bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nematospora gossypii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mukerji K. G.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Nematospora gossypii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Gossypium hirsutum
. Also on
Abutilon
spp.,
Asclepias curassavica, Centrosema plumieri, Citrus aurantium, C. nobilis, Coffea arabica, C. robusta, Datura metel, Glycine max, Gossypium herbaceum
var.
africanum, Gossypium
spp.,
Hibiscus cannabinus, H. esculentus, H. vitifolius, Lycopersicum esculentum, Persea gratissima, Phaseolus lunatus, P. mungo, P. vulgaris, Sida
spp.,
Sterculia platanifolia, Thespesia garckeana
and
Vigna
spp. (30: 124). DISEASES: Internal Boll Rot or staining of Cotton or Stigmatomycosis. The lint fibres become dirty yellowish-brown and the seed coat is stained with brown spots. With age the lint loosens from the seeds and becomes reduced to a papery membrane. The fungus forms a mat on the seed surface but does not penetrate this unless already mechanically injured. Infection results either in premature dropping of the bolls or in a drying out of those which remain on the plant. The discolouration of the lint is due to toxins produced by the fungus (Pearson & Maxwell Darling, 1958). A number of factors affect the degree of infection of cotton bolls such as age, sugar content of the bolls and humidity. Young bolls with high sugar content are highly susceptible. Incidence of infection increases with increase in humidity (27: 361; 39: 230). In coffee it causes dry rot, the beans become black and shrunken. Leguminous seeds become dry, shrivelled and dark. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Malawi, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda), Asia (Burma, India); Central America and the Caribbean and U.S.A. (CMI Map 153, ed. 3, 1959; 30: 124; 39: 413). TRANSMISSION: The fungus is mechanically transmitted from plant to plant on the mouth parts of hemipterous insects (10: 519; 18: 309; Wickens, 1942; Pearson & Maxwell Darling, 1958) including species of
Dysdercus
(cotton strainers),
Nezara
(green bug),
Leptoglossus
(leaf-footed tomato bug),
Phthia
(red tomato bug),
Antestia
(coffee bug) and
Callidea
. Of these, species of
Dysdercus
are the more common carriers. The fungus may enter through an open wound but generally infection accompanies insect punctures. The needle shaped ascospores are especially well adapted for this mode of infection (29: 211). The fungus is not a soil inhabitant but may persist in a viable condition from one season to the next on fallen diseased bolls in damp conditions as well as in insect exuviae. The fungus survives in the seeds of malvaceous plants in the off-season and from these it is carried to the cotton crop by migrant adults of
Dysdercus
(Pearson & Maxwell Darling, 1958).
Inonotus hispidus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Pegler D. N. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Inonotus hispidus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Principally associated with
Fraxinus
and
Malus
, but also recorded on
Acer, Aesculus, Alnus, Betula, Carya
,
Crataegus, Euonymus, Fagus, Ficus, Juglans, Liquidambar, Morus, Pistacia, Pyrus, Platanus, Populus, Prunus, Quercus, Robinia, Salix, Schinus, Sophora, Ulmus, Vitis
and
Zizyphus
. DISEASE: Heart rot of ash. The rot is of the general delignifying type, the wood becoming soft and spongy throughout, the decayed wood turning straw to pale yellow brown. In addition to attacking heart wood the pathogen may penetrate living tissues (Nutman, 1929). Young trees may be severely damaged by cankers which distort the stems. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Morocco), Asia (China, Japan, India, Syria, U.S.S.R., West Pakistan), Europe (Belgium, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden); North America (Canada, U.S.A.); South America (? Brazil). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne spores. Stubs of dead branches, frost cracks and wounds, particularly those found in old hedgerow trees, all serve as infection courts.
Phragmidium mucronatum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Rainbow A. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phragmidium mucronatum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a wide variety of cultivated and wild
Rosa
species. DISEASE: Rust of roses. Infects branches, petioles, leaves. calyces and fruits. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Probably widespread throughout Europe and North America. Recorded in most other countries where ornamental roses are grown but often it is not certain whether the records refer to
P. mucronatum
proper or to
P. tuberculatum
or
P. rosae-pimpinellifoliae
. TRANSMISSION: The rust overwinters as teliospores, as mycelium in the stems (3: 428; 18: 184; Dodov & Tanev, 1963) and, where winters are mild, as urediospores (Cochrane, 1945). Teliospores germinate in spring after exposure to winter conditions (3: 428; 15: 653; Williams, 1938); basidiospores infect both leaves and stems, whilst urediospores infect only through lower leaf surfaces (Cochrane, 1945).
Phragmidium rosae-setigerae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Rainbow A. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phragmidium rosae-setigerae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: On
Rosa setigera
. DISEASE: Rust on cultivated setigera rose and its hybrids. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Eastern U.S.A., possibly also in Canada (Ontario).
Phragmidium tuberculatum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Rainbow A. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phragmidium tuberculatum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a wide variety of cultivated and wild
Rosa
species. DISEASE: Rust on stems, leaves and petioles of many diverse cultivated roses. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Probably widespread throughout Europe and extending through central U.S.S.R. Also recorded in Asia from Turkey, Pakistan and China; in North Africa from Morocco and in U.S.A. from Alaska and Connecticut.
Phragmidium violaceum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Rainbow A. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phragmidium violaceum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Rubus fruticosus
(European blackberry) and occasionally recorded on
R. caesius
(dewberry) and
R. ursinus
(loganberry). DISEASE: Blackberry leaf rust. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in Europe and the Middle East, also recorded from China, Morocco and S. Africa. Recorded once in U.S.A. (Miss.). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by wind-blown spores. Teliospores overwinter on the old leaves and germinate in spring.
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Subramanian C. V.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On cultivated banana and abaca (
Musa
spp.) and wild spp. of
Heliconia (Musaceae
), esp.
H. caribaea
(42: 80); three species of grass (
Paspalum fasciculatum, Panicum purpurascens andlxophorus unisetus
), and
Commelina diffusa (Commelinaceae
) may serve as alternative hosts (Waite & Dunlap, 1953). DISEASES: Panama disease (vascular wilt) of banana (banana wilt) and vascular wilt in abaca (
Musa textilis
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread: Africa, Asia, Australasia and Oceania, C. America and W. Indies, N. & S. America (CMI Map 31). TRANSMISSION: Primarily soil-borne; possibly air-borne also. Pathogen may spread in infected leaf trash or soil and debris in surface flood-water. Infected planting material is another source of infection and spread.
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. elaeidis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. elaeidis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Elaeis guineensis
. DISEASE: A vascular wilt of the oil palm was first reported from Africa (26: 103; 28: 124). In young palms the first symptom is an extensive chlorosis in some of the central leaves (4th-15th). This is followed by leaf necrosis (giving a flat-topped appearance) and death within a year. In mature palms leaf wilt and necrosis and breaking of the rachis may be rapid, causing death in a few months (acute form). But in the chronic form the progressive dying of the crown inwards may be very slow with new, though smaller, leaves being produced. The vascular tissue in roots and stems becomes orange, darkening progressively to black. It is very characteristic of the disease that the internal necrosis is restricted to the xylem region.
Elaeis madagascariensis
and
E. melanococca
have also been found to be affected (37: 52). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: First found in the Congo, then later in Nigeria (27: 523), Cameroon (40: 148) and Colombia (46, 3389). TRANSMISSION: Presumably through soil.
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Cucumis melo
. DISEASE: Causes a destructive wilt of muskmelon and cantaloupe. The casaba or winter melon is resistant (e.g. var. Honey Dew). Infection occurs on seedlings (pre-emergence and post-emergence damping-off) and older plants (leaf chlorosis, stunting and generai wilt). Streaks appear on the stems up to 0.6 m long; they become necrotic and bear the salmon-pink sporulating masses. In some cases stem cracks develop and a brownish exudate forms. The vascular elements become orange-red and the fruit is much reduced in size. The formae speciales of
F. oxysporum
from muskmelon and watermelon (
Citrullus lanatus
) will each attack the seedlings of both hosts, but older plants are susceptible only to their own f.sp. Generally the virulence of a given isolate is greater on its original host (12: 744; 27: 307; 31: 473; Leach, 1936). Cucumber (
Cucumis sativus
) and marrow (
Cucurbita pepo
) are resistant (39: 117). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Generai in North America (U.S.A., Canada) and Europe. Also reported from Asia (Formosa, Iraq, Japan, Philippines) and Australasia (Australia). TRANSMISSION: Through soil and seed (Leach, 1936).
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. tracheiphilum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. tracheiphilum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Glycine max, Vigna sinensis
and
V. unguiculata
. DISEASE: A fairly widespread disease of both soyabean and cowpea and generally most serious in U.S.A. In cowpea the leaves become flaccid and chlorotic; in young plants a fairly rapid wilt can occur and leads to death. On older plants infection causes stunting, and chlorosis precedes leaf fall and a gradual wilt. The vascular tissue is necrotic and the roots may be more severely diseased than the above-ground symptoms suggest. The lower stem may become swollen before any chlorosis occurs. In the woody soyabean a generai wilt is not usually found. The plants become stunted, with the ehlorotic leaves gradually falling. Death ensues later than in the case of cowpea. Internal stem necrosis is a conspicuous symptom and removal of the petioles reveals this. Although the fungus chiefly causes the typical vascular disorders of this pathogenic group, there are reports of soyabean pod infection from Japan (19: 453). Infection of cowpea in India has also been described (35: 503). Some isolates from cowpea have proved pathogenic to bean (
Phaseolus vulgaris
) and it has been suggested that isolates of
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. phaseoli
might be virulent towards cowpea (43, 1472). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America (Canada (Ontario) and in U.S.A., on cowpea, general in the southern states; on soyabean it occurs from Florida, La, Texas, Neb. and California); South America (Colombia); Asia (Formosa, India, U.S.S.R.); Australasia (Australia). Reports of its presence in Central Africa require confirmation. TRANSMISSION: Through soil and probably seed (11: 220; 29: 453).
Sydowia polyspora
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sutton B. C. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Sydowia polyspora
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Cupressus lusitanica, Juniperus
sp.,
Picea engelmannii, P. excelsa, Pinus albicaulis, P. attenuata, P. khasya, P. caribaea, P. laricis, P. montizumae, P. murrayana, P. nigra, P. patula, P. pinaster, P. radiata, P. sylvestris
. DISEASES: Pine leaf-blight and die-back, associated frequently with injury caused by the pine needle midge,
Cecidomyia baeri
Prell. The needles remain attached hanging downwards from the tree for some time. Complete defoliation may take place on severely affected shoots. Also common on needles of Corsican pine showing die-back due to unsuitable climatic conditions aided by
Scleroderris lagerbergii
[Gremmeniella abietina]
, and on Douglas fir attacked by aphids,
Chermes cooleyi
Gill. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Kenya, Tanzania); Australia & Oceania (Australia); Europe (Finland, France, Germany, U.K., U.S.S.R.); North America (Canada, U.S.A.). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air-borne spores. In pine the pathogen first develops at the base of the pairs of needles where the gall midge,
Cecidomyia baeri
burrows (Peace, 1962) and on Douglas fir attacked by
Chermes cooleyi
the pathogen invades the carcases of the aphids and uses these as a food base before penetrating the stomata of the needle (47, 3240).
Pseudomonas coronafaciens
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pseudomonas coronafaciens
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Avena sativa
and very rarely
Secale cereale
. Also infects the following when spray inoculated without wounding:
Hordeum vulgare, Triticum aestivum
(Elliott, 1920),
Bromus catharticus, Festuca elatior, Hordeum stenostachys, H. bulbosum, Lolium multiflorum
and
L. perenne
(Tessi, 1949).
Briza maxima, Bromus hordaceus
and
B. rubens
are reported as slightly susceptible when artificially inoculated (Tessi, 1953). DISEASE: Halo blight of oats. Lesions usually appear on leaves, but may occur on sheaths or glumes occasionally. They are oval and light green at first and centred around the stomata, which are the points of infection. The centres become slightly depressed, one to several mm diam., greyish and dry, with a pale green to yellowish halo-like margin that often is 1 cm wide. The tissues are not water-soaked and exudate is not usualy produced. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Probably occurs in most oat-growing areas (CMI Map 356, ed. 2, 1968). An additional record not included is Argentina (Tessi, 1949). TRANSMISSION: Within the field transmission by wind and rain occurs, with infection usually taking place through stomata or wounds. It is seed borne (Elliott, 1920). Dickson (36: 259) states that insects are important in distribution, but gives no reference to support this.
Alternaria longipes
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Alternaria longipes
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Nicotiana tabacum
. DISEASE: Brown spot of tobacco. Symptoms first occur on the lower leaves as small, water-soaked spots, becoming brown, orbicular, zonate, up to 3 cm diam., with the centre becoming lighter lesion is surrounded by a yellow halo, which is absent from spots formed on seedlings. Severe spotting leads to general leaf necrosis and death. The spotting is liable to extend during curing. Symptoms are much less conspicuous on young leaves. Necrotic lesions (halo absent) also occur on petioles, seed capsules and stems, in the later forming dark brown elongated longitudinal depressions. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread, see CMI Map 63, ed. TRANSMISSION: Air-dispersed conidia are more abundant on dry sunny days but spread by splash droplets probably occurs also. The pathogen is harboured in host debris and is also possibly seedborne.
Puccinia leveillei
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Puccinia leveillei
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Geranium
spp. DISEASE: Rust of geranium. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Kenya, Malawi) Asia (India); Europe; North and South America.
Puccinia pelargonii-zonalis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Puccinia pelargonii-zonalis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Pelargonium zonale
. DISEASE: Rust of pelargonium. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Malagasy Republic, Malawi, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Rhodesia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia), Australasia and Oceania (Australia, New Guinea, Hawaii, New Caledonia, New Zealand), Europe (Belgium, Channel Islands, France, Germany, Gibraltar, Italy, Sardinia,? Spain, Switzerland, U.K.); North America (Bermuda). (CMI Map 412, ed. 2, 1967.).
Uromyces aloes
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Uromyces aloes
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Aloe baumii, A. glauca, A. maculata, A. saponaria, A. greatleadii, A. inyangensis, A. spicata, A. polyphylla, A. abyssinica
and
A. thraskii
. DISEASE: Rust of aloe. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Rhodesia, Tanzania, Uganda); Asia (India); Europe (U.K. (in glasshouses)).
Uromyces dolicholi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Uromyces dolicholi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Rhynchosia minima, R. reticulata, R. senna
and
R. texana
. DISEASE: Rust of rhynchosia. GEOGRAPHICAL. DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Kenya); North America (Mexico, Texas); Central America and West Indies (Cuba, Puerto Rico, St Vincent, Trinidad); South America (Argentina, Colombia).
Didymella lycopersici
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Holliday P. , Punithalingam E.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Didymella lycopersici
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Lycopersicon esculentum
. DISEASE: Stem and fruit rot of tomato. A girdling canker, dark brown and sunken, develops at, or just above, soil level. Secondary cankers may later develop higher up the stem. The plant collapses and dies. The soft, outer diseased tissues contain numerous pycnidia and in damp conditions conidia are extruded in slimy pink masses. The perfect state is rarely found (24: 78; 35: 349). Infection can occur on roots, leaves and flowers. Fruit is also attacked. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread (CMI Map 324, ed. 2, 1968). TRANSMISSION: Infection arises via conidia from infected organic material in the soil, usually host debris or composting waste. This is probably the main source of infection (36: 138) and the pathogen overwinters readily in such debris. Air dispersal by ascospores appears less important than splash and soil dispersal by conidia (39: 626). Seed transmission is considered less important. Hyphae and pycnidia are found within the hairy seed coat (9: 70; 24: 480; 34: 554; 40: 386). More seed transmission occurs in Jan. sowings than in Mar. and Apr. (41: 546). Conidia do not survive more than 9 months on the surface of seed (36: 138).
Diplodia pinea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Waterston J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Diplodia pinea
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Pinus
species. Also on
Abies excelsa, Araucaria cunninghamii, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Cupressus macrocarpa, Cupressus lusitanica, Cupressus sempervirens, Picea abies, Pseudotusga menziesii, P. taxifolia
and
Thuja orientalis
[Platycladus orientalis]
. DISEASES: Tip and twig blight, stag-head, red top, bud-wilt and seedling collar rot of conifers. Causes stunting of new growth, browning of needles, bending or curling of young shoots and discoloration and death of parts of the crown. Also affecting germination of
Pinus
seed and causing blight and dieback of coniferous seedlings in the nursery. Frequently found as a wound parasite of injured or weak trees causing bark cankers and dieback of branches and as a saprophyte causing blue-stain of sap-wood of fallen or freshly cut timbers (17: 150; 36: 436; 41: 339). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Rhodesia, S. Africa, Tanzania, Uganda); Asia (Japan, Malaysia, Thailand); Australasia & Oceania (Australia, New Zealand); Europe (Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Rumania, Spain, Sweden, U.K.); North America (Canada, U.S.A.); Central America & West Indies (Jamaica), South America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay). (CMI Map 459, 1969). TRANSMISSION: The pathogen is disseminated as spores by wind, rain and in fluid secreted by the pine spittle-bug,
Aphrophora parallela
and as mycelium on seed of
Pinus
(16: 219; 21: 398). Infection may take place through natural infection courts such as leaf traces or cones and cone-stalks (5: 708; 48, 3187) as well as through living tissues following wounding (31: 1; 44, 889; 48, 3187) or damage from hail (8: 535; 16: 219; 20: 150), frost (21: 398; 40: 388) or insects (pine spittle-bug, 21: 398; bark beetles,
Myelophilus piniperda
[Tomicus piniperda]
, 14: 727) or attack by rust,
Cronartiurn ribicola
, causing progressive wilt in
Pinus halepensis
(25: 493) or by drought (14: 65) or other unfavourable growing conditions (13: 426, 553; 16: 148). Gilmour found that the amount of infection in
P. radiata
appeared to be correlated with trunk wounding and varied with the type of pruning tool used: secateurs, 12%; axe, 48%, slasher, 68% (44, 889). The pathogen may persist in infected tissues up to 400 days (48, 3187) and is commonly saprophytic on forest debris which provides a source of abundant spores during periods of rain (41: 339).
Septoria helianthi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Holliday P. , Punithalingam E.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Septoria helianthi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Helianthus annuus, Helianthus grosseserratus
and
Helianthus rigidus
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of sunflower. Yellowish spots up to 1.5 cm develop over the whole lamina, gradually turning necrotic and becoming almost black. The numerous pycnidia are mostly on the adaxial surface. The lesions have a polygonal outline, being sharply delimited by the veins. Infection may begin on the cotyledons and young leaves, spreading to later developing leaves. Severe attacks lead to defoliation and loss in yield. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Fairly widespread in E. Europe and the U.S.S.R. in Asia, China, Japan, Australia (Qd.); E. and S. Africa, N. America (CMI Map 468, ed. 1, 1970). TRANSMISSION: Overwintering occurs in host debris. Seed treatment is recommended although seed transmission does not appear to have been demonstrated. Introduction of the fungus into Hungary may have been via seed (43, 2013).
Coleosporium ipomoeae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Rainbow A. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Coleosporium ipomoeae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Pycnia and aecia on several species of
Pinus
(especially southern pines), uredial aecia and telia on several genera of the
Convolvulaceae
(
Argyreia, Convolvulus, Ipomoea
and
Jacquemontia
). DISEASES: Orange rust of sweet potato (
Ipomoea batatas
). One of the needle rusts of pines. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Probably widespread in the warmer regions of the American continent and the West Indies. Recorded on
Ipomoea
spp. other than sweet potato as far north as Illinois, Ohio and New Jersey. Not recorded in western states of USA or outside the western hemisphere. TRANSMISSION: Transmission of the
Coleosporium
rusts in Florida has been described by Weber (23: 245). Short-lived basidiospores, which rarely travel more than 1.6 km in a viable condition, infect pine needles during late summer and autumn probably through the stomata. The aeciospores formed in the spring are very resistant and can travel long distances to infect the alternate host by direct penetration of the cuticle.
Cronartium ribicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Rainbow A. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cronartium ribicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Pycnia and aecia on numerous members of
Pinus
sect.
Strobus
(= sect.
Cembra
) (white pines) especially
P. albicaulis, P. lambertiana, P. monticola
and
P. strobus
; uredia and telia on almost all
Ribes
and
Grossularia
species, the cultivated black currant being particularly susceptible. DISEASE: White pine blister rust, currant rust. Causes stem cankers on pines and leaf lesions on currants. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia, Europe and N. America (CMI Map 6, ed. 3). TRANSMISSION: Overwinters almost exclusively on pines from which aeciospores may be blown hundreds of kilometres (7: 813) to infect
Ribes
leaves through stomata (Spaulding, 1922). In contrast, basidiospores (38: 393) travel only a few hundred metres to infect pine needles through stomata (Patton & Johnson, 1970), from where the mycelium grows into the stem to form cankers. The importation of large quantities of white pine seedlings from Europe at the turn of the century carried the disease to N. America (Spaulding, 1922; 1929).
Puccinia iridis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Rainbow A. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Puccinia iridis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Pycnia and aecia on
Urtica
(also recorded on
Valeriana
but this needs confirmation); uredia and telia on numerous cultivated and wild species of
Iris
. Also recorded on
Hermodactylus tuberosus
and recently on
Crocus
sp. in New Zealand. DISEASE: Rust of iris. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread throughout USA, Canada, Europe, Asia to Japan. Also in southern Africa, Australia and New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: No information available but presumably by wind-blown spores. The urediospores can survive the winter (see below).
Tranzschelia pruni-spinosae var. discolor
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Rainbow A. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Tranzschelia pruni-spinosae var. discolor
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Pycnia and aecia systemic on
Anemone coronaria
(florists' anemone), uredia and telia on
Prunus
sp., especially on
Prunus amygdalus
[Prunus dulcis]
(almond),
Prunus armeniaca
(apricot),
Prunus domestica
(plum) and
Prunus persica
(peach). DISEASE: Peach rust; rust of stone fruit. Rust of florists' anemone. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Appears to be cosmopolitan but exact distribution often uncertain owing to confusion with var.
pruni-spinosae
(CMI Map 223 ed. 2). TRANSMISSION: In many areas the rust overwinters on the twigs (8: 451; 10: 470; 16: 108; 19: 418; 23: 262; 25: 347; 38: 153; 40: 116; 46, 377) or overwintering leaves (19: 418; 23: 492) from which urediospores are blown in the spring. Conditions affecting germination of urediospores and teliospores have been studied (10: 470; 18: 322; 20: 215; 38: 705). In only a few areas are aeciospores on
Anemone
thought to be important in the disease cycle on stone fruits (4: 420; 22: 29; 26: 113; 35: 108; 38: 369).
Puccinia cacabata
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Puccinia cacabata
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Aecial stage on species of
Gossypium
. Uredial and telial stages on species of
Bouteloua
and
Chloris
. DISEASE: Cotton rust. The pycnial lesions on the upper surface of cotton leaves are sometimes surrounded by a maroon zone. The aecia are commonest on the leaves but many occur on stems and severe infection causes defoliation. Carpel infection leads to dwarfing of the locules and attacks on the peduncle contribute to breakage and loss of bolls. Infection of cotton seedlings may cause death. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: The aecial state appears to have been reported from USA (Ariz., N. Mex., Okla, Texas, 22: 385; 39: 470; 40: 511) and Mexico only (37: 721; 38: 520). The telial stages seem more widespread and, in addition, occur in Argentina, Bahamas, Bolivia, Brazil and Dominican Republic (36: 32). TRANSMISSION: Sporidia from overwintering teliospores on the wild grass hosts spread to cotton in the late spring and summer.
Uromyces musae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Uromyces musae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On species of
Musa
. DISEASE: Rust of
Musa
spp. Forming rusty-brown to almost black, erumpent, somewhat linear pustules, mostly on the lower leaf surface. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Both banana rusts,
Uromyces musae
and
Uredo musae
, are restricted to parts of the S.W. Pacific region except for records of the former from the Congo and Nigeria. Both have been reported from the Philippines and Fiji.
Uromyces musae
also occurs in Wallis Island and
Uredo musae
in Malaysia (Sarawak), Papua New Guinea and Samoa. TRANSMISSION: No studies reported.
Ustilago cynodontis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ustilago cynodontis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On species of
Cynodon
, particularly
C. dactylon
. DISEASE: Bermuda grass smut is most conspicuous on the inflorescence, which may be wholly or partly destroyed. Spore formation can also occur on the axis below the inflorescence and on the leaves. Galls have been reported (44, 2171). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread. Africa: Algeria, Angola, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Morocco, Nigeria, Rhodesia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia. N. America: Cuba, USA (Ariz., Ark., California, Kans, Miss., Mo., Okla). Asia: Afghanistan, China, Hong Kong, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Lebanon, Pakistan, Taiwan, USSR. Australasia & Oceania: Australia, New Zealand. Europe: Corsica, Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Madeira, Malta, Portugal, Rumania, Spain, Switzerland. TRANSMISSION: Spread probably occurs through planting infected rhizomes (3: 336), but infected plants have been produced by spore inoculation of seed and a clipped stand (42: 555).
Urocystis cepulae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Urocystis cepulae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On species of
Allium
, including
A
.
cepa, A. porrum, A. sativum
and
A. vineale
. DISEASE: Smut of onion (
Allium cepa
). The infection on other species of
Allium
is much less serious. Symptoms are first seen at the cotyledon stage when a dark, thickened area appears which, when large, may cause a downward curvature. As growth occurs the lesions, which break open to reveal the dark spore masses, form at the base of the leaves. Most plants are killed in 3-4 weeks but if they survive the leaves become short, brittle, distorted and may bear lesions throughout their length. Spores develop on the bulb which may be undersize and, although it does not rot in storage, resistance to secondary infections from other pathogens is low. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in Europe, western Asia, north and central N. America; also Australia, Chile, Egypt, Japan, Korea, Morocco and Peru (CMI Map 12, ed. 3, 1965). Records not yet mapped are: Finland, Iraq, Mexico, Norway, Philippines, Thailand and India where measures for eradication were taken (39: 526; 43, 1490). TRANSMISSION: It has not been definitely established whether the pathogen is seed-borne and this is not considered to be important. Sets and transplants form the main manner of spread and
U. cepulae
persists in the soil as dormant spores for an indefinite number of years (45, 1600).
Ustilaginoidea virens
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ustilaginoidea virens
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Oryza sativa
and
Zea mays
. DISEASE: False smut of rice appears as olive-green, velvety, globose masses, up to 1 cm diam. in some of the ears of the inflorescence. The spore ball, beneath the dark layer of mature spores, is orange-yellow, paling inwards until it is almost white, as it ages it becomes almost black. The glumes are closely applied to the lower part of the spore ball which is at first covered with a membrane. Infection, producing similar symptoms, has been reported on the male inflorescence of
Zea mays
(8: 716) and on wild species of
Oryza
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in the tropics, in U.S.A. (California and S.E. states) and in Italy (CMI Map 347, ed. 2, 1968). Records not yet mapped are Australia (NT), Costa Rica, Dominican Republic and Laos. TRANSMISSION: There appears to be no evidence for seed transmission and the conidia are probably viable for a short time only. The air-borne conidia have a diurnal periodicity with peak at 22.00 hr, numbers being very low between 04.00 and 16.00 hr (46, 316). The ascospores of the reported perfect state may also be air-dispersed.
Curvularia trifolii f.sp. gladioli
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Curvularia trifolii f.sp. gladioli
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Recorded only on cultivated
Gladiolus
. Attempts at infection of other hosts have failed (36: 187; 38: 149). DISEASE: Root, corm, neck and stem rot, leaf and floret spot of gladiolus (27: 525; 31: 490; 35: 455; 41: 716). On corms gives firm, dark, sunken lesions which can become large and extensive. Spots on aerial parts are brown and sunken, often with a black centre as spores are produced. Petals may show brown edges or purplish colouration due to infection in the bud stage (27: 525; 46, 2039). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Rhodesia, Sierra Leone), Asia (India, Israel, Japan W. Malaysia, Philippines), Australasia (Australia (NSW, Queensland, Victoria), New Zealand), Europe (France); N. America (Canada (Quebec), USA (Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Oregon, Virginia). The scattered distribution suggests that the disease may be much more widespread than has been recorded. TRANSMISSION: Seed-borne and soil-borne as well as carried by infected corms and cormels (41: 230, 231, 604). Can survive 2 yr or more in soil (31: 490; 35: 455). Conidia are wind-borne.
Fusarium poae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Fusarium poae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Gramineae
including cereals, sugarcane and rice. Also found on carnation, chrysanthemum, many
Leguminosae
and on seedlings of woody trees including conifers. DISEASE: Head blight or white cob-rot of maize, silver top or white head of cereals and grasses; central bud rot of chrysanthemum and carnation. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Predominantly a fungus of temperate regions, it is widespread in Europe, the USSR and in northern USA and Canada. It has also been recorded in South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: By seed (46, 3404; 48, 2962). In the USSR it has frequently been found on both autumn and spring harvested grain (43, 3191). It may also be spread by soil, water or even with the aid of mites.
Elsinoe phaseoli
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Elsinoe phaseoli
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Phaseolus lunatus
and, possibly, on
P. vulgaris, Vigna sinensis
and
V. unguiculata
. DISEASE: Scab of Lima bean. The symptoms are most conspicuous on the pods where the red to brown raised or sunken lesions are up to 1 cm diam., somewhat elongate, usually irregularly distributed and sometimes occurring only on one valve; lesions do not penetrate to the seed. Leaf lesions are up to 4 mm diam. or larger near the veins, more pronounced on the upper surface and vinaceous buff or liver brown. Elongate lesions (sometimes bordered by a purple-brown band) may encircle the stem. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Occurs mainly in Central America and some of the West Indian islands; also in Surinam and USA (S. Carol.) and in E. Africa (Kenya, Malawi, Rhodesia and Zambia) (CMI. Map 194, ed. 2, 196). TRANSMISSION: The pathogen has been detected within the seed coat and on its surface; it survives on host debris and air dispersal is also suspected (12: 742; 38: 438; 39: 211).
Pestalotiopsis guepinii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pestalotiopsis guepinii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Camellia japonica, C. sinensis, Erica
and
Rhododendron
, with occasion records on unrelated hosts including
Hippocratea, Jatropha, Laurus, Pinus
and
Terminalia
. DISEASE: Grey leaf spot, twig dieback, stem canker, petal rot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Specimens in Herb. IMI from Ghana, Kenya, Togo, India, Bohemia, France, Germany, Netherlands, UK, USA. Reported in literature from Belgium, Denmark, Italy, Sweden, Switzerland, Azores, Indonesia, Japan, New Zealand, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic. TRANSMISSION: Conidia from diseased material and trash are dispersed by contact, water splash and local air currents, possibly to a limited extent by soil although extensive growth in soil has not been reported. It may also be seed-borne.
Inonotus weirii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Pegler D. N. , Gibson I. A. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Inonotus weirii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Abies amabilis, A. grandis, A. lasiocarpa, Chamaecyparis
spp.,
Larix occidentalis, Picea engelmannii, P
.
sitchensis, Pinus contorta, P. monticola, P. ponderosa, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Thuja plicata, Tsuga heterophylla
. DISEASE: Laminated butt rot and yellow ring rot of conifers. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America (Western Canada, Oregon, Washington); Japan. TRANSMISSION: The disease is spread by root contact with infected material in the soil; there appears to be little spread of the fungus by growth through the soil. It is likely that infection of freshly exposed wounds takes place through airborne basidiospores.
Seiridium cardinale
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sutton B. C. , Gibson I. A. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Seiridium cardinale
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Cupressus macrocarpa, C. lusitanica, C. forbesii, C. pygamaea, C. sempervirens, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Thuja plicata, Libocedrus decurrens, Juniperus decurrens
var.
femina
. DISEASE:
Coryneum
canker of
Cupressus
. The first sign of infection consists of a depressed, slightly discoloured area of young bark about 10-15 mm diam., exuding fresh drops of resin. This will enlarge, becoming necrotic in the centre, with collapse of these tissues and hypertrophy at the end of the canker thus formed. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia & Oceania (Australia, New Zealand); North America (USA; California); South America (Argentina); Africa (South Africa); Europe (Italy, France, Spain, Greece). TRANSMISSION: Mainly by conidia which are liberated from acervuli at the edge of active cankers by a splash take-off sequence. Transmission by transport of infected nursery stock to fresh planting areas has occurred.
Didymella bryoniae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Didymella bryoniae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Cucurbits (
Bryonia, Colocynthis, Cucumis, Cucurbita, Luffa, Momordica
and
Trichosanthes
). DISEASE: Gummy stem blight of
Cucurbitaceae
, showing a variety of symptoms which are referred to as leaf spot, stem canker, vine wilt and black fruit rot. Lesions on leaves and fruit usually begin as spreading water-soaked areas; in the former these may have a chlorotic halo, become light brown and irregular in outline, leaves can be destroyed. On fruit, dark cracked sunken lesions form, beneath which an extensive rot is found. In the field the first symptoms may be plant collapse where sunken, girdling cankers lead to total loss. Infection also occurs on seedlings. The main characteristic features are the gummy exudate on stem and fruit lesions and the abundant pycnidia followed by perithecia, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread (CMI Map 450, ed. 2, 1970). Records not yet mapped are: Brunei, Mexico, Netherlands, Pitcairn Islands, Republic of Ireland, Salvador. TRANSMISSION: Through conidia by water splash and aerially by ascospores which, in glasshouses in England, had a diurnal periodicity with a peak at 1800-2000 hr (46, 825; 48, 672); and in USA occurred mostly at night (50, 2621). Both spore types may serve as primary inoculum and between-crop survival is an important factor in the epidemiology. Reports on seed transmission are conflicting in cucumber, although seed could be inoculated successfully, no evidence for natural infection was found (48, 322). In the glasshouse transmission by pruning knives has been demonstrated (46, 825).
Ascochyta pisi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ascochyta pisi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Pisum, Lathyrus
and
Vicia
. DISEASE: Leaf, stem and pod spot of pea (
Pisum sativum
) and other legumes. The leaf lesion is somewhat light brown with a darker, frequently prominent, margin and pale centre. Stem lesions, rather sunken, are less abundant than in
Mycosphaerella pinodes
(CMI Descript. 340).
Ascochyta pisi
(causing post-emergence and pre-emergence damping-off and dwarfing) is essentially an above-ground pathogen and, although a basal stem rot may be found, the characteristic foot rot syndrome caused by
M. pinodes
does not occur. Primary lesions often form on the first leaves. Pod infection can lead to aborted seed or a range of other damage to seed. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread (CMI Map 273, ed. 3, 1971). New records not yet mapped are: Crete, Egypt, Haiti. TRANSMISSION: By water, through conidia, from host debris and seed (20: 441; 37: 258; 44, 2658); viability in seed was 6 yr (17: 427). Effective spread in soil is unlikely since
A. pisi
has a low saprophytic ability and chlamydospores are rare or absent (48, 1389, 1390).
Septoria lactucae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Septoria lactucae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Lactuca sativa
. DISEASE: A minor leaf spot of lettuce (
Lactuca sativa
). Early symptoms are small, numerous, irregularly outlined, chlorotic spots beginning on the outer leaves. They enlarge, becoming brown or somewhat silvery, sometimes with a chlorotic halo, and shot-holes develop. Pycnidia, which may not be conspicuous, are found on both leaf surfaces. Infection spreads to the younger leaves and flowers in severe attacks (20: 193; 21: 182). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread (CMI Map 485, ed. 1, 1972). TRANSMISSION: By seed, pycnidia can be found embedded in the seed coat (41: 267).