bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ANALYSING POLITICAL CHOICE IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT: A COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY APPROACH
Authors: CARMICHAEL PAUL
Published: April 2007

Despite the centralizing trends which have characterized the 1980s, local authorities have displayed considerable skill in their pursuit of policies designed to cope with effects of the government's grant abatements and other, legislative restrictions. Indeed, it is paradoxical that a continued diversity in response has characterized the strategies of various local authorities over the period. However, our theoretical understanding has often failed to keep pace with the reality of a still vibrant local government. Even those ‘output’ studies which identified the different influences at work invariably failed to explain why localities diverged in their responses. Similarly, the expository power of sophisticated intergovernmental relations (IGR) models has not fully accounted for such divergence. This research builds on the IGR model but explicitly acknowledges the importance of a ‘localities effect’ in shaping the application of the model in specific local authorities. This is facilitated by a comparative case study approach based on evidence from Glasgow and Liverpool.
REINVENTING GOVERNMENT: A SYMPOSIUM
Authors: BUTLER ROBIN
Published: April 2007

While the publication of ‘cult’ texts has become somewhat common place in the management world it is much more of a rarity in public administration. However, the success in the United States of David Osborne and Ted Gaebler's Reinventing Government 1992) may be a pointer to the emergence of an identifiable and coherent field of public management offering analysis and prescriptions in tune with management reform in government on both sides of the Atlantic. In the symposium that follows we offer three different perspectives on ‘Reinventing Government’. In the first, Sir Robin Butler indicates how the major themes of the book can be seen to correspond with many of the recent management initiatives in UK government. In the second, Grant Jordan raises some questions on the assumptions made in Osborne and Gaebler's thesis and questions some of their prescriptions. In the final article, Rod Rhodes describes some alternative academic perspectives which he believes could inform the reform of government debate and asks what makes a cult best seller.
REINVENTING EXCELLENCE OR HOW BESTSELLERS THWART THE SEARCH FOR LESSONS TO TRANSFORM THE PUBLIC SECTOR
Authors: RHODES R.A.W.
Published: April 2007

What makes a best‐seller in the study of public management? In the 1980s there was Tom Peters and Robert Waterman (1982), In Search of Excellence. In the 1990s there is David Osborne and Ted Gaebler (1992), Reinventing Government. Throughout this period managing the public sector remained a live issue, many books of great interest and merit were published on the topic, but none had an equivalent impact. Earlier contributions to this symposium have discussed the practical application and strengths and weakness of Reinventing Government. This article discusses two other books both of which could make an important contribution to improving public sector management: Gareth Morgan (1993), Imginization and Robert E. Lane (1991), The Market Experience. The discussion has two objectives: to show the relevance of each book and to identify the distinguishing characteristics of a best‐seller.
INSTITUTIONS AND POLICY CHANGE IN THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES: THE CASE OF MERGER CONTROL1
Authors: BULMER SIMON
Published: April 2007

The supranational regulation of merger and acquisition activity presents valuable evidence for examining the dynamics of policy change within the European Communities. Over the years four merger regimes can be seen to have existed. The first, restricted to the coal and steel industries, originated in the specific postwar wish to control (German) heavy industry and retains its separate character. Other industries were a matter for the later Treaty of Rome, establishing the European Economic Community (ECC). It was not until 1989 that a clear ECC regime was established after two ‘false starts’ arising from rulings by the European Court of Justice on specific mergers. Agreement eventually came once ministers and industrialists realized that clear rules were needed, if the necessary orderly corporate restructuring were to be facilitated in the run‐up to completion of the single market.

A ‘new institutionalist’ approach is adopted in analysing the evolution of supranational merger regulation. Accordingly, the article examines how far the capacity of the two treaties, and the capacities of the individual institutions, can explain the resultant pattern of supranational merger regulation.
PUBLIC POLICY
Authors: HOGWOOD BRIAN W.
Published: April 2007

Public policy is not simply a subset of public administration, but draws on and contributes to a number of aspects of public administration, political science and other disciplines. This article traces the growth of interest in a policy focus in Britain during the 1970s and early 1980s, and its subsequent partial displacement by the emphasis on public management. Despite this partial displacement, the policy focus is now institutionalized in academic research, textbooks, journals and teaching. The recent lack of interest in generic policy analysis by British central government is reflected in the way in which the policy aspects have been an afterthought to managerial and organization changes. There is plenty of scope for further refining the skills of those who research, teach and are taught in public policy.
MIXED SIGNALS? PUBLIC SECTOR CHANGE AND THE PROPER CONDUCT OF PUBLIC BUSINESS
Authors: DOIG ALAN
Published: April 2007

What begun after the 1979 General Election as an exercise to reduce the public sector's size and cost developed during the 1980s into continuous change to its organization, functions and structure. Throughout this process it appeared that certain assumptions were made about the presence and continuity of standards of conduct, the proper conduct of public business and the sense of public service. Such assumptions appear to have been based on a belief that these standards were general throughout the public sector and would be maintained or adapted during change. Little attention was given to what comprises the standards, how they are perceived and implemented across the public sector and who monitors or polices them, particularly in times of change.

Various aspects of the changes, from devolved management to privatization, have brought a number of new pressures and perspectives on the conduct of public business which have led to cases involving failure to follow established procedures, the lack of expertise, conflict of interest, mismanagement, and misconduct. Together various cases have raised questions about dysfunctional consequences of change, the signals given to officials in terms of how change affects their functions, and the implications for the continued adherence to and effectiveness of both standards of conduct and of the means and procedures whereby probity and standards of conduct are maintained.
STEERING PUBLIC EXPENDITURE WITH DEFECTIVE MAPS
Authors: HEALD DAVID
Published: April 2007

Governments control public expenditure on definitions different from those of General Government Expenditure, the national accounts aggregate. After a prolonged period of relatively stable definitions for its public expenditure control aggregate, the UK government has recently revised this twice, substituting the New Planning Total for the Old Planning Total in 1990 and then moving in 1993 to the New Control Total. This article evaluates the justifications offered for these revisions and evaluates alternative explanations. The search for presentational gains and recourse to definitional change as an escape from problems feature prominently among the latter. Moreover, the fundamental ongoing changes in the form of public service delivery have major implications for the articulation of delivery agencies with public expenditure planning. There has been a marked loss of information and of transparency, notably with regard to forward information about function and economic category. Data continuity has been broken, and year‐on‐year changes to cash plans cannot be properly analysed. Transferring expenditure away from general government to where it is‘out of reach’in the expectation of efficiency gains further complicates monitoring. The channels of public accountability are blocked, in part by information overload and in part by information suppression. The existing arrangements, whether by accident or design, confer enormous discretion upon UK government through control of information flows.
HAVING THE BUN AND THE HALFPENNY: CAN OLD PUBLIC SERVICE ETHICS SURVIVE IN THE NEW WHITEHALL?
Authors: GREENAWAY JOHN
Published: April 2007

The past few years have seen major changes in Whitehall. These include: the encouragement of business values; the erosion of the idea of a career civil service; the Citizen's Charter; the growth of Next Steps agencies; market testing; the rise of political patronage and tensions in ministerial/official relationships. The official view is that this is an evolution of a former tradition and that the old public service ethos can continue. This seems doubtful. At all events there are widely differing normative, evaluations of the recent developments. The article concludes by offering some more historical reflections about the significance of the developments in the context of British public administration.
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND THE PUBLIC SECTOR: SOME ISSUES AND EVIDENCE FROM THE NHS
Authors: FERLIE EWAN , ASHBURNER LYNN , FITZGERALD LOUISE
Published: April 2007

The 1990s have been marked by a resurgence of interest in questions of corporate governance in both public and private sector settings. The 1990 reorganization of the NHS is taken as an example of a recent attempt to‘reform’arrangements for corporate governance in the public sector based on a board of directors’model. The policy background is reviewed and the salient features of the NHS reorganization outlined. Empirical case study evidence is adduced which enables us to make an assessment of the advantageous and disadvantageous effects of the 1990 reorganization. Some unresolved questions are outlined in the concluding discussion.
THE QUASI‐MARKET, THE ENTREPRENEUR AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE NHS BUSINESS MANAGER
Authors: BOYETT INGER , FINLAY DONALD
Published: April 2007

The recent changes in the UK National Health Service were heralded by the publication of the Griffiths report in 1983 which highlighted the need for a business‐like’approach to management. The policy makers’generic strategy of the late 1980s and early 1990s centred around the concept of‘quasi‐markets’. These were artificial internal markets encompassing the purchasers and providers of public services.

Little research has been undertaken into this new phenomenon of the‘quasi‐market’but entrepreneurship economic theory would suggest that for markets to be efficient would require a supply of alert and aware entrepreneurs. Within the restructured NHS, the mantle for entrepreneurial management seems to have been placed firmly on the shoulders of the newly created‘business managers’.

A 1993 survey amongst NHS business managers in first and second wave trust hospitals in the Trent Regional Health Authority indicated that whilst business managers were knowledgable of what entrepreneurial activity is, they currently feel constrained in their new roles for a variety of reasons. The authors suggest that rational economic analysis is insufficient to explain this lack of innovatory endeavour. Instead policy makers’attention should be devoted to liberating health managers from their current constraints to encourage their entrepreneurial development.
POLICY EVALUATION: INCORPORATING USERS’VIEWS
Authors: KNOX COLIN , McALISTER DENISE
Published: April 2007

There is a growing recognition that obtaining feedback from users is a fundamental and integral part of measuring effectiveness and without such a perspective, policy evaluation will have limited legitimacy. There is still, however, widespread uncertainty about how best to carry this out or in what circumstances, given methodological and other constraints, such an approach is likely to be worthwhile.

The aim of this article is not to rehearse in detail the merits and demerits of users as stakeholders, thereby providing a rationale for their inclusion in the evaluation process. This has been adequately covered elsewhere despite the subsequent paucity of empirical studies seeking to incorporate user perspectives. Rather, it is an attempt to suggest a set of co‐requisites which would provide some guidance to would‐be evaluators as to those conditions in which incorporation of user perspectives will be both methodologically sound and practically useful. In so doing, it suggests a referential rather than just an exclusively schematic approach to evaluation. It is hoped that the insights provided by the case studies described in the article will help those involved in evaluations to more quickly vet or validate desiderata in which inclusions of this stakeholder's group is desirable, expedient, permissible and authoritative.
MANAGING NETWORKS IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR: A THEORETICAL STUDY OF MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN POLICY NETWORKS
Authors: KLIJN ERIK‐HANS , KOPPENJAN JOOP , TERMEER KATRIEN
Published: April 2007

Public policy usually develops in complex networks of public, quasi‐public and private organizations. It is now generally accepted that these networks set limits to the governance capability of the administration. A good deal less is known about the opportunities which policy networks offer for tackling social and administrative problems. This article deals with the way network management enables government organizations to benefit from networks. Building on the theoretical concepts of‘networks’and‘games’, two forms of network management are identified: game management and network structuring. Four key aspects can be identified for both of these management forms: actors and their relations, resources, rules and perceptions. At the same time, criteria for the assessment and improvement of network management are examined. The article concludes with a consideration of the limits of network management.
SHOULD ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM COMMISSIONS BE DECOMMISSIONED?
Authors: POLIDANO CHARLES
Published: April 2007

This article compares two approaches to administrative reform. The first, the traditional approach, relies on the generation of a reform blueprint by an autonomous commission made up of non‐bureaucrats. The second and more recent approach relies instead on a small unit often staffed by civil servants and reporting directly to the highest political authorities.

The new approach offers reformers the flexibility needed to circumvent opposition yet achieve rapid results: an advantage essential to successful reform, yet signally lacking in the traditional approach. This is amply borne out by case studies from Britain, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. The administrative reform commission may now be an obsolete instrument.
PLAYING THE TRANSPARENCY GAME: CONSULTATION AND POLICY‐MAKING IN THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION
Authors: PETERSON JOHN
Published: April 2007

The recent unveiling of a package of measures designed to make the work of the European Commission more‘transparent’is part of a wider effort to make EU decision‐making more open and accessible. Yet, the Commission's transparency package was designed above all to cope with its chronic management problems. These include rigid lines of division between different spheres of the Commission, the strong loyalties of policy‐concerned Directorates‐General (dgs) to their specific‘clientele’, unclear rules governing access to information, and intense rivalries betweendgs and the private offices of individual Commissioners. This article dissects the transparency package and uses case study material to highlight ways in which the transparency initiative seeks to provide antidotes to the Commission's management problems. It offers an early assessment of the transparency package's impact and examines the prospects for reform of the Commission under Jacques Santer.
NEW MODES OF CONTROL IN THE PUBLIC SERVICE
Authors: HOGGETT PAUL
Published: April 2007

Controversy exists regarding whether recent changes in the organization of the public services in the UK and elsewhere constitute a paradigm shift towards a post‐bureaucratic form. This article argues that in Britain three fundamental but interlocking strategies of control have been implemented over the last decade. First, there has been a pronounced shift towards the creation of operationally decentralized units with a simultaneous attempt to increase centralized control over strategy and policy. Second, the principle of competition (often attached to the development of market relations but sometimes not) has become the dominant method of co‐ordinating the activities of decentralized units. Third, during the most recent period there has been a substantial development of processes of performance management and monitoring (including audits, inspections, quality assessments and reviews), again a phenomenon largely directed towards operationally decentralized units.

Taken together these three strategies do not describe a simple movement from a bureaucratic to a post‐bureaucratic form, rather they combine strong elements of innovation with the reassertion of a number of fundamentally bureaucratic mechanisms. This may be a peculiarly British phenomenon, certainly the excessive elements of centralization and formalization appear to depart from the ideal‐type of the post‐bureaucratic organization. It is argued that this‘British trajectory’can best be understood in terms of the continued relative decline of the British economy and the Conservative response to it, i.e. the drive to create a‘high output, low commitment’workforce.
CONTRACTING IN THEORY AND IN PRACTICE: SOME EVIDENCE FROM THE NHS
Authors: BENNETT CHRIS , FERLIE EWAN
Published: April 2007

The contract is the main mechanism for governing transactions within public sector‘quasi markets’. This article explores the nature of the contracting process in the light of new empirical data from a qualitative study of the development of contracting for hiv/aids services within the National Health Service. These data are compared with four possible models of the contracting process emerging from the academic literature, classical, relational, regulated and pseudo contracting.

The White Paper on the nhs reforms uses a classical concept of contracting, in which purchasers are represented as making well informed and unrestricted choices between competing options. This bore little relation to the process observed within the four purchasing organizations studied. Instead, elements of all the models were observed, with the dominance of any one model varying with different situations, times and localities. Competition was only patchily evident, with purchasers more commonly encouraging co‐operative relationships between providers to preserve stability. Attempts to utilize the contract process to mould and reconfigure services were often hampered by restrictions imposed by regulations and slow implementation of new mechanisms. Contracting was also adversely affected by rapid organizational change and lack of adequate information. It is concluded that contracting in the nhs is an evolving process and has yet to achieve its full potential as a management mechanism.
TRANSFORMING PUBLIC SERVICES: CONTRACTING FOR SOCIAL AND HEALTH SERVICES IN THE US
Authors: SMITH STEVEN RATHGEB
Published: April 2007

Government contracting with private service organizations has grown rapidly in the United States in the last 25 years. Advocates of contracting hope that it will spur competition among service agencies, lowering costs and improving service quality. In practice, however, contracting departs significantly from this competitive model. Instead, government and private agencies develop long‐term relationships which can be considered regimes governed by specific norms and expectations. These regimes profoundly influence the delivery of services and the politics of contracting. This article analyses these regimes in the context of the contested nature of public authority. The article concludes with suggestions for reforming public policy to improve the performance and effectiveness of contracted services.
CONTRACTING FOR PUBLIC SERVICES: A REVIEW OF ANTIPODEAN EXPERIENCE
Authors: DOMBERGER SIMON , HALL CHRISTINE
Published: April 2007

In this article the evolution of competitive tendering and contracting (ctc) policy in Australia and New Zealand is documented and evaluated. Policy implementation at Commonwealth, State and local levels in Australia is examined in some detail. This was followed by a similar analysis of the two levels of government in New Zealand. An overall appraisal of the impact of CTC on efficiency and effectiveness of service delivery is undertaken, based on disaggregated contracting surveys of State and Commonwealth government agencies as well as a wide range of other sources of information. The key findings, which are summarized in tabular form, indicate that the pace of implementation has varied widely across jurisdictions. This variability is largely a function of differences in political orientation of the governments in power, particularly in Australia. Despite these differences, the findings suggest that efficiency gains stemming from the application of ctc are substantial and widespread. Furthermore, quality of service has not, in general, been sacrificed to cost reductions. There is every indication that the current rate of progress of policy implementation is set to continue. In Australia, it may even accelerate with the onset of a national competition policy which will place competitive pressures on providers of public services.
THE FRENCH PRESIDENCY: CONCEPTUALIZING PRESIDENTIAL POWER IN THE FIFTH REPUBLIC
Authors: ELGIE ROBERT
Published: April 2007

One of the main tasks of those who study French politics is to explain the source of presidential power in the Fifth Republic. In French, two rival explanations have emerged: the state power thesis and the majority power thesis. For the former, presidential power is structural, being derived from the organization of the state. For the latter, it is conjunctural, being dependent on the nature of the parliamentary majority. The aim of this article is twofold. It introduces an English‐speaking audience to the two existing explanations of presidential power. It also proposes an alternative explanation drawn from the recent literature of new institutionalism. An institutional explanation combines the strengths of the two existing approaches and provides a future research agenda for the study of presidential power in France.
THE INEXORABLE RISE IN THE UK NHS DRUGS BILL: RECENT POLICIES, FUTURE PROSPECTS
Authors: EARL‐SLATER ALAN , BRADLEY COLIN
Published: April 2007

The UK National Health Service drugs bill has been the subject of controversy since the inception of thenhs. This article identifies the growth in the drugs bill and explores some of the factors driving the bill upward. The conclusions of this article are: that the drugs bill will continue to remain high on the political agenda; the government has only a limited amount of control on the drugs bill; various policies may counteract rather than complement each other; some of the policies may actually increase the drugs bill; however, many of the effects of the policies are unknown and there has been no rigorous assessment of the effects of any of the policies since 1948; and finally there is no robust evidence to suggest the drugs bill either does or does not represent good value for money.
REFLECTIONS ON THE TRUE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SCOTT REPORT FOR GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTABILITY
Authors: FOSTER CHRISTOPHER
Published: April 2007

The immediate impact of the Scott report was slight because it had no conclusion and led to no ministerial or other resignations. Reasons for this inconclusiveness were examined, including conventions of the judicial process, the difficulty Scott had in defining the offences he was examining, the slipperiness of those offences as constitutional conventions and Scott's lack of grasp of administrative processes.

Yet his report is a mine of information on problems of accountability in the area of government defence sales. It was atypical in that three departments pursuing four policies between them and with another department as policeman had a locus in the process. Given the nearly 100,000 licences being processed at one time, it was a large, complex and fragmented administrative activity which might easily have resulted in more mishaps than it did.

Despite its special features the author argues that it does provide evidence of six areas of difficulty in government accountability which are also of (growing) relevance outside the area Scott surveyed: how one finds who is responsible for policy and policy change; how accountability is secured where confidentiality is justified for national security or other reasons; how one gets operational accountability for executive operations within departments; the accountability of junior to departmental ministers; of junior to more senior civil servants; and of civil servants to ministers.
THE SCOTT REPORT
Authors: BOGDANOR VERNON
Published: April 2007

The Scott report shows that the two most serious allegations made against ministers ‐ that they conspired to sell lethal arms to Iraq in violation of government guidelines, and that they conspired to send innocent men to prison ‐ are unfounded.

The inquiry violated the Salmon guidelines for the conduct of tribunals and is further evidence that an informal tribunal of this type is less well‐equipped to examine a matter causing nation‐wide public concern and to secure justice to individuals, than a statutory tribunal appointed under the Act of 1921.

Nevertheless, the Scott report raises three issues of fundamental constitutional importance ‐ ministerial accountability to which the final section of the report is devoted, freedom of information which Sir Richard regards as a corollary of ministerial accountability, and the proper relationships between ministers and civil servants.

Sir Richard believes that constitutionally improper things occurred during the period which his inquiry covers. The fact that no minister or civil servant paid any penalty casts doubt as to whether ministerial accountability is a genuine convention of the constitution or a convenient fiction enabling both ministers and officials to evade responsibility.
THE POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE CONSEQUENCES OF JUDICIAL REVIEW
Authors: JAMES SIMON
Published: April 2007

Academic analysis of judicial review is confined largely to juridical commentaries in legal journals. This article, written from an administrator's viewpoint, examines its consequences for the power of government, for administrative behaviour, for constitutional dynamics, and for the scientific study of policy‐making. It distinguishes a four‐fold effect on administrators, including a substantial element of inhibition, and highlights the uncertainty created by the incremental and inconsistent development of the principles of judicial review. In constitutional terms, while the courts eschew national security and economic policy, they have in other fields explicitly created a process of accountability parallel to that of Parliament, and have resisted statutory attempts to limit their jurisdiction. Analysed in terms of political science, judicial review imposes unrealistic standards of administrative conduct, entrenches the role of pressure groups, and places on public bodies legalistic requirements that they may not be equipped to fulfil. The combination of these pressures, exacerbated by further expansion of the scope of the judicial review, are likely to increase friction between judiciary and government, possibly precipitating a crisis.
APPOINTMENTS TO THE HIGHEST GRADES IN THE CIVIL SERVICE – DRAWING THE CURTAIN OPEN
Authors: RICHARDS DAVID
Published: April 2007

The appointments process to the higher civil service is important but little information about it is in the public domain. This article provides such information, using material gathered from a series of interviews with senior civil servants. Part one offers an authorized account of the procedures for senior appointments. The second part makes use of information I gathered from officials closely involved in the procedures, to piece together what actually occurs, in a still highly secretive area of Whitehall proceedings and highlights the disparity between‘official theory’and actual practice. The article concludes by suggesting that a dominant Prime Minister has the potential to use a system, originally fashioned by Whitehall, for Whitehall, for political purposes.
ORGANIZATION AND NATIONALITY IN THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION SERVICES
Authors: EGEBERG MORTEN
Published: April 2007

Existing literature on the internal functioning of the European Commission services indicates that officials’nationality does have an impact on their policy‐making behaviour. Students of western national administrations on the other hand, have found the geographical and social backgrounds of officials to be highly insignificant. However, given the unresolved tension between intergovernmentalism and supranationalism in the European Union, this seeming inconsistency may be understandable. In this article, an effort is made to specify some of the organizational and policy‐related conditions under which nationality might be particularly important in order to understand decision behaviour. Interview data gathered from 38 Norwegian officials who had been seconded to the Commission are used to make an explorative appraisal of the assumptions put forth.
SOME ADVANTAGES OF AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO IMPLEMENTATION ANALYSIS: A STUDY OF AUSTRALIAN INDUSTRY POLICY
Authors: RYAN NEAL
Published: April 2007

Models of policy implementation have been characterized by a tension between ‘bottom’ and ‘top‐down’ approaches to public sector management. In recent years, this literature moved into ‘third generation’ in attempting to unify implementation analysis. One recent approach at consolidating key elements of ‘top‐down’ and ‘bottom‐up’ literature has been provided by Soren Winter. This article applies Winter's model to two longitudinal studies of industry programmes in Australia. This analysis suggests that Winter's integrated approach to implementation addresses some of the weaknesses of commonly used rational‐comprehensive models such as the Mazmanian and Sabatier framework. However, there are also some weaknesses in Winter's integrated model which implies an agenda for future implementation analysis.
Books on International Economic Affairs
Authors: Howarth Anne
Published: April 2007

IMPACT OF EAST‐WEST TRADE ON LIBERAL TRADE POLICIES

THE TECHNOLOGICAL LEVEL OF SOVIET INDUSTRY edited by Ronald Amann, Julian Cooper and R. W. Davies

ECONOMIC RELATIONS BETWEEN SOCIALIST COUNTRIES AND THE THIRD WORLD edited by Deepak Nayyar

SOVIET FOREIGN TRADE by William Nelson Turpin
Recent Publications of the Trade Policy Research Centre
Authors: Yamamura Nobuyuki
Published: April 2007

Listed below are recent publications of the Trade Policy Research Centre. With titles published under the Centre's imprint, the series in which they appear is cited, whereas with major studies the commercial house which published the title for the Centre is given.
Topsy‐turvy Uranium World
Authors: Kovach Yugo
Published: April 2007

MARKET STRUCTURE, BARGAINING POWER AND RESOURCE PRICE FORMATION, by Walter C. Labys

WESTERN EUROPE AND THE NEW INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORDER: REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLES OF EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVES, edited by Ervin Laszlo and Joel Kurtzman

TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE IN THE PEOPLE'sREPUBLIC OF CHINA, by Jon Sigurdson

FUTURE MARKETS FOR CONSULTANCY: PROFESSIONAL BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT ABROAD, by Reginald Bidgood

INTERNATIONAL DIVERSIFICATION AND THE MULTINATIONAL CORPORATION, by Alan M. Rugman

IMPLICATIONS OF JAPAN'sEMERGING SERVICE ECONOMY, by Kazuo Nukazawa, Keidanren Paper No. 8

STRUCTURE OF THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY, edited by F.A. Olaloku

UNITED STATES TAXATION AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, edited by Robert Hellawell

THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY AND THE NATIONAL INTEREST, by Irving Millman Grossack

FOREIGN ENTERPRISE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, by Isaiah Frank

BRITAIN'sECONOMIC PERFORMANCE, edited by Richard E. Caves and Lawrence B. Krause
India: the Land of Unfulfilled Promise
Authors: Lal Deepak
Published: April 2007

THE CHANGING WORLD OF THE EXECUTIVE, by Peter Drucker

THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY ECONOMY AND THE THIRD WORLD, by George Macesich

RESTRICTIVE BUSINESS PRACTICES, TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS AND DEVELOPMENT: A SURVEY, by Frank Long

THE POLITICAL ECONOMICS OF INTERNATIONAL BANK LENDING, by David Gisselquist

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN A TURBULENT WORLD: PATTERNS OF ADJUSTMENT SINCE THE OIL CRISIS, by Ching‐yuan Lin

IMPORT COMPETITION AND RESPONSE, edited by Jagdish N. Bhagwati

THE PROMISE OF PEACE: ECONOMIC COOPERATION BETWEEN EGYPT AND ISRAEL, by Henry J. Bruton, Staff Paper

NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN PRODUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS, edited by John W. Kendrick and Beatrice N. Vaccara
Economic Sanctions and Foreign Policy
Authors: Bull Hedley
Published: April 2007

ECONOMIC SANCTIONS IN SUPPORT OF FOREIGN POLICY GOALS, by Gary Clyde Hufbauer and Jeffrey J. Schott, assisted by Kimberly Ann Elliott

ECONOMIC SANCTIONS, by Robin Renwick

ECONOMIC SANCTIONS: IDEALS AND EXPERIENCE, by M.S. Daoudi and M.S. Dajani
Wailing and Gnashing of Teeth: Brandt and Schmidt on World Problems
Authors: Gilbert John
Published: April 2007

Willy Brandt, World Armament and World Hunger: a Call for Action

Helmut Schmidt, A Grand Strategy for the West
Is Non‐discrimination Really Dead?
Authors: Snape Richard H.
Published: April 2007

‘The most‐favored‐nation clause in American commercial treaties, as conditionally interpreted and applied by the United States, has probably been the cause in the last century of more diplomatic controversy, more variations in construction, more international ill‐feeling, more conflict between international obligations and municipal law and between judicial interpretation and executive practice. more confusion and uncertainty of operation, than have developed under all the unconditional most‐favored‐nation pledges of all other countries combined’— Jacob Viner, in the Journal of Political Economy (February 1924)
By Land or by Sea, the Merchant shall Inherit the Earth
Authors: Lal Deepak
Published: April 2007

Richard Rosecrance, The Rise of the Trading State: Commerce and Conquest in the Modern World

Howard M. Wachtel. The Money Mandarins: the Making of a Supranational Economic Order
The Little Dragons have Different Tales
Authors: Campbell Burnham O.
Published: April 2007

Colin I. Bradford and William H. Branson (eds). Trade and Structural Change in Pacific Asia

Jimmy M. Wheeler and Perry L. Wood, Beyond Recrimination: Perspectives on US‐Taiwan Trade Tensions

Bruce Dickson and Harry Harding (eds), Economic Relations in the Asian‐Pacific Region
The New International Economics and the Economists’ Dilemma
Authors: Finger J. Michael
Published: April 2007

Robert M. Stern (ed.), US Trade Policies in a Changing World Economy
Object Lesson in Domestic Transparency
Authors: Corbet Hugh
Published: April 2007

Alf Rattigan, Industry Assistance: the Inside Story (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1986) 289 pp., A$28.50.
Casting Light upon an Evil Spectre
Authors: Cairncross Sir Alec
Published: April 2007

Jagdish Bhagwati, Protectionism (Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London: MIT Press, 1988) 142 pp., $16.95 and £12.95.
Rising Sun Shines on the Land of Carnival
Authors: Fiaes Rodrigo
Published: April 2007

Leon Hollerman, Japan's Economic Strategy in Brazil: Challenge for the United States (Lexington, Massachusetts, and Toronto: Lexington Books, D.C. Heath, 1988) 284 pp., US$41.00 and C$56.95.
NEWS AND EVENTS
Authors: Hamilton Colleen
Published: April 2007

U. S. Trade Policy

European Trade Policy
Book Reviews
Authors: BLISS CHRISTOPHER , ARTIS MICHAEL J. , SNOWDEN P.N. , STEGEMANN KLAUS , FILATOCHEV IGOR
Published: April 2007

Companion to Contemporary Economic Thought by DAVID GREENAWAY, MICHAEL BLEANEY and IAN M.T. STEWART (eds.), (London, New York: Routledge, 1991, pp xii and 858, ISBN 0 415 02612 1.

International Adjustment and Financing. the Lessons of 1985–1991 by C. FRED BERGSTEN, (ed.), (Washington: Institute for International Economics, 1992), pp xiii and 335, US $34.95 hardback, US $24.95 softback, ISBN 0 88132 142 7 and 0 88132 112 5.

Financial Instability and the International Debt Problem by GEORGE MCKENZIE and STEPHEN THOMAS (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1992), pp ix and 211, $40 hardback, ISBN 0 333 46419 2.

Down in The Dumps, Administration of the Unfair Trade Laws by RICHARD BOLTUCK and ROBERT E. LIT AN (eds.), (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1991). pp xii and 350, US $34.95 hardback, US $15.94 softback, ISBN 0 8157 1020 8, 0 8157 1019 4.

Industrial Reform in Socialist Countries, From Restructuring to Revolution by IAN JEFFRIES (Aldershot: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., 1992), pp x and 294, $45.00 hardback, ISBN 1 85278 380 X.
ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN CHINA: LOWER BOUND ESTIMATES
Authors: Chow Gregory C. , Kwan Yum K.
Published: April 2007

We construct a structural econometric model to measure partially the economic effects of political movements in China. Consumption, or equivalently investment, is determined by a central planner trying to maximize a multiperiod objective function. Political events are modeled by exogenous changes in the shocks to productivity and to investment which affect the time paths of major economic variables. Effects of the events are measured by comparing the time paths generated by the model with and without the changes in the shocks. The dynamic optimization model is estimated using data from 1952 to 1993. In contrast with our earlier work, we assume a trend‐stationary process for log total productivity rather than a random walk process and estimate that without the Great Leap Forward Movement output per capita in China up to 1993 would have been on average 1.18 to 1.71 times as great. Without the Cultural Revolution the corresponding figure would have been 1.08 to 1.12 times as great.
NONSUBSTITUTION THEOREMS FOR A SMALL TRADING COUNTRY
Authors: Bergstrom Theodore C.
Published: April 2007

This paper proves a nonsubstitution theorem for small trading economies, under quite plausible conditions. Conditions are established under which the consumption possibility set for an economy that has nontradeable factors of production and nontradeable consumption goods is bounded by a hyperplane, rather than by a curved surface. The theorem allows the possibility that the prices of nontradeable factors, and hence the incomes of their owners, may depend on domestic supplies of nontradeable factors. It is concluded that the equilibrium wage and the equilibrium prices of all consumption goods are independent of domestic endowments or the shape of demand functions. The theorem tends to strengthen the view that, in the absence of trade barriers, differences in real wages across countries cannot be explained by differences in resource endowments.
THE TAO OF MARKETS: SIMA QIAN AND THE INVISIBLE HAND1
Authors: Young Leslie
Published: April 2007

Adam Smith's famous doctrine of the Invisible Hand, introduced in the Wealth of Nations in 1776, was anticipated by the great Han Dynasty historian Sima Qian (145–87 BC) in his Records of the Historian. Sima Qian's statement is deeper in that, unlike Smith, he links the “invisible hand”’explicitly to the price mechanism. Their analyses had a common philosophical foundation: the characteristically Chinese concept of a general, spontaneous natural order. They arrived at their similar conclusions by applying this concept to a similar contemporary issue in political economy ‐ the appropriate extent of government intervention. More intriguing, if more equivocal, is the possibility of a direct intellectual debt through the agency of A. R. J. Turgot and two Chinese who were visiting Paris as guests of the Jesuits just before Adam Smith's famous visit to the same city.
A NEW THEORY OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY AND EMERGENCE OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE FROM DOMESTIC TRADE
Authors: Yang Xiaokai
Published: April 2007

Abstract. In the paper a fixed learning cost is introduced into a framework with consumer‐producers and transaction costs. The fixed learning cost yields a rate of return on the investment in individual specific learning and training which is increasing in its rate of utilization. Division of labor can avoid duplicated learning costs and generate economies of specialized learning. The tradeoff between economies of specialization and transaction costs can be used to explain concurrent increases in the extent of the market, aggregate demand, productivity, trade dependence, the degree of market integration, the degree of production concentration, diversity of economic structure, variety of different professions, each person's level of specialization, and the extent of endogenous comparative advantage and the emergence of international trade from domestic trade. This model explains demand and supply as two sides of the level of division of labor which is determined by a transaction cost coefficient. Hence, the demand law may not hold even for normal goods owing to complicated interdependencies between the level of specialization and demand and between the level of specialization and prices of traded goods. The extended version of this model with the CES function is used to endogenize variety of consumption in addition to the endogenization of individuals’level of specialization.
COMMENT ON “THE IRREDUCIBLE ROLE OF DERIVED MARGINAL UTILITY IN DYNAMIC STOCHASTIC PROGRAMMING”
Authors: Chow Gregory C.
Published: April 2007

This comment shows why the Lagrange method can be simpler than dynamic programming in solving dynamic optimization problems.
Patterns and frequency of atypical antipsychotic prescribing in psychiatric medical centers: a cross‐sectional national survey
Authors: Diatta Thierno , Blazejewski Sylvie , Portier Arnaud , Lignot Séverine , Quesnot Ariane , Moore Nicholas , Fourrier‐Réglat Annie
Published: April 2007

Studies describing atypical antipsychotics when compared with conventional antipsychotic drugs are few in France. This study aimed to describe the frequency and characteristics of atypical antipsychotic prescribing. A cross‐sectional national survey was conducted from February to June 2003 in a random sample of 100 volunteer French psychiatrists practicing in public psychiatric medical centers. Each psychiatrist was asked to complete a questionnaire for patients to whom at least one antipsychotic was prescribed during the period of the survey. The characteristics of the patients treated with atypical antipsychotics were identified with a logistic regression model. A total of 1733 patients were included in the study. The main diagnoses were schizophrenia (46.1%) and other psychoses (40.8%), followed by mood disorders (10%) and other psychiatric disorders (2.5%). Among these patients, 56% had at least one prescription of an atypical antipsychotic, 42.1% at least one conventional antipsychotic with immediate action and 29.9% at least one conventional antipsychotic with delayed action. Seventy percent of patients were treated with single‐drug atypical antipsychotics. Compared with conventional antipsychotics with immediate action, atypical antipsychotics were less likely to be prescribed to patients over 35 years of age [odds ratio (OR) 0.4; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.3–0.6], with duration of illness >10 years (OR 0.5; 95% CI 0.3–0.7), and were less likely to be used with concomitant corrector agents for neurological side effects (OR 0.4; 95% CI 0.3–0.6). This study shows the important use of atypical antipsychotic drugs especially in schizophrenic patients and younger patients.
Hepatocyte senescence in end‐stage chronic liver disease: a study of cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor p21 in liver biopsies as a marker for progression to hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Brunt Elizabeth M. , Walsh Sarah N. , Hayashi Paul H. , LaBundy Jennifer , Di Bisceglie Adrian M.
Published: April 2007

Background: Histologic markers to predict hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) include small cell change and dysplastic nodules. Hepatocyte senescence is noted in chronic liver disease and may or may not be important in progression to HCC.

Aim: The study was undertaken to compare standard histologic features of chronic liver disease as well as markers of senescence and proliferation in two groups of biopsies from patients followed for at least a year.

Methods: Standard histologic evaluation of necroinflammatory activity, fibrosis, steatosis, and iron, internationally accepted criteria of dysplasia, and immunohistochemical markers for proliferation and hepatocyte senescence were compared in 47 liver biopsies from noncholestatic chronic liver disease patients who subsequently either underwent transplant (the Control group, n=19) or had biopsy‐proven (HCC group, n=28) over a similar time period of 34.9 months (mean) and 42.5 months (mean) respectively.

Results: Both groups were predominantly men; the MELD score was higher, and mean age was less in the Control group (46.9 vs 53.8 years, P=0.01). Small cell change was not significantly different in the biopsies between the two groups; neither were grade, stage (Ishak scores), nor presence or location of iron. Steatosis was more common in the group that subsequently developed HCC (P=0.04). The MIB‐1 proliferation index was greater in the biopsies from the Control group. The senescence marker p21, and the ratio of p21:MIB‐1 were not statistically different between the two groups. However, a Spearman's rank correlation showed a linear correlation of p21/MIB‐1 with a greater amount of dyplasia in the explant livers of Controls.

Conclusions: These findings suggested the Control groups' livers maintained effective removal of cells from the cell cycle by overexpression of p21 and, while not ‘protected’ from significant involvement by dysplasia, may have been precluded from development of HCC.
Endomyocardial Biopsy Guided by Electroanatomic Voltage Mapping in Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy: A Case Report
Authors: AVELLA ANDREA , PAPPALARDO AUGUSTO , D'AMATI GIULIA , RUSSO ANTONIO DELLO , LAURENZI FRANCESCO , MANCINI MASSIMILIANO , RE FEDERICA , ZACHARA ELISABETTA , ZECCHI PAOLO , TONDO CLAUDIO
Published: April 2007

A positive endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) is a major diagnostic criterion for arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). Nevertheless, its sensitivity is low due to the focal nature of the disease. Moreover, myocardial samples are usually taken from the uncommonly involved interventricular septum to minimize the risk of perforation. In this report, we describe a novel bioptical approach for ARVC diagnosis guided by the identification of right ventricle (RV) affected regions by means of electroanatomical voltage mapping.
Retinal pigment epithelium tears following intravitreal ranibizumab therapy
Authors: Kiss Christopher , Michels Stephan , Prager Franz , Geitzenauer Wolfgang , Schmidt‐Erfurth Ursula
Published: April 2007

Two patients with choroidal neovascularization secondary to age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) developed a retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) tear following intravitreal injection of ranibizumab. One patient developed the RPE tear within 2 weeks of the injection, the other within 6 weeks of a second injection. Both patients presented with vision loss of one line at diagnosis of the RPE tear. During long‐term follow‐up, visual acuity improved in one patient by one line and deteriorated in the second patient by three lines. RPE tears may occur after intravitreal injection of ranibizumab in patients with neovascular AMD, probably because of the rapid regression of the fibrovascular membrane.