bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kamunun Dijitalleşmesinde Milli Teknoloji Hamlesi
Authors: Koç Ali Taha
Published: December 2022

Bu makalenin konusu, kamunun dijitalleşmesinde Millî Teknoloji Hamlesinin önemi ve
öncelikli uygulama alanlarıdır. Konunun seçimindeki motivasyon, ulusal düzeyde
uygulamaların yanı sıra, ulusal sınırlarımızın ötesindeki gelişmeleri de takip etmeyi
gerektiren kapsayıcı bir girişim olan Millî Teknoloji Hamlesinin kamunun dijitalleşme
sürecindeki yansımalarının ve mevcut projelerden elde edilen çıktıların gelecek
uygulamalar için iyi analiz edilmesi konusundaki gerekliliktir. Kamunun dijital dönüşüm
koordinasyonunun tek çatı altında toplanması için Cumhurbaşkanlığı Hükümet Sistemine
geçiş ile birlikte kurulan Cumhurbaşkanlığı Dijital Dönüşüm Ofisi’nin (CBDDO)
çalışmaları ise bu sürecin anlaşılması için oldukça önemlidir. Büyük Veri ve Yapay Zekâ
başlığında dijital dönüşümün lokomotif teknolojilerinden olan büyük veri ve yapay
zekânın kamuda kullanım alanları irdelenmiş ve CBDDO’nun bu alandaki çalışmalarına yer
verilmiştir. Siber Güvenlik Yönetişimi başlığında yeni nesil siber tehditlere karşı
ulusal mukavemeti artıracak bütüncül bir yaklaşım oluşturmak üzere yürütülen
çalışmalardan bahsedilmektedir. Kamunun Dijital Dönüşümünün Koordinasyonu başlığında ise
değişim odaklı ve yenilikçi teknolojilere uyarlanabilen politikalar geliştirmek üzere
hazırlanan stratejik doküman çalışmaları incelenmiştir. Dijital Türkiye’nin Yüzü
e-Devlet Kapısı başlığında, özellikli dijital devlet alanında Türkiye’yi uluslararası
endekslerdeki dünya sıralamalarında üst sıralarda temsil eden e-Devlet Kapısı üzerinden
sunulan hizmetler ve dijital hizmet sunum kanallarını yenilikçi teknolojiler ile
geliştirerek vatandaş memnuniyetini artırmaya yönelik yürütülen çalışmalar
anlatılmıştır. Ulusal Dijital Ekosistem için Uluslararası İş Birliklerinin Önemi
başlığında ulusal dijital ekosistemimizi güçlendirecek uluslararası iş birlikleri kurma
odaklı çalışmalardan bahsedilmiştir. Son olarak 2023 Vizyonu ve Dijital Türkiye
başlığında ise yerli ve millî teknolojilerle hem gerçek hem de sanal dünyada yerini
alacak güçlü Dijital Türkiye yolunda yürütülen çalışmalar ve sonuçları tüm yönleriyle
ele alınmıştır.
Uydu Teknolojilerinde Millî Teknoloji Hamlesi
Authors: Yüksek Kemal
Published: December 2022

İnsanoğlu var olduğu sürece haberleşme ihtiyacı duymuş ve bunu zaman içerisinde
çeşitli yollar ile gidermiştir. Gerek mağara resimleri gerekse duman ile veya eğitilmiş
güvercinler ile bu gereksinim bir şekilde karşılanmaya çalışılmıştır. Yıllar içerisinde
yapılan çalışmalar bu gereksinimi karşılamak için çok yoğunlaşmış, matbaa ve sonrasında
kablolu haberleşmenin ilk aletleri olan telgraflar ile devam etmiştir. 1838 yılında
telgraf, 1876 yılında telefon ile devam eden kablolu haberleşmeye 1926 yılında ilk
olarak görüntü gönderimi de eklenmiştir. 1970’li yıllarda ise artık kablosuz
haberleşmeler ön plana çıkmıştır. Mobil telefonlar ve hiç şüphesiz uydu haberleşmeleri
artık günlük hayat için olağan haberleşme yöntemleri olma yolculuğuna başlamıştır. Uydu
haberleşmesi yolculuğu alanında ise Türkiye ilk başlarda yabancı uydu kuruluşlarından
uydu kanalı kiralama yoluna gitse de bu kullanışın stratejik ve ekonomik olmadığı da
dikkate alınarak Milli Uydu Sistemlerimizin gerçekleştirilmesi için çalışmaların
yapılmasına karar verilmiştir. Bu hedefi gerçekleştirmek için Türkiye, 1990’lı yıllardan
itibaren uydu çalışmalarına başlamıştır. İlk uydumuz Türksat-1A roketin üçüncü katındaki
bir arıza nedeniyle okyanusa düşmüş ancak 11 Ağustos 1994’te Türksat-1B haberleşme
uydusu uzaya fırlatılmıştır. Akabinde TÜRKSAT-1C, TÜRKSAT-2A, TÜRKSAT-3A, TÜRKSAT-4A,
TÜRKSAT-4B, TÜRKSAT-5A, TÜRKSAT-5B uyduları başarı ile fırlatılmış ve bu uydular T3A,
T4A, T4B, T5A ve T5B görevlerine devam etmektedir. Yerli imkânlarla üretilen TÜRKSAT-6A
uydusu 2023’te fırlatılması planlanmaktadır. 2023 yılının 2. çeyreğinde TÜRKSAT-6A
uydusunun test faaliyetlerinin tamamlanarak nakliye için hazır hale getirilmesi,
3.çeyreği içinde ise bu uydunun fırlatılması planlanmaktadır. TÜRKSAT-6A kapsamında elde
edilen tecrübe, altyapı ve uçuş donanımlarının gelecekteki uydu programlarımızda
kullanılması ve bu sayede uydu sektöründeki yurt dışı bağımlığının azaltılması
amaçlanmaktadır. BİLSAT ve RASAT, TÜBİTAK UZAY tarafından geliştirilen alçak yörünge
uydularıdır. Yine alçak yörünge uyduları olan GÖKTÜRK-1, GÖKTÜRK-2 yüksek çözünürlüklü
Elektro-Optik (E/O) kamera taşıyan uydulardır. GÖKTÜRK-1 Projesi kapsamında uzay ve uydu
sistemlerine yönelik teknoloji, uzman insan gücü ve altyapı geliştirilmesinin yanı sıra
ülkemizin gelecekteki gözlem ve haberleşme uydularının yurtiçinde üretilmesine yönelik
kritik bir altyapı olan Uydu Montaj, Entegrasyon ve Test (USET) Merkezi kurulmuştur.
Yukarıda sayılan gelişmeler kaçınılmaz olarak ülke içerisindeki kurum-kuruluş ve genç
mühendislere ilham olmuş ve artık LEO yörüngede uydu geliştirme faaliyetleri hız
kazanmıştır. Bu alandaki milli hareketlenmeye TÜRKSAT Model Uydu Yarışması da öncülük
etmiş ve sonrasında bu yarışma TEKNOFEST bünyesine alınmıştır. Türkiye’nin öncü
teknoloji kurumu TÜRKSAT tarafından 7.’si düzenlenecek Model Uydu Yarışmasında uydu ve
uzay teknolojileri alanında insan kaynağı yetiştirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır.
Tarım ve Gıdada Millî Teknoloji Hamlesi
Authors: Türker Ufuk , Şahin Kazim
Published: December 2022

Türkiye sahip olduğu coğrafi avantajlar ve tarım alanında ürettiği ürünlerle
tarımsal alanda her geçen gün önemli oranda gelişme kaydetmektedir. Tarımda kullanılan
teknolojilerin gıda, tarım, enerji zinciri içerisinde ortaya çıkan etkileri, ilişkili
sektörler ve uygulama alanları üzerinde artan etkisi, tarım ve gıda üretim zinciri
içerisinde pek çok alanda yerli ve milli teknolojilerin geliştirilmesini daha da
stratejik hale getirmiştir. Ülkemizde geliştirilen yerli teknolojiler milli teknoloji
hamlesi altında yer alan teknolojileri ifade etmektedir. Milli Teknoloji Hamlesi,
ülkemizde yaşayan insanların, sektörde çalışanların ve üreticilerin verilerinin
korunabilmesi, stratejik değere sahip teknoloji ürünlerini yerli imkanlarla geliştirip
üretebilmesi gibi hedefleri nedeniyle kritik önemdedir. Milli teknoloji hamlesi, gıda,
tarım ve hayvancılık gibi sektörlerde, üretim verimliliğini artırmak, girdi kullanım
etkinliğini yükseltmek, enerji verimliliği yoluyla, dışa bağımlılığı alternatif
kaynaklarla azaltmak için yerli teknolojik ürün geliştirerek katkı sağlamayı
amaçlanmaktadır. Bu sektörler içerisinde tarım, günümüzde oldukça geniş bir yelpazede
çeşitliliğe sahip modern teknolojileri kullanmaktadır. Pandemi sonrası tarım çok daha
fazla teknoloji ve bilgi yoğunluklu hale gelmiş durumdadır. Günümüzde çiftçilik çok daha
fazlasını yani diğer sektörlerle daha fazla etkileşim gerektirmekte, iletişim
teknolojileri ve dijitalleşme yoluyla entegre olmayı zorunlu kılmaktadır. Milli
teknolojileri desteklemek için ülkemizin kendi kırsal kalkınma hedeflerini dikkate alan
tüm tarım işletmeleri ölçeklerinde veya aile çiftliklerinden büyük tarımsal gıda
şirketlerine kadar sektörün tüm paydaşlarına kadar kapsayan bir süreci hayata geçirmek
gereklidir. Ülkemiz tarımının dijital çağın getirdiği küresel rekabet ortamında
hakettiği konuma ulaşması mevcut politikalara ilaveten bu milli teknoloji hamlesinin
doğru bir strateji ile ele alınması ve tüm paydaşların ihtiyaç ve beklentilerini dikate
alan politikaların uygulanması ile mümkün olacaktır. Bu çalışmada, tarım alanında
ülkemizde geliştirilen milli teknolojiler ele alınmış, kullanım yerleri ve bu alanda
yapılan çalışmalarla ilgili önemli bilgiler sunulmuştur. Bu kapsamda geliştirilen milli
teknolojiler, ülkemiz tarımının ileriye dönük olarak üretiminde ve verimliliğinde
üreticilere, çiftçilere katkı ve desteklerinin artarak devam etmesi
beklenmektedir.
Ekonomik Büyüme ve Akıllı Tarım: Dünyadan ve Türkiye’den Örnekler
Authors: Bağcı Ahmet
Published: December 2022

Tarım, bütün ülkeler için oldukça kritik bir öneme sahiptir. Giderek artan dünya
nüfusu, kaynakların hızlı bir şekilde tüketilmesi, iklim değişikliği, ülkeler arasındaki
siyasi gerilimler, salgın hastalıklar gibi gelişmeler gıda sektörünü ciddi oranda
etkilemeye başlamıştır. Bu hususlar, sanayi ve hizmet sektörlerinin arkasında kalan
tarımın ön plana çıkmasına neden olmuştur. Teknolojik faaliyetler dünyadaki birçok
gelişmeleri olduğu gibi tarımsal gelişmeleri de etkilemektedir. Özellikle Endüstri 4.0
ile birlikte tarım sektöründe teknolojik gelişmeler gözle görülür bir şekilde yaşanmaya
başlamıştır. Küçük alanlardan daha yüksek oranda verim ve çeşitlilik elde etmek amacıyla
ülkeler, teknolojiyi tarım alanına yüksek oranda entegre etmeye başlamıştır. Nesnelerin
interneti aracılığıyla analiz, veri toplama, geleceğe yönelik tahminler, verimlilikte ve
üretkenlikte artış konularında oldukça kapsamlı etkiler söz konusudur. Bu makale akıllı
tarımın etkilerini ve önemini örnekleriyle birlikte tartışmaktadır. Ayrıca, Türkiye’nin
10 Kasım 2021 yılında Paris Anlaşmasının taraf olması ve AB Yeşil Mutabakat ilkeleri
nedeniyle izlenebilir tarımsal üretim süreci için tarım teknolojilerinin kullanımı ve
özellikle zirai ilaç gibi kimyasal ürünlerin kullanımın doğru bir şekilde kullanımı ön
plana çıkmıştır. Dünya çapında verilen örneklerle beraber, akıllı tarım yöntemleriyle
birlikte nispeten daha küçük tarım alanlarında daha yüksek verimlilik ve kâr
edilebileceği ortaya konmuştur. Buna ek olarak, topraksız tarım yöntemleri, insansız
hava aracı ile ilaçlama gibi çözümlerin testlerinin ve akıllı tarımın bazı örneklerinin
Türkiye’de de uygulanmaya başladığı belirtilmektedir. Sonuç olarak, çeşitli zor
hususlarına rağmen, akıllı tarım uygulamaları aracılığıyla ciddi oranda kâr ve
verimlilik elde edildiği vurgulanmaktadır. Bu uygulamaların sağladığı katkılar ile
birlikte ülkelerin hasılalarında da artışlar görülmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, tarım
alanındaki teknolojik gelişmelerin ekonomik büyümeye olan etkisinden bahsettikten sonra
bu alandaki teknolojileri ve uygulamaları örnekleriyle beraber açıklamaktır.
A Cross-Generational Expedition to the Future: The National Technology Initiative
Authors: Bayraktar Selçuk
Published: December 2022

A closer look at historical developments reveals that our organic ties to science and technology disappeared despite our being the grandchildren of a civilization that founded the positive sciences. The National Technology Initiative, which emerged within that context, aims to promote Türkiye’s social transformation in science and technological development and to train individuals, whose work is guided by ethics and moral principles, that strive to serve humanity and their society. The vision, which the National Technology Initiative embodies, is not limited to developing high technology. At the same time, it aims to serve the benefit of humanity as a whole. This study sheds light on the historical processes and objectives, which influenced the National Technology Initiative’s emergence, and the methods, which must be employed to ensure the success of that vision, with an emphasis on the phenomena of man and society. Stressing that striving to be the best in any given area alone is not enough to become a pioneer in science and technology, this article posits that scientific research must be conducted in line with ethics and morality, and serve humanity. In this regard, it draws certain conclusions about technology and working for the benefit of humanity from Türkiye’s experience of developing a ventilator amid the COVID-19 pandemic and its decision to donate that equipment to the countries in need. This study, which also discusses the paradigm shift that unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), which experts view as the new players in the battlefield, have triggered, also tells the story of Baykar, one of the key players in that transformation. In this regard, it discusses the secrets of the success of Baykar, which developed the UAVs that led to an overhaul of military doctrine worldwide, and the secret to Baykar’s success – in other words, its genetic code. It also analyzes Teknofest and the Deneyap Technology Workshops, which the Türkiye Technology Team Foundation (the T3 Foundation) hosts, with the National Technology Initiative at the center, for the purpose of transforming society’s mindset and raising future generations with a commitment to developing science and technology.
The 2000s: The National Technology Initiative and Türkiye’s Future Perspective
Authors: Kacır Mehmet Fatih
Published: December 2022

Türkiye failed to launch an industrialization drive and ensure production-driven development for a long time. Whereas the country came up with various development models to address that problem at different points in the Republic’s history, the desired success began to be seen in the 2000s thanks to political stability and, by extension, the development of a long-term perspective on R&D, innovation, production, and development. Today, Türkiye has become a country that takes major strides in production and technology. This study analyzes the transformation that the National Technology Initiative has fueled in our country in recent years and the future of that transformation. Primarily, it demonstrates what Türkiye has achieved in R&D, technology and production, with contributions from an overhaul of the regulatory and institutional infrastructures, over the last two decades with the help of concrete indicators. Subsequently, this article establishes how the defense industry’s idiosyncratic governance model inspired the National Technology Initiative’s initial achievements. In this regard, it presents some of the projects that are successfully implemented today thanks to the momentum that the defense industry has generated. The third part of this study, in turn, underscores why it is absolutely necessary for Türkiye, a country with great ideals for the future, to focus on paradigm shifts and disruptive technologies (as it has in the defense industry) and to develop a long-term and systematic perspective as humanity witnesses the Fourth Industrial Revolution. It also explains the various steps, which Türkiye plans to take in the area of innovative and disruptive technologies for this purpose within the framework of its 2023 Industry and Technology Strategy and the existing sector-oriented strategies and roadmaps. Last but not least, pointing out that the country building on its National Technology Initiative with human capital, technology entrepreneurship, R&D and investment incentives, along with public investments, shall determine the outcome, direction and momentum of that venture, this article notes that the National Technology Initiative, which the Turkish people have embraced with a spirit of mobilization, shall be valuable for Türkiye as well as humanity as a whole.
National Knowledge and Technological Advancement Initiatives in Late Ottoman and Republic of Türkiye (1860-1960)
Authors: Yıldız Gültekin
Published: December 2022

The aim of this study is to discuss the domestic production and technological development efforts made during the transition from the Ottoman Empire to the Republic of Türkiye between 1860 and 1960, a time period in which political, economic, and military conditions were prohibitive. Despite all of the adverse circumstances of the time, the Ottoman Empire quickly reacted and attempted to make significant initiatives in the fields of domestic production and infrastructure in the age Industrial Revolution which challenged almost all of the existing socio-economic structure. These initiatives were attempted in the period preceding the First World War, when there was no capital, the burdens of capitulation increased, state revenues were transferred to the General Directorate of Public Debt, and a year without a war did not pass. Although these critical initiatives, which began as a result of military and administrative requirements, were disrupted and destructed between 1912 and 1922 due to the war conditions, they were much further advanced with the early Republican industrial Türkiyement. Despite obstacles similar to those experienced during the Ottoman period, the 1929 Great Depression, and the impossibilities encountered during Second World War, Türkiye's claim to domestic production and technological development has not declined.
The Intellectual Property and Industrial Rights in the National Technology Initiative: Recent Educational Improvements in Türkiye
Authors: Özer Mahmut , Suna H. Eren
Published: December 2022

Technological developments raise the importance of intellectual and intangible production day by day. It is critical for the future of countries to adapting this change, as the share of human production has decreased and automation and artificial intelligence has extended. Countries make a great effort to claim rights for innovative products and to increase their competitiveness. Intellectual property rights (IPR) are the key for ownership of products, economic development and promoting innovative technologies. Therefore, most developed and developing economies prioritize the IPR and innovative production. While Türkiye was at a quite low level in IPR outputs at the beginning of the 2000s, a drastic performance increase was in the last 20 years. However, Türkiye’s performance is not adequate to reach the new IPR targets in the Turkish strategy documents including “11th Development Plan (2019-2023)” and “National Intellectual Property Rights Strategy Plan – Status Analysis Report”. The Ministry of National Education (MoNE) has recently prioritized IPR via raising the awareness of education stakeholders, establishing monitoring mechanisms and setting targets, establishing cooperation with other stakeholders, and increasing the production capacity of educational institutions. Additionally, teacher training on IPR was intensified, R&D centers were established, and the IPR was prioritized in large-scale projects. The improvements provided solid results in a short time, and the number of IPR applications and registrations from MoNE institutions increased tremendously. Consequently, the steps of the MoNE show that concrete results can be achieved in a short time with dedicated and holistic IPR improvements. It is recommended to expand these efforts and increase cooperation in order for Türkiye to achieve its recent targets in IPR.
Transformation of Technology Policies and its Economic Effects in Türkiye
Authors: Ağır Hüseyin , Türkmen Sena
Published: December 2022

Technological development, which consists of invention, innovation and diffusion processes, is used synonymously with productivity increase and can be expressed as the emergence of various information that provides the opportunity to produce output in larger quantities, superior and quality output from a certain source. The technology levels of the economies are also the determinants of their ability to compete with each other and their economic development rankings. Economists emphasize the necessity of technological innovations, which are the product of human capital accumulation, for long-term productivity growth. So much so that the benefit obtained from the products obtained by the methods brought forward by the technological development may be greater than the costs incurred for the new methods of production. Because the expenditures made on technological development are an investment and no other investment can provide the benefit that they provide in the long run. Because every technology investment can have continuity with a process that can feed each other. In many scientific studies, the place of technological development for economic growth is emphasized with different expressions. While pointing out the “mental labor of people” or “technological innovations that are the product of creative intelligence” as the source of economic growth, it is stated that “qualified technological production and investment amount” is at the top of the development criteria of countries. Moreover, instead of the inadequacy of financial and real capital, factors such as inaccessibility to new information, inability to use existing technology, and insufficient human capital are put forward as the cause of underdevelopment. Various indicators are used in the technological competencies of countries such as the share allocated to R&D expenditures; number of scientists-technical personnel working in R&D services; the number of patents received; the number of scientific publications produced; the number of users of computers, internet and communication tools, and the rate of technology-intensive products with high added value in total exports. On the other hand, the innovation skills or technological development rankings of countries are measured through the “Global Innovation Index”. Statistical results show that the Turkish economy has made slow progress in the development of science and technology policies, and is far from the average of OECD countries. Similarly, when the indicators are compared with the averages of E7 countries, although Türkiye’s place is in the middle, it is understood that it is above the levels determined as threshold values in some indicators and may be in a better position in the future. In the global innovation index ranking, while Türkiye ranks 41st out of 131 countries, it is observed that the scoring difference between them and the first country is about two times.
Defence Technologies And Technology Culture
Authors: Demir İsmail
Published: December 2022

Focusing on the interaction between culture and technology, primarily in the defence sector, the present study contends that the development of defence industries lays the groundwork for the rise of the National Technology Initiative, and that a nationalized and localized culture of technology has become possible as a result of such an initiative. The study is composed of three parts. In the first part, the relationship between the National Technology Initiative and defence industry, and its impact on the culture and the constitutive role of the rise of defence industry in this relationship is discussed. The second part analyses the strategic constitutive elements behind the rise of the defence sector, being political leadership, focus and stability, the construction of an eco-system, a broad spectrum of products, intersectoral interaction, popularization, and a mass awakening. The third and the final part of the article examines the constitutive concepts behind the National Technology Initiative and suggests new paths for the deepening of this initiative.
On the Road to a Fully Independent and Prosperous Türkiye the Case of Baykar
Authors: Bayraktar Haluk
Published: December 2022

Turkish society has sought to become a contemporary civilization for centuries, from the Ottoman Empire to the Republic days. It has been understood that, to achieve this goal, it is a prior necessity to become advanced in defense and technical fields. However, international, and domestic obstacles have made it difficult to achieve this goal. In particular, the unbudging mentality that accepted surrender within the domestic realm, stood against the breakthroughs that were trying to be achieved. Therefore, a clear and holistic change of opinion had to be put forward. The trigger for this change was Cyprus Peace Operation. In 1974, Türkiye experienced an important paradigm shift in technology development thinking. The National Technology Initiative, which has become a tangible target today, was initiated for a fully independent Türkiye and foundation companies such as Aselsan, which would operate in the field of defense, were established. It had also been understood that Türkiye’s goal for full independence was possible with developing a high technology national defense industry. Eventually, the defense industry would act as a locomotive in Türkiye’s development. The transition of defense expenditures from imports to Research and Developments and subsequently to the defense industry infrastructure would also support economic growth. Technological progress in the defense industry has also positively affected civilian use. Positive feedback had begun to be received, too. On the other hand, in the defense field, the export-import balance has changed in favor of exports. Unmanned aerial vehicle development studies, which started with the ideals of creating a spark effect in the early 2000s (H. Bayraktar and Bayraktar, 2004), have become a symbol for Türkiye. Armed / Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (A/UAVs) developed nationally and indigenously by Baykar achieved a significant export success. Acting as game-changing force in the operations in which they are used, these tools have led to a different perspective and transformation in combat doctrines (Nast, 2022). With the Native and Indigenous Manufacturing Model created by Baykar within the scope of National Technology Initiative, the R&D studies carried out in the field together with the security forces made it possible to develop high-tech, effective and up-to-date products in a short time period. While counterterrorism efforts came almost to an end in the domestic realm, Türkiye’s struggle against terrorism on abroad had transformed into a new level. In addition, Bayraktar TB2 UAVs continue to be actively used in humanitarian missions such as in natural disasters. The development and production activities are carried out within the scope of national and indigenous development model, starting with the smallest class Bayraktar Mini Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, continuing with Bayraktar TB2 UAV, Bayraktar Akıncı Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle (UCAV), and further with the new generation Bayraktar TB3 UAV and Bayraktar Kızılelma Unmanned Combat Aerial System (UCAS).
National Healthcare Technology Initiative
Authors: Birinci Şuayıp
Published: December 2022

The National Technology Initiative in health has been shaped with a different perspective compared to many other sectors due to the dominance of a completely human-oriented approach in its focus and execution. When the investments made in the field of health in the last 20 years are considered, we can easily see the building blocks that were built on the way to the "National Technology Initiative". Health is the service sector that prioritizes human life, the most important and the highest expectation of society. Just as it is human in its focus, there is also a human in meeting this expectation. Therefore, when you make the quality of health care a priority and strengthen this area with qualified human resources, you can have a very strong projection in terms of technology. In this context, we can summarize the path to “National Technology Initiative in Healthcare” as qualified human resources as the primary element, then sustainable service quality, together with these the implementation of innovation-oriented policies, strengthening multidisciplinary penetration, and finally realizing a big development-oriented move. The main priority of health is measured by human life and the quality of the service provided. When you realize this basic priority, you will eliminate a big deficiency on the way to the technology move with the strong human capital. In the last 20 years, we have brought health service quality and satisfaction rates to the highest level in the world. The strong support and motivation obtained after this have enabled us to quickly implement the digitalization policies, which are the main elements of the high technology segment of the health system. In our country, the "Health Information Systems Action Plan" was officially introduced in 2004. In 2014, all health facilities, including public, private, and university, were made to interoperate on a single platform methodology, and in 2015 the e-Nabız System was introduced at the disposal of all health stakeholders. After the data standardization, which is the prerequisite of digitalization, was perfected in the entire sector, many projects focused on digital infrastructure were implemented quickly. In this article, within the scope of "National Technology Initiative in Health", the motivation that guides our country, especially in health digitalization and making Türkiye a strong player in this field on a global scale and the projects realized in this process will be discussed.
National Technology Initiative in Energy
Authors: Bayraktar Alparslan
Published: December 2022

The energy policies of Türkiye, in a general sense, are based on meeting increasing demand in an affordable and sustainable manner and development of environmentally sensitive energy systems. Türkiye as a developing country, transformed its energy sector in order to meet its increasing energy demand historically. Different concerns triggered this energy sector transition in different terms. In the 1980s and 1990s, reforms were made in order to increase use of natural gas, to establish a legal and regulatory framework for enabling private sector investments to meet increasing energy demand, to restructure of state entities, and to increase infrastructure investments. In the 2000s, the establishment of energy markets, increasing energy security, ensuring energy efficiency, and use of nuclear energy were revealed as main policies. While seeking to meet its energy demand in an uninterruptable and secure manner, Türkiye has been realizing its clean energy transition by considering energy costs as a net energy importer country and its own specific energy dynamics. Türkiye aims to decrease its costs and emissions by utilizing clean and domestic sources, contribute to minimize its carbon intensity to the level possible by producing power from nuclear energy and increase energy efficiency applications. The energy transition of Türkiye has entered a new era after the ratification of Paris Agreement in 2021 and announcement of 2053 net zero target. Türkiye will continue to increase use of clean energy sources and promote integration of clean technologies into the energy systems to secure its sustainable development and to reach a net zero target. In this regard, Türkiye targets to utilize hydrogen into the energy sector as a new source as well as to digitalize the energy sector and minimize its carbon intensity to the level possible. Nationalization of the essential technologies forming the energy value chain has an important if we define elements of the energy systems as exploration, production, transmission, distribution, market structuring and consumption. The new era that is shaped towards net zero emission is pursuing a development-oriented approach. In this regard, the biggest opportunity within this period is to become an exporter of decarbonization technologies by means of a move towards technology development.
National Technology Initiative in Space
Authors: Yıldırım Serdar Hüseyin
Published: December 2022

The establishment of the Turkish Space Agency in 2018 and the task of preparing the National Space Program assigned to it enabled our country to create a national strategy in the field of space that would include all institutions and organizations in the sector. National Space Program which has been studied in this context and which has been introduced by the President on February 9, 2021, our country’s space strategy covering the next 10 years was presented to the public.The National Space Program is a comprehensive project prepared for the coordinated and integrated execution of our country's vision, strategies, goals and projects in the field of space policies in order to utilize the current potential in our country, taking into account the developments in the world. With the National Space Program Strategy Document published on 24.05.2022 (Official Gazzette dated), TUA has been tasked with providing coordination and accelerating the current studies in order to advance the space studies in our country within the scope of the determined road map. The National Space Program Strategy Document is an important strategy covering the years 2022-2030, which will constitute a roadmap for space studies by the Turkish Space Agency Presidency and will accelerate existing studies and advance these studies. Within the scope of this strategy, it is aimed to ensure that the space industry ecosystem in country becomes technological and commercial, competitive, dynamic, sustainable, innovative and entrepreneurial, taking into account the benefits that the industry will bring to the country. Studies for this purpose continue within the scope of the strategies and principles determined as a result of multi-stakeholder participants and collective studies under the coordination of the Turkish Space Agency. Ensuring independence in access and use of space, strengthening the space ecosystem, enriching the field of usage of space for the benefit of society, getting an ever increasing share from the global space market, developing international cooperation opportunities that support the peaceful use of space; realizing the space strategy in an efficient, safe and sustainable way is of great importance for our country.
Historical Place of TEI in the Development of our National Aerospace Engines that Empowers our Defence
Authors: Akşit Mahmut Faruk
Published: December 2022

Apart from individual attempts such as flight trials of Hezârfen Ahmed Çelebi, aviation adventure of our country has started with the first airplanes imported during the last period of the Ottoman Empire. Although it was aimed to institutionally transform it into a national industry during the first years of the Republic, it completely failed in the following years, and Türkiye has become almost completely foreign-dependent in the field of aerospace engines until the 2010s. The awareness that has started during the Cyprus Embargo has become a state policy and turned into a “National Technology Initiative” in the last 20 years. Integrating its renewed mission and vision with significant state support provided to the defence industry, TUSAŞ Engine Industries (TEI) has achieved great success by developing 11 different, indigenous, and national aerospace engines in the last 8 years and left an unforgettable mark in Turkish aerospace history. This study shares the story of many national engines developed by TEI in recent years, some of which have achieved tens of thousands of successful operation hours in the sky.
Transformation and Economic Effects of the Turkish Aerospace and Defense Industry
Authors: Kar Muhsin , Çetenak Özlem Öztürk
Published: December 2022

The aerospace and defense industry are an industry with significant economic, technological, and political impacts. The defense industry is one of the most critical sectors that increase the global competitive power a country. A technological innovation developed by the aerospace and defense industry spreads to other sectors over time and contributes to overall development. Ensuring national security is one of the most essential tasks of the states. In today’s world, overcrowded armies have been replaced by high-tech defense vehicles. Therefore, it is a matter of national security for countries to have high-tech defense systems today. Spending on the defense industry for countries that cannot produce these systems takes place an important amount in both their imports and national expenditure Defense industry, not only constitute of the economic burden because of imported defense vehicles but also create a dependency problem on other countries. The arms embargoes imposed on countries throughout history have shown that foreign dependence causes a severe security problem. For this reason, almost every country wants to invest as much in the defense industry as its resources would allow. In countries where high-tech defense systems are produced, share of the defense expenditure in import decreases and share of income from defense systems in export increases that is a contribution to the national income. A strong defense industry does not only affect foreign trade positively but also helps in building economic and political confidence by giving the country a strong image. Trust and stability are fundamental requirements of economic development. In economies where trust and stability do not exist, domestic and foreign investors avoid investing, negatively affecting economic growth. The development of the aerospace and defense industry in a country contributes to the national security, provides employment in the value-added sector and accelerates innovation and technological development not only in defense sector but also in other sectors. The acceleration seen in the Turkish aerospace and defense industry in recent years provides important opportunities for developing the country’s economy and expanding its geopolitical influence. This section aims to evaluate the developments in the aerospace and defense sector, which is a success story within the framework of the National Technology Initiative in terms of economy.
Turkcell, The Pacesetter Operator of Domestic Technology Ecosystem Fordigital Türkiye
Authors: Aksu Bülent
Published: December 2022

Continuing its rise in the international arena with its domestic and national technology initiatives it has realized in recent years as well as the geostrategic location advantage it has, Türkiye’s role in the ever-developing digital world is momentous. Turkcell, the pioneer of the sector, has been endeavoring for years to protect Türkiye’s “cyber homeland” borders and to increase the power of “Digital Türkiye”. It considers the development and support of a wide range of domestic solutions, especially communication technologies, from cybersecurity to data centers, from digital services intended for individuals to corporate technological services, as strategically important with a “national issue” approach. Taking innovative steps towards this with its entire ecosystem, Turkcell continues to realize the necessary new infrastructure investments. Besides this, it continues its pioneering R&D activities with the mission of always being one-step ahead of the society on the way to the future with the aim of making its leadership in the industry sustainable. Turkcell, the first company to introduce Türkiye to mobile “hello”, has been working incessantly for our country to have a say in this field with the domestic and national technologies it has developed since its inception of its operations as well as the deep-rooted corporate experience it has attained. In this context, it makes the lives of its customers easier with its strong communication infrastructure and new generation digital services offered together with changing technologies. Today, Turkcell has turned into an innovative technology company that produces international quality domestic solutions in many different fields from entertainment services to techfin solutions, from instant messaging platforms to search engines, and even exports some of them to more than 40 countries in the world, contributing to the national economy. Thanks to the strong infrastructure it has established, Turkcell not only provides conventional communication services, but also offers domestic products and services to its corporate customers in many sectors, from education to health, from finance to production as well today. Thus, while contributing to the more efficient use of the country’s resources, it continues to increase its contribution to the national economy with domestic technological production. Besides, Turkcell, which goes beyond these and realizes renewable energy investments with the sustainability approach it has integrated into all its corporate processes, also assumes responsibilities for the manufacture of the future automobile with domestic and national resources, as in the Togg (Türkiye’s Automobile Enterprise Group) project.
Blockchain Research and its Significance in the National Technology Initiative
Authors: Doğrul Mürsel , Yalçın Haydar
Published: December 2022

The National Technology Initiative of Türkiye, which it has been putting into action over the past several years, has enabled the country to make significant advancements in domestic production and Türkiye’s momentum in this sector is obvious among nations that are on the same level as Türkiye. The accomplishments in sectors of the national defense industry are particularly noteworthy. However, attempts to increase production on a national and domestic scale were not confined to only one domain; rather, they were dispersed throughout multiple sectors, including health, education, transportation and informatics. Blockchain technology which is now one of the most emerging topics in the context of new technologies has already demonstrated itself as one of Türkiye’s strategic national technological priorities. A large number of works have also been published in Türkiye addressing the significance of blockchain technology, which has found application in various areas of the country’s economy, most notably in the fields of banking, business and information technology. At this point, the importance of a study that will explain the position of the world and Türkiye in the context of blockchain with a comparative scholarly literature growth analysis to be made in Web of Science (WoS) databases has also increased. This chapter examines the R&D and scientific policies of countries from the viewpoint of blockchain research in the context of national and international literature. According to the result of the analyses carried out in the databases of scientific literature, the research and application areas of blockchain technology in Türkiye are comparable to those that exist in developed nations. Moreover, another result of analyses scanning the world’s scientific literature shows that Asian nations have more scientific works pertaining to blockchain technology. The number of applications and patents also filed by companies is the highest in Asia. On the other hand, the universities in Türkiye have recently begun to include coursework on blockchain technology in their programs. In addition, particularly the institutions in the country’s financial and banking system the public institutions and private companies of Türkiye have focused on the country’s national technology initiative and thus technology is continuing to develop on a daily basis. Despite the fact that interest in and utilization of this technology on a sectoral level in Türkiye catch up partially with its global level, it is important to focus more on blockchain technology in terms of resource allocation and prioritization.
National Technology Initiative in the Digitalization of the Industry
Authors: Coştu Zekeriya
Published: December 2022

With the disruptive impact of rapidly maturing digital technologies, the world has been facing a great transformation called the fourth industrial revolution. This transformation, which causes paradigm shifts in almost all fields of economic and social activity, increase the capability of humanity for producing added value, especially in the industry, to a very high level. In the new era that started with the fourth industrial revolution, by the National Technology Initiative, Türkiye has declared its goals and vision in the competitive global environment shaped by technological breakthrough. As to digital transformation in the industry, it constitutes one of the most important components of the National Technology Initiative. Türkiye, having a strong industrial capacity, focuses its development strategy on high value-added industrial production. In this respect, while increasing the share of high-tech products in production, Türkiye also should maximize productivity in the industry by utilizing the means of technology at the highest level. Accelerating the transformation in the industry is of great importance for the vision of National Technology, Strong Industry. There are some probable barriers which should be handled by Türkiye in the digital transformation of the industry. The need for the guidance on how digital transformation should be addressed at the strategic level and how to manage implementation, the cost of the investments to be made and the skills gap in the execution of the transformation process are the major issues that most of the organizations would face. In Türkiye, although various public support mechanisms such as consultancy services, project-based grants and investment incentives are provided for digitalization of businesses, it is necessary to accelerate the digital transformation of the industry in order to achieve the goals of the National Technology Initiative. With this perspective, a new incentive mechanism should be introduced that will ease the identified main barriers and bring the digital maturity level of the industry to a higher level.
Economic Growth and Smart Farming: Examples from Türkiye and the World
Authors: Bağcı Ahmet
Published: December 2022

Agriculture is of critical importance for all countries. Developments such as the increasing world population, rapid consumption of resources, climate change, political tensions between countries and epidemics have begun to seriously affect the food sector. These issues have led to the foreground of agriculture, which lagged behind by industry and service sectors. Technological activities affect many developments in the world, as well as agricultural developments. Especially with Industry 4.0, technological developments in the agricultural sector have started to be experienced visibly. In order to obtain higher yield and diversity from small areas, countries have begun to integrate technology into the agricultural field at a high rate. The IoT has far-reaching implications for analysis, data collection, forecasting and increased efficiency and productivity. This article discusses the effects and importance of smart agriculture with examples. In addition, due to the fact that Türkiye became a party to the Paris Agreement on November 10, 2021 and the EU Green Deal principles, the use of agricultural technologies for the traceable agricultural production process and the correct use of chemical products such as pesticides came to the fore. Along with the examples given around the world, it has been demonstrated that higher productivity and profit can be achieved in relatively small agricultural areas with smart farming methods. In addition, it is stated that the tests of solutions such as soilless farming methods, spraying with unmanned aerial vehicles and some examples of smart agriculture have started to be implemented in Türkiye. As a result, it is emphasized that despite various difficult issues, significant profits and productivity are achieved through smart farming practices. Along with the contributions of these applications, there is an increase in GDP of the countries. The aim of this study is to explain the technologies and applications in this field with examples after mentioning the effect of technological developments in agriculture on economic growth.
Alternativa sustentable (Takakura) para la minimización de residuos orgánicos en la finca Saltos, cantón Salitre, Ecuador
Authors: Bayas Lady , García David
Published: December 2022

La aplicación de alternativas sustentables previa caracterización de los residuos sólidos, han permitido emplear el método Takakura el cual consiste en una solución dulce y una solución salada en 2,5 litros de agua, que se incorpora en el lecho de fermentación activando microorganismos benéficos en el compostaje. Se logró descomponer un total de 64 kg de residuos orgánicos, lo que representa un 78,43% de descomposición a los 30 días. En tanto, los parámetros físico-químicos se mantuvieron constantes a excepción de la temperatura que obtuvo su máximo de 56 °C en la TI2, y la compostera TI1 presentó el menor valor de pH con 8,7. Con respecto a los micronutrientes y macronutrientes estos se encontraron dentro de los rangos normales. Se concluye que este método de compostaje es de gran utilidad en la descomposición de residuos orgánicos en zonas rurales que no cuentan con el servicio de recolección de desechos.