bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Politique énergétique 2030 du Québec : l’étonnante absence d'une stratégie de transport soutenable
Authors: Feurtey Évariste , Boudreault Louis-Étienne , Bourque Gilles , Breton Simon-Philippe , Reid Réal , Saucier Carol , Saulnier Bernard , Sauvé Lucie
Published: January 2020

Suite à un texte paru dans le Soleil le 7 avril 2016 intitulé « L’avenir contraint de l’énergie éolienne au Québec » (Saucier et al., 2016), huit chercheurs du Collectif scientifique sur la question du gaz de schiste, se questionnent sur l'ambition et les orientations stratégiques de la Politique énergétique du Québec (PEQ) 2030 en matière de transport. Les auteurs partent du constat que le Québec prévoit d'importants surplus d'électricité renouvelable (8,3 TWh par an jusqu'en 2023) et que ce potentiel serait largement suffisant pour décarboniser totalement le parc automobile. Pourtant, malgré les beaux objectifs de la PEQ 2030, aucune vision et aucun plan concret de déploiement structuré ne sont proposés par le gouvernement pour y parvenir. Pourquoi le Québec ne développe-t-il pas un plan d'électrification des transports responsable, ambitieux et novateur comme il a su s'affirmer il y a cinquante ans, lorsqu'il a décidé de déployer sa filière hydroélectrique ? Telle est la question de fond posée dans cet article.
A Survey on Precision Treatment for Humans Using Cognitive Machine Learning Techniques
Authors: Srivani M. , Mala T. , Murugappan Abirami
Published: January 2020

Personalized treatment (PT) is an emerging area in healthcare that provides personalized health. Personalized, targeted, or customized treatment gains more attention by providing the right treatment to the right person at the right time. Traditional treatment follows a whole systems approach, whereas PT unyokes the people into groups and helps them in rendering proper treatment based on disease risk. In PT, case by case analysis identifies the current status of each patient and performs detailed investigation of their health along with symptoms, signs, and difficulties. Case by case analysis also aids in constructing the clinical knowledge base according to the patient's needs. Thus, PT is a preventive medicine system enabling optimal therapy and cost-effective treatment. This chapter aims to explore how PT is served in works of literature by fusing machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, which creates cognitive machine learning (CML). This chapter also explores the issues, challenges of traditional medicine, applications, models, pros, and cons of PT.
Deep Learning for Next-Generation Inventive Wireless Networks
Authors: K. Nimmi , Menon Varun G. , B. Janet , Kumar Akshi
Published: January 2020

Recent years have witnessed an exponential rise in the number of connected wireless devices. This number is expected to rise at an unprecedented rate leading to severe challenges in user demands and network infrastructure. With the fusion of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, these devices have become more smart and intelligent. Using machine learning, efforts are being carried out to artificially train these networks to determine the optimum system requirements automatically. With these intelligent networks generating an enormous volume of data along with the demand for high data rate, machine learning has found its few limitations. Deep learning techniques have emerged as one of the most impressive tools to solve many of these problems. The primary objective of this chapter is to provide insights into deep learning and the applications of deep learning in next-generation inventive wireless networks. The chapter also presents the issues, challenges, and future directions in this research area.
Demystifying Disease Identification and Diagnosis Using Machine Learning Classification Algorithms
Authors: Suragala Ashok , PapaRao A. V.
Published: January 2020

The exponential surge in healthcare data is providing new opportunities to discover meaningful data-driven characteristics and patterns of diseases. Machine learning and deep learning models have been employed for many computational phenotyping and healthcare prediction tasks. However, machine learning models are crucial for wide adaption in medical research and clinical decision making. In this chapter, the authors introduce demystifying diseases identification and diagnosis of various disease using machine learning algorithms like logistic regression, naive Bayes, decision tree, MLP classifier, random forest in order to cure liver disease, hepatitis disease, and diabetes mellitus. This work leverages the initial discoveries made through data exploration, statistical analysis of data to reduce the number of explanatory variables, which led to identifying the statistically significant attributes, mapping those significant attributes to the response, and building classification techniques to predict the outcome and demystify clinical diseases.
Sentiment Analysis on Social Media
Authors: Wadawadagi Ramesh S. , Pagi Veerappa B.
Published: January 2020

Due to the advent of Web 2.0, the size of social media content (SMC) is growing rapidly and likely to increase faster in the near future. Social media applications such as Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, etc. have become an integral part of our lives, as they prompt the people to give their opinions and share information around the world. Identifying emotions in SMC is important for many aspects of sentiment analysis (SA) and is a top-level agenda of many firms today. SA on social media (SASM) extends an organization's ability to capture and study public sentiments toward social events and activities in real time. This chapter studies recent advances in machine learning (ML) used for SMC analysis and its applications. The framework of SASM consists of several phases, such as data collection, pre-processing, feature representation, model building, and evaluation. This survey presents the basic elements of SASM and its utility. Furthermore, the study reports that ML has a significant contribution to SMC mining. Finally, the research highlights certain issues related to ML used for SMC.
Enhanced Optical Absorption of Dual-Diameter Structured Silicon Nanoholes Array
Authors: Liu Yi , Meng Na , Kuang Ya Wei , Wang Shu Chang , Ni Zhi Chun , Wei Qing Zhu , Liu Yu Shen , Ma Yu Long , Zhang De Bao , Yang Xi Feng
Published: January 2020

The optical properties have been numerically investigated in crystalline silicon nanoholes array for various structural parameters. We have demonstrated that the light absorption can be greatly enhanced in silicon nanoholes array especially for long wavelength absorption compared with single diameter nanoholes array. We have also obtained the optimal parameters for absorption wavelength control, at which the photocurrent enhancement factors have been achieved to be 14.43% compared to silicon thin film. Furthermore, the underlying mechanism of the absorption enhancement in dual-diameter nanoholes array has been discussed.
The Potential of Graphene in Electronic Applications
Authors: Sun Ze Kai
Published: January 2020

2D materials have emerged as new material used in electronic devices. Graphene has attract great attention due to its high charge carrier mobility and thin thickness. Different production methods have been used to produce graphene used in different electronic applications. This work highlights the validity of graphene electronic applications and drawbacks that needed to be overcome in the future. Chemical vapour deposition (CVD) grew graphene show great potential in replacing ITO in touch screen with low sheet resistance, flexibility and high transparency. Screen printed touchpad flexible keyboard can be fabricated directly from graphene inks. Graphene based touch-pad show a good conductive and flexibility while providing stable electrical performance under bending and change of humidity. Mechanical exfoliated graphene exhibits high charge carrier mobility by encapsulated with hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN).
Anti-Cavitation Approach in a Bio-Inspired Throttle Valve: A Study of Using Rubber-Like Materials
Authors: Pooneeth Vishwanath , He Xu , Wang Hai Hang , Kamoleka Mlela Masoud
Published: January 2020

This multiscale molecular study emphasizes on reducing cavitation in a squid - inspired throttle valve. Molecular simulations on 10 different polymers bonded layer-wise to Iron (III) Oxide were done and the 5 ones having the strongest binding energies were further relaxed using xenon crystals (0.2ns). Changes in the radius of gyration were observed and post relaxation, the interaction energy, the cohesive energy density, and the Hildebrand solubility parameter of the polymer-water layer were determined. Consequently, Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) chosen from the results was further equilibrated for 1.05 ns. To verify its wettability, a contact angle (water nanodroplet) of 115° was estimated. Next, the lined (3mm thick PTFE) valve seat of the chosen throttle valve was numerically analyzed. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, ANSYS Fluent 17.0 was used to test the 3D model with assigned boundary conditions to determine the vapor fraction and the static pressure. Finally, thickness optimization of the lining was done to improve the valve’s performance within the fluid power system and minimize cost involvement.
Macrophage activation syndrome as a complication of rheumatologic disorders, a report from Iran
Authors: Assari R. , Sadeghi P. , Mirmohammadsadeghi A. , Ebadi F. , Ziaee V.
Published: January 2020

The objective was to evaluate the clinical and laboratory manifestations and outcomes of the MAS cases in the context of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SJIA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Kawasaki disease, poly-articular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (PJIA). Twenty consecutive patients diagnosed with MAS between 2005 and 2016 entered the study. The cases were divided into two groups: in the first, MAS emerged in the context of a previously diagnosed rheumatologic disease, while in the second, MAS was the first presentation of a rheumatologic disease. In the other classification, the cases were divided into recurrent and non-recurrent cases. Laboratory data were recorded at three times: before MAS attack, during MAS attack, and 1 month after discharge from hospital. Nineteen cases with the median age of 5.9 (3.6-10) years entered the study. Four cases (21.1%) showed recurrent attacks of MAS. MAS was the first presentation of disease in 10 cases. The median age of the patients in the underlying disease group (10 years) was significantly higher than in the first presentation group [4.5(1.7-6.1) years, p=0.003]. The median fibrinogen value during MAS attack in the underlying disease group (601 mg/ dL) was also significantly higher than in the first presentation group (174 mg/dL, p=0.038). The platelet count during MAS attack in the recurrent group (30,500/microliter) was significantly lower than in the non-recurrent group (135,000/microliter, p=0.042). Our series of MAS cases demonstrated an overview of the symptoms, signs, laboratory manifestations, treatment, and prognosis of these cases. The higher median fibrinogen in MAS in the underlying disease group revealed that a decreasing level of fibrinogen in chronic disease is more significant than a single cut off value. Indeed, the lower platelet count in the recurrent MAS group may indicate greater platelet consumption due to organomegaly. Early diagnosis and treatment may save the patients’ lives.
Is CDAI comparable to DAS 28 and SDAI regarding inter-observer agreement and correlation to MHAQ in Egyptian RA patients?
Authors: El-Hadidi K. , Gamal S.M. , Saad S. , Elsaid N.Y.
Published: January 2020

Choosing between the different disease activity indices used for rheumatoid arthritis RA evaluation in clinical practice and research is often difficult. The aim of the current study was to compare clinical disease activity index (CDAI) to simplified disease activity index (SDAI), and disease activity score 28 (DAS28) regarding inter-observer reliability and correlation to the modified health assessment questionnaire (MHAQ) in a cohort of Egyptian RA patients. This study included one hundred RA patients. Every patient had an independent clinical evaluation made by two rheumatologists (professor and candidate) to evaluate disease activity using DAS28 with its 4 types, CDAI and SDAI. We used Cohen’s weighted kappa coefficient to measure the inter-observer agreement between the professor and candidate in different disease activity measures. Correlation between MHAQ and disease activity measures was made with Spearman’s rho test. Inter-observer agreement in CDAI and DAS28 values was almost perfect. A strong positive correlation was found between professor and candidate regarding the tested activity indices (p<0.001), and a positive correlation was found between MHAQ and all Disease Activity Scores made by both professor and candidate (p<0.001). CDAI proved to be comparable to other disease activity scores regarding inter-observer agreement and relation to MHAQ.
Retrospective analysis of surgically treated cases of squamous cell carcinoma vulva
Authors: Singhal Seema , Kumar Sunesh , Sharma D. N. , Bharti Juhi , Meena Jyoti , Yadav Anshu
Published: January 2020

Context:

Vulvar carcinoma accounts for 3%–5% of gynecologic malignancies. The past three decades has observed changes in the trends of clinical characteristics and treatment modalities used in managing this disease.

Aims:

The aim of the present study is to analyze the clinic-pathological characteristics and survival of women with squamous cell carcinoma vulva who underwent primary surgical management.

Settings and Design:

This was a retrospective observational study.

Subjects and Methods:

Case records of 30 consecutive patients with squamous cell carcinoma of vulva during the period of 2010–2016 were retrospectively reviewed and their clinical profile, treatment details, complications, and survival were analyzed.

Statistical Analysis Used:

Kaplan–Meier survival analysis, followed by logrank test, was used for survival outcome, and Cox proportional hazard model was used to assess significant risk factors.

Results:

The mean age of patients was 58 ± 12.9 years. The most common symptom was growth over vulva (73.3%), itching (63.3%), and nonhealing vulval ulcer (26.6%). The most common site for disease was labia majora. The surgical treatments ranged from wide local excision to radical vulvectomy. Postoperative adjuvant therapy was required for 16 patients. The median (95% confidence interval [CI]) overall survival was 27 (21.7–32.2) months. Five-year survival probability for early-stage disease (I + II) was 49% (95% CI: 12.9, 78.4) and for advanced disease (III + IV) was 24.8% (95% CI: 4.8, 42.6). Lymph node-positive status was found to have a significant impact on survival (hazard ratio of 4.9 [95% CI: 1.15–21.02, P = 0.02]).

Conclusions:

Despite advances in detection and management modalities, the survival for vulval malignancies has not improved.
Twenty years of mini-laparoscopy in Brazil
Authors: Lima Diego Laurentino , Carvalho Gustavo Lopes , Cordeiro Raquel Nogueira
Published: January 2020

The mini-laparoscopic cholecystectomy (MLC) was first performed in 1996, as the logical advancement of the conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy. In Brazil, mini-laparoscopy was first performed in 1998, by Professors Peter Goh and Go Wakabaiashi, who performed a cholecystectomy using 3-mm instruments. The first study, with a considerable number of patients, was performed in Recife by Dr. Carvalho, and he reported that 719 patients were submitted to a MLC with a small rate of conversion for conventional laparoscopy. We discuss the development of mini-laparoscopy in Brazil for the past 20 years.
Outcome of minimally invasive liver resection for extrapancreatic biliary malignancies
Authors: Chin Ken Min , Chua Darren W. Q. , Lee Ser Yee , Chan Chung Yip , Goh Brian K. P.
Published: January 2020

Background:

Minimally invasive liver resection (MILR) has been increasingly adopted over the past decade, and its application has been expanded to the management of extrapancreatic biliary malignancies (EPBMs). We aimed to evaluate the peri- and post-operative outcome of patients undergoing MILR for suspected EPMB.

Methods:

Forty-four consecutive patients who underwent MILR with a curative intent for EPBM at Singapore General Hospital between 2011 and 2018 were identified from a prospectively maintained surgical database. Clinical and operative data were analysed and compared to provide information and make comparisons on peri- and post-operative outcomes.

Results:

A total of 26, 5 and 13 patients underwent MILR for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (PHC) and gallbladder carcinoma (GBCA), respectively. Six major hepatectomies were performed, of which one was laparoscopic assisted and another was robot assisted. Ten patients underwent posterosuperior segmentectomies. There was one open conversion. The mean operative time was 266.5 min, and the mean blood loss was 379 ml. The mean length of hospital stay was 4.7 days with no incidences of 30- and 90-day mortality. The rate of recurrence-free survival (RFS) was 75% (at least 12-month follow-up). There was a significantly higher rate of robot-assisted procedures in patients undergoing MILR for GBCA/PHC as compared to ICC (P = 0.034). Patients undergoing posterosuperior segmentectomies required longer operative time (P = 0.018) with an increased need for (P = 0.001) and duration of (P = 0.025) Pringles manoeuvre. There were no differences in operative time, blood loss, morbidity, mortality or RFS between the above groups.

Conclusion:

Minimally invasive surgery can be adopted safely with a low open conversion rate for EPBMs.
Women Philosophers Volume I
Authors: Rogers Dorothy
Published: January 2020

Illuminating a significant moment in the development of both American and feminist philosophical history, this study explores the experience and work of the women of the early American idealist movement. Beginning in St. Louis, Missouri in 1858, it became more influential as women joined and contributed to its development. Many of these women were pioneers in education and were expanding women’s role in it as teachers and scholars. Some were also ardent feminists. Chief among them were Susan E. Blow, Anna C. Brackett, Grace C. Bibb, Ellen M. Mitchell, Lucia Ames Mead, Caroline E. Sherman, and May Wright Sewall.

Providing new insights into the work of the core group of women thinkers, this volume includes new information about women who became associated with the movement as it expanded and developed offshoots in other parts of the nation. This includes the origins of the philosophical-idealist roots of their pacifist thought and activism, apparent in their writings and speeches, and the neo-Hegelian movement.
Orientalism, Philology, and the Illegibility of the Modern World
Authors: Trüper Henning
Published: January 2020

Orientalism, Philology, and the Illegibility of the Modern World examines the philology of orientalism. It discusses how European (and in particular German) orientalism has influenced the modern understanding of how language accesses reality and offers a critical reinterpretation of orientalism, ontology and modernity.

This book pushes an innovative focus on the global history of knowledge as entangled between European and non-European cultures. Drawing from formal oriental studies, epigraphy, travel literature, and theology, Henning Trüper explores how the attempt to appropriate the world by attaching language to the notion of a ‘real’ reference in the world ultimately produced a crisis of meaning. In the process, Trüper convincingly challenges received understandings of the intellectual genealogies of oriental scholarship and its practices.

This ground-breaking study is a meaningful contribution to current discourses about philology and significantly adds to our understanding about the relationship between discursive practices, cultural agendas, and political systems. As such, it will be of immense value to scholars researching Europe and the modern world, the history of philology, and those seeking to historicise the prevalent debates in theory.
Modelling mixed-phase clouds with large-eddy model UCLALES-SALSA
Authors: Ahola Jaakko , Korhonen Hannele , Tonttila Juha , Romakkaniemi Sami , Kokkola Harri , Raatikainen Tomi
Published: January 2020

Abstract. The large-eddy model UCLALES-SALSA, with exceptionally detailed aerosol description for both aerosol number and chemical composition, has been extended for ice and mixed-phase clouds. Comparison to a previous mixed-phase cloud model intercomparison study confirmed the accuracy of newly implemented ice microphysics. Further simulation with a heterogeneous ice nucleation scheme, where also ice nucleating particles (INP) are a prognostic variable, captured the typical layered structure of Arctic mid-altitude mixed-phase cloud: a liquid layer near cloud top and ice within and below the liquid layer. In addition, the simulation showed realistic freezing rate of droplets within the vertical cloud structure. The represented detailed sectional ice microphysics with prognostic aerosols is crucially important in reproducing mixed-phase clouds.
Single-photon laser-induced fluorescence detection of nitric oxide at sub-parts per trillion mixing ratios
Authors: Rollins Andrew W. , Rickly Pamela S. , Gao Ru-Shan , Ryerson Thomas B. , Brown Steven S. , Peischl Jeff , Bourgeois Ilann
Published: January 2020

Abstract. We describe a newly developed single-photon laser-induced fluorescence sensor for measurements of nitric oxide (NO) in the atmosphere. Rapid tuning of a narrow-band laser on and off of a rotationally resolved NO spectral feature and detection of the red-shifted fluorescence provides for interference-free direct measurements of NO with a detection limit of 1 pptv for 1 second of integration, or 0.3 pptv for 10 seconds of integration. The instrument was deployed on the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the NASA FIREX-AQ experiment during July–September of 2019 and provided more than 140 hours of NO measurements over 22 flights, demonstrating the ability of this instrument to operate routinely and autonomously. Comparisons with a seasoned chemiluminescence sensor during FIREX-AQ in a variety of chemical environments provides validation and confidence of the accuracy of this technique.
A revised northern soil Hg pool, based on western Siberia permafrost peat Hg
and carbon observations
Authors: Lim Artem G. , Jiskra Martin , Sonke Jeroen E. , Loiko Sergey V. , Kosykh Natalia , Pokrovsky Oleg S.
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Natural and anthropogenic mercury (Hg) emissions are sequestered in terrestrial soils over short, annual, to long, millennial time scales, before Hg mobilization and run-off impacts wetland and coastal Ocean ecosystems. Recent studies have used Hg to carbon (C) ratios, RHgC, measured in Alaskan permafrost mineral and peat soils, together with a northern soil carbon inventory, to estimate that these soils contain large amounts, 184 to 755 Gg of Hg in the upper 1 m. However, measurements of RHgC on Siberian permafrost peatlands are largely missing, leaving the size of estimated northern soil Hg budget, and its fate under arctic warming scenarios uncertain. Here we present Hg and carbon data for 6 peat cores, down to mineral horizons at 1.5–4 m depth, across a 1700 km latitudinal (56 to 67° N) permafrost gradient in the Western Siberian lowlands (WSL). Hg concentrations increase from south to north in all soil horizons, reflecting enhanced net accumulation of atmospheric gaseous Hg by the vegetation Hg pump. The RHgC in WSL peat horizons decreases with depth from 0.38 Gg Pg−1 in the active layer to 0.23 Gg Pg−1 in continuously frozen peat of the WSL. We estimate the Hg pool (0 1 m) in the permafrost-affected part of WSL peatlands to be 9.3 ± 2.7 Gg. We review and estimate pan-arctic organic and mineral soil RHgC to be 0.19 and 0.77 Gg Pg−1, and use a soil carbon budget to revise the northern soil Hg pool to be 67 Gg (37–88 Gg, interquartile range (IQR)) in the upper 30 cm, 225 Gg (102–320 Gg) in the upper 1 m, and 557 Gg (371–699 Gg) in the upper 3 m. Using the same RHgC approach, we revise the global upper 30 cm soil Hg pool to contain 1078 Gg of Hg (842–1254 Gg, IQR), of which 6 % (67 Gg) resides in northern permafrost soils. Additional soil and river studies must be performed in Eastern and Northern Siberia to lower the uncertainty on these estimates, and assess the timing of Hg release to atmosphere and rivers.
On giant shoulders: How a seamount affects the microbial community composition of seawater and sponges
Authors: Busch Kathrin , Hanz Ulrike , Mienis Furu , Müller Benjamin , Franke Andre , Roberts Emyr Martyn , Rapp Hans Tore , Hentschel Ute
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Seamounts represent ideal systems to study the influence and interdependency of environmental gradients at a single geographic location. These topographic features represent a prominent habitat for various forms of life, including microbiota and macrobiota, spanning benthic as well as pelagic organisms. While it is known that seamounts are globally abundant structures, it still remains unclear how and to which extend the complexity of the seafloor is intertwined with the local oceanographic mosaic, biogeochemistry and microbiology of a seamount ecosystem. Along these lines, the present study aimed to explore whether and to which extend seamounts can have an imprint on the microbial community composition of seawater and of sessile benthic invertebrates, sponges. For our high-resolution sampling approach of microbial diversity (16S rRNA gene Amplicon sequencing) along with measurements of inorganic nutrients and other biogeochemical parameters, we focused on the Schulz Bank seamount ecosystem, a sponge ground ecosystem which is located on the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge. Seawater samples were collected at two sampling depths (mid-water: MW, and near-bed water: BW) from a total of 19 sampling sites. With a clustering approach we defined microbial micro-habitats within the pelagic realm at Schulz Bank, which were mapped onto the seamount's topography, and related to various environmental parameters (such as suspended particulate matter (SPM), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), silicate (SiO4−), phosphate (PO43−), ammonia (NH4+), nitrate (NO32−), nitrite (NO2
Scale-breaks of suspended sediment rating in large rivers in Germany induced by organic matter
Authors: Hoffmann Thomas O. , Baulig Yannik , Fischer Helmut , Blöthe Jan
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Understanding the dynamics of suspended sediment and associated nutrients is of major relevance for sustainable sediment management aiming to achieve healthy river systems. Sediment rating curves are frequently used to analyze the dynamics of suspended sediments and their potential sources and sinks. Here we are using more than 750 000 measurements of the suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) and discharge at 62 gauging stations along 19 waterways in Germany based on the suspended sediment monitoring network of the German water and shipping authority, which started in the 1960ties. Furthermore, we analyse more than 2000 measurements of the loss on ignition (LOI) of suspended matter at two stations along the rivers Moselle and Rhine to asses the mineral and organic fraction of the suspended matter. SSC and LOI are analysed in terms of the power law rating to identify discharge depended process regimes of suspended matter. Our results indicate that for most studied gauging stations, rating coefficients are not constant over the full discharge range, but there is a distinct break in the sediment rating curve, with specific SSC-Q domains above and below this break. The transition of the rating exponent is likely to be a result of a change of controlling factors of the suspended sediment from intrinsic organic matter formation at low flows to extrinsic sediment supply (including mineral and organic fractions) due to hillslope erosion at high flows. Based on these findings we developed a conceptual rating model separating the mineral and organic fraction of the suspended matter in the Germany waterways. This model allows evaluating the sources of the mineral and organic fraction of the suspended matter and gain new insights into the first order control of discharge dynamics of suspended sediments.
Auroral Classification Ergonomics and the Implications for Machine
Learning
Authors: McKay Derek , Kvammen Andreas
Published: January 2020

Abstract. The machine learning research community has focused greatly on bias in algorithms and have identified different manifestations of it. Bias in the training samples is recognised as a potential source of prejudice in machine learning. It can be introduced by human experts who define the training sets. As machine learning techniques are being applied to auroral classification, it is important to identify and address potential sources of expert-injected bias. In an ongoing study, 13 947 auroral images were manually classified with significant differences between classifications. This large data set allowed identification of some of these biases, especially those originating as a result of the ergonomics of the classification process. These findings are presented in this paper, to serve as a checklist for improving training data integrity, not just for expert classifications, but also for crowd-sourced, citizen science projects. As the application of machine learning techniques to auroral research is relatively new, it is important that biases are identified and addressed before they become endemic in the corpus of training data.
Development of a Reduced Complexity Plant Canopy Physics Surrogate Model for use in Chemical Transport Models: A Case Study with GEOS-Chem v12.3.0
Authors: Silva Sam J. , Heald Colette L. , Guenther Alex B.
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Biosphere-atmosphere interactions strongly influence the chemical composition of the atmosphere. Simulating these interactions at a detailed process-based level has traditionally been computationally intensive and resource prohibitive, commonly due to complexities in calculating radiation and light at the leaf level within plant canopies. Here we describe a surrogate canopy physics model based on the MEGAN3 detailed canopy model parameterized using a statistical learning technique. This surrogate canopy model is designed specifically to rapidly calculate leaf-level temperature and photosynthetically active radiative (PAR) for use in large-scale chemical transport models (CTMs). Our surrogate model can reproduce the dominant spatiotemporal variability of the more detailed MEGAN3 canopy model to within 10 % across the globe. Implementation of this surrogate model into the GEOS-Chem CTM leads to small local changes in ozone dry deposition velocities of less than 5 %, and larger local changes in isoprene emissions of up to ∼40 %, though annual global isoprene emissions remain largely consistent (within 5 %). These changes to surface-atmosphere exchange lead to modest changes in surface ozone concentrations of ± 1 ppbv. The use of this surrogate canopy model drives emissions of isoprene and concentrations of surface ozone closer to observationally constrained values, without any noticeable impact on computational demand. Additionally, this surrogate model allows for the further development and implementation of leaf-level emission factors in the calculation of biogenic emissions in the GEOS-Chem CTM. Though not the focus of this work, this ultimately enables a complete implementation of the MEGAN3 emissions framework within GEOS-Chem, which produces 570 Tg yr−1 of isoprene in 2012.
Cross-validating precipitation datasets in the Indus River basin
Authors: Baudouin Jean-Philippe , Herzog Michael , Petrie Cameron A.
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Large uncertainty remains about the amount of precipitation falling in the Indus River basin, particularly in the more mountainous northern part. While rain gauge measurements are often considered as a reference, they provide information for specific, often sparse, locations (point observations) and are subject to underestimation, particularly in mountain areas. Satellite observations and reanalysis data can improve our knowledge but validating their results is often difficult. In this study, we offer a cross-validation of 20 gridded datasets based on rain gauge, satellite, and reanalysis data, including the most recent and less studied APHRODITE-2, MERRA2, and ERA5. This original approach to cross-validation alternatively uses each dataset as a reference and interprets the result according to their dependency on the reference. Most interestingly, we found that reanalyses represent the daily variability of precipitation as well as any observational datasets, particularly in winter. Therefore, we suggest that reanalyses offer better estimates than non-corrected rain-gauge-based datasets where underestimation is problematic. Specifically, ERA5 is the reanalysis that offers estimates of precipitation closest to observations, in terms of amounts, seasonality, and variability, from daily to multi-annual scale. By contrast, satellite observations bring limited improvement at the basin scale. For the rain-gauge-based datasets, APHRODITE has the finest temporal representation of the precipitation variability, yet it importantly underestimates the actual amount. GPCC products are the only datasets that include a correction factor of the rain gauge measurements, but this factor likely remains too small. These findings highlight the need for a systematic characterisation of the underestimation of rain gauge measurements.
Identification of early warning criteria for rough sea ship navigation using high-resolution numerical wave simulation and shipboard measurements
Authors: Chen Chen , Sasa Kenji , Mizojiri Takaaki
Published: January 2020

Abstract. The analysis of ocean surface waves are essential to ensure a safe and economical navigation. Since 2010, different onboard observation data from a bulk carrier have been colledted for 6 years, including high-risk shipping regions in the Southern Hemisphere with strong ocean currents. For four rough sea cases, high-resolution numerical simulations of ocean waves, including the effect of wave-current interaction on ship navigation, have been performed using the WAVEWATCH III model. The simulations considered the ocean surface wind force from the widely used grid point value database NCEP-FNL and ERA-Interim. Aimed at providing practical suggestions for safe navigation by avoiding possible high-risk ocean regions as well as the construction of a more effective and efficient optimum ship routing system, the model results were validated based on onboard observations, followed by discussions on the responses of ship motion and navigation to wave states at different levels. Finally, identification of the early warning criteria, including various operational ocean parameters, is provided for ballast and loaded ships sailing in rough seas.
Effects of large-scale floating (solar photovoltaic) platforms on hydrodynamics and primary production in a coastal sea from a water column model
Authors: Karpouzoglou Thodoris , Vlaswinkel Brigitte , van der Molen Johan
Published: January 2020

Abstract. An improved understanding of the effects of floating solar platforms on the ecosystem is necessary to define acceptable and responsible real-world field implementations of this new marine technology. This study examines a number of potential effects of offshore floating solar photovoltaic (PV) platforms on the hydrodynamics and net primary production in a coastal sea for the first time. Three contrasting locations within the North Sea (a shallow and deeper location with well-mixed conditions and a seasonally stratifying location) have been analysed using a water column physical–biogeochemical model: the General Ocean Turbulence Model coupled with the European Regional Seas Ecosystem Model – Biogeochemical Flux Model (GOTM-ERSEM-BFM). The results show strong dependence on the characteristics of the location (e.g. mixing and stratification) and on the density of coverage with floating platforms. The overall response of the system was separated into contributions by platform-induced light deficit, shielding by the platforms of the sea surface from wind and friction induced by the platforms on the currents. For all three locations, light deficit was the dominant effect on the net primary production. For the two well-mixed locations, the other effects of the platforms resulted in partial compensation for the impact of light deficit, while for the stratified location, they enhanced the effects of light deficit. For up to 20 % coverage of the model surface with platforms, the spread in the results between locations was relatively small, and the changes in net primary production were less than 10 %. For higher percentages of coverage, primary production decreased substantially, with an increased spread in response between the sites. The water column model assumes horizontal homogeneity in all forcings and simulated variables, also for coverage with floating platforms, and hence the results are applicable to very-large-scale implementations of offshore floating platforms that are evenly distributed over areas of at least several hundreds of square kilometres, such that phytoplankton remain underneath a farm throughout several tidal cycles. To confirm these results, and to investigate more realistic cases of floating platforms distributed unevenly over much smaller areas with horizontally varying hydrodynamic conditions, in which phytoplankton can be expected to spend only part of the time underneath a farm and effects are likely to be smaller, spatial detail and additional processes need to be included. To do so, further work is required to advance the water column model towards a three-dimensional modelling approach.
On the statistical properties of sea ice lead fraction and heat fluxes in the Arctic
Authors: Ólason Einar Örn , Rampal Pierre , Dansereau Véronique
Published: January 2020

Abstract. In this paper we explore several statistical properties of the observed and simulated Arctic sea-ice lead-fraction, as well as the statistics of simulated Arctic ocean-atmosphere heat fluxes. We first show that the probability density function (PDF) and the monofractal spatial scaling of the observed lead fraction in the Central Arctic are both well represented by our model, neXtSIM. Given that the heat flux through leads may be up to two orders of magnitude larger than that through unbroken ice we then explore the statistical properties (PDF and spatial scaling) of the heat fluxes simulated by neXtSIM. We demonstrate that the modelled heat fluxes present a multifractal scaling in the Central Arctic, where heat fluxes through leads dominate the high-flux tail of the PDF. In the Central Arctic, the high-flux tail of the PDF is dominated by an exponential decay, which we attribute to the presence of coastal polynyas. Finally, we show that the scaling of simulated lead fraction and heat fluxes depend weakly on the model resolution and discuss the role sub-grid scale parameterisations of the ice heterogeneity may have in improving this result.
Should wind turbines rotate in the opposite direction?
Authors: Englberger Antonia , Lundquist Julie K. , Dörnbrack Andreas
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Wind turbine blades rotate in clockwise direction seeing from an upstream position. This rotational direction impacts the wake in a stably stratified atmospheric boundary layer, in which the wind profile is characterised by a veering or a backing wind. Here, we challenge the arbitrary choice of the rotational direction of the blades by investigating the interaction of the rotational direction with veering and backing winds in both hemispheres by means of large-eddy simulations. Likewise we quantify the sensitivity of the wake to the strength of stratification, the strength and type of wind veer, and the wind speed in the Northern Hemisphere. A veering wind in combination with counterclockwise rotating blades would result in a power output increase of 11.5 % for a downwind turbine in comparison to a clockwise rotating upwind turbine in the Northern Hemisphere. In the Southern Hemisphere, the power output of a downwind turbine would decrease by the same value if the upwind turbine rotates counterclockwise. These wake differences result from the interaction of a veering or a backing wind with the rotational direction of the near wake. In the common case of a clockwise rotating rotor and a veering wind in the Northern Hemisphere, or similarly a backing wind in the Southern Hemisphere, the rotational direction differs in the far wake compared to the near wake. In contrast, if a counterclockwise rotating rotor interacts with a veering wind in the Northern Hemisphere or a backing wind in the Southern Hemisphere, the rotational direction of the near wake persists throughout the entire wake. Under veering wind conditions in the Northern Hemisphere, enhancing the thermal stability or increasing the strength of the veering wind further enlarges the power output difference up to 23 %. The positive impact on the potential power production can be explained by an intensified entrainment of the ambient air and the more rapid wake recovery under shared wind conditions and counterclockwise rotating blades.
Transformaciones espaciotemporales de la Reserva Natural Laguna de Sonso (Colombia) desde mediados del siglo XX a principios del siglo XXI
Authors: Buitrago Bermúdez Oscar , Aguirre Marco Antonio
Published: January 2020

El actual modelo económico capitalista suscita cada vez más el acaparamiento de recursos a nivel global, entre ellos, suelo, bosque y agua. En ese contexto, en los últimos setenta años las élites económicas respaldadas a través de políticas de desarrollo, han promovido la expansión del monocultivo de caña de azúcar en el departamento del Valle del Cauca y otras regiones de Colombia. Ante tal situación, los humedales como ecosistemas estratégicos por su contenido en fauna y flora, riqueza paisajística y fuente de sustento de comunidades locales, son vulnerados ante la expansión del cultivo. Para entender este proceso, primero se realiza un análisis multitemporal de coberturas del suelo al complejo de humedales que integran la Reserva Natural Laguna de Sonso (desde mediados del siglo XX hasta principios del siglo XXI), y segundo, incorporaran técnicas cualitativas de investigación. Los resultados permiten avanzar en conocimientos locales para la defensa y conservación de humedales, así como su planificación y manejo.
Monetary Policy and Income Inequality in Ghana
Authors: Parlaktuna Inci , Napari Ayuba
Published: January 2020

Monetary policy, even if minimal and uncertain regarding the direction of impact, has been found to have distributional effects especially in the developed world. The purpose of this study is to determine the impact monetary policy has on income inequality in Ghana which can be a case study for a developing African Economy with independent monetary policy. Data for the period 2002Q1 to 2013Q4 is used. The study used the Impulse Response Functions (IRFs) by Local Projections methodology in estimating the degree and direction of impact of monetary policy on income distribution in Ghana. From the analysis, it is concluded that contractionary monetary policy leads to an increase in disposable income inequality in Ghana marginally.
GLOBALIZATION IN SECURITY STRATEGIES OF SOME COUNTRIES ASPIRING TO BE SUPERPOWERS
Authors: JAKUBCZAK Weronika
Published: January 2020

Aspiring superpowers approach globalization in a special way: attempting to minimize its effects that can harm them and maximize those that they find beneficial.Nowadays, neither Germany nor India enforce policies designed to achieve a global superpower position in such an aggressive way as the United States. Germany, in particular, is focused on cooperation with the countries with which it has historically-established close trade relationships. It mainly concerns its neighboring countries, i.e. Central and Eastern European countries or Russia, not excluding the ones located as far as China. India, however, enhances its position in the region and builds relationships as an aspiring superpower from scratch. This results from the fact that for many years it has maintained its relations with other countries from the region on different terms than Germany with its partners used to.
STUDYING IMPACT OF DEFLECTOR SHAPE ON ACCELERATIONS FORCED BY EXPLOSION OF SMALL EXPLOSIVE CHARGE
Authors: SASKA Piotr , PIETRUSIAK Damian , CZMOCHOWSKI Jerzy , ILUK Artur
Published: January 2020

This paper presents the results of experimental tests of accelerations caused by the detonation of low-power explosive charges. The field tests were performed on a specially-designed research station. With the right design and the correct selection of the measuring equipment, vertical accelerations were measured for the three basic shields used in explosion-resistant vehicles. The recorded parameters were analysed in terms of the angle of the impact of the shock wave on the shield and its distance from the centre of the deto-nation on their size.
OPTIMISATION OF ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION AND HEATING COSTS BASED ON SHORT-TERM FORECASTS
Authors: WOŁKOWICZ Artur
Published: January 2020

In this article the author proposes considering the problem of optimising electricity production in a heat and power plant in the heating season combined with the optimisation of its acquisition costs. The proposed procedure in the management of short-term heat and power production on the basis of weather conditions forecasts obtained online from the portal of the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. The conceptual solution proposes using econometric methods that can be used, namely a combination of regression function, the trend of delayed time-dimensions, multiple regression and linear programming. The article aims at reducing decision-making errors in technological flow management.
Religion of the past or living heritage?
Authors: Aikas Tiina
Published: January 2020

In recent years we have witnessed a growing contemporary use of Sámi offering places by various actors, for example tourists, the local population and contemporary pagans. Hence, sites that the heritage authorities and researchers have seen as belonging to the past have gained new relevance. Nevertheless, Sámi religion is often presented in museums in relation to history and prehistory. Sámi culture has been presented in museums and exhibitions since the nineteenth century. In pointing out that this long history of museum displays affects how Sámi culture is presented in contemporary museums, Nika Potinkara (2015:41) suggests that we can renew, comment on or question the old presentations. This article explores the representations of Sámi religion in four museums and exhibitions in Northern Finland, and will answer the following research question: How is Sámi religion presented and what kind of themes are present? Here museums are studied as arenas for the dissemination of results of knowledge production. What kind of image of Sámi religion do they share?
Sámi (re)presentation in a differentiating museumscape: Revisiting the art-culture system
Authors: Grini Monica
Published: January 2020

The article addresses how Sámi culture is presented by museums in Oslo. One of the findings is that the old binary of “art” and “ethnographica” is still common in this museumscape. This reflects the historical divide between the art museum showing “European” and “Norwegian” art, and the ethnographic museum showing the arts of “the rest”. It is argued that Sámi artists, works, themes, and practices have had difficulties entering the reservoir of Norwegian “national imagery” and that such predicaments reflect persistent investments in the narrative of Norway as a monocultural nation.