bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
열풍 건조와 태양 건조한 국내산 고추의 물리화학적 및 미생물학적 품질 특성 비교
Authors: Ku Kyung Hyung , Lee Kyung-A , Koo Minseon
Published: October 2014

The aim of this study was to provide useful information for making guide of quality index of Korean red pepper. The results of physicochemical characteristics analysis showed the moisture content of air-dried and sun-dried red pepper were 10.38~15.60% and 9.46~17.22%, which show that 50% of the 40 samples exceeded the 13% KS moisture standards of red pepper powder. The capsaicinoids content of the air-dried and sun-dried samples were 10.85~126.39 mg% (1,627~18,958 Scoville heat unit) and 0.43~164.09 mg% (64.5~24,613.5 Scoville heat unit). A wide distribution of ASTA values was observed: 49.12~154.69 and 70.08~182.13 for air-dried and sun-dried red pepper, respectively, with 9.29 ~ 23.10% free sugar, and 0~1,050 mg% of ascorbic acid. The total viable cells of the air-dried red peppers were 2.01~6.67 log CFU/g and of sun-dried red peppers, 1.74~5.77 log CFU/g. The contamination level of yeast in the samples were 1.03~4.12 log CFU/g of the air-dried samples and 1.05~6.10 log CFU/g of the sun-dried samples. Among the foodborne pathogens, Clostridium perfringens and Bacillus cereus were detected in many red pepper samples regardless drying method. In the principal component analysis, the first (PC1) and second principal components (PC2) accounted for 56.78 % of the total variances (38.47% and 18.31%, respectively). Ascorbic acid, ASTA, color value (L, a, b) were strongly correlated with the PC1, and quality characteristics such as moisture, microorganism, sample (drying method) showed a negative correlation with the PC1.
Use of oriental melon peel extracts to maintain the quality of Agaricus bisporus during its storage
Authors: Park Hye Jin , Kim Gun-Hee
Published: October 2014

Changes in quality of mushroom during storage are severe problem that reduce the shelf life of harvested mushrooms. This study investigates the effect of oriental melon peel extracts on maintenance of the quality of mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus). Mushrooms were dipped in solutions (distilled water, DW; 0.1% oriental melon peel extract, OMP; 0.1% ascorbic acid, AA; and OMP+AA) for 3 minutes. After the dipped mushrooms were air-dried at room temperature, they were packaged in a polypropylene (PP) films and stored at 4°C and 15°C. The changes in the quality of mushrooms were measured in terms of their color, gas composition, firmness, and sensory evaluation during storage at 4°C and 15°C. The antioxidant and anti-browning activities of oriental melon peel extract were measured with respect to their total polyphenol contents, total flavonoid contents, DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging, copper chelating activity and PPO inhibition activity. The samples that were dipped in all the solutions did not show significant differences in firmness and gas exchange during their storage at 4°C and 15°C. At both storage temperatures, the OMP solution samples showed highest L value and lowest delta E value. The sensory evaluation showed that during the storage period, the overall acceptability of mushrooms treated with the OMP and OMP+AA solutions was higher than that of the untreated mushrooms. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of oriental melon peel extract were 4.81 mg GAE·g-1 and 1.18 mg QE·g-1, respectively. The DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging activity, copper chelating activity and PPO inhibition activity of the oriental melon peel extract lower than ascorbic acid. All these results suggest that oriental melon peel extract can be used as a natural browning inhibitor.
Enzyme treatment for clarification of spoiled oriental melon juice
Authors: Jang Se-Jin , Jo Yong-Jun , Seo Ji-Hyung , Kim Ok-Mi , Jeong Yong-Jin
Published: October 2014

In Gyeongsangbuk-do seongju area, hundreds of tons of spoiled oriental melon are harvested annually. Therefore, ways to prevent such spoilage are needed. This study was conducted to investigate the quality characteristics of spoiled oriental melon juice after enzyme treatment for the production of oriental melon concentrate. The treatment of the oriental melon juice with three kinds of enzymes with variable concentrations showed the following results. PECE(1), which was compounded pectinase and cellulase at 0.01% (v/v), gave the melon a 0.16 brown color and 0.01 turbidity, and the highest L value of 97.00. The detected free sugar contents were fructose, glucose and sucrose, with the amount of sucrose the highest at roughly 4,000 mg%. The mixture of different enzyme treatments resulted in a 0.15 brown color and 0.01 turbidity at 60 minutes, and the L value was high at 97.25. The enzyme treatment temperatures of 50℃ and 60℃ yielded a low-level brown color and low turbidity, but the L values were high at 60℃ and 70℃. These results showed that 0.01% (v/v) mixing enzyme, i.e., pectinase and cellulose compounded at 60℃ for 60 min, must be used for the production of oriental melon concentrate.
Evaluation of mineral, heavy metal and phthalate contents in mudflat solar salt and foreign salt
Authors: Kim Hag-Lyeol , Lee In-Seon , Kim In-Cheol
Published: October 2014

The purpose of this study was to evaluated a phthalate, heavy metal contents and physicochemical quality properties in korean mudflat solar salt and foreign salts. DEHP in mudflat solar salt (MSS) was detected a low level (9.00~669.89 ppb), but it was shown a high level excess to 1.5 ppm criteria in the foreign solar salt (FSS) 5 type (3,440.64, 3,266.56, 2,189.65, 4,010.69, 4,554.20 ppb) and foreign large solar salt (FLSS) 1 type (1,983.27 ppb). Also, DEHP in FSS 2 type (930.15, 1,310.07 ppb) and FLSS 1 type (924.92 ppb) was detected a high level not excess to criteria. No detected DMP, DEP, DIBP, DBP, DAP, BBP, DCHP and DEHA contents in MSS and foreign salt (FS). Na ion was shown a significantly higher level (p<0.05) in FS (407,345.87~426,612.14 ppm) than in MSS (363,633.98 ppm), but it was shown a high level in Mg (p<0.01), K (p<0.05), Ca ion (p<0.05) of FSS compared to foreign refined salt (FRS). Cl ion (532,727.07 ppm) of MSS was the most low level (p<0.001) compared to FS, but it was shown a high level (p<0.001) in Br ion (625.07 ppm). SO4 ion was not shown a significant difference in DS and FS. It was display a high level in Mn of MSS, and Al, Fe of FLSS. Heavy metal contents (As, Cd, Pb and Hg) in MSS and FS was not significant difference, it was safety level as edible salt.
Anti-diabetic effect of the mixture of mulberry leaf and green tea powder in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes
Authors: Son Hee-Kyoung , Han Ju-Hee , Lee Jae-Joon
Published: October 2014

This study investigated the hypoglycemic effects of mulberry leaf (M), green tea (G), and a mixture of mulberry leaf and green tea (MG) in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the non-diabetic (N) and diabetic groups. The experimental animals were divided into four groups and fed the following for four weeks: a normal diet (N), the STZ+normal diet (STZ), the STZ+5% mulberry leaf (STZ-M), STZ+5% green tea (STZ-G), and the STZ+5% mixture of mulberry leaf and green tea (STZ-MG). The whole blood glucose level of the STZ-M, STZ-G and STZ-MG groups significantly decreased compared to the STZ group two weeks later. The serum glucose and fructosamine, and urine glucose levels in the STZ-M, STZ-G and STZ-MG groups were lower than in the STZ group. The levels of serum insulin were higher in the STZ-M, STZ-G and STZ-MG groups than in the STZ group. However, serum glucose, fructosamine and insulin levels, and urine glucose levels were not significantly different among the STZ-M, STZ-G and STZ-MG groups. These results indicate that mulberry leaf, green tea, and their mixture help prevent or attenuate the progression of diabetes in rats with STZ-induced diabetes.
Antimicrobial peptides play a functional role in bumblebee anti-trypanosome defense
Authors: Deshwal Soni , Mallon Eamonn B.
Published: October 2014

Bumblebees, amongst the most important of pollinators, are under enormous population pressures. One of these is disease. The bumblebee and its gut trypanosomeCrithidia bombiare one of the fundamental models of ecological immunology. Although there is previous evidence of increased immune gene expression uponCrithidiainfection, recent work has focussed on the bumblebee’s gut microbiota. Here, by knocking down gene expression using RNAi, we show for the first time that antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have a functional role in anti-Crithidiadefense.
Crystal structure of 4-(2-bromopropionyl)-3-phenylsydnone
Authors: Grossie D. , Harrison L. , Turnbull K.
Published: October 2014

Sydnones are a class of mesoionic compounds containing a five-membered heterocyclic ring. In general, sydnone compounds are synthesized with an aromatic substutuent at the N3position. This feature, adds to the stability of the heterocyclic ring. In the title compound {systematic name: 4-(2-bromopropanoyl)-3-phenyl-1,2,3λ5-oxadiazol-3-ylium-5-olate}, C11H9BrN2O3, the aromatic substitutent is an unsubstituted phenyl ring. The sydnone ring is almost planar, with a maximum deviation from the mean plane of 0.023 (1) Å, but is not coplanar with the phenyl ring, having a dihedral angle of 40.93 (8)°. The carbonyl side chain is twisted relative to the syndone ring by 15.8 (2)°. The molecules are packed in the unit cell as pairs related by an inversion center at (1, 0, 1/2). The pairs interactviaπ-stacking, with the distance separating the centroids being 3.824 (1) Å. The Br atom has two contacts, one to an N atom in a neighboring asymmetric unit with a distance of 3.346 (2) Å (the sum of the van der Waals radii is 3.40 Å) and a second to an H atom with a distance of 3.03 Å. The contact with the H atom is perpendicular (C—Br...H = 98.60°) to the C—Br bond, and that to the N atom is linear [C—Br...N = 169.10 (5)°] to the C—Br bond. The O atom of the sydnone ring is involved in two hydrogen bonds, one intramolecular with a donor–acceptor distance of 3.1486 (19) Å and a second that is intermolecular, with a phenyl H atom as the donor and has a donor–acceptor distance of 3.346 (2) Å.
Crystal structure of (R)-6′-bromo-3,3-dimethyl-3′,4′-dihydro-2′H-spiro[cyclohexane-1,3′-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine] 1′,1′-dioxide
Authors: Shinoj Kumar P. P. , Suchetan P. A. , Sreenivasa S. , Naveen S. , Lokanath N. K. , Aruna Kumar D. B.
Published: October 2014

In the title compound, C14H19BrN2O2S, the 1,2,4-thiadiazinane ring adopts an envelope conformation with the N atom (attached to the sulfonyl group) as the flap, while the cyclohexane ring adopts a chair conformation. The mean plane of the cyclohexane ring is almost normal to the benzene ring and the mean plane of the 1,2,4-thiadiazinane ring, making dihedral angles of 70.4 (2) and 71.43 (19)°, respectively. Furthermore, the dihedral angle between the benzene ring and the mean plane of the 1,2,4-thiadiazinane ring is 4.91 (18)°. The molecular structure is stabilized by an intramolecular C—H...O hydrogen bond, which encloses anS(6) ring motif. In the crystal, molecules are linked by N—H...O hydrogen bonds into chains along [10-1], forming aC(6) graph-set motif. These chains are interconnectedviaC—H...π interactions, leading to chains along [-101], so finally forming sheets parallel to (010).
Crystal structure of 4,4′-(ethene-1,2-diyl)dipyridinium bis(3-carboxybenzenesulfonate)
Authors: Wu Jing , Zhu Long-Guan
Published: October 2014

In the title molecular salt, C12H12N22+·2C7H5O5S−, the complete dication is generated by crystallographic inversion symmetry. In the anion, the sulfonic acid group is deprotonated and the dihedral angle between the planes of the carboxylic acid group and the benzene ring is 12.41 (11)°. In the crystal, the anions are linked into inversion dimers by pairs of O—H...O hydrogen bonds, which generateR22(16) loops. The dications link the anion dimers into [10-2] chainsviaN—H...O hydrogen bonds.
Time to change: the added value of an integrative approach to career research
Authors: Dany Françoise
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to call for an integrative approach to career research aiming to avoid both fragmentation and closure of the field through the discussion of a wide range of perspectives on career or career situations. The paper discusses the specificity of this integrative approach vs others, like the traditional approach or the multi or transdisciplinary approaches.

Design/methodology/approach

– The work is based on a review of the career literature, and an analytic comparison of existing research approaches across this body of literature.

Findings

– The paper shows the tendency of career theory to stick to narrow views of a career. The paper highlights the importance of taking into account the wide variety of career situations, which results from the fact that careers are necessarily located in time and space. The paper provides examples that invite to better explore career differences and seek for alternative explanations to career experiences. Because career dynamics are marked both by individual agency and different levels of structures, a more integrative kind of career research should thus trigger richer conversations among researchers regarding the complexity of the inhabited world.

Originality/value

– The specific added value of the integrative approach suggested in this paper is to open new routes for a career theory that could become stronger and enhance its power to illuminate a wide range of issues.
Predictors of college students’ willingness to use social network services
Authors: Kemal Çelik Ali , Karaaslan Abdulkerim
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to determine predictors of social network services use among college students at two Turkish universities, with particular emphasis on Facebook, Twitter, Foursquare, and Instagram.

Design/methodology/approach

– A written questionnaire was administered to 822 college students from various faculties. The data obtained from the corresponding questionnaire were analyzed using ordered logit analysis and four different models were independently estimated with respect to social network services.

Findings

– Ordered logit estimation results revealed that frequency of log in to social network sites, time spent on social network sites, and following event alerts were three predictors that had significant impact on the frequency of all four social network sites’ use. Particularly; event participation, information sharing, following on top ranked topics, and purchasing a product through social media were the other additional predictors of college students’ willingness to use the corresponding social network sites.

Originality/value

– Although a vast literature exists on the use of social network services among college students, relatively little work was published which compares several social network services and predictors of their use. This paper may contribute to the existing literature by presenting the predictors of college students’ use of four different social network services in a specific area of Turkey and providing a comprehensive comparison between them.
Work conditions as moderators of the relationship between western expatriates’ commitment and retention in international assignments
Authors: Nguyen Phuong , Felfe Jörg , Fooken Insa
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to first, examine the role of multi-dimensional commitments of western expatriates to a local operation in sustaining retention in international assignments. Second, the study also attempts to investigate the work conditions in which dimensions of local operation commitment are more effective in predicting retention.

Design/methodology/approach

– Data were collected by questionnaire from 471 western expatriates currently working for the subsidiaries of multinational companies in Vietnam, and from this, five hypotheses were formulated and tested using hierarchical regression, moderated regression analyses and plots of two-way interaction effects.

Findings

– The results indicated that all three components of local operation commitment (affective, normative, and continuance commitment) positively predicted retention. The findings also revealed that job autonomy, leader support, and remuneration were found as moderators, which increase the effects of the three components of local operation commitment on retention.

Practical implications

– By understanding and managing the multi-dimensional nature of expatriate commitment to a local operation as well as their working conditions (job autonomy, leader support, and remuneration), multinational companies can reduce the rate of premature return for western expatriates. It is the interaction between local operation commitment and these factors that most positively influences retention.

Originality/value

– The first contribution of this research is the identification of the important role of multi-dimensional commitments to a local operation in predicting retention. Second, the moderating effects of work conditions found in this study partially explain why the relationship between local operation commitment and retention is reported unstable in previous studies. Therefore, controlling work conditions is recommended to enhance the local commitment-retention relationship.
Investigation of using Calabrian pine cone dust and borax in brake pads
Authors: Sugozu Ilker , Can Ibrahim , Oner Cengiz
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to investigate use of calabrian pine (pinus brutia) cone (CPC) dust along with borax (BX) to assess the effect of friction coefficient. Despite the number of research studies completed on the mechanism of friction in automotive brake lining materials, the phenomenon is still not fully understood. Complex mechano-chemical processes occurring on the friction interface of a composite friction material make it difficult to understand the correlation between the formulation of brake lining and the frictional performance.

Design/methodology/approach

– In this study, the use of CPC dust along with BX has been investigated for assessing the effect on friction coefficient. CPC has resin in it. BX is a boron production which is widely used in boron glass production and in ceramic industry for increasing the heat- resistant and -forming abrasion resistant. Newly formulated brake lining material with five different ingredients has been tested under Friction Assessment and Screening Test. Friction coefficient, wear rate and scanning electron microscope for friction surface were examined to assess the performance of these samples.

Findings

– Analysis of the experimental results shows that the brake lining material containing CPC and BX significantly improved the stability of the friction coefficient, fade and wear resistance.

Originality/value

– Several investigations have been conducted to use different materials in brake pads. The brake pad standards have been provided in previous studies, as well as the aims for economical and sustainable production. In the present study, production of brake pads by CPC dust and BX has been executed. Parallel results have been presented between previously reported and present study, in view of brake characteristics and wear resistance. Use of the lower cost and productive organic sources of material are the main improvement of the present study.
Optimization of chemical mechanical polishing parameters on surface roughness of steel substrate with aluminum nanoparticles via Taguchi approach
Authors: Peng De-Xing
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of abrasive contents, oxidizer contents, slurry flow rate and polishing time in achieving a mirror-like finish on polished surfaces. Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) is now widely used in the aerospace industry for global planarization of large, high value-added components.

Design/methodology/approach

– Optimal parameters are applied in experimental trials performed to investigate the effects of abrasive contents, oxidizer contents, slurry flow rate and polishing time in achieving a mirror-like finish on polished surfaces. Taguchi design experiments are performed to optimize the parameters of CMP performed in steel specimens.

Findings

– Their optimization parameters were found out; the surface scratch, polishing fog and remaining particles were reduced; and the flatness of the steel substrate was guaranteed. The average roughness (Ra) of the surface was reduced to 6.7 nm under the following process parameters: abrasive content of 2 weight per cent, oxidizer content of 2 weight per cent, slurry flow rate of 100 ml/min and polishing time of 20 min.

Originality/value

– To meet the final process requirements, the CMP process must provide a good planarity, precise selectivity and a defect-free surface. Surface planarization of components used to fabricate aerospace devices is achieved by CMP process, which enables global planarization by combining chemical and mechanical interactions.
Examining the relevance of Graham's criteria in Indian stock market
Authors: Singh Jaspal , Kaur Kiranpreet
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine the applicability of stock selection criteria of Benjamin Graham in Indian capital market to determine which rules specifically can help the investors to augment their return on investment.

Design/methodology/approach

– The independent sample t-test has been employed to examine the stock return differences among the companies which fulfill maximum number of the criteria and the companies fulfilling minimal number. The significance of the excess returns yielded by the criteria is assessed through one sample t-statistics. Further, the applicability of each and every criterion is examined using pooled OLS regression analysis.

Findings

– The mean market adjusted returns of the companies which fulfill maximum number of the criteria are significantly different from the companies which fulfill minimal number. The companies those are able to fulfill at least any five criteria, yield excess returns to the investors. However, regression analysis makes it evident that all the criteria are not applicable in present economic environment.

Research limitations/implications

– The study recommends that an investor should give due importance to variables mainly high earnings yield, discount to tangible book value and net current asset value, lower leverage and stability in earnings in order to screen value maximizing securities.

Originality/value

– This paper extends discussion on application of Graham's stock selection criteria in Indian stock market. The study also enriches the literature on value investing strategies by extending discussion on reasons for the applicability/inapplicability of the Graham's stock selection criteria.
Documentary letter of credit fraud under criminal law regime in England and China
Authors: Zhang Yanan
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper mainly is to examine the relevant rules concerning documentary letter of credit (L/C) fraud under criminal law in England and China.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper analyses the regulations about such crime and relevant literature.

Findings

– The similarities and differences of such rules have been identified briefly. L/C fraud is considered a conduct crime; and unspecific or vague provisions concerning this crime may cause difficulties of application in judicial practice in both England and China. But the possible punishment for L/C fraud criminals under Chinese criminal law seems more severe than that under English law. Dealing with L/C fraud in international trade under national criminal laws is not effective. Regional and international efforts on legal assistance in cross-border criminal cases still remain to be improved.

Research limitations/implications

– The limitation is that it examines merely relevant substantial rules in legislation. This opens the paths to future research on the approach towards L/C fraud demonstrated in court cases in England and in China.

Social implications

– The research underlies the need to take serious attitude and make more effective efforts towards cross-border criminal cases, although different countries may have different rules concerning specific economic crimes.

Originality/value

– This paper fills the gap of a comparative study on how L/C is regulated under criminal law regime in England and China.
Dynamic efficiency: intellectual capital in the Chinese non-life insurance firms
Authors: Kweh Qian Long , Lu Wen-Min , Wang Wei-Kang
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– This paper aims to investigate the effect of intellectual capital (IC) on the operating efficiency of non-life insurance firms in China.

Design/methodology/approach

– The authors use a dynamic data envelopment analysis model called dynamic slacks-based measure (DSBM) model to estimate the operating efficiency of 32 Chinese non-life insurance firms. Using a panel data set for the period from 2006 to 2010, the authors run ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions to find the relationship between IC and efficiency performance.

Findings

– The authors find that the insurers have almost monotonically decreasing efficiency for the period from 2006 to 2010. Regression results show that human capital, structural capital and relational capital are significantly and positively related to operating efficiency.

Research limitations/implications

– This study suggests that managers of the Chinese non-life insurers should devote attention to the investments in IC to stay sustainable.

Originality/value

– This is the first paper to examine the impact of IC on operating efficiency in the Chinese non-life insurance industry. This study differs from prior studies in that the authors use the DSBM model proposed by Tone and Tsutsui (2010) for evaluating the operating efficiency using a dynamic process.
Knowledge management practices for innovation: a multinational corporation’s perspective
Authors: Jiménez-Jiménez Daniel , Martínez-Costa Micaela , Sanz-Valle Raquel
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– This paper aims to assess the importance of different knowledge management practices to promote organizational innovation in multinational companies. The links among internationalization, reverse knowledge transfer and social capital and organizational innovation are analyzed.

Design/methodology/approach

– Structural equation modeling was used to check the research hypotheses with a sample of 104 multinational companies.

Findings

– The results show that internalization has no direct effect on organizational innovation but a indirect effect trhrough the transfer of knowledge from external subsidiaries to the headquarter. Furthermore, this knowledge and other that comes from internal and external social capital is essential for the development of innovations.

Research limitations/implications

– Self-reporting by the CEOs may be the most significant limitation, as a single key informant provided the data; multiple informants would enhance the validity of the research findings. A second limitation is the cross-sectional design of the research that does not allow observation of the short- and long-term impact of the relationships among the variables.

Practical implications

– Organizational innovation is not an easy task. However, those multinational companies which foster knowledge management practices that generate new knowledge from external subsidiaries, internal or external social relationships, will facilitate the generation of innovations. In consequence, these companies should foster the generation of knowledge from different sources.

Originality/value

– The focus of the study in this paper is on multinational companies and the possibility to acquire knowledge from different sources (inside organization, external local environment and international context). Specially, focus on the transfer of knowledge from subsidiaries to headquarters (reverse knowledge transfer), as it is insufficiently investigated by current literature.
Directions of external knowledge search: investigating their different impact on firm performance in high-technology industries
Authors: Cruz-González Jorge , López-Sáez Pedro , Emilio Navas-López José , Delgado-Verde Miriam
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– The aim of the paper is to identify the different directions of external knowledge search and to investigate their individual effect on performance at the firm level.

Design/methodology/approach

– The empirical study is based on survey data gathered from two distinct informants of 248 large- and medium-sized high-tech manufacturing Spanish firms. In dealing with concerns on simultaneity and reverse causality, perceived time-lags among dependent and independent variables were introduced. Quantitative methods based on questionnaire answers were used.

Findings

– Findings reveal six distinct external search patterns and indicate that, while market sources such as customers and competitors are positively associated with performance, knowledge acquired from general information sources, other firms beyond the core business and patents and databases have no significant effect. Moreover, knowledge obtained from science and technology organizations and from suppliers displays an inversed U-shaped effect on firm performance.

Research limitations/implications

– Conclusions can only be generalized to high-tech manufacturing firms from developed countries and, although well-established methodological procedures were followed, the nature of the study remains cross-sectional. Yet, an important implication emerges from this work: more openness to external knowledge is not always better. It is necessary to carefully evaluate the potential gains and pains of each type of partner and source.

Practical implications

– This research provides guidance to managers about how to shape their companies’ inter-organizational networks, i.e. the specific external agents on which they should focus, as well as the efforts they should devote to each of these key partners.

Originality/value

– By considering distinct directions of external knowledge search instead of a single dimension, the paper contributes to shed some more light to the mixed results reported by the scarce empirical studies that have investigated the effect of openness towards external knowledge on performance at the firm level.
Conflict and learning in inter-organizational online communities: negotiating knowledge claims
Authors: Ferguson Julie , Taminiau Yvette
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this article is to analyze how learning occurs in inter-organizational online communities, despite highly diverse even conflicting knowledge claims among participants.

Design/methodology/approach

– We compared two inter-organizational communities in the domain of development aid through inductive qualitative case study.

Findings

– We found that diverse communities proved more likely to yield conflicting knowledge claims in terms of expertise, value consensus and formal position. However, they were also better positioned for enabling mutual learning, than communities with a more uniform representation.

Research limitations/implications

– We provide theoretical insights for knowledge management by showing how the negotiation of knowledge claims facilitates mutual learning in inter-organizational online communities.

Practical implications

– The findings are practically relevant for managers of knowledge-intensive organizations by showing how knowledge is shared in diverse online communities. The research also shows that the recognized challenges which diverse communities can yield are likely to be outweighed by their benefits: enabling mutual learning, generating useful expertise and a stronger negotiating position.

Social implications

– The paper conceives of a development approach that is more inclusive of non-dominant perspectives and solutions in decision-making processes, contributing to improved participation of marginalized people in decision-making processes.

Originality/value

– We add a new dimension to knowledge management literature, showing how conflict and learning can be a mutually reinforcing process. Contrary to prior knowledge-based views, we found that a diverse community, with a higher concentration of conflicting knowledge claims, facilitated mutual learning more adeptly than a more uniform community. This is important for knowledge management theory and practice because it shows how inter-organizational communities can benefit from heterogeneity, and how conflict can enable and even strengthen mutual learning.
Dynamics of ultra-organizational co-opetition and circuits of knowledge: a knowledge-based view of value ecology
Authors: George Carayannis Elias , Depeige Audrey , Sindakis Stavros
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to analyze important theoretical work conducted in the research streams of co-opetition and value creation. While innovation is acknowledged as a desirable and empirically verified outcome of co-opetition between firms, academic research has not systematically examined value creation outcomes of intra-firm co-opetition. This study aims to explore the nature of co-opetitive relationships within the firm. Processes of knowledge creation, differentiation and evolution are presented in the paper.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper examines and compares co-opetitive dynamics in different contexts, by adopting a multi-level approach to help understand and analyze the complex phenomenon of intra-organizational co-opetition. Value creation in an ecology perspective is discussed to enhance the conceptualization of the Quintuple Helix.

Findings

– This paper highlights the role of knowledge differentiation as a driver of value creation. In particular, intra-firm co-opetition dynamics are investigated in relationship with knowledge evolution. A theoretical model is proposed via the Dynamics of Ultra-Organizational Co-opetition and Circuits of Knowledge (DUCCK) framework.

Research limitations/implications

– This paper attempts to provide new perspectives on the growing academic field of co-opetition and knowledge creation. It complements previous research in intra-organizational settings and offers an alternative knowledge-based view of organizational value creation.

Practical implications

– The paper contributes to develop managers’ practices in understanding potential benefits of intra-organizational co-opetition. The paper also brings additional insights for knowledge management (KM) practitioners, by considering the impact of co-opetition on knowledge dynamics.

Originality/value

– This paper explores, adds to the existing theoretical knowledge and contributes to the under-researched topic of intra-organizational co-opetition. This is the first attempt to link internal co-opetition to firm’s KM practices.
Knowledge creation and exploitation in Italian universities: the role of internal policies for patent activity
Authors: Romano Marco , Del Giudice Manlio , Nicotra Melita
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– This paper aims at identifying factors that might affect academic patent activities. It investigates the characteristics of universities acting on the number of academic patents, thus classifying elements of differentiation among universities able to determine the level of patent activity.

Design/methodology/approach

– Three hypotheses are tested through a regression analysis, considering various academic variables.

Findings

– Results demonstrate that the patent activity is mainly influenced by the presence of universities’ internal policies that regulate such a field. The adoption of a regulation is a signal for academics of the university inclination and attempt to develop an environment conducive to patent activities, and to offer structured support to inventors in the different phases of the patenting process.

Research limitations

– The study, as it focuses on a single country, Italy, may reflect some peculiarities of the national system. Future research may extend it to different geographical areas in which institutional and environmental factors are different, or, maintaining the geographical location, study the impact of institutional factors to the change over time in the rate of patenting universities.

Originality/value

– Unlike the great number of studies which focus on institutional factors affecting university patent activity, the present study explores the academic elements able to valorize and exploit scientific knowledge, providing also a practical guidance for university governance.
Knowledge sharing and exchange of information within bank and firm networks: the role of the intangibles on the access to credit
Authors: Rosaria Della Peruta Maria , Campanella Francesco , Del Giudice Manlio
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to theoretically develop the idea that the intangible value of the collaboration between firms and the banking system can influence the probability of default (PD) on the part of firms and, therefore, their rating. The authors also propose that collaboration between banks and firms has a positive effect not only on the access to credit but also on the innovation activities and on the intervention of foreign capital in the ownership of Italian businesses.

Design/methodology/approach

– As pointed out by the literature on smaller businesses finance, investments widely rely on credit availability. Tests using data on a sample investigation involving 5,587 firms, operating in 17 manufacturing sectors in Italy, support the majority of the proposed ideas.

Findings

– The empirical investigation shows that only some aspects of the collaboration between enterprises and banks influence the PD, the investments in R&D and the internationalisation of ownership of the enterprises. In particular, the three stated variables are positively influenced both by the intensity of the credit relationship and by the level of information exchange with the credit system.

Research limitations/implications

– Further development of this research, as more empirical data become available, should allow explaining why the level of information exchange with the credit system has the greatest influence on the dependent variables analyzed.

Originality/value

– This paper aims to extend the current understanding on how the local banking system is developed and is able to increase access to credit after gathering all the information about firms asking for funds.
Mafia and immigration: analysis of the “illegal street workers” in southern Italy
Authors: Duca Rita
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to investigate on the new forms of the “illegal street workers” involving immigrants in southern Italy. This new concept may include, at least, two kinds of illegal employment of immigrants which is, probably, managed by local criminal organizations; in particular, it may refer to the so-called “posteggiatore abusivo” and “lavavetri”.

Design/methodology/approach

– This is a new area of research. The methodology used has been based on a collection of interviews with these migrants. Probably, this methodology should be refined, but in this first phase of research, it was helpful in order to understand the existence of a criminal network that controls and manages these illegal street workers. For this reason, this paper could be, simply, considered as a starting point for a new investigation in the near future.

Findings

– The first part of the paper will examine the main features of these three types of work; in particular, in order to do it, we will try to find out who are these workers, how they found this illegal work and, above all, what kind of working relationship exists between them and the criminal organizations. The second part will analyze what are the legal measures regulating this particular category of illegal work and which could be the innovative solutions in order to fight against them.

Originality/value

– This paper offers insights into the new forms of crime involving immigrants managed by local criminal organizations and still inadequately studied.
Customer loyalty programs: money laundering and terrorism financing risks
Authors: Dostov Victor , Shust Pavel
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to analyse money laundering and financing terrorism risks of present customer loyalty programs. We try to identify the current state of money laundering and financing of terrorism (ML/FT) risks and detect the vulnerabilities that may be present in loyalty schemes that tend to obtain wider payment functionality.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper draws upon the risk matrix developed by the Financial Action Task Force experts for the new payment methods. Each risk factor is analysed against the features of the customer loyalty programs, and the aggregated risks are also reviewed within three stages of money laundering.

Findings

– The analysis shows that despite the obvious evolution of payment functionality of the customer loyalty awards, businesses have already put in place relevant risk-mitigation measures that support the hypothesis that business practices can effectively mitigate ML/FT risks even without precise regulation. Yet, the paper shows some potential vulnerabilities that are to be monitored in order to prevent the system from abuse by the criminals.

Research limitations/implications

– The paper shows that loyalty awards share certain characteristics of the centralized private currencies. Hence, researchers are encouraged to look more closely into the potential ML/FT risks posed by the private currencies as well.

Practical implications

– The paper provides an insight into money laundering and terrorist financing risks that can be relevant for the non-financial products which demonstrate some payment functionality.

Originality/value

– The paper is one of the first research of the loyalty awards as a quasi-payment tool in the context of the anti-money laundering and combating financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) regime.
Anti-money laundering regulations and its effectiveness
Authors: Usman Kemal Muhammad
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this study is to check the effectiveness of anti-money laundering (AML) regulations in Pakistan. The study investigates and analyses some key variables that may be influencing the effectiveness of anti-money regulations in Pakistan. Money laundering is most prevalent in the banking sector, as banks deals with the money’s deposition, withdrawal and transfer, therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of anti-money regulations on subjective judgments. It is an exploratory study in which I have tried to find the relationship and impact of three regulations, which are customer record keeping, employee training and suspicious transaction reporting on money laundering.

Design/methodology/approach

– A sample of hundred responses has been collected from employees working in different banks located in Rawalpindi and Lahore through questionnaire. Questionnaire has been developed on the basis of different dimensions of the research variables.

Findings

– It has been found that that there is an impact of employee training on money laundering in banking system. A moderate inverse relationship between employee training and money laundering and anti-money laundering regulation of customer record keeping has weak impact on money laundering in developing countries.

Research limitations/implications

– The research is limited to Pakistan only, and to apply the same concept in other countries, researchers need to check the financial institutions of that country as well.

Originality/value

– It has been suggested that to stop money laundry, special budget should be allocated for the capacity building of employees through training. Timely guidance and assistance of foreign-trained instructors or experts in combating money laundering should be taken. Implementation of anti-money laundering regulations should be transparent, consistent and timely.
Artificial harmony
Authors: Williams Clifford
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to explain that the commonly used method allowing for inter-agency cooperation between national financial intelligence units, the memorandum of understanding, is inadequate and ineffective in creating a cooperative global financial intelligence unit capable of combating money laundering typologies on an international scale.

Design/methodology/approach

– Methods of international financial intelligence unit (FIU) cooperation have chiefly occurred in two ways: first, through the efforts of the Egmont Group; and second, through the inclusion of provisions concerning FIUs contained in international legal documents. The first is an impossibility.

Findings

– This paper proposes that the result of implementation of the 2012 Financial Action Task Force Recommendations will be an informal network of FIUs where the Egmont group acts as a centralized operator for information exchange, effectively creating an informal global FIU (“GFIU”), but that this system, or a cooperative global financial intelligence unit system based on FIU-to-FIU exchanges will not allow for effective multilateral, international cooperation.

Research limitations/implications

– This is because national interests and unfamiliarity with capabilities provided in the Egmont Group’s cooperative platform have and will continue to result in under-utilization of cooperative efforts, and because the traditional mechanism employed for FIU-to-FIU exchanges, the memorandum of understanding (“MOU”), makes uniform or standardized information request and transfer procedures that are required for multilateral or multi-agency efforts to combat money laundering across international boundaries an impossibility.

Practical implications

– The Egmont Group’s cooperational structure should be the primary means by which to achieve a GFIU.

Social implications

– The global combat on money laundering will be more effective, thereby more fully protecting the global economy.

Originality/value

– A comparison between the Egmont Group’s network building mechanism and the existing use of MoU to create global cooperation against money laundering has not been analyzed.
Towards a reflexive turn: social marketing assemblages
Authors: Gordon Ross , Gurrieri Lauren
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this article is to demonstrate why the time is ripe for a reflexive turn in social marketing, in response to criticisms of social marketing as neo-liberal, positivist and lacking critical introspection.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper traces the development of three paradigms in the field, highlighting the entrenchment of a traditionalist paradigm that heretofore has stifled critical debate and reflexive practice. However, the emergence of social ecologist and critical social marketing paradigms has stimulated the imperative for a reflexive turn. Insights into reflexivity, its relevance and applicability for researchers, participants and other stakeholders in social marketing are considered.

Findings

– The paper offers a conceptualisation of social marketing assemblages using the lens of actor-network theory and identifies how this can stimulate engagement and reflexive practice for researchers, participants and other stakeholders (such as non-governmental organisations and Government departments involved in delivering programmes).

Originality/value

– The article presents relevant theoretical and practical benefits from a reflexive turn in social marketing, highlighting how this will furthermore contribute to discipline building.