bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Smart clothing and furniture for supporting participation-co-creation concepts for daily living
Authors: Vuohijoki Tiina , Ihalainen Tiina , Virkki Johanna
Published: March 2023

Participation and social inclusion influence individuals’ health and well-being. These factors can be easily disturbed, especially for those with disabilities. Designers and engineers have tried harnessing technology to assist people via producing prototypes of assistive devices, such as smart clothing and furniture. This study approaches that user surface and inspects the user’s needs for participation through clothing and furniture. We thus arranged two similar workshops with student participants (n = 37) from four different educational units, creating 10 innovative concepts to support participation and social inclusion. All aimed to support participation via improved self-regulation, increased safety, or environmental control. Most of the concepts were connectible to another device, such as a mobile phone. All devices were made adjustable to meet personal preferences. This study aligns with previous ones by concluding that assistive technology should be unobtrusive, give timely responses, and interact with other devices. These initial concepts are ready to be turned into tangible prototypes.

Article highlights

Participation and social inclusion have remarkable meaning for an individual’s well-being and health. Commonly, assistive technology aims to solve challenges in daily living by promoting health and well-being. For this reason, we arranged two similar co-creation workshops and asked the participants to innovate smart clothing and furniture concepts that will promote greater participation and more social inclusion.

This study also identified users’ needs, such as increased safety and independence, supported communication, self-regulation and awareness, and an effective learning tool.

The majority of the concepts were designed to be adjustable to meet personal preferences, let individuals interact with other devices (such as a mobile phone), and give timely responses.
Effect of environmental factors on phosphorus transformation during the growth of submerged macrophytes
Authors: Wang Lizhi , Wu Xiyuan , Song Hongli , An Juan , Wu Yuanzhi , Wang Yun , Li Bao , Liu Qianjin , Dong Bin , Yu Wanni
Published: March 2023

Three submerged macrophytes, Hydrilla verticillata, Vallisneria natans, and Potamogeton crispus, were planted in winter and spring to investigate the environmental mechanism of phosphorus transformation during submerged macrophyte growth periods. The experimental buckets each contained 4,832.80 g of dry sediment (depth: 10 cm) and 100 L water. The phosphorus (P) fractions in the water and sediment were investigated along with the environmental factors, including pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and redox potential (ORP). The concentrations of the different forms of P in the water and sediment were lower in the submerged macrophyte groups. Submerged macrophyte uptake was the primary reason for the decrease in P in the water and sediment. At the end of the experiment, the total amounts of phosphorus accumulated by H. verticillata, V. natans, and P. crispus were 156.05 g, 282.24 g, and 115.84 g, respectively, and the three submerged macrophytes enriched P by 4.18%, 7.56%, and 3.10%. The levels of the environmental factors pH, DO, and ORP were higher in the submerged macrophyte groups than the control groups. The environmental factors had different effects on the different forms of P during growth of the submerged macrophytes. H. verticillata primarily acted on the soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) through environmental factors, while P. crispus acted on the dissolved total phosphorous, SRP, dissolved organic phosphorus, and particulate phosphorous through these factors. V. natans had a weak impact on P content in the water through the environmental factors. Hence, the transformation of P between the sediment and water was affected by environmental factors. Overall, the results of this study reveal the effects of environmental factors under submerged macrophyte growth on water purification as well as the migration and transformation of P in the sediment and on the surface and provide a theoretical basis for the ecological restoration of eutrophicated shallow lakes.
On the uncertainty in the segmentation of ultrasound images reconstructed with the total focusing method
Authors: Schmid Simon , Wei Haoyu , Grosse Christian U.
Published: March 2023

This study presents an investigation into the uncertainty of images reconstructed by the total focusing method (TFM) using non-destructive evaluation (NDE) and phased array probes. Four neural network architectures based on the U-Net model are used to probabilistically segment TFM images and evaluate the uncertainty of the segmentation results. The models are trained on three simulated phased-array datasets, which contain various sources of uncertainty from the simulated defects or surrounding material. Physical limitations, such as the defect’s shadow zone, led to high uncertainty. Results demonstrate that probabilistic segmentation can be helpful in determining the source of uncertainty within segmented TFM images. The model performance is investigated based on several metrics, and the influence of defect size on model performance is shown. The probabilistic U-Net shows the highest F1-score overall test datasets. This study contributes to the advancement of NDE using TFM by providing insights into the uncertainty of the reconstructed images and proposing a solution for addressing it.
Industrial symbiosis and industrial policy for sustainable development in Uganda
Authors: Buda Gergely , Ricz Judit
Published: March 2023

The aim of this article is to analyze how the concept of circular economy and especially the business model of industrial symbiosis can contribute to sustainable development in Uganda. We aim to add to emerging debates around green industrial policies by shedding light on a low-cost solution that can potentially promote a more sustainable industrialization in the Sub-Saharan African context. After sketching the regulatory and policy environment in Uganda, three indicative examples of industrial symbiosis in Uganda are analyzed, based on the result of field research and an online survey. We have found significant mismatch between the supply side of green industrial policies in Uganda (government aims and measures), and the demand side, what local green entrepreneurs would need to improve their competitiveness. Only an incentive and regulatory framework, that takes into account local specificities, builds upon the exploration of existing local good practices and incorporates bottom-up initiatives can successfully promote green development in low-income economies.
Reducing radiation exposure and cancer risk for children with scoliosis: EOS the new gold standard
Authors: Rose L. D. , Williams R. , Ajayi B. , Abdalla M. , Bernard J. , Bishop T. , Papadakos N. , Lui D. F.
Published: March 2023

Purpose

Children are exposed to significant radiation doses during the investigation and treatment phases of scoliosis. EOS is a new form of low-dose radiation scan which also yields great image quality. However, currently its use is discouraged in the UK due to higher costs. We aimed to quantify the additional radiation dose and cancer risk.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed all paediatric cases who received both standing whole spine roentgenograms and EOS scans as part of their investigations for scoliosis during a six-month period. We compared the radiation doses between the two modalities and estimated the additional mean lifetime cancer risk per study.

Results

We identified 206 children (mean age 14.4) who met the criteria of having both scans. Dose area products (dGycm2) were converted to estimated effective doses (mSv). The total mean doses were 0.68 mSv (PA 0.49 + Lat 0.19) for plain films, and 0.13 mSv (PA 0.08 + Lat 0.04) for EOS scans (p < 0.001). Additional lifetime cancer risk of a plain film was 543% greater than EOS for both sexes (1/10727 versus 1/5827 in males, 1/34483 versus 1/6350 in females).

Conclusion

There is approximately 5.4-fold increase in risk of cancer for both boys and girls with roentgenograms over EOS, with girls being the most impacted. This carries a significant impact when considering the need for repeat imaging on additional lifetime malignancy risk in children. In our opinion, EOS dual planar scanning is the new gold standard when X-ray of the whole spine is required.

Level of evidence

III.
Prophylactic Risk Reducing Mastectomy (PRRM): Are we ready to accept: Lower Middle-Income Country (LMIC) perspective
Authors: Mooghal Mehwish , Vohra Lubna Mushtaque , Khan Wajiha
Published: March 2023

Highlights
A resurgence of Sleeping sickness amidst the COVID-19 pandemic: Correspondence
Authors: Sah Ranjit , Mohanty Aroop , Rohilla Ranjana , Padhi Bijaya Kumar
Published: March 2023

Highlights
The Music of American Folk Song
Authors: Seeger Ruth Crawford , Tick Judith
Published: March 2023

This is the first complete publication of the late composer and scholar Ruth Crawford Seeger's major work on American folksongs. It preserves them as well as demonstrates how they should be played so that they remain a living part of the American musical tradition.
No Harm, Still Foul: On the Effect-Independent Wrongness of Slurring
Authors: DIFRANCO RALPH , MORGAN ANDREW
Published: March 2023

Intuitively, a speaker who uses slurs to refer to people is doing something morally objectionable even if no one is measurably affected by their speech. Perhaps they are only talking to themselves, or they are speaking with bigots who are already as vicious as they can be. This paper distinguishes between slurring as an expressive act and slurring as the act of causing a psychological effect. It then develops an expression-focused ethical account in order to explain the intuition that slurring involves an effect-independent moral wrong. The core idea is that the act of expressing a morally defective attitude is itselfpro tantomorally objectionable. Unlike theories that focus only on problematic effects, this view is able to shift the moral burden of proof away from victims of slurring acts and onto speakers. It also offers moral guidance with respect to metalinguistic and pedagogical utterances of slurs.
Climate-smart socially innovative tools and approaches for marine pollution science in support of sustainable development
Authors: Lange Marcus , Cabana David , Ebeling Anna , Ebinghaus Ralf , Joerss Hanna , Rölfer Lena , Celliers Louis
Published: March 2023

There is a complex interaction between pollution, climate change, the environment and people. This complex interplay of actions and impacts is particularly relevant in coastal regions, where the land meets the sea. To achieve sustainable development in coastal systems, a better understanding is necessary of the role and impact of pollution and the connectedness of the elements, namely, pollution, climate and the people, as well as associated impacts unfolding in an integrated social–ecological system (SES). In this context, the enabling capacity of tools connecting scientific efforts to societal demands is much debated. This paper establishes the basis for climate-smart socially innovative tools and approaches for marine pollution science. The goal of developing a set of innovative tools is twofold: first, to build on, integrate, and further improve the well-founded strengths in diagnosis and process understanding of systemic environmental problems; and, second, to provide decision-making with usable information to create actionable knowledge for managing the impact of marine pollution on the SES under a changing climate. The paper concludes by establishing the scope for a ‘last mile’ approach incorporating scientific evidence of pollution under climate change conditions into decision-making in a SES on the coast. The paper uses case studies to demonstrate the need for collaborative tools to connect the science of coastal pollution and climate with decision-making on managing human activities in a SES.
The Biden Administration’s Trade Policy: Promise and Reality
Authors: Schoenbaum Thomas J.
Published: March 2023

This Article critically analyzes seven elements of the Biden administration trade policy: (1) buy American; (2) tariffs; (3) World Trade Organization; (4) free trade agreements; (5) China; (6) technology; and (7) Russia. Although President Biden has made a clean break from Trump policies in many areas, this is not the case when it comes to international trade. Regretfully, Biden has chosen to keep in place most of the failed trade policies of his predecessor—the Trump tariffs and the China trade war. It is not too late to shift ground, to negotiate mutual abolition of the Trump tariffs, to open free trade negotiations with the EU and UK, to join the Comprehensive and Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership, to adopt a multilateral strategy with allies to check Chinese trade excesses, and to reengage with the World Trade Organization. Topping the list of needed reforms of the multilateral trading system are: (1) subsidies; (2) state-owned enterprises; and (3) forced technology transfer. These are best addressed through a WTO plurilateral agreement and/or preferential trade agreements. The Biden administration should prioritize these urgent reforms. Rather than promoting “free” trade and multilateral trade reforms, the Biden administration continues its predecessor’s nationalistic policies so that trade serves domestic political ends. Such state intervention in trade policy consists of the strategic use of tariffs, subsidies, “buy American” rules, and regional trade arrangements without regard to the rules of the multilateral trading system. These new policies represent a decisive retreat from globalization and openness to trade.

The Congress, directed by the Biden administration, has adopted a far-reaching industrial policy in the form of four laws that subsidize key sectors of the U.S. economy: American Rescue Plan Act ($40 billion); Infrastructure and Jobs Act ($1.2 trillion); Inflation Reduction Act ($369 billion); and Chips Act ($252.7 billion). This subsidization coupled with “buy American” protectionism constitute a departure from the free trade ideal that has characterized U.S. policy since the end of World War II.
Interplay of Competition Law and Free Trade Agreements in Regulating State-Owned Enterprises
Authors: Matsushita Mitsuo
Published: March 2023

State-Owned Enterprise (SOEs) are business entities owned by governments. Unlike private enterprises which operate on profit-motivation, SOEs often act on motives different from profit-making such as fulfilment of governmental or political purposes. Due to this peculiar feature, activities of SOEs sometime are disruptive of competitive market. In order to regulate activities of SOEs so that international market would not be unduly disturbed, GATT: Article XVII states that SOEs shall operate on a profit-motive in international trade. More recently, CPTPP (Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement on Trans-Pacific Partnership) and other FTAs include chapters devoted to the regulation of SOEs which provide that Contracting Parties ensure that their SOEs act on profit-motive so as not to cause disruption to the international market. On the other hand, competition laws of trading nations provide rules for prohibiting abusive conducts of dominant enterprises and this includes the prohibition of abuses by SOEs. However, applications of those two sets of regulations (GATT and CPTPP on one hand and competition laws on the other) are made independently from each other without being coordinated. This article surveys details of regulation of SOEs under CPTPP as a representative example of FTAs regulation and of competition laws of nations and suggests ways in which those two sets of rules can be coordinated in order to increase the effectiveness of legal disciplines imposed on SOEs’ activities.
Blind Spot: Trade and Competition Law—the Space Between the Silos
Authors: Fox Eleanor M.
Published: March 2023

Trade law and competition law have grown up in their separate silos. This means that restraints by the states and restraints by private parties are treated in separate boxes, and with few exceptions, they have been treated so through the years. Yet, some of the worst restraints that do some of the greatest damage are best characterized by the synergy between the two. These trade-and-competition, or hybrid public/private, restraints fall under the radar screen, and defendants in litigation play one set of laws off against the other, hiding behind limits and immunities. This is the Blind Spot of the Article’s title – the space between the silos. This Article unearths the Blind Spot, gives examples of what we know and what we need to know, and proposes a methodology to illuminate and eliminate the Blind Spot.
Italy's return to Africa: between external and domestic drivers
Authors: Carbone Giovanni
Published: March 2023

A steadily increasing number of European countries recently adopted their own ‘Africa policies’. The temporal and geographical clustering of such plans suggests that a policy diffusion process might have been at play, with the introduction and the shape of a policy in a given country being influenced by those of other countries. This paper tests the policy diffusion hypothesis through an in-depth analysis of the case of Italy, a country that in recent times stepped up substantially its engagement with sub-Saharan Africa. Tracing the origins and features of Rome's policy towards the region, however, shows that external influences were much more limited than expected. It was primarily two country-specific drivers – namely, the enduring effects of the European debt crisis on the Italian economy and a sudden and massive, if temporary, increase in irregular migration – which pushed Italy towards Africa and shaped its approach. The paper thus sheds light on how the marked resemblance of policies almost contemporaneously adopted by distinct EU member states – that is, a tight succession and a highly interconnected environment strongly pointing at cross-country influences – can hide motives and processes that are actually highly specific to each of them and essentially by-pass policy diffusion dynamics.
Italian Sinology: Honoring the Tradition, Facing the Present and Securing a Future
Authors: Paternicò Luisa M.
Published: March 2023

For centuries, Italy was in the forefront of studying and spreading knowledge on China in the West. Some of the leaders of the exceptional cultural exchanges of the seventeenth century were Italian. After a period of decline, from the second half of the twentieth century, there has been a revival of China studies. Following the growth of China's international impact, the traditional research fields have been supplemented by new specializations. Studies on modern China, its language, politics, institutions, society, economy, media etc., have enriched the Sinological panorama and multiplied university courses.

After an overview of Italian Sinology of the past, this study will focus on the recent developments: the universities, the research fields, the scholars, the associations and journals involved. The challenges the Sinologists are facing, due to the current Chinese political situation, will be highlighted, together with some consideration of the future of Italian Sinology.
Propulsive performance of oscillating plates with time-periodic flexibility
Authors: Yudin David , Floryan Daniel , Van Buren Tyler
Published: March 2023

We use small-amplitude inviscid theory to study the swimming performance of a flexible flapping plate with time-varying flexibility. The stiffness of the plate oscillates at twice the frequency of the kinematics in order to maintain a symmetric motion. Plates with constant and time-periodic stiffness are compared over a range of mean plate stiffnesses, oscillating stiffness amplitudes and oscillating stiffness phases for isolated heaving, isolated pitching and combined leading-edge kinematics. We find that there is a profound impact of oscillating stiffness on the thrust, with a lesser impact on propulsive efficiency. Thrust improvements of up to 35 % relative to a constant-stiffness plate are observed. For large enough frequencies and amplitudes of the stiffness oscillation, instabilities emerge. The unstable regions may confer enhanced propulsive performance; this hypothesis must be verified via experiments or nonlinear simulations.
Collapse of a cohesive granular column
Authors: Gans A. , Abramian A. , Lagrée P.-Y. , Gong M. , Sauret A. , Pouliquen O. , Nicolas M.
Published: March 2023

The collapse of a quasi-two-dimensional column of cohesive granular media is investigated experimentally and numerically in the framework of a continuum model. The configuration is an initial parallelepiped-shaped granular pile, which is suddenly released by opening a retaining door. The experiments rely on a model material developed by Gans et al. (Phys. Rev. E, vol. 101, 2020, 032904) made of silica particles coated with polyborosiloxane, for which the adhesive interparticle force can be tuned by controlling the thickness of the coating. Numerically, the collapse is simulated using a simple cohesive rheological model implemented in a two-dimensional Navier–Stokes solver. We investigate the role of cohesion on the stability of the column, the mode of failure, the flow dynamics and the geometry of the final deposit. Our results show that the continuum model captures the main features observed experimentally.
Dignity Disputed
Authors: Ewing Connor M.
Published: March 2023

Obergefell v. Hodges, the 2015 Supreme Court decision establishing a constitutional right for same-sex couples to marry, marked the first time in the Court’s history that justices explicitly disagreed over the meaning and requirements of human dignity. In his dissenting opinion Clarence Thomas sought to reclaim rather than simply reject the language of dignity, advancing a conception of dignity that differed sharply from the conception embraced by the majority. Using this disagreement as a point of departure, this article demonstrates how dignity has served as an extra-textual value that underpins divergent visions of American constitutionalism that, in turn, inform interpretations of the Constitution’s text and history.
Oral Health of Sambaqui Groups in Saquarema, Brazil
Authors: Guida Victor , Bastos Murilo Q. R. , Rodrigues-Carvalho Claudia
Published: March 2023

This article presents differences and similarities in dietary practices of fisher-gatherer groups excavated from two sambaquis (shell-mound archaeological sites) in Saquarema, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. We analyzed the buccal apparatus of 35 individuals excavated from Sambaqui da Beirada, dated from 5437 to 3440 years cal BP, and Sambaqui do Moa, dated from 4770 to 3199 years cal BP. Our oral health analysis of 852 alveoli and 704 teeth assessed the frequency and degree of teeth wear and the prevalence and frequency of caries, linear enamel hypoplasia, calculus, periapical cavities, and antemortem teeth loss. We applied the chi-square test and Fisher exact test to test statistical significance. Severe tooth wear, the absence of caries, a high frequency and prevalence of dental calculus, and a low prevalence of linear enamel hypoplasia were found in both sites, although periapical cavities and antemortem teeth loss indexes varied greatly. Despite a superficial homogeneity, the results point to variation in the physiopathological processes that occurred at both sites, including differences related to age and sex. These oral health-related results, together with other archaeological data from both sambaquis, showcase the expected cultural differences stemming from dietary practices.
Introducing an Interpretable Deep Learning Approach to Domain-Specific Dictionary Creation: A Use Case for Conflict Prediction
Authors: Häffner Sonja , Hofer Martin , Nagl Maximilian , Walterskirchen Julian
Published: March 2023

Recent advancements in natural language processing (NLP) methods have significantly improved their performance. However, more complex NLP models are more difficult to interpret and computationally expensive. Therefore, we propose an approach to dictionary creation that carefully balances the trade-off between complexity and interpretability. This approach combines a deep neural network architecture with techniques to improve model explainability to automatically build a domain-specific dictionary. As an illustrative use case of our approach, we create an objective dictionary that can infer conflict intensity from text data. We train the neural networks on a corpus of conflict reports and match them with conflict event data. This corpus consists of over 14,000 expert-written International Crisis Group (ICG) CrisisWatch reports between 2003 and 2021. Sensitivity analysis is used to extract the weighted words from the neural network to build the dictionary. In order to evaluate our approach, we compare our results to state-of-the-art deep learning language models, text-scaling methods, as well as standard, nonspecialized, and conflict event dictionary approaches. We are able to show that our approach outperforms other approaches while retaining interpretability.
Trends in international aviation and governmental policies
Authors: Hammarskjöld Knut
Published: March 2023

The scope of the subject is a challenging, if not a forbidding, one. It is to trace the evolution of routes, capacity, charters, designation and rates from Chicago to the present day. Collectively, these issues encompass the question of governmental regulation of the international air transport market and embrace the total air transport system. However, there is no attempt to catalogue the specific of these policy developments worldwide. Rather, it is attempted to analyse the foundations of international aviation policy, in a shorthand steeplechase through the past, present and into the future and, in this way, to offer some interpretations of the developments over the past thirty years. In so doing, it is hoped to place in perspective the complexity of the international system and the many interrelated factors which must be taken into account by those who bear the heavy responsibility of determining national policies.
The use of aerial photography in resolving problems in agriculture
Authors: Keech M. A.
Published: March 2023

The title of this presentation is, perhaps, wider than the title of the section of the symposium within which it is placed. It is intended to move from the general aspects of aerial photography and other airborne remote sensing devices to the particular aspects of pest forecasting and control using this technology.

The quality of aerial photography has doubled every 10 years since the technique was first introduced, and it is believed that this improvement may well continue for the remainder of this century. It is probable that multispectral photography and improved photographic representation of near and far infra-red imagery will greatly improve during the coming decades. As more research is done on more freely available material, so shall we find more applications for it, including, without doubt, those in the field of pest control.
Design requirements of agricultural aircraft
Authors: Amsden R. C.
Published: March 2023

Twenty-one years ago, a small group of people who were very dissatisfied with the state of the art of aerial crop spraying, met over coffee in the sitting room of Mr. Foster's home near Heathrow. Inevitably, one of the topics discussed was the need for better crop spraying aircraft. The most important outcome of that (and several subsequent meetings) was the formation of the Agricultural Aviation Group of the Royal Aeronautical Society, now celebrating its majority. Of that group I was, and still am, the one who knew least about aerodynamics or aircraft design. However, as the last remaining founder member of this Group, perhaps it is not entirely inappropriate that I should take one last look at the future of spray aircraft design, before removing myself from the scene.
Engineering aspects of composite structures for civil aircraft
Authors: Kitchenside A. W.
Published: March 2023

The high values of specific strength and stiffness of carbon fibre composite materials have already been discussed by Mr. T. Sharpies in his paper and require no further comment. Therefore, I would like to consider the benefits to direct operating costs (DOC) which can be obtained by the application of Carbon Fibre Composites (CFC) to a civil transport aircraft.

Figure 1 is taken from a paper presented by Stewart and Campion at the Atlantic Aeronautical Conference last year. In this figure are shown the benefits in DOC which arise due to the application of the following advanced technologies:

Advanced aerodynamic wing design

Stability augmentation and load alleviation

Advanced composite structures.
Airbus Industrie—past, present and future
Authors: Brown D. G.
Published: March 2023

I feel very privileged to be asked to give the 26th R. J. Mitchell Memorial Lecture in honour of a great man whose work and designs inspired many of us in our youth. My lecture tonight covers a period of time similar to that which elapsed between R. J. Mitchell’s death and the first Memorial Lecture by Joe Smith in 1954. In this period, which covered the Second World War and the immediate post-war era, the activities of the British industry were manifest with a proliferation of designs and immense technological and radical advances such as the introduction of the jet engine, the swept wing, early supersonic flight, etc.

It was a period when the evolution of new designs—while led by men of inspiration, vision, genius and persistency like Mitchell—became more and more the work of teams ever increasing in number.
Monarch Airlines Ltd
Authors: Hodgson W. H.
Published: March 2023

The views I am putting forward today are my own I and may not represent the views of other independent airlines.

Low fares are not a new feature of the Civil Aviation industry. After all, charter airlines have been providing low cost air transportation for the past three decades, and what a painful process the development of those services has been. For years scheduled airlines, backed by Government regulatory agencies, subscribed to the theory that charter services, if liberalised, could lead to the destruction of scheduled services and therefore scheduled services should be protected. In the UK, the growth of Inclusive Tour Charters to points in Europe was slowed down by capacity restrictions and by pricing policies designed to minimise diversion of traffic from scheduled services.
Views of Civil Aircraft Manufacturers
Authors: Lawson I. D. N.
Published: March 2023

The growth potential of air transport has been realised since the late 1960s /early 1970s when, in the UK, imaginative marketing by tour operators caused a boom in bookings for inclusive tour holidays and scheduled airlines operating across the Atlantic in this period introduced the first of an eventual flood of discount fares. However, far from the expected revenue boom, the eventual reductions in average yield caused by the inflow of ‘new’ passengers and the unexpected cross-over of full fare paying passengers started these airlines on the road to an eventual $2.5 billion loss over a seven year period. An unfortunately timed fuel crisis also added to the difficulties.

Now is the time of reckoning: airlines seem to be moving to a three class service (on the North Atlantic at least), similar to that operated in old steamship lines, in an attempt to maintain revenues from full fare passengers and at the same time encourage ‘discount’ travel.
Partial loss of contact in interference fit pin joints
Authors: Eshwar V. A. , Dattaguru B. , Rao A. K.
Published: March 2023

Interference fits are an effective method for improving the fatigue performance of bolted joints. The use of Taperlok bolts in aircraft joints is one such example. One of the most important but difficult problems to analyse in these joints is their behaviour after the onset of separation between pin and plate.

Extensive work has been done in the past for the analysis of interference fit joints prior to separation. A comprehensive survey of this area (up to 1965) was brought out by Venkataraman. He also presented many new analytical solutions by a direct method of continuum analysis for interference joints in finite domains. Analysis of these problems in the pre-separation zone continues to draw attention and recently, John Crews used a complex variable technique to analyse the stresses around a flexible pin in an infinite plate under uniaxial tension.
Buckling of waffle cylinders
Authors: Karmakar R.
Published: March 2023

There is a growing interest in the analysis and design of waffle cylinders because of the advantages of integrally stiffened shell wall construction. The usual approach to the stability analysis of a stiffened shell has been to replace it by an equivalent orthotropic shell. The eccentricity of the stiffener has a large effect on the critical load in cylindrical shells, and outside stiffening has been found to be stronger than inside stiffening. Inversion of the stiffener eccentricity effect has been observed in cylinders under hydrostatic pressure loading. Naturally, regardless of whether the stiffened cylinder is considered as an orthotropic continuum or a composite of discrete elements, the treatment cannot be complete if it fails to include the coupling between bending and extensional forces and deformations resulting from one-sidedness of the stiffeners.
Prospects for reducing the fuel consumption of civil aircraft
Authors: Pope G. G.
Published: March 2023

The rapid rate at which the world's oil reserves are being used up, and the lack as yet of convenient substitute fuels at a competitive cost level, are leading to an increased emphasis on fuel economy in the design and operation of aircraft. This paper outlines technological advances that will contribute to the reduction of fuel consumption and attempts to give a broad indication of the overall improvements that may be achievable in relation to current technology. Since a companion paper is concerned specifically with work in the United States aimed at such objectives, attention is concentrated mainly on advances being made in the United Kingdom.
Propulsion characteristics of flapping wings
Authors: Archer R. D. , Sapuppo J. , Betteridge D. S.
Published: March 2023

In moving from the realm of stationary wing flight towards the complexity of flapping wing flight as evolved in birds, we wish to introduce the simplest means of flapping as a first step in an attempt to simplify as much as possible our wind tunnel model and also to confine our attention to the dominant thrust producing mechanism. Our model half wings flap only in the plane normal to flight. The flapping motion is sinusoidal with time and symmetrical about the mid position (Fig. 6). No wing bending was allowed. The wing section shape had no camber and also was rigid in shape but free to twist in torsion about its shear centre. However, the model root support was fixed and therefore could not simulate vertical plunging of a bird associated with ideal elliptic span loading (Ref. 1).
Free vibration of ring-sector plates of variable rigidity
Authors: Bhattacharya A. P.
Published: March 2023

The present note is concerned with the flexural vibrations of a thin elastic plate with variable rigidity and having the form of a sector of a circular ring. Plates of this shape have been rather sparsely treated in the literature.

The problem of free vibration of sectorial plates with radial edges simply supported has been investigated by Ramiah and Vijaykumar and by Ramakrishnan and Kunnukkasseril. For the case of a plate having clamped radial edges and the circumferential edges having any combination of boundary conditions, an approximate solution has been obtained by Bhattacharya. The free vibration of annular plates for various boundary conditions are summarised by Leissa. All these are for plates of constant thickness only.
A research study into the reliability of various fuel, hydraulic and air conditioning components of military aircraft
Authors: Bleasdale G. W.
Published: March 2023

What do we mean by reliability? Mathematically, it is the probability that a piece of equipment will be capable of working when called upon to do so for the time required and under the environment specified, and, if we know the mean time between failures and make certain assumptions about the randomness of the failures, we can derive expressions that will give numerical values of inherent reliability.

In layman's terms, we can say that it is the ability of a piece of equipment, whether it be a small component or a complete aircraft, to be ready to work and to continue to work in the environment for which it has been designed, for as long as the specification requires it to do so and to do this with the minimum amount of maintenance.
Near field problems in three-dimensional panel methods
Authors: Petrie J. A. H.
Published: March 2023

A serious disadvantage of using a lattice of vortex rings to model a surface of vorticity, is that points close to the lattice surface may see large ‘holes’ in what from a larger distance appears as a smooth vorticity distribution. This failing is particularly important when two surfaces approach each other, such as occurs at the trailing edge of a wing, or when a free vortex passes near to a solid boundary. In these cases the error in induced velocity can adversely affect the overall flow computation. A relaxation process to find the force-free position of a free vortex close to a surface would obviously fail, for example. The obvious way of overcoming this problem is to improve the accuracy of the vorticity model whenever a point draws critically near to the vortex lattice.

Maskew suggested a way of overcoming this problem in two dimensions and his ideas have been extended in this note to three dimensions.
A pursuit of the aerial carriage
Authors: Fitzwilliams O. L. L.
Published: March 2023

By inviting me to give the 25th Henson and Stringfellow Memorial Lecture the Committee of the Yeovil Branch and the Lectures Committee of the Main Society have done me an honour which I deeply appreciate and I hope that what I have to say may be sufficiently novel and interesting to do justice to this important occasion.

My subject is the story of the mild obsession which first aroused my interest in rotating wings and which has guided my steps at critical times over the past 50 years— a benign obsession in that for most of that time there was nothing that could be done about it so that it has not hampered the engineering work needed to implement the policies of my various employers. It was a matter of great good fortune for me that at just the right time some of the concepts underlying this lecture had hardened sufficiently for Westland to agree to my concentrating on this study during the last few years of my career.
Dietary fish intake increased the concentration of soluble ACE2 in rats: can fish consumption reduce the risk of COVID-19 infection through interception of SARS-CoV-2 by soluble ACE2?
Authors: O’Keeffe Maria , Oterhals Åge , Vikøren Linn Anja Slåke , Drotningsvik Aslaug , Mellgren Gunnar , Halstensen Alfred , Gudbrandsen Oddrun Anita
Published: March 2023

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) enters the cells after binding to the membrane-bound receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), but this may be prevented through interception by soluble ACE2 (sACE2) or by inhibition of the ACE2 receptor, thus obstructing cell entry and replication. The main objective of this study was to investigate if fish intake affected the concentration of sACE2 in rats. The secondary aim was to evaluate the in vitro ACE2-inhibiting activity of fish proteins. Rats were fed cod muscle as 25 % of dietary protein, and blood was collected after 4 weeks of intervention. Muscle, backbone, skin, head, stomach, stomach content, intestine and swim bladder from haddock, saithe, cod and redfish were hydrolysed with trypsin before ACE2-inhibiting activity was measured in vitro. In vivo data were compared using unpaired Student’s t test, and in vitro data were compared using one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey HSD post hoc test. The mean sACE2 concentration was 47 % higher in rats fed cod when compared with control rats (P 0·034), whereas serum concentrations of angiotensin II and TNF-α were similar between the two experimental groups. Muscle, backbone, skin and head from all four fish species inhibited ACE2 activity in vitro, whereas the remaining fractions had no effect. To conclude, our novel data demonstrate that fish intake increased the sACE2 concentration in rats and that the hydrolysed fish proteins inhibited ACE2 activity in vitro.
The Effects of Foreign Acquisitions on the Value of Industry Peers
Authors: Yilmaz Umit
Published: March 2023

This article studies how industry peers’ stock prices respond when another firm in the industry is acquired by a foreign firm. The average stock price reactions of industry peers in horizontal foreign acquisitions around deal announcements are significantly negative. Peers’ returns are more negative in growing, less specialized, and competitive industries. Moreover, the negative stock price reactions of industry peers are related to future decreases in their operating performance. Overall, these results suggest that foreign acquisitions have strong competitive effects for the industry peers of U.S. target companies.
Salvador Allende and Argentine Military Rule: Domestic Politics, Geopolitical Factors and Transnational Dimensions, 1970–3
Authors: Henríquez María José , Figallo Beatriz
Published: March 2023

The 1970 election of Salvador Allende as president of Chile gained international attention, as a declared Marxist came to power through elections, offering an alternative to Castro's Cuba. In Argentina, governed by a right-wing dictatorship, the initial fear was transformed into a policy of rapprochement. In the midst of the Cold War, the historical Argentine–Brazilian rivalry was stronger than both military regimes' anti-communism. General Alejandro Lanusse decided to support Allende's Chile to balance Brazil's influence, but also as a way to control the domestic repercussions of Allende's victory, especially the rise of revolutionary slogans and the circulation of guerrillas. This article traces the network of national, international and transnational factors that influenced a surprising bilateral relationship.
DALLA PORTA BORGIANA (CIVITA CASTELLANA, VITERBO) AL MAUSOLEO DI PUBLIO GLIZIO: ANALISI DELLA SPOLIAZIONE E DEL REIMPIEGO DI UN MONUMENTO FUNERARIO ROMANO
Authors: Martín-Esperanza Paloma , Pizzo Antonio
Published: March 2023

La Porta Borgiana di Civita Castellana (Viterbo, Italia), eretta alla fine del XV secolo in onore del cardinale Rodrigo Borgia, venne costruita grazie allo smantellamento di un monumento funerario romano, dal quale venne estratto un insieme di materiali marmorei per decorare l'arco. L'iscrizione sulla porta chiarisce l'origine di tali pezzi, i quali appartenevano alla tomba di Publius Glitius, uno dei protagonisti della congiura di Pisone. Sulla base dello studio dei materiali, spoliati e riutilizzati nella Porta Borgiana e in altri siti del comune di Civita Castellana, nei pressi della città di Falerii Novi, presentiamo un approccio al monumento funerario in questione, fornendo nuovi dati sull'identificazione del personaggio e sulla possibile ubicazione della tomba. Allo stesso tempo, l'analisi della costruzione della Porta Borgiana ha permesso di metterla in relazione con la propaganda politico-ideologica di Rodrigo Borgia, basata, in parte, sull'uso dell'antichità classica, quale strumento di legittimazione dinastica e territoriale.
Opportunism for Survival: Steamship Teaboys and China's Wartime Shipping Industry, 1937–1941
Authors: Law Peter Kwok-Fai
Published: March 2023

This article examines the correlation between union activism, crime, and violence in the shipping industry in wartime China. Drawing on diplomatic and police records, shipping manifests, periodicals, and newspapers, the article deals with self-employed unskilled steamship attendants called “teaboys.” With insight into Chinese civilians’ underground struggle, the article contends that, steamship teaboys sustained their livelihoods during World War II by operating as everyday low-level spies for rival regimes. As workers, steamship teaboys pragmatically, without evidence of politico-ideological considerations, accommodated the needs of different belligerents in exchange for their own survival. Moreover, this article argues that the drastic socio-political upheaval in wartime China made these marginally employed shipboard attendants increasingly inclined towards a utilitarian patron-client relationship, originally forged in the mid-1920s when unionization began, and continued at the expense of their native-place ties and fictive family bonds. Impacted by the patron-client relationship in a climate where workers’ interests were protected by the armed forces of various regimes, the teaboys viewed unions as competitive sellers of muscle power in a market for crime and violence in industrial unrest.
Predicting childhood ADHD-linked symptoms from prenatal and perinatal data in the ABCD cohort
Authors: Dooley Niamh , Healy Colm , Cotter David , Clarke Mary , Cannon Mary
Published: March 2023

This study investigates the capacity of pre/perinatal factors to predict attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in childhood. It also explores whether predictive accuracy of a pre/perinatal model varies for different groups in the population. We used the ABCD (Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development) cohort from the United States (N = 9975). Pre/perinatal information and the Child Behavior Checklist were reported by the parent when the child was aged 9–10. Forty variables which are generally known by birth were input as potential predictors including maternal substance-use, obstetric complications and child demographics. Elastic net regression with 5-fold validation was performed, and subsequently stratified by sex, race/ethnicity, household income and parental psychopathology. Seventeen pre/perinatal variables were identified as robust predictors of ADHD symptoms in this cohort. The model explained just 8.13% of the variance in ADHD symptoms on average (95% CI = 5.6%–11.5%). Predictive accuracy of the model varied significantly by subgroup, particularly across income groups, and several pre/perinatal factors appeared to be sex-specific. Results suggest we may be able to predict childhood ADHD symptoms with modest accuracy from birth. This study needs to be replicated using prospectively measured pre/perinatal data.
The Body Behind the Curtain: Performing Disability in Zemlinsky'sDer Zwerg
Authors: Armstrong Charlotte
Published: March 2023

Like many modernist engagements with the theme of outsider identity, Alexander Zemlinsky's 1921 operaDer Zwerg(The Dwarf) finds its dramatic nexus in the disabled body. In opera, such bodies are not only (historically) texted but also (presently) performed, with modern stagings offering a form of mediation between the historical and contemporary. With reference to two productions ofDer Zwerg, this article unpicks aspects of the representation and performance of disability on the operatic stage. I first explore disability's simultaneous exaggeration and disappearance as a result of the problematic practice of ‘disability mimicry’. The effects of this practice and its proximity to issues of authenticity and embodiment are only made more tangible in the context of live performance, where attempts to embody disability's physicality are often sensationalised and unconvincing at best. However, disability can be, and is, represented in myriad ways. While disability mimicry can engender modes of perceiving disability from a voyeuristic perspective, these productions in fact make use of processes of ‘enfreakment’ to present disability through modes of theatrical production and aesthetic choice. This raises pertinent questions about why and by what means the disabled body is mobilised (or not) on the operatic stage, highlighting, moreover, disability's tendency to indicate meaning in registers beyond the body.