bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interfacing Photosynthetic Membrane Protein with Mesoporous WO3 Photoelectrode for Solar Water Oxidation
Authors: Pang Hong , Zhao Guixia , Liu Guigao , Zhang Huabin , Hai Xiao , Wang Shengyao , Song Hui , Ye Jinhua
Published: April 2018

Photosynthetic biocatalysts are emerging as a new class of materials, with their sophisticated and intricate structure, which promise improved remarkable quantum efficiency compared to conventional inorganic materials in artificial photosynthesis. To break the limitation of efficiency, the construction of bioconjugated photo‐electrochemical conversion devices has garnered substantial interest and stood at the frontier of the multidisciplinary research between biology and chemistry. Herein, a biohybrid photoanode of a photosynthetic membrane protein (Photosystem II (PS II)), extracted from fresh spinach entrapped on mesoporous WO3 film, is fabricated on fluorine‐doped tin oxide. The PS II membrane proteins are observed to communicate with the WO3 electrode in the absence of any soluble redox mediators and sacrificial reagents under the visible light of the solar spectrum, even to 700 nm. The biohybrid electrode undergoes electron transfer and generates a significantly enhanced photocurrent compared to previously reported PS II‐based photoanodes with carbon nanostructures or other semiconductor substrates for solar water oxidation. The maximum incident photon‐to‐current conversion efficiency reaches 15.24% at 400 nm in the visible light region. This work provides some insights and possibilities into the efficient assembly of a future solar energy conversion system based on visible‐light‐responsive semiconductors and photosynthetic proteins.
3D Aerogel of Graphitic Carbon Nitride Modified with Perylene Imide and Graphene Oxide for Highly Efficient Nitric Oxide Removal under Visible Light
Authors: Hu Jundie , Chen Dongyun , Li Najun , Xu Qingfeng , Li Hua , He Jinghui , Lu Jianmei
Published: April 2018

3D materials are considered promising for photocatalytic applications in air purification because of their large surface areas, controllability, and recyclability. Here, a series of aerogels consisting of graphitic‐carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) modified with a perylene imide (PI) and graphene oxide (GO) are prepared for nitric oxide (NO) removal under visible‐light irradiation. All of the photocatalysts exhibit excellent activity in NO removal because of the strong light absorption and good planarity of PI–g‐C3N4 coupled with the favorable charge transport properties of GO, which slow the recombination of electron–hole pairs. The aerogel containing thiophene displays the most efficient NO removal of the aerogel series, with a removal ratio of up to 66%. Density functional theory calculations are conducted to explain this result and recycling experiments are carried out to verify the stability and recyclability of these photocatalysts.
Promoted Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution by Molecular Ring‐Substituting Doping and Regulation of Charge Carrier Migration in Graphitic Carbon Nitride
Authors: Yan Wei , Yu Yu , Zou Haihan , Wang Xiaofang , Li Pei , Gao Wenyu , Wang Junzhong , Wu Songmei , Ding Kejian
Published: April 2018

The recombination of photo‐induced carriers is one of the most fatal restrictions in the high performance of many photocatalysts including graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4). By employing a benzene‐based co‐monomer with the substituents in the matched positions during the thermal‐polymerization, a molecular ring‐substituting doping is successfully realized. The excited electrons and holes under the photo‐irradiation could be regulated into different sections in the crystal by the improved electronic structure. The light absorption, separation of photo‐generated carriers, and electroconductivity are all significantly enhanced in the modified photocatalyst. This substituting doping strategy at molecular level endowed the photocatalyst with an extraordinarily aggrandized hydrogen evolution rate (nearly 12 times), as well as a high stability.
Realizing Enhanced Efficiency in Nonhalogen Solvent Processed Ternary Polymer Solar Cells by Incorporating Compatible Polymer Donor
Authors: Wu Yue , Yang Hang , Zou Yan , Dong Yingying , Cui Chaohua , Li Yongfang
Published: April 2018

Ternary polymer solar cells (PSCs) with three photoactive components can potentially enhance the photovoltaic performance compared with binary devices. Meanwhile, the additional third component also can act as a recombination center or a morphological trap within the host binary system, leading to overall decrease of photovoltaic performance. Therefore, it is challenging to rationally select a miscible component for the host binary blend to achieve a well‐developed morphology of the ternary blend. Especially, it is more comprehensive to fine‐tune the morphology of the ternary blend via nonhalogen solvents processing. In this work, a new polymer donor PBDB‐BT is reported as the third component for PBDB‐TS:ITIC blend. PBDB‐BT shows complementary absorption spectrum and similar low‐lying HOMO level with PBDB‐TS. Building the ternary PSCs by using o‐xylene as processing solvent, a higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 10.26% was realized compared to the control device (PCE = 9.81%). In‐depth studies reveal that the enhanced PCE of the devices resulted from the improved charge dissociation, suppressed bimolecular combination losses, and well‐balanced charge‐carrier mobilities of the ternary blend. The results demonstrate that constructing ternary blend via incorporation of structurally similar polymer donor is a promising approach to improve the efficiency of nonhalogen solvent processed PSCs.
A comprehensive survey on MIMO arrays: IEEJ TEE perspective
Authors: Zamanipour Makan
Published: April 2018

The letter fundamentally provides a comprehensive overview on the articles published in the Journal IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Engineering on multi‐input multi‐output (MIMO) systems. All the methods, criteria, metrics and requirements are essentially taken into consideration. Finally, an outline‐based figure is given, listing all the references investigated in the letter. © 2018 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Maintenance of business machines with edge and cloud collaboration
Authors: Yamato Yoji , Kumazaki Hiroki
Published: April 2018

Recently, internet of things (IoT) technologies have progressed, but IoT maintenance applications are not widespread in Japan yet because of insufficient analyses of real‐time situations and the high costs of configuring failure detection rules and collecting sensing data. In this paper, using lambda architecture concept, we propose a maintenance platform on which edge nodes analyze sensing data, detect anomalies and extract a new detection rule in real time, and a cloud orders maintenance automatically. © 2018 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Highly efficient cascaded difference‐frequency generation in periodically poled LiNbO3 devices with resonators
Authors: Tomita Isao
Published: April 2018

A method for highly efficient cascaded difference frequency generation (DFG) using a periodically poled LiNbO3 (PPLN) device with resonators is proposed, where the function of a PPLN device with resonators for second‐harmonic generation (SHG) put forward by Fujimura et al. is modified so that it can fit the cascaded DFG process including intermediate SHG. This modification successfully provides about 50 times higher efficiency than that without resonators in cascaded DFG by power enhancement in intermediate SHG with perfect resonators, although the SHG PPLN device of Fujimura et al. provided only eight times higher efficiency than that without resonators because of imperfect resonators. © 2018 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Colonialism and its legacies, as reflected in water, incorporating a view from Malawi
Authors: Mathur Chandana , Mulwafu Wapulumuka
Published: April 2018

Continued, accelerating water inequalities and conflicts in the postcolonial world cannot be properly grasped without a thorough understanding of colonialism and its legacies. At the same time, water as a resource provides an immensely useful lens for understanding the intricacies and the dynamics of the colonial and postcolonial eras, in general terms, and in the particular historical instance of Malawi examined here. This essay draws on a range of literatures—social theory, political ecology, history, anthropology, sociology, geography, and so on—to demonstrate that struggles over water and other natural resources in the postcolonial world are situated within wider global structures and relationships of power. Starting with a discussion of theoretical approaches to water, the essay goes on to examine the processes of state formation in Sub‐Saharan Africa, and explore the intersectionality of the contemporary lived experience of class, gender, race, and ethnicity in this region. It ends with a consideration of social differentiation, land tenure, degradation of water resources and natural resource conflict in Malawi. Traversing across humanities and social science disciplines, this essay uses water as a means of cutting a path through world historical questions on the articulations between the global and the local in the present era.

This article is categorized under:

Human Water > Water Governance

Human Water > Water as Imagined and Represented
The spectral signature of wind turbine wake meandering: A wind tunnel and field‐scale study
Authors: Heisel Michael , Hong Jiarong , Guala Michele
Published: April 2018

Field‐scale and wind tunnel experiments were conducted in the 2Dto 6Dturbine wake region to investigate the effect of geometric and Reynolds number scaling on wake meandering. Five field deployments took place: 4 in the wake of a single 2.5‐MW wind turbine and 1 at a wind farm with numerous 2‐MW turbines. The experiments occurred under near‐neutral thermal conditions. Ground‐based lidar was used to measure wake velocities, and a vertical array of met‐mounted sonic anemometers were used to characterize inflow conditions. Laboratory tests were conducted in an atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel for comparison with the field results. Treatment of the low‐resolution lidar measurements is discussed, including an empirical correction to velocity spectra using colocated lidar and sonic anemometer. Spectral analysis on the laboratory‐ and utility‐scale measurements confirms a meandering frequency that scales with the Strouhal numberSt = fD/Ubased on the turbine rotor diameterD. The scaling indicates the importance of the rotor‐scaled annular shear layer to the dynamics of meandering at the field scale, which is consistent with findings of previous wind tunnel and computational studies. The field and tunnel spectra also reveal a deficit in large‐scale turbulent energy, signaling a sheltering effect of the turbine, which blocks or deflects the largest flow scales of the incoming flow. Two different mechanisms for wake meandering—large scales of the incoming flow and shear instabilities at relatively smaller scales—are discussed and inferred to be related to the turbulent kinetic energy excess and deficit observed in the wake velocity spectra.
EARLIEST MICROBOTANICAL EVIDENCE FOR MAIZE IN THE NORTHERN LAKE MICHIGAN BASIN
Authors: Albert Rebecca K. , Kooiman Susan M. , Clark Caitlin A. , Lovis William A.
Published: April 2018

There is no recorded maize (Zea maysspp.mays) from sites predating circa cal AD 800 in the northern Lake Michigan or Lake Superior basins of the western Great Lakes, despite the presence of maize microbotanicals including phytoliths and starches in Michigan, New York, and Quebec as early as 400 cal BC. To evaluate the potential for an earlier maize presence in the northern Lake Michigan basin, samples of carbonized food residues adhering to 16 ceramic vessels were obtained from the Winter site (20DE17) located on the Garden Peninsula in the northern Lake Michigan basin. Each sample was split and sent to two analysts. Both analysts identified low incidences of maize starch and phytoliths in multiple samples, with overlapping identifications on several. Three direct accelerator mass spectrometry dates on the carbonized residues reveal maize incorporated into the residues as early as the second century cal BC, 800 years before any regional macrobotanical evidence. Although the method of dispersal cannot be determined, these results support the proposition that initial northern dispersal of maize in the region may have been nearly 800 years earlier than macrobotanical evidence would suggest and is consistent with the timing of its introduction to the lower Great Lakes area.
HOPEWELL BLADELETS: A BAYESIAN RADIOCARBON ANALYSIS – ERRATUM
Authors: Miller G. Logan
Published: April 2018

The originally published version of this article (Miller, 2018) listed the incorrect article type. The correct article type for this article is “Article.”
Lattice self-similar sets on the real line are not Minkowski measurable
Authors: KOMBRINK SABRINA , WINTER STEFFEN
Published: April 2018

We show that any non-trivial self-similar subset of the real line that is invariant under a lattice iterated function system (IFS) satisfying the open set condition (OSC) is not Minkowski measurable. So far, this has only been known for special classes of such sets. Thus, we provide the last puzzle-piece in proving that under the OSC a non-trivial self-similar subset of the real line is Minkowski measurable if and only if it is invariant under a non-lattice IFS, a 25-year-old conjecture.
is regular-closed
Authors: HIMEKI YUTARO , ISHII YUTAKA
Published: April 2018

For each $n\geq 2$, we investigate a family of iterated function systems which is parameterized by a common contraction ratio $s\in \mathbb{D}^{\times }\equiv \{s\in \mathbb{C}:0<|s|<1\}$ and possesses a rotational symmetry of order $n$. Let ${\mathcal{M}}_{n}$ be the locus of contraction ratio $s$ for which the corresponding self-similar set is connected. The purpose of this paper is to show that ${\mathcal{M}}_{n}$ is regular-closed, that is, $\overline{\text{int}\,{\mathcal{M}}_{n}}={\mathcal{M}}_{n}$ holds for $n\geq 4$. This gives a new result for $n=4$ and a simple geometric proof of the previously known result by Bandt and Hung [Fractal $n$-gons and their Mandelbrot sets. Nonlinearity 21 (2008), 2653–2670] for $n\geq 5$.
Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SME) growth and financing sources: Before and after the financial crisis
Authors: Serrasqueiro Zélia , Leitão João , Smallbone David
Published: April 2018

In this study, the empirical evidence regarding small- and medium-sized enterprises’ (SMEs) growth determinants allows us to conclude that: (1) stimulating factors are cash flow and gross domestic product; (2) restrictive factors are: debt, firm size, age of the firm and the interest rate; and (3) in the period after 2008, the financial crisis and implementation of austerity measures, in the Portuguese context, produced a negative effect on SME growth. In the period 2008–2012, that is, after the beginning of the financial crisis, cash flow had less importance, while debt was found to have a stronger negative effect on SME growth, compared with the pre-crisis period.
L'analyse des risques éthiques : une recherche exploratoire dans le domaine de la gouvernance municipale
Authors: Boisvert Yves
Published: April 2018

Ce texte présente les résultats d'une analyse thématique faite à partir des matériaux obtenus lors d'une recherche empirique exploratoire portant sur les risques éthiques dans le domaine municipal. Pour ce faire, nous avons réalisé un diagnostic des risques éthiques dans une municipalité canadienne ayant connu une crise importante au niveau de l'intégrité. La recherche empirique s'est faite de novembre 2015 à mars 2016, à partir d'entrevues semi-dirigées avec des acteurs dits stratégiques et des groupes de discussion avec des acteurs dits opérationnels.

Notre recherche s'inscrit dans l'esprit d'un « retour d'expérience » (Wybo et Wassenhove, 2009). Ainsi, l'objectif de ce type recherche est de produire, via un travail de réflexivité collective, un bassin de connaissances pratiques pouvant permettre de mieux comprendre les risques éthiques présents dans un environnement particulier et de cibler les stratégies d'atténuation de ces risques.

Pour faire notre analyse, nous avons croisé les résultats de notre enquête sur deux axes d'analyse : l'analyse des risques sous l'angle des trois indicateurs de notre cadre (conduites à risque, facteurs de risque et stratégies d'atténuation) et l'analyse transactionnelle par les parties prenantes. Nous présenterons les résultats de façon synthétique afin de faire ressortir la transversalité des données et leur rattachement à des situations transactionnelles particulières. Dans la section discussion, nous mettrons l'accent sur les stratégies d'atténuation des risques éthiques proposées par nos répondants afin de faire ressortir la grande différence de ces résultats par opposition aux propositions traditionnelles des experts institutionnels qui se sont penchés sur l’éthique du service public.
Development of recombinant high yielding lines with improved protein content in rice (Oryza sativaL.)
Authors: Chattopadhyay K. , Sharma S. G. , Bagchi T. B. , Molla K. A. , Sarkar S. , Marndi B. C. , Sarkar A. , Dash S. K. , Singh O. N.
Published: April 2018

Rice has the lowest grain protein content (GPC) among cereals. Efforts have been made to improve GPC through the modified bulk-pedigree method of selection. A total of 1780 F8recombinant lines were derived in the year 2013 from five different cross combinations involving two high-GPC landraces, namely ARC10075 and ARC10063, three high-yielding parents, namely Swarna, Naveen and IR64, and one parent, namely Sharbati, known for superior grain quality with high micronutrient content. Near-infrared spectroscopy was used to facilitate high-throughput selection for GPC. Significant selection differential, response to selection and non-significant differences between the predicted and observed response to selection for GPC and protein yield indicated the effectiveness of this selection process. This resulted in lines with high GPC, protein yield and desirable levels of amylose content. Further, based on high mean and stability for GPC and protein yield over the environments in the wet seasons of 2013, 2014 and the dry season of 2014, 12 elite lines were identified. Higher accumulation of glutelin fraction and non-significant change in prolamin/glutelin ratio in the grain suggested safe guarding of the nutritional value of rice grain protein of most of these identified lines. Since rice is the staple food of millions, the output of breeding for high GPC could have a significant role in alleviating protein malnutrition, especially in the developing world.
Typologies of loneliness, living alone and social isolation, and their associations with physical and mental health
Authors: SMITH KIMBERLEY J. , VICTOR CHRISTINA
Published: April 2018

The relationship between living alone, loneliness and social isolation, and how they are associated with health remain contentious. We sought to explore typologies based on shared experiences of loneliness, social isolation and living alone using Latent Class Analysis and determine how these groups may differ in terms of their physical and mental health. We used Wave 7 of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (N = 7,032; mean age = 67.3) and responses to the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) loneliness scale, household composition, participation in social/societal activities plus frequency of contact with friends, family and relatives for the Latent Class Analysis. The optimal number of groups was identified using model-fit criteria. The socio-demographic characteristics of groups and health outcomes were explored using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. We identified a six-cluster typology: Group 1, no loneliness or isolation; Group 2, moderate loneliness; Group 3, living alone; Group 4, moderate isolation; Group 5, moderate loneliness, living alone; and Group 6, high loneliness, moderate isolation (with high likelihood of living alone). Groups experiencing loneliness and/or isolation were more likely to report poorer physical and mental health even after adjusting for socio-demographic confounders, this was particularly notable for Group 6. Our results indicate that different typologies of living alone, loneliness and isolation can be identified using data-driven techniques, and can be differentiated by the number and severity of issues they experience.
DIRECT COSTS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES: A BRAZILIAN COST-OF-ILLNESS STUDY
Authors: Henriques Ricardo Saad , Steimbach Laiza Maria , Baptista Deise Regina , Lenzi Luana , Tonin Fernanda S. , Pontarolo Roberto , Wiens Astrid
Published: April 2018

Objectives:The aim of this study was to evaluate the direct costs of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients treated in a Brazilian public hospital.

Methods:This was an exploratory retrospective cost-of-illness study with quantitative approach, using medical records of patients treated in a public hospital (2012–14), with at least one consultation over a period of 12 months. Data on patient's profile, exams, number of consultations, medications, hospitalizations, and comorbidities were collected. The cost per patient per year (pppy) was calculated as well as the costs related to glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values, using thresholds of 7 and 8 percent.

Results:Data of 726 patients were collected with mean age of 62 ± 11 years (68.3 percent female). A total of 67.1 percent presented HbA1c > 7 percent and 44.9 percent > 8 percent. The median cost of diabetes was United States dollar (USD) 197 pppy. The median costs of medication were USD 152.49 pppy, while costs of exams and consultations were USD 40.57 pppy and 8.70 pppy, respectively. Thirty-eight patients (4 percent) were hospitalized and presented a median cost of 3,656 per patient per hospitalization with a cost equivalent to 53.1 percent of total expenses. Total costs of patients with HbA1c ≤ 7 percent were lower for this group and also costs of medications and consultations, whereas for patients with HbA1c ≤ 8 percent, only total costs and costs of medications were lower when compared with HbA1c > 8 percent patients.

Conclusions:Medications and hospitalizations were the major contributor of diabetes expenses. Preventing T2DM, or reducing its complications through adequate control, may help avoid the substantial costs related to this disease.
Pets, Social Participation, and Aging-in-Place: Findings from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging
Authors: Toohey Ann M. , Hewson Jennifer A. , Adams Cindy L. , Rock Melanie J.
Published: April 2018

Des données de référence nationales et représentatives de l’Étude longitudinale canadienne sur le vieillissement (ÉLCV) ont été utilisées pour évaluer si la possession d’un animal de compagnie était associée à la participation sociale et à la satisfaction de vivre des personnes âgées (≥65 ans, n= 7,474). Des statistiques descriptives ont permis de distinguer les modalités de la possession d’animaux dans la population canadienne plus âgée, et des modèles de régression logistique ont été utilisés pour estimer les associations entre la participation sociale et la satisfaction de vivre de personnes âgées possédant ou non des animaux. Un tiers des personnes âgées de l’échantillon ont rapporté posséder des animaux. En moyenne, les personnes possédant des animaux avaient une satisfaction de vivre inférieure (OR=0,73, p<0,001) et participaient à moins d’activités sociales, récréatives et culturelles sur une base régulière (OR=0,73, p<0,001) que les personnes sans animaux; cependant, les personnes avec animaux n’étaient pas moins satisfaites de leur niveau actuel de participation sociale que celles sans animaux. Pour les propriétaires d’animaux dont la participation sociale était compromise, les animaux semblaient constituer un facteur de protection dans certaines circonstances. Des caractéristiques individuelles et des facteurs structurels liés au cadre conceptuel des Collectivités amies des aînés de l’Organisation mondiale de la Santé ont permis de mieux comprendre ces résultats.
Austerity in times of war: government finance in early nineteenth-century China
Authors: Kaske Elisabeth
Published: April 2018

Qing China represents a counterfactual to the early modern European history of fiscal expansion in the wake of warfare. In response to the staggering costs of suppressing the White Lotus Rebellion (1796–1804), the Jiaqing Emperor sought to solve the empire's fiscal problems by tightening bureaucratic control over an overstretched system of treasury finance. However, Jiaqing's policy of austerity and retrenchment was not simply an expedient in times of fiscal strain, but deeply rooted in ideological struggles over taxation that began in the eighteenth century. It was an expression of hardline fiscal conservatism, which held fixed revenue quotas sacrosanct and which I call quota-ism. This policy had dire consequences for the ability of the Qing regime to respond to external shocks and to fulfill its sovereign tasks – war, river conservancy and famine relief. It contributed to the bankruptcy of Qing government finance by the time of the Opium War.
The Use of Positive Words in Political Science Language
Authors: Weidmann Nils B. , Otto Sabine , Kawerau Lukas
Published: April 2018

Political science takes pride in objective and methodologically rigorous research. This should be reflected in a clear and concise writing style that convinces readers by the content of the research, not by the language used to report about it. This article demonstrates that this is true but only to a limited extent. It shows that—similar to recent findings from natural-sciences research—the frequency of positive words that political scientists use to describe their research has increased markedly in recent decades. At the same time, however, the magnitude of this increase is much less pronounced. The article discusses and analyzes potential explanations for this trend. We suspect that it can be attributed at least partly to changing norms in the discipline, in which research framed in a positive way is more likely to be published.
“Righting” Conventional Wisdom: Women and Right Parties in Established Democracies
Authors: O'Brien Diana Z.
Published: April 2018

Parties are the key actors shaping women's representation in advanced parliamentary democracies. Based on traditional patterns of feminist organizing, conventional wisdom suggests that parties of the left are the strongest advocates for women. Despite the prevalence of this claim, a burgeoning body of work indicates that parties on the right can—and often do—seek to represent women. To address these competing narratives, this article offers the first large-N, party-level study of women's descriptive and substantive representation over place and time. The results suggest that party ideology continues to affect women's representation: right parties lag behind their left counterparts with respect to women's presence in elected office, and right and left parties address women differently on their platforms. At the same time, there is significant heterogeneity among right parties. Christian democrats, for example, are more likely than conservatives to adopt voluntary gender quotas and make policy claims on behalf of women. The traditional left-right distinction is thus too coarse to fully explain party behavior in these states.
Conservatism and Women's Political Representation
Authors: Celis Karen , Childs Sarah
Published: April 2018

Conservative political actors appear rather troubling for many gender and politics scholars and feminist activists. What should we make of their claims to represent women? How should we best understand their actions? This article, based on a critical rereading of the empirical literature and informed by contemporary representation theory, develops a new conceptual framework for assessing the quality of women's substantive representation by conservatives. We find that under specified conditions, conservative representatives do further women's substantive representation. A first set of conditions relates to conservative claims to represent women. These are considered to be “for women” when they marry conservative women's concerns in society; when conservative representatives act and do not simply engage in rhetoric; and when their actions are not undercut by other acts, policies, or outcomes unfavorable to women. A second set of criteria considers the quality of the process of women's substantive representation. We contend that a feminist process of deliberation about women's interests can include conservative claims as long as they meet the requirements of responsiveness, inclusiveness, and egalitarianism.
Authenticity and Emotion: Hillary Rodham Clinton's Dual Constraints
Authors: Goren Lilly J.
Published: April 2018

After the publication of What Happened, much attention was directed toward analyzing and commenting on a section of Hillary Rodham Clinton's book that detailed her thinking in a split-second situation during one of the presidential debates with Donald Trump. Clinton explains that during the second debate, which occurred just days after the release of the famous Access Hollywood tape in which Trump “bragged about groping women” (Clinton 2017, 136), Trump was more or less following her around the small stage, “staring at [her], making faces” (136). She notes that it was “incredibly uncomfortable. He was literally breathing down my neck” (136). But she also considers her response to Trump's physically threatening demeanor during the debate and whether she responded appropriately or “correctly.” Clinton kept her cool—she kept going in the face of what she describes as a physically menacing situation. She refused to be “rattled” by Trump's proximate presence or by the individuals he invited to sit in the audience to intimidate her.
Clopyralid Tolerance in Strawberry and Feasibility of Early Applications in Florida
Authors: Sharpe Shaun M. , Boyd Nathan S. , Dittmar Peter J. , MacDonald Greg E. , Darnell Rebecca L.
Published: April 2018

Broadleaf species escape current integrated weed management strategies in strawberry [Fragaria×ananassa (Weston) Duchesne ex Rozier (pro sp.) [chiloensis×virginiana]] production. Clopyralid is a registered POST control option, but current application timings provide suppression of only some species. Earlier clopyralid application timings may increase spray coverage to weeds at the planting hole, but strawberry plant tolerance to applications shortly after transplant is unknown. The objectives of the study were to determine the degree of clopyralid tolerance when applied to mature strawberry plants according to current management strategies, whether clopyralid absorption and translocation were involved in the tolerance response demonstrated by mature strawberry plants, and whether clopyralid could be safely applied to immature strawberry plants shortly after transplant. Clopyralid caused no damage when applied to mature strawberry plants and did not affect crop height, number of crowns, flowers, immature berries, or yield. Maximal strawberry absorption of radiolabeled clopyralid was 82% of the recovered radioactivity and reached peak (90%) absorption at 15 h. Maximal total translocation of radioactivity from the treated leaf was 17% and reached peak translocation at 52 h. Translocation was primarily to the new leaves and reproductive structures. In the early-application experiment, damage induced by clopyralid for all application timings reached 0 by 8 wk after treatment. Across all timings, maximal damage at 140 g ha−1was 17% when applied 14 d after transplant (DATr) and 56% at 28 g ha−1when applied at 21 DATr. Clopyralid dose did not affect the number of crowns, aboveground biomass, or yield. There was some stunting in plant height (3%) by the high labeled dose of clopyralid. Labeled dose clopyralid applications appear safe for application timings closer to strawberry transplant, though considerations of leaf cupping should be taken under consideration for label changes.
Combining the Post-Cue Task and the Perceptual Identification Task to	Assess Parallel Activation and Mutual Facilitation of Related Primes and	Targets
Authors: Scherer Demian , Wentura Dirk
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Recent theories assume a mutual facilitation in case of semantic overlap for concepts being activated simultaneously. We provide evidence for this claim using a semantic priming paradigm. To test for mutual facilitation of related concepts, a perceptual identification task was employed, presenting prime-target pairs briefly and masked, with an SOA of 0 ms (i.e., prime and target were presented concurrently, one above the other). Participants were instructed to identify the target. In Experiment 1, a cue defining the target was presented at stimulus onset, whereas in Experiment 2 the cue was not presented before the offset of stimuli. Accordingly, in Experiment 2, a post-cue task was merged with the perceptual identification task. We obtained significant semantic priming effects in both experiments. This result is compatible with the view that two concepts can both be activated in parallel and can mutually facilitate each other if they are related.
Influence of the Interaction Between Typhoons and Oceanic Mesoscale Eddies on Phytoplankton Blooms
Authors: Liu Fenfen , Tang Shilin
Published: April 2018

Phytoplankton blooms induced by the interaction between typhoons and oceanic mesoscale eddies in the South China Sea were investigated using the composite averaging method based on cyclone‐centric coordinates from nine years (2002–2010) of satellite observations. Increases in the chlorophyll (Chl) concentration following the passage of a typhoon differed greatly among the pre‐existing cyclonic eddy (PCE), pre‐existing anticyclonic eddy (PACE) and non‐eddy (NE) ocean conditions (with Chl increases of approximately 35%, 6% and 12%, respectively), but the magnitude of sea surface temperature (SST) cooling was similar under the three conditions (∼1°C). Under the same level of SST decreases, the greater increase in the Chl concentration in the PCE condition was attributed to the longer persistence of both SST cooling and nutrient input caused by the typhoon‐strengthened PCE (associated with upwelling), which stopped the re‐warming of the typhoon‐induced cold water.
Subseasonal Coastal‐Trapped Wave Propagations in the Southeastern Pacific and Atlantic Oceans: 1. A New Approach to Estimate Wave Amplitude
Authors: Illig Serena , Cadier Emeline , Bachèlery Marie‐Lou , Kersalé Marion
Published: April 2018

The Humboldt and the Benguela upwelling systems are connected to the equatorial variability through the coastal waveguide, so that a large variance of the coastal sea level and current variability can be described as an infinite sum of orthonormal free Coastal‐Trapped Wave (CTW) modes. The objective of this study is to infer the CTW mode contributions to the coastal variability in both systems at subseasonal timescales (<120 days) from regional ocean circulation model simulations. We develop and validate twin regional model configurations of the southeastern Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Cross‐shore spatial structures of the first four free CTW modes are then derived from model mean stratification and topography along the southwestern African and South American continents. We introduce and validate a new methodology to estimate the gravest CTW mode contributions to model pressure and alongshore current. Our formulation draws on the orthonormality of the CTW modal structures, and uses a simple projection of the coastal and bottom model pressure onto each CTW structure. Results give confidence in the ability of this modal decomposition methodology to disentangle CTW mode contributions from complex nonlinear coastal processes that control the coastal subseasonal variability. In both systems, it allows to successfully extract the gravest poleward propagating CTW modes with velocities close to the theoretical values and amplitudes consistent with the solutions of a simple multimode linear CTW model. Furthermore, results show that both systems exhibit relatively different CTW dynamics and forcings which are discussed in the companion paper (Illig et al., 2018).
Generation of Near‐Inertial Currents on the Mid‐Atlantic Bight by Hurricane Arthur (2014)
Authors: Zhang Fan , Li Ming , Miles Travis
Published: April 2018

Near‐inertial currents (NICs) were observed on the Mid‐Atlantic Bight (MAB) during the passage of Hurricane Arthur (2014). High‐frequency radars showed that the surface currents were weak near the coast but increased in the offshore direction. The NICs were damped out in 3–4 days in the southern MAB but persisted for up to 10 days in the northern MAB. A Slocum glider deployed on the shelf recorded two‐layer baroclinic currents oscillating at the inertial frequency. A numerical model was developed to interpret the observed spatial and temporal variabilities of the NICs and their vertical modal structure. Energy budget analysis showed that most of the differences in the NICs between the shelf and the deep ocean were determined by the spatial variations in wind energy input. In the southern MAB, energy dissipation quickly balanced the wind energy input, causing a rapid damping of the NICs. In the northern MAB, however, the dissipation lagged the wind energy input such that the NICs persisted. The model further showed that mode‐1 waves dominated throughout the MAB shelf and accounted for over 70% of the current variability in the NICs. Rotary spectrum analyses revealed that the NICs were the largest component of the total kinetic energy except in the southern MAB and the inner shelf regions with strong tides. The NICs were also a major contributor to the shear spectrum over an extensive area of the MAB shelf and thus may play an important role in producing turbulent mixing and cooling of the surface mixed layer.
Tsunami Waves and Tsunami‐Induced Natural Oscillations Determined by HF Radar in Ise Bay, Japan
Authors: Toguchi Y. , Fujii S. , Hinata H.
Published: April 2018

Tsunami waves and the subsequent natural oscillations generated by the 2011 Tohoku earthquake were observed by two high‐frequency (HF) radars and four tidal gauge records in Ise Bay. The radial velocity components of both records increased abruptly at approximately 17:00 (JST) and continued for more than 24 h. This indicated that natural oscillations followed the tsunami in Ise Bay. The spectral analyses showed that the tsunami wave arrivals had periods of 16–19, 30–40, 60–90, and 120–140 min. The three longest periods were remarkably amplified. Time‐frequency analysis also showed the energy increase and duration of these periods. We used an Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) to analyze the total velocity of the currents to find the underlying oscillation patterns in the three longest periods. To verify the physical properties of the EOF analysis results, we calculated the oscillation modes in Ise Bay using a numerical model proposed by Loomis. The results of EOF analysis showed that the oscillation modes of 120–140 and 60–90 min period bands were distributed widely, whereas the oscillation mode of the 30–40 min period band was distributed locally. The EOF spatial patterns of each period showed good agreement with the eigenmodes calculated by the method of Loomis (1975). Thus, the HF radars were capable of observing the tsunami arrival and the subsequent oscillations.
A Reconstruction Method for Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Reflectance in the Visible Domain and Applications
Authors: Li Zhaoxin , Sun Deyong , Qiu Zhongfeng , Xi Hongyan , Wang Shengqiang , Perrie William , Li Yunmei , Han Bing
Published: April 2018

A reconstruction method was developed for hyperspectral remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) data in the visible domain (400–700 nm) based on in situ observations. A total of 2,647 Rrs spectra were collected over a wide variety of water environments including open ocean, coastal and inland waters. Ten schemes with different band numbers (6 to 15) were tested based on a nonlinear model. It was found that the accuracy of the reconstruction increased with the increase of input band numbers. Eight of these schemes met the accuracy criterion with the mean absolute error (MAE) and mean relative error (MRE) values between reconstructed and in situ Rrs less than 0.00025 sr−1 and 5%, respectively. We chose the eight‐band scheme for further evaluation because of its decent performance. The results revealed that the parameterization derived by the eight‐band scheme was efficient for restoring Rrs spectra from different water bodies. In contrast to the previous studies that used a linear model with 15 spectral bands, the nonlinear model with the eight‐band scheme yielded a comparable reconstruction performance. The MAE and MRE values were generally less than 0.00016 sr−1 and 3% respectively; much lower than the uncertainties in satellite‐derived Rrs products. Furthermore, a preliminary experiment of this method on the data from the Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO) showed high potential in the future applications for reconstructing Rrs spectra from space‐borne optical sensors. Overall, the eight‐band scheme with our nonlinear model was proven to be optimal for hyperspectral Rrs reconstruction in the visible domain.
The Influence of Syndepositional Macropores on the Hydraulic Integrity of Thick Alluvial Clay Aquitards
Authors: Timms Wendy A. , Acworth R. Ian , Crane Richard A. , Arns Christoph H. , Arns Ji‐Youn , McGeeney Dayna E. , Rau Gabriel C. , Cuthbert Mark O.
Published: April 2018

Clay‐rich deposits are commonly assumed to be aquitards which act as natural hydraulic barriers due to their low hydraulic connectivity. Postdepositional weathering processes are known to increase the permeability of aquitards in the near surface but not impact on deeper parts of relatively thick formations. However, syndepositional processes affecting the hydraulic properties of aquitards have previously received little attention in the literature. Here, we analyze a 31 m deep sediment core recovered from an inland clay‐rich sedimentary sequence using a combination of techniques including particle size distribution and microscopy, centrifuge dye tracer testing and micro X‐ray CT imaging. Subaerial deposition of soils within these fine grained alluvial deposits has led to the preservation of considerable macropores (root channels or animal burrows). Connected pores and macropores thus account for vertical hydraulic conductivity (K) of
m/s (geometric mean of 13 samples) throughout the thick aquitard, compared to a matrix K that is likely <
m/s, the minimum K value that was measured. Our testing demonstrates that such syndepositional features may compromise the hydraulic integrity of what otherwise appears to have the characteristics of a much lower permeability aquitard. Heterogeneity within a clay‐rich matrix could also enhance vertical connectivity, as indicated by digital analysis of pore morphology in CT images. We highlight that the paleo‐environment under which the sediment was deposited must be considered when aquitards are investigated as potential natural hydraulic barriers and illustrate the value of combining multiple investigation techniques for characterizing clay‐rich deposits.
Experimental and Theoretical Evidence for Increased Ganglion Dynamics During Fractional Flow in Mixed‐Wet Porous Media
Authors: Zou Shuangmei , Armstrong Ryan T. , Arns Ji‐Youn , Arns Christoph H. , Hussain Furqan
Published: April 2018

X‐ray microtomography (micro‐CT) provides a nondestructive way for estimating rock properties such as relative permeability. Relative permeability is computed on the fluid distributions generated on three dimensional images of the pore structure of a rock. However, it is difficult to numerically reproduce actual fluid distributions at the pore scale, particularly for a mixed‐wet rock. Recent advances in imaging technologies have made it possible to directly resolve a large field of view for arbitrary wetting conditions. Herein, the objective of this study is to evaluate relative permeability computations on imaged fluid distributions under water‐wet and mixed‐wet conditions. By simultaneously injecting oil and brine on a Bentheimer sandstone before and after wettability alteration, imaged fluid distributions are obtained under steady state conditions. Then relative permeability computations performed on imaged fluid distribution are compared with experimental data obtained on the same rock. We find that relative permeabilities computed directly from imaged fluid distributions show agreement with experimental data in water‐wet rock while for mixed‐wet rock, the imaged connected pathways provided a poor estimate of relative permeability. Analysis of imaged fluid distributions and connectivity demonstrates that under mixed‐wet conditions, increased dynamic connectivity and ganglion dynamics result in non‐equilibrium effects at the fluid‐fluid interface. These effects result in more energy dissipation during fractional flow in mixed‐wet systems and thus lower effective permeability than water‐wet rock at the same saturation.
The Biological Pump and Seasonal Variability of pCO2 in the Southern Ocean: Exploring the Role of Diatom Adaptation to Low Iron
Authors: Person R. , Aumont O. , Lévy M.
Published: April 2018

Iron is known to limit primary production in the Southern Ocean (SO). To cope with the lack of this micronutrient, diatoms, a dominant phytoplankton group in this oceanic region, have been shown in cultures to have developed an original adaptation strategy to maintain efficient growth rates despite very low cellular iron quotas, even in low light conditions. Using a global ocean biogeochemical model, we explored the consequences of this physiological adaptation for the biological pump and the seasonal variability of both surface chlorophyll concentrations and surface partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) in this key region for global climate. In the model, we implemented a low intracellular Fe:C requirement in the SO for diatoms uniquely. This results in an increase of 10% in the relative contribution of diatoms to total SO primary production. The biological pump is also strengthened, which increases the biological contribution to the seasonal evolution of pCO2 relative to the thermodynamic component. Therefore, the seasonal evolution of both surface chlorophyll and surface pCO2 is significantly impacted, with a marked improvement, in our model, in the SO polar zone compared to the observations. Our model study underscores the potentially important consequences that this adaptive physiological behavior of diatoms could have on marine biogeochemistry in the SO. It is thus critical to improve our understanding of the physiology of this key phytoplankton group, in particular in the SO.
Correction: Publisher Correction: Experimental orthotopic transplantation of a tissue-engineered oesophagus in rats
Authors: Sjöqvist Sebastian , Jungebluth Philipp , Lim Mei Ling , Haag Johannes C. , Gustafsson Ylva , Lemon Greg , Baiguera Silvia , Burguillos Miguel Angel , Del Gaudio Costantino , Rodríguez Antonio Beltrán , Sotnichenko Alexander , Kublickiene Karolina , Ullman Henrik , Kielstein Heike , Damberg Peter , Bianco Alessandra , Heuchel Rainer , Zhao Ying , Ribatti Domenico , Ibarra Cristián , Joseph Bertrand , Taylor Doris A. , Macchiarini Paolo
Published: April 2018

Nature Communications 5: Article number: 3562 (2014); Published online: 15 April 2014; Updated: 10 April 2018 The original HTML version of this Article had an incorrect article number of 4562; it should have been 3562. This has now been corrected in the HTML; the PDF version of the Article was correct from the time of publication.