bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differentielle Beziehungsgestaltung in der Verhaltenstherapie: Auf dem Weg zu einer evidenzbasierten individualisierten Beziehungsgestaltung
Authors: Bollmann Simon , Köhler Stephan , Guhn Anne , Schamong Isabel , Sterzer Philipp , Brakemeier Eva-Lotta
Published: April 2021

Im Zuge der Anfänge der Verhaltenstherapie (VT) und der “kognitiven Wende” wurde der aktiven Beziehungsgestaltung und damit verbundenen Faktoren zunächst nur zweitrangig Beachtung geschenkt, obwohl die Bedeutung der Beziehung zwischen Therapeut und Patient auch in der VT bereits relativ früh erkannt wurde. Seitdem hat sich die VT substanziell weiterentwickelt. Insbesondere die aktive Gestaltung der therapeutischen Beziehung in Abhängigkeit verschiedener Variablen ist mittlerweile fester Bestandteil einer jeden VT. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit werden Konzepte der Beziehungsgestaltung dargestellt, welche der VT zugerechnet und im Rahmen der Ausbildung im deutschsprachigen Raum gelehrt werden. Fokussiert wird auf folgende drei Ansatzpunkte: Die Ausrichtung der Beziehung an (1) Therapiephasen, (2) Bedürfnissen, Motiven und Erwartungen sowie (3) frühen traumatisierenden Bezie­hungserfahrungen. Die aktuelle Studienlage legt nahe, dass pauschalisierte Handlungsempfehlungen zur aktiven Gestaltung der therapeutischen Beziehung zu kurz greifen. Ausgehend von der individuellen Problematik des einzelnen Patienten wird die Realisierung der therapeutischen Beziehung im Sinne einer differentiellen Beziehungsgestaltung beschrieben und diskutiert.
Bilateral Retinoblastoma Presenting in an in vitro Fertilization Infant with Retinopathy of Prematurity
Authors: Alghofaili Ruba Saleh , Almesfer Saleh A.
Published: April 2021

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and retinoblastoma (RB) are well-described entities in premature babies. Although their pathogeneses are different, with ROP representing a disorder of interrupted development and RB a genetic disease, a few co-occurring cases have been reported, raising the possibility that the 2 conditions. Here, we report the sixth such case of co-occurring ROP and RB in an 8-month-old infant conceived by in vitro fertilization (IVF) who developed bilateral retinoblastoma a few months after treatment for advanced-stage ROP. While the ROP was initially adequately managed, bilateral RB necessitated bilateral enucleation. This case raises a number of important questions about whether IVF, ROP, and RB are causally related. Although the associations between IVF, ROP, and RB are likely to be coincidental, this case nevertheless highlights that ROP patients require regular follow-up for early diagnosis and treatment of ocular sequelae including RB.
Acute Macular Neuroretinopathy Related to Alcoholic Hepatitis
Authors: Mc Cabe Grace Anne , Campbell William Gordon , Campbell Thomas Gordon
Published: April 2021

A 33-year-old woman admitted for acute alcoholic hepatitis was referred to the ophthalmology department with an acute onset paracentral scotoma of the left eye. On examination, best-corrected visual acuity was Snellen 6/4 in the right eye and 6/9 in the left eye. Dilated left fundus examination revealed wedge-shaped changes at the macula. Spectral-domain ocular coherence tomography (SD-OCT) initially revealed a small cuff of subfoveal fluid and band-like hyperreflectivity extending outwards from the outer plexiform layer consistent with acute macular neuroretinopathy (AMN). Four days later, repeat SD-OCT was performed and it demonstrated resolution of the subfoveal fluid and disruption of the outer retinal layers. At the 6-week follow-up, the patient had no improvement in her symptoms and OCT angiography demonstrated coarsening and microvascular changes in both the deep vascular plexus and the choriocapillaris. To our knowledge, this is the first case of AMN in association with acute hepatitis. Although the exact pathophysiology of AMN remains obscure, this case highlights the benefits of multimodal retinal imaging and aims to bring attention to the possible association of AMN with alcoholic hepatitis.
The Role of Sleep Curtailment on Leptin Levels in Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Mosavat Maryam , Mirsanjari Mitra , Arabiat Diana , Smyth Aisling , Whitehead Lisa
Published: April 2021

Emerging evidence has identified sleep as a significant, but modifiable, risk factor for metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and obesity. Leptin, an adipocyte-derived peptide and a regulator of food intake and energy expenditure, has been shown to be associated with a short sleep duration in the pathophysiology of obesity and consequently type 2 diabetes. This review focuses on the current evidence indicating the effects of a short sleep duration on the regulation of leptin concentration in association with obesity and diabetes mellitus. In summary, the evidence suggests that sleep deprivation, by affecting leptin regulation, may lead to obesity and consequently development of type 2 diabetes through increased appetite and food intake. However, findings on the role of leptin in diabetes due to sleep deprivation are contradictory, and further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm previous findings.
Association of Phosphate Containing Solutions with Incident Hypophosphatemia in Critically Ill Patients Requiring Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy
Authors: Thompson Bastin Melissa L. , Adams Paul M. , Nerusu Sethabhisha , Morris Peter E. , Mayer Kirby P. , Neyra Javier A.
Published: April 2021

Background: Hypophosphatemia in critically ill patients is a common electrolyte disturbance associated with a myriad of adverse effects. Critically ill patients requiring continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) are at high risk of hypophosphatemia and often require phosphate supplementation during therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of phosphate versus non-phosphate containing CRRT solutions with incident hypophosphatemia in critically ill patients requiring CRRT. Materials and Methods: This is a single-center, retrospective, cohort study at a tertiary academic medical center of 1,396 adult patients requiring CRRT during their intensive care unit stay comprising 7,529 (phosphate containing) and 4,821 (non-phosphate containing) cumulative days of CRRT. Multivariable logistic regression was used to model the primary outcome of hypophosphatemia during CRRT according to exposure to phosphate versus non-phosphate containing CRRT solutions. Results: Incident hypophosphatemia during CRRT, serum phosphate <2.5 mg/dL or 0.81 mmol/L, was significantly higher in the non-phosphate versus phosphate containing solution group: 304/489 (62%) versus 175/853 (21%) (p < 0.001). Cumulative phosphate supplementation was also significantly higher in the non-phosphate versus phosphate containing solution group: 79 (IQR: 0–320) versus 0 (0–16) mmol (p < 0.001). Non-phosphate solutions were associated with an 8-fold increase in the incidence of hypophosphatemia (adjusted OR 8.05; 95% CI 5.77, 11.26; p < 0.001). Discussion/Conclusions: The use of phosphate containing CRRT solutions was independently associated with reduced risk of incident hypophosphatemia and decreased phosphate supplementation during CRRT. Interventional studies to confirm these findings are needed.
Crucial Role of Respite Care in Supporting Informal Caregivers: A Challenge for the Care of Older Adults in the Middle East and North Africa
Authors: Lotfalinezhad Elham , Andersen-Ranberg Karen , Bhalla Devender , Nadrian Haidar
Published: April 2021

With the lack of respite care, caregivers will often suffer from physical, mental, and financial hardships. In the Middle East and North African countries, religion and cultural considerations may pull in opposite directions as a vast majority of families in the region care for their loved ones at home. Moreover, the sense of responsibility and obligations toward caring for an older family member also influences caregivers’ decision-making, even though such considerations may deprive them of even a short vacation or break. It is important for policymakers and stakeholders, in close participation with families and older adults receiving care, to take into account how various factors related to social, cultural, and religious matters affect quality of care and the well-being of care recipients and caregivers. Official policies could have an essential role in opening new avenues for temporary respite care, but authorities should be aware of the importance of cultural and religious principles while setting up such policies. Therefore, policymakers should engage with the relevant organizations, such as municipalities, nongovernmental organizations, charities, and religious institutions, to help the health system in establishing respite care facilities. In this article, we discuss a number of key issues and provide suggestions as to how this goal might be achieved. The availability of respite services could have a positive influence on the physical and mental health of both older adults in need of care and informal caregivers. In conclusion, those receiving care, caregivers, and the public health-care system will gain from the development of a range of respite care services.
Pathogenic and Compensatory Mechanisms in Epidermis of Sphingomyelin Synthase 2-Deficient Mice
Authors: Sakai Shota , Makino Asami , Nishi Akihito , Ichikawa Takeshi , Yamashita Tadashi , Taniguchi Makoto , Tokudome Yoshihiro , Hirabayashi Yoshio , Akiyama Masashi , Crumrine Debra , Uchida Yoshikazu , Elias Peter M. , Tsuchida Tetsuya , Hamanaka Sumiko
Published: April 2021

Sphingomyelin (SM) is a constituent of cellular membranes, while ceramides (Cer) produced from SM on plasma membranes serve as a lipid mediator that regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. In the skin, SM also is a precursor of Cer, an important constituent of epidermal permeability barrier. We investigated the role of epidermal SM synthase (SMS)2, an isoform of SMS, which modulates SM and Cer levels on plasma membranes. Although SMS2-knockout (SMS2-KO) mice were not neonatal lethal, an ichthyotic phenotype with epidermal hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis was evident at birth, which persisted until 2 weeks of age. These mice showed abnormal lamellar body morphology and secretion, and abnormal extracellular lamellar membranes in the stratum corneum. These abnormalities were no longer evident by 4 weeks of age in SMS2-KO mice. Our study suggests that (1) exposure to a dry terrestrial environment initiates compensatory responses, thereby normalizing epidermal ichthyotic abnormalities and (2) that a nonlethal gene abnormality can cause an ichthyotic skin phenotype.
Impact of Multiparametric Stone Measurement in Noncontrast Computer Tomography on Ureterorenoscopic Stone Removal
Authors: Rassweiler-Seyfried Marie-Claire , Otto Corinna , Haneder Stefan , Riffel Philipp , Stein Johannes , Ritter Manuel
Published: April 2021

Purpose: Low-dose computer tomography (NCCT) is the standard imaging modality for patients with acute flank pain with a suspicion of urolithiasis. The stone size is usually measured 2D by a radiologist. We compared 3D stone measurement using different windows to the 2D measurement and evaluated the clinical impact on ureterorenoscopic stone removal (URS). Methods: One hundred sixty-four patients (201 stones) with a preoperative NCCT, following a URS within 4 weeks, were included in this study. Stone location, number and size of stones, operating time, and laser lithotripsy were documented. Stones were measured in 3D using bone and soft tissue window. The maximum diameter was compared to the radiological report. The U test, Kruskal-Wallis, and regression were used for statistical analyses. Results: Almost two-thirds (64.68%; 130 stones) of stone measurements in 3D with the bone window were lower than the radiologist reports in 2D. One-third (34.83%; 70 stones) of stone measurements were higher and 0.5% (1 stone) reported the same size. Using the 3D soft tissue window, 81.09% (163 stones), 17.91% (37 stones), and 1% (2 stones) of stones were measured bigger, smaller, or had the same measurement results, respectively. In the clinical setting, we could calculate a cutoff for laser lithotripsy at a maximum stone diameter of 5.70 mm (p < 0.01) with the 3D and 6.01 mm with the 2D measurements, respectively, and found a significant correlation between maximum stone diameter and operating time (p < 0.01) and number of stones and operating time (p < 0.01 with and p = 0.02 without laser). Conclusion: 3D stone measurement with bone window seems to be more accurate than 2D measurement, but 2D is sufficient for planning stone treatment.
Impact of an Infant Formula Containing a Novel Fat Blend (Cow’s Milk Fat, Fish and Vegetable Oil) and Prebiotics on Stool Fatty Acid Soaps and Erythrocyte Fatty Acid Profiles in Full-Term Healthy Newborns
Authors: Lambidou Maroula , Alteheld Birgit , Fimmers Rolf , Jochum Frank , Nomayo Antonia , Stehle Peter
Published: April 2021

Introduction: Recently, new commercial infant formulas have been composed considering novel fat blends and oligosaccharides to better resemble the fatty acid (FA) composition and stereospecific distribution (e.g., increased amount of ß-palmitate) as well as probiotics content of human breast milk. We hypothesized that these newly composed infant formulas may decrease fecal FA soap excretion and may positively affect erythrocyte FA profiles compared with regular formulas. Methods: Healthy infants were randomly assigned to receive a high-sn-2-palmitate formula (>25% of the PA is esterified to the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone, verum: n = 30) or a “standard” formula containing <10% of PA in sn-2 position and no oligosaccharides (control: n = 27); a non-randomized group of breast-fed infants served as control. Anthropometric data of the infants (body weight, recumbent length, and head circumference) were recorded at inclusion (visit 1) and 6 and 12 weeks after onset of intervention (visits 2 and 3). Blood samples for erythrocyte FA analysis (gas chromatography) were taken at visits 1 and 2; stool samples were collected at visit 2. Results: Quantitative formula intake (mL/kg body weight × day) at visit 2 (verum: 155 ± 30, control: 164 ± 30) and visit 3 (verum: 134 ± 26, control: 134 ± 21) was comparable. Six weeks after onset of intervention, stool total FA soaps, palmitate soaps, and total FAs were similar in both formula-fed groups but significantly higher than in breast-fed infants. During the 6-week intervention, erythrocyte palmitate decreased significantly from baseline in all 3 groups with no group differences (verum: 29.20 ± 1.17 to 27.12 ± 0.66, control: 29.88 ± 2.00 to 27.01 ± 0.94, breast-fed: 30.20 ± 0.86 to 26.84 ± 0.98). For selected FAs, significant changes over time in verum and control group were obvious but without formula effects. Some variations in the FA profile of breast-fed infants compared to both verum and control groups were observed. Conclusions: In contrast to our hypothesis, feeding a newly composed infant formula based on a fat blend with 25% of PA in the sn-2 position of triacylglycerols and supplemented with a prebiotic could not decrease insoluble FA soap excretion compared with a standard product; in this respect, breastfeeding is obviously the best choice. Surprisingly, erythrocyte FA profiles were comparable in formula-fed and breast-fed infants; obvious alterations in FA composition of the respective fat sources and structure did not affect FA incorporation into membranes. Caution should be, however, exercised in drawing robust conclusions in the absence of larger, adequately powered intervention studies.
Histological Assessment of Rat Retinas with Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
Authors: San Cristóbal Epalza Juan , Palomares Teodoro , García-Alonso Ignacio , Herrero de la Parte Borja
Published: April 2021

Introduction: Retinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury occurs in pathological situations that interrupt the blood flow to the retina, such as is the case during central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO). The animal models described in the literature are based on the pressure produced by the weight of a given quantity of saline elevated to a certain height; however, to establish these parameters it is necessary to perform mathematical calculations that cannot be easily redone in the case of punctual variations of intraocular pressure (IOP). The aim of this study was to present a new system that allows us to reproduce the conditions of retinal IR and thereby properly assess the level of injury in retinal histological samples. Methods: We developed a retinal IR model in WAG/RijHsd rats based on CRAO through increasing IOP. To develop this model, we produced ischemia for 1 h using a hydrostatic pressure system that maintained a constant high IOP and then allowed reperfusion for 1 h. The injury attributable to IR was assessed by histological examination of retinal samples, determining whether there was histological damage and/or dendritic swelling and counting the outer nuclear layer cells showing cytoplasmic swelling. Results: The increase in IOP to 150 mm Hg produced CRAO, in turn causing observable histological damage and dendritic swelling in all retinas subjected to IR. Counting the number of cells showing cytoplasmic swelling yielded a mean of 102.5 ± 35 cells/field. The contralateral retinas were healthy, showing no significant changes. Conclusion: The retinal IR model proposed is simple, reproducible, and allows variable durations of ischemia and reperfusion, and most importantly, it allows easy correction by adjusting the pressure of the sphygmomanometer, of any change in IOP to keep the ischemia stable, without having to recalculate the elevation height of the ischemia induction system. Moreover, the damage caused by IR can be effectively assessed by the type of histopathological assessment performed. For these reasons, it can be considered a reliable method for studying drugs that may prevent retinal IR injury.
Is Hair Removal Necessary after Crystallized Phenol Treatment in Pilonidal Disease?
Authors: Kargın Süleyman , Doğru Osman , Turan Ersin
Published: April 2021

Objective: The most important cause of posttreatment recurrence of pilonidal sinus disease (PSD) is the reentry of hair into the skin. The study aimed to investigate the effect of hair removal and its duration on the prevention of recurrence after crystallized phenol treatment. Subject and Methods: Patients with PSD who were treated with crystallized phenol treatment were evaluated. Hair in the sacrococcygeal area was removed with depilatory cream before every crystallized phenol procedure, during the treatment, and after treatment once a month for 6 years. Of 1,016 patients, 735 were contacted by telephone or e-mail regarding the frequency of sacrococcygeal hair removal and recurrence. Demographic and sinus features and crystallized phenol application data of patients treated with crystallized phenol for PSD, as well as recurrences were retrospectively assessed. Results: The mean follow-up time was 46.23 ± 33 (range, 11–240) months, with 139 (18.9%) patients experiencing recurrence. Patients who underwent hair removal experienced significantly less recurrence than those who did not (p = 0.003, odds ratio [OR]: 0.54 [95% CI: 0.36–0.82]). The OR of recurrence decreased by 0.8% every month as the hair removal time increased (OR: 0.992, 95% CI: 0.985–1.000, p = 0.049). The cutoff value for sensitivity was 0.636, specificity 0.466, and area under the curve 0.562 in hair removal procedures that lasted for over 30 months. Conclusion: Regular hair removal during, and at least 30 months after, crystallized phenol treatment reduced recurrences in patients with PSD.
Prolactin from Pluripotency to Central Nervous System Development
Authors: Martínez-Alarcón Omar , García-López Guadalupe , Guerra-Mora José Raúl , Molina-Hernández Anayansi , Diaz-Martínez Néstor Emmanuel , Portillo Wendy , Díaz Néstor Fabián
Published: April 2021

Prolactin (PRL) is a versatile hormone that exerts more than 300 functions in vertebrates, mainly associated with physiological effects in adult animals. Although the process that regulates early development is poorly understood, evidence suggests a role of PRL in the early embryonic development regarding pluripotency and nervous system development. Thus, PRL could be a crucial regulator in oocyte preimplantation and maturation as well as during diapause, a reversible state of blastocyst development arrest that shares metabolic, transcriptomic, and proteomic similarities with pluripotent stem cells in the naïve state. Thus, we analyzed the role of the hormone during those processes, which involve the regulation of its receptor and several signaling cascades (Jak/Mapk, Jak/Stat, and PI3k/Akt), resulting in either a plethora of physiological actions or their dysregulation, a factor in developmental disorders. Finally, we propose models to improve the knowledge on PRL function during early development.
Wireless stepper motor control and optimization based on robust control theory
Authors: Al-Azzawi Waleed Khalid
Published: April 2021

Stepper motors are broadly utilized in actual systems, which are marked by non-linear parameters such as internal, external noises and uncertainties from wireless network. As well, a suitable controller is required when the problem is to track the target signal. In this paper, robust controller based on model reference are investigated to wireless control and optimize position and time in stepper motors. The core impression to build a robust controller is to use a model reference control system. Furthermore, simulations are implemented to control stepper motor position and time in two cases: first, when the wireless network without any delay and packet dropout. Second, uncertain equations when the wireless network with time delays and packet dropout. Simulation results demonstrate that proposed controller has achieved and enhanced the performance in tracking and robustness.
Switched time delay control based on neural network for fault detection and compensation in robot
Authors: Dihya Maincer , Moufid Mansour , Chemseddine Boudjedir , Moussaab Bounabi
Published: April 2021

Fault detection in robotic manipulators is necessary for their monitoring and represents an effective support to use them as independent systems. This present study investigates an enhanced method for representation of the faultless system behavior in a robot manipulator based on a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) neural network learning model which produces the same behavior as the real dynamic manipulator. The study was based on generation of residue by contrasting the actual output of the manipulator with those of the neural network; Then, a time delay control (TDC) is applied to compensate the fault, in which a typical sliding mode command is used to delete the time delay estimate produced by the belated signal in order to obtain strong performances. The results of the simulations performed on a model of the SCARA arm manipulator, showed a good trajectory tracking and fast convergence speed in the presence of faults on the sensors. In addition, the command is completely model independent, for both TDC and MLP neural network, which represents a major advantage of the proposed command.
Efficacy and Safety of Using Dual Versus Monotherapy Antiplatelet Agents in Secondary Stroke Prevention: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials
Authors: Trifan Gabriela , Gorelick Philip B. , Testai Fernando D.
Published: April 2021

Background:

Dual antiplatelet treatment (DAPT) with aspirin plus clopidogrel for a limited time is recommended after minor noncardioembolic stroke.

Methods:

We performed a meta-analysis of all major studies that compared the efficacy and safety of DAPT versus monotherapy for the secondary prevention of recurrent stroke or transient ischemic attack. The primary outcomes were stroke and the composite of stroke, transient ischemic attack, acute coronary syndrome, and death from any cause. The safety outcome was major hemorrhage. Relative risk (RR) and 95% CIs were calculated. Heterogeneity was assessed by
I
2
and Cochrane Q statistics.

Results:

The analysis included 27 358 patients, the quality of evidence was moderate to low, and the heterogeneity for all the comparisons was low (
I
2
≤25%). Compared with monotherapy, DAPT reduced the risk of recurrent stroke (RR, 0.71 [95% CI, 0.63–0.81]) and composite outcome (RR, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.69–0.83]) but increased the risk of major bleeding (RR, 2.17 [95% CI, 1.45–3.25]). In the subgroup analysis, ≤30 days of DAPT increased the risk of hemorrhage relative to monotherapy (RR, 1.94 [95% CI, 1.08–3.52]). In the sensitivity analysis, the risk for hemorrhage with ≤30 days of DAPT after excluding the combination of aspirin plus ticagrelor was comparable to monotherapy (RR, 1.42 [95% CI, 0.77–2.60]). However, the risk for stroke recurrence and composite outcomes in the subgroup and sensitivity analyses remain decreased compared with monotherapy.

Conclusions:

DAPT decreases the risk of recurrent stroke and composite events compared with monotherapy. DAPT increases the risk of major hemorrhage, except if the treatment is limited to 30 days and does not include the combination of aspirin plus ticagrelor.
A Room with a landscape: Vedute from the Palace of
the Privileged Company of Trieste and Rijeka
Authors: Grupa Fokus
Published: April 2021

In the oldest Austro-Hungarian sugar refinement plant opened in mid 18thcentury in Rijeka, today Croatia, a series of “idealized” landscapes pained by unknown artisans include depictions of slaves. The so-called Vedute ideate are a rare depiction of the racialized slave labor in the Austro-Hungarian Empire that points to the invisible labor, which enabled industrial production of sugar and made visible the relation of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, together with the peripheral port town of Rijeka, to the global flow of capital and the history of colonialism. By drawing on Catherine Baker’s recently published “Race in Yugoslavia” we look at how representation of slavery did not receive critical assessment while the resentment for the racialization across ethnic lines, in relation to Europe proper where the inhabitants ex-Yugoslavia are themselves racialized as the European other, perseveres. With the repurposing of the industrial building in the framework of European Capital of Culture project, Rijeka 2020 – Port of Diversity, the Vedute ideate will be publicly displayed as part of the Museum of the City of Rijeka display but it is uncertain whether the museum will recognize colonialism as a constituent part of Rijeka’s industrialization and development.
The Pathway to Enrolling in a High-Performance High School: Understanding Barriers to Access
Authors: Sartain Lauren , Barrow Lisa
Published: April 2021

In 2017, Chicago Public Schools adopted an online universal application system for all high schools with the hope of providing more equitable access to high-performance schools. Despite the new system, black students and students living in low socioeconomic status (SES) neighborhoods remained less likely than their peers to enroll in a high-performance high school. In this paper, we characterize various constraints that students and families may face in enrolling in a high-performance high school, including eligibility to programs based on prior academic achievement, distance from high-performance options, elementary school performance ratings, and neighborhood SES. After adjusting for differences in these access factors, we find the gap between black and Latinx students’ likelihood of enrolling in a high-performing high school is reduced by about 80 percent. We find a similarly large reduction in the enrollment gap between students from low and middle SES neighborhoods after adjusting for eligibility and distance factors. These findings have implications for policies that may help equalize access to high-performance schools through changes to eligibility requirements and improved transportation options.
Spiranthes bightensis (Orchidaceae), a New and Rare Cryptic Hybrid Species Endemic to the U. S. Mid-Atlantic Coast
Authors: PACE MATTHEW C.
Published: April 2021

Recognizing species diversity is challenging in genera that display interspecific similarity and intraspecific variation; hybridization and the evolution of cryptic hybrid species amplifies these challenges. Recent molecular and morphological research focused on the systematics of Spiranthes (Orchidaceae) support hybrid speciation as an important driver of species diversity, particularly within the S. cernua species complex. Working under an integrated history-bound phylogenetic species concept, new molecular and morphometric data provide evidence for a new and rare cryptic hybrid species resulting from the ancient hybridization of S. cernua × S. odorata, here described as S. bightensis. Although S. bightensis is regionally sympatric with S. cernua it does not co-occur with that species, and it is allopatric with respect to S. odorata. Endemic to a narrow region extending from the Delmarva Peninsula to Long Island, New York, this new species occurs in the shadow of the Northeast megalopolis and appears to have undergone a major population decline over the last 200 years. By recognizing this distinct evolutionary lineage as a new species, this research is the first step towards developing conservation protocols for this rare species and highlights the importance of the North American Geologic Coastal Plain for biodiversity conservation and evolution.
Beilschmiedia osacola (Lauraceae) a new species from the Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica

Authors: SANTAMARÍA-AGUILAR DANIEL , AGUILAR FERNÁNDEZ REINALDO , VAN DER WERFF HENK
Published: April 2021

We describe and illustrate a new species of Beilschmiedia, from the Osa Peninsula of Costa Rica. It is distinguished by its small flowers, which are turbinate to campanulate, with six fertile stamens and pubescent ovary, in addition it has alternate leaves along the twigs, with the lower leaf surface glabrous and not glaucous. In the field, it can be recognized by its stature, a very large tree, with the bark reddish, and peeling in large plates. Among described congeners it is superficially similar to B. hexanthera, from French Guiana, which also has six fertile stamens, and staminodes of whorl III columnar, but differs in having a pubescent ovary and larger, more branched inflorescences.
A new species of Eupatorus Burmeister, 1847 related to Eupatorus birmanicus Arrow, 1908 from southwestern China (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae)
Authors: PRANDI MASSIMO , GROSSI PASCHOAL C.
Published: April 2021

A new species belonging to genus Eupatorus Burmeister, 1847, Eupatorus pyros Prandi & Grossi, new species (Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Dynastini: Chalcosomina), from southwestern China is described and illustrated. The new species is close to E. birmanicus Arrow, 1908. A distribution map and an identification key for the Eupatorus siamensis species-group are provided.
Two new species of Tanytarsus van der Wulp (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Costa Rica
Authors: REIS PATRICIA DO ROSARIO , GIL-AZEVEDO LEONARDO H. , FERREIRA-KEPPLER RUTH L.
Published: April 2021

Tanytarsus is a highly diverse genus of Chironomidae (Diptera), distributed worldwide. In the Neotropics, 84 species are known, but only five have been recorded from Central America to date. In the present article, two new species of the Tanytarsus ortoni species group are described and illustrated based on male specimens collected from Costa Rica, T. braini sp. nov. and T. costarica sp. nov.
Intrinsic Oceanic Decadal Variability of Upper-Ocean Heat Content
Authors: Constantinou Navid C. , Hogg Andrew McC.
Published: April 2021

Atmosphere and ocean are coupled via air–sea interactions. The atmospheric conditions fuel the ocean circulation and its variability, but the extent to which ocean processes can affect the atmosphere at decadal time scales remains unclear. In particular, such low-frequency variability is difficult to extract from the short observational record, meaning that climate models are the primary tools deployed to resolve this question. Here, we assess how the ocean’s intrinsic variability leads to patterns of upper-ocean heat content that vary at decadal time scales. These patterns have the potential to feed back on the atmosphere and thereby affect climate modes of variability, such as El Niño or the interdecadal Pacific oscillation. We use the output from a global ocean–sea ice circulation model at three different horizontal resolutions, each driven by the same atmospheric reanalysis. To disentangle the variability of the ocean’s direct response to atmospheric forcing from the variability due to intrinsic ocean dynamics, we compare model runs driven with interannually varying forcing (1958–2018) and model runs driven with repeat-year forcing. Models with coarse resolution that rely on eddy parameterizations show (i) significantly reduced variance of the upper-ocean heat content at decadal time scales and (ii) differences in the spatial patterns of low-frequency variability compared with higher-resolution models. Climate projections are typically done with general circulation models with coarse-resolution ocean components. Therefore, these biases affect our ability to predict decadal climate modes of variability and, in turn, hinder climate projections. Our results suggest that for improving climate projections, the community should move toward coupled climate models with higher oceanic resolution.
Direct tuning of the data-driven controller considering closed-loop stability based on a fictitious reference signal
Authors: Yahagi Shuichi , Kajiwara Itsuro
Published: April 2021

The direct tuning of controller parameters, which is based on data-driven control, has been attracting considerable attention because of the ease of its control system design. In practical use, it is important to consider the stability of the closed-loop system and model matching with few design parameters. In this study, we propose a direct tuning method based on a fictitious reference signal that considers the bounded-input bounded-output (BIBO) and model matching without repeating experiments. The proposed method includes two steps. In the first step, the BIBO stability is satisfied. The pole information is lost in the cost function of the conventional method using a fictitious reference signal. Then, we derive a new cost function that can prevent the loss of the pole information. This provides controller parameters that can stabilize the closed-loop system. The model matching between the reference model and the closed-loop system is considered in the second step. When model matching is achieved, the characteristics of the reference model almost match those of the closed-loop system, including the gain and phase margins. The parameters of the reference model are automatically tuned to realize model matching. Using the two-step method, we can obtain parameters considering BIBO stability and the model matching. In addition, there are no design parameters apart from the dealing noise. Two simulations and an experiment were performed on a system with dead time to verify the effectiveness of the proposed two-step method. The results showed that the proposed method provides BIBO stability and model-matched control parameters from the measured data through a one-time experiment without trial and error.
Numerical and analytical assessment of hydraulic pressure on the inner wall of the deep-water caisson under sudden flooding risk
Authors: Hong Jie , Wei Kai , Qin Shunquan
Published: April 2021

Sudden flooding is one of the major risks for the drainage sinking construction of deep-water caisson. The damage of inner walls due to hydraulic pressure induced by sudden flooding threatens the labor and structural safety. This study developed the numerical model and analytical method to assess the hydraulic pressure on the inner walls of both the balanced and sudden-sinking caisson under sudden flooding risk. An experimental program of sudden flooding into a caisson specimen was conducted in a water basin to validate the numerical model and the analytical method for balanced caisson. The numerical and analytical methods were then illustrated by an actual engineering practice to show the hydraulic pressure on the inner walls for the caisson under balanced and sudden-sinking state, respectively. The experimental validation and engineering illustration prove that the numerical model is effective in the assessment of hydraulic pressure of caisson under sudden flooding, especially for the complicated case that includes the turbulence effect and sudden sinking, while the analytical method can calculate the quasi-static value of the hydraulic pressure more efficiently. The presented methods provide the engineers with alternative tools to learn more about the sudden flooding risk of the deep-water caisson.
Brexit and Canada: Stopgap Solutions for the EU–Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) or a New Beginning?
Authors: Neuwahl Nanette
Published: April 2021

This article investigates how Canada’s trade with the EU-27 and the UK might be affected by Brexit. As the transition period foreseen in the 2019 UK Withdrawal Agreement has ended, the EU and the UK are no longer one customs area. The EU–Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA), like other EU agreements, has ceased to apply to the UK. Henceforth, the policies and legislation of the UK and the EU-27 will invariably diverge. Taking into account both the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement as well as the Canada UK Trade Continuity Agreement concluded in late-2020, the article shows that the agreements reached, while providing immediate stopgaps for some of the fallout of Brexit, also represent potential for a new departure.
A Beautiful Law for the Beautiful Game? Revisiting the Football Offences Act 1991
Authors: Pearson Geoff
Published: April 2021

This article revisits the operation of the Football (Offences) Act (FOA) 1991 30 years after its enactment. FOA was introduced following recommendations of the Taylor Report 1990 as part of a raft of measures looking to balance spectator safety against the threat of football crowd disorder. Providing targeted and largely uncontroversial restrictions on football spectators, and seemingly popular with police and clubs, FOA criminalises throwing missiles, encroaching onto the pitch and engaging in indecent or ‘racialist’ chanting. It is argued here that FOA has struggled to keep pace with developments in football spectator behaviour and management, that it is increasingly used in a manner unanticipated by the legislators and that it faces new challenges in enforcement as a result of developing human rights law. The FOA may still provide a useful tool for football spectator management, but it needs substantial amendment to remain relevant to the contemporary legal and football landscape.
Work–life balance and gig work: ‘Where are we now’ and ‘where to next’ with the work–life balance agenda?
Authors: Warren Tracey
Published: April 2021

The article asks ‘where are we’ in the study of work–life balance within Industrial Relations and ‘where to next’ if we are to identify levers for positive change in workplace gender equality as technology brings the potential for smoothing or disrupting how women and men from different class groups work and care. It first shines a classed lens on the mainstream work–life balance agenda to pinpoint limitations in its heavy focus on the time squeezes reported by financially secure middle-class workers and its neglect of money matters. Then, via an enhanced conceptualisation, the article considers the ramifications of the growth in gig work for work–life balance. Gig work is promoted as offering flexibility and autonomy, enabling carers to work and care, but it is performed without the safety nets that are more common in formal employment. It can bring unpredictability in both work-time and income, work intensification and financial hardship that all impact work–life balance. ‘Where to next’ is developing a more inclusive approach that recognises gender, class and other types of diversity in order to lever workplace gender equality for all.
The Effect of Attentional Direction on Sub-Stages of Preparing for Motor Skill Execution Across Practice
Authors: Luan Mengkai , Mirifar Arash
Published: April 2021

While several empirical studies using dual-task methodology have examined the effect of attentional direction on motor skill execution; few have studied the effect of attentional direction on just the preparation phase of motor practice. In this study, via a keying sequence paradigm, we explored processing stages of preparation for a motor skill and disentangled the effect of attentional direction on various stages across practice. First, participants learned two keying sequences (three versus six keys). Then, they practiced the keying sequences in response to corresponding sequence labels under two block-wise alternating dual-task conditions. To dissect the preparation phase into sequence selection and sequence initiation stages, participants received varying amounts of preparation time (0, 300, 900 ms) before a starting signal instructed them to begin sequence execution. In each trial, a tone was paired with one of the three or six keypresses, and participants indicated either the keypress with which the tone was presented (skill-focused dual task) or the tone’s pitch (extraneous dual task) after the sequence execution. We found that attentional direction affected only the sequence selection stage, not the sequence initiation stage. During early practice, compared to drawing attention away from execution, directing attention toward execution led to faster sequence selection. This advantage decreased with practice and vanished during late blocks of trials. Moreover, for the execution phase, relative to directing attention toward execution, drawing attention away from execution led to better performance of keying sequence execution across practice. Thus, attentional direction alone does not fully explain the difference between performance patterns at different skill levels in the dual-task literature; rather, types of motor skills and dual task difficulty levels may also drive performance differences.
Changes to Timeliness and Completeness of Infectious Disease Reporting in Texas After Implementation of an Epidemiologic Capacity Program
Authors: Stone Kahler W. , Felkner Marilyn , Garza Eric , Perez-Patron Maria , Schmit Cason D. , McDonald Thomas J. , Horney Jennifer A.
Published: April 2021

Objectives

The objective of this study was to characterize the changes in timeliness and completeness of disease case reporting in Texas in response to an increasing number of foodborne illnesses and high-consequence infectious disease investigations and the Texas Department of State Health Services’ new state-funded epidemiologist (SFE) program.

Methods

We extracted electronic disease case reporting data on 42 conditions from 2012 through 2016 in all local health department (LHD) jurisdictions. We analyzed data on median time for processing reports and percentage of complete reports across time and between SFE and non-SFE jurisdictions using Mann–Whitney t tests and z scores.

Results

The median time of processing improved from 13 days to 10 days from 2012 to 2016, and the percentage of disease case reports that were complete improved from 19.6% to 27.7%. Most reports were for foodborne illnesses; both timeliness (11 to 7 days) and completeness (20.9% to 23.5%) improved for these reports.

Conclusions

Disease reporting improvements in timeliness and completeness were associated with the SFE program and its enhancement of epidemiologic capacity. SFEs were shown to improve surveillance metrics in LHDs, even in jurisdictions with a high volume of case reports. Adding epidemiologist positions in LHDs produces a tangible outcome of improved disease surveillance.
Prevalence and Associated Factors of Anemia among Muslim Students, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Rattanawan Chutima , Cheloh Suraiya , Maimahad Asma , Tayeh Malatee
Published: April 2021

Anemia is a global public health problem. The prevalence of anemia among different ages, genders or ethnic groups must be clarified in order to solve problems. This study proposed to determine the prevalence and factors related to anemia among the Muslim school-age population in Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand. Socio-demographic and anthropometric data were collected by a structured questionnaire. Blood samples were collected from 200 school-age subjects. The thalassemia screening was performed with KKU-OF and KKU-DCIP reagents. The prevalence of anemia in this study was 36.5%, divided into males and females, 33.3% and 39.1%, respectively. The means of Hb, Hct, MCV, MCH, and MCHC in the anemic group were significantly lower. The positive results for KKU-OF or KKU-DCIP or both were 15.0%, 2.5%, and 1.0%, respectively. The result of positive OF test was a significantly independent factor for anemia. The number of family members was 5 to 7 and more than 7 persons are related factors for anemia in this study. In summary, the contribution of thalassemia and socio-economic factor are associated factors to anemia in this population. These findings should be addressed in public health strategies for the control of anemia of school-aged Muslims in the region.
Characteristics of Cancer Symptom Clusters Reported through a Patient-Centered Symptom Cluster Assessment
Authors: Kwekkeboom Kristine L. , Wieben Ann , Braithwaite Loyda , Hopfensperger Kaitlyn , Kim Kyung Soo , Montgomery Kathleen , Reske Margaret , Stevens Jennifer
Published: April 2021

In the scope of symptom cluster research, few investigators have obtained patients’ perceptions of their symptom clusters, even though this information is central to designing effective interventions. In this cross-sectional study, 38 adults with cancer completed measures of demographics, health outcomes (functional status, well-being, quality of life) and a symptom cluster assessment that captured symptom occurrence, severity, distress, clustering, a priority cluster, causal attributions, duration, directional relationships, and cluster interference with daily life. Participants described 72 distinct symptom clusters. Symptoms were most frequently attributed to the cancer diagnosis. Participants’ priority symptom cluster typically included two symptoms of continuous duration and one intermittent symptom. Temporal order and direction of symptom relationships varied, with 75 different relationships described among symptom pairs. Greater symptom cluster burden and interference were related to poorer health outcomes. This patient-centered view of symptom clusters revealed substantial variability in symptom cluster characteristics with important implications for symptom management.
A Preliminary Study of BEST in CLASS–Elementary on Teacher Self-Efficacy, Burnout, and Attributions
Authors: McCullough Shannon Nemer , Granger Kristen L. , Sutherland Kevin S. , Conroy Maureen A. , Pandey Toshna
Published: April 2021

Student problem behaviors in early elementary school have been associated with increased teacher burnout, negative emotions, and stress, along with negative student outcomes, including increased risk of emotional and behavioral disorders (EBDs). This study examined the impact of BEST in CLASS–Elementary (BEST in CLASS-E), a teacher-delivered Tier 2 intervention, on teacher self-efficacy, burnout, and attributions for student behavior. Participants in the study were 45 kindergarten to Grade 3 students, identified as at risk of EBD, and their 26 teachers from three elementary schools located in an urban school district. Although changes in teacher self-efficacy and burnout were nonsignificant, results suggest that teachers in the BEST in CLASS-E condition reported less emotional exhaustion than teachers in the control condition and that BEST in CLASS-E had a slight but nonsignificant effect ( p = .06) on teachers’ causal attributions of problem behavior. This study highlights the promise of BEST in CLASS-E as a Tier-2 intervention delivered by teachers in impacting elementary teacher outcomes. Implications and limitations of the study are discussed.