth rate, growth differential in male and female recipients, and some of its metastatic potential. Cryosurgery was capable of destroying the primary tumor as it can in man. Both antibody and cellular immune responses could be produced against antigens associated with the tumor cells. Tumor‐bearing rats treated by cryosurgery in combination with BCG were capable of producing an antitumor imunity that protected them from rechallenge. Clinical studies of prostatic cancer patients showed a diminished in vitro immunity, but the responses of the cancer patients were not significantly different from those of patients with benign prostatic disease.
The effects of flutamide on total DHT and nuclear DHT levels in the human prostate
Authors: Geller Jack , Albert Jerry , Nachtsheim Daniel A. , Loza Debra , Geller Suzanne
Published: February 2007

The effects of flutamide, an antiandrogen, on prostate tissue concentrations of total DHT, DHT present in both crude and purified nuclear fractions, prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and plasma testosterone were studied and compared to similar parameters in untreated benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). Flutamide was given to patients with BPH in a dosage of 750 mg per day by mouth for 10–14 days prior to transurethral resection of the prostate.

Total prostate DHT was significantly decreased to 3.95 ng/g in 12 flutamide‐treated patients compared to values of 6.61 ng/g in 12 patients with untreated BPH. However, no significant difference was noted in the concentration of DHT present in the crude nuclear fraction of flutamide‐treated patients (646 pg/mg DNA, N = 5) and untreated BPH (882 pg/mg DNA, N = 10); nor was DHT in the purified nuclear fraction significantly different in drug versus untreated patients (251 pg/mg DNA for flutamide versus 353 pg/mg DNA for untreated controls). PAP concentration in BPH prostates was 7.11 S.U./mg wet weight and was significantly higher than 2.98 S.U. per mg wet weight noted in flutamide‐treated patients. Plasma testosterone tended to rise in the flutamide‐treated patients compared to the untreated BPH but this was not statistically significant.

The decrease in total prostate DHT without changes in nuclear DHT was unexpected and difficult to explain in terms of current tenets regarding the mechanism of androgen action. The following hypotheses are offered: (a) Flutamide may decrease transport of testosterone into cells, thereby decreasing total prostate DHT. (b) Inhibitory effects of flutamide on receptor‐bound DHT translocation to nuclei may be difficult to detect since 95% or more of nuclear DHT may not be bound to a salt extractable receptor. (c) The binding of DHT directly to putative nuclear matrix receptor sites may dilute the effects of flutamide on blocking translocation of receptor bound DHT, resulting in very small differences in DHT present in purified nuclei difficult to detect with current methodology.
Cyproterone acetate, testosterone, LH, FSH, and prolactin levels in plasma after intramuscular application of cyproterone acetate in patients with prostatic cancer
Authors: Rost A. , Schmidt‐Gollwitzer M. , Hantelmann W. , Brosig W.
Published: February 2007

Five patients with prostatic carcinoma (stages T3N0M0) were injected intramuscularly with 300 mg of cyproterone acetate (CPA) (Androcur‐Depot®) at weekly intervals. The concentrations of CPA, testosterone, LH, FSH, and prolactin in plasma after the first, third, and fifth injection were measured by specific radioimmunoassays. After five injections of Androcur‐Depot, CPA levels were slightly higher than in previous determinations, suggesting that a balance between active substance release from the depot and excretion could be achieved after eight to twelve injections, with only slightly higher levels of active substance attained. Testosterone levels clearly were reduced after the first injection of CPA, but the lowest values were registered only after three injections. Plasma concentrations of FSH and LH were slightly diminished, whereas the prolactin level increased after CPA therapy.
A clinical assay for prostatic acid phosphatase using choline phosphate as a substrate: Comparison with thymolphthalein phosphate
Authors: Saini Mohan S. , Van Etten Robert L.
Published: February 2007

We describe an assay method using choline O‐phosphate as a substrate for the measurement of serum prostatic acid phosphatase as an aid in the diagnosis of prostatic cancer. Choline phosphate is hydrolyzed by homogeneous prostatic acid phosphatase, and it is also hydrolyzed by an acid phosphatase present in the serum of prostatic carcinoma patients. In contrast, serum samples from apparently healthy persons do not exhibit any significant choline O‐phosphate phosphatase activity. There is a correlation of 98% (n = 46) between choline O‐phosphate phosphatase activity and typical measurement for prostatic acid phosphatase activity carried out using thymolphthalein monophosphate as the substrate. The new method appears to be as accurate as colorimetric methods based on thymolphthalein phosphate as a substrate. Although not as sensitive as immunologically based methods, the present technique for measuring prostatic acid phosphatase activity using choline phosphate as a substrate is economical and relatively simple.
Neurologic complications in prostatic carcinoma
Authors: Campbell James R. , Godsall J. Ward , Bloch Solomon
Published: February 2007

A review of 10 years experience with prostatic carcinoma was undertaken with a search for neurologic complications. An unusual case presenting with symptoms of hemiplegia is reviewed. Of 154 charts, 90 provided adequate clinical information for complete analysis. Nineteen cases with neurologic complications were found and were restricted entirely to advanced (stages C and D) disease. Thirty‐seven percent of patients with advanced disease developed neurologic complications. The most frequent complaints were related to organic brain syndrome, paraplegia, and radioculopathy. Eight patients developed peripheral nerve or spinal cord injury related to metastatic disease. Five patients suffered metabolic or paraneoplastic complications; three patient's symptoms related to central or epidural metastases and two patients developed neurologic symptoms related to complications of therapy. All neurologic symptoms improved given appropriate diagnosis and treatment. A brief review of the literature is included emphasizing the diverse nature of neurologic complications in this common neoplasm.
The role of lymphangiography in the staging of prostatic cancer
Authors: Hoekstra Wytze J. , Schroeder Fritz H.
Published: February 2007

Lymphangiography and staging lymphadenectomy were performed in 36 patients with carcinoma of the prostate. The accuracy of lymphangiography was 75% with a specificity of 79% and a sensitivity of 67%. The results of nodal metastases in relation to grade and stage of the tumor are compared with literature. Applications for lymphangiography in prostatic cancer are discussed.
Primary culture of prostatic region entoderm of human fetal sinus urogenitalis: Morphological, histochemical, and electrophoretic characteristics
Authors: Bozhok Yu M. , Dziuba L. V.
Published: February 2007

Primary cultures of entoderm from the prostatic region of the sinus urogenitalis obtained from 9 to 12‐week‐old human fetuses were established by explantation of presumptive prostate tissue on collagen.

The predominant growth of entodermal cells made it possible to obtain cultures, without use of enzymes or EDTA, which were practically free of mesenchyme. Histochemical and electrophoretic methods demonstrated certain properties of the parent presumptive prostatic entodermal cells in the cultured cells. Karyological alterations observed during the course of cultivation are described.
High resolution analysis of human prostatic fluid by two‐dimensional electrophoresis
Authors: Carter Donald B. , Resnick Martin I.
Published: February 2007

High‐resolution two‐dimensional electrophoresis has been used to resolve the major protein components of human prostatic fluid. Samples taken from individuals ranging in age from 19 to 74 years show ten major proteins that are consistently present in the fluids examined. Seven major proteins appear to have age‐dependent patterns of synthesis and accumulation in the prostatic fluid. A major protein in the human fluid has electrophoretic properties similar to the glycosylated component of the rat ventral prostate secretory protein known as prostatic binding protein, prostatein, or estramustine binding protein. The isoelectric point/molecular weight of the human protein is 6.0/17,000 compared with 5.6/13,000 for the rat protein. Protein patterns from benign prostatic hyperplasia cases were not dramatically different from the normal patterns.
Biochemical and immunohistochemical characterization of prolactin binding in rat ventral, lateral, and dorsal prostate lobes
Authors: Thompson Sue Ann , Johnson Michael P. , Brooks Charles L.
Published: February 2007

A radioligand assay and the soluble peroxidase‐antiperoxidase (PAP) technique were used to compare ovine and rat prolactin as ligands for the demonstration of prolactin binding sites in rat ventral, lateral, and dorsal prostate lobes. Biochemical techniques were effective in demonstrating prolactin binding sites in ventral prostate with both ovine and rat prolactin; however, binding sites could not be characterized in lateral or dorsal lobes with either ligand. Using the PAP technique, rat prolactin consistently produced a discrete, dense reaction product over binding sites in the Golgi zone of the ventral prostate; ovine prolactin produced a more dispersed pattern of staining throughout the entire supranuclear region of the cells. In ventral prostate, most epithelial cells were immunoreactive when either ligand was used. However, lateral prostate contained fewer densely immunoreactive cells than did ventral prostate, and rat prolactin was more effective in demonstrating these binding sites than was ovine prolactin. Dorsal prostate epithelium was highly immunoreactive for binding of both ligands; however, there was considerably more staining in this lobe that remained after absorption of the antibody with prolactin. These data suggest that the inability to demonstrate prolactin binding sites in the lateral lobe using radioligand assay may have been due to the fewer numbers of binding sites that were diluted below the sensitivity of the assay when a tissue homogenate preparation was used. Noncompetitive binding in the dorsal lobe, as seen in the radioligand assay, coincided with immunocytochemical findings of relatively high nonabsorbable background staining.
Ultrastructural aspects of human prostate in benign prostatic hyperplasia
Authors: Biagini Graziella , Preda Paola , Cigno Michele Lo , Soli Marcello , Bercovich Edward
Published: February 2007

The ultrastructural morphology of the prostate in benign prostatic hypertrophy has been studied with particular attention focused on features of prostatic secretory processes and the formation of “corpora amylacea.” Morphological and cytochemical comparisons of prostatic secretory vacuoles and multivesicular bodies have been carried out, and the secretory mechanisms of the prostate have been further defined by scanning electron microscopy.
Monoclonal antibodies against a soluble cytoplasmic antigen in human prostatic epithelial cells
Authors: Clarke S. M. , Merchant D. J. , Starling J. J.
Published: February 2007

Antibodies against a soluble cytoplasmic protein contained in prostate epithelial cells were developed using the hybridoma technique. This was done to provide markers for these cells that can be used to identify acinar cells in culture and to follow their development and/or differentiation over long periods of time. The antibodies do not recognize prostatic acid phosphatase nor the prostate antigen. They do recognize prostate acinar cells in formalin fixed tissue sections. The basal cells underlying the prostate epithelial acinar cells do not appear to contain the antigen. The antigen detected is believed to be a product of differentiated prostatic acinar cells.
Intraprostatic and subcutaneous transplantation of a spontaneous prostatic carcinoma (11095) to male fischer rats (F344): An ultrastructural study
Authors: Weber Peter , Sinowatz Fred , Chandler John A.
Published: February 2007

A prostate carcinoma arising spontaneously in a Fischer rat was transplanted by cell suspension to male and female Fischer rats. Tumour growth was rapid in both subcutaneous and intraprostatic sites of inoculation in males and subcutaneously in females. The growth rate was greater in male than in female hosts and the tumour developed as a solid form in both groups. It had a heterogeneous cell population with ultrastructural characteristics similar to basal cells of the normal prostate and to tumour cells seen in human prostate adenocarcinoma. Later stages of tumour growth transformed it to a cornifying squamous cell carcinoma. The morphological description of tumours produced by transplantation provides the basis for further studies using this method as a model for investigating the response of prostate carcinoma to endocrine manipulation.
Proliferative responses of cultured rat prostate and human benign prostatic hyperplasia
Authors: Mistry Damu , Buchanan Lynn , Dattani Gopal , Weaver Patrick , Riches Andrew
Published: February 2007

The proliferative responses of rat prostate and human benign prostatic hyperpiasia have been followed in organ culture using [125I]iododeoxyuridine uptake to monitor DNA synthesis. In serum‐free cultures, testosterone induced a marked increase in DNA synthesis (threefold) in 4‐to 6‐month‐old rat prostates at concentrations of 4 × 10−9 to 4 × 10−6 M, whereas in > 12‐month‐old rat prostates the response was less marked. Human benign prostatic hyperpiasia also showed an increased uptake at similar testosterone concentrations and of a similar magnitude to the response of > 12‐month‐old rat prostates. At 10−5 M DNA synthesis was markedly suppressed in cultures of both rat and human prostate. The proliferative response of human benign prostatic hyperpiasia increases up to days 3 to 4 in culture and then declines in both control and hormone‐treated groups and may represent repair processes which appear to be hormone dependent.
Computerized image analysis of nuclear shape as a prognostic factor for prostatic cancer
Authors: Diamond David A. , Berry Stephen J. , Umbricht Christopher , Jewett Hugh J. , Coffey Donald S.
Published: February 2007

Computer assisted image analysis was used to determine quantitative and reproducible nuclear morphology of 17 totally excised pathological specimens from stage B‐2 prostatic cancer in an attempt to correlate histopathological analysis with clinical prognosis for the individual patient. We describe a nuclear roundness factor that correlates with the clinical outcome of the individual patient. This nuclear shape factor appears to identify prostatic tumors with a high metastatic potential from tumors that are less aggressive. Quantitative nuclear image analysis, its accuracy, and reproducibility are described and discussed. This technique may provide the pathologist with a valuable tool for analyzing prostatic cancer cells in a quantitative manner, thereby contributing precise information to the urologist relevant to the prognosis of the individual patient.
Growth pattern and citrate production in organ cultures of adult rat ventral prostate
Authors: Khan M. A. , Seibel W. , Franklin R. B. , Provenza D. Vincent , Costello L. C.
Published: February 2007

Prostate rudiments from Wistar rats were cultured in MEM supplemented with 15% FBS and insulin (2 μg/ml). In situ prostate acinar epithelium consists of tall columnar and low basal cells. Ultrastructure of the columnar cells is that of typical secretory cells; however, the basal cells are poor in cell organelle. During the first week of culture many secretory cells degenerated and were replaced by cuboidal or low columnar cells. In the presence of testosterone (2 μg/ml) the secretory cells remained viable for 8–10 days before undergoing necrosis. At the termination of the experiment the acinar epithelium consisted of low cuboidal cells. The cultures showed a pattern of citrate production which reached a maximum at 5 days and remained relatively constant thereafter. Ultrastructure of 1‐week cultures exhibited Golgi complexes with dilated cisternae. Although a paucity of cell organelle was found in 7‐day cultures, older cultures (19 days) exhibited morphologic characteristics of normal secretory cells.
Immunodiagnosis of prostate cancer: An evaluation of cell‐mediated immunity
Authors: Bhatti Rashid A. , Guinan Patrick D. , Nagubadi Subba R. , Khin Winston
Published: February 2007

Leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI), a suggested in vitro correlate of cell‐mediated immunity, was employed to identify patients with various stages of adenocarcinoma of the prostate on the basis of their degree of reactivity to prostatic tumor‐associated antigens. Eighty‐one percent of the patients and 56% of the controls were identified correctly. The efficiency of LAI was based on the sensitivity and specificity of the test. Our data revealed the absence of any correlation between patients' clinical stage of the disease and their in vitro reactivity to prostatic tumor‐associated antigens.
Nucleolar grading of prostatic adenocarcinoma: Light microscopic correlation with disease progression
Authors: Myers Robert P. , Neves Ricardo J. , Farrow George M. , Utz David C.
Published: February 2007

Thirteen patients who had adenocarcinoma of the prostate with micrometastasis to pelvic lymph nodes were treated with radical retropubic prostatectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy, but no adjuvant hormonal therapy, and were followed until the documented appearance of metastasis to bone or soft tissue. Sections from the initial lesion, stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined under the light microscope, revealed that the nucleoli in the primary Gleason pattern were “prominent” or “intermediate” (regardless of the Gleason grade) in nine cases; and the mean interval to progreasion was shorter in this group than in the group of four in whom nucleoli were judged to be “not prominent” (P = 0.015). Since the number of cases is small, the findings should be considered preliminary and their interpretation speculative; but the study is continuing.
Age‐dependent changes in the carbohydrate pattern of human prostatic epithelium as determined by peroxidase‐labeled lectins
Authors: Bischof Wolfgang , Aumüller Gerhard
Published: February 2007

Peroxidase‐conjugated lectins (peanut agglutinin: PNA; Ricinus communis agglutinin: RCA) were used for histochemical demonstration of the respective carbohydrate binders (PNA: β‐D‐galactosyl‐(1‐3)‐N‐acetyl‐galactosamine; RCA: D‐galactose). The study of prostatic specimens from four different age groups showed marked differences in cytoplasmic PNA binding of prostatic epithelium. The basal cells of the glandular epithelium displayed cytoplasmic PNA binding only in the infantile stage and during early puberty. With the onset of puberty a number increasing with age of secretory cells developed cytoplasmic binding of PNA, mostly appearing as apically located vacuoles. Intraluminal secretion, however, was never stained. During senile involution the prostatic epithelium lost rapidly its PNA binding capacity. Since no RCA binding of the epithelium was observered, the carbohydrate moiety responsible for PNA binding presumably represents a galactosyl‐N‐acetyl‐galactosamine containing molecule, most likely a glycoprotein, which is present in actively functioning pro‐static epithelial cells. It is uncertain whether or not it represents a structural or a secretory component of the prostatic cell.
Human prostatic tissue concentrations of rosoxacin
Authors: Jensen Klaus M.‐E. , Patel Rajni B. , Welling Peter G. , Madsen Paul O.
Published: February 2007

The corresponding concentrations of rosoxacin in serum (S) and prostatic tissue (PT) were determined in 15 patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate because of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Rosoxacin concentrations were determined employing both bio‐assay and a high‐pressure liquid chromatography procedure, with excellent correlation between the two methods. Two dosage schedules were followed, resulting in median serum concentrations of 3.6 and 5.8 μg/ml, respectively. The ratio of PT/S was found to be fairly constant and surprisingly high, the median values being 0.46 and 0.56. These results indicate that concentrations of rosoxacin are obtained in prostatic interstitial fluid in the range of the minimal inhibitory concentrations for most of the gram‐negative pathogens causing bacterial prostatitis and urinary tract infections. Acceptable drug concentrations also were determined in urine and cerebrospinal fluid. The results obtained in this study warrant further clinical trials for rosoxacin in the treatment of bacterial prostatitis and urinary infections.
Therapy of prostatic cancer and histopathologic follow‐up
Authors: Dhom G. , Degro S.
Published: February 2007

The histopathologic follow‐up of local tumor regression of prostatic cancer under hormonal treatment or following high‐voltage therapy is an objective standard to determine a therapeutic success. This report involves 308 patients, who were continuously controlled by serial biopsies, 1, 138 punch biopsies, and 155 TURs from 1971 to 1981. On an average, there are 4.2 biopsies of each patient. The patients were treated with estradiol. They were divided into two groups by histologic classification: 1) adenocarcinomas with large and small acinar pattern (130 cases) and 2) carcinomas with cribriform and/or solid pattern, partly mixed with other glandular types (178 cases).

We applied a score of 10 points to divide the histopathologic regression into three gradings: pronounced, moderate, and poor or no regression.

In adenocarcinomas a pronounced regression can be seen in 67.8% following three or more years of hormonal treatment, and in 64.7% following primary high‐voltage therapy, mostly combined with hormonal treatment or orchiectomy. In adenocarcinomas with poor or no regression a percentage of 20.4 or 14.7, respectively, can be seen. In cribriform and solid carcinomas a significant difference is present between hormonal treatment and radiotherapy. Following hormonal treatment only 20.2%, but following radiotherapy 63.6% show a pronounced regression. Accordingly, 48.8% of these carcinomas show no or only poor regression under hormonal treatment after three or more years of follow‐up. Following radiotherapy, there are only 21.3%. The conformity of locally palpable finding and histopathologic grading of regression reaches 70%. If no agreement can be achieved, cases with better palpable finding than histopathologically recognizable regression prevail.
Some questions raised by histologic study of RTOG protocols 75–06 and 77–06 as illustrated by selected samples
Authors: Terry Roger
Published: February 2007

Histologic study of about 700 biopsy specimens from patients with prostate cancers collected by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) reemphasized the difficulty in accurately predicting biologic behavior of the carcinoma in individual cases. Some well‐differentiated carcinomas metastasized to regional lymph nodes. Histologic proof of lymph node metastases may be difficult to detect. Some duct carcinomas do not readily fit a Gleason pattern. A variety of histologic grades may be seen either in a single sample or after the passage of time in the same case. Some prostatic epithelial proliferations may closely simulate carcinomas by routine light microscopy, but are biologically benign. Some of these prostate lesions have histologic similarities to breast lesions.
Prognostic significance of tumor grade and stage in the patient with carcinoma of the prostate
Authors: Grayhack John T. , Assimos Dean G.
Published: February 2007

Available English language articles relating the grade, stage, and grade‐stage of carcinoma of the prostate to evidence of tumor progression and survival in untreated and treated patients have been reviewed. Observations of the extremes of the spectrum of biological behavior of carcinoma of the prostate have been emphasized; for example, tumor progression, never or always; survival, never or always. The reported experiences indicated the following; namely, 1) reproducible biologically meaningful grading is achievable; however, grade cannot be utilized as a reliable indicator of stage; 2) accurate staging provides information that correlates with tumor progression and survival in groups of patients. However, unexpectedly prolonged or abbreviated progression‐free survivals occur frequently enough in every stage, except perhaps patients with clinically unsuspected focal carcinoma, to indicate that the natural history and treatment response of individuals grouped by stage is far from homogeneous; 3) appropriate use of carefully obtained grade and stage information together maximizes the accuracy of prognostic attempts and is necessary to evaluate treatment results. At the present time, assessment and consideration of the grade and stage of carcinoma of the prostate is essential to formulate prognosis and advise and evaluate treatment in patients with this disease.
A model of an intraprostatic vas deferens in the rat
Authors: Bazer Gary T. , Knight David S.
Published: February 2007

The study of the effect of hormones in seminal fluid upon prostate tissue is hampered by the lack of a suitable model. Such a model is described in this paper, and its possible usefulness is discussed. The vas deferens of the rat is moved from its normal position into a surgical incision into the ventral prostate. Squamous metaplasia of epithelium in prostatic acini at early stages is replaced by cuboidal epithelium. At later stages, normal‐appearing glandular epithelium is seen as close as 50μm to the vas deferens. The structure of the vas deferens is not affected.
Effect of spearmint (Mentha spicata Labiatae) teas on androgen levels in women with hirsutism
Authors: Akdoğan Mehmet , Tamer Mehmet Numan , Cüre Erkan , Cüre Medine Cumhur , Köroğlu Banu Kale , Delibaş Namik
Published: February 2007

Mentha spicata Labiatae, known as spearmint and Mentha piperita Labiatae, known as peppermint can be used for various kinds of illnesses in herbal medicine and flavoring in industry. M. spicata Labiatae grows on the Anamas plateau of Yeniþarbademli town of Isparta, located in southwest part of Turkey. In this town, clinicians thought that consumption of tea steeped with M. spicata or M. piperita caused a diminished libido. Because antiandrogenic effects of spearmint and peppermint were found previously in rats, it was decided to observe the effect of this herbal tea on the androgen levels in hirsute women.

Twenty‐one female hirsute patients, 12 with polycystic ovary syndrome and 9 with idiopathic hirsutism were included to the study. They were took a cup of herbal tea which was steeped with M. spicata for 5 days twice a day in the follicular phase of their menstrual cycles. After treatment with spearmint teas, there was a significant decrease in free testosterone and increase in luteinizing hormone, follicle‐stimulating hormone and estradiol. There were no significant decreases in total testosterone or dehydroepiandrostenedione sulphate levels. Spearmint can be an alternative to antiandrogenic treatment for mild hirsutism. Further studies are needed to test the reliability of these results and the availability of spearmint as a drug for hirsutism. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanotube field of C60 and C70 molecules in carbon nanotubes
Authors: Verberck B. , Michel K. H.
Published: February 2007

We calculate the van der Waals energy of a C60 or a C70 fullerene molecule encapsulated in a single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT). Orientational degrees of freedom and longitudinal displacements of the molecule are taken into account; calculations are performed for a representative selection of achiral and chiral carbon nanotubes. A simplifying approach, approximating the tube as a continuous cylindrical distribution of carbon atoms, thus focusing on the radius dependence only rather than on the full chirality dependence, is presented. For both fullerene molecules the specific molecular symmetry and the tube symmetry are maximally exploited by using symmetry‐adapted rotator functions. For C60, three molecular orientational regimes can be distinguished upon varying the nanotube radius; the smooth‐tube approximation is valid for high and intermediate tube radii (≳7 Å) while for low radii (≲7 Å) minor chirality effects come into play. For C70, the continuous‐tube approximation works extremely well; we find that for low (≲7 Å) tube radii the “lying” molecular orientation is favorable while for high (≳7.2 Å) radii, the “standing” orientation is recovered—well in agreement with recent X‐ray diffraction experiments. The possibility of having transversally displaced molecules is investigated. Chains of C60 and C70 molecules are studied; a one‐dimensional liquid description of linear chains of C60 or C70 molecules inside a SWCNT is set up. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Highly accurate solutions for the confined hydrogen atom
Authors: Aquino N. , Campoy G. , Montgomery H. E.
Published: February 2007

The model of the confined hydrogen atom (CHA) was developed by Michels et al. 1 in the mid‐1930s to study matter subject to extreme pressure. However, since the eigenvalues cannot be obtained analytically, even the most accurate calculations have yielded little more than 10 figure accuracy. In this work, we show that it is possible to obtain the CHA eigenvalues with extremely high accuracy (up to 100 decimal digits) and we do that using two completely different methods. The first is based on formal solution of the confluent hypergeometric function while the second uses a series method. We also compare radial expectation values obtained by both methods and conclude that the wave functions obtained by these two different approaches are of high quality. In addition, we compute the hyperfine splitting constant, magnetic screening constant, polarizability in the Kirkwood approximation, and pressure as a function of the box radius. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Algebraic approach to radial ladder operators in the hydrogen atom
Authors: Martínez‐Y‐Romero R. P. , Núñez‐Yépez H. N. , Salas‐Brito A. L.
Published: February 2007

We add a phase variable and its corresponding operator to the description of the hydrogen atom. With the help of these additions, we device operators that act as ladder operators for the radial system. The algebra defined by the commutation relations between those operators has a Casimir operator coincident with the radial Hamiltonian of the problem. The algebra happens to be the well‐knownsu(1,1) Lie algebra, hence the phase‐dependent eigenfunctions calculated within our scheme belong in a representation of that algebra, a fact that may be useful in certain applications. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Benefits to 0+ fishes of connecting man‐made waterbodies to the lower River Trent, England
Authors: Nunn A. D. , Harvey J. P. , Cowx I. G.
Published: February 2007

Floodplain waterbodies are reputed to enhance recruitment of riverine fish populations via provision of spawning and nursery habitat, refuge from floods, and increased availability of planktonic food resources compared with main river channels. Notwithstanding, there have been few parallel studies of fishes and their food resources at both main river and floodplain sites. Thus, this study investigated the 0+ fishes, zooplankton and phytoplankton (chlorophyll a) at four main river and four (man‐made) floodplain sites on the lower River Trent, England, between May 1999 and October 2004 inclusive. All sites shared the same key fish species, and there were no consistent differences in the densities, growth or condition of 0+ fishes from main river and floodplain sites. Similarly, all sites shared the same key zooplankton taxa. However, zooplankton densities, notably of large‐bodied cladocerans, and chlorophyll a concentrations, were significantly higher at floodplain sites than at main river sites. Thus, connection of man‐made waterbodies has the potential to enhance recruitment of riverine fish populations via provision of important spawning and nursery habitat, and superior feeding opportunities for 0+ fishes compared with main river channels. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Choice of test for association in small sample unordered r × c tables
Authors: Lydersen S. , Pradhan V. , Senchaudhuri P. , Laake P.
Published: February 2007

Pearson's chi‐squared, the likelihood‐ratio, and Fisher–Freeman–Halton's test statistics are often used to test the association of unordered r × c tables. Asymptotical, exact conditional, or exact conditional with mid‐p adjustment methods are commonly used to compute the p‐value. We have compared test power and significance level for these test statistics and p‐value calculations in small sample r × c tables, mostly 3 × 2 and some with both r and c are greater than 2. After extensive simulations, in general we recommend using an exact conditional mid‐p test with Pearson's chi‐squared or Fisher–Freeman–Halton's statistic, which usually is the most powerful test yet preserve the approximate significance level. Moreover, we recommend that the asymptotic Pearson's chi‐squared or other asymptotic tests not be used for small sample r × c tables. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zwackhiomyces cervinae, a new lichenicolous fungus (Xanthopyreniaceae) on Acarospora, with a key to the known species of the genus
Authors: CALATAYUD Vicent , TRIEBEL Dagmar , PÉREZ-ORTEGA Sergio
Published: February 2007

Zwackhiomyces cervinae Calat., Triebel & Pérez-Ortega is described as new to science from Spain and Iran. This lichenicolous species grows on the lateral side of the squamules of Acarospora cervina, and it is characterized by its relatively large ascospores, which are brown when overmature. It is compared with several Zwackhiomyces species and with other taxa sharing some of its characters. A key to all the known species of the genus is also provided.
Aptrootia (Dothideomycetes: Trypetheliaceae), a new genus of pyrenocarpous lichens for Thelenella terricola
Authors: LÜCKING Robert , SIPMAN Harrie J. M. , UMAÑA Loengrin , CHAVES Jose-Luis , LUMBSCH H. Thorsten
Published: February 2007

The new genus Aptrootia Lücking & Sipman is described for Thelenella terricola, an enigmatic terricolous and muscicolous, pyrenocarpous taxon known from Papua New Guinea and Costa Rica, and the new combination Aptrootia terricola (Aptroot) Lücking, Umaña & Chaves comb. nov. is introduced. Aptrootia is characterized by completely immersed perithecia with brown-black ostiolar region, surrounded by a white, cartilaginous thallus resembling that of Gomphillaceae. The hamathecium is typical of Trypetheliaceae, with thin, anastomosing paraphysoids embedded in a gelatinous matrix, but the dark brown ascospores are otherwise unknown within the family. The only known species was tentatively described in Thelenella, but hamathecium type and molecular data place Aptrootia within Trypetheliaceae.
The genus Ramboldia (Lecanoraceae): a new species, key and notes
Authors: KANTVILAS Gintaras , ELIX John A.
Published: February 2007

The new species Ramboldia blastidiata Kantvilas & Elix, from Tasmania and mainland Australia is described, and the new combination, R. elabens (Fr.) Kantvilas & Elix is proposed. The South American R. petraeoides var. concava (Müll. Arg.) Fryday is considered a synonym of R. petraeoides (Nyl. ex C. Bab. & Mitt.) Kantvilas & Elix s. str., and R. crassithallina Kalb and R. sorediata Kalb, both previously considered endemic to Western Australia, are recorded from Tasmania for the first time. A key to the 11 species of Ramboldia is presented.
Revision of the Opegrapha species with muriform ascospores (previously Dictyographa) (lichenized Roccellaceae)
Authors: ERTZ Damien , DIEDERICH Paul
Published: February 2007

Opegrapha species with muriform ascospores are revised and two species, differing only in the shape of their excipulum, are accepted: O. arabica, a widespread coastal species, and O. varians, known from mainland Yemen and Socotra. The genus Dictyographa, previously distinguished from Opegrapha by its muriform ascospores, is reduced into synonymy with Opegrapha. Dictyographa angolensis and D. sandwicensis are new synonyms of O. arabica; the type of D. cinerea was found to be a mixture of different species of the Hysteriaceae; and D. contortuplicata and D. psyllocarpa are excluded from the Arthoniales. Lectotypes are designated for D. angolensis, D. contortuplicata and D. sandwicensis.
Gemmaspora, a new verrucarialean genus with remarkable ascospores for Adelococcus lecanorae growing on Aspicilia species in Syria and Turkey
Authors: HAWKSWORTH David L. , HALICI M. Gökhan
Published: February 2007

The generic name Gemmaspora gen. nov. is introduced for the lichenicolous fungus originally described as Adelococcus lecanorae, a species previously known only from the type collection made in Syria in 1934, but which has now been recollected twice in Turkey. It is distinguished by perithecia that have a double wall layer in which the outer is hyaline and the inner brown, and by brown ascospores with two thick wall layers and an inner delicate distoseptum. A full description and illustrations are provided based mainly on the modern collections one of which is designated as an epitype for the name as no perithecia could now be found on the holotype. The genus is referred to Verrucariales on the basis of the structure of the ascomata and asci, and the new combination Gemmaspora lecanorae comb. nov. made. The holotype also supports Lichenostigma elongata and Muellerella lichenicola which may be the first reports of those two species from Syria.