bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring the Influence of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic on the Accessibility of Rehabilitation Services Provided to Children with Disabilities: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Elkholi Safaa Mostafa , Aldhahi Monira I. , Al Awaji Nisreen Naser
Published: April 2023

Background and Objectives: Children with disabilities (such as cerebral palsy, autistic spectrum disorder, and Down syndrome) are the most vulnerable and marginalized subset of the population, representing 2.7% of the total population of Saudi Arabia. The COVID-19 outbreak might have disproportionately affected children with disabilities, augmented their isolation, and induced severe disruptions to the services on which these children rely. Limited research has been conducted in Saudi Arabia to understand the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the rehabilitation services provided to children with disabilities and barriers. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the lockdown implemented as a result of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the accessibility of rehabilitation services, including communication, occupational therapy, and physical therapy, in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a survey was conducted between June and September 2020 during the lockdown in Saudi Arabia. A total of 316 caregivers of children with disabilities from Riyadh participated in the study. The accessibility of rehabilitation services provided to children with disabilities was assessed by designing a valid questionnaire. Results: A total of 280 children with disabilities received rehabilitation services before the COVID-19 pandemic and showed improvement following therapeutic sessions. However, during the pandemic, most children stopped receiving therapeutic sessions because of lockdown, which deteriorated their condition. This shows a significant reduction in the accessibility of the rehabilitation services provided during the pandemic. Conclusions: The findings of this study revealed a drastic decline in services provided to children with disabilities. This caused a notable deterioration in the abilities of these children.
Discriminant Model for Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: López-Galán Erislandis , Barrio-Deler Rafael , Fernández-Fernández Manuel Alejandro , Del Toro-Delgado Yaquelin , Peñuela-Puente Isaac Enrique , Sánchez-Hechavarría Miguel Enrique , Muñoz-Bustos Mario Eugenio , Muñoz-Bustos Gustavo Alejandro
Published: April 2023

Introduction: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus tend to have insulin resistance, a condition that is evaluated using expensive methods that are not easily accessible in routine clinical practice. Objective: To determine the anthropometric, clinical, and metabolic parameters that allow for the discrimination of type 2 diabetic patients who have insulin resistance from those who do not. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical observational study was carried out in 92 type 2 diabetic patients. A discriminant analysis was applied using the SPSS statistical package to establish the characteristics that differentiate type 2 diabetic patients with insulin resistance from those without it. Results: Most of the variables analyzed in this study have a statistically significant association with the HOMA-IR. However, only HDL-c, LDL-c, glycemia, BMI, and tobacco exposure time allow for the discrimination of type 2 diabetic patients who have insulin resistance from those who do not, considering the interaction between them. According to the absolute value of the structure matrix, the variable that contributes most to the discriminant model is HDL-c (−0.69). Conclusions: The association between HDL-c, LDL-c, glycemia, BMI, and tobacco exposure time allows for the discrimination of type 2 diabetic patients who have insulin resistance from those who do not. This constitutes a simple model that can be used in routine clinical practice.
Influence of Oxy-Fuel Lance Parameters on the Scrap Pre-Heating Temperature in the Hot Metal Ladle
Authors: Zhuang Shenglei , Zhan Dongping , Wang Taotao , Li Peng , Yang Yongkun
Published: April 2023

As one of the vital ways to improve the converter heat balance and increase the scrap ratio, scrap pre-heating technology has attracted much attention from researchers. The aim of this paper is to reveal the effect of the oxy-fuel lance parameters on the temperature field, flow field, and scrap pre-heating temperature in the ladle by means of numerical simulations. For this, a three-dimensional mathematical model containing the turbulence model, the porous medium heat balance model, and other models has been developed. The research results show that the rational and correct choice of gas flow rate, lance position, and nozzle angle has an important influence on the temperature field and the average scrap temperature. When the gas flow rate increases, the internal annular combustion zone of the scrap gradually expands, the cold zone at the bottom of the scrap continues to decrease, and the average scrap temperature keeps increasing. When the gas flow rate is 5000 m3/h, and the average scrap temperature reaches 1197 K, the pre-heating time is 9.98 min. Lowering the oxy-fuel lance position helps to reduce the cold zone at the bottom of the scrap and increases the average temperature in the cold zone. Reasonable selection of the nozzle angle is conducive to improving the uniformity of the flow field. When the angle of the nozzle is 15°, the gas circulation zone is the largest, and the time to reach an average scrap temperature of 1197 K is the shortest.
Effect of Fast-Frequency Pulsed Current Parameters on FFP-TIG arc Behavior and Its Implications for Inconel 718 Welding
Authors: Wu Jianwen , Wang Zhenmin , Zhu Zeguang , Fan Wenyan , Lin Sanbao , Cai Xiaoyu , Tian Jiyu , Guo Chunfu
Published: April 2023

Tungsten inert gas (TIG) is currently one of the most widely applied welding technologies. However, the arc energy divergence and high heat input of conventional TIG can lead to welding defects in heat-input-sensitive alloys (such as Inconel 718). Introducing a fast-frequency pulsed current (≥20 kHz) in TIG creates a welding process named fast-frequency pulsed tungsten inert gas (FFP-TIG). The arc behavior of FFP-TIG has advantages over conventional TIG in terms of arc contraction, arc pressure, and energy density. With an increase in the FFP current amplitude or frequency, the arc diameter and arc area are reduced, the arc pressure at the center of the arc is increased, and the arc energy divergence and arc temperature are reduced. The FFP-TIG weld method was adapted for Inconel 718 based on FFP-TIG arc behavior. This study provides fresh insight into the development and application of FFP-TIG arc physics research and industrial applications.
Maternal Mineral Nutrition Regulates Fetal Genomic Programming in Cattle: A Review
Authors: Anas Muhammad , Diniz Wellison J. S. , Menezes Ana Clara B. , Reynolds Lawrence P. , Caton Joel S. , Dahlen Carl R. , Ward Alison K.
Published: April 2023

Maternal mineral nutrition during the critical phases of fetal development may leave lifetime impacts on the productivity of an individual. Most research within the developmental origins of the health and disease (DOHaD) field is focused on the role of macronutrients in the genome function and programming of the developing fetus. On the other hand, there is a paucity of knowledge about the role of micronutrients and, specifically, minerals in regulating the epigenome of livestock species, especially cattle. Therefore, this review will address the effects of the maternal dietary mineral supply on the fetal developmental programming from the embryonic to the postnatal phases in cattle. To this end, we will draw a parallel between findings from our cattle model research with data from model animals, cell lines, and other livestock species. The coordinated role and function of different mineral elements in feto-maternal genomic regulation underlies the establishment of pregnancy and organogenesis and, ultimately, affects the development and functioning of metabolically important tissues, such as the fetal liver, skeletal muscle, and, importantly, the placenta. Through this review, we will delineate the key regulatory pathways involved in fetal programming based on the dietary maternal mineral supply and its crosstalk with epigenomic regulation in cattle.
High-Speed Temperature Control Method for MEMS Thermal Gravimetric Analyzer Based on Dual Fuzzy PID Control
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyang , Cao Zhi , Wang Shanlai , Yao Lei , Yu Haitao
Published: April 2023

The traditional thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA) has a noticeable thermal lag effect, which restricts the heating rate, while the micro-electro-mechanical system thermal gravimetric analyzer (MEMS TGA) utilizes a resonant cantilever beam structure with high mass sensitivity, on-chip heating, and a small heating area, resulting in no thermal lag effect and a fast heating rate. To achieve high-speed temperature control for MEMS TGA, this study proposes a dual fuzzy proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control method. The fuzzy control adjusts the PID parameters in real-time to minimize overshoot while effectively addressing system nonlinearities. Simulation and actual testing results indicate that this temperature control method has a faster response speed and less overshoot compared to traditional PID control, significantly improving the heating performance of MEMS TGA.
Role and Effect of Meso-Structuring Surfactants on Properties and Formation Mechanism of Microfluidic-Enabled Mesoporous Silica Microspheres
Authors: Bchellaoui Nizar , Xu Qisheng , Zhang Xuming , Bendeif El-Eulmi , Bennacer Rachid , El Abed Abdel I.
Published: April 2023

We have shown in a previous work that the combination of the emulsion solvent evaporation technique and droplet-based microfluidics allows for the synthesis of well-defined monodisperse mesoporous silica microcapsules (hollow microspheres), whose size, shape and composition may be finely and easily controlled. In this study, we focus on the crucial role played by the popular Pluronic® P123 surfactant, used for controlling the mesoporosity of synthesised silica microparticles. We show in particular, that although both types of initial precursor droplets, prepared with and without P123 meso-structuring agent, namely P123+ and P123− droplets, have a similar diameter (≃30 μm) and a similar TEOS silica precursor concentration (0.34 M), the resulting microparticles exhibit two noticeably different sizes and mass densities. Namely, 10 μm and 0.55 g/cm3 for P123+ microparticles, and 5.2 μm and 1.4 g/cm3 for P123− microparticles. To explain such differences, we used optical and scanning electron microscopies, small-angle X-ray diffraction and BET measurements to analyse structural properties of both types of microparticles and show that in the absence of Pluronic molecules, P123− microdroplets divide during their condensation process, on average, into three smaller droplets before condensing into silica solid microspheres with a smaller size and a higher mass density than those obtained in the presence of P123 surfactant molecules. Based on these results and on condensation kinetics analysis, we also propose an original mechanism for the formation of silica microspheres in the presence and in the absence of the meso-structuring and pore-forming P123 molecules.
The Development of a 3D Printer-Inspired, Microgravity-Compatible Sample Preparation Device for Future Use Inside the International Space Station
Authors: Chan Kamfai , Arumugam Arunkumar , Markham Cole , Jenson Ryan , Wu Hao-Wei , Wong Season
Published: April 2023

Biological testing on the International Space Station (ISS) is necessary in order to monitor the microbial burden and identify risks to crew health. With support from a NASA Phase I Small Business Innovative Research contract, we have developed a compact prototype of a microgravity-compatible, automated versatile sample preparation platform (VSPP). The VSPP was built by modifying entry-level 3D printers that cost USD 200–USD 800. In addition, 3D printing was also used to prototype microgravity-compatible reagent wells and cartridges. The VSPP’s primary function would enable NASA to rapidly identify microorganisms that could affect crew safety. It has the potential to process samples from various sample matrices (swab, potable water, blood, urine, etc.), thus yielding high-quality nucleic acids for downstream molecular detection and identification in a closed-cartridge system. When fully developed and validated in microgravity environments, this highly automated system will allow labor-intensive and time-consuming processes to be carried out via a turnkey, closed system using prefilled cartridges and magnetic particle-based chemistries. This manuscript demonstrates that the VSPP can extract high-quality nucleic acids from urine (Zika viral RNA) and whole blood (human RNase P gene) in a ground-level laboratory setting using nucleic acid-binding magnetic particles. The viral RNA detection data showed that the VSPP can process contrived urine samples at clinically relevant levels (as low as 50 PFU/extraction). The extraction of human DNA from eight replicate samples showed that the DNA extraction yield is highly consistent (there was a standard deviation of 0.4 threshold cycle when the extracted and purified DNA was tested via real-time polymerase chain reaction). Additionally, the VSPP underwent 2.1 s drop tower microgravity tests to determine if its components are compatible for use in microgravity. Our findings will aid future research in adapting extraction well geometry for 1 g and low g working environments operated by the VSPP. Future microgravity testing of the VSPP in the parabolic flights and in the ISS is planned.
Research on Micro-Displacement Measurement Accuracy Enhancement Method Based on Ensemble NV Color Center
Authors: Liu Yuqi , Li Zhonghao , Zhang Hao , Guo Hao , Shi Ziyang , Ma Zongmin
Published: April 2023

This paper builds a corresponding micro-displacement test system based on an ensemble nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color center magnetometer by combining the correlation between a magnetic flux concentrator, a permanent magnet, and micro-displacement. By comparing the measurement results obtained with and without the magnetic flux concentrator, it can be seen that the resolution of the system under the magnetic flux concentrator can reach 25 nm, which is 24 times higher than without the magnetic flux concentrator. The effectiveness of the method is proven. The above results provide a practical reference for high-precision micro-displacement detection based on the diamond ensemble.
Investigating the Failure Mechanism of p-GaN Gate HEMTs under High Power Stress with a Transparent ITO Gate
Authors: Han Zhanfei , Li Xiangdong , Wang Hongyue , Yuan Jiahui , Wang Junbo , Wang Meng , Yang Weitao , You Shuzhen , Chang Jingjing , Zhang Jincheng , Hao Yue
Published: April 2023

The channel temperature distribution and breakdown points are difficult to monitor for the traditional p-GaN gate HEMTs under high power stress, because the metal gate blocks the light. To solve this problem, we processed p-GaN gate HEMTs with transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) as the gate terminal and successfully captured the information mentioned above, utilizing ultraviolet reflectivity thermal imaging equipment. The fabricated ITO-gated HEMTs exhibited a saturation drain current of 276 mA/mm and an on-resistance of 16.6 Ω·mm. During the test, the heat was found to concentrate in the vicinity of the gate field in the access area, under the stress of VGS = 6 V and VDS = 10/20/30 V. After 691 s high power stress, the device failed, and a hot spot appeared on the p-GaN. After failure, luminescence was observed on the sidewall of the p-GaN while positively biasing the gate, revealing the side wall is the weakest spot under high power stress. The findings of this study provide a powerful tool for reliability analysis and also point to a way for improving the reliability of the p-GaN gate HEMTs in the future.
Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Izalpinin Derived from Chromolaena leivensis: λ-Carrageenan-Induced Paw Edema and In Silico Model
Authors: Mancipe Juan C. , Vargas-Pinto Pedro , Rodríguez Oscar E. , Borrego-Muñoz Paola , Castellanos Londoño Iovana , Ramírez David , Piñeros Luis G. , Mejía María Camila , Pombo Luis M.
Published: April 2023

The flavonoid izalpinin was isolated from the aerial parts of Chromolaena leivensis. Its structural determination was carried out using MS and NMR spectroscopic techniques (1H, 13C). This compound was evaluated for its anti-inflammatory effect in a rat model on λ-carrageenan-induced plantar edema. Paw inflammation was measured at one-hour intervals for seven hours following the administration of λ-carrageenan. Serum creatine kinase (CK) levels were evaluated, obtaining statistically significant results with the treatments at doses of 10 mg/kg (* p < 0.01) and 20 mg/kg (** p < 0.005). The anti-inflammatory effect of the compound was evaluated by using plethysmography, and the results showed significant differences at the three concentrations (10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg) in the first and third hours after treatment. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001 vs. the negative control group treated with vehicle (DMSO). Lastly, molecular docking analyses reveal that izalpinin has a strong binding affinity with five target proteins involved in the inflammatory process. The analysis using molecular dynamics allowed demonstrating that the ligand–protein complexes present acceptable stability, with RMSD values within the allowed range.
Microbial Transformation of the Sesquiterpene Lactone, Vulgarin, by Aspergillus niger
Authors: ElGamal Reem A. , Galala Amal A. , Abdel-Kader Maged S. , Badria Farid A. , Soliman Amal F.
Published: April 2023

The biotransformation of vulgarin (1), an eudesmanolides-type sesquiterpene lactone obtained from Artemisia judaica, by the microorganism, Aspergillus niger, was carried out to give three more polar metabolites; 1-epi-tetrahydrovulgarin (1α,4α-dihydroxy-5αH,6,11βH-eudesman-6,12-olide (2), 20% yield, 1α,4α-dihydroxyeudesm-2-en-5αH,6,11βH-6,12-olide (3a), 10% yield, and C-1 epimeric mixture (3a, b), 4% yield, in a ratio of 4:1, 3a/3b. The structures of vulgarin and its metabolites were elucidated by 1 and 2D NMR spectroscopy in conjunction with HRESIMS. Metabolites (3a) and (3b) are epimers, and they are reported here for the first time as new metabolites obtained by biotransformation by selective reduction at C-1. Vulgarin and its metabolites were evaluated as anti-inflammatory agents using the human cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitory assay. The obtained data showed that (1) exhibited a good preferential inhibitory activity towards COX-2 (IC50 = 07.21 ± 0.10) and had a moderate effect on COX-1 (IC50 = 11.32 ± 0.24). Meanwhile, its metabolite (3a) retained a selective inhibitory activity against COX-1 (IC50 = 15.70 ± 0.51). In conclusion, the results of this study revealed the necessity of the presence α, β unsaturated carbonyl group in (1) for better COX-2 inhibitory activity. On the other hand, the selectivity of (1) as COX-1 inhibitor may be enhanced via the reduction of C-1 carbonyl group.
Positive Tetrahydrocurcumin-Associated Brain-Related Metabolomic Implications
Authors: Josifovska Slavica , Panov Sasho , Hadzi-Petrushev Nikola , Mitrokhin Vadim , Kamkin Andre , Stojchevski Radoslav , Avtanski Dimiter , Mladenov Mitko
Published: April 2023

Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) is a metabolite of curcumin (CUR). It shares many of CUR’s beneficial biological activities in addition to being more water-soluble, chemically stable, and bioavailable compared to CUR. However, its mechanisms of action have not been fully elucidated. This paper addresses the preventive role of THC on various brain dysfunctions as well as its effects on brain redox processes, traumatic brain injury, ischemia-reperfusion injury, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease in various animal or cell culture models. In addition to its strong antioxidant properties, the effects of THC on the reduction of amyloid β aggregates are also well documented. The therapeutic potential of THC to treat patterns of mitochondrial brain dysmorphic dysfunction is also addressed and thoroughly reviewed, as is evidence from experimental studies about the mechanism of mitochondrial failure during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. THC treatment also results in a dose-dependent decrease in ERK-mediated phosphorylation of GRASP65, which prevents further compartmentalization of the Golgi apparatus. The PI3K/AKT signaling pathway is possibly the most involved mechanism in the anti-apoptotic effect of THC. Overall, studies in various animal models of different brain disorders suggest that THC can be used as a dietary supplement to protect against traumatic brain injury and even improve brain function in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. We suggest further preclinical studies be conducted to demonstrate the brain-protective, anti-amyloid, and anti-Parkinson effects of THC. Application of the methods used in the currently reviewed studies would be useful and should help define doses and methods of THC administration in different disease conditions.
The Influence of the Substrate on the Functionality of Spin Crossover Molecular Materials
Authors: Yazdani Saeed , Phillips Jared , Ekanayaka Thilini K. , Cheng Ruihua , Dowben Peter A.
Published: April 2023

Spin crossover complexes are a route toward designing molecular devices with a facile readout due to the change in conductance that accompanies the change in spin state. Because substrate effects are important for any molecular device, there are increased efforts to characterize the influence of the substrate on the spin state transition. Several classes of spin crossover molecules deposited on different types of surface, including metallic and non-metallic substrates, are comprehensively reviewed here. While some non-metallic substrates like graphite seem to be promising from experimental measurements, theoretical and experimental studies indicate that 2D semiconductor surfaces will have minimum interaction with spin crossover molecules. Most metallic substrates, such as Au and Cu, tend to suppress changes in spin state and affect the spin state switching process due to the interaction at the molecule–substrate interface that lock spin crossover molecules in a particular spin state or mixed spin state. Of course, the influence of the substrate on a spin crossover thin film depends on the molecular film thickness and perhaps the method used to deposit the molecular film.
Highly Sensitive Graphene-Based Electrochemical Sensor for Nitrite Assay in Waters
Authors: Pogăcean Florina , Varodi Codruţa , Măgeruşan Lidia , Pruneanu Stela
Published: April 2023

The importance of nitrite ions has long been recognized due to their extensive use in environmental chemistry and public health. The growing use of nitrogen fertilizers and additives containing nitrite in processed food items has increased exposure and, as a result, generated concerns about potential harmful health consequences. This work presents the development of an electrochemical sensor based on graphene/glassy carbon electrode (EGr/GC) with applicability in trace level detection of nitrite in water samples. According to the structural characterization of the exfoliated material, it appears as a mixture of graphene oxide (GO; 21.53%), few-layers graphene (FLG; 73.25%) and multi-layers graphene (MLG; 5.22%) and exhibits remarkable enhanced sensing response towards nitrite compared to the bare electrode (three orders of magnitude higher). The EGr/GC sensor demonstrated a linear range between 3 × 10−7 and 10−3 M for square wave voltammetry (SWV) and between 3 × 10−7 and 4 × 10−4 M for amperometry (AMP), with a low limit of detection LOD (9.9 × 10−8 M). Excellent operational stability, repeatability and interference-capability were displayed by the modified electrode. Furthermore, the practical applicability of the sensor was tested in commercially available waters with excellent results.
Catalytic Sabatier Process under Thermally and Magnetically Induced Heating: A Comparative Case Study for Titania-Supported Nickel Catalyst
Authors: Ghosh Sourav , Gupta Sharad , Gregoire Manon , Ourlin Thibault , Fazzini Pier-Francesco , Abi-Aad Edmond , Poupin Christophe , Chaudret Bruno
Published: April 2023

In the present paper, we compare the activity, selectivity, and stability of a supported nickel catalyst in classical heating conditions and in magnetically activated catalysis by using iron wool as a heating agent. The catalyst, 5 wt% Ni supported on titania (Degussa P25), was prepared via an organometallic decomposition method and was thoroughly characterized by using elemental, microscopic, and diffraction techniques. In the event of magnetic induction heating, the % CO2 conversion reached a maximum of ~85% compared to ~78% for thermal conditions at a slightly lower temperature (~335 °C) than the thermal heating (380 °C). More importantly, both processes were found to be stable for 45 h on stream. Moreover, the effects of magnetic induction and classical heating over the catalyst evolution were discussed. This study demonstrated the potential of magnetic heating-mediated methanation, which is currently under investigation for the development of pilot-scale reactors.
Room Temperature Light Emission from Superatom-like Ge–Core/Si–Shell Quantum Dots
Authors: Makihara Katsunori , Yamamoto Yuji , Imai Yuki , Taoka Noriyuki , Schubert Markus Andreas , Tillack Bernd , Miyazaki Seiichi
Published: April 2023

We have demonstrated the high–density formation of super–atom–like Si quantum dots with Ge–core on ultrathin SiO2 with control of high–selective chemical–vapor deposition and applied them to an active layer of light–emitting diodes (LEDs). Through luminescence measurements, we have reported characteristics carrier confinement and recombination properties in the Ge–core, reflecting the type II energy band discontinuity between the Si–clad and Ge–core. Additionally, under forward bias conditions over a threshold bias for LEDs, electroluminescence becomes observable at room temperature in the near–infrared region and is attributed to radiative recombination between quantized states in the Ge–core with a deep potential well for holes caused by electron/hole simultaneous injection from the gate and substrate, respectively. The results will lead to the development of Si–based light–emitting devices that are highly compatible with Si–ultra–large–scale integration processing, which has been believed to have extreme difficulty in realizing silicon photonics.
Urinary C-Peptide to Creatinine Ratio (UCPCR) as Indicator for Metabolic Risk in Apparently Healthy Adults—A BioPersMed Cohort Study
Authors: Reintar Sharmaine , Pöchhacker Magdalena , Obermayer Anna , Eberhard Katharina , Zirlik Andreas , Verheyen Nicolas , von Lewinski Dirk , Scherr Daniel , Hutz Barbara , Haudum Christoph W. , Pieber Thomas R. , Sourij Harald , Obermayer-Pietsch Barbara
Published: April 2023

Background: C-peptide is produced in equimolar amounts with insulin from pancreatic beta cells, and thus is a fundamental biomarker for beta cell function. A non-invasive urinary C-peptide-to-creatinine ratio (UCPCR) has attracted attention as a biomarker for metabolic conditions. However, the UCPCR as an indicative risk predictor for prediabetes is still being investigated. Methods: We aimed to characterize UCPCRs in healthy people using American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria and to evaluate their metabolic outcomes over time. A total of 1022 participants of the Biomarkers in Personalized Medicine cohort (BioPersMed) were screened for this study. Totals of 317 healthy with normal glucose metabolism, 87 prediabetic, and 43 diabetic subjects were included. Results: Prediabetic participants had a significantly higher UCPCR median value than healthy participants (p < 0.05). Dysglycaemia of healthy baseline participants was measured twice over 4.5 ± 0.9 years; 25% and 30% were detected with prediabetes during follow-ups, predicted by UCPCR both for the first (p < 0.05) and the second visit (p < 0.05), respectively. This is in good agreement with the negative predictive UCPCR value of 60.2% based on logistic regression. UCPCR levels were equal in both sexes. Conclusion: UCPCR measurements provide an indicative approach for metabolic risk, representing a potential use for prevention and monitoring of impaired glucose metabolism.
Weekly Proactive Telephone Breastfeeding Standard Care by Lactation Consultants in the First Month Postpartum Prolongs Breastfeeding for Up to 6 Months
Authors: Fan Wei Qi , Chan Christopher , Paterson Susan , Foster Kathryn , Morrow Michelle , Bourne Debra , Ashworth Jodie
Published: April 2023

Many mothers, especially those with co-morbidities, do not achieve exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) for the first 6 months, with the loss of multiple health benefits including enhanced infant nutrition. We wished to evaluate whether proactive lactation consultant telephone advice in the first month postpartum improved breastfeeding rates for up to 6 months. A prospective cohort observational study was performed. Mother groupings included the following: Control (CG, n = 379)—standard postnatal care; Exposure (EG, n = 386)—standard postnatal care delivered by lactation consultant telephone contact for the first 3 weeks postpartum and then follow-up calls at 1, 3 and 6 months postpartum to ascertain breastfeeding status. Sore nipples (24%) and fussy/unsettled behaviour (14–19%) were common EG concerns. EG EBF rates were higher at 1 month (65% vs. 53%; p < 0.001), 3 months (57% vs. 49%; p = 0.041) and 6 months (45 vs. 33%; p < 0.001). EG EBF rates across the 6 months were higher for infants admitted to the NNU (52.9% vs. 37.5%, p = 0.003), obese mothers (58.3% vs. 37.2%, p < 0.001), mothers with depression (60.8% vs. 43.4%, p = 0.036) and all birth modes. Proactive early lactation advice significantly prolongs EBF and consequently enhances infant nutrition overall, including for mothers at risk of early breastfeeding cessation.
Clinical and Functional Assessment of Digenicity in Renal Phosphate Wasting
Authors: Petzold Friederike , Schönauer Ria , Werner Andreas , Halbritter Jan
Published: April 2023

Apart from increased fluid intake, patients with kidney stone disease (KSD) due to renal phosphate wasting require specific metaphylaxis. NaPi2a, NaPi2c, and NHERF1 regulate plasma phosphate concentration by reabsorbing phosphate in proximal kidney tubules and have been found altered in monogenic hypophosphatemia with a risk of KSD. In this study, we aimed at assessing the combined genetic alterations impacting NaPi2a, NaPi2c, and NHERF1. Therefore, we screened our hereditary KSD registry for cases of oligo- and digenicity, conducted reverse phenotyping, and undertook functional studies. As a result, we identified three patients from two families with digenic alterations in NaPi2a, NaPi2c, and NHERF1. In family 1, the index patient, who presented with severe renal calcifications and a bone mineralization disorder, carried digenic alterations affecting both NaPi transporter 2a and 2c. Functional analysis confirmed an additive genetic effect. In family 2, the index patient presented with kidney function decline, distinct musculature-related symptoms, and intracellular ATP depletion. Genetically, this individual was found to harbor variants in both NaPi2c and NHERF1 pointing towards genetic interaction. In summary, digenicity and gene dosage are likely to impact the severity of renal phosphate wasting and should be taken into account in terms of metaphylaxis through phosphate substitution.
Mitochondria-Stimulating and Antioxidant Effects of Slovak Propolis Varieties on Bovine Spermatozoa
Authors: Tvrdá Eva , Árvay Július , Ďuračka Michal , Kačániová Miroslava
Published: April 2023

Propolis is a natural honeybee product, which is known for its beneficial pharmacological effects and use in traditional medicine. This study aspired to investigate the chemical and antioxidant properties of five propolis specimens, followed by the analysis of their in vitro impact on bovine spermatozoa vitality and oxidative profile. Semen samples from 10 breeding bulls were incubated in the absence or presence of 50 µg/mL propolis extracts, and selected sperm quality parameters including motility, mitochondrial activity, cAMP concentration, NAD+/NADH ratio, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide production were assessed at 2 h and 24 h. Sperm motion behavior and mitochondrial function were stabilized particularly in the presence of propolis collected from Hrabské and Litpovský Hrádok, Slovakia. At the same time, all propolis specimens acted as significant ROS quenchers and stabilized the oxidative milieu of the sperm cultures. Our data suggest that propolis may stabilize the mitochondrial function of spermatozoa while preventing excessive oxidative insults, thereby showing the potential to sustain the sperm motility of extended semen.
Prevalence of Polyomaviruses and Herpesviruses in Moroccan Breast Cancer
Authors: Gihbid Amina , El Amrani Amal , Mouh Fatima Zahra , Gheit Tarik , Benhessou Mustapha , Amrani Mariam , McKay-Chopin Sandrine , Mohamed Brahim Selma , Sahraoui Souha , Bennani Abdelouaheb , El Mzibri Mohammed , Khyatti Meriem
Published: April 2023

Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide, accounting for 24.5% of total new cancer cases and 15.5% of total cancer deaths. Similarly, BC is the most common cancer among Moroccan women, comprising a noteworthy percentage of 40% of all cancers in women. Globally, 15% of cancers are attributable to infections; among them, viruses play a significant role. The present study aimed to explore the presence of a wide range of viral DNA in samples recovered from 76 Moroccan patients with BC and 12 controls using Luminex technology. The explored viruses were as follows: 10 polyomaviruses (PyVs): BKV, KIV, JCV, MCV, WUV, TSV, HPyV6, HPyV7, HPyV9, and SV40; and 5 Herpesviruses (HHVs): CMV, EBV1, EBV2, HSV1, and HSV2. Our results revealed the presence of PyVs DNA in both control (16.7%) and BC tissues (18.4%). Nonetheless, HHV DNA was detected exclusively in BC tissues (23.7%), with a predominance of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) (21%). In conclusion, our study highlights the presence of EBV in human BC tissues, which may play an important role in its development and/or progression. Further investigations are needed to confirm the presence/co-presence of these viruses in BC.
Polytherapy and Multimorbidity Pattern of Users of Anti-VEGF Drugs and Dexamethasone for the Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration and other Vascular Retinopathies in Clinical Practice
Authors: Lucenteforte Ersilia , Finocchietti Marco , Addis Antonio , Tettamanti Mauro , Varano Monica , Parravano Mariacristina , Virgili Gianni
Published: April 2023

Introduction: Our aim was to describe the polytherapy and multimorbidity pattern of users of anti-VEGF and dexamethasone drugs for the treatment of these conditions, and to investigate their polytherapy and multimorbidity profiles, together with adherence and the burden of care. Methods: Descriptive, population-based, pharmacoepidemiology study on the users of anti-VEGF drugs, and secondarily intravitreal dexamethasone, for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration and other vascular retinopathies in clinical practice, using administrative databases of Lazio region, Italy. We used a cohort of 50,000 residents in Lazio in 2019 with same age as comparison. Polytherapy was assessed using databases of prescribed drugs intended for outpatient use. Multimorbidity was investigated with additional sources, such as hospital discharge records, outpatient care records, and disease-specific exemptions from co-payment. Each patient was followed for 1 to 3 years from the first intravitreal injection received. Results: 16,266 residents in Lazio who received the first IVI from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2019, with at least 1 year of observation before index date, were included. The proportion of patients with at least one comorbidity was 54.0%. Patients used an average 8.6 (SD 5.3) concomitant drugs other than anti-VEGF used for injections. A large percentage of patients (39.0%) used 10 or more concomitant drugs, including antibacterials (62.9%), drugs for peptic ulcers (56.8%), anti-thrombotics (52.3%), NSAIDs (44.0%), and anti-dyslipidaemics (42.3%). The same proportions were found across patients of all ages, probably due to high prevalence of diabetes (34.3%), especially in younger age groups. When stratified by diabetes, a comparison of multimorbidity and polytherapy with a sample of 50,000 residents of the same age found that patients receiving IVIs used more drugs and had more comorbidities, particularly in non-diabetics. Lapses of care, whether short (absence of any type of contact for at least 60 days in the first year of follow-up and 90 in the second year) or long (90 days in the first and 180 days in the second year) were common: 66% and 51.7%, respectively. Conclusions: Patients receiving intravitreal drugs for retinal conditions have high multimorbidity and polytherapy rates. Their burden of care is aggravated by the large number of contacts with the eye care system for examinations and injections. Pursuing Minimally Disruptive Medicine to optimise patient care is a difficult goal for health systems, and more research on clinical pathways and their implementation is warranted.
Development of Chloroplast Microsatellite Markers and Evaluation of Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Cutleaf Groundcherry (Physalis angulata L.) in China
Authors: Feng Shangguo , Jiao Kaili , Zhang Zhenhao , Yang Sai , Gao Yadi , Jin Yanyun , Shen Chenjia , Lu Jiangjie , Zhan Xiaori , Wang Huizhong
Published: April 2023

Cutleaf groundcherry (Physalis angulata L.), an annual plant containing a variety of active ingredients, has great medicinal value. However, studies on the genetic diversity and population structure of P. angulata are limited. In this study, we developed chloroplast microsatellite (cpSSR) markers and applied them to evaluate the genetic diversity and population structure of P. angulata. A total of 57 cpSSRs were identified from the chloroplast genome of P. angulata. Among all cpSSR loci, mononucleotide markers were the most abundant (68.24%), followed by tetranucleotide (12.28%), dinucleotide (10.53%), and trinucleotide (8.77%) markers. In total, 30 newly developed cpSSR markers with rich polymorphism and good stability were selected for further genetic diversity and population structure analyses. These cpSSRs amplified a total of 156 alleles, 132 (84.62%) of which were polymorphic. The percentage of polymorphic alleles and the average polymorphic information content (PIC) value of the cpSSRs were 81.29% and 0.830, respectively. Population genetic diversity analysis indicated that the average observed number of alleles (Na), number of effective alleles (He), Nei’s gene diversity (h), and Shannon information indices (I) of 16 P. angulata populations were 1.3161, 1.1754, 0.1023, and 0.1538, respectively. Moreover, unweighted group arithmetic mean, neighbor-joining, principal coordinate, and STRUCTURE analyses indicated that 203 P. angulata individuals from 16 populations were grouped into four clusters. A molecular variance analysis (AMOVA) illustrated the considerable genetic variation among populations, while the gene flow (Nm) value (0.2324) indicated a low level of gene flow among populations. Our study not only provided a batch of efficient genetic markers for research on P. angulata but also laid an important foundation for the protection and genetic breeding of P. angulata resources.
Polymerization of Allyltrimethylisilane and 4-Methyl-1-Pentene by Using Metallocene Catalysts
Authors: Wang Wei , Ren Minqiao , Hou Liping , Qu Shuzhang , Li Xinwei , Guo Zifang
Published: April 2023

Polymers of higher olefin, obtained by Ziegler-type polymerization, have been used in some critical fields, e.g., as the membrane for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), which plays an important role in the treatment of patients with severe COVID-19. The polymer obtained by a single-site catalyst, e.g., metallocene catalysts, demonstrated a higher performance. The homo- and co-polymerization of allyltrimethylisilane (ATMS) and 4-methyl-1-pentene (4M1P) were conducted using syndiospecific (cat 1) and isospecific (cat 2) metallocene catalysts. Cat 1 showed low conversions and provided a polymer with a higher molecular weight, while cat 2 behaved oppositely. 13C-NMR spectra certified the stereotacticity of the resultant polymer, and the resonance of the carbon atom of CH2 (αα’) between the two tertiary carbon atoms of the ATMS and 4M1P units were observed. This could be the evidence of the formation of a true copolymer. The crystallization of the polymer was explored using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). All homopolymers and some of the copolymers showed high melting temperatures and low melting enthalpies. The WAXD patterns of the syndiotactic polymer and isotactic homopolymer or the ATMS-rich copolymer were consistent with the reported literature, but the isotactic 4M1P-rich copolymer provided the crystal form I, which is unusual for a 4M1P polymer without any pretreatment.
Sorption of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Microplastics
Authors: Cruz-Salas Arely Areanely , Velasco-Pérez Maribel , Mendoza-Muñoz Nayely , Vázquez-Morillas Alethia , Beltrán-Villavicencio Margarita , Alvarez-Zeferino Juan Carlos , Ojeda-Benítez Sara
Published: April 2023

As is the case for many others in the world, Mexican seas face complex pollution challenges; two of the contaminants that require special attention for their prevalence, possible chemical interactions, and relation to the country’s economy are leaked petroleum and microplastics (MP). This research assessed the sorption of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) as fuel oil on microplastics in laboratory and field scenarios. Preliminary tests allowed the development and validation of a methodology to measure the sorbed fuel oil by Soxhlet extraction, with a 99.65% recovery rate. The amount of TPH sorbed in the lab followed the order LDPE > PS > PP > PVC > PET > HDPE, with the highest concentration found on LDPE. The sorption of fuel oil on microplastics is correlated to the surface area of the plastic particles and could also be related to the crystallinity of plastics. Sorption, for all plastics, was consistent with a second-order kinetic model. The analysis of field samples collected on beaches of the Gulf of Mexico varied from 1660 to 35,258 mg/kg MP. It must be noticed that, unlike others, this research quantified a family of contaminants, which could explain the high concentrations observed on microplastics.
Toughening Polylactide Stereocomplex by Injection Molding with Thermoplastic Starch and Chain Extender
Authors: Srithep Yottha , Pholharn Dutchanee , Worajittiphon Patnarin , Sriprateep Keartisak , Veang-in Onpreeya , Morris John
Published: April 2023

The high cost, low heat resistance, and brittleness of poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) is a significant drawback that inhibits its diffusion into many industrial applications. These weaknesses were solved by forming a polylactide stereocomplex (ST) and blending it with thermoplastic starch (TPS). We blended poly (L-lactide)(PLLA), up to 30% thermoplastic starch, and a chain extender (2%) in an internal mixer, which was then hand-mixed with poly (D-lactide)(PDLA) and injection molded to form specimens, in order to study mechanical, thermal, and crystallization behavior. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD) demonstrated that the stereocomplex structures were still formed despite the added TPS and showed melting points ~55 °C higher than neat PLLA. Furthermore, stereocomplex crystallinity decreased with the increased TPS content. Dynamic mechanical analysis revealed that ST improved PLLA heat resistance, and tensile testing suggested that the TPS improved the elongation-at-break of ST. Moreover, the chain extender reduced the degradation of ST/TPS blends and generally improved ST/TPS composites’ mechanical properties.
The Effect of α-Olefin–Maleic Anhydride Copolymer on the Rheological and Crystalline Properties and Microcellular Foaming Behavior of Polyamide 6
Authors: Li Shengnan , Jiang Tuanhui , Zeng Xiangbu , Zhu Nenggui , Shen Chao , Gong Wei , Zhang Chun , He Li
Published: April 2023

The α-olefin–maleic anhydride copolymer DIA as a chain extender was used to modify polyamide 6 (PA6) during melt blending. The ability to modulate this modification for PA6 has been shown to be dependent on the effects of its content on the molecular weight distribution, rheological properties, crystalline properties, mechanical properties, and foaming behavior of foam samples. By increasing the DIA content, the viscoelasticity, water contact angle, and elongation at break improved as a result of a significant decrease in water absorption and melt flow rate. Compared with raw PA6, the modified PA6 presented a relatively wider molecular weight distribution. However, the crystallinity of modified PA6 samples decreased, the double melting peaks became one peak, and the α crystallites at 20.3° gradually disappeared with increasing DIA content. The morphologies of composite foams with different contents were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the cell size of different PA6 samples decreased from 160 μm to 83 μm and the cell density increased from 1.1 × 105 cells/cm3 to 5.9 × 105 cells/cm3 when the content of DIA increased from 0 wt% to 5 wt%. Meanwhile, the cell morphology obviously improved and the cell size distribution became narrow. Thus, a preparation technology based on foaming materials with excellent performance, such as better bubble quality and low water absorption, was developed for further research and application.
Diagnosing Infectious Diseases in Poultry Requires a Holistic Approach: A Review
Authors: Liebhart Dieter , Bilic Ivana , Grafl Beatrice , Hess Claudia , Hess Michael
Published: April 2023

Controlling infectious diseases is vital for poultry health and diagnostic methods are an indispensable feature to resolve disease etiologies and the impact of infectious agents on the host. Although the basic principles of disease diagnostics have not changed, the spectrum of poultry diseases constantly expanded, with the identification of new pathogens and improved knowledge on epidemiology and disease pathogenesis. In parallel, new technologies have been devised to identify and characterize infectious agents, but classical methods remain crucial, especially the isolation of pathogens and their further characterization in functional assays and studies. This review aims to highlight certain aspects of diagnosing infectious poultry pathogens, from the farm via the diagnostic laboratory and back, in order to close the circle. By this, the current knowledge will be summarized and future developments will be discussed in the context of applied state-of-the-art techniques. Overall, a common challenge is the increasing demand for infrastructure, skills and expertise. Divided into separate chapters, reflecting different disciplines, daily work implies the need to closely link technologies and human expertise in order to improve bird health, the production economy and to implement future intervention strategies for disease prevention.