bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The ‘extended’ Atkinson family and changes in the expenditure distribution. Spain 1973/74-2003
Authors: Goerlich-Gisbert Francisco J. , De la Vega Casilda Lasso , Urrutia Ana Marta
Published: October 2021

This paper emphasizes the properties of a family of inequality measures
which extends the Atkinson indices and is axiomatically characterized
by a multiplicative decomposition property where the withingroup
component is a generalized weighted mean with weights summing
exactly to 1. This family contains canonical forms of all aggregative
inequality measures, each bounded above by 1, has a useful
and intuitive geometric interpretation and provides an alternative dominance
criterion for ordering distributions in terms of inequality.
Taking the Spanish Household Budget Surveys (HBS) for 1973/74,
1980/81, and 1990/91 and the more recent Continuous HBS for 2003,
we show the advantages and possibilities of this extended family in
regard to completing and detailing information in studies of inequality
focussing on the tails of the distribution and on the changes in the distribution
when the population is partitioned into population subgroups.
Globalisation and Wage Inequality: A Comparison of the Manufacturing Sector in Canada and the United States from
1970 to 2001
Authors: Grenier Gilles , Tavakoli Akbar
Published: October 2021

This article compares Canada and the United States in terms of
the evolution of the relative wages of production and non-production
workers in the manufacturing sector. The results show that the wage
ratio is affected by similar economic globalisation variables in each
country. Other than technological changes, however, the overall effect
of globalisation is more pronounced in Canada. Among economic
globalisation variables, such as technological changes and imports
from developing countries, the latter has had a less harmful effect
on low-skilled workers in the United States than those in Canada.
Among the other variables, the wage gap is more affected by union
density in Canada. The impact of immigration is low in both countries.
Wage Inequality and Structure of Consumption Demand
Authors: Hori Takeo
Published: October 2021

We present a model in which there is a variety of consumption goods, of which high-income individuals purchase the expensive ones that low-income individuals cannot afford. Increases in the relative supply of skilled workers suggest relative increases in the number of high-income individuals in our model. Increases therefore in the relative supply of skilled workers induces changes in consumption demands, which indirectly affect both the labor demands of firms and the relative skilled wage. We show that a) if expensive goods purchased only by high-income individuals are more skilled labor intensive goods and b) if the substitution between skilled and unskilled labor is limited in the production of each good, then an exogenous increase in the relative supply of skilled workers raises the relative skilled wage.
A Note on Between-Group Inequality with an Application to
Households
Authors: Monti Maria , Santoro Alessandro
Published: October 2021

This Note belongs to the recent literature emphasizing that the
residual in the traditional Gini index decomposition reveals more than
what is commonly believed. We show that the residual reveals the so
far unexplored contribution of stratification to between-group inequality,
and this suggests that the between-group inequality measure should
be modified accordingly. We propose a measure of between-group inequality
which is a function of stratification. This is our first result.
Moreover, we show that this measure is numerically equivalent to the
one suggested by Yitzhaki and Lerman (1991), yet, contrary to the latter,
we are able to define precisely its range of variation. This is our
second result. Both results are illustrated by analysing between-group
inequality and stratification among Italian households.
Intergenerational Earnings Mobilities – How Sensitive are they to
Income Measures?
Authors: Hussain Mohammad Azhar , Munk Martin D. , Bonke Jens
Published: October 2021

This article gives various estimates of intergenerational earnings
mobility by applying different earning periods, age brackets, and earning
components. The methodology enables us to investigate how sensitive
results are to different delimitations and, thereby, to make more
accurate international comparisons of intergenerational earnings mobility.
We find that intergenerational earnings mobility is found to be
substantially lower when hourly wage rates rather than annual earnings
are used, whether the latter are inclusive or exclusive of public transfers.
Moreover, when the same specifications are applied for Denmark
as for other countries, we find that intergenerational earnings mobility
from father to son in Denmark is on the same level as in Sweden,
Norway, and Finland, whereas the intergenerational earnings mobility
in all the Nordic countries is found to be higher than in the United
Kingdom and the United States.
A Model for Anocracy
Authors: Grigoryan Aleksandr Hrachik
Published: October 2021

In this article a dynasty model is developed with a non-benevolent planner who maximizes the welfare of a size-adjusted elite. Joining the elite is costly, as it provides access to financial intermediation for new entrants. Some of the incumbents collect payments, which are redistributed back based on their welfare status. Corrupt incumbents necessarily emerge and amplify negative externality towards the poor through collateral, which is required for loan market participation. The resulting model is useful to describe the evolution of incomplete democracies (anocracies). Elites alternate with each other, and successors discipline their predecessors with expropriation threats on collected rents should too many licenses for intermediation be sold, as that accelerates the wealth equalization process. This disciplinary mechanism, however, mitigates wealth differences, since it creates a burden on corruption, and the elite is expanded through intermediaries.
On the Cross-Country Relationship between Poverty, Income Distribution, and Development
Authors: Karshenas Massoud , Pyatt Graham
Published: October 2021

The familiar cross-country relationship between the incidence of poverty and the level of development is derived via a three-stage process, which avoids restrictive parametric assumptions regarding the shape of income distribution. It starts with the relationship within a given household survey data set between the incidence of poverty and the mean value of the ratio m/z, where m is a measure of individual well-being and z is the critical value of m relative to which the poor are identified. It is then shown that there is a one-to-one relationship between this relationship and the Lorenz curve. In the second stage of our analysis we establish inter alia a sufficient condition for the incidence of poverty to be less in whichever of any two countries the average value of m/z is smaller. These conditions are tested empirically. Conditions under which this average value will be proportional to the Gross Domestic Product per capita (GDP) are identified in the third stage. Both the second and third stages of our procedure provide opportunities for improving on the 'explanation' of poverty offered by the GDP per capita. In particular, the Sen Index apparently provides a much better way of accounting for differences in the incidence of poverty across countries. The importance of economic growth for reducing poverty should be qualified accordingly.
Income redistribution through taxation – how deductions undermine the effect of taxes
Authors: Hümbelin Oliver , Farys Rudolf
Published: October 2021

This paper shows the potential of administrative data to grant us a more complete picture of the redistributive effects of the visible (tax rates) and hidden (tax deductions) instruments of the fiscal welfare state. Based on administrative tax data from a large Swiss canton, we apply a gini-based redistributive effect decomposition to demonstrate how several taxes and deductions impact the post-tax income distribution. We show that tax deductions drastically reduce the redistributive effect of taxes because lump sum deductions in a progressive tax system lead to greater tax relief for higher income earners. Moreover, high income earners have additional options to claim deductions such as real-estate expenses or extra-mandatory payments to the pension scheme. Comparison over time furthermore shows that the role of deductions for real-estate expenses decreased. All in all, because deductions reduce the redistributive effect of taxes, they lead to higher post tax income inequality compared to a hypothetical system without deducations. The redistrubtive effect of the tax system should therefore be studied, not only with respect to tax rates, but also with respect to deductions.
Including Private Health Care Costs in Measuring Nations’ Redistributive Effort
Authors: Baird Katherine
Published: October 2021

Because they do not account for the private component of household’s health care expenses, measures of nations’ redistributive effort inconsistently account for the financial burden their health-care system places on different households. We recalculate the effect of government policy on income distribution by adjusting household income not just for taxes and social transfers, but also for private health expenditures. Examining eight LIS datasets, we show the degree of bias in typical measures of post-government income distribution. In Switzerland and the U.S., for instance, post-government poverty rates climb by 3-4 percentage points once households’ private medical expenses are subtracted from income. Future assessments of governments’ redistributive effect should uniformly account for the distributional impact of their health-care financing policies.
Rising Income Inequality and Living Standards in OECD Countries: How Does the Middle Fare?
Authors: Thewissen Stefan , Kenworthy Lane , Nolan Brian , Roser Max , Smeeding Tim
Published: October 2021

Income inequality has increased in a number of the rich democratic nations over the past generation. We examine whether this has reduced income growth for middleincome households. Using LIS, OECD and WID data, we show how median household incomes and income inequality have evolved between 1980 and 2013, and we analyse whether these trends are related. Growth in median incomes is negatively associated with changes in the Gini but not with changes in top income shares. Economic growth is strongly associated with growth in median incomes, although it does not seem to fully transmit.
Inequality and Conflict
Authors: Esteban Joan Maria
Published: October 2021

Over the second half of the 20th century, the frequency of conflicts within national boundaries increased. One-third of all countries experienced civil conflict. There are two remarkable facts about social conflict that deserve attention: first, within-country conflicts account for an enormous share of deaths and hardship in the world today, and second, internal conflicts often appear to be ethnic in nature. Which factors influence social conflict? Do ethnic divisions predict conflict within countries? How do we conceptualize those divisions? If ethnic cleavages and conflicts are related, how do we interpret such a result? Is ethnicity instrumental achieving political power or economic gain? We provide indices of ethnic diversity in the society, fractionalization and ethnic polarization, and find significant relationships with respect to social conflict.
Visualizing and Testing Convergence Between Two Income Distributions
Authors: Bishop John A , Chow K. Victor , Zeager Lester A.
Published: October 2021

We use the Interdistributional Lorenz Curves (ILCs) of Butler and McDonald (1987) to visualize convergence or divergence between income distributions. To illustrate the idea, we compare income distributions from Spain, Italy, and Germany. We also offer methods to test for significant differences between the 45-degree line and an ILC, or between ILCs in different years. The tests apply to any partial moment of the distributions and impose no prior restrictions on the functional form of the underlying distribution. We illustrate the statistical inference tests by an application to income distributions for whites and non-whites in the United States.
Factors of Income Inequality and their Influence Mechanisms: A Review of the Empirical Literature
Authors: Kaasa Anneli
Published: October 2021

When analyzing the factors of income inequality, first as many factors as possible have to be included in order to obtain valid results. The present article systematizes the factors of income inequality discussed in the pertinent empirical literature into six groups and summarizes the hypotheses about the signs of the influences of the discussed factors on income inequality. Additionally the influences between the factors themselves that form indirect effects on income inequality have to be included. In this article, these influences are discussed and arranged in a system to give an idea about the possible indirect effects on income inequality of the factors discussed in the article.
An Alternative Formulation of the Esteban-Gradín-Ray Extended Measure of Polarization
Authors: De la Vega Ma Casilda Lasso , Urrutia Ana Marta
Published: October 2021

Measuring the extent to which distribution is polarized has recently attracted some attention from economists. Polarization, though related to inequality, is a different concept and implies a tendency towards clustering of observations into groups. It is of interest because it may be related to the generation of tensions and social unrest.

In independent studies, Esteban and Ray (1994) and Wolfson (1994) conceptualized the notion of polarization and developed the corresponding measures. Since their papers, many other indices have been proposed. Particularly, in a recent paper in this journal, Grad´ın (2002) uses an extension of the Esteban and Ray measure.

In this paper we point out some problems with this extended measure of polarization and explore an alternative formulation for the extension so as to solve the problem identified. An illustration of the use of these tools taking data from 22 Latin American countries shows the possibilities of this new measure and how polarization and inequality can often differ in practice.
Self-employment and earning inequality
Authors: Falter Jean-Marc
Published: October 2021

The present study attempts to explain the difference in observed earning inequality
between self-employment and wage-employment in Switzerland in 1992, 1995
and 2000. We use several measures of inequality in order both to determine the factors
affecting income dispersion in the two groups and to identify the variables that
drive the earning inequality differential. Thus, we make use of discrete decomposition
techniques and of a regression-based method. The latter allows us to introduce
a selection term in our decompositions which is of crucial importance in the case of
self-employment. Our results indicate that education- and age-related variables, like
work experience and tenure, are the most important factors explaining the inequality
level in both groups. The importance of these factors seems, however, to be larger in
the wage-employment sector. The reason may lie in the process of selection into selfemployment
rather than in the differences in the returns to characteristics between the
two sectors.
Ecological Distribution, Agricultural Trade Liberalization, and IN SITU Genetic Diversity
Authors: Boyce J.
Published: October 2021

Genetic diversity in crop plants is crucial for long-term world food security. This diversity is sustained in the field primarily by poor farmers in developing countries, who receive no compensation for providing this external benefit to humankind. When agricultural imports displace local production in centers of genetic diversity, this threatens both rural livelihoods and the continued provision of this external benefit. The North American Free Trade Agreement’s impact on Mexican maize farming illustrates the problem. The prospects for remedial policies are shaped by the distribution of the costs and benefits of action of inaction.
Equity and Sustainability in the Old Growth Forests of the Central Highlands of Victoria
Authors: Dragun A.
Published: October 2021

The general issue of forest use has been highly contentious in Victoria and considerable human effort has been exerted to establish the “best” use of forests. This economic, bureaucratic and political contemplation has yielded a multitude of different policy prescriptions with quite variable efficiency and equity outcomes. However, a feature of the analysis is that nowhere-on the grounds of efficiency or equity-is forestry logging the clearly desired outcome. Yet in the face of insurmountable evidence against logging, governments in Victoria prevaricate over making a formal decision not to log the forests-in fact the ad hoc approach to forest management favours the established forest interests. Clearly the narrow economic power and interests of a few logging companies are sufficient to counterbalance the much greater-but diffuse-well being of the many citizens in the state.
A Systematic Approach to the Generation of Income Distribution Models
Authors: Dagum Camilo
Published: October 2021

Since Pareto specified in 1895 his Type I model, scores of income distribution models have been proposed. In this study, almost all of these models are organized in three generating systems. The foundations of these system specifications and the basic properties that probability distribution functions should fulfill to be entertained as income distribution models are presented and analyzed. Their main scope is to guide the researchers to the choice of an appropriate and robust model to describe observed income distributions in different epochs and countries with different state of socioeconomic development, and according to several socioeconomic attributes of the observed populations.
Poverty in Industrial Nations: A Comparative Perspective
Authors: Achdut Lea , Kristal Orit
Published: October 2021

International comparisons of poverty are traditionally based on the head count and poverty gap ratios. Using the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) microdata, the present paper extends the comparative measurement of poverty to utilize alternative measures which take account not only of the “width” and the “depth” of poverty but of the income distribution among the poor as well (Sen, 1976; Kakwani, 1980; Foster, 1984). It is found that given any poverty line these three measures yield a completely different ranking from the traditional head count and poverty gap ratios. Also, whereas the traditional two measures lead to contradicting rankings, the alternative measures register (with only few exceptions) the same ranking. In spite of the fact that the ranking of countries by all the poverty measures examined is not preserved under alternative poverty lines, considerably fewer rerankings occur with respect to the measures which incorporate all three poverty dimensions.
Permanent Layoffs and Displaced Workers:
Cyclical Sensitivity, Concentration, and Experience Following the Layoff
Authors: Picot G. , Pyper W.
Published: October 2021

Concern about permanent layoffs and the experience of displaced workers is high because of the restructuring in firms currently taking place, and the effect of changes in international trade on some industries, often leading to layoffs. Our understanding of permanent layoffs has been hampered by the lack of appropriate data until recently. This paper uses two relatively new sources of data to examine (1) the variation in permanent layoffs over the business cycle, primarily to determine their significance during the expansionary periods when decreases in aggregate demand play little role in the layoff process, (2) where permanent layoff are concentrated in the economy during expansionary periods when restructuring and the competitive process play the major role in layoffs, and (3) the labor market experiences of displaced workers following the layoff.
Income Contingency and the Repayment of Student Loans
Authors: Rowley J. C.R.
Published: October 2021

The current systems of financial support to postsecondary students in Canada and elsewhere are clearly inadequate. Their evident deficiencies have revived interest in the possibility of income-contingent loans and in the use of the tax system to deal with repayments. Some simulative experiments are used here to explore the feasibility of income contingency and to explore the sensitivity of financial flows to various assumptions about interest rates, income growth, age-earning profiles, default, and take-up rates for loans. Evidence from these experiments points to some salient features in the design of new schemes or the support of postsecondary students, and it also permits the identification of relevant issues which might significantly affect the practical implementation of any scheme involving income contingence as a basis for repayments.
The Impact of the Increase in Non-regular Employment on
Income Disparities
Authors: Inagaki Seiichi
Published: October 2021

In Japanese society, changes in the employment patterns of the
youth, particularly the increase in non-regular employment, have the
potential to widen income disparities in the future. These potential income
disparities are hidden because the youth who are not engaged
in regular employment continue to live with their parents. This article
attempts to reveal these latent income disparities by two methods: (1)
observing the Gini coefficient that is based on virtual households by
splitting the current households into adult/couple units and (2) measuring
future income disparities by using a microsimulation model.
The results of both methods reveal that latent income disparities do
actually exist.
Investment and Prices in Kaldor’s Model of Income Distribution
Authors: Walsteijn R. Ph.G.
Published: October 2021

In the first part of this paper are restated the main differences separating the Keynesian from the neoclassical theory with respect to aggregate demand and national income. Next, Kaldor’s distribution theory is examined, with special attention paid to the role of the general price level. Kaldor has demonstrated that equilibrium growth, with full employment of productive resources, is not necessarily restricted by an insufficient adaptation of savings to investment. Given this framework, it becomes crucial that the relationship between prices and money wages is fixed by the level of aggregate demand. Taking several social, cultural, and institutional characteristics of modern capitalist societies into consideration, this full employment equilibrium breaks down. The results are different from Kaldor’s but seem to bring his analysis more into line with the Keynesian heritage.
Chlorhexidine, clotrimazole, metronidazole and combination therapy in the treatment of vaginal infections
Authors: Mirzaeei Shahla ,   Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran, Zangeneh Maryam ,   Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran,   * Corresponding Author: Maryam Zangeneh, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. Phone: 09188323419 E-mail: mzangene.59710@yahoo.com, Veisi Firoozeh ,   Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran, Parsa Somayeh ,   Research Committee of Students, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran, Hematti Maryam ,   Clinical Research Development Centre, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Published: October 2021

This was a clinical trial study that aimed to investigate the efficacy of vaginal chlorhexidine gel in the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis, bacterial vaginosis, and nonspecific vaginitis. The study population included patients who complained of vaginal discharge and presented to our University Gynecology Clinic. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The student t-test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to analyze the quantitative and ordinal data, respectively. In order to analyze the qualitative data, the Chi-square or Fischer’s exact tests were used. The mean satisfaction score in the vulvovaginal candidiasis patients who received chlorhexiine vaginal gel was 9.06 and 8.29 in the patients who received clotrimazole vaginal cream. The Mann-Whitney test did not show a statistically significant difference between mean scores of VAS in these two groups with vulvovaginal candidiasis (P=0.027). Among the patients with bacterial vaginosis, the mean satisfaction score was 8.91 in the chlorhexidine vaginal gel group and 8.72 in the metronidazole tablet group (P=0.607). In the nonspecific vaginitis group, the mean satisfaction score was 8.83 in the chlorhexidine vaginal gel group and 9.17 in the combination group (metronidazole + clotrimazole vaginal cream)(P=0.401). The highest mean visual analog scale score (VAS) score was documented in the combination therapy group. We found that chlorhexidine vaginal gel is a more effective method for the treatment and improvement of vaginal infections. The benefits of chlorhexidine gel have a positive therapeutic effect as a single drug in nonspecific vaginitis, rather than simultaneous administration of two agents.
Tuberculosis in pregnancy
Authors: Pop Lucian Gheorghe ,   Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alessandrescu-Rusescu National Institute for Mother and Child Health, Bucharest, Romania,   Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alessandrescu-Rusescu National Institute for Mother and Child Health, Bucharest, Romania,   Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alessandrescu-Rusescu National Institute for Mother and Child Health, Bucharest, Romania,   * Corresponding Author: Lucian Pop, MD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alessandrescu-Rusescu National Institute of Mother and Child Health, Bucharest, Romania. Phone: +40741044720 E-mail: popluciangh@icloud.com, Bacalbasa Nicolae ,   Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania, Suciu Ioan Dumitru ,   Department of General Surgery, Clinical Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania, Ionescu Paris ,   Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ovidius University, Constanta, Romania, Toader Oana Daniela
Published: October 2021

Tuberculosis (TB) in pregnancy is not only a matter of the past; it is also a current problem. These days, TB appears through mass migration and tourism in countries where it was believed that this condition is eradicated. Adequate knowledge about the medical history of patients, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis should be part of the armamentarium of each physician involved in clinical practice. TB is mainly found in urban and socially deprived areas. Due to the length of the treatment, there is an increased risk of drug resistance in partially treated patients. Strong knowledge about the history, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment of TB should be part of the armamentarium of each physician. Many practitioners are reluctant to request a chest X-ray in pregnancy due to the fear of harming the fetus. Bypassing a diagnosis can have a devastating effect on the mother and fetus, as well as their family and medical staff. This article discusses the matters of diagnosis and treatment of asymptomatic infection and active TB in pregnancy.
Reflection of the category “security” and derivative concepts in the Constitution of the Russian Federation (in the light of the amendments of 2020)
Authors: Iroshnikov Denis Vladimirovich
Published: October 2021

This article examines security as the constitutional-legal category through the prism of its consolidation alongside the derivative concepts (national security, public security, environmental safety, and other) in the text of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Special attention is given to the evolution of the category of “security” in the Constitution of the Russian Federation in the context of amendments introduced in 2020, which also affected constitutional framework of ensuring security. However, the subject of research does not include the question on the need and feasibility of amending the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 2020, as well as implementation of such significant changes without its full revision. The author concludes that from the perspective of improving the constitutional framework of security, it is difficult to assess the constitutional amendments unambiguously. On the one hand, question od security was left out, and some of its aspects were reflected in the text of the Constitution, although the pivotal questions of ensuring security could have been regulated by the constitutional norms in more detail. The author notes that according to the Constitution, the major threat to the individual, society and the state regardless the introduced amendments, is the threat of military nature. In that context, the fundamentals of countering security threats of nonmilitary nature should be reflected in the Constitution more constructively.
Russian organizations for children and youth in Harbin during the 1920s–1930s in modern Russian historiography
Authors: Bulatov Ivan Aleksandrovich
Published: October 2021

The subject of this research is historiography dedicated to the history of Harbin organizations for children and youth of the Russian immigrants during the 1920s – 1930s, which was published over the last thirty years. The article provides a general overview of the literature and key aspects on the topic. The author analyzes and groups the publications by the types of organizations reviewed therein, which gives a better perspective on the level of knowledge on all movements and compare the available data. This, in turn, reveals the contradictions in different works and helps finding gaps that require further research. The article explores the materials dedicated to the well-known organizations of the immigrants, such as the Scouts (NORS-R and NORR); collective, but solely exclusively Manchurian – musketeers and young fascists; small-numbered and virtually unknown – the 13, Black Ring, Black Hand, etc. The conclusion is made that the main organizations for children and youth in Harbin are well studied. The author notes the need for further analysis of the programs and ideologies underlying these organizations, as well as for the development of universal classification of immigrant movements that allow gaining better understanding of these organizations.
Improved CPU load balancing for numerical solution of the tasks of continuous medium mechanics complicated by chemical kinetics
Authors: Pekunov Vladimir Viktorovich
Published: October 2021

This article explores certain aspects of the process of numerical solution of the tasks of continuous medium mechanics in the conditions of ongoing chemical reactions. Such tasks are usually characterized by the presence of multiple local areas with elevated temperature, which position in space is relatively unstable. In such conditions, rigidly stable methods of integration with step control, which in the “elevated temperature” areas that have higher time input comparing to other areas. In terms of using geometric parallelism, this fact leads to substantial imbalance of CPU load, which reduces the overall effectiveness of parallelization. Therefore, this article examines the problem of CPU load balancing in the context of parallel solution of the aforementioned tasks. The other offers a new modification of the algorithm of large-block distributed balancing with improved time prediction of the numerical integration of chemical kinetics equations, which is most effective in the conditions of drift of the areas with “elevated temperatures”. The improvement consists in application of the linear perceptron, which analyzes several previous values of time integration (the basic version of the algorithm uses only one previous spot from the history of time integration). This allows working in the conditions of fast and slow drift of the areas with “elevated temperatures”. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated on the task of modeling the flow-around the building with high-temperature combustion on its roof. It is indicated that the application of modified algorithm increases the effectiveness of parallelization by 2.1% compared to the initial algorithm.
Efectividad de la rehabilitación fisioterapéutica, ocupacional y fonoaudiológica: un marco de referencia
Authors: Trujillo Rojas Alicia , Cuervo Echeverri Clemencia , Escobar de Villate Martha
Published: October 2021

Este artículo es el segundo de dos publicaciones sobre la filosofía, la posición teórica y el desarrollo operacional del Sistema EFECT: Efectividad de la Rehabilitación Fisioterapéutica, Ocupacional y Fonoaudiológica. La primera parte se publicó en un número anterior de la revista Ocupación Humana. Este sistema se creó, en la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, en respuesta a la carencia de un sistema uniforme para evaluar los resultados de los programas de rehabilitación. Este recurso responde a las exigencias actuales en materia de gerencia en salud, previstas en la legislación de seguridad social: documentación de resultados, monitoreo, manejo inteligente de la información, planeación y evaluación de programas.
El terapeuta ocupacional y la rehabilitación en salud mental
Authors: Caicedo Concha María Eugenia
Published: October 2021

La rehabilitación, en sentido amplio, comprende tanto enfrentar las consecuencias de un trastorno como la reflexión alrededor del problema, lo que obviamente conduce no solo la búsqueda de estrategias novedosas sino a encontrar los factores específicos necesarios para programas de promoción, prevención y manejo comunitario como única forma de ampliar coberturas, racionalizar recursos y hacer a las comunidades responsables de su propia vida.
Criterios de selección de ayudas técnicas de la rehabilitación
Authors: Duque Joaquín Guillermo
Published: October 2021

Es indudable el campo promisorio que tiene la ciencia en el área de la aplicación de la tecnología de la rehabilitación. Las nuevas tecnologías aplicadas a la discapacidad significan la igualdad de oportunidades, el acceso al trabajo, la sociabilidad, la autonomía personal, entre otros.
El egresado de la Facultad de Terapia Ocupacional de la Escuela Colombiana de Rehabilitación y la renovación curricular
Authors: Bazzani Martha
Published: October 2021

En la actualidad la renovación curricular de Terapia Ocupacional se constituye en una prioridad, más aún por el significado que esto tiene en términos de la acreditación universitaria.
Perfil del terapeuta ocupacional de la Universidad Nacional
Authors: Fernández Aleida
Published: October 2021

Para hablar del perfil es necesario contextualizar y hacer algo de historia. En la Universidad Nacional surge en 1966 el primer programa de formación del país. Inicialmente la propuesta fue de 6 semestres de formación a nivel técnico. Posteriormente, hacia 1975, con la primera reforma curricular y con la inclusión de un trabajo investigativo como prerrequisito de grado, se inicia la etapa de la licenciatura. Luego, con algunas reorganizaciones al plan de estudios a nueve semestres y atendiendo a la legislación pertinente, se otorga el título de Terapeuta Ocupacional.
Perfil de formación del futuro profesional terapeuta ocupacional
Authors: Caicedo Concha María Eugenia
Published: October 2021

Me resulta difícil ubicar el perfil de formación del futuro terapeuta ocupacional sin reflexionar un poco acerca de su papel y su recorrido hasta el momento. La prospección debe hacerse sin desconocer los esfuerzos previos realizados.
Perfil de formación del terapeuta ocupacional en la Corporación Universitaria de Santander
Authors: Barrera Santos Diana Patricia
Published: October 2021

Para el terapeuta ocupacional el punto de partida es el hombre: ser de posibilidades, proyectos, ser social que se hace desde el futuro; también ser en el mundo, ser con la capacidad de comprender lo que acontece.
Código de procedimientos de evaluación y tratamiento de Terapia Ocupacional: una propuesta
Authors: Trujillo Rojas Alicia
Published: October 2021

El propósito de este artículo es presentar un código de procedimientos para Terapia Ocupacional, que sea universal, es decir, aplicable a todas las áreas de ejercicio y que pueda ser empleado para rendir cuentas sobre los servicios ante diversos interlocutores. La intención de la autora es que el texto sea analizado y puesto a prueba por parte de los miembros de la comunidad profesional, para alcanzar una fase posterior de consenso, basado en los ajustes a que dé lugar.
Comparación de dos férulas de distinto material en cuanto a efectividad en amas de casa con Síndrome del Túnel Carpiano
Authors: Santaella Delia Viviana , Herrera Helina Margarita
Published: October 2021

En este trabajo se aplican los conocimientos adquiridos en el Diplomado de Férulas en miembro superior y los conocimientos de las autoras como profesionales de Terapia Ocupacional y Diseño Industrial. Se enfoca en el síndrome del túnel carpiano, que se presenta frecuentemente en mujeres entre 30 y 35 años, amas de casa y con síntomas iniciales de la patología. Se analizó la efectividad de la reducción de los síntomas del síndrome del túnel carpiano a través de dos férulas de diferente material, analizando las variables: beneficios, reducción de síntomas y material (orthoplast y  poliuretano de densidad media).
Informe Comité de Ética de la Asociación Colombiana de Terapia Ocupacional
Authors: Gómez Galindo Ana María
Published: October 2021

La Asociación Colombiana de Terapia Ocupacional, sus miembros y los terapeutas ocupacionales que ejercen en el país están comprometidos con el estudio, la gestión y ejecución de programas de promoción, desarrollo y recuperación ocupacional de personas y grupos. El Comité de Ética es una instancia de la Asociación Colombiana de Terapia Ocupacional que se encarga de estudiar, divulgar y sancionar asuntos relacionados con los valores y normas que deben regir el comportamiento profesional de los terapeutas ocupacionales, de conformidad con los principios y estándares de la profesión y con el marco político-legal vigente.
Perspectiva del ejercicio profesional del terapeuta ocupacional en el área educativa
Authors: Tobón de Awad Martha
Published: October 2021

La perspectiva del terapeuta ocupacional en el área educativa, es ser parte de la escuela. Y esta propuesta es fácil de realizar gracias a los cambios que se han producido en el campo educativo y a nivel de la intervención de Terapia Ocupacional en el área.
Autonomía profesional del terapeuta ocupacional
Authors: Peñas Felizzola Olga Luz
Published: October 2021

La terapia ocupacional, a lo largo de sus treinta años, ha vivido grandes cambios que de una u otra manera, influyen sobre el curso de la profesión. Así, hechos como la profesionalización de la carrera, la creación de la Asociación Colombiana de Terapia Ocupacional, el surgimiento de numerosas instituciones para la formación del recurso humano y la participación del terapeuta ocupacional en el sistema de seguridad social vigente, entre muchos piros, constituyen en sí mismos factores de desarrollo y fortalecimiento profesional.
Una experiencia de la vida real
Authors: Rodríguez María Claudia
Published: October 2021

El pasado 3 de marzo, cumplí 3 años de haber sufrido un Accidente Cerebro Vascular del hemisferio derecho, el médico que me recibió en urgencias de la Fundación Santa Fe, fue el doctor Enrique Jiménez Hakin; después de los primeros exámenes y de haber puesto al alcance toda la ciencia de la que se disponía en ese momento, se decidió tres días después, por la gravedad de mi estado operarme para extraer el coágulo porque no había sido absorbido por el mismo cerebro, la operación fue un éxito, teniendo en cuenta la magnitud del derrame.
Multiple ligament anatomic-based reconstructions of the knee: State- of-the-art
Authors: LaPrade Robert F. , Floyd Edward R. , Carlson Gregory B. , Moatshe Gilbert , Chahla Jorge , Monson Jill K.
Published: October 2021

Multiple knee ligament injuries are defined as a disruption of any combination of the four main ligament complexes; the cruciate ligaments, posterolateral corner, and posteromedial corner. Evaluation requires consideration of the entire clinical picture, including injury to associated structures, directions and degree of instability, neurovascular compromise and appropriate imaging, and physical examination. Reconstruction is favored over repair and anatomic- based reconstruction techniques have been validated to restore the native biomechanics of the knee and lead to successful patient-reported and objective outcomes. Anatomic-based reconstruction of many knee ligaments simultaneously requires precise knowledge of the relevant anatomical landmarks, careful planning of reconstruction tunnel positions, and orientations to avoid tunnel convergence, and employment of immediate early motion in the post-operative rehabilitation regimen to provide the patient the best chance for relatively normal use of the affected limb.
Korzystanie z mediów społecznościowych, a ich wpływ na funkcjonowanie adolescentów i młodych dorosłych – zarys problemu
Authors: Klimczyk Piotr
Published: October 2021

Celem artykułu było zaprezentowanie wybranych wniosków i zarysu badań dotyczących relacji między mediami społecznościowymi, a adolescentami i młodymi dorosłymi. W pracy skupiono się na trzech aspektach leżących w zainteresowaniach m.in. cyberpsychologii, tj. kwestia różnic płciowych i wieku w sposobie korzystania z mediów społecznościowych, ich wpływu na kształtowanie się tożsamości oraz relacji między użytkownikiem, mediami społecznościowymi, a samooceną. Przytoczone badania pokazują dynamikę zmian w sposobie korzystania z mediów społecznościowych w perspektywie płci, gdzie w początkach kształtowania się internetu to chłopcy korzystali z niego więcej w celu komunikowania się z innymi, a współcześnie relacja ta wygląda inaczej. Badania dotyczące tożsamości skupiają się na możliwości badania jej kształtowania i uwzględnienia pewnych specyficznych jej aspektów. Wnioski z badań dotyczących samooceny są niekonkluzywne i w głównej mierze korelacyjne, przez to konieczne jest dalsze prowadzenie badań w tym obszarze.
Effect of Cervical Mobilization and Transcutaneous Supraorbital Nerve Stimulation in Migraine Without Aura
Authors: Raghumahanti Raghuveer  , Sonali Marbate  , Ruchi
Published: October 2021

Migraine is one of the most common disabling headache disorders which is categorized into two broad types based on the number of headache days. It is called episodic or general migraine if the attacks occur less than 15 days per month, and it is categorized as chronic or transformed migraine if headache occur on 15 or more days per month. This study was conducted to find out the effect of strategy for pain using a modality and strategy using mobilization in reducing disability, frequency and pain in migraine without aura. Thirty-Two subjects were selected based on diagnostic criteria for migraine and divided into two groups. Group A received Cervical Mobilization and Myofascial Release with home exercise program and Group B received Transcutaneous Supraorbital Nerve Stimulation with home exercise program. Visual Analogue Scale, Questionnaire (HIT-6) were recorded as outcome on baseline and after 3 weeks. Results showed significant improvements in both the groups with, p<0.01. Between group comparisons elicited non-significant differences with p˃ 0.05. Following the results, it can be concluded that cervical mobilization and Transcutaneous Supraorbital nerve stimulation can be added as a valuable adjunct to medical management in the treatment of migraine without aura.
Assessment of Cognitive function and Complications in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis
Authors: Vishnupriya R  , Mridu Mariam Daniel  , Robin Jacob Abraham  , Anand Kumar Shah  , Sheethal Kuriakose  , Dinesh Kumar Anand
Published: October 2021

ESRD causes changes within the daily lives of patients, creates limitations to perform activities and features a great impact on emotions and quality of life. Cognitive Impairment is common in individuals with CKD, particularly among those treated with dialysis. The aim of the study was to assess the cognitive function, complications, adherence and psychological distress in patients undergoing hemodialysis. The study included four questionnaires, 6CIT, ESRD-AQ, Kessler’s 10, MNSI. A total of 90 subjects were enrolled in the study based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Cognitive function was assessed using 6CIT; 19 (21.11%) subjects presented with mild impairment, and 7(7.78%) subjects with significant impairment. The psychological distress was measured using Kessler psychological distress scale K10 and 19(21.12%) subjects had mild distress, 9(10%) subjects with moderate distress and 6(6.66%) had severe psychological distress. Adherence was assessed using the End Stage Renal Disease Adherence Questionnaire (ESRD-AQ). It was found that all the 90(100%) subjects were adherent to hemodialysis attendance and medication. Hemodialysis related acute complications were assessed and it was shown that 84(93.33%) subjects had cardiovascular complications, 86(95.55%) subjects had neuromuscular complications, 72(80%) subjects had electrolyte imbalance, and 83(92.23%) subjects experienced complications like itching, sleep disorders, back pain etc. It was concluded that there would be an improvement in the QOL of subjects if there were necessary interventions & patient education in the early stages of CKD that can help in improving self-management skills of the individual subjects and prevent progression from staging 5-CKD.
Impact of Perceived CSR on Brand Equity through Brand Admiration and Customer Advocacy Behaviour: Moderating Role of Brand Attitude and Customer Loyalty
Authors: Mahmood Mashari , Niazi Amna , Asghar Waheed , Hussain Mujahid
Published: October 2021

Purpose: This study intends to explore the positive impact of perceived Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on brand equity with respect to behaviors and emotions. The motive behind this study was to examine the sequential mediating role of emotion of brand admiration and customer advocacy behavior between perceived CSR and brand equity. Moderators of brand attitude and customer loyalty were also explored in this study.

Design/Methodology/Approach: Quantitative research method has been adapted for this study. A questionnaire with 5-point likert scale was adopted from existing scholarly work to collect data from 364 customers of 5 food production companies placed in Pakistan. Collected data were analyzed with the help of SPSS and Smart PLS3 through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique.

Findings: Results show that brand admiration and customer advocacy behavior significantly mediate the relationship of perceived CSR and brand equity. Moreover, moderating role of brand attitude and customer loyalty was found positive and significant. This was the novelty of this research.

Implications/Originality/Value: This research will be helpful for food production companies in Pakistan to formulate strong customer-brand relationships in order to strengthen their brand equity by effectively positioning their CSR practices into the minds of consumers.