bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Frost maintains forests and grasslands as alternate states in a montane tropical forest–grassland mosaic; but alien tree invasion and warming can disrupt this balance
Authors: Joshi Atul A. , Ratnam Jayashree , Sankaran Mahesh
Published: July 2019

Forest–grassland mosaics, with abrupt boundaries between the two vegetation types, occur across the globe. Fire and herbivory are widely considered primary drivers that maintain these mosaics by limiting tree establishment in grasslands, while edaphic factors and frosts are generally considered to be secondary factors that reinforce these effects. However, the relative importance of these drivers likely varies across systems. In particular, although frost is known to occur in many montane tropical mosaics, experimental evidence for its role as a driving factor is limited.

We used replicated in situ transplant and warming experiments to examine the role of microclimate (frost and freezing temperatures) and soil in influencing germination and seedling survival of both native forest trees and alien invasive Acacia trees in grasslands of a tropical montane forest–grassland mosaic in the Western Ghats of southern India.

Seed germination of both native and alien tree species was higher in grasslands regardless of soil type, indicating that germination was not the limiting stage to tree establishment. However, irrespective of soil type, native seedlings in grasslands incurred high mortality following winter frosts and freezing temperatures relative to native seedlings in adjoining forests where freezing temperatures did not occur. Seedling survival through the tropical winter was thus a primary limitation to native tree establishment in grasslands. In contrast, alien Acacia seedlings in grasslands incurred much lower levels of winter mortality. Experimental night‐time warming in grasslands significantly enhanced over‐winter survival of all tree seedlings, but increases were much greater for alien Acacia than for native tree seedlings.

Synthesis. Our results provide evidence for a primary role for frost and freezing temperatures in limiting tree establishment in grasslands of this tropical montane forest–grassland mosaic. Future increases in temperature are likely to release trees from this limitation and favour tree expansion into grasslands, with rates of expansion of non‐native Acacia likely to be much greater than that of native trees. We suggest that studies of frost limitation to plant establishment are needed across a range of tropical ecosystems to re‐evaluate the general importance of frost as a driver of vegetation transitions in the tropics.
The role of glycine betaine in range expansions; protecting mangroves against extreme freeze events
Authors: Hayes Matthew A. , Shor Audrey C. , Jesse Amber , Miller Christopher , Kennedy John P. , Feller Ilka
Published: July 2019

Due to a warming climate, mangrove populations within the Gulf of Mexico and along the Florida Atlantic coastline are expanding their range poleward. As mangroves expand their range limit, leading edge individuals are more likely to experience an increased incidence of freeze events. However, we still lack a clear understanding of the mechanisms used by mangroves to survive freezing conditions.

Here, we conducted common garden experiments at different locations experiencing variable winter freeze conditions to show glycine betaine, an organic osmolyte, increases significantly with freeze exposure, playing an important role in the freeze tolerance of Avicennia germinans, a widespread Neotropical mangrove.

We found glycine betaine accumulation was similar across all source populations and freeze exposure locations, suggesting glycine betaine is not a range limit adaptation and is instead used for freeze tolerance by A. germinans irrespective of source population. Plants sourced from populations that experience freezing conditions exhibited greater rates of survival, indicating range edge populations of A. germinans have other heritable adaptations in addition to glycine betaine for freeze tolerance.

Synthesis. Continued mangrove expansion poleward will result in a greater incidence of freeze events for individuals at the leading edge. Our findings suggest freeze tolerance in this species may be genetically based and that leading edge A. germinans have the potential to survive extreme freeze events and recover post‐freeze, allowing for their continued expansion poleward. This process of selective survival may act to promote adaptation of freeze tolerance in range edge populations.
Calycosin induces apoptosis in adenocarcinoma HT29 cells by inducing cytotoxic autophagy mediated by SIRT1/AMPK‐induced inhibition of Akt/mTOR
Authors: El‐kott Attalla Farag , Al‐kahtani Mohammed Ali , Shati Ali A.
Published: July 2019

Autophagy promotes cell survival or induces apoptosis in cancer cells. While SIRT1 and AMPK induce autophagy in both normal and cancer cells, Akt and mTOR can inhibit it. Calycosin, a methoxyisoflavone, protects against several types of solid tumours including colorectal cancer. However, the mechanisms behind the antitumour effect of Calycosin remain largely unknown. This study investigates if autophagy mediates the anti‐tumourigenesis effect afforded by Calycosin and examines if this effect involves activation of SIRT1 and/or AMPK. Human colorectal (HT29) carcinoma cells were cultured under normal conditions with Calycosin (50 μmol/L) in the presence or absence of chloroquine (10 μmol/L), EX‐527 (100 nmol/L, SIRT1 inhibitor), or IGF‐1 (100 ng/mL, Akt/mTOR activator) for 48 hours. Calycosin inhibited cell growth, proliferation and invasion and increased protein levels of Beclin‐1 and LC3II, markers of autophagy. It significantly increased protein levels of cleaved caspase‐3, Bax, and SIRT1, and activity of AMPK and reduced those of Bcl‐2. These effects were parallel with concomitant reduction in protein levels p‐src, integrin‐β1 and Cyclin‐D1 and activities of Akt and mTOR. Inhibition of autophagy by CQ reversed all these effects except cell invasion. Interestingly, co‐incubating the cells with either EX‐527 or IGF‐1 completely prevented Calycosin‐induced autophagy and all other associated effects and increased cell invasion. Also, blockade of SIRT‐1 prevented the activation of AMPK, Akt, and mTOR, suggesting it to be an upstream regulator of these markers. In conclusion, Calycosin stimulates CRC cell apoptosis and inhibits their invasion by acting as SIRT1 activator which induces activation of AMPK‐induced inhibition of Akt/mTOR axis.
How do stroke survivors with communication difficulties manage life after stroke in the first year? A qualitative study
Authors: Wray Faye , Clarke David , Forster Anne
Published: July 2019

Background

Interest in how stroke survivors might be better supported to manage life after stroke has grown rapidly in recent years, with a particular emphasis on enabling ‘self‐management’. Post‐stroke communication difficulties may pose a unique barrier to longer term adaptation and adjustment. It is important to understand how stroke survivors with communication difficulties manage life after stroke and what support may be needed to facilitate this process.

Aims

To explore how stroke survivors with communication difficulties manage life after stroke in the first year.

Methods & Procedures

A cross‐sectional qualitative study involving in‐depth semi‐structured interviews with stroke survivors with communication difficulties (aphasia, dysarthria or apraxia of speech) and/or their family members at single time points during the first year post‐stroke. A total of 21 participants (14 stroke survivors and seven family members) took part in interviews for the study. Interview data were analysed using thematic analysis.

Outcome & Results

A total of six themes were identified: (1) strategies to manage changes to communication; (2) testing communication outside of the home; (3) balancing support and independence; (4) hope for recovery; (5) obtaining support from healthcare professionals; and (6) adapting activities and keeping busy. Stroke survivors with communication difficulties and their family members undertook significant work (practical, relational, emotional) to manage their condition. Adaptation and adjustment was often facilitated by ‘doing’; testing out which activities could be managed independently and which required additional support. Some stroke survivors and their family members demonstrated considerable resourcefulness and creativity in developing strategies to manage their communication difficulties. Despite the work undertaken, many expressed a lack of confidence in their ability and feelings of powerlessness and abandonment at the point of discharge from community services.

Conclusions & Implications

Stroke survivors and their family members develop personally meaningful and context‐specific strategies to adjust to and manage life after stroke. Future interventions should recognize, support and build upon the active work already undertaken by stroke survivors with communication difficulties and their families. Further support before and around the point of discharge from community services may be needed to help build confidence and skills to manage in the longer term. The benefit of a supported self‐management approach for stroke survivors with communication difficulties should be further investigated.
The evaluation of word‐learning abilities in people with developmental language disorder: a scoping review
Authors: Jackson Emily , Leitão Suze , Claessen Mary , Boyes Mark
Published: July 2019

Background

The ability to learn new words is critical in the development of oral and written language, and significantly impacts engagement in social, academic and vocational situations. Many studies have evaluated the word‐learning process in people with developmental language disorder (DLD). However, methodologies for assessment are heterogeneous, creating difficulties in synthesizing findings and identifying gaps in the knowledge base.

Aims

To scope systematically the literature and identify key methodological parameters considered in evaluations of word learning in people with DLD; and to identify gaps in the literature to guide further research in this area.

Methods & Procedures

Twelve databases were searched and a total of 70 studies that met eligibility criteria were identified. The studies were evaluated according to key parameters that researchers varied in their word‐learning methodologies.

Main contribution

Most research has focused on word learning in the oral modality, and specifically in children with DLD. Fewer studies have explored word learning in adults and adolescents with DLD, and in the written modality. Depending on the research question and theoretical perspective driving the investigation, methodologies for assessing word learning considered a range of parameters, including words being learned, learning context and cues to support learning in the tasks.

Conclusions & Implications

This review aggregates a variety of methods used previously to assess word learning. Findings highlight the need for further research to explore areas such as: the learning of varied word types (e.g., adjectives and adverbs); learning in the written modality; and word learning (both oral and written) in adolescents and adults with DLD.
What determines the productivity growth? Evidence from Chinese renewable energy firms by using Bayesian stochastic frontier approach
Authors: Li Mingshan , Sun XiaoHua
Published: July 2019

This paper examines the determinants of the total factor productivity (TFP) growth of Chinese renewable energy firms from 2011 to 2016, using a Bayesian stochastic frontier approach. Employing the “Bauer–Kumbhakar” decomposition method, the TFP growth is decomposed into the technology part and the market part. The empirical results reveal that the TFP improvement of Chinese renewable energy firms is mainly due to technical progress, followed by technical efficiency change. With regard to the market part, the misallocation of production factors has hindered the TFP growth. Our findings also indicate that only for large firms, the TFP growth can benefit from the scale economy effect. Compared with non‐state‐owned firms, state‐owned firms suffer much lower allocative efficiency.
Oral vinorelbine plus cisplatin with concomitant radiotherapy as induction therapy for stage III non‐small cell lung cancer: Results of a single‐arm prospective cohort study
Authors: Hsu Ping‐Chih , Chang John Wen‐Chang , Wang Chun‐Chieh , Wu Chen‐Te , Lin Yu‐Ching , Wang Chih‐Liang , Lin Tin‐Yu , Li Shih‐Hong , Wu Yi‐Chen , Kuo Scott Chih‐Hsi , Yang Cheng‐Ta , Liu Chien‐Ying , Chen Chih‐Hung
Published: July 2019

Background

Concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) is an optimal recommended treatment for stage III non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Herein, we aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of oral vinorelbine plus cisplatin with concomitant radiotherapy for stage III NSCLC.

Methods

This prospective, open‐label, single‐arm, observational cohort study was performed between January 2010 and September 2016. Patients were treated with two cycles of chemotherapy with 60 mg/m2 intravenous cisplatin on day 1 and 50 mg/m2 oral vinorelbine on days 1, 8, and 15; radiotherapy was administered concurrently from day 1 when chemotherapy was initiated. A total dose of 66–70 Gy radiotherapy was delivered in daily fractions of 2 Gy for 6.5–7 consecutive weeks. The tumor response was assessed after completing concomitant treatment.

Results

A total of 58 patients were enrolled and analyzed; 31 patients had stage IIIA NSCLC and 27 had stage IIIB NSCLC. After induction CCRT, 31 patients achieved an objective response (complete response in one and partial response in 30; the response rate was 53.4%). The median progression‐free survival was 6.73 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.42–7.91), duration of response was 12.30 months (95% CI, 5.59–19.01), and overall survival was 24.83 months (95% CI, 19.26–30.21). No treatment‐related mortality was observed, and neutropenia was the most common grade 3 and 4 treatment‐related toxicity (11 patients; 18.9%).

Conclusions

CCRT with the weekly regimen of oral vinorelbine plus triweekly cisplatin was effective and safe for stage III NSCLC.
Applications for deep learning in ecology
Authors: Christin Sylvain , Hervet Éric , Lecomte Nicolas
Published: July 2019

A lot of hype has recently been generated around deep learning, a novel group of artificial intelligence approaches able to break accuracy records in pattern recognition. Over the course of just a few years, deep learning has revolutionized several research fields such as bioinformatics and medicine with its flexibility and ability to process large and complex datasets. As ecological datasets are becoming larger and more complex, we believe these methods can be useful to ecologists as well.

In this paper, we review existing implementations and show that deep learning has been used successfully to identify species, classify animal behaviour and estimate biodiversity in large datasets like camera‐trap images, audio recordings and videos. We demonstrate that deep learning can be beneficial to most ecological disciplines, including applied contexts, such as management and conservation.

We also identify common questions about how and when to use deep learning, such as what are the steps required to create a deep learning network, which tools are available to help, and what are the requirements in terms of data and computer power. We provide guidelines, recommendations and useful resources, including a reference flowchart to help ecologists get started with deep learning.

We argue that at a time when automatic monitoring of populations and ecosystems generates a vast amount of data that cannot be effectively processed by humans anymore, deep learning could become a powerful reference tool for ecologists.
External validation of the Simplified Mortality Score for the Intensive Care Unit (SMS‐ICU)
Authors: Granholm Anders , Perner Anders , Krag Mette , Marker Søren , Hjortrup Peter Buhl , Haase Nicolai , Holst Lars Broksø , Collet Marie Oxenbøll , Jensen Aksel Karl Georg , Møller Morten Hylander
Published: July 2019

Background

The Simplified Mortality Score for the Intensive Care Unit (SMS‐ICU) is a clinical prediction model, which estimates the risk of 90‐day mortality in acutely ill adult ICU patients using 7 readily available variables. We aimed to externally validate the SMS‐ICU and compare its discrimination with existing prediction models used with 90‐day mortality as the outcome.

Methods

We externally validated the SMS‐ICU using data from 3282 patients included in the Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis in the Intensive Care Unit trial, which randomised acutely ill adult ICU patients with risk factors for gastrointestinal bleeding to prophylactic pantoprazole or placebo in 33 ICUs in Europe. We assessed discrimination, calibration and overall performance of the SMS‐ICU and compared discrimination with the commonly used and more complex SAPS II and SOFA scores.

Results

Mortality at day 90 was 30.7%. The discrimination (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve) for the SMS‐ICU was 0.67 (95% CI: 0.65‐0.69), as compared with 0.68 (95% CI: 0.66‐0.70, P = 0.35) for SAPS II and 0.63 (95% CI: 0.61‐0.65, P < 0.001) for the SOFA score. Calibration (intercept and slope) was 0.001 and 0.786, respectively, and Nagelkerke's R2 (overall performance) was 0.06. The proportions of missing data for the SMS‐ICU, SAPS II and SOFA scores were 0.2%, 8.5% and 6.8%, respectively.

Conclusions

Discrimination for 90‐day mortality of the SMS‐ICU in this cohort was poor, but similar to SAPS II and better than that of the SOFA score with markedly less missing data.
Identifying priority conservation areas for a recovering brown bear population in Greece using citizen science data
Authors: Bonnet‐Lebrun A.‐S. , Karamanlidis A. A. , de Gabriel Hernando M. , Renner I. , Gimenez O.
Published: July 2019

Understanding the processes related to wildlife recoveries is not only essential in solving human – wildlife conflicts, but also for identifying priority conservation areas and in turn, for effective conservation planning. We used data from a citizen science program to study spatial aspects of the demographic and genetic recovery of brown bears in Greece and to identify new areas for their conservation. We visually compared our data with an estimation of the past distribution of brown bears in Greece and used a point process approach to model habitat suitability. We then compared our results with the current distribution of brown bear records and with that of protected areas. Our results indicate that in the last 15 years bears may have increased their range by as much as 100%, by occupying mainly anthropogenic landscapes and areas with suitable habitat that are currently not legally protected, thus creating a new conservation reality for the species in Greece. This development dictates the re‐evaluation of the national management and conservation priorities for brown bears in Greece by focusing in establishing new protected areas that will safeguard their recovery. Our conservation approach is a swift and cheap way of identifying priority conservation areas, while gaining important insights on spatial aspects of population recovery. It will help prioritize conservation actions for brown bears in Greece and may serve as a model conservation approach to countries facing similar financial and logistic constraints in the monitoring of local biodiversity or facing challenges in managing rapid population recoveries. Our conservation approach appeared to be particularly suited to identifying priority areas for conservation in areas with recovering wildlife populations and may therefore be used as an ‘early‐warning’ conservation system.
Effect of host plant species of cotton whiteflyBemisia tabaciMiddle East‐Asia Minor 1 (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on the development, survival and reproduction of its predaceous ladybeetleSerangium japonicum(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Authors: Tian Mi , Pumhan Netnapa , Liu Tong‐Xian , Zhang Shi‐Ze
Published: July 2019

The ladybeetleSerangium japonicumhas great potential to control the invasive pestBemisia tabaciGennadius Middle East‐Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) in China. However, whether and how the host plant species ofB. tabaciMEAM1 affectS. japonicumremains largely unexplored.

The present study investigated the influence of five host plant species ofB. tabaciMEAM1, namely tobacco, cucumber, cotton, tomato and eggplant, on the pre‐imaginal development, survival of immature stages, adult weight, adult acquired rate and fecundity ofS. japonicumunder laboratory conditions.

The results obtained indicate that the developmental time from first instar to adult eclosion inS. japonicumwas shortest when fed onB. tabaciMEAM1 reared on cotton and longest on cucumber. The survival rate of immature stages and the adult acquired rate were highest for cotton and tomato and lowest for tobacco. The fresh weight of adults and the number of eggs laid byS. japonicumwere highest for cucumber and lowest for tobacco. The egg hatch rate was lowest for tobacco and highest for tomato.

These findings support suggest that host plant species should be factored into integrated pest management to maximize control efficiency when utilizingS. japonicumto controlB. tabaciMEAM1.
Measurement of extravascular lung water to diagnose severe reperfusion lung injury following pulmonary endarterectomy: a prospective cohort clinical validation study
Authors: Butchart A. G. , Zochios V. , Villar S. S. , Jones N. L. , Curry S. , Agrawal B. , Jenkins D. P. , Klein A. A.
Published: July 2019

The measurement of extravascular lung water is a relatively new technology which has not yet been well validated as a clinically useful tool. We studied its utility in patients undergoing pulmonary endarterectomy as they frequently suffer reperfusion lung injury and associated oedematous lungs. Such patients are therefore ideal for evaluating this new monitor. We performed a prospective observational cohort study during which extravascular lung water index measurements were taken before and immediately after surgery and postoperatively in intensive care. Data were analysed for 57 patients; 21 patients (37%) experienced severe reperfusion lung injury. The first extravascular lung water index measurement after cardiopulmonary bypass failed to predict severe reperfusion lung injury, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.59 (95%CI 0.44–0.74). On intensive care, extravascular lung water index correlated most strongly at 36 h, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.90 (95%CI 0.80–1.00). Peri‐operative extravascular lung water index is not a useful measure to predict severe reperfusion lung injury after pulmonary endarterectomy, however, it does allow monitoring and measurement during the postoperative period. This study implies that extravascular lung water index can be used to directly assess pulmonary fluid overload and that monitoring patients by measuring extravascular lung water index during their intensive care stay is useful and correlates with their clinical course. This may allow directed, pre‐empted therapy to attenuate the effects and improve patient outcomes and should prompt further studies.
Book Reviews
Authors: Downes Stephanie M.
Published: July 2019

The Review summarises the book's guidance on characterisation of uncertainty related to climate modelling, and on communication of the uncertainty sources.
4 The Phenomenology of Neighborhoods in the Early Historic Period of the Indian Subcontinent (3rd Century BCE – 4th Century CE)
Authors: Smith Monica L.
Published: July 2019

Neighborhoods are places of social interdependence expressed in material forms of proximity represented by closely packed households, pathways, and open spaces. Archaeological remains provide the opportunity to analyze neighborhoods as the physical locale of urban residence that included daily routines of eating, sleeping, and self‐care; regular acquisition of provisions; and interactions with other people. However, the experiences of neighborhood interaction were not unique to the urban form. In the Indian subcontinent in the mid‐first millennium BCE, there were three configurations that brought people together into crowded physical and social spaces, each of which provided the opportunity for repeated, standardized, and routinized mutual interdependence: urban settlements, religious pilgrimage centers, and army encampments.
5 Bridging House to Neighborhood: The Social Dynamics of Space in Burkina Faso, West Africa
Authors: Dueppen Stephen
Published: July 2019

Important aspects of the social, economic, and political lives of large villages, towns, and cities are spatially situated within neighborhoods. In ethnohistoric central West Africa, identities derived from multi‐family social “houses” with large membership frequently intersected neighborhood identities. Drawing from archaeological and ethnohistoric examples, this chapter explores how transformations in the nature of houses over time enabled the development of neighborhoods and wards in the region. At the long‐lived settlement of Kirikongo, Burkina Faso (ca. 100–1700 CE), changing house identities were fundamental to a major sociopolitical transformation from a hierarchically organized community to a more egalitarian one. The restructured and now larger settlement was integrated through the physical and social opening of houses to the greater community, including the establishment of crosscutting practices and institutions. The resulting community was rooted in equitable economic interdependence between houses and characterized by a presence of a stronger spatial identity at the settlement level. As these are also typical of ethnohistoric settlements with neighborhoods and wards, the Kirikongo case study provides an example of the potential pathways by which settlements may have successfully combined the strong identities of multi‐family houses into larger, spatially oriented units. In some cases, these changes may have been critical elements for the development of urbanism.
6 Gated Communities, Neighborhoods, and Modular Living at the Early Horizon Urban Center of Caylán, Peru
Authors: Chicoine David , Whitten Ashley
Published: July 2019

This paper examines the shift to enclosed forms of residence and modular living in the context of emerging urbanism during the Early Horizon in the Nepeña Valley, north‐central coast of Peru. During the local Nepeña phase (800–450 cal BCE), complex agrarian groups living in the lower portion of the coastal drainage interrupt constructions at ceremonial centers of the Chavín and Cupinisque religious traditions and relocate on the valley margins, most notably at Caylán (800–1 cal BCE). Regional data suggest that religio‐political turmoil and increased conflicts played a significant role in the nucleation of human groups. Indeed, the following Samanco phase (450–150 cal BCE) is associated with the construction of extensive defensive structures and the relocation of human populations. Architectural data point to the existence of more than 40 gated complexes at Caylán. Based on preliminary excavation data, those are interpreted as multifunctional residences. This paper offers an empirical case study to evaluate the usefulness and flexibility of the concept of neighborhood in the context of co‐resident gated communities. By examining the layout and planning of the Caylán settlement, and the architecture and spatial variability of its multifamily compounds, we consider potential forms of household, community, and neighborhood organizations. Based on excavation data and demographic estimations we explore the heuristic value of the concept of neighborhood to understand face‐to‐face interactions between members of the different gated communities. We suggest that those communities might be comparable to the house societies of anthropological literature. Regional data, meanwhile, suggest that groups merging at Caylán maintained hinterland connections including with agrarian and maritime communities.
7 The Mutable Neighborhoods of the Late Moche Period in the Jequetepeque Valley, Peru
Authors: Swenson Edward
Published: July 2019

An investigation of Late Moche hamlets, hillside ceremonial sites, and large monumental centers in the Jequetepeque Valley (650–850 CE) reveals that neighborhood‐like groupings were tied to rural and kin‐based communities. However, the diversity of settlement types and the non‐fixed nature of Jequetepeque “neighborhoods” reveal that North Coast political landscapes defy reduction to an Asiatic mode of urbanism or related village‐state models. Instead, the distinctive neighborhood configurations are best explained in terms of historically specific religious and political ideologies. In contrast to the permanently occupied cities of Huacas de Moche and Pampa Grande, traditional neighborhoods, understood as spatially bounded social units, poorly describe the densely populated but pulsating political landscape of the Jequetepeque region. Nevertheless, the archaeological evidence indicates that intra‐settlement sociopolitical associations, transcending familial or household allegiances, were consciously maintained and materialized in specific settlements, even when occupation was ephemeral and seasonal. The construction of such (imagined) communities, both within and between different settlements of the Jequetepeque Valley, was determined in large part by rituals of commensality and the sharing of food with tutelaryhuacas.
9 Elements of Cahokian Neighborhoods
Authors: Betzenhauser Alleen , Pauketat Timothy R.
Published: July 2019

American Indian neighborhoods were very much under construction during the late‐eleventh century at Cahokia in the American Bottom region of southwestern Illinois. A social order that transcended pre‐Mississippian village life may now be defined based on large‐scale excavations at East St. Louis and Cahokia proper. Architectural patterns and craft production debris within the greater central complex indicate possible religious, if not political or ethnic, divisions that did not form organically. At least some of this architecture was built specifically for sheltering and engaging other animate beings. The central problems in this analysis are distinguishing residential neighborhoods from other kinds of occupational zones and human neighbors from other‐than‐human residents. To this end, we generate new measures of architectural diversity, density, and positioning to identify the elements of Cahokian neighborhoods and examine how they were created and reconfigured.
12 Pathways through the Archaeology of Neighborhoods
Authors: Wernke Steven A.
Published: July 2019

For such a ubiquitous urban form, neighborhoods have been subject of relatively sparse systematic archaeological scrutiny or theorization. This collection starts with first principles about social vectors of cooperation, and how neighborhoods emerge not only as durable manifestations of cooperation, but as human‐nonhuman assemblages for the production and dissolution of cooperation and community. Much as in the case of “community”, neighborhoods derive their social efficacy and ethos of belonging both through their seemingly irreducible affordances of quotidian interaction and through more or less self‐conscious rituals or habits of affiliation. These both produce and are products of the material remains of neighborhoods that archaeologists study. With this generative view of neighborhood materiality in mind, this essay surveys the landscape of the archaeology of communities, and seeks pathways through the theoretical and methodological challenges it poses, as presented in the contributions to this volume.
Histopathological spectrum of hypersensitivity pneumonitis with clinico‐radiologic correlation
Authors: Mitra Suvradeep , Dhooria Sahajal , Agarwal Ritesh , Das Ashim , Garg Mandeep , Bal Amanjit
Published: July 2019

There is no consensus on the classification of the diagnostic certainty of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) based on the histopathological findings. This retrospective study aimed to describe the clinical and histopathological spectrum of HP. Herein, we also propose different grades of diagnostic certainty. Based on the histology, the cases were classified as: ‘definite HP’, ‘probable HP’, and ‘possible HP’. Of the 47 subjects screened, 30 cases of histologically diagnosed HP (mean age 48.4 years; 50% women) were included. The findings of cellular bronchiolitis, interstitial pneumonia, interstitial granuloma, isolated interstitial multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs), airspace granulomas, isolated airspace MNGCs, and organizing pneumonia were present in 96.7%, 80%, 46.7%, 50%, 10%, 63.3%, and 16.7% cases, respectively. Based on the various combinations of histopathological findings, the cases were classified as ‘definite’, ‘probable’, and ‘possible’ HP in 56.7%, 33.3%, and 10%, respectively. Chronic HP was diagnosed in 56.7% cases based on the presence of fibrosis on histopathology. The histopathological diagnosis of subacute or chronic HP did not corroborate with the disease duration, and 17.6% of the subjects with duration of symptoms of <6 months had evidence of fibrotic disease on histopathology.
Challenging the Universality of Job Resources: Why, When, and For Whom Are They Beneficial?
Authors: Van Veldhoven Marc , Van den Broeck Anja , Daniels Kevin , Bakker Arnold B. , Tavares Susana M. , Ogbonnaya Chidiebere
Published: July 2019

In this paper we introduce the topic of job resources and elaborate on their relevance for research and practice in work psychology. We start out with a brief overview of the historic and current understanding of job resources. Next, we discuss the need for a more nuanced perspective on the effects of job resources and present some ideas on how to move this forward. After these conceptual preliminaries, we introduce the papers in the special issue and conclude with a brief summary of the special issue's key messages.
Sulfonylureas as initial treatment for type 2 diabetes and the risk of adverse cardiovascular events: A population‐based cohort study
Authors: Filion Kristian B. , Douros Antonios , Azoulay Laurent , Yin Hui , Yu Oriana H. , Suissa Samy
Published: July 2019

Aims

Sulfonylureas are recommended as second‐line treatment in the management of type 2 diabetes. However, they are still commonly used also as first‐line treatment instead of metformin. Given the controversial cardiovascular safety of sulfonylureas, we aimed to determine if their use as first‐line treatment is associated with adverse cardiovascular events among patients with newly treated type 2 diabetes compared with metformin.

Methods

We conducted a population‐based cohort study of patients with newly treated type 2 diabetes using the UK's Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Initiators of metformin and sulfonylurea monotherapy were matched on high‐dimensional propensity score, and Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare the rate of cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke, cardiovascular death, and all‐cause mortality) with sulfonylureas vs metformin.

Results

Our cohort included 94 750 patients initiating treatment for type 2 diabetes, 17 612 on a sulfonylurea and 77 138 on metformin. After matching, sulfonylurea monotherapy, compared with metformin monotherapy, was not associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.85–1.25) but was associated with increased risks of ischaemic stroke (HR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.002–1.56), cardiovascular death (HR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.06–1.47), and all‐cause mortality (HR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.45–1.76). This represents an additional 2.0 ischaemic strokes, 3.5 cardiovascular deaths, and 21.4 all‐cause deaths per 1,000 patients per year with sulfonylureas.

Conclusions

Initiating treatment of type 2 diabetes with a sulfonylurea rather than metformin is associated with higher rates of ischaemic stroke, cardiovascular death, and all‐cause mortality.
A risk‐stratification model based on the initial concentration of the serum monoclonal protein and MYD88 mutation status identifies a subset of patients with IgM monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance at high risk of progression to Waldenström macroglobulinaemia or other lymphoproliferative disorders
Authors: Varettoni Marzia , Zibellini Silvia , Boveri Emanuela , Klersy Catherine , Candido Chiara , Rattotti Sara , Ferretti Virginia V. , Defrancesco Irene , Mangiacavalli Silvia , Nizzoli Maria E. , Flospergher Elena , Zerbi Caterina , Bergamini Fabio , Benvenuti Pietro , Brociner Marco , Merati Gabriele , Paulli Marco , Arcaini Luca
Published: July 2019

IgM monoclonal gammopathies of undetermined significance (IgM MGUS) are associated with a risk of progression to Waldenström macroglobulinaemia (WM) or other lymphoproliferative disorders (LPD) of 1–2% per year. We analysed 176 consecutive patients with IgM MGUS to evaluate risk factors for progression. With a median follow‐up of 83 months (1214 person‐years), 15 patients (8·5%) progressed to WM (n = 14) or marginal zone lymphoma (n = 1). The rate of progression was 1·32% per year (95% confidence interval [CI] 0·80–2·20). The serum monoclonal protein concentration and the MYD88 mutation were independent risk factors for progression (Hazard ratio [HR] 23·3, 95% CI 2·0–273·3, P = 0·012 and HR 24·4, 95% CI 2·2–275·3, P = 0·010, respectively). The cumulative incidence of progression, while considering death as a competing event, was 11·6% at 5 years and 38·0% at 10 years in MYD88‐mutated patients with a serum monoclonal protein of 10 g/l or higher, as compared with 0% at 5 years and 1·1% at 10 years for patients with none or one risk factor. This risk‐stratification model is able to identify a subset of patients with IgM MGUS at high risk of progression to WM or LPD who deserve a lifelong follow‐up.
Recovery of decomposition rates and decomposer invertebrates during rain forest restoration on disused pasture
Authors: Stone Marisa J. , Shoo Luke , Stork Nigel E. , Sheldon Fran , Catterall Carla P.
Published: July 2019

Converting forest to pasture can alter the roles of biota in ecosystem functioning, while vegetation restoration should arguably assist functional recovery. Since tests of this are scarce, this study quantifies both litter decomposition rates and their association with decomposer invertebrates, across 25 sites representing different phases of deforestation and subsequent reforestation of rain forest. Open and closed (to exclude macro‐invertebrates) mesh bags containing forest leaves were exposed in the field for up to eight months, and invertebrates were extracted from separate collections of ground surface litter. Sites spanned five vegetation categories (five sites in each): reference states of both old‐growth forest and grazed pasture; unassisted woody regrowth aged 20–50 years on former pasture; and assisted regeneration aged 1–3 and 5–10 years after interventions were applied to similar regrowth. Decomposition rates in open bags were about 50% slower in pasture than old‐growth forest, and abundances of macro‐ and meso‐decomposer invertebrates were 95% and 77% lower, respectively. However, in all restoration site‐types, decomposition rates had recovered to 83% of old‐growth values, and abundances of invertebrate decomposers were similar in old‐growth forest. Decomposer community composition at a broad taxonomic level differed strongly between pasture and all other vegetation types. Exclusion of macro‐invertebrates decreased decomposition rates by only about 3.1%, but decomposition rates in open bags were significantly correlated (across sites) with abundances of both macro‐ and meso‐decomposers, most strongly so for meso‐decomposers. Drawing useful generalizations across studies is impeded by differing methodologies and because few include both agricultural and forest reference sites.
Interventions for management of respiratory disease in young people with cerebral palsy: A systematic review
Authors: Blackmore Amanda Marie , Gibson Noula , Cooper Monica S. , Langdon Katherine , Moshovis Lisa , Wilson Andrew C.
Published: July 2019

Background

Respiratory disease is a leading cause of hospitalizations and deaths in young people with cerebral palsy (CP). It is insidious and multifactorial. Clinical management can be complex. This systematic review describes effects of interventions for the prevention and management of respiratory disease in young people with CP.

Methods

Nine databases (Cochrane, CINAHL, Embase, EMCare, MEDLINE, PEDro, OpenGrey, ScienceDirect, and SpeechBITE) were searched. Eligibility criteria were as follows: the population included at least 50% individuals with CP aged under 26 years, the intervention was for chronic respiratory illness, the outcomes were any measurable indicators of respiratory health or morbidity; the study design could be any original study reporting effects of an intervention on measurable outcomes, and the study was published January 1998 or later. The American Academy for Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine methodology guided study appraisal and synthesis. The review was registered with PROSPERO (reference number CRD42018086314).

Results

The search yielded 3,347 papers; 37 papers (reporting 34 studies) of these met the eligibility criteria. They included 582 participants with CP (ranging from 1 to 77 across studies) with ages from 5 months to 25 years. Interventions were diverse and included: airway clearance techniques, exercise, positioning, mealtime management, salivary management, upper airway interventions, antibiotics, gastro‐intestinal interventions, and spinal surgery. There were no interventions aimed at prevention of respiratory disease in this population. Research designs were classified as Levels 2 (n = 3), 3 (n = 2), 4 (n = 25), and 5 (n = 4).

Conclusions

Evidence for most respiratory interventions for young people with CP is absent or weak. No controlled trials demonstrated significant effects on respiratory morbidity, owing to their scarcity, weak designs, and inadequate power. There is an urgent need for well‐designed prospective controlled studies investigating prevention and management of respiratory disease in young people with CP.
The prevalence and severity of root surface caries across Australian generations
Authors: Hariyani Ninuk , Spencer A. John , Luzzi Liana , Harford Jane , Tan Haiping , Mejia Gloria , Roberts‐Thomson Kaye , Do Loc G.
Published: July 2019

Background

The “failure of success” theory predicts that as subsequent generations of older adults retain more teeth, those additional teeth will experience more oral disease like root surface caries. The theory in relation to root surface caries has never been tested in a cross‐generational study. This study aims to compare root surface caries across generations of South Australian older adults to test the theory and explore risk indicators for root surface caries.

Methods

Data were from the baseline of two South Australian studies separated by 22 years. In both studies, stratified random samples of people aged 60+ years from Adelaide and Mount Gambier were recruited. Dental examinations were performed by trained and calibrated dentists. One of the dental examiners from the earlier study was the gold standard examiner in the second study. Risk indicators included behavioural factors, clinical oral conditions, sociodemographic and socioeconomic status. Root surface caries was assessed as untreated root surface caries (root decayed surfaces [RDS]), treated root surface caries (root filled surfaces [RFS]) and treated or untreated root surface caries (root decayed and filled surfaces [RDFS]) and was presented as the prevalence and summed count. Multivariable models for Poisson and negative binomial distributions were used to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) and mean ratios (MR), respectively, and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).

Results

The current generation of South Australian older adults has significantly lower RDS (PR [95% CI] = 0.65 [0.47‐0.89]; MR [95% CI] = 0.51 [0.35‐0.73]) and RDFS (PR [95% CI] = 0.84 [0.71‐0.99]; MR [95% CI] = 0.76 [0.65‐0.90]) than the previous generation. The RFS in the previous and current generation was similar. Gingival recession, irregular brushing, dental visiting for a problem and smoking were the indicators for RDS, while age, gingival recession, tooth brushing frequency, time since last dental visit and reason of visiting were the indicators for RFS or RDFS.

Conclusions

These results do not support the “failure of success” theory in relation to root surface caries among South Australian older adults. Despite the higher number of teeth retained, the current generation of older adults has less root surface caries than the previous generation. Behavioural factors remain the indicators of root surface caries across the generations.
Large balloon expansion method for re‐intervention after endoscopic ultrasound‐guided hepaticogastrostomy for stent obstruction
Authors: Takenaka Mamoru , Nakai Atsushi , Kudo Masatoshi
Published: July 2019

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Neuromodulation for children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Meoni Sara , Moro Elena
Published: July 2019

This commentary is on the invited review by Sanger on pages 28‐33 of
this issue.
Type 1 diabetes genetic risk score discriminates between monogenic and Type 1 diabetes in children diagnosed at the age of <5 years in the Iranian population
Authors: Yaghootkar H. , Abbasi F. , Ghaemi N. , Rabbani A. , Wakeling M. N. , Eshraghi P. , Enayati S. , Vakili S. , Heidari S. , Patel K. , Sayarifard F. , Borhan‐Dayani S. , McDonald T. J. , Ellard S. , Hattersley A. T. , Amoli M. M. , Vakili R. , Colclough K.
Published: July 2019

Aim

To examine the extent to which discriminatory testing using antibodies and Type 1 diabetes genetic risk score, validated in European populations, is applicable in a non‐European population.

Methods

We recruited 127 unrelated children with diabetes diagnosed between 9 months and 5 years from two centres in Iran. All children underwent targeted next‐generation sequencing of 35 monogenic diabetes genes. We measured three islet autoantibodies (islet antigen 2, glutamic acid decarboxylase and zinc transporter 8) and generated a Type 1 diabetes genetic risk score in all children.

Results

We identified six children with monogenic diabetes, including four novel mutations: homozygous mutations in WFS1 (n=3), SLC19A2 and SLC29A3, and a heterozygous mutation in GCK. All clinical features were similar in children with monogenic diabetes (n=6) and in the rest of the cohort (n=121). The Type 1 diabetes genetic risk score discriminated children with monogenic from Type 1 diabetes [area under the receiver‐operating characteristic curve 0.90 (95% CI 0.83–0.97)]. All children with monogenic diabetes were autoantibody‐negative. In children with no mutation, 59 were positive to glutamic acid decarboxylase, 39 to islet antigen 2 and 31 to zinc transporter 8. Measuring zinc transporter 8 increased the number of autoantibody‐positive individuals by eight.

Conclusions

The present study provides the first evidence that Type 1 diabetes genetic risk score can be used to distinguish monogenic from Type 1 diabetes in an Iranian population with a large number of consanguineous unions. This test can be used to identify children with a higher probability of having monogenic diabetes who could then undergo genetic testing. Identification of these individuals would reduce the cost of treatment and improve the management of their clinical course.