bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Harvesting strategy and N fertilization influence 134 Cs uptake by forage plants
Authors: PAASIKALLIO A. , SORMUNEN-CRISTIAN RIITTA R.
Published: July 2018

The root uptake of 134 Cs by forage plants was studied as a function of growth stage and N fertilization with biotite supplementation.The study was conducted by means of pot experiments with peat soil. In the growth stage studies,ryegrass,white clover and yellow-flowered lucerne were cut once 30,60 or 90 days after sowing or three times at intervals of 30 days.In the one-cut system, at 90 d,the activity concentration of 134 Cs in ryegrass and clover was higher and that in lucerne lower than in the three-cut system.In both treatments,the activity concentration in ryegrass decreased and that in legumes,generally,tended to increase with time.In the N fertilization studies,ryegrass was grown at different levels of ammonium nitrate (100,200 and 400 mg N l -1 )and biotite (0,10,20 and 40 g l -1 ) application.The addition of N to soil increased and that of biotite decreased the 134 Cs activity con- centration in ryegrass. The differences in forage 134 Cs between the two harvesting systems were small.Although ammonium nitrate increased the 134 Cs uptake by ryegrass,in the event of fallout, moderate rates of ammonium fertilizer could be used provided that biotite or K are applied at adequate levels.;
Concentration and estimated flow of soluble non-ammonia nitrogen entering the omasum of dairy cows as influenced by different protein supplements
Authors: CHOI C.-W. , VANHATALO A. , HUHTANEN P.
Published: July 2018

Four ruminally fistulated Finnish Ayrshire cows were used to study the effects of different protein supplements on concentration and flow of soluble non-ammonia N (SNAN)into the omasum.The treatments in a 4 × 4 Latin square design were a basal diet of grass silage and barley and the basal diet supplemented with fishmeal, soybean meal and maize gluten meal. Protein supplements significantly increased concentrations of peptide N (P=0.009)and total SNAN (P =0.03)fractions in omasal digesta.Peptide constituted the largest proportion of SNAN flow into the omasum indicating that hydrolysis of peptides to amino acids is the most limiting step in rumen proteolysis.The microbial contribution to SNAN was on an average 0.64 indicating that a large proportion of SNAN flow leaving the rumen was of microbial origin.The estimated SNAN flow per kg dry matter intake from the basal diet and protein supplemented diets indicated that approximately 49,22 and 37 g kg-1 of fishmeal,soybean meal and maize gluten meal protein, respectively, escaped from ruminal degradation as SNAN.;
Economic importance of parcel structure on Finnish farms
Authors: MYYRÄ S. , PIETOLA K.
Published: July 2018

This study estimates shadow prices for land parcel characteristics in Finland, such as size and distance from the compound, by adding these characteristics to the conditional profit maximisation model. The profit functions are production line-specific, and the endogenous choice of production line is controlled for by a switching-type Probit-model. The results suggest that the small parcel size and their long distances from the compound significantly affect the farmer choice of allocating most land either to grass or to grain. The endogenous choice of line of production also has significant statistical implications in relation to profits, output supplies and input demand. Small parcel size was found to increase costs significantly by hindering farmers from adopting the most efficient production technologies and practices. The ongoing rapid structural development in Finnish agriculture implies that the constraints imposed by small parcels of land are becoming more and more costly. Grassland farming is predicted to loose its comparative advantage in the most fragmented agricultural areas, as farm sizes increase further. Operations to re-structure parcels of land amongst a group of neighbouring farms, although often costly and time consuming, will generate high returns.
Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and pesticides on Cynara cardunculus growth
Authors: MARIN M. , YBARRA M. , FÉ A.
Published: July 2018

Wild cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.) is a promising crop for biomass production. A nursery trial was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of mycorrhizal inoculation on the biomass yield of wild cardoon seedlings and the effect of the pesticides fosetyl-Al, folpet and propamocarb, as fungicides, and isofenphos, phoxim and oxamyl, as insecticides, on cardoon plant growth and the mycorrhization. The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi inocula were: commercial inoculum with Glomus mosseae spores, and an inoculum of a Glomus sp. strain (AMF-i) isolated locally. Mycorrhizal inoculation with either inoculum increased cardoon shoot biomass compared to non-inoculated control plants. The pesticide applications had a neutral or positive effect on cardoon seedling growth. However, the AM fungi colonisation did not decrease except for plants colonised by G. mosseae and treated with the insecticides isofenphos and oxamyl. Thus, the mycorrhiza can survive to pesticide concentrations employed in commercial nursery, and enhance cardoon plant productivity.
Phosphorus in Finnish soils in the 1900s with particular reference to the acid ammonium acetate soil test
Authors: SAARELA I.
Published: July 2018

Comprehensive research into phosphorus (P) in soils and crops began in Finland in the early 1900s. The average amount of total P in the ploughed topsoil layer of mineral soils was about two tonnes per hectare in the 1930s, before the abundant use of fertilisers. The main chemical fractions of P in mineral soils were organic matter, primary apatite and secondary complexes of the hydrous oxides of Al and Fe. Of the smaller amounts of P in light peat soils, as much as 80% was present in stable organic compounds. Field experiments showed that the native P reserves of Finnish soils are poorly available to plants, and that P fertilisers are inefficiently utilised because of the strong fixation of applied phosphate in soils. In evaluations before the late 1950s, all simple chemical tests appeared to be rather unreliable indicators of the supply of P from soils to plants, but later research has shown that the results were impaired by errors implicit in the research materials. Some soil test P values (STP)obtained from old samples stored for more than ten years evidently were too high, particularly for organic soils, and many of the soils studied were strongly acidic and therefore biologically less fertile than the chemical P tests indicated. The acid ammonium acetate method (pH 4.65) was introduced in the early 1950s and has since been used in routine soil testing in Finland, not only for P but for all macronutrients except N. In later evaluations of different methods used for estimating the requirement of P fertilisation, the acid ammonium acetate method has proven equal or superior to any other simple chemical method.;
Annual variation in sensory characteristics of seventeen apple cultivars
Authors: Seppä Laila , Tahvonen Risto , Tuorila Hely
Published: July 2018

Sensory characteristics of 17 apple cultivars commonly grown in Finland were compared over three harvest years (2009–2011). Descriptive analysis with a trained panel (n = 11–14) comprised 17 attributes rated from 0 (‘not at all’) to 10 (‘very’): four appearance (green, red, area of red colour, skin waxiness), three odour (intense, grassy, fruity), five  texture (hard, crispy, mealy, juicy, tough peel), and five flavour (intense, sour, sweet, astringent, diverse) attributes. Ratedintensities differed between the harvest years but their magnitude and direction of change varied according to the cultivar. Odour and flavour ratings tended to be higher in 2009 than in 2010 and 2011. The summer 2009 was fairly normal, while summer 2010 was hot and dry, and summer 2011  hot and humid. These climate may explain some of the differences between the first and the two subsequent years. Late season cultivars tended to be relatively stable against annual effects.
Phosphorus extractability in surface soil samples as affected by mixing with subsoil
Authors: PELTOVUORI T.
Published: July 2018

Samples taken from the plow layer (Ap horizon)and subsoil (B horizon)of six cultivated soil profiles were analyzed as original samples and as mixtures containing 25% or 50% material from the B horizon. Acid ammonium acetate extractable phosphorus, degree of phosphorus saturation (DPS), and a phosphorus Q/I-plot were determined for each sample and mixture to evaluate the effect of bulking of dissimilar materials on results and to assess the possibilities of reducing P solubility in P-enriched surface soils. The results obtained for the mixtures were compared with mass-weighed average results of the original samples. Measured values of DPS corresponded well and those of acetate-extractable P reasonably well to the estimated values, and the results were linearly correlated with the mass fraction of horizon B material in the mixed samples (r2>0.85).Water-extractable P behaved dissimilarly; the equilibrium P concentration (EPC) estimated from the Q/I-plots decreased dramatically when the fraction of highly sorptive horizon B material increased in the mixture. The marked effect of subsoil material on EPC values may provide a technique to reduce potential losses of soluble P by deep tillage.;
EU enlargement and the Common Agricultural Policy: The case of Slovenia
Authors: KAVCIC S. , ERJAVEC E. , MERGOS G.
Published: July 2018

The paper aims at assessing the economic effects of Slovenia s accession to the EU.For this purpose, a sector model of Slovenian agriculture APAS-PAM has been constructed.The methodological framework allows for assessment of market, income and competitiveness effects for ten key agricultural products with consideration of two accession scenarios (optimistic EUe and pessimistic EUp)that describe the whole range of possible accession effects.Slovenia s accession to the EU will not increase agricultural production significantly.Accession under the scenario of complete acceptance of the CAP mechanisms and quasi equal treatment by the EU (EUe)will not bring significant changes to aggregate production and income levels with moderate changes on commodity basis. Discrimination of the candidate countries in the field of direct payments and non-competitive down-stream sector assumed by the EUp subscenario will significantly deteriorate the income situation of domestic producers. This holds especially for cereal and beef production. For many commodities,the competitiveness of the food processing industry assuming different price levels for raw materials could have much greater impact on the economic situation of agricultural production than agricultural policy environment itself.;
Variation in biomass related variables of reed canary grass
Authors: SAHRAMAA M. , IHAMÄKI H. , JAUHIAINEN L.
Published: July 2018

Reed canary grass, Phalaris arundinacea L., is a relatively new biomass crop in northern Europe, which produces raw material for bioenergy and paper pulp. Breeding reed canary grass for industrial purposes is under way in the absence of domestic cultivars being available. Knowledge of the extent of variation in biomass related traits is a basic requirement of the breeding programme. The aim of this study was to describe variation in biomass related traits and evaluate the relationships among the variables. Field experiment was carried out between 1994 and 1998 in Finland. Research material included wild and elite populations, which were divided into ten groups according to their origin. Biomass yield, plant fractions, shoot number, node number, leaf area and overwintering ability were measured. Panicle number, plant height and seed ripening were included to the analyses of the relationships. Results indicated the high biomass yield potential of reed canary grass, reaching over 13 t DM ha-1 in the fourth year after establishment. Elite material and a local group from southern Finland had the highest biomass yield, whereas the northernmost local group had the lowest. Three factors established accounted for 45% of the variance and they were defined as high biomass yield, leaf-shoot relationship and fast development. The first factor indicated positive connections among biomass yield, panicle number, plant height, straw fraction and node fraction. This study indicated variation in agronomic traits of reed canary grass, which enables breeding of new cultivars with desired trait combinations.;
Evaluation of reed canary grass for different end-uses and in breeding
Authors: SAHRAMAA M.
Published: July 2018

Traditionally reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) has been cultivated for forage, but currently is a new non-food crop in northern Europe. The aim of this study was to evaluate reed canary grass germplasm, elite and wild populations, for non-food, forage and seed production. An index composed of different agronomic traits was used to establish the best populations for each end-use. Populations were also ranked according to biomass or seed yield only. Non-food cultivars have not yet been developed, but results from this study suggest that some high biomass forage cultivars could be used in non-food production. However, local populations possessed a desirable combination of traits, including higher proportion of straw associated with high biomass yield. This study indicated that local populations could be used in non-food crop breeding together with elite material. Some evidence for the potential of populations for forage production was also noted, mainly through leaf area and leaf proportion measurements. High non-food or forage indices were associated with good seed production in some populations. Results help in selecting appropriate cultivars for non-food use, which is currently important as the cultivated area of reed canary grass for biofuel in Finland is anticipated to be 75 000 hectares by 2010.;
The impact of further tariff reduction on the EU sugar sector in the forthcoming multilateral round
Authors: HUAN-NIEMI E.
Published: July 2018

This paper indicates the need for reform in the EU sugar sector due to the erosion of "border protection" in the view of further reduction in import tariffs for sugar. Three tariff reduction methods are assessed to project the "border protection" for EU sugar: Swiss formula proposed by the Cairns Group, "Harbinson" Proposal by the World Trade Organization and Uruguay Round formula proposed by the EU. In the assumed forthcoming multilateral round for agriculture, the EU would need to lower the support price for sugar by 67%, if the Cairns Group tariff reduction method is used. However, if the "Harbinson" method is used, the EU would need to lower the support price for sugar by at least 35%. On the contrary, the EU may avoid lowering the support price for sugar with three conditions occurring simultaneously: 1) the Uruguay Round formula is used as the reduction method in the assumed new WTO round and the EU can use the minimum reduction rate of 15% for sugar
Soil parameter variability affecting simulated fieldscale water balance, erosion and phosphorus losses
Authors: BÄRLUND I. , TATTARI S. , PUUSTINEN M.
Published: July 2018

Field-scale modelling is widely used as a means to look into interdependencies of processes and to assess potential effects of agricultural management practices as well as of climate and socio-economic scenarios. Generalisation from field-scale results to cover all agricultural land in a catchment by using typical soilcrop- slope combinations has been restricted by a lack of information for the systematic parameterisation of soils. Data from single experimental fields are seldom representative for the whole respective catchment. In this study typical soil profiles for mineral agricultural soils in Finland are defined. Key parameters describing e.g. the texture and water holding capacity of soils, were generated from existing soil data using expert knowledge and are aimed to be used for field-scale modelling when the target is not to model a particular field but soils of certain type in general. Estimates for water balance and phosphorus losses, obtained with the ICECREAM model by applying these data sets, were realistic and compatible with experimental results measured in Finland.;
Evidence for the formation of Luvisols/Alfisols as a response to coupled pedogenic and anthropogenic influences in a clay soil in Finland
Authors: YLI-HALLA M. , MOKMA D.L. , ALAKUKKU L.
Published: July 2018

Clayey soils with a cryic soil temperature regime and an aquic soil moisture regime are extensive in southern Finland but they have rarely been pedogenically described. A pedon in a field that has been in agricultural use since the 17th century was characterized and features indicative of human-influenced pedogenic processes were identified. Owing to intensified agriculture, the soil has become drier than ever before. Natural shrink-swell and anthropogenic turbation processes had destroyed the rock structure to a depth of 72 cm. Groundwater monitoring during nine years proved that in several years the soil had a chance to desiccate down to 150 cm, resulting in wedge-shaped prisms and desiccation joint planes. The cracks and root channels serve as routes for clay translocation. Illuvial clay, observed in thin sections, had the maxima (>1%) in the Btg (3872 cm) and BCtg2 (112140 cm) horizons, corresponding to the effective drainage depths during ditch drainage until 70 years ago and subsequent subsurface tile drainage, respectively. Seventy years of improved drainage seems to be sufficient to give rise to an argic/argillic horizon. This feature is likely manmade but, being irreversible, it must be taken into account in soil classification. In this climate, agriculture seems to influence pedogenesis strongly throughout the solum far below the plough layer. Luvisols (WRB) or Cryaqualfs (Soil Taxonomy) have not been documented in a clay soil in Finland or Sweden before.;
The success of the diversified farm - resource-based view
Authors: RANTAMÄKI-LAHTINEN L.
Published: July 2018

Farms and rural areas have many specific valuable resources that can be used to create non-agricultural products and services. Most of the research regarding on-farm diversification has hitherto concentrated on business start-up or farm survival strategies. Resource allocation and also financial success have not been the primary focus of investigations as yet. In this study these specific topics were investigated i.e. resource allocation and also the financial success of diversified farms from a farm management perspective. The key question addressed in this dissertation, is how tangible and intangible resources of the diversified farm affect the financial success. This studys theoretical ackground deals with resource-based theory, and also certain themes of the theory of learning organisation and other decision-making theories. Two datasets were utilised in this study. First, data were collected by postal survey in 2001 (n = 663). Second, data were collected in a follow-up survey in 2006 (n = 439). Data were analysed using multivariate data analyses and path analyses. The study results reveal that, diversified farms performed differently. Success and resources were linked. Professional and management skills affected other resources, and hence directly or indirectly influenced success per se. In the light of empirical analyses of this study, tangible and intangible resources owned by the diversified farm impacted on its financial success. The findings of this study underline the importance of skills and networks for entrepreneur(s). Practically speaking all respondents of this study used either agricultural resources for non-farm businesses or non-farm resources for agricultural enterprises. To share resources in this way was seen as a pragmatic opportunity recognised by farmers. One of the downsides of diversification might be the phenomenon of over-diversification, which can be defined as the situation in which a farm diversifies beyond its optimal limit. The empirical findings of this study reveal that capital and labour resource constrains did have adverse effects on financial success. The evidence indicates that farms that were capital and labour resource constrained in 2001 were still less profitable than their no problems counterparts five years later.;
Maaperän humuksen määrittämisestä
Authors: Vuorinen Jouko
Published: July 2018

Esillä olevassa tutkimuksessa on vertailtu muutamien humuksen määritystapojen, nimenomaan oksidimetristen märkäpolttojen antamia tuloksia Suomen maaperästä. Kokeita on suoritettu Altenin menetelmällä (2-n K2Cr2O7), 1-n K2Cr2O7:lla ja lisäksi permanganaattipoltolla (0.1-n KMnO4). Tutkimuksessa on käytetty muutamia tunnettuja orgaanisia aineita (manniitti, tärkkelys ja selluloosa) sekä humuspitoisuudeltaan erilaisia maanäytteitä. Tuloksista voidaan esittää seuraavat päätelmät: 1. 0.1-normaalisella kaliumpermanganaatilla saadaan Simonin esittämää menettelytapaa käyttäen maan vesiuutteista ilmeisesti oikeaan osuvia hiilipitoisuuksia. 2. Maaperän humuspitoisuutta tutkittaessa saadaan kaliumpermanganaatilla alemmista mantukerroksista hyvin samanlaisia hiilipitoisuuksia kuin Altenin menetelmällä, mutta vähemmän lahonneista pintakerroksista se antaa liian pieniä lukuja. 3. 1-n K2Cr2O7 on liian heikko hapetin, ja sillä maaperän humusta poltettaessa saadut C-pitoisuudet ovat vain noin 9/10 2-n K2Cr2O7:n antamista. 4. Liekillä keittäminen ei ole tarkasta aikarajoituksesta huolimatta sopiva bikromaattipolton reaktion kiihdyttämiseen, vaan tähän tarkoitukseen soveltuu paremmin pitkä reaktioaika kiehuvassa vesihauteessa. 5. 2-normaalinen kaliumbikromaatti (Altenin menetelmä) antaa erilaisia humusnäytteitä tutkittaessa parhaiten kuivapolttojen (elementaarianalyysi ja hehkutushäviö) kanssa yksiin käyviä ja todennäköisesti melko oikeita hiilipitoisuuksia. 1. 0.1-normaalisella kaliumpermanganaatilla saadaan Simonin esittämää menettelytapaa käyttäen maan vesiuutteista ilmeisesti oikeaan osuvia hiilipitoisuuksia. 2. Maaperän humuspitoisuutta tutkittaessa saadaan kaliumpermanganaatilla alemmista mantukerroksista hyvin samanlaisia hiilipitoisuuksia kuin Altenin menetelmällä, mutta vähemmän lahonneista pintakerroksista se antaa liian pieniä lukuja. 3. 1-n K2Cr2O7 on liian heikko hapetin, ja sillä maaperän humusta poltettaessa saadut C-pitoisuudet ovat vain noin 9/10 2-n K2Cr2O7:n antamista. 4. Liekillä keittäminen ei ole tarkasta aikarajoituksesta huolimatta sopiva bikromaattipolton reaktion kiihdyttämiseen, vaan tähän tarkoitukseen soveltuu paremmin pitkä reaktioaika kiehuvassa vesihauteessa. 5. 2-normaalinen kaliumbikromaatti (Altenin menetelmä) antaa erilaisia humusnäytteitä tutkittaessa parhaiten kuivapolttojen (elementaarianalyysi ja hehkutushäviö) kanssa yksiin käyviä ja todennäköisesti melko oikeita hiilipitoisuuksia.
Observations on the effect of organic materila upon aggregation and nitrate-nitrogen content of soil
Authors: Kaila Armi , Kivinen Pertti
Published: July 2018

In the experiments reported above the effect of organic material upon the aggregation of soil particles and the simultaneous immobilization of mineral nitrogen by microorganisms were studied. The relative amount of water-stable aggregates larger than 0.5 mm in diameter was considered to indicate the aggregation state of the soil samples. Probably, somewhat different results were obtained if the crumb formation had been determined by some other method, but it is not sure that these would have been more reliable. Since the incubation of soil samples were performed under aerobic conditions, and all the samples were mineral soils, it seemed justifiable to take the nitrate-nitrogen content of the soil samples to characterize the amount of mineral nitrogen in them. On the basis of the results the general conclusion may be drawn that the more favourable the conditions are for the development of an active and large microflora in the soil, the more intensively the crumb formation and the immobilization of nitrogen takes place, but also the destruction of aggregates begins the more rapidlv. This appeared to be true with regard to the indigenous fertility of soil as well as to the fertilization. Liming, however, did not improve the conditions in these experiment, probably due to the rather slight acidity of the soil samples used. Under otherwise similar conditions the larger amount of straw produced larger amount of aggregates, but the differences in the nitrate-nitrogen content of soil in the presence of various amounts of straw were neglibigle. Generally, the degree of immobilization of soil nitrogen seemed largely to depend on the properties of soil and on other environmental conditions, and nitrogen applications, theoretically enough for the needs of microorganisms that decomposed the straw, could not always prevent an intensive absorption of soil nitrogen. The crumb formation appeared to need mere energy-yielding material than the immobilization of nitrogen, or the destruction of crumbs occurred more rapidly than the nitrification of microbiologically bound nitrogen.
Lignin studies I. Investigations concerning lignin determination
Authors: Salo Maija-Liisa
Published: July 2018

In this investigation a sulphuric acid method for the determination of lignin is presented and the influence of various details critically studied. The samples ground to pass through a 60 mesh (0.25 mm.) screen gave 0—5 % smaller results than those ground through an 1 mm. screen. Locating the extraction with ethanol-benzene before or after the prehydrolysis had no significant influence on the lignin values. The refluxing with water before the acid prehydrolysis lowered the lignin values (N-free) to some extent. The pepsin pretreatment lowered them still further. The nitrogen content of the part of crude lignin which was digested by pepsin was 9—13 %. On the nitrogen content of crude lignin obtained from faeces the use of pepsin had no influence. The hydrolysis procedure with 72 per cent sulphuric acid did not appear to be conventional as to the extension of the hydrolysis above the time needed, the effeciency of the stirring of the mixture or the stability of the temperature. The refluxing of the dilution after 72 per cent acid treatment was not necessary if the acid prehydrolysis was sufficiently effective. The lignin values obtained by different acid methods correspond to each other provided that certain fundamental principles are followed.
Lignin studies II. The lignin content and properties of lignin in different materials
Authors: Salo Maija-Liisa
Published: July 2018

In this investigation the lignin, the total of membrane substances, the crude protein and the methoxyl in lignin were determined in different materials. Some observations on the properties of lignin have been made. The lignin content, as calculated from the dry matter or from the total of the membrane substances, varies greatly in different materials, as can be seen in Table 1. This is the case even if one leaves out of consideration such materials as the bark of woods, sea-weeds, and mosses, the »lignin» of which scarcely is real lignin. In grasses and clover the content of lignin in the cell walls increases with the successive stages of development. The methoxyl content of lignin varies in different plants, in the same plant at successive stages of growth, and in the different tissues of the same plant. The solubility of lignin in hot diluted alkali solutions varies in different materials. Of the lignin in Gramineae plants even in an 0.1 N natrium hydroxide solution about 50 % dissolves, but of the lignin of softwoods only negligible amounts in a 2 N solution. The lignin preparations isolated by the usual acid methods contain, besides the real hydrolysis residue, also substances dissolved by the strong acid but precipitated by the succeeding dilution. The nitrogen content of the precipitated fraction is high. The high methoxyl content of its nitrogen free portion points to real lignin.
Alternaria-, Fusarium- ja Venturia-itiöden runsaus ilmassa
Authors: Hårdh J. E. , Sulkinoja M.
Published: July 2018

Hirst spore trap-laitteella todettiin Venturia inaequalis-itiöiden määrä ilmassa sitä suuremmaksi kuta runsaammin satoi. Suurin laskettu itiömäärä oli v. 1956 344 kpl/m3 ja v. 1957 2850 kpl/m3. Itiöitä esiintyi ilmassa heti sateen alettua ja niitä oli siinä vielä 3:n vuorokauden kuluttua sateen päättymisestä. Talvehtineitten omenanlehtien perusteella suoritetut havainnot siitä, milloin rupi-itiöitä on ensimmäisen ja viimeisen kerran kesän aikana hedelmätarhassa, saattavat poiketa ilmassa olevia rupi-itiöitä koskevista havainnoista. Omenaruven torjuntamenetelmiin tämä seikka ei ilmeisesti kuitenkaan vaikuta, koska saastuntakauden alussa ja lopussa sinkoutuvien itiöiden määrä on pieni. Alternaria-itiöitä esiintyy ilmassa sekä sadepäivinä että sateettomina, eivätkä säätekijät näytä vaikuttavan ilman itiörunsauteen. Fusarium-itiöitä on ilmassa eniten lämpiminä sadepäivinä, ja korkea lämpötila näyttää edistävän Fusarium-itiöiden leviämistä. Suurin Alternaria-itiöiden määrä oli 340 kpl/m3 ja Fusarium-itiöiden 1980 kpl/m3.
On the importance of the sowing time of crucifers in preventing the damage caused by cabbage maggots (Hylemyia spp), on the basis of tests made on big-leafed turnip
Authors: Varis Anna-Liisa
Published: July 2018

In investigating the importance of the sowing time of crucifers in preventing the damage caused by the cabbage maggots (Hylemyia spp) the big-leafed turnip (Brassica rapa L. v. rapifera Metzg.) was used as a test plant. In regard to the abundance and severity of the damage differences occured in the test plants sown at different times. In South-Finland, however, the order varied in different years so that damage caused by the cabbage maggots can generally not be avoided by an arrangement of the sowing time. In North-Finland the early sowings were generally somewhat more severely damaged than the later ones. The postponement of the sowing time, however, had a detrimental effect on the yields and despite the fairly severe damage the best yields were obtained from the early sowings.
Omenapuun juuristosta
Authors: Vuorinen Jouko
Published: July 2018

Tutkimus suoritettiin sektorilla (30—180°), jonka maa poistettiin kerroksittain (5, 10 ja 20 cm) ja vyöhykkeittäin (30 tai 50 cm). Tästä maasta erotettiin juuret, jotka punnittiin kahtena eränä (paksut > 2 mm ja hienot < 2 mm). Muita tutkimuksia varten otettiin myös vastaavat maanäytteet, joista tehtyihin tutkimuksiin ei tässä yhteydessä kajota. Yhteenvetona tutkituista tapauksista voidaan tehdä seuraavia päätelmiä. Juuristo leviää nuorilla puilla suhteellisesti nopeammin kuin latvus ja saattaa ulottua 1—1.5 metriä latvuksen kehän ulkopuolelle. Omenapuun juuristo muodostuu yleensä tasapaksuun kerrokseen, joka nuorilla puilla on 40—50 cm paksu ja syvenee iän mukana. Parhaissa maissa (HHt) se ulottuu vanhemmissa puissa (n:ot 6 ja 7) metrin syvyyteen. Tiiviisiin maihin juuristo ei mene niin syvälle (esim. AS n:o 9). Hiekassa juuristo keskittyy multakerroksen alaosaan ja välttää selvästi auhtoa pohjamaan hiekkaa (n:ot 4 ja 5). Mulloksella pidetyssä maassa juuristo karttaa muokattavaa kerrosta, joka eri olosuhteissa on 5—20 cm paksu (esim. n:ot 6 ja 7). Nurmi ja kate maan pinnalla näyttävät olevan juurille erittäin edullisia koska juuristo niiden alla nousee aivan maan pintaan saakka. Pääasiallinen juuristokerros omenapuilla alkaa noin 10 cm:n syvyydestä ja ulottuu noin 50 cm:iin. Tässä kerroksessa yleensä on suurin juuritiheys. Useimmissa tapauksissa juuritiheys on melko tasainen (0—50 cm:n kerroksessa) aivan rungon lähiympyrää (0—90 cm) lukuunottamatta. Juuriston levinneisyyttä selvittelevä tutkimus on osa laajemmasta hedelmätarhojen maaprofiilia koskevasta tutkimuksesta, jonka tarkoituksena on hedelmätarhan viljavuuskysymysten käsittely. Tässä työssä muodostaa puiden juuriston selvittely hyvin oleellisen osan. Omenapuun osalta voidaan tutkimuksen tuloksia jo käyttää hyväksi esim. viljelyteknillisiä ratkaisuja suunniteltaessa. Erityisesti maan pinnan hoito ja hedelmätarhan lannoitus ovat kysymyksiä, joissa nimenomaan juuristo on tärkeimpiä tekijöitä. Myös tarhan sijoittamisessa, jolloin maalaji on otettava huomioon, on tämän tutkimuksen tuloksilla merkityksensä.
A selective method for the demonstration of bifid bacteria (Lactobacillus bifidus) in materials tested for faecal contamination
Authors: Gyllenberg Helge , Niemelä Seppo
Published: July 2018

A method which permits a selective enumeration of a subtype of the organisms hitherto referred to as Lactobacillus bifidus, known as an ordinary inhabitant of the intestines of human adults, is described. It is suggested that this method may be useful for the demonstration of organisms of this kind in foods and water as indicators of faecal pollution.
Syysvehnän valkuaispitoisuudesta
Authors: Ring Orvo
Published: July 2018

Saman vehnälajikkeen eri yksilöiden ja samankin yksilön eri tähkien sekä eri tähkän osista kasvaneiden jyvien valkuaispitoisuudet ja painot vaihtelevat hyvin paljon. Tämän aineiston perusteella ei näytä olevan vuorosuhdetta keskimääräisen jyvänpainon ja valkuaispitoisuuden välillä.
Omenien varastoimisesta alhaisessa lämpötilassa
Authors: Säkö Jaakko
Published: July 2018

Varastoimiskaudella 1958—59 selvitettiin alustavasti Kaneli-, Lobo-, Wealthy- ja Åkerö-omenien säilymistä ja kypsymistä keskimäärin —1° C:n (vaihtelu —2°—0° C) lämpötilassa verrattuna +4° C:n (vaihtelu +3°—+5°C) lämpötilassa pidettyihin omeniin. Ensiksi mainitussa lämpötilassa varastoiduissa Wealthy- ja Åkerö-omenissa ilmeni jonkin verran kylmänvaurioita (yht. 5.5 ja 3.0 %). Sen sijaan Kaneli- ja Lobo-lajikkeissa niitä ei tavattu. Useimmissa lajikkeissa painonhäviö oli pienin kylmemmässä varastossa säilytetyissä omenissa. Omenien kypsymistä tutkittiin mittaamalla niiden mallon kiinteyttä texturemeter-laitteella (kuva 1). Kokeiden päätyttyä oli mallon kiinteys suurempi kaikkien kokeiltavina olleiden lajikkeiden niissä omenissa, joita säilytettiin —1° C:n lämpötilassa verrattuna +4° C:ssa varastoituihin. Omenien siirtäminen —1° C:n lämpötilasta huoneenlämpöön ei vaikuttanut niihin haitallisesti. Kun omenat oli tuotu huoneenlämpöön, mallon pehmeneminen tapahtui nopeammin lämpimämmässä kuin kylmemmässä varastossa pidetyissä, omenissa.
The formation of volatile fatty acids in the rumen contents of cows in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Lampila Martti , Poijärvi Ilmari
Published: July 2018

On a diet containing fodder sugar beets the proportion of butyric acid in the mixture of the volatile fatty acids of the rumen contents was found to be unusually high. When the rumen contents were incubated at different pH-levels in vitro, it was found that the proportion of butyric acid in the volatile fatty acid mixture produced increases when the pH decreases. Using polyethylene glycol as a reference substance, the transfer of fluid through the reticulo-omasal orifice was studied. The transfer of volatile fatty acids into the omasum is calculated on the basis of the fluid flow and on the acid concentrations of the fluid in the lower anterior part of the contents.
Syysrypsin talvituhosienien torjuntakokeita käsittelemällä kasvustot fungisiideilla
Authors: Jamalainen E. A. , Haavisto Matti
Published: July 2018

Talvehtimiskaudella 1955—56, jolloin esiintyi runsaasti talvituhosienten (Typhula sp. ja Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) vaurioita, saatiin kasvustojen käsittelyllä syystalvella PCNB-valmisteilla useimmissa kokeissa (yhteensä 21 koetta) siemensadon lisäyksiä käytettäessä 20 %:sta PCNB- (pentakloorinitrobentseeni-) valmistetta 25 tai 50 kg/halle. Kolmessa kokeessa oli siemensadon lisäys yli 100 % (1060—550 kg/ha), viidessä 100 % — yli 50 % (1350—370 kg/ha), kahdeksassa 50% — yli 20 % (430—220 kg/ha) ja viidessä alle 20 % (230—0 kg/ha). Lukuisissa v. 1956—57 etelä-osissa maata suoritetuissa vastaavissa kokeissa ei esiintynyt talvituhosieniä; silloin olivat abioottiset tekijät syynä syysrypsin huonoon talvehtimiseen. V. 1957—58 suoritetuissa kokeissa ei esiintynyt paljoa talvituhosienivaurioita. Yhdessä kokeessa 100 kg/ha 20 %:sta PCNB-valmistetta marraskuussa annettuna tehosi talvituhosieniin samoin kuin 8.5 kg halle PMA-valmistetta (fenyylimerkuriasetaattia 425 g/halle) annettuna loka- tai marraskuussa. Myöhäisempi, etelä-Suomessa marraskuussa tapahtuva kasvustojen käsittely PCNB:lla antoi varmemman torjuntatuloksen kuin aikaisempi, lokakuussa suoritettu.
Measuring of the nectar yield of red clover heads
Authors: Paatela Juhani , Heinrichs Hannes
Published: July 2018

The paper gives an account of the method to measure the nectar yield of red clover heads. The method was developed at the University Farm at Viik in 1954, and based on two centrifugation methods employed earlier. The main attention was paid to the taking of the sample and its fast handling, because the heterogeneous nature of the material demands even in the case of one sample the examination of a considerably large number of heads. The secretion of nectar and sugar was more abundant in the large heads than in the small-sized ones so that for the obtaining of realiable data with a moderate number of heads the sample should be composed of heads of as near the same size (medium size) as possible. The shortening of the corollas by cutting before centrifugation proved unnecessary at least where sufficiently large glass tubes were employed. By changing the method of fastening the inflorescences and the form of the glass tube, and by inserting a metal gauze at the bottom of the capillary tube the clean nectar was easily directed into the capillary tube (Figs. 1 and 2).
Apilan lajikekokeiden perustamisen tekniikasta
Authors: Teittinen Pentti
Published: July 2018

Kasvin viljelylaitoksella Tikkurilassa on vuodesta 1954 lähtien apilan kantakokeet perustettu siten, että ruutujen väliin on kylvetty rivi englantilaista raiheinää (10 kg/ha rivivälin ollessa 20 cm). Raiheinärivi on helpottanut ruutujen paikallistamista havaintoja suoritettaessa ja satoa korjattaessa. Se on myös jossain määrin auttanut apilan talvehtimisvaurioiden määrittämisessä.
Über den Zuckergehalt der Futterwurzelfrüchte
Authors: Yllö Leo
Published: July 2018

Die an der Versuchsstation am Polarkreis für Futterwurzelfrüchte der Ernten 1957—59 Angestellten Zuckerbestimmungen zeigten folgendes: Die Rübe von Turnips enthielt 42.4 %, die von Kohlrübe 48.6 % und die der Futterzuckerrübe 60.4 % Zucker i.T. Beim Blatt schwankte der Zuckergehalt zwischen 14.9 und 21.0 %. Die normal gewachsene Blattrübe war etwa ebenso zuckerreich wie die Turnips, wie z.B. bei dem Versuch auf Mineralboden 1959. Bei Versuchen auf Moorboden war der Zuckergehalt der Blattrübe dagegen niedriger. Eine reichliche Stickstoffdüngung verringerte im allgemeinen den Zuckergehalt, steigerte jedoch gleichzeitig beachtlich den Proteingehalt der Blattrüben. Eine Verlängerung der Wachstumszeit erhöhte den Zuckergehalt, besonders in der Rübe. Die Zuckererträge waren in den Vergleichsversuchen (Tab. 1) besonders hoch, bei Kohlrüben 2 510 kg/ha, bei Turnips 2 840 kg/ha und bei Futterzuckerrüben 3 220 kg/ha. In den meisten Blattrübenversuchen (Tab. 2) stiegen die Zuckererträge ebenfalls über 1 000 kg/ha. Die grossen Unterschiede im Zuckerertrag sind auf die Schwankungen der Trockensubstanzerträge, des Blattanteils und des Zuckergehalts zurückzuführen. Der Zucker von Turnips und Kohlrübe war hauptsächlich für industrielle Verarbeitung unbrauchbarer Invertzucker. Der Rübenertrag der Futterzuckerrübe enthielt dagegen reichlig Rohrzucker. Im Vergleich zu vielen anderen Futterpflanzen waren die Rüben besonders zuckerhaltig.
Kotona viljellyn kevätviljan siemenkelpoisuudesta
Authors: Hilli Aarne
Published: July 2018

Suoritettu vakkatutkimus vuoden 1959 kevätviljan siemenestä toi esille muun muassa seuraavia seikkoja. Käytetyt siemenmäärät olivat normaalisen suuruisia, mutta perustuivat todellista korkeampiin itävyyslukuihin. Kotioloissa olisi käytettävä siemenkelpoisuuden selvittämisessä orastumismääritystä, jolloin virhemahdollisuudet ovat pienemmät kuin itävyysmäärityksessä. Aitousvirheet (väärä lajike, sekalajikkeisuus, väri- ja muotoviat) olivat yleisimpiä kauralla, senjälkeen ohralla ja kevätvehnällä. Puhtausvirheistä olivat yleisimpiä runsas toisten hyötykasvien siemenien sekä roskien määrä. Tutkituista viljoista oli kauran puhtaus selvästi huonompi kevätvehnän ja ohran puhtautta. Itävyysvirheistä olivat tärkeimpiä hallavioittumat (etenkin kauralla ja ohralla), tuleentumattomuus (etenkin kauralla), itäneisyys (etenkin kevätvehnällä), homeisuus (kaikilla viljoilla), puintivioitukset (etenkin ohralla ja kevätvehnällä) sekä kuivausvioitukset (etenkin kevätvehnällä). Itävyyttä alensivat ilmeisesti eniten siemenissä todetut hallan vauriot, homeisuus sekä puinti- ja kuivausvioitukset. Tutkitusta sadosta täytti tarkastusvuoden kauppasiemenvaatimukset puhtauden suhteen noin puolet, itävyyden puolesta noin kaksi kolmannesta. Havainnot tutkitulla siemenellä kylvettyjen peltojen orastumisesta sekä arviot saaduista satotuloksista osoittivat myös puolestaan, että käytetyn kotoisen kylvösiemenen laatu oli ollut monessa suhteessa puutteellista.
Various species of Gloeosporium in stored apples in Finland
Authors: Talvia Pentti
Published: July 2018

Gloeosporium perennans Zeller & Childs and G. album Osterw. were determined as the most important causal agents of apple rot in storage among 20 apple varieties from 17 localities in Finland. G. fructigenum Berk, was relatively insignificant in causing the disease. Infection spots of both G. perennans and G. album began to appear in the fruit at approximately the same time during January. All of the apple varieties investigated were found to be susceptible to Gloeosporium rot, although there were distinct differences in the susceptibility of certain varieties to one or another of the two species. The occurrence of the Gloeosporium species varied considerably in the same apple variety between different orchards. External factors such as dry weather in the late summer, fungicidal sprays, and carbon dioxide during storage were found to decrease the occurrence of Gloeosporium rot in stored apples as well as to cause changes in the relative proportions of the two species G. perennans and G. album.
Fertilizer nitrogen in soil
Authors: Kaila Armi , Hänninen Pentti
Published: July 2018

The distribution of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in the soils of field trials was followed in two growing seasons. In these trials ammonium nitrate limestone and calcium nitrate were, at several rates, applied as surface dressing. It was found that not only the ammonium nitrogen but also the nitrate nitrogen applied to the surface of loam, silt, silt clay, and fine sand clay soils tended to remain in the top inch for a considerable period in the absence of heavy rainfalls or a longer wet period. The plants appeared rapidly to deplete the layers downwards from 1 inch, but even after six and eight weeks from the application of the fertilizers the ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen contents of the surface inch could be markedly higher in the treated plots than in the untreated ones. In the non-cropped soil, eight weeks after the application of the fertilizers, the mineral nitrogen content of the top inch corresponded to about 60 % of the nitrogen applied. On the basis of these results the working in or placement of nitrogen fertilizers seems to be profitable. Fixation of ammonium nitrogen in unexchangeable forms was observed in some of the trials. This, however, did not significantly impair the value of ammonium nitrate limestone as a nitrogen source in these trials.
Sisäkkäisjyvistä eri kauralajikkeilla ja niiden vaikutuksesta siementavaran puhtauteen
Authors: Jokela Meri
Published: July 2018

Seitsemän siemenkaupassa yleisimmän kauralajikkeen sisäkkäisjyvien määrää ja niiden vaikutusta siementavaran puhtauteen tutkittiin käyttämällä aineistona viralliseen siementarkastukseen lähetettyjä näytteitä sekä v. 1959 että v. 1960 sadosta. Tutkituilla lajikkeilla osoittautui olevan erilainen taipumus muodostaa sisäkkäisjyviä. Suurin se oli Tammikauralla; sitten seurasivat järjestyksessä Pendek, Nip, Kyrö, Orion III, Eho ja Sisu, jolla sisäkkäisjyvät olivat harvinaisia. Sisäkkäisjyvien määrä eri vuosien sadoissa oli erilainen. Erityisen kuivana vuonna 1959 se oli suurempi kuin vuonna 1960. Myös saman lajikkeen erilaisissa olosuhteissa kasvaneissa siemenerissä sisäkkäisjyvien määrä vaihteli paljon. Sisäkkäisjyviin sisältyvien tyhjien helpeiden, roskien, määrä oli painoltaan keskimäärin suhteellisen pieni niilläkin lajikkeilla, joilla sisäkkäisjyviä oli paljon. Yksityisissä siemenerissä se kuitenkin voi nousta niin suureksi, että sillä on käytännöllistäkin merkitystä siemenerän puhtautta arvosteltaessa.
The ash content of the plough layer of peat lands cultivated by different methods
Authors: Pessi Yrjö
Published: July 2018

The results of this investigation justify the conclusion that the ash content of peat increases under cultivation through the effects of the administered fertilizers and soil improving agents. The ash content is increased in a particularly remarkable degree by addition of mineral soil as a soil improving agent. The ash content in the plough layer of cultivated peat lands which had received an addition of mineral soil as long as 37 years ago was found to be quite high. This would seem to indicate a prolonged effect of mineral soil on the properties of the plough layer. The increase of the ash content in the plough layer of cultivated peat land is obviously one of the factors responsible for the phenomenon that long-term cultivation of peat land slowly deprives the peat of its original character.
Response of winter rye to hyperphosphate and superphosphate
Authors: Kaila Armi , Hänninen Pentti
Published: July 2018

The response of winter rye to hyperphosphate and superphosphate was studied in two field trials, previously carried out for 6 years with other crops. The amount of phosphorus applied to the rye crop in these two fertilizers was 66 kg/ha, the earlier applications amounted to 100 kg/ha. The superiority of superphosphate as a source of phosphorus to winter rye was in the both trials more or less distinct throughout the growing period, as could be shown by the dry matter weight and phosphorus uptake of rye plants from May to the middle of July, and by the actual yield results. It is assumed that an important cause for the superiority of superphosphate may be found in the fact that plants feeding on it are able to grow sprouts vigorous enough to endure the hard conditions of overwintering in our country. Particularly, the devastation caused by the low temperature parasitic fungi was in these two trials distincly decreased by the treatment with superphosphate. The positive effect of hyperphosphate was markedly lower. The soil analyses indicated that the hyperphosphate phosphorus occurred both in the more acid fine sand soil and, especially, in the less acid organic soil mostly in the calcium bound form, whereas the effect of superphosphate could be detected in the somewhat higher test values for aluminum and iron bound phosphorus.