bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A
frican
A
merican Prison Gangs
Authors: Pitts James M. A.
Published: July 2017

Prison gangs are a common problem that permeates the criminal justice system. Commonly referred to as security threat groups, prison gangs are often established among racial lines. African American prison gangs differ from other groups primarily by race. Otherwise, African American prison gangs are typical of other security threat groups, as they are often characterized by their criminality while incarcerated.
A
ttica Correctional Facility
Authors: Klein Lloyd
Published: July 2017

Attica Correctional Facility is a maximum security prison located in Western New York State. Not unlike other prisons throughout the United States, the prison population reflected changes in the arrest and prosecution focusing on minority and political groups. The inclusion of more African Americans and Black Muslim groups became a serious issue in the late 1960s and early 1970s as the legal system was struggling with the continued “hands‐off doctrine,” ignoring the legal rights of inmates. The problem came to a crisis point with the infamous four‐day inmate takeover of the prison following a violent prison riot. The control of the riot by then New York State Governor Nelson Rockefeller and its ramifications has become one of the most important incidents in corrections history.
E
cuador, Corrections in
Authors: Espin Johanna
Published: July 2017

The aim of this entry is to explain the current situation and recurrent issues of the correctional system in Ecuador. The first section examines the creation and historical evolution of the Ecuadorian correctional system since the nineteenth century, while the second section assesses the conditions of this system currently.
National‐scale precision medicine for psychiatric disorders in Sweden
Authors: Bergen Sarah E. , Sullivan Patrick F.
Published: July 2017

Since psychiatric disorders have genetic architectures dominated by common variants of small effects, successful elucidation in psychiatric genetics necessitates large sample sizes. Collaboration and unconventional ascertainment methods are required to fulfill this need. Electronic health records have been increasingly seen as holding great potential for research, although they often pose substantial technical, legal and ethical challenges. Universal health care and national‐scale registers with comprehensive medical, developmental, demographic, and geographic information make the Nordic countries ideal for psychiatric genetic epidemiology. The Genomic Aggregation Project in Sweden is gathering genetic data from subjects with and without complex genetic diseases in a single location for standardized processing and use in a wide variety of scientific investigations. Thirty groups with >160 K genotyped samples have joined GAPS. Although GAPS is general across medicine, many psychiatric disorders are represented within GAPS, and initial studies will focus on major depressive disorder. Through in‐depth genetic investigations, the genes and pathways that will be identified can be leveraged for predictive and drug‐development purposes. Sweden offers exceptional possibilities for psychiatric genetics, and GAPS aims to harness the wealth of available information for research to improve human health.
Smart Human‐Serum‐Albumin–As2O3 Nanodrug with Self‐Amplified Folate Receptor‐Targeting Ability for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Treatment
Authors: Peng Yongbo , Zhao Zilong , Liu Teng , Li Xiong , Hu Xiaoxiao , Wei Xiaoping , Zhang Xiaobing , Tan Weihong
Published: July 2017

Arsenic trioxide (ATO, As2O3) is currently used to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia. However, expanding its use to include high‐dose treatment of other cancers is severely hampered by serious side effects on healthy organs. To address these limitations, we loaded ATO onto folate (FA)‐labeled human serum albumin (HSA) pretreated with glutathione (GSH) based on the low pH‐ and GSH‐sensitive arsenic‐sulfur bond, and we termed the resulting smart nanodrug as FA‐HSA‐ATO. FA‐HSA‐ATO could specifically recognize folate receptor‐β‐positive (FRβ+) chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells, resulting in more intracellular accumulation of ATO. Furthermore, the nanodrug could upregulate FRβ expression in CML cancer cells and xenograft tumor model, facilitating even more recruitment and uptake of FRβ‐targeting drugs. In vitro and in vivo experiments indicate that the nanodrug significantly alleviates side effects and improves therapeutic efficacy of ATO on CML and xenograft tumor model.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Azide–Thioalkyne Cycloadditions in Aqueous Media: A Mild, Orthogonal, and Biocompatible Chemical Ligation
Authors: Destito Paolo , Couceiro José R. , Faustino Hélio , López Fernando , Mascareñas José L.
Published: July 2017

The development of efficient metal‐promoted bioorthogonal ligations remains as a major scientific challenge. Demonstrated herein is that azides undergo efficient and regioselective room‐temperature annulations with thioalkynes in aqueous milieu when treated with catalytic amounts of a suitable ruthenium complex. The reaction is compatible with different biomolecules, and can be carried out in complex aqueous mixtures such as phosphate buffered saline, cell lysates, fetal bovine serum, and even living bacteria (E. coli). Importantly, the reaction is mutually compatible with the classical CuAAC.
Axially Symmetric U−O−Ln‐ and U−O−U‐Containing Molecules from the Control of Uranyl Reduction with Simple f‐Block Halides
Authors: Arnold Polly L. , Cowie Bradley E. , Suvova Markéta , Zegke Markus , Magnani Nicola , Colineau Eric , Griveau Jean‐Christophe , Caciuffo Roberto , Love Jason B.
Published: July 2017

The reduction of UVI uranyl halides or amides with simple LnII or UIII salts forms highly symmetric, linear, oxo‐bridged trinuclear UV/LnIII/UV, LnIII/UIV/LnIII, and UIV/UIV/UIV complexes or linear LnIII/UV polymers depending on the stoichiometry and solvent. The reactions can be tuned to give the products of one‐ or two‐electron uranyl reduction. The reactivity and magnetism of these compounds are discussed in the context of using a series of strongly oxo‐coupled homo‐ and heterometallic poly(f‐block) chains to better understand fundamental electronic structure in the f‐block.
Supramolekulare Organisation und funktionale Auswirkungen von Ballungen von K+‐Kanälen in Membranen
Authors: Visscher Koen M. , Medeiros‐Silva João , Mance Deni , Rodrigues João P. G. L. M. , Daniëls Mark , Bonvin Alexandre M. J. J. , Baldus Marc , Weingarth Markus
Published: July 2017

Die Segregation von zellulären Oberflächen in heterogene Regionen wird in Bakterien und Eukaryoten als geläufiges Motiv betrachtet, und diese Sichtweise wird durch die Beobachtung von Ballungen und funktionalen Kopplungen von Membranproteinen wie Ionenkanälen oder Rezeptoren gestützt. Solche Prozesse könnten eine wichtige zelluläre Strategie sein, um die Signalverarbeitung zu optimieren. Daher sind strukturelle Erkenntnisse über die supramolekulare Organisation von Kanälen oder Rezeptoren entscheidend für ein besseres Verständnis der Signaltransduktion über Membranen. Wir beschreiben hier die supramolekulare Organisation von Ballungen des K+‐Kanals KcsA in bakteriellen Membranen. Diese Studie wurde durch eine Kombination von DNP‐verstärkter Festkörper‐NMR‐Spektroskopie und MD‐Simulationen ermöglicht. Wir bestimmen die Kanal‐Kanal‐Wechselwirkungsfläche und demonstrieren eine starke Korrelation zwischen Kanalfunktion und Kanalballung, was einen bisher unbekannten Mechanismus der Kommunikation zwischen K+‐Kanälen impliziert.
Adapting the Glaser Reaction for Bioconjugation: Robust Access to Structurally Simple, Rigid Linkers
Authors: Silvestri Anthony P. , Cistrone Philip A. , Dawson Philip E.
Published: July 2017

Copper‐mediated coupling between alkynes to generate a structurally rigid, linear 1,3‐diyne linkage has been known for over a century. However, the mechanistic requirement to simultaneously maintain CuI and an oxidant has limited its practical utility, especially for complex functional molecules in aqueous solution. We find that addition of a specific bpy‐diol ligand protects unprotected peptides from CuII‐mediated oxidative damage through the formation of an insoluble CuII gel which solves the critical challenge of applying Glaser coupling to substrates that are degraded by CuII. The generality of this method is illustrated through the conjugation of a series of polar and nonpolar labels onto a fully unprotected GLP‐1R agonist through a linear 7 Å diynyl linker.
Supramolecular Organization and Functional Implications of K+ Channel Clusters in Membranes
Authors: Visscher Koen M. , Medeiros‐Silva João , Mance Deni , Rodrigues João P. G. L. M. , Daniëls Mark , Bonvin Alexandre M. J. J. , Baldus Marc , Weingarth Markus
Published: July 2017

The segregation of cellular surfaces in heterogeneous patches is considered to be a common motif in bacteria and eukaryotes that is underpinned by the observation of clustering and cooperative gating of signaling membrane proteins such as receptors or channels. Such processes could represent an important cellular strategy to shape signaling activity. Hence, structural knowledge of the arrangement of channels or receptors in supramolecular assemblies represents a crucial step towards a better understanding of signaling across membranes. We herein report on the supramolecular organization of clusters of the K+ channel KcsA in bacterial membranes, which was analyzed by a combination of DNP‐enhanced solid‐state NMR experiments and MD simulations. We used solid‐state NMR spectroscopy to determine the channel–channel interface and to demonstrate the strong correlation between channel function and clustering, which suggests a yet unknown mechanism of communication between K+ channels.
Antimicrobial and anticancer activities of Schiff base ligand and its transition metal mixed ligand complexes with heterocyclic base
Authors: Abd El‐Halim H. F. , Mohamed Gehad G. , Anwar Mahmoud N.
Published: July 2017

A new Schiff base ligand (HL) was prepared via a condensation reaction of quinoline‐2‐carboxaldhyde with 2‐aminophenol in a molar ratio of 1:1. Its transition metal mixed ligand complexes with 1,10‐phenanthroline (1,10‐phen) as co‐ligand were also synthesized in a 1:1:1 ratio. HL and its mixed ligand complexes were characterized using elemental analysis, infrared, 1H NMR, mass and UV–visible spectroscopies, molar conductance, magnetic measurements, solid reflectance, thermal analysis, electron spin resonance and X‐ray diffraction. Molar conductance measurements showed that all complexes have an electrolytic nature, except Cd(II) complex. From elemental and spectral data, the formulae [M(L)(1,10‐phen)(H2O)]Clx⋅nH2O (where M = Cr(III) (x = n = 2), Mn(II) and Ni(II) (x = 1, n = 2), Fe(III) (x = n = 2), Co(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) (x = 1, n = 2)) and [Cd(L)(1,10‐phen)Cl]⋅3H2O for the metal complexes have been proposed. The geometric structures of complexes were found to be octahedral. Powder X‐ray diffraction reflected the crystalline nature of the complexes; however, the Schiff base is amorphous. HL and its mixed ligand complexes were screened against Gram‐positive bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae and Bacillus subtilis) and Gram‐negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli). Antifungal activity was determined against Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans, the data showing that most complexes had activity less than that of the Schiff base while Mn(II), Fe(III) and Ni(II) complexes showed no significant antifungal activity. The anticancer activity of HL and its metal complexes was also studied against breast and colon cell lines. The metal complexes showed IC50 higher than that of HL, especially the Cu(II) complex which showed the highest IC50 against breast cell line.
Synthesis of innovative biochemical active mixed ligand metal(II) complexes with thiazole containing Schiff base: In vitro antimicrobial profile
Authors: Raman Natarajan , Chandrasekar Thiravidamani , Kumaravel Ganesan , Mitu Liviu
Published: July 2017

An unique Schiff base ligand, formed by the condensation reaction of 2‐aminobenzothiazole with curcumin and its Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II) and Zn(II) complexes incorporating 2,2′‐bipyridine as coligand were synthesised. They were characterized via analytical and spectroscopic methods. The complexes adopt square planar geometry. Their antimicrobial activity and photocatalytic efficiency on Congo red dye molecule were explored. It is found that all the complexes are antimicrobial active and show higher activity than the ligand. The nuclease activity of the above metal complexes was also assessed by absorption titration, fluorescence, viscosity and gel electrophoresis assay. The complexes bind CT DNA through intercalation mode. The data reveal that the above synthesised metal(II) complexes are found to be effective metallonucleases. The gel electrophoresis results exhibit that the metal complexes cleave pBR322 plasmid DNA in presence of hydrogen peroxide effectively compared to the ligand. The synthesised metallonucleases should lead to a new era for the logical sketch of dominant agents for probing and targeting nucleic acids. This exploration reveals that Cu(II) complex has a valued biological and photochemical profile.
Synthesis of nanomagnetic supported thiourea–copper(I) catalyst and its application in the synthesis of triazoles and benzamides
Authors: Mohammadi Leila , Zolfigol Mohammad Ali , Khazaei Ardeshir , Yarie Meysam , Ansari Samira , Azizian Saeid , Khosravi Maryam
Published: July 2017

A novel nanomagnetic supported thiourea–copper(I) complex and inorganic–organic Takemoto‐like hybrid nanomagnetic catalyst was designed, and synthesized. The prepared naomagnetic catalyst was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis, transmission and scanning electron microscopies, thermogravimetry, nitrogen adsorption/desorption, zeta potential and vibrating sample magnetometry. Furthermore, the fabricated dual‐role inorganic–organic hybrid catalyst shows a striking and robust catalytic activity for the synthesis of triazoles and benzamides through click and coupling reactions, respectively, under mild and eco‐friendly reaction conditions.
Incomplete Logical Control System and its Application to Some Intellectual Problems
Authors: Zhang Xiao , Wang Yuanhua , Cheng Daizhan
Published: July 2017

The wolf‐sheep‐cabbage puzzle and the missionaries‐cannibals problem are two classical intellectual problems, and various methods have been developed to solve them. This paper proposes a new logical control system (LCS), called the incomplete LCS, which allows controls to apply to certain particular states. Using semi‐tensor product (STP) of matrices, the incomplete LCS can be expressed into its algebraic form, and then the controls are designed to reach our goal. Using algebraic state space technique, the two intellectual problems are converted to controllability of incomplete LCSs with restricted state space. Then the solvability and related algorithms are developed.
Optimistic Value Model of Indefinite LQ Optimal Control for Discrete‐Time Uncertain Systems
Authors: Chen Yuefen , Zhu Yuanguo
Published: July 2017

Uncertainty theory is a branch of mathematics which provides a new tool to deal with the human uncertainty. Based on uncertainty theory, this paper proposes an optimistic value model of discrete‐time linear quadratic (LQ) optimal control, whereas the state and control weighting matrices in the cost function are indefinite, the system dynamics are disturbed by uncertain noises. With the aid of the Bellman's principle of optimality in dynamic programming, we first present a recurrence equation. Then, a necessary condition for the state feedback control of the indefinite LQ problem is derived by using the recurrence equation. Moreover, a sufficient condition of well‐posedness for the indefinite LQ optimal control is given. Finally, a numerical example is presented by using the obtained results.
Preparation of Poly(ethylene‐co‐acrylic acid) Grafted with Aliphatic Quaternary Ammonium Salts as Antibacterial Polymers
Authors: Noh Hongche , Yu Ji‐Soo , Ko JongSung , Kim Joung Min , Oh Seong‐Geun
Published: July 2017

To improve the antibacterial performance of poly(ethylene‐co‐acrylic acid) (PEAA) copolymer, aliphatic quaternary ammonium salts (QASs) was grafted into PEAA copolymers via a Steglich esterification reaction using N,N′‐dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) as a dehydrating agent. The polymers were synthesized using dodecyl dimethyl hydroxyethyl ammonium chloride (DDHAC), which was prepared by quaternization of dimethylethanolamine (DMEA) with 1‐chlorododecane. These polymers effectively inhibited the growth of microorganisms due to their hydrophobic chains, which were bound to PEAA copolymers. The obtained PEAA‐g‐DDHAC (PGD) was investigated by attenuated total reflectance‐Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and antibacterial tests. The results showed that the antibacterial effects of PGDs were significantly improved by alkyl grafting, and this improvement depended on reaction temperature. The highest antibacterial activity was observed for polymers synthesized at 135°C against Gram‐positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram‐negative Escherichia coli. Their decomposition rate was accelerated as the temperature increased above 165°C because of the thermal decomposition of DDHAC.
The Molting Biomarker Molecule Exists as 2‐Acetamido‐2‐deoxy‐gluconic Acid in Urine of Blue Crabs and Helmet Crabs
Authors: Kamio Michiya , Nagakura Yasuhiro , Yano Hirona
Published: July 2017

N‐Acetyl‐d‐glucosamino‐1,5‐lactone 1 has been reported as a candidate component of the sex pheromone mixture of female blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, since it is present in the urine of reproductive females and males detect it. Theoretically, 1 can convert to a 1,4‐lactone isomer 2 or to the corresponding carboxylic acid, 2‐acetamido‐2‐deoxygluconic acid 3 by hydrolysis in aqueous solution. In this study, we examined the biologically relevant state of equilibrium mixture of 1, 2, and 3 in crab urine using ESI‐MS and NMR analyses. The ESI‐MS analysis showed that the dominant form of solubilized synthetic 1 is lactone 1 and/or 2, immediately after solubilization in deuterated water, seawater, and phosphate buffer and gradually changing to carboxylic acid 3 which becomes most predominant in phosphate buffer. The NMR analysis showed that synthetic 1 converts to other forms in deuterated water and seawater, and reaches an equilibrium mixture of at least three forms within 24 h. In contrast, 1 converts to a single state of another form in deuterated water with 35 mm phosphate buffer pH 7.6 within 24 h, which is identical to the state in urine with or without phosphate buffer. Thus, we conclude that the molting biomarker sensed by male crabs is 3.
Exploration of Phytoconstituents from Mussaenda roxburghii and Studies of Their Antibiofilm Effect
Authors: Ghosh Ranjit , Das Manash C. , Sarkar Arpita , Das Antu , Sandhu Padmani , Dinda Biswanath , Akhter Yusuf , Bhattacharjee Surajit , De Utpal Ch.
Published: July 2017

In the context of ethno botanical importance with no phytochemical investigations, Mussaenda roxburghii have been investigated to explore it's phytoconstituents and studies of their antibiofilm activity. Four compounds have been isolated from the aerial parts of this plant and were characterized as 2α,3β,19α,23‐tetrahydroxyurs‐12‐en‐28‐oic acid (1), β‐sitosterol glucoside (4), lupeol palmitate (5), and myoinositol (6). All these compounds were tested for antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Compound 1 exhibited three times more antibiofilm activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at 0.74 mm compared to that of streptomycin. Molecular docking studies exhibited a very high binding affinity of 1 with P. aeruginosa quorum sensing proteins and motility associated proteins viz. LasR and PilB, PilY1, PilT, respectively. Compound 1 was also found to be non‐cytotoxic against sheep RBC and murine peritoneal macrophages at selected sub‐MIC doses.
Palladium on Carbon‐Catalyzed Benzylic Methoxylation for Synthesis of Mixed Acetals and Orthoesters
Authors: Yasukawa Naoki , Kanie Takafumi , Kuwata Marina , Monguchi Yasunari , Sajiki Hironao , Sawama Yoshinari
Published: July 2017

The palladium on carbon (Pd/C)‐catalyzed direct methoxylation of the benzylic positions of linear benzyl and cyclic ether substrates proceeded in the presence of i‐Pr2NEt under an oxygen atmosphere to give the corresponding mixed acetals. Cyclic acetal derivatives could also be converted into orthoesters. The present direct methoxylation via a carbon‐hydrogen (C−H) functionalization can be accomplished using the easily‐removed Pd/C and molecular oxygen as a green oxidant. The obtained mixed acetals were transformed into the corresponding ether products by chemoselective substitution of the methoxy group using a silyltriflate, 2,4,6‐collidine, and a nucleophile. The orthoester derivative could also be transformed into the cyclic ketal under similar reaction conditions.
AgGa2PS6: A New Mid‐Infrared Nonlinear Optical Material with a High Laser Damage Threshold and a Large Second Harmonic Generation Response
Authors: Feng Jiang‐He , Hu Chun‐Li , Xu Xiang , Li Bing‐Xuan , Zhang Ming‐Jian , Mao Jiang‐Gao
Published: July 2017

To develop new mid‐infrared (MIR) nonlinear optical (NLO) materials, which can overcome the low laser damage threshold (LDT) of the commercial MIR‐NLO crystals (AgGaS2, AgGaSe2 and ZnGeP2) and simultaneously keep the large NLO susceptibility, is necessary for high‐power MIR laser frequency conversion technology. To improve the LDT, a new strategy of increasing lattice stability was adopted. Here, the strongly covalent structural unit of the PS4 tetrahedron was introduced into AgGaS2 (AGS), and that led to the isolation of the first compound in AgI‐GaIII‐PV‐S system, namely, AgGa2PS6 (Cc). It retains a large SHG efficiency (1.0×AGS) with phase‐matchable ability, and also exhibits an improved LDT (5.1×AGS), indicating AgGa2PS6 is a new promising MIR‐NLO crystal. Moreover, a novel 3D framework of [Ga2PS6]−, with triangular‐shaped channels, as well as interesting single triangular geometry of AgS3—both of which are very rare in reported sulfides—was discovered in AgGa2PS6. Furthermore, theoretical calculations, and lattice energy and thermal expansions analyses suggest that the PS4 group makes a large contribution to the large SHG efficiency and high LDT.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Chiral Trifluoromethyl Containing Heterocyclic Amino Acids
Authors: Zhao Liang , Zhou Shengbin , Tong Junhua , Wang Jiang , Liu Hong
Published: July 2017

An operationally convenient, asymmetric synthesis of chiral trifluoromethyl containing heterocyclic amino acids has been developed via Michael addition reaction of chiral equivalent of Ni(II)‐complex of glycine and β‐trifluoromethylated‐α,β‐unsaturated ketones. The simplicity of the experimental procedures and high stereochemical outcome of the presented method render these heterocyclic amino acids readily available for systematic medicinal chemistry studies and de novo peptide design.
Inorganic Crystals with Glass‐Like and Ultralow Thermal Conductivities†
Authors: Beekman Matt , Cahill David G.
Published: July 2017

The ability to control the transport of thermal energy is critical in a wide variety of technologies. At the same time, understanding the underlying microscopic mechanisms of thermal transport in solids continues to be a central goal of condensed matter and materials physics, with many persistent challenges and unanswered questions. One of the remarkable findings has been the observation that some crystalline materials have very low, glass‐like thermal conductivities despite long‐range order in the arrangement of the atoms in their structure. Although examples with such unusual behavior were initially rare, the number of crystalline materials known to have glass‐like thermal conductivities has grown significantly in the past two decades. Moreover, some fully dense inorganic solids have recently been discovered that possess ultralow thermal conductivities below the so‐called glass limit. In this review, we use several specific examples to highlight the salient structural and lattice dynamical features of these intriguing “glass‐like crystals,” focusing on current understanding of the microscopic mechanisms that cause these crystals to conduct heat like a glass. The study of such materials continues to push our understanding of heat transport in solids and the roles that chemical bonding and structural order and disorder play in thermal transport processes.
Catalytic Hydrodeoxygenation of High Carbon Furylmethanes to Renewable Jet‐fuel Ranged Alkanes over a Rhenium‐Modified Iridium Catalyst
Authors: Liu Sibao , Dutta Saikat , Zheng Weiqing , Gould Nicholas S. , Cheng Ziwei , Xu Bingjun , Saha Basudeb , Vlachos Dionisios G.
Published: July 2017

Renewable jet‐fuel‐range alkanes are synthesized by hydrodeoxygenation of lignocellulose‐derived high‐carbon furylmethanes over ReOx‐modified Ir/SiO2 catalysts under mild reaction conditions. Ir−ReOx/SiO2 with a Re/Ir molar ratio of 2:1 exhibits the best performance, achieving a combined alkanes yield of 82–99 % from C12–C15 furylmethanes. The catalyst can be regenerated in three consecutive cycles with only about 12 % loss in the combined alkanes yield. Mechanistically, the furan moieties of furylmethanes undergo simultaneous ring saturation and ring opening to form a mixture of complex oxygenates consisting of saturated furan rings, mono‐keto groups, and mono‐hydroxy groups. Then, these oxygenates undergo a cascade of hydrogenolysis reactions to alkanes. The high activity of Ir−ReOx/SiO2 arises from a synergy between Ir and ReOx, whereby the acidic sites of partially reduced ReOx activate the C−O bonds of the saturated furans and alcoholic groups while the Ir sites are responsible for hydrogenation with H2.
Smart card–based password authenticated key agreement protocol using chaotic maps
Authors: Cheng Ting‐Fang , Chang Chin‐Chen , Lo Yu‐Ya
Published: July 2017

In 2015, Lee proposed time stamp–based and nonce‐based password authenticated key agreement protocols based on the Chebyshev chaotic map to enhance the security of relevant schemes. However, in this paper, we demonstrate that Lee's protocols are vulnerable to user impersonation and stolen verifier attacks. To overcome these security problems, we thus provide an improved version using a smart card. Security analysis and comparisons show that the proposed protocol is more secure and maintains better performance. Furthermore, we perform a formal verification of the proposed protocol using the widely accepted AVISPA tool for error detection.
Cougar response to a gradient of human development
Authors: Maletzke Benjamin , Kertson Brian , Swanson Mark , Koehler Gary , Beausoleil Richard , Wielgus Robert , Cooley Hilary
Published: July 2017

Human populations continue to increase and transform Earth's ecosystems. For large carnivores, human development reduces habitat abundance, alters predator–prey dynamics, and increases the risk of mortality, which may threaten the viability of many populations. To investigate how the cougar (Puma concolor) responds to a gradient of human development in four areas in Washington, USA, we used utilization distributions, county tax parcel data, Weibull modeling analysis, and multiple comparison techniques. Cougars used wildland areas the majority of the time (79% ± 2%, n = 112 cougars), with use decreasing as housing densities increased. When present in human‐developed areas in eastern Washington, 99% of the habitat that cougars used had housing densities ≤76.5 residences/km2, which was <846.0 residences/km2 observed in western Washington (P < 0.01). Cougars used areas in western Washington with greater housing density likely because of the clustered nature of housing developments, the connectivity with greenbelts and forested corridors, and security cover of dense maritime vegetation. Our findings suggest a consistent, albeit nuanced response by cougars to human development that may be used by wildlife managers, landscape planners, and environmental educators to guide and enhance their efforts to minimize the impacts of human development on cougars and reduce the potential for conflicts with people. Our model may also provide guidance for thresholds of human development for other adaptable large carnivores.
Competition between the Hydride Ligands of Two Types in Proton Transfer to [{κ3‐P‐CH3C(CH2CH2PPh2)3}RuH(η2‐BH4)]
Authors: Golub Igor E. , Filippov Oleg A. , Belkova Natalia V. , Gutsul Eugenii I. , Epstein Lina M. , Rossin Andrea , Peruzzini Maurizio , Shubina Elena S.
Published: July 2017

The interaction of the mixed hydrido–tetrahydridoborate ruthenium(II) complex [(Triphos)RuH(η2‐BH4)] [1; Triphos = κ3‐P‐CH3C(CH2CH2PPh2)3] with alcohols of variable acidic strength [MeOH, FCH2CH2OH (MFE), CF3CH2OH (TFE), (CF3)2CHOH (HFIP), and (CF3)3COH (PFTB)] was the subject of a combined computational (DFT) and spectroscopic (VT FTIR, NMR) study. The experimental spectra suggests that RuH···HO bond formation precedes the protonation of 1, and H2 evolution leads to the loss of boron and the formation of the dimetallic [{(Triphos)RuH}2(µ,η2:η2‐BH4)]+ cation. The experimentally determined basicity factor [Ej(RuH)] of the Ru‐bound hydrido ligand of 1.43 is among the highest determined for ruthenium hydrides. Such high basicity leads to very easy proton transfer to the RuH ligand for strong alcohols (HFIP and PFTB). An alternative reaction pathway involving the migration of the bridging hydride (BHbr) to the ruthenium center is suggested for weaker proton donors (MeOH and TFE).
Unprecedented Inequivalent Metal Coordination Environments in a Mixed‐Ligand Dicobalt Complex
Authors: Cioncoloni Giacomo , Sproules Stephen , Wilson Claire , Symes Mark D.
Published: July 2017

Bimetallic complexes of the transition metals containing mixed diimine and dithiolate ligands are of fundamental interest on account of their intriguing electronic properties. Almost always, such complexes are isolated as species in which both the metal centers are in identical coordination environments – this means that the two metals often have identical redox properties. In contrast, mixed‐diimine/dithiolate bimetallic complexes of the first row transition metals where the two metals are in dissimilar coordination environments are exceedingly rare, and are only known for nickel. Herein, we report the first ever example of a mixed‐diimine/dithiolate dicobalt complex where the two cobalt centers are in different coordination environments. The synthesis of this compound is straightforward, and produces a complex in which the two cobalt centers display very different redox properties.
A Versatile Iridium(III) Metallacycle Catalyst for the Effective Hydrosilylation of Carbonyl and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Corre Yann , Rysak Vincent , Trivelli Xavier , Agbossou‐Niedercorn Francine , Michon Christophe
Published: July 2017

A versatile iridium(III) metallacycle catalysed rapidly and selectively the reduction of a large array of challenging esters and carboxylic acids as well as various ketones and aldehydes. The reactions proceeded in high yields at room temperature by hydrosilylation followed by desilylation. Although the reactions of various aldehydes and ketones resulted exclusively in alcohols, the hydrosilylation of esters led to alcohols or ethers, depending on the type of substrate. Regarding the carboxylic acids, again the nature of the reagent controlled the outcome of the hydrosilylation reaction, either alcohols or aldehydes being formed.
Multisite musculoskeletal pain in adolescence as a predictor of medical and social welfare benefits in young adulthood: The Norwegian Arctic Adolescent Health Cohort Study
Authors: Eckhoff C. , Straume B. , Kvernmo S.
Published: July 2017

Background

Pain in adolescence is associated with mental health problems, the main reason for work disability in young adults. This study explores the relationship between multisite musculoskeletal pain in adolescence and later medical (sickness and medical rehabilitation benefits) and social welfare benefits, adjusted for sociodemographic, adolescent psychosocial and mental health problems.

Methods

Data were obtained by linkage between the National Insurance Registry (2003–11) and the Norwegian Arctic Adolescent Health Study, a school‐based survey in North Norway (2003–05), accepted by 3987 fifteen‐ to sixteen‐year‐olds (68% of the total population). The start of the follow‐up time was July 1st of the corresponding year the participants responded to the health study. Musculoskeletal pain was measured by the number of musculoskeletal pain sites.

Results

We found a positive linear relationship between adolescent musculoskeletal pain sites and the occurrence of medical and social welfare benefits in young adulthood (p ≤ 0.001). Adolescent musculoskeletal pain was a significant predictor of sickness (p < 0.001) and social welfare benefits in females (p = 0.036), when adjusted for adolescent psychosocial and mental health problems. The most important adolescent psychosocial predictors were externalizing problems, less parental involvement and adverse life events.

Conclusion

Adolescent multisite musculoskeletal pain was found to be an important predictor of later sickness and social welfare benefit receipt from adolescence to young adulthood.

Significance

Adolescents with multisite musculoskeletal pain are at substantially increased risk of health and social difficulties into young adulthood. Identification and interventions for these adolescent problems could alleviate this risk and be a sound socioeconomic investment.
Articulation of Cut Scores in the Context of the Next‐Generation Assessments
Authors: Kannan Priya , Sgammato Adrienne
Published: July 2017

Logistic regression (LR)‐based methods have become increasingly popular for predicting and articulating cut scores. However, the precision of predictive relationships is largely dependent on the underlying correlations between the predictor and the criterion. In two simulation studies, we evaluated the impact of varying the underlying grade‐level correlations on the resultant bias in cut scores articulated using the LR method. In Study 1, we compared different articulation methods (LR and equipercentile smoothing), and in Study 2, we evaluated different criteria for linking (e.g., adjacent grade or end of course). The collective results indicate that as correlations became smaller, cut scores articulated using LR‐based predictions became increasingly biased when compared to a true value obtained under perfect correlation. The predicted values are significantly biased for lower achievement levels, irrespective of the linking criteria used. Results from these studies suggest that the LR method must be used with caution, particularly when articulating cut scores for multiple achievement levels.
On assessing the relative performance of default predictions
Authors: Krämer Walter
Published: July 2017

We compare the accuracy of default predictions as, for instance, produced by professional rating agencies. We extend previous results on partial orderings to nonidentical sets of obligors and show that the calibration requirement virtually rules out the possibility of some partial orderings and that the partial ordering based on the ROC curve is most easily achieved in practice. As an example, we show for more than 5,000 firms rated by Moody's and S&P that these ratings cannot be ranked according to their grade distributions given default or nondefault, but that Moody's dominate S&P with respect to the ROC criterion and the Gini curve.
The independent influences of age and education on functional brain networks and cognition in healthy older adults
Authors: Perry Alistair , Wen Wei , Kochan Nicole A. , Thalamuthu Anbupalam , Sachdev Perminder S. , Breakspear Michael
Published: July 2017

Healthy aging is accompanied by a constellation of changes in cognitive processes and alterations in functional brain networks. The relationships between brain networks and cognition during aging in later life are moderated by demographic and environmental factors, such as prior education, in a poorly understood manner. Using multivariate analyses, we identified three latent patterns (or modes) linking resting‐state functional connectivity to demographic and cognitive measures in 101 cognitively normal elders. The first mode (P = 0.00043) captures an opposing association between age and core cognitive processes such as attention and processing speed on functional connectivity patterns. The functional subnetwork expressed by this mode links bilateral sensorimotor and visual regions through key areas such as the parietal operculum. A strong, independent association between years of education and functional connectivity loads onto a second mode (P = 0.012), characterized by the involvement of key hub regions. A third mode (P = 0.041) captures weak, residual brain–behavior relations. Our findings suggest that circuits supporting lower level cognitive processes are most sensitive to the influence of age in healthy older adults. Education, and to a lesser extent, executive functions, load independently onto functional networks—suggesting that the moderating effect of education acts upon networks distinct from those vulnerable with aging. This has important implications in understanding the contribution of education to cognitive reserve during healthy aging. Hum Brain Mapp 38:5094–5114, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Early survival and delayed death of developmentally‐born dentate gyrus neurons
Authors: Cahill Shaina P. , Yu Ru Qi , Green Dylan , Todorova Evgenia V. , Snyder Jason S.
Published: July 2017

The storage and persistence of memories depends on plasticity in the hippocampus. Adult neurogenesis produces new neurons that mature through critical periods for plasticity and cellular survival, which determine their contributions to learning and memory. However, most granule neurons are generated prior to adulthood; the maturational timecourse of these neurons is poorly understood compared to adult‐born neurons but is essential to identify how the dentate gyrus (DG), as a whole, contributes to behavior. To characterize neurons born in the early postnatal period, we labeled DG neurons born on postnatal day 6 (P6) with BrdU and quantified maturation and survival across early (1 hr to 8 weeks old) and late (2–6 months old) cell ages. We find that the dynamics of developmentally‐born neuron survival is essentially the opposite of neurons born in adulthood: P6‐born neurons did not go through a period of cell death during their immature stages (from 1 to 8 weeks). In contrast, 17% of P6‐born neurons died after reaching maturity, between 2 and 6 months of age. Delayed death was evident from the loss of BrdU+ cells as well as pyknotic BrdU+caspase3+ neurons within the superficial granule cell layer. Patterns of DCX, NeuN, and activity‐dependent Fos expression indicate that developmentally‐born neurons mature over several weeks and a sharp peak in zif268 expression at 2 weeks suggests that developmentally‐born neurons mature faster than adult‐born neurons (which peak at 3 weeks). Collectively, our findings are relevant for understanding how developmentally‐born DG neurons contribute to memory and disorders throughout the lifespan. High levels of early survival and zif268 expression may promote learning, while also rendering neurons sensitive to insults at defined stages. Late neuronal death in young adulthood may result in the loss of hundreds of thousands of DG neurons, which could impact memory persistence and contribute to hippocampal/DG atrophy in disorders such as depression.
Potential of time‐lapse photography for identifying saturation area dynamics on agricultural hillslopes
Authors: Silasari Rasmiaditya , Parajka Juraj , Ressl Camillo , Strauss Peter , Blöschl Günter
Published: July 2017

Mapping saturation areas during rainfall events is important for understanding the dynamics of overland flow. In this study, we evaluate the potential of high temporal resolution time‐lapse photography for mapping the dynamics of saturation areas (i.e., areas where water is visually ponding on the surface) on the hillslope scale during natural rainfall. We take 1 image per minute over a 100 × 15 m2 depression area on an agricultural field in the Hydrological Open Air Laboratory, Austria. The images are georectified and classified by an automated procedure, using grey intensity as a threshold to identify saturation area. The optimum threshold T is obtained by comparing saturation areas from the automated analysis with the manual analysis of 149 images. T is found to be highly correlated with an image brightness characteristic defined as the greyscale image histogram mode M (Pearson correlation r = 0.91). We estimate T as T = M + C where C is a calibration parameter assumed to be constant during each event. The automated procedure estimates the total saturation area close to the manual analysis with mean normalized root mean square error of 9% and 21% if C is calibrated for each event and taken constant for all events, respectively. The spatial patterns of saturation are estimated with a geometric mean accuracy index of 94% as compared to the manual analysis of the same photos. The patterns are tested against field observations for one date as a preliminary demonstration, which yields a root mean square error of the shortest distance between the measured boundary points and the automatically classified boundary as 23 cm. The usefulness of the patterns is illustrated by exploring run‐off generation processes of an example event. Overall, the proposed classification method based on grey intensity is found to process images with highly varying brightnesses well. It is more efficient than the manual tracing for a large number of images, which allows the exploration of surface flow processes at high temporal resolution.
Fundamental Developments of Chiral Phase Chromatography in Connection with Enantioselective Synthesis of β‐Amino Acids
Authors: Vargas‐Caporali Jorge , Juaristi Eusebio
Published: July 2017

A few decades ago, the enantiomeric purities of chiral compounds were usually determined by comparison of experimental optical rotations or by preparation of diastereomeric derivatives followed by analysis of their 1H NMR spectra. This situation changed when Emanuel Gil‐Av, Binyamin Feibush and Rosita Charles‐Sigler achieved the separation of single enantiomers from racemic α‐amino acids by means of a chiral stationary phase. Indeed, chiral chromatography allowed a direct comparison of chromatograms obtained from enantiopure samples with those recorded with their racemates. With the aim of celebrating the relevance of Gil‐Av's achievement, this review also presents several applications of chiral chromatography in the area of asymmetric synthesis of β‐amino acids.
Asiatic acid enhances survival of human AC16 cardiomyocytes under hypoxia by upregulating miR‐1290
Authors: Wu Kai , Hu Min , Chen Zejin , Xiang Feixiang , Chen Guojian , Yan Weihong , Peng Qing , Chen Xiaoping
Published: July 2017

Asiatic acid (AA) could attenuate ischemia/reperfusion induced myocardial apoptosis through upregulating the Akt/GSK‐3β/HIF‐1α pathway. HIF‐3α is a negative regulator of HIF‐1α, whose mRNA is a potential target of miR‐1290. AA could upregulate miR‐1290 in non‐small‐cell lung cancer A549 cells. This work aimed to investigate whether AA could inhibit hypoxia induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis through regulating the miR‐1290/HIF3A/HIF‐1α axis. The AC16 human myocardial cell line cultured under normoxic or hypoxic conditions was treated with various doses of AA for 24 h. Afterwards cell viability, apoptosis and the expression of miR‐1290, HIF3A, and HIF1A were evaluated. Cells transfected with miR‐1290 mimic or inhibitor were used to determine the role of miR‐1290 in the anti‐apoptosis effect of AA and the expression of HIF3A and HIF1A. Dual luciferase assay was performed to confirm miR‐1290 targeting of HIF3A. HIF3A overexpression was achieved by transfection of HIF3A1 overexpressing lentivirus, and its effect on miR‐1290 and AA‐regulated survival of cardiomyocytes was evaluated. AA treatment protected cardiomyocytes from hypoxia‐induced apoptosis and upregulated miR‐1290 and HIF1A, but downregulated HIF3A under hypoxia. The protective effect of AA was abolished by miR‐1290 knockdown, whereas enhanced by miR‐1290 overexpression. In addition, miR‐1290 knockdown increased HIF1A expression, but reduced HIF3A expression in cardiomyocytes. Dual luciferase assay confirmed miR‐1290 direct targeting the 3′ UTR of HIF3A. HIF3A overexpression counteracted the anti‐apoptosis effect of AA or miR‐1290. In conclusion, AA can protect cardiomyocytes against hypoxia‐induced apoptosis through regulating the miR‐1290/HIF3A/HIF‐1α axis, and miR‐1290 may be a potential target in the prevention of myocardial ischemia‐reperfusion injury. © 2017 IUBMB Life, 69(9):660–667, 2017
Longitudinal Adaptations of Bone Mass, Geometry, and Metabolism in Adolescent Male Athletes: The PRO-BONE Study
Authors: Vlachopoulos Dimitris , Barker Alan R , Ubago-Guisado Esther , Fatouros Ioannis G , Knapp Karen M , Williams Craig A , Gracia-Marco Luis
Published: July 2017

Adolescence is a crucial period for bone development, and exercise can enhance bone acquisition during this period of life. However, it is not known how the different loading sports practiced can affect bone acquisition in adolescent male athletes. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine the 1-year longitudinal bone acquisition among adolescent males involved in osteogenic (football) and non-osteogenic (swimming and cycling) sports and to compare with active controls. A total of 116 adolescent males aged 12 to 14 years at baseline were followed for 1 year: 37 swimmers, 37 footballers, 28 cyclists, and 14 active controls. Bone mineral content (BMC) was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA); cross-sectional area (CSA), cross-sectional moment of inertia (CSMI), and section modulus (Z) at the femoral neck was assessed using hip structural analysis (HSA); and bone texture of the lumbar spine was assessed using trabecular bone score (TBS). Serum N-terminal propeptide of procollagen type I (PINP), isomer of the Carboxi-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX-I), total serum calcium, and 25 hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] were analyzed. Footballers had significantly higher adjusted BMC at the lumbar spine (7.0%) and femoral neck (5.0%) compared with cyclists, and significantly greater BMC at the lumbar spine (6.9%) compared with swimmers. Footballers presented significantly greater TBS (4.3%) compared with swimmers, and greater CSMI (10.2%), CSA (7.1%), Z (8.9%) and TBS (4.2%) compared with cyclists. No differences were noted between cyclists and swimmers, both groups had similar bone acquisition compared with controls. PINP was significantly higher in footballers and controls compared with cyclists and swimmers (3.3% to 6.0%), and 25(OH)D was significantly higher in footballers and cyclists compared with swimmers and controls (9.9% to 13.1%). These findings suggest that bone acquisition is higher in adolescent male footballers compared with swimmers and cyclists at the femoral neck and lumbar spine sites of the skeleton. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.