bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of loliolide extracted from Biserula pelecinus, present during in vitro oocyte maturation, on fertilisation and embryo development in sheep
Authors: Amir A. A. , Algreiby A. A. , Kelly J. M. , Kleemann D. O. , Durmic Z. , Flematti G. R. , Blache D. , Martin G. B.
Published: October 2024

Context As a ‘duty of care’, it is important to test whether new forage plants for ruminants contain secondary compounds (PSCs) that affect reproductive performance. We have previously observed, a posteriori, that the presence of a methanolic extract of Biserrula pelecinus during maturation of sheep oocytes increased fertilisation rate and blastocyst development. This result needed to be verified a priori and, if the outcome was repeated, we needed to identify the plant secondary metabolite responsible. Aims To test whether PSCs from B. pelecinus, when added to the oocyte maturation medium, improve fertilisation rate and blastocyst development; to test whether loliolide is the active molecule produced by B. pelecinus. Methods Methanol–chloroform extracts of B. pelecinus were fractionated using rapid silica filtration and solvents of increasing polarity. Fractions at final concentrations of 0, 100 or 200 μg mL−1 were added to the medium used to mature sheep cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) and effects were determined for maturation, subsequent cleavage rate, blastocyst rate, hatching rate, blastocyst efficiency and total blastocyst cell number (TCN). Results Fraction BP-6 at 100 μg mL−1 reduced blastocyst rate (P < 0.05), but had no effect when the dose was doubled to 200 μg mL−1. Further fractionation using semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography showed loliolide as the most abundant compound in BP-6. Supplementation of the in vitro maturation medium with loliolide (0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 25 μg mL−1) did not affect any measure of embryo development. All COCs treated with B. pelecinus fractions reached the final stage of embryo development, blastocyst hatching. Total blastocyst cell number was not affected. Conclusion The presence of fractions of B. pelecinus extract during in vitro oocyte maturation can reduce embryo development. Implications In vitro techniques can detect potential effects of forages on reproduction. Some fractions from an extract of B. pelecinus when present during oocyte maturation can reduce embryo development. The abundant PSC, loliolide, was not responsible. There was no indication that a PSC in B. pelecinus improves outcomes.
Registered nurses’ antimicrobial stewardship roles: a qualitative descriptive exploratory study
Authors: Lim Anecita Gigi , Woods Jennifer , Waite Brenda
Published: October 2024

Introduction Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) is a global initiative aimed at promoting the responsible use of antimicrobials to combat antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a critical global health threat. In New Zealand, over 95% of antibiotics are prescribed in the community, with estimates suggesting that half of these prescriptions are for self-limiting respiratory infections, contributing significantly to AMR. Registered nurses (RNs), especially nurse practitioners and designated nurse prescribers, are well-positioned to play a pivotal role in AMS efforts due to their accessibility and broad skill set. However, their potential remains underutilised in AMS programmes. Aim This study aimed to explore the role of New Zealand Māori and non-Māori registered nurses as antimicrobial stewards within the New Zealand health care system. Methods The current knowledge and involvement in activities that mitigate the risks of infectious diseases and AMR of registered nurses was assessed. The educational and organisational support needed to enhance their leadership and engagement in AMS initiatives were identified. Results Findings highlight the need for targeted AMS education, greater participation in stewardship activities, and clarity in RN roles in collaboration with other health care professionals. This research underscores the importance of empowering registered nurses through education and organisational support to strengthen AMS and mitigate the growing threat of AMR. Discussion This study provides key insights into the leadership potential of RNs in AMS and offers recommendations for future policy and education strategies to optimise their role in New Zealand’s health care.
Evaluating large language models in theory of mind tasks
Authors: Kosinski Michal
Published: October 2024

Eleven large language models (LLMs) were assessed using 40 bespoke false-belief tasks, considered a gold standard in testing theory of mind (ToM) in humans. Each task included a false-belief scenario, three closely matched true-belief control scenarios, and the reversed versions of all four. An LLM had to solve all eight scenarios to solve a single task. Older models solved no tasks; Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT)-3-davinci-003 (from November 2022) and ChatGPT-3.5-turbo (from March 2023) solved 20% of the tasks; ChatGPT-4 (from June 2023) solved 75% of the tasks, matching the performance of 6-y-old children observed in past studies. We explore the potential interpretation of these results, including the intriguing possibility that ToM-like ability, previously considered unique to humans, may have emerged as an unintended by-product of LLMs’ improving language skills. Regardless of how we interpret these outcomes, they signify the advent of more powerful and socially skilled AI—with profound positive and negative implications.
From early to future learner corpus research
Authors: Granger Sylviane
Published: October 2024

The aim of this article is to survey the field of learner corpus research from its origins to the present day and
to provide some future perspectives. Key aspects of the field — learner corpus design and collection, learner corpus methodology,
statistical analysis, research focus and links with related fields, in particular SLA, FLT and NLP — are compared in
first-generation LCR, which extends from the late 1980s to 2000, and second-generation LCR, which covers the period from the early
2000s until today. The survey shows that the field has undergone major theoretical and methodological changes and considerably
extended its range of applications. Future developments that are likely to gain ground are grouped into three categories:
increased diversity, increased interdisciplinarity and increased automation.
Postsynaptic BMP signaling regulates myonuclear properties in Drosophila larval muscles
Authors: von Saucken Victoria E. , Windner Stefanie E. , Armetta Giovanna , Baylies Mary K.
Published: October 2024

The syncytial mammalian muscle fiber contains a heterogeneous population of (myo)nuclei. At the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), myonuclei have specialized positioning and gene expression. However, it remains unclear how myonuclei are recruited and what regulates myonuclear output at the NMJ. Here, we identify specific properties of myonuclei located near the Drosophila larval NMJ. These synaptic myonuclei have increased size in relation to their surrounding cytoplasmic domain (size scaling), increased DNA content (ploidy), and increased levels of transcription factor pMad, a readout for BMP signaling activity. Our genetic manipulations show that local BMP signaling affects muscle size, nuclear size, ploidy, and NMJ size and function. In support, RNA sequencing analysis reveals that pMad regulates genes involved in muscle growth, ploidy (i.e., E2f1), and neurotransmission. Our data suggest that muscle BMP signaling instructs synaptic myonuclear output that positively shapes the NMJ synapse. This study deepens our understanding of how myonuclear heterogeneity supports local signaling demands to fine tune cellular function and NMJ activity.
Noise & mottle suppression methods for cumulative Cherenkov images of radiation therapy delivery
Authors: Hallett Jeremy E , Bruza Petr , Jermyn Michael , Li Ke , Pogue Brian W
Published: October 2024

Purpose. Cherenkov imaging during radiotherapy provides a real time visualization of beam delivery on patient tissue, which can be used dynamically for incident detection or to review a summary of the delivered surface signal for treatment verification. Very few photons form the images, and one limitation is that the noise level per frame can be quite high, and mottle in the cumulative processed images can cause mild overall noise. This work focused on removing or suppressing noise via image postprocessing. Approach. Images were analyzed for peak-signal-to-noise and spatial frequencies present, and several established noise/mottle reduction algorithms were chosen based upon these observations. These included total variation minimization (TV-L1), non-local means filter (NLM), block-matching 3D (BM3D), alpha (adaptive) trimmed mean (ATM), and bilateral filtering. Each were applied to images acquired using a BeamSite camera (DoseOptics) imaged signal from 6x photons from a TrueBeam linac delivering dose at 600 MU min−1 incident on an anthropomorphic phantom and tissue slab phantom in various configurations and beam angles. The standard denoised images were tested for PSNR, noise power spectrum (NPS) and image sharpness. Results. The average peak-signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) increase was 17.4% for TV-L1. NLM denoising increased the average PSNR by 19.1%, BM3D processing increased it by12.1% and the bilateral filter increased the average PSNR by 19.0%. Lastly, the ATM filter resulted in the lowest average PSNR increase of 10.9%. Of all of these, the NLM and bilateral filters produced improved edge sharpness with, generally, the lowest NPS curve. Conclusion. For cumulative image Cherenkov data, NLM and the bilateral filter yielded optimal denoising with the TV-L1 algorithm giving comparable results. Single video frame Cherenkov images exhibit much higher noise levels compared to cumulative images. Noise suppression algorithms for these frame rates will likely be a different processing pipeline involving these filters incorporated with machine learning.
Enhancing versatility and adaptability in soft robotics: design and analysis of an adaptive gripping port
Authors: Chen Siqing , Xu He , Jiang Tian , Yan Youyue , Xiong Xiao , Wu Yaxin
Published: October 2024

Currently, soft robots demonstrate the considerable promise for various applications. However, soft actuators tend to be damaged more easily compared to rigid mechanical components. The common practice of replacing soft actuators typically requires manual intervention and a longer duration. In this paper, we design an adaptive gripping port (AGP) for soft robotic interactions, which is used for fast switching and connectivity. Through a combination of theoretical modeling, fabrication, and experimental analysis, its gripping, releasing, and sealing capabilities are demonstrated. We present four types of the AGP with different internal bladder structures, demonstrating maximal enhancements in griping capability and sealing performance of up to 50% and 40%, respectively. Experiments show the AGP’s adaptability to connectors of various sizes, accommodating diameters from 0 mm to 15.76 mm under negative pressure driving. The relationship between gripping force, maximum sealing pressure, connector diameter, and driving pressure is studied. We also exhibit collaborations with a circular gripper and soft grippers incorporating the AGP to verify the possibility of their interactions.
Interaction of driven ‘cold’ electron plasma wave with thermal bulk via ion spatial inhomogeneity
Authors: Pandey Sanjeev Kumar , Ganesh Rajaraman
Published: October 2024

Using high resolution Vlasov-Poisson simulations, evolution of driven ‘cold’ electron plasma wave (EPW) in the presence of stationary inhomogeneous background of ions is studied. Mode coupling dynamics between ‘cold’ EPW with phase velocity v

ϕ
greater than thermal velocity i.e. v

ϕ
≫ v

thermal
and its inhomogeneity induced sidebands is illustrated as an initial value problem. In driven cases, formation of BernsteinGreeneKruskal (BGK) like phase space structures corresponding to sideband modes due to energy exchange from primary mode to bulk particles via wave-wave and wave-particle interactions leading to particle trapping is demonstrated for inhomogeneous plasma. Qualitative comparison studies between initial value perturbation and driven problem is presented, which examines the relative difference in energy transfer time between the interacting modes. Effect of variation in background ion inhomogeneity amplitude as well as ion inhomogeneity scale length on the driven EPWs is reported.
A numerical comparison of Gd, Pr0.65Sr0.35MnO3 and single LaFeCoSi, for use in room temperature magnetic cooling applications
Authors: Aziz O , Essajai R , Balli M , Salmani E , Mounkachi O , Fahoume M , Ez-Zahraouy H
Published: October 2024

One of the most significant scientific difficulties to achieving excellent performance for room-temperature magnetic cooling devices is finding suitable magnetocaloric refrigerants. To contribute to this research field, three kinds of magnetocaloric materials (Gd, Pr0.65Sr0.35MnO3 and single LaFeCoSi) in the same conditions (Curie temperature, applied magnetic field) have been considered to evaluate their potential in the magnetic refrigeration application using a 1D-AMRR (Active-Magnetic-Refrigeration-Regenerator) cycle with a parallel plate regenerator. In this way, four cooling performance parameters were investigated, namely the temperature span, the cooling power, the exergy, and the coefficient of performance. The temperature span was found to be 11.79 K for Gd , 8 K for LaFeCoSi and 4.47 K for Pr0.65Sr0.35MnO3. The obtained numerical results reveal that the Gd-based AMR system displays a higher efficiency, while the Pr0.65Sr0.35MnO3-based AMR system exhibits a smaller one. The magnetocaloric effect (MCE) in the magnetic refrigerants was considered to explain the result obtained and can be considered as one of the main factors to enhance the magnetic refrigeration performance.
Investigation of non-reciprocity and behavior of defect modes in photonic crystals incorporating Weyl semimetals
Authors: Javid Mahnaz , Entezar Samad Roshan , Madani Amir
Published: October 2024

The ability to control the frequency of defect modes in photonic crystals has led to the emergence of novel applications. Researchers have recognized the unique properties of Weyl semimetals and explored their utilization in photonic crystals. This study investigates the non-reciprocal properties in photonic crystals incorporating Weyl semimetals and examines the behavior of defect modes within these crystals. This paper employs a photonic crystal containing Weyl semimetals with two different structures. Initially, the non-reciprocal properties in both structures are examined, followed by an analysis of the behavior of defect modes. The results indicate that only utilizing Weyl semimetal in the photonic crystal does not result in non-reciprocity. The arrangement of layers next to each other, or the geometry, plays a crucial role in non-reciprocity. Additionally, the behavior of defect modes varies depending on the structure type and propagation direction.
Simulation study on magneto-acoustic concentration tomography of magnetic nanoparticles based on vectorial acoustic source and BICGSTAB method
Authors: Yan Xiaoheng , Wang Yufei , Chen Weihua , Hou Xiaohan , Wang Bing
Published: October 2024

To overcome the vulnerability to noise of the reconstructed image and simplify the cumbersome iteration process of algorithm in the magneto-acoustic concentration tomography with magnetic induction (MACT-MI) for magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), we established the matrix relationship between the concentration of MNPs and the first-order derivative of sound pressure based on the reconstruction method of vectorial acoustic source, and proposed the application of BICGSTAB method in solving the concentration distribution. Firstly, a simulation model was established in COMSOL Multiphysics. Secondly, the obtained data were substituted into the derived formula for imaging reconstruction. Finally, the quality of the reconstructed image was analyzed. The effects of MNP radius, shape, asymptotic concentration, and SNR on the reconstruction results were studied. Simulation results show that under the same noise condition, compared with the reconstruction method based on the LSQR-trapezoidal method, the average correlation coefficient increased by 32.9%, the average relative error decreased by 48.5%, the average structural similarity increased by 48.2%, and the average iterations decreased by 58.5%. The proposed method shows superior imaging quality and noise immunity. The research provides a theoretical basis for subsequent experimental research.
Quaternary functional semiconductor device-based temperature sensors for low and high temperatures (LTs, HTs)
Authors: Altindal Yerişkin S , Yildiz K , Dere A , Orman Y , Yakuphanoğlu F
Published: October 2024

The Al-(Zn:Cd:Ni:TiO2)-pSi diodes with a ratio of 4;2;2;2 were fabricated and their possible current transport mechanisms (CTMs) were investigated between 80–380 K and ±4.5 V range using current–voltage (IV) measurements. The saturation-current (Is), quality/ideality factor (n), and barrier-height (BH)/(Φ
bo) values of the didoes were calculated from the forward-bias ln(IF)-VF curve as function of temperature. While the value of BH is increased with temperature, n value is decreased with increasing temperature. Non-linear behavior was observed in the Arrhenius or Richardson plot (RP) (ln(Io/T2) versus q/kT) at low temperatures (LTs). Also, the Richardson- constant (A*) calculated from the linear part of this plot is quite lesser than its theoretical- value (=32 A.(cm.K)−2 for p-Si), and high values of n at LTs show an evident deviated from thermionic-emission (TE) theory. To explain this case; both the nkT/q-kT/q, Φ
bo and n versus q/2kT curves were plotted to determine the other possible-CTMs and they show that both the tunneling and Double Gaussian - distribution (DGD) are more effective rather than TE. The obtained A* value from the modified RP by using the standard deviation from Φ
bo-q/2kT plot is closer to its theoretical value. The energy-dependent curve of interface states or traps (Nss) was calculated from the IF-VF characteristics by considering the voltage dependence of the BH and n for the studied temperature range and they generally decline with increase in temperature due to the rearrangement and structure of electrons at traps under the influence of temperature. All these results show that the fabricated The obtained results suggest that the fabricated Al-(ZnCdNiTiO2)-pSi diode can be used as a temperature - sensor in low and high temperature applications.
Three-dimensional quasi-complete information numerical simulation of gravity anomalies and parallel computing on CPU-GPU
Authors: Dai Shikun , Zhu Dexiang , Chen Qingrui , Tian Hongjun
Published: October 2024

In order to improve the efficiency and accuracy of numerical simulation of gravity anomalies in large-scale complex models, this paper proposes a method for three-dimensional numerical simulation of gravity anomalies under arbitrary terrain, and implements its CPU-GPU parallel acceleration scheme. By performing a two-dimensional Fourier transform along the horizontal direction, three-dimensional partial differential satisfied by gravitational potential are transformed into one-dimensional ordinary differential equations in different wavenumbers, reducing computational and storage requirements. Moreover, the ordinary differential equations in different wavenumbers are independent of each other and have good parallelism. By retaining the vertical direction as the spatial domain and introducing traveling wave decomposition, the effects caused by upper and lower boundaries are eliminated. The vertical grid is arbitrary. A two-dimensional quasi-complete information Fourier transform is utilized to enhance both the accuracy and efficiency of the Fourier transform process, allowing both uniform and non-uniform flexible sampling. Based on the high parallelism, one-dimensional ordinary differential equations are solved in parallel using CPU, and quasi-complete information Fourier transform are computed in parallel using GPU. An abnormal sphere is designed to analyze the wavenumber spectral distribution characteristics of the anomalous potential and summarize the wavenumber sampling rules. The logarithmic uniform sampling in the wavenumber domain has high accuracy. Compared with Gauss-FFT, the quasi-complete information Fourier transform selects fewer wavenumbers and exhibits higher accuracy. The computational efficiency is greatly enhanced through the use of single-precision CPU-GPU parallel scheme, and a model with tens of millions of nodes only takes a few seconds. Two terrain models are designed to verify the algorithm’s adaptability to arbitrary complex terrains. This is significant for achieving fine inversion imaging and interpretation of gravity anomalies under large-scale complex conditions.
Multistable dynamics and chaos in a system consisting of an inertial neuron coupled to a van der Pol oscillator
Authors: Tanekou Sosthene Tsamene , Kengne Jacques , Kenmoe Germaine Djuidje
Published: October 2024

We consider a dynamical system consisting of a van der Pol oscillator linearly coupled to an inertial neuron with two wells potential. Analytical studies are conducted focusing on the energy computation, the dissipation and symmetry, as well as the determination and characterization of the equilibrium points. We define the parameter ranges related to different types of oscillations in the coupled system in order to have an overall idea of the nature of the attractors (hidden or self-excited) that may exist. We apply numerical analysis techniques (2-parameter diagrams, bifurcation analysis, phase portraits, basins of attractions, etc) in accordance with the previous operating range in order to shed light on the plethora of competing dynamics of the model and possible forms of strange attractors as well. Another salient point of this work is the coexistence between five self-excited attractors (limit cycle and chaos) with a hidden attractor (limit cycle). We also examine the impact of symmetry breaking on the system response. An appropriate analog simulator of the coupled system is designed and simulated in PSpice in order to check the results reported during the theoretical analyses. We believe that the results of the present work complement and enrich previously published ones concerning the dynamics of a system composed of a van der pol oscillator coupled to a (non-oscillating) double-well oscillator.
Novel (3 + 1)-dimensional variable-coefficients Boussinesq-type equation: exploring integrability, Wronskian, and Grammian solutions
Authors: Madadi Majid , Asadi Esmaeel , Inc Mustafa
Published: October 2024

In this paper, we introduce a novel (3 + 1)-dimensional variable-coefficients Boussinesq-type equation. We analyze its integrability using the Painlevé test and the

N

-soliton solution, demonstrating that both tests yield identical conditions. Using the Hirota bilinear form of the equation, we derive Wronskian and Grammian determinant solutions utilizing Plücker relations and the Jacobi identity for determinants. In particular, we use elementary transformation and long wave limit to get the determinant expression of mth-order lump solutions from the 2mth-order Wronskian determinant solutions. Furthermore, we reveal a variety of novel semi-rational solutions using the Hirota method and Grammian determinant techniques.
Generation of dark pulses in mode-locked erbium-doped fiber ring laser using Ti2SnC absorber
Authors: Naidu Ruven Rhaj , Masruroh  , Diblawe Abdulkadir Mukhtar , Khudus Muhammad Imran M A , Harun Sulaiman Wadi
Published: October 2024

We report the experimental observation of domain-wall type dark solitons in an all-fiber ring cavity erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) mode-locked with a Titanium Tin Carbide (Ti2SnC) saturable absorber (SA). The SA, featuring a modulation depth of 8.2%, was created by incorporating Ti2SnC particles into a polyvinyl film. Dark pulse formation is attributed to cross-phase coupling resulting from cavity birefringence. The mode-locked laser operates at 1559 nm with pump power ranging from 30.9 mW to 90.0 mW, achieving a maximum pulse energy of 1.73 nJ, a repetition rate of 1.78 MHz, and a pulse width of 261.2 ns.
Advanced modelling techniques for magnetohydrodynamic Casson fluid squeezing flow via generalized fractional operators with neural network scheme
Authors: Rashid Saima , Tahir Madeeha , Asjad Muhammad Imran , Shafique Rafia , Alqurashi M S , Elagan S K
Published: October 2024

This paper aims to simulate and examine the unstable squeezed circulation of fractional-order (FO) magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Casson fluid via a permeable medium. The Casson fluid system performs an essential role in comprehending the characteristics of non-Newtonian fluids, including toothpaste, condiments, printing substances and plasma circulation. The outcomes of this investigation are significant because previous research has not addressed the unsteady circulation of Casson fluid in a fractional nonsingular kernel and neural network-based stochastic context, considering the indicated consequences. An exceptionally dynamic ordinary differential equation is produced by using fractional calculus in combination with similarity transforms After that, the predicted problem is addressed employing an amalgam of the Laplace transform in the Caputo-Fabrizio, modified Atangana-Baleanu-Caputo fractional derivatives operators, and the q-homotopy analysis transform method, accompanied by no-slip boundary requirements. The responses and oversights at various points in the FOs are scrutinized, along with previous findings, in order to ensure reliability. In terms of precision, q-HATM findings outperform other outcomes that are accessible in research. The focus of this research is on the influence of FOs on the velocity distribution, skin friction coefficient (SFC) and practices of relevant fluid factors. To find out how relevant fluid components affect the velocity distribution and SFC, an extensive, qualitative and visual evaluation is carried out. It was discovered through evaluation that the FO shows an analogous impact for both positive and negative squeezing numbers. Additionally, as the FO increases, SFC reduces. Analysis revealed that the FO exhibits a similar effect with regard to positive and negative compression numbers. Furthermore, SFC decreases with increasing FOs. Additionally, a highly effective stochastic method employing artificial neural networks (ANNs) and a back-propagated Levenberg-Marquardt (BPLM) procedure is generated to explore the effect of different parameter modifications on the SFC, velocity distribution, as well as various fluid factors. Multiple effectiveness measures were developed according to mean absolute deviations (MAD), erroneous Nash-Sutcliffe effectiveness (ENSE), and Theil’s inequity coefficient (TIC) in order to verify the preciseness, productivity, and computing cost of the ANN-BPLM algorithms. The outlined scheme’s analytical findings are verified through comparison using numerical outcomes obtained through the q-HATM, artificial intelligence strategies like NARX-LM, and the least squares methodology (LSM). The outcomes indicate the resilience and accuracy of the layout procedure by demonstrating that the average percentage of errors in our proposed outcomes in terms of ENSE, TIC, and MAD is nearly zero.
Design of a CPW-based SSPP band-pass filter with reflectionless notch
Authors: Cao Yuan , Lu Yuming , Yin Songfeng , Lin Bin
Published: October 2024

This work proposes a band-pass filter (BPF) with a reflectionless notch based on spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPPs), utilizing interdigital coupling structures and novel transmission line unit cells. This filter efficiently transmits signals within the 0.67 GHz −4.06 GHz frequency range. By analyzing the equivalent LC circuit of the novel transmission line unit cell, its dispersion relation is derived using microwave network theory, with a cutoff frequency of 4.11 GHz. By comparing its dispersion relation with that of the conventional transmission line unit cell, the miniaturization capability of the proposed unit cell can be verified. In the BPF, loading a zigzag groove onto the central transmission line can be equivalently represented as an interdigital coupling structure, generating a stopband in the low-frequency range near 0 GHz. By deriving and analyzing its S-parameters, it is shown that the bandwidth of the low-frequency stopband can be flexibly adjusted by modifying the geometric dimensions of the zigzag groove. Additionally, loading another set of interdigital coupling structures onto the transmission line generates a notch at its resonant frequency of 3.4 GHz. It is noteworthy that in this configuration, the interdigital coupling structures along with the central transmission line can be represented equivalently as a set of CPW antennas. At the resonant frequency, the atructure radiates signals into free space, forming a reflectionless notch. Based on the simulations, a physical filter was fabricated and tested, showing excellent agreement between simulations and measurements.
Impact of metal deposition on the optical and interface properties of NiO: growth and characterization of NiO/metal thin bilayer films
Authors: Ghasemi Hasan , Mozaffari Mohammad Hazhir , Moradian Rostam
Published: October 2024

Since transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) provide electrical conductivity together with optical transparency, they have found wide applications in optoelectronic devices and photovoltaics. Among the TCOs, nickel oxide (NiO) is challenging due to its inherent trade-off between transparency and electrical conductivity. To address this challenge, one effective approach is to deposit a metal layer onto NiO thin films. In this work, NiO, NiO/Au, NiO/Ag, and NiO/Cu thin films are prepared by sputtering and thermal evaporation techniques on glass substrates and fully characterized finding the proper film for optoelectronic applications. The electrical and optical properties of the fabricated films are examined by four-point probe measurements and optical spectrometry. According to the obtained results, the NiO/Au, NiO/Ag, and NiO/Cu bilayers show sheet resistance of 200, 338, and 925 Ω sq−1 respectively while their optical bandgaps vary from 3.2 to 3.76 eV. These findings provide valuable insights into the performance of these films, making them potentially viable choices for various optoelectronic applications.
Analytical solutions and instability analysis of truncated M-fractional coupled dispersionless equations
Authors: Riaz H W A , Farooq Aamir
Published: October 2024

This paper comprehensively investigates the truncated M-fractional coupled dispersionless equations, a nonlinear system of partial differential equations characterized by its M-fractional derivative. The Jacobi elliptic function expansion method is employed to derive analytical solutions for the coupled system. In addition, the modulation instability of the solutions is thoroughly explored, providing a detailed exposition of the mathematical framework governing the system. The analytical solutions are graphically illustrated and analyzed to highlight their physical significance. These findings have significant applications in nonlinear optics, offering new insights into wave propagation and stability within such systems.
Testing gravity with frequency-dependent overlap reduction function in Pulsar Timing Array
Authors: Liang Qiuyue , Obata Ippei , Sasaki Misao
Published: October 2024

The positive evidence of a nano-hertz gravitational wave background recently found by several pulsar timing array (PTA) collaborations opened up a window to test modified gravity theories in a unique frequency band in parallel to other gravitational wave detection experiments.
In particular, the overlap reduction function (ORF) in PTA observation is sensitive to the phase velocity of gravitational waves.
In this work, we provide analytical expressions for the coefficients of the multipole moments in the ORF, and utilize these analytical results to study constraints on
the phase velocity from the frequency dependent overlap reduction function obtained from the Chinese PTA (CPTA) data.
While the data contain large error bars yet, interesting constraints are found in the frequency-dependent ORF in the case of subluminal phase velocity. This makes us expect that the nano-hertz band gravitational wave background will become one of the important arenas for exploring modified gravity theories.
Effects of primordial fluctuations on relic neutrino simulations
Authors: Zimmer Fabian , Abellán Guillermo Franco , Ando Shin'ichiro
Published: October 2024

After decoupling, relic neutrinos traverse the evolving gravitational imhomogeneities along their trajectories. Once they turn non-relativistic, this results in a significant amplification of the anisotropies in the cosmic neutrino background (CνB). Past studies have reconstructed the phase-space distribution of relic neutrinos from the local distribution of matter (accounting for the Milky Way halo and the surrounding large-scale structures), but have neglected the CνB anisotropies in the initial conditions of neutrino trajectories. Using our previously developed N-1-body simulation framework, we show that including these primordial fluctuations in the initial conditions can be important, as it produces similar effects on the abundance and anisotropies of the CνB as the inclusion of large-scale structures beyond the Milky Way halo. Interpretability of data from future CνB observatories like PTOLEMY therefore depends on correctly modelling these effects. GitHub: our jax-accelerated simulation code can be found here.
Near-Earth Asteroids as the Parents of the δ-Cancrid Meteoroid Stream
Authors: Kokhirova G. I. , Zhang M. , Li X. -G. , Zhonmuhammadi A. I. , Liu X.
Published: October 2024

The δ-Cancrid meteoroid stream forms four active meteor showers which are observable on the Earth annually during January–February and August–September. The stream’s definite parent comet has not been established. We performed a search for near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) associated with this stream. We have followed the backward evolution of the orbital elements of a sample of NEAs and found their orbits at the Earth-crossing positions. Using these orbits, we calculated the theoretical parameters of meteor showers associated with the considered NEAs. We carried out our search for observable active showers that match theoretically predicted ones with published data, and the result turned out that the predicted meteor showers of 13 NEAs were identified with the active showers produced by the δ-Cancrid meteoroid stream. The comet-like orbits of NEAs and established association with active meteor showers indicate their common cometary origin. The NEAs considered are moving within the stream and likely represent the dormant remnants of a parent comet of the δ-Cancrid asteroid-meteoroid complex that disintegrated more than 12 thousand years ago.
High-dimensional non-convex landscapes and gradient descent dynamics
Authors: Bonnaire Tony , Ghio Davide , Krishnamurthy Kamesh , Mignacco Francesca , Yamamura Atsushi , Biroli Giulio
Published: October 2024

In these lecture notes we present different methods and concepts developed in statistical physics to analyze gradient descent dynamics in high-dimensional non-convex landscapes. Our aim is to show how approaches developed in physics, mainly statistical physics of disordered systems, can be used to tackle open questions on high-dimensional dynamics in machine learning.
Development and tests of the 499.8 MHz srf cryomodules for HEPS
Authors: Zheng Hongjuan , Zhang Pei , Ma Qiang , Dai Jin , Han Ruixiong , Huang Tongming , Meng Fanbo , Mi Zhenghui , Lin Haiying , Wang Qunyao , Li Dongbing , Sun Liangrui , Sang Minjing , Zhao Tongxian , Jin Song , Ye Rui , Ge Rui , Zhao Facheng
Published: October 2024

A 499.8 MHz single-cell superconducting cavity has been
proposed as the active third-harmonic cavity for the High Energy
Photon Source (HEPS), a 6 GeV diffraction-limited synchrotron light
source currently under construction in Beijing. Two 499.8 MHz
cryomodules are required to provide a total of 3.5 MV of rf voltage
and 400 kW of beam power. A mechanically enhanced cavity design,
based on the original KEKB-type cavity, was developed to meet the
specifications of HEPS. Three cryomodules have been assembled and
subjected to horizontal tests. A comprehensive clean-assembly
procedure was developed, resulting in excellent rf performance
maintained from vertical tests to horizontal tests at cryogenic
temperatures. The unloaded quality factors of all three modules
exceeded 2.45×109 at 1.75 MV, significantly surpassing the
design goal. No field emissions were observed throughout the
tests. These are the highest-performing 500 MHz modules treated by
buffered chemical polishing, also outperforming the average
performance of their electropolished counterparts. Following
dedicated analyses and multiple road tests, one cryomodule was
successfully transported in its entirety from the test platform to
the HEPS tunnel, with well-controlled accelerations on delicate
components. Vacuum integrity and performance were well
maintained. The module has been accelerating electron beams since
August 2024 for the HEPS commissioning. This paper presents the
design, fabrication, assembly, cryogenic tests, and transportation
of the mechanically improved 499.8 MHz single-cell srf
cryomodule.
CSNS-II multi-harmonic LLRF upgrade and commissioning
Authors: Li Xiang , Wu Bin , Li Xiao , Wu Jian , Liu Yang , Zhang Chunlin , Long Wei , Zhu JunYu , Chen ShengYi , Liu Shenghua , Lu Zhijun
Published: October 2024

The second phase of the China Spallation Neutron Source
(CSNS-II) will employ a dual-harmonic RF system to mitigate the
significant space charge effects associated with 500 kW beam
power. To address this, three magnetic alloy loaded cavities,
characterized by their wideband and high-gradient properties, will
be integrated as multi-harmonic cavities in the upgrade
project. Additionally, the current LLRF control system hardware,
based on the CPCI platform, is encountering issues related to
discontinuation and performance limitations. This paper presents the
testing and verification of hardware upgrades and multi-harmonic
control system algorithms for the magnetic alloy loaded cavity LLRF
control system, ensuring the effective implementation of the
multi-harmonic control algorithm within the new hardware framework.
Experimental investigation of circumnutation-inspired penetration in sand
Authors: Anilkumar Riya , Martinez Alejandro
Published: October 2024

Probes that penetrate soil are used in fields such as geotechnical engineering, agriculture, and ecology to classify soils and characterize their properties in situ. Conventional tools such as the Cone Penetration Test (CPT) often face challenges due to the lack of reaction force needed to penetrate stiff or dense soil layers, necessitating the use of large drill rigs. This paper investigates more efficient means of penetrating soil by taking inspiration from a plant-root motion known as circumnutation. Experimental penetration tests on sands are performed with circumnutation-inspired (CI) probes that advance at a constant vertical velocity (

v

) while simultaneously rotating at a constant angular velocity (

ω

). These probes have bent tips with a given bent angle (

α

) and bent length (

L
1

). The variation of the mobilized vertical force (

F
z

), torque (

T
z

.), and the mechanical work components with the ratio of tangential to vertical velocity (ωR/ν, where R is the distance of the tip of the probe from the vertical axis of rotation) is investigated along with the effects of probe geometry, vertical velocity, and soil relative density (

D
R

). The results show that the soil penetration resistance does not vary with

v

, but it increases as

α

,

L
1

, and

D
R

are increased.

F
z

decays exponentially with increasing

ω
R

/

v

,

T
z

initially increases and then plateaus, while total work (

W
T

) shows little magnitude changes initially but later increases monotonically. The mechanisms leading to these trends are identified as the changes in the probe projected areas and mobilized normal stresses due to differences in probe geometry and the effects of

ω
R

/

v

on the resultant force direction and soil disturbance. The results show that CI penetration within a specific range of

ω
R

/

v

leads to small increases in

W
T

(i.e.,

⩽

25%), yet mobilizes

F
z

magnitudes that are 50%–80% lower than that mobilized during non-rotational penetration (i.e., CPT). This indicates that CI penetration can be adopted for in situ characterization or sensor placement with smaller vertical forces, allowing for use of lighter rigs.
Health benefits of decarbonization and clean air policies in Beijing and China
Authors: Kiesewetter Gregor , Zhang Shaohui , Liu Jun
Published: October 2024

Although China has seen strong reductions in air pollution levels in the last decade, PM2.5 concentrations still exceed the WHO Guideline several times, causing a substantial burden of mortality and morbidity. With many ‘low hanging fruits’ in terms of abatement measures already taken, further improvements will be more difficult and likely require different strategies than pursued so far. This study looks into the trends expected under current energy policies and air pollution control legislation and analyses the source contributions to ambient PM2.5 in China, with a special focus on the megacity of Beijing. Although reductions are foreseen, China appears not yet on track to meet its long-term targets for greenhouse gas emissions nor the future national air quality standards. Going beyond current policies, we analyze effects of measures which tackle both issues and quantify health co-benefits from further decarbonization policies required to meet the national target of reaching carbon neutrality by 2060, as well as the potential for further air pollution mitigation.
Puzzlingly low utilization of solar irrigation pumps by smallholders in Nepal undermines cost-effectiveness
Authors: Oziel Dan , Mukherji Aditi , Lamichhane Nabina , Fishman Ram
Published: October 2024

Solar powered irrigation pumps (SIP) hold substantial potential for low carbon irrigation expansion, particularly where affordable electricity is limited. In contrast to diesel-based irrigation, which carries steep fuel costs, irrigation by SIP requires zero marginal costs, but high initial investments. This makes their competitiveness with diesel pumps highly dependent on the temporal frequency of their usage. Using unique and detailed data on SIP usage by smallholders in Nepal, we show SIP usage frequency is low, making it financially competitive with diesel for only a small fraction of farmers. We analyze characteristics of farmers who make low/high usage of the SIP, and explore potential explanations for the puzzling low level of SIP use.
Projecting atmospheric N2O rise until the end of the 21st century: an Earth System Model study
Authors: De Sisto M , Somes C , Landolfi A , MacDougall A H
Published: October 2024

Nitrous Oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas with a centennial-scale lifetime that contributes significantly to global warming. It is emitted from natural and anthropogenic sources. In nature, N2O is released mainly from nitrification and denitrification from the ocean and terrestrial systems. The use of agricultural fertilizers has significantly increased the emission of N2O in the past century. Here we present, to our knowledge, the first coupled ocean and terrestrial N2O modules within an Earth System Model. The coupled modules were used to simulate the six Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) scenarios with available nitrogen fertilizer inputs. Our results are compared to projections of atmospheric N2O concentrations used for SSPs scenario experiments. Additionally, an extra set of simulations were prescribed with emulated N2O concentrations available as input in Shared Socioeconomic Pathways scenarios. We report four main drivers for terrestrial N2O uncertainties: atmospheric temperature, agricultural fertilizer input, soil denitrification and agricultural model dynamics. We project an atmospheric N2O concentration range from 401 to 418 ppb in six SSPs simulations with a robust lack of sensitivity to equilibrium climate sensitivity. We found a large difference between our low emission scenarios N2O concentrations by 2100 compared to the concentration provided for SSPs experiments. This divergence is likely explained by strong mitigation assumptions that were not accounted for in this study, which would require a substantial decrease of agricultural N2O emissions. The coupled model and the simulations prescribed with N2O concentrations showed a difference between −0.02 and 0.09 ∘C by 2100. Our model simulation shows a lack of sensitivity to climate mitigation efforts projecting similar N2O concentration in low and high mitigation scenarios, that could indicate the need of further development of agricultural model dynamics. Further improvements in Earth system models should focus on the impact of oxygen decline on N2O dynamics in the ocean and the representation of anaerobic soils and agricultural dynamics on land, including mitigation methods on nitrogen fertilizers.
Do disparities exist in flood risks during monsoon and post-monsoon seasons? Comprehending diametric behaviors over coastal multi-hazard catchments
Authors: Thakur Dev Anand , Mohanty Mohit Prakash
Published: October 2024

Global coastal catchments experience peculiar flood risk attributes due to the confluence of multiple flood drivers. In these regions, the monsoon and post-monsoon seasons impose diverse flood risks that evoke meticulous research for the prudent execution of appropriate flood management options. For the first time in flood management literature, we develop an integrated approach to quantify the distinguishing nature of flood risks during both seasons. We employ a sophisticated 1D–2D coupled flood model to generate high-resolution flood hazards while considering the compound interactions between rainfalls and storm-tides. Flood vulnerability is mapped at the finest administrative scale while considering flood-susceptible physical and socio-economic indicators. With the concept of Bivariate Risk Classifier, we introduce two novel metrics: (a) area index and (b) multi-hazard risk index that advance our understanding of the multi-hazard nature of flood risks during monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. These incisive indices propound case-specific flood management measures for long-term resilience.
Innovative design and process simulation of aviation bracket based on topology optimization and additive manufacturing
Authors: Yu Gao , Ling-qin Xia , Hua Cong , Lu Pan
Published: October 2024

In this paper, topology optimization(TO) and laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) technology were combined to explore the key technology of parts integration design and manufacturing oriented to performance, structure and manufacturing process. With the help of topology optimization(TO), the lightweight design of the aviation bracket achieved the weight loss goal of 87.69% in this work. The thermophysical properties of TC4 were calculated by thermodynamic calculation, and the temperatue interval of Laser Powder Bed Fusion for TC4 is 1800 °C−3000 °C was determined . Additionally, the LPBF macro-scale simulation was carried out. The results showed that the maximum temperature in the printing process is lower than 2500 °C, and the maximum displacement is 4.87 mm, which only appears in the non-design space. Finally, the safety factor and maximum displacement of aviation bracket are 1.2 and 0.8 mm, and the maximum Mises stress is 685 MPa, all of which meet the design requirements.