bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimizing Liposomal Drug Delivery for Enhanced Efficacy in Skin Cancer Treatment: A Comprehensive Experimental Investigation
Authors: Dhiman Jasmine , Sharma Priya
Published: June 2024

Skin cancer is a prevalent global health issue, necessitating ongoing research into innovative treatment approaches. This study focuses on assessing the effectiveness of a liposomal formulation to enhance skin cancer treatment and demonstrates its technological viability. A comprehensive literature review establishes the context by examining current skin cancer treatments and the role of liposomal formulations in dermatological therapies. The research objectives are clearly outlined, detailing the liposomal formulation's characteristics and experimental methodologies. Results from the study, including comparisons with existing treatments and statistical analyses, are presented, offering insights into the formulation's potential for advancing skin cancer therapy. The discussion section interprets the findings, addresses limitations, and underscores the transformative impact of liposomal formulations in skin cancer treatment. The conclusion succinctly summarizes key findings, emphasizing the study's significance. Furthermore, the future directions section outlines potential research avenues and improvements to the liposomal formulation. This research contributes to the evolving landscape of skin cancer treatment, highlighting the promising role of liposomal formulations in enhancing therapeutic outcomes. By bridging the gap between scientific innovation and clinical application, this study provides valuable insights into the potential of liposomal formulations to revolutionize skin cancer treatment, ultimately contributing to improved patient outcomes and a more effective approach to combating this widespread and pressing health concern.
Keywords: Liposomal formulation, Skin cancer treatment, Technological viability, Comparative analysis, Transformative impact, Methodologies
Examining the Bioactive Elements of Urtica urens Hydroalcoholic Extract and Its Possible Antidepressant Effects in Mice
Authors: Bhagat Arti , Shrivastava Satyam
Published: June 2024

The majority of antidepressant medications reduce depression symptoms, but they also have a number of undesirable side effects. The hunt is on for medications that are both more effective and well-tolerated. In light of this, the current investigation set out to assess the hydroalcoholic extract of Urtica Urens L.'s aerial parts' (HAUU) antidepressant potential in mice. The Tail Suspension Test (TST) and the Forced Swimming Test (FST) on mice were used to assess it. For 14 days, the HAUU (250 and 500 mg/kg, po) was given orally to distinct groups of 20–25-weight Swiss albino mice in order to conduct TST and FST testing. The presence of alkaloids, glycosides, phenols, flavonoids, and tannins was discovered through phytochemical examination. The HAUU demonstrated a dose-dependent decrease in the amount of time that mice were immobile. Mice's immobility duration was considerably shortened in both the FST and TST when 500 mg/kg of HAUU was administered. The extract's effectiveness was discovered to be on par with fluoxetine (20 mg mg/kg, po). It was discovered that when given orally at a dose of 2000 mg/kg, it was toxicologically safe and did not cause any mouse deaths. The results of the current investigation indicate that the HAUU is toxicologically safe and has strong antidepressant activity, as demonstrated by the TST and FST tests.
Keywords: Urtica Urens L, Depression, Tail suspension test, Forced swimming test, Fluoxetine
Cytotoxicity and antioxidant potential of dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts of Morinda morindoïdes leaves
Authors: TANOH Aya Honorine , KPOROU Kouassi Elisée , BRION Anaïs , SEGUIN Cendrine , KITCHLER Antoine , FRISCH Benoit , FOURNEL Sylvie
Published: June 2024

The incidence of cancer and related mortality are on the rise worldwide, and this requires the search for new plant-based medicines. In this study, the antioxidant potential and cytotoxic activity against HCT-116 cell line were evaluated. Dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts of M. morindoïdes were prepared by maceration and evaluated for some biological properties. Cytotoxicity was assessed according to MTS method on the cancer line HCT-116 (colorectal carcinoma) using doxorubicin as reference. Antioxidant potential was carried out by DPPH and ABTS tests. Tri-phytochemistry was carried out from coloring and precipitation tests. On HCT-116 cell line, extracts demonstrated dose-response activity. The lowest IC50 value was obtained with the acetate extract with an IC50= 16.38 ± 0.2 µg/mL. IC50 values for antioxidant activities were evaluated at 39.70 ± 1.7 µg/mL and at 57.65 ± 4.3µg/mL by DPPH and ABTS test respectilly. Finally, phytochemical screening showed presence of polyphenols, flavonoids and quinone. M. morindoides ethyl acetate extract showed the best cytotoxicity and antioxidant activities. Therefore, it should be an interesting source for discovery of new compounds for colorectal cancer treatment.
Keywords: cytotoxicity, cancer cells, antioxidant, Morinda morindoides.
Effect of pH on Toxicity of Zinc Sulphate Hydrate Solutions Using the Spirotox Test
Authors: Hoang Quynh Thi Ngoc , Petrov Gleb Vladimirovich , Koldina Alena , Syroeshkin Anton
Published: June 2024

Introduction: Spirostomum ambiguum is commonly used as a biological indicator due to its high sensitivity to heavy metals. It functions normally across a wide pH range of 4.5 to 8.0. Testing on protozoan organisms provides a general understanding of the impact of pH on the toxicity of zinc in pharmaceuticals. By investigating the toxicity of zinc in environment with varying pH levels, the optimal environment for zinc absorption can be determined.
Objective: The objective of this study is to assess the toxicity of zinc sulphate solutions using different forms of hydrating and at various pH levels, applying the Spirotox method.
Methods: An experiment was conducted using a solution of pharmaceutical substances, specifically zinc sulphate heptahydrate and zinc sulphate monohydrate, with a concentration of 0.01 M. The study aimed to investigate the effect of the solution on the lifespan of S.ambiguum within the pH range of 4.8-6.5.
Results: Arrhenius activation energy (Ea linear correlates with LD50 oral toxicity for rats) decreases as pH increases from 4.8 to 6.5 for ⋅7  and ⋅  solutions. The values decrease from 140±10 kJ/mol to 55±10 kJ/mol and from 110±2 kJ/mol to 60±10 kJ/mol, respectively.
Conclusion: It was found that the toxicity of zinc sulphate hydrate solution towards S. ambiguum increased as the pH value increased. Hydrating of the active pharmaceutical substance was a crucial factor, it is critically important for preparation of solutions of an active pharmaceutical substance.
Keywords: zinc sulphate, Spirotox test, pH, activation energy, toxicity.
Review on Study of Nanoparticles in Brain Targeting for Treatment Of Alzheimer’s
Authors: Mamatha G T , Pavuluri Satish
Published: June 2024

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an irreversible neurodegenerative disorder, in which there is a progressive deterioration of intellectual and social functions, memory loss, personality changes and inability for self-care, and has become the fourth leading cause of death in developed countries.  Pathogenesis of AD, there is a progressive deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ)- peptide in the hippocampal and cerebral cortical regions. This deposition is associated with the presence of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and senile plaques. The senile plaques deposited between the neurons consist mainly protein β amyloid. Neurofibrillary tangles deposited inside the neurons fabricated from Tau protein. Diagnosing Alzheimer's requires careful medical evaluation thorough medical history, mental status testing, physical and neurological examination tests (such as blood tests and brain imaging),  two classes of medications approved to treat AD. Cholinesterase inhibitors: Donepezil, Rivastigmine, Galantamine, NMDA receptor antagonists: Memantine. The major goal in designing nanoparticles as a delivery system are to control particle size, surface property and release of pharmacologically active agents in order to achieve the site-specific action of the drug at the therapeutic optimum rate and dose regimen of the agent to the CNS, but also the ability of the agent to access the relevant target site within the CNS. Many strategies have been developed   to deliver the drug into brain by crossing the BBB: chemical delivery systems, magnetic drug targeting or drug carrier systems such as antibodies, liposomes or nanoparticles. Among those, nanoparticles have got a great concentration as the potential targeted drug delivery systems in the brain recently.
Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, β-amyloid, cholinesterase inhibitors, Curcumin nanoparticles.
Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cells (CAR T-Cells): An Engineered Targeted Therapy for Treatment of Cancer
Authors: Rathi Darshana , Patel Nikita , Satapathy Trilochan
Published: June 2024

We have undertaken this review to explore the various developments and insights of CAR-T cell therapy during 1989-2023 and its advantages in the treatment of cancer and immune modulation. It is a chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy, which is an innovative form of immunotherapy that harnesses the power of the immune system to fight cancer. At first, T cells are extracted from the patient’s blood through a process called leukapheresis. Then the modification has been done in T cells by genetically engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) on their surface. These receptors are designed to recognize specific proteins, or antigens, that are found on the surface of cancer cells. Many conventional therapies available in the market for the treatment of cancer and Immuno modulation but most of them having Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR). But CAR-T cells possess upper hand on these conventional Formulations. Once a sufficient number of CAR-T cells have been produced, they are infused back into the patient’s bloodstream. Once reach inside the body, the CAR-T cells recognize and bind to the cancer cells that express the specific antigen targeted by the CAR. This triggers the destruction of the cancer cells by the immune system. CAR-T cell therapy has shown remarkable success in treating certain types of blood cancers, such as acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), and certain types of lymphoma. The content of this review will pave the way to work on CAR-T cell therapy.
Keywords: CAR-T, Immunotherapy, cancer, antigen, leukemia, lymphoma.
Formulation and evaluation of sustained release floating tablets of venlafaxine using natural polymers
Authors: Yadav Niraj Kumar , Gupta Nilesh , Jain Umesh Kumar
Published: June 2024

Over the past three decades, oral controlled-release dosage forms have been developed due to their therapeutic advantages, such as ease of administration, patient compliance, and flexibility in formulation. However, this approach has faced physiological difficulties, such as the inability to contain and position the controlled drug delivery system within the desired region of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) due to variable gastric emptying and motility. Venlafaxine is an antidepressant and a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). Its active metabolite, desvenlafaxine, works by blocking the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, which are key neurotransmitters in mood regulation. Gastroretentive dosage forms can stay in the gastric region for several hours and significantly prolong the gastric residence time of drugs. Natural materials have been extensively used in drug delivery because they are readily available, cost-effective, eco-friendly, capable of many chemical modifications, potentially degradable, and compatible due to their natural origin.
Keywords: Sustained Release Floating Tablets, Venlafaxine,
Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of protein hydrolysates from shrimp shell wastes, germinated soybean and pigeon pea flour blends: A mixture response surface methodology approach
Authors: Uro-Chukwu Henry Chukwuemeka , Okoli Eric Chigozie , Okpala Laura Chioma , Uro-Chukwu Franklyn Chidiebere
Published: June 2024

Cancer has high prevalence rate and mortality with conventional chemotherapy and other management protocols being both expensive and inaccessible especially in low/medium income countries (LMIC). Sourcing alternative cheaper and easily accessible treatment from blends of antioxidants sources can reduce the burden of cancer on patients. This work therefore seeks to produce a blend from the protein hydrolysates of shrimp shell waste, germinated soybean and germinated pigeon pea which not only has high antioxidant activity but also can inhibit cervical cancer cell proliferation. In vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of the mixtures of germinated pigeon pea, germinated soybean, and shrimp shell waste hydrolysates were evaluated using the mixture response surface methodology (MRSM). Fourteen blends were obtained using the simplex centroid design. Total phenolic content (TPC), 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and % cytotoxicity of the samples were analysed. Numerical optimization was conducted with the goal of simultaneously maximizing the DPPH scavenging activity and TPC while minimizing % cytotoxicity. The optimized blend consisted of 91.06 % pigeon pea, 8.94 % shrimp shell waste and 0 % soybean. The predicted responses obtained were 74.28 % DPPH scavenging activity, 39.6 GAE mg/dL TPC and 21 % cytotoxicity. The IC50 values for the optimized blend and a standard chemotherapeutic drug were 0.260 mmol/mL and 0.013 mmol / mL respectively. This in vitro study revealed that the pigeon pea - shrimp shell waste blend, as generated by MRSM, was comparable to a standard anticarcinogenic drug with respect to potency.
Keywords: pigeon pea, soybean, hydrolysates, shrimp shell waste, cytotoxicity, antioxidants, DPPH
Safūf-i Aslussūs: A time-tested polyherbal formulation for the management of Premature Ejaculation- A comprehensive review
Authors: Ahmad Waish , Siddiqui Javed Inam , Naikodi Mohammed Abdul Rasheed , USMANI Qamrul Islam
Published: June 2024

Premature Ejaculation (PE) is the most prevalent male sexual complaint worldwide. The ability to control the timing of ejaculation is very important to get pleasure and to maintain the couple’s sexual health. PE is believed to have a multifactorial etiology which mainly includes psychogenic and biogenic factors. Currently available conventional drugs are based on mere assumptions and their use in PE is considered off-label as they have not been approved by the regulatory bodies. On the other hand, Unani System of Medicine has a holistic approach to the prevention and treatment of diseases and provides a line of treatment for PE which is mainly focused on the internal and external use of specific drugs for the restoration of lost powers, elimination of morbid humor and strengthening of organs, muscles, and nerves. In classical Unani literature, PE/Surʻat-i-Inzāl are described in detail under the heading of Amrāz-i-Bāh. In the series of drug therapy a polyherbal Unani formulation, Safūf-i Aslussūs mentioned in different Unani Pharmacopoeias for the management of PE, and Spermatorrhoea is widely prescribed and recommended for a long time by Unani physicians and it is a time-tested drug. This manuscript is an attempt to summarize scientific studies in support of the claim made by Unani physicians regarding Safūf-i Aslussūs.
Keywords: Safoof-i Aslussoos, Surʻat-i-Inzāl, Premature ejaculation, Unani System of Medicine
Statins as a Combatant for Treatment of Glioblastoma
Authors: JAYBHAYE ARATI GANESH , Nikam Supriya Sangram , KAYANDE KALYANI PRANAV , PATIL PRATIK Marotirao , SUROSHE ANUSHKA Vijay , ZALTE PAVAN Babasaheb , BHUJBAL SHRIPARNI Ashok
Published: June 2024

The competitive HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) inhibitors, commonly referred to as "statins," have been shown in preclinical tests to have promise anticancer characteristics in addition to being potent medications that lower cholesterol and lower cardiovascular risk. When combined with other cancer treatment strategies, statins seem to improve the treatment outcome for a variety of malignancies. After surgical resection followed by concomitant radiation and chemotherapy, the median overall survival (OS) for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a particularly lethal cerebral tumour, is only about one year. Due to their capacity to inhibit cell growth, survival, migration, metastasis, inflammation, and angiogenesis in both in vitro and in vivo investigations, statins have recently come to light as prospective adjuvant medications for the treatment of GBM. Statins' therapeutic effects on the survival of GBM patients are still debatable, though. When just focusing on the treatment of cancer, specifically GBM, this study intends to analyse and address some of the known effects of statin medicines, including concurrent statin therapy with chemotherapeutic agents.
Keywords: statin, glioblastoma, brain tumor, antitumor, cholesterol, apoptosis.
Preparation, Characterization and Evaluation of Antioxidant Flavonosomes
Authors: Kumar Prakash , Kumar Praveen , Jain Nishi Prakash
Published: June 2024

The objective of the present study was to prepare flavonosomes loaded with kaempferol and curcumin in order to improve the bioavailability of the flavonoids. The flavonosomes loaded with kaempferol and curcumin were prepared using bulk co-loading method using lecithin as the lipid molecule. The particle size of the flavonosomes was determined using zeta sizer and ranged from 497.3 nm to 167.1 nm. The results indicated that increase the ratio of lipid to extract was able to reduce the particle size of the flavonosomes. The flavonosomes prepared using 4:1 ratio of lipid to flavonoids were found to be rigid, spherical as seen in SEM with smooth regular surface. Sharp and distinct endothermic peaks in DSC revealed the formulation of stable flavonosomes due to molecular interactions between the extract and lecithin. The entrapment efficiency of flavonosome preparation F4 was determined by measurement of the non-entrapped flavonoids and subtracting from the total flavonoids used to obtain the flavonoids entrapped in the formulation. The entrapment efficiency of F4 has been calculated to be 94.12%. The flavonosome F4 was studied for release of the entrapped flavonoids by dialysis method. The amount of flavonoids released at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 hours was determined using UV spectrophotometry. After the first hour, the entrapped flavonoids released in a steady manner from the flavonosome depicting and almost complete release (90.52% for kaempferol and 94.67% for curcumin) from the formulation. The flavonosomes were found to be stable under the storage conditions. The best formulation with respect to particle size and anti-inflammatory action was F4 that contained 4:1 ratio of lecithin: flavonoids. DPPH radical scavenging assay was used to determine the antioxidant action of the individual flavonoids and the flavonosome formulation. It was found that the formulation F4 was having higher antioxidant activity in comparison to kaempferol and curcumin. The IC50 of kaempferol, curcumin and flavonosome were found to be 228.20 µg/mL, 175.51 µg/mL and 158.19 µg/mL respectively.
Keywords: Flavonosome, Kaempferol, Curcumin, Bulk co-loading, antioxidant
Bacteriological profile in patients with cesarean infection at Ruhengeri level two teaching Hospital
Authors: Jean Baptiste HABANABAKIZE , ALAIN PRUDENCE ISHIMWE , Evariste Ntezirizaza , Nadia KANOBAYITA , Athanasie UWIRINGIYIMANA
Published: June 2024

Background: A cesarean infection is a referral hospital acquired bacterial infection that occurs after deliver by cesarean section which could be emergency or elective. As highlighted by the various researchers that the infections following a cesarean delivery, which some people call a C-section, are common. The wound coming into contact with bacteria or other harmful microbes is a common cause of these infections. The main objective of this study was the assessment of bacteria isolated from cesarean infection patients attending Ruhengeri level two teaching hospital.
Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted and total of 30 wound swabs of cesarean were collected from inpatient of Ruhengeri level two teaching hospital.Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software (version 20).
Results: The results showed that the most predominant bacteria isolated from patients with cesarean infection was S. aureus (28.1%) followed by S. pyogenes (18.8%), K. pneumoniae (18.8%), P. aeruginosa (12.5%), S.epidermidis (9.4%), E. coli (6.3%) and P. mirabilis(6.3%). Antibiotics sensitivity test was performed, so this study showed the predominant antibiotic which were sensitively to different bacteria were Chloramphenicol, Gentamycin and Norfloxacin and most bacteria were resistance to Rifampicin and Vancomycin.
Conclusion: This study has shown that there are many bacteria that may be isolated in cesarean infection. It has also shown that some of the isolated bacteria were sensitive and other were resistant to Rifampicin and Vancomycin. The study recommends that Rwandan government should create more clinical microbiological laboratory, in Rwanda, in order to minimize the antibiotic resistance and also on the side of health care providers, especially at Ruhengeri level two teaching hospital, they should use the experienced workers in order to minimise the risks of getting caesarean infection and also to recommend the patients taking care their wound.
 Keywords: Cesarean infection, Bacteria, Antibiotics, Bacteriological profile
The Evolution of Nanocrystalline Drug Delivery System
Authors: Nikumbhe Bhushan , Bhaskar Rajveer , Ola Monika , Pagar Pratiksha , Sawarkar Prajkta
Published: June 2024

Developing nanocrystalline drug delivery technologies is a noteworthy advancement in pharmaceutical science. The nanocrystalline formulations aim to improve therapeutic efficacy, pharmaceutical solubility, and bioavailability. We develop many methods for their fabrication, with top-down, bottom-up, and combination procedures, beginning with reasoning behind nanocrystalline approaches. In this type of review, we focused on the progress of nanocrystalline drug delivery systems in various years by applying different techniques which started in 1990 and what dosage forms are still made by this technology. It is found that various other techniques are also there manufacturing of drug Nanocrystals through years of investigation made by specialists. The researchers found methods such as Top-down, bottom-up, combination, solvent displacement technology, fluidised bed technology, freeze drying, spray drying, electrodynamic technique, and melt emulsification. Every process has advantages and disadvantages, therefore selecting the proper technology is critical to produce drug nanocrystals successfully.
Keywords: Nanocrysyals, CT, Bottom-up, Top-Down, HPH, Nanocarriers
Evaluation of the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Annona senegalensis Pers. (Annonaceae) leaves aqueous extract in rats and mice
Authors: KOUSSOUBE Ignace , Da Filkpièrè Léonard , Sawadogo Paténéma , Tindano Basile , Soudré Albert , Bayala Balé
Published: June 2024

Annona Senegalensis Pers. (Annonaceae) is a medicinal plant used to treat many pathologies, including inflammatory diseases and pain. The aim of this study was to investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of Annona Senegalensis leaves aqueous extract in mice and rats. The analgesic activity was evaluated using the acetic acid (1%) induced writhing test and formalin (1%) test. The anti-inflammatory activity was performed using the carrageenan and the dextran induced hind paw oedema in rats.
The extract induced a significant (p<0.05) and dose-dependent decrease in abdominal contortions compared with control mice. The maximum inhibition was 63.36% at the dose of 200 mg/kg body weight. Only the late phase of formalin induced nociception was significantly inhibited by the extract with a maximum inhibition value of 56.96% at the dose of 200 mg/kg body weight. In the anti-inflammatory investigation, the aqueous extract of the leaves of Annona Senegalensis produced a significant (p<0.05) and dose-dependent decrease in edema induced by carrageenan and dextran. The maximum inhibition was 57.14% obtained at the fifth hour at the dose of 200mg/kg for the carrageenan test.  For the dextran test, the maximum inhibition was 59.80% obtained at the second hour at the dose of 200 mg/kg body weight.
 Our results show that Annona Senegalensis has peripheral analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. It could therefore be an advantage in alternative medicine.
Keywords: Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, Annona Senegalensis, Rats, Mice
Antibacterial Activity of Mirabilis jalapa Leaves (Karifuma) Extract Against Bacterial Wound Infection from Patients Attending Rango Health Center
Authors: Innocent NZABANTERURA , ALAIN PRUDENCE ISHIMWE , Jean Pierre UWIZEYIMANA , Ezechiel BIZIMANA , Chrysostome UWIHANGANYE Jean
Published: June 2024

Background: Mirabilis jalapa is a perennial herbaceous bushy plant with several pharmacological activities, such as anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-bacterial, anti-microbial, anti-fungal, anti-viral, diuretic and anthelmintic. Wound infections are a major public health concern in Rwanda, with 8% of the general population having difficulties controlling them and 25% of those above 60 years old. Traditional medicine is used to treat many conditions such as chest infections, coughs, snake-bites and burns. Mirabilis jalapa seeds have been reported to be effective against bacteria causing wound infections.  Aim: This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of Mirabilis jalapa leaves extract against infected wound bacteria from patients attending Rango Health Center.
Methods: Cross sectional study design and maceration method was used in Mirabilis jalapa leaves extraction with Methanol, Ethanol, Diethyl ether and Distilled water as solvents.
Results: Different extracts were obtained according to the solvents with different volumes and concentrations. The highest extract volume obtained was Distilled water with 6 ml and the least was Diethyl ether with 2.7 ml. In 71 participants who had wound infection, 42% had a bacterial infection. Among them, 25% had Staphylococcus aureus, 7% had Klebsiella pneumoniae, 6% had Escherichia coli, and 4% had Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Through the agar well diffusion method, Methanol extracts showed the highest inhibition zones while distilled water extracts exhibited the lowest inhibition zones to the isolated bacteria.
Conclusion: The study confirms the antibacterial activity of the Mirabilis jalapa leaves extract against infected wound bacteria, with methanol and ethanol being the best solvents.
Keywords: Mirabilis jalapa leaves, wound infections, antibacterial activity
Comprehensive Review on Parkinson's Disease: Insights into Prevalence, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Multifaceted Treatment Approaches
Authors: Kumar Lalit , Malhotra Meenakshi , Singh Ajeet Pal , Singh Amar Pal
Published: June 2024

Background: Parkinson's disease (PD), a prevalent neurodegenerative condition affecting more than seven million individuals globally, manifests through the loss of dopaminergic neurons, leading to diverse motor and non-motor symptoms. This comprehensive review aims to explore PD's multifaceted nature, covering its introduction, prevalence patterns, pathophysiology, diagnostic challenges, and varied treatment strategies. Genetic and environmental influences on prevalence, brain region degeneration, Lewy body formation, and early-stage diagnostic difficulties are key focus areas. The review emphasizes the necessity of personalized approaches, innovative clinical criteria-, and subtype categorizations for effective management.
Objective: This review aims to provide a holistic understanding of Parkinson's disease, contributing to improved insights for both individuals and healthcare professionals. By consolidating knowledge on PD's various facets, it seeks to facilitate informed decision-making for better management and enhanced quality of life.
Methods: A thorough review of research literature, including studies, trials, and historical perspectives, was done. It covers prevalence, causes, diagnosis, and treatment options, including both traditional and herbal remedies, alongside conventional approaches.
Results: The review reveals the complex interplay of genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and the neurodegenerative mechanisms underlying PD. It underscores the challenges of early-stage diagnosis and the wide array of treatment options available, emphasizing the need for personalized care.
Conclusion: Understanding Parkinson's disease in its entirety is crucial for effective management. By presenting a comprehensive overview, this review advocates for a holistic approach, integrating diverse treatments and individualized strategies, thereby offering valuable guidance for improved quality of life in PD patients.
Keywords: Parkinson's, neurodegeneration, DBS, Lewy bodies, motor & non-motor symptoms, diagnosis
Review on Callilstemon citrinus: Recent Approaches in Novel Drug Delivery System
Authors: Gadhave Trupti Bhausaheb , Bhandawane Deepti D , Hajare Pratiksha K , Jadhav Mohini B
Published: June 2024

Callistemon citrinus is an ornamental plant. The plant is commonly originated in subtropical and tropical region. C.citrinus, commonly referred to as bottlebrush, is a member of myrtaceae family. Active ingreadients such as 1, 8-cineole, triterpenoids, α-pinenes, eucalyptol, tannis, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phytosterol etc. are mostly found in the various plant sections.  It is generally use in traditional, folk and herbal medicine as a water accent, anticough, antibronchtits, insecticide and treatment of diarrhoea, dysentery and rheumatism. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review on the pharmacological aspects and recent novel approaches of callistemon citrinus highlight methodologies, applications, and potential contributions of this natural extract in enhancing drug delivery, offering insights into its pharmacological potential and future prospects in the field. The primary objective to collect updated information about effectiveness of the plant extract in addressing specific health issues and its potential as a therapeutic effect using novel drug delivery systems. Innovative methods explored in delivering the plant extract, such as Nano formulations in various diseases i.e. Antifungal properties, acute toxicity, brine shrimp cytotoxicity and relaxant activity, antimicrobial Activity etc. The methods improve therapeutic efficacy and reduces side effects by optimizing the delivery of bioactive compounds from callistemon citrinus.
Keywords: Callistemon citrinus, Bottle brush, Pharmacological activities, Novel Drug Delivery Systems, Isolated compounds.
How Digital Health is Revolutionizing Healthcare and Contributing to Positive Health Outcomes
Authors: Dave Pallav
Published: June 2024

Digital health has been instrumental in revolutionizing healthcare by ensuring continuity of care, personalizing care, reducing errors and wastage, improving diagnostic accuracy, providing clinicians with decision-making support, and facilitating treatment and care beyond the clinical setting. All these benefits improve the quality of care and lead to positive health outcomes. It also improves patient satisfaction with care. Digital health can also be used to address the challenges that are currently facing healthcare systems. For instance, digital health can help to address the challenge of limited access. Digital health can also help to address the increasing patient needs and demands. However, the integration of digital health in healthcare systems still remains a challenge. Privacy and confidentiality concerns are major issues. Because of the nature of data stored in these systems, security breaches can have negative outcomes on care. Accuracy and reliability of data are also issues of concern. Addressing these challenges can make healthcare systems realize the benefits of digital technologies.
Keywords: digital health, digital technologies, revolutionizing healthcare, positive patient outcomes
A Review of Darchini (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) in Unani Medicine with Therapeutic Benefits and other Pharmacological potential
Authors: Ahmad Sarfaraz , Mehdi Sumbul , Aleem Abdul , Khan Asif Ahmad , Naseem Saima , Ahmad Marghoob
Published: June 2024

Darchini (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) is a bark of a cinnamon plant that belongs to the Lauraceae family.  Cinnamon is a rich tasting and aromatic spice used by different cultures worldwide. Recently, many phytochemicals were discovered and obtained from Darchini. Numerous experimental research using these phytochemical components have established several therapeutic actions. In addition, it possesses useful medicinal properties and is considered a remedy for indigestion, flatulency, depletion of innate heat, respiratory diseases, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders. A manual literature search of classical Unani manuscripts was carried out to acquire information on temperament (Mizaj), pharmacological activities and medicinal applications of Darchini. In addition, all accessible material on phytochemical, physiochemical and pharmacological studies have been collected using an extensive review of internet sources such PubMed, Google Scholar and Science Direct.  The aim of this review article is to further highlight the discovered pharmacological effect and medicinal values of Cinnamomum zeylanicum as per the Unani literature as well as scientific research. Based on scientific studies regarding its phytochemical components, it is beneficial for various ailments. Darchini also has a beneficial effect on some gynaecological disorders such as amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, leucorrhoea, menorrhagia, prolapse, and vaginosis. However, there is need to conduct experimental and clinical study to validate their effectiveness and safety in humans.
Keywords: Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Darchini, Gynaecological disorders Phytochemicals, Unani system of medicine
Isolation and Identification of Bacteria from Electronic devices used by Students and Staffs in Ines Ruhengeri
Authors: Jean Pierre UWIZEYIMANA , ALAIN PRUDENCE ISHIMWE , Innocent NZABANTERURA , Ezechiel BIZIMANA , Chrysostome UWIHANGANYE Jean , Jean de Dieu Ndayambaje , Godefroid NZEYIMANA , Jean Polycarpe Delphin IRAKOZE
Published: June 2024

Background: Electronic devices have become one of the most essential accessories being used in daily lives including schools. Those devices increase the communication and using them makes learning much easier. Microbial contamination of electronic devices and inanimate surface of electronic equipment at INES-Ruhengeri can have a significant role for transmission of pathogenic bacteria.
Aim: The aim of this study was to isolate and identify bacteria from electronic devices used by students and staffs at INES-Ruhengeri University.
Methodology: This cross-sectional study was done on 40 electronic devices such as computers, microscopes, global positioning system (GPS) and total stations A random sampling method was applied from sterile swab soaked in peptone water solution by the technique of bearing on the surface of the entire devices and then placed in a transport medium. Collected samples were then taken in INES-Ruhengeri Microbiology laboratory for further experiments.
Results: All 40 electronic devices were contaminated with bacteria. The most predominant bacteria isolated from electronic devices was S.aureus (25.9%) followed by Bacillus spp(24.1%), K.pneumonia(12.9%), S.epidermis(12.9%), Micrococcus spp(7.4%), P.aeruginosa(5.5%), E.coli(3.3%), Salmonella spp(3.3%) and Shigella spp(3.3%). Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of selected antibiotics was performed. Norfloxin was the most sensitive antibiotic on all isolated bacteria. Chloramphenicol antibiotic shown no activity over any of the isolated bacteria, to imply that all bacteria had resistance on it.
 Conclusion: This study shown that there is bacterial contamination to all devices and antibiotic susceptibility test shown that some antibiotics were sensitive and resistant to the isolated bacteria.
A Comprehensive Review on Niosomes in Drug Delivery and Recent Advancements
Authors: Teron Charlisar , Bhuyan Abhranil , Saikia Prasurjya , Dutta Sunmon Raj , Gogoi Himanshu , Rongpi Shivam
Published: June 2024

The recent emphasis on nanocarrier development for drug delivery stems from the need to target specific diseased areas while sparing healthy tissues. Effective and safe drug administration has long posed challenges in medicine. Over the past decade, the emergence of vesicles as a means to enhance drug delivery has captivated researchers in the field of drug delivery systems. Among vesicular systems, niosomes have gained attention due to their nonionic features. Unlike liposomes, niosomes offer superior stability, making them a preferred choice. Non-ionic in nature niosomes offer unique advantages in drug delivery providing a versatile platform for encapsulating various drugs to enhance bioavailability and ensure controlled release. Understanding preparation techniques enables tailored applications from oral to transdermal delivery. Characterization methods such as morphology and particles size are pivotal in ensuring the stability and effectiveness of niosomes. Applications span cancer therapy, diagnostic imaging, and vaccination adjuvants, showcasing niosomes versatility. Ongoing research reflects dynamic efforts to enhance capabilities, emphasizing their pivotal role in evolving drug delivery systems. In this comprehensive review, we aim to encapsulate fundamental aspects of niosomes, encompassing diverse preparation methods, various niosomal types, methods for characterization and the advancements witnessed in niosomal research over the past decade, drawing insights from a literature review.
Keywords: Niosomes, Drug delivery, Nanocarrier, Vesicles, Nanomedicines
Comparative study of Candidiasis among Single and Married women at Rwanda Military Hospital
Authors: Jean Chrysostome UWIHANGANYE , ALAIN PRUDENCE ISHIMWE , Innocent NZABANTERURA , Jean Pierre UWIZEYIMANA , Ezechiel BIZIMANA , Fabrice UWUMUREMYI , Julienne MUKANDAYISHIMIYE , Jean de Dieu Ndayambaje , Pacifique MARINDE
Published: June 2024

Background: Genital tract is the portal of entry for numerous sexually and non-sexually trans­mitted diseases. A number of bacterial and non-bacterial infections exist that affect the female reproductive tract and cause vaginal discharge. Candida species are among im­portant opportunistic pathogens causing candidiasis in human worldwide. These yeast species are of public health concern nowadays.
Aim: This study aimed at comparing the prevalence of candidiasis among single and married women attending Rwanda Mili­tary Hospital. The study population comprises of single and married women.
Methodology: This was a retrospective study where data was collected from Rwanda Military Hospital.
Results: The re­sults of this study showed that the incidence of candidiasis was higher in married women when compared with single women. The prevalence of candidiasis in married women was 128(74.4%), while in single women is 44(25.6%). It was observed in this study that the distribution of candidiasis among married and single is statistically sig­nificant (p<0.05). Results also show that out of 172 single and married women, more cases of candidiasis were observed within the age range of 21-30 years, 66 (44.2%) were infected with candida albicans, 31-40 years had a prevalence of 55(32%) and 11-20 years had a prevalence of 13(7.6%). The overall of cases of candida other than C. albicans observed was 15.1%.
Conclusion:  This study showed that married and single women are predisposed to candidiasis. It is therefore important to give opportunistic pathogens like Candida species attention in women especially among married ones as they are mostly affected by this candidiasis.
Keywords: Candidiasis, C. albicans, Vaginal discharge, Urinary tract infection, bacterial vaginosis, aerobic vaginitis.
Glanzmann’s Thrombocytopenia: A Case Report
Authors: Tiwari Preeti , Singh Manav , Nayak S. P. , Chakraborthy G S
Published: June 2024

Glanzmann’s thrombocytopenia is a platelet disorder in which platelets have qualitative or quantitative deficiencies of the fibrinogen receptor α2bβ3. Most cases are hereditary but can be acquired also. This disorder in named after Dr.Eduard Glanzmann, who first described it in 1918. Its global prevalence is estimated to be one in a million with higher prevalence rate in population where consanguinity marriage is common. It has good prognosis with proper supportive care.
Case Summary: A 17-year male patient had come with complaint of severe epistaxis randomly for hours in a known case of Glanzmann’s thrombocytopenia which was diagnosed 10 years ago. With epistaxis he also had complaints of weakness in upper limbs and gastrocnemius muscle
Diagnosis: Glanzmann’s thrombocytopenia
Treatment: Inj. Etamsylate 500mg BD, Inj. Hemocoagulase 1IU OD, Inj. Tranexamic acid 500mg OD, Tab. Vitamin C BD, Tab. Calcium gluconate 500mg BD, Syp. Vitamin D3 and was transfused with PCV (A+) total 12 pint (200ml) and platelets 2 pint (200ml)
Keywords: Glanzmann’s thrombocytopenia, Epistaxis, Tranexamic acid, Congenital, Platelet Disorder.
French medical memes: Themes, language, functions
Authors: Dugalich Natalia M. , Ebzeeva Yulia N.
Published: June 2024

The study concerns the organisation and content of both the visual and verbal elements within the polycode text of French-language memes that pertain to medical discourse. The meme’s connection to medical discourse is established through its subject matter, the incorporation of medical symbols in its visual elements, and the inclusion of medical terminology in its written content. It also involves depicting communication scenarios between doctors, between doctors and patients, and between nursing staff and patients at both the image and text levels. The study’s novelty lies in its dual approach: firstly, it examines French memes as subjects for linguistic analysis, and secondly, it explores them as a genre of polycode text within medical discourse. The research material comprises 100 French memes centred on medical themes, obtained through continuous sampling from the internet. Study results revealed that memes pertaining to medical discourse are dynamic, viral, and eclectic texts that encapsulate the distinctive elements of institutional medical discourse. Thematically, the meme encompasses various medical topics and addresses social issues prevalent in France. Deciphering the author’s intention behind the meme relies on a layer-by-layer examination of how the idea is expressed through the polycode text, as well as an understanding of the sociocultural context that informs the text, which requires presuppositional knowledge on the part of the recipient. Linguo-cultural characteristics observed in the verbal component, as identified through the analysis, include the use of language play at phonetic and lexical levels, inclusion of colloquial and slang vocabulary alongside emotionally charged expressions within doctor-patient communication contexts, and the utilisation of phonetic spelling. The visual component of the polycode text in French medical memes is distinguished by the incorporation of elements from civilisational phenomena, such as political figures from the country, film protagonists, and globally recognised actors. The analysis revealed that the meme serves various functions including comedic, informative, compensatory, and appellative roles. The article constitutes a segment of a broader study examining polycode texts within medical discourse across multiple genres including memes, medical posters, and demotivators in languages such as Russian, French, English, Chinese, and Arabic.
Russian culture through the prism of English, Finnish and Japanese languages: Reflections or refractions?
Authors: Beloglazova Elena V. , Osmak Natalia A. , Shuvalova Ekaterina K.
Published: June 2024

Thinning borders in the modern world result in intense translingual/transcultural communication. Yet, a language is originally fit to describe its own culture, while cultural reorientation requires considerable adaptation. The paper aims at researching the mechanisms of languages’ cultural reorientation as exemplified by the Japanese-, English- and Finnish-language Russia-centred discourse. The cultural reorientation of a language is seen as a mode of translation – translation of culture. Research questions are: What linguistic techniques to introduce exocultural context are preferred by the focus languages? What elements of the source culture are selected for constructing the Russia-centred discourse in the focus languages? The research is based on data in three unrelated languages. The data is organised in manually annotated corpora of culturally loaded texts of book titles. The analysis of translation techniques employed by different languages in the process of cultural reorientation revealed (a) the specificity of the strategy of translating culture as contrasted to that of traditional translation; (b) the features of the exoculture-centred discourse as affected by language-specific linguistic factors. The study of xenonyms, selected to represent the source culture, shows a considerable variation in the choice of representatives, while the types of xenonyms are largely comparable. The cross-linguistic research of Russia-centred discourse is crucial for understanding established discursive canon, which must serve as guidance for presenting and promoting Russian culture in intercultural dialogue.
The impact of migration on linguistic and cultural identity: A case study of the Balik tribe
Authors: Goma Edwardus Iwantri , Rijanta R. , Putri Ratih Fitria
Published: June 2024

The Balik community is the indigenous population residing in the Nusantara Capital, located in the Sepaku District, North Penajam Paser Regency, East Kalimantan Province. The Balik community has a distinct cultural identity that signifies their identity as members of the Balik ethnic group, one of which is the Balik language. This study investigates the impact of migration on the linguistic and cultural identity of the Balik ethnic group residing in the Nusantara Capital, primarily focusing on the gradual decline of the use of the Balik language and its implications for cultural preservation. It employed a qualitative research approach with a case study design. Data were collected through interviews and participant observation. The analysis of the data involved techniques such as data condensation, data display, and conclusion. The case study findings indicate that the Balik ethnic community tends to be reluctant to use the Balik language in daily communication, both within the household and in the Balik community. Several factors contribute to this phenomenon, including the Balik ethnic community’s preference and greater comfort in using the Indonesian language, a lack of appreciation for the Balik language, and intensive interaction with migrants over a prolonged period. This research highlights the need for the preservation of the Balik language and culture, which is a vital component of Balik cultural identity. The implications of these findings include the necessity for language education programmes in schools, the increased cultural events promoting the use of the Balik language, and awareness campaigns to increase appreciation for regional languages. These practical steps are expected to promote the preservation of the Balik language and cultural identity, while enriching Indonesia’s national cultural diversity amidst the increasing migration and urbanisation in the Nusantara Capital. This study significantly contributes to the social and cultural planning and development in the Nusantara Capital and enriches the academic discourse on migration, cultural identity, and language preservation.