bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Linear and nonlinear alignment of time series with applications to varve chronologies
Authors: Auestad Bjørn H. , Shumway Robert H. , Tjøstheim Dag , Verosub Kenneth L.
Published: November 2007

The problem of aligning time series arises naturally in a number of fields, but our investigation is motivated by the problem of extracting a paleoclimatic signal from glacial varve chronologies. Glacial varves are laminated sediments that record annual depositional cycles in certain lakes that are fed by glaciers. Varve thickness is determined by temperature and to a lesser extent by precipitation so that an accurate reconstruction of varve chronologies can be regarded as providing a potential long term proxy for paleoclimate. An important aspect of the varve problem is to align series from different locations. What makes the alignment problem particularly interesting is that in either series, one or more varves may be missing or a single varve might have been mistaken for a pair of varves.

Traditionally, alignment problems have been treated using linear methods and concepts such as coherency and cross correlation. Since one of the pairs of varve series we look at is not well described by a linear model, in this paper we also employ nonlinear criteria that are derived from recent work on nonlinear identification and dependence modeling. More precisely, we use nonlinear least squares and measures of dependence such as the Kullback—Leibler measure and the Hellinger distance. Both local and global alignment are considered, and in particular we treat the situation where one or more observations may be missing from either series. Properties of the criteria are given and illustrated by simulation. We display examples where linear methods fail, but nonlinear criteria work. For the real data set of varves at our disposal, it will be seen that the nonlinear criteria perform as well as (or better than) the linear ones for the linearly related series, and that only the nonlinear criteria work for the two series that are not linearly related. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
LBWS: a load‐balanced distributed scheduler for WASPNET optical packet switches
Authors: López‐Bravo Cristina , González‐Castaño Francisco J. , Rodelgo‐Lacruz Miguel , Pavón‐Mariño Pablo , García‐Haro Joan
Published: November 2007

In this paper we propose a novel scheduling approach for optical packet switching (OPS) WASPNET nodes, LBWS. Unlike the original WASPNET description, our scheduler is fully distributed and its computational cost is independent from switch size. This allows shorter packets, improving network performance. Based on a deterministic evolution of the switch configuration, our scheduling algorithm predicts packet delays at packet ingress to guarantee switch stability, and assigns fibre delay lines (FDLs) accordingly. It is not necessary to emulate RAM memories, since we assign delay lines according to packet delay predictions. We demonstrate that LBWS outperforms WASPNET in the cases studied, for nonuniform input traffic. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical investigation of the effects of sluice spillway roof profiles on the hydraulic characteristics
Authors: Bhajantri M. R. , Eldho T. I. , Deolalikar P. B.
Published: November 2007

There is a need for evolving hydraulically efficient roof profile of bellmouth for high head sluice spillways, as sluice roof is susceptible to cavitation damage. In this paper, formulation and development of a numerical model for simulating the spillway flow and its application to a sluice spillway are presented. The main focus of the simulation study is to apply the developed model to investigate the effects of sluice roof profile geometry on the pressure distribution, the discharge coefficient and the nature of flow regime within the sluice bellmouth. From the analysis of results for eight different roof profiles by varying the entry and exit angles of elliptic bellmouth transition, some important observations have been suggested, which are of practical relevance to hydraulic design engineers. The numerical model results are compared for one profile with physical model study. The simulated results are in close agreement with the measured values. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Usability of explicit filtering in large eddy simulation with a low‐order numerical scheme and different subgrid‐scale models
Authors: Brandt Tellervo T.
Published: November 2007

Based on a priori tests, in large eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent fluid flow, the numerical error related to low‐order finite‐difference‐type methods can be large in comparison with the effect of subgrid‐scale (SGS) model. Explicit filtering has been suggested to reduce the error, and it has shown promising results in a priori studies and in some simulations with fourth‐order method. In this paper, the effect of explicit filtering on the total simulation error is studied together with a second‐order scheme, where the numerical error should be even larger. The fully developed turbulent channel flow between two parallel walls is used as a test case. Rather simple SGS models are applied, because these models are most likely used in practical applications of LES. Explicit filtering is here applied to the non‐linear convection term of the Navier–Stokes equations, four three‐dimensional filter functions are applied, and the effect of filtering is separated from the effect of SGS modelling. It is shown that the effect of filtering is rather large and smooth filters introduce an additional error component that increases the total simulation error. Finally, filtering via subfilter‐scale modelling is applied, and it is shown that this approach performs better. However, the large‐frequency components of the resolved flow field are not as effectively damped as when the non‐linear convection term is filtered. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The important role of the phosphorus lone pair in phosphole aromaticity
Authors: Chesnut D. B. , Quin L. D.
Published: November 2007

Calculations on phosphole systems using the G3MP2B3 model chemistry show that the phosphorus lone pair is critical to the system's aromaticity. Protonation of the lone pair results in antiaromatic molecules as measured by homomolecular homodesmotic reactions. Attempts to separate out effects of hyperconjugation on the butadiene portion of the system are unsuccessful with current practices. Because these hyperconjugation effects will tend to cancel each other in the phosphole systems, analyses using the unmodified homomolecular homodesmotic reactions are considered reasonable measures of their aromaticity. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 18:754–758, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20364
A theoretical study on the mechanism of the baeyer–villiger type oxidation of 7‐phosphanorbornene 7‐Oxides
Authors: Kovács Attila , Nemcsok Dénes S. , Keglevich György
Published: November 2007

DFT computations have been performed on selected stationary points of the reaction path (reactants, intermediates, and products) of the Baeyer–Villiger type oxidation of 7‐phosphanorbornene 7‐oxide derivatives. Our computations justified the relevance of a Criegee‐type intermediate forming in the first step, analogously to the Baeyer–Villiger oxidation of ketones. The energy profile indicated a high‐energy barrier from the side of the products, supporting the kinetic character of the mechanism. The computations revealed that the mechanism does not include a previously assumed Berry‐pseudorotation step in the Criegee‐type intermediate. On the basis of the present results, we suggest that the regioselectivity of the Baeyer–Villiger type oxidation of the 7‐phosphanorbornene 7‐oxide derivatives may be determined by steric interactions between the leaving meta‐chlorobenzoate group and substituents on the 7‐phosphanorbornene skeleton in the Criegee‐type intermediate. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 18:759–766, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20366
Reaction of thio and seleno phosphoric acid derivatives with O‐thioacylated hydroxylamine
Authors: Cholewinski Grzegorz , Witt Dariusz , Majewski Radosław , Ossowski Tadeusz , Rachon Janusz
Published: November 2007

The reactivity of thio and seleno analogs of phosphoric acid 1b–f with O‐thioacylhydroxylamine 2 was examined. The experimental evidence for the proposed mechanism involving an N—O bond cleavage and a single electron transfer process (SET) from phosphate anions was collected. The influence of phosphoric acids 1 structure and their oxidation potentials on the course of the reaction and products 3, 4, 6, 7 distribution was presented. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 18:767–773, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20368
Effect of borane source on the enantioselectivity in the enantiopure oxazaborolidine‐catalyzed asymmetric borane reduction of ketones
Authors: Wang Xiao , Du Juanjuan , Liu Han , Du Da‐Ming , Xu Jiaxi
Published: November 2007

The effect of borane source on enantioselectivity in the enantiopure oxazaborolidine‐catalyzed asymmetric borane reduction of ketones has been investigated by using (S)‐3,1,2‐oxazaborobicyclo[3.3.0]octane and (S)‐7,3,1,2‐thiaxazaborobicyclo[3.3.0]octane as catalysts. The results indicate that the enantioselective order of different borane sources is borane–dimethyl sulfide < borane–N,N‐diethylaniline < borane–THF for the asymmetric reduction of a ketone under the same conditions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 18:740–746, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20370
Peculiar reaction of N2‐acyl derivatives of 2‐aryl‐5‐hydrazino‐1,3‐oxazole‐4‐carbonitriles with the lawesson reagent
Authors: Shablykin Oleg V. , Brovarets Vladimir S. , Rusanov Eduard B. , Drach Boris S.
Published: November 2007

Easily accessible N2‐acyl derivatives of 2‐aryl‐5‐hydrazino‐1,3‐oxazole‐4‐carbonitriles react peculiarly with the Lawesson reagent. In addition to thionation, the reaction involves a recyclization to afford new substituted 2‐(5‐amino‐1,3‐thiazol‐4‐yl)‐1,3,4‐thiadiazoles. Their structure is corroborated spectroscopically and by the X‐ray diffraction method. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 18:782–785, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20413
Effects of liquid viscosity on inception of disturbance waves and droplets in gas–liquid annular two‐phase flow
Authors: Mori Koji , Yoshida Haruyuki , Nakano Kuniaki , Shiomi Yoichi
Published: November 2007

The structure of gas–liquid two‐phase flow is investigated in order to establish a reliable criterion for the development of disturbance waves and droplets considering the effects of liquid viscosity. The structure of the gas–liquid interface and the flow rate of droplets entrained in gas are measured simultaneously at five kinematic viscosities (1.0, 3.2, 9.9, 30, 70 mm2/s). The time‐series traces of liquid film thickness measured by five holdup probes reveal that the inception of disturbance waves occurs at a liquid Reynolds number of 200 or a non‐dimensional liquid film thickness of 6.5. It is also shown that droplets are generated before the inception of disturbance waves with increasing liquid kinematic viscosity at a liquid velocity of 0.02 to 0.03 m/s. As previously published criteria for the inception of droplets are found to be unsatisfactory, a new critical condition for droplet generation balancing the interfacial shear stress $τi$ with the wave height h and surface tension σ is proposed: $τih/σ=0.025$. This relation describes the action of shear force and surface tension on wave crests, and is notably independent of liquid viscosity. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 36(8): 529–541, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20176
Heat transfer characteristics of a reservoir embedded loop heat pipe (2nd report, Influence of noncondensable gas on heat transfer characteristics)
Authors: Ishikawa Hiroaki , Ogushi Tetsuro , Nomura Takehide , Noda Hiroyuki , Kawasaki Haruo , Yabe Takahiro
Published: November 2007

High‐powered satellites need larger heat rejection areas. A deployable radiator is one of the key technologies for a high‐powered satellite bus. A Reservoir Embedded Loop Heat Pipe (RELHP) is a two‐phase heat transfer device that constitutes the deployable radiator. RELHP has an evaporator core which is used as a liquid reservoir to enhance operational reliability. For use on satellites, RELHP is required to have a lifetime greater than 10 years. In the case of conventional heat pipes, it is generally known that noncondensable gas (NCG) has worse heat transport characteristics. On the other hand, the influence of NCG on a RELHP is not still obvious. This paper presents the heat transport characteristics of RELHP for the case of changing NCG volume by experiment and calculation. It was found that NCG increases temperature rise at the evaporator. NCG volume in a RELHP has a great influence on heat transport characteristics due to the reservoir pressure increase caused by NCG. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 36(8): 459–473, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20181
Thermal diffusion analysis for LED module
Authors: Su Ay , Liu Y. C. , Chen C. Y.
Published: November 2007

An experimental investigation of the thermal characteristic of the LED chip and the sensitivity of illumination with thermal substrate is discussed in this study. An optimum thermal diffusion area to the heat flux of LED system is also conducted. Results show that a red LED chip has lower electrical resistance, and therefore has lower power consumption than that of green and blue LED chips. Given these three colors of lighting LEDs, the red LED chip is more sensitive to the thermal environment. A red LED's lighting illumination is decreased almost 12% when the substrate temperature difference is increased to 25°C. Under the same condition, an LED's illumination experiences only a 2 to 2.5% reduction for the green and blue LED chip. Copyright © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Thermal diffusion area results show a close correlation between thermal diffusion ratio and LED substrate temperature. If the upper limit LED substrate temperature is set at 50°C and the thermal diffusion ratio approximates 72 cm2/w, for a 500 cm2 thermal diffusion area, it can sustain an optimum heat flux at 7 watts. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 36(8): 449–458, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20182
Molecular modeling of polymer–clay nanocomposite precursors: Lysine in montmorillonite interlayers
Authors: Davis Alicia M. , Joanis Gary , Tribe Lorena
Published: November 2007

The layered structure of clays with interlayer cations leads to unique chemical and mechanical properties, which have been capitalized on in the field of polymer/layered silicate nanocomposites. Hydrophilic silica surfaces can become organophilic with the inclusion of alkylammonium cations, which improve the wetting characteristics of the polymer matrix. In fact, the molecular level interactions of amino acids, either natural or non‐natural, with clay surfaces are at the heart of fields of study as diverse as nanocomposites fabrication, drug delivery, bio‐remediation of soils and catalysis of biological polymers, to name a few. The ubiquity of these systems and the potential uses to which they could be put suggests the necessity of a deeper understanding of the interplay of bonds, conformations, and configurations between the molecules and the hosts. The interactions of the amino acid lysine with sodium montmorillonite were studied using theoretical molecular modeling methods. The interlayer spacing of montmorillonite was increased by incorporating water molecules and allowing the system to evolve with molecular mechanics. Care was taken to retain the sodium cations in the interlayer. The initial amino acid conformation was obtained surrounding the molecule with numerous discrete water molecules and minimizing the system at the semi empirical level. The optimized amino acid was then placed in the interlayer space in a series of initial positions. Molecular mechanics calculations were performed and the final positions were analyzed. The results tended to indicate the preponderance of configurations which included surface‐sodium‐amino acid complexes with a variety of spatial arrangements. These results were compared with molecular dynamics calculations of similar systems from the literature. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2008
An improved SCPF scheme for polarization energy calculations
Authors: Mazur Grzegorz
Published: November 2007

Convergence of the Self‐Consistent Polarization Field (SCPF) method of polarization energy calculations for organic molecular materials is analysed. Use of the Conjugate Gradients method for solving the SCPF equations is proposed. Efficiency of both the original and the newly proposed approach is compared for selected model systems. Brief discussion of the factors influencing the performance of Krylov‐space‐based methods for polarization energy calculations is presented. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2008
A flexible implementation of frozen‐density embedding for use in multilevel simulations
Authors: Jacob Christoph R. , Neugebauer Johannes , Visscher Lucas
Published: November 2007

A new implementation of frozen‐density embedding (FDE) in the Amsterdam Density Functional (ADF) program package is presented. FDE is based on a subsystem formulation of density‐functional theory (DFT), in which a large system is assembled from an arbitrary number of subsystems, which are coupled by an effective embedding potential. The new implementation allows both an optimization of all subsystems as a linear‐scaling alternative to a conventional DFT treatment, the calculation of one active fragment in the presence of a frozen environment, and intermediate setups, in which individual subsystems are fully optimized, partially optimized, or completely frozen. It is shown how this flexible setup can facilitate the application of FDE in multilevel simulations. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2008
The El Nino‐Southern Oscillation and winter precipitation extremes over India
Authors: Revadekar J. V. , Kulkarni Ashwini
Published: November 2007

Daily rainfall data for the winter season October–December for the long period of 102 years 1901–2002 over southeast peninsular India have been used to study the characteristics of daily precipitation extremes. The frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events do not show statistically significant long‐term trend. The relationship of El Nino‐southern oscillation index with these extremes shows that this index can be used to predict frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events, 4–6 months in advance. However spell lengths of continuous wet/dry days are not modulated by variations in Pacific sea surface temperatures. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Trends in the rainfall pattern over India
Authors: Guhathakurta P. , Rajeevan M.
Published: November 2007

New monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall time series of 36 meteorological subdivisions of India were constructed using the monthly rainfall data for the period 1901–2003 of fixed network of 1476 rain gauge stations. In the new network, on an average, there is one rain gauge station for every 3402 Sq km area. The new rainfall series is temporally as well as spatially homogenous. Linear trend analysis was carried out to examine the long‐term trends in rainfall over different subdivisions and monthly contribution of each of the monsoon months to annual rainfall. During the south‐west monsoon season, three subdivisions viz. Jharkhand, Chattisgarh, Kerala showed significant decreasing trend and eight subdivisions viz. Gangetic WB, West UP, Jammu and Kashmir, Konkan and Goa, Madhya Maharashtra subdivision, Rayalseema, Coastal AP and North Interior Karnataka showed significant increasing trends. It has been found that the contribution of June, July and September rainfall to annual rainfall is decreasing for few subdivisions while contribution of August rainfall is increasing in few other subdivisions. EOF analysis is also done to know the spatial distribution of rainfall. The all India Monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall series constructed based on the 1476 stations are also reported. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Influences of atmospheric circulation on the variability of wet sulfate deposition
Authors: Dayan Uri , Lamb Dennis
Published: November 2007

Precipitation chemistry data from the National Atmospheric Deposition Program were related to weather data from the Climate Diagnostics Center in order to reveal the influence of large‐scale circulation patterns on the wet deposition of sulfate downwind of the Ohio River Valley, where SO2 emissions were curtailed sharply in the mid‐1990s. The chemistry data from five precipitation‐sampling sites were combined to provide a regional average for each summer season over the 21‐year period from 1984 to 2004. The long‐term trend of sulfate concentration is associated to a statistically significant extent by composited flow patterns associated with the East Pacific–North Pacific index. The regional weather pattern for the sulfate‐rich years is associated with an intensification of the Bermuda High over the southeastern United States at the surface in tandem with a weakening of the 500‐hPa geopotential height (GPH) climatological trough located over the northeastern United States. The highest‐sulfate concentration days for the Atmospheric Integrated Research Monitoring Network (AIRMoN) Pennsylvania site occurred during a similar synoptic pattern when intense convection over the eastern United States was favoured thermodynamically. This study suggests that temporal changes in the large‐scale circulation pattern over North America need to be considered, in addition to changes in precursor emissions, as an explanation for the decreases in sulfate concentrations observed in summertime rains across the eastern United States. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Dynamic activity dependence of in vivo normal knee kinematics
Authors: Moro‐oka Taka‐aki , Hamai Satoshi , Miura Hiromasa , Shimoto Takeshi , Higaki Hidehiko , Fregly Benjamin J. , Iwamoto Yukihide , Banks Scott A.
Published: November 2007

Dynamic knee kinematics were analyzed for normal knees in three activities, including two different types of maximum knee flexion. Continuous X‐ray images of kneel, squat, and stair climb motions were taken using a large flat panel detector. CT‐derived bone models were used for model registration‐based 3D kinematic measurement. Three‐dimensional joint kinematics and contact locations were determined using three methods: bone‐fixed coordinate systems, interrogation of CT‐based bone model surfaces, and interrogation of MR‐based articular cartilage model surfaces. The femur exhibited gradual external rotation throughout the flexion range. Tibiofemoral contact exhibited external rotation, with contact locations translating posterior while maintaining 15° to 20° external rotation from 20° to 80° of flexion. From 80° to maximum flexion, contact locations showed a medial pivot pattern. Kinematics based on bone‐fixed coordinate systems differed from kinematics based on interrogation of CT and MR surfaces. Knee kinematics varied significantly by activity, especially in deep flexion. No posterior subluxation occurred for either femoral condyle in maximum knee flexion. Normal knees accommodate a range of motions during various activities while maintaining geometric joint congruency. © Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 26:428–434, 2008
Prevention of peritendinous adhesions using a hyaluronan‐derived hydrogel film following partial‐thickness flexor tendon injury
Authors: Liu Yanchun , Skardal Aleksander , Shu Xiao Zheng , Prestwich Glenn D.
Published: November 2007

Peritendinous adhesions are an important complication of flexor tendon injury. Three hyaluronan (HA)‐derived biomaterials were evaluated for the reduction of peritendinous adhesions following partial‐thickness tendon injury in rabbits. Rabbits (n = 24) were divided into three groups (n = 8 per group), which were used for gross evaluation, histologic assessment, or biomechanical testing. The fourth and third toes from both hindpaws of each rabbit were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: (i) untreated control, (ii) Seprafilm®, (iii) Carbylan™‐SX in situ crosslinked hydrogel, and (iv) preformed Carbylan™‐SX film. Rabbits were sacrificed at 3 weeks postsurgery and evaluated anatomically, histologically, and mechanically. All materials used reduced adhesions relative to untreated controls for all three evaluations. Both the gross anatomic and histologic results revealed that Carbylan™‐SX film was statistically superior to Seprafilm® and Carbylan™‐SX gel in preventing tendon adhesion formation. In biomechanical tests, the Carbylan™‐SX film‐treated hindpaws required the least force to pull the tendon from the sheath. This force was statistically indistinguishable from that required to extrude an unoperated tendon (n = 8). Carbylan™‐SX gel was less effective than Carbylan™‐SX film but superior to Seprafilm® for all evaluations. A crosslinked HA‐derived film promoted healing of a flexor tendon injury without the formation of fibrosis at 3 weeks postoperatively. © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 26:562–569, 2008
Intermittent pneumatic soft tissue compression: Changes in periosteal and medullary canal blood flow
Authors: Park Sang‐Hyun , Silva Mauricio
Published: November 2007

We previously demonstrated that the use of intermittent pneumatic soft tissue compression (IPC) treatment enhanced fracture healing in an animal model, but the exact mechanism remained unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the local and remote effects of IPC treatment on blood flow within the medullary canal and outside the periosteum of mid‐tibial diaphysis. Blood flow was measured with a Laser Doppler blood flow meter in the lower limbs of 21 rabbits. Laser probes were inserted at three different sites of the mid‐diaphysis on the right tibia: in the medullary canal (n = 21), outside the periosteum on the lateral side (n = 11), and outside the periosteum on the medial side (n = 10). IPC was applied for 30 min through cuffs that were placed around the feet and the lower part of the calf. While applying IPC to the left leg, no changes in blood flow occurred on the right leg (remote changes). However, while applying IPC to the right leg, significant localized changes were found on the right leg, including 47 and 89% increases in total amount of blood flow outside the lateral and medial periosteum, respectively. Although an altered blood flow pattern was observed in the medullary canal, no significant change in total amount of blood flow was observed at this level. In summary, the present study demonstrated that the use of IPC in an intact bone model results in a significant local increase in total blood flow, with minimal measurable effects on the contralateral limb. © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 26:570–577, 2008
Fluorescence molecular tomography enables in vivo visualization and quantification of nonunion fracture repair induced by genetically engineered mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Zilberman Yoram , Kallai Ilan , Gafni Yossi , Pelled Gadi , Kossodo Sylvie , Yared Wael , Gazit Dan
Published: November 2007

Fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) is a novel tomographic near‐infrared (NIR) imaging modality that enables 3D quantitative determination of fluorochrome distribution in tissues of live small animals at any depth. This study demonstrates a noninvasive, quantitative method of monitoring engineered bone remodeling via FMT. Murine mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing the osteogenic gene BMP2 (mMSCs‐BMP2) were implanted into the thigh muscle and into a radial nonunion bone defect model in C3H/HeN mice. Real‐time imaging of bone formation was performed following systemic administration of the fluorescent bisphosphonate imaging agent OsteoSense™, an hydroxyapatite‐directed bone‐imaging probe. The mice underwent imaging on days 7, 14, and 21 postimplantation. New bone formation at the implantation sites was quantified using micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) imaging. A higher fluorescent signal occurred at the site of the mMSC‐BMP2 implants than that found in controls. Micro‐CT imaging revealed a mass of mature bone formed in the implantation sites on day 21, a finding also confirmed by histology. These findings highlight the effectiveness of FMT as a functional platform for molecular imaging in the field of bone regeneration and tissue engineering. © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 26:522–530, 2008
Shape‐Memory Effect Controlled by the Crosslinking Topology in Uniaxially‐Deformed Smectic C*Elastomers
Authors: Hiraoka Kazuyuki , Tagawa Naoto , Baba Kiminori
Published: November 2007

We have investigated the shape‐memory effects of uniaxially‐deformed, chiral, smectic C (SmC*) elastomers for two different types of crosslinker, namely, a hydroquinone‐type crosslinker and a rod‐like crosslinker. Mesogens tilt with decreasing temperature from the SmA phase to the SmC*phase in SmC*elastomers synthesized with the hydroquinone‐type crosslinker. As for SmC*elastomers with the rod‐like crosslinker, however, not mesogens but smectic layers are tilted in the smectic phases, because the crosslinker is sufficiently rigid to hinder mesogens from tilting. Because the shape change of such elastomers is coupled to the transformation of molecular alignment, SmC*elastomers synthesized with the hydroquinone‐type crosslinker elongate with increasing temperature in SmC*because of the decrease in molecular‐tilt angle, whereas those with the rod‐like crosslinker have an almost constant sample length in the temperature range of the SmC*phase, despite the rearrangement of the layer structure. Both types of elastomer exhibit a reversible shape change that corresponds to the reversible change in molecular alignment during a heating and cooling process, within successive phase transitions between the isotropic phase and the smectic C*phase.

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Rubbery Thermosets by Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymerization of a Functionalized Castor Oil and Cyclooctene
Authors: Henna Phillip H. , Larock Richard C.
Published: November 2007

Rubbery thermosets prepared by ROMP of a modified castor oil containing norbornene moieties and cyclooctene have been synthesized and characterized. The thermosets range from 55 to 85 wt.‐% oil and are flexible, slightly transparent and have a sand‐like hue. Increasing concentration of the modified castor oil in the feed ratio results in an increase in the extracted (unreacted or oligomeric) components in the final thermoset. Thermogravimetric analysis reveals that all of the specimens have temperatures of maximum degradation around 500 °C. DMA and TGA analysis on solvent‐extracted specimens show that the presence of the soluble fractions helps to plasticize the materials and give added thermal stability.

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Gel Formation during the Gilch Synthesis of Poly(p‐phenylene vinylenes): Evidence of an Unexpected Explanation
Authors: Schwalm Thorsten , Rehahn Matthias
Published: November 2007

Gelation of the reaction mixture and insolubility of the poly(p‐phenylene vinylenes) (PPVs) when isolated at this stage, but complete redissolution of the gel and excellent solubility of the resulting PPVs after further stirring for hours or days, is a phenomenon in Gilch polymerizations that has not been explained so far. It is verified that, in agreement with the literature, specific additives prevent gelation. However, it is also shown that chemical crosslinking is certainly not the reason for gel formation. Instead, it seems to be the consequence of a very high entanglement density in the pristine PPVs, which requires time for relaxation. The mentioned additives seem to support this dis‐entanglement process.

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Tunable Smart Surface of Gold Nanoparticles Achieved by Light‐Controlled Molecular Recognition Effection
Authors: Luo Chunhua , Zuo Fang , Zheng Zhaohui , Cheng Xu , Ding Xiaobin , Peng Yuxing
Published: November 2007

Thermosensitive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm)‐coated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were prepared by self‐assembly of the azobenzene‐terminated PNIPAm on the surface of the α‐cyclodextrin (α‐CD)‐capped AuNPs via the host–guest molecular recognition between α‐CD and azobenzene. Reversible attachment–detachment of azobenzene‐terminated PNIPAm on the surface of α‐CD‐capped AuNPs was achieved when subjected to visible and UV light irradiation alternately, which endowed thermosensitive AuNPs with tunable smart properties.

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Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease: Prevalence of adverse events and need for standardized reporting
Authors: Videnovic Aleksandar , Metman Leo Verhagen
Published: November 2007

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has assumed a prominent role in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). In this manuscript, we attempt to estimate the prevalence and categorize adverse events (AEs) of DBS in PD, based on efficacy studies published over the last decade. We conclude that reliable categorization and quantification of AEs based on available data poses many challenges and argue that a standardized scheme for reporting AEs should be created. This would provide a foundation for a meaningful risk/benefit analysis, for comparison of results between centers and, ultimately, for a well informed decision by physicians and patients as to whether surgery should be pursued. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Psychometric attributes of the SCOPA‐COG Brazilian version
Authors: Carod‐Artal Francisco Javier , Martínez‐Martin Pablo , Kummer Wladimir , da Silveira Ribeiro Luciola
Published: November 2007

Cross‐cultural adaptation and independent psychometric assessment of the Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson's disease‐Cognition (SCOPA‐COG), Brazilian version was performed. Parkinson's disease (PD) patients were evaluated by means of the SCOPA‐Motor scale, Hoehn and Yahr staging (HY), Clinical Impression of Severity Index‐PD (CISI‐PD), Parkinson Psychosis Rating Scale, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Cognition was evaluated using the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE), Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (SPMSQ), and SCOPA‐COG. The following attributes were explored: acceptability, scaling assumptions, reliability, precision, and construct validity. One hundred fifty‐two patients were assessed (mean age, 63.2 years; disease duration, 7.8 years; median HY stage, 3). Mean SCOPA‐COG and MMSE were 18.2 and 25.7, respectively. The internal consistency of the SCOPA‐COG (Cronbach's alpha = 0.81; item‐total correlation, 0.38–0.62) was satisfactory. While the intraclass correlation coefficient value was 0.80, weighted kappa ranged from 0.30 (dice task) to 0.72 (animal fluency task). The standard error of measurement value for the SCOPA‐COG was 3.2, whereas the smallest real difference was 8.9. SCOPA‐COG total scores significantly decreased as the HY stage increased (Kruskal‐Wallis, P < 0.0001). Age, years of education, and PD duration (all, P < 0.001) were observed to have an independent, significant effect on the SCOPA‐COG. The SCOPA‐COG is a short, reliable, valid instrument that is sensitive to cognitive deficits specific to PD. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Combined effects of smoking, coffee, and NSAIDs on Parkinson's disease risk
Authors: Powers Karen M. , Kay Denise M. , Factor Stewart A. , Zabetian Cyrus P. , Higgins Donald S. , Samii Ali , Nutt John G. , Griffith Alida , Leis Berta , Roberts John W. , Martinez Erica D. , Montimurro Jennifer S. , Checkoway Harvey , Payami Haydeh
Published: November 2007

Inverse associations of Parkinson's disease (PD) with cigarette smoking, coffee drinking, and nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) use have been reported individually, but their joint effects have not been examined. To quantify associations with PD for the individual, two‐way and three‐way combinations of these factors, a case–control association study with 1,186 PD patients and 928 controls was conducted. The study setting was the NeuroGenetics Research Consortium. Subjects completed a structured questionnaire regarding smoking, coffee, and NSAID consumption. Odds ratios were calculated using unconditional logistic regression. Smoking, coffee, and over the counter NSAID use as individual factors exhibited significantly reduced risks of 20% to 30%. The two‐way and three‐way combinations were associated with risk reduction of 37% to 49%, and 62%, respectively. Smoking and coffee exhibited significant inverse risk trends with increasing cumulative exposures, suggesting dose–response relations. With respect to the combination of all three exposures, persons who were at the highest exposure strata for smoking and coffee and used NSAIDs had an estimated 87% reduction in risk (OR = 0.13, 95% CI = 0.06–0.29). Whether this finding reflects true biologic protection needs to be investigated. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Group I nonreciprocal inhibition in primary restless legs syndrome
Authors: Scaglione Cesa , Vetrugno Roberto , Plazzi Giuseppe , Rizzo Giovanni , Provini Federica , Montagna Pasquale , Martinelli Paolo
Published: November 2007

Electrophysiological investigations of restless legs syndrome (RLS) have found spinal circuits impinging on motoneurones. We evaluated the H reflex threshold, latency, the Hmax/Mmax ratio, and the short latency autogenic inhibition in 7 patients with RLS and 10 age‐matched controls by testing the excitability changes in soleus H reflex Ib interneuron function. A significant reduction in Ib inhibition at 4 (P = 0.043), 5 (P = 0.007), and 6 ms (P = 0.001) of H reflex conditioning interstimulus interval was found in RLS patients. Data support the hypothesis that altered group I nonreciprocal inhibition is implicated in enhancing the spinal circuitry excitability of RLS, and are consistent with the view of an abnormal supraspinal drive to spinal interneurons in RLS. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Rapid switch from oral antiparkinsonian combination drug therapy to duodenal levodopa infusion
Authors: Meiler Birgit , Andrich Jürgen , Müller Thomas
Published: November 2007

Six patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) with severe motor complications were directly switched from their oral antiparkinsonian combination drug regime to nasoduodenal levodopa infusion without previously recommended transient treatment with levodopa alone. Duodenal levodopa infusion reduced motor complications to a considerable extent. We have shown that a prior change to an oral levodopa monotherapy and a slow titration of duodenal levodopa infusion may be skipped and a direct switch to duodenal levodopa is a safe option. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Mood disorder following DBS of the left amygdaloid region in a dystonia patient with a dislodged electrode
Authors: Piacentini Sylvie , Romito Luigi , Franzini Angelo , Granato Alberto , Broggi Giovanni , Albanese Alberto
Published: November 2007

Continuous high‐frequency stimulation of the globus pallidum internum (GPi) is an accepted treatment for patients with primary dystonia. In a series of 18 consecutive dystonia cases that were successfully treated by bilateral GPi stimulation, 1 patient had an adverse event involving the downward migration of the electrodes. He developed remarkable behavioral complications and was found to have dislodgement of the left electrode to a position close to the left amygdala. The patient developed behavioral changes consisting of depression, psychotic symptoms, and heightened pain perception. This syndrome reverted when the left electrode was removed and a new one inserted in the correct position. We describe in detail the clinical features associated with left amygdala dysregulation induced by high‐frequency stimulation through the displaced electrode. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Complete assignments of NMR data of 13 hydroxymethoxyflavones
Authors: Park Younghee , Moon Byoung‐Ho , Yang Heejung , Lee Youngshim , Lee Eungjung , Lim Yoongho
Published: November 2007

Diosmetin, 5,7,3′‐trihydroxy‐4′‐methoxyflavone shows chemopreventive, antimutagenic, and antiallergic effects. On the other hand, chrysoeriol, 5,7,4′‐trihydroxy‐3′‐methoxyflavone induced nodABC‐lacZ in Rhizobium meliloti. Both of them belong to hydroxymethoxy‐ flavones. One major difference between diosmetin and chrysoeriol is the substituted position of hydroxyl and methoxyl groups. In order to elucidate the relationships between their structures and activity, one of the first things to be done is the determination of their structures. However, most flavones occur widely in nature, and thus it is difficult to obtain in sufficient amounts from natural sources to identify their structures. Assignments of NMR data of several hydroxymethoxyflavones may help us to identify novel flavonoid compounds isolated from natural sources based on their NMR experiments. Therefore, we report here the complete assignments of 1H and 13C NMR data of 13 hydroxymethoxyflavones. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Blending in the extended finite element method by discontinuous Galerkin and assumed strain methods
Authors: Gracie Robert , Wang Hongwu , Belytschko Ted
Published: November 2007

In the extended finite element method (XFEM), errors are caused by parasitic terms in the approximation space of the blending elements at the edge of the enriched subdomain. A discontinuous Galerkin (DG) formulation is developed, which circumvents this source of error. A patch‐based version of the DG formulation is developed, which decomposes the domain into enriched and unenriched subdomains. Continuity between patches is enforced with an internal penalty method. An element‐based form is also developed, where each element is considered a patch. The patch‐based DG is shown to have similar accuracy to the element‐based DG for a given discretization but requires significantly fewer degrees of freedom. The method is applied to material interfaces, cracks and dislocation problems. For the dislocations, a contour integral form of the internal forces that only requires integration over the patch boundaries is developed. A previously developed assumed strain (AS) method is also developed further and compared with the DG method for weak discontinuities and linear elastic cracks. The DG method is shown to be significantly more accurate than the standard XFEM for a given element size and to converge optimally, even where the standard XFEM does not. The accuracy of the DG method is similar to that of the AS method but requires less application‐specific coding. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Internal competition in a nonprofit museum context: development of a scale
Authors: Mottner Sandra , Ford John B.
Published: November 2007

External competition and marketing have been extensively researched in the for‐profit environment and to a lesser extent in the nonprofit environment. However, the concept of competition within a nonprofit organization is indicative of another type of competition, that of ‘internal competition’. Internal competition, operating in the nonprofit's endemic environment of scarce resources, takes place between departments, between individuals, and even within individuals in terms of time and energy spent on differing objectives. Internal competition manifests itself as internal conflicts over not only objectives but also the means for achieving the objectives. This research examines the construct of ‘internal competition’ in the museum portion of the nonprofit sector where marketing is often seen as a ‘necessary but evil’ tool essential for survival. Museum retailing, which has taken on an increasingly vital role in the financial support of museums, offers an opportunity to analyze the nature of internal competition and for developing a scale for measuring internal competition.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Down syndrome in births near landfill sites
Authors: Jarup Lars , Morris Sara , Richardson Sylvia , Briggs David , Cobley Norman , de Hoogh Cornelis , Gorog Krisztian , Elliott Paul
Published: November 2007

Objectives

The aim of the study was to examine the risk of giving birth to a child with Down syndrome associated with residence near landfill sites in England and Wales.

Methods

A 2‐km zone around 6289 landfill sites processing special (hazardous), non‐special and unknown waste type was used to indicate exposure. Postcodes within the 2‐km zone were classified as ‘exposed’ and people living beyond 2 km comprised the reference population. Health outcome data were Down syndrome registrations from a national registry including 21 cytogenetic laboratories in England and Wales, for the years 1989 to 1998. With a Bayesian regression model, we calculated relative risks for the population living within 2 km of landfill sites relative to the reference population, assuming a common relative risk for all landfill sites. Adjustments were made for major confounders.

Results

There were 4640 cases of Down syndrome within 2 km of a landfill site. We found no excess risks of Down syndrome related to landfill sites. Adjustment for socio‐economic status (SES) did not influence our estimates. There were no differences in risk between hazardous waste sites and other landfill sites.

Conclusion

We found no excess risk of Down syndrome in populations living near landfill sites. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis of β‐thalassemia: 12 years' experience at a single laboratory in Pakistan
Authors: Ahmed Suhaib
Published: November 2007

Objective

To evaluate the service for prenatal diagnosis of β‐thalassemia in Pakistan.

Methods

All prenatal diagnoses (PNDs) for β‐thalassemia since the introduction of the service in 1994 were studied. PND was done by the Amplification Refractory Mutation System (ARMS), or linkage analysis, when required. The reported errors in PND were investigated for clerical mistakes, technical problems with PCR, maternal contamination and nonpaternity.

Results

In the 12 years 2174 PNDs were done for β‐thalassemia at the country's main referral center. The use of PND has increased from 26 in 1994 to 381 in 2006. Over 97% of the couples who requested PND already had an affected child. In over 97% of the cases PND was done by direct mutation analysis. The reported rate of misdiagnosis was 0.37%. The causes of misdiagnoses included one clerical mistake, three false positive PCR results, and two maternal contaminations in the chorionic villus sampling (CVS).

Conclusion

PND for β‐thalassemia is technically feasible by direct mutation analysis in most cases in Pakistan. The procedure is quick and cost effective. Strict quality assurance can achieve an acceptably low error rate. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prescribing unlicensed and off‐label medicines in children
Authors: McDougall Marilyn , Arenas‐Lopez Sara
Published: November 2007

Our series Prescribing in children gives practical advice for successful management of childhood problems in general practice. Here, the authors discuss the issues that arise from the use of unlicensed and off‐label medicines in children. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Interface Ltd
Current approaches to the treatment of psoriasis
Authors: Markham Trevor
Published: November 2007

Topical treatments remain the mainstay of therapy in psoriasis, although promising new systemic agents are becoming available. Our Drug review considers the current treatment options for managing psoriasis, followed by sources of further information, an analysis of prescription data and the Datafile. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Interface Ltd