bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The beer and biofuels laboratory: A report on implementing and supporting a large, interdisciplinary, yeast‐focused course‐based undergraduate research experience
Authors: Pedwell Rhianna K. , Fraser James A. , Wang Jack T. H. , Clegg Jack K. , Chartres Jy D. , Rowland Susan L.
Published: January 2018

Course‐integrated Undergraduate Research Experiences (CUREs) involve large numbers of students in real research. We describe a late‐year microbiology CURE in which students use yeast to address a research question around beer brewing or synthesizing biofuel; the interdisciplinary student‐designed project incorporates genetics, bioinformatics, biochemistry, analytical chemistry, and microbiology. Students perceived significant learning gains around multiple technical and “becoming a scientist” aspects of the project. The project is demanding for both the students and the academic implementers. We examine the rich landscape of support and interaction that this CURE both encourages and requires while also considering how we can support the exercise better and more sustainably. The findings from this study provide a picture of a CURE implementation that has begun to reach the limits of both the students' and the academics' capacities to complete it. © 2018 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 46(3):213–222, 2018.
Development of a software tool for teaching real‐time state simulation of water distribution networks
Authors: Zhang Hui , Zhou Xue , Wang Luobin , Wang Kai , Wang Wendong
Published: January 2018

An educational software tool was developed for teaching the real‐time state simulation of water distribution networks (WDNs) to municipal engineering students. The weighted‐least‐square model and Davidon–Fletcher–Powell (DFP) algorithm were used to calculate the state variable values with real‐time measurements. The software tool was composed of three modules, including network loading, state simulation, and data management. The program and the relevant graphical user interface were coded using Delphi 7.0. The performance of the software tool was proved to be effective in teaching and learning by two evaluation approaches. Moreover, the positive results also encouraged software developers and lecturers to produce or at least use computer‐aided tools for educational purposes.
Rational Syntheses and Serendipity: Complexes [LSnPtCl2(SMe2)]2, [{LSnPtCl(SMe2)}2SnCl2], [(LSn)3(PtCl2)(PtClSnCl){LSn(Cl)OH}], and [O(SnCl)2(SnL)2] with L=MeN(CH2CMe2O)2
Authors: Zöller Thomas , Dietz Christina , Winter Florian , Pöttgen Rainer , Gorelsky Serge I. , Hoffmann Alexander , Herres‐Pawlis Sonja , Jurkschat Klaus
Published: January 2018

Syntheses and molecular structures of the dimeric tin–platinum complex [LSnPtCl2(SMe2)]2 (2), the tin–platinum clusters [{LSnPtCl(SMe2)}2SnCl2)] (3) and [(LSn)3(PtCl2)(PtClSnCl)(LSnOHCl)] (6) (L=MeN(CH2CMe2O−)2), and of the unprecedented tin(II) aminoalkoxide–tin oxide chloride complex [O(SnCl)2⋅(SnL)2] (5) are reported. The compounds were characterized by NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C, 119Sn, 195Pt), 119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy (1–3, 6), electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, elemental analyses, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses (2⋅CH2Cl2, 3⋅2 C4H8O, 5, 6⋅3CH2Cl2). The tin(II) aminoalkoxide [MeN(CH2CMe2O)2Sn]2 (1) behaves like a neutral ligand, inserts into a Pt−Cl bond, or is involved in rearrangement reactions with the different behavior occurring even within one compound (3, 6). DFT calculations show that the tin–platinum compounds behave like electronic chameleons.
A Zwitterionic Ligand‐Based Cationic Metal‐Organic Framework for Rapidly Selective Dye Capture and Highly Efficient Cr2O72− Removal
Authors: Zhang Chenghui , Liu Yuchuan , Sun Libo , Shi Huaizhong , Shi Chao , Liang Zhiqiang , Li Jiyang
Published: January 2018

A cationic metal–organic framework (MOF), [Cu2L(H2O)2]⋅(NO3)2⋅5.5 H2O (1) has been successfully synthesized from a zwitterionic ligand 1,1′‐bis(3,5‐dicarboxyphenyl)‐4,4′‐bipyridinium chlorine ([H4L]Cl2). The framework of compound 1 contains classical {Cu2(O2C)4} paddlewheels, and possesses typical nbo‐type topology and two types of channels with sizes of 5.0 and 15.54 Å. Benefitting from the 3D cationic framework and high pore volume, compound 1 shows interesting selective adsorption ability for anionic dyes. Such material can be successfully employed in a chromatographic column to efficiently separate mixed dyes of Fluorescein Sodium and Methylene Blue. In addition, compound 1 exhibits excellent Cr2O72− removal capacity with maximum adsorption amount of 222.5 mg g−1, which ranks among the higher Cr2O72− adsorption amounts of MOF materials ever reported, based on ion‐exchange. The strategy to construct cationic MOFs based on zwitterionic ligands will promote the development of functional porous materials for the capture and removal of anionic pollutant species from contaminated liquid.
Photochromic Crystalline Systems Mimicking Bio‐Functions
Authors: Uchida Kingo , Nishimura Ryo , Hatano Eri , Mayama Hiroyuki , Yokojima Satoshi
Published: January 2018

Photoresponsive crystalline systems mimicking bio‐functions are prepared using photochromic diarylethenes. Upon UV irradiation of the diarylethene crystal, the photogenerated closed‐ring isomers self‐aggregate to form needle‐shaped crystals on the surface. The rough surface shows the superhydrophobic lotus effect. In addition, the rose‐petal effects of wetting, the anti‐reflective moth‐eye effect, and a double‐roughness structure mimicking the surface of a lotus leaf are observed by controlling the heating procedures, UV irradiation processes, and molecular structural modification. By changing the molecular structure, a superhydrophilic surface mimicking a snail shell can be generated. We also find the crystal of a diarylethene derivative that shows a photosalient effect. The effect is observed partly due to the hollow structure of the crystal. It is demonstrated that a photo‐response similar to the response of impatiens plant to stimulation is observed by packing small beads in the hollow. These photoresponsive functions are unique, and they demonstrate a macroscopic response by means of microscopic molecular movement induced by light. In the future, such a molecular assembly system will be a promising candidate for fabricating photoresponsive architectures and soft robots.
Entropy‐Driven Reversible Agglomeration of Crown Ether Capped Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Hill Alexander P. , Kunstmann‐Olsen Casper , Grzelczak Marcin P. , Brust Mathias
Published: January 2018

It is shown that plasmonic gold nanoparticles functionalised with a thiolated 18‐crown‐6 ligand shell agglomerate spontaneously from aqueous dispersion at elevated temperatures. This process takes place over a narrow temperature range, is accompanied by a colour change from red to purple‐blue and is fully reversible. Moreover, the temperature at which it occurs can be adjusted by the degree of complexation of the crown ether moiety with appropriate cations. More complexation leads to higher transition temperatures. The process has been studied by UV/Vis spectroscopy, electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurements. A thermodynamic rationale is provided to suggest an entropy‐driven endothermic agglomeration process based on attractive hydrophobic interactions of the complexed crowns that are competing against electrostatic repulsion of the charged ligand shells.
Characteristics of CO2 adsorption on biochar derived from biomass pyrolysis in molten salt
Authors: Guo Tianxiang , Ma Nan , Pan Yuanfeng , Bedane Alemayehu H. , Xiao Huining , Eić Mladen , Du Yarong
Published: January 2018

This work focused on the preparation and characterization of a promising biochar as a novel solid adsorbent towards CO2. The biochar was prepared by catalytic pyrolysis of waste roasted peanut shell in molten salt; it was characterized by means of SEM‐EDS, BET, FTIR, and TGA, followed by determining the adsorption characteristics, such as adsorption capacity, isosteric heat of adsorption, uptake rate, and selectivity via adsorption temperature and gas pressure. The results indicated that the as‐prepared biochar had a rich microporous structure with a peak pore size in the range of 0.69–1.3 nm, and exhibited a good performance of CO2 adsorption with a capacity of 3.8 mmol/g at 273 K and 100 kPa. Moreover, the adsorption selectivity of CO2 over N2, O2, CO, and CH4 was found to be above 12, 11, 8, and 7, respectively. In addition, an interesting phenomenon of an initial increase and then a decrease in the selectivity of CO2/N2 adsorption with increasing gas pressure was experimentally revealed.
Relationship Between Phosphorus Fractions in Paddy Soil and Phosphorus Release to Runoff Amended with Manure
Authors: Yin Yan , Liang Cheng Hua , Xi Feng Ming , Du Li Yu , Wang Jiao Yue , Bing Long Fei
Published: January 2018

This paper presents a study of the relationship between phosphorus fractions and phosphorus release in the presence of manure. Dynamic changes in the characteristics of total phosphorus in surface water are simulated by waterlogged incubation. The study was carried out by comparing sterilized and non‐sterilized treatments to analyze the effect of manure on the dynamics of phosphorus (P) release from soil. Experimental results show that manure application in paddy soil can significantly increase the content of phosphorus fractions (p < 0.05). The concentration of total phosphorus in surface water also increased during incubation. The regression coefficients of moderately resistant organic phosphorus (B = 0.066), occluded P (O‐P) (B = 0.012), and calcium phosphate (Ca‐P) (B = −0.034) are significantly linear, which suggests possible contributions to total phosphorus. Path analysis indicates that the direct effect of Ca‐P on P loss curbs the release of P; the indirect effect of Ca‐P via O‐P and moderately resistant organic phosphorus involved promotion of P loss. The presence of microorganisms promoted transformation of phosphorus forms; for example, Ca‐P can transform into O‐P and moderately resistant organic phosphorus.
SOX10/keratin dual‐color immunohistochemistry: An effective first‐line test for the workup of epithelioid malignant neoplasms in FNA and small biopsy specimens
Authors: Mito Jeffrey K. , Conner James R. , Hornick Jason L. , Cibas Edmund S. , Qian Xiaohua
Published: January 2018

BACKGROUND

The characterization of poorly differentiated neoplasms in fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) and small biopsy specimens usually requires immunohistochemistry (IHC) with a panel of markers. Because of an increasing need to preserve limited diagnostic material for tumor genotyping and a mounting demand for cost containment, the authors investigated the usefulness of dual‐color IHC with antibodies directed against broad‐spectrum keratins and SOX10, a neuroectodermal transcription factor consistently expressed in melanoma, in the workup of epithelioid malignant neoplasms.

METHODS

A total of 107 cases of FNA cell blocks (49 cases) and small biopsies (58 cases) were selected, including 34 melanomas, 31 epithelioid/pleomorphic sarcomas, and 42 carcinomas. IHC was performed on all specimens using a peroxidase‐based brown chromogen for SOX10 and an alkaline phosphatase‐based red chromogen for keratins AE1/AE3. The presence or absence of staining in lesional cells was scored.

RESULTS

The majority of tumors demonstrated 1 of 3 distinct patterns: 1) malignant melanomas with nuclear SOX10 (sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 95%); 2) epithelioid/pleomorphic sarcomas negative for both SOX10 and AE1/AE3 (sensitivity of 84% and specificity of 88%); and 3) carcinomas with cytoplasmic AE1/AE3 (sensitivity of 76% and specificity of 98%). In addition, a fourth pattern with cytoplasmic AE1/AE3 and nuclear SOX10 was observed in a subset of carcinomas, most notably triple‐negative breast cancers.

CONCLUSIONS

SOX10/keratin dual‐color IHC appears to be an effective, sensitive, and specific test to distinguish between melanoma, sarcoma, and carcinoma. This approach can identify melanoma, prioritize additional studies, and limit the number of markers needed to workup an epithelioid malignant neoplasm, thereby potentially reducing costs and preserving valuable tissue for ancillary studies with which to guide therapy. Cancer Cytopathol 2018;126:179‐89. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
How Does the Encapsulation of Porphyrinic Photosensitizers into Polymer Matrices Affect Their Self‐Association and Dynamic Properties?
Authors: Gjuroski Ilche , Furrer Julien , Vermathen Martina
Published: January 2018

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with porphyrinic photosensitizers largely relies on efficient drug formulations to prevent porphyrin aggregation and to enhance water solubility and stability in physiologic environments. In this study, we compare two polymeric carrier systems, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and block copolymer micelles (BCMs) formed by the poloxamer Kolliphor P188 (KP), for their encapsulation efficiencies of porphyrin (xPP) and chlorin e6 (xCE) derivatives. Monomerization, loading efficiency, and dynamic properties were examined by 1H NMR spectroscopy chemical shift titration, DOSY, and T2 relaxation time measurements. Binding affinity was determined by UV/Vis spectroscopy. Both PVP and KP‐BCMs were well suited to disaggregate and encapsulate amphiphilic xCE, whereas they were less efficient for the xPP compounds. PVP exhibited higher monomerization efficiency than KP‐BCMs. Significant differences were found in the dynamic behavior of the carriers. PVP formed rather stable complexes with the porphyrinic compounds, whereas a dynamic equilibrium between free and bound porphyrins was found to exist in the presence of KP‐BCMs. This may have a considerable impact on the pharmacokinetic properties of the corresponding delivery systems.
Electrocatalytic and Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 to CO by Cobalt(II) Tripodal Complexes: Low Overpotentials, High Efficiency and Selectivity
Authors: Wang Jia‐Wei , Huang Hai‐Hua , Sun Jia‐Kai , Ouyang Ting , Zhong Di‐Chang , Lu Tong‐Bu
Published: January 2018

The reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) has been considered as an approach to mitigate global warming and to provide renewable carbon‐based fuels. Rational design of efficient, selective, and inexpensive catalysts with low overpotentials is urgently desired. In this study, four cobalt(II) tripodal complexes are tested as catalysts for CO2 reduction to CO in a MeCN/H2O (4:1 v/v) solution. The replacement of pyridyl groups in the ligands with less basic quinolinyl groups greatly reduces the required overpotential for CO2‐to‐CO conversion down to 200–380 mV. Benefitting from the low overpotentials, a photocatalyst system for CO2‐to‐CO conversion is successfully constructed, with an maximum turnover number (TON) of 10 650±750, a turnover frequency (TOF) of 1150±80 h−1, and almost 100 % selectivity to CO. These outstanding catalytic performances are further elucidated by DFT calculations.
Intrusion detection in RFID system using computational intelligence approach for underground mines
Authors: Gautam Sunil Kumar , Om Hari
Published: January 2018

The radio frequency identification technology (RFID) is commonly used for object tracking and monitoring. In this paper, we discuss a model for intrusion detection system based on RFID to identify the abnormal behavior of underground mines' toxic gases. This model consists of various types of sensor nodes that are integrated with RFID tag, which are deployed in the underground mines by using Zigbee protocol. It consists of coordinators, routers, and sensor nodes, according to different capabilities and the probabilities of intrusive activities that occur in underground mines. It can detect the real‐time abnormal behavior of the toxic gases viz. methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and nitrogen dioxide gases, using artificial neural network middleware techniques. It increases the detection accuracy and reduces the false alarm rate, using multilayer perceptron, radial basis function network, and probabilistic and general regression neural network (PNN/GRNN) techniques. The simulations are performed on the toxic gas dataset, which has been generated in a real‐time scenario by using different gas sensors. The real‐time dataset contains intrusive and nonintrusive values of methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and nitrogen dioxide gases. Experimentally, the PNN/GRNN provides higher detection accuracy as 90.153% for carbon monoxide, 86.713% for carbon dioxide, 93.752% for hydrogen sulfide, and 75.472% for nitrogen dioxide. The PNN/GRNN also provides low false alarm rate as 9.85% for carbon monoxide, 13.29% for carbon dioxide, 6.24% for hydrogen sulfide, and 24.53% for nitrogen dioxide compared with the multilayer perceptron and radial basis function networks.
Ecological differentiation, speciation, and rarity: How do they match in Tephroseris longifolia agg. (Asteraceae)?
Authors: Janišová Monika , Skokanová Katarína , Hlásny Tomáš
Published: January 2018

Tephroseris longifolia agg. is a complex group of outcrossing perennials distributed throughout Central Europe. Recent morphological study revealed six morphotypes corresponding to five previously distinguished subspecies, together with Alpine and Pannonian morphotypes of T. longifolia subsp. longifolia. The delimited morphotypes differ in relative DNA content, geographical range, and rarity. We compared ecological niches of the six morphotypes in order to assess the impact of ecological differentiation on the speciation processes within the T. longifolia agg. Further, we examined whether morphotypes with small range are more ecologically specialized than their widespread relatives. The distribution area of the aggregate includes the Alps, Apennines, Carpathians, and the Pannonian Basin. Ecological variables linked to climate, topography, soil, and vegetation were gathered from 135 circular plots recorded in 35 localities. Related variables were grouped to describe the partial ecological niches: climatic, topographic, pedological, biotic, and coenotic (based either on vascular plants or on bryophytes), each of them visualized as an envelope in the two‐dimensional nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordination space. Each partial ecological niche for a given morphotype was characterized by its position (location of the envelope centroid), breadth (surface of the envelope), and overlaps with envelopes of the other morphotypes. Mantel statistics based on Spearman correlation coefficients were used to quantify differentiation of morphotypes in ecological parameters represented by the partial ecological niches. The significant niche differentiation was confirmed for climatic, topographic, pedological, and vascular plant‐based coenotic niches. Ecological niche differentiation corresponded well to morphological and partially also to karyological differentiation. Narrowly distributed morphotypes occupied more specific habitats and had narrower ecological niches than their widespread relatives. Ecological differentiation could be considered an important driver in allopatric speciation within the T. longifolia agg. Our results demonstrate that quantification of ecological divergence is helpful in assessing evolutionary history of closely related taxa.
Postreproductive lifespans are rare in mammals
Authors: Ellis Samuel , Franks Daniel W. , Nattrass Stuart , Cant Michael A. , Bradley Destiny L. , Giles Deborah , Balcomb Kenneth C. , Croft Darren P.
Published: January 2018

A species has a post‐reproductive stage if, like humans, a female entering the adult population can expect to live a substantial proportion of their life after their last reproductive event. However, it is conceptually and statistically challenging to distinguish these true post‐reproductive stages from the usual processes of senescence, which can result in females occasionally surviving past their last reproductive event. Hence, despite considerable interest, the taxonomic prevalence of post‐reproductive stages remains unclear and debated. In this study we use life tables constructed from published data on wild populations of mammals, and statistical measures of post‐reproductive lifespans, to distinguish true post‐reproductive stages from artefacts of senescence and demography in 52 species. We find post‐reproductive stages are rare in mammals and are limited to humans and a few species of toothed whales. By resolving this long‐standing debate, we hope to provide clarity for researchers in the field of evolutionary biology and a solid foundation for further studies investigating the evolution and adaptive significance of this unusual life history trait.
Characterization and Polymerization of Epoxidized Methacrylated Castor Oil
Authors: Çayli Gökhan , Gürbüz Demet , Çınarli Adem
Published: January 2018

In this study, synthesis and polymerization of epoxidized methacrylated castor oil (EMETCO) is demonstrated. EMETCO is synthesized in two steps. Castor oil (CO) is methacrylated with methacryloyl chloride at the first step. Then the methacrylated castor oil (METCO) is epoxidized by Prilezhaev reaction. Structure of EMETCO is determined by1H NMR and IR techniques. EMETCO was copolymerized with acrylic acid (AA), styrene (ST), and methacrylic acid (MA). Thermal and mechanical properties of the synthesized polymers are evaluated. Among the polymers synthesized EMETCO‐ST‐MA polymer gives the highest storage modulus at 2.25 GPa. On the other hand, EMETCO‐AA copolymer exhibited the lowest storage modulus at 350 MPa. Moreover, EMETCO‐ST copolymer shows the lowest 5% weight loss temperature while EMETCO‐MA exhibited the highest 5% weight loss temperature at 280 °C.

Practical Applications: Epoxidized Methacrylated Castor Oil is a bio‐based epoxy acrylate monomer. The low viscosity and two different functional groups make this material suitable for many polymerization reactions and applications. This compound would be used as a replacement materials for many industrial monomers such as styrene, acrylated epoxidized soybean oil, or prepolymers in the future.

EMETCO is a castor oil based epoxy acrylate monomer. It is a hybrid material that contains different types of polymerizable groups. Synthesis of the monomer is not complicated and completed in two steps. Methacrylation of castor oil occurs at the first step and epoxidation follows that reaction. The resultant compounds is a transparent oil.
(Poly)cationic λ3‐Iodane‐Mediated Oxidative Ring Expansion of Secondary Alcohols
Authors: Walters Jennifer C. , Tierno Anthony F. , Dubin Aimee H. , Wengryniuk Sarah E.
Published: January 2018

Herein, a simplified approach to the synthesis of medium‐ring ethers through the electrophilic activation of secondary alcohols with (poly)cationic λ3‐iodanes (N‐HVIs) is reported. Excellent levels of selectivity are achieved for C–O bond migration over established α‐elimination pathways, enabled by the unique reactivity of a novel 2‐OMe‐pyridine‐ligated N‐HVI. The resulting hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) acetals are readily derivatized with a range of nucleophiles, providing a versatile functional handle for subsequent manipulations. The utility of this methodology for late‐stage natural product derivatization was also demonstrated, providing a new tool for diversity‐oriented synthesis and complexity‐to‐diversity (CTD) efforts. Preliminary mechanistic investigations reveal a strong effect of alcohol conformation on the reactive pathway, thus providing a predictive power in the application of this approach to complex molecule synthesis.
Nano‐amylose‐2,3‐bis(3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate)‐silica hybrid sol immobilized on open tubular capillary column for capillary electrochromatography enantioseparation
Authors: Sun Yaming , Wu Qi , Shi Xiaofeng , Gao Jie , Dong Shuqing , Zhao Liang
Published: January 2018

The chiral organic‐inorganic hybrid materials can exhibit a high loading, and the chiral selector nanoparticles can create efficient stationary phases for open‐tubular capillary electrochromatography (OT‐CEC). Hence, a novel protocol for the preparation of an OT column coated with nano‐amylose‐2,3‐bis(3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate) (nano‐ABDMPC)‐silica hybrid sol through in situ layer‐by‐layer self‐assembly method was developed for CEC enantioseparation. By controlling the assembly cycle number of nano‐ABDMPC‐silica hybrid sol, a homogeneous, dense and stable coating was successfully prepared, which was confirmed by SEM and elemental analysis. As the main parameter influencing the chiral separating effect, the nano‐ABDMPC bearing 3‐(triethoxysilyl)propyl residues concentration was investigated. The experimental results showed that 10.0 mg/mL nano‐ABDMPC bearing 3‐(triethoxysilyl)propyl residues coated OT capillary column possessed chiral recognition ability toward the six enantiomers (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, phenethyl alcohol, 1‐phenyl‐2‐propanol, and Tröger's base) at some of the different conditions tested. Additionally, the coated OT column revealed adequate repeatability concerning run‐to‐run, day‐to‐day and column‐to‐column. These results demonstrated the promising applicability of nano‐ABDMPC‐silica hybrid sol coated OT column in CEC enantioseparations.
XPNPEP3 is a novel transcriptional target of canonical Wnt/β‐catenin signaling
Authors: Kumar Raju , Kotapalli Viswakalyan , Naz Ashmala , Gowrishankar Swarnalata , Rao Satish , Pollack Jonathan R , Bashyam Murali Dharan
Published: January 2018

Canonical Wnt/β‐catenin signaling plays important roles in embryonic development and adult tissue regeneration while aberrant Wnt activation is the major driver of sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC). Thus, it is important to characterize the complete β‐catenin target transcriptome. We previously performed microarray‐based mRNA profiling of rectal cancer samples stratified for Wnt status. In addition to AXIN2 and EPHB2, XPNPEP3 transcripts were significantly elevated in tumors exhibiting activated Wnt/β‐catenin signaling, validated by Q‐PCR. Three different cell lines supported elevated XPNPEP3 transcript levels upon activation of Wnt signaling, confirmed using promoter‐luciferase assays. Ectopic expression of XPNPEP3 promoted tumorigenic properties in CRC cells. Immunohistochemistry on a CRC tissue microarray revealed significant correlation between β‐catenin nuclear localization and XPNPEP3 levels. More importantly, XPNPEP3 expression was upregulated compared to normal samples in published expression data sets from several cancers including CRC. Finally, XPNPEP3 expression correlated with poor survival in many cancers. Our results therefore suggest XPNPEP3 to be a transcriptional target of Wnt/β‐catenin pathway with particular significance for CRC.
A framework for testing the equality between the health concentration curve and the 45‐degree line
Authors: Khaled Mohamad A. , Makdissi Paul , Tabri Rami V. , Yazbeck Myra
Published: January 2018

The health concentration curve is the standard graphical tool to depict socioeconomic health inequality in the literature on health inequality. This paper shows that testing for the absence of socioeconomic health inequality is equivalent to testing if the conditional expectation of health on income is a constant function that is equal to average health status. In consequence, any test for parametric specification of a regression function can be used to test for the absence of socioeconomic health inequality (subject to regularity conditions). Furthermore, this paper illustrates how to test for this equality using a test for parametric regression functional form and applies it to health‐related behaviors from the National Health Survey 2014.
Narrow band imaging for head and neck malignancies: Lessons learned from mistakes
Authors: Valls‐Mateus Meritxell , Nogués‐Sabaté Anna , Blanch Jose Luis , Bernal‐Sprekelsen Manuel , Avilés‐Jurado Francesc Xavier , Vilaseca Isabel
Published: January 2018

Background

The accuracy of white light endoscopy in combination with narrow band imaging (WLE + NBI) for diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) does not reach 100%. We evaluated the characteristics of the false‐negative and false‐positive cases.

Methods

Five hundred thirty lesions of the upper airways were evaluated. The WLE was followed by NBI examination before performing a biopsy.

Results

The false‐negative lesions (7.36%) were represented by submucosal and non‐SCC tumors. Among the 25 non‐SCC tumors, 72% did not show any suspicious vascular pattern under NBI. The false‐positive lesions (6.04%) were mainly represented by postradiotherapy mucosal changes, ulcers, and infections. Regarding papillomas, NBI accuracy reached 95.32%, although cases with dysplasia were difficult to distinguish from SCC.

Conclusion

The WLE + NBI improved diagnostic accuracy, but not all lesions were ideally evaluated with current defined patterns. An accurate anamnesis is mandatory, because, in some cases, it may be more relevant than the NBI pattern.
VASCULARIZATION OF ARTICULATED CHENOPODIACEAE AND THE NATURE OF THEIR FLESHY CORTEX
Authors: Fahn Abraham , Arzee Tova
Published: January 2018

Fahn, A. (Hebrew U., Jerusalem.), and Tova Arzee. Vascularization of articulated Chenopodiaceae and the nature of their fleshy cortex. Amer. Jour. Bot. 46(5): 330–338. Illus. 1959.—The primary vascular system and venation pattern of the following chenopodiacean species with articulated forms were examined: Arthrocnemum glaucum, Salicornia fruticosa, S. herbacea, Halocnemum strobilaceum, Anabasis articulata, A. haussknechtii, A. setifera, taloxylon persicum, H. salicornicum. On the basis of the primary vascular system, classification into 2 types was possible: (a) Salicornia‐Arthrocnemum type, in which the number of the stelar strands alternates between 6 and 8; and (b) Anabasis type, in which the number alternates between 4, 6 and 8. The latter type is assumed to be derived from the former. Similarly, on the basis of the venation pattern of the cortex and reduced leaves, 2 types were recognized: (a) Salicornia‐Arthrocnemum type, in which the cortical network is connected with the lateral branches of the leaf strands only; and (b) Anabasis type, in which the network is connected with both foliar and stelar strands. The view of the foliar origin of the cortex, as postulated by previous authors, is refuted and the present authors consider the fleshy tissue of the internode to be true cortex.
ON THE PHYLOGENETIC CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS
Authors: Sporne K. R.
Published: January 2018

Sporne, K. R. (Botany School, Cambridge, Eng.) On the phylogenetic classification of plants. Amer. Jour. Bot. 46(5): 385–394. Illus. 1959.—A knowledge of the fossil record is essential to the study of evolutionary relationships in the plant kingdom for, otherwise, it can be nothing but conjecture. Fossil remains of fungi and bryophytes are so few that the course of evolution in these groups is almost entirely a matter for speculation. Even when fossil remains do exist, they may well be so atypical of the group as to be almost worthless, as in the case of the algae. Fossil pteridophytes and gymnosperms are, however, numerous and there is no reason to suppose that they are grossly unrepresentative of their contemporaries. From them can be derived information that is of the greatest value to morphologists, in that it throws light on the true nature of plant organs and enables character‐phylogenies to be constructed. Nowhere, however, can genealogical trees (organism‐phylogenies) be built up with any degree of confidence and whether this will always be so remains to be seen. In the meantime, every encouragement must be given to palaeobotanists all over the world, for they alone hold the keys that can reveal the course of evolution.

“Ingenious men will readily advance plausible arguments to support whatever theory they shall choose to maintain; but then the misfortune is, every one's hypothesis is each as good as another's since they are all founded on conjecture.”

Gilbert White, Selbourne; in a letter to Thomas Pennant, Esq., 29 May, 1769.
KINETIN‐INDUCED PSEUDONODULES ON TOBACCO ROOTS
Authors: Arora Nirmal , Skoog F. , Allen O. N.
Published: January 2018

Arora, Nirmal, F. Skoog, and O. N. Allen. (U. Wisconsin, Madison.) Kinetin‐induced pseudonodules on tobacco roots. Amer. Jour. Bot. 46(8): 610–613. Illus. 1959.—Tobacco stem segments were cultured on modified White's medium containing 0.02–0.1 mg./l. of kinetin, 2 mg./l. of IAA and 2 g./l. of casein hydrolysate. Roots grew profusely from these stem pieces. In the presence of kinetin, especially when a second supply (0.2 mg./l.) was introduced after the roots had developed, large numbers of pseudonodules were formed along the root surfaces. The protuberances were spherical in shape and were invariably associated with the axial area of lateral rootlets derived as root primordia from parent root pericycle. Development of the pseudonodules started with the division and enlargement of cortical cells. The center of each pseudonodule contained either a simple provascular strand constituting a modified rootlet with a poorly defined apex and layers of tracheids at the base, or a normal lateral root primordium capable of continued growth and eventual emergence as a rootlet. In later stages, the swellings became lobed and the mature cells showed a high starch content. Although these kinetin‐induced pseudonodules arose from cortical tissue, their anatomical structure remained undifferentiated and unspecialized and bore no resemblance to that of typical nodules caused by rhizobia.
INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF GIBBERELLIC ACID AND SALINITY ON THE GROWTH OF BEANS
Authors: Nieman R. H. , Bernstein Leon
Published: January 2018

Nieman, R. H., and Leon Bernstein. (U. S. Salinity Laboratory, Riverside, Calif.) Interactive effects of gibberellic acid and salinity on the growth of beans. Amer. Jour. Bot. 46(9): 667–670. 1959.—Dwarf red kidney bean plants, grown from the primary leaf stage to maturity on a graded salt series (0, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 atm. O.P. NaCl added to a base nutrient solution), showed a progressive and highly significant growth depression with increasing concentration of NaCl. At low levels of salinity (0 and 1.5 atm. O.P.), gibberellic acid applied as a spray to primary leaves, in concentrations of 10 and 100 p.p.m. in distilled water, increased the stem length, fresh and dry wt. of both the top and the root, the yield of green beans, area per leaf, and the total leaf area per plant. At high levels of salinity (3.0 and 4.5 atm. O.P.) growth was so severely suppressed that the expression of all gibberellin effects, except the increase in stem length, was essentially prevented. Gibberellin was, therefore, ineffective in overcoming the salt‐induced suppression of growth. An increased rate of water use per unit leaf area was quite consistently observed with the gibberellin‐treated plants. This may be simply the result of the increased exposure to light and to air movement of leaves on an elongated stem.
I. THE EXPRESSION OF INSTABILITY IN N. TABACUM × N. PLUMBAGINIFOLIA
Authors: Moav Rom , Cameron D. R.
Published: January 2018

Moav, Rom (Hebrew U., Jerusalem), and D. R. Cameron. Genetic instability in Nicotiana hybrids. I. The expression of instability in N. tabacum × N. plumbaginifolia. Amer. Jour. Bot. 47(2): 87—93. 1960.—N. tabacum (n = 24) and N. plumbaginifolia (n=10) are distantly related species both from morphological and cytological points of view. Hybrids of these species with various genome dosages have exhibited somatic variegation when plumbaginifolia dominant characters were superimposed on an appropriate tabacum genetic background. Five loci were studied in this respect: Wh and Tg—for flower coloration; Ws—for chlorophyll production; Kl—for pollen abortion and Bs—for black shank resistance. All 5 were found to be unstable. Backcross progenies of the sesquidiploid hybrid (tbc‐tbc‐pbg) to tabacum showed a marked increase in intensity of variegation. This has been attributed to the breaking up of the plumbaginifolia genome into individual chromosomes. The evidence indicates that variegation was due to somatic chromosomal aberrations which probably characterized all the plumbaginifolia chromosomes. An hypothesis regarding the heterogeneity of F1 hybrids of distantly related homozygous species is outlined and the occurrence of instability due to hybridization in other Nicotiana hybrids is discussed.
CHLOROGENIC ACID ACCUMULATION AND WOUND HEALING IN SWEET POTATO ROOTS
Authors: McClure T. T.
Published: January 2018

McClure, T. T. (Plant Pest Control Division, ARS, USDA, Washington, D. C.) Chlorogenic acid accumulation and wound healing in sweet potato roots. Amer. Jour. Bot. 47(4) : 277—280. Illus. 1960.–Chlorogenic acid accumulation in cells adjacent to a wound occurs before suberization and wound‐periderm formation. Suberization during wound healing was highly correlated with chlorogenic acid accumulation and with wound‐periderm formation. The possible role of chlorogenic acid as a source of chemical units for suberization is suggested. Histochemical tests indicate that suberization during wound healing may be a form of lignification. Over 5 times as much lignin was found by chemical analysis in the tissues of healed surfaces as in controls.
CYTOLOGY OF HELMINTHOSPORIUM TURCICUM AND ITS ASCIGEROUS STAGE, TRICHOMETASPHAERIA TURCICA
Authors: Knox‐Davies P. S. , Dickson J. G.
Published: January 2018

Knox‐Davies, P. S., and J. G. Dickson. (U. Wisconsin, Madison.) Cytology of Helminthosporium turcicum and its ascigerous stage, Trichometasphaeria turcica. Amer. Jour. Bot. 47(5) : 328—339. Illus. 1960.–The cells of the vegetative hyphae were generally multinucleate. Interphase nuclei resembled those of higher organisms, with a matrix of thread‐like chromatin material surrounding a spherical nucleolus. “Beaked” nuclei frequently associated with anastomosing hyphae were interpreted as migrating nuclei. Nuclear division in the vegetative hyphae was rapid. Various division stages were distinguished but it was difficult to make accurate chromosome counts. The nucleoli were discarded at prophase or prometaphase and were reorganized in daughter nuclei at telophase. An outstanding feature of nuclear division was that all the nuclei in a cell divided simultaneously. Conidiophores and conidia were occasionally joined by wide cytoplasmic connections. They were multinucleate throughout their development. Mechanisms therefore exist for the perpetuation of heterokaryons through the conidium. Ascus development was studied in a hybrid between a dark and an albino isolate. Crozier formation was typical and nuclear fusion occurred in the young ascus. Four nuclear divisions were completed in the ascus before there was evidence of ascospore delimitation. Further nuclear division took place in the ascospores whose cells were multinucleate. The occurrence of less than 8 ascospores in an ascus appeared to follow degeneration of nuclei rather than the incorporation of a number of division‐Ill nuclei in a single ascopore. Chromosome counts and irregularities in the appearance and behavior of nuclei and chromosomes in the asci indicate that aneuploidy occurs in Trichometasphaeria turcica. It is suggested that aneuploidy is a common phenomenon in the conidial stage of the fungus H. turcicum, and possibly also in other imperfect fungi.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF CONIDIOBOLUS FOUND IN PLANT DETRITUS
Authors: Drechsler Charles
Published: January 2018

Drechsler, Charles. (Plant Industry Sta., Beltsville, Md.) Two new species of Conidiobolus found in plant detritus. Amer. Jour. Bot. 47(5) : 368—377. Illus. 1960.–By canopying Petri plates of maize‐meal agar with small quantities of friable or mealy plant detritus 2 new species of Conidiobolus, both of moderate dimensions, were isolated. They are described as C. incongruus and C. multivagus. The former, obtained from leaf mold collected in Colorado, produces zygospores which with respect to their internal organization differ markedly from those of congeneric species but resemble rather closely the globuliferous zygospores of Basidiobolus haptosporus and B. meristosporus. Conidiobolus multivagus, obtained from decayed twigs of Casuarina equisetifolia gathered in western Florida, forms a mycelium that soon becomes conspicuously disconnected. The disconnected condition here results partly from the production of many detached slender filaments, which, by constantly withdrawing protoplasmic materials from the posterior end while elongating at the tip, migrate through the slated substratum apparently without any intake of nutrients. The detached conidia of C. incongruus are provided with a more prominent basal papilla than those of C. multivagus, though both species show equally sharp demarcation between the globose main contour of the conidium and the dome‐shaped contour of the papillia.
LEAF DIMORPHISM IN POPULUS TRICHOCARPA
Authors: Critchfield William B.
Published: January 2018

Critchfield, William B. (Pacific SW Forest & Range Expt. Sta., Berkeley, Calif.) Leaf dimorphism in Populus trichocarpa. Amer. Jour. Bot. 47 (8) : 699–711. Illus. 1960.—In Populus trichocarpa and other species of Populus, each tree bears 2 kinds of leaves, referred to here as “early” and “late” leaves. Both leaf types are present on all long shoots. They differ in many features of external morphology, including petiole length, size and occurrence of marginal glands, venation, and stomatal distribution. This type of foliar dimorphism has its origins in a pronounced difference in leaf ontogeny. The early leaves originate in the developing bud and overwinter as embryonic leaves. The first late leaves are also present in the winter bud, but as arrested primordia, and succeeding late leaves are initiated at the tip of the growing shoot and develop uninterruptedly to maturity during the growing season. A similar correlation between leaf form and the circumstances of leaf ontogeny appears to be a common feature of many other instances of heterophylly. The expansion of the pre‐formed early leaves is almost completed by late spring, when the first late leaves begin to grow rapidly. The formation of late leaves may then continue until late in the season. The rapid elongation of the stem does not begin until the first late leaves expand. Elongation is restricted to shoots producing late leaves. Consequently, the early leaves are confined to short shoots and the base of long shoots; adventitious shoots and the upper part of long shoots bear only late leaves. Certain other woody plants with long and short shoots also exhibit a restriction of elongation to those shoots on which a second set of leaves is produced.
ITOPSIDEMA, A NEW GENUS OF THE OSMUNDACEAE FROM THE TRIASSIC OF ARIZONA
Authors: Daugherty Lyman H.
Published: January 2018

Daugherty, Lyman H. (San Jose State College, San Jose, Calif.) Itopsidema, a new genus of the Osmundaceae from the Triassic of Arizona. Amer. Jour. Bot 47(9): 771–777. Illus. 1960.—Itopsidema vancleavei, a new genus and species of the family Osmundaceae, is described. The specimen consists of several segments of an arborescent stem obtained from the Upper Triassic of the Petrified Forest National Monument near Holbrook, Arizona. The surfaces on 2 of the segments are covered by adventitious roots and the remaining segments are covered by leaf bases. The fronds are spirally arranged and have an 8/21 phyllotaxy. The cortex of the stem, which contains numerous leaf traces and adventitious roots, consists of parenchyma with cell walls of medium thickness. The leaf traces are oblong to crescent‐shaped in the inner cortex and horseshoe‐shaped in the outer cortex. The base of the petiole contains a single, large vascular bundle and is covered by multicelled, glandular spines. The adventitious roots originate on the abaxial side of the leaf traces in the region of the inner cortex. The center of the stem is occupied by an ectophloic, mesarch siphonostele without leaf gaps. The pith is composed of firm‐walled parenchyma cells which have isolated tracheids with reticulate pitting scattered among them. These tracheids are so rare the pith cannot be considered a “mixed pith.” The relationship and morphological significance of Itopsidema with respect to other members of the Osmundaceae are briefly discussed.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE PHOTOPERIODIC RESPONSE IN PINEAPPLE
Authors: Gowing Donald P.
Published: January 2018

Gowing, Donald P. (Pineapple Research Institute of Hawaii, Honolulu.) Experiments on the photoperiodic response in pineapple. Amer. Jour. Bot. 48(1): 16–21. 1961.—The initiation of flowering of ‘Smooth Cayenne’ pineapple plants is neither strictly a response to photoperiod (day lengths of 10 hr. 51 min.–13 hr. 24 min.) nor to a minimum temperature (minima from 50° to 72°F. in different areas) under natural Hawaiian conditions. Depending on the kind of planting material used and the time of planting, natural initiation of flowering may take place any month of the year. Slips planted in the fall generally initiate flowering in December of the following year. However, exposure of an 8‐mo.‐old slip‐planting to a day length of 8 hours for 40 days starting Sept. 8 induced flowering irrespective of night temperatures from about 60 to 80°F. Interruption of the dark period by illumination at 30 ft.‐c. from midnight to 1 a.m. suppressed the inductive effect. Lowering the night temperature to 60°F. was, of itself, non‐inductive. Field‐grown, 11‐mo.‐old plants treated in place responded similarly, in that 25 periods of 8‐hr. day length starting Sept. 5 induced 60% of the plants to flower, and the night illumination suppressed the inductive effect as before. Daily application of 0.12 mg. of the major native pineapple auxin (indole‐3‐acetic acid) at the beginning of the dark period had no detectable effect on the short‐day treatment, and similar application of an antiauxin (4‐chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid) did not affect the suppression of flowering by the light‐break. Supplemental illumination of field‐grown 12‐mo. plants to provide a photoperiod of more than 15 hr. daily from Nov. 4 to Jan. 30 did not suppress the natural initiation of flowering which occurred in early December (day length about 10 hr. 50 min.). ‘Smooth Cayenne’ pineapple is therefore a quantitative, but not an obligate, short‐day plant.
EARLY STAGES IN THE FORMATION OF INTERNAL BARRIERS TO GENE EXCHANGE BETWEEN DIPLOID SPECIES OF SOLANUM
Authors: Grun Paul
Published: January 2018

Grun, Paul. (Pennsylvania State U., University Park.) Early stages in the formation of internal barriers to gene exchange between diploid species of Solanum. Amer. Jour. Bot. 48(1): 79–89. Illus. 1961.—Internal barriers restricting development of F1 hybrids in crosses among closely related diploid species of Solanum belonging to the series Tuberosa and Commersoniana were studied to determine the early stages in development of barriers to gene exchange. Both of the parental series (species complexes) are native to South America, the Tuberosa occurring along the length of the Andes, while the Commersonia occur at lower altitudes in Argentina, Paraguay, and Bolivia. They are distinguished by a fair number of morphological characters. Following crossings between the species of each series and between species of the different series comparisons were made of the number of berries formed per attempted cross, seed per berry, percentage seed germination, and F1 vigor and pollen fertility. Although the species used were closely enough related that all could readily be hybridized, berry and seed set following crosses between species of different series were on the average lower than they were following crosses between species of the same series. These barriers are just forming and are expressed in a varying manner, so that there were significant differences between species of the same series, and even between clones of the same species in barrier expression. The barriers of some of the species were expressed only when they were tested as female or as male parent. The inter‐series F1 seeds germinated as well as did those of the parent species and the hybrids had a normal vigor and pollen fertility.