bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A partially water-soluble cationic Mn(III)–salphen complex for catalytic epoxidation
Authors: Abdolmaleki Amir , Malek-Ahmadi Saeed
Published: September 2011

Synthesis and application of new cationic Mn(III)–salphen complexes for catalytic epoxidation of olefins to epoxides in a homogeneous reaction media have been reported. The experimental data showed that the cationic salphen is more active than its neutral form. The acceleration of the reaction rate is attributed to the phase-transfer capability of the built-in phenazinium salt of the Mn(III)–salphen catalyst.
WKC-OWA, A NEW NEAT-OWA OPERATOR TO AGGREGATE INFORMATION IN DEMOCRATIC DECISION PROBLEMS
Authors: LA RED D. L. , DOÑA J. M. , PELÁEZ J. I. , FERNÁNDEZ E. B.
Published: September 2011

In all decision making processes, the use of aggregation operators is necessary. Democratic decision problems cannot be considered a usual decision task due to the subjectivity of human' opinions and the complexity of social environments. To model these processes, the concept of work committee is used, where every citizen's opinion is represented in heterogeneous groups and aggregated to obtain a representative final opinion for the problem. In these environments, traditional operators don't represent the concept of discussion groups used in social models producing inadequate aggregations for these types of problems. The purpose of this paper is to present a new OWA operator where the weights are a function of the aggregate values in order to model the work committee and aggregate the citizens' opinions in democratic decision problems.
DERIVATIVE PRICING BASED ON THE EXCHANGE RATE IN A TARGET ZONE WITH REALIGNMENT
Authors: BO LIJUN , WANG YONGJIN , YANG XUEWEI
Published: September 2011

We propose a tractable model for the exchange rate in a target zone with realignment. The target zone exchange rate dynamics is assumed to obey a bounded regular diffusion with two-sided unattainable barriers. The realignment is modeled as a continuous-time two-state Markov chain. Under the stationary setting of the Markov chain, a general pricing formula for the derivative written on the exchange rate is derived in the presence of the realignment risk. The Jacobi diffusion model is studied as an example and numerical results are presented for illustration.
A NOVEL TECHNIQUE FOR NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF BEAMS ON TWO-PARAMETER ELASTIC FOUNDATIONS
Authors: SHEN HUI-SHEN
Published: September 2011

Postbuckling, nonlinear bending, and nonlinear vibration analyses are presented for a simply supported Euler–Bernoulli beam resting on a two-parameter elastic foundation. The nonlinear model is introduced by using the exact expression of the curvature. Two kinds of end conditions, namely movable and immovable, are considered. The nonlinear equation of motion, including beam–foundation interaction, is derived separately for these two kinds of end conditions. The analysis uses a two-step perturbation technique to determine the postbuckling equilibrium paths of an axially loaded beam, the static large deflections of a bending beam subjected to a uniform transverse pressure, and the nonlinear frequencies of a beam with or without initial stresses. The numerical results confirm that the foundation stiffness has a significant effect on the nonlinear behavior of Euler–Bernoulli beams. The results also reveal that the end condition has a great effect on the nonlinear bending and nonlinear vibration behaviors of Euler–Bernoulli beams with or without elastic foundations.
EXAMINATION OF CYLINDRICAL SHELL THEORIES FOR BUCKLING OF CARBON NANOTUBES
Authors: WANG C. M. , TAY Z. Y. , CHOWDHUARY A. N. R. , DUAN W. H. , ZHANG Y. Y. , SILVESTRE N.
Published: September 2011

This paper examines the validity and accuracy of cylindrical shell theories in predicting the critical buckling strains of axially loaded single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The shell theories considered are the Donnell thin shell theory (DST), the Sanders thin shell theory (SST), and the first-order shear deformation (thick) shell theory (FSDST). Molecular dynamic (MD) simulation solutions for armchair and zig-zag CNTs with clamped ends were used as reference results to assess the shell models. The MD simulations were carried out at room temperature to eliminate the thermal effect on the buckling behavior. By adopting Young's modulus of 5.5 TPa, Poisson's ratio of 0.19, and tube thickness of 0.066 nm, it was found that DST is not able to capture the length dependency of the critical buckling strains and thus it should not be used for buckling analysis of CNTs. On the other hand, SST and FSDST are able to predict the critical buckling strains of armchair and zig-zag CNTs reasonably well for all aspect ratios, especially the results produced by the FSDST are found to be closer to the MD simulation results, because it allows for the effect of transverse shear deformation that becomes significant for CNTs with small aspect ratios. Thus, FSDST is recommended as a very suitable and convenient continuum mechanics model for buckling analysis of CNTs. The superior FSDST model is used to generate critical buckling strains of axially loaded single-walled CNT with different boundary conditions. These results should be useful for designers of nanodevices that make use of CNTs as axially loaded members. It is worth noting that for long and moderately long CNTs, the Timoshenko beam model may be used instead due to its simplicity.
STABILITY AND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF COLD-FORMED STORAGE RACK STRUCTURES WITH SEMIRIGID CONNECTIONS
Authors: SANGLE KESHAV K. , BAJORIA KAMAL M. , TALICOTTI RAJSHEKAR S.
Published: September 2011

This paper presents the finite element buckling and dynamic analyses of two-dimensional (2D) single frames and three-dimensional (3D) frames of cold-formed sections with semirigid connections used in the conventional pallet racking system. The results of buckling analysis for the single 2D frames are compared with those from the experimental study and effective length approach given by RMI. The finite element model used for the single 2D plane frame is further extended to 3D frames with semirigid connections, for which the buckling analysis results are obtained. The buckling and dynamic analyses are carried out using ANSYS for 18 types of developed column sections. The stiffness of the semirigid connection is determined by both the single and double cantilever test methods, along with the nonlinear finite element analysis. Further, an equivalent single degree-of-freedom model is proposed for simulating the seismic behavior of the storage rack in the down-aisle direction, aimed at developing simplified equations for the fundamental period, base shear, and top displacement of the rack. A parametric study is carried out to compute the fundamental period and mode shape. The transient dynamic analysis is also performed for evaluating the impact of the forklift on columns of the frame.
ANALYTIC SOLUTIONS TO THE OSCILLATORY BEHAVIOR AND PRIMARY RESONANCE OF ELECTROSTATICALLY ACTUATED MICROBRIDGES
Authors: MOJAHEDI M. , ZAND M. MOGHIMI , AHMADIAN M. T. , BABAEI M.
Published: September 2011

In this paper, the vibration and primary resonance of electrostatically actuated microbridges are investigated, with the effects of electrostatic actuation, axial stress, and mid-plane stretching considered. Galerkin's decomposition method is adopted to convert the governing nonlinear partial differential equation to a nonlinear ordinary differential equation. The homotopy perturbation method (a special case of homotopy analysis method) is then employed to find the analytic expressions for the natural frequencies of predeformed microbridges, by which the effects of the voltage, mid-plane stretching, axial force, and higher mode contribution on the natural frequencies are studied. The primary resonance of the microbridges is also investigated, where the microbridges are predeformed by a DC voltage and driven to vibrate by an AC harmonic voltage. The methods of homotopy perturbation and multiple scales are combined to find the analytic solution for the steady-state motion of the microbeam. In addition, the effects of the design parameters and damping on the dynamic responses are discussed. The results are shown to be in good agreement with the existing ones.
INTEGRATED STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION AND VIBRATION CONTROL FOR IMPROVING WIND-INDUCED DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF TALL BUILDINGS
Authors: HUANG M. F. , TSE K. T. , CHAN C. M. , LOU W. J.
Published: September 2011

Structural optimization and vibration control have long been recognized as effective approaches to obtain the optimal structural design and to mitigate excessive responses of tall building structures. However, the combined effects of both techniques in the structural design of wind-sensitive tall buildings with excessive responses have not been revealed. Therefore, this paper develops an integrated design technique making use of both the advantages of structural optimization and vibration control with an empirical cost model of the control devices. While the structural optimization is based on a very efficient optimality criteria (OC) method, a smart tuned mass damper (STMD) is used for the structural control purposes. Utilizing data obtained from synchronous pressure measurements in the wind tunnel, a 60-story building of mixed steel and concrete construction with three-dimensional (3D) mode shapes was employed as an illustrative example to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed optimal performance-based design framework integrating with structural vibration control.
INFLUENCE OF HIGH INITIAL ISOLATOR STIFFNESS ON THE SEISMIC RESPONSE OF A BASE-ISOLATED BENCHMARK BUILDING
Authors: SHARMA AJAY , JANGID R. S.
Published: September 2011

The influence of high initial isolator stiffness on the response of a base-isolated benchmark building is investigated. The base-isolated building is modeled as a three-dimensional linear-elastic structure having three degrees-of-freedom at each floor level. The time-history analysis of this building is carried out by solving the governing equations of motion using Newmark-beta method along with an iterative predictor–corrector approach. The force–deformation behavior of the isolation system is modeled by a bilinear law, which can be effectively used to model all isolation systems in practice. Three near-field earthquakes with bidirectional ground motions are considered. Structural response parameters such as absolute top floor acceleration, base shear, and base displacement are chosen for investigating the effects of high initial isolator stiffness. It was observed that the high initial isolator stiffness of the isolation system excites the higher modes in the base-isolated building and increases the top floor acceleration. Such a phenomenon can be detrimental to the sensitive instruments placed in the isolated structure. On the other hand, both the base displacement and base shear reduce marginally due to increase in the initial isolator stiffness. Further, the influences of high initial isolator stiffness are found to dependent on the period and characteristic strengths of the base isolation system.
Synthesis and characterization of silicon phthalocyanines bearing axial phenoxyl groups for attachment to semiconducting metal oxides
Authors: Bergkamp Jesse J. , Sherman Benjamin D. , Mariño-Ochoa Ernesto , Palacios Rodrigo E. , Cosa Gonzalo , Moore Thomas A. , Gust Devens , Moore Ana L.
Published: September 2011

A series of axial phenoxy substituted octabutoxy silicon phthalocyanines bearing ethyl carboxylic ester and diethyl phosphonate groups have been prepared from the corresponding phenols in pyridine. Axial bis-hydroxy silicon phthalocyanine was prepared using an adaptation of a reported protocol [1, 2] from the octabutoxy free-base phthalocyanine. The phenols bear either carboxylic ester or phosphonate groups, which upon deprotection can serve as anchoring groups for attaching the phthalocyanines to semiconducting metal oxides used in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). All the phthalocyanines of the series absorb in the near infra-red region: 758–776 nm. The first oxidation potential for each phenoxy derivative occurs near 0.55 V vs. SCE as measured by cyclic voltammetry, with all falling within a 10 mV range. This indicates that these dyes will have sufficient energy in the photo-excited state to drive the reduction of protons to hydrogen. Taking into account the absorption and electrochemical potentials, these dyes are promising candidates for use in dual-threshold photo-electrochemical cells.
Short-term and long-term leptin exposure differentially affect human natural killer cell immune functions
Authors: Wrann Christiane D. , Laue Tobias , Hübner Lena , Kuhlmann Susanne , Jacobs Roland , Goudeva Lilia , Nave Heike
Published: September 2011

Epidemiological studies have indicated that obesity is associated with a higher risk for certain cancers caused by elevated levels of adipocyte-derived hormones. Leptin, one such hormone produced by adipocytes, is a major regulator of metabolism and has also been shown to modulate immunity. However, its role in regulating human natural killer (NK) cell functions is largely unknown. Here, we show that the leptin receptor (Ob-R) is expressed on 5% of NK cells isolated from blood donors, as measured with flow cytometry, and expression of the signal-transducing long form of the leptin receptor Ob-Rb was confirmed with quantitative PCR. The Ob-R+ subpopulation displayed a lower expression of CD16, a cell surface receptor mediating antibody-dependent activation. Short-term stimulation with leptin increased IFNγ secretion, CD69 activation marker expression, and cytotoxic lysis of tumor cells; this was mediated by an improved conjugate forming between NK cells and tumor cells as well as higher expression of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. On the contrary, long-term incubation with leptin significantly impaired these NK cell immune functions and decreased cell proliferation. In addition, phosphorylation of Jak-2 after leptin stimulation was reduced in peripheral mononuclear blood cells from obese humans compared with normal-weight controls. NK cells represent an immune cell population that is crucial for an effective antitumor response. Here, we show that long-term exposure to leptin, similarly to the situation in obese individuals with elevated serum leptin levels, significantly impairs integral parts of NK cell immune functions, possibly linking leptin to increased cancer susceptibility in obesity.
Glucokinase activation repairs defective bioenergetics of islets of Langerhans isolated from type 2 diabetics
Authors: Doliba Nicolai M. , Qin Wei , Najafi Habiba , Liu Chengyang , Buettger Carol W. , Sotiris Johanna , Collins Heather W. , Li Changhong , Stanley Charles A. , Wilson David F. , Grimsby Joseph , Sarabu Ramakanth , Naji Ali , Matschinsky Franz M.
Published: September 2011

It was reported previously that isolated human islets from individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) show reduced glucose-stimulated insulin release. To assess the possibility that impaired bioenergetics may contribute to this defect, glucose-stimulated respiration (V̇o2), glucose usage and oxidation, intracellular Ca2+, and insulin secretion (IS) were measured in pancreatic islets isolated from three healthy and three type 2 diabetic organ donors. Isolated mouse and rat islets were studied for comparison. Islets were exposed to a “staircase” glucose stimulus, whereas IR and V̇o2were measured. V̇o2of human islets from normals and diabetics increased sigmoidally from equal baselines of 0.25 nmol/100 islets/min as a function of glucose concentration. Maximal V̇o2of normal islets at 24 mM glucose was 0.40 ± 0.02 nmol·min−1·100 islets−1, and the glucose S0.5was 4.39 ± 0.10 mM. The glucose stimulation of respiration of islets from diabetics was lower, Vmaxof 0.32 ± 0.01 nmol·min−1·100 islets−1, and the S0.5shifted to 5.43 ± 0.13 mM. Glucose-stimulated IS and the rise of intracellular Ca2+were also reduced in diabetic islets. A clinically effective glucokinase activator normalized the defective V̇o2, IR, and free calcium responses during glucose stimulation in islets from type 2 diabetics. The body of data shows that there is a clear relationship between the pancreatic islet energy (ATP) production rate and IS. This relationship was similar for normal human, mouse, and rat islets and the data for all species fitted a single sigmoidal curve. The shared threshold rate for IS was ∼13 pmol·min−1·islet−1. Exendin-4, a GLP-1 analog, shifted the ATP production-IS curve to the left and greatly potentiated IS with an ATP production rate threshold of ∼10 pmol·min−1·islet−1. Our data suggest that impaired β-cell bioenergetics resulting in greatly reduced ATP production is critical in the molecular pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Disruption of paraoxonase 3 impairs proliferation and antioxidant defenses in human A549 cells and causes embryonic lethality in mice
Authors: Kempster Sarah L. , Belteki Gusztav , Licence Diana , Charnock-Jones D. Stephen , Smith Gordon C. S.
Published: September 2011

We had shown previously that paraoxonase 3 (PON3), a putative circulating antioxidant, was systemically upregulated in late-gestation rat, sheep, and human fetuses. Our overarching hypothesis is that preterm human infants are delivered with low levels of PON3 and that this contributes to a state of oxidative stress. We sought to determine whether absence of Pon3 was associated with reduced neonatal viability in mice and studied the offspring from crosses between Pon3+/− mice. The number of Pon3−/− animals at E10.5 and E17.5 was significantly lower than the expected 25% (9.3 and 7.9% respectively, P < 0.001). On the first day of postnatal life, this was reduced further (2.4%, significantly less than the proportion in fetal life, P = 0.04). Pon3+/− animals had lower body and placental weights than wild-type littermates at E17.5, an effect that was independent of the parent of origin of the mutant allele. We then studied the effect of PON3 knockdown in a human cell line, A549. Stable knockdown of PON3 using short-hairpin RNA reduced cell proliferation in 21% oxygen. We then studied the effect of transient knockdown of PON3 using short interfering RNA (siRNA) in the same cell line in low (2%) or ambient (21%) oxygen. Knockdown of PON3 using siRNA reduced total antioxidant capacity in 21% ( P = 0.008) but not 2% oxygen. We conclude that the absence of Pon3 in mice resulted in increased rates of early fetal and neonatal death. Knockdown of PON3 in human cells reduced cell proliferation and total antioxidant capacity.
Formula feeding alters hepatic gene expression signature, iron and cholesterol homeostasis in the neonatal pig
Authors: Ronis Martin J. J. , Chen Ying , Shankar Kartik , Gomez-Acevedo Horatio , Cleves Mario A. , Badeaux Jamie , Blackburn Michael L. , Badger Thomas M.
Published: September 2011

In the U.S. formula feeding remains more popular than breast-feeding. In the current study, neonatal piglets were breast fed and compared with those fed commercially available milk-based formula (milk) or soy-based formula (soy) from postnatal day 2 (PND2) until death at PND21 (the usual age of weaning). Liver weights were greater in formula-fed piglets ( P < 0.05) than in breast-fed piglets ( P < 0.05). Affymetrix array analysis revealed significant differences in hepatic gene expression signatures between piglets fed breast milk or formula, as well as between piglets fed milk or soy. In males, expression of 346 hepatic genes differed between formula-fed and breast-fed piglets, and soy-fed differed from milk-fed piglets in 277 genes. Furthermore, gene expression profiles of males differed from females, even when the same diet was consumed. Serum cholesterol was lower in piglets fed formula relative to breast-fed piglets ( P < 0.05), and this was associated with elevations in mRNA encoding cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1). Consistent with the human literature, breast-fed piglets had lower hepatic iron accumulation than formula-fed piglets. Hepcidin, a major regulator of hepatic iron trafficking, was elevated in piglets fed formula relative to breast-fed piglets ( P < 0.05). Female piglets fed soy formula had increased expression of CYP3A enzymes ( P < 0.05), and soy formula feeding decreased expression of several hepatic genes considered estrogen inducible. These data suggest that: 1) gene expression profiles in neonates differ significantly depending on the diet consumed, 2) hepatic iron storage and cholesterol metabolism clearly differ between breast and formula feeding in piglets, 3) there is no evidence that soy is estrogenic in neonatal pig liver.
Understanding Household Behavioral Risk Factors for Diarrheal Disease in Dar es Salaam: A Photovoice Community Assessment
Authors: Badowski Natalie , Castro Cynthia M. , Montgomery Maggie , Pickering Amy J. , Mamuya Simon , Davis Jennifer
Published: September 2011

Whereas Tanzania has seen considerable improvements in water and sanitation infrastructure over the past 20 years, the country still faces high rates of childhood morbidity from diarrheal diseases. This study utilized a qualitative, cross-sectional, modified Photovoice method to capture daily activities of Dar es Salaam mothers. A total of 127 photographs from 13 households were examined, and 13 interviews were conducted with household mothers. The photographs and interviews revealed insufficient hand washing procedures, unsafe disposal of wastewater, uncovered household drinking water containers, a lack of water treatment prior to consumption, and inappropriate toilets for use by small children. The interviews revealed that mothers were aware and knowledgeable of the risks of certain household practices and understood safer alternatives, yet were restricted by the perceived impracticality and financial constraints to make changes. The results draw attention to the real economic and behavioral challenges faced in reducing the spread of disease.
Control/Network Codesign Basics for IP‐Based Shared Networks
Authors: Díaz-Cacho Medina Miguel , Delgado Romero Emma , Barreiro Blas Antonio
Published: September 2011

Network and control relationship is an essential
aspect in the design of networked control systems (NCSs). The
design parameters are mainly centered in the transmission rate
and in the packet structure, and some studies have been made
to determine how transmission rate affects the network delay
and consequently the stability of the control. In Internet, these
analysis are mathematically complex due to the large number of
different potential scenarios. Using empirical methods, this work
deduces that the transmission scheduling problem of an NCS can
be solved by designing an appropriate transport protocol, taken
into account high and periodic sampling rates. The transport
protocol features are determined by simulation, using a new
test platform based on the NS2 network simulation suite, to
develop control/network codesign solutions. Conclusions of this
paper are that the transport features are packet‐loss‐based
flow control, best effort, and fairness, supplemented by a packet
priority scheme.
Angular Distribution of Damping Coefficient of Ablated Particle in Pure He, Ne, and Ar Gases
Authors: Wang Yinglong , Zhai Xiaolin , Ding Xuecheng , Hu Ziqiang , Chu Lizhi , Deng Zechao , Liang Weihua , Zhao Yajun , Fu Guangsheng
Published: September 2011

To investigate the angular distribution of damping coefficient of ablated particle under various ambient gases, nanocrystalline silicon films are systemically deposited on a circular substrate by pulse laser ablation in pure He, Ne, and Ar gases, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy images and Raman and X-ray diffraction spectra indicate that the average size of Si nanoparticles decreases with the increase of the departure angle between the film and the plume, and Ne gas induces the smallest and most uniform Si nanoparticles in size among all the three gases. Further theoretical simulation demonstrates the bigger the departure angle, the smaller the damping coefficient of ablated particle, and the damping coefficient in Ne gas is largest for the same angle, implying the most effective energy transfer between Si and ambient atoms.
Modelling of Output Statistics of Single and -Mode Straight and Curved :Ti:LiNb Waveguide Amplifiers
Authors: Puscas Niculae N.
Published: September 2011

A theoretical analysis of some statistical parameters which characterize the -doped Ti:LiNbO3 single and -mode straight and curved waveguides is presented in this paper. In the derivation and the evaluation of the spectral optical quality factor, the power spectral density, the Fano factor, the statistical fluctuation, and the spontaneous emission factor we used the small gain approximation, and the photon statistics master equation of the linear amplifier (considering that the photon number distribution is determined by the normalized mode intensity profiles which are not uniform in the transversal section of the waveguide), transposed to the case of straight and curved amplifiers. The simulation results show the evolution of the above-mentioned parameters under various pump regimes and waveguide lengths.
Evaluation of Tools and Slicing Techniques for Efficient Verification of UML/OCL Class Diagrams
Authors: Shaikh Asadullah , Wiil Uffe Kock , Memon Nasrullah
Published: September 2011

UML/OCL class diagrams provide high-level descriptions of
software systems. Currently, UML/OCL class diagrams are highly used
for code generation through several transformations in order to save time
and effort of software developers. Therefore, verification of these class diagrams is essential in order to generate accurate transformations. Verification of UML/OCL class diagrams is a quite challenging task when the
input is large (i.e., a complex UML/OCL class diagram). In this paper,
we present (1) a benchmark for UML/OCL verification and validation
tools, (2) an evaluation and analysis of tools available for verification
and validation of UML/OCL class diagrams including the range of UML
support for each tool, (3) the problems with efficiency of the verification process for UML/OCL class diagrams, and (4) solution for efficient verification of complex class diagrams.
The Blood Compatibilities of Blood Purification Membranes and Other Materials Developed in Japan
Authors: Abe Takaya , Kato Karen , Fujioka Tomoaki , Akizawa Tadao
Published: September 2011

The biocompatibilities in blood purification therapy are defined as “a concept to stipulate safety of blood purification therapy by an index based on interaction in the body arising from blood purification therapy itself.” The biocompatibilities are associated with not only materials to be used but also many factors such as sterilization method and eluted substance. It is often evaluated based on impacts on cellular pathways and on humoral pathways. Since the biocompatibilities of blood purification therapy in particular hemodialysis are not just a prognostic factor for dialysis patients but a contributory factor for long-term complications, it should be considered with adequate attention. It is important that blood purification therapy should be performed by consistently evaluating not only risks associated with these biocompatibilities but also the other advantages obtained from treatments. In this paper, the biocompatibilities of membrane and adsorption material based on Japanese original which are used for blood purification therapy are described.
Massive Pulmonary Thromboembolism and Stroke
Authors: Naidoo Poobalan , Hift Richard
Published: September 2011

A 38-year-old HIV-positive female, recently started on antiretroviral therapy, presented in extremis. She had features suggestive of an HIV-associated cardiomyopathy complicated by the following problems: a four-day-old stroke, extensive deep venous thrombosis, and massive pulmonary embolism. She received intravenous streptokinase with rapid improvement, both haemodynamically and, unexpectedly, neurologically. Our case illustrates that a positive outcome is potentially possible where the two conditions coincide.
Glycoproteomics-Based Identification of Cancer Biomarkers
Authors: Kim Evelyn H. , Misek David E.
Published: September 2011

Protein glycosylation is one of the most common posttranslational modifications in mammalian cells. It is involved in many biological pathways and molecular functions and is well suited for proteomics-based disease investigations. Aberrant protein glycosylation may be associated with disease processes. Specific glycoforms of glycoproteins may serve as potential biomarkers for the early detection of disease or as biomarkers for the evaluation of therapeutic efficacy for treatment of cancer, diabetes, and other diseases. Recent technological developments, including lectin affinity chromatography and mass spectrometry, have provided researchers the ability to obtain detailed information concerning protein glycosylation. These in-depth investigations, including profiling and quantifying glycoprotein expression, as well as comprehensive glycan structural analyses may provide important information leading to the development of disease-related biomarkers. This paper describes methodologies for the detection of cancer-related glycoprotein and glycan structural alterations and briefly summarizes several current cancer-related findings.
An Overview of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Implications for Excitotoxic Vulnerability in the Hippocampus
Authors: Murray Patrick S. , Holmes Philip V.
Published: September 2011

The present paper examines the nature and function of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampal formation and the consequences of changes in its expression. The paper focuses on literature describing the role of BDNF in hippocampal development and neuroplasticity. BDNF expression is highly sensitive to developmental and environmental factors, and increased BDNF signaling enhances neurogenesis, neurite sprouting, electrophysiological activity, and other processes reflective of a general enhancement of hippocampal function. Such increases in activity may mediate beneficial effects such as enhanced learning and memory. However, the increased activity also comes at a cost: BDNF plasticity renders the hippocampus more vulnerable to hyperexcitability and/or excitotoxic damage. Exercise dramatically increases hippocampal BDNF levels and produces behavioral effects consistent with this phenomenon. In analyzing the literature regarding exercise-induced regulation of BDNF, this paper provides a theoretical model for how the potentially deleterious consequences of BDNF plasticity may be modulated by other endogenous factors. The peptide galanin may play such a role by regulating hippocampal excitability.
An Approach to Stable Walking over Uneven Terrain Using a Reflex‐Based Adaptive Gait
Authors: Asif Umar , Iqbal Javaid
Published: September 2011

This paper describes the implementation of an adaptive gait in a six‐legged walking robot that is capable of generating reactive stepping actions with the same underlying control methodology as an insect for stable walking over uneven terrains. The proposed method of gait generation uses feedback data from onboard sensors to generate an adaptive gait in order to surmount obstacles, gaps and perform stable walking. The paper addresses its implementation through simulations in a visual dynamic simulation environment. Finally the paper draws conclusions about the significance and performance of the proposed gait in terms of tracking errors while navigating in difficult terrains.
The Introduction of a Protocol for the Use of Biobrane for Facial Burns in Children
Authors: Rogers A. D. , Adams S. , Rode H.
Published: September 2011

Biobrane has become an indispensible dressing with three established indications in acute burns care at our institution: (1) as the definitive dressing of superficial partial thickness facial burns, (2) after tangential excision of deep burns when autograft or cadaver skin is unavailable, and (3) for graft reduction. This paper details our initial experience of Biobrane for the management of superficial partial thickness facial burns in children and the protocol that was compiled for its optimal use. A retrospective analysis of theatre records, case notes and photographs was performed to evaluate our experience with Biobrane over a one-year period. Endpoints included length of stay, analgesic requirements, time to application of Biobrane, healing times, and aesthetic results. Historical controls were used to compare the results with our previous standard of care. 87 patients with superficial partial thickness burns of the face had Biobrane applied during this period. By adhering to the protocol we were able to demonstrate significant reductions in hospital stay, healing time, analgesic requirements, nursing care, with excellent cosmetic results. The protocol is widely accepted by all involved in the optimal management of these patients, including parents, anaesthetists, and nursing staff.
Plasma Volume Expansion Resulting from Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test
Authors: Hahn Robert G. , Nyström Thomas
Published: September 2011

Objective. To quantify the degree of plasma volume expansion that occurs during an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT). Methods. Twenty healthy volunteers (mean age, 28 years) underwent IVGTTs in which 0.3 g/kg of glucose 30% was injected as a bolus over 1 min. Twelve blood samples were collected over 75 min. The plasma glucose and blood hemoglobin concentrations were used to calculate the volume distribution (Vd) and the clearance (CL) of both the exogenous glucose and the injected fluid volume. Results. The IVGTT caused a virtually instant plasma volume expansion of 10%. The half‐life of the glucose averaged 15 min and the plasma volume expansion 16 min. Correction of the fluid kinetic model for osmotic effects after injection reduced CL for the infused volume by 85%, which illustrates the strength of osmosis in allocating fluid back to the intracellular fluid space. Simulations indicated that plasma volume expansion can be reduced to 60% by increasing the injection time from 1 to 5 min and reducing the glucose load from 0.3 to 0.2 g/kg. Conclusion. A regular IVGTT induced an acute plasma volume expansion that peaked at 10% despite the fact that only 50–80 mL of fluid were administered.
The Amazing Power of Cancer Cells to Recapitulate Extraembryonic Functions: The Cuckoo's Tricks
Authors: Arias Jose-Ignacio , Aller Maria-Angeles , Prieto Isabel , Arias Ana , de Julian Zoe , Yang Heping , Arias Jaime
Published: September 2011

Inflammation is implicated in tumor development, invasion, and metastasis. Hence, it has been suggested that common cellular and molecular mechanisms are activated in wound repair and in cancer development. In addition, it has been previously proposed that the inflammatory response, which is associated with the wound healing process, could recapitulate ontogeny through the reexpression of the extraembryonic, that is, amniotic and vitelline, functions in the interstitial space of the injured tissue. If so, the use of inflammation by the cancer-initiating cell can also be supported in the ability to reacquire extraembryonic functional axes for tumor development, invasion, and metastasis. Thus, the diverse components of the tumor microenvironment could represent the overlapping reexpression of amniotic and vitelline functions. These functions would favor a gastrulation-like process, that is, the creation of a reactive stroma in which fibrogenesis and angiogenesis stand out.
Physical Activity in Hospitalised Stroke Patients
Authors: West Tanya , Bernhardt Julie
Published: September 2011

The aim of this paper was to examine the amount and type of physical activity engaged in by people hospitalised after stroke.Method. We systematically reviewed the literature for observational studies describing the physical activity of stroke patients.Results. Behavioural mapping, video recording and therapist report are used to monitor activity levels in hospitalised stroke patients in the 24 included studies. Most of the patient day is spent inactive (median 48.1%, IQR 39.6%–69.3%), alone (median 53.7%, IQR 44.2%–60.6%) and in their bedroom (median 56.5%, IQR 45.2%–72.5%). Approximately one hour per day is spent in physiotherapy (median 63.2 minutes, IQR 36.0–79.5) and occupational therapy (median 57.0 minutes, IQR 25.1–58.5). Even in formal therapy sessions limited time is spent in moderate to high level physical activity. Low levels of physical activity appear more common in patients within 14 days post-stroke and those admitted to conventional care.Conclusions. Physical activity levels are low in hospitalised stroke patients. Improving the description and classification of post stroke physical activity would enhance our ability to pool data across observational studies. The importance of increasing activity levels and the effectiveness of interventions to increase physical activity after stroke need to be tested further.
Comparison of Effects of the Ethanolic Extracts of Brazilian Propolis on Human Leukemic Cells As Assessed with the MTT Assay
Authors: Franchi Gilberto C. , Moraes Cleber S. , Toreti Viviane C. , Daugsch Andreas , Nowill Alexandre E. , Park Yong K.
Published: September 2011

Propolis is a resinous product collected by honey bees. It was also reported that propolis has a wide variety of biological actions, including antimicrobial activity and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and suppressive effects of dioxin toxicity activities. The aim of this study was to compare the in vitro cytotoxic activities of green propolis (G12) and red propolis (G13) in human leukemia cells. These cells were incubated with different concentrations of propolis and 48 hours after the IC50was calculated for each cell. The results showed that the red propolis has cytotoxic effect in vitro higher than green propolis. Red propolis was showed to be cytostatic in K562 cells and caused the same amount of apoptosis as its control Gleevec. In conclusion, these results showed that red propolis is more cytotoxic than the green propolis in a variety of human cell lines of leukemia. Red propolis may contain drugs capable of inhibiting cancer cell growth. Therefore, further isolation of respective chemical ingredients from the red propolis (G13) for identification of the activities is necessary.
Modeling the Effects of Relapse in the Transmission Dynamics of Malaria Parasites
Authors: Águas Ricardo , Ferreira Marcelo U. , Gomes M. Gabriela M.
Published: September 2011

Often regarded as “benign,”Plasmodium vivaxinfections lay in the shadows of the much more virulentP. falciparuminfections. However, about 1.98 billion people are at risk of both parasites worldwide, stressing the need to understand the epidemiology ofPlasmodium vivax, particularly under the scope of decreasingP. falciparumprevalence and ecological interactions between both species. Two epidemiological observations put the dynamics of both species into perspective: (1) ACT campaigns have had a greater impact onP. falciparumprevalence. (2) Complete clinical immunity is attained at younger ages forP. vivax, under similar infection rates. We systematically compared two mathematical models of transmission for both Plasmodium species. Simulations suggest that an ACT therapy combined with a hypnozoite killing drug would eliminate both species. However,P. vivaxelimination is predicted to be unstable. Differences in age profiles of clinical malaria can be explained solely byP. vivax's ability to relapse, which accelerates the acquisition of clinical immunity and serves as an immunity boosting mechanism.P. vivaxtransmission can subsist in areas of low mosquito abundance and is robust to drug administration initiatives due to relapse, making it an inconvenient and cumbersome, yet less lethal alternative toP. falciparum.
Revisit of Field Cancerization in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Upper Aerodigestive Tract: Better Risk Assessment with Epigenetic Markers
Authors: Lee Yi-Chia , Wang Hsiu-Po , Wang Cheng-Ping , Ko Jenq-Yuh , Lee Jang-Ming , Chiu Han-Mo , Lin Jaw-Town , Yamashita Satoshi , Oka Daiji , Watanabe Naoko , Matsuda Yasunori , Ushijima Toshikazu , Wu Ming-Shiang
Published: September 2011

We quantified field cancerization of squamous cell carcinoma in the upper aerodigestive tract with epigenetic markers and evaluated their performance for risk assessment. Methylation levels were analyzed by quantitative methylation-specific PCR of biopsied specimens from a training set of 255 patients and a validation set of 224 patients. We also measured traditional risk factors based on demographics, lifestyle, serology, genetic polymorphisms, and endoscopy. The methylation levels of four markers increased stepwise, with the lowest levels in normal esophageal mucosae from healthy subjects without carcinogen exposure, then normal mucosae from healthy subjects with carcinogen exposure, then normal mucosae from cancer patients, and the highest levels were in cancerous mucosae (P < 0.05). Cumulative exposure to alcohol increased methylation of homeobox A9 in normal mucosae (P < 0.01). Drinkers had higher methylation of ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal esterase L1 and metallothionein 1M (P < 0.05), and users of betel quid had higher methylation of homeobox A9 (P = 0.01). Smokers had increased methylation of all four markers (P < 0.05). Traditional risk factors allowed us to discriminate between patients with and without cancers with 74% sensitivity (95% CI: 67%–81%), 74% specificity (66%–82%), and 80% area under the curve (67%–91%); epigenetic markers in normal esophageal mucosa had values of 74% (69%–79%), 75% (67%–83%), and 83% (79%–87%); and both together had values of 82% (76%–88%), 81% (74%–88%), and 91% (88%–94%). Epigenetic markers done well in the validation set with 80% area under the curve (73%–85%). We concluded that epigenetics could improve the accuracies of risk assessment. Cancer Prev Res; 4(12); 1982–92. ©2011 AACR.
Dietary Energy Balance Modulates Prostate Cancer Progression in Hi-Myc Mice
Authors: Blando Jorge , Moore Tricia , Hursting Stephen , Jiang Guiyu , Saha Achinto , Beltran Linda , Shen Jianjun , Repass John , Strom Sara , DiGiovanni John
Published: September 2011

Male Hi-Myc mice were placed on three dietary regimens [30% calorie restriction (CR), overweight control (modified AIN76A with 10 kcal% fat), and a diet-induced obesity regimen (DIO) 60 kcal% fat]. All diet groups had approximately similar incidence of hyperplasia and low-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in the ventral prostate at 3 and 6 months of age. However, 30% CR significantly reduced the incidence of in situ adenocarcinomas at 3 months compared with the DIO group and at 6 months compared with both the overweight control and DIO groups. Furthermore, the DIO regimen significantly increased the incidence of adenocarcinoma with aggressive stromal invasion, as compared with the overweight control group (96% vs. 65%, respectively; P = 0.02) at the 6-month time point. In addition, at both 3 and 6 months, only in situ carcinomas were observed in mice maintained on the 30% CR diet. Relative to overweight control, DIO increased whereas 30% CR reduced activation of Akt, mTORC1, STAT3, and NFκB (p65) in ventral prostate. DIO also significantly increased (and 30% CR decreased) numbers of T-lymphocytes and macrophages in the ventral prostate compared with overweight control. The mRNA levels for interleukin (IL) 1α, IL1β, IL6, IL7, IL23, IL27, NFκB1 (p50), TNFα, and VEGF family members were significantly increased in the ventral prostate of the DIO group compared with both the overweight control and 30% CR diet groups. Collectively, these findings suggest that enhanced growth factor (Akt/mTORC1 and STAT3) and inflammatory (NFκB and cytokines) signaling may play a role in dietary energy balance effects on prostate cancer progression in Hi-Myc mice. Cancer Prev Res; 4(12); 2002–14. ©2011 AACR.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I and Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 Cotreatment versus Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Alone in Two Brothers with Growth Hormone Insensitivity Syndrome: Effects on Insulin Sensitivity, Body Composition and Linear Growth
Authors: Ekström Klas , Carlsson-Skwirut Christine , Ritzén E. Martin , Bang Peter
Published: September 2011

Background/Aims: Growth hormone insensitivity syndrome (GHIS) is caused by a defective growth hormone receptor (GHR) and is associated with insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) deficiency, severely short stature and, from adolescence, fasting hyperglycemia and obesity. We studied the effects of treatment with IGF-I in either a 1:1 molar complex with IGFBP-3 (IGF-I/BP-3-Tx) or with IGF-I alone (IGF-I-Tx) on metabolism and linear growth. Methods: Two brothers, compound heterozygous for a GHR gene defect, were studied. After 8 months without treatment, we examined the short- and long-term effects of IGF-I/BP-3-Tx and, subsequently, IGF-I-Tx on 12-hour overnight levels of IGF-I, GH, insulin, IGFBP-1, insulin sensitivity by hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp, body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and linear growth. Results: Mean overnight levels of insulin decreased and IGFBP-1, a measure of hepatic insulin sensitivity, increased on both regimens, but was more pronounced on IGF-I-Tx. Insulin sensitivity by clamp showed no consistent changes. Lean body mass increased and abdominal fat mass decreased in both subjects on IGF-I-Tx. However, the changes were inconsistent during IGF-I/BP-3-Tx. Height velocity was low without treatment, increased slightly on IGF-I/BP-3-Tx and doubled on IGF-I-Tx. Conclusion: Both modalities of IGF-I improved determinants of hepatic insulin sensitivity, body composition and linear growth rate; however, IGF-I alone seemed to be more efficient.
The Relationship between Mean Pulmonary Artery Pressure and Quality of Life in Patients with Mitral Stenosis
Authors: Zorlu Ali , Amioglu Gullu , Yilmaz Nuryil , Semiz Murat , Refiker Ege Meltem , Aydin Gulay , Tandogan Izzet , Yilmaz Mehmet Birhan
Published: September 2011

Objectives: We aimed to evaluate echocardiography-guided hemodynamic determinants of quality of life (QoL) via the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form (SF-36) questionnaire in patients with mild to moderate mitral stenosis (MS). Methods: Eighty consecutive patients with rheumatic MS, who were admitted to the outpatient department, were enrolled into the study upon obtaining informed consent. Forty age-sex-matched healthy individuals were enrolled as a control group. Results: All subscale scores and total SF-36 scores were significantly lower in the patient group representing a worse QoL. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, only mean pulmonary artery pressure (OR 1.138, 95% CI 1.049–1.234, p = 0.002) was found to be an independent predictor of poor QoL in patients with mild to moderate MS. Conclusion: During follow-up of MS patients before intervention, physicians should consider that mean pulmonary artery pressure is the main factor which influences the patients’ QoL. In patients with MS, it seems that referral to intervention should consider components and derivatives of QoL.