bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Activation and active labour market policies in OECD countries: stylised facts and evidence on their effectiveness
Authors: Martin John P
Published: February 2015

Activation policies aimed at getting working-age people off benefits and into work have become a buzzword in labour market policies. Yet they are defined and implemented differently across OECD countries, and their success rates vary too. The Great Recession has posed a severe stress test for these policies, with some commentators arguing that they are at best “fair weather” policies. This paper sheds light on these issues mainly via the lens of recent OECD research. It presents the stylised facts on how OECD countries have responded to the Great Recession in terms of ramping up their spending on active labour market policies (ALMPs), a key component in any activation strategy. It then reviews the macroeconomic evidence on the impact of ALMPs on employment and unemployment rates. This is followed by a review of the key lessons from recent OECD country reviews of activation policies. It concludes with a discussion of crucial unanswered questions about activation.

JEL codes:J01, J08, J68
Effect of SiO2 nanoparticle doping on electro-optical properties of polymer dispersed liquid crystal lens for smart electronic glasses
Authors: Kim Eunju , Liu Yang , Hong Sung-Jei , Han Jeong In
Published: February 2015

In this paper, SiO2 nanoparticle doped polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) lenses were made from a mixture of prepolymer, E7 liquid crystal and SiO2 nanoparticles by the polymerization induced phase separation (PIPS) process for smart electronic glasses with auto-shading and auto-focusing functions. Electro-optical properties of doped and undoped samples including transmittance, driving voltage, contrast ratio and slope of the linear region of the transmittance-voltage were measured, compared and analyzed. Driving voltage of SiO2 nanoparticle doped PDLC lenses moderately improved. But the slope of linear region, response time and contrast ratio deteriorated, especially the latter two. It can be assumed that these doping effects were due to the mechanistic change from liquid-gel separation to liquid-liquid separation by the fast heterogeneous nucleation rate caused by the increased nucleation at the surface of SiO2 nanoparticles. The marked deteriorations of falling response time and contrast ratio were due to well defined liquid crystal molecules in LC droplets, which induced slow and imperfect random rearrangement of LC molecules at the off state.
Radionuclide-labeled nanostructures for In Vivo imaging of cancer
Authors: Rhim Won-Kyu , Kim Minho , Hartman Kevin L , Kang Keon Wook , Nam Jwa-Min
Published: February 2015

Molecular imaging plays an important role in the non-invasive diagnosis and the guiding or monitoring of disease treatment. Different imaging modalities have been developed, and each method possesses unique strengths. While a variety of molecules have been used previously in nuclear imaging, the exceptional properties of nanostructures in recent research enable the deployment of accurate and efficient diagnostic agents using radionuclide-nanostructures. This review focuses on the radionuclide labeling strategies of various nanostructures and their applications for multimodality tumor imaging.
On Robinson, Robertson, and the Industrial Organization View
Authors: Jacobsen Lowell R.
Published: February 2015

This article offers a contextualization of strategy in the intellectual history of the early twentieth century. In particular, the Marshall-inspired contributions of Austin Robinson and Dennis Robertson are examined as possible precursors of strategy, with special attention to the industrial organization view as principally developed by Michael Porter, notably with his seminal Competitive Strategy. The aim of this examination, which includes a comparative analysis, is to deepen the historical roots of strategy, an interdisciplinary field that emerged in the 1960s. Marshall’s Principles and Industry and Trade are obviously and significantly influential for Robinson and Robertson. Marshall’s memorable, if not definitive, phrase “tendency to variation” not only reflects the dynamic nature of business reality but the essence of strategy, which Porter aptly stated is firms “being different.”
A pathway to bone: signaling molecules and transcription factors involved in chondrocyte development and maturation
Authors: Kozhemyakina Elena , Lassar Andrew B. , Zelzer Elazar
Published: February 2015

Decades of work have identified the signaling pathways that regulate the differentiation of chondrocytes during bone formation, from their initial induction from mesenchymal progenitor cells to their terminal maturation into hypertrophic chondrocytes. Here, we review how multiple signaling molecules, mechanical signals and morphological cell features are integrated to activate a set of key transcription factors that determine and regulate the genetic program that induces chondrogenesis and chondrocyte differentiation. Moreover, we describe recent findings regarding the roles of several signaling pathways in modulating the proliferation and maturation of chondrocytes in the growth plate, which is the ‘engine’ of bone elongation.
Hnf1b controls pancreas morphogenesis and the generation of Ngn3+ endocrine progenitors
Authors: De Vas Matias G. , Kopp Janel L. , Heliot Claire , Sander Maike , Cereghini Silvia , Haumaitre Cécile
Published: February 2015

Heterozygous mutations in the human HNF1B gene are associated with maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 5 (MODY5) and pancreas hypoplasia. In mouse, Hnf1b heterozygous mutants do not exhibit any phenotype, whereas the homozygous deletion in the entire epiblast leads to pancreas agenesis associated with abnormal gut regionalization. Here, we examine the specific role of Hnf1b during pancreas development, using constitutive and inducible conditional inactivation approaches at key developmental stages. Hnf1b early deletion leads to a reduced pool of pancreatic multipotent progenitor cells (MPCs) due to decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis. Lack of Hnf1b either during the first or the secondary transitions is associated with cystic ducts. Ductal cells exhibit aberrant polarity and decreased expression of several cystic disease genes, some of which we identified as novel Hnf1b targets. Notably, we show that Glis3, a transcription factor involved in duct morphogenesis and endocrine cell development, is downstream Hnf1b. In addition, a loss and abnormal differentiation of acinar cells are observed. Strikingly, inactivation of Hnf1b at different time points results in the absence of Ngn3+ endocrine precursors throughout embryogenesis. We further show that Hnf1b occupies novel Ngn3 putative regulatory sequences in vivo. Thus, Hnf1b plays a crucial role in the regulatory networks that control pancreatic MPC expansion, acinar cell identity, duct morphogenesis and generation of endocrine precursors. Our results uncover an unappreciated requirement of Hnf1b in endocrine cell specification and suggest a mechanistic explanation of diabetes onset in individuals with MODY5.
Sound pressure enhances the hearing sensitivity of Chaetodon butterflyfishes on noisy coral reefs
Authors: Tricas Timothy C. , Boyle Kelly S.
Published: February 2015

Butterflyfishes are conspicuous members of coral reefs that communicate with acoustic signals during social interactions with mates and other conspecifics. Members of the genus Chaetodon have a laterophysic connection (LC), a unique association of anterior swim bladder horns and the cranial lateral line, but the action of the LC system on auditory sensitivity was previously unexplored. Baseline auditory evoked potential threshold experiments show that Forcipiger flavissimus (which lacks swim bladder horns and LC) is sensitive to sound tones from 100 Hz up to 1000 Hz, and that thresholds for three species of Chaetodon were 10-15 dB lower with extended hearing ranges up to 1700-2000 Hz. The relatively high thresholds to sound pressure and low pass response near 500 Hz for all four species is consistent with a primary sensitivity to hydrodynamic particle acceleration rather than sound pressure. Deflation of the swim bladder in Forcipiger had no measurable effect on auditory sensitivity. In contrast, displacement of gas from the swim bladder horns in C. multicinctus and C. auriga increased thresholds (decreased sensitivity) by approximately 10 dB with the greatest effect at 600 Hz. The evolution of swim bladder horns associated with the LC system in Chaetodon has increased hearing sensitivity through sound pressure transduction in the frequency bands used for social acoustic communication. The close affiliative behaviors that are common in Chaetodon and other butterflyfish species facilitate sound perception and acoustic communication at close distances relative to the high background noise levels found in their natural reef environment.
Natural selection constrains personality and brain gene expression differences in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
Authors: Thörnqvist Per-Ove , Höglund Erik , Winberg Svante
Published: February 2015

In stream-spawning salmonid fishes there is a considerable variation in the timing of when fry leave the spawning nests and establish a feeding territory. The timing of emergence from spawning nests appears to be related to behavioural and physiological traits, e.g. early emerging fish are bolder and more aggressive. In the present study, emerging Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) alevins were sorted into three fractions: early, intermediate and late emerging. At the parr stage, behaviour, stress responses, hindbrain monoaminergic activity and forebrain gene expression were explored in fish from the early and late emerging fractions (first and last 25%). The results show that when subjected to confinement stress, fish from the late emerging fraction respond with a larger activation of the brain serotonergic system than fish from the early fraction. Similarly, in late emerging fish, stress resulted in elevated expression of mRNA coding for serotonin 1A receptors (5-HT1A), GABA-A receptor-associated protein and ependymin, effects not observed in fish from the early emerging fraction. Moreover, fish from the early emerging fraction displayed bolder behaviour than their late emerging littermates. Taken together, these results suggest that time of emergence, boldness and aggression are linked to each other, forming a behavioural syndrome in juvenile salmon. Differences in brain gene expression between early and late emerging salmon add further support to a relationship between stress coping style and timing of emergence. However, early and late emerging salmon do not appear to differ in hypothalamus–pituitary–interrenal (HPI) axis reactivity, another characteristic of divergent stress coping styles.
Sex pheromones in mate assessment: analysis of nutrient cost of sex pheromone production by females of the mothHeliothis virescens
Authors: Foster Stephen P. , Anderson Karin G.
Published: February 2015

It has been postulated that sex pheromones, in addition to their role in mate recognition and/or finding, may also serve a role in assessment of mate quality. For this, a sex pheromone must give honest information about a signaler's quality, with honesty ensured by a direct metabolic or indirect fitness cost to the signaler. Using a stable isotope tracer-tracee method, we characterised the nutrient pools that fuel sex pheromone production in females of the moth Heliothis virescens, as well as the relative importance of larval- and adult-acquired nutrients to this process. Females used three pools for de novo biosynthesis of sex pheromone, haemolymph trehalose, glycogen (via trehalose), and fat, and produced ca. 25% of pheromone directly from stored (previously synthesised) precursor fatty acids. Pheromone was produced roughly equally from carbohydrate and fat. Adult feeding was very important for pheromone biosynthesis, with a maximum of 65% of de novo biosynthesised pheromone produced from a single adult feed (carbohydrate). Although these nutrient pools are shared with other reproductive physiologies, notably oocyte production, it is unlikely that pheromone production imposes a significant metabolic cost on females, because (i) the amount of nutrients used for pheromone production is negligible compared to that available, (ii) the haemolymph trehalose pool is readily replaceable throughout the adult life, and (iii) in mated females, carbohydrate shortages result in reduced allocation to pheromone.
Visualization of Noncovalent Interaction between Aliphatic Dendrimers and Chemically Reduced Graphene Oxide
Authors: Lee Jung Yup , Park Young Ho , Roy Arup Kumer , Park Byoungnam , Jang Ji-Hyun , Park Sung Young , In Insik
Published: February 2015

Chemically reduced graphene oxide (rGO) decorated with aliphatic dendrimers having gold nanoparticles either in their endo- or exo-positions was firstly formulated through fully noncovalent functionalization approaches. Noncovalent binding of aliphatic dendrimers specifically on rGO rather than on graphene oxide (GO) could be clearly visualized in transmission electron microscopy analysis.
Production of Alkanes from Lignin-derived Phenolic Compounds over In Situ Formed Ni Catalyst with Solid Acid
Authors: Zhang Xinghua , Wang Tiejun , Zhang Qi , Xu Ying , Long Jinxing , Chen Lungang , Wang Chenguang , Ma Longlong
Published: February 2015

In situ formed Ni catalyst combined with added solid acids is highly active for the hydrodeoxygenation of lignin-derived phenolic compounds. In the heterogeneous catalysts, in situ formed Ni acts as the hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis catalyst and solid acid acts as the dehydration catalyst.
Tellurophenes and Their Emergence as Building Blocks for Polymeric and Light-emitting Materials
Authors: Rivard Eric
Published: February 2015

Recent advances in the synthesis and functionalization of tellurophene heterocycles have led to a resurgence of interest in this field of research. Accordingly, this Highlight Review serves to showcase key breakthroughs including the use of tellurophenes as conducting units for polymer-based solar cells and the development of next-generation light-emitting materials.
Questioning of the teaching staff as part of quality monitoring of courses organization and conduct: experience of Moscow Institute of Open Education (MIOE)
Authors: ��������  , Samarkin O. , �����������  , Tabarovskaya Kseniya , �����  , Pashko A.
Published: February 2015

This article describes the results of quality monitoring of courses organization and conduct related to MIOE teaching staff. The article presents a generalized

CPE teacher�s portrait, the analysis of opinions, estimates and judgments on the content and organization of educational process in the context of

the goals currently facing the CPE system. This publication is directed to those professionally interested in the state and dynamics of changes existing in

the CPE.
Advance Selling: Effects of Interdependent Consumer Valuations and Seller’s Capacity
Authors: Yu Man , Kapuscinski Roman , Ahn Hyun-Soo
Published: February 2015

We examine the impact of consumer valuation interdependence and capacity on a firm’s optimal selling strategies. We consider a seller who can offer a single product to consumers twice, in advance and in spot. Consumers choose whether and when to buy, but if they buy in advance, they are uncertain about their own valuations. Whether they buy in advance or in spot, consumers’ valuations are realized in the spot period and they may range from fully independent to perfectly correlated, creating markets with different characteristics of aggregate demand for the seller. Facing these consumers, the seller chooses a portion of the total capacity to offer in advance and prices in both periods. We describe how the optimal strategy and benefits of advance selling depend on the interdependence of consumer valuation, as well as capacity level and other market parameters. We find that a change in valuation interdependence can lead to dramatically different policies for the seller. For example, when individual valuations are highly diverse and the consumer population is large, the seller must offer a discount during advance selling but may limit the advance sales. On the other hand, when valuations are highly correlated, the seller can charge a premium price during advance selling. For the same valuation interdependence, the qualitative nature of the optimal strategy changes with available capacity.

This paper was accepted by Martin Lariviere, operations management.
A Multistage Very Large-Scale Neighborhood Search for the Vehicle Routing Problem with Soft Time Windows
Authors: Mouthuy Sébastien , Massen Florence , Deville Yves , Van Hentenryck Pascal
Published: February 2015

This paper considers the vehicle routing problem with soft time windows, a challenging routing problem where customers' time windows may be violated at a certain cost. The vehicle routing problem with soft time windows has a lexicographic objective function, aimed at minimizing first the number of routes, then the number of violated time windows, and finally the total routing distance. We present a multistage very large-scale neighborhood search for this problem. Each stage corresponds to a variable neighborhood descent over a parameterizable very large-scale neighborhood. These neighborhoods contain an exponential number of neighbors, as opposed to classical local search neighborhoods. Often, searching very large-scale neighborhoods can produce local optima of a higher quality than polynomial-sized neighborhoods can. Furthermore, we use a sophisticated heuristic to determine service start times allowing us to minimize the number of violated time windows. We test our approach on a number of different problem types, and compare the results to the relevant state of the art. The experimental results show that our algorithm improves best known solutions on 53% of the most studied instances. Many of these improvements stem from a reduction of the number of vehicles, a critical objective in vehicle routing problems.
Legitimising fatigue after breast-cancer treatment
Authors: Mackereth Peter , Farrell Carole , Bardy Joy , Molassiotis Alexander , Finnegan-John Jenny
Published: February 2015

This study aimed to explore the experience of women living with fatigue following chemotherapy for breast cancer. Six focus groups were conducted (n=40); all participants had taken part in a multi-site acupuncture trial. There were three to seven people per focus group. Additionally, two people attended one-to-one interviews and four people provided written responses to the trigger questions. The audiotapes from these sessions were transcribed and analysed using a thematic approach. Participants raised concerns about fatigue possibly being a symptom of the cancer coming back or a sign of senility. Respondents described the effects of fatigue on relationships, sexuality, social life, home life and returning to work. The Coping with Fatigue booklet ( Macmillan Cancer Support, 2011 ) was discussed in terms of legitimising the experience of cancer-related fatigue and explaining symptoms to family and work colleagues. More research work is required to evaluate non-pharmaceutical interventions and advice to support women living with fatigue after chemotherapy for breast cancer.
Stanislavsky’s musicality: Towards physicalization
Authors: Frendo Mario
Published: February 2015

This article investigates the musicality of Stanislavsky’s theatre practice by focusing specifically on his conceptions of rhythm and tempo-rhythm. It refers to the work Stanislavsky conducted during the 1918 Bolshoi Opera Studio and the 1935 Opera-Dramatic Studio. The article draws on recent scholarship on musicality in theatre in order to propose that although not immediately visible as an ‘outcome’ of his theatricality, Stanislavsky’s musicality was located beyond the limits of music as metaphor to theatrical activity, and was evident in processes of embodiment that Stanislavsky was developing with his actors. This rather broad musical dimension is foregrounded in Stanislavsky’s consistent attention to rhythm, and the ways rhythmic awareness affects the actor’s presence. This led to the development of the notion of tempo-rhythm. It will be argued that beyond its apparent dualistic nature, if reconsidered as a ‘relational dynamic’ tempo-rhythm emerges as a key element of Stanislavsky’s musicality. The author concludes that in his quest to promote acting as embodiment, Stanislavsky developed, through musicalized processes, strategies of physicalization of action that promoted acting beyond imitations of scripted texts.
Introduction to the 2014 ATHE Bruce Kirle memorial emerging scholars papers in Music Theatre/Dance
Authors: Lodge Mary Jo
Published: February 2015

Since Bruce Kirle’s death in 2007, the Music Theatre and Dance Focus Group of the Association for Theatre in Higher Education has sponsored the competitive Bruce Kirle Memorial Emerging Scholars panel in Music Theatre/Dance at its annual conference. Each year, the winning panelists present their work at the ATHE Conference that was held this year in Scottsdale, Arizona, in July 2014. This year’s panelists, Janet Werther, Hannah Adamy and Alison Walls, presented their papers in Arizona, and have revised them for publication as articles in Studies in Musical Theatre. Mary Jo Lodge, the respondent to the papers at the ATHE Conference, introduces them in this short article.
Book Reviews
Authors: Das Joanna Dee , Linsley Johanna , Macpherson Ben
Published: February 2015

Bernstein Meets Broadway: Collaborative Art in a Time of War, Carol Oja (2014) New York: Oxford University Press, xvi+399 pp., ISBN: 9780199862092, h/bk, $27.95

Cathy Berberian: Pioneer of Contemporary Vocality, Pamela Karantonis, Francesca Placanica, Anne Sivuoka-Kauppale and Pieter Verstraete (eds) (2014) Farnham: Ashgate, xxvi+238 pp., ISBN: 9781409469834, h/bk, £58.50

Musical Theatre: A Workbook, David Henson and Kenneth Pickering (2013) New York: Palgrave Macmillan, x+124 pp., ISBN: 9781137331625, p/bk, £15.63
On the modification of non-regular linear functionals via addition of the Dirac delta function
Authors: Sghaier Mabrouk , Khaled Lamaa
Published: February 2015

A linear functional (form)
When and How Students Take the Reins: Specifying Learner Initiatives in Tutoring Sessions with Preschool-Aged Children
Authors: DiFelice Box Catherine
Published: February 2015

For decades, scholars across disciplines have lauded educational settings in which students have the interactional space to take initiative (e.g. Dyson 1987; Manke 1997; Renne 1996; Shah et al. 2002). As such, initiatives of this kind are considered an important part of student-centered activities, which in turn lead to greater learning opportunities (Waring 2011). While much research has been devoted to examining contexts in which learner’s voices may be heard, scant attention has been paid to the particular kinds of talk that encourage them to initiate contribution or the ways in which such initiatives, when they do occur, serve to shape the pedagogical trajectory. By utilizing conversation analysis (CA) to study interactions in one-on-one mathematics tutoring sessions between an experienced teacher and preschool-aged children, this study extends the small but growing body of microanalytic work on learner initiatives. It aims to further specify the discursive practices that foster rich environments for learner-led contributions. It also considers how the contributions shape the ensuing lesson, and what such contributions relay to teachers about the learner’s understanding of a concept.
Intercultural Communication Systems and Discourses of Cultural Identity
Authors: Baraldi Claudio
Published: February 2015

The analysis of intercultural communication, which is adopted in mainstream applied linguistics and communication studies, aims to explain the meaning of cultural differences and identities in the present global world. The present analysis of intercultural communication is based on theories of cultural variability, which highlight the basic distinctions between values determining cultural differences and identities. Some studies in applied linguistics observe cultural variability as a discursive construction based on a form of epistemological essentialism, produced in the Western part of the world to give meaning to its hegemony. However, these studies share some epistemological foundations with theories of cultural variability. This paper proposes a theorization of intercultural communication, which explains cultural differences and identities as constructed in communication systems and based on their particular structural presuppositions. In this perspective, the hegemonic structure of intercultural communication is ethnocentrism, including the presuppositions of Us/Them basic distinction, positioning of individuals as members of cultural groups and normative expectations about displays of We-identities. This theorisation also provides an explanation of the discursive construction of new hybrid forms of identity, which are observed as a result of globalisation, and of the interdependence between local and global communication systems. Finally, this theorization leads to explain the meaning of intercultural dialogue, which is presented as an alternative to ethnocentrism. The open question regards the explanation of dialogue as either a new discursive construction of hegemonic Western culture or a new structure, introducing equality in participation, sensitivity for participants’ personal expressions and expectations of participants’ empowerment in local and global communication systems.
Towards a Model of Advanced Learners’ Vocabulary Acquisition: An Investigation of L2 Vocabulary Acquisition and Retention by Taiwanese English Majors
Authors: Reynolds Barry Lee , Wu Wei-Hua , Liu Hui-Wen , Kuo Shu-Yuan , Yeh Ching-Hua
Published: February 2015

Development of vocabulary is one of the fundamental elements for second language acquisition; it is important to meaning transfer and successful communication as well (Barcroft 2004). The purpose of the research reported in this paper was to investigate to what extent the characteristics of vocabulary affect Taiwanese English language majors’ second-language vocabulary acquisition and retention. This research builds upon similar research conducted by Willis and Ohashi (2012), which found a relationship between acquisition and a word’s frequency, cognateness, and length for Japanese learners of English. Our results indicate a significant relationship between acquisition and a word’s frequency, level of polysemy, and part of speech. Correlation results show that polysemy and frequency are both strongly related to acquisition. Nevertheless, a negative correlation between phonemes and acquisition was also shown. The findings indicate that high frequency words and polysemous words are both easily acquired and retained; in contrast, words with more phonemes require more effort by Taiwanese English language majors to learn and retain. Findings from a multiple regression analysis further suggest that high frequency polysemous nouns are easily acquired and retained by Taiwanese English language majors. Pedagogical implications concerning the variables investigated are provided.
Application of chosen factors in the wide crossing
method for the production of oat doubled haploids
Authors: Nowakowska Agata , Skrzypek Edyta , Marcińska Izabela , Czyczyło-Mysza Ilona , Dziurka Kinga , Juzoń Katarzyna , Cyganek Katarzyna , Warchoł Marzena
Published: February 2015

Oat (Avena sativa L.) has recently gained
importance due to the discovery of a variety of health
benefits and new opportunities of use. There is no efficient
protocol for the production of oat doubled haploid (DH)
lines. The aim of this study was to increase the efficiency
of obtaining DHs of oat by the wide crossing method.
The study was performed on five oat genotypes. We have
compared the induction of embryos after pollination
with maize, sorghum and millet pollen as well as the
development of haploid embryos isolated 2, 3 and 4 weeks
after pollination and cultivated on media with different
sugar content. Haploid plants were treated with colchicine
after or before acclimation to natural conditions. Of the
three types of pollen used, the largest number of haploid
embryos was obtained using maize pollen. Three weeks
after pollination was the most suitable time for the
isolation and cultivation of the embryos. The most efficient
medium enabling the development of embryos and
conversion to plants was 190-2 containing 9% of maltose.
Colchicine treatment of acclimated plants provided high
survival rate.
Quantile Regression with Clustered Data
Authors: Parente Paulo M.D.C. , Santos Silva João M.C.
Published: February 2015

We study the properties of the quantile regression estimator when data are sampled from independent and identically distributed clusters, and show that the estimator is consistent and asymptotically normal even when there is intra-cluster correlation. A consistent estimator of the covariance matrix of the asymptotic distribution is provided, and we propose a specification test capable of detecting the presence of intra-cluster correlation. A small simulation study illustrates the finite sample performance of the test and of the covariance matrix estimator.
On the number of maximal subgroups in a finite group
Authors: Lauderdale L.-K.
Published: February 2015

For a finite group G, let m(G) denote the set of maximal subgroups of G and
π(G) denote the set of primes which divide |G|. In [Arch. Math. 101 (2013), 9–15], it is proven that |m(G)| = |π(G)| when G is cyclic and if G is noncyclic |m(G)| ≥ |π(G)| + p, where
p ∈ π(G) is the smallest prime that divides |G|. In this paper, we produce two new lower bounds for |m(G)|, both of which consider all of the primes in π(G).
Linear and projective boundaries in HNN-extensions and distortion phenomena
Authors: Krön Bernhard , Lehnert Jörg , Stein Maya
Published: February 2015

Linear and projective boundaries of Cayley graphs were introduced in [Glasg. Math. J. (2014), DOI 10.1017/S0017089514000512] as quasi-isometry invariant boundaries of finitely generated groups. They consist of forward orbits g
∞ = {gi
: i ∈ ℕ}, or orbits g
±∞ = {gi
: i ∈ ℤ}, respectively, of non-torsion elements g of the group G, where `sufficiently close' (forward) orbits become identified, together with a metric bounded by 1.

We show that for all finitely generated groups, the distance between the antipodal points g
∞ and g
-∞ in the linear boundary is bounded from below by 1/21/2, and we give an example of a group which has two antipodal elements of distance at most (12/17)1/2 < 1. Our example is a derivation of the Baumslag–Gersten group.

We also exhibit a group with elements g and h such that g
∞ = h
∞, but g
-∞ ≠ h
-∞. Furthermore, we introduce a notion of average-case-distortion—called growth—and compute explicit positive lower bounds for distances between points g
∞ and h
∞ which are limits of group elements g and h with different growth.
Bounded generation of wreath products
Authors: Nikolov Nikolay , Sury B.
Published: February 2015

We show that the (standard restricted) wreath product of groups is boundedly
generated if and only if the bottom group is boundedly generated and the top
group is finite.
NOTIZEN Spinaustausch zwischen optisch gepumptem Caesium und Kupfer
Authors: Hofmann-Reinecke H , Haas J. , Fricke J.
Published: February 2015

An apparatus is described allowing spinexchange between free atoms of low and high melting metals. The orientation of the copper atoms is detected by inducing the Cu-Zeeman-transitions.
Paarungseffekte und Neutron-Proton-Oberflächendelta-Restwechselwirkung in sphärischen Kernen ungerader Massenzahl
Authors: Baier H. , Reya E.
Published: February 2015

Assuming a surface delta interaction (SDI) between identical as well as between non-identical nuclei, we investigate the pairing properties of spherical odd mass (s.o.m.) nuclei in the regions 40 ≦ Z ≦ 49, 53 ≦ N 70 and 51 ≦ Z ≦ 59, 64 ≦ 82. Applying Bogoliubov’s transformation to the neutrons and protons separately and applying the compensation principle we arrive at the coupled system of BCS equations. Determining the quasi-particle energies and the chemical potentials of the neutron and proton system by numerical solution of these equations, we find rather impressive agreement between theory and experiment. We further find that for a SDI-model the incorporation of n-p forces seems to be both necessary and sufficient for a detailed understanding of the low-lying energy levels in the above mentioned regions. In addition, the SDI-model has the advantage of analytic simplicity as compared to more refined realistic (multiparameter) models
Messungen der druckabhängigen Relaxationszeiten der Ausrichtung (alignment) einiger durch Ionenstoß angeregter Helium-Singulettzustände
Authors: Drtil W.
Published: February 2015

Zur Bestimmung der Druckabhängigkeit der Relaxationszeiten der Ausrichtung (alignment) der He 3 1P-, 4 1P-, 3 1D-, 4 1D-und 5 1D-Zustände in Abhängigkeit vom Heliumdruck wurden Hanle-Effekt-Messungen bei Ionenstoßanregung durchgeführt. Durch Extrapolation ergaben sich die natürlichen Lebensdauern der untersuchten Zustände zu τ(3 1P) = (2,0 ± 0,8) ns (1,7 ns); τ(4 1P) = (4,0 ±0,6) ns (3,9 ns), τ(3 1D) = (20,5 ±0,9 ns) (15,4 ns), τ(4 1D) = (38,0 ±2) ns (37,8 ns), τ(5 1D) = (68 ±7) ns (72,7 ns). Außerdem konnten aus der Druckabhängigkeit der Relaxationszeiten der 3 1D-, 4 1D-und 5 1D-Zustände die Wirkungsquerschnitte der Zerstörung der Ausrichtung (alignment) durch Stöße mit Atomen im angeregten Zustand und Atomen im Grundzustand ermittelt werden:

σ(2) (3 1D) = 6 · 1 0-14 cm2, σ(2) (4 1D) =4·10-14 cm2, σ(2) (5 1D) = 7·10-14 cm2 (T = 297 °K).
Atomic Distributions and Electrical Resistivities of Liquid Gold-Tin Alloys
Authors: Wagner C.N.J. , Halder N . C. , North D. M.
Published: February 2015

The distributions ρij(r) of Au-Au, Sn-Sn and Au-Sn pairs have been calculated using the three partial interference functions Iij(K ) which were evaluated from the scattered x-ray intensities of liquid Au-Sn alloys measured by Kaplow, Strong and Averbach. The functions IAuAu (K) and ISnSn(K) and their corresponding Fourier transforms are similar to those observed in their respective pure liquids. The functions IAuSn ( K ) and ρAuSn(r) resemble closely a model structure based on a solid AuSn alloy with a NiAs-type structure. The electrical resistivities of the alloys obtained with Iij(K ) and the pseudo-potential elements Ui(K) show a large increase upon alloying Sn into Au in agreement with experimental observation.
Soret-Koeffizienten von Gemischen aus n-Alkanen und cyclischen Kohlenwasserstoffen
Authors: Korsching H.
Published: February 2015

A convection controlled slit cell with corrected temperature gradient is described, and the con­centration dependence of the Soret effect of some binary mixtures of cyclic and chainlike hydrocarbons is determined.
Notizen:β-Modifikation des Bariums bei im Vakuum zerstäubten Partikeln
Authors: Batalli-Cosmovici Cristiano
Published: February 2015

Das bei Normaldruck und unter 375 °C stabile a-Barium besitzt ein kubisch-raumzentriertes Gitter. Zwischen 350° und 380 °C erfolgt eine allotrope Um­ wandlung zum /^-Barium von bislang unbekannter Struktur 1. Kleine Partikel mit Radius unter 5)jl lassen sich ent­ weder durch Strahlungskühlung oder Wärmeleitung rasch abschrecken, so daß die metastabile Modifikation einfriert, oder bei der Analyse durch einen Elektronen­ strahl bis in den Stabilitätsbereich dieser Modifikation erhitzen. Dies wird mit dem folgenden Ergebnis illu­ striert, das an metallischen Partikeln aus einer Zwei-phasen-Strömung ins Vakuum gewonnen wurde. Gepreßte Ba-CuO-Mischungen (in molarem Mischungs­ verhältnis 2,5:1) wurden in Verbrennungsgefäßen von 50 cm3 gezündet, die mit einer Wolframdüse versehen waren. Die Reaktionsprodukte (Tröpfchen von Ba, BaO, Cu und gasförmiges Ba mit N2 bei 2500 °K) strömten innerhalb von 300 msec in eine Vakuumkam­ mer von 20 m3 bei einem Anfangsdruck von 10-5 Torr. Die Teilchen dieser Zweiphasen-Strömung wurden mit einem besonderen Auffanggerät 2 in einem Abstand von 330 cm von der Düse gesammelt. Um Oxidation der Teilchen zu vermeiden, wurde das Auffanggerät nach dem Experiment mit Argon auf einen Druck P
Quasi-Darkén sche Beziehungen
Authors: Klemm A.
Published: February 2015

Quasi-Darkén Relations. In binary mixtures with the self­friction coefficients r11 and r22 and the inter-friction coefficient r12, interpolations of the type 2 f (r12) = f (r11) + f (r22) cor­respound to Quasi-Darkén relations, If f = In, the Darkén relation is obtained.
Kβ Satellites in Fluorescence Spectra of Some Mg and Al Compounds
Authors: Linkoaho M. , Åberg T. , Graeffe G. , Utriainen J.
Published: February 2015

The high energy Kβ satellites βIII, βIV, βVII, βVII have been studied in fluorescence. Their in­tensities have been correctd for the self-absorption effect by measuring the intensities from Mg and A1 compounds having various absorption coefficients. By comparing the energy and intensity of the βIII βIV group with the calculations of the sudden approximation theory we have shown that this group is due to double-hole states. It is proposed that the α10 α11 group on the low energy side of the Kβ line arises from transitions between quadri-hole states. The line usually designated as Kβ' is thought to arise from a cross transition between the cation and anion in Mg, Al, and Si compounds involving the second period elements.
Konzentrationsverlauf thermodynamischer Funktionen bei Salzschmelzen mit zwei Komponenten
Authors: Richter Joachim
Published: February 2015

Es wird gezeigt, daß die zusätzlichen chemischen Potentiale bzw. die Logarithmen der Aktivitäts­koeffizienten von binären Elektrolytschmelzen durch Potenzreihen im Molenbruch mit ganzzahligen Exponenten darstellbar sind. Aus diesen Reihen werden die Zusatzfunktionen der molaren Freien Enthalpie, der molaren Entropie und der molaren Enthalpie abgeleitet. Aus den Koeffizienten der zusätzlichen molaren Freien Enthalpie werden für 49 Systeme die Koeffizienten der Reihenentwick­lung für die Aktivitätskoeffizienten berechnet. Für die Elektrolvtschmelzen CdCl2-FNaCl, CdCl2+KCl, PbCl2 + NaCl, PbCl2 + KCl bei 600 °C; AgCl + KCl bei 650 °C und AgCl + CsCl bei 800 °C werden die Zusatzentropien ermittelt. Für die zusätzliche molare Freie Enthalpie ergibt sich eine Symmetrieregel, die sich auch bei binären niedrigmolekularen Nichtelektrolytlösungen beobachten läßt („Symmetrieregel von Haase“).
A Liquid Crystal as a Solvent in Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Hansen Torben Stroyer
Published: February 2015

A technique to obtain infrared absorption spectra of orientated molecules, dissolved in a liquid crystal, which is placed in a strong magnetic field, is described. The degree of orienta­tion of 4,4'-dihexoxyazoxybenzene is measured at various temperatures. The maximum degree of orientation of 4-bromo-benzonitrile and 4-cyanobenzoic acid is measured in a 10% solution in 4,4'-dihexoxyazoxybenzene to be 0.35 and 0.55, respectively.
Grundlagen und Anwendungen einer neuen Diffusionsmethode in flüssiger Phase Teil II : Die Bestimmung von Diffusionskoeffizienten nach der Pulsationsmethode
Authors: Dreyer G. , Kahrig E. , Kirstein D. , Erpenbeck J. , Lange Fr.
Published: February 2015

Auf der Grundlage einer im I. Teil erläuterten Pulsationsdiffusionsmethode wird eine Anordnung zur Bestimmung von Diffusionskoeffizienten beschrieben. Durch die günstige Geometrie dieser Diffusionsmethode lassen sich sehr kurze Meßzeiten erreichen, die für die untersuchten Elektrolytlösungen (NaCl, KCl, CaCl2) wenige Minuten nicht überschritten. Genauigkeit und Reproduzierbarkeit waren im wesentlichen nur durch die Analyse begrenzt, da die Diffusionsanordnung weitgehend unempfindlich gegen mechanische und thermische Störungen ist.
Anomalie der g-Faktoren symmetrisch phenylsubstituierter aromatischer Radikale
Authors: Möbius K. , Plato M.
Published: February 2015

For the phenylsubstituted hydrocarbon radicals of p-terphenyl, diphenylanthracene, rubrene, tetraphenylpyrene, and triphenylmethyl we have observed g-factors showing pronounced deviations from the values expected by Stone's g-factor theory. In some cases the deviations are as large as -1.6X10 -4 which cannot be explained in the frame of the conventional HMO conjugation model. A new model with additional consideration of a hyperconjugative coupling between the π-orbitals and the σ-orbitals of the twisted phenyl rings is presented which, in connection with certatin modifications of Stone's theory, explains the observed g-factor anomaly. Details of the hyperconjugative model of twisted phenyl rings are presented in a subsequent paper.
Energiebestimmung der Stoßwelle eines laserinduzierten Gasdurchbruchs
Authors: Hohla K , Büchl K , Wienecke R , Witkowski S
Published: February 2015

A gas breakdown was produced in the gases H2, N2 , He, Ar and Xe with a 100 MW ruby laser in a pressure chamber, the gas pressure being varied from 200 Torr to 10 atm. A lense with a focal length of 16 mm was used for focusing the laser beam. The blastwave was observed using the shadow method. High-speed pictures and streak pictures of the blastwave were taken with an image converter camera. The shape of the blastwave was approximately spherical. The position of the shock-front was determined as a function of time by streak pictures and compared with Sakurai's theory for H2 and N2 for Mach numbers M ≧ 2 and for Xe, Ar and He for M ≧ 4. From the normalization parameter it is possible to determine the energy of the blastwave for various gases as a function of the pressure of the gases. In the gases He and H2 pronounced rise of the blastwave energy was found with rising pressure. However, in the gases N2 , Xe and Ar there exists a maximum in the blastwave energy at a pressure of approximately 1 atm. A preliminary explanation for this behaviour is given.
Der aus dem Noetherschen Theorem folgende Energie-Impulstensor für das elektromagnetische Feld in Materie
Authors: Schröder U.E.
Published: February 2015

The often discussed question concerning the energy-momentum tensor of the electromagnetic field in matter can be answered using NOETHER'S theorem. The separation of the electromagnetic system from the mechanical system introduced here leads to the asymmetric expression for the energy momentum tensor. From covariance with respect to scale transformations one further concludes that the trace of the energy-momentum tensor vanishes.
Ladungsaustausch zwischen Ionen und Atomen der Edelgase bei Stoßenergien unterhalb 200 eV
Authors: Schlumbohm H.
Published: February 2015

Charge exchange cross sections for the four systems He+, Ne+ + Ar, Kr have been measured, ap­plying slow ions gathering techniques. The values are several 1O-16 cm2 and are almost constant between 20 and 200 eV collision energy. The comparison with previously published data for charge exchange into optically excited higher states of the ions show that these reactions prefer at least at 25 to 30% endothermic channels instead of the exothermic one without excitation. - Additionally the cross section of the endothermic process Ar++Ne was measured. Above a threshold energy of 17 eV it shows a strong increase and a constant value of 7 · 10-17 cm2 between 20 and 200 eV.
Microwave Spectrum, Structure and Rotation-Vibration Interaction of Deutero-Fulminic Acid, DCNO
Authors: Bodenseh Hans Karl , Winnewisser Manfred
Published: February 2015

The microwave spectrum of the deuterated form of fulminic acid (DCNO) has been investigated in the frequency region from 9 to 42 GHz. For the ground vibrational state of DCNO the following rotational constants were obtained:

B0(D12C14N16O) =10 292.50 MHz,

B0(D13C14N18O) =10 011.66 MHz,

B0(D12C14N18O) = 9 758.87 MHz.

The corresponding moments of inertia yield a combined rs and r0 structure:

rDC = 1.027 ±0.001 Å, rCN = 1·168 ±0.001 Å, rNO = 1.199 ± 0.001 Å.

For the two degenerate bending modes ν4 and ν5 the l-type doublets of the transition J = 1 - 2 and the two corresponding series of l-type doubling transitions have been observed. The analysis of the two l-type doubling series revealed that P4 and P6 centrifugal distortion contributions are sufficient to account for the spectrum. The doubling constants given in MHz are

q4 = 17.9103-(0.6467 · 10-4)J(J + 1) +(0.188 · 10-8) [J(J + 1)]2,

q5 = 38.0907-(0.3061 · 10-3)J(J + 1) + (0.314 · 10-8)[J(J + 1) ]2.

A third series of l-type doubling transitions arising from the II-level of the ν5=3 vibrational state has been found and analysed, yielding:

q(0)
3×5 =29.2748 ± 1.8 · 10-4 MHz; EΦ-EII=Δ ≅ 41 cm-1.
A Unified Interpretation of Mass and Charge Distribution and Prompt Neutron Evaporation in Low-Energy Nuclear Fission
Authors: Denschlag H. O . , Qaim S. M.
Published: February 2015

A simple model for a transition state configuration in low-energy fission is given. In its light the latest experimental data on mass and charge distribution and on prompt neutron evaporation are discussed.
Mikrowellenspektrum, Hinderungspotential der internen Rotation, Quadrupolkopplungskonstanten und Dipolmoment des 2-Methyl-Pyridins
Authors: Dreizler H. , Rudolph H.D. , Mäder H.
Published: February 2015

The microwave rotational spectrum of 2-methyl-pyridine (a-picoline) has been investigated in the region from 6 to 30 kmc/s. From the three lowest states of internal rotation m=0, 1, 2 the three-and sixfold components V3 and V6 of the potential barrier hindering the internal rotation have been determined to be V3= (258,4 ± 0,1) cal/mole and V6=(-11,8± 0,1) cal/mole. From the splitting of low-J lines m=0 the nuclear quadrupole coupling constants for the 14N nucleus have been derived as χaa= (-0,33 ± 0,02) mc/s, χbb = (-2,86 ± 0,02) mc/s, χcc = (+3,19 ± 0,02) mc/s. The hyperfine structure of rotational transitions in excited states of internal rotation could also be accounted for with these coupling constants. The dipole moment components derived from Stark-effect measurements in the ground torsional state m = 0 are μa = (0,72 ± 0,01) Debye and μb - (1,71 ± 0,02) Debye.
Molten Mixtures of K, Na Formates with Alkali Halides. Note I
Authors: Leonesi Dante , Braghetti Mario , Cingolani Augusto , Franzosini Paolo
Published: February 2015

The eutectic compositions and temperatures were determined in a series of mixtures type HCOOK+MeX and HCOONa+MeX (where Me=Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, and X=Cl, Br, I). Moreover, a detailed map of the accessible portion of the liquidus area in the system K+, Na+/HCOO-, Cl-, showing the isotherms up to 300 °C, was drawn.
Through a Layer of Lorentzian Absorbers. Part II
Authors: Franco Sergio , Heberle Juergen
Published: February 2015

The formalism presented in Part I has been developed further. By analytical methods we have derived a formula for the linewidth

W= (⌈S + ⌈A) {1+γT[1+γT/2!-(γ+1)2 T2/3!- (7 γ3 + 6γ2-2) T3/4! + ⅓\ (31 γ4+ 120 γ3+156 γ2+72 γ+6) T4/5! +…] }

where γ = ⌈A/⌈S and T is a new dimensionless parameter which is proportional to the absorber thickness. The application to Mössbauer spectroscopy is discussed. The results are valid for environmental broadening of the Lorentzian type.
Experimental Investigation of a Low Frequency Instability in a Modified Penning Discharge (Q-PIG)
Authors: Klan F .
Published: February 2015

Low frequency oscillations observed in a modified PIG discharge were identified as fluctuations of the electron temperature. These oscillations only occurred under certain conditions (low gas pressure, relatively high magnetic field), whereas at high pressure and low magnetic field strength the plasma was remarkably stable; this is why the discharge is referred to as a "quiescent" PIG (Q-PIG) discharge. This paper describes measurements for obtaining a detailed picture of the two modes of the discharge. A qualitative explanation of the phenomena observed is obtained using the energy balance of the electron gas.
Eine direkte Bestimmung der Primärprodukte von Radikal-Molekül-Reaktionen: OH+C2H2→CO+CH3 und OH+N2H4→NH3+NH2O
Authors: Gehring M. , Hoyermann K. , Wagner H. Gg. , Wolfrum J.
Published: February 2015

Using crossed nozzle beam technique, the primary products of OH reactions with acetylen and hydrazine were determined without subsequent steps, giving

OH + C2H2 → CO + CH3,

OH + N2H4 → NH2O + NH3.