bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antibacterial Characteristics and Activity of Water-Soluble Chitosan Derivatives Prepared by the Maillard Reaction
Authors: Chung Ying-Chien , Yeh Jan-Ying , Tsai Cheng-Fang
Published: October 2011

The antibacterial activity of water-soluble chitosan derivatives prepared by Maillard reactions against Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, and Salmonella typhimurium was examined. Relatively high antibacterial activity against various microorganisms was noted for the chitosan-glucosamine derivative as compared to the acid-soluble chitosan. In addition, it was found that the susceptibility of the test organisms to the water-soluble chitosan derivative was higher in deionized water than in saline solution. Metal ions were also found to reduce the antibacterial activity of the water-soluble chitosan derivative on S. aureus. The marked increase in glucose level, protein content and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was observed in the cell supernatant of S. aureus exposed to the water-soluble chitosan derivative in deionized water. The results suggest that the water-soluble chitosan produced by Maillard reaction may be a promising commercial substitute for acid-soluble chitosan.
Photoinduced Electron Transfer Based Ion Sensing within an Optical Fiber
Authors: Englich Florian V. , Foo Tze Cheung , Richardson Andrew C. , Ebendorff-Heidepriem Heike , Sumby Christopher J. , Monro Tanya M.
Published: October 2011

We combine suspended-core microstructured optical fibers with the photoinduced electron transfer (PET) effect to demonstrate a new type of fluorescent optical fiber-dip sensing platform for small volume ion detection. A sensor design based on a simple model PET-fluoroionophore system and small core microstructured optical fiber capable of detecting sodium ions is demonstrated. The performance of the dip sensor operating in a high sodium concentration regime (925 ppm Na+) and for lower sodium concentration environments (18.4 ppm Na+) is explored and future approaches to improving the sensor’s signal stability, sensitivity and selectivity are discussed.
STM visualisation of counterions and the effect of charges on self-assembled monolayers of macrocycles
Authors: Kudernac Tibor , Shabelina Natalia , Mamdouh Wael , Höger Sigurd , De Feyter Steven
Published: October 2011

Despite their importance in self-assembly processes, the influence of charged counterions on the geometry of self-assembled organic monolayers and their direct localisation within the monolayers has been given little attention. Recently, various examples of self-assembled monolayers composed of charged molecules on surfaces have been reported, but no effort has been made to prove the presence of counterions within the monolayer. Here we show that visualisation and exact localisation of counterions within self-assembled monolayers can be achieved with scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM). The presence of charges on the studied shape-persistent macrocycles is shown to have a profound effect on the self-assembly process at the liquid–solid interface. Furthermore, preferential adsorption was observed for the uncharged analogue of the macrocycle on a surface.
Les migrants dans les villes postcoloniales d'Afrique centrale
Authors: Lardeux Laurent
Published: October 2011

Résumé Bangui, Brazzaville et Yaoundé, capitales d’Afrique centrale, sont le théâtre de profondes mutations urbaines. Ces villes plurielles, ségréguées à l’époque coloniale, font de nos jours l’objet de tensions économiques et sociales importantes. La question des migrants, abordée dans cet article, entrouvre une porte sur les méandres de la recomposition urbaine et les dynamiques à l’œuvre dans l’aménagement des espaces urbains. Deux pôles de la ville s’opposent. Ce principe d’exclusion entretient les luttes sociales et politiques qui déplacent le centre d’activité vers la périphérie.
Safety assessment studies of probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii strain Unique 28 in Sprague-Dawley rats
Authors: Sudha M. Ratna
Published: October 2011

Strains of Saccharomyces boulardii, a probiotic yeast, have been found to be effective in the treatment of diarrhoea,
inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome and other conditions. In the present study, Unique 28, a strain
of S. boulardii isolated and characterised in our laboratory, was evaluated for its safety assessment. Acute and subacute
toxicity tests were performed in rats. The dose of Unique 28 (5×109 cfu/g) fed orally was, up to 6,500 mg per
kg of b.w. (body weight) for acute toxicity and up to 1,300 mg per kg of b.w. for sub-acute toxicity studies. This dose
was well tolerated and there was no morbidity or any kind of toxic clinical symptoms displayed either in male or
female rats. Moreover, the results of sub-acute toxicity studies using Unique 28 administered for 14 weeks indicated
that there were no clear unwanted treatment related effects. Overall results of this toxicology assessment indicate
that Unique 28 is safe for human consumption.
Genes involved in protein metabolism of the probiotic lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus delbrueckii UFV H2b20
Authors: Do Carmo A. , da Silva D. , De Oliveira M. , Borges A. , De Carvalho A. , De Moraes C.
Published: October 2011

A basic requirement for the prediction of the potential use of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the dairy industry is
the identification of specific genes involved in flavour-forming pathways. The probiotic Lactobacillus delbrueckii
UFV H2b20 was submitted to a genetic characterisation and phylogenetic analysis of genes involved in protein
catabolism. Eight genes belonging to this system were identified, which possess a closely phylogenetic relationship to
NCFM strains representative, as it was demonstrated for oppC and oppBII, encoding oligopeptide transport system
components. PepC, PepN, and PepX might be essential for growth of LAB, probiotic or not, since the correspondent
genes are always present, including in L. delbrueckii UFV H2b20 genome. For pepX gene, a probable link between
carbohydrate catabolism and PepX expression may exists, where it is regulated by PepR1/CcpA-like, a common
feature between Lactobacillus strains and also in L. delbrueckii UFV H2b20. The well conserved evolutionary history
of the ilvE gene is evidence that the pathways leading to branched-chain amino acid degradation, such as isoleucine
and valine, are similar among L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus strains and L. delbrueckii UFV H2b20. Thus, the
involvement of succinate in flavour formation can be attributed to IlvE activity. The presence of aminopeptidase
G in L. delbrueckii UFV H2b20 genome, which is absent in several strains, might improve the proteolytic activity
and effectiveness. The nucleotide sequence encoding PepG revealed that it is a cysteine endopeptidase, belonging
to Peptidase C1 superfamily; sequence analysis showed 99% identity with L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus ATCC
11842 pepG, whereas protein sequence analysis revealed 100% similarity with PepG from the same organism. The
present study proposes a schematic model to explain how the proteolytic system of the probiotic L. delbrueckii UFV
H2b20 works, based on the components identified so far.
Externally Funded Research and Development Projects in Perspective of Learning
Authors: Pirinen Rauno Ilmari
Published: October 2011

<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">The focus of this study is on stunted-centered learning activity ‎which ‎collaborates ‎learning ‎and research in an interoperative ‎way ‎and shares the regional-national ‎research ‎and development ‎‎(R&D) capabilities, interests and agenda.‎ The study is addressed ‎to ‎the cooperation model and factors of learning within R&D ‎projects that develop ‎academic knowledge, competences and ‎regional—national capabilities for all ‎participants by ‎contributing ‎authentic R&D scopes or problems in real-life ‎situations. The study includes analysis of the ‎research data regarding ‎the R&D project, namely SATERISK (SATEllite ‎positioning ‎‎RISKs), which was initiated by two security ‎management students at Laurea University of ‎Applied ‎Sciences ‎and that has evolved into a substantial three-year R&D ‎project ‎between 2008 and 2011 and is funded by the ‎Finnish ‎Funding Agency for ‎Technology and Innovations (TEKES).‎
Mobilization of Stem Cells Using G-CSF for Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Randomized Controlled, Pilot Study
Authors: Prasad Kameshwar , Kumar Amit , Sahu Jitendra Kumar , Srivastava M. V. P. , Mohanty Sujata , Bhatia Rohit , Gaikwad Shailesh B. , Srivastava Achal , Goyal Vinay , Tripathi Manjari , Bal Chandrashekar , Mishra Nalini Kant
Published: October 2011

Background. There is emerging evidence to support the use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) therapy in patients with acute ischemic stroke.Aims. To explore feasibility, safety, and preliminary efficacy of G-CSF therapy in patients with acute ischemic stroke.Patients and Method. In randomized study, 10 patients with acute ischemic stroke were recruited in 1 : 1 ratio to receive 10 μg/kg G-CSF treatment subcutaneously daily for five days with conventional care or conventional treatment alone. Efficacy outcome measures were assessed at baseline, one month, and after six months of treatment included Barthel Index (BI), National Institute of Health Stroke Scale, and modified Rankin Scale.Results. One patient in G-CSF therapy arm died due to raised intracranial pressure. No severe adverse effects were seen in rest of patients receiving G-CSF therapy arm or control arm. No statistically significant difference between intervention and control was observed in any of the scores though a trend of higher improvement of BI score is seen in the intervention group.Conclusion. Although this study did not have power to examine efficacy, it provides preliminary evidence of potential safety, feasibility, and tolerability of G-CSF therapy. Further studies need to be done on a large sample to confirm the results.
The breakup of levitating water drops observed with a high speed camera
Authors: Emersic C. , Connolly P. J.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. Collision-induced water drop breakup in a vertical wind tunnel was observed using a high speed camera for interactions between larger drop sizes (up to 7 mm diameter) than have previously been experimentally observed. Three distinct collisional breakup types were observed and the drop size distributions from each were analysed for comparison with predictions of fragment distributions from larger drops by two sets of established breakup parameterisations. The observations showed some similarities with both parameterisations but also some marked differences for the breakup types that could be compared, particularly for fragments 1 mm and smaller. Modifications to the parameterisations are suggested and examined. Presented is also currently the largest dataset of bag breakup distributions observed. Differences between this and other experimental research studies and modelling parameterisations, and the associated implications for interpreting results are discussed. Additionally, the stochastic coalescence and breakup equation was solved computationally using a breakup parameterisation, and the evolving drop-size distribution for a range of initial conditions was examined. Initial cloud liquid water content was found to have the greatest influence on the resulting distribution, whereas initial drop number was found to have relatively little influence. This may have implications when considering the effect of aerosol on cloud evolution, raindrop formation and resulting drop size distributions. Calculations presented show that, using an ideal initial cloud drop-size distribution, ~1–3% of the total fragments are contributed from collisional breakup between drops of 4 and 6 mm.
A porewater – based stable isotope approach for the investigation of subsurface hydrological processes
Authors: Garvelmann J. , Külls C. , Weiler M.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. Predicting and understanding subsurface flowpaths is still a crucial issue in hydrological research. We present an experimental approach to reveal present and past subsurface flowpaths of water in the unsaturated and saturated zone. Two hillslopes in a humid moutainous catchment have been investigated. The H2O(liquid) – H2O(vapor) equilibration laser spectroscopy method was used to obtain high resolution δ2H vertical depth profiles of porewater at various points along a fall line of a pasture hillslope in the southern Black Forest, Germany. The Porewater Stable Isotope Profile (PSIP) approach was developed to use the integrated information of several vertical depth profiles of deuterium along two transects at the hillslopes. Different shapes of depth profiles were observed in relation to hillslope position. The statistical variability (inter-quartile range and standard deviation) of each profile was used to characterize different types of depth profiles. The profiles upslope or with a weak affinity for saturation as indicated by a low topographic wetness index preserve the isotopic input signal by precipitation with a distinct seasonal variability. These observations indicate mainly vertical movement of soil water in the upper part of the hillslope before sampling. The profiles downslope or at locations with a strong affinity for saturation do not show a similar seasonal isotopic signal. The input signal is erased in the foothills and a large proportion of pore water samples are close to the isotopic values of δ2H in stream water during base flow. Near the stream indications for efficient mixing of water from lateral subsurface flow paths with vertical percolation are found.
Influence of surface heterogeneity on observed borehole temperatures at a mountain permafrost site in the Upper Engadine, Swiss Alps
Authors: Schneider S. , Hoelzle M. , Hauck C.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. Compared to lowland (polar) regions, permafrost in high mountain areas occurs in a large variety of surface and subsurface material and texture. This work presents an eight-year (2002–2010) data set of borehole temperatures for five different (sub-) surface materials from a high alpine permafrost area, Murtel-Corvatsch, Switzerland. The influence of the material on the thermal regime was investigated by borehole temperature data, the TTOP-concept and the apparent thermal diffusivity (ATD). The results show that during the last eight years material specific temperature changes were more significant than for all boreholes consistent, climate-induced temperature trends. At coarse blocky, ice-rich sites no changes in active layer depth were observed, whereas the bedrock and the fine-grained sites appear to be highly sensitive to changes in the microclimate. The results confirm that the presence and growth of ice as well as a thermally driven air-circulation within the subsurface are the key factors for the occurence and preservation of alpine permafrost.
Noblesse Oblige: Theological Differences Between Humans and Animals and What They Imply Morally
Authors: McLaughlin Ryan Patrick
Published: October 2011

The author reviews the work of select theologians, ethicists, and biblical scholars who suggest that the difference between humans and animals should serve not solely as an ascription of a special status to humans but also as the foundation for a responsibility that humans bear toward animals. As an added reflection, the author explores common categorical differentiations in systematic theology: God and creation, human and nonhuman, elect and non-elect. In the first and last of these categorical differentiations, unique identity entails both a special status and a responsibility. The latter is normatively directed to those who are categorically different. As such, the categorical difference between humans and animals establishes a foundation for moral concern.
Beyond Morality: Developing a New Rhetorical Strategy for the Animal Rights Movement
Authors: Fetissenko Maxim
Published: October 2011

This article offers a critique of the central role afforded to the rights/sentience-based moral argument in the rhetorical strategy of the animal rights movement since the 1970s. Though important for articulating the movement’s philosophy and recruiting new activists, this argument has limited persuasive appeal, as suggested by the common failure of liberation movements to achieve their goals through moral advocacy. A two-prong approach addressing human health and environmental effects of animal agriculture is offered both as a supplemental strategy for reaching audiences unaffected by the moral argument and as a critical means of strengthening that argument.
Friendship and Animals, Again: A Response to Fröding and Peterson
Authors: Rowlands Mark J.
Published: October 2011

This article examines and critiques Fröding and Peterson’s account of friendship as developed in their article "Animal Ethics Based on Friendship." I argue that their central claim--that mutual benefit provides a suitable basis for friendship between human and nonhumans--is untenable, and I identify the general contours of a more satisfactory way of thinking about friendship between humans and nonhumans.
A Response to Deckers
Authors: Dombrowski Daniel A.
Published: October 2011

In this short article I respond, both positively and negatively, but mostly positively, to Jan Deckers’ examination of my defense of nonhuman animal rights from the perspective of process philosophy and from the perspective of what is commonly called the argument from marginal cases.
Being Careful About Caring: Feminism and Animal Ethics
Authors: Sztybel David
Published: October 2011

The book under review is found to be peerless in its quality as an offering in its niche. This collection also surpasses its predecessor-volume, Beyond Animal Rights, in being open to rights discourse. The call for an ethic that embodies what Marti Kheel calls a "unity of reason and emotion" rings as true today as ever. Yet the new version still carries unsustainable stereotypes about rights. Simply depending on empathy or sympathy is an insufficient guide for ethics. Caring about seeking the good and avoiding the bad is suggested as a partial route for the development of this problematic ethic of care family of theories in animal ethics.
Irmã María de Ágreda e a ordem franciscana na América
Authors: Morte Acín Ana
Published: October 2011

Neste artigo pretendemos fazer uma aproximação de qual foi o impacto da figura de Sor María de Ágreda no continente americano. A espanhola alcançou fama na península pelos fenômenos de natureza sobrenatural que experimentou e esse fato foi aproveitado pela ordem franciscana (à qual pertencia) por meio de sua figura, para reforçar sua obra evangelizadora naquelas terras e assim ganhar o jogo para dominicanos ou jesuítas. Essa estratégia, realizada por diferentes meios, concretizou-se tanto em obras literárias quanto iconográficas e seus traços podem ser traçados até os dias atuais.
Investigações teórico-metodológicas sobre a construção da cidadania cultural de comunidades de origem imigrante na Província de Río Negro (Argentina)
Authors: Dreidemie Patricia , Vior Eduardo J.
Published: October 2011

A partir de uma investigação que, a partir de uma abordagem intercultural dos direitos humanos, estudou o exercício da cidadania de comunidades de origem imigrante e seus efeitos na estrutura do Estado e nas políticas públicas na Província de Río Negro (Argentina), esta contribuição reflete sobre o mais adequado ferramentas teórico-metodológicas para este tipo de trabalho de campo. Parte considerando que: 1- a imigração modifica a noção de cidadania das sociedades receptoras; 2- a cidadania tem sempre uma conotação cultural, e 3- a convivência de grupos etnoculturais heterogêneos em uma mesma geografia exige o desenvolvimento do conceito de "cidadania cultural". A análise se concentra no papel dos “mediadores”: pessoas ou grupos sociais capazes de “traduzir” as necessidades insatisfeitas das minorias em relação aos seus direitos humanos em demandas políticas (e/ou medidas governamentais). Essas figuras ampliam o espaço público da comunicação ao vincular, recriar e redefinir os códigos simbólicos das minorias em interação com os do Estado.
Viscosity of ionic liquids: Database, observation, and quantitative structure‐property relationship analysis
Authors: Yu Guangren , Zhao Dachuan , Wen Lu , Yang Shendu , Chen Xiaochun
Published: October 2011

Viscosity data for ionic liquids (ILs) are needed for the theoretical study on viscosity or for the design/development of industrial process that involves ILs; understanding the relationship between ionic structure and viscosity is also desired to more rationally design and synthesize ILs with ideal viscosity. A database for the viscosity of pure ILs and their binary/ternary mixtures with molecular compounds is created by performing a comprehensive collection from published scientific literature sources worldwide covering the period from 1970 to 2009. In this database, there are 5046 data entries, 696 ILs, 306 cations, and 138 anions. Following the database, a direct observation of the effects of ionic structure along with temperature, pressure, and impurity on the viscosity is summarized, and a quantitative structure‐property relationship (QSPR) correlation is performed to understand the viscosity at a micro‐electronic or molecular level. Through direct observation and QSPR, the relationship between ILs structure and viscosity is addressed. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Pruritus in primary myelofibrosis: Clinical and laboratory correlates
Authors: Vaa Brianna E. , Wolanskyj Alexandra P. , Roeker Lindsey , Pardanani Animesh , Lasho Terra L. , Finke Christy M. , Tefferi Ayalew
Published: October 2011

Recent clinical trials with JAK or mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors in primary myelofibrosis (PMF) have identified pruritus as one of the most treatment‐responsive disease traits. However, little is known about the prevalence of pruritus in PMF or its clinical and laboratory correlates. Among 566 consecutive patients with PMF seen at our institution, the presence or absence of pruritus was documented in 90 (16%) and 146 (26%) patients, respectively. Patients with pruritus were less likely to express MPLW515 (0% vs. 10%; P = 0.02) or leukopenia (8% vs. 24%; P = 0.002). The latter association was more pronounced in the absence of JAK2 or MPL mutations. Pruritus also clustered with marked leukocytosis (23% vs. 11%; P = 0.01) and JAK2V617F (71% vs. 59%; P = 0.08). Pruritus did not correlate with karyotype (P = 0.33), risk category per the Dynamic International Prognostic Scoring System (DIPSS)‐plus (P = 0.37), DIPSS‐plus‐adjusted survival (P = 0.41), or leukemic transformation (P = 0.13). Plasma levels of 20 cytokines, which are known to be abnormally expressed in PMF, including IL‐1b, IL‐2R, IL‐6, IL‐8, and VEGF, were measured in 63 informative cases and showed no correlations with history of pruritus. We conclude that pruritus is relatively frequent in PMF and is prognostically irrelevant. The pathogenesis of PMF‐associated pruritus is not necessarily linked to proinflammatory cytokines but may instead involve molecules that are either granulocyte‐derived or influence granulopoiesis. The apparently differential effect of MPL vs. JAK2 mutations on pruritus requires further investigation. Am. J. Hematol. 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A small homozygous microdeletion of 15q13.3 including the CHRNA7 gene in a girl with a spectrum of severe neurodevelopmental features
Authors: Liao Jun , DeWard Stephanie J. , Madan‐Khetarpal Suneeta , Surti Urvashi , Hu Jie
Published: October 2011

A broad spectrum of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders with variable expressivity has been reported to be associated with 15q13.3 heterozygous microdeletions. Using oligonucleotide‐based array‐CGH analysis, we identified a small homozygous 15q13.3 deletion in a 6‐year‐old girl with significant global developmental delay, severe hypotonia, cortical visual impairment, staring spell seizure, and abnormal electroencephalogram. She inherited this deletion from both parents, each of them being a heterozygous carrier. With a minimum size of 410 kb, it is the smallest 15q13.3 homozygous microdeletion reported to date and contains only the CHRNA7 gene. By comparing the phenotype of our patient with that of the other four previously reported cases with larger homozygous or compound heterozygous deletions, we conclude that patients with homozygous deletion of 15q13.3 have consistent clinical features and loss of CHRNA7 gene alone is sufficient to cause the majority of clinical features found in these patients. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interaction between genetic variants ofDLGAP3andSLC1A1Affecting the Risk of Atypical Antipsychotics‐Induced Obsessive–Compulsive Symptoms
Authors: Ryu Seunghyong , Oh Sohee , Cho Eun‐Young , Nam Hee Jung , Yoo Jae Hyun , Park Taesung , Joo Yeon Ho , Kwon Jun Soo , Hong Kyung Sue
Published: October 2011

Adverse effects of atypical antipsychotics (AAP) can include obsessive–compulsive (OC) symptoms. Based on biological evidence of the relationship between the glutamatergic system and both OC disorder and AAP, this study aimed to determine whetherDLGAP3, coding a post‐synaptic scaffolding protein of glutamatergic synapses, is associated with AAP‐induced OC symptoms. Furthermore, we explored the interactions betweenDLGAP3and a previously reported susceptibility gene, the glutamate transporter geneSLC1A1, regarding this phenotype. Subjects were clinically stable schizophrenia patients receiving AAP treatment (n = 94), and they comprised an OC group (n = 40) and a non‐OC group (n = 54) (patients with and without AAP‐induced OC symptoms, respectively). We performed allelic/genotypic/haplotype association analyses for seven tag single‐nucleotide polymorphisms ofDLGAP3and gene–gene interaction analyses with rs2228622 ofSLC1A1, observing a nominally significant association between AAP‐induced OC symptoms and rs7525948 in both simple chi‐square tests and the regression analyses (nominalP < 0.05). In the logistic regression analysis of gene–gene interaction, we found a significant interaction effect of rs7525948 ofDLGAP3and rs2228622 ofSLC1A1(permutationP = 0.036) on AAP‐induced OC symptoms, with a 30.2 times higher odds for individuals carrying risk genotypes at both loci in comparison with the reference group, which had no risk genotypes. This study provides suggestive evidence thatDLGAP3and its interactive effect withSLC1A1might be involved in susceptibility to developing OC symptoms in schizophrenia patients receiving AAP treatment. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Henry reaction catalyzed by copper(I) complexes of a new pyridine‐containing macrocyclic ligand
Authors: Castano Brunilde , Pedrazzini Tommaso , Sisti Massimo , Gallo Emma , Ragaini Fabio , Casati Nicola , Caselli Alessandro
Published: October 2011

The synthesis and characterization of copper(I) complexes of the novel pyridine‐containing macrocyclic ligand (PC‐L) and their use as catalysts in the Henry reaction are reported. The pyridine‐based 12‐membered tetraaza macrocyclic (PC‐L) ligand 1 can be obtained in good overall yield (85%) from commercially available starting materials. The Cu(I) complexes showed good catalytic activities in the Henry reaction of different aldehydes and nitroalkanes. Remarkable diastereoselectivity was observed when isatine was reacted with nitroethane under catalytic conditions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of reactive macroporous poly(glycidyl methacrylate‐triallyl isocyanurate‐ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) microspheres by suspension polymerization: Effect of synthesis variables on surface area and porosity
Authors: Rahman Ata ur , Iqbal Mahmood , Rahman Faiz ur , Fu Dayan , Yaseen Muhammad , Lv Yongqin , Omer Muhammad , Garver Michael , Yang Li , Tan Tianwei
Published: October 2011

A novel macroporous poly(glycidyl methacrylate‐triallyl isocyanurate‐ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate) copolymer, hereinafter PGMA‐TAIC‐EGDMA, of controlled bead size was prepared via free radical suspension copolymerization. The effects of varying the concentration of crosslinking agents and porogenic diluent on the average pore diameter, pore size distributions, specific surface area, and pore volume of the copolymer matrix were thoroughly investigated. The spherical beads were characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The specific pore volume, average pore diameter, pore size distribution, and the specific surface area were measured by Mercury intrusion porosimetry and BET adsorption method, respectively. The porous properties of the polymer matrix are a direct consequence of the amount and quality of the porogenic solvent, the percentage of crosslinking monomers, and the ratio between the monomers and porogen phases. When the polymer was prepared at 30 and 40% crosslinking density, and 75 and 100% diluents, respectively, it showed a fine beads morphology, mechanical stability and pore size distributions. By comparing the copolymers PGMA‐TAIC‐EGDMA and PGMA‐EGDMA, it was found that the former is more stable both thermally and mechanically than its predecessor. The presence of epoxide functionalities of macroporous PGMA‐TAIC‐EGDMA beads makes it a versatile carrier. The resulting polymers have the potential for wide applications. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Adhesion behavior of natural rubber‐based adhesives crosslinked by benzoyl peroxide
Authors: Poh B. T. , Cheong S. K.
Published: October 2011

The loop tack, peel, and shear strength of crosslinked natural rubber adhesive were studied using coumarone‐indene and toluene as the tackifying resin and solvent, respectively. The concentration of benzoyl peroxide‐the crosslinking agent—was varied from 1 to 4 parts per hundred parts of rubber (phr). A SHEEN hand coater was used to coat the adhesive on the polyethylene terephthalate substrate at various coating thickness. Loop tack, peel, and shear strength were measured by a Llyod adhesion tester operating at 30 cm min−1. Result shows that loop tack and peel strength of the adhesive increases up to 2 phr of benzoyl peroxide concentration after which it decreases with further benzoyl peroxide content. This observation is attributed to the optimum crosslinking of natural rubber where optimum cohesive and adhesive strength occurs at 2 phr peroxide loading. However, for the shear strength, it increases with increasing benzoyl peroxide concentration where higher rate of increase is observed after 2 phr of peroxide content, an observation which is associated to the steady increase in cohesive strength of crosslinked rubber. In all cases, the adhesion properties of adhesives increase with increase in coating thickness. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Study on photoaging of poly(p‐phenylene benzobisoxazole) fiber
Authors: Song Bo , Fu Qian , Ying Linghui , Liu Xiaoyun , Zhuang Qixin , Han Zhewen
Published: October 2011

As a kind of rig‐rod‐like polymer, poly(p‐phenylene benzobisoxazole) (PBO) has received great interest because of its excellent mechanical properties and good thermal stability. The use of PBO fibers, however, is limited due to its low sunlight stability. In this work, the photoaging of PBO fibers, as well as the effects of oxygen and moisture on their photoaging, is investigated by tensile strength measurements, infrared spectroscopy, molecular mass determination, and scanning electron microscopy. It is first time to find that the photoaging of PBO fibers includes two development stages. The physical aging is the dominate factor at the first stage of photoaging relative to the second stage, in which the chemical aging is the dominate factor. In the first degradation stage, long defects appear and develop parallel to the fiber axis. Little chemical change occurs in this stage. In the second degradation stage, the molecular mass of PBO decreases and chemical degradation occurs. Oxygen accelerates the occurrence of chemical degradation. It is also found PBO fibers are more stable for photoaging when moisture and oxygen are isolated. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Impact of interactions of cigarette smoking with NAT2 polymorphisms on rheumatoid arthritis risk in African Americans
Authors: Mikuls Ted R. , LeVan Tricia , Gould Karen A. , Yu Fang , Thiele Geoffrey M. , Bynote Kimberly K. , Conn Doyt , Jonas Beth L. , Callahan Leigh F. , Smith Edwin , Brasington Richard , Moreland Larry W. , Reynolds Richard , Gaffo Angelo , Bridges S. Louis
Published: October 2011

Objective

To examine whether polymorphisms in genes coding for drug‐metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) have an impact on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) risk due to cigarette smoking in African Americans.

Methods

Smoking status was evaluated in African American patients with RA compared with non‐RA controls, with smoking exposure categorized as heavy smoker (≥10 pack‐years) versus never smoker/<10 pack‐years. Individuals were genotyped for a homozygous deletion polymorphism in the M1 gene loci of glutathione S‐transferase (GSTM1‐null) in addition to tagging single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in N‐acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1), NAT2, and epoxide hydrolase 1 (EPXH1). Associations of these genotypes with RA risk were examined using logistic regression, and gene–smoking interactions were assessed.

Results

There were no significant associations of any DME genotype with RA. After adjustment for multiple comparisons, there were significant additive interactions between heavy smoking and the NAT2 SNPs rs9987109 (Padditive = 0.000003) and rs1208 (Padditive = 0.00001); the attributable proportion due to interaction ranged from 0.61 to 0.67. None of the multiplicative gene–smoking interactions examined remained significant with regard to overall disease risk, after adjustment for multiple testing. There was no evidence of significant gene–smoking interactions in analyses of GSTM1‐null, NAT1, or EPXH1. DME gene–smoking interactions were similar when cases were limited to those patients who were positive for anti–citrullinated protein antibodies.

Conclusion

Among African Americans, RA risk imposed by heavy smoking appears to be mediated in part by genetic variation in NAT2. While further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms underpinning these interactions, these SNPs appear to identify African American smokers at a much higher risk for RA, in whom the relative risk is at least 2‐fold higher when compared to nonsmokers lacking these risk alleles.
Chitosan‐Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes as Support for the High Dispersion of PtRu Nanoparticles and their Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Methanol
Authors: Wu Bohua , Zhang Yunsong , Kuang Yinjie , Yu Yaming , Zhang Xiaohua , Chen Jinhua
Published: October 2011

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were non‐covalently functionalized with chitosan (Chit) and then employed as the support for PtRu nanoparticles. The functionalization was carried out at room temperature without the use of corrosive acids, thereby preserving the integrity and the electronic conductivity of the CNTs. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that PtRu nanoparticles were highly dispersed on the surface of Chit‐functionalized CNTs (CNT‐Chit) with small particle‐size. Cyclic voltammetry studies indicated that the PtRu nanoparticle/CNT‐Chit nanohybrids have a higher electrochemical surface area, electrocatalytic performance, and stability towards methanol oxidation compared to PtRu nanoparticles supported on the pristine CNTs.
High‐throughput analysis of intraclonal variability of glycoprotein sialylation
Authors: Markely Lam Raga A. , Wang Daniel I. C.
Published: October 2011

Development of recombinant Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells producing therapeutic proteins requires analyzing the quality, such as sialic acid content, of proteins produced by many cell clones. In order to perform these analyses, high‐throughput methods are required. Conventional methods for quantifying sialic acid, however, require protein purification, which is time consuming and cannot be used for high‐throughput analysis. Here we used a high‐throughput method (HTM) that we recently developed to analyze the intraclonal variability of 24 CHO cell subclones. The sialic acid content varied significantly from 1 to 70 mg sialic acid/g protein, and the concentration of total proteins secreted by the cells varied from 41 to 214 mg/L. In addition, the sialic acid content was negatively correlated with total protein concentration. This trend agrees with previous theoretical and experimental studies. Overall, the HTM can finish these analyses in 15 minutes, while conventional methods used in previous studies will require at least 24 days. Thus, the HTM can significantly accelerate the analyses of clonal and intraclonal variability in cell line development © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2012
A simple percutaneous technique for hemostasis and closure after transcatheter aortic valve implantation
Authors: Badawi Ramy A. , Collins Tyrone J. , Ramee Stephen R.
Published: October 2011

Access closure is a key element to successful retrograde percutaneous transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve implantation. It requires large‐bore femoral arterial access (18Fr–28Fr) which most operators manage with surgical access and closure under general anesthesia. We report a case example of how, using our center's peripheral interventional experience, we have developed a simple five step technique to achieve hemostasis percutaneously. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
HIWI is associated with prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after curative resection
Authors: Zhao Yi‐Ming , Zhou Jia‐Min , Wang Long‐Rong , He Hong‐Wei , Wang Xi‐Long , Tao Zhong‐Hua , Sun Hui‐Chuan , Wu Wei‐Zhong , Fan Jia , Tang Zhao‐You , Wang Lu
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND:

PIWI protein family was found to play an important role in stem cell self‐renewal. Overexpression of HIWI, the human homolog of PIWI family proteins, was found in several solid tumors, although the role of HIWI in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its prognostic value remain unclear.

METHODS:

HIWI expression was measured in stepwise metastatic HCC cell lines (HCCLM3, MHCC97H, MHCC97L, SMMC7721, and HepG2), the normal liver cell line (L02), and HCC tissue samples (n = 20). Proliferation and invasion were investigated in HCC cell lines undergoing HIWI target small interfering RNA transfection. Also explored was HIWI expression in HCC tissue microarrays (n = 168) for survival analysis.

RESULTS:

Levels of HIWI protein and mRNA were up‐regulated in highly metastatic HCC cell lines (HCCLM3, MHCC97H, and MHCC97L), whereas their proliferation and invasion significantly decreased after depletion of HIWI. Intratumoral HIWI expression was higher than that of peritumoral tissue (P < .001) and positively associated with proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression (P < .001). Positive expression of intratumoral HIWI was associated with larger tumor size (P = .047) and intrahepatic metastasis (P = .027) and was an independent risk factor for overall survival (P = .007) and recurrence‐free survival (P = .036), particularly in patients with low serum α‐fetoprotein and low Edmondson‐Steiner grade.

CONCLUSIONS:

HIWI may play a key role in HCC proliferation and metastasis and can be a potential prognostic factor for HCC after curative resection, particularly with well‐differentiated HCC. Cancer 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Change in treatment strategy for intracranial germinoma: Long‐term follow‐up experience at a single institute
Authors: Chen Yi‐Wei , Huang Pin‐I , Ho Donald Ming‐Tak , Hu Yu‐Wen , Chang Kai‐Ping , Chiou Shih‐Hwa , Guo Wan‐Yuo , Chang Feng‐Chi , Liang Muh‐Lii , Lee Yi‐Yen , Chen Hsin‐Hung , Hsu Ting‐Rong , Lin Shih‐Chieh , Wong Tai‐Tong , Yen Sang‐Hue
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND:

Previous intracranial germinoma (IG) studies have investigated the effect of different radiotherapy (RT) volumes and the necessity for adjunctive chemotherapy, but there is currently no consensus on the best treatment for this tumor.

METHODS:

From January 1989 to December 2009, 80 IG patients (≤20 years old) were treated with various RT regimens. Of them, 14 patients had craniospinal irradiation (CSI) + primary boost (PB); 8 patients had whole‐brain irradiation (WBI) + PB; 31 patients had whole ventricular irradiation (WVI) + PB; and 27 patients had focal RT only. Twenty‐nine patients (36.2%) also received systemic chemotherapy (CHT). Survival was estimated by the Kaplan‐Meier method and variables affecting survival were analyzed by the Cox proportional hazard model.

RESULTS:

Eleven patients (13.8%) developed local recurrence or dissemination after treatment, and 10 of these patients were in the focal RT group. The 5‐year relapse‐free survival (RFS) for the CSI, WBI, WVI, and focal RT patients were 100%, 85.7%, 100%, and 84.6%, respectively (P = .001). The 5‐year overall survival (OS) for CSI, WBI, WVI, and focal RT patients was 100%, 83.3%, 100%, and 87.9%, respectively (P = .125). Focal irradiation (P = .02) and initial use of CHT (P = .021) were negatively associated with RFS.

CONCLUSIONS:

Focal RT plus CHT were associated with inferior control of IG and a higher incidence of CHT‐related toxicities. Adjustment of the radiation volume to the whole ventricular system without CHT is sufficient for treatment of nondisseminated IGs, even with lower primary RT doses (<36 Gy). Cancer 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Up‐regulation of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 is associated positively with cyclin D1 overexpression and poor clinical outcome in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Cao Wei , Feng Zhien , Cui Zhibin , Zhang Chenping , Sun Zhaoyao , Mao Li , Chen Wantao
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND:

The authors previously observed that enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) overexpression was associated significantly with the development of oral cancer. In the current study, they investigated whether EZH2 can function as a prognostic predictor for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

METHODS:

Expression levels of EZH2 in HNSCC cells were detected using reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot analyses. In addition, the effects of EZH2 ablation on the proliferation and invasion of HNSCC cells were investigated through small interfering RNA (siRNA)‐mediated knockdown. Real‐time PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate EZH2 and cyclin D1 expression in 46 HNSCC samples, and the expression levels also were re‐evaluated in 124 independent samples by immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS:

EZH2 expression was elevated remarkably in HNSCC specimens and cell lines. Upon EZH2 silencing, the proliferation and invasion of HNSCC cells were remarkably suppressed. EZH2 expression frequently was correlated with cyclin D1 expression (P = .034) and tumor differentiation (P = .020). In addition, both EZH2 messenger RNA levels and EZH2 protein levels were strongly associated with signs of histologic severity (P = .012 and P = .032, respectively). Univariate analysis revealed that high EZH2 expression was associated with worse overall survival (P = .001) and disease‐free survival (P = .002). The combined expression of EZH2 and cyclin D1 had superior prognostic ability for patients with HNSCC than the expression of either marker alone. In multivariate analysis, EZH2 expression was identified as an independent predictor of overall and disease‐free survival.

CONCLUSIONS:

The current results indicated that EZH2 is an independent prognostic indicator for patients with HNSCC. In addition, an analysis of the combined expression of EZH2 and cyclin D1 can serve as a more powerful prognostic predictor for patients with HNSCC. Cancer 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Sarcoma metastases to the skin
Authors: Wang Wei‐Lien , Bones‐Valentin Ross A. , Prieto Victor G. , Pollock Raphael E. , Lev Dina C. , Lazar Alexander J.
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND:

Sarcoma metastases to the skin are relatively rare, because most involve the lung, liver, or deep soft tissues. The authors of this report examined the distribution and clinical significance of cutaneous and superficial subcutaneous sarcoma metastases.

METHODS:

Sixty‐five patients with histologically confirmed dermal and superficial subcutaneous sarcoma metastases were identified in pathology files from more than 25,000 patients with sarcoma who were evaluated at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center from 1989 to 2009. Pathology slides and clinical and radiological information were evaluated.

RESULTS:

Cutaneous metastases were documented histologically in <0.25% of patients. The mean patient age was 49 years (range, 16‐79 years), and there was an equivalent ratio of men to women. The most common source of metastasis was leiomyosarcoma (28 of 65 patients; 43%). The most common region of first skin metastasis was head and neck (33 patients; 51%), and the scalp predominated (25 patients; 38%). The mean time from primary tumor diagnosis to skin metastasis was 48 months (range, 0‐166 months). Fifty‐three patients (81%) had multiple metastases (skin and other). Among the patients who had complete clinical information available, 31 patients (62%) had other metastases diagnosed before skin involvement, 17 patients (34%) had skin metastases diagnosed first, and 2 patients (4%) had simultaneous presentation. The following clinical outcomes were documented: Twenty‐nine patients (45%) died of disease, 24 patients (37%) remained alive with disease, and 12 patients were lost to follow‐up. The mean time to death was 80 months (range, 9‐224 months) after primary diagnosis, 45 months (range, 5‐94 months) after the first metastasis to any site, and 27 months (range, 5‐65 months) after the first skin metastasis.

CONCLUSIONS:

Sarcoma metastases to the skin are rare. In this large study, leiomyosarcoma was the most common source, and the scalp was the most frequent site. The majority of patient with skin metastases harbored metastases elsewhere. However, skin was the initial site of metastasis in approximately 1 in 3 patients. Thus, clinical correlation is needed before establishing a diagnosis of primary cutaneous sarcoma, particularly leiomyosarcoma of scalp. Finally, the current results indicated that skin metastasis usually is a late event in sarcoma clinical progression and heralds a poor prognosis. Cancer 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.