bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Single cell isolation and monoclonal culture establishment of Acanthamoeba castellanii using migration on agar plates v1
Authors: Colp Morgan
Published: February 2020

Isolation of single Acanthamoeba castellanii cells from agar plates for establishment of monoclonal cultures. This protocol can be useful for isolating clones of a mixed wild-type population or of transformants. After isolation, growth can be re-established in typical Neff liquid medium.
Case Processing SOP (Spleen) v3
Authors: Jorgensen Marda
Published: February 2020

The purpose of this Standard Operating Procedure is to outline procedures for processing and storing spleen received for HuBMAP consortium assay and analysis.
Predicting_MWM_with_ANN v1
Authors: Higaki Akinori , Mogi Masaki , Iwanami Jun , Min Li-Juan , Bai Hui-Yu , Shan Bao-Shuai , Kukida Masayoshi , Kan-no Harumi , Ikeda Shuntaro , Higaki Jitsuo , Horiuchi Masatsugu
Published: February 2020

>> We would share the raw data and python scripts used in the study 'Predicting the outcome of Morris water maze test in vascular dementia mouse model with deep learning' published for PLoS One. >> 'ann_pred_0114.py' is the main code of ANN constructed with Chainer framework. This code can read 'data_set_0114.xlsx' and run the deep learning program. This code also includes the cross validation method and calculation for correlation coefficient. >> In'data_set_0114.xlsx' file, you can see raw MWM data for WT-sham, WT-BCAS and WT-control mice. >> "svr_pred_0114.py" is a script file for prediction with support vector regression (used in Supporting Information). >> "morris_3day_1204.py" is a script file for predicting the outcome based on 3-day data (used in Supporting Information).
Transcultural Development
Authors: Thomsen Bastian , Muurlink Olav , Best Talitha , Thomsen Jennifer , Copeland Kellen
Published: February 2020

In practice, development too often neglects the perspective of the impoverished when attempting to ameliorate negative socioeconomic conditions that persist. Entrepreneurs, and in particular social entrepreneurs, often attempt to solve social issues through a triple-bottom line approach but in many cases focus on the problem without greater consideration to the cultural context of their intervention. We introduce a new term, transcultural development, to advocate for the inclusion and preservation of cultural norms and rights of receiving cultures in the face of globalization, particularly when conducting projects that attempt to alleviate poverty. Presented is an applied ethnographic study conducted by two faculty members and seven undergraduate students consulting for a non-governmental organization (NGO) social enterprise over a ten-day short-term study abroad trip. The NGO and student group aimed to assist impoverished Guatemalans inhabiting the southwestern coastal plain to develop a new export crop, the pigeonpea ( Cajanus cajan ). Gender norms and rights proved a focal point in demonstrating the importance of conducting social impact assessments regularly to mitigate entrenched or biased views. The transcultural development approach may optimally incorporate an applied anthropological lens to the social aspects of social entrepreneurship.
Incidence of thrombophilia in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss
Authors: Bharaswadkar Ganesh
Published: February 2020

Background: Approximately 1-3% of women of reproductive age suffer from recurrent pregnancy loss. Objective of this study was to evaluate the association between recurrent pregnancy loss and thrombophilia.Methods: This is a descriptive study, involving retrospective analysis of patients with recurrent pregnancy losses. Patients with recurrent pregnancy loss in whom associated morbidity factors were excluded underwent screening for both acquired and inherited thrombophilia.Results: A total of 20 patients were screened for acquired and inherited thrombophilia with recurrent pregnancy loss. Thrombophilia was diagnosed in 70% cases. Out of which, anticardiolipin antibodies was found positive in 57% of patients, protein C 7% and protein S deficiency was observed in 35% cases.Conclusions: Thrombophilias are associated with recurrent pregnancy loss. Patients in whom other associated morbid factors are excluded, should be offered screening for thrombophilia. Multidisciplinary management involving hematologist is vital for management.
Menstrual hygiene practice between rural and urban high school adolescent girls in Bangladesh
Authors: Sultana Rajea , Shom Ela Rani , Khatun Fahima
Published: February 2020

Background: Menstruation is a natural, normal biological process experienced by all adolescent girls and women. Urinary tract infection, reproductive tract infection and complication during pregnancy are the impact of poor menstrual hygiene practices. The aim of this study is to compare the menstrual hygiene practice between rural and urban high school adolescent girls in Bangladesh.Methods: A descriptive comparative study design was used. Cluster sampling technique was used to select 120 study participants. The data were collected through self-reported questionnaire by structured questionnaires. In descriptive statistics; frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation and in inferential statistics; chi-square-test, t-test was used to compare the menstrual hygiene practice between rural and urban. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 23.Results: There was significant difference between rural and urban girls regarding mean age at menarche (5.50, p = 0.000). There was a statistically significant difference between rural and urban girls using of sanitary pad (30.54, p = 0.000) and reusable cloth (38.92, p = 0.000).Conclusions: This study found that menstrual hygiene practice (MHP) was more among the urban high school adolescent girls than in the rural high school adolescent girls. The result provides baseline information regarding menstrual hygiene practice (MHP) among rural participants that’s why need more emphasize on health promotion and counseling program regarding menstrual hygiene practice (MHP) among rural and primary level health sectors in Bangladesh.
Impact of Vermicompost Manure on Microbial Population in Carp Rearing Pond
Authors: Kumar Suresh , S. Godara
Published: February 2020

Effect of vermicompost, poultry manure, cow dung and pig manure used to monitor on microbial population in carp rearing pond water of Indian carp fviz. Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala. The fingerlings stocked @ 30 fish per pond in the ratio of 3 : 4 : 3. The bacterial strains isolated in ponds water treated with different manures were seven gram negative (A. hydrophilla, E. coli, E. aerogens, Shigella sp., K. oxytoca, P. aeruginosa, P. fluorescens) and three gram positive (M. luteus, S. aureus and Streptococcus sp.). The average counts of heterotrophic pathogenic bacteria in poultry manure founded to be maximum in decreasing order followed by pig manure, cow dung, vermicompost, vermicompost and control, respectively. However, bacteria, E. aerogens, P. fluorescens, P. aeruginosa, Shigella sp., K. oxytoca and Streptococcus sp. found absent in vermicompost treatments. All the three species gained maximum growth in vermicompost followed by cow dung > poultry manure and pig manure.
ВЛИЯНИЕ ФИЛЬТРАЦИОННО-ЕМКОСТНЫХ СВОЙСТВ ПРИЗАБОЙНОЙ ЗОНЫ ПЛАСТА НА ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ КИСЛОТНОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ
Authors: Дорфман Михаил Борисович , Сентемов Андрей Алексеевич
Published: February 2020

Актуальность. В настоящее время большой объем исследований по оптимизации интенсификации работы скважин связан с изучением влияния скорости закачки кислотных составов на характер образования каналов и определение оптимальных объемов закачки. Важным фактором является первоначальное состояние призабойной зоны скважины: первичная проницаемость; характер насыщения паста пластовыми флюидами; объем внедрения и степень загрязнения буровой жидкостью. Цель: оценка влияния начальных фильтрационных характеристик призабойной зоны скважины на эффективность соляно-кислотной обработки. Методы. Были проведены опыты моделирующие соляно-кислотную обработку. Были использованы образцы с различными коллекторскими свойствами. В ряде экспериментов моделировалось загрязнение образцов буровым раствором. Результаты. Эффективность кислотной обработки образцов низкопроницаемой породы выше, чем в опытах с высокопроницаемыми кернами. В низкопроницаемых образцах сквозные каналы образуются при прокачке большего количества поровых объёмов кислотного раствора, чем в высокопроницаемых. Это связанно с тем, что раствор преимущественно расходуется на формирование новых каналов. Низкопроницаемые образцы имеют большую эквивалентную площадь образовавшихся каналов, что подтверждает большую эффективность кислотной обработки низкопроницаемых кернов. При снижении проницаемости коллектора вследствие загрязнения буровой жидкостью воздействие кислотного раствора происходит аналогично воздействию на незагрязнённый низкопроницаемый коллектор. Полученные результаты могут быть использованы при соляно-кислотной обработке на промысле с высокой вероятностью положительного эффекта. В дальнейшем необходимо дать экономическую оценку с учётом времени прорыва кислоты и необходимого количества соляной кислоты.
Evaluación del manejo y disposición final de la gallinaza de reproductora pesada usada como abono orgánico en Costa Rica
Authors: Arce-Solano Olga , Campos-Rodríguez Rooel , Brenes-Peralta Laura
Published: February 2020

En Costa Rica hay cinco empresas avícolas que explotan las aves reproductoras pesadas, las cuales son las progenitoras de los pollos de engorde que las mismas empresas producen. Estas aves pasan por dos etapas, la crianza y la etapa de postura y al final de cada etapa generan el residuo conocido como gallinaza. El estudio contempló información de las cinco empresas productoras complementado con datos de importación de las repoductoras obtenidos en el Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal (SENASA), para llegar a determinar que en Costa Rica se produjo en el año 2016 más de 20 mil toneladas métricas de gallinaza. 

Después de un proceso de calentamiento en granja, la gallinaza pasa a una bodega hasta su distribución o pasa directamente de la granja a la finca para su uso en cultivos. Durante la investigación del flujo del residuo, se logró la determinación y valoración de Puntos Críticos (PC) los cuales surgieron por desviaciones consideradas en la afectación ambiental, como el uso de gallinaza en suelos agrícolas la cual queda expuesta al ambiente o ligeramente cubierta con tierra que a los días va quedando descubierta.

Al calcular el área agrícola que utiliza gallinaza, se determinó que en el año 2016 fue usada  en 2 404 hectáreas y de mantener el ritmo de crecimiento de la población de reproductora pesadas, en los próximos 20 años esta área sería duplicada.

El estudio incluye la trazabilidad completa de la gallinaza, desde su origen hasta el uso en fincas agrícolas; por tanto, este trabajo permite la propuesta de mejoras en el manejo y disposición de la gallinaza de reproductoras pesadas usada como abono orgánico en Costa Rica.
Neighborhood Environment and Asthma Exacerbation in Washington, DC
Authors: Jones Kelly K. , Anderko Laura , Davies-Cole John
Published: February 2020

Approximately one in eight people in the United States have been diagnosed with asthma. Asthma is associated with significant medical expenditure and has been implicated as a leading reason for chronic school absences. Environmental risk factors such as access to green space and exposure to poor air quality are patterned such that some vulnerable populations may be at higher risk. Using data from DC Health, the Washington, DC, department of public health, this study investigated associations between neighborhood social, built, and natural environments and rates of asthma-related healthcare encounters by ZIP code between 2014 and 2017. We found that significant differences in rates exist between ZIP codes and for different subpopulations. Black boys had the highest overall rate, with 58.49 visits per 1,000 population, ranging by ZIP code from 0 to 88.56 visits. We found that the ZIP code Social Vulnerability Index was consistently associated with rates of healthcare encounters, but not access to green/open space or exposure to high traffic. However, we discuss how the ZIP code level may not be an appropriate level at which to investigate such built/natural environment features because of the proportion of variability that is found within rather than between ZIP codes. We end with a short discussion of ways that nurses, in particular school nurses, could help to address neighborhood environmental risk factors.
El debate epistemológico contemporáneo sobre los objetos de estudio de la geografía y una propuesta preliminar de geografía multidimensional
Authors: Martínez Rivilla Alexander
Published: February 2020

El presente ensayo pretende fundamentar una propuesta de geografía multidimensional recurriendo a las discusiones contemporáneas sobre la espacio-temporalidad de las geografías modernas y posmodernas. Así mismo, se exponen los nudos problemáticos de la epistemología de la geografía, para luego proponer un enfoque epistemológico más integral y definido de los objetos de estudio de la geografía en general.
Construcción de paisajes culturales urbanos como referentes de planificación urbana, con énfasis en las localidades de Suba y Usaquén de Bogotá D.C.
Authors: Flórez Ayala Carlos Alberto
Published: February 2020

Este artículo analiza el concepto de paisaje cultural, su configuración espacial en el territorio y su posible incorporación como instrumento de planificación urbana. El objetivo de la investigación se centra en la construcción metodológica de Unidades de Paisaje Cultural (UPC) que integran tanto elementos naturales y culturales como su relación histórica en el espacio, explorando las bondades de aplicar el concepto y la metodología en procesos de planificación urbana en la ciudad de Bogotá. La metodología utilizada permite asociar valores de tipo histórico, estético y simbólico mediante la implementación de herramientas Sistemas de Información Geográfica. Se identifican tres UPC con sus respectivas centralidades que, al superponerlas con los instrumentos de planificación y gestión del suelo actual (UPZs y Planes Zonales), muestran una baja correspondencia espacial. Se confirman las bondades potenciales del paisaje cultural como herramienta conceptual y metodológica que permite la integración de diferentes valores del territorio en unidades espaciales con potencialidad de ser integradas en procesos de planificación urbana.
Presentación
Authors: Sanabria Marin Rigaud
Published: February 2020

En este volumen sobresalen las investigaciones de lo urbano y de lorural, así como de la interacción que se presenta en la frontera deestos espacios. Los autores consideran dinámicas espaciales actuales,relacionadas principalmente con el papel de la cultura, el medioambiente y la globalización en el tan anhelado y hoy cuestionadodesarrollo sostenible. En los artículos se evidencian, desde laperspectiva geográfica, importantes problemáticas territoriales comola demanda de una mayor producción agropecuaria, la necesidadde gestionar voluminosos residuos sólidos de las aglomeraciones,los conflictos de uso del suelo, de convivencia y de movilidad, y, engeneral, problemas de transformación del espacio por una poblacióncreciente, que requiere, como bien lo plantean los autores, políticasefectivas de planificación, de ordenamiento y de gestión territorial
Transformaciones socioespaciales en el área rural de la localidad Ciudad Bolívar, Bogotá D.C. (1997-2010)
Authors: Pinzón Salamanca Carlos Esteban
Published: February 2020

Este artículo expone las dinámicas y transformaciones de los usos y conflictos del suelo rural en la localidad de Ciudad Bolívar en Bogotá D.C., derivadas del estudio multitemporal de imágenes satelitales de los años 1997 y 2010, de la caracterización de la organización e integración funcional del espacio registrada en encuestas aplicadas a la población de la zona, y de la gestión del territorio, según el análisis de la normatividad incidente en el uso del suelo. La comparación de los resultados de la aplicación de esas técnicas mostró los cambios en el uso del suelo, la presencia de un arreglo jerárquico de la zona rural y una escasa coherencia con la normativa establecida para el ordenamiento del suelo rural.
Análisis de la expansión urbana del municipio de Facatativá desde las políticas de ordenamiento territorial en el periodo 2002-2011
Authors: Rincón Martínez Ana Victoria
Published: February 2020

La expansión urbana directamente relacionada con la dinámica demográfica se materializa a nivel local por el incremento de áreas urbanizadas. El proceso de transformación y ocupación del espacio se da en forma planificada, en la medida en que se apliquen mecanismos de intervención por parte del Estado. En este artículo se presentan los resultados del trabajo de investigación desarrollado en la zona urbana del municipio de Facatativá, que comprende los años 2002 a 2011, período en el que se pueden identificar patrones de distribución espacial determinados por la implementación del Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial en la expansión urbana. Esta investigación se enmarcó en la geografía urbana y se efectuó con apoyo en estadísticas catastrales y cartografía del plan de ordenamiento del municipio, información que fue complementada con la revisión documental y la aplicación de encuestas semicontroladas y entrevistas a actores involucrados, para identificar la incidencia de las políticas urbanas en el proceso de expansión frente a la dinámica urbana propia del municipio.
Distribución espacial del índice de propensión al homicidio (IPH) en las comunas de Cali, Colombia
Authors: Cerón Wilmar Loaiza
Published: February 2020

La violencia por homicidios, es el resultado de una práctica social establecida a partir de los conflictos que se originan en las generaciones que se suceden y los distintos grupos sociales que se enfrentan. En la ciudad de Cali, los homicidios se han constituido como la principal causa de muerte de los habitantes, producto de dinámicas (narcotráfico, robos, seguridad pública) que han ocasionado el agravamiento de este delito. Con este contexto del área estudio, desde la geografía, se determinó la localización espacial del índice de propensión al homicidio (IPH). Los resultados por comunas muestran que a medida que la ciudad se extiende hacia las periferias, la probabilidad de ocurrencia va aumentando hacia las laderas en el occidente y las márgenes del río Cauca en el oriente, logrando constituir una herramienta que permitió diferenciar las zonas con los mayores problemas de violencia en Cali.
Del discurso del desarrollo a la visión territorial sostenible
Authors: Gutiérrez Rey Franz
Published: February 2020

En este artículo se analiza el contrasentido del desarrollo en la modernidad, sus implicaciones y la importancia de develar, resignificar o deconstruir el discurso del desarrollo y su presunción de universalidad en los países del tercer mundo, y en especial en América Latina, donde comienzan a florecer nuevas visiones del desarrollo territorializadas y sostenibles en oposición al pensamiento desarrollista occidental, y en las cuales la geografía y los geógrafos tienen la oportunidad de aportar mediante sus fundamentos, competencias y saberes reconocidos. Por tanto, la reinterpretación de la modernidad en América Latina se convierte en un ejercicio fundamental y esclarecedor, para abandonar los esquemas mentales del desarrollismo colonial, y construir la visión territorial sostenible para un buen vivir y convivir como especificidad posmoderna en América Latina.
Phytochemical Constituents and Antimicrobial Activities of the Essential Oils of Libyan Pituranthos chloranthus on Different Species of Bacteria
Authors: Yahya Saber E Mansour  , Nusieba A Mohammed Ibrahim  , Krishna Chaitanya Varma Sagi  , Yaroub S Sergiwa
Published: February 2020

Essential oils (EOs) obtained from fresh and dry aerial parts of Libyan Pituranthos chloranthus were analyzed and isolated by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) and hydro-distillation technique. The main constituents of the EOs obtained from fresh herb of P. chloranthus were found to be α-pinene, sabinene, cis-β-ocimene, and myrcene whereas the major components of the EOs derived from dry herb of P. chloranthus were α-phellandrene, Δ-3-carene, and β-phellandrene. Minor changes in the phytochemical compositions of the P. chloranthus EOs obtained from fresh or dry herbs; however, the major constituents were found to be α-pinene, sabinene, cis-β-ocimene, myrcene, α- phellandrene, Δ-3-carene, and β-phellandrene with approximate amounts of p-cymene, limonene, trans-β-ocimene, γ-terpinene, and cis-verbenol. The paper-disc agar diffusion method was used to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of P. chloranthus, and the results showed that the EOs extracted from fresh herb had a significant inhibitory effect against most of the tested bacteria.
A dos manos: Creación de material didáctico signado mediante aprendizaje-servicio
Authors: Vilches María  Josefa , Trillo María del Carmen , Molina María del Mar , Pedraza María Elena
Published: February 2020

La Universidad ha de afrontar el compromiso social que la caracteriza respondiendo a las necesidades de su entorno. El aprendizaje-servicio es una metodología que promueve la acción social desde las aulas, aunando principios pedagógicos fundamentales como el de experiencia, el de participación y el altruismo. En este trabajo se presenta “A dos manos”, un proyecto de innovación desarrollado por el alumnado matriculado en tres asignaturas optativas de 4º de los Grados en Educación Infantil y en Educación Primaria del Centro de Magisterio Sagrado Corazón, que ha sido realizado en colaboración con las y los cotutores del CEIP Colón. La finalidad de la experiencia es facilitar a estos docentes que atienden a escolares con discapacidad auditiva una colección de recursos interactivos en línea creados con la aplicación Genially. Se trata de láminas ilustradas en las que se reúne el vocabulario que aparece en los libros de texto utilizados por los niños y niñas en varias lenguas (español, inglés y lengua de signos española), con el propósito de ampliar y afianzar su léxico.
A Review of 1958 Domestic Petroleum Development
Authors: Hillyer Richard W.
Published: February 2020

AIME Annual Meeting, 15–19 February, San Francisco, California

Introduction

The year 1958 was one of many difficulties for the petroleum industry, as indeed most years are. In general, however, the industry approached its problems in a mature manner and by the end of the year had reached a relatively firm position once again. Let us review here some of the problems which faced the domestic industry during 1958.

Recession and Heavy Stocks Hurt Industry

The recession of 1958, of course, was a major factor in our domestic business. The downturn in industry in general created a smaller increase in domestic demand for petroleum products than had been expected, or indeed could have been handled. Thus, a new productive capacity which would have more than taken care of a normal demand increase of approximately four per cent was far in excess of the needs for the actual domestic demand increase of one and one-half per cent.

Heavy stocks was another problem met by the domestic industry last year. During 1957 the Suez crisis created a non-repetitive demand for exports of crude and products to Europe. The solution of the Suez crisis was not immediately followed by sharp cutbacks in domestic production. The industry, therefore, entered 1958 with above-ground stocks very high at a time when the market was weakening. A cutback in production to work off these stocks, plus an additional cut to meet the weakening market already mentioned, was required and was done. Income suffered a compound blow and domestic oil company earnings for 1958 clearly indicate this fact.

Imported oil and products continued to be a major problem for the domestic industry during 1958. Despite the decrease in domestic demand from normal increase rates, domestic producers had to share more of the market than ever before with foreign oil. As we are all aware, this problem has as yet not been solved, nor is it apparent that there will be any solution in the near future.
Recovery of Oil by Displacements With Water-Solvent Mixtures
Authors: Blackwell R.J. , Terry W.M. , Rayne J.R. , Lindley D.C. , Henderson J.R.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, Volume 219, 1960, pages 293–300.

This paper presents the results of a laboratory investigation of the efficiency of water-solvent mixtures in recovery of oil. These mixtures may have the high displacement efficiencies characteristic of solvent floods and the high sweep efficiencies characteristic of water floods. Thus, the water-solvent process may increase the number of reservoirs in which a miscible-type displacement can be used profitably.

The experiments on the use of water-solvent mixtures for recovery of oil were conducted to find the general applicability of the process. These studies demonstrated that, in flowing through sands, water and solvent segregated into a solvent layer on the top and a water layer on the bottom rather than flowing through the sands as a uniform mixture. Calculations based on the simultaneous flow of the water and solvent in layers were used to predict the effective mobility of the mixtures and the optimum operation of the process in steeply dipping, homogeneous reservoirs. As most reservoirs are not suited for the operation of the process under ideal conditions, experimental studies were conducted with sand-packed models scaled to represent more realistic reservoirs. These studies included the effects on recovery of oil of rate of injection, viscosity of oil, variations of permeability within a formation and variations in water-solvent ratio. For the range of conditions studied, higher recoveries of oil were obtained with water-solvent mixtures than with water or practical volumes of solvent alone.

Introduction

A group of intriguing-because of their great possibilities - new oil recovery methods at the disposal of the petroleum engineer are the miscible displacement processes. These processes (high-pressure gas drive, enriched-gas drive and LPG bank driven by methane) displace all of the oil from the portions of the reservoir swept by the injection fluid. The key question confronting the engineer applying one of these techniques to a particular reservoir is, "What fraction of the reservoir can be swept by injection of a practical volume of solvent?".
Two-Phase Flow in Two-Dimensional Systems - Effects of Rate, Viscosity and Density on Fluid Displacement in Porous Media
Authors: Hawthorne Robert G.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 219, 1960, pages 81–87.

This report is concerned with fluid displacement in porous media, in those cases where viscous and gravitational forces control the displacement. Such a system would usually be found in a sand body of large physical dimensions such as an oil reservoir, although it is possible to create such a system in the laboratory. It is shown that the position of the fluid interface can be predicted by numerical calculations using a basic idea presented by Dietz. Fluid flow is considered in a vertical plane in a homogeneous, porous medium of sufficient thickness that the capillary transition zone is small in comparison with the total reservoir. A theory developed by Dietz is used to make numerical calculations of the position of the fluid interface. The results for several conditions are compared with scaled model experiments.

The results show that, for gas drive in a reservoir of steep dip, a relatively low flow rate can displace large volumes of oil before gas breakthrough. On the other hand, water injection at favorable mobility ratio and low dip may show best performance at high rates. Water tends to underride the oil and, given sufficient time, well break through without much oil displacement. For certain conditions, which include relatively low flow rate, the interface is a straight line and its behavior is simple to calculate. At higher flow rates, the interface is unstable, and a numerical solution was programed for an automatic computer. In general, good agreement is shown between the fluid model and the computed results so long as gravitational forces have control. For a water drive at very unfavorable mobility ratio, many small water fingers appear. These viscous fingers are not controlled by the relatively small gravitational forces. When viscous fingering becomes the controlling factor, the mathematical model is oversimplified, and results do not check the fluid flow model.
Calculation of Oil Displacement by Countercurrent Water Imbibition
Authors: Blair P.M.
Published: February 2020

Secondary Recovery Conference, 2–3 May, Wichita Falls, Texas

This paper presents numerical solutions or the equations describing the imbibition of water and the countercurrent flow of oil in porous rocks. The imbibition process is of practical importance in recovery of oil from heterogeneous formations and heretofore has been studied principally by experimental means.

Calculations were made for imbibition of water into both linear and radial systems. Imbibition in the linear systems was allowed to take place through one open, or permeable, face of the porous medium studied. In the radial system, water was imbibed inward from the outer radius.

The effects on rate of imbibition of varying the capillary pressure and relative permeability curves, oil viscosity, and the initial water saturation were computed. For each case studied, the rate of water imbibition and the saturation and pressure profiles were calculated as functions of time.

The results of these calculations indicate that for the porous medium studied, the time required to imbibe a fixed volume of water of a certain viscosity is approximately proportional to the square root of the viscosity of the reservoir oil whenever the oil viscosity is greater than the water viscosity. Results are also presented illustrating the effects on rate of imbibition of the other variables studied.

Introduction

The process of imbibition, or spontaneous flow of fluids in porous media under the influence of capillary pressure gradients, occurs wherever there exist capillary pressure gradients in permeable rock which are not exactly balanced by opposing pressure gradients such as those resulting from the influence of gravity. The importance of such capillary movement in the displacement of oil by water or gas was recognized in early investigations and described by Leverett, Lewis, and True in 1942. The methods advanced by these authors for the study of the process by use of dynamically scaled models were rendered more general and flexible by the research of later workers. The influence of capillary forces in laboratory waterfloods has also been discussed by several authors.
Fear of falling and cognitive impairment in elderly with different social support levels: Findings from a community survey in Central Vietnam
Authors: Vo Thi Hue Man , Nakamura Keiko , Seino Kaoruko , Nguyen Hoang Thuy Linh , Vo Thang Van
Published: February 2020

Background: Fear of falling (FoF) in the elderly is one of the major public health concerns in this era of aging of the population. As there is limited evidence on how cognitive function may differ by social support level in relation to FoF among the elderly, this cross-sectional study aims to investigate the prevalence of FoF and the associations between cognitive impairment and FoF by the social support level, after adjustments for potential confounders.
Methods: Data from the “Health needs assessment of elderly in Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam in 2018” survey of 725 elderly aged 60 years or older were used for analysis. FoF was assessed using the Fall Efficacy Scale - International. High FoF was defined as a score above 28. The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support was used to measure the perception of support. Logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the association between cognitive function and FoF by social support levels (p <0.05).
Results: The prevalence of high FoF among the elderly was 40.8%. Female gender, advanced age, a marital status of single or formerly married, living alone, history of injury, history of falls, chronic diseases (arthritis and/or hypertension), limitations of the IADL and BADL, visual difficulty and walking difficulty, low social support, and cognitive impairment were all significantly associated with a high FoF. After adjustments for the age, gender, marital status, history of falls and health-related factors, cognitive impairment remained significantly associated with a high FoF among the elderly with a low to moderate social support level (OR = 2.97, 95% CI 1.49-5.89), but not in those with a high social support level.
Conclusions: A high FoF was associated with impairment of cognitive function among the elderly who perceived themselves as having low or moderate support levels, even after adjustments for socio demographic and physical functional factors. However, this association was not observed among the elderly who perceived themselves as having high social support levels. Fall prevention programs for the elderly with various levels of social support should be carefully devised, keeping in mind the cognitive function levels of the target recipients.
Water, sanitation and hygiene practices associated with improved height-for-age, weight-for-height and weight-for-age z-scores in Nepal.
Authors: Shrestha Som Kumar , Vicendese Don , Erbas Bircan
Published: February 2020

Background: Evidence of the influence of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) behaviors on childhood nutritional status is inconsistent. Few studies have examined their interactive effects. This study aimed to examine associations and interactions between WASH variables and preschool child undernutrition. Methods: Data from a nationally representative sample of 2352 children assessed during the 2016 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey were analyzed by multi-variable linear regression to understand the association between height-for-age (HAZ), weight-for-height (WHZ) and weight-for-age (WAZ) z-scores and WASH variables. Interactions between WASH variables, sex and area of residence on childhood nutritional status were also examined. Results: The mean z-score [standard deviation] for children’s WAZ, HAZ and WHZ scores were -1.33 [1.1], -1.52 [1.3] and -0.65 [1.1], respectively. A unit increase in cluster sanitation coverage was associated with an increase of 0.30 (95%CI: 0.12 to 0.48) for WAZ and 0.28 (95%CI: 0.001 to 0.56) for HAZ scores. Household water purification practice was associated with an increase of 0.24 (95%CI: 0.07 to 0.41) in WHZ score. Handwashing practice with water and soap was associated with an increase of 0.15 (95%CI: 0.04 to 0.25) in WAZ and 0.13 (95%CI: 0.01 to 0.24) in WHZ scores. The effect of water purification practice was higher for rural areas compared to urban settings for HAZ scores (p-value for interaction=0.02). Conclusions: Consistent with findings from other countries in the South Asian region, findings of this study highlight the potential importance of good WASH practices, and therefore the potential of WASH interventions, to contribute to improved nutritional status in rural Nepal.
HOXB4 promotes the malignant progression of ovarian cancer via DHDDS
Authors: Li Na , Gou Jin-hai , Xiong Jiao , You Juan-juan , Li Zhengyu
Published: February 2020

Background : Homeobox B4 (HOXB4) is correlated with poor prognosis of various cancer types. However, how HOXB4 promotes ovarian cancer (OV) progression remains unclear. Methods : The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database indicated that a high level of HOXB4 in OV was correlated with poor prognosis. The biological functions of HOXB4 were confirmed by colony formation, migration, and invasion assays. The effect of HOXB4 on the expression of EMT cell markers was determined. The transcriptional target of HOXB4 was DHDDS, which was detected by a ChIP assay. A xenograft tumor model was generated in nude mice to detect the role of HOXB4 in tumor proliferation and metastasis. Results : The results showed that HOXB4 protein levels were higher in OV tissues than in normal tissues and correlated with poor prognosis of OV. HOXB4 reduction inhibited the proliferation and invasion ability of OV cells in vitro. Conversely, these effects were enhanced by the upregulation of HOXB4 in OV cells. The binding of HOXB4 to two DNA motifs regulated DHDDS expression and contributed to the malignant progression of OV. The role of HOXB4 in contributing to tumor development in vivo was verified in mice. Further results indicated that HOXB4 induced Snail and Zeb1 expression. Conclusion : Overall, HOXB4 overexpression was remarkably correlated with poor prognosis of OV. Mechanistically, HOXB4 enhances the proliferation and invasion of tumor cells by activating DHDDS, thereby promoting the malignant progression of OV.
Juvenile diet quality and intensity of sexual conflict in the mite Sancassania berlesei
Authors: Łukasiewicz Aleksandra
Published: February 2020

Background Differing evolutionary interests of males and females may result in sexual conflict, whereby traits or behaviours that are beneficial for male reproductive success (e.g., traits related to male-male competition) are costly for females. Since sexual conflict plays an important role in areas such as speciation, population persistence or evolution of life history traits, understanding what factors modulate the intensity of sexual conflict is important. This study aims to examine juvenile diet quality as one of the underestimated ecological factors that may affect the intensity of sexual conflict via individual conditions. I used food manipulation during the development of the mite Sancassania berlesei to investigate the effects on male reproductive behaviour and competitiveness, male-induced harm to female fitness and female resistance to this harm. Results Males that were exposed to low-quality food started mating later than the control males, and number of their mating attempts were decreased compared to those of control males. Moreover, males from the low-quality diet treatment sired fewer offspring in a competitive situation than males from the control treatment. However, the fitness of females exposed to males reared on a poor diet did not differ from that of females mated with control males. Furthermore, female diet quality did not alter their resistance to male-induced harm. Conclusion Overall, diet quality manipulation affected male reproductive behaviour and mating success. However, I found no evidence that the intensity of sexual conflict in S. berlesei depends on male or female conditions. Investigating a broad range of environmental factors will provide a better understanding of sexual conflict dynamics and its feedback into associated evolutionary mechanisms.
Situations of using white lie during patient care: a qualitative study into nurses’ perspectives
Authors: nasrabadi Alireza Nikbakht , joolaee soodabeh , Navab Elham , esmaeilie Maryam , shali mahboobe
Published: February 2020

Background: Receiving accurate and complete information about diagnosis, prognosis, and treatments is among patients’ rights in healthcare systems. Although all healthcare providers have the same viewpoint about truth-telling in the process of treatment, sometimes truths are not told to patients or they are told a “white lie”. The aim of the study was to explore nurses’ experiences of the situations of using white lie during patient care. Methods: This qualitative descriptive study was conducted in 2018. Participants were eighteen hospital nurses purposively recruited with maximum variation from ten hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Sampling and data collection were continued up to data saturation. Data analysis was done concurrently with data collection through conventional content analysis. Results: Situations of using white-lie-telling by nurses during patient care resulted in eleven subcategories and four main categories. The main categories of the study were the crisis of hope, bad news, cultural diversity, and nurses’ limited professional competence. Conclusion: Professional knowledge, skills, and experience are needed for establishing effective communication with patients and providing them with accurate information even about bitter truths. Nurses’ communication with patients needs to be established based on adequate knowledge about the cultures of patients and healthcare organizations, and should aim to maintain patients’ hope and motivation for treatments and, should help them make accurate decisions.
Genome-wide investigation of the AP2/ERF superfamily and their expression under salt stress in Chinese willow (Salix matsudana)
Authors: Chen Yanhong , Jiang Yuna , Liu Guoyuan , Yu Chunmei , Lian Bolin , Zhong Fei , Feng Wenxiang , Zhang Jian
Published: February 2020

Background: AP2/ERF transcription factors (TFs) play indispensable roles in plant growth, development, and especially in various abiotic stresses responses. The AP2/ERF TF family has been discovered and classified in more than 50 species, including model plants, horticulture plants, crops, and trees. Many AP2/ERF TFs from various species have been functionally characterized. However, little is known about the AP2/ERF gene family of Chinese willow (Salix matsudana), which is a tetraploid ornamental tree species that is widely planted and is also considered a species that can improve the soil salinity of coastal beaches. The recently produced whole genome sequencing data of Salix matsudana allowed us to conduct an evolutionary analysis on the AP2/ERF genes during polyploidization and study the genome-wide expression profiles of AP2/ERF genes in Salix matsudana under salt stress. Results: In this study, 364 AP2/ERF genes of Salix matsudana (SmAP2/ERF) were identified and renamed according to the chromosomal location of the SmAP2/ERF genes. After phylogenetic analysis with known categories of genes from other species, the AP2/ERF genes were divided into three subfamilies: AP2 (55 members), ERF (301 members), and RAV (six members). Two Soloist genes were also identified. Gene structure and conserved motifs were analyzed in AP2/ERF genes, and introns were not found in most genes of the ERF subfamily, although some unique motifs were found to be important for the function of AP2/ERF genes. Syntenic relationships between the SmAP2/ERF genes and AP2/ERF genes from other species were also investigated to elucidate their evolutionary relationships during polyploidization. Moreover, analyses on the expression profiles under salt stress were also conducted.Conclusion: The progenitors of Salix matsudana underwent whole genome duplication not more than 10 Mya. Synteny analysis with other species showed macrosynteny between willow and poplar AP2/ERF genes and that Salix matsudana is genetically more closely related to Populus trichocarpa than to Salix purpurea. Further investigation of the AP2/ERF TFs demonstrated that differential expression patterns during salt stress and this information can help reveal the mechanism of salt tolerance regulation in Salix matsudana.
VviERF6Ls: an expanded clade in Vitis responds transcriptionally to abiotic and biotic stresses and berry development
Authors: Toups Haley S. , Cochetel Noé , Gray Dennis , Cramer Grant R.
Published: February 2020

Background VviERF6Ls are an uncharacterized gene clade in Vitis with only distant Arabidopsis orthologs. Preliminary data indicated these transcription factors may play a role in berry development and extreme abiotic stress responses. To better understand this highly duplicated, conserved clade, additional members of the clade were identified in four Vitis genotypes. A meta-data analysis was performed on publicly available microarray and RNA-Seq data (confirmed and expanded with RT-qPCR), and a Vitis VviERF6L1 overexpression line was established and characterized with phenotyping and RNA-Seq. Results A total of 18 PN40024 VviERF6Ls were identified; additional VviERF6Ls were identified in Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, and Carménère. The amino acid sequences of VviERF6Ls were found to be highly conserved. VviERF6L transcripts were detected in numerous plant organs and were differentially expressed in response to numerous abiotic stresses including water deficit, salinity, and cold as well as biotic stresses such as red blotch virus, N. parvum , and E. necator . VviERF6Ls were differentially expressed across stages of berry development, peaking in the pre-veraison/veraison stage, and retaining conserved expression patterns across different vineyards, years, and Vitis cultivars. Co-expression network analysis identified a scarecrow-like transcription factor and a calmodulin-like gene with highly similar expression profiles to the VviERF6L clade. Overexpression of VviERF6L1 in a Seyval Blanc background did not result in detectable morphological phenotypes. Genes differentially expressed in response to VviERF6L1 overexpression were associated with abiotic and biotic stress responses. Conclusions VviERF6Ls represent a large and distinct clade of ERF transcription factors in grapevine. The high conservation of protein sequence between these 18 transcription factors may indicate these genes originate from a duplication event in Vitis . Despite high sequence similarity and similar expression patterns, VviERF6Ls demonstrate unique levels of expression supported by similar but heterogeneous promoter sequences. VviERF6L gene expression differed between Vitis species, cultivars and organs including roots, leaves and berries. These genes respond to berry development and abiotic and biotic stresses. VviERF6L1 overexpression in Vitis vinifera results in differential expression of genes related to phytohormone and immune system signaling. Further investigation of this interesting gene family is warranted.
Engagement Complications of Adolescents with Borderline Personality Disorder: Navigating Through a Zone of Turbulence
Authors: Desrosiers Lyne , St-Jean Micheline , Laporte Lise , Lord Marie-Michèle
Published: February 2020

Background: Premature treatment discontinuation is a widespread phenomenon in child and adolescent mental health services that impacts treatment benefits and costs of care. Studies of specialized care for adolescents with BPD show that almost 40% of them do not complete treatment. Given that recurrence of suicidal behaviour is one of the main symptoms of BPD, and that the presence of past suicidal attempts is a strong predictor of subsequent attempts in young people, difficulties with treatment engagement in this population needs to be given special consideration. The aim of this study was to describe the process of treatment disengagement and identify warning signs that foreshadow dropouts of adolescents with BPD.Methods: A constructivist grounded theory method was used. Thirty-three interviews with 3 groups of informants (adolescent, parent, clinician) were conducted to document 11 treatment trajectories.Results: Disengagement is preceded by engagement complications, which may sometimes go unnoticed. These will unfold according to a three-step sequence starting with negative emotions associated with the appropriateness of treatment, the therapeutic relationship or the vicissitudes of treatment, followed by treatment interfering attitudes and openly disengaged behaviours. These engagement complications lead the way towards the development of a “zone of turbulence” which creates a vulnerable and unstable therapeutic process.Conclusion: Engagement complications which arise during therapy illustrate how the initial engagement of adolescents with BPD and of their parents for treatment is neither static nor certain, but subject to fluctuating emotions and perceptions. This implies that engagement can never be taken for granted and must constantly be monitored during the therapeutic process. Maintaining the engagement of adolescents with BPD should be a therapeutic objective akin to reducing symptomatology or improving psychosocial functioning, and should therefore be given the same attention.