bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nongenital warts: clinical features and recommended treatment
Authors: Hussain Fawad , Ormerod Anthony
Published: December 2009

Viral warts are one of the most common cutaneous diseases, and treatment can be difficult and frustrating with frequent failures. In our Drug review we discuss the clinical presentations and treatment options, followed by sources of further information. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Interface Ltd
Antithrombotic failure and aspirin and clopidogrel resistance
Authors: Waller James , Waller Derek
Published: December 2009

Despite antiplatelet therapy for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular events, many patients will still experience clinical events – in some cases this may be due to drug resistance. Here, the authors discuss the mechanism of platelet inhibition and the relationship between laboratory resistance and clinical events. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Interface Ltd
Role of transmucosal opioids in managing breakthrough pain
Authors: Zeppetella John
Published: December 2009

Dr Zeppetella describes the features of breakthrough pain and its management with transmucosal opioids. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Interface Ltd
Control of interface between HfO2 and air‐exposed InGaAs by ultrathin Si interface control layer
Authors: Akazawa Masamichi , Hasegawa H.
Published: December 2009

This paper attempts to control the interface between the air‐exposed InGaAs wafer and a high‐k dielectric by the Si interface control layer (ICL) technique. As the high‐k insulator, HfO2 film was formed by atomic layer deposition (ALD). Prior to a molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth of the Si ICL, efforts were made to minimize native oxide components from the InGaAs surface by various wet surface treatment. After the growth of the Si ICL, an ultrathin SiNx layer was formed by in‐situ partial nitridation of the Si ICL to prevent a subcutaneous oxidation during the sample transfer in air to the ALD chamber. Surface/interface properties were characterized by in‐situ X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) at each step of interface formation. By using HF‐based cleaning, interface bonding configurations similar to those obtained by in‐situ UHV process was realized with no trace of native oxide components. As compared with the ALD HfO2/InGaAs metal‐insulator‐semiconductor (MIS) structure which showed existence of strong Fermi level pinning, insertion of the Si ICL achieved large reduction of interface state density, Dit, giving a minimum value of 2x1011 eV‐1cm‐2. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
SXPS study of model GaAs(100)/electrolyte interface
Authors: Lebedev Mikhail V. , Mankel Eric , Mayer Thomas , Jaegermann Wolfram
Published: December 2009

Model GaAs(100)/electrolyte interfaces are prepared in vacuum by co‐adsorption of Cl2 and 2‐propanol molecules at LN2 temperature. On adsorption of Cl2 molecules gallium chlorides, elemental arsenic and arsenic chlorides are formed. Co‐adsorption of 2‐propanol causes formation of additional GaCl3 and AsCl, as well as soluble/volatile As‐based complexes, which are released from the surface depleting the sur‐ face by arsenic. Comparison of the As 3d and Ga 3d spectra obtained after heating the model interface to room temperature with the corresponding spectra obtained after emersion of the GaAs(100) surface from HCl/2‐propanol solution allows to conclude that in HCl solution Cl– ions attack gallium sites and H+ ions mostly attack arsenic sites. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Platinum nanoparticles deposited on wide‐bandgap semiconductor surfaces for catalytic applications
Authors: Schäfer Susanne , Wyrzgol Sonja A. , Wang Yizhen , Lercher Johannes A. , Stutzmann Martin
Published: December 2009

With the aim of the electronic control of catalytic processes, nano‐sized Schottky diodes were fabricated by physical vapour deposition (PVD) as well as spincoating of platinum nanoparticles to n‐GaN surfaces. Both methods were suitable to achieve defined coverages, which were in the range of 45% to 95% for PVD particles and 1% to multilayers for spin‐coated particles, as investigated by atomic force microscopy. A catalytic conversion of 1% was observed for PVD samples for the hydrogenation of ethene to ethane. The surface properties were investigated by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ab initio investigation of the LiNbO3 (0001) surface
Authors: Sanna Simone , Gavrilenko Alexander V. , Schmidt Wolf Gero
Published: December 2009

The polar surfaces of ferroelectric LiNbO3 have been investigated by an ab initio thermodynamical approach. Basing on density functional theory total energy calculations, we discuss the relative stability of a series of candidate surface structures with varying stoichiometry and surface reconstruction in dependence on the chemical environment. We determine the equilibrium geometry for the positively and negatively polarised surfaces and then discuss the influence of different stabilising mechanisms on the preferred terminations. Positive and negative surfaces are found to have different structure, stoichiometry and ionisation energy. The positive surface is found to contain more oxygen than the negative surface at similar conditions. Different stabilisation mechanisms like stoichiometry modification and reconstruction contribute to stabilise the polar surfaces (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Inhibition of hepatoma 22 tumor by Liquiritigenin
Authors: Zhou Ming , Higo Haruo , Cai Yunqing
Published: December 2009

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vivo antitumor effects of liquiritigenin (LQ) on H22 Hepatocarcinoma. After mice were administrated liquiritigenin (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) intragastrically for 15 days, tumor volume, indices of thymus and spleen, MDA level in serum, optical microscopy, electron microscopy were determined. We have found that LQ had inhibitory effects on transplanted tumors and that the middle dose of LQ was more effective than the others. All LQ groups could increase thymus weight but it had no obvious effect on the spleen. MDA content decreased with LQ treatment but there wasn't a significant difference. In the group treated with LQ, we observed that the nuclei changed markedly and had ultrastructural morphological changes to apoptosis. The study supports that LQ significantly inhibits the growth of H22 in vivo, and might be a promising antihepatoma agent. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Athamanta turbith fruit essential oils on CCl4‐induced hepatic failure in mice and their antioxidant properties
Authors: Ana Tomić , Biljana Božin , Isidora Samojlik , Marina Milenković , Neda Mimica‐Dukić , Silvana Petrović
Published: November 2009

The effects of essential oils isolated from mature fruits of Athamanta turbith ssp. hungarica (Borbás) Tutin and A. turbith ssp. haynaldii (Borbás & Uechtr.) Tutin (Umbelliferae) on some liver biochemical parameters in mice intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride were investigated. Pretreatment with both essential oils extenuated the effects caused by carbon tetrachloride. In order to investigate in vitro antioxidant properties of the oils, three methods were applied: scavenging of both 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and OH radicals, as well as a test of inhibition of Fe2+/ascorbic‐induced lipid peroxidation. Investigated essential oils exhibited modest antioxidant capacity. Therefore, their influence on biochemical parameters in intoxicated animals might be linked to the inhibition of enzymes (cytochrome P450 2E1) involved in metabolic activation of halomethanes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Boswellia frereana(frankincense) suppresses cytokine‐induced matrix metalloproteinase expression and production of pro‐inflammatory molecules in articular cartilage
Authors: Blain Emma J. , Ali Ahmed Y. , Duance Victor C.
Published: November 2009

The aim of this study was to assess the anti‐inflammatory efficacy ofBoswellia frereanaextracts in anin vitromodel of cartilage degeneration and determine its potential as a therapy for treating osteoarthritis. Cartilage degradation was inducedin vitroby treating explants with 5 ng/ml interleukin1α (IL‐1α) and 10 ng/ml oncostatin M (OSM) over a 28‐day period, in the presence or absence of 100 μg/mlB. frereana. Treatment of IL‐1α/OSM stimulated cartilage explants withB. frereanainhibited the breakdown of the collagenous matrix.B. frereanareduced MMP9 and MMP13 mRNA levels, inhibited MMP9 expression and activation, and significantly reduced the production of nitrite (stable end product of nitric oxide), prostaglandin E2 and cycloxygenase‐2.Epi‐lupeol was identified as the principal constituent ofB. frereana.This is the first report on the novel anti‐inflammatory properties ofBoswellia frereanain anin vitromodel of cartilage degradation. We have demonstrated thatB. frereanaprevents collagen degradation, and inhibits the production of pro‐inflammatory mediators and MMPs. Due to its efficacy we propose thatB. frereanashould be examined further as a potential therapeutic agent for treating inflammatory symptoms associated with arthritis. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Water quality in the southern Tibetan Plateau: chemical evaluation of the Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra)
Authors: Huang X. , Sillanpää M. , Gjessing E. T. , Peräniemi S. , Vogt R. D.
Published: December 2009

Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra) is the largest river system draining the northern slopes of the Himalayan ranges on the southern Tibetan Plateau. It remains one of only two large non‐regulated rivers in China. In this paper the chemical composition of Yarlung Tsangpo and its major tributaries (Raga Tsangpo, Nyangchu and Lhasa River) are studied. Water samples (n = 55) were collected and measured for major ions, trace elements and nutrients in order to: (1) define the present chemical quality of this water course; (2) address possible mechanisms governing the water chemical compositions, and (3) identify potential sources for contaminants. Multivariable analysis shows that geology and climate are the major explanatory variables for the spatial variation in water chemistry in this river system. In general, water chemistry is mainly controlled by carbonate weathering, with Ca2+ and HCO being the dominant ions. In addition, runoff from brackish/saline lakes and geothermal waters, enriched in Na+, Cl−, SO, Mg2+ and Li, are major contributors of elevated concentrations of these solutes in the headwater regions resulting in a relatively high loading of total dissolved solids (TDS, 146–397 mg L−1). Levels of most heavy metals and total dissolved nutrients were generally found to be low. However, elevated As concentration (avg. 95 μg L−1) in the headwaters and additions from untreated wastewater were evident at some locations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of substrate surface roughness on microstrip transmission line loss using conventional analyses and length‐scale fractal analysis
Authors: Vincent Tracey , Powers Brendan , Bar‐On Isa
Published: December 2009

Two components of conductor topography can impact conductor loss for signals in the GHz frequency range: conductor–ceramic interface roughness and conductor edge angle. This study is an experimental investigation of the influence of these conductor topographies on conductor loss in microstrip circuits produced by thick‐film technology. The aluminum nitride ceramic substrates have different surface roughnesses due to different surface finish processes. The substrate surfaces were characterized using conventional and length‐scale fractal analysis. The conductor–ceramic interface was measured with a contact profilometer. The conductor edge angle and conductor edge profile were measured optically. It was found that there is a direct correlation between conductor loss and conductor edge angle, whereas there is an inverse correlation between loss and substrate roughness or relative length of the conductor–ceramic interface. This is the opposite result to the conventional expectation of surface roughness effects on conductor loss. There is also a negative correlation between conductor edge angle and surface roughness or relative length. The loss behavior can be explained by the interaction of the conductor paste with the surfaces during processing. The paste tends to spread more on the smoother surfaces, and thus creates an elongated edge of diminishing cross‐section and a small edge angle. This leads to greater conductor loss. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theoretical Efficiency of Nanostructured Graphene‐Based Photovoltaics
Authors: Yong Virginia , Tour James M.
Published: November 2009

Graphene‐based organic photovoltaics (OPVs) have the potential for single‐cell efficiencies exceeding 12% (and 24% in a stacked structure). A generalized equivalent circuit for OPVs is proposed and the validation of the proposed models is verified by simulation. The simulated short‐circuit photocurrent density (computed using the simulated incident photon flux density and quantum yield), simulated current–voltage curve, and simulated 3D surface and 2D contour plots of solar‐power‐conversion efficiency versus carrier mobility and photoactive layer thickness are in good agreement with experimental observations. The results suggest that graphene renders a credible material for the construction of next‐generation flexible solar‐energy‐conversion devices that are low‐cost, high‐efficiency, thermally stable, environmentally friendly, and lightweight.
Prenatal diagnosis of congenital agenesis of the fetal portal venous system
Authors: Achiron R. , Gindes L. , Kivilevitch Z. , Kuint J. , Kidron D. , Boyanover Y. , Yakobson J. , Heggesh J.
Published: December 2009

Objective

To describe the prenatal diagnosis and review our experience of fetal congenital agenesis of the portal venous system (CAPVS) and to review the current literature on this poorly documented vascular malformation.

Methods

This was a retrospective survey covering the 12‐year period between 1996 and 2008. The database of a single, large, ultrasonographic tertiary academic referral center in Israel was analyzed and cases with a prenatal diagnosis of CAPVS were identified. All fetuses underwent detailed biometric and structural ultrasound examinations and a precise anatomical description of the fetal umbilical, portal and hepatic venous system was noted, as well as the presence of aberrant vessels, shunt location and the presence or absence of the DV. Results of fetal echocardiography, karyotyping and toxoplasma, rubella, cytomegalovirus and herpes evaluations were determined. Medical records were evaluated. Diagnosis was confirmed by pathology, postmortem venography or neonatal ultrasound or venography. Liveborns were examined by a certified neonatologist and long‐term follow‐up from pediatric gastroenterology units was determined.

Results

Nine cases with CAPVS were studied. In all cases an aberrant umbilical–portal vein was the primary indication for detailed portal system evaluation. Five fetuses demonstrated total CAPVS (Type I) and four showed partial agenesis of the portal vein (Type II). Among the five Type I fetuses, there was a shunt from the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava in three (60%), to the right atrium in one and to the coronary sinus in one. In this group, in only one case could we delineate a common confluence between the splenic vein and the superior mesenteric vein shunting to the inferior vena cava. In four cases termination of pregnancy was performed due to additional findings: one case with hydrothorax, ascites and mitral atresia, one with cleft lip/palate and one with trisomy 21. One case had no additional anomalies, but the parents elected to terminate the pregnancy. All four of the Type II fetuses had a portosystemic shunt: in two cases to the right atrium, in one to the iliac vein and in one to the right hepatic vein. In three, the shunt resolved spontaneously. In only one case was abnormal liver function present over a follow‐up period of 2–10 years.

Conclusion

CAPVS can be detected prenatally. An abnormal course of the umbilical vein necessitates prompt sonographic evaluation of the umbilical–portal venous system and meticulous investigation for additional anomalies. Complete CAPVS may be associated with remote clinical consequences of which the parents should be informed. Partial CAPVS has a favorable prognosis. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Doppler indices of the middle cerebral artery in fetuses with cardiac defects theoretically associated with impaired cerebral oxygen delivery in utero: is there a brain‐sparing effect?
Authors: Berg C. , Gembruch O. , Gembruch U. , Geipel A.
Published: December 2009

Objectives

To assess changes in the Doppler flow profiles of the middle cerebral artery in fetuses with cardiac defects theoretically associated with impaired cerebral oxygen delivery in utero.

Methods

Z‐scores were calculated for pulsatility and resistance indices (PI and RI, respectively) of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and the cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) between 19 and 41 weeks' gestation, and for head circumference at birth (HC), in 113 fetuses with the following isolated cardiac defects: transposition of the great arteries (TGA; n = 18), hypoplastic left heart (HLH; n = 46), severe aortic stenosis (n = 17), pulmonary atresia (n = 18) and tetralogy of Fallot (TOF; n = 14). Pregnancies with uteroplacental dysfunction (indicated by increased uterine and/or umbilical Doppler indices), growth restriction, extracardiac malformations, chromosomal anomalies as well as multiple pregnancies were excluded to avoid any additional hypoxemic effect as strictly as possible. The results were compared with 1378 normal controls.

Results

Fetuses with pulmonary atresia, severe aortic stenosis and TOF had no significant alterations of Doppler parameters or HC at birth. In fetuses with TGA, mean Z‐scores of HC at birth were significantly smaller compared with controls (mean ± SD, −0.73 ± 1.25; P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference in the Doppler parameters. Fetuses with HLH had significantly lower MCA‐PI (−0.57 ± 0.74; P < 0.05), MCA‐RI (−0.73 ± 0.85; P < 0.05), CPR (−1.44 ± 1.05; P < 0.05) and HC (−0.50 ± 1.24; P < 0.05) Z‐scores compared with controls.

Conclusions

Fetuses with cardiac defects theoretically associated with markedly impaired cerebral oxygen delivery in utero (TGA and HLH) have smaller HCs at birth. However, only fetuses with HLH have cerebrovascular alterations that are detectable by evaluation of the Doppler indices MCA‐PI, MCA‐RI and CPR. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simple analytical wind park model considering atmospheric stability
Authors: Emeis S.
Published: December 2009

The analytical top‐down wind park model by Emeis and Frandsen1 is enhanced by consistently making both the downward momentum flux and the momentum loss at the rough surface dependent on atmospheric stability. Specifying the surface roughness underneath the turbines in a wind farm in the model gives the opportunity to investigate principal differences between onshore and offshore wind parks, because the roughness length of the sea surface is two to three orders of magnitude lower than the roughness length of land surfaces. Implications for the necessary distance between single turbines in offshore wind farms and the distance between neighbouring wind parks are computed. It turns out from the model simulations that over smooth surfaces offshore the wind speed reduction at hub height in a wind farm is larger than over rough onshore surfaces given the same density of turbines within the park. Mean wind profiles within the park are also calculated from this model. Offshore wind farms must have a larger distance between each other in order to avoid shadowing effects of the upstream farm. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of variance concepts and computations
Authors: Muller Keith E.
Published: December 2009

The analysis of variance (ANOVA) compares means among three or more groups of observations defined by a categorical variable. Any discussion of ANOVA involves intertwined considerations of (1) scientifically informed study design, (2) computational methods, and (3) statistical theory. Our understanding advances at roughly at the same rate in all three aspects. The earliest ANOVA methods were developed in 1925 and required independent Gaussian observations with common variance. The years 1925–1950 saw the flowering of complex variations for evaluating two or more grouping variables (factors) and the possibility of interaction among factors. An interaction occurs whenever the effect of one factor differs across levels of the other. Requiring equal numbers of observations in each group allowed developing sums‐of‐squares formulas practical for electromechanical calculators. The widespread adoption of digital electronic computers during 1950–1975 stimulated a shift to regression‐based calculations allowing unequal group sizes and the use of multivariate methods. During 1975–2000, statisticians generalized ANOVA based on mixed models to allow missing data. The more general methods require iterative solutions of nonlinear systems of equations. The dominance of the mixed‐model approach creates vulnerabilities to computing and modeling errors in practice. Basic numerical analysis concerns (variable scaling, location shift, and error accumulation) can interact badly with some types of coding dummy variables and covariance model selection. Future directions include automation of access to computation and assumption diagnostics. The proliferation of data with large numbers of variables or observations presents challenges at all three interfaces of scientific modeling, computing, and statistical theory. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

This article is categorized under:

Statistical Models > Linear Models

Statistical Models > Classification Models
Nutritional status of selenium in Alzheimer's disease patients
Authors: Cardoso Bárbara Rita , Ong Thomas Prates , Jacob-Filho Wilson , Jaluul Omar , Freitas Maria Isabel d'Ávila , Cozzolino Silvia M. Franciscato
Published: December 2009

Studies have shown that various antioxidants are decreased in different age-related degenerative diseases and thus, oxidative stress would have a central role in the pathogenesis of many disorders that involve neuronal degeneration, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present study aimed to assess the nutritional status of Se in AD patients and to compare with control subjects with normal cognitive function. The case–control study was carried out on a group of elderly with AD (n 28) and compared with a control group (n 29), both aged between 60 and 89 years. Se intake was evaluated by using a 3-d dietary food record. Se was evaluated in plasma, erythrocytes and nails by using the method of hydride generation atomic absorption spectroscopy. Deficient Se intake was largely observed in the AD group. AD patients showed significantly lower Se levels in plasma, erythrocytes and nails (32·59 μg/l, 43·74 μg/l and 0·302 μg/g) when compared with the control group (50·99 μg/l, 79·16 μg/l and 0·400 μg/g). The results allowed us to suggest that AD has an important relation with Se deficiency.
Ellagic acid inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of enzymes involved in the synthesis of prostaglandin E2in human monocytes
Authors: Karlsson Sofia , Nånberg Eewa , Fjaeraa Christina , Wijkander Jonny
Published: December 2009

Ellagic acid, a natural polyphenol found in certain fruits, nuts and vegetables, has in recent years been the subject of intense research within the fields of cancer and inflammation. Pain, fever and swelling, all typical symptoms of inflammation, are ascribed to elevated levels of PGE2. In the present study, we have investigated the effects of ellagic acid on PGE2release and on prostaglandin-synthesising enzymes in human monocytes. Ellagic acid was found to inhibit Ca ionophore A23187-, phorbol myristate acetate- and opsonised zymosan-induced release of PGE2from monocytes pre-treated with the inflammatory agent lipopolysaccharide. Ellagic acid suppressed the lipopolysaccharide-induced increase in protein expression of cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2), microsomal PGE synthase-1 (mPGEs-1) and cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α), while it had no effect on the constitutively expressed COX-1 protein. Ellagic acid had no apparent inhibitory effect on these enzymes when the activities were determined in cell-free assays. We conclude that the inhibitory effect of ellagic acid on PGE2release from monocytes is due to a suppressed expression of COX-2, mPGEs-1 and cPLA2α, rather than a direct effect on the activities of these enzymes.
The resilience of the logarithmic law to pressure gradients: evidence from direct numerical simulation
Authors: JOHNSTONE RODERICK , COLEMAN GARY N. , SPALART PHILIPPE R.
Published: December 2009

Wall-bounded turbulence in pressure gradients is studied using direct numerical simulation (DNS) of a Couette–Poiseuille flow. The motivation is to include adverse pressure gradients, to complement the favourable ones present in the well-studied Poiseuille flow, and the central question is how the scaling laws react to a gradient in the total shear stress or equivalently to a pressure gradient. In the case considered here, the ratio of local stress to wall stress, namely τ+, ranges from roughly 2/3 to 3/2 in the ‘wall region’. By this we mean the layer believed not to be influenced by the opposite wall and therefore open to simple, universal behaviour. The normalized pressure gradients p+ ≡ dτ+/dy+ at the two walls are −0.00057 and +0.0037. The outcome is in broad agreement with the findings of Galbraith, Sjolander & Head (Aeronaut. Quart. vol. 27, 1977, pp. 229–242) relating to boundary layers (based on measured profiles): the logarithmic velocity profile is much more resilient than two other, equally plausible assumptions, namely universality of the mixing length ℓ = κy and that of the eddy viscosity νt = uτκy. In pressure gradients, with τ+ ≠ 1, these three come into conflict, and our primary purpose is to compare them. We consider that the Kármán constant κ is unique but allow a range from 0.38 to 0.41, consistent with the current debates. It makes a minor difference in the interpretation. This finding of resilience appears new as a DNS result and is free of the experimental uncertainty over skin friction. It is not as distinct in the (rather strong) adverse gradient as it is in the favourable one; for instance the velocity U+ at y+ = 50 is lower by 3% on the adverse gradient side. A plausible cause is that the wall shear stress is small and somewhat overwhelmed by the stress and kinetic energy in the bulk of the flow. The potential of a correction to the ‘law of the wall’ based purely on p+ is examined, with mixed results. We view the preference for the log law as somewhat counter-intuitive in that the scaling law is non-local but also as becoming established and as highly relevant to turbulence modelling.
Decision Support from Genetic Algorithms for Ship Collision Avoidance Route Planning and Alerts
Authors: Tsou Ming-Cheng , Kao Sheng-Long , Su Chien-Min
Published: December 2009

When an officer of the watch (OOW) faces complicated marine traffic, a suitable decision support tool could be employed in support of collision avoidance decisions, to reduce the burden and greatly improve the safety of marine traffic. Decisions on routes to avoid collisions could also consider economy as well as safety. Through simulating the biological evolution model, this research adopts the genetic algorithm used in artificial intelligence to find a theoretically safety-critical recommendation for the shortest route of collision avoidance from an economic viewpoint, combining the international regulations for preventing collisions at sea (COLREGS) and the safety domain of a ship. Based on this recommendation, an optimal safe avoidance turning angle, navigation restoration time and navigational restoration angle will also be provided. A Geographic Information System (GIS) will be used as the platform for display and operation. In order to achieve advance notice of alerts and due preparation for collision avoidance, a Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) operator and the OOW can use this system as a reference to assess collision avoidance at present location.
Improving Loran Coverage with Low Power Transmitters
Authors: Lo Sherman C. , Peterson Benjamin B. , Hardy Tim , Enge Per K.
Published: December 2009

Enhanced Loran (eLoran) is currently being implemented to provide back up to global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) in many critical and essential applications. In order to accomplish this, eLoran needs to provide a high level of availability throughout its desired coverage area. While the current Loran system is generally capable of accomplishing this, worldwide, there remain a number of known areas where improved coverage is desirable or necessary. One example is in the middle of the continental United States where the transmitter density is not adequate for providing the desired availability for applications such as aviation in some parts. This paper examines the use of lower power, existing assets such as differential GPS (DGPS) and Ground Wave Emergency Network (GWEN) stations to enhance coverage and fill these gaps. Two areas covered by the paper are the feasibility and performance benefits of using the antennas at these sites.

Using DGPS, GWEN or other existing low frequency (LF) broadcast towers requires the consideration of several factors. The first is the ability of the transmitting equipment to efficiently broadcast on these antennas, which are significantly shorter than those at a Loran station. Recent tests at the US Coast Guard Loran Support Unit (LSU) demonstrated the performance of a more efficient transmitter. This technology allows for the effective use of smaller antennas at lower power levels. Second is the ability to broadcast a navigation signal that is compatible with the Loran system and the potential DPGS broadcast (when using a DGPS antenna). The paper examines some possibilities for navigation signals. The goal is to develop a suitable low power signal that enhances navigation and is feasible for the transmission system.

The second part of the paper examines the benefits of using these stations. The benefits depend on the location of the stations and the ability seamlessly to integrate them within the existing Loran infrastructure. Analysis of these factors is presented and the coverage benefits are examined.
Strategic Conflict Detection and Resolution Using Aircraft Intent Information
Authors: Porretta Marco , Schuster Wolfgang , Majumdar Arnab , Ochieng Washington
Published: December 2009

A number of automated decision support tools will be required in the future air traffic management system to enable continued provision of safe and efficient services in increasingly congested skies. In particular, Conflict Detection and Resolution (CDR) tools should allow for early detection of possible conflicts and propose safe and efficient resolution manoeuvres to avoid loss of separation. However, current approaches in the open literature not only use different levels of aircraft intent information but also make a number of assumptions on models of aircraft motion. Furthermore, information relevant to aircraft performance is often not considered with the consequence of the resulting resolution strategies being potentially unreliable. This paper presents an enhanced, strategic, pairwise, performance-based and distributed CDR algorithm. It accounts for the weaknesses of current approaches by using the maximum level of aircraft intent information together with a novel trajectory prediction model. Numerical results for representative conflict scenarios show that the proposed CDR method is able to generate conflict-free trajectories for participating aircraft while taking into account the actual aircraft capabilities to perform the recommended resolution manoeuvres.
Influenza-attributable mortality in Australians aged more than 50 years: a comparison of different modelling approaches
Authors: NEWALL A. T. , VIBOUD C. , WOOD J. G.
Published: November 2009

This study aimed to compare systematically approaches to estimating influenza-attributable mortality in older Australians. Using monthly age-specific death data together with viral surveillance counts for influenza and respiratory syncytial virus, we explored two of the most frequently used methods of estimating excess influenza-attributable disease: Poisson and Serfling regression models. These approaches produced consistent age and temporal patterns in estimates of influenza-attributable mortality in older Australians but some variation in the magnitude of the disease burden. Of Australians aged >50 years, average annual estimated influenza-attributable deaths (all cause) ranged from 2314 to 3457 for the Serfling and Poisson regression models, respectively. The excess influenza-attributable disease burden was substantial under all approaches.
Gorse seed bank variability in maritime pine stands
Authors: Gonzalez Maya , Mathieu Alexis , Augusto Laurent , Gire Céline , Bakker Mark R. , Budynek Anne
Published: December 2009

European gorse (Ulex europaeusL.) is a spiny shrub that grows spontaneously in the understorey of forests and heathlands in western Europe. Gorse is a pioneer species and forms large seed banks that can persist for a long time while buried deeply in the soil. Although many studies have been conducted on gorse seed banks in invasive contexts and in scrubland ecosystems, few data are available on forests in a native context. The aim of the present study was thus to report on the variability of seed-bank density in ‘critical’ stages in the forest management of pine stands (five stands) in south-western France. We examined variations in the number of gorse seeds as a function of soil depth but also of the presence and abundance of adult gorse in the understorey. Seed-bank density did not show a clear decrease in seed number with pine stand age, principally because gorse also appears to be able to establish itself in mature pine stands, probably thanks to local disturbances. In the pine stands in our study, the presence and abundance of seeds in the soil appeared to depend mostly on the presence of adult gorse as seeders in the understorey. Finally, we observed that, contrary to what has generally been found in scrubland ecosystems, most gorse seeds were located in the 5–10 cm soil layer rather than in the 0–5 cm soil layer. This depletion of the first 5 cm may be linked to seed germination that was not compensated for by the production of new seeds.
Traitement des plaies en campagne
Authors: Dr F.
Published: November 2009

Il n'est pas sans intérêt de relever les expériences des médecins qui ont suivi la campagne récente. Résumons à cet égard, brièvement, la thèse de M. le Dr Juriaanse, fruit de ses expériences après deux ans et demi passés sur les champs de bataille sud-africains, à côté des Boers.
Les conditions sanitaires en Chine
Authors: Dr F
Published: November 2009

Si la guerre engagée par les nations civilisées contre la Chine doit se prolonger, il incombera aux gouvernements des différentes armées engagées dans ce pays, de prêter une attention toute spéciale à la question du nombre, de la composition et de l'organisation des ambulances envoyées sur le théàtre des hostilités. Si l'on négligeait ce rouage important du service sanitaire, on pourrait être certain d'en voir résulter des conséquences graves. Ce fait a été mis en évidence récemment et d'une manière tristement concluante dans l'armée anglaise au sud de l'Afrique.
Soins aux blessés sur le champ de bataille
Authors: Dr Ferrière
Published: November 2009

On a beaucoup écrit déjà sur les expériences médico-chirurgicales de la guerre russo-japonaise. Il semble que tout ait été dit; il reste pourtant beaucoup à en apprendre encore, quant à l'organisation pratique des secours. Nous trouvons à cet égard, dans un rapport présenté au dernier congrès allemand de chirurgie différents renseignements utiles à relater.
Du traitement des blessés à la guerre, par le général Dr Port
Authors: Dr F.
Published: November 2009

Sous le titre de « Contribution à l'étude de l'amélioration des secours sanitaires », le général Dr Port traite dans la Zeitschrift für Krankenpflege une série de points sur lesquels il serait urgent d'apporter des modifications dans les services sanitaires.
La Huitième Conférence Internationale de la Croix-Rouge a Londres
Authors: Odier E.
Published: November 2009

Les Sociétés de la Croix-Rouge ont tenu à Londres, du 10 au 15 juin dernier, leur huitième conférence internationale.

Sous réserve des rectifications résultant de la publication du compte-rendu officiel de la Conférence, nous pouvons indiquer provisoirement que vingt et un Comités centraux étaient représentés à Londres; en outre, seize Gouvernements avaient envoyé des délégués: l'ordre de Malte et l'ordre de St-Jean de Jérusalem d'Allemagne et d'Angleterre, avaient également répondu à l'invitation du Comité central anglais: enfin le Comité international comptait six de ses membres à la Conférence. Un fait intéressant à noter, c'est que, pour la première fois, les trois sociétés qui en France consacrent leur activité à l'œuvre de la Croix-Rouge, étaient simultanément représentées à la Conférence de Londres. Cette heureuse circonstance est due à la création d'un Comité central de la Croix-Rouge française, qui a établi un lien commun entre la Société française de secours aux blessés militaires, l'Association des Dames françaises, et l'Union des Femmes de France. Chacune de ces associations était représentée à la Conférence de Londres par des délégués au nombre desquels figuraient plusieurs dames, et le Comité central lui-même nous avait envoyé son président en la personne du vénérable marquis de Vogué.
L'Exposition de matériel de secours à l'occasion du concours pour les Prix de S. M. l'Impératrice Marie-Féodorowna
Authors: Dr Ferrière
Published: November 2009

Les travaux du jury international du « Fonds Impératrice Marie-Feodorowna » n'ont point été une sinécure. L'exposition organisée avec élégance dans la vaste salle du Prince's Hall à Earls Court, par les soins intelligents du président du Comité d'organisation de la Conférence, M., Danwers Power, assisté de M. F. Hastings, son secrétaire, avait réuni près de 200 objets dont 150 environ ont pris part au concours.
Nouvelle ambulance de campagne de l'armée anglaise
Authors: Dr Ferrière
Published: November 2009

Nous empruntons à un article du Dr médecin-major Léon, dans le Caducée, les détails suivants sur les dispositions qui ont été prises l'année dernière pour l'organisation des ambulances militaires anglaises:

«Chaque ambulance complète du nouveau type peut recevoir, sous des tentes, 150 malades ou blessés et possède un équipage de transport de 10 voitures d'ambulance, 9 fourgons du service général et 3 réservoirs à eau. Son personnel se compose de 192 officiers et hommes du R. A. M. C. et de 60 officiers et hommes non commissionnés de l'Army Service Corps pour les transports.
Les sœurs de charité pendant la guerre russo-japonaise
Authors: Lapchine N.
Published: November 2009

L'article que nous donnons sous ce titre n'est pas une étude d'ensemble sur les services rendus par les sœurs de charité de la Croix-Rouge pendant la guerre russo-japonaise. Ce sont plutôt des notes prises au jour le jour par un témoin oculaire ayant participé à la campagne de Mandchourie. On y trouvera moins les données complètes de la statistique que des tableaux impressionnants de cette existence de dévouement, de fatigues et de dangers qui fut, pendant la guerre, celle de ces inappréciables auxiliaires de la Croix-Rouge, les sœurs de charité.
Brancard de montagne du Dr Lardy
Authors: Dr F.
Published: November 2009

A l'occasion de l'assemblée générale des sections de la Société suisse de la Croix-Rouge, le 31 mai dernier, à Genève, le Dr Lardy a démontré un ingénieux brancard de montagne de son invention.
Dr Westphal. Improvisations sanitaires en campagne (Bibliographie)
Authors: Dr Ferrière
Published: November 2009

Depuis l'excellent ouvrage de Port, primé jadis par le Comité international de la Croix-Rouge, il n'avait pas été publié, à notre connaissance, de travail complet et systématique sur la question des improvisations en campagne. Cette lacune a été comblée récemment par un volume destiné à prendre une place importante dans l'enseignement du personnel sanitaire.
Brancardiers montés
Authors: Dr Ferrière
Published: November 2009

Dans un article du Caducée le Dr Arnaud rappelle que, dans l'antiquité déjà, des corps à cheval furent employés, entre autres fonctions, au relèvement des blessés. Plus tard, certaines armées ont recouru pour le même but à des contingents montés et, récemment, l'Angleterre a créé, dans la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, une compagnie de brancardiers à cheval, spécialement destinée aux malades et aux blessés des troupes montées. On y utilise l'ingénieuse selle du modèle Hathaway qui a figuré et a été très appréciée lors du concours Marie-Féodorowna, à Londres, ainsi que des brancards articulés pour les chevaux de bât. M. le Dr Arnaud préconise, avec raison, ce mode de formation sanitaire très mobile et pense qu'organisés en «ambulance d'évacuation» ces contingents montés rendraient les plus grands services sur les champs de bataille modernes, au front si étendu, en permettant de se porter facilement sur les points les plus éprouvés. Ces mêmes formations contribueront après le combat, aux transports jusqu'aux trains-ambulances. L'auteur voudrait en voir faire l'essai avec le matériel existant et avec des chevaux et des hommes du train spécialement exercés à cet.effet. L'idée paraît heureuse à bien des points de vue et il en pourrait résulter plus d'unité et de rapidité d'action dans la tâche si complexe du service de santé en campagne.
Relations officielles entre la Croix-Rouge et l'Armée
Authors: Lopez-Leiva F. , Gomez José
Published: November 2009

Ces rapports sont définis par le décret no 85 du 5 février 1910, sur les relations de la Croix-Rouge avec le corps de santé militaire de l'armée cubaine. En voici la teneur:

Article Premier. — La Société nationale cubaine de la Croix-Rouge, établie dans la République de Cuba sous les auspices des conventions internationales de Genève de 1864 et de 1906, est un auxiliaire du corps sanitaire militaire et de la flotte, en temps de guerre, conformément à ce qui est prévu dans son règlement général organique, approuvé par le décret no 406 du 10 mai 1909 et par le Comité international de la Croix-Rouge le 7 septembre de même année; elle est, par suite, un corps volontaire de la réserve des forces armées pour tout ce qui touche au but humanitaire qu'elle poursuit.
Vaccination anti-typhique
Authors: Dr Ferrière
Published: November 2009

Les succès constatés dans les armées des Indes et des Etats-Unis par l'emploi des vaccins antityphiques attirent de plus en plus l'attention des services de santé des armées et la méthode semble devoir se généraliser. Au Japon, ainsi, 28.000 sujets déjà ont été vaccinés et, sur ce nombre, la morbidité a été réduite de 14 à 1 et la mortalité de 2, 4 à 1.
Guerre des Balkans. — Appel aux Croix-Rouges des Etats neutres: (Cent quarante-deuxième circulaire aux Comités Centraux)
Authors: Ador Gustave , Ed. Odier  , Ad. d'Espine
Published: November 2009

Selon une tradition heureuse et dont les effets salutaires se sont fait sentir à plus d'une reprise, le Comité international de la Croix-Rouge est appelé, lorsqu'une guerre éclate, à servir d'intermédiaire entre les Sociétés de la Croix-Rouge des belligérants et celles des Etats neutres, pour solliciter au besoin le concours de ces dernières et leur faire connaître la meilleure manière dont l'assistance volontaire internationale peut s'exercer.
L'Agence internationale des Prisonniers de guerre (Sixième article)
Authors: Dr F.
Published: November 2009

Le tournant de l'année, l'entrée dans le troisième chiffre annuel d'une guerre commencée en 1914, continuée en 1915 et qui ne paraît pas près encore de finir en 1916, a vu se poursuivre, après un repos mérité de quatre jours accordé au personnel, l'œuvre considérable et journalière entreprise 17 mois auparavant.
Contribution à l'étude des improvisations sur le champ de bataille
Authors: Dr F.
Published: November 2009

Les Archives de médecine et de pharmacie militaires ont consacré à la question de l'improvisation des moyens de secours en campagne trois intéressants travaux dus à la plume de médecins militaires français autorisés. Les Comités de la Croix-Rouge ne sauraient laisser passer sans en faire leur profit, les enseignements de cegenre, car l'on sait combien insuffisantes sont inévitablement en cas de guerre les ressources préparées à l'avance.
Résolutions de la Conférence Internationale de Genève
Authors: Dunant J.-Henry
Published: November 2009

La Conférence internationale, désireuse de venir en aide aux blessés dans les cas où le service de santé militaire serait insuffisant, adopte les résolutions suivantes:

Article premier. — Il existe dans chaque pays un Comité dont le mandat consiste à concourir en temps de guerre, s'il y a lieu, par tous les moyens en son pouvoir, au service de santé des armées.

Ce Comité s'organise lui-même de la manière qui lui paraît la plus utile et la plus convenable.
L'appareil pour fractures dit de « Heidelberg »
Authors: F.
Published: November 2009

Au récent Congrès français de chirurgie M. le Dr Klar, assistant de M. le prof. Vulpius de Heidelberg, a présenté au nom de son maître un appareil pour fractures dénommé appareil de Heidelberg, qui en raison de son petit volume et de son poids léger, de la facilité de son transport, de son adaptation à toutes les régions, de son application et de sa stérilisation aisées semble bien convenir à la chirurgie d'armée.
Accession de la Chine à la Convention de Genève
Authors: Ador G. , Moynier G.
Published: November 2009

On a vu par notre dernier Bulletin que la Chine avait accédé à la Convention de Genève. Il ne sera peut-être pas sans intérêt pour nos lecteurs de lire l'échange de correspondance suivant, que le Comité international a eu avec le Ministère des affaires étrangères à Pékin, et qui peut-être n'a pas été indifférent à la détermination du gouvernement chinois. La lettre du 3 juin avait été écrite avant que la réponse du 3 avril (reçue le 4 août) nous fût parvenue.
Voyages de MM. Ador et Moynier à Milan dans le train de grands blessés italiens, en mai 1917
Authors: A. M.
Published: November 2009

Une Délégation du Comité international, composée de MM. Gustave Ador et Adolphe Moynier a accompagné, le 11 mai 1917, le train des grands blessés qui traversait la Suisse de Buchs à Chiasso, par le Gothard. Le convoi était composé de 350 Italiens et d'une vingtaine de Serbes, sous la conduite de M. le colonel Bohny. La plupart d'entre eux répondaient avec enthousiasme aux manifestations de sympathie qui se produisaient à chaque station.
Le Service Sanitaire Pendant la Guerre Hispano-Américaine
Authors: Dr Ferrière
Published: November 2009

La presse médicale américaine continue à rechercher les responsabilités encourues par les services sanitaires pendant la dernière guerre. La commission nommée à cet effet par le gouvernement a constaté différentes lacunes dans l'organisation des services officiels; mais a-t-on su dans toutes les circonstances se servir des moyens d'action que l'on avait sous la main, « make the best use of means at hand? » C'est plus que douteux, et le reproche de négligence ou d'incurie semble tout au moins fondé. Sans entrer dans le vif de la question, il convient d'autre part de constater, avec le rapport de la commission d'enquête, que, malgré les erreurs commises, la mortalité a été faible du côté américain et la morbidité modérée, étant données les circonstances de cette campagne.