bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EXTRACTABLE AND PLANT-AVAILABLE ZINC IN HORIZONS OF SEVERAL FRASER RIVER ALLUVIAL SOILS
Authors: JOHN MATT K.
Published: March 2010

Total Zn and seven measures of extractable Zn in horizons of seven soil profiles declined with increasing depth of sampling within the profile. Although not invariabily found, some extractants removed more Zn from the deepest horizons of some profiles than from the horizon sampled immediately above. This distribution pattern was more pronounced for extractable than total Zn. From 27 horizon samples containing an average of 108 ppm total Zn, 2 N MgCl2, DTPA, North Carolina, Morgan, N KCl, acidic NH4Ac, and 0.01 M CaCl2 extractants solubilized an average of 4.14, 3.77, 3.37, 1.99, 1.82, 1.64, and 0.69 ppm Zn, respectively. Extractable Zn values were positively correlated with total Zn, organic matter, percentage clay, and cation-exchange capacity, but inversely related to soil pH, base saturation, and percentage sand. Zinc concentrations in corn and in oats grown on the horizon samples were best correlated with amounts extracted by 2 N MgCl2, acidic NH4Ac, and N KCl. Regressions on extractable Zn and soil pH accounted for as much as 74 and 55% of variations in Zn content of corn and oats, respectively.
ADSORPTION STUDIES WITH THE ACID AND DIMETHYLAMINE FORMS OF 2,4-D AND DICAMBA
Authors: GROVER RAJ , SMITH ALLAN E.
Published: March 2010

The adsorption of acid and dimethylamine salts of 2,4-D and dicamba was studied on Canadian prairie soils and various other adsorbents, using slurry-type adsorption experiments. The amount of adsorption of both the acid and dimethylamine forms of the two herbicides was minimal. The results were explained on the basis of dissociation of the acidic and dimethylamine salts to the respective anionic forms in the near-neutral prairie soils. This conclusion was supported by (1) the strong adsorption of these herbicides to the anion-exchange resin but not to the cation-exchange resin; (2) the strong adsorption of the 14C-dimethylamine cation to these soils; and (3) the leaching patterns of the 14C-dimethylamine salts of both herbicides from soils and resins. Only the anionic species were eluted from columns containing soils and cation-exchange resin whereas only the 14C-dimethylamine cation eluted from columns containing anion-exchange resin. Both forms of 2,4-D and dicamba were strongly adsorbed to activated charcoal, cellulose triacetate, and peat. There was little or no adsorption of these herbicides to montmorillonite and kaolinitic clays, cellulose powder, or wheat straw.
SOME ASPECTS OF SELENIUM RELATIONSHIPS IN EASTERN CANADIAN SOILS AND PLANTS
Authors: LÉVESQUE M.
Published: March 2010

The status of native and applied selenium (Se) in various soils and plants was assessed while the level of phosphorus (P) and humic compounds varied in the growth medium. The addition of 1.5 ppm of selenite-Se was found adequate to maintain a suitable Se content in alfalfa plants grown on a loam and a clay soil. Under greenhouse conditions, the lasting effect of the treatment would extend much beyond a 15-mo period of cropping. Although the incorporation of fulvic acid (FA) into the soil increased the water-soluble fraction of total Se, FA had a depressing effect on the Se content of the alfalfa plants. The effect of P addition on the uptake of native Se by alfalfa and corn plants was generally positive; for lettuce, however, P reduced the uptake markedly. The water-soluble Se was found to be of doubtful value as an index of Se availability for Se-deficient soils; but it was a useful criterion for assessing the behavior of Se applied to soil. Se in soils was closely assocated with organic matter and/or with organic matter-iron complexes; this association influenced the behavior of Se in the root zone, and its uptake by plants. It was concluded that, in the temperate eastern zone of North America, Se addition to Se-deficient soils would be a practical method of correcting Se deficiency. Se adequacy in plants grown on certain soils could be obtained through ordinary fertilization; but it is necessary, for a better control of Se in plants and soils, to clarify further the interactions of Se with P, organic matter, and other soil constituents.
LOSS OF SOME ELEMENTS IN FLY-ASH DURING OLD-FIELD BURNS IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO
Authors: SMITH D. W. , BOWES G. C.
Published: March 2010

In a series of 11 surface burns in old fields at two locations in southern Ontario the environmental factors having the greatest effect on fire severity were fuel moisture content, windspeed and fuel energy. Other environmental factors were of less significance. Changes in soil chemistry were restricted to the surface litter and were transitory. Changes at mineral soil depths may have gone undetected because of the highly buffered soils involved. As much as 30% of the loss of nutrients from the biomass during burning was recovered in downwind deposits of fly-ash adjacent to the burned areas. Recovery estimates are considered approximate and minimal but indicate the importance of nutrient losses in fly-ash during low temperature burns.
ADSORPTION OF LINURON BY MONTMORILLONITE
Authors: KHAN S. U.
Published: March 2010

not available
A COMPARISON AMONG NINE CANADIAN LABORATORIES OF DITHIONITE-, OXALATE-, AND PYROPHOSPHATE-EXTRACTABLE Fe AND Al IN SOILS
Authors: WEBBER M. D. , McKEAGUE J. A. , RAAD A. T. , DeKIMPE C. R. , WANG CHANG , HALUSCHAK P. , STONEHOUSE H. B. , PETTAPIECE W. W. , OSBORNE V. E. , GREEN A. J.
Published: March 2010

The results of two studies are reported: (1) a comparison of colorimetric and atomic absorption measurements of Fe and Al in dithionite, oxalate, and pyrophosphate extracts of soils; and (2) a comparison among nine Canadian laboratories of measurements of dithionite-, oxalate-, and pyrophosphate-extractable Fe and Al in six soils. Colorimetric and atomic absorption analyses gave the same measurements of Fe and Al in dithionite, oxalate, and pyrophosphate extracts of soils. Data reported by six Canadian laboratories showed close agreement; data reported by three laboratories showed poor agreement, indicating a need for reference soil samples containing known amounts of extractable Fe and Al to standardize laboratory procedures. Atomic absorption analysis of the extracts is much more rapid than colorimetric analysis and details of the atomic absorption methods are appended.
ASSESSMENT OF AVAILABLE SOIL SULPHUR IN AN 35S GROWTH CHAMBER EXPERIMENT
Authors: BETTANY J. R. , STEWART J. W. B. , HALSTEAD E. H.
Published: March 2010

Growth chamber and laboratory studies of four selected soils differing in C:N:S ratios and the percentage of total S present as HI-reducible S in the soil organic matter showed that: (1) the yield response of alfalfa to applied S occurred when the 0.01 M CaCl2-extractable soil SO4—S was less than 3.3 μg/g, (2) mineralization of soil organic S was unaffected by the addition of 25 μg S/g to the soils, and (3) the amount of S mineralized was not directly related to the quantity of total S, HI-S or the percentage of total S present as Hi-reducible S. It was noted that the largest amount of S mineralized occurred from the soil with the lowest C:N:S ratios.
A HUMMOCKY PERMAFROST SOIL FROM THE SUBARCTIC OF NORTHWESTERN CANADA AND SOME INFLUENCES OF FIRE
Authors: PETTAPIECE W. W.
Published: March 2010

Recent surveys in the Canadian subarctic have shown the wide distribution of cryogenic earth-hummock soils with permafrost. A study of chemical, physical, mineralogical and micromorphological features revealed quite acidic, partially unsaturated surface horizons, large amounts of amorphous sesquioxides and fulvic acids, and fluctuating redox conditions. It appears that the permafrost table and the surface organic layer play a governing role in most pedological processes. It is suggested that the occurrence of fires contributes a cyclical aspect to these processes, which appears to be an integral part of soil development in the subarctic. A consideration of fire history helps to explain many of the physical and environmental variations found in the field.
EFFECTS OF PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATION ON Cu, Zn, Fe AND Mn UTILIZATION BY WHEAT
Authors: RACZ G. J. , HALUSCHAK P. W.
Published: March 2010

Greenhouse studies were conducted in which various amounts of phosphorus were added to calcareous and noncalcareous soils, and the iron, manganese, zinc and copper utilization by wheat were determined. Wheat yields were significantly increased by phosphorus fertilization; mean yields on the noncalcareous soils were greater than on the calcareous soils. Plant micro-element concentration and uptake were reduced in many instances when large amounts of phosphorus were applied. Plants grown on the calcareous and noncalcareous soils had similar concentrations of iron, manganese and copper. However, plants grown on the calcareous soils tended to contain lower amounts of zinc than plants grown on the noncalcareous soils. Concentration of micro-elements in soil-water extracts of phosphated soils, particularly for the noncalcareous soils treated with large amounts of phosphorus, tended to be greater than for nonphosphated soils. Yields were usually not affected when phosphorus at 2–100 ppm was added to nutrient solutions. Zinc and copper concentration and uptake were usually greater for plants grown in a 2-ppm phosphorus solution than for plants grown in solutions of higher concentration. In several instances, plant iron concentration and uptake were also reduced by high phosphorus concentration. Manganese uptake appeared not to be affected by phosphorus concentration. Increasing the micro-element concentration of nutrient solutions at various phosphorus concentrations did not affect yields but increased plant micro-element concentration and uptake, indicating that ion antagonism was mainly responsible for the lower utilization of microelements in high phosphorus media.
INORGANIC AND EXTRACTABLE PHOSPHORUS OF SOME SOLONETZIC SOILS OF ALBERTA
Authors: ALEXANDER T. G. , ROBERTSON J. A.
Published: March 2010

Soil samples from virgin profiles of Solonetzic and geographically associated Chernozemic series along with Ap horizons of Solonetzic and Chernozemic soils were taken. Soil pH, organic C, oxalate-extractable Al and Fe, inorganic P forms, organic and total P, and extractable P by NH4F + H3SO4 and NaHCO3 methods were determined. On the average, Solonetzic sola had higher contents of oxalate-extractable Al and Fe, Fe-P, and lower levels of Ca-P than do their associated Chernozemic sola. There was not a clear difference in Al-P contents between the sola of the two Orders. Ap samples from Solonetzic soils had twice the amount of NH4F + H2SO4- and NaHCO3-extractable P found in the Chernozemic ones. The higher levels of extractable P in the Solonetzic than in the Chernozemic Ap samples could be explained by the higher contents of Al-P and Fe-P in the former. The high acidity in the upper sola of Solonetzic soils, indicative of intense weathering conditions, apparently has resulted in relatively high contents of oxalate-extractable Al and Fe, and these probably account for the higher levels of Al-P and Fe-P and lower levels of Ca-P in the Solonetzic than in the Chernozemic soils.
EFFECTS OF GROWING SEASON SOIL TEMPERATURE, MOISTURE, AND NH4-N ON SOIL NITROGEN
Authors: CAMPBELL C. A. , STEWART D. W. , NICHOLAICHUK W. , BIEDERBECK V. O.
Published: March 2010

Wood Mountain loam was wetted with water or (NH4)2SO4 solution to provide a factorial combination among three moisture and three NH4-N levels. Samples in polyethylene bags were incubated at 2.5-cm depths in fallow, and in an incubator that simulated the diurnal patterns of temperature fluctuation recorded in the field. During the growing season, treatments were sampled regularly for moisture, NO3− and exchangeable NH4-N. Similar determinations were made on in situ samples taken in fallow Wood Mountain loam. The incubator simulated the effects of growing season temperatures on soil N transformations satisfactorily. Pronounced increases or decreases in temperature led to flushes in N mineralization. However, in the 1972 growing season, temperature was suboptimal and temperature changes were generally small. Consequently, when a stepwise multiple regression technique was used to analyze the data, neither ammonification nor nitrification showed a quantitative relationship to temperature. Comparison of the nitrification occurring in laboratory-incubated soils with that occurring in situ led to the conclusion that 70 to 90% of the NO3-N produced in surface soil resulted from wetting and drying. Estimates of potentially ammonifiable soil N(No) and its rate of mineralization (k) were derived from cumulative ammonification by assuming that the laws of first-order kinetics were applicable. In the 10, 15, and 20% moisture treatments the average No was 27, 41, and 82 ppm, respectively. Under the conditions of this study, the time required to mineralize half of No was about 7 wk.
CARBONATE DETERMINATION IN ORGANIC SOILS
Authors: LIEROP WM. VAN , MACKENZIE A. F.
Published: March 2010

The acid neutralization method and manometric procedures, using several acid-reducing agent combinations, were compared to determine their suitability for carbonate determination in organic soils. The soil–acid reaction observed with the acid neutralization procedure was significantly influenced by the acid concentration and soil type. Mean soil–acid reactions were 0.394 and 0.412 meq/g with the 0.3 and 0.6 M HCl, respectively. Moreover, it ranged from 0.023 to 0.694 meq/g soil for different soil types. The comparison of manometric procedures that were made used different acid-reducing agent combinations of HCl, CCl3COOH, HClO4, and SnCl2, and FeCl2. Of these, the HClO4–SnCl2 combination gave the lowest mean blank reading and standard deviation that remained stable (0.05 ± 0.009 ml). Though the perchloric acid alone is adequate for calcitic determinations, using the SnCl2 reducing agent with longer reaction times is recommended.
EFFECTS OF SOIL COMPACTION AND SHREDDED TREE BARK ON PHOSPHORUS 'A' VALUES OF TWO NEW BRUNSWICK POTATO SOILS
Authors: SAINI G. R.
Published: March 2010

not available
MERCURY IN HORIZONS OF SOME SOIL PROFILES IN CANADA
Authors: McKEAGUE J. A. , KLOOSTERMAN B.
Published: March 2010

not available
MINERALIZATION OF SULFUR FROM FOUR SOILS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO SOIL CARBON, NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS
Authors: KOWALENKO C. G. , LOWE L. E.
Published: March 2010

The mineralization of soil sulfur, as measured by calcium chloride extraction of fresh samples, was compared and discussed with carbon-dioxide-evolved, nitrogen mineralized, sodium-bicarbonate-extractable phosphate, lipid phosphorus and arysulfatase activity. The amount of sulfur mineralized after 14 wk was compared with various initial soil values, such as the form of sulfur and ratios among C, N and S. In general, the samples with larger C:S and C:N ratios resulted in lower sulfur- and nitrogen-mineralizable values; however a complex interrelationship among C, N and S was evident. A high N:S ratio (produced by addition of nitrogen) resulted in a decrease in mineralization of sulfur in the soil sample during an 8-wk incubation.
EFFECTS OF RATE, SOURCE AND METHOD OF APPLICATION OF N, P AND K ON GROWTH, NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND YIELD OF BARLEY
Authors: MACLEOD L. B. , STERLING J. D. E. , MACLEOD J. A.
Published: March 2010

Barley was grown for 2 yr on Charlottetown fine sandy loam with various methods of application of fertilizers made from two nutrient source combinations. Grain yields were generally higher when fertilizer was placed 5 cm to the side of, and 5 cm below, the seed than when fertilizer was broadcast or drilled with the seed. Yields were higher with drilled than with broadcast fertilizer, except when urea and diammonium phosphate were used as N and P sources. High yields were obtained when P was drilled with the seed and N and K broadcast. Throughout the growing season, the uptake of P was lower from broadcast than from drilled or placed fertilizer. Low yields with broadcast fertilizer were attributed to the low availability of P. When N was broadcast and P drilled, yields were similar for broadcast and drilled K, although the uptake of K was lower when K was broadcast. Yield reduction where fertilizers containing urea and diammonium phosphate were drilled with the seed was attributed to damage from ammonia released by urea and diammonium phosphate.
A COMPARISON OF EXTRACTABLE Fe AND Al DATA USING METHODS FOLLOWED IN THE U.S.A. AND CANADA
Authors: SHELDRICK B. H. , McKEAGUE J. A.
Published: March 2010

not available
A TECHNIQUE FOR THE FIELD DETERMINATION OF THE HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY OF FOREST SOILS
Authors: CHENG J. D. , WELLINGTON R. P. , BLACK T. A.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECTS OF HUMIC SUBSTANCES FROM CHERNOZEMIC Ah HORIZONS ON NUTRIENT UPTAKE BY PHASEOLUS VULGARIS AND FESTUCA SCABRELLA
Authors: DORMAAR J. F.
Published: March 2010

Plants were grown in nutrient solution fortified with humic substance at five levels, 0, 1, 5, 10, or 50 mg/liter. The humic substances were extracted by three methods, with Chelex-100, with Na4P2O7 alone, or with NaOH after the Na4P2O7 extraction, from the top horizon of three soils, a Dark Brown Chernozem Ah, a Black Chernozem Ah, and a Dark Gray Luvisol Ahe. The plants were analyzed for N, P, Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Fe. There were some differences in terms of concentration but negligible differences in terms of total uptake in the effects of humic substances derived by different methods of extraction from soil on nutrient uptake by Phaseolus vulgaris L. and Festuca scabrella Torr. There was no difference between the effects of the humic substances from the Dark Brown and the Black Chernozem on total nutrient uptake by Festuca, but the humic substances from the Dark Gray Luvisol led to significantly greater uptake of all elements tested. While both source and rate of humic substance used did affect the growth of the shoots of Festuca, neither had any effect on the growth of roots and shoots of Phaseolus and roots of Festuca. Total nutrient uptake was suppressed by the 1- and 5-mg additions of humic substance, whereas it increased when humic substances were added at 10 or 50 mg/liter of nutrient solution.
FRACTIONATION OF ACID-SOLUBLE COMPONENTS OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER USING POLYVINYL PYRROLIDONE
Authors: LOWE L. E.
Published: March 2010

Fractionation of fulvic extracts of a Muck soil using adsorption on insoluble polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) permitted the separation of polyphenolic components from those of predominantly polysaccharide nature. Further separation of major fractions into molecular size fractions was achieved by membrane diafiltration. Marked differences between fractions were found with respect to elemental analysis, atomic H/C ratios and polysaccharide content. For horizon samples developed under grass and forest cover, the proportion of fulvic carbon recovered in the polyphenolic fraction varied from 18 to 67%. Lowest proportions were found in grassland Ah samples (mean 24%), and highest proportions in Podzol B horizons (mean 55%). The distribution of subfractions obtained by the fractionation procedure appeared promising as a means of differentiating organic matter accumulated in different environments.
ADSORPTION AND DESORPTION OF UREA HERBICIDES ON SOILS
Authors: GROVER R.
Published: March 2010

The adsorption/desorption potential of several phenylurea herbicides was studied on representative prairie soils, using slurry-type adsorption experiments. The herbicides showed the following order of increasing tendency to be adsorbed: fenuron < monuron [Formula: see text] monolinuron < metobromuron < diuron [Formula: see text] linuron [Formula: see text] chlorbromuron. The relative adsorption of each herbicide on various soil types was significantly correlated with the soil organic matter content, but not with the clay content. The relationship between the k value and the soil organic matter content was found to be of the exponential type. The extent of adsorption was also inversely related to the order of their water solubilities. The urea herbicides were readily desorbed by water from the low to medium organic matter content sandy loam and heavy clay soils, but not from a loam with very high organic matter content. It is suggested that the relative adsorption/desorption potential of a herbicide may provide a mechanism by which soil applied herbicides can be biologically inactivated more readily in soils of high organic matter content.
RESPONSE OF IRRIGATED FIELD AND SWEET CORN TO NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZERS IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA
Authors: BOLE J. B. , FREYMAN S.
Published: March 2010

A two-dimensional systematic design provided a precise assessment of the response of field and sweet corn (Zea mays L. cv. UH 106 and Yukon) to a wide range of fertilizer N and P levels. Both cultivars responded primarily to N, with only limited responses to P. Yield increased significantly with incremental N levels up to 100 kg/ha and slightly with increments of N up to 200 kg/ha. Total dry matter yields responded to higher levels of N than did grain yield, and field corn was more responsive to N fertilizer than was sweet corn. Yields were significantly lower with no P than with P fertilizer levels of 15 kg/ha or higher. The limited response to P was probably due to the moderate to high levels of residual fertilizer P in the soil.
PERSISTENCE OF LINURON IN SASKATCHEWAN SOILS
Authors: SMITH A. E. , EMMOND G. S.
Published: March 2010

The persistence of linuron, at rates equivalent to 2.2 kg/ha, was studied at four sites in Saskatchewan using small field plots. Following applications made in May 1972, plots were sampled regularly and the residues remaining in the 0- to 5- and 5- to 10-cm soil levels extracted and determined colorimetrically. By November 1972, between 28 and 42% of the applied linuron was recovered from plots at the four locations. Losses over winter were slight with approximately 30% of the initial herbicide treatment being recoverable from all soil types in May 1973. Linuron residues were still detectable in plots at all sites 18 mo after application. During winter persistence studies, 50–60% of the linuron applied in October 1972 was recovered from plots in May 1973, while 30% was detected in May 1974 following October 1973 treatments. In all samplings, linuron was found in the soil from the 0- to 5-cm level, with less than 5% of the initial applications being observed in the 5- to 10-cm depths, thus indicating negligible leaching under field conditions.
SELENIUM CONTENT OF SOILS AND CROPS AND THE EFFECTS OF LIME AND SULFUR ON PLANT SELENIUM
Authors: GUPTA UMESH C. , WINTER K. A.
Published: March 2010

Soils representing the more important series on Prince Edward Island (P.E.I.) and forage and cereal crops grown on them were analyzed for Se content. Total soil Se content varied from 0.09 to 0.60 ppm and showed a positive significant correlation with the Se content of timothy (r = 0.40) and with soil pH (r = 0.29). The Se concentration of forage crop tissues and cereal grains from P.E.I. varied from 0.004 to 0.043 ppm. These concentrations of Se are considered to be deficiency levels for livestock feed. Wheat kernels contained a higher concentration of Se than barley kernels; however, barley tissue, sampled at the boot stage, contained higher quantities of Se than wheat sampled at the same stage. Addition of lime, S, B and Mo to the soil, under field conditions, did not affect the Se concentration of plant tissues.
ANNUAL VARIABILITY OF MINIMUM SOIL TEMPERATURE
Authors: OUELLET C. E. , DESJARDINS R. L.
Published: March 2010

The variability of the monthly values from year to year of the mean and extreme minimum soil temperatures at the 10-cm depth was analyzed for nine representative Canadian stations for 1961–1970. It ranged from 1.0 to 16.5 C for the mean minimums and from 2.0 to 18.5 C for the extreme minimums. The 95% confidence interval exceeded the observed range of variability by 0.3–5.0 C. However, 7% of the observed mean minimums and 14% of the extreme minimums exceeded the confidence interval limits. For the cases studied, the variability of the mean minimum temperature was the largest for the winter months and the smallest for the summer months, and it increased from the warmest stations to the coldest ones. The implications of these features on length of period for seed emergence, plant winter survival, crop selection, and uptake of nutrients are discussed.
CONCEPTS, OBJECTIVES AND STRUCTURE OF THE CANADA SOIL INFORMATION SYSTEM
Authors: DUMANSKI J. , KLOOSTERMAN B. , BRANDON S. E.
Published: March 2010

A computerized soil information system has been established in Canada as a tool for making more efficient use of soil information. Its purpose is to characterize and quantify soil and land units, as a basis for providing decision makers with a better appreciation of the actual environment and the relationships between man and the land. The system is both national and provincial, consists of a collection of individual but mutually related, computer-oriented files, and handles site specific, geographic and evaluative data.
CEMENTED SUBSOILS (DURIC HORIZONS) IN SOME SOILS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: McKEAGUE J. A. , SPROUT P. N.
Published: March 2010

Thick gray, cemented subsoils occur commonly at depths of 50–75 cm below the mineral surface of soils in humid southwestern B.C. They are impermeable to roots and have hydraulic conductivities of about 0.1 to a few millimeters per hour. Dense, moderately coarse-textured basal till is the most common parent material, but such cemented subsoils also occur in some fluvial deposits. The degree of cementation varies from weak to strong and cementation decreases gradually with depth. These subsoils differ from fragipans in several respects: air-dry clods do not slake in water; they remain hard on wetting; they may occur in coarse-textured deposits; they are apparently chemically cemented. Unlike orsteins they are not brown and they are not obviously cemented by iron compounds. Results of slaking experiments and extractions with various reagents indicate that the cement may be amorphous materials containing varying proportions of Al, Si and Fe. The strongly cemented subsoils are designated as duric horizons in the Canadian System of Soil Classification and duric subgroups of Podzolic soils are identified. Taxonomic problems remain, however, as there is a continuum of degrees of cementation in subsoils, and some duric horizons occur in Brunisolic soils. Duric horizons are clearly of significance to most use interpretations of soils.
CLAY-INORGANIC STUDIES. II. HYDROXY ALUMINUM PHOSPHATE–MONTMORILLONITE COMPLEX
Authors: KODAMA H. , WEBBER M. D.
Published: March 2010

Two specimens of hydroxy aluminum phosphate interlayer materials in montmorillonite clay were prepared with 7.20 meq Al and 11.29 meq H3PO4/g clay and with 14.40 meq Al and 22.58 meq H3PO4/g clay, and the resulting complexes studied by chemical and mineralogical methods. Both interlayer materials were slightly positively charged and except for different water contents their chemical compositions were almost identical. They contained Al, PO4 and H2O and a minor amount of Ca and approximated hydrous AlPO4∙nH2O. The mole ratios of Al:Ca:PO4:OH were 1.00:0.08:0.92:0.24 and 1.00:0.05:0.91:0.24, respectively. The interlayer materials appeared to be loosely packed and distributed sparsely in interspaces of the montmorillonite. The degree of packing was greater for the preparation with the larger amount of interlayer material. The materials increased the montmorillonite basal spacing to 23.3 Å under air-dry condition (30–40% relative humidity) but did not affect the lateral dimensions. The basal spacing varied somewhat with relative humidity at room temperature and decreased markedly as water was driven off by heating. Heat treatments between room temperature and 300 C sharply reduced the d001 spacings to 16.7 Å which persisted up to 700 C. It is postulated that the large basal spacings occur because the hydrated interlayer materials have a framework structure with tunnels along the c-axis. This being so, changes in the spacings with different humidities might result from the movement of water molecules among interstitial spaces existing around and between the loosely distributed molecules of interlayer material. The 16.7 Å spacing for the dehydrated phase corresponds to the sum of 7.0 Å, the edge dimension of an orthorhombic anhydrous AlPO4 and 9.7 Å, the silicate layer thickness.
EFFECTS OF A WHEAT–SUMMER-FALLOW ROTATION ON SUBSOIL NITRATE
Authors: CAMPBELL C. A. , NICHOLAICHUK W. , WARDER F. G.
Published: March 2010

Effects of length of cultivation, soil texture, and the presence of a water table on soil nitrogen was investigated in semiarid southwestern Saskatchewan. Cores from as deep as 8 m were taken in 1974 from fields that had been sampled in 1939 when they were broken, and in 1953 after they had been cropped for 14 yr to a wheat–summer-fallow rotation. Virgin soils were almost devoid of nitrate. After cropping for 14–18 yr, nitrate accumulated in the subsoil. After 35 yr, nitrate was still accumulating in the Sceptre clay, but the nitrate bulge had disappeared from the Wood Mountain loam leaving the nitrate uniformly distributed in the subsoil. Only 43% of the nitrate that was present in the Wood Mountain profile after 14 yr of cultivation was still present after 35 yr. This loss could be due to subsoil nitrate being leached beyond the sampling depth, or the result of periodic bidirectional movement of nitrate. Nitrate accumulated at two depths in the Sceptre clay. The accumulation at the lower depth was ascribed to precipitation entering the clay through large cracks before wetting the subsoil, and the upper accumulation to infiltration through the soil surface. In the first 14 yr of cultivation, total nitrogen was lost from the Wood Mountain loam at an average rate of 1.8%/yr (relative to the virgin soil); in the following 21 yr the rate was 0.65%/yr.
INVESTIGATIONS OF SOME SOILS DEVELOPED IN HUMMOCKS OF THE CANADIAN SUB-ARCTIC AND SOUTHERN-ARCTIC REGIONS 1. MORPHOLOGY AND MICROMORPHOLOGY
Authors: BREWER R. , PAWLUK S.
Published: March 2010

Investigations of Sub-Arctic and Arctic soils developed in moderately well drained mineral hummocks within the Interior Plains of the Canadian Mainland show them to be weakly differentiated in terms of morphological criteria. Interpretation of microfabrics, however, suggests three major active processes: organic matter accumulation, faunal activity and physical processes due mainly to freezing and thawing. To classify these microfabrics according to their important distinguishing characteristics, new concepts have been devised and some additional nomenclature is proposed. Broadly, the four soils are similar morphologically and genetically. They are characterized by a surface accumulation of plant fragments and in situ decomposition aided by small organic-ingesting fauna, overlying a zone at a few centimeters' depth in which virtually all the soil material has been worked by soil-ingesting fauna with accumulation of plant fragments still important. With increasing depth, both organic accumulation and faunal activity decrease rapidly, giving way to fabrics that probably result from freezing and thawing. In one of the soils there is evidence of significant translocation and/or concentration of specific constituents of the plasma. There is some evidence in two of the profiles that a zone of organic accumulation immediately overlying the ground ice is a buried stratigraphic unit, but pedoturbation may be a further cause of incorporation of decomposed plant fragments in the material throughout some of the profiles.
RELATION OF CORN MATURITY TO CLIMATIC PARAMETERS
Authors: BARON V. , SHAYKEWICH C. F. , HAMILTON R. I.
Published: March 2010

A 3-yr study was conducted in Manitoba to evaluate the influence of several climatic variables on corn maturity. Results indicated that efficiency of heat in maturing corn was lower at the northerly sites than in the corn-growing areas of southern Manitoba. This led to analysis to determine quantitatively the effect of latitude on heat accumulation – maturity relationship of corn. Corn maturity, as measured by kernel moisture, was related to latitude, corn heat units, degree days above 50 F, solar radiation and planting date. The highest contribution to regression was made by a variable involving an interaction between heat accumulation and latitude. Approximately 90% of the variation in kernel moisture was accounted for by the variation in climatic variables.
ETUDE COMPARATIVE DE SOLS DES LAURENTIDES, QUEBEC
Authors: MUTWEWINGABO B. , KIMPE C. R. DE , BOURBEAU G. A. , BARIL R. W. , LAJOIE P.
Published: March 2010

Five profiles were sampled in the till deposits of the Laurentides Hills. Two were obtained at Duchesnay, near Quebec City and three north of Montreal, including two profiles of the Gatineau and one of the Sainte-Agathe series of soils. Results of the particle-size distribution, morphological and mineralogical analyses suggested that the parent material was similar in all profiles. A high bulk density, about 2.00 g/cm3, was observed in the fragic horizon. Maximum weathering was found in the A horizons resulting in the formation of montmorillonite and kaolinite. The X-ray diffraction patterns obtained for the samples from Duchesnay were better defined than those obtained from the other profiles. In addition to illite, chlorite and vermiculite, two types of interstratified minerals were observed: illite–montmorillonite in the Podzolic-B and illite–vermiculite in the fragic horizons. High values, up to about 700 meq/100 g were obtained for the Al interlayers in the clay fraction. These profiles were classified as fragic ferro-humic Podzols (Sainte-Agathe and the profiles from Duchesnay) and fragic humo-ferric Podzols (Gatineau). The concept of fragic horizon in the soils from the Laurentides is discussed.
GROWTH CHAMBER EXPERIMENTS ON SULFOMETHYLATED HUMIC ACIDS AS FERTILIZERS FOR SANDY SOILS
Authors: MOSCHOPEDIS S. E.
Published: March 2010

not available
MICROMORPHOLOGICAL, MINERALOGICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME ALPINE SOILS AND THEIR GENETIC IMPLICATIONS
Authors: PAWLUK S. , BREWER R.
Published: March 2010

Investigation of Alpine soils from two widely separated locations showed regional similarities in their micromorphological and morphological structures largely attributable to the activity of soil fauna in the upper horizons with other processes gaining prominence with increase in depth. Stratigraphic discontinuities coincided with, and clearly marked the division between, the upper and middle sola and lower sola. A and upper B horizons were developed from materials containing a variable component of volcanic ash and vermiculite. The weathering of the ash resulted in the strong chloritization of vermiculite, and in the formation of organo-alumina and -ferra complexes and very fine nodules of goethite that imparted a strong reddish hue to the ash layers. The lower sola were developed in the stratigraphic units comprising largely locally weathered country rock. Despite the wide regional distribution, only the mineralogy of the lower solum and C horizon at Luscar Mt. was significantly different, with a high content of hydrous muscovite and vermiculite. The mineralogy of the lower sola at Sunshine Basin was more regionally representative with a significant content of hydrous muscovite, and thuringite and a variable content of brammallite. Expansible phyllosilicates were entirely lacking in C horizons.
DISTRIBUTION OF AMINO ACID AND CARBOHYDRATE COMPONENTS IN FULVIC ACID FRACTIONATED ON POLYAMIDE
Authors: SEQUI P. , GUIDI G. , PETRUZZELLI G.
Published: March 2010

Fulvic acid from five different Italian soils was investigated by polyamide chromatography and resolved into two fractions. In all soils but one, carbon of fulvic acid is principally recovered in the retained second fraction, whilst the first fraction, which is not retained, contains the major part of nitrogen of fulvic acid. In all of the five fulvic acids, amino acid and carbohydrate components are mostly recovered in the first fraction; amino acid nitrogen, particularly, accounts for the major part of total nitrogen content. Amino acid and carbohydrate components in the second fraction seem to be linked to phenolic substances according to hydrolysis trials after which they are no longer retained by polyamide.
NITRIFICATION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE USING MISCIBLE DISPLACEMENT AND PERFUSION TECHNIQUES
Authors: STEWART N. E. , CORKE C. T. , BEAUCHAMP E. G. , WEBBER L. R.
Published: March 2010

Miscible displacement and soil perfusion techniques were used to study the transformations of nitrogen in fractions of anaerobically digested sewage sludge. In miscible displacement experiments the rates of nitrification of NH4+-N of supernates of sludge were 115 μg NO3−-N/g soil/day at a flow rate of 0.17 cm h−1, and 81 μg NO3−-N/g soil/day at the lower flow rate of 0.10 cm h−1. The soil perfusion experiments indicated that only the ammonium-nitrogen of the sludge solids was oxidized to nitrate-nitrogen. The rates of nitrification of sludge were 37 μg NO3−-N/g soil/day for an application of 5.0 cm ha−1 and 15 μg NO3−-N/g soil/day for a sludge application equivalent to 2.5 cm ha−1. The experiments were not of sufficient duration to determine that mineralization of the organic-nitrogen in the digested sludge and subsequent nitrification occurred.
SOME EFFECTS OF ALFALFA, FERTILIZER AND LIME ON CORN YIELD IN ROTATIONS ON CLAY SOIL DURING A RANGE OF SEASONAL MOISTURE CONDITIONS
Authors: BOLTON E. F. , DIRKS V. A. , AYLESWORTH J. W.
Published: March 2010

The yields of corn (Zea mays L.) grown in rotation with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and oats (Avena sativa L.) were compared with continuous corn on Brookston clay soil. Yields were measured in the presence and absence of fertilizer, alone or combined with lime, and covered a period of 13 yr, commencing in 1961. The 2-yr alfalfa sod system produced a significant yield increase over continuous corn and, also, over the 1-yr alfalfa sod system. Yields of corn varied widely from season to season, according to moisture conditions, but always responded to alfalfa in the rotation, particularly where no fertilizer had been applied. The effect of 2 yr of alfalfa sod every 4 yr in the cropping system was equivalent to 110 kg N/ha/yr on continuous corn in producing corn yield. Lime application was most beneficial on rotations where fertilizer was not applied and was associated with alfalfa and/or oat rotations.
NATURAL NITROGEN-15 ABUNDANCE OF SOIL AND PLANT SAMPLES
Authors: RENNIE D. A. , PAUL E. A. , JOHNS L. E.
Published: March 2010

Nitrogen isotope analysis of total soil N and soil-derived nitrate for nine selected Chernozemic and Luvisolic Ap horizons showed mean δa15N values based on atmospheric abundance of 8.8. Luvisolic soils were characterized by a relatively low level of the heavier isotope. Isotope enrichment of the total N reached a maximum in the lower B horizon. Subsoil nitrate (180-cm depth) had a δa15N value 1/3 that of the Ap horizon. The δa15N of subsurface soil horizons containing residual fertilizer N were low (−5.2) compared to the surface horizon (7.0). The δa15N of NH4-N in commercial fertilizers is close to that of atmospheric-N whereas the NO3-N has higher values. The data suggest that variations in δ15N abundance between horizons of the same soil, or between different soils, may be of real use in evaluating stresses which have been placed in the nitrogen cycle due to man's activities in the past. Similarly, differences in 15N abundance of soil, legume and air samples may provide an integrated estimation of symbiotic nitrogen fixation under field conditions. More detailed understanding of biological and other processes which control the N isotope concentrations must be obtained before the data reported can be further interpreted.
MODELLING NITROGEN PROCESSES IN SOIL: MATHEMATICAL DEVELOPMENT AND RELATIONSHIPS
Authors: CAMERON D. R. , KOWALENKO C. G.
Published: March 2010

A small subsystem model was developed to simulate the major nitrogen flow pathways in an unsaturated soil treated with ammonium sulphate. A nonlinear Freundlich equilibrium model and a Langmuir kinetic model were used to describe mathematically the adsorption–desorption of soluble NH4+ to the exchangeable and clay-fixed phases, respectively. Time dependent, microbial mediated first-order kinetic models were used to quantify the ammonification and nitrification processes. The subsystem model was then used as a research tool to derive ammonification and nitrification rate coefficients for a preceding incubation experiment conducted using different soil moisture contents and temperatures. The model yields reasonably good fits to the observed data. A subsequent regression analysis relating the coefficients to temperature and moisture pointed out the importance of the temperature–water content interaction term in quantifying microbial mediated processes.
ALFALFA DISEASE IN SOME ALBERTA SOILS
Authors: DAMIRGI SALIH M. , COOK F. D. , WEBSTER G. R.
Published: March 2010

Attempts were made to evaluate the potential biological factor causing poor growth (stunting) of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) on some soils in Central Alberta. Paratylenchus projectus which associates with stunted alfalfa was extracted from an affected soil. Alfalfa seedlings grown in sterilized sand culture assemblies were inoculated with P. projectus alone and in combination with dilutions from sterilized and non-sterilized affected and normal soils. Other studies included the effects of various sterilized and non-sterilized soil dilutions from an affected soil on plant growth and incidence of alfalfa stunting symptoms. Results indicate that P. projectus is not the biological factor causing alfalfa stunting. Typical stunting symptoms were observed on plants receiving non-sterilized soil dilutions from an affected soil, and the consistency of development of irregular reddish-brown root lesions on stunted plant roots confirmed the presence of other biological factor(s) causing the disease. It was reasonably well established that the root rot disease was caused by a microorganism(s). Further studies regarding root lesioning, isolation and identification of the microorganisms are being carried on in this laboratory.
SIMAZINE AND LINURON RESIDUES IN PEACH ORCHARD SOIL AFTER REPEATED ANNUAL APPLICATIONS
Authors: MARRIAGE P. B. , SAIDAK W.J.
Published: March 2010

not available
UNE TECHNIQUE SIMPLE POUR L'ANALYSE GRANULOMETRIQUE DE LE TOURBE EN MILIEU AQUEUX
Authors: DINKL H. , LEVESQUE M.
Published: March 2010

not available
CADMIUM IN DIFFERENT PLANT SPECIES AND ITS AVAILABILITY IN SOILS AS INFLUENCED BY ORGANIC MATTER AND ADDITIONS OF LIME, P, Cd AND Zn
Authors: MACLEAN A. J.
Published: March 2010

The Cd concentration in 10 plant species grown in a neutral surface soil (0.65 ppm Cd) varied from 0.18 ppm in potato tubers to 0.99 ppm in soybean roots on a dry matter basis. Addition of 5 ppm Cd increased the concentrations in the plants markedly and they were particularly high in lettuce (10.36 ppm) and tobacco leaves (11.57 ppm). Cd concentrations tended to be lower in the edible portion (seed, fruit, tubers) than in other plant parts. Added Cd affected yields in only a few instances. But in another experiment, Cd added at a rate of 5 ppm to five soils decreased the yield of lettuce in most instances. In a comparison of results for two similarly managed sandy loam soils, nearly neutral in reaction but differing in organic matter content (2.17 vs. 15.95% organic C), the concentration of Cd was lower in lettuce grown in the soil with the higher amount of organic matter. The Cd content of the lettuce was reduced by liming some of the acid soils. Addition of Cd increased the concentration of Zn in the plants appreciably, but added Zn did not affect Cd uptake. In an incubation experiment comprising five soils, DTPA (diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid) extractable Cd decreased with liming of three Cd-treated acid soil samples. In comparisons of two sandy loam soils and of surface and subsoil layers of a sand, extractable Cd increased with higher amounts of soil organic matter.
EVALUATION OF PROFILE DEVELOPMENT OF SOME SOLONETZIC SOILS OF SOUTH CENTRAL ALBERTA
Authors: BRUNELLE A. , PAWLUK S. , PETERS T. W.
Published: March 2010

The process of solodization was studied with respect to its chemical, physical, and mineralogical aspect and with particular emphasis upon the clay fraction. The net gain or loss of clay occurring in each profile upon solodization was calculated with quartz in the fine sand fraction serving as index mineral. Preferential translocation of montmorillonite over illite was evident in all profiles. K2O content in the total clay fraction indicated that illitization had taken place. For each of three sampling sites, the more solodized members of the sequence of Solonetzic profiles showed a net gain of clay while the least solodized members showed either a deficit or a much smaller gain. Reduction in size of the coarse material (sand size) was evident in most profiles studied. In some profiles, particle size reduction of the sand fraction was accompanied by an increase in clay size quartz in the eluvial horizons which suggests that quartz distribution is to some degree also affected by solodization. Although the use of quartz as an index mineral may therefore not provide an absolute degree of accuracy in quantitative pedology, it was felt that its abundance and its high stability insured useful results.
EFFECTS OF SOIL SURFACE DRYING ON LINURON ACTIVITY IN ORGANIC SOILS
Authors: HOGUE E. J.
Published: March 2010

Drying periods of 6, 24 and 48 h of a moist organic soil, before application of linuron (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea), decreased its activity on Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) and tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.). A drying period, 24 h after application of linuron, did not affect its performance on tomato but decreased its activity on mustard. Linuron applied pre-emergence on the organic soil adjusted to 200% moisture was significantly more phytotoxic to mustard and tomato than when applied on the same soil at 50% moisture. When applied to soil surfaces with increasing moisture contents, the activity of linuron at 2 kg/ha on tomato increased gradually from only 18.7% reduction of fresh weight at 50% to 93.3% reduction at 200% moisture; activity at 250% was less pronounced than at 200%. In trials where tomato seedling root mats were exposed to linuron previously applied on a dry soil surface, these were significantly less damaged than the seedlings with roots exposed to linuron applied on a moist surface.
A LOW-COST TIPPING BUCKET FLOWMETER FOR OVERLAND FLOW AND SUBSURFACE STORMFLOW STUDIES
Authors: CHOW T. L.
Published: March 2010

Details on the design, construction, calibration, performance and application of a low-cost tipping bucket flowmeter are given. The flowmeter consists of two balanced water-receiving units, which tip back and forth as they are alternately filled by water. With each tip, an electrical pulse is generated by activating a microswitch and the pulse is recorded by an event recorder. The flow rate is computed from the number of pulses recorded. Over the range of 1.4–13.6 liters/min the tipping bucket read approximately 3% lower than a calibrated rotameter. A sampling funnel can be installed in conjunction with the flowmeter to collect water samples for chemical analysis.