bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vulnerabilidade Socioambiental das Áreas Sujeitas às Inundações no Município de São João Da Barra, RJ, Brasil
Authors: Prates Talita Bracher , Amorim Raul Reis
Published: June 2017

O estilo de vida da sociedade atual, caracterizado pelo uso indiscriminado dos recursos naturais e pela intensa urbanização expõe as comunidades à diversos riscos e catástrofes naturais como, por exemplo, inundações e enchentes. O município de São João da Barra, localizada no estado do Rio de Janeiro, possui vários registros de acidentes ambientais e inundações que causaram prejuízos econômicos com deterioração de infraestruturas sociais abrangendo os setores da saúde da população. A falta de informação a respeito da vulnerabilidade da população exposta ao risco dificulta a elaboração de planos de resposta ou gerenciamento de risco eficazes na diminuição dos prejuízos causados pelas catástrofes ambientais. Este trabalho pretende contribuir com a formação de um banco de dados capaz de subsidiar a elaboração de políticas públicas e a tomada de decisão eficaz para minimização dos impactos negativos propondo o levantamento do perfil socioeconômico e a proposição de um índice de vulnerabilidade socioambiental capaz de indicar as áreas e populações com diferentes níveis de exposição ao risco, levando em consideração a suscetibilidade ambiental e as situações de pobreza e privação social da comunidade. Para tanto, foram utilizados os dados do censo demográfico de 2010 e a divisão territorial por setores censitários do IBGE no município de São João da Barra – RJ.
Uso de Veículo Aéreo Não Tripulado (Vant) Para Mapeamento das Vulnerabilidades à Inundação Urbana: Referenciais e Bases de Aplicação
Authors: Buffon Elaiz Aparecida Mensch , Paz Otacílio Lopes de Souza da , Sampaio Tony Vinicius Moreira
Published: June 2017

Dados sociais quando integrados aos dados ambientais, possibilitam o mapeamento de vulnerabilidade das áreas que potencialmente podem ser afetadas por inundações. Objetiva-se, neste trabalho, discutir a aplicação de veículo aéreo não-tripulado (VANT) como tecnologia de apoio ao mapeamento das vulnerabilidades em escala de detalhe. A área de estudo foi três setores censitários localizados no município de Campo Magro, Paraná, Brasil. A construção metodológica pautou-se na cartografia de síntese (álgebra de mapas + análise multicritério). Atrelado a essa técnica, elaborou-se o ortomosaico para a área de estudo, a partir de dados coletados com o VANT, possibilitando a desagregação dos setores censitários em unidades de paisagem, que são caracterizadas por elementos que compõem a dimensão do ordenamento urbano. As áreas de preservação permanente (APPs) foram combinadas com o mapeamento de vulnerabilidade social na unidade intra-quadras, para assim, elaborar o mapa composto de vulnerabilidade do lugar a inundação urbana, que permitiu uma melhor aproximação com a realidade.
Modelos de Erosão Hídrica e Tolerância das Perdas de Solo em Latossolos Distróficos no Sul de Minas Gerais
Authors: Tavares André Silva , Mendes Júnior Henrique , Spalevic Velibor , Mincato Ronaldo Luiz
Published: June 2017

Diferentes métodos de cálculo das perdas de solo por erosão hídrica foram comparados com a Tolerância de Perda de Solo em Latossolos tropicais. Foram utilizados o Método de Erosão Potencial e a Equação Universal de Perda de Solo Revisada. O Método de Erosão Potencial foi calculado no aplicativo Intensidade de Erosão e Escoamento e obteve uma média de perdas de solo de 1,46 Mg ha-1 ano-1 com descarga máxima de 649,31 Mg ano-1. Já pela Equação Universal de Perda de Solo Revisada, foi obtida uma média de perda de solo de 1,52 Mg ha-1 ano-1, com descarga máxima de 668,26 Mg ano-1. As perdas de solo calculadas pelos dois métodos foram similares e ficaram aquém do limite de Tolerância de Perda de Solo, que variou de 5,19 a 5,90 Mg ha-1 ano-1 e validam a aplicação do Método da Erosão Potencial em solos tropicais do sul de Minas Gerais.
Propriedades Micromorfológicas de Um Perfil de Solo na Planície Fluvial do Rio Pardo (SP): Cronologia e Processos de Alteração de Sedimentos Aluviais
Authors: Ladeira Francisco Sergio Bernardes , Celarino André Luiz de Souza
Published: June 2017

Em ambientes tropicais úmidos as taxas de pedogênese superam as de erosão/sedimentação e podem rapidamente favorecer a alteração de sedimentos nas planícies fluviais, mesmo em situações de drenagem imperfeita. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi interpretar os processos pedogenéticos na planície fluvial do setor médio da bacia do rio Pardo, propondo para isso uma análise dos processos de formação de solo atuantes sobre os sedimentos aluviais e do tempo de evolução sob a ótica da micromorfologia. Para isso um perfil de solo foi descrito em campo, amostras foram coletadas para análise granulométrica pelo método da pipeta, confecção de lâminas e para a datação por LOE (Luminescência Opticamente Estimulada). Os resultados mostraram que um Gleissolo evoluiu em menos de 1000 anos sobre os sedimentos aluviais, apresentando horizontes B com estrutura prismática, além disso, processos de pedalização, gleização e uma incipiente plintização puderam ser identificados através da análise micromorfológica.
Systolic Blood Pressure and Biochemical Assessment of Adherence
Authors: McNaughton Candace D. , Brown Nancy J. , Rothman Russell L. , Liu Dandan , Kabagambe Edmond K. , Levy Phillip D. , Self Wesley H. , Storrow Alan B. , Collins Sean P. , Roumie Christianne L.
Published: June 2017

Elevated blood pressure (BP) is common in the emergency department (ED), but the relationship between antihypertensive medication adherence and BP in the ED is unclear. This cross-sectional study tested the hypothesis that higher antihypertensive adherence is associated with lower systolic BP (SBP) in the ED among adults with hypertension who sought ED care at an academic hospital from July 2012 to April 2013. Biochemical assessment of antihypertensive adherence was performed using a mass spectrometry blood assay, and the primary outcome was average ED SBP. Analyses were stratified by number of prescribed antihypertensives (<3, ≥3) and adjusted for age, sex, race, insurance, literacy, numeracy, education, body mass index, and comorbidities. Among 85 patients prescribed ≥3 antihypertensives, mean SBP for adherent patients was 134.4 mm Hg (±26.1 mm Hg), and in adjusted analysis was −20.8 mm Hg (95% confidence interval, −34.2 to −7.4 mm Hg;
P
=0.003) different from nonadherent patients. Among 176 patients prescribed <3 antihypertensives, mean SBP was 135.5 mm Hg (±20.6 mm Hg) for adherent patients, with no difference by adherence in adjusted analysis (+2.9 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval, −4.7 to 10.5 mm Hg;
P
=0.45). Antihypertensive nonadherence identified by biochemical assessment was common and associated with higher SBP in the ED among patients who had a primary care provider and health insurance and who were prescribed ≥3 antihypertensives. Biochemical assessment of antihypertensives could help distinguish medication nonadherence from other contributors to elevated BP and identify target populations for intervention.
PHASES Score for the Management of Intracranial Aneurysm
Authors: Bijlenga Philippe , Gondar Renato , Schilling Sabine , Morel Sandrine , Hirsch Sven , Cuony Johanna , Corniola Marco-Vincenzo , Perren Fabienne , Rüfenacht Daniel , Schaller Karl
Published: July 2017

Background and Purpose—

The aim of this study is to assess whether the PHASES score allows to (1) match decisions taken by multidisciplinary team whether to observe or intervene, (2) classify patients being diagnosed with a ruptured versus unruptured intracranial aneurysm (UIA), and (3) discriminate patients at low risk of rupture from the population of patients diagnosed with intracranial aneurysm.

Methods—

Population-based prospective and consecutive data were collected between 2006 and 2014. Patients (n=841) were stratified into 4 groups: stable UIA; growing observed UIA; immediately treated UIA; and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). All patients initially observed were pooled in a follow-up UIA group; patients from growing observed UIA, immediately treated UIA, and aSAH were pooled in a high risk of rupture group. Results are expressed as median [quartile 1, quartile 3].

Results—

PHASES scores of immediately treated UIA patients were significantly higher than follow-up UIA group (5 [3, 7] versus 2 [1, 4]). Patients diagnosed with UIA and PHASES score of >3 were more likely to be treated, and the score ≤3 was predictive for observation (areas under these curves=0.74). Odds of being diagnosed with an aSAH were associated with PHASES score of >3 (UIA, 4 [2, 6]; aSAH, 5 [4, 8]; areas under these curves=0.66). Scores of stable UIA patients were significantly lower than high risk of rupture group (2 [1, 4] versus 5 [4, 7]; stable UIA outcome prediction by PHASES score of ≤3: areas under these curves=0.76).

Conclusions—

There is a progression of PHASES score between stable UIA, growing observed UIA, immediately treated UIA, and aSAH groups. PHASES score of ≤3 is associated with a low but not negligible likelihood of aneurysm rupture, and specificity of the classifier is low.
Differential Tuning of Ventral and Dorsal Streams during the Generation of Common and Uncommon Tool Uses
Authors: Matheson Heath E. , Buxbaum Laurel J. , Thompson-Schill Sharon L.
Published: June 2017

Our use of tools is situated in different contexts. Prior evidence suggests that diverse regions within the ventral and dorsal streams represent information supporting common tool use. However, given the flexibility of object concepts, these regions may be tuned to different types of information when generating novel or uncommon uses of tools. To investigate this, we collected fMRI data from participants who reported common or uncommon tool uses in response to visually presented familiar objects. We performed a pattern dissimilarity analysis in which we correlated cortical patterns with behavioral measures of visual, action, and category information. The results showed that evoked cortical patterns within the dorsal tool use network reflected action and visual information to a greater extent in the uncommon use group, whereas evoked neural patterns within the ventral tool use network reflected categorical information more strongly in the common use group. These results reveal the flexibility of cortical representations of tool use and the situated nature of cortical representations more generally.
Meloidoderita whittoni (Sledge & Christie, 1962) comb. n. (Tylenchida: Sphaeronematidae) and its parasitic habits on sweet gum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.)
Authors: Troccoli Alberto , Subbotin Sergei A. , Stanley Jason D. , Alford Brian , Vovlas Nicola , Inserra Renato N.
Published: June 2017

Morphological and molecular analyses of three populations of Meloidoderita whittoni (Sledge & Christie, 1962) comb. n. (syn. Sphaeronema whittoni; Tumiota whittoni) collected in Florida from sweet gum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) indicated that this species is a representative of Meloidoderita rather than Sphaeronema, where it was included in the original description, or Tumiota, to where it was subsequently transferred. However, this species can be considered an atypical representative of the genus, because it differs from the other species of this genus in having females retaining the eggs inside a thin-walled uterus, which remains encased inside their body. After egg deposition inside the uterus, the female dies and its body is transformed into a persistent tanned sac with a thick cuticle, devoid of ornamentations, which protects the eggs like a heteroderid cyst. The female secretes from the vulva a gelatinous matrix, which becomes hardened in time and encases its body for protection against predation and parasitism by biological antagonists as has been suggested for other tylenchuloid nematodes. No egg deposition outside the female body was observed. Second-stage juveniles of this species have a semi-endoparasitic, rather than endoparasitic, habit as in other known Meloidoderita species. This is the first report of a sphaeronematid having a cyst stage fitting the definition of a heteroderid cyst. Phylogenetic relationships between some species of Tylenchuloidea and Criconematina are analysed using the partial 18S rRNA, the D2-D3 of 28S rRNA and the ITS rRNA gene sequences.
Two new species of Haliplus Latreille, 1802 (Coleoptera, Haliplidae) from Northern Brazil
Authors: BENETTI CESAR JOÃO , HAMADA NEUSA
Published: June 2017

Two new species of the genus Haliplus Latreille, 1802 are described and illustrated: H. fiorentini sp. n. and H. regili sp. n., from Roraima state in northern Brazil, bringing the number of species known from Brazil to 14. The new species can be distinguished based on a series of characteristics, mainly observed in the elytra, prosternal and metaventral process, legs and male genitalia.
A new species of the phyline plant bug genus Chimairacoris from central Sulawesi, Indonesia (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae)
Authors: YASUNAGA TOMOHIDE , DUWAL RAM KESHARI
Published: June 2017

The second species of the unique phyline plant bug genus Chimairacoris Yasunaga, Schuh & Cassis is described, on the basis of a male specimen collected from central Sulawesi, Indonesia. The present discovery remarkably expands distribution range of the genus from the Indian subcontinent to Wallacea, or the easternmost part of the Oriental Region. The generic characters are also redefined and discussed.
A new species of the genus Rhynchocalamus Günther, 1864 (Reptilia: Squamata: Colubridae) from Ilam province in western Iran
Authors: FATHINIA BEHZAD , RASTEGAR-POUYANI ESKANDAR , RASTEGAR-POUYANI NASRULLAH , DARVISHNIA HAMID
Published: June 2017

A new colubrid snake, Rhynchocalamus ilamensis sp. nov., is described from Ilam province, western Iran. The new species differs from other described congeners using both morphological and molecular analyses. Morphologically, the head and neck color patterns are the most obvious distinguishing traits of this species from its congeners. The new species is separated from other species of Rhynchocalamus by a genetic distance of 9–13% in the mitochondrial Cytb gene, with R. satunini and R. melanocephalus as the closest and farthest relatives, respectively. As well, a color-based revised key to the genus is provided.
Synthesis by Rule of Prosodic Features
Authors: Mattingly Ignatius G.
Published: July 2017

Synthesis by rule of a limited set of prosodic features of Southern English has been attempted as an extension of a previously reported system for synthesis of segmental phonemes. Methods used for synthesis of intonation features, pausal features and prominence are described.
Description and Perception of Frequency Breaks (Voice Breaks) in Adolescent Female Speakers
Authors: Duffy Robert J.
Published: July 2017

A phonellescopic investigation of the pitch characteristics of 11-, 13-, and 15-year-old females was made. Data descriptive of the incidence, extent, and upper and lower limits of phenomena known as frequency breaks (voice breaks) are presented. These data are discussed and compared with similar data from other studies of males and females of various ages.

A second phase of the study indicated that frequency breaks are not perceived as a pitch phenomenon as has been assumed, but may be associated with the perception of "rough" vocal quality. These results are discussed in relation to vocal fry and harshness.
The Incidence of Filled Pauses in Relation To Part of Speech
Authors: Cook Mark
Published: July 2017

Maclay and Osgood's theory about filled pauses (FP's) is described and evidence relevant to it is summarized. Maclay and Osgood's own evidence—that FP's occur more often before certain types of word than before others—is criticised and suggestions made for an improved procedure. Data obtained by this improved procedure does not show the same tendency as Maclay and Osgood's, i.e. filled pauses occur as often before nouns, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, and adjectives as before other parts of speech. However it is also found that FP's occur more often than would be expected by chance before pronouns, but less often before nouns, verbs and adverbs. Some details of individual differences are presented. The significance of these findings is discussed in the light of Maclay and Osgood's hypothesis.
Phonetic Symbolism in Adult Native Speakers of English: Three Studies
Authors: Tarte Robert D. , Barritt Loren S.
Published: July 2017

Three studies using adult native speakers of English are reported. Each study asked subjects to label elliptical or triangular figures of different size with a CVC trigram. It was the purpose of these studies to obtain evidence in support of the " phonetic symbolism " hypothesis.

Subjects agreed about the relationship between vowel sounds and the size of figure regardless of shape. The sound /a/ was more often chosen for large figures while /i/ was more often chosen for small. A less striking but discernible trend was observed for the labelling of figures with vowel sounds. It was tentatively concluded that, for English speakers, there do exist unrecognized yet consistent bases for relating sounds and visual stimuli.
Perceptual Parameters of Consonant Sounds
Authors: Sharf Donald J.
Published: July 2017

Recordings by one speaker of CV syllables made up of American English labial, alveolar, and post-alveolar stops and fricatives combined with the vowels /i, α, u/ were played to 16 subjects. They were required to rank the consonants on the following five perceptual parameters, using a seven-point scale: Duration, Loudness, Frequency, Sharpness, and Contact. The scale values were compared on the basis of contrast in place, manner, and mode (voicing) of articulation by means of the sign test of significance. Substantial numbers of significant differences were obtained only for Duration comparisons based on manner of articulation and for Contact comparisons based on place of articulation.
The Effect of Two Educated Dialects on Sentence Repetition Scores of Five Year Old Scottish Children
Authors: Clay Marie M
Published: July 2017

Five and six year old Scottish children from 4 schools imitated two parallel sets of sentences graded for difficulty and linguistic features, and modelled by two testers who spoke with similar social dialects (educated) but different regional dialects (Glaswegian and New Zealand). Contrary to predictions the unfamiliar New Zealand dialect was no handicap to such young children from either high or low socio-economic districts. Apart from an obvious interpretation that the children had already been exposed to dialect differences by television, a competing hypothesis would be that the speakers' adaptability in a one-to-one situation may lead to an adjustment of features like speed, clarity or articulation which counter the effects of an unfamiliar dialect.
The Grammar of the Tic in Gilles de La Tourette's Syndrome
Authors: Martindale Colin
Published: July 2017

Psychodynamic theorists would predict that the verbal tics characterizing Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome should exhibit primitive syntax but complex semantics, while neurological considerations lead to an opposite expectation. A phrase structure grammar describing the tics and finite state grammars describing both the tics and the strings of tics observed in a patient suffering from the disease are presented. Zero- and one-limited grammars fail to describe adequately both tics and tic strings. However, a two-limited finite state grammar is presented which successfully generates the tics. Tics seem to vary in form independently of lexical environment.
The Corson Measure of Passive Vocabulary
Authors: Corson David J.
Published: July 2017

This instrument for measuring passive vocabulary has its theoretical roots in the "use" theory of meaning: the understanding of an expression is manifested in the speaker's ability to use it in an identifiable mode of utterance. The Measure takes account of the notions conveyed by such phrases as "true semantic grasp," "extralinguistic context" and "motivated vocabulary." After describing the Measure's simple structure in outline, the paper examines its application in a practical research context where its rigour and applied value are increased by the interpolation of semantic field theory into the construction of items. An appraisal and statistical evaluation of the Measure prompts the conclusion that it is a very suitable instrument for comparing semantic variations in passive vocabulary.
Vowel Information in Postvocalic Fricative Noises
Authors: Whalen D.H.
Published: July 2017

When the postvocalic fricative noises of [s] and [f] are excerpted and combined with vocalic segments having inappropriate formant transitions, vowel quality, or both, the fricative percept is determined by the noise. However, there is often a perception of a diphthong in the vowel. This phenomenon was explored for the vowels [a, i, o, u] preceding the fricatives [s] and [∫]. In the first of two experiments, all combinations of the vocalic segments and fricative noises were presented for identification of the vowel. The perception of diphthongs occurred much more often on mismatches of vowel quality than of transition, indicating that there is substantial vowel information in the noise. In the second experiment, just the noises of the syllables were presented, with subjects trying to identify the missing vowel. The high vowels [i] and [u] were reliably identified, while identifications of [a] and [o] were at chance. This result agrees with previous studies of initial fricatives (Yeni-Komshian and Soli, 1981). Fricative noises from [i] and [u] were responsible for the large majority of diphthong percepts in Experiment 1. These results illustrate that fricative noises contain considerable information about preceding high vowels.
Thinking Globally, Interviewing Locally: Using an Intensive Interview Project to Teach Globalization and Social Change
Authors: Anderson Norma J.
Published: July 2017

In this article, I connect globalization and qualitative methodological practice, describing a semester-long intensive interview project about the anti-apartheid movement. I provide a detailed overview of the project as well as considerations for those who might want to adapt it for their own courses. Using students’ reflections on the projects and their final papers, I demonstrate that this project successfully introduces students to a transnational social movement and provides valuable methodological practice.
Child Check: Education of Parents as Early Identification Agents
Authors: Kurtz P. David , Rule Sarah
Published: July 2017

This paper describes development and field testing of a set of materials and procedures designed to educate parents to act as agents in the early identification of handicapping conditions in young children. The need for education was established through a survey of parents of preschoolers. Two means of disseminating information about early intervention were employed: 1) mass media, including radio and television messages, newspaper stories and distribution of pamphlets and developmental calendars and 2) group meetings employing an instructional film, discussion, calendars and brochures. The results of the efforts indicated that parents attending group meetings learned specific information about services available for young handicapped children and their legal educational rights. Communication via mass media stimulated requests for information but did not measurably affect parents' knowledge about early intervention. Because the materials and procedures served specific educational functions for parents, they would be suitable for incorporation into comprehensive Child Find efforts.
The Need for Inservice Training in Instructional Technology for Special Education Personnel in Small Rural School Districts
Authors: Wirth Paul A. , Stile Stephen W. , Cole Jack T.
Published: July 2017

One special education teacher and one special education administrator from each of 17 small rural school districts (N=34) were interviewed via a 65–item interview guide relative to staff development needs. A lack of staff development activities was identified as a critical problem for special educators in such districts in New Mexico. Training in the area of instructional technology was the most frequently mentioned inservice need. A majority of respondents indicated that instructional technology would be useful in the provision of special services. The vast majority of respondents felt competence in instructional technology would improve the special educator's effectiveness in the classroom, while the response to the question of whether competence in this area would improve the special education administrator's effectiveness was mixed.
The Role of Videodiscs in Special Education Methods Courses
Authors: Rule Sarah , Salzberg Charles L. , Schulze Kim
Published: July 2017

This article describes applications of videodisc technology to instruction. The focus is on the incorporation of videodiscs into methods training for preservice teachers. Methods training requires that teacher trainees acquire a knowledge base for instructional skills, learn to identify specific instructional methods, and learn to discriminate between appropriate and inappropriate applications of particular methods. Next, trainees must learn to perform each method and, finally, must apply each method in the classroom. Videodiscs are an efficient medium for teaching about teaching methods. However, the videodisc cannot provide practice in the actual performance of teaching skills, and must be supplemented with live supervision. In combination with other instructional technologies, it provides an efficient medium for helping preservice teachers to learn instructional methods.
Choosing from a Moral Point of View
Authors: Frohlich Norman , Oppenheimer oe
Published: July 2017

The notion of a moral point of view has a distinguished pedigree. But it has been integrated neither into economic modeling nor political philosophy. We make a preliminary attempt to do this. Specifically, we ask: “What is meant, in general, by a moral point of view? What elements are common to all notions of morality?” In asking these questions we do not seek agreement as to the content, and status of morality. Rather, we are interested in squaring the notion of moral points of view with the decision theoretic models at the base of rationality theory. Further, we are concerned to identify those elements which generate the substantive implications of adopting a moral point of view so that one can eventually analyze which aspects of a moral point of view are required by a modem democracy. We sketch a few of the consequences for social decisions if individuals, either unorganized or within a society, chose from such a point of view rather than some other”

“How could you possibly have done that?” says Sheila to her friend Betsy, “You really did the wrong thing.”

“I don’t really know,” comes the answer. “I guess I just wasn’t thinking about it clearly; I didn’t have the right perspective on it.”

Sheila is obviously talking about some bad choice made by Betsy, but it is hard to conclude much more from those few lines. She could be talking about Betsy’s purchase of a hair dryer without some essential feature, or a decision to take Sheila’s car without permission. In either case, it would not be surprising were Sheila to continue advising her friend as follows “You should have considered your decision from a different point of view! Think about …”

Economists assume that an individual making a choice has a unique set of values, but recent evidence does not bear this out (Tversky and Kahneman, 1981 & 1986; as well as Shafir and Tversky, 1994; but also see Sen, 1977 and Margolis, 1982 who were early dissenters from the classic economic point of view). Indeed, Betsy’s response indicates that the (offending) choice was made on the basis of a ‘perspective’ or ‘point of view’ which led her to the wrong decision. The implication: a different perspective might have led to the right choice.
The Future of Money as it Affects Payment Systems
Authors: Potts Chris , Browning Ralph , Vizio Tony de
Published: July 2017

The concept of electronic money is no longer a hypothesis but a realisation. Advanced smart card technology and the ability to replace physical cash with an electronic alternative is a reality with mass market utilisation being a matter of time, rather than just supposition.

Mondex is an “electronic cash” smartcard, which is being introduced as an alternative to physical notes and coins for use in the high street and as a future payment mechanism in a wide variety of areas such as the Internet and multimedia services. It is also the pre-eminent product of its kind for it fully re-combines the existing features of physical money with additional utility; and it has been this type of behaviour which improves an existing paradigm that has advanced payment systems over the ages.

Fundamental to any system will be its reliance on security, thereby imposing confidence among its scheme participants and ensuring the scheme’s success. The Mondex chip is virtually impossible—and almost certainly uneconomic—to crack. Therefore, within the features of Mondex—improved flexibility, acceptance, convenience, control, etc.—there exists the assets of security, scaleability and economy.

In addition, the Mondex proposition will provide a foundation upon which entirely new business, social and economical activity could occur.
The C.F.A. Franc Zone: A Monetary Union in Practice
Authors: Cooper John C.B.
Published: July 2017

The C.F.A. Franc Zone is a monetary union which has existed for decades. This paper describes the structure and operation of the current arrangement and examines how members’ economies have performed in recent years both as a group and in comparison with other Sub-Saharan countries. The evidence would suggest that, while this particular monetary union may offer definite advantages to its members, it is not a panacea for all economic ailments. It is perhaps appropriate to bear this in mind, especially at this present time when proposed monetary union in Europe continues to generate much heated debate.
Low Frequency High Level Noise Impulses near Weapons and Explosions
Authors: Paakkonen Rauno
Published: July 2017

Analyses with a waveform analyser were made of the time and frequency domain of impulse noise from both military guns, e.g. rifles, cannons, bazookas and mortars, and explosions. For heavy weapons the most prominent energy content was found to be in the frequency range below 100 Hz. The frequency peak was generally less than 50 Hz. The significance for the A-weighting of noise impulses from weapons is discussed, as well as the different impulse parameters, e.g. peak value, impulse energy and A-duration.
The Pituitary Adrenocortical Response in Rats Exposed to Fluctuating Infrasound
Authors: Yamasumi Y. , Shiraishi T. , Miyashita K. , Kuroda M. , Luo W. , Taniuchi T. , Takeda S.
Published: July 2017

In order to study the effects of fluctuating infrasound, rats were exposed to traffic noise. Responses of the pituitary adrenocortical system were evaluated by the plasma ACTH and corticosterone concentration.

The plasma ACTH concentration increased significantly in rats exposed to fluctuating infrasound at 100 dB and 110 dB (Leq) as compared with the controls. No significant increase of the plasma ACTH concentration was found in rats exposed to 110 dB steady-state infrasound.

According to these results, the effect of fluctuating infrasound is greater than that of steady-state infrasound.
Noise Annoyance at Different Times of the Working Day
Authors: Landström Ulf , Kjellberg Anders , Soderberg Lena
Published: July 2017

Recordings of noise exposure and annoyance were collected for a group of 148 individuals. The recordings represented three different types of working environments; control rooms (n=57), offices in industry (n=34) and offices in public administration (n=37). In the control rooms the noise was dominated by lower frequencies of a monotonous character, whereas the noise in the offices was more varying. Noise recordings and ratings of annoyance were made at the beginning, the middle and the end of five successive days. The noise exposure levels varied between 39 and 64 dB(A). The results of the study are discussed with respect to differences in the exposure time related changes of annoyance in low frequency and high frequency environments. The results indicate that the annoyance level is stable during a working day and thus, that it is not affected by exposure time. However, annoyance increased somewhat from the first to the fifth working day among the control room group workers, whereas a trend in the opposite direction was seen in the office group.
‘Free from Shackles’ or ‘Dirtied’?: The Contested Pentecostalisation of Anglican congregations in Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: Wild-Wood Emma
Published: July 2017

Pentecostalism is a subject of increasing importance in the study of world Christianity. Pentecostal churches are growing and the movement is complex and vibrant. African Initiated Churches and Charismatic movements in mainline churches have both been defined as Pentecostal. It is the charismatic groups within historic mission churches and their relation to the broader Pentecostal movement which is the subject of this paper. Studying the influence of Pentecostalism in microcosm allows one to analyse the interpersonal dynamics at play and to examine the complexities of a local movement.
Guide-lines for Preparation of Case Studies
Authors: Samuel C. B.
Published: July 2017

These guide-lines were produced for the Social Concern Track at Lausanne II. Their aim is to enable people who are engaged in evangelism in social action ministries to write up their experiences so that they and others can reflect on the theology underlying their approach. The guide-lines have since been widely used by people in different parts of the world. The findings of the case studies at Lausanne II were published in Transformation, January 1990.
Is missiology an academic discipline?
Authors: Jongeneel Jan A.B.
Published: July 2017

This is a revised version of a paper delivered in the Faculty of Divinity, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, on February 5th, 1998, under the auspices of the North Atlantic Missiology Project, co-ordinated by the University of Cambridge and financed by the Pew Charitable Trusts. The opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Pew Charitable Trusts. Additionally, this paper was delivered in the Oxford Centre for Mission Studies, Oxford, at February 6th, 1998.
Design Verification of Guyed Transmission Tower Using Nonlinear Analysis
Authors: Albermani F.
Published: July 2017

This paper describes the nonlinear analysis technique used for the design verification of a guyed transmission tower. This tower forms part of a new transmission line which is currently under construction. The nonlinear analysis technique is briefly described and the findings from the analysis are highlighted together with the resulting modifications to the original design. The findings from the nonlinear analysis predict a catastrophic collapse of the transmission tower based on the original design. This collapse would has resulted even if a full-scale testing of the tower was used to verify the design adequacy.
On Technology, Magic and Changing the World
Authors: Kravets Olga
Published: June 2017

Robert Lusch (2015) astutely observes that humans are “massive creators of tools and we need to start understanding that.” In my commentary, I seek to complicate and extend this statement on tools or technology by drawing attention to the magic of technology, and how it simultaneously obscures the view of things and invites a fetishistic belief in technological efficacy to change the world. I argue that we must deepen our discussion of technology and start questioning the many ways that today’s technology orders the social world and humans.
A Hepatogenous Photosensitivity Disease of Cattle: II. Histopathology and Pathogenesis of the Hepatic Lesions
Authors: Glenn B. L. , Panciera R. J. , Monlux A. W.
Published: July 2017

The progressive development of the hepatic lesions which occurred in an alfalfa hay-induced photosensitivity disease of cattle was studied by means of multiple liver biopsies from 20 animals and by necropsy of 7 animals killed at different stages of the disease.

Lesions of visceral organs were confined to the liver and biliary system. The hepatic lesions were characterized by a diffuse, acutely developing cholangitis and pericholangitis leading to occlusion of the small ducts. The chief sites of involvement were interlobular ducts of small and medium size. Subsequent proliferation of bile ducts and connective tissue in the portal tracts occurred in proportion to the intensity and duration of the cholangitis, but was never extreme. The toxin causing these lesions is unknown, but since they are confined almost exclusively to the biliary tract it can be speculated that it is concentrated and excreted via biliary secretion without being adequately detoxified in the liver.

The hepatic lesions of the alfalfa hay-induced disease in catle are strikingly similar to those observed in “facial eczema” of sheep. There is little similarity of the lesions to those observed in the other major hepatogenous photosensitivity diseases.
Durch chemische Agentien erzeugte Granulome
Authors: Messow C.
Published: July 2017

The author reviews granulomas caused by chemical agents. Since there is insufficient knowledge with which to classify them fundamentally, they are classified practically as inflammation caused by endogenous and exogenous chemicals. Deposits of urate crystals, cutaneous calcinosis and cholesterin granulomas are endogenous. Exogenous inflammations in human medicine are the occupational diseases of the skin and lungs; however, these are of little significance in domestic animals. Pneumoconioses in animals are rare because of their reduced opportunity for exposure, more efficient nasal filtering system, and increased pulmonary reactivity; the latter is more likely to lead to acute pneumonia than to chronic granulomatous response.

Granulomas caused by pharmaceutical agents are of importance in animals, e.g. the cutaneous granuloma caused by aluminum hydroxide in the adjuvant of foot and mouth disease vaccine. Drugs suspended in oil, turpentine, and paraffin have also produced granulomas in the subcutaneous tissue and muscles. Peritoneal inflammation occurs as a reaction to talcum or antibiotic powder following surgery and is of importance in human medicine; cases have also been reported in domestic animals, but much more rarely. Granulomas were experimentally produced with talcum powder in a number of laboratory and domestic animals, reptiles and amphibia. Such experiments provide an approach to the study of the comparative pathology of inflammation. The differences in the reactions of nine species of animals with experimental talcum granulomas are tabulated.
Die virusbedingte Hepatosplenitis infectiosa strigorum
Authors: Burtscher H.
Published: July 2017

The gross and histopathology of a viral disease of owls is described on the basis of birds which were autopsied in Vienna over an eight year period. The disease is called hepatosplenitis infectiosa strigorum, the latter word indicating the zoological order (Strigiformes) of birds which are affected; four genera of owls are represented in this report. The clinical illness is not characteristic, and the birds are usually sick but a short time—two to five days.

At autopsy, there are numerous necrotic foci in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow representing the essential lesions; frequently, there are also accompanying lesions: stomatitis, laryngitis, esophagitis, proventriculitis and diphtheretic enteritis.

Histologically, the organs mentioned have necrotic lesions, consisting of a basophilic central zone of debris surrounded by an eosinophilic ring of necrotic cells. Adjacent to these lesions, intranuclear inclusion bodies of the Cowdry type A are demonstrable, particularly in the liver.

The viral etiology (reported elsewhere) has been demonstrated by isolation of an agent from affected owls (in chicken eggs) which is capable of producing the disease in healthy owls. The disease thus appears identical to one reported in the United States 30 years ago. The differential diagnosis from other diseases of owls, both viral and bacterial, is considered in detail. Hepatosplenitis emerges as the major cause of death among the owls submitted for autopsy to the author's institute.
Untersuchungen zur Pathomorphologie und Pathogenese der Aujeszkyschen Krankheit
Authors: Bergmann V. , Becker C.-H.
Published: July 2017

The histopathologic changes in the spinal ganglia, spinal roots, and spinal cord in 17 piglets following natural or experimental infection with the virus of pseudorabies were characterized by inflammatory mesenchymal and glial infiltrations and cellular necrosis. The lesions in the connective and vascular tissues were often more pronounced than those in neurons. Nuclear changes resembling inclusion bodies were only occasionally demonstrated. This non-specific histopathologic picture was considered to be the result of an increased resistance against the pseudorabies virus. Although the preponderantly diffuse and multicentric localization of the lesions in natural infections may point to a circulatory spread of the infection to the central nervous system, the continuity of lesions in the cord following intramuscular infection substantiates the possibility of the neuronal route of CNS infection in the pig.
Investigation of residual stresses distribution in equal channel angular rolled aluminum alloy by means of the slitting method
Authors: Mahmoodi Masoud , Lohrasbi Sajjad
Published: June 2017

Equal channel angular rolling is a severe plastic deformation process which produces an ultrafine-grained structure and improves the mechanical properties of the samples. In this article, using the slitting method experimentally and finite element simulation, the residual stress distribution in an equal channel angular rolled Al alloy 5083 specimen was investigated. First, by applying the slitting technique on the considered specimen, the produced strains were measured and recorded. Then by employing the series expansion method, the through-thickness residual stresses were calculated. The compliance matrix was obtained by means of finite element analysis and 16 terms of the Legendre polynomial (L2 through L17) were used to get the compliance coefficients. According to the finite element results, the residual stresses were created in the sample because of different plastic strain deformation at the same times in different locations. The residual stress distribution was non-uniform and similar to sine curve. There was a good agreement between the obtained results by slitting method and finite element simulation.
Educational Ecosystems and Charter Policy Development in the United States
Authors: Johnston Joseph B.
Published: June 2017

Why have charter schools been embraced as an urban educational solution in many metropolitan areas, but not in others? I develop a theoretical framework whereby the “educational ecosystem” of metropolitan areas—formed through the social geography of school district boundaries and school integration plans—supplement existing perspectives, thereby aiding in the understanding of policy adoption variability. I provide an initial test to the theoretical framework through a case study of a metropolitan hub that continues to have no charter schools: Louisville, Kentucky. I demonstrate how Louisville’s particular urban educational ecosystem, which diverges from the overall national pattern of racially and socioeconomically isolated urban systems, transformed the perceptions of the urban district and shaped the battles over an otherwise nationally popular school reform.
Waste management outlook for mountain regions: Sources and solutions
Authors: Semernya Larisa , Ramola Aditi , Alfthan Björn , Giacovelli Claudia
Published: June 2017

Following the release of the global waste management outlook in 2015, the United Nations Environment Programme (UN Environment), through its International Environmental Technology Centre, is elaborating a series of region-specific and thematic waste management outlooks that provide policy recommendations and solutions based on current practices in developing and developed countries. The Waste Management Outlook for Mountain Regions is the first report in this series. Mountain regions present unique challenges to waste management; while remoteness is often associated with costly and difficult transport of waste, the potential impact of waste pollutants is higher owing to the steep terrain and rivers transporting waste downstream. The Outlook shows that waste management in mountain regions is a cross-sectoral issue of global concern that deserves immediate attention. Noting that there is no ‘one solution fits all’, there is a need for a more landscape-type specific and regional research on waste management, the enhancement of policy and regulatory frameworks, and increased stakeholder engagement and awareness to achieve sustainable waste management in mountain areas. This short communication provides an overview of the key findings of the Outlook and highlights aspects that need further research. These are grouped per source of waste: Mountain communities, tourism, and mining. Issues such as waste crime, plastic pollution, and the linkages between exposure to natural disasters and waste are also presented.
The Prognosis for Affirmative Action at the State Level: A Study of Affirmative Action Implementation in Delaware
Authors: Hendricks Judith J.
Published: July 2017

This article details a recent study of affirmative action implementation in sixteen state agencies in Delaware. The goal of the study was to identify organizational characteristics which encourage or discourage affirmative action implementation. It culminates in a description of a model agency in which conditions favor implementation and also in a force field analysis. Finally, the prognosis for affirmative action implementation at the state level, based on the findings of the study, is presented.
How Three Editors Explain Decisions to Their Readers
Authors: Nemeth Neil
Published: July 2017

This article analyzes the columns of three senior editors who wrote about their own publications. They primarily promoted their newspapers and provided information on how they worked.
An Analysis of Slogans Used to ‘Sell the News’
Authors: Ghanem Salma , Selber Kimberly
Published: July 2017

This examination of 744 newspaper slogans at print and online daily and weekly newspapers found that 75 percent of the slogans mentioned a key benefit of the newspaper.
Granting Sources Anonymity Requires Complex Process
Authors: Kimball Michele Bush
Published: July 2017

In-depth interviews with 39 print, radio, broadcast and Internet journalists found a typical four-part process that journalists follow when determining whether to grant a source anonymity. The process is neither simple nor easy.
Subscriber Behavior and Attitudes in Response to PM-AM Conversion
Authors: Rarick Galen R. , Lemert James B.
Published: July 2017

Does people's media use change when a newspaper goes from PM to AM publication? A before-after survey with 256 subscriber household adults in the Eugene (OR) Register-Guard's market found subscribers: 1) spread reading more across the day, but decline in total reading time; 2) decreased viewing time for early evening TV and TV news; 3) remained stable in weather, sports and stock table interest; 4) perceived no change in news “freshness” but did note design changes; and, 5) had some difficulty making the adjustment to AM publication, but without significant opposition.