bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dopaminergic Substantia Nigra Neurons Project Topographically Organized to the Subventricular Zone and Stimulate Precursor Cell Proliferation in Aged Primates
Authors: Freundlieb Nils , François Chantal , Tandé Dominique , Oertel Wolfgang H. , Hirsch Etienne C. , Höglinger Günter U.
Published: February 2006

The subventricular zone of the adult primate brain contains neural stem cells that can produce new neurons. Endogenous neurogenesis might therefore be used to replace lost neurons in neurodegenerative diseases. This would require, however, a precise understanding of the molecular regulation of stem cell proliferation and differentiationin vivo. Several regulatory factors, including dopamine, have been identified in rodents, but none in primates. We have, therefore, studied the origin and function of the dopaminergic innervation of the subventricular zone in nonhuman primates. Tracing experiments in three macaques revealed a topographically organized projection from the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), but not the adjacent retrorubral field, to the subventricular zone: the anteromedial SNpc projects to the anteroventral subventricular zone, the posterolateral SNpc to the posterodorsal subventricular zone. Double immunolabeling for tyrosine hydroxylase and BrdU (5-bromo-2′deoxyuridine) incorporated into the DNA of proliferating cells showed that dopaminergic fibers approach proliferating cells in the subventricular zone. We investigated the effect of this nigro-subventricular projection on cell proliferation in six aged macaques, because the rate of neurogenesis differs between young adult and aged primates and because neurodegenerative diseases mainly affect aged humans. Three macaques were treated with MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) to decrease dopaminergic innervation of the subventricular zone. A significant decrease in the number of PCNA+(proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive) proliferating cells (−44%) and PSA-NCAM+(polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule-positive) neuroblasts (−59%) was found in the denervated regions of the subventricular zone, suggesting that an intact dopaminergic nigro-subventricular innervation is crucial for sustained neurogenesis in aged primates.
Transsynaptic Signaling by Postsynaptic Synapse-Associated Protein 97
Authors: Regalado Maria Paz , Terry-Lorenzo Ryan T. , Waites Clarissa L. , Garner Craig C. , Malenka Robert C.
Published: February 2006

The molecular mechanisms by which postsynaptic modifications lead to precisely coordinated changes in presynaptic structure and function are primarily unknown. To address this issue, we examined the presynaptic consequences of postsynaptic expression of members of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase family of synaptic scaffolding proteins. Postsynaptic expression of synapse-associated protein 97 (SAP97) increased presynaptic protein content and active zone size to a greater extent than comparable amounts of postsynaptic PSD-95 (postsynaptic density-95) or SAP102. In addition, postsynaptic expression of SAP97 enhanced presynaptic function, as measured by increased FM4-64 dye uptake. The structural presynaptic effects of postsynaptic SAP97 required ligand binding through two of its PDZ (PSD-95/Discs large/zona occludens-1) domains as well as intact N-terminal and guanylate kinase domains. Expression of SAP97 recruited a complex of additional postsynaptic proteins to synapses including glutamate receptor 1, Shank1a, SPAR (spine-associated RapGAP), and proSAP2. Furthermore, inhibition of several different transsynaptic signaling proteins including cadherins, integrins, and EphB receptor/ephrinB significantly reduced the presynaptic growth caused by postsynaptic SAP97. These results suggest that SAP97 may play a central role in the coordinated growth of synapses during development and plasticity by recruiting a complex of postsynaptic proteins that enhances presynaptic terminal growth and function via multiple transsynaptic molecular interactions.
Mindfulness and Task Concentration Training for Social Phobia: A Pilot Study
Authors: Bögels Susan M. , Sijbers G. F. V. M. , Voncken Marisol
Published: February 2006

A new treatment for social phobia is evaluated: mindfulness training and task concentration training. The treatment consisted of nine sessions of 45–60 minutes and was administered individually. Nine severely socially phobic patients participated. No changes in complaints were observed during the waiting-list period. One patient withdrew during the treatment. Results show that treatment was well accepted and highly effective in reducing social phobia, and results were maintained at a 2-month follow-up. Effects of the treatment were most pronounced on Fear of Negative Evaluation and on the self-ideal discrepancy. Attention as well as cognitive changes may be responsible for the effectiveness. Explanations for the effects and clinical implications are discussed.
Impact of Social Developmental Experiences on Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Social Phobia
Authors: Alden Lynn E. , Taylor Charles T. , Laposa M. Judith , Mellings Tanna M. B.
Published: February 2006

The current study examined how the social developmental experiences of people with generalized social phobia (GSP) affect their therapeutic relationships and treatment response. GSP patients (N = 27) completed measures of social learning experiences, and then participated in a 12-session group cognitive-behavioral treatment program. Both patients and therapists completed the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) and rated their perceptions of each other at sessions 3 and 8. Self-reported childhood parental abuse was associated with a weaker working alliance and a more negative patient-therapist relationship. Childhood abuse also increased the risk of a poor treatment outcome, as reflected in less change in symptoms of social phobia and depression.
Adaptive Inferential Feedback Partner Training: An Augmented Cognitive-Behavioral Approach
Authors: DeFronzo Dobkin Roseanne , Allen Lesley A. , Panzarella Catherine
Published: February 2006

It has been clearly documented that social support exerts a salubrious impact on depression. Yet, standardized social support interventions, with the primary intent of alleviating a patient’s depression, have not been incorporated into evidence-based treatments for mood disorders. Not all types of support are necessarily beneficial. Inferential feedback is a subtype of social support that addresses an individual’s perception of the cause, meaning, and consequences of negative life events and may be either adaptive or maladaptive. A short-term adaptive inferential feedback (AIF) training manual was developed for the partners (e.g., friends, family members) of depressed patients. The present case examines the effectiveness of a standard 14-session cognitive-behavioral treatment augmented with 4 AIF partner-training sessions. Results suggest that this newly developed social support intervention may be feasible, well liked, and possibly beneficial to depressed patients. Further research is needed to investigate any incremental value of this intervention beyond standard cognitive-behavioral treatment.
Dynamic taxonomies and guided searches
Authors: Sacco Giovanni M.
Published: February 2006

A new search paradigm, in which the primary user activity is the guided exploration of a complex information space rather than the retrieval of items based on precise specifications, is proposed. The author claims that this paradigm is the norm in most practical applications, and that solutions based on traditional search methods are not effective in this context. He then presents a solution based on dynamic taxonomies, a knowledge management model that effectively guides users to reach their goal while giving them total freedom in exploring the information base. Applications, benefits, and current research are discussed.
Workspaces for search
Authors: Hendry David G.
Published: February 2006

Progress in search interfaces requires vigorous inquiry into how search features can be embedded into application environments such as those for decision‐making, personal information collecting, and designing. Progress can be made by focusing on mid‐level descriptions of how search components can draw upon and update workspace content and structure. The immediate goal is to advance our understanding of how to shape and exploit context in search. The long‐term goal is to develop an interdisciplinary design resource that enables stakeholders in the computing, social, and information sciences to more richly impact each others' work.
Utilizing a user's context to improve search results
Authors: Gremett Peter
Published: February 2006

Usability evaluations and observations of users shopping at Amazon.com (http://www.amazon.com) revealed some interesting user behaviors. The mixed behavior patterns were leveraged to create an interface for an e‐commerce product. The author describes some design practices for providing a scoped search interface for an e‐commerce site.
Translating–transliterating named entities for multilingual information access
Authors: Chen Hsin‐Hsi , Lin Wen‐Cheng , Yang Changhua , Lin Wei‐Hao
Published: February 2006

Named entities are major constituents of a document but are usually unknown words. This work proposes a systematic way of dealing with formulation, transformation, translation, and transliteration of multilingual‐named entities. The rules and similarity matrices for translation and transliteration are learned automatically from parallel‐named‐entity corpora. The results are applied in cross‐language access to collections of images with captions. Experimental results demonstrate that the similarity‐based transliteration of named entities is effective, and runs in which transliteration is considered outperform the runs in which it is neglected.
Multilingual Web retrieval: An experiment in English–Chinese business intelligence
Authors: Qin Jialun , Zhou Yilu , Chau Michael , Chen Hsinchun
Published: February 2006

As increasing numbers of non‐English resources have become available on the Web, the interesting and important issue of how Web users can retrieve documents in different languages has arisen. Cross‐language information retrieval (CLIR), the study of retrieving information in one language by queries expressed in another language, is a promising approach to the problem. Cross‐language information retrieval has attracted much attention in recent years. Most research systems have achieved satisfactory performance on standard Text REtrieval Conference (TREC) collections such as news articles, but CLIR techniques have not been widely studied and evaluated for applications such as Web portals. In this article, the authors present their research in developing and evaluating a multilingual English–Chinese Web portal that incorporates various CLIR techniques for use in the business domain. A dictionary‐based approach was adopted and combines phrasal translation, co‐occurrence analysis, and pre‐ and posttranslation query expansion. The portal was evaluated by domain experts, using a set of queries in both English and Chinese. The experimental results showed that co‐occurrence‐based phrasal translation achieved a 74.6% improvement in precision over simple word‐by‐word translation. When used together, pre‐ and posttranslation query expansion improved the performance slightly, achieving a 78.0% improvement over the baseline word‐by‐word translation approach. In general, applying CLIR techniques in Web applications shows promise.
Maternal and fetal distribution of a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide in rats after intravenous infusion
Authors: Soucy Nicole V. , Riley Jason P. , Templin Michael V. , Geary Richard , de Peyster Ann , Levin Arthur A.
Published: February 2006

BACKGROUND:Fetal uptake of an antisense oligonucleotide was evaluated after intravenous (i.v.) dosing of ISIS 2105, a 20‐base phosphorothioate oligonucleotide, in timed‐pregnant Sprague‐Dawley rats.METHODS:To maximize the potential for fetal exposure, ISIS 2105 was administered as a 3‐hr infusion at 6.6 mg/kg/hr with a total dose of 20 mg/kg, or as a continuous 7‐day infusion at 0.35 mg/kg/hr with a total dose of 59 mg/kg. This dosing regime is higher than a patient would be expected to receive in the clinical use of oligonucleotides. Infusions were delivered through a jugular vein cannula by syringe pump on gestation day (GD) 19 (3‐hr exposure) or by osmotic pumps implanted subcutaneously (s.c.) starting on GD 12 (7‐day exposures).RESULTS:After a 3‐hr infusion, maternal and fetal plasma concentrations of ISIS 2105 were >100 µg/ml and <0.07 µg/ml, respectively with a maternal fetal ratio of >1,000. Maternal regions of the placenta had twice the oligonucleotide concentration compared to fetal regions of the placenta (6 µg/g vs. 3 µg/g). After this acute exposure the concentrations in fetal kidney and liver were approximately 140‐ and 500‐fold less than the maternal kidney and liver respectively. After 7‐day infusion maternal plasma concentrations were 0.82 µg/ml and fetal concentrations were <0.22 µg/ml. By capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) only the fetal liver consistently had quantifiable oligonucleotide concentrations (range=1.01–4.95 µg/g) compared to a mean concentration of 50.11±1.71 µg/g in the maternal liver a maternal to fetal ratio of approximately 10:50 after 7 days of infusion.CONCLUSIONS:There was a low level of transfer from dam to fetus, consistent with a slow equilibrium but the permeability of placenta to this 6 kDa polyanionic compound seemed to be limited even at supraclinical doses.Birth Defects Res (Part B) 77:22–28, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Yeast as a drug discovery platform in Huntington's and Parkinson's diseases
Authors: Outeiro Tiago Fleming , Giorgini Flaviano
Published: February 2006

The high degree of conservation of cellular and molecular processes between the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and higher eukaryotes have made it a valuable system for numerous studies of the basic mechanisms behind devastating illnesses such as cancer, infectious disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. Several studies in yeast have already contributed to our basic understanding of cellular dysfunction in both Huntington's and Parkinson's disease. Functional genomics approaches currently being undertaken in yeast may lead to novel insights into the genes and pathways that modulate neuronal cell dysfunction and death in these diseases. In addition, the budding yeast constitutes a valuable system for identification of new drug targets, both via target‐based and non‐target‐based drug screening. Importantly, yeast can be used as a cellular platform to analyze the cellular effects of candidate compounds, which is critical for the development of effective therapeutics. While the molecular mechanisms that underlie neurodegeneration will ultimately have to be tested in neuronal and animal models, there are several distinct advantages to using simple model organisms to elucidate fundamental aspects of protein aggregation, amyloid toxicity, and cellular dysfunction. Here, we review recent studies that have shown that amyloid formation by disease‐causing proteins and many of the resulting cellular deficits can be faithfully recapitulated in yeast. In addition, we discuss new yeast‐based techniques for screening candidate therapeutic compounds for Huntington's and Parkinson's diseases.
Arenicola marina extracellular hemoglobin: a new promising blood substitute
Authors: Rousselot Morgane , Delpy Eric , Drieu La Rochelle Christophe , Lagente Vincent , Pirow Ralph , Rees Jean‐François , Hagege Agnès , Le Guen Dominique , Hourdez Stéphane , Zal Franck
Published: February 2006

The need to develop a blood substitute is now urgent because of the increasing concern over Europe's BSE outbreak and the worldwide HIV/AIDS epidemic, which have cut blood supplies. Extracellular soluble hemoglobin has long been studied for its possible use as a safe and effective alternative to blood transfusion, but this has met with little success. Clinical trials have revealed undesirable side effects–oxidative damage and vasoconstriction–that hamper the application of cellfree hemoglobin as a blood substitute. We have addressed these problems and have found a new promising extracellular blood substitute: the natural giant extracellular polymeric hemoglobin of the polychaete annelid Arenicola marina. Here we show that it is less likely to cause immunogenic response; its functional and structural properties should prevent the side effects often associated with the administration of extracellular hemoglobin. Moreover, its intrinsic properties are of interest for other therapeutic applications often associated with hemorrhagic shock (ischemia reperfusion, treatment of septic shock and for organ preservation prior to transplantation). Moreover, using natural hemoglobin is particularly useful since recombinant DNA techniques could be used to express the protein in large quantities.
Broad host range vectors for stable genomic library construction
Authors: Lynch Michael D. , Gill Ryan T.
Published: February 2006

We describe the construction of 36 stable vectors for genomic library construction in gram‐negative species. These vectors contain the pBBR1 replicon that has been shown to stably replicate in every gram‐negative species tested. The plasmids also contain bidirectional, rho‐independent transcriptional terminators flanking the multiple cloning site, which allows for greater insert stability, and thus, greater genomic representation. Each vector varies in its antibiotic resistance cassette, mobilization function, and promoter used to express insert sequences. These vectors should prove useful in the screening of highly representational genomic libraries in a broad variety of gram‐negative species. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Joseph Delboeuf (1831–1896): a forerunner of modern ideas on hypnosis
Authors: Gauld Alan
Published: February 2006

Delboeuf is chiefly remembered today for his lively and perceptive accounts of his visits in the 1880s to the hypnotic schools of the Salpêtrière and of Nancy. But he was himself an active and thoughtful practitioner and theorist in the field of hypnosis. His early position was close to that of the Nancy School, and during this period he carried out interesting experiments on post‐hypnotic amnesia, on the so‐called veille somnambulique, and on the healing effect of hypnotic analgesia on burns. Later, in part because of his increasing involvement in suggestive therapy, he moved away from the Nancy views, coming to hold, for instance, that ‘hypnotic’ phenomena do not depend on the induction of a supposed sleep‐like hypnotic state. His changed views influenced the later Bernheim and his school, and to an extent foreshadowed certain modern writers, for instance Sarbin, Coe, Wagstaff and Spanos. Copyright © 1997 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Fantasy styles, hypnotic dreaming and fantasy proneness
Authors: Lynn Steven Jay , Neufeld Victor A.
Published: February 2006

Eighty‐three subjects participated in a study of the relation between fantasy styles and hypnotic dreaming. As hypothesized, subjects who reported that their daydreams revolved around fearful, guilt‐ridden, and achievement‐based (Guilt‐fear‐of‐failure, GFF) fantasies, were more likely to report negative emotion and anxiety in their dreams. However, positive‐constructive (PC) fantasy and poor attentional control (PAC) fantasy styles were unrelated to affect expressed in subjects' hypnotic dreams. We also found that fantasy proneness was correlated with both the PC and GFF fantasy styles. Copyright © 1996 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
A study of misattribution and the experience of hypnosis
Authors: Wagstaff Graham F. , Holden Katharine
Published: February 2006

To assess whether subjects who report experiences of being ‘hypnotized’ are prone to attribution errors, 60 subjects were presented with a monotonous tape of numbers from which some numbers were missing, and a standard measure of hypnotic depth. Results indicated that subjects who reported themselves ‘hypnotized’ by the monotonous tape were more likely to misattribute the missing numbers to hypnosis, and report higher levels of hypnotic depth. However, depth reports given in the context of a formal hypnotic induction procedure were unrelated to the tendency to misat‐tribute the missing numbers to hypnosis. Copyright © 1996 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Relaxation and cognitive processing during memory retrieval
Authors: Gosschalk Monica J. , Gregg Vernon H.
Published: February 2006

An experiment is reported that used incidental wordstem completion and intentional cued recall to test the possibility that relaxation encourages a shift towards data driven rather than conceptually driven cognitive processing. The design was based on the test appropriate processing principle. Following deep and shallow processing of word lists, subjects who had undertaken a progressive relaxation exercise or played an active computer game performed a data driven wordstem completion test and a conceptually driven wordstem cued recall test. Consistent with a shift to data driven processing, there was a significant advantage to the relaxed group over the active group for shallow processed words in cued recall. But, contrary to predictions, no difference between groups was found for unconscious wordstem completion. Nevertheless, it is claimed that this study illustrates an experimental approach that has the potential to give new insights into the effects of relaxation and hypnosis on memory processes. Copyright © 1996 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Reversing and breaching posthypnotic amnesia and hypnotically created pseudomemories
Authors: Wagstaff Graham F. , Frost Ruth
Published: February 2006

A procedure was devised to investigate whether hypnotically created pseudomemories and posthypnotic amnesia are influenced by subjects' deliberate attempts to enact the hypnotic role. Results indicated that hypnotic pseudomemories, like posthypnotic amnesia, can be reversed or eliminated when subjects are given a previously suggested retrieval cue, and amnesia and pseudomemory are highly correlated. Moreover, both can be significantly reduced, or breached, if, before being tested for amnesia and pseudomemory, hypnotic subjects are given an opportunity to describe their previous hypnotic responses as the result of roleplaying rather than being in a trance. It is concluded that voluntary strategies may play an important part in both hypnotic amnesia and hypnotically created pseudomemories; however, the study should be repeated on a group of very highly responsive subjects. Copyright © 1996 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
The use of hypnosis with an injecting heroin user: brief clinical description of a single case
Authors: Drysdale Bill
Published: February 2006

This paper describes the use of hypnosis with an injecting heroin user. This client was finding it very difficult to keep to his methadone prescription and was frequently using heroin ‘on top’. He received three sessions of hypnosis in order to facilitate relaxation and visualization, and resolution of ambivalence concerning his drug use. The results suggest the client has responded well to treatment. Details both of the client and of the three hypnosis sessions are given and the outcome is discussed. Copyright © 1996 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Harvard group scale of hypnotic susceptibility and the creative imagination scale: defining two separate but correlated abilities
Authors: Laidlaw Tannis M. , Large Robert G.
Published: February 2006

Normative data for most psychological tests have been collected from student samples rather than clinical populations. So it was for the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility (HGSHS:A). This paper describes a comparative study, not a normative study, using an unselected adult, primarily non‐student, cohort of volunteers (n=128) tested on the HGSHS:A. The purpose was to compare the results with those of normative studies performed in the USA, Australia, Germany and Canada. Results indicated strong similarities. Likewise, 49 of these subjects were tested with a taped form of the Creative Imagination Scale (CIS), published in 1978. Scores on neither the HGSHS:A nor the CIS were predicted by either age or sex. Although the CIS and HGSHS:A results were correlated, factor analysis on the two tests showed loadings on separate factors suggesting that these tests are measuring two related, but separate, abilities found in conjunction with each other. We concluded that these instruments can be used with confidence with clinical populations. Copyright © 1997 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Hypnotherapy with older adults
Authors: Gafner George
Published: February 2006

Persons above age 65 are a rapidly growing segment of the world's population, especially in the US. Psychotherapy with older persons has been discussed in the literature for many years, although few papers have addressed hypnosis and older adults. This paper discusses negative bias regarding the elderly, special challenges of late life, and related issues of concern to the psychotherapist. Clinical vignettes of three diverse clients demonstrate age‐appropriate techniques for induction, deepening and other aspects of interactive trancework, along with relevant Ericksonian utilization techniques and strategic therapeutic techniques, that may be useful in treating anxiety, depression, and related problems. Copyright © 1997 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Treatment of childhood dental phobia using a modified television visualization technique
Authors: Bird Nigel
Published: February 2006

This brief report describes a modification of the television visualisation technique for the treatment of dental examination phobia in a nine‐year‐old girl. As I was not intending to accompany her to the dental surgery, she additionally learned to visualize one of her hands as the television remote control unit, which could be switched on and off by her mother at the dentist. She readily achieved competence in this, but appeared to have overcome the phobia during the course of the two training sessions, and was subsequently able to undergo dental examination without needing to use the technique. Copyright © 1997 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Using hypnosis with patients undergoing chemotherapy
Authors: Alden Phyllis A.
Published: February 2006

Chemotherapy is a procedure many cancer patients have to undergo. For some patients the trauma of chemotherapy can be so great that they cannot cope with it. This paper explores areas where hypnosis as part of a psychological intervention can be of great assistance. However, one should not lose sight of the need to prevent, rather than to treat, psychological problems. Copyright © 1997 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Stuttering modification using hypnosis: an experimental single‐case study
Authors: Moss Guy J. , Oakley David A.
Published: February 2006

This experimental single‐case study examines hypnosis as an anxiety management and ego‐strengthening technique for stuttering modification. The fluency of a 29‐year‐old male with a severe overt stutter was measured in controlled conditions over a baseline period, 12 hypnosis sessions and five follow‐up sessions, using standardized reading material. In hypnosis the subject was taught anxiety management and self‐hypnosis techniques alongside covert rehearsal of coping with stressful situations. Fluency improved immediately during hypnosis and a steady increase in fluency was seen over sessions on the standardized materials when tested both before and after hypnosis. On the basis of post‐hypnotic suggestion and directed practice, these marked improvements in speech production seen in the laboratory were generalized to everyday situations. The subject also reported a considerable improvement in his general physical and mental well‐being. The significance of these results for the use of hypnosis as an adjunct to speech therapy are discussed. Copyright © 1997 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Assessing hypnotizability and dissociation in different contexts
Authors: Butler Peter V. , Bryant Richard A.
Published: February 2006

Subjects who had completed hypnotizability screening with the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A were subsequently administered the Dissociative Experiences Scale in an independent context. Half the subjects were provided with the standard DES instructions and half were provided with information that minimized the salience of dissociative experiences. HGSHS:A scores correlated significantly with both the standard DES (r = 0.31) and the DES‐Taxon scale (r = 0.35). The modified instructions did not influence correlations with HGSHS:A scores. Findings are discussed in terms of contextual influences on DES responses. Copyright © 1997 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Transient Th1/Th2 disbalance indicates postoperative effusions and edema after cardiopulmonary bypass in children
Authors: Bocsi József , Richter Margit , Hambsch Jörg , Barten Markus J. , Dähnert Ingo , Schneider Peter , Tárnok Attila
Published: February 2006

Background

Cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) induces substantial release of IL‐10, indicating increased Th2 cell response. Therefore, in this study, we wanted to verify if this response is due to CPB or surgical trauma, and to study its relation to postoperative effusions and edema (POEE) in children.

Methods

Th1/Th2 reaction was monitored in children undergoing cardiovascular surgery with (n = 75) and without CPB (n = 29).

Results

Surgery with CPB compared to surgery without CPB induced a transient shift towards Th2. Elevated Th2 response was related to increased vascular permeability and POEE.

Conclusion

The immune suppression/Th2 response is typical for CPB, and at intermediate level is tolerable but at high level could be adverse for the patients. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Establishment of HEp‐2 cell preparation for automated analysis of ANA fluorescence pattern
Authors: Hahm Daniel , Anderer Ursula
Published: February 2006

Background

Identification of antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) has large clinical importance for the assessment of autoimmune diseases. HEp‐2 cell preparations on microscopic slides are commonly used as antigenic substrate. Methods used for cell preparation are important for ANA pattern analysis; however, these methods differ widely and are mostly not specified.

Methods

HEp‐2 cells were fixed using acetic acid‐ethanol, methanol‐acetone, acetone, formaldehyde, paraformaldehyde, or glutaraldehyde. Morphological analysis was done after haematoxylin‐eosin staining and DAPI‐staining of cell nuclei.

Results

The results demonstrate a high variability of cell and nuclear morphology depending on the used fixatives. Aldehyde fixatives conserved the cell structures best, acetone fixatives revealed remarkable changes.

Conclusions

After selecting appropriate fixation procedures to preserve nuclear structures further experiments are necessary to find out which fixation procedure preserves the disease‐linked antigens the best way and are, therefore, suitable to be used in ANA‐testing of AABs. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Exploring molecular networks directly in the cell
Authors: Schubert Walter
Published: February 2006

The hierarchy of cell function comprises at least four distinct functional levels: genome, transcriptome, proteome, and toponome. The toponome is the entirety of all protein networks traced out directly as patterns on the single cell level in the natural environment of cells in situ (e.g. tissues). In this work a photonic microscopic robot technology (MELK) capable of tagging and imaging hundreds (and possibly thousands) of different molecular components (e.g. proteins) of morphologically‐intact fixed cells and tissue have been developed. MELK data sets represent multidimensional vectors of the topologically determined arrangements of proteins within the cell. The data, assembled in a toponome dictionary of the cell, give rise to a new concept for target and drug lead discovery. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Evaluation of a high‐content screening fluorescence‐based assay analyzing the pharmacological modulation of lipid homeostasis in human macrophages
Authors: Werner Tobias , Liebisch Gerhard , Grandl Margot , Schmitz Gerd
Published: February 2006

Background

For understanding cholesterol and phospholipid efflux pathways there is a need for cellular fluorescence‐based high‐content screens (HCS) to investigated the cholesterol and phospholipid content in human macrophages.

Methods

Making use of fluorescence imaging based on HCS we have developed a tool to evaluate new agents that can act as inducers of cholesterol efflux. The fluorescence assay is based on the different staining patterns of cholesterol‐loaded (E‐LDL) and deloaded (HDL3) differentiated monocytes by the saturated, fluorescene lipid probe (1,2‐dimyristoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phospho‐ethanolamine)‐tetramethyl‐rhodamin.

Results

Morphologic examination and statistical evaluation of the staining pattern such as gray value, threshold area, shape factor and the spot size distribution provides evidence for a significant pattern change when cholesterol enriched and cholesterol depleted differentiated monocytes were imaged. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
ETS transcription factor ER81 is required for the pacinian corpuscle development
Authors: Šedý J. , Tseng S. , Walro J. M. , Grim M. , Kucera J.
Published: February 2006

ER81, a member of the ETS family of transcription factors, is involved in processes of specification of neuronal identity, control of sensory‐motor connectivity, and differentiation of muscle spindles. Spindles either degenerate or are abnormal in mutant mice lacking ER81. We examined whether ER81 is required for the development of another class of mechanoreceptors, the Pacinian corpuscle. ER81 was expressed by the inner core cells of the corpuscles, as reflected by expression of the lacZ reporter gene in Er81+/lacZ mutants, thereby suggesting a role for ER81 in the corpuscle development. No Pacinian corpuscles or their afferent nerve fibers were present in the crus of Er81 null mice at birth. Legs of mutant embryos examined at E16.5 were also devoid of the corpuscles, but not of their afferents. Thus, Pacinian corpuscles do not form, and their afferents do not survive, in the absence of ER81. A deficiency of dorsal root ganglia neurons expressing calretinin, a marker for neurons subserving Pacinian corpuscles, correlated with the absence of corpuscles and their afferents in Er81 null mice. These observations indicate a requirement for ER81 in the assembly of Pacinian corpuscles and the survival of the sensory neurons that innervate them. Developmental Dynamics 235:1081–1089, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Migrating anterior mesoderm cells and intercalating trunk mesoderm cells have distinct responses to Rho and Rac during Xenopus gastrulation
Authors: Ren Ruiyi , Nagel Martina , Tahinci Emilios , Winklbauer Rudi , Symes Karen
Published: February 2006

Rho GTPases have been shown recently to be important for cell polarity and motility of the trunk mesoderm during gastrulation in Xenopus embryos. This work demonstrated that Rho and Rac have both distinct and overlapping roles in regulating cell shape, and the dynamic properties, polarity, and type of protrusive activity of these cells. Overexpression of activated or inhibitory versions of these GTPases also disrupts development of the head in Xenopus embryos. In this study, we have undertaken a detailed analysis of Rho and Rac function in migrating anterior mesendoderm cells. Scanning electron micrographs of these cells in situ revealed that their normal shingle arrangement is disrupted and both the cells and their lamellipodia are disoriented. Anterior mesendoderm explants plated on their natural blastocoel roof matrix, however, still migrated towards the animal pole, although the tendency to move in this direction is reduced compared to controls. Analysis of a number of parameters in time‐lapse recordings of dissociated cells indicated that Rho and Rac also have both distinct and overlapping roles in the motility of the prospective head mesoderm; however, their effects differ to those previously seen in the trunk mesoderm. Both GTPases appear to modulate cell polarization, migration, and protrusive activity. Rho alone, however, regulates the retraction of the lagging edge of the cell. We propose that within the gastrulating Xenopus embryo, two types of mesoderm cells that undergo different motilities have distinct responses to Rho GTPases. Developmental Dynamics 235:1090–1099, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression ofWnt9band activation of canonical Wnt signaling during midfacial morphogenesis in mice
Authors: Lan Yu , Ryan Rosemary C. , Zhang Zunyi , Bullard Steven A. , Bush Jeffrey O. , Maltby Kathleen M. , Lidral Andrew C. , Jiang Rulang
Published: February 2006

Cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CLP) is the most common craniofacial birth defect in humans. Recently, mutations in theWNT3andWnt9bgenes, encoding two members of the Wnt family of signaling molecules, were found associated with CLP in human and mice, respectively. To investigate whether Wnt3 and Wnt9b directly regulate facial development, we analyzed their developmental expression patterns and found that bothWnt3andWnt9bare expressed in the facial ectoderm at critical stages of midfacial morphogenesis during mouse embryogenesis. WhereasWnt3mRNA is mainly expressed in the maxillary and medial nasal ectoderm,Wnt9bmRNA is expressed in maxillary, medial nasal, and lateral nasal ectoderm. During lip fusion,Wnt9b, but notWnt3, is expressed in the epithelial seam between the fusing medial and lateral nasal processes. Furthermore, we found that expression of TOPGAL, a transgenic reporter of activation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway, is specifically activated in the distal regions of the medial nasal, lateral nasal, and maxillary processes prior to lip fusion. During lip fusion, the epithelial seam between the medial and lateral nasal processes as well as the facial mesenchyme directly beneath the fusing epithelia strongly expresses TOPGAL. These data, together with the CLP lip phenotype inWNT3−/−humans andWnt9b−/−mutant mice, indicate that Wnt3 and Wnt9b signal through the canonical Wnt signaling pathway to regulate midfacial development and lip fusion. Developmental Dynamics, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sociocultural factors in the development of anorexia nervosa in a black woman
Authors: Willemsen Ellen M.C. , Hoek Hans W.
Published: February 2006

Background

In an earlier study, we found that anorexia nervosa (AN) does not occur among Black women on the Caribbean island of Curaçao.

Method

A case report is presented of a Black Antillean woman with AN, who was referred to a center for eating disorders in The Netherlands. In Curaçao, our patient succeeded in gaining weight to become more attractive. Due to subsequent problems in the relationship with her partner, she deliberately lost weight to become less attractive.

Results

After immigrating to The Netherlands, she adopted the Western cultural ideal of thinness and developed AN.

Conclusion

This case illustrates the role and possible effects of sociocultural factors in the development of AN. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2006
Denial and minimization in adolescents with anorexia nervosa
Authors: Couturier Jennifer L. , Lock James
Published: February 2006

Objectives

This study examines symptoms of denial in 86 adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN) using a dataset from a family therapy trial.

Method

Using the Restraint subscale of the Eating Disorders Examination (EDE) at baseline, participants were divided into deniers (n = 15), minimizers (n = 21), and admitters (n = 50). These subgroups were compared with analysis of variance (ANOVA; Tukey post‐hoc analysis) on a variety of assessment and treatment variables at baseline and at 12 months.

Results

Although body mass index (BMI) was not significantly different, all subscale scores of the EDE were lower in the deniers compared with the admitters (p = .0001 for all subscales) at baseline. Minimizers also scored lower than admitters on 3 of 4 subscales (p = .0001 for the Restraint, Weight Concern, and Shape Concern subscales of the EDE). At baseline and at 12 months, there were no significant differences on the Youth Self‐Report or the Child Behavior Checklist. At 12 months, the only significant difference was in the Restraint subscale, with deniers still scoring lower than admitters (p = .015).

Conclusion

Denial and minimization appear to be common processes occurring in adolescents with AN and present difficulties in assessment. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2006
Investigations of Different Chemoselectivities in Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Amide Reactions with Sodium Borohydride
Authors: Ren Jie , Li Liang‐Chun , Liu Ji‐Kai , Zhu Hua‐Jie , Pittman Charles U.
Published: February 2006

The mechanisms for the different chemoselectivities in sodium borohydride reactions with primary, secondary and tertiary amides have been investigated both at the B3LYP/6‐31++G(d,p)//B3LYP/6‐31G(d,p) and B3LYP/6‐31++G(d,p)//HF/6‐31G(d,p) levels of theory. The predicted structures of the key intermediates were then confirmed by experiments. Primary amides generate the corresponding nitriles when treated with sodium borohydride. Nitrile formation occurs by initial proton abstraction from the primary amide’s nitrogen atom by a hydride ion, followed by loss of hydrogen and the coordination of the amide nitrogen atom to BH3. Three subsequent steps produce acetonitrile. The computational predictions agree well with the experimental results. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Dopamine at a Nanocuprous Oxide‐Methylene Blue Composite Glassy Carbon Electrode
Authors: Liu Chuanyin , Hu Junfu , Hu Jiming , Tanga Hongwu
Published: February 2006

Cuprous oxide nanowhisker was prepared by using cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CATB) as soft template, and was characterized by XRD and TEM methods. The electrochemical properties of nano‐Cu2O and nano‐Cu2O‐methylene blue (MB) modified electrode were studied. The experimental results indicate that nano‐Cu2O shows a couple of redox peaks corresponding to the redox of Cu(II)/Cu(I), the peak currents are linear to the scan rates which demonstrate that the electrochemical response of Cu2O is surface‐controlled. The composite nano‐Cu2O‐Nafion‐MB modified electrode shows a trend of decrease of peak currents corresponding to the Cu (II)/Cu (I). However, the electrocatalytic ability of nano‐Cu2O‐MB composite film to dopamine increases dramatically. At this composite electrode, dopamine shows a couple of quasireversible redox peaks with a peak separation of 106 mV, the peak current increases about 8 times and the oxidation peak potential decreases about 200 mV as compared to that at bare glassy carbon electrode. The peak currents change linearly with concentration of dopamine from 1×10−7to 3.2×10−4 mol/L, the detection limit is 4.6×10−8 mol/L. The composite electrode can effectively eliminate the interference of ascorbic acid and has better stability and excellent reproducibility.
Electrochemical Immunoassay of Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin Based on Its Immobilization in Gold Nanoparticles‐Chitosan Membrane
Authors: Chen Jin , Yan Feng , Du Dan , Wu Jie , Ju Huangxian
Published: February 2006

A human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) doped gold nanoparticles–chitosan membrane was prepared for forming an immunoconjugate of horseradish peroxidase labeled hCG antibody and hCG on glassy carbon electrode. The nanoparticles provided a congenial environment of the adsorbed proteins. Thus, the immobilized HRP‐labeled immunoconjugate showed good enzymatic activity for the oxidation of o‐phenylenediamine by H2O2. With a competitive mechanism, an amperometric method for immunoassay of hCG up to 30 mIU mL−1 with a relatively low detection limit of 0.26 mIU mL−1 at 3σ was developed. The hCG immunosensor showed good precision, high sensitivity, acceptable stability and reproducibility.
Measurement of water content as a control of particle entrainment by wind
Authors: McKenna Neuman Cheryl , Langston Greg
Published: February 2006

Of all controls on particle transport by wind, which include texture, crusting, vegetation cover and roughness, the role of water content is one of the most difficult to parameterize because of its high degree of spatial and temporal variability and its operation at a particle‐scale level directly at the surface. This study demonstrates that measurement of the distribution of brightness for all pixels in an image, now routinely employed in digital photography, is strongly correlated with gravimetric water content. Wind tunnel experiments further suggest that measurement of the distribution of β, as normalized against the brightness of the dry sand surface, is very useful in determining the order of magnitude of the mass transport rate (q). Finer resolution will likely never be achieved because of the heterogeneity of the particle transport phenomenon. Analysis of the variability in surface brightness does suggest that q is governed by the partitioning of momentum to particle motion that terminates in adhesion to surrounding areas of the surface that remain relatively wet. The proportion of surface particles that becomes dry appears to be of less importance. Preliminary work suggests that field application of digital photography in tracking spatial and temporal changes in the water content of beach deposits looks promising. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dune phases in the Otaki‐Te Horo area (New Zealand): a geomorphic history
Authors: Hawke R. M. , McConchie J. A.
Published: February 2006

Optical dating, sedimentological analysis and soil profile development have been used to develop a chronology for, and an understanding of, the geomorphic evolution of the Holocene coastal plain between Otaki and Te Horo, North Island of New Zealand. The coastal plain has prograded 0·48 m a−1since sea‐levels reached their post‐glacial maximum 6500 years ago. Dune development on the plain, which is dependent on the supply of sediment suitable for dune building, has been episodic. Three periods of dune activity have been identified – the Foxton, Motuiti and Waitarere phases – the last two of which are believed to have resulted from anthropogenic activities. The dunes north of the Otaki River and south of Mangaone Stream are typical of a coastal dune system that extends from Patea in the north to Paekakariki in the south. However, this system is disrupted by the Otaki River and the gravels it delivers to the coastal zone. Immediately south of the river mouth the dunes are significantly smaller, coarser, and contain significantly more magnetic material. The character of the landforms is the result of: the reworking of the last glacial deposits; ongoing coastal progradation; variation in the input of sediment suitable for dune formation; the change in beach character because of gravel input; and the position of the Otaki River mouth. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.