bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH CANCER PATHOLOGY
Authors: Shulhai Arkadii H. , Terenda Nataliia O. , Fedoniuk Larysa Ya. , Petrashyk Yurii M. , Panchyshyn Nataliia Ya. , Sas Lesia M. , Piliponova Viktoriia V.
Published: April 2023

The aim of the study is comparative assessment of the main risks of the global burden of cancer in the total burden of death.
Materials and methods: A comparative assessment of the main risks of the global burden of cancer within the overall burden of deaths was carried out based on the data of the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD), data from the Center for Medical Statistics of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, the National Cancer Registry of Ukraine. The methods of comparative analysis, systematic approach and system analysis, bibliosemantic and medical-statistical methods were used.
Results: Higher attributable risk of death in most nosological forms of cancer among the population of Ukraine (bronchial, tracheal and lung cancer, laryn-geal, pharyngeal, lip and esophageal cancer) have been observed. Behavioral factors at the level of Ukraine, compared to the world level, are characterized by signi!cantly higher rates of attributable risk with regard to tobacco smoking (cancer of the larynx, pharynx, lower lip, esophagus) and alcohol consumption (pharynx, liver, lower lip). Environmental and occupational factors in Ukraine do not exceed the global exposure rates, and are lower for some cancer nosol-ogies, namely bronchial, tracheal, lung and laryngeal cancer. Unlike global trends, metabolic factors prevail among the mortality risks of patients with liver, esophageal, uterine and kidney cancer in Ukraine.
Conclusions: Behavioral, occupational, environmental and metabolic risk factors for cancer mortality have high attributable risk. Behavioral risk factors for cancer mortality have the most pronounced impact both globally and in Ukraine, and notably, for the majority of nosological forms of cancer in Ukraine mortality risks are higher compared to the global data.
MORPHOFUNCTIONAL STATUS OF INSTRUCTORS OF HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS DURING THEIR PEDAGOGICAL ACTIVITIES
Authors: Okhrimenko Ivan M. , Chebotaryova Olena V. , Kinash Nataliia B. , Zhuk Nataliia A. , Marchuk Alla V. , Liakhova Nataliia A. , Chepiga Lada P.
Published: April 2023

The aim: To research the morphofunctional status of instructors of higher educational institutions of di"erent age groups in the process of their pedagogical activities.
Materials and methods: The research was conducted in the period from 2019 to 2021. The research involved 126 instructor offcers (men) of different age groups: under 30 years of age – 21 people, 31-35 years of age – 27 people, 36-40 years of age – 32 people, 41-45 years of age – 27 people, over 45 years of age – 19 people. Morphofunctional status of the instructor o#cers was assessed by the indicators of their height, body weight, lung vital capacity, wrist dynamometry, heart rate, blood pressure and relevant indices.
Results: It was found that during the study (2019-2020) the Kettle index, vital index, strength index, Robinson index and duration of recovery processes deteriorated among instructor offcers of all age groups. However, in instructor offcers of 36-40, 41-45 and over 45 years of age most of indices deteriorated reliably (P < 0.05). The values of the studied indices are below average or low in most instructors of all age groups, most instructors are overweight.
Conclusions: It was found that the level of morphofunctional status of the instructional sta" is insu#cient to perform the tasks of their pedagogical activities. Rationally organized health-improving physical training sessions, taking into account the age group, morphofunctional status of instructors and the time of training sessions during the working day can be an e"ective way to solve this problem.
Elementy krajobrazu Wołynia i Polesia utrwalone na kartach listów Alojzego Felińskiego oraz wybranych pamiętników dziewiętnastowiecznych
Authors: Patro-Kucab Magdalena
Published: April 2023

The study gives an analysis of selected letters of Alojzy Feliński and the diaries of Ewa Felińska and Józef Kraszewski, which serve to show elements of the landscape of Volhynia and Polesie. The aim of the research is to describe and characterize Volhynia and Polesie in literary and cultural-axiological aspects. The conclusion is that the three authors looked at the landscape rather conventionally, according to their own assessment and subjective selection of material, and the view of the landscape was still determined by their “earthy vision of nature”.
Obraz jako element i wariant lektury. Na przykładzie "Dopóki niebo nie płacze" Iwony Chmielewskiej
Authors: Brzuska-Kępa Alina
Published: April 2023

The difficulty with reading a picture book is the ability of the reader to incorporate it into the entire message and perceive it as an element of reading. Picture book is a form of visual literature. Iwona Chmielewska recognizes that we are veryattached to the word and that there are too few people willing to translate pictorial metaphors, symbols, and narratives into images. Meanwhile, the best picture books create a kind of visual-verbal philosophy, a kind of void that comes to lifeonly when interpreted by the reader. This article analyzes the above-mentioned visual-verbal philosophy and proposes to fill interpretive space in Dopóki niebo nie płacze (Until the Sky is Crying). The book was published in a limited edition thanks to the efforts of the Ośrodek Brama Grodzka (Grodzka Gate Center) in Lublin. It contains prewar photos (the authorship of the photos is attributed to Abram Zylberberg), Lublin Jews, poems by Józef Czechowicz, and paintings inspired by photos by Iwona Chmielewska, in which a new, symbolic biography is created for the people captured in the photos (but killed in the Holocaust). Moreover, the coexistence of photography, poem, and original image changes the character and addressee of a poem, as well as the issues of the sender, hero, and author of the messages presented in the publication.
PENGARUH PENGETAHUAN TENTANG PAJAK, KESADARAN WAJIB PAJAK, DAN SANKSI PAJAK TERHADAP KEPATUHAN WAJIB PAJAK DALAM MEMBAYAR PAJAK KENDARAAN BERMOTOR STUDI PADA MAHASISWA STKIP PGRI SITUBONDO
Authors: Dassucik Dassucik , Rahman Fathor , Jaelani Ahmad
Published: April 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sejauh mana pengaruh tentang pajak, kesadaran wajib pajak dan sanksi pajak dalam meningkatkan kepatuhan wajib pajak dalam membayar pajak kendaraan bermotor pada mahasiswa STKIP PGRI Situbondo metode penelitian kuantitatif. Data diperoleh dari data primer yaitu melalui penyebaran kuesioner dengan menggunakan teknik incidental sampling. Responden penelitian adalah wajib pajak yang memiliki kendaraan bermotor pada mahasiswa program studi pendidikan ekonomi. Yang telah selesai mengikuti mata kuliah perpajakan. Kuesioner diolah dengan menggunakan analisis regresi berganda.  Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pengetahuan tentang pajak dan sanksi pajak berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak dalam membayar pajak kendaraan bermotor dimana Ry = 0,896 merupakan tingkat pengaruh sempurna. Berarti pengaruh keseluruhan variabel yang diteliti terhadap kepatuhan wajib pajak  adalah sebesar 80,31%. Sementara variabel lain yang tidak diteliti dalam penelitian ini adalah sebesar 19,69 % .
PENDAMPINGAN PEMBELAJARAN DARING TERHADAP PESERTA DIDIK SMAK SETIA BHAKTI RUTENG MASA PANDEMI COVID 19
Authors: Yuliantari Ans Prawati
Published: April 2023

This article aims to explain the educational program carried out by lecturers and students of the Indonesian Language and Literature Education Program, Universitas Katolik Indonesia Santu Paulus Ruteng, to students at high schools in Manggarai Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province. The method of implementing the program consists of four stages, namely debriefing students and supervisors of this program, observation of the problems of prospective students, third, based on the results of observations, the supervisor directing students in providing assistance, and fourth is the implementation of mentoring carried out during two weeks. Based on the process that has been carried out, it can be seen that this program can help students at Setia Bhakti high school level to deepen  understanding of learning materials they got at school. This system can also replace the role of parents in supervise their children during the online learning process because not every parent has the adequate ability to understand subjects in high school. Meanwhile, the results of the evaluation after the implementation of the program showed that the students wanted similar programs to be continued in the future if face-to-face learning could not be implemented. In addition, the mentoring method can be further refined according to input and feedback from teachers and teachers in partner schools
PEMBINAAN DETEKSI DAN INTERVENSI DINI TUMBUH KEMBANG BALITA PADA KADER POSYANDU
Authors: Migang Yena Wineini
Published: April 2023

Stunting  merupakan  bentuk  kegagalan pertumbuhan (growth faltering) akibat akumulasi tidak adekuat nutrisi  yang berlangsung lama mulai dari kehamilan sampai usia 24 bulan. Jika stunting tidak segera dicegah, maka akan berdampak pada kualitas generasi di masa akan datang, terutama pada tahun 2031 perkiraan bonus demografi terjadi. Stunting dapat menyebabkan meningkatnya angka kesakitan dan kematian pada balita. Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan terhambat. Berdasarkan data Kemenkes RI Dirjen Kesmas, Direktorat Gizi, Kalimantan pada tahun 2015 persentase stunting usia 0-59 bulan sebanyak  (38,4%) tahun 2016 (34,1%) tahun 2017 (39,0%),  tahun 2018 (34%) dan tahun 2019 (32%) hal ini masih jauh dari target  RPJM tahun 2020-2024 (19%). Peran kader Posyandu sangat dibuthkan untuk dapat melakukan screening terhadap kejadian  stunting, dan selama ini masih belum dapat dilakukan secara maksimal karena kurangnya pengetahuan tentang deteksi dan intervensi dini pertumbuhan dan perkembangan balita. Sebagai upaya pencegahan stunting, perlu adanya deteksi dan intervensi dini tumbuh kembang anak dengan instrumen yang sudah ditetapkan dari Kemenkes RI secara berlanjut terutama pada masa usia pra sekolah, salah satu kegiatannya dengan melakukan pembinaan menggunakan instrumen pada kader-kader Posyandu. Pengabdian masyarakan ini dilaksanakan tahun 2020 dengan subyek peserta para kader di Posyandu Katingan dan Melati Kota Palangka Raya. Tujuan pembinaan ini agar kader dapat melakukan  deteksi dini keterlambatan dan penyimpangan tumbuh kembang pada anak dapat di intervensi segera, sehingga cepat diberi terapi yang tepat.
Industry as a Source of the Economic Potency of the Regions
Authors: Mištera Ludvík
Published: April 2023

Thirty years ago, the process of nationalization in the ČSSR has been finished as a consequence of the transition of the national and democratic revolution in a socialistic revolution; its culmination was the victory of the working people in February in the year 1948. Owing to the changes in property, the possibility of a planned economy and socialistic development of economy has arisen, which has been formed by the economic and social programme of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. The main aim of this policy was to equalize the differences between the non-industrial and industrial areas, or industrialization of economically less developed areas. Tho socialistic Czechoslovakia is a significant industrial state with the contribution 1,6 % of the whole of the world production. The industry is the main source of the national product (67,4 %) and national income (64,1 %). The industrial production and employment is, therefore, the main source of the wealth of the people. In this article, the points of view of the industrialization of the districts are analysed according to the contribution to the industrial production and the employment as a whole. We examine the influence and composition of the employment from the point of view of the industry in the single districts and the effect of industry as a factor causing migration of the people seeking employment in the prefered centres. But, on the other hand, it has also a function of a stabilisator of the inhabitants; this is important with the respect to the equal settlement and utilization of the potency of the regions, districts. The differences in industrialization of regions, districts may be seen on maps. A certain degree is reached, when the main centres of industry do not grow in their centres as far as the number of manpower is concerned, but a shift to the benefit of the tertiary sphere may be perceived. This article is a contribution to the problems of the structural changes in industry which are regularly realized as a consequence of the scientific and technical revolution and internal and external integration, especially in the frame of the Council of mutual economic help.
Hydrological Analogy and Its Utilization for the Quantification of Changes of the Hydrological Regimes of Rivers Caused by Human Activity
Authors: Kříž Vladislav
Published: April 2023

The utilization of hydrological analogy in the efforts to find out quantitative changes of the hydrological regimes of rivers caused by human activity represents an indirect way of solution which is supported also by other methodological tools of hydrology. In some cases, especially where there are enough hydrological data and analytical pieces of knowledge from a larger area of interest, this indirect way can result in operative establischment of sufficiently reliable information. The utilization of hydrological analogy, however, is mostly related to the provision of preliminary approximative data for basic orientation. This study roughly analyzes general conditions of the utilization of hydrological analogy and specifies in more detail the approaches to its use for indirect evaluation af the changes of the hydrological regimes in catchment areas caused by human activity. It introduces the possibilities of the utilization of: - synchronic observations in parallel catchment areas diverging only through different influence of human activity; - extension of hydrological data by means of analogy to periods with different levels of anthropogenic influence in the given catchment area and mutual comparison of obtained results. The utilization of analogy in hydrology has undergone its evolution and its application for the determination (estimation) of changes of the hydrological regime within a catchment area due to human activity is a relatively new aspect. The development of the approach to this problem on the principle of hydrological analogy depends both on the elaboration of hydrological knowledge and the development of direct methods. In connection with this it is necessary to pav attention above all to empirical and experimental methods, method of water balance, correlation methods and statistical analysis, and utilization of experimental catchment areas and mathematical and physical modelling.
Adiós al barrio: el desafío de una lectura
Authors: Gutierrez-Quispe Indira
Published: April 2023

En las últimas décadas, la capital del Perú, ha sufrido un crecimiento demográfico impresionante como producto de las constantes migraciones. Entonces, Lima es el escenario perfecto para crear historias en torno a las consecuencias y actitudes que desarrollan los habitantes de un lugar inhóspito y baldío, el barrio picante de Balconcillo. Aquí, el autor presenta a sus tres personajes: Álvaro, Eduardo y Bruno, tres amigos incondicionales, quienes terminan alejándose y en distintos rumbos, finamente, en circunstancias no tan favorables.
НАПРЯМ ВДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ СИСТЕМИ УПРАВЛІННЯ МАТЕРІАЛЬНИМИ ЗАПАСАМИ ВІЙСЬКОВОЇ ЛОГІСТИКИ
Authors: Маханьков Віктор , Обертас Вячеслав , Купринюк Олег , Малиновський Олег , Фролов Олександр
Published: April 2023

The analysis of the country's hostilities against the Russian occupiers and the existing state of providing troops showed the need to improve the management system of providing material means, weapons, and military equipment to military units based on a scientific analysis of the state of the troops, forecasting changes in circumstances, and decision-making. This requirement is largely satisfied by the implementation of the main mechanism of the management system at all levels of supply in the Armed Forces of Ukraine (AFU), namely the «feedback system».
The implementation of such a system in the organization and management of the process of logistical (technical, rear and medical) support (MTZ) of training and combat use of the Armed Forces, which is currently in a state of conducting hostilities on the territory of the state, necessitates the development of a new concept of military information and material management - technical flows for use by a more effective structure, which is called the «military logistics system».
A key element of the MTZ is a set of measures to accumulate stockpiles of material resources up to the established norms and provide military units and units with them in a timely manner, storage and maintenance in a state of constant readiness for use as intended.
The purpose of the article is to determine directions for improving the management system of material resources, weapons and military equipment for their creation and accumulation in peacetime, rational echeloning at all levels of management for their timely and sufficient supply to military units during hostilities.
Keywords: inventory management system, main mechanism, inventory, supply, material inventory, logistics, echeloning, operational accounting, inventory management process.
ПРОБЛЕМА ОПТИМАЛЬНОСТІ АДАПТИВНИХ РАДІОТЕХНІЧНИХ СИСТЕМ В СИТУАЦІЇ З НЕКЛАСИФІКОВАНОЮ НАВЧАЛЬНОЮ ВИБІРКОЮ СПОСТЕРЕЖЕНЬ
Authors: Скачков Валерій , Чепкій Віктор , Єфимчиков Олександр , Набок Владислав
Published: April 2023

Statistical synthesis of adaptive systems for spatiotemporal signal processing in most radio engineering problems occurs under the condition of parametric a priori uncertainty. The prospective direction of overcoming parametric a priori uncertainty is affiliated with the prior learning procedure. As a result of the training, sufficient statistics of likelihood ratios are formed, which are used in decision-making. The asymptotic optimality of adaptive systems with alternative benchmarks, one of which is peculiar to the class of radio structures with an adaptive antenna array and the other with an adaptive interference compensator, is studied subjectively with unclassified training sampling. The optimality of the system is determined by the criterion of maximum signal-to-interference ratio. The energy parameter representing the signal-to-interference ratio at the output of adaptive radio systems with a generalized reference was chosen as an indicator of optimality. As a result of the research, analytical expressions for the estimation and comparative analysis of energy losses at the output of adaptive systems with different standards under conditions of classified and unclassified learning were obtained. The invariance of the system with an adaptive antenna array to any type of training with preservation of the asymptotic properties of the radio system in the situation with a finite size of the training sample is proved. This feature is considered as a basis for factorization of the transfer function of the adaptive system. This makes it possible to form an optimal hierarchical algorithm for compensation of combined passive and active interference, as well as active interference with an arbitrary spatial power spectrum. The obligatory classification of a training sample of observations for radio engineering systems with an adaptive interference compensator under conditions of signal-interference a priori uncertainty is substantiated.
Keywords: asymptotic optimality, adaptive system, alternative benchmark, unclassified training sample, correlation matrix of observations, energy index.
On the crossing numbers of the join products of five graphs on six vertices with discrete graph
Authors:   ", BEREŽNÝ ŠTEFAN ,   DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND THEORETICAL INFORMATICS,  FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND INFORMATICS, TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF KOŠICE , KOŠICE, SLOVAKIA  ", STAŠ MICHAL ,   "DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND THEORETICAL INFORMATICS,  FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND INFORMATICS, TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF KOŠICE , KOŠICE, SLOVAKIA "
Published: April 2023

The crossing number $\mathrm{cr}(G)$ of a graph $G$ is the minimum number of edge crossings over all drawings of $G$ in the plane. In the paper, the crossing number of the join product $G^\ast + D_n$ for the connected graph $G^\ast$ on six vertices consisting of one path on four vertices $P_4$ and two leaves adjacent with the same outer vertex of the path $P_4$ is given, where $D_n$ consists of $n$ isolated vertices. Finally, by adding some edges to the graph $G^\ast$, we obtain the crossing numbers of the join products of other four graphs with $D_n$.
Analysis of interactions between human immune system and a pathogenic virus
Authors:   ", MOZA G. ,   DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS ,  POLITEHNICA UNIVERSITY OF TIMIŞOARA , PTA VICTORIEI, NO. 2, 300006, TIMIŞOARA, ROMANIA", VESA L. F. ,   "DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS ,  POLITEHNICA UNIVERSITY OF TIMIŞOARA , PTA VICTORIEI, NO. 2, 300006, TIMIŞOARA, ROMANIA"
Published: April 2023

"In this paper we present a mathematical model for studying the interactions between human immune system and a pathogenic virus, such as Covid-19. A mathematical analysis based on dynamical systems theory is performed. More exactly, we model the interactions between the immune system and the virus by a modified predator-prey method. Several conclusions emerge from this study, and the main two of them are the followings: 1) a deficiency in the concentration of a single type of white blood cells in the early stages of virus proliferation may lead to the virus victory, and 2) if the number of at least one type of white blood cells can be increased beyond the normal threshold by medical interventions in the early stages of virus infection, then the immune system has a better chance to win against the virus."
On approximating fixed points of weak enriched contraction mappings via Kirk's iterative algorithm in Banach spaces
Authors:   ", NITHIARAYAPHAKS WORAPHAK ,   DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,   THAMMASAT UNIVERSITY RANGSIT CENTER, 12120 PATHUM THANI, THAILAND", SINTUNAVARAT WUTIPHOL ,   "DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,   THAMMASAT UNIVERSITY RANGSIT CENTER, 12120 PATHUM THANI, THAILAND"
Published: April 2023

Recently Berinde and Păcurar [Approximating fixed points of enriched contractions in Banach spaces. {\em J. Fixed Point Theory Appl.} {\bf 22} (2020), no. 2., 1--10], first introduced the idea of enriched contraction mappings and proved the existence of a fixed point of an enriched contraction mapping using the well-known fact that any fixed point of {the averaged mapping $T_\lambda$, where $\lambda\in (0,1]$, is also a fixed point of the initial mapping $T$}. In this work, we introduce the idea of weak enriched contraction mappings, and a new generalization of an averaged mapping called double averaged mapping. The first attempt is to prove the existence and uniqueness of the fixed point of a double averaged mapping associated with a weak enriched contraction mapping. Based on this result on Banach spaces, we give some sufficient conditions for the equality of all fixed points of a double averaged mapping and the set {of all fixed points of a weak enriched contraction mapping.} Moreover, our results show that an appropriate Kirk's iterative algorithm can be used to approximate a fixed point of a weak enriched contraction mapping. An illustrative example for showing the efficiency of our results is given.
A Comparative Study between Haploid Genetic Algorithms and Diploid Genetic Algorithms
Authors:   ", PETROVAN ADRIAN ,   DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,  TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF CLUJ-NAPOCA , NORTH UNIVERSITY CENTER OF BAIA MARE, ROMANIA", MATEI OLIVIU ,   "DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING,  TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF CLUJ-NAPOCA , NORTH UNIVERSITY CENTER OF BAIA MARE, ROMANIA", POP PETRICĂ C. ,   DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTER SCIENCE, TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF CLUJ-NAPOCA,  NORTH UNIVERSITY CENTRE AT BAIA MARE, ROMANIA
Published: April 2023

In this paper, we make a comprehensive comparison in terms of the quality of the achieved solutions, the corresponding execution time and impact of the genetic operators on the quality of the results between the Haploid Genetic Algorithms (HGAs) and Diploid Genetic Algorithms (DGAs). The standard genetic algorithms, referred to in our paper as HGAs are characterized by the fact that they are using a haploid representation relating an individual with a chromosome, while the DGAs are using diploid individuals which are made of two chromosomes corresponding to the dominant and recessive genes. Even though the general opinion is that DGAs do not provide much benefit as compared to classical GAs, based on extensive computational experiments, we do show that the DGAs are robust, have a high degree of consistency and perform better, sometimes almost twice as well, than the HGAs, but are slower due to the high number of operations to be performed, caused by the duplication of the genetic information. However, the quality of the solutions achieved by the DGAs compensate their relative high execution time. The better quality of the DGAs, proving the efficiency of using diploid genes, is given by the homogeneity of the population which covers the search space thoroughly and in this way being capable of avoiding the local optima.
A self-adaptive forward-backward-forward algorithm for solving split variational inequalities
Authors:   CHINA MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, RESEARCH CENTER FOR INTERNEURAL COMPUTING, CHINA MEDICAL UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL, TAICHUNG 40402, TAIWAN, YIN TZU-CHIEN , HUSSAIN NAWAB ,   DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, KING ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY, P. O. BOX 80203 JEDDAH 21589, SAUDI ARABIA, ASIRI ASIM ,   DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, KING ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY, P. O. BOX 80203 JEDDAH 21589, SAUDI ARABIA
Published: April 2023

In this paper, we consider an iterative approximation problem of split variational inequalities in Hilbert spaces. In order to solve this split problem, we construct an iterative algorithm which combines a forward-backward-forward method and a self-adaptive rule to update the step-sizes. We prove that the constructed algorithm converges strongly to a solution of the split variational inequalities under some mild assumptions.
"Fixed point results Oof $\mathfrak{R}$ Enriched Interpolative Kannan pair in $\mathfrak{R}$-convex metric spaces"
Authors:   ", ABBAS MUJAHID ,   UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA,  DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS , HATFIELD 002, PRETORIA, SOUTH AFRICA", ANJUM RIZWAN ,   RIPHAH INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY,  DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS ,  RIPHAH INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING AND APPLIED SCIENCES, LAHORE 54000, PAKISTAN, RIASAT SHAKEELA ,   GOVERNMENT COLLEGE UNIVERSITY, ABDUS SALAM SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES, LAHORE 54600, PAKISTAN
Published: April 2023

"The purpose of this paper is to introduce the class of $\mathfrak{R}$-enriched interpolative Kannan pair and proved a common fixed point result in the context of $\mathfrak{R}$-complete convex metric spaces. Some examples are presented to support the concepts introduced herein. Moreover, we study the well-posedness, limit shadowing property and Ulam-Hyers stability of the mappings introduced herein. Our result extend and generalize several comparable results in the existing literature."
Hausdorff series in semigroup rings of rectangular bands
Authors:   Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University ,  Faculty of Arts and Sciences,   Department of Mathematics ,  51240, Niğde, Turkey, KELEKCI OSMAN
Published: April 2023

"The Hausdorff series provides a solution to the equation $w=\log(e^ue^v)$ given by a recursive formula which can be expressed as nested commutators of $u$ and $v$. Evolutions of the Haussdorff series in various algebras and rings has been considered in obtaining a closed form of this formula. We consider the rectangular band $L_m\times R_n$ determined by the left zero semigroup $L_m$ and the right zero semigroup $R_n$ of order $m$ and $n$, respectively. Let $\mathbb R\langle L_m\times R_n\rangle$ be the semigroup ring spanned on $L_m\times R_n$ together with the identity element $1$. We provide a closed form of the formula for solving the equation in $\mathbb R\langle L_m\times R_n\rangle$."
Non-existence of forbidden subgraph characterization of $H$-line graphs
Authors:   ", VARGHESE SEEMA ,   Department of Mathematics,   Govt. Engineering College, Thrissur,  APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University, Kerala, India"
Published: April 2023

$H$-line graph, denoted by $HL(G)$, is a generalization of line graph. Let $G$ and $H$ be two graphs such that $H$ has at least 3 vertices and is connected. The $H$-line graph of $G$, denoted by $HL(G)$, is that graph whose vertices are the edges of $G$ and two vertices of $HL(G)$ are adjacent if they are adjacent in $G$ and lie in a common copy of $H$. In this paper, we show that $H$-line graphs do not admit a forbidden subgraph characterization.
On The Solutions of Fractional Boundary Value Problems for a Combined Caputo Fractional Differential Equations
Authors: Toprakseven Şuayip
Published: April 2023

In this paper, a new class of fractional boundary value problem with the combined Caputo derivative is proposed and the physical interpretation of this new derivative has been explained. Under some assumptions, the positive solutions of the fractional differential equation with the help of Leray-Schauder and Krasnoselskii's fixed point theorems in a cone have been investigated. Moreover, the solution of the fractional Maxwell models involving the combined Caputo derivative by using the extended Laplace transform is obtained. Finally, some examples are given to support theoretical findings.
Peran Keluarga Dalam Pemenuhan Asupan Nutrisi Lansia Pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19 Di Kelurahan Sumerta
Authors: Brahtyaswari Yoning Ayu , I Gusti Ayu Rai Rahayuni I Gusti Ayu Rai Rahayuni , Ni Ketut Noriani Ni Ketut Noriani
Published: April 2023

Latar belakang: Keluarga merupakan support system bagi lansia sehingga peran keluarga sangatlah penting dalam mempertahankan dan meningkatkan kesehatan lansia, khususnya dalam memperhatikan asupan nutrisi yang dapat meningkatkan sistem imunitas dalam melindungi tubuh dan mencegah penularan virus COVID-19. 
Tujuan: Mengidentifikasikan peran keluarga dalam pemenuhan asupan nutrisi lansia pada masa pandemi COVID-19 di Kelurahan Sumerta.
Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain deskriptif dengan pendekatan cross-sectional. Sampel penelitian ini melibatkan keluarga yang tinggal dengan lansia sebanyak 232 responden yang diambil dengan teknik probability sampling dengan metode stratified sampling. Data dikumpulkan secara online menggunakan kuesioner peran keluarga yang berupa google form pada masa new normal COVID-19 bulan Februari 2021, kemudian diolah dengan deskriptif statistik.
Hasil: Sebagian besar responden penelitian dengan kategori baik yaitu 218 (94,0%) responden, 13 (5,6%) responden dengan kategori cukup, dan masih adanya responden dengan kategori kurang yaitu satu (0,4%) responden, dikarenakan sebagian besar responden berpendidikan tinggi dan terdapat program kesehatan untuk lansia yang mengakibatkan adanya kepedulian dan keterlibatan keluarga dalam meningkatkan kesehatan lansia.
Kesimpulan: Keluarga diharapkan tetap berperan aktif untuk mempertahankan dan meningkatkan pemenuhan asupan nutrisi lansia, serta dapat memberikan informasi yang relevan mengenai kesehatan lansia dengan cara mencari informasi pada badan kesehatan maupun jurnal penelitian sehingga tidak merugikan keluarga maupun lansia.
Kata Kunci: Lansia, Peran keluarga, Nutrisi, COVID-19
Hubungan Pola Makan Dan Aktivitas Fisik Dengan Kadar Gula Darah Pada Pasien Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 Di Puskesmas Manggis I
Authors: Astutisari I Dewa Ayu Eka Candra , AAA Yuliati Darmini AAA Yuliati Darmini , Ida Ayu Putri Wulandari Ida Ayu Putri Wulandari
Published: April 2023

Latar Belakang : Penyakit diabetes melitus tipe 2 merupakan penyakit tidak menular yang sering terjadi akibat pola makan dan aktivitas fisik yang kurang baik. Banyak faktor mempengaruhi pola makan dan aktivitas fisik yang perlu diketahui untuk membantu pasien dalam mempertahankan kadar gula darahnya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui hubungan antara pola makan dan aktivitas fisik dengan kadar gula darah pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 di Puskesmas Manggis I.
Metode : Desain penelitian ini menggunakan metode analitik korelasi dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Sampel pada penelitian ini sebanyak 109 responden yang direkrut menggunakan teknik total sampling. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan kuesioner FFQ, kuesioner PAL, rekam medis serta data dianalisis dengan menggunakan teknik statistik korelasi Spearman Rho.
Hasil : Hasil penelitan menunjukkan sebagian besar responden memiliki pola makan sering (56%), aktivitas fisik ringan (97,2%) dan kadar gula darah tinggi (73,4%). Terdapat hubungan korelasi yang positif dengan nilai pvalue untuk pola makan sebesar 0,038 dan aktivitas fisik sebesar 0,009 yang menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang signifikan.
Kesimpulan : Makin baik pola makan dan makin teratur aktivitas fisik maka kadar gula darah pasien akan dapat dipertahankan dalam keadaan normal.
Hubungan Tingkat Depresi Dengan Motivasi Diri Pada Pasien Covid-19
Authors: Antari Ni Wayan Tropy , Wulandari Ni Putu Dita , Prihandini Claudia Wuri
Published: April 2023

Latar Belakang : Data WHO (2020) menunjukkan paparan Covid-19 tersebar di 216 negara dan wilayah, dengan total kasus 14.765.256 jiwa. Di Bali jumlah kasus terkonfirmasi 45.832 orang, sembuh 43.295 orang (94,46%), dan meninggal dunia 1.414 orang (3,09%). Kasus aktif per hari ini menjadi 1.123 orang (2,45%) menurut Satuan Tugas Penanganan Corona Virus Disease 2019 Provinsi Bali 10 mei  2021.Corona virus Desease (COVID-19) adalah penyakit akibat virus yang bisa menyebabkan infeksi pada saluran pernafasan. Pasien yang terinfeksi COVID-19 akan dirawat diruangan isolasi yang didesain khusus untuk menangani pasien dengan penyakit infeksi agar terpisah dari pasien lain. Ketika berada diruang isolasi pasien tidak bisa bertemu dengan keluarga dan tidak bisa keluar masuk di ruangan tersebut secara bebas seperti ruang biasa. Hal ini menyebabkan pasien cenderung mengalami depresi. Disatu sisi pasien membutuhkan motivasi diri untuk dapat sembuh. Motivasi diri yang tinggi akan membuat seseorang berusaha untuk melawan penyakitnya.

Metode : Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Sampel sebanyak 33 orang didapatkan dengan purposive sampling sesuai kriteria inklusi.

Hasil : Hasil penelitian didapatkan sebagian besar responden dalam tingkat depresi kategori sedang yaitu sebanyak 15 orang (45,5%), motivasi diri dalam kategori cukup yaitu sebanyak 19 orang (57,6%) dengan p-value = 0,003 (p< α; α=0,05).

Kesimpulan : terdapat hubungan tingkat depresi dengan motivasi diri pada pasien COVID-19 yang dirawat di ruang isolasi Rumah Sakit Kasih Ibu Saba.
ANALISIS KEBIJAKAN KEPALA SEKOLAH DI SD DALAM PEMBELAJARAN DI MASA PANDEMI COVID 19
Authors: Annisa Maharani Riqqah , Maulani Yulia , Kharisna Feby
Published: April 2023

This study aims to determine the principal's policy in carrying out bold learning for students during the Covid 19 pandemic in the hope that students will get an effective and conducive education. The research method used is descriptive qualitative method. Data analysis interactive model of data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. With data sources principals, teachers, parents and students. Data collection techniques are observation, interviews and documentation. The results of this study indicate that the local SDN principal already has a policy in implementing face-to-face learning through a number of students in accordance with the health protocol. Principals, teachers, homeroom teachers, parents and guardians of students as well as the local community participated in the success of the policy.
PERANAN KEPALA SEKOLAH DALAM MANAJEMEN BERBASIS SEKOLAH (MBS)
Authors: Hidayanthi Rahma , Andini Selfi , Fitri Hasanatul , Gistituasti Nurhizrah , Rusdinal Rusdinal
Published: April 2023

School-Based Management (SBM) is the authority given to schools to manage or regulate everything that is needed for autonomy (independently) including school policies. This authority is exercised by the principal as the head of the school. However, current school principals still need to improve managerial competence so that they understand their role in schools. The purpose of this study was to find out how the principal in implementing SBM. This study uses qualitative research because the research carried out aims to describe aspects that are the context in research related to the role of school principals in the implementation of SBM. Effective principal leadership in SBM can be seen based on the criteria, namely (1) Being able to empower the competencies possessed by teachers. (2) Able to complete tasks on time. (3) Able to communicate and involve the community for the interests and goals of schools and education. (4) Able to carry out the principles of leadership well. (5) able to implement together with the management team (6) Able to make schools productive in improving students' abilities.
IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN PENGELOLAAN KURIKULUM DI SEKOLAH DASAR
Authors: Handayani Fitri , Martinopa Lindri , Perdana Andika Surya , Gistituati Nurhizrah , Rusdinal Rusdinal
Published: April 2023

This study aims to explain the policies and curriculum in elementary schools that focus on provisions in curriculum management, curriculum scope, functions and implementation in elementary schools. Policies on the curriculum are related to the provisions or rules that will be set against the wishes of national education. Management of the curriculum is the same as strategies, efforts or efforts designed jointly by leaders in their fields to improve the quality of education. Besides that, it can also produce a learning productivity for children, there is a reciprocal relationship between individuals and groups. The management/management of the 2013 curriculum aims to improve the competence of students and find out the problems of implementing the 2013 curriculum. This activity is carried out through 3 stages, namely planning, implementation and evaluation/evaluation. The third stage affects children's education, what is planned will have an impact on children as subjects who will implement the curriculum. This research uses a case study or literature study approach. This article was written by reviewing 25 journals related to curriculum management policies. Researchers describe the findings of the phenomena that occur in the field using observation techniques. The results of the study indicate that curriculum management must be carried out as well as possible so that the resulting output has a good impact. Each school gives different results in this management. This can be seen from all aspects of what is done at school.
PERAN GURU DALAM PEMBIASAAN MENYANYIKAN LAGU NASIONAL UNTUK MENINGKATKAN RASA CINTA TANAH AIR PADA SISWA SD
Authors: Nasti Betridamela , Putri Anggun , Desyandri Desyandri , Mayar Farida
Published: April 2023

Lagu-lagu dengan lirik perjuangan, terutama  perjuangan suatu bangsa wajib untuk dihafalkan oleh seluruh  siswa di sekolah. Lagu wajib nasional merupakan lagu-lagu yang diakui keabsahanya secara resmi dan menjadi simbol bagi suatu Negara. Lagu nasional juga merupakan salah satu identitas nasional yang mampu meningkatkan rasa cinta akan tanah air yaitu Indonesia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan peran guru dalam pembiasaan menyanyikan lagu nasional dalam meningkatkan rasa cinta tanah air pada siswa SD. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dengan subjek penelitian siswa sekolah dasar. Menggunakan teknik pengumpulan data dengan observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Teknik pemeriksaan menggunakan teknik tringulasi. Hasil penelitian : pertama, guru memiliki peran dalam pembiasaan siswa menyanyikan lagu nasional. Kedua, lagu nasional memiliki peran dalam meningkatkan rasa cinta tanah air siswa. Ketiga, adanya hambatan guru dalam pembiasaan siswa dalam menyanyika lagu nasioanl diantaranya dengan banyaknya siswa tidak hafal akan lirik lagu dan nada dari lagu nasional serta kurang seriusnya siswa ketika menyanyikan lagu nasional membuat guru lebih kreatif dalam membiasakan siswa menyanyikan lagu nasional. Berdasarkan hal tersebut maka peran guru dalam pembiasaan siswa menyanyikan lagu nasional dapat meningkatkan rasa cinta tanah air pada siswa.
PENERAPAN METODE KETERAMPILAN PROSES SAINS MELALUI MODEL BOUNDED INQUIRY LABORATORY SISWA SMAN 1 ULAKAN TAPAKIS
Authors: Har Erman , Purnama Sari Reski , Indra Ristapawa , Ahmad Aprizal , Roza Welya
Published: April 2023

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui keterampilan proses sains siswa dari semua indikator dan untuk mengetahui untuk setiap kategori kemampuan (tinggi, sedang, dan rendah) persentase siswa yang memiliki tingkat keterampilan proses sains pada materi sistem gerak. dengan model pembelajaran Bounded Inquiry Laboratory. Dengan metode penelitian metode campuran, penelitian yang dilakukan yaitu dengan teknik purposive sampling, dimana kelas yang diteliti adalah kelas XI IPA di SMAN 1 Ulakan Tapakis. Data diperoleh melalui tes dan lembar observasi. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan adalah tes keterampilan proses sains berupa soal pilihan ganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa indikator keterampilan proses sains siswa dari sepuluh indikator yang dianalisis, indikator prediktif memiliki persentase tertinggi 70 persen dan indikator menggunakan alat kerja, bahan, dan sumber serta menerapkan konsep memiliki persentase terendah 27,2 persen. Keterampilan proses sains berdasarkan jenis kelamin siswa tertinggi adalah siswa laki-laki 55,8 persen, sedangkan terendah siswa perempuan 52,5 persen, Berdasarkan uji t, nilai sig 0,000 < 0,05 Nilai t- hitung 1,337 > t- tabel 0,678 maka ada terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada Keterampilan Proses Sains berdasarkan jenis kelamin. Berdasarkan uji ANOVA selisih nilai siswa dari 88 siswa, hanya 1 siswa yang memiliki nilai tinggi, 17 siswa memiliki nilai sedang, dan 70 siswa memiliki nilai rendah. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat membantu guru untuk meningkatkan keterampilan proses sains siswa.
اتجاهات معلمو التربية البدنية نحو دمج التلاميذ ذوي الإعاقة بمدارس الأسوياء
Authors: الخضري سلطان
Published: April 2023

يهدف البحث إلى التعرف على اتجاهات معلمي التربية البدنية نحو دمج التلاميذ ذوي الإعاقة بمدارس الاسوياء ، الفروق بين اتجاهات معلمي التربية البدنية وفقا للمتغيرات (الجنس ، المؤهل الدراسي ، سنوات الخبرة ، المرحلة التدريسية) ، وأستخدم الباحث المنهج الوصفي، تم اختيار عينة البحث بالطريقة العمدية من مدرسي التربية البدنية بالإدارة العامة للتعليم بمنطقة مكة المكرمة ، واستخدم الباحث لمقياس اتجاهات معلمى التربية البدنية نحو دمج التلاميذ ذوي الإعاقة بمدارس الأسوياء، وتوصل الباحث إلى أن معلمى التربية البدنية يتمتعون بمستوى جيد على مقياس اتجاهات معلمي التربية البدنية نحو دمج التلاميذ ذوي الإعاقة بمدارس الأسوياء، كما  توجد فروق داله إحصائياً بين الذكور والإناث عينة البحث في محور الاتجاهات المعرفية لصالح الذكور، ومحور الاتجاهات الوجدانية لصالح الاناث ، كما توجد فروق داله إحصائياً بين المؤهلات الدراسية لعينة البحث في محور الاتجاهات المعرفية لصالح حاملي مؤهل الماجستير، ومحور الاتجاهات السلوكية لصالح حاملي مؤهل الدكتوراه ، كما توجد فروق دالة إحصائياً بين سنوات الخبرة  لعينة البحث في  محور الاتجاهات المعرفية لصالح سنوات الخبرة من 5 : 10 سنوات، ومحور الاتجاهات الوجدانية لصالح سنوات الخبرة أقل من 5 سنوات.
اتجاهات مشرفي النشاط الرياضي نحو الحل الإبداعي للمشكلات الادارية بالأندية الرياضية بالمملكة العربية السعودية
Authors: الحضرمي وائل عمر
Published: April 2023

تهدف الدراسة إلى التعرف على اتجاهات مشرفي النشاط الرياضي نحو الحل الإبداعي للمشكلات الإدارية بالأندية الرياضية بالمملكة العربية السعودية، وتم استخدام المنهج الوصفي بالأسلوب المسحي، يمثل مجتمع الدراسة مشرفي النشاط الرياضي بالأندية الرياضية بالمملكة العربية السعودية حيث بلغ العدد (93) مشرف نشاط رياضي، كما بلغ عدد الأندية (13) نادي، تم اختيار عينة الدراسة بالطريقة العشوائية حيث بلغت عينة البحث الأساسية (33) مشرف رياضي بنسبة بلغت 35.48% من بين مشرفي النشاط الرياضي بالأندية الرياضية السعودية، وبلغت العينة الاستطلاعية (10)  أفراد من المجتمع البحثي وخارج عينة الدراسة الرئيسية، استخدمت الدراسة الاستبيان كأداة رئيسية لجمع البيانات اللازمة لتحقيق الهدف منها، ويتكون المقياس من (25) مفردة سبعة مفردات منها ذات صياغة سلبية والباقي (18) مفردة ذات صياغة إيجابية تعبر عن اتجاه مشرفي النشاط الرياضي نحو الحل الإبداعي للمشكلات الإدارية، وكانت نتائج الدراسة إلى أن العبارة الاولى في الترتيب رقم (24) والتي نصت على "يمكنني أن أستقبل أفكار الآخرين بعقل متفتح عندما تفكر في حلول لمثل هذا النوع من المشكلات الإدارية" بوزن نسبي بلغ (92.42 %) ، وجاءت قيمة كا2 دالة إحصائيا عند مستوى معنوية (0.05) في اتجاه الاجابة موافق العبارة الاخيرة في الترتيب، العبارة رقم (10) والتي نصت على "يستطيع الأفراد الآخرون فهم مثل هذه المشكلات الادارية أفضل من فهمي لها" بوزن نسبي بلغ (47.73 %) وجاءت قيمة كا2 غير دالة احصائيا حيث كانت قيمة كا2 المحسوبة اقل من قيمة كا2 الجدولية عند مستوى معنوية (0.05) في اتجاه الاجابة غير موافق، توصى الدراسة بضرورة تهيئة مشرفي النشاط الرياضي لمواجهة العقبات والمشكلات الإدارية ووضع حلول مبتكرة لتذليل تلك المشكلات، بالإضافة الى وضع استراتيجية لتطوير الاداء الإداري لدي مشرفي النشاط الرياضي بالأندية الرياضية السعودية.
تأثير تمرينات بدنية في تطوير بعض الصفات الخاصة للاعبات كرة السلة (3×3) الشابات
Authors: صفاء حنين , عبدالله لقاء
Published: April 2023

هدف البحث الى اعداد منهاج تدريبي مقنن لتطوير تحمل السرعة والرشاقة والقوة الانفجارية للاعبات كرة السلة (3×3) الشابات، وتم استعمال المنهج التجريبي بتصميم المجموعتين التجريبية والضابطة. تم اختيار عينة البحث من اللاعبات الشابات في اكاديمية الحلم في محافظة السليمانية-العراق، بوصفها مجموعةً تجريبية، ونادي غاز الشمال بوصفه مجموعةً ضابطة، وبواقع (6) لاعبات في كل مجموعة. وبلغ المتوسط الحسابي لعينة البحث في قياسات الطول والوزن والعمر والعمر التدريبي (170.41 ±4.42 سم) (58.98 ±2.28 كغم) (15.96 ±0.81 سنة) (7.25 ±0.75 سنة) على التوالي. وتم إجراء تجربتين استطلاعيتين الأولى لغرض تثبيت الشروط العلمية للاختبارات قيد البحث والثاني لغرض تطبيق المنهج التدريبي، تبع ذلك اجراء الاختبار القبلي ومن بعده تم تنفيذ تجربة البحث الرئيسة تبعها اجراء الاختبار البعدي. وتم تطبيق المنهج التجريبي لمدة (10) أسابيع بواقع (4) وحدات تدريبية اسبوعياً. وللحصول على نتائج البحث تم استعمال الحقيبة الإحصائية (SPSS V26). واستنتجت الدراسة ان تطبيق المنهج ادى الى حدوث تطوراً معنوياً في صفات تحمل السرعة والرشاقة والقوة الانفجارية للطرف العلوي، ومن الأهمية التركيز على التمارين التفاعلية في تطوير الصفات البدنية عند لاعبات كرة السلة (3×3)، فضلاً عن التركيز على التمارين التفاعلية في تدريب المهارات الخططية مما يمكن المدرب من تطوير الصفات البدنية الخاصة بالأداء.
تمرينات السرعة الذهنية وتأثيرها في بعض القدرات الخاصة وسرعة اللكمات لناشئي الملاكمة
Authors: توفيق عباس , جلال كمال
Published: April 2023

هدفت الدراسة الى معرفة تأثير تمرينات السرعة الذهنية التي اعدها الباحث على بعض القدرات الخاصة لناشئي الملاكمة، وعلى سرعة اللكمات، واستخدم الباحثان المنهج التجريبي بتصميم المجموعتان ذات الاختبار القبلي والبعدي لملائمته طبيعة البحث، تم تحديد مجتمع البحث، باختيار لاعبي نادي الشعلة في بغداد الكرخ لفئة الناشئين للملاكمة بأعمار (15-16) سنة، المشاركين في بطولة العراق لعام (2021)، والبالغ عددهم (12) ملاكم، وتم تقسيمهم الى مجموعتين (ضابطة وتجريبية)، وعن طريق توزيع الاوزان المتشابهة بواقع (6) ملاكمين لكل مجموعة، ومن أهم النتائج التي توصل اليها الباحثان، افضلية التمرينات الذهنية (المجموعة التجريبية) في التأثير على بعض القدرات الخاصة من المجموعة الضابطة، وكذلك افضلية التمرينات الذهنية (المجموعة التجريبية) في التأثير في سرعة اللكمات من المجموعة الضابطة، لذلك يوصي الباحثان بضرورة الاهتمام بتمرينات السرعة الذهنية لما لها من تأثير كبير في تحسين بعض القدرات الخاصة للملاكمين الناشئين ، وكذلك لما لها من تأثير ملموس في تحسين سرعة اللكمات.