bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sexually dimorphic preference for altruism in the opposite sex according to recipient
Authors: Oda Ryo , Shibata Akinori , Kiyonari Toko , Takeda Mia , Matsumoto‐Oda Akiko
Published: January 2013

Sexual selection may affect human altruistic behaviour. Evolutionary psychology predicts that human mate preference reflects sexual selection. We investigated sex differences in preference for opposite‐sex altruism according to recipient because the reasons for altruistic behaviour differ according to the relationship between actor and recipient. We employed the Self‐Report Altruism Scale Distinguished by the Recipient, which was newly developed to evaluate altruism among Japanese undergraduates. We asked participants to evaluate preferences for each item based on the recipient of the altruistic behaviour (family members, friends or acquaintances, and strangers). Preference for opposite‐sex altruism differed according to recipient, gender of the participant, and relationship type, and several significant interactions were observed among these factors. We suggest that whereas women use a potential partner's altruism towards strangers as a costly signal of their resource‐holding potential when choosing a mate, they consider altruism towards family when they are in a long‐term relationship to ensure that resources are not allocated to non‐relatives.
MLL2 mutation detection in 86 patients with Kabuki syndrome: a genotype–phenotype study
Authors: Makrythanasis P , van Bon BW , Steehouwer M , Rodríguez‐Santiago B , Simpson M , Dias P , Anderlid BM , Arts P , Bhat M , Augello B , Biamino E , Bongers EMHF , del Campo M , Cordeiro I , Cueto‐González AM , Cuscó I , Deshpande C , Frysira E , Izatt L , Flores R , Galán E , Gener B , Gilissen C , Granneman SM , Hoyer J , Yntema HG , Kets CM , Koolen DA , Marcelis CL , Medeira A , Micale L , Mohammed S , de Munnik SA , Nordgren A , Psoni S , Reardon W , Revencu N , Roscioli T , Ruiterkamp‐Versteeg M , Santos HG , Schoumans J , Schuurs‐Hoeijmakers JHM , Silengo MC , Toledo L , Vendrell T , van der Burgt I , van Lier B , Zweier C , Reymond A , Trembath RC , Perez‐Jurado L , Dupont J , de Vries BBA , Brunner HG , Veltman JA , Merla G , Antonarakis SE , Hoischen A
Published: January 2013

Recently, pathogenic variants in the MLL2 gene were identified as the most common cause of Kabuki (Niikawa–Kuroki) syndrome (MIM#147920). To further elucidate the genotype–phenotype correlation, we studied a large cohort of 86 clinically defined patients with Kabuki syndrome (KS) for mutations in MLL2. All patients were assessed using a standardized phenotype list and all were scored using a newly developed clinical score list for KS (MLL2‐Kabuki score 0–10). Sequencing of the full coding region and intron–exon boundaries of MLL2 identified a total of 45 likely pathogenic mutations (52%): 31 nonsense, 10 missense and four splice‐site mutations, 34 of which were novel. In five additional patients, novel, i.e. non‐dbSNP132 variants of clinically unknown relevance, were identified. Patients with likely pathogenic nonsense or missense MLL2 mutations were usually more severely affected (median ‘MLL2‐Kabuki score’ of 6) as compared to the patients without MLL2 mutations (median ‘MLL2‐Kabuki score’ of 5), a significant difference (p < 0.0014). Several typical facial features such as large dysplastic ears, arched eyebrows with sparse lateral third, blue sclerae, a flat nasal tip with a broad nasal root, and a thin upper and a full lower lip were observed more often in mutation positive patients.
Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides in Egyptian patients
Authors: Hassab‐El‐Naby Hussein M. M. , El‐Khalawany Mohamed A.
Published: January 2013

Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides (HMF) is uncommon clinical variant that was commonly observed in dark‐skinned individuals. We described the clinical characteristics, pathological features, immunohistochemical profile and prognosis of HMF in Egyptian patients. During the period from January 2004 to December 2011, we were able to diagnose and follow up 27 patients with HMF. The study included 18 males (66.7%) and 9 females (33.3%) with a mean age of 35.39 ±13.13 years. The duration ranged from 1 to 6 years with a mean of 3.26 ±1.7 years. The majority of patients were skin type IV (63%) and presented with multiple (88.9%), asymptomatic (74.1%), ill‐defined (70.4%) and non‐scaly (77.8%) lesions distributed on the trunk (81.5%). Histologically, epidermotropic lymphocytes were observed in 100%, basal alignment of lymphocytes in 81.5%, Pautrier's microabscesses in 29% and folliculotropism in 18.5%. Immunostaining showed predominance of epidermal CD8+ cells in 51.9% while in 29.6% CD4+ cells were predominant. Phototherapy was effective in 86.7% of patients with success rate 66.7% of narrow band (NB) ultraviolet‐B and 80% of psoralen ultraviolet‐A. HMF among Egyptians could be classified as non‐aggressive epidermotropic cytotoxic CD8+ variant. It is common among middle age males with skin type IV and mostly well respond to phototherapy.
Multiple occupancy–abundance patterns in staghorn coral communities
Authors: Richards Zoe T. , Syms Craig , Wallace Carden C. , Muir Paul R. , Willis Bette L.
Published: January 2013

Aim

Understanding patterns in a species' occupancy and abundance across multiple scales is important for management purposes, particularly for protecting threatened species. Here, we develop a new quantitative, multiscale model of occupancy and abundance that characterizes seven types of rarity and one of commonness in high‐diversity communities of staghorn coral. We examine how rare species influence coral community structure and explore spatial variability in underlying patterns of community structure in the context of optimizing the data needed to protect biodiversity.

Location

North‐west Pacific Ocean.

Methods

We present categorical abundance data for 87 species of staghorn corals occurring within 100 sites across five reefs in the north‐west Pacific Ocean. We develop a new model that combines measures of global distribution, local distribution and local abundance to describe eight mutually exclusive occupancy–abundance patterns, which can be used to prioritize regional species conservation. Traditional and new analytical approaches are compared to explore how rare species influence multidimensional space and community structure.

Results

We show that five types of occupancy–abundance relationships exist in staghorn coral assemblages, including four patterns of rarity. The overwhelming majority of species (73%) are rare according to local abundance and/or distribution criteria. Occupancy–abundance patterns are spatially variable in staghorn coral communities, and no single underlying distribution fits all assemblages. Our findings suggest that 54 species are at risk of regional extinction, 30 of which are also classified as ‘vulnerable’ by the IUCN.

Main conclusions

Our model demonstrates that multiple occupancy–abundance patterns exist in staghorn coral assemblages. We conclude that 66% of the pool of staghorn coral fauna in the north‐west Pacific is at risk of regional extinction. At the locations and scales examined here, occupancy–abundance patterns and the underlying distributions of coral communities are spatially variable, suggesting that it may not be appropriate to apply unified ecological theory to communities with a large proportion of threatened species because this may jeopardize biodiversity conservation.
Stratifying risk factors for learning problems in very preterm children
Authors: MARLOW NEIL
Published: January 2013

This commentary is on the original article by Potharst et al. on pages 178–184 of this issue
Comparing patient‐generated blood glucose diary records with meter memory in diabetes: a systematic review
Authors: Given J. E. , O'Kane M. J. , Bunting B. P. , Coates V. E.
Published: January 2013

Aims

To synthesize evidence relating to comparisons between patient‐generated blood glucose records and meter memory in diabetes and to identify any predictors of agreement.

Methods

A systematic literature search was performed to identify articles comparing meter and diary records in those unaware of this assessment.

Results

Eleven observational studies, covering patients with Type 1, Type 2 and gestational diabetes were included spanning 1984–2009. Failure to record blood glucose measurements in the diary was the most extensive ‘error’, but addition of values, which were not measured, was a greater cause for concern. When present to a high degree, ‘errors’ lead to decreased variability in diary records compared with meter records. Allowing for a minimal amount of disagreement, just over 50% of adult diaries can be considered as ‘accurate/reliable’. Disagreements were most extensive in teenagers and young adults, but the pregnant populations were only slightly better. Agreement was not related to sex, number of insulin injections or duration of monitoring. Those who were younger were more likely to have ‘errors’, while those who monitored more frequently had more ‘accurate’ diaries.

Conclusions

The lack of meter–diary agreement suggests that the real reason for monitoring is not understood by many patients, raising issues about motivation, perceived need to impress healthcare providers and denial of poor control. Considering that diaries are used to inform decisions about therapy when HbA1c is raised or in pregnancy, when HbA1c is not suitable, there is significant cause for concern in relation to their clinical utility.
Fasting plasma triglycerides predict the glycaemic response to treatment of Type 2 diabetes by gastric electrical stimulation. A novel lipotoxicity paradigm
Authors: Lebovitz H. E. , Ludvik B. , Yaniv I. , Haddad W. , Schwartz T. , Aviv R.
Published: January 2013

Background

Non‐stimulatory, meal‐mediated electrical stimulation of the stomach (TANTALUS‐DIAMOND) improves glycaemic control and causes modest weight loss in patients with Type 2 diabetes who are inadequately controlled on oral anti‐diabetic medications. The magnitude of the glycaemic response in clinical studies has been variable. A preliminary analysis of data from patients who had completed 6 months of treatment indicated that the glycaemic response to the electrical stimulation was inversely related to the baseline fasting plasma triglyceride level.

Method

An analysis of 40 patients who had had detailed longitudinal studies for 12 months.

Results

Twenty‐two patients with fasting plasma triglycerides ≤ 1.7 mmol/l had mean decreases in HbA1c after 3, 6 and 12 months of gastric contraction modulation treatment of −15 ± 2.1 mmol/mol (−1.39 ± 0.20%), −16 ± 2.2 mmol/mol (−1.48 ± 0.20%) and −14 ± 3.0 mmol/mol (−1.31 ± 0.26%), respectively. In contrast, 18 patients with fasting plasma triglyceride > 1.7 mmol/l had mean decreases in HbA1c of −7 ± 1.7 mmol/mol (−0.66 ± 0.16%), −5 ± 1.6 mmol/mol (−0.44 ± 0.18%) and −5 ± 1.7 mmol/mol (−0.42 ± 0.16%), respectively. Pearson's correlation coefficient between fasting plasma triglyceride and decreases in HbA1c at 12 months of treatment was 0.34 (P < 0.05). Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance was unchanged during 12 months of treatment in patients with high baseline fasting triglycerides, while it progressively improved in patients with low fasting plasma triglycerides. Patients with low fasting plasma triglycerides had a tendency to lose more weight than those with high fasting plasma triglycerides, but this did not achieve statistical significance.

Conclusions

The data presented suggest the existance of a triglyceride lipotoxic mechanism that interferes with gastric/neural mediated pathways that can regulate glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. The data suggest the existence of a triglyceride lipotoxic pathway that interferes with gastric/neural mediated pathways that can regulate glycaemic control.
Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors and angioedema: a class effect?
Authors: Saisho Y. , Itoh H.
Published: January 2013

Background

Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) inhibitors have been reported to be generally well tolerated. However, angioedema has been reported as one of the rare adverse events of these drugs.

Case report

We report a case in which angioedema induced by vildagliptin disappeared after changing to another DPP‐4 inhibitor, alogliptin.

Discussion

Our case suggests that there is a difference in the risk of angioedema among DPP‐4 inhibitors. To clarify this possibility, further investigation on the risk of angioedema among DPP‐4 inhibitors is warranted.
The antihepatic fibrotic effects of fluorofenidone via MAPK signalling pathways
Authors: Peng Yu , Yang Huixiang , Zhu Tingting , Zhao Menghua , Deng Yuexia , Liu Bin , Shen Hong , Hu Gaoyun , Wang Zhaohe , Tao Lijian
Published: January 2013

Background

Fluorofenidone (AKF‐PD) is a novel pyridone agent. The purpose of this study is to investigate the inhibitory effects of AKF‐PD on dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)‐induced liver fibrosis in rats and the involved molecular mechanism related to hepatic stellate cells (HSCs).

Materials and methods

Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal control, DMN, DMN/AKF‐PD treatment and DMN/pirfenidone (PFD) treatment groups. AKF‐PD and PFD treatments were, respectively, performed for two activated HSCs lines, rat CFSC‐2G and human LX2. The cell proliferation was analysed by MTT. The expression of collagen I was determined by immunohistochemical staining and real‐time RT‐PCR. The expression of α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases‐1 (TIMP‐1), extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK1/2), p38 MAPK (p38), and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase/stress‐activated protein kinase (JNK) were also detected by real‐time RT‐PCR and/or Western blot.

Results

AKF‐PD significantly reduced PDGF‐BB‐induced proliferation and activation of HSCs, as determined by reducing protein expression of α‐SMA and TIMP‐1. AKF‐PD treatment attenuated PDGF‐BB‐induced upregulation of phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38 and JNK. In fibrotic rat liver, AKF‐PD reduced the degree of liver injury and hepatic fibrosis, which was associated with reduced the expression of collagen I, α‐SMA, TIMP‐1 at both mRNA and protein levels.

Conclusion

AKF‐PD treatment inhibits the progression of hepatic fibrosis by suppressing HSCs proliferation and activation via MAPK signalling pathway.
Institutional Determinants of Macro–Level Entrepreneurship
Authors: Valdez Michael E. , Richardson James
Published: January 2013

This multicountry study empirically explores the institutional determinants of macro–level entrepreneurship. Findings suggest that a society's normative, cultural–cognitive, and regulative institutions are related to entrepreneurial activity. Normative and cultural–cognitive institutions’ descriptive power in explaining entrepreneurial activity is higher than regulative institutions’ or per capita gross domestic product. This suggests that differences in values, beliefs, and abilities may play a greater role than purely economic considerations of opportunity and transaction costs. Specific attention is given to opportunity– and necessity–motivated entrepreneurship due to their relationship to economic development.
Planning for Growth: Life Stage Differences in Family Firms
Authors: Eddleston Kimberly A. , Kellermanns Franz W. , Floyd Steven W. , Crittenden Victoria L. , Crittenden William F.
Published: January 2013

Applying insights from the generational perspective, this study explores when strategic planning and succession planning are most conducive to privately held family firm growth. The results show that the degree to which strategic planning and succession planning are associated with family firm growth depends on the generation managing the firm. Both forms of planning are most conducive to the growth of first–generation firms; however, neither form of planning confers much growth for second–generation firms. For third–and–beyond–generation firms, the benefits of succession planning appear to reemerge. However, strategic planning is negatively associated with their level of growth.
Sparrow Therapeutics Exit Strategy
Authors: Kamuriwo Dzidziso Samuel , Baden–Fuller Charles
Published: January 2013

The case focuses on Ken Powers, cofounder and chief executive officer of Sparrow Therapeutics, whose young biotechnology company has reached a critical stage where he has to decide whether or not to sell. The company's three main sets of investors have different priorities: (1) a quick cash sale now, (2) delay sale for about a year if returns are greater, and (3) delay sale for 2 years, build company value, and retain autonomy. What choice would be best for the company, for its investors—and for Ken himself? And when would be the best time to implement the exit strategy?
Entrepreneurship as Elixir and Mutagen
Authors: Lundmark Erik , Westelius Alf
Published: January 2013

Metaphors are powerful tools for sensemaking, sensegiving, and theory development, but they are often concealed in academic writing. This paper uncovers two metaphors underlying entrepreneurship discourse and research— elixir and mutagen. The elixir metaphor is uncovered by examining critiques of entrepreneurship research, and serves as a compact description of problematic aspects entrepreneurship scholars should be mindful of. The mutagen metaphor is uncovered by examining evolutionary frameworks, focusing on the role entrepreneurship plays in them. The paper illustrates how the mutagen metaphor can be used to reframe entrepreneurship, and uses the metaphors to interest, inform, and provoke.
Using Resource–Based Theory to Help Explain Plural Form Franchising
Authors: Gillis William E. , Combs James G. , Ketchen David J.
Published: January 2013

Agency theory is the dominant explanation for entrepreneurs’ decisions about how much to grow through franchising vis–à–vis company ownership. We introduce a resource–based explanation and submit that the proportion franchised is influenced by efforts to organize franchisor–owned and relational strategic assets so that their value can be best leveraged to meet key strategic goals. Using data from 168 franchisors, we found that relational (i.e., interfirm trust and knowledge–sharing routines), but not franchisor–owned (i.e., brand reputation and operating routines), strategic assets influence the proportion franchised. The study offers preliminary evidence that resource–based theory has merit as a complementary explanation for franchising.
High prevalence of radiolucent periapical lesions amongst patients with inherited coagulation disorders
Authors: Castellanos‐Cosano L. , Machuca‐Portillo G. , Sánchez‐Domínguez B. , Torrés‐Lagares D. , López‐López J. , Segura‐Egea J. J.
Published: January 2013

Apical periodontitis (AP) is an inflammatory lesion around the apex of a tooth caused by bacterial infection of the pulp canal system. AP appears radiographically as a radiolucent periapical lesion (RPL). The elective treatment for teeth with AP is root canal treatment (RCT). No study is available about the frequency of RPL and RCT in patients with inherited coagulation disorders (ICD). The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of RPL and RCT in patients with ICD and control subjects. In a cross‐sectional study, the radiographic records of 58 patients with haemophilia A, haemophilia B or von Willebrand's disease (study group) and 58 control subjects were examined. The frequency of RPL and RCT was assessed using digital panoramic radiographs and the Periapical Index. RPL in one or more teeth was found in 67.2% of patients with ICD and in 48.3% of control subjects (odds ratio = 2.20; P = 0.038). At least one RCT was found in 34.5% and 65.5% of subjects in the study and control groups respectively (odds ratio = 0.28; P = 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that subjects with ICD had RPL with higher likelihood than control subjects (odds ratio = 7.4; P = 0.0005). Patients with ICD disorders showed a significantly higher prevalence of RPL and lower frequency of RCT than control patients.
Separation‐preconcentration of Cu, Cd, Pb and Ni in various water and food samples on Sepabeads SP‐207
Authors: Mendil Durali , Kiris Tuba , Tuzen Mustafa , Soylak Mustafa
Published: January 2013

This study presents a solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure for preconcentration and separation of Cu(II), Cd(II), Pb(II) and Ni(II), as their diethyldithiocarbamate chelates on Sepabeads SP‐207 resin using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The parameters, including pH, sample volume, eluent type and volume etc., were optimised. The influences of the some alkali, alkali earth and transition metal ions on the involvement of copper(II), cadmium(II), lead(II) and nickel(II) were also examined. The preconcentration factor was calculated as 50. The limit of detections of the analyte ions (k = 3, N = 21) were 0.18 μg L−1 (Cu), 0.17 μg L−1 (Cd), 0.55 μg L−1 (Pb) and 1.67 μg L−1 (Ni). GBW 07605 Tea and NRCC‐DORM‐2 Dogfish Muscle certificated reference materials were used for confirm of method. The method was successfully performed for determination of Cu(II), Cd(II), Pb(II) and Ni(II) ions in water and food samples. The relative standard deviation was found to be lower than 7%.
Gene transcription analysis of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) allergens Cor a 1, Cor a 8 and Cor a 11: a comparative study
Authors: Garino Cristiano , Locatelli Monica , Coïsson Jean Daniel , D'Andrea Matteo , Cereti Elisabetta , Travaglia Fabiano , Arlorio Marco
Published: January 2013

Cor a 1, Cor a 8 and Cor a 11 are three important allergens in hazelnut. Aim of this work was to set up a method to quantitatively measure differences in their transcription levels. For the expression study, three different models were set up, taking also into account the ripening stage and the year of harvest. A gene transcription analysis by relative quantification through Real‐Time PCR has been developed to measure the transcription profile of hazelnut allergens. Differences in the gene transcription levels of Cor a 8 and Cor a 11 were found, both when comparing different cultivars among themselves and when comparing different years of harvest and ripening stages in the “Tonda Gentile Trilobata” (TGT) cultivar. Major allergen Cor a 1 gene did not display any statistically significant variation in its transcript abundance. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was finally performed to better elucidate the classification of samples.
Putting Process (Back) In: Research on the Internationalization Process of the Firm
Authors: Welch Catherine , Paavilainen‐Mäntymäki Eriikka
Published: January 2013

This paper provides a critique of existing research on the internationalization process of the firm and proposes an agenda for future inquiry. In recent years, process approaches have received increasing attention in management research, leading to a more refined understanding of the distinction between process and variance paradigms. We apply a process lens to a well‐established sub‐field of international business, namely the internationalization process of the firm. We review how this research tradition has evolved over four decades. The review commences with a reassessment of the seminal ‘stage models’ that date back to the 1970s. It then proceeds to classify subsequent research on the basis of whether it includes process data and/or process theorizing. It is found that the majority of studies in this review do not combine process data with process theorizing. We show how, even in studies that contain some process elements, a process approach is not always sustained throughout the paper. On the basis of this review, six research themes are proposed, which would form the basis for a process agenda for future research.
Comparisons of perioperative outcomes and costs between open and laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: A propensity‐score matching analysis based on the Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination database
Authors: Sugihara Toru , Yasunaga Hideo , Horiguchi Hiromasa , Tsuru Nobuo , Ihara Hiroyuki , Fujimura Tetsuya , Nishimatsu Hiroaki , Ohe Kazuhiko , Fushimi Kiyohide , Homma Yukio
Published: January 2013

We compared perioperative outcomes and costs between open and laparoscopic radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. The Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination database, including cases from 2007 to 2010, was used by one‐to‐one propensity‐score matching. The following items were compared: complication rate; homologous and autologous transfusion rate; first cystography day and cystography repeat rate; anesthesia time; postoperative length of stay; and costs. Multivariate analyses were carried out by including age, Charlson Comorbidity Index, T stage, hospital volume and hospital academic status as variables. As a result, among 15 616 open and 1997 laparoscopic radical prostatectomies, 1627 propensity‐score matched pairs were generated. The laparoscopic approach showed a better overall complication rate (3.4% vs 5.0%), homologous transfusion rate (3.3% vs 9.2%), autologous transfusion rate (44.9% vs 79.3%), first cystography day (mean 6th vs 7th day), mean postoperative length of stay (mean 11 vs 13 days), and cost without surgery and anesthesia (mean $7965 vs $9235; all P < 0.001). Anesthesia time was longer (mean 345 vs 285 min) and total cost was higher (mean $14 980 vs $12 356) for the laparoscopic approach (both P < 0.001). The secondary cystography rates were comparable between the groups (18.3% vs 15.7%, P = 0.144). The multivariate analyses showed similar trends. In conclusion, these findings confirm several benefits of laparoscopy over open approach for radical prostatectomy.
Competition in theRhine delta: waterways, railways and ports, 1870–1913
Authors: Klemann Hein A. M. , Schenk Joep
Published: January 2013

Rhine transport was not an absolute condition forGerman industrialization. Railways proved to be efficient, and in the 1840–1870 period were essential for the industrialization of theRuhr area. The key questions addressed in this article are: why did inland navigation not disappear from theRhine region (as it did elsewhere), even recovering after the 1870s? And why did it have an unassailable competitive advantage from the 1890s onwards? Political developments leading to the liberalization ofRhine shipping and the canalization of the river created the opportunity to increase the scale of shipping. This gave it competitive advantages when it came to bulk transport. This article uses new data on freight rates in theRhine delta to demonstrate the course ofRhine competitiveness. Furthermore, it identifies the institutional conditions, and the technological and organizational improvements, that were the basis of this growing competitiveness. The conclusion is that the element ofGerman international trade that went by the Rhine correlated with the cost of Rhine shipping when compared to that of railway transport. As a consequence of the recovery ofRhine shipping, the port ofRotterdam became stronger than itsBelgian neighbour,Antwerp.
War, food rationing, and socioeconomic inequality in Germany during the First World War
Authors: Blum Matthias
Published: January 2013

Germany experienced a devastating period during the First World War due to severely restricted import possibilities and a general shortage of foodstuffs. This study uses the heights of some 4,000 individuals who served during the Second World War to quantify biological living standards from the 1900s to the 1920s, and focuses primarily on socioeconomic inequality during this period. The results suggest that generally the upper social strata, measured by fathers' occupation, exhibited the tallest average height, followed by the middle and lower classes. These socioeconomic differences became more pronounced during the First World War when the rationing system provided a limited food supply. Wealthier individuals were able to purchase additional foodstuffs on black markets. Therefore, children from upper‐class families experienced only a small decline in average height compared to their counterparts from the middle and lower social strata.
A presumed spelaeogriphacean crustacean from an upper Barremian wetland (Las Hoyas; Lower Cretaceous; Central Spain)
Authors: JAUME DAMIÀ , PINARDO‐MOYA EVA , BOXSHALL GEOFF A.
Published: January 2013

Abstract:  A third fossil attributable to the crustacean peracarid order Spelaeogriphacea is described from an Upper Barremian (125 Ma) lacustrine environment in Central Spain. Neither the new taxon, Spinogriphus ibericus gen. et sp. nov., nor the two already described fossil forms can be identified with certainty as crown‐group spelaeogriphaceans. We consider that Schram’s 1974 family Acadiocarididae represents stem‐lineage spelaeogriphaceans and should accommodate these fossil taxa that display very generalised peracaridan features and lack any conspicuous autapomorphies, except for a short carapace, undifferentiated pereiopods, foliaceous pleopods and a tail fan‐like (uropods + telson) caudal structure where the unsegmented uropodal endopod lacks annulation. The zoogeography of the Acadiocarididae is Laurasian in contrast to the modern, crown‐group spelaeogriphaceans (Spelaeogriphidae), which are limited to Gondwanan territories.
High‐latitude Hirnantian (latest Ordovician) brachiopods from the Eusebio Ayala Formation of Paraguay, Paraná Basin
Authors: BENEDETTO JUAN L. , HALPERN KAREN , GALEANO INCHAUSTI JULIO C.
Published: January 2013

Abstract:  Examination of newly collected brachiopods from the Eusebio Ayala Formation of Paraguay reveals the occurrence of Arenorthis paranaensis sp. nov., Plectothyrella? itacurubiensis sp. nov., Hindella sp. and Eostropheodonta conradii (Harrington). Associated graptolites of the N. persculptus Zone indicate that the age of the fossiliferous beds is Hirnantian. The overall generic composition of the fauna is similar to that of the atypical Hirnantia Fauna of the Bani Province. The record in Paraguay of Arenorthis, hitherto only known from North Africa, together with species of Plectothyrella? and Eostropheodonta different from those recorded in the Kosov Province, emphasizing the affinities between the Paraguayan fauna and the low‐diversity African assemblages. Stratigraphic and faunal evidence indicates that biogeographical links between South America and Africa already existed by the end of the Ordovician when most of the intra‐cratonic basins of Gondwana were flooded during the postglacial sea level rise.
Taxonomic revision of Isocetus depauwi (Mammalia, Cetacea, Mysticeti) and the phylogenetic relationships of archaic ‘cetothere’ mysticetes
Authors: BISCONTI MICHELANGELO , LAMBERT OLIVIER , BOSSELAERS MARK
Published: January 2013

Abstract:  The taxonomic revision of Isocetus depauwi Van Beneden, 1880 was carried out through the description of a number of specimens assigned to this species by Van Beneden and Abel in the last decades of the 19th and the early decades of the 20th centuries. After detailed comparisons with the published record of archaic mysticetes, the genus and species are considered valid despite the incompleteness and poor preservation of the material. Diagnostic features are found in the morphology of the mandibular condyle, the angular process of the dentary and the thoracic vertebrae. The new species Parietobalaena campiniana is established based on a partial skeleton, including most of the skull and ear bones, previously assigned to Isocetus depauwi by Abel. Parietobalaena campiniana is described and compared in detail, and its phylogenetic relationships are assessed by a new large‐scale cladistic analysis of 246 morphological characters scored for 46 taxa. The results support a basal position of the genus Parietobalaena in the radiation of Miocene ‘cetotheres’, the monophyly of Balaenoidea (Neobalaenidae and Balaenidae), Balaenopteroidea (Eschrichtiidae and Balaenopteridae), and Cetotheriidae and the paraphyly of ‘cetotheres’s.l. The new superfamily Thalassotherii is established based on high bootstrap support and a number of morphological characters; Thalassotherii includes Balaenopteridae, Eschrichtiidae, Cetotheriidae and the basal ‘cetothere’ mysticetes with the exclusion of Balaenoidea, Eomysticetoidea and toothed mysticetes.
Tachyoryctes makooka (Tachyoryctini, Spalacidae, Rodentia) and its bearing on the phylogeny of the Tachyoryctini
Authors: LÓPEZ‐ANTOÑANZAS RAQUEL , WESSELMAN HENRY B.
Published: January 2013

Abstract:  The Rhizomyinae is a subfamily of myomorph rodents within the family Spalacidae. It is subdivided into two tribes: the Asian Rhizomyini and the Tachyoryctini. Even though the origin of the Tachyoryctini is to be found in Asia, they are nowadays restricted to Africa. African Tachyoryctini are known from the Late Miocene and include a single genus with five species: the recently discovered Tachyoryctes makooka, which is described in detail in this work, T. pliocaenicus, T. konjiti and the two extant T. splendens and T. macrocephalus. Their closest Asian counterparts are the Late Miocene Protachyoryctes and Eicooryctes. A cladistic analysis involving all the above‐mentioned taxa was carried out. Protachyoryctes tatroti turned out to be the most basal species of the ingroup followed by the Ethiopian T. makooka. Both taxa show some primitive traits like the protosinus on the first upper molars, short but distinct mesolophids on the lower molars and the presence of the mure on the cheek teeth. T. pliocaenicus and the most derived Tachyoryctini share the synapomorphic reduction or loss of these characters. The increase in hypsodonty evidenced in this lineage is correlated with the transition from a humid to a drier climate that started at the beginning of the Pliocene.
Snipe flies (Diptera: Rhagionidae) from the Daohugou Formation (Jurassic), Inner Mongolia, and the systematic position of related records in China
Authors: ZHANG JUNFENG
Published: January 2013

Abstract:  Four new species referred to three new genera and one known genus of fossil snipe flies (Family Rhagionidae) from the Daohugou Formation of Chifeng City in Inner Mongolia, north‐eastern China, are described as Daohugorhagio elongatus gen. et sp. nov., Parachrysopilus jurassicus gen. et sp. nov., Sinorhagio sinuatus sp. nov. and Trichorhagio gregarius gen. et sp. nov. These taxa represent only a fraction of the rhagionid assemblage in the Daohugou biota. They contribute towards the high diversity and abundance of snipe flies during the latest Middle Jurassic – earliest Late Jurassic. The diagnosis of Sinorhagio K. Zhang, Yang and Ren, 2006 is revised based on the new results. Many genera and species from the Lower Cretaceous of China have been assigned to Rhagionidae. Most of these do not actually belong to this family: specifically Mesorhagiophryne incerta Hong and Wang, 1990, M. robusta Hong and Wang, 1990, Mesostratiomyia laiyangensis Hong and Wang, 1990, Stratiomyopsis robusta Hong and Wang, 1990, Longhuaia orientalis Hong, Wang and Sun, 1992, Basilorhagio venusius Ren, 1995. Pauromyia oresbia Ren, 1998 is transferred to an archisargid genus as Sharasargus oresbius (Ren, 1998) comb. nov.
Case Studies on Water Security: Analysis of System Complexity and the Role of Institutions
Authors: Petersen‐Perlman Jacob D. , Veilleux Jennifer C. , Zentner Matthew , Wolf Aaron T.
Published: January 2013

Water security is a challenge faced within many transboundary river basins. Identifying the resilient factors within a system may reduce water security concerns and enhance cooperation. In this paper, we are examining the dimensions of resilience as influenced by the rate of change and institutional capacity within river basins. Three case studies are analyzed for their water security capacity, including resilience and vulnerability, as well as institutional capacity.
Critiquing Cooperation: Transboundary Water Governance and Adaptive Capacity in the Orange‐Senqu Basin
Authors: Keller Elizabeth J. Kistin
Published: January 2013

This article analyzes the effects of the Orange‐Senqu transboundary water governance regime on adaptive capacity by examining the influence of international water management institutions and interstate interactions on treaty flexibility, information management, actor networks, and financial resources. This study provides fresh insights into the dynamic effects of transboundary water governance. This is done by tracing changes in the components of adaptive capacity and the patterns of resource use and allocation over the regime's life and by determining the extent to which observed changes are caused by regime performance or other factors. Drawing on document analysis and in‐depth interviews, this article examines the assumption that cooperation between riparian states will enhance the ability of parties to recognize and respond to changing circumstances. It also examines the factors enabling and constraining reflexivity and joint planning in the basin.
Sustained Dialogue for Ground Water and Energy Resources in Chile
Authors: Pierce Suzanne A. , Malin Reed A. , Figueroa Eugenio
Published: January 2013

Water conflict arises in interconnected ways. As demand increases in one region or industrial sector, the accompanying shifts in water resource management regimes have impacts at the local level and may carry international implications. Insecure water resources are often the root cause of resistance or social conflict across many political and economic sectors. Integrated Water Resources Management is an emerging transdisciplinary approach to science‐based water management that attempts to account for these cross sector effects. This paper presents a case study of Integrated Water Resources Managment methods applied in the El Tatio Geothermal Field basin of northern Chile where tensions from the competing needs of metals mining, tourism, energy development, scientific research, and environmental conservation have created social and political tension. Participatory engagement was conducted with stakeholders in the field through elicitation and group dialogue process. This was combined with design of a cyberinfrastructure system for managing and presenting data. Results suggest that sustained facilitated dialogue and socio‐technical systems approaches provide a framework to implement Integrated Water Resources Managment, improve science communication, and engage stakeholders at the center of resource conflict. In the case study, early results are informing the framing of data collection plans, microentrepreneurial ventures, and spurring communication across sectors.
Reactivity to thought–shape fusion in adolescents: the effects of obesity status
Authors: Coelho J. S. , Siggen M.‐J. , Dietre P. , Bouvard M.
Published: January 2013

What is already known about this subject

Thought–shape fusion (TSF) is a cognitive distortion associated with eating pathology.

TSF is a phenomenon associated with perceptions of weight gain, body dissatisfaction and moral wrongdoing after merely thinking about consumption of high‐caloric foods.

Women who are overweight are less susceptible to inductions of TSF than are women who are normal‐weight.

What this study adds

Obese adolescents were less susceptible to a TSF induction than were lean adolescents (i.e., they reported lower state TSF in comparison with lean adolescents, and did not demonstrate an increase in state TSF relative to a neutral induction).

Eating pathology, but not obesity status or gender, predicted trait TSF.

Background

Previous research has demonstrated that imagining consumption of high‐caloric foods can lead to feelings of guilt, and perception of weight gain and moral wrongdoing. This psychological response is known as thought–shape fusion (TSF).

Objectives

This study was conducted to assess the susceptibility of obese and lean adolescents to TSF.

Methods

To investigate TSF susceptibility in adolescents, and predictors of this distortion, a total of 82 adolescents (44 obese and 38 lean) were randomly assigned to receive either a TSF or a neutral induction. Subsequent TSF reactivity was assessed (i.e., levels of state TSF after the induction), as was trait TSF, eating pathology and depression.

Results and conclusions

The results suggest that obese adolescents are less susceptible to TSF than are lean adolescents, as lean (but not obese) adolescents reported significantly higher state TSF relative to participants who received the neutral induction. Similarly, lean adolescents who were exposed to a TSF induction reported higher state TSF than did obese adolescents. Furthermore, obesity did not emerge as a predictor of trait TSF. Factors that may account for decreased TSF susceptibility in obese adolescents relative to lean adolescents will be discussed.
Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder and obesity in US males and females, age 8–15 years: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2004
Authors: Byrd H. C. M. , Curtin C. , Anderson S. E.
Published: January 2013

What is already known about this subject

Youth with ADHD may be at increased risk for obesity.

Medications used to treat ADHD can affect weight.

Few studies have investigated possible gender differences in associations between ADHD and obesity.

What this study adds

Nationally representative of US youth aged 8–15 years.

Height and weight were measured, and ADHD assessed by structured diagnostic interview and parent report.

Associations between ADHD and obesity are reported for males and females to enable gender comparisons.

Objective

To investigate how associations between attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity differ by gender and medication use in a nationally representative sample of US youth in which height and weight were measured.

Methods

Youth age 8–15 (n = 3050) studied in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2004. Obesity was defined as ≥95th percentile of US body mass index‐for‐age reference. ADHD was determined by asking parents if child had been diagnosed and using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children IV. Gender‐stratified multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate odds of obesity for youth with ADHD (medicated and unmedicated) relative to youth without ADHD.

Results

Males with ADHD who were medicated had lower odds of obesity compared to males without ADHD (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 0.42, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.23–0.78). Unmedicated males with ADHD were as likely as males without ADHD to be obese (adjusted OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.43–2.42). The odds of obesity for females taking medication for ADHD did not differ statistically from those of females without ADHD (adjusted OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 0.52–2.81). Females with ADHD not taking medication had odds of obesity 1.54 times those of females without ADHD; however, the 95% CI (0.79–2.98) was wide and not statistically significant at α = 0.05.

Conclusions

Associations between ADHD and obesity are influenced by treatment of ADHD with medication and may differ by gender. Youth with ADHD who are not treated with medication are as or more likely than youth without ADHD to be obese.
The pathology of selenium deficiency in Cyprinus carpio L
Authors: Wang K Y , Peng C Z , Huang J L , Huang Y D , Jin M C , Geng Y
Published: January 2013

Selenium is essential for the normal life processes, and all animals, including fish, need this inorganic element. In order to research the pathology of selenium deficiency in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., 360 juvenile carp were allocated to three treatments. Each treatment containing 120 fish was randomly divided into four groups, fed with purified diets containing selenium at 0, 0.15, 0.30 and 0.45 mg kg−1. The results indicated that the morbidity and mortality rates of the test groups were negatively correlated with the level of selenium in the diets. The morbidity and mortality rates were, respectively, 46.7%, 33.3%, 13.3%, 0 and 26.7% 16.7%, 6.7%, 0. The affected fish exhibited pathological changes, such as ‘thin back disease’ and lordosis. Histologically, there was no abnormality observed in muscles, liver and pancreas. Ultrastructurally, there was swelling of the mitochondria of the cardiac muscle cells, the liver cells and renal tubular epithelial cells, with disintegration and lysis of the cristae of the mitochondria which vesiculated. Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase levels were increased and the activity of the serum glutathione peroxidase and the serum superoxide dismutase was decreased; in contrast, the serum malonaldehyde concentration was increased.
Argon broad ion beam tomography in a cryogenic scanning electron microscope: a novel tool for the investigation of representative microstructures in sedimentary rocks containing pore fluid
Authors: DESBOIS G. , URAI J.L. , PÉREZ‐WILLARD F. , RADI Z. , OFFERN S. , BURKART I. , KUKLA P.A. , WOLLENBERG U.
Published: January 2013

The contribution describes the implementation of a broad ion beam (BIB) polisher into a scanning electron microscope (SEM) functioning at cryogenic temperature (cryo). The whole system (BIB‐cryo‐SEM) provides a first generation of a novel multibeam electron microscope that combines broad ion beam with cryogenic facilities in a conventional SEM to produce large, high‐quality cross‐sections (up to 2 mm2) at cryogenic temperature to be imaged at the state‐of‐the‐art SEM resolution. Cryogenic method allows detecting fluids in their natural environment and preserves samples against desiccation and dehydration, which may damage natural microstructures. The investigation of microstructures in the third dimension is enabled by serial cross‐sectioning, providing broad ion beam tomography with slices down to 350 nm thick.

The functionalities of the BIB‐cryo‐SEM are demonstrated by the investigation of rock salts (synthetic coarse‐grained sodium chloride synthesized from halite‐brine mush cold pressed at 150 MPa and 4.5 GPa, and natural rock salt mylonite from a salt glacier at Qom Kuh, central Iran). In addition, results from BIB‐cryo‐SEM on a gas shale and Boom Clay are also presented to show that the instrument is suitable for a large range of sedimentary rocks. For the first time, pore and grain fabrics of preserved host and reservoir rocks can be investigated at nm‐scale range over a representative elementary area.

In comparison with the complementary and overlapping performances of the BIB‐SEM method with focused ion beam‐SEM and X‐ray tomography methods, the BIB cross‐sectioning enables detailed insights about morphologies of pores at greater resolution than X‐ray tomography and allows the production of large representative surfaces suitable for FIB‐SEM investigations of a specific representative site within the BIB cross‐section.
Reproducibility of ABC/2 Method to Determine Infarct Volume and Mismatch Percentage with CT Perfusion
Authors: French Kris F. , Martinez Julie K. , DeHavenon Adam H. , Weathered Natalie R. , Grantz Matthew , Smith Shawn M. , Wilder Michael , Rassner Ulrich A. , Kircher John C. , Dewitt L.Dana. , Wold Jana J. , Hoesch Robert E.
Published: January 2013

BACKGROUND

Our aim is to implement a simple, rapid, and reliable method using computed tomography perfusion imaging and clinical judgment to target patients for reperfusion therapy in the hyper‐acute stroke setting. We introduce a novel formula (1–infarct volume [CBV]/penumbra volume [MTT] × 100%) to quantify mismatch percentage.

METHODS

Twenty patients with anterior circulation strokes who underwent CT perfusion and received intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV tPA) were analyzed retrospectively. Nine blinded viewers determined volume of infarct and ischemic penumbra using the ABC/2 method and also the mismatch percentage.

RESULTS

Interrater reliability using the volumetric formula (ABC/2) was very good (intraclass correlation [ICC] = .9440 and ICC = .8510) for hemodynamic parameters infarct (CBV) and penumbra (MTT). ICC coefficient using the mismatch formula (1–MTT/CBV × 100%) was good (ICC of .635).

CONCLUSIONS

The ABC/2 method of volume estimation on CT perfusion is a reliable and efficient approach to determine infarct and penumbra volumes. The 1–CBV/MTT × 100% formula produces a mismatch percentage assisting providers in communicating the proportion of salvageable brain and guides therapy in the setting of patients with unclear time of onset with potentially salvageable tissue who can undergo mechanical retrieval or intraarterial thrombolytics.