bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Socio-Economic Disparities in Under-Five Child Malnutrition in Nigeria
Authors: Adesuyi Oluwabukola O. , Urbanus M. Kioko Urbanus M. , Oleche Martine O.
Published: August 2021

INTRODUCTION: Recent attention over the health, wellbeing and nutritional intake of children below five years of age has grown tremendously. This is mainly because these years are crucial to a child’s survival, growth and development; and if not handled properly could unfavorably affect the well-being status and efficiency of the child in later adult life. The study focused on malnutrition of children under the age of five in relation to their socio-economic status. It was measured by stunting, wasting and underweight.

METHODOLOGY: Data from the Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS)/General Household Survey (GHS) 2015/2016 Nigeria was used for analysis. Malnutrition was measured using the three anthropometric measures which are expressed in terms of Z-scores namely: Stunting: height-for-age (HAZ), Wasting: weight-for-height (WHZ) and Underweight: weight-for-age (WAZ). The socioeconomic disparities in malnutrition were checked according to gender, place of residence and geo-political zones in Nigeria. While the concentration index and curves were used to check for the magnitude of inequality in malnutrition ascribable to the socio-economic status.

RESULTS: The percentage of children stunted was the highest with 37.8 percent, followed by the percentage of children underweight to be 20.25 and children wasted was 9.63 percent. The percentage of stunting, wasting and underweight were considerably greater in male children compare to the female children. Stunting and underweight were responsive to the household socioeconomic status. A higher percentage of children below five years of age who were stunted, wasted and underweight lived in the rural areas of Nigeria compare to the children living in the urban areas. The rate of stunting was highest in the North West with a 52.91 percent, followed by North East with 43 percent, and lowest in the South South with 20.67 percent. The concentration indices analysis revealed that stunting, wasting and underweight all had negative signs signifying concentration among the poor household children. Finally, as one moves up the ladder of the socioeconomic status, a significant fall in the rate of stunting is witnessed. Therefore, increasing the income of the poorest in a society is a sound strategy to curb the high rates of stunting in the socio-economically deprived segments of the country.
Simulation-Based Optimization for Convex Functions Over Discrete Sets
Authors: Lim Eunji
Published: August 2021

We propose a new iterative algorithm for finding a minimum point of f_*:X \subset \mathbb{R}^d \rightarrow \mathbb{R}, when f_* is known to be convex, but only noisy observations of f_*(\textbf{x}) are available at  \textbf{x} \in X for a finite set X. At each iteration of the proposed algorithm, we estimate the probability of each point \textbf{x} \in X being a minimum point of f_* using the fact that f_* is convex, and sample r points from X according  to these probabilities. We then make observations at the sampled points and use these observations to update the probability of each point \textbf{x} \in X  being a minimum point of f_*. Therefore, the proposed algorithm not only estimates the minimum point of f_* but also provides the probability of each point in X being a minimum point of f_*. Numerical results indicate the proposed algorithm converges to a minimum point of f_* as the number of iterations increases and shows fast convergence, especially in the early stage of the iterations.
2021/14 End of the Achbita saga in Belgium: National judge rejects indirect discrimination and criticises duty to look for alternative position in case of refusal to comply with neutrality policy (BE)
Authors: Busschaert Gautier
Published: August 2021

2021/14 End of the Achbita saga in Belgium: National judge rejects indirect discrimination and criticises duty to look for alternative position in case of refusal to comply with neutrality policy (BE)

On 12 October 2020, the Labour Court of Appeal of Ghent ruled that there was no indirect discrimination in the case of Mrs. Achbita, because a policy of neutrality does not disadvantage Muslim women who want to wear a headscarf more than any other worker. The Labour Court of Appeal was also of the opinion that the employer should not examine alternative job positions.
2021/16 Employer’s right of selection upon unilateral termination of the employment relationship (BG)
Authors: Tchakarova Kalina
Published: August 2021

2021/16 Employer’s right of selection upon unilateral termination of the employment relationship (BG)

The Bulgarian Supreme Court of Cassation in a decision of 2 February 2021 has ruled that in cases where the selection process is not a mandatory part of the termination procedure it is entirely up to the employer to conduct the selection and base its termination decisions on the results of such selection.
2021/20 Qualification of on-call duty as actual working time (LU)
Authors: Molitor Michel
Published: August 2021

2021/20 Qualification of on-call duty as actual working time (LU)

In its decision rendered on 28 February 2019, the Luxembourg Court of Appeal (Cour d’appel de Luxembourg) examined under which circumstances on-call duty performed at the workplace qualifies as actual working time.

The issue raised was whether the time spent at night by an employee (i.e. the presence of an employee at the workplace) performing the work of a live-in carer was to be considered as ‘actual working time’.

The Court expressly referred to EU case law and decided that the concept of actual working time is defined by two criteria, namely (i) whether the employee during such a period must be at the employer’s disposal, and (ii) the interference with the employee’s freedom to choose their activities.

In view of the working hours provided for in the employment contract and in the absence of evidence proving that the employee would not have been at the employer’s home during her working hours, the Court found that the employee stayed at the employer’s home at night and at the employer’s request. It was irrelevant in this respect whether it was for convenience or not. It was further established that the employee could not leave during the night and return to her home and go about her personal business, so that the hours she worked at night were to be considered as actual working time.

Given that the employee’s objections regarding her salary were justified (as the conditions of her remuneration violated statutory provisions), the Court decided that the dismissal was unfair.
China’s new five year plan and its economic policy changes
Authors: Munkhuu Erdenebayar
Published: August 2021

In accordance with longstanding tradition, China approved its 14th Five-Year National Plan for Economic and Social Development in2021-2025 in March this year. The national plan emphasizes innovation, production, technology, and security, and sets a long-term goal for 2035. The key to the successful implementation of the national plan is to expand its domestic demand, which will be the main driver of economic growth in the future. However, there are several challenges China may face in implementing its national plan such as insufficient incomes of households, ineffective use of resource, global pandemic and China-U.S. rivalry.The first part of the article outlines the main objectives, strategies, and characteristics of China’s new five-year national plan, the second part analyzes the changes in the country’s economic development policy, and the third part discusses the challenges and feasibility of the plan. In the final part, the author shares his views on the potential implications of China’s new national plan on the Mongolian economy and the issues to be addressed.
БНХАУ-ын шинэ таван жилийн төлөвлөгөө, эдийн засгийн бодлогын өөрчлөлт
Хураангуй: 
БНХАУ уламжлалт ёсоороо энэ оны 3 дугаар сард 2021-2025 онд эдийн засаг, нийгмийг хөгжүүлэх XIV таван жилийнтөлөвлөгөөгөө баталлаа. Уг төлөвлөгөө шинэтгэл, үйлдвэрлэл, технологи, аюулгүй байдлыг чухалчилж, мөн 2035 оныг хүртэлх урт хугацааны зорилтыг дэвшүүлснээрээ онцлог байна. Төлөвлөгөөгөө амжилттай хэрэгжүүлэх түлхүүр бодлого нь дотоодын зах зээлийг эрчимжүүлж эдийн засгийн өсөлтийн үндсэн хөдөлгөгч хүч болгох бөгөөд өрхүүдийн орлого хангалттай өндөр бус, нөөц ашиглалтын үр өгөөж тааруу, цар тахал, Хятад Америкийн сөргөлдөөн зэрэг багагүй сорилт тулгарч буй. Энэхүү өгүүллийн эхний хэсэгт Хятадын шинэ таван жилийн төлөвлөгөөний голлох зорилт, стратеги, онцлогийг дурдаж, хоёрдугаар хэсэгт тус улсын эдийн засгийн хөгжлийн бодлогод гарч буй өөрчлөлтөд дүн шинжилгээ хийн, гуравдугаар хэсэгт тулгарч буй сорилт, биелэгдэх боломжийн талаар авч үзэж, төгсгөлд нь Монгол Улсын эдийн засагт үзүүлж болох нөлөө, анхаарах асуудлын тухайд санал бодлоо хуваалцлаа.
Түлхүүр үг: XIV таван жилийн төлөвлөгөө, хос эргэлт стратеги, сорилт ба боломж, нөлөө
Mongolist scholar N.P.Shastina
Authors: U.V Kuzmin , Jamsran Urangua
Published: August 2021

The article presents the biography of N. P. Shastina (1898-1980), a well-known researcher of the history and historiography of Mongolia and Russian-Mongolian relations. The main attention is paid to the works of N.P.Shastina devoted to the history of Russian-Mongolian studies, works of the leading Mongolian scholars of the country. Her contribution to the study of the history of Russian Mongolian studies and Russian science of the XIX century is shown.

 

Монголч эрдэмтэн Н.П.Шастина Ю.В.Кузьмин

Хураангуй: Энэхүү өгүүлэлд Зөвлөлт Холбоот Улсын нэрт судлаач Н.П.Шастина (1898-1980)-гийн Монгол судлалын бүтээлүүдийн үзэл санаа болон бүтээл туурвилын товч намтрыг нь дэлгэн тавьж байна. Чингэхдээ Н.П.Шастинагийн Оросын монгол судлалын түүх, тус орны тэргүүлэх монголч эрдэмтдийн намтар судлалд зориулсан бүтээлүүдэд гол анхаарлаа хандуулав. Мөн түүнчлэн Н.П.Шастинагаас XIX зууны Оросын Монгол судлал болон Оросын шинжлэх ухааны түүхийг судлахад оруулсан хувь нэмрийг цохон тэмдэглэсэн болно.

Түлхүүр үгс: Н.П.Шастина, Оросын Монгол судлал, түүх бичлэг, шинжлэх ухааны түүх, бүтээлч намтар
Using Car to Infrastructure Communication to Accelerate Learning in Route Choice
Authors: D. dos Santos Guilherme , L. C. Bazzan Ana , Prochnow Baumgardt Arthur
Published: August 2021

The task of choosing a route to move from A to B is not trivial, as road networks in metropolitan areas tend to be over crowded. It is important to adapt on the fly to the traffic situation. One way to help road users (driver or autonomous vehicles for that matter) is by using modern communication technologies.In particular, there are reasons to believe that the use of communication between the infrastructure (network), and the demand (vehicles) will be a reality in the near future. In this paper, we use car-to-infrastructure (C2I) communication to investigate whether the road users can accelerate their learning processes regarding route choice by using reinforcement learning (RL). The kernel of our method is a two way communication, where road users communicate their rewards to the infrastructure, which, in turn, aggregate this information locally and pass it to other users, in order to accelerate their learning tasks. We employ a microscopic simulator in order to compare this method with two others (one based on RL without communication and a classical iterative method for traffic assignment). Experimental results using a grid and a simplification of a real-world network show that our method outperforms both.
›Deutsch-türkisches Kino‹
Authors: Schindler Muriel
Published: August 2021

Die Autorin untersucht und hinterfragt das deutsch-türkische Kino als Kategorie und beginnt Ende der 1990er Jahre mit einer Gruppe junger Filmemacher*innen, die zwar größtenteils in Deutschland geboren wurden, deren Eltern oder Großeltern jedoch aus der Türkei eingewandert sind und daher über eine erweiterte familiäre Migrationsbiographie verfügen. Als Leitfigur dieser Gruppe kann Fatih Akin gelten.

Die Autorin begreift unter Rückgriff auf die Actor-Network-Theory (ANT) ein ›deutsch-türkisches Kino‹ als „Quasi-Objekt“, das durch zahlreiche menschliche (Personen) als auch nicht menschliche AkteurInnen (Artefakte, Zeichen) geformt und verhandelt wird.

Insgesamt erschließt die Arbeit ein ›deutsch-türkisches Kino‹ als kategoriales Konstrukt, das verschiedene Interessen bedient und das im Kontext seiner Produktions-, Distributions- und Rezeptionspraxis hindurch. Bezogen auf bisherige Forschungen wird hierbei ein differenziertes Bild dessen gezeichnet, was die Kategorie – und sei es auch in der Vergangenheit – zu leisten vermochte. In ihrer gegenwärtigen Auflösung eröffnet diese Untersuchung aber auch Zugang zu neuen, zeitgemäßen Konzepten und Verständnisweisen des Phänomens.
Evaluation of Relationship Between Cytokeratin 7 Expression with Some Prognostic Factors in Gastric and Colorectal Adenocarcinomas
Authors: Salimi Reyhan , Bagheri Shahram , Kheradmand Parvin , Mansouri Esrafil , Seyedtabib Maryam
Published: August 2021

Background: Gastric and colorectal adenocarcinomas are the second and fifth most common cancers in Iran, respectively. Prognostic factors help with the better management of patients. Objectives: The current study aimed to evaluate Cytokeratin 7 (CK7) expression in gastric and colorectal adenocarcinomas and its correlation with other prognostic factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 75 tissue blocks from patients with gastric or colorectal adenocarcinomas. Tumor grade, tumor size, depth of invasion, and metastasis to lymph nodes were determined. Then, CK7 expression was studied using immunohistochemistry staining. The presence of CK7 was scored under high power (400x) in 1000 tumor cells, and the percentage of positive immunostaining (5%) was determined. Results: The mean age values of the patients were 62.11 ± 14.13 and 55.23 ± 14.14 years in gastric cancer and colorectal cancer groups. There was no statistically significant difference in the mean tumor size between the two groups (P = 0.678). The findings of the present study showed that in 19 cases (67.9%) of gastric cancer samples, 6 cases (42.9%) of rectal samples, and 14 cases (42.4%) of colon samples were positive for CK7. The expression of positive cytokeratin was higher than that of the rectum and colon, which was statistically significant (P = 0.034). Furthermore, there was no statistically significant relationship between the type of differentiation and lymph node involvement with cytokeratin expression in both gastric and colorectal cancers (P > 0.05). In terms of perineural involvement, there was no statistically significant relationship with both gastric and colorectal cancers (P > 0.05). Conclusions: The present study showed no association between CK7 expression and prognostic factors in colon and gastric adenocarcinomas. Given these findings and several studies in this field, it is required to perform further studies with a larger sample size to determine the exact prognostic role of this factor.
Investigation of Possible Role of Chlamydia in Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome
Authors: Gonca Serpil , Serin Mehmet Sami , Yılmaz Ayça , Oktay Özgün , Serin Ayşe , Öksüz Zehra
Published: August 2021

Background: Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PES) is a systemic disease characterized by the aggregation of fibrillar extracellular material in intraocular and extraocular tissues with unknown etiology. Clarifying the etiopathogenesis of PES would be important for public health. Objectives: We aimed to investigate the possible role of Chlamydia in the etiology of PES. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in the ophthalmology clinic of a tertiary hospital. The study included two groups, including the patient group (PES patients with nuclear cataracts) and the control group (patients with nuclear cataracts). Patients with other ophthalmic problems and systemic diseases were excluded. Blood samples and conjunctival swabs taken from 49 patients and 42 controls were used in the study. Anti-Chlamydia trachomatis IgG and IgM, anti-C. pneumoniae IgG and IgM, Interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-20 were studied in the serum samples. The PCR study was performed with conjunctival swab samples and sequence analysis of PCR-positive samples was performed. Results: According to the results of the study, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of anti-C. trachmatis IgG, anti-C. trachmatis IgM, anti-C. pneumoniae IgM, IL-6, and PCR results. There was a statistically significant difference between patient and control groups in terms of anti-C. pneumoniae IgG and IL-20 levels. The DNA sequencing of all PCR products was found to be compatible with C. pneumoniae. Conclusions: It seems that C. pneumoniae might have an important role in the etiology and development of PES. However, further studies in larger groups are needed to clarify these results.
Prevalence of Hypertension and Prehypertension in Iranian Children
Authors: Kompani Farshid , Nickavar Azar , Khalilian Mohammad Reza , Rahafard Sara , Abuali Behdokht , Hosseiny Seyyed Mohammad Mahdi
Published: August 2021

Background: Hypertension (HTN) is a significant public health problem worldwide. Early diagnosis of HTN and its related risk factors has been considered as one of the main requirements of general healthcare in children. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the nomograms of normal systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) and the prevalence of asymptomatic HTN and pre-HTN in a population of school-aged children. Methods: Systolic and diastolic BP, height, and weight were measured in 5811 healthy school-aged children (2904 males and 2907 females) during healthcare visits. HTN was defined as systolic or diastolic BP ≥ 95th percentile for age, gender, and height of the screened population on ≥ 3 occasions. Pre-HTN was considered as systolic or diastolic BP between 90 - 95 percentile. Results: HTN and pre-HTN were detected in 8.4% and 7.8% of the children, respectively. The prevalence of HTN was 8.6% among the males and 8.2% among the females. Systolic HTN and pre-HTN were detected in 5.8 and 6.4% of the cases compared to diastolic HTN and pre-HTN observed in 5.9 and 6.1% of the participants, respectively. In addition, HTN was detected in 27.9% of children with obesity. Conclusions: According to the high incidence of asymptomatic HTN and pre-HTN in asymptomatic children, it is recommended to perform routine BP measurement during medical care visits of all healthy school children and to prevent and treat obesity in childhood.
Gastropods in subterranean shelters of the Czech Republic
Authors: Dvořák Libor
Published: August 2021

Gastropods in different types of cellars, nature caves, abandoned galleries, and military bunkers have been studied. The major part of localities is situated in W and SW Bohemia, findings from other parts of the Czech Republic are scarce. Species at different types of subterranean shelters are listed. Some interesting features, e.g., remarkable species, big specimens, depigmented populations, and hibernating snails, are mentioned.
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Practices in the United States
Authors: Byerley Eva M. , Mohamed Mohamed W. , Grindeland Carlina J. , Muzzy Williamson Julia D.
Published: August 2021

OBJECTIVE

To survey current practices for the treatment of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) among institutions in the United States to identify changes in national practice over time.

METHODS

Previous NAS management reports were referenced in the development of our 26-question electronic survey, which was distributed in the fall of 2019 to pediatric practitioners of 2 national clinical pharmacy organizations via email list servers. Not all questions required a response and responses from incomplete surveys were included. Institution demographics and NAS management strategies, including location of care, observation period, and inpatient and outpatient pharmacotherapy, were queried.

RESULTS

Seventy respondents representing institutions from all US geographic regions participated in the survey The most commonly reported inpatient observation durations were 3 (18 of 61, 29%) and 5 (22 of 61, 36%) days. Respondents indicated that neonates were typically transferred to the NICU if pharmacologic management was required (38 of 56, 68%). According to participants, first-line agents used for NAS management were morphine (45 of 56, 80%), methadone (5 of 56, 9%), clonidine (2 of 56, 4%), and buprenorphine (2 of 56, 4%). Among respondents, only 20% (11 of 56) reported that infants may be discharged home on pharmacotherapy, including morphine (n = 6), phenobarbital (n = 3), clonidine (n = 1), and methadone (n = 1).

CONCLUSIONS

Opioids are the most commonly used first-line agents for NAS management in the United States. The primary site of NAS management is the inpatient setting, as only 20% of institutions report discharging patients on pharmacotherapy.
Potassium-Containing Fluids for Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Authors: Guise Rebecca , Ausherman Kari , Vazifedan Turaj
Published: August 2021

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this process improvement project was to determine the appropriate potassium concentration of stocked IV fluids used in the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at the Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters (CHKD) Emergency Department.

METHODS

This is a retrospective chart review from July 1, 2018, through June 30, 2019. Patients ≤21 years of age with laboratory-confirmed DKA were included. The primary outcome was to determine the most used potassium concentration (20 mEq/L or 40 mEq/L) for stocked IV fluids. Secondary efficacy and safety outcomes included the percent of appropriately ordered fluids per the DKA treatment protocol, percent of patients who maintained goal serum potassium concentration, comparison of time from physician ordering to administration of prescribed IV fluids (t-elapsed), and comparison of serum potassium concentrations between the point of care (POC) test and basic metabolic panel (BMP).

RESULTS

Of the 113 patients included, 73 (64.6%) received 40 mEq/L, 7 of whom received half potassium acetate plus half potassium phosphate, and 40 (35.4%) received 20 mEq/L potassium IV fluids. In 101 patients (89.4%), fluids were ordered appropriately per protocol. Of these patients, 53 (52.5%) maintained goal serum potassium concentration. The t-elapsed from physician ordering to administration of the prescribed fluid concentrations was not statistically significant. The mean POC versus BMP potassium concentration was statistically significant (4.56 mmol/L versus 4.96 mmol/L, respectively; 95% CI: −0.49 to −0.30; p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

The CHKD pharmacy should stock the most used 40 mEq/L potassium IV fluids for DKA treatment.
Incidence and Risk Factors for Acute Kidney Injury in Hospitalized Children Receiving Piperacillin-Tazobactam
Authors: Lu Hannah , Thurnherr Emily , Meaney Calvin J. , Fusco Nicholas M.
Published: August 2021

OBJECTIVE

Drug-induced kidney injury contributes to morbidity and mortality in hospitalized children. Antibiotics such as TZP have been implicated in the development of acute kidney injury (AKI) in adults; however, data are limited in children. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of AKI in hospitalized children receiving TZP.

METHODS

This was a retrospective cohort study of hospitalized children between 2 months and 19 years of age who received TZP for at least 48 hours. Acute kidney injury was defined as a 50% increase from the initial serum creatinine (SCr) prior to TZP initiation. Serum creatinine values were adjusted for fluid balance using a validated approach. Severity of AKI was characterized using the Pediatric Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End-Stage Renal Disease (pRIFLE) criteria. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to describe the incidence and risk factors of AKI, with an alpha = 0.05.

RESULTS

A total of 65 subjects were included. Twenty-five (38.5%) required PICU admission. The incidence of AKI was 7.7% (n = 5) using adjusted SCr (13.37 cases/1000 patient-days). According to pRIFLE, 6.15% (n = 4) subjects met criteria for Risk (n = 3) or Injury (n = 1), and none developed Failure, Loss, or End-Stage (10.70 cases/1000 patient-days for Risk and Injury categories). No risk factors were identified. Hospital length of stay was longer in subjects who experienced AKI compared with those who did not (p = 0.04).

CONCLUSIONS

The incidence of AKI in hospitalized children exposed to TZP was low. In those who did develop AKI, peak SCr occurred approximately 1 week after TZP initiation.
Opportunities for Antimicrobial Stewardship Among Pediatric Patients Prescribed Combination Antifungal Therapy
Authors: Scardina Tonya , Oikonomopoulou Zacharoula , Sun Shan , Muller William J. , Patel Sameer J.
Published: August 2021

OBJECTIVE

Combination antifungal therapy (CAF) may be prescribed to treat invasive fungal infections (IFIs). Data on the incidence of CAF among the pediatric population are limited. Antimicrobial stewardship for CAF includes therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and monitoring for adverse events. Primary outcome was to determine the incidence of CAF prescribed for documented proven, probable, and possible IFI. Secondary outcomes were to determine initial dose of antifungal therapy, determine incidence of adverse events, and evaluate our practice of TDM.

METHODS

Medical charts of patients who received CAF for proven, probable, or possible IFI within 6 years were reviewed. Patients age ≤18 years, prescribed CAF (defined as a second antifungal therapy started ≤72 hours of initial antifungal therapy) for at least 72 hours, and with normal liver function test results were included.

RESULTS

57 patients received CAF for 72 separate episodes: 35 episodes were proven IFI, 11 were probable IFI, and 26 were possible IFI. Initial dose of antifungal therapy varied, and 29.1% received a loading dose. A total of 10 patients experienced 14 adverse events that were related to antifungal therapy. In 63.8% of CAF episodes, TDM was conducted. Target antifungal concentrations were documented for 10 CAF episodes. Reason for discontinued of CAF was documented for 35 episodes. Of these episodes, 74% were discontinued after therapeutic antifungal concentrations were achieved.

CONCLUSIONS

There are opportunities for antimicrobial stewardship interventions in the method of TDM and monitoring for adverse events that could aid in management of CAF.
Re-evaluating Safe Osmolarity for Peripheral Parenteral Nutrition in Neonatal Intensive Care Patients
Authors: Fessler Amber G. , Rejrat Catherine E.
Published: August 2021

OBJECTIVE

To reach nutrition goals for neonatal patients, institutions often exceed the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition recommended maximum of 900 mOsm/L for peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN). Evidence is limited regarding the safety of PPN osmolarities above this maximum, specifically in neonatal patients. The purpose of this study was to determine if PPN with osmolarities ≥ 1000 mOsm/L is associated with an increased rate of line-related complications.

METHODS

This retrospective study included infants admitted to the Penn State Health Children's Hospital NICU from January 1, 2013, through July 31, 2018, who were receiving PPN, to assess if solutions with osmolarities ≥ 1000 mOsm/L versus < 1000 mOsm/L are associated with increased rates of line-related complications.

RESULTS

A total of 200 patients were included in the study, and 618 individual PPN days were analyzed. Baseline patient characteristics were similar between groups. The PPN osmolarities ranged from 610 to 1267 mOsm/L. Overall, the incidence of line-related complications for PPN < 1000 (n = 342 PPN days) and ≥ 1000 mOsm/L (n = 276 PPN days) was 28.9% and 29.0%, respectively (OR 1.00 [95% CI 0.72–1.40, p = 0.99]). Irrespective of PPN osmolarity, infants weighing > 1.5 kg had significantly greater odds of experiencing line complications compared with patients < 1 kg, but showed no difference compared with patients weighing 1 to 1.5 kg.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

There were no significant differences in the incidence of line-related complications in NICU patients receiving PPN with osmolarities 1000 to 1250 versus < 1000 mOsm/L.
« Les Canadiennes se sont éprises des Anglais1 » ? Les alliances mixtes chez la noblesse canadienne après la Conquête (1760-1800)2
Authors: Pépin Karine
Published: August 2021

Le Traité de Paris, signé en 1763, oblige la noblesse canadienne à se renouveler à plus d’un titre et à se rapprocher des nouvelles autorités coloniales afin de maintenir son statut, notamment grâce aux alliances. Ainsi, 38 nobles (30 filles, 8 garçons) ont uni leur destinée à des conjoints non francophones, majoritairement d’un rang inférieur au leur, durant les quarante années suivant la Conquête. Sur le plan socioprofessionnel, les conjoints non francophones ont mieux bénéficié de leur alliance avec une noble canadienne que les pères de ces épouses, même s’il s’agit d’une minorité. Les caractéristiques diverses des trois mariages interethniques dans la famille Godefroy de Tonnancour, présentés dans cet article, permettent de représenter certaines particularités des couples mixtes et de refléter l’hétérogénéité des alliances.
Socialization Trouble. European Populist States and Compliance with Human Rights Norms
Authors: Tacik Przemyslaw
Published: August 2021

This paper aims to reconceptualize the theoretical frameworks that underpin paradigms of the theory of socialization in international and European law. The somewhat carefree optimist approach to the compliance with international human rights norms, based on the assumption that within the European Union (EU) the victory of the liberal paradigm of human rights is unquestionable and self-evident, dominated the previous decade. Socialization paradigms applied to Central, Eastern, and Southeastern European countries understood this process as mostly unidirectional and based on a clear “teacher-student” relationship. However, with the rise to power of Hungarian Fidesz, this uplifting conviction was shadowed by first doubts. Hungarian populism at power demonstrated the first traits of the future complex set of strategies applied, among others, in Poland, Romania and Italy. The independence of the law as a human rights guarantee was challenged not only practically, by pursuing political goals through violation or circumvention of valid norms, but also theoretically, by the doctrine of the “illiberal state” first heralded by the Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán. Even though these transformations encountered responses from European institutions, it was neither prompt nor effective. Soon enough Hungary as the enfant terrible of the EU was joined by further countries of the EU. The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) reacted to the increase of human rights violations, but they are deprived of an entitlement to address “illiberal democracy” in a systemic manner. Consequently, the populist revolt against the very concept of human rights requires a much broader and complex assessment. Its strength consists in the focus of effective state (and party) power coupled with rhetorical strategies against human rights and its mechanisms of protection. In this paper, I confront socialization paradigms with the crisis of human rights protection brought about by the populist wave. I argue that in order to address this crisis adequately, the blind spots of previous socialization paradigms need to be recognized and overcome.
The concept of “aesthetic education” of F. Schiller: philosophical system in historical perspective
Authors: Bakhareva Marina
Published: August 2021

This article analyzes the fundamental principles of the concept of "aesthetic education" of F. Schiller, which remain relevant in solving the crisis challenges of the modern era. The subject of this research is the concept of “aesthetic education” described in Friedrich Schiller's “Letters on the Aesthetic Education of Man”. The goal consists on analysis of the concept of “aesthetic education” for more profound understanding of the development paths of German philosophy, as well as in assessment of the philosophical and sociopolitical importance of the philosopher’s ideas in the current context. Detailed analysis is conducted on F. Schiller's “Letters on the Aesthetic Education of Man”, highlighting the key features and major contradictions the concept of “aesthetic education”. The novelty of the research lies in the relevant analysis of the concept of “aesthetic education”, and assessment of its value for the development of philosophy and society. The central concept of aesthetic theory becomes the concept of play drive, which balances the sense drive and the form drive, which ensures the ability of perception in all kinds of interaction between a human and the world, and the rational independence from perception. The aesthetic freedom, on the one hand, is determined as state of harmony between the sensual instincts and the laws of reason; while on the other hand, it is the freedom that arises from the sense of exalted belonging to the category of pure spirit and revealing the absolute moral power beyond feelings. According to modern philosophers, the aesthetic way of creating the “composition of the world" lies in the sphere of transcendental. The advantage of Schiller’s concepts is the expansion of its boundaries from the sphere of art to sociopolitical sphere. In addition to intellectual and ethical path of human development, Schiller offers the aesthetic path. The idea of “aesthetic education” implies the communicative and societal power of art, which is capable to comprehend the overall nature of modern politics.
Expanding agency: The mapping of architectural design discourse in Indonesia's academic publications
Authors: Johanes Mikhael
Published: August 2021

Architectural academic publications are essentials elements in defining and establishing the architecture academic discourses in institutional context. A critical, retrospective reading of past and present architectural publications could reveal the current development of the field and provide an empirical basis for future actions. This paper digitally maps the notion of ‘design’ within the published articles in Indonesian architectural journals from the past decade to understand the current situation and present the country’s challenges in developing the architectural design discourse. Through consideration of architectural academic journals’ role in establishing the field’s boundary, a bibliometric mapping was performed on a corpus of 1031 abstracts collected from prominent Indonesian architectural journals. This paper reflects on the extracted key terms from the corpus through different mapping strategies using bibliometric analysis methods. From the mapping findings, and by extending the notion of design as a transformative agency in architecture, this paper retrospectively suggests a more diverse, creative, and provocative development of design discourse in Indonesian architectural academic scholarship.
Rapid absolute distance measurement by dynamic chirped pulse interferometry
Authors: Xu Xin-Yang , Zhao Hai-Han , Qian Zhi-Wen , Liu Chao , Zhai Jing-Sheng , Wu Han-Zhong ,   School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China,   Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurements, Ministry of Education, PGMF and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
Published: August 2021

Frequency combs have given rise to revolutionary progress in a variety of applications. The absolute distance measurement by using frequency comb has been developing rapidly in recent years. In this paper, a method of rapid ranging via the dynamic chirped pulse interferometry is proposed. With the sweeping of comb spacing, the dynamic frequency offset of the sparsest stripes can be obtained in the chirped pulse interferometry, which leads to the cues about the measuring distance. The introduction of dynamic comb spacing can effectively reduce the dead zone of the optical spectrum analyzer. Based on the theory of synthetic wavelength, the multiple repetition frequency can also realize a great non-ambiguity range. In the measuring system, there is no need to lock the repetition rate any more, thereby removing the dependency of bulky phase-locking circuits, and simplifying the system. Besides, the rubidium clock brings the accurate clock reference in the system. Hence, the repetition rate and camera can perform strict synchronization. Considering the improvements of imaging frame rate and the scanning speed of repetition rates, the changed spectral interferograms can be obtained rapidly, and thus compensating for the speed deficiency of dispersive interferometry and cavity tuning. The experimental results show that elapsed time is 74.1 ms for the single time, corresponding to a data updating rate of 13.5 Hz. In a range of 20 m, the measurement uncertainty is well within 27 μm, i.e. the relative precision of 1.35 × 10–6.
Investigation of effects of functionalization on mechanical properties of penta-graphene
Authors: Han Tong-Wei , Li Ren , Cao Shu-Min , Zhang Xiao-Yan ,   Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China,   School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
Published: August 2021

Penta-graphene is a new two-dimensional metastable carbon allotrope composed entirely of carbon pentagons with unique electronic and mechanical properties. In this work, molecular dynamics simulations are carried out to investigate the effects of functionalization by hydrogen, epoxide or hydroxyl groups on the mechanical properties and failure mechanism of penta-graphene, as well as the effects of different functionalization coverages. The effects of functionalization on the structural transformation of free-standing penta-graphene triggered by increasing temperature have also been studied. The results indicate that each of the three functional groups considered can effectively tune the mechanical properties and the failure mechanism of penta-graphene. Both the Young's modulus and elastic limit of penta-graphene first decrease sharply and then increase slowly with the increase of the functionalization coverage, while the ultimate elastic strain increases monotonically. Like the pristine penta-graphene, partially functionalized penta-graphene still exhibits a plastic deformation failure behaviour under tensile load, which is caused by the irreversible pentagon-to-polygon structural transformation occurring during tensile loading. Temperature can trigger structural reconstruction for free-standing partially functionalized penta-graphene, and the corresponding critical transition temperature is higher than that of pristine penta-graphene. However, complete functionalization can change the deformation mechanism of penta-graphene from plastic deformation to brittle fracture. For fully functionalized penta-graphene by each of the three functional groups, the structural transformation is not observed when tensile strain is applied or environmental temperature is increased. These findings are expected to provide important guidelines for effectively tuning the mechanical properties of two-dimensional nanomaterials including penta-graphene.
High-efficiency sky blue perovskite light-emitting diodes with ammonium thiocyanate additive
Authors: Gao Jiu-Lin , Lian Ya-Jun , Yang Ye , Li Guo-Qing , Yang Xiao-Hui ,   School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
Published: August 2021

Metal halide perovskite light-emitting diodes have attracted much attention due to their excellent characteristics such as low-cost solution-processing, high luminous efficiency and excellent color purity. However, low luminous efficiency and spectrum stability of blue perovskite light-emitting device restrict the further development of perovskite materials in the field of displays and lighting. Here in this work, we study the effects of ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN) addition on the morphology, crystal structure, photo-physics, charge transport and electroluminescence properties of quasi-two-dimensional mixed-halide perovskite films by measuring scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis spectrum, steady-state photoluminescence (PL), and transient PL and analyzing the current density–voltage characteristics of hole-dominated device and current density-voltage-luminance plots of light-emitting device. The results indicate that ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN) can effectively passivate the defects, improve the crystallinity, and modulate the phase distribution of quasi-two-dimensional mixed-halide perovskite film, thereby increasing charge transport and luminescent efficiency. Notably, PL intensity of the 20%-NH4SCN sample is 1.7 times higher than that of the control sample, which is attributed to the defect passivation effect of NH4SCN probably due to the Lewis acid-base interaction with Pb2+. Meanwhile, the hole mobility of the 20%-NH4SCN sample is measured to be 1.31 × 10–5 cm2/(V·s), which is much higher than that of the control sample (3.58 × 10–6 cm2/(V·s)). As a result, sky-blue quasi-two-dimensional mixed-halide perovskite light-emitting diode with 20%-NH4SCN possesses an EL maximum at 486 nm and a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 5.83% and a luminance of 1258 cd/m2, which are 6.7 and 3.6 times higher than those of the control device without NH4SCN, respectively. At the same time, the EL spectra of the 20%-NH4SCN device are barely changed under different operating voltages, whereas the EL spectra of the control device show a 7–10 nm red-shift under the same condition, indicating that the NH4SCN addition inhibits halide phase separation and improves the EL spectrum stability. In addition, the T50 operational life-time of the 20%-NH4SCN device is measured to be about 110 s, which is superior to that of the control device (39 s) due to improved film quality of NH4SCN-modified sample. This research provides a simple and effective method to improve the performances of quasi-two-dimensional mixed-halide perovskite blue-emitting diodes.
Effects of strong magnetic field on moment of inertia and surface gravitational redshift in neutron star
Authors: Zhao Shi-Yi , Liu Cheng-Zhi , Huang Xiu-Lin , Wang Yi-Bo , Xu Yan ,   Changchun Observatory, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130117, China,   School of Astronomy and Space Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Published: August 2021

Research on the properties of neutron stars with strong magnetic fields is of great significance in constraining the equation of state and revealing the real distribution of magnetic fields in neutron stars. The main macroscopic properties of the traditional neutron star matter under β equilibrium condition are studied within the relativistic mean field theory through using the GL91 parameter set by considering the strong magnetic field. It is found that the onset of the strong magnetic field leads to the stiffened equation of state of the traditional neutron star matter. The maximum mass of the traditional neutron star grows from 2.111 M⊙ to 3.081 M⊙, the radius of the fixed mass traditional neutron star grows larger with the increase of internal magnetic field, which makes traditional neutron star become less dense. The strong magnetic field can also reduce the surface gravitational redshift and strengthen the moment of inertia of the traditional neutron star matter. In addition, the theoretical ranges of the surface gravitational redshift and the moment of inertia for the four massive PSRs J1614-2230, J0348+0432, J0740+6620 and J2215-5135, and the 2.50 M⊙ − 2.67 M⊙ compact object in the binary merger event GW190814 are also given. The results show that the ranges of the surface redshift become narrower, while the scopes of the moment of inertia widen as the magnetizing field increases in the five stars.
Spinal lumbar dI2 interneurons contribute to stability of bipedal stepping
Authors: Haimson Baruch , Hadas Yoav , Bernat Nimrod , Kania Artur , Daley Monica A , Cinnamon Yuval , Lev-Tov Aharon , Klar Avihu
Published: August 2021

Peripheral and intraspinal feedback is required to shape and update the output of spinal networks that execute motor behavior. We report that lumbar dI2 spinal interneurons in chicks receive synaptic input from afferents and premotor neurons. These interneurons innervate contralateral premotor networks in the lumbar and brachial spinal cord, and their ascending projections innervate the cerebellum. These findings suggest that dI2 neurons function as interneurons in local lumbar circuits, are involved in lumbo-brachial coupling, and that part of them deliver peripheral and intraspinal feedback to the cerebellum. Silencing of dI2 neurons leads to destabilized stepping in posthatching day 8 hatchlings, with occasional collapses, variable step profiles, and a wide-base walking gait, suggesting that dI2 neurons may contribute to the stabilization of the bipedal gait.
HIF1α is required for NK cell metabolic adaptation during virus infection
Authors: Victorino Francisco , Bigley Tarin M , Park Eugene , Yao Cong-Hui , Benoit Jeanne , Yang Li-Ping , Piersma Sytse J , Lauron Elvin J , Davidson Rebecca M , Patti Gary J , Yokoyama Wayne M
Published: August 2021

Natural killer (NK) cells are essential for early protection against virus infection and must metabolically adapt to the energy demands of activation. Here, we found upregulation of the metabolic adaptor hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF1α) is a feature of mouse NK cells during murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection in vivo. HIF1α-deficient NK cells failed to control viral load, causing increased morbidity. No defects were found in effector functions of HIF1αKO NK cells; however, their numbers were significantly reduced. Loss of HIF1α did not affect NK cell proliferation during in vivo infection and in vitro cytokine stimulation. Instead, we found that HIF1α-deficient NK cells showed increased expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Bim and glucose metabolism was impaired during cytokine stimulation in vitro. Similarly, during MCMV infection HIF1α-deficient NK cells upregulated Bim and had increased caspase activity. Thus, NK cells require HIF1α-dependent metabolic functions to repress Bim expression and sustain cell numbers for an optimal virus response.
Spatially patterned excitatory neuron subtypes and projections of the claustrum
Authors: Erwin Sarah R , Bristow Brianna N , Sullivan Kaitlin E , Kendrick Rennie M , Marriott Brian , Wang Lihua , Clements Jody , Lemire Andrew L , Jackson Jesse , Cembrowski Mark S
Published: August 2021

The claustrum is a functionally and structurally complex brain region, whose very spatial extent remains debated. Histochemical-based approaches typically treat the claustrum as a relatively narrow anatomical region that primarily projects to the neocortex, whereas circuit-based approaches can suggest a broader claustrum region containing projections to the neocortex and other regions. Here, in the mouse, we took a bottom-up and cell-type-specific approach to complement and possibly unite these seemingly disparate conclusions. Using single-cell RNA-sequencing, we found that the claustrum comprises two excitatory neuron subtypes that are differentiable from the surrounding cortex. Multicolor retrograde tracing in conjunction with 12-channel multiplexed in situ hybridization revealed a core-shell spatial arrangement of these subtypes, as well as differential downstream targets. Thus, the claustrum comprises excitatory neuron subtypes with distinct molecular and projection properties, whose spatial patterns reflect the narrower and broader claustral extents debated in previous research. This subtype-specific heterogeneity likely shapes the functional complexity of the claustrum.