bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Property valuation in the UK
Authors: French Nick , Sloane Niall
Published: July 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to comment upon the on-going debate about the preferred use of implicit models of valuation vs their explicit counterparts. The last few decades have seen changing complexities in UK leasing structures, and there is a suggestion that the implicit models are incapable of dealing with these complexities. This paper looks to address the issues and concerns with implicit models.

Design/methodology/approach

This education briefing is an overview of the pros and cons of both models and collates comments from industry to give an indication of the use of each model.

Findings

This paper analyses the appropriateness of implicit models of valuation and the areas in which they prove useful. Although the explicit models prove to be more useful in certain situations, the implicit models are also proved just as useful. The appropriate model needs to be used as appropriate to the property type.

Practical implications

Rather than seeing implicit and explicit models as “rivals”, they should be seen as two sides of the same coin. Both have advantages and disadvantages. The role of the valuer in practice is to choose the correct model for the valuation task in hand.

Originality/value

This is a review of existing models.
Big picture in statistical frame – a statistical analysis and data visualization project of price change for electronic resources in academic libraries
Authors: Cheng Cheng , Hayes Kevin , Lee Kristy , Locascio Jill , Lougen Colleen
Published: July 2018

Purpose

The purposes of this paper are as follows: first analyze and visualize the price-changing pattern of common electronic resources; second, provide predictions for future price changes at the vendor level; third, discover any potential cause of such price changes; and fourth assess the practice of skills and techniques used for statistical analysis and data visualization.

Design/methodology/approach

Statistical analysis and data visualization of library’s expenditure data were conducted using business intelligence tools, in this case, Microsoft Excel and IBM SPSS.

Findings

This study reports the price changes of electronic resources over the past few years, as well as future prediction until 2018.

Originality/value

Overall, this research combines statistics analysis and data visualization to unveil current price-changing trends of E-resources, provides price prediction of near future and offers unique, while valuable, reference for future evidence-based acquisition decisions.
Consumer perceptions of counterfeit clothing and apparel products attributes
Authors: Moon Moin Ahmad , Javaid Batish , Kiran Maira , Awan Hayat Muhammad , Farooq Amna
Published: July 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to test and validate a modified Stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R) model with the bi-dimensional attitude toward counterfeit apparel products. The study examines the relationship of object and social psychological stimuli with utilitarian and hedonic attitude and intentions to purchase counterfeit apparel products.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors collected data from 331 systematically selected university students of the age bracket (18–30) years from Punjab, Pakistan (MLE) via self-administrated questionnaire. Structural equation modeling (SEM) with maximum likelihood estimation via AMOS 23 was used for data analysis.

Findings

The modified S-O-R model explained significant variance in counterfeit purchase intentions. Hedonic attitude proved to be a strong predictor of counterfeit apparel purchase intentions as compared to utilitarian attitude. All attributes of counterfeit apparel products proved to be the significant positive predictors of hedonic and utilitarian attitude except information susceptibility, which did not predict utilitarian attitude.

Research limitations/implications

Data were collected from university students of the age bracket (18–30) years and apparel products were taken as a product category.

Practical implications

The retailers and manufacturers of original brands should emphasize humiliation and embarrassment that a consumer may have to face because of counterfeit purchasing. They can also educate consumers on the negative impacts of the counterfeit products not only on consumers but also on the economy as a whole.

Originality/value

S-O-R model was adapted to provide strong theoretical underpinnings to understand counterfeit consumption behavior. This study also incorporated two dimensions of attitude in counterfeit product consumption behavior and analyzed their relative influence on purchase intentions.
Assessment for learning: Hong Kong needs territory-wide system assessment (TSA) or not
Authors: Lau Fanny M.F. , Sou Gryphon
Published: July 2018

Purpose

Territory-wide system assessment (TSA) was launched and administered by Hong Kong (HK) Education Bureau (EDB) since 2004. Since then, parents and teachers have been questioning its need, value, uselessness, effectiveness, harm for schools, teachers and students. In 2015, the issue blew up with Kau Yan School’s principal boycotting the tests. A series of discussions in the public and media and different surveys were then carried out widely in HK. After review, EDB announced in 2017 that the revised version of TSA be extended to Primary 3 students in HK. The purpose of this paper is to propose that TSAs for Primary 3, Primary 6 and Secondary 3 need a further review to judge their need and uselessness.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper reviews the educational policy governing the administration of the TSA. Primary and secondary data from focus group meetings, press interviews (Bogdan and Biklen, 1982; Miles and Huberman, 1994; Ouiment et al., 2001) and public reports would be analyzed. Besides, participant observation (Nosich, 1982; Sou, 2000; Sou and Zhou, 2007) and theoretical reasoning (Nosich, 1982; Sou, 2000; Sou and Zhou, 2007) have been applied for the critical review of this controversial test. The contrast study on the conflicting views of stakeholders in the education industry would bring up some insights of this controversial educational policy in Assessment for Learning.

Findings

Conflicting and contrasting perceptions from TSA to basic competency assessment (BCA) among stakeholders of education and government include governmental stakeholder – EDB’s awareness; EDB stressed that TSA is a low-stakes assessment which does not need extra practice for students; non-governmental stakeholders including legislative councilors’ perception, school principals’ perception, teachers’ perception, parents’ perception and students’ perception. Facing the opposition and grievances of different stakeholders, EDB announced in January 2017 that the revised version of TSA: BCA, be extended to HK in May 2017. Parents and legislative councilors were angry and they ask for a review or even cancellation for Primary 3 TSA.

Originality/value

This original study will initiate more thorough revisions and discussions for the TSAs for Primary 3, Primary 6 and Secondary 3 in HK, as a quality educational management step. While TSA for Primary 3 has been reviewed and substantially “revised,” the community at large still asks for further revision for its needs, uselessness and harm for parents, teachers and students. Since the underlying causes of students’ suicides are not fully identified, the problem of over-drilling practices for TSAs for Primary 3, Primary 6 and Secondary 3 needs to be satisfactorily resolved. Thus, TSAs for Primary 6 and Secondary 3, like that for Primary 3, should be reviewed for probable revision.
CEO board membership: implications for firm value
Authors: Li Michelle , Roberts Helen
Published: July 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to examine the relation between CEO board membership and firm performance.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper investigates the relationship between firm performance and CEO board membership, applying two-stage least squares, propensity score matching and correcting for self-selection bias across a unique sample of publicly listed New Zealand firms that demonstrate a definitive variation in CEO board membership.

Findings

This study finds that CEO board membership has a positive impact on firm performance, and these benefits are greater for more complex firms.

Research limitations/implications

Firms with CEOs independent of the board are associated with lower firm performance. The results are consistent with CEO board members providing an important information transfer mechanism to the board, resulting in an increase in average firm performance. This benefit is greater for larger firms with more business segments.

Originality/value

The paper tests for the impact of CEO board membership using a data set that demonstrates a definitive variation in CEO board membership.
Police integrity in China
Authors: Wu Guangzhen , Makin David A. , Li Yongtao , Boateng Francis D. , Abess Gassan
Published: July 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the contours of police integrity among Chinese police officers. Specifically, this study explores how Chinese police evaluate integrity based on official policy governing interactions, discipline governing infractions, views of seriousness, and willingness to inform when others engage in misconduct.

Design/methodology/approach

In total, 353 police officers were surveyed representing those attending in-service training program at a Chinese police university in May 2015. Questionnaires containing 11 scenarios describing police misbehaviors were distributed to officers during classes.

Findings

There was a strong correlation between officers’ perceptions of rule-violation, misconduct seriousness, discipline, and willingness to report. Additionally, preliminary results suggest there exists a code of silence among Chinese officers, and that Chinese officers hold a lenient attitude toward the use of excessive force.

Research limitations/implications

This study utilizes a convenient sample, which restricts the generalizability of the results.

Practical implications

The results indicate the existence of code of silence among Chinese officers and their lenient attitude toward the use of excessive force.

Originality/value

Although there has been a growing body of research examining police integrity in both western democracies and transitional societies, China as the largest developing nation in the world and with a unique police system (falls somewhere between the centralized model and the integrated model) is understudied. This study addresses this gap in previous literature by exploring the contours of police integrity among Chinese police officers.
Thinking outside the box: a critical literacy collaborative
Authors: Bynoe Vivian , Katz Anne
Published: July 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to discuss the practical application of critical librarianship through a critical literacy framework using a Teaching and Learning Grant. The purpose of this project was to provide teacher candidates in The College of Education at Georgia Southern University-Armstrong Campus, with tools to understand and practice reading through the lens of critical literacy. The project also serves as an example of how an instruction librarian can work with students outside of the traditional one-shot instruction session.

Design/methodology/approach

Students in the Fall 2016 section of EDUC 2120, Exploring Socio-Cultural Perspectives on Diversity in Educational Contexts were introduced to the concept of critical literacy and participated in a series of interactive faculty-facilitated small group discussions with the librarian and College of Education faculty. They concentrated on an analysis of Does My Head Look Big in This? by Randa Abdel-Fattah (2008).

Findings

Students provided positive feedback after the project. Many stated that they learned a great deal about the reading process in general and how to read from a critical literacy perspective. Students also stated that they began to think about looking more critically at information in general. Additionally, these pre-service educators now have more tools to use to help their future students become critical thinkers who can read their world for deeper meanings and understandings.

Originality/value

This project fills a need to help college students understand how to use critical literacy skills and become critical consumers of information. The initiative also fostered meaningful collaboration between a Reference and Instruction Librarian and colleagues in the College of Education while expanding on the one-shot instruction technique.
Intervention for children with phonological impairment: Knowledge, practices and intervention intensity in the UK
Authors: Hegarty Natalie , Titterington Jill , McLeod Sharynne , Taggart Laurence
Published: July 2018

Background

Across the world, research has shown that intervention for children with phonological impairment can be both effective and efficient. However, it has also raised concerns about the translation of this evidence to practice, highlighting questions around clinician knowledge and the understanding of approaches, and the intensity of intervention provided within real‐life clinical contexts.

Aims

To investigate the clinical management of phonological impairment by speech and language therapists (SLTs) in the United Kingdom (UK).

Methods & Procedures

An anonymous, UK‐wide, online survey was developed using Qualtrics. The target audience were UK‐based SLTs who worked with children with phonological impairment. The following topics were explored: (1) SLTs’ understanding of intervention approaches; (2) SLTs’ use of intervention approaches to treat phonological impairment; and (3) SLTs’ provision of intervention intensity for children with phonological impairment.

Outcomes & Results

A total of 166 responses were analyzed. To remediate phonological impairment, SLTs most commonly used speech discrimination (79.5%), conventional minimal pairs (77.3%), phonological awareness therapy (75.6%) and traditional articulation therapy (48.4%). Participants least frequently used the complexity approaches targeting the empty set (82.9%) and two‐ to three‐element clusters (75%) as well as the cycles approach (75.6%). Results also showed that some SLTs were uncertain of what the empty set and two‐ to three‐element clusters approaches entailed. In terms of intervention intensity, participants predominantly provided intervention once per week (69%) for a total of 9–12 sessions (ranging from five to 30 sessions, 71.5%) and elicited targets 10–30 times in single words per session (59.4%) in sessions lasting 21–30 min (41.4%).

Conclusions & Implications

The most commonly used intervention approaches identified in the current survey (i.e., speech discrimination, conventional minimal pairs and phonological awareness therapy) may be used eclectically by SLTs, which could impact upon the effectiveness and efficiency of treatment for phonological impairment. The current study also highlighted that almost half the participants always/often used traditional articulation therapy to remediate phonological impairment, even though this approach has been found to be less effective for this difficulty. Additionally, it appears that the currently provided intervention intensity for phonological impairment in the UK is significantly lower than what is indicated in the literature. Therefore, a research–practice gap exists for SLTs in the UK working with children with phonological impairment.
Microbial community assembly differs across minerals in a rhizosphere microcosm
Authors: Whitman Thea , Neurath Rachel , Perera Adele , Chu‐Jacoby Ilexis , Ning Daliang , Zhou Jizhong , Nico Peter , Pett‐Ridge Jennifer , Firestone Mary
Published: July 2018

Mineral‐associated microbes drive many critical soil processes, including mineral weathering, soil aggregation and cycling of mineral‐sorbed organic matter. To investigate the interactions between soil minerals and microbes in the rhizosphere, we incubated three types of minerals (ferrihydrite, kaolinite and quartz) and a native soil mineral fraction near roots of a common Californian annual grass, Avena barbata, growing in its resident soil. We followed microbial colonization of these minerals for up to 2.5 months – the plant's lifespan. Bacteria and fungi that colonized mineral surfaces during this experiment differed across mineral types and differed from those in the background soil, implying that microbial colonization was the result of processes in addition to passive movement with water to mineral surfaces. Null model analysis revealed that dispersal limitation was a dominant factor structuring mineral‐associated microbial communities for all mineral types. Once bacteria arrived at a mineral surface, capacity for rapid growth appeared important, as ribosomal copy number was significantly correlated with relative enrichment on minerals. Glomeromycota (a phylum associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) appeared to preferentially associate with ferrihydrite surfaces. The mechanisms enabling the colonization of soil minerals may be foundational in shaping the overall soil microbiome composition and development of persistent organic matter in soils.
‘Rivers of Blood’ and Britain's Far Right
Authors: Taylor Harry
Published: July 2018

This article examines the impact of Enoch Powell's speech on Britain's numerous right‐wing fringe groups and their response—in particular, that of the National Front, who benefitted the most from Powell's intervention on race and for a brief moment became Britain's fourth political party. It begins by looking at the growth of post‐World War II British fascism and how its emphasis switched from anti‐Semitism to anti‐colonial immigration. Throughout the piece, the relationship between Britain's far right and the Conservative party is examined to show how Powell inadvertently blurred the lines between the two. The article concludes with the 1979 general election victory of Margaret Thatcher who, by adopting Powellite themes but in more measured tones, destroyed the National Front's dream of an electoral breakthrough.
Moving Organizational Culture from Volume to Value: A Qualitative Analysis of Private Sector Accountable Care Organization Development
Authors: McAlearney Ann Scheck , Walker Daniel M. , Hefner Jennifer L.
Published: July 2018

Objective

The concept of shifting from volume (i.e., billing for as many patients and services as possible) to value (i.e., reducing costs while improving quality) has been a key underpinning of the development of accountable care organizations (ACOs), yet the cultural change necessary to make this shift has been previously unexplored.

Data Sources/Study Setting

Primary data collected through site visits to four private sector ACOs.

Study Design

Cross‐sectional, semi‐structured interview study with analysis done at the ACO level to learn about ACO development.

Data Collection

One hundred and forty‐eight interviews recorded and transcribed verbatim followed by rigorous qualitative analysis using a grounded theory approach.

Principal Findings

The importance of shifting organizational culture from volume to value was emphasized across sites and interviewees, particularly when defining an ACO; describing the shift in organizational focus to value; and discussing how to create value by emphasizing quality over volume. Value was viewed as more than cost–benefit, but rather encapsulated a paradigmatic cultural change in the way care is provided.

Conclusions

We found that moving from volume to value is central to the culture change required of an ACO. Our findings can inform future efforts that aim to create a more effective value‐based health care system.
A Forensic Exploration of the Microsoft Windows 10 Timeline
Authors: Horsman Graeme , Caithness Alex , Katsavounidis Costas
Published: July 2018

The Microsoft Windows operating system continues to dominate the desktop computing market. With such high levels of usage comes an inferred likelihood of digital forensic practitioners encountering this platform during their investigations. As part of any forensic examination of a digital device, operating system artifacts, which support the identification and understanding of how a user has behaved on their system provide a potential source of evidence. Now, following Microsoft's April 2018 build 1803 release with its incorporated “Timeline” feature, the potential for identifying and tracking user activity has increased. This work provides a timely examination of the Windows 10 Timeline feature demonstrating the ability to recover activity‐based content from within its stored database log files. Examination results and underpinning experimental methodologies are offered, demonstrating the ability to recover activity tile and process information in conjunction with the Windows Timeline. Further, an SQL query has been provided to support the interpretation of data stored within the ActivitiesCache.db.
Overexpression of S100A13 protein is associated with tumor angiogenesis and poor survival in patients with early‐stage non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Miao Shuncheng , Qiu Tong , Zhao Yandong , Wang Hongmei , Sun Xiao , Wang YuanYong , Xuan Yunpeng , Qin Yi , Jiao Wenjie
Published: July 2018

Background

S100A13 plays a key role in tumor growth and metastasis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prognostic significance of S100A13 expression, microvessel density (MVD), and survival in early stage non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Methods

In silico analysis was performed to determine the associations between S100A13 and NSCLC. The data of 82 patients with early‐stage NSCLC who underwent radical resection were evaluated. Paraffin‐embedded tumor specimens were stained with S100A13 and CD31 (a specific endothelial marker) using immunohistochemical methods. Prognostic significance was assessed by univariate and multivariate analyses.

Results

S100A13 messenger RNA was overexpressed in NSCLC, especially in advanced stage. Of the 82 NSCLC specimens examined, 37 (45.1%) cases exhibited S100A13 overexpression and 31 (37.8%) showed high MVD. Univariate analysis indicated that gender, age, smoking status, histology type, tumor differentiation, and T stage were not significantly associated with prognosis. However, the overall and disease‐free survival rates of patients with S100A13 overexpression and high MVD were significantly lower than in the remaining cases. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that only S100A13 overexpression was an independent factor for poor prognosis in early‐stage NSCLC. Statistical analysis demonstrated that the MVD was significantly higher in tumors with high (67.6%, 25/37) compared to low S100A13 expression (13.3%, 6/45) (P < 0.01).

Conclusions

High S100A13 expression is closely associated with high intratumoral angiogenesis and poor prognosis in patients with stage I NSCLC. Immunohistochemical evaluation of S100A13 expression, along with an examination of the perioperative extent of angiolymphatic invasion, has value for predicting prognosis.
Probability discounting and gambling: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Kyonka Elizabeth G. E. , Schutte Nicola S.
Published: July 2018

Background and aims

A number of studies have investigated connections between probability discounting and gambling. The aim of this research was to obtain a meta‐analytical weighted effect size for the relationship between shallow probability discounting (the tendency to overvalue reinforcement with lower odds) and gambling intensity and to examine whether a gambling diagnosis moderated this effect size such that the relationship is stronger for diagnosed problem gamblers.

Methods

A database search identified studies that (a) measured both probability discounting and gambling and (b) reported statistical results allowing calculation of an effect size for meta‐analysis. The search resulted in 12 studies reporting statistical results for probability discounting and gambling. The studies comprised 1685 individuals from different cohorts and nations, and included gamblers and non‐gamblers. The studies reported 18 effect sizes. Across studies, gambling severity was assessed through diagnosis and gambling intensity was assessed through self‐report and performance. Comprehensive Meta Analysis software calculated the weighted effect size and moderating role of gambling diagnosis.

Results

Shallower probability discounting was associated with greater gambling severity or intensity in all 12 studies. Throughout the studies, the weighted meta‐analytical effect size for the connection between probability discounting and gambling was significant, with Hedges’ g = 0.36 [standard error (SE) = 0.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.21, 0.50), P < 0.001]. Addressing the second aim of the study, individuals diagnosed with a gambling disorder or problem gambling compared with not diagnosed individuals showed an effect size of Hedges’ g = 0.79 (SE = 0.18, 95% CI = 0.45, 1.14) and a moderation analysis indicated that this type of comparison showed significantly stronger effects than effect sizes based on associations between probability discounting and gambling (Q(1) = 7.80, P = 0.005).

Conclusions

There appears to be a positive association between problem gambling and shallow probability discounting (a cognitive bias that overvalues low probability gains and/or undervalues high probability losses).
Habitat and landscape factors associated with the nestedness of waterbird assemblages and wetland habitats in South Brazil
Authors: Schuh Marina H. , Guadagnin Demetrio L.
Published: July 2018

The recognition of patterns in metacommunities and the elucidation of the processes responsible for them are major goals of community ecology. The nestedness of local communities based on species occurrence was initially postulated as resulting from selective extinction – species‐poor sites are subsets of species‐rich sites. Alternative mechanisms that could generate this pattern include passive sampling, selective colonization and habitat nestedness. In this study, we investigated the nestedness of waterbird assemblages in 42 wetland remnants and the mechanisms behind this pattern. Specifically, the following expectations were tested: (i) that waterbird species in wetland remnants are distributed in a nested fashion; (ii) that microhabitats created by macrophyte banks are distributed in wetland remnants in a nested fashion; (iii) that the nestedness of the waterbird assemblage is associated with the size, isolation and nestedness of microhabitats; (iv) that the rank of species in the assemblage can be explained by biological attributes associated with vulnerability to habitat loss and fragmentation; (v) that species that deviate from the nested pattern have peculiar biological attributes. We recorded the presence of 55 waterbird species in 12 monthly censuses over 1 year. The waterbird metacommunity was significantly nested when ordered independently by species richness, fragment area, microhabitat diversity and isolation. The microhabitats were also nested. Partial correlations and linear regression revealed a strong association of the rank of sites with area and isolation. Twenty‐one waterbird species were considered idiosyncratic. Species with large body size and low sensitivity to disturbance showed greater probability of being idiosyncratically distributed. We conclude that the waterbird assemblages are nested as a consequence of selective extinction and selective colonization. Species that deviate from the nested pattern tend to have large body size and low sensitivity to human disturbance. The study emphasizes the importance of focusing conservation efforts on large wetland remnants and their degree of isolation and human perturbation.
Using middle finger length to determine the internal diameter of uncuffed tracheal tubes in paediatrics
Authors: Ritchie‐McLean S. , Ferrier V. , Clevenger B. , Thomas M.
Published: July 2018

The selection of an appropriately‐sized tracheal tube is of critical importance in paediatric patients to reduce both the risk of subglottic stenosis from a tracheal tube that is too large, and inadequate ventilation or poor end‐tidal gas monitoring from a tracheal tube that is too small. Age formulae are widely used, but known to be unreliable, often resulting in a need to change the tracheal tube. Previous work has shown that the length of the middle finger and the internal diameter can both be used to guide depth of tracheal tube insertion. Therefore, we hypothesised that middle finger length may also be related to tube internal diameter. We enrolled children aged up to 12 years presenting to our institution for elective anaesthesia and measured the length of the middle finger on the palmar aspect of the hand. Anaesthetists chose the airway device they felt most appropriate for the procedure, and were unaware of the middle finger measurement. Of 160 patients who were enrolled, 108 were included in the final analysis. We found a linear relationship between uncuffed tracheal tube internal diameter and median middle finger length for each size of tracheal tube. Relationship between middle finger length and cuffed tracheal tube internal diameter was less clear. We propose that the formula: ‘middle finger length (cm) (round up to nearest 0.5) = internal diameter of uncuffed tracheal tube (mm)’ may be an improvement compared with age formulae for selecting uncuffed tracheal tubes in children, although this requires formal testing.
Precarious Debt: Microfinance Subjects and Intergenerational Dependency in Cambodia
Authors: Green W. Nathan , Estes Jennifer
Published: July 2018

This paper tells a story of debt within a rural Cambodian family in order to understand how microfinance produces more‐than‐individual financial subjects that are entangled in changing social relations of dependency. We draw upon 20 months of joint ethnographic research in Cambodia, where the microfinance industry is one of the largest per capita in the world. Informed by Judith Butler's notions of precariousness and precarity, we argue that even in the context of deepening financialisation, people's lives remain dependent upon others, especially within families. We analyse how these family relations of dependency are reworked along generational lines and spatially stretched due to precarious economic conditions of indebtedness, household migration, and distant labour markets. We conclude that reframing financial subjectivity in terms of precariousness helps us to analyse the relationship between households and financial markets, as well as inform a critical politics of finance.
Multilingualism was associated with lower cognitive outcomes in children who were born very and extremely preterm
Authors: van Veen S , Remmers S , Aarnoudse‐Moens C S H , Oosterlaan J , van Kaam A H , van Wassenaer‐Leemhuis A G
Published: July 2018

Aim

This study determined whether cognitive outcomes differed between very preterm (VPT) and extremely preterm (EPT) children who were monolingual or multilingual when they reached the corrected ages of two and five years.

Methods

The data were collected at the Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, as part of our national neonatal follow‐up programme and comprised 325 VPT/EPT children born between January 1, 2007 and January 1, 2012. The study used the Third Editions of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development and the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence.

Results

We compared 234 monolingual children, 65 multilingual children who spoke Dutch and at least one foreign language at home and 26 multilingual children who didn't speak Dutch at home. The best performers on the cognitive scale at two years of age and the verbal subscales at five years of age were the monolingual children, followed by the children who spoke Dutch and at least one foreign language at home, then the children who only spoke foreign languages at home.

Conclusion

In our study cohort from The Netherlands, multilingualism lowered the cognitive and verbal outcomes of VPT/EPT children at the corrected ages of two and five years.
Novel discrete element modelling of Gilbert‐type delta formation in an active tectonic setting—first results
Authors: Hardy Stuart
Published: July 2018

Gilbert deltas are now recognised as an important stratigraphic component of many extensional basins. They are remarkable due to their coarse‐grained nature, large size and steep foresets (up to 30–35°) and may exhibit a variety of slope instability features (faulting, slump scars, avalanching, etc.). They are also often closely related to major, basin‐margin normal faults. There has been considerable research interest in Gilbert deltas, partly due to their economic significance as stratigraphic traps for hydrocarbons but also due to their sensitivity to relative base level changes, giving them an important role in basin analysis. In addition to field studies, numerical modelling has also been used to simulate such deltas, with some success. However, until now, such studies have typically employed continuum numerical techniques where the basic data elements created by simulations are stratigraphic volumes or timelines and the sediments themselves have no internal properties per se and merely represent areas/volumes of introduced coarse‐grained, clastic and sedimentary material. Faulting or folding (if present) are imposed externally and do not develop (naturally) within the modelled delta body itself. Here, I present first results from a novel 2D numerical model which simulates coarse‐grained (Gilbert‐type) deltaic sedimentation in an active extensional tectonic setting undergoing a relative base level rise. Sediment is introduced as packages of discrete elements which are deposited beneath sea level, from the shoreline, upon a pre‐existing basin or delta. These elements are placed carefully and then allowed to settle onto the system. The elements representing the coarse‐grained, deltaic sediments can have an intrinsic coefficient of friction, cohesion or other material properties appropriate to the system being considered. The spatial resolution of the modelling is of the order of 15 m and topsets, foresets, bottomsets, faults, slumps and collapse structures all form naturally in the modelled system. Examples of deltas developing as a result of sediment supply from both the footwall and hanging‐wall of a normal fault, and subject to changes in fault slip rate are presented. Implications of the modelling approach, and its application and utility in basin research, are discussed.
Esthetic evaluation of natural teeth in anterior maxilla using the pink and white esthetic scores
Authors: Chen Jiang , Chiang Chaoyou , Zhang Yuqing
Published: July 2018

Background

Natural teeth in the anterior maxilla are critical in determination the esthetic outcome of single implant prosthesis.

Purpose

The present study aimed to explore aesthetics of natural teeth in the anterior maxilla using the Pink Esthetic Score/White Esthetic Score (PES/WES) index. Additionally, inherent weak spots of natural teeth and high‐risk parameters of prostheses were also considered.

Material and methods

This cross‐sectional study was performed by photographic analysis.

Results

A total of 102 subjects and 306 teeth (the right incisor, lateral incisor and canine) were included. The grand means of the PES and WES were 12.92 and 8.75, respectively. The score of soft tissue margin, soft tissue contour and outline/volume of the crown were significantly lower than other variables. The PES and WES showed a downward trend with age. Most of the PES/WES values of the females exceeded those of the males.

Conclusion

The average level of natural teeth in PES and WES assessment were around 13 and 9, respectively. The soft tissue margin, soft tissue contour and outline/volume of the crown were high‐risk parameters for the esthetic outcomes of implant reconstructions. Underlying factors, such as age and gender, contributed to the esthetics of natural teeth change.
Picking up the tab: Gastrointestinal bleeding due to an embedded bread bag clip
Authors: Rai Mandip , Woo Matthew , Bechara Robert
Published: July 2018

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Bonuses and Promotion Tournaments: Theory and Evidence
Authors: Ekinci Emre , Kauhanen Antti , Waldman Michael
Published: July 2018

Standard models of promotion tournaments do not distinguish between wages and bonuses and thus cannot explain variation in the use of bonuses. We combine classic and market-based tournament theories to develop a model in which wages and bonuses serve distinctly different roles. We use this model to derive testable predictions which we test employing both a single firm data set and a data set encompassing a large segment of the Finnish economy. Our empirical analysis supports the testable predictions and shows that our theoretical approach better matches the data than alternative theories of bonus determination based on arguments already in the literature.
Nitrogen availability after repeated additions of raw and anaerobically digested 15N‐labelled pig slurry
Authors: Cavalli D. , Bechini L. , Di Matteo A. , Corti M. , Ceccon P. , Marino Gallina P.
Published: July 2018

Quantifying short‐ and long‐term availability of animal manure nitrogen (N) is of practical interest to ensure adequate crop yield, minimize N pollution and reduce inputs of mineral‐N fertilizer. We measured short‐term carbon (C) and N dynamics after one or six repeated additions to soil (every 56 days) of ammonium sulphate (AS) and undigested (PS) and anaerobically digested (DPS) pig slurry in a laboratory incubation experiment. Soil CO2 emissions, pH and mineral N (ammonium + nitrate) were measured during the period of 0–56 days following fertilizer additions. An accompanying experiment was conducted with similar but 15N‐labelled fertilizers to measure soil mineral N 56 and 112 days after one, three or six repeated additions, and to estimate the increase in slurry available N after repeated additions. Nitrogen from slurries potentially available for plants (77–91, 44–58 and 57–66% of added N for AS, PS and DPS, respectively) was close to that supplied in mineral form with the fertilizer, indicating negligible net mineralization of slurry organic N, after both one and repeated additions. In fact, soil mineral N increased in most of the treatments because of repeated additions, but the increases were small, on average 0.5–2.1% of added N per period of 56 and 112 days. Calculations of availability of fertilizer N based on unlabelled N were equally precise compared with those estimated with 15N, but trends over time were more variable. We conclude that many repeated additions (simulating a long manuring history) are needed to obtain a marked increase in available slurry N, even under controlled conditions.

Highlights

We studied slurry decomposition after single or repeated additions in two laboratory incubations

We used unlabelled and 15N‐labelled pig slurries to estimate N availability

N potentially available for plants was close to that supplied in mineral form with slurries

Slurry N availability increased with repeated additions, but residual effects were small for both slurries
Landscape genomics provides evidence of climate‐associated genetic variation in Mexican populations ofQuercus rugosa
Authors: Martins Karina , Gugger Paul F. , Llanderal‐Mendoza Jesus , González‐Rodríguez Antonio , Fitz‐Gibbon Sorel T. , Zhao Jian‐Li , Rodríguez‐Correa Hernando , Oyama Ken , Sork Victoria L.
Published: July 2018

Local adaptation is a critical evolutionary process that allows plants to grow better in their local compared to non‐native habitat and results in species‐wide geographic patterns of adaptive genetic variation. For forest tree species with a long generation time, this spatial genetic heterogeneity can shape the ability of trees to respond to rapid climate change. Here, we identify genomic variation that may confer local environmental adaptations and then predict the extent of adaptive mismatch under future climate as a tool for forest restoration or management of the widely distributed high‐elevation oak speciesQuercus rugosain Mexico. Using genotyping by sequencing, we identified 5,354 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyped from 103 individuals across 17 sites in the Trans‐Mexican Volcanic Belt, and, after controlling for neutral genetic structure, we detected 74FSToutlierSNPs and 97SNPs associated with climate variation. Then, we deployed a nonlinear multivariate model, Gradient Forests, to map turnover in allele frequencies along environmental gradients and predict areas most sensitive to climate change. We found that spatial patterns of genetic variation were most strongly associated with precipitation seasonality and geographic distance. We identified regions of contemporary genetic and climatic similarities and predicted regions where future populations ofQ. rugosamight be at risk due to high expected rate of climate change. Our findings provide preliminary details for future management strategies ofQ. rugosain Mexico and also illustrate how a landscape genomic approach can provide a useful tool for conservation and resource management strategies.
Proportion of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug prescription in equine practice
Authors: Duz M. , Marshall J. F. , Parkin T. D.
Published: July 2018

Background

There is little knowledge of the prescription of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and whether their prescription varies between countries.

Objective

To describe prescription practices of NSAIDs in equids in the United Kingdom (UK), United States of America (USA) and Canada.

Study design

Descriptive observational study.

Methods

Free‐text electronic medical records from 141,543 equids from 10 equine practices in the UK, 255,777 equids from 7 equine practices with 20 branches from the USA and 2 practices with 7 branches from Canada were evaluated. A validated text‐mining technique was used to describe the proportion of equids prescribed NSAIDs at least once in these countries. The choice of NSAIDs in orthopaedic and colic cases was evaluated.

Results

The prescription of NSAIDs is more common in the USA (42.4%) and Canada (34.2%) than in the UK (28.6%). Phenylbutazone and flunixin meglumine were the drugs mostly prescribed in all countries. While flunixin meglumine was most prescribed with colic cases in all countries, a proportion received phenylbutazone despite this drug being licensed for use only with musculoskeletal disease. Phenylbutazone was the most commonly prescribed drug in cases with orthopaedic disease followed by flunixin meglumine in all countries. Only a small proportion of cases received meloxicam, ketoprofen or firocoxib.

Main limitations

The retrospective design might have resulted in an unknown number of incomplete records, particularly in the reporting of colic and orthopaedic disease. Although the data set is large, the relatively small number of practices recruited from each country may introduce bias.

Conclusions

Clinical practice can differ between countries although the influence of individual practitioners and practice‐specific policy on apparent intercountry differences requires further research. Despite several other NSAIDs being available and a substantial effort being made to evaluate their efficacy, the prescription of NSAIDs other than phenylbutazone and flunixin meglumine remains rather limited.
Generality in multispecies responses to ocean acidification revealed through multiple hypothesis testing
Authors: Barner Allison K. , Chan Francis , Hettinger Annaliese , Hacker Sally D. , Marshall Kelsey , Menge Bruce A.
Published: July 2018

Decades of research have demonstrated that many calcifying species are negatively affected by ocean acidification, a major anthropogenic threat in marine ecosystems. However, even closely related species may exhibit different responses to ocean acidification and less is known about the drivers that shape such variation in different species. Here, we examine the drivers of physiological performance under ocean acidification in a group of five species of turf‐forming coralline algae. Specifically, quantitating the relative weight of evidence for each of ten hypotheses, we show that variation in coralline calcification and photosynthesis was best explained by allometric traits. Across ocean acidification conditions, larger individuals (measured as noncalcified mass) had higher net calcification and photosynthesis rates. Importantly, our approach was able to not only identify the aspect of size that drove the performance of coralline algae, but also determined that responses to ocean acidification were not dependent on species identity, evolutionary relatedness, habitat, shape, or structural composition. In fact, we found that failure to test multiple, alternative hypotheses would underestimate the generality of physiological performances, leading to the conclusion that each species had different baseline performance under ocean acidification. Testing among alternative hypotheses is an essential step toward determining the generalizability of experiments across taxa and identifying common drivers of species responses to global change.
Comorbidity in psoriatic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Sinnathurai Premarani , Buchbinder Rachelle , Hill Catherine , Lassere Marissa , March Lyn
Published: July 2018

Background

Comorbid conditions are common and impact outcomes in people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but less data are available for psoriatic arthritis (PsA).

Aims

To describe baseline demographics and prevalence of comorbidities in participants with PsA in an Australian cohort using data from the Australian Rheumatology Association Database (ARAD) and to compare the prevalence of comorbidities in ARAD participants with PsA with those with RA.

Methods

ARAD is a voluntary national registry for inflammatory arthritis. Data, including demographic details, medication use, history of comorbid medical illnesses and patient‐reported outcomes, all self‐reported, were extracted from questionnaires completed at the time of database enrolment for participants with PsA and RA. Demographic information and prevalence of comorbidities were summarised using descriptive statistics. Prevalence of comorbidities in PsA and RA were compared using logistic regression, adjusting for age, gender, disease duration, education, employment and prednisone use.

Results

There were 490 participants with PsA, 59.2% female, mean (standard deviation (SD)) age 50.4 (21.1) years and disease duration 16.4 (9.7) years, and 57.8% reported having two or more comorbidities. Hypertension (38.2%) and depression (35.9%) were the most common. Compared with RA, participants with PsA had greater odds of depression (adjusted OR (95% CI): 2.1 (1.7–2.6)), hypertension (1.7 (1.4–2.1)), hyperlipidaemia (2.0 (1.6–2.5)), diabetes (2.2 (1.6–3.0)) and a history of ischaemic heart disease (2.0 (1.3–2.9)).

Conclusions

High rates of comorbidity were found in ARAD participants with PsA. The prevalence of depression, cardiovascular risk factors and other comorbidities were higher in PsA than RA participants in our Australian cohort.
Andreas Georgiou's Legal Troubles Show no Sign of Ending
Authors: Tarran Brian
Published: July 2018

The former national statistician of Greece faces a third review of charges alleging falsification of deficit figures
Who told you that?
Authors: Hand David J.
Published: July 2018

Data provenance, false facts, and how to separate the liars from the truth-tellers. By David J. Hand
Turning Points: Bernoulli's Golden Theorem
Authors: Raper Simon
Published: July 2018

Simon Raper begins a new series on key moments in the history of statistics, starting in seventeenth-century Switzerland with theologian-turned-mathematician Jacob Bernoulli, whose study of probability helped change the face of scientific inquiry
Prosthetic Hand Signals
Authors: Wininger Mike , Johnson Reva
Published: July 2018

How Bayesian inference can decode movement intentions and control the next generation of powered prostheses. By Mike Wininger and Reva Johnson