bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tropical rainforest conversion and land use intensification reduce understorey plant phylogenetic diversity
Authors: Kusuma Yayan Wahyu C. , Rembold Katja , Tjitrosoedirdjo Sri S. , Kreft Holger
Published: June 2018

Conversion of rainforest into agricultural land affects multiple facets of tropical plant diversity. While the effects of tropical land use change and intensification on species diversity are comparatively well studied, the effects on phylogenetic diversity (PD) and structure of plant communities are largely unknown. Furthermore, it is not clear how the loss of native species and addition of alien species collectively affect PD and structure.

We investigated the PD and structure of understorey plants; a diverse and ecologically important, yet poorly studied group. We studied four prominent land use systems (tropical lowland rainforest, jungle rubber agroforest, rubber plantations, and oil palm plantations) in the lowlands of Sumatra (Indonesia), a region experiencing dramatic land use changes.

Across the four systems, we investigated differences in four metrics of phylogenetic community structure (PD, mean pairwise distance, mean nearest taxon distance, and their abundance‐weighted variants). Our analyses were based on a comprehensive vegetation survey consisting of 32 plots, 1,197 species of vascular plants, and 146,599 plant individuals.

Our results showed that forest conversion into agricultural systems leads to a pronounced loss of PD. Furthermore, the standardized effect size of mean pairwise distance indicated a gradual change from clustered to overdispersed phylogenetic community structure with increasing land use intensity from forest over jungle rubber to the monoculture plantations. In most land use systems, the presence or absence of alien plant species did not affect phylogenetic structure. Only in oil palm plantations, removing alien species from the data led to a more overdispersed structure. In conclusion, conserving the PD and structure requires efficient protection of the last remaining rainforests.

Synthesis and applications. Forest conversion into agricultural areas negatively affects phylogenetic understorey plant diversity and leads to a shift from clustered to overdispersed phylogenetic community structure. These trends are partly driven by alien species particularly in oil palm plantations. Protecting the remaining rainforests and considering multispecies agroforestry systems in favour of intensive monoculture plantations are thus imperative to conserve phylogenetic plant diversity and community structure.
Technology‐enabled management of communication and swallowing disorders in Parkinson's disease: a systematic scoping review
Authors: Theodoros Deborah , Aldridge Danielle , Hill Anne J. , Russell Trevor
Published: June 2018

Background

Communication and swallowing disorders are highly prevalent in people with Parkinson's disease (PD). Maintenance of functional communication and swallowing over time is challenging for the person with PD and their families and may lead to social isolation and reduced quality of life if not addressed. Speech and language therapists (SLTs) face the conundrum of providing sustainable and flexible services to meet the changing needs of people with PD. Motor, cognitive and psychological issues associated with PD, medication regimens and dependency on others often impede attendance at a centre‐based service. The access difficulties experienced by people with PD require a disruptive service approach to meet their needs. Technology‐enabled management using information and telecommunications technologies to provide services at a distance has the potential to improve access, and enhance the quality of SLT services to people with PD.

Aims

To report the status and scope of the evidence for the use of technology in the management of the communication and swallowing disorders associated with PD.

Methods & Procedures

Studies were retrieved from four major databases (PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE and Medline via Web of Science). Data relating to the types of studies, level of evidence, context, nature of the management undertaken, participant perspectives and the types of technologies involved were extracted for the review.

Main Contribution

A total of 17 studies were included in the review, 15 of which related to the management of communication and swallowing disorders in PD with two studies devoted to participant perspectives. The majority of the studies reported on the treatment of the speech disorder in PD using Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT LOUD®). Synchronous and asynchronous technologies were used in the studies with a predominance of the former. There was a paucity of research in the management of cognitive‐communication and swallowing disorders.

Conclusions & Implications

Research evidence supporting technology‐enabled management of the communication and swallowing disorders in PD is limited and predominantly low in quality. The treatment of the speech disorder online is the most developed aspect of the technology‐enabled management pathway. Future research needs to address technology‐enabled management of cognitive‐communication and swallowing disorders and the use of a more diverse range of technologies and management approaches to optimize SLT service delivery to people with PD.
Safe Labour Suburbia? The Changing Politics of the Merseyside Suburbs
Authors: Wilks‐Heeg Stuart
Published: June 2018

Over the past twenty‐five years, safe Conservative seats in the affluent Merseyside suburbs have instead become safe Labour seats. This remarkable political transition poses an important puzzle for students of voting behaviour. Analysis of voting patterns since 1979 underlines the exceptional scale of the shift to Labour on Merseyside compared with other metropolitan areas. Yet, substantial swings to Labour in suburban constituencies like Sefton Central and Wirral South in 2015 and 2017 cannot be explained with reference to wider evidence of the party's increased support among younger, more diverse, cosmopolitan populations. It is shown that Labour dominance on Merseyside has occurred via three distinct phases, with the political map of the city‐region turning red, over time, from the core outwards. Explanations rooted in the changing relationship between the city and its suburbs are argued to best explain the emergence of Merseyside as a ‘red conurbation’.
Short message service communication improves exclusive breastfeeding and early postpartum contraception in a low‐ to middle‐income country setting: a randomised trial
Authors: Unger JA , Ronen K , Perrier T , DeRenzi B , Slyker J , Drake AL , Mogaka D , Kinuthia J , John‐Stewart G
Published: June 2018

Objective

To assess the effect of short message service (SMS) communication on facility delivery, exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), and contraceptive use.

Design

Mobile WACh was a three‐arm unblinded individually randomised controlled trial.

Setting

A public sector maternal child health (MCH) clinic in Nairobi, Kenya.

Population

Three hundred women attending antenatal care were randomised, 100 to each arm, and followed for 24 weeks postpartum. Pregnant women, at least 14 years old with access to a mobile phone and able to read SMS were eligible for participation.

Methods

Women were randomised (1:1:1) to receive one‐way SMS versus two‐way SMS with a nurse versus control. Weekly SMS content was tailored for maternal characteristics and pregnancy or postpartum timing.

Main outcome measures

Facility delivery, EBF, and contraceptive use were compared separately between each intervention arm and the control arm by Kaplan–Meier analysis and chi‐square tests using intent‐to‐treat analyses.

Results

The overall facility delivery rate was high (98%) and did not differ by arm. Compared with controls, probability of EBF was higher in the one‐way SMS arm at 10 and 16 weeks, and in the two‐way SMS arm at 10, 16, and 24 weeks (P < 0.005 for all). Contraceptive use was significantly higher in both intervention arms by 16 weeks (one‐way SMS: 72% and two‐way SMS: 73%; P = 0.03 and P = 0.02 versus 57% control, respectively); however, this difference was not significant when correcting for multiple comparisons.

Conclusion

One‐way and two‐way SMS improved EBF practices and early contraceptive use. Two‐way SMS had an added benefit on sustained EBF, providing evidence that SMS messaging influences uptake of interventions that improve maternal and neonatal health.

Source of funding

Funding was provided by the National Institutes of Health (K12HD001264 to JAU, R01HD080460, K24HD054314 to GJS, and K01AI116298 to ALD), the National Science Foundation (Graduate Research Fellowship to TP and BD), as well as the University of Washington Global Center for Integrated Health of Women Adolescents and Children (Global WACh).

Tweetable abstract

The Mobile WACh RCT demonstrates that SMS improved practice of exclusive breastfeeding and early postpartum contraception.
Neurological outcomes by mode of delivery for fetuses with open neural tube defects: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Tolcher MC , Shazly SA , Shamshirsaz AA , Whitehead WE , Espinoza J , Vidaeff AC , Belfort MA , Nassr AA
Published: June 2018

Background

Controversy exists regarding the optimal mode of delivery for fetuses with open neural tube defects.

Objective

To compare neurological outcomes among infants with open neural tube defects who underwent vaginal compared with caesarean delivery.

Search strategy

Electronic databasesMEDLINE,EMBASE, Scopus, and Clinicaltrials.gov were searched from inception to November 2017.

Selection criteria

Eligible studies included observational or randomised studies comparing vaginal and caesarean delivery in pregnancies with fetal open neural tube defects who did not undergo prenatal repair.

Data collection and analysis

Two reviewers independently reviewed abstracts and full‐text articles. Outcomes were compared between vaginal and caesarean delivery and prelabour caesarean versus exposure to labour. The primary outcome was motor–anatomic level difference. Secondary outcomes included shunt requirement, sac disruption, meningitis, and ambulation at 2 years. Meta‐analysis was performed and mean difference or odds ratios with 95% CI were calculated.

Main results

Of 201 abstracts identified in the primary search, nine studies (672 women) met the eligibility criteria. Comparing vaginal and caesarean delivery, there was no significant difference in motor–anatomic level difference (mean difference –0.10, 95%CI−0.58 to 0.38;I2 = 57%). The vaginal delivery group was less likely to require a shunt or have sac disruption [odds ratio (OR) 0.37, 95%CI0.14–0.95 andOR0.46, 95%CI0.23–0.90, respectively]. Comparisons by prelabour caesarean versus exposure to labour showed no significant difference in motor–anatomic level difference (OR1.29, 95%CI0.63–3.21) or ambulation at 2 years (OR2.13, 95%CI0.35–13.12).

Conclusion

Caesarean delivery was not associated with improved neurological outcomes among fetuses with open neural tube defects.

Tweetable abstract

Available evidence does not support routine caesarean delivery for fetuses with open neural tube defects.
Modelling sound attenuation in heterogeneous environments for improved bioacoustic sampling of wildlife populations
Authors: Royle J. Andrew
Published: June 2018

Acoustic sampling methods are becoming increasingly important in biological monitoring. Sound attenuation is one of the most important dynamics affecting the utility of acoustic data as it directly affects the probability of detection of individuals by acoustic sensor arrays and especially the localization of acoustic signals necessary in telemetry studies. Therefore, models of sound attenuation are necessary to make efficient use of acoustic data in ecological monitoring and assessment applications. Models of attenuation in widespread use are based on Euclidean distance between source and sensor, which is justified under spherical attenuation of sound waves in homogeneous environments.

In this paper, I develop a model of sound attenuation based on a non‐Euclidean cost‐weighted distance metric which contains attenuation coefficients that characterize the attenuation of sound due to environmental heterogeneity in the vicinity of an acoustic sensor array.

I show that parameters of the proposed attenuation model can be estimated by maximum likelihood using experimental data from an array of fixed sources, thus allowing investigators who use bioacoustic methods to devise explicit models of sound attenuationin situand apply them to localization of sources and density estimation. In addition, drawing on analogy with spatial capture–recapture models, I argue that parameters of the non‐Euclidean model of attenuation can be estimated when source locations areunknown. Thus, the models can be applied to real field studies which require estimation of attenuation parameters or localization of signals.

Models of heterogeneous sound attenuation allow more accurate descriptions of acoustic monitoring data, and therefore should produce more accurate estimates of ecological parameters of interest, including source locations, density, and movement trajectories. Moreover, the ability to test specific hypotheses about the effects of habitat and landscape structure on sound attenuation can improve the design of acoustic monitoring arrays and lead to more efficient deployment of acoustic sensing technology.
Remap: An online remote sensing application for land cover classification and monitoring
Authors: Murray Nicholas J. , Keith David A. , Simpson Daniel , Wilshire John H. , Lucas Richard M.
Published: June 2018

Recent assessments of progress towards global conservation targets have revealed a paucity of indicators suitable for assessing the changing state of ecosystems. Moreover, land managers and planners are often unable to gain timely access to the maps they need to support their routine decision‐making. This deficiency is partly due to a lack of suitable data on ecosystem change, driven mostly by the considerable technical expertise needed to develop ecosystem maps from remote sensing data.

We have developed a free and open‐access online remote sensing and environmental modelling application, the Remote Ecosystem Monitoring and Assessment Pipeline (Remap; https://remap-app.org), that enables volunteers, managers and scientists with little or no experience in remote sensing to generate classifications (maps) of land cover and land use change over time.

Remap utilizes the geospatial data storage and analysis capacity of Google Earth Engine and requires only spatially resolved training data that define map classes of interest (e.g. ecosystem types). The training data, which can be uploaded or annotated interactively within Remap, are used in a random forest classification of up to 13 publicly available predictor datasets to assign all pixels in a focal region to map classes. Predictor datasets available in Remap represent topographic (e.g. slope, elevation), spectral (archival Landsat image composites) and climatic variables (precipitation, temperature) that are relevant to the distribution of ecosystems and land cover classes.

The ability of Remap to develop and export high‐quality classified maps in a very short (<10 min) time frame represents a considerable advance towards globally accessible and free application of remote sensing technology. By enabling access to data and simplifying remote sensing classifications, Remap can catalyse the monitoring of land use and change to support environmental conservation, including developing inventories of biodiversity, identifying hotspots of ecosystem diversity, ecosystem‐based spatial conservation planning, mapping ecosystem loss at local scales and supporting environmental education initiatives.
Incorporation of the microencapsulated antimicrobial agent phytoncide into denture base resin
Authors: An S , Judge RB , Wong RH , Arzmi MH , Palamara JE , Dashper SG
Published: June 2018

Background

This study aimed to fabricate a denture base resin (DBR) containing phytoncide microcapsules (PTMCs) and determine the mechanical properties of the resin and antifungal activity.

Methods

Fifty‐four heat‐cured rectangular DBR specimens (64 × 10 × 3.3 ± 0.2 mm) containing nine concentrations of PTMC between 0 and 5% (wt/wt) were fabricated and subjected to a three‐point bending test. A phytoncide release bioassay was developed using DBR containing 0% and 2.5% PTMCs (wt/wt) in a 24 well‐plate assay with incubation of Porphyromonas gingivalis at 37 °C for 74 h. The antifungal activity of PTMCs against Candida albicans, in a pH 5.5 acidic environment was determined in a plate assay.

Results

Flexural strength decreased with increasing PTMC concentration from 97.58 ± 4.79 MPa for the DBR alone to 53.66 ± 2.46 MPa for DBR containing 5.0% PTMC. No release of phytoncide from the PTMCs in the DBR was detected at pH 7.4. The PTMCs had a minimal inhibitory concentration of 2.6% (wt/vol) against C. albicans at pH 5.5.

Conclusions

PTMCs can be added to DBR 2.5% (wt/wt) without adversely affecting flexural strength. PTMCs released the antimicrobial agent at pH 5.5 at concentrations sufficient to inhibit the growth of the C. albicans.
Positive and negative affect in cocaine use disorder treatment: Change across time and relevance to treatment outcome
Authors: Decker Suzanne E. , Morie Kristen P. , Malin‐Mayo Bo , Nich Charla , Carroll Kathleen M.
Published: June 2018

Background

Cognitive‐behavior therapy (CBT) for substance use disorder is empirically supported, and may be associated with change in affect over time.

Objectives

Understanding the role of affect in cocaine use disorder could help to improve CBT outcomes.

Methods

This secondary analysis included 140 adults with cocaine use disorder, 57.9% female, drawn from two randomized controlled studies of web‐based cognitive‐behavior therapy who completed the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) before and during treatment.

Results

In mixed‐effects regression models, baseline negative affect (NA) scores were not associated with self‐reported cocaine use during treatment, but baseline PA scores were associated with less frequent cocaine use (β = −0.04, p = .02). During treatment, NA scores reduced over time in CBT and treatment as usual (β = −0.27, p < .01), although PA scores did not change. Higher weekly NA scores were associated with weekly cocaine use (β = .02, SE = .01, t(746.15) = 2.37, p = .02), although weekly PANAS PA scores were not associated with weekly cocaine use.

Discussion and Conclusions

Results indicated that individuals with higher baseline PA were more likely to abstain from cocaine use during treatment, even when controlling for baseline cocaine use frequency. Although baseline NA was not associated with cocaine use, NA during treatment was associated with greater cocaine use.

Scientific Significance

PA at baseline and NA during treatment were associated with cocaine use. If findings are replicated, treatment developers may wish to include treatment interventions to boost early PA and reduce NA throughout treatment. (Am J Addict 2018;27:375–382)
Tunneling by Related‐party Transactions: Evidence from Korean Conglomerates
Authors: Cho Sungbin , Lim Kyung‐Mook
Published: June 2018

This study analyzes tunneling created by related‐party transactions (RPT) in relation to controlling shareholders' cash‐flow rights. Results of the analysis confirm a statistically significant relation between cash‐flow rights and the earning rates of major controlling shareholders, indicating a transfer of wealth through RPT among affiliates of business groups. Furthermore, it is found that more sales made through RPT out of the total sales result in a higher earning rate, which implies that RPT affect the differences in earning rates among affiliates.
Do Indian States Mimic, Compete or Interact in Local Public Spending? A Spatial Econometric Analysis
Authors: Sofi Arfat Ahmad , Sasidharan Subash
Published: June 2018

This paper analyses spatial interaction in public spending decisions across 22 Indian states during the period 1980–1981 to 2014–2015. In particular, we estimate interactive hypotheses for different proximities of states using a spatial panel data approach. The empirical results support strong spatial interaction and yardstick competition in public spending. Interactive behavior among the states has been found to be consistent and conditional on per capita income, fiscal transfers, infrastructure, literacy and population density. Interaction arising from yardstick competition significantly affects public spending decisions. The present study realizes the need for a well‐developed and comprehensive network to strengthen the interdependence in public spending among the states for higher welfare gain.
Improving effects of dietary rumen protected γ‐aminobutyric acid additive on apparent nutrient digestibility, growth performance and health status in heat‐stressed beef cattle
Authors: Guo Kun , Cao Huabin , Zhu Yuanjun , Wang Tiancheng , Hu Guoliang , Kornmatitsuk Bunlue , Luo Junrong
Published: June 2018

This study was aimed to investigate the effects of rumen‐protected γ‐aminobutyric acid (RP‐GABA) on apparent nutrient digestibility, growth performance and health status in heat stressed beef cattle. Fifty Jinjiang Yellow cattle were randomly assigned to 5 treatments (10 animals/treatment). Treatments 1 to 5 were basal diets affixed with 0 (control), 8, 16, 24 and 32 mg of RP‐GABA/kg of body weight (BW) respectively. The trial lasted 45 days. Apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF) and calcium (Ca) quadratically increased with increasing RP‐GABA (p < .01), while apparent digestibility of phosphorus (P) tended to quadratically increase (p = .09). Dietary supplementation with increasing RP‐GABA linearly increased DM digestibility and average daily gain (ADG) (p < .01), whereas the feed to gain (F:G) ratio linearly decreased with increasing RP‐GABA (p < .01). The average daily feed intake (ADFI) value tended to linearly increase with RP‐GABA supplementation (p = .08). Total protein (TP), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels quadratically decreased (p < .01) with increasing RP‐GABA, however albumin (ALB), glucose (GLU), superoxide dismutase (SOD), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels quadratically increased (p ≤ .01). In conclusion, the present results indicated that dietary supplementation with RP‐GABA led to improved nutrient digestibility, growth performance and antioxidant status in heat stressed beef cattle.
The UK's Life Sciences Strategy: opportunities for clinical pharmacology
Authors: Rawlins Michael D.
Published: June 2018

The UK's Life Sciences Strategy provides UK clinical pharmacologists with a unique opportunity to enhance the impact of their discipline on patients and the NHS as well as the pharmaceutical industry. The full benefits of electronic prescribing systems, supported by artificial intelligence, will require clinical pharmacological expertise. Similarly, the Strategy's support for ‘healthy ageing’ will only be realized if clinical pharmacologists are able to use their expertise in promoting the safe and effective use of medicines in older people. Furthermore, their needs to be an active – and continuing – collaboration between clinical pharmacologists in the NHS and the pharmaceutical industry in general as well as with the discipline of pharmaceutical medicine.
Acid Sphingomyelinase Down‐regulation Alleviates Vascular Endothelial Insulin Resistance in Diabetic Rats
Authors: Li Xin , Jin Shi‐Jie , Su Jie , Li Xiao‐Xue , Xu Ming
Published: June 2018

Insulin resistance in endothelial cells contributes to the development of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. Acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) is a soluble glycoprotein which plays a vital role in the development and progression of various diseases such as cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. However, it remains unknown if ASM regulates insulin resistance in vascular endothelial cells in type 2 diabetes. ASM down‐regulation with gene silencing and selective inhibitor amitriptyline was used in the rat aortic endothelial cells (RAECs) treated with palmitic acid (PA), a common saturated free fatty acid, which is thought to be the major cause of insulin resistance. It was shown that ASM down‐regulation increased glucose uptake and glucose transporter‐4 (Glut4) expression and reversed the phosphorylation of pIRS‐1‐ser307 and AKT‐ser473 via ceramide, consequently resulting in the decrease of the production of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and nitric oxide in PA‐induced RAECs. We further found that ASM down‐regulation blocked the Nox2‐ and Nox4‐dependent superoxide (O2−·) generation, which regulated glucose metabolism in RAECs during PA stimulation. In vivo, amitriptyline relieved the vasodilatory response to acetylcholine and restored the level of ceramide, Nox2 and Nox4 in the aorta endothelium of high‐fat diet‐fed rats following an injection of streptozotocin. Taken together, these results suggest that ASM down‐regulation can improve endothelial insulin resistance which is attributed to inhibiting redox signalling in RAECs. Thus, these data support the idea that ASM is a promising clinical biomarker and potential therapeutic target for diabetic vascular complication.
Neuroinformatics and Computational Modelling as Complementary Tools for Neurotoxicology Studies
Authors: Linne Marja‐Leena
Published: June 2018

Neuroinformatics is an area of science that aims to integrate neuroscience data and develop modern computational tools to increase our understanding of the functions of the nervous system in health and disease. Neuroinformatics tools include, among others, databases for storing and sharing data, repositories for managing documents and source code, and software tools for analysing, modelling and simulating signals and images. This MiniReview aims to present the state of the art in neuroinformatics and computational in silico modelling of neurobiological processes and neuroscientific phenomena as well as to discuss the use of in silico models in neurotoxicology research. In silico modelling can be considered a new, complementary tool in chemical design to predict potential neurotoxicity and in neurotoxicity testing to help clarify initial hypothesis obtained in in vitro and in vivo. Validated in silico models can be used to identify pharmacological targets, to help bridge in vitro and in vivo studies and, ultimately, to develop safer chemicals and efficient therapeutic strategies.
Analysing ecological networks of species interactions
Authors: Delmas Eva , Besson Mathilde , Brice Marie‐Hélène , Burkle Laura A. , Dalla Riva Giulio V. , Fortin Marie‐Josée , Gravel Dominique , Guimarães Paulo R. , Hembry David H. , Newman Erica A. , Olesen Jens M. , Pires Mathias M. , Yeakel Justin D. , Poisot Timothée
Published: June 2018

Network approaches to ecological questions have been increasingly used, particularly in recent decades. The abstraction of ecological systems – such as communities – through networks of interactions between their components indeed provides a way to summarize this information with single objects. The methodological framework derived from graph theory also provides numerous approaches and measures to analyze these objects and can offer new perspectives on established ecological theories as well as tools to address new challenges. However, prior to using these methods to test ecological hypotheses, it is necessary that we understand, adapt, and use them in ways that both allow us to deliver their full potential and account for their limitations. Here, we attempt to increase the accessibility of network approaches by providing a review of the tools that have been developed so far, with – what we believe to be – their appropriate uses and potential limitations. This is not an exhaustive review of all methods and metrics, but rather, an overview of tools that are robust, informative, and ecologically sound. After providing a brief presentation of species interaction networks and how to build them in order to summarize ecological information of different types, we then classify methods and metrics by the types of ecological questions that they can be used to answer from global to local scales, including methods for hypothesis testing and future perspectives. Specifically, we show how the organization of species interactions in a community yields different network structures (e.g., more or less dense, modular or nested), how different measures can be used to describe and quantify these emerging structures, and how to compare communities based on these differences in structures. Within networks, we illustrate metrics that can be used to describe and compare the functional and dynamic roles of species based on their position in the network and the organization of their interactions as well as associated new methods to test the significance of these results. Lastly, we describe potential fruitful avenues for new methodological developments to address novel ecological questions.
Synthesis and insecticidal activity study of novel anthranilic diamides analogs containing a diacylhydrazine bridge as effective Ca2+ modulators
Authors: Zhou Yunyun , Wei Wei , Zhu Liangliang , Li Yuxin , Li Zhengming
Published: June 2018

Anthranilic diamides is a class of insecticides target at ryanodine receptors (RyRs). To discover potent insecticides targeting at RyRs, a series of novel anthranilic diamides with a diacylhydrazine bridge were designed and synthesized. Their insecticidal activities were evaluated and a preliminary structure‐activity relationship (SAR) was summarized. In particular, compound 5g exhibited good lethality against oriental armyworm (Mythimna separata) at a concentration of 5 mg/L. The calcium imaging experimental results indicated that the compound 5g can serve as effective insect Ca2+ level modulators by disrupting the cellular calcium homeostasis in Mythimna separata (Walker) and Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), which probably activated the RyRs on the ER membrane.
Novel 1,3‐oxazine‐tetrazole hybrids as mushroom tyrosinase inhibitors and free radical scavengers: Synthesis, kinetic mechanism, and molecular docking studies
Authors: Qamar Rabia , Saeed Aamer , Larik Fayaz Ali , Abbas Qamar , Hassan Mubashir , Raza Hussain , Seo Sung‐Yum
Published: June 2018

A variety of 5‐(2H‐tetrazol‐5‐yl)‐4‐thioxo‐2‐(substituted phenyl)‐4,5‐dihydro‐1,3‐oxazin‐6‐ones (3a–k) have been synthesized from 1,3‐oxazine‐5‐carbonitriles (2a–k). The protocol represents an efficient, facile, and novel route from easily available precursors to unprecedented structures that share 1,3‐oxazine and tetrazole motifs of utmost value. All the synthesized compounds (3a–k) were evaluated for their inhibitory potential against mushroom tyrosinase. Results revealed that all examined 1,3‐oxazine‐tetrazole hybrids exhibited significant tyrosinase inhibitory activity while compound 3d having 2‐bromophenyl moiety was the most potent among the series with IC50 value 0.0371 ± 0.0018 μM as compared to the reference kojic acid (IC50 = 16.832 ± 0.73 μM). Inhibitory kinetics showed that compound 3d behaves as a competitive inhibitor. The molecular docking analysis was performed against target protein to investigate the binding mode. Moreover, compounds 3j and 3k displayed superior DPPH radical scavenging activity than other analogues.
A panoptic uncovering of the dynamical evolution of the Zika Virus NS5 methyltransferase binding site loops—zeroing in on the molecular landscape
Authors: Devnarain Nikita , Soliman Mahmoud E. S.
Published: June 2018

The global threat of the Zika virus to humanity is real. Innovative and potent anti‐Zika virus drugs are still at large, due to the lack of anti‐Zika virus drugs that have passed phase 1 trials. Experimental research has revealed novel inhibitors of Zika virus NS5 methyltransferase enzyme. This study has taken a step further to provide insight into the molecular dynamics of Zika virus and inhibitor binding, which have not been established experimentally. Movements of the methyltransferase binding site loops have a large role to play in the methylation of the viral mRNA cap, which is essential for Zika virus replication. Here, we pinpoint the binding interactions between each potential inhibitor and the methyltransferase, residues that are responsible for binding, as well as which inhibitor‐bound complex renders the methyltransferase more stable. We also highlight the conformational changes that occur within the methyltransferase to accommodate binding of inhibitors and consequences of those changes upon the RNA‐ and cap‐binding sites in the methyltransferase. This research will improve the understanding of the Zika virus NS5 methyltransferase enzyme, and will be beneficial in driving the development of anti‐Zika virus drugs.
Preliminary antifungal activity assay of selected chlorine‐containing derivatives of xanthone and phenoxyethyl amines
Authors: Klesiewicz Karolina , Żelaszczyk Dorota , Trojanowska Danuta , Bogusz Bożena , Małek Marianna , Waszkielewicz Anna , Szkaradek Natalia , Karczewska Elżbieta , Marona Henryk , Budak Alicja
Published: June 2018

The aim of this study was to evaluate antifungal activity in a diverse group of chlorine‐containing xanthone and phenoxyethyl amine derivatives – and to select the most promising compounds for further studies. The antifungal efficacy of 16 compounds was tested with qualitative and quantitative methods against both reference and clinical strains of dermatophytes, moulds and yeasts. The disc‐diffusion method has demonstrated that from 16 tested compounds, 7 possess good antifungal activity against dermatophytes and/or moulds while none of them has shown good efficacy against yeasts or bacterial strains. The most active compounds (2, 4, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16) were tested quantitatively by broth dilution method to obtain MIC values. The MIC values against dermatophytes ranged from 8 to 64 μg/ml. Compound 2 was the most active one against dermatophytes (MIC
50 and MIC
90 were 8 μg/ml). The MIC values for moulds ranged from 16 to 256 μg/ml. Compound 4 was the most active one against moulds, with MIC
50 and MIC
90 values amounting to 32 μg/ml. Among the tested compounds, compound 4 (derivative of xanthone) was the most active one and expressed good antifungal efficacy against clinical strains of dermatophytes and moulds. However, another xanthone derivative (compound 2) was the most active and selective against dermatophytes.
Statin medications and the risk of gynecomastia
Authors: Skeldon Sean C , Carleton Bruce , Brophy James M. , Sodhi Mohit , Etminan Mahyar
Published: June 2018

Objective

Case reports have suggested an increased risk of gynecomastia with HMG‐CoA reductase inhibitors (ie, statins). A recent meta‐analysis also found that statins decrease circulating testosterone levels in men. We investigated whether statin use was associated with an increased risk of gynecomastia.

Design

Case‐control study.

Patients

A cohort of patients from a random sample of 9 053 240 US subjects from the PharMetrics Plus™ health claims database from 2006 to 2016 was created.

Measurements

New cases of gynecomastia requiring at least two ICD‐9 codes were identified from the cohort and matched to 10 controls by follow‐up time and age using density‐based sampling. Rate ratios (RRs) for users of statins were computed using conditional logistic regression adjusting for alcoholic cirrhosis, hyperthyroidism, testicular cancer, Klinefelter syndrome, obesity, hypogonadism, hyperprolactinemia and use of spironolactone, ketoconazole, H2 receptor antagonists (H2 blockers), risperidone, testosterone and androgen deprivation therapy.

Results

Our cohort included 6147 cases of gynecomastia and 61 470 corresponding matched controls. The adjusted RR for current, recent and past statin use with respect to gynecomastia was 1.19 (1.04‐1.36), 1.38 (1.15‐1.65) and 1.20 (1.03‐1.40), respectively.

Conclusions

Statin use is associated with an increased risk of developing gynecomastia. Clinicians should be cognizant of this effect and educate patients accordingly.
IFT80 mutations cause a novel complex ciliopathy phenotype with retinal degeneration
Authors: Moran J. , G. Sanderson K. , Maynes J. , Vig A. , Batmanabane V. , Kannu P. , Tavares E. , Vincent A. , Héon E.
Published: June 2018

Ciliopathies, a growing pleotropic class of diseases due to mutations in genes that play an important role in primary cilia function. These highly conserved organelles are key to cell signaling. We now know, that mutations in one gene may lead to more than one ciliopathy phenotype and that one ciliopathy phenotype may be due to mutations in more than one gene. We studied the case of a female child with a novel ciliopathy phenotype and identified two novel mutations in the gene IFT80. Previously, mutations in IFT80 have been associated with a very narrow rib cage and failure of the lungs. Bone anomalies are also part of this IFT80‐condition but with no vision problems documented. Our case had none of the features known to be associated with IFT80 mutations and had retinal degeneration (RD). This work broadens the IFT80‐phenotype spectrum and also shows RD can be a feature of many ciliopathies.
Technical complications following implant‐supported restorative therapy performed in Sweden
Authors: Karlsson Karolina , Derks Jan , Håkansson Jan , Wennström Jan L. , Molin Thorén Margareta , Petzold Max , Berglundh Tord
Published: June 2018

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence and consequences of technical complications in implant‐supported restorative therapy.

Material & Methods

The occurrence and consequences of technical complications in implant‐supported restorative therapy over a mean follow‐up period of 5.3 years were assessed based on documentation in files from 2,666 patients. Risk indicators were identified by the use of survival models, considering repeated events. Results were expressed as hazard ratios (HR) including 95% confidence intervals.

Results

Technical complications occurred in 24.8% of the patients. Chipping and loss of retention were the most common, affecting 11.0% and 7.9% of supraconstructions, respectively, while implant‐related complications (e.g., implant fracture) were rare. More than 50% of the affected patients experienced technical complications more than once and almost all reported complications led to interventions by a dental professional. The extent of the supraconstruction was the strongest risk indicator for both chipping (HR < 0.2) and loss of retention (HR > 3).

Conclusion

Over a 5‐year period, technical complications in implant‐supported restorative therapy occurred frequently and their management required professional intervention.
A cholecystokinin B receptor antagonist and cocaine interaction, phase I study
Authors: Elkashef Ahmed , Brašić James Robert , Cantelina Louis R. , Kahn Roberta , Chiang Nora , Ye Weiguo , Zhou Yun , Mojsiak Jurij , Warren Kimberly R. , Crabb Andrew , Hilton John , Wong Dean F. , Vocci Frank
Published: June 2018

Aims

RPR102681, a cholecystokinin‐B antagonist, increased dopamine (DA) release and reduced cocaine self‐administration in animals. This pilot study sought to assess the safety and pharmacokinetics (PK) of co‐administration ofRPR102681 and cocaine, and to confirm the DA release mechanism ofRPR102681.

Methods

Sixteen cocaine‐dependent participants were randomized to either placebo orRPR102681 at 3 ascending doses; cocaine was co‐administered at steady state ofRPR102681. [11C]raclopride positron emission tomography scans were conducted at baseline and at eachRPR102681 dose.

Results

RPR102681 was well tolerated, and safe to co‐administer with cocaine.RPR102681 did not alter the PK of either cocaine or its metabolite benzoylecgonine and showed no intrinsic abuse liability. There was a trend toward reduction of cocaine craving scores. In contrast to animal studies,RPR102681 significantly increased the binding potential of [11C]raclopride in the ventral striatum (ttest,P < .001) and caudate nucleus (ttest,P < .0001) in a small subset of patients, suggesting that it may reduce intrasynaptic striatal DA.

Conclusion

Overall, this pilot study suggests thatRPR102681 would be unlikely candidate, as an agonist medication for the treatment for cocaine addiction but worth investigating further for possible role in reducing craving.
System neuroscience: Past, present, and future
Authors: Rizzolatti Giacomo , Fabbri‐Destro Maddalena , Caruana Fausto , Avanzini Pietro
Published: June 2018

In this review, we discuss first the anatomical and lesion studies that allowed the localization of fundamental functions in the cerebral cortex of primates including humans. Subsequently, we argue that the years from the end of the Second World War until the end of the last century represented the “golden age” of system neuroscience. In this period, the mechanisms—not only the localization—underlying sensory, and in particular visual functions were described, followed by those underlying cognitive functions and housed in temporal, parietal, and premotor areas. At the end of the last century, brain imaging techniques were developed that allowed the assessment of the functions of different cortical areas in a more precise and sophisticated way. However, brain imaging tells little about the neural mechanisms underlying functions. Furthermore, the brain imaging suffers from 3 major problems: time is absent, the data are merely correlative and the testing is often not ecological. We conclude our review discussing the possibility that these pitfalls might be overcome by using intracortical recordings (eg stereo‐EEG), which have millisecond time resolution, allow direct electrical stimulation of specific sites, and finally enable to study patients while freely moving.
Ten‐year assessment of the 100 priority questions for global biodiversity conservation
Authors: Jucker Tommaso , Wintle Bonnie , Shackelford Gorm , Bocquillon Pierre , Geffert Jan Laurens , Kasoar Tim , Kovacs Eszter , Mumby Hannah S. , Orland Chloé , Schleicher Judith , Tew Eleanor R. , Zabala Aiora , Amano Tatsuya , Bell Alexandra , Bongalov Boris , Chambers Josephine M. , Corrigan Colleen , Durán América P. , Duvic‐Paoli Leslie‐Anne , Emilson Caroline , Emilson Erik J.S. , da Silva Jéssica Fonseca , Garnett Emma E. , Green Elizabeth J. , Guth Miriam K. , Hacket‐Pain Andrew , Hinsley Amy , Igea Javier , Kunz Martina , Luke Sarah H. , Lynam William , Martin Philip A. , Nunes Matheus H. , Ockendon Nancy , Pavitt Aly , Payne Charlotte L.R. , Plutshack Victoria , Rademacher Tim T. , Robertson Rebecca J. , Rose David C. , Serban Anca , Simmons Benno I. , Tayleur Catherine , Wordley Claire F.R. , Mukherjee Nibedita
Published: June 2018

In 2008, a group of conservation scientists compiled a list of 100 priority questions for the conservation of the world's biodiversity. However, now almost a decade later, no one has yet published a study gauging how much progress has been made in addressing these 100 high‐priority questions in the peer‐reviewed literature. We took a first step toward reexamining the 100 questions to identify key knowledge gaps that remain. Through a combination of a questionnaire and a literature review, we evaluated each question on the basis of 2 criteria: relevance and effort. We defined highly relevant questions as those that – if answered – would have the greatest impact on global biodiversity conservation and quantified effort based on the number of review publications addressing a particular question, which we used as a proxy for research effort. Using this approach, we identified a set of questions that, despite being perceived as highly relevant, have been the focus of relatively few review publications over the past 10 years. These questions covered a broad range of topics but predominantly tackled 3 major themes: conservation and management of freshwater ecosystems, role of societal structures in shaping interactions between people and the environment, and impacts of conservation interventions. We believe these questions represent important knowledge gaps that have received insufficient attention and may need to be prioritized in future research.
Limited contributions of released animals from zoos to North American conservation translocations
Authors: Brichieri‐Colombi Typhenn A. , Lloyd Natasha A. , McPherson Jana M. , Moehrenschlager Axel
Published: June 2018

With the loss of biodiversity accelerating, conservation translocations such as reintroductions are becoming an increasingly common conservation tool. Conservation translocations must source individuals for release from either wild or captive‐bred populations. We asked what proportion of North American conservation translocations rely on captive breeding and to what extent zoos and aquaria (hereafter zoos) fulfill captive breeding needs. We searched for mention of captive breeding and zoo involvement in all 1863 articles included in the North American Conservation Translocations database, which comprises journal articles and grey literature published before 2014 on conservation translocations in Canada, the United States, Mexico, the Caribbean, and Central America before 2014 as identified by a comprehensive literature review. Conservation translocations involved captive breeding for 162 (58%) of the 279 animal species translocated. Fifty‐four zoos contributed animals for release. The 40 species of animals bred for release by zoos represented only 14% of all animal species for which conservation translocations were published and only 25% of all animal species that were bred for releases occurring in North America. Zoo contributions varied by taxon, ranging from zoo‐bred animals released in 42% of amphibian conservation translocations to zero contributions for marine invertebrates. Proportional involvement of zoos in captive‐breeding programs for release has increased from 1974 to 2014 (r = 0.325, p = 0.0313) as has the proportion of translocation‐focused scientific papers coauthored by zoo professionals (from 0% in 1974 to 42% in 2013). Although zoos also contribute to conservation translocations through education, funding, and professional expertise, increasing the contribution of animals for release in responsible conservation translocation programs presents a future conservation need and opportunity. We especially encourage increased dialogue and planning between the zoo community, academic institutions, and governments to optimize the direct contribution zoos can make to wildlife conservation through conservation translocations.
Hand eczema and occupational contact allergies in healthcare workers with a focus on rubber additives
Authors: Hamnerius Nils , Svedman Cecilia , Bergendorff Ola , Björk Jonas , Bruze Magnus , Engfeldt Malin , Pontén Ann
Published: June 2018

Background

Hand eczema (HE) in healthcare workers (HCWs) is common. Besides wet work, healthcare work also implies exposure to contact allergens.

Objectives

To assess HE and contact allergy related to occupational exposures in HCWs.

Methods

In a cross‐sectional study, 311 HCWs with HE within the preceding 12 months and a control group of 114 HCWs without HE were investigated with the baseline series and a special patch test series based on substances found in the gloves, soaps, alcoholic hand disinfectants and hand creams provided at the hospitals.

Results

Contact allergy to rubber additives was significantly more common in HCWs with HE (6%) than in HCWs without HE (1%, P = .02). The corresponding percentages for fragrances were 11% and 3%, respectively (P = .004). Occupational HE was found in 193 of 311 (62%) HCWs. Of these, 22 of 193 (11%) had occupational allergic contact dermatitis, including 17 with glove‐related rubber contact allergy. Contact allergy to diphenylguanidine was as common as contact allergy to thiurams. Occupational contact allergy to rubber additives was significantly associated with sick‐leave related to HE.

Conclusion

Contact allergy to rubber additives in medical gloves is the most common cause of occupational allergic contact dermatitis in HCWs. Aimed patch testing with relevant rubber additives is mandatory when HE in HCWs is investigated.