bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ASHS Working Groups — The Brave Experiment
Authors: Weiser C. J.
Published: September 2022

No one knows for sure just how Working Groups will function, what activities they may engage in, or whether they will change our Society for good or ill. Exciting isn’t it!
Response by Carrots to Nitrogen and Assessment of Nitrogen Status by Plant Analysis1
Authors: Hipp Billy W.
Published: September 2022

Under subtropical conditions yield response of carrots (Daucus carota L.) was obtained from Ν applications to 112 kg/ha with growth periods greater than 128 days. The adequate level of Ν in carrot tops was 2.8% and 4.0% dry weight when sampled 96 and 49 days after emergence, respectively.
Control of Citrus Stump Sprouts with Chemicals and Plastic Tarpaulin1
Authors: Boswell S. B. , Atkin D. R. , Hench K. W.
Published: September 2022

Herbicides, growth regulators, and polyethylene plastic tarpaulins were applied or covered 14-year-old ‘Frost Valencia’ sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] on Troyer Citrange [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. × Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] stumps to control sprouts. Ammonium sulfamate (Ammate X), 2,4-D Esteron Ten Ten, 2,4-D Lithate, ammonium ethyl carbamoylphosphonate (Krenite), and polyethylene plastic tarpaulin gave best results for controlling resprouting.
The Response of Strawberry Yields to Soil Fumigation and Nitrogen Fertilization1
Authors: Keefer R. F. , Hickman C. E. , Adams R. E.
Published: September 2022

Strawberry (Fragana × ananassa Duch. cv. Surecrop) plots fumigated with Vorlex (a mixture of methyl isothiocyanate and dichloropropanes-dichloropropenes) averaged 1148 kg per ha more berries than nonfumigated plots. Granular urea applied to the soil before planting was as effective in increasing fruit yield as an application split before planting and in August of the first growing year. Yield increased as the amount of Ν applied increased, but was not influenced by Ν source.
Control of Regrowth in Mechanically-hedged Apple Trees with NAA and Daminozide1
Authors: Lakso A. N. , Carpenter S. G.
Published: September 2022

Treatment of headed-back 1-year-old dormant shoots of ‘Monroe’, ‘McIntosh’ and ‘Wayne’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) with 1% naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) in latex paint was relatively ineffective and gave inconsistent results; however, treatment of mechanically hedged shoots on established trees gave statistically significant reductions in regrowth, by reducing bud break of dormant buds on older wood. Regrowth in ‘Monroe’ trees was reduced with daminozide primarily by reducing shoot length.
Chemical Thinning of Spur ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ with Sevin and Vydate1
Authors: Byers R. E.
Published: September 2022

The addition of a 70 second superior oil to Sevin (carbaryl; 1-naphthyl-N-methyl-carbamate) sprays enhanced the thinning effect on both spur ‘Golden Delicious’ and spur ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.). Vydate (oxamyl; methyl N’, N’-dimethyl-N [(methylcarbamoyl)oxy]-l-thiooxamimidate) gave excellent thinning of spur ‘Golden Delicious’ without phytotoxic symptoms but increased fruit lenticel russeting. The addition of another oil ICI 411 F (17% surfactants) or 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyn4,7 diol ethylene oxide adduct 65% by weight (Surfynol 465) to Sevin increased the thinning effect of Sevin on spur ‘Golden Delicious’. The Surfynol 465-Sevin combination also caused more russeting than most other Sevin combinations. The addition of Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP-K-30) and Sorbitol (Sorbo) did not alter the thinning effect of Sevin.
‘Kadesh’ Table Olive1
Authors: Lavee Shimon
Published: September 2022

The selection of olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars goes back to early biblical times. The main objectives were high oil content and regional adaptability. Subsequently, olive cultivars were selected also on a size basis for table consumption. In the last hundred years, form and size of green table olives became even more important than their oil content, but still, the minimum oil content was not lower than 7 to 8% oil of fresh wt for green ripe fruit. Selection for low-oil-content olives has not been attempted in the past. However, with diet consciousness and increased awareness of public health, the development of low-oil-content olive, particularly for dietetic use is of interest. This release describes a new olive named ‘Kadesh’ with extrem ely low oil content, yield stability, and relatively easy rooting (1).
Faculty Evaluation: Principles and Fundamentals
Authors: Newsom Walter B.
Published: September 2022

Faculty evaluation is an area that is of great interest to me. — I am interested because I am a faculty member, because I teach management and one of the jobs of any manager is to evaluate people, and primarily because I believe in excellence. Evaluations, done well, will enhance an individual’s desire to work toward excellence. Evaluations, done poorly, will likely be a strong deterrent to reaching excellence. The impact of the evaluation should not be underestimated.
Economic Value of a Home Vegetable Garden1
Authors: Utzinger James D. , Connolly Helen E.
Published: September 2022

A 13.9 m2(150 ft2) vegetable garden grown in Columbus, Ohio, in 1975 yielded 95.5 kg of produce or 6.85 kg per m2. The produce had a retail value of $90.45 or $6.50 per m2. The mean economic savings from all vegetables disregarding any labor and transportation expenses was $3.01 per m2 or $42 for the garden.
No Off-flavor Associated with Imidan-treated Blueberries1
Authors: True Ruth H. , Forsythe Howard Y. , Barden Elizabeth S.
Published: September 2022

Imidan (phosmet), N-(Mercaptomethyl) phthalimide S-(0-0-dimethyl-phosphorodithioate), has been registered by the EPA and tolerances have been established by the FDA for use on many crops. It has been found to be effective in the control of the blueberry maggot (Rhagoletis mendax Curran). This study was conducted in compliance with EPA regulations to determine if any off-flavors were associated with the application of the insecticide Imidan on lowbush blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait).
Response of Phony-infected Peach Trees to Gibberellic Acid1
Authors: French W. J. , Stassi D. L.
Published: September 2022

Peach trees (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) dwarfed by phony disease responded to 2 summer applications of 264 ppm gibberellic acid (GA) by breaking the disease-induced rest period and resuming nearly normal twig growth. No twig growth was produced on untreated trees and no significant growth occurred on phony trees treated with combinations of cytokinins, sodium isoascorbate, calcium nitrate, urea, or citric acid.
Consumer Evaluations of ‘McIntosh’ Apple Firmness1
Authors: Liu F. W. , King Mary M.
Published: September 2022

The firmness of 1,034 fruits of apple (Malus domestica Borkh cv. ‘McIntosh’) evaluated subjectively by 1,034 retail customers and objectively by an Effe-gi penetrometer were correlated (r = 0.402). Customers rated 76% of the apples with a pressure test value of 5.9 kg (13 lb.) as “crisp, neither too hard nor too soft.” As the pressure test value decreased linearly from 5.9 to 3.6 kg (13 to 8 lb.) the percentage of fruits rated as crisp decreased, but the percentage rated as too soft increased linearly. The proportion of fruits rated as too soft was 66% for those with a pressure test value of 3.6 kg (8 lbs.) and 92% for those with 3.2 kg (7 lbs.). Young people (20 to 35 years) showed a stronger preference than middle-aged people (36 to 59 years) for firm apples. Female consumers showed a stronger preference than male consumers for firm apples.
Internal Ethylene Content in Buds and Woody Tissues of Apple Trees1
Authors: Klein Joshua D. , Faust Miklos
Published: September 2022

A rapid sampling technique was developed to determine ethylene content of wood and buds of ‘Golden Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). The technique involves the use of a glass vial and 2 syringes per sample. One syringe was used to create a partial vacuum in a vial containing the sample tissue for a period of time, a second to remove a gas sample after the atmospheric pressure had returned to normal. On a n1/g basis, spur buds contained more ethylene than 1 or 2-year-old wood. Ethylene content of shoot bases remaining on the tree increased between 24 and 60 hours after pruning. Ethylene content of tissues sprayed with ethephon rose, then returned to normal after 9 days. The ethylene content of atmosphere in the Beltsville area fluctuated daily and should be considered in estimating absolute levels of ethylene generated by the tissue.
Root Hardiness of Container-grown Ornamentals1
Authors: Studer Elaine J. , Steponkus Peter L. , Good George L. , Wiest Steven C.
Published: September 2022

Root hardiness of numerous woody ornamentals was determined after artificial acclimation. In the species tested, the killing temperatures of young roots ranged from -3° to -11°C while that of mature roots ranged from -8° to -23°. The relative hardiness of young roots was not necessarily indicative of the relative hardiness of mature roots.
Induction of Fascicular Bud Development in Pinus sylvestris L.1
Authors: Kossuth S. V.
Published: September 2022

Multiple treatments with benzylaminopurine, kinetin, isopentenyladenine and cyclo-heximide, each at 3 concentrations were applied to Pinus sylvestris L. All chemicals reduced shoot extension and needle length. Benzylaminopurine (BA) 225 ppm induced 100% fascicular bud development. Removing new growth of multiple shoots from pruned stems of the previous year’s growth induced fascicular buds on the last growth flush. Continued treatment resulted in fascicular bud-break and shoot growth in August.
Photosynthetic Contribution of Cotyledons to Early Development of Cucumber1
Authors: Lasley Steven E. , Garber Melvin P.
Published: September 2022

The effect of age on CO2 exchange rates of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cotyledons was measured. A biphasic process was noted, with a period of relatively high exchange rates up to 17-18 days from planting, when the first true leaf was nearly fully expanded, followed by a decline in exchange rates thereafter. The relative contribution of cotyledons versus leaves to photosynthesis as a function of age was measured. At 16 days from planting, the cotyledons accounted for 80% of the total net CO2 exchange and slightly more than 50% of the total foliage area. Twenty-four days after planting, the cotyledons still accounted for about one-fourth of the total net CO2 exchange and 20% of the total foliage area. The use of cotyledons in chilling injury studies of cucumber is justified by both the large photosynthetic contribution of cotyledons to growth and development, and the presence of cotyledons during early growth when chilling is most likely to occur.
Inheritance of Seedling Bitterness in Cucumis melo L.1
Authors: Lee Chi Won , Janick Jules
Published: September 2022

In a survey of 49 cultivars of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.), 12 had bitter seedlings and 37 were non-bitter. Bitterness was shown to be controlled by a single dominant gene designated Bi/bi in crosses of bitter ‘Honey Dew’ and the non-bitter ‘Wheat City’ and ‘Queen of Colorado’.
‘Latah’ and ‘Shoshone’ Tomatoes1
Authors: Boe A. A. , Dunwell Winston C. , Bakken Thomas J.
Published: September 2022

‘Latah’ and ‘Shoshone’ tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), are 2 new cultivars of the “Sub-Arctic Type” (1). Both are “ultra-early” cultivars which ripen with the “Sub Arctics” and will produce ripe fruit in areas where standard “early” cultivars do not mature. “Ultra-early” cultivars are a new class of tomatoes which extend the range where tomatoes may be grown into short and cool growing season areas. Under warm conditions they are useful as a very early crop ripening 14—21 days before the standard “early” cultivars. ‘Latah’ is named for Latah County, Idaho, where it was selected. ‘Shoshone’ is named for an Indian tribe of Idaho.
Cryopreservation of Winter Vegetative Buds of Hardy Fruit Trees in Liquid Nitrogen1
Authors: Sakai A. , Nishiyama Y.
Published: September 2022

A study was designed to develop a routine method for long-term preservation of hardy fruit buds in liquid nitrogen. In hardy shoots of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) prefrozen at the temperatures ranging from −30 to −50°C, little or no injury was observed in the leaf buds and cortex after immersion in liquid nitrogen with subsequent slow rewarming at 0°C. When leaf buds from apple shoots immersed in liquid nitrogen for 2 hours after prefreezing to −40° were grafted on the two-year-old seedlings, most of the buds developed normally and continued their shoot growth. Recently, it was confirmed that apple leaf buds immersed in liquid nitrogen for 23 months still remained alive. This prefreezing method was successfully applied to leaf buds of other hardy fruit trees, such as gooseberry, currant, raspberry, and pear.
Effect of Ethephon on Ripening of ‘Delight’ Grapes1
Authors: Singh I. S. , Chundawat B. S.
Published: September 2022

A technique to induce early fruit maturation would permit staggering the harvest and provide an opportunity to avoid early fall rains which are common to grape growing regions with Mediterranean climates. Dipping trials with ethephon have resulted in advanced maturation in some cultivars of Vitis vinifera in Australia (2). The main effect observed was a decrease in total acidity. Weaver and Pool (4) observed that ethephon induced a significant increase in total soluble solids in ‘Carignane’ a wine cultivar but contrary results have also been reported (3). The present study was designed to determine the effect of ethephon on ‘Delight’, a table cultivar.
Influence of Maturity and Delay of Storage on Fruit Firmness and Disorders in ‘Spartan’ Apple1
Authors: Lidster P. D. , Porritt S. W.
Published: September 2022

A delay period of 2 to 6 days at 21°C prior to cold storage of ‘Spartan’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) was effective in reducing incidence of breakdown in fruit harvested at 3 maturities. The incidence of decay was higher in immature and overmature fruit than in fruit harvested at optimum maturity. The incidence of core browning was highest in immature fruit and was reduced by a 2 to 6 day delay. Delay in storing fruit was associated with slightly softer fruit at harvest or after 4 months storage, but had no effect on fruit firmness after 7 months storage.
Nutrient Concentrations of Pecan Leaves Associated with Deficiency Symptoms and Normal Growth1
Authors: Sparks Darrell
Published: September 2022

Pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wang) K. Koch] seed were germinated in perlite and treated with either a complete nutrient solution or a nutrient solution minus B, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, N, P, S, or Zn. Omitting any single nutrient suppressed seedling growth and induced deficiency symptoms for all nutrients except Fe, Mn, and Cu. Corresponding leaf concentration data associated with deficiency symptoms and normal growth agreed closely with proposed standards.
Dead Spur Disorder of ‘Delicious’ Apple Trees1
Authors: Ketchie D. O. , Covey R. P. , Klaren C. H.
Published: September 2022

“Dead spur” is a disorder which affects the spurs of ‘Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). The spurs die on 2-year-old and older sections of the tree. A survey of ‘Delicious’ sports showed Royal Red, Earlistripe and Sharp have a higher incidence of dead spur than the other sports. There was no relationship of the disorder to rootstock, but the interstock Ottawa 292 increased the severity of dead spur.
A Rapid Tissue Test for Diagnosing Iron Deficiencies in Vegetable Crops1
Authors: Bar-Akiva A. , Maynard D. N. , English J. E.
Published: September 2022

Peroxidase activity measured on leaf disks of vegetable plants is suggested as a rapid tissue test for diagnosing iron deficiency. The reaction is rapid, may be executed under field conditions and apparently corresponds with the metabolically active part of the iron in the leaf tissue.
Winter Survival of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Lines and Cultivars Grown with Flat Culture and Raised Beds1
Authors: Becwar M. R. , Baggett J. R.
Published: September 2022

The winter survival of 10 pea cultivars of differing cold hardiness was studied under ground-level culture and on raised beds in moist semi-maritime conditions (CorvaUis, Oregon) and in more severe continental conditions (Weston, Oregon). There was survival in 7 cultivars at CorvaUis and 6 at Weston. Planting on raised beds at Corvallis significantly increased survival. This effect was consistent for all cultivars having appreciable survival rates. At Weston, the mean survival was higher on ground level plantings, but cultivars, responded differently to cultural systems. Of the 6 surviving cultivars, only the 2 least hardy had significantly higher survival on ground level plantings.
Using the Heat and Carbon Dioxide from Turbine Exhaust Gases for the Production of Greenhouse Tomatoes1
Authors: Haukeness M. O. , Maginnes E. A. , Green G. H. , Brooks E. E.
Published: September 2022

Exhaust gases from a turbine fired with natural gas were used for heating and CO2 enrichment in a double-layered, polyethylene-covered greenhouse. The exhaust gases were passed between the inner and outer layers of the greenhouse covering. The warm inner layer supplied the heating requirements and acted as a selectively permeable membrane (patent pending). This resulted in greenhouse CO2 levels from 1200 to 3000 ppm, but kept the NO2 found in the exhaust gas below toxic levels. This system resulted in significantly greater yields of marketable tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) as well as substantially reduced heating costs.
The Risk-Benefit Approach to Food
Authors: Badenhop A. F.
Published: September 2022

Human life from its beginning has included risk-benefit analysis. Simply stated, it means that, in any activity, risk is compared to perceived benefits. This assessment may be evaluated methodically but is often subconscious.
Screening for Resistance to Fruit Rot in Strawberries and Red Raspberries: A Review1
Authors: Maas J. L.
Published: September 2022

Fruit rots are probably the most important diseases of small fruit crops. Current statistics are not available for all small fruit crops, however, losses of strawberry fruit to pre- and postharvest fruit rots may conservatively be in the millions of dollars annually to growers, processors, and retailers. Losses from fruit rots vary from year to year and from locality to locality according to weather conditions prevailing during harvest. During wet weather, 30-50% or more of a strawberry crop may be lost to Botrytis rot, even with liberal use of fungicides. This, coupled with an increasing concern with development of fungicide-resistant strains of rot-causing organisms, particularly Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr., and the development of mechanical harvesting methods have intensified the need to identify small fruit germplasm sources for fruit rot resistance.
An Approach to Publishing Full Color Extension Bulletins1
Authors: Skroch Walter A. , Maynard Deekens A.
Published: September 2022

A publication containing 32 pages with over 240 full colored plates was developed by the North Carolina State University Weed Science Faculty over a period of 3 years. The group was convinced that there was a strong need for this type publication in North Carolina but needed only 2,500 copies. To publish a bulletin of this caliber for our state alone would cost about $13,000 or over $5 per copy.
Boron Deficiency and Toxicity Symptoms in Ficus elastica ‘Decora’ and Chrysalidocarpus lutescens1
Authors: Marlatt R. B.
Published: September 2022

Boron deficiency symptoms of hydroponically-grown Ficus elastica Roxb. ‘Decora’ included plant stunting, deformation of immature leaves and necrosis of terminal bud. Excessive boron caused the undersides of mature leaves to have brown, circular lesions with chlorotic halos, starting at leaf margins. Affected leaves abscised prematurely. Boron deficiency symptoms of hydroponically-grown Chrysalidocarpus lutescens Wendl. included stunted growth, chlorotic mottling and streaking of leaflets and eventual death of immature leaves and terminal bud. Inflorescences bore necrotic fruits and died prematurely. Toxicity symptoms included leaflet mottle chlorosis and premature death and tip-bum of all leaves.
Carotenoid Flower Pigments in Rhododendron1
Authors: Santamour Frank S. , Dumuth Polly
Published: September 2022

The major carotenoid pigments in the yellow flower petals (corollas) of Rhododendron species and cultivars were β-carotene, prolycopene, α-carotene-5,6-epoxide, lutein, andluetin-5, 6-epoxide. Lycopene was a major constituent in only one hybrid of dubious parentage. Several undetermined xanthophylls were present in trace amounts. Rhododendrons whose petals contained the flavonol gossypetin 6-galactoside also contained carotenoid pigments. Yellow-flowered deciduous azaleas contained a greater number of trace xanthophylls, but otherwise there were no significant differences in major carotenoids between various groups in the genus.
Apple Leaf Photosynthesis in Alternating Light1
Authors: Lakso Alan N. , Barnes Johnette E.
Published: September 2022

Photosynthetic rates of mature leaves of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) from field shoots were measured under high, low, and alternating light conditions (0.5 seconds at each level) in the laboratory. Photosynthetic rates in alternating light were consistently 85% of those recorded under continuous high light. Photosynthetic efficiency was substantially increased under alternating light conditions.
Pyracantha ‘Navaho’ and ‘Teton’1
Authors: Egolf Donald R.
Published: September 2022

Pyracantha, commonly known as firethorn, is a major nursery container produced plant that is extensively grown in the landscape for the spectacular fruit display. The U.S. National Arboretum Pyracantha research objectives of hardiness, evergreen foliage, compact growth habit, persistent and brilliantly colored fruit, and, foremost, disease resistance, have been achieved in the production of superior cultivars. The previously introduced, ‘Shawnee’ (1) and ‘Mohave’ (2), have become established commercially. ‘Navaho’ and ‘Teton’ are 2 distinctly different cultivars that further extend the adaptability of Pyracantha for production and landscape use.
‘Spartan’ Highbush Blueberry1
Authors: Draper A. D. , Nelson John W.
Published: September 2022

‘Spartan’ highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corybosum L.) is a new cultivar resulting from the cooperative efforts of Michigan grower Arthur Elliott, the Michigan Blueberry Grower’s Association, and the Science and Education Administration, of USDA.
Genetic Regulation of Tomato Fruit Ripening1
Authors: Tigchelaar E. C. , McGlasson W. B. , Buescher R. W.
Published: September 2022

Ripening is a dramatic event in the development of many fleshy fruits. Tomato ripening involves a number of chemical and physical changes which convert the fruit from a relatively inedible state to one of optimal quality (2, 19). These changes appear to be highly synchronized, as evidenced by the fact that respiratory patterns, rate of ethylene production, carotene development, and flavor and textural changes normally associated with the ripening process, occur in close succession during the relatively short period in which the fruit ripens (2, 22). The association of these changes with seed maturation supports the popular view that ripening is of adaptive significance in seed dispersal by rendering fruit attractive to animals responsible for dispersal.
Productivity and Mechanization of the Tatura Trellis Orchard1
Authors: Chalmers David , Ende Bas van den , Heek Leo van
Published: September 2022

High yield and low cost of production are the important ingredients of profitable fruit growing. The Tatura Trellis aims to optimize yield by using orchard design and management principles that are based on understanding and overcoming the plant physiological shortcomings of existing orchards. It aims to reduce the cost of production by eliminating labor in the simplest and therefore the cheapest way.
Effect of Daminozide on Nutrient Accumulation in ‘Mcintosh’ Apple Fruits1
Authors: Himelrick David G. , Pollard James E.
Published: September 2022

Succinic acid-2,2-dimethyl hydrozide (daminozide) treatment reduced both N concentration (dry wt basis) and content (mg/fruit) of ‘Mcintosh’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) early in the growing season. Ca concentration was higher in treated fruits at the beginning and end of the growing season but, due to fruit wt reduction by daminozide, Ca content per fruit was not significantly different. Daminozide did not influence either concentration or content of P, K, Mg, Fe, Mn, or Zn. Concentrations of all elements examined decreased during the growing season while total content per fruit increased.
High Humidity Storage of Vegetables and Fruits1
Authors: van den Berg L. , Lentz C. P.
Published: September 2022

This paper reviews some of our work over the last 25 years in the area of vegetable and fruit storage at very high relative humidity (RH) levels. During this time, recommended levels of RH for the storage of most fruits and vegetables have increased (2). This has occurred, partly as a result of the work reviewed here and partly because recent developments in design and construction of storages (3-6,13,16) and in the use of plastic packaging have resulted in higher humidities being maintained for many stored commodities without adverse effects (2). The recommended levels are mostly, however, still below saturation (100% RH) (15). One of the reasons for this is the widely held conviction that such high levels of RH encourage and accelerate decay. The work reviewed here shows that this conviction is not valid for many vegetables and for apples.
Germination of Spathiphyllum and Vriesea Pollen after Storage at Different Temperatures and Relative Humidities1
Authors: Henny R. J.
Published: September 2022

Pollen of Spathiphyllum floribundum (Linden & Andre) N. E. Br. ‘Mauna Loa’ and Vriesea malzinei E. Morr. was stored at 7° and 23°C at relative humidities of 10, 35, 65 and 90%. Optimum pollen germination of both species occurred after storage at 7°C and 65% relative humidity. Germination decreased rapidly at 23°C regardless of relative humidity.
Oregon T5-4 Parthenocarpic Tomato Line1
Authors: Baggett J. R. , Frazier W. A.
Published: September 2022

Oregon T5-4 is a tomato breeding line with a strong tendency for early parthenocarpic fruit set under cool conditions. Extreme earliness in T5-4 is associated with early flowering, the ability to set seedless fruit under low temperature, and possibly with fast ripening of seedless fruit. Although the line lacks uniformity and crack resistance, and has poor color, it has good flavor and could be used in home gardens in areas with a climate similar to that of western Oregon. The principal value of T5-4, however, should be in breeding small to medium-sized tomatoes for cool northern and coastal areas.
Deriyation of the Binomial Fragaria ⨯ ananassa for the Cultivated Strawberry1
Authors: Otterbacher A. G. , Skirvin R. M.
Published: September 2022

Although strawberry species have existed for an estimated 50 million years (17), and their use by man has been dated to the bronze age (19), only after the 14th century A.D. were strawberry plants gathered from the wild and grown in gardens. These first cultivated strawberry plants were grown for both ornamental and medicinal purposes (11). The strawberries of the past were different from those of today. The fruit was small, plants were not productive, and in many respects were far inferior to the large fruited cultivars that are now grown in many parts of the world.
Environmentally Induced Responses of Apple Tree Photosynthesis1
Authors: Lakso Alan N. , Seeley Earl J.
Published: September 2022

Although upper limitations on photosynthesis by apple trees are imposed by the structure and biochemistry of the leaf, an apple tree has a considerable potential for the fixation of carbon. Within these limits it is important to determine factors that prevent attainment of the tree’s full biological productivity. This review describes our present knowledge of some of these factors, both environmental and internal, that determine the actual biological productivity of the apple tree.
Microfiche Speeds Access to Horticultural Information
Authors: Whiting William
Published: September 2022

An innovative color microfiche program is providing a way for horticultural scientists to produce multiple copies of reference materials easily and at about 8% of normal costs.
Extension Telelecture Landscape Design Shortcourse Programming
Authors: Mitchell Paul J.
Published: September 2022

Telelecture programming was attempted to better manage time and travel expenditures. Since January, 1974. I have delivered almost all multi-session programs via telelecture.
In Vitro Propagation of Anigozanthos manglesii, Anigozanthos flavidus, and Macropidia fuliginosa1
Authors: Ellyard R. K.
Published: September 2022

Rapid in vitro propagation of Anigozanthos manglesii D. Don. was achieved through the initiation and proliferation of shoots from lateral bud explants using a modified Murashige and Skoog medium, or Gamborg, Miller and Ojima B5 medium, supplemented with 0.5 ppm benzylaminopurine (BA) and 0.5 ppm naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Continued proliferation was obtained by sub-culture either on the same media or media containing 0.25 ppm BA plus 0.25 ppm NAA. Rapid rooting of shoots occured following transfer to a half strength B5 medium containing 0.2 ppm NAA. Plantlets were successfully transplanted onto a University of California (UC) potting mix under mist and reduced light intensity. The method has also been successfully employed with Anigozanthos flavidus Redoute and with Macropidia fulginosa (Hook.) Druce.
Artificial Induction of Bulbils in Lilium Species1
Authors: Iizuka M. , Takeuchi K. , Watanabe J. , Bo Sein-Hla
Published: September 2022

6-Benzyladenosine (6-BAR), 6-benzylamino-9-2-methylpurine (6-BMA) and 6 benzylamino-9-2-ethylpurine (6-BEA) applied to stems induced or promoted bulbil formation and development in Lilium species. The total number and weight of bulbils varied according to amount of cytokinin absorbed.
Use of Sealed Polyethylene Packages for Marketing Potted Plants1
Authors: Harbaugh B. K. , Wilfret G. J. , Marousky F. J.
Published: September 2022

A simulated marketing system was designed to test the effect of light intensity and duration of packaging (conditions similar to those of warehousing, transportation, and retail marketing) on packaged and unpackaged potted ornamental plants. No significant differences were recorded in quality between plants held at 525 and 1600 lux when stored in packages for 14 or 28 days. Six days of darkness did not reduce the time plants could be kept in packages. Packaging duration and plant species were the chief factors affecting the marketability of the plants; the various simulated market conditions had only minor effects. Packaged Pilea cadierei Gagnep. & Guillaum, Philodendron cordatum (Veil.) Kunth, Fittonia verschaffeltii (Lem.) Coem. var. argyroneura (Coem.) Nichols, and Plectranthus australis R. Br. were marketable for 60 days, Gynura aurantiaca (Blume) DC. for 30 days, and Catharanthus roseus L. for 18 days. Plants in sealed packages did not require watering.
Chilling Requirements of Three Pecan Cultivars1
Authors: McEachern G. R. , Wolstenholme B. N. , Storey J. B.
Published: September 2022

Chilling requirements for 3 pecan cultivars are reported for the first time. Stem cuttings with 4 buds of ‘Desirable’, ‘Mahan’, and ‘Stuart’ pecan (Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch) were forced in a greenhouse after each 100 hours of field chilling below 7.2°C during the 1969-70, 1970-71 and 1971-72 dormant seasons and bud break measured 21 days later. A chilling requirement of 500 hours was determined for ‘Desirable’ and ‘Mahan’, and 600 hours for Stuart.
Anatomical Aspects of Chilling Injury to Leaves of Phalaenopsis Bl.1
Authors: McConnell D. B. , Sheehan T. J.
Published: September 2022

Phalaenopsis species often exhibit light green spots and/or pitting of the upper leaf surface during winter and spring. Results of this study indicate spotting and pitting can be induced by exposure to temperatures of 2°, 4°, and 7°C for 8 hours or less. The spots and/or pitted areas were always found between large vascular bundles. Light green or yellow spots on the leaves were caused by hypertrophied mesophyll cells between the main vascular bundles. Anatomical observations revealed the pitting was due to collapsed mesophyll cells. Severity of response depended on physiological age of the leaf and duration of exposure to the chilling temperature.
‘September Gem’ Holly1
Authors: Eisenbeiss Gene K.
Published: September 2022

Ilex [ciliospinosa ⨯ (✗ aquipernyi)] ‘September Gem’ is a slow growing, fine textured broadleaved evergreen shrub with showy red fruit. It has a compact, broadly conical habitat that is especially useful for small properties or in limited areas for landscaping. This plant was developed as part of the Ilex hybridization program at the U.S. National Arboretum aimed at producing new and superior landscape plants (1).
The Modified Friedman Test — A Simple Alternative to the F-test for the Randomized Complete-block Design1
Authors: Evert Dean R. , Howell G. S.
Published: September 2022

Horticulturalists frequently use the analysis of variance (F-test) to determine treatment differences. Many simple non-parametric tests, which require fewer assumptions, are also available. This note presents an example of the modified Friedman test as an alternative analysis for ranked data from a randomized complete-block design.
Peroxidases in Dwarf and Determinate Cucumbers1
Authors: Miller Gregory A. , George William L.
Published: September 2022

Variation in peroxidases due to age and locus in the plant greatly exceeded variation due to growth habit genotype in cucumber (Cucumis sativusL.).
Genetics of Heat Tolerance in Heading Chinese Cabbage1
Authors: Opena R. T. , Lo S. H.
Published: September 2022

F2 and backcross segregation for heat tolerant × heat sensitive crosses in Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. Group Pekinensis) indicated that heat tolerance was controlled by a single recessive gene.
Meadow Vole Control Using Anticoagulant Baits1
Authors: Byers R. E.
Published: September 2022

Commercially prepared pelletized baits of 3-[3-(4‘bromo[1,1-biphenyl]-4-y1-1, 2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenyl-4-hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one (Brodifacoum, BFC, ICI 581, Talon), 2-[(p-chlorophenyl)phenylacetyl]-1,3-indandione (Chlorophacinone, CPN, Rozol), and 2-diphenylacetyl-1,3-indandione (Diphacinone, DPN, Ramik-Brown) resulted in 93%, 86%, and 74% control, respectively, of meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus, when broadcast in 2 late fall applications at a 21 day interval. A single hand placed treatment of these baits performed as well or better than the 2 broadcast treatments.
Fruit Concentrations of Amino Acids in Several Strawberry Cultivars in Relation to the Time of Harvest1
Authors: Gallander J. F.
Published: September 2022

Fully mature fruit from 4 cultivars of strawberry (Fragaria × ananasso Duch.) were examined for free amino acids at 3 harvest times. Aspartic acid, asparagine, glutamic acid, and glutamine accounted for 79 to 87% of the total free amino acids in these cultivars. Asparagine, the most prominent amino acid, decreased from early- to late-harvest.
Effects of Glyphosate on Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.)1
Authors: Hodges Laurie , Talbert R. E. , Moore J. N.
Published: September 2022

Five-year-old ‘Collins’ highbush blueberries were treated in August with glyphosate (N-phosphonomethyl glycine) at 0.36, 3.6 and 7.2 g/liter acid equivalent as a spot treatment alone or with pruning or applying paraquat (1, 1-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion) at 1.2 g/liter to remove green tissue prior to glyphosate application. Initial response was terminal dieback of young canes. Symptoms the following spring included additional terminal dieback, leaf and cane morphological aberrations, and elongation of the flower corolla. One year after treatment, regrowth was normal. There was no effect on blueberry yield the season following treatment.
Susceptibility of 25 Citrus Rootstocks to the Citrus Nematode1
Authors: McCarty C. D. , Bitters W. P. , Van Gundy S. D.
Published: September 2022

No significant difference in root or top weight of 25 citrus rootstock seedlings grown in the greenhouse for 15 months was attributable to infestation of the citrus nematode, Tylenchulus semipenetrans (Cobb). Many nematodes were found on the roots of most of the cultivars tested regardless of nematode biotype, with the exception of trifoliate orange and some hybrids where one parent was trifoliate orange.
Effect of Inductive Photoperiodic Cycles on Flowering of Kalanchoe Cultivars1
Authors: Carlson William H. , Turner Carole A. , Schnabel Jack
Published: September 2022

‘Gelbe Melody’, ‘Mace’, ‘Red Mace’, ‘Rotkappchen’, ‘Sirius’, and ‘Solferinopurpur’ (Kalanchoe × spp.) required a minimum of 14 inductive photoperiodic cycles for normal flowering; ‘Feuerwerk II’, ‘Jupiter’, and ‘Roterpfeffer’ required 21; ‘Feuerball’, ‘Feuerzauber’, ‘Granta’, and ‘Korali’ required 28; and ‘Cherie’ required 35.
‘Shasta’ Viburnum1
Authors: Egolf Donald R.
Published: September 2022

Doublefile viburnum, the common name of Viburnum plicatum Thunb. f. tomentosum (Thunb.) Rend., is derived from the unique arrangement of the parallel, flat-topped inflorescences along the length of the horizontal branches. A plant in flower rivals that of flowering dogwood, Cornus florida L. Heretofore, chance seedlings have been selected and designated as cultivars, the most commonly cultivated being ‘Mariesii’, ‘Lanarth’, ‘Rowallane’, and ‘Roseum’. ‘Shasta’, a new cultivar introduction, is the first V. plicatum f. tomentosum cultivar to result from a breeding program, and the twelfth Viburnum introduction by the U. S. National Arboretum (1, 2, 3).
‘Vivagold’ Apricot1
Authors: Bradt O. A. , Andersen E. T.
Published: September 2022

‘Vivagold’ is an attractive, medium-sized apricot (Prunus arnieniaca L.) ripening a week after ‘Veecot’. It is moderately resistant to brown rot (Monilinia fructicola (Wint.) Honey). It has shown some bacterial spot (Xanthomonas pruni (E. F. Smith) Dowson) occasionally but not so severe as has ‘Veecot’. It was introduced in 1978 to extend the season of attractive good quality apricots.
The Unique Response of the Pistachio Tree to Inadequate Winter Chilling1
Authors: Crane Julian C. , Takeda Fumiomi
Published: September 2022

‘Kerman’ pistachio trees produced incompletely developed leaflets and leaves with a reduced number of leaflets following the mildest winter in 48 years in California. Nuts were produced both laterally and terminally on current season’s shoots in addition to their normal production laterally on 1-year-old wood.
The Effect of Temperature on the Activity of Oil + Dinitro-o-cresol Sprays to Break the Rest of Apple Buds1
Authors: Erez Amnon
Published: September 2022

Promotion of leaf bud break in ‘Golden Delicious’ apple by a mineral oil and dinitro-o-cresol (DNOC) combination spray depended on day-time temperature. Higher temperatures during the first 2 weeks after spraying increased the level of bud break. The highest temperature tested, 30°C, most effectively promoted lateral bud break.
Solar Energy and Greenhouse Heating1
Authors: Baird C. D. , Waters W. E.
Published: September 2022

The rising competition for energy and the accompanying increase in greenhouse heating costs have stimulated considerable interest in alternate energy sources for greenhouses.
Reduction of Glycoalkaloid Synthesis in Potato Slices by Water Soaking1
Authors: Mondy Nell I. , Chandra Subhash
Published: September 2022

Water soaking of cortex tissue of ‘Katahdin’ and ‘Kennebec’ potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) decreased glycoalkaloid synthesis. Light exposure and increased storage time and higher temperatures increased the rate of synthesis of glycoalkaloids in potato tissue soaked in water.
Low-cost Carbon Dioxide Analyzer for Greenhouses1
Authors: Kimball B. A. , Mitchell S. T.
Published: September 2022

A conductimetric CO2 analyzer was designed, built, and tested. The principle of operation is based on measuring the increase in electrical conductivity of recirculated, deionized water when a sample air stream is bubbled through the water. An improvement over previous models was the addition of temperature compensation so the instrument could be used in greenhouses to reliably measure CO2 concentration in the 0-3000 ppm range at 1/9th the cost of an infrared CO2 analyzer.
Classification of C3 and C4 Turfgrass Species Based on CO2 Compensation Concentration and Leaf Anatomy1
Authors: Krans J. V. , Beard J. B. , Wilkinson J. F.
Published: September 2022

Leaf anatomy and CO2 compensation concentration (Γ) were used to determine the carbon fixation pathway for 10 cool season and 5 warm season turfgrass species. Turfgrasses of the subfamily Festucoideae were representative of C3 plants. Turfgrass species of the subfamily Panicoideae and Eragrostoidea were representative of C4 plants. Turfgrasses classified traditionally as cool season or warm season species correlated with C3 and C4 plant types, respectively. Both techniques of C3 and C4 classification proved equally reliable in this study, however, the utilization of Kranz leaf anatomy required less preparation.
‘Harland’ Peach1
Authors: Layne Richard E. C.
Published: September 2022

‘Harland’ is an attractive, highly colored, yellow-fleshed peach, (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch), suitable for the early fresh market that matures with ‘Harbinger’ about 1 month before ‘Red-haven’. ‘Harland’ performed well in New Zealand and is introduced at the request of New Zealand pomologists and fruit growers but is not recommended for culture in Ontario because performance has been inferior to that of ‘Harbinger’. The name ‘Harland’ was chosen to denote Harrow as its place of origin and New Zealand as the intended country for its culture.
‘Carefree Beauty’ (Bucbi) Rose1
Authors: Buck Griffith J.
Published: September 2022

The major objective of rose breeders since the introduction into Europe in 1752 of the first of the everblooming clones of the Rosa gigantea-R. chinensis complex has been the development of everblooming roses capable of surviving the coldest winters without protection. To further this goal, various rose species indigenous to the colder areas of the northern hemisphere have been combined with the everblooming clones. The current classes of garden roses are the product of this endeavor.
Ethylene-induced Floret Sleepiness in Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln.1
Authors: Marousky F. J. , Harbaugh B. K.
Published: September 2022

Flowering Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln, exposed to various concentrations of ethylene (0-1 μl/liter of air) at 23.5°C for 2 and 3 days were injured at levels of ethylene greater than 0.5 μl/liter of air for 2 or more days. Ethylene induced leaf abscission and chlorosis, and closed open florets (sleepiness). Sleepy florets failed to re-open. Bud florets were not as severely injured by ethylene as open florets. Bud florets opened when removed from an ethylene environment but their opening was delayed. Florets on plants exposed to 2.5 μ1 ethylene/liter air for 3 days at 6°C were slightly injured. At 2.5 μl ethylene/liter air, severity of injury increased as temperature increased.
Comparative Study of Leaf Water Potential, Diffusion Resistance, and Transpiration of Azalea Cultivars Subjected to Water Stress1
Authors: Ceulemans R. , Impens I. , Gabriels R.
Published: September 2022

Leaf water potential, leaf water vapour diffusion resistance and transpiration of azalea (Rhododendron simsii Planch, sp. cvs. Hellmut Vogel and Reinhold Ambrosius) were measured over a 7-day drying period. Both cultivars had an effective and active regulation of their water balance. Recovery after severe water stress was rapid. Differences in water regulation with regard to stomatal dimensions and densities were found in both cultivars. Difference in behaviour to water stress was greatly dependent on root/shoot ratio.
Hydrophobic Chromatography of Peach Fruit Polyphenol Oxidase1
Authors: Jen Joseph J. , Flurkey William H.
Published: September 2022

Polyphenol oxidase of peach (prunus persica (L.) Batsch) was reversibly bound to and eluted from phenyl-sepharose CL-4B, a hydrophobic resin. Purification of the enzyme was considerable. Hydrophobic chromatography resulted in purification, removal of inhibitory substances, cocentration, and separation of the polyphenol oxidase in isoenzyme forms in a Single step.
Temperature and Moisture Effects on Wood Injury of Cold-stressed ‘Siberian C and ‘Redhaven’ Peaches1
Authors: Cain D. W. , Andersen R. L.
Published: September 2022

High temperature prior to controlled freezing increased inner bark and xylem injury in twigs of both ‘Siberian C’ and ‘Redhaven’ peaches (Prunus persica (L) Batsch). ‘Siberian C had a lower natural moisture content than ‘Redhaven’. Artificially increasing moisture content did not affect xylem injury, but increased inner bark injury. Significant temperature by cultivar and moisture by cultivar interactions were found with inner bark. We concluded that the superior hardiness of ‘Siberian C’ was not due solely to its lower moisture content.
Persistence of NAA-induced Growth Inhibition in Sweet Orange Seedlings1
Authors: Nauer E. M. , Boswell S. B. , Holmes R. C.
Published: September 2022

Spray applications of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at concentrations of 0.25 to 1.5% delayed bud break of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) seedlings for up to 177 days. Untreated buds on the same plants exhibited delayed growth initiation of up to 150 days due to translocated NAA. Length of time of bud break inhibition was dependent on NAA concentration, and the Na salt of NAA produced a more pronounced inhibitory effect than the ethyl ester formulation.
Separation of Citrus Seed from Fruit Pulp for Rootstock Propagation Using a Pectolytic Enzyme1
Authors: Barmore C. R. , Castle W. S.
Published: September 2022

A pectolytic enzyme facilitates the large-scale separation of citrus seed, used for rootstock propagation, from a seed-pulp mixture. The enzyme degrades the pulp via pectin breakdown that allows the seed to be collected by sieving. Seed from all citrus rootstock cultivars tested could be separated by this technique with no detrimental effect on germination.
Pericarp Thickness of Ripened Tomato Fruit Related to Maturity at Harvest1
Authors: Hall C. B. , Augustine J. J. , Lazarte J. E.
Published: September 2022

The outer pericarp thickness of fruit of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) ripened off the vine depended upon the maturity of the fruit when harvested. Immature fruit has thinner outer pericarps than fully mature green fruit. Similar results were obtained with 4 cultivars and 3 fruit sizes. The pericarp thickness did not change during a 6-day ripening period for any maturity. There was no difference in number of cells in the outer pericarp due to maturity or fruit size.
‘Jonafree’ Apple1
Authors: Dayton D. F. , Mowry J. B. , Williams E. B. , Janick Jules , Emerson F. H. , Hough L. F. , Bailey Catherine
Published: September 2022

‘Jonafree’ is an attractive red apple (Malm domestia Borkh) with field immunity to apple scab incited by Venturia inaequalis (Cke) Wint. The fruit is of medium size and matures with ‘Jonathan’. It is released as a potential commercial cultivar with strong resemblance to ‘Jonathan’ in many major horticultural characters in addition to its similar maturity date.
Physiological Bases for Resistance to Chilling1
Authors: Christiansen M. N.
Published: September 2022

A great amount of effort has been expended over the past century to develop knowledge about the effects of chilling and other stresses on growing plants and stored plant products. At present, considerable basic information exists concerning the physiological responses of living things to heat, cold, drought, mineral, and other stresses. The genetic diversity of responses to stresses can and has been demonstrated with basic physiological criteria, but only to a limited degree.