bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recognition of the syndiotactic polypropylene polymorphs via dynamic‐mechanical analysis
Authors: Gorrasi Giuliana , Guadagno Liberata , D'Aniello Concetta , Naddeo Carlo , Romano Gennaro , Vittoria Vittoria
Published: November 2003

Three syndiotactic polypropylene samples were crystallized under different conditions in order to obtain different polymorphs. A first sample was crystallized at high temperature, obtaining the helical form I; a second was crystallized from the melt at 0°C for many days obtaining the trans‐planar mesophase; a third sample was obtained by solvent induced crystallization followed by annaeling of the trans‐planar mesophase, leading to a mixture of both the helical forms I and II. In the dynamic‐mechanical analysis the helical form I showed only one peak of tan δ corresponding to the amorphous glass transition. The other polymorphs also showed this transition centered at about the same temperature. Beside the peak corresponding to the Tg, the trans‐planar mesophase was characterized by a peak appearing at 70°C, and the helical form II by a peak at 100°C. These peaks, unambiguously associated to transitions of the different forms, can be considered a distinctive evidence for the polymorphs obtained in different processing conditions.
A real options perspective on entrepreneurial entry in the face of uncertainty
Authors: O'Brien Jonathan P. , Folta Timothy B. , Johnson Douglas R.
Published: November 2003

In this paper we develop and test theory regarding whether entrepreneurs contemplating starting a new venture account for the value of the option to defer the entry decision. While others have illuminated the theoretical applicability of real options theory to entrepreneurship, empirical evidence in this context is lacking. Consistent with predictions derived from real options theory, we find that high uncertainty in the target industry dissuades entry, and that the irreversibility of the entry decision moderates this relationship. Furthermore, we find that the irreversibility of the investment decision can be influenced by industry‐level, firm‐level and even individual‐level factors. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical derivation of contact mechanics interface laws using a finite element approach for large 3D deformation
Authors: Bandeira Alex Alves , Wriggers Peter , de Mattos Pimenta Paulo
Published: November 2003

In this work a homogenization method is presented to obtain by numerical simulation interface laws for normal contact pressure based on statistical surface models. For this purpose and assuming elastic behaviour of the asperities, the interface law of Kragelsky et al. (Friction and Wear–Calculation Methods, Pergamon, 1982) is chosen for comparison. The non‐penetration condition and interface models for contact that take into account the surface micro‐structure are investigated in detail. A theoretical basis for the three‐dimensional contact problem with finite deformations is shortly presented. The augmented Lagrangian method is then used to solve the contact problem with friction. The algorithms for frictional contact are derived based on a slip rule using backward Euler integration like in plasticity. Special attention was dedicated to the consistent derivation of the contact equations between finite element surfaces. A matrix formulation for a node‐to‐surface contact element is derived consisting of a master surface segment with four nodes and a contacting slave node. It was also necessary to consider the special cases of node‐to‐edge contact and node‐to‐node contact in order to achieve the desired asymptotic quadratic convergence in the Newton method. A numerical example is selected to show the ability of the contact formulation and the algorithm to represent interface law for rough surfaces. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization of stress modes by energy compatibility for 4‐node hybrid quadrilaterals
Authors: Xie Xiaoping , Zhou Tianxiao
Published: November 2003

Optimal hybrid stress quadrilaterals can be obtained by adopting appropriate stresses and displacements, and satisfying the energy compatibility condition is shown to be an ultimate key to obtaining optimal stress modes. By using compatible isoparametric bilinear (Q4) displacements and 5‐parameter energy compatible stresses of the combined hybrid finite element CH(0‐1), a robust 4‐node plane stress element ECQ4 is derived. Equivalence to another hybrid stress element LQ6 with 9‐parameter complete linear stresses based on a modified Hellinger–Reissner principle is established. A convergence analysis is given and numerical experiments show that elements ECQ4/LQ6 have high performance, i.e. are accurate at coarse meshes, insensitive to mesh distortions and free from locking. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Natively unfolded C‐terminal domain of caldesmon remains substantially unstructured after the effective binding to calmodulin
Authors: Permyakov Sergei E. , Millett Ian S. , Doniach Sebastian , Permyakov Eugene A. , Uversky Vladimir N.
Published: November 2003

The structure of C‐terminal domain (CaD136, C‐terminal residues 636–771) of chicken gizzard caldesmon has been analyzed by a variety of physico‐chemical methods. We are showing here that CaD136 does not have globular structure, has low secondary structure content, is essentially noncompact, as it follows from high Rg and RS values, and is characterized by the absence of distinct heat absorption peaks, i.e. it belongs to the family of natively unfolded (or intrinsically unstructured) proteins. Surprisingly, effective binding of single calmodulin molecule (Kd = 1.4 ± 0.2 μM) leads only to a very moderate folding of this protein and CaD136 remains substantially unfolded within its tight complex with calmodulin. The biological significance of these observations is discussed. Proteins 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Circular dichroism studies of ampullosporin‐A analogues
Authors: Nguyen Hoai‐Huong , Imhof Diana , Kronen Matthias , Gräfe Udo , Reissmann Siegmund
Published: November 2003

Ampullosporin A (AmpA), a 15mer peptaibol containing seven Aib residues is able to induce pigmentation on Phoma destructiva and hypothermia in mice, as well as to exhibit a neuroleptic effect. A circular dichroism study of ampullosporin A and its analogues was carried out in organic solvents with different polarities and detergent micelles to determine the relationship between their conformational flexibility and biological activities. The analogues were obtained by modifying the N‐ and C‐termini of ampullosporin A. Furthermore, Gln and Leu were systematically substituted by Ala and Aib residues were replaced by Ala and/or Ac6c. To estimate the helicity of the analogues, the CD spectrum of AmpA recorded in acetonitrile was correlated to its crystal structure. All analogues displayed similar CD curve shapes in organic solvents with the ratio between two negative band intensities R = [θ]n−π*/[θ]π−π* < 1. In acetonitrile, most of the analogues adopted a 70%–85% helical structure, which was higher than the average of 40%–60% obtained in TFE. In detergent micelles, the analogues were distinguishable by their CD profiles. For most of the biologically active analogues, the CD spectra in detergent micelles were characterized by a R ratio > 1 and increased helicity compared with those recorded in TFE, suggesting that the interaction of the peptides with the membrane and peptide association was necessary for their hypothermic effect. Copyright © 2003 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isolation, structure elucidation and biological activities of trichofumins A, B, C and D, new 11 and 13mer peptaibols from Trichoderma sp. HKI 0276
Authors: Berg Albrecht , Grigoriev Pavel A. , Degenkolb Thomas , Neuhof Torsten , Härtl Albert , Schlegel Brigitte , Gräfe Udo
Published: November 2003

Trichofumins A–D were isolated from cultures of Trichoderma sp. HKI 0276 as new 11 and 13mer peptaibols. Similar to 15mer peptaibols they promote morphogenesis of the fungus Phoma destructiva and cause hypothermia in mice as a characteristic of neuroleptic activity. Membrane measurements using a synthetic BLM model showed that A, B, C and D increased membrane permeability for cations in a similar manner as was shown for larger peptaibols but with comparably lower efficiency. Copyright © 2003 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preoperative chemoradiation for locally advanced rectal adenocarcinoma–the University of Florida experience
Authors: Mendenhall William M. , Vauthey Jean‐Nicolas , Zlotecki Robert A. , Marsh Robert D. , Copeland Edward M.
Published: November 2003

To evaluate the efficacy of preoperative radiotherapy alone or combine with chemotherapy. Between 1975 to 1997, 318 patients with locally advanced rectal adenocarcinomas were treated with preoperative radiation therapy. Between 1991 and 1997, approximately 60% of patients received fluorouracil (5‐FU)‐based adjuvant chemotherapy. Patients treated since 1991 had improved downstaging compared with those treated prior to 1991. Patients treated between 1991 and 1997 were also more likely to undergo a sphincter preserving surgical procedure. Preoperative chemoradiation probably results in improved downstaging and survival compared with preoperative irradiation alone. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 21:261–264, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estimating uncertainty associated with acoustic surveys of spawning hoki (Macruronus novaezelandiae) in Cook Strait, New Zealand
Authors: O'Driscoll Richard L
Published: November 2003

Eleven acoustic surveys carried out between 1991 and 2002 provided estimates of the relative abundance of spawning hoki in Cook Strait, New Zealand. The precision and bias of each survey were estimated using a new Monte Carlo simulation method, which combined uncertainties associated with survey timing, sampling error, detectability, species composition, target strength, calibration coefficients, and missing strata. Because hoki have a long spawning season (more than 2 months) with turnover of fish in the survey area, survey timing was the most important source of uncertainty. Uncertainty was reduced by having a number of sub-surveys (snapshots) over a 4–6 week period, centred on the middle date of the spawning season. The other major source of uncertainty was the occurrence of 40–70% of hoki in mixed species: “hoki fuzz” marks. The acoustic analysis assumed all acoustic backscatter from hoki marks was hoki, so the presence of other species caused a positive bias in relative-abundance indices. The magnitude of this bias differed between years because the proportion of hoki in the “fuzz” marks was variable. There was additional uncertainty from the variability in the species composition of mixed marks that affected survey precision. The abundance indices were corrected for estimated bias, and the estimate of precision, expressed as the coefficient of variation or c.v., was applied to weight the results from each acoustic survey in the assessment model used to set commercial-catch limits.
Does lamivudine prophylaxis eradicate persistent HBV DNA from allografts derived from anti-HBc-positive donors?
Authors: Loss George E. , Mason Andrew L. , Nair Satheesh , Blazek Jamie , Farr Gist , Guo Linsheng , Cohen Ari J. , Eason James D.
Published: November 2003

Transplantation of livers from anti-hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc)-positive donors into anti-HBc-negative recipients is associated with a high rate of viral transmission. We report a prophylaxis regimen based on virologic evaluation of the donor. Liver and serum from hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-negative, anti-HBc-positive donors were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA. All anti-HBc-negative recipients were given a single dose of hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) during the anhepatic phase of transplantation and were placed on maintenance lamivudine monotherapy. Recipients were followed up longitudinally monitoring intrahepatic HBV DNA as well as serologic HBsAg and HBV DNA by PCR. Between January 1999 and August 2001, 14 anti-HBc-negative recipients received liver transplants from anti-HBc-positive donors. All donor serum was negative for HBV DNA. In total, nine of 14 (64%) livers had detectable HBV DNA; 1 patient was initially PCR-negative and low levels of HBV DNA were detected in a posttransplantation liver biopsy. Mean follow-up was 33 months (range, 22 to 51), and patient and graft survival were each 93%. One case of de novo hepatitis B occurred in a patient noncompliant with lamivudine, although all other serial serum HBsAg assay results were negative. Single-dose HBIG followed by maintenance lamivudine monotherapy prevented de novo hepatitis B in compliant patients. For the cohort of compliant patients that were initially HBV DNA-positive, 7 of 8 (88%) now have undetectable virus in the hepatic allograft by PCR analysis. Nevertheless, there is no evidence to suggest that viral eradication occurs. Accordingly, all patients are maintained on continued lamivudine prophylaxis.
Midterm cost-effectiveness of the liver transplantation program of England and Wales for three disease groups
Authors: Longworth Louise , Young Tracey , Buxton Martin J. , Ratcliffe Julie , Neuberger James , Burroughs Andrew , Bryan Stirling
Published: November 2003

Liver transplantation has never been the subject of a randomized controlled trial, and there remains uncertainty about the magnitude of benefit and cost-effectiveness for specific patient groups. This article reports the results of an economic evaluation of adult liver transplantation in England and Wales. Patients placed on the waiting list for a liver transplant were observed over 27 months. The costs and health benefits of a comparison group, representing experience in the absence of liver transplantation, were estimated using a combination of observed data from patients waiting for a transplant and published prognostic models. The analysis focuses on three disease groups, for each of which prognostic models were available: primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), alcoholic liver disease (ALD), and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). A higher proportion of patients with ALD were assessed for a transplant but not placed on the waiting list. The estimated gain in quality-adjusted life-years from transplantation was positive for each of the disease groups. The mean incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year (95% bootstrap confidence intervals) from time of listing to 27 months for patients with PBC, ALD, and PSC are £29,000 (£1,000 to £59,000), £48,000 (£12,000 to £83,000) and £21,000 (−£23,000 to £60,000), respectively. In conclusion, liver transplantation increases the survival and health-related quality of life of patients with each of three end-stage liver diseases. However, the extent of this increase differs between different disease groups. Cost-effectiveness estimates were poorer for patients with ALD over the 27-month period than for patients with PBC or PSC. This in part reflects the costs of the higher number of ALD patients assessed for each transplant.
If the donor had an early-stage genitourinary carcinoma and the liver has already been implanted, should we perform the transplantectomy?
Authors: Serralta Alfonso S. , Orbis Francisco C. , Sanjuan Fernando R. , Moya Angel H. , López-Andújar Rafael , Pareja Eugenia I. , Vila Juan C. , Juan Manuel B. , Mir Jose P.
Published: November 2003

Information regarding the outcome of liver grafts from cadaveric donors with genitourinary cancer is scarce. In some cases, the liver has already been implanted when the tumor is detected. What must we do then? Our goal is to evaluate the outcome of recipients of liver allografts from donors with unsuspected early-stage genitourinary carcinoma. We performed 684 liver procurements from cadaveric donors and 582 liver transplants. A malignant genitourinary tumor was detected in the donor after implantation of the donor liver in six cases (1.03%): four renal carcinomas and two prostate cancers. All donors were elderly (mean age, 64.6 years) and died of a cerebrovascular accident. Four patients are still alive and presently free of malignancy, whereas the two other transplant recipients died of hepatitis C virus recurrence at 14 and 55 months after transplantation without evidence of tumor transmission. We did not observe evidence of tumor transmission in any patient after an average follow-up of 51 ± 20 months. Our results suggest it is not always necessary to perform transplantectomy or use special treatment modalities in recipients of a liver allograft from donors with early-stage (T1 to T2) renal cell carcinoma or early (T1) prostate carcinoma.
Liquidity costs: Screen‐based trading versus open outcry
Authors: Ulibarri Carlos A. , Schatzberg John
Published: November 2003

The results reported in this paper challenge the popular belief that screen‐based trading offered lower liquidity costs than the open‐outcry approach during its first year of side‐by‐side operation in the U.S. financial derivatives market. Using time and sales data from the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) market profile data series, effective bid–ask spreads are estimated on the basis of daily and intraday measures of the Thompson–Waller and Smith–Whaley estimators. We find liquidity costs on the screen‐based system vary with time and the level of floor trading activity. In particular, a one‐tick market is observed just before the opening of the Chicago trading floor (6:30 to 7:30 am). However, subsequent intraday spreads exhibit the familiar “reverse J‐shaped pattern”—highest following the opening of floor trading, declining until afternoon, and then increasing until close. Meanwhile, daily spread estimates average almost a quarter‐tick higher on the screen‐based market relative to the one‐tick spread commonly associated with open outcry. This relationship remained robust across sample time‐series and conservative price‐change specifications. Since the study was conducted, electronic trading has become the predominant exchange medium for financial derivatives at the CBOT, following the example set in Europe's traditional futures exchanges, e.g. France's Matif, Germany's Deutsche Bourse and the U.K.'s Liffe.
The Influence of Cultural and Racial Identification on the Psychosocial Adjustment of Inner‐City African American Children in School
Authors: Thomas Duane E. , Townsend Tiffany G. , Belgrave Faye Z.
Published: November 2003

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship and combined influence of racial identity and Africentric values on African American children's psychosocial adjustment. Participants were 104 (53 males, 51 females) African American fourth‐grade students attending an inner‐city public school in a northeastern city. Child and teacher ratings were used to assess the relationship between racial identity, Africentric values, and several indices of child psychosocial adjustment, including child behavior control, school interest, and teacher perceptions of child strengths and problems in the classroom. Child self‐esteem and the effects of gender and cohort were used as covariates in several analyses in the study. Overall, findings from the study supported the usefulness of combining racial identity and Africentric values into a single model of ethnic identification for African American children. Implications for risk prevention and enhancement of psychosocial functioning among African American children are discussed.
A Modified ESID Approach to Studying Mental Illness and Homelessness
Authors: Calsyn Robert J.
Published: November 2003

This paper describes 15 years of research on homelessness using a modified ESID approach. The article summarizes the results of several needs assessment studies; describes the development and evolution of alternative treatment models to assist homeless individuals with severe mental illness; summarizes results of three outcome evaluation studies; and discusses issues of treatment implementation, treatment diffusion, and dissemination.
An ESID Case Study at the Federal Level
Authors: Emshoff James , Blakely Craig , Gray Denis , Jakes Susan , Brounstein Paul , Coulter Judy , Gardner Steve
Published: November 2003

The D (dissemination) phase of the ESID model has been often overlooked in our efforts to create innovative and widespread social change. The process of replicating successful social innovations is both a prerequisite for dissemination (in order to assess the consistency of effects) and an obvious outcome of a successful dissemination effort. Fidelity, the extent to which a replicated program is implemented in a manner consistent with the original program model, is an important dimension of replication. This study was designed to provide empirical data related to three questions. Can complex social programs be implemented with fidelity? How much fidelity is appropriate or desired? What are the organizational dynamics of adoption with fidelity? Data were collected from grantees of a national replication initiative funded by the Center for Substance Abuse Prevention. Data suggest that high fidelity can be achieved, at least in the context in which programs are mandated to do so as part of the funding agreement and are given technical assistance in achieving fidelity. Secondly, programs perceived high fidelity as having positive effects on the program and its participants, a finding consistent with a limited assessment of the relationship of program outcomes and fidelity. Finally, much was learned about the human and organizational dynamics of replicating with fidelity. Implications for policy and direction regarding replication are discussed.
Fairweather and ESID: Contemporary Impact and a Legacy for the Twenty‐First Century
Authors: Seidman Edward
Published: November 2003

This paper illustrates how the articles in this special issue demonstrate the central values, research, and action principles inherent in Fairweather's ESID model. The programs described in these articles address earlier social problems in new forms (e.g., previously, institutionalized mentally ill patients and now, the homeless mentally ill) and new issues (e.g., HIV prevention). Dissemination of innovative programs is abundant, but only recently has research begun in earnest to study the critical processes of dissemination. Moreover, Fairweather has pointed us in important, but yet unrealized directions for how to pursue a theory of social change on the basis of ecological concepts, innovative research methods and data analytic techniques, and salient change agent behaviors and principles.
Structure, seismicity, and thermal regime of the Queen Charlotte Transform Margin
Authors: Smith A. J. , Hyndman R. D. , Cassidy J. F. , Wang K.
Published: November 2003

This study examines structural, seismicity, thermal, and current deformation constraints on the tectonic regime of the Queen Charlotte Margin located off the northwest coast of Canada. The margin is primarily a transcurrent boundary between the oceanic Pacific Plate and the continental North America Plate, but plate motion models indicate ∼20° of current oblique convergence that initiated ∼5 Myr. The estimated 120 km of convergence has been variously explained as accommodated by underthrusting or by crustal shortening. The near‐vertical Queen Charlotte transcurrent fault and lack of Wadati‐Benioff earthquakes argue against underthrusting. However, structural models for the margin, from receiver function and refraction studies, show little evidence of crustal thickening. The pattern of landward decreasing heat flow, gravity anomalies, an accretionary prism landward of the trench or trough, down‐bowing ocean crust and sediments horizons, and a variety of other geophysical evidence support underthrusting. Receiver function analysis on teleseismic data indicates a 10 km thick low‐velocity layer at 35 km depth, dipping 20° to the east, which is interpreted as underthrusting oceanic crust. The heat flow across the fault zone rapidly decreases landward, in agreement with predictions from a finite element thermal model of underthrusting.
Cretaceous collision and indentation in the West Carpathians: View based on structural analysis and numerical modeling
Authors: Lexa Ondrej , Schulmann Karel , Ježek Josef
Published: November 2003

A model of indentation of a rigid promontory into weak metasedimentary rocks during Cretaceous convergence is suggested for tectonic evolution of southern part of West Carpathians. An early arcuate cleavage fan has developed in front of northward moving southern rigid basement block. The interaction of the moving indenter with western stationary basement promontory is responsible for development of the boundary‐parallel shear zone along which the main southern indenter is shifted to the east. This results in development of a new steep transpressional cleavage overprinting the early fabric. Eastward displacement of the southern indenter causes the development of a thrust zone parallel to the margin of the eastern stationary promontory. A proposed numerical model of the deformation of a thin viscous sheet in front of oval rigid indenter reliably simulates the development of the observed deformation pattern. Modeled discrete partitioning between the western promontory and the indenting block fully agrees with the observed secondary cleavage associated with the transpressional shear zone. Our numerical model interconnects this complex kinematic frame with finite strain pattern, which was to date possible only for simple boundary conditions. In addition, the model explains the polyphase cleavage patterns in terms of complex shapes of promontories and changes in movements of indenting blocks.
Reconstruction of SE trade‐wind intensity based on sea‐surface temperature gradients in the Southeast Atlantic over the last 25 kyr
Authors: Kim Jung‐Hyun , Schneider Ralph R. , Mulitza Stefan , Müller Peter J.
Published: November 2003

A prominent feature in the Southeast Atlantic is the Angola‐Benguela Front (ABF), the convergence between warm tropical and cold subtropical upwelled waters. At present, the sea‐surface temperature (SST) gradient across the ABF and its position are influenced by the strength of southeasterly (SE) trade winds. Here, we present a record of changes in the ABF SST gradient over the last 25 kyr. Variations in this SST contrast indicate that periods of strengthened SE trade‐wind intensity occurred during the Last Glacial Maximum, the Younger Dryas, and the Mid to Late Holocene, while Heinrich Event 1, the early part of the Bølling‐Allerød, and the Early Holocene were periods of weakened SE trade‐winds.
Water solubility in majoritic garnet in subducting oceanic crust
Authors: Katayama Ikuo , Hirose Kei , Yurimoto Hisayoshi , Nakashima Satoru
Published: November 2003

Water in majoritic garnet synthesized in the mid‐oceanic ridge basalt (MORB) + H2O composition at 20 GPa and 1400–1500°C was measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and infrared spectroscopy. We found that the majorite contains 1130 to 1250 ppm OH by weight. The infrared absorption band showed that incorporation of the hydroxyl in majorite is most likely due to the hydrogarnet substitution. Our results indicate that water can be transported into the mantle transition zone by nominally anhydrous minerals such as omphacite and majorite in the subducting basaltic crust. Such water may have great influences on the physical properties of slab in the transition zone.
Scaling of 3D solitary waves observed by FAST and POLAR
Authors: Berthomier M. , Pottelette R. , Muschietti L. , Roth I. , Carlson C. W.
Published: November 2003

FAST observations of Debye‐length‐scale potential structures are ubiquitous in the auroral return current region of the magnetosphere. We show that the 3D shape of these fast‐moving coherent structures can be correctly reproduced with a nonlinear fluid model of a 3D electron‐acoustic beam soliton. This model describes the early stage of the nonlinear beam‐plasma instability which takes place on the high‐potential side of an electrostatic potential ramp, where cold ionospheric electrons are accelerated up the magnetic field lines by a localized DC parallel electric field. At FAST altitudes (below 4000 km), our model predicts spheroidal potential structures, while at higher altitudes we expect the solitary waves to be elongated across the magnetic field. This altitude‐dependent scaling is in agreement with observations of solitary waves performed with POLAR over a wide range of altitudes.
Coupling effects in double porosity media with deformable matrix
Authors: Khalili Nasser
Published: November 2003

The significance of the microscopic coupling effects on the macroscopic response of double porosity media is investigated in reference to the consolidation of fissured clays. The basic findings of the investigation are validated through a set of laboratory test data.
Ring current intensification and convection‐driven negative bays: Multisatellite studies
Authors: Zhou X.‐Y. , Tsurutani B. T. , Reeves G. , Rostoker G. , Sun W. , Ruohoniemi J. M. , Kamide Y. , Lui A. T. Y. , Parks G. K. , Gonzalez W. D. , Arballo J. K.
Published: November 2003

The original view on the cause of ring current intensifications was a frequent occurrence of intense substorm expansion phases. Results from many studies have supported this view. However, whether this is the only mechanism of ring current buildup has been a controversy. Kamide [1992] asserted that ring current intensification is due to “sustained, southward IMF, not because of frequent occurrence of intense substorms.” Lui et al. [2001] have shown that the ring current can be intensified during enhanced convection without substorm occurrence. Tsurutani et al. [2003] have found that there was a lack of substorm expansion phases for long periods of time (up to 7 hours) in 5 out of 11 storm main phases (in 1997) that were induced by the smoothly varying Bz component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) within interplanetary magnetic clouds. In this paper, a relatively weak magnetic storm event (with minimum SYM‐H at −47 nT) that occurred on 15 July 1997 is studied using ground‐based magnetograms, polar cap potentials from Super Dual Auroral Radar Network, and Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) geosynchronous energetic particle data as well as the Polar UV imaging (for aurorae) and Wind (for the solar wind) data. It is shown that during the storm main phase, there was a lack of substorm expansion phase activity (from imaging and the ground‐based data) and a lack of energetic particle injections at the geostationary orbit. The most prominent auroral forms were north‐south aligned auroral patches and torches. Dawn and dusk aurorae were more intense than the aurorae near midnight, where auroral gaps occurred. In addition, this paper shows that there was a significant directly driven activity during the storm main phase when the IMF was continually southward. We argue that during this event the ring current intensification was more strongly associated with enhanced magnetospheric convection than with impulsive energy unloading. Three scenarios are suggested to explain the relatively low intensity of the magnetic storm induced by a magnetic cloud. They are (1) weak nightside auroral zone ionospheric ion outflows (due to lack of substorms), (2) choked penetration of the tail plasma flow (due to lack of substorms), and (3) retarded magnetospheric convection (due to reduced solar wind‐magnetosphere reconnection). The observed saturation of the polar cap potential drop is in support of this latter mechanism.
Fault slip and seismic moment of the 1700 Cascadia earthquake inferred from Japanese tsunami descriptions
Authors: Satake Kenji , Wang Kelin , Atwater Brian F.
Published: November 2003

The 1700 Cascadia earthquake attained moment magnitude 9 according to new estimates based on effects of its tsunami in Japan, computed coseismic seafloor deformation for hypothetical ruptures in Cascadia, and tsunami modeling in the Pacific Ocean. Reports of damage and flooding show that the 1700 Cascadia tsunami reached 1–5 m heights at seven shoreline sites in Japan. Three sets of estimated heights express uncertainty about location and depth of reported flooding, landward decline in tsunami heights from shorelines, and post‐1700 land‐level changes. We compare each set with tsunami heights computed from six Cascadia sources. Each source is vertical seafloor displacement calculated with a three‐dimensional elastic dislocation model. For three sources the rupture extends the 1100 km length of the subduction zone and differs in width and shallow dip; for the other sources, ruptures of ordinary width extend 360–670 km. To compute tsunami waveforms, we use a linear long‐wave approximation with a finite difference method, and we employ modern bathymetry with nearshore grid spacing as small as 0.4 km. The various combinations of Japanese tsunami heights and Cascadia sources give seismic moment of 1–9 × 1022 N m, equivalent to moment magnitude 8.7–9.2. This range excludes several unquantified uncertainties. The most likely earthquake, of moment magnitude 9.0, has 19 m of coseismic slip on an offshore, full‐slip zone 1100 km long with linearly decreasing slip on a downdip partial‐slip zone. The shorter rupture models require up to 40 m offshore slip and predict land‐level changes inconsistent with coastal paleoseismological evidence.
Paranoid disorders: family sources of the delusional system
Authors: Kaffman Mordecai
Published: November 2003

Several family transactional patterns seem to play a critical rôle in the creation of the patient's paranoid constructions. A philosophy of life characterized by inflexible rules, irrational beliefs, distrust, apprehensive‐ness and hate is prominent in a great number of families with paranoid patients. The family members typically intrude on each others' actions and feelings with mutual reinforcement of the paranoid ideas. Schreber's family appears to be a characteristic demonstration of the important implications of interactional transactions within the family in the genesis of a paranoid system.
The use of family myths as an aid to strategic therapy
Authors: Anderson Stephen A. , Bagarozzi Dennis A.
Published: November 2003

The concept of family myth can be used by the therapist to help organize the wealth of information provided by a family in therapy. Rituals, symbols and metaphors can be viewed as structurally related components within the family myth system which enable the therapist to interpret non‐literal, analogic communications as a coherent yet primarily symbolic, narrative about the family's shared perceptions of its functioning. The concept of myth is explored in relation to mythology, the family therapy literature, and a case study. Several strategic intervention strategies are proposed which utilize the family's own metaphors, symbols and rituals to re‐edit the family myth. Re‐editing the myth on a symbolic level should be associated with improved system functioning, including more concrete areas of the family's life.
Preparation for live consultation and live supervision when working without a one‐way screen
Authors: Kingston Philip , Smith Donna
Published: November 2003

This article focuses upon the preparatory work which two people should undertake when they intend working together with families. Although a particular model of joint work, namely live consultation between peers, without the use of a one‐way screen forms the core of the article, the ideas which have been developed in relation to that model apply, with some variations, to all forms of joint work. Some of these variations are considered towards the end of the article.

Many of the ideas here presented arose within a number of workshops which we led on the subjects of Live Consultation and Live Supervision Without One‐Way Screens. We are grateful to the participants for their ideas, especially to those of the 1981 York Association of Family Therapy Conference workshop who returned questionnaires about their use of these methods.
Redressing the balance—involving children in family therapy
Authors: O'Brien Alison , Loudon Penny
Published: November 2003

This paper argues that family therapists have tended to ignore the problem of how to engage children in family therapy, and it presents a number of techniques specifically aimed at involving children in therapy. The socio‐historical context of childhood is discussed and its implications for therapists examined. A number of visual techniques are then described, illustrated by case examples. These serve the function of addressing the whole family system on a number of levels and involving children fully in the process of therapy.
Pictorially displayed metaphors as an assessment instrument
Authors: Fosson A. , Quan M.
Published: November 2003

The accuracy of a novel assessment instrument compared with conjoint family interview derived diagnoses is reported. The assessment instrument consisted of seven illustrations containing disguised depictions of family organizational styles and two distractors. When forty‐seven families were requested to select by agreement a favourite among the nine illustrations, twenty‐seven chose a pattern concordant with a family therapist's formulation of the family's organizational style (χ2= 16.91, P <0.001). These findings support the feasibility of developing a similar instrument for use in clinical practice. Comments address the rationale of the instrument, the study, and possible implications of the findings.
Research applications of Shapiro's personal questionnaire in marital therapy
Authors: Bennun I. , Chalkleyt A. J. , Donnelly M.
Published: November 2003

Clinical research raises many problems and is often neglected in clinical settings. In this paper, the contribution of Shapiro's personal questionnaire in marital therapy research is described in the context of these contrasting research designs.
A behavioural and systems approach to family therapy: a position paper
Authors: Sein E. P. , Fundudis T. , Kolvin I.
Published: November 2003

An integrated model of a behavioural and systems approach to family therapy is presented, the main premise being that family interactions are affected by reciprocal determination of cognitions, feelings and behaviours in relation to the environment. Assessment involves a systematic exploration of the interaction and transactional patterns within the family, and the identification of the dysfunctional aspects of such patterns. The main aim of the intervention is to produce change in family behaviour by addressing the important cognitive and affective issues. This entails techniques such as cognitive restructuring, social modelling and operant conditioning which can be used separately, in parallel, or in combination. Whether one or more of these techniques is used depends on the nature of the family's problems and the aims of treatment.
Spirals and circles: potential contributions of developmental psychology to family therapy
Authors: Stratton Peter
Published: November 2003

Developmental psychology offers much of value to family therapists in both its concepts and its information about child and adult development. Current work is reviewed selectively to emphasize those aspects which are most relevant for family work. The material is organized under five headings: ‘Theories’; ‘Major current issues’; ‘Developing capabilities’; ‘Developmental tasks’; and ‘Current trends’. Abnormal development and childhood psychopathology have largely been excluded as these constitute rather separate areas. References have been chosen to provide useful background as well as to extend the specific points being made.
Policies for life Contributions to family therapy—social policy
Authors: Walker Janet
Published: November 2003

We live our lives like chips in a kaleidoscope, always part of patterns that are larger than ourselves and somehow more than the sum of their parts (Minuchin, 1983; p. 3).
The chicken and the egg: a hindsight view of therapy
Authors: Furman Ben , Ahola Tapani
Published: November 2003

In this paper the authors suggest that instead of holding the view that the sequence of therapy follows the path of first interviewing and gathering data, then understanding and finally intervening on the basis of what is thought to be the cause of the problem, we could benefit from recognizing that the reverse view is equally plausible. According to this reverse view, which the authors call hindsight, therapists, unaware of it themselves, first come up with interventions and then, in hindsight, create explanations or particular ways of understanding problems in order to make their interventions seem rational and justifiable. A number of factors influencing therapists' choice of interventions are explored. Finally some potential advantages of the hindsight view are examined.
Using the family life cycle with later life families
Authors: Benbow Susan , Egan David , Marriott Alison , Tregay Kath , Walsh Stuart , Wells Jude , Wood Jane
Published: November 2003

The development of a family clinic for later life families within an Old Age Psychiatry service is briefly described. An extended life cycle model has been found useful in understanding and working with such families and is also described, together with two cases which illustrate the practical application of the model.
Belgrade systemic approach to the treatment of alcoholism: principles and interventions
Authors: Gačić Branko
Published: November 2003

This article describes an ecosystemic approach to alcoholism (ESTA) developed in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. The fundamental principle is that alcoholism is a problem of the whole context, involving the index patient, the family and wider systems including the work system.

The treatment programme, which integrates contemporary principles of the treatment of alcoholism with family‐systems ideas covering biomedical‐psychological‐sociocultural levels, is also described and illustrated by a detailed case example.
Parental perceptions of sibling differences: towards a theory of sibling differentiation
Authors: Pocock David
Published: November 2003

A hypothesis of ‘triadic and tetradic projective identification’ is derived from work with nine cases in which family therapy was followed by psychodynamic counselling with the mother. It is suggested, first, that the dimensions of personality in which a parent perceives considerable difference between siblings may be linked to earlier traumatic issues experienced by that parent, especially in the family of origin; and, second, that siblings may identify with their parents' perceptions of difference, leading to differential development.

Case material is used to illustrate the ideas and a small pilot study of six different families is described, which tests a key element of the hypothesis ‐ that personality dimensions in which a parent perceives most difference between siblings will relate more strongly to parental problem areas than dimensions in which a parent perceives least difference between siblings.

Findings give preliminary support to the hypothesis and proposals for further work are presented.
The application of Michel Foucault's philosophy in the problem externalizing discourse of Michael White
Authors: Madigan Stephen Patrick
Published: November 2003

This paper examines how Michael White's theoretical and practice orientation can be mapped onto the work of French philosopher/historian Michel Foucault. Specifically, Foucault's analysis of his three modes of the objectification of the subject and the inseparability of power and knowledge will be viewed as similar to, and shaping of, White's conceptions of externalizing internalized problem discourse.

Where religions once demanded the sacrifice of bodies, knowledge now calls for experimentation on ourselves, calls us to the sacrifice of the subject of knowledge

Michel Foucault: Madness and Civilization
Abstracts
Authors: Frude Neil
Published: November 2003

McDaniel, S. H. (1990) Marital therapy and the resolution of gender role conflict. Journal of Family Psychotherapy

Storm, C. L. and Heath, A. W. (1991) Problem‐focused supervision: rationale, exemplification, and limitations. Journal of Family Psychotherapy

Burkett, L. P. (1991) Parenting behaviours of women who were sexually abused as children in their families of origin. Family Process

Palmer, R. L., Chaloner, D. A. and Oppenheimer, R. (1992) Childhood sexual experiences with adults reported by female psychiatric patients. Journal of Psychiatry

Brewin, C. R., MacCarthy, B., Duda, K. and Vaughn, C. E. (1991) Attribution and expressed emotion in the relatives of patients with schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology
Association between first trimester maternal serum pregnancy associated plasma protein‐A and adverse pregnancy outcome
Authors: Kwik Michele , Morris Jonathan
Published: November 2003

Aims:  To investigate whether low pregnancy associated plasma protein‐A (PAPP‐A) levels in the first trimester of pregnancy are associated with subsequent intrauterine fetal growth restriction, stillbirth and preterm delivery.

Methods:  A retrospective review of pregnancy outcomes was undertaken in women who had PAPP‐A carried out in the first trimester of pregnancy at the time of nuchal translucency scan. Pregnancy outcomes were assessed by the review of medical records, and postal questionnaires. Delivery details were collected, including livebirth, neonatal birthweight and gestational age at delivery. The χ2 test was used to investigate the association between low first trimester serum PAPP‐A levels and adverse fetal outcomes. Unpaired t‐test was used for continuous variables. Sensitivities and specificities were then calculated.

Results:  A total of 894 women who had blood collected for PAPP‐A were identified, and data was obtained for 827 deliveries. Each had a normal karyotype. There were six intrauterine deaths, 13 babies with birthweights below the 3rd centile, 55 babies weighing below the 10th centile, and 96 women who delivered prematurely. Four of six intrauterine deaths had low PAPP‐A levels (<0.5 multiples of the median), with a relative risk of 13.75. Low PAPP‐A levels were associated with fetal weight below the 10th centile (P = 0.01) but not the 3rd centile. There was no statistically significant association between low maternal serum PAPP‐A levels and preterm delivery.

Conclusion:  At 11–13 weeks’ gestation, low maternal serum PAPP‐A levels are associated with fetal death in utero and birthweight below the 10th centile. First trimester PAPP‐A may be a useful tool for identifying pregnancies at risk of adverse fetal outcomes.
Findings on potential teratogens from a case–control study in Western Australia
Authors: Werler Martha M. , Bower Carol , Payne Jan , Serna Peta
Published: November 2003

Objectives:  To examine, in Western Australian women, pregnancy use of drugs that have been found to be associated with birth defect risks in other studies.

Design:  Data were used from a retrospective study of birth defects in which mothers were sent questionnaires asking about a variety of pregnancy events and exposures, including specific questions on medication use.

Population:  Case subjects were fetuses or infants with structural birth defects born in Western Australia from 1997 to 2000, identified from the Western Australian Birth Defects Registry. Control subjects were infants without birth defects, randomly selected from the Western Australian Midwives’ Notification System.

Measures:  First trimester uses of corticosteroids, medications that antagonise folic acid metabolism, and vasoactive drugs were compared between case and control mothers.

Results:  The mothers of 2.5, 2.4, and 1.9% of controls, cases, and oral cleft cases, respectively, reported corticosteroid use. The mothers of 0.6% of controls and 1.4% of cases used a folic acid antagonising medication, yielding an odds ratio of 2.3 (95% confidence interval, 0.58–9.4). The mothers of 4.5% of controls and 7.1% of cases used a vasoactive drug (pseudoephedrine, aspirin, ibuprofen, amphetamine, cocaine, or ecstasy). Cigarette smoking is also vasoactive. For exposure to both a vasoactive drug and cigarette smoking, the birth defect risk was 3.0 (0.92–9.6).

Conclusions:  There was no difference in corticosteroid use between case and control mothers, although the number of exposed subjects was small. Odds ratio estimates for folic acid antagonists and vasoactive agents support previously reported associations, but they were not statistically significant.