bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neural population dynamics underlying evidence accumulation in multiple rat brain regions
Authors: DePasquale Brian , Brody Carlos D , Pillow Jonathan W
Published: August 2024

Accumulating evidence to make decisions is a core cognitive function. Previous studies have tended to estimate accumulation using either neural or behavioral data alone. Here we develop a unified framework for modeling stimulus-driven behavior and multi-neuron activity simultaneously. We applied our method to choices and neural recordings from three rat brain regions - the posterior parietal cortex (PPC), the frontal orienting fields (FOF), and the anterior-dorsal striatum (ADS) - while subjects performed a pulse-based accumulation task. Each region was best described by a distinct accumulation model, which all differed from the model that best described the animal's choices. FOF activity was consistent with an accumulator where early evidence was favored while the ADS reflected near perfect accumulation. Neural responses within an accumulation framework unveiled a distinct association between each brain region and choice. Choices were better predicted from all regions using a comprehensive, accumulation-based framework and different brain regions were found to differentially reflect choice-related accumulation signals: FOF and ADS both reflected choice but ADS showed more instances of decision vacillation. Previous studies relating neural data to behaviorally-inferred accumulation dynamics have implicitly assumed that individual brain regions reflect the whole-animal level accumulator. Our results suggest that different brain regions represent accumulated evidence in dramatically different ways and that accumulation at the whole-animal level may be constructed from a variety of neural-level accumulators.
Near infrared radiation-driven oxygenic photosynthesis contributes substantially to primary production in biofilms harboring chlorophyll f-containing cyanobacteria
Authors: Mosshammer Maria , Trampe Erik CL , Frigaard Niels-Ulrik , Kühl Michael
Published: August 2024

Cyanobacteria with far-red light photoacclimation (FaRLiP) can modify their photopigmentation by synthesizing red-shifted phycobiliproteins and chlorophylls, i.e., chlorophyll (Chl)
d
and
f
. This enables use of near-infrared radiation (NIR) for oxygenic photosynthesis in habitats depleted of visible light (VIS). Cyanobacteria with FaRLiP are widespread but their quantitative importance for primary production in natural habitats remains unknown. Previously we showed that intertidal beachrock formations can harbor endolithic populations of Chl
f
-containing cyanobacteria capable of using NIR for oxygenic photosynthesis (Kühl et al., 2020). Here we use a combination of gas exchange measurements and luminescence lifetime-based O
2
imaging to quantify how endolithic cyanobacteria with far-red chlorophylls contribute to the primary production of an intertidal beachrock habitat when exposed to a natural gradient of visible and near-infrared radiation. While VIS-driven photosynthesis predominantly took place in the dense cyanobacterial surface biofilm of beachrock, NIR-driven photosynthesis was mainly confined to a subsurface layer in the beachrock containing endolithic cyanobacteria with Chl
f
and
d
. Yet such subsurface, NIR-driven photosynthesis provided a substantial O
2
production reaching >20% of the gross photosynthesis rates under comparable photon irradiance of visible light. This points to a hitherto overlooked role of far-red light acclimated cyanobacteria for primary production in natural habitats characterized by steep attenuation of visible light and relative enrichment in near-infrared radiation.
The paradox of extremely fast evolution driven in multi-copy gene systems - A resolution
Authors: Wang Xiaopei , Ruan Yongsen , Zhang Lingjie , Chen Xiangnyu , Shi Zongkun , Wang Haiyu , Chen Bingjie , Tracy Miles , Wen Haijun , Wu Chung-I
Published: August 2024

Multi-copy gene systems that evolve within, as well as between, individuals are common. They include viruses, mitochondrial DNAs, transposons and multi-gene families. The paradox is that their evolution in two stages should be far slower than single-copy systems but the opposite is often true. The paradox has been unresolvable because the standard Wright-Fisher (WF) model for molecular evolution cannot track multi-copy genes. We now apply the newly expanded WF-Haldane (WFH) model to such systems, first on ribosomal rRNA genes. On average, rRNAs have
C
∼ 150 - 300 copies per haploid in mammals. While a neutral mutation would take 4
N
(
N
being the population size) generations to become fixed, the time should be 4
NC
generations for rRNAs. However, the observed fixation time in mouse and human is < 4
N
; thus the paradox means, effectively,
C
< 1. Genetic drift (i.e., all random neutral forces driving molecular evolution by the WFH model) of rRNA genes appears 200-300 times higher than single-copy genes, thus reducing
C
to < 1. The large increases in genetic drift are driven by the homogenizing forces of unbiased gene conversion, unequal crossover and replication slippage within individuals. This study is one of the first applications of the WFH model to track random neutral forces of evolution. Such random forces, outside of the standard WF model, are often mis-interpreted as the working of natural selection.
Schizophrenia diagnosis based on diverse epoch size resting-state EEG using machine learning
Authors: Alazzawı Athar , Aljumaili Saif , Duru Adil Deniz , Uçan Osman Nuri , Bayat Oğuz , Coelho Paulo Jorge , Pires Ivan Miguel
Published: August 2024

Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that impairs a person’s mental, social, and emotional faculties gradually. Detection in the early stages with an accurate diagnosis is crucial to remedying the patients. This study proposed a new method to classify schizophrenia disease in the rest state based on neurologic signals achieved from the brain by electroencephalography (EEG). The datasets used consisted of 28 subjects, 14 for each group, which are schizophrenia and healthy control. The data was collected from the scalps with 19 EEG channels using a 250 Hz frequency. Due to the brain signal variation, we have decomposed the EEG signals into five sub-bands using a band-pass filter, ensuring the best signal clarity and eliminating artifacts. This work was performed with several scenarios: First, traditional techniques were applied. Secondly, augmented data (additive white Gaussian noise and stretched signals) were utilized. Additionally, we assessed Minimum Redundancy Maximum Relevance (MRMR) as the features reduction method. All these data scenarios are applied with three different window sizes (epochs): 1, 2, and 5 s, utilizing six algorithms to extract features: Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), Approximate Entropy (ApEn), Log Energy entropy (LogEn), Shannon Entropy (ShnEn), and kurtosis. The L2-normalization method was applied to the derived features, positively affecting the results. In terms of classification, we applied four algorithms: K-nearest neighbor (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA), and ensemble classifier (EC). From all the scenarios, our evaluation showed that SVM had remarkable results in all evaluation metrics with LogEn features utilizing a 1-s window size, impacting the diagnosis of Schizophrenia disease. This indicates that an accurate diagnosis of schizophrenia can be achieved through the right features and classification model selection. Finally, we contrasted our results to recently published works using the same and a different dataset, where our method showed a notable improvement.
Multi-modal deep learning framework for damage detection in social media posts
Authors: Zhang Jiale , Liao Manyu , Wang Yanping , Huang Yifan , Chen Fuyu , Makiko Chiba
Published: August 2024

In crisis management, quickly identifying and helping affected individuals is key, especially when there is limited information about the survivors’ conditions. Traditional emergency systems often face issues with reachability and handling large volumes of requests. Social media has become crucial in disaster response, providing important information and aiding in rescues when standard communication systems fail. Due to the large amount of data generated on social media during emergencies, there is a need for automated systems to process this information effectively and help improve emergency responses, potentially saving lives. Therefore, accurately understanding visual scenes and their meanings is important for identifying damage and obtaining useful information. Our research introduces a framework for detecting damage in social media posts, combining the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) architecture with advanced convolutional processing. This framework includes a BERT-based network for analyzing text and multiple convolutional neural network blocks for processing images. The results show that this combination is very effective, outperforming existing methods in accuracy, recall, and F1 score. In the future, this method could be enhanced by including more types of information, such as human voices or background sounds, to improve its prediction efficiency.
Simplifying the Centrolene buckleyi complex (Amphibia: Anura: Centrolenidae): a taxonomic review and description of two new species
Authors: Franco-Mena Daniela , De la Riva Ignacio , Vega-Yánez Mateo A. , Székely Paul , Amador Luis , Batallas Diego , Reyes-Puig Juan P. , Cisneros-Heredia Diego F. , Venegas-Valencia Khristian , Galeano Sandra P. , Culebras Jaime , Guayasamin Juan M.
Published: August 2024

Centrolenidae is a Neotropical family widely distributed in Central and South America, with its species richness concentrated in the tropical Andes. Several taxonomic problems have been identified within this family, mostly related to species with broad geographic distributions. In this study, we assessed and redefined the species boundaries of the Centrolene buckleyi species complex, and formally described two new species from the Andes of Ecuador. These new taxa are recognized by a combination of morphometric, osteological, acoustic, and genetic data. Following IUCN criteria, we propose that the two new species should to be considered as Endangered (EN), mainly because of their small distributions and habitat loss. The C. buckleyi complex provides insights into the biogeography of closely related Andean species. As in other glassfrogs, speciation in Centrolene seems to be mediated by the linearity of the Andes, where gene flow can be restricted by topography and, also, local extinctions.
Historic checklist, core species and temporal composition turnover of birds in an urban protected natural area in central México over 50 years
Authors: Márquez-Luna Ubaldo , Arenas Pablo , Herrera-Juárez M. Isabel , Pérez-Escobedo Hilda Marcela , Hernández-Orta Gustavo , Gil-Alarcón Guillermo
Published: August 2024

The Pedregal de San Ángel Ecological Reserve (REPSA) is located within the central campus of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), in southwestern Mexico City. This area is known for its bird richness, which has been documented over time. However, this historical information has not been compiled, nor has it been assessed whether species composition has changed over time. In this study, we generated the historical checklist of avifauna in the REPSA by integrating data from systematic monitoring, bibliographic review and citizen science. Additionally, we calculated Jaccard’s dissimilarity Index (nestedness and species turnover) among bird checklists from each year and evaluated whether this index and its components changed over time. In addition, we estimate whether the proportion of species arriving and becoming extinct in the REPSA is influenced by time (census interval) and by the migratory status of the species. Finally, we identified the core species of the REPSA. Our results indicate that from 1967 to 2023, 258 bird species have been recorded in the REPSA. The Jaccard’s dissimilarity and turnover increased and reached an asymptotic trend over time while nestedness showed similar values throughout time. The time and species residency status did not have significant effect on the proportion of species that arrival and become extinct in the reserve. We identified 58 core species based on their persistence; 35 of these are residents, 22 have some migratory movement and one exotic species. Our results highlight the importance of the REPSA as a fundamental habitat for the avifauna of Mexico City, including a wide variety of migratory bird species.
Utility of Parthenocarpy in Vegetable Crops: A Review
Authors: Chaudhari V. M. , Barot D. C. , Patel N. A. , Vaghela A. G.
Published: August 2024

Parthenocarpy is a phenomenon observed in vegetable crops where fruits are produced without fertilization or pollination. This process leads to the development of seedless fruits, which are highly desirable in the market due to their convenience and improved quality. In parthenocarpic vegetables such as cucumbers, tomatoes and eggplants, fruit development occurs without the need for pollination by insects or wind. This can be advantageous in areas with limited insect activity or in greenhouses where pollinators may not be present. The development of parthenocarpy in vegetable crops is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Certain cultivars have been bred to exhibit this trait, while others may require specific environmental conditions such as temperature and light to induce parthenocarpy. One of the key benefits of parthenocarpy is the production of seedless fruits. This is particularly important in seedless cucumber varieties as it eliminates the need for seed removal, making them more convenient for consumption. Seedless tomatoes and eggplants also offer improved texture and taste as the absence of seeds reduces bitterness and enhances sweetness. Parthenocarpy can help improve crop yields and reduce crop losses. Since parthenocarpic fruits develop without pollination, they are less prone to damage caused by pests and diseases that target developing seeds. This can result in higher yields and better overall crop quality. However, it is important to note that parthenocarpy may have some limitations. In some cases, seedless fruits may be less flavorful compared to their seeded counterparts. Additionally, parthenocarpic varieties may require specific management practices and careful monitoring to ensure optimal fruit development.
Analysis of Fluorescently Labeled ISSR Markers to Reveal the Genetic Diversity of Cassava Varieties (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in the Kerala’s Tribal Area of India
Authors: M Deepthi , P Manoj , N P Anish , S Roshni , T A Anu , Narayana Chandrabhas
Published: August 2024

The study Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) molecular markers to genotype distinct cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivars within tribal communities in Kerala, India. Fluorescent ISSR primers were labelled with 6-carboxyfluorescein and used for PCR amplification. The total number of bands produced was 72, of which 49 were found to be polymorphic markers; an average of 17 polymorphic bands was obtained per primer. The manuscript is a scientific validation of the traditional knowledge of tribal people regarding the diversity and wealth of cassava crops in the region, and this validation can therefore help in protecting the farmers right on a particular landrace that they cultivate. The technique used in the diversity analysis is a time-saving process as compared to conventional breeding programs for crop improvement. The data in the manuscript also supports similarity and differences of each variety to one another, which is analysed statistically with the molecular marker-based data generated. By examining genetic diversity at a high resolution, ISSR markers can provide valuable insights into the evolutionary dynamics of these cassava populations. This research contributes to the broader goal of enhancing agricultural sustainability and food security in tribal communities.
Optimized In vitro Propagation, Acclimatization and Reintroduction of Endemic Rhododendron inaequale Hutch. from Northeast India
Authors: Marwein Dawanri , Vijayan Deepu , Mao Ashiho Asosii
Published: August 2024

Rhododendron inaequale Hutch., an endemic plant with high economic potential and susceptibility, requires urgent conservation measures. This study aimed to develop an optimized in vitro propagation protocol for this species. In vitro seed germination was conducted using Anderson medium, Woody Plant Medium (WPM), and MS Medium. WPM supplemented with 8 mg L⁻¹ 2iP [N6-(2-Isopentenyl) adenine] yielded the highest multiple shoot induction (3.55 ± 0.14 shoots, 0.77 ± 0.03 cm shoot length). For rooting, WPM with 0.5 mg L⁻¹ IBA [Indole-3-butyric acid] produced the maximum number of roots (3.40 ± 0.43) with a mean root length of 1.84 ± 0.12 cm. Successfully acclimatized plants were reintroduced into natural habitats in various locations in Meghalaya and Nagaland. Additionally, 200 micropropagated plants were distributed for further conservation initiatives. This study provides a crucial protocol for the conservation and reintroduction of R. inaequale, aiding in the preservation of this vulnerable species.
Impact of Bioagents on Growth and Yield Parameters of Root-knot Nematode Infested Mulberry Plants
Authors: KB Bharath , KS Vinoda , KR Shashidhar , TR Kavitha , Reddy Naveen Chandra
Published: August 2024

Mulberry (Morus alba L.) is a vital crop for sericulture and its productivity is crucial for the industry's sustainability. This study investigated the influence of bioagents viz., Purpureocillium lilacinum, Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma viride, Pochonia clamydosporia and Pseudomonas fluorescens, alongside control treatments including carbofuran 3G and neem cake on growth and yield parameters in severely root-knot nematode infested mulberry plants. The treatments involved are generally recommended to manage root-knot nematode infestation. The results revealed that T. viride @ 5 kg/ha significantly improved plant growth, leaf area and leaf yield leading to enhanced productivity. The findings of this study underscore the potential of bioagents in fostering environmentally sustainable and economically viable sericulture.
Aims: The study aims to assess the impact of bioagents on growth and yield parameters of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita infested mulberry plants.
Study Design: The data collected from the experimental field were analyzed statistically by using one-way RCBD.
Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was carried out in the root-knot nematode infested mulberry garden in Kalyapura Village, Shidlaghatta Taluk, Chikkaballapura District, Eastern Dry Zone (Zone-5) of Karnataka, India between January to September 2022, covering three harvests.
Methodology: The treatments were incorporated near the root zone of mulberry plants within a week after pruning as per the recommendations. The observations were recorded once before the imposition of the treatments (initial) and during the first (60 DAT) and second (120 DAT) shoot harvests in mulberry after imposing the treatments.
Results: Among the bioagents Trichoderma viride showed better results for shoot height (120.00 cm), number of leaves per plant (511.75), leaf area (102.10 cm2) and leaf yield per plant (528.38 g) during the second harvest i.e., 120 DAT. The minimum leaf yield per plant was recorded in the untreated check (216.43 g).
Conclusion: Incorporating T. viride @ 5 kg/ha mixed with 5 tons FYM near the root zone of mulberry infested with RKN showed promising results in promoting plant growth and yield.
Clinical Case Series on Assessment of Therapeutic Efficacy of Saroglitazar in MASLD Patients
Authors: Dang Naresh , Wairokpam Tamphasana
Published: August 2024

Objective: This prospective case series aimed to evaluate the efficacy of saroglitazar 4 mg in improving clinical parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with steatotic liver disease (SLD), focusing on glycemic control, lipid profile, liver enzymes, and transient elastography parameters (CAP and LSM scores).
Materials and Methods: Eight T2DM patients having SLD; defined as Metabolic Dysfunction Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) were enrolled from a single-center, Dr. Dang’s Clinic, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh India. Saroglitazar 4 mg was administered daily, and various clinical parameters were monitored at baseline, 16 weeks, and 32 weeks. Statistical analysis was performed using paired t-tests to assess changes over time.
Results: Saroglitazar treatment significantly reduced HbA1c, Triglycerides (TG), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), transient elastography parameters (CAP and LSM) along with other lipid and glycemic parameters from baseline to weeks 32. These findings underscore potential role of saroglitazar in managing T2DM and associated SLD by improving metabolic parameters and liver health.
Conclusion: Saroglitazar showed significant improvements in glycemic control, lipid profile, liver enzymes, liver fat and fibrosis in MASLD patients, indicating its potential as a therapeutic option for managing metabolic abnormalities and liver complications. Further research is needed to validate these findings.
Species of Nepenthes (Pitcher Plant) in Selected Areas of San Isidro, Northern Samar
Authors: Cecille Vicencio, Manuela , Jamaica Diego,
Published: August 2024

Nepenthes is a genus in the Nepenthaceae family of the order Nepenthales that is also known as a carnivorous plant. Thus, a study was conducted to identify the diversity of Nepenthes species in nine (9) areas of San Isidro, Northern Samar. The descriptive method of research was applied in this study. A total of nine (9) species were identified in the sampling sites. These species mostly grow in forest and woodland areas. In terms of economic importance, residents used Nepenthes species as ornamental plant, for barter with any goods, and an albolaryo used Nepenthes pitchers to treat snake and dog bites, “kulam”, and “usog”. Furthermore, habitat destruction, cultivation, and overexploitation of Nepenthes species were identified as anthropogenic activities. Results implied that the gathered environmental conditions data were normal and optimal for the growth and development of Nepenthes species in the sampling sites. Further study on the plant will be helpful for future conservation, more economic value, and possible pharmaceutical applications. Moreover, DENR may coordinate with LGU and strictly implement ordinances against habitat destruction, cultivation, collection, and trading of Nepenthes species to assist conservation.
Weyl's Theorem for Algebraically (\(\wp, \wr, \varrho\))-Paranormal and Algebraically (\(\wp, \wr, \varrho\))-*-Paranormal Operators
Authors: Senthilkumar D. , Sathiyamoorthi K.
Published: August 2024

Present L be an algebraically (\(\wp, \wr, \varrho\))-Paranormal and algebraically (\(\wp, \wr, \varrho\))-*-Paranormal operators on \(L^2\) space. We examine Weyl's theorem, a-Browder's theorem and spectral mapping theorem holds for weyl's spectrum of L and essential approximate point spectrum of L.
Mathematical Model for Describing the Transmission of Animal African Trypanosomiasis in Cattle
Authors: Akello Conrad , Ambogo David , Opiyo Richard
Published: August 2024

In this paper, we have formulated a mathematical model for the transmission dynamics of African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) by incorporating spraying of the tsetse y population(vector) and treating the cattle population (host) as control strategies. It has been shown that the disease free equilibrium point is globally asymptotically stable and the endemic equilibrium point is locally asymptotically stable. We have also shown that treatment of the host population reduces significantly infection by AAT as compared to spraying of the vector population.
Growth Performance and Seed Yield of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) Varieties under Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.) Based Agroforestry System in South-Eastern Rajasthan, India
Authors: Kumari Nikita , Pandey S.B.S , Upadhyay Kanica , Bhatnagar Prerak , V.C Prahlad , Tippannavar Ajit
Published: August 2024

Agroforestry is defined as the direct mixing of trees and crops on the same piece of land in a spatial and temporal sequence. This investigation was carried out in a completely randomized block design (CRBD) with three replications during the September, 2022 to April, 2023. It was conducted at Herbal Garden of the Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Jhalawar (Agriculture University, Kota). Four years old Plantations of Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.) at 5 m × 5 m spacing were used for intercropping of selected five varieties of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) viz. ‘AF-1, AF-2, RF-125, RF-205 and RF-290’ and also these varieties were grown separately as pure crop. These were planted at 50 cm × 20 cm spacing. The gross plot area and net plot area of fennel was 5 m × 5 m and 4 m × 3 m respectively. The analysis of variance showed significant differences between intercropping fennel under Shisham based Agroforestry system and pure cropping system. The analysis of variance showed non-significant differences in plant height (m), number of primary branches, collar diameter (cm), crown spread East-West (m) and crown spread North-South (m) among varieties mixed with trees. Maximum plant height for Fennel at 30 DAS (16.15), 60 DAS (106.42), 90 DAS (157.50) and at harvest (182.14 cm), number of branches per plant (8.12), number of umbels per plant (20.30), number of seeds per umbel (683.40), diameter of umbel (115.93 mm), seed yield per plant (25.64 g), seed yield per plot (3.08 kg) and minimum days taken to 50% flowering (86.78) was recorded in the T1 (Shisham+ Foeniculum vulgare Mill. var. AF-1). However, maximum economical yield (25.64 quintals/ha) and biological yield (68.92 quintals/ha) was found in T6 (Foeniculum vulgare Mill. var. AF-1 sole).
Phenotypic Screening of Rice Cultures for Resistance against Brown Plant Hopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stal) at Warangal, India
Authors: Kumar R. Shravan , Hari Y. , Prasad K. Rajendra , Chandra B. Satish , Nagabhushanam U. , Madavi B. , Neelima G. , Ashwini D. , Venkanna V. , Reddy R. Uma
Published: August 2024

Brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvatalugens Stal (Homoptera: Delphacidae), is one of the most destructive insect pests causing significant yield losses in rice production. During Kharif, 2021, a set of 91 rice cultures were screened against brown plant hopper (BPH) through standard seed box technique in screen house at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Warangal. Resistant checks RP 2068-18-3-5 recorded Damage Score (DS) of <3, Mo-1 recorded DS of 3.67, PTB 33 recorded DS of 3.29. Mean damage score was 8.94 in the susceptible check Taichung Native 1(TN-1) against BPH. The 2 entries viz., RPGP-1066-36-12-1-2 and WS-18-OYT-72/BPH were found to be highly resistant to BPH. RPGP-1386-3-1-1-1 was found to be resistant to BPH.  5 entries viz., BPT 3025, RPGP-1011-100-56-1-4-1, RPGP-2212-8-1-2-2, KNM 12505 and WS-18-AYT-10/BPH were found to be moderately resistant to BPH. Cultivation of resistant cultures will reduce the cost of plant protection against BPH in addition to protection of natural enemies and environment. The rice cultures exhibiting resistance against BPH may be helpful in crossing programmes to develop BPH resistant varieties which shall be used in IPM as a component.
Application of Laplace Transform to Derive Exponentiated Logistic and Inverse Gaussian Distributions
Authors: Omukami Howard , Mwende Mwau Cynthia
Published: August 2024

Raising a cumulative distribution function (cdf) or survival function to a power is a method of generalizing a distribution, known as exponentiated distribution. Omukami et al. [1] summarized various generalizations of the logistic distribution. This work constructs the generalized exponentiated distributions for the logistic distribution using a beta generated distribution. Specifically, we introduce two new distributions: the Generalized Exponentiated Logistic Type I and Type II. The cdf and pdf of the standard logistic are shown as special cases of these exponentiated distributions. Additionally, we express these exponentiated distributions in terms of the Laplace transform. We derive the Laplace transform for the Generalized Inverse Gaussian (GIG),Inverse Gaussian (IG), and Gamma distributions, demonstrating that the reciprocal Inverse Gaussian is a special case of the GIG when \(\lambda = \frac{1}{2}\). We also explore the behavior of the shapes of these new distributions with varying parameter values, highlighting their flexibility and applicability in modeling statistical data. Generalizing makes the logistic distribution flexible and tractable to be used in analysis of quantal response data and probit analysis. Since the generalized distributions have a wide range of skewness and kurtosis, they can be easily applied in studying robustness tests.
Organoleptic Evaluation of Tree Bean (Yongchak) Dishes of Manipur and Value Added Cutlet with Incorporation of Tree Bean (Parkia roxbhurghii)
Authors: Phurailatpam Nancy , Singh Namita , ST Pavan Kumar
Published: August 2024

Aims: Tree bean or commonly known as petai or yongchak, scientifically Parkia roxburghii is an underrated leguminous plat found in the India’s north east region and other South East Asian countries. This study aims at organoleptic evaluation of four commonly eaten tree bean dishes of Manipur and developing a value added tree bean cutlet for acceptability. Even though it is consumed in North eastern India, value addition of tree bean products is very few.
Study Design:  Descriptive Experimental design.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Community Science, Central Agricultural University, Tura, Meghalaya, Between March and April, 2024.
Methodology: 9 point hedonic rating scale was used to taste the sensory attribute, with 1 being disliked extremely and 9 being liked extremely. The data were analyzed using the descriptive statistics and Kruskal-Wallis test.
Results: There is significant (p = 0.05) difference in the appearance, texture, taste and aroma among the sample products. Within the ten pairs, four of them were found to be significant which are 30 % fresh- 20 % fresh, 30% fresh- control, 30%powder- 20% fresh and 30% powder- control.
Conclusion: When the sensory qualities were evaluated, the 20 percent fresh and the control sample were found to be the most acceptable, while the 30 percent fresh had the lowest acceptability. It concluded that with the percentage increase in incorporation, the level of acceptance decreases. The findings show that the eromba is the most well-liked dish and the curry is the least. And the smell of tree bean was more in higher formulation percentage. More products can be developed with tree bean addition.
The calculation of moment uncertainties from velocity distribution functions with random errors
Authors: Gershman Daniel J. , Dorelli John C. , F.‐Viñas Adolfo , Pollock Craig J.
Published: May 2015

Instrumentation that detects individual plasma particles is susceptible to random counting errors. These errors propagate into the calculations of moments of measured particle velocity distribution functions. Although rules of thumb exist for the effects of random errors on the calculation of lower order moments (e.g., density, velocity, and temperature) of Maxwell‐Boltzmann distributions, they do not generally apply to nonthermal distributions or to higher‐order moments. To date, such errors have only been estimated using brute force Monte Carlo techniques, i.e., repeated (~50) samplings of distribution functions. Here we present a mathematical formalism for analytically obtaining uncertainty estimates of plasma moments due to random errors either measured in situ by instruments or synthesized by particle simulations. Our uncertainty estimates precisely match the statistical variation of simulated plasma moments and carry the computational cost equivalent of only ~15 Monte Carlo samplings. In addition, we provide the means to calculate a covariance matrix that can be reported along with typical plasma moments. This matrix enables the propagation of statistical errors into arbitrary coordinate systems or functions of plasma moments without the need to reanalyze full distribution functions. Our methodology, which is applied to electron data from Plasma Electron and Current Experiment on the Cluster spacecraft as an example, is relevant to both existing and future data sets and requires only instrument‐measured counts and phase space densities reported for a set of calibrated energy‐angle targets.
The relationship between Monte Carlo estimators of heterogeneity and error for daily to monthly time steps in a small Minnesota precipitation gauge network
Authors: Wright Michael , Ferreira Celso , Houck Mark , Giovannettone Jason
Published: May 2015

Precipitation quantile estimates are used in engineering, agriculture, and a variety of other disciplines. Index flood regional frequency methods pool normalized gauge data in the case of homogeneity among the constituent gauges of the region. Unitless regional quantile estimates are outputted and rescaled at each gauge. Because violation of the homogeneity hypothesis is a major component of quantile estimation error in regional frequency analysis, heterogeneity estimators should be “reasonable proxies” of the error of quantile estimation. In this study, three Monte Carlo heterogeneity statistics tested in Hosking and Wallis (1997) are plotted against Monte Carlo estimates of quantile error for all five‐or‐more‐gauge regionalizations in a 12 gauge network in the Twin Cities region of Minnesota. Upper‐tail quantiles with nonexceedance probabilities of 0.75 and above are examined at time steps ranging from daily to monthly. A linear relationship between heterogeneity and error estimates is found and quantified using Pearson's r score. Two of Hosking and Wallis's (1997) heterogeneity measures, incorporating the coefficient of variation in one case and additionally the skewness in the other, are found to be reasonable proxies for quantile error at the L‐moment ratio values characterizing these data. This result, in addition to confirming the utility of a commonly used coefficient of variation‐based heterogeneity statistic, provides evidence for the utility of a heterogeneity measure that incorporates skewness information.
Self‐healing of cement fractures under dynamic flow of CO2‐rich brine
Authors: Cao Peilin , Karpyn Zuleima T. , Li Li
Published: May 2015

Fractures and defects in wellbore cement can lead to increased possibilities of CO2 leakage from abandoned wells during geological carbon sequestration. To investigate the physicochemical response of defective wellbore cement to CO2‐rich brine, we carried out a reactive flow‐through experiment using an artificially fractured cement sample at a length of 224.8 mm. A brine solution with dissolved CO2 at a pH of approximately 3.9 was injected through the sample at a constant rate of 0.0083 cm3/s. Surface optical profilometry analysis and 3‐D X‐ray microtomography imaging confirmed fracture closure and self‐healing behavior consistent with the measured permeability decrease. Visual inspection of the reacted fracture surface showed the development of reactive patterns mapping the flow velocity field inside the fracture, as well as restricted flow toward the sample outlet. The postexperiment permeability of the core sample was measured at half of its initial permeability. A reactive transport model was developed with parameters derived from the experiment to further examine property evolution of fractured cement under dynamic flow of CO2‐rich brine. Sensitivity analysis showed that residence time and the size of initial fracture aperture are the key factors controlling the tendency to self‐healing or fracture opening behavior and therefore determine the long‐term integrity of the wellbore cement. Longer residence time and small apertures promote mineral precipitation, fracture closure, and therefore flow restriction. This work also suggests a narrow threshold separating the fracture opening and self‐sealing behavior.
Nonstationarity in seasonality of extreme precipitation: A nonparametric circular statistical approach and its application
Authors: Dhakal Nirajan , Jain Shaleen , Gray Alexander , Dandy Michael , Stancioff Esperanza
Published: May 2015

Changes in seasonality of extreme storms have important implications for public safety, storm water infrastructure, and, in general, adaptation strategies in a changing climate. While past research on this topic offers some approaches to characterize seasonality, the methods are somewhat limited in their ability to discern the diversity of distributional types for extreme precipitation dates. Herein, we present a comprehensive approach for assessment of temporal changes in the calendar dates for extreme precipitation within a circular statistics framework which entails: (a) three measures to summarize circular random variables (traditional approach), (b) four nonparametric statistical tests, and (c) a new nonparametric circular density method to provide a robust assessment of the nature of probability distribution and changes. Two 30 year blocks (1951–1980 and 1981–2010) of annual maximum daily precipitation from 10 stations across the state of Maine were used for our analysis. Assessment of seasonality based on nonparametric approach indicated nonstationarity; some stations exhibited shifts in significant mode toward Spring season for the recent time period while some other stations exhibited multimodal seasonal pattern for both the time periods. Nonparametric circular density method, used in this study, allows for an adaptive estimation of seasonal density. Despite the limitation of being sensitive to the smoothing parameter, this method can accurately characterize one or more modes of seasonal peaks, as well as pave the way toward assessment of changes in seasonality over time.
A harmonic pulse testing method for leakage detection in deep subsurface storage formations
Authors: Sun Alexander Y. , Lu Jiemin , Hovorka Susan
Published: May 2015

Detection of leakage in deep geologic storage formations (e.g., carbon sequestration sites) is a challenging problem. This study investigates an easy‐to‐implement frequency domain leakage detection technology based on harmonic pulse testing (HPT). Unlike conventional constant‐rate pressure interference tests, HPT stimulates a reservoir using periodic injection rates. The fundamental principle underlying HPT‐based leakage detection is that leakage modifies a storage system's frequency response function, thus providing clues of system malfunction. During operations, routine HPTs can be conducted at multiple pulsing frequencies to obtain experimental frequency response functions, using which the possible time‐lapse changes are examined. In this work, a set of analytical frequency response solutions is derived for predicting system responses with and without leaks for single‐phase flow systems. Sensitivity studies show that HPT can effectively reveal the presence of leaks. A search procedure is then prescribed for locating the actual leaks using amplitude and phase information obtained from HPT, and the resulting optimization problem is solved using the genetic algorithm. For multiphase flows, the applicability of HPT‐based leakage detection procedure is exemplified numerically using a carbon sequestration problem. Results show that the detection procedure is applicable if the average reservoir conditions in the testing zone stay relatively constant during the tests, which is a working assumption under many other interpretation methods for pressure interference tests. HPT is a cost‐effective tool that only requires periodic modification of the nominal injection rate. Thus it can be incorporated into existing monitoring plans with little additional investment.
Comparison of two stochastic techniques for reliable urban runoff prediction by modeling systematic errors
Authors: Del Giudice Dario , Löwe Roland , Madsen Henrik , Mikkelsen Peter Steen , Rieckermann Jörg
Published: May 2015

In urban rainfall‐runoff, commonly applied statistical techniques for uncertainty quantification mostly ignore systematic output errors originating from simplified models and erroneous inputs. Consequently, the resulting predictive uncertainty is often unreliable. Our objective is to present two approaches which use stochastic processes to describe systematic deviations and to discuss their advantages and drawbacks for urban drainage modeling. The two methodologies are an external bias description (EBD) and an internal noise description (IND, also known as stochastic gray‐box modeling). They emerge from different fields and have not yet been compared in environmental modeling. To compare the two approaches, we develop a unifying terminology, evaluate them theoretically, and apply them to conceptual rainfall‐runoff modeling in the same drainage system. Our results show that both approaches can provide probabilistic predictions of wastewater discharge in a similarly reliable way, both for periods ranging from a few hours up to more than 1 week ahead of time. The EBD produces more accurate predictions on long horizons but relies on computationally heavy MCMC routines for parameter inferences. These properties make it more suitable for off‐line applications. The IND can help in diagnosing the causes of output errors and is computationally inexpensive. It produces best results on short forecast horizons that are typical for online applications.
Sea‐ice reemergence in a model hierarchy
Authors: Bushuk Mitchell , Giannakis Dimitrios
Published: May 2015

Lagged correlation analysis of Arctic sea‐ice area reveals that melt season sea‐ice anomalies tend to recur the following growth season, and growth season anomalies tend to recur the following melt season. In this work, a climate model hierarchy is used to investigate the relative role of the atmosphere and the ocean in driving this phenomenon, termed sea‐ice reemergence. The covariability of sea‐ice concentration (SIC), sea surface temperature (SST), and sea level pressure (SLP) is studied via coupled nonlinear Laplacian spectral analysis, and families of modes that capture reemergence are constructed. In model configurations with ocean‐to‐atmosphere coupling, these “reemergence families” display a pan‐Arctic scale organization of SIC anomalies, related to SLP teleconnection patterns. The ocean is found to provide the key source of memory for reemergence, as an SST‐based reemergence mechanism can operate as a stand‐alone process, while an SLP‐based mechanism cannot. Dynamical feedback from the ocean to the atmosphere is found to be essential in creating large‐scale organized patterns of SIC‐SLP covariability.
Morphometry and average temperature affect lake stratification responses to climate change
Authors: Kraemer Benjamin M. , Anneville Orlane , Chandra Sudeep , Dix Margaret , Kuusisto Esko , Livingstone David M. , Rimmer Alon , Schladow S. Geoffrey , Silow Eugene , Sitoki Lewis M. , Tamatamah Rashid , Vadeboncoeur Yvonne , McIntyre Peter B.
Published: May 2015

Climate change is affecting lake stratification with consequences for water quality and the benefits that lakes provide to society. Here we use long‐term temperature data (1970–2010) from 26 lakes around the world to show that climate change has altered lake stratification globally and that the magnitudes of lake stratification changes are primarily controlled by lake morphometry (mean depth, surface area, and volume) and mean lake temperature. Deep lakes and lakes with high average temperatures have experienced the largest changes in lake stratification even though their surface temperatures tend to be warming more slowly. These results confirm that the nonlinear relationship between water density and water temperature and the strong dependence of lake stratification on lake morphometry makes lake temperature trends relatively poor predictors of lake stratification trends.
D/H isotope ratios in the global hydrologic cycle
Authors: Good Stephen P. , Noone David , Kurita Naoyuki , Benetti Marion , Bowen Gabriel J.
Published: May 2015

Deuterium to hydrogen (D/H) ratios in Earth's hydrologic cycle have long served as important tracers of climate processes, yet the global HDO budget remains poorly constrained because of uncertainties in the isotopic compositions of continental evapotranspiration and runoff. Here bias‐corrected satellite retrievals of HDO and H2O concentrations from the Tropospheric Emissions Spectrometer are used to estimate the marine atmospheric surface layer HDO vapor pressure deficit, from which we calculate the global flux‐weighted average oceanic evaporation isotopic composition as −37.6‰. Using these estimates, combined with D/H ratios in precipitation, global mass balance suggests H isotope compositions for global runoff and terrestrial evapotranspiration of −77.3‰ and −40.0‰, respectively. By resolving the HDO budget, we establish an accurate global baseline for geochemically enabled Earth system models, demonstrate patterns in entrainment of moisture into the marine surface layer, and determine the isotopic composition of continental fluxes critical for global ecohydrologic investigations.
Dipole tilt angle effect on magnetic reconnection locations on the magnetopause
Authors: Zhu C. B. , Zhang H. , Ge Y. S. , Pu Z. Y. , Liu W. L. , Wan W. X. , Liu L. B. , Chen Y. D. , Le H. J. , Wang Y. F.
Published: May 2015

Plasma energy dispersion properties inside reconnection jet flows observed inside the low‐latitude boundary layer are used to determine the distances of observing satellites to reconnection sites. The locations of the reconnection sites are then retrieved by tracing the modeled field lines by those distances. The controlling effects of the dipole tilt angle to the location of X lines or reconnection sites are investigated. Our results show that the Earth's dipole tilt angles strongly modify the location of X lines predicted by Cooling et al's model, which is thought to be the result of magnetopause reshaping due to finite dipole tilt angles.
Ionospheric and geomagnetic disturbances caused by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake: A revisit
Authors: Zhao Biqiang , Hao Yongqiang
Published: May 2015

Previous works have shown that coseismic ionospheric disturbances (CIDs) after the tsunamigenic 2011 Tohoku earthquake (Tohoku EQ, Mw9.1) covered a vast area and were observed thousands of kilometers away from the epicenter. For the purpose of making a comprehensive comparison between powerful oceanic and inland EQs, we conduct a retrospective investigation of CIDs and geomagnetic responses to the 2008 Wenchuan EQ (Mw7.9) using a combination of techniques, total electron content, HF Doppler, and ground magnetometer. It is the very first study to present CIDs recorded by different techniques at co‐located sites and profiled with regard to changes of both ionospheric plasma and current (geomagnetic field) simultaneously. The integrated observation also shows that (1) in the Wenchuan case, most of the ionospheric and geomagnetic disturbances were observed within 1000 km distance which is far less than the Tohoku case; (2) two groups of CIDs were found with maximum amplitudes in the direction of azimuth 150° and 135°, respectively; and (3) the geomagnetic changes were only registered by three magnetometers located to the east and southeast of the epicenter. All the facts indicate that the main directional lobe of Wenchuan EQ energy propagation is to southeast and perpendicular to the direction of the fault rupture, but this kind of directivity is not that distinct in the Tohoku case. We suggest that the different fault slip (inland or submarine) affecting the way of couplings of lithosphere with atmosphere may contribute to the discrepancies between the two events.