bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology, outcomes, and the use of intensive care unit resources of critically ill patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in Sao Paulo, Brazil: A cohort study
Authors: Socolovithc Rachel Lane , Fumis Renata Rego Lins , Tomazini Bruno Martins , Pastore Laerte , Galas Filomena Regina Barbosa Gomes , de Azevedo Luciano Cesar Pontes , Costa Eduardo Leite Vieira
Published: December 2020

Background

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has brought significant challenges worldwide, with high mortality, increased use of hospital resources, and the collapse of healthcare systems. We aimed to describe the clinical outcomes of critically ill COVID-19 patients and assess the impact on the use of hospital resources and compare with critically ill medical patients without COVID-19.

Methods and findings

In this retrospective cohort study, we included patients diagnosed with COVID-19 admitted to a private ICU in Sao Paulo, Brazil from March to June 2020. We compared these patients with those admitted to the unit in the same period of the previous year. A total of 212 consecutive patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 were compared with 185 medical patients from the previous year. Patients with COVID-19 were more frequently males (76% vs. 56%, p<0.001) and morbidly obese (7.5% vs. 2.2%, p = 0.027), and had lower SAPS 3 (49.65 (12.19) vs. 55.63 (11.94), p<0.001) and SOFA scores (3.78 (3.53) vs. 4.48 (3.11), p = 0.039). COVID-19 patients had a longer ICU stay (median of 7 vs. 3 days, p<0.001), longer duration of mechanical ventilation (median of 9 vs. 4 days, p = 0.003), and more frequent tracheostomies (10.8 vs. 1.1%, p<0.001). Survival rates until 28 days were not statistically different (91% vs. 85.4%, p = 0.111). After multivariable adjustment for age, gender, SAPS 3, and Charlson Comorbidity Index, COVID-19 remained not associated with survival at 28 days (HR 0.59, 95% CI 0.33–1.06, p = 0.076). Among patients who underwent invasive mechanical ventilation, the observed mortality at 28-days was 16.2% in COVID-19 patients compared to 34.6% in the previous year.

Conclusions

COVID-19 required more hospital resources, including invasive and non-invasive ventilation, had a longer duration of mechanical ventilation, and a more prolonged ICU and hospital length of stay. There was no difference in all-cause mortality at 28 and 60 days, suggesting that health systems preparedness be an important determinant of clinical outcomes.
The disease burden of multimorbidity and its interaction with educational level
Authors: Chen Yi Hsuan , Karimi Milad , Rutten-van Mölken Maureen P. M. H.
Published: December 2020

Introduction

Policies to adequately respond to the rise in multimorbidity have top-priority. To understand the actual burden of multimorbidity, this study aimed to: 1) estimate the trend in prevalence of multimorbidity in the Netherlands, 2) study the association between multimorbidity and physical and mental health outcomes and healthcare cost, and 3) investigate how the association between multimorbidity and health outcomes interacts with socio-economic status (SES).

Methods

Prevalence estimates were obtained from a nationally representative pharmacy database over 2007–2016. Impact on costs was estimated in a fixed effect regression model on claims data over 2009–2015. Data on physical and mental health and SES were obtained from the National Health Survey in 2017, in which the Katz-10 was used to measure limitations in activities of daily living (ADL) and the Mental Health Inventory (MHI) to measure mental health. SES was approximated by the level of education. Generalized linear models (2-part models for ADL) were used to analyze the health data. In all models an indicator variable for the presence or absence of multimorbidity was included or a categorical variable for the number of chronic conditions. Interactions terms of multimorbidity and educational level were added into the previously mentioned models.

Results

Over the past ten years, there was an increase of 1.6%-point in the percentage of people with multimorbidity. The percentage of people with three or more conditions increased with +2.1%-point. People with multimorbidity had considerably worse physical and mental health outcomes than people without multimorbidity. For the ADL, the impact of multimorbidity was three times greater in the lowest educational level than in the highest educational level. For the MHI, the impact of multimorbidity was two times greater in the lowest than in the highest educational level. Each additional chronic condition was associated with a greater worsening in health outcomes. Similarly, for costs, where there was no evidence of a diminishing impact of additional conditions either. In patients with multimorbidity total healthcare costs were on average €874 higher than in patients with a single morbidity.

Conclusion

The impact of multimorbidity on health and costs seems to be greater in the sicker and lower educated population.
Polish is quantitatively different on quartzite flakes used on different worked materials
Authors: Pedergnana Antonella , Calandra Ivan , Evans Adrian A. , Bob Konstantin , Hildebrandt Andreas , Ollé Andreu
Published: December 2020

Metrology has been successfully used in the last decade to quantify use-wear on stone tools. Such techniques have been mostly applied to fine-grained rocks (chert), while studies on coarse-grained raw materials have been relatively infrequent. In this study, confocal microscopy was employed to investigate polished surfaces on a coarse-grained lithology, quartzite. Wear originating from contact with five different worked materials were classified in a data-driven approach using machine learning. Two different classifiers, a decision tree and a support-vector machine, were used to assign the different textures to a worked material based on a selected number of parameters (Mean density of furrows,Mean depth of furrows,Core material volume-Vmc). The method proved successful, presenting high scores for bone and hide (100%). The obtained classification rates are satisfactory for the other worked materials, with the only exception of cane, which shows overlaps with other materials. Although the results presented here are preliminary, they can be used to develop future studies on quartzite including enlarged sample sizes.
Comparison of the double loop knot stitch and Kessler stitch for Achilles tendon repair: A biomechanical cadaver study
Authors: Frosch Stephan , Buchhorn Gottfried , Hawellek Thelonius , Walde Tim Alexander , Lehmann Wolfgang , Hubert Jan
Published: December 2020

Tendon elongation after Achilles tendon (AT) repair is associated with the clinical outcome. Reliable suture techniques are essential to reduce gap formations and to allow early mobilization. Cyclic loading conditions represent the repetitive loading in rehabilitation. The aim of this study was to compare the Kessler stitch and double loop knot stitch (DLKS) in a cyclic loading program focussing on gap formation. Sixteen human cadaveric ATs were transected and sutured using either the Kessler stitch or DLKS (eight matched pairs). The suture-tendon configurations were subjected to cyclic loading and additional ultimate load to failure testing using the Zwick 1446 universal testing machine. Each AT survived cyclic loading, with a mean gap formation less than 5 mm after 1000 cycles. The mechanical properties of the Kessler stitch and DLKS were not significantly different after cyclic loading with a mean displacement of 4.57 mm (± 1.16) for the Kessler stitch and 4.85 mm (± 1.14) for the DLKS (P = .76). There were no significant differences in the ultimate load testing (P = .85). Both bioprotective techniques prevent excessive gaping in cyclic testing when tendon loading is moderate. Our data and those from literature of gap formation in cyclic and ultimate loading allow the conclusion, that early aggressive AT loading after repair (e.g. full weightbearing) overstrain simple as well as complex suture configurations. Initial intraoperative tightening of the knots (preloading) before locking is important to decrease postoperative elongation.
Efficacy of ibuprofen in musculoskeletal post-traumatic pain in children: A systematic review
Authors: Parri Niccolò , Lazzeri Simone
Published: December 2020

Musculoskeletal (MSK) injuries are one of the most frequent reason for pain-related evaluation in the emergency department (ED) in children. There is still no consensus as to what constitutes the best analgesic for MSK pain in children. However, ibuprofen is reported to be the most commonly prescribed analgesic and is considered the standard first-line treatment for MSK injury pain in children, even if it is argued that it provides inadequate relief for many patients. The purpose of this study was to review the most recent literature to assess the efficacy of ibuprofen for pain relief in MSK injuries in children evaluated in the ED. We performed a systematic review of randomized controlled trials on pharmacological interventions in children and adolescents under 19 years of age with MSK injuries according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. The primary outcome was the risk ratio for successful reduction in pain scores. Six studies met the inclusion criteria and provided data on 1028 children. A meta-analysis was not performed since studies were not comparable due to the different analgesic treatment used. No significant difference in term of main pain score reduction between all the analgesics used in the included studies was noted. Patients who received oral opioids had side effects more frequently when compared to children who received ibuprofen. The combination of effect on pain relief and tolerability would suggest ibuprofen as the initial drug of choice in providing relief from mild-to-moderate MSK pain in children in the ED. The results obtained in this review and current research suggest that there’s no straightforward statistically significant evidence of the optimal analgesic agent to be used. However, ibuprofen may be preferable as the initial drug of choice in providing relief from MSK pain due to the favorable combination of effectiveness and safety profile. In fact, despite the non-significant pain reduction as compared to children who received opioids, there are less side effect associated to ibuprofen within studies. The wide range of primary outcomes measured in respect of pain scores and timing of recorded measures warrants a future standardization of study designs.
A molecular dynamics simulation study on the propensity of Asn-Gly-containing heptapeptides towards β-turn structures: Comparison with ab initio quantum mechanical calculations
Authors: Mitsikas Dimitrios A. , Glykos Nicholas M.
Published: December 2020

Both molecular mechanical and quantum mechanical calculations play an important role in describing the behavior and structure of molecules. In this work, we compare for the same peptide systems the results obtained from folding molecular dynamics simulations with previously reported results from quantum mechanical calculations. More specifically, three molecular dynamics simulations of 5 μs each in explicit water solvent were carried out for three Asn-Gly-containing heptapeptides, in order to study their folding and dynamics. Previous data, based on quantum mechanical calculations within the DFT framework have shown that these peptides adopt β-turn structures in aqueous solution, with type I’ β-turn being the most preferred motif. The results from our analyses indicate that at least for the given systems, force field and simulation protocol, the two methods diverge in their predictions. The possibility of a force field-dependent deficiency is examined as a possible source of the observed discrepancy.
The voiding efficiency in rat models with dopaminergic brain lesions induced through unilateral and bilateral intrastriatal injections
Authors: Praveen Rajneesh Chellappan , Liou Jian-Chiun , Hsieh Tsung-Hsun , Lin Jia-Hong , Peng Chih-Wei
Published: December 2020

Bladder dysfunction is a common phenomenon in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. A research attempt was made to analyze the voiding efficiency (VE) and bladder functions in rats with PD induced by unilateral or bilateral injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the medial forebrain bundle. PD rats were divided into unilateral- and bilateral-injected groups and subjected to rotation and beam walking tests. Further, the experimental rats underwent cystometric measurements for analyses of bladder dysfunction and VE. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to analyze the dopaminergic neuron depletion on the target area. Outcomes of the rotation and beam walking tests revealed the extent of parkinsonism in the experimental rats. Urodynamic observations denoted that rats with unilateral PD exhibited a significantly decreased VE (from 68.3±3.5% to 32.7±5.8%), while rats with bilateral PD displayed a much-reduced and substantially lower level of VE of 18.3±5.1% compared to the control value and to that of rats with unilateral PD. Rats with bilateral PD showed more-extensive behavioral deficits and urodynamic changes than did rats with unilateral PD. These significant changes in motor, behavioral, bladder function and VE were due to an extensive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra region on both sides of the brain. The obtained results were substantiated with appropriate immunohistochemical results.
Bombarderos en picado (1941): un modelo de estudio de la fisiología de la aviación
Authors: Domínguez-Vías Germán
Published: December 2020

Este artículo sirve para iniciarse en las bases docentes de la actual fisiología de la aviación, cuyo origen se remonta al comienzo de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Bombarderos en picado (1941) de Michael Curtiz es un excelente material docente para ayudar en la comprensión de las distintas causas del síncope de los pilotos en las alturas, permitiendo la reflexión y la búsqueda de soluciones o alternativas a través de experimentos que permiten la recuperación de la homeostasis corporal. Su material audiovisual comparte escenas reales del ejército americano que permiten acceder a estos descubrimientos y al avance del estado actual de la moderna fisiología aeroespacial.
Shine (Claroscuro / El Resplandor de un Genio); la tragedia no siempre tiene la última palabra
Authors: Bottasso Oscar
Published: December 2020

El filme dirigido por Scott Hicks narra la historia del pianista australiano David Helfgott, a partir de su niñez y juventud jalonada por notables éxitos musicales, luego truncados a raíz de una enfermedad mental, en cuya génesis subyace una infancia impregnada de conflictos familiares. Tras un prolongado período de institucionalización, David comienza a reinsertarse en sociedad, y su situación se recompone ostensiblemente al conocer a Gillian quien posteriormente se convertirá en su segunda esposa y lo ayudará a reconciliarse con su existencia como para encarar un proyecto de vida en plenitud.
El corazón frágil. El doloroso despertar moral del Dr. Edgar Pascoe
Authors: D’ottavio Callegari María Eugenia , D’ottavo Callegari María Silvia , D’ottavio Cattani Alberto Enrique
Published: December 2020

El corazón frágil es una miniserie británica, estrenada en 1996. Dado que este drama médico ofrece, entre otras, una variedad de posibilidades de debate sobre facetas deontológicas y actitudinales para médicos en particular y profesionales del área de la salud en general resulta más que recomendable apreciar las varias lecturas que permite.

El objetivo de este trabajo es abordarla y presentar algunas de tales posibilidades.
A nápolyi hadjáratok ismeretlen epizódja
Authors: Virágh Ágnes
Published: December 2020

Humanist authors regarded mercenaries with contempt, and in their works they gladly referred to those ancient writers who also condemned the utilization of mercenary armies. Mercenaries are mentioned in the Italian chronicles of the 14th century as well, and the author of the Cronaca senese recorded the brutal attack of John Hawkwood’s company on Faenza. The notary of Apulia, Domenico da Gravina frequently reproved in his chronicle the German mercenaries on account of their excesses. In this paper I examine the passage that presents the mercenary revolt of Aversa, in which the Voivode of Transylvania, István Lackfi conducted a dialogue with the rebelling mercenary captains in order to reach an agreement with them.
A társadalmi struktúra meghatározottsága és funkciói
Authors: Farkas Zoltán
Published: December 2020

In the first part of the paper I deal with the determination of social structure. On the one hand, I point out the major determining factors of social structure, based on the way I analyzed the determining factors of social relations and the mechanism creating social relations in the theory of institutional sociology. On the other hand, I deal with the issue that social structure, as interpreted by the various structural or categorical structure conceptions, is closely related to the social structure in my conception. In the second part of the paper, I discuss the functions or consequences of social structure. In my view, it is the sphere of social life, and within this, the sphere of everyday social life within which the social structure directly and tightly determines the most signifi cant features of phenomena, of social phenomena in a narrower sense. However, through the determination of social status-stratifi cation, in the longer run through that of subcultures and milieus and the individual’s certain personal characteristics, social structure, with some probability, determines indirectly the way of life of individuals in the spheres of private and community life also.
Kapcsolataink az igazi vagyonunk?
Authors: Janó Evelin
Published: December 2020

The population of Hungary has to deal with both the economic and social crisis following the coronavirus epidemic. In the present study, with the second analysis of the literature, I first aim to examine how the crisis situation can affect the development of networks, how the role of strong and weak bonds can change. With months of isolation, how will friendships develop and to what extent will our value preferences change. The other main topic I touch on in my work is the possible influencing effect of the epidemic on social stratification and social mobility. And how the expected shift in the social hierarchy can be corrected by harnessing the power of relationships. In my work, I assume social consequences along the impact of expected changes at the level of individuals. My observed subjects are given by the life stories of fi ve high school young people in the future. My research question encompassing the study is how human relationships can become an asset after COVID-19, what role the network can play in dealing with a crisis in an individual’s life situation, and what behaviors and actions can become if “ceiling bourgeois” become a “floor poor” on behalf of the people.1 And what impact can this complex phenomenon have on social integration. In addition to the latest research findings, I also use the topicality of the content elements of my favorite dystopian novel, Katharine McGee: The thousandth floor, to prepare my paper.
A projektvezető vezetési stílusának hatása a projektsikerre – egy hazai vállalat példája alapján
Authors: Blaskovics Bálint
Published: December 2020

A projektsiker kiemelt fontossággal bír minden projektvezető számára. Ebből fakadóan a szakirodalom igen gazdag, fő fókuszuk a sikerkritériumok és kritikus sikertényezők meghatározása volt. Az előbbi a projektet értékeli sikeresség szempontjából, míg az utóbbiak közé azok a faktorok tartoznak, amelyek a projektsiker esélyét növelik. Azonban a kettő közötti kapcsolat ritkán került vizsgálatra. A tanulmány célja, hogy azonosítson egy olyan vezetési stílust (mint kritikus sikertényező), amivel a projektvezetők növelhetik esélyüket a projektsiker elérésére. A projektsiker elemzése során a szerző figyelembe vette a fent említett hiányosságot, és a sikerkritériumok alapján értékelte és kiküszöbölte azt. A kutatás eredményeinek alapjául egy multinacionális cég hazai leányvállalata szolgált.
Hypercontractile Esophagus From Pathophysiology to Management: Proceedings of the Pisa Symposium
Authors: de Bortoli Nicola , Gyawali Prakash Chandra , Roman Sabine , Tolone Salvatore , Sifrim Daniel , Tutuian Radu , Penagini Roberto , Pandolfino John Erik , Savarino Edoardo Vincenzo
Published: December 2020

Hypercontractile esophagus (HE) is a heterogeneous major motility disorder diagnosed when ≥20% hypercontractile peristaltic sequences (distal contractile integral >8,000 mm Hg*s*cm) are present within the context of normal lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxation (integrated relaxation pressure < upper limit of normal) on esophageal high-resolution manometry (HRM). HE can manifest with dysphagia and chest pain, with unclear mechanisms of symptom generation. The pathophysiology of HE may entail an excessive cholinergic drive with temporal asynchrony of circular and longitudinal muscle contractions; provocative testing during HRM has also demonstrated abnormal inhibition. Hypercontractility can be limited to the esophageal body or can include the LES; rarely, the process is limited to the LES. Hypercontractility can sometimes be associated with esophagogastric junction (EGJ) outflow obstruction and increased muscle thickness. Provocative tests during HRM can increase detection of HE, reproduce symptoms, and predict delayed esophageal emptying. Regarding therapy, an empiric trial of a proton pump inhibitor, should be first considered, given the overlap with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Calcium channel blockers, nitrates, and phosphodiesterase inhibitors have been used to reduce contraction vigor but with suboptimal symptomatic response. Endoscopic treatment with botulinum toxin injection or pneumatic dilation is associated with variable response. Per-oral endoscopic myotomy may be superior to laparoscopic Heller myotomy in relieving dysphagia, but available data are scant. The presence of EGJ outflow obstruction in HE discriminates a subset of patients who may benefit from endoscopic treatment targeting the EGJ.
Evaluation of biosimilarity of RinGlar® (GEROPHARM LLC, Russia) and Lantus® (Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Germany) using the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp technique in patients with type 1 diabetes: double-blind randomized clinical trial
Authors: Mayorov Alexander Y. , Drai Roman V. , Karonova Tatiana L. , Avdeeva Olga I. , Makarenko Igor E. , Koksharova Ekaterina O. , Mishina Ekaterina Е. , Sevastyanova Yulia А. , Afonkina Olena V.
Published: December 2020

Background: Prevention of the development of micro-and macrovascular complications in patients with diabetes melli-tus (DM) encouraged the search for insulin analogues that allow imitating, as close as possible, a normal physiological insulin secretion in healthy people. Biosimilars (bioanalogues of reference products) play an important role in the full provision with high-quality insulin medications throughout patients. The program of clinical trials of insulin bioanalogues includes pharmacology studies: pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD) and clinical safety research.

Aims: To test whether RinGlar® (GEROPHARM LLC, Russia) and Lantus® (Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Germany) have similar PK and PD profiles in a hyperinsulinemic euglycaemic clamp (HEC) setting in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Permission of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 150 of 03/03/2016.

Materials and methods: The study was conducted in 42 patients with type 1 diabetes aged 18 to 65 years. A doubleblind, randomized, crossover study of comparative PK and PD of drugs was chosen as a study design. The investigational products were injected after achieving a state of euglycemia before the HEC in a single dose of 0.6 U/kg subcutaneously into the subcutaneous fat of the anterior abdominal wall. During the study, regular blood sampling was performed, the amount of insulin glargine in the samples was determined by ELISA. The results are used to calculate the PK parameters and generate the concentration-time curves. The glucose infusion rate was corrected based on the measurement of glycemia. These data are used to calculate the PD parameters.

Results: RinGlar® and Lantus® interventions have comparable PK and PD profiles in HEC setting in patients with type 1 diabetes. This is confirmed by the similarity of the main PK/PD parameters, PK/PD curves, and comparable safety. The confidence intervals of the geometric mean ratio were 81.02% - 120.62% for the PK parameter AUCins0-T, and 85.43% - 115.64% for the PD-parameter AUCGIR0_T, which fall within the specified limits of 80% - 125% to establish comparability between drugs.

Conclusions: Results of the clinical trial demonstrate the biosimilarity of the products RinGlar® and Lantus®.
Potential role of galanine in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Dobrokhotov Igor Vladimirovich , Veselova Oksana M. , Lyubimov Roman O.
Published: December 2020

The growing incidence of diabetes mellitus requires the optimizing of existing approaches and searching for new ones to treat this disease. It is necessary to study the features of other regulators that play a significant role in the process of glucose uptake by cells, along with the insulin resistance caused by defects in the molecular mechanisms of insulin action. Galanine, a neuropeptide of 29 (30 in humans) amino acids, is involved in a large number of different vital functions, including regulating energy metabolism in the cell. Galanine interacts with three G protein-coupled receptors, GAL1, GAL2, and GAL3, and transmitting signals through several transduction pathways, including cAMP/PKA inhibition (GAL1, GAL3) and phospholipase C (GAL2) stimulation. Agonists and antagonists of galanine receptor subtype GalR1-3 can be used as intended therapeutic targets to treat various human diseases. We accumulated more data that prove the importance of the galanine peptide regulator in the etiology of impaired glucose uptake by insulin-dependent tissues. The review considers such effects of galanine, as inhibition of insulin synthesis, activation of expression and translocation to the plasma cell membrane of the glucose transporter GLUT4, increase of PPAR-g level, and decrease in duodenal hyper-contractility. These data confirm the importance of research to find an effective antidiabetic drug among the synthesized analogs of galanine.
Classification of diabetes. World Health Organization 2019. What’s new?
Authors: Kononenko Irina V. , Smirnova Olga M. , Mayorov Aleksandr Y. , Shestakova Marina V.
Published: December 2020

The review focuses on the new WHO classification published in 2019. Unlike the previous classification, this classification does not recognize subtypes of T1DM and T2DM and offers new types of diabetes: “hybrid types of diabetes” and “unclassified diabetes”. This classification provides practical guidance to clinicians for assigning a type of diabetes to individuals and choose appropriate treatment (whether or not to start treatment with insulin), particularly at the time of diagnosis. This review presents the variety of forms of diabetes, the features of their clinical picture, and also emphasizes the importance of molecular genetic and immunological studies to identify types of diabetes and determine personalized therapy. The selection of “hybrid forms” of diabetes is due to the fact that the treatment of these types of diabetes has its own characteristics associated with the specific pathogenesis of diseases. However, it is obvious that further studies should relate to the study of the mechanisms of damage and decrease in the function of в-cells. Perhaps future classification systems and, as a consequence, personalized treatment will focus on various mechanisms of damage to β-cells.
Scholars and Literati at the University of Geneva (1559–1800)
Authors: De la Croix David , Debois Valentine
Published: December 2020

This note is a summary description of the set of scholars and literati who taught at the University of Geneva from its inception in 1559 to the eve of the Industrial Revolution (1800).
Environmental Components and Mechanism of Public-Private Partnership in the Area of Risk Insurance in Crop
Authors: BAIMAGAMBETOVA Zamzagul , ISMAILOVA Rymkul , KULMAGANBETOVA Aisulu , KASSIMBEKOVA Meiramkul , OMARKHANOVA Zhibek
Published: December 2020

Crop risk insurance in Kazakhstan is an urgent problem for agricultural producers and insurers, since agriculture is in the zone of constant natural and economic risks, where the main share of risks is associated with weather events affecting the production of agricultural crops. In order to reduce natural risks in agriculture, to ensure the protection of the property interests of farmers in crop production from the consequences of adverse natural phenomena, measures are being taken by the state and business, however, there are problems that both agricultural producers and insurers face.

Public-private partnership has established itself as a successful tool for interaction between business and the state, and now in Kazakhstan a lot of work is being done for the qualitative growth and development of the PPP mechanism, which requires more active interaction between the state and business in the field of crop production.
Legal Regulation of Agricultural Cooperation: New Approaches and Prospects for Developing Rural Areas
Authors: BAKYTZHAN Kalymbek , YERKINBAYEVA Lazzat , NURMUKHANKYZY Daniya , ZHUSUPBEKOVA Madina , NESIPBAYEVA Indira
Published: December 2020

Throughout the post-independence period, the development of agriculture and rural areas has been among the main priorities of Kazakhstan's economic policy.

This study considers new approaches and prospects for the legal regulation of agricultural cooperation and the development of rural areas.

The article analyzes the legal regulation of agricultural cooperation in the Republic of Kazakhstan and foreign countries. The authors have identified the main constraining factors to the development of agricultural cooperative societies, in particular, and rural areas, in general. They have also determined the key measures for developing agricultural cooperation and rural areas, as well as provided a detailed overview of such measures.

The study results prove that the formation of a multi-level system of agricultural cooperative societies, functioning in collaboration with state (local) authorities, contributes to the development of rural areas.
Environmental Innovations as a Factor of Increasing the Economic Efficiency of Production. Study Case: Pavlodar Region
Authors: ARYNOVA Zylfiya Amangeldinovna , KAIDAROVA Lyazzatkenovna , SARTOVA Rysty Bozmanaevna , BAYANDINA Gulmira Duisenbaevna , RAKHMETULLINA Shynar Zhakanovna , ZHETESSOVA Mariyam Turashevna
Published: December 2020

The relevance of the research topic is that the world has turned its face to the environmental problem, which is the created real threat of a global environmental catastrophe. The aggravation of relations between society and the environment is facilitated by a technogenic type of economic development, of a nature-destructive nature, based on the use of natural resources and means of production without taking into account environmental restrictions.

Environmental innovations as a factor in increasing the economic efficiency of production in order to improve products and services require the development of technologies, which include environmentally friendly biotechnology, waste processing technologies, low-polluting technologies, etc. There is a need for radical changes in the methods and means of environmental protection, which reduce the technogenic impact on the biosphere of the Earth, and contribute to the preservation of human health.
Analysis and Assessment of Seismic Hazard for the Azov-Black Sea Recreation Area
Authors: ZARETSKAYA Marina
Published: December 2020

One of the geological structures accountable for the implementation of seismic potential of the region is the largest vertical faults in the Earth’s interior, where earthquake foci are usually located. This article is aimed at developing a better method for calculation of stresses and strains that occur in such seismogenic areas. According to the results of the analysis of data collected during the expeditionary work, the geophysical medium is modeled by a block structure in the form of a half-space with a cut rectangular parallelepiped, which is divided into five block elements. The state of material in the geological medium is described in each block by motion equations for a homogeneous, isotropic elastic medium in the Lamé form. Following the block element method, the algorithm of the differential factorization method is implemented in each block. Based on the numerical analysis results, the main trends in contact stresses and dynamics of displacement amplitudes were determined depending on the mechanical property values of the block material and the geometric parameters of the structure.
The Effect of Circuit Training on Concentration of Medical Students in Diponegoro University
Authors: Hastari Tiwik Budi , Bakhtiar Yuriz , Wibisono Dimas Sindhu , Muttaqin Zainal
Published: December 2020

Background. Concentration has an important role that influences the success of the learning process. The higher the concentration of students in learning, the more effective learning and teaching processes are carried out. One of the benefits of exercise is the improvement of concentration. Lack of time and motivation to do physical exercise are some reasons why people do less exercise. Circuit Training is an exercise that does not require a lot of time and is becoming a trend now.Objective: To find out the effect of the Circuit Training on the concentration level of students at Medical Faculty of Diponegoro University.Method. This research was a quasi-experimental study with pre and post-test design, where research subjects were divided into two groups, there are the control group and the treatment group. The research subjects were 28 male students at Medical Faculty of Diponegoro University. The treatment group had given Circuit Training for 6 weeks. In one week there were 3 meetings where each training session was done in 3 circuits/cycle and each circuit consisted of 8 movements. The indicator assessed in this study was the level of concentration measured using the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) before and after Circuit Training for 6 weeks. The results were analyzed using SPSS.Results. The score of concentration in the treatment group increased with a pre-test score  64,93 ± 6,38 and post-test score 76,29 ± 5,74. Significant results (p = 0.001) were obtained in the pre and post-test treatment groups.Conclusion. Circuit training for 6 weeks can increase the concentration score of students at Medical Faculty of Diponegoro University.
The Correlation of Allergic Rhinitis with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) in Young Adults
Authors: Sianturi Megawati , Marliyawati Dwi , Yusmawan Willy , Yunika Kanti
Published: December 2020

Background: Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) is a breathing disorder during sleep that can cause stopping breathing and trigger dangerous diseases. The main symptoms that can occur in OSAS patients are loud snoring and excessive daytime sleepiness so it can disrupt the quality of life and performance. Allergic rhinitis (AR) is one of the risk factors for OSAS, after age, obesity, sex, neck circumference, and anatomic abnormalities of the airway. Allergic rhinitis can disrupt the quality of sleep patients. Allergic rhinitis patient has a risk of OSAS due to obstruction of the upper airways so airflow to the lungs is obstructed.Objective: To analyze the relationship of allergic rhinitis with the incidence of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) in young adults.Methods: This study is an observational study with a cross-sectional design. Samples were obtained with a probability sampling method by consecutive sampling. The subject of this study were students of the Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, aged 18-23 years. This study consisted of interviews, BMI examination, neck circumference examination, nose, and throat examination, fill the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) questionnaire to assess OSAS and the Score For Allergic Rhinitis (SFAR) questionnaire to assess allergic rhinitis. Statistical tests use chi-square, fisher's exact test, and logistic regression.Results: The incidence of allergic rhinitis with OSAS in young adults occurred as much as 79,7%. Bivariate analyze showed allergic rhinitis associated significantly with the incidence of OSAS in young adults (p=0,000; PR=12,3). The most common group of allergic rhinitis symptoms in allergic rhinitis patients with OSAS is the group of symptoms of sneezing, rhinorrhea, and nasal congestion.Conclusion: Allergic rhinitis patients risk 12,3 times more likely to suffer from OSAS than non-allergic rhinitis in young adults.
Post-mortem Redistribution of Alprazolam in Rats
Authors: Hořínková Jana , Kozlík Petr , Křížek Tomáš , Michaličková Danica , Šíma Martin , Slanař Ondřej
Published: December 2020

The post-mortem toxicological findings may be misinterpreted, if the drug undergoes substantial post-mortem redistribution. As alprazolam is one of the most frequently evaluated drug for legal/forensic reasons in drug-related fatalities, we studied possible changes in alprazolam distribution after death in a rat model. Rats were sacrificed 30 minutes after alprazolam administration. Blood and tissue samples from 8 animals per sampling time were collected at 0, 2, 6, and 24 h after death. The experimental samples were assayed for alprazolam using validated UHPLC-PDA method. Median blood alprazolam concentrations increased approximately 2 times compared with ante-mortem levels due to the redistribution during early post-mortem phase and then slowly decreased with a half-life of 60.7 h. The highest alprazolam tissue concentrations were found in fat and liver and the lowest levels were observed in lungs and brain. The median amount of alprazolam deposited in the lungs was relatively stable over the 24-h post-mortem period, while in heart, liver and kidney the deposited proportion of administered dose increased by 43–48% in comparison with ante-mortem values indicating continuous accumulation of alprazolam into these tissues. These results provide evidence needed for the interpretation of toxicological results in alprazolam-related fatalities and demonstrate modest alprazolam post-mortem redistribution.
Massive Dog Bite Injury of the Scalp in One-year Old Boy
Authors: Bašković Marko , Pajić Anto , Barčot Zoran
Published: December 2020

A one-year-old boy was referred to our Department of Pediatric Surgery with extensive scalp injury. He was bitten by a neighbour’s mixed-breed dog. The wound of the forehead is primary closed while scalp is reimplanted. Due to non-acceptance on the eighth day a necrectomy of devitalized tissue was done. Before applying Integra®, for 2 days, the wound was treated with a V.A.C.® system. After 14 days, Integra® was accepted and split-thickness skin graft (STSG) was transplanted from left upper leg. After 3 months the local status is satisfactory. A hair transplant is planned in the future.
Dziennikarska archeologia rzeczy w reportażach biograficznych Angeliki Kuźniak
Authors: Edyta Żyrek-Horodyska
Published: December 2020

The article presents Angelika Kuźniak’s biographical reportages in the context of the theory referred to as “the return to things”. The analysis focuses on the books Marlene, Papusza and Stryjeńska. Diabli nadali. The stories of the women artists’ lives are a kind of journalistic archaeology of things. The aim of this article is to show that the material culture elements presented in Kuźniak’s books reflect characteristic features of women. Things are treated as objects of aesthetic contemplation, one of the most important journalistic sources of information, traces of the past, as well as a kind of message about history.
Niewypowiadalne bólu i paliatywny aspekt literatury (o Piotrusiu Leo Lipskiego)
Authors: Porzuczek Sebastian
Published: December 2020

This article deals with the issue of the articulation of pain in Leo Lipski’s Piotruś [Little Peter]. In Lipski’s novel suffering is rarely direct, but is rather a sensation evoked by another’s perception (the oppressive gaze), cultural exclusion of disabled bodies and the dramatic experience of the disintegration of reality and language itself (as the medium of interpersonal communication and understanding). On this background the author presents the palliative conceptualization of literature (revealing itself in Lipski’s micro-novel), in which the emphasis is not exactly on the possibility of essential (re)presentation of pain, but on the relieving potential of the textual transposition (translation) of sensations and feelings.
Świadomość czy algorytm? Ludzkie maszyny jako emanacje Frankensteina Mary Shelley w naukach kognitywnych oraz tekstach kultury
Authors: Saja Krystian
Published: December 2020

Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is without doubt a popular science-fiction novel, which has inspired many generations of artists and creators in popular culture and mass culture. It has also become an inspiration for scientific studies in the field of robotics and cybernetics. Modern cognitive sciences are looking for the perfect pattern that will allow artificial intelligence to be achieved. An important problem for scientists was the lack of full knowledge about consciousness. We are able to recreate the structure of the human body in a machine, but we are not able to fully simulate the neural processes that would create human consciousness. This problem is perfectly illustrated by cultural works, including literature and cinematography. We see in them both the emanations of the motifs contained in Shelley’s novel and the realization of scientific hypotheses that shape our image of a conscious, thinking machine.
An Unfortunate Mistake or a Witkacy Dodge?
Authors: Degler Janusz
Published: December 2020

In the Poetry of Philosophers anthology (Kraków–Wrocław 1984) Wit Jaworski published 221 works by 114 authors, starting with Tales from Milet to John Paul II. Almost all known philosophers composed poetry, which often complemented their philosophical reflections or concepts. The list of names also includes Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz, who wrote poems from his youth until his death, although at the same time regretting that he had no poetic talent and used some of his works in his dramas as examples of a graphomaniac’s work. Many poems have a humorous and parodical, which brings them closer to his numerous grotesque drawings. They were collected and published by Anna Micińska in an album entitled Wistość tych rzeczy jest nie z świata tego (Kraków 1977), illustrated by Urszula Kenar. In the anthology, under the name of Witkiewicz, there is a poem which begins with words: “Otom jest zwyciężony/ Ginę zgubą wszelkiego żywego stworzenia”. There is no doubt that this is the beginning of the third stanza of the well-known poem by Czesław Miłosz entitled St. Ign. Witkiewicz, published in the volume Ocalenie (Warsaw 1945). Is it an unfortunate mistake on the part of the author of the anthology, a seasoned critic and experienced editor, or is it his fortune to confuse the censor, who did not allow Miłosz’s texts to be published and thus to “smuggle” his poem in under the guise of Witkiewicz? The puzzle remains unresolved. The mistake is inscribed in the history of Witkacy’s so-called “dodges”, which he did to his friends and acquaintances, and then to those who dealt with his life and work. To attribute to him the authorship of Miłosz’s excellent work would certainly make him happy.
Poza słowami – Marcela Marceau koncepcja milczenia
Authors: Krzyżak Anna , Michalik Mirosław
Published: December 2020

The article deals with the concept of silence developed by Marcel Marceau, one of the founders of contemporary mime. An analysis of the concept of silence is proposed, starting from a broader research, linguistic and philosophical perspective, encompassing the ideas of Martin Heidegger, Maurice Merlau-Ponty, Józef Tischner and Martin Buber, which aims at an interpretation of Marceau’s theatrical concept, which is presented in his work and statements and contains many elements of philosophical anthropology. For Marceau, the human stands in the center, working in a world where words fail. Mime artist and spectator conduct a distinctive dialogue without using words, thus giving rise to reflections and leading to catharsis. Because the scope of the concept is wide, it has been included in the cognitive framework of the anthropology of silence, proving that Marceau’s concept enriches the debate on the anthropology of silence and opens the perspective for further research on his concept of theater.
Sekrety Zenona Fajfera
Authors: Hoffmann Krzysztof
Published: December 2020

Liberature, the literary project created by Zenon Fajfer and Katarzyna Bazarnik, is usually read from the material perspective, which emphasizes the formal qualities of a work. The article tries to choose a different path. Firstly, it constructs the figure of a secret as the unrevealed foundation of Fajfer’s books. Secondly, it proposes to read this secret in the Marano mode. Hence, the secret of Marano, a Jew who has to conceal his own identity, supported by Jacques Derrida’s observations, becomes a departure point for a new hermeneutic model.
Immer in Bewegung. Migration als Faktor, der … bewegt. Eine Sicht aus der Perspektive des interreligiösen Dialogs
Authors: Halczuk Piotr
Published: December 2020

Migracje ludności powodują nie tylko zewnętrzne zmiany w postaci pojawiającej się różnorodności kulturowej i religijnej. Przyczyniają się także do przemiany ludzkiej myśli – spojrzenia, na „stającą się” rzeczywistość – czy też to wymuszają. Niniejszy artykuł jest próbą przedstawienia zaistniałych zmian w wymiarze intelektualnym z perspektywy dialogu międzyreligijnego. Tak zwane „wewnętrzne migracje” zostały ukazane jako „poruszenia” w kilku dziedzinach: w (ludzkim) pojmowaniu Boga, w teologicznej refl eksji Kościoła katolickiego o niechrześcijańskich religiach monoteistycznych, w pedagogicznym spojrzeniu na ludzi innych pod względem religijnym i kulturowym oraz w ofi cjalnym odniesieniu chrześcijaństwa, judaizmu i islamu do siebie nawzajem. Ostatnia z przedstawionych w artykule „wewnętrznych migracji”, w mentalności człowieka, jest najtrudniejsza. Nie zrealizuje jej żaden dokument czy też naukowa dywagacja (które są istotne i mobilizujące), lecz osobiste krytyczne spojrzenie na siebie samego (tzw. autorefl eksja) każdego, kto zajmuje się przepowiadaniem, wychowywaniem i kształceniem.
Wątki religijne i duszpasterskie bitwy pod Wschową 1706 roku
Authors: Kalbarczyk Adam
Published: December 2020

Dnia 13 lutego 1706 roku, na obszarze Rzeczypospolitej, tuż przy jej zachod niej granicy, między wsiami Dębowa Łęka a Osowa Sień, rozegrała się krwawa bitwa, która przeszła do historii pod mianem „bitwy pod Wschową”. Szwedzkie oddziały dowodzone przez generała Karla Gustafa Rehnskölda rozgromiły liczebniejsze siły sasko-rosyjskie pod wodzą generała Johanna Matthiasa Schulenburga. Bitwa ta uważana jest za jedną z ważniejszych batalii wielkiej wojny północnej (1700–1721). Na temat bitwy wschowskiej powstało kilka obszerniejszych prac w języku polskim, niemieckim i szwedzkim. Wszystkie one ukazują to wydarzenie głównie od strony wojskowo-historycznej. W niniejszym artykule zostały omówione dwa wątki tej bitwy: wyznaniowy i pastoralny. Tworzą go dwie części: pierwsza – poświęcona znaczeniu religii w krajach uczestniczących w bitwie i ich władców, oraz druga – dotycząca duszpasterstwa polowego w obu armiach tamtych czasów.