bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protection from RNA and DNA Viruses by IL-32
Authors: Zepp Jarod A. , Nold-Petry Claudia A. , Dinarello Charles A. , Nold Marcel F.
Published: February 2011

Several studies have documented a proinflammatory role for IL-32, which induces IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF, and chemokines via NF-κB, p38MAPK, and AP-1. However, IL-32 also participates in the responses to infection with viruses such as HIV-1 and influenza. In this study, we explored these antiviral properties of IL-32. Vital staining assays demonstrated that low concentrations (5–10 ng/ml) of rIL-32γ protected epithelial WISH cells from vesicular stomatitis virus-induced cell death. By lactate dehydrogenase assays, treatment with IL-32γ resulted in a 3- to 4-fold decrease in viral load. Specific silencing of IL-32 revealed that the antiviral responses triggered by the synthetic analogs of ssRNA viruses (polyuridine) and dsRNA viruses (polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid) were significantly weaker (2- to 3-fold more virus) in WISH cells in the absence of IL-32. Importantly, we discovered that the polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid-induced increase in production of IFN-α in human PBMC was nearly completely abolished when IL-32 was silenced. Moreover, we observed that IL-32 antagonizes the DNA virus HSV-2 in epithelial Vero cells as well as in human umbilical cord endothelial cells, as production of HSV-2 increased 8-fold upon silencing of IL-32 (p < 0.001). Mechanistically, we found that IL-32 used the PKR-eIF-2α as well as the MxA antiviral pathways. Unexpectedly, a considerable part of the antiviral properties of IL-32 was not dependent on IFNs; specific blockade of IFN activity reduced the antiviral properties of IL-32 only moderately. In conclusion, these data suggest a central role for IL-32 in the immune response to RNA and DNA viruses, which may be exploitable for clinical use in the future.
Nondominant CD8 T Cells Are Active Players in the Vaccine-Induced Antitumor Immune Response
Authors: Uram Jennifer N. , Black Chelsea M. , Flynn Emilee , Huang Lanqing , Armstrong Todd D. , Jaffee Elizabeth M.
Published: February 2011

We previously reported that CD8+ T cells are directed predominantly toward the immunodominant Her-2/neu (neu) epitope RNEU420–429 in nontolerized FVB/N but not tolerized HER-2/neu (neu-N) mice. In this study, we screened overlapping peptides of the entire neu protein and identified six new epitopes recognized by vaccine-induced neu-N–derived T cells. Evaluation of individual nondominant responses by tetramer staining and IFN-γ secretion demonstrate that this repertoire is peripherally tolerized. To address the role that the complete CD8+ T cell repertoire plays in vaccine-induced antitumor immunity, we created a whole-cell vaccine-expressing neu cDNA that has been mutated at the RNEU420–429 anchor residue, thereby abrogating activation of immunodominant epitope responses. Studies comparing the mutated and nonmutated vaccines indicate that nondominant CD8+ T cells can induce antitumor immunity when combined with regulatory T cell-depleting agents in both neu-N and FVB/N mice. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that the neu-directed T cell repertoire is not intrinsically incapable of eradicating tumors. Rather, they are suppressed by mechanisms of peripheral tolerance. Thus, these studies provide new insights into the function of the complete T cell repertoire directed toward a clinically relevant tumor Ag in tumor-bearing hosts.
May Diet and Dietary Supplements Improve the Wellness of Multiple Sclerosis Patients? A Molecular Approach
Authors: Riccio Paolo , Rossano Rocco , Liuzzi Grazia Maria
Published: February 2011

Multiple sclerosis is a complex and multifactorial neurological disease, and nutrition is one of the environmental factors possibly involved in its pathogenesis. At present, the role of nutrition is unclear, and MS therapy is not associated to a particular diet. MS clinical trials based on specific diets or dietary supplements are very few and in some cases controversial. To understand how diet can influence the course of MS and improve the wellness of MS patients, it is necessary to identify the dietary molecules, their targets and the molecular mechanisms involved in the control of the disease. The aim of this paper is to provide a molecular basis for the nutritional intervention in MS by evaluating at molecular level the effect of dietary molecules on the inflammatory and autoimmune processes involved in the disease.
Protein Methylation and Stress Granules: Posttranslational Remodeler or Innocent Bystander?
Authors: Xie Wen , Denman Robert B.
Published: February 2011

Stress granules contain a large number of post-translationally modified proteins, and studies have shown that these modifications serve as recruitment tags for specific proteins and even control the assembly and disassembly of the granules themselves. Work originating from our laboratory has focused on the role protein methylation plays in stress granule composition and function. We have demonstrated that both asymmetrically and symmetrically dimethylated proteins are core constituents of stress granules, and we have endeavored to understand when and how this occurs. Here we seek to integrate this data into a framework consisting of the currently known post-translational modifications affecting stress granules to produce a model of stress granule dynamics that, in turn, may serve as a benchmark for understanding and predicting how post-translational modifications regulate other granule types.
Saturate fraction gas chromatography and mass spectrometry data for selected crude oils from Triassic reservoirs in Western Canada
Authors: Obermajer M , Fowler M G , Riediger C L , Ejezie N
Published: February 2011

Digital files of gasoline range, C15+ saturate fraction gas chromatograms and mass chromatograms of 82 oil samples obtained from Triassic reservoirs in the Western Canada are presented. The significance of the data is not discussed here.
Bovine biceps femoris is resistant to tenderization by lower-salt moisture enhancement or enzyme addition
Authors: Pietrasik Z. , Shand P.J.
Published: February 2011

Unacceptable toughness in retail beef cuts prepared from round muscles is not uncommon. The biceps femoris (BF) muscle is a particular challenge due to its high connective tissue content. Disruption of connective tissue by proteolytic enzyme injection has been demonstrated to improve tenderness in some muscles. Moisture enhancement can also be effective; however, concern over sodium content in processed foods is rising. The single and combined effects of lower-salt moisture enhancement (ME; 0.25% sodium chloride/0.25% sodium phosphate) and injection of enzymes from different sources (fungal aspartyl protease, bacterial protease, porcine pancreatin, plant-derived papain) on tenderness characteristics of the BF was examined. The enzyme and ME treatments were not interactive. Moisture enhancement had no impact on peak shear force or sensory tenderness, although juiciness and saltiness perception was enhanced, even at the relatively low salt level. Each enzyme treatment reduced the shear force associated with the myofibrillar component of the BF, but did not influence the connective tissue component. No off flavour development or other sensory defects resulted from enzyme treatment. The ineffectiveness of the treatments may have been due to the low salt level, lack of enzyme specificity for collagen, or the relatively intractable nature of the BF to tenderization treatments.
Serum micronutrient concentrations in beef cows before and after the summer grazing season
Authors: Van De Weyer L.M. , Hendrick S. , Waldner C.L.
Published: February 2011

Serum concentrations of Cu, Mn, Mo, Se, vitamin A, and vitamin E were measured at the start and at the end of the summer grazing season in an observational field study of 791 commercial beef cows from 40 cow-calf herds from five community pastures. Copper and vitamin A were higher in the fall (P < 0.001), and Mo (P < 0.001) and selenium (P < 0.001) were lower in the fall compared with the spring. Cows aged 10-14 yr had lower concentrations of vitamin A (P < 0.001) and vitamin E (spring: P = 0.010; fall: P < 0.001) than cows aged 4-9 yr. Cows with thin pre-breeding body condition scores were more likely to have lower pre-breeding Cu concentrations than cows that were not thin (P = 0.044). Cows that were thin at the end of the grazing season were more likely to have lower vitamin A concentrations at this time than cows that were not thin (P = 0.033). Trace mineral supplementation given before calving was associated with higher spring concentrations of Cu (P = 0.007). Season of sample collection and the physiological status of the animals should be considered when interpreting the serum micronutrient status of beef cows and developing supplementation programs.
Powdery mildew resistance in soybean PI 243540 is controlled by a single dominant gene
Authors: Kang S.-T. , Rouf Mian M.A.
Published: February 2011

Powdery mildew (Microsphaera diffusa Cooke & Peck) is a common disease of soybean in many countries of the world, including the northern United States of America and parts of Canada. The genetic resistance of soybean to M. diffusa is known to be controlled by a single locus with three alleles designated as Rmd, Rmd-c and rmd. Identification and characterization of sources of resistance is a prerequisite for the development of resistant cultivars. The objective of this study was to determine the inheritance of powdery mildew resistance in a plant introduction (PI) from Japan, PI 243540. The inheritance of powdery mildew was determined in a segregating population from a cross between powdery mildew susceptible Ohio cultivar Wyandot and PI 243540. The parents and the progeny showed a consistent response to powdery mildew for all growth stages of plants. The two parents, the F1, F2, and F2:3 families from the cross were screened in a greenhouse and field following inoculation with M. diffusa. All F1 plants were resistant to M. diffusa and χ2 analysis for segregation in the population of 343 F2 plants indicated a tight fit for a 3:1 (P = 0.78) ratio, indicative of a single dominant gene. In the next generation, the 334 F2-derived families fit an expected 1 resistant:2 segregating:1 susceptible segregation ratio (P =0.88), which confirmed the results obtained in the F2 generation. Our results indicate that the powdery mildew resistance derived from PI 243540 is controlled by a single dominant gene linked to the Rmd/ Rmd-c/rmd locus. The simple inheritance of this gene should make it relatively easy to find linked DNA markers and transfer the gene to susceptible elite cultivars using the backcross breeding approach.
Cloning of the gene encoding cucumber lumazine synthase and an analysis of its promoter activity in cucumber
Authors: Wang R. , Chen M. , Liao F. , Jiang F. , Ma B. , Zhang Y. , Li M.
Published: February 2011

Promoters are an important regulatory element controlling the temporal and spatial expression of genes; thus, they play a critical role in genetic engineering by controlling target gene expression. Cucumber is a widely planted vegetable with a pleasant flavor and high economic value. However, most genetic engineering studies involving cucumber have utilized the CaMV 35S promoter, which mediates ubiquitous target gene expression. To identify a promoter that is highly expressed in cucumber fruit, total proteins from cucumber fruit were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. One spot which is highly expressed in fruit was sequenced from its N-terminus using the Edman degradation method. A total of 10 amino acids (Ala-Val-Arg-His-Ile-Ala-Gly-Ser-Leu-Ala) were sequenced. Based on these 10 residues, a cDNA fragment 905 bp in length was cloned using 3′- and 5′-RACE. The corresponding gene, which encodes 220 amino acids, showed 65-73% similarity to other plant lumazine synthases without the signal peptide. We also cloned the 2.1-kb upstream promoter sequence of this Cucumis sativus lumazine synthase (CsLS) and analyzed its promoter activity by GUS histochemical and fluorometric assays. Our results indicate that CsLS is highly expressed in cucumber fruit, whereas it is expressed at low levels in cucumber stems and leaves.
Antioxidant and antileukemic properties of selected fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) genotypes grown in western Canada
Authors: Acharya S. N. , Acharya K. , Paul S. , Basu S. K.
Published: February 2011

Acharya, S. N., Acharya, K., Paul, S. and Basu S. K. 2011. Antioxidant and antileukemic properties of selected fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) genotypes grown in western Canada. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 99–105. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is an annual forage legume known to have a number of important medicinal properties such as being anti-diabetic and hyperchloesterolaemic among others. In this study we have investigated the anti-oxidant and antileukemic properties of five fenugreek genotypes (L3068, L3375, Tristar, PI143504 and Amber) grown in western Canada for their potential use as nutraceuticals. Our preliminary experiments conducted in two different laboratories showed that the seeds grown in western Canada have anti-oxidant and antileukemic properties and the genotypes differ in the two traits studied. All the genotypes were found to be good scavengers for hydroxyl and free radicals. Among all the varieties, L3068 showed a higher EC50 value i.e., lower inhibitory activity for lipid peroxidation than the standard catechin. Although all five extracts showed significant antioxidant activity, the crude extract of Tristar was the most effective. Out of the five cultivars of fenugreek, Amber and L3375 showed a robust antileukemic activity followed by Tristar. Hence we conclude that Tristar has the best potential among all the genotypes tested to be used as a future nutraceutical crop when grown in western Canada.
Evaluation of mungbean accessions for the southern Canadian prairies
Authors: Olson Mark , Bandara Manjula , Jin Bing Deng , Kruger Art , Henriquez Boris , Bremer Eric
Published: February 2011

Olson, M., Bandara, M., Bing, D. J., Kruger, A., Henriquez, B. and Bremer, E. 2011. Evaluation of mungbean accessions for the southern Canadian prairies. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 137–141. Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] accessions were screened under field conditions to determine their suitability for commercial production in regions similar to those used for dry bean production on the Canadian prairies. Field studies were conducted in 2007 and 2008 at two locations in southern Alberta and in 2007 at one location in southern Manitoba. Two mungbean lines produced a minimum of 400 kg seed ha−1 at 4 of 5 site-years, even with as little as 2240 crop heat units (CHU). The best-yielding accession produced an average seed yield of 750 kg ha−1. Although seed yields were low relative to dry bean (1920 to 3100 kg ha−1), substantial increases could likely be obtained through improvements in cultural practice and cultivar development.
A review on the improvement of stevia [Stevia rebaudiana(Bertoni)]
Authors: Yadav Ashok Kumar , Singh S. , Dhyani D. , Ahuja P. S.
Published: February 2011

Yadav, A. K., Singh, S., Dhyani, D. and Ahuja, P. S. 2011. A review on the improvement of Stevia [Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni)]. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 1–27. Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) is a herbaceous perennial plant (2n=22) of genus Stevia Cav., which consists of approximately 230 species of herbaceous, shrub and sub-shrub plants. Leaves of stevia produce diterpene glycosides (stevioside and rebaudiosides), non-nutritive, non-toxic, high-potency sweeteners and may substitute sucrose as well as other synthetic sweetners, being 300 times sweeter than sucrose. In addition to its sweetening property, it has medicinal values and uses. Stevia is self-incompatible plant and the pollination behaviour is entomophilous. Rebaudioside-A is of particular interest among the glycosides produced in the leaves of stevia because of the most desirable flavour profile, while, stevioside is responsible for aftertaste bitterness. Development of new varieties of S. rebaudiana with a higher content of rebaudioside-A and a reduced content of stevioside is the primary aim of plant breeders concerned with the improvement and utilization of this source of natural sweeteners. The proportions of rebaudioside-A and -C are controlled by a single additive gene known to be co-segregating suggesting synthesis by the same enzyme. Stevioside and rebaudioside-A are negatively correlated, while rebaudioside-A and -C are positively correlated. Conventional plant breeding approaches such as selection and intercrossing among various desirable genotypes is the best method for improving quality traits in a highly cross-pollinated crop like stevia. Various plant types with larger amounts of specific glycoside have already been patented, such as RSIT 94-1306, RSIT 94-75, RSIT 95-166-1 through selection and intercrossing. Composites and synthetics can be used to capture part of the available heterosis because of the high degree of natural out-crossing and the absence of an efficient system of pollination control. Synthetics and composites like “AC Black Bird” and “PTA-444” have already been developed. Polyploidy results in better adaptability of individuals and increased organ and cell sizes. Tetraploids have larger leaf size, thickness and have potential use in increasing biomass and yield in comparison with diploid strains. Characters of interest with low variability in the population may be improved through mutation breeding. Use of biotechnological approaches, such as tissue culture for the mass propagation of elite genotypes, anther culture for development of pure homozygous doubled haploid and molecular marker technology for identification of marker loci linked to rebaudioside-A trait, can create new opportunities for plant breeders. Understanding the mechanism and pathway of biosynthesis of steviol glycosides can help to improve the glycoside profile by up-regulation and down-regulation of genes.
Simulated hail damage and yield reduction in lentil
Authors: Bueckert R. A.
Published: February 2011

Bueckert, R. A. 2011. Simulated hail damage and yield reduction in lentil. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 117–124. The severity of crop damage by hail is frequently estimated using equations derived from controlled experiments, but this approach has not been extended to the indeterminate pulse crop lentil (Lens culinaris L.). The objective was to simulate hail damage on two lentil cultivars, and estimate yield reduction for use in the Crop Insurance Industry. Hail damage was simulated by controlled canopy crushing on two cultivars, CDC Blaze and CDC Sedley at 4 location-years in Saskatchewan in 2006 and 2007. Plots received simulated damage as the untreated control (0%), 30, 60 or 90% canopy height reduction by crushing at each of four growth stages: vegetative, early flowering, pod-filling, and physiological maturity. As damage intensity increased from 0 to 90%, yield decreased in both cultivars. Most yield reduction (>65%) was seen when damage occurred in reproductive growth. Yield reduction for lentil damaged in vegetative growth was described by linear models, and the reproductive stages by quadratic models. The equations will help improve hail damage assessment in lentil on the Northern Great Plains.
Effects of limestone applications on soil pH and extractable elements in a cauliflower field study
Authors: Kowalenko C.G. , Ihnat M.
Published: February 2011

The pH and Mehlich-3 extractable concentrations of a variety of elements including those that were study treatments (Ca, Mn and Zn) and those that were expected to be influenced by the treatments (Mg, Sr, K, Rb, Na, Al, Fe, Si and Cu) were determined in soil samples from a cauliflower field trial conducted between 1979 and 1985. The treatments were limestone applied to the soil at three rates (0, 9 and 19 Mg ha-1) and Zn and Mn foliar applications. The pH of air-dried samples varied only slightly when analysed within each year of sampling versus as one batch after the trial was completed, which showed that the samples were stable over the long time the samples had to be stored through the field trial period and until the samples were analysed. Being able to do all the analyses in one batch also facilitated the application of quality control to ensure comparability of results. There were differences in the soil measurements of most of the elements taken pre-plant versus post-harvest, showing that the time of sampling must be consistent for experimental and soil test interpretations. Post-harvest samples (i.e., focusing on residual effects of limestone application) were selected to examine the treatment effects. Limestone application had wide-ranging and variable effects on extractable elements in the soil. Soil pH and extractable Ca increased with increased limestone rate as expected, while the amount of extractable Mn, Zn, K, Mg, Na, Al and Fe decreased. Extractable Sr, Si and Cu increased with limestone applications. Extractable Ca, Zn, Mg, Al and Si were affected to 15-30 cm depth, and pH and extractable Mn, Rb and Fe were affected to 30-60 cm. Subsurface (>15 cm depth) Sr, K, Na and Cu were not influenced by the limestone treatments. The effect of limestone on the elements tended to correspond to the effect previously observed on the contents of these elements in cauliflower plants. The ability of Mehlich-3 extract solution to reflect the availability of elements to plants and the effect of limestone applications on other elements simultaneously showed the potential for this soil test solution to predict the need for nutrient amendments to prevent lime-induced deficiencies.
As dimensões do desenvolvimento: um estudo exploratório sob a perspectiva das ferramentas de avaliação
Authors: Bellen Hans Michael van
Published: February 2011

Este artigo procura explorar o conceito de desenvolvimento para em seguida abordar algumas ferramentas de avaliação que trabalham esse conceito a partir das diferentes dimensões. Em sua primeira parte, o artigo discute as diferentes dimensões do desenvolvimento para em seguida apresentar algumas ferramentas que trabalham com o conceito de desenvolvimento, sendo que tais ferramentas são analisadas a partir das diversas dimensões utilizadas no processo de avaliação. Observa-se que a dimensão econômica ainda é predominante nos sistemas de avaliação, entretanto, avanços significativos têm sido feitos no desenvolvimento e na aplicação de sistemas de mensuração que utilizam a dimensão ambiental e social.
Internacionalização de empresas russas no Brasil: configurações de transação para o fornecimento de carne bovina
Authors: Thomé Karim Marini , Leitão Fabrício Oliveira , Carvalho José Márcio , Lima Enzo Lenine Nunes Batista , Gomes Patrícia Santana Costa , Ruzzon Marcus Alexandre Rodrigues
Published: February 2011

O presente artigo é um estudo exploratório, em que as variáveis estudadas têm natureza qualitativa. O objetivo é caracterizar como firmas russas atuantes no comércio de carne bovina internacionalizaram seus negócios em direção ao mercado produtor brasileiro. Com a aplicação de 14 entrevistas, chegou-se à construção de quatro configurações de transações que são realizadas por organizações russas no mercado brasileiro. A primeira configuração discutida é a que apresenta o maior número de organizações envolvidas, tem a vantagem de permitir alta especialização das mesmas e de possibilitar as transações com empresas atacadistas e varejistas russas por meio da internacionalização de terceiros (trading companies) em negócios internacionais. Na segunda configuração, observa-se uma maior responsabilidade por parte da empresa atacadista russa, o que se deve ao fato de que esta categoria de organização conseguiu internalizar operações inicialmente atribuídas à trading company. A terceira configuração observada é uma situação transitória em que a trading company com habilitação para varejo russo toma a frente e é o elo entre a organização de varejo russo e a empresa frigorífica exportadora brasileira. A quarta configuração de transação mostrou-se muito eficiente, vez que permite uma grande integração de atividades, eliminando assim intermediários.
A importância da responsabilidade social corporativa para a potenciação do capital social em pequenas e médias empresas
Authors: Silva Rogério Rodrigues da , Santos Maria João Nicolau
Published: February 2011

As transformações sociais, econômicas e tecnológicas têm transformado o papel das empresas perante a sociedade e sob esse prisma a questão da Responsabilidade Social Corporativa assume um papel importante. Todavia para as pequenas e médias empresas existem limitações que impedem uma integração maior desse tipo de prática na sua gestão. Para superar isso, tem-se buscado uma integração maior dessas empresas aos stakeholders, a custo baixo, a fim de maximizarem as possíveis vantagens, o que está imbricado no conceito de capital social. Assim, o objetivo deste artigo é apresentar a teoria do capital social e relacioná-la a questões de Responsabilidade Social Corporativa, buscando compreender as intersecções, aplicabilidade e ganhos desses conceitos no contexto das pequenas e médias empresas. Indicam-se ainda algumas variáveis que podem servir como base para mensuração da Responsabilidade Social Corporativa e do capital social em pesquisas futuras.
Uma análise do desenvolvimento dos estudos de estratégia no ramo imobiliário a partir das influências mais recentes dos stakeholders
Authors: Giglio Ernesto Michelangelo , Ryngelblum Arnaldo Luiz
Published: February 2011

O negócio imobiliário é o segundo em importância econômica e social no Brasil, mas não figura como tema relevante de pesquisa acadêmica. Assim, o objetivo do trabalho é avaliar a evolução dos estudos de estratégia no negócio, considerando que existem exemplos de desenvolvimentos empíricos cujas características podem propiciar contribuições teóricas em estratégia. Com base na teoria dos stakeholders foi realizado um trabalho de construção de oito categorias que estruturam o negócio. Em seguida, utilizando uma metodologia de análise de conteúdo, foram analisados 48 artigos apresentados nos congressos EnAnpad nos últimos 13 anos. Os resultados apontam uma tendência de foco nos processos operacionais, deixando de considerar a complexidade da cadeia do negócio, as relações entre os atores e as mudanças do campo organizacional. As contribuições a partir dos resultados consistem em identificar inovações e mudanças de stakeholders desse campo organizacional e sua influência sobre as empresas da rede de negócios do ra  mo imobiliário, o que leva à proposta de um ponto de partida de desenvolvimento de estratégias e um leque de pesquisas para o tema imobiliário.
Psychometric Validation of the Sensory Experiences Questionnaire
Authors: Little Lauren M. , Freuler Ashley C. , Houser Marisa B. , Guckian Lisa , Carbine Kristin , David Fabian J. , Baranek Grace T.
Published: February 2011

INTRODUCTION. We evaluated the psychometric properties of the Sensory Experiences Questionnaire (Version 1; Baranek, David, Poe, Stone, & Watson 2006), a brief caregiver questionnaire for young children with autism and developmental delays used to identify sensory processing patterns in the context of daily activities.

METHOD. Caregiver questionnaires (N = 358) were analyzed to determine internal consistency. The test–retest subsample (n = 24) completed two assessments within 2–4 wk. Internal consistency and test–retest reliability were analyzed using Cronbach’s coefficient α and intraclass correlation coefficients, respectively.

RESULTS. Internal consistency for the SEQ was α = .80. Test–retest reliability for the total score was excellent, with ICC = .92.

DISCUSSION. The SEQ is an internally consistent and reliable caregiver report measure of young children’s sensory processing patterns of hypo- and hyperresponsiveness. The SEQ can be used as an early tool for identifying sensory patterns in young children with autism and other developmental disabilities.
An algorithm for retrieving black carbon optical parameters from thermal-optical (OC/EC) instruments
Authors: Andersson A. , Sheesley R. J. , Kirillova E. N. , Gustafsson Ö.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. Through absorption of sun light atmospheric black carbon (BC) is expected to influence regional/global climate by warming the atmosphere and dimming the surface. To evaluate the impact of these effects it is of interest to examine both the radiative properties of BC and the concentrations in air. Building on recent developments we present a novel application for combining these two aspects using the common thermal-optical (OC/EC) instrument. By correlating the OC/EC laser transmission with the FID-carbon detection non-carbon contributions to the light attenuation are detected. Such analysis allows the calculation of mass absorption cross-sections (MACs) for BC, corrected for certain in-organic components. This approach has been applied to data from two SS Asian and two SNS European sites, including a time series analysis for one of the SNS European sites. Taken together this study demonstrates broad applicability for this method while providing new insights into the optical properties of BC.
The influence of land cover change in the Asian monsoon region on present-day and mid-Holocene climate
Authors: Dallmeyer A. , Claussen M.
Published: February 2011

Abstract. Using the general circulation model ECHAM5/JSBACH, we investigate the biogeophysical effect of large-scale afforestation and deforestation in the Asian monsoon domain on present-day and mid-Holocene climate. We demonstrate that the applied land cover change does not only modify the local climate but also change the climate in North Africa and the Middle East via teleconnections. Deforestation in the Asian monsoon domain enhances the rainfall in North Africa. In parts of the Sahara summer precipitation is more than doubled. In contrast, afforestation strongly decreases summer rainfall in the Middle East and even leads to the cessation of the rainfall-activity in some parts of this region. Regarding the local climate, deforestation results in a reduction of precipitation and a cooler climate as grass mostly has a higher albedo than forests. However, in the core region of the Asian monsoon the decrease of evaporative cooling in the monsoon season overcompensates this signal and results in a net warming. Afforestation has mainly the opposite effect, although the pattern of change is less clear. It leads to more precipitation in most parts of the Asian monsoon domain and a warmer climate except for the southern regions where a stronger evaporation decreases near-surface temperatures in the monsoon season. When prescribing mid-Holocene insolation, the pattern of local precipitation change differs. Afforestation particularly increases monsoon rainfall in the region along the Yellow River which was the settlement area of major prehistoric cultures. In this region, the effect of land cover change on precipitation is half as large as the orbitally-induced precipitation change. Thus, our model results reveal that mid- to late-Holocene land cover change could strongly have contributed to the decreasing Asian monsoon precipitation during the Holocene known from reconstructions.
Preparation and Application of Multiple‐Component‐Doped Keggin Polyoxometalate Microtubes—Towards a Component‐Tunable Hollow Structure
Authors: Shen Yan , Peng Jun , Pang Haijun , Zhang Pengpeng , Chen Dan , Chen Changyun , Zhang Huanqiu , Meng Cuili , Su Zhongmin
Published: February 2011

In this paper, the preparation of ascorbic acid (AA)‐doped polyoxometalate (SiW12‐AA) microtubes is described. The SiW12‐AA microtubes convert to heteropoly blue microtubes upon exposure to ammonia gas, which is an ammonia‐triggered solid–solid redox reaction between AA molecules and polyoxometalates, and can possibly be applied to a chemical sensor for detecting ammonia and volatile organic amines. Furthermore, the SiW12‐AA microtubes have been applied to the in situ synthesis of Ag nanoparticles (NPs) through the redox reaction between the AA component and Ag+ ions occurring on the surfaces of the SiW12‐AA microtubes to give silver NPs immobilized on polyoxometalate microtubes (Ag@SiW12).
Silver and Gold Icosahedra: One‐Pot Water‐Based Synthesis and Their Superior Performance in the Electrocatalysis for Oxygen Reduction Reactions in Alkaline Media
Authors: Kuai Long , Geng Baoyou , Wang Shaozhen , Zhao Yanyan , Luo Yinchan , Jiang Han
Published: February 2011

Much effort has gone into generating polyhedral noble metal nanostructures because of their superior electrocatalytic activities for fuel cells. Herein, we report uniform, high‐yield icosahedral silver and gold nanoparticles by using a facile one‐pot, seedless, water‐based approach that incorporates polyvinyl pyrrolidone and ammonia. Electrocatalysis of the oxygen‐reduction reaction was carried out in alkaline media to evaluate the performance of the icosahedral nanoparticles. They showed excellent stability and much higher electrocatalytic activity than the spherelike nanoparticles; they display a positive shift in reduction peak potential for O2 of 0.14 and 0.05 V, while the reduction peak currents of the silver and gold icosahedra are 1.5‐ and 1.6‐fold, respectively, better than the spherelike nanoparticles. More importantly, the icosahedral nanoparticles display electrocatalytic activities comparable with commercial Pt/C electrocatalysts. The facile preparation of icosahedral silver and gold nanoparticles and their superior performance in the oxygen reduction reaction render them attractive replacements for Pt as cathode electrocatalysts in alkaline fuel cells.
Variable‐Temperature IR Spectroscopic and Theoretical Studies on CO2 Adsorbed in Zeolite K‐FER
Authors: Otero Areán Carlos , Rodríguez Delgado Montserrat , Fiol Bibiloni Gabriel , Bludský Ota , Nachtigall Petr
Published: February 2011

Adsorption of CO2 in K‐FER zeolite is investigated by a combination of variable‐temperature IR spectroscopy and periodic DFT calculations augmented for description of dispersion interactions. Calculated adsorption enthalpies for CO2 adsorption complexes on single extra‐framework K+ sites and on dual‐cation sites where CO2 interacts simultaneously with two extra‐framework K+ cations (−40 and −44 kJ mol−1, respectively) are in excellent agreement with experimental values. The analysis of effects on the frequency of the asymmetric CO2 stretching mode ν3 shows that polarization of CO2 by the K+ cation leads to an increase in ν3, while the interaction of CO2 with the zeolite framework leads to a decrease in ν3. In the case of K‐FER, the latter effect is slightly larger than the former, and thus a small redshift in ν3 results (−3 cm−1 with respect to free CO2). For adsorption complexes on dual K+ sites, where CO2 interacts with one K+ cation on each end of the molecule, the polarization of CO2 molecules on both sides results in a blueshift of ν3. The origin of the redshift in ν3 when CO2 is adsorbed in purely siliceous FER is also investigated computationally. Calculations show that the dispersion interaction does not affect the vibrational frequency of adsorbed CO2.
Determination of Benzocaine Using HPLC and FIA with Amperometric Detection on a Carbon Paste Electrode
Authors: Dejmkova Hana , Vokalova Veronika , Zima Jiri , Barek Jiri
Published: February 2011

A new method for benzocaine determination employing FIA and HPLC with electrochemical detection on a carbon paste electrode was developed. The optimum conditions for the determination were found. Carrier solution for FIA consisted of B–R buffer pH 4 (80 % methanol, v/v) and used flow rate was 1.0 mL min−1. Mobile phase for HPLC consisted of B–R buffer pH 4 (75 % methanol, v/v) with flow rate 0.4 mL min−1. Working potential of +1.2 V was employed. Practical applicability of the methods was tested on the determination of benzocaine in selected pharmaceuticals. The results were in agreement with results obtained using spectrophotometric detection and with one exception also with the content declared by the manufacturer.
Toxicological assessment of 3‐chloropropane‐1,2‐diol and glycidol fatty acid esters in food
Authors: Bakhiya Nadiya , Abraham Klaus , Gürtler Rainer , Appel Klaus Erich , Lampen Alfonso
Published: February 2011

Fatty acid esters of 3‐chloropropane‐1,2‐diol (3‐MCPD) and glycidol are a newly identified class of food process contaminants. They are widespread in refined vegetable oils and fats and have been detected in vegetable fat‐containing products, including infant formulas. There are no toxicological data available yet on the 3‐MCPD and glycidol esters, and the primary toxicological concern is based on the potential release of 3‐MCPD or glycidol from the parent esters by lipase‐catalyzed hydrolysis in the gastrointestinal tract. Although 3‐MCPD is assessed as a nongenotoxic carcinogen with a tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 2 μg/kg body weight (bw), glycidol is a known genotoxic carcinogen, which induces tumors in numerous organs of rodents. The initial exposure estimates, conducted by Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) under the assumption that 100% of the 3‐MPCD and glycidol are released from their esters, revealed especially that infants being fed commercial infant formula could ingest harmful amounts of 3‐MCPD and glycidol. However, the real oral bioavailability may be lower. As this gives rise for toxicological concern, the currently available toxicological data of 3‐MCPD and glycidol and their esters are summarized in this review and discussed with regard to data gaps and further research needs.
Mechanical properties of pea starch films associated with xanthan gum and glycerol
Authors: da Matta Manoel Divino , Sarmento Silene Bruder Silveira , de Oliveira Léa Mariza , Zocchi Silvio Sandoval
Published: February 2011

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the addition of xanthan gum and glycerol to the starch of green pea with high content of AM (cv. Utrillo) in the preparation of films and their physical characteristics. Filmogenic solution (FS) with different levels of pea starch (3, 4, and 5%), xanthan gum (0, 0.05, and 0.1%), and glycerol (glycerol–starch ratio of 1:5 w/w) were studied. The FS was obtained by boiling (5 min), followed by autoclaving for 1 h at 120°C. The films were prepared by casting. Films prepared only with pea starch were mechanically resistant when compared to other films, prepared with corn, cassava, rice, and even other pea cultivars (yellow, commercial). The tensile strength of these films is comparable to synthetic films prepared with high‐density polyethylene and linear low‐density polyethylene. However, they are films of low elasticity when compared to other films, such as rice starch films, and especially when compared to polyethylene films. The increased concentration of starch in the solution increased the puncture force. The increased concentration of glycerol slightly decreased the film crystallinity and interfered in the mechanical properties of the films, causing reduction of the maximum values of tensile strength, strain at break, and puncture force. The plasticizer also caused an increase of elongation at break. Xanthan gum was important to formation of films; however, it did not affect their mechanical properties.
Establishing Hand Preference: Why does it Matter?
Authors: Adamo Diane E. , Taufiq Anam
Published: February 2011

Hand preference has been associated with psychological and physical well-being, risk of injury, pathological irregularities, longevity, and cognitive function. To determine hand preference, individuals are often asked what hand they use to write with, or what hand is used more frequently in activities of daily living. However, relying only on one source of information may be misleading, given the strong evidence to support a disassociation between self-reported hand preference and outcomes of hand performance assessments. This brief communication is intended to highlight the various methods used to determine hand preference, to discuss the relationship between hand preference inventories and performance measures and to present some recent findings associated with hand preference and musculoskeletal disorders.
Fingering instability in buoyancy-driven fluid-filled cracks
Authors: TOUVET T. , BALMFORTH N. J. , CRASTER R. V. , SUTHERLAND B. R.
Published: February 2011

The stability of buoyancy-driven propagation of a fluid-filled crack through an elastic solid is studied using a combination of theory and experiments. For the theory, the lubrication approximation is introduced for fluid flow, and the surrounding solid is described by linear elasticity. Solutions are then constructed for a planar fluid front driven by either constant flux or constant volume propagating down a pre-cut conduit. As the thickness of the pre-cut conduit approaches zero, it is shown how these fronts converge to zero-toughness fracture solutions with a genuine crack tip. The linear stability of the planar solutions towards transverse, finger-like perturbations is then examined. Instabilities are detected that are analogous to those operating in the surface-tension-driven fingering of advancing fluid contact lines. Experiments are conducted using a block of gelatin for the solid and golden syrup for the fluid. Again, planar cracks initiated by emplacing the syrup above a shallow cut on the surface of the gelatin develop transverse, finger-like structures as they descend. Potential geological applications are discussed.
Gold kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis‘Hort16A’) for immune support
Authors: Skinner Margot A. , Loh Jacelyn M. S. , Hunter Denise C. , Zhang Jingli
Published: February 2011

Kiwifruit is a good source of several vitamins and minerals and dietary fibre, and contains a number of phytochemicals; so kiwifruit potentially provides health benefits beyond basic nutrition. Consumption of green kiwifruit can have positive effects on cardiovascular health through antioxidant activity, inhibition of platelet aggregation and lowered TAG levels, and gut health through improving laxation, aiding digestion and promoting a healthy gut microflora. The importance of nutrition on immune function is well recognised, with deficiencies in vitamins A, C, E, B6and B12, folic acid, Zn, Cu, Fe and Se being associated with impaired immune function and increased susceptibility to diseases. Evidence is growing that kiwifruit enhances immunity, with several small murine studies showing enhancement of innate and adaptive immune function. Few studies have examined the effect of kiwifruit on immune function in human subjects, but a recent study has revealed that kiwifruit up-regulates several ‘immune’ and ‘DNA and repair’-related gene sets, and down-regulates one gene set related to Ig secretion. Taken together, the evidence from the literature provides supporting data for designing a human intervention trial to validate the ability of kiwifruit to support immune function in healthy and immunocompromised populations.
Balancing exercise and food intake with lactation to promote post-partum weight loss
Authors: Lovelady Cheryl
Published: February 2011

Excess weight gain during pregnancy and post-partum weight retention are risk factors for obesity. While many studies report average weight retained from pregnancy is only 0·5–3·0 kg; between 14 and 20% of women are 5 kg heavier at 6–18 months post-partum than they were before pregnancy. Among normal-weight women, lactation usually promotes weight loss to a moderate extent, but not among those with BMI≥35 kg/m2. While exercise and energy restriction may promote weight loss during lactation, their effect on milk volume and composition and, consequently, infant growth must be considered. The effect of exercise on lactation performance has been investigated. Moderate aerobic exercise of 45 min/d, 5 d/week improved cardiovascular fitness, plasma lipids and insulin response; however, it did not promote post-partum weight loss. Breast milk volume and composition were not affected. The effect of exercise with energy restriction in overweight women on the growth of their infants has also been studied. At 1 month post-partum, women restricted their energy intake by 2092 kJ/d and exercised 45 min/d, 4 d/week for 10 weeks. Women in the diet and exercise group lost more weight than the control group (4·8 (sd 1·7) kg v. 0·8 (sd 2·3) kg); however, there were no differences in infant growth. Based on the current evidence, it is recommended that once lactation is established, overweight women may restrict their energy intake by 2092 kJ/d and exercise aerobically 4 d/week to promote a weight loss of 0·5 kg/week.
The ambiguous life ofDientamoeba fragilis: the need to investigate current hypotheses on transmission
Authors: BARRATT JOEL L. N. , HARKNESS JOHN , MARRIOTT DEBORAH , ELLIS JOHN T. , STARK DAMIEN
Published: February 2011

Dientamoeba fragilisis an inhabitant of the human bowel and is associated with gastrointestinal illness. Despite its discovery over a century ago, the details ofDientamoeba'slife cycle are unclear and its mode of transmission is unknown. Several theories exist which attempt to explain howDientamoebamay be transmitted. One theory suggests that animals are responsible for the transmission ofDientamoeba. However, reports ofDientamoebain animals are sporadic and most are not supported by molecular evidence. Another theory suggests thatDientamoebamay be transmitted via the ova of a helminth. Given that the closest relative ofDientamoebais transmitted via the ova of a helminth, this theory seems plausible. It has also been suggested thatDientamoebacould be transmitted directly between humans. This theory also seems plausible given that other relatives ofDientamoebaare transmitted in this way. Despite numerous investigations,Dientamoeba's mode of transmission remains unknown. This review discusses the strengths and weaknesses of theories relating toDientamoeba's mode of transmission and, by doing so, indicates where gaps in current knowledge exist. Where information is lacking, suggestions are made as to how future research could improve our knowledge on the life cycle ofDientamoeba.
Emerging paramyxoviruses: molecular mechanisms and antiviral strategies
Authors: Aguilar Hector C. , Lee Benhur
Published: February 2011

In recent years, several paramyxoviruses have emerged to infect humans, including previously unidentified zoonoses. Hendra and Nipah viruses (henipaviruses within this family) were first identified in the 1990s in Australia, Malaysia and Singapore, causing epidemics with high mortality and morbidity rates in affected animals and humans. Other paramyxoviruses, such as Menangle virus, Tioman virus, human metapneumovirus and avian paramyxovirus 1, which cause less morbidity in humans, have also been recently identified. Although the Paramyxoviridae family of viruses has been previously recognised as biomedically and veterinarily important, the recent emergence of these paramyxoviruses has focused our attention on this family. Antiviral drugs can be designed to target specific important determinants of the viral life cycle. Therefore, identifying and understanding the mechanistic underpinnings of viral entry, replication, assembly and budding will be critical in the development of antiviral therapeutic agents. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms discovered and the antiviral strategies pursued in recent years for emerging paramyxoviruses, with particular emphasis on viral entry and exit mechanisms.
The Contribution of Gifts to the Household Economy of Low-Income Families
Authors: Taylor Sarah , Brown Chris Warburton
Published: February 2011

Measurements of income at the household level have traditionally only recorded income received by household members. This has generally been reflected in qualitative research. However, using interview data from two studies of British mothers and children on low incomes, we find that for some, cash and in-kind transfers from family and friends outside the household form a significant proportion of household income. In some cases, income is doubled once gifts are included. Thus, gifts make a substantial contribution to living standards, both quantitatively and qualitatively. The implications of this finding for income measurement are discussed, and further research is recommended.