bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HYPERTHERMIA AND RADIATION THERAPY IN CANCER TREATMENT*
Authors: Lord Peter F. , Kapp Daniel S.
Published: May 2005

Hyperthermia is a field of cancer research of increasing importance to veterinarians and physicians. The thermobiologic studies that are guiding the development of clinical research are reviewed. The interaction of heat, radiation, and drugs on tumors and normal tissues is presented, and the basis for producing a therapeutic gain is discussed. Current methods of inducing local, regional, and systemic hyperthermia in animals and humans are summarized. The areas of clinical research in which veterinary radiologists and oncologists could contribute by studying the effects of heat and radiotherapy on domestic animals with spontaneous tumors are emphasized.
HEMOPOIETIC RESPONSES OF THE CAT TO TOTAL BODY IRRADIATION FOLLOWED BY CHEMOTHERAPY
Authors: Walker Michael A. , Jones J. B.
Published: May 2005

Cats with lymphosarcoma are affected with rapidly progressive, fatal neoplasia of hemopoietic tissues. The very aggressive nature of this type of neoplasia requires intense therapy, which in most instances is only palliative. A combination of total body irradiation and cytotoxic chemotherapy in four normal cats was followed by similar patterns of leukopenia and throm‐bocytopenia in all cats. The radiation protocol and the complications of the transient throm‐bocytopenia and leukopenia are discussed and compared with reports of similar efforts in human medicine. The responses from these normal cats were quite similar to those seen in humans undergoing similar therapy. The cat may be considered as a possible model for further radiotherapy research.
A REVIEW OF DRUGS THAT MAY BE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH RADIOTHERAPY*
Authors: Walker Michael A.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this review is to familiarize veterinarians with basic information regarding various combinations of drugs that have been used to attempt to improve the effectiveness of radiotherapy. Most of the drugs utilized function as either adjuvants, radioprotectors, radiosensitizers, or immunostimulants. Examples of these agents and their limitations in clinical veterinary radiotherapy are discussed.
A REVIEW OF PERMANENT INTERSTITIAL IMPLANT RADIOTHERAPY USING RADON‐222 AND IODINE‐125*
Authors: Walker Michael A.
Published: May 2005

It is important that veterinarians who perform radiation therapy possess a minimum basic knowledge of interstitial implant radiotherapy and of radionuclides used as interstitial implants. The advantages and disadvantages of interstitial implants as compared with tele‐therapy, surgery, and chemotherapy, are presented. Two radionuclides, radon‐222 and iodine‐125, are discussed, and their physical parameters, cost, safety, and radiotherapeutic efficacy in human patients are compared. Three methods of dosimetry are briefly discussed: the Patterson‐Parker system, the Quimby system, and the dimension averaging technique. Some types of implant needles and associated implant equipment are described. It is concluded that permanent interstitial implants deserve consideration as a modality for treatment of appropriate spontaneous animal neoplasms.
BONE LESIONS IN FOUR DOGS WITH VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS
Authors: Turrel Jane M. , Pool Roy R.
Published: May 2005

Skeletal radiographs of four dogs with confirmed visceral leishmaniasis were reviewed. The dogs had lived in the Mediterranean area for six to 36 months prior to returning to the United States, where they lived for an additional six to 41 months before clinical signs appeared. Clinical findings included lameness, fever, cutaneous lesions, muscle atrophy, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and weight loss. The dogs exhibited two distinct radiographic patterns. Periosteal proliferation and increased intramedullary radiopacity of long and flat bones occurred in two dogs. Osteolysis of bones of the carpus, tarsus, and stifle was noted in two dogs. Differences in radiographic appearance were presumed to be due to different hematogenous routes of infection. Leishmaniasis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of dogs that have traveled in endemic areas and exhibit the described radiographic changes.
SONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF EXPERIMENTAL BILE DUCT LIGATION IN THE DOG
Authors: Nyland Thomas G. , Gillett Nancy A.
Published: May 2005

The common bile duct was surgically ligated in five normal adult dogs. Ultrasonographic examinations of the gallbladder and biliary system were performed after duct ligation at intervals of 24 hours. The sequence of biliary system dilation was from the common duct to the peripheral intrahepatic ducts. Common duct enlargement was evident in 24–48 hours, while peripheral biliary duct dilation was recognized by five to seven days after obstruction. When compared with hepatic and portal veins, dilated biliary ducts were more tortuous and had irregular branching patterns. Gross pathologic changes were correlated with ultrasonographic findings at seven, 14, 15, 18 and 21 days after obstruction.
RADIUM‐226‐INDUCED BONE LESIONS IN BEAGLES
Authors: Morgan Joe P. , Pool Roy R.
Published: May 2005

In a colony of Beagles that had received intravenous injections of 226Ra was a subgroup of 42 dogs that had limbs amputated because of the development of painful bone lesions. Information was gained from sequential radiographic studies plus examination of tissue harvested from the amputated limbs. Bone lesions that had their inception in bizarre, progressively expansile resorption cavities in which the process of normal bone tissue replacement was defective were identified. Some of these lesions were the site of development of bone sarcomas. This radiation‐induced disturbance in bone repair was termed radiation osteodystrophy. The pathologic sequence in these Beagles in which a defect in the remodeling process of cortical bone leads to the development of lesions of radiation osteodystrophy and bone sarcoma was felt to be unique and thought to be a specific effect of chronic irradiation by 226Ra.
ARTERIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF THE ABDOMINAL AORTA IN THE GOAT, DOG, PIG, AND RABBIT
Authors: Singh Ambika P. , Singh Gaj Raj , Sharma Dwarika N. , Nigam Janki M. , Bhargava Amar K.
Published: May 2005

Arteriographic anatomy of the major branches of the abdominal aorta of rabbits, dogs, pigs, and goats was investigated. The origin and location of the celiac, cranial mesenteric, right renal, left renal, caudal mesenteric, and external iliac arteries were demonstrated, and their placement was described in relation to the iliac bifurcation and lumbar vertebral bodies.
TECHNIQUE OF LINEAR TOMOGRAPHY FOR THE PELVIC REGION OF THE HORSE
Authors: Jeffcott L. B.
Published: May 2005

A method of linear tomography for the pelvic region of the horse is described. A custom‐built unit was employed, and exposures of 140 kV and 400 mAs for three to four seconds were required in horses weighing approximately 450 kg. Animals were anesthetized and placed in lateral or dorsal recumbency. Radiographic quality of the lateral projection was considered unsatisfactory, but on ventrodorsal tomograms taken at an angle of swing of 10° or 20° most of the anatomic structures in the lumbar spine and pelvic girdle could be identified. The height of the plane of cut varied from 30 to 300 mm, according to anatomic location, but between animals the height of each structure was reasonably consistent.
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC INDICES IN THE NORMAL DOG
Authors: Boon June , Wingfield Wayne E. , Miller Charles W.
Published: May 2005

Twenty young healthy dogs weighing from 9.8 to 28.6 kg were studied by M‐mode echocardiography. Parameters were measured and statistically evaluated to determine whether a correlation to body surface area existed. A statistically significant correlation to body size was found for the aortic, left atrial, left ventricular, septal, and posterior wall dimensions and the mitral valve amplitude of motion. In addition, normal values not correlated to body surface area are presented with their means and standard deviations. These values include velocity of circumferential fiber shortening, ejection time, percent systolic thickening of septum and posterior wall, percent change in minor diameter, selected dimension ratios, and mitral valve velocities
EFFECT OF SODIUM DIATRIZOATE ON THE IN VITRO GROWTH OF THREE COMMON CANINE URINARY BACTERIAL SPECIES
Authors: Ruby Annette L. , Ling Gerald V. , Ackerman Norman
Published: May 2005

The mean concentration of diatrizoate in urine specimens of eight dogs collected 20 minutes after intravenous injection of 2.2 ml/kg of sodium and meglumine diatrizoate (iodine concentration, 288 mg/ml) was 80 mg/ml (iodine concentration, 48 mg/ml). The mean concentration plus 1 SD was 111 mg/ml (iodine concentration, 66 mg/ml), and the mean concentration plus 2 SD was 142 mg/ml (iodine concentration, 85 mg/ml). The presence of diatrizoate at a concentration of 142 mg/ml did not inhibit in vitro bacterial growth of any of ten randomly selected canine urinary isolates of Escherichia coli or any of ten randomly selected urinary isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. In vitro bacterial growth of all ten randomly selected urinary bacterial isolates of Proteus mirabilis was significantly inhibited by a diatrizoate concentration of 80 mg/ml. Bacterial growth was progressively inhibited by increased diatrizoate concentrations.
QUANTITATIVE HEPATIC SCINTIGRAPHY IN THE DOG
Authors: Koblik Philip D. , Hornof William J. , Breznock Eugene M.
Published: May 2005

Quantitative hepatic scintigraphy is a noninvasive test for measurement of relative arterial and portal blood flow to the liver. This technique has been used to evaluate human patients with known or suspected liver tumors or diffuse hepatocellular disease. A computer program to assess the hepatic perfusion index (HPI) in the normal dog is described. Factors affecting study quality and accuracy include injection technique, cardiac function, patient position, respiration, gross patient motion, and user intervention during data processing. HPI for a group of 12 normal dogs was 0.9±0.4 (X±SD). Quantitative scintigraphy could be used to evaluate dogs with primary or secondary liver tumors, portacaval shunts, or chronic liver disease
USE OF QUANTITATIVE HEPATIC SCINTIGRAPHY TO EVALUATE SPONTANEOUS PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNTS IN 12 DOGS
Authors: Koblik Philip D. , Hornof William J. , Breznock Eugene M.
Published: May 2005

Quantitative hepatic scintigraphy is a valid means for estimating total liver blood flow and relative portal hepatic perfusion. The Hepatic perfusion index (HPI) was determined for a group of 12 dogs with portosystemic shunts prior to and two days after corrective surgery. HPI values for the dogs prior to operation were significantly elevated (p<0.001) as compared with those for a group of normal dogs, indicating reduced effective portal hepatic perfusion in dogs with shunts. Dogs showing a favorable clinical response after surgery had a significant decrease (p<0.02) in HPI values after operation. One dog showing a poor clinical response after operation had an increase in HPI score after operation. Quantitative hepatic scintigraphy is a valuable diagnostic test for screening presumptive cases of portosystemic shunts and monitoring the response to surgical intervention.
ULTRASONIC FEATURES OF EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED, ACUTE PANCREATITIS IN THE DOG
Authors: Nyland Thomas G. , Mulvany Michael H. , Strombeck Donald R.
Published: May 2005

Acute, necrotizing pancreatitis was experimentally produced in three dogs by injection of oleic acid into the accessory pancreatic duct. The ultrasonic features of acute pancreatitis were compared with the radiographic and gross pathologic findings. It was concluded that ultrasonography was very useful for the detection and characterization of experimental pancreatitis. The results must be carefully compared with the ultrasonic abnormalities found in naturally occurring, acute canine pancreatitis before the usefulness of pancreatic sonography can be determined for this disease in the dog
EFFECTS OF METRIZAMIDE MYELOGRAPHY ON CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ANALYSIS IN THE DOG
Authors: Carakostas Michael C. , Gossett Kent A. , Watters John W. , MacWilliams Peter S.
Published: May 2005

The effect of metrizamide myelography on the composition of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was studied. Seven dogs received an intracisternal injection of metrizamide. An intracisternal puncture was performed in three additional dogs that did not receive metrizamide. CSF was collected before myelography and 24, 72, and 144 hours after myelography from all dogs. A significant increase in the percentage of neutrophils (p<0.05) and a pleocytosis noted 24 hours after myelography (p<0.02) were attributed to the effect of metrizamide. Significant increases in total protein concentration (p<0.001) and erythrocyte count (p<0.05), and a decrease in the percentage of small mononuclear cells (p<0.01) were attributed to repeated intracisternal puncture. No significant changes were observed for CSF creatine phosphokinase activity or the percentage of large mononuclear cells.
EFFECTS OF BLADDER DISTENTION ON CANINE AND FELINE RETROGRADE URETHROGRAPHY
Authors: Johnston Gary R. , Jessen Carl R. , Osborne Carl A.
Published: May 2005

Retrograde urethrography with viscous contrast medium was performed in male and female dogs and cats before and after bladder distention. The viscosity of commercially prepared contrast medium was increased by addition of an aqueous lubricant. The diameter of the proximal urethra of female dogs (regions 1 and 2) was larger during urethrography (p<0.05) following bladder distention. The diameter of regions 1 and 2 of the proximal uretha of female cats in lateral recumbency was larger during urethrography (p<0.05) following bladder distention. The diameter of the distal urethra of female dogs and cats was not significantly different before or after bladder distention. The diameter of the prostatic urethra of male dogs was larger (p<0.003) following bladder distention. The diameter of the membranous and penile urethra of male dogs was not significantly different before or after urinary bladder distention. Similarly, the diameter of the urethral lumen in male cats was not significantly different before or after bladder distention. The increased viscosity of the contrast medium due to the aqueous lubricant failed to distend all areas of the male and female canine and feline urethra maximally during urethrography when the bladder was not distended. On the basis of the results of this study, the authors recommend urinary bladder distention with a lubricant‐free positive contrast medium to generate intravesical hydrostatic pressure sufficient to induce urethral distention. The degree of bladder distention should be determined by digital palpation.
TECHNIQUES OF AFTERLOADING IRIDIUM‐192 INTERSTITIAL BRACHYTHERAPY IN VETERINARY MEDICINE
Authors: Turrel Jane M. , Koblik Philip D.
Published: May 2005

Continuous low‐dose‐rate irradiation of animal tumors has become feasible through the implantation of iridium‐192 by an afterloading technique. 192Ir is an ideal radioisotope for interstitial brachytherapy in veterinary medicine because of its 74.2‐day half‐life, medium‐energy gamma radiation (0.35 MeV), moderate shielding requirements, low cost, and adaptability to most tumor configurations. The afterloading technique can easily be applied to veterinary patients. The effectiveness of interstitial brachytherapy may be enhanced by combination with surgery and/or hyperthermia. Computer‐assisted dose calculations make afterloaded 192Ir implantation an accurate, precise method of interstitial brachytherapy.
Imaging: Nuclear*
Authors: Barber Don L. , Roberts Royce E.
Published: May 2005

In this paper an overview of principles involved in nuclear imaging is presented. Nuclear images are picotrial representations of the distribution of systemically administered radiopharmaceuticals. Although many radionuclides are available. 99mTc is the most commonly used radionuclide, either in ionic form (99mTcO4) or bound to other pharmaceuticals. Distribution within the body is by physiologic processes, dependent on the radiopharmaceutical used. Most distribution processes are organ specific rather than disease specific. Scintillation detectors are used to record the activity and disribution of an administered radiopharmaceutical and to create a representative image on film. A rectilinear scanner is an imaging system with a small detector that moves systematically, point by point, over an organ of interest. A gamma (scintillation) camera is an imaging system with a large stationary detector that encompasses a larger field of view. Nuclear imaging provides information based primarily on physiologic principles, and radiography provides infromation based primarily on anatomic or geometric principles. Examples of some scanning procedures are discussed.
A simple method for the preparation of inflated air‐dried Lung specimens
Authors: McKiernan Brendan C. , Kneller Stephen K.
Published: May 2005

A simple method for the preparation of air‐dried lung specimens is described. These specimens have proven valuable as teaching tools in anatomy, radiology, pathology, medicine, and surgery. Specimens have been made from the lungs of the cat, dog, pig, and horse.
AGENESIS OF THE DISTAL PHALANX IN A MULE
Authors: Taylor T.S. , Morris E. L.
Published: May 2005

Agenesis of the distal phalanx of a mule foal is documented. The condition was identified when the foal was 14 days old and supported by follow‐up radiographs obtained at four months of age.
Hepatic ultrasonography in the dog
Authors: Nyland Thomas G. , Park Richard D.
Published: May 2005

Ultrasonography may be used to evaluate noninvasively a wide variety of diseases affecting the canine liver. Hepatic mass lesions, parenchymal pathology, gallbladder and biliary disease, and vascular abnormalities may be detected and characterized by ultrasonography. Ultrasonically guided percutaneous liver biopsy can improve the succes and safety of obtaining diagnostic cytologic material. The response of liver disorders to treatment may be effectively monitored by serial ultrasonographic examination. The ultrasonographic diagnosis of canine liver disease is described and illustrated with 11 case history reports.
Radiographic aspects of exercise‐induced pulmonary hemorrhage in racing horses
Authors: Pascoe John R. , O'Brien Timothy R. , Wheat John D. , Meagher Dennis M.
Published: May 2005

Abnormal pulmonary radiopacities were identified in 13 racing horses in which a diagnosis of exercise‐induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) had been confirmed. The lesions were in the caudal lung lobe in all horses; seven were on the right and three on the left, and the laterality for three could not be determined. In ten horses the opacities, which were large and peripherally located, obliterated the thoracophrenic angle. They merged with the silhouette of the diaphragm and had a circular or ovoid surface directed toward the hilum. The intensity of opacification of the consolidated areas varied, and they often were not sharply marginated. Dorsal displacement of the pulmonary arteries was noted in the region of the radiopacity in seven horses. Varying volumes of pleural effusion were observed in nine horses. Serial radiographic examinations were performed in seven horses. The pulmonary radiopacities cleared within ten days in two horses. In the remaining five horses, gradual resolution, characterized by a reduction in lesion size with improved margination, occurred during several months. The central region of the radiopaque lesion commonly had a patchy appearance, suggesting cavitation. Normal pulmonary vascular and interstitial markings were evident following complete resolution of these lesions. The cause of these abnormal pulmonary opacities has not been determined. Pathologic‐radiologic correlations will be required to improve understanding of the pathophysiology of EIPH in the racing horse.
PLEURAL FLUID MOVEMENT
Authors: Groves Timothy F. , Ticer James W.
Published: May 2005

The present study was an attempt to illustrate the differences between ventrodorsal (VD) and dorsoventral (DV) radiographs that result from the movement of free pleural fluid. A volume of 25 ml/kg of normal saline was introduced into the pleural space of a normal dog, and radiographs of the thorax were produced in ventral and dorsal recumbency using a vertical (overhead) x‐ray beam and a laterally directed horizontal x‐ray beam. On the DV projection (ventral recumbency) the heart, cranial mediastinum, cranial lung lobes, and the ventral aspect of the diaphragm were submersed in fluid, which resulted in the loss of radiographically detectable borders. On the VD projection (dorsal recumbency) radiographic visualization of these structures was improved due to movement of the free pleural fluid away from them, toward the dependent caudodorsal aspect of the thorax. Radiographs of three dogs with spontaneous pleural effusion are presented to illustrate the differences in radiographic appearance of the thorax with pleural effusion when radiographed in DV and VD projections. The movement of fluid to the dorsocaudal thoracic cavity in dorsal recumbency caused lesions that were obscured on the DV projection to be revealed on the VD projection. the authors therefore recommend the use of the VD projection of the thorax in patients with pleural fluid when clinical status permits.
RADIOGRAPHIC VISUALIZATION OF THE RUMINANT UPPER URINARY TRACT BY A DOUBLE CONTRAST TECHNIQUE
Authors: Singh A. P. , Singh Jit , Williamson H. D. , Peshin P. K. , Nigam J. M.
Published: May 2005

The ruminant urinary tract is normally obscured by abdominal viscera, which hampers rediographic investigation by conventional urographic methods. A double contrast technique that uses pneumoperitoneum in conjunction with excretory urography is described. Bolus and infusion urographic techniques were used in sheep and calves. Only the infusion technique was used in cows. The radiographic anatomy of the upper urinary tract in these animals is described. Visualization of the nephrogram and collecting system varied, depending on the method of excretory urography used.
PNEUMOPERICARDIOGRAPHY IN THE NORMAL DOG
Authors: Reed John R. , Thomas William P. , Suter PeterF.
Published: May 2005

To define the normal radiographic anatomy of the canine heart and pericardial space as outlined by air, pneumopericardiography was performed in ten normal, anesthetized dogs using a percutaneously introduced pericardial catheter. Room air was injected to produce pneumopericardiums without causing cardiac tamponade, and radiographs were obtained using a vertical beam with the dogs positioned in right lateral (RLAT), left lateral(LLAT), dorsal (VD), and ventral (DV) recumbency. Selective and nonselective angiocardiography was used to confirm the identity of the outlined structures. The RLAT and LLAT positions provided more information than the DV or VD positions. Pericardial air consistently outlined a distinct interventricular sulcus and the recesses around the aorta and pulmonary artery. The right auricle, outlined along the cranial heart border ventral to the ascending aorta in both RLAT and LLAT positions, varied considerably in size. The RLAT position best outlined structures to the left of midline, including the left auricle, interventricular sulcus, outflow region of the right ventricle, and the origin of the pulmonary artery. The LLAT position best demonstrated structures to the right of midline, including the right atrium, proximal part of the cranial and caudal vena cavae, and ascending aorta. The considerable range of normal variation between dogs in this study must be considered in the interpretation of clinical pneumopericardiograms.
THORACIC RADIOGRAPHIC ABNORMALITIES IN 200 DOGS WITH SPONTANEOUS HEARTWORM INFESTATION
Authors: Losonsky John M. , Thrall Donald E. , Lewis Robert E.
Published: May 2005

Thoracic radiographs of 200 dogs with spontaneously occurring heartworm disease were reviewed. Radiographs of 28 dogs (14%) were normal. In the remaining 172 dogs various combinations of cardiopulmonary abnormalties were found. The most frequently observed combination, noted in 61 of 200 dogs, was right ventricular, main pulmonary, and right cranial lobar pulmonary artery enlargemetn. Dogs with severe increse of one parameter generally had severe increase of the other two parameters also. One hundred five of the 200 dogs had a right cranial lobar pulmonary artery of normal size. Thus, right cranial lobar pulmonary artery size, when normal, is not a sensitive indicator of the absence of heartworm disease. There was a statistically significant positive relation between the size of the caudal vena cava and that of the right ventricle.
RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF CANINE HEARTWORM DISEASE COEXISTING WITH RIGHT HEART FAILURE
Authors: Thrall Donald E. , Calvert Clay A.
Published: May 2005

Thoracic radiographs of 28 dogs with heartworm disease and right heart failure were evaluated subjectively and objectively. Radiographs of all dogs were abnormal. Abnormalities were consistent with those previously reported for heartworm disease but were more severe than those identified in another group of heartworm dogs that did not have right heart failure. The right ventricle and right caudal labor pulmonary artery were enlarged in every dog. The main pulmonary artery, right cranial lobar pulmonary artery, and caudal vena cava were enlarged in 24, 25, and 17 dogs, respectively. Radiographically apparent pathologic pulmonary conditions were present in 25 dogs. Pleural effusion was not identified.
RADIOTHERAPY OF THE EXPREMITIES
Authors: Johnston Gary R. , Feeney Daniel A.
Published: May 2005

Physical and patient factors relative to orthovoltage and supervoltage radiotherapy treatment planning for extremity lesions are described. The radiation tolerance of the limb and the pathogenesis of radiation injury are reviewed. Prevention of radiotherapy injury by modification of physical and patient factors in the treatment protocol is discussed. The treatment of radiotherapy complications encountered in the extremities is sumarized.
TENESMUS AND STRANGURIA FROM A CYSTIC UTERINE REMNANT
Authors: Franklin Robert T. , Prescott Jane V. B.
Published: May 2005

A 14‐year‐old domestic short hair spayed female cat was examined for tenesmus and stranguria. The abdominal mass discovered was removed and found to be a cystic uterine remnant. Tenesmus and stranguria resolved following mass removal.
RADIOLOGIC EVALUATION OF SPAVIN IN YOUNG TROTTERS
Authors: Hartung Klaus , Münzer Beate , Keller Horst
Published: May 2005

Tarsal radiographs of 134 trotters were made prior to training. Radiographs were evaluated for changes commonly associated with spavin. Spavin, if present, was graded as mild, moderate, or severe. Sone of the 134 horses were radiographed annually for one, two, or three years. Radiographs of the 134 horses were compared with radiographs of 141 additional horses in which spavin had been diagnosed clinically. Only 66 of the 134 trotters (50.4%) had normal tarsal radiographs at the time of initial examination; the other 65 had some radiographic evidence of spavin. The incidence and severity of radiographic changes identified in a group of horses in which spavin was diagnosed clinically. Thus, the present results suggest that tarsal radiography is of little value in establishing the diagnosis and prognosis of spavin in trotters.
TRANSABDOMINAL SONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THE CANINE PROSTATE
Authors: Cartee Robert E. , Rowles Terri
Published: May 2005

The present study sought to determine the accuracy of ultrasonographic measurement of the prostate; to observe the ultrasonographic appearance of the normal prostate; and to compare these observations with those in prostates affected by cystic hyperplasia, benign hyperplasia, land neoplasia. Trassabdominal ultrasonography of the canine prostate was performed in eight normal dogs to establish criteria for evaluating enlarged prostates. Marginal boundries, size, and ultrasonographic architecture were compared with dissection findings to assess the accuracy of ultrasonography. Four enlarged prostates were evaluated ultrasonographically, and the findings were correlated with results of needle aspiration and urethral wash and with surgical and histopathologic findings. Differentiation between cystic and solid prostatic enlargement by ultrasonography proved efective. Transducer frequency and gain manipulation were important factors in describing the nature of the fluid within a cyst. Assenssment of the nature of solid prostatic enlargement and accurate size determination proved to be areas in which ultrasonography should by used in conjunction with other diagnostic techniques.
BONE SARCOMA FOLLOWING ORTHOVOLTAGE RADIOTHERAPY IN TWO DOGS
Authors: Thrall Donald E. , Goldschmidt Michael H. , Evans Sydney M. , Dubielzig Richard R. , Jeglum K. Ann
Published: May 2005

In two dogs that received orthovoltage radiotherapy, osteosarcoma developed in irradiated bone 38 and 77 months after treatment. Irridiated bone in one dog was presumably normal prior to radiotherapy; irradiated bone in the other was infiltrated by an acanthomatous epulis. Both osteosarcomas were probably radiation induced. Radiation‐induced bone sarcoma is an important, but uncommon, complication of radiaotherapy.
THE EFFECT OF KVP ON THE DOSE EQUIVALENT RECEIVED FROM SCATTERED RADIATION BY RADIOGRAPHY PERSONNEL
Authors: Wrigley Robert H. , Borak Thomas B.
Published: May 2005

Radiographs were made of a canine pelvis using 60, 90, and 117 kVp. Thermoluminescent dosimeters were used to measure absorbed dose within the primary beam and from scattered radiation in adjacent regions. Lithium fluroide (LiF) dosimeters were selected because of the similarity of their radiation absorption to that of soft tissue. The absorted dose to the dog per radiograph was reduced as kVp increased. A similar trend was observed in dose equivalent from scattered radiation to adjacent regions. In all cases the dose equivalent per radiograph from scattered radiation was less than three orders of magnitude below the recommended maximum permissible dose for radiation workers.
PULMONARY ACTINOMYCOSIS IN A DOG
Authors: Breitschwerdt Edward B. , Watters John W.
Published: May 2005

A six‐year‐old spayed female mixed‐breed dog was evaluated for coughing, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, and intermittent fever of four month's duration. Extensive alveolar, interstitial, and peribroncial infiltration was observed throughout the lung fields, Pulmonary actinomycosis was diagnosed by isolation of Actinomyces from anaerobic cuture of a transtracheal aspirate. Therapy for Actinomycs resulted in clinical remission; however, radiographic evidence of a severe pulmonary pathologic condition remained 45 days after the initiation of therapy. The dog was asymptomatic for pulmonary disease two years following treatment.
DOUBLE CONTRAST GASTROGRAPHY IN THE CAT
Authors: Evans Sydney M. , Biery Darryl N.
Published: May 2005

Radiographic diagnosis of gastric mucosal disease has not been reported in the cat. This may be due to the difficulty in making these diagnoses with survey or single contrast radiography. Double contrast gastrography (DCG) allows direct visualization of gastric mucosal surfaces. The DCG technique in the cat is described, and the normal radiographic appearance is illustrated.
DOUBLE VERSUS SINGLE CONTRAST GASTROGRAPHY IN THE DOG AND CAT
Authors: Evans Sydney M.
Published: May 2005

It was hypothesized that double contrast gastrography (DCG) in the dog and cat would be more sensitive and specific than single contrast gastrography (SCG). In 13 dogs and three cats single and double contrast studies were performed and final diagnoses confirmed. DCG was found to be more sensitive and specific than SCG in detection of gastric disease. The loss of specificity of DCG was due entirely to technical difficulties that when recognized, were avoidable. The increased sensitivity of DCG included the ability to characterize the appearance as well as the location of the lesion. A discussion of the DCG appearance of some gastric lesions is included.
Oropharyngeal dysphagias in the dog: A cinefluorographic analysis of experimentally induced and spontaneously occurring swallowing disorders
Authors: Watrous Barbara J. , Suter Peter F.
Published: May 2005

Cinefluorography and videofluorography were used to record and analyze functional swallowing deficits of 12 dogs with spontaneously occurring oropharyngeal dysphagias and six experimental dogs with selected neurectomies. Ten of the 12 dogs had dysphagias affecting the cricopharyngeal stage of the oropharyngeal phase of swallowing. Two dogs had mixed oropharyngeal dysphagias. Clinical signs of cricopharyngeal dysphagia could not be differentiated from those of dysphagias due to pharyngeal or mixed oropharyngeal deficits. Signs of cricopharyngeal dysphagia consisted of: 1) repeated attempts to swallow; 2) excessive head movement; 3) dropping food from the mouth after unsuccessful swallowing attempts; 4) reingestion of dropped food. Nine of these dogs had cinefluorographic evidence of asynchrony between the normal pharyngeal contraction and relaxation, and subsequent cricopharyngeal relaxation and contraction. Only one dog demonstrated a consistent cricopharyngeal non‐opening (achalasia). Seven of the dogs responded dramatically to cricopharyngeal myotomy. Two dogs with mixed oropharyngeal dysphagias had poor contractility of the pharyngeal muscles in addition to cricopharyngeal dysphagia. Clinical and cinefluorographic evaluation following cricopharyngeal myotomy of one dog verified exacerbation of functional deficits due to the iatrogenic cricopharyngeal chalasia. Esophagopharyngeal reflux accentuated the contrast medium retention in the pharynx and laryngotracheal aspiration. The need was stressed for careful differentiation between cricopharyngeal dysphagia and dysphagias involving the pharyngeal stage. Four experimental dogs with selective bilateral neurectomies of branches of the glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus (X) nerves were evaluated clinically and cinefluorographically in an attempt to identify the pathogenesis of cricopharyngeal dysphagia. The variable results in the four dogs and the observed recovery in two dogs suggested that peripheral motor nerve deficits are not a major cause of cricopharyngeal dysphagia. Glossopharyngeal neurectomy in two dogs induced a profound functional disorder involving the pharyngeal and cricopharyngeal stages and the esophageal phase of swallowing. This would support a new hypothesis that the glossopharyngeal nerve is sensory to the esophagus as well as the pharynx, and may play a major role in disorders of the pharynx, upper esophageal sphincter, and esophagus, including congenital or acquired megaesophagus.
RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF APPENDICULAR SKELETAL MATURATION IN THE RHESUS MONKEY*
Authors: Silverman S. , Morgan J. P. , Ferron R. , McNulty W. , Merten D.
Published: May 2005

Longitudinal radiographic evaluation of skeletal maturation in 28 rhesus monkeys demonstrated that the majority of appendicular ossification centers were identified radiographically by 175 days of age and that physeal union was complete by 7.3 years in males and 7.2 years in females.
ANGIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF BOVINE INTESTINAL HEALING FOLLOWING INVERTING, EVERTING, AND END‐ON ANASTOMOSIS
Authors: Singh A. P. , Singh G. R. , Bhargava A. K.
Published: May 2005

Angiography during intestinal healing following single‐layer inverting, everting, and end‐on anastomoses was carried out in 18 calves. Six anastomoses using the same technique were performed in each animal. Six anastomoses, along with one main artery supplying the anastomotic site, were removed from each calf on the first, third, seventh, 15th, 21st, and 28th postoperative days. Angiograms of tubular intestinal segments were obtained after intraarterial infusion of 2–3 ml of sodium iothalamate and lead suspension. Lead‐infused intestinal segments were cut open through the mesenteric border to obtain additional angiograms of flat bowel. Angiograms in the early stage of intestinal healing revealed hypervascularity at the cut edges and an avascular zone at the suture line. These changes were more intense with the everting than with the inverting and end‐on techniques. The sprouting of vessels at the anastomotic junction and their crossing over started on third postoperative day but were clearly visualized only after the seventh postoperative day. By 15–21 days after operation, anastomotic sites were almost completely revascularized for all techniques. Everted anastomosis elicited more intense vascular response and resulted in earlier vascularization than the other two techniques. No appreciable differences in the pattern of revascularization were observed with inverting and end‐on anastomoses. Lead suspension proved to be better than sodium iothalamate for such studies. Angiograms of the open bowel provided more realistic and confirmatory information regarding the sequence of vascular‐changes at the suture line.
RADIONUCLIDE THYROID IMAGING IN 135 CATS WITH HYPERTHYROIDISM*
Authors: Peterson Mark E. , Becker David V.
Published: May 2005

Thyroid scanning was performed in 135 hyperthyroid cats and 13 normal cats with technetium‐99m as pertechnetate (99mTcO4) or with radioactive iodine (131I). Of the hyperthyroid cats, enlargement and increased radionuclide accumulation were found in one thyroid lobe in 38 (27%) and in both lobes in 97 (73%). In two hyperthyroid cats with thyroid carcinoma, extension of tumor into the thoracic cavity was detected. In normal and hyperthyroid cats the radionuclide images produced with 99mTcO4 and 131I were similar; however, the quality of the 99mTcO4 scans was usually better than that of the 131I scans.
SPONTANEOUS PNEUMOPERITONEUM SUBSEQUENT TO GASTRIC VOLVULUS IN TWO DOGS
Authors: Probst Curtis W. , Bright Ronald M. , Ackerman Norman , Goring Robert L. , Waldron Don R.
Published: May 2005

In two dogs spontaneous pneumoperitoneum developed following gastric volvulus. The pneumoperitoneum resulted from splenic necrosis and Klebsiella pneumoniae peritonitis in one and from a gastric perforation near the gastroesophageal junction in the other. The first dog was successfully treated by splenectomy, abdominal lavage, and systemic antibiotic therapy; the other was treated by closure of the perforation, tube gastrostomy, abdominal lavage, and systemic antibiotic therapy. One dog was euthanized four weeks after surgery because of metastatic cancer, and the other was euthanized six weeks after surgery due to recurrence of abdominal distention and peritonitis.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA IN A DOG
Authors: Punto Lauri V. , Nevalainen Timo O. , Wiljasalo Sirkka A. , Alitalo Ilkka V. O.
Published: May 2005

A dog with aspiration pneumonia was examined by computed tomography (CT) with 8‐mm continuous scans of the chest. The results demonstrated that CT is a useful procedure for evaluating pneumonia, although high cost prevents its routine use. A normal littermate was examined, and normal structures of the chest and chest wall were compared.
DETECTION OF CARDIAC MASSES IN DOGS BY TWO‐DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
Authors: Thomas William P. , Sisson David , Bauer Timothy G. , Reed John R.
Published: May 2005

From a two‐year review of diagnostic two‐dimensional real‐time echocardiographic studies, a diagnosis of cardiac mass lesion was made in 18 dogs. Thirteen of 18 also had pericardial effusion. Three types of lesions were identified: (1) right atrial masses (7 dogs; 5 confirmed as hemangiosarcoma) originating from the wall of the right atrium of right auricle and projecting into the atrial lumen, pericardial space, or both; (2) large cavitary pericardial masses (2 dogs; both confirmed as abscesses) located over the right ventricle; (3) heartbase masses (9 dogs; 6 confirmed as neoplasms) attached to the ascending aorta, with varying degrees of infiltration of heartbase structures. Although extrapericardial portions of the masses were not outlined as well as intrapericardial portions, surgical accessibility was correctly predicted in most dogs. It was concluded that two‐dimensional echocardiography (2DE), performed systematically using multiple imaging planes, allowed accurate detection and localization of cardiac and pericardial masses in dogs and was useful in predicting surgical accessibility of these lesions.
EQUINE ARTHROGRAPHY
Authors: Dik Kees J.
Published: May 2005

To obtain detailed radiographic information about the joint capsule, joint cavity, or articular cartilage, negative (air), positive, or double contrast arthrography is required. Negative and positive contrast arthrograms are easily obtained in a standing horse. Aseptic technique must be utilized. Aspiration of synovial fluid is followed by injection of contrast medium. For double contrast arthrography the horse must be anesthetized. After removal of some synovial fluid and the injection of air and positive contrast medium with the horse in lateral recumbency, the position of the horse is altered. Use of double contrast arthrography is limited to larger joints. In small joints distribution of air and positive contrast medium will be unequal, resulting in false‐positive or false‐negative findings. The diagnostic value of negative contrast arthrograms is relatively poor. Such arthrograms are useful only for the visualization of radiolucent joint mice or for the differentiation of intraarticular and extraarticular bone fragments. Positive contrast arthrograms are useful for the detection of larger synovial abnormalities, e.g., villonodular synovitis, herniation, or rupture of the joint capsule, or for the visualization of communication between the joint cavity and cystic bone lesions or cystic periarticular soft tissue masses. Double contrast arthrograms provide more detailed information than negative or positive arthrograms. Minor abnormalities of the articular cartilage or the synovial membrane can be visualized.
RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE BEAGLE
Authors: Rendano Victor T. , Lein Donald H. , Concannon Patrick W.
Published: May 2005

The chronology of uterine enlargement and fetal mineralization relative to luteinizing hormone (LH) peak, time of breeding, and parturition was determined in six female Beagles. Uterine enlargement was first detectable radiographically 35 days prior to parturition. The uterus changes in shape from a circular to a tubular/ovoid structure by 24 days prior to parturition. Mineralized fetuses were first detected at 21 days prior to parturition. The extent of mineralization progressed rapidly with the proximal extremities, forelegs/hindlegs/pelvis, caudal vertebrae/paws, and finally, the teeth becoming visible at approximately 17, 11, five, and four days prior to parturition, respectively. There is a larger variation of gestational dates among dogs when based on time of breeding rather than on the occurrence of the LH peak or parturition. As such, the dates on which to radiographically detect uterine enlargement or fetal mineralization were more accurately determined when based on the occurrence of the LH peak or parturition instead of breeding dates.
RADIOGRAPHIC GASTROINTESTINAL ANATOMY OF THE FOAL*
Authors: Campbell Martha L. , Ackerman Norman , Peyton Llewellyn C.
Published: May 2005

The purposes of this study were to evaluate a technique for contrast gastrointestinal (GI) radiography and to define the normal radiographic anatomy of the foal GI tract as demonstrated by survey and contrast radiography. GI studies were performed in five normal foals. Right lateral standing, right and left lateral recumbent, and ventrodorsal (dorsal recumbent) radiographs were evaluated. The recumbent lateral and ventrodorsal positions were preferred, although the right lateral standing position demonstrated most structures. Radiographic positions that clearly identified a specific GI region were determined. The dosage of contrast medium used (5 ml/kg of a 30% wt/vol barium suspension) was adequate to outline the GI tract. Transit times allowed evaluation of the large colon within eight hours.
FAT OPACITIES DORSAL TO THE EQUINE ANTEBRACHIOCARPAL JOINT
Authors: Dietze Amy E. , Rendano Victor T.
Published: May 2005

Radiolucencies due to fat in the soft tissues dorsal to the equine antebrachiocarpal joint were studied in 12 necropsy specimens. In lateral‐to‐medial xeroradiographs of these 12 specimens, focal radiolucencies were present in ten, one focal radiolucency was present in one, and no focal radiolucencies were present in ten, one focal radiolucency was present in one, and no focal radiolucencies were in another. These radiolucencies were identified as fat in the antebrachiocarpal joint capsule. The fat was in two locations within this joint capsule. It was associated with the synovial membrane of the extensor carpi radialis tendon sheath and the synovial membrane of the antebrachiocarpal joint.
RIGHT HEART ENLARGEMENT IN HEARTWORM‐INFECTED DOGS
Authors: Lombard Christophe W. , Ackerman Norman
Published: May 2005

Radiographically, the size of the right ventricle of 54 heartworm‐infected dogs was graded subjectively as normal, 1 +, 2 +, and 3 + and served to classify the dogs into groups A, B, C, and D. With M‐mode echocardiograms, right ventricular enlargement ratios (RVE ratios) were determined for each dog by dividing the measured right ventricular internal diastolic dimension (RVIDd) by the expected RVIDd of a normal dog of the same body weight. The normal RVIDd relation to body weight was derived from 25 healthy heartworm‐free control dogs. These two variables were linearly related with a correlation coefficient r2= 0.59. Means and standard deviations of the RVE ratio were calculated for each group. Despite wide ranges and considerable overlap, the ratio was significantly different (t‐test, p < 0.005) between groups with the exception of groups A and B, and C and D. The incidence of electrocardiographic signs of right ventricular hypertrophy was also determined for each group; it was 38% in group C and 62% in group D. From this data, it was concluded that M‐mode echocardiography is a very sensitive technique for the documentation of right ventricular dilatation in heartworm‐infected dogs, correlating with radiographic impressions of right ventricular enlargement.
SILVER IMPREGNATION IN SITU
Authors: Boyd Jack , Rantanen Norman W.
Published: May 2005

In evaluating radiographs of the limb joints and head, students encounter difficulty where superimposition occurs. By replacing calcium with silver salts in the bone, enhanced radiopacity can be produced. In this study, silver impregnation was used to increase the radiopacity of individual carpal and tarsal bones, selected bones of the skull and the sinuses, and guttural pouch of the horse. This provides an interpretation aid for teaching radiographic anatomy of these regions.
MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF SUBARACHNOID SPACE PUNCTURE IN THE DOG
Authors: Tilmant Latayah , Ackerman Norman , Spencer Crispin P.
Published: May 2005

Lumbar subarachnoid space puncture using two different techniques was performed repeatedly on a dog following injection of metrizamide into the subarachnoid space at the cervical cistern. The lumbar needle punctures were observed fluoroscopically and recorded on 100‐mm spot films at a rate of 2/sec. The needle tip indented the dura, depressing it several millimeters before penetration. A hemilaminectomy was performed on a cadaver, to expose the cord and intact meninges for confirmation of this compression. Cord compression and penetration during subarachnoid space puncture may contribute to the exacerbation or aggravation of neurologic signs that sometimes follows myelography.
THE EFFECT OF BARIUM TEMPERATURE ON ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC MOTILITY IN DOGS
Authors: Eville Paul , Ackerman Norman
Published: May 2005

The influence of barium temperature on canine esophageal transit time and gastric motility were studied fluoroscopically. Micropulverized barium sulfate (30% wt/vol) at 35°F, 70°F, and 100°F was given orally to each of five dogs with a minimum of two hours between each temperature. Esophageal transit times ranged from 4 to 9.67 seconds, and gastric contractions average four per minute. Barium temperature had no significant effect on either esophageal transit time or gastric motility.