bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The 1997-98 El Niño and 1999 La Niña evolution of current around the Fiji Islands
Authors: Chand Savin , Aung Than , Rao Shivanesh
Published: March 2008

The current around Fiji Islands during different phases of 1997-98 El Niño and the subsequent 1999 La Niña was investigated. During its mature phase of the El Niño event, westward current of magnitude 20 cm s-1 developed in the region north of 15 °S latitude and that the current of similar magnitude flowed in the reverse direction during 1999 La Niña event. Below 21 °S latitude, the flow of magnitude 20 cm s-1 was eastward regardless of El Niño or La Niña conditions. The current between 15 °S latitude and 21 °S latitude was, however, not very clearly defined. At early stage of 1997-98 El Niño phase, the flow was eastward with an average speed of 5 ? 10 cm s-1 and that at the later phase, the flow became westward at slightly greater speed of around 10 ? 15 cm s-1. However, contrary is observed during the La Niña period.
A linear regression approach in the determination of work standards for a manufacturing organisation
Authors: Oke S.A.
Published: March 2008

In semi-automated roofing sheets manufacturing plants, production managers receive large orders, which most often, are to be delivered within scheduled delivery dates; failure to deliver orders incurs penalty costs and litigation charges. The challenge therefore for the production manager is to be able to predict product completion period and map available labour man-hours to production of roofing sheet orders. This paper presents a linear regression model for setting up work standards for a roofing sheet manufacturing plant. Linear regression is a relatively established technique in scientific investigations, but new in its applied form to work standards, particularly in roofing sheets manufacturing operations standards setting. The accuracy of the model was determined by the least square method, and the result suggests the feasibility of applying a model in the case presented. Thus, the contribution of this paper lies in the application of a known technique in a new area. The utility of the tool is in its ability to provide useful information for production planning and implementation purposes in the roofing sheets plants.
A virtual professional community to support effective use of remotely sensed imagery
Authors: Gienko Gennady , Govorov Michael , Maguire Brad , Khmelevsky Youry , Gienko Anatoly
Published: March 2008

This paper introduces an idea of establishing the GeoTruth Virtual Professional Community (VPC) for Image Analysis in Remote Sensing - a collaborative framework for professionals, using ground truth terrestrial photographs for interpretation and analysis of satellite and aerial imagery. The proposed utility-driven community is initially formed by members involved in developing an open-source GeoTruth Engine ? a collection of Web-based geo-data media tools, serving as a community-open participatory mechanism for collection, storage, distribution and analysis of geographically referenced landscape photographs and corresponding metadata. The paper investigates conceptual issues of collaborative networks related to establishing and evolving the GeoTruth VPC, describes basic life cycle development and operational principles, outlines possible implementation strategies for the GeoTruth framework, and finally elaborates on corresponding copyright and legal issues.
Interconversion between two unrelated protein folds in the lymphotactin native state
Authors: Tuinstra Robbyn L. , Peterson Francis C. , Kutlesa Snjezana , Elgin E. Sonay , Kron Michael A. , Volkman Brian F.
Published: March 2008

Proteins often have multiple functional states, which might not always be accommodated by a single fold. Lymphotactin (Ltn) adopts two distinct structures in equilibrium, one corresponding to the canonical chemokine fold consisting of a monomeric three-stranded β-sheet and carboxyl-terminal helix. The second Ltn structure solved by NMR reveals a dimeric all-β-sheet arrangement with no similarity to other known proteins. In physiological solution conditions, both structures are significantly populated and interconvert rapidly. Interconversion replaces long-range interactions that stabilize the chemokine fold with an entirely new set of tertiary and quaternary contacts. The chemokine-like Ltn conformation is a functional XCR1 agonist, but fails to bind heparin. In contrast, the alternative structure binds glycosaminoglycans with high affinity but fails to activate XCR1. Because each structural species displays only one of the two functional properties essential for activity
in vivo
, the conformational equilibrium is likely to be essential for the biological activity of lymphotactin. These results demonstrate that the functional repertoire and regulation of a single naturally occurring amino acid sequence can be expanded by access to a set of highly dissimilar native-state structures.
Methamphetamine use among Australian workers and its implications for prevention
Authors: ROCHE ANN M. , PIDD KEN , BYWOOD PETRA , FREEMAN TOBY
Published: March 2008

Introduction and Aims. Little attention has been directed to the use of methamphetamine among Australian workers. To address this, a study was conducted that examined drug consumption patterns of the Australian work‐force. Design and Method. A secondary analysis of the 2004 National Drug Strategy Household Survey (NDSHS) data was undertaken that focused on methamphetamine use among those in paid employment. Results. Methamphetamine use in the past 12 months was reported by 4.0% of workers compared to 2.2% of respondents not in the paid work‐force. A larger proportion of male (4.8%) than female workers (3.0%) used methamphetamine. The highest prevalence occurred among 18–29‐year‐old workers (11.2%; males: 12.6%; females: 9.4%), and among workers in hospitality (9.5%), construction (5.4%) and transport (5.4%) industries and among tradespeople (6.5%). Significantly more methamphetamine users reported absenteeism compared to users of other illicit drugs and non‐drug users. Among respondents reporting methamphetamine use, 13.4% reported absenteeism due to illicit drug use, while 56.8% reported absenteeism due to any illness or injury. Significantly more methamphetamine users (32.9%) reported going to work under the influence than users of other illicit drugs. Compared to users of other illicit drugs, methamphetamine users were also significantly more likely to drive a car, operate heavy machinery or abuse someone while under the influence. Discussion and Conclusions. The specific details of the profile of workers using methamphetamine and the impact it has on work performance allows for the development of targeted interventions and tailored prevention strategies previously not possible.
MHC-mediated mate choice increases parasite resistance in salmon
Authors: Consuegra Sofia , Garcia de Leaniz Carlos
Published: March 2008

Natural (parasite-driven) and sexual selection are thought to maintain high polymorphism in the genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), but support for a link between mate choice, MHC variation and increased parasite resistance is circumstantial. We compared MHC diversity and
Anisakis
loads among anadromous Atlantic salmon (
Salmo salar
L.) returning to four rivers to spawn, which had originated from natural spawning (parents allowed to mate freely) or artificial crosses (parents deprived from the potential benefits of mate choice). We found that the offspring of artificially bred salmon had higher parasite loads and were almost four times more likely to be infected than free-mating salmon, despite having similar levels of MHC diversity. Moreover, the offspring of wild salmon were more MHC dissimilar than the offspring of artificially crossed salmon, and uninfected fish were more dissimilar for MHC than infected fish. Thus, our results suggest a link between disassortative mating and offspring benefits and indicate that MHC-mediated mate choice and natural (parasite-driven) selection act in combination to maintain MHC diversity, and hence fitness. Therefore, artificial breeding programmes that negate the potential genetic benefits of mate choice may result in inherently inferior offspring, regardless of population size, rearing conditions or genetic diversity.
Leaf-cutting ant nests near roads increase fitness of exotic plant species in natural protected areas
Authors: Farji-Brener Alejandro G , Ghermandi Luciana
Published: March 2008

Understanding the mechanisms that promote the invasion of natural protected areas by exotic plants is a central concern for ecology. We demonstrated that nests of the leaf-cutting ant,
Acromyrmex lobicornis
, near roadsides promote the abundance, growth and reproduction of two exotic plant species,
Carduus nutans
and
Onopordum acanthium
, in a national park in northern Patagonia, Argentina and determine the mechanisms that produce these effects. Refuse dumps (RDs) from ant nests have a higher nutrient content than nearby non-nest soils (NNSs); foliar nutrient content and their
15
N isotopic signature strongly suggest that plants reach and use these nutrients. Both species of exotic plants in RDs were 50–600% more abundant; seedlings had 100–1000% more foliar area and root and leaf biomass; and adult plants produced 100–300% more seeds than nearby NNS plants. Plants can thus gain access to and benefit from the nutrient content of ant RD, supporting the hypotheses that enhanced resource availability promotes exotic plant performance that could increase the likelihood of biological invasions. The two exotics produce an estimated of 8 385 000 more seeds ha
−1
in areas with ant nests compared with areas without; this exceptional increase in seed production represents a potential threat to nearby non-invaded communities. We propose several management strategies to mitigate this threat. Removal efforts of exotics should be focused on ant RDs, where plants are denser and represent a higher source of propagules.
Reduced liver injury in the interleukin‐6 knockout mice by chronic carbon tetrachloride administration
Authors: Río A. , Gassull M. A. , Aldeguer X. , Ojanguren I. , Cabré E. , Fernández E.
Published: March 2008

Background  Interleukin‐6 has been involved in restoration of liver function after partial hepatectomy and toxic liver injury. However, normal liver regeneration in interleukin‐6 knockout mice has also been reported. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of interleukin‐6 deficiency on liver injury and its regeneration in a model of long term carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) administration.

Design  Serum and whole livers from wild type and interleukin‐6 knockout mice treated with carbon tetrachloride (0·25 mL kg−1) twice a week were obtained after 4, 6 and 8 weeks (n = 4–6). Sections were assessed for liver regeneration, liver injury and hepatocyte apoptosis whereas sera were assayed for aminotransferase levels. Nuclear extracts and total liver lysates were assayed for transcription factor activation and apoptosis related proteins, respectively.

Results  When compared to wild type, interleukin‐6 knockout mice showed reduced liver damage scores, lower aminotransferase levels and diminished apoptosis, as well as reduced nuclear factor kappa B activation. Although the level of active protein was lower, activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 still takes place in knockout mice. Furthermore, liver regeneration measured by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation showed no differences between wild type and knockout animals after 6 and 8 weeks of treatment.

Conclusions  Compared to the wild type mice liver regeneration after chronic treatment with carbon tetrachloride proceeds at a slower rate in interleukin‐6 deficient mice. However, this low recovery rate is accompanied by a reduction not only in hepatocyte apoptosis, but also in activation of nuclear factor kappa B and liver injury.
Pollen dispersal and genetic structure of the tropical tree Dipteryx panamensis in a fragmented Costa Rican landscape
Authors: HANSON THOR R. , BRUNSFELD STEVEN J. , FINEGAN BRYAN , WAITS LISETTE P.
Published: March 2008

In the face of widespread deforestation, the conservation of rainforest trees relies increasingly on their ability to maintain reproductive processes in fragmented landscapes. Here, we analysed nine microsatellite loci for 218 adults and 325 progeny of the tree Dipteryx panamensis in Costa Rica. Pollen dispersal distances, genetic diversity, genetic structure and spatial autocorrelation were determined for populations in four habitats: continuous forest, forest fragments, pastures adjacent to fragments and isolated pastures. We predicted longer but less frequent pollen movements among increasingly isolated trees. This pattern would lead to lower outcrossing rates for pasture trees, as well as lower genetic diversity and increased structure and spatial autocorrelation among their progeny. Results generally followed these expectations, with the shortest pollen dispersal among continuous forest trees (240 m), moderate distances for fragment (343 m) and adjacent pasture (317 m) populations, and distances of up to 2.3 km in isolated pastures (mean: 557 m). Variance around pollen dispersal estimates also increased with fragmentation, suggesting altered pollination conditions. Outcrossing rates were lower for pasture trees and we found greater spatial autocorrelation and genetic structure among their progeny, as well as a trend towards lower heterozygosity. Paternal reproductive dominance, the pollen contributions from individual fathers, did not vary among habitats, but we did document asymmetric pollen flow between pasture and adjacent fragment populations. We conclude that long‐distance pollen dispersal helps maintain gene flow for D. panamensis in this fragmented landscape, but pasture and isolated pasture populations are still at risk of long‐term genetic erosion.
Science guides search and rescue after the 2006 Philippine landslide
Authors: Lagmay Alfredo Mahar A. , Tengonciang Arlene Mae P. , Rodolfo Raymond S. , Soria Janneli Lea A. , Baliatan Eden G. , Paguican Engielle R. , Ong John Burtkenley T. , Lapus Mark R. , Fernandez Dan Ferdinand D. , Quimba Zareth P. , Uichanco Christopher L.
Published: March 2008

A rockslide‐debris avalanche destroyed the remote village of Guinsaugon in Southern Leyte, Philippines, on 17 February 2006. Although search and rescue procedures were implemented immediately, the scale of the landslide and a lack of information about its nature resulted in unfocused and imprecise efforts in the early days of the operation. Technical support was only introduced five days after the event, provided by a team of volunteer geologists, geophysicists, and meteorologists. By the time search and rescue operations were transferred to specific target sites, however, the chances of finding survivors trapped under the rubble had diminished. In such critical situations, speed, accuracy, and the maximum appropriation of resources are crucial. We emphasise here the need for a systematic and technically informed approach to search and rescue missions in large‐scale landslide disaster contexts, and the formulation of better disaster management policies in general. Standard procedures must be developed and enforced to improve how civil authorities respond to natural calamities.
Complex Fractionated Electrogram Distribution and Temporal Stability in Patients Undergoing Atrial Fibrillation Ablation
Authors: ROUX JEAN‐FRANÇOIS , GOJRATY SATTAR , BALA RUPA , LIU CHRISTOPHER F. , HUTCHINSON MATHEW D. , DIXIT SANJAY , CALLANS DAVID J. , MARCHLINSKI FRANCIS , GERSTENFELD EDWARD P.
Published: March 2008

Background: Targeting of complex fractionated electrograms (CFEs) has been described as an approach for catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF); however, the distribution and temporal stability of CFE regions remain poorly defined.

Methods: In patients with persistent AF referred for ablation, we performed two consecutive left atrial (LA) CFE maps prior to AF ablation. Bipolar electrograms were acquired during AF, and the mean AF cycle length and electrogram voltage were automatically determined at each point. Sites with mean CL ≤120 ms were considered CFE positive. The two maps were then compared qualitatively and quantitatively.

Results: A total of 15 patients (93% male, age 56.1 ± 9.0 years) undergoing AF ablation were studied. The two maps were separated in time by 31 ± 10 minutes. There was no significant difference in the number of CFE‐positive regions (12.3 ± 5.2 vs 11.3 ± 4.7; P = 0.06) between the maps. While CFEs were widely distributed within the LA, the PV/left atrial junction (73%) and left atrial appendage (77%) were most often CFE positive. The presence of CFEs at each region was concordant 78% of the time. There was a significant correlation between the two maps (r = 0.35 ± 0.21, range 0.1–0.84; P < 0.001) with a percent difference of 17.5 ± 9.4%.

Conclusions: During persistent AF, most CFE regions are found in the vicinity of the PVs. There is a significant correlation between two CFE maps constructed 31 minutes apart, with 78% concordance of CFE sites.
Activation Delay and VT Parameters in Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy: Toward Improvement of Diagnostic ECG Criteria
Authors: COX MONIEK G.P.J. , NELEN MARCEL R. , WILDE ARTHUR A.M. , WIESFELD ANS C. , SMAGT JASPER, Jvd , LOH PETER , CRAMER MAARTEN J. , DOEVENDANS PIETER A. , TINTELEN J. PETER v , De BAKKER JACQUES M.T. , HAUER RICHARD N.W.
Published: March 2008

Introduction: Desmosomal changes, electrical uncoupling, and surviving myocardial bundles embedded in fibrofatty tissue are hallmarks of activation delay in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C). Currently, generally accepted task force criteria (TFC) are used for clinical diagnosis. We propose additional criteria based on activation delay and ventricular tachycardia (VT) to improve identification of affected individuals.

Methods and Results: Activation delay and VT‐related 12‐lead electrocardiographic (ECG) criteria were studied, while off drugs, in 42 patients with proven ARVD/C according to TFC, and 27 controls with idiopathic VT from the RV outflow tract. Two of three measured TFC could only be identified in a small minority of ARVD/C patients. Additional ECG criteria proposed in this study included (a) prolonged terminal activation duration, an indicator of activation delay; (b) VT with LBBB morphology and superior axis; and (c) multiple different VT morphologies. These criteria were met in 30 (71%), 28 (67%), and 37 (88%) ARVD/C patients, respectively, and in one control patient (P < 0.001). Electrophysiologic studies contributed importantly to yield different VT morphologies. Pathogenic plakophilin‐2 mutations were identified in 25 (60%) of ARVD/C patients and in none of the controls. In ARVD/C patients, parameters measured were not significantly different between mutation carriers and noncarriers, except for negative T waves in V1–3, occurring more frequently in patients with mutation.

Conclusions: The proposed additional criteria are specific for ARVD/C and more sensitive than the current TFC. Therefore, adding the newly proposed criteria to current TFC could improve ARVD/C diagnosis, independent of DNA analysis.
The Paradox Dividing Testosterone Deficiency Symptoms and Androgen Assays: A Closer Look at the Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Androgen Action
Authors: Carruthers Malcolm
Published: March 2008

Introduction

Central to the diagnosis and treatment of testosterone deficiency syndrome in the adult male is the remarkable paradox that there is a very poor correlation between the characteristic symptoms and levels of serum androgens.

Aim

Because androgen deficiency can be associated with severe symptomatology, as well as diverse conditions such as coronary heart disease, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, the aim was to present an evidence-based working hypothesis to resolve this confusing clinical paradox.

Methods

A review of the possible mechanisms in testosterone deficiency syndrome was carried out, and a hypothesis to explain this paradox and associated problems in the diagnosis and clinical management of androgen deficiency was established on the basis of a review of the literature.

Main Outcome Measures

The mechanisms by which androgen deficiency could arise were studied at five different levels:

Results

As with insulin in maturity onset diabetes mellitus, there can be both insufficient production and variable degrees of resistance to the action of androgens operating at several levels in the body simultaneously, with these factors becoming progressively worse with aging, adverse lifestyle, other disease processes, and a wide range of medications.

Conclusions

Using this model, androgen deficiency can be redefined as an absolute or relative deficiency of androgens or their metabolites according to the needs of that individual at that time in his life. There are important ways in which the considerations raised by this hypothesis affect the etiology, terminology, diagnosis, and treatment of androgen-deficient states.
“Diagnostic Investigation of the Pelvic Floor”: A Helpful Tool in the Approach in Patients with Complaints of Micturition, Defecation, and/or Sexual Dysfunction
Authors: Voorham-van der Zalm Petra J. , Lycklama à Nijeholt Guus A.B. , Elzevier Henk Willem , Putter Hein , Pelger Rob C.M.
Published: March 2008

Introduction

Pelvic floor dysfunction is recognized to be related to lower urinary tract dysfunction and to lower gastrointestinal symptoms, and is an influential factor in dysfunction and subsequent behavior of the genital system in both men and women. Caregivers should be informed regarding normal pelvic floor function in general and should be able to identify specific aspects of pelvic floor dysfunction in patients with related symptoms. In our hospital, this diagnostic consultation is indicated as Diagnostic Investigation of Pelvic Floor Function (DIPFF).

Aim

This study looked at pelvic floor dysfunction related to specific complaints.

Methods

DIPFF consists of a medical history, a physical examination, including the International Continence Society (ICS) pelvic organ prolapse quantification system in female patients, and a biofeedback registration using a vaginal or anal probe. Based on our experience, we defined an elevated rest tone as greater than 2 µV using intravaginal or intra-anal electromyography.

Main Outcome Measures

Stratification of patients with a single complaint, a combination of two or three complaints of the micturition, defecation or sexual (all compartments of the pelvic floor) resulted in subgroups of respectively 30, 74, and 133 patients.

Results

A total of 238 patients with complaints of micturition, defecation, and/or sexual function were included in this study. Electromyographic analysis revealed an elevated rest tone of the pelvic floor in 141 patients. In 184 patients, we found an involuntary relaxation of the pelvic floor.

Conclusion

In our retrospective study, we found that 77.2% of patients who presented to the clinic with urinary, gastro or sexual complaints had measurable pelvic floor dysfunction (69.3% overactive rest tone and 7.9% under active rest tone). In relation to the ICS terminology, there is a need for a well-defined normal vs. elevated rest tone of the pelvic floor.
BACTERIORHODOPSIN RECONSTITUTED FROM TWO INDIVIDUAL HELICES AND THE COMPLEMENTARY FIVE‐HELIX FRAGMENT IS PHOTOACTIVE
Authors: Kataoka Mikio , Kahn Theodore W. , Tsujiuchi Yutaka , Engelman Donald M. , Tokunaga Fumio
Published: March 2008

Abstract— Bacteriorhodopsin (bR), a light‐driven proton pump, consists of a bundle of seven membrane‐spanning alpha‐helices connected to each other by short extramembranous loops. Previously it has been shown that bR can be reconstituted from three fragments corresponding to the first helix, the second helix, and the remaining five helices, and that this reconstituted material reforms the native structure of bR. In this study, it is shown that the native function is also recovered. Low‐temperature spectroscopy was used to examine the photochemical properties of bR reconstituted from three fragments. At room temperature at pH 6, the reconstituted material shows essentially the same absorption spectrum as native bR, while upon raising the pH at room temperature or cooling the sample in glycerol, a second, blue‐shifted peak appears. The pH and temperature dependence of the absorption spectrum indicates that the reconstituted bR is in an equilibrium between two pigments, which we call P560 and P480. Both pigments convert to their own K intermediates, which differ in absorption maxima, upon illumination with green light at —180°C. Each K intermediate can be reverted to its initial state by light. Similarly, both pigments convert to their own M intermediates upon irradiation with yellow light at ‐77°C. The M intermediate of both species can be reverted only to P560 by light. Both pigments are therefore photoactive. These unique photochemical properties of bR reconstituted from three fragments may be attributable to the lack of a covalent linkage in the loop connecting the A and B helices, and thus possibly to a change in the orientation of the B helix.
SENSITIVITY INCREASE IN THE PHOTOPHOBIC RESPONSE OF Halobacterium halobium RECONSTITUTED WITH RETINAL ANALOGS: A NOVEL INTERPRETATION FOR THE FLUENCE‐RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP AND A KINETIC MODELING*
Authors: Takahashi Tetsuo , Yan Bing , Spudich John L.
Published: March 2008

Abstract— Phoborhodopsin (also called sensory rhodopsin II) is a photoreceptor protein which mediates photophobic responses of Halobacterium halobium to blue‐green light. Under conditions where the synthesis of the chromophore retinal is inhibited, the photophobic system is reconstituted in vivo by incorporation of all‐trans retinal or retinal analogs into the apoprotein of phoborhodopsin. Retinal analogs which retard the cyclic photoreaction kinetics of phoborhodopsin increase significantly the sensitivity of the photophobic response. This supports the previously reported hypothesis that signal amplification occurs during the lifetime of intermediate states of the photocycle. The sensitivity increase caused by the chromophore substitution is observed in cells at several different growth stages, i.e. the naturally occurring chromophore (all‐trans retinal) does not produce maximal sensitivity at any stage of the culture growth. These results are difficult to interpret in terms of the proposal by Marwan et al. (J. Mol. Biol. 199, 663–664, 1988) that only a single photon is sufficient to cause the photobehavioral response in cells containing native phoborhodopsin. A new interpretation for the fluence‐response curves is described based in part on their Poisson statistical analysis. Further, a kinetic model which relates the receptor photochemical reaction cycle to the behavioral response is developed, which accounts for both the sensitivity increase and the shape of the fluence‐response curves.
PHOTORECEPTOR CELL TYPES IN THE RETINA OF VARIOUS VERTEBRATE SPECIES: IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY WITH ANTIBODIES AGAINST RHODOPSIN AND IODOPSIN
Authors: Kawata Atsuko , Oishi Tadashi , Fukada Yoshitaka , Shichida Yoshinori , Yoshizawa Tôru
Published: March 2008

Abstract— Types of photoreceptor cells in the retinas of 36 species of vertebrates (5 classes, 14 orders) were investigated immunocytochemically with monoclonal antibodies against chicken iodopsin (Io‐mAb) and antiserum against bovine rhodopsin (Rh‐As). In mammals, Rh‐As labeled the outer segments of some photoreceptor cells in striped squirrels (a diurnal mammal) and those of most photoreceptor cells in mice (a nocturnal mammal), while Io‐mAb did not label any photoreceptor cells in either of them. In all species of birds studied, Io‐mAb labeled the principal and accessory members of double cones and single cones with a red oil droplet. Rh‐As labeled single cones with a yellow or clear oil droplet in addition to rods. In turtles, both Rh‐As and Io‐mAb labeled single cones with a red or clear oil droplet and the principal (with a yellow oil droplet) and accessory members of double cones. This suggests that the visual pigments in these cones of turtles have common epitopes with bovine rhodopsin and chicken iodopsin. In Japanese grass lizards, single cones with a yellow oil droplet and double cones were immunoreactive to both Rh‐As and Io‐mAb. In snakes, rods and cones could not be distinguished but both positively and negatively stained cells were observed by the use of each antibody. In geckos, however, all photoreceptor cells were immunonegative to Io‐mAb. In all species studied in amphibians, Rh‐As labeled rods but not cones. Neither rods nor cones reacted with Io‐mAb. In fishes, almost all species studied had well developed cones, and some of these cones were labeled by Rh‐As. However, Io‐mAb labeled the outer segments of some cones only in loaches. Rh‐As labeled photoreceptor cells in all species of fishes studied. Thus, Rh‐As recognized the outer segments of rods in all species studied from fishes to mammals, whereas the epitope recognized by Io‐mAb is conserved in some species of fishes, most species of reptiles and all species of birds studied.
Canine heterophilic antibodies as a source of false‐positive B‐type natriuretic peptide sandwich ELISA results
Authors: Solter Philip F. , Oyama Mark A. , Sisson D. David
Published: March 2008

Background:Interference by heterophilic antibodies is a well‐known cause of false‐positive sandwich ELISA results in human medicine. They are considered rarely in veterinary species and have not been characterized but could become important as newer, highly sensitive sandwich immunoassay technologies are developed.

Objectives:The goals of this study were to use a B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP‐32) sandwich ELISA to determine the effect of heterophilic antibodies on test performance; to characterize canine heterophilic antibodies; and to develop and test a method for heterophilic antibody removal.

Methods:A sandwich ELISA was developed using a mouse IgG1K monoclonal and a rabbit polyclonal antibody to two synthetic peptides of canine BNP‐32. The effects on false‐positive results of heterophilic antibody depletion and blocking by various techniques were compared. The titers of canine heterophilic antibodies were compared with various blood antigens from other species and the relative amount of canine IgG was compared with that of IgM heterophilic antibody.

Results:Heterophilic antibodies in dog plasma were shown to be capable of causing false‐positive ELISA results. They reacted with blood proteins from a variety of animal species at relatively low titers and consisted of both IgG and IgM. Protein A agarose antibody precipitation, in conjunction with mouse IgG1K blocking antibody, was effective in eliminating false‐positive sandwich ELISA results while retaining adequate test performance.

Conclusions:Canine heterophilic antibodies can interfere with sandwich ELISA assays and cause false‐positive test results. An effective technique for their removal that has a potentially broad application was developed, and allows measurement of canine blood constituents at low picomolar concentrations.
Cytologic detection of Call‐Exner bodies in Sertoli cell tumors from 2 dogs
Authors: Masserdotti Carlo , De Lorenzi Davide , Gasparotto Lisa
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A 14‐year‐old Italian Griffon and an 11‐year‐old mixed breed dog were presented to our clinic with monolateral testicular enlargement. In both dogs, a firm, nodular, and nonpainful mass was palpated, and ultrasonographic examination of testicular parenchyma showed a large and irregular nodular area with hyperechogenic features. Fine‐needle aspirates of the masses were highly cellular and consisted of populations of large elongated vacuolated cells in sheets and palisades, with finely granular chromatin and prominent nucleoli, consistent with neoplastic Sertoli cells. A variable number of structures also were observed that consisted of a central round area of amorphous, deeply eosinophilic, hyaline material surrounded by a peripheral, rosette‐like arrangement of single or multiple rows of Sertoli cells. These structures were suggestive of Call‐Exner bodies. Histologic sections of the tumors obtained following castration confirmed the diagnosis of Sertoli cell neoplasia and the presence of Call‐Exner bodies. The Call‐Exner bodies were intensely positive with PAS, toluidine blue, and Ziehl‐Neelsen stains, moderately positive with alcian blue, and negative with Congo red and Luxol fast blue. Call‐Exner bodies, thought to represent an attempt by neoplastic cells to form basement membrane, are seen most frequently in granulosa cell tumors, but are occasionally reported in testicular tumors that contain epithelial elements of sex‐cord origin. To our knowledge, this is the first description of Call‐Exner bodies in cytologic specimens from dogs, and only the fifth report of their presence in canine testicular neoplasms.
Evaluation of equine hemograms using the ADVIA 120 as compared with an impedance counter and manual differential count
Authors: Giordano Alessia , Rossi Gabriele , Pieralisi Cristina , Paltrinieri Saverio
Published: March 2008

Background: The ADVIA 120 is an automated laser cell counter widely used in veterinary medicine. Although specific software for equine samples is available and validated, only a few reports have been published comparing the ADVIA 120 with other methods for equine hemogram evaluation.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the hematologic values and reference intervals obtained on the ADVIA 120 with those obtained on an impedance cell counter and manual differential counts in healthy horses.

Methods: EDTA‐anticoagulated blood samples were obtained from 114 clinically healthy horses of various breeds, both sexes, and 2–6 years of age. Samples were stored for up to 12 hours at 4 °C and then analyzed on the ADVIA 120 and the Hemat 8. A 100‐cell to 200‐cell differential leukocyte count was performed by 3 independent observers on May‐Grünwald‐Giemsa‐stained smears. Intra‐assay precision of the ADVIA 120 was determined by analyzing 5 replicates each of 10 of the blood samples.

Results: Results from the ADVIA were significantly higher than those from the impedance counter for RBC count, total WBC count, hemoglobin concentration, red cell distribution width, MCH, and MCHC, and significantly lower for HCT and platelet count. Significantly higher neutrophil and basophil counts and significantly lower lymphocyte counts were obtained with the ADVIA 120 compared with manual counts. Based on Passing–Bablok regression analysis, RBC and platelet counts were in good agreement between the 2 analyzers; a constant and proportional bias was present for other values. Coefficients of variation for erythrocyte parameters on the ADVIA were <1%, but were higher for platelet (6%), total WBC (2%), differential WBC (4%–30%), and reticulocyte (75%) counts.

Conclusions: Results obtained with equine samples on the ADVIA 120 were comparable with those obtained on an impedance counter; reference intervals differed statistically but overlapped. The ADVIA had poor precision for reticulocyte and differential leukocyte counts such that the latter should always be verified on smears.
IMPACT OF INTRINSIC PARAMETER FLUCTUATIONS IN NANO-CMOS DEVICES ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS
Authors: ROY SCOTT , CHENG BINJIE , ASENOV ASEN
Published: March 2008

Device parameter fluctuations, which arise from both the stochastic nature of the manufacturing process and more fundamentally from the intrinsic discreteness of charge and matter, are a dominant source of device mismatch in nano-CMOS devices, and a bottleneck to the future yield and performance of circuits and systems. The impact of such parameter fluctuations is investigated for circuits — with a specific exemplar of 6-T SRAM — whose devices scale from 35 nm gate length. We posit a change in design approach to include the use of statistical compact models as a starting point for the development of cell libraries containing fluctuation information necessary for design under the constraints of parameter fluctuations, and novel Technology Aided System Design tools.
MODELING AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SPIN-BASED QUANTUM COMPUTATION
Authors: HAWLEY M. E. , BROWN G. W. , BERMAN G. P.
Published: March 2008

Quantum computation is a revolutionary new paradigm that has experienced tremendous growth since the mid 1990s and has inspired a number of ingenious schemes whose long-term goal is to realize a large-scale, fast, parallel, and easily fabricated quantum computer (QC). Silicon-based solid-state proposals using spins of dopants, such as phosphorus, as qubits are attractive because of the long spin relaxation times and the potential for scaling the device to a large number of qubits and integrating the QC with existing silicon technology. We propose a modified Kane1 architecture in which we address the difficult fabrication and addressing problems by simplifying the device structure and utilizing an existing, reliable optical detection method. The device consists of linear arrays of P atoms, which will be entangled through their exchange interactions. Scanning tunneling microscopy is used to fabricate the device and an external magnetic field and a large field gradient enable individual spin addressability. The lone P electron spin is used to control the nuclear spin qubit orientation. Excitons, generated in the substrate via a laser, are used to probe the spin states. A He-3 cryostat-based spin manipulation and readout system has been developed but many challenges exist in making a nano-scale quantum device in a real materials system.
STRONG PHASE SHIFT MASK MANUFACTURING ERROR IMPACT ON THE 65 NM POLY LINE PRINTABILITY
Authors: BELOVA NADYA
Published: March 2008

A methodology and Monte Carlo simulation flow with the integrated LSI Logic package, Molotof, was applied to the 65 nm poly line sensitivity analysis. Strong phase shift mask (sPSM) manufacturing process specification was optimized to obtain image critical dimensions (CDs) and image placement errors (IPEs) complying with technology process tolerances. Reticle manufacturing statistical variarions of phase depth, phase width, and phase intensity imbalance were used to generate a virtual sPSM for imaging poly lines on a wafer. A criterion for qualifying reticle specification is to obtain all latent image CDs and IPEs within a photo process module allowed range for a given mask specification. The approach allows for computing reticle and litho budgets into CD imaging performance. Sensitivity to a single parameter variation and full statistical analysis of the 65 nm poly line imaging performance affected by reticle manufacturing errors is presented. The optimum reticle specification, yielded 100% of critical dimensions and image placement errors, was found in simulation and confirmed by empirical data.
APPLICATION OF TUNCAY'S LANGUAGE TEACHER MODEL TO BUSINESS–CUSTOMER RELATIONS
Authors: COSTEA CARMEN
Published: March 2008

It seems that what has been said by now about market and competitiveness does not fit perfectly with competences of getting the best of profit. Sometimes, the classical methods of fundamentals of management do not apply to individual companies that face irregular accommodation on the market. It is high time to replace the perfect business with the right one. New approaches and models may help in identifying new competition trends, changes for better application of purposes and proposals.
GAMETE RECOGNITION AND COMPLEMENTARY HAPLOTYPES IN SEXUAL PENNA AGEING MODEL
Authors: CEBRAT S. , STAUFFER D.
Published: March 2008

In simulations of sexual reproduction with diploid individuals, we introduce female haploid gametes that recognize one specific allele of the genomes as a marker of the male haploid gametes. They fuse to zygotes preferably with male gametes having a different marker than their own. This gamete recognition enhances the advantage of complementary bit-strings in the simulated diploid individuals, at low recombination rates. Thus with rare recombinations the bit-strings evolve to be complementary; with recombination rates above approximately 0.1 they instead evolve under Darwinian purification selection, with few bits mutated.
LATTICE BOLTZMANN METHOD WITH OPTIMIZED BOUNDARY LAYER AT FINITE KNUDSEN NUMBERS
Authors: SZALMÁS LAJOS
Published: March 2008

We present an optimization procedure in high-order lattice Boltzmann models in order to fine-tune the method for micro-channel flows in the transition region. Both the first and second slip coefficients are tunable, and the hydrodynamic and Knudsen layer solutions can be tailored. Very good results are obtained in comparison with the continuous solution for hard sphere molecules. For the first time, we provide an accurate description of Poiseuille flow in the transition region.
QUATERNION ALGEBRAS AND INVARIANTS OF VIRTUAL KNOTS AND LINKS I: THE ELLIPTIC CASE
Authors: FENN ROGER
Published: March 2008

In this paper, we show how generalized quaternions including some 2 × 2 matrices, can be used to find solutions of the equation [Formula: see text] These solutions can then be used to find polynomial invariants of virtual knots and links. The remaining 2 × 2 matrices will be considered in a later paper.
ALEXANDER QUANDLES OF ORDER 16
Authors: MURILLO GABRIEL , NELSON SAM
Published: March 2008

Isomorphism classes of Alexander quandles of order 16 are determined, and classes of connected quandles are identified. This paper extends the list of distinct connected finite Alexander quandles.
KNOTS WITH UNIQUE MINIMAL GENUS SEIFERT SURFACE AND DEPTH OF KNOTS
Authors: BRITTENHAM MARK
Published: March 2008

We describe a procedure for creating infinite families of hyperbolic knots, each having unique minimal genus Seifert surface which cannot be the sole compact leaf of a depth one foliation.
THE QUANTUM 𝔰𝔩(3) INVARIANTS OF CUBIC BIPARTITE PLANAR GRAPHS
Authors: KIM DONGSEOK , LEE JAEUN
Published: March 2008

Temperley–Lieb algebras have been generalized to 𝔰𝔩(3,ℂ) web spaces. Since a cubic bipartite planar graph with suitable directions on edges is a web, the quantum 𝔰𝔩(3) invariants naturally extend to all cubic bipartite planar graphs. First we completely classify them as a connected sum of prime webs. We provide a method to find all prime webs. Using the quantum 𝔰𝔩(3) invariants, we provide a criterion which determines the symmetry of cubic bipartite planar graphs. We also provide an example that our criterions for graphs is different from that of links.
INTEGRAL NON-HYPERBOLIKE SURGERIES
Authors: ICHIHARA KAZUHIRO
Published: March 2008

It is shown that a hyperbolic knot in the 3-sphere admits at most nine integral surgeries yielding non-hyperbolike 3-manifolds; namely, 3-manifolds which are reducible or whose fundamental groups are not infinite word-hyperbolic.
NEW INVARIANTS OF SIMPLE KNOTS
Authors: KEARTON C. , WILSON S. M. J.
Published: March 2008

Our longterm plan is to classify knot modules and pairings by utilizing the power of computational number theory. The first step in this is to define invariants for which any given value arises from only finitely many modules: this is the purpose of the present paper.
ON LIE BIALGEBRAS OF LOOPS ON ORIENTABLE SURFACES
Authors: LE DONNE ATTILIO
Published: March 2008

Goldman [2] and Turaev [4] found a Lie bialgebra structure on the vector space generated by non-trivial free homotopy classes of loops on an orientable surface. Chas [1] by the aid of the computer, found a negative answer to Turaev's question about the characterization of the classes with cobracket zero as multiples of simple classes, in every surface of negative Euler characteristic and positive genus. However, she left open Turaev's conjecture, namely if, for genus zero, every class with cobracket zero is a multiple of a simple class. The aim of this paper is to give a positive answer to this conjecture.
REMARKS ON A SEMICIRCULAR PERTURBATION OF THE FREE FISHER INFORMATION
Authors: YOSHIDA HIROAKI
Published: March 2008

In this paper, we shall give the representation of a semicircular perturbation of the free Fisher information [Formula: see text] by the mean of the conditional variance [Formula: see text], where S is a standard semicircular element freely independent of X, and ε > 0. Using this representation, we will give alternative proofs of the free Fisher information inequality, in which the free analogue of Stam's inequality can be obtained as a special case, and of the free entropy power inequality in an infinitesimal approach to the free entropy.
AN ASPECT OF QUADRATIC HIDA DISTRIBUTIONS IN THE REALIZATION OF A DUALITY BETWEEN GAUSSIAN AND POISSON NOISES
Authors: SI SI
Published: March 2008

Gaussian and Poisson noises can be discussed not only in parallel, but we can also see dissimilarity between them together with some interesting results by using the space of quadratic Hida distributions. Further we can discuss calculus of their functionals to see a duality of the two noises.
DECOMPOSITIONS OF SPACES OF MEASURES
Authors: ANTONIOU IOANNIS , KARANIKAS COSTAS , SHKARIN STANISLAV
Published: March 2008

Let 𝔐 be the Banach space of σ-additive complex-valued measures on an abstract measurable space. We prove that any closed, with respect to absolute continuity norm-closed, linear subspace L of 𝔐 is complemented and describe the unique complement, projection onto L along which has norm 1. Using this fact we prove a decomposition theorem, which includes the Jordan decomposition theorem, the generalized Radon–Nikodým theorem and the decomposition of measures into decaying and non-decaying components as particular cases. We also prove an analog of the Jessen–Wintner purity theorem for our decompositions.
Beneficial Effects of the Rho Kinase Inhibitor Y27632 in Murine Puromycin Aminonucleoside Nephrosis
Authors: Wang Liming , Ellis Mathew J. , Fields Timothy A. , Howell David N. , Spurney Robert F.
Published: March 2008

Background and Aims: Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibition reduces systemic blood pressure (BP) and decreases renal damage in animal models of kidney disease. The aim of this study was to determine if ROCK inhibition might have beneficial effects in glomerular disease processes that are independent of systemic BP. Methods: We investigated the effects of the ROCK inhibitor Y27632 and hydralazine in murine puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) nephrosis. Results: Treatment with either Y27632 or hydralazine similarly reduced systolic BP compared to vehicle-treated controls. Seven days after treatment with PAN, albuminuria, proteinuria and effacement of podocyte foot processes were significantly reduced in Y27632- and hydralazine-treated mice compared to vehicle-treated animals. Treatment with PAN significantly reduced expression of the podocyte proteins nephrin and Neph1, and the loss of glomerular nephrin was attenuated by treatment with Y27632 but not by treatment with hydralazine. In cultured podocytes, PAN potently activated both Rho and ROCK, and PAN-induced ROCK activation was prevented by Y27632. Conclusions: The ROCK inhibitor Y27632 attenuated glomerular nephrin loss in murine PAN nephrosis independent of its effects on systemic BP.