bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing the effects of root architectures on the dynamic of soil water infiltration using dye infiltration experiments and Hydrus-1D
Authors: Wang Haofei , Jiang Xiao Jin , Zakari Sissou
Published: May 2022

Soil water infiltration has always been associated with root
architecture. In this study, we used dye infiltration experiments and
HYDRUS-1D to quantify the effects of different root architectures on the
dynamic of soil water infiltration, volumetric water content, and soil
water pressure head. The results provide evidence that root channels
acted as preferential flow paths for the infiltration and percolation
into the soil. Maize fibrous roots, rubber trees fine roots, and
Spartina alterniflora smooth roots easily penetrated the plough
layer of the agricultural soil, the hard soil layer of the forest site,
and the alternating sandy and mud layers of the intertidal zone,
respectively. The initial and final infiltration rates were
significantly different between the rooted and rootless soil profiles.
The root-induced infiltration events lowered the propagation time of the
wetting front across the rooted soil profile by 33%–113% than the
rootless soil; and the volumetric water content of the saturated zone
increased by 12%–19% in the rooted soil profile relative to the
rootless soil. Furthermore, the soil water pressure head increased from
negative (i.e. unsaturated) to positive (i.e. saturated) in the
saturated soil. This change was more pronounced in maize fibrous root
soil, but less pronounced in the rubber fine roots or the S.
alterniflora smooth root soil. As a result, indicate that the downward
movement, volumetric water content, and soil water pressure head were
higher in the rooted soil than the rootless soil profiles, and the
degree of roots effects depended on the roots architecture, soil
hardness, and soil layer configuration. The findings provide evidence
that root channels can act as preferential flow paths for the water
infiltration and percolation of water into the soil.
Biocatalytic Production of 7-Methylxanthine by a Caffeine-Degrading Escherichia coli Strain
Authors: Mock Meredith , Cyrus Ashley , Summers Ryan
Published: May 2022

7-Methylxanthine, a derivative of caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine), is
a high-value compound that has multiple medical applications,
particularly with respect to eye health. Here, we demonstrate the
biocatalytic production of 7-methylxanthine from caffeine using
Escherichia coli strain MBM019, which was constructed for
production of paraxanthine (1,7-dimethylxanthine). The mutant
N-demethylase NdmA4, which was previously shown to catalyze
N-demethylation of caffeine to produce
paraxanthine, also retains N-demethylation
activity toward paraxanthine. This work demonstrates that whole cell
biocatalysts containing NdmA4 are more active toward paraxanthine than
caffeine. We used four serial resting cell assays, with spent cells
exchanged for fresh cells between each round, to produce 2,120 μM
7-methylxanthine and 552 μM paraxanthine from 4,331 μM caffeine. The
purified 7-methylxanthine and paraxanthine were then isolated via
preparatory-scale HPLC, resulting in 177.3 mg 7-methylxanthine and 48.1
mg paraxanthine at high purity. This is the first reported strain
genetically optimized for the biosynthetic production of
7-methylxanthine from caffeine.
No-reference defect detection for PCB manufacture
Authors: Liu Kang , Huang Ju , Li Xuelong
Published: May 2022

A real-time and accuracy defect detection system is significantly
important for the PCB manufacture. This letter introduces a defect
detection technology for the PCB manufacture without reference images.
We firstly explored the YOLOX method for the defect detection of PCB
manufacture. The core characteristics of the YOLOX method consist of
decoupled head, data augmentation, anchor-free, and dynamic label
assignment. The experimental results demonstrated that YOLOX can
effectively improve the production process and promote production
efficiency, and can be used for the nonstandardized quality control of
PCB manufacture.
Uma revisão na história da 5a edição de A Gênese Parte II - Os eventos relacionados à atualização da obra e à preparação para impressão em 1868
Authors:   ALLANKARDEC.ONLINE - MUSEU ONLINE DO ESPIRITISMO, Ribeiro Jr Adair , Seth Carlos ,   Imagens e registros históricos do Espiritismo, Farias Luciana ,   Obras de Kardec
Published: May 2022

A Gênese é a última obra fundamental do Espiritismo publicada por Kardec ainda encarnado. Ela descreve os conceitos em torno da gênese do universo, da vida, etc., bem como discute e explica os mecanismos de diversos fenômenos espíritas. Recentemente, estudos sugeriram que a 5a edição da obra, atualmente considerada a definitiva, teria sido adulterada, isto é, conteria alterações com relação à edição original que não seriam de autoria de Kardec. Este artigo dá continuidade à pesquisa em torno dos fatos, documentos e história da composição da 5a edição de A Gênese [Parte I publicada em Jornal de Estudos Espíritas 8, 010209 (2020)]. Aqui são analisados os eventos referentes à atualização da obra e sua preparação para impressão, fornecendo evidências de que: i) Kardec demonstrou intenção de atualizar sua obra e acrescentar conteúdo novo pouco tempo depois do lançamento da sua 1a edição; ii) os Espíritos concordaram e deram conselhos sobre esse conteúdo; e iii) os clichês utilizados na impressão da 7a edição de A Gênese foram produzidos a partir de matrizes, as quais foram confeccionadas a pedido de Kardec, em 1868, e congelaram numa forma os tipos móveis com o texto definitivo atualizado por ele. Esse último item, ao nosso ver, impediria a realização de uma alteração póstuma no conteúdo da obra, a menos que o secretário de Kardec, os responsáveis pela tipografia e galvanoplastia tenham dado falso testemunho. Outros elementos que mostram a legitimidade da autoria da Kardec na preparação da 5a edição de A Gênese são comentados e analisados.
C-reactive protein is a more valuable marker in predicting the severity of complications in measles-affected children compared to blood cells count-derived inflammatory indices
Authors: Stojiljkovic Marija , Miljkovic Mirjana
Published: May 2022

Background/Aim. Measles is a contagious disease with a good prognosis; however, severe complications may sometimes develop. C-reactive protein (CRP) and blood cells count-derived inflammatory indices ? granulocyte-lymphocyte ratio (GLR), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), monocyte to lymphocyte ratio (MLR), mean plate-let volume (MPV)/platelet count ratio (MPR), red blood cell distribution width (RDW), and MPV are the indicators related to the clinical outcome in various inflammatory diseases. The aim of the study was to analyze the values of CRP, blood cell count, GLR, PLR, MLR, MPR, RDW, and MPV in measles-affected children compared to healthy controls and between measles-affected children with complicated and severely complicated measles form. A particular aim of the paper was to assess the suitability of inflammatory-derived markers for predicting the severity of the disease. Methods. The study included 55 measles-affected children who developed complications (examination group), while the control group included 30 healthy children. The first peripheral blood count, obtained on the first hospitalization day (before treatment), was used for further analyses. Results. The white blood cells, lymphocytes, monocytes, and platelets count were significantly lower, while GLR, PLR, MPR, and CRP were significantly higher in measles-affected children (p ? 0.05). In severely complicated measles form, significantly higher values of granulocytes, CRP, GLR, and PLR were documented, including lower lymphocytes (p ? 0.05). A linear regression analysis showed that CRP was the only indicator with predictive significance for the severity of the course of measles. Conclusion. The blood cell count-derived inflammatory indices should not be crucial in assessing the severity of measles in children. CRP was the most valuable predictive factor for the development of the severe course of measles in measles-affected children.
Abdominal injuries in road traffic accidents – an autopsy study
Authors: Slovic Zivana , Vitosevic Katarina , Mihajlovic Filip , Trifunovic Aleksandar , Todorovic Milos
Published: May 2022

Background/Aim. Traffic accident injuries are a major public health problem worldwide, with millions of people dying every year. Although the improvement of traffic safety is based on preventive action, it is necessary to conduct an analysis of victims in traffic in order to prevent future traffic accidents with the help of such findings. The aim of the study was to determine the manner of occurrence of abdominal injuries (AIs), gender differences, and the sitting position in the vehicle that affects the severity of AIs, as well as which AIs lead more often to fatalities in traffic accidents. Methods. Materials for the present study were collected from the medico-legal autopsies, showing AIs that occurred in road traffic accidents. The total number of people who died from sustained injuries or complications of the injuries after road traffic accidents was 525. Results. In the study sample, 38.3% of subjects sustained abdominal trauma. Men were more likely to have AIs, and passengers in the front seat and motorcycle drivers were identified as the most vulnerable category of these types of injuries. The liver was the most commonly injured abdominal organ. Liver destructions, liver lacerations, spleen lacerations, intestinal injuries, the simultaneous occurrence of head, chest, and AIs, or the simultaneous occurrence of head and AIs in a higher percentage led to death at the scene. Conclusion. The results of this study represent the basis for creating educational content for all traffic participants as well as the legislation in the field of traffic safety.
Milton's Rhetoric: Satan and the ‘Unjust Discourse’
Authors: Steadman John M.
Published: May 2022

Satan's role in Paradise Lost reflects the Socratic-Aristophanic contrast between Just and Unjust Discourse, or true and false eloquence. Through such devices as verbal echoes, explicit rebuttals, and inherent contradictions, Milton portrays in Satan the character of the arch-sophist. In most of Satan's speeches there is a fundamental difference between passages that reveal character (ethos) and those that display a specious character or intent through rhetorical skill or “thought” (dianoia). Neglect of this difference has caused critics (Waldock especially) to confuse Satan's real character with his feigned character and to claim that Milton's “level of commentary” clashes with his “level of demonstration.” The alleged “degradation” of Satan actually consists in the increasing prominence of his role as deceiver. The extent to which he consciously and unconsciously deceives both himself and others can be seen when each speech is examined in relation to its particular circumstances, its function in furthering the plot, and the role of the person addressed. Milton emphasizes dianoia more than other elements of epic because his prime subject is the development of spiritual values through the testing of both reason and will.
“Lycidas”: The Swain's Paideia
Authors: Friedman Donald M.
Published: May 2022

Lycidas is an embodiment of the long process of education Milton underwent for the task of writing epic. The experience of its speaker, the “uncouth swain,” is primarily that of struggle. Milton believed that man fails to see truth partly because he fights actively against it. The swain tries to shield himself against the pain of reality by casting his experience in the modes of pastoral convention. But each attempt to substitute idealized memory or symbolic analogy for actuality is defeated, in part because the language of pastoral itself points toward a transcendent redefinition of its meaning. The swain's view of his poetic vocation changes during the poem, and when he at last abandons his attempts to surround Lycidas’ death with literary artifice, he is granted a vision of Lycidas’ true state. In the “consolation passage” the poet speaks for the first time to a human audience, and takes on the double burden of knowledge and pastoral responsibility. The psychological pattern of resistance and acceptance is reflected in the recurrent conflict Milton records between his eagerness to attain and use full poetic powers and his willed submission to God's providence. In Lycidas this battle is fought out in the form of discovery of the true meaning of “shepherd” the language of the passage of consolation leads directly to the new shepherd who prays for inspiration at the beginning of Paradise Lost.
Milton's use of Color and Light
Authors: Koehler G. Stanley
Published: May 2022

In the use of color Milton's poetry shows the workings of two influences other than the purposes of description and the dictates of personal taste. One is the influence of emblematic tradition in the meaning of individual colors; the other is the practice of classical literatures. Many of Milton's terms are derived from the color usage of Homer or Virgil rather than from the direct observation of nature. Where emblematic meanings enter, the interpretation is at times complicated by the ambivalence of color symbolism, which shifts meanings with variations of hue and context. It would appear, however, that both in using and in avoiding certain colors, especially in the areas of red and yellow, Milton is affected by emblematic connotations which such colors have had, in both the secular and the religious spheres of meaning. Where Milton's own taste may be thought to govern, there is a marked preference for richness of texture rather than brightness of hue, a preference that is seen in his tendency to favor colors from the midspectrum. As Milton grew older, he inclined toward the use of light and dark rather than effects of color, a development which should be attributed to his own increasingly baroque temper rather than to any physical limitations in vision.
Iterative Figures and Images in “Paradise Lost”, XI–XII
Authors: Durkin Sister Mary Brian
Published: May 2022

Although lacking the epic power of the first books of Paradise Lost. Books XI and XII have significant merits. By panoramic visions and narration, Michael not only shows Adam the consequences of his disobedience, but teaches him how to live in a world unparadised; it is not the biblical events but their effect on the mind and heart of Adam that is noteworthy. Michael's terse counsels and Adam's references to him as guide, seer, and teacher emphasize the instructional importance of the books. Rhetorical figures, particularly anadiplosis, polyptoton, climax, ploce, anaphora, and epanalepsis, heighten lessons concerning aspects of life: war, peace; famine, plenty; freedom, slavery; thought and structure complement each other. Effectively employing alliteration, onomatopoeia, and assonance, Milton combines sound and sense with purpose and structure. Descriptions rich with metaphors, stated or implied, and references to color reveal the author's unimpaired aural and visual imagination.
“Paradise Lost” and the Theme of Exodus
Authors: Shawcross John T.
Published: May 2022

The myth of exodus is distinguished from the myth of return by repetitive stages of ritual, moving linearly through time, rather than by cyclic recurrence. Exodus mythologizes the means by which man will eventually reach heaven: through successive stages of trial and purgation. The Exodus of the Israelites from the bondage of Egypt into a wilderness is a metaphor for faith in the outcome of trial and purgation; it is a type of the leading of Jesus into the desert. Paradise Lost, while frequently citing biblical accounts connected with the Exodus, presents the original mythic occurrence of exodus as Adam and Eve leave their formerly secure world to embark upon the wilderness of life. The successive exoduses of man are shown in Books XI and XII. The exodus myth exists further in the fabric of the poem in the roles played by Moses, Raphael, and Michael. The aim of successive exoduses is to transform the hardened heart into “th'upright heart and pure,” to achieve the Paradise within. The hortus conclusus out of which Adam and Eve emerge to face the world before them indicates the source of the myth: the delivery of the child from its mother's womb.
Symbolic Landscape in “Paradise Lost”
Authors: Knott John R.
Published: May 2022

Milton reshaped the tradition of the earthly paradise in significant ways. His Eden is never static or pictorial, and its landscape is novel in its fluidity, spatial depth, and sense of order. By emphasizing the repose of Adam and Eve and their harmony with the landscape Milton made his paradise resemble a Christianized Arcadia; it has affinities with the Arcadian landscapes of such painters as Giorgione and Poussin as well as with literary Arcadias. The elegiac mood that distinguishes Eden from simpler kinds of pastoral extends to other descriptive passages in the poem. In its landscape as in other features heaven is the true image of perfection. This perfection is reflected in Eden and parodied in the grotesque distortions of the landscape of hell. The devastation that results from the Fall shows that Eden, unlike the fictional Arcadia, cannot absorb the presence of death. When Adam descends to the “subjected plain,” he must replace the otium of his life in Eden with an inner peace, self-attained and independent of the external world.
Parody of Style in Milton's Polemics
Authors: Rosenberg D. M.
Published: May 2022

Because Milton believed language to be an external manifestation of inner spirit, he exposes his political and religious adversaries’ corruptions of style by impersonating them. By parodying their linguistic abuses, he supports his assertions about their dishonesty and ignorance. His verbal range is broad and various, shifting from mockery of High-Church grandiloquence, to burlesque of commercial jargon, to rough satire. He uses his own plain, concrete diction, however, as a moral and stylistic norm. Ridicule of Bishop Hall's peculiar diction and aphoristic phrasing plays an important part in Animadversions and An Apology. Through parody, Milton awakens his readers’ perceptions, persuading them to participate with him in the controversy over church reform and religious liberty.
Samson's Other Father: The Character of Manoa in “Samson Agonistes”
Authors: Hoffman Nancy Y.
Published: May 2022

While not the protagonist of Milton's drama, Manoa, nevertheless, is the character who ties the action together through beginning, well-known “middle,” and ending. Milton's expansion of Manoa's role and limitations as earthly father deepens the ironies of Samson's search for some sign from his heavenly father and thus heightens the dramatic tension. The differing and developing responses of Manoa and Samson, as father and son, to the same experience intersect and interact, defining each other by contrast. Samson is the son larger than life, caught in life and reaching beyond it and beyond his physical and spiritual blindness; Manoa is the too-human father, trapped by the limitations of his own vision and by his relationship to his son. The ambiguity of the drama—whether it be tragedy or triumph or both—perhaps derives from the polarities of father and son.
Milton and the Epic Epithalamium
Authors: McCown Gary M.
Published: May 2022

In Paradise Lost Milton alludes to conventions of the classical epithalamium both to praise the wedding of Adam and Eve and, ironically, to adumbrate its desecration. Book IV shows his positive imitation of images and plot from Catullus 61, undoubtedly the most influential lyric epithalamium revived in the Renaissance. For his epideictic style, however, Milton draws upon traditions of the epic epithalamium whose topics of “proemium,” “praise of the love that rules the world,” and “praise of the nuptial couple” he develops to elevate proper marital virtues. Comparison of Milton's epithalamium for Adam and Eve with others composed by hexameral poets such as Du Bartas, Andrew Ramsey, and Jacob Cats reveals how Milton's version follows Christian humanists’ qualification of certain topics found in secular epithalamia. Especially significant is the humanists’ dispraise of material splendor and their substitution of a new topic glorifying the natural simplicity manifested in the Edenic setting for Adam and Eve's wedding. A final qualification of the pagan genre is located in Michael's presentation of the fallen world in Book XI. Here Adam is shown a pagan wedding in progress so that he may learn how it desecrates Christian marital virtues.
Paradises Lost and Found: The Meaning and Function of the “Paradise Within” in “Paradise Lost”
Authors: Blackburn Thomas H.
Published: May 2022

Michael, in Book XII of John Milton's Paradise Lost, promises Adam that the woeful consequences of his Fall may be mitigated by the achievement of a “Paradise within.” This inner paradise differs both from the irrecoverably lost paradise of Eden and from the “perfect glorification” of the faithful in an actual eternal paradise at the end of the world. The paradise promised Adam and his progeny in this world is that “imperfect glorification” characterized in Christian Doctrine Bk. II, ch. 25, as “the state wherein... we are filled with a consciousness of present grace and excellency, as well as with an expectation of future glory, inasmuch that our blessedness is in a manner already begun.” To partake of this blessedness one must participate in the divine vision of time as a single moment. For Adam, Michael in the last two books of Paradise Lost makes possible such participation. Through style and structure the epic as a whole encompasses in a single poetic unity both the temporal reality of the loss occasioned by the Fall and the eternal actuality of God's glorification of the faithful. It thus not only embodies the poet's participation in the eternal vision, but also allows a reader to share in it, and thereby discern the possible paradise within himself.
The Style and Structure of Milton's “Readie and Easie Way”
Authors: Stavely Keith W.
Published: May 2022

The second edition of The Readie and Easie Way was published when all politically conscious Englishmen knew that a restoration was imminent. A recognition of this fact, and its near-tragic implications for Milton's cause, governs the style and structure of the pamphlet. When Milton contemplates the forces leading England to the Restoration, his coordinate, linear style implies that the situation is beyond rational control. When he proposes his ready and easy way, his more structured style generates an image of the politics of pure reason. These two styles alternate throughout the tract and create a pattern of futile but heroic political struggle. Periodically, Milton makes his serenely rational plan more detailed and socially comprehensive, but the intervals between these propositions are filled with denunciations of political reality, insinuations that no republican solutions are feasible at the moment. As this pattern unfolds, suggestions of political fantasy, suggestions that Milton realizes his plan is all too ready and easy, become more and more prominent in the positive or rational sections. The tract concludes with a sentence in which the style of reasoned presentation is gradually replaced by the style of futility. Realism defeats the fulfillment of wishes, but does not quite extinguish political commitment.
WHAT IT'S LIKE TO READ "L'ALLEGRO" AND "IL PENSEROSO"
Authors: Fish Stanley E.
Published: May 2022

Rosemond Tuve has written that the pleasures enumerated in L'Allegro all have "the flat absence of any relationship to responsibility which we sometimes call innocence." This paper argues that the experience of reading the poem is itself such a pleasure, involving just that absence. L'Allegro is so structured that at no point is the reader held responsible for an action or an image or a unit of thought beyond the moment of its fleeting appearance in a line or couplet. Rather than compelling attention, the verse operates to diffuse attention, and, as a result, we move from linguistic event to linguistic event with almost no hostages from our previous experiences and therefore with no obligation to relate what we are reading to what we have read. In the act of reading the poem, we experience as a gift (from Milton) the care-less freedom which is its subject. In contrast, the activities required of us in the act of reading Il Penseroso are consistently and self-consciously strenuous. Rather than permitting us to move from one discrete unit to another, the verse of the second poem binds us to the cares of consecutive thought—the care of attending to implications, the care of carrying into one line or couplet the syntax or sense of previous lines and couplets, the care of rendering judgments and drawing conclusions. Here, then, is a new answer to an old question: who or what are L'Allegro and Il Penseroso? L'Allegro and Il Penseroso are the reader: that is, they stand for modes of being which the reader realizes in his response to the poems bearing their names. This analysis can be supported by the previous criticism if it is regarded as a disguised report of what readers have all the while been doing as they negotiate these poems.
The Dissolution of Satan in “Paradise Lost”: A Study of Milton's Heretical Eschatology
Authors: Brodwin Leonora Leet
Published: May 2022

The heretical eschatology of Paradise Lost has never before been recognized because it deviates from the orthodox position on eternal torment expressed in De Doctrina Christiana. Though masked by a consistent strategy of ambiguity and omission, the apocalyptic passages in the epic suggest the heretical belief in the final dissolution of Satan, of the men and angels he perverted, and of hell itself, as contrasted with the exclusive resurrection of the just to eternal life. Other passages which seem to support a belief in eternal torment are seen to embody two special strategies: the identification of this belief as a Satanic doctrine, or the suggestion of its questionable effectiveness as a deterrent to sin. A study of the Enoch reference (XI, 701–10) reveals scriptural and pseudepigraphal sources of this heresy, but a closer source is the eschatology of the Socinian sect and its Italian Anabaptist antecedents. Milton's knowledge of Socinian works and agreement with other Socinian heresies has long been established. His further agreement with Socinian eschatology in Paradise Lost, though covertly expressed because of the peculiar social dangers thought to attend dissemination of this heresy, had many parallels in Interregnum England, including not only Hobbes, as previously recognized, but also Overton; and it illuminates the ethical contrast between Adam's reverent choice of life and Satan's “heroic” choice of death, an end which informs Milton's critique of conventional heroism.
Speech in “Paradise Lost”
Authors: Sherry Beverley
Published: May 2022

In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries several treatises (religious, philosophical, and rhetorical) discussed the Fall of Man as involving a corruption of mankind's speech. In Paradise Lost we witness a dramatization of that corruption. Adam and Eve lose what Thomas Wilson, in his Arte of Rhetorique (1560), calls the “Eloquence first giuen by God”; their speech is confounded in the way Godfrey Goodman describes fallen man's speech in The Fall of Man (1616). This confounding of their utterance is particularly noticeable in Adam and Eve's speech rhythms, which in the context of Paradise Lost are transformed from a celestial to an infernal resemblance. Adam and Eve's conversation also suffers an impairment, so that by the close of the poem they have inaugurated what Richard Allestree in The Government of the Tongue (1675) calls “our rusty drossy Converse.” Their conversation with each other has been changed and limited, their converse with God and the angels virtually lost. The poem itself, however, curiously makes up for this fall in Adam and Eve's speech. The poet projects himself as a fallen man, a son of Adam and Eve, but as a man conversing freely with God and graced with an eloquence given by God. The poem itself is in fact the result of the poet's converse with God.
MILTON'S MOON
Authors: Griffin Dustin
Published: May 2022

In discussing the sublimity of Paradise Lost, Addison distinguished between the turbulence of the War in Heaven and the “composed and sedate majesty” of the Creation. The moonlit evening in Eden (PL IV, 598–609) is a supreme instance of that milder sublime and one of the great moments of the poem. At the climax of Milton's description of the arrival of evening, the moon “unveil'd her peerless Light, / And o'er the dark her silver mantle threw.” This startling moment is an emblem of divine presence and protectiveness in unfallen Eden. Familiar with moon lore and with poetic descriptions of the moon, Milton shunned allegorical links to the Virgin and the historical church and seemed to associate this unveiling-investing gesture with Christ, the “unclouded deity,” with the Creator who invests the world “as with a mantle,” and with the process of poetic creation in a poet, his eyes “veiled,” who prays that mists might be purged and that he himself might be “clothed in light.” But after the Fall, the benign and creative moon is simply “blank."
"L'ALLEGRO, IL PENSEROSO", AND “THE CYCLE OF UNIVERSAL KNOWLEDGE"
Authors: Council Norman B.
Published: May 2022

The subject of L'Allegro and Il Penseroso is the experience of education as Milton conceived it. All his statements on education assume the ideal expressed in the Seventh Prolusion: to aspire to a time “when the cycle of universal knowledge has been completed.” This idealization of the humanist educational tradition leads Milton to reject as partial any education fettered by vocational goals. The apparent anomaly in the tradition, that a few “good writers” were thought to provide the total experience necessary to moral insight, anticipates Milton's representative and emblematic technique in the poems. Active Mirth and contemplative Melancholy divide experience between them. Within this frame, Milton identifies the educational experience that L'Allegro and Il Penseroso acquire as archetypal and ubiquitous. The temporal patterns, the natural images, and the cultural tradition which each observes provide the total experience and “immortality in the past” that Milton's educational theory promised. The particular experience of each figure emblematically represents all experience. The consequence for both is the harmonious poetic vision that Milton's ideal education constantly sought. One vision neither excludes nor includes the other. Two leaves of a diptych, L'Allegro and Il Penseroso together provide the picture of Milton's “cycle of universal knowledge."
THE DREAD VOICE IN “LYCIDAS"
Authors: Christopher Pecheux Mother M.
Published: May 2022

Preoccupation with the two-handed engine in Lycidas has obscured a question raised by the lines which follow: Why is the “dread voice” which has just uttered the denunciation of the clergy said to shrink the streams? Examination of the biblical context of the lines indicates that the shrinking of the streams may be related to the drying up of the Red Sea at the Exodus; this possibility in turn reinforces the suggestion made some years ago that the speaker described as “the Pilot of the Galilean lake” is not necessarily St. Peter. Exegetical tradition, literary precedents, and Milton's other works support the theory that the figure is a composite of Moses, Peter, and Christ. Such an interpretation is in harmony with the allusive ambivalence so markedly present elsewhere in Lycidas. Moreover, the biblical overtones of the dread voice help to define the structure of the poem as a progression from pagan consolation through the partial enlightenment given by the Old Law to the final revelation of the New, a movement reflected in the echoes throughout the poem of its opening phrase, “yet once more."
"DE DOCTRINA CHRISTIANA": ITS STRUCTURAL PRINCIPLES AND ITS UNFINISHED STATE
Authors: Campbell Gordon
Published: May 2022

Milton's De Doctrina Christiana was conceived as a systematic exposition of Christian teaching. The method according to which Milton systematized his theology was that outlined in his Artis Logicae. Milton begins with a definition, then distributes this definition into its integral parts, and continues with this procedure until he arrives at the indivisible elements of theology. The parts of the treatise are joined together by formal transitions, as recommended in the Artis Logicae. The last five chapters of Book I of De Doctrina are internally confused, not connected to the preceding chapters with an adequate transition, and not integrated into the structure of the rest of the treatise. A series of deleted notes in the manuscript shows that the treatise once stood in ten parts. Milton had apparently completed the reorganization of everything except the sixth part. De Doctrina Christiana must accordingly be seen as unfinished.
Milton and the Renaissance Circe
Authors: Brodwin Leonora Leet
Published: May 2022

Milton's lifelong preoccupation with the Circe myth has not previously been given comprehensive analysis and, where noted, has been misjudged through exclusive reference to the allegorized Circe of Renaissance mythographers, an allegorical approach to brutishness Milton uniquely associates with political and psychological tyranny in his prose and continues to employ similarly in his last three major works. But the Renaissance literary tradition of Ariosto, Tasso, and Spenser went directly to the Homeric source, which depicted not merely the archetypal, swinish metamorphosis but two additional and progressively less embruting temptations, the second temptation of effeminating sex and the third of enervating idleness. Milton's primary use of Circe follows this tradition in distinguishing the three Homeric temptations and focusing upon the higher appeals, which his successive treatments reformulate in increasingly elevated moral terms. Elegy I defines the second, sexual temptation, its rural setting reappearing in L'Allegro, Lycidas, Paradise Lost (Satan's reaction to Eve), and Paradise Regained; the third temptation is defined as festivity and mirthful art in Elegy VI and as ignorant happiness in Prolusion VII. In Comus, these temptations are reformulated to include marriage and a devotional enjoyment of worldly good. Comus' temptation approximates Adam's Unfällen condition in Paradise Lost, and uxoriousness now constitutes the Circean temptation to needed patience. Finally, in Samson Agonistes, the regained patience which redeemed Adam becomes the ultimate temptation of Circe, a figure who has primarily embodied, for Milton, the temptation to renounce higher obligations for the simpler fulfillment of ordinary humanity.
On John Milton's “A Mask at Ludlow”
Authors: Calhoun Thomas O.
Published: May 2022

Considered in the light of its occasion and performance, Milton's A Mask at Ludlow is a family drama about conflict among three age groups: children, adolescents, and adults. The adolescents—Lady Alice and “the Spirit of Youth,” Comus—are distinguished from children and adults by their immediate concern with the problems of erotic love. For the children, Eros is primarily a subject for fantasy; and for the adults, it is a threat to morality and family unity. Lady Alice, age fifteen, sings to Echo and seeks an escape from the perplexing, sensuous world in which she is lost. But, in confronting Comus, she must face the demands of erotic love directly as a true, wayfaring Christian, and accept the trial which can transform her to adulthood. Milton resolves Alice's trial, however, at the expense of Eros and in favor of family unity, thus meeting the demands of the Mask's occasion. The children and adults combine forces not to resolve, but to suppress the erotic dilemma of adolescence. They overcome Comus, and the Lady is released from her own emotions and the trial of growing up. Nature grants her no liberty, but the kind of apotheosis she had earlier wished for from Echo—a return to father and family. Her victory is qualified as the names of Parthenope and Ligea, figures of erotic frustration and introversion, are invoked.
Milton's Evening
Authors: Griffin Dustin H.
Published: May 2022

Eighteenth-century poets and critics admired Milton's “evening ear,” giving particular praise to the arrival of evening in Eden (PL IV, 598–609). They praised Milton for his powers of natural description and evocation of mood but did not remark how this passage seems to contain the poem in miniature. Evening there and elsewhere is an epitome of Eden, leisurely, harmonious, creative, self-renewing, interanimate, sustained by divine presence. By contrast, evenings in Virgil and Renaissance pastoral are often brief, damp, and threatening. Milton focuses on evening as a calm, quiet time, as a gradual process rather than the hurried end of day. In contrast to noon and midnight, times of crisis and decisive action, evening is a time of relaxation, contemplation, and restoration. Although Satan flatters Eve by suggesting that she is the evening cynosure, the narrative voice denies this anthropocentric view and presents evening as an instance of the interanimate unity of all creation. Not so much a precarious balance between day and night, evening is a moving moment, a “grateful vicissitude,” just as Eden itself is marked not by physical and moral stasis, but by ceaseless change. After the Fall, as a measure of all that is lost, evenings become Virgilian—cold, damp, and perilous.
Career Concerns, Investment, and Management Forecasts
Authors: Kim Tae Wook , Li Jing , Pae Suil
Published: May 2022

A firm manager is concerned about both the firm value and the market assessments of his abilities. When investing in a project, he has private knowledge of his project-related ability that interacts with the project investment, and his general ability that produces a cash flow independent of the project cash flow. The concerns about the general (project-related) ability assessment create a signaling incentive to decrease (increase) investment. In the presence of underinvestment (overinvestment), higher-quality earnings information reduces (improves) equilibrium efficiency. When the manager issues an earnings forecast as an additional signaling device, the forecast is upwardly biased, and the equilibrium investment is smaller than that without a forecast. The latter is because the signaling incentive to decrease investment is strengthened. When the manager’s concerns about the general ability assessment are relatively large, he is better off by committing to no forecast. Novel empirical predictions about investment and earnings forecast emerge.

JEL Classifications: D61; G14; M41.
Frivillig frånvaro - om den luddiga övergången till distansundervisning under covid-19-pandemin
Authors: Persson Daniel
Published: May 2022

När vi tittar tillbaka kan det verka som att alla vuxenutbildningar gick över till distansundervisning efter ett myndighetsbeslut, från en dag till en annan, 18 mars 2020. Undervisningen hade dock redan några veckor tidigare börjat påverkas inifrån när lärare och studenter reagerade på den framsvepande pandemin. För att dokumentera och förstå vad som hände skickade jag under andra halvan av mars 2020 enkäter till studenterna på kandidatprogrammet Digitala kulturer vid Lunds universitet som sedan följdes upp med intervjuer av lärarna. Enkäter och intervjuer behandlade om de stannade hemma från eller förändrade sin undervisning på grund av covid-19-pandemin redan innan 18 mars. Tidslinjen visade sig vara luddigare och förloppet mer fyllt av egna ställningstaganden och överväganden än den enkla historieskrivningen att det från en dag till en annan togs ett myndighetsbeslut om distansundervisning. Under mars 2020 var studenterna först att agera och anpassa sig till pandemin, därefter lärarna, sedan universitetsledning. Uppfattningen om förloppet skiljde sig åt mellan lärare och studenter och det tycktes finnas barriärer för kommunikationen dem emellan, när omvälvande externa händelser påverkar universitetet. Förloppet antyder att mikrokulturer av olika förhållningssätt till pandemin tidigt uppstod, förmodat i spänningsfältet mellan omvärldens flitigt mediarapporterade hantering av pandemin och en brist på tydliga riktlinjer från regering, myndigheter och universitetet i mars 2020.
Mennesket i tilsynet: Personlig håndhevelsesstil, lokal tilsynskultur og bedriftsmotstand
Authors: Gezelius Stig S.
Published: May 2022

Hvordan oppstår lokal variasjon i samarbeidsvilje og konflikt mellom tilsyn og næring? Ved hjelp av feltarbeidsdata sammenlignes samarbeidsforholdet mellom tilsyn og næring ved tre slakterianlegg. Forholdet varierer fra høy gjensidig tillit til betydelig grad av motsetning. De lokale samarbeidsforholdene har utviklet seg over tid gjennom selvforsterkende spiraler av henholdsvis tillitsbygging og motstand. Spiralene lar seg i betydelig grad spore tilbake til relasjoner mellom enkeltindivider, til dels langt tilbake i tid. Disse relasjonene har, gjennom spredningseffekter, blitt sementert form av lokale tilsyns- og samarbeidskulturer. Tilsynsetater kan være tjent med å bygge rutiner for å utnytte ønskede, og motvirke uønskede, effekter av personlig håndhevelsesstil. Uten rutiner for å håndtere individuell variasjon, risikerer tilsynet at konflikter stivner i varige relasjoner mellom tilsyn og næringsmiljøer. Kapitlet avsluttes med forslag til hvordan Mattilsynet kan bygge rutiner for å unngå at personavhengige konflikter sementeres i form av langvarige motstandskulturer.
Fra vern mot vold til et liv verdt å leve
Authors: Tolo Elisiv , Nafstad Ola
Published: May 2022

Synet på dyr og dyrevelferd har endret seg over tid. Kunnskap om dette er sentralt for å forstå samfunnsdebatten og spenninger i forholdet mellom myndigheter og dyreholdere. Endringene beskrives i dette kapittelet fra fire perspektiver: historisk-filosofisk, endringer i dyreholdet, lovregulering, og utviklingen av dyrevelferd som eget fag. Varierende kunnskap og ulike oppfatninger av hva som er viktig for dyrene gir grunnlag for konflikter. Det framstilles ofte som om dyrevelferd er noe vi hadde, men som har gått tapt. Flere måleparametere for dyrevelferd viser noe annet. Fram til 2000-tallet var fokus å hindre lidelse og negative forhold. I dag mener vi at god dyrevelferd forutsetter at summen av positive og negative forhold gir dyrene et liv verdt å leve. Utviklingslinja fra dyrevernloven av 1935 til dagens situasjon illustrerer hvordan avveiningen mellom dyrevelferd og praktiske, økonomiske og kulturelle hensyn har endret seg, og at dyrevelferd har blitt tillagt større vekt.
Enhetlig og helhetlig forvaltning? Mattilsynets organisering og styring av dyrevelferdsarbeidet
Authors: Veggeland Frode , Stokstad Sigrid
Published: May 2022

Dette kapittelet ser nærmere på hvilke mulige konsekvenser organiseringen av Mattilsynet kan ha for håndtering av dyrevelferdsarbeidet. To begreper står sentralt: helhetlighet og enhetlighet. Helthetlig forvaltning viser til et felles og klart ansvar for tilsyn som kan styrke forvaltningens samlede evne og kapasitet til å ivareta dyrenes velferd. Enhetlig forvaltning viser til både virkemidler som kan fremme lik forståelse og anvendelse av dyrevelferdsregelverket, og virkemidler som kan fremme faglig kalibrering blant de ansatte, dvs. omforent forståelse av faglige kriterier for vurdering av regelbrudd. Kapittelet viser på den ene siden hvordan Mattilsynet er blitt endret i retning av en mer helthetlig og enhetlig forvaltning, og på den andre siden hvordan Mattilsynet fortsatt har utfordringer knyttet til å oppnå lik og koordinert praksis, både innenfor og på tvers av regioner. Samtidig påpekes behovet for å ivareta inspektørenes rom for skjønn. Det finnes ikke toppstyrte svar på alle problemstillinger i tilsynsarbeidet. Hvis dyrevelferdslovens målsettinger skal realiseres, er det også behov for å vurdere den enkelte sak ut fra den spesifikke konteksten den oppstår i.
I valget mellom straff eller overtalelse – inspektørenes oppfatninger av egen funksjon under tilsyn
Authors: Holm Arne
Published: May 2022

Kapitlet viser at inspektørenes har varierende oppfatninger av egen funksjon, og også varierende oppfatning om årsakene til brudd på dyrevelferdsloven. Tilsynets formelle rammer muliggjør slik variasjon. Kapitlet bruker statistiske data til å studere inspektørenes oppfatninger av funksjonene politi, forvaltningsmyndighet, veileder og konsulent. Funksjonene er i noen grad overlappende, og inspektørene vekter forholdet mellom dem på ulike vis. Funnene kan tolkes som at inspektørenes oppfatning av egen funksjon i begrenset grad er normert i Mattilsynet. Én mulig forklaring kan være at inspektørene har en betydelig skjønnsfrihet, og at det er legitimt å ta situasjonsegne hensyn. Gitt ambisjonen om å utvikle en enhetlig og helhetlig praksis kan dette indikere at Mattilsynets evne eller kapasitet til å utvikle en samstemt kultur på dette området har hatt sine begrensninger.
Språkpolitikk i Slovakia og Tsjekkia etter 1993
Authors: Gammelgaard Karen
Published: May 2022

Abstract: Language policy in Slovakia and the Czech Republic after 1993The establishment of the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic in 1993 sparked challenges for language policy in the two new states. From a linguistic point of view, the Czech and Slovak languages are very similar but the language situations in the two countries differ: Slovakia is home to two sizable linguistic minorities (Hungarian and Romani), whereas Czechia houses several small minority languages. Applying Robert L. Cooper’s and Joshua A. Fishman’s analytical categories and focusing on the activities of national politicians and prominent linguists, this article examines status and corpus planning in the two countries. In Slovakia, politicians have engaged intensely in status planning, focused on legislating Slovak as a state language. The establishment of a state language opened for political interference in corpus planning. In Czechia, status planning started out from a liberal platform in the 1990s, and interest mainly focused on corpus planning. Hotly debated questions of corpus planning put Czech linguistic authorities on the defensive. Increasingly, adaptations to the charters and conventions of the European Council have co-shaped both countries’ language policy. During the period analyzed here, Slovakia has seen the linguistic standardization of Rusyn and Romani, and linguists in both countries have advanced their theoretical understanding of corpus planning.
SHINE AND POVERTY OF SEMANTIC PLATONISM
Authors: Нехаев Андрей Викторович
Published: May 2022

Представлена критика прототеории Д. Катца. Опираясь на принципы семантического платонизма, он предлагает новое понимание отношений между смыслом и референцией. Однако такая позиция сталкивается с тремя сильными возражениями: против некаузальных способов доступа к абстрактным платоническим сущностям (Бенацерраф–Филд–Чейн), против интуиции как способности априорного знания грамматических фактов (Хорвич–Чейн–Оливер) и против медиального статуса конечных интенсионалов в вопросах фиксации референции языковых выражений (Крипке–Богосян–Куш). Без убедительных ответов на эти возражения прототеория Катца не может считаться достойным конкурентом для натуралистических теорий языка.

The article presents criticism of Katz’s proto-theory. Based on the principles of semantic Platonism, he offers a new understanding of the relationship between sense and reference. However, his account faces three strong objections: against non-causal ways of accessing abstract Platonic entities (Benacerraf–Field–Cheyne), against intuition as the faculty to a priori knowledge of grammar facts (Horwich–Cheyne–Oliver), and against the medial status of finite intensionals in matters for fixing the reference of linguistic expressions (Kripke–Boghossian–Kush). Without convincing answers to these objections, Katz’s proto-theory cannot be considered as a fit competitor to naturalistic theories of language.