bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of Macrophage Socs3 in the Pathogenesis of Aortic Dissection
Authors: Ohno‐Urabe Satoko , Aoki Hiroki , Nishihara Michihide , Furusho Aya , Hirakata Saki , Nishida Norifumi , Ito Sohei , Hayashi Makiko , Yasukawa Hideo , Imaizumi Tsutomu , Akashi Hidetoshi , Tanaka Hiroyuki , Fukumoto Yoshihiro
Published: January 2018

Background

Aortic dissection (
AD
) is a life‐threatening medical emergency caused by the abrupt destruction of the intimomedial layer of the aortic walls. Given that previous studies have reported the involvement of proinflammatory cytokine interleukin‐6 in
AD
pathogenesis, we investigated the role of signal transduction and activator of transcription 3 signaling, a downstream pathway of interleukin‐6 in macrophages in pathogenesis of
AD
.

Methods and Results

We characterized the pathological and molecular events triggered by aortic stress, which can lead to
AD
. Aortic stress on the suprarenal aorta because of infrarenal aorta stiffening and angiotensin
II
infusion for 1 week caused focal medial rupture at the branching point of the celiac trunk and superior mesenteric artery. This focal medial rupture healed in 6 weeks in wild‐type (
WT
) mice, but progressed to
AD
in mice with macrophage‐specific deletion of
Socs3
gene (
mS
ocs3‐
KO
).
mS
ocs3‐
KO
mice showed premature activation of cell proliferation, an inflammatory response, and skewed differentiation of macrophages toward the tissue‐destructive phenotype. Concomitantly, they showed aberrant phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells and transforming growth factor beta signaling, which are likely to participate in tissue repair. Human
AD
samples revealed signal transduction and activator of transcription 3 activation in adventitial macrophages adjacent to the site of tissue destruction.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that
AD
development is preceded by focal medial rupture, in which macrophage Socs3 maintains proper inflammatory response and differentiation of
SMC
s, thus promoting fibrotic healing to prevent tissue destruction and
AD
development. Understanding the sequence of the pathological and molecular events preceding
AD
development will help predict and prevent
AD
development and progression.
A Unifying Framework of Synaptic and Intrinsic Plasticity in Neural Populations
Authors: Leugering Johannes , Pipa Gordon
Published: January 2018

A neuronal population is a computational unit that receives a multivariate, time-varying input signal and creates a related multivariate output. These neural signals are modeled as stochastic processes that transmit information in real time, subject to stochastic noise. In a stationary environment, where the input signals can be characterized by constant statistical properties, the systematic relationship between its input and output processes determines the computation carried out by a population. When these statistical characteristics unexpectedly change, the population needs to adapt to its new environment if it is to maintain stable operation. Based on the general concept of homeostatic plasticity, we propose a simple compositional model of adaptive networks that achieve invariance with regard to undesired changes in the statistical properties of their input signals and maintain outputs with well-defined joint statistics. To achieve such invariance, the network model combines two functionally distinct types of plasticity. An abstract stochastic process neuron model implements a generalized form of intrinsic plasticity that adapts marginal statistics, relying only on mechanisms locally confined within each neuron and operating continuously in time, while a simple form of Hebbian synaptic plasticity operates on synaptic connections, thus shaping the interrelation between neurons as captured by a copula function. The combined effect of both mechanisms allows a neuron population to discover invariant representations of its inputs that remain stable under a wide range of transformations (e.g., shifting, scaling and (affine linear) mixing). The probabilistic model of homeostatic adaptation on a population level as presented here allows us to isolate and study the individual and the interaction dynamics of both mechanisms of plasticity and could guide the future search for computationally beneficial types of adaptation.
New data on Synaphosus (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Southeast Asia
Authors: MARUSIK YURI M. , OMELKO MIKHAIL M.
Published: January 2018

Three new species of Synaphosus Ovtsharenko, Levy et Platnick, 1994 are described from Southeast Asia: S. jaegeri sp. n. (♂♀, Laos), S. lehtineni sp. n. (♂♀, Sulawesi, Indonesia) and S. dubius sp. n. (♀, Thailand). Two species, S. femininis Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 and S. evertsi Ovtsharenko, Levy et Platnick, 1994 are redescribed. Synaphosus kris Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001, syn. n. known from Bali is synonymised with S. evertsi known from Ivory Coast. Synaphosus evertsi is reported from the Philippines for the first time.
Probabilities of Causation of Climate Changes
Authors: Hannart Alexis , Naveau Philippe
Published: January 2018

Multiple changes in Earth’s climate system have been observed over the past decades. Determining how likely each of these changes is to have been caused by human influence is important for decision making with regard to mitigation and adaptation policy. Here we describe an approach for deriving the probability that anthropogenic forcings have caused a given observed change. The proposed approach is anchored into causal counterfactual theory ( Pearl 2009 ), which was introduced recently, and in fact partly used already, in the context of extreme weather event attribution (EA). We argue that these concepts are also relevant to, and can be straightforwardly extended to, the context of detection and attribution of long-term trends associated with climate change (D&A). For this purpose, and in agreement with the principle of fingerprinting applied in the conventional D&A framework, a trajectory of change is converted into an event occurrence defined by maximizing the causal evidence associated to the forcing under scrutiny. Other key assumptions used in the conventional D&A framework, in particular those related to numerical model error, can also be adapted conveniently to this approach. Our proposal thus allows us to bridge the conventional framework with the standard causal theory, in an attempt to improve the quantification of causal probabilities. An illustration suggests that our approach is prone to yield a significantly higher estimate of the probability that anthropogenic forcings have caused the observed temperature change, thus supporting more assertive causal claims.
On the Variability in the Onset of the Norwegian Coastal Current
Authors: Christensen Kai Håkon , Sperrevik Ann Kristin , Broström Göran
Published: January 2018

A high-resolution reanalysis of the circulation in the Kattegat and Skagerrak is used to investigate the mechanisms that control the variability in the onset of the Norwegian Coastal Current. In the reanalysis, the authors have used all available in situ and remote sensing observations of salinity and temperature and use surface current observations from two coastal high-frequency radars that were ideally placed to monitor the exchange between the two basins. This study finds a strong correlation between the variability in the wind forcing in the Skagerrak and the transport in the Norwegian Coastal Current through the Torungen–Hirtshals section. Two cases with winds into and out of the Skagerrak are studied in more detail, and the results suggest asymmetries in the forcing mechanisms. For winds out of the Skagerrak, strong outflows of Baltic Sea Water associated with a deflection of the Kattegat–Skagerrak Front may disrupt local processes in the Skagerrak, which is not accounted for in previously published conceptual models for the variability of the coastal currents in this region.
Adaptive and High-Resolution Estimation of Specific Differential Phase for Polarimetric X-Band Weather Radars
Authors: Reinoso-Rondinel Ricardo , Unal Christine , Russchenberg Herman
Published: January 2018

One of the most beneficial polarimetric variables may be the specific differential phase KDP because of its independence from power attenuation and radar miscalibration. However, conventional KDP estimation requires a substantial amount of range smoothing as a result of the noisy characteristic of the measured differential phase ΨDP. In addition, the backscatter differential phase δhv component of ΨDP, significant at C- and X-band frequency, may lead to inaccurate KDP estimates. In this work, an adaptive approach is proposed to obtain accurate KDP estimates in rain from noisy ΨDP, whose δhv is of significance, at range resolution scales. This approach uses existing relations between polarimetric variables in rain to filter δhv from ΨDP while maintaining its spatial variability. In addition, the standard deviation of the proposed KDP estimator is mathematically formulated for quality control. The adaptive approach is assessed using four storm events, associated with light and heavy rain, observed by a polarimetric X-band weather radar in the Netherlands. It is shown that this approach is able to retain the spatial variability of the storms at scales of the range resolution. Moreover, the performance of the proposed approach is compared with two different methods. The results of this comparison show that the proposed approach outperforms the other two methods in terms of the correlation between KDP and reflectivity, and KDP standard deviation reduction.
Cloud-Base Height Derived from a Ground-Based Infrared Sensor and a Comparison with a Collocated Cloud Radar
Authors: Wang Zhe , Wang Zhenhui , Cao Xiaozhong , Mao Jiajia , Tao Fa , Hu Shuzhen
Published: January 2018

An improved algorithm to calculate cloud-base height (CBH) from infrared temperature sensor (IRT) observations that accompany a microwave radiometer was described, the results of which were compared with the CBHs derived from ground-based millimeter-wavelength cloud radar reflectivity data. The results were superior to the original CBH product of IRT and closer to the cloud radar data, which could be used as a reference for comparative analysis and synergistic cloud measurements. Based on the data obtained by these two kinds of instruments for the same period (January–December 2016) from the Beijing Nanjiao Weather Observatory, the results showed that the consistency of cloud detection was good and that the consistency rate between the two datasets was 81.6%. The correlation coefficient between the two CBH datasets reached 0.62, based on 73 545 samples, and the average difference was 0.1 km. Higher correlations were obtained for thicker clouds with a larger echo intensity. A low-level thin cloud cannot be regarded as a blackbody because of its high transmittance, which results in higher CBHs derived from IRT data. Because of a smaller cloud radiation effect for high-level thin cloud above 8 km, the contribution of the atmospheric downward radiation below the cloud base to the IRT cannot be ignored, as it results in lower CBHs derived from IRT data. Owing to the seasonal variation of atmospheric downward radiation reaching the IRT, the difference between the two CBHs also has a seasonal variation. The IRT CBHs are generally higher (lower) than the cloud radar CBHs in winter (summer).
Rewarding effects of physical activity predict sensitivity to the acute subjective effects of d-amphetamine in healthy volunteers
Authors: Pester Mollie S , Kirkpatrick Matthew G , Geary Bree A , Leventhal Adam M
Published: January 2018

While individual differences in reward sensitivity are believed to generalize across drugs and alternative rewards, this notion has received little empirical attention in human research. Here, we tested whether individual differences in the subjective rewarding effects of physical activity were associated with the subjective response to d-amphetamine administration. Healthy volunteers ( n=95; age 18–35 years) completed questionnaires measuring the self-reported pleasurable effects of physical activity and other covariates, and this was followed by two double-blind counterbalanced sessions during which they received either 20 mg oral d-amphetamine or placebo. Subjective drug effects measures were collected before and repeatedly after drug administration. Subjective d-amphetamine-related effects were then reduced via principal components analysis into latent factors of “positive mood,” “arousal,” and “drug high.” Multiple regression models controlling for placebo-related scores, session order, demographics, body mass index, level of physical activity, and use of other drugs showed that degree of self-reported physical activity reward was positively associated with d-amphetamine-induced positive mood and arousal ( βs≥0.25, ps≤0.04), but was not associated with d-amphetamine-induced changes in drug high ( β=0.13, p=0.24). These results provide novel evidence suggesting that individual differences in reward sensitivity cross over between d-amphetamine reward and physical activity reward in humans.
Increased nature relatedness and decreased authoritarian political views after psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression
Authors: Lyons Taylor , Carhart-Harris Robin L
Published: January 2018

Rationale:

Previous research suggests that classical psychedelic compounds can induce lasting changes in personality traits, attitudes and beliefs in both healthy subjects and patient populations.

Aim:

Here we sought to investigate the effects of psilocybin on nature relatedness and libertarian–authoritarian political perspective in patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD).

Methods:

This open-label pilot study with a mixed-model design studied the effects of psilocybin on measures of nature relatedness and libertarian–authoritarian political perspective in patients with moderate to severe TRD ( n=7) versus age-matched non-treated healthy control subjects ( n=7). Psilocybin was administered in two oral dosing sessions (10 mg and 25 mg) 1 week apart. Main outcome measures were collected 1 week and 7–12 months after the second dosing session. Nature relatedness and libertarian–authoritarian political perspective were assessed using the Nature Relatedness Scale (NR-6) and Political Perspective Questionnaire (PPQ-5), respectively.

Results:

Nature relatedness significantly increased ( t(6)=−4.242, p=0.003) and authoritarianism significantly decreased ( t(6)=2.120, p=0.039) for the patients 1 week after the dosing sessions. At 7–12 months post-dosing, nature relatedness remained significantly increased ( t(5)=−2.707, p=0.021) and authoritarianism remained decreased at trend level ( t(5)=−1.811, p=0.065). No differences were found on either measure for the non-treated healthy control subjects.

Conclusions:

This pilot study suggests that psilocybin with psychological support might produce lasting changes in attitudes and beliefs. Although it would be premature to infer causality from this small study, the possibility of drug-induced changes in belief systems seems sufficiently intriguing and timely to deserve further investigation.
The Effects of Social Information on Volunteering: A Field Experiment
Authors: Moseley Alice , James Oliver , John Peter , Richardson Liz , Ryan Matt , Stoker Gerry
Published: January 2018

Research indicates that providing social information about other people’s charitable donations can increase individual contributions. However, the effects of social information on volunteering time are underexplored. In this field experiment, we measure the effects of different levels of feedback about other people’s time contributions (very high, high, and moderate) on individuals’ hours of volunteering. The experiment was conducted with students from English universities volunteering for a variety of organizations and with a group of predominantly older people volunteering for a national charity in England. Social information did not increase volunteering for either group relative to a control group receiving individualized feedback with no social comparison. For students whose baseline volunteering time was lower than the median, social information had a demotivating effect, reducing their volunteering, suggesting that donating time is different to donating money.
Interorganizational Advocacy Among Nonprofit Organizations in Strategic Action Fields: Exogenous Shocks and Local Responses
Authors: Chen Katherine K.
Published: January 2018

Under what conditions do interorganizational efforts shift from sustaining stasis to facilitating change through advocacy in strategic action fields? Using observations of nonprofit umbrella organizations’ meetings for organizations that served older adults “aging in place,” I identify how organizations collectively reacted to exogenous shocks. I show how members first focused on sensemaking rather than challenging the state about policy changes. However, when a policy change unleashed new organizations into their field, incumbent organizations started exploring defensive tactics against competitors at their umbrella organizations’ meetings. At meetings, organizations shifted to meaning-making, developing a frame that advocated people’s well-being, cost-savings, and fraud-busting. This frame supported collective action toward creating regulations that protected their clients and organizations’ positions. I argue that organizations can recognize horizontal relations with other organizations and react to threats or entertain cooperation. However, they are less likely to mobilize vertically against the state.
Profitable Small Business Strategies under Different Types of Competition
Authors: Chaganti Radha , Chaganti Rajeswararao , Mahajan Vijay
Published: January 2018

This study empirically examines the profit impact of different strategies under four different types of competition: 1. Low-intensity price and promotion competition; 2. Price competition; 3. Promotion competition; and 4. High-intensity price and promotion competition. The study finds that broad product scope is a key determinant of a firm's profitability in low-intensity price and promotion competition, price competition, and high-intensity price and promotion competition. However, under promotion competition, quality-image orientation was the most profitable strategy.
Factors of Friendship: Relevance of Significant Others to Female Business Owners
Authors: Nelson George W.
Published: January 2018

An exploratory analysis of the identity, characteristics, and business contributions of persons designated significant others by 102 female business owners was conducted. Drawing on social interaction theories, a typology of attributes for such others was developed, and elements of those attributes were assessed. Significant other contribution dimensions were identified, and further elaborated in terms of identity and characteristic variables. The most meaningful contributions were to specific business needs, and were provided by spouses, siblings, and male friends. The results showed a pragmatic approach to accepting aid from significant others, based not on the role of the other but on his or her actual ability to contribute.
The Use of Information from and about Competitors in Small Business Management
Authors: Fann Gail L , Smeltzer Larry R.
Published: January 2018

Interviews of small business owner/managers were conducted to determine the extent to which they use information from competitors and about competitors. A combination of quantitative and qualitative information indicated that small business managers used competitors less frequently than customers and suppliers as sources of information. In addition, the managers did not analyze the competitors’ products or services closely, and they did not enter into formal arrangements with them.
“Who Is an Entrepreneur?” Is the Wrong Question
Authors: Gartner William B.
Published: January 2018

Entrepreneurship is the creation of organizations. What differentiates entrepreneurs from non-entrepreneurs is that entrepreneurs create organizations, while non-entrepreneurs do not. In behavioral approaches to the study of entrepreneurship an entrepreneur is seen as a set of activities involved in organization creation, while in trait approaches an entrepreneur is a set of personality traits and characteristics. This paper argues that trait approaches have been unfruitful and that behavioral approaches will be a more productive perspective for future research in entrepreneurship.
Selecting Methodologies for Entrepreneurial Research: Trade-offs and Guidelines
Authors: Smith Ken G. , Gannon Martin J. , Sapienza Harry J.
Published: January 2018

Entrepreneurial (including small-business) research is characterized by a large number of different research methodologies, each of which possesses advantages and disadvantages. Hence an entrepreneurial researcher must consider the trade-offs associated with each type of methodology. This paper describes these trade-offs and develops a set of guidelines that a researcher can use for selecting a specific type of methodology.
Content Analysis in Entrepreneurship Research: The Case of Initial Public Offerings
Authors: Marino Kenneth E. , Castaldi Richard M. , Dollinger Marc J.
Published: January 2018

This paper focuses on the use of content analysis, which is a potentially valuable yet infrequently used research method, in the study of management and entrepreneurial endeavors. Specifically, attention is given to the use of content analysis in regard to the study of Initial Public Offerings since there is an abundance of IPO data sources which are amenable to this research method. We conclude with a discussion of five research themes to which our understanding might be improved with the application of content analysis.
Using an Ecological Perspective to Study Organizational Founding Rates
Authors: Aldrich Howard E.
Published: January 2018

Moving away from a “traits” approach to a “rates” approach, using an ecological perspective, highlights the salience of organizations as the key component of environments. Foundings of new organizations are highly dependent upon the experiences of already existing organizations, both in a particular population and in the larger community of populations. Intra-population processes—prior foundings, dissolutions, density, and factors associated with density—structure the environment into which foundings are born. Inter-population processes—the nature of relations between populations, whether competing or cooperating, and actions by dominant organizations—affect the distribution of resources in the environment and the terms on which they are available to entrepreneurs. Institutional factors—government policies, political events, cultural norms, and so on—shape the macro-context within which other processes occur.
Information System usage within Small Business Firms
Authors: Kagan Albert , Lau Kinnam , Nusgart Keith R.
Published: January 2018

This project investigates the use of information systems by small business firms. Five research objectives guided the analysis of this project. These objectives are: 1) sectoral differences relative to information systems usage; 2) impact of firm size on the level of software sophistication; 3) hardware capacity and remote processing capability; 4) the relationship between software satisfaction and software sophistication; and 5) fact finding nature of MIS applications.
Contributing Editor's Feature
Authors: Ronstadt Robert
Published: January 2018

“How should we think about entrepreneurship education?” What kinds of courses and, possibly, programs should be developed at different kinds of educational institutions?

These questions have been debated, sometimes hotly, during the 1980s. Of course, the debate on these questions is far from over. Gerhard Plaschka and Harold Welsch continue the dialogue as we enter the 1990s. Their contribution is significant. It involves nothing less than the construction of a road map for finding your way through the myriad course and program options that now confront teachers of entrepreneurship.

Plaschka and Welsch start their paper with an excellent history of entrepreneurial education, supplemented by an extensive bibliography, examples of early programs, lists of key research publications and the 20 plus professional and authority-based organizations that impact the field. New teachers to the field will find this background particularly useful.

Both old and new professors should find the conceptual part of the paper insightful and useful. Here the authors present two simple yet elegant frameworks for teachers to determine the general kinds of courses/programs they'd like to develop for their specific institutional environments.

I should add these aren't conceptual approaches that the authors just invented out of thin air. Actually, they are heuristics grounded in a decade or more of experience realized by many professors. The authors have built upon the past … not ignored it … as they look to the future.
Competitive Aggressiveness, Environmental Context, and Small Firm Performance
Authors: Covin Jeffrey G. , Covin Teresa Joyce
Published: January 2018

This study examined relationships between firm performance, the degree of aggressiveness a firm exhibits in its competitive orientation, and the environmental dimensions of technological sophistication and hostility. Subgroup (correlation) analysis was used to analyze data collected from 143 small manufacturing-based firms. The findings suggest that high-performing firms often exhibit an aggressive competitive orientation when faced with environmental hostility, while low-performing firms tend to be more passive when operating in hostile environments. No overall difference was observed in the correlations between competitive aggressiveness and environmental technological sophistication for the high- and low-performing subgroups. However, younger firms generally performed better when they were not highly aggressive in technologically sophisticated environments.
Contributing Editor's Feature
Authors: Ronstadt Robert
Published: January 2018

To date, “Just-In-Time” (JIT) prescriptions have been limited primarily to larger organizations and the functional area of production. Rudy Winston and Lance Heiko begin a discussion of JIT that badly needs starting … and continuing.

Their focus in this article is to hypothesize, based on their real world experiences, how JIT can be used by new and smaller businesses. Those thinking of using JIT techniques will find their analysis and discussion thought provoking and instructive.

But we need to continue and extend the discussion. I'd like to start by suggesting we need to apply the basic notions of JIT to non-production issues within newer enterprises. For instance, the notion of proper timing is at the core of both JIT and new venture creation. When, precisely, do you need to bring aboard key members of an entrepreneurial team? Drucker and others assert, before you truly need them. JIT suggests otherwise.

When do you need the next round of financing? … the new office? … the additional employees? Again, JIT provides very specific advice about these questions … answers that are consistent with proponents of bootstrapping and those who warn to “always run your new venture on a high variable cost basis.” But when is this advice really right? And when is it dead wrong?

These and related questions remain unanswered. But perhaps, just perhaps, Winston and Heiko have started a line of inquiry that may lead one day to some answers … just in time.
Changes in the Time Allocation Patterns of Entrepreneurs
Authors: Mccarthy Anne M. , Krueger David A. , Schoenecker Timothy S.
Published: January 2018

Organizational life cycle research seeks to explain changes in firm characteristics as the firm grows and matures. Unlike most life cycle research this paper focuses on changes that occur during the firm's crucial early stages. Specifically, we examine differences in an entrepreneur's time allocation as the young firm moves to later stages. This issue is important for two reasons. First, time is one of the entrepreneur's most valuable resources. Second, this approach fits with the growing popularity of behavioral research in entrepreneurship. Nine hypotheses are tested using data from a three-year, large-scale, nationwide survey of entrepreneurs.
Personal Equity Investment and Small Business Financial Difficulties
Authors: Carter Richard B. , Van Auken Howard E.
Published: January 2018

Theory suggests that entrepreneurs’ private information about the likelihood of the success of their enterprise is revealed by their personal equity investment in the firm. This paper tests this argument using the occurrence and severity of the first year's financial difficulties as an indication of the entrepreneur's assessment of the likelihood of the firm's success. We find support for the theory through the identification of a significant negative relation between first year financial difficulties and the percent of start-up capital represented by the entrepreneur's personal funds.
Structure, Policy, Services, and Performance in the Business Incubator Industry
Authors: Allen David N. , Mccluskey Richard
Published: January 2018

Business incubators are one of the newest tools on the enterprise development scene; nearly 400 are now in operation. A business incubator is a facility that provides affordable space, shared office services, and business development assistance in an environment conducive to new venture creation, survival, and early-stage growth. This article is a preliminary examination of the relationships among incubator structure, policy, services, and performance. A value-added continuum model is used to describe various kinds of incubators and aspects of their operations. Managers of 127 incubators were surveyed to examine features of the value-added continuum. Surrogate measures for the concepts that anchor either end of the continuum—property development and business development—are empirically examined. Incubators are found to be poor real estate ventures. Age and size of facility are found to be important determinants of jobs created and firms graduated. Only one other structure, policy, or services variable is important for explaining business development outcomes.
Trends in Small Business Management and Entrepreneurship Education in the United States
Authors: Solomon George T. , Fernald Lloyd W.
Published: January 2018

The critical importance of small business management and entrepreneurship in determining the future of the economic and social well-being of the United States is generally accepted by leading experts in government and business. While there clearly is a boom in entrepreneurial enterprise throughout the nation, the extent of the growth in the educational services supporting this effort is at best only partially known through prior studies, such as those of Vesper (1985). This paper reports the results of three surveys on the development of courses, academic programs, seminars, and workshops in small business management and entrepreneurship in the U.S. The survey results point to a dramatic change in the number of colleges and universities that are now offering small business management and entrepreneurship courses and programs and in the quantity and scope of the courses offered within schools.
An Attitude Approach to the Prediction of Entrepreneurship
Authors: Robinson Peter B. , Stimpson David V. , Huefner Jonathan C. , Hunt H. Keith
Published: January 2018

Attitude is presented as a better approach to the description of entrepreneurs than either personality characteristics or demographics. The development and validation of the Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation (EAO) scale are explained. Sixty-three undergraduates were used in developing and establishing the test-retest reliability of the EAO. Fifty-four entrepreneurs and fifty-seven non-entrepreneurs served as known groups in establishing the discriminant validity of the EAO. There was a significant difference between known groups for all four of the EAO subscales (achievement, personal control, innovation, self-esteem); all subscales but achievement entered into a stepwise discriminant function.
Perceptions of the Sex-Role Stereotypic Characteristics of Entrepreneurs: Women's Evaluations
Authors: Fagenson Ellen A. , Marcus Eric C.
Published: January 2018

This study examined women's perceptions of the sex-role stereotypic characteristics of the successful entrepreneur. Women in female-headed companies gave greater weight to feminine attributes than women who worked in companies headed by men. However, both groups assigned more weight to masculine attributes in the profile of the successful entrepreneur.
The Relationship between Marketing Orientation and Entrepreneurial Orientation
Authors: Miles Morgan P. , Arnold Danny R.
Published: January 2018

Increasing environmental uncertainty has focused greater attention on firms’ overall business orientations, particularly on the marketing orientation and the entrepreneurial orientation. The major purpose of this empirical investigation was to determine whether the marketing orientation and entrepreneurial orientation represent the same or two unique business philosophies.
Technology-Structure Fit and Performance in Small Businesses: An Examination of the Moderating Effects of Organizational States
Authors: Randolph W. Alan , Sapienza Harry J. , Watson Mary Anne
Published: January 2018

This study explores the effects of the fit between technological innovation and organization structure on small business financial performance. Support was found for technology-structure fit as a predictor of financial performance in small businesses. The study also explores the moderating effects of firm age and of sales growth on the relationship between fit and financial performance. Regression analyses indicate that the relationship between fit and financial performance is not significantly affected by the age of small businesses, but it is significantly influenced by the rate of growth of small businesses. Fit has a significant positive relationship with financial performance for low sales growth companies, but it is unrelated to performance in high sales growth companies.
Association between health status and sociodemographic, clinical and treatment disparities in the Patient-centered Outcomes Related to TReatment Practices in Peripheral Arterial Disease: Investigating Trajectories (PORTRAIT) registry
Authors: Noyes Adam M , Abbott J Dawn , Gosch Kensey , Smolderen Kim , Spertus John A , Hyder Omar , Soukas Peter , Shishehbor Mehdi H , Aronow Herbert D
Published: January 2018

Patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) and intermittent claudication (IC) have impaired functional status and quality of life. However, little is known about which factors are associated with poorer health status at the time of initial presentation for PAD specialty care. Characterization of such features might provide insight into disparities that impact health status in this population. A total of 1258 patients from the United States, the Netherlands and Australia with new or worsened IC were enrolled at their first PAD specialty care visit between June 2011 and December 2015. The mean Peripheral Artery Questionnaire (PAQ) Summary Score (range 0–100), a disease-specific health status measure, was 49.2 ± 21.9. Hierarchical, multivariable linear regression was used to relate patient characteristics to baseline PAQ. Patient characteristics independently associated with poorer health status were age ( p < 0.001), female sex ( p < 0.001), not being married ( p = 0.02), economic burden (moderate/severe vs none, moderate/severe vs some; p = 0.03), difficulty getting care (moderate/severe vs none, moderate/severe vs some; p < 0.001), chronic lung disease ( p = 0.02), back pain ( p < 0.001), bilateral vs unilateral PAD ( p = 0.02), intermittent claudication severity (moderate vs mild, severe vs mild, p < 0.001), and lack of prior participation in an exercise program ( p = 0.005). Disparities in both vascular and non-vascular factors were associated with patients’ health status at the time of presentation and should be addressed by all who care for patients with vascular disease.
Flow control on the vortex-induced vibration of a circular cylinder using a traveling wave wall method
Authors: Xu Feng , Bai Wei-feng , Chen Wen-li , Xiao Yi-qing , Ou Jin-ping
Published: January 2018

In this study, a traveling wave wall flow control method was adopted to suppress the vortex-induced vibration of an elastically mounted circular cylinder with 2 degrees of freedom in the range of a high Reynolds number [Formula: see text]. First, the vortex-induced vibration characteristics of the circular cylinder (under eight different incoming velocities) were studied based on a two-dimensional computational fluid dynamic numerical simulation and the numerical simulation results were compared and validated with those from wind tunnel tests. Next, the traveling wave wall started from [Formula: see text] to control the vortex-induced vibration of the circular cylinder. This study mainly focused on the control effectiveness of using the traveling wave wall control method to suppress the vortex-induced vibration of a circular cylinder with 2 degrees of freedom. The crossflow and the inline flow displacements, the centroid motion trajectories, the lift and drag forces, and the vorticity contours around the cylinder were thoroughly analyzed for both cases, that is, vortex-induced vibration (uncontrolled) and traveling wave wall (controlled) under eight reduced velocities. The results indicated that the traveling wave wall could effectively eliminate the oscillating wake of a spring-supported cylinder. The stable and symmetric shear layers were distributed in the wake of the controlled cylinder and the alternate shedding vortex street did not form from the beginning to the end. As a result, the lift coefficient fluctuation and drag coefficient mean were greatly decreased; however, the fluctuation of drag coefficient slightly increased. Under all reduced velocities, the crossflow displacement amplitudes of controlled cylinder decreased by 95% in comparison with that of the uncontrolled cylinder. This means that the traveling wave wall flow control method achieved the goal of suppressing the vortex-induced vibration of the circular cylinder.
Barriers to Acupuncture Use Among Breast Cancer Survivors: A Cross-Sectional Analysis
Authors: Bao Ting , Li Qing , DeRito Janice L. , Seluzicki Christina , Im Eun-Ok , Mao Jun
Published: January 2018

Introduction: Increasing evidence suggests that acupuncture may be helpful to manage common symptoms and treatment side effects among breast cancer (BC) survivors. Acupuncture usage among BC survivors remains low with little known about the barriers to its utilization. We evaluated perceived barriers to acupuncture use among BC survivors and explored the sociodemographic variations of such barriers. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis at an urban academic cancer center on 593 postmenopausal women with a history of stage I-III hormone receptor-positive BC who were taking or had taken an aromatase inhibitor. We used the modified Attitudes and Beliefs about Complementary and Alternative Medicine instrument to evaluate patients’ perceived barriers to acupuncture. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to determine sociodemographic factors associated with perceived barrier scores. Results: The most common barriers were lack of knowledge about acupuncture (41.6%), concern for lack of insurance coverage (25.0%), cost (22.3%), and difficulty finding qualified acupuncturists (18.6%). Compared with whites, minority patients had higher perceived barriers to use acupuncture (β coefficient = 1.63, 95% confidence interval = 0.3-2.9, P = .013). Patients with lower education had higher barriers to use acupuncture (β coefficient = 4.23, 95% confidence interval = 3.0-5.4, P < .001) compared with patients with college education or above. Conclusion: Lack of knowledge and concerns for insurance coverage and cost are the common barriers to acupuncture use among BC survivors, especially among minority patients with lower education. Addressing these barriers may lead to more equitable access to acupuncture treatment for BC survivors from diverse backgrounds.
The impact of prehabilitation on post-surgical complications in patients undergoing non-urgent cardiovascular surgical intervention: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Marmelo Filipe , Rocha Vânia , Moreira-Gonçalves Daniel
Published: January 2018

Introduction

Cardiac surgery is an aggressive procedure, inducing a great level of stress and disturbance to the homeostasis of the organism and underlying several postoperative complications. Surgical prehabilitation comprises pre-operative physical conditioning designed to improve the physiological and functional capacities of the individual, prepare the organism for surgical stress and reduce the risk of postoperative morbidity.

Aim

This systematic review and meta-analysis is aimed at evaluating the ability of prehabilitation to prevent post-surgical complications in cardiac patients.

Methods

We selected studies conducted among patients who were waiting for non-urgent cardiac surgical procedures, where a comparison between prehabilitation and standard treatment was made. A total of 3650 possible studies were researched, of which eight were selected for inclusion.

Results

A reduction in the number of complications in the groups submitted to prehabilitation (odds ratio = 0.41; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.28–0.62; p < 0.001; I2 = 0%) was observed, as well as a significant increase in maximal inspiratory pressure (standard mean difference (SMD) = 0.66; 95% CI: 0.35–0.96; p < 0.001; I2 = 58%), a non-significant decrease in the length of stay (SMD = –0.56; 95% CI: −1.13, 0.01; p = 0.05; I2 = 93%), a non-significant increase in the distance walked by the intervention group in the six-minute walk test (SMD = 0.89; 95% CI −0.06, 1.84; p = 0.07) and a lack of effect on mechanical ventilation time (SMD = −0.03; 95% CI: −0.22, 0.16; p = 0.75; I2 = 0%).

Conclusion

Prehabilitation reduces the number of post-surgical complications and increases maximal inspiratory pressure; a reduction in the length of stay and an improvement of functional capacities are also probable.
Data doxa: The affective consequences of data practices
Authors: Smith Gavin JD
Published: January 2018

This paper explores the embedding of data producing technologies in people's everyday lives and practices. It traces how repeated encounters with digital data operate to naturalise these entities, while often blindsiding their agentive properties and the ways they get implicated in processes of exploitation and governance. I propose and develop the notion of ‘data doxa’ to conceptualise the way in which digital data – and the devices and platforms that stage data – have come to be perceived in Western societies as normal, necessary and enabling. The ‘data doxa’ concept also accentuates the enculturation of many individuals into a data sharing habitus which frames digital technologies in simplistic terms as (a) panaceas for the problems associated with contemporary life, (b) figures of progress and convenience, and (c) mediums of knowledge, pleasure and identity. I suggest that three types of data-based relations contribute to the formation of this doxic sensibility: fetishisation, habit and enchantment. Each of these relations come to mediate public understandings of digital devices and the data they generate, obscuring the multifaceted nature and hidden depths of data and their propensity to double up as technologies of exposure and discipline. As a result of this situation, imaginative educational programs and revamped regulatory frameworks are urgently needed to inform individuals about the contribution of data to the leveraging of value and power in today's digital economies, but also to protect them from experiencing data-based harms.
Omnivorous Masculinity: Gender Capital and Cultural Legitimacy in Craft Beer Culture
Authors: Darwin Helana
Published: January 2018

Peterson’s “omnivore-univore” hypothesis has stimulated a lively debate among cultural sociologists, but the effect of omnivorousness upon gender inequality remains underexplored. By analyzing the gendered valuation of beer types in craft beer blogs and in open-ended surveys with 93 craft beer bar patrons, this article demonstrates that a shift toward omnivorousness does not necessarily reflect a shift toward progressive gender ideology. These findings indicate that the same ideological conflation between femininity and illegitimacy that dominates the univorous American mainstream beer culture has been reproduced—albeit repackaged—within the American craft beer culture. Men are free to consume a range of beer types without consequence within the confines of the omnivorous craft beer culture, but women remain subjected to gendered judgment depending upon their beer preference. This imbalance signifies the emergence of a “hybrid masculinity” within the omnivorous craft beer scene that superficially signifies gender-blindness while ultimately maintaining the patriarchal status quo. These findings contribute towards the sociology of gender and the sociology of consumption by demonstrating the gender contingencies of cultural capital accrual that reinforce women’s subordination.
SETD1A protects HSCs from activation-induced functional decline in vivo
Authors: Arndt Kathrin , Kranz Andrea , Fohgrub Juliane , Jolly Adrien , Bledau Anita S. , Di Virgilio Michela , Lesche Mathias , Dahl Andreas , Höfer Thomas , Stewart A. Francis , Waskow Claudia
Published: January 2018

Key Points

SETD1A regulates DNA damage signaling and repair in HSCs and hematopoietic precursors in the absence of reactive oxygen species accumulation. SETD1A is important for the survival of mice after inflammation-induced HSC activation in situ.
Tissue engineering of skin and regenerative medicine for wound care
Authors: Boyce Steven T. , Lalley Andrea L.
Published: January 2018

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Engineering of biologic skin substitutes has progressed over time from individual applications of skin cells, or biopolymer scaffolds, to combinations of cells and scaffolds for treatment, healing, and closure of acute and chronic skin wounds. Skin substitutes may be categorized into three groups: acellular scaffolds, temporary substitutes containing allogeneic skin cells, and permanent substitutes containing autologous skin cells. Combined use of acellular dermal substitutes with permanent skin substitutes containing autologous cells has been shown to provide definitive wound closure in burns involving greater than 90% of the total body surface area. These advances have contributed to reduced morbidity and mortality from both acute and chronic wounds but, to date, have failed to replace all of the structures and functions of the skin. Among the remaining deficiencies in cellular or biologic skin substitutes are hypopigmentation, absence of stable vascular and lymphatic networks, absence of hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands, and incomplete innervation. Correction of these deficiencies depends on regulation of biologic pathways of embryonic and fetal development to restore the full anatomy and physiology of uninjured skin. Elucidation and integration of developmental biology into future models of biologic skin substitutes promises to restore complete anatomy and physiology, and further reduce morbidity from skin wounds and scar. This article offers a review of recent advances in skin cell thrapies and discusses the future prospects in cutaneous regeneration.
Teaching Child Psychiatry to Medical Students: Students' Feedback
Authors: Garralda E.
Published: January 2018

Child psychiatry is a relative newcomer to the area of medical training. In the past teaching has focused more on the education of psychiatrists and paediatricians than on the contribution of child psychiatry to the education of medical students.