bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abdominal compartment syndrome in trauma patients
Authors: Pandurovic Milena , Bajec Djordje , Gregoric Pavle , Jovanovic Bojan , Radenkovic Dejan , Jeremic Vasilije , Ivancevic Nenad , Karadzic Borivoje , Bumbasirevic Vesna
Published: December 2010

Intra-abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) are increasingly recognized to be
a contributing cause of organ dysfunction and mortality in critically ill
patients. The term abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) describes the
clinical manifestations of the pathologic elevation of the intra abdominal
pressure (IAP). This syndrome is most commonly observed in the setting of
severe abdominal trauma. ACS affects mainly the respiratory, cardiovascular,
renal, gastrointestinal and central nervous system. Preventing ACS by the
identification of patients at risk and early diagnosis is paramount to its
successful management. Because of the frequency of this condition, routine
measurement of intra abdominal pressure should be performed in high risk
patients in the intensive care unit. Surgical decompression is definitive
treatment of fully developed abdominal compartment syndrome, but nonsurgical
measures can often effectively affect lesser degrees of IAH and ACS.
Transfusion practice in trauma patient
Authors: Jovanovic Bojan , Bumbasirevic Vesna , Pandurovic Milena , Bajec Djordje , Gregoric Pavle , Radenkovic Dejan , Ivancevic Nenad , Karadzic Borivoje , Jeremic Vasilije , Djukic Vladimir
Published: December 2010

Anemia is common in critically ill patients and carries risk of reduced
oxygen carriage and worse outcomes. Transfusion, however, carry their own
risk, and the physician must balance the risks of anemia with the risk of
transfusion in each patient. Some recent studies compared a liberal with a
restrictive approach to transfusion, and a clinical practice guidelines were
made. This protocols consider that acute hemorrhage has been controlled, the
initial resuscitation has been completed, and the patient is stabile in the
intensive care unit without ongoing bleeding. The trigger for PRBC
transfusion in patients without severe cardiovascular disease is hemoglobin
g/dL (or a hematocrit %).
Deformities correction of metacarpal and phalangeal bones by the use of Mitkovic minifixator
Authors: Mitkovic Milorad , Bumbasirevic Marko , Lesic Aleksandar , Mitkovic Milan , Mitkovic Marija , Jakovljevic Aleksandar
Published: December 2010

It is shown results of the application of the Mitkovic external mini fixator
in different indication of fractures and deformities correction of
metacarpals and phalanges. Series of 14 applications in 11 patients have been
introduced in this study: 3 lenthenings of metacarpals, 7 correction
mallunion of metacarpals and phalanges and 4 gradual correction of the
posttraumatic stiffness of the joints of the 2nd to 5th fingers. Average age
was 23 years (15 to 54) and follow up was 6 months to 5 years. This external
fixator is versatile. Operations have been minimally invasive: corticotomyes
and haemicorticotomies were performed through 10 - 15mm long incision. There
were no complications in regard of delay union or nonunion, pin track or
other infection, joint stiffness nor damage of neurovascular elements. It can
be concluded that this External Minifixator is suitable for routine solving
of different deformities of the hand bones.
Nausea, Vomiting, and Hiccups: A Review of Mechanisms and Treatment
Authors: Becker Daniel E.
Published: December 2010

Nausea, vomiting, and hiccups are troubling complications associated with sedation and general anesthesia. This article will review the basic pathophysiology of these events and current recommendations for their prevention and management.
Investigation of the influence of low-concentration hydrogen on the surface potential of thin metallic films for sensor applications
Authors: Prażmowska Joanna , Szyszka Adam , Paszkiewicz Regina , Tłaczała Marek
Published: December 2010

In this paper, a study of the influence of hydrogen (concentrations 6 ppm − 1%) on the work function of thin metallic films at moderately elevated temperatures is presented. The work function was measured indirectly by the observation of the surface potential of dedicated test structures using scanning surface potential microscope. Metallic layers with thicknesses of 10, 20, 30, and 50 nm were deposited on semiconductor substrates as well as on a thick gold layer. The investigations were focused on palladium thin films although a comparison to results obtained for platinum layers was also discussed.
Phylogenetic relationships among the taxa of the genus Johrenia DC. (Apiaceae) from Turkey based on molecular method
Authors: Dogan Bekir , Duran Ahmet , Bagci Yavuz , Dinc Muhittin , Martin Esra , Cetin Ozlem , Ozturk Meryem
Published: December 2010

In the present study, ISSR markers were employed to determine the phylogenetic relationships among the taxa of Johrenia. The genera Angelica and Xanthogalum were selected as outgroups. Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) and Principal Coordinate Analyses were conducted to view the molecular relationships. Johrenia alpina, J. depauperatum and J. aurea are transferred to the genus Dichoropetalum. The infrageneric and intergeneric phylogenetic relationship among the Johrenia and Dichoropetalum genera are determined.Keywords: Johrenia; Dichoropetalum; Apiaceae; Taxonomy; ISSR; Turkey.DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v17i2.6693Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon.17(2): 113-120, 2010 (December)
Plant collections from Bangladesh in the herbarium at Shillong (Assam), India
Authors: Barbhuiya Hussain Ahmed , Gogoi R.
Published: December 2010

The paper presents a complete list of plants from Bangladesh deposited in the herbarium of the Botanical Survey of India at Shillong (ASSAM). A total of 448 species belonging to 324 genera and 101 families has been found to be deposited in the herbarium in Assam. Detailed field data of each species have also been provided.Keywords: Bangladesh; Plant collections; Assam.DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v17i2.6695Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 17(2): 141-165, 2010 (December)
An account of the species of Litsea Lam. (Lauraceae) endemic to India
Authors: Bhuinya T. , Singh P. , Mukherjee Sobhan K.
Published: December 2010

This paper deals with the 18 species of Litsea Lam. endemic to India with special emphasis to the rare elements. Correct nomenclature, brief morphological description, flowering and fruiting period, subject to availability, ecology, distribution and uses, if any, have been provided for each species. The status of the relevant species included in the latest version of IUCN Red List of Threatened Species has also been provided.Keywords: Litsea; India; Endemic species.DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v17i2.6697Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 17(2): 183-191, 2010 (December)
Analysis of Drug Resistance during HIV RNA Viraemia in the Monet Trial of Darunavir/Ritonavir Monotherapy
Authors: Pulido Federico , Arribas José R , Hill Andrew , Van Delft Yvon , Moecklinghoff Christiane
Published: December 2010

Background

When patients have HIV RNA suppressed to <50 copies/ml on current treatment, switching to darunavir (DRV)/ritonavir (DRV/r) monotherapy could prevent the development of resistance to other drug classes.

Methods

In the MONET trial, 256 patients with HIV RNA<50 copies/ml on current highly active antiretroviral therapy (57% with protease inhibitors [PIs] and 43% with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors) and no history of virological failure were randomized to DRV/r 800/100 mg once daily, either as monotherapy (mono-therapy arm) or with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs; triple therapy arm). All samples with HIV RNA≥50 copies/ml were genotyped, and a virtual phenotype was calculated (VircoType HIV-1 assays; Virco BVBA, Mechelen, Belgium).

Results

A total of 63 patients had ≥1 HIV RNA result ≥50 copies/ml, of whom 38 were successfully genotyped. Most HIV RNA increases were transient and in the range of 50–200 copies/ml. Overall, 36 of the 38 (95%) successfully genotyped patients showed no International AIDS Society–USA major PI mutations, DRV mutations or NRTI mutations. Two patients showed some evidence of PI resistance during transient HIV RNA elevations: one patient in the monotherapy arm had a single DRV mutation (L33F) when HIV RNA was 63 copies/ml (the virus was phenotypically sensitive to DRV [fold change 0.8]) and one PI pretreated patient taking tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine/DRV/r had re-emergence of preexisting NRTI (M184V) and PI (V82I and L90M) mutations after a short treatment interruption (this virus remained phenotypically sensitive to DRV/r). Both patients showed sustained HIV RNA suppression to week 48 remaining with the same treatment.

Conclusions

Emergence of drug resistance after changing a suppressive triple antiretroviral therapy to DRV/r with or without nucleoside analogues is uncommon.
NOVEL ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC MARKERS BASED ON WAVELET TRANSFORM FOR PREDICTION OF VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS
Authors: Uchaipichat Nopadol , Sinsomboonchai Krittaya , Jongworakun Kuncharee
Published: December 2010

This study proposes new electrocardiographic markers for prediction of ventricular arrhythmias. Two types of sinus rhythm were studied including sinus rhythm prior to ventricular arrhythmias (Pre-VF) group and normal sinus rhythm (SN) group. The technique based on wavelet transform was used for extracting electrographic markers. Three characteristic features of wavelet spectrum including frequency mean (FM), variance (VAR), and skewness (SK) were extracted from individual electrocardiogram (ECG) beat. We found that the wavelet spectrums in SN group were significantly broader than Pre-VF group. Furthermore the wavelet spectrums in Pre-VF group were more positively skewed distribution compared to SN group. Also, the FM marker achieved the best performance in separating the Pre-VF group from the SN group with the AUC of 98.9%, the sensitivity of 93%, and the specificity of 98%. Patients in the pre-VF group can be completely separated from healthy subjects using FM and SK as co-markers.
NEW BIOARTIFICIAL SYSTEMS AND BIODEGRADABLE SYNTHETIC POLYMERS FOR CARDIAC TISSUE ENGINEERING: A PRELIMINARY SCREENING
Authors: Rosellini Elisabetta , Cristallini Caterina , Barbani Niccoletta , Vozzi Giovanni , D'Acunto Mario , Ciardelli Gianluca , Giusti Paolo
Published: December 2010

The aim of this work was the preparation and characterization of new polymeric biomaterials for application in myocardial tissue engineering. The attention was firstly focused on new bioartificial polymeric systems, with the aim to combine the features of synthetic polymers with the specific cell and tissue compatibility of biopolymers. In this work, alginate, collagen, and gelatin were used as the natural component and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) was used as the synthetic component. The characterization included morphological, topographical, and mechanical analyses, thermogravimetric characterization, infrared spectroscopy, and cell culture tests. For the biological characterization, C2C12 myoblasts were cultured on different materials and cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation were evaluated. The morphological, topographical, and mechanical analyses, as well as the biological characterization, were also applied to a tri-block poly(ester-ether-ester) copolymer, obtained by reaction of preformed poly(ethylene glycol) with ε-caprolactone, and a novel poly(ester urethane) obtained by using an L-lisine-derived diisocyanate, giving nontoxic degradation products. The encouraging results obtained in this work allowed us to select some of the new bioartificial polymers, the synthetic tri-block copolymer, and the polyurethane as potential good materials to prepare scaffolds for myocardial tissue engineering.
TILT CORRECTION METHODS FOR CT AND MR MEDICAL IMAGES
Authors: Meisen Pan , Jingtian Tang , Xiaoli Yang
Published: December 2010

In this paper, the tilt correction of computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) medical images is the main point of interest. The centroid of the medical subimage is calculated, and the rotation angle α is obtained by separately using two methods: singular value decomposition (SVD) and principal component analysis (PCA), respectively. In addition, the whole medical image is rotated around the centroid by -α to correct the tilt. Based on this, according to the uniformity of the medical subimage the rotation angle α is further adjusted, which achieves better correction effect and performance. The experimental results show that the correction effect of SVD is the same as that of PCA, the proposed methods are fairly reliable and accurate for the determination of tilt angles, and are practical and effective tilt correction techniques. In addition, the correction methods are regarded as the preprocesses of image registration, and hence are used to get the registering parameters by incorporating the pattern search method. The experimental results reveal that they can significantly reduce the computational load, accurately get transformation parameters, and overcome the problem of easily getting into the local optimum.
A HANDHELD ELECTRONIC PATIENT RECORD USING A NEW UML COMPONENT-BASED ARCHITECTURE
Authors: Chang Chien Jia-Ren
Published: December 2010

With the emergence of the electronic patient record, the scene of stacks of patient records, common in hospitals and clinics, will become eradicated. Computerized patient records can facilitate patients' queries and requests for diagnosis. Personal patient records entailing prior hospital or clinic visits can be readily retrieved through contemporary storage devices (such as integrated circuit card, radio-frequency identification, etc.) thereby enabling physicians to efficiently determine a patient's past medical history in order to accurately assess his/her medical condition. The gradual development of the electronic patient record with direct connection to the hospital will enable physicians to use a handheld electronic patient record platform for queries and study as well as to diagnose a patient's condition, even while making out-of-town visits.

This not only can serve patients located at remote areas, but also lessen the difficulties experienced in out-of-town diagnosis and treatment. While focusing on the methods for designing a handheld electronic patient record, this thesis applies unified modeling language (UML) to describe the acquired functions of such a platform; in essence, it applies the characteristics of UML to provide the designer with clarified understanding for the architecture as well as the operational movements. Through this approach, a highly reliable product could be designed in the shortest period of time.
ADPKD: Prototype of Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 4
Authors: Virzì Grazia Maria , Corradi Valentina , Panagiotou Anthi , Gastaldon Fiorella , Cruz Dinna N. , de Cal Massimo , Clementi Maurizio , Ronco Claudio
Published: December 2010

The cardiorenal syndrome type 4 (Chronic Renocardiac Syndrome) is characterized by a condition of primary chronic kidney disease (CKD) that leads to an impairment of the cardiac function, ventricular hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction, and/or increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events. Clinically, it is very difficult to distinguish between CRS type 2 (Chronic Cardiorenal Syndrome) and CRS type 4 (Chronic Renocardiac Syndrome) because often it is not clear whether the primary cause of the syndrome depends on the heart or the kidney. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), a genetic disease that causes CKD, could be viewed as an ideal prototype of CRS type 4 because it is certain that the primary cause of cardiorenal syndrome is the kidney disease. In this paper, we will briefly review the epidemiology of ADPKD, conventional and novel biomarkers which may be useful in following the disease process, and prevention and treatment strategies.
Response to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: The Muscular Metabolic Pathway
Authors: Jaussaud Jérémie , Blanc Pierre , Bordachar Pierre , Roudaut Raymond , Douard Hervé
Published: December 2010

Background. Changes in peripheral muscle in heart failure lead to a shift from aerobic to early anaerobic metabolism during exercise leading to ergoreflex overactivation and exaggerated hyperventilation evaluated by the VE/VCO2slope.Methods. 50 patients (38 males, years) performed cardio-pulmonary exercise test with gaz exchange measurement and echocardiographic evaluation before and 6 months after CRT.Results. The peak respiratory exchange (VCO2/ VO2) ratio was significantly reduced from to () and the time to the anaerobic threshold was increased from to seconds (). Peak VO2, VE/VCO2, peak circulatory power and NYHA were improved after CRT ( to ml/kg/min (), to (), to  mmHg.ml/kg/min () and to ()). In addition, left ventricular ejection fraction and end-systolic volumes were improved from to % () and from to ml ().Conclusion. We suggest that CRT leads to an increase in oxidative muscular metabolism and postponed anaerobic threshold reducing exaggerated hyperventilation during exercise.
Early Detection of t(8;21) Chromosomal Translocations during Treatment of PML-RARA Positive Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia: A Case Study
Authors: Neto Walter Kleine , Serpa Mariana , Sanabani Sabri Saeed , Bueno Patricia Torres , Deolinda Rodrigues Pereira Velloso Elvira , Dorlhiac-Llacer Pedro Enrique , Bendit Israel
Published: December 2010

Here we describe a female patient who developed acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) characterized by t(l5;17) translocation at diagnosis. The patient began treatment with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) + chemotherapy. During follow up, the patient was found to be negative for the t(15;17) transcript after 3 months of therapy which remained undetectable, thereafter. However, the emergence of a small clone with a t(8;21) abnormality was observed in the bone marrow and peripheral blood (PB) cells between 3 and 18 months following treatment initiation. The abnormal translocation observed in PB cells obtained at 3 months was detected after the second cycle of consolidation therapy and reappeared at 15 months during maintenance treatment, a period without ATRA. Although based on a single case, we conclude that genetic screening of multiple translocations in AML patients should be requested to allow early identification of other emerging clones during therapy that may manifest clinically following treatment.
Molecular Cloning of the Genes Encoding the PR55/Bβ/δ Regulatory Subunits for PP-2A and Analysis of Their Functions in Regulating Development of Goldfish, Carassius auratus
Authors: Zhao Jun-Qiong , Xie Si-Si , Liu Wen-Bin , Xiao Ya-Mei , Zeng Xiao-Ming , Deng Mi , Gong Lili , Liu Jin-Ping , Chen Pei-Chao , Zhou Jie , Hu Xiao-Hui , Lv Jia-Han , Yu Xiang-Qian , Wang Dao , Li Chi , Peng Yun-Lei , Liao Gao-Peng , Liu Yun , Li David Wan-Cheng
Published: December 2010

The protein phosphatase-2A (PP-2A), one of the major phosphatases in eukaryotes, is a heterotrimer, consisting of a scaffold A subunit, a catalytic C subunit and a regulatory B subunit. Previous studies have shown that besides regulating specific PP-2A activity, various B subunits encoded by more than 16 different genes, may have other functions. To explore the possible roles of the regulatory subunits of PP-2A in vertebrate development, we have cloned the PR55/B family regulatory subunits: β and δ, analyzed their tissue specific and developmental expression patterns in Goldfish ( Carassius auratus). Our results revealed that the full-length cDNA for PR55/Bβ consists of 1940 bp with an open reading frame of 1332 nucleotides coding for a deduced protein of 443 amino acids. The full length PR55/Bδ cDNA is 2163 bp containing an open reading frame of 1347 nucleotides encoding a deduced protein of 448 amino acids. The two isoforms of PR55/B display high levels of sequence identity with their counterparts in other species. The PR55/Bβ mRNA and protein are detected in brain and heart. In contrast, the PR55/Bδ is expressed in all 9 tissues examined at both mRNA and protein levels. During development of goldfish, the mRNAs for PR55/Bβ and PR55/Bδ show distinct patterns. At the protein level, PR55/Bδ is expressed at all developmental stages examined, suggesting its important role in regulating goldfish development. Expression of the PR55/Bδ anti-sense RNA leads to significant downregulation of PR55/Bδ proteins and caused severe abnormality in goldfish trunk and eye development. Together, our results suggested that PR55/Bδ plays an important role in governing normal trunk and eye formation during goldfish development.
Measurement of the ambient organic aerosol volatility distribution: application during the Finokalia Aerosol Measurement Experiment (FAME-2008)
Authors: Lee B. H. , Kostenidou E. , Hildebrandt L. , Riipinen I. , Engelhart G. J. , Mohr C. , DeCarlo P. F. , Mihalopoulos N. , Prevot A. S. H. , Baltensperger U. , Pandis S. N.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. A variable residence time thermodenuder (TD) was combined with an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) and a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) to measure the volatility distribution of aged organic aerosol in the Eastern Mediterranean during the Finokalia Aerosol Measurement Experiment in May of 2008 (FAME-2008). A new method for the quantification of the organic aerosol volatility distribution was developed combining measurements of all three instruments together with an aerosol dynamics model. Challenges in the interpretation of ambient thermodenuder-AMS measurements include the potential resistances to mass transfer during particle evaporation, the effects of particle size on the evaporated mass fraction, the changes in the AMS collection efficiency and particle density as the particles evaporate partially in the TD, and finally potential losses inside the TD. Our proposed measurement and data analysis method accounts for all of these problems combining the AMS and SMPS measurements. The AMS collection efficiency of the aerosol that passed through the TD was found to be approximately 10% lower than the collection efficiency of the aerosol that passed through the bypass. The organic aerosol measured at Finokalia is approximately 2 or more orders of magnitude less volatile than fresh laboratory-generated monoterpene (α-pinene, β-pinene and limonene under low NOx conditions) secondary organic aerosol. This low volatility is consistent with its highly oxygenated AMS mass spectrum. The results are found to be highly sensitive to the mass accommodation coefficient of the evaporating species. This analysis is based on the assumption that there were no significant reactions taking place inside the thermodenuder.
Vertical profiles of droplet effective radius in shallow convective clouds
Authors: Zhang S. , Xue H. , Feingold G.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. Vertical profiles of droplet effective radius (re) in shallow convective clouds are investigated using results from large-eddy simulations (LES) for clean (aerosol mixing ratio Na=25 mg−1), intermediate (Na=100 mg−1), and polluted (Na=2000 mg−1) conditions. Cloud-top re for cloud populations comprising clouds with different heights and at different stages of their development are used to construct a vertical profile of re. For the polluted and intermediate cases where precipitation is negligible, the constructed re profiles represent the in-cloud re profiles fairly well with a low bias (about 10%). For the clean, drizzling case the in-cloud re can be very large and highly variable and profiling based on cloud-top re is less useful. The differences in re profiles between clean and polluted conditions derived in this manner are however, distinct. The subadiabatic characteristics of the simulated cumulus clouds are investigated to reveal the effect of mixing on re and its evolution. Results indicate that as polluted and moderately polluted clouds develop into their decaying stage, the subadiabatic fraction fad becomes smaller, representing a higher degree of mixing, and re becomes smaller (~10%) and more variable. However, for the clean case, smaller fad corresponds to larger re (and larger re variability), reflecting the additional influence of droplet collision-coalescence and sedimentation on re. Profiles of the vertically inhomogeneous clouds as simulated from the LES and those of the vertically homogeneous clouds are used as input to a radiative transfer model to study the effect of cloud vertical inhomogeneity on shortwave radiative forcing. For clouds that have the same liquid water path (LWP), re of a vertically homogeneous cloud must be about 76–90% of the cloud-top re of the vertically inhomogeneous cloud in order for the two clouds to have the same shortwave radiative forcing.
Measurements of cloud condensation nuclei activity and droplet activation kinetics of fresh unprocessed regional dust samples and minerals
Authors: Kumar P. , Sokolik I. N. , Nenes A.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. This study reports laboratory measurements of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity and droplet activation kinetics of aerosols dry-generated from clays, calcite, quartz, and desert soil samples from Northern Africa, East Asia/China, and Northern America. Based on the observed dependence of critical supersaturation, sc, with particle dry diameter, Ddry, we find that FHH adsorption activation theory is a far more suitable framework for describing fresh dust CCN activity than Köhler theory. One set of FHH parameters (AFFH ~ 2.25 ± 0.75, BFFH ~ 1.20 ± 0.10) can adequately reproduce the measured CCN activity for all species considered, and also explains the large range of hygroscopicities reported in the literature. Based on threshold droplet growth analysis, mineral dust aerosols were found to display retarded activation kinetics compared to ammonium sulfate. Comprehensive simulations of mineral dust activation and growth in the CCN instrument suggest that this retardation is equivalent to a reduction of the water vapor uptake coefficient (relative to that for calibration ammonium sulfate aerosol) by 30–80%. These results suggest that dust particles do not require deliquescent material to act as CCN in the atmosphere.
Eddy covariance measurements with high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometry: a new approach to chemically-resolved aerosol fluxes
Authors: Farmer D. K. , Kimmel J. R. , Phillips G. , Docherty K. S. , Worsnop D. R. , Sueper D. , Nemitz E. , Jimenez J. L.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. Although laboratory studies show that biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) yield substantial secondary organic aerosol (SOA), production of biogenic SOA as indicated by upward fluxes has not been conclusively observed over forests. Further, while aerosols are known to deposit to surfaces, few techniques exist to provide chemically-resolved particle deposition fluxes. To better constrain aerosol sources and sinks, we have developed a new technique to directly measure fluxes of chemically-resolved submicron aerosols using the high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-AMS) in a new, fast eddy covariance mode. This approach takes advantage of the instrument's ability to quantitatively identify both organic and inorganic components, including ammonium, sulphate and nitrate, at a temporal resolution of several Hz. The new approach has been successfully deployed over a temperate ponderosa pine plantation in California during the BEARPEX-2007 campaign, providing both total and chemically resolved non-refractory (NR) PM1 fluxes. Average deposition velocity for total NR-PM1 aerosol at noon was 2.05 ± 0.04 mm/s. Using a high resolution measurement of the NH2+ and NH3+ fragments, we demonstrate the first eddy covariance flux measurements of particulate ammonium, which show a noon-time deposition velocity of 1.9 ± 0.7 mm/s and are dominated by deposition of ammonium sulphate.
Characterization of a new fast mixing type CPC and its application for atmospheric particle measurements
Authors: Wehner B. , Siebert H. , Hermann M. , Ditas F. , Wiedensohler A.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. A new fast mixing-type CPC (FCPC) has been built based on the setup described by Wang et al. (2002). The functionality and stable operation of the FCPC was demonstrated in the laboratory as well as under atmospheric conditions. The counting efficiency was measured while the temperature difference between FCPC saturator and condenser has been set to 25, 27, and 29 K subsequently resulting in a lower detection limit between 6.5 and 8.7 nm. Above 25 nm the FCPC reached 96–97% counting efficiency compared to an electrometer used as reference instrument. The FCPC demonstrated its ability to perform continuous measurements over a few hours in the laboratory considering the total particle counting. The instrument will be implemented into the airborne measurement platform ACTOS to perform measurements in the atmospheric boundary layer. Thus, stable operation over 2 h is required and has been demonstrated in the laboratory. The response time of the new FCPC has been estimated in two ways using a time series with highly fluctuating particle number concentrations. The analysis of a sharp ramp due a concentration change results in a response time of 16 ms while a spectral analysis of this time series demonstrates that for frequencies up to 20 Hz coherent structures can be resolved.
Principal components' features of mid-latitude geomagnetic daily variation
Authors: De Michelis P. , Tozzi R. , Consolini G.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. The ionospheric and magnetospheric current systems are responsible of the daily magnetic field changes. Recently, the Natural Orthogonal Components (NOC) technique has been applied to model the physical system responsible of the daily variation of the geomagnetic field, efficiently and accurately (Xu and Kamide, 2004). Indeed, this approach guarantees that the number of parameters used to represent the physical process is small as much as possible, and consequently process control for such system becomes apparent. We focus our present study on the analysis of the hourly means of the magnetic elements H, D and Z recorded at L'Aquila observatory in Italy from 1993 to 2004. We apply to this dataset the NOC technique to reconstruct the 3-dimensional structures of the different ionospheric and magnetospheric current systems which contribute to the geomagnetic daily variations. To support our interpretation in terms of the different ionospheric and magnetospheric current systems, the spectral and statistical features of the time-dependent amplitudes associated to the set of natural orthogonal components are analyzed and compared to those of a set of descriptors of the magnetospheric dynamics and solar wind changes.
A modified index for the description of the ionospheric short- and long-term activity
Authors: Mielich J. , Bremer J.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. A modified ionospheric activity index AI has been developed on the basis of ionospheric foF2 observations. Such index can be helpful for an interested user to get information about the current state of the ionosphere. Using ionosonde data of the station Juliusruh (54.6° N; 13.4° E) this index has been tested for the time interval from January 1996 until December 2008. This index has no diurnal and seasonal variations, only a small positive dependence on the solar activity could be found. The variability of this index has, however, a marked seasonal variability with maxima during the equinoxes, a clear minimum in summer, and enhanced values in winter. The observed variability of AI is strongly correlated with the geomagnetic activity, most markedly during the equinoxes, whereas the influence of the solar activity is markedly smaller and mostly insignificant. Strong geomagnetic disturbances cause in middle latitudes in general negative disturbances in AI, mostly pronounced during equinoxes and summer and only partly during winter, thus in agreement with the current physical knowledge about ionospheric storms.
A multi-variable box model approach to the soft tissue carbon pump
Authors: de Boer A. M. , Watson A. J. , Edwards N. R. , Oliver K. I. C.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. The canonical question of which physical, chemical or biological mechanisms were responsible for oceanic uptake of atmospheric CO2 during the last glacial is yet unanswered. Insight from paleo-proxies has led to a multitude of hypotheses but none so far have been convincingly supported in three dimensional numerical modelling experiments. The processes that influence the CO2 uptake and export production are inter-related and too complex to solve conceptually while complex numerical models are time consuming and expensive to run which severely limits the combinations of mechanisms that can be explored. Instead, an intermediate inverse box model approach of the soft tissue pump is used here in which the whole parameter space is explored. The glacial circulation and biological production states are derived from these using proxies of glacial export production and the need to draw down CO2 into the ocean. We find that circulation patterns which explain glacial observations include reduced Antarctic Bottom Water formation and high latitude upwelling and mixing of deep water and to a lesser extent reduced equatorial upwelling. The proposed mechanism of CO2 uptake by an increase of eddies in the Southern Ocean, leading to a reduced residual circulation, is not supported. Regarding biological mechanisms, an increase in the nutrient utilization in either the equatorial regions or the northern polar latitudes can reduce atmospheric CO2 and satisfy proxies of glacial export production. Consistent with previous studies, CO2 is drawn down more easily through increased productivity in the Antarctic region than the sub-Antarctic, but that violates observations of lower export production there. The glacial states are more sensitive to changes in the circulation and less sensitive to changes in nutrient utilization rates than the interglacial states.
Physical and chemical consequences of artificially deepened thermocline in a small humic lake – a paired whole-lake climate change experiment
Authors: Forsius M. , Saloranta T. , Arvola L. , Salo S. , Verta M. , Ala-Opas P. , Rask M. , Vuorenmaa J.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. Climate change with higher air temperatures and changes in cloud cover, radiation and wind speed alters the heat balance and stratification patterns of lakes. A paired whole-lake thermocline manipulation experiment of a small (0.047 km2) shallow dystrophic lake (Halsjärvi) was carried out in southern Finland. A thermodynamic model (MyLake) was used for both predicting the impacts of climate change scenarios and for determining the manipulation target of the experiment. The model simulations assuming several climate change scenarios indicated large increases in the whole-lake monthly mean temperature (+1.4–4.4 °C in April–October for the A2 scenario), and shortening of the length of the ice covered period by 56–89 days. The thermocline manipulation resulted in large changes in the thermodynamic properties of the lake, and those were rather well consistent with the simulated future increases in the heat content during the summer-autumn season. The manipulation also resulted in changes in the oxygen stratification, and the expansion of the oxic water layer increased the spatial extent of the sediment surface oxic-anoxic interfaces. In addition, the experiment affected several other chemical constituents; concentrations of organic carbon, TotN, and NH4 showed a statistically significant decrease, likely due to both changes in hydrological conditions during the experiment period and increased decomposition and sedimentation. In comparison with the results of a similar whole-lake manipulation experiment in a deep, oligotrophic, clear-watered lake in Norway, it is evident that shallow dystrophic lakes, common in the boreal region, are more sensitive to physical perturbations. This means that projected climate change may modify their physical and chemical conditions in the future.
Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers
Authors: Benito G. , Botero B. A. , Thorndycraft V. R. , Rico M. , Sánchez-Moya Y. , Sopeña A. , Machado M. J. , Dahan O.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. In this study we propose a multi-source data approach for quantifying long-term flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers. The methodology is applied to the Buffels River, at 9000 km2 the largest ephemeral river in Namaqualand (NW South Africa), a region with scarce stream flow records limiting research investigating hydrological response to global change. Daily discharge and annual flood series (1965–2006) were estimated from a distributed rainfall-runoff hydrological model (TETIS) using rainfall gauge records located within the catchment. The model was calibrated and validated with data collected during a two year monitoring programme (2005–2006) at two stream flow stations, one each in the upper and lower reaches of the catchment. In addition to the modelled flow records, non-systematic flood data were reconstructed using both sedimentary and documentary evidence. The palaeoflood record identified at least 25 large floods during the last 700 yr; with the largest events reaching a minimum discharge of 255 m3 s−1 (450 yr return period) in the upper basin, and 510 m3 s−1 (100 yr return period) in the lower catchment. Since 1925 AD, the flood hydrology of the Buffels River has been characterised by a decrease in the magnitude and frequency of extreme events, with palaeoflood discharges five times greater than the largest modelled floods during the period 1965–2006. Large floods generated the highest hydrograph volumes, however their contribution to aquifer recharge is limited as this depends on other factors such as flood duration and storage capacity of the unsaturated zone prior to the flood. Floods reaching flows associated with 5–10 yr return periods (120–140 m3 s−1) and flowing for 12 days are able to fully saturate the Spektakel aquifer in the lower Buffels River basin.
Raising the dead without a Red Sea-Dead Sea canal? Hydro-economics and governance
Authors: Rosenberg D. E.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. Seven decades of extractions have dramatically reduced Jordan River flows, lowered the Dead Sea level, opened sink holes, and caused other environmental problems. The fix Jordan, Israel, and the Palestinians propose would build an expensive multipurpose canal from the Red Sea to the Dead Sea that would also generate hydropower and desalinated water. This paper compares the Red-Dead project to alternatives that may also raise the Dead Sea level. Hydro-economic model results for the Jordan-Israel-Palestinian inter-tied water systems show two restoration alternatives are more economically viable than the proposed Red-Dead project. Many decentralized new supply, wastewater reuse, conveyance, conservation, and leak reduction projects and programs in each country can together increase economic benefits and reliably deliver up to 900 MCM/year to the Dead Sea. Similarly, a smaller Red-Dead project that only generates hydropower can deliver large flows to the Dead Sea when the sale price of generated electricity is sufficiently high. However, for all restoration options, net benefits fall and water scarcity rises as flows to the Dead Sea increase. This finding suggests (i) each country has no individual incentive to return water to the Dead Sea, and (ii) outside institutions that seek to raise the Dead must also offer countries direct incentives to deliver water to the Sea besides building the countries new infrastructure.
The unperceived risk to Europe's coasts: tsunamis and the vulnerability of Cadiz, Spain
Authors: Birkmann J. , Teichman K. v. , Welle T. , González M. , Olabarrieta M.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. The development of appropriate risk and vulnerability reduction strategies to cope with tsunami risks is a major challenge for countries, regions, and cities exposed to potential tsunamis. European coastal cities such as Cadiz are exposed to tsunami risks. However, most official risk reduction strategies as well as the local population are not aware of the probability of such a phenomenon and the potential threat that tsunami waves could pose to their littoral. This paper outlines how tsunami risks, and particularly tsunami vulnerability, could be assessed and measured. To achieve this, a vulnerability assessment framework was applied focusing on the city of Cadiz as a case study in order to highlight the practical use and the challenges and gaps such an assessment has to deal with. The findings yield important information that could assist with the systematic improvement of societal response capacities of cities and their inhabitants to potential tsunami risks. Hazard and vulnerability maps were developed, and qualitative data was obtained through, for example, focused group discussions. These maps and surveys are essential for the development of a people-centred early warning and response system. Therefore, in this regard, the Tsunami Early Warning and Mitigation System in the North Eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean, and connected seas promoted by the UNESCO-Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) should encompass these assessments to ensure that action is particularly intensified and fostered by those potentially exposed. That means that besides the necessary technical infrastructure for tsunami detection, additional response and adaptation measures need to be promoted – particularly those that reduce the vulnerability of people and regions exposed – in terms of national systems. In addition, it is important to develop emergency preparedness and awareness plans in order to create an integrated regional Tsunami Early Warning System (TEWS) by 2011. The findings of the paper are based on research conducted within the framework of the EC funded project TRANSFER: "Tsunami Risk ANd Strategies For the European Region", a project that aims to improve the understanding of tsunami processes in the Euro-Mediterranean region, to develop methods and tools to assess vulnerability and risk, and to identify strategies for the reduction of tsunami risks.
The sea level fingerprint of recent ice mass fluxes
Authors: Bamber J. , Riva R.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. The sea level contribution from glacial sources has been accelerating during the first decade of the 21st Century (Meier et al., 2007; Velicogna, 2009). This contribution is not distributed uniformly across the world's oceans due to both oceanographic and gravitational effects. We compute the sea level signature for ice mass fluxes due to changes in the gravity field, Earth's rotation and related effects for the nine year period 2000–2008. Mass loss from Greenland results in a relative sea level (RSL) reduction for much of North Western Europe and Eastern Canada. RSL rise from this source is concentrated around South America. Losses in West Antarctica marginally compensate for this and produce maxima along the coastlines of North America, Australia and Oceania. The combined far-field pattern of wastage from all ice melt sources, is dominated by losses from the ice sheets and results in maxima at latitudes between 20° N and 40° S across the Pacific and Indian Oceans, affecting particularly vulnerable land masses in Oceania. The spatial pattern of RSL variations from ice mass losses used in this study is time-invariant and cumulative. Thus, sea level rise, based on the gravitational effects from the ice losses considered here, will be amplified for this sensitive region.
Brief History of the Early Development of Theoretical and Experimental Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Anderson John D.
Published: December 2010

The sight of an airplane flying overhead typifies the laws of aerodynamics in action, and it is easy to forget that just two centuries ago, these laws were so mysterious or unknown or misunderstood as to preclude a flying machine from lifting off the ground, let alone successfully flying through the air. Ultimately, the present understanding of fluid dynamics in general and aerodynamics in particular is a product of intellectual thought and empirical observation that is steeped in several millennia of history. The purpose of this chapter is to give the readers of this encyclopedia some idea of how this intellectual thought evolved, what empirical observations were made, and the role played by some of the movers and shakers who helped to bring us to the current level of understanding of fluid dynamics and aerodynamics.
Potential Flows
Authors: Katz Joseph , Plotkin Allen
Published: December 2010

In high‐Reynolds number attached flows, past a streamlined surface, the fluid outside a thin boundary layer can be considered as irrotational (friction free). Within this region a potential flow model can be established, where the velocity field is obtained by solving the incompressible continuity equation. The momentum equation is then reduced to the Bernoulli equation that determines the pressures, once the velocity field is known. In the following section, the fundamentals of this approach are presented with examples for determining the velocity field over simple shapes.
Flow Instabilities and Transition
Authors: Tumin Anatoli
Published: December 2010

This paper introduces the flow instability concept and the problem of transition prediction. The discussion is aimed at the Tollmien–Schlichting type of instability in low‐speed two‐dimensional boundary layers. The discussion includes an outline of the linear stability theory, paths to turbulence in wall layers, and theeNmethod for transition prediction.
Flapping Wing Aerodynamics
Authors: Shyy Wei , Aono Hikaru , Liu Hao
Published: December 2010

Birds, bats, and insects flap their wings to produce lift as well as thrust. The aerodynamics associated with flapping wings can be enhanced by large‐scale vortical flow structures by wing kinematics, wing shapes, and flexible wing structures. Consequently, with appropriate kinematics, frequency, and amplitude, flapping wings can generate substantially higher lift and perform well beyond stall angle of attack for fixed wings. In this chapter, we highlight the fluid physics associated with
low
Reynolds number flapping wings, including leading edge vortices, pitch‐up rotation, wake capture, clap‐and‐fling mechanisms, and tip vortices, as well as the impact of wing flexibility on flapping wing aerodynamics.
Ground Effect Aerodynamics
Authors: Cui Erjie , Zhang Xin
Published: December 2010

The ‘ground effect’ is the aerodynamic phenomenon whereby the flow field around a vehicle, either an aircraft or a car, is constrained and altered by the presence of the ground. For an aircraft operating in ground effect, it is the creation of an effective air cushion between the lower surface of the wing and the ground that modifies the physics of the flow resulting in positive lift enhancement. For a car utilizing ground effect, the dominant feature is a low‐pressure field between the vehicle and the ground caused by significant flow acceleration, similar to the ‘Venturi effect’, leading to downforce (negative lift) enhancement. Components such as wings and diffusers operate within this regime. The impact of ground effect is generally an increase in aerodynamic efficiency, that is, an increase in lift‐to‐drag ratio for aircraft or the equivalent downforce‐to‐drag ratio for cars. When a vehicle operates too close to the ground, the beneficial response diminishes. The ground effect can adversely affect the flight stability of an aircraft during take‐off and landing as well as under cruise conditions in close proximity to the ground.

This chapter provides a brief summary concerning the history of ground effect vehicles. Various methods employed to study the phenomenon are introduced; these include empirical approximations, analytical methods, numerical simulations, and wind tunnel tests. Applications of ground effect to aircraft and vehicle design are also discussed. Advantages and risks are further examined with an emphasis on control and stability.