bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bi5+, Bi(3−x)+, and Oxygen Vacancy Induced BiOClxI1−x Solid Solution toward Promoting Visible‐Light Driven Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Zhang Guoqiang , Cai Lei , Zhang Yanfeng , Wei Yu
Published: February 2018

BiOClxI1−x solid solutions with different band gaps were synthesized by adjusting the initial Cl to I molar ratios through a chemical precipitation method at room temperature. The structures, morphologies and optical properties of the samples were characterized by XRD, XPS, Raman, SEM, TEM and UV/Vis, respectively. The photocatalytic experiments showed that the BiOCl0.9I0.1 sample totally decomposed a large concentration of 50 mg L−1 aqueous Rhodamine B (RhB) solution within 12 minutes under visible light irradiation (λ>420 nm), which is 11 times higher than that of pure BiOI. Furthermore, the electron band structure and density of states of BiOCl, BiOI and BiOClxI1−x have been investigated using the DFT (density functional theory) calculation method and electrochemical methods. It was found that there are multiple crystal defects of Bi5+, Bi(3−x)+, and oxygen vacancies in the BiOClxI1−x samples. The results for Mott–Schottky plots and valence‐band XPS spectra showed the position of conduction band (CB) for BiOCl0.9I0.1 was up‐shifted, which is favourable to the redox capacity for the photocatalysts. It could be elucidated that the synergistic effects of multiple crystal defects and unique band structure are critical to improving solar driven photocatalytic activity. This work provides a new highlight toward the construction of high property photocatalysts by tuning the crystal defect and band structure in a simple and efficient way.
Experimental and numerical study on a novel microfluidic method to fabricate curcumin loaded calcium alginate microfibres
Authors: Ghelich Pejman , Salehi Zeinab , Mohajerzedeh Shams , Jafarkhani Mahboubeh
Published: February 2018

In this research, we first performed a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study of the effects of the inlet solution's concentration and channel height to produce microfibres in a microfluidic system by COMSOL 5.3 to find the optimum ratio of sheath to core flow rate. It proved that the ratio of sheath to core flow rate should considered more than 1 to have jet regime in the microchannel. The results show that the level of Ca2+ diffusion in an alginate inlet solution has a direct and reverse correlation with the initial sheath solution's concentration and initial core solution's concentration, respectively. Secondly, the response surface methodology (RSM) in Design Expert 7.0.0, was used to investigate the effects of alginate and calcium chloride flow rates on the average microfibres' diameter. We found that the best value of Ca2+ concentration in the core flow to produce fine appropriate microfibres is 150 mol/m3. Then, we developed a microchip using lithography, in which a silicon wafer was etched vertically instead of using a SU‐8 photo resist on glass, causing a significant improvement in the quality of channels and mould. The SEM images revealed low roughness of fabricated micro‐channels, which was eye‐catching. Eventually, the possibility of using the microfibres as polymeric carriers for hydrophobic drugs was investigated, and then fluorescent microscopic images of the loaded fibres indicated that the drug is well‐loaded onto the fibres: the results are promising.
Novel Peroxides as Promising Anticancer Agents with Unexpected Depressed Antimalarial Activity
Authors: Coghi Paolo , Yaremenko Ivan A. , Prommana Parichat , Radulov Peter S. , Syroeshkin Mikhail A. , Wu Yu Jun , Gao Jia Ying , Gordillo Floria M. , Mok Simon , Wong Vincent Kam Wai , Uthaipibull Chairat , Terent'ev Alexander O.
Published: February 2018

Twenty six peroxides belonging to bridged 1,2,4,5‐tetraoxanes, bridged 1,2,4‐trioxolanes (ozonides), and tricyclic monoperoxides were evaluated for their in vitro antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum (3D7) and for their cytotoxic activities against immortalized human normal fibroblast (CCD19Lu), liver (LO2), and lung (BEAS‐2B) cell lines as well as human liver (HepG2) and lung (A549) cancer‐cell lines. Synthetic ozonides were shown to have the highest cytotoxicity on HepG2 (IC50=0.19–0.59 μm), and some of these compounds selectively targeted liver cancer (selectivity index values for compounds 13 a and 14 a are 20 and 28, respectively) at levels that, in some cases, were higher than those of paclitaxel, artemisinin, and artesunic acid. In contrast some ozonides showed only moderate antimalarial activity against the chloroquine‐sensitive 3D7 strain of P. falciparum (IC50 from 2.76 to 24.2 μm; 12 b, IC50=2.76 μm; 13 a, IC50=20.14 μm; 14 a, IC50=6.32 μm). These results suggest that these derivatives have divergent mechanisms of action against cancer cells and malaria‐infected cells. A cyclic voltammetry study of the peroxides was performed, but most of the compounds did not show direct correlation in oxidative capacity–activity. Our findings offer a new source of antimalarial and anticancer agents through structural modification of peroxide compounds.
The influence of color on impulsiveness and arousal: Part 1 – Hue
Authors: Duan Yiting , Rhodes Peter A. , Cheung Vien
Published: February 2018

Impulsiveness and arousal are two similar yet distinct emotional and behavioral states that have been shown to be influenced by color in many fields, such as clothing and environment design. This series of studies investigates the fundamental theory of how color impacts on people's impulsiveness and arousal states. To achieve this goal, psychophysical methods were used to examine the impact of color environment on impulsiveness and arousal. Two main factors were used to quantify them: response time and error rate in problem solving. The psychophysical experiment was designed to examine whether, in a particular color environment, the response time and error rate were different. Participants sat in front of a large TV screen showing different colored backgrounds against which a range of psychometric tests were completed. The color backgrounds varied in hue. During the experiment, participants were required to give their responses to each of the psychometric tests as quickly and accurately as possible. The results showed that different colors can significantly influence response time and error rate, which suggests that color has a distinct influence on impulsiveness and arousal. Gender difference has also been investigated. This article mainly discusses hue influence on impulsiveness and arousal. The influence of chroma along with hue will be explored in the next article.
Odour Detection Threshold Determination of Volatile Compounds in Topical Skin Formulations
Authors: Thomsen Birgitte R. , Hyldig Grethe , Taylor Richard , Blenkiron Peter , Jacobsen Charlotte
Published: February 2018

Several studies have shown that lipid oxidation can occur in topical skin formulations, but the impact of the individual volatile compounds on off‐odour has not yet been determined. In this study, lipid oxidation is investigated in prototype skin care formulations. Firstly, lipid oxidation volatile compounds that increased in concentration during storage are identified. The results show that the concentration of six volatile compounds increased above previously reported odour detection threshold values in water. These volatile compounds are selected for odour detection threshold value determination and also odour description by a trained sensory panel. In one case, the odour detection threshold value is 50 times higher (less detectable) in skin care products than in water, whereas for other volatile compounds the odour detection threshold value is only 1.5 times higher. The odour description of the volatile compounds is, in most cases, different from that reported in literature. The observed differences are hypothesised to be due to a masking effect of the base odour of the skin care product(s), a volatile‐retaining power of the base matrix and to a cocktail effect of the combined odours from different volatile oxidation products.

Practical Application: In this study, the impact of volatile compounds on off‐odour is explored in prototype skin care formulations. The odour detection threshold value and odour description are determined for butanal, pentanal, 3‐methyl‐1‐butanol, 2‐ethyl furan, 2‐pentyl furan and 1‐heptanol in prototype skin care formulations.

Overview of the different odour descriptors of the same volatile (3‐methyl‐1‐butanol) when found in topical skin formulations with different lipid contents.
POCl3‐Promoted Trifluoromethylthiolation‐Based Vicinal Bifunctionalization of Indoles with CF3SO2Na
Authors: Sun Dong‐Wei , Jiang Xu , Jiang Min , Lin Yun , Liu Jin‐Tao
Published: February 2018

An efficient trifluoromethylthiolation‐based vicinal bifunctionalization of indoles with sodium trifluoromethanesulfinate in the presence of phosphorus oxychloride were achieved to introduce a chlorine atom into the 2‐position under transition‐metal‐free and mild conditions. The protocol could also extend to other sodium perfluoroalkanesulfinates or phosphorus oxybromide. The possible pathway was proposed based on the experimental results.
Improved multislope MUSCL reconstruction on unstructured grids for shallow water equations
Authors: Zhao J. , Özgen I. , Liang D. , Hinkelmann R.
Published: February 2018

In shallow water flow and transport modeling, the monotonic upstream‐centered scheme for conservation laws (MUSCL) is widely used to extend the original Godunov scheme to second‐order accuracy. The most important step in MUSCL‐type schemes is MUSCL reconstruction, which calculate‐extrapolates the values of independent variables from the cell center to the edge. The monotonicity of the scheme is preserved with the help of slope limiters that prevent the occurrence of new extrema during reconstruction. On structured grids, the calculation of the slope is straightforward and usually based on a 2‐point stencil that uses the cell centers of the neighbor cell and the so‐called far‐neighbor cell of the edge under consideration. On unstructured grids, the correct choice for the upwind slope becomes nontrivial. In this work, 2 novel total variation diminishing schemes are developed based on different techniques for calculating the upwind slope and the downwind slope. An additional treatment that stabilizes the scheme is discussed. The proposed techniques are compared to 2 existing MUSCL reconstruction techniques, and a detailed discussion of the results is given. It is shown that the proposed MUSCL reconstruction schemes obtain more accurate results with less numerical diffusion and higher efficiency.
A simple three‐wave approximate Riemann solver for the Saint‐Venant‐Exner equations
Authors: Audusse E. , Chalons C. , Ung P.
Published: February 2018

Erosion and sediments transport processes have a great impact on industrial structures and on water quality. Despite its limitations, the Saint‐Venant‐Exner system is still (and for sure for some years) widely used in industrial codes to model the bedload sediment transport. In practice, its numerical resolution is mostly handled by a splitting technique that allows a weak coupling between hydraulic and morphodynamic distinct softwares but may suffer from important stability issues. In recent works, many authors proposed alternative methods based on a strong coupling that cure this problem but are not so trivial to implement in an industrial context. In this work, we then pursue 2 objectives. First, we propose a very simple scheme based on an approximate Riemann solver, respecting the strong coupling framework, and we demonstrate its stability and accuracy through a number of numerical test cases. However, second, we reinterpret our scheme as a splitting technique and we extend the purpose to propose what should be the minimal coupling that ensures the stability of the global numerical process in industrial codes, at least, when dealing with collocated finite volume method. The resulting splitting method is, up to our knowledge, the only one for which stability properties are fully demonstrated.
Bioethics as care work
Authors: Reynolds Joel Michael
Published: February 2018

German philosopher Martin Heidegger argued that humans are defined by care. The term he used, “Sorge,” picks out a wide range of caring relations, including sorrow, worry, the making of arrangements, and even fending for another. Since coming to The Hastings Center, I've been struck by the genuine care definitive of its scholars’ relationship to their work. Care about newborns, the elderly, and nonhuman animals. Care about doctors, nurses, and health care institutions. Care expressed in the panoply of ways biomedical knowledge and practices inform our havings, doings, and beings in the world. Perhaps in its better moments, bioethics just is care work. But care work is hard and messy.
Time Is Ethics
Authors: Mercurio Mark
Published: February 2018

Early in my career as a neonatologist, I was called into the hospital for a newborn who would not stop crying. Screaming, really. When I entered the unit, I was greeted by a loud, shrill, distinctive cry. After hearing the history and examining the baby, I just stood there for a while, watching and listening. It took some time, but eventually, I noticed a subtle regularity, a rhythmicity. I took off my watch, placed it on the bed next to the child, and found that the crying briefly grew louder about every six or seven seconds. This baby was having an atypical seizure. This preliminary diagnosis was followed by a conversation with the parents and a neurologist, transfer to the nearby academic center for an extensive evaluation, and the eventual demise of the child from a poorly understood disease. About a year later, I walked into the same unit and heard a cry I had heard only once before. I looked over to see the same mother at a newborn's bedside, with tears in her eyes, looking back at me. She knew what the coming days held for her and for her second child. That was over twenty years ago, but two images, or moments, remain with me. One is the watch on the bed next to the first baby; the other is the mother's expression of sadness the morning the second child was born. The image of the timepiece is perhaps instructive.
The impact of aging on different types of health care: The example of the Polish health insurance system
Authors: Kocot Ewa
Published: February 2018

The aging phenomenon, which is being observed all over the world, can strongly affect health policy and a planning in the health care sector. However, the impact of demographic changes on different parts of it can be varied. The main objective of this study was to check the possible impact of aging on health expenditure (HE) regarding different types of health care and to evaluate whether this impact is significant for all analyzed areas. To show a relationship between age and HE a special indicator (old‐age sensitivity) was defined, showing a difference between the standardized value of HE per capita in the age group 65+ and in the group 20 to 64 (defined as the reference group). Then a simple prognosis of expenditure was prepared. Both analyses were done separately for 11 types of health care services and 2 types of goods reimbursement. The results show that while sensitivity varies between the different types of care, however, it is strong in most of them. Because of the prognosis, the expenditure will be increasing for the 9 types of care and decreasing for 4 of them. While in the case of the low values of sensitivity the HE is actually decreasing, the high value of sensitivity does not result in a growing tendency. Our main conclusion is that it is very important for health policy and planning to take into account the diversity of the types of health care and the different influences of changes in the size and structure of population on them.
Quantifying threats to groundwater resources in the Republic of Maldives Part II: Recovery from tsunami marine overwash events
Authors: Alsumaiei Abdullah A. , Bailey Ryan T.
Published: February 2018

Marine overwash events are among the most serious short‐term threats to groundwater supply of small coral islands. During such events, seawater can inundate small islands partially or completely, causing salinization of the aquifer. A comprehensive knowledge of freshwater lens recovery is essential for water planners on these islands. In this study, a numerical modelling approach is used to quantify recovery of the freshwater lens on 4 islands of the Maldives after a tsunami‐induced overwash event similar to that experienced from the Indian Ocean earthquake in December 2004. The islands vary in size (0.2 to 10.1 km2) and span the climatic regions of the Maldives. A tested 3‐dimensional SEAWAT groundwater model for each island is used to simulate the recovery process. Recharge rates from historical rainfall data and from global climate models are imposed on each island during the post‐overwash recovery period. The effect of groundwater pumping on lens recovery also is examined. Results show abrupt decrease in fresh groundwater volumes for each island, followed by recovery that is significantly influenced by island size and recharge patterns. Overall, salinization is more widespread on small islands (<1 km2), but recovery is more rapid than for large islands. Between 50% and 90% of lens recovery occurs after 2 years for small islands (<1 km2) whereas only 35% and 55% for large islands. Imposing pumping rates required to sustain the local population lengthened the recovery time between 5% and 15%, with smaller islands having the higher percentage. However, the governing factor on recovery time is the spatial extent of land surface inundation by the overwash event, with wave height and duration of the event having a negligible impact. A strong relationship exists between required recovery time and island surface area, thereby providing a method to determine recovery time for other atoll islands not investigated in this study with similar geologic structure. Our results can be used to aid in managing water resources during the post‐overwash period.
Factors associated with the desire for companionship during labor in a Nigerian community
Authors: Adeyemi Adebanjo B. , Fatusi Adesegun O. , Phillips Abimbola S. , Olajide Folakemi O. , Awowole Ibraheem O. , Orisawayi Ayoola O.
Published: February 2018

Objective

To determine preferences for companionship during labor and to identify associated factors.

Methods

The present prospective cross‐sectional survey was conducted at a university teaching hospital in Nigeria between September 1, 2011, and February 28, 2012. Participants included women who underwent the first stage of labor and delivery at the facility, male partners, and healthcare workers from the maternity unit. Data were collected using a pretested questionnaire.

Results

There were 226 parturients, 158 male partners, and 69 healthcare workers included in the final analysis; in all, 50 (22.1%) parturients and 37 (23.4%) male partners approved of companionship during labor, whereas 62 (90%) healthcare workers supported it. Among those who approved, a parturient's male partner was stated to be the preferred companion by 33 (66%) parturients, 32 (86%) male partners, and 58 (94%) healthcare workers. The perception of conduciveness of the labor ward for companionship was associated with approving of companionship among both the parturients (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.74) and male partners (aOR 15.79). Previous home delivery (aOR 31.43) and companionship during a previous delivery (aOR 23.00) were also associated with approval.

Conclusion

Most couples had negative attitudes toward companionship during labor. Intensive education programs and restructuring of facilities could enable Nigerian labor wards to improve the delivery experience for both parturients and their male partners.
Incorporating Emerging Voices Into the Assessment Process
Authors: Grabau Ashli A. , Stolzenberg Ellen Bara
Published: February 2018

This chapter addresses emerging voices in the assessment process. These emerging voices include a variety of newly assessed aspects of student identity. Emerging voices also include new institutional participants and unique collaborations previously not commonly considered in the assessment process.
New(er) Methods and Tools in Student Affairs Assessment
Authors: Ro Hyun Kyoung , Menard Tiffany , Kniess Dena , Nickelsen Ashley
Published: February 2018

This chapter provides examples of innovative methods and tools to collect, analyze, and report both quantitative and qualitative data in student affairs assessment.
Challenges and Barriers
Authors: Balser Tina J. , Kniess Dena
Published: February 2018

This chapter discusses how challenges and barriers may arise during the assessment process and shares solutions and best practices.
Summary and Implications
Authors: Harper Casandra E. , Ro Hyun Kyoung
Published: February 2018

This chapter provides a summary of the chapters within this volume as well as implications for research and practice.
Effect of Accumulated Lime‐Softening Slurry on Magnesium Reduction
Authors: Tuepker Jonathan L. , Hartung Herbert O.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses an example of reducing magnesium by lime‐softening in the Meramec River water source in the presence of accumulated softening slurry, to an amount that will not precipitate in 140°F domestic hot water heaters and will not require recarbonation. The lime dose for this purpose should not exceed the raw‐water alkalinity equivalent plus 34.24 ppm. The slurry concentration for contacting should be about 5 per cent by weight and should be from softening products only, being virtually free of activated silica, coagulant, and turbidity. If large amounts of magnesium solids are accumulated in the slurry, and are not removed with the effluent water, the slurry becomes less effective as a softening aid. Mixing and contacting time for the softening reactions should be about 30 min.
Value and Use of System Records in Long‐Range Planning
Authors: Kincaid Russell G.
Published: February 2018

The records that most utilities keep on supply and treatment facilities are, when properly interpreted, usually adequate for planning purposes. In the long‐range planning of supply and treatment facilities, the most useful records are those that show the historical trend in demand. The average annual day, the maximum day, and maximum hour for about 20 years should be known. Records of hourly pumpage and consumption for several maximum days each year should be studied and summarized. Sufficient record data should be studied annually to develop daily‐demand curves for maximum days and maximum weeks. The weekly‐demand curves should sometimes be developed for filtration rates, low‐service pumping, high‐service pumping, and high‐service consumption. In order to anticipate what improvements will be necessary in the supply facilities of any given utility, reliable information must be available on separate plant elements. This includes information on the overall hydraulic limitations of the plant and each of its elements, the safe rated capacity of all basins and filter units, the delivery, under present and future head conditions, of all low‐ and high‐service pumps, operating both individually and in various combinations (including the largest unit out of service), and the capacity of all basin equipment and chemical handling and feeding equipment. In short, sufficient data must be available to insure that the weakest link in the plant chain can be strengthened before any break actually develops.
Municipalities, Contractors, and Engineers–a Lawyer's Viewpoint
Authors: Tunstead Richard H.
Published: February 2018

This article provides a lawyer's viewpoint on the relationships among the laws concerning municipalities, contractors, and engineers.
Industrial Use and Conservation at Kingston
Authors: Helmrich William
Published: February 2018

This article discusses advanced methods of industrial water use and conservation at International Business Machines Corporation in Kingston, New York. The major water requirements of the plant are presented, along with plant facilities, conservation practices and water‐saving devices, safeguards, and improvements being considered in water efficiency.
Architectural Treatment for Water Utility Structures
Authors: Harrison Ronald , Emery Paul M.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses three aspects of architecture in water utility installations: economic factors; land use requirements; and, aesthetic considerations. Being a matter of taste as well as function, architecture is a controversial issue even among architects, and it is often possible to find as many opponents as proponents for any particular design. Therefore, in this discussion of aesthetic considerations, the authors express only their own opinions (which, because there are two authors, were at times in opposition and required compromise), and there may be some disagreement with the views set forth in this discussion.
Advancements in Steel Storage Facilities
Authors: Jackson James O.
Published: February 2018

This article begins by providing a brief overview of the uses of water storage tanks, including variables that should be evaluated to determine the storage volume needed. Different types of tanks are discussed, along with the advantages of using steel in storage tank construction.
Cumulative Distribution Method for Evaluating Series of Fluoride Ion Test Results
Authors: Taylor Floyd B.
Published: February 2018

This study found that the cumulative distribution method for analyzing a series of fluoride ion test results is a simple and useful method for determining the true course of the fluoridation process. Optimum results of fluoridation, in terms of caries reductions, can be anticipated only when mean fluoride ion values are consistently maintained at the optimum value for the area concerned.
Experiences in the Use of Porous‐Plate Filter Bottoms
Authors: Roe Frank C.
Published: February 2018

During the past 20 years, most water utility men have heard or read something about porous‐plate filter underdrains and know that the use of such construction has been extensive. Progress in its use has been based on the benefits derived through elimination of graded gravel as a filter medium support, the chief benefit being that porous‐plate filter bottoms make it impossible for a bed to be upset. The first experimental studies took two courses. The first material tried was the smallest size of the usual supporting gravel, bonded with portland cement to form a porous slab. This proved unsuccessful in a comparatively short time, because the meager, semisoluble cement bond was completely inadequate to hold the gravel granules together. The second material tried was ceramically bonded porous plates. It was believed that a glassy bond fired in a high‐temperature kiln is both strong enough mechanically and sufficiently insoluble to provide permanent construction. Two independent tests were made of ceramically bonded plates, the first at the University of Texas and the second at Providence, R.I. These were made, respectively, with silicate‐bonded silica granules and clay‐bonded, fused aluminum oxide granules. The granules of these materials were relatively small compared with the pea gravel previously tried. The test plates were of the grade then used for air diffusion of small bubbles into sewage, and the available pore opening was considerably smaller than the interstices between ordinary sand particles. The Texas experiment proved that the basic idea was mechanically sound, but the raw water was not treated before filtration, and it was not possible to establish overall performance over a period of time. In contrast, the Providence experiment paralleled operation in the city's water treatment plant. As might have been expected, the underdrain plates eventually became clogged by the small solids that were able to pass through the filter medium. It was recognized that it was necessary to support filter media on a material with pore spaces larger than the interstices between the filter sand or anthracite granules. Thus, it can confidently be said that porous‐plate filter bottoms will not clog if the selection is correct in the first place, and if the treatment plant is operated normally. Several special situations that can result in clogging are discussed in the article.
Monitoring the Ohio River for Synthetic‐Detergent Content
Authors: Weaver Paul J. , Coughlin Francis J.
Published: February 2018

The average concentration of surface‐ active agents in the Ohio River at Cincinnati, based on weekly analyses with the methylene blue procedure over a 5‐year period, has been 0.16 ppm, measured as “apparent ABS.” (ABS is the abbreviation for alkyl benzene sulfonate, the principal surfactant in household synthetic detergents.) This is a small concentration, particularly when compared with the 1‐ppm concentration reported as the approximate value at which light frothing may first appear. During this period there was no increase or build‐up of the apparent ABS content, and no water treatment problems that might be associated with detergents were reported. These results are based on a monitoring program started by Procter & Gamble Co., Cincinnati, Ohio, early in 1954. The program was established as a part of the work of the Detergent Subcommittee of the Chemical Industry Committee, advisory to the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission (Orsanco). This subcommittee was formed at the suggestion of Edward J. Cleary, executive director and chief engineer of Orsanco, to aid in the appraisal of questions concerning the possible effects of synthetic detergents in water and sewage. Probably the most significant of the various steps taken by the Detergent Subcommittee was that of enlisting the support of the Association of American Soap & Glycerine Producers, New York, N.Y., in a major research effort directed toward answering the questions about the effects of synthetic detergents. The association's research has been reported at its 1956‐1959 annual conventions by Coughlin and Moss. The monitoring program on the Ohio River, however, is not so well known. This article discusses that program and its results.
Reliability of MPN Indexes of Coliform Organisms
Authors: Noble Ralph E.
Published: February 2018

The MPN method is accepted for estimating the coliform population in water, and is set forth in Standard Methods. Analyses of variance procedures are available in elementary texts on statistical methods. These two standard procedures were combined to study the interpretation of MPN values. Shortly after the beginning of this study, a similar project was undertaken by J. A. McCarthy, chief of the Lawrence, Massachusetts, Experiment Station. The data from Lawrence were made available for comparison. As a result of the experimental and statistical evidence obtained, it is possible for bacteriologists to: have more confidence in their data; compare the reliability of data from different laboratories working with the same general type of source material; realize that unusual fluctuations in coliform indexes may be caused by factors other than laboratory technique; and, determine, more effectively, the characteristics of the environmental changes that cause these fluctuations. The use of duplicate MPN determinations from the same source is the most important change in procedure introduced in both projects. The customary examination of individual MPN's and their averages was not made. The use of duplicate MPN's and duplicate samples, however, made it possible to investigate the variation characteristic of successive steps in the sampling and laboratory techniques. These techniques and methods of interpretation made it possible to detect changes in the coliform population and to interpret the changes more effectively.
Establishment and Use of Work Standards in Utility Maintenance and Construction
Authors: Adelmann Charles B.
Published: February 2018

The objective of this paper was to establish a scientific basis for the measurement of supervision. The paper discusses the concept of work measurement as the determination of the number of man‐hours required to perform defined work units which results in the establishment of a standard for the work unit. The technique of work sampling is discussed as a method of measuring maintenance activities from a cost standpoint, in which a number of observations are made at random, and standards are established through proven statistical methods. This particular means of measurement is most important, because it allows the economical establishment of work standards on almost any kind of work performed. A pilot study of operations is presented at an established scheduling unit at East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD). The results of this study indicated that substantial reductions in operating costs could be accomplished through work measurement and the use of standards. All operations, including maintenance and shop activities, were included in the study.
Planning Distribution Storage in Nonhilly Areas
Authors: Fee John R.
Published: February 2018

Distribution storage is necessary in order that peak demands may be served directly, either by gravity or through pumping facilities. It is not to be confused with seasonal storage, which is the impoundment of water that varies in quantity with seasonal fluctuations and the holding of it for controlled releases throughout the year. In order to determine the proper storage capacity for each community, consideration should be given to: hourly variations in water consumption in excess of the rate of inflow; the reserve needed to fight a major fire; and, the reserve needed for a shutdown of the supply facilities for inspection and minor repairs. Determination of the amount of storage needed to provide for each of these conditions is a matter of engineering analysis and judgment. Various other considerations are discussed that are not directly associated with the size of the system and the amount of water it produces but must be considered when planning distribution storage. The article also discusses alternative types of storage facilities for a water system located in a nonhilly area such as elevated storage, ground level storage, or a combination of both. The importance of keeping records of the operations of each water system for future planning of water storage requirements is stressed.
Economic Principles of Sound Main Extension Policies
Authors: Stuart Charles L.
Published: February 2018

This article begins by providing a brief overview of the economic characteristics of the privately owned water utility, including its organization, the conditions of cost under which it operates, the nature of the demand for its services, its capital investment, the sources from which its capital funds are derived, and, to some degree, the sources and distribution of its utility income. These economic characteristics of privately owned water utilities will aid in the understanding of economic principles for a sound main extension policy that includes the following: consider historical aspects; be objective; not tend to raise the rates of existing customers; protect the utility against speculation; preserve the financial ability of the utility; consider the liability for replacement inherent in all new businesses; provide a means to enable the regulated utility to compete with unregulated utilities; recognize the utility investment in water supply, system storage, transmission mains, and meters; permit the purchase of main extension contracts at current market rates; leave the choice of materials, sizing, continuing extensions, and other engineering specifications to the utility; base refunds on something other than revenue; recognize the advantage of fire protection made available through utility services; and, recognize the increase in land value that accrues when a recognized water utility pledges its water rights, service, and organization to a development.
Removal of Radionuclides From the Pasco Supply by Conventional Treatment
Authors: Junkins Robert L.
Published: February 2018

THE municipal water system of Pasco, Washington, is typical in design of many systems for similar populations and climates. The system is quite unique, however, in that the Columbia River water being treated contains radioactive materials. The presence of radionuclides leads to some interesting considerations not usually found in public water systems. Of these, the radiation exposure of those drinking the water and the reduction of this exposure by removal of nuclides at the treatment plant are of particu‐ lar interest. The nuclides considered here come from the Hanford Atomic Products Operation (HAPO), which is one of the nation's major plutonium production facilities. The plant, located in southeastern Washington, has been operated since 1946 by the General Electric Co. under contract to the AEC. The Pasco treatment facilities are approximately 39 mi downstream from the nearest reactor. Richland, although farther upstream, obtains its raw water from the Yakima River and is therefore not of interest. Kenne‐ wick obtains water from the Columbia River through a collector system which would be more difficult to evaluate in terms of water plant efficiency. A small farming community, Ringold, utilizes Columbia River water for irrigation only. For these reasons, Pasco was chosen to illustrate the distribution of radionuclides in a municipal water system and the radiation exposure to those who drink treated or untreated river water.
Progress in Chemical Handling and Feeding at Chicago
Authors: Gullans Oscar
Published: February 2018

This article discusses improvements in chemical handling and feeding at Chicago's South District Filtration Plant. Experiments have established that activated carbon can be stored in water for a year without any change in its adsorptive capacity. Discontinuing dilution of the liquid in the storage tanks has eliminated the problems of foaming and slime growths in liquid alum systems. Improvements in the handling and feeding of ferrous sulfate are discussed, along with the use of hydrofluosilicic acid for fluoridation, and as a back‐up in the event hydrofluosilicic acid is not available, the use of sodium silicofluoride for fluoridation, improvements in the handling and feeding of pebbled quicklime, the use of ammonium sulfate in chlorine‐ammonia treatment of filtered water, and the testing of five different materials for the lining of concrete or steel tanks that hold liquid chemicals.
Activities of the Senate Select Committee on National Water Resources
Authors: Schad Theodore M.
Published: February 2018

This paper discusses a water resources study done by the U.S. Senate Select Committee on National Water Resources. The results of this study will provide the primary basis for the report submitted by the committee to the Senate in January 1961. The report contains information on the following topics: the nature and extent of needed water development between now and 1980; when and where development will be needed; what the pattern of development should be; what the economic limits on development are; and, what expenditures of public and private funds can be economically justified. In short, the committee's task is to forecast national growth and social and economic changes for the next two decades, insofar as these affect or are affected by water. Because water is involved in almost every human activity, this undertaking is of almost limitless proportions. The committee hopes that its findings will provide an effective guide for determining the public policy and programs of resources development that will enable the best possible use to be made of available water. The committee is not likely to recommend specific projects; instead, it will probably indicate the nature and extent of development required for each river basin and recommend legislative policy that will assist in meeting those requirements.
Problems of Waste Disposal and Ground Water Quality
Authors: Rorabaugh Matthew I.
Published: February 2018

Wastes will continue to enter freshwater aquifers in the future as they have in the past. The anticipated growth in population, industry, and technology will produce vastly greater quantities and new types of waste. The most obvious method of protection of the aquifers is treatment of the waste at its source; however, complete treatment may be out of economic reach. Intentional recharge with some types of waste will certainly be continued. In order to meet the challenge of the next few decades, a substantial amount of research and field investigation will be needed in the geologic, hydrologic, chemical, physical, and geophysical phases of the problem. Water and waste management programs cannot be successful unless tools are provided to do the job.
Use of Aerial Photography for Preparation of Distribution System Maps
Authors: Staub William S. , Bollinger Cramer G.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the use of aerial photography for making maps pertaining to water utility use. Preliminary studies of the area to be mapped are discussed, along with flight data, ground control, selection of appropriate enlargements of the aerial photography, photo tracings by draftsmen, and final field‐checking.
Submersible Water Well Pumps
Authors: Erickson Claud R.
Published: February 2018

Practically all large metropolitan areas obtain their water supply from lakes, rivers, or reservoirs, but most smaller towns and a good number of larger cities pump their water from deep wells. The search for additional water in areas served by deep wells has led to deeper and deeper wells and pump settings. This article describes in some detail the various types of submersible pump motors on the market, including the advantages of using this type of pump over the conventional line shaft deep well pump. The article touches briefly on some of the basic precautions that should be taken in the installation and testing of these units.
Low‐Temperature Liquid Lime Slaking at Howard Bend Treatment Plant
Authors: Schworm William B.
Published: February 2018

This paper begins by providing a brief overview of the development of lime slakers and the importance of water temperature to the speed and efficiency to the slaking process. The paper then discusses tests that were conducted at Howard Bend Station, Chesterfield, Missouri, to determine whether lime could be slaked efficiently at low temperatures without the use of heat exchangers, with cold water and with the temperature of the slaker controlled by the rate of flow of tap water to the tank.
Concepts of Policy in the Formulation of So‐Called Standards of Health and Safety
Authors: Wolman Abel
Published: February 2018

The staff of the Joint Congressional Committee on Atomic Energy has posed two primary questions for this discussion. They deal with the exploration of the evolution of standards in the fields of health and safety, other than standards pertaining to radiation control. Such an exploration should reveal precedents, similarities, differences, and difficulties that may make the task of guiding public policy in radiation control more rational or more universally acceptable and intelligible. The questions are paraphrased as follows: for hazards other than radiation, what have been typical practices in public health in developing protection criteria, with particular reference to benefits, risks, and costs in the broadest social and economic sense; and, how do common arguments, applied to radiation hazard, appear if applied to historically more familiar hazards? Fortunately, detailed elaborations of answers to these questions are now available in the articles by Parker, Weber, Taylor, Williams, and others in the joint committee publication of May 1960. This document of approximately 1,250 pages provides a comprehensive review of the assigned subject. This article provides brief generalizations of the wealth of data already in print, with the hope of delineating some historical peaks and troughs for guidance in the effort to establish standards. The need for standards, previous standards and revisions, calculated risks, safety factors for the public, higher standards, and standards for radiation are all discussed.
Paints and Resins for Steel Tanks
Authors: Jackson James O.
Published: February 2018

Joint Committee 8710 J‐Steel Standpipes and Elevated Tanks, is preparing a complete revision of AWWA Standard D102, which deals with the painting of elevated tanks and standpipes. Many improved paints that depend on the use of new synthetic resins have become available since the publication of the previous standard. Therefore, this article discusses the properties of resins and their influence on the performance of paints. Topics covered include the following: red‐lead‐linseed oil paints; phenolic resins; alkyd resins; vinyl resins; chlorinated rubber; epoxy resins; silicones; nitrocellulose; styrene; coumarone‐indene resins; and, inorganic coatings and resin mixtures.
Effect of Fish Poisons on Water Supplies Part 1. Removal of Toxic Materials
Authors: Cohen Jesse M. , Kamphake Lawrence J. , Lemke Armond E. , Henderson Croswell , Woodward Richard L.
Published: February 2018

This is the first of three articles on the effect of fish poisons on water supplies. Parts 2 and 3, to be published in later issues of the Journal, will deal with odor problems and a field study, respectively. This article discusses the removal of toxic materials from the water supply source, particularly related to fish management practices. Managers of fisheries sometimes find it necessary to remove an entire fish population from a body of water to eliminate stunted populations or coarse fish, and to enable restocking with fry or fingerlings of suitable species for recreational sport fishing. Much work has been done on the development of suitable piscicides. Cost, ease of application, safety, and effectiveness in destroying fish populations are the major considerations in the selection of a compound. The deliberate addition of a fish toxicant to a water supply source requires careful appraisal of its effect on water quality and safety, including the following: toxicity of active agents to humans, other mammals, and to fish in household aquariums; effects of fish poison formulations and components on water treatment processes and, conversely, the effects of treatment on these compounds; tastes and odors produced by the components of the formulations; and, effects on water quality that may result from decomposing fish. Activated carbon treatment is discussed as far as its effectiveness in removing small amounts of organic material, along with the effectiveness of chlorine in removing known amounts of fish poisons, and the use of chlorine dioxide for removing taste and odor problems.
Suggested Amperometric Titration Method for Determining Dissolved Oxygen
Authors: Goldman Eugene , Dietz Bernard
Published: February 2018

This article discusses amperometric titration, a popular method for the determination of free and total chlorine in water. The method, replacing the usual starch iodine titration, has been successfully used to titrate sulfide. The principle, advantages, and disadvantages of using this method are presented, along with apparatus, reagents, procedures, and calculations used by the method.
Five Years of Experience With Desalinization at Morro Bay
Authors: Bruce Albert W.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the use of seawater evaporators at the Morro Bay, California, plant, which proved to be the least costly method of producing a freshwater supply for the plant. This demonstrates that it is possible to locate a plant on the seashore if the site is desirable but does not have freshwater. The submerged‐tube evaporator sets for Units 1 and 2 were effective for producing freshwater from seawater. The use of copper‐bearing, carbon‐steel‐welded shells for the evaporator shells was satisfactory, although some corrosion did occur. Scale control was maintained at a small cost of 2.5 cents per 1,000 gal of freshwater. The total cost of freshwater at full capacity was estimated to be $2.50 per 1,000 gal, with fuel costing 35 cents per 1,000,000 Btu. This cost can be reduced with newer types of seawater evaporators.