bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preclinical assessment of transiently TCR redirected T cells for solid tumour immunotherapy
Authors: Mensali Nadia , Myhre Marit Renée , Dillard Pierre , Pollmann Sylvie , Gaudernack Gustav , Kvalheim Gunnar , Wälchli Sébastien , Inderberg Else Marit
Published: June 2019

Off-target toxicity due to the expression of target antigens in normal tissue or TCR cross-reactivity represents a major risk when using T cell receptor (TCR)-engineered T cells for treatment of solid tumours. Due to the inherent cross-reactivity of TCRs it is difficult to accurately predict their target recognition pre-clinically. It has become evident that direct testing in a human being represents the best evaluation of the risks. There is, therefore, a clear unmet need for assessing the safety of a therapeutic TCR in a more controllable manner than by the injection of permanently modified cellular products. Using transiently modified T cells combined with dose escalation has already been shown feasible for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cells, but nothing is yet reported for TCR. We performed a preclinical evaluation of a therapeutic TCR transiently expressed in T cells by mRNA electroporation. We analyzed if the construct was active in vitro, how long it was detectable for and if this expression format was adapted to in vivo efficacy assessment. Our data demonstrate the potential of mRNA engineered T cells, although less powerful than permanent redirection, to induce a significant response. Thus, these findings support the development of mRNA based TCR-therapy strategies as a feasible and efficacious method for evaluating TCR safety and efficacy in first-in-man testing.
Exploratory expertise and the dual intentionality of music-making
Authors: Høffding Simon , Schiavio Andrea
Published: June 2019

In this paper, we advance the thesis that music-making can be advantageously understood as an exploratory phenomenon. While music-making is certainly about aesthetic expression, from a phenomenological, cognitive, and even evolutionary perspective, it more importantly concerns structured explorations of the world around us, our minds, and our bodies. Our thesis is based on an enactive and phenomenological analysis of three cases: the first concerns the study of infants involved in early musical activities, and the two latter are phenomenologically inspired interviews with an expert jazz improviser, and members of a prominent string quartet. Across these examples, we find that music-making involves a dual intentionality - one oriented towards the exploration of the sonic, material, and social environment, and one oriented toward the self, including the exploration of bodily awareness and reflective mental states. In enactivist terms, exploration is a fundamental way of making sense of oneself as coupled with the world. Understanding music-making as a pre-eminent case of exploration helps us explicate and appreciate the developmental, sensorimotor, and more advanced cognitive resources that exist in music-making activities.
Protecting the world of connected devices
Authors: Boughton Nick
Published: June 2019

In 1982, long before a cyber security threat to control system networks was widely recognised, a trojan attack on control system software reportedly caused a huge explosion in a Siberian gas pipeline. Even now, despite technological advancements, many systems that have been retrofitted for compatibility with the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) remain unprotected. In a world of connected devices, industries vulnerable to attack must upgrade their security systems.

The Industrial Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming an increasingly popular route taken by malicious hackers looking to gain access to organisations' networks.

Part of the problem is that network capability is often bolted onto the existing systems. And IT and operational technology (OT) teams lack co-ordination when it comes to security. Nick Boughton of Boulting Technology argues that an end-to-end cyber security approach that incorporates both IT and OT environments must be considered when integrating legacy systems into existing networks.
Product vs toolkit: API and IAM security
Authors: Macy Jason
Published: June 2019

Marketing departments are great at capitalising on the latest industry trends. Whether it's slapping the ‘cloud’ badge onto their product or putting ‘security’ in their verbiage to appease their customers, it is a common marketing approach to reposition a product in a way that will improve sales. In the current era of conglomerate-acquired technologies, large-scale marketing departments will pay top dollar to get air cover from analysts (such as paying for a dot on the Gartner Magic Quadrant) to claim universal capabilities in niche market segments.

The term ‘security’ when used in the context of application programming interface (API) and identity access management (IAM) solutions doesn't always mean what you might expect.

Many frameworks aimed at these areas are often little more than increasingly large collections of features built on a baseline that is inherently insecure, argues Jason Macy of Forum Systems. Security products are built with a locked-down architecture with self-integrity checks to ensure that the product itself cannot be compromised. And the two functions are being combined in technology known as an API security gateway.
Editorial
Authors: Barrett Steve
Published: June 2019

Rail applications of hydrogen and fuel cells are attracting increasing interest at the moment, in particular in Europe but also in Japan.
Trapped in the Past: Memories of Georgian Internally Displaced Persons on the Margins of Society
Authors: Toria Malkhaz , Pirtskhalava Nino , Kekelia Elene , Ladaria Konstantine
Published: June 2019

From the early 1990s through the 2008 “Russo-Georgian war,” waves of armed conflicts in the Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali regions of Georgia forced thousands of residents, mainly ethnic Georgians, to leave their homes. More than two decades of protracted internal displacement, marked by tough economic and social problems, led this vulnerable community to a common trap in reckoning with the past: an overwhelming sense of the fundamental ruptures between the idealized past and current, miserable reality. Failures of the displacement policy and “side effects” of numerous humanitarian aid projects hinder internally displaced persons’ social integration and leave them on the margins of Georgian society with almost a singular option: to constantly recall meaningful life in the lost homeland, which they remember as free of ethnic phobias and economic problems. In this article, we suggest that for persons who are internally displaced, memories are defined not only by their past lived experiences and present hardships, but also by the official historical narratives that argue that Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian “endemic” unity and cohabitation was destroyed by Russian imperial politics. Living in constant pain also narrows the future expectations of the internally displaced persons. However, it is the past and the memories that are supposed to be useful in achieving the utopian dream of a return.
Reconciling the Irreconcilable? Left-Wing Ukrainian Nationalism and the Soviet Regime
Authors: Gilley Christopher
Published: June 2019

This article examines the attempts by left-wing Ukrainian nationalists to reconcile the seemingly irreconcilable: Ukrainian nationalism and Soviet socialism. It describes how leftist Ukrainian parties active during the Revolution and Civil War in Ukraine 1917–1921 advocated a soviet form of government. Exiled members of the two major Ukrainian parties, the Social Democrats and the Socialist Revolutionaries, then took this position further, arguing in favor of reconciliation with the Bolsheviks and a return to their homeland. After the Entente recognized Polish sovereignty over Eastern Galicia and Soviet Ukraine introduced a policy of Ukrainization in 1923, many West Ukrainian intellectuals took up this call. The Great Famine of 1932–1933 and the Bolsheviks’ purge of Ukrainian Communists and intellectuals all but ended the position. However, it was more the Soviet rejection of the Sovietophiles that ended Ukrainian Sovietophilism than any rejection of the Soviet Union by leftist Ukrainian nationalists. Thus, an examination of the Ukrainian Sovietophiles calls into question the accounts of the relationship between Ukrainian nationalism and the Soviet Union that have common currency in today’s Ukraine.
Bringing the State Back In: Studying Ukrainian Statehood in the 20th Century
Authors: Dobczansky Markian , Bellezza Simone Attilio
Published: June 2019

This article introduces a special issue on Ukrainian statehood. Based on the conference “A Century of Ukrainian Statehoods: 1917 and Beyond” at the University of Toronto, the special issue examines the relationship between the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917–1920 and the Soviet Ukrainian state over the long term. The authors survey the history of the Ukrainian SSR and propose two points of emphasis: the need to study the promises of “national” and “social” liberation in tandem and the persistent presence of an “internal other” in Soviet Ukrainian history.
Conodont size, trophic level, and the evolution of platform elements
Authors: Ginot Samuel , Goudemand Nicolas
Published: June 2019

Conodonts are among the first vertebrates to have evolved mineralized tooth-like structures. Among these, the so-called P1 elements are known to have been used to break down food and display a wide variety of morphologies. In particular, the repeated independent evolution of platform-like P1 elements have been suggested to correspond to similar functional constraints linked to diet. To test this hypothesis of convergence, we measured size (as element length) for various conodont taxa and used it as a proxy for trophic level. We then tested the correlation between size and platform presence/absence, both on raw data and in a phylogenetic context. Retaining or excluding the platform traits from the character matrix has limited impact on the resulting phylogeny. Contrary to platform presence/absence, size shows no phylogenetic signal. Using the raw data, size and platform presence appear positively correlated. That correlation, however, is no longer significant if one corrects for the phylogeny. We conclude that platform presence cannot be explained by an enlargement of the conodont element, be it via a trophic-level change or developmental constraints. This suggests that conodonts as a whole, and in particular platform-bearing conodonts, were an ecologically diverse group and that the various known platform types are likely to reflect different, rather than convergent, ecological niches.
How gender affects the efficacy of discussion as an information shortcut
Authors: Krupnikov Yanna , Milita Kerri , Ryan John Barry , Connors Elizabeth C.
Published: June 2019

There are a number of observed gender differences in the frequency of political discussion, perceived levels of expertise, and importantly, openness to persuasion. This article explores the consequences of these differences for political choices. Given the difficulty in separating influence from homophily with observational data, this paper relies on a group-based experiment. Results suggest that when selecting between candidates, women are more likely to accept information from others, even if the information in the signals is not helpful. Men, on the other hand, often ignore outside signals in favor of sticking with their own choices even when outside signals would be helpful to their decision-making. A reanalysis of a previously published experiment on social communication leads to similar gender differences.
Social democratic representation and welfare spending: a quantitative case study
Authors: Finseraas Henning
Published: June 2019

The welfare state literature argues that Social Democratic party representation is of key importance for welfare state outcomes. However, few papers are able to separate the influence of parties from voter preferences, which implies that the partisan effects will be overstated. I study a natural experiment to identify a partisan effect. In 1995, the Labour Party (Ap) in the Norwegian municipality of Flå filed their candidate list too late and could not participate in the local election. Ap was the largest party in Flå in the entire post-World War period, but have not regained this position. I use the synthetic control method to study the effects on welfare spending priorities. I find small and insignificant partisan effects.
Interpretation: the final spatial frontier
Authors: Whitten Guy D. , Williams Laron K. , Wimpy Cameron
Published: June 2019

The use of spatial econometric models in political science has steadily risen in recent years. However, the interpretation of these models has generally ignored the important substantive, and even spatial, nature of the estimated effects. This leaves many papers with a (non-spatial) interpretation of coefficients on the covariates and a brief discussion of the sign and strength of the spatial parameter. We introduce a general approach to interpreting spatial models and provide several avenues for an exposition of substantive spatial effects. Our approach can be generalized to most models in the spatial econometric taxonomy. Building on the example of the diffusion of democracy, we elucidate how our approach can be applied to modern political science problems.
GENDER ANXIETIES IN THE IRANIANZŪRKHĀNAH
Authors: Chehabi H.E.
Published: June 2019

Thezūrkhānahis the traditional gymnasium of Iranian cities. Athletes exercised in a homosocial milieu that occasionally allowed for same-sex relations. Beginning in the 20th century, modern heteronormativity made such relations problematic, while gender desegregation allowed women to enter them. After the Islamic Revolution of 1979, gender segregation was again imposed, while heteronormativity was maintained. In recent years, women have endeavored to make thezūrkhānahmore inclusive. This article analyzes the contradictions and paradoxes of gender relations in thezūrkhānahby using classical poetry, modern novels, anthropological accounts, autobiographies, travelogues, and press reports.
South American sea lions Otaria byronia as biological samplers of local cephalopod fauna in the Patagonian shelf marine ecosystem
Authors: Bustos R. L. , Daneri G. A. , Varela E. A. , Harrington A. , Volpedo A. V. , Ceia F. R. , Xavier J. C.
Published: June 2019

Cephalopods are important prey in the diet of top predators, such as marine mammals and seabirds. However, detailed information on their trophic relationships in the Patagonian marine ecosystem is scarce, including those cephalopod species with commercial interest. The aims of this study were to evaluate the composition of the cephalopod component in the diet of Otaria byronia and determine the habitat use and trophic levels of their main cephalopod prey by measuring the stable isotopic signature of cephalopod beaks. Between May 2005 and February 2009, fresh faecal samples were collected from two sea lions rookeries in San Matias Gulf. Cephalopods occurred in 39.4% of the 1112 samples collected during the whole period of study. The dominant prey species was Octopus tehuelchus, which occurred in 45.8% of scats containing cephalopod remains, and represented 58.7% in terms of numerical abundance and 52.0% in mass of cephalopods consumed. The second species most consumed was the myopsid Doryteuthis gahi. The significant higher δ15N values of O. tehuelchus beaks in comparison with those of D. gahi showed that these two species have different trophic levels while occupying similar habitat (δ13C values) in neritic waters of the Patagonian shelf.
The polarisation of energy policy in the US Congress
Authors: Jeong Gyung-Ho , Lowry William
Published: June 2019

Although energy policy used to be a nonpartisan issue in Congress, partisan conflicts over energy policies are intense these days. To examine how a nonpartisan issue became a highly partisan one, we create and use a new measure of energy policy positions of members of Congress. Our analyses of member behaviour show that, in addition to partisan realignment in the South, energy policy-specific factors – rising oil prices, the climate change debate since 1988, and the salience of energy policy in Congress – are significantly related to increasing party polarisation over energy policy. We also find that the increasing convergence between energy policy and environmental policy has significantly contributed to party polarisation over energy issues. The study thus provides important understanding of this specific policy area as well as insights into the party polarisation literature by demonstrating how policy-specific events and policy convergence transform a nonpartisan issue into a highly partisan one.
The world is a garden:Nomos, sovereignty, and the (contested) ordering of life
Authors: Mabon Simon
Published: June 2019

Traditional approaches to questions aboutnomosin IR typically focus upon either its establishment and the formal structures that emerge through interaction within a clearly delineated spatial area, or an exploration of US hegemony in the post-2003 world. In this article I posit a different approach, building on the ideas of Giorgio Agamben, which groundsnomosas a spatialisation of the exception within conditions of neoliberal modernity. I suggest that within the globalnomosare more localisednomoi. These localisednomoiare a consequence of the spatialisation of the exception and a fundamental tension between localisation and ordering. I argue that while sovereign power has been a source of contemporary scholarship, such explorations have paid scant attention to the regulatory power of normative values and their capacity to create order within space. Such norms allow for a greater awareness of how sovereign power can be mobilised in and of itself as a form of contestation. Locating such debates in the Middle East, I explore the concept ofnomosto understand how struggle over the localisation and ordering of space helps us to better understand contemporary political life.
Thromboprophylaxis strategies for children with single-ventricle circulations (superior or total cavo-pulmonary connections) after stent implantation
Authors: Ooi Yinn K. , Ligon R. Allen , Kelleman Michael , Vincent Robert N. , Bauser-Heaton Holly D. , Kim Dennis W. , Petit Christopher J.
Published: June 2019

Objective:

To define optimal thromboprophylaxis strategy after stent implantation in superior or total cavopulmonary connections.

Background:

Stent thrombosis is a rare complication of intravascular stenting, with a perceived higher risk in single-ventricle patients.

Methods:

All patients who underwent stent implantation within superior or total cavopulmonary connections (caval vein, innominate vein, Fontan, or branch pulmonary arteries) were included. Cohort was divided into aspirin therapy alone versus advanced anticoagulation, including warfarin, enoxaparin, heparin, or clopidogrel. Primary endpoint was in-stent or downstream thrombus, and secondary endpoints included bleeding complications.

Results:

A total of 58 patients with single-ventricle circulation underwent 72 stent implantations. Of them 14 stents (19%) were implanted post-superior cavopulmonary connection and 58 (81%) post-total cavopulmonary connection. Indications for stenting included vessel/conduit stenosis (67%), external compression (18%), and thrombotic occlusion (15%). Advanced anticoagulation was prescribed for 32 (44%) patients and aspirin for 40 (56%) patients. Median follow up was 1.1 (25th–75th percentile, 0.5–2.6) years. Echocardiograms were available in 71 patients (99%), and advanced imaging in 44 patients (61%). Thrombosis was present in two patients on advanced anticoagulation (6.3%) and none noted in patients on aspirin (p = 0.187). Both patients with in-stent thrombus underwent initial stenting due to occlusive left pulmonary artery thrombus acutely post-superior cavopulmonary connection. There were seven (22%) significant bleeding complications for advanced anticoagulation and none for aspirin (p < 0.001).

Conclusions:

Antithrombotic strategy does not appear to affect rates of in-stent thrombus in single-ventricle circulations. Aspirin alone may be sufficient for most patients undergoing stent implantation, while pre-existing thrombus may warrant advanced anticoagulation.
Microanalytical Study of Ancient Gold Jewelry: Mediterranean Impact on the Early Iron Age Technology in Southwestern Iberia
Authors: Valério Pedro , Silva Rui J.C. , Soares António M.M. , Fátima Araújo M. , Baptista Lídia , Calvo Ever
Published: June 2019

The gold technology in Iberia underwent an important development during the Early Iron Age (EIA) following the arrival of new technological skills from the Mediterranean region, including the use of filigree, granulation, and brazing. This work presents the microanalytical study of EIA gold jewels (22 spherical beads and four tongue pendants) recovered from three graves in southern Portugal. The set of jewelry, showing an extraordinary stylistic resemblance, was characterized by optical microscopy, micro energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy with X-ray microanalysis to establish the alloy composition and production techniques. The pieces show a close technological relation, making use of artificial gold alloys with different amounts of silver (c. 40 and 25%). The decorative styles include different types of filigree (solid wires and hollow wires), while the joining techniques comprise brazing with Au-Ag-Cu solders and, probably, sintering. In spite of those technological and stylistic features, clearly pointing to a Mediterranean influence, the absence of granulation suggests an indigenous workshop where exogenous technologies/decorations were not yet fully integrated in the manufacture of such luxury items.
Improvement of Electron Probe Microanalysis of Boron Concentration in Silicate Glasses
Authors: Cheng Lining , Zhang Chao , Li Xiaoyan , Almeev Renat R. , Yang Xiaosong , Holtz Francois
Published: June 2019

The determination of low boron concentrations in silicate glasses by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) remains a significant challenge. The internal interferences from the diffraction crystal, i.e. the Mo-B4C large d-spacing layered synthetic microstructure crystal, can be thoroughly diminished by using an optimized differential mode of pulse height analysis (PHA). Although potential high-order spectral interferences from Ca, Fe, and Mn on the BKα peak can be significantly reduced by using an optimized differential mode of PHA, a quantitative calibration of the interferences is required to obtain accurate boron concentrations in silicate glasses that contain these elements. Furthermore, the first-order spectral interference from ClL-lines is so strong that they hinder reliable EPMA of boron concentrations in Cl-bearing silicate glasses. Our tests also indicate that, due to the strongly curved background shape on the high-energy side of BKα, an exponential regression is better than linear regression for estimating the on-peak background intensity based on measured off-peak background intensities. We propose that an optimal analytical setting for low boron concentrations in silicate glasses (≥0.2 wt% B2O3) would best involve a proper boron-rich glass standard, a low accelerating voltage, a high beam current, a large beam size, and a differential mode of PHA.
Re-feudalizing democracy: an approach to authoritarian populism taken from institutional economics
Authors: Ádám Zoltán
Published: June 2019

Research on populism has gained importance in the light of the recent global populist surge. Political scientists have become concerned with the problem of authoritarian populism, examining how illiberal, anti-pluralist populist parties have degraded liberal democracies. Economic research on recent forms of populism, although also growing, lack a comprehensive conceptual approach. This paper reduces this gap by conceptualizing authoritarian populism in terms of political transaction costs, arguing that its primary function is to vertically integrate political exchange under conditions of general franchise. If successful, authoritarian populist regimes internalize a large share of political transaction costs inherent in decentralized democratic political exchange. This entails a degraded version of democracy, eliminating a significant part of substantial electoral choice. Through weakening impersonal collective political contracting, authoritarian populists bring back private political contracting as a dominant political coordination mechanism, effectively re-feudalizing democracy.
Measurement and Analysis of Electromagnetic Environment Characteristics on Wangjiang Campus of Sichuan University
Authors: Zhao Xiang , Ji Zhikai , Chu Wenpu , Zhao Yuan , Yan Liping , Zhou Haijing , Liu Qiang , Huang Kama
Published: June 2019

In this paper, the electromagnetic environment (EME) characteristics on Wangjiang campus of Sichuan University, a typical densely populated urban area, are measured and analyzed. According to the people's daily routine, the EME measurements are performed during daytime, nighttime, weekday, and weekend, respectively. By measuring the electric field (E‐field) values along the main roads on the campus, the maps of E‐field spatial distribution are obtained. Results indicate that the EME on the campus is relatively stable. The probability density functions of three orthogonal components of E‐field are all lognormal distribution and very similar to each other due to depolarization phenomenon and polarization rotation of multipath propagation. Moreover, the total E‐field is also lognormal distribution because of the high linear correlation between the components. In addition, E‐field were also measured over time on three different sites, playground, laboratory, and student dormitory, in order to get time‐varying characteristics of the EME. Results suggest how the people's activities influence on EME. All measurements on Wangjiang campus show that the maximum E‐field value is far below the regulatory exposure limits proposed by the International Commission on Non‐Ionizing Radiation Protection.
Ceramics Trace a 14th Century Indonesian Tsunami
Authors: Kornei Katherine
Published: June 2019

Archaeological evidence suggests that communities on the northern coast of Sumatra devastated by a tsunami roughly 600 years ago opted to rebuild in the same area, a process repeated in 2004.
Spectral Decomposition and Extremes of Atmospheric Meridional Energy Transport in the Northern Hemisphere Midlatitudes
Authors: Lembo V. , Messori G. , Graversen R. , Lucarini V.
Published: June 2019

The atmospheric meridional energy transport in the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes is mainly accomplished by planetary and synoptic waves. A decomposition into wave components highlights the strong seasonal dependence of the transport, with both the total transport and the contributions from planetary and synoptic waves peaking in winter. In both winter and summer months, poleward transport extremes primarily result from a constructive interference between planetary and synoptic motions. The contribution of the mean meridional circulation is close to climatology. Equatorward transport extremes feature a mean meridional equatorward transport in winter, while the planetary and synoptic modes mostly transport energy poleward. In summer, a systematic destructive interference occurs, with planetary modes mostly transporting energy equatorward and synoptic modes again poleward. This underscores that baroclinic conversion dominates regardless of season in the synoptic wave modes, whereas the planetary waves can be either free or forced, depending on the season.
Influence of the QBO on the MJO During Coupled Model Multiweek Forecasts
Authors: Abhik S. , Hendon Harry H.
Published: June 2019

Seasonal activity of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) is observed to be greater during austral summer when the lower stratospheric winds are in the easterly phase of the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO). Using initialized predictions from two coupled model seasonal prediction systems, we show a systematic impact of the QBO on the amplitude of the MJO during the first few days of the forecast before model biases become too large. In both models as for the observed, the difference in MJO amplitude between easterly phases and westerly phases of the QBO increases with lead time, despite having similar initial amplitudes. Enhanced destabilization of the tropopause is argued to be the key mechanism that promotes stronger MJO convection during easterly phase of QBO. Caveats for the inability of the models to reproduce the observed strength of the MJO‐QBO relationship are discussed.
Evidence for Increasing Rainfall Extremes Remains Elusive at Large Spatial Scales: The Case of Italy
Authors: Libertino A. , Ganora D. , Claps P.
Published: June 2019

The widespread perception of an increase in the severity of extreme rainstorms has not found yet clear confirmation in the scientific literature, often showing vastly different results. Especially for short‐duration extremes, spatial heterogeneities can affect the outcomes of large‐scale trend analyses, providing misleading results dependent on the adopted spatial domain. Based on the availability of a renewed and comprehensive database, the present work assesses the presence of regional trends in the magnitude and frequency of annual rainfall maxima for subdaily durations in Italy. Versions of the Mann‐Kendall test and a record‐breaking analysis, which considers the spatial correlation, have been adopted for the scope. Significant trends do not appear at the whole‐country scale, but distinct patterns of change emerge in smaller domains having homogeneous geographical characteristics. Results of the study underline the importance of a multiscale approach to regional trend analysis and the need of more advanced explanations of localized trends.
Complex Uppermost Mantle Structure and Deformation Beneath the Northwest Pacific Region
Authors: Lü Yan , Li Juan , Liu Lijun , Zhao Lian‐Feng
Published: June 2019

We used a newly developed Pn tomography method to obtain high‐resolution uppermost mantle velocity and anisotropy structures beneath the Northwest Pacific region. The observed Pn velocities are consistent with the local tectonic background, where high Pn velocities are observed beneath the Japan Trench area and Songliao Basin, and low Pn velocities beneath the Kuril Islands, Japan Archipelago‐Izu Islands, Kyushu Island, Changbaishan‐Jingpohu volcanoes, Korea Peninsula, and Japan Basin. The new Pn velocity image outlines the subducting slabs along the trenches and the young seafloor within the Japan Basin. Our results also support the existence of hot upwelling feeding the Changbaishan, Jingpohu, and Chuga‐Ryong volcanoes, where small‐scale mantle convection may exist below the Northeast China region. Further east, both trench‐parallel anisotropy below arcs and trench‐perpendicular anisotropy within the back‐arc region suggest subduction‐dominant mantle flow, where anisotropy may be attributable to the lattice‐preferred orientation of olivine induced by flow‐related strain. The highly accurate uppermost mantle velocity and anisotropy structures provide crucial information outlining the complex dynamic processes near convergent plate boundaries.
Poleward Shift of the Pacific North Equatorial Current Bifurcation
Authors: Guo Haihong , Chen Zhaohui , Yang Haiyuan
Published: June 2019

The dynamics of the poleward shift of the Pacific North Equatorial Current bifurcation latitude (NBL) is studied using a 5.5‐layer reduced gravity model. It is found that the poleward shift of the NBL is associated with the asymmetric intensity of the wind stress curl input to the Pacific tropical and subtropical gyres. Stronger wind stress curl in the subtropical gyre leads to equatorward transport in the interior upper ocean across the boundary between the two gyres, causing a poleward transport compensation at the western boundary. In the lower layer ocean, in turn, there is poleward (equatorward) transport at the interior (western boundary) due to Sverdrup balance which requires zero transport at the gyre boundary where zonally integrated wind stress curl is zero. Therefore, the NBL exhibits a titling feature, with its position being more equatorward in the upper layer and more poleward in the lower layer. The equatorial currents bifurcations in other basins are also characterized by the poleward titling vertical structure. The wind stress curl over the subtropical gyre is generally stronger than that over the tropical gyre, resulting in the bifurcations shifting poleward with increasing depth.
Multiconstituent Data Assimilation With WRF‐Chem/DART: Potential for Adjusting Anthropogenic Emissions and Improving Air Quality Forecasts Over Eastern China
Authors: Ma Chaoqun , Wang Tijian , Mizzi Arthur P. , Anderson Jeffrey L. , Zhuang Bingliang , Xie Min , Wu Rongsheng
Published: June 2019

We use the Weather Research and Forecasting Model with the chemistry/Data Assimilation Research Testbed (WRF‐Chem/DART) chemical weather forecasting/data assimilation system with multiconstituent data assimilation to investigate the improvement of air quality forecasts over eastern China. We assimilate surface in situ observations of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter with diameters less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and 10 μm (PM10), and satellite aerosol optical depth to adjust the related anthropogenic emissions as well as the chemical initial conditions. We validate our forecast results out to 72 hr by comparison with the in situ observations. Results show that updated emissions improve the model performance between 10% and 65% root mean square error reduction for the assimilated species except particulate matter with a diameter between 2.5 and 10 μm (PM2.5‐10), which is slightly improved due to the limited anthropogenic contribution to it. In a sensitivity experiment with a different update interval, the CO improvement is found to be sensitive to the cycling time used to update the CO emissions. In another sensitivity experiment when NO2 observations are not assimilated and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission are adjusted by only O3, NO2 forecasts show similar root mean square error improvement but have lower spatial correlation, indicating the value and limitation of the O3‐NOx cross‐variable relationship.
Spatiotemporal Variation in Presummer Precipitation Over South China From 1979 to 2015 and Its Relationship With Urbanization
Authors: Su Lin , Li Junlu , Shi Xiaoming , Fung Jimmy C. H.
Published: June 2019

The variation in presummer precipitation in South China from 1979 to 2015 and its relationship with urbanization were analyzed. The results reveal that the intensity of precipitation and the occurrence of extreme precipitation events during the presummer season in South China have increased significantly, and the upward trend is much more significant in urban areas than in nonurban areas. The mean trends in urban and nonurban areas in South China are, respectively, 1.34 and 0.97 mm/day/year for maximum daily precipitation, 4.41 and 2.79 mm/year for the top 5% of daily precipitation, and 0.26 and 0.16 day/year for extremely heavy precipitation days during the presummer season. In addition to the variability of large‐scale atmospheric circulation, urbanization appears to have a significant effect on the variability of presummer precipitation in South China, especially with regard to the intensity of precipitation and the occurrence of extremely heavy precipitation. From 1979 to 2015, the upward trends of maximum daily precipitation, the top 5% of daily precipitation, and extremely heavy precipitation days during presummer season in urban areas are, respectively, between 38.14% and 39.18%, 55.97% and 59.14%, and 43.75% and 68.75% higher than those in nonurban areas during the investigated period. Urban areas in South China are more exposed to extreme precipitation than nonurban areas during the presummer season.
The Tyranny of Small Scales—On Representing Soil Processes in Global Land Surface Models
Authors: Or Dani
Published: June 2019

The representation of small‐scale soil and hydrological processes has been a challenge and a subject of debate since the pioneering work of Richardson and the dawn of numerical weather prediction. The recent leap to global scales with long‐term and large data offers new opportunities that place the long‐standing challenge of small‐scale representation in a more positive perspective. Global representation of soil processes requires evaluation of the origins of the information used for global models and the parameterization via the so‐called pedotransfer functions. Parameters and processes benefit from application of physical constraints while replacing empirical approximations with small‐scale physics adapted for large‐scale processes. We provide an overview of the present state and opportunities for hydrology and soil communities in contemporary well‐connected, observable, global, and big‐data realities.
Inkjet-printed stretchable and low voltage synaptic transistor array
Authors: Molina-Lopez F. , Gao T. Z. , Kraft U. , Zhu C. , Öhlund T. , Pfattner R. , Feig V. R. , Kim Y. , Wang S. , Yun Y. , Bao Z.
Published: June 2019

Wearable and skin electronics benefit from mechanically soft and stretchable materials to conform to curved and dynamic surfaces, thereby enabling seamless integration with the human body. However, such materials are challenging to process using traditional microelectronics techniques. Here, stretchable transistor arrays are patterned exclusively from solution by inkjet printing of polymers and carbon nanotubes. The additive, non-contact and maskless nature of inkjet printing provides a simple, inexpensive and scalable route for stacking and patterning these chemically-sensitive materials over large areas. The transistors, which are stable at ambient conditions, display mobilities as high as 30 cm2 V−1 s−1 and currents per channel width of 0.2 mA cm−1 at operation voltages as low as 1 V, owing to the ionic character of their printed gate dielectric. Furthermore, these transistors with double-layer capacitive dielectric can mimic the synaptic behavior of neurons, making them interesting for conformal brain-machine interfaces and other wearable bioelectronics.
Fcmr regulates mononuclear phagocyte control of anti-tumor immunity
Authors: Kubli Shawn P. , Vornholz Larsen , Duncan Gordon , Zhou Wenjing , Ramachandran Parameswaran , Fortin Jerome , Cox Maureen , Han SeongJun , Nechanitzky Robert , Nechanitzky Duygu , Snow Bryan E. , Jones Lisa , Li Wanda Y. , Haight Jillian , Wakeham Andrew , Bray Mark R. , Mak Tak W.
Published: June 2019

Myeloid cells contribute to tumor progression, but how the constellation of receptors they express regulates their functions within the tumor microenvironment (TME) is unclear. We demonstrate that Fcmr (Toso), the putative receptor for soluble IgM, modulates myeloid cell responses to cancer. In a syngeneic melanoma model, Fcmr ablation in myeloid cells suppressed tumor growth and extended mouse survival. Fcmr deficiency increased myeloid cell population density in this malignancy and enhanced anti-tumor immunity. Single-cell RNA sequencing of Fcmr-deficient tumor-associated mononuclear phagocytes revealed a unique subset with enhanced antigen processing/presenting properties. Conversely, Fcmr activity negatively regulated the activation and migratory capacity of myeloid cells in vivo, and T cell activation by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells in vitro. Therapeutic targeting of Fcmr during oncogenesis decreased tumor growth when used as a single agent or in combination with anti-PD-1. Thus, Fcmr regulates myeloid cell activation within the TME and may be a potential therapeutic target.
Graphene oxide enabled long-term enzymatic transesterification in an anhydrous gas flux
Authors: Xu Weina , Fu Zhongwang , Chen Gong , Wang Zheyu , Jian Yupei , Zhang Yifei , Jiang Guoqiang , Lu Diannan , Wu Jianzhong , Liu Zheng
Published: June 2019

Gas-phase enzymatic catalysis has been long pursued but not yet utilized in industrial processes due to many limitations. Herein, we report a hydroxyl-rich graphene oxide (GO) aerogel that can preserve the enzymatic activity and stability in an anhydrous gas flow by providing a water-like microenvironment. Lipase immobilized in the GO aerogel exhibits a 5 to 10-fold increase in apparent activity than the lyophilized lipase powder in transesterification of geraniol and vinyl acetate in the gas phase and maintains the initial activity for more than 500 h. The solid-state circular dichroism measurement confirms that the lipase keeps its native conformation in the aerogel, and the thermogravimetric analysis shows that water molecules essential for the lipase activity can be replaced by the hydroxyl groups at the GO surface. The versatility of this method is demonstrated for two other lipases with different structures, promising unprecedented applications of enzyme-GO aerogels to gas-phase enzymatic catalysis.
Critical points of the three-dimensional Bose-Hubbard model from on-site atom number fluctuations
Authors: Prośniak Oskar A. , Łącki Mateusz , Damski Bogdan
Published: June 2019

We discuss how positions of critical points of the three-dimensional Bose-Hubbard model can be accurately obtained from variance of the on-site atom number operator, which can be experimentally measured. The idea that we explore is that the derivative of the variance, with respect to the parameter driving the transition, has a pronounced maximum close to critical points. We show that Quantum Monte Carlo studies of this maximum lead to precise determination of critical points for the superfluid-Mott insulator transition in systems with mean number of atoms per lattice site equal to one, two, and three. We also extract from such data the correlation-length critical exponent through the finite-size scaling analysis and discuss how the derivative of the variance can be reliably computed from numerical data for the variance. The same conclusions apply to the derivative of the nearest-neighbor correlation function, which can be obtained from routinely measured time-of-flight images.
Optical characteristics of refractive-index-matching diffusion layer in organic light-emitting diodes
Authors: Park Cheol Hwee , Kim Jae Geun , Jung Sun-Gyu , Lee Dong Jun , Park Young Wook , Ju Byeong-Kwon
Published: June 2019

We developed a diffusion layer with a refractive index-matching layer added to a transparent nanoscale polymer-based structure to obtain its effective scattering effects. The diffusion layer had higher haze when the refractive index-matching layer to a higher refractive index was used. This diffusion layer was applied to conventional organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and micro-cavity OLEDs (MC-OLEDs) to evaluate the characteristics. When a diffusion layer was applied to conventional OLEDs, the external quantum efficiency (EQE) was 31.1% higher than that of the device without a diffusion layer due to the reduction of the substrate mode, and the viewing angle characteristic was also improved. Then, when the diffusion layer was applied to the MC-OLEDs, all devices showed similar EQE values regardless of the presence or absence of the diffusion layer, and the viewing-angle-dependent characteristics were greatly improved by the diffusion layer. Furthermore, when the diffusion layer was used with polarizer film, the black color implementation was not affected by the polarizer film, proving that it is applicable to actual OLED display products.
Expression of Arabidopsis WEE1 in tobacco induces unexpected morphological and developmental changes
Authors: Siciliano Ilario , Lentz Grønlund Anne , Ševčíková Hana , Spadafora Natasha D. , Rafiei Golnaz , Francis Dennis , Herbert Robert J. , Bitonti M. Beatrice , Rogers Hilary J. , Lipavská Helena
Published: June 2019

WEE1 regulates the cell cycle by inactivating cyclin dependent protein kinases (CDKs) via phosphorylation. In yeast and animal cells, CDC25 phosphatase dephosphorylates the CDK releasing cells into mitosis, but in plants, its role is less clear. Expression of fission yeast CDC25 (Spcdc25) in tobacco results in small cell size, premature flowering and increased shoot morphogenetic capacity in culture. WhenArath;WEE1is over-expressed in Arabidopsis, root apical meristem cell size increases, and morphogenetic capacity of cultured hypocotyls is reduced. However expression ofArath;WEE1in tobacco plants resulted in precocious flowering and increased shoot morphogenesis of stem explants, and in BY2 cultures cell size was reduced. This phenotype is similar to expression ofSpcdc25and is consistent with a dominant negative effect on WEE1 action. Consistent with this putative mechanism, WEE1 protein levels fell and CDKB levels rose prematurely, coinciding with early mitosis. The phenotype is not due to sense-mediated silencing of WEE1, as overall levels of WEE1 transcript were not reduced in BY2 lines expressingArath;WEE1. However the pattern of native WEE1 transcript accumulation through the cell cycle was altered byArath;WEE1expression, suggesting feedback inhibition of native WEE1 transcription.
Study of photoluminescence property on cellulosic fabric using multifunctional biomaterials riboflavin and its derivative Flavin mononucleotide
Authors: Iyer Sweta Narayanan , Behary Nemeshwaree , Nierstrasz Vincent , Guan Jinping , Chen Guoqiang
Published: June 2019

Flavins are ubiquitous in nature and participate in various biochemical reactions mainly in the form of coenzyme Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) or as precursor such as Riboflavin (RF). Both flavins, RF and FMN are multifunctional bio-based molecules yielding yellow coloration and exhibit photoluminescence, UV protection, and redox properties. The aim of the present research study was to investigate the diffusion method as a technique to obtain photoluminescent cellulosic fabric using multifunctional RF and FMN. The photoluminescent moiety RF and FMN exhibited three maximum absorbance peaks at about 270 nm, 370 nm and 446 nm in aqueous solution at pH 7. The solutions of RF and FMN with concentration 4% and 20% (owf) at pH 7 were prepared and used in diffusion method for cellulosic fabric dyeing. The study involved the determination of color performance and evaluation of luminescence property of the dyed fabric using UV-visible spectrophotometer and photoluminescence spectroscopy, respectively. Under monochromatic UV lamp exposure emitting at 370 nm, the dyed fabric showed an intense emission of greenish yellow color, which was later confirmed by the intense photoluminescence observed at a wavelength of about 570 nm. The study demonstrates the theoretical evaluation of quantum efficiency (φ) obtaining maximum φ value of 0.28. Higher color strength value and improved wash fastness were obtained by treatment with different biobased mordants such as tannic acid and citric acid as well as calcium chloride for both RF and FMN. Additionally, ultraviolet (UV) protection ability for both RF and FMN dyed fabric were determined and showed UPF factor of 50+ and 35 respectively. The work allowed us to explore the photoluminescence property of riboflavin and Flavin mononucleotide for its application in the field of textiles as a new scope of producing photoluminescent textile along with multifunctional properties such as coloration and UV protection.