bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exact Predictor Feedback for Multi-Input Systems
Authors: Zhu Yang , Krstic Miroslav
Published: January 2021

This chapter presents the exact predictor feedback for deterministic multi-input LTI systems with distinct discrete input delays. This offers a PDE-based framework for compensation for multi-input distinct delays and lays a foundation for adaptive control in later chapters. In the PDE-based framework to deal with the discrete multi-input delays, the problem is formulated as a cascade between several first-order transport PDEs (accounting for the distinct delayed inputs) and an ODE (accounting for the original plant). This problem is solved using backstepping to design a prediction-based controller. The key idea of this prediction technique is to replace future inputs involved in the state predictions computation by their closed-loop expressions.
Getting Started: Education and Race
Authors: Tignor Robert L.
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses W. Arthur Lewis's early years growing up in the West Indies and studying and teaching in Great Britain, which left a deep imprint on him and shaped personality traits and intellectual activities that stayed with him throughout his life. The son of upwardly mobile school-teachers, he took advantage of the escape hatches that the West Indies system of education afforded to persons of exceptional intellectual merit. Unlike some of his peers, he did not allow the ferocious academic competition to gain a West Indian government scholarship or the many overt acts of racial discrimination and the daily routine of bias that his generation of young intellectuals experienced to rob him of his humanity. His mastery of a field of economic knowledge vital to the colonizers made him immensely attractive to the colonial elite. Yet he desperately wanted to use his skills to advance the cause of racial and political equality. Even at this early stage, Lewis's life abounded in contradictions and tensions, clearly manifested in his writings. He struggled to articulate a middle position between free market economics and the planned and regulated economies that were attracting political leaders and economists in many parts of the world.
Unlimited Supplies of Labor
Authors: Tignor Robert L.
Published: January 2021

This chapter evaluates W. Arthur Lewis's article “Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour,” which the journal Manchester School had published in its 1954 issue and won the Nobel award in 1979. It was unquestionably his outstanding scholarly achievement. The article galvanized the new field of development economics, providing it with a legitimacy that it had not previously enjoyed. Moreover, nearly all of his later studies in economic history bore the imprint of the article. Lewis was not merely the most rigorously trained economist from the less developed world. His publications focused sharply on the critical issues of poverty and development. His ideas were persuasive and compelling, his arguments powerful, and the corpus of his writings suffused with the optimism that marked this era of political decolonization. Of the pioneers of development economics, he was the best synthesizer, the best able to handle multicausal relationships. His book The Theory of Economic Growth masterfully merged economic theory with social and political analysis.
The Gold Coast
Authors: Tignor Robert L.
Published: January 2021

This chapter details how, at the end of 1952, shortly after returning from a tour of Asia where his intellectual breakthrough led to the article on unlimited supplies of labor, W. Arthur Lewis received an invitation to advise the government of the Gold Coast on industrialization. The invitation came not from British colonial offices in the Gold Coast, but the rising nationalist party, the Convention People's Party (CPP), led by its charismatic political leader, Kwame Nkrumah. The vitality of the Gold Coast nationalists impressed Lewis, and the opportunity to advise Africans, rather than British officials, was new and exciting. Although he spent only several months of 1952 in the Gold Coast, preparing the report, and immediately returned to his teaching position at Manchester, his stay linked him to the Gold Coast and its leaders. From then onwards, British officials and Gold Coast nationalists alike regarded him as the top expert on their economy and turned to him to evaluate economic projects. Ultimately, the decision to advise the Gold Coast on its industrial prospects led Lewis away from purely academic endeavors and placed him squarely in the public arena.
Conclusion
Authors: Tignor Robert L.
Published: January 2021

This concluding chapter reflects on W. Arthur Lewis's death on June 15, 1991, and his legacy. Since his days growing up on the island of St. Lucia and studying at the London School of Economics, he had focused his writings, research, teaching, and public service on three critical issues: racial justice, end of empire, and improved standards of living for the less well off. The instrumentality to accomplish these goals became the field of economics, in large part, as he so often reminded people, because he was unable to pursue what had once seemed to him more attractive occupations. Lewis would never have suggested that his life should be measured by the successes that he had in advancing these goals, but there is much to be said for concluding this study by considering the methods that Lewis favored and the achievements that he realized in the three arenas that he held so high: eradicating racial injustice, bringing empires to a close, and promoting worldwide economic progress. Ultimately, development economics was the academic interest in which Lewis made his most lasting contributions, and it was as a development economist that he came to prominence after World War II.
Indians and the Politics of Gender
Authors: Flint Kate
Published: January 2021

This chapter reflects on issues of gender in relation to native peoples—in commentaries by travelers and sportsmen and, more particularly, in the use of Indian themes to comment on contemporary domestic gender debates, as in Elizabeth Gaskell's “Lois the Witch” and Gilbert Parker's 1894 novel The Translation of a Savage, which may be read as a reworking of the Pocahontas story. When it came to commenting on gender in relation to Native Americans, the usual strategy, whether consciously invoked or silently underpinning the representations, was to read Indian society in relation to the customary standards of white British, or on occasion Anglo-American, culture. There is little to surprise here. Such assumptions of cultural and racial normativity have been extensively commented upon in discussions of ethnography, travel writing, and representation. As well as revelatory of dominant social attitudes, and illustrative of how shared assumptions can be used to consolidate bonds between authors and readers at both national and transnational levels, such writing illustrates the enabling role of the socially familiar when it comes to making vivid something strange.
Indian Frontiers
Authors: Flint Kate
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the parallels that could be drawn between the American frontier and various frontiers in the British Empire, together with the apparent lessons that might be taken on board from America's treatment of her native peoples. To be sure, the romance of the American frontier played a significant role in adventure fiction—both homegrown and imported—and within travel writing, and the role of the frontiersman was co-opted into various versions of Anglo-Saxon manliness. But at the same time, concerns about American coarseness, brutality, exploitation, and greed, as manifested in different aspects of frontier life, raised issues about the social directions that country was taking and about the dangers of atavism on the borders of “civilization.” This anxiety held true for the edges of empire as well. Indeed, for the Victorians, the very term “Indian frontier” was highly ambiguous. The chapter then looks at how the visits to London of Catherine Sutton, a Credit Indian, and then of the poet and performer Pauline Johnson illuminate Britain's attitudes toward First Nations people from an Indian perspective.
Sham Surgery
Authors: Patashnik Eric M. , Gerber Alan S. , Dowling Conor M.
Published: January 2021

This chapter presents a detailed case study of a sham knee surgery case. The knee case is illustrative of systemic problems in the promotion of evidence-based medicine. Clearly, many medical societies are failing to take seriously their professional responsibility to deliver evidence-based care to patients and ensure that the nation does not squander scarce health care dollars on treatments of dubious worth. The chapter describes how the orthopedic community mostly ignored clear warnings that the arthroscopic surgery for osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee might not be effective. It also reviews the Moseley-Wray study's findings and looks at the less than optimal responses they prompted from medical societies and policy makers. The chapter then considers the debate surrounding another procedure for knee OA (arthroscopic partial meniscectomy) that has grown in popularity despite a lack of evidence, and identifies signs of the same performance pathologies.
Airpocalypse in Beijing and Delhi
Authors: Ren Xuefei
Published: January 2021

This chapter investigates the differences between territorial and associational forms of governance that are apparent in the case of air pollution control. It examines Beijing's clean air campaign that is led by the municipal government and applies a territorial strategy of holding local officials responsible for reducing pollution within their jurisdictions. It also discusses New Delhi's clean air campaign that has been spearheaded by environmental non-government organizations (NGOs), which strategically mobilize the Indian Supreme Court to prod the Delhi government into action. The chapter examines how both Beijing and New Delhi's approach will not be effective in tackling the problem of air pollution. It speculates whether blue skies can return to Beijing and Delhi through a combination of factors that depend on strong government intervention, private-ector compliance, market incentives, and citizen participation beyond the urban middle class and NGOs.
Coercive Electoral Governance
Authors: Birch Sarah
Published: January 2021

This chapter explains the hypotheses regarding state violence, with respect to the choice situations faced by leaders at election time. State and state-affiliated actors, including incumbent political leaders, have the greatest degree of latitude in selecting electoral strategies, and in particular deciding whether to use violence. The hypotheses are tested empirically on the basis of global data sets of electoral violence and covariates drawn from a variety of sources, supplemented by case studies based on qualitative data. The quantitative analyses confirm the connection between the structure of power (the relative strength of democratic and informal institutions) and electoral violence, and find also a strong empirical link between state-initiated violence and electoral misconduct in contexts where democratic constraints are lacking. Case studies of Zimbabwe, Syria, Belarus, and Paraguay show how state-initiated electoral violence forms part of political economies regulated by informal institutions of corruption and patronage.
Shakespearean Tragedy and the Death of Humanism
Authors: Lewis Rhodri
Published: January 2021

This concluding chapter explains how Hamlet has endeavoured to demonstrate the extraordinary pains that William Shakespeare took to represent the cultural world of humanism as fundamentally indifferent to things as they really are, and as one in which the pursuit of truth is therefore all but an impossibility. Precisely because Hamlet is a post-humanist work of tragedy, it is not confined to the strictures that Shakespeare brings to bear on superficially imitative neo-classicism. In place of preordained moral reflections that show the world as the playwright and his authorities think it should be, Hamlet provides its readerly and theatrical audiences with the prompt to examine themselves, their presuppositions, and their beliefs about the status of humankind within the moral and physical universes. The audacity of Hamlet is to show by example, rather than theoretical disquisition, that in the humanistic world of which Shakespeare and his work were a part, dramatic poetry is the medium best fitted to telling the truth. Best fitted to revealing that in its attachment to various forms of theatrum mundi, humankind not only propagates its own ignorance and self-alienation, but ensures that it will remain unable to devise a better way in which to live.
The Political Philosophy of Quantification
Authors: Porter Theodore M.
Published: January 2021

This chapter investigates the political philosophy of quantification. The intellectualist defense of quantification bears on the ethical issues. A system of demonstrably false or untestable dogmas, the product of state power and not of free persuasion, has obvious moral implications to anyone concerned about individual freedom. This point, indeed, has been at the heart of some of the most influential philosophical defenses of science in this century. John Dewey considered science an ally of democracy, and argued that scientific method means nothing more than the subjection of beliefs to skeptical inquiry. Karl Popper held it up as antidote to the century's totalitarianisms. While Popper did not stress quantification in his political philosophy of science, his terms could easily be applied to it. Although it is of course possible to use numbers casually and informally, quantification for public as well as scientific purposes has generally been allied to a spirit of rigor. The chapter then explores objectivity and objectification, as well as French statistics.
Experts against Objectivity: Accountants and Actuaries
Authors: Porter Theodore M.
Published: January 2021

This chapter assesses objectivity in accounting. The drive for rigor and standardization arose in response to a world in which local knowledge had become inadequate. Beginning in the late nineteenth century, the elite of accountants in Britain was to be found in independent accounting firms. Independence provided some assurance of impartiality. It was important also for accountants to have a wide reputation for probity and skill, and this came to be guaranteed by the names of a few large firms. These firms spread also to the United States, a more challenging setting in which to maintain a gentlemanly profession. The shift away from elite disinterestedness toward standardization as the basis for accounting objectivity began in earnest in the 1930s. There was much disagreement among prominent accountants about the desirability of standardization. The balance of opinion, especially at the most elite levels, was against it. The chapter then studies actuaries.
The Errors of Art and Nature
Authors: Porter Theodore M.
Published: January 2021

This chapter analyzes the law of facility of errors. All the early applications of the error law could be understood in terms of a binomial converging to an exponential, as in Abrahan De Moivre's original derivation. All but Joseph Fourier's law of heat, which was never explicitly tied to mathematical probability except by analogy, were compatible with the classical interpretation of probability. Just as probability was a measure of uncertainty, this exponential function governed the chances of error. It was not really an attribute of nature, but only a measure of human ignorance—of the imperfection of measurement techniques or the inaccuracy of inference from phenomena that occur in finite numbers to their underlying causes. Moreover, the mathematical operations used in conjunction with it had a single purpose: to reduce the error to the narrowest bounds possible. With Adolphe Quetelet, all that began to change, and a wider conception of statistical mathematics became possible. When Quetelet announced in 1844 that the astronomer's error law applied also to the distribution of human features such as height and girth, he did more than add one more set of objects to the domain of this probability function; he also began to break down its exclusive association with error.
Conclusion
Authors: Porter Theodore M.
Published: January 2021

This concluding chapter addresses how statistics has assumed the trappings of a modern academic discipline primarily during the last half century. The intellectual character of statistics had been thoroughly transformed by 1900. The period when statistical thinking was allied only to the simplest mathematics gave way to a period of statistical mathematics—which, to be sure, has not been divorced from thinking. In the twentieth century, statistics has at last assumed at least the appearance of conforming to that hierarchical structure of knowledge beloved by philosophers and sociologists in which theory governs practice and in which the “advanced” field of mathematics provides a solid foundation for the “less mature” biological and social sciences. The crystallization of a mathematical statistics out of the wealth of applications developed during the nineteenth century provides the natural culmination to this story.
ALGORITHM FOR ASSESSING THE STATE OF THE SYSTEM (SANCTIONS, HR, TQM, PMBOK, COVID-19, FIRE SAFETY) BY THE METHOD OF INTEGRATED INDICATORS
Authors: Masaev Sergey Nikolaevich
Published: January 2021

The article considers the integral indicators as one of the methods for studying the behavior of dynamic systems, evaluating the change in the system under the influence of environmental parameters. Correlation of the observed process parameters in dynamics gives the integral value of changes in the operational conditions (modes) of the system and helps predict various events, stressful situations and crises. The modes of activity of a woodworking enterprise, the implementation of a project on it and modes of operation of a construction enterprise are considered. Each enterprise is formalized separately as dynamic systems, the parameters of which are performance indicators: the structure of fixed assets, the structure of sales, logistics of the movement of material assets, the structure of owners, etc. The author's program complex has developed and analyzed 15 operating modes of the dynamic system. The process of fulfilling all operating modes has been simulated using a description of business processes, as well as the implementation of a quality management system, the PMBOK project management standard, a fire safety system, and operating in conditions of Covid-19 infection. The states of the dynamic system were obtained by the integral method indicators. The study showed characteristic changes in the correlated values of the system parameters and the performance of business processes with a changed control signal and allowed to create a solution space for the system.
Variação lexical no contexto das obras lexicográficas
Authors: Machado Filho Américo Venâncio Lopes , Nascimento Ivan Pedro Santos , Sampaio Lisana Rodrigues Trindade
Published: January 2021

O léxico constitui-se em importante domínio na construção da identidade de uma língua, revelando os complexos processos de variação e mudança a que esta se submeteu em seu fazer sócio-histórico. Pretende-se, neste trabalho, discutir a variação lexical em função de seu registro nos trabalhos lexicográficos, observando-se, nomeadamente, o contexto em que se inserem os de verve histórico-variacional, em especial os dialetais, a partir de uma revisão sobre a tipologia tradicional até hoje adotada por alguns estudiosos da área. Apresenta-se, por fim, uma nova proposta taxionômica para esse ramo do conhecimento, assim como uma reflexão sobre a necessidade do registro da variação lexical de forma mais ampla.
A origem do (antropo)topônimo Betim
Authors: Da Silva Jeander Cristian
Published: January 2021

Com base na perspectiva de que a Toponímia caminha ao lado da História e, por isso, dá conta da origem, da forma e da evolução das denominações de lugares, este estudo propõe uma revisão na literatura a respeito do processo de formação histórica do município de Betim (MG) com o objetivo de investigar as causas para a sua denominação e de outras denominações anteriores. A história desse município, considerado polo industrial da Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, remonta ao século XVIII, época em que o Brasil, ainda colônia de Portugal, vivia o auge do ciclo do ouro. Acredita-se que o topônimo atual esteja vinculado ao sobrenome do primeiro fundador da região, Joseph Rodrigues Betim; assim sendo, procurou-se, também, fazer uma investigação genealógica desse antropônimo. A metodologia adotada parte, portanto, da análise das informações históricas para a reconstrução da motivação e significação toponímica. Para o alcance dos objetivos, esse texto está organizado na seguinte ordem: (i) discussão teórica sobre o léxico toponímico, baseada, principalmente, em Dick (1990a e 1990b) e Seabra (2004 e 2006); (ii) breve contextualização geográfica e histórica do município, com base em Pinto (1997), Rugani (2001), Camargo (2006) e outros autores; (iii) análise da origem do topônimo Betim e de outras denominações anteriores para o município; (iv) investigação genealógica do sobrenome Betim, baseada, sobretudo em Brandão (1975). Os resultados confirmam a hipótese da origem do topônimo e a análise genealógica permite inferir que o sobrenome seja de origem neerlandesa.
O método histórico-comparativo e a sua validade para o estudo da morfologia lexical: síntese de uma proposta de aplicação ao galego-português e ao castelhano
Authors: Lopes Mailson
Published: January 2021

Este artigo elenca os principais postulados e alguns desenvolvimentos do método histórico-comparativo aplicado às línguas românicas, desembocando no rastreamento de suas incursões ou lacunas na apreciação da morfologia lexical. Pari passu a isso, esquematiza os aspectos fundamentais de uma proposta de apreciação histórico-comparativa aplicada por Lopes (2018) à prefixação no galego-português e no castelhano e que pode ser tomada como modelo básico preliminar para futuras aplicações panromânicas sobre outras operações da lexicogênese morfológica, como a sufixação, a composição e a parassíntese (e também a prefixação, com a inclusão de mais sistemas linguísticos, para além dos dois já perscrutados pelo mencionado morfólogo). Perpassa todo o texto a ideia de uma incontestável relevância e atualidade do método para o cotejo historicocêntrico entre línguas, desde que sob pautas renovadas, mediante revisões teórico-epistemológicas subsidiadas pelos avanços propiciados pelas escolas linguísticas que o sucederam, do Estruturalismo ao arquipélago teórico da Linguística Cognitiva.
A Definição enquanto Elemento Nuclear na Organização do Conhecimento: das Teorias Epistemológicas à Formulação de Definições em Língua Natural
Authors: Duarte Martins Susana Maria
Published: January 2021

Neste artigo são discutidos os pressupostos epistemológicos subjacentes ao tratamento da definição, enquanto atividade e resultado, considerando os pontos principais em destaque nas diferentes teorias desde a Antiguidade Clássica à contemporaneidade: a entidade a definir, a definição de definição e suas tipologias, métodos e regras de formulação de boas definições, bem como os seus limites. Para tal, torna-se necessário recuar até aos primeiros questionamentos sobre a definição, refletir sobre o seu desenvolvimento ao longo do tempo e o modo como os referidos aspetos se espelham nas ciências do léxico e na terminologia, em particular, como estas os incorporaram nas suas práticas, ressaltando o papel central da definição em língua natural no contexto científico.
PELAKSANAAN MANAJEMEN MADRASAH PADA PONDOK PESANTREN DARUD DAKWAH WAL IRSYAD (DDI) PATTOJO KABUPATEN SOPPENG
Authors: Achruh Andi , Iqbal Muhammad
Published: January 2021

This study aims to analyze the implementation of madrasah management at the Darud Dakwah Wal Irsyad (DDI) Pattojo Islamic Boarding School, Soppeng Regency. In the process of collecting data, the author uses the method of observation and interviews with madrasah principals, madrasah teachers, madrasah staff, village heads, religious leaders, community leaders and youth leaders. Management is a way that is done so that other people can work and are willing to do something well and maximally and can use the best time possible. Furthermore, if the word management is associated with the word madrasah, then madrasah management is a way that is done professionally to raise and improve the madrasah by controlling and supervising all activities carried out. Making all elements in the madrasah work properly and optimally. Related to the management and development of madrasah management, namely by means of planning (planning), organizing (organizing), leadership (leading) and supervision (controlling). The implementation of madrasah management at the Darud Dakwah Wal Irsyad Pattojo boarding school in Soppeng Regency has been implemented and implemented quite well. So that the Darud Dakwah Wal Irsyad Pattojo boarding school, Soppeng Regency, still exists today and is still in great demand by various people. As for the role of the Darud Dakwah Wal Irsyad Pattojo boarding school, Soppeng Regency, after being studied from various perspectives, namely as a unifying element of society, development in the field of religion and development in the field of education. The author sees that the management of the Darud Dakwah Wal Irsyad Pattojo boarding school in Soppeng Regency has opportunities and challenges. With the development of sophisticated technology, all information systems and technology can become major capital in the development of these madrasas. However, there is a lack of human resources capable of adapting to these developments, so it still requires special training related to this management.
Management of Zakat at BAZNAS Regency Sidrap During COVID-19’s Pandemic
Authors: Wahyu A. Rio Makkulau , Anwar Wirani Aisiyah
Published: January 2021

Zakat is an obligation for every Muslim who can purify his soul to zakat Fitrah and purify his property for Zakat Maal. Zakat must be managed properly so that the distribution of the property can run effectively and targeted to the Mustahik in the moment of the current Covid-19 pandemic. Baznas has made renewal in zakat management both in terms of collecting, distributing, and utilization of zakat funds. For example, in the case of fundraising Zakat is done by a digital system. The purpose of this research is to explain the management of Zakat done by the Baznas Sidrap Regency in maximizing the distribution of the accumulated zakat funds. The study was conducted using a combination of library and field research using a qualitative method with descriptive analysis. The research location was at Sidrap District. The results showed that zakat funds can be utilized to the fullest extent possible for the welfare of the Mustahik both consumptive and productive. In distributing the fund zakat Baznas Sidrap Regency has channeled the funds amounting to Rp.1,2 billion since the period of Covid-19 pandemic with the main channeling of zakat funds in remote areas that have been affected by Covid-19 pandemic, in the form of food aid for the consumptive.
The Performance of Sharia Equity Fund Investment Manager
Authors: Maftukhah Anni
Published: January 2021

Sharia mutual funds are fund raising activities from investors to be managed by investment managers with sharia-based management, namely by not investing funds in companies whose types and scope of business are not in accordance with Islamic sharia. This study was conducted to determine the effect of turnover ratio, expenses ratio, fund size, managerial tenure, and fund selection skills on the performance of sharia mutual fund investment managers in Indonesia. The data used in this study are monthly Net Asset Value, BI rate, IHSG, annual turnover data, annual expenses ratio data, and prospectus of 9 sharia stock mutual funds from December 2014 to December 2018. Samples were taken based on the purposive sampling method during this research. The measurement of the performance of sharia equity fund investment managers uses the Sharpe Ratio method. The method used is multiple linear regression analysis and classic assumption tests using descriptive statistical tests, multicollinearity tests, and heteroscedasticity tests using EVIEWS 10 statistical software. The results of this study indicate that turnover ratio, fund size, fund selection skills significantly influence performance Islamic mutual fund investment manager. While expenses and managerial tenure ratios do not significantly influence the performance of investment managers in Islamic mutual funds.
Financial Inclusion Model on the Development of Batik SMEs in Cirebon Regency
Authors: Hamzah Amir , Suhendar Dadang
Published: January 2021

This study aims to analyze the financial inclusion model on Batik SMEs' development in Cirebon Regency. Six constructs emerge as the objects of interest are financial literacy, financial technology, social capital, capital structure decisions, financial inclusion, and business development. 176 Batik-Cirebon artisans fill the questionnaires under the non-probability sampling technique and are analyzed using CB-SEM. The results prove that financial literacy, financial technology, social capital, capital structure decisions have a positive effect on financial inclusion, and financial inclusion positively affects business development Batik SMEs In Cirebon Regency.
Analisis Prinsip Ketiga Littlewood dalam Teori Fungsi Variabel Ril
Authors: Alwi Wahidah , Ishak Ishak
Published: January 2021

Penelitian ini membahas tentang prinsip ketiga dari tiga prinsip littlewood dalam teori fungsi variabel real yaitu hampir setiap barisan fungsi terukur yang konvergen adalah konvergen seragam. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis prinsip tersebut dengan mengkaji kekonvergenan barisan fungsi terukur. pembahasan dalam tulisan ini berisi kekonntinuan dalam fungsi terukur dan kekonvergenan barisan fungsi terukur serta kaitannya dengan kekonvergenan seragam. Lebih jauh dalam tulisan ini akan ditunjukkan suatu sifat yang menyatakan terdapatnya kekonvergenan seragam dalam barisan fungsi terukur konvergen.
الكلمة والجملة في اللغة العربية
Authors: Munawwir Ahmad
Published: January 2021

يبحث هذا البحث في الكلمة والجملة في اللغة العربية وأنواعهما، إذ يتركز على شيئين: 1) ما هي الكلمة وما تقسيماتها، و2) ما هي الجملة وما تقسيماتها. وكان البحث بحثا مكتبيا معتمدا على الكتب والمراجع الأخرى.  فالكلمة لفظ يدل على معنى مفرد، وهي تنقسم إلى ثلاثة أقسام؛ اسم وفعل وحرف. أما الجملة أو الكلام فهي ما تركب من كلمتين أو أكثر، وله معنى مفيد مستقل. والجملة تنقسم إلى ثلاثة أقسام؛ الجملة الأصلية والجملة الكبرى والجملة الصغرى.
Banho no leito com água destilada aspergida: técnica e custo
Authors: Martins dos Santos Silvia Regina , Alves Pereira Lôbo Anna Beatriz , Mesquita Júnior Luiz Cesar de , Pereira de Oliveira Aretha , Santos Silva Monyque Evelyn dos , Machado de Lima Dalmo Valério
Published: January 2021

Descrever uma nova forma de realizar o banho no leito em pacientes de terapia intensiva e analisar o custo desta tecnologia. Estudo descritivo, prospectivo, de avaliação de custos. Amostra de conveniência de 18 pacientes em pós-operatório imediato de cirurgia cardíaca, com coleta de dados em até 72 h após a cirurgia. Nesta técnica é utilizado frasco-ampola de água destilada aquecido em forno de microondas. O frasco é perfurado com agulha hipodérmica e utilizado para aspergir o paciente antes e depois de ser ensaboado, simulando um chuveiro portátil. O tempo médio de realização banho foi 30,17±12,24 minutos e o custo identificado correspondeu R$ 25,19 (US$ 4.99). Este tipo de banho apresenta custo inferior ao do banho no leito tradicional em pacientes de terapia intensiva, contribuindo para o gerenciamento de custos.
Influência dos acidentes e dos procedimentos intra-hospitalares no óbito
Authors: Andrade Menolli Gisele , Penha Martins Eleine Aparecida
Published: January 2021

Identificar a influência da gravidade do trauma e do atendimento intra-hospitalar no óbito, em vítimas de acidentes motociclísticos. Estudo transversal, quantitativo com 31 vítimas encaminhadas para o Hospital no norte do Paraná, entre dezembro de 2016 e março de 2017. 80,6% das vítimas eram homens, 48,4% das ocorrências aconteceram durante o dia. As escalas de trauma, Injury Severity Score (TRISS), Revised Trauma Score (RTS) e Injury Severity Score (ISS) evidenciaram escores leves com baixo risco de morte.  Houve associação entre gravidade do trauma e óbito, chegaram ao hospital com imobilizações corporais 61,3%; o protocolo de atendimento ao trauma foi utilizado em 45,2% dos casos; a cirurgia ortopédica compreendeu 43,4%; houve associação das cirurgias com o desfecho óbito; 90,3% das vítimas não tiveram infecção. A gravidade do trauma e cirurgias tiveram associação com o desfecho óbito, todas as vítimas de trauma devem ser atendidas conforme protocolo.
Trabalho noturno e o risco cardiovascular na equipe de enfermagem
Authors: Silva Assunção Munyra Rocha , Barbosa Costa Andréia Cristina , Pinto Costa Isabelle Cristinne , Coelho Leite Fava Silvana Maria
Published: January 2021

Objetivou-se identificar as evidências científicas disponíveis na literatura sobre a associação entre o trabalho noturno e o risco cardiovascular na equipe de enfermagem. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura desenvolvida nas bases de dados: Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe de Informação em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs), na National Library of Medicine (PubMed), no Banco de Dados em Enfermagem (BDENF) e na Web of Science, no período de 2001 a 2018. Foram encontrados 22 estudos e a análise foi realizada de forma descritiva. Observou-se repercussões prejudiciais do trabalho noturno na vida do profissional de enfermagem, principalmente no que tange aos riscos cardiovasculares. Atenta-se para a necessidade das instituições de saúde avaliarem e acompanharem estes profissionais, propiciando intervenções que possam minimizar os riscos cardiovasculares.
Eficácia de protocolos clínicos para o tratamento da dor torácica em serviços de urgência
Authors: Mondego Fontenele Rafael , Almeida Souza Tatiana de , Serra Cutrim Darly , Moura Guedes Joseane , Nascimento Josiel Freitas do , Cunha dos Santos Rose Daiana
Published: January 2021

A dor torácica pode estar relacionada à síndrome coronariana, uma das principais causas de morte no Brasil. Os protocolos clínicos são diretrizes que visam o reconhecimento precoce e tratamento de agravos em rotina aprovada pela unidade assistencial. O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar a eficácia de protocolos clínicos para o tratamento de dor torácica em unidades de urgência. Tratou-se uma revisão integrativa da literatura realizada nas bases científicas da Scielo e Lilacs a partir da combinação de descritores em ciências da saúde obtidos através do portal da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde. Os principais exames realizados são eletrocardiograma, angiotomografia de coronárias e a cintilografia para a elucidação diagnóstica de síndromes coronarianas na presença de dor torácica. Concluiu-se que a incorporação de protocolos clínicos no ambiente hospitalar garante a segurança do paciente, orienta e direciona as condutas médicas para a prevenção de complicações como o óbito.
Proposta de implantação da escala de avaliação de risco para o desenvolvimento de lesões decorrentes do posicionamento cirúrgico (ELPO) - relato de experiência
Authors: Ribeiro Basso Giovana Mirela , Natalina Mazochi Maria , Reda da Silva Elaine
Published: January 2021

Este estudo teve como objetivo relatar a experiência de uma proposta de implantação da escala de avaliação de risco para o desenvolvimento de lesões decorrentes do posicionamento cirúrgico (ELPO). Tratou-se de estudo descritivo, do tipo relato de experiência, realizado com 49 profissionais (44 técnicos de enfermagem e 5 enfermeiros) do Centro Cirúrgico de um Hospital Universitário, localizado no interior de São Paulo. A proposta foi realizada em 3 etapas: avaliar o conhecimento dos profissionais sobre a ELPO; oficinas para capacitação e apresentação do instrumento proposto; avaliação referente ao instrumento proposto. Os resultados demonstraram ausência de conhecimento sobre a ELPO; interesse da maior parte dos profissionais, vontade de apreender e de mudar atitudes e conceitos; 100% referiram não haver necessidade de alteração do instrumento e que o mesmo é importante e possível de ser aplicado. Logo, é fundamental o conhecimento sobre a importância do posicionamento cirúrgico, visando a prevenção de complicações.
Saúde do trabalhador: estratégia lúdica para a promoção da biossegurança
Authors: Vieira Mendes Antonio Wellington , Vitor da Silva Andreza , Silva Souza Carolaine da , Cordeiro da Silva Mariana , Costa Mendes Stéffane , Alves Dias Tamires , Lustoza Xavier Samyra Paula
Published: January 2021

O objetivo é relatar a experiência vivenciada por acadêmicos de enfermagem na utilização de um jogo educativo como ferramenta pedagógica para promoção da biossegurança com trabalhadores. Trata-se de um relato da experiência vivenciada por seis acadêmicos de Enfermagem quanto a realização de uma ação educativa em novembro de 2019. A ação foi desenvolvida a partir da explanação do conteúdo sobre biossegurança e um jogo de tabuleiro com perguntas e respostas, teve duração de 60 minutos e contou com a participação 18 profissionais de um centro de Hemoterapia e Hematologia do Ceará. A estratégia adotada para o desenvolvimento da atividade gerou o efeito esperado, culminando em um feedback positivo, uma vez que os profissionais afirmaram que a atividade lúdica se mostrou efetiva na compreensão do assunto abordado. O jogo, contribuiu como processo de ensino-aprendizagem, colaborando como uma alternativa pedagógica.
Estado emocional en jugadores jóvenes de fútbol tras varios partidos consecutivos.
Authors: Falces Prieto Moisés , Canyelles Niño Hector , Rodicio Palma Jesús , González Fernández Francisco Tomás
Published: January 2021

El objetivo de este estudio fue valorar el efecto de 3 partidos de fútbol consecutivos sobre estado emocional pre y post-competitivo en jugadores jóvenes de fútbol. Un total de 20 jugadores jóvenes de fútbol (edad = 14,75 ± 0,44 años) de una academia de Alto Rendimiento en Fútbol de Barcelona (España), participaron en este estudio. Para evaluar el estado emocional, se utilizó el Profile of Mood States (POMS) para evaluar (Fatiga, Depresión, Tensión, Hostilidad y Vigor). La percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo (PSE) se utilizó como herramienta de cuantificación de la carga. Ambas herramientas se utilizaron antes y después de cada uno de los tres partidos. Los datos reflejaron cambios sobre las variables depresión (p<0.05), hostilidad (p<0.012), vigor (p<0.001) y fatiga (p<0.001), tras el pre y post-partido tras la disputa de 3 partidos de fútbol consecutivos. EL POMS presentó diferencias significativas en las variables tensión (p<0.001), depresión (p<0.02), vigor (p<0.001) y fatiga (p<0.001) en situación pre-partido. También se encontraron correlaciones entre las variables PSE y POMS [PSE-F post-partido 1 (0.55); PSE-V pre-partido 2 (0.52); PSE-H (-0.62) y PSE-F (0.06) post-partido 2; PSE-H post-partido 3 (-0.50)]. Podemos indicar que las herramientas subjetivas y no invasivas como el POMS y PSE, son herramientas válidas para monitorear a jugadores de fútbol, aunque dependen del contexto competitivo y del momento en las que se aplican.
Amygdalin isolated from Amygdalus mongolica protects against hepatic fibrosis in rats
Authors: Wang Jia , Zhou Hongbing , Wu Tong , Wu Peisai , Liu Quanli , Shi Songli
Published: January 2021

The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of amygdalin on hepatic fibrosis in rats. Amygdalin was purified and identified from the seeds of Amygdalus mongo lica. Sprague Dawley rats in the control and model groups were administered water. Sprague Dawley rats were divided into the low-, middle-, and high-dose amygdalin groups that received 20, 40, and 80 mg kg−1 amygdalin, respectively. whereas the silymarin group was treated with 50 mg kg−1 silymarin. The control and model groups were administered water. Liver tissue analysis revealed significantly lower activities of ALT, AST, ALP, SOD, and MDA in the drug-treated groups compared to the model group. Serum analysis revealed significantly lower HYC and C-IV in the middle-dose amygdalin-treated group compared to the model group. The histopathological changes were less severe in the drug-treated groups as observed by the formation of pseudolobuli and decreased collagen fiber deposition. Hepatic fibrosis-related genes were expressed at significantly lower levels in the amygdalin-treated groups than in the model group. Amygdalin from A. mongolica represents a therapeutic candidate for hepatic fibrosis prevention and treatment.
Determination of carbohydrates in the herbal antidiabetic mixtures by GC-MC
Authors: Savych Alona , Marchyshyn Svitlana , Milian Ivanna
Published: January 2021

Due to the wide range of biologically active substances, the herbal mixtures can influence the development of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Carbohydrates attract particular attention due to their hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, anticholesterolemic, antioxidant, antiinflammatory and detoxifying activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the content of carbohydrates through their monomeric composition in the herbal mixture samples: a) Urtica dioica leaf, Cichorium intybus roots, Rosa majalis fruits, Elymys repens rhizome, Taraxacum officinale roots, b) Arctium lappa roots, Elymys repens rhizome, Zea mays columns with stigmas, Helichrysum arenarium flowers, Rosa majalis fruits, c) Inula helenium rhizome with roots, Helichrysi arenarium flowers, Zea mays columns with stigmas, Origanum vulgare herb, Rosa majalis fruits, Taraxacum officinale roots, d) Cichorium intybus roots, Elymys repens rhizome, Helichrysum arenarium flowers, Rosa majalis fruits, Zea mays columns with stigmas and e) Urtica dioica leaf, Taraxacum officinale roots, Vaccinium myrtillus leaf, Rosa majalis fruits, Mentha piperita herb, which were used in Ukrainian folk medicine for the prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2.

The carbohydrates were separated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after conversion into volatile aldononitrile acetate derivatives. The monomeric composition of polysaccharides was studied after their hydrolysis to form monosaccharides and poly-alcohols.

Quantitative analyses of free carbohydrates showed that the predominant sugars were fructose, glucose and disaccharide – sucrose, in all samples. Concerning the determination of polysaccharide monomers after hydrolysis, glucose was the most abundant in all samples. The chromatographic study revealed a number of polyalcohols that are important for the treatment and prevention of progression of diabetes mellitus and its complications, namely, mannitol, pinitol and myo-inositol.
Justice Holmes and the Question of Race
Authors: Halper Thomas
Published: January 2021

Notwithstanding his youthful dalliance with abolitionism, Holmes’ votes and opinions in Supreme Court cases involving race reveal a stubborn indifference to discrimination on a range of issues. Whether this reflects a cold personal aloofness, a preoccupation with life as struggle, a commitment to judicial restraint or merely an insensitivity pervading the enlightened opinion of the day, his performance will continue to stain his reputation.
The effect of the pre-wetting of expanded clay aggregate on the freeze-thaw resistance of the expanded clay aggregate concrete
Authors: Musiał Michał Piotr , Grzymski Filip , Trapko Tomasz
Published: January 2021

This paper presents experimental research on expanded clay aggregate concrete. The aim of the investigations was to determine if the pre-wetting of expanded clay aggregate has an effect on the freeze-thaw durability of the expanded clay aggregate concrete. Five concrete series based on the same concrete mix design were made and tested. The degree of pre-wetting of the aggregate was varied: dry aggregate was used in the first series, aggregate with a moisture content of 10% was used in series IA and IB and aggregate with a moisture content of 25% was used in series IIA and IIB. Also the approach to the production process was varied: in series A the water contained in the aggregate was taken into account in the global water-cement ratio (consequently a reduced amount of water was added to the mix), whereas in series B the nominal amount of water was added to the mix (as in the case of dry aggregate). The freeze-thaw resistance criterion was based on the assessment of the decrease of compressive strength and increase in weight loss after exposure to freeze-thaw cycles. The expanded clay aggregate concrete's strength and mass decrements caused by freeze-thaw cycling were used as the measure of its freeze-thaw resistance. The investigations have shown that the pre-wetting of expanded clay aggregate has an effect on the freeze-thaw durability of the expanded clay aggregate concrete. The differences of concrete compressive strength decrease related to freeze-thaw durability may be 2 to 5 times greater when inadequate method of calculating mixing water for concrete is used.
EFFECTS OF VARIOUS PLANTING MEDIA AND LIQUID ORGANIC FERTILIZER (POC) ON THE GROWTH OF ROBUSTA COFFEE SEEDS (Coffea Robusta L.)
Authors: Mahdalena  , Munandar Anis
Published: January 2021

Efek berbagai media tanam dan pupuk organik cair terhadap pertumbuhan bibit kopi robusta (Coffea robusta L.).  Penelitian dilaksanakan selama 12 minggu (3 bulan) terhitung bulan Maret – Juni 2020. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Agroteknologi Universitas Widya Gama Mahakam Samarinda.  Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) Faktorial dengan 2 faktor dan di ulang sebanyak 3 kali.    Faktor pertama ialah Media Tanam (M) yang terdiri dari 4 taraf yaitu, M1 = Tanah, M2 = Tanah+Sekam Padi (2:1), M3 = Tanah+Serbuk Kayu (2:1), M4 = Tanah+Sabut Kelapa (2:1). Faktor kedua ialah Pupuk Organik Cair (P) terdiri dari 3 taraf yaitu : P0 = Top soil (kontrol), P1 = POC Air Limbah Tahu Sereh Wangi 50% (ALTSW) (500 ml ALTSW + 500 ml air), P2 = POC Ekstrak Daun Gamal (EDG) (500 ml EDG + 500 ml air). Keluaran yang diharapkan adalah Memberikan informasi tentang media tanam yang terbaik untuk pertumbuhan bibit kopi Robusta bagi masyarakat.    Memberikan informasi tentang pupuk organic cair yang terbaik untuk pertumbuhan bibit kopi Robusta bagi masyarakat.
Keywords: Daun Gamal,  Limbah Ampas Tahu,  Serbuk Kayu
Japon Bıldırcınlarında Yumurta Ağırlığı, Kuluçka Sıcaklığı ve Kabuk Sıcaklığının Kuluçka Sonuçlarına Etkilerinin Belirlenmesi
Authors: Kansak Sancar , Aktan Sedat
Published: January 2021

Bu çalışmada 32 haftalık yaştaki Japon bıldırcını sürüsünden elde edilen toplam 402 kuluçkalık yumurta, gelişme döneminde kabuk sıcaklığı, kabuk sıcaklığı ile makine sıcaklığı arasındaki fark ve oransal ağırlık (nem) kaybının kuluçka sonuçları üzerine etkilerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla kullanılmıştır. Yumurtalar ağırlık sınıfına göre iki gruba ayrılmış (â‰¤12 g ve >12 g) ve makine katlarına rastgele ve eşit olarak dağıtılmıştır. Beklendiği üzere, kuluçkalık yumurta ağırlığı civciv çıkış ağırlıklarını önemli ölçüde etkilemiştir. Hafif yumurtalar ağır yumurtalara göre daha fazla nem kaybetmişlerdir. Embriyo, gelişme döneminin ilk yarısında hissedilir düzeyde ısı üretememekteyse de (endotermik faz), ikinci yarısında belirgin biçimde ısı üretmeye başladığından (ekzotermik faz), kabuk sıcaklığı makine iç sıcaklığından daha yüksek olmuştur. Bu durum ağır yumurtalarda daha belirgin olmaktadır. Gelişim döneminin ilk yarısında kabuk sıcaklığı hafif yumurtalarda ağır yumurtalara göre daha yüksekken, ikinci yarıda yumurta ağırlık gruplarında belirlenen kabuk sıcaklıkları katlara göre değişmiştir. Genel olarak, büyüyen embriyonun artık belirgin biçimde ısı ürettiği bu geç dönemde iri yumurtalarda ve üst katta yer alan yumurtalarda daha yüksek kabuk sıcaklıkları belirlenmiştir. Alt kattaki hafif yumurtalar, diğer tüm kombinasyonlardaki yumurtalardan daha düşük kabuk sıcaklığı değerlerine sahip olmuşlardır. Son dönem embriyonik ölümler ağır yumurtalarda önemli ölçüde daha yüksek bulunmuştur.