bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interorganizational Dependence and Forward Integration
Authors: Pennings Johannes M. , Hambrick Donald C. , MacMillan Ian C.
Published: March 2007

This paper considers a business unit's propensity to forward integration in response to dependence on customers and turbulence of the environment. The analysis seeks to determine whether vertical integration patterns differ between three manufacturing sectors: consumer products, capital goods, and industrial supplies and components. The results suggest that customer dependence variables are important predictors of forward integration, while aspects of turbulence are not as important. The results also indicate various differences across the three sectors, suggesting that the motivation for forward integration varies with sector. The implications of the findings are discussed.
Job Attitudes and Turnover Intentions Among Professionals in Different Work Settings
Authors: Lachman Ran , Aranya Nissim
Published: March 2007

A model dealing with the effects of the professional and organizational commitments of Certified Public Accountants, or of other work-related attitudes and intent to leave, is examined in three different employment settings in California: self-employed CPAs, CPAs employed in professional organizations and CPAs employed in non-professional organizations. These commitments and work-related attitudes were found to have different effects on intentions to leave in the different work settings. These findings suggest that the generality of prevalent withdrawal models ought to be reconsidered and that theoretical adjustments ought to be made for differences in settings.
'Engineering Humour': Masculinity, Joking and Conflict in Shop-floor Relations
Authors: Collinson David L.
Published: March 2007

The focus of this paper is on the organizational significance of shop-floor humour and in particular its relationship to gender identity and working-class resistance. A brief review of the literature on organizational humour is followed by a more detailed examination of the illuminating analysis by Willis of school/shop-floor counter-culture. Although his research provides a strong basis for the case study presented below, it is criticized for a tendency to romanticize working-class culture, humour and informal opposition.

In contrast, by means of an empirical analysis of joking forms in the components division of a lorry producing factory, the paper then explores not only the collective elements, but also the internal divisions and contradictions that characterize shop-floor relations. By critically questioning the workers' manifest search to secure a highly masculine sense of identity, the paper is able to highlight a 'darker side' of shop-floor culture, which underpins and ultimately undermines the creative humour and collectivity found in the factory.
Culture and the Problems of Chinese Management
Authors: Lockett Martin
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the relationship between problems of management in the People's Republic of China and Chinese culture. Five problem areas are outlined: (i) organizational structure; (ii) management skills and succession, (iii) Party/management relations; (iv) operational; and (v) motivation and labour discipline. Chinese culture is seen to have four main features affecting organizations: (a) respect for age and hierarchy; (b) group orientation; (c) face; (d) the importance of relationships. It is argued that these can reinforce management problems arising from a planned economy, as well as undermining the legitimacy of formal organization. In the future, it is likely that moves towards Western management methods may not have the desired effects as a result of cultural influences.
Centralization or Formalization? Indifference Curves for Strategies of Control
Authors: Zeffane Rachid M.
Published: March 2007

Drawing on previous research on patterns of organization structures, this paper examines the question of strategic structural choice between centralized and formalized means of control. An alternative approach in conceiving and operationalizing the problem of choice is suggested. This uses the 'Indifference Curves' postulate as put forward in neo-classical economic theory. An operational model featuring 'trade-offs' between centralized and formalized control is proposed.

The conclusions are that the framework based on the notion of 'indifference' provides reasonable theoretical strength in portraying and explaining trade-offs in structural choices. Theoretically infinite trade-offs in choices between means of control find limits in the purposive search for equilibrium (optimum choice), for example in matching the amount/type of structuring with constraints such as size.
Informal Collaboration in R & D. The formation of Networks Across Organizations
Authors: Kreiner Kristian , Schultz Majken
Published: March 2007

A barter economy is operated by the Danish biotech community. This barter economy is significant as an 'interactional infra-structure' for the emergence and discovery of collaborative R&D venues. Norms of liberally sharing information on the frontier of research greatly enhance the efficiency of the network forma tion process. Our study documents the whole process of informally forming collaborative relations amongst companies and universities in biotech R&D. A model is developed which serves as an interpretive scheme for case studies.

The patterns of collaboration depicted in this paper appear to be anarchistic and random, but we argue that these traits are somewhat 'domesticated' by com munity norms. Furthermore, in spite of its strategic importance, networking appears to be totally out of managerial purview and control. However, we suggest that these collaborative relations may in certain, often paradoxical, ways be channelled and conditioned by managerial fiat.
The Relationship of Career Mentoring to Early Career Outcomes
Authors: Whitely William T. , Coetsier Pol
Published: March 2007

This study examines the relationship of career mentoring to the promotions, compensation and satisfaction of 148 early career managers and professionals in Belgium. The results support the conclusion that career mentoring is particularly related to early career promotion histories, to general work satisfaction and career satisfaction. Career mentoring was unrelated to total compensation. These results occurred even after controlling for a variety of factors identified by Pfeffer (1977) and Whitely et al. (1991). Several reasons are provided for the relationship between career mentoring and these early career outcomes. The results suggest a number of areas for future career mentoring research.
Spinning a Web? Networking the Technical Convergence of Europe
Authors: Wells Clare , Grieco Margaret
Published: March 2007

European integration and new technology are interacting to produce new forms of pan-European collaboration. Integration has produced the imperative for net work building; new technology provides the mechanism by which such 'net working' becomes an every-day possibility across international distances. This article investigates the agencies and dynamics involved in this interaction, with special reference to developments in the transport sector.
Materialism and Idealism in Organizational Research
Authors: Adler Paul S. , Borys Bryan
Published: March 2007

Organization theory needs a framework that can elucidate the technological, economic, political and symbolic forces that are at work in and on organizations. Much organizational research can be seen as materialist, by virtue of its granting primary causal efficacy to technical—economic forces, or idealist by virtue of privileging political—symbolic forces. The conflict between materialism and ideal ism has often been inflated and/or obscured by conceptual strategies of specializa tion, eclecticism and reductionism. A metatheoretical approach to materialism and idealism is presented that clarifies the fundamental nature of the approaches and distinguishes areas of possible reconciliation from areas of irreducible conflict.
The New Journey to Jerusalem: Mission and Meaning in the Managerial Crusade to Eastern Europe
Authors: Jankowicz A.D.
Published: March 2007

The problem for western European trainers, educators and managers working to assist eastern Europe make the transition to a market economy is less a matter of knowledge transfer, and more a difficulty of meaning transfer. It is argued that the western side has grossly underestimated the difficulties involved in the creation of shared understanding because it has scarcely recognized the issue of cultural differences; the assumption has been made that we can be 'sensitive to cultural differences' while remaining ignorant of differences of history and custom, values and ideology. A second assumption is that provided 'a good interpreter' can be found, communication is not a problem; that the language in which culture is encoded and expressed within the experience of the two indi viduals concerned will generate the same meanings for both parties; in short, that there is no difference between langue, language as translated, and parole, language as experienced in a given culture. A simple technique for comparing the parole of two different languages, English and Polish, is outlined, and 5 key words in the business and management vocabulary are used to illustrate the assertions previously made.
Agency Theory and Uncertainty in Organizations: An Evaluation
Authors: Nilakant V. , Rao Hayagreeva
Published: March 2007

This paper evaluates agency theory as a theory of performance outcome. Agency theory attributes uncertainty in performance outcomes to moral hazard, adverse selection and the state of nature. This paper argues that by overlooking two critical sources of outcome uncertainty in organizations — incomplete knowledge about the effort-outcome relationship and lack of agreement about effort and outcome — the generalizability of the theory is strictly limited. Even in such settings where it is generalizable, principal-agent approaches to contract design are unrealistic to the extent that they presume that performance in organizations results exclusively from individual-contributor jobs, exagger ate the degree to which individuals are work-averse, and emphasize the quant ity of effort at the expense of the quality and type of effort. As a theory of performance, principal-agent approaches overstate the importance of opera tional effort and ignore the importance of facilitative effort such as team work.
Politics, Symbolic Action and Myth Making in Pursuit of Legitimacy
Authors: Brown Andrew D.
Published: March 2007

This paper focuses on the micropolitical behaviour of a group of four indi viduals who were able to gain acceptance for their interpretation of events as a project unfolded through symbolic action, myth making and control over the flow of information. It is suggested that these devices were resorted to in order to create a façade of project-risk minimization in ways which were in part self-deceptive and ego-enhancing. The research contribution this paper makes is twofold. First, it illustrates the social, symbolic and political processes by which a select group were able to manipulate other actors' understandings of complex organizational events. Second, it suggests that apparently irrational and uninformed decisions may have a rational and intelligible basis when inter preted as politically motivated symbolic acts required for legitimation purposes.
Organizational Analysis in North America and Europe: A Comparison of Co-citation Networks
Authors: Üsdiken Behlül , Pasadeos Yorgo
Published: March 2007

Over the last decade, the field of organization studies has been characterized by a proliferation of divergent perspectives. Using bibliometric techniques, this paper examines the extent to which this state of differentiation may be associ ated with regional differences in scholarly orientation, specifically, between North America and Europe. The study is based on citation and co-citation analyses of articles published by North American authors in Administrative Science Quarterly and by European authors in Organization Studies in the three-year period from 1990 to 1992. Results do show that there is divergence in the perspectives that are currently dominant in Europe and North America, and, to some degree between Britain and elsewhere in Europe. The discussion section elaborates on the nature of the differences in orientation and speculates on factors that may have fostered and helped to maintain this diver gence.
The Argumentational Texture of Transaction Cost Economics
Authors: Noorderhaven Niels
Published: March 2007

The deconstruction method was used to analyze a seminal text in transaction cost economics, viz., Oliver Williamson's Economic Institutions of Capitalism. This deconstructive reading revealed that the assumption of opportunism that gives rise to the problem of economic organization as formulated by William son also tends to undermine the proposed solution to this problem. The plausi bility of unified governance as a solution to the problem of opportunism in transaction relations with asset specificity is shown to hinge on the temporary deferment of the assumption of opportunism. Thus, transaction cost economics finds itself in an impasse of thought: actors have to be assumed to be both opportunistic and not-opportunistic if the logic of the theory is to be main tained.
A Contextual Approach to Management Learning: The Hungarian Case
Authors: Simon Lenke , Davies Goronwy
Published: March 2007

This paper is an interpretation and discussion of processes in which some barriers to managerial learning have emerged from interviews with managers working in International Joint Venture companies in Hungary. The authors have found that a major barrier to learning is the vulnerability of the social identities of Hungarian managers which are unrecognized and inappropriately handled by expatriate managers, who are seen as having colonialist attitudes, power and control. A further significant barrier is the uncertainty involved in societal acculturation alongside radical organizational changes and unrecog nized facets of group dynamics between expatriates and locals. Promoting means-and-ends learning without acknowledging that managerial learning is contextual, ideological and historical, was found to have resulted mostly in compliance. However, learning still occurred, though it is seen to be necessary to acknowledge outcomes and forms of learning which are not frequently addressed in relation to managerial learning.
Essai : Thirty Years On: From Organizational Structures to the Organization of Thought
Authors: Chia Robert
Published: March 2007

The Aston Studies have proved a seminal reference point for the development of mainstream organization theory. This essay examines and critiques the meta physical underpinnings of positivism as well as attempts to show up the inad equacies of other recent alternatives such as epistemological realism for the development of organizational analysis. It maintains that common organiza tional attributes which positivists and realists claim to discover are in fact mirror images of their own deeply-entrenched thought structures. It therefore proposes that commitment to an alternative process-based becoming ontology opens up the possibilities for rethinking 'organization' as first and fundament ally a process of 'world-making'. The modem world that we find so immedi ately necessary and familiar is one such outcome of organization and it is the analysis of this logic of organization, rather than the current preoccupations of mainstream organization theory, which will provide truly useful insights to management practitioners and to leaders of society. Understood thus, organiza tional analysis becomes a form of metaphysical inquiry.
Soviet Social Policy in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Von Beyme Klaus
Published: March 2007

A comparative analysis of Soviet social policy must consistently take account of the fact that the very term "social policy" has at least a slightly different meaning in every country that admits to having such a policy. Not surprisingly, greater distinctions are to be found between socialist and market economies than among countries adhering to similar political views. Furthermore, it is difficult to measure the extent, fairness, and effectiveness of social programs against various backgrounds of public and private resources, employment practices, taxation methods, and government accounting pro cedures. This study illustrates ways in which these factors account for problems in evaluating Soviet programs in areas of social policy. At the same time, discrepancies in theory and practice are examined in practical detail to provide information on the real—or experienced-value of the policies adopted in different countries.
Military in the Polity of Islam
Authors: Qureshi Saleem
Published: March 2007

The concept of civil-military relations in the Western countries has essentially evolved out of secularism and the separation of the civilian component from the military component of government, with the former acting as controllers and the latter as the subordinate professionals. In Islam, even the concept of separation has no place, since there is no background of secularism and no distinction between the military functionaries and civilian functionaries. An overwhelming majority of Muslim states consequently are military-ruled or military-dominated. The only ideology that seems to be popular and effective in Islamic countries is the Islamic ideology which, if anything, tends to be pro- military and excludes alternate ideologies from gaining ground. Thus, the trend of Islamic polities indicates a permanence of the past patterns of military domination and Islamic ideological support for military governments.
Civil-Military Relations in the Third World
Authors: Bienen Henry
Published: March 2007

The literature on civil-military relations in Third World countries first has examined mili tary interventions and next the consequences of military rule. These consequences have been understood largely in terms of social and economic outcomes. We should be examin ing civil-military relations with a view to finding out how changes in boundaries and power relationships affect political processes. The concepts developed by students of the sociology of armed forces, especially corporatism and professionalism, are still very rekvant, but the impact of more or less professionalism or corporate identity is relevant not just for civilian control of the military but for the widest set of civilian-military interac tions. The next necessary step in the study of civil-military relations in the Third World is fine-grained descriptions of ongoing civil-military interactions. It is especially important to analyze the simultaneous functioning of military personnel in military and nonmilitary roles.
Trends in Party Organizational Strength, 1960-1980
Authors: Bibby John F. , Gibson James L. , Cotter Cornelius P. , Huckshorn Robert J.
Published: March 2007

The organizational strength, structural complexity, and program activities of American state party apparatuses have steadily been changing—for the most part growing—since 1960. Through interviews and mail questionnaires with current and former state chairpersons, executive directors, and other key leaders, information about these organizational attributes was obtained for various time points; comparisons of state-level party work patterns stressed by incumbents in key positions at earlier and later periods facilitate trend analysis. Regional analysis of trends is also undertaken.
Neo-Corporatism
Authors: Von Beyme Klaus
Published: March 2007

"Corporativism" has recently attracted the attention of pluralist, normativist, and neo- Marxist political scientists, who have used it for their own purposes. The state may enter into corporativist relationships out of weakness, but they become a source of strength. The empirical prerequisites of neo-corporatism are identified as being located in the organiza tional structure of groups such as trade unions, the structure of the labor relations system, the varying extent to which policy areas and their associated conflicts are resolvable by recourse to corporatism, and the interaction between parties and interest groups that facilitates or hampers corporatism. Neo-corporatism is not a passing fashion; an increas ing number of interest conflicts lead to corporative mediation.
Organizing Interests By Interest Organizations
Authors: Marin Bernd
Published: March 2007

Are there institutional forms of interest organization most conducive to cooperative labor relations, collective conflict regulation, and economic performance? What elements of association infrastructure make for more effective economic systems and less social disintegration than has been experienced in advanced industrial societies for over a decade? In focusing on intermediary interest associations, recent debates touch on crises of developed capitalism and liberal pluralism theory. Analyzing interest organization may be more illuminating if we understand those contexts that make organizing interests a problem at all.
The Right To Adapt and the Weight of History
Authors: Muscarà Calogero
Published: March 2007

An analysis of the conflict between the need to conserve the historical urban features of the ancient Venice and the freedom of its inhabitants. The boundary that affects this conflict is that which the laguna interposes between the new and the old Venice, between a car-oriented continent and a "pedestrian" set of islands. Many difficulties derive also from the physical situation of ancient Venice and from the prohibitions embodied in the law and the plans to save the old city.
The Party System and the Future of the State in Advanced Capitalist Countries
Authors: Berndtson Erkki
Published: March 2007

Recent political developments questioning the role of political parties in many advanced Western societies have raised the question of the future of the state in these societies. "State" in this context is understood as a special social formation that is defined by power relations of society. The future of the state means, then, the future development of power relations. Due to the historical development of societies, these developments are and will be different in different societies. A central and general mechanism of power in contemporary advanced capitalist societies is, however, the party system that has, among other things, a stabilizing effect on society. The crisis of the party system implies a crisis of the whole bourgeois state. However, the crisis is only a condition for change, and a possible change of power relations depends on the political skills of social actors. Moreover, the state has many opportunities to solve the crisis through its own apparatus-that is, by creating new mechanisms of legitimation or by using repressive measures against forces trying to change the society. The future of the state in advanced capitalist societies remains uncertain, and more historical research about political cultures of different states is needed to explain and predict the future development.
Karl Marx Returning
Authors: Therborn Göran
Published: March 2007

Over the past two decades the prevailing postwar political theory paradigm of pluralism has been strongly challenged by other approaches, such as neo-Marxism, Corporatist theory, and a state-centered approach. After the exhaustion of the first wave of neo- Marxism, the 1980s have seen the development of an empirical neo-Marxism Mark II, largely focusing on comparative welfare state research. A critical overview of the bear ing of Pluralist, Corporatist, Statist, and neo-Marxist II conceptions on the patterns of development, the structural forms, and the socio-economic implications of welfare states is given. Finally, a perspective for further elaboration of welfare state theory and analysis is presented, along neo-Marxist lines but incorporating contributions from other intellectual sources.
Defense De L'Identité Culturelle Par Les Réseaux Traditionnels De "Coerséduction"
Authors: Ravault Rene Jean
Published: March 2007

La compréhension de la communication qui émane des travaux des experts en communications internationales ne permet pas d'améliorer le processus de prise de décisions des agents économiques et politiques du tiers-monde et même du premier. Les approches dominantes semblent beaucoup plus contribuer à renforcer l'exhibitionnisme des producteurs et des diffuseurs qu'à améliorer la formation et l'information des acteurs socio-économiques ou politiques d'une collectivité donnée. Dans cet article, les faiblesses et les lacunes principales de la théorie du contrôle social et culturel des médias sont analysées et l'auteur fait ensuite valoir les avantages que présente la théorie de la réception active dans l'appréhension des communications internationales ainsi que dans l'explication des stratégies de contre-pénétration économique des pays exhibitionnistes du premier- monde par les puissances silencieuses de sa propre périphérie et surtout par certains pays nouvellement industrialisés du quart-monde. Les stratégies de résistance idéologique et religieuse qu'opposent certains pays du tiers-monde aux invasions culturelles des puissances exhibitionnistes du premier-monde sont aussi interprétées à partir de cette nouvelle conception de la réception active.
Communications in the Space Age
Authors: Meisel John
Published: March 2007

Sweeping technological change combining the use of computers, satellites and other innovations is transforming the world. Domestic and international politics are vitally affected by these developments, particularly with respect to new communications systems. Although Canada is a highly developed country, it shares many of the problems encountered by the Third World in defending its cultural traditions and economy against the influences exerted by the rich and exuberant information technology of the United States. To deal with this situation, Canada has unilaterally developed certain cultural policies. But it has also engaged in bilateral arrangements with the United States, and it has been active in multilateral efforts to achieve international understanding, particularly with respect to the allocation of communications frequencies and slots for satellites. In these multinational dealings within the International Telecommunications Union, other UN agencies and UNESCO, Canada has, despite many affinities and friendship with the United States, usually taken a position somewhat different from that of the Americans; its interests have sometimes coincided with those of the Third World. This review of Canada's unilateral, bilateral and multilateral efforts to confront the new technology concludes that the best hope for all concerned lies in effective multilateral agreements, but it is not optimistic that results will be achieved quickly enough to prevent less universal practices from being implemented by states acting alone or in concert with only a few partners.
Mass Media and Political Socialisation
Authors: Kotze Hendrik J.
Published: March 2007

A cross-cultural study probes the political influence of the mass media in the various subcultures in South Africa. The data are derived from a sample of 1200 students in white, black, coloured and Indian high schools. The subjects were all in their last year of high school. The findings reveal, inter alia, different media exposure between the racial, cultural and linguistic groups examined and a clear polarisation of political attitudes. Dramatic differences are evident between the Indian students and the others and, not unexpectedly, between the whites and blacks. Some reasons for the differences are discussed in the conclusion.
Peut-on parler d'un incivisme des jeunes? Le cas de la France
Authors: Percheron Annick
Published: March 2007

On taxe volontiers les jeunes d'incivisme et l'on prend prétexte de leur non-participation électorale pour nier l'existence d'une socialisation politique pendant l'enfance. En réalité, si les jeunes sont de moins "bons" électeurs que les personnes âgées, ils se montrent plus disposés que celles-ci à participer à la vie politique d'autres manières. Par ailleurs, s'ils ne sont pas inscrits sur les listes électorales et ne votent pas, c'est, le plus souvent, pour des raisons liées à leurs conditions d'existence. Enfin, s'ils n'aflirment pas plus de prérérences partisanes, c'est que l'offre politique ne leur convient pas.
A Comparative Study of Very Long-term Processes: An Asian Need
Authors: Saberwal Satish
Published: March 2007

The emotional debris from the colonial experience notwithstand ing, it is important that we, as Asian scholars, compare accurately the long-term processes characteristic of Asian societies with those of the West, since ideas, institutions, and styles of functioning drawn from these two sets of traditions are conjoined in the present. The article focuses on medieval and early modern political institutions, and argues that those in India remained cyclical, in the sense of having dynastic ups and downs, while those in Western Europe had an evolutionary course (van Parijs, 1981). Besides that of the state, the evolutionary process is also considered in the contexts of the church and of commerce.
La Morale bureaucratique: perspectives transatlantiques et franco-américaines
Authors: Toinet Marie-France
Published: March 2007

La morale bureaucratique et la façon dont les divers pays l'envisagent et la contrôlent permet une comparaison riche d'enseignement entre les Etats-Unis et la France. Bien que les deux nations partagent fondamentalement un cadre de références communes en matière de définition du comportement éthique requis du fonctionnaire, il existe des différences frappantes dans la manière dont ils abordent et traitent la question. Ces différences sont dues aux idiosyncrasies propres aux deux cultures: l'Etat, l'intérêt général et le service public ne sont pas envisagés de la même manière; dès lors, les fonctionnaires dans chaque nation ne sont pas censés se conduire de façon strictement identique.
Personality, Political and Group Process Variables in Foreign Policy Decision-Making: Jimmy Carter's Handling of the Iranian Hostage Crisis
Authors: Glad Betty
Published: March 2007

Models of the decision-making process assuming the rationality of the major actors are not apt to explain actual decision making between states when major values are at stake. Situational, domestic political and bureaucratic constraints, as suggested by this case study of the US response to Iran's taking of American hostages, constrain choices. Beyond these factors, the chief executive's own personality is apt to have an impact on policy, especially when he has considerable authority to act independently in the foreign policy arena. His responses may to some extent show good reality testing, as evident in Jimmy Carter's rejections of military sanctions and his initial search for a diplomatic resolution of the hostage issue. But threats to major values can bring out more ego-defensive traits, as evident in Carter's inflation of the hostage issue, his avoidance of questions about the viability of the rescue operation and his difficulties in confronting incompatible policy goals. The result in this instance was a failure to fully consider policy options, otherwise feasible, that might have entailed fewer risks for the American national interest.
History, Structure, and Revolution in the Shi'ite Tradition in Contemporary Iran
Authors: Arjomand Said Amir
Published: March 2007

The aim of this article is to draw theoretical lessons from the contemporary transformation of Shi'ism by examining the bearing of history, structure and cultural tradition on the causes and consequences of the Islamic Revolution in Iran. It is argued that the Islamic Revolution can be viewed as the traditionalization of a modernizing nation-state, and at the same time the modernization of the Shi'ite tradition. This apparently paradoxical characterization strongly suggests that a Weberian paradigm for culturally specific patterns of social change is more helpful for its comprehension than any alternative model.
Elite Conflict Orientations in Polish and US Cities
Authors: Eldersveld Samuel J. , Siemienska Renata
Published: March 2007

This paper analyzes the values of local leaders in Poland and the United States. A matched subset of cities is used. Interview data were collected in the 1983-84 period. The focus is on elite views about political conflict. Striking differences were found in the types of problems seen as serious in their communities. Yet, similar proportions perceived and tolerated conflicts today as in 1966. Individual level data on leadership position, party affiliation or status, length of tenure and age revealed differences. And in both countries community differences were considerable.
The Exhaustion of Left and Right: Perspectives on the Political Participation of the Disadvantaged
Authors: Rosenau Pauline M. , Paehlke Robert
Published: March 2007

While it is often assumed that those of a left political conviction favor the increased political participation of the disadvantaged and those of a more conservative bent oppose it, examination of the views of five ideologically defined intellectual tendencies raises doubts about this conclusion. Political orientations of a left-right character are not consistently linked to issue positions on this question. In general, Liberals call for measures to increase the participation of the disadvantaged and Conservatives warn against such action. But New Right Conservatives, surprisingly, also seek to mobilize the disadvantaged, and generally favor their participation. Western Marxists often argue that the disadvantaged must actively participate in the struggle for social change while the Marxist-Leninists contend that to attribute such an active role to the disadvantaged could seriously threaten the entire socialist-communist project.

Fundamental values, in the form of philosophical assumptions about human nature are hypothesized to be as helpful as political ideology of a left-right character in understanding views on the participation of the disadvantaged. Western Marxists and Liberals are both optimistic about human nature and they favor participation of these groups while Conservatives and Marxist-Leninists are pessimistic about humankind and discourage it. The New Right characterizations of human nature are contradictory and their enthusiasm for the political participation of the disadvantaged can be interpreted as either a deeply held emotional commitment, or merely one element in a calculated electoral strategy.
Adaptation, State Survival and System Endurance: A Simulation Study
Authors: Cusack Thomas R. , Stoll Richard J.
Published: March 2007

This paper reports on a study using the EARTH (Exploring Alternative Realpolitik Theses) Simulation Model. The model is an abstract representation of an anarchic multistate system wherein states employ Realists' principles in guiding their choices on questions dealing with war and peace. The present study examines the systemic and state level consequences that arise in the presence or absence of the ability of states to adapt or change the fundamental decision rules that they employ.
Literary Production and Political Crisis in Central America
Authors: Arias Arturo
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the common traits of the "new fiction" being written in Central America since the early 1970s. By examining three novels of Roque Dalton, Sergio Ramirez, and Marcos Carias, respectively, it seeks to explore how and why this fiction portrays the societies and political crises of the region in a very original way. This phenomenon will be placed in the context of the political role that Central American writers have played in the history of the region.
Deity, Beast, and Tyrant: Images of the Prince in the Operas of Monteverdi
Authors: Bokina John
Published: March 2007

Acknowledged as the first masterpieces in the then new art of baroque opera, the three extant operas of Claudio Monteverdi are here analyzed as representations of early seventeenth-century absolutist and republican ideas. The characteristic themes of Italian baroque political theory-fortune and virtù, the passions, political activism vs. philosophic contemplation, the intoxication of power-pervade the operas. But the focus of this essay will be on the operatic depiction of princes. Composed during his years of service at the court of Mantua, Monteverdi's Orfeo endows the prince, in absolutist fashion, with the characteristics of divinity. Monteverdi's last two operas, Ulisse and Poppea, composed in republican Venice, bring the prince back down to earth. Ulisse embeds the prince in an historical world of mutability and contingency, where strength and guile are the only guarantors of success. Poppea takes this historicism one step further, as it broaches a republican critique of absolutism.
Opera and Republican Virtue: Beethoven's "Fidelio"
Authors: Bokina John
Published: March 2007

The material and cultural influences which engender an era's formal works of political theory are no strangers to the opera house. In this essay, I analyze Beethoven's opera Fidelio as a political text influenced by the republican ideas of the later Enlightenment and the French Revolution. The republicanism of Fidelio lies not so much in its depiction of political institutions. It lies rather in the opera's emphasis on republican virtue. This virtue consists of gendered sets of patriotic habits, attitudes, and practices.
Architecture and Democracy in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Von Beyme Klaus
Published: March 2007

Architecture and democracy have never coexisted without friction. The rebuilding of West Germany after World War II demonstrates the tensions between the more elitist concept of architecture and the populist notion of democracy. Architecture "for the people" has been tried in the capital of Bonn, in the Laender and in the big cities—with little success. Architecture with the participation of the people has been widely experimented with in Germany from early reconstruction communities to new anomic forms of the squatters sites.
State, Nation, National Identity, and Citizenship: France as a Test Case
Authors: Safran William
Published: March 2007

Since the Revolution of 1789 membership in the French national community has been based, ideally, on a voluntary commitment to the republic and to political values associated with it. The Jacobin ideal of the "nation state," according to which the nation is a product of the (democratic) state, has not always been adhered to in practice. This paper analyzes the challenges to the Jacobin model posed by the survival of "organic" thinking, the periodic digressions from democratic patterns, the growth of supranation alism, the claims of infranational communities, changes in the elite structure, mass immigration, and other developments. The paper also examines divergent ideological (that is, right and left) approaches to national identity and to the question of accession to French citizenship.
Res Publica, Res Privata
Authors: Kaminski Antoni Z.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the problem of the public and the private in terms of culture and social organization. Two strategies for building societal structures are distinguished: the bottom-up and the top-down. More specifically, the liberal and the Marxist-Leninist solutions are discussed. It is claimed that only in the first case is the term "public interest" meaningful, although some elements in the organization of the liberal social order undermine the cultural norms and values of public life. The cultural aspect is examined in terms of value systems supportive of the public life and of the concept of a middle class, interpreted as a category of political anthropology, embodying its cultural ethos.
Consolidation and Party Government in Southern Europe
Authors: Morlino Leonardo
Published: March 2007

Among the essential conditions for a recently installed democ racy to survive are that it reduce to a minimum or absorb the inconsis tencies of the first moments of transition and that it affirm its solidity vis-à-vis possible threats, whatever their origin. At the center of this process a stable system of political intermediation, able to guarantee the governability of the country in question, must be generated. With these premises, the present article analyzes the topic of democratic consolida tion in reference to the crucial role played by political parties. Although the analysis focuses on Spain, Portugal, Italy and Greece, the conclusions may be extrapolated to other European countries.
Physical Distance and Language as Determinants of the International Telecommunications Network
Authors: Barnett George A. , Choi Young
Published: March 2007

The language of the inhabitants of an individual country and its physical location may be viewed as antecedent conditions which predict a nation's position in the international telecommunications network. Survey data published in The World's Telephones are used to describe this network during the 1980s. The results of a network analysis suggest that the world's communication network may be described as a "star" with a "hub" and three "spokes," one for Latin America, one for Europe and a third for Asia and the Middle East. Language occupied an important position on each spoke, Spanish in Latin America, German in Europe and English in Asia. They further suggest that language has a major impact on international telecommunications accounting for nearly 28 percent of the network's structure; physical location explained over 17 percent of the structure. Together, these two factors accounted for 36.2 percent of the variance in the network's structure.
Spectator Violence in Sport: a Selected Review
Authors: Case Robert W. , Boucher Robert L.
Published: March 2007

The incidence of spectator violence at sporting events appears to be increasing at an alarming rate in present-day society. Research specifically dealing with crowd violence has also increased concomitantly. This article selectively reviews spectator violence research in an effort to articulate past and present trends. Traditionally, sport psychologists have attempted to study spectator violence by focusing on the aggression levels of individual fans. In turn, sport sociologists have used collective behavior theories in their attempts to identify possible determinants of crowd violence. It seems incumbent upon the researchers of future studies in this area to look to hypothetical questions that encompass both schools of thought.

The need for an understanding of spectator violence in sport environments is real. During the past few years, several tragedies related to sport spectator violence have been reported. If similar incidents are to be avoided, the phenomenon of spectator violence must be carefully studied from both psychological and sociological perspectives.
Sport Participation and Women's Personal Empowerment: Experiences of the College Athlete
Authors: Blinde Elaine M. , Taub Diane E. , Han Lingling
Published: March 2007

As a result of gender-role socialization, women are often discouraged from viewing themselves as strong, competent, and self-determining individuals. Becoming empow ered at the personal level would represent a foundation from which women could counteract these limiting self-perceptions as well as gain control over their lives. We explore the potential of sport participation to provide women with this increased sense of power. Telephone interviews were conducted with 24 women athletes in three Division Iintercollegiate sport programsin the United States. Athletes' responses suggest that sport participation related to the development of three empowering qualities women tradition ally lack: (a) bodily competence, (b) perceptions of a competent self, and (c) a proactive approach to life. Despite participating in a sport context that is largely governed by men and where male notions of power prevail, the nature of power discussed by these women athletes was generally consistent with feminist reconceptualizations.
Observation Systems in Program Evaluation
Authors: Turner Susan Douglas , Nielsen Lore , Murray Mildred
Published: March 2007

This article presents an overview of the function of observation systems within the context of program evaluation and illustrates these functions by summarizing observation systems used in three program evaluations in a large public school district. Evaluations of the Primary Education, compensatory education, and Follow Through Programs incorpo rated within their design unique observation systems to assess the degree of implementa tion in accordance with each program's guidelines and to make recommendations for program modifications and inservice training. Commonalities across the observation systems include purpose, development, implementation, data analysis, and findings. Classroom observation data when combined with information gathered from interviews andl or questionnaires were invaluable in providing a multidimensional description of each program at the classroom level.
The Associative Group Analysis Method and Evaluation Research
Authors: Kelly Rita Mae
Published: March 2007

This article presents an overview, description, and assessment of the Associative Group Analysis method for studying conceptual development and changes in belief systems. Three specific applications to evaluation research tasks are used to illustrate its potential. AGA is found to be particularly useful when cross-cultural issues, beliefs, integration, and adaptation are at issue. Evaluators are encouraged to explore AGA's utility.
The Use of Diaries To Measure Discretionary Behavior
Authors: Irving Ric , Elton Martin C.J.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a study of the use of diaries to measure discretionary behavior. These are behaviors such as viewing television where personal choice plays a predominant role. Diary data collected upon two occasions five months apart were compared with automatically recorded data. The results show that use of diaries apparently caused an increase in thefrequency of viewing broadcast teletext on the part of those who normally used it infrequently. The data indicate that diaries are likely to be inaccurate in measuring the durations of behavioral events. It is concluded that diaries should not be used to estimate the population frequencies for discretionary behaviors.
Microdata Simulation Modeling After Twenty Years
Authors: Haveman Robert H.
Published: March 2007

This article describes and assesses the development of a major evaluation and policy research tool-microdata simulation modeling-over the past two decades. The method of microdata simulation modeling is described and its reliance on the development of large, nationally weighted household surveys is noted. After a brief tracing of the history of this evaluation method from the first-generation static models to dynamic models, to models with economic behavior imbedded in them, and to applied general equilibrium models, the problems and prospects of the technique are assessed. The analytic gains in richness and reliability are cited, as are the offsetting problems of cost, complexity, and the reliability of the underlying microdata and behavioral response junctions. The discussion concludes with an examination of the effect of this War on Poverty-stimulated research method on the development of the social sciences.
Locus of Control as an Influencer of School Evaluation Needs
Authors: Newman Dianna L. , Bull Kay Sather , Brown Robert D. , Rivers Linda S.
Published: March 2007

There is now a body of research available that suggests that the personal characteristics of decision makers influence how information is used. One characteristic that influences use of information is sense or locus of control in the decision-making context. This article presents three studies that examine the relationship of locus of control to evaluation audience needs for and use of evaluation information. Results indicate that locus of control in educational decision-making settings is related to (a) knowledge of superin tendent support, (b) type of audience involved, and (c) context of the program being involved.