bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Test of Satiation as a Function of Adaptation in Stuttering
Authors: Peterson Harold A. , Rieck Mary Beth , Hoff Rita K.
Published: July 2014

To test the relationship of adaptation and satiation as hypothesized by Jakobovits, satiation of meaning as a function of repeated readings for adaptation was measured in the performance of 14 male stutterers. The subjects as a group exhibited both satiation and adaptation, but the two phenomena did not occur simultaneously in a significant number of the members of the group. A reduction in meaningfulness, as measured by the semantic differential, was not shown to be a significant factor in the reduction of stuttering frequency for the individuals in the group. Satiation and adaptation were not established as the same phenomenon, although the two may still be related through another factor.
Hearing Studies of Telephone Operating Personnel
Authors: Glorig A. , Whitney L. H. , Flanagan J. L. , Guttman N.
Published: July 2014

This study represents a twofold effort to assess the acoustic noise exposure of telephone operating personnel. In one portion of the study, resting thresholds of hearing were measured for operating personnel whose technical duties require extended headset listening. In the other, detailed measurement of the amplitude distributions of sound levels encountered under actual operating conditions was carried out.

The audiological determinations, both of permanent resting threshold and temporary threshold shift, show that in all job categories, losses were negligible.

In direct support of the individual threshold measurements, the sound amplitude distributions, analyzed both in the laboratory and by computer processing, show that the levels measured under operating conditions are well within permissible ranges and constitute no potential hearing risk. The audiological measurements and the acoustic analyses, in combination, suggest that current practices and precautions for the conservation of hearing are fulfilling their objectives.
The Relationship Between Nasal Sound Pressure Level and Palatopharyngeal Closure
Authors: Shelton Ralph L. , Arndt William B. , Knox Albert W. , Elbert Mary , Chisum Linda , Youngstrom Karl A.
Published: July 2014

A group of 21 subjects with well-fitted speech bulbs was compared for nasal sound pressure level (SPL) with a group of 13 subjects having moderate deficiency of palatopharyngeal closure. The difference in mean measures for the two groups was statistically significant. Correlation coefficients are reported for the relationships between nasal SPL and both a cinefluorographic measure of palatopharyngeal closure and several articulation measures.
Differential Diagnostic Patterns of Dysarthria
Authors: Darley Frederic L. , Aronson Arnold E. , Brown Joe R.
Published: July 2014

Thirty-second speech samples were studied of at least 30 patients in each of 7 discrete neurologic groups, each patient unequivocally diagnosed as being a representative of his diagnostic group. Three judges independently rated each of these samples on each of 38 dimensions of speech and voice using a 7-point scale of severity.

Computer analysis based on the means of the three ratings on each patient on each dimension yielded results leading to these conclusions: (1) Speech indeed follows neuroanatomy and neurophysiology. There are multiple types or patterns of dysarthria, each mirroring a different kind of abnormality of motor functioning. (2) These patterns of dysarthria can be differentiated; they sound different. They consist of definitive groupings of certain dimensions of speech and voice, deviant to distinctive degrees. (3) Five types of dysarthria were delineated: flaccid dysarthria (in bulbar palsy), spastic dysarthria (in pseudobulbar palsy), ataxic dysarthria (in cerebellar disorders), hypokinetic dysarthria (in parkinsonism), and hyperkinetic dysarthria (in dystonia and chorea). Also, a mixed dysarthria combining elements of flaccid and spastic dysarthrias was identified in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. (4) Observed occurrence of a single dimension uniquely in a given neurologic disease and distinctive co-occurrence of several dimensions can aid diagnostically in identification of neurologic disorders.
The Relationship Between Articulatory Deficits and Syntax in Speech Defective Children
Authors: Shriner Thomas H. , Holloway Mary Sayre , Daniloff Raymond G.
Published: July 2014

The relationship between articulatory deficits and the development of syntax in children with severe articulation problems was investigated. Subjects in the experimental group were 30 normal elementary school children, enrolled in grades one through three, who had severe problems with articulation. Thirty normal children, free from any articulation errors, served as a control group. Children with defective articulation performed significantly less well in the areas of grammatical usage, and used shorter sentences. The relationship between phonological and syntactical errors is discussed, with implications for therapy.
Bacteriology of Earphone Contamination
Authors: Talbott Richard E.
Published: July 2014

Bacterial samples of earphones used in clinical audiological evaluations were examined for the presence of three pathogenic microorganisms which have been associated with otitis media and otitis externa. The use of ultraviolet irradiation for the elimination of these bacteria was also investigated. The results indicate that the earphones are a possible source of contamination from these microorganisms and that the use of UV irradiation can be effective in the control of these pathogens. The disadvantages of other aseptic procedures with earphones are also discussed.
Affective Meaning of Words as Rated by Stuttering and Nonstuttering Readers
Authors: Peterson Harold A.
Published: July 2014

Semantic Differential ratings on Evaluative and Anxiety scales for a set of most-stuttered and least-stuttered words were compared for 9 stuttering and 5 nonstuttering readers, all of whom stutter while talking. No differences in word values were noted as a function of the instance of stuttering. Significant differences were noted between the two groups, however. The nonstuttering readers assigned significantly lower affective meanings than either the stuttering readers or a normal high-school population. The consistency of word value ratings within both groups of readers does not support a prediction of individual word stuttering as a function of word “meaningfulness.”
Differential Effect of Conductive Hearing Loss on the Threshold-Duration Function
Authors: Wright H. N. , Cannella F.
Published: July 2014

Where the threshold-duration function has been shown to be systematically affected by sensorineural hearing losses of cochlear origin, preliminary studies have strongly suggested the contrasting finding that conductive hearing losses have no effect. Two series of experiments were performed to examine more fully these separate effects. Threshold-duration functions were obtained from listeners presenting 1) pure conductive and 2) mixed hearing impairments. The results indicate that the threshold-duration function is indeed differentially affected. More exactly, only the sensorineural component of a hearing loss affects the results which are obtained; while the conductive component has no effect. Such findings are interpreted to indicate that the threshold-duration function provides additional information not presently available for the differential diagnosis of auditory disorders.
Sound and Pattern in “Artificial” Fluency
Authors: Wingate M. E.
Published: July 2014

This paper presents an analytic review of many conditions known to induce fluent speech in stutterers, and derives an integral explanation which accounts for the beneficial effect of all of them. This explanation suggests new avenues of approach to basic research in stuttering as well as pointing up the value of reviving areas of exploration initiated, but abandoned, a number of years ago.
Reaction Time for Pediatric Audiometry
Authors: Rapin Isabelle , Steinherz Peter
Published: July 2014

A substantial part of reaction time (RT), the time elapsed between presentation of a stimulus and the subject’s response, reflects a central delay during which the brain processes the input and elaborates a response. Low stimulus intensity, inefficient central processing, and lack of motivation are among factors which prolong RT. RT was readily measured in 34 children, age 5½ and older, attending a school for the deaf. Rapid responses to light and light plus sound, and all responses to sound alone were rewarded. Four of twelve children initially unresponsive to sound learned to respond. When sound was attenuated, plots of RT gave information on the efficiency of responses to suprathreshold stimuli and warned that threshold was approaching 5–10 dB before it was reached. Such curves would increase the face validity of clinical audiometric threshold estimates. In severely deaf children, somatosensory stimulation by 500-Hz tones yielded RT curves and thresholds which were very similar to those obtained with aural presentation of the sound, casting doubt on the auditory origin of residual hearing in the low frequency range. Somatosensory stimulation by 1000- and 2000-Hz tones was rare.
The Intelligibility of Speech by Hearing Aids on Inductance Loop and Microphone Modes of Signal Reception
Authors: Vargo Steven W. , Taylor Glenn , Tannahill J. Curtis , Plummer Sally A.
Published: July 2014

A comparative evaluation was done on the speech intelligibility of two hearing aids, one with an inductance loop and the other with a conventional body unit. Each aid received and reproduced 50 monosyllables (CID W 22) on both inductance coil and microphone input modes. The resultant 200 words were tape-recorded from the output of a 2cc coupler and then evaluated by 196 students. Words correctly written served as the criterion measure. Data analysis revealed significantly more intelligible speech for the conventional hearing aid for both inductance coil and microphone inputs. Further, the loop hearing aid was significantly less intelligible on its inductance coil setting than on microphone reception.
Anchoring and Sequence Effects for the Category Scaling of Stuttering Severity
Authors: Young Martin A.
Published: July 2014

Equal-appearing interval scaling is frequently used to measure stuttering severity. The scale values generated by this procedure are known to be affected by a variety of extraneous conditions. In particular, anchoring and sequence effects are known to result in predictable observer biases. In this paper, these influences are demonstrated for the category scaling of stuttering severity, and suggestions are made for their experimental control.
Speaking Fundamental Frequency Characteristics of Five- and Six-Year-Old Children with Mongolism
Authors: Weinberg Bernd , Zlatin Marsha
Published: July 2014

Spontaneous speech samples of 27 children with trisomy-21 type Down’s syndrome and 66 normal children were tape-recorded and analyzed for mean fundamental frequency, standard deviation, and range.

Results indicate that the mean speaking fundamental frequency (SFF) level for the sample of children with mongolism was significantly higher than the mean SFF level for the control sample. Approximately 50% of the children with mongolism had mean SFF levels exceeding the highest mean SFF level of their matched controls. In only two cases did the mean SFF for a child with mongolism fall below the mean SFF level for control children of the same age and sex. No child with mongolism exhibited a mean SFF level below the lowest mean SFF for any control subject. The subject in question is the clinical observation that children with mongolism typically have low voice fundamental frequency levels.
Paired Associate Rote Learning in Deaf and Hearing Subjects
Authors: Blake Kathryn A. , Ainsworth Stanley H. , Williams Charlotte L.
Published: July 2014

Ninety-two deaf and 92 hearing subjects were administered a four-pair and an eight-pair word-numeral task under three methods for demonstrating the correct pairs. On each task, the deaf and hearing groups did not differ in number of pairs learned. Neither did they respond differentially to the three methods. For both groups, the effects of the methods varied with task length. On the four-pair task, list-demonstration and item-demonstration were similarly effective, while both methods were more effective than no-demonstration; on the eight-pair task, list-demonstration was most effective, while item-demonstration and no-demonstration did not differ in effectiveness.
Prediction of Articulation Improvement with Therapy from Early Lesson Sound Production Task Scores
Authors: Arndt William B. , Elbert Mary , Shelton Ralph L.
Published: July 2014

Each of 25 children was taught one of five phonemes: /r/, /s/, /∫/, /1/, or /t∫/. The subjects were quite consistent in their errors prior to the initiation of therapy. Sound production tasks (SPTs) were administered at the beginning of each lesson to measure change in each subject’s articulation of his goal phoneme. This study is concerned with the relationship between improvement during the first ntefew lessons and improvement over the total lesson series. The results indicate that improvement during early lessons show promise as predictors of the outcome of articulation therapy.
Articulation and Stress/Juncture Production Under Oral Anesthetization and Masking
Authors: Gammon Sylvia A. , Smith Philip J. , Daniloff Raymond G. , Kim Chin W.
Published: July 2014

Eight subjects, half of them naive and the other half aware of the purpose of the experiment, spoke 30 pairs of sentences involving the production of intricate stress/juncture patterns along with a passage containing all major consonant phonemes in English in various intraword positions. All subjects spoke all materials under: (1) normal conditions, (2) 110 dB re: 0.0002 ubar white noise masking, (3) extensive local anesthesia of the oral cavity, and (4) masking and anesthesia combined. Stress and juncture patterns were correctly produced despite all feedback disruption, and there was no difference between naive and aware subjects. Noise masking produced a decline in speech quality and a disruption of normal rhythm, both of which were even more seriously affected by anesthesia and anesthesia plus masking. There were no significant vowel misarticulations under any condition, but there was nearly a 20% rate of consonant misartiqulation under anesthesia and anesthesia and noise. Mis-articulation was most severe for fricatives and affricates in the labial and alveolar regions, presumably because these productions demand a high degree of precision of articulate shape and location and hence, intact feedback. Results are discussed in terms of feedback-control mechanisms for speech production.
Tone Decay and Hearing Threshold Level in Sensorineural Loss
Authors: Doehring Donald G. , Swisher Linda P.
Published: July 2014

Tone decay was assessed by the Bekesy and modified Rosenberg procedures in audiological patients with sensorineural-type loss for whom there was no neurological evidence of retrocochlear pathology. Thirty-five subjects were tested at 500 Hz, 97 at 2000 Hz, and 92 at 4000 Hz. Tone decay tended to increase with increased hearing threshold level for both tests at all three frequencies, with low but significant correlations at two of the three frequencies for each test. There were no systematic differences between the Bekesy and modified Rosenberg procedures with regard to overall level, frequency effects, or hearing threshold effects. A low but significant correlation was obtained between the two procedures at all three frequencies.
Audiometric Configuration and Prediction of Threshold for Spondees
Authors: Carhart Raymond , Porter Lois S.
Published: July 2014

The effects of audiometric configuration on the relationships between thresholds for spondees and for octave frequencies from 250 through 4000 Hz were ascertained for six groups of patients classified according to patterns of pure-tone loss. Major findings were: 1000 Hz (except in the group with marked high-frequency loss) was highly enough correlated with SRT to be a good predictor of the latter; adding a second frequency improved the prediction slightly; this second frequency varied with audiometric configuration; the relative weightings of the two contributing frequencies also varied, as did the correction constant that was required; and adding a third frequency did not produce practical improvement in predictability for SRT. Approximate clinical guidelines for estimating SRT from two frequencies emerge from these findings.
The Development of the LOT-Bekesy Test for Nonorganic Hearing Loss
Authors: Hattler Karl W.
Published: July 2014

During Experiment 1, 10 normal adults maintained the loudness of 1 kHz tones at 50 and 80 dB SPL via the Bekesy audiometer. Loudness memory tracings were compared for one continuous and six pulsed conditions in an attempt to define the temporal parameters which are related to the Type V Bekesy pattern. At both intensities tracking levels increased in SPL with a decrease in the duty cycle of pulsed signals. Within Experiment 2, the lengthened off-time (LOT) test employed a 20% duty cycle pulsed tone for comparison with the 100% continuous tone tracing. LOT test results were compared to conventional fixed-frequency Bekesy results which employs a 50% pulsed tone. LOT signals yielded significantly more Type V separation of pulsed and continuous tracings among the nonorganic patients than conventional Bekesy signals thus yielding a higher rate of correct identification. Threshold tracings for organic patients were unaffected by lengthening the off time from the conventional 200 to 800 msec. For Experiment 3 the LOT-Bekesy test was administered to 340 unselected patients in a clinical setting. The test correctly identified 95% of the nonorganic patients and 99.6% of the organic group for an overall efficiency of 98.3%. The LOT test appears to have some advantages over established screening tests for nonorganicity.
The Lombard Sign and the Role of Hearing in Speech
Authors: Lane Harlan , Tranel Bernard
Published: July 2014

Lombard noted in 1911 that a speaker changes his voice level similarly when the ambient noise level increases, on the one hand, and when the level at which he hears his own voice (his sidetone) decreases, on the other. We can now state the form of these two functions, show that they are related to each other and to the equal-sensation function for imitating speech or noise loudness, and account for their form in terms of the underlying sensory scales and the hypothesis that the speaker tries to maintain a speech-to-noise ratio favorable for communication.

Perturbations in the timing and spectrum of sidetone also lead the speaker to compensate for the apparent deterioration in his intelligibility. Such compensations reflect direct and indirect audience control of speech, rather than its autoregulation by sidetone. When not harassed by prying experimenters or an unfavorable acoustic environment, the speaker need no more listen to himself while speaking than he need speak to himself while listening.
Laryngeal Dynamics Associated with Voice Frequency Change
Authors: Shipp Thomas , McGlone Robert E.
Published: July 2014

Simultaneous measures of laryngeal muscle electromyographic activity, subglottal pressure, and air flow were obtained from 14 adult males as they sustained phonation at the 10, 30, 50, 70, and 90% frequency points of their rnodal-to-falsetto range. Frequency was changed throughout the vocal range principally by thyroarytenoid and cricothyroid muscle activity. Further, activity from these two muscles was highly correlated with measures of subglottal pressure. Activity from the posterior cricoarytenoid and interarytenoid muscles and air flow measures showed no systematic pattern related to voice frequency change.
The Role of Random Blackout Cues in the Distribution of Moments of Stuttering
Authors: Rappaport Brenda , Bloodstein Oliver
Published: July 2014

Johnson and Millsapps have shown that when stuttered words are blotted out in successive readings of a passage there is a tendency for residual stutterings to occur on adjacent words. They interpreted this to mean that the blottings serve as cues which remind the subjects of past stutterings. To verify this, the effect of blotting out words at random in the reading material was tested. Randomly blotted words produced an adjacency effect when following an ordinary adjacency condition, but when preceding it, did not. The inference was drawn that randomly placed blackout cues do not in themselves precipitate stuttering, but that subjects may readily be conditioned to stutter in response to them by prior experience with stuttering-related blots. Not only do blottings appear to gain the power to produce stuttering through association with past stuttering, as Johnson and Millsapps inferred, but this power seems to extend to new blottings, in a different reading passage, placed without regard to whether the words had been stuttered or not.
Some Effects of Anxiety Deconditioning Upon Stuttering Frequency
Authors: Gray Burl B. , England Gene
Published: July 2014

Fifteen stutterers were taken through an anxiety deconditioning procedure to ascertain the effect of reduced anxiety upon the frequency of fluency failures. The major findings were (1) reciprocal inhibition procedures for anxiety reactions appeared to lessen anxiety reactions in this sample of stutterers, (2) a significant reduction in the frequency of fluency failures on oral reading tasks, (3) no correspondence between stuttering frequency and anxiety beyond a marginal or coincidental one.
A Comparison of the Results of a Revised Version of Berko’s Test of Morphology with the Free Speech of Mentally Retarded Children
Authors: Dever Richard B.
Published: July 2014

A revised version of Berko’s test of morphology was presented to 30 educable mentally retarded public school children, six each from the Mental Age (MA) groups 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10. Samples of free speech were also elicited from these children. The features tested were compared to the same features in the free speech to see if the test could predict the occurrence or the nonoccurrence of errors in the free speech. Correlational analysis suggested that this was not the case. The conclusion was drawn that the paradigm itself, whether it used nonsense syllables or real words as eliciting stimuli, was not useful in testing development of bound morphemes in educable mentally retarded children.
Intelligibility of Time-Compressed CNC Monosyllables
Authors: Beasley Daniel S. , Schwimmer Shelley , Rintelmann William F.
Published: July 2014

The effects of time-compressed monosyllabic CNCs on the auditory discrimination performance of 96 young adults with normal hearing were studied. Five conditions of time compression, 30% through 70% in 10% steps, plus a 0% control condition were presented at four sensation levels (8, 16, 24, and 32 dB). Ear presentation and list version were counterbalanced with these factors. Results indicated that intelligibility was inversely related to time-compression ratio and directly related to sensation level. Ear and list effects were minimal.
Auditory, Visual, and Auditory-Visual Recognition of Consonants by Children with Normal and Impaired Hearing
Authors: Erber Norman P.
Published: July 2014

The consonants /b, d, g, k, m, n, p, t/ were presented to normal-hearing, severely hearing-impaired, and profoundly deaf children through auditory, visual, and combined auditory-visual modalities. Through lipreading alone, all three groups were able to discriminate between the places of articulation (bilabial, alveolar, velar) but not within each place category. When they received acoustic information only, normal-hearing children recognized the consonants nearly perfectly, and severely hearing-impaired children distinguished accurately between voiceless plosives, voiced plosives, and nasal consonants. However, the scores of the profoundly deaf group were low, and they perceived even voicing and nasality cues unreliably. Although both the normal-hearing and the severely hearing-impaired groups achieved nearly perfect recognition scores through simultaneous auditory-visual reception, the performance of the profoundly deaf children was only slightly better than that which they demonstrated through lipreading alone.
Temporary Threshold Shifts Produced by Exposure to High-Frequency Noise
Authors: Mills John H. , Talo Seija A.
Published: July 2014

Four chinchillas, monaural and trained in behavioral audiometry, were exposed for 24 days in a diffuse-sound field to an octave-band noise centered at 4.0 k Hz. The octave-band levels (OBL re 0.0002 ubar) were 57 dB for Days 1 to 6; 65 dB for Days 7 to 12; 72 dB for Days 13 to 18; and 80 dB for Days 19 to 24. At regular intervals throughout the noise exposure each animal was removed from the noise and threshold measurements were made. For each level of noise, temporary threshold shift reached an asymptote. In the frequency region of maximum effect, the relation between temporary threshold shift and the level of the noise is given by the equation TTS
4
∞ = 1.6 (OBL-47) where TTS
4
∞ is the temporary threshold shift at asymptote measured at a postexposure time of four minutes. These results for a noise centered at 4.0 k Hz in combination with those results for a noise centered at 0.5 k Hz suggest that bands of noise produce equal TTS
4
∞ when the levels of the noises are equated for the acoustic properties of the external ear (including the head) and the inner ear.
The Influence of Linguistic and Situational Variables on Phonemic Accuracy in Apraxia of Speech
Authors: Deal Jon L. , Darley Frederic L.
Published: July 2014

Twelve subjects with apraxia of speech and minimal aphasic involvement were tested in four experimental conditions: effects of instructions, the effect of three different experimentally imposed response-delay intervals on a word-repetition task, the effect of noise, and the effect of visual monitoring. Also studied in one or more of these conditions were the loci of errors in oral reading, the apraxic subjects' ability to predict and to recognize their errors, and the nature of the errors made. Under the conditions in which they were studied, instructions, response-delay intervals, noise, and visual monitoring had no significant influence on phonemic accuracy. Subjects with apraxia of speech had significantly more difficulty with three- syllable words than with one-syllable words. They made more errors on words weighted high (Brown’s word-weighting method) than on words weighted low; word length and grammatical class appeared to be important characteristics influencing increases in errors. The ability of apraxic subjects to predict errors appears to be an individual characteristic; the ability to recognize errors appears to be a group characteristic. Subjects consistently made substitution, repetition, addition, and omission errors. The results support the contention that apraxia of speech is a motor programming disorder.
Effect of Similarity of Sound Substitutions on Retention
Authors: Winitz Harris , Bellerose Betty
Published: July 2014

Phonetic similarity of the sound to be learned and the sound which is substituted may be an important variable governing phonological acquisition. The effect of phonetic similarity was measured in a recall test involving two retention intervals—three minutes and seven days. Accordingly, the /sn/ cluster appearing in the word snow was selected as the sound for which children were to make substitutions. English and non-English clusters varying in phonetic similarity to /sn/ were selected to replace /sn/. The results indicated that phonetic similarity influenced the retention of English and non-English clusters; recall showed the least decrement for those most similar to /sn/. Imitation was tested by asking subjects to imitate the substituted cluster after the seven-day recall test. For all clusters, imitation was surprisingly stable after seven days, suggesting that “motor memory” for speech sounds is highly stable over long intervals of time.
Interaural Phase Disparity of Stutterers and Nonstutterers
Authors: Stromsta Courtney
Published: July 2014

Stutterers and nonstutterers cancelled the auditory sensation evoked by bone-conducted sinusoidal signals. They accomplished this by appropriate phase and amplitude adjustments of simultaneously presented bilateral air-conducted signals of the same frequency. Criterion measures of interaural phase difference at the point of cancellation were obtained for seven frequencies. The mean interaural phase differences obtained by stutterers were consistently greater than those of the nonstutterers. Based on time-equivalent values of the mean interaural phase differences, the values for stutterers were approximately twice as great as for nonstutterers at 150, 300, and 1200 Hz. The mean interaural phase difference found to exist for stutterers at 150 Hz approximates the magnitude of phase shift of normally delayed air-conducted auditory feedback of speech sounds that serves to induce experimental blockage of phonation. This relationship, in view of other findings, offers credence to the idea that disturbance of laryngeal function effected by an anomalous audition-phonation control system could be a causative agent in stuttering.
Noise Audiometer
Authors: Tobias Jerry V.
Published: July 2014

The displacement of a threshold from its measured-in-the-quiet value to the value it takes in the presence of another sound is masking. Measurement of that displacement is masking audiometry. Measurement of displacements at a large number of frequencies produces a masking pattern. This paper concerns itself with a procedure that produces masking patterns with good precision, sensitivity, and rapidity without the problems of tonal interference and beats that normally complicate the determination of masking patterns. Several applications of the technique are suggested, including diagnostic audiometry, continuous-frequency SAL testing, a testing system for ear protectors, and a device for measuring the masking effects of various complex noises and tones.
Disfluency and Word Length
Authors: Silverman Franklin H.
Published: July 2014

Five studies are reported in which the magnitude of the influence of word length upon the loci of instances of disfluency in the oral reading of stutterers and nonstutterers was investigated. The findings suggest that one factor which makes stutterers “unique”—differentiates them from nonstutterers—is not that they are more likely to be disfluent on long than on short words as has been assumed in the past, but rather the opposite. That is, word length does not exert as strong an influence upon the loci or their disfluencies as is “normal.” In other words, stutterers are more likely to be disfluent on short words than their nonstuttering peers.
An Analysis of the Substitution Errors of a Group of Standard English-Speaking Children
Authors: Cairns Helen S. , Williams Frederick
Published: July 2014

Misarticulation of consonants in a sample of 384 standard English-speaking children from grades one through 12 was recorded and classified according to type of error: omission, substitution, or distortion. Substitutions were further analyzed with reference to the feature content of each target phoneme and is realization. The differential stability and nonindependence of the various phonetic features were shown to provide insight into the substitution process.
Deaf Children’s Acquisition of the Passive Voice
Authors: Power D. J. , Quigley S. P.
Published: July 2014

Ten each severely prelingually deaf boys and girls at the ages of nine–10, 11–12, 13–14, 15–16, and 17–18 years were tested for their comprehension and production of the passive voice. The comprehension tasks consisted of moving toys to demonstrate the action of a sentence, or selecting a picture showing the action of the sentence. The production task required subjects to fill the gap in a sentence with the correct set of passive markers. Significant improvement with age took place on all tasks, but even at 17–18 years only slightly more than half the children correctly understood passive sentences and less than half correctly produced such sentences. Deaf children to an advanced age interpret passive sentences in terms of the surface subject-verb-object order of their constituents. Our subjects scored lowest on a test of agent-deleted passive sentences, somewhat higher on reversible passives, and highest on nonreversible passives. By was the only passive marker for most deaf children. A small number of the youngest children interpreted active sentences in terms of object-verb-subject order.
Perceiving Syllables and Remembering Phonemes
Authors: Cole Ronald A.
Published: July 2014

An experiment was performed to determine the manner in which subjects remember a series of consonant-vowel (CV) syllables. An analysis of intrusion errors during a serial recall task revealed that consonant and vowel phonemes are coded by the same distinctive features in a variety of different CV syllables. This result is thought to support the notion that a syllable is a temporal grouping of independently coded phonemes.
Auditory Reassembly Abilities of Black and White First- and Third-Grade Children
Authors: Beasley Daniel S. , Beasley Daun C.
Published: July 2014

The auditory reassembly ability of Black and white, inner-city school children was investigated as a function of grade level (first and third grade). The stimuli were temporally segmented CVC monosyllables. Both semantically meaningful and nonmeaningful monosyllables were used. Interphonemic intervals (IPI) of 100, 200, 300, and 400 msec were studied. Ten children from each race/grade group responded to 10 meaningful and 10 nonmeaningful CVCs at one of the four values of interphonemic interval. In all, 160 subjects were studied. The results indicated that third-grade children performed the auditory reassembly task significantly better than the first-grade children. Although there was no difference between Black and white children averaged across grade level, white first graders performed significantly better than Black first graders. All children, irrespective of race or grade level, performed better on the meaningful than nonmeaningful stimuli. Performance for the 100 msec interphonemic interval was significantly better than that for 200, 300, or 400 msec intervals.
The Development of Base Syntax in Normal and Linguistically Deviant Children
Authors: Morehead Donald M. , Ingram David
Published: July 2014

Language samples of 15 young normal children actively engaged in learning base syntax were compared with samples of 15 linguistically deviant children of a comparable linguistic level. Mean number of morphemes per utterance was used to determine linguistic level. The two groups were matched according to five linguistic levels previously established and grammars were written for the language sample of each child. Five aspects of syntactic development were chosen as the basis of comparison between the two groups: phrase structure rules, transformations, construction (or sentence) types, inflectional morphology, and minor lexical categories. While few significant differences were found for the more general aspects of syntax, such as phrase structure rules, frequently occurring transformations, inflectional morphology, and the development of minor lexical categories, significant differences were found for the less general aspects of syntax. For example, significant differences were found between the two groups for infrequently occurring transformations and the number of major syntactic categories per construction type. In addition, the deviant group also showed a marked delay in the onset and acquisition time for learning base syntax. These results are discussed according to transformational and cognitive developmental theory.
Bone-Conduction Threshold Sensitivity in Relation to Mastoid Sclerosis
Authors: Chaiklin Joseph B. , Schiavetti Nicholas
Published: July 2014

The effect of mastoid sclerosis on bone-conduction threshold sensitivity was assessed by retrospective comparison of audiologic data from 14 persons with unilateral mastoid sclerosis and 13 persons with normally pneumatized mastoids. All subjects with normal mastoids had unilateral sensorineural loss; most sclerotic mastoid subjects had normal hearing in the ear associated with a normally pneumatized mastoid and mixed or pure sensorineural loss on the sclerotic side. Mean interaural threshold differences and distributions of differences were similar for both groups. Sclerotic mastoids do not appear to have a significant effect on bone-conduction thresholds.
Categorical Encoding in Short-Term Memory by Deaf and Hearing Children
Authors: Hoemann Harry W. , Andrews Carol E. , DeRosa Donald V.
Published: July 2014

Thirty-seven deaf and 38 hearing children, ages eight to 12, were tested in a short-term memory task. Special interest focused on the build-up and release of proactive interference (PI). Both groups showed PI when the items were drawn from the same conceptual class of animals. In addition, experimental groups of deaf and hearing subjects showed a release from PI when shifted to a set of items drawn from a different category on the last trial. It was concluded that deaf children encode categorically in short-term memory (suggesting a normally functioning ability to think abstractly and to process information without acoustic mediators).
Lip and Jaw Motor Control during Speech: Responses to Resistive Loading of the Jaw
Authors: Folkins John W. , Abbs James H.
Published: July 2014

Resistive loads were applied to the jaw during speech production. Loads were initiated during the jaw closing movement associated with the production of bilabial stops, creating a situation in which bilabial closure would be disrupted if motor control were independent of peripheral feedback. Three subjects were observed during control and experimental conditions. In all utterances in which a load was appropriately introduced, closure of the lips was achieved and the bilabial stop was adequately produced. To assess the nature of this control, displacement of the upper lip, lower lip, and jaw, in the inferior-superior dimension, were recorded along with EMG from medial pterygoid, anterior temporalis, masseter, and orbicularis oris superior muscles. Based on observation of these variables, it appears that the muscles of the lips and jaw are capable of on-line compensatory motor reorganization.
Patterns of Language Behavior in Children with Developmental Language Disorders
Authors: Aram Dorothy M. , Nation James E.
Published: July 2014

Tests to measure comprehension, formulation, and repetition of certain phonologic, syntactic, and semantic aspects of language were administered to 47 children who had developmental language disorders. A factor analysis of the resultant scores indicated that three factors were present in the data. These factors are presented as six patterns of language performance, one for high loadings on the factor and one for low loadings. The six patterns are (1) repetition strength (Factor I, high); (2) nonspecific formulation-repetition deficit (Factor I, low); (3) generalized low performance (Factor II, high); (4) phonologic comprehension-formulation-repetition deficit (Factor II, low); (5) comprehension deficit (Factor III, high); and (6) formulation-repetition deficit (Factor III, low). Possible relations among these patterns and nonlinguistic measures (sex, race, age, nonverbal intelligence, socioeconomic status, and status of the peripheral speech mechanism) were investigated. Two of the patterns of language performance were found to be related significantly to age. On Factor II, the younger children tended to get high loadings (generalized low performance) while the older children tended to get low loadings (phonologic comprehension-formulation-repetition deficit).
Observer Agreement for Marking Moments of Stuttering
Authors: Young Martin A.
Published: July 2014

Observers were asked to mark moments of stuttering on transcripts of tape-recorded speaking performances. Instructions to observers were varied in an attempt to maximize agreement. An index of agreement was developed to reflect word-by-word agreement for more than two observers. Results showed less word-by-word agreement than might have been expected, although intercorrelations among observers for total number of words marked as stuttering was high, as is usually found.
Application of Regression Analysis Concepts to Retrospective Research in Speech Pathology
Authors: Young Martin A.
Published: July 2014

The underlying logic of retrospective research in speech pathology is examined critically. This research model focuses on differences among discrete groups. Regression analysis concepts are suggested as a tool to evaluate the practical or theoretical importance of statistically significant differences obtained in retrospective research. This type of analysis focuses on the degree to which a criterion measure can be predicted from knowledge of group classification, rather than on differences among means.
Pronominalization in the Language of Deaf Students
Authors: Wilbur R. B. , Montanelli D. S. , Quigley S. P.
Published: July 2014

Four hundred and eighty deaf students (age 10 to 18 years) and 60 hearing children (age eight to 10 years) were required to complete a stimulus sentence by selecting the appropriate pronoun from a list provided. The results indicated that subject and object case pronouns were easier than possessive adjectives, which were in turn easier than possessive pronouns and reflexives. Correct use of relative pronouns was the most difficult for both deaf and hearing subjects. Generalizations about the acquisition of the pronoun system must be limited, as it appeared that pronouns are mastered on a pronoun-by-pronoun basis rather than by categories (person, number, case) for both the deaf and hearing subjects.
The Effects of Word Length and Visual Complexity on Verbal Reaction Times
Authors: Brennan Donald G. , Cullinan Walter L.
Published: July 2014

Thirty adult subjects learned to associate nonsense names varying in word length with nonsense visual stimuli varying in visual complexity. Simple reaction times (SRTs), visual duration thresholds (VDTs), matching response latencies (MRLs), and naming response latencies (NRLs) were then obtained from these subjects. The data indicate that SRTs, VDTs, and NRLs are significantly related to word length and that VDTs and NRLs are significantly related to visual complexity. There is also a tendency for MRLs to increase with increases in word length, particularly for “no” responses. However, the effects of word length on VDTs, MRLs, and NRLs may be confounded with the number of trials needed to learn the paired associates or with the number of overlearning trials. The data are consistent with an interpretation that motor planning or some form of implicit speech process may be a part of the total time required for the naming response.
A Comparison of the Contributions of Two Voice Quality Characteristics to the Perception of Maleness and Femaleness in the Voice
Authors: Coleman Ralph O.
Published: July 2014

Comparisons were made between the contributions of the fundamental frequency (F
0
) on one hand, and vocal tract resonances on the other, to a perception of maleness and femaleness in the adult voice. In the first of two experiments, the F
0
of natural voice was found to be very highly correlated with the degree of maleness and femalenesss in the voice. The vocal tract resonances were less highly correlated and it is apparent that in the presence of the natural laryngeal tone, these perceptions are based on the frequency of the F
0
. In the second experiment, a tone produced by a laryngeal vibrator was substituted for the normal glottal tone at simulated F
0
's representing both males (120 Hz) and females (240 Hz). When listeners were asked to identify the sex of the speakers some inconsistency with the findings of the first experiment was seen. The female F
0
was a weak indicator of female voice quality when combined with male vocal tract resonance although the male F
0
retained the perceptual prominence seen in the first experiment. This finding may be indicative of some basic difference in the normal glottal characteristics of males and females.
Motor Impairment following Blockade of the Infraorbital Nerve: Implications for the Use of Anesthetization Techniques in Speech Research
Authors: Abbs James H. , Folkins John W. , Sivarajan Murali
Published: July 2014

Infraorbital nerve blocks were performed bilaterally in three subjects as a partial test of the hypothesis that some portion of the motor innervation to die facial muscles is provided in the trigeminal nerve. To ascertain the influence of this anesthetic procedure, the magnitude and rate of upper lip displacement (for speech and nonspeech tasks), the magnitude and rate of upper lip depression force, and diadochokinetic rate were transduced and recorded, both pre- and postanesthesia. All measures, along with bilateral muscle action potentials from orbicularis oris superior obtained for all force and displacement tasks, were reduced in magnitude as a function of the anesthetic condition. These findings, along with results from previous speech anesthetic studies, were interpreted to suggest that anesthesia of the infraorbital nerve produces measurable, if not substantial motor weakness in the supraoral musculature. The implications for previous studies, where anesthesia techniques have been employed, are discussed.
Some Relationships Between Punishment, Stuttering, and Galvanic Skin Responses
Authors: Reed Charles G. , Lingwall James B.
Published: July 2014

The simultaneous effects of response-contingent punishment on stuttering behaviors and the frequency of galvanic skin response (GSR) deflections for 10 subjects were investigated. GSRs and stuttering responses were recorded during base rate, treatment, and extinction conditions. The subjects demonstrated a 50% or greater decrease in stuttering frequency during the treatment condition. Combined data for all subjects indicated that the mean frequency of GSR deflections remained stable or declined across conditions of the study. Analysis of individual data revealed that GSR deflections during treatment as compared with base rate increased for four subjects, remained essentially the same in two subjects, and decreased for four subjects. These results suggest that experimental procedures which result in functional punishment effects on stuttering frequency may not be associated with any predictable pattern of concomitant autonomic arousal.
Temporal Acuity in Listeners with Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Authors: Jesteadt Walt , Bilger Robert C. , Green David M. , Patterson James H.
Published: July 2014

Temporal acuity, the minimum time interval within which the auditory system can discriminate the order of auditory events, was measured for three listeners with normal hearing and for 10 listeners with sensorineural hearing loss. Eight of the 10 listeners with sensorineural loss showed better temporal acuity for conditions with greater loss. The remaining two listeners showed the opposite effect. The temporal acuity results are not well correlated with either speech discrimination scores or measures of recruitment. The temporal acuity results do appear to be correlated with results observed in studies of temporal integration or brief-tone audiometry. Listeners with sensorineural loss tend to have both poor temporal integration and good temporal acuity. This suggests that the two temporal measures may reflect a single time constant in the auditory system.