bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Moist synoptic transport of CO2 along the mid‐latitude storm track
Authors: Parazoo N. C. , Denning A. S. , Berry J. A. , Wolf A. , Randall D. A. , Kawa S. R. , Pauluis O. , Doney S. C.
Published: May 2011

Atmospheric mixing ratios of CO2 are strongly seasonal in the Arctic due to mid‐latitude transport. Here we analyze the seasonal influence of moist synoptic storms by diagnosing CO2 transport from a global model on moist isentropes (to represent parcel trajectories through stormtracks) and parsing transport into eddy and mean components. During winter when northern plants respire, warm moist air, high in CO2, is swept poleward into the polar vortex, while cold dry air, low in CO2, that had been transported into the polar vortex earlier in the year is swept equatorward. Eddies reduce seasonality in mid‐latitudes by ∼50% of NEE (∼100% of fossil fuel) while amplifying seasonality at high latitudes. Transport along stormtracks is correlated with rising, moist, cloudy air, which systematically hides this CO2 transport from satellites. We recommend that (1) regional inversions carefully account for meridional transport and (2) inversion models represent moist and frontal processes with high fidelity.
Atomistic simulations of Au-silica nanocomposite film growth
Authors: Khan Saif A. , Heinig K.-H. , Avasthi D. K.
Published: May 2011

The growth of Au-silica nanocomposite film is simulated in the framework of kinetic three dimensional lattice Monte Carlo simulations considering the basic phenomena in the deposition process. In case of co-sputter deposition, the growth kinetics of nanoparticles has been studied taking into consideration the effect of the energetic sputtered species reaching the surface of the film during deposition. Formation of Au nanorod like structures are predicted under certain growth conditions particularly when surface diffusion assisted phase separation plays the dominant role and bulk kinetics is frozen. The observed dependence of the Au nanoparticle size on Au/silica ratio is in agreement with the experimental results.
The role of structural defects on the transport properties of a few-walled carbon nanotube networks
Authors: Kamalakannan R. , Ganesan K. , Ilango S. , Thirumurugan N. , Singh V. N. , Kamruddin M. , Mehta B. R. , Tyagi A. K.
Published: May 2011

The structural properties of few-walled carbon nanotubes (FWCNTs) grown by thermal chemical vapor deposition are investigated using high resolution transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The temperature dependent conduction mechanism of FWCNT networks are studied in the temperature regime of 5–200 K, and found to follow a combination of two parallel conduction mechanisms, viz., variable range hopping and fluctuation induced tunneling. Further we elucidate with Raman spectra, that the conduction mechanism not only depends on wall number alone, but significantly influenced by structural defects.
Picosecond acoustic response of a laser-heated gold-film studied with time-resolved x-ray diffraction
Authors: Nicoul Matthieu , Shymanovich Uladzimir , Tarasevitch Alexander , von der Linde Dietrich , Sokolowski-Tinten Klaus
Published: May 2011

We apply time-resolved x-ray diffraction using ultrashort x-ray pulses from a laser-produced plasma to probe the picosecond acoustic response of a thin laser-heated gold film. Measurements of the temporal changes in the angular distribution of diffracted x-rays provide direct quantitative information on the transient evolution of lattice strain. This allows to disentangle electronic and thermal pressure contributions driving lattice expansion after impulsive laser excitation. The electron-lattice energy equilibration time τE=(5±0.3) ps as well as the electronic Grüneisen parameter γe=(1.48±0.3) have been determined.
Recording study of percolated perpendicular media
Authors: Grobis Michael , Schulze Carsten , Faustini Marco , Grosso David , Hellwig Olav , Makarov Denys , Albrecht Manfred
Published: May 2011

We examine the magnetic recording properties of percolated perpendicular media (PPM) fabricated by depositing a Co/Pt multilayer film on top of nanoperforated templates created by self-assembly. We characterize the recording performance by examining the magnetic transition jitter in patterns written to the media using a hard disk drive write head. The transition jitter is lowest in the media created using the template with the highest perforation density, which demonstrates a route for further improving PPM-based recording media.
Tunnel magnetoresistance in textured Co2FeAl/MgO/CoFe magnetic tunnel junctions on a Si/SiO2 amorphous substrate
Authors: Wen Zhenchao , Sukegawa Hiroaki , Mitani Seiji , Inomata Koichiro
Published: May 2011

Magnetic tunnel junctions with B2-ordered Co2FeAl full Heusler alloy as a ferromagnetic electrode were fabricated by sputtering on thermally oxidized Si/SiO2 amorphous substrates. A Co2FeAl/MgO/Co50Fe50 structure showed a highly (001)-textured structure and the tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) ratio of 166% at room temperature and 252% at 48 K were achieved. The temperature dependence of TMR can be fitted with spin wave excitation model, and the bias voltage dependence of differential conductance demonstrated that the high TMR was mainly contributed by coherent tunneling. This work suggests the B2-Co2FeAl is one of the promising candidates for practical spintronic applications.
Demonstration of high optical sensitivity in far-infrared hot-electron bolometer
Authors: Karasik Boris S. , Cantor Robin
Published: May 2011

We report on the measurement of a very low noise equivalent power of 3×10−19 W/Hz1/2 at 620 GHz in a superconducting antenna-coupled hot-electron bolometer. The sensing element is a micron-size titanium transition-edge sensor with NbTiN superconducting contacts fabricated on a sapphire substrate. The high sensitivity is due to the small device volume, low operating temperature, and weak electron-phonon coupling in titanium film. Measurements were done using a cryogenic black body emitter producing well-controlled femtowatt power levels. The achieved optical sensitivity is suitable for the low-background spectroscopy of molecular lines on next generation space telescopes.
Anomalous thermal relaxation in carbon nanoclusters
Authors: Savin Alexander V. , Kivshar Yuri S.
Published: May 2011

By employing molecular dynamics simulations, we study thermal relaxation in two types of nanoclusters, a cubelike stack of identical carbon nanotubes and a nanocube of fullerene C60 molecules. We calculate relaxation time and coefficient of thermal conductivity and reveal that the C60 nanocluster demonstrates anomalously slow thermal relaxation due to the excitation of long-lived internal localized oscillatory modes. This suggests that such nanoclusters would be the most efficient for photophoretic manipulation of fullerenes.
Peptide surfactants for cell-free production of functional G protein-coupled receptors
Authors: Wang Xiaoqiang , Corin Karolina , Baaske Philipp , Wienken Christoph J. , Jerabek-Willemsen Moran , Duhr Stefan , Braun Dieter , Zhang Shuguang
Published: May 2011

Two major bottlenecks in elucidating the structure and function of membrane proteins are the difficulty of producing large quantities of functional receptors, and stabilizing them for a sufficient period of time. Selecting the right surfactant is thus crucial. Here we report using peptide surfactants in commercial
Escherichia coli
cell-free systems to rapidly produce milligram quantities of soluble G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). These include the human formyl peptide receptor, human trace amine-associated receptor, and two olfactory receptors. The GPCRs expressed in the presence of the peptide surfactants were soluble and had α-helical secondary structures, suggesting that they were properly folded. Microscale thermophoresis measurements showed that one olfactory receptor expressed using peptide surfactants bound its known ligand heptanal (molecular weight 114.18). These short and simple peptide surfactants may be able to facilitate the rapid production of GPCRs, or even other membrane proteins, for structure and function studies.
Effect of tapering period on plasma hormone concentrations, mood state, and performance of elite male cyclists
Authors: Zehsaz Farzad , Azarbaijani Mohammad Ali , Farhangimaleki Negin , Tiidus Peter
Published: May 2011

In this study, we investigated the effect of 1‐ and 3‐week tapering periods on concentrations of plasma testosterone (T), cortisol (C), T/C ratio, mood state, and performance in elite male cyclists. After 8 weeks of progressive training, cyclists were randomly assigned to a control group (n=12) who continued performing intense training for a further 3 weeks, or a taper group (n=12) who continued with a 50% reduction in training volume. Blood testosterone and cortisol concentrations were assayed and the T/C ratio calculated from analysis obtained via standard ELISA. Mood state was determined using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire. All data were collected immediately after a 40‐km time‐trial performed before, during, and after the 8‐week training protocol and after the 1‐ and 3‐week tapering/training periods. In the taper group, 40‐km time‐trial time decreased significantly (P<0.01) and equally for both the 1‐ and 3‐week taper periods relative to the control group. There were significant elevations in T/C ratio (P<0.001) and reductions in cortisol concentrations and POMS scores in the taper group relative to the control groups at the end of both the 1‐ and 3‐week tapering periods. Hence, taper periods are effective in improving performance and mood state and elevating the blood T/C ratio.
The mesa merging oxidation method for creating low-loss dielectrics and transmission lines on low-resistivity silicon
Authors: Todd S T , MacDonald N C , Bowers J E
Published: May 2011

A mesa merging oxidation method has been developed to create large low-loss SiO2 dielectrics on low-resistivity silicon. In the mesa merging method, thermal oxidation converts an array of silicon mesas into a solid block of SiO2. The SiO2 dielectrics are combined with further micromachining steps to create high aspect ratio coplanar waveguide (hicoplanar) transmission lines. The large SiO2 dielectrics enable high-impedance and low-loss hicoplanar transmission lines to be created with this method. Hicoplanar transmission lines with high impedance of 80 Ω and loss less than 1 dB cm−1 up to 67 GHz have been successfully fabricated.
Predissociation of theb3Πg (v= 9) State of He2 Excimer
Authors: Li Chuan-liang , Deng Lun-hua , Zhang Jun-li , Yang Xiao-hua , Chen Yang-qin
Published: May 2011

The predissociation of the v = 9 level in the b3Πg state by the c3Σg+ state of helium eximer (He2) was studied based on the newly observed (9, 3) band in the b3Πg−a3Σu+ system in the region of 12065–12445 cm−1 employing optical heterodyne-concentration modulation absorption spectroscopy. With the help of the previous potential energy curves and molecular constants of He2, the corresponding predissociation mechanism for the b3Πg (v = 9) state was analyzed. An RKR potential energy curve of b3Πg and an ab initio potential curve of c3Σg+ were used to calculate the predissociation linewidths that show basic agreement with observations, which can quantitatively explain the experiments.
First Principles Study on the 4f-5d Transition of Ce3+ in LuAlO3
Authors: Fang Zhen-xing , Ning Li-xin , Cui Zhi-feng
Published: May 2011

We have investigated properties of the compound LuAlO3:Ce3+ associated with the Ce3+ 4f-5d transition by using the periodic density functional theory. A hybrid functional has been used for the 4f states and a constrained approach has been employed for the excited 5d state. It is found that the average distance between Ce3+ and the eight nearest-neighbor O atoms decrease by 0.05 Å on going from 4f to 5d state. The calculated Stokes shift is in good agreement with experiment. Based on the optimized structure around Ce3+, the energy level scheme of the 5d states has been evaluated using the angular overlap model, in reasonable agreement with experiment.
Dielectric Confinement Effect on Calculating the Band Gap of PbSe Quantum Dots
Authors: Cheng Wen-chao , Zhang Tie-qiang , Zhang Yu
Published: May 2011

Considering the dielectric confinement effect on excitonics of PbSe quantum dots (QDs), a correction factor in the wave function was introduced to propose a new band gap calculation model for QDs. The modified model showed great consistency with the experimental data, especially in small size range. According to the variation of confined barrier, the band gap calculation model of PbSe QDs was analyzed in different solvents. The calculating results showed that the modified model was almost solvent-independent, which was consistent with our experimental results and related reports.
Theoretical Investigations of the Local Structure Distortion and EPR Parameter for Ni2+-doped Perovskite Fluorides
Authors: Cao Xi-min , Kuang Xiao-yu , Li Cheng-gang , Chai Rui-peng
Published: May 2011

By analyzing the optical spectra and electron paramagnetic resonance parameter D, the local structure distortion of (NiF6)4− clusters in AMF3 (A=K, Rb; M=Zn, Cd, Ca) and K2ZnF4 series are studied using the complete energy matrix based on the double spin-orbit coupling parameter model for configuration ions in a tetragonal ligand field. The results indicate that the contribution of ligand to spin-orbit coupling interaction should be considered for our studied systems. Moreover, the relationships between D and the spin-obit coupling coefficients as well as the average parameter and the divergent parameter are discussed.
Theoretical Study on Electronic Transport Properties of Oligothiophene Molecular Devices
Authors: Li Zong-liang
Published: May 2011

Based on the first-principles computational method and the elastic scattering Green's function theory, we have investigated the electronic transport properties of different oligothiophene molecular junctions theoretically. The numerical results show that the difference of geometric symmetries of the oligothiophene molecules leads to the difference of the contact configurations between the molecule and the electrodes, which results in the difference of the coupling parameters between the molecules and electrodes as well as the delocalization properties of the molecular orbitals. Hence, the series of oligothiophene molecular junctions display unusual conductive properties on the length dependence.
Preparation and Characterization of Electrodeposited-Annealed CuInSe2 Thin Films for Solar Cells
Authors: Zhang Zhong-wei , Guo Hong-yan , Li Ji , Zhu Chang-fei
Published: May 2011

CuInSe2 (CIS) films with good crystalline quality were synthesized by electrodeposition followed by annealing in Se vapor at 530 °C. The morphology, composition, crystal structure, optical and electrical properties of the CIS films were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy, and admittance spectroscopy. The results revealed that the annealed CIS films had chalcopyrite structure and consisted of relatively large grains in the range of 500–1000 nm and single grain of films extend usually through the whole film thickness. The band gap of CIS films was 0.98 eV and carrier concentration was in the order of 1016 cm−3 after etching the Cu-Se compounds on the film surface. Solar cells with the structure of AZO/i-ZnO/CdS/CIS/Mo/glass were fabricated. Current density vs. voltage test under standard reported condition showed the solar cells with an area of 0.2 cm2 had a conversion efficiency of 0.96%. The underlying physics was also discussed.
Lorentzian manifolds isometrically embeddable in 𝕃^{ℕ}
Authors: Müller O. , Sánchez M.
Published: May 2011

In this article, the Lorentzian manifolds isometrically embeddable in

L

N

\mathbb {L}^N

(for some large

N
N

, in the spirit of Nash’s theorem) are characterized as a subclass of the set of all stably causal spacetimes; concretely, those which admit a smooth time function

τ
\tau

with

|

∇
τ

|

>
1

|\nabla \tau |>1

. Then, we prove that any globally hyperbolic spacetime

(
M
,
g
)

(M,g)

admits such a function, and, even more, a global orthogonal decomposition

M
=

R

×
S
,
g
=
−
β
d

t
2

+

g
t

M=\mathbb {R} \times S, g=-\beta dt^2 + g_t

with bounded function

β
\beta

and Cauchy slices.

In particular, a proof of a result stated by C.J.S. Clarke is obtained: any globally hyperbolic spacetime can be isometrically embedded in Minkowski spacetime

L

N

\mathbb {L}^N

. The role of the so-called “folk problems on smoothability” in Clarke’s approach is also discussed.
Dysregulated Arl1, a regulator of post-Golgi vesicle tethering, can inhibit endosomal transport and cell proliferation in yeast
Authors: Benjamin Jeremy J. R. , Poon Pak P. , Drysdale John D. , Wang Xiangmin , Singer Richard A. , Johnston Gerald C.
Published: May 2011

Small monomeric G proteins regulated in part by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) are molecular switches for several aspects of vesicular transport. The yeast Gcs1 protein is a dual-specificity GAP for ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf) and Arf-like (Arl)1 G proteins, and also has GAP-independent activities. The absence of Gcs1 imposes cold sensitivity for growth and endosomal transport; here we present evidence that dysregulated Arl1 may cause these impairments. We show that gene deletions affecting the Arl1 or Ypt6 vesicle-tethering pathways prevent Arl1 activation and membrane localization, and restore growth and trafficking in the absence of Gcs1. A mutant version of Gcs1 deficient for both ArfGAP and Arl1GAP activity in vitro still allows growth and endosomal transport, suggesting that the function of Gcs1 that is required for these processes is independent of GAP activity. We propose that, in the absence of this GAP-independent regulation by Gcs1, the resulting dysregulated Arl1 prevents growth and impairs endosomal transport at low temperatures. In cells with dysregulated Arl1, an increased abundance of the Arl1 effector Imh1 restores growth and trafficking, and does so through Arl1 binding. Protein sequestration at the trans-Golgi membrane by dysregulated, active Arl1 may therefore be the mechanism of inhibition.
Dictyostelium huntingtin controls chemotaxis and cytokinesis through the regulation of myosin II phosphorylation
Authors: Wang Yu , Steimle Paul A. , Ren Yixin , Ross Christopher A. , Robinson Douglas N. , Egelhoff Thomas T. , Sesaki Hiromi , Iijima Miho
Published: May 2011

Abnormalities in the huntingtin protein (Htt) are associated with Huntington's disease. Despite its importance, the function of Htt is largely unknown. We show that Htt is required for normal chemotaxis and cytokinesis in Dictyostelium discoideum. Cells lacking Htt showed slower migration toward the chemoattractant cAMP and contained lower levels of cortical myosin II, which is likely due to defects in dephosphorylation of myosin II mediated by protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). htt− cells also failed to maintain myosin II in the cortex of the cleavage furrow, generating unseparated daughter cells connected through a thin cytoplasmic bridge. Furthermore, similar to Dictyostelium htt− cells, siRNA-mediated knockdown of human HTT also decreased the PP2A activity in HeLa cells. Our data indicate that Htt regulates the phosphorylation status of myosin II during chemotaxis and cytokinesis through PP2A.
Fourteen. Dancing in the Dark
Authors: Swayne Steve
Published: May 2011

This chapter looks closely at Schuman first three mature dance scores: Undertow, Night Journey, and Judith. It explores the nature of Schuman's collaborations with Antony Tudor and Martha Graham and examines the similarities and differences in these working relationships. Attention is also given on how these three works were commissioned, with a particular emphasis on the role of the Louisville Orchestra in creating the possibility for Graham's “dance concerto” Judith.
Seventeen. Delays and Diversions
Authors: Swayne Steve
Published: May 2011

Some worried that Schuman would stop composing once he became president of Juilliard. While this was not the case, the steady stream of compositions that marked his Sarah Lawrence years appeared to slow down. In the case of the Concerto for Violin and Orchestra from this period, the delay was more ascribable to the decision to postpone the first performance. In the case of George Washington Bridge, Schuman's major band work, it was the result of false starts and other interruptions. This chapter looks at the Violin Concerto and its various revisions as well as the summers spent on Martha's Vineyard, where Schuman alternated between outdoor recreation and intense composition.
Twenty-Nine. The Composer Reasserts Himself
Authors: Swayne Steve
Published: May 2011

Though Schuman knew it was unlikely he would ever accept a major administrative assignment again, it took some time for him to accept the shift in priorities. His demanding job now was to learn how to promote himself as a composer, not only with performing ensembles but also with his own publisher. Part of the promotion meant securing recordings of his works, and this chapter shows how some of Schuman's compositional decisions were made based on the possibility of a recording being made. This chapter also explores Schuman's cannibalization of his own works to create new ones and his struggle when asked to write a work for the Jewish High Holy Days services. It ends with a discussion of the high esteem in which Soviet Union composers and performers held Schuman.
Thirty-Two. Reflections and Ruminations
Authors: Swayne Steve
Published: May 2011

In the aftermath of the bicentennial commission, Schuman's compositions took on a darker hue. During this period of his life, he began to lose a number of his close colleagues: Roy Harris, Seymour Shifrin, and Samuel Barber in particular. He also waged battle against the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center, which he founded, because he felt it had strayed from the vision he had for American music. This chapter examines the works from this period, including Schuman's only song cycle, set to words of Archibald MacLeish, as well as a number of works Schuman composed to commemorate various friends and colleagues. Even though much around Schuman appeared to be crepuscular, there was also evidence that a new day for his music was on the horizon.
Political Theory and the Criminal Law
Authors: Matravers Matt
Published: May 2011

This chapter asks what contractarian political theory can tell us about the place of the criminal law, and of criminals, in a liberal society. It begins by distinguishing two forms of contractarian thinking: one owed to the mutual advantage tradition of Hobbes; the other to the impartialist tradition of Kant. The argument is that both can underwrite a system of criminal law, and of punishment, for similar reasons.
The Resurgence of Character: Responsibility in the Context of Criminalization
Authors: Lacey Nicola
Published: May 2011

This chapter further develops the diagnosis of a revival of character in contemporary criminal law. First, it offers a more differentiated conceptual framework for identifying the waxing and waning influence of character in criminal law. In doing so it sets out, deliberately, from a broad definition of character as a pattern or practice of responsibility-attribution which is premised in whole or in part on an evaluation or estimation of the quality of the defendant's (manifested or assumed) disposition as distinct from his or her conduct. Second, drawing on this broad model of character, the chapter demonstrates the variety of ways in which contemporary criminal law is marked by a resurgence of character. Third, it sketches an extra-doctrinal explanation of why we have seen a resurgence of interest in and reliance on ideas of character responsibility: one which finds the roots of the ideology of responsibility which shapes the criminal law in broad practices of criminalization, themselves influenced by a political, economic, and social context. Finally, it draws some conclusions from this analysis for methodology in criminal law theory, and in particular for the appropriateness of a framework which locates its interpretation of criminal responsibility primarily within a conceptual analysis of legal doctrine in isolation from its context.
Beyond The Special Part
Authors: Alexander Larry , Ferzan Kimberly Kessler
Published: May 2011

This chapter argues that contemporary criminal codes do a poor job of capturing what it is that makes state punishment truly deserved. It proposes a radical rewriting of criminal codes, which would eliminate negligence as a basis for criminal liability, abolish liability for incomplete attempts, and replace detailed offence definitions and hierarchically arranged mens rea terms with a streamlined standard according to which people would be subject to deserved punishment when they show ‘insufficient concern for others’, defined as risking harm to others for insufficiently good reasons.
Criminal Liability and ‘Smart’ Environments
Authors: Hildebrandt Mireille
Published: May 2011

This chapter challenges the commonsense assumption of criminal lawyers and moral philosophers who believe that only human persons can qualify for the kind of legal personhood that allows for criminal liability. Despite the attribution, in practice, of such liability to collective entities like a corporation, the theoretical justification often reduces to an explanation in terms of an aggregate of individuals' responsibility or to a purely instrumental usage of the legal figure of personhood (as an ungrounded legal fiction). The chapter begins with an analysis of legal personhood within the current legal framework, discussing whether, and to what extent, natural persons, animals, corporations, associations, artificial agents, or distributed intelligent multi-agent systems are, previously were, or should be regarded as legal persons. Next it provides an introduction to smart environments, using the example of the high-tech environment of an aeroplane cockpit to sensitize the reader to what is at stake here. This lays the groundwork for an analysis of the concepts of agency, moral agency, and patiency, aiming to confront legal philosophy with findings from the field of Information Ethics, mainly building on Floridi and Sanders' understanding of mindless moral agency. Finally, the potential of the attribution of a restricted or full legal personhood to artificial agents or smart environments is discussed, with respect to liability for regulatory offences and for crimes.
Where We Stand
Authors: Truswell Robert
Published: May 2011

This brief chapter summarizes the description of cognitive and semantic structures in Part I, and returns to the Single Event Condition from Chapter 1. That condition requires that a constituent containing A'-movement describes a single event. It therefore converts the theory elaborated in Part I into predictions concerning the distribution of A'-movement. Certain discrete patterns are expected, based on factors such as those governed by regular syntactic locality theory and the categorical well-formedness constraints on event structure from Part I, as well as syntactic height effects deriving from the distribution of Op (Chapter 4). However, there are also two expected sources of gradient acceptability. Firstly, world knowledge constrains the possibility of enrichment of noncontingent, temporal relations among events into contingent, macroevent-forming relations; secondly, aspectual coercion produces gradient effects in some cases.
Parametric nonlinear models
Authors: Teräsvirta Timo , Tjøstheim Dag , Granger W. J.
Published: May 2011

In this chapter, a number of most commonly applied nonlinear time series models are being considered. As opposed to the previous chapter, these models do not generally have their origin in economic theory. Many of the models nest a linear model are therefore relatively easily interpretable. The models include regression models such as the smooth transition, switching regression and Markov switching models. They also include models based on rather general functional forms such as artificial neural network models and polynomial models. More rarely applied models such as bilinear or max‐min models are also mentioned. Models with stochastic coefficients also receive attention. Areas of application of these models to economic time series are briefly mentioned.
Models of conditional heteroskedasticity
Authors: Teräsvirta Timo , Tjøstheim Dag , Granger W. J.
Published: May 2011

This chapter considers modelling conditional heteroskedasticity and begins with the well known autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH) model. Its basic extension to the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model is described, and various extensions of the GARCH model are considered. They include the exponential GARCH model and the stochastic volatility model that is not a GARCH model but belongs to a separate family of models. Building GARCH models, including specification, estimation and evaluation, is discussed. The GARCH‐in‐mean model and the concept of realized volatility are briefly mentioned. There is also a section on multivariate GARCH models whose popularity has been increasing during the last few years.
Dulce Est Desipere in Loco
Authors: Thirlway Hugh
Published: May 2011

A Festschrift is by definition a celebration; yet of its nature it nevertheless tends to be a solemn and weighty affair. In the case of Bruno Simma, the result is that the tributes paid to him in this volume — painstaking and erudite, generous and well-deserved, as they are — do not reflect a side of him that his friends, and all those who have worked with him, know well and greatly appreciate: his slightly mischievous sense of humour. This chapter presents some light-hearted verses related to three of the cases dealt with by the International Court of Justice during Bruno's term of office.
From Academic to Judge
Authors: Higgins Rosalyn
Published: May 2011

This chapter focuses on the many accomplishments of Judge Bruno Simma. Simma has a global reputation as an academic, the author of fifteen books (several of which had multiple editions) and more than sixty scholarly articles and of many important reports. His celebrity lies not just in his publications, exceptional though they are, it lies in his remarkable drive and vigour and his very special relations with students. His students at Munich and at Michigan have benefited, since 1973 and 1997 respectively, from this dynamism, coupled with a total lack of pomposity. Simma has a voracious appetite for knowledge. He devours, in many languages, books and articles from various sources on a wide variety of subjects. This is for him not a duty, but a pleasure. He is vastly knowledgeable over the generality of international law. He is also one of the great leaders in the field of human rights.
A Friend, an Academic Teacher, and A Partner Before Court
Authors: Westdickenberg Gerd
Published: May 2011

This chapter on Bruno Simma talks about a friend, an academic teacher, a co-agent at the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in the Hague, a fellow exchange student to the United States with the same American organization — someone who like himself is a friend of the maritime environment and of classy vintage cars, but also someone who loves good cuisine and knows about it. In short, it talks about someone with an impressive mixture of qualities, character traits, experiences, and interests.
The Concept of ‘International Community’ in International Law and the Developing Countries
Authors: Sreenivasa Rao Pemmaraju
Published: May 2011

With the establishment of the United Nations (UN) in 1945 a new reality for the international community came into being that had never existed before. It eradicated colonialism and brought a large number of newly independent States to join the UN as members with the result that the membership of the UN, established in 1945 with fifty-one original members, now stands at 192. It is to the credit of the developing countries that the concept of the international community has acquired the significance it has today. Given their diversity and commitment to the international process, they brought the necessary universality to UN membership and common purpose not only to the UN, which is the single most universal organization of its kind, but also to the growing number of international institutions.
Elements of Supranationality in the Law of International Organizations
Authors: Schroeder Werner , Müller Andreas Th.
Published: May 2011

This chapter examines whether elements of what is commonly understood as reflecting the EU supranational character can also be found, if only partly and in statu nascendi, in the structure and functioning of other international organizations (IOs). The question directrice is therefore whether, and to what extent, qualifying IOs and the law they produce as supranational constitutes a valuable tool in describing and analysing these organizations.
From Humanitarian Intervention to Responsibility to Protect: Making Utopia True?
Authors: Hilpold Peter
Published: May 2011

Regulating the use of force has always been a pivotal element of international law, both in practice and in theory. Even in early times it was recognized that peace was the supreme goal mankind longed for, a necessary precondition for progress in civilization. In the absence of an international law order in the modern sense, respect for peace should be obtained by attributing a divine character to it. Human nature is, however, ambiguous and capable of both enlightened aspirations and the most abhorrent deeds. Thus, from earliest history to the present day the temptation for human communities and societies to improve their lot through recourse to war has always been great. At the same time, it is also a human trait to feel compassion for people suffering injustice in other societies — compassion that can mount to anger and outrage and finally to the will to act. All these sentiments, the egoistic and the altruistic ones, can interact and in the end even the intervener himself might not be sure which sentiments were the prevailing ones. International practice and discussion is reflective of this ambivalent situation. Looking back over the last century it has become clear, however, that a broad consensus had emerged according to which peace preservation had to be made paramount, as any ‘just cause’ to break peace was prone to be abused. The United Nations (UN) order, created against the background of a man-made catastrophe of civilization, opened up a completely new chapter in international law and the new order seemed, at first sight, to be perfect. The use — and even the threat — of force was outlawed while the right to self-defence remained in place and a right to intervention by the organized State community was created according to Chapter VII of the UN Charter.
Universal Periodic Review: a New System of International Law with Specific Ground Rules?
Authors: Tomuschat Christian
Published: May 2011

Since the establishment of the Human Rights Council (HRC) in 2006 the general architecture of international law has received new features, in particular through the introduction of the Universal Periodic Review (UPR). The UPR is founded on an almost irreproachable base as far as the fairness of the proceeding is concerned. On the one hand, each and every country will be reviewed every four years. On the other hand, each and every country may take part in the review process. Participation is not restricted to the members of the HRC. Thus, all States may contribute, on a basis of parity, to moulding and shaping the law underlying the UPR process. This process reflects in a perfect manner the principle of sovereign equality as enshrined in Article 1(3) of the United Nations (UN) Charter. No State can complain about discrimination or a preponderance of the powerful nations. Of course, the process also reveals the intellectual capacities of all of its participants as well as their real engagement for the sake of human rights.
A New Way for Submitting Observations on the Construction of Multilateral Treaties to the International Court of Justice
Authors: Gaja Giorgio
Published: May 2011

The impact of judgments by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) goes far beyond the effects that, according to Article 59 of the ICJ Statute, judgments produce between the States parties to a case. The Court's assessment of the existence and content of rules of international law is likely also to affect States that are not parties to the judicial proceedings. While the latter States are not technically bound by judgments rendered between other States and thus are free to develop their arguments as if no judgment had been given, it is clear that the Court's rulings in previous cases will provide a significant precedent from which the Court will not easily depart. When States that are not parties to a case are likely to be affected by the judgment to be rendered, they may wish to submit to the Court their views on questions relating to the existence or content of a rule of international law that may arise. Generally, what is at stake will be a State's individual interest; however, it could also be one of the ‘common interests of the international community’ which underlie the rule of international law.
Is the Topic of Responsibility of International Organizations Ripe for Codification? Some Critical Remarks
Authors: Hafner Gerhard
Published: May 2011

This short survey of practical and theoretical problems associated with a codification of the topic of responsibility of international organizations (IOs) illustrates that the social basis of responsibility, namely issues of control as well as the legal qualification of the relationships between an IO and its member States and those between IOs and non-member States, are not settled so that the problems resulting therefrom have not yet been resolved. One cannot even exclude an approach that construes the responsibility imposed on IOs only as a channelling of responsibility towards IOs irrespective of the socially responsible actor such as the member State. From such a perspective, the responsibility of IOs would amount to a non-rebuttable legal fiction such as a praesumptio iuris ac de iure.
The Judge as Law-Maker: Thoughts on Bruno Simma's Declaration in the Kosovo Opinion
Authors: Bogdandy Armin von , Jacob Marc
Published: May 2011

Bruno Simma has always been a forceful advocate for the progressive development of international law, not least by international courts. Throughout many scholarly offerings, he has provided good arguments how lawyers can progressively develop international law without abandoning the enterprise of law altogether. He never made a secret of this modernizing thrust, openly criticizing both the positive law and the conservative attitude of certain institutions. A prominent example is his Declaration in the International Court of Justice's (ICJ) Kosovo Opinion, where he lambasts the Court's adherence to the Lotus principle for being ‘obsolete’ and calls for Advisory Opinions ‘with greater relevance as regards the international legal order’. One would in fact not be startled if his election to the bench of the ICJ occurred with an implicit mandate by the nominating and electing institutions to further his vision of international law through the Court's decisions. This chapter takes this approach as its starting point, but it discusses neither the individual elements of his progressive drive nor its overall vision. Rather, it seeks to provide some conceptual clarifications on the law-making function of the judge, and to examine differences between political and judicial modes of law-creation.
Judge Simma's Separate Opinion in the Oil Platforms Case: To What Extent are Armed ‘Proportionate Defensive Measures’ Admissible in Contemporary International Law?
Authors: Corten Olivier
Published: May 2011

This chapter challenges the argument that Bruno Simma developed his Separate Opinion in the Oil Platforms case, the first he signed as a judge, in November 2003. First, it exposes Simma's reasoning, and emphasizes its ambiguities concerning jus contra bellum. This ambiguity is further commented on in the following sections of the chapter. The chapter also shows that the illegality, de lege lata, of armed counter-measures, has not been challenged in recent years. Nevertheless, it is true that some types of proportionate defensive measures are not prohibited by the Charter, either in self-defence or in the exercise of sovereign police powers. Accordingly, it seems that the bulk of Simma's concerns could be addressed in the framework of existing international law.
The Arbitration Panel for In Rem Restitution and Its Jurisprudence: Extreme Injustice in International Law
Authors: Folz Hans-Peter
Published: May 2011

Traditionally public international law has been characterized as a legal order among States. States are the subjects of international law; they are the creators of international law and the addressees of its rules. Consequently the standards of justice and equity of international law generally refer to the values and ideals of international politics among States. The resolution of disputes between States can lead to significant disadvantages for individuals. States may sacrifice the claims of their nationals by agreeing on political solutions foreseeing a waiver of claims. This may be the case even where States seek to bestow benefits on individuals. While the legal status of individuals has steadily improved with the development of international human rights law, States still retain significant powers to conclude agreements affecting individual rights. This is particularly true in the case of settlements concerning wars and persecution. The Arbitration Panel for In Rem Restitution (Arbitration Panel) now provides a limited means of redress for individuals in cases of ‘extreme injustice’.
European Civil Procedure and Public International Law
Authors: Hess Burkhard
Published: May 2011

This chapter focuses not only on European civil procedural law, but it also explores its relations with public international law. This explains rests on the following observations. On the one hand, European procedural law has largely shifted away from the traditional concepts of international law relating to cross-border litigation (especially in the field of judicial assistance). However, there are still some areas in civil litigation where the traditional concepts of public international law are fully applied. On the other hand, European civil procedural law attracts ‘political litigation’ which was traditionally barred by concepts like State and diplomatic immunity, public policy, and the political question doctrine. As these concepts have been — at least partly — modified in the European Judicial Area, litigants are engaging in ‘borderline cases’ seeking redress in situations traditionally precluded by public international law. Against this background, the chapter explores whether European procedural law offers new prospects for the private enforcement of human rights.
Enforcing Community Interests Through International Dispute Settlement: Reality or Utopia?
Authors: Wolfrum Rüdiger
Published: May 2011

The existence of community interests is now accepted despite an ongoing discussion about the exact features and the ways and means of their establishment. However, considerable uncertainties remain as to the mechanisms of their enforcement. This chapter attempts to shed some light on the issue of enforcing community interests via international dispute settlement. In particular, it argues that the view that international law does not provide for an actio popularis glosses over the intricate problems raised with respect to implementation. Ultimately, possibilities exist to enforce some community interests by invoking international dispute settlement mechanisms. It is suggested that community interests may be grouped in at least two categories and that such categorization helps in identifying the appropriate mechanisms for enforcement.
Protectionism, Capital Freedom, and the Internal Market
Authors: Rickford Jonathan
Published: May 2011

Protectionism in the field of company law takes two main forms: firstly, action by governments to insulate national markets from foreign competition, mainly in markets for capital and corporate control; and secondly, action by company controllers to protect themselves from competitive forces in the same markets. There thus emerges an arena for the interplay of national (governmental) and corporate (managerial) self-interest, social policy, and internal market freedoms. The Treaty provisions on free movement of capital have more recently been recognized as an important tool in addressing the tensions involved. Even more recently their relevance has been thrown into doubt. This chapter explores the special problems of the capital freedom and examines its current and expected direction of development, taking account of the implications of developments in other fields of internal market law, notably horizontal application of freedoms of establishment and services and recent rapid developments in the complex field of corporate taxation. These have led to the most recent Court decisions on the boundary between capital and establishment, which are critically examined.
Varieties of Corporate Governance and Reflexive Takeover Regulation
Authors: Johnston Andrew
Published: May 2011

This chapter examines in greater detail the way in which the optionality provisions of the Takeover Directive accommodate different national varieties of corporate governance and capitalism. It briefly addresses the question of protectionism under the Directive before looking at the use of reflexive regulation in European directives more generally in order to accommodate national varieties of capitalism.
2 Horace Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting in England (1762–1780)
Authors: Junod Karen
Published: May 2011

Chapter 2 and the following one focus on two biographical compendia: Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting in England (1762–80) and Beckford's satirical Biographical Memoirs of Extraordinary Painters (1780). Horace Walpole's Anecdotes is usually considered the first comprehensive biographical history of the arts in England. This chapter analyses the literary structure of this text and asks the following questions: how did Walpole define and conceive of his historical project? How did he assess British art? How did he identify and publicly fashion himself as an author? The chapter examines Walpole's appropriations of George Vertue's ‘Notebooks‘. It concludes with a discussion of specific artistic topoi and shows how these formulaic anecdotes contributed to shaping certain images of artists that would developed more fully in the biographies of nineteenth-century British painters.
5 Thomas Gainsborough
Authors: Junod Karen
Published: May 2011

This chapter discusses the development of the sketch in eighteenth- and early nineteenth-entury Britain. By focusing on a wide variety of different narratives, including Philip Thicknesse's Sketch of the Life and Paintings of Thomas Gainsborough (1788) and other texts on the margins of the biographical form, this chapter explores the significance of the sketch – both in its visual and literary aspect – as a way of shaping and simultaneously undermining Gainsborough's artistic and biographical reputation during this period. This chapter also argues that the recurrence of the sketch in the construction of Gainsborough's posthumous life was part of a much wider discourse on the quintessential nature of British art.