bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In silico analysis of nonsynonymous single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) of the SMPX gene
Authors: Arifuzzaman Md. , Mitra Sarmistha , Das Raju , Hamza Amir , Absar Nurul , Dash Raju
Published: October 2019

Mutations in the SMPX gene can disrupt the regular activity of the SMPX protein, which is involved in the hearing process. Recent reports showing a link between nonsynonymous single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) in SMPX and hearing loss, thus classifying deleterious SNPs in SMPX will be an uphill task before designing a more extensive population study. In this study, damaging nsSNPs of SMPX from the dbSNP database were identified by using 13 bioinformatics tools. Initially, the impact of nsSNPs in the SMPX gene were evaluated through different in silico predictors; and the deleterious convergent changes were analyzed by energy‐minimization‐guided residual network analysis. In addition, the pathogenic effects of mutations in SMPX‐mediated protein–protein interactions were also characterized by structural modeling and binding energy calculations. A total of four mutations (N19D, A29T, K54N, and S71L) were found to be highly deleterious by all the tools, which are located at highly conserved regions. Furthermore, all four mutants showed structural alterations, and the communities of amino acids for mutant proteins were readily changed, compared to the wild‐type. Among them, A29T (rs772775896) was revealed as the most damaging nsSNP, which caused significant structural deviation of the SMPX protein, as a result reducing the binding affinity to other functional partners. These findings reflect the computational insights into the deleterious role of nsSNPs in SMPX, which might be helpful for subjecting wet‐lab confirmatory analysis.
Xq26 duplications lead to undergrowth or overgrowth via competing pathways including GPC3/GPC4
Authors: Karna Gaurav K. , Myers Kenneth A.
Published: October 2019

The Xq26 locus has importance in human growth with multiple genes and regions playing important roles, which potentially leads to macrosomia or microsomia if disrupted. One region of Xq26.2 comprises the genes GPC3 and GPC4; deletion or duplication of this region has been recently been shown to result in overgrowth, specifically Simpson–Golabi–Behmel syndrome. We describe a male patient with two maternally inherited Xq26 microduplications; the first was 0.8 Mb at Xq26.2 affecting only GPC3 and GPC4, and the second, a distal 0.6 Mb duplication at Xq26.3 affecting seven genes. Rather than having Simpson–Golabi–Behmel syndrome, our patient had microcephaly and undergrowth, with development that was within normal limits at 25 months of age. This finding suggests that the molecular pathway leading to overgrowth secondary to GPC3/GPC4 haploinsufficiency can be overpowered by a disruption to the distal Xq26.3 region. Of the genes in that region, we propose that SLC9A6 is the most likely to play an important role as mutations in this gene lead to Christianson syndrome, in which patients may have microcephaly and weight loss.
Data‐driven step doses for drug provocation tests to nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs
Authors: Nohra Dunya , Molinari Nicolas , Demoly Pascal , Chiriac Anca‐Mirela
Published: October 2019

Introduction

Hypersensitivity to nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is of great concern because they are frequently encountered in daily clinical practice. Drug provocation tests (DPTs) are particularly needed for NSAIDs.

Methods

The aim of this retrospective study was to detect eliciting dose thresholds during NSAIDs DPT in order to suggest optimal step doses, using the survival analysis method. Our secondary objective was to describe subgroups at higher risk during DPT and evaluate the safety of our 30 minutes incremental 1‐day protocol. The study comprised all the patients attended the Allergy of the University Hospital of Montpellier (France), between 1997 and 2017 for a suspicion of drug hypersensitivity reaction to NSAIDs.

Results

Throughout the study period, 311 positive DPT were analyzed (accounting for 285 hypersensitive patients). We identified eliciting thresholds (dose and time), and we suggest the following steps for future DPT: for the rapid absorption group (acetylsalicylic acid, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and tiaprofenic acid), every 30 minutes: 20%‐30%‐50% of daily therapeutic dose, for the moderate absorption group, every 30 minutes: for diclofenac 5%‐15%‐30%‐50%, and for celecoxib, 20%‐80%. For the slow absorption group, piroxicam, 25%‐75%, was separated by a 3‐hours interval. A surveillance period of 3 hours after the last dose is mandatory for patients.

Conclusion

Drug provocation test protocols for NSAID are empirical, driven by the knowledge on patterns of DHR, cross‐reactivity between NSAID and pharmacological effects of these all drugs. This is the second experience in improving DPT protocols, after BL (B‐lactam) antibiotics.
Hip and wrist accelerometers showed consistent associations with fitness and fatness in children aged 8‐12 years
Authors: Leppänen Marja H. , Migueles Jairo H. , Cadenas‐Sanchez Cristina , Henriksson Pontus , Mora‐Gonzalez Jose , Henriksson Hanna , Labayen Idoia , Löf Marie , Esteban‐Cornejo Irene , Ortega Francisco B.
Published: October 2019

Aim

Physical activity (PA) has traditionally been measured wearing accelerometers on the hip, but they are increasingly being worn on the wrist. We compared hip and wrist accelerometers with regard to their acceptability and any associations between PA and fatness and fitness.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study comprised 103 children aged 8‐12 years (62% boys) who participated in the ActiveBrains trial by the University of Granada, Spain, in 2014‐2016. The children wore both ActiGraph GT3X+ hip and wrist accelerometers round the clock for 7 days. The acceptability of both placements was evaluated by a questionnaire, while the children's fat mass index, waist circumference and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) were assessed.

Results

Wearing wrist accelerometers caused less disturbance, mainly because hip accelerometers caused more issues during the night. The measurements from both placements showed that lower PA levels were associated with fatness and that higher PA levels were associated with better CRF.

Conclusion

Both placements showed consistent results with regard to measuring associations between PA levels and fatness and fitness. However, wearing them on the wrist caused less discomfort at night. Future studies are needed to confirm the best placement for accelerometers during PA studies.
Risks of hospitalization for upper gastrointestinal bleeding in users of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors after Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy: a propensity score matching analysis
Authors: Guo Chuan‐Guo , Cheung Ka Shing , Zhang Feifei , Chan Esther W. , Chen Lijia , Wong Ian C. K. , Leung Wai K.
Published: October 2019

Background

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the first‐line treatment for depression but there is a concern about the risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB). Past studies, however, are largely confounded by the presence of Helicobacter pylori (HP).

Aim

To evaluate the UGIB risk of SSRI users after treatment for HP.

Methods

This was a propensity score (PS) matched cohort study with patients who used SSRI after receiving HP eradication therapy from the Hong Kong territory‐wide healthcare database. The primary outcome was hospitalisation for nonvariceal UGIB. PS matching analysis with a ratio of 1:2 plus Cox regression model was used to compute the hazards ratios (HR) and 95% CI of UGIB risk.

Results

In this study, 3358 SSRI users and 57 906 non‐users were included. The median follow‐up duration was 7.74 (interquartile range 5.32‐10.42) years. The crude incidence of hospitalisation for UGIB was 3.98 (95% CI 3.80‐4.16) per 1000 person‐years. In the PS matching analysis of 3358 SSRI users with 6716 non‐users, SSRI was associated with a higher risk of UGIB compared to non‐users (HR 1.95, 95% CI 1.41‐2.70). This result was consistent in sensitivity analysis with 1:1 PS matching (HR 2.13, 95% CI 1.50‐3.02) and multivariable analysis with 1‐month intervals (HR 1.81, 95% CI 1.34‐2.45) or 3‐month intervals (HR 1.61, 95% CI 1.20‐2.17). After stratifying by age, the increased risk of SSRI was only significant among patients >50 years.

Conclusion

SSRI users have a higher risk of hospitalisation for nonvariceal UGIB after treatment for HP, particularly among older patients.
Differential associations between impaired autobiographical memory recall and future thinking in people with and without schizophrenia
Authors: Barry Tom J. , Hallford David J. , Del Rey Francisco , Ricarte Jorge J.
Published: October 2019

Objectives

The ability to think about future events serves a range of important functions. People with schizophrenia show impairments in future thinking. However, whether these impairments are specific to positive or negative events and to what extent they are associated with impairments in verbal fluency and autobiographical memory remains poorly understood.

Methods

People with schizophrenia (n = 93) and people without psychiatric diagnoses (n = 111) were asked to generate future events and retrieve past autobiographical events and they also completed a test of verbal fluency. Participants also completed questionnaire measures of the positive and negative dimensions of schizophrenia and depression symptoms.

Results

People with schizophrenia generated significantly fewer positive and negative future events than controls. In a linear regression, the interaction between diagnosis and autobiographical memory retrieval explained a significant amount of variance in the number of future events that participants generated even when accounting for symptoms and verbal fluency. Past and future thinking abilities were correlated in controls but not in people with schizophrenia.

Conclusions

People with schizophrenia may not rely on autobiographical content to imagine the future and may rely instead on semantic processes. Interventions that improve past and future thinking amongst people with schizophrenia are warranted.

Practitioner points

Compared to control participants, people with schizophrenia have marked difficulty generating possible, positive and negative, future events.

Unlike controls, for people with schizophrenia there is no relation between their ability to remember past events and their ability to think about the future.

People with schizophrenia may have difficulty using their memories for their past to imagine and simulate possible future events.
Activity of TAS4464, a novel NEDD8 activating enzyme E1 inhibitor, against multiple myeloma via inactivation of nuclear factor κB pathways
Authors: Muraoka Hiromi , Yoshimura Chihoko , Kawabata Rumi , Tsuji Shingo , Hashimoto Akihiro , Ochiiwa Hiroaki , Nakagawa Fumio , Fujioka Yayoi , Matsuo Kenichi , Ohkubo Shuichi
Published: October 2019

The ubiquitin proteasome pathway is essential for the proliferation and survival of multiple myeloma (MM) cells. TAS4464, a novel highly potent inhibitor of NEDD8 activating enzyme, selectively inactivates cullin‐RING ubiquitin E3 ligases, resulting in accumulation of their substrates. Here, we examined 14 MM cell lines treated with TAS4464. TAS4464 induced growth arrest and cell death in the MM cell lines even in the presence of bone marrow stromal cells. It also induced the accumulation of phospho‐inhibitor of κBα and phospho‐p100, impaired the activities of nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB) transcription factors p65 and RelB, and decreased the expression of NF‐κB target genes, suggesting that TAS4464 inhibits both the canonical and non–canonical NF‐κB pathways. TAS4464 had similar effects in an in vivo human‐MM xenograft mouse model in which it was also observed to have strong antitumor effects. TAS4464 synergistically enhanced the antitumor activities of the standard MM chemotherapies bortezomib, lenalidomide/dexamethasone, daratumumab and elotuzumab. Together, these results suggest that the anti–MM activity of TAS4464 occurs via inhibition of the NF‐κB pathways, and that treatment with TAS4464 is a potential approach for treating MM by single and combination therapies.
Developing the evidence base for the management of drooling
Authors: Mcdermott Christopher
Published: October 2019

This commentary is on the original article by Reid et al. on pages 346–353 of this issue.
Industrial relations and adjustments to the crisis: A comparative micro‐statistical analysis of France and Great Britain
Authors: AMOSSÉ Thomas , ASKENAZY Philippe , CHEVALIER Martin , ERHEL Christine , PETIT Héloïse , REBÉRIOUX Antoine
Published: October 2019

In this comparative study, the authors analyse the relationships between industrial relations and workforce or wage adjustments in response to the 2007–08 crisis, using two highly comparable establishment‐level surveys conducted in Great Britain (WERS) and France (REPONSE) in 2010–12. Notwithstanding contextual differences in the countries’ productive systems and the timing and impact of the crisis, the relationships between industrial relations and adjustment strategies appear to have been similar (trade union presence not preventing adjustments). Differences in industrial relations are therefore not found to provide an explanation for the different modes of adjustment observed at the macroeconomic level.
Imagination, Hope and the Migrant Journey: Iraqi Asylum Seekers Looking for a Future in Europe
Authors: Koikkalainen Saara , Kyle David , Nykänen Tapio
Published: October 2019

Europe received an unprecedented number of asylum seekers in 2015. This article examines Iraqi asylum seekers who journeyed through Europe in search of an idealized version of Finland, which they had imagined based on word‐of‐mouth and social media information. Through cognitive migration, the act of pre‐experiencing futures in different locations, Finland was seen to offer both subjective hope of personal growth and advancement and objective hope of safety and physical security. This hope motivated them to embark on a journey of 6,000 kilometers to the European North. Based on interview data and relevant studies, the article concludes that hope of a better, imagined future abroad acts as a powerful magnet for persons with poor prospects in their countries of origin. Hope is a kind of critical emotion strongly shaped by beliefs and real‐time opportunities; and as such, beliefs are notoriously difficult to change. Imagination, therefore, should not be overlooked when planning and implementing migration policies.
Subnational Migration States and the New Politics of Immigration
Authors: Paquet Mireille
Published: October 2019

Using Catherine Dauvergne's The New Politics of Immigration and the End of Settler Society (2016) as a starting point, this article explores subnational policy dynamics in Canada, Australia and the United States. It considers whether the trends associated with legalization, two‐step programmes, rapid policy changes and economic discourses are present in Canadian provinces as well as in U.S. and Australian states. It shows that the forces described by Dauvergne contribute to a further rescaling of policymaking and to the emergence of subnational migration states. However, this article also demonstrates that this common movement varies in its consequences and identifies two central subnational policy responses typical of the new politics of immigration: 1) the “economic subnational migration state” (Canada and Australia) and 2) the “access subnational migration state” (United States). The models and the global trends described in this article have implications for immigration policymaking in federations.
News
Authors: Tarran Brian
Published: October 2019

Stories, narrative, and the nitty-gritty

Journalists James Ball and Peter Cunliffe-Jones debate ways to respond to false facts and misinformation
The Variance Gamma Distribution
Authors: Nestler Scott , Hall Andrew
Published: October 2019

Scott Nestler and Andrew Hall provide an overview of a little-known but highly flexible distribution, which can be useful for modelling share price returns
The Flying Bomb and the Actuary
Authors: Shaw Liam P. , Shaw Luke F.
Published: October 2019

Liam P. Shaw and Luke F. Shaw follow in the footsteps of R. D. Clarke, a British actuary who sought to determine whether the apparent clustering of V-1 strikes on London during the Second World War was the result of targeting or random chance
Mining the Boardgamegeek
Authors: Woodward Phil , Woodward Sam
Published: October 2019

Phil Woodward and Sam Woodward use some wisdom of the crowd to discover meeple001 gold on a popular online database of board game reviews
Clinical and genetic analysis in a family with familial renal glucosuria: Identification of an N101K mutation in the sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 encoded by a solute carrier family 5 member 2 gene
Authors: Sada Kentaro , Hidaka Shuji , Imaishi Nao , Shibata Kohei , Katashima Rumi , Noso Shinsuke , Ikegami Hiroshi , Kakuma Tetsuya , Shibata Hirotaka
Published: October 2019

We report the identification of a mutation in the solute carrier family 5 member 2 (SLC5A2) gene, which encodes sodium–glucose cotransporter 2, in a family with familial renal glucosuria. The proband was a 26‐year‐old Japanese man referred to the diabetes division with repeated glucosuria without hyperglycemia. His mother, uncle and grandfather also had a history of glucosuria. A heterozygous missense mutation (c.303T>A:p.N101K) in SLC5A2 was identified in the patient and his mother, but not in 200 chromosomes from 100 healthy and unrelated individuals, or in 3,408 Japanese individuals in the Tohoku Medical Megabank. Furthermore, bioinformatics software predicted that this lesion would be pathogenic. We infer that the mutation led to clinically relevant sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 dysfunction. The patient showed no symptoms of hypoglycemia, but continuous glucose monitoring confirmed asymptomatic hypoglycemia.
Using a repositioning splint to determine reproducibility in the color registers of a dental spectrophotometer
Authors: Fernández Millán David , Gallas Torreira Mercedes , Alonso de la Peña Víctor
Published: October 2019

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to assess if the use of intraoral positioning guides could increase the reproducibility of color measurements with a dental spectrophotometer.

Methods

Twenty‐three subjects were selected, and positioning guides for the maxillary arch of each participant were fabricated with clear 4 mm thermo‐sheets. One orifice was made in the center of the clinical crown of the upper‐right central incisor and another in the canine, with an external 6 mm diameter trephine. Color measurements were performed with a Vita EasyShade Compact IV dental spectrophotometer by the same operator in the same conditions. Forty measurements were taken per patient, 20 for each tooth, 10 with a positioning guide, and 10 without one. Before each measurement, the spectrophotometer was calibrated following the manufacturer's instructions.

Results

Using the Wilcoxon test to evaluate nonparametric variables, there are statistically significant differences (P < .05) between the use or not of positioner for color recording with spectrophotometer. Greater repeatability of the measurements is obtained using repositioning split.

Conclusions

Within the limitations of this study, the use of positioning guides provides greater reproducibility in spectrophotometer measurements for all parameters of tooth 11 and for some parameters of tooth 13.

Clinical significance

The use of a positioning guide for color measurement with a dental spectrophotometer allows a greater reproducibility of the measurements to be obtained. Achieving repeatable measurements is essential for studying the same area of the tooth, for example, in bleaching treatments and in color checks for prosthetic treatments.
A novel multifunctional skin care formulation with a unique blend of antipollution, brightening and antiaging active complexes
Authors: Khmaladze Ia , Österlund Christina , Smiljanic Sandra , Hrapovic Nina , Lafon‐Kolb Virginie , Amini Nahid , Xi Li , Fabre Susanne
Published: October 2019

Background

High demand on anti‐aging skin care encourage the improvement and development of more personalized formulations with additional benefits for general skin health and age associated skin signs. The skin aging physical and biological phenotypes manifest differently between diverse ethnic populations. A highly polluted environment can be viewed as an extrinsic factor accelerating the skin aging process.

Aim

To develop a unique formula with active complexes, having multifunctional effects for anti‐pollution, brightening and anti‐aging/barrier strengthening purposes with confirmed activities in vitro and ex vivo skin models, suitable for polluted skin.

Methods

In vitro culture model with primary human skin cells, ex vivo studies with full‐thickness human skin, melanocyte 3D coculture model, gene expression of epidermal and dermal genes, anti‐glycation, proteasomal activity, melanin, and cytokine assays.

Results

In vitro and ex vivo studies clearly demonstrated that diglucosyl gallic acid (active A) and the formulation complex inhibited pollution mediated MMP1 protein, CYP1A1 gene expression, and IL‐6 protein secretion, while caprylic/capric triglyceride, diacetyl boldine (active B) had anti‐melanogenic effect in in vitro primary melanocyte monoculture and 3D spheroid model. Another active compound, acetyl dipeptide 1 cetyl ester (active D), significantly upregulated epidermal barrier genes (Aquaporin 3 [AQP3], Filaggrin [FLG], caspase 14, and keratin 10) in human primary keratinocytes. Interestingly, both acetyl dipeptide 1 cetyl ester (active D) and niacinamide (active C) improved dermal gene expression (fibrillin‐1, Collagen type 1 alpha 1, Decorin, Lysyl oxidase‐like 1) and, moreover, had significant anti‐glycant and proteasomal promoter activity in human primary fibroblasts.

Conclusion

Considering consumers need in heavily polluted areas, we developed a multipurpose formulation comprised of unique active complexes toward pollution, pollution induced inflammation, skin brightening, and antiaging concerns with beneficial results demonstrated by in vitro and ex vivo studies.
Imagination, Self‐Knowledge, and Poise: Jim March’s Lessons for Leadership
Authors: Patriotta Gerardo
Published: October 2019

James G. March was a founding father of modern organization theory, and arguably its most eclectic scholar. His elegant writings, which were underpinned by a behavioural view of organizations, spanned ambiguity and choice, rationality and decision‐making, organizational change, organizational learning, and institutional theory, among others. In this editorial, we remember Jim March by reflecting on his lessons for leadership. It is structured into three parts, each portraying a key aspect of contemporary leadership: imagination, self‐knowledge, and poise. March believed that these qualities were essential to leadership, and he embodied them to the fullest.
What would you do? A new approach to health competence based on situational judgment
Authors: Robinson Michael D. , Persich Michelle R. , Krishnakumar Sukumarakurup
Published: October 2019

Objective

An advantage of the trait approach to health is that it implicates common elements to multiple different health behaviors. An advantage of the social‐cognitive approach, in contrast, is that it models the situational factors that are likely to elicit particular behavioral reactions. The present research sought to combine the advantages of these two approaches.

Method

A situational judgment method was developed to quantify general variations in health competence (HC) in terms of more specific responses to simulated health‐challenging events.

Results

After developing the method, Study 1 showed that individual differences in HC were systematically related to approach‐related coping tendencies and behaviors known to be health promoting. Study 2 then showed that variations in HC predicted both health behaviors and quality of life among older individuals.

Conclusions

The results highlight a new form of HC that is not dependent on self‐reports of ability.
Ethanol thresholds in water and beer
Authors: Guttman Gretchen A. , Soldavini Ashley M. , Simons Christopher T.
Published: October 2019

Little information exists regarding ethanol thresholds or how thresholds change depending upon the matrix of evaluation. The objective of this experiment was to determine the detection threshold of ethanol in water and the just‐noticeable difference (JND) thresholds for ethanol in water and beer. We also sought to determine whether ethanol thresholds correlate with frequency of ethanol consumption. The best estimate of threshold (BET) was determined for 75 subjects in water and/or beer using the ascending method of limits. In water, the group detection BET was 0.66 ± 0.08% with no significant difference between males and females. In water and beer containing 5% ethanol, the group JND BETs were 7.9 ± 1.1% and 11.0 ± 1.1%, respectively. The significant increase of ethanol thresholds in beer compared to water likely reflects the impact of the matrix on the sensory properties evoked by ethanol. No significant differences between males and females were found for ethanol JND thresholds in water, however, in beer, JND thresholds were significantly lower for males compared to females. Ethanol JND thresholds obtained in water and beer were not associated with self‐reported frequency of alcohol consumption.

Practical Applications

The present study provides relevant details regarding the levels of ethanol that can be discriminated in water and beer. The sensory qualities of ethanol have been proposed to be the most consistent and relevant stimuli to immediately predict alcohol's postabsorptive effects. This implies that humans can accurately detect and discriminate between varying levels of ethanol. However, the present results suggest that the presence of other flavor compounds in a complex matrix such as beer makes discriminating ethanol levels difficult.
A possible solution to model nonlinearity in elimination and distributional clearances with α2‐adrenergic receptor agonists: Example of the intravenous detomidine and methadone combination in sedated horses
Authors: Gozalo‐Marcilla Miguel , Moreira da Silva Rodrigo , Pacca Loureiro Luna Stelio , Rodrigues de Oliveira Alice , Werneck Fonseca Mariana , Peporine Lopes Norberto , Taylor Polly M. , Pelligand Ludovic
Published: October 2019

The alpha(α)2‐agonist detomidine is used for equine sedation with opioids such as methadone. We retrieved the data from two randomized, crossover studies where detomidine and methadone were given intravenously alone or combined asboli(STUDY 1) (Gozalo‐Marcilla et al., 2017,Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 2017,44, 1116) or as 2‐hr constant rate infusions (STUDY 2) (Gozalo‐Marcilla et al., 2019,Equine Veterinary Journal,51, 530). Plasma drug concentrations were measured with a validated tandem Mass Spectrometry assay. We used nonlinear mixed effect modelling and took pharmacokinetic (PK) data from both studies to fit simultaneously both drugs and explore their nonlinear kinetics. Two significant improvements over the classical mammillary two‐compartment model were identified. First, the inclusion of an effect of detomidine plasma concentration on the elimination clearances (Cls) of both drugs improved the fit of detomidine (Objective Function Value [OFV]: −160) and methadone (OFV: −132) submodels. Second, a detomidine concentration‐dependent reduction of distributional Cls of each drug further improved detomidine (OFV: −60) and methadone (OFV: −52) submodel fits. Using the PK data from both studies (a) helped exploring hypotheses on the nonlinearity of the elimination and distributional Cls and (b) allowed inclusion of dynamic effects of detomidine plasma concentration in the model which are compatible with the pharmacology of detomidine (vasoconstriction and reduction in cardiac output).
The case for “structural missingness:” A critical discourse of missed care
Authors: Hopkins Walsh Jane , Dillard‐Wright Jessica
Published: October 2019

Stimulated by our conversations at the 2018 International Philosophy of Nursing Society Conference and our shared interests, the coauthors present an argument for augmenting the broader discussion of “missed care” with our synthesized concept called structural missingness. We take the problem of missed care to be largely grounded on a particular economic construction of the healthcare system within an era of what some are calling the Capitalocene, capturing the pervasive influence of capitalism on nature, humanity and the world order. Our perspective is that of the United States, however, extrapolations can be made to the social and healthcare systems in other countries. We are concerned with the underlying conditions that structurally reify inequality and ultimately undermine nursing practice. To situate the discussion, we briefly review existing literature on the contextualization of missed care. We understand contemporary circumstances of missed care as a function of the neoliberalization of healthcare, including the idea of nursing as a commodity. From this, we discuss the implications of missed care, which forms the basis of our critique. Synthesizing the term “structural missingness, we locate a moral imperative in the professional and disciplinary commitments of nursing to consider who and what have been left out. This moral imperative for the nursing profession, along with other social and health related professions, underscores our obligation to be involved in uncovering inequities and conceptualizing upstream solutions for structural missingness.
Preliminary exploration of the potential of spliceosome‐associated protein 130 for predicting disease severity in Crohn's disease
Authors: Gong Wenbin , Guo Kun , Zheng Tao , Fang Miao , Xie Haohao , Li Weijie , Hong Zhiwu , Ren Huajian , Gu Guosheng , Wang Gefei , Wang Zhiming , Wu Xiuwen , Ren Jianan
Published: October 2019

The role of spliceosome‐associated protein 130 (SAP130) in gut inflammation, particularly in Crohn's disease (CD), remains unclear. The aim of our study was to analyze correlations between serum SAP130 levels and CD severity, and to assess its predictive value for the clinical efficacy of exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) in CD. Correlations between the SAP130 levels and CD severity were evaluated. SAP130 and its receptor Mincle (macrophage‐inducible C‐type lectin) in the colon tissue in active CD were measured. Furthermore, the serum SAP130 level was investigated as a predictor of clinical efficacy in patients treated with EEN. The serum SAP130 levels significantly increased in patients with active CD compared with patients in remission for CD (P < 0.001) and control individuals (P < 0.001), and they varied according to clinical activity and significantly correlated with disease severity. In parallel, the expression of both SAP130 and Mincle in colon tissue was elevated in active CD. Additionally, the serum SAP130 level declined in patients with active CD who achieved efficacy at week 8 after EEN therapy. This preliminary evidence shows that SAP130 might be a potential noninvasive biomarker that correlates well with CD severity and the clinical efficacy of EEN in CD.
Rhamnogalacturonan‐I is a determinant of cell–cell adhesion in poplar wood
Authors: Yang Haibing , Benatti Matheus R. , Karve Rucha A. , Fox Arizona , Meilan Richard , Carpita Nicholas C. , McCann Maureen C.
Published: October 2019

The molecular basis of cell–cell adhesion in woody tissues is not known. Xylem cells in wood particles of hybrid poplar (Populus tremula × P. alba cv. INRA 717‐1B4) were separated by oxidation of lignin with acidic sodium chlorite when combined with extraction of xylan and rhamnogalacturonan‐I (RG‐I) using either dilute alkali or a combination of xylanase and RG‐lyase. Acidic chlorite followed by dilute alkali treatment enables cell–cell separation by removing material from the compound middle lamellae between the primary walls. Although lignin is known to contribute to adhesion between wood cells, we found that removing lignin is a necessary but not sufficient condition to effect complete cell–cell separation in poplar lines with various ratios of syringyl:guaiacyl lignin. Transgenic poplar lines expressing an Arabidopsis thaliana gene encoding an RG‐lyase (AtRGIL6) showed enhanced cell–cell separation, increased accessibility of cellulose and xylan to hydrolytic enzyme activities, and increased fragmentation of intact wood particles into small cell clusters and single cells under mechanical stress. Our results indicate a novel function for RG‐I, and also for xylan, as determinants of cell–cell adhesion in poplar wood cell walls. Genetic control of RG‐I content provides a new strategy to increase catalyst accessibility and saccharification yields from woody biomass for biofuels and industrial chemicals.
Genetic variability and GxE interactions for total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity in white and red sorghums (Sorghum bicolor)
Authors: Aruna Chandrasekhara Reddy , Ratnavathi Chamarthy Venkata , Suguna Medicherla , Ranga Bukhya , Praveen Kumar Penugonda , Annapurna Aluri , Bahadure Dhyaneshwar Motiram , Toapi Vilas A.
Published: October 2019

Sorghum has unique advantage in terms of its climate resilience and its grain composition with beneficial bioactive compounds. It is a very good source of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols and antioxidants. Breeding efforts for end‐use identity‐specific genotypes are required for increased profitability to the farmers. In this study, total polyphenol content (TPC) and free radical scavenging activity (FRSA) were estimated in 60 genotypes, comprising of white and red sorghums, over three years each with two replications. TPC ranged from 55.6 mg/100 g to 553.1 mg/100 g with the highest value in IS 30508. The highest antioxidant activity, measured as free radical scavenging activity, was observed in IS 16151. Though in general TPC and FRSA are high in red sorghums, not all red sorghums have high TPC and scavenging activity. Significant effects of genotype and environment were observed for all the characters. Correlation studies indicated the possibility of developing a high yielding line with high antioxidant activity. The information generated aids in identifying donors to develop end‐use specific genotypes that are suitable as functional foods.
Sustainable Innovation: Pushing the Boundaries of Traditional Operations Management
Authors: Van Wassenhove Luk N.
Published: October 2019

The UN Sustainable Development Goals are not optional. They are about survival. Reaching them requires focus and strong innovation. Operations Management is about designing innovative business models to allocate scarce resources. It therefore has the toolkit to help move the sustainability agenda, provided it strongly opts for studying relevant and pressing problems and proves its potential impact. This study argues that this requires innovation as well as a paradigm shift in how we look at contributions. The good news is that a growing number of OM academics select to work on important facets of sustainability. The bad news is that we stepped into this field relatively late so the impact of that work is still modest. We need to push the boundaries of our discipline to develop new context‐dependent knowledge on pressing problems, provide evidence of the validity of our findings, and translate them into practical and easy‐to‐use decision tools. This study uses closed‐loop supply chains and humanitarian operations to illustrate and support this thesis. OM needs innovation to substantially contribute to the sustainable development agenda and thereby safeguard its own sustainability as a discipline.
Development and validation of a 21st Century Skills Assessment: Using an iterative multimethod approach
Authors: Sondergeld Toni A. , Johnson Carla C.
Published: October 2019

In response to the call for more rigorously validated educational assessments, this study used an iterative multimethod validation process to develop and validate outcomes from the 21st Century Skills Assessment global rating scale. Qualitative and quantitative data sources were used to inform four types of validity evidence: content, response process, internal structure, and consequential. STEM experts and typical assessment users provided support for content, response process, and consequential validity evidence through focus group interviews and cognitive interviews. Psychometric findings suggest strong internal validity evidence for the assessment through high measures of internal consistency reliability, intra‐rater agreement, and test–retest reliability measures.
High school students' use of representations in physics problem solving
Authors: Lucas Lyrica L. , Lewis Elizabeth B.
Published: October 2019

Findings from physics education research strongly point to the critical need for teachers’ use of multiple representations in their instructional practices such as pictures, diagrams, written explanations, and mathematical expressions to enhance students' problem‐solving ability. In this study, we explored use of problem‐solving tasks for generating multiple representations as a scaffolding strategy in a high school modeling physics class. Through problem‐solving cognitive interviews with students, we investigated how a group of students responded to the tasks and how their use of such strategies affected their problem‐solving performance and use of representations as compared to students who did not receive explicit, scaffolded guidance to generate representations in solving similar problems. Aggregated data on students' problem‐solving performance and use of representations were collected from a set of 14 mechanics problems and triangulated with cognitive interviews. A higher percentage of students from the scaffolding group constructed visual representations in their problem‐solving solutions, while their use of other representations and problem‐solving performance did not differ with that of the comparison group. In addition, interviews revealed that students did not think that writing down physics concepts was necessary despite being encouraged to do so as a support strategy.
A Brief Review of the Institutional Impact of Political-Criminal Alliances: In Search of a Suitable Theoretical Framework
Authors: Domínguez Mejía Diego Alejandro
Published: October 2019

Criminal organizations are capable to make political connections with public servants at different levels (i.e., local, national and transnational). This article provides a review of the literature on the power of the political-criminal alliances to affect the democratic institutions of the State. It also seeks to provide a theoretical framework appropriate to evaluate the impact level that the partnering between criminals and public servants has on the state’s scaffolding. The academic work by some experts in criminology has examined the different political impacts that such alliances imply, which includes problems associated with the decay of the criminal judicial system and the creation of impunity umbrellas. However, to date, this research has not provided a theoretical and methodological framework enough to evaluate and measure the true impact of the political-criminal alliances on the state’s institutions. Just a few scholars from different fields such as the economics and political science have based their researches on set of theories of systemic corruption and network theories in order to measure the political impact that groups outside the law have on the state. This review stresses the importance of these theoretical concepts in order to evaluate the impact of the political-criminal alliances on the institutions, and provides recommendations for future empirical researches and to set out new theories within the same field.
The effect of room acoustical parameters on speech reception thresholds and spatial release from masking
Authors: Biberger Thomas , Ewert Stephan D.
Published: October 2019

In daily life, speech intelligibility is affected by masking caused by interferers and by reverberation. For a frontal target speaker and two interfering sources symmetrically placed to either side, spatial release from masking (SRM) is observed in comparison to frontal interferers. In this case, the auditory system can make use of temporally fluctuating interaural time/phase and level differences promoting binaural unmasking (BU) and better-ear glimpsing (BEG). Reverberation affects the waveforms of the target and maskers, and the interaural differences, depending on the spatial configuration and on the room acoustical properties. In this study, the effect of room acoustics, temporal structure of the interferers, and target-masker positions on speech reception thresholds and SRM was assessed. The results were compared to an optimal better-ear glimpsing strategy to help disentangle energetic masking including effects of BU and BEG as well as informational masking (IM). In anechoic and moderate reverberant conditions, BU and BEG contributed to SRM of fluctuating speech-like maskers, while BU did not contribute in highly reverberant conditions. In highly reverberant rooms a SRM of up to 3 dB was observed for speech maskers, including effects of release from IM based on binaural cues.
Parched peatlands fuel Indonesia's blazes
Authors: Normile Dennis
Published: October 2019

Policies to preserve and restore waterlogged forest help mitigate fires, scientists say.
NIH reveals its formula for tracking foreign influences
Authors: Mervis Jeffrey
Published: October 2019

Official highlights China's talents program as agency watchdog calls for better vetting of peer reviewers.
Duplicated images point to fraud in fish study, critics say
Authors: Enserink Martin
Published: October 2019

A collage raises doubts about a 2014 behavior paper whose first author fabricated data in an earlier study.
Differential soil fungus accumulation and density dependence of trees in a subtropical forest
Authors: Chen Lei , Swenson Nathan G. , Ji Niuniu , Mi Xiangcheng , Ren Haibao , Guo Liangdong , Ma Keping
Published: October 2019

Fungal influence on density dependence

Tree species in highly diverse tropical forests tend to exhibit conspecific negative density dependence, a phenomenon whereby individuals of the same species tend to grow at a distance from one another. This is understood to be a key driver of species coexistence. The strength of negative density dependence varies between species, but the mechanisms driving this variation are unknown. Chen
et al.
studied tree species in a subtropical forest in China and found an important role for soil-dwelling fungi in this variation. Elevated accumulation of pathogenic fungi leads to stronger negative density dependence, whereas elevated accumulation of mutualistic fungi leads to weaker negative density dependence.

Science
, this issue p.
124
From speech and talkers to the social world: The neural processing of human spoken language
Authors: Scott Sophie K.
Published: October 2019

Human speech perception is a paradigm example of the complexity of human linguistic processing; however, it is also the dominant way of expressing vocal identity and is critically important for social interactions. Here, I review the ways that the speech, the talker, and the social nature of speech interact and how this may be computed in the human brain, using models and approaches from nonhuman primate studies. I explore the extent to which domain-general approaches may be able to account for some of these neural findings. Finally, I address the importance of extending these findings into a better understanding of the social use of speech in conversations.
Active site rearrangement and structural divergence in prokaryotic respiratory oxidases
Authors: Safarian S. , Hahn A. , Mills D. J. , Radloff M. , Eisinger M. L. , Nikolaev A. , Meier-Credo J. , Melin F. , Miyoshi H. , Gennis R. B. , Sakamoto J. , Langer J. D. , Hellwig P. , Kühlbrandt W. , Michel H.
Published: October 2019

Hemes switch spots in a terminal oxidase

Reduction of molecular oxygen to water is the driving force for respiration in aerobic organisms and is catalyzed by several distinct integral membrane complexes. These include an exclusively prokaryotic enzyme, cytochrome bd–type quinol oxidase, which is a potential antimicrobial target. Safarian
et al.
determined a high-resolution cryo–electron microscopy structure of this enzyme from the enteric bacterium
Escherichia coli
. Comparison to a homolog reveals a complete relocation of the site of oxygen binding and reduction caused by a change in the arrangement of heme cofactors and channels in the protein scaffold. This switch illustrates the diversity of structure and function in this family of enzymes and might reflect different biochemical roles of these homologs.

Science
, this issue p.
100
A bacterial light response reveals an orphan desaturase for human plasmalogen synthesis
Authors: Gallego-García Aránzazu , Monera-Girona Antonio J. , Pajares-Martínez Elena , Bastida-Martínez Eva , Pérez-Castaño Ricardo , Iniesta Antonio A. , Fontes Marta , Padmanabhan S. , Elías-Arnanz Montserrat
Published: October 2019

Distant cousin helps spot animal enzyme

In addition to forming the membranes that enclose cells, lipids are important signaling molecules. Plasmalogens, which contain a vinyl ether linkage, are an abundant group of lipids in animals. How these lipids are synthesized from precursors with an alkyl ether linkage has been a mystery. Gallego-García
et al.
found an enzyme, CarF, in the social bacterium
Myxococcus xanthus
that produces plasmalogens used in a signaling pathway for singlet oxygen, a marker of photooxidative stress. They then showed that the animal homolog could catalyze the final step in plasmalogen synthesis in bacterial and human cells, thus resolving a source for plasmalogens in animals.

Science
, this issue p.
128
Donald A. B. Lindberg (1933–2019)
Authors: Kohane Isaac , Berg Jeremy M.
Published: October 2019

Visionary medical informaticist who laid the groundwork for PubMed
Outside-in: Rethinking the etiology of autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Orefice Lauren L.
Published: October 2019

A role for peripheral sensory neurons in autism pathogenesis
Destined for destruction?
Authors: Vrselja Zvonimir
Published: October 2019

Brain circulation and cell function can be restored after prolonged global anoxia
Antibiotics bug the immune response
Authors: Henrickson Sarah E.
Published: October 2019

Changes in the gut microbiome caused by antibiotics can impair immune responses to influenza vaccination.
Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Association of Acute Kidney Injury with the Concomitant Use of Vancomycin and Piperacillin-Tazobactam in Children
Authors: Kalligeros Markos , Karageorgos Spyridon A. , Shehadeh Fadi , Zacharioudakis Ioannis M. , Mylonakis Eleftherios
Published: October 2019

Concomitant use of vancomycin plus piperacillin-tazobactam (TZP) has been associated with increased risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) in hospitalized adults. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched PubMed and EMBASE for pediatric studies examining this hypothesis, with reference to vancomycin monotherapy or in combination with another beta-lactam antibiotic. Of 1,381 nonduplicate studies, 10 met our inclusion criteria.