bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative mapping between potato (Solanum tuberosum) and Arabidopsis thaliana reveals structurally conserved domains and ancient duplications in the potato genome
Authors: Gebhardt Christiane , Walkemeier Birgit , Henselewski Heike , Barakat Abdelali , Delseny Michel , Stüber Kurt
Published: May 2003

A genetic map of potato (Solanum tuberosum) was constructed based on 293 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers including 31 EST markers of Arabidopsis. The in silico comparison of all marker sequences with the Arabidopsis genomic sequence resulted in 189 markers that detected in Arabidopsis 787 loci with sequence conservation. Based on conserved linkage between groups of at least three different markers on the genetic map of potato and the physical map of Arabidopsis, 90 putative syntenic blocks were identified covering 41% of the potato genetic map and 50% of the Arabidopsis physical map. The existence and distribution of syntenic blocks suggested a higher degree of structural conservation in some parts of the potato genome when compared to others. Syntenic blocks were redundant: most potato syntenic blocks were related to several Arabidopsis genome segments and vice versa. Some duplicated potato syntenic blocks correlated well with ancient segmental duplications in Arabidopsis. Syntenic relationships between different genomic segments of potato and the same segment of the Arabidopsis genome indicated that potato genome evolution included ancient intra‐ and interchromosomal duplications. The partial genome coveridge and the redundancy of syntenic blocks limits the use of synteny for functional comparisons between the crop species potato and the model plant Arabidopsis.
Effects of trampling and ethephon on leaf morphology in trampling‐tolerant Plantago asiatica and Eleusine indica
Authors: Sunohara Y , Ikeda H
Published: May 2003

Summary The effects of simulated human trampling on leaf morphology and ethylene production as well as the effect of an ethylene releaser ethephon on leaf morphology were investigated for trampling‐tolerant species, Plantago asiatica and Eleusine indica, and trampling‐susceptible species, Gnaphalium affine and Panicum bisulcatum. In Pl. asiatica, trampling decreased the leaf length and increased the leaf blade length to width ratio and the leaf blade length to leaf (leaf blade + petiole) length ratio. In E. indica, trampling only decreased the leaf blade length to width ratio. Trampling increased ethylene production in intact seedlings of Pl. asiatica, E. indica and G. affine. The ethephon (1 mM) treatment increased the leaf blade length to width ratio in seedlings of Pl. asiatica, but decreased that in seedlings of E. indica in a manner similar to the morphological changes induced by trampling. In contrast, no significant differences in leaf morphology were observed between the ethephon‐treated and control seedlings of trampling‐susceptible species. These results suggest that trampling‐tolerant species have higher responsiveness to ethylene than trampling‐susceptible species and change their leaf morphology in response to ethylene induced by trampling.
Tracking an invader to its origins: the invasion case history of Crupina vulgaris
Authors: Roché C T , Vilatersana R , Garnatje T , Gamarra R , Garcia‐Jacas N , Susanna A , Thill D C
Published: May 2003

Summary Based on its Mediterranean origins and close relationship with other highly invasive Asteraceae species, Crupina vulgaris was declared a Federal Noxious Weed shortly after its discovery in Idaho in 1968. Twenty‐two years later, surveys revealed over 25 500 ha infested with five separate populations in four states. Despite this expansion, no‐one knew how this unlikely invader with its large seed was moving long distances or how it had escaped detection entering the country. The objectives of this study were to characterize the invasion history by estimating when, how, from where and how many times Crupina vulgaris was introduced in North America. Methods included molecular markers (random amplification of polymorphic DNA), distribution maps and historical sleuthing. Molecular markers linked all five North American populations with the Iberian Peninsula, with at least three colonization events. Distribution maps limited the area to northern Spain, where C. vulgaris occurs outside the range of Crupina crupinastrum. Site histories indicated four, perhaps five, successful introductions from northern Spain, associated with Basque sheepherders. Two remote sites (Lake Chelan, WA, and Modoc County, CA) had direct links with northern Spain from the 1950s into the 1970s. It appeared that the other introductions also occurred decades before the discovery dates. Detailed knowledge of individual invasion case histories is relevant for preventing future weed introductions and as a framework for future ecological investigations, such as effects of selection pressures during immigration or niche relationships in native and introduced habitats.
Variation of Parthenium hysterophorus in response to soil quality: implications for invasiveness
Authors: Annapurna C , Singh J S
Published: May 2003

Summary The performance of Parthenium hysterophorus, native to the tropical Americas and invasive to several countries, was evaluated for response to soil quality. Phenological (six stages) and quantitative growth variables [relative growth rates in height (Rh) and diameter (Rd)] were measured every fortnight. Based on harvest data, the variables, root:shoot (R:S) ratio, specific leaf area (SLA), relative growth rate in biomass (Rw), net assimilation rate (NAR) and dry matter allocation to plant components, were determined. High clay content in soils prolonged the rosette stage, enhanced Rh and Rd and hampered root growth, but promoted biomass allocation to shoots. The extreme degree of plant mortality was observed, with only 33.3% individuals surviving to reproduce in the soils with highest clay contents. This appears to be one of the most important findings that certainly has a major bearing on the range of adaptation of the weed. Seed mass declined whereas seed production increased in relatively coarser soils with the exception of nearly pure sand. In soils rich in clay, plants produced a smaller number of larger seeds. These data suggest that variation in fundamental functional traits would enable P. hysterophorus to adjust to a variety of habitat conditions.
Influence of Chromolaena odorata and Mucuna pruriens fallow duration on weed infestation
Authors: Ikuenobe C E , Anoliefo G O
Published: May 2003

Summary Fallow management is a major strategy for weed control and soil fertility restoration in tropical farming systems. From 1995 to 1998, weed infestation was evaluated in plots managed under 0, 1, 2 and 3 year fallow durations of (1) a natural bush fallow dominated by Chromolaena odorata; (2) a planted Mucuna pruriens fallow; and (3) a modified bush fallow without C. odorata. The study was conducted at the Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research (NIFOR), Benin City, Nigeria. The 3 × 4 factorial experiment was set up in a split plot arrangement. The three fallow types were the main plots and the four fallow durations were the subplots. Each year, the subplots were planted to maize (Zea mays, cv. TZSR‐W) as appropriate and harvested 14 weeks after planting for yield comparison. Continuous cropping and the modified natural bush fallow increased weed diversity and biomass. Irrespective of fallow type, weed infestation was more gradual in the first year of cropping after fallow than in subsequent cropping years. Regardless of cropping intensity, C. odorata and M. pruriens fallows promoted broad‐leaved weeds, chiefly Ageratum conyzoides, Tridax procumbens and Phyllanthus amarus, whereas the modified bush fallow promoted grasses. Maize grain yield was higher in the C. odorata and M. pruriens fallows than in the modified bush fallow, but the yield difference diminished with cropping intensity.
An investigation of genetic variation in Carthamus lanatus in New South Wales, Australia, using intersimple sequence repeats (ISSR) analysis
Authors: Ash G J , Raman R , Crump N S
Published: May 2003

Summary Carthamus lanatus is a widespread and troublesome weed of crops and pastures in Australia. It is viewed as a target for both inundative and classical biological control. As fungal biological control agents are often specific in terms of their host range, the genetic variation within the host may be important in their successful deployment. The detection of genetic variation in populations of C. lanatus from New South Wales was studied using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based, intersimple sequence repeats (ISSR) analysis. DNA extracted from plant samples from 11 locations in New South Wales was compared with one sample from Western Australia and one accession of the closely related crop plant, safflower. The analysis indicated that there were two distinct groups of C. lanatus that correlated with location (northern and southern regions). Within‐group genetic diversity, as determined by the Shannon genetic diversity index, was low at 0.33 in the southern group and 0.22 in the northern group. The presence of these groups may have implications for the biological control of C. lanatus using exotic fungi. In any screening of candidate agents, representatives of these populations should be included.
Sulfonylurea herbicide resistance in Sonchus asper biotypes in Alberta, Canada
Authors: Rashid A , Newman J C , O'Donovan J T , Robinson D , Maurice D , Poisson D , Hall L M
Published: May 2003

Summary Two Sonchus asper (spiny annual sow‐thistle) biotypes, suspected of being resistant to the sulfonylurea herbicide metsulfuron‐methyl, were collected in 1996 from two barley (Hordeum vulgare) fields in central Alberta, Canada. Both fields had received at least six applications of acetolactate synthase (ALS)‐inhibiting herbicide(s). The responses of the two resistant (R) biotypes and two susceptible (S) biotypes to several sulfonylurea herbicides, and to herbicides and herbicide mixtures with other mechanisms of action, were compared. Both R biotypes were highly resistant to all sulfonylurea herbicides, but their control with other herbicides and mixtures was effective and comparable to that of the S biotypes. ALS extracted from an R biotype was about 440 times more resistant to metsulfuron‐methyl than that of an S biotype, indicating that resistance was conferred by an ALS enzyme that was less sensitive to inhibition by the herbicide. Competitiveness and seed production of S. asper varied among biotypes, but the differences were probably the result of ecotype differences rather than resistance or susceptibility to sulfonylurea herbicides. This is the first reported occurrence of target site‐based S. asper resistance to ALS‐inhibiting herbicides.
Conyza albida: a new biotype with ALS inhibitor resistance
Authors: Osuna M D , De Prado R
Published: May 2003

Summary A biotype of Conyza albida resistant to imazapyr was discovered on a farm in the province of Seville, Spain, on land that had been continuously treated with this herbicide. This is the first reported occurrence of target site resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)‐inhibiting herbicides in C. albida. In order to characterize this resistant biotype, dose–response experiments, absorption and translocation assays, metabolism studies, ALS activity assays and control with alternative herbicides were performed. Dose–response experiments revealed a marked difference between resistant (R) and susceptible (S) biotypes with a resistance factor [ED50(R)/ED50(S)] of 300. Cross‐resistance existed with amidosulfuron, imazethapyr and nicosulfuron. Control of both biotypes using alternative herbicides was good using chlorsulfuron, triasulfuron, diuron, simazine, glyphosate and glufosinate. The rest of the herbicides tested did not provide good control for either biotype. There were no differences in absorption and translocation between the two biotypes, the maximum absorption reached about 15%, and most of the radioactivity taken up remained in the treated leaf. The metabolism pattern was similar and revealed that both biotypes may form polar metabolites with similar retention time (Rf). The effect of several ALS inhibitors on ALS (target site) activity measured in leaf extracts from both biotypes was investigated. Only with imazapyr and imazethapyr did the R biotype show a higher level of resistance than the S biotype [I50 (R)/I50(S) value of 4.0 and 3.7 respectively]. These data suggest that the resistance to imazapyr found in the R biotype of C. albida results primarily from an altered target site.
Look‐Back of Anti‐HCV ELISA‐Positive, HCV‐RNA PCR‐Negative Donors and Recipients of Their Blood Products
Authors: Vrielink H. , Reésink H.W. , Zaaijer H. L. , Scholten E. , Kremer L. C. M. , Cuypers H. T. M. , Lelie P. N. , van Oers M. H. J. , van der Poel C. L.
Published: May 2003

Background and objectives: To establish the infectivity of anti‐HCV ELISA‐positive, but cDNA‐PCR‐negative blood components transfused before the introduction of routine anti‐HCV blood donor screening, we enrolled recipients of such blood products in a look‐back programme. Materials and methods: The blood components were donated by (A) RIBA™‐2‐indeterminate and cDNA‐PCR‐negative donors, and (B) RIBA‐2 and cDNA‐PCR‐negative donors. The look‐back comprised 214 blood products from group A donors and 278 from group B. Results: Of 211 recipients of group A components, 66 (31.3%) were available for testing. All other recipients could not be traced, had died, or refused collaboration. Of these 66, 3 patients had independent risk factors for HCV infection and were excluded. All remaining 63 recipients were anti‐HCV ELISA‐negative. Of 274 recipients of group B components, 84 (30.7%) were available for testing. All others could not be traced, had died, or refused collaboration. Of these 84, six patients had an independent risk factor for HCV infection and were excluded. All remaining 78 recipients were anti‐HCV ELISA‐negative. None of the recipients of blood products from previous donations of anti‐HCV ELISA‐positive, cDNA‐PCR‐negative, and RIBA‐2‐indeterminate or negative donors were HCV‐infected. Conclusions: Donors and patients with such reactivities in anti‐HCV ELISA, RIBA‐2, and cDNA‐PCR can be assured that they are not infected with HCV. The donors involved can re‐enter the donor pool, provided that future donations are anti‐HCV ELISA‐negative.
Typing of Hepatitis C Virus Antibody with Specific Peptides in Seropositive Blood Donors and Comparison with Genotyping of Viral RNA
Authors: León Pilar , López José A. , Elola Consuelo , Quan Stella , Echevarría José M.
Published: May 2003

Background and objectives: Serotyping of antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti‐HCV) with specific peptides has been developed as an alternate method for typing HCV infections. The method does not require a prior amplification of viral RNA sequences from the sample. Identification of the viral genotype may be relevant for prognosis and clinical management. Materials and methods: We used a previously described HCV serotyping assay (RIBA™ HCV Serotype SIA kit, Chiron Corp.) to investigate the serotype in 191 samples from blood donors selected for anti‐HCV patterns (positive and indeterminate), ALT levels, and the presence or absence of viral RNA. The serotypes were compared with the genotypes obtained from typing the 5′‐noncoding region of the viral RNA in 82 viremic samples. Results: We were able to obtain the viral serotype in 85% (114/134) of samples positive for anti‐HCV but in only 3.5% (2/57) of the indeterminates. Lack of anti‐NS4 in the sample was significantly associated with both untypable results and the presence of HCV serotypes other than serotype 1. The overall correlation with genotyping was 78% (64/82), rising to 95.5% (64/67) if only samples that could be both genotyped and serotyped were considered. The assay was easy to perform, gave reactivity patterns easy to interpret, and performed with high proficiency on anti‐HCV‐positive samples lacking detectable levels of viral RNA. Conclusions: This is a practical and useful method for typing HCV infections in the clinical setting. The poor ability of the Core peptides to give the serotype in samples lacking anti‐NS4 and the lack of specific peptides to recognize HCV types other than 1, 2, and 3 are, however, some aspects of the method that need improvement in the future.
Transmission of GB Virus C by Blood Transfusions during Heart Surgery
Authors: Shimizu Masaru , Osada Koji , Okamoto Hiroaki
Published: May 2003

Background and objectives: Hepatitis‐causing viral agents other than those designated A to E are being reported. Their epidemiology, modes of transmission, and infectivity are not yet clear, although they may be transmitted by transfusion. Materials and methods: Thirty five patients underwent open‐heart surgery, receiving an average of 10.2±10.8 (range 1 to 35) units of blood. The patients were investigated postoperatively for the RNA of the putative non‐A‐to‐E hepatitis virus designated as GB virus C (GBV‐C). Results: Four patients (12%) acquired GBV‐C RNA in the serum within 2 to 4 weeks after the operation. GBV‐C RNA was detected in at least one of the blood units received by three patients, all of whose units were available for testing, with a sequence in the nonstructural 3 region identical to that from the corresponding patient. Three patients developed elevated alanine aminotransferase levels which persisted for two weeks or longer in two of them. Conclusions: GBV‐C is transmissible by transfusion and can induce elevated transaminase levels.
Does Anti‐HBc Reactivity Reflect ‘Lifestyle’ Risk in North London Blood Donors?
Authors: Moore M. C. , Godfrey G. S. , Hewitt P. E. , Barbara J. A. J.
Published: May 2003

Background and objectives: To determine whether antibody to hepatitis B core (anti‐HBc) reactivity, as a marker of hepatitis B virus infection, reflects a ‘lifestyle’ risk in donors in North London, we have obtained detailed histories from donors with various manifestations of HBV infection. Materials and methods: Interviews based on a standardised questionnaire were conducted with 70 donors confirmed to be anti‐HBc reactive. Results: Comparison with controls (known to be anti‐HBc‐negative) and donors reactive for anti‐hepatitis‐C virus showed that current donor strategies are effective; in our area, reactivity for anti‐HBc is not associated with a lifestyle risk for those donors who are unreactive in current mandatory screening tests. Conclusions: Blood from donors positive for both anti‐HBc and anti‐HBs should be considered suitable for transfusion purposes. This is consistent with the practice of accepting blood from naturally immune donors for preparation of hepatitis B immunoglobulin.
Epidemiology and Prevention of Transfusion‐Associated Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission in Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: McFarland William , Mvere David , Shandera Wayne , Reingold Arthur
Published: May 2003

Background and objectives: Compared to industrialised nations, countries in sub‐Saharan Africa experience a greater amount of transfusion‐associated HIV transmission due to high rates of transfusion in some groups of patients, a higher incidence and prevalence of HIV infection in donor populations, a lack of HIV antibody screening in some areas, and a higher residual risk of contamination in blood supplies despite antibody screening. Materials and methods: Epidemiologic review. Results: Epidemiologic evidence supports the effectiveness of three relatively inexpensive strategies to prevent transfusion‐associated HIV transmission in sub‐Saharan Africa: HIV antibody screening, avoidance of unnecessary use of blood products, and exclusion of donors at high risk of infection. Such prevention strategies have not been universally implemented. Conclusions: International aid to establish and maintain HIV antibody screening programmes, implementation of sound criteria for transfusion, and the search for HIV risk factors to use as donor exclusion criteria must be expanded in the region.
Comparison between Intravenous and Subcutaneous Recombinant Human Erythropoietin (Epoetin Alfa) Administration in Presurgical Autologous Blood Donation in Anemic Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Undergoing Major Orthopedic Surgery
Authors: Mercuriali F. , Inghilleri G. , Biffi E. , Colotti M. T. , Vinci A. , Sinigaglia L. , Gualtieri G.
Published: May 2003

Background and objectives: Intravenous (i.v.) Recombinant erythropoietin (Epoetin alfa) is effective in allowing autologous blood donation in patients unable to donate because of anemia. We undertook this open pilot study in order to asses whether a low subcutaneous (s.c.) dose of Epoetin alfa would prove as effective and well tolerated as the higher i.v. dose. Such a move would also decrease costs. Materials and methods: A total Epoetin alfa s.c. dose of 800 IU/kg was compared with a total i.v. dose of 1,800 IU/kg. Twenty‐two rheumatoid arthritis patients, unable to donate because of hemoglobin (Hb) <11 g/dl, received 300 IU/kg of IV Epoetin alfa twice weekly for 3 weeks (11 patients), or 100 IU/kg of s.c. Epoetin alfa twice weekly for 3 weeks plus an i.v. bolus of 200 IU/kg of Epoetin alfa at the first visit (11 patients). At each visit, all patients received 100 mg of i.v. iron saccharate and when the hematocrit (hct) 34%, 350 ml of autologous blood (AB) were collected. Results: No significant differences were observed between the 2 groups of treated patients in terms of units of AB collected (2.6±0.6 vs. 2.5±0.5 units for i.v. and s.c. groups, respectively), ml of RBC produced during the study period (291±99 vs. 337±65 ml for the i.v. and s.c. groups, respectively), or in the degree of reduced exposure to allogeneic blood in comparison with the control group. Conclusions: Lower dose of Epoetin alfa (reduced by 56%), supplemented by i.v. iron, is as effective and well tolerated as higher doses administered i.v., supplemented by i.v. iron.
Evaluation of a New Prestorage Leukoreduction Filter for Red Blood Cell Units
Authors: AuBuchon J. P. , Elfath M. D. , Popovsky M. A. , Stromberg R. R. , Pickard C. , Herschel L. , Whitley P. , McNeil D. , Arnold N. , O'Connor J. L.
Published: May 2003

Background and objectives: Prestorage leukoreduction offers a variety of potential benefits and is becoming more commonly practiced. The LeukoNet™ prestorage leukoreduction filtration system is intended for leukoreduction of red blood cells and uses a vent to allow automatic drainage of red cells from the filter. Materials and methods: We studied the functional characteristics and the in‐vivo and in‐vitro properties of leukoreduced AS‐1 Red Blood Cells prepared with this new system. Units of AS‐1 Red Blood Cells were filtered at 4°C through the LeukoNet™ filter 24–48 h after collection and stored under usual conditions for 42 days. Residual leukocytes were enumerated using a Nageotte chamber or with a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. In the clinical trial (phase one), 21 donors had units stored with and without leukoreduction for 42 days; biochemical assays were done before and after storage, and 51Cr/99mTc red cell recovery studies at the end of the storage period. Results: Leukocyte content after filtration was 3.2±2.6×104/unit (n = 21), and all units had <1×105 leukocytes (median: 3.8×104). In‐vivo paired studies showed no difference in 24‐hour recovery (control: 82.1±5.8%; test: 82.9±6.0%). Hemolysis was halved with leukoreduction (0.59±0.30 vs. 0.29±0.11%; p<0.05), and glucose consumption was reduced by 5% compared to control units (p = <0.05). Other biochemical parameters showed no differences. In the practical trial (phase two), filtration time was 41±23 min. With a residual leukocyte content of 6.6±4.9×104/unit and 14±3% red cell loss (n = 84). Six additional units underwent leukocyte enumeration by PCR and had 2.6±1.1×104 residual leukocytes. Conclusions: Under the conditions studied, the LeukoNet™ leukoreduction filtration system produces about 4–5 log10 leukocyte content reduction.
Leukocyte Filtration of Single‐Donor Platelet Units through an Integrated Filter System for the Fresenius AS 104 Blood Cell Separator
Authors: Moog R. , Müller N. , Köbke A. C. H. , Kalb R.
Published: May 2003

Background and objectives: White cell depletion of platelet concentrates is widely applied to reduce the incidence of transfusion complications. We investigated a new plateletpheresis kit with an integrated filter for leukocyte depletion of platelets. Materials and methods: Parameters of product quality were investigated before and after in‐line filtration of 70 single‐donor platelet (SDP) units obtained by apheresis. We studied three different filter batches manufactured for the Fresenius AS 104 blood cell separator, and evaluated different softwares and interface positions with respect to platelet (PLT) yield and white blood cell (WBC) contamination. Results: PLT yields before and after filtration was not statistically different in the protocols studied. WBC contamination after WBC depletion was in the range of 104/SDP unit. Glucose, lactate dehydrogenase, and the morphology score were not statistically different before and after filtration. Conclusions: In‐line WBC filtration of SDP units sufficiently reduced WBC below 5×106/unit. The study allowed definition of the filter composition and apheresis parameters to optimize PLT yield and minimize WBC contamination.
Spontaneous Rise of Fetal Platelet Counts Despite Increasing anti‐HPA‐5b Antibodies
Authors: Ulm Barbara , Ulm Martin R. , Deutinger Josef , Eichelberger Beate , Panzer Simon
Published: May 2003

Background and objectives: Maternal anti‐HPA alloantibodies are a rare cause of severe fetal thrombocytopenia. So far there have been no reports on the dynamics of maternal anti‐HPA‐5 during gestation and its effect on the fetus. Materials and methods: We monitored maternal anti‐HPA‐5b antibody titers and fetal platelet counts during gestation in a woman with known anti‐HPA‐5b alloimmunization. The patient was a 32‐year‐old woman in her third pregnancy. The 1st pregnancy and delivery of a healthy child had been uneventful. At delivery, anti‐HPA‐5b was detectable in the maternal serum. A 2nd pregnancy ended in early miscarriage. Results: A steady rise in the alloantibody titer was recorded throughout the 3rd pregnancy. Therefore, cordocentesis was performed at 28 weeks of gestation (platelet count 76×109/l). Serial platelet transfusions were administered to the fetus at 28, 32, and 37 weeks of gestation. The platelet counts rose spontaneously thereafter and were 220×109/l at delivery, despite an increase in the anti‐HPA‐5b antibody titer. The child developed normally during the first year of life. Conclusions: This case illustrates the spontaneous recovery of fetal platelet counts in late pregnancy despite a rise in maternal alloantibody titer.
Application of the Gel Test in IgG Subclassing – A Comparison of Two Agglutination Assays
Authors: Palfi Miodrag , Hildén Jan‐Olof
Published: May 2003

Background and objectives: IgG subclasses of anti‐D seem to play some role in hemolytic disease of the newborn, but there has been disagreement as to its exact nature. The aim of our study was to evaluate a new technique for IgG subclassing of anti‐D and to compare it to an established test. Materials and methods: In 31 cases of RhD immunization, we have compared two simple agglutinating assays for subclassing anti‐D: an established V‐well microtiter tray assay and a new gel test assay. Polyclonal rabbit anti‐IgG agglutinating antibodies were tested against sensitized D‐positive red blood cells by both assays. Results: The anti‐D concentration in tested sera varied between 0.1 and 81 μg/ml (0.5–405 IU/ml). Both assays were simple to perform and the results correlated well. Conclusions: The gel test had two advantages: quick performance and easy interpretation.
Peripheral Blood Progenitor Cell Collection during Hematopoietic Recovery following Autologous Blood Progenitor Cell Transplantation
Authors: Schwella N. , Kingreen D. , Heuft H. G. , Oettle H. , Rick O. , Serke S. , Huhn D. , Siegert W.
Published: May 2003

Background and objectives: Peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPC) are increasingly used for autologous transplantation after high‐dose radio/chemotherapy in patients suffering from cancer. PBPC are usually collected after mobilization with conventional‐dose chemotherapy plus growth factor. However, it is conceivable to perform leukapheresis for the second autograft during recovery of hematopoiesis after the first course of HDCT/ABPCT. Materials and methods: We treated two patients this way. In the first, with germ cell cancer, six 12‐liter leukaphereses yielded 1.8×106 CD34+ cells/kg after mobilization with cis‐platinum, etoposide and ifosfamide (PEI) plus granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF). The second patient, with relapsed Hodgkin's disease, underwent PBPC collection after treatment with dexamethasone, carmustine, etoposide, cytarabine and melphalan (DexaBEAM) plus G‐CSF. Due to excellent mobilization, 8.5×106 CD34+ cells/kg were collected by one 12‐liter leukapheresis. Both patients then underwent PBPC collection during hematopoietic recovery following HDCT and ABPCT. Results: In patient 1, following HDCT and ABPCT, three 12‐liter aphereses resulted in 0.7×106 CD34+ cells/kg. In patient 2, also after HDCT and ABPCT, a second autograft with 3.2×106 CD34+ cells/kg was harvested by a single 10‐liter apheresis. No adverse effects were seen in either patient during apheresis following ABPCT. To our knowledge this is the first report dealing with PBCT collection during hematopoietic recovery following HDCT and ABPCT. Conclusions: (1) PBPC harvesting is feasible and well tolerated in this setting. (2) In appropriate patients with efficient PBPC mobilization after conventional‐dose chemotherapy, a further PBPC autograft can be collected during recovery of hematopoiesis after ABPCT, serving as a rescue for a second course of HDCT.
Immune Complex‐Mediated Haemolytic Anaemia and Evans Syndrome Induced by Diclofenac
Authors: de Quirós J.F.B. , Pinto V. , Hevia S. , Vigón R.
Published: May 2003

Background and objectives: Sodium diclofenac is one of the most widely used nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. Cases of acute haemolytic anaemia have been ascribed to the drug. We describe such a case, mediated by immune complexes. Materials and methods: Standard serologic tests were carried out for blood grouping and the detection and identification of red cell allo‐ and autoantibodies. Drug‐anti‐drug complexes were detected with an ex‐vivo method. Results: Warm IgG drug‐independent red cell and platelet autoantibodies were detected in the serum. At first, the patient was diagnosed as having the Evans syndrome, and corticosteroids were administered. Later, because of the severity of the anaemia, the possibility of an immune complex mechanism was considered. This was confirmed by the detection of diclofenac‐dependent antibodies that reacted with RBC only in the presence of urine from a volunteer receiving diclofenac as a source of ex‐vivo antigen. The antibodies neither reacted with an in‐vitro solution of the drug nor with the volunteer's serum. Diclofenac and corticosteroids were stopped, and the clinical condition of the patient completely normalised within 15 days. Conclusions: We describe a patient with acute haemolytic anaemia caused by diclofenac through an immune complex mechanism.
Severe Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia Associated with IgM Warm Autoantibodies Directed against Determinants on or Associated with Glycophorin A
Authors: Garratty G. , Arndt P. , Domen R. , Clarke A. , Sutphen‐Shaw D. , Clear J. , Groncy P.
Published: May 2003

Background and objectives: Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is rarely caused by IgM warm autoantibodies, and is sometimes difficult to diagnose. We describe three patients with severe AIHA caused by IgM warm autoantibodies; in two of the three, the hemolysis was fatal. Materials and methods: Conventional hematologic and serologic procedures were used. Results: The IgM autoantibodies in all three cases were directed against determinants on or associated with glycophorin A (Ena, Wrb, and Pr). The IgM autoantibodies had unusual serological characteristics, in that the agglutinins were detected or greatly enhanced only by the presence of albumin or a low pH, and/or the agglutinins reacted optimally at 20–30°C. Conclusions: IgM warm autoantibodies directed at determinants on or associated with glycophorin A appear to cause severe (often fatal) hemolytic anemia.
Genetic differences in brain monoamines level in Pietrain and Duroc pigs exposed to acute restraint stress
Authors: Rosochacki S. J. , Piekarzewska A. B. , Połoszynowicz J. , Sakowski T.
Published: May 2003

The distribution and endogenous concentrations of norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), dopamine (DA) as well as DA metabolites 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA), 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) and the main 5‐HT metabolite – 5‐hydroxyindole‐3‐acetic acid (5‐HIAA), were measured by HPLC in 15 brain areas of control and immobilized adult Duroc (D) and Pietrain (P) pigs. The animals were immobilized for 15, 30 and 60 min in the prone position. Control pigs displayed the pattern of regional distribution of brain monoamines similar to that described in other species. Absolute values of NE and E were much higher in the hypothalamus and the preoptic area of pigs than in other species. The concentration of E was seven times higher in the hippocampus posterior in P pigs as compared to D pigs. Also, in most structures DOPAC/DA ratio was relatively high, which points to strains related difference in the turnover of dopamine. In control animals, statistical differences in the bioamine contents were seen between both strains in 25 cases. Epinephrine accounted for more than 12% of the total concentration of both amines in D and 15% in P, this proportion was the highest among the structures compared. The highest concentration of DA and its metabolites – DOPAC and HVA, was revealed in the caudate nucleus and in the nucleus accumbens. Of other structures, the substantia nigra (SN), the septum and the ventral tegmental area (VTA) contained relatively high concentrations of DA, DOPAC and HVA. The 5‐HT level varied from the lowest concentration in the hippocampus posterior, cornu ammonis, nucleus accumbens and the caudate nucleus to the highest concentration in the hypothalamus, the SN, and brain stem areas. This distribution was paralleled by corresponding concentration of 5‐HIAA, being the highest in raphe nuclei (RN). The most conspicuous changes produced by immobilization stress consisted of a substantial decrease in the hypothalamic levels of NE and E in both strains of pig. The level of NE was always higher in D than in P in cornu ammonis, hippocampus posterior, nucleus caudatus, SN, septum, hypothalamus medialis, tectum and olfactory tuberculum. The same was for E in: SN, septum, hypothalamus medialis, and olfactory tubercle. DA, DOPAC and HVA, were changed primarily in SN in P pigs, and in RN in P and D animals. Serotonin (5‐HT) level increased substantially in RN in P pigs. 5‐HIAA level was highly elevated in the RN being always higher in P than in D pigs and in PAG. We suggest that restraint immobilization stress lead to compensatory changes in both brain monoaminergic systems. These changes may affect coping with stress demands mostly in the structures that are proposed to play a major role in the pig responsiveness to acute stress conditions.
Balancing genetic diversity, genetic merit and population viability in conservation programmes
Authors: Piyasatian N. , Kinghorn B. P.
Published: May 2003

This paper introduces a method to balance genetic diversity, genetic merit and population viability in the establishment of conservation programmes for which there can be control of breeding to an extent. These issues are included in a function that is optimized using an evolutionary algorithm, resulting in a solution to which subpopulations and numbers of individuals from each to be included in a conserved population. The method is illustrated by use of microsatellite data from swamp buffaloes, which are used to estimate genetic variation within and between races. Weighting factors for genetic variation, genetic merit and population viability in conserved populations were varied to give a range of interesting solutions. Higher levels of emphasis on genetic diversity led to preservation of pure races within the conserved population. In contrast, higher levels of emphasis on population viability can lead to rationalization of genetic resources through crossing of closely related races, particularly where few individuals of one or both sexes remain. The approach can be extended to handle tactical issues such as culling and mate allocation for individual animals, where opportunities for such levels of control exist in the establishment and ongoing maintenance of a conservation programme.
Candidate gene markers for reproductive traits in polish 990 pig line
Authors: Korwin‐Kossakowska A. , Kamyczek M. , Cieślak D. , Pierzchała M. , Kurył J.
Published: May 2003

The follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSHB), the prolactin (PRL) and prolactin receptor (PRLR) genes were examined as candidate genes for swine reproductive traits. The experimental material included 444 sows of the Polish synthetic line 990. The following traits were included in the study: total number born (TNB), number born alive (NBA) number of piglets at 21 days of age (NP21), number of weaned piglets, litter weight at 21 days of age, litter weight at weaning. The PRL locus genotype was found to have a significant effect (p ≤ 0.01) on the TNB, NBA and NP21 based on analysis of sows records from second and later parities. The effect of PRLR genotype was significant (p < 0.05) for the NBA for sows during first parity. No significant effects of the FSHB sow genotype were found in part because of a low frequency of one of the homozygous genotypes at this locus observed in the tested material.
The sequence of the bovine cysteine‐ and histidine‐rich cytoplasmic gene: EST puzzle solving by comparative assembly and confirmation by genomic sequencing
Authors: Craig J. A. , Sharma B. S. , Jiang Z.
Published: May 2003

A simple, yet comprehensive comparative mapping approach on how to mine the current GenBank database in order to facilitate the gene and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping in livestock species is described. Using this method, the bovine cysteine‐ and histidine‐rich cytoplasmic protein (CYHR1) gene was characterized. The cDNA sequence of the bovine CYHR1 was determined using public expressed sequence tag (EST) puzzle solving and its genomic organization was identified by sequencing. A BLAST search against the human genome sequences indicated that the bovine CYHR1 gene tentatively contains at least three exons and two introns, spanning approximately 4 kb in the bovine genome. A total of 149 and 155 cows with high or low estimated breeding values (EBVs) in protein yield were genotyped on a G/A polymorphism in intron 1 by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) technique with digestion of restriction enzyme NlaIII. This substitution had no significant effects on protein yield in Canadian Holstein cattle, yet could be used as a marker for additional haplotype analysis.
Relation between Holstein bulls’ proofs for milk in USA and the milk yield, age at first calving, calving interval and survival to third calving of their F1 zebu progeny in Venezuela
Authors: Vaccaro L. , López J. , Vaccaro R. , Verde O. , Mejías H. , Dorta D. , Pérez A.
Published: May 2003

To determine the effect of USA Holstein bulls’ breeding value for milk yield on the performance of their female F1 progeny in the lowland tropics of Venezuela, semen was chosen from 39 sires, representing bulls with the highest (class H, n = 21) or average (class A, n = 18) proofs for milk, available locally. The mean proofs of the H and A sires were 937 and 237 kg milk, respectively, when semen was purchased in 1989–93, and 212 and −386 kg when updated in 2001. Progeny from commercial zebu dams were kept grazing on three dual purpose farms, where herd average milk yields were 735, 1113 and 3524 kg per lactation. Records on milk yield, lactation length, calving interval, age at first calving and survival rate to first, second and third calving from 222 progeny (476 lactations) were analysed using mixed linear models. The effect of sire class approached significance (p = 0.07) for milk yield and survival rate to second calving, with H daughters superior to A progeny by 41 and 46%, respectively, and no significant disadvantage for any trait. Class × farm interaction was only significant for age at first calving. Rank correlations using USA proofs for milk and the adjusted mean values for bulls with =15 F1 records were 0.72 (p < 0.01, milk yield) and −0.07 (calving interval). Differences between sires, within classes, were highly significant for age at first calving and calving interval. It was concluded that the use of Holstein bulls with high USA milk proofs is probably justified for producing F1 daughters, but that evaluation for growth rate and daughter fertility under tropical grazing conditions may be advisable.
Relation between Holstein bulls’ proofs for milk in USA and the survival and body weights up to 18 months of their F1 zebu progeny in Venezuela
Authors: Pacheco J. R. , Vaccaro L. , Mejías H. , Pérez A. , López J. , Dorta D.
Published: May 2003

The purpose of the study was to determine the relation between Holstein bulls’ proofs for milk in USA, and the survival and body weights of their F1 progeny under lowland grazing conditions in Venezuela. Semen was selected from sires with the highest proofs available locally (class H, n = 23) or with proofs close to the breed average (class A, n = 18). Mean proofs were 934 kg (H) and 237 kg (A), respectively, when semen was purchased (1989–93), falling to 204 and −386 kg when updated in 2001. Dams were Brahman‐type zebus on seven farms, raising the F1 progeny (n = 866) on native or cultivated pasture with only mineral supplements. Records of survival to 8 and 18 months and weights at birth, 8 and 18 months of age were analysed using linear models. Sire class had no effect on survival or weight at birth, but H progeny were slightly heavier than A progeny at 8 (4.0%, p = 0.06) and 18 months (2.6%, p < 0.05). The interaction class × farm was only significant for survival, with H progeny equal or superior to A groups on six farms. The effect of sire within class was highly significant for survival to 8 months and weight at 18 months. Rank correlations using sires’ milk proofs and F1 progeny weights and survival were not significant. It was concluded that the use of Holstein bulls with high milk proofs may lead to slightly higher 18‐month weights in their F1 progeny in tropical grazing systems, covering the additional cost of H semen, but that sire evaluation for weight gain and progeny survival rates may be justified under these conditions.
Estimation of genetic parameters for canine hip dysplasia in the Swiss Newfoundland population
Authors: Dietschi E. , Schawalder P. , Gaillard C.
Published: May 2003

Variance components and genetic parameters for hip dysplasia (HD) in a population of 1372 Newfoundlands were estimated using restricted maximum likelihood method applied to animal models comprising fixed effects of gender, screening expert and HD grading system. All models investigated included a random direct genetic effect, but differed for combinations of random maternal genetic effect, permanent maternal environmental effect and kennel effect. Although kennels had no effect on HD, the permanent maternal environmental effects, however were significant. The results for the maternal genetic effect were ambiguous. These results suggest a confounding of these three random effects. The model that included the fixed effects, the direct genetic effect and the permanent maternal environmental effect was the most parsimonious combined with an optimal fit. The heritability estimated with this model was 0.28 and the proportion of the permanent maternal environmental effect of the phenotypic variance was 0.10. The effects of gender and screening expert were significant but not the one of HD grading system.
Assessment of Progesterone Concentration Using Enzymeimmunoassay, for Early Pregnancy Diagnosis in Sheep and Goats
Authors: Boscos CM , Samartzi FC , Lymberopoulos AG , Stefanakis A , Belibasaki S
Published: May 2003

Contents

The objective of this study was to determine a value of serum progesterone (P4) concentration, assessed using an enzymeimmunoassay (EIA), for the early distinction between pregnant and non‐pregnant ewes and goats. Adult, non‐lactating ewes of Chios (n=53), Berrichon (n=30) and Sfakia (n=45) breeds were synchronized during the breeding season with progestagens and gonadotrophins and mated to fertile rams (Experiment I). Adult, lactating goats of Swiss breeds (Alpine and Saanen, n=104) and indigenous Greek breed (n=45) were synchronized during the transitional season with progestagens, PGF2α and gonadotrophins. Cervical artificial insemination (AI) with fresh semen was applied once, 42–44 h after sponge removal (Experiment II). Jugular blood samples were collected on day 19 after sponge removal (ewes) or on day 21 after AI (goats) and serum P4 concentration was determined by EIA. Progesterone concentrations ≥1.0, ≥1.5, ≥2.5 and ≥4.0 ng/ml were tested as indicative of pregnancy. Pregnancy diagnosis was verified on birth. In the case of sheep, using a discriminatory level of 2.5 ng/ml, overall accuracy of pregnancy diagnosis was 91.4% and predictive value of negative and positive diagnoses were 98.3 and 85.3%, respectively. In the case of goats, predictive value of negative diagnosis was 95.8 and 94.0% and predictive value of positive diagnosis 71.3 and 71.7%, for 1.5 and 2.5 ng/ml, respectively; overall accuracy was 79.2% using either level. The other discriminatory levels tested did not improve these results. A significant positive correlation was observed between P4 concentration and the number of lambs or kids born, and further analysis indicated that this relationship is not a simple linear function. Based on the results of this study, P4 concentrations of 2.5 ng/ml in the case of ewes and 1.5–2.5 ng/ml in the case of goats, determined with EIA, are proposed as discriminatory levels between pregnant and non‐pregnant animals, at an interval of one oestrous cycle after service.
Sperm Pre‐Incubation Prior to Insemination Affects the Sex Ratio of Bovine Embryos Produced in vitro
Authors: Lechniak D , Strabel T , Bousquet D , King AW
Published: May 2003

Contents

The objective of the present study was to determine whether sperm incubation prior to oocyte insemination in vitro affects the sex ratio of resulting blastocyst. Cumulus–oocyte‐complexes (COCs) collected from slaughterhouse ovaries were matured in vitro and inseminated with frozen‐thawed semen of three proven artificial insemination (AI) bulls pre‐incubated in vitro in Sperm‐Talp for 6 and 24 h. On day‐9 blastocysts were collected and processed for sex determination. More than 80% of blastocyst were successfully sexed. There were no significant differences in cleavage and blastocyst rates using sperm pre‐incubated for 6 h as compared with the 0‐h pre‐incubation control group. The cleavage and blastocyst rates were significantly lower in the 24‐h pre‐incubation group. The male to female ratio, when compared with the theoretical 1 : 1, differed significantly in favour of females among hatched (viable) blastocysts derived from sperm pre‐incubated for 24 h prior to insemination as well as among all blastocytsts in the 6‐h group. Moreover, when the sperm treatment was considered, the sex ratio was affected only among hatched blastocysts in 24‐h pre‐incubation group. It was concluded that prolonged sperm pre‐incubation influences the rate of development and the sex ratio among hatched blastocysts.