bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Policy doesn't help us: Black feminist anthropology in the social work classroom
Authors: BARNES RICHÉ J. DANIEL
Published: December 2015

“Policy doesn't help us,” was a refrain I heard repeatedly from one of my School for Social Work graduate students in a family policy course where I teach students how to complete a family impact analysis. The objective is to help social work practitioners understand the ways in which policies overlap to create often dire circumstances for families in need and how variously situated families experience these circumstance differently. In this article, I highlight the experiences of three of my students, each an African American woman social work student between the ages 25 and 50. I use black feminist anthropology to explore primary themes that centralize the importance of understanding varied raced, classed, and gendered experiences when delivering family and children's services. I use student's critical engagement and family impact analyses to discuss the ways in which black women's roles as service providers impact policy analysis and implementation of social services. I also discuss the ways in which I use the social work classroom as a site for the translation of anthropological research findings into changes in public policy and practice. At the root of this focus is an eye toward social change and social justice that benefits all families.
Essential ultrasound techniques of the pediatric airway
Authors: Stafrace Samuel , Engelhardt Thomas , Teoh Wendy H. , Kristensen Michael S.
Published: December 2015

Ultrasound of the airways is a technique which has been described in a number of recent articles and reviews highlighting the diagnostic possibilities and simple methodology. However, there is a paucity of information focusing specifically on such methods in children where equipment, technique, and challenges are different. This review article gives a general overview of the equipment considerations, scanning protocols, and clinical applications in children.
Mothers' Long-Run Career Patterns after First Birth
Authors: Frühwirth-Schnatter Sylvia , Pamminger Christoph , Weber Andrea , Winter-Ebmer Rudolf
Published: December 2015

Using Bayesian Markov chain clustering analysis we investigate career paths of Austrian women after their first birth. This data-driven method allows characterizing long-term career paths of mothers over up to 19 years by transitions between parental leave, non-employment and different forms of employment. We classify women into five cluster groups with very different long-run career trajectories after childbearing. We further model group membership with a multinomial specification within the finite mixture model. This approach gives insights into the determinants of long-run outcomes. In particular, giving birth at an older age appears to be associated with very diverse outcomes: it is related to higher odds of dropping out of the labour force, on the one hand, but also to higher odds of reaching a high wage career track, on the other hand.
Miltenberger blood group typing by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) melting curve analysis in Thai population
Authors: Vongsakulyanon A. , Kitpoka P. , Kunakorn M. , Srikhirin T.
Published: December 2015

Objectives

To develop reliable and convenient methods for Miltenberger (Mia) blood group typing.

Aim

To apply real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) melting curve analysis to Mia blood group typing.

Background

The Mia blood group is the collective set of glycophorin hybrids in the MNS blood group system. Mi(a+) blood is common among East Asians and is also found in the Thai population. Incompatible Mia blood transfusions pose the risk of life‐threatening haemolysis; therefore, Mia blood group typing is necessary in ethnicities where the Mia blood group is prevalent.

Methods/Materials

One hundred and forty‐three blood samples from Thai blood donors were used in the study. The samples included 50 Mi(a+) samples and 93 Mi(a−) samples, which were defined by serology. The samples were typed by Mia typing qPCR, and 50 Mi(a+) samples were sequenced to identify the Mia subtypes. Mia subtyping qPCR was performed to define GP.Mur. Both Mia typing and Mia subtyping were tested on a conventional PCR platform.

Results

The results of Mia typing qPCR were all concordant with serology. Sequencing of the 50 Mi(a+) samples revealed 47 GP.Mur samples and 3 GP.Hop or Bun samples. Mia subtyping qPCR was the supplementary test used to further define GP.Mur from other Mia subtypes. Both Mia typing and Mia subtyping performed well using a conventional PCR platform.

Conclusion

Mia typing qPCR correctly identified Mia blood groups in a Thai population with the feasibility of Mia subtype discrimination, and Mia subtyping qPCR was able to further define GP.Mur from other Mia subtypes.
Engineered silver nanoparticles are sensed at the plasma membrane and dramatically modify the physiology of Arabidopsis thaliana plants
Authors: Sosan Arifa , Svistunenko Dimitri , Straltsova Darya , Tsiurkina Katsiaryna , Smolich Igor , Lawson Tracy , Subramaniam Sunitha , Golovko Vladimir , Anderson David , Sokolik Anatoliy , Colbeck Ian , Demidchik Vadim
Published: December 2015

Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are the world's most important nanomaterial and nanotoxicant. The aim of this study was to determine the early stages of interactions between Ag NPs and plant cells, and to investigate their physiological roles. We have shown that the addition of Ag NPs to cultivation medium, at levels above 300 mg L−1, inhibited Arabidopsis thaliana root elongation and leaf expansion. This also resulted in decreased photosynthetic efficiency and the extreme accumulation of Ag in tissues. Acute application of Ag NPs induced a transient elevation of [Ca2+]cyt and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS; partially generated by NADPH oxidase). Whole‐cell patch‐clamp measurements on root cell protoplasts demonstrated that Ag NPs slightly inhibited plasma membrane K+ efflux and Ca2+ influx currents, or caused membrane breakdown; however, in excised outside‐out patches, Ag NPs activated Gd3+‐sensitive Ca2+ influx channels with unitary conductance of approximately 56 pS. Bulk particles did not modify the plasma membrane currents. Tests with electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy showed that Ag NPs were not able to catalyse hydroxyl radical generation, but that they directly oxidized the major plant antioxidant, l‐ascorbic acid. Overall, the data presented shed light on mechanisms of the impact of nanosilver on plant cells, and show that these include the induction of classical stress signalling reactions (mediated by [Ca2+]cyt and ROS) and a specific effect on the plasma membrane conductance and the reduced ascorbate.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE SECRETION OF PHOSPHATE IN PAROTID SALIVA IN THE SHEEP AND GOAT
Authors: Mañas‐Almendros M. , Ross R. , Care A. D.
Published: December 2015

The relationship between the concentration of phosphate in plasma and parotid saliva was studied in six conscious sheep and a g+oat, either intact or thyroparathyroidectomized ( t.x.p.t.x.), under conditions designed to minimize marked fluctuations in flow rate of saliva. A linear relationship between acutely induced changes in plasma phosphate concentration and the phosphate level in saliva has been demonstrated in both intact and t.x.p.t.x. animals.

Dietary phosphorus depletion caused adaptation of salivary phosphate concentration so that less was secreted at a given concentration of plasma phosphate. Attention is drawn to the similarity between this phenomenon and that already described for the proximal renal tubule.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) was shown to reduce the salivary phosphate concentration with little or no effect on phosphataemia. The administration of 1,25‐dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2CC) also caused a reduction in salivary phosphate concentration despite hyperphosphataemia and hypercalcaemia.

It is suggested that salivary phosphate concentration can be influenced directly by the concurrent level of plasma phosphate but that this relationship can be modified directly by the circulating concentration of 1,25(OH)2CC and indirectly by PTH via increased production of 1,25(OH)2CC.
Post‐natal reduction of neural unit size in the rabbit ciliary ganglion.
Authors: Johnson D A , Purves D
Published: December 2015

We have studied the innervation of adult and neonatal ciliary ganglia in the rabbit to determine the average number of ganglion cells innervated by each preganglionic neurone at different stages of development. 1. The adult ciliary ganglion comprises about 380 ganglion cells which are innervated by about forty preganglionic neurones. 2. Ciliary ganglion cells in adult rabbits are on average innervated by 2.2 different axons; in contrast, neonatal ganglion cells are on average innervated by 4.6 different axons. The transition to the adult pattern of innervation occurs gradually during the first few post‐natal weeks. 3. The numbers of ganglion cells and preganglionic neurones do not change appreciably after birth. Accordingly, the loss of some innervation to individual neurones during post‐natal development indicates that each preganglionic axon innervates progressively fewer ciliary ganglion cells. 4. The number of synaptic boutons found in ganglia at birth, however, is less than the number of synaptic boutons found in adult ganglia. 5. We conclude that synaptic connexions in this ganglion age gradually rearranged in early post‐natal life such that each preganglionic neurone focuses an increasing number of synaptic contacts on a progressively smaller subset of the ganglion cell population.
Evidence for the existence of three types of potassium channels in the frog Ranvier node membrane.
Authors: Dubois J M
Published: December 2015

1. In voltage clamped myelinated fibres, the K+ current was recorded in high‐K+ media to allow analysis without complications due to K+ accumulation. 2. After a depolarization, the tail of K+ current following repolarization decreases in two phases: a fast phase lasting about 20 msec and a slow exponential phase lasting several hundred milliseconds. When the duration of the depolarization is increased, the amplitude at time zero of the fast phase increases (activation of the conductance) and then decreases slowly (inactivation of the conductance). Simultaneously, the amplitude of the slow phase, extrapolated to time zero of repolarization, increases slowly and reaches a steady‐state level (about 20% of the maximum instantaneous current) after about 600 msec of depolarization. 3. The fast phase of the tail current is blocked by external application of 4‐aminopyridine (4‐AP) (KD = 10(‐5)M). The slow phase is unaltered by 4‐AP (10(‐7)‐10(‐2)M). 4. In the presence of 4‐AP (10‐3M), the remaining slow K+ current, activated by depolarizations, does not inactivate. 5. During depolarizations and repolarizations, the conductance of the slow current (GKs) varies exponentially. The steady‐state value of the slow conductance and its time constant of activation vary with voltage. The variation of the slow conductance with time and voltage can be described by a closed‐open mode, assuming that each channel is gated by one particle. The activation kinetics of the slow current is unaltered by long lasting (500 msec) prepolarizations. 6. The fast K+ conductance, calculated from the fast tail current, is fully inactivated at the end of a 3 min depolarization to 0 mV. 7. The fast K+ conductance can be decomposed into two components: one component (GKf1) activating between ‐80 and ‐30 mV and inactivating very slowly (tau = 45 sec at E = 0 mV); one component (GKf2) activating between ‐40 mV and +30 mV and inactivating slowly (tau = 2 sec at E = 0 mV). t = 12 degrees C. 8. The maximum slow and fast conductances increase with [K]0. While the maximum fast conductance tends to saturate at high external K+ concentrations, the maximum slow conductance shows no sign of saturation. 9. A comparison between motor and sensory fibres shows that, while the amplitude of maximum slow and fast conductances are identical for both types of fibres, the amplitude of fast‐1 conductance is larger and consequently the amplitude of fast‐2 is smaller in motor than in sensory fibres. The different spike frequency adaptations observed on both types of fibres are discussed in relation to these different relative fast conductances amplitudes. 10. It is concluded that the K+ conductance of the nodal membrane is composed of three components (GKS, GKf1 and GKf2) corresponding to three different and distinct types of K+ channels.
Passive cable properties and morphological correlates of neurones in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat.
Authors: Bloomfield S A , Hamos J E , Sherman S M
Published: December 2015

1. We used an in vivo preparation of the cat to study the passive cable properties of sixteen X and twelve Y cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus. Cells were modelled as equivalent cylinders according to Rall's formulations (Rall, 1959a, 1969, 1977). We injected intracellular current pulses into these geniculate neurones, and we analysed the resulting voltage transients to obtain the cable parameters of these cells. In addition, fifty‐four physiologically characterized neurones were labelled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and analysed morphologically. 2. Analysis of HRP‐labelled geniculate neurones showed that the dendritic branching pattern of these cells adheres closely to the 3/2 power rule. That is, at each branch point, the diameter of the parent branch raised to the 3/2 power equals the sum of the diameters of the daughter dendrites after each is raised to the 3/2 power. Furthermore, preliminary data indicate that the dendritic terminations emanating from each primary dendrite occur at the same electrotonic distance from the soma. These observations suggest that both X and Y cells meet the geometric constraints necessary for reduction of their dendritic arbors into equivalent cylinders. 3. We found a strong linear relationship between the diameter of each primary dendrite and the membrane surface area of the arbor emanating from it. We used this relationship to derive an algorithm for determining the total somatic and dendritic membrane surface area of an X and Y cell simply from knowledge of the diameters of its soma and primary dendrites. 4. Both geniculate X and Y cells display current‐voltage relationships that were linear within +/‐ 20 mV of the resting membrane potential. This meant that we could easily remain within the linear voltage range during the voltage transient analyses. 5. X and Y cells clearly differ in terms of many of their electrical properties, including input resistance, membrane time constant and electrotonic length. The difference in input resistance between X and Y cells cannot be attributed solely to the smaller average size of X cells, but it also reflects a higher specific membrane resistance (Rm) of the X cells. Furthermore, X cells exhibit electrotonic lengths slightly larger than those of Y cells, but both neuronal types display electrotonic lengths of roughly 1. This indicates that even the most distally located innervation to these cells should have considerable influence on their somatic and axonal responses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The determinants of the step frequency in running, trotting and hopping in man and other vertebrates.
Authors: Cavagna G A , Franzetti P , Heglund N C , Willems P
Published: December 2015

1. During each step of running, trotting or hopping part of the gravitational and kinetic energy of the body is absorbed and successively restored by the muscles as in an elastic rebound. In this study we analysed the vertical motion of the centre of gravity of the body during this rebound and defined the relationship between the apparent natural frequency of the bouncing system and the step frequency at the different speeds. 2. The step period and the vertical oscillation of the centre of gravity during the step were divided into two parts: a part taking place when the vertical force exerted on the ground is greater than body weight (lower part of the oscillation) and a part taking place when this force is smaller than body weight (upper part of the oscillation). This analysis was made on running humans and birds; trotting dogs, monkeys and rams; and hopping kangaroos and springhares. 3. During trotting and low‐speed running the rebound is symmetric, i.e. the duration and the amplitude of the lower part of the vertical oscillation of the centre of gravity are about equal to those of the upper part. In this case, the step frequency equals the frequency of the bouncing system. 4. At high speeds of running and in hopping the rebound is asymmetric, i.e. the duration and the amplitude of the upper part of the oscillation are greater than those of the lower part, and the step frequency is lower than the frequency of the system. 5. The asymmetry is due to a relative increase in the vertical push. At a given speed, the asymmetric bounce requires a greater power to maintain the motion of the centre of gravity of the body, Wext, than the symmetric bounce. A reduction of the push would decrease Wext but the resulting greater step frequency would increase the power required to accelerate the limbs relative to the centre of gravity, Wint. It is concluded that the asymmetric rebound is adopted in order to minimize the total power, Wext + Wint.
Stimulation of vasopressin release in the ventral septum of the rat brain suppresses prostaglandin E1 fever.
Authors: Naylor A M , Pittman Q J , Veale W L
Published: December 2015

1. Infusion of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) into a lateral cerebral ventricle of the rat evoked a rise in core temperature which could be attenuated by electrical stimulation of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST). Electrical stimulation of the BST in the absence of PGE1 did not alter body temperature in the afebrile rat. 2. When the intracerebroventricular (I.C.V.) infusion of PGE1 was preceded by a bilateral injection of saline or vasopressin V2 antagonist d(CH2)5D‐ValVAVP into the ventral septal area (VSA), electrical stimulation of the BST suppressed the PGE1 hyperthermia. However, when the vasopressin V1 antagonist d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP was injected into the VSA prior to I.C.V. infusion of PGE1, electrical stimulation of the BST did not alter the hyperthermic response to PGE1. 3. These actions were site specific in that the suppression of PGE1 hyperthermia was observed only when the electrode tips were located in the area of the BST. Similarly, the V1 antagonist only blocked the effect of electrical stimulation when injected into the VSA. 4. When the vasopressin V1 antagonist was injected into the VSA, the PGE1 fever was prolonged when compared to the controls with saline. 5. Injection of saline, vasopressin V1 and V2 antagonist into the VSA, without PGE1 or BST stimulation, did not evoke any significant change in the core temperature of the rats. 6. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that vasopressin may function within the brain as an endogenous antipyretic and that vasopressin may act in a BST‐VSA neuronal pathway concerned with endogenous antipyresis.
Female Distance Runners Training In Southeastern United States Have Adequate Vitamin D Status
Authors: Wentz Laurel M. , Liu Pei-Yang , Ilich Jasminka Z. , Haymes Emily M.
Published: December 2015

Background:

High rates of vitamin D deficiency have been reported in athletes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the associations between vitamin D with bone health and parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations in female runners who trained at 30.4° degrees north.

Methods:

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH) D), PTH, body composition, and bone mineral density (BMD) were measured in 59 female runners, aged 18–40 years. Stress fracture history, training duration and frequency were evaluated by questionnaire. As per National Endocrine Society cut-offs, serum vitamin D ranges were: 25(OH)D < 50 nmol/L for deficient; 50–75 nmol/L for insufficient; and ≥ 75 nmol/L for sufficient status.

Results:

Mean serum 25(OH)D concentrations were 122.6 ± 63.9 nmol/L, with 18.6% of subjects in the deficient (5.1%) or insufficient (13.5%) range. No significant differences were observed between sufficient and deficient/insufficient subjects for BMD, PTH, history of stress fractures, or demographic data.

Conclusions:

The majority of distance runners maintained sufficient vitamin D status, suggesting that training outdoors in latitude where vitamin D synthesis occurs year-round reduces the risk for vitamin D deficiency. Data do not support the indiscriminate supplementation of outdoor athletes in southern latitudes without prior screening.
Comparison of Measured and Predictive Values of Basal Metabolic Rate in Brazilian Paralympic Track and Field Athletes
Authors: Juzwiak Claudia Ridel , Winckler Ciro , Joaquim Daniel Paduan , Silva Andressa , de Mello Marco Tulio
Published: December 2015

To compare basal metabolic rate (BMR) predicted by different equations with measured BMR of the Brazilian paralympic track & field team aiming to verify which of these equations is best suited for use in this group. Method: 19 male and 11 female athletes grouped according to functional classification (vision impairment-VI, limb deficiency-LD, and cerebral palsy-CP) had their BMR measured by indirect calorimetry and compared with values predicted by different equations: Cunningham, Owen, Harris-Benedict, FAO/OMS, Dietary Reference Intakes, and Mifflin. Body composition data were obtained by skinfold measurements. Results were reported as mean and standard deviation and analyzed using the Wilcoxon test and Pearson´s Correlation Coefficient. The Root Mean Squared Prediction Error (RMSPE) was calculated to identify the similarity between the estimated and predicted BMR. Results: Mean measured BMR was 25 ± 4.2, 26 ± 2.4, and 26 ± 2.7 kcal/kg of fat free mass/day for VI, LD, and CP, respectively. Owen´s equation had the best predictive performance in comparison with measured BMR for LD and CP athletes, within 104 and 125 kcal/day, while Mifflin’s equation predicted within 146 kcal/day for VI athletes. Conclusion: for this specific group of athletes the Owen and Mifflin equations provided the best predictions of BMR.
Caffeine and Creatine Content of Dietary Supplements Consumed by Brazilian Soccer Players
Authors: Inácio Suelen Galante , de Oliveira Gustavo Vieira , Alvares Thiago Silveira
Published: December 2015

Caffeine and creatine are ingredients in the most popular dietary supplements consumed by soccer players. However, some products may not contain the disclosed amounts of the ingredients listed on the label, compromising the safe usage and the effectiveness of these supplements. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the content of caffeine and creatine in dietary supplements consumed by Brazilian soccer players. The results obtained were compared with the caffeine content listed on the product label. Two batches of the supplement brands consumed by ≥ 50% of the players were considered for analysis. The quantification of caffeine and creatine in the supplements was determined by a high-performance liquid chromatography system with UV detector. Nine supplements of caffeine and 7 supplements of creatine met the inclusion criteria for analysis. Eight brands of caffeine and five brands of creatine showed significantly different values (p < .05) as compared with the values stated on the label. There were no significant differences between the two batches of supplements analyzed, except for one caffeine supplement. It can be concluded that caffeine and creatine dietary supplements consumed by Brazilian soccer players present inaccurate values listed on the label, although most presented no difference among batches. To ensure consumer safety and product efficacy, accurate information on caffeine and creatine content should be provided on all dietary supplement labels.
The Effect of Ad Libitum Consumption of a Milk-Based Liquid Meal Supplement vs. a Traditional Sports Drink on Fluid Balance After Exercise
Authors: Baguley Brenton J. , Zilujko Jessica , Leveritt Michael D. , Desbrow Ben , Irwin Christopher
Published: December 2015

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of ad libitum intake of a milk-based liquid meal supplement against a carbohydrate-electrolyte sports drink following exercise induced fluid loss. Seven male participants (age 22.3 ± 3.4 years, height 179.3 ± 7.9 cm, body mass 74.3 ± 7.3 kg; mean ± SD) completed 4 separate trials and lost 1.89 ± 0.44% body mass through moderate intensity exercise in the laboratory. After exercise, participants consumed ad libitum over 2 h a milk-based liquid meal supplement (Sustagen Sport) on two of the trials (S1, S2) or a carbohydrate-electrolyte sports drink (Powerade) on two of the trials (P1, P2), with an additional 1 hr observational period. Measures of body mass, urine output, gastrointestinal tolerance and palatability were collected throughout the recovery period. Participants consumed significantly more Powerade than Sustagen Sport over the 2 h rehydration period (P1 = 2225 ± 888 ml, P2 = 2602 ± 1119 mL, S1 = 1375 ± 711 mL, S2 = 1447 ± 857 ml). Total urine output on both Sustagen trails was significantly lower than the second Powerade trial (P2 = 1447 ± 656 ml, S1 = 153 ± 62 ml, S2 = 182 ± 118 mL; p < .05) and trended toward being lower compared with the first Powerade trial (P1 = 1057 ± 699 ml vs. S1, p = .067 and vs. S2, p = .061). No significant differences in net fluid balance were observed between any of the drinks at the conclusion of each trial (P1 = −0.50 ±0. 46 kg, P2 = −0.40 ± 0.35 kg, S1 = −0.61 ± 0.74 kg, S2 = −0.45 ± 0.58 kg). Gastrointestinal tolerance and beverage palatability measures indicated Powerade to be preferred as a rehydration beverage. Ad libitum milk-based liquid meal supplement results in similar net fluid balance as a carbohydrate-electrolyte sports drink after exercise induced fluid loss.
Comparison of Postexercise Nutrition Knowledge and Postexercise Carbohydrate and Protein Intake between Australian Masters and Younger Triathletes
Authors: Doering Thomas M. , Reaburn Peter R. , Cox Gregory , Jenkins David G.
Published: December 2015

Postexercise nutrition is a critical component of an athlete’s recovery from training and competition. However, little is known about athletes’ postexercise dietary practices or knowledge of dietary recommendations, particularly among masters athletes. The purpose of this study was to compare and contrast the knowledge of postexercise nutritional recommendations, and typical postexercise intakes of carbohydrate and protein, between masters and younger triathletes. 182 triathletes (Male = 101, Female = 81) completed an online survey distributed by Triathlon Australia. Knowledge of postexercise nutrition recommendations for protein and carbohydrate intake were assessed as a group, and contrasted between subgroups of masters (≥50 years) and younger triathletes (≤30 years). Using dietary recall, postexercise intakes of carbohydrate and protein were examined and contrasted between masters and younger triathletes. As a group, 43.1% and 43.9% of all triathletes answered, “I don’t know” when asked to identify the recommended postexercise carbohydrate and protein intakes, respectively. Dietary analysis revealed masters triathletes consumed significantly less carbohydrate (0.7 ± 0.4 g.kg-1) postexercise than recommended (1.0 g.kg-1; p = .001), and in comparison with younger triathletes (1.1 ± 0.6 g.kg-1; p = .01). Postexercise protein intakes were similar between masters (19.6 ± 13.5 g) and younger (26.4 ± 15.8 g) triathletes. However, relative to body mass, masters triathletes consumed significantly less protein (0.3 ± 0.2 g.kg-1) than younger triathletes (0.4 ± 0.2 g.kg-1; p = .03), and consumed significantly less energy postexercise (22.7 ± 11.7 kJ.kg-1) than younger triathletes (37.8 ± 19.2 kJ.kg-1; p = .01). The present data suggests triathletes have poor knowledge of recommendations for postexercise carbohydrate and protein intakes. Furthermore, low postexercise intakes of carbohydrate and protein by masters athletes may impair acute recovery.
Inside the Paris climate deal
Authors: Cornwall Warren
Published: December 2015

What the key phrases really mean.
Making the cut
Authors: Travis John
Published: December 2015

CRISPR genome-editing technology shows its power.
Geomorphic and geologic controls of geohazards induced by Nepal’s 2015 Gorkha earthquake
Authors: Kargel J. S. , Leonard G. J. , Shugar D. H. , Haritashya U. K. , Bevington A. , Fielding E. J. , Fujita K. , Geertsema M. , Miles E. S. , Steiner J. , Anderson E. , Bajracharya S. , Bawden G. W. , Breashears D. F. , Byers A. , Collins B. , Dhital M. R. , Donnellan A. , Evans T. L. , Geai M. L. , Glasscoe M. T. , Green D. , Gurung D. R. , Heijenk R. , Hilborn A. , Hudnut K. , Huyck C. , Immerzeel W. W. , Liming Jiang , Jibson R. , Kääb A. , Khanal N. R. , Kirschbaum D. , Kraaijenbrink P. D. A. , Lamsal D. , Shiyin Liu , Mingyang Lv , McKinney D. , Nahirnick N. K. , Zhuotong Nan , Ojha S. , Olsenholler J. , Painter T. H. , Pleasants M. , Pratima K. C. , Yuan Q. I. , Raup B. H. , Regmi D. , Rounce D. R. , Sakai A. , Donghui Shangguan , Shea J. M. , Shrestha A. B. , Shukla A. , Stumm D. , van der Kooij M. , Voss K. , Xin Wang , Weihs B. , Wolfe D. , Lizong Wu , Xiaojun Yao , Yoder M. R. , Young N.
Published: December 2015

Nepal's quake-driven landslide hazards

Large earthquakes can trigger dangerous landslides across a wide geographic region. The 2015
M
w
7.8 Gorhka earthquake near Kathmandu, Nepal, was no exception. Kargal
et al.
used remote observations to compile a massive catalog of triggered debris flows. The satellite-based observations came from a rapid response team assisting the disaster relief effort. Schwanghart
et al.
show that Kathmandu escaped the historically catastrophic landslides associated with earthquakes in 1100, 1255, and 1344 C.E. near Nepal's second largest city, Pokhara. These two studies underscore the importance of determining slope stability in mountainous, earthquake-prone regions.

Science
, this issue p.
10.1126/science.aac8353
; see also p.
147
Josephson effect in fermionic superfluids across the BEC-BCS crossover
Authors: Valtolina Giacomo , Burchianti Alessia , Amico Andrea , Neri Elettra , Xhani Klejdja , Seman Jorge Amin , Trombettoni Andrea , Smerzi Augusto , Zaccanti Matteo , Inguscio Massimo , Roati Giacomo
Published: December 2015

Simulating electronic transport with atoms

Two superconductors connected by a bridge made out of nonsuperconducting material form a so-called Josephson junction (see the Perspective by Belzig). Valtolina
et al.
replaced the superconductors with two reservoirs of a superfluid Fermi gas and connected them by a weak link to allow atoms to move from one side to the other. Then they made one reservoir more populated than the other and studied the ensuing dynamics as a function of interaction strength between the atoms. In a related experiment, Husmann
et al.
kept the interaction strength at its maximum, but varied the temperature and the properties of the link. As temperature increased, the superfluid disappeared and thermal transport took over.

Science
, this issue p.
1498
, p.
1505
; see also p.
1470
Structure of the voltage-gated calcium channel Ca
v
1.1 complex
Authors: Wu Jianping , Yan Zhen , Li Zhangqiang , Yan Chuangye , Lu Shan , Dong Mengqiu , Yan Nieng
Published: December 2015

A complex channel comes into focus

Voltage-gated calcium (Cav) channels are activated in response to membrane potential to initiate calcium-mediated signaling pathways and are associated with diseases such as cardiac arrhythmia and epilepsy. Cav1.1 couples changes in membrane potential to cardiac muscle contraction. It comprises a core subunit and three auxiliary subunits. Wu
et al.
isolated the Cav1.1 complex from rabbit skeletal muscle and determined its structure by single-particle electron cryomicroscopy using direct electron detection and advanced image processing. The detailed architecture of the pseudotetrameric eukaryotic Cav channel in complex with its auxiliary subunits provides an important framework for understanding the function and disease mechanisms of related channels.

Science
, this issue p.
10.1126/science.aad2395
A patient's progress
Brain Storms The Race to Unlock the Mysteries of Parkinson's Disease
Jon Palfreman
Scientific American/Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2015. 283 pp.
Authors: Smith Orla M.
Published: December 2015

Diagnosed at age 60, a journalist sets out to learn all he can about Parkinson's disease.
Interleukin-17A as a Biomarker for Bovine Tuberculosis
Authors: Waters W. Ray , Maggioli Mayara F. , Palmer Mitchell V. , Thacker Tyler C. , McGill Jodi L. , Vordermeier H. Martin , Berney-Meyer Linda , Jacobs William R. , Larsen Michelle H.
Published: December 2015

T helper 17 (Th17)-associated cytokines are integral to the immune responses to tuberculosis, initiating both protective and harmful inflammatory responses. The aim of the present study was to evaluate applied aspects of interleukin-17 (IL-17) biology in the context of
Mycobacterium bovis
infection of cattle. Using transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq), numerous Th17-associated cytokine genes (including IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22, IL-19, and IL-27) were upregulated >9-fold in response to purified protein derivative stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from experimentally
M. bovis
-infected cattle. Protective vaccines elicited IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22, and IL-27 responses. Reduced IL-17A responses by vaccine recipients, compared to nonvaccinated animals, at 2.5 weeks after
M. bovis
challenge correlated with reduced disease burdens. Additionally, IL-17A and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) responses were highly correlated and exhibited similar diagnostic capacities. The present findings support the use of Th17-associated cytokines as biomarkers of infection and protection in the immune responses to bovine tuberculosis.
Detection of Airway Colonization by Aspergillus fumigatus by Use of Electronic Nose Technology in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: de Heer K. , Kok M. G. M. , Fens N. , Weersink E. J. M. , Zwinderman A. H. , van der Schee M. P. C. , Visser C. E. , van Oers M. H. J. , Sterk P. J.
Published: December 2015

Currently, there is no noninvasive test that can reliably diagnose early invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IA). An electronic nose (eNose) can discriminate various lung diseases through an analysis of exhaled volatile organic compounds. We recently published a proof-of-principle study showing that patients with prolonged chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and IA have a distinct exhaled breath profile (or breathprint) that can be discriminated with an eNose. An eNose is cheap and noninvasive, and it yields results within minutes. We determined whether
Aspergillus fumigatus
colonization may also be detected with an eNose in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Exhaled breath samples of 27 CF patients were analyzed with a Cyranose 320. Culture of sputum samples defined the
A. fumigatus
colonization status. eNose data were classified using canonical discriminant analysis after principal component reduction. Our primary outcome was cross-validated accuracy, defined as the percentage of correctly classified subjects using the leave-one-out method. The
P
value was calculated by the generation of 100,000 random alternative classifications. Nine of the 27 subjects were colonized by
A. fumigatus
. In total, 3 subjects were misclassified, resulting in a cross-validated accuracy of the Cyranose detecting IA of 89% (
P
= 0.004; sensitivity, 78%; specificity, 94%). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.89. The results indicate that
A. fumigatus
colonization leads to a distinctive breathprint in CF patients. The present proof-of-concept data merit external validation and monitoring studies.
Rapid Detection of OXA-48-Producing Enterobacteriaceae by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization−Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Oviaño Marina , Barba Maria José , Fernández Begoña , Ortega Adriana , Aracil Belén , Oteo Jesús , Campos José , Bou Germán
Published: December 2015

A rapid and sensitive (100%) matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization−time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) assay was developed to detect OXA-48-type producers, using 161 previously characterized clinical isolates. Ertapenem was monitored to detect carbapenem resistance, and temocillin was included in the assay as a marker for OXA-48-producers. Structural analysis of temocillin is described. Data are obtained within 60 min.
Identification of Novel Fusion Inhibitors of Influenza A Virus by Chemical Genetics
Authors: Lai Kin Kui , Cheung Nam Nam , Yang Fang , Dai Jun , Liu Li , Chen Zhiwei , Sze Kong Hung , Chen Honglin , Yuen Kwok-Yung , Kao Richard Yi Tsun
Published: December 2015

A previous screening of more than 50,000 compounds led to the identification of a pool of bioactive small molecules with inhibitory effect on the influenza A virus. One of these compounds, now widely known as nucleozin, is a small molecule that targets the influenza A virus nucleoprotein. Here we identify and characterize two structurally different novel fusion inhibitors of the influenza A virus group 1 hemagglutinin (HA), FA-583 and FA-617, with low nanomolar activities. Escape mutants that are highly resistant to each of these compounds were generated, and both were found to carry mutations localized in close proximity to the B-loop of the hemagglutinin 2 protein, which plays a crucial role in the virion-host cell fusion process. Recombinant virus, generated through reverse genetics, confirmed the resistance phenotype. In addition, the proposed binding pockets predicted by molecular docking studies are in accordance with the resistance-bearing mutation sites. We show through mechanistic studies that FA-583 and FA-617 act as fusion inhibitors by prohibiting the low-pH-induced conformational change of hemagglutinin. Our study has offered concrete biological and mechanistic explorations for the strategic development of novel fusion inhibitors of influenza A viruses.

IMPORTANCEHere we report two structurally distinctive novel fusion inhibitors of influenza A virus that act by interfering with the structural change of HA at acidic pH, a process necessary for successful entry of the virus. Mutational and molecular docking studies have identified their binding pockets situated in close proximity to the B-loop region of hemagglutinin 2. The reduced sensitivity of FA-583- or FA-617-associated mutants to another compound suggests a close proximity and even partial overlap of their binding sites on hemagglutinin. Amino acid sequence alignments and crystal structure analyses of group 1 and group 2 hemagglutinins have shed light on the possible binding mode of these two compounds. This report offers new lead compounds for the design of fusion inhibitors for influenza A viruses and further shows that analysis by forward chemical genetics is a highly effective approach for the identification of novel compounds that can perturb the infectivity of viruses and to probe new druggable targets or druggable domains in various viruses.
Vaccination with Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Vectored Chimeric Hemagglutinins Protects Mice against Divergent Influenza Virus Challenge Strains
Authors: Ryder Alex B. , Nachbagauer Raffael , Buonocore Linda , Palese Peter , Krammer Florian , Rose John K.
Published: December 2015

Seasonal influenza virus infections continue to cause significant disease each year, and there is a constant threat of the emergence of reassortant influenza strains causing a new pandemic. Available influenza vaccines are variably effective each season, are of limited scope at protecting against viruses that have undergone significant antigenic drift, and offer low protection against newly emergent pandemic strains. “Universal” influenza vaccine strategies that focus on the development of humoral immunity directed against the stalk domains of the viral hemagglutinin (HA) show promise for protecting against diverse influenza viruses. Here, we describe such a strategy that utilizes vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) as a vector for chimeric hemagglutinin (cHA) antigens. This vaccination strategy is effective at generating HA stalk-specific, broadly cross-reactive serum antibodies by both intramuscular and intranasal routes of vaccination. We show that prime-boost vaccination strategies provide protection against both lethal homologous and heterosubtypic influenza challenge and that protection is significantly improved with intranasal vaccine administration. Additionally, we show that vaccination with VSV-cHAs generates greater stalk-specific and cross-reactive serum antibodies than does vaccination with VSV-vectored full-length HAs, confirming that cHA-based vaccination strategies are superior at generating stalk-specific humoral immunity. VSV-vectored influenza vaccines that express chimeric hemagglutinin antigens offer a novel means for protecting against widely diverging influenza viruses.

IMPORTANCE
Universal influenza vaccination strategies should be capable of protecting against a wide array of influenza viruses, and we have developed such an approach utilizing a single viral vector system. The potent antibody responses that these vaccines generate are shown to protect mice against lethal influenza challenges with highly divergent viruses. Notably, intranasal vaccination offers significantly better protection than intramuscular vaccination in a lethal virus challenge model. The results described in this study offer insights into the mechanisms by which chimeric hemagglutinin (HA)-based vaccines confer immunity, namely, that the invariant stalk of cHA antigens is superior to full-length HA antigens at inducing cross-reactive humoral immune responses and that VSV-cHA vaccine-induced protection varies by site of inoculation, and contribute to the further development of universal influenza virus vaccines.
A Novel Live Pichinde Virus-Based Vaccine Vector Induces Enhanced Humoral and Cellular Immunity after a Booster Dose
Authors: Dhanwani Rekha , Zhou Yanqin , Huang Qinfeng , Verma Vikram , Dileepan Mythili , Ly Hinh , Liang Yuying
Published: December 2015

Pichinde virus (PICV) is a bisegmented enveloped RNA virus that targets macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) early in infection and induces strong innate and adaptive immunity in mice. We have developed a reverse genetics system to produce live recombinant PICV (strain P18) with a trisegmented RNA genome (rP18tri), which encodes all four PICV gene products and as many as two foreign genes. We have engineered the vector to express the green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene (abbreviated as G in virus designations) and either the hemagglutination (HA [H]) or the nucleoprotein (NP [P]) gene of the influenza A/PR8 virus. The trisegmented viruses rP18tri-G/H and rP18tri-G/P showed slightly reduced growth
in vitro
and expressed HA and NP, respectively. Mice immunized with rP18tri-G/H were completely protected against lethal influenza virus challenge even 120 days after immunization. These rP18tri-based vectors could efficiently induce both neutralizing antibodies and antigen-specific T cell responses via different immunization routes. Interestingly, the immune responses were significantly increased upon a booster dose and remained at high levels even after three booster doses. In summary, we have developed a novel PICV-based live vaccine vector that can express foreign antigens to induce strong humoral and cell-mediated immunity and is ideal for a prime-and-boost vaccination strategy.

IMPORTANCE
We have developed a novel Pichinde virus (PICV)-based live viral vector, rP18tri, that packages three RNA segments and encodes as many as two foreign genes. Using the influenza virus HA and NP genes as model antigens, we show that this rP18tri vector can induce strong humoral and cellular immunity via different immunization routes and can lead to protection in mice. Interestingly, a booster dose further enhances the immune responses, a feature that distinguishes this from other known live viral vectors. In summary, our study demonstrates a unique feature of this live rP18tri vector to be used as a novel vaccine platform for a prime-and-boost vaccination strategy.
Hemagglutinin of Influenza A Virus Antagonizes Type I Interferon (IFN) Responses by Inducing Degradation of Type I IFN Receptor 1
Authors: Xia Chuan , Vijayan Madhuvanthi , Pritzl Curtis J. , Fuchs Serge Y. , McDermott Adrian B. , Hahm Bumsuk
Published: December 2015

Influenza A virus (IAV) employs diverse strategies to circumvent type I interferon (IFN) responses, particularly by inhibiting the synthesis of type I IFNs. However, it is poorly understood if and how IAV regulates the type I IFN receptor (IFNAR)-mediated signaling mode. In this study, we demonstrate that IAV induces the degradation of IFNAR subunit 1 (IFNAR1) to attenuate the type I IFN-induced antiviral signaling pathway. Following infection, the level of IFNAR1 protein, but not mRNA, decreased. Indeed, IFNAR1 was phosphorylated and ubiquitinated by IAV infection, which resulted in IFNAR1 elimination. The transiently overexpressed IFNAR1 displayed antiviral activity by inhibiting virus replication. Importantly, the hemagglutinin (HA) protein of IAV was proved to trigger the ubiquitination of IFNAR1, diminishing the levels of IFNAR1. Further, influenza A viral HA1 subunit, but not HA2 subunit, downregulated IFNAR1. However, viral HA-mediated degradation of IFNAR1 was not caused by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. IAV HA robustly reduced cellular sensitivity to type I IFNs, suppressing the activation of STAT1/STAT2 and induction of IFN-stimulated antiviral proteins. Taken together, our findings suggest that IAV HA causes IFNAR1 degradation, which in turn helps the virus escape the powerful innate immune system. Thus, the research elucidated an influenza viral mechanism for eluding the IFNAR signaling pathway, which could provide new insights into the interplay between influenza virus and host innate immunity.

IMPORTANCE
Influenza A virus (IAV) infection causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide and remains a major health concern. When triggered by influenza viral infection, host cells produce type I interferon (IFN) to block viral replication. Although IAV was shown to have diverse strategies to evade this powerful, IFN-mediated antiviral response, it is not well-defined if IAV manipulates the IFN receptor-mediated signaling pathway. Here, we uncovered that influenza viral hemagglutinin (HA) protein causes the degradation of type I IFN receptor subunit 1 (IFNAR1). HA promoted phosphorylation and polyubiquitination of IFNAR1, which facilitated the degradation of this receptor. The HA-mediated elimination of IFNAR1 notably decreased the cells' sensitivities to type I IFNs, as demonstrated by the diminished expression of IFN-induced antiviral genes. This discovery could help us understand how IAV regulates the host innate immune response to create an environment optimized for viral survival in host cells.