bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Longer term effects of biological control on tamarisk evapotranspiration and carbon dioxide exchange
Authors: Snyder Keirith A. , Scott Russell L.
Published: November 2019

Biological control of Tamarix spp. (tamarisk) with Diorhabda spp. (tamarisk beetle) was initiated in several states in the Western United States in 2001. We analysed 12 years of evapotranspiration (ET), net ecosystem production (NEP), and beetle abundance data from a tamarisk‐invaded site in Western Nevada along the Truckee River. Diorhabda carinulata (northern tamarisk beetle) appeared at the site in 2007. Large beetle outbreaks and associated defoliation of the tamarisk occurred in 2008 and 2009, then the beetle population was highly variable from year to year. Since 2016, the beetle population declined. Growing season ET noticeably declined from direct beetle herbivory in 2008, 2009, and 2010, but the decline in ET was seasonally transient as trees regrew leaves. In 2012 and 2013, total growing season ET was low, likely due to the combined effects of drought and beetle herbivory pressure. Total seasonal ET losses and NEP were primarily driven by annual precipitation with higher values in wetter years and reduced values when precipitation fell below 100 mm. In the last 2 years of the study, 2017–2018, there were few to no beetles observed at the site, and we measured increased tamarisk leaf area index, ET, and NEP. Since 2010 at the study site, no further releases of the beetles have occurred due to wildlife concerns, and subsequent declines in beetle populations where such that the “outbreak” conditions apparently required to impair tamarisk physiological function and significantly reduce ET have not occurred. ET and photosynthesis were highly correlated (r2 ≥ .91) to the Landsat‐satellite normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Using a relationship between growing season ET and NDVI, we estimated ET for five additional tamarisk sites along several southwestern U.S. rivers. In the 2005 to 2018 analysis period, NDVI‐estimated ET declined at all sites after beetle arrival with three sites showing a recovery in pre‐beetle ET rates in subsequent years. At the other three sites, ET rates have not recovered to pre‐beetle levels.
EXPRESSION OF CONCERN: Carbetocin versus rectal misoprostol for management of third stage of labor among women with low risk of postpartum hemorrhage
Authors: Maged Ahmed M. , Waly Mohamed , Fahmy Radwa M. , Dieb Amira S. , Essam Aimy , Salah Noha M. , Hussein Eman A. , Nabil Hala
Published: November 2019

Objective

To compare effectiveness and safety of carbetocin and misoprostol for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) among low‐risk women.

Methods

Randomized controlled trial among 150 pregnant women with low risk of PPH admitted for vaginal delivery at Kasr Al Ainy Hospital, Cairo, Egypt, between July 2018 and May 2019. Participants were assigned to two groups by a web‐based randomization system ensuring allocation concealment. After neonatal delivery, the carbetocin group received one ampoule of carbetocin (100 μg/mL) intravenously and the misoprostol group received two rectal tablets of misoprostol (800 μg) for active management of the third stage. Blood pressure, blood loss, and hemoglobin levels were monitored. The primary outcome measure was need for additional uterotonic drugs.

Results

The carbetocin group had significantly less blood loss (P<0.001), shorter third stage (P<0.001), and less need for additional uterotonics (P=0.013) or uterine massage (P=0.007). The two drugs were hemodynamically safe. Hemoglobin levels after delivery were comparable in the two groups (P=0.475). Adverse effects were more common in the misoprostol group (P<0.001).

Conclusion

Among low‐risk women, carbetocin seems to be a better alternative to misoprostol for active management of the third stage of labor; it reduced blood loss and use of additional uterotonic drugs.

ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03556852
Assessment of sublethal ecotoxicity of solvents on larvae of a model native amphibian (Lithobates pipiens)
Authors: Young Sarah D. , Gavel Melody J. , Gutierrez‐Villagomez Juan M. , Forbes Mark R. , Robinson Stacey A.
Published: November 2019

Carrier solvents are used frequently in toxicity testing to assist hydrophobic chemicals into solution, but such solvents may have toxic effects on test subjects. Amphibians are model organisms in toxicity studies; however, little is known about the direct effects of solvents on native amphibians. Following modifications to standardized guidelines for native species, we used acute 96‐hour exposures to assess the direct effects of three common solvents on survival, differences in morphology and occurrence of abnormalities of northern leopard frog larvae (Lithobates pipiens). The solvents, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethanol (ETOH) and acetone (ACE) were used at nominal concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 μL/L. We also conducted a 30‐day exposure to assess the direct chronic effects of DMSO at 1 and 5 μL/L, on larval growth, development and sex differentiation, but found no effects. Acute exposure to solvents also had no effect on the survival of larvae, but we found significant abnormalities in tadpoles acutely exposed to 100 μL/L ACE. Acute exposure to DMSO and ETOH had further concentration‐dependent effects on larval morphological traits. Our study suggests that DMSO and ETOH at ≤20 μL/L may be used as solvents in amphibian ecotoxicological studies, but ACE should be limited to ≤50 μL/L in ecotoxicity studies and perhaps much less (≤10 μL/L) in studies with other amphibians, based on a review of existing literature. We emphasize pilot studies when using solvents on acute and chronic ecotoxicity tests, using native amphibians.
Synthesis of 1‐amidoalkyl‐2‐naphthol derivatives using a magnetic nano‐Fe3O4@SiO2@Hexamethylenetetramine‐supported ionic liquid as a catalyst under solvent‐free conditions
Authors: Bahrami Somayeh , Jamehbozorgi Saeed , Moradi Shahram , Ebrahimi Sattar
Published: November 2019

Hexamethylenetetramine‐functionalized silica‐coated nano‐Fe3O4 particles (MNPs@Hexamethylenetetramine) were prepared as a reusable heterogeneous catalyst using a facile process. The catalyst was synthesized and characterized using infrared, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and vibrating sample magnetometer. This magnetic nanocatalyst was employed as an efficient, reusable, and environmentally benign heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of amidoalkylnaphthol derivatives from a one‐pot three‐component condensation reaction of beta‐naphthol, aldehydes, and amides in good to excellent yields, Moreover, this catalyst can be easily recovered by using a magnetic field and directly reused for at least seven runs without sign ificant loss of its activity.
Association between serum levels of bone turnover markers and bone mineral density in men and women with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Zhao Chenhe , Liu Guangwang , Zhang Yao , Xu Guiping , Yi Xilu , Liang Jing , Yang Yinqiu , Liang Jun , Ma Chao , Ye Yangli , Yu Mingxiang , Qu Xinhua
Published: November 2019

Background

In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), higher risks of impaired bone metabolism are widely reported. To evaluate bone metabolism, bone mineral density (BMD) and bone turnover levels should be included. In this article, we analyzed the relationship between them in T2DM.

Methods

We conducted a hospital‐based cross‐sectional study enrolling 1499 patients hospitalized for T2DM between October 2009 and January 2013. Multivariate linear regression models were used to identify the relationship between bone turnover markers (BTMs) and BMD levels. A two‐sided P‐value < .05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

After adjusting for confounding factors, osteocalcin (OC) showed a negative relationship with total lumbar, femur neck, and total hip BMD in men and women. N‐terminal propeptides of type I collagen (P1NP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) showed a negative association with BMD at three sites in men and total lumbar BMD in women, whereas in the femur neck and total hip in women, the relationship was only found for P1NP with total hip. For β‐C‐terminal telopeptides of type I collagen (β‐CTX), a negative relationship was also found in all three sites for BMD in men and total lumbar BMD in women, whereas β‐CTX was not associated in the femoral neck and total hip in women.

Conclusion

In patients with T2DM, serum levels of OC, P1NP, β‐CTX, and ALP were negatively correlated with BMD levels in men in three sites and with total lumbar BMD in women. The relationship varied in femur neck and total hip BMD in women.
Triple negative breast cancer: microRNA expression profile and novel discriminators according to BRCA1 status
Authors: Abdel‐Sater Fadi , Najar Mehdi , Fayyad‐Kazan Hussein
Published: November 2019

Triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents 15% of breast carcinomas. More than 80% of women with a breast cancer associated with a breast cancer type 1 (BRCA1) mutation develop a TNBC. microRNAs (miRNAs) play critical roles in diverse biological processes and are aberrantly expressed in several human neoplasms including breast cancer, where they function as actors of tumor onset, behavior, and progression. However, an extensive microRNA profile has not yet been determined for TNBC. Taqman low‐density arrays (TLDAs) were used to screen the expression level of 667 miRNAs in TNBC versus normal breast tissues. Our TLDA results revealed 20 differentially expressed miRNAs among which 14 (10 upregulated and four downregulated) were confirmed by an individual quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Interestingly, a novel link between BRCA1 status and miRNA expression level was identified through miR‐96 and miR‐10b that were very important discriminators between TNBC with mutated BRCA1 and TNBC with wild type BRCA1. This study promises discoveries of new pathological pathways at work in this dreadful disease and clearly warrants validation in large prospective studies with the aim of identifying novel biomarkers for diagnosis and targets for clinical interventions.
Seed morphology using SEM techniques for identification of useful grasses in Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
Authors: Ahmad Shafiq , Zafar Muhammad , Ahmad Mushtaq , Ali Muhammad I. , Sultana Shazia , Rashid Neelam , Butt Maryam A. , Shah Syed N. , Ozdemir Fethi A. , Kutlu Mehmet A. , Afza Rabia , Usma Anwer , Nazish Moona
Published: November 2019

In recent study, 15 taxa of family Poaceae from Dera Ghazi Khan were investigated for morphological characterization of seeds. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was utilized to study morphological features of grass seeds. Moreover, economic importance of studied taxa has been discussed in present research. Grass seeds or caryopsis were collected in their mature state from different areas of Dera Ghazi Khan. Collected caryopses were subjected to SEM to investigate surface sculpture, epidermal cell shape, and cell wall patterns. Caryopsis shape observed was elliptic to oval. Also, the morphology of plant is being investigated. Cell wall pattern observed was straight and wavy. Surface sculpturing varies from smooth to reticulate. Epidermal cell shape was either wavy or irregular. Hilum position is terminal in all species. Epidermal cell structure and cell wall pattern was not observable in some species. Major variations among studied taxa were observed in terms of seed surface pattern. Five types of caryopsis surface pattern were observed namely, striate, smooth, reticulate, papillate, and granulate. Investigated taxa illustrated variations in terms of studied morphological features. Utilization of SEM has been proved very helpful in exploring seed morphological features. These observed features can aid in delimitation and identification of various grass taxa. Recent research recommends the utilization of SEM for caryopsis morphology to solve the identification issue of problematic grass genera.
Complications travel: A cross‐cultural comparison of the proportion of complications as a verbal cue to deceit
Authors: Vrij Aldert , Vrij Sharon
Published: November 2019

Verbal lie detection tools are almost exclusively examined in Western Europe and North America, but practitioners worldwide show interest in such tools. Because cultural differences in the efficacy of such tools may occur, it is important to examine their efficacy in different cultures. In this article, we focus on proportion of complications, which in previous research was more diagnostic than “total details” in two British samples and in three samples that each included Hispanic, Russian, and South Korean participants. In the present article, we merged the three non‐British samples and analysed the data by presenting them for each cultural group separately. Truth tellers disclosed the details of a trip away they had made, whereas liars fabricated such details. Proportion of complications discriminated truth tellers from liars in all three groups and was consistently a better indicator of veracity than total details. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Establishment and Characterization of a Recurrent Osteosarcoma Cell Line: OSA 1777
Authors: Thanindratarn Pichaya , Li Xiaoyang , Dean Dylan C. , Nelson Scott D. , Hornicek Francis J. , Duan Zhenfeng
Published: November 2019

Osteosarcoma (OSA) is the most common primary bone malignancy overall and is responsible for considerable adolescent mortality. Approximately 850 patients are newly diagnosed with OSA in the United States each year. While the 5‐year survival rate for localized OSA has improved from <20% over 40 years ago to over 65% today, progress has dwindled over the past three decades. Therapeutic stagnation has occurred, in part, as a result of limited preclinical models and the overall heterogeneity of OSA among patients. In this study, we report the establishment and characterization of a novel OSA cell line: OSA 1777. This cell line was isolated from the recurrent tumor specimen of a 19‐year‐old female who initially experienced 99% tumor necrosis after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and eventually had local recurrence and metastases. We present OSA 1777 growth characteristics, tumor markers, chemotherapeutic sensitivities, and oncogenic spheroid formation. In a two‐dimensional (2D) monolayer culture, OSA 1777 exhibited a spindle shape and 60 h doubling time. STR DNA profiling revealed a unique genomic identity not matching any existing human cancer cell lines from the ATCC or DSMZ databases. Consistent with the mesenchymal origin, western blot was positive for vimentin and negative for the carcinoma marker cytokeratin. Within three‐dimensional (3D) culture, the cells formed spheroids of similar patterning and smaller size compared with MNNG‐HOS and U2OS cell lines. The chemotherapeutic drug sensitivity of OSA 1777 was evaluated in both 2D and 3D culture systems. In summary, we report OSA 1777 as a novel biological model of OSA amenable to future studies focused on OSA that recurs despite an initially strong chemotherapeutic response. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 38:902‐910, 2020
Biosurfactants from Waste: Structures and Interfacial Properties of Sophorolipids Produced from a Residual Oil Cake
Authors: Jiménez‐Peñalver Pedro , Koh Amanda , Gross Richard , Gea Teresa , Font Xavier
Published: November 2019

Sophorolipids (SL) are microbial biosurfactants that have entered the market as detergent and cosmetic formulation ingredients. Current research is focused on the use of wastes to decrease the final production costs of SL and the environmental impacts. SL from wastes will help to move toward the circular economy only if the SL produced this way are pure enough and as efficient as current commercial SL. This manuscript focuses on the study of the structures and the interfacial properties of a crude SL natural mixture produced by solid‐state fermentation from a residual sunflower oil cake from the oil‐refining industry. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) demonstrated that the diacetylated lactonic 18:1 SL was the most abundant SL of the mixture, followed by the correspondent acidic form. The surface tension‐lowering capacity was studied in a water–air interface at temperatures ranging from 15 to 50 °C. The minimum surface tension and critical micelle concentration were determined. The emulsion properties were similar to those obtained for the commercial nonionic surfactant Triton X‐100. The efficiency of the SL natural mixture was also proven successful for the displacement of a diesel slick. These results confirmed the effectiveness of SL produced from a real waste.
A novel radial forearm free flap design to treat pharyngoesophageal stenosis in combination with the posterior wall of the trachea
Authors: Spaulding Sarah L. , Yue Lauren E. , O'Malley Quinn F. , Sims John R. , Urken Mark L.
Published: November 2019

Pharyngoesophageal stenosis (PES) is a common and serious complication of head and neck cancer treatments such as radiation therapy, chemotherapy, tracheoesophageal puncture placement, and total laryngectomy surgery. Dilation‐resistant stenosis requires surgical reconstruction, often with a radial forearm free flap (RFFF). With the present technique, the authors refine their previous bipaddled free flap design used to reconstruct a persistent tracheoesophageal fistulae (TEF) in combination with PES. Accordingly, we present a novel bipaddled triangular RFFF design ideally suited to address the shape of the defect in the posterior tracheal wall that results when the TEF is opened and the esophageal and tracheal components are restored.
Intraoperative Ultrasound Guidance With an Ultrasound‐Visible Clip: A Practical and Cost‐effective Option for Breast Cancer Localization
Authors: Konen John , Murphy Serena , Berkman Amy , Ahern Thomas P. , Sowden Michelle
Published: November 2019

Objectives

In partial mastectomy (PM) or lumpectomy, ultrasound (US) localization avoids discomfort and additional procedures associated with wire localization. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between ultrasound‐visible clip (UVC) use at the time of biopsy and US use during resection, hypothesizing that UVCs facilitate US localization and reduce costs compared with traditional radiopaque clips or no clip placement.

Methods

The study population consisted of adult female patients with breast cancer undergoing PM or lumpectomy at our institution between 2014 and 2016. The core biopsy clip type and localization method during PM were characterized as wire localization versus US localization, and associations were estimated with multivariable regression models. For the cost evaluation, breast biopsy data were obtained from the Department of Radiology.

Results

Among 674 patients, 490 had data on localization and the clip type. Ultrasound‐visible clip placement at biopsy increased US use during resection by 13% (95% confidence interval, 6%–21%). There was no difference in the total specimen weight with US versus wire localization. The cost savings for using UVCs for the 2209 patients who underwent breast biopsy from 2014 to 2016 was $36,000.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that US localization for PM is feasible at a single institution and cost‐effective when facilitated by UVCs. Placement of a UVC at the time of biopsy is recommended, as it is cost‐effective and avoids the discomfort and inconvenience of wire localization.
Single Ablative Fractional Resurfacing Laser Treatment For Forearm Actinic Keratoses: 6‐Month Follow‐Up Data From An Intrapatient Comparison Between Treated and Untreated Sites
Authors: Chen Roy , Wargo Jeffrey J. , Williams Amy , Cates Elizabeth , Spandau Dan F. , Knisely Christina , Travers Jeffrey B.
Published: November 2019

Background and Objectives

Actinic keratoses (AK) are common pre‐cancerous lesions, which are associated with ultraviolet light exposure and aging. Wounding therapies such as fractionated laser resurfacing (FLR) have been previously demonstrated to effectively treat facial AK. However, the effectiveness of FLR on other sites commonly afflicted with AK has not been studied in detail. Previously, our group has reported that treatment of aged skin with wounding therapies including dermabrasion and ablative fractionated resurfacing results in the removal of senescent fibroblasts and normalizing the pro‐carcinogenic acute ultraviolet B radiation responses associated with aged skin. The current studies were designed to test the effectiveness of FLR of the forearm skin of subjects aged 60 and older to remove AKs.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Between February 2018 and March 2019, 30 subjects were enrolled in a study, in which they underwent a single FLR treatment of one extremity including the dorsal forearm, wrist, and dorsal hand. The number of AKs was recorded on both extremities at baseline, 3 and 6 months in a blinded fashion. Side effects of the FLR were documented.

Results

A single FLR treatment resulted in a 62% reduction in the absolute number of AK in the treated arm at 6 months post‐treatment. The laser treatment was well‐tolerated without major complications.

Conclusions

These studies demonstrate that FLR using settings, which have demonstrated to remove senescent fibroblasts and normalize the pro‐carcinogenic UVB‐response of aged skin is a potentially effective and safe field therapy treatment that should be studied for long‐term efficacy for use in treating upper extremity AKs. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The perception of tourism in coffee‐producing equatorial countries: An empirical analysis
Authors: Casalegno Cecilia , Candelo Elena , Santoro Gabriele , Kitchen Philip
Published: November 2019

Some scholars have emphasized the importance of food tourism in mature and certain emergent economies for growing consumption‐related products (e.g., wine, beer, rice, and tea) and attempts have been made to study tourism levers and threats in developing economies. However, to the best of our knowledge, little research has been conducted on the potential development of tourism activities centered on coffee producers and their farms in equatorial countries to determine whether a coffee tourism market is developing in these locales and if this could enhance these countries’ brand perceptions. Thus, this study explores the antecedents of the perceptions, potentialities, attitudes, and behavior of tourists specifically with regard to coffee tourism and coffee cultivation visits. To achieve our goal, we employ a quantitative method involving a survey of potential tourists. Our findings indicate that while the effects of gender and age on the perceptions of coffee cultivation visits are not significant, the effects of coffee consumption and travel in coffee‐producing countries are positive and significant. These findings help us draw some relevant theoretical and managerial implications.
Tailoring the Cavity of Hollow Polyelectrolyte Microgels
Authors: Wypysek Sarah K. , Scotti Andrea , Alziyadi Mohammed O. , Potemkin Igor I. , Denton Alan R. , Richtering Walter
Published: November 2019

The authors demonstrate how the size and structure of the cavity of hollow charged microgels may be controlled by varying pH and ionic strength. Hollow charged microgels based on N‐isopropylacrylamide with ionizable co‐monomers (itaconic acid) combine advanced structure with enhanced responsiveness to external stimuli. Structural advantages accrue from the increased surface area provided by the extra internal surface. Extreme sensitivity to pH and ionic strength due to ionizable moieties in the polymer network differentiates these soft colloidal particles from their uncharged counterparts, which sustain a hollow structure only at cross‐link densities sufficiently high that stimuli sensitivity is reduced. Using small‐angle neutron and light scattering, increased swelling of the network in the charged state accompanied by an expanded internal cavity is observed. Upon addition of salt, the external fuzziness of the microgel surface diminishes while the internal fuzziness grows. These structural changes are interpreted via Poisson–Boltzmann theory in the cell model.
On the impulsive implicit Ψ‐Hilfer fractional differential equations with delay
Authors: Kharade Jyoti P. , Kucche Kishor D.
Published: November 2019

In this paper, we investigate the existence and uniqueness of solutions and derive the Ulam‐Hyers‐Mittag‐Leffler stability results for impulsive implicit Ψ‐Hilfer fractional differential equations with time delay. It is demonstrated that the Ulam‐Hyers and generalized Ulam‐Hyers stability are the specific cases of Ulam‐Hyers‐Mittag‐Leffler stability. Extended version of the Gronwall inequality, abstract Gronwall lemma, and Picard operator theory are the primary devices in our investigation. We provide an example to illustrate the obtained results.
Feasibility study of a plastic scintillating plate‐based treatment beam fluence monitoring system for use in pencil beam scanning proton therapy
Authors: Jeong Seonghoon , Chung Kwangzoo , Ahn Sung Hwan , Lee Boram , Seo Jaehyeon , Yoon Myonggeun
Published: November 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to describe a plastic scintillating plate‐based gantry‐attachable dosimetry system for pencil beam scanning proton therapy to monitor entrance proton beam fluence, and to evaluate the dosimetric characteristics of this system and its feasibility for clinical use.

Methods

The dosimetry system, consisting of a plastic scintillating plate and a CMOS camera, was attached to a dedicated scanning nozzle and scintillation during proton beam irradiation was recorded. Dose distribution was calculated from the accumulated recorded frames. The dosimetric characteristics (energy dependency, dose linearity, dose rate dependency, and reproducibility) of the gantry‐attachable dosimetry system for use with therapeutic proton beams were measured, and the feasibility of this system during clinical use was evaluated by determining selected quality assurance items at our institution.

Results

The scintillating plate shortened the range of the proton beam by the water‐equivalent thickness of the plate and broadened the spatial profile of the single proton spot by 11% at 70 MeV. The developed system functioned independently of the beam energy (<1.3%) and showed dose linearity, and also functioned independently of the dose rate. The feasibility of the system for clinical use was evaluated by comparing the measured quality assurance dose distribution to that of the treatment planning system. The gamma passing rate with a criterion of 3%/3 mm was 97.58%.

Conclusions

This study evaluated the dosimetric characteristics of a plastic scintillating plate‐based dosimetry system for use with scanning proton beams. The ability to account for the interference of the dosimetry system on the therapeutic beam enabled offline monitoring of the entrance beam fluence of the pencil beam scanning proton therapy independent of the treatment system with high resolution and in a cost‐effective manner.
Simultaneous determination of artemisinin and its analogs and flavonoids in Artemisia annua crude extracts with the use of NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Kontogianni Vassiliki G. , Primikyri Alexandra , Sakka Marianna , Gerothanassis Ioannis P.
Published: November 2019

Artemisia annua is a promising and potent antimalarial herbal drug. This activity has been ascribed to its component artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone. The ability to determine artemisinin and its known analogs in plant extracts is an especially difficult task because the compounds are present in low concentrations, are thermolabile, and lack ultraviolet or fluorescent chromophores. We report herein a facile and rapid 1‐D 1H, 1‐D total correlation spectroscopy, 2‐D 1H–13C heteronuclear single quantum coherence, and 1H–13C heteronuclear multiple bond correlation nuclear magnetic resonance techniques for the simultaneous identification and quantification of artemisinin and five of its analogs along with five flavonoids, an aromatic ketone, and camphor (in total, 13 compounds) in crude diethyl ether A. annua extract without the need of laborious isolation of the individual analytes. The above method was validated in terms of precision, linearity, and limit of detection. The analytical results were found to be in excellent agreement with those obtained with the use of the time consuming high‐performance liquid chromatography with diode‐array detection and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry for the compounds that standards were available.
Onset of the action of intravesical lidocaine after spinal cord injury
Authors: Solinsky Ryan , Tam Katharine , Linsenmeyer Todd A.
Published: November 2019

Aims

To obtain objective evidence for the time to onset of action for intravesical lidocaine utilizing exaggerated sympathetic blood‐pressure responsiveness in patients with spinal cord injuries (SCI).

Methods

This prospective observational cohort study analyzed blood pressure responses in individuals with SCI at or above T6 who did (lidocaine‐instillation group) or did not (control group) receive 10 ml of 2% lidocaine gel instilled through their catheters before routine suprapubic catheter change. Care was taken to minimize any potentially confounding position change or catheter manipulation. Given the potential for C‐fiber mediated systolic blood pressure (SBP) increases after SCI, the time to lidocaine's onset of action for blocking these C‐fibers (as seen by the decrease in SBP more than and equal to 10 mm Hg) was assessed with serial blood pressures for 4 to 6 minutes.

Results

Blood pressures were evaluated in 32 individuals with SCI (lidocaine‐instillation group n = 22, control group n = 10). In the lidocaine‐instillation group, 45% individuals demonstrated a sustained decrease in SBP more than and equal to 10 mm Hg, which occurred at a mean of 98.1 seconds (SD 59 seconds) after lidocaine instillation. Despite up to 6 minutes of serial monitoring, the remainder of the lidocaine‐instillation group and the entire control group had SBP fluctuations less than 10 mm Hg. The serial mean SBPs of those who responded to lidocaine were significantly less than the remaining groups (P < .001 for both comparisons).

Conclusion

Utilizing lidocaine's properties to decrease sympathetic‐inducing afferents after SCI, the time to onset of action for intravesical lidocaine was found to be approximately 90 seconds. This relatively rapid initial onset on action is especially pertinent when managing autonomic dysreflexia.
Review of the 6th International Consultation on Incontinence: Primary prevention of urinary incontinence
Authors: Palmer Mary H. , Cockerell Rowan , Griebling Tomas L. , Rantell Angie , van Houten Paul , Newman Diane K.
Published: November 2019

Aims

To report the state of the science on primary prevention of urinary incontinence (UI) in adults from the 6th International Consultation on Incontinence with an update through January 2019.

Methods

Online databases PubMed, CINAHL, PsycInfo, and Medline were searched in March 2016 and February 2019 with a focus on literature published after 2010. The International Consultation on Urological Diseases modified Oxford Centre for Evidence‐Based Medicine Levels of Evidence and grades of recommendation were used to evaluate the literature.

Results

Grade B recommendations to prevent UI in pregnant and postpartum women are available and promising evidence exists for educational interventions to prevent UI up to 2 years in older women. There is little evidence for adding preoperative pelvic floor muscle exercises to postprostatectomy pelvic floor muscle exercises for men to regain continence. Insufficient evidence exists for the effectiveness of screening for UI in women. The absence of information on primary prevention remains for adolescents, nulliparous and perimenopausal women, and middle‐aged and aged men and women.

Conclusions

Few primary prevention interventions for UI exist for specific populations, especially pregnant and postpartum women. Research interest in developing foundational knowledge to design these interventions is growing.
New targets for overactive bladder—ICI‐RS 2109
Authors: Fry Christopher Henry , Chakrabarty Basu , Hashitani Hikaru , Andersson Karl‐Erik , McCloskey Karen , Jabr Rita I. , Drake Marcus J.
Published: November 2019

Aim

To review evidence for novel drug targets that can manage overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms.

Methods

A think tank considered evidence from the literature and their own research experience to propose new drug targets in the urinary bladder to characterize their use to treat OAB.

Results

Five classes of agents or cellular pathways were considered. (a) Cyclic nucleotide–dependent (cyclic adenosine monophosphate and cyclic guanosine monophosphate) pathways that modulate adenosine triphosphate release from motor nerves and urothelium. (b) Novel targets for β3 agonists, including the bladder wall vasculature and muscularis mucosa. (c) Several TRP channels (TRPV1, TRPV4, TRPA1, and TRPM4) and their modulators in affecting detrusor overactivity. (d) Small conductance Ca2+‐activated K+ channels and their influence on spontaneous contractions. (e) Antifibrosis agents that act to modulate directly or indirectly the TGF‐β pathway—the canonical fibrosis pathway.

Conclusions

The specificity of action remains a consideration if particular classes of agents can be considered for future development as receptors or pathways that mediate actions of the above mentioned potential agents are distributed among most organ systems. The tasks are to determine more detail of the pathological changes that occur in the OAB and how the specificity of potential drugs may be directed to bladder pathological changes. An important conclusion was that the storage, not the voiding, phase in the micturition cycle should be investigated and potential targets lie in the whole range of tissue in the bladder wall and not just detrusor.
Numerical method to determine the inverse solution of two impacting rods of non‐constant cross section
Authors: Burgert Jens , Seemann Wolfgang
Published: November 2019

Impacting rods are used in several scientific experiments and in everyday tools such as drilling machines. For deep hole drillings, the efficiency of the drilling process can be improved by shaping the longitudinal wave that is transmitted through the drill rod to the drill bit [1]. The approach implemented in this contribution adjusts the longitudinal wave shape by varying the geometry of the impacting piston.
Reduction of stiffness‐induced round‐off errors in chemical reaction systems
Authors: Lukassen Axel Ariaan , Kiehl Martin
Published: November 2019

The timescales of chemical reactions range from nanoseconds to minutes. Hence, chemical reaction systems result in stiff systems of differential equations. Usually, implicit integration schemes are used in order to solve these stiff systems of differential equations. Thus, Newton's method is used in order to solve a nonlinear equation system in each time step. Thereby the evaluation of the chemical source term requests subtraction of very large numbers, and round‐off errors by cancellation occur. This can cause severe convergence problems within Newton's method, resulting in step size reductions. The system of differential equations is replaced by a less stiff modified system in order to reduce the round‐off errors and the computing time. Thereby the approximation error between the given system of differential equations and the modified system of differential equations is smaller than the given tolerance.
Mixed frameworks and structure preserving integration for coupled electro‐elastodynamics
Authors: Franke Marlon , Ortigosa Rogelio , Janz Alexander , Gil Antonio J. , Betsch Peter
Published: November 2019

In the present contribution new approaches for the design of structure preserving time integrators for nonlinear coupled problems are proposed. Polyconvexity inspired energy functionals are obtained by using the rediscovered tensor cross product which greatly simplifies the algebra, see [1]. In this connection an extended kinematic set, consisting of the right Cauchy‐Green tensor, its co‐factor and its Jacobian, is introduced. On this basis coupled problems like e.g. non‐linear thermo‐elastodynamics, see [2] or electro‐elastodynamics, see [3], can be considered. Furthermore the formulations are readily extendible for mixed Hu‐Washizu type formulations where the extended kinematic set is introduced as unknown field. In particular in [1] an elegant cascade system of kinematic constraints was introduced for elastodynamics, crucial for the satisfaction of the required conservation properties of a new family of energy momentum (EM) consistent time integrators. The objective of the present contribution is the introduction of new mixed variational principles for EM consistent time integrators in electro‐elastodynamics, hence bridging the gap between the previous works [3] and [1], opening the possibility to a variety of new finite element implementations, see [4]. The following characteristics of the proposed EM consistent time integrator make it very appealing: (i) the new family of time integrators can be shown to be thermodynamically consistent and second order accurate; (ii) piecewise discontinuous interpolation of the mixed fields is carried out in order to obtain a computational cost comparable to that of standard displacement, electric potential formulations. Eventually, the superior numerical performance of the proposed formulation is demonstrated.
Investigation of the Mechanical Behavior of Polystyrene using Molecular Dynamics
Authors: Ries Maximilian , Steinmann Paul , Pfaller Sebastian
Published: November 2019

Polymer nanocomposites exhibit highly promising material properties caused by their molecular structure. Multiscale techniques are used to gain a deeper understanding of the influence of molecular mechanisms on the macro scale. Especially domain composition coupling approaches, e.g. the Capriccio method [1], require a precise match of the constitutive models of the coupled domains. To this end, in this contribution a methodology to characterize the material behavior of polymers using the widely used Molecular Dynamics approach is presented. Exemplary, polystyrene is investigated as a model system and the results of time proportional and time periodic uniaxial deformation tests as well as relaxation and creep tests are briefly discussed.
Dynamical Characteristics of Electromechanical Energy Dissipation due to Translatory Motion: A Minimal Example
Authors: Boy Felix , Hetzler Hartmut , Tchomgue Simeu Arnold
Published: November 2019

Electromechanical systems cover a broad technological range of application. Typical examples are electrical machines, eddy current brakes, or different types of actors and sensors. Their dynamical behaviour is affected by some challenging peculiarities: among those are strong geometrical and physical non‐linearities. Consequently, all these effects may result in different kinds of vibration issues. Within this contribution, the classical textbook example of a simple mechanical oscillator is coupled with a magnetic and an electrical circuit. The dynamical characteristics of this system are discussed with respect to equilibria and stationary solutions. Non‐linear periodic solutions are approximated using the harmonic‐balance method.
Analysis of Cahn‐Hilliard‐Brinkman models for tumour growth
Authors: Ebenbeck Matthias , Garcke Harald
Published: November 2019

We introduce and mathematically analyse a new Cahn–Hilliard–Brinkman model for tumour growth allowing for chemotaxis. Outflow boundary conditions are considered in order not to influence tumour growth by artificial boundary conditions. Existence of global‐in‐time weak solutions is shown in a very general setting.
An error bound for the standard deviation in model order reduction of linear stochastic Galerkin systems
Authors: Pulch Roland , Narayan Akil
Published: November 2019

We apply the stochastic Galerkin method to a linear dynamical system including random parameters. The balanced truncation technique yields a model order reduction of the stochastic Galerkin system. We prove an error bound for a quadratic‐type output: the standard deviation of a quantity of interest. Numerical results are demonstrated for a test example.
Simulation of Thermoelastic Problems with the Finite Element Method
Authors: Matter Fabian , Ziegler Pascal , Iroz Igor , Eberhard Peter
Published: November 2019

Disc brakes convert kinetic energy into thermal energy in order to slow down vehicles. During the braking process enormous heat flows and temperature gradients occur in the system. Because heating leads to a change in shape for most materials, it is important to take the temperature and its influence into account during the design process. The interaction between the structure and the heat in disc brakes can be described with methods from thermoelasticity. To simulate thermoelastic behaviour the Finite Element Method is commonly used. The thermal and mechanical domain are taken into account by coupling the equation of motion and the heat equation. However, in transient analysis often the problem occurs of different time scales of the structural and thermal dynamics for many technically relevant materials, like steel. For metallic materials the time constant of structural dynamics is much smaller than those of thermal dynamics. This complicates an efficient transient simulation. In the present work the implementation of a Finite Element Method in thermoelasticity and associated investigations are shown. The method is applied to various parts and load cases. Also different approaches to deal with the different time scales will be shown. Heuristic methods like mass‐scaling as well as more mathematically oriented approaches like model order reduction are presented.
Reduction of a district heating model using network decomposition
Authors: Rein Markus , Mohring Jan , Damm Tobias , Klar Axel
Published: November 2019

In this contribution we study model order reduction of nonlinear transport networks for district heating systems. In these, heating energy injected at a centralized power plant is transported to consumers. They are modeled by a hyperbolic differential algebraic system with large state space dimension. The network structure introduces sparse system dynamics, which transform to a dense reduced system leading to unacceptable computational costs [1]. To exploit the benefits of sparsity, sub‐parts of the network are reduced separately in a structure preserving way using Galerkin projection [2]. After introducing the dynamical model, we discuss a decomposition strategy which aims at minimizing the number of observables for each subnetwork. We demonstrate its numerical benefits at an existing large scale heating network.
Spectral Super Elements for Beams with Arbitrary Cross Section
Authors: Greim Axel , Müller Gerhard
Published: November 2019

Spectral Super Elements are semi‐analytical elements for the calculation of the wave propagation in structures with a constant cross section. They base on a finite element discretization in the cross‐sectional directions and wave functions as ansatz for the longitudinal direction. No discretization in the latter direction has to be carried out and therefore the number of degrees of freedom is independent of the length the structure.

The wave functions used as ansatz are gained as eigenvalues (wave numbers) and –vectors (wave forms) from a quadratic eigenvalue problem of the infinite structure (in longitudinal direction). The infinite structure is reduced to a 2D problem with the help of a Fourier transformation in longitudinal direction. This method is called Waveguide Finite Element Method or 2,5D Finite Element Method in literature.

In this study we compare the performance of Spectral Super Elements for beams with arbitrary cross sections with analytical solutions for the Euler‐Bernoulli beam at low frequencies and with results form a 3D Finite Element analysis with commercial software for higher frequencies.
Viscous dissipation in DG methods for turbulent incompressible flows
Authors: Lehrenfeld Christoph , Lube Gert , Schroeder Philipp W.
Published: November 2019

Nowadays, (high‐order) DG methods, or hybridised variants thereof, are widely used in the simulation of turbulent incompressible flow problems. For turbulence simulations, and especially in the practically relevant situation of strong under‐resolution, it is important to distinguish between the resolved physical dissipation rate and the contribution of numerical dissipation originating from the underlying method. In this note, a certain ambiguity related to such a decomposition for the viscous effects in a DG‐discretised fluid flow problem, which is due to the discontinuity of the approximate solution, is addressed. A novel but rather natural decomposition into ‘physical’ and ‘numerical’ viscous dissipation is proposed for a class of DG methods. Based on a typical 3D benchmark problem for decaying turbulence, its meaningfulness is confirmed numerically. In order to justify the term ‘dissipation’, both the physical and the numerical contributions for the proposed additive decomposition are provably non‐negative (possibly zero).
Steady transonic dense gas flow past two‐dimensional compression/expansion ramps revisited
Authors: Kluwick A. , Cox E. A.
Published: November 2019

Supersonic flow past compression/expansion ramps represents a canonical problem in fluid dynamics which has been studied extensively in the past assuming perfect gas behaviour. More recently real gas effects on such flows have received increasing attention as part of efforts, among others, to increase the efficiency of Organic Rankine Cycles for decentralized power plants. Of special interest in this connection are dense gases of Bethe–Zel'dovich–Thompson fluids which have the distinguishing property that the so called fundamental derivative of gasdynamics Γ takes on negative values in the general neighbourhood of the thermodynamic critical point. Asymptotic analysis of the transonic flow regime has so far concentrated on cases where the unperturbed state with pressure p0, density ρ0 and entropy s0 is close to the transition curve Γ = 0 in the pressure specific volume plane such that |Γ0| ≪ 1,

, Kluwick and Cox [1], [2]. These studies have revealed a number of new phenomena and a non‐uniqueness of solutions exceeding that known from the theory of perfect gases.

Here we extend the analysis to cover flows where the unperturbed state in the p, 1/ρ plane is in the vicinity of the point on the transition line where Γ and Λ vanish simultaneously. Such flows have |Γ0| ≪ 1, |Λ0| ≪ 1,

and are of considerable practical interest as isentropes that can be realized experimentally at present just barely enter the negative Γ region. Again an increased wealth of possible solutions is observed.
Sensitivity in Machining Systems
Authors: Hamann Dominik , Eberhard Peter
Published: November 2019

The simulation‐based assessment of the stability of machining processes can be an important step in the design of these processes. In order to achieve best possible processes, considering the quality of the surface of workpieces and cycle times, gradients are almost mandatory. Our contribution is a work flow for including varying workpiece dynamics in sensitivity analysis of a predefined machining process.
Shape optimization: what to do first, optimize or discretize?
Authors: Bergmann Ronny , Herzog Roland , Loayza-Romero Estefanía , Welker Kathrin
Published: November 2019

In general, it is not easy to decide whether to use a discretize–then–optimize or optimize–then–discretize approach to solve PDE‐constrained optimization problems. Shape optimization problems are particularly challenging due to the infinite dimensional, nonlinear structure of shape spaces. One option to overcome this drawback is to choose finite dimensional shape spaces, i.e., to discretize first. Nevertheless, this limits the amount of available tools coming from function spaces. In this note, we aim to show advantages and disadvantages of both approaches based on a simple shape optimization problem.