bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design and implementation of cancer patient survival prediction model based on ensemble learning method
Authors: Chuanmei Bi , Xiaonan Fang , Zezheng Geng , Ling Dong
Published: June 2021

To study the impact of genomics on cancer diseases, bioinformatics and integrated learning methods are used to conduct survival analysis on colon cancer and rectal cancer data in the cancer gene map database. Firstly, according to the significant expression and stability test, the long-chain non-coding RNA in the transcriptome that has a significant impact on clinical prognosis survival analysis was initially screened. Then use a random forest ensemble learning algorithm to train it to get a preliminary model. Finally, based on the optimized random survival forest model, the Cox regression model was once again integrated, and the risk values of the two were integrated. The RCCT (Random-Cox Combined to Survival) method was proposed to provide clinical decision-makers certain reference values.
On Service Efficiency of Public Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Hospitals of Hubei Province in 2017
Authors: Ke Yang , Li-Na Shuai , Na Li , Li Chen
Published: June 2021

In order to put forward policy suggestions for improving the service efficiency of public TCM hospitals in Hubei Province, the statistics of 94 public TCM hospitals of Hubei Province in 2017 was collected by using the comprehensive statistical management information system of TCM there, and the service efficiency of TCM hospitals was analyzed with the DEA-BCC model. The research showed, in 2017, the average technical efficiency, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency of public TCM hospitals in Hubei Province were 0.919, 0.939 and 0.979 respectively. There were 27.7% of hospitals with effective DEA, 39.4% with effective pure technical efficiency, 31.9% with effective scale efficiency, and 61.7% of public TCM hospitals with diminishing returns to scale. The pure technical efficiency is an important factor restricting the effective DEA of TCM hospitals in Hubei Province, and the scale efficiency also has to be improved. The service efficiency of grade Ⅱ hospitals of TCM are better than that of grade III, and hospitals in central regions are better than that of eastern and western regions. Therefore, local hospitals should take tailored reforms to improve service efficiency according to local conditions.
Quantitative Analysis Method of Ophthalmic Microbial Membrane Function Based on Microbiological Analysis
Authors: Xu Xuanrong , Liu Yutong
Published: June 2021

Ophthalmic microbial eye membrane is a kind of membrane complex with highly complex structure, but it also has the therapeutic effect of bacteria that can produce microbial eye membrane. Nowadays, there is no effective method to analyze the microbial membrane. Therefore, a quantitative analysis method of ophthalmic microbial membrane function based on microbiological analysis is proposed. The biomass per unit area, substrate coverage and average thickness of the biofilm were quantitatively analyzed with Staphylococcus as material and microbiological analysis method. The structure indexes such as biomass, average thickness and average diffusion distance increased significantly, indicating the transformation process of microbial membrane from occurrence to maturity. Microbiological analysis method can effectively evaluate the occurrence, development and maturation of microbial membrane, and has potential value in studying the theoretical mechanism of microbial membrane formation.
Analysis of the Binge Eating in China
Authors: Feng Hui
Published: June 2021

Binge Eating Disorder(BED) is a common disorder of eating behavior. It is estimated to affect 1- 3% of the total population. The research on binge eating is still in its early stages. The ubiquity of it made it important to explore the specific link between binge eating and negative emotions, especially among Chinese adolescents. BED is also common in China. There are different results of studies in other countries due to cultural, dietary, and psychological factors. This article explores the relationship between psychological factors (e.g., depression, anxiety, stress) and binge eating behavior among Chinese adolescents and how to deal with them.
Current Development of the Applications of Polymers in Gene Delivery
Authors: Wu Huiming
Published: June 2021

Gene delivery is one of the most important and efficient therapy methods for treating diseases, especially genetic diseases that challenge conventional treatment methods. However, to be efficient, gene delivery has a few requirements for the polymers to be applicable, including the reduction of cytotoxicity, the improvement of transfection efficiency, and the elimination of off-target effects. In this study, the common polymers applied in gene delivery is discussed in depth, regarding such requirements, as well as some of the limitations and potential improvements in gene delivery.
Les perceptions des enseignants de l’Institut supérieur en sciences infirmières en République démocratique du Congo face à l’implantation de l’approche par compétences : étude phénoménologique
Authors: Aembe Maguy , Hatem Marie
Published: June 2021

Contexte :L’Institut supérieur en sciences infirmières (ISSI) a initié une réforme de son programme d’enseignement selon le système LMD (Licence-Maîtrise-Doctorat), en adoptant simultanément une approche par compétence (APC).But :Explorer les perceptions et les attitudes des enseignants de l’ISSI, principaux acteurs de la réforme, face à l’introduction de l’APC et à son implantation dans la formation infirmière.Méthodes :Un devis phénoménologique a été mis en œuvre en recourant à des entretiens semi-dirigés réalisés auprès de quatre enseignants permanents et visiteurs de l’ISSI qui se sont engagés dans la formation de la première cohorte des étudiants du programme fondé sur l’APC.Résultats :Les enseignants reconnaissent en l’APC des transformations encourageantes au niveau de l’enseignement, l’apprentissage et de l’évaluation. L’APC donne place à une plus grande responsabilité de l’apprenant, au changement du rôle de « maître » en facilitateur et à une meilleure cohésion du parcours de formation de l’apprenant grâce à une collaboration efficace au sein de l’équipe des formateurs. L’accompagnement des enseignants durant tout le processus de changement a facilité l’intégration des différents acteurs et réduit les réticences de départ. Les nouvelles initiatives font appel à des dépenses supplémentaires auxquelles l’institution doit faire face.Conclusion :Le contexte de l’ISSI qui, au départ, forme un nombre très limité d’étudiantes, a été un atout pour l’introduction de l’APC. La formation et l’accompagnement de l’équipe de formateurs ont été des éléments déterminants pour l’adhésion des acteurs et la réussite de l’implantation de l’APC.
Resilienz in der Notfallmedizin
Authors: Hinzmann Dominik , Koll-Krüsmann Marion , Bogner-Flatz Viktoria , Schießl Andreas
Published: June 2021

Mitarbeitende im Gesundheitswesen stellen eine wichtige Ressource in unserer Gesellschaft dar. Gerade in Zeiten einer Pandemie wird der Mangel an Beschäftigten in der sogenannten kritischen Infrastruktur wie beim Blick durch eine Lupe deutlich.

Besonders in der Akut-, Notfall- und Intensivmedizin stellen die Mitarbeitenden mit Fokus auf berufsbedingte psychische und physische Störungen eine Hochrisikogruppe dar. Um den damit verbundenen direkten Impakt auf die Patientensicherheit nicht zu gefährden, ist es wichtig, genau diese Personengruppe in ihrer täglichen Arbeit bestmöglich zu unterstützen.

Im Folgenden werden nicht nur die aktuell häufig verwendeten Begrifflichkeiten wie Resilienz im Sinne der Widerstandsfähigkeit oder das Kohärenzgefühl genauer beleuchtet, sondern auch Maßnahmen zur Steigerung und Erhaltung der persönlichen Resilienz beschrieben.

Neben den 3 Säulen der Prävention (primär, sekundär und tertiär) und den damit verbundenen Möglichkeiten werden auch mögliche Folgen nach potenziell traumatischen und beruflich bedingten Belastungen erläutert und die Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung und Reduktion von Traumafolgestörungen beschrieben. Am Beispiel der kollegialen Begleitung durch betrieblich ausgebildete Peers werden die ersten Maßnahmen und die theoretischen Grundlagen dahinter erklärt und bis zur Vermittlung in ein weiterführendes und potenziell behandelndes Netzwerk aufgezeigt.
Expression of the fructose transporter GLUT5 in patients with fructose malabsorption
Authors: Staubach Pia , Koch Anna Katharina , Langhorst Jost , Schreiber Stefan , Röcken Christoph , Helwig Ulf
Published: June 2021

Background Patients with abdominal symptoms are frequently diagnosed with fructose malabsorption (FM). Fructose is absorbed by monosaccharide transporters located in the brush border of the human small intestine. The aim of this study was to investigate the histoanatomical distribution of the main fructose transporter GLUT5.

Materials and methods We studied 223 patients diagnosed with FM by a hydrogen breath test and grouped according to their response to a fructose-free diet. The control group were 42 healthy individuals and 29 patients with celiac disease (CD). The fructose breath test was done with 50 g fructose. The expression of Glut5 in duodenal biopsy specimens was studied by immunohistochemistry. The Kruskal-Wallis-test and Mann-Whitney U-test were used to carry out the statistical analysis.

Results The histoanatomical expression pattern of GLUT5 did not differ significantly between those patients with FM who responded completely to a fructose-free diet (n = 183) and healthy individuals (n = 42); nor did it correlate to H2 production measured in fructose breath testing. In patients with FM, the GLUT5 expression pattern did not differ between those individuals responding to a fructose-free diet and those who did not. However, GLUT5 expression pattern was significantly different in patients with CD (n = 29) compared to patients with FM and to healthy individuals (p = 0.009).

Conclusion GLUT5 expression patterns are not be related to adult patients with FM. However, in secondary malabsorption, a decreased GLUT5 expression was found. Further investigation is needed to understand the essential factors in FM and the influence on functional gastrointestinal disorders.
Methylation Alkynylation of Terminal Alkenes via 1,2-Alkynyl Migration Using Dicumyl Peroxide as the Methyl Source
Authors: Luo Yong-yue , Deng Wei , Xiang Jiannan , Qin Yi-qun , Chen De , Liu Liang , Zhang Jia-jia , Peng Xin-ju
Published: June 2021

The metal-free oxidative alkene methylation/alkynylation of 1,4-enyn-3-ols with an organic peroxide as the methyl source has been developed, which provides straightforward and practical access to the challenging quaternary-carbon-containing but-3-yn-1-ones. The method is reasoned to go through methylation of functional alkenes utilizing dicumyl peroxide as the methylating reagent and subsequent intermolecular cyclization/1,2-alkynyl migration. This reaction has an excellent functional group tolerance, broad substrate scope, and exquisite selectivity.
Type 2A and 2M von Willebrand Disease: Differences in Phenotypic Parameters According to the Affected Domain by Disease-Causing Variants and Assessment of Pathophysiological Mechanisms
Authors: Woods Adriana Inés , Paiva Juvenal , Primrose Débora Marina , Blanco Alicia Noemí , Sánchez-Luceros Analía
Published: June 2021

Type 2A and 2M von Willebrand disease (VWD) broadly show similar phenotypic parameters, but involve different pathophysiological mechanisms. This report presents the clinical and laboratory profiles of type 2A and type 2M patients genotypically diagnosed at one large center. Higher bleeding score values and a higher incidence of major bleeding episodes were observed in type 2A compared with type 2M, potentially reflective of the absence of large and intermediate von Willebrand factor (VWF) multimers in 2A. In type 2A, most of disease-causing variants (DCVs) appeared to be responsible for increased VWF clearance and DCV clustered in the VWF-A1 domain resulted in more severe clinical profiles. In type 2M, DCV in the VWF-A1 domain showed different laboratory patterns, related to either reduced synthesis or shortened VWF survival, and DCV in the VWF-A2 domain showed patterns related mainly to shortened survival. VWF-type 1 collagen binding/Ag (C1B/Ag) showed different patterns according to DCV location: in type 2A VWD, C1B/Ag was much lower when DCVs were located in the VWF-A2 domain. In type 2M with DCV in the VWF-A1domain, C1B/Ag was normal, but with DCV in the VWF-A2 domain, C1B/Ag was low. The higher frequency of major bleeding in VWD 2M patients with DCV in the VWF-A2 domain than that with DCV in the VWF-A1 domain could be a summative effect of abnormal C1B/Ag, on top of the reduced VWF-GPIb binding. In silico modeling suggests that DCV impairing the VWF-A2 domain somehow modulates collagen binding to the VWF-A3 domain. Concomitant normal FVIII:C/Ag and VWFpp/Ag, mainly in type 2M VWD, suggest that other nonidentified pathophysiological mechanisms, neither related to synthesis/retention nor survival of VWF, would be responsible for the presenting phenotype.
The Biological Significance of von Willebrand Factor O-Linked Glycosylation
Authors: Ward Soracha , O'Sullivan Jamie M. , O'Donnell James S.
Published: June 2021

Glycosylation is a key posttranslational modification, known to occur on more than half of all secreted proteins in man. As such, the role of N- and O-linked glycan structures in modulating various aspects of protein biology is an area of much research. Given their prevalence, it is perhaps unsurprising that variations in glycan structures have been demonstrated to play critical roles in modulating protein function and have been implicated in the pathophysiology of human diseases. von Willebrand factor (VWF), a plasma glycoprotein that is essential for normal hemostasis, is heavily glycosylated, containing 13 N-linked and 10 O-linked glycans. Together, these carbohydrate chains account for 20% of VWF monomeric mass, and have been shown to modulate VWF structure, function, and half-life. In this review, we focus on the specific role played by O-linked glycans in modulating VWF biology. Specifically, VWF O-linked glycans have been shown to modulate tertiary protein structure, susceptibility to ADAMTS13 proteolysis, platelet tethering, and VWF circulatory half-life.
Cytomegalovirus Genotype and Virulence in Infants with Congenital Infection
Authors: Hu Hong-bo , Wu Jian-gang , Sun Jian-jun , Peng Qiao-ying , Shang Xiao-peng
Published: June 2021

Objective Cytomegalovirus (CMV) virulence may depend on genetic variability in several regions of the genome. This study aimed to assess specific CMV genotypes' association with the severity of symptomatic congenital CMV disease at birth.

Methods CMV glycoprotein B (gB), glycoprotein N (gN), glycoprotein H (gH), and UL144 strains were identified by nested polymerase chain reaction, restriction fragment length polymorphism, and heteroduplex mobility assay single-stranded conformation polymorphism in 50 infants infected congenitally and 25 asymptomatic infants.

Results gN1 (p = 0.010) and UL144-B (p = 0.034) genotypes were associated, by logistic regression, with reduced risk of developing symptomatic congenital CMV infection. gN1 (p = 0.020) and gN3 (p = 0.022) genotypes were associated with reduced risk of severe symptomatic disease. Conversely, gB1 (p = 0.018) was the most virulent genotype and was associated with severe symptoms.

Conclusion An association among gB1, gN1, gN3, and UL144-B genotypes of CMV and severity of congenital CMV disease might exist. gB, gN, and UL144 genotypes could be important virological markers of infant infection.
A Novel Measurement Using Digital Radiography to Minimize Fluoroscopy in Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Yun Andrew G. , Qutami Marilena , Pasko Kory B. Dylan
Published: June 2021

Preoperative templating for total hip arthroplasty (THA) is fraught with uncertainty. Specifically, the conventional measurement of the lesser trochanter to the center (LTC) of the femoral head used in preoperative planning is easily measured on a template but not measurable intraoperatively. The purpose of this study was to examine the utility of a novel measurement that is reproducible both on templating and in surgery as a more accurate and practical guide. We retrospectively reviewed 201 patients with a history of osteoarthritis who underwent primary THA. For preoperative templating, the distance from the top of the lesser trochanter to the equator (LeTE) of the femoral head was measured on a calibrated digital radiograph with a neutral pelvis. This measurement was used intraoperatively to guide the choice of the trial neck and head. As with any templating technique, the goal was to construct a stable, impingement-free THA with equivalent leg lengths and hip offset. In evaluating this novel templating technique, the primary outcomes measured were the number of trial reductions and the amount of fluoroscopic time, exposures, and radiation required to obtain a balanced THA reconstruction. Using the LeTE measurement, the mean number of trial reductions was 1.21, the mean number of intraoperative fluoroscopy images taken was 2.63, the mean dose of radiation exposure from fluoroscopy was 0.02 mGy, and the mean fluoroscopy time per procedure was 0.6 seconds. In hips templated with the conventional LTC prior to the LeTE, the mean fluoroscopy time was 0.9 seconds. There was a statistically significant difference in fluoroscopy time (p < 0.001). The LeTE is a reproducible measurement that transfers reliably from digital templating to surgery. This novel preoperative templating metric reduces the fluoroscopy time and consequent radiation exposure to the surgical team and may minimize the number of trial reductions.
Neurological Complications of Cardiac Procedures
Authors: Hrdlicka Courtney M. , Wang Jeffrey , Selim Magdy
Published: June 2021

Neurological complications after cardiac surgery and percutaneous cardiac interventions are not uncommon. These include periprocedural stroke, postoperative cognitive dysfunction after cardiac surgery, contrast-induced encephalopathy after percutaneous interventions, and seizures. In this article, we review the incidence, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of these complications. Improved understanding of these complications could lead to their prevention, faster detection, and facilitation of diagnostic workup and appropriate treatment.
Immature Platelet Fraction: Its Clinical Utility in Thrombocytopenia Patients
Authors: Goel Garima , Semwal Shruti , Khare Akriti , Joshi Deepti , Amerneni Chaitanya K. , Pakhare Abhijit , Kapoor Neelkamal
Published: June 2021

Objectives Etiology of thrombocytopenia is multifactorial and its pathogenesis should be distinguished for appropriate management. Newly formed immature platelets are called reticulated platelets (RPs) and can be estimated in peripheral blood using automated hematology analyzers, which express them as immature platelet fraction (IPF). In the present study we intend to assess and establish the clinical utility of IPF in differentiating the two major causes of thrombocytopenia—decreased production and increased destruction of platelets—along with determining its significance in monitoring patients with thrombocytopenia.

Materials and Methods Sixty-one cases of thrombocytopenia and 101 healthy controls with normal platelet count were included in the study. IPF and all the other usual blood cell parameters were measured using a fully automated hematology analyzer. Based on the pathogenesis of thrombocytopenia, the cases were divided into groups and the difference in IPF value between the groups was evaluated.

Results The reference range of IPF among healthy controls was estimated to be 0.7 to 5.7%. The mean IPF was significantly higher in patients with increased peripheral destruction of platelets (13.4%) as compared to patients with decreased production of platelets (4.6%). The optimal cutoff value of IPF for differentiating patients with increased peripheral destruction of platelets from patients with decreased production of platelets was 5.95% with a sensitivity of 88% and specificity of 75.9%.

Conclusion Measurement of IPF is useful for detecting evidence of increased platelet production and helps in the initial evaluation of thrombocytopenia patients. It is a novel diagnostic method which can be used to differentiate patients with thrombocytopenia due to increased destruction of platelets from patients with thrombocytopenia due to bone marrow failure/suppression.
Can Lactate Clearance Predict Mortality in Critically Ill Children?
Authors: Moustafa Azza A. , Elhadidi Abeer S. , El-Nagar Mona A. , Hassouna Hadir M.
Published: June 2021

Serial evaluation of blood lactate, including lactate clearance, may have greater value over single measurement at the time of presentation. The rationale of the current study was to evaluate the use of lactate clearance after 6 hours of admission to pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) as a predictor of mortality in critically ill children. A prospective observational study was conducted in a nine-bed PICU of a tertiary care teaching hospital over a period of 6 months. Lactate levels were measured in arterial blood samples of 76 patients at the time of admission and 6 hours later. According to calculated lactate clearance, patients were divided into group A (lactate clearance more than 0) which included 71% of patients and group B (lactate clearance ≤0) which included 29% of patients. Lactate level at admission was a poor predictor of mortality (area under receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC] = 0.519, p = 0.789). Lactate clearance after 6 hours of admission was a significant predictor of mortality (AUC = 0.766, p < 0.001). Using Kaplan–Meier survival curve, overall survival was significantly better among group A (p < 0.001). Using multivariate logistic regression model, lactate clearance after 6 hours (odds ratio = 0.98, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.96–0.99) and The Pediatric Index of Mortality 2 (PIM2) score (odds ratio = 4.7, 95% CI: 1.85–12.28) had independent prognostic significance with regard to mortality (p = 0.030, 0.001 respectively). We conclude that lactate clearance after 6 hours of admission can predict mortality in critically ill children.
Fathers' Heightened Stress Responses to Recounting their NICU Experiences Months after Discharge: A Mixed Methods Pilot Study
Authors: Fronheiser Brittany J. , Ali Saher , Gardner Fumiyuki C. , Hozella Alexia C. , Brelsford Gina M. , Doheny Kim K.
Published: June 2021

Objective The acute and traumatic events associated with having a newborn who requires admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) may elicit long-term concerns for parents postdischarge. Cognitive processing of taxing events influences recurring stress responses, which can be inferred via biomarkers such as salivary cortisol (sCort) and skin conductance (SC). In addition, personal narratives provide an important insight into individual perceptions and coping strategies. The current pilot study aimed to (1) test the hypotheses that fathers' sCort and SC would peak in response to stress induction and decrease during recovery, (2) examine associations among stress biomarkers and stress perceptions, (3) explore fathers' narratives using thematic analysis, and (4) integrate fathers' narrative themes with their stress responsivity.

Study Design Using a convergent mixed methods approach, we enrolled 10 fathers of infants formerly cared for in NICU who underwent a Trier Social Stress Test including recounting their NICU experience months postdischarge. Stress responsivity was measured via sCort and SC, while stress perceptions were identified by using the Perceived Stress Scale and Distress Thermometer-Parent. Personal narratives were explored by using thematic analysis.

Results The significant rise in fathers' sCort and SC in response to stress induction was reflected in narrative themes including loss, worry, and role strain. Subsequently, fathers' sCort and SC returned to baseline, which was illustrated by themes such as role strength, coping, and medical staff interactions. Fathers' stress measured by PSS was lower than that required for mental health referral, and did not correlate with stress biomarkers.

Conclusion Salivary cortisol and skin conductance are useful biomarkers of paternal stress responsivity and recovery. Thematic analysis identified fathers' NICU stressors and coping strategies that mirrored their stress responsivity patterns. Further studies are needed to more broadly examine the sociodemographic variables that influence stress reactivity and perceptions in parents of infants formerly cared for in NICU.

Key Points
Paradox of the duplication of physical information
Authors: Ryabkov Maxim
Published: June 2021

A thought experiment demonstrates that physicalism about consciousness entails a paradoxical duplication of physical information. Moreover, objective existence acquires the status of a physical property. To avoid this paradox, one requires a concept of objectivity in which individuation is finite and incomplete. Finite individuation requires objective uncertainty and is thus corroborated by the contemporary sciences. Finite individuation and objective uncertainty prevent existence from becoming a physical property, thus defeating physicalism about consciousness and resolving the paradox.
Strategies for tapping the energy from hot carriers
Authors: Yiu Yuen
Published: June 2021

A review discusses the history, current status and future strategies for minimizing the energy loss in solar-powered devices caused by hot carrier cooling.
Canonical models for torus canards in elliptic bursters
Authors: Baspinar E. , Avitabile D. , Desroches M.
Published: June 2021

We revisit elliptic bursting dynamics from the viewpoint of torus canard solutions. We show that at the transition to and from elliptic burstings, classical or mixed-type torus canards may appear, the difference between the two being the fast subsystem bifurcation that they approach: saddle-node of cycles for the former and subcritical Hopf for the latter. We first showcase such dynamics in a Wilson–Cowan-type elliptic bursting model, then we consider minimal models for elliptic bursters in view of finding transitions to and from bursting solutions via both kinds of torus canards. We first consider the canonical model proposed by Izhikevich [SIAM J. Appl. Math. 60, 503–535 (2000)] and adapted to elliptic bursting by Ju et al. [Chaos 28, 106317 (2018)] and we show that it does not produce mixed-type torus canards due to a nongeneric transition at one end of the bursting regime. We, therefore, introduce a perturbative term in the slow equation, which extends this canonical form to a new one that we call Leidenator and which supports the right transitions to and from elliptic bursting via classical and mixed-type torus canards, respectively. Throughout the study, we use singular flows (ε=0) to predict the full system’s dynamics (ε>0 small enough). We consider three singular flows, slow, fast, and average slow, so as to appropriately construct singular orbits corresponding to all relevant dynamics pertaining to elliptic bursting and torus canards. Finally, we comment on possible links with mixed-type torus canards and folded-saddle-node singularities in non-canonical elliptic bursters that possess a natural three-timescale structure.
Phonon gas model for thermal conductivity of dense, strongly interacting liquids
Authors: Zhao Andrew Z. , Wingert Matthew C. , Chen Renkun , Garay Javier E.
Published: June 2021

Developing predictive thermal property models for liquids based on microscopic principles has been elusive. The difficulty is that liquids have gas-like and solid-like attributes that are at odds when considering the frameworks of microscopic models: Models for gases are simple due to randomness and low density, whereas models for crystalline solids rely on symmetry and long-range order for easier calculation. The short-range order in liquids does, however, provide structure to neighboring molecules similar to amorphous solids, and there have been recent advances indicating that collective vibrational modes store heat in liquids. Models combining Debye approximations from solid-state physics and Frenkel’s theory of liquids can accurately predict the heat capacity of liquids. Phonon-like dispersions in liquids have also been widely observed in neutron scattering experiments. These developments motivate us to propose a model where high-frequency vibrational modes, which travel at the speed of sound and have a mean free path on the order of the average intermolecular distance, conduct heat in liquids. We use this liquid phonon gas model to calculate the thermal conductivity of liquids with varying intermolecular interaction energies from strongest to weakest—Coulomb, hydrogen-bonding, Keesom, and London dispersion energy. Generally, the model is more accurate as the intermolecular interaction energy and density of liquids increase. The calculated thermal conductivity of Coulombic-bound molten sodium nitrate and hydrogen-bonded water is within 1.46% and 2.98% of the experimentally measured values, respectively, across their entire temperature ranges. Further modal analysis of the velocity and the mean free path of collective vibrations could establish the liquid phonon gas model as an accurate model for weakly interacting liquids as well.
Distinguishing persistent effects in an undoped GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well by top-gate-dependent illumination
Authors: Fujita Takafumi , Hayashi Ryota , Kohda Makoto , Ritzmann Julian , Ludwig Arne , Nitta Junsaku , Wieck Andreas D. , Oiwa Akira
Published: June 2021

Persistent photoconductivity of GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures has hampered the measurement of charge- and spin-related quantum effects in gate-defined quantum devices and integrated charge sensors due to Si-dopant-related deep donor levels (DX centers). In this study, this effect is overcome by using an undoped GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure for photonic purposes. We also measure the electron transport before and after LED illumination at low temperatures. In addition to a regular rapid saturation showing the increased carrier density, a slow accumulation of illumination effects appeared when different top-gate voltages were applied during illumination, which indicated the redistribution of charge at the oxide–GaAs interface. This study provides interesting insights into the development of optically stable devices for efficient semiconductor quantum interfaces.
Phononic analyses of rectangular graphene and annular graphene under in-plane shear stress
Authors: Li Qing-Gang , Zhang Xiao-Meng , Si Chao , Han Long , Zhong Ying-Jie , Wang Xiao-Dong , Jiao Long
Published: June 2021

In this work, the effects of in-plane shear stress on the thermal conductivities of two important kinds of graphene configurations (rectangular graphene and annular graphene) are investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. The various strain angles are set as θ = 0°, 3°, 5°, 10°, and 15° for rectangular graphene and θ = 0°, 3°, 5°, and 8° for annular graphene. A spectral energy density approach is applied to carry out phononic analyses of the two configurations under in-plane shear stress for the first time. It is found that for rectangular graphene, the thermal conductivity shows a significant decreasing trend from 239.6 to 79.1 W m−1 K−1 with the θ increasing from 0° to 15°. Besides, the application of shear stress can significantly widen the energy bands of branches, which indicates shorter phonon lifetimes. Further phononic analysis shows that most of the phonon scattering caused by in-plane shear stress emanates from the in-plane mode, which is an updated conclusion in this field. On the other hand, the thermal conductivity of annular graphene also shows a decreasing evolution with the increasing strain angles, but phonon transport in rectangular graphene is more susceptible to shear stress than in annular graphene due to a stronger phonon-boundary scattering in the latter configuration. In this work, the monotonically decreasing trends of the thermal conductivities of both graphene configurations with the increasing strain angle are different from the V-shape trend reported in the literature. Based on phononic analyses, it can be concluded that an abnormal increase of the thermal conductivities at a low shear stress can be attributed to the application of the AIREBO potential model in the literature.
Multiphase lattice Boltzmann modeling of dielectrophoresis fractionation of soft particles
Authors: Huang Zhigang , Ge Luming , Wei Weixun , Deng Yu , Lei Junjun
Published: June 2021

Dielectrophoresis-field flow fractionation (DEP-FFF) is a promising method of fractionating particles from a continuous flow and has considerable application potential in the fields of biomedical, chemical, and environmental engineering. Particle deformation is an important issue in DEP-FFF, having a critical influence on the fractionation accuracy and viability of bioparticles. However, this problem has been largely ignored in both theoretical and numerical investigations. In the present work, a hybrid lattice Boltzmann scheme is introduced to study the deformation of soft particles subjected to the coupled effects of hydrodynamics and electrokinetics in a DEP-FFF process. The interaction of the particles with the fluid medium is calculated using a multiphase lattice Boltzmann model. The dielectrophoretic effect on the flow is introduced through a DEP force, which is obtained from a finite-element solution of the electric field. The hybrid scheme avoids the need to solve a coupled multiphysics problem, making it very efficient. The proposed simulation framework is validated through a well-known model, and the particle deformation and its influence on DEP-based fractionation are discussed.
Polyphasic linkage and the impact of ligand binding on the regulation of biomolecular condensates
Authors: Ruff Kiersten M. , Dar Furqan , Pappu Rohit V.
Published: June 2021

Cellular matter can be spatially and temporally organized into membraneless biomolecular condensates. The current thinking is that these condensates form and dissolve via phase transitions driven by one or more condensate-specific multivalent macromolecules known as scaffolds. Cells likely regulate condensate formation and dissolution by exerting control over the concentrations of regulatory molecules, which we refer to as ligands. Wyman and Gill introduced the framework of polyphasic linkage to explain how ligands can exert thermodynamic control over phase transitions. This review focuses on describing the concepts of polyphasic linkage and the relevance of such a mechanism for controlling condensate formation and dissolution. We describe how ligand-mediated control over scaffold phase behavior can be quantified experimentally. Further, we build on recent studies to highlight features of ligands that make them suppressors vs drivers of phase separation. Finally, we highlight areas where advances are needed to further understand ligand-mediated control of condensates in complex cellular environments. These advances include understanding the effects of networks of ligands on condensate behavior and how ligands modulate phase transitions controlled by different combinations of homotypic and heterotypic interactions among scaffold macromolecules. Insights gained from the application of polyphasic linkage concepts should be useful for designing novel pharmaceutical ligands to regulate condensates.
Tutorial on optoelectronic oscillators
Authors: Li Ming , Hao Tengfei , Li Wei , Dai Yitang
Published: June 2021

Microwave photonic approaches for the generation of microwave signals have attracted substantial attention in recent years, thanks to the significant advantages brought by photonics technology, such as high frequency, large bandwidth, and immunity to electromagnetic interference. An optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) is a paradigmatic microwave photonic oscillator that produces microwave signals with ultra-low phase noise, thanks to the high-quality-factor of the OEO cavity that is achieved with the help of optical energy storage elements, such as low-loss optical fiber or a high-quality-factor optical resonator. Different OEO architectures have been proposed to generate spectrally pure single-frequency microwave signals with ultra-low phase noise. Multiple oscillation mode control methods have been proposed in recent years to obtain different kinds of microwave signals. With the rapid development of photonic integration technologies, prototypes of integrated OEOs have been demonstrated with compact size and low power consumption. Moreover, OEOs have also been used for sensing, computing, and signal processing. This Tutorial aims to provide a comprehensive introduction to the developments of OEOs. We first discuss the basic principle and the key phase noise property of OEOs and then focus on its developments in spectrally pure low phase noise signal generation and mode control methods, its chip-scale integration, and its applications in various fields.
Nonlinear absorption of high-power microwave pulses in a plasma filled waveguide
Authors: Cao Y. , Leopold J. G. , Bliokh Yu. P. , Leibovitch G. , Krasik Ya. E.
Published: June 2021

We observe complete absorption of an ∼1.2 GW, 0.5 ns, 25.6 GHz high power microwave pulse propagating in a plasma-filled waveguide when the plasma density dependent waveguide cutoff frequency is close to the pulse frequency. Some of the plasma electrons are ejected to the walls, leaving in the waveguide an uncompensated ion charge which forms a potential well where the remaining electrons oscillate in the pulse field. Due to the decreased group velocity of the wave, these trapped electrons have sufficient time to collide with ions, while their regular oscillatory motion becomes chaotic and thermal. Almost all the energy of the electromagnetic pulse is transferred to the kinetic energy of the electrons. This mechanism of absorption is absent when the pulse power is low, and a potential well does not form in the waveguide.
The nature of bubble entrapment in a Lamb–Oseen vortex
Authors: Kelly Ryan , Goldstein David B. , Suryanarayanan Saikishan , Botto Tornielli Marcos , Handler Robert A.
Published: June 2021

Bubble trajectories in the presence of a decaying Lamb–Oseen vortex are calculated using a modified Maxey–Riley equation. Some bubbles are shown to get trapped within the vortex in quasi-equilibrium states. All the trapped bubbles exit the vortex at a time that is only a function of the Galilei number and the vortex Reynolds number. The set of initial bubble locations that lead to entrapment is numerically determined to show the capturing potential of a single vortex. The results provide insight into the likelihood of bubble entrapment within vortical structures in turbulent flows.
The lower bound of the network connectivity guaranteeing in-phase synchronization
Authors: Yoneda Ryosuke , Tatsukawa Tsuyoshi , Teramae Jun-nosuke
Published: June 2021

In-phase synchronization is a stable state of identical Kuramoto oscillators coupled on a network with identical positive connections, regardless of network topology. However, this fact does not mean that the networks always synchronize in-phase because other attractors besides the stable state may exist. The critical connectivity μc is defined as the network connectivity above which only the in-phase state is stable for all the networks. In other words, below μc, one can find at least one network that has a stable state besides the in-phase sync. The best known evaluation of the value so far is 0.6828…≤μc≤0.7889. In this paper, focusing on the twisted states of the circulant networks, we provide a method to systematically analyze the linear stability of all possible twisted states on all possible circulant networks. This method using integer programming enables us to find the densest circulant network having a stable twisted state besides the in-phase sync, which breaks a record of the lower bound of the μc from 0.6828… to 0.6838…. We confirm the validity of the theory by numerical simulations of the networks not converging to the in-phase state.
Hybrid quantum devices: Guest editorial
Authors: Chu Yiwen , Pritchard Jonathan D. , Wang Hailin , Weides Martin
Published: June 2021

An introduction to the APL Special Issue on “Hybrid Quantum Devices” by the guest editors.
Systematic review of defense responses against
Authors: da Silva Adielle R. , S. Pinto Kaliane N. , Maserti Bianca E. , Santos-Filho Hermes P. , Gesteira Abelmon da S.
Published: June 2021

Phytophthora spp. are the causal agents of gummosis or foot rot, fibrous root rot, and fruit brown rot diseases that affect the roots, trunk, and fruits of citrus trees, causing severe economic losses. This work presents an updated systematic review addressing the defence responses in citrus against Phytophthora and the strategies to manage Phytophthora diseases. Applying a new method of search based on an explicit, rigorous, and transparent methodology. For this purpose, a systematic literature review was conducted using the databases available for academic research. The main plant defence mechanisms reported in the cited papers are the hypersensitivity response, cell wall reinforcement, production of pathogenesis-related proteins, and expression of defence-related genes. Moreover, the main strategies to manage Phytophthora root rot are organic compounds in the soil and biological control with fungi and bacteria. In addition, inhibition of Phytophthora gummosis or canker by applying new oomycota fungicides and reducing the incidence of brown fruit rot through the application of potassium phosphite have also been reported. Moreover, modern plant biotechnology techniques can help to accelerate the selection of resistant rootstocks in breeding programs, as controlled crossings for the generation of hybrids, somatic hybridisation, transgenic citrus plants, mapped genomic regions of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs), candidate genes, metabolic markers and comparative transcriptomic. These innovative techniques represent a suitable tool to breed new Phytophthora resistant rootstocks, which is widely recognised as the best strategy to face gummosis or foot rot, fibrous root rot and ultimately minimise the expensive use of pesticides in crop protection.
A heat shock–responsive lncRNA
Heat
acts as a HSF1-directed transcriptional brake via m
6
A modification
Authors: Ji Quanquan , Zong Xin , Mao Yuanhui , Qian Shu-Bing
Published: June 2021

Significance

The heat shock response is a universal homeostatic mechanism for cells to cope with adverse environmental conditions. However, little is known about whether an active mechanism is needed to turn off stress genes during stress recovery. We report a heat shock–inducible long noncoding RNA,
Heat
, in mouse cells that acts as a transcriptional brake to restrain stress gene expression during the recovery phase. We show that
Heat
targets specific stress genes via HSF1 as a carrier. Unexpectedly,
Heat
relies on m
6
A modification and the m
6
A reader YTHDC1 to silence stress genes to attenuate heat shock response. These results demonstrate an intimate connection between nuclear epitranscriptome and transcriptional regulation of heat shock response.
A global chromatin compaction pathway that represses germline gene expression during starvation
Authors: Belew Mezmur D. , Chien Emilie , Wong Matthew , Michael W. Matthew
Published: June 2021

While much is known about how transcription is controlled at individual genes, comparatively little is known about how cells regulate gene expression on a genome-wide level. Here, we identify a molecular pathway in the C. elegans germline that controls transcription globally in response to nutritional stress. We report that when embryos hatch into L1 larvae, they sense the nutritional status of their environment, and if food is unavailable, they repress gene expression via a global chromatin compaction (GCC) pathway. GCC is triggered by the energy-sensing kinase AMPK and is mediated by a novel mechanism that involves the topoisomerase II/condensin II axis acting upstream of heterochromatin assembly. When the GCC pathway is inactivated, then transcription persists during starvation. These results define a new mode of whole-genome control of transcription.
A Leep1 into migration and macropinocytosis
Authors: Koh Yvette W.H. , Stow Jennifer L.
Published: June 2021

Actin organization underpins conserved functions at the leading edge of cells. In this issue, Yang et al. (2021. J. Cell Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202010096) characterize Leep1 as a bi-functional regulator of migration and macropinocytosis through PIP3 and the Scar/WAVE complex.
Multi-omic profiling reveals widespread dysregulation of innate immunity and hematopoiesis in COVID-19
Authors: Wilk Aaron J. , Lee Madeline J. , Wei Bei , Parks Benjamin , Pi Ruoxi , Martínez-Colón Giovanny J. , Ranganath Thanmayi , Zhao Nancy Q. , Taylor Shalina , Becker Winston ,   Stanford COVID-19 Biobank, Ranganath Thanmayi , Zhao Nancy Q. , Wilk Aaron J. , Vergara Rosemary , McKechnie Julia L. , de la Parte Lauren , Whittle Dantzler Kathleen , Ty Maureen , Kathale Nimish , Martinez-Colon Giovanny J. , Rustagi Arjun , Ivison Geoff , Pi Ruoxi , Lee Madeline J. , Brewer Rachel , Hollis Taylor , Baird Andrea , Ugur Michele , Tal Michal , Bogusch Drina , Nahass Georgie , Haider Kazim , Thi Tran Kim Quyen , Simpson Laura , Din Hena , Roque Jonasel , Mann Rosen , Chang Iris , Do Evan , Fernandes Andrea , Lyu Shu-Chen , Zhang Wenming , Manohar Monali , Krempski James , Visweswaran Anita , Zudock Elizabeth J. , Jee Kathryn , Kumar Komal , Newberry Jennifer A. , Quinn James V. , Schreiber Donald , Ashley Euan A. , Blish Catherine A. , Blomkalns Andra L. , Nadeau Kari C. , O’Hara Ruth , Rogers Angela J. , Yang Samuel , Jimenez-Morales David , Blomkalns Andra L. , O’Hara Ruth , Ashley Euan A. , Nadeau Kari C. , Yang Samuel , Holmes Susan , Rabinovitch Marlene , Rogers Angela J. , Greenleaf William J. , Blish Catherine A.
Published: June 2021

Our understanding of protective versus pathological immune responses to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is limited by inadequate profiling of patients at the extremes of the disease severity spectrum. Here, we performed multi-omic single-cell immune profiling of 64 COVID-19 patients across the full range of disease severity, from outpatients with mild disease to fatal cases. Our transcriptomic, epigenomic, and proteomic analyses revealed widespread dysfunction of peripheral innate immunity in severe and fatal COVID-19, including prominent hyperactivation signatures in neutrophils and NK cells. We also identified chromatin accessibility changes at NF-κB binding sites within cytokine gene loci as a potential mechanism for the striking lack of pro-inflammatory cytokine production observed in monocytes in severe and fatal COVID-19. We further demonstrated that emergency myelopoiesis is a prominent feature of fatal COVID-19. Collectively, our results reveal disease severity–associated immune phenotypes in COVID-19 and identify pathogenesis-associated pathways that are potential targets for therapeutic intervention.