bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of processing on the microbiological quality and safety of chicken carcasses at slaughterhouse
Authors: Perez‐Arnedo Iratxe , Cantalejo María J. , Martínez‐Laorden Alba , Gonzalez‐Fandos Elena
Published: September 2020

Microbiological contamination of chicken meat depends on the conditions under which the animals are reared, slaughtered and processed. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of farm origin and processing stages at slaughterhouse on the microbial safety and quality of chicken. Samples of chicken carcasses from three different farms were taken from a slaughterhouse. Mesophiles, Escherichia coli, coagulase positive Staphylococcci counts, presence of Listeria monocytogenes,Campylobacter and Salmonella were determined at five sampling points: after defeathering, after evisceration, after washing, after chilling and after cutting. Chilling reduced log numbers of mesophiles, coagulase positive Staphylococci and E. coli by 0.85, 1.52 and 2.2 log units, respectively. Salmonella was not detected after chilling. High prevalence of Campylobacter spp was observed at all the stages ranging between 84% and 100%. L. monocytogenes was not detected in chicken carcasses after defeathering. However, it was detected after evisceration and after washing and chilling. The most critical stage for L. monocytogenes contamination was the portioning operation, the prevalence in breast and legs being 88% and 84%, respectively.
Four phenolic acids from purple sweet potato and their effects on physicochemical, digestive and structural characteristics of starch
Authors: Su Jiayi , Tan Chang , Gao Yang , Feng Ying
Published: September 2020

Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) was employed to investigate free phenols that were released from purple sweet potato (PSP) by alkaline, acid and enzymatic hydrolysis. Four phenolic acids, including ferulic, isoferulic, 4‐hydroxybenzoic and caffeic acids, were identified. Based on their effects on the characteristics of purple sweet potato starch (PSPS), the four phenolic acids were studied. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT–IR) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were employed to explore the microstructures of the complexes of the phenolic acids and PSPS. The obtained results demonstrated that the pasting, thermal, retrogradation, as well as digestive properties of PSPS were all influenced by the phenolic acids which interacted with PSPS through noncovalent hydrogen bonds. The influence of the four phenolic acids on the properties of PSPS was in the descending order: 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid > ferulic acid > caffeic acid > isoferulic acid.
Identification and characterization of the long noncoding RNA Dreg1 as a novel regulator of Gata3
Authors: Chan Wing Fuk , Coughlan Hannah D , Iannarella Nadia , Smyth Gordon K , Johanson Timothy M , Keenan Christine R , Allan Rhys S
Published: September 2020

The eukaryotic genome is three‐dimensionally segregated into discrete globules of topologically associating domains (TADs), within which numerous cis‐regulatory elements such as enhancers and promoters interact to regulate gene expression. In this study, we identify a T‐cell‐specific sub‐TAD containing the Gata3 locus, and reveal a previously uncharacterized long noncoding RNA (Dreg1) within a distant enhancer lying approximately 280 kb downstream of Gata3. Dreg1 expression is highly correlated with that of Gata3 during early immune system development and T helper type 2 cell differentiation. Inhibition and overexpression of Dreg1 suggest that it may be involved in the establishment, but not in the maintenance of Gata3 expression. Overall, we propose that Dreg1 is a novel regulator of Gata3 and may inform therapeutic strategies in diseases such allergy and lymphoma, where Gata3 has a pathological role.
Coalition Building and Overcoming Legislative Gridlock in Foreign Policy, 1947–98
Authors: Peake Jeffrey S.
Published: September 2020

Political analysis of gridlock and legislative stalemate has not differentiated between foreign and domestic policy. Foreign policy is widely considered different from domestic policy, with less conflict and greater cooperation between the branches. The author offers explanations for gridlock that focus on conditions related to coalition building within Congress and between the branches. It is hypothesized that gridlock in foreign polity increases under divided government. Other important indicators of foreign policy gridlock include ideological differences between the two chambers of Congress and between the two political parties as well as the ideological cohesiveness of the two parties. An examination of the significant, consequential, seriously considered foreign policy legislation that failed to pass since 1947 supports the coalition model. When indicators suggest the ability to build coalitions is high, legislative gridlock in foreign policy is reduced.
“Until Next Week”: The Saturday Radio Addresses of Ronald Reagan
Authors: Rowland Robert C. , Jones John M.
Published: September 2020

This article analyzes President Ronald Reagan's radio addresses by placing them into seven categories: general defense of the administration, domestic issues, foreign policy, defense policy or anti‐Soviet, social issues, epideictic, and campaign, as well as several subcategories. Based on this categorization, the study argues that Reagan's rhetorical practice was both more inclusive and more moderate than has been realized and that Reagan was an involved principal in the creation of the radio speeches.
Precipitous weakening of quartz at the α–β phase inversion
Authors: Lawn Brian , Marshall David , Raj Rishi , Hirth Greg , Page Trevor , Yeomans Julie
Published: September 2020

Crystalline quartz has long been identified as among the weakest of abundant crustal minerals. This weakness is particularly evident around the α–β phase inversion at 573°C, in which Si–O bonds undergo a displacive structural transformation from trigonal to hexagonal symmetry. Here we present data using indentation testing methodologies that highlight the precipitous extent of the transformational weakening. Although the indentations are localized over relatively small specimen contact areas, the data quantify the essential deformation and fracture properties of quartz in a predominantly (but not exclusively) compressive stress field, at temperatures and pressures pertinent to conditions in the earth's crust.
Systematic study of structure and piezoelectric properties of Pb(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3‐PbTiO3 by in situ synchrotron diffraction
Authors: Zhang Yueyun , Liu Hui , Sun Shengdong , Deng Shiqing , Chen Jun
Published: September 2020

Lead‐based ferroelectric materials are extensively employed in industrial applications and everyday life due to their excellent ferroelectric and piezoelectric performance. Pb(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3‐PbTiO3 (PNN‐PT) is a typical binary relaxor ferroelectric system, whose refined structure and piezoelectric properties have not been systematically investigated. In this study, evolution of electric field‐based crystal structure and variation of ferroelectric, piezoelectric, as well as dielectric properties with composition and temperature of (1 − x)PNN‐xPT (0.32 ≤ x ≤ 0.36) ceramics were studied in full detail. The optimal performance is obtained at 0.66PNN‐0.34PT with maximum piezoelectric coefficient d33 of 560 pC/N and large dielectric constant of 28 684. In situ high‐energy synchrotron diffraction was employed to determine structural origins of enhanced properties of 0.66PNN‐0.34PT. Interestingly, crystal structure of poled 0.66PNN‐0.34PT ceramic is determined to be single monoclinic phase. Furthermore, both its lattice parameters and volume variation present butterfly shape under electric field. It is demonstrated that macroscopic strain of 0.66PNN‐0.34PT stems mainly from intrinsic structure. The present study provides evidence for the relationship between microstructure and macroscopic properties, which is beneficial to the design of new materials with piezoelectric properties.
Political Liberalism and Male Supremacy
Authors: Stark Cynthia A.
Published: September 2020

In Equal Citizenship and Public Reason, Watson and Hartley dispute the claim that Rawls’s doctrine of political liberalism must tolerate gender hierarchy because it counts conservative and orthodox religions as reasonable comprehensive doctrines. I argue that their defense in fact contains two arguments, both of which fail. The first, which I call the ‘Deliberative Equality Argument’, fails because it does not establish conclusively that political liberalism’s demand for equal citizenship forbids social practices of domination, as the authors contend. The second, which I call the ‘Equal Liberties Argument’, fails because it supports a particular version of political liberalism and not the doctrine itself.
Dual deficiency of angiotensin‐converting enzyme‐2 and Mas receptor enhances angiotensin II‐induced hypertension and hypertensive nephropathy
Authors: Ni Jun , Yang Fuye , Huang Xiao‐Ru , Meng Jinxiu , Chen Jiaoyi , Bader Michael , Penninger Josef M. , Fung Erik , Yu Xue‐Qing , Lan Hui‐Yao
Published: September 2020

Angiotensin‐converting enzyme‐2 (ACE2) and Mas receptor are the major components of the ACE2/Ang 1‐7/Mas axis and have been shown to play a protective role in hypertension and hypertensive nephropathy individually. However, the effects of dual deficiency of ACE2 and Mas (ACE2/Mas) on Ang II‐induced hypertensive nephropathy remain unexplored, which was investigated in this study in a mouse model of hypertension induced in either ACE2 knockout (KO) or Mas KO mice and in double ACE2/Mas KO mice by subcutaneously chronic infusion of Ang II. Compared with wild‐type (WT) animals, mice lacking either ACE2 or Mas significantly increased blood pressure over 7‐28 days following a chronic Ang II infusion (P < .001), which was further exacerbated in double ACE2/Mas KO mice (P < .001). Furthermore, compared to a single ACE2 or Mas KO mice, mice lacking ACE2/Mas developed more severe renal injury including higher levels of serum creatinine and a further reduction in creatinine clearance, and progressive renal inflammation and fibrosis. Mechanistically, worsen hypertensive nephropathy in double ACE2/Mas KO mice was associated with markedly enhanced AT1‐ERK1/2‐Smad3 and NF‐κB signalling, thereby promoting renal fibrosis and renal inflammation in the hypertensive kidney. In conclusion, ACE2 and Mas play an additive protective role in Ang II‐induced hypertension and hypertensive nephropathy. Thus, restoring the ACE2/Ang1‐7/Mas axis may represent a novel therapy for hypertension and hypertensive nephropathy.
Global lockdown: An effective safeguard in responding to the threat of COVID‐19
Authors: Verma Bhupendra Kumar , Verma Mamta , Verma Vikash Kumar , Abdullah Rifah B. , Nath Dilip C. , Khan Hafiz T. A. , Verma Anita , Vishwakarma Ramesh K. , Verma Vivek
Published: September 2020

Rationale, aims, and objectives

The recent outbreak of coronavirus (COVID‐19) has infected around 1 560 000 individuals till 10 April 2020, which has resulted in 95 000 deaths globally. While no vaccine or anti‐viral drugs for COVID‐19 are available, lockdown acts as a protective public health measures to reduce human interaction and lower transmission. The study aims to explore the impact of delayed planning or lack of planning for the lockdown and inadequate implementation of the lockdown, on the transmission rate of COVID‐19.

Method

Epidemiological data on the incidence and mortality of COVID‐19 cases as reported by public health authorities were accessed from six countries based on total number of infected cases, namely, United States and Italy (more than 100 000 cases); United Kingdom, and France (50 000‐100 000 cases), and India and Russia (6000‐10 000 cases). The Bayesian inferential technique was used to observe the changes (three points) in pattern of number of cases on different duration of exposure (in days) in these selected countries 1 month after World Health Organization (WHO) declaration about COVID‐19 as a global pandemic.

Results

On comparing the pattern of transmission rates observed in these six countries at posterior estimated change points, it is found that partial implementation of lockdown (in the United States), delayed planning in lockdown (Russia, United Kingdom, and France), and inadequate implementation of the lockdown (in India and Italy) were responsible to the spread of infections.

Conclusions

In order to control the spreading of COVID‐19, like other national and international laws, lockdown must be implemented and enforced. It is suggested that on‐time or adequate implementation of lockdown is a step towards social distancing and to control the spread of this pandemic.
Vitamin D3‐loaded nanophytosomes for enrichment purposes: Formulation, structure optimization, and controlled release
Authors: Molaveisi Mohammad , Shahidi‐Noghabi Mostafa , Naji‐Tabasi Sara
Published: September 2020

This study was aimed at using the nanophytosome delivery system to increase stability and controlled release of vitamin D3 due to the low stability of vitamin D3 during storage and digestion conditions. Response surface methodology was utilized to optimize the effect of reaction temperature, and ratios of vitamin D3/lecithin and complex/solvent on the responses. The optimum phytosome was characterized for differential scanning calorimetry, morphology, stability, Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), antioxidant activity, moisture content, solubility, and in vitro release kinetics. FTIR spectra indicated the complex between vitamin D3 and lecithin was formed by hydrogen bonds. The optimum phytosome had a protective effect on the antioxidant activity of vitamin D3 and also had a significant increase in the solubility of vitamin D3 into aquatic media. The release of vitamin D3 in the intestine medium followed the Fickian diffusion mechanism. The optimization of variables to produce optimum phytosome increased their stability during storage.

Practical applications

A main part of the people nowadays are suffering with the lack of vitamin D3 majorly related to the loss of 7‐hydrocholesterol resources available in the skin over the years, due to the lack of contact with ultraviolet (UV) light. Several benefits reported for vitamin D3 intake including the increase of calcium and phosphorus absorption in the small intestine and the homeostasis of these minerals in the bloodstream, which prevent diseases as osteoporosis among others. Fat‐soluble vitamins such as vitamin D3 are sensitive compounds that should be protected from oxidation agents. Entrapment of vitamin D3 in phytosomes is an effective way to protect the main properties of vitamin D3 during the storage, production of an enriched food supplement with vitamin D3, and creates a physicochemical barrier against oxidation agents such as free radicals, oxygen, or UV light.
Is systemic inflammation a missing link between periodontitis and hypertension? Results from two large population‐based surveys
Authors: Muñoz Aguilera E. , Leira Y. , Miró Catalina Q. , Orlandi M. , Czesnikiewicz‐Guzik M. , Guzik T. J. , Hingorani A. D. , Nart J. , D’Aiuto F.
Published: September 2020

Objective

The primary objective was to investigate the relationship between periodontitis and hypertension in two independent large surveys. The secondary objective was to ascertain whether systemic inflammation had a mediation effect in the association.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study analysed representative samples of the US (n = 3460; NHANES 2009/10) and Korean (n = 4539; 2015 KNHANES VI‐3) populations. The association between periodontitis (exposure), hypertension (outcome) and inflammatory markers [C‐reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cell counts (WBC)] (mediators) was assessed using multivariate linear and logistic regression models and mediation analysis.

Results

Participants with periodontitis were more likely to have hypertension (NHANES: OR = 1.3, 95% CI: 1.0–1.6, P = 0.025; KNHANES: OR = 1.2, 95% CI: 1.0–1.4, P = 0.041) and actual systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg (NHANES: OR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1–2.3, P < 0.001; KNHANES: OR = 1.3, 95% CI :1.0–1.6, P < 0.031) than those without the disease. These associations were independent of age, gender, BMI, education level, smoking, alcohol consumption, creatinine, physical activity, presence of other comorbidities and confirmed in participants not taking antihypertensive medications. Diagnosis of periodontitis was directly associated with WBC (in both surveys: NHANES: β ± SE = 0.3 ± 0.1, P < 0.004; KNHANES: β ± SE = 0.3 ± 0.1, P < 0.001) and with CRP levels (in one survey: NHANES: β ± SE = 0.1 ± 0.03, P < 0.007; KNHANES: β ± SE = 0.1 ± 0.04, P > 0.213). Mediation analyses confirmed that CRP acted as a mediator in the association between periodontitis and hypertension in both populations (mediated effect: NHANES: β ± SE = 0.010 ± 0.003, P < 0.001; KNHANES: β ± SE = 0.003 ± 0.001, P = 0.015). WBC acted as a mediator in the KNHANES (mediated effect: β ± SE = 0.004 ± 0.001, P = 0.004) whilst in the NHANES, its effect was dependent of CRP inclusion in the model (mediated effect WBC + CRP: β ± SE = 0.002 ± 0.001, P = 0.001).

Conclusions

These findings suggest that periodontitis is closely linked to hypertension and systemic inflammation is, in part, a mediator of this association.
Text, talk, and body in shift handover interaction: Language and multimodal repertoires for geriatric care work
Authors: Mori Junko , Shima Chiharu
Published: September 2020

Japan's rapidly aging population and chronic labor shortages have led the country to consider increased reliance on foreign workers. The government promotes the cultivation of nihongo jinzai ‘Japanese language human resources’ (MOFA, 2013), that is, highly skilled foreign workers proficient in the de facto national language, but in reality, such ideal individuals are scarce. Workplaces thus must explore ways to accommodate workers with limited Japanese competence. By introducing a sequential and multimodal analysis of shift handover interaction between Japanese and foreign care workers at a geriatric facility, the current article critically evaluates the monolingual, logocentric ideology reflected in the ongoing national debate as well as in the institutional convention of information sharing. The examination of the ways in which these workers deploy multimodal semiotic resources for the fulfillment of their duty points to the need for reevaluation of conventional practices in favor of increased affordance of spatial repertoire.
The role of polyphenols in poultry nutrition
Authors: Abdel‐Moneim Abdel‐Moneim E. , Shehata Abdelrazeq M. , Alzahrani Seraj O. , Shafi Manal E. , Mesalam Noura M. , Taha Ayman E. , Swelum Ayman A. , Arif Muhammad , Fayyaz Muhammad , Abd El‐Hack Mohamed E.
Published: September 2020

In the last two decades, poultry and animal industries became increasingly interested in using plant‐based feed supplements, herbs and their derivatives to retain or enhance their health and productivity. These health benefits for the host mainly attributed to the secondary plant metabolites, namely polyphenols. Polyphenols are renowned for their antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti‐mutagenic and anti‐inflammatory properties. However, despite these advantages of polyphenols, they have been characterized by poor absorption in the gut and low concentration in target cells that compromise their role as effective antioxidants. The low bioavailability of polyphenols necessitates the need for further investigations to harness their full potential in poultry farms. This review is existing evidence about the bioavailability of polyphenols and their antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, detoxification properties and their impacts on poultry performance.
Optimizing Fluency Training for Speaking Skills Transfer: Comparing the Effects of Blocked and Interleaved Task Repetition
Authors: Suzuki Yuichi
Published: September 2020

In an exploration of the effects of task‐repetition practice on fluency development, English‐as‐a‐foreign language learners performed three oral narrative tasks involving six‐frame cartoons for 3 consecutive days. They engaged in task‐repetition practice under either a blocked (Day 1: A‐A‐A; Day 2: B‐B‐B; Day 3: C‐C‐C) or an interleaved (Day 1: A‐B‐C; Day 2: A‐B‐C; Day 3: A‐B‐C) task repetition schedule. The results yielded by a posttest involving new six‐frame cartoons indicated that blocked practice resulted in greater fluency development (faster articulation rate and shorter mid‐clause pause duration) than did interleaved practice. Moreover, the learners in the blocked‐practice group tended to pause more frequently at clause boundaries. Blocked practice also led to significantly longer mean length of run and higher phonation/time ratio during training, although this advantage failed to transfer to meaningful pretest–posttest changes. These dynamic fluency developmental patterns are discussed to elucidate the underlying proceduralization in L2 speech processes.
Rice stripe virus coat protein induces the accumulation of jasmonic acid, activating plant defence against the virus while also attracting its vector to feed
Authors: Han Kelei , Huang Haijian , Zheng Hongying , Ji Mengfei , Yuan Quan , Cui Weijun , Zhang Hehong , Peng Jiejun , Lu Yuwen , Rao Shaofei , Wu Guanwei , Lin Lin , Song Xuemei , Sun Zongtao , Li Junmin , Zhang Chuanxi , Lou Yonggen , Chen Jianping , Yan Fei
Published: September 2020

The jasmonic acid (JA) pathway plays crucial roles in plant defence against pathogens and herbivores. Rice stripe virus (RSV) is the type member of the genus Tenuivirus. It is transmitted by the small brown planthopper (SBPH) and causes damaging epidemics in East Asia. The role(s) that JA may play in the tripartite interaction against RSV, its host, and vector are poorly understood. Here, we found that the JA pathway was induced by RSV infection and played a defence role against RSV. The coat protein (CP) was the major viral component responsible for inducing the JA pathway. Methyl jasmonate treatment attracted SBPHs to feed on rice plants while a JA‐deficient mutant was less attractive than wild‐type rice. SBPHs showed an obvious preference for feeding on transgenic rice lines expressing RSV CP. Our results demonstrate that CP is an inducer of the JA pathway that activates plant defence against RSV while also attracting SBPHs to feed and benefitting viral transmission. This is the first report of the function of JA in the tripartite interaction between RSV, its host, and its vector.
Literatur am Bildschirm
Authors: Schwabe Annika , Brandl Lukas , Boomgaarden Hajo G. , Stocker Günther
Published: September 2020

Die Digitalisierung des Lesens nimmt mit der Verbreitung digitaler Lesegeräte und der Verfügbarkeit digitaler Texte zu, so dass das Lesen von Büchern auf dem Bildschirm zu einem dauerhaften Phänomen werden könnte. Nach zentralen Thesen kulturwissenschaftlicher ebenso wie kommunikationswissenschaftlicher Theoriebildung gehen unterschiedliche Lesemedien mit einem unterschiedlichen Leseverhalten und unterschiedlichen Leseerfahrungen einher. Ausgehend von der Frage, inwiefern sich die Leseerfahrung bei literarischen Texten durch das jeweilige Lesemedium verändert, bietet dieser Forschungsbericht einen systematischen und detaillierten Überblick über die Ergebnisse von 42 bisher dazu durchgeführten empirischen Studien und versucht damit die interdisziplinäre Kommunikation zwischen empirischer Leseforschung und Literaturwissenschaft zu intensivieren. Auf der Basis der bislang durchgeführten Studien kann die These, ein digitales Lesemedium würde sich negativ auf das Verstehen von narrativen Texten auswirken, nicht bestätigt werden. Im Gegenteil scheint es hinsichtlich des Textverständnisses, der zentralen Dimension in den meisten Studien, keinen Unterschied zu machen, ob am Bildschirm oder gedruckt gelesen wird. Diese empirischen Befunde werden abschließend einer kritischen Einschätzung und Diskussion unterzogen. Dabei werden mehrere Forschungslücken bzw. Desiderata einer künftigen Leseforschung genannt, insbesondere die Herausforderung, den Leseprozess im Allgemeinen und den Einfluss digitaler Lesemedien auf die Leseerfahrung im Besonderen adäquat zu operationalisieren und zu messen. Denn im Vergleich zu informativen Texten erfordert vor allem das Lesen von Literatur Analyseinstrumente, die der Komplexität der Texte und dem multidimensionalen Leseprozess gerecht werden.
Eosinophils are dispensable for the regulation of IgA and Th17 responses in Giardia muris infection
Authors: Yordanova Ivet A. , Lamatsch Martin , Kühl Anja A. , Hartmann Susanne , Rausch Sebastian
Published: September 2020

Aims

IgA and Th17 responses are pivotal for the control of Giardia infections. Eosinophils support IgA class switching, the survival of intestinal IgA+ plasma cells at steady state and can control Th17 activity in the small intestine. To see whether eosinophils regulate adaptive immune responses during giardiasis, we investigated Giardia muris infections in wild‐type BALB/c and eosinophil‐deficient ∆dblGATA‐1 mice.

Methods and results

Infected ∆dblGATA‐1 mice did not differ markedly in parasite control from wild‐type mice. Confirming previous studies, naive ∆dblGATA‐1 mice displayed diminished IgA+ B cell frequencies in Peyer's patches. However, IgA class switching and intestinal IgA secretion in response to G muris infection were comparable in wild‐type BALB/c and ∆dblGATA‐1 mice. Both strains displayed similarly low intestinal Th17 responses, accompanied by a mild expansion of type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3).

Conclusions

Contrasting previous reports on overt small intestinal Th17 activity in eosinophil‐deficient mice, IL‐17A production is kept in check in the absence of eosinophils during Giardia infection. Suboptimal homeostatic IgA responses in the absence of eosinophils are transiently fostered in infected mice and the maintenance of IgA+ plasma cells appears to be restored during persisting Giardia infection.
Integrated pest and disease management in aquaponics: A metadata‐based review
Authors: Folorunso Ewumi Azeez , Roy Koushik , Gebauer Radek , Bohatá Andrea , Mraz Jan
Published: September 2020

Aquaponics has the potential to produce sustainable, high‐quality food through integration of hydroponics and aquaculture, but its commercialization is stalled by bottlenecks in pest and disease management. We reviewed integrated pest and disease management steps and techniques in hydroponics to qualify as suitable techniques for different aquaponic designs. Non‐chemical prophylactic measures are highly proficient for pest and disease prevention in all designs. Still, the use of chemical control methods remains highly complicated for all systems. We simulated 10–20% runoff concentrations of 9 pesticides in the common UVI design and compared them with NOEC, LC50of fish. Endosulfan seems most toxic with runoff AI (20.7 μg L−1) exceeding LC50(10.2 μg L−1) and NOEC (0.05 μg L−1). At 20% runoff, most chemical pesticides pose risks in aquaponic systems. Natural pesticides were also discussed as potential alternatives with low acute toxicity to fish, but little is known about their effects on water and bacteria. While insecticides and herbicides are replaceable by well‐established commercial biocontrol measures, fungicides and nematicides would still be relevant in aquaponics due to low efficiency of alternatives (e.g. natural enemies, entomopathogenic fungus). Monitoring and cultural control are the first approaches to contain pest population below the action threshold. Biological controls, in general, are adaptable to a larger extent. Further studies are required on how to utilize indigenous microbial community in aquaponics (dominated by Proteobacteria; effective at ~103–109 CFU mL−1) as a frontline defence.
Am I going to die now? Experiences of hospitalisation and subsequent life after being diagnosed with aortic dissection
Authors: Jönsson Mette , Berg Selina Kikkenborg , Missel Malene , Palm Pernille
Published: September 2020

Aortic dissection is a life‐threatening condition with mortality up to 75%. In the acute phase, patients are constrained with total bed rest until pain relief and blood pressure has been stabilised. Some need surgery. Aortic dissection is associated with anxiety and poor health‐related quality of life. However, no study has explored the experience of living through aortic dissection. The aim of this study was to explore the patient experience of living through aortic dissection. Data were collected in interviews with 10 patients who lived through aortic dissection. Data were gathered and analysed using a phenomenological approach. The qualitative analysis revealed four themes; ‘Am I going to die now? – the existential turning point when diagnosed with life‐threatening aortic dissection’, ‘compromised integrity during admission – experiences of hospitalisation’, ‘Signals from my body – a new awareness of the body after discharge’, ‘What can I do? – uncertainties about physical activity in daily life posthospitalisation’. Experiences of aortic dissection are a life‐threatening and overwhelming existential life situation which includes a period of constraining hospitalisation and experiences a compromised integrity. Patients have substantial concerns regarding body signals and a constantly uncertainty about what kind of activity level they can sustain which affect their mental well‐being and their daily life. These findings contribute to understanding and elaborating a more nuanced description of being diagnosed with aortic dissection, which is essential when planning high‐quality treatment and care, developing sufficient follow‐up and preventing adverse events.
Involvement of autophagy in MHC class I antigen presentation
Authors: Øynebråten Inger
Published: September 2020

MHC class I molecules on the cellular surface display peptides that either derive from endogenous proteins (self or viral), or from endocytosis of molecules, dying cells or pathogens. The conventional antigen‐processing pathway for MHC class I presentation depends on proteasome‐mediated degradation of the protein followed by transporter associated with antigen‐processing (TAP)‐mediated transport of the generated peptides into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Here, peptides are loaded onto MHC I molecules before transportation to the cell surface. However, several alternative mechanisms have emerged. These include TAP‐independent mechanisms, the vacuolar pathway and involvement of autophagy. Autophagy is a cell intrinsic recycling system. It also functions as a defence mechanism that removes pathogens and damaged endocytic compartments from the cytosol. Therefore, it appears likely that autophagy would intersect with the MHC class I presentation pathway to alarm CD8+ T cells of an ongoing intracellular infection. However, the importance of autophagy as a source of antigen for presentation on MHC I molecules remains to be defined. Here, original research papers which suggest involvement of autophagy in MHC I antigen presentation are reviewed. The antigens are from herpesvirus, cytomegalovirus and chlamydia. The studies point towards autophagy as important in MHC class I presentation of endogenous proteins during conditions of immune evasion. Because autophagy is a regulated process which is induced upon activation of, for example, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), it will be crucial to use relevant stimulatory conditions together with primary cells when aiming to confirm the importance of autophagy in MHC class I antigen presentation in future studies.
Under lying conditions of gender‐based violence—Decolonial feminism meets epistemic ignorance: Critical transnational conversations
Authors: Segalo Puleng , Fine Michelle
Published: September 2020

This article engages a doubled conversation, between South Africa and the United States, about gender‐based violenceandthe curious epistemic silence, even in critical psychology, about gendered and racialized violence as a deep sedimentary, transnational and transhistoric, layer of (in)human(e) existence. In this article, we lift up the long history of underlying conditions of state‐sponsored and socially enacted violence, and we also problematize how social science scholarship has been designed, underlying conditions, such that anti‐Black violence and gender‐based violence are routinely (mis)represented as if idiosyncratic ruptures—microaggressions or battered women—in an otherwise smooth social fabric. Through the lens of decolonial feminism, we examine how the COVID‐19 crisis makes public the gendering of violence, especially against Black women, as if it were a spike, obscuring how pervasive and enduring it is—a constant moan in South Africa, India, the United States, among native women in Canada, and other places around the globe. We end by calling for critical scholarship that peels back the symptom of gender‐based violence, recognizes the history and ongoing structural enactment of racialized and gendered violence, and excavates the bold and relentless heartbeat of resistance narrated in quiet and loud demands for dignity, liberation, and desire.
Multi‐criteria analysis to identify the factors affecting water reuse scheme in India
Authors: Goyal Kirti , Kumar Arun
Published: September 2020

The growing interest in alternative water supplies is impelling societies, government bodies and industries throughout the world to conduct research and discuss the feasibility of reuse of treated wastewater. Treated wastewater has emerged as an affordable source of water supply worldwide. Designing of wastewater reuse systems involves consideration of multiple criteria such as technical, social, economic, environmental, legal as well as multiple stakeholders. The objective of the present study is to develop a multi‐criteria decision‐making (MCDM) approach using Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) for the selection of significant criteria and sub‐criteria governing the planning and execution of water reuse systems considering the local conditions and end users. The weightage of the individual parameters is obtained. The results indicate that the weightage of different criteria varies for different stakeholders. The analysis may help in developing a holistic approach for reuse of treated wastewater inducing improved decision‐making at authoritative levels.
Frida Kahlo’s Self-Identity: An Analysis of Self-Portrait on the Borderline Between Mexico and the United States
Authors: Ma Leyuan
Published: September 2020

Self-Portrait on the Borderline Between Mexico and the United States by the Mexican artist Frida Kahlo reveals a multitude of insights. This paper assesses how the nuances embodied in the painting serve as critical clues to comprehend Frida Kahlo’s personal experiences, Mexican culture, and the approach of discovering the contextual background through the work of art. Beginning with a detailed formal analysis of the portrait, this paper further explores it by making connections with contextual evidence. Through timely reference to Frida Kahlo’s political stance, cultural identity, and health, the paper demonstrates how the painting proffers insight into both the artist’s life and Aztec culture.
All-Time Modeling of Co-Current Spontaneous Water Imbibition Into Gas-Saturated Rocks Using a Novel Transition Time
Authors: Jia Lin , Li Kewen , Zhao Lipeng , Mahlalela Bhekumuzi Mgijimi
Published: September 2020

Spontaneous imbibition (SI) into a porous medium is an important transport phenomenon in petroleum reservoir engineering. The study of spontaneous water imbibition is critical to predict the production performance in these reservoirs developed by waterflooding, especially in the fractured gas reservoirs with active aquifers. While some studies have been reported to characterize spontaneous water imbibition into gas-saturated rocks, they are either limited or inaccurate due to the fact that the existing models have specific assumptions that cannot be applied in other time intervals. To this end, we proposed a novel transition imbibition time t* and developed an all-time (including both early- and later-time SI) model to match the experimental SI data. Furthermore, we proposed a novel model to estimate capillary pressures at different water saturations and to characterize the water saturation profile in capillary-dominated stage. Comparison with the existing capillary pressure estimation models was performed to test the differences. The results demonstrated that the all-time model could fit the experimental imbibition data of the entire SI process satisfactorily. The new saturation model established in this paper can be well fitted with the water saturation profile measured by the X-ray computer tomography (CT) scanners. The results and findings from this work may be of great significance in many areas related to SI, particularly in the development of naturally fractured gas reservoirs with active aquifers.
Solar Chimney Power Plant Performance for Different Seasons Under Varying Solar Irradiance and Temperature Distribution
Authors: Ayli Ulku Ece , Özgirgin Ekin , Tareq Maısarh
Published: September 2020

One of the most promising renewable energy sources is solar energy due to low cost and low harmful emissions, and from the 1980s, one of the most beneficial applications of solar energy is the utilization of solar chimney power plants (SCPP). Recently, with the advancement in computer technology, the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methodology for studying SCPP has become an extensive, robust, and powerful technique. In light of the above, in this study, numerical simulations of an SCPP through three-dimensional axisymmetric modeling is performed. A numerical model is created using CFD software, and the results are verified with an experimental study from the literature. The amount of solar radiation and surrounding weather (ambient temperature) were analyzed, and the effects of the irradiance and air temperature on the output power of the SCPP were studied. Ambient temperature is considered as one of the most important factors that influence collector efficiency in a negative or a positive manner. Solar irradiance is considered to be the most important factor that has an impact on SCPP performance. The investigation includes the study of the relationship between solar insolation and ambient temperatures during the daytime since the difference between the minimum and maximum power values and the performance are very important considering seasonal changes. According to the results, power values are dependent on the amount of solar radiation as well as the ambient temperature, and the importance of selection of location thus climate for an SCPP is found to affect the design of the SCPP.
A Comparative Study of Metaheuristic Techniques for the Thermoenvironomic Optimization of a Gas Turbine-Based Benchmark Combined Heat and Power System
Authors: Nondy J. , Gogoi T. K.
Published: September 2020

This paper presents a comparative study of four metaheuristic techniques, namely, the particle swarm optimization (PSO), genetic algorithm (GA), simulated annealing (SA), and the harmony search (HS), used in thermoenvironomic optimization of a benchmark gas turbine-based combined heat and power system known as CGAM problem. The performance comparison of the metaheuristic techniques is conducted by executing each algorithm for 30 runs to evaluate the reproducibility and stability of the optimal solutions. The study takes the exergetic, economic, and environmental factors into consideration in defining the thermoenvironomic objective function in terms of system cost rate. The thermodynamic and the economic model vis-à-vis optimization is validated by comparing the present results with previously published ones. From the optimal results, the PSO was found to be the most effective technique for thermoenvironomic optimization of the CGAM problem. Further, to highlight the benefits of optimization, the results obtained from the best method (PSO) are compared with those obtained by using the base case design variables recommended previously for the classical CGAM problem. The comparative results reveal that the system cost rate and the exergoeconomic factor of the CGAM system are reduced by 10.25% and 5.58%, respectively. Besides, the CO2 emission also reduces from 16.34 tons/h to 15.17 tons/h.
Optimal Control Strategies for Switchable Roof Insulation Systems Applied to US Residential Buildings
Authors: Dehwah Ammar H. A. , Krarti Moncef
Published: September 2020

Switchable building envelope systems, including passive and active systems, have recently seen an increase interest in the literature. Unlike static insulation, switchable insulation systems (SISs) have the ability to adjust the thermal properties of envelope elements. Advanced control strategies for SISs are evaluated in this analysis using genetic algorithm-based optimization techniques. In particular, this study investigates the potential heating and cooling energy savings for deploying optimal controls specific to SIS technologies when applied to residential roofs located in representative US climates. Moreover, energy use and peak demand savings obtained by optimal controls are compared with those obtained from the 2-step rule-based controls. Overall, the analysis results indicate that the maximum monthly additional savings obtained by optimal controls can reach up to 32% compared with 2-step rule sets when an annual analysis is conducted for a residential building located in Golden, CO.
Procedure for robust assessment of cavity deformation in Fabry–Pérot based refractometers
Authors: Zakrisson Johan , Silander Isak , Forssén Clayton , Zelan Martin , Axner Ove
Published: September 2020

A novel procedure for a robust assessment of cavity deformation in Fabry–Pérot (FP) refractometers is presented. It is based on scrutinizing the difference between two pressures: one assessed by the uncharacterized refractometer and the other provided by an external pressure reference system, at a series of set pressures for two gases with dissimilar refractivity (here, He and N2). By fitting linear functions to these responses and extracting their slopes, it is possible to construct two physical entities of importance: one representing the cavity deformation and the other comprising a combination of the systematic errors of a multitude of physical entities, viz., those of the assessed temperature, the assessed or estimated penetration depth of the mirror, the molar polarizabilities, and the set pressure. This provides a robust assessment of cavity deformation with small amounts of uncertainties. A thorough mathematical description of the procedure is presented that serves as a basis for the evaluation of the basic properties and features of the procedure. The analysis indicates that the cavity deformation assessments are independent of systematic errors in both the reference pressure and the assessment of gas temperature and when the gas modulation refractometry methodology is used that they are insensitive to gas leakages and outgassing into the system. It also shows that when a high-precision (sub-ppm) refractometer is characterized according to the procedure, when high purity gases are used, the uncertainty in the deformation contributes to the uncertainty in the assessment of pressure of N2 with solely a fraction (13%) of the uncertainty of its molar polarizability, presently to a level of a few ppm. This implies, in practice, that cavity deformation is no longer a limiting factor in FP-based refractometer assessments of pressure of N2.
Estimating Muscle Forces for Breast Cancer Survivors During Functional Tasks
Authors: Lang Angelica E. , Kim Soo Y. , Milosavljevic Stephan , Dickerson Clark R.
Published: September 2020

Breast cancer survivors have known scapular kinematic alterations that may be related to the development of secondary morbidities. A measure of muscle activation would help understand the mechanisms behind potential harmful kinematics. The purpose of this study was to define muscle force strategies in breast cancer survivors. Shoulder muscle forces during 6 functional tasks were predicted for 25 breast cancer survivors (divided by impingement pain) and 25 controls using a modified Shoulder Loading Analysis Module. Maximum forces for each muscle were calculated, and 1-way analysis of variance (P < .05) was used to identify group differences. The differences between maximum predicted forces and maximum electromyography were compared with repeated-measures analysis of variance (P < .05) to evaluate the success of the model predictions. Average differences between force predictions and electromyography ranged from 7.3% to 31.6% but were within the range of previously accepted differences. Impingement related pain in breast cancer survivors is associated with increased force of select shoulder muscles. Both pectoralis major heads, upper trapezius, and supraspinatus peak forces were higher in the pain group across all tasks. These force prediction differences are also associated with potentially harmful kinematic strategies, providing a direction for possible rehabilitation strategies.
The Relationship Between Physical Activity and Inhibition in Children With and Without Motor Impairments
Authors: Yu Jane Jie , Tsai Chia-Liang , Pan Chien-Yu , Li Ru , Sit Cindy Hui-Ping
Published: September 2020

Background: To examine the relationship between physical activity (PA) and inhibition in boys and girls with motor impairments compared with children with typical development. Methods: The participants were 58 (26 motor impairments and 32 typical development) children aged 7–12 years who met the inclusion criteria. PA was assessed using accelerometers for 7 consecutive days. The time spent in PA of different intensity levels (light, moderate, and vigorous) were analyzed for weekdays and weekends. Using a visuospatial attention paradigm, inhibition was evaluated by the difference in reaction time between invalid and valid cue conditions. Generalized linear mixed models were used to determine the associations of inhibition with PA and motor ability by sex. Results: Boys and children with typical development had shorter reaction times in inhibition than girls (P < .001) and children with motor impairments (P < .05), respectively. Motor ability (b = 189.98) and vigorous PA on weekdays (b = −43.18) were significant predictors of inhibition in girls only. Conclusions: The results indicate a positive relationship between vigorous PA (on weekdays) and inhibition in children (girls), moderated by sex and motor ability. Effective interventions that promote vigorous PA for children both in and out of school should be designed to foster their executive function development.