bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Attention to internal face features in unfamiliar face matching
Authors: Fletcher Kingsley I. , Butavicius Marcus A. , Lee Michael D.
Published: August 2007

Accurate matching of unfamiliar faces is vital in security and forensic applications, yet previous research has suggested that humans often perform poorly when matching unfamiliar faces. Hairstyle and facial hair can strongly influence unfamiliar face matching but are potentially unreliable cues. This study investigated whether increased attention to the more stable internal face features of eyes, nose, and mouth was associated with more accurate face‐matching performance. Forty‐three first‐year psychology students decided whether two simultaneously presented faces were of the same person or not. The faces were displayed for either 2 or 6 seconds, and had either similar or dissimilar hairstyles. The level of attention to internal features was measured by the proportion of fixation time spent on the internal face features and the sensitivity of discrimination to changes in external feature similarity. Increased attention to internal features was associated with increased discrimination in the 2‐second display‐time condition, but no significant relationship was found in the 6‐second condition. Individual differences in eye‐movements were highly stable across the experimental conditions.
Ca2+/Calmodulin Regulates Trafficking of CaV1.2 Ca2+Channels in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons
Authors: Wang Hong-Gang , George Meena S. , Kim James , Wang Chaojian , Pitt Geoffrey S.
Published: August 2007

As the Ca2+-sensor for Ca2+-dependent inactivation, calmodulin (CaM) has been proposed, but never definitively demonstrated, to be a constitutive CaV1.2 Ca2+channel subunit. Here we show that CaM is associated with the CaV1.2 pore-forming α1Csubunit in brain in a Ca2+-independent manner. Within its CaM binding pocket, α1Chas been proposed to contain a membrane targeting domain. Because ion channel subunits assemble early during channel biosynthesis, we postulated that this association with CaM could afford the opportunity for Ca2+-dependent regulation of membrane targeting. We showed that the isolated domain functioned as a Ca2+/CaM regulated trafficking determinant for CD8 (a model transmembrane protein) using fluorescent-activated cell sorting analysis and, using green fluorescent protein-tagged α1Csubunits expressed in cultured hippocampal neurons, that Ca2+/CaM interaction with this domain accelerated trafficking of CaV1.2 channels to distal regions of the dendritic arbor. Furthermore, this Ca2+/CaM-accelerated trafficking was activity dependent. Thus, CaM imparts Ca2+-dependent regulation not only to mature CaV1.2 channels at the cell surface but also to steps during channel biosynthesis.
Design and construction of Megalorema Viaduct, Greece
Authors: Ahmadi-Kashani K. , Brun C. , Papanikolas P.
Published: August 2007

This paper describes the recently completed Megalorema Viaduct, part of the Egnatia motorway project currently under construction in northern Greece. The viaduct is situated in a seismic zone and was constructed using an incremental launching method. A description of the viaduct is given, and the design parameters and anti-seismic measures are outlined. The design is based on friction launching of the full deck but was subsequently modified by the contractor to a combination of friction and pull launching to suit the available equipment. The construction of the viaduct is described with emphasis on the superstructure where the details of casting yard, nose girder, and various phases of the operations for the friction and pull launching of the decks are explained. The schedule of works for a typical weekly cycle of deck segment casting and launching is also discussed.
Probability-based bridge assessment
Authors: O'Connor A. , Enevoldsen I.
Published: August 2007

This paper describes the application of the newly developed Danish guideline for probability-based assessment of bridges to a beam and slab bridge that was built in 1935 and is located outside Copenhagen. The guideline, published by the Danish Roads Directorate in 2004, reflects a commitment to consider probability-based assessment for all bridge structures that have failed a deterministic assessment. For the structure analysed, modelling of the critical limit states is presented as are the statistical techniques employed in modelling the loads and resistances. The overall aim of the analysis was to achieve a higher load rating for the structure than that resulting from a traditional deterministic analysis. Ultimately the cost benefits to bridge owners/managers of performing a probabilistic assessment are apparent from the results, which provide a higher load rating for the bridge than were achieved through deterministic assessment. Although the guideline is intended to be applied in probability-based assessment of Danish bridges it is anticipated that it could equally be applied in other countries.
Investigation and strengthening of Hyde Lane Bridge, UK
Authors: Frostick I. , Fraser S. , Westlake T.
Published: August 2007

Hyde Lane Bridge is an early example of the British Rail western steel box girder bridge. It comprises two external and one central box girder supporting two tracks via a cross-girder and steel plate deck. The steel deck plate forms the top flange to the cross-girders and is curtailed towards the cross girder ends. The cross-girders' ends exhibited cracking commencing at the point of the top flange curtailment and continuing through the web. The cracking is unusual as it appears to have been caused by an excessive stress range in compression promoted by the rapid change in section at the point of top flange curtailment. The paper deals with the analysis of the deck, the emergency works and the design and implementation of the remedial works.
HYDROELECTRICITY PRODUCTION AND FOREST CONSERVATION IN WATERSHEDS
Authors: Guo Zhongwei , Li Yiming , Xiao Xiangming , Zhang Lin , Gan Yaling
Published: August 2007

Globally, particularly in developing countries, hydroelectricity production and economic growth occur together with ecosystem/biodiversity conservation in watersheds. There is a relationship between hydroelectricity production and ecosystem/biodiversity conservation in watersheds, centering on the supply and demand for ecosystem services of river water flow regulation and sediment retention. Here we show that, in the upper reach of the Yangtze River, hydroelectricity production of Three Gorges Hydroelectric Power Plant can form a beneficial relationship with forest conservation through the paid use (compensating residents for their cooperation in the conservation) of ecosystem services launched by the National Natural Forest Protection Project. This interaction can provide additional incentives to encourage local communities' long‐term cooperation in conserving and protecting the restored forest ecosystems. Hydroelectricity plants also obtain benefits from this interaction. The industrialization of ecosystem services supply provides an operational framework for this beneficial interaction. Sustainable forest ecosystem conservation will require developing new institutions and policies and must involve local communities in the conservation and protection of their local forests.
UNDERSTANDING UNCERTAINTY IN THE EFFECT OF LOW‐HEAD DAMS ON FISHES OF GREAT LAKES TRIBUTARIES
Authors: Harford William J. , McLaughlin Robert L.
Published: August 2007

Small dams represent one of the most widespread human influences on riverscapes. Greater understanding of how these structures affect aquatic organisms is needed to ensure that decisions regarding their construction and removal strike an appropriate balance between components of human and ecosystem services. Within the basin of the Laurentian Great Lakes, the effects that in‐stream barriers (dams) used to control the nonnative, parasitic sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) on the diversity of non‐target fishes is a significant concern for fishery managers. A previous study indicated that upstream changes in the species richness of non‐target fishes observed in 24 streams with a sea lamprey barrier relative to paired reference streams (a measure of effect size) was variable across the basin. We examined the degree to which the variance in effect size could be attributed to imprecision in the field sampling protocol used to estimate effect sizes, differences in catchment‐scale landscape attributes between barrier and reference streams within pairs, and differences in landscape attributes at different spatial scales among barrier streams. Simulation modeling and analyses of repeated field measurements made for a subset of streams demonstrated that a large variance in effect size is expected for the field sampling design and that estimates of effect size measured for individual barrier streams are imprecise. Regression models and multi‐model inference methods based on Akaike's Information Criterion provided less support for hypotheses linking effect size to landscape attributes. Mean effect size, adjusted for the influences of landscape characteristics within and across stream pairs, provides the most reliable and least biased estimate of the effect of sea lamprey barriers on the richness of non‐target fish species. With the information currently available, landscape characteristics of catchments cannot be used to help decision makers anticipate effects sizes for candidate streams being considered for future barrier construction. Our findings will help fishery managers in the Laurentian Great Lakes make more informed decisions regarding the use and placement of sea lamprey barriers and achieve their objective of delivering an integrated pest management plan for sea lamprey control that is environmentally and economically sound and socially acceptable.
Characteristics of Granular Sludge Developed in an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Fixed‐Film Bioreactor Treating Palm Oil Mill Effluent
Authors: Zinatizadeh A. A. L. , Mohamed A. R. , Mashitah M. D. , Abdullah A. Z. , Isa M. Hasnain
Published: August 2007

In the present study, characteristics of the granular sludge (including physical characteristics under stable conditions and process shocks arising from suspended solid overload, soluble organic overload, and high temperature; biological activity; and sludge kinetic evaluation in a batch experiment) developed in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket fixed‐film reactor for palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment was investigated. The main aim of this work was to provide suitable understanding of POME anaerobic digestion using such a granular sludge reactor, particularly with respect to granule structure at various operating conditions. The morphological changes in granular sludge resulting from various operational conditions was studied using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy images. It was shown that the developed granules consisted of densely packed rod‐ (Methanosaeta‐like microorganism; predominant) and cocci‐ (Methanosarsina) shaped microorganisms. Methanosaeta aggregates functioned as nucleation centers that initiated granule development of POME‐degrading granules. Under the suspended solid overload condition, most of the granules were covered with a thin layer of fiberlike suspended solids, so that the granule color changed to brown and the sludge volume index also increased to 24.5 from 12 to 15 mL/g, which caused a large amount of sludge washout. Some of the granules were disintegrated because of an acidified environment, which originated from acidogenesis of high influent organic load (29 g chemical oxygen demand [COD]/L · d). At 60°C, the rate of biomass washout increased, as a result of disintegration of the outer layer of the granules. In the biological activity test, approximately 95% COD removal was achieved within 72 hours, with an initial COD removal rate of 3.5 g COD/L · d. During POME digestion, 275 mg calcium carbonate/L bicarbonate alkalinity was produced per 1000 mg COD removed/L. A consecutive reaction kinetic model was used to simulate the data obtained from the sludge activity in the batch experiment. The mathematical model gave a good fit with the experimental results (R 2 > 0.93). The slowest step was modeled to be the acidification step, with a rate constant between 0.015 and 0.083 hours −1, while the rate constant for the methanogenic step was obtained to be between 0.218 and 0.361 hours −1.
Removal of Arsenic(V) from Aqueous Solutions Using Iron‐Oxide‐Coated Modified Activated Carbon
Authors: Zhang Q. L. , Gao Nai‐Yun , Lin Y.C. , Xu Bin , Le Lin‐sheng
Published: August 2007

Removal of arsenic(V) from aqueous solutions was evaluated with the following three different sorption materials: coal‐based activated carbon 12 × 40 (activated carbon), iron(II) oxide (FeO)/activated carbon‐H, and iron oxide. The apparent characteristics and physical chemistry performances of these adsorbents were investigated by X‐ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption, and scanning electronic microscope. Also, batch experiments for arsenic removal were performed, and the effects of pH value on arsenic(V) removal were studied. The results suggest that the main phases of the iron oxide surface are magnetite, maghemite, hematite, and goethite; fine and uniform iron oxide particles can cover activated carbon surfaces and affect the surface area or pore structures of activated carbon; adsorption kinetics obey a pseudo‐first‐order rate equation; and adsorption capacities of adsorbents are affected by the values of pH. The optimum value of pH for iron oxide lies in a narrow range between 4.0 and 5.5, and arsenic(V) removal by FeO/activated carbon‐H is ideal and stable in the pH range 3 to 7, while activated carbon has the lowest adsorption capacity in the entire pH range. Also, the adsorption characteristics of FeO/activated carbon‐H composites and virgin activated carbon match well the Langmuir adsorption model, while those of iron oxide fit well the Freundlich adsorption model.
Pilot On‐Site Tests to Evaluate the Permeability of Infiltration Gutters
Authors: Liaw Chao‐Hsien , Tsai Yao‐Lung , Huang Wei‐Min , Huang Chun‐Jen , Chen Jui‐Ling
Published: August 2007

This study assessed the performance and developed a simple approach for estimating infiltration capacity of two infiltration gutters by using on‐site tests. Permeable‐brick and redbrick infiltration gutters were constructed on‐site. Water infiltrated from the surfaces of two vertical sides (NFS‐2S), bottom (NFS‐B), and three faces (NFS‐3S) of two gutters were measured under nonflowing and steady‐state conditions. Tests results from NFS‐2S and NFS‐3S indicate that the permeability and water depth for both gutters are linearly dependent on each other. Experimental results also indicate that, when the bottom of the gutter is clogged, the permeable‐brick gutter still retains approximately 93 and 79% for redbrick gutter of their infiltration capacity for NFS‐3S. On the whole, permeable‐brick gutter has an advantage over redbrick gutter in stormwater infiltration. Based on these results, the permeability for different water depths and widths of these two gutters can be obtained.
Effect of Dissolved Oxygen Concentration on Nitrite Accumulation in Nitrifying Sequencing Batch Reactor
Authors: Sánchez Omar , Bernet Nicolas , Delgenès Jean‐Philippe
Published: August 2007

A mathematical model based on Activated Sludge Model No. 3 (International Water Association, London) and laboratory‐scale experiments were used to investigate ammonia conversion by nitrification in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The purpose of the study was to assess the effect of dissolved oxygen concentration on nitrite accumulation in the SBR. As the dissolved oxygen concentration in the SBR depends on the balance between oxygen consumption and oxygen transfer rates, ammonium conversion was measured for different air flowrate values to obtain different dissolved oxygen concentration profiles during the cycle. The ammonia concentration in the feeding medium was 500 mg ammonium as nitrogen (N‐NH 4 +)/L, and the maximum nitrite concentration achieved during a cycle was approximately 50 mg nitrite as nitrogen (N‐NO 2)/L. The air flow supplied to the reactor was identified as a suitable parameter to control nitrite accumulation in the SBR. This identification was carried out based on experimental results and simulation with a calibrated model. At a low value of the volumetric mass‐transfer coefficient (k L a), the maximum nitrite concentration achieved during a cycle depends strongly on k L a, whereas, at a high value of k L a, the maximum nitrite concentration was practically independent of k L a.
Inactivation of Enzyme Laccase and Role of Cosubstrate Oxygen in Enzymatic Removal of Phenol from Water
Authors: Dasgupta S. , Taylor K. E. , Bewtra J. K. , Biswas N.
Published: August 2007

Research was conducted to evaluate the potential use of laccase and its susceptibility to inactivation in an alternative enzyme‐based treatment technology to remove parent phenol from buffered distilled water. Enzymatic oxidative polymerization of phenol with laccase was carried out in continuously stirred batch reactors. The reaction products were insoluble polymers, which precipitated out of the solution once their solubility limits were exceeded. The findings demonstrated that the polymeric products had significant effects on enzyme activity consumption and subsequent phenol removal. Enzyme species present in the reaction vessel were classified into enzyme remaining in the solution (type 1) and enzyme adhering to the precipitate polymers (type 2). Type 1 enzyme was more efficient in removal of phenol from solution compared with type 2. Subsequent filtration enhanced the phenol removal by removing type 2 enzyme adhering to the polymer particles and decelerating enzyme inactivation. The study also investigated the effects of available dissolved oxygen, provided through aeration and hydrogen peroxide addition, on phenol removal. Aeration and hydrogen peroxide addition increased the dissolved oxygen concentration, but had no effect on the progress curve for phenol removal.
A Net Water Production Model for Ultrafiltration Including Flow Direction Reversal and Chemically Assisted Backwashing
Authors: Lautenschlager Sandro R. , DiGiano Francis A. , Schuler Andrew J. , Ferreira Filho Sidney Seckler
Published: August 2007

Flow direction reversal (FDR) was proposed as a novel method to increase net water production (NWP) during cross‐flow ultrafiltration. The design of the pilot‐plant study allowed measurement of specific flux recovery after each chemically assisted backwash (BW) combined with FDR and after each FDR at the midpoint of each BW/FDR cycle. The percent recovery of specific flux was higher following FDR (55%) than combined BW and FDR (53%) at lower chemical dosages; however, the percent increase in specific flux recovery by FDR was much lower (20%) when the chemical dose was doubled. A mathematical model was developed to predict the NWP achieved by any combination of BW/FDR and FDR frequency. For example, the advantage of introducing FDR was demonstrated at the lower chlorine dose, whereby the percent increase in NWP by alternating 15‐minute intervals of BW/FDR with FDR over BW/FDR alone was 10% for 30‐minute BW/FDR intervals and 2% for 15‐minute BW/FDR intervals.
Estimation of the Intrinsic Maximum Substrate Utilization Rate Using Batch Reactors with Denitrifying Biofilm: A Proposed Methodology
Authors: Rabah Fahid K. J. , Dahab Mohamed F. , Zhang Tian C.
Published: August 2007

A method for estimation of the maximum substrate utilization rate (q max) using batch reactors with denitrification biofilm was introduced and compared with the traditional method of using batch reactors with suspended growth for q max estimation. The values of q max obtained from the suspended‐growth reactors (0.69 to 0.71 g N/g volatile suspended solids [VSS] · d) and from the attached‐biomass reactors (0.74 to 0.85 g N/g VSS · d) are similar and within the range of the values reported in the literature (0.23 to 2.88 g N/g VSS · d). Therefore, the intrinsic kinetic parameter, q max, can be obtained using attached‐growth batch reactors, if the effectiveness factor, η, is approximately equal to 1 and the bulk concentration of the rate‐limiting substrate, C, is much higher than the half‐velocity constant, K s. The attached‐growth batch reactor method is unique, because the biomass used in the batch tests is the same as that present in the parent reactor under investigation.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Removal from Water by Natural Fiber Sorption
Authors: Khan Eakalak , Khaodhir Sutha , Rotwiron Paritta
Published: August 2007

The use of two natural sorbents, kapok and cattail fibers, were investigated for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) removal from water. Naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, and fluoranthene were the PAHs studied. For comparative purposes, a commercial polyester fiber sorbent was included in the investigation. The PAH sorption and retention capabilities of the three fibers were determined through batch and continuous‐flow experiments under noncompetitive and competitive conditions. In the batch experiments, cattail fiber was the most effective sorbent. Kapok fiber provided the lowest PAH retention, while cattail fiber had slightly less PAH retention than polyester fiber. When two PAHs were present in the same system, a competitive effect on the much less hydrophobic PAH was observed. Similar results were obtained in the column experiments, except that polyester fiber performed much poorer on naphthalene. Cattail fiber is a promising sorbent for treating PAH‐contaminated water, such as urban runoff.
Yard Waste Compost as a Stormwater Protection Treatment for Construction Sites
Authors: Reinsch Craig T. , Admiraal David M. , Dvorak Bruce I. , Cecrle Chad A. , Franti Thomas G. , Stansbury John S.
Published: August 2007

Runoff water quality improvement from three yard waste compost erosion control treatments were compared with two conventional treatments and an untreated control on plots of 3:1 slope during two growing seasons, using natural events and simulated rainfall. Runoff volume, suspended solids, nutrients, biomass, turf shear strength, and turfgrass color scale were monitored. The most effective compost treatment, a 5‐cm thick blown compost blanket, produced 12.7 times less runoff and 9.8 times less sediment load than a straw mat and silt fence treatment. The compost treatments generated eight times more biomass than the straw mat treatments. Root development was significantly better on the compost treatments based on turf shear strength measurements. Tilled‐in compost was not as effective as a compost blanket at reducing sediment loss, particularly before the establishment of grass on the plot. The cost of compost treatments was similar to that of straw mat with silt fence treatments.
High Glucose Attenuates Protein S-Nitrosylation in Endothelial Cells
Authors: Wadham Carol , Parker Angela , Wang Lijun , Xia Pu
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVE

Hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction, via a defect of nitric oxide (NO) bioactivity and overproduction of superoxide, is regarded as one of the most significant events contributing to the vascular lesions associated with diabetes. However, the mechanisms underlying such hyperglycemic injury remain undefined. We hypothesized that alterations in cellular protein S-nitrosylation may contribute to hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We exposed endothelial cells to high glucose in the presence and absence of reactive oxygen species inhibitors and used the biotin switch assay to analyze the alteration in the global pattern of protein S-nitrosylation compared with cells cultured under normal glucose conditions. We identified endogenous S-nitrosylated proteins by mass spectrometry and/or immunoblotting with specific antibodies.

RESULTS

High-glucose treatment induced a significant reduction of endogenous S-nitrosylated proteins that include endothelial NO synthase, β-actin, vinculin, diacylglycerol kinase-α, GRP78, extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1, and transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Interestingly, these changes were completely reversed by inhibition of superoxide production, suggesting a key role for oxidative stress in the regulation of S-nitrosylation under hyperglycemic conditions. In addition, we found that in parallel with the restoration of decreased S-nitrosylation of NF-κB, high glucose–induced NF-κB activation was blocked by the superoxide inhibitors.

CONCLUSIONS

The alterations in protein S-nitrosylation may underlie the adverse effect of hyperglycemia on the vasculature, such as endothelial dysfunction and the development of diabetic vascular complications.
S 26948
Authors: Carmona Maria Carmen , Louche Katie , Lefebvre Bruno , Pilon Antoine , Hennuyer Nathalie , Audinot-Bouchez Véronique , Fievet Catherine , Torpier Gérard , Formstecher Pierre , Renard Pierre , Lefebvre Philippe , Dacquet Catherine , Staels Bart , Casteilla Louis , Pénicaud Luc ,   on behalf of the Consortium of the French Ministry of Research and Technology
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVE—Rosiglitazone displays powerful antidiabetes benefits but is associated with increased body weight and adipogenesis. Keeping in mind the concept of selective peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (PPAR)γ modulator, the aim of this study was to characterize the properties of a new PPARγ ligand, S 26948, with special attention in body-weight gain.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We used transient transfection and binding assays to characterized the binding characteristics of S 26948 and GST pull-down experiments to investigate its pattern of coactivator recruitment compared with rosiglitazone. We also assessed its adipogenic capacity in vitro using the 3T3-F442A cell line and its in vivo effects in ob/ob mice (for antidiabetes and antiobesity properties), as well as the homozygous human apolipoprotein E2 knockin mice (E2-KI) (for antiatherogenic capacity).

RESULTS—S 26948 displayed pharmacological features of a high selective ligand for PPARγ with low potency in promoting adipocyte differentiation. It also displayed a different coactivator recruitment profile compared with rosiglitazone, being unable to recruit DRIP205 or PPARγ coactivator-1α. In vivo experiments showed that S 26948 was as efficient in ameliorating glucose and lipid homeostasis as rosiglitazone, but it did not increase body and white adipose tissue weights and improved lipid oxidation in liver. In addition, S 26948 represented one of the few molecules of the PPARγ ligand class able to decrease atherosclerotic lesions.

CONCLUSIONS—These findings establish S 26948 as a selective PPARγ ligand with distinctive coactivator recruitment and gene expression profile, reduced adipogenic effect, and improved biological responses in vivo.
A Switch From Prohormone Convertase (PC)-2 to PC1/3 Expression in Transplanted α-Cells Is Accompanied by Differential Processing of Proglucagon and Improved Glucose Homeostasis in Mice
Authors: Wideman Rhonda D. , Covey Scott D. , Webb Gene C. , Drucker Daniel J. , Kieffer Timothy J.
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVE—Glucagon, which raises blood glucose levels by stimulating hepatic glucose production, is produced in α-cells via cleavage of proglucagon by prohormone convertase (PC)-2. In the enteroendocrine L-cell, proglucagon is differentially processed by the alternate enzyme PC1/3 to yield glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1, GLP-2, and oxyntomodulin, which have blood glucose–lowering effects. We hypothesized that alteration of PC expression in α-cells might convert the α-cell from a hyperglycemia-promoting cell to one that would improve glucose homeostasis.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We compared the effect of transplanting encapsulated PC2-expressing αTC-1 cells with PC1/3-expressing αTCΔPC2 cells in normal mice and low-dose streptozotocin (STZ)-treated mice.

RESULTS—Transplantation of PC2-expressing α-cells increased plasma glucagon levels and caused mild fasting hyperglycemia, impaired glucose tolerance, and α-cell hypoplasia. In contrast, PC1/3-expressing α-cells increased plasma GLP-1/GLP-2 levels, improved glucose tolerance, and promoted β-cell proliferation. In GLP-1R−/− mice, the ability of PC1/3-expressing α-cells to improve glucose tolerance was attenuated. Transplantation of PC1/3-expressing α-cells prevented STZ-induced hyperglycemia by preserving β-cell area and islet morphology, possibly via stimulating β-cell replication. However, PC2-expressing α-cells neither prevented STZ-induced hyperglycemia nor increased β-cell proliferation. Transplantation of αTCΔPC2, but not αTC-1 cells, also increased intestinal epithelial proliferation.

CONCLUSIONS—Expression of PC1/3 rather than PC2 in α-cells induces GLP-1 and GLP-2 production and converts the α-cell from a hyperglycemia-promoting cell to one that lowers blood glucose levels and promotes islet survival. This suggests that alteration of proglucagon processing in the α-cell may be therapeutically useful in the context of diabetes.
Inflammation and Endothelial Activation Is Evident at Birth in Offspring of Mothers With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Nelson Scott M. , Sattar Naveed , Freeman Dilys J. , Walker James D. , Lindsay Robert S.
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVE— Offspring of mothers with diabetes are at risk of obesity and glucose intolerance in later life. In adults, markers of subclinical inflammation (C-reactive protein [CRP] and interleukin [IL]-6) and endothelial activation (intracellular adhesion molecule [ICAM]-1) are associated with obesity and higher risk for incident type 2 diabetes. We examined whether these biomarkers were elevated at birth in offspring of type 1 diabetic mothers (OT1DM).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— Umbilical cord plasma CRP, IL-6, and ICAM-1 were measured in 139 OT1DM and 48 control offspring, with analysis relative to fetal lipids and hormonal axes.

RESULTS— OT1DM had higher median (interquartile range) CRP (OT1DM 0.17 mg/l [0.13–0.22] vs. control subjects 0.14 mg/l [0.12–0.17], P < 0.001) and ICAM-1 (OT1DM 180 ng/ml [151–202] vs. control subjects 166 ng/ml [145–187], P = 0.047). IL-6 was not different after necessary adjustment for mode of delivery. Birth weight was unrelated to inflammatory indexes; however, leptin was correlated with CRP (control subjects r = 0.33, P = 0.02; OT1DM r = 0.41, P < 0.001) and with IL-6 (r = 0.23, P < 0.01) and ICAM-1 (r = 0.29, P < 0.001) in OT1DM. In OT1DM, CRP correlated with maternal glycemic control (A1C at 35–40 weeks; r = 0.28, P = 0.01). In multivariate analysis, leptin was a determinant of CRP (P < 0.001), ICAM-1 (P = 0.003), and IL-6 (P = 0.02) in OT1DM. Inflammatory measures demonstrated positive relationships with triglycerides in OT1DM (CRP, IL-6, and ICAM-1 P < 0.05) and control subjects (ICAM-1 P = 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS— Inflammatory markers are increased in OT1DM and are related to measures of fetal adiposity, particularly leptin, and maternal glycemia. Subclinical inflammation is a novel component of the diabetic intrauterine environment and should be considered a potential etiological mechanism for in utero programming of disease.
What Do Adults in Prince Edward Island: Know About Nutrition?
Authors: Gottschall-Pass Kathy , Reyno Lauren , MacLellan Debbie , Spidel Mark
Published: August 2007

Purpose: To assess adults’ knowledge of dietary recommendations, food sources of key nutrients, food choices, and diet-disease relationships.

Methods: A previously validated survey, designed to assess nutrition knowledge, was adapted for use in Prince Edward Island and mailed to a random sample of 3,500 adults (aged 18 to 74). Dillman's Total Design Method was followed and a response rate of 26.4% achieved. Mean scores and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for the overall survey and for each section. Demographic variations were assessed by univariate analysis.

Results: Of an overall possible score of 110 points, the mean score with 95% CI was 71.0 (70.1, 71.9). Respondents scored higher on the sections on dietary recommendations, food sources, and food choices than diet-disease relationships. Demographic differences existed in gender, age, education, and income. Findings suggest that adults have good general knowledge of dietary recommendations, but lack knowledge about how to make healthier food choices and the impact of diet on disease risk.

Conclusion: When designing intervention strategies, dietitians should consider targeted messages to provide adults with the information they need to make healthy food choices.
Cover Picture: An Epoxy Photoresist Modified by Luminescent Nanocrystals for the Fabrication of 3D High‐Aspect‐Ratio Microstructures (Adv. Funct. Mater. 13/2007)
Authors: Ingrosso C. , Fakhfouri V. , Striccoli M. , Agostiano A. , Voigt A. , Gruetzner G. , Curri M. L. , Brugger J.
Published: August 2007

M. Lucia Curri and co‐workers report on p. 2009 an epoxy‐based negative tone photoresist that can be functionalized with red emitting CdSe@ZnS core/shell type nanocrystals and patterned by UV lithography. The 3D high aspect ratio of the microfabricated structures proves that lithographic properties of the functional nanocomposite are retained and the nanocrystals properties conveyed into the resist. The emitting nanocomposite represents a convenient model for material functionalization expandable to nanocrystals with different properties.

An epoxy‐based negative‐tone photoresist, which is known as a suitable material for high‐aspect‐ratio surface micromachining, is functionalized with red‐light‐emitting CdSe@ZnS nanocrystals (NCs). The proper selection of a common solvent for the NCs and the resist is found to be critical for the efficient incorporation of the NCs in the epoxy matrix. The NC‐modified resist can be patterned by standard UV lithography down to micrometer‐scale resolution, and high‐aspect‐ratio structures have been successfully fabricated on a 100 mm scaled wafer. The “as‐fabricated”, 3D, epoxy‐based surface microstructures show the characteristic luminescent properties of the embedded NCs, as verified by fluorescence microscopy. This issue demonstrates that the NC emission properties can be conveniently conveyed into the polymer matrix without deteriorating the lithographic performance of the latter. The dimensions, the resolution, and the surface morphology of the NC‐modified‐epoxy microstructures exhibit only minor deviations with respect to that of the unmodified reference material, as examined by means of microscopic and metrologic investigations. The proposed approach of the incorporation of emitting and non‐bleachable NCs into a photoresist opens novel routes for surface patterning of integrated microsystems with inherent photonic functionality at the micro‐ and nanometer‐scale for light sensing and emitting applications.
Iron solids formed from oxidation precipitation of ferrous sulfate solutions
Authors: Hove Mfandaidza , van Hille Robert P. , Lewis Alison E.
Published: August 2007

The oxidation and precipitation of iron from ferrous sulfate solutions was studied at high Fe2+ concentrations, as found in typical South African acid mine drainage, and at high pH, as practised in the removal of iron from acid mine drainage (AMD) by the high‐density sludge process. The results obtained showed that the nature of the precipitates formed was largely determined by the rate of Fe2+ oxidation. High pH promoted higher‐oxidation rates resulting in high‐nucleation rates, and the consequent formation of finer particles. The precipitation process in all cases was found to produce nanosized, growth limited primary particles. These primary particles later aggregated, producing particles several hundreds of nanometres in size. At pH 8.0, these fine particles aggregated due to Van der Waals forces, while at pH 10.0, ferrihydrite was found to transform into goethite. The settling rates of the precipitates showed little dependence on the pH. The precipitate formed at pH 6.0 contained consistently higher proportions of Fe2+ compared to the precipitates formed at higher pHs. Interestingly, particles formed at higher pH gave lower final BET surface areas, contrary to the trend that would be predicted from the evolution of the population based average particle size. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007.
Measurements of thermal conductivity of 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate at high pressure
Authors: Tomida Daisuke , Kenmochi Satoshi , Tsukada Takao , Yokoyama Chiaki
Published: August 2007

Ionic liquids are salts that are liquid at room temperature. They have attracted considerable attention as new materials. In this study, a transient short‐hot‐wire apparatus was prepared, and the thermal conductivity of 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim] [BF4]) was measured. The experimental temperatures were from 294 to 334 K, and the pressures were from 0.1 to 20 MPa. It was found that the thermal conductivity of an ionic liquid has a very small temperature and pressure dependence. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 36(6): 361–372, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20166
Synthesis and refractive‐index control of fluoropolymers by the polyaddition of bis(epoxide)s and triazine di(aryl ether)s
Authors: Kudo Hiroto , Ito Nobuhito , Nakajima Keiji , Ochiai Masami , Nishikubo Tadatomi
Published: August 2007

The polyaddition of fluorine‐containing bis(epoxide)s and fluorine‐containing triazine di(aryl ether)s were examined to give the corresponding fluorine‐containing poly(cyanurate)s. It was observed that the synthesized fluoropolymers had good thermal stabilities and good film‐forming properties. The glass transition temperatures (Tg's) and refractive‐indices (nD's) of synthesized polymers were determined by differential scanning calorimetry and ellipsometry, respectively, and it was found that the values of Tg's and nD's were supported by their fluorine containing ratios and skeletons. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4421–4429, 2007
A tailor‐made polymethacrylate bearing a reactive diene in reversible diels–alder reaction
Authors: Amalin Kavitha A. , Singha Nikhil K.
Published: August 2007

A tailor‐made polymethacrylate bearing a pendant furfuryl group was prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), an important method of recent advances in controlled radical polymerization. It was otherwise difficult to prepare via conventional radical polymerization, because of several side reactions involving the reactive diene functionality of the furfuryl group. Successful Diels–Alder (DA) chemistry was carried out using this reactive furfuryl group of the tailor‐made polymer as diene and a bismaleimide as a dienophile. Interestingly, the resultant material was observed to be thermoreversible as evidenced by FT‐IR and DSC studies. This example of application of a tailor‐made polymer having controlled molecular architecture and with reactive diene functionality in DA chemistry will open new possibilities to prepare newer tailor‐made reversible materials. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4441–4449, 2007
Synthesis and morphology of polyethylene chains grafted onto the surface of crosslinked polystyrene microspheres
Authors: Shi Liya , Bi Wuguo , Chen Hui , Tang Tao
Published: August 2007

The bifunctional comonomer 4‐(3‐butenyl) styrene was used to synthesize crosslinked polystyrene microspheres (c‐PS) with pendant butenyl groups on their surface via suspension copolymerization. Polyethylene chains were grafted onto the surface of c‐PS microspheres (PS‐g‐PE) via ethylene copolymerizing with the pendant butenyl group on the surface of the c‐PS microspheres under the catalysis of metallocene catalyst. The composition and morphology of the PS‐g‐PE microspheres were characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and field‐emission scanning electron microscopy. It is possible to control the content of PE grafted onto the surface of c‐PS microspheres by varying the polymerization time or the initial quantity of pendant butenyl group on the surface of c‐PS microspheres. Investigation on the morphology and crystallization behavior of grafted PE chains showed that different surface patterns could be formed under various crystallization conditions. Moreover, the crystallization temperature of PE chains grafted on the surface of c‐PS microspheres was 6 °C higher than that of pure PE. The c‐PS microspheres decorated by PE chains had a better compatibility with PE matrix. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4477–4486, 2007
Combined therapy with human cord blood cell transplantation and basic fibroblast growth factor delivery for treatment of myocardial infarction
Authors: Cho Seung‐Woo , Kim Il‐Kwon , Bhang Suk Ho , Joung Boyoung , Kim Young Jin , Yoo Kyung Jong , Yang Yoon‐Sun , Choi Cha Yong , Kim Byung‐Soo
Published: August 2007

Background:

Transplanting cord blood‐derived cells has been shown to augment neovascularization in ischaemic tissue.

Aim:

To test whether sustained delivery of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) enhances the efficacy of angiogenic cord blood mononuclear cell (CBMNC) transplantation therapy in treating myocardial infarction.

Methods:

Three weeks after myocardial infarction, Sprague‐Dawley rats were randomised to either injection of medium only (control), CBMNC transplantation, sustained bFGF delivery, or combined CBMNC transplantation and sustained bFGF delivery. Six weeks after treatment, tissue formation, neovascularization, and apoptotic activity in the infarct regions were evaluated by histology and immunohistochemistry. Left ventricular (LV) dimensions and function were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging.

Results:

Combined bFGF delivery and CBMNC transplantation significantly enhanced neovascularization in the ischaemic myocardium, as compared with either therapy alone. The enhanced neovascularization was likely due to increased VEGF and bFGF expression. The combined therapy also exhibited a reduced infarct area and apoptosis in the ischaemic myocardium, as compared with either individual therapy. The combined therapy did not attenuate LV dilation or increase ejection fraction significantly over either individual therapy.

Conclusion:

This study demonstrates that sustained bFGF delivery enhances the angiogenic efficacy of CBMNC transplantation in rat myocardial infarction models.
Effect of sildenafil on ventilatory efficiency and exercise tolerance in pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Oudiz Ronald J. , Roveran Giorgio , Hansen James E. , Sun Xing‐Guo , Wasserman Karlman
Published: August 2007

Background:

The pulmonary vasculopathy in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) results in increased resistance to pulmonary blood flow, limiting the cardiac output required for the increased O2 demands of exercise.

Aims:

We sought to determine the physiologic basis for clinical improvement in PAH patients receiving sildenafil, hypothesizing that the key mechanisms of improvement are improved blood flow and ventilatory efficiency, leading to improved exercise capacity and O2 pulse over time.

Methods:

We studied 28P AH patients with (n=14) and without (n=14) sildenafil treatment. All received warfarin and diuretic therapy, and 13/14 sildenafil‐treated patients were already receiving specific PAH drugs. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing was performed before and after sildenafil.

Results:

Peak VO2, peak O2 pulse, VE/CO2 and PETCO2, were 0.84±0.1 L/min, 6.1±0.7 mL beat−1, 49±2 and 26±1.5 mm Hg, and improved after adding sildenafil to 0.91±0.1 L/min, 6.8±0.8 mL beat−1, 43±2, and 30±1.9, respectively, whereas control patients worsened (p=0.012, 0.008, 0.008 and 0.0002, treated vs. controls, respectively).

Conclusions:

Sildenafil improves PETCO2, VE/VCO2, peak O2 pulse and peak VO2 during exercise compared to controls. A prospective, placebo‐controlled study is needed to validate these findings.
Molecular determinants for FMN‐binding in Desulfovibrio gigas flavoredoxin
Authors: Broco Manuela , Soares Cláudio M. , Oliveira Solange , Mayhew Stephen G. , Rodrigues-Pousada Claudina
Published: August 2007

Flavoredoxin participates in Desulfovibrio gigas thiosulfate reduction pathway. Its 3‐dimensional model was generated allowing the oxidized riboflavin‐5′‐phosphate (FMN) site to be predicted. Residues likely to be involved in FMN‐binding were identified (N29, W35, T56, K92, H131 and F164) and mutated to alanine. Fluorescence titration with apoprotein showed that FMN is strongly bound in the wild‐type protein. Comparison of K
d values for mutants suggests that interactions with the phosphate group of FMN, contribute more to binding than the interactions with the isoalloxazine ring. The redox potential of bound FMN determined for wild‐type and mutants revealed shifts to less negative values. These findings were correlated with the protein structure in order to contribute to a better understanding of the structure–function relationships in flavoredoxin.
The effect of hypoxia at different embryonic ages on impairment of memory ability in chicks
Authors: Rodricks Candice L. , Gibbs Marie E. , Jenkin Graham , Miller Suzanne L.
Published: August 2007

Hypoxia during the prenatal period is a principal antecedent to cognitive impairment after birth. In this study we have investigated the duration, severity and timing of acute hypoxia during chick embryonic development to elucidate the relative importance of these factors. Our results show that 24 h of hypoxia (exposure to 14% oxygen) at embryonic day 10 (E10) results in significant impairment of intermediate and long‐term memory in the post‐hatch chick, which is the same as we observed with 4 days of hypoxia. At E14, 24 h of hypoxia, 5 min of anoxia, but not 1 h of hypoxia, resulted only in impaired long‐term memory; the same as 4 days of hypoxia from E14. Corticosterone levels, measured post‐hatch as an indicator of a stress response, were significantly elevated in response to E10 hypoxia, and E14 hypoxia (both 1 and 24 h) and anoxia. In a separate experiment we exposed embryos to 24 h of hypoxia from E6 to E16, and found that memory deficits resulted from hypoxia at E9 and E10, and E13–E15, while corticosterone concentrations at hatch were significantly raised following E10–E16 hypoxia. These results demonstrate that the developmental age when the insult occurs determines the nature of the cognitive deficit and, if the severity of the insult is sufficient, then the outcome, or deficits in memory ability, are consistent whether the insult is acute or chronic. Importantly, there are two critical stages in development, which in the chick are around E10 and E14, when acute hypoxia results in significant adverse cognitive effects after hatch. These time‐points correspond to two different stages in growth and development.
Detecting Submaximal Effort in Power Grip by Observation of the Strength Distribution Pattern
Authors: GÜLKE J. , WACHTER N. J. , KATZMAIER P. , EBINGER T. , MENTZEL M.
Published: August 2007

This study examined patterns of grip strength when maximal and submaximal effort are applied. Using a sensor glove, 50 healthy subjects performed two different power grips. Both maximal and submaximal gripping showed characteristic patterns of strength distribution that were independent of the degree of power applied. Significant differences were also noted in the strength distribution patterns, depending on whether the grip was performed at maximal, or submaximal, strength. The small finger plays a decisive role in this. In maximal strength gripping, the total measured strength is distributed relatively evenly over all four fingers, with each finger contributing between 23% and 27% of the total strength. In submaximal strength gripping, the little finger is involved very little and only contributes between 14% and 15% of the total strength, with the remainder of the gripping distributed relatively evenly between the index, middle and ring fingers, each of which contributes between 26% and 32% of the total.