bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peningkatan Praktik Cuci Tangan Pakai Sabun pada Anak Usia Sekolah dengan Metoda Emo Demo
Authors: Amareta Dahlia Indah , Ardianto Efri Tri
Published: October 2022

Indonesian people's habits, including children in hand washing with soap, are still low, despite of it is one of the most effective ways to prevent diarrhea and ARI, which are the leading cause of child death. Emotional Demonstration (Emo Demo) is one of the imaginative and provocative educational methods to achieve healthy behavior. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of hand washing with soap counseling with Emo Demo method on school-age children in Islamic Elementary School Al-Badri, in Kalisat, Jember District. This research was a quantitative one that used pre experiment with one group pre-test post-test design, and consisted of 47 stu-dents as research subject. The variables under study were the knowledge and practice of hand washing with soap. The data collection was conducted in September-October 2017. Prior to the intervention, most of the students were lack of knowledge and practice (78,8 % and 85,1 %). Af-ter the intervention was done by providing counseling, small group demonstration, and provision of handwashing facilities, most students had moderate knowledge (76,6 %), while students with good knowledge were as much as 8,5 %. The practice of hand washing with soap among study subjects were mostly in good category (76,6%). To conclude, there is a significant knowledge dif-ferent between before and after intervention (p<0,001), and so is the practice (p< 0,001).
ANDROCENTRISMO E MACHISMO CULTURAL: OS ENTRAVES NA PROMOÇÃO DA SAÚDE DO HOMEM EM CONTEXTO PANDÊMICO
Authors: Varela João Pedro do Valle , Almeida Filho Marcos Silva de , Mangiavacchi Bianca Magnelli , CURCIO FERNANDA SANTOS
Published: October 2022

Introdução

A compreensão do processo saúde-doença-cuidado edifica-se a partir da dinamicidade e da integração dos enlaces e rupturas da vida social, sendo concebido como um produto das relações socia
Cavitating lung disease is not always due to tuberculosis! Wegener’s granulomatosis with mycetoma with deep vein thrombosis lower limb: Case report with review of literature
Authors: Patil Shital Vishnu , Toshniwal Sham , Gondhali Gajanan
Published: October 2022

Pulmonary tuberculosis is most common cause for bilateral pulmonary cavities with constitutional symptoms in India being endemic and more prevalent nature of disease, irrespective of microscopy or nucleic acid amplification test abnormalities. Pulmonary manifestations of systemic vasculitis have very diverse involvement ranging from nodule, consolidation, and cavitation. In this case report, 49-year female, presented with constitutional symptoms with lung parenchymal consolidations progressed to cavitation’s and started empirical anti-tuberculosis treatment without mycobacterial microscopic or genome documentation in sputum with clinical or radiological worsening. Bronchoscopy workup is inconclusive and tropical screen for bacterial, TB, and malignancy were negative and fungal yield aspergillus colonization. Vasculitis workup done in presence of clinical and radiological worsening documented PR3-ANCA positive with very highly raised titers. We have started on steroids, cyclophosphamide with antifungals and clinical response documented with near complete resolution of shadows in 24 weeks. She had developed DVT (deep vein thrombosis) lower limb during course of illness and documented excellent response to anticoagulation. DVT prophylaxis is must in all cases taking steroids with decreased daily activities to prevent fatal cardiovascular complications.
PROSPECTS AND BARRIERS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GREEN BONDS MARKET IN UKRAINE
Authors: Dubko Anastasiia
Published: October 2022

The article reveals the essence and substantive features of such a financial instrument as green bonds, the purpose of which is to attract funds for the financing of green projects, highlights the objective perquisites for the need to initiate and develop the green bond market in Ukraine, as well as the current legal status of this type of debt securities. Attention is paid to the essence of the category of “green financing”, a constituent element of which is considered to be green bonds, in particular, as a form of mobilizing funds for the implementation of green projects. The current state of the capital market in Ukraine, including the debt capital market, is studied, and barriers to the functioning of the domestic green bond market are identified, including problems of an economic (budgetary, tax), institutional, regulatory and political nature. Prospects for the development of the green bond market in Ukraine are identified, in particular, given the potential need to reformat the domestic energy system in the context of the “green” transition due to the devastating consequences of russian armed aggression in 2022.
THE SEMANTICS OF THE ACADEMIC SONGS AS A SIGNIFICANT FORM OF UKRAINIAN MUSIC COMPOSITION: EPISTEMOLOGICAL ASPECT
Authors: Zadorozhna Tetyana
Published: October 2022

The Ukrainian academic song is a phenomenon that clearly demonstrates the significance of the ethnic national identity of Ukrainian music composition. Its origins are obviously Ukrainian folk songs, which determined the stylistic roots of Ukrainian chamber vocal lyrics with its genre stylistic diversity. And therefore, the importance of posing the problem lies in the fact that a certain system of its genre stylistic specialization was formed from among the genre varieties of Ukrainian chamber solo singing, which was discussed in the research of S. Lyudkevych regarding the solo songs of M. Lysenko to the lyrics of T. Shevchenko. Therefore, continuing the research traditions of the Galician scholar, as well as taking into accopunt modern analytical works, an updated view is offered regarding the genre stylistic priorities of Ukrainian academic songs. Research methods used are analytical and discursive, which means a logical elaboration of the existing research on the problems of generic specialization of chamber vocal lyrics as a whole. It is to be hoped that the selected research approach will be favorable for a heuristically fruitful and epistemologically plausible interpretation of the mental specificity of the Ukrainian academic songs.
PROBLEMS OF SUMMONSES DURING MARTIAL LAW IN THE REPUBLIC OF UKRAINE
Authors: Zvarych Roman
Published: October 2022

In Ukrainian society, military relations have gained a lot of importance by delivery of summonses. With the help of the analytical and descriptive method of research, the normative legal acts regulating the delivery of summonses in wartime were analyzed, and the comparative legal method made it possible to depict the main mechanisms of effective law enforcement of the legislation of Ukraine. The main aspects of the subject of the study are illegal actions on the part of proxied persons. The Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine V. Zaluzhnyi and the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine emphasized the existing legal mechanisms for solving these practical problems was emphasized. The rule of law is the main guideline during regulation of relation of the service of summonses. The probable algorithm of constitutional law enforcement the service of summonses in Ukraine was introduced into scientific circulation.
CHRISTIAN-SACRAL TRADITIONS OF CHERNIGIV-SIVERSKY REGION
Authors: Balabushka Victoria
Published: October 2022

In the article, from the standpoint of cultural research, there is an attempt to systematize the Christian values of the saints, which formed the basis of the cultural and artistic projects of the architecture of medieval Chernigiv and generalize common European, including Slavic-Ukrainian, distinctive traditions of spiritual heritage. They were formed on the basis of pagan mythology, which was transformed into the Christian spiritual world. It was passed down from generation to generation through oral and written culture, preserved in myths, legends, legends, sermons, chronicles, and the Holy Scriptures. It was spread by members of monastery communities, priests, and pilgrims throughout Ukraine-Rus. The philosophical and Christian spiritual tradition, morality, and culture of Europeans have been preserved up to this day in a sacred form. The Christian- European influences of sacred icon painting art as a new historical stage are considered. The Christian-European influences of monumental stone and masonry architecture are considered a new historical stage, which formed the cult of traditions of common biblical images of mosaic-fresco, icon painting art, and local images of princely dynasties, canonized saints, which also occupy a sacred place in today’s Ukrainian architecture.
EDUCATIONAL MODEL OF PERSONAL SELF-IMPROVEMENT OF STUDENTS BY MEANS OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES
Authors: Lunhol Olha , Haborets Olha
Published: October 2022

Today a number of theoretical problems of self-development, in particular professional self-improvement of the personality of future highly qualified specialists, requires a balanced pedagogical approach. The aim of the article is to consider theoretical and methodological foundations and develop an educational model of the use of digital tools in the system of professional self-improvement of students on the example of institutions of higher medical education. The conducted pedagogical experiment allowed to check the effectiveness of the structural model of professional self-improvement of students developed by the authors by means of digital technologies. A number of methods of mathematical statistics were used, which made it possible to obtain qualitative indicators and determine the increase in the percentage of students by the levels of formation of professional self-improvement in comparison with the formative and final section. An educational model for the development of professional self-improvement of future specialists has been developed and its effectiveness in the educational process of medical university has been experimentally tested. We see prospects for further research in the development of theoretical and methodological foundations for training future professionals in various fields of professional activity through digital technology.
INTERREGIONAL COMPETITION AS A WAY TO INCREASE THE COMPETITIVENESS OF THE REGION
Authors: Maslivets Herman , Grynchuk Nataliia
Published: October 2022

The processes of expansion of regional actors in the world market have led to significant changes not only in approaches, methods and tools for managing and regulating international economic relations, but also in the framework of regional economic policies implemented in countries. Regional economic policy is no longer an instrument of purely domestic economic policy of the state and has become a management tool that is largely responsible for the country's competitiveness. This new status is also due to the fact that the region, compared to the national economy, has a much more adaptive potential in terms of changing external conditions and less inertia in the development process. This is a broad way of concentrating factors of production in a relatively short period of time, creating the necessary conditions for the impact of the scale of production, the influence of agglomeration, which is significantly affected by the competitiveness of the territory and the economic entities operating in it.
IDENTITY CRISIS AS A FACTOR OF UKRAINIAN DEMOCRATIC TRANSIT. GENERATIONAL ASPECT
Authors: Shcherbenko Eduard
Published: October 2022

The political identities are interpreted as inner narratives in the article. These discourse formations we analyze as the medium of Ukrainian democratic transition’ institutional memory. The reduction of the political imagination, according to which changes in identity are presented only as a linear processes, is shown; at the same time efforts to overcome this narrative inertia. In the context of this paradigm shift, the achievements of the first post-Soviet generation of Ukrainian political scientists in the field of identity analysis are revised. It is shown that through the conceptualization of challenges, the ‘invisible college’ of researchers managed to reflect the fundamental for the fate of democratic transit connection between the strata of the middle class and students (‘Ukrainian invariant’), which ensures the cooperation of generations in the process of a democratic transition.
ARTISTIC IMAGE OF UKRAINIAN FOLK COSTUME IN THE CONTEMPORARY UKRAINIAN ICON PAINTING ARTWORKS BY OLEKSANDR OKHAPKIN
Authors: Dolesko Svitlana
Published: October 2022

This study offers an analysis of certain works by the contemporary Ukrainian icon painter Oleksandr Okhapkin. His works address the traditions of Ukrainian decorative and applied arts by impregnating the icon’s composition with typical examples of folk artworks of the Ukrainian people, with Ukrainian folk costume playing an important role among these artworks. Therefore, this article is aimed at interpreting the Christian image of the Mother of God as a Ukrainian Berehynia Woman and Mother, which can be seen in the complex of the depicted Ukrainian folk costume and its particular elements. The methodological basis included priority methods of art studies: historical method, art analysis method, comparison and generalization, comprehensive method, and interviewing method. Conclusions. An analysis of icons of the Mother of God has revealed the particularities of using examples of Ukrainian decorative and applied arts in the composition of icon painting works. It was ascertained that the Mother of God is presented as the legendary Berehynia Woman and Mother Earth. In the future, this topic deserves to be studied in greater depth and filled with new senses of contemporary significance, at the time when national self-identification of Ukrainians in the world is extremely necessary. In particular, this can be done using the figurative language of icon painting.
CONCEPTUALIZING ENERGY EFFICIENCY WITHIN THE SCOPE OF ENERGY SECURITY AND ENERGY SUSTAINABILITY
Authors: KOÇASLAN Gelengül
Published: October 2022

As energy is essential to life utilizing energy resources efficiently has been at the top of the agendas of the governments and energy efficiency has been among the major components of energy policies so far. However it is not that easy to achieve energy efficiency as it is inherently related to the other components of sustainability. Sustainability plays a key role in development goals of the countries and refers to sustainable economic, social, environmental, political and security policies. It is critical to promote sustainability showing regard to each of them without any conflict. This research presents a comprehensive understanding of energy efficiency focusing on energy sustainability and energy security. It is aimed to better understand energy efficiency within the scope of energy sustainability and energy security.
The experimental methods and elastic properties of shale bedding planes materials state-of-the-art review
Authors:   School of Materials Science and Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, USA, Messer Kyle , Fahem Ali ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Collage of Engineering, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq, Guthai Achyuth ,   School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, USA, Singh Raman ,   School of Materials Science and Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, USA,   School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, USA
Published: October 2022

The identification of physical properties and fracture behavior of shale or hydrocarbon materials has grown to have substantial importance in the last four decades to industry and investigators alike due to its importance in unconventional oil and gas resources. This interest deviates from shale being a transversely isotropic material formed by bedding layers with different orientations and isotropic properties. In this paper, the experimental setup and the mechanical properties of shale materials have been reviewed. The investigator shows that the properties of shale are not unique, and it is highly dependent on, volume, loading type, and geolocation. Furthermore, the investigator utilized different experimental setup methods to identify the elastic properties of shale and the most common methods are Transducers Strain Detection, Strain gauges, Ultrasonic, and Digital image correlation that is shown in detail.
Presenteeism İyi Midir Kötü Müdür? Okullarda Fenomenolojik Bir Çalışma
Authors: USLUKAYA Alper , DEMİRTAŞ Zülfü , ALANOĞLU Müslim
Published: October 2022

The study aims to holistic and comprehensive analyse presenteeism according to the perceptions of education workers who experience it more frequently and reveal the relationship of presenteeism with the sociological, psychological, and theological dynamics of Turkish society. The study was conducted with a phenomenological design, one of the qualitative research methods. The study group consists of teachers and school administrators working in Elazig, a province in Turkey. It was determined that educators can voluntarily decide to work when they are not feeling well due to motivations such as a sense of responsibility, conscience, commitment to work, public service, and religious sensitivity. In addition, some participants stated that due to organisational pressure, economic difficulties, and workload, employees make a forced decision to work when they are not well. Finally, in addition to the negative results of presenteeism, positive results, which are rarely seen in the literature, were also obtained. Therefore, the experience of presenteeism should be evaluated considering its positive and negative effects on organizations and employees.
THE AGE OF THE KUBAKA EPITHERMAL GOLD-SILVER DEPOSIT (OMOLON MASSIF, NORTHEAST RUSSIA): GEOLOGICAL AND ISOTOPIC-GEOCHRONOLOGICAL CONSTRAINS (U-PB AND 40AR/39AR METHODS): REPLY
Authors:   N.A. Shilo North-East Interdisciplinary Scientific Research Institute of Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Glukhov A.N. , Akinin V.V. ,   N.A. Shilo North-East Interdisciplinary Scientific Research Institute of Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Polzunenkov G.O. ,   N.A. Shilo North-East Interdisciplinary Scientific Research Institute of Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Alshevsky A.V. ,   N.A. Shilo North-East Interdisciplinary Scientific Research Institute of Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: October 2022

Perfomed of analysis of the data, argued for few stages of mineralization at Kubaka gold deposit, included young (Jurassic-Cretaceous). We are the opinion that volume and quality of this data insufficient for controverse of Late Paleozoic age of Kubaka deposit.
Kegagalan RZ Memecahkan Ill-Structured Problem Persegi Panjang
Authors: Mutianingsih Ninik , Prayitno Lydia Lia
Published: October 2022

Siswa dituntut harus menjadi pemecah masalah yang handal dalam berbagai situasi, salah satunya ill-structured problems. Penelitian ini merupakan study kasus bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan penyebab kegagalan RZ dalam memecahkan ill-structured problems tentang persegi panjang untuk menginvestigasi secara mendalam, proses, aktivitas subjek RZ. RZ diminta untuk memecahkan masalah kemudian dilakukan wawancara secara mendalam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa subjek mampu merepresentasikan masalah dengan bahasanya sendiri. Subjek gagal membangun solusi yang sesuai dengan masalah dikarenakan penguasaan konsep segiempat yang parsial. Subjek menggunakan trial and error karena gagal mengaitkan masalah dengan konsep persegi yang merupakan kunci keberhasilan pemecahan masalah. Dalam memberikan justifikasi, subjek tidak mengalami kendala karena proses yang dilakukan adalah penghitungan saja tanpa memaknainya. Sedangkan, proses monitoring dan evaluasi yang dilakukan subjek mengalami kegagalan. Subjek kebingungan menentukan solusi akhir dikarenakan solusi yang dibangunnya tidak memenuhi syarat dari masalah. Untuk itu, guru mempunyai peranan untuk mengajarkan siswanya dalam membangun relasi antar konsep yang dapat dimanfaatkan dalam pemecahan masalah.
From Nano- to Macromechanical Properties of Wood via the Hierarchy of Its Structural Units and Size Effects (A Review)
Authors: Golovin Yu. I. , Gusev A. A. , Matveev S. M.
Published: October 2022

A review presents the results of current studies of wood’s hierarchical structure using modern physical means on the nano- to the macro scales. Relationships between structure and mechanical properties at these levels are discussed. It is shown that size effects in wood strength obey the Hall–Petch relationship in a range of around six orders of magnitude of structural unit characteristic sizes.
Teori Kepuasan Konsumsi
Authors: Irwan Arfin Muh.
Published: October 2022

Preferensi konsumen adalah suatu kondisi yang menggambarkan kesukaan atau pilihan seseorangterhadap suatu jenis produk dibanding dengan jenis produk lain yang terbentuk dari persepsikonsumen terhadap suatu produk. Pengertian preferensi secara umum apabila ditinjau dari konsumendapat diartikan sebagai suatu pilihan seseorang apakah suka atau tidak terhadap suatu produk barangatau jasa.
Teori kepuasan konsumen
Authors: Islamy Nabila Putri
Published: October 2022

Preferensi konsumen adalah suatu kondisi yang menggambarkan kesukaan atau pilihan seseorang terhadap suatu jenis produk dibanding dengan jenis produk lain yang terbentuk dari persepsi konsumen terhadap suatu produk. Pengertian preferensi secara umum apabila ditinjau dari konsumen dapat diartikan sebagai suatu pilihan seseorang apakah suka atau tidak terhadap suatu produk barang atau jasa.
Teori konsumsi
Authors: Islamy Nabila Putri
Published: October 2022

Konsumsi merupakan kegiatan menggunakan barang dan jasa untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidup. Konsumsi adalah semua penggunaan barang dan jasa yang dilakukan manusia untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya. Barang dan jasa yang digunakan dalam proses produksi tidak termasuk konsumsi, karena barang dan jasa itu tidak digunakan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidup manusia. Barang dan jasa dalam proses produksi ini digunakan untuk memproduksi barang lain.
Jenis dan Analisis Strategi
Authors: Ilman Afnan Nur , Nurhayati  , Amalia Muhlisatul , khaerani siti fadhilah
Published: October 2022

Dalam sebuah perusahaan tentu memiliki visi. Untuk mencapai visi tersebut diperlukan sebuah strategi yang sistematis agar memberika output sesuai yang diinginkan perusahaan. Maka dari itu, ada beberapa jenis dan analisis strategi yang perlu diketahui agar dapat menjalanakan strategi tersebut.
New Zeta Formula solved the Riemann hypothesis and unified the Quantum and the Classical physics
Authors: Abdelaziz SaadEldin M
Published: October 2022

Duality exists in nature and physics but does not clearly exist inmathematics. In this current study, we try to investigate the duality in math-ematics. Firstly, we develop and derive a new formula for the Zeta function.We prove that this formula has duality characteristics representing a new kindof mathematics. Besides, we show that the Riemann hypothesis proof is di-rectly related to this property. In the second part of this theoretical study, thebehavior of the energy or particle in both quantum and classical physics the-ories is explained within the proposed mathematical model framework. Thepresented model can give answers to several important physics questions thatwere never answered, like, for instance, the reason for the collapsing of thewave function when being measured. In addition to explaining the Quantumentanglement phenomenon and its instantaneous communication, the doubleslits experiment and all its mysteries as well as the Stern-Gerlach experimentcan be explained based on the model. Furthermore, regarding general relativ-ity, the model can describe a mechanism of motion that achieves a uniformacceleration as a default particle motion in the universe, and that may explainits extension. Finally, this model presents a paradigm for gravity and providesa deeper explanation to understand its force and causes.
palaeoverse: a community-driven R package to support palaeobiological analysis
Authors: Jones Lewis , Gearty William , Allen Bethany , Eichenseer Kilian , Dean Christopher , Galván Sofía , Kouvari Miranta , Godoy Pedro , Nicholl Cecily , Buffan Lucas , Flannery-Sutherland Joseph , Dillon Erin , Chiarenza Alfio
Published: October 2022

1. The open-source programming language ‘R’ has become a standard tool in the palaeobiologist’s toolkit. Its popularity within the palaeobiology community continues to grow, with published articles increasingly citing the usage of R and R packages. However, there are currently a lack of agreed standards for data preparation and available frameworks to support implementation of such standards. Consequently, data preparation workflows are often unclear and not reproducible, even when code is provided. Moreover, due to a lack of code accessibility and documentation, palaeobiologists are often forced to ‘reinvent the wheel’ to find solutions to issues already solved by other members of the community.2. Here, we introduce palaeoverse, a community-driven R package to aid data preparation and exploration for quantitative palaeobiological research. The package is freely available and has three core principles: (1) streamline data preparation and analyses; (2) enhance code readability; and (3) improve reproducibility of results. To develop these aims, we assessed the analytical needs of the broader palaeobiological community using an online survey, in addition to incorporating our own experiences.3. In this work, we first report the findings of the survey which shaped the development of the package. Subsequently, we describe and demonstrate the functionality available in palaeoverse and provide usage examples. Finally, we discuss the resources we have made available for the community and the future plans for the broader palaeoverse project.4. palaeoverse is the first community-driven R package in palaeobiology, developed with the intention of bringing palaeobiologists together to establish agreed standards for high-quality quantitative research. The package provides a user-friendly platform for preparing data for analysis with well-documented open-source code to enhance transparency. The functionality available in palaeoverse improves code reproducibility and accessibility, which is beneficial for both the review process and future research.
Preschoolers are sensitive to accent distance
Authors: Weatherhead Drew E , Friedman Ori , White Katherine
Published: October 2022

Can children tell how different a speaker’s accent is from their own? In Experiment 1 (N = 84), four- and five-year-olds heard speakers with different accents and indicated where they thought each speaker lived relative to a reference point on a map that represented their current location. Five-year-olds generally placed speakers with stronger accents (as judged by adults) at more distant locations than speakers with weaker accents. In contrast, four year-olds did not show differences in where they placed speakers with different accents. In Experiment 2 (N = 56), the same sentences were low-pass filtered so that only prosodic information remained. This time, children judged which of five possible aliens had produced each utterance, given a reference speaker. Children of both ages showed differences in which alien they chose based on accent, and generally rated speakers with foreign accents as more different from their native accent than speakers with regional accents. Together, the findings show that preschoolers perceive accent distance, that children may be sensitive to the distinction between foreign and regional accents, and that preschoolers likely use prosody to differentiate among accents.
Modeling Intra- and Inter-individual Changes in L2 Classroom Engagement
Authors: Hiver Phil V. , Zhou Shiyao Ashlee , Zheng Yongyan
Published: October 2022

In this study we investigated how student engagement and disengagement change over the course of a semester in the L2 classroom. We modeled change at the inter- and intra-individual levels, using time-variant predictors to examine differences in student classroom engagement and disengagement trajectories. In addition to these temporal dynamics, we also examined what motivational antecedents are related to these changes in engagement and disengagement over time. We collected data from 686 students enrolled in general-purpose English courses at two publicly funded universities in mainland China at three waves in a 17-week semester, and tested a series of multi-level, mixed-effects growth models. Our analyses showed that students who reported higher initial classroom engagement or disengagement levels had lower growth rates than their counterparts as the semester proceeded. Students’ classroom engagement in language learning dipped to its lowest point around the middle of the semester and peaked toward the end of the semester. Motivational antecedents were also strong predictors of student engagement and disengagement in the language classroom at both within- and between-person levels. We discuss the implications of these temporal dynamics of learner engagement in the language classroom.
Development, Validation, and Comparison of Self-Report Measures for Positive and Negative Affect in Intensive Longitudinal Research
Authors: Cloos Leonie Johanna Rosina , Kuppens Peter , Ceulemans Eva
Published: October 2022

Affect is central to human functioning. Due to its dynamic nature, it is often studied with intensive longitudinal designs, yet the development and validation of measures for this purpose have received little systematic attention. In the current study, we review theoretical and methodological conceptualizations of affect that are relevant for repeated momentary positive and negative affect measurement. We developed a questionnaire including six dimensional affect and 22 discrete emotion items that allowed us to measure alternative momentary affect constructs with single and multi-item scores. The items were operationalized into two bipolar, six positive, and six negative momentary affect measures. We compared the measures with three quantifiable criteria of construct validity: the amount of within-person variance, within-person sensitivity to emotional events, and between-person relations to depression and neuroticism. The criteria were empirically investigated with a preregistered experience sampling study (N = 153). We identify the measures with the strongest validity evidence across all criteria and evaluate their suitability for specific research questions, by looking at individual criteria. The overall findings provide strong evidence supporting the use of single-item measures of momentary affect. Furthermore, they provide an efficient low-burden assessment tool that is comparable across studies. For multi-item scales, it is recommended to combine discrete emotion items of similar intensity, while simply selecting and averaging discrete emotion items is problematic concerning our validity criteria. In the future, we encourage the field to conduct systematic research on the use and interpretation of scores that aggregate different emotion items together.
Children’s Accent-based Inferences Depend on Geographic Background
Authors: Weatherhead Drew E , Friedman Ori , White Katherine
Published: October 2022

Young children make inferences about speakers based on their accents. Here, we show that these accent-based inferences are influenced by information about speakers’ geographic backgrounds. In Experiment 1, 4- to 6-year-olds (N = 60) inferred that a speaker would be more likely to have the same cultural preferences as another speaker with the same accent than a speaker with a different accent; in Experiment 2 (N = 90), children made similar inferences about speakers’ friendship preferences. Critically, in both experiments, children were less likely to make accent-based inferences when they were told that the speakers all came from different places (both experiments) or from the same place (Experiment 2). These results suggest that young children’s accent-based inferences hinge on information about geographic background and provide insight into how and why children make accent-based inferences. These findings are also the first to show that young children use accent to infer other people’s social preferences.
The unpleasantness of thinking: A meta-analytic review of the association between mental effort and negative affect
Authors: David Louise , Vassena Eliana , Bijleveld Erik
Published: October 2022

Influential theories in psychology, neuroscience, and economics assume that the exertion of mental effort should feel aversive. Yet, this assumption is usually untested, and it is challenged by casual observations and previous studies. Here we examine (a) whether mental effort is generally experienced as aversive and (b) whether the association between mental effort and aversive feelings depends on population and task characteristics. We meta-analyzed a set of 170 studies (from 125 articles, published in 2019–2020; 358 different tasks; 4670 unique subjects). These studies were conducted in a variety of populations (e.g., healthcare employees, military employees, amateur athletes, college students; data were collected in 29 different countries), and used a variety of tasks (e.g., equipment testing tasks, virtual reality tasks, cognitive performance tasks). Despite this diversity, these studies had one crucial common feature: All used the NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) to examine participants’ experiences of effort and negative affect. As expected, we found a strong positive association between mental effort and negative affect. Surprisingly, just one of our 15 moderators had a significant effect (effort felt somewhat less aversive in studies from Asia vs. Europe and North America). Overall, mental effort felt aversive in different types of tasks (e.g., tasks with and without feedback), in different types of populations (e.g., university-educated populations and non-university-educated populations), and on different continents. Supporting theories that conceptualize effort as a cost, we suggest that mental effort is inherently aversive.
More than a Feeling: Physiological Measures of Affect Index the Integration of Effort Costs and Rewards During Effortful Decision-Making
Authors: Devine Sean , Vassena Eliana , Otto A. Ross
Published: October 2022

The notion that humans avoid effortful action is one of the oldest and most persistent in psychology. Influential theories of effort propose that effort valuations are made according to a cost-benefit trade-off: we tend to invest mental effort only when the benefits outweigh the costs. While these models provide a useful conceptual framework, the affective components of effort valuation remain poorly understood. Here, we examined whether primitive components of affective response—positive and negative valence, captured via facial electromyography (fEMG)—can be used to better understand valuations of cognitive effort. Using an effortful arithmetic task, we find that fEMG activity in the corrugator supercilii—thought to index negative valence—1) tracks the anticipation and exertion of cognitive effort and 2) is attenuated in the presence of high rewards. Together, these results suggest that activity in the corrugator reflects the integration of effort costs and rewards during effortful decision-making.
The Moral Power of Youth Climate Activists - Transforming International Climate Politics?
Authors: Nisbett Nicole , Spaiser Viktoria
Published: October 2022

Youth Climate Activists are an important norm entrepreneur as humanity is increasingly awakening to the realities of accelerating climate change. They push for seeing climate change not merely through cost-benefit analysis frames but through frames of multiple climate justices and our responsibility to protect the most vulnerable, including our own children, against the unfolding climate crisis. But how successful have these activists been in shifting perspectives in the context of international climate politics, where often the fundamental parameters are set for national climate politics? Here we computationally investigate to what extent the normative framework advanced by this movement is increasingly penetrating the international public climate debate, changing arguments, priorities, and frames used at international climate policy negotiations hosted by UNFCCC and we investigate the key actors pushing for normative change. We find that indeed the normative framework advanced by the movement has successfully penetrated the discourse around UNFCCC and that youth climate activists were able gain support from norm champions furthering their cause and further contributing to the diffusion of their normative framework. We also find that their normative framework is slowly starting to spread among government actors.
Obowiązek przedłożenia przez posiadacza odpadów zaświadczenia lub oświadczenia o niekaralności wspólnika w przypadku spółki z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością w kontekście konstytucyjnej zasady proporcjonalności
Authors: Rakoczy Bartosz
Published: October 2022

Cel niniejszego artykułu stanowi analiza rozwiązań normatywnych nakładających na posiadacza odpadów obowiązek dołączenia do określonych wniosków zaświadczenia o niekaralności wspólnika, gdy jest nim osoba prawna. Rozwiązania te, zawarte w ustawie o odpadach i ustawie nowelizującej, naruszają zasadę proporcjonalności. Rozumiejąc ideę, by nie dopuszczać do działalności w zakresie gospodarki i gospodarowania odpadami podmiotów, które popełniły czyny zabronione przeciwko środowisku, należy jednak zdecydowanie sprzeciwić się wyciąganiu negatywnych konsekwencji wobec podmiotu wnioskującego w sytuacji, gdy takiego czynu dopuścił się tylko wspólnik. Oczekiwanie dotyczące przedłożenia stosownego zaświadczenia o niekaralności wspólnika trzeba uznać za niekonstytucyjne, jeśli skutkiem jego nieprzedłożenia jest odmowa przyznania decyzji niezbędnej do prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej. Podobny skutek wystąpi, jeśli wspólnik był karany za czyn zabroniony przeciwko środowisku. Wątpliwości konstytucyjne budzi również ograniczenie regulacji jedynie do spółki z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością, z pominięciem spółki akcyjnej.
1D-ResNet Framework for Ultrasound Signal Classification
Authors: Nair Arya Sukumaran , Hoffrogge Peter , Czurratis Peter , Hollerith Christian , Roch Alexander , Haghighat Alireza , Pressel Klaus , Zudock Frank , Wolf Mario , Kühnicke Elfgard
Published: October 2022

Minor flaws are becoming extremely relevant as the complexity of the semiconductor package evolves. Scanning acoustic microscopy is one analytical tool for detecting flaws in such a complex package. Minor changes in the reflected signal that could indicate a fault can be lost during image reconstruction, despite the high sensitivity. Because of recent AI (Artificial Intelligence) advancements, more emphasis is being placed on developing AI-based algorithms for high precision-automated signal interpretation for failure detection. This paper presents a new deep learning model for classifying ultrasound signals based on the ResNet architecture with 1D convolution layers. The developed model was validated on two test case scenarios. One use case was the detection of voids in the die attach, the other the detection of cracks below bumps in Flip-chip samples. The model was trained to classify signals into different classes. Even with a small dataset, experiment results confirmed that the model predicts with a 98 percent accuracy. This type of signal-based model could be extremely useful in situations where obtaining large amounts of labeled image data is difficult. Through this work we propose an intelligent signal classification methodology to automate high volume failure analysis in semiconductor devices.
Machine Learning Methods for FEOL/MEOL Defects Measurement through SRAM Bitmap
Authors: Zou Ningmu Nathan , Rose Adam , Ting Raymond
Published: October 2022

This paper introduces the use of machine learning models in the characterization of bitmap fail patterns occurring on SRAM to identify FEOL/MEOL layers defectivity distribution. The results of bitmap patterns with test conditions are used for fault analysis post-processing and manufacturing yield improvement methodologies. Several machine learning models were built for prediction of the FEOL/MEOL layer defects based on hundreds of bitmap physical failure analysis results. A model utilizing a multilayer perceptron (MLP) architecture with backpropagation of error were optimized and it can be easily applied to volume products with millions of bitmap test results with >80% accuracy. It is the first time we are able to investigate the FEOL/MEOL defects density quantitatively through an automatic diagnosis tool.
Electro-Optical Interactions in FinFETs
Authors: Krishnan Ravikumar Venkat , Jie Jin , Somasundaram V. , Ng Ray , Yang Joel , Leong Pey Kin
Published: October 2022

Electrooptical investigations such as laser voltage probing (LVP) and dynamic laser stimulation (DLS) are very popular electrical fault isolation techniques (EFI) that use lasers on semiconductor circuits to study the functionality of transistors while the device is in operation. While many studies have been undertaken to understand interaction between laser and planar devices, three-dimensional devices such as FinFETs have interesting physiologies that have not been fully explored. In this work, we study the interaction of polarized light with the n-type metal oxide semiconductor (NMOS) FinFETs, experimentally and through Multiphysics simulations. We report highly directional electrooptical interactions in the FinFET. LVP signals are stronger when the laser used is polarized parallel to the fin and laser stimulation stronger when the laser used is polarized parallel to the gate. These findings affect future laser stimulation and probing investigations for EFI.
X-Ray Device Alteration Using a Scanning X-Ray Microscope
Authors: Lo William , Gupta Puneet , Venkatesh Rakshith , Schlangen Rudolf , Marks Howard , Cory Bruce , Su Frances , Stripe Benjamin , Lewis Sylvia , Yun Wenbing
Published: October 2022

Near Infra-Red (NIR) techniques such as Laser Voltage Probing/Imaging (LVP/I), Dynamic Laser Stimulation (DLS), and Photon Emission Microscopy (PEM) are indispensable for Electrical Fault Isolation/Electrical Failure Analysis (EFI/EFA) of silicon Integrated Circuit (IC) devices. However, upcoming IC architectures based on Buried Power Rails (BPR) with Backside Power Delivery (BPD) networks will greatly reduce the usefulness of these techniques due to the presence of NIR-opaque layers that block access to the transistor active layer. Alternative techniques capable of penetrating these opaque layers are therefore of great interest. Recent developments in intense, focused X-ray microbeams for micro X-Ray Fluorescence (μXRF) microscopy open the possibility to using X-rays for targeted and intentional device alteration. In this paper, we will present results from our preliminary investigations into X-ray Device Alteration (XDA) of flip-chip packaged FinFET devices and discuss some implications of our findings for EFI/EFA.
Environmental X-Ray Computed Tomography (E-CT)—3D CT at Elevated to Cryogenic Temperatures
Authors: Sanders Thomas , Bescup John , Avasapian Sam , Garteiz Gil , Ross Ryan
Published: October 2022

While 2.5D and 3D solutions continue to drive advancements in the electronics packaging industry, challenges persist with their reliability and qualification. In this paper, we introduce a new technique that may prove valuable for nondestructive, in-situ measurements of package and die warpage. This system allows for the powerful visualization tools of Computed Tomography to be applied to samples at elevated and cryogenic temperatures over a broad temperature range (+125C to -257C).
FIB-SIMS in FIB-SEMs—Practical Aspects for Physical Failure Analysis
Authors: Stegmann Heiko , Schulz Hubert , Whitby James
Published: October 2022

Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is a well-established method in semiconductor manufacturing process control and development for trace metal and organic contaminant detection, as well as for depth profiling of ultra-thin film stacks and total dopant concentrations. Using a focused ion beam (FIB) as the primary ion beam provides a versatile and highly sensitive analytical technique with lateral resolution down to a few tens of nanometers, an appropriate technique for targeted failure analysis on functional device structures. This paper presents an example to show the potential of FIB-SIMS to support failure analysis, concentrating on practical aspects of the technique.
PFIB Delayering—Nanoprobing Workflow on 5nm FinFET device
Authors: Choi Ha Young , Kang Christopher H. , Lowe William
Published: October 2022

As advanced device technologies scale to 5nm with dimensions getting smaller and materials change, it is difficult to control the sample preparation delayering end pointing by polishing. Therefore, it requires an alternative solution such as Xe+ PFIB (Plasma Focused Ion beam) Microscopy for accurate delayering control. PFIB can be used for planar Failure Analysis (FA) delayering but also for nanoprobing sample preparation. This paper introduces the detail of nanoprobing sample preparation by PFIB and discusses nanoprobing results on 5nm FinFET technology.
Strategies to Identify Physical Origin of Contrast in EBIRCH
Authors: Moldovan Grigore , Courbat William
Published: October 2022

The Electron Beam Induced Resistance Change (EBIRCH) technique is becoming more popular for localization of defects in Electrical Failure Analysis (EFA). Whilst EBIRCH is clear and straightforward in the procedure that must be followed for localization, it does not provide a direct understanding of the fundamental origin of its signal. This contribution addresses this significant shortfall in the technique, proposing a few basic experimental steps to be added to the technique in continuation of localization, with the principal aim of interrogating the physical origin of signal.
Impact of PFIB Gas Assisted Delayering on MOSFET Degradation
Authors: Sapir Zvika , Dimnich Oksana , Raz Avraham
Published: October 2022

Delayering is an essential sample preparation step in physical failure analysis (PFA) of integrated circuits (IC). During delayering it is crucial to precisely control the endpoint and uniformity of the region of interest (ROI). Furthermore, to perform SEM based nanoprobing it is also required to end the delayering process without residues on the surface that will reduce conductivity of, or induce shorts between, isolated contacts. Delayering via mechanical polishing has been the main approach for PFA and nanoprobing. However, as the shrinkage of the interconnect layer thickness reduced below 100 nm, it has become very challenging to control the polish endpoint and to achieve robustly controlled process. Recently gas assisted Xe+ Plasma FIB (PFIB) has demonstrated uniform delayering of the metal and dielectric layers, achieving a planar surface of heterogeneous materials. The purpose of this study is to analyze the PFIB ion beam interaction with MOSFET devices, addressing ion beam damage related device degradation. We explored the final surface treatment required for nanoprobing and the impact on MOSFETs. For this purpose, we monitored device parameters after PFIB delayering final steps with different beam conditions and compare PFIB prepared samples to polished prepared samples. Consequently, we summarize the considerations of parameters for ion beam on final surface treatment.