bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Climatic Changes in South-East India during Early Palaeolithic Times
Authors: Richards F. J. , Cammiade L. A. , Burkitt M. C.
Published: May 2009

HUMAN artifacts can often be very useful to the geologist. When they occur in sufficient numbers and are characteristic, prehistorians can be definite in assigning the industries to a certain culture or cultures, and they can then be utilized by the geologist in the same way as are fossils. In Europe during a part of Quaternary times Lower Palaeolithic cultures flourished. Now Quaternary times in Europe can, of course, be readily subdivided into glacial and interglacial periods, but these naturally did not occur further south. In East Africa geological evidence has been adduced to show that intense pluvial periods took the place of our European glaciations, while during the interglacial phases the African areas suffered from arid conditions. Lower Palaeolithic industries are found at certain levels in East Africa and they enable the geologist to correlate the East African and European sequences. South-East India (Madras) is also not an area where glaciations ever occurred: but, we ask, can geological evidence be adduced to demonstrate climatic changes corresponding to those found to have occurred in East Africa ? Lower Palaeolithic industries occur in great numbers in South-East India; whereas most of them have been merely collected from the surface, and are therefore useless for the purposes of exact dating, a number of finds in situ in definite layers have been made, and as in East Africa these can be used as datum lines for correlating purposes.
Note on the Spongy Ironstone of Angola
Authors: Nazaroff P. S.
Published: May 2009

IN the interior of Africa, in the high region of the Portuguese colony of Angola, in localities lying at an altitude of from 3,000–4,000 feet, where the soil consists of a thick layer of sand, clearly derived from the disintegration of the underlying sandstones, one constantly meets with peculiar and interesting out-crops of iron ore in the form of brown ironstone (limonite) of a spongy texture. This brown ironstone has in some places a greyish metallic colour, in places a reddish-brown, brown, brownish-yellow, or other tint characteristic of this hydrated iron oxide, but in structure it is different from all other varieties of this kind of iron ore. The entire mass is full of irregular cavities exactly like those in an ordinary toilet sponge or in pumices, and gives the impression of a ferruginous mass inflated with gases. It also recalls the unforged iron produced in the old-fashioned methods of “burning out” metallic iron direct from the ore used by ancient metallurgists.
A Note on an Arthropod from the South Wales Coalfield
Authors: Dix Emily , Jones S. H.
Published: May 2009

A SMALL Arthropod was discovered by one of us (S. H. J.) in the course of investigations of the Coal Measures of the area around Ammanford, Carmarthenshire, on the north crop of the South Wales Coalfield. It is preserved in a fine grained, light blue shale from the roof of the Little Vein (lower part of the Pulchra Zone of Davies and Trueman), at the Blaina Colliery, Pantyffnon, about one mile south-west of Ammanford. The specimen is in the collection of the University College of Swansea, No. A. 152.
Larger Foraminifera from the Eocene of Santa Elena Peninsula, Ecuador
Authors: Barker R. Wright
Published: May 2009

THE present paper gives a general account of the larger foraminifera from the Santa Elena Peninsula in south-west Ecuador, with descriptions of three new species. All the material except that from the Guayaquil Limestone was obtained from the concessions of the Anglo-Ecuadorian Oilfields, Limited, to whom my thanks are due for permission to publish these results.
The Influence of the Desert on the Deposits in the Red Sea
Authors: Sujkowski Zbigniew
Published: May 2009

THE study of recent sediments has yielded important data bearing on the extent and conditions of deposition in ancient seas, but the collection of similar data relating to the ancient continents is more difficult. However, one may find in marine deposits some indirect evidence of the constitution of the neighbouring continents. The effect of the proximity of deserts on the composition of recent marine deposits does not appear to have been studied. With a view to collecting data bearing on this particular point, I have made an examination of the deposits of the Red Sea.
Elastic Instability and Geology
Authors: Jeffreys Harold
Published: May 2009

IN the February number of the Geological Magazine, Mr. A. J. Bull illustrates an interesting experiment on a type of deformation in a sheet of elastic material subject to a contraction. The inferences he draws from it, however, need further discussion. An elastic solid, under sufficiently great stress, will develop a permanent deformation either by continuous yield or by fracture, according to the nature of the material. The stress needed to produce such deformation may conveniently be called thestrength. But in certain circumstances it is possible for a stress to produce a considerable change of shape before the strength is reached, and such phenomena are common in engineering practice. A simple example is provided when a rod of india-rubber is compressed longitudinally. So long as the force applied is not too great the rod remains straight; but at a certain critical value of the compression it suddenly buckles sideways into an arc. The straight form is still a possible position of equilibrium, but it is no longer stable, and the slightest disturbance grows until the rod has become strongly bent, giving a new and stable position of equilibrium. It is easy to verify in this case that the strength has not been reached; we need only remove the thrust on the ends, when the rod returns to its original straight form. Another example is provided by a flywheel on a long shaft. Steady rotation is possible at all speeds; but there is a critical speed at which instability develops. Then it becomes possible for the rod to bend and to carry the centre of the flywheel around a circle of finite radius; the tendency of the rod to recover its form provides just enough force to keep the centre of the wheel moving in a circle. Any further increase of the speed of rotation will make the shaft bend through a considerable angle, with disastrous consequences. Other known cases arise in the collapse of tubes under external pressure or longitudinal thrust.1
The Convection Current Hypothesis of Mountain Building
Authors: Bull A. J.
Published: May 2009

IN a previous paper in the Geological Magazine (1) the hypothesis was suggested that mountains might result from the dragging together of sediments and other rocks by a convection current inthe material below the crust. It may be useful to review the present position as to how far this idea has offered an adequate explanation of mountain and other earth structures.
Age of the Girvan-Ballantrae Serpentine
Authors: Anderson J. G. C.
Published: May 2009

Between Kennedy's Pass, 4 miles south of Girvan, and Currarie Port, 3½ miles south of Ballantrae, the coast is occupied by a varied assemblage of igneous rocks that have a north-easterly strike and extend inland for several miles (Text-fig. 1). The most important members of this assemblage are a series of spilite lavas and two large outcrops of serpentine. In the present paper it is not intended to give a general description of these rocks, but to concentrate upon the age-relationship of the serpentine to the lavas and associated sediments, in which Lapworth and later workers discovered Arenig fossils.
The “Throw” of a Fault. With illustrations from the Aberystwyth Grits
Authors: Challinor John
Published: May 2009

WHEN a bedding-surface is faulted, a large number of quantities, of more or less significance, may be considered.

The elements involved are: (1) the fault-surface, (2) the net relative movement along it, (3) the bedding-surface, and (4) the surface of outcrop or measurement.
The Curve of Stream Erosion
Authors: Challinor John
Published: May 2009

A Study of stream action very soon shows that things are by no means so simple as they appear at first sight. Stream erosion is the basis of earth sculpture in temperate regions, except where direct differential weathering carves some of the details; yet its mechanism and the evolution of its topographical effects do not seem to be understood with any certainty. Even the classic discussions by G.K. Gilbert in his Geology of the Henry Mountains, and by W.M. Davis in his collected Geographical Essays, are, to the present writer at least, unconvincing at those points where the deductive structure is carried over, so to speak, to fit the work of actual streams, particularly with regard to the development of the curves of their longitudinal profiles. The parts given to this subject in the geological and geographical text-books are too short to allow a fully reasoned argument, but all appear to adopted the conclusions of Gilbert and Davis; though the line adopted in the present paper is to some extent approached by Chamberlin and Salisbury.
The Distinction between Chlorophaeite and Palagonite
Authors: Peacock Martin A.
Published: May 2009

In a recent paper, Dr. L. L. Fermor (12) discusses the composition of chlorophaeite and palagonite and the employment of these terms, with special reference to the present writer's view of this subject, reached principally through a study of the palagonitetuffs of Iceland (11). In an earlier extended study of Indian traps Dr. Fermor had concluded that the orange and brown chlorophaeite-like bodies, often called “palagonite” by the Indian Survey petrographers, are identical with chlorophaeite, and that the similar associated greenish substance, also embraced in the term “palagonite” by these workers, is perhaps, when anisotropic, the chlorite delessite (10, p. 133). One inference from these observations is that palagonite comprises chlorophaeite and the associated green substance; another is that the application of palagonite to these bodies was primarily a misnomer.
Dolerites Associated with the Karroo System, South Africa.—A Correction
Authors: Daly Reginald A. , Barth Tom F. W.
Published: May 2009

In an article with the foregoing title (Geol. Mag., Vol. LXVII, 1930, page 97) some unfortunate errors of statement, in part quite unaccountable, were printed.
A Note on the Turoka Series of East Africa and the Nachipere Beds of Nyasaland
Authors: Parkinson John
Published: May 2009

Dr. Dixey, in his interesting paper on the “Geology of the Lower Shire-Zambezi Area” in the February number, remarks upon the resemblance shown by his Nachipere Series (first mentioned in the Annual Report for 1926, p. 6) to the series of completely metamorphosed sediments described by me under the name “Turoka Series” in 1913 (Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., lxix, p. 534).
In Defence of Bothriocidaris
Authors: Hawkins Herbert L.
Published: May 2009

Two rival hypotheses as to the origin of the Echinoidea are prevalent to-day. One of them postulates as the primitive form an organism built of a few large plates arranged in vertical series; the other demands that the earliest types should have been “scaly”, with many small plates which were regular only along the radii. Those who hold the former hypothesis see in the Ordovician Bothriocidaris a close approximation to their ideal; supporters of the latter claim that the Silurian genera Echinocystis and Palaeo1discus represent fairly well the ancestral qualities of the class. So long as Bothriocidaris is regarded as a true Echinoid, the Silurian forms lose much of their claim to be considered truly primitive; the chronological sequence is against them.
The Ordovician and Silurian of the Carnic Alps
Authors: Heritsch Franz
Published: May 2009

The Carnic Alps, the summit-ridge of which is the frontier between Austria and Italy, are famous for their Palaeozoic formations, which contain large and beautiful faunas of Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Upper Carboniferous, and Permian age. The Carnic Alps form a very important part of the whole Alpine region, because they display clear evidence of Palaeozoic orogenesis; for example, the Taconic orogenesis between Ordovician and Silurian (which is of relatively little importance), and some phases of the Variscan orogenesis (between Devonian and Upper Carboniferous, and between the limestone of Trogkofel, which is equivalent to the stage of Artinsk, and the Lower Permian).
Notes on Graphical Methods of Recording the Dimensions of Ammonites
Authors: Waddington C. H.
Published: May 2009

Summary

(1) When the diameter of the umbilicus of an ammonite is plotted against the diameter of the whole shell, or the whorl-thickness plotted against the whorl-height, the curves obtained are very commonly straight lines for the greater part of their courses.

(2) If, as is usually the case, these lines do not pass through the origin, the formula for the ammonite spiral is of the form r + c = eβθ and not r = eβθ.

(3) If the straight lines do not pass through the origin, it is useless to express one dimension as a percentage of the other and compare these percentages in different shells.

(4) There is no way of foreseeing, before the measurements are made, whether the dimensions of a species will plot accurately on a single curve or whether they will show a considerable amount of scatter. If, however, they do fall accurately on a single curve, this fact is an argument for the validity of the species, and the curve is a useful aid in the identification of other specimens.
On the Age of the Upper and Middle Deinosaur-Deposits at Tendaguru, Tanganyika Territory
Authors: Kitchin F. L.
Published: May 2009

In a paper dealing principally with the question of the age and relationships of some Lower Cretaceous bivalve-shells found at Malone, in Texas, I discussed briefly the distribution of those sublittoral Neocomian deposits that are well characterized by the presence of certainTrigoniaeof southern facies. It was shown that traces of this Neocomian fauna, revealing a general community chiefly by the widespread occurrence of these peculiar groups ofTrigonia,unknown in the European area, had been found in different latitudes, both in the eastern and western hemispheres, indicating that there had been northward dispersal along the area of the present American continent from Patagonia to Texas, and in the eastern hemisphere from South Africa to the north-west Himalayan border. Some evidence of the same faunal facies had also been found in New Caledonia. I pointed out that the faunas of these southern Lower CretaceousTrigoniabeds of different regions had been misinterpreted again and again, and that their representatives found in Texas, in South Africa, and in Cutch had been thought by some investigators to be of Jurassic age.
Limestone and the Origin of Felspathoidal Rocks: an Aftermath of the Geological Congress
Authors: Shand S. J.
Published: May 2009

If there is one branch of geology that was more strongly represented than another at the Fifteenth International Geological Congress in Pretoria, it is petrology. It is true that the petrologists did not present many papers, and that their official discussions were rather scamped, but it was on the excursions that they showed their real strength. I shall not soon forget the day when I conducted a party of fifty to Pilansberg. To see them jump from the buses at every stop; to hear fifty hammers ringing at once on my favourite nepheline rocks; to see the collecting bags swelling and the buses sinking lower and lower on their springs; few sights have ever given me keener pleasure. The Franspoort-Leeuwfontein excursion was also a purely petrological occasion, in which more than fifty took part; and then at the end of the Congress some thirty of us enjoyed ten days of concentrated petrology on the Bushveld excursion, under the inspiring leadership of A. L. Hall.
Some Characteristic Structural Types in Eastern Asia and their Bearing upon the Problem of Continental Movements
Authors: Lee J. S.
Published: May 2009

As a result of wide recognition in recent years of extensive overfolding and overthrusting, it seems to have become generally admitted that continents have actually moved horizontally in times of orogeny; but the problem as to how and to what extent such horizontal movements were effected has continued to be an irritating cause for heated disputes and also a fertile ground for wild speculation. In making the present attempt to attack this controversial problem, it is not intended to deal with the merits or demerits of the several species of theories or hypotheses connected therewith, but simply to direct attention to certain groups of geotectonic phenomena found in Eastern Asia and elsewhere, and also to the mechanism responsible for their production as may be attested by experimental means. In this way it is hoped that mere speculation may be eliminated.
Some Microchemical Methods
Authors: Brammall Alfred
Published: May 2009

THE well-known and highly sensitive tests afforded by ferricyanide, ferrocyanide, and thiocyanate solutions for the detection of iron may be adapted, at the cost of a little trouble, to the microchemical investigation of certain rocks in thin section, as can also the equally well-known fusion test for manganese. The following methods have proved useful in special circumstances of the nature indicated in each case.
The Geological Age of the Earliest Palaeolithic Flint Implements
Authors: Moir J. Reid
Published: May 2009

The investigations which I have carried out in the Ipswich district of Suffolk, and certain discoveries (to be described shortly) made during the past year at Mundesley, Norfolk, have impressed upon my mind the possibility that the ordinary platessiform and batiform palæolithic flint implements found usually in river terrace gravels are older geologically than has been generally imagined. This, however, is not altogether an original opinion, as the late Professor James Geikie, F.R.S., the late Mr. S. B. J. Skertchly, and Mr. A. S. Kennard, basing their views upon evidence other than that upon which I rely, arrived at a similar conclusion. As is well known, it was stated authoritatively many years ago that our English river-valleys containing implementiferous gravel beds were cut through, and are therefore later than the Chalky Boulder-clay.
On the Occurrence of Picritic Serpentine at Ebbor, near Wells, Somerset
Authors: Reynolds Sidney H.
Published: May 2009

IN October, 1904, Mr. H. E. Balch, of Wells, forwarded some pieces of “trap” from Ebbor to the late Mr. H. B. Woodward, who handed them to Dr. J. S. Flett for examination. At a slightly later date pieces were given to me by Dr. T. F. Sibly, who was then at work in the Mendips.
Note on the Age of the Milburn Group
Authors: Bain A. D. N.
Published: May 2009

ON the western side of Cross Fell lies a group of beds consisting of andesitic lavas and ashes, with intercalated beds of shale. The shales are tranquilly bedded, testifying to their having been deposited in quiet water. It has therefore been inferred that the igneous material is volcanic, and was poured out on a sea-floor. The beds were first described by Harkness, later by Goodchild, who gave the name “Milburn Group”, and subsequently by Professors Nicholson and Marr.
The Metamorphism of the Carrock Fell Gabbro; with a Note on the Origin of the Sulphide Veins of the Caldbeck Fells
Authors: Melmore Sidney
Published: May 2009

WITHIN the last two years a cutting has been made at the south-east corner of Carrock Fell, a few yards north of the village of Mosedale, for the purpose of obtaining road-metal. This has opened an interesting section near the margin of the intrusion. The rocks exposed comprise two varieties of gabbro and enclosed Eycott lava. Of the two types of gabbro, that next the lava is of the quartz-bearing variety, exhibiting the prevailing dark-green tint in the hand specimen, and carries large flakes of biotite. This is succeeded by the same type of gabbro, but in a highly metamorphosed condition, at once evident in the hand specimen, which is lighter in colour, primarily owing to the decomposition of the felspars.
Hornblendite at Vavasour Mine, Cantley, Quebec
Authors: Stansfield J.
Published: May 2009

THE interesting rock-type hornblendite occurs at the Vavasour Mine, though it has only a very small development. It covers an area of about 600 square feet and is cut by two of the apatitemica veins, which are so numerous at this locality. The rock was incorrectly marked amphibolite on the map in Guide Book 3, International Geological Congress, xii, 1913, facing p. 112.
Geology in the Service of Man
Authors: Watts W. W.
Published: May 2009

It was hoped that this section would have been presided over by Dr. C. W. Andrews. He had, indeed, accepted the invitation of the Council to become President, but the state of his health later compelled him to resign. His untimely death has deprived our science of a widely travelled and most talented geologist and a vertebrate palaeontologist of world-wide distinction.
On a Supposed Glacier-lake in West Cumberland
Authors: Kendall J. D.
Published: May 2009

In Appendix I to the Summary of Progress of the Geological Survey for 1921, pp. 118–28, “The Retreat of the Lake District Ice-cap” is dealt with.
Till on Overthrust Gravels
Authors: Lane Alfred C.
Published: May 2009

The Plate which accompanies this article, showing till over-riding and overthrusting in its readvance the gravels on which the yard of Harvard University is built, is of a temporary exposure. This was made in putting in a large apartment house at the north-west corner of Arlington Street and Massachusetts Avenue, North Cambridge. The camera was pointed north. Realizing its ususal character, I got my colleague, Prefessor M. S. Munro, who is a virtuoso with the camera, to take it, and have used it as a postcard to friends. One of them, my old teacher, William Morris Davis, said it was unexcelled, and urged its publication. That is the occasion of this article, for, when I came to think of it, to obtain such a photograph required an unusual combination of circumstances:—

(1) The artificial excavation;

(2) A strike that suspended work at the critical time (it is an ill wind that blows no one good);

(3) Just such conditions of wind and drying out as to bring out the different beds in the sands. The coarser ones dry and crumble more rapidly, while the fine hold the dampness and stand out. We might add:—

(4) A man living on the street (myself) to appreciate it, and

(5) A friend who is an excellent photographer.
Petrological Notes on a Porphyry from the “Seven Stones”, Scilly Isles
Authors: Milner Henry B.
Published: May 2009

During the course of work on the Pliocene deposits of West Cornwall, the writer had occasion to search a wide area forspecimens of that increasingly rare but fascinating rock, the Wolf Rock phonolite. Inquiries were mainly confined to the most likely places for securing such material, apart from the rock itself, i.e. at the cottages of fishermen accustomed to work among the dangerous reefs off Lands End and the Scilly Isles. Although personal efforts to find such specimens provedby no means abortive, it was ultimately through the good offices of the Honorary Secretary and Curator of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall, Mr. J. B. Cornish, that excellent specimens of the Wolf Rock phonolite, Longships schist, and Seven Stones porphyry were obtained from a local inhabitant, who apparently had an eye for novelties to adorn his domestic mantelpiece.
Observations on the genus Promicroceras
Authors: Williams Daisy M.
Published: May 2009

The genus Promicroceras was separated from Xipheroceras by Dr. L. F. Spath to include Ammonites capricornoides and the Am. planicosta group. The researches of Dr. W. D. Lang on the Dorset coast have shown that the genus Promicroceras persists with relatively slight changes from the “birchi” zone up to the “ziphus” zone.
A Note on Deglaciation in Tibet
Authors: Ward F. Kingdon
Published: May 2009

Many travellers in Western China have remarked the presence of ancient moraines long since severed from the glaciers which made them, of glacial lakes, ice-worn valleys, perched blocks, and other relics of glaciation. Throughout the Tibetan Marches, in the provinces of Szechuan and Yunnan, such evidence is abundant. Even on the southern face of the Himalaya, where very large glaciers exist, Hooker showed that the ice once extended over a much greater area.
The Earth's Thermal History
Authors: Jeffreys Harold
Published: May 2009

Professor Holmes's further article, substantiating points questioned by me, may be divided into two parts. In the first he gives a statement of some geological phenomena not yet explained in accordance with his old theory of the earth's thermal history. In the second he maintains that these demand the abandonment of the theory and its replacement by a new one, which I consider qalitatively wrong. With regard to the first part, I consider that Professor Holmes has done a great service to geophysics in bringing these points forward in so clear a way. It has never been claimed that the old theory explained everything, and in some points it certainly requires to be supplemented; the questions at issue are what modifications are required, and whether they are such as to change the whole character of the earth's thermal history. But before problems can be solved it is necessary that they should be stated, which is liable to be at least as difficult.
Deductions from Established Facts in Geology, by Wm. Smith: Notes on a Recently Discovered Broadsheet
Authors: North F. J.
Published: May 2009

William Smith's known writings deal almost exclusively with the practical application of the principles he discovered and enunciated.
Chalk Quarry near Black Rabbit Inn, Arundel, Sussex
Authors: Gaster C. T. A.
Published: May 2009

This quarry is situated three-quarters of a mile north-east of Arundel Castle on the west bank of the River Arun.
On Marine Triassic Fossils from the Malayan Provinces of Kedah and Perak
Authors: Newton R. Bullen
Published: May 2009

The following notice of some fossils recently collected in the northern Malayan Province of Kedah, has been prepared at the instance of Mr. J. B. Scrivenor, M.A., F.G.S., Government Geologist of the Federated Malay States. A study of this new material has rendered necessary the revision of a published paper by the late Professor T. Rupert Jones, F.R.S., dealing with some supposed Phyllopod valves from the same country which were obtained from similarly constituted rocks as those at Kedah, although occurring at a more southern locality in the adjacent province of Perak.
The Post-Glacial Erosion Theory of Drumlins
Authors: Charlesworth J. Kaye.
Published: May 2009

In recent years Professor J. W. Gregory has challenged, one after the other, our most cherished beliefs and creeds in the field of glacial geology, fearlessly raising again the discarded standards, dust-laden these many years; the gaping fissures of the fjords, the glacial submergence, the residual character of many moraines, eskers, and kames, including the beautiful York moraines, and now —the post-glacial origin of drumlins.
Ranina trechmanni, a new Cretaceous Crab from Jamaica
Authors: Withers Thomas H.
Published: May 2009

Only a single crab (Carcineretes woolucotti Withers, Ann. May. Nat. Hist., ser. ix, vol. x, 1922, p. 535, pls. xvi, xvii; vol. xiii, 1924, p. 91, pl. iv, figs. 1–4) has so far been described from the Cretaceous rocks of Jamaica. Remains of this crab have been found in the upper part of the Rudist Limestone both at Logie Green and Trout Hall, near the Rio Minho River, Central Jamaica. Dr. C. T. Trechmann, F.G.S., has now discovered a second species of crab, Ranina trechmanni n. sp., and this was found in the shales some 40 feet below the Rudist Limestone between Cambridge and Catadupa, West Central Jamaica. The Rudist Limestone is considered by Dr. Trechmann (Geol. Mag., Vol. LIX, 1922, p. 505; Vol. LX, 1923, p. 345; Vol. LXI, 1924, p. 393) to be of Maestrichtian age, and the shales below, in which the present crab occurs, to be Campanian. This conclusion is borne out by, and to a great extent based on, the evidence of the Cephalopods described by Dr. L. F. Spath (Geol. Mag., Vol. LXII, 1924, p. 28) from the shales underlying the Rudist Limestone at Providence, Port Antonio, Eastern Jamaica, and considered by him to be of Upper Senonian and Maestrichtian age. Professor H. L. Hawkins, however, from a study of the Echinoids (Geol. Mag., Vol. LX, 1923, p. 215) does not agree that these rocks are so high in the Cretaceous as the Campanian or Maestrichtian, and considers that they have a time range from the base of the Upper Cretaceous to about the base of the Senonian.
On Ammonites from Spitsbergen
Authors: Spath L. F.
Published: May 2009

There appears to be a good deal of variation in the Lower Triassic succession of the different parts of Spitsbergen, even between Ice Fjord and Bell Sound, at which latter Gyronites nathorsti J. Böhm occurs in soft shales. The grey sandstones with a Lamellibranch fauna of Werfenian age from Axel Island, again, represent quite a different facies.
A Hypothesis of Mountain Building
Authors: Bull A. J.
Published: May 2009

The following paper is an attempt to contribute to the solution of the problem of mountain building. It is here suggested that the folding of mountain ranges may be produced by the frictional drag of moving portions of the asthenosphere, and that these movements may be convective and result from its unequal heating by radio-active elements.
Some Points in Petrographic Nomenclature
Authors: Tyrrell G. W.
Published: May 2009

Dr. Arthur Holmes has laid all petrographers under a debt of gratitude for his Nomenclature of Petrology, which worthily succeeds and replaces Löwinson-Lessing's Lexique Pétrographique. It represents an enormous amount of patient labour, and will provide an indispensable instrument of petrographic research. Its perusal has led the writer to consider several points in modern petrographic nomenclature which seem to need further discussion.
On a Meandrine Form of Chaetetes
Authors: Smyth Louis B.
Published: May 2009

The fossil which forms the subject of this note was thought, when first found by me, to be a new genus of Tabulate corals. Since it may puzzle, and indeed has puzzled, others in a similar manner, it will perhaps prove useful to describe it.
Contact-Metamorphic Assemblages in the System CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2.
Authors: Tilley C. E.
Published: May 2009

In previous papers1 the assemblages characteristic of the systems lime-magnesia-silica, and magnesia-alumina-silica, in thermal metamorphism have been described, special reference being made to the range of mineralogical associates of rhombic pyroxene.
The Tectonics of the Southern Midlands: A Criticism and a Contribution
Authors: Thompson Beeby
Published: May 2009

In the Geological Magazine for May appeared an article by Dr. R. H. Rastall entitled “On the Tectonics of the Southern Midlands”, which I feel it absolutely necessary to criticize and correct in so far as it deals with evidence derived from Northamptonshire and quotations from my own papers, the latter in parts verbally accurate and yet altogether misleading as used; and I trust Dr. Rastall will accept the following corrections and additions rather as a contribution than an adverse criticism merely to his theory of “the recurrence of activity along old-established fold-lines of an early date–5, and will be separately referred to.
A Note on the Characters of some Crystalline Rocks from the Kukuruku Hills (Nigeria).
Authors: Parkinson John
Published: May 2009

From the foregoing notes it is evident that there exists in this part of the Kukuruku District an igneous series showing the familiar veining, banding, and mingling of rocks of increasingly acid composition, and also a group of completely altered sediments.
An Analcite-bearing Tuff in the Carboniferous Limestone of Derbyshire
Authors: Sargent H. C.
Published: May 2009

In the course of a recent study of the microscopic characters of the pyroclastic rocks of Derbyshire, a colourless, isotropic mineral, with refractive index considerably lower than that of the balsam, was noted in a thin section of a tuff from Cressbrook Dale. The rock consists essentially of a mass of lapilli containing much yellowish basaltic glass, often partially devitrified, and many felspar laths, sometimes with straight extinction, in a cement partly of calcite, and partly of amorphous, opaque material, white or grey by reflected light, which is probably decomposed volcanic detritus, of the same nature as the “toadstone-clays” of Derbyshire. Vitro-clastic structure is abundant.
Beerbachite at the Lizard
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

IN my paper on the Lizard this rock is mentioned, but without a specific name, for I had not then seen the figure given in 1898 by Rosenbusch (Elemente der Gesteinslehre, 1898, p.51). He calls it Beerbachite, and describes it on p. 219 as one of his Ganggesteine, among those von malchitischem Habitus, quoting an analysis. The name appears to have been given by Chelius to a rock from Frankenstein in the northern Odenwald, where it forms small veins in a gabbro, and has the following analysis: SiO2 = 47·21, Al2O3 = 20·52, Fe2O3 = 7·48, FeO = 5·32, MgO = 4·16, CaO = 8·63, Na2O = 5·17, K2O = 0·33, H2 = 0·34, P2O5 = 0·46, with 0·19 FeS2 and 0·10 hygroscopic water. He states that the rock is fine-grained to compact, not lustrous, grey to pale grey in colour, consisting of a panidiomorphic mixture of labradorite and diallage, with a variable amount of hypersthene and magnetite, and that olivine-bearing varieties occur. In these commonly a brown hornblende replaces the diallage, in which the above-named constituents are pæcilitic. He states that beerbachite also occurs in gabbro near Harzburg and in the Isle of Mull.
On Jurassic Ammonites from East Africa, collected by Prof. J. W. Gregory
Authors: Spath L. F.
Published: May 2009

Description.—This specimen is characterized by a subrectangular whorl-section with depressed venter, which is peculiar to Fontannes's group of “Phylloceras” tortisulcatum. The greatest thickness of the whorls is near the umbilical margin, but the sides are almost parallel and the ventral area is evenly convex, not flattened. The ratio of height to thickness is about 7: 6, as compared with 4: 3 in Sowerbyceras tortisulcatum, according to Pompeckj, and with 8: 7 at most in S. protortisulcatum Pompeckj sp. The umbilicus is comparatively large and deep; its walls are rounded and not abrupt. There are about four constrictions to the whorl, beginning as conspicuous grooves with a forward bend at the umbilicus, but becoming less distinct on the lateral area. After bending back again they become once more pronounced, passing across the periphery with a sinus that is concave forwards.
The Iron Ore Supplies of the World
Authors: Hatch F. H.
Published: May 2009

WITHIN the limits of a brief article such as this must necessarily be, it is impossible to do more than indicate the chief sources of iron-ore supply. The subject is a big one, and of great importance, not only to the British ironmaster, but also to every inhabitant of this country. I am therefore pleased to be able to state that the Federation of Iron and Steel Manufacturers has not only asked the Imperial Mineral Resources Bureau to prepare a summary of the existing information as to the iron-ore supplies of the world, but is also assisting to finance the inquiry. This will mean a more complete survey than is possible to-day.
A Theory of the Marginal Drift
Authors: Wright W. B.
Published: May 2009

IT is a fact well known to geologists that the drifts laid down in the peripheral portions of the area affected by the Quaternary Glaciation differ markedly from those developed nearer in to the glacial centres. Beyond, perhaps, a vague suggestion that this may have been due to different climatic conditions during the successive stages of the retreat, no adequate or even partial explanation of the phenomenon has ever been brought forward. Pursuing a line of thought suggested by Dr. Matti Sauramo, in his paper on the glacial retreat in Southern Finland, it now seems possible to offer an explanation based merely on the simple assumption of a greater degree of cold during the maximum of glaciation than obtained during the later stages of the retreat.
Geological Studies in the Dublin District: II. The Problem of Carrickgollogan
Authors: Smithson F.
Published: May 2009

In the first part of this paper an account has been given of the heavy minerals of the northern part of the Leinster Granite and of the contiguous rocks in the Ballycorus district.
The Carboniferous Outlier at Pen-Cerig-caich
Authors: George T. Neville
Published: May 2009

The hill of Pen-Cerig-calch, reaching to a height of 2,300 feet, on the southern borders of the Black Mountains, lies about 2 miles north of Crickhowell, and about 4 miles from the nearest part of the main Carboniferous outcrop above Llangattwg. It first attracted the attention of Murchison. Since his time, apart from incidental references, it has not been examined in detail, and as it lies just outside the borders of the Geological Survey Sheet 232, it is not included in the description of the succession of that area given by the Survey officers. The recent revision of this memoir, which includes a discussion of the zonal sequence of the Carboniferous along the main outcrop, is completed, structurally, by the following description of the sequence at Pen-Cerig-caich.
Curious Rock-Marks from Transbaikalia
Authors: Challinor John
Published: May 2009

In June last (1927) Mr. K. E. Williams and I received the following letter from Mr. R. Hecker, who is in charge of the Siberian Collections at the Geological Museum, Academy of Sciences, Leningrad:—
A Rare Euryocrinus from the Carboniferous Limestone of Coplow Knoll, Clitheroe
Authors: Wright James
Published: May 2009

In September, 1926, accompanied by my friend, Mr. James Begg, of Glasgow, I spent a few days in the Clitheroe district, being attracted thereto by a perusal of that excellent paper by Dr. Parkinson on this region (Q.J.G.S., vol. lxxxii, 1926, pp. 188–249). The paper itself, with its interesting details, really fanned into flame a smouldering desire to examine the district further, since over twenty-five years ago I had read in Our Common British Fossils, by the late Dr. Taylor—a fascinating book to a young geologist—the statement that in the neighbourhood of Clitheroe. whole beds are composed of crinoid heads. Being in Lancashire shortly afterwards, I one day went to Clitheroe and spent a few hours in Salt Hill Quarry, but owing to ignorance of the localities and lack of experience in crinoid collecting, I was grievously disappointed so far as these fossils were concerned. When Mr. Begg and I visited the district in 1926 I recognized the landmarks and saw at once that if I had gone further east to Bellman Quarry I should probably have been amply rewarded. On the results of our 1926 visit Mr. Begg and I were well pleased. We explored most of the knolls and quarries of the district and spent a considerable time, especially at Bellman and Coplow Quarries, where we collected a large number of well-fcpreserved crinoids.
An Upper Carboniferous Fauna from the Amotape Mountains, North-Western Peru
Authors: Thomas H. Dighton
Published: May 2009

There are two specimens, both exfoliated, which seem to be co-specific, and to belong to Sphenotus. The larger one is the worse preserved of the two, but the other shows some distortion by pressure; it retains the right valve, which however had its characters very much obscured. A third crushed and exfoliated individual from Gramadal Quebrada may also belong to the species.
The Occurrence of Glossopteris in the Beacon Sandstone of Ferrar Glacier, South Victoria Land
Authors: Edwards W. N.
Published: May 2009

The presence of members of the Glossopteris flora in Antarctica was first attested by the material collected from Mount Buckley by Dr. Wilson and Lieut. Bowers on Capt. Scott's last expedition to the South Pole. and the now famous specimens were described by Professor A. C. Seward (1914). Traces of fossil plants in Antarctica, were, however, first discovered by Mr. H. T. Ferrar, a member of the National Antarctic Expedition, 1901–1904, and were briefly described by Arber (1907), who reported, on some specimens from the Ferrar Glacier, that “several of these show fair-sized carbonaceous impressions or markings, which in all probability are of vegetable origin”. The evidence presented by this unpromising material did not “permit of any opinion as to the botanical nature or affinities of the fossils themselves, nor of the geological age of the beds in which they occur” (Arber, 1907, p. 48). Professor Seward examined the specimens and agreed with this conclusion (1914, p. 2).
A System of Joints on the Surface of Basalt Columns at the Giants Causeway
Authors: Rohleder Herbert P. T.
Published: May 2009

When studying the geology of the Giants Causeway district in 1924 I noticed a strange system of well-developed joints on the surface of some basalt columns. As these only appeared on the planes of a few columns in this district, where several hundred thousand basalt columns are exposed, and as these joints were only to be found on and quite close to the surface, I firstly regarded them as a mere feature of weathering. It was only after Professor Dr. Maximilian Weber in Munich pointed out to me the striking resemblance of these joints to the photos published in Daubrée's Études synthétiques de Géologie Experimentale, and I decided to investigate this problem closer, the results of which are given as follows:–

This system of joints is only to be found at one locality in the Giants Causeway district, i.e. the lower parts (sea level) of the “Grand Causeway” (west side) opposite the “wishing chair” (the spot is marked with a white X on Fig. 1, Pl. XIV).
Petrographic Notes on Three Rock-types from the Shetland Islands
Authors: Phillips F. Coles
Published: May 2009

Three years ago the author commenced petrological work in the Shetland Islands, and two communications dealing with different rock-groups have been published (Phillips, 1926, 1927). The work was undertaken as a subject for a degree thesis in the University of Cambridge, and the thesis as presented deals also with other rock-groups on which no published work exists. As it seems unlikely that the author's work will be continued, it has been deemed of interest to publish the following notes, incomplete though they may be.
On the Occurrence of Linnaeite in the Coal-measures of South Wales
Authors: Howarth W. E.
Published: May 2009

IN the course of an investigation into the distribution of millerite by Dr. F. J. North and the writer, the presence of linnaeite (sulphide of cobalt Co3S4) in the clay-ironstone nodules of the Coal-measures of East Glamorgan was confirmed. That sulphide of cobalt should accompany sulphide of nickel is not surprising, but the only record of its occurrence in Wales so far as the writer is aware, takes the form of a note (without title) by A. L. des Cloizeaux in a French publication. This record was based on a specimen from the “Rhonda” (Rhondda) discovered by a Mr. Terrill, of Swansea, which does not seem to have been preserved. It is possible, too, that the mineral may occur in the Coal-measures of Belgium, as nickel and cobalt were detected in the soot from flues under which coal from Beyne (near Liége, Belgium) had been burned.
Eminent Living Geologists: Professor Sir T. W. Edgeworth David
Authors: Edgeworth David T. W.
Published: May 2009

Professor Sir Edgeworth David was born in 1858 at St. Fagan's Rectory, near Cardiff, and was educated at Magdalen College School, Oxford, becoming head of the school and captain of the football and boat clubs. In 1876 he was elected to the Senior Classical Scholarship at New College, Oxford, and graduated in 1880, having won further distinctions in classics and in athletics. He had included in his studies a course of geology under Professor Prestwich, and had commenced in South Wales his life-long research upon the problems of glaciation. His geological studies were continued in London under Professor Judd, at the Royal School of Mines, and in 1882 he was appointed to the Geological Survey of New South Wales, under the late Mr. C. S. Wilkinson. On his arrival in Sydney in November of that year he made an investigation of the very fossiliferous Silurian beds of Yass, and shortly afterwards commenced the study of the rich tin-bearing deep-leads and alluvium of New England, completing a large quarto memoir thereon in 1887. His duties led him to visit many pirts of the State, but attention was now devoted chiefly to the Survey of the Hunter River Coalfield, which has occupied much of his time ever since; indeed, part only of his researches thereon has yet appeared. This investigation has been of immense value both economically and scientifically. The western portion, or Maitland coalfield, the extension of which was discovered during his survey, has proved the most important coalfield in Australasia.
The English “ Eskers ”—their Structure and Distribution
Authors: Gregory J. W.
Published: May 2009

The terms “ kame ” and “ esker ” have been applied in England to various mounds and ridges of sand and gravel. For some, such as those in South-east Essex either name is inappropriate, since they are not glacial deposits but are tide-formed banks of shelly sand. Most of the described English kames and eskers are clearly related to glacial formations, and their distribution and structure throw light on the later stages of British glaciation.
Pliocene (Tertiary) and Early Pleistocene (Quaternary) Mammalia of East Anglia, Great Britain, in Relation to the Appearance of Man
Authors: Osborn Henry Fairfield
Published: May 2009

In studying the evolution and distribution of the Proboscidea and the arrival of man in Great Britain (Osborn, 1922, 1922a, 1922b), the writer has recently had occasion to review the faunal researches of Lydekker and Newton, and the collection of Mr. A. C. Savin, in connexion with the very interesting question of the geologic correlation of Great Britain with the Upper Pliocene fauna of Europeto the south-east, and of the Scandinavian Glaciation I on the north, with the advent of the northern forest, the boreal, and the Arctic mammal fauna of Great Britain.
On the Overlap of the Upper Gault in England and on the “Red Chalk“ of the Eastern Counties
Authors: Kitchin F. L. , Pringle J.
Published: May 2009

Norfolk.—The so-called Red Chalk is visible in two quarries at Snettisham, but the exposures there are less favourable for investigation than the well-known section to be seen in the cliff north of Hunstanton. The thin rock-bands there comprised under this title have given rise to much discussion amongst geologists, whose views have been summarized by Mr. W. Whitaker and by the late A. J. Jukes-Browne. The Red Rook, not more than 4 feet thick at this locality, has been variously referred by different authors to the whole Gault formation, to the Upper Gault, to the Upper Greensand, and to the Lower Chalk. So long ago as 1869, the Rev. T. Wiltshire published an illuminating paper in which he described the characters of the three beds that can be recognized as composing the red band. Chiefly on the basis of the fossils found in the two lower beds he made a correlation with the Upper Gault of Folkestone. The late Professor Judd and Professor C. Barrois emphasized the fact that the Red Rock is unconformable with the underlying Greensand, but conformable with the overlying Chalk. Professor Barrois was so impressed by this fact and by the unequivocal character of the fauna that he correlated the red beds with his zone of Ammonites inflatus (Upper Gault).