bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Community-Based Physical Activity Interventions for Individuals with Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Scoping Review Protocol (Preprint)
Authors: Quilico Enrico , Swaine Bonnie , Alarie Christophe , Colantonio Angela
Published: January 2021

BACKGROUND

Long-term physical, cognitive, and psychosocial problems resulting from moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) can prevent individuals from returning to preinjury lifestyles because of significant challenges with employment, leisure, and relationships. While physical activity (PA) is proposed as a cost-effective method to alleviate problems after moderate to severe TBI, there is no review to date that synthesizes the evidence for PA in the community-based context. Further, although sex- and gender-based considerations in research are considered requisite to good science, there is no review on PA and TBI that has included this explicit focus.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this review is to map and synthesize the current evidence identified through a systematic search of community-based PA interventions for individuals of all ages with moderate to severe TBI and provide an overview of that evidence by asking the following research questions: (1) what are the characteristics of community-based PA programs for individuals with moderate to severe TBI, (2) what are the reported health-related outcomes and measurement tools used to evaluate them, and (3) what considerations have been given to sex and/or gender?

METHODS

Searches will be conducted of six academic databases for peer-reviewed articles. Two reviewers will independently screen the articles for inclusion and extract data for the analysis. The extracted data will be coded according to the Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template checklist and the Template for Intervention Description and Replication checklist to provide sufficient detail for replication.

RESULTS

The abstract screening was completed by two reviewers and the extracted data were analyzed. A qualitative synthesis and description of community-based PA interventions for individuals with moderate to severe TBI will be provided.

CONCLUSIONS

This scoping review will generate new knowledge from published and publicly available literature. Dissemination of the results will include activities related to knowledge transfer for community-based PA after moderate to severe TBI for future research and practice. Evidence-based recommendations, future directions, potential limitations, use of online/digital components, and the possible need for a systematic review will be discussed as well.

INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT

DERR1-10.2196/24689
Davos@home: patient and health care providers’ perceptions on mHealth use after high altitude climate therapy in severe asthma, a mixed methods study. (Preprint)
Authors: Khusial Rishi , van Koppen Sofie , Honkoop Persijn , Rijssenbeek-Nouwens Lous , Keij Sascha , Drijver-Messelink Marieke , Sont Jacob
Published: January 2021

BACKGROUND

High Altitude Climate Therapy (HACT) includes environmental trigger avoidance in the alpine climate with multidisciplinary clinical treatment. Patients with severe and/or difficult-to-control asthma, who are unable to reach asthma control at sea-level, can follow a 12-week lung rehabilitation program at 1600 meters above sea level. Mobile health (mHealth) tools can be used to enhance self-management in these patients when they return home. In order for an mHealth application to be effective, it needs to meet the expectations of the end-users.

OBJECTIVE

In this Davos@home study we explored the attitudes towards mHealth of severe difficult-to-control asthma patients who underwent HACT and asthma healthcare providers (HCP).

METHODS

Interviews with referrers to HACT, and focus groups with asthma patients who participated in or finished HACT were conducted. Data were analysed thematically. Based on these results a questionnaire was developed. In the second stage of the study this questionnaire, combined with the Asthma Control Questionnaire and the Individual Innovativeness Questionnaire, was distributed to patients who finished HACT.

RESULTS

In total 11 interviews and 3 focus groups (n=18, age 47.6, ACQ 2.6) were conducted. Three themes were identified: potential goals, useful measurements, and perceived barriers and facilitators. The questionnaire included items based on the these results. The most agreed upon goal among the 64 patients who filled out the questionnaire was increasing their asthma control (84% of the patients).

CONCLUSIONS

Different patients reported they would benefit the most from different measures. Therefore it is important to take individual (treatment) goals into consideration. When developing a mHealth intervention it is important to have personalisation options available in order to ensure not to overwhelm the users.

CLINICALTRIAL

The study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Leiden University Medical Center P19.039).
Minimizing Selection and Classification Biases. Comment on “Clinical Characteristics and Prognostic Factors for Intensive Care Unit Admission of Patients With COVID-19: Retrospective Study Using Machine Learning and Natural Language Processing” (Preprint)
Authors: Martos Pérez Francisco , Gomez Huelgas Ricardo , Martín Escalante María Dolores , Casas Rojo José Manuel
Published: January 2021

UNSTRUCTURED

NA
Quality of Virgin Coconut Oil with Addition of Peppermint Oil
Authors: Hanjaya Clarissa , Pranata Fransiscus Sinung , Swasti Yuliana Reni
Published: January 2021

Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is a pure coconut oil made from mature and fresh coconut meat. VCO is consumed for health-related reasons, but the unsaturated fatty acids of VCO are prone to oxidation. Mixing VCO with peppermint oil, which contains antioxidants, inhibits the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids and thus prevents the rancidity of VCO. This research used the antioxidants from peppermint oil to improve VCO quality. VCO contains antioxidants, such as α-pinene, menthol, 1,8-cineol, camphor, flavonoid, borneol, tocopherol, and carotene. The treatments consisted of three peppermint oil concentrations (2.5%, 5%, and 7.5%) in VCO. Results showed that the additionof peppermint oil significantly improved VCO quality. The optimal concentration of peppermint oil in VCO was 7.5% with a water content of 0.05%, a free fatty acid value of 0.13%, a peroxide value of 0.53 mg eq/kg, an iodine value of 4.42 g I2/100 g, a total plate count of 0 cfu/mL, and antioxidant activity of 90.28%.
Analysis of Attributes determining Consumption of Rice in Adamawa State, Nigeria
Authors: Hamid Hamid , Gabul Gabul , Moses Moses
Published: January 2021

The study was conducted in Adamawa State, Nigeria between June to November, 2019. The objective of the study was to investigate attributes which rice consumers consider when purchasing a particular type of rice. Specifically, it identifies attributes which local and imported rice consumers consider when choosing a particular rice type and examine the level of significant of these attributes in influencing choice of rice consumed in the area. The population of the study involved all the households in Adamawa State. However, the research used a sample size of 128 House Hold Heads (HHHs) for the work. Primary data was generated from the respondents through a well-structured questionnaire; however, only 120 questionnaires were retrieved and successfully used to accomplish the objective of the study. Logit regression and ordinary least square models were used to analyzed the data. The results revealed that consumers consider price of rice, swelling capacity, odor, suitability of recipe, cooking duration, taste, shape, and cleanness of a particular rice grain as an attribute before choosing a rice type as this was explained by pseudo R2 0.928 obtained from the logit model. The study concludes that, rice attributes such as swelling capacity, suitability of recipe, cleanliness, grain shape, cooking duration and aroma as well as taste significantly had effects in deciding type of rice to consume by rice consumers in Adamawa State as at the period of study. The study recommends that, any rice to be marketed in the area must be clean and free from unpleasant odor, have good shape, good swelling capacity, taste and suitable for preparation of different recipe. This can be achieved through improvement in research and use of modern processing technologies for both production and processing of rice.
Analysis of Socio – Economic Characteristics of Rice Consumer’s in Adamawa State, Nigeria
Authors: Gabul Gabul , Hamid Hamid , Furo Jafar-
Published: January 2021

The study analyzed socio – economic characteristics of rice consumers in Adamawa State Nigeria. The population of the study involved all the households in Adamawa State. However, the research used a sample size of 128 House Hold Heads (HHHs) for the work. Primary data was generated from the respondents through a well-structured questionnaire, but only 120 questionnaires were retrieved and successfully analyzed to accomplish the study. Descriptive statistics, frequencies and percentages were used to describe the socio-economic characteristics of rice consumers in the state. The result revealed that, majority (62.5%) of the respondents are males, majority (39.1%) aged between 31-40 years and majority (87.5%) were married, majority (50.83%) attended post- secondary education, majority (37.5%) had 6-10 members in their household and majority (41.7%) are engaged in business as major source of livelihood. It also showed that majority (40%) earned at least N50, 000 monthly. Similarly, majority (62.5%) spent N20, 000 monthly on rice. It also revealed that most of the respondents consumed rice on daily basis and purchased up to 25kg per month. The paper reveals that, rice consumers in the area were younger, married, had moderate family size, they are literate, and majority belong to business class and earning moderate income. The study therefore concludes that rice consumption is promising in the area evident from the consumer’s income and monthly expenditure on rice. Despite the great demand potential for rice in the area, it is recommended that, sensitization campaigns on improve patronage of home grown and processed rice will go a long way in increasing the demand for domestic rice.
La enseñanza de la química durante el primer año de la universidad: el estudiante como protagonista de un aprendizaje significativo
Authors: Barraqué Facundo , Sampaolesi Sofía , Briand Laura Estefania , Vetere Virginia
Published: January 2021

El aprendizaje de la Química durante el primer año de la universidad presenta dificultades propias de la diciplina asociadas a lo abstracto de algunos contenidos y a los diferentes niveles de representación necesarios para su abordaje. Además de la dimensión disciplinar, los ingresantes tienen que habitar una institución que se les presenta con reglas y ordenes simbólicos diferentes a los que están habituados y que demanda más autonomía y responsabilidad. Estas características redundan en un importante grado de deserción y un gran porcentaje de alumnos que no logra acreditar las asignaturas.

Este contexto nos interpela acerca de las metodologías tradicionales para la enseñanza de la química durante el primer año de la universidad. Así, nos propusimos diseñar un Curso con Estrategias Alternativas para la Enseñanza de la Química (CEAEQ) que, por sus características y su contexto institucional, se trata de una innovación. La propuesta se estructura en el abordaje de la enseñanza desde una perspectiva que pone al estudiante como protagonista y último responsable de su aprendizaje, adoptando los docentes un rol de guías y colaboradores en este proceso. A través de esta propuesta se pretende, por un lado, acompañar a los estudiantes en el aprendizaje de la actitud proactiva frente al estudio necesaria para abordar las carreras de grado. Por otro lado, se busca sentar las bases teóricas de la Química, estimulando a los alumnos a generar un vínculo con el saber que les ayude a comprender problemáticas de la vida cotidiana y a relacionar la química con temas de importancia para nuestra sociedad.

En el presente trabajo se presenta la propuesta de innovación metodológica, los resultados obtenidos y los desafíos a futuro. El curso fue implementado en dos asignaturas de primer año de carreras de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. Los resultados encontrados nos alientan a seguir explorando herramientas alternativas a las metodologías tradicionales de enseñanza de esta diciplina. 
La evaluación por pares en Educación Superior
Authors: Atarés Huerta Lorena , Llorens Molina Juan Antonio , Marín García Juan Antonio
Published: January 2021

La implicación del alumnado universitario en su evaluación puede contribuir notablemente a su formación académica. Por contra, profesorado y alumnado pueden mostrarse reticentes a esta práctica, por lo que consideramos interesante realizar experiencias que testen el acuerdo de las calificaciones dadas por alumnos y profesores, así como las causas de desacuerdo. En este trabajo se realizó una experiencia de coevaluación en un curso de Química Orgánica, para comparar las calificaciones otorgadas por alumnos y profesor. Los alumnos debían realizar un póster sobre una molécula de interés agroalimentario. Se diseñó una Rating Scale para establecer claramente los criterios de evaluación. En la mayoría de casos no se encontraron diferencias significativas en función del evaluador (p>0.05), y solamente en dos ítems de la Rating Scale, los alumnos otorgaron calificaciones significativamente inferiores al profesor (p<0.05). En ningún caso se observaron diferencias significativas en el sentido contrario. Los grados de acuerdo entre evaluadores fueron muy dependientes del ítem de la Rating Scale. Nuestros resultados demuestran cómo la coevaluación puede ser una excelente herramienta para suscitar reflexiones de gran relevancia educativa, de tal modo que podríamos plantearnos en función del aspecto a evaluar, la conveniencia de asignarlo a un único evaluador (profesor o alumnado).
Respons Pertumbuhan Bibit Kelapa Sawit Akibat Pengaturan Bobot Mulsa Tandan Kosong dan Frekuensi Penyiraman
Authors: Sukmawan Yan , Riniarti Dewi
Published: January 2021

Kekurangan air umumnya menjadi faktor pembatas bagi pertumbuhan bibit kelapa sawit di pembibitan utama.  Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menentukan pengaruh mulsa tandan kosong kelapa sawit dan frekuensi penyiraman terhadap pertumbuhan bibit kelapa sawit yang dipelihara di pembibitan utama.  Penelitian ini telah dilaksanakan di Unit Pembibitan Kelapa Sawit Politeknik Negeri Lampung mulai April 2019 sampai September 2019, menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok dengan dua faktor dan tiga ulangan.  Faktor pertama adalah bobot mulsa (0 g, 100 g, 200 g, and 300 g) dan faktor kedua adalah frekuensi penyiraman (setiap hari, setiap dua hari, dan setiap tiga hari).  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat interaksi antara bobot mulsa tandan kosong kelapa sawit dan frekuensi penyiraman pada diameter batang, laju transpirasi, dan laju fotosintesis bibit kelapa sawit.  Aplikasi mulsa tandan kosong kelapa sawit 200 g dan 300 g yang dikombinasikan dengan frekuensi penyiraman setiap dua hari dan tiga hari mampu menghasilkan diameter batang bibit kelapa sawit yang sama dengan bibit kelapa sawit dengan perlakuan kontrol.  Kelembapan tanah yang rendah di sekitar perakaran bibit kelapa sawit menyebabkan fotosintesis dan ketersediaan hara berkurang.
Perubahan Kadar Air dan Daya Hantar Listrik Benih Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis guineensis L.) Selama Penyimpanan Periode Pendek dengan Kemasan Polypropylene dan Plastik Vakum pada Kondisi Ruang AC
Authors: Arif Mohamad , Palupi Endah Retno
Published: January 2021

Faktor yang mempengaruhi penurunan vigor benih selama penyimpanan adalah suhu dan kelembapan ruang penyimpanan serta kemasan yang digunakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan informasi pengaruh kemasan terhadap kemampuannya dalam mempertahankan kadar air (KA) dan daya hantar listrik (DHL) benih kelapa sawit pada ruang penyimpanan ber-AC. Penelitian dilaksanakan dengan rancangan acak lengkap faktor tunggal yaitu kemasan simpan dengan tiga taraf: plastik polypropylene (PP) satu rangkap (M1), PP dua rangkap (M2), dan plastik vakum (M3). Hasil percobaan memperlihatkan bahwa penyimpanan di ruang AC menyebabkan penurunan KA benih dengan laju yang berbeda antar-taraf dimana terjadi penguapan air dari total air yang ada di dalam benih sebesar 11,47% pada M3, lebih tinggi dibanding M1 (8,13%) dan M2 (6,18%). Meski ketiga taraf memperlihatkan penurunan nilai KA benih, namun kisaran KA pada akhir percobaan (13,8%) masih berada di atas ambang yang diijinkan (10-12%) untuk penyimpanan benih kelapa sawit, sebagaimana nilai DHL pada akhir percobaan (2,69 – 3,04 µS.cm-1.g-1). Untuk penyimpanan jangka pendek selama 104 hari, kedua parameter memperlihatkan korelasi positif dengan nilai koefisien korelasi sebesar 0,77.
Diagnóstico de las estrategias empleadas en producción de las bodegas de aceituna en la región sur del Perú año 2020
Authors: Mendoza Quispe Javier Fernando , Velarde Molina Jehovanni Fabricio
Published: January 2021

El tema de Investigación se desarrolla en el sector olivícola, principal actividad económica de la region Tacna; la cual ha experimentado importantes fluctuaciones de producción las mismas han obedecido a aspectos internos (Bajos niveles de productividad, diversificación de productos, entre otros ) y externos (increment de producción de los países competidores a través incentivos, optimizando procesos con equipos que agilizan la producción y politicas de comercialización (Inteligencia Comercial)).
El sector olivícola al conformarse como una actividad importante para la Región y observer las fluctuaciones negativas y el contexto en el cual se encuentra el sector, motiva para que se realice el mencionado trabajo de investigacion en tres etapas:
Primera Etapa: Diagnóstico de las Bodegas de procesamiento de aceituna; las cuales estan inmersas en la Asociación de Productores de la Yarada y los Palos que procesan y comercializan aceituna de mesa.
Segunda Etapa: En función al diagnóstico de las Bodegas y considerando las exigencias del mercado internacional se evalúa la aplicación de la producción limpia y su implicancia en el manejo de efluentes.
La aplicación de la Producción Limpia se hará referencia a la metodología de la “Guía para la Implementación de la Producción más Limpia” (GP 900.200:2007) la misma que se elaborado por el Comité Técnico de Normalización de Gestión Ambiental, Sub Comité de Producción Más Limpia según R.0052-2007/INDECOPI-CRT. Publicada el 2007-06-20.
 
Tercera Etapa: Por ultimo, se identificará una empresa representativa que este implementando la metodología de la Producción Limpia para analizar sus implicacias en diferentes ambitos económico, financiero, ambiental, etc.
En tal sentido, en el presente articulo cientifico se enfocará a la primera etapa del trabajo de investigacion. En esta Primera Parte se concluye: La gestión administrative debe mantener, fortalecer y mejorar los procesos productivos en las bodegas de la Asociación de Productores y Comercializadores de Aceituna de Yarada y los Palos, es fundamental para que se garantice continuidad de una producción en función a las exigencies sanitarias, fitosanitarias, ambientales y de calidad para insertarse de manera eficiente en el comercio exterior y pueda responder a las exigencies del Mercado interno sobre todo de los importantes grupos retail del país con la finalidad de mejorar su rentabilidad y posición financiera.
Inversión en Investigación, Desarrollo, Maquinaria y Equipo: Desempeño de la Industria Panificadora
Authors: Vélez Osorio Iris María
Published: January 2021

La inversión en actividades de investigación y desarrollo, maquinaria, equipo que permiten la construcción de procesos de innovación en el sector panificador han demostrado mejorar notablemente el desempeño corporativo. En la presente investigación se analizan estas inversiones, en 68 organizaciones del sector panificador, descubriendo el efecto de estas inversiones en investigación y desarrollo, así como en tecnología asociada a maquinaria y equipos; logrando reconocer el impacto positivo para el sector panificador de ambas inversiones, especialmente en una industria con importantes barreras a la innovación y un sistema productivo tradicional. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto la importancia para las organizaciones más pequeñas del sector, la necesidad de una mayor inversión en investigación y desarrollo, y la pronta creación de una política de innovación para el sector panificador.
Targeted miRNA Profiling in Gastric Cancer with Clinical Assessment
Authors: Özel Hikmet Pehlevan , Dinç Tolga , Tiryaki Rafed Sait , Keşküş Ayşe Gökçe , Konu Özlen , Kayılıoğlu Selami Ilgaz , Coşkun Faruk
Published: January 2021

Background The purpose of this study was to determine the alterations of
a specific set of miRNA levels in gastric adenocarcinoma tissues in
order to identify gastric cancer specific miRNAs. Identification of the
relationship between alteration of miRNA expressions and clinical
features of these gastric cancer patients was set as a secondary
outcome. Material and Methods Gastric adenocarcinoma and normal stomach
tissue samples of 20 patients who underwent surgery for gastric cancer
were studied. miRNA expression profiling was performed for 8 miRNAs (2
of which has not been studied in detail for gastric cancer) in a total
of 40 tissue samples using Quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase
Chain Reaction. Alterations in expressions were compared with the
clinicopathological characteristics of the patients. Results Five out of
eight miRNAs were underexpressed in malignant tissues. A decrease in the
expression levels of miR-375-3p, miR-196a-5p, miR-376c-3p, miR-34c-5p,
and miR-767-5p were observed. Furthermore, the expression of miR-662 was
reversely related with age (r: -0,44, p: 0.04933); miR-129-3p and
miR34c-5p levels were correlated with an increase in the number of
metastatic lymph nodes (r: 0,47, p: 0.036495; r: 0,51, p: 0.020289); and
miR-376c-3p levels were negatively associated with smoking (p: 0.04321).
In addition, the variability of miRNA expression in cancerous tissues
was lower than that in normal tissues. Conclusion Alterations in miRNA
expressions in gastric adenocarcinoma tissues compared to healthy
tissues of each individual may serve as a starting point for research
and development of a diagnostic tool for gastric cancer.
Effects of landscape context on different groups of cavity-nesting bees, wasps and the wasps' spider prey
Authors: Lajos Károly , Demeter Imre , Mák Róbert , Balog Adalbert , Sárospataki Miklós
Published: January 2021

In this study our aim was to assess the diversity and distribution of
cavity-nesting solitary bees, wasps and the spider-hunting wasps’ prey
with regards to the influence of landscape context in a study area with
relatively low human disturbance. The study took place between May and
August 2018 at eight study sites in the hilly-mountainous central part
of Romania, where the majority of the landscape is used for extensive
farming or forestry. During the processing of the trap nest material, we
recorded several parameters regarding the nests of different
hymenopteran groups, the spider prey found inside these nests, and also
tested the influence of the landscape structure surrounding the sites on
both hymenopteran groups and spider prey. The majority of nests was
built by the solitary wasp group of Trypoxylon, followed by Dipogon and
Eumeninae. Solitary bees were much rarer, with Hylaeus being most common
group. The groups showed partially differing size preferences concerning
the diameter of the occupied reed stalks. In the nests of Trypoxylon we
predominantly found spider prey from the family of Araneidae, followed
by representatives from the families of Linyphiidae and Theridiidae. In
contrast to Trypoxylon, the wasp group Dipogon preferred spider prey
from the family of Thomisidae. Concerning the hymenopteran groups,
significant effects of landscape structure were found on the number of
both nests and brood cells of Eumeninae and on the number of brood cells
of Hylaeus, Osmia and Trypoxylon. We also found that the diversity of
Trypoxylon spider prey was significantly positively affected by an
increasing proportion of grassland and negatively by an increasing
proportion of woodland. Altogether, our study presents several new
aspects concerning the diversity and distribution of solitary bees,
wasps and the spider-hunting wasps’ prey and also the effects of
landscape context on these groups.
Chylopericardium associated with constrictive pericarditis assessed by multimodality imaging
Authors: Androulakis Emmanuel , Bratis Konstantinos , Chua TP , Chandrasekaran Venkatachalam
Published: January 2021

Abstract An 80-year-old male patient developed exertional dyspnea and
bilateral peripheral oedema. Investigations including an echocardiogram,
cardiac computed tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance suggested
calcific pericardial thickening encapsulating the heart with associated
constriction. This is an interesting case as constriction was associated
with a large chylopericardium of unknown cause
A Methodology for the Sport Industry to Capture Public Perceptions and Responses in the Time of COVID-19
Authors: Wang Yen-Yao , Wang Tawei , Yoon Kyunghee
Published: January 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has had an unprecedented impact on the sports industry, affecting activities from professional sports to the 2020 Summer Olympics. It has wreaked havoc on the sports calendar, causing a number of events to be canceled or postponed. This study proposes a methodology by which the sports industry can assess public perceptions and responses in social media to gain important insights that can be used to craft effective crisis management strategies. Using machine learning approaches in order to extract hidden patterns in tweets could assist practitioners in creating and implementing crisis communication strategies for mitigating the impact of COVID-19.
The Impact of Digitalization on Future Audits
Authors: Fotoh Lazarus Elad , Lorentzon Johan Ingemar
Published: January 2021

This study examines the future impact of digitalization on auditing by synthesizing empirical studies, relating them to surveys conducted by accounting bodies, and analyzing these findings in relation to extant literature. Based on the synthesis, this study proposes a transitional framework to enable the audit profession to remain competitive. The results show that digitalization may significantly affect the audit profession in the future. However, the impact is likely to be incremental rather than radical. To remain competitive, the audit profession needs to adopt new metrics, capabilities, skills, and evolve its business models to incorporate digital technologies. The contribution of this study is multifaceted. The propositions and research agenda presented in this study will be beneficial to academics, practitioners, audit regulators, and the general public as they have the potential to form a foundation for addressing future research questions and for the theorization and empirical testing of audit digitalization.
Do Employee Fraud Reporting Intentions Differ between For-Profit and Nonprofit Organizations?
Authors: Scheetz Andrea , Smalls Tonya D. W. , Wall Joseph , Wilson Aaron B.
Published: January 2021

Scant coverage of fraud in nonprofit organizations and smaller firms exists despite surveys and headlines indicating fraud prevalence is at greater levels among these firms than at for-profit and larger firms. Applying a combination of stakeholder salience theory and whistleblowing theory, this paper establishes a background for such comparisons. Results of a survey of 153 fulltime employees uncover differences in whistleblowing between for-profit and nonprofit organization types. We find those who work at for-profit organizations are more likely to whistleblow than those who work for nonprofit organizations. The results and supplemental analysis suggest whistleblowing intention for fraud is significantly more likely for larger organizations (measured by number of employees) regardless of organization type. Further, as geographic reach increases, for-profit employees are increasingly likely to report.
Interpreting Output of Statistical Studies
Authors: Sodhi Aparna , Crandall Marie
Published: January 2021

This review provides an overview of the elements of statistical analysis so that the reader may better understand the output of statistical studies, which is essential to the modern practice of critical care, in a rapidly evolving field. Beginning with hypothesis testing, the review progresses through an explanation of variable types and demonstrates how to quantify and categorize variables, with examples; it then goes on to explain the principles of basic comparative analysis, which helps identify simple differences between cohorts, and then highlights the importance of potential confounders to help readers understand simple strategies used to control for confounding, such as using different types of study designs and different methods of statistical analysis. By using contemporary, influential articles from the critical care literature to illustrate these principles, we hope to illuminate the importance of interpreting output from statistical studies to better inform evidence-based practice.
Key words: confounding, hypothesis testing, statistical analysis
Coding and Billing
Authors: Tisherman Samuel A , Herr Daniel
Published: January 2021

Appropriate documentation and coding are critical for billing in the intensive care unit (ICU). Diagnoses are based on the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (e.g., ICD-9 or ICD-10). Procedures are coded based on the Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) system. Evaluation and management (E/M) services make up the vast majority of non–procedure-based care provided by physicians in the ICU environment. Critical care services (codes 99291 and 99292) represent a specific subset of the CPT codes for E/M with different requirements. Three criteria must be met to justify a critical care code. First, the physician must document that the patient is critically ill (i.e., the patient has impairment in one or more vital organ systems with a high probability of imminent or life-threatening deterioration). Second, critical care requires high-complexity medical decision making to support vital organ function and/or prevent further deterioration. Third, critical care codes are time based. The physician must document the time spent in “full attention” to the patient. Critical care can also be provided via telemedicine technologies. Reimbursement for these services requires appropriate credentialing and contracts with the hospital, as well as appropriate documentation. Hospital reimbursement is based on Medical Severity-Diagnosis Related Groups (MS-DRGs), as documented in the medical record. Based on performance, a portion of hospital reimbursement may be withheld if the rates for certain hospital-acquired conditions are too high. Accurate documentation serves to (1) provide good communication between providers, (2) justify billing, and (3) legally document what was done for the patient and why.
This review contains 4 tables, and 13 references.
Key words: critical care codes, evaluation and management codes, global surgical package, pay for performance
Occupational and Environmental Lung Diseases: Diagnosis and Prevention
Authors: Sack Cora S , Vedal Sverre , Kaufman Joel D
Published: January 2021

Environmental and occupational lung diseases encompass a diverse group of lung diseases caused by the inhalation of potentially harmful substances. Although workplace regulations and the changing economy in the United States have significantly decreased incidence, these diseases remain both common and associated with significant morbidity. In addition, novel exposures continue to be recognized as new causes of disease. This review provides the medical student and clinician with a framework for approaching and categorizing environmental and occupational lung disease. It also presents an in-depth discussion of the epidemiology, biological mechanisms, diagnosis, and clinical care of some of the more commonly encountered diseases. Occupational lung diseases that affect the airways, such as work-related asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and malignant neoplasms are covered. This review concludes with general strategies to help prevent disease incidence and progression.    
This review contains 1 figure, 5 tables, and 56 references.
Key words: bronchiolitis obliterans, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, irritant-induced occupational asthma, mesothelioma, occupational asthma, occupational lung disease, occupational lung neoplasm, work-related asthma
Mycotic Infections in the Compromised Host
Authors: Young Jo-Anne H.
Published: January 2021

Opportunistic fungal infections have become increasingly important over the past several decades, paradoxically because advances in medical practice have improved the survival of debilitated and immunosuppressed patients. The mycotic infections that appear in the compromised host are candidiasis, cryptococcosis, pneumocystosis, aspergillosis, zygomycosis, and fusariosis. The aspergillosis section addresses allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and invasive aspergillosis separately. Timely diagnosis of opportunistic fungal infection depends on understanding host characteristics, environmental risk factors, clinical presentation, and diagnostic testing, which each section covers. There is also a section on infection by dematiaceous fungi. Figures illustrate the cysts of Pneumocystis and the bimodal distribution of Aspergillus infection after bone marrow transplantation. Tables describe the desensitization of adult patients with sulfa allergy; the stages of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis; the treatment of infections caused by Candida, Cryptococcus, Aspergillus, and Fusarium species; and the treatment and prophylaxis of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia. 
This review contains 2 highly rendered figures, 7 tables, and 108 references.
Hemoglobinopathies and Hemolytic Anemias
Authors: Otis Stavrula , Price Elizabeth A.
Published: January 2021

Alteration of the erythrocyte membrane usually signals the reticuloendothelial macrophages to remove the damaged red blood cell (RBC) from the circulation. In extraordinary circumstances, however, the damage to the membrane is so great that the erythrocyte undergoes hemolysis, and its intracellular contents, including hemoglobin, are liberated into the plasma. This chapter describes the structural and functional features of normal erythrocytes and diseases involving membrane architecture, RBC proteins, and extracorpuscular factors that can lead to shortened RBC survival. The chapter contains major discussions of sickle cell disease and the thalassemias. Included are tables providing information on erythrocyte metabolism and etiologies of hemolysis in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency; figures illustrating histologic features of abnormal erythrocytes and sickle cells are also provided.
This review contains 7 figures, 2 tables, and 243 references.
Obesity
Authors: Purnell Jonathan Q.
Published: January 2021

Obesity and its associated disorders are leading causes of morbidity and premature mortality around the world. Obese persons are also vulnerable to low self-esteem and depression because of the psychological and social stigmata that often accompany being overweight. Despite conventional wisdom that obesity results from deficient self-control, research has provided insight into the physiology behind unwanted weight gain. Obesity is recognized as a chronic condition resulting from an interaction between environmental influences and an individual’s genetic predisposition.

This review contains 3 figures, 13 tables, and 126 references.
Keywords: Obesity, Body mass index, Hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes, hyperlipidemia, heart disease, pulmonary disease, gastroesophageal reflux, sleep apnea
Infections due to Mycobacterium leprae and Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
Authors: Leonard Jr Michael K , Blumberg Henry M , Franco-Paredes Carlos
Published: January 2021

Mycobacterium leprae infection (i.e., leprosy) is a disease that has been recognized—and often misunderstood—since ancient times. The emergence of HIV/AIDS and the development of newer culture methodologies and molecular diagnostic tools have brought about increased interest in the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of human infections from nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). More than 140 species of NTM have been identified; approximately 50 of these may be pathogenic for humans, causing a broad spectrum of disease. This chapter covers both M. leprae and selected NTM organisms, including M. avium complex; M. kansasii; M. marinum; and rapidly growing mycobacteria such as M. chelonae, M. fortuitum, and M. abscessus. The section on leprosy encompasses subsections on diagnosis, clinical manifestations and classification, laboratory studies, treatment, and leprosy reactions. Treatments for nontuberculous mycobacteria infections are also covered. Figures include a natural history of leprosy, tuberculoid leprosy, lepromatous leprosy, and various forms of borderline leprosy, as well as type 1 and type 2 leprosy reaction. Tables include the Ridley-Jopling classification of leprosy, recommendations for treatment of leprosy, clinical characteristics and treatment of leprosy, major clinical syndromes associated with nontuberculous mycobacterial infections, diagnosing nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease, a listing of slow and rapidly growing mycobacteria that are human pathogens, plus treatment regimens for selected nontuberculous mycobacterial infections in adults.
This review contains 59 references.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Pal Lubna , Keefe Kimberly
Published: January 2021

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a commonly encountered endocrine disorder that is characterized by a combination of hyperandrogenism, menstrual disturbances (predominantly oligomenorrhea), and a classic sonographic polycystic ovarian morphology. Additional sequelae associated with PCOS include infertility and enhanced risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. The prevalence of depressive disorders and obstructive sleep apnea is disproportionately higher in women with PCOS, and this population is at increased risk for endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer. This chapter reviews the definition, epidemiology, etiology and genetics, pathophysiology, diagnosis (including history, physical examination, and laboratory tests), differential diagnosis, and management of PCOS. Syndromes and diseases associated with PCOS are discussed. Tables describe the three approaches to PCOS, conditions mimicking PCOS, diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome in women using the National Cholesterol Education Program criteria, workup for PCOS, comprehensive care for PCOS patients, and the multistep approach to treatment of PCOS-related anovulatory infertility. Figures include transvaginal ultrasound images of a normal ovary and a multifollicular ovary in a woman with PCOS, the Ferriman-Gallwey scoring system for quantifying hirsutism, acanthosis nigrans on the neck of a woman with PCOS and insulin resistance, the relationship between body mass index and basal luteinizing hormone levels, oral glucose challenge results in nonobese women with PCOS, and an algorithm for treatment decision making.
This review contains 6 highly rendered figures, 6 tables, and 120 references.
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Authors: Ho Lawrence A , Collins Bridget F , Raghu Ganesh
Published: January 2021

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), also known as cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis, is a chronic and progressive fibrosing interstitial pneumonia of unknown cause that typically manifests after the fifth to sixth decade of life. The fibrosis is limited to the lung, and clinical features include progressive dyspnea and a restrictive pulmonary physiology. IPF is characterized by a usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and histopathology. This review discusses the definition, epidemiology, etiology/genetics, pathogenesis, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, management, complications, and prognosis of IPF. Figures depict the pathogenesis of IPF, a chest x-ray in a patient with IPF, HRCT scans, and histopathologic features of UIP. Tables list HRCT criteria for UIP patterns, the elements required for IPF diagnosis, and the GAP model for IPF prognosis.
This review contains 8 highly rendered figures, 3 tables, and 108 references.
Lung Cancer Part II
Authors: Crawford Jeffrey
Published: January 2021

In the United States, lung cancer is the second most common cancer, surpassed only by prostate cancer in men and breast cancer in women. But lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths, accounting for 29% and 26% of all cancer-related deaths in men and women, respectively. The four major pathologic cell types of lung cancer are small cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. Because they have overlapping clinical behaviors and responses to treatment, adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma are generally grouped together in the category of non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This review discusses treatment of both NSCLC and small cell lung cancer (SCLC).
This review contains 2 figures, 20 tables, and 95 references.
Keywords: lung cancer, mediastinoscopy, chemoradiotherapy, TNM staging system, pulmonary parenchyma, segmentectomy
The Future of Transplant Biology and Surgery
Authors: Colaco Marc , Atala Anthony
Published: January 2021

Although organ transplantation remains the mainstay of treatment for patients with severely compromised organ function, with the growing number of patients in need of treatment and the lack of organ supply, medical scientists have begun seeking out alternatives. In the last two decades, researchers have attempted to grow native and stem cells, engineer tissues, and design treatment modalities using regenerative medicine techniques for almost every tissue of the human body. This chapter discusses the basics of tissue engineering, including cell isolation and biomaterial selection. It then outlines specific advances and potential surgical uses.
This review contains 9 figures, 2 tables, and 135 references.
Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders
Authors: Mackay Devin , Miyawaki Edison
Published: January 2021

The hyperkinetic movement disorders include heterogeneous diseases and syndromes, all characterized by one or a variety of excessive, involuntary movements. The hyperkinetic movement disorders are heterogeneous in clinical presentation, but a rational and practical approach to diagnosis exists based on new genetic correlations and targeted laboratory investigations. Treatments informed by a still-developing picture of motor pathophysiology offer significant benefit for these disorders. This chapter discusses choreiform disorders, including patterns in choreiform diagnosis; tremor disorders; paroxysmal disorders, including tics and myoclonus; dystonias, including monogenic primary dystonias; and pathophysiology and treatment in the hyperkinetic movement disorders. Figures include clinical photos, computed tomography scans, and an algorithm representing cortical-subcortical circuitry. Tables delineate definitions, distinguishing clinical features, medications, genetics, protein products, and treatments associated with various disorders. 
This review contains 6 figures, 12 tables, and 145 references.
Autism Spectrum Disorders and Their Clinical Management
Authors: Pedapati Ernest , Shaffer Jacob
Published: January 2021

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder marked by impairments in social behavior and difficulties with repetitive and restrictive behaviors. In 2012, the prevalence of ASD in the United States was estimated to be one in 68 among children age 8 years. Although the etiology of ASD is poorly understood, many researchers have identified genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors likely involved in the disorder. In approximately 10% of cases, a definitive association with a specific genetic defect can be identified. A diagnosis of ASD is best performed through an interdisciplinary assessment and is based on diagnostic criteria. The DSM-5 criteria on the clinical features of ASD fall into two core domains: impaired social communication and interaction and restricted, repetitive behaviors, interests, or activities. Today, although no definitive “cure” for ASD exists, state-of-the-art therapies and learning environments, along with medications, have resulted in reducing disease burden and quality of life for individuals affected by ASD.
This review contains 3 figures, 2 tables, and 86 references.
Key words: autism spectrum disorders, developmental disorders, language speech delay, social communication
Surgical Treatment of Female Stress Urinary Incontinence: Midurethral Slings
Authors: Gupta Priyanka , Gaines Natalie , Peters Kenneth M , Sirls Larry T
Published: January 2021

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is the loss of urine caused by increased physical activity such as coughing or exercise. In this review, the anatomy and pathophysiology of SUI are discussed, particularly the presence of a hypermobile urethra. This specific anatomic finding allows the midurethral sling to be a viable surgical option. The evolution and different types of midurethral slings, including retropubic, transobturator, and single-incision slings, are described. We then discuss outcomes of the different types of slings in patients with SUI and special populations, including elderly and obese patients. Finally, we review the complications associated with midurethral slings.
This review contains 7 figures, 3 tables, and 110 references.
Keywords: complications, elderly, incontinence, intrinsic sphincter deficiency, meshexposure, midurethral sling, mixed incontinence, outcomes, retropubic sling, single-incision sling, stress urinary incontinence, transobturator sling
Genomic Landscape of Prostate Cancer and Opportunities for Precision Oncology
Authors: Ku Sheng-Yu , Vlachostergios Panagiotis J , Beltran Himisha
Published: January 2021

Recent metastatic biopsy programs combined with advances in sequencing technologies have provided new insights into the genomic landscape of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), identifying actionable targets and diverse resistance mechanisms. Here, we describe the molecular features of CRPC and how these findings are being translated into the clinic. Current challenges include tumor heterogeneity, the timing and potential cooperation of multiple driver gene aberrations, and the optimal timing and use of molecular profiling in the clinic including both tissue-based and liquid biopsy biomarkers (ie, circulating tumor cells and circulating tumor DNA). We summarize potential therapeutic strategies and ongoing molecularly-driven clinical trials.

This review contains 5 figures, 2 tables and 57 references
Key Words: androgen receptor, biomarkers, castrate-resistant prostate cancer, DNA repair, genomics, heterogeneity, precision oncology, targeted therapy, treatment resistance