bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SMALL-SCALE TOMATO PRODUCTION IN JERE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF BORNO STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Tahir A D , Ghide A A , Ibrahim U S , Mohammed A G , Abba I Y
Published: April 2024

This study focused on the economic analysis of tomato production in Jere Local Government Area of Borno State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to: describe the -socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, estimate the resource use efficiency in tomato production as well as describe the constraints associated with tomato production. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 100 tomato farmers in the study area. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression. The result revealed that 68% were male with a mean age of 38, 40% had attained primary school with a mean household size of 9. 74% of the respondents were married, and 70% had access to credit. The respondents had mean farm size and farming experience of 2.5 and 12 respectively. The R2 was 79.8% and the F-ratio of 31.5 and statistically significant at 1%. The results revealed that fertilizer was statistically significant at 1% while farm size, labour, chemical and seed were positive and statistically significant at 5% respectively.  The result also revealed that labour, fertilizer, chemical and seed were under-utilized. Major constraints faced by tomato farmers in the study area are inadequate fertilizer which was 96%, high cost of labour (94%) and lack of credit facilities (92%).  The study concludes that production inputs such as seed, fertilizer, labour, and chemicals contributed to tomato output. Seed, fertilizer, chemicals and labour were under-utilized by the farmers. It is recommended that government should support tomato farmers by providing subsidized production inputs and credit. 

Keywords: analysis, economic, production, small-scale, tomato
THE INCIDENCE OF PARASITOLOGICAL RESEARCH ON THE RUMINANT LIVESTOCK
Authors: Gabriel G O , Odumboni A A , Dandara G B
Published: April 2024

This study's goal is to identify external, blood, and Gastrointestinal (G.I) parasites in the farm animals at the Nasarawa State University Research farm, in Lafia, Nigeria. Blood sample was collected through a cephalic vein using the needle and syringe, External parasites were hand-picked directly from the animal body with the aid of hand gloves. Faecal Sample were collected from 270 Cattle, 500 sheep and 700 Goats via their rectum, using clean, unused disposable hand gloves. These methods were utilized to detect Helminthic eggs and Coccidia oocysts: Haematocrit  Centrifugation (HCT) were used to assess blood samples. Parasite prevalence was 85.19%, 85.71% and 74.00% in cattle, goats, and sheep, respectively. Ecto parasites count was 3.40%, for Amblyomma spp. 1.36% Boophlus spp and 0.68% fleas Blood parasites- B. motasi and B. ovis prevalence were found to be 4.08% and 14.97% respectively. Eimeria spp (32.79%) and Oesophagostomum spp (14.97%) were found to be the most frequent gastro-intestinal parasites.                                                

 

Keywords: gastrointestinal parasites, blood parasites, external parasites, small ruminants,       

                      large ruminants
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON THE PROXIMATE AND LIPID CONTENTS IN PROCESSED FISH SESAME AND PIGEON PEA FLOURS
Authors: Oyarekua M A , Adeoye A O , Ojo O I , Amao B , Alo V
Published: April 2024

A balanced ratio among classes of fatty acids is necessary to obtain a healthy diet. This studyassessed the nutritional and fatty acids content in fish, pigeon pea, and sesame oil. Standardanalyses were done for contents of proximate, fatty acids, phospholipids, and sterols for all theoils. Results showed that pigeon pea flour had the lowest percentage of crude fat, crude protein,and crude fiber compared to sesame seed and fish (boiled and dried) flours. Linoleic acid washigher in seed oils than in fish samples while oleic acid was higher in fish samples than in seedoils. Eicosanoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were not detected in seed oils but in fish oil.Palmitic acid was the most abundant in all the samples. Dried tilapia fish oil had the highest totalsaturated fatty acids composition. The ratio of Linoleic to linolenic (n6/n3) was higher in theseeds than in fish oils. Total phospholipid composition was higher in the seed oils than in the fishoils. Sistosterol was more abundant in pigeon seeds oils than in fish oil while cholesterol wasmore abundant in fish oils. The results of this study showed that pigeon pea and sesame seed oilscould be beneficial to our health.
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE FOOD SAFETY PRACTICES IN THE NIGERIAN BREAD SUPPLY CHAIN
Authors: Fakayode S B , Omoniyi S O , Aladejebi O J , Ifejirika C A , Oni K
Published: April 2024

The current study examined food safety practices in the bread supply chain in Nigeria; usingEkiti State as a case study. Specifically the study examined the bread supply chain, potentialbread supply chain quality deterrents, food safety arrangements in the bread supply chainand the level of compliance to food safety regulations. A descriptive cross-sectional surveywas used to select thirty-two (32) bakers and ninety six (96) bread sellers. Though most of therespondents were found to have had basic primary school education, their food hygiene andsanitation knowledge was poor while standard food safety regulations were poorly adheredto. Bread sellers’ retailing apparatus and environment were not ideal for safe handling ofbread to the final consumers. The various agencies charged with food safety mandates werealso found to be passive in their responsibility to educate and enforce food safety laws. Thestudy recommends prompt and adequate enlightenment of bread bakers and retailers on theills of unsafe bread by, agencies mandated to cover food health matters, favourablegovernment policies, provision of soft loans for equipments, food hygiene and environmentand the orientation of the citizenry on safe food to influence healthy practices by the handlersof bread.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS INFLUENCING EXTENSION AGENTS’ COMPETENCIES IN SOUTH-EAST, NIGERIA
Authors: Uzoechi R O , Ogunlade I , Omotesho K F
Published: April 2024

This study examined the socioeconomic factors influencing the competency level of extensionagents in South-east, Nigeria. A simple random sampling procedure was used to select 283extension agent respondents representing 70% of extension agents’ total numbers acrosseachstateData were collected through a structured questionnaire; a self-rating scale was used todetermine the extension agents’ competency levels in their extension activities. Frequencycounts, percentages, mean scores, standard deviation and the Linear Regression was used toanalyse the study data. The results shows that, majority of the respondents were married(83.4%), 46.3% were within the age bracket of 41 and 50years, and they were all literate(100%). Respondents were found to possess high level of competence in programme planning( =3.59), demonstration and communication ( =3.56), evaluation (m=3.55), leadership( =3.43) human relations ( =3.38) and technical expertise ( =3.48). They were however lowin computer skills and knowledge ( =1.63). Majority of the respondents (58.0%) had moderatelevel of competency. Extension agents’ age, sex, marital status, distance to work and incomewere found to have significant influence on the competency levels of the extension agents. Thestudy recommended that attention should be paid to the crucial socio economic characteristics ofthe extension agents that had influence on their competency levels; Extension agents should alsobe trained on those areas where their competencies were rated low
Bioavailability of Antioxidant Vitamins in Selected Indigeneous Vegetables and their Potential use in Management of HIV/AIDS in Butula, Busia, Kenya
Authors: Nambafu Rachel Wanjiru
Published: April 2024

The study investigated feeding pattern of PLWHA in Butula division, determined vitamin A, C and E content and bioavailability in selected indigenous foods for use in the management of HIV and AIDS. Animal and plants foods accounted for 45.17 %, 21.9 %, 17.48 % and 73 % respectively of total foods consumed. Fresh blanched vegetables, contained high levels of β-carotene; 4000-9700µg/100g and α-tocopherol; 3000-7350µg/100g. Solar dried vegetables contained β-carotene of range 572-854µg/g DW and α-tocopherol of 281-673µg/g DW which is significantly lower (P<0.05) than fresh vegetables determined by HPLC. L-ascorbic acid content in fresh vegetables and fruits determined by redox titration ranged from 6 to 65mg/100g. Mean serum retinol, α-tocopherol and β-carotene levels were 0.937, 0.144 and 17.787µmol/l respectively determined using HPLC. CD4+ cell counts in blood determined using flow cytometer were within the normal range of 500-1500 cells/µl while the CD8+ cell count was in the range of 300-3300 cell/µl of blood. Hb was less than 12 g/dL and RDW was less than 15.2% indicating anaemia. 88.35% of the subjects had a CD4/CD8 ratio of less than 1, 9.71% had a CD4/CD8 ratio range of 2-3 and 1.94% had a ratio greater than 4.77.95% of the subjects had a normal weight, 11.81% were underweight, 8.66% were overweight and 1.57% were obese. Bioavailability in foods estimated using algorithm indicated a +2.17 change in serum β-carotene and +7.776 changes in serum α-tocopherol levels indicating that consumption of the foods would result to improving bioavailability of these nutrients in PLWHA in Butula.
Integration of Use of Tablets into Teaching and Learning in Secondary School of Michewen District in Zanzibar
Authors: Haji Mbarouk Ali , Qian Xu , Ramadhan Mshenga Khamis , Mike Shillinde Ahmed
Published: April 2024

The purpose of this study was to assess the extent to which teachers in Zanzibar are incorporating tablets into their teaching and learning. The study was conducted particularly in the MICHEWENI District, which is in the northern region of Tanzania-Zanzibar. The government of Zanzibar implemented various ICT programs and plans to motivate teachers to use technology in their teaching such as the Introduction of ICT subjects in Primary and secondary schools in Zanzibar (ZICT 2017) and distributing tablets for all teachers in Zanzibar which was done in January 2023. This study employs a qualitative approach to explore How teachers integrate tablets into teaching and learning in Zanzibar. To achieve this objective, we conducted semi-structured interviews with the teachers, headmasters, district officers, and Ministry officers who engage in the integration and supervising the tablets in teaching and learning in Zanzibar. Several tools were employed by the researcher such as interviews, classroom observation, and documentary review. The study's findings reveal that some teachers in Zanzibar have good attitudes about adopting tablets in teaching and learning there are significant barriers to their effective implementation. These difficulties include a lack of training and assistance, insufficient infrastructure, and limited access to relevant digital resources.
The results of the study showed that several effective motivational strategies can be used to motivate teachers to integrate tablets into the teaching and learning process. These include Providing seminars and training for teachers in using Tablets, Cultivation positive school Administration support, Providing the financial budget for using ICT tools, Ensuring Reliable Power Supply, and Availability of Technical support, These factors motivated school teachers to integrate tablets in teaching and learning efficiently and effectively.
Effect of Direct Attention Training on Aggressiveness among Healthcare Workers in Kogi State, Nigeria
Authors: John ML , Ogbaini CA , Ajao AG , Aboyewa AA , Aboyewa O.A.
Published: April 2024

This study investigated the impact of direct attention training on aggressiveness of healthcare workers in Kogi State, Nigeria. Quasi-experimental design was adopted for this study. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select forty-seven male and female health workers  in Kogi State. The first stage of the multi-stage sampling process was the selection of two health care services: Prince Abubakar Audu University Teaching Hospital Ayinba and Peace Hospital Ayingba Kogi State. The second stage involved the identification of aggressive health workers using Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ). Forty-seven (47) health workers scoring 70 % or higher on the aggression assessment were identified as displaying aggressive behavior. The third stage involved the selection of health care services into experimental group using simple random sampling technique. Prince Abubakar Audu University Teaching Hospital Ayingba which comprised twenty-three (23) participants belonged to Group A  and were given Direct attention training while Peace Hospital Ayingba with twenty-four (24) participants belonged to Group B (control group). The control group were not given any treatment during the study. Data collected for this study were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The hypothesis was analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) statistics at 0.05 level of significance. The results revealed a significant impact of direct attention training on the aggressiveness of both the experimental and control groups among healthcare workers in Kogi State, Nigeria. The health workers in direct attention and control groups had mean scores of 92.07 and 91.02 respectively on aggressiveness. On exposure to treatment, those in the control group had higher posttest mean score of 86.91 than their counterparts in the direct attention group (mean = 50.72, SD = 5.81). Direct attention had significant effect on health workers’ aggressiveness in the experimental and control groups (F1, 27 = 208.350, P < 0.05). On the other hand, control group had the higher estimated marginal mean of 87.92 than those in the direct attention group with an adjusted mean score of 51.43. The study suggests that Kogi State should consider employing health psychologists to manage and control aggressive behavior among healthcare workers.
Morphology, Cytology and Ethnobotany of Three Pimpinella L. Species (Apiaceae) from the North-western Himalayas, India
Authors: Kumar Sanjeev , Rani Savita , Kalia Sonika , Sharma Jatinder Kumar , Jellani Syed Mudassir
Published: April 2024

During the present study, population-based meiotic studies were carried out on three species and 14 populations of the genus Pimpinella from selected localities of district Kangra and Sirmaur of Himachal Pradesh in the North-Western Himalayas (India). The present chromosome adds up of 2n=18 in P. acuminata making a count of new diploid cytotype on a world-wide basis. Impaired male meiosis was eminent in all populations of Pimpinella achilleifolia and P. diversifolia and the populations with 2n=18 in P. acuminata. These uneven species were striking with meiotic abnormalities in the form of cytomixis, chromosomal stickiness, unoriented bivalents, formation of laggards and bridges consequential in abnormal microsporogenesis, and production of heterogeneous-sized fertile pollen grains along with reduced pollen fertility.
Enhancing English Learning for Special Needs Students through Technology
Authors: Ramadani Refik
Published: April 2024

In the realm of educational instruction, teachers encounter a diverse array of students, each with unique learning styles and potential challenges. Among these learners are those with distinct needs, requiring tailored approaches to facilitate their academic progress. These students often encounter hurdles across various educational facets, necessitating personalized strategies to enhance their learning experiences and self-expression. Thus, the focus of this study is to investigate whether the integration of technological tools such as laptops and tablets, coupled with multimedia elements, can serve as effective motivators and engagement enhancers for students with specific learning requirements.

This qualitative study adopts an observational approach, examining the impact of technology integration on students with special needs across six primary schools in municipalities of Gjilan and Prizren, Kosovo. The primary objective is to gauge the efficacy of technology-assisted instruction, particularly in the context of English language learning. Through a four-week observation period, conducted twice weekly, the study aims to discern the differential outcomes between traditional instructional methods and those supplemented by technology applications.

The study results revealed that in technology-driven English language lessons, special needs students were more motivated to get involved in the lesson, worked together, and participated actively in the classroom activities.
Response of Potassium Humate as Foliar Sprays on Growth Parameters, Chlorophyll Content, Yield and Quality of Cowpea
Authors: Tathe Archana Sachin , Gode Sayali Avinash , Kolape Sampat Shankar
Published: April 2024

Aim: Humic substances plays a vital role in soil fertility and plant nutrition. Application of humic substances within a fairly wide range of concentration are highly beneficial to plant root development. Humic acid is excellent foliar fertilizer carrier and an activator. The present investigation was conducted to study the response of foliar application of potassium humate extracted from good quality Farm Yard Manure (FYM), on growth parameters, chlorophyll content, yield and quality of cowpea.
Study Design: Completely Randomized Design with three replications and seven treatments.
Place and Duration of the Study: The research was conducted in rabi 2021at the College of Agriculture, Karad, Maharashtra, India.
Methodology: Good quality FYM was used to extract potassium salt of humic acid. The   extracted potassium humate was used as foliar application (at two different growth stages) at different concentrations (100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm) along with General Recommended Dose of Fertilizer (GRDF), comprising seven treatments that were laid in a completely randomized design with three replications. 
Results: The results indicated that two foliar applications of potassium humate @ 400 ppm + GRDF (T6) to cowpea plants significantly increased growth parameters viz. average number of seeds per pod (18.0), 100 seed weight (9.59 g), seed yield (91.10 g pot-1) and dry straw yield (113.88 g pot-1), total chlorophyll content and protein content compared to absolute control (T1) and GRDF + water spray (T2).
Conclusion: The study concluded that foliar applications of potassium humate @ 400 ppm + GRDF significantly improved growth parameters, total chlorophyll, yield and protein content (21.42%) of cowpea seed under pot culture condition.
Assessment of Performance of Foliar Application of GA3 and NAA on Growth and Yield Attributes of Onion (Allium cepa. L) cv. Nashik Red (N-53)
Authors: Khadka Paratikshya , Paudel Chintamani , Jha Keshab K , Chauhan Anita
Published: April 2024

In order to ascertain the assessment of performance of foliar application of NAA and GA3 on growth and yield attributes of Onion (Allium cepa. L).  A field trial was conducted at the Horticultural Research Farm of Baba Farid Institute of Technology (BFIT), Dehradun, India, 2021–2022. Significant differences in results were observed. With nine treatments and three replications of each growth regulator—NAA and GA3—at various levels (50, 100, 150, and 200 parts per million—the research was set up in a Randomized Complete block design. The superior growth attributes like maximum plant height (47.38 cm) at 45 DAT, (51.01 cm) at 60 DAT and (54.04 cm) at 90 DAT, maximum number of leaves per plant (6.32) at 45 DAT and (8.84) at 60 DAT were recorded from the application of NAA 150 PPM (T3). The superior yield attributes like highest fresh weight of bulb per plant (60.12 gm), bulb polar distance (4.75 cm) and bulb equatorial distance (5.45 cm) were recorded from the application of GA3 100 PPM (T6).
Real World Experience of the First Cardio-Oncology Unit Implantation in Morocco
Authors: Habbal Rachida , Maaroufi Anas , Ouarrak Safia , Benmalek Rime , Bendahou Hajar , Zahri Soukaina , Chawki Khawla , Berrada Yasmina , Zafad Safia , Benjelloune Ghali , Charkaoui Meryem , Taoufiq Nezha
Published: April 2024

Cardiotoxicity presents a multifaceted challenge with significant implications. Our investigation delving into cardiotoxicity linked with Anthracyclines and Trastuzumab has shed light on these agents as frequent culprits, revealing a spectrum of cardiac complications like heart failure, arrhythmias, hypertension, QTc prolongation, and arterial and venous thromboses. However, the true prevalence of cardiotoxicity is often underestimated due to delayed effects, patient attrition post-remission, and the emergence of novel therapeutic agents.
The collaboration between cardiology and oncology is expanding, encompassing Cardio-Hematology and its impact on conditions like multiple myeloma, leukemia, and lymphomas. This evolving convergence underscores the necessity for interdisciplinary collaboration.
The study findings highlight the significance of adhering to guidelines while acknowledging that guidelines should serve as aids rather than substitutes for clinical judgment within multidisciplinary tumor boards (MTBs). Enhanced by ongoing research, these guidelines serve as instruments empowering clinicians to make well-informed decisions tailored to individual patient needs.
Scientific research remains pivotal, guiding progress and offering promise for enhanced outcomes in the global battle against cancer.
Significance of Protected Structures on Growth and Yield of Gherkins (Cucumis anguria L.) as Influenced by Magnetized Water in Semi-Arid Region
Authors: Neelambika . , Polisgowdar B. S. , Babu B. Maheshwara , Ramesh G. , Nemichandrappa M. , Kumar G. Manoj
Published: April 2024

The experiment was aimed to assess the effects of magnetized water on growth, yield, water use efficiency, and cost economics of gherkins (Cucumis anguria L.) using drip irrigation, both under shade net and open field conditions. The field experiments were conducted at the Department of Soil and Water Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, during the period from 2020-21 and 2021-22. An electronic and magnetic water conditioner (EMC) device was installed on the mainline of the drip system to convert non magnetized water into magnetized water. In the study, an asymmetric factorial experiment design were laid out which includes sixteen treatments and with four irrigation levels (60 %, 80 %, 100 %, and 120 % crop ET). Gherkin cultivation in the shade net with magnetized water at 80 % ET (S1M1T2) showed the highest crop growth, yield (28.64 t ha-1), and quality parameters, with superior physiological loss in weight, benefit-cost ratio (1.88), and a lower payback period (0.54 years), followed by 100 % ET and lowest in 60 % ET. In case of open field conditions also, the highest crop growth, yield (18.91 t ha-1), and quality parameters were observed in magnetized water at 80 % ET (S2M1T2), with a benefit-cost ratio of 1.76 and a lower payback period of 0.57 years, followed by 100 % ET and lowest in 60 % ET. Application efficiency was higher in shade net with magnetized water at 60 % ET (93.75 %) and lowest in open field with non magnetized water at 120 % ET (90.94 %). The maximum water use efficiency was recorded in the shade net with magnetized water at 60 % ET (199.49 kg ha-1 mm-1) (S1M1T1) lowest in open field with non magnetized water at 120 % ET (28.59 kg ha-1 mm-1) (S2M2T4). Overall, the study recommends shade net cultivation with magnetized water at 80 % ET for gherkins, providing statistical evidence supporting its efficacy. Among the factors, shade net cultivation yielded the best results compared to open field, despite its higher initial investment. Magnetized water consistently outperformed non-magnetized water, and 80 % ET in drip irrigation showed optimal results, followed by 100 % ET, with the least favorable outcomes at 60 % ET. Based on different parameters tested, the shade net with magnetized water at 80 % ET could be recommended for growing of gherkin crop.
Current Knowledge on the Role of Salicylic Acid for Stress Tolerance on Field Crops
Authors: Guin Aritra , Korav Santosh , Banik Biswajyoti , Unjia Denil
Published: April 2024

Salicylic acid is a well-known signal molecule that mediates plant resistance and is also involved in the control of plant development. Conversely, despite its well-established role in plant resistance, its impact on plant development is still poorly understood. the body of research indicating the essential functions of salicylic acid in controlling cell division and expansion, two processes that ultimately determine a plant's structure. This study summarizes the current knowledge of the mechanisms and molecular mechanisms via which salicylic acid regulates plant development through a range of pathways. Here, the role of salicylic acid in controlling growth regulation through effects on cell division and expansion is highlighted. The methods and molecular  processes by which salicylic acid controls stress tolerance through a variety of pathways are compiled in this study. The relationships between salicylic acid and other hormones as well as their significance in determining plant development were also covered. Future crop improvement will greatly benefit from a deeper understanding of the process underpinning salicylic acid-mediated growth.
Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Economics and Harvest Index of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) under Terai region of West Bengal
Authors: Rakesh Seelothu , Medda P S , Dutta Babli , Ghosh Arunava , Khalko Surajit
Published: April 2024

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) most widely farmed bulbous crop in the world and the second most widely cultivated Allium species after onion. The aim of the study to provide input and output per hectare. of garlic to determine the potential growth regulator. Through the application of chemical fertilizers environmental pollution through nitrate poisoning and exterminating soil micro-flora thereby, the alternatives to those problem the growth regulators play important role in economic production and cost management of garlic by employing methodology of Randomized Block Design comprising of three replications with ten treatments. The present experiment conducted on various kinds of growth regulators (Gibberellic acid (GA3) @ 50 ppm, GA3@ 100ppm, GA3@ 150 ppm, Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) @ 50 ppm, NAA@ 100 ppm, NAA@ 200ppm, Kinetin@ 10 ppm, Kinetin@ 20 ppm, Kinetin@ 40 ppm and Control (Distilled water) at the instructional and research farm of the Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar, India, during the autumn and winter seasons for two consecutive years. In view of effect of different plant growth regulators on the economics of garlic under terai region of west Bengal has observed significant variation. The result obtained that the foliar application of GA3@50 ppm generated maximum net returns (812753 Rs/ ha.) and benefit cost ratio (4.44) over other treatments. The control plots treated with distilled water was produced qualitatively inferior bulbs and generated lowest net returns (461946Rs/ha.) and benefit cost ratio (2.62). Interestingly the highest harvest index obtained under the Knetin@20 ppm (71.53) and lowest HI obtained under treatment of GA3 @100 ppm. (62.59). Based on the current experimental results, it may be concluded that foliar application of GA3 @ 50 ppm proved the best over other plant growth regulators.
Varietal Performance of Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) under Prayagraj Agro Climatic Conditions
Authors: Ayushman . , Fatmi Urfi
Published: April 2024

An experiment was conducted in Horticulture Research Field, Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, SHUATS, Prayagraj during April, 2022 – March, 2023 with an aim to identify the most suitable variety for loose flower production under the agro-climatic conditions of Prayagraj. There were fifteen varieties replicated thrice with a spacing of 30 cm x 30 cm in randomized block design. Significant difference among different varieties of tuberose were observed for all the parameters observed. For loose flower production, variety Bidhan Snigdha was found significantly superior in terms of days taken to first sprouting (6.3 days), plant height (74.4 cm), plant spread (70.7 cm2), days to first bud initiation (37.6 days), days taken to 1st flowering (59.3 days), days taken to 50% flowering (77.3 days), rachis length (49.7 cm), spike length (101.1 cm), number of florets (61.4) and number of spike per clump (3.6) and flower yield(18.9).
The Effect of Stubble Burning and Residue Management on Soil Properties: A Review
Authors: Pradhan Pratistha , Sinha Abhas Kumar , Pandit Tapas Kumar
Published: April 2024

Stubble burning, a common agricultural practice, has gained significant attention due to its adverse effects on soil properties and environmental sustainability. The in-situ burning of stubble, especially in the context of the rice-wheat cropping system, can significantly alter the physical and chemical properties of soil, particularly in the topsoil layer. The factors contributing to crop residue burning in India include time constraints between successive crops which necessitates the need to clear fields quickly and limited access to mechanized equipment for residue management. As a result, many farmers resort to burning crop residues as a quick and cost-effective method to clear fields for the next planting season. In situ stubble management techniques offer sustainable alternatives to address these issues and promote soil health as this once-dismissed residue transforms into a strategic tool for nurturing soil vitality. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of stubble burning on various soil properties, especially in the context of burning of rice residues. It synthesizes existing literature and research findings to elucidate the interactions between stubble burning and soil health and evaluates mainly the long-term consequences of stubble burning on soil fertility and productivity. Based on the findings, crop residue burning disrupts soil ecosystems, impairs nutrient cycling, decreases soil fertility and compromises ecosystem resilience, leading to long-term soil degradation while the short-term effects remain less understood across different contexts.
Development of Infectious Clones of Tomato Leaf Curl Karnataka Virus (ToLCKV) and Study of Pathogenicity on Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L.) through Agroinoculation
Authors: Likhith R. K. , Peter Anitha
Published: April 2024

Tomato leaf curl disease (ToLCD) caused by Tomato leaf curl Karnataka virus (ToLCKV) is a serious threat to tomato production. It is a Begomovirus (Geminiviridae) with monopartite single stranded DNA and transmitted by whitefly. In this study, we have amplified the whole genome of ToLCKV by rolling circle amplification (RCA) using the bacteriophage Phi 29 DNA polymerase. The infectious clones (ICs) were generated by monomerising the RCA products by partial digestion using a single restriction enzyme followed by cloning into a single digested binary vector. The resultant recombinant vector was sequenced, which revealed the genome to be 2663 bp in length, with the consensus nonanucleotide found in all geminiviruses. The sequence information was used for recombination analysis using Recombination Detection Program (RDP). The recombination analysis using RDP method and gene conversion method showed the virus to be recombinant. The genome was moved to Agrobacterium for agroinoculation of tomato plants. Susceptible variety and a resistant hybrid of tomato were agroinoculated to study the pathogenicity of the ICs. The susceptible variety showed leaf curling and yellowing symptoms 15 days post inoculation (dpi), with resistant hybrid not showing much symptoms except on the lower leaves, confirming that monopartite component is sufficient for successful infection.
Graphical Abstract
The Role of Modern Biotechnology in the Fight against the Current and the Future Climate Change
Authors: Admas Adugnaw , Feyissa Tileye
Published: April 2024

Climate change causes various negative effects on plants, especially due to rapid changes in temperature, rainfall patterns, floods or droughts, and outbreaks of pests and diseases. Its change is predicted to cause widespread species expansion and extinction. Climate-induced local extinction has already occurred in hundreds of species. However, at the edge of the warm zone, an equal number of species were not exposed to local extinction, indicating that either phenotypic plasticity or genetic adaptations may allow some populations to persist in warmer conditions. This shows the importance of including intraspecific adaptations in climate change vulnerability assessments. In addition, in response to global climate change, the application of gene editing, also known as genome editing or genome engineering, has emerged as a technology to help organisms adapt to global climate change or mitigate climate impacts. Transforming agriculture by developing crops and livestock that can better withstand the effects of climate change is imperative. Gene editing allows precise changes to a plant's genome, speeding up the production of new crop varieties, including those better able to withstand the stress of a changing climate and those that capture and store excess atmospheric carbon dioxide.The precision and efficiency of creating changes has greatly improved with the introduction of CRISPR/Cas systems, although there is certainly more work to be done with other gene editing techniques.
Energy Consumption Pattern in Irrigated Paddy Cultivation in Thiruvanamalai District of Tamil Nadu: A Case Study
Authors: V Soumya Krishnan , T. N Aruna , Jayakrishna Seelam , Kumar Kishan , Ramappa . , Hallad Sachin C , K Bharath Kumar , V Kavan Kumar , Singh Avesh Kumar
Published: April 2024

A large amount of energy is consumed in different stages of paddy cultivation. On-farm energy use patterns in paddy crop systems, both source-wise and operation-wise, were determined to prepare an energy audit in irrigated paddy cultivation. The data on energy consumption from different sources for the production of paddy were collected from different parts of the Tiruvannamalai district in Tamil Nadu. Energy consumption was categorized into direct energy and indirect energy. Energy consumption by various machineries, various inputs and by various farmer categories based on the size of land holding was analyzed. It was found that there is a large scope of mechanization in marginal farmers. It was found that for marginal farmers there is a large scope of mechanization. The adoption of mechanization results in reduced human energy and increased fuel energy. But proper adoption of machineries results in proper time management, less human drudgery and more energy-efficient operation.
Effect of Co-inoculants Rhizophos on the Growth and Yield of Black Gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]
Authors: Shalini C. , Silambarasan M. , Kumar K. Udhaya , Thankappan Sugitha , Kumar P. Dinesh
Published: April 2024

Field experiment was conducted to investigate effect of co-inoculants Rhizophos in liquid formulation on the agronomic traits of black gram (Vigna mungo L.). The treatments such as RDF (Recommended dose of fertilizer) + rhizophos in liquid formulation (T5), RDF + phosphobacteria in liquid formulation (T4), RDF + Rhizobium leguminosarum (TNAU14) in liquid formulation (T3), RDF (T2) and absolute control (T1) were imposed in a Randomized Block Design with four replication each. Seeds were treated accordingly with the treatments and foliar application was done at 1ml.L-1 on 30, 45 and 60 DAS. Among the treatments, foliar spray of Rhizophos @ 1 ml.L-1 exhibited profound effect in improving the growth and yield attributes. The result demonstrates that RDF + rhizophos in liquid formulation recorded the highest yield of (750 kg.ha-1) over the control (483 kg.ha-1). The results showed that, application of co-inoculant rhizophos through seed treatment and foliar spray significantly influenced the agronomics traits and yield of black gram over individual treatment and recommended dosage alone.
Evaluation of Integrated Pest Management Technologies against Fall Armyworm in Maize
Authors: Swathi M. , Lakshmana K. , Rao K. Tejeswara
Published: April 2024

The evaluation of integrated pest management technologies against fall armyworm in maize was conducted by District Agricultural Advisory and Transfer of Technology Centre (DAATTC), Vizianagaram in five farmer’s field during 2019-20, 2020-21 and 2021-22. The results revealed that the pest incidence was lower in IPM module compared to the historically adopted farmer’s practices, featuring here as a control. The increase in yield of 6.78% was observed in IPM demonstration (8503 kg/ha) compared to the control (7963 kg/ha). The net returns of Rs. 10,3214.00/ha and Rs. 91,145.00/ha were obtained in the IPM and control, respectively. The extension gap, technology gap and technology index were 747 kg/ha, 540 kg/ha and 8.07%, respectively. The lower technology index indicates that the technology implementation is feasible providing better education and popularization of the new programs thus reducing the gap between extension programs and new technologies.
Studies on the Effect of Liquid Bio-Inoculant Rhizophos on the Agronomic Traits of Green Gram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]
Authors: Jaishree S. , Silambarasan M. , Manuel R. Issac , Kumari Sugitha , Petchiammal Indira
Published: April 2024

A study was conducted to assess the effect of liquid bio-inoculants on the agronomic traits of green gram. Field experiments were conducted on the Instructional-North farm of Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu during the rabi season (2024) in a randomized block design. The experiment included five treatments [Absolute control, RDF, RDF + Rhizobium leguminosarum (TNAU14) in liquid formulation, RDF + phosphor bacteria in liquid formulation, RDF + Rhizophos in liquid formulation. Seeds were treated in accordance with the details given above and foliar application was done @ 1ml Lit-1 on 15th,30th and 45th DAS. From the results, a significant increase in the plant height (30.03 cm) dry matter production (1633.67 kg ha-1) and number of root nodules (65.70) at different growth stages were observed when compared to the absolute control. The yield parameters like pods plant-1 and seeds pod-1 were also increased. The treatments with mixed liquid bio-inoculant Rhizophos (T5) registered the highest seed yield and haulm yield of 730 kg ha-1 and 1816.67 kg ha-1 respectively. The results suggest that, application of liquid rhizophos through seed treatment and foliar spray significantly influenced the agronomic traits of green gram and the yield.
Weapon D - A Hybrid Approach for Detecting Weapons in Dark Environments Using Deep Learning Techniques
Authors: Aditya R. , Raj P. Yeswanth , Rao Y. Thirupathi , Sai T. Hema Venkata , Lakshman A. , Devi K. Thrilochana
Published: April 2024

Weapon detection, a crucial part of modern security is vital for public safety and strengthening security measures. Accurately spotting weapons in different places helps law enforcement, surveillance, and security. The ongoing improvements in weapon detection technologies not only boost preventive actions but also help respond quickly in emergencies, reducing risks and improving readiness. These technologies greatly assist law enforcement in identifying threats early and taking action promptly to keep the public safe and protect important places. Our proposed system suggests YOLOv7 with brightening algorithms, specially designed to detect weapons in low-light or nighttime situations. This shift from the existing to the proposed system marks a substantial improvement, addressing the challenges of nighttime weapon detection. This breakthrough not only enhances the scope of security measures but also underscores the adaptability of technology to real-world challenges. By catering to challenging dark settings, this advancement strengthens the foundation of public safety initiatives, offering a proactive approach to mitigating potential threats in diverse environments.
An Analysis of Energy Input and Output Dynamics in Redgram Production of Vikarabad District, Telangana, India
Authors: Kumar Sravan , Sridhar K.
Published: April 2024

Energy analysis (input-output) of Redgram production systems in Vikarabad district of Telangana State.  Surveys conducted at the farms that cultivate Redgram in Vikarabad district, in the 2021. Sixty farms that produce Redgram were interviewed face to face. The results revealed that in Redgram production systems total energy input was 19289.61MJ/ha. The highest share of energy consumed was recorded for N fertilizer (78.29%) which is a nonrenewable resource. Output Energy was 11025 MJ/ha. Accordingly, energy efficiency(output input ratio) was 3.11, energy productivity calculated as 0.021 KgMJ-1 and specific energy was observed as 45.7 MJKg-1, agrochemical energy ratio was 0.82 % and energy intensiveness was 1.14.
Prevalence, Antibiotic Resistance, and Implications for Public Health Due to Salmonella Contamination in Food Products
Authors: Sayed Fatima , Kaur Rupinder , Jha Vikas , Quraishi Umme Atiya
Published: April 2024

This research investigated the prevalence of Salmonella species in meat, chicken, fish, prawn, and milk samples, and their resistance to antibiotics was examined. The study findings demonstrated varying levels of Salmonella contamination in different food types, including meat and chicken samples showing higher prevalence rates compared to fish, prawn, and milk. Notably, the isolated Salmonella strains exhibited resistance to multiple antibiotics, raising concerns about the potential dissemination of antibiotic-resistant strains through the food chain and its implications for public health. The study underscores the critical importance of continuous surveillance in monitoring Salmonella prevalence and antibiotic resistance in food products. It also highlights the significance of promoting responsible antibiotic usage in both human and veterinary medicine to safeguard food safety and public health.
The flexibility of source‐monitoring training: Reducing young children's source confusions
Authors: Thierry Karen L. , Lamb Michael E. , Pipe Margaret‐Ellen , Spence Melanie J.
Published: April 2009

The effect of source‐monitoring training on the ability of 3‐ to 4‐year‐old children to discriminate between events seen live and those described in a story was examined. All children saw a live presentation of a target event and heard about a similar target event from a storybook. Three to 4 days later, the children received either source‐monitoring or control training involving a different set of events. Within each training condition, the children were taught to discriminate events (source training) or identify features of events (control training) acquired from sources that were either analogous (live–story events) or partially analogous (live—video events) to the target‐event sources. Immediately after training, all children were asked to monitor the source of the target events seen a few days earlier. The children in both the analogous and partially analogous source‐monitoring training groups more accurately distinguished between the target live and story events than did children in the control training groups. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Information search in heuristic decision making
Authors: Dhami Mandeep K. , Harries Clare
Published: April 2009

Simple heuristics of the type introduced by Gigerenzer, Todd, and The ABC Research Group (1999) embody principles for information search, stop and decision making. These heuristics suggest that such processes are simple. In an analysis of general practitioners' (GPs) information search and decision‐making behaviour when prescribing a lipid lowering drug, we examined whether information search was simple, and whether a heuristic that predicts a simple decision‐making process was also accurate at describing information search. We found that GPs' information search behaviour was simple in that it demonstrated characteristics of the matching heuristic (e.g. stopping rule). In addition, although the matching heuristic which correctly predicted on average 75% of GPs' decisions used significantly fewer cues on average than the GPs did in the information search task, it was reasonably accurate in describing order of information search. These findings have implications for the validity of simple heuristics describing both information search and decision making. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Access to handouts of presentation slides during lecture: Consequences for learning
Authors: Marsh Elizabeth J. , Sink Holli E.
Published: April 2009

Teachers often lecture with presentation software such as Microsoft PowerPoint; however, little research has examined the effects of this new technology on learning. One issue that arises is whether or not to give students copies of the lecture slides, and if so when. A survey documented that students prefer to receive lecture slides before class, whereas instructors were less pronounced in their preferences. Two experiments examined whether having handouts of the slides facilitated encoding of science lectures. Having access to handouts of the slides during lecture was associated with a number of benefits: less note‐taking (studies 1 and 2), less time needed to prepare for a final test (study 1), and better performance on the final test (study 2). Overall, receiving handouts before lecture helped efficient encoding of the lecture. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shooting behaviour: How working memory and negative emotionality influence police officer shoot decisions
Authors: Kleider Heather M. , Parrott Dominic J. , King Tricia Z.
Published: April 2009

Previous research on police officer shoot decisions has focussed on the influence of situational factors that lead to the shooting error. Focussing instead on the ‘shooter’, the present study examined whether working memory capacity and threat‐related increases in negative emotionality influenced participant shoot decisions in a simulated shooting task. Following a working memory test, 24 police officers viewed a police‐relevant threatening video while physiological indices of arousal and negative affect were obtained and then completed a computerized shoot‐don't shoot task. Results indicated that lower working memory capacity was associated with a greater likelihood of shooting unarmed targets and a failure to shoot armed targets. Moreover, an interaction effect indicated that these associations were only significant for officers who experienced heightened negative emotionality in response to the video. Results suggest that when negatively aroused via threat, limited working memory capacity increases the risk of shooting error. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetics of the thermal dissociation of ZnO exposed to concentrated solar irradiation using a solar‐driven thermogravimeter in the 1800–2100 K range
Authors: Schunk Lothar O. , Steinfeld Aldo
Published: April 2009

The two‐step H2O‐splitting thermochemical cycle based on the Zn/ZnO redox reactions is considered for solar H2 production, comprising the endothermal dissociation of ZnO followed by the exothermal hydrolysis of Zn. A solar‐driven thermogravimeter, in which a packed‐bed of ZnO particles is directly exposed to concentrated solar radiation at a peak solar concentration ratio of 2400 suns while its weight loss is continuously monitored, was applied to measure the thermal dissociation rate in a set‐up closely approximating the heat and mass transfer characteristics of solar reactors. Isothermal thermogravimetric runs were performed in the range 1834–2109 K and fitted to a zero‐order Arrhenius rate law with apparent activation energy 361 ± 53 kJ mol−1 K−1 and frequency factor 14.03 × 106 ± 2.73 × 106 kg m−2 s−1. Application of L‘vov’s kinetic expression for solid decomposition along with a convective mass transport correlation yielded kinetic parameters in close agreement with those derived from experimental data. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009