bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Renewing the Socialist Past or Moving toward the European Administrative Space?
Authors: Scherpereel John A.
Published: September 2004

Do east-central European bureaucrats more resemble their socialist-era predecessors or their member-state counterparts? Are socialist patterns persisting, or are we witnessing isomorphism toward a European Administrative Space (EAS)? Or both? I examine these questions through the Czech and Slovak cases. I begin by contrasting two ideal types: state-socialist administrative space and EAS. I present evidence from a survey of 296 Czech and Slovak managers and argue that Czech and Slovak administrations occupy interstices between state-socialist and European ideals. Although there is some evidence of convergence, Czech and Slovak administrations operate in spaces considerably distant from the EAS.
Framing Crises
Authors: de Vries Michiel S.
Published: September 2004

This article investigates the primary response patterns of officials in the early days after a crisis occurs, in this case regarding explosions in fireworks factories, happening all over the world and often having grave consequences in terms of deaths and damage. It argues that misframing is rather the norm than the exception. The article hypothesizes that the most likely outcome of crisis is that nothing changes because the event closes more windows than it opens. This is contrary to previous crisis research in which it is claimed that crises offer a window of opportunity for change.
African American Men’s Female Body Size Preferences Based on Racial Identity and Environment
Authors: Meshreki Lotus M. , Hansen Catherine E.
Published: September 2004

Racial identity attitude has become a popular research topic. Primary purposes of this study were twofold: (a) assessing the effects of college environment on racial identity attitudes and then (b) the effects of environment and racial identity attitude on African American men’s body size preferences regarding women.Using weighted scale scores, the two university types differed only on racial identity attitudes. There was no difference, however, in men’s body size preferences for women when comparing university types and racial identity in combination.Suggestions regarding the instrument and limitations of this study are discussed.
Invisible Men: Evolutionary Theory and Attractiveness and Personality Evaluations of 10 African American Male Facial Shapes
Authors: Wade T. Joel , Dyckman Kara Abad , Cooper Marjorie
Published: September 2004

The entire gamut of facial shapes has not been included in prior research investigating the perception of African American men’s facial attractiveness. The 10 facial shapes identified for African American men (elliptic, oval, reversed oval, round, rectangular, quadratic, rhombic, trapezium, inverted trapezium, and pentagonal) were examined in this research. Based on evolutionary theory and prior research, the reversed oval, rectangular, trapezium, and inverted trapezium faces were hypothesized to be rated as most attractive, most dominant, most mature, most masculine, strongest, and most socially competent. Smaller, round, or oval faces were hypothesized to be perceived as warmest. The results obtained were consistent with these hypotheses. These findings are discussed in terms of evolutionary psychological adaptations and prior research.
Reliability and Structural Validity of Cross Racial Identity Scale Scores in a Sample of African American Adults
Authors: Worrell Frank C. , Vandiver Beverly J. , Cross William E. , Fhagen-Smith Peony E.
Published: September 2004

In this article, the authors examine the internal consistency and structural validity of scores on the Cross Racial Identity Scale (CRIS; Vandiver et al., 2000; Worrell, Vandiver, & Cross, 2000) in a sample of 105 adults. Exploratory factor analyses provided support for the six-factor structure of the CRIS. Reliability estimates for the scores were in the high to moderate range, and subscale inter-correlations were low. The authors conclude that the evidence supporting the CRIS is strong and recommend that the examination of CRIS scores be extended into other areas of construct validity.
Interethnic Group and Intraethnic Group Racism: Perceptions and Coping in Black University Students
Authors: Clark Rodney
Published: September 2004

This study explored perceived racism and the usual ways of coping with these perceptions in a sample of 269 Black university students (53% female). Perceptions of inter- and intragroup racism were assessed with the Life Experiences and Stress scale, and coping was measured with the Coping Orientations to Problems Experienced scale. A principal component analysis suggested that inter- and intragroup racism were separable constructs. Correlation analyses revealed that inter- and intragroup racism were negatively associated with self-deception.Relative to females, t-test analyses indicated that males perceived more inter- and intragroup racism. The t-test analyses also revealed that females were more likely than males to use emotion-focused and religious coping responses, when negotiating perceptions of inter- and intragroup racism; and, when negotiating perceptions of intragroup racism, males were more likely than females to use alcohol as a coping response. The limitations of the study and directions for future research are discussed.
Production of infinitives by 5-year-old children with language-impairment on an elicitation task
Authors: Eisenberg Sarita
Published: September 2004

The infinitive productions of eight 5-year-old children with specific language impairment (SLI) on an elicited production task were compared with the infinitive productions of 25 3- to 5-year-old children with normally-developing language (NL). The basic infinitive structure itself did not seem to be a problem for these children since all eight of the children with SLI produced infinitival complements with at least five different main verbs. However, other aspects of infinitive sentences which must be learned as a lexical property of specific verbs appeared to present more difficulty for some of the children with SLI. Individual children with SLI showed limited or no subcategorization for ditransitivity (production of both an NP and an infinitival complement) or for infinitives with a lexical complement subject. In contrast to previous reports, only one of the children with SLI omitted the infinitive marker to more than once. Reference errors were consistent with what has previously been reported for NL children.
Interest in early shared reading: Its relation to later language and letter knowledge in children with and without risk for reading difficulties
Authors: Laakso M. L. , Poikkeus A. M. , Eklund K. , Lyytinen P.
Published: September 2004

Children’s interest in shared reading (14 and 24 months) and its relation to their later language and letter knowledge (age 3;6) were investigated in a follow-up study. The participants were 156 children and their mothers. Half of these children ( N = 74) came from families where one or both of the parents were diagnosed as reading disabled (the at-risk group), the other half ( N = 82) belonged to the control group. The results revealed that children with and without familial risk for reading difficulties did not differ from each other in the interest they showed towards shared reading. Interestingly, only children in the control group appeared to benefit from shared reading interactions in their later language and letter knowledge.
Children’s production and comprehension of politeness in requests: Relationships to behavioural adjustment, temperament and empathy
Authors: Pedlow Robert , Sanson Ann , Wales Roger
Published: September 2004

This study investigated the relationships of children’s behavioural adjustment, temperamental approach tendencies and empathy to their ability to produce and comprehend one aspect of politeness (namely level of directness) in requests, in a sample of 100 ten-and-a-half-year-old children from the Australian Temperament Project (ATP) population. The study showed that high levels of anxious fearful behaviour problems increased the likelihood of producing less direct requests to more powerful others while high levels of approaching temperament increased the likelihood of producing less direct requests to more distant others. High levels of hostile aggressive behaviour problems increased the likelihood of producing direct requests to more distant others. By comparison high levels of approaching temperament, empathy and social anxiety increased the likelihood of children judging more direct requests to more powerful others to be effective. The findings supported the view that individual differences are related to children’s use of directness in response to variation in the social context of request situations.
Cognitive-Behavioral Theories of Eating Disorders
Authors: Williamson Donald A. , White Marney A. , York-Crowe Emily , Stewart Tiffany M.
Published: September 2004

This article presents an integrated cognitive-behavioral theory of eating disorders that is based on hypotheses developed over the past 30 years. The theory is evaluated using a selected review of the eating disorder literature pertaining to cognitive biases, negative emotional reactions, binge eating, compensatory behaviors, and risk factors for eating disorders. In general, hypotheses derived from cognitive-behavioral theories have been supported by a variety of research studies. The implications of these findings for treatment and prevention of eating disorders are discussed. This review of the literature serves as a conceptual base for some of the other articles that are included in this special issue of Behavior Modification. The article concludes with an introduction to six articles that discuss issues related to psychiatric classification, assessment, treatment, and prevention of eating disorders.
Multidisciplinary Treatment of Eating Disorders—Part 2
Authors: Stewart Tiffany M. , Williamson Donald A.
Published: September 2004

This article describes the program content of a multidisciplinary, hospital-based program for severe eating disorders. Common goals for treatment of patients with eating disorders are discussed. Details about the specific therapeutic strategies used in individual and group therapy are provided. Also, information about dietary counseling and exercise prescriptionis described. This article is the second in a two-part article. The first article (Stewart & Williamson, 2004 [this issue]) described the structural organization and costs associated with this multidisciplinary treatment program.
Multidisciplinary Treatment of Eating Disorders—Part 1
Authors: Stewart Tiffany M. , Williamson Donald A.
Published: September 2004

This article describes the structure and costs of a multidisciplinary hospital-based program for severe eating disorders. The program utilizes multiple levels of care (inpatient, partial day hospital, intensive outpatient, and traditional out patient) to provide continuity of care during the recovery process, which often spans 2 to 3 months of intensive treatment. Details about the expectations of staff, patients, and family members are provided. Also, special protocols for refeeding, weight gain, and motivation for eating are described. The costs of treatment can be managed by greater utilization of the partial day hospital level of care, as opposed to lengthy inpatient hospitalization.
The Continuity/Discontinuity Models of Eating Disorders
Authors: Gleaves David H. , Brown Joshua D. , Warren Cortney S.
Published: September 2004

Are the eating disorders discrete diagnostic entities or do they fall along one or more continua ranging from normal body weight, eating behavior, and weight concerns to severely disturbed patterns? Researchers have debated this question for at least 30 years and have used numerous creative strategies to examine this and related questions. This body of research is reviewed with particular attention to the more recent use of taxometric methods. Although somewhat mixed, much of the earlier research has been interpreted as supporting the continuity model. However, more recent taxometric research suggests the presence of one or more latent discontinuities, particularly with disorders associated with binge eating. These findings have implications for assessment, treatment, and possible prevention of eating disorders, and may ultimately allow us to better predict who will or will not develop an eating disorder in response to dieting, as well as who will or will not respond to particular treatments for an existing eating disorder.
Light on Body Image Treatment
Authors: Stewart Tiffany M.
Published: September 2004

The treatment of body image has to be multifaceted and should be directed toward the treatment of the whole individual—body, mind, and spirit—with an ultimate culmination of acceptance and compassion for the self. This article presents information on a mindful approach to the treatment of body image as it pertains to concerns with body size and shape. This approach fosters the idea that the treatment process should be one of observation, nonjudgment, neutrality, and acceptance. To this end, this article will depict the conceptualization of body image treatment from a mindful perspective, in which mindfulness serves as the foundation on which the multiple facets of treatment are built. The core components of body image treatment (i.e., cognitive, perceptual, behavioral, and emotional), in the context of mindfulness, are discussed as they relate to the treatment of body image disturbance. This article may be viewed as a theoretical overview of a new treatment concept for body image disturbance.
Positive and Negative Psychological States and Economic Status as Mediators of the Relationship of Education to Fatigue Among Older Adults
Authors: Murrell Stanley A. , Salsman Nicholas L. , Meeks Suzanne
Published: September 2004

The objective was to examine psychological and economic variables as differential mediators of the relationship of education to fatigue-related aspects of health. A probability sample of 1,175 older adults (aged 55+) were interviewed three times at 6-month intervals. Multiple regression was used to estimate mediation effects. The psychological measures had relatively stronger mediating effects on high fatigue symptoms than on low fatigue symptoms and had stronger effects on high fatigue than did economic mediators. Education contributions to fatigue appear to operate through both economic and psychological resources. Calmness (“peace of mind”) showed particular promise as a mediator. Positive psychological states appeared to have mediating effects independent of the effects of negative states. Findings suggest that different types of mediators may have differential effects for different aspects of health.
From Childhood to the Later Years: Pathways of Human Development
Authors: Crosnoe Robert , Elder Glen H.
Published: September 2004

Are family experiences early in life related to patterns of adjustment and functioning in later life? This study builds on past research with the decades-spanning Terman sample of talented children to explore this basic question. Multinomial logistic models identified three family experiences in childhood and adolescence—socio-economic status of the family of origin, early parental divorce, parent-child attachment—that predicted membership in holistic profiles of aging in the later years, as generated by cluster analysis of five social psychological factors. These associations from early to later life reflected both mediational pathways (adult experiences and current circumstances explained the observed influence of early experiences) and supplemental pathways (the significance of experiences in each stage were independent of each other).
A Short Scale for Measuring Loneliness in Large Surveys
Authors: Hughes Mary Elizabeth , Waite Linda J. , Hawkley Louise C. , Cacioppo John T.
Published: September 2004

Most studies of social relationships in later life focus on the amount of social contact, not on individuals’perceptions of social isolation. However, loneliness is likely to be an important aspect of aging. A major limiting factor in studying loneliness has been the lack of a measure suitable for large-scale social surveys. This article describes a short loneliness scale developed specifically for use on a telephone survey. The scale has three items and a simplified set of response categories but appears to measure overall loneliness quite well. The authors also document the relationship between loneliness and several commonly used measures of objective social isolation. As expected, they find that objective and subjective isolation are related. However, the relationship is relatively modest, indicating that the quantitative and qualitative aspects of social relationships are distinct. This result suggests the importance of studying both dimensions of social relationships in the aging process.
A cross-cultural comparison study of the production of simple rhythmic patterns
Authors: Sadakata Makiko , Ohgushi Kengo , Desain Peter
Published: September 2004

It has been argued that Japanese and western musicians give different impressions to the listener when performing western music (Saito, 1999; Shibata, 1987). However, these claims are mostly based on subjective impressions and very few studies provide corroborative empirical evidence. The aim of the present study is to compare Japanese and western musicians with regard to timing. Japanese and Dutch percussionists performed nine kinds of rhythmic patterns consisting of two intervals, under two conditions, in three tempi. There seemed to be a tendency for the Japanese participants to perform 4:1, 5:1, 1:4 and 1:5 patterns with a smaller duration ratio than instructed, although performance of patterns with ratios closer to 1 were similar between the participant groups.
The effects of verbal, vocally modeled, kinesthetic, and audio-visual treatment conditions on male and female middle-school vocal music students’ abilities to expressively sing melodies
Authors: Ebie Brian D.
Published: September 2004

The purpose of this research was to determine whether there were significant differences in male or female middle-school students’ ability to appropriately convey the emotions of happiness, sadness, anger, and fear while singing musical passages within the context of four treatment situations. Four treatment methodologies were designed to identify whether (a) participants can be taught to sing with emotional expressiveness, and (b) a specific treatment method would be significantly better for this task. The treatments used four different learning conditions: traditional instruction, aural modeling, kinesthetic exploration, and audio-visual learning. Each treatment enabled participants to explore different approaches to performing music with emotion. A significant interaction effect was found between males and females in their rated ability to convey anger in their voices, with females scoring significantly lower than males. Happiness and sadness were conveyed equally well by males and females, and fear was difficult for both to convey. There was a statistically significant difference found in effectiveness of the four treatment methodologies, showing modeling (treatment II) and audio-visual (treatment IV) methodologies to be significantly better than verbal instruction (treatment I). Implications for music education and directions for future research were discussed.
Strategies and self-efficacy beliefs in instrumental and vocal individual practice: a study of students in higher music education
Authors: Nielsen Siw G.
Published: September 2004

This article reports the findings of a study investigating the learning and study strategies of advanced music students and the manner in which their self-efficacy beliefs relate to the strategies employed. Participants were first-year students in Norwegian higher music education aged 18 to 43 years. They were asked to fill out a questionnaire detailing their use of strategies. It was found that students in general apply cognitive, metacognitive and resource management strategies during practice. Overall, they used strategies to manage their resources to a lesser extent than other strategies. The findings also indicate that music students high in self-efficacy were more likely to be cognitively and metacognitively involved in trying to learn the material compared with students low in self-efficacy. Further, while there were significant differences between female and male students with regard to self-efficacy, no significant differences in self-efficacy emerged with regards to main instrument groups or degree programme. However, the interaction effect between gender and degree programme on self-efficacy was significant.
Correlates of performance anxiety in practical music exams
Authors: Rae Gordon , McCambridge Karen
Published: September 2004

A sample of 120 young musicians (36 males and 84 females) aged between 15 and 18 years ( M = 16.5, SD = 0.97) were administered the EPQ-R short scale and a revised PAI-R, a self-report measure of performance anxiety in practical music exams. Principal components analysis indicated that the PAI-R scores were best represented by a single component with an internal consistency reliability of .88. Females had significantly higher scores on the PAI-R than males. A significant negative correlation between PAI-R scores and psychoticism, and a significant positive correlation between PAI-R scores and neuroticism scores was obtained. The correlation between PAI-R scores and extraversion was negative but not significant. There was no significant correlation between PAI-R scores and years of playing. The implications of these findings for music teachers are considered.
Anticipation and the surprises of everyday life
Authors: Gasparini Giovanni
Published: September 2004

Anticipation calls into question the status of the future with respect to the past, which has become particularly problematic and complex in the “risk society”, where risk is now omnipresent, notably in everyday life: for example, the areas of food, health and urban security and safety. The author takes the recently launched idea of interstices of everyday life (IEL), which alludes to “in-between” situations as well as to experiences that are apparently overlooked but which have a bearing on emerging values and revive the center/periphery relationship: for example, waiting/expectation, breaks, silence, games, gifts. In this context, surprise is seen as an interstitial phenomenon: looking at the notion from the standpoint of the unpleasant or bad surprises of everyday life leads the author to examine the place assigned to it in the planning of activities in today’s time-oriented cultures. On this basis, the author advances some observations on certain trends and deadlocks of our social systems. One major example discussed is the tragedy of 11 September 2001.
Emergency placements in juvenile justice: abandoning the time for education
Authors: Bessin Marc
Published: September 2004

The time-scales of justice are, on the one hand, the long time of the law and, on the other hand, the time of the circumstances and contingencies that enter into the interpretation of the law. The time for educational rehabilitation in the system of juvenile justice fits into a long perspective, the time for professionals working in the system to follow up on cases. For juvenile judges, this reversible, modulable time can be used to adapt their interventions to the changing family environment. A survey in three juvenile courts of the emergency placement of minors under the French Civil Code confirms that the “educative doctrine” underlying this branch of justice is in the throes of a crisis. There is a return to legalism among juvenile judges. In a social, political context where taking immediate action is valued more than taking the time to monitor and investigate cases, the anticipation of risks has led to an institutionalization of emergency procedures with, as a consequence, the abandonment of the idea of a time for educational rehabilitation.
Reconnaissance et meconnaissance: sur la méconnaissance: theorie de la violence symbolique
Authors: Voirol Olivier
Published: September 2004

Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of symbolic violence is an important contribution to the sociological understanding of recognition processes, which has been a central topic from his first ethnographical research in Kabylia to his last writings. The concept of symbolic capital accounts for an immaterial form of competition and accumulation aiming at prestige and recognition. The symbolic violence theory describes the process of accepting to submit to domination through social relations, a process based on recognition of the dominants by the dominated and misrecognition of the constitutive basis of this relation. Despite its contribution to the understanding of recognition processes, the sociology of symbolic violence shows certain limits. Bourdieu reduces the specificity of recognition conflicts to an instrumental frame inspired by classical economic theory instead of pursuing the investigation of their internal logic. Moreover, emphasis on the instituted order of misrecognition and the reproduction of relations of domination tends to minimize the instituting dimension of the conflict and the impact of normative expectations in social struggles. The article invites critical examination of the theory of symbolic violence in view of an approach to recognition processes that is not subjected to categories of economic thought but is able to re-inject into its core the instituting moment of the conflict.
Psychological Symptoms Affecting Low-Income Urban Youth
Authors: Grant Kathryn E. , Katz Brian N. , Thomas Kina J. , O’Koon Jeffrey H. , Meza C. Manuel , DiPasquale Anna-Marie , Rodriguez Vanessa O. , Bergen Carrie
Published: September 2004

Rates and cooccurrence of internalizing and externalizing syndromes were examined in a sample of 1,520 low-income urban early adolescents. Results indicate higher rates of clinically elevated internalizing and externalizing symptoms in this sample relative to normative data. In particular, both boys and girls were more likely to score in the clinical range on the broad-band internalizing and externalizing subscales of the Youth Self-Report and on the anxious-depressed, withdrawn, somatic, delinquency, and aggression narrow-band subscales. Girls reported higher rates of internalizing symptoms on the broad-band internalizing subscale and on narrow-band anxious-depressed, withdrawn, and somatic complaints subscales. Contrary to expected, boys did not report higher rates of externalizing symptoms on any of the externalizing subscales. Results of bidirectional comorbidity analyses indicate that cooccurrence of aggressive with somatic symptoms and cooccurrence of aggressive with delinquency symptoms were significantly more common in this sample than in normative samples.
Social Support, Conflict, Major Life Stressors, and Adaptive Coping Strategies in Latino Middle School Students:
Authors: Crean Hugh F.
Published: September 2004

Structural equation modeling techniques were used to test a conceptual framework for improved understanding of the relationships involved in adolescent risk and protective factors. Specifically, the model examined the direct and indirect associations, via adaptive coping strategies, that acute life stressors and contextual support and conflict have with psychological adjustment (internalizing and externalizing symptoms) and school competencies (GPA, classroom-conduct scores, and peer ratings of social competence). Participants were 304 inner-city Latino 6th- and 7th-grade middle school students (133 boys, 171 girls). Results found both acute stressors and social conflict to be positively associated with psychological symptomatology and negatively associated with school competencies.In addition, both social support and adaptive coping strategies were negatively associated with symptomatology; social support was positively associated with school competencies. Moreover, support and conflict were associated with psychological symptomatology and school competencies indirectly, mediated by adaptive coping strategies. Adaptive coping strategies were inversely related to school competencies, an unexpected finding. Implications, limitations, and future areas of study are discussed.
The Impact of Religiosity on Adolescent Sexual Behavior:
Authors: Rostosky Sharon Scales , Wilcox Brian L. , Wright Margaret Laurie Comer , Randall Brandy A.
Published: September 2004

Longitudinal studies published between 1980 and 2001 (N = 10) are reviewed for evidence that the religiosity of adolescents is causally related to their sexual behaviors. Results indicate that religiosity delays the sexual debut of adolescent females. Findings are mixed for adolescent males. Although only half of the studies examined the effects of race and ethnicity, results of these studies reported similar effects for White and Black adolescents. These findings are discussed in light of their implications for researchers, educators, policy makers, and others concerned with adolescent sexual health and wellbeing.
The Influence of Neighborhood Quality on Adolescents’ Educational Values and School Effort
Authors: Ceballo Rosario , McLoyd Vonnie C. , Toyokawa Teru
Published: September 2004

Interview data from a sample of 262 poor African American single mothers and their 7th- and 8th-grade children were used to investigate the relations between neighborhood conditions and adolescents’educational values and school effort. The model tested incorporates both subjective and objective assessments of neighborhood quality and controls for several family- and school-related constructs. United States Census data on household incomes served as an objective measure of neighborhood quality. In the full sample, the findings revealed that the percentage of middle-class neighbors and self-perceived academic abilities were significantly linked to adolescents’educational values, which were, in turn, related to school effort. Several theories identifying the processes by which neighborhood characteristics influence adolescents’ educational values are discussed. Gender differences emerged when the model was tested separately for females and males. For African American females, but not for adolescent males, neighborhood conditions were associated with educational values.
Daily Experiences of Emotions and Social Contexts of Securely and Insecurely Attached Young Adults
Authors: Torquati Julia C. , Raffaelli Marcela
Published: September 2004

This study examined daily emotions and social contexts of young adults who differed in global attachment style (secure vs. insecure). Sixty-nine college students (41% male, 59% female) completed self-report measures of attachment and provided time-sampling data on moods, companionship, and activities using the experience sampling method. Secure (n = 41)andinsecure (n = 28)young adults spenta similar proportion of time with familiar intimates and alone. Secure individuals reported significantly more positive affect, higher levels of energy, and more connection than insecure individuals when they were alone and higher levels of energy and connection in the context of familiar intimates. Secure participants were more likely to report extreme positive emotions, and insecure participants were more likely to report extreme negative emotions, especially when they were alone. Insecure individuals did not report either more labile or flatter emotions than did secure individuals. Results are consistent with the conceptualization of attachment style as an organizational construct for emotion.
The Differential Relations of Maternal and Paternal Support and Control to Adolescent Social Competence, Self-Worth, and Sympathy
Authors: Laible Deborah J. , Carlo Gustavo
Published: September 2004

The goal of this study was to examine how the parenting dimensions of both mothers and fathers independently and together predict adolescent outcomes in three domains: sympathy, self-worth, and social competence. One-hundred eight adolescents completed self-report measures on their perceived relationship with parents, sympathy, social competence, and self-worth. Perceived maternal supportandrigid control were the most consistent predictors of adolescent adjustment. High levels of perceived maternal support and low levels of maternal rigid control were related to adolescents’reports of sympathy, social competence, and self-worth. In contrast, support and control from fathers was generally unrelated to adolescent adjustment. The one exception was in predicting sympathy, where father support interacted with maternal support in predicting sympathy. When perceived support from fathers was high, maternal support was unrelated to sympathy. In contrast, when perceived supportfrom fathers was low, perceived maternal support was a statistically significant predictor of sympathy.
Ethnic Identity and Psychological Adjustment:
Authors: Yasui Miwa , Dorham Carole LaRue , Dishion Thomas J.
Published: September 2004

This research studied the role of ethnic identity as a protective factor among European American (n = 77) and African American (n = 82) adolescents identified either as high risk or successful. Adolescents participated in a multiagent, multimethod assessment of depression, internalizing and externalizing behaviors, competence, and academic achievement. The levels of ethnic identity were the same across ethnic groups but were higher among successful adolescents. Bivariate correlations revealed that ethnic identity was significantly associated with all measures of adjustment in the expected directions. Predicted validities were statistically higher among African American youth than for European Americans on depression, total competence, and GPA. Similar associations were found when comparing ethnic identity to a construct of socioeconomic disadvantage. Findings suggest that ethnic identity is central to the self-system and motivation for youth who develop in contexts that potentially undermine children’s socioemotional adjustment.
Attachment in Adolescence:
Authors: Buist Kirsten L. , Deković Maja , Meeus Wim H. , van Aken Marcel A.G.
Published: September 2004

A fundamental question in the study of attachment is the explanation for differences in quality of attachment. In the present study, the Social Relations Model (SRM) was used to examine whether these differences in quality of attachment could be explained by (a) characteristics of the person (actor effect), (b) characteristics of the attachment figure (partner effect), (c) characteristics of the specific attachment relationship (relationship effect), or (d) characteristics of the family (family effect). In 288 families, two adolescent children and their parents reported on their attachment relationships with other family members. Results of SRM analyses showed that, in general, characteristics of the person reporting the attachment relationship and characteristics of the attachment relationship are the most important explanations for differences in quality of attachment, but the magnitudeof these effects tendsto vary depending on which family relationshipis considered.
Cultural Identity, Perceived Discrimination, and Parental Support as Determinants of Immigrants’ School Adjustments:
Authors: Liebkind Karmela , Jasinskaja-Lahti Inga , Solheim Erling
Published: September 2004

This study focuses on factors predicting school adjustment of immigrant adolescents. One hundred seventy-five immigrant adolescents of Vietnamese origin in Finland (ages 13 to 18) were compared with a sample of host national Finnish youth (N = 337). The immigrant adolescents were better adjusted to school than were their host national peers. In addition, school adjustment was enhanced by the integrative mode of acculturation (i.e., acquisition of the skills needed for participation in the host culture along with adherence to traditional cultural patterns). However, ethnic identity and acculturation were shown to be distinct phenomena; the acquisition of new cultural traits did not imply the simultaneous adoption of a new identity. In addition, perceived discrimination had a detrimental, whereas perceived parental support had a positive impact on the immigrants’school adjustments. The impact of these factors turned out to be mostly indirect (e.g., through self-esteem, sense of mastery, and psychological distress).
Effects of CO2 Laser Irradiation on the Surface Properties of Magnesia-Partially Stabilised Zirconia (MgO-PSZ) Bioceramic and the Subsequent Improvements in Human Osteoblast Cell Adhesion
Authors: Hao L. , Lawrence J. , Chian K. S.
Published: September 2004

In order to acquire the surface properties favouring osseo-integration at the implant and bone interface, human foetal osteoblast cells (hFOB) were used in an in vitro test to examine changes in cell adhesion on a magnesia-partially stabilised zirconia (MgO-PSZ) bioceramic after CO2 laser treatment. The surface roughness, microstructure, crystal size and surface energy of untreated and CO2 laser-treated MgO-PSZ were fully characterised. The in vitro cell evaluation revealed a more favourable cell response on the CO2 laser-treated MgO-PSZ than on the untreated sample. After 24-h cell incubation, no cell was observed on the MgO-PSZ, whereas a few cells attached on the CO2 laser-treatedMgO-PSZandshowedwellspreadandgood attachment. Moreover, the cell coverage density indicating cell proliferation generally increases with CO2 laser power densities applied in the experiments. The enhancement of the surface energy of the MgO-PSZ, especially its polar component caused by the CO2 laser treatment, was found to play a significant role in the initial cell attaching, thus enhancing the cell growth. Moreover, the change in topography induced by the CO2 laser treatment was identified as one of the factors influencing the hFOB cell response.
Surface Roughness of Nanofill and Nanohybrid Composite Resin and Ormocer-based Tooth-colored Restorative Materials after Several Finishing and Polishing Procedures
Authors: Baseren Meserret
Published: September 2004

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of several finishing and polishing procedures on the surface roughness of nanofill and nanohybrid composites and ormocer-based dental restorative materials. The materials included a nanofill composite (Supreme); a nanohybrid composite (Grandio); and an ormocer (organically modified ceramic) (Admira). Forty specimens of each material were prepared using a Mylar strip (polyester strip) and randomly divided into four finishing and polishing groups (n 1/4 10): (I) Diamondbur/Super-snapRainbowTechniqueKit(Al2O2-coated, graded abrasive discs); (II) Diamond bur/Astropol and Astrobrush system (silicone abrasive polishers and brush system); (III) Tungsten carbide bur/Super-snap Rainbow Technique Kit; and (IV) Tungsten carbide bur/Astropol and Astro-brush system. The average surface roughness (Ra) in micrometers was measured using a “Mahr Perthometer S4P” Surface Roughness Tester and the data were compared using ANOVA at P 0.05. The results of this study indicated that the Mylar strip produced the smoothest surface on all materials and among the finishing-polishing methods the first and the third methods performed significantly smoother surfaces than the second and the fourth methods for the three restoratives. Ormocer (Admira) performed the lowest variability in initial surface roughness among the tested materials.This study has shown that Super-snap abrasive discs produced a smoother surface than the Astropol and Astrobrush silicone polishers for composite and ormocer-based restorative materials, but the results would be valid clinically for readily accessible and flat surfaces i.e., not for all areas in the mouth. Therefore silicone polishers are necessary for posterior areas and for concave and convex surfaces.
In vitro Biocompatibility of PTMO-based Polyurethanes and those Containing PDMS Blocks
Authors: Hsu Shan-Hui , Tseng Hsiang-Jung
Published: September 2004

In this work, a series of different polyurethanes based on poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO, MW 2000) and chain extended with butenediol were synthesized by a two-step solution polymerization. Three of them contained silanol terminated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS, MW 2000) blocks. It was shown that these polymers exhibited various degrees of micro-phase separation that further influenced their biological performances in vitro. The formulation with diphenylmethane diisocyanate/PTMO/PDMS/2-butene-1,4-diol at a molar ratio of 2: 0.75: 0.5: 1 in synthesis was favorable due to a combination of enhanced mechanical properties, biostability, cellular affinity as well as platelet nonadherence.
Physicochemical, Mechanical, and Biological Properties of Bone Cements Prepared with Functionalized Methacrylates
Authors: Sabino Marco A. , Ajami Diana , Salih Vehid , Nazhat Showan N. , Vargas-Coronado Rossana , Cauich-Rodríguez Juan V. , Ginebra Ma Pau
Published: September 2004

Bone cements prepared with methyl methacrylate (MMA) as a base monomer and either methacrylic acid (MAA) or diethyl amino ethyl methacrylate (DEAEMA) as comonomers were characterized in terms of curing behavior, mechanical properties, and their in vitro biocompatibility.

The curing time and setting temperature were found to be composition dependent while the residual monomer was not greatly affected by the presence of either acidic or alkaline comonomers in the bone cements. For samples with MAA comonomer, a faster curing time and higher setting temperature were observed when compared to the cement with DEAEMA comonomer.

In terms of mechanical properties, the highest compressive strength was exhibited by formulations containing MAA, while the highest impact strength was shown by the formulations prepared with DEAEMA. There were no differences observed between the two formulations for tensile, shear, and bending strength values. Similarly, fatigue crack propagation studies did not reveal differences with the addition of either DEAEMA or MAA.

No differences were observed in the initial number of attached primary rat femur osteoblasts on the different bone cements and positive controls. However, after 48 h there was a reduced proliferation in the cells grown on bone cements containing MAA.
In Vitro and In Vivo Effects of Ginkgo biloba Extract EGb 761 on Seeded Schwann Cells within Poly(DL-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) Conduits for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration
Authors: Hsu Shan-Hui , Chang Chen-Jung , Tang Cheng-Ming , Lin Fang-Tsun
Published: September 2004

This study investigated the effects of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) extract on seeded Schwann cells within poly(DL-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) conduits by in vitro and in vivo trials for peripheral nerve regeneration. The seeding efficiency of Schwann cells in serum-deprived culture medium, which simulated the environment of mechanical trauma on an injured nerve site, was improved by adding different dosages of EGb 761 (0, 1, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 mg/mL). The analytical results showed enhanced cell attachment and survival, reduced LDH release and increased MTT values, particularly in the range 10-100 mg/mL. The PLGA nerve conduits seeded with Schwann cells (6 103 cells) and filled with gelatin containing EGb 761 (0, 10, 50, 100 mg/mL) were implanted to 10-mm right sciatic nerve defects in rats. Autograft was performed as another control. Electromyography was assessed based on the motor unit action potential (MUAP) and fibrillation potential (Fib) at 2, 4, and 6 weeks during all periods. The specimens of the experimental and control groups were harvested for histological analysis at 6 weeks after surgery. The Fib was found to gradually decay, and the MUAP was found not to be present until 4 weeks after surgery. Meanwhile, the experimental groups were all statically better than the control group (without EGb 761) and autografts were observed at 6 weeks, especially at the concentration of 10 mg/mL, where there was higher amplitude of MUAP and a significantly larger number of myelinated axons. This study concluded that a proper concentration of EGb 761 (10-50 mg/mL) promoted seeding efficiency of Schwann cells in a tissue-engineered PLGA conduit. Addition of EGb 761 in Schwann cells-seeded conduit could increase the total number of myelinated axons in nerve regeneration and improve peripheral nerve functional recovery.
Dialogue as Global Issue Management
Authors: Zoller Heather M.
Published: September 2004

Using the Transatlantic Business Dialogue (TABD), the phenomenon of governmentbusiness dialogues is examined. TABD, a corporate coalition, advises the E.U. and U.S. governments regarding business regulation and global trade. Because of increasing economic and political disputes between the European Union and United States, TABD faces a dual rhetorical challenge: promoting its success to business and government participants to further the process while encountering a small but growing activist community protesting TABD’s influence as an example of corporate hegemony. Continued protest may bring unwelcome attention to TABD, threatening its legitimacy with the larger public. TABD employs the language of the two-way symmetrical model of public relations as a means of issue management. TABD strategically exploits the multifarious meanings of dialogue to promote and legitimize a hegemonic role in establishing transatlantic business regulations and trade policy. Critical examination reveals how TABD excludes multiple viewpoints from public dialogue about trade and business policies.
Information Adequacy and Job Satisfaction during Merger and Acquisition
Authors: Zhu Ying , May Steven K. , Rosenfeld Lawrence B.
Published: September 2004

The purpose of this investigation was to examine relationships among dimensions of information adequacy and job satisfaction in an organization newly created through the acquisition of one Chinese Internet company by another. Findings highlight differences between former employees of the acquired versus acquiring companies that need to be taken into account when communicating with employees of the new organization. Results also support the conclusion that information adequacy is not always positively related to employee job satisfaction and that information should be communicated to employees only when it is carefully designed and delivered purposefully. Communication during a merger needs to vary in its openness, depending on the nature of the information to be communicated, the goals of the organization, the specific needs and concerns of the employees, and the different needs and expectations of acquiring and acquired company employees.
The Career Task before Us
Authors: Gilson Clive H. J.
Published: September 2004

Professor Clive Gilson defines for us what organizational scholarship is all about. Clive is renowned for his ability to seamlessly blend good scholarly theorizing with good organizational practicing. Theory and practice must go together for ours is a practical, research-driven discipline, and our scholarship must make our organized lives better. And Clive knows what he is talking about because he has been there and done that. Just as Max Weber once did his time as a hospital administrator, Clive has labored on the front lines of management. He has the insider’s perspective on what is useful scholarship and why useful scholarship is desperately needed in today’s organizations. As you engage Clive’s address, you will find yourself drawn to discerning what you should be doing with your scholarship and how your scholarship will make the organized world better. And that is the task before us all because we have earned both the ability and the responsibility to do good for the organized world. Clive moves us forward with the confidence that we can make a difference.