bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Religion in Scotland and Norway
Authors: Amundsen Arne Bugge , Rosie Michael
Published: January 2018

Religion has played a key part in the development of both Scotland and Norway, in terms of local governance and the organisation of social structure and hierarchies, identity and popular history, yet both countries are now largely secularised. This chapter explores religious denominations and affiliations: Norway’s history of compulsory affiliation with the Lutheran Church, and Scotland’s religious pluralism, where political affiliations often served to reduce religious tensions. The markedly different relationship between Church and State; Scotland’s Reformation being a largely populist movement with conflict and open protest continuing for two centuries contrasting with Norway where few tensions arose and religion and state remained closely interwoven. Monarchical and political union had an impact on religious practise in both countries, with differing levels of ideological and administrative control being negotiated by Church authorities over education systems and welfare in local communities. The chapter touches upon the route of both countries out of and beyond Protestantism towards increasing secularisation, facilitated by the continuing renegotiation of the relationship between Church and State in both countries and the lessening of Church influence on areas such as education.
Early Ozu: Shōshimin Film and Everyday Realism
Authors: Joo Woojeong
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the early phase of Ozu’s cinema, from 1927 to 1932, in the context of the development of Japanese cinema into a modern entertainment form. The first part examines the production strategy of Shochiku, especially in regard to the concept of Kamata-chō as the studio’s fundamental tenet, which was developed in the course of Shochiku’s effort to adopt a modern, Westernised cinematic style through the realistic depictions of urban everyday life, although the modernity had to be in constant conflict with more archaic forms and styles such as shinpa. In the second part, the genre of shōshimin (middle class) film is discussed as Ozu’s attempt to further complicate the format of Kamata-chō by developing its existing representation of modern everyday life into a critique of modernity. This point is examined by analysing Ozu’s two representative shōshimin films of the era, Tokyo Chorus (1931) and I Was Born But… (1932), in comparison with the work of other Shochiku directors, such as Shimazu Yasujiro.
Broadcasting and the Press: Some Key Moments
Authors: Hutchison David
Published: January 2018

This chapter provides some analytical detail on important instances of press and broadcast coverage in the period before the referendum vote, specifically the publication in November 2013 of the Scottish Government’s White Paper on independence, and the two TV debates of August 2014 between Alex Salmond and Alistair Darling, respectively speaking for and against a Yes vote. As well as various specific observations, the chapter notes a lack of press support for the Yes camp, some differences between the broadcast and press approaches, distinctions between London and Scottish editions of newspapers, and a shift in 2013 and 2014 from the more supportive media stance toward the SNP ahead of the 2011 Holyrood election.
The Scottish Press Account: Narratives of the Independence Referendum and its Aftermath
Authors: Dekavalla Marina
Published: January 2018

This chapter adopts a partly theoretical approach to analysis of the discourse of Scottish press narratives on independence, focusing particularly on editorial coverage and detailing accounts from five daily morning and five Sunday titles. The approach utilizes Greimas’s work on narrative semiotics, and considers tropes in Scottish press accounts such as The Quest for Change and The Quest for Independence. In this manner the analysis finds consistent underlying meanings in the press narratives it examines, but likewise discovers coherence associated with the ‘change’ model, with increased devolution apparently seen by both press and public as a safer route to change than independence.
Scottish TV Coverage of the Referendum Campaign from September 2012 to September 2014
Authors: Robertson John
Published: January 2018

This chapter analyzes TV output on the then-approaching referendum from the BBC, ITV and STV (Scottish Television) across a year from September 2012 , as well as output from BBC Radio Scotland. The chapter focuses on the issue of impartiality with respect to the nature of coverage and asks specific questions about the prevalence of referendum questions, the sources and balance of evidence, precedence of Yes and No arguments, and other associated matters. Following a methodology account, including of the coding process, the discussion proceeds to examine detailed instances of media coverage. It is critical of some aspects of the coverage, positing a lack of due impartiality in some analyzed examples, and noting some related differences between areas of BBC and STV output.
The English Press and the Referendum
Authors: Williamson Karen , Golding Peter
Published: January 2018

Noting that the Better Together/No campaign was uniformly supported by the English press, the chapter begins by observing how the media influence what people think about, if not determining what they think. It proposes that, given its reach, the English press framing of the referendum will have had an impact on the Scottish referendum, even if most of its readers had no vote therein. This is not least because of the presence of ultimately London-edited newspapers in Scotland. The chapter discusses the relative absence of London press coverage of the referendum beyond a concentrated period a fortnight or so before the poll, and finds that it focuses on a narrow range of issues, including consequences of a Yes vote for the UK economy as a whole, seemingly insensitive to wider ramifications of the debate. Among the conclusions of the analysis is the suggestion that Scottish matters in the English press are handled to an extent like foreign affairs stories more generally.
The Scottish Referendum: The View from Quebec
Authors: Côté Catherine
Published: January 2018

The chapter begins by noting the significance for Quebec of parallels between Quebec and Scotland. It points out also the particular significance of the referendum concept in Quebec, given a history of referendums. This long predates the votes in 1980 and 1995 on sovereignty. Differences between Quebec and the rest of Canada have been accentuated by this history. The Scottish referendum therefore ranked relatively high in measurements of most covered news items in Quebec in 2014. However the coverage mainly used the Scottish case to reflect back on Quebec, so that even coverage from Scotland tended to have Quebec issues in the background. The chapter analyzes output from a variety of media and notes various issues, ranging from the division of powers between Scotland and the UK to questions of management of natural resources and international treaties. There is some focus on Scottish politicians and celebrities. Generally media coverage appeared balanced. The chapter concludes that the referendum was treated like a domestic issue in Quebec.
Introduction
Authors: Bano Masooda , Sakurai Keiko
Published: January 2018

This introductory chapter describes the working of the three most influential international centres of Islamic learning in contemporary times: al Azhar University in Egypt, the Islamic University of Medina (IUM) in Saudi Arabia, and al Mustafa International University in Iran. These three universities, located in the politically influential countries in the Middle East and Gulf region, attract students from across the globe. Their graduates carry the ideas acquired during their education back to their home communities, and some also bring with them a reformatory zeal. The significance of these universities is in their hybrid nature; they produce ulama through their curriculum, as inherited from the seminary tradition, while claiming a “modern” space by adapting the formal structures of the Western university.
Aesthēsis and Technē: New Technologies and Lyotard’s Aesthetics
Authors: Woodward Ashley
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines Lyotard’s consideration of the way that technologies, and in particular information technologies, reconfigure the nature of aesthetic experience. When art uses communication technologies themselves as its matter or medium, the “traditional” model of aesthetic experience becomes problematised. Lyotard argues that this is the case because information technologies determine or “program” a conceptual meaning in advance of an aesthetic experience. Therefore, we no longer have a situation of the “free play” between sensible forms and concepts that constitutes the aesthetics of the beautiful for Kant. Lyotard argues, however, that this decline in aesthetic experience as traditionally conceived need not be understood negatively: rather, it may be seen positively in so far as it furthers experimentation with materials, and activates an aesthetic of the sublime.
Immaterial Matter: Yves Klein and the Aesthetics of the Sensible
Authors: Woodward Ashley
Published: January 2018

This chapter demonstrates how Lyotard’s aesthetic theory provides the basis for a new interpretation of Yves Klein which provides an alternative to his common reception as a Conceptual artist. Through the different activities of philosophy and art, Lyotard and Klein both explore the nature of sensibility through an investigation of matter. Both paradoxically conclude that matter is in a sense immaterial. Lyotard understands matter as that part of an artwork which is diverse, unstable, and evanescent: in music, this corresponds to nuance and timbre, and in painting, to colour. Klein develops his meditation on matter firstly through his monochrome “propositions,” calling attention to pure colour (in particular, blue), which he theorises as stabilisations of energy. Beyond this, Klein invents “immaterial” works, such as the famous Void exhibition and his Zones of Immaterial Pictorial Sensibility. This chapter develops the confluences between Lyotard’s and Klein’s reflections on “immaterial matter,” and seeks to show how the results achieved in each area of activity (philosophy and art) can contribute to the other.
The Judgement of the Inhuman
Authors: Woodward Ashley
Published: January 2018

The conclusion to this book stakes out the key claims that have been developed in the studies collected here. It argues that the uniqueness and value of Lyotard’s approach to nihilism lies in his refusal of the temptation to overcome it through a notion of unity, and his embrace of incommensurable differences. Lyotard contributes to a thinking of the posthuman and the information society by acknowledging the displacements of the human that science and technology effect, but also by resisting any collapse into a scientism or naturalism which sees no difference between natural or technological processes and political, ethical, or vitalist principles. For him, art functions as a countermovement to nihilism by resisting the demand to give up everything to that which can be calculated, a functional demand made everywhere today in the interests of performativity and in the name of development. For these reasons, Lyotard remains a thinker for our time.
‘Thought Thinks in its Own Right’: A. A. Luce, Samuel Beckett and Bergson’s Doctrine of Failure
Authors: Gontarski S. E.
Published: January 2018

This chapter traces some possibilities of when and how Samuel Beckett's intellectual development might have intersected the developing lines of cultural thought, or what Gilles Deleuze will call lines of flight or ‘nomad’ thought, and suggests a much earlier point of entry for Beckett into such metaphysical issues than has heretofore been acknowledged. Such intersection will finally find a profound realization not only in the work of Beckett but in that of Deleuze and his collaborators as well. The chapter then studies A. A. Luce's book Bergson's Doctrine of Intuition (1922), which would have been Beckett's first opportunity to study the evolution of the individual psyche and engage the discourse of human freedom and creativity.
Becoming Degree Zero: Authors Vanishing into the Zone of Imperceptibility
Authors: Gontarski S. E.
Published: January 2018

This concluding chapter looks at American writer William Burroughs. In many respects, William Burroughs was an apostle of invisibility, assiduously pursuing versions of physical vanishing and advocating, above all, authorial disappearance. He has on occasion declared himself simply an ethereal medium through which his texts pass into the visible world. Samuel Beckett's initial rejection on first meeting Burroughs in 1959 was not solely or particularly to the aleatory nature of the process but to the fact that the cut up method of Burroughs involved using the writing of other authors. Burroughs's reply to such charges generally suggested what one might call today intertextuality — that all writing was cut up or collage in one way or another and that his was different from those only by degree.
The Global Development of the Westminster Model
Authors: Bulmer W. Elliot
Published: January 2018

This chapter argues that the term ‘Westminster Model’ is still a useful on in categorising politico-legal systems which, although capable of accommodating much diversity in term of institutional design, share unmistakable family resemblances. It shows that, amongst Westminster Model democracies, the UK – although the originator – is now the outlier. Charting the historical development of the Westminster Model in dominions and former colonies, it demonstrates that today Westminster-derived democracies usually have written and procedurally entrenched constitutions, bills of rights, judicial review, independent ‘fourth branch’ institutions, provision for referendums, and other innovations. To include such features in a Scottish Constitution would be in keeping with the globally developed Westminster Model, not a repudiation of it.
Generative Apogee and Elegiac Expansion: European Film Modernism from Antonioni to Angelopoulos
Authors: Ford Hamish
Published: January 2018

This chapter situates Theo Angelopoulos within the compositional context of European post-war cinematic modernism, and more specifically in relation to fellow filmmaker Michelangelo Antonioni. Antonioni's early 1960s cinema has long been recognised as one of the key influences on Angelopoulos' filmmaking. Angelopoulos himself has described Antonioni's L'avventura (1960) as a seminal moment in his development, reportedly watching it thirteen times while a student in Paris during the early 1960s. The chapter examines the complex development of European modernist cinema in the postwar period through the work of Angelopoulos and Antonioni. The chapter shows that Angelopoulos' films present time and history in the form of a co-present or multi-layered textuality. It also considers reflexivity, composition and the gaze in the films of Angelopoulos and Antonioni before concluding with a discussion of Angelopoulos' films in relation to modernity.
Boys Interrupted: Sex between Men in Post-Franco Spanish Cinema
Authors: Fouz-Hernández Santiago
Published: January 2018

This chapter investigates why so many erotic scenes involving sex between men in contemporary Spanish cinema are often interrupted. While these interruptions are perhaps to be expected in erotic – as opposed to pornographic – films, the frequency and sometimes violence with which they occur is intriguing and troubling. The chapter identifies different strategies of interruption that go from the classic ellipsis with fades to black to literal concealment achieved with distance, poor lighting or visual obstructions such as doors, window blinds or props. In some other cases, other characters enter the scene. These include family members (often female – wives, girlfriends, mothers) but also (often male) strangers that halt the sex act quite suddenly and aggressively mid-way. Importantly, these violent interruptions prevent the kinds of pleasurable identification that are often encouraged in heterosexual erotic scenes, even when the sex act is left to the spectators’ imagination. The study revisits some classic and well-known films by directors including Pedro Almodóvar, Cesc Gay, Eloy de la Iglesia or Gerardo Vera, as well as more recent and lesser-known work including Juanma Carrillo’s short film Fuckbuddies (2011). The analysis of the final case study, Almodóvar’s Los amantes pasajeros/I’m so Excited (2013), suggests that the erotic content of films can sometimes be hidden (and found) in surprisingly conspicuous places.
Double Agency: Women Writers of Espionage Fiction
Authors: Lassner Phyllis
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the fiction of Helen MacInnes, Ann Bridge, With different narrative techniques, each of them dramatise ethical and political concerns about the viability of a second world war. They also reshape the genre of spy fiction by creating women protagonists who represent keen insights into narrative and political relationships, particularly deracination, exile, and antisemitism. Their novels respond critically to the way conventional spy thrillers draw heroes and villains as caricatures of good and evil and women as disposable attractions. Each writer engages gender analysis as a significant part of international politics and the genre of spy fiction.
Duncan Grant and Charleston’s Queer Arcadia
Authors: Clarke Darren
Published: January 2018

Charleston curator Darren Clarke provides a queer group biography in this discussion of the centrality of Charleston Farmhouse to the lives and working practice of the Bloomsbury artists Vanessa Bell and Duncan Grant. First inhabited by them in 1916, at the height of the First World War, as a home for passivism and conscientious objection, Charleston was initially home for a ménage à trois consisting of Grant, Bell, and David Garnett. For over fifty years, Charleston remained a space that could accommodate queer desires alongside alternative formations of domesticity. Frequent guests and part-time residents included Lytton Strachey, E.M. Forster, John Maynard Keynes, Raymond Mortimer, Angus Davidson, Peter Morris, George Bergen, and Paul Roche. After Bell’s death in 1961, Charleston became a place of pilgrimage for young gay men energized by the political, social, and sexual freedoms of the Bloomsbury Group and encouraged by Grant’s hospitality until his death in 1978.
The Rhetoric of Madness in Realist Film Theory
Authors: Trifonova Temenuga
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the rhetoric of madness and mental illness informing realist film theories. Hugo Münsterberg, author of the first work of film theory, The Photoplay: A Psychological Study, considered the following several features—reminiscent of the symptomatic language of dissociative identity disorder—essential to cinema: decentralization (the ability to assume alternate points of view), mobility (the ability to invert the past and the present, the real and the virtual), and derealization and disembodiment (characteristic of film reception). Epstein’s revelationist aesthetic and Balázs’s anthropomorphic film theory are both informed by animistic beliefs, translating into the realm of the aesthetic the symptoms of various types of delusional and anxiety disorders characterized by the inability to distinguish the living from the non-living. In Kracauer’s Theory of Film affective states commonly perceived as symptomatic of madness or mental illness—detachment from reality, ennui, melancholy, distraction, and disinterestedness/apathy—are posited as necessary to film’s ‘redemption of physical reality’. This chapter explores these and other formulations, focusing on Kracuer’s Theory of Film.
Glory, Spectacle and Inoperativity: Agamben’s Praxis of Theoria
Authors: Abbott Mathew
Published: January 2018

This chapter argues against the common image of Agamben as an apocalyptic thinker focused on theoretical transformation rather than political praxis. It provides a concise account of the genealogies of economy and glory in The Kingdom and the Glory before turning to Agamben’s argument that the society of the spectacle as the contemporary form of glorification. Abbott argues that the fundamental stake of the Agamben’s analysis is a theoretical praxis that responds to the political conditions of spectacular capitalism by enacting the inoperativity at the heart of thought. This is not a matter of doing philosophy instead of acting, but, rather, a politics that is simultaneously practical and theoretical.
Abstract Form
Authors: Sampson Fiona
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the abstract form in poetry. For a poet, the notion that abstract form — not ‘meaning’, but pure shape — can play a key role in what they write is seductive. On the one hand, it implies the possibility of developing and experimenting with the kinds of sophisticated formal patterning that we traditionally associate with verse, such as the way stanzas ‘chunk’ a ballad's story, or a rhyme scheme creates a network of meanings that crisscross and link up within a poem. On the other hand, it also appeals to something more primitive. For it suggests that poets can — and perhaps even should — do what could best be described as ‘play’. It implies that they might ‘go by feel’, making judgements — for example about where to end a piece — that are not based purely on semantic logic but pay attention to what ‘feels right for’, or ‘works for’, the poem.
Introduction
Authors: Elhaik Tarek
Published: January 2018

This book examines post-Mexican film and media arts and proposes a conception of curation as both repair and counter-actualization. It does so by introducing the concept of the incurable-image. Building on a participant-observation of curatorial platforms and experimental media arts in Mexico City, the book animates a trans-media assemblage that grew out of a convergence of three interconnected themes: the role played by the discipline of anthropology in shaping the contours of Mexican modernity and its avant-garde media arts and visual culture; the lessons learned from the tradition of experimental ethnography and the important ‘Writing Culture’ debates in academic anthropology in the United States during the 1980s; and the so-called ‘anthropological turn’ in visual studies and contemporary art since the 1990s. The book turns its attention away from cross-cultural geographies towards a geophilosophy of departures and arrivals modulated by Mexico City's chaotic intellectual life.
Curatorial Work
Authors: Elhaik Tarek
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the dominant concepts that form the so-called ethnographic turn in contemporary art, including the cross-cultural approach. It first provides an overview of the notions of montage and animation that have been added to the media anthropological repertoire before discussing post-Mexican assemblages. It then looks at Roger Bartra's notion of a ‘post-Mexican condition’, Silvia Gruner's archaeophobic video Don't Fuck with the Past, You Might Get Pregnant and Eduardo Abaroa's iconoclastic installation The Total Destruction of the National Museum of Anthropology, highlighting the lessons that can be learned from this assemblage of seemingly nihilistic gestures and post-anthropological attitudes. It also introduces the contemporary anthropologist's mode of curatorial work and argues that the stakes behind this ‘assemblage-work’ are nothing less than the differential futures brewing in the contemporariness of contemporary anthropology and contemporary curation.
Introduction
Authors: Alexiou Margaret , Cairns Douglas
Published: January 2018

This chapter provides an overview of research on body language, gesture and emotion in connection with tears and laughter, and an account of its application in previous scholarship to ancient Greek literature, in order to assess the potential for extending these studies to Byzantium and for the productive interaction between classicists and Byzantinists. The chapter then gives guidance to the nature and organisation of the material, and reviews the range and significance of the material included in the remainder of the volume: authors and genres, themes and images, periods and approaches, language and style. Analysing the field from literary and anthropological perspectives on ritual, it draws links between chapters, sketches in gaps, and suggests lines for future research.
Philogelos: An Anti-Intellectual Joke-Book
Authors: West Stephanie
Published: January 2018

The ancient compilation Philogelos (Laughter-lover), attributed to two unknowns, Hierocles and Philagrios, deserves to be better known; notwithstanding many references to joke-books, both Greek and Latin, this is the only surviving example. Many of its jokes are funny enough to fulfil an important social function of such silly stories in deflecting ill-feeling and embarrassment. They should be treated selectively; a series of jokes rapidly loses its force. The collection seems to have been largely assembled before the christianisation of the empire, but the only securely datable element is a reference (in joke 62) to the celebration of the games marking Rome’s millennium in April 248. Linguistic features, most strikingly the relatively large number of latinisms, provide little help in attempt to date the collection’s formation; fidelity to the transmitted wording was not a high priority for the copyists of such subliterary texts. The oldest MS is dated to the late 10th or early 11th century, but four important 15th century MSS indicate that it remained popular over a long period. The milieu implied is urban, politically Roman but culturally hellenised. Its values and concerns are middle-brow and middle-class. Folly and pretentiousness are its most prominent targets.
Laughing at Eros and Aphrodite: Sexual Inversion and its Resolution in the Classicising Arts of Medieval Byzantium
Authors: Walker Alicia
Published: January 2018

The social and cultural authority that images exercised in medieval Byzantium derived in part from their consistent observance of established traditions of representation. As a result of this tendency toward recognisable types, when an intentional departure from visual conventions was introduced, Byzantine viewers could be expected to notice the difference and wonder about the intentions behind it. This chapter explores how Graeco-Roman mythological and romance narratives offered opportunities for the engineering of amusing imagery through strategies of inversion and exaggeration. It focuses especially on how this up-ending of visual conventions served to disrupt the expected order of gender relations. The chapter shows how the programmes of middle Byzantine works of classicising art used humour initially to destabilize – but ultimately to reaffirm -- social norms surrounding female sexuality.
Do Brothers Weep? Male Grief, Mourning, Lament and Tears in Eleventh- and Twelfth-Century Byzantium
Authors: Mullett Margaret
Published: January 2018

This chapter deals with a pair of poems by Theophylact of Ochrid, written in the first decade of the twelfth century, setting them in a context of male lament, specifically of brothers writing laments for brothers in which they emphasise the shedding of tears. The question of male weeping is discussed in terms of medieval narrative, and the issue of lament in Byzantium as a gendered form is considered. Scholars have emphasised that it was women’s part to lament; but we need to look more closely at who weeps in our texts. First, tears do not only mean grief; second, tears were not evidence of weakness or effeminacy, but often of heroic asceticism; third, there are many cases of emperors weeping in Byzantium. Lament does appear to be regarded as a largely female genre, although its practice by a trained rhetor is not unusual. These cases are made possible by biblical models, by the use of anacreontics for lament earlier in Byzantium, by representations of men weeping in icons, wall-paintings, liturgy and Byzantine tragedy. The chapter ends with treatment of pathos in a woman’s voice, and the significance of the comparison with Niobe.
Afterword
Authors: Beaton Roderick
Published: January 2018

This chapter reviews the aims and achievements of the volume. The volume’s contributors confront phenomena that are universal among humans and more or less confined to our species But the meaning and even perhaps the emotional content underlying these universal phenomena are often, and to varying extents, historically determined. This chapter considers whether we can identify a specifically ‘Greek’ history of the emotions, given that Greekness itself has a history that involves huge changes as well as a degree of continuity. What emerges as in some sense continuous is the process itself of change, within as well as between the key stages that mark transitions from the ancient to the late antique, Byzantine and modern worlds. The chapter then concludes with some speculative thoughts about where the methodological insights and approaches highlighted in this book might have gone, or might go in a sequel, if coverage were to be extended more fully into the modern period.
Is Difference a Value in Itself? Critique of a Metaphilosophical Axiology
Authors: Rockhill Gabriel
Published: January 2018

The opening chapter in this section outlines the implicit value system and binary normative logic—the valorization of difference over and against identity—that has dominated the ‘philosophy of difference’ in France and played an important role in the ‘politics of difference’ in the Anglophone world and beyond. By detailing a series of surreptitious conceptual operations aimed, in part, at disguising the rigidity of this metaphilosophical axiology, it calls into question the sacralization of difference, with special attention paid to its operative historiographical paradigms and its ultimate political consequences. It develops, in this regard, a metaphilosophical critique of one of the deep-seated normative commitments that has dominated a very significant portion of contemporary theory. This critical intervention thereby brings together one of the central motifs of the book as a whole, which aims at dismantling the more or less discreet attribution of value to difference in a seemingly unlimited number of domains (including history, politics and aesthetics).
The Hatred of Rancière: Democracy in the History of Political Cultures
Authors: Rockhill Gabriel
Published: January 2018

This chapter critically examines Rancière’s intervention in Hatred of Democracy by calling into question his transhistorical conception of politics as well as his problematic positions on current events (which purport—in rather contradictory fashion—to distinguish between what is ‘properly political’ and what is not). This critical reflection weaves together both historical analysis and the study of the present in order to formulate an argument against the existence of ‘politics proper.’ More specifically, it sketches the broad outlines of an intransitive history of democracy in which there is no fixed, transhistorical object such as Democracy. It also formulates arguments against the purity of the political in order to highlight the extent to which political practice is always bound up with diverse social, cultural, economic and even psychological forces.
British New Waif: Rita Tushingham and Sixties Female Stardom
Authors: Williams Melanie
Published: January 2018

This chapter looks at shifts in the configuration of female stardom in British cinema in the 1960s, making use of a detailed case study of the new ‘quirky’ model of screen stardom represented by Liverpudlian actress Rita Tushingham and how she navigated a career from the British New Wave realist film movement to the phenomenon of ‘swinging London’ in the mid to late 1960s.
Liberty, Property and the Post-Culloden Acts of Parliament in the Gáidhealtachd
Authors: Dziennik Matthew P.
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines how the post-Culloden acts of the British Parliament, intended to ‘assimilate’ the Scottish Highlands to Whig and British norms, was appropriated and adapted by local political actors. In the aftermath of the Jacobite rebellion of 1745–1746, Parliament passed a series of measures designed to end forever the Jacobite threat to the Hanoverian state. The accepted association of the Gaelic-speaking Scottish Highlands with Jacobitism made the Gàidhealtachd the explicit target of these measures. Drawing on H. T. Dickinson’s work on the political ideologies of eighteenth-century Britain, the chapter investigates how Gaels negotiated the application of state authority. It considers the Act of Proscription (1746), the second of four major parliamentary acts passed in conjunction with the suppression of the Jacobite rebellions.
Theorising Intercultural Citizenship
Authors: Zapata-Barrero Ricard
Published: January 2018

This chapter explains how the emergent controversy over multiculturalism/interculturalism resides in the logic of the necessary requirements for managing a society that recognises itself as diverse. The great multicultural debates of the late twentieth century, and even the early twenty-first century, followed a cultural rights-based approach to diversity. They were centred on questions such as the rights of cultural recognition in the public sphere and how to reassess equality and cultural rights of non-national citizens with different languages, religions, and cultural practices. This approach characterised multicultural citizenship studies until the emergence of a new paradigm that is taking shape in this second decade of the twenty-first century: intercultural citizenship.
Models of Diversity in the Americas: Avenues for Dialogue and Cross-Pollination
Authors: Solano-Campos >Ana
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines Latin American academic debates about multiculturalism, interculturalism, and interculturalidad, identifying patterns, similarities, and differences among them. It provides an introduction to a form of interculturalism — Latin American interculturalidad — which emerged as a response not to post-immigrant social formations but to colonial and postcolonial dynamics and relationships, including but not limited to indigenous groups. The chapter argues that across the continent, academic discussions largely prescribe and dichotomise models of diversity. In contrast, it advocates a contextual approach that opens up potential avenues for dialogue and cross-pollination, focusing especially on how Latin American scholars define interculturalidad, and especially its capacity for equitable relations among members of different cultural universes.
Multiculturalism, Interculturalisms and the Majority
Authors: Modood Tariq
Published: January 2018

This chapter deals with Quebecan interculturalism. It acknowledges that Quebecan interculturalists have raised the question of the normative significance of the majority in the way that multiculturalists have not, and that multiculturalists can learn from those interculturalists. However, the chapter holds that multiculturalists can take on board this concern with the majority without changing or adapting multiculturalism. It accepts the starting points of the ‘ad hoc majority precedence’ argument but not the conclusions. To underline the point, the chapter concludes by reaffirming a commitment to accommodate ethnoreligious minorities that is very different from what is advocated by Quebecers. Despite emphasising the overlaps and dialogical connections between Quebecan interculturalism and multiculturalism, it understands that they clearly differ on majority and minority entitlements.
Disrupting the Remake: The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo
Authors: Mazdon Lucy
Published: January 2018

Recent years have witnessed a cycle of high profile Hollywood remakes of Scandinavian cinema, including such titles as David Fincher’s The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, (USA, 2011), based upon the Swedish-Danish co-production, Män som hatar kvinnor/The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (Niels Arden Oplev, 2009). This chapter argues that these remakes should be located within a much broader cultural phenomenon: namely, the huge international success of so-called “Nordic noir” or “Nordicana.” The location of these particular Hollywood remakes within a broader Scandinavian success story has enabled the production of films which do not entirely display the process of “Americanisation” so often meted out to other foreign remake sources. These remakes arguably reveal a type of “foreignising” atypical in the Hollywood remake. This chapter argues that in many ways this is a positive thing, blurring definitions of and distinctions between “national” cinemas. Nevertheless, the chapter concludes that the bottom line of box office returns suggests that even these transnational film remakes have very little impact on the continuing global predominance of Hollywood.
Trading Places: Das doppelte Lottchen and The Parent Trap
Authors: Verevis Constantine
Published: January 2018

In 1961, Walt Disney Productions released The Parent Trap. A huge popular and commercial success for the Disney studio, it was theatrically re-issued in 1968; extended through three television sequels (1986, 1989, 1989); and remade in 1998. Perhaps less well known is that Disney’s 1961 version of The Parent Trap was itself already a remake of German, Japanese and British versions – Das doppelte Lottchen (1950), Hibari no komoriuta (1951), and Twice Upon a Time (1953) – each in turn derived from Erich Kästner’s 1949 novel Das doppelte Lottchen. While the cultural production does not end here – with subsequent versions reported in India, Iran and Korea, and animated and live action remakes in Japan and Germany – this chapter inquires into the transnational connections between Kästner’s novel and the US and German versions (originals and remakes). This chapter extends its analysis beyond Kästner’s twin figures of Lisa (from Vienna) and Lotte (from Munich) to chart not only a cartography of transnational flows – a political economy of textual production and reception – but also indicate the way in which the films’ exchange of twins is symptomatic of that between original and transnational film remake.
Reinterpreting Revenge: Authorship, Excess and the Critical Reception of Spike Lee’s Oldboy
Authors: Martin Daniel
Published: January 2018

Park Chan-wook’s Oldboy (2003) achieved only moderate success on its initial release in South Korea, but upon finding international distribution it attained much greater notoriety, winning a major prize at Cannes and attracting an unusually passionate and positive critical consensus. This chapter examines Spike Lee’s 2013 transnational film remake in terms of its critical reception, and the way in which the ‘reinterpretation’ was framed by its director in press interviews and public discourse. The chapter analyses how Lee attempted to escape the negative connotations of the ‘remake’ and brand his film as another entry in his own auteurist canon, despite the sceptical response from critics. This chapter further analyses the reception of the film in terms of the ways critics address the spectacle of violence, notions of taste, and the assumed cultural differences between American and South Korean audiences. Lee’s Oldboy thus offers the opportunity not only to examine the transformation of material from one director to another, but to interrogate broader debates over the intersection of the auteur as symbol/brand and the imagined (lack of) creative freedom afforded directors of remakes.
Contemporary Russian Cinema
Authors: Strukov Vlad
Published: January 2018

The study captures the emergence of a new cinematic sensibility and provides a relevant interpretative framework—the so-called symbolic mode. The concept is introduced to account for a particular style of film presentation that has emerged in Russia since 2000. It is characterized by the use of the highly abstracted concepts and visual language. For example, on one level, Zviagintsev’s ‘The Return’ is a story of a father coming home after twelve years of absence and reuniting with his sons. On another, it is an eschatological exploration of the story of Christ, ancient myths and native folklore. The effect is achieved thanks to painterly allusions, composition, use of music, etc. Whilst such use of symbolization is common in word cinema, in Russian cinema it refers to a complex philosophical framework which includes such concepts as posthumous subjectivity, abandoned being, multiplicity, doubling, disintegration, etc. Thus the symbolic mode defines simultaneously a particular visual style, philosophical system and sensibility. The symbolic mode focuses on significative resemblances (appearing) that suggest a particular re-orientation of the consciousness (subjectivity) required to actualise the presence of appearing in the current world. The discussion revolves around films by established directors (Sokurov; Zviagintsev and Zel’dovich) and introduces lesser-known filmmakers (Balabanov; Fedorchenko; Kalatozishvili; Khomeriki; Litvinova; and so on). Whether directed towards a mystical world, or even towards an afterlife, the symbolic mode defines an emergence of a specific mindscape which escapes previous representational modus operandi.
A Plea for the Dead (Self): Renata Litvinova’s Goddess: How I Fell in Love (2004)
Authors: Strukov Vlad
Published: January 2018

The symbolic mode betrays the habit of thinking of mental and sensory events in terms of habitual places (the last is the task of allegorisation): instead it deals with cosmological states. Renata Litvinova’s film forward concerns of intentionality as a matter of discursive interruption and drawing the spectator’s attention to the film’s self-referential strategies. Film as a form of knowledge regains the discourse of the sacred place in that it operates from its own sacred grove of immanence, that is, it alludes to the ‘external world’ by means of the exegetical tradition. Goddess utilises the rhetoric of doubling which problematizes the distinction between objective reality and dreamed reality. The only way for the spectator to tell the difference between the realms is by paying attention to the politics of location. Cinematic enlargement serves as a form of the uncanny in that it presents the familiar object / texture in a completely different way by disturbing the conventions of haptics, kinesics and chronemics. The film demonstrates how the discourse speaks through the subject whose function is no longer to contain discourse but to provide its own commentary. The resulting effect in Goddess is a proposition that thought and signification are performances.
Intentionality and Modelled Subjectivities: Aleksei Fedorchenko’s Silent Souls (2010)
Authors: Strukov Vlad
Published: January 2018

I use Fedorchenko’s film, with its faked and performed claims to authenticity, as a means to explore the so-called authenticity-thesis. It contains a particular methodological claim which, according to Ferrara, amounts to a ‘postmetaphysical standpoint’ as an acknowledgement of the impossibility to grasp reality outside an interpretative framework, and that there exists ‘an irreducible multiplicity of interpretative frameworks’ (1998: 11). As a result the subject is for ever destined to float among competing versions, paradigms, symbolic universes, etc. which can never be overcome either through recourse to some decisive evidence or design and use of an experiment. Ferrara’s term ‘self-congruency’ does not presuppose coherence or consistency; instead, it is a matter of symbolic identity and relevance, that is, constant iteration and examination of subjectivity. I show the authenticity-thesis is particularly useful for our consideration of abstract identities, such as traditions and rituals, in the symbolic mode. They advance a feeling (and knowledge) of continuity in time: the capacity to experience the continuity of the other helps forward the congruency of the self, leading to the annihilation of the identity. Such identities rely on the demarcations of the congruent being in opposition to self-confusion and self-diffusion.
A Barzunesque View of Cicero: From Giant to Dwarf and Back
Authors: Thomas Philip
Published: January 2018

The main argument proferred is that de editio maior of Ciceró's Topica by Corpus Christi professor Tobias Reinhardt provides credence to the hypothesis that this work articulates the theoretical underpinning of Roman legal science.
Law’s Nature: Philosophy as a Legal Argument in Cicero’s Writings
Authors: Forschner Benedikt
Published: January 2018

The paper deals with the use of philosophical arguments in Cicero's legal writings, in particular his forensic speeches. It tries to demonstrate that Cicero developed a unique, holistic theory of law, which is not based on a juxtaposition of natural law and positive law, but tries to deduce the nature of law from the nature of men. Even though this theory probably did not influence the writings of the later classical jurists in a direct way, Roman law was open enough for philosophical arguments to allow Cicero to make use of this theory within the legal discourse. Using examples from Cicero's forensic speeches, the paper demonstrates how Cicero refers to his philosophical concept in order to develop specifically legal arguments.
Cicero’s Reception in the Juristic Tradition of the Early Empire
Authors: Wibier Matthijs
Published: January 2018

This chapter surveys the reception of Cicero’s writings as well as of the figure of Cicero in the juristic literature excerpted in Justinian’s Digest. The analysis consists of three parts. The first traces the engagement on the part of several jurists with legal passages from Cicero’s oeuvre. On this basis, I argue that jurists mined Cicero’s works to some extent for useful material; this finding challenges the strict dichotomy between jurists and orators (including their prototype Cicero) posited in Cicero’s own work, reinforced by e.g. Quintilian, and often accepted by modern scholars. Secondly, the chapter studies how Pomponius’ history of jurisprudence assesses the role of Cicero in legal history. I demonstrate that Pomponius takes up and rewrites several passages from the Brutus that are highly polemical against the jurists, and that Pomponius’ narrative turns Cicero into a character largely irrelevant in intellectual terms. The chapter’s third part explores the issue of Cicero’s reception as a legal philosopher. As far as we can see, the jurists credit Labeo for his philosophical contributions to law at the complete expense of Cicero; there is some evidence to suggest that polemics are at play here.
Cicero and the Italians: Expansion of Empire, Creation of Law
Authors: Roselaar Saskia T.
Published: January 2018

After 70 BC, Italians were legally equal to old Roman citizens, in that they could avail themselves of the ius civile. Nevertheless, there are indications in Cicero’s work that not all Italians were considered equal by the Romans who sat in judgement on cases involving an Italian. Cicero often had to fight against Roman prejudice against Italians and other allies, arguing that they possessed the same moral qualities as Romans and should therefore be treated equally under the law.
As the Roman state continued to expand, the inhabitants of the provinces adopted the place that the Italian allies had taken in the hierarchy of peoples.  The Romans were not ready to give the provincials citizenship, but created two mechanisms to defend the provincials: treaties and the lex repetundarum.
Jurors, Jurists and Advocates: Law in the Rhetorica ad Herennium and De Inventione
Authors: Hilder Jennifer
Published: January 2018

The anonymous Rhetorica ad Herennium and Cicero’s early De Inventione place great emphasis on the Judicial type of oratory that takes place in the Roman courts. By teaching their readers how to speak in this context through comments and examples, the two texts also provide a unique insight into the law, legal systems and personnel in the early first century BCE. This chapter focuses on the information they provide about the people involved in the Roman courts: the jurists, the advocates, and the jurors.