bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morpho-anatomical variation and their phylogenetic implications in native and exotic species of Pinus L. growing in the Indian Himalayas
Authors: Singh Lav , Dixit Pooja , Srivastava Ravi Prakash , Pandey Shivaraman , Verma Praveen Chandra , Saxena Gauri
Published: July 2020

Se realizó un estudio anatomico completo y detallada de agujas en diez especies de Pinus utilizando nueve rasgos morfológicos y anatómicos. Los datos pueden usarse como una herramienta para la identificación y clasificación de Pinus hasta el nivel de género y especie. También encontramos que la similitud y las diferencias en los rasgos anatómicos de la hoja respaldaban la filogenia molecular de Pinus realizada por varios investigadores.

Comprehensive and detailed anatomy of needles in ten species of Pinus using four morphological traits and nine anatomical traits was carried out. The data can be used as a tool for identification and classification of Pinus upto genus and species level. We also found that similarity and differences in leaf anatomical traits supported the molecular phylogeny of genus Pinus conducted by se­veral researchers.
La libertad a debate: la lectura de los textos cartesianos en Sartre y Ricœur
Authors: Morales Benito Isabel
Published: July 2020

En el artículo se elabora una comparación sobre la libertad en Sartre y en Ricœur a partir de la lectura que ambos realizan de los textos cartesianos. En «La liberté cartésienne», Sartre sostiene que la libertad creadora que Descartes ve en Dios no es otra cosa que la auténtica libertad del hombre. En Lo voluntario y lo involuntario, Ricœur determina a partir de la generosidad cartesiana que «querer no es crear». Se argumenta que, valorado en su conjunto, el planteamiento de Descartes se asemeja más a las tesis del consentimiento de Ricœur que a las del existencialismo de Sartre.
La poética de la espiritualidad y lo introspectivo en la obra de Younes Rahmoun. Hacia una lectura del arte distanciada de los cánones historicistas
Authors: Chouati Yassine
Published: July 2020

El presente estudio se formula en una situación saturada de imágenes fijas y esencialistas sobre el individuo árabe y musulmán, que intenta tipificar la diferencia en absolutos, sin tener en consideración las diversidades existentes. En este sentido, planteamos como principio a seguir, ir más allá del canon historicista habitual para poder desarrollar un análisis específico sobre el trabajo de un artista extra-occidental, que contradice la razón moderna para reflexionar, a partir del arte, sobre la experiencia espiritual en la fe musulmana. A partir de una aproximación a la obra del artista marroquí Younes Rahmoun, construida desde una perspectiva interdisciplinar, analizamos las relaciones existentes entre su discurso artístico, sus convicciones espirituales y su experiencia vital.A modo de contextualización, definimos las razones subyacentes tras las elecciones estético-conceptuales y narrativas empleadas por Rahmoun. En efecto, partimos del convencimiento de que no estamos ante una experiencia artística aislada de su realidad cultural, social, política, económica, histórica y cultural; sino ante una continuidad integrada en el contexto, que funciona en armonía con estilos, reflexiones y modos de vida existentes en el entorno local y global.

The present study is formulated in a situation saturated with fixed and essentialist images of the Arab and Muslim individual, which tries to typify the difference in absolutes, without taking into account the existing diversity.In this sense, we propose to go beyond the usual historicist canon to be able to develop a specific analysis of the work of an non-western artist, who contradicts modern reason to reflect through art on the spiritual experience in the Muslim faith. It is, therefore, an approach to the work of the Moroccan artist Younes Rahmoun, built from an interdisciplinary perspective, in which we analyze the relationships between his artistic discourse, his spiritual convictions and his life experience.For this, by way of contextualization, we define the underlying reasons behind the aesthetic-conceptual and narrative choices used by Rahmoun. Indeed, we start from the conviction that we are not facing an artistic experience isolated from its cultural, social, political, economic, historical and cultural reality; but a continuity integrated in the context, which works in harmony with existing styles, reflections and ways of life in the local and global environment.
Monumentos y plagas biológicas. Una lectura del devenir colonial desde la investigación artística
Authors: Gómez Vazquez Rakel
Published: July 2020

Esta investigación pretende interpretar la impronta del antropoceno y sus consecuencias, a través de la observación de dos elementos simbólicamente coloniales y su desmonumentalización.El desplazamiento y sustitución de la estatua de Colón en Buenos Aires por el monumento de Juana de Azurduy, y el ataque de un insecto -el Picudo Rojo- sobre las palmeras de la franja norte peninsular, plantadas como símbolo de éxito colonial desde finales del s XIX. Ambos contextos -monumental y biológico son analizados desde la práctica artística como construcciones culturales, que retratan problemas ecológicos y político-sociales de memoria e identidad.

This investigation tries to interpret the imprint of the anthropocene and its consequences, through the observation of two symbolically colonial elements and their decriminalization.The displacement and replacement of the statue of Columbus in Buenos Aires by the monument of Juana de Azurduy, and the attack of an insect - the Red Palm Weevil - on the palm trees of the northern peninsula, planted as a symbol of colonial success since the late s XIX. Both contexts -monumental and biologicalare analyzed from artistic practice as cultural constructions, which portray ecological and political-social problems of memory and identity.
La representación de las pintoras en la prensa del primer franquismo. El caso de Menchu Gal
Authors: Lekuona-Mariscal Ane
Published: July 2020

El artículo analiza la representación de la pintora Menchu Gal (1918-2008) en los medios de prensa del primer franquismo (1939-1959). A través del análisis de diferentes ejemplos se estudia cuál fue la posición de las mujeres en aquel sistema artístico, la importancia que tuvo la representabilidad de las mismas en este hecho, así como las diversas estrategias desarrolladas, en este caso por Gal, para negociar la posición de “mujer artista”.

The article analyses the representation of the painter Menchu Gal (1918-2008) in the press during early francoism (1939-1959). Through the analysis of different examples, we study what was the position of women in that artistic system, the importance that their representativeness had in this fact, as well as the different strategies developed, in this case by Gal, to negotiate the position of “woman artist”.
La educación artística a través de las ciudades de Gerhard Richter: materialidad, agencia y memoria tras la II Guerra Mundial
Authors: Murillo Ligorred Víctor , Revilla Carrasco Alfonso
Published: July 2020

El presente trabajo aborda la obra de Gerhard Richter desde su relación con la representación de la ciudad. Richter trae al frente un tipo de pintura basado en la interpretación de algunas urbes europeas desde la abstracción que traen al frente la presentación en planta, de vistas cenitales, que configuran sus espacios. Esta desfiguración de lo característico de un lugar, conecta la tradición figurativa con los nuevos lenguajes gestuales en la segunda mitaddel siglo XX. Las revisiones de la ciudad a partir de la abstracción e sus planos enlazan con la memoria enterrada bajo sus ruinas, proveniente de los conflictos bélicos de la II Guerra Mundial y se relacionan, a su vez, con lo fragmentario, lo anónimo y lo indiferente que en ellas habita. Forzando una reflexión en términos icónicos en plena reconstrucción de la memoria histórica alemana, sirviendo como una metodología activa para la educación artística de los individuos a favor de una emancipación del alumnado en términos visuales.

The present work approaches the work of Gerhard Richter from his relation with the representation of the city. Richter brings to the front a type of painting based on the interpretation of some European cities from the abstraction presented by the plants that make up their spaces. This disfigurement of the characteristic of a place connects the figurative tradition with the new gestural languages in the second half of the 20th century. The revisions of the city from the abstraction of its planes link with the memory of its ruins from the war conflicts of World War II and are related, in turn, to the fragmentary, the anonymous and the indifferent in them live. Forcing a reflection in iconic terms in full reconstruction of German historical memory, serving as an active methodology for the artistic education of individuals, favoring of emancipation of students in visual terms.
On L-shaped point set embeddings of trees: first non-embeddable examples
Authors: Mütze Torsten , Scheucher Manfred
Published: July 2020

An L-shaped embedding of a tree in a point set is a planar drawing of the tree where the vertices are mapped to distinct points and every edge is drawn as a sequence of two axis-aligned line segments.
There has been considerable work on establishing upper bounds on the minimum cardinality of a point set to guarantee that any tree of the same size with maximum degree 4 admits an L-shaped embedding on the point set.
However, no non-trivial lower bound is known to this date, i.e., no known $n$-vertex tree requires more than $n$ points to be embedded.
In this paper, we present the first examples of $n$-vertex trees for $n\in\{13,14,16,17,18,19,20\}$ that require strictly more points than vertices to admit an L-shaped embedding.
Moreover, using computer help, we show that every tree on $n\leq 12$ vertices admits an L-shaped embedding in every set of $n$ points.
We also consider embedding ordered trees, where the cyclic order of the neighbors of each vertex in the embedding is prescribed.
For this setting, we determine the smallest non-embeddable ordered tree on $n=10$ vertices, and we show that every ordered tree on $n\leq 9$ or $n=11$ vertices admits an L-shaped embedding in every set of $n$ points.
We also construct an infinite family of ordered trees which do not always admit an L-shaped embedding, answering a question raised by Biedl, Chan, Derka, Jain, and Lubiw.
Graph Motif Problems Parameterized by Dual
Authors: Fertin Guillaume , Komusiewicz Christian
Published: July 2020

Let $G=(V,E)$ be a vertex-colored graph, where $C$ is the set of
colors used to color $V$. The ${\rm G{\small RAPH}~M{\small OTIF}}$ (or $\rm GM$)
problem takes as input $G$, a multiset $M$ of colors built from $C$,
and asks whether there is a subset $S\subseteq V$ such that
(i) $G[S]$ is connected and (ii) the multiset of colors obtained
from $S$ equals $M$. The ${\rm C{\small OLORFUL}~G{\small RAPH}~M{\small OTIF}}$ (or ${\rm CGM}$) problem is the
special case of $\rm GM$ in which $M$ is a set, and the
${\rm L{\small IST-COLORED}~G{\small RAPH}~M{\small OTIF}}$ (or $\rm LGM$) problem is the extension of $\rm GM$ in which each vertex
$v$ of $V$ may choose its color from a list $\mathcal L(v)\subseteq C$ of colors.

We study the three problems $\rm GM$, $\rm CGM$, and $\rm LGM$,
parameterized by the dual parameter $\ell:=|V|-|M|$. For general graphs,
we show that, assuming the strong exponential time hypothesis, $\rm CGM$
has no $(2-\epsilon)^\ell\cdot |V|^{\mathcal O(1)}$-time algorithm, which implies
that a previous algorithm, running in $\mathcal O(2^\ell\cdot |E|)$ time is optimal [Betzler et al., IEEE/ACM TCBB 2011]. We also prove
that $\rm LGM$ is W[1]-hard with respect to $\ell$ even if we restrict ourselves to lists of at most two colors. Finally, we show that if the input graph is a tree, then $\rm GM$ can be solved in $\mathcal O(3^\ell\cdot |V|)$
time but admits no polynomial-size problem
kernel, while $\rm CGM$ can be solved in $\mathcal O(\sqrt{2}^{\ell} + |V|)$
time and admits a polynomial-size problem kernel.
German Dada photomontage as art of the “real”: on the path towards “new realism”
Authors: Tanyushina Alexandra Alexandrovna
Published: July 2020

The subject of this research is such artistic practiced of German Dadaism as photography and photomontage. Relevance of this topic is associated not just with the growing interest of art historians, cultural critics and writers to the culture of Weimar Germany, but also active study by modern scholars of the peculiarities of functioning of the various visual practices, which emergence is substantiated by constant shift and mutual integration of different artistic mediums, among which special place belongs to photography and related photo techniques. Research methodology is of complex nature and suggests the uniformity of cultural-analytical, philosophical-anthropological and historiographical methods through studying primary sources, which include literary texts, essays and manifests of the key representative of German Dadaism. The author concludes on substantial role of the category of “real” in ideological-semantic component of the movement in question, appeal to which justified usage of photomontage technique by the Dadaists. The result of this research lies in determination of the fundamental philosophical-methodological and ideological-semantic aspect of photomontage practices of German Dadaists. The article briefly indicates the vectors of further development of Dada photomontage in Weimar Germany. The acquired results may serve as a pivotal point for future research in the area of Dada art, German art of “new realism” presented in the works of artists of the “new corporeity” and “magic realism”, as well as subsequent art movements of the XX century, characterized by the use of photographic and photomontage techniques.
The New Economics for Industry, Government, Education
Authors: Deming W. Edwards
Published: July 2020

A new edition of a book that details the system of transformation underlying the 14 Points for Management presented in Deming's Out of the Crisis.

It would be better if everyone would work together as a system, with the aim for everybody to win. What we need is cooperation and transformation to a new style of management.”

—from The New Economics for Industry, Government, Education

In this book, W. Edwards Deming details the system of transformation that underlies the 14 Points for Management presented in Out of the Crisis. The Deming System of Profound Knowledge, as it is called, consists of four parts: appreciation for a system, knowledge about variation, theory of knowledge, and psychology. Describing the prevailing management style as a prison, Deming shows applying the System of Profound Knowledge increases productivity, quality, and people's joy in work and joy in learning. Another outcome is short-term and long-term success in the market. Indicative of Deming's philosophy is his advice to abolish performance reviews on the job, to look deeper than spreadsheets for opportunities, and even to rethink how we teach and manage our schools. Moreover, Deming's method enables organizations to make accurate predictions, which is a valuable tool in today's uncertain economic climate.

This third edition features a new chapter (written by business consultant and Deming expert Kelly L. Allan) that explains the relevance of Deming's management method, and case studies from organizations that have adopted Deming's System of Profound Knowledge, and offers guidance on how organizations can effectively “do Deming.”
Discrete natural neighbour interpolation with uncertainty using cross-validation error-distance fields
Authors: Etherington Thomas R.
Published: July 2020

Interpolation techniques provide a method to convert point data of a geographic phenomenon into a continuous field estimate of that phenomenon, and have become a fundamental geocomputational technique of spatial and geographical analysts. Natural neighbour interpolation is one method of interpolation that has several useful properties: it is an exact interpolator, it creates a smooth surface free of any discontinuities, it is a local method, is spatially adaptive, requires no statistical assumptions, can be applied to small datasets, and is parameter free. However, as with any interpolation method, there will be uncertainty in how well the interpolated field values reflect actual phenomenon values. Using a method based on natural neighbour distance based rates of error calculated for data points via cross-validation, a cross-validation error-distance field can be produced to associate uncertainty with the interpolation. Virtual geography experiments demonstrate that given an appropriate number of data points and spatial-autocorrelation of the phenomenon being interpolated, the natural neighbour interpolation and cross-validation error-distance fields provide reliable estimates of value and error within the convex hull of the data points. While this method does not replace the need for analysts to use sound judgement in their interpolations, for those researchers for whom natural neighbour interpolation is the best interpolation option the method presented provides a way to assess the uncertainty associated with natural neighbour interpolations.
Carpet Weaving Occupation in Kashmir: An Analysis of Socio-economic Conditions of Carpet Weavers of Pulwama District
Authors: Majeed Ishfaq , Swalehin Mohammad
Published: July 2020

The carpet industry of Kashmir occupies an important place in handicrafts. The carpet Industry plays a significant role in the economic development of the rural areas. Carpet weaving in Kashmir is largely practiced in the informal sector. It contributes significantly by providing employment opportunities to the rural people in Kashmir. The present paper attempts to make an in depth study of socio-economic conditions, problems and challenges of carpet weavers in Pulwama district of Jammu and Kashmir. The study is based on both, primary and secondary data sources. The primary data is gathered through interview schedule. The study revealed that the situation of carpet weavers is not satisfactory due to low education level, health issues, low wages, lack of government support and exploitation by the middleman/master weaver.
Leisure Agriculture in the Era of Targeted Poverty Alleviation
Authors: Yen Tsai-Fa(TF)
Published: July 2020

China is the second economy of the world while the poverty is a still troubled problem. Fighting poverty within three years was officially issued by the communist party of China in China. The objective of this study is to clarify the relationship between relevant policies and theories. Based on literature review, the problems of targeted poverty alleviation, the benefits of developing leisure agriculture in poor rural areas, and the challenge of developing leisure agriculture in poor rural areas will be displayed. Findings show that the low utilization rate of funds, the mechanism for supporting cadres in villages needs to be improved, and farmers have low enthusiasm to participate in targeted poverty alleviation are the problems for targeted poverty alleviation. Moreover, the improvement of road and traffic, the improvement of villagers' houses, the improvement of public facilities, the opportunities for training and learning, the preservation of local culture, and the increase revenue streams are the benefits of developing leisure agriculture in poor rural areas. Finally, the diversified needs of leisure agriculture, the homogeneous supply of leisure agriculture, and the impacts of the environment and ecology, social and culture are some challenges for developing leisure agriculture in poor rural areas.
Decision Making Success; The Thrust of Virtual Meetings in the Nigeria Banking Sector
Authors: Nwinyokpugi Patrick N. , Taribo Amachree Ibim
Published: July 2020

In view of the numerous challenges associated with contemporary meeting practice in an ever growing technologically driven society, the general purpose of the study was to determine how virtual meetings influence successful decision making process in the Nigeria banking sector. This descriptive research adopted a cross-sectional survey approach in investigating a homogenously characterised section of the sector in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. Eighteen (18) banks were chosen based on the convenience in accessibility and a census of all the senior managers including Information Technology based personnel were drawn for study. Thus, a census population derived was 216. A 5-point Likert Scale structured close-ended questionnaire was designed and adopted for data collection from the targeted respondents. This instrument was further validated for face/content validity and subjected to Croubach’s Alpha reliability test. Data collected were tested and analysed using the Spearman’s Rank Order Correlation Coefficient statistic and presented for clarity using the SPSS. Findings revealed the moderating effect of technology for virtual meetings and decision making success in the industry studied. Also, significant relationships exist between the different dimensions of virtual meetings and measures of decision making success in the banking sector and therefore recommendations were made in support of their adoption.
Puerperal women’s experiences regarding the nursing team performance during labor
Authors: Almeida Roseli da Silva Soares de , Reticena Kesley de Oliveira , Gomes Maria Fernanda Pereira , Fracolli Lislaine Aparecida
Published: July 2020

Objetivo: Compreender as situações vivenciadas por puérperas frente à atuação da equipe de enfermagem durante o trabalho de parto. Métodos: Pesquisa qualitativa realizada com 12 mulheres que passaram por trabalho de parto em um hospital de Candido Mota-SP, Brasil, selecionadas aleatoriamente entre agosto e setembro de 2017, utilizando-se roteiro semiestruturado para realização de entrevistas individuais, contendo dados de identificação e duas questões norteadoras, que foram analisados segundo o método de análise temática de conteúdo. A pesquisa obteve aprovação do comitê de ética da Universidade Paulista de Assis-SP, sob CAAE 70102217.2.0000.5512. Resultados: Emergiram as seguintes categorias: “a experiência das puérperas durante o trabalho de parto” e “a atuação da equipe de enfermagem frente à mulher em trabalho de parto”. Considerações finais: As mulheres que enfrentam este processo precisam de um tratamento humanizado da equipe de enfermagem, que pode amenizar as dificuldades enfrentadas e dar forças e segurança às futuras mães.
Counseling of women through oncological treatment and mastectomy as a repercussion from breast cancer
Authors: Silva Francieli Carolina Novaski da , Arboit Éder Luis , Menezes Luana Possamai
Published: July 2020

Objetivo: conhecer como ocorre o enfrentamento das mulheres em processo de envelhecimento que realizaram tratamento quimioterápico de câncer de mama. Método: pesquisa descritiva de abordagem qualitativa, realizada com cinco mulheres que realizaram tratamento quimioterápico de câncer de mama em um município do interior gaúcho. A coleta dos dados foi realizada em junho de 2015, por meio de entrevista semiestruturada. Os dados foram analisados por meio de Análise Temática. Resultados: as informações obtidas foram agrupadas em duas categorias: “O enfrentamento diante do tratamento oncológico” e “a mastectomia como repercussão do processo cirúrgico decorrente do câncer de mama”. Conclusões: o processo de enfrentamento é uma tarefa árdua sendo que cada mulher enfrenta esse processo de maneira diferenciada. A família e a religiosidade são fatores importantes para o enfrentamento, sendo impressindívil a presença da enfermagem, na qualificação da assistência a este segmento populacional.
Accidents with motorcycles: a view of nurses of the urgent mobile care services
Authors: Júnior Edson Batista dos Santos , Costa João Breno Cavalcante , Arcanjo Helton Silva , Pinto José Reginaldo
Published: July 2020

Objetivo: conhecer a percepção dos enfermeiros sobre os acidentes motociclísticos atendidos pelo Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência (SAMU) de Sobral. Método: trata-se de um estudo exploratório descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa realizado com enfermeiros do SAMU do município de Sobral-Ceará, atualmente composto por oito enfermeiros. Resultados: os resultados da pesquisa evidenciaram que os enfermeiros do SAMU, tem conhecimento sobre a práxis das intercorrências dos motociclistas. Neste sentido, a associação entre os condutores com a não utilização de capacete e a imprudência no trânsito prevaleceram entre as principais morbidades; e dentre as principais lesões, as abrasões e as fraturas destacam-se como mais comuns. Conclusão: evidenciou-se que a atuação da enfermagem é imprescindível em todo processo de assistência à população-alvo do atendimento pré-hospitalar (APH), desde a prevenção de eventos à orientação e educação em saúde.
End‐to‐end unsupervised cycle‐consistent fully convolutional network for 3D pelvic CT‐MR deformable registration
Authors: Guo Yi , Wu Xiangyi , Wang Zhi , Pei Xi , Xu X. George
Published: July 2020

Objective

To improve the efficiency of computed tomography (CT)‐magnetic resonance (MR) deformable image registration while ensuring the registration accuracy.

Methods

Two fully convolutional networks (FCNs) for generating spatial deformable grids were proposed using the Cycle‐Consistent method to ensure the deformed image consistency with the reference image data. In all, 74 pelvic cases consisting of both MR and CT images were studied, among which 64 cases were used as training data and 10 cases as the testing data. All training data were standardized and normalized, following simple image preparation to remove the redundant air. Dice coefficients and average surface distance (ASD) were calculated for regions of interest (ROI) of CT‐MR image pairs, before and after the registration. The performance of the proposed method (FCN with Cycle‐Consistent) was compared with that of Elastix software, MIM software, and FCN without cycle‐consistent.

Results

The results show that the proposed method achieved the best performance among the four registration methods tested in terms of registration accuracy and the method was more stable than others in general. In terms of average registration time, Elastix took 64 s, MIM software took 28 s, and the proposed method was found to be significantly faster, taking <0.1 s.

Conclusion

The proposed method not only ensures the accuracy of deformable image registration but also greatly reduces the time required for image registration and improves the efficiency of the registration process. In addition, compared with other deep learning methods, the proposed method is completely unsupervised and end‐to‐end.
Inferring task performance and confidence from displays of eye movements
Authors: Emhardt Selina N. , van Wermeskerken Margot , Scheiter Katharina , van Gog Tamara
Published: July 2020

Eye movements reveal what is at the center of people's attention, which is assumed to coincide with what they are thinking about. Eye‐movement displays (visualizations of a person's fixations superimposed onto the stimulus, for example, as dots or circles) might provide useful information for diagnosing that person's performance. However, making inferences about a person's task performance based on eye‐movement displays requires substantial interpretation. Using graph‐comprehension tasks, we investigated to what extent observers (N = 46) could make accurate inferences about a performer's multiple‐choice task performance (i.e., chosen answer), confidence, and competence from displays of that person's eye movements. Observers' accuracy when judging which answer the performer chose was above chance level and was higher for displays reflecting confident performance. Observers were also able to infer performers' confidence from the eye‐movement displays; moreover, their own task performance and perceived similarity with the performer affected their judgments of the other's competence.
Gaining Insight into the Effect of Organic Interface Layer on Suppressing Ion Migration Induced Interfacial Degradation in Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Ning Jiaoyi , Zhu Yanan , Hu Zhao , Shi Yuhao , Ali Muhammad Umair , He Junpeng , He Yaowu , Yan Feng , Yang Shihe , Miao Jingsheng , Meng Hong
Published: July 2020

Ion migration induced interfacial degradation is a detrimental factor for the stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and hence requires special attention to address this issue for the development of efficient PSCs with improved stability. Here, an “S‐shaped, hook‐like” organic small molecule, naphthalene diimide derivative (NDI‐BN), is employed as a cathode interface layer (CIL) to tailor the [6,6]‐phenylC61‐butyric acid methylester (PCBM)/Ag interface in inverted PSCs. By realizing enhanced electron extraction capability via the incorporation of NDI‐BN, a peak power conversion efficiency of 21.32% is achieved. Capacitance–voltage measurements and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis confirmed an obvious role of this new organic CIL in successfully blocking ionic diffusion pathways toward the Ag cathode, thereby preventing interfacial degradation and improving device stability. The molecular packing motif of NDI‐BN further unveils its densely packed structure with π–π stacking force which has the ability to effectually hinder ion migration. Furthermore, theoretical calculations reveal that intercalation of decomposed perovskite species into the NDI clusters is considerably more difficult compared with the PCBM counterparts. This substantial contrast between NDI‐BN and PCBM molecules in terms of their structures and packing fashion determines the different tendencies of ion migration and unveils the superior potential of NDI‐BN in curtailing interfacial degradation.
Scattering Cancellation by a Monolayer Cloak in Oxide Dispersion‐Strengthened Alloys
Authors: Li Yang , Liu Chuanbao , Li Pei , Lu Tianxing , Chen Cunguang , Guo Zhimeng , Su Yanjing , Qiao Lijie , Zhou Ji , Bai Yang
Published: July 2020

In addition to wave‐based fields, metamaterials can manipulate diffusion fields at will, for example, the scattering cancellation of particle flow in natural materials. In this paper, a monolayer cloak is proposed to eliminate electron scattering and improve the total conductivity in commonly used aluminum‐oxide‐dispersion‐strengthened copper alloys (Cu‐Al2O3) after a multiscale model is established to theoretically explain the dependence of conductivity on scattering behavior. Intense electron scattering caused by dispersed alumina nanoinclusions dominates the drastic drop in the conductivity in the Cu‐Al2O3 system. The Drude model is expanded to a generalized form to explain the multiscale scattering regime in Cu‐Al2O3 after unifying the macro‐ and nanoscale considerations into the mesoscopic multibody scattering process of a Monte Carlo simulation. The results indicate that the conductivity is closely related to the overall electron density and relaxation time of electrons. Then, a cloak is designed based on scattering cancellation to improve the conductivity by reducing electron collisions, whose structure is simplified into a monolayer cloak by adopting an imaginary insulating layer. Both simulation and experiment confirm a substantial improvement of the total conductivity. The invisible cloaks manipulating particle flow expands the research scope of metamaterials to innovatively improve the properties of traditional materials.
Facile and Rapid Method for Fabricating Liquid Metal Electrodes with Highly Precise Patterns via One‐Step Coating
Authors: Park Tae Hwan , Kim Ju‐Hyung , Seo Soonmin
Published: July 2020

Gallium‐based alloys, which are virtually non‐toxic liquid metals at room temperature, are considered highly promising electrode materials for state‐of‐the‐art electronics with new form factors. Herein, a facile and rapid method to fabricate liquid metal electrodes with highly precise patterns via a one‐step coating is presented. For this work, polymeric stencil masks with dual structures, comprising upper and lower structures for injecting and molding the liquid metal, respectively, are used for direct patterning of the liquid metal via spray deposition for few seconds, enabling the formation of complex and minute patterns including long thin lines and hollow forms. This method can be adapted to 3D substrates of various materials without any surface treatment, owing to the intrinsic adhesive and flexible properties of the polymeric masks ensuring conformal contact with non‐flat surfaces, and is also expected to be applicable to sub‐micron patterns. In addition, a number of highly flexible/stretchable electronic applications, exhibiting no change in electrical conductivity upon consecutive structural deformations, are demonstrated on various substrates including human skin. It is anticipated that these results will not only spur the further development of flexible/stretchable electronics, but also significantly contribute to the innovative on‐site fabrication of wearable electronics with high durability.
Wet‐Style Superhydrophobic Antifogging Coatings for Optical Sensors
Authors: Yoon Jongsun , Ryu Min , Kim Hyeongjeong , Ahn Gwang‐Noh , Yim Se‐Jun , Kim Dong‐Pyo , Lee Hyomin
Published: July 2020

Transparent substrates are widely used for optical applications from lenses for personal and sports eyewear to transparent displays and sensors. While these substrates require excellent optical properties, they often suffer from a variety of environmental challenges such as excessive fogging and surface contamination. In this work, it is demonstrated that a wet‐style superhydrophobic coating, which simultaneously exhibits antifogging, antireflective, and self‐cleaning properties, can be prepared by pattern transferring low‐surface‐energy microstructures onto a heterostructured nanoscale thin film comprising polymers and silica nanoparticles. The polymer–silica nanocomposite base layer serves as a hydrophilic reservoir, guiding the water molecules to preferentially condense into this underlying region and suppress reflection, while the low‐surface‐energy microstructure enables contaminants adsorbed on the surface to be easily removed by rinsing with water.
Utilizing Latent Multi‐Redox Activity of p‐Type Organic Cathode Materials toward High Energy Density Lithium‐Organic Batteries
Authors: Lee Sechan , Lee Kyunam , Ku Kyojin , Hong Jihyun , Park Soo Young , Kwon Ji Eon , Kang Kisuk
Published: July 2020

Organic electrode materials hold great potential due to their cost‐efficiency, eco‐friendliness, and possibly high theoretical capacity. Nevertheless, most organic cathode materials exhibit a trade‐off relationship between the specific capacity and the voltage, failing to deliver high energy density. Herein, it is shown that the trade‐off can be mitigated by utilizing the multi‐redox capability of p‐type electrodes, which can significantly increase the specific capacity within a high‐voltage region. The molecular structure of 5,10‐dihydro‐5,10‐dimethylphenazine is modified to yield a series of phenoxazine and phenothiazine derivatives with elevated redox potentials by substitutions. Subsequently, the feasibility of the multi‐redox capability is scrutinized for these high‐voltage p‐type organic cathodes, achieving one of the highest energy densities. It is revealed that the seemingly impractical second redox reaction is indeed dependent on the choice of the electrolyte and can be reversibly realized by tailoring the donor number and the salt concentration of the electrolyte, which places the voltage of the multi‐redox reaction within the electrochemical stability window. The results demonstrate that high‐energy‐density organic cathodes can be practically achieved by rational design of multi‐redox p‐type organic electrode materials and the compatibility consideration of the electrolyte, opening up a new avenue toward advanced organic rechargeable batteries.
Advanced Characterization Techniques for Overcoming Challenges of Perovskite Solar Cell Materials
Authors: Kim Min‐cheol , Ham So‐Yeon , Cheng Diyi , Wynn Thomas A. , Jung Hyun Suk , Meng Ying Shirley
Published: July 2020

In the last 10 years, organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells have achieved unprecedented advances, to the point where they now exhibit extremely high efficiency. However, long‐term stability and areal scalability limitations impede the commercial application of perovskite materials, and appropriate diagnosistic tools have become necessary to evaluate perovskite materials. Characterization of perovskite materials is regularly misinterpretated, due to unique intrinsic and extrinsic factors: degradation from the measurement source, ion migration, phase transition, and separation. Herein, studies on perovskites are reviewed that have used advanced characterization tools to overcome characterization challenges. Cryogenic temperature assisted measurements mitigate degradation or phase transitions induced by the measurement source. In situ measurements can track the variation of perovskite materials depending on external stimuli. Spatial material properties are able to be evaluated by the use of multidimensional mapping techniques. An overview of these advanced characterization tools that can overcome the challenges associated with established tools provides the opportunity for further understanding perovskite materials and solving the remaining challenges on the road to commercialization.
DNA‐Based Chemical Reaction Networks for Biosensing Applications
Authors: Li Zhijun , Jiang Li , Jiang Yizhou , Yuan Xiaowan , Aizitiaili Maimaitimin , Yue Jun , Qu Xiangmeng
Published: July 2020

The nature of biosensing is a biochemical reaction. DNA‐based chemical reaction networks (DNA‐CRNs) as a powerful programming language for describing behaviors of chemical reactions have shown great potential in designs and applications of biosensors. Due to their programmability, modularity, and versatility of the DNA strand, the performance of different detection strategies can be improved mainly by the rational design of DNA‐CRNs. Herein, an overview of the fundamental theory and biosensing processes of DNA‐CRNs is provided. Various detection strategies of DNA‐CRNs are introduced, either in a simple low‐order reaction model or in a complicated high‐order reaction type, in combination with some typical cases for the different detection purposes. In addition, an overview of the recent development of DNA‐CRNs for monitoring the cell microenvironment is presented, which is of significance to uncover some specific cell behaviors and functions. Finally, the roles of DNA‐CRNs in the rational design of high‐performance biosensors are summarized by pointing out the remaining challenges that impede the precise biosensing using DNA‐CRNs in complicated biological environments.
Incident dementia and faster rates of cognitive decline are associated with worse multisensory function summary scores
Authors: Brenowitz Willa D. , Kaup Allison R. , Yaffe Kristine
Published: July 2020

Introduction

We created a summary score for multiple sensory (multisensory) impairment and evaluated its association with dementia.

Methods

We studied 1794 adults aged 70 to 79 who were dementia‐free at enrollment and followed for up to 10 years in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. The multisensory function score (0 to 12 points) was based on sample quartiles of objectively measured vision, hearing, smell, and touch summed overall. Risk of incident dementia and cognitive decline (measured by two cognitive tests) associated with the score were assessed in regression models adjusting for demographics and health conditions.

Results

Dementia risk was 2.05 times higher (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.50‐2.81) comparing “poor” to “good” multisensory score tertiles and 1.45 times higher comparing the “middle” to “good” tertiles (95% CI 1.09‐1.91). Each point worse in the multisensory function score was associated with faster rates of cognitive decline (P < .05).

Conclusions

Worsening multisensory function, even at mild levels, was associated with accelerated cognitive aging.
Anticoagulation Timing in Cardioembolic Stroke and Recurrent Event Risk
Authors: Yaghi Shadi , Trivedi Tushar , Henninger Nils , Giles James , Liu Angela , Nagy Muhammad , Kaushal Ashutosh , Azher Idrees , Mac Grory Brian , Fakhri Hiba , Brown Espaillat Kiersten , Asad Syed Daniyal , Pasupuleti Hemanth , Martin Heather , Tan Jose , Veerasamy Manivannan , Liberman Ava L. , Esenwa Charles , Cheng Natalie , Moncrieffe Khadean , Moeini‐Naghani Iman , Siddu Mithilesh , Scher Erica , Leon Guerrero Christopher R. , Khan Muhib , Nouh Amre , Mistry Eva , Keyrouz Salah , Furie Karen
Published: July 2020

Objective

Guidelines recommend initiating anticoagulation within 4 to 14 days after cardioembolic stroke. Data supporting this did not account for key factors potentially affecting the decision to initiate anticoagulation, such as infarct size, hemorrhagic transformation, or high‐risk features on echocardiography.

Methods

We pooled data from stroke registries of 8 comprehensive stroke centers across the United States. We included consecutive patients admitted with ischemic stroke and atrial fibrillation. The primary predictor was timing of initiating anticoagulation (0–3 days, 4–14 days, or >14 days), and outcomes were recurrent stroke/transient ischemic attack/systemic embolism, symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH), and major extracranial hemorrhage (ECH) within 90 days.

Results

Among 2,084 patients, 1,289 met the inclusion criteria. The combined endpoint occurred in 10.1% (n = 130) subjects (87 ischemic events, 20 sICH, and 29 ECH). Overall, there was no significant difference in the composite endpoint between the 3 groups (0–3 days: 10.3%, 64/617; 4–14 days: 9.7%, 52/535; >14 days: 10.2%, 14/137; p = 0.933). In adjusted models, patients started on anticoagulation between 4 and 14 days did not have a lower rate of sICH (vs 0–3 days; odds ratio [OR] = 1.49, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.50–4.43), nor did they have a lower rate of recurrent ischemic events (vs >14 days; OR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.36–1.62, p = 0.482).

Interpretation

In this multicenter real‐world cohort, the recommended (4–14 days) time frame to start oral anticoagulation was not associated with reduced ischemic and hemorrhagic outcomes. Randomized trials are required to determine the optimal timing of anticoagulation initiation. ANN NEUROL 2020;88:807–816
Supramolecular G4 Eutectogels of Guanosine with Solvent‐Induced Chiral Inversion and Excellent Electrochromic Activity
Authors: Gu Chaonan , Peng Yu , Li Jingjing , Wang Hai , Xie Xiao‐Qiao , Cao Xiaoyu , Liu Chun‐Sen
Published: July 2020

Supramolecular eutectogels, an emerging class of materials that have just developed very recently, offer a new opportunity for generating functional supramolecular gel materials in biocompatible anhydrous or low‐water media. As the first example of supramolecular G4 eutectogels, complexes of natural guanosine and H3BO3 exhibited excellent gelation capacity in choline chloride/alcohol deep eutectic solvents. The as‐prepared supramolecular eutectogels displayed unexpected solvent‐induced chiral inversion and significantly high ionic conductivity (up to 7.78 mS cm−1), as well as outstanding thixotropic/injectable properties, high thermal stability and excellent electrochromic activity. These features make these versatile supramolecular G4 eutectogels promising candidates for developing next‐generation flexible electronics with low environmental impact.
One‐pot oxidant‐free dehydrogenation‐Knoevenagel tandem reaction catalyzed by a recyclable magnetic base‐metal bifunctional catalyst
Authors: Yuan Xiaofeng , Wan Zijuan , Ning Jinfeng , Zhang Qiang , Luo Jun
Published: July 2020

A new base‐metal bifunctional catalyst NH‐Pd(0)@MNP was prepared via a facile procedure and fully characterized. The as‐prepared catalyst was used as an efficient relay catalyst for the one‐pot oxidant‐free dehydrogenation‐Knoevenagel condensation tandem reaction from benzyl alcohol in H2O under mild conditions and generated benzalmalononitriles with yield up to 96%. Meanwhile, the catalyst could be easily recovered from the reaction system by an external magnetic field, and is reusable with little loss of activity up to 6 runs (<5%).
Copper and nickel immobilized on cytosine@MCM‐41: as highly efficient, reusable and organic–inorganic hybrid nanocatalysts for the homoselective synthesis of tetrazoles and pyranopyrazoles
Authors: Nikoorazm Mohsen , Tahmasbi Bahman , Gholami Shahab , Moradi Parisa
Published: July 2020

In this work, a green approach is reported for efficient synthesis of biologically active tetrazole and pyranopyrazole derivatives in the presence of Cu‐Cytosine@MCM‐41 and Ni‐Cytosine@MCM‐41 (copper (II) and nickel (II) catalyst on the modified MCM‐41 using cytosine). The synthesis of tetrazoles and pyranopyrazoles in the presence of these catalysts was performed in green solvents such as water or poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG). All products were obtained in high TOF (turnover frequency) numbers in the presence of these catalysts, which indicate the high efficiency of these catalysts in the synthesis of tetrazole and pyranopyrazole derivatives. The prepared catalysts were characterized by various techniques such as BET, TGA, XRD, FT‐IR, SEM, EDS, WDX, TEM, and AAS. Mesoporous structure of these catalysts was confirmed by nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms. These catalysts can be recovered and reused for several runs without significant change in their catalytic activity or metal capacity. The recovered catalysts have been characterized by XRD, SEM, EDS, WDX, FT‐IR and AAS techniques, by which their heterogeneous nature has been confirmed.
A new synthesis approach for proton exchange membranes based on ultra‐high‐molecular‐weight polyethylene
Authors: Ponomarev Ardalion N. , Kritskaya Dina A. , Abdrashitov Emil F. , Bokun Veslav C. , Sanginov Evgeny A. , Novikova Ksenia S. , Dremova Nadezhda N. , Dobrovolsky Yury A.
Published: July 2020

A new approach for gas‐phase modification of ultra‐high‐molecular‐weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) film for synthesis of proton exchange membranes (PEMs) has been successfully realized. First, the membrane precursors have been prepared by soaking the films in a monomers/AIBN solution followed by their modification with polystyrene (PS) in styrene vapor at 110°C. The developed method is characterized by high efficiency, simplicity, and ecological purity. The modified UHMWPE films containing up to 60 wt% of PS have been obtained. Then, PEMs were prepared by sulfonation of these precursors. According to energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy of the sulfonated samples, almost uniform distribution of PS through the film thickness was observed. The membranes with an ion exchange capacity up to 2.7 mmol/g and proton conductivity up to 60 mS/cm (water, 25°C) were obtained. Comparative tests of the obtained UHMWPE‐sulfonated PS and commercial Nafion‐115 membranes in a hydrogen–air fuel cell have been carried out. It has been shown that the cell with the synthesized membranes exhibits better performance than that with Nafion‐115.