bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Design and Realization of Human Body Database Management System Based on Non-Contact 3D Body Measurement
Authors: Pan Li , Yao Tong , Yao Chong , Wang Jun
Published: October 2014

Non-contact 3D body measurement, which has been the main way to gain human body information,but the large amount of information it gains is hard to save. So, management system of non-contact body measurement database, which uses C# and SQL database, is designed to save the information correctly and properly. It takes C/S model to set up the application platform based on 3D body measurement that has friendly interface and is convenient to use. Meanwhile, the platform has certain expansion space, realizing the input, query, analysis and backup of the data as well as customer-oriented online search and figure type analysis. The system provides basic data for company production, research of fashion theory by academic institutions as well as deeper excavation of human body data.
Surface Treatment of PMIA Fibers with Sub-Atmospheric Pressure Dielectric Barrier Glow Discharge Plasma
Authors: Zheng Huan Da , Zhang Juan , Du Bing , Wei Qu Fu , Zheng Lai Jiu
Published: October 2014

Meta-aramid fibers were treated by sub-atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier glow discharge plasma. The effect of plasma treatment time on the fiber surface physical and chemical properties was studied by using surface characterization techniques. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to determine the surface morphology changes. FT-IR spectroscopy measurements were performed to investigate the change of chemical structure. Dynamic contact angle analysis (DCAA) was used to examine the changes of the fiber surface wettability. SEM analysis showed that there was obvious crack along the fibers’ axial direction present on the fiber surface, which resulted in the better wetting behavior of the plasma-treated PMIA fiber. FT-IR analysis showed that plasma had little effect on the chemical structure of PMIA fibers. DCAA analysis showed that the wettability of the samples could be improved with the treatment time increasing. In addition, a slight decrease in breaking strength was observed at the treatment time ranging from 60 to 180 s in comparison with the untreated sample.
Seroreactivity to a Large Panel of Field-Derived Plasmodium falciparum Apical Membrane Antigen 1 and Merozoite Surface Protein 1 Variants Reflects Seasonal and Lifetime Acquired Responses to Malaria
Authors: Bailey Jason A. , Pablo Jozelyn , Niangaly Amadou , Travassos Mark A. , Ouattara Amed , Coulibaly Drissa , Laurens Matthew B. , Takala-Harrison Shannon L. , Lyke Kirsten E. , Skinner Jeff , Berry Andrea A. , Jasinskas Algis , Nakajima-Sasaki Rie , Kouriba Bourema , Thera Mahamadou A. , Felgner Philip L. , Doumbo Ogobara K. , Plowe Christopher V.
Published: October 2014

Parasite antigen diversity poses an obstacle to developing an effective malaria vaccine. A protein microarray containing Plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1, n = 57) and merozoite surface protein 1 19-kD (MSP119, n = 10) variants prevalent at a malaria vaccine testing site in Bandiagara, Mali, was used to assess changes in seroreactivity caused by seasonal and lifetime exposure to malaria. Malian adults had significantly higher magnitude and breadth of seroreactivity to variants of both antigens than did Malian children. Seroreactivity increased over the course of the malaria season in children and adults, but the difference was more dramatic in children. These results help to validate diversity-covering protein microarrays as a promising tool for measuring the breadth of antibody responses to highly variant proteins, and demonstrate the potential of this new tool to help guide the development of malaria vaccines with strain-transcending efficacy.
On the use of radon for quantifying the effects of atmospheric stability on urban emissions
Authors: Chambers S. D. , Williams A. G. , Crawford J. , Griffiths A. D.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. Radon is increasingly being used as a tool for quantifying stability influences on urban pollutant concentrations. Bulk radon gradients are ideal for this purpose, since the vertical differencing substantially removes contributions from processes on timescales greater than diurnal and (assuming a constant radon source) gradients are directly related to the intensity of nocturnal mixing. More commonly, however, radon measurements are available only at a single height. In this study we argue that single-height radon observations should not be used quantitatively as an indicator of atmospheric stability without prior conditioning of the time series to remove contributions from larger-scale "non-local" processes. We outline a simple technique to obtain an approximation of the diurnal radon gradient signal from a single-height measurement time series, and use it to derive a 4-category classification scheme for atmospheric stability on a "whole night" basis. A selection of climatological and pollution observations in the Sydney region are then subdivided according to the radon-based scheme on an annual and seasonal basis. We compare the radon-based scheme against a commonly-used Pasquil-Gifford (P-G) type stability classification and reveal that the most stable category in the P-G scheme is less selective of the strongly stable nights than the radon-based scheme; this lead to significant underestimation of pollutant concentrations on the most stable nights by the P-G scheme. Lastly, we applied the radon-based classification scheme to mixing height estimates calculated from the diurnal radon accumulation time series, which provided insight to the range of nocturnal mixing depths expected at the site for each of the stability classes.
Verification and application of the extended spectral deconvolution algorithm (SDA+) methodology to estimate aerosol fine and coarse mode extinction coefficients in the marine boundary layer
Authors: Kaku K. C. , Reid J. S. , O'Neill N. T. , Quinn P. K. , Coffman D. J. , Eck T. F.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. The spectral deconvolution algorithm (SDA) and SDA+ (extended SDA) methodologies can be employed to separate the fine and coarse mode extinction coefficients from measured total aerosol extinction coefficients, but their common use is currently limited to AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork) aerosol optical depth (AOD). Here we provide the verification of the SDA+ methodology on a non-AERONET aerosol product, by applying it to fine and coarse mode nephelometer and particle soot absorption photometer (PSAP) data sets collected in the marine boundary layer. Using data sets collected on research vessels by NOAA-PMEL(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration – Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory), we demonstrate that with accurate input, SDA+ is able to predict the fine and coarse mode scattering and extinction coefficient partition in global data sets representing a range of aerosol regimes. However, in low-extinction regimes commonly found in the clean marine boundary layer, SDA+ output accuracy is sensitive to instrumental calibration errors. This work was extended to the calculation of coarse and fine mode scattering coefficients with similar success. This effort not only verifies the application of the SDA+ method to in situ data, but by inference verifies the method as a whole for a host of applications, including AERONET. Study results open the door to much more extensive use of nephelometers and PSAPs, with the ability to calculate fine and coarse mode scattering and extinction coefficients in field campaigns that do not have the resources to explicitly measure these values.
Space-based retrieval of NO2 over biomass burning regions: quantifying and reducing uncertainties
Authors: Bousserez N.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. The accuracy of space-based nitrogen dioxide (NO2) retrievals from solar backscatter radiances critically depends on a priori knowledge of the vertical profiles of NO2 and aerosol optical properties. This information is used to calculate an air mass factor (AMF), which accounts for atmospheric scattering and is used to convert the measured line-of-sight "slant" columns into vertical columns. In this study we investigate the impact of biomass burning emissions on the AMF in order to quantify NO2 retrieval errors in the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) products over these sources. Sensitivity analyses are conducted using the Linearized Discrete Ordinate Radiative Transfer (LIDORT) model. The NO2 and aerosol profiles are obtained from a 3-D chemistry-transport model (GEOS-Chem), which uses the Fire Locating and Monitoring of Burning Emissions (FLAMBE) daily biomass burning emission inventory. Aircraft in situ data collected during two field campaigns, the Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) and the Dust and Biomass-burning Experiment (DABEX), are used to evaluate the modeled aerosol optical properties and NO2 profiles over Canadian boreal fires and West African savanna fires, respectively. Over both domains, the effect of biomass burning emissions on the AMF through the modified NO2 shape factor can be as high as −60%. A sensitivity analysis also revealed that the effect of aerosol and shape factor perturbations on the AMF is very sensitive to surface reflectance and clouds. As an illustration, the aerosol correction can range from −20 to +100% for different surface reflectances, while the shape factor correction varies from −70 to −20%. Although previous studies have shown that in clear-sky conditions the effect of aerosols on the AMF was in part implicitly accounted for by the modified cloud parameters, here it is suggested that when clouds are present above a surface layer of scattering aerosols, an explicit aerosol correction would be beneficial to the NO2 retrieval. Finally, a new method that uses slant column information to correct for shape-factor-related AMF error over NOx emission sources is proposed, with possible application to near-real-time OMI retrievals.
Factors controlling shell carbon isotopic composition of land snail Acusta despecta sieboldiana estimated from laboratory culturing experiment
Authors: Zhang N. , Yamada K. , Suzuki N. , Yoshida N.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. The carbon isotopic composition (δ13C) of land snail shell carbonate derives from three potential sources: diet, atmospheric CO2, and ingested carbonate (limestone). However, their relative contributions remain unclear. Under various environmental conditions, we cultured one land snail subspecies, Acusta despecta sieboldiana, collected from Yokohama, Japan, and confirmed that all of these sources affect shell carbonate δ13C values. Herein, we consider the influences of metabolic rates and temperature on the carbon isotopic composition of the shell carbonate. Based on results obtained from previous works and this study, a simple but credible framework is presented to illustrate how each source and environmental parameter affects shell carbonate δ13C values. According to this framework and some reasonable assumptions, we estimated the contributions of different carbon sources for each snail individual: for cabbage-fed (C3 plant) groups, the contributions of diet, atmospheric CO2, and ingested limestone vary in the ranges of 66–80, 16–24, and 0–13%, respectively. For corn-fed (C4 plant) groups, because of the possible food stress (less ability to consume C4 plants), the values vary in the ranges of 56–64, 18–20, and 16–26%, respectively. Moreover, according to the literature and our observations, the subspecies we cultured in this study show preferences towards different plant species for food. Therefore, we suggest that the potential food preference should be considered adequately for some species in paleoenvironment studies. Finally, we inferred that only the isotopic exchange of the calcite-HCO3−-aragonite equilibrium during egg laying and hatching of our cultured snails controls carbon isotope fractionation.
A spatial investigation of the environmental controls over cryoconite aggregation on Longyearbreen glacier, Svalbard
Authors: Langford H. J. , Irvine-Fynn T. D. L. , Edwards A. , Banwart S. A. , Hodson A. J.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. A cryoconite granule is a near-spherical aggregation of biota and abiotic particles found upon glacier surfaces. Recently, microstructural studies have revealed that photosynthetic microorganisms and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are omnipresent within cryoconite granules and have suggested their importance as biological "forming factors". To assess these forming factors, and their biological control over aggregate size and stability, across a typical Arctic valley glacier surface, a suite of rapid, spectrophotometric, microplate methods were utilised. Subsequent spatial mapping of these data revealed distinct patterns. Labile carbohydrates were found to increase up-glacier, suggestive of EPS production for cryoprotection and nutrient assimilation. Conversely, pigment concentrations were found to increase towards the glacier terminus and valley sides, suggestive of allochthonous input, a general reduction in physical disturbance and of the build-up of photosynthetic pigments and less labile cyanobacterial sheath material. Aggregate size was found to increase towards the glacier edges, linked to the input of particulate matter from the valley sides, and to broadly increase down-glacier, in the same way as pigment concentrations. Statistical analyses of transect data revealed that the photoautotrophic count and carbohydrate–chlorophyll ratio of the cryoconite sampled could explain 83% of the measured variation in aggregate size and stability. Considering solely aggregate size, the number and length of photoautotrophic filaments could explain 92% of the variation in this parameter. These findings demonstrate the two-dimensional distribution of key biological controls upon cryoconite aggregation for the first time, and highlight the importance of filamentous cyanobacteria and EPS production to the development of stable cryoconite granules.
Comparing three vegetation monoterpene emission models to measured gas concentrations with a model of meteorology, air chemistry and chemical transport
Authors: Smolander S. , He Q. , Mogensen D. , Zhou L. , Bäck J. , Ruuskanen T. , Noe S. , Guenther A. , Aaltonen H. , Kulmala M. , Boy M.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) are essential in atmospheric chemistry because of their chemical reactions that produce and destroy tropospheric ozone, their effects on aerosol formation and growth, and their potential influence on global warming. As one of the important BVOC groups, monoterpenes have been a focus of scientific attention in atmospheric research. Detailed regional measurements and model estimates are needed to study emission potential and the monoterpene budget on a global scale. Since the use of empirical measurements for upscaling is limited by many physical and biological factors, such as genetic variation, temperature and light, water availability, seasonal changes, and environmental stresses, comprehensive inventories over larger areas are difficult to obtain. We applied the boundary-layer–chemistry-transport model SOSA (model to Simulate the concentrations of Organic vapours and Sulphuric Acid) to investigate Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) monoterpene emissions in a boreal coniferous forest at the SMEAR (Station for Measuring forest Ecosystem–Atmosphere Relations) II site, southern Finland. SOSA was applied to simulate monoterpene emissions with three different emission modules: the semiempirical G95, MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature) 2.04 with improved descriptions of temperature and light responses and including also carbonyl emissions, and a process-based model SIM–BIM (Seasonal Isoprenoid synthase Model – Biochemical Isoprenoid biosynthesis Model). For the first time, the emission models included seasonal and diurnal variations in both quantity and chemical species of emitted monoterpenes, based on parameterizations obtained from field measurements. Results indicate that modelling and observations agreed reasonably well and that the model can be used for investigating regional air chemistry questions related to monoterpenes. The predominant modelled monoterpene concentrations, α-pinene and Δ3-carene, are consistent with observations.
Biogeophysical feedbacks enhance the Arctic terrestrial carbon sink in regional Earth system dynamics
Authors: Zhang W. , Jansson C. , Miller P.  A. , Smith B. , Samuelsson P.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. Continued warming of the Arctic will likely accelerate terrestrial carbon (C) cycling by increasing both uptake and release of C. Yet, there are still large uncertainties in modelling Arctic terrestrial ecosystems as a source or sink of C. Most modelling studies assessing or projecting the future fate of C exchange with the atmosphere are based on either stand-alone process-based models or coupled climate–C cycle general circulation models, and often disregard biogeophysical feedbacks of land-surface changes to the atmosphere. To understand how biogeophysical feedbacks might impact on both climate and the C budget in Arctic terrestrial ecosystems, we apply the regional Earth system model RCA-GUESS over the CORDEX-Arctic domain. The model is forced with lateral boundary conditions from an EC-Earth CMIP5 climate projection under the representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario. We perform two simulations, with or without interactive vegetation dynamics respectively, to assess the impacts of biogeophysical feedbacks. Both simulations indicate that Arctic terrestrial ecosystems will continue to sequester C with an increased uptake rate until the 2060–2070s, after which the C budget will return to a weak C sink as increased soil respiration and biomass burning outpaces increased net primary productivity. The additional C sinks arising from biogeophysical feedbacks are approximately 8.5 Gt C, accounting for 22% of the total C sinks, of which 83.5% are located in areas of extant Arctic tundra. Two opposing feedback mechanisms, mediated by albedo and evapotranspiration changes respectively, contribute to this response. The albedo feedback dominates in the winter and spring seasons, amplifying the near-surface warming by up to 1.35 °C in spring, while the evapotranspiration feedback dominates in the summer months, and leads to a cooling of up to 0.81 °C. Such feedbacks stimulate vegetation growth due to an earlier onset of the growing season, leading to compositional changes in woody plants and vegetation redistribution.
Characterization of particulate organic matter in the Lena River Delta and adjacent nearshore zone, NE Siberia – Part 2: Radiocarbon inventories
Authors: Winterfeld M. , Mollenhauer G.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. Particulate organic matter (POM) derived from permafrost soils and transported by the Lena River represents a quantitatively important terrestrial carbon pool exported to Laptev Sea sediments (next to POM derived from coastal erosion). Its fate in a future warming Arctic, i.e. its remobilization and remineralization after permafrost thawing as well as its transport pathways to and sequestration in marine sediments is currently under debate. We present the first radiocarbon (14C) data set of surface water POM within the Lena Delta sampled in summers 2009–2010 and spring 2011 (n = 30 samples). The bulk Δ14C concentrations varied from −55 to −391‰ translating into 14C ages of 395 to 3920 yr BP. We further estimated the fraction of phytoplankton-derived POM to our samples based on (1) particulate organic carbon to particulate nitrogen ratios (POC:PN) and (2) on the stable carbon isotope (Δ13C) composition of our samples. Assuming that this phytoplankton POM has a modern 14C signature we inferred the 14C concentrations of the soil-derived POM fractions. The results ranged from −258 to −768‰ (i.e. 2340 to 11 700 14C yr BP) for the POC:PN-based scenario and from −191 to −704‰ (i.e. 1640 to 9720 14C yrs BP). Despite the limitations of our approach, the estimated Δ14C concentrations of the soil-derived POM fractions seem to reflect the heterogeneous 14C signal of the Lena River catchment soils covering a range from Holocene to Pleistocene ages. We therefore propose a typical isotopic signature of riverine soil-derived POM with a Δ13C of −26.6 ± 1.1‰ deduced from our data of Lena Delta soils and published values, and a Δ14C concentration of −362 ± 123‰ deduced from our Δ13C-based estimates. These data can help to improve the dual-carbon-isotope simulations used to quantify contributions from riverine soil POM, Pleistocene ice complex POM from coastal erosion, and marine POM in Siberian shelf sediments.
Antisemitismus, Großstadtfeindlichkeit und reaktionäre Kapitalismuskritik in der deutschsprachigen Geographie vor 1945
Authors: Michel B.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. In der Forschung zur Geschichte der Geographie besteht eine auffällige Leerstelle bezüglich antisemitischen Denkens vor 1945. In diesem Beitrag wird versucht die Rolle und Funktion antisemitischer Elemente in der deutschsprachigen Geographie des Landschaftsparadigmas vor 1945 nachzuzeichnen. Es wird die These vertreten, dass die antisemitische Figur des Judentums als einem raum- und bodenlosen Volk, nicht nur tief in das geographische Denken eingelagert ist, sondern mit der seit 1918 stark antimodernen und abstraktionsfeindlichen Ausrichtung der Disziplin das Judentum gerade auch als Personifikation für die verhassten Momente von Modernisierung, Liberalismus und Urbanität fungiert. Wenn antisemitisches Denken im Vergleich zu nationalistischen und eurozentrischen Momenten auf den ersten Blick relativ unsichtbar erscheint, so liegt eine Ursache für diese geringe Sichtbarkeit im geringen Interesse landschaftskundlicher Geographie an Stadtgeographie und Prozessen der gesellschaftlichen Modernisierung.
A constructionist defence of environmental ethics: the case of the Swiss hunter
Authors: Tait-Jamieson T.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. Castree argues that, due to implicit and explicit forms of material essentialism within many environmental ethicist arguments, a post-environmental ethics may be inevitable. The purpose of this article was to examine this claim by putting authors Castree and Proctor into a dialogue, situated within the social context of hunting in Switzerland, with the aim of navigating a path beyond the ontological mine field that environmental ethics has recently become. The results show that the critique that Castree offers can be turned into a mode of enquiry that highlights the need for environmental ethics to move beyond normative prescription to normative description. Such a move, as highlighted by the case of the Swiss hunter, allows for enquiry into how environmental ethics are socially discussed and produced, as well as offering avenues in which to interrogate and make sense of the different ways that people understand and interact with the natural world.
Tidal forcing, energetics, and mixing near the Yermak Plateau
Authors: Fer I. , Müller M. , Peterson A. K.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. The Yermak Plateau, located northwest of Svalbard in Fram Strait, is the final passage for the inflow of warm Atlantic Water into the Arctic Ocean. The region is characterized by the largest barotropic tidal velocities in the Arctic Ocean. Internal waves generated in response to the tidal flow over this topographic feature locally contribute to mixing and remove heat from the Atlantic Water. Here, we investigate the tidal forcing, barotropic-baroclinic energy conversion rates, and dissipation rates in the region using observations of oceanic currents, hydrography and microstructure collected on the southern flanks of the plateau in summer 2007, together with results from a global high resolution ocean circulation and tide model simulation. The energetics (depth-integrated conversion rates, baroclinic energy fluxes and dissipation rates) show large spatial variability over the plateau and are dominated by the K1 and M2 constituents. The volume-integrated conversion rate over the region enclosing the topographic feature is approximately 1 GW and accounts for about 50% of the M2 and approximately all of the K1 conversion in a larger domain covering the entire Fram Strait extended to the North Pole. Despite the substantial energy conversion into internal tides, a negligible fraction propagates out of the YP region, implying large local dissipation rates. An approximate local conversion – dissipation balance is found over shallows and also in the deep part of the sloping flanks. The baroclinic energy radiated away from the upper slope is dissipated over the deeper isobaths. From observations below the surface mixed layer, we infer upper and lower bounds on the total dissipation rate of about 0.5 and 1 GW, where about 0.4 GW can be attributed to the contribution of hot spots. The domain-integrated dissipation from the model is close to the upper bound of the observed dissipation, and implies that almost entire dissipation in the region can be attributed to the dissipation of baroclinic tidal energy.
Surface velocity and mass balance of Livingston Island ice cap, Antarctica
Authors: Osmanoglu B. , Navarro F. J. , Hock R. , Braun M. , Corcuera M. I.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. The mass budget of the ice caps surrounding the Antarctica Peninsula and, in particular, the partitioning of its main components are poorly known. Here we approximate frontal ablation (i.e. the sum of mass losses by calving and submarine melt) and surface mass balance of the ice cap of Livingston Island, the second largest island in the South Shetland Islands archipelago, and analyse variations in surface velocity for the period 2007–2011. Velocities are obtained from feature tracking using 25 PALSAR-1 images, and used in conjunction with estimates of glacier ice thicknesses inferred from principles of glacier dynamics and ground-penetrating radar observations to estimate frontal ablation rates by a flux-gate approach. Glacier-wide surface mass-balance rates are approximated from in situ observations on two glaciers of the ice cap. Within the limitations of the large uncertainties mostly due to unknown ice thicknesses at the flux gates, we find that frontal ablation (−509 ± 263 Mt yr−1, equivalent to −0.73 ± 0.38 m w.e. yr−1 over the ice cap area of 697 km2) and surface ablation (−0.73 ± 0.10 m w.e. yr−1) contribute similar shares to total ablation (−1.46 ± 0.39 m w.e. yr−1). Total mass change (δM = −0.67 ± 0.40 m w.e. yr−1) is negative despite a slightly positive surface mass balance (0.06 ± 0.14 m w.e. yr−1). We find large interannual and, for some basins, pronounced seasonal variations in surface velocities at the flux gates, with higher velocities in summer than in winter. Associated variations in frontal ablation (of ~237 Mt yr−1; −0.34 m w.e. yr−1) highlight the importance of taking into account the seasonality in ice velocities when computing frontal ablation with a flux-gate approach.
Measurements of light absorbing particulates on the glaciers in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru
Authors: Schmitt C. G. , All J. D. , Schwarz J. P. , Arnott W. P. , Cole R. J. , Lapham E. , Celestian A.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. Glaciers in the tropical Andes have been rapidly losing mass since the 1970s. In addition to the documented increase in air temperature, increases in light absorbing particulates deposited on glaciers could be contributing to the observed glacier loss. Here we report on measurements of light absorbing particulates sampled from glaciers during three surveys in the Cordillera Blanca in Peru. During three research expeditions in the dry seasons (May–August) of 2011, 2012 and 2013, two hundred and forty snow samples were collected from fifteen mountain peaks over altitudes ranging from 4800 to nearly 6800 m. Several mountains were sampled each of the three expeditions and some mountains were sampled multiple times during the same expedition. Collected snow samples were melted and filtered in the field then later analyzed using the Light Absorption Heating Method (LAHM), a new technique that measures the ability of particulates on filters to absorb visible light. LAHM results have been calibrated using filters with known amounts of fullerene soot, a common industrial surrogate for black carbon (BC). As sample filters often contain dust in addition to BC, results are presented in terms of effective Black Carbon (eBC). During the 2013 survey, snow samples were collected and kept frozen for analysis with a Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2). Calculated eBC mass from the filter analysis and the SP2 refractory Black Carbon (rBC) results were well correlated (r2 = 0.92). These results indicate that a substantial portion of the light absorbing particulates in the more polluted areas were likely BC. The three years of data show that glaciers in the Cordillera Blanca Mountains close to human population centers have substantially higher levels of eBC (as high as 70 ng g−1) than remote glaciers (as low as 2.0 ng g−1 eBC), indicating that population centers can influence local glaciers by sourcing BC.
Diversity in Elementary Schools in Hungary
Authors: Szécsi Tünde
Published: October 2014

This article reports on views among Hungarian administrators, teacher educators, mentor teachers and teacher candidates concerning diversity, and explores their related life experiences. The views of 28 participants were examined with Q methodology and follow-up interviews. Results of the Q methodology suggest there were three distinguishing viewpoints. Viewpoint 1 tended to be supportive of diversity issues, Viewpoint 2 appeared to have ethnocentric attitudes, and Viewpoint 3 tended to be culturally sensitive, yet, focused on family responsibilities. Follow-up interviews indicated that the life-experiences of participants associated with the three viewpoints were significantly dissimilar. This investigation provides directions in developing more effective teacher preparation to better address the challenges of increasingly diverse students in Hungary.
A filozófia és a fizika találkozása
Authors: Éva Kissné Novák
Published: October 2014

Human being wants to recognize objective reality with the help of different sciences. Kant was the philosopher who spoke first about the subjectivity of the process of recognition in his works. It became clear in the 19-20 century that every element of recognition can be regarded as subjective one. Boehm Karoly, an excellent Hungarian philosopher who lived at the turn of the century, taught also this fundamental idea, which is in harmony from several point of view with the results of modern sciences, e. g. with that of modern physics. My paper shows theseconnections.
Sámuel Brassai, the Last Transylvanian Polymath
Authors: Molnár Erzsébet
Published: October 2014

The aim of this paper is to introduce Sámuel Brassai, the teacher, the outstanding scholar of the 19th century. He played a great role in the Reform era. His life, work and activity were inspired by thoughts that nowadays, a hundred years after his death, at the beginning of the 21st century are still valid. These thoughts are in the fields of education, economy, morality, research into the nation’s prosperity. He was an excellent linguist, natural scientist, philosopher, critic, mathematician, musician, teacher, essay writer, university professor, and a regular member of the Academy of Sciences. At the centre of Brassai’s life-work was his research into the methodological principles of teaching. His pedagogical system is the harmonious synthesis of his educational goals and methods. He was an encyclopaedic scholar, the great teacher of the nation who was continuously searching for the solution to the reform of education.
A személyiség varázsa
Authors: Éva Kissné Novák
Published: October 2014

Az ember gondoskodik a hozzá hasonlóan a világba belevetettként él?kr?l illetve létez?kr?l. Gondoskodik önmagáról megteremtve, megformálva és megvédve saját egzisztenciáját, saját életét és személyiségét. Gondoskodik a körülötte él?kr?l: családjáról, barátjáról, kollegáiról, ismer?seir?l, tanítványairól, s?t valamilyen tág értelemben arról az adott közösségr?l, melynek tagjaként létezik. A hozzájuk f?z?d? kapcsolatainkban mi vagyunk jelen, magunkat vetítjük ki, s ez a kapcsolat beépül személyiségünkbe. Jelen írás azt tárgyalja, hogy mib?l is áll el? az a különös entitás, az a sajátos lényeg, amit személyiségünknek nevezünk.
The Third Generation: Hungarian Jews on Screen
Authors: Portuges Catherine
Published: October 2014

The post-Cold War era, with its redrawn European topographies and renegotiated political and cultural alliances, has witnessed the return of Central European Jews to the screen in fiction features, documentary and experimental films, and new media. A younger generation of filmmakers devoted to speaking out on the Holocaust and its aftermath is opening vibrant new spaces of dialogue among historians, literary and scholars, as well as within the framework of families and audiences. By articulating unresolved questions of Jewish identity, memory and history, their work both extends and interrogates prior narratives and visual representations. My presentation compares recent films by several filmmakers with regard to the contested meanings of Jewish identity; issues of gender and the filmmaker’s voice and subject position; the contextualization of historical evidence; and innovative modes and genres of cinematic representation.
Hungarians in the New World: A Grandchild’s Perspective
Authors: Valdata Patricia
Published: October 2014

During graduate school, I spent a semester studying Hungarian literature; I realized then that a European literature was not my own literary heritage. My literature was that of the American experience. Thus, I began to research Hungarian immigrants in central New Jersey. This research resulted in The Other Sister, published in November 2008. This paper details the research process, and more importantly, the process of discovery that led me to better understand the stories of Hungarian immigrants, and how the forces that shaped the lives of these travelers in their new country shaped my own heritage—culinary and literary.
A töredezett (kulturális) test írása Polcz Alaine "Asszony a fronton" című művében
Authors: Vasvári Louise O.
Published: October 2014

In this paper I will discuss Alaine Polcz’s Asszony a fronton (1991) ‘ Woman on the Front,’ subtitled Egy fejezet az életemb?l ‘A Chapter from My Life,’ as an extreme example of self-contradictory life writing, offering a fragmented self-representation of the author’s subjectivity through the narrative itineraries of both her privatized and publicized body through the last year of the Second World War. The term life writing is a particularly useful categorization for this text, since Hungarian critics have referred to it variously, sometimes in the same article, as ‘memoir, novel, autobiographical novel, documentary novel, memorial records’(memoár, regény, önéletrajzi regény, dokumentum regény, emlékiratok). I will consider how Polcz narrativizes her identity in the two parts of her story. In the first, writing about her young married life with an abusive alcoholic husband during wartime Transylvania in 1944-45 she is unable to step outside the conventional romance plot, narrating her life in terms of the most conservative conceptualization of heterosexual femininity and wifehood, premised on self-renunciation. At the same time, she subverts her surface story of masochistic other-centeredness with manipulation of gaps and secrets, creating an ongoing tension between the concealed and revealed.
Hungary and the United States: A Comparison of Gifted Education
Authors: Connelly Julianna
Published: October 2014

There is a lot that can be learned about a country based on the programs and provisions it has for mathematically talented students. While it is difficult to identify a single U.S. "program" or "approach" for gifted education, in general the trend is to put mathematically talented students through the standard mathematics sequence, just starting at an earlier age. In Hungary, on the other hand, the focus is on enrichment over acceleration. This paper explores how some very different historical, cultural, and political forces have shaped these two countries' different approaches to educating mathematically talented students.
Pointy Bras and Loose House Dresses: Female Dress in Hungary and the United States in the 1950s
Authors: Medvedev Katalin
Published: October 2014

This paper is a comparative study of the social, ideological and economic differences between the United States and Hungary during the 1950s through the examination of the expressive features of female dress. It argues that dress served as a significant means of conveying the major divisions between the two countries and demonstrates that the female body became one of the crucial sites for waging the everyday battles of the Cold War opponents. Because less information is available about the construction of gender and the sartorial practices of women in Hungary in the 1950s this paper primarily focuses on Hungary. Data for this paper was collected through oral histories, archival sources and through the examination of contemporary photographic images.
Genetic Research and Hungarian "Deep Ancestry"
Authors: Dreisziger Nándor
Published: October 2014

The past few decades saw the birth of the new science of genetics that can be used not only for medical purposes but also for the study of the past. Geneticists were quick to begin applying this science to the examination of Hungarian history, especially the subject of Hungarian origins. The purpose of this paper is to acquaint the reader with some of these studies. One study this paper will examine is itself a review of the scientific literature of early genetic studies on Hungarian origins. Other studies evaluated in this paper will be the English-language scientific publications of a team of Hungarian geneticists who over the last several years have studied the genetic inter-relatedness of 10th century and present-day Hungarian populations in the Middle Danube Valley of Central Europe. The paper comes to the conclusion that while very early genetic inquiries into Hungarian origins were often fault-ridden and are of little use now, more recent studies suggest that the currently held explanations of Hungarian ethnogenesis — especially the story of the so-called Hungarian conquest of the late 9th century — might very well be subjected to a fundamental re-assessment.
Undead Blond Hair in the Victorian Imagination: The Hungarian Roots of Bram Stoker’s "The Secret of the Growing Gold"
Authors: Heiniger Abigail
Published: October 2014

The Hungarian folktale “Woman with Hair of Gold” is a part of what Nina Auerbach calls feminine mythos in Woman and the Demon. It is a story about the murder and revenge of a “very strange but beautiful woman with golden hair as fine as spun gold.” This paper explores how Bram Stoker’s short story “The Secret of the Growing Gold” reworks this folktale, stripping away its uniquely feminine voice, to create a story expressing British Victorian racial anxieties. The message of Teutonic superiority, which Stoker links with Hungarian folklore, is this author’s most dangerous and nefarious fiction.
Language about Language: Notes On The New Hungarian Media Laws
Authors: Sherwood Peter
Published: October 2014

Peter Sherwood taught at the University of London for 35 years before being appointed the first László Birinyi, Sr., Distinguished Professor of Hungarian Language and Culture in the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 2008. His main research interests are in linguistics but he has also published widely in the field of Hungarian culture, including translations from the Hungarian: most recently, essays by Béla Hamvas (Trees, 2006), a novel by Miklós Vámos (The Book of Fathers, 2006, 2009), and a short story by Dezső Kosztolányi(http://asymptotejournal.com, 2011).
Languages of Exile and Community in Dezső Kosztolányi's Esti Kornél Cycles
Authors: Varga Adriana
Published: October 2014

An avid translator, the poet, novelist, essayist and journalist, Dezső Kosztolányi believed in linguistic relativism, the uniqueness of each language-created world view, and the impossibility of translation. Paradoxically, one of his main concerns was to express in fiction various encounters between individuals belonging to different linguistic and cultural communities, and to explore whether communication between them was at all possible. It is exactly this double bind—this status of finding oneself between two or more cultures and languages—that the Hungarian novelist explored in many of his works, particularly in his last fictional writings, the Esti Kornél cycles: Esti Kornél (1933) and Esti Kornél Kalandjai (The Adventures of Kornél Esti, 1936). Several of the Esti Kornél episodes are linguistic explorations of the encounter between “self” and “other,” when these two often belong to different cultural and linguistic communities. The result of estranging language during such encounters leads to a better understanding of language and the context that created it—just as, in translation, the loss and, therefore, the presence of the original’s linguistic form is most acutely felt and understood by the translator.
Cynical References to Political Correctness in Hungarian Media in the 2000s
Authors: Barát Erzsébet
Published: October 2014

In this paper I analyze the strategy in Hungarian public discourse for discrediting feminism in the media in the early 2000s. The strategy consists in the systematic conflation of feminism with the demand for “politically correct” language. My analysis will show that the motivation for the conflation occurs, on the one hand, in the name of tolerance or, on the other, to the determent of feminism. These apparently very different discourses, however, overlap and are effects of the same strategy of discreditation. They both rest on the assumption that feminism is an exclusionary ideology hence it is to be tolerated at best, or to be fought mercilessly. Despite the apparent opposition between the two approaches, their goals are the same. The reduction of feminism to political correctness and its representation as the manifestation of some general practice of ‘language cleansing’ “benignly” masks the real object of feminist language criticism, namely, sexist and homophobic exclusionary language use and their symbolic and material consequences. These are found everywhere in contemporary Hungary. I shall argue that the alarming similarity of the two perspectives is a recent phenomenon in Hungarian public discourse that emerged in the first decade of the millennium. It replaces the strategy of the 1990s that represented feminism as a matter of some individual and isolated efforts and as such eventually harmless on a social scale. The turn of the first decade re-imagines feminism as a social practice that is argued to be an intolerant or aggressive attempt at purging language use. This change in the meaning of the concept is caused in part, I shall argue, by the stereotypical conceptualization of language use itself. The concept is stereotypical in that it draws on (value) judgments expected to be understood as self-evident hence able to preempt any need for reflexivity on the part of the reader.
Interview with Erzsébet Barát, Organizer of the Annual Conference, Language, Ideology, Media: Gender/Sexuality Relations in Hungary
Authors: László Erzsébet
Published: October 2014

Language, Ideology, Media: Gender/Sexuality Relations in Hungary is an annual interdisciplinary conference first launched in September 2005 that has grown into “the only regular research forum for feminist scholarship concerned with Hungarian cultural practices of gender and sexuality” (http://primus.arts.u-szeged.hu/ieas/gender/index.html). Since the first contextualizing/grounding event in 2005, whose theme was ‘A nő helye a magyar nyelvhasználatban’ (Woman’s Place in Hungarian Language Use), the conference has touched upon such important issues as stereotypes of “woman” and “femininity” (2006), feminine/masculine identity and experience (2007), the relation of “woman” and body/sensuality (2008), the spaces of sexuality (2009) institutionalizations of gender relations with a specific focus on the intersection of gender and nation(alism) in Hungary (2010). (See the Archive section of the webpage for detailed information.) The theme of the upcoming 2011 conference will concern issues of gender relations and feminism in post-socialist Hungary. To date the conference is the only academic forum in Hungary that provides an opportunity to explore contemporary issues of the relations of Hungarian language and power, cultural representations and ideology, and Hungarian women and feminist thought from an interdisciplinary perspective attracting scholars from Hungarian as well as non-Hungarian universities. Speakers of the conference include well-established feminist scholars with international visibility, such as Louise O. Vasvári (New York University, Stony Brook University), Andrea Virginas, Sapientia, Transylvanian Hungarian University, Cluj, Bolemant Lilla Comenius University, Bratislava, Mária Joó ELTE, Budapest, Judit Friedrich, ELTE Budapest, Nóra Sélley, University of Debrecen, or Erzsébet Barát (University of Szeged, Central European University, Budapest), and Anna Kérchy (University of Szeged). The conference also attracts young Hungarian scholars entering academia, for whom the conference provides an invaluable platform for professional experience and networking.
Sleeping with the Political Enemy: Woman’s Place in Discourses of Race and Class Struggle in 20th Century Central Europe
Authors: Bolgár Dániel
Published: October 2014

In this paper, I shall argue that the convergence of ideologies operating through the creation of enemies like racism and Bolshevism with discourses regulating gender relations in the Central Europe of the twentieth century had the grave consequence of questioning women’s position in the political community. In short, I shall argue that in the context of racist and Bolshevik discourses, the very fact of being female was in itself a political threat to women. To demonstrate my point, I shall discuss two recent publications. First, I shall analyze the context of the convergence of racist and misogynist discourses in turn-of-the-century Vienna through discussing András Gerő’s book, Neither Woman Nor Jew. Second, I shall explore how the discourse of class struggle affected the political status of Hungarian women in the Stalinist era through discussing Eszter Zsófia Tóth’s book, Kádár’s Daughters.
When Sexism Meets Racism: the 1920 Numerus Clausus Law in Hungary
Authors: Fenyves Katalin
Published: October 2014

In this paper I argue that the Hungarian Numerus Clausus edict, introduced in 1920, was aimed at restricting not only the number of Hungarian Jews, but also the number of women in higher education. What is more, university admission policies, often applied beyond the legal framework of this law, reinforced and reproduced the male, nationalist, Christian and conservative hegemony. However, while the Numerus Clausus edict lived on in Hungarian common memory as the first step towards the later introduced anti-Jewish laws and the subsequent extermination of the majority of Hungarian Jews, the consequences of the law regarding women’s exclusion from higher education and thus from the intellectual elite remains mainly unknown to date. Moreover, since “gendered memory” still does not exist in Hungary, there is no way to remember the introduction of the Numerus Clausus law as one of the historical moments that marked women’s place and role in Hungarian society until well after the Second World War and as the symbolic moment when anti-Semitism and sexism met.