bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Depressive Symptoms on Earnings
Authors: Cseh Attila
Published: October 2021

Conventional wisdom is that depression lowers productivity. The magnitude of this effect has been of interest to economists and other social scientists as well as medical researchers. In this paper, I take advantage of the longitudinal nature of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 to investigate the effects from a dynamic perspective and to control for unobserved heterogeneity in a fixed‐effects framework. Exploiting the fact that the data set provides information about depressive symptoms in multiple years, I am able to study how changes in depressive symptoms impact productivity. My results indicate that taking personality into account is important in estimating how depression affects wages. While ordinary least‐squares results render a strong negative significant effect to depressive symptom measures (especially in the men's sample), taking unobserved personal characteristics into account reduces the effects of these measures.
Exit Discrimination in Major League Baseball: 1990–2004
Authors: Groothuis Peter A. , Hill James Richard
Published: October 2021

Using a panel study of annual Major League Baseball (MLB) data (1990‐2004), we do not find evidence that race affects the career duration of black hitters. Our findings are inconsistent with results from a study by Jiobu (1988) who used 1971‐1985 data that found that race decreased career length,ceteris paribus, for black hitters but not Hispanics. The difference in results could be due to our use of seasonal‐variant data; Jiobu used only career statistics in his research. Another interpretation of the differing results is that market competition overcame discrimination. This could be interpreted as an affirmation of Becker's theoretical work on discrimination. Our results for pitchers also do not indicate any exit discrimination against the minority groups.
Two‐Sector Growth Models with Productive Public Goods: Equilibrium (In)determinacy
Authors: Chen Been‐Lon , Lee Shun‐Fa
Published: October 2021

In existing two‐sector, human capital‐based endogenous growth models with social constant returns, local equilibrium indeterminacy emerges based upon either differential factor tax rates or sector‐specific externalities. Two primary results are established in this paper. First, once there are productive public goods, the two existing mechanisms are not robust in establishing local indeterminacy. Second, with the congestion effect in the use of public services, local indeterminacy is regained.
Monitoring Cartel Behavior and Stability: Evidence from NCAA Football
Authors: Humphreys Brad R. , Ruseski Jane E.
Published: October 2021

We investigate self‐monitoring and enforcement of the NCAA player recruitment agreement in the context of a cartel model with incomplete information and reaction lags. Empirical results from a panel probit model strongly support the predictions of the model. Lagged winning percentage, the discount rate of the decision maker, the institution's commitment to nonathletic activities, and the institution's demand‐cost configuration are all important predictors of institutions being placed on probation for violating the cartel rules.
Multiple‐Output Child Health Production Functions: The Impact of Time‐Varying and Time‐Invariant Inputs
Authors: Agee Mark D. , Atkinson Scott E. , Crocker Thomas D.
Published: October 2021

Many production activities generate undesirable outputs in conjunction with the desirable outputs. In this paper we present the first estimates of a multiple‐input, multiple‐output directional distance function that relates good and bad inputs from home, school, and environment to good and bad outputs, measured as children's cognitive and behavioral development. This household directional distance function is estimated using a balanced panel of 369 families from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth‐Child Sample for 1996 to 2000 using the generalized method of moments within estimator and instrumental variables. We recover consistent partial effects for the time‐invariant variables in a second‐stage regression and estimate their corrected asymptotic standard errors. We then compute and examine productivity differences among households defined as the increase (decrease) in good (bad) outputs that families could attain with constant inputs if they were operating on the technological frontier. Our estimates suggest the presence of significant inefficiency among sample families that diminishes over time.
Total and regional fat‐to‐muscle mass ratio measured by bioelectrical impedance and risk of incident type 2 diabetes
Authors: Wang Ningjian , Sun Ying , Zhang Haojie , Chen Chi , Wang Yuying , Zhang Jihui , Xia Fangzhen , Benedict Christian , Tan Xiao , Lu Yingli
Published: October 2021

Background

The fat‐to‐muscle mass ratio (FMR) might be an indicator to assess type 2 diabetes risk independent of general obesity. However, no longitudinal studies have explored the extent to which total and regional FMRs may confer risks. We aimed to measure the sex‐specific associations between FMRs of the arm, leg, trunk and whole body and incident type 2 diabetes.

Methods

A total of 464 817 participants (207 286 men and 257 531 women, mean age 56.5 ± 8.2 and 56.2 ± 8.0 years old, respectively) free of diabetes at baseline were included in this prospective cohort study with UK Biobank data. Fat mass and muscle mass were estimated using a bioelectrical impedance assessment device (Tanita BC 418MA). FMR was calculated as fat mass divided by muscle mass in corresponding body parts (total body, arm, leg and trunk). Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the aforementioned associations among men and women. Interaction analyses were performed between FMRs and body mass index (BMI) categories (BMI < 25 kg/m2 and BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2).

Results

Over the median 11.0 years (5 057 534 person‐years) of follow‐up, we documented 11 618 cases of type 2 diabetes. There was a significantly positive association between total and regional FMR and incident type 2 diabetes, even after adjusting for BMI and other covariates. Compared with other body parts, FMRs of the whole body and leg showed the strongest relationship among men and women, respectively (hazard ratio per 1 SD, 95% confidence interval: 1.67, 1.55–1.80; 1.45, 1.39–1.53). A significant interaction (P for interaction < 0.001) between BMI category and FMRs of different body parts was observed. In the stratified analysis by BMI category and tertiles of FMRs, overweight/obese individuals with a high FMR tertile tended to have the highest hazard ratio, ranging from 5.91 to 7.94 in whole body and regional areas.

Conclusions

In this large prospective study, higher total and regional FMRs were associated with a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes, independent of BMI. This association was markedly strengthened in participants with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2.
Extracellular vesicles from adipose tissue‐derived stem cells alleviate osteoporosis through osteoprotegerin and miR‐21‐5p
Authors: Lee Kyoung Soo , Lee Jeongmi , Kim Hark Kyun , Yeom Seung Ho , Woo Chang Hee , Jung Youn Jae , Yun Ye Eun , Park So Young , Han Jihoon , Kim Eunae , Sul Jae Hoon , Jung Jae Min , Park Jae Hyung , Choi Ji Suk , Cho Yong Woo , Jo Dong‐Gyu
Published: October 2021

Osteoporosis is one of the most common skeletal disorders caused by the imbalance between bone formation and resorption, resulting in quantitative loss of bone tissue. Since stem cell‐derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are growing attention as novel cell‐free therapeutics that have advantages over parental stem cells, the therapeutic effects of EVs from adipose tissue‐derived stem cells (ASC‐EVs) on osteoporosis pathogenesis were investigated. ASC‐EVs were isolated by a multi‐filtration system based on the tangential flow filtration (TFF) system and characterized using transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, flow cytometry, cytokine arrays, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. EVs are rich in growth factors and cytokines related to bone metabolism and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) migration. In particular, osteoprotegerin (OPG), a natural inhibitor of receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB ligand (RANKL), was highly enriched in ASC‐EVs. We found that the intravenous administration of ASC‐EVs attenuated bone loss in osteoporosis mice. Also, ASC‐EVs significantly inhibited osteoclast differentiation of macrophages and promoted the migration of bone marrow‐derived MSCs (BM‐MSCs). However, OPG‐depleted ASC‐EVs did not show anti‐osteoclastogenesis effects, demonstrating that OPG is critical for the therapeutic effects of ASC‐EVs. Additionally, small RNA sequencing data were analysed to identify miRNA candidates related to anti‐osteoporosis effects. miR‐21‐5p in ASC‐EVs inhibited osteoclast differentiation through Acvr2a down‐regulation. Also, let‐7b‐5p in ASC‐EVs significantly reduced the expression of genes related to osteoclastogenesis. Finally, ASC‐EVs reached the bone tissue after they were injected intravenously, and they remained longer. OPG, miR‐21‐5p, and let‐7b‐5p in ASC‐EVs inhibit osteoclast differentiation and reduce gene expression related to bone resorption, suggesting that ASC‐EVs are highly promising as cell‐free therapeutic agents for osteoporosis treatment.
Limited role of the spleen in a mouse model of trained immunity: Impact on neutrophilia
Authors: Ferreira Anaísa V , Uijen Rienke F , Bulut Ozlem , de Jonge Marien I , Domínguez-Andrés Jorge , Netea Mihai G
Published: October 2021

Trained immunity is a de facto memory of innate immune cells, resulting in a long-term increase in innate host defense mechanisms after infection. The long-term heterologous protection conferred by trained immunity is mediated through epigenetic and functional reprogramming of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Because the spleen is a reservoir of undifferentiated monocytes and is considered the prime organ for extramedullary hematopoiesis, we investigated the role of the spleen in the establishment of trained immunity. A β-glucan-induced trained immunity mouse model was performed in previously sham-operated or splenectomized animals. Removal of the spleen did not modulate the proinflammatory cytokine production of in vivo trained peritoneal cells, nor did it ablate the increased percentage of proinflammatory circulatory monocytes and natural killer cells seen in trained animals. However, spleen removal prevented neutrophilia, an important characteristic of trained immunity. These data point to a limited role of the spleen in trained immunity. The pathophysiologic relevance of the spleen in the induction of neutrophilia during trained immunity remains to be fully explored.
Temporal spread and evolution of SARS‐CoV‐2 in the second pandemic wave in Brazil
Authors: Wolf Jonas M. , Kipper Diéssy , Borges Gabriela R. , Streck André F. , Lunge Vagner R.
Published: October 2021

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) pandemic spread rapidly and this scenario is concerning in South America, mainly in Brazil that presented more than 21 million coronavirus disease 2019 cases and 590 000 deaths. The recent emergence of novel lineages carrying several mutations in the spike protein has raised additional public health concerns worldwide. The present study describes the temporal spreading and evolution of SARS‐CoV2 in the beginning of the second pandemic wave in Brazil, highlighting the fast dissemination of the two major concerning variants (P.1 and P.2). A total of 2507 SARS‐CoV‐2 whole‐genome sequences (WGSs) with available information from the country (Brazil) and sampling date (July 2020–February 2021), were obtained and the frequencies of the lineages were evaluated in the period of the growing second pandemic wave. The results demonstrated the increasing prevalence of P.1 and P.2 lineages in the period evaluated. P.2 lineage was first detected in the middle of 2020, but a high increase occurred only in the last trimester of this same year and the spreading to all Brazilian regions. P.1 lineage emerged even later, first in the North region in December 2020 and really fast dissemination to all other Brazilian regions in January and February 2021. All SARS‐CoV‐2 WGSs of P.1 and P.2 were further separately evaluated with a Bayesian approach. The rates of nucleotide and amino acid substitutions were statistically higher in P.1 than P.2 (p < 0.01). The phylodynamic analysis demonstrated that P.2 gradually spread in all the country from September 2020 to January 2021, while P.1 disseminated even faster from December 2020 to February 2021. Skyline plots of both lineages demonstrated a slight rise in the spreading for P.2 and exponential growth for P.1. In conclusion, these data demonstrated that the P.1 (recently renamed as Gamma) and P.2 lineages have predominated in the second pandemic wave due to the very high spreading across all geographic regions in Brazil at the end of 2020 and beginning of 2021.
Changes in compound hot and dry day and population exposure across China under climate change
Authors: Feng Yao , Sun Fubao , Liu Wenbin , Chen Jie , Wang Hong , Guo Qiang , Wang Yang , Zhang Qiang , Sang Yan‐Fang
Published: October 2021

Hot and dry extremes have co‐occurred with global warming, causing worse threats than single climate extremes. We analyse the compound hot and dry day (CHDD) and population exposure (Epop) across China based on observations and 11 global climate models (GCMs) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6. The bias‐corrected GCMs, particularly the two‐stage multivariate quantile mapping‐corrected ones, perform better than the raw ones in catching changes in CHDD but they all overestimate CHDD and Epop. More CHDDs occur in the southeast (SE), north (NC) and northwest (NW) China with increasing trends over regions stretching from the northeast (NE) to southwest (SW) China. Despite the declined CHDD, historical Epop has generally increased by the increased population. Future projections in the SSP5‐8.5 experiment indicate an overall increase of CHDD and Epop at 1.5°C warming and an increasing Epop to dangerous CHDD at 2°C warming. SW, NE and the Tibetan Plateau need effective measures of adaptation to reduce sufferings from CHDD under climate change.
Characteristics of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in patients with partial laryngectomy
Authors: Nguyen Duc Trung , Faron Patrick , Tran Tan Dai , Nguyen Thi Phi Linh , Gallet Patrice , Toussaint Bruno
Published: October 2021

Objectives

The impacts of partial laryngectomy on sleep‐disordered breathing were rarely investigated and reported in a limited number of patients. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea‐hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) in patients with partial laryngectomy.

Study design

Case series.

Methods

All patients undergoing partial laryngectomy by open approach (frontolateral vertical partial laryngectomy and supracricoid horizontal partial laryngectomy) for squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx between January 2006 and December 2019 were enrolled. Listed patients were contacted via telephone to propose participating in the study and plan a sleep study: self‐assessments of sleep quality using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) following a home sleep recording using respiratory polygraphy. Daytime sleepiness was also self‐assessed by using the Epworth sleepiness scale.

Results

Twenty patients with sleep record were included to the analyses. There were 11/20 patients (55%) diagnosed with moderate to severe OSASH. No relationship between OSAHS severity and age as well as body mass index (BMI) was observed. The Epworth sleepiness score was not necessarily high in patients with moderate/severe OSASH. Type of partial laryngectomy did not influence apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI) results. There was no difference in terms of age, BMI, gender, type of partial laryngectomy, and the presence of adjuvant radiotherapy between two groups AHI < 15/h and AHI ≥ 15/h.

Conclusion

A sleep study screening for OSAHS should be considered in patients with partial laryngectomy in order to improve their sleep quality and quality of life even though they did not exhibit daily sleepiness and obesity.
Recruitment Bottlenecks for Age-0 Walleye in Northern Wisconsin Lakes
Authors: C. Gostiaux Jason , Boehm Hadley I. A. , Jaksha Nathan J. , Dembkowski Daniel J. , Hennessy Joseph M. , Isermann Daniel A.
Published: October 2021

Some northern Wisconsin lakes have shown declines in catches of age-0 Walleye Sander vitreus in standardized fall electrofishing sampling, suggesting that recruitment bottlenecks are occurring in the first several months of life. In 2016 and 2017, we sampled six lakes with declining trends in natural Walleye recruitment (D-NR lakes) and seven lakes with a history of sustained natural recruitment (S-NR lakes) to determine if timing of potential recruitment bottlenecks for age-0 Walleye were consistent among D-NR lakes and if abiotic and biotic metrics differed between D-NR and S-NR lakes. We also examined diets of larval Walleye to assess prey items that may be important to early growth and survival and to determine if occurrence of piscivory was related to larval Walleye total length. Differential patterns in the presence and absence of age-0 Walleye at different life history stages in the first 6 months of life suggested that recruitment bottlenecks in D-NR lakes were consistently occurring before mid-July (five of six lakes). Mean Secchi depth, surface conductivity, abundance of larval Yellow Perch Perca flavescens, and most metrics of zooplankton abundance and mean size were similar between D-NR and S-NR lakes. Log10 transformed number of adult Walleye per hectare was lower and adult mean total length was higher in D-NR lakes. Across all lakes, diets of larval Walleye consisted of zooplankton and larval fish and the occurrence of piscivory was higher than reported in previous studies and was positively related to total length of larval Walleye. Causes of recruitment bottlenecks in D-NR lakes remain unclear, making it difficult to identify management actions that might be implemented to circumvent these bottlenecks. However, our results indicate that future research should focus on the period between egg deposition and mid-July.
Optimizing anticoagulation for patients receiving Impella support
Authors: Beavers Craig J. , DiDomenico Robert J. , Dunn Steven P. , Cox Jenna , To Long , Weeks Phillip , Trujillo Toby C. , Jennings Douglas L.
Published: October 2021

Anticoagulation of patients treated with the Impella percutaneous mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices is complex and lacks consistency across centers, potentially increasing the risk of complications. In order to optimize safety and efficacy, an expert committee synthesized all available evidence evaluating anticoagulation for patients receiving Impella support in order to provide consensus recommendations for the management of anticoagulation with these devices. The evidence synthesis led to the creation of 42 recommendations to improve anticoagulation management related to the use of the Impella devices. Recommendations address purge solution management, intravenous anticoagulation, monitoring, evaluation and management of heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), and management during combination MCS support. The use of a heparinized, dextrose‐containing purge solution is critical for optimal device function, and a bicarbonate‐based purge solution may be an alternative in certain situations. Likewise, intravenous (ie, systemic) anticoagulation with heparin is often necessary, although evidence supporting the optimal assay and target range for monitoring the level of anticoagulation is generally lacking. Patients treated with an Impella MCS device may develop HIT, which is more difficult to evaluate and treat in this setting. Lastly, the use of Impella with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation or for biventricular support creates additional anticoagulation challenges.
A screening tool to identify risk for bronchiectasis progression in children with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Caudri Daan , Turkovic Lidija , de Klerk Nicholas H. , Rosenow Tim , Murray Conor P. , Steyerberg Ewout W. , Ranganathan Sarath C. , Sly Peter , Stick Stephen M. , Breuer Oded ,   The AREST CF Study Group
Published: October 2021

Background

The marked heterogeneity in cystic fibrosis (CF) disease complicates the selection of those most likely to benefit from existing or emergent treatments.

Objective

We aimed to predict the progression of bronchiectasis in preschool children with CF.

Methods

Using data collected up to 3 years of age, in the Australian Respiratory Early Surveillance Team for CF cohort study, clinical information, chest computed tomography (CT) scores, and biomarkers from bronchoalveolar lavage were assessed in a multivariable linear regression model as predictors for CT bronchiectasis at age 5–6.

Results

Follow‐up at 5–6 years was available in 171 children. Bronchiectasis prevalence at 5–6 was 134/171 (78%) and median bronchiectasis score was 3 (range 0–12). The internally validated multivariate model retained eight independent predictors accounting for 37% (adjusted R2) of the variance in bronchiectasis score. The strongest predictors of future bronchiectasis were: pancreatic insufficiency, repeated intravenous treatment courses, recurrent lower respiratory infections in the first 3 years of life, and lower airway inflammation. Dichotomizing the resulting prediction score at a bronchiectasis score of above the median resulted in a diagnostic odds ratio of 13 (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.3–27) with positive and negative predictive values of 80% (95% CI, 72%–86%) and 77% (95% CI, 69%–83%), respectively.

Conclusion

Early assessment of bronchiectasis risk in children with CF is feasible with reasonable precision at a group level, which can assist in high‐risk patient selection for interventional trials. The unexplained variability in disease progression at individual patient levels remains high, limiting the use of this model as a clinical prediction tool.
Population structure and pattern of geographic differentiation ofColorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata(Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) inTurkey
Authors: Özkan Koca Ayça , Berkcan Salih B , Laçın Alas Burcu , Kandemir İrfan
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND

The Colorado potato beetle (CPB) is the most harmful pest of potato in potato cultivation regions globally. Although it is an economically important agricultural pest, the population structure and colonization route of this species in Turkey are uncertain. We used microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers to obtain information about the population source, structure and bio‐invasion route of CPB populations in Turkey.

RESULTS

The common single mtDNA haplotype in European CPB populations was obtained in all Turkish CPB populations based on mtDNA data analysis. However, microsatellites revealed a low level of genetic variation in CPB populations. The results of microsatellite analysis [factorial correspondence analysis (FCA), Bayesian analysis of genetic population structure (BAPS), unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) dendrogram, F‐statistics and Nei's distances] indicated three groups for invasive CPB: Thrace‐Marmara and Aegean; Black Sea, Central Anatolia and Mediterranean; Northeastern Anatolia. Region‐specific alleles have been identified in regions, where commercial potato cultivation and insecticide use are intensive.

CONCLUSION

The detection of a single fixed European haplotype in all Turkish populations has proved that CPB in Turkey originated from Europe as a result of a founder event occurred in European populations. Low genetic variation was due to the short time period since the spread of CPB from America to Europe. The highest number of private alleles were found in the top commercial potato cultivation region‐Central Anatolia from where the CPB populations spread to other parts of Turkey. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
The Synthesis of Protein‐Encapsulated Ceria Nanorods for Visible‐Light Driven Hydrogen Production and Carbon Dioxide Reduction
Authors: Saif Bassam , Gu Quan , Yang Peng
Published: October 2021

1D rare earth‐based nanomaterials have attracted signiﬁcant attention due to their excellent photo/electro‐catalytic performance. The corresponding challenge is how to synthesize shape and size‐controlled nanostructures in an easy scale‐up way. Herein, the authors present a facile one‐step strategy to design 1D multifunctional protein‐encapsulated cerium oxide nanorods (PCNRs) by utilizing bovine serum albumin as an efficient biotemplate. Remarkably, the PCNRs exhibit high chemical and interfacial adhesion stability with intriguing properties, resulting in an exceptionally high activity towards H2 evolution and CO2 reduction. The photocatalytic activity of PCNRs to produce H2 is about 10 times higher than conventional CeO2 nanorods. The incorporation of rhodamine B into the PCNRs brings unprecedentedly high photocatalytic H2 evolution rate being 123 times higher than that of conventional CeO2 nanorods. Further the presence of the –NH2 groups on the PCNRs facilitated the adsorption and activation of CO2 and eﬃciently suppressed the proton reduction, and as a result, the PCNRs photocatalyst is highly active in converting CO2 to CO and CH4, with the evolution rates being 50 and 83 times higher than those of conventional CeO2 nanorods, respectively. Achieving such efficient photocatalyst is a critical step toward practical production of high‐value renewable fuels using solar energy.
Air Electrodes for Flexible and Rechargeable Zn−Air Batteries
Authors: Wang Xiao Xia , Yang Xiaoxuan , Liu Hui , Han Tao , Hu Junhua , Li Hongbo , Wu Gang
Published: October 2021

Rechargeable Zn−air batteries (ZABs) have attracted increasing attention as one of the most promising future energy power sources due to their relatively high specific energy density, environmental friendliness, safety, and low cost. In particular, flexible ZABs are desirable for portable and wearable electronic devices, in which the cathode can utilize air directly from the atmosphere with significantly enhanced energy density. Therefore, the air electrode consisting of oxygen electrocatalysts is the most critical component in flexible ZABs, significantly governing the overall battery performance and cost. This review highlights recent achievements in designing efficient oxygen electrocatalysts and air electrodes for rechargeable and flexible ZABs. First, the most significant innovations of recent battery configurations to improve flexibility and battery performance are introduced. Then, oxygen electrocatalysts developed for fabricating high‐performance air cathodes in flexible ZABs in terms of catalyst properties, unique nanostructures, and morphologies are emphasized. Furthermore, effective architectures of air electrodes are discussed to highlight structural stability and charge/mass transports for improving battery performance. Finally, a perspective for designing durable and high‐power air electrodes for flexible ZABs is provided, aiming to summarize current challenges and possible solutions to commercialize the exciting battery technology eventually.
Analytical Calculation of Open‐Circuit Magnetic Field in Linear Phase‐Shifting Transformer Based on Exact Subdomain Model
Authors: Guo Guoqiang , Zhao Jinghong , Xiong Yiyong , Wu Mei
Published: October 2021

Linear phase‐shifting transformers (LPSTs) are a new type of transformer that can be used in multi‐rectifier and multi‐inverter systems. However, calculating a precise magnetic field distribution in LPSTs, which is the key premise for obtaining accurate transformer parameters and performance evaluations, remains a challenging task. The present work addresses this issue applying the exact subdomain method (ESM) to establish an analytical model of the magnetic field distribution in an LPST with an arbitrary number of slots in two‐dimensional Cartesian coordinates using the magnetic vector potential as the solution variable. The Poisson equations are established in the slot subdomain of the primary side, and the Laplace equations are established in the slot subdomain of the secondary side and in the air gap subdomain. The harmonic coefficients are obtained using the Fourier series method in conjunction with the boundary conditions, and the distribution of the open‐circuit magnetic flux density is then solved in each subdomain. The model effectively accounts for the cogging effect on the magnetic field distribution. The inductance of the primary side and the induced potential of the secondary side are obtained using the magnetic flux linkage method. The accuracy of the proposed analytical model is verified by comparison of the results obtained with those obtained by the finite element method (FEM). © 2021 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Genetic dissection of seasonal vegetation index dynamics in maize through aerial based high‐throughput phenotyping
Authors: Wang Jinyu , Li Xianran , Guo Tingting , Dzievit Matthew J. , Yu Xiaoqing , Liu Peng , Price Kevin P. , Yu Jianming
Published: October 2021

Plant phenotyping under field conditions plays an important role in agricultural research. Efficient and accurate high‐throughput phenotyping strategies enable a better connection between genotype and phenotype. Unmanned aerial vehicle‐based high‐throughput phenotyping platforms (UAV‐HTPPs) provide novel opportunities for large‐scale proximal measurement of plant traits with high efficiency, high resolution, and low cost. The objective of this study was to use time series normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) extracted from UAV‐based multispectral imagery to characterize its pattern across development and conduct genetic dissection of NDVI in a large maize population. The time series NDVI data from the multispectral sensor were obtained at five time points across the growing season for 1,752 diverse maize accessions with a UAV‐HTPP. Cluster analysis of the acquired measurements classified 1,752 maize accessions into two groups with distinct NDVI developmental trends. To capture the dynamics underlying these static observations, penalized‐splines (P‐splines) model was used to obtain genotype‐specific curve parameters. Genome‐wide association study (GWAS) using static NDVI values and curve parameters as phenotypic traits detected signals significantly associated with the traits. Additionally, GWAS using the projected NDVI values from the P‐splines models revealed the dynamic change of genetic effects, indicating the role of gene–environment interplay in controlling NDVI across the growing season. Our results demonstrated the utility of ultra‐high spatial resolution multispectral imagery, as that acquired using a UAV‐based remote sensing, for genetic dissection of NDVI.
Mobile Edge Caching
Authors: Zhang Yan
Published: October 2021

Edge caching is a key part of mobile edge computing. It not only can support the necessary task data for edge computing, but also enables powerful Internet of Things applications with massive amounts of data and various types of information in access networks. In this chapter, we present the architecture of the edge caching mechanism and introduce metrics for evaluating caching performance. We then discuss key issues in caching topology design, caching data scheduling, as well as caching server cooperation and present a case study of artificial intelligence–empowered edge caching.
Superconformal duality-invariant models and $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 4 SYM effective action
Authors: Kuzenko Sergei M.
Published: October 2021

Abstract

We present$$ \mathcal{N} $$N= 2 superconformal U(1) duality-invariant models for an Abelian vector multiplet coupled to conformal supergravity. In a Minkowski background, such a nonlinear theory is expected to describe (the planar part of) the low-energy effective action for the$$ \mathcal{N} $$N= 4 SU(N) super-Yang-Mills (SYM) theory on its Coulomb branch where (i) the gauge group SU(N) is spontaneously broken to SU(N −1) × U(1); and (ii) the dynamics is captured by a single$$ \mathcal{N} $$N= 2 vector multiplet associated with the U(1) factor of the unbroken group. Additionally, a local U(1) duality-invariant action generating the$$ \mathcal{N} $$N= 2 super-Weyl anomaly is proposed. By providing a new derivation of the recently constructed U(1) duality-invariant$$ \mathcal{N} $$N= 1 superconformal electrodynamics, we introduce its SL(2,ℝ) duality-invariant coupling to the dilaton-axion multiplet.
Searching for pseudo Nambu-Goldstone boson dark matter production in association with top quarks
Authors: Haisch Ulrich , Polesello Giacomo , Schulte Stefan
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Pseudo Nambu-Goldstone bosons (pNGBs) are attractive dark matter (DM) candidates, since they couple to the Standard Model (SM) predominantly through derivative interactions. Thereby they naturally evade the strong existing limits inferred from DM direct detection experiments. Working in an effective field theory that includes both derivative and non-derivative DM-SM operators, we perform a detailed phenomenological study of the Large Hadron Collider reach for pNGB DM production in association with top quarks. Drawing on motivated benchmark scenarios as examples, we compare our results to other collider limits as well as the constraints imposed by DM (in) direct detection experiments and the relic abundance. We furthermore explore implications on the viable parameter space of pNGB DM. In particular, we demonstrate that DM direct detection experiments become sensitive to many pNGB DM realisations once loop-induced interactions are taken into account. The search strategies and pNGB DM benchmark models that we discuss can serve as a starting point for dedicated experimental analyses by the ATLAS and the CMS collaborations.
Sexual- und Verhütungsverhalten von Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen in Deutschland. Aktuelle Ergebnisse der Repräsentativbefragung „Jugendsexualität“
Authors: Scharmanski Sara , Heßling Angelika
Published: October 2021

Hintergrund

Seit 1980 führt die Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung (BZgA) in regelmäßigen Abständen die Repräsentativbefragungen „Jugendsexualität“ durch. Dieses kontinuierliche Monitoring generiert Erkenntnisse zur sexuellen und reproduktiven Gesundheit von jungen Menschen in Deutschland, die eine wichtige Basis einer bedarfs- und zielgruppengerechten Entwicklung von Maßnahmen der Sexualaufklärung und Familienplanung darstellen.

Ziel

Das aktuelle Sexual- und Verhütungsverhalten von Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen soll anhand erster deskriptiver Ergebnisse der 9. Trendwelle zusammenfassend dargestellt werden.

Material und Methoden

An der Befragung nahmen insgesamt N = 6032 Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene teil. Die Datenerhebung erfolgte in 2019 als kombiniert mündlich-schriftliche Interviews (Computer-assisted Personal Interviewing, CAPI).

Ergebnisse

Ein zentraler Befund der vorliegenden Trendwelle ist, dass der Anteil an Jugendlichen, die beim ersten Geschlechtsverkehr jünger als 17 Jahre sind, seit einigen Jahren rückläufig ist. Zur Kontrazeption setzten Jugendliche am häufigsten das Kondom ein, die Nutzung der Pille ist im Trend deutlich rückläufig.

Diskussion

Die Daten der aktuellen Trendwelle weisen ein sicheres und verantwortungsbewusstes Verhütungsverhalten von jungen Menschen in Deutschland nach. Trotzdem gilt es, das Engagement im Bereich der sexuellen Gesundheitsförderung aufrechtzuerhalten und zielgruppenspezifische Präventionsmaßnahmen weiter auszubauen. Denn nur so kann die sexuelle und reproduktive Gesundheit der nachfolgenden Generation gewährleistet werden.
Exploring the hidden depth by confocal Raman experiments with variable objective aperture and magnification
Authors: Boldrini Barbara , Ostertag Edwin , Rebner Karsten , Oelkrug Dieter
Published: October 2021

The article analyzes experimentally and theoretically the influence of microscope parameters on the pinhole-assisted Raman depth profiles in uniform and composite refractive media. The main objective is the reliable mapping of deep sample regions. The easiest to interpret results are found with low magnification, low aperture, and small pinholes. Here, the intensities and shapes of the Raman signals are independent of the location of the emitter relative to the sample surface. Theoretically, the results can be well described with a simple analytical equation containing the axial depth resolution of the microscope and the position of the emitter. The lower determinable object size is limited to 2–4 μm. If sub-micrometer resolution is desired, high magnification, mostly combined with high aperture, becomes necessary. The signal intensities and shapes depend now in refractive media on the position relative to the sample surface. This aspect is investigated on a number of uniform and stacked polymer layers, 2–160 μm thick, with the best available transparency. The experimental depth profiles are numerically fitted with excellent accuracy by inserting a Gaussian excitation beam of variable waist and fill fraction through the focusing lens area, and by treating the Raman emission with geometric optics as spontaneous isotropic process through the lens and the variable pinhole, respectively. The intersectional area of these two solid angles yields the leading factor in understanding confocal (pinhole-assisted) Raman depth profiles.

Graphical abstract
Elevated Temperature May Affect Nectar Microbes, Nectar Sugars, and Bumble Bee Foraging Preference
Authors: Russell Kaleigh A. , McFrederick Quinn S.
Published: October 2021

Floral nectar, an important resource for pollinators, is inhabited by microbes such as yeasts and bacteria, which have been shown to influence pollinator preference. Dynamic and complex plant-pollinator-microbe interactions are likely to be affected by a rapidly changing climate, as each player has their own optimal growth temperatures and phenological responses to environmental triggers, such as temperature. To understand how warming due to climate change is influencing nectar microbial communities, we incubated a natural nectar microbial community at different temperatures and assessed the subsequent nectar chemistry and preference of the common eastern bumble bee, Bombus impatiens. The microbial community in floral nectar is often species-poor, and the cultured Brassica rapa nectar community was dominated by the bacterium Fructobacillus. Temperature increased the abundance of bacteria in the warmer treatment. Bumble bees preferred nectar inoculated with microbes, but only at the lower, ambient temperature. Warming therefore induced an increase in bacterial abundance which altered nectar sugars and led to significant differences in pollinator preference.
S2k-Leitlinie Diagnostik und Therapie der Endometriose – Anforderungen an die Pathologie
Authors: Horn Lars-Christian , Höhn Anne Kathrin , Burghaus Stefanie , Schäfer Sebastian Daniel , Ulrich Uwe Andreas , Schmidt Dietmar ,   Mitglieder der AWMF-Leitlinienkommission zur Erstellung der S2k-Leitlinie Endometriose
Published: October 2021

Die vorliegende Übersicht fasst die relevanten Aspekte der S2k-Leitlinie Endometriose zusammen. Die Empfehlungen umfassen die Aufarbeitung und Befunderhebung bei Biopsien und Resektaten, die bei der klinischen Diagnose einer Endometriose entnommen wurden. Die Leitlinie berücksichtigt neben praktischen Aspekten der Pathologie ebenso die klinischen Notwendigkeiten an die Histopathologie für eine optimale Diagnostik und Therapie der Patientinnen.

Basierend auf der in der pathologischen Literatur gebräuchlichsten Definition der Endometriose des Corpus uteri (Adenomyosis uteri) wurde diese in der Leitlinie definiert als der Nachweis des Endometrioseherdes im Myometrium in einem Abstand zur endomyometranen Grenze von einem mittelgroßen Gesichtsfeld (100fache Vergrößerung), was metrisch rund 2,5 mm entspricht. Bei Darmresektaten soll zum Status der Resektionsränder Stellung genommen werden.

Ebenso definiert werden Anforderungen im Kontext endometrioseassoziierter Karzinome (z. B. Hormonrezeptorbestimmungen, immunhistochemische Untersuchung auf Ausfall der DNA-Mismatch-Reparaturproteine).
Trends, variability and predictive skill of the ocean heat content in North Atlantic: an analysis with the EC-Earth3 model
Authors: Carmo-Costa Teresa , Bilbao Roberto , Ortega Pablo , Teles-Machado Ana , Dutra Emanuel
Published: October 2021

This study investigates linear trends, variability and predictive skill of the upper ocean heat content (OHC) in the North Atlantic basin. This is a region where strong decadal variability superimposes the externally forced trends, introducing important differences in the local warming rates and leading in the case of the Central Subpolar North Atlantic to an overall long-term cooling. Our analysis aims to better understand these regional differences, by investigating how internal and forced variability contribute to local trends, exploring also their role on the local prediction skill. The analysis combines the study of three ocean reanalyses to document the uncertainties related to observations with two sets of CMIP6 experiments performed with the global coupled climate model EC-Earth3: a historical ensemble to characterise the forced signals, and a retrospective decadal prediction system to additionally characterise the contributions from internal climate variability. Our results show that internal variability is essential to understand the spatial pattern of North Atlantic OHC trends, contributing decisively to the local trends and providing high levels of predictive skill in the Eastern Subpolar North Atlantic and the Irminger and Iceland Seas, and to a lesser extent in the Labrador Sea. Skill and trends in other areas like the Subtropical North Atlantic, or the Gulf Stream Extension are mostly externally forced. Large observational and modeling uncertainties affect the trends and interannual variability in the Central Subpolar North Atlantic, the only region exhibiting a cooling during the study period, uncertainties that might explain the very poor local predictive skill.
Sleep-disordered breathing-related symptoms and risk of stroke: cohort study and Mendelian randomization analysis
Authors: Titova Olga E. , Yuan Shuai , Baron John A. , Lindberg Eva , Michaëlsson Karl , Larsson Susanna C.
Published: October 2021

Background

Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) may contribute to development of stroke. However, findings are inconclusive. We investigated whether SDB-related symptoms are associated with incidence of stroke and its types in a general community sample of adult men and women as well as to perform Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis.

Methods

We used data from a cohort of 41,742 Swedish adults (56–94 years of age) who completed questionnaires regarding snoring, cessation of breathing, lifestyle and health characteristics. Participants were followed up for incident stroke and death over 8 years through linkage to the Swedish Registers. Hazard ratios, adjusted for potential confounders, were estimated by Cox proportional hazards regression. MR analyses were performed using single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with sleep apnea at the genome-wide significance level and summary-level data for stroke and its subtypes from consortia and a meta-analysis of Genome-Wide Association Studies.

Results

In the cohort study, symptoms of disturbing snoring and/or cessation of breathing were associated with increased risk of total stroke (hazard ratio 1.12, 95% confidence interval 1.02–1.24) and intracerebral hemorrhage (hazard ratio 1.59, 95% confidence interval 1.23–2.05) but not with ischemic stroke or subarachnoid hemorrhage. MR analyses showed no association of genetic liability to sleep apnea with the risk of overall stroke or any specific types of stroke or ischemic stroke subtypes.

Conclusions

SDB-related symptoms were associated with increased risk of total stroke, specifically intracerebral hemorrhage, in the observational analyses but not in the MR analyses. There was limited evidence of an association of SDB with ischemic stroke and subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Hydro-climatic and land use/cover changes in Nasia catchment of the White Volta basin in Ghana
Authors: Nyadzi Emmanuel , Bessah Enoch , Kranjac-Berisavljevic Gordana , Ludwig Fulco
Published: October 2021

The Nasia catchment is the reservoir with significant surface water resources in Northern Ghana and home to numerous subsistence farmers engaged in rainfed and dry season irrigation farming. Yet, there is little understanding of the hydro-climatic and land use/cover conditions of this basin. This study investigated trends, relationships and changes in hydro-climatic variables and land use/cover in addition to implications of the observable changes in the Nasia catchment over a period of 50 years. Parameters used for the study were minimum (Tmin) and maximum temperature (Tmax), wind speed (WS), sunshine duration (S), rainfall (R), relative humidity (RH), discharge (D) and potential evapotranspiration (PET) data, 15 years of remotely sensed normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data and 30 years of land use/cover image data. Results show that Tmin, Tmax, WS and PET have increased significantly (p < 0.05) over time. RH and S significantly declined. R, D and NDVI have not decreased significantly (p > 0.05). A significant abrupt change in almost all hydro-climatic variables started in the 1980s, a period that coincides with the occurrence of drought events in the region, except WS in 2001, R in 1968 and D in 1975, respectively. Also, D showed a positive significant correlation with RH, R and PET, but an insignificant positive relationship with S. D also showed a negative insignificant correlation with Tmin, Tmax and WS. Areas covered with shrubland and settlement/bare lands have increased to the disadvantage of cropland, forest, grassland and water bodies. It was concluded that climate change impact is quite noticeable in the basin, indicating water scarcity and possibilities of droughts. The analysis performed herein is a vital foundation for further studies to simulate and predict the effect of climate change on the water resources, agriculture and livelihoods in the Nasia catchment.
Older Adults Vastly Overestimate Both HIV Acquisition Risk and HIV Prevalence in Rural South Africa
Authors: van Empel Eva , de Vlieg Rebecca A. , Montana Livia , Gómez-Olivé F. Xavier , Kahn Kathleen , Tollman Stephen , Berkman Lisa , Bärnighausen Till W. , Manne-Goehler Jennifer
Published: October 2021

Perceptions of HIV acquisition risk and prevalence shape sexual behavior in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We used data from the Health and Aging in Africa: A Longitudinal Study of an INDEPTH Community in South Africa baseline survey. Data were collected through home-based interviews of 5059 people ≥ 40 years old. We elicited information on perceived risk of HIV acquisition and HIV prevalence among adults  ≥ 15 and ≥ 50 years old. We first describe these perceptions in key subgroups and then compared them to actual estimates for this cohort. We then evaluated the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and accurate perceptions of prevalence in regression models. Finally, we explored differences in behavioral characteristics among those who overestimated risk compared to those who underestimated or accurately estimated risk. Compared to the actual HIV acquisition risk of < 1%, respondents vastly overestimated this risk: 35% (95% CI: 32–37) and 34% (95% CI: 32–36) for men and women, respectively. Respondents overestimated HIV prevalence at 53% (95% CI: 52–53) for those ≥ 15 years old and 48% (95% CI: 48–49) for those ≥ 50 years old. True values were less than half of these estimates. There were few significant associations between demographic characteristics and accuracy. Finally, high overestimators of HIV prevalence tested themselves less for HIV compared to mild overestimators and accurate reporters. More than 30 years into the HIV epidemic, older people in a community with hyperendemic HIV in SSA vastly overestimate both HIV acquisition risk and prevalence. These misperceptions may lead to fatalism and reduced motivation for prevention efforts, possibly explaining the continued high HIV incidence in this community.