bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heterologous prime-boost immunizations with chimpanzee adenoviral vectors elicit potent and protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection
Authors: Liu Jiaojiao , Xu Kun , Xing Man , Zhuo Yue , Guo Jingao , Du Meng , Wang Qi , An Yaling , Li Jinhe , Gao Ping , Wang Yihan , He Furong , Guo Yingying , Li Mingxi , Zhang Yuchao , Zhang Linqi , Gao George F. , Dai Lianpan , Zhou Dongming
Published: December 2021

A safe and effective vaccine for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is urgently needed to tackle the COVID-19 global pandemic. Here, we describe the development of chimpanzee adenovirus serotypes 6 and 68 (AdC6 and AdC68) vector-based vaccine candidates expressing the full-length transmembrane spike glycoprotein. We assessed the vaccine immunogenicity, protective efficacy, and immune cell profiles using single-cell RNA sequencing in mice. Mice were vaccinated via the intramuscular route with the two vaccine candidates using prime-only regimens or heterologous prime-boost regimens. Both chimpanzee adenovirus-based vaccines elicited strong and long-term antibody and T cell responses, balanced Th1/Th2 cell responses, robust germinal center responses, and provided effective protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in mouse lungs. Strikingly, we found that heterologous prime-boost immunization induced higher titers of protective antibodies, and more spike-specific memory CD8+ T cells in mice. Potent neutralizing antibodies produced against the highly transmissible SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.1.7 lineage (also known as N501Y.V1) and B.1.351 lineage (also known as N501Y.V2) were detectable in mouse sera over 6 months after prime immunization. Our results demonstrate that the heterologous prime-boost strategy with chimpanzee adenovirus-based vaccines is promising for further development to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Rhodium-catalyzed denitrogenative gem-difunctionalization of pyridotriazoles with thioesters: formal carbene insertion into C(O)–S bonds
Authors: Gao Zhe , Jiang Di , Li Bin , Wang Baiquan
Published: December 2021

A novel rhodium(ii)-catalyzed in situ formation of sulfonium ylides from pyridotriazoles and thioesters followed by acyl group migration to access α-quaternary pyridines has been developed.
Dual-AIEgens in one organoplatinum(ii) metallaprism: photoluminescence exploration
Authors: Yan Ming-Jie , Huang Sheng-Li , Yang Guo-Yu
Published: December 2021

Two different AIEgens are incorporated into one metallaprism, exhibiting special photoluminescence properties. Particularly, cis–trans isomeric metallaprisms provide an ideal model for the exploration of the AIE function.
Preparation of mesh-like collagen scaffolds for tissue engineering
Authors: Xie Yan , Kawazoe Naoki , Yang Yingnan , Chen Guoping
Published: December 2021

Collagen meshes with large or small openings were prepared after selective removal of PLGA mesh from PLGA–collagen composite mesh or collagen-coated PLGA mesh. The collagen meshes support human skin fibroblast adhesion and promote cell proliferation.
Microstructure and elasticity of dilute gels of colloidal discoids
Authors: Kao Peng-Kai , Solomon Michael J. , Ganesan Mahesh
Published: December 2021

The linear elasticity of dilute colloidal gels formed from discoidal particles is quantified as a function of aspect ratio and modeled by confocal microscopy characterization of their fractal cluster microstructure.
Polymer source-gated transistors with low saturation voltage
Authors: Georgakopoulos S. , Sporea R. A. , Shkunov M.
Published: December 2021

High ionisation potential polymer transistors with unavoidable Schottky contacts are used to provide very stable and low-current operation with a very low saturation voltage of 2 V even with thick gate dielectric due to source-gated transistor design.
Improved generalised integrator for optimal dispatch of SyRG‐based pico‐hydro‐PV system
Authors: Sharma Rohini , Singh Bhim , Kewat Seema
Published: December 2021

The fluctuating outputs from renewable energy sources (RESs) and variable load power demand deteriorate the current quality, thus an improved generalised integrator with a frequency‐locked loop (IGI‐FLL) control strategy is used, which is not only easy but simple to attain a quick and precise fundamental extraction. IGI‐FLL control method is utilised with all‐pass filter and is capable to accomplish enhanced harmonics, noise and DC offset rejection ability while estimating fundamental component of the load current. In addition, the FLL structure is used to increase the frequency immunity against voltage variations. It provides improved steady‐state and dynamic performances with flexibility in parameter tuning in comparison to SOGI‐FLL algorithm. It also presents a cost‐effective and robust genetic algorithm (GA)‐based optimisation to provide optimum battery charging and discharging power while satisfying the state‐of‐charge (SOC) limits under RES uncertainty. In this islanded microgrid, a Synchronous Reluctance Generator for pico‐hydro and photovoltaic array is used so that this hybrid system utilises maximum solar PV array power, matches the load, or else charges the battery energy storage while maintaining power balance in the microgrid. Comparative outcomes authenticate the efficacy of the algorithm to handle the issue of RES uncertainty and load unbalance in an islanded microgrid.
Electricity‐heat‐gas integrated demand response dependency assessment based on BOXCOX‐Pair Copula model
Authors: Tian Shuxin , Huang Wentao , Yan Taishan , Yang Xijun , Fu Yang
Published: December 2021

With the continuous development of Regional Integrated Energy System (RIES), demand response (DR) is composed of diversified loads including electric load, heat load and gas load. Their cross‐dependencies reflecting the nonlinear coupling complementary relationship between each load type are one of the key factors to improve multi‐energy flow optimisation modelling and utilisation efficiency on the demand side. Accordingly, this paper proposes a DR dependency assessment method considering electricity‐heat‐gas loads based on the BOXCOX‐Pair Copula model. BOXCOX transformation is introduced to convert various probability distribution statistics of electricity‐heat‐gas loads into Gaussian distributed variables. C‐vine Pair Copula is used to characterise an ensemble‐of‐trees of high‐dimensional dependency structure among multi‐energy demand modalities. Then the combined model of BOXCOX transformation and C‐vine Pair Copula can be employed to determine the complex coupling dependency among electricity‐heat‐gas loads according to different DR statistics. Some metrics between the original empirical distribution and BOXCOX‐Pair Copula distribution are introduced to assess the dependency evaluation precision of the proposed model. Finally, the novel dependency assessment model is numerically tested utilising the electricity load, heat load and gas load data sequences in a real RIES. The results illustrate that the cross‐dependency of electricity‐heat‐gas integrated DR based on the BOXCOX‐C‐vine copula model is closer to that of actual sample data, which verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed approach.
Veränderungen in der ICD-11: Störungen durch Substanzgebrauch und Verhaltenssüchte
Authors: Gutwinski Stefan , Heinz Andreas
Published: December 2021

ICD-11 unterscheidet 3 Formen des schädlichen Gebrauches und 5 Formen der Substanzabhängigkeit. Zudem werden laut einer Vorversion die bisherigen 6 Kriterien der Substanzabhängigkeit in 3 Doppelkriterien zusammengefasst. Die Formulierung des fortgesetzten Konsums „trotz eindeutig schädlicher Folgen“ soll durch „trotz des Auftretens von Problemen“ ersetzt werden. Pathologischen Glücksspielen und pathologischen Spielens werden als Verhaltenssüchte neben den substanzbezogenen Störungen aufgeführt.

Die Reduktion der Diagnosekriterien der Substanzabhängigkeit von 6 auf 3 ist problematisch. Laut erster Studien kommt es unter Anwendung des ICD-11 zu häufigeren Diagnosen von Alkohol- und Cannabisabhängigkeit. Dass die Formulierung des Konsums „trotz eindeutig schädlicher Folgen“ durch „trotz des Auftretens von Problemen“ ersetzt werden soll, wäre problematisch, da dies auch juristische und soziale Probleme beinhalten kann und damit die Pathologisierung sozialer Probleme befördern könnte.
Häusliche Gewalt und Partnerschaftsgewalt – eine Herausforderung im Gesundheitssektor
Authors: Schellong Julia , Epple Franziska , Lorenz Patrick , Ritschel Gerhard , Croy Ilona , Lenk Maria , Maertens Gesine , Böhm Ulrike , Weidner Kerstin
Published: December 2021

Häusliche Gewalt ist laut Studien gesundheitsgefährdend. Ärzt*innen werden von Gewaltopfern als primäre Ansprechpersonen wahrgenommen. Zur Prävention weiterer Gewalt interessiert deren Wahrnehmung von sich selbst als Schlüsselstelle. 1346 bei der Sächsischen Landesärztekammer 2015 gemeldete (Zahn-)Ärzt*innen beantworteten einen Fragebogen zum Kontakt mit Betroffenen, zu Hilfestrukturen und zu Fortbildungen zum Thema. Sie äußerten eine geringe Kontakthäufigkeit zu Betroffenen bei hoher Bereitschaft, Patient*innen bei Verdacht anzusprechen. Es fand sich Unsicherheit bei der Weitervermittlung sowie eingeschränkte Bekanntheit vorhandener Hilfestrukturen. Hohe Bereitschaft gab es für weitere Fortbildung. Zusammenfassend bestehen einerseits Motivation und Bereitschaft, andererseits Unsicherheit und Unkenntnis bezüglich der Thematik häusliche Gewalt und spezifische Hilfestrukturen. Fortbildungen mit Fokus auf zentrale Vernetzungsinhalte und Schnittstellen sollten Ärzt*innen bei der Wahrnehmung ihrer Rolle im Hilfesystem unterstützen.
Five-Year Long-Term Follow-Up of Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty in Open-Angle Glaucoma
Authors: Gack Christina , Laemmer Robert , Hohberger Bettina
Published: December 2021

Purpose Selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) is known as a safe laser therapy for an effective reduction in intraocular pressure (IOP). The aim of this study was to examine the
therapeutic success of SLT in open-angle glaucoma (OAG) patients with a long-term follow-up of 5 years.

Methods Forty-six eyes of forty OAG patients, some with previous intraocular surgery, underwent SLT (24 males, 16 females). Therapeutic success was categorized as: category (I) – IOP
reduction ≤ 21 mmHg and > 20% compared to baseline IOP with additional glaucoma medication; category (II) – IOP reduction ≤ 18 mmHg and > 30% compared to baseline IOP with additional
glaucoma medication; category (III) – IOP reduction ≤ 18 mmHg without any additional glaucoma medication at all follow-ups. Therapeutic failure was defined as the necessity of any further
glaucoma surgery (IV).

Results (1) SLT was well tolerated in all eyes, and no severe side effects or complications were recorded. (2) After 1-year follow-up, therapeutic success was 27% (I), 30% (II), and
3% (III). The therapeutic failure rate was 40% (IV). (3) After 2 years follow-up, therapeutic success was 7% (I), 10% (II), and 0% (III). The therapeutic failure rate was 83% (IV). (4) After
3 years follow-up, the therapeutic failure rate increased up to 100% (IV).

Conclusion SLT seemed to be effective in lowering IOP in the first year in the present cohort, however, the long-term effect is low and additional local therapy or surgical
interventions are necessary.
Rationale, Mission and Vision for a National Centre of Affective
Disorders in Germany
Authors: Reif Andreas , Baune Bernhard T. , Deckert Jürgen , Juckel Georg , Kittel-Schneider Sarah , Kircher Tilo , Kornhuber Johannes , Rupprecht Rainer , Bauer Michael
Published: December 2021

Affective disorders are common, complex disorders representing one of the major
challenges to global health in the 21st century. To mitigate the burden of
disease, substantial public health efforts need to be undertaken since research
on the causes and adequate treatment requires multidisciplinary approaches.
These should integrate translational, and clinical research, aided by
technological advancements in collecting and analysing comprehensive data. Here
we present the rationale, concept, mission and vision of the recently founded
National Centre of Affective Disorders (NCAD) in Germany. NCAD founding partners
build on their previous successful cooperation within the German Research
Network for Mental Disorders funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and
Research (BMBF). They form an internationally pre-eminent network of integrative
excellence, leading in science and contributing significantly to the improved
care of affective disorder patients. The partners will provide complementary
structures and innovative methods across the entire translational continuum from
bench to clinical and real-world settings. The vision of the NCAD is to foster
cross-disciplinary research from basic neuroscience to public mental health by
close translational collaboration between academia, non-university research
institutions, and international partners, including industry, to deliver
cutting-edge research, innovative clinical services and evidence-based training
to young clinicians and scientists. The mission is to accomplish research in a
highly translational manner, especially with respect to clinical studies in a
trans-sectoral way. This approach aims to ensure continuous improvement in the
treatment and care provided to patients and an interdisciplinary environment for
high-level research and education in affective disorders.
Comparison of Techniques for Obtaining Centric Relation Based on the Reproducibility of the Condylar Positions in Centric Relation—A Systematic Review
Authors: de Moraes Melo Neto Clóvis Lamartine , dos Santos Daniela Micheline , de Magalhães Bertoz André Pinheiro , Moreno André Luiz de Melo , Goiato Marcelo Coelho
Published: December 2021

The objective of this systematic review was to compare centric relation (CR) techniques that belong to the same method of obtaining CR (guided, graphical, or physiological method), to verify which CR technique within each method of obtaining CR generates the greatest reproducibility of the condylar positions (or mandibular position) in CR. The PubMed, Cochrane Library, SciELO, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched for articles published up to May 5, 2021. The search terms were combinations of “dental centric relation” (MeSH), with each of the following terms (individually): “reproducibility of findings” (MeSH); “jaw relation record” (MeSH); “chin point”; “gothic arch”; “bimanual manipulation”; “swallowing” (MeSH); and “jig.” Inclusion criteria: clinical studies in English; individuals without temporomandibular dysfunction and with complete or almost complete dentition or complete edentulous; and comparison between CR techniques belonging to the same method of obtaining CR based on the reproducibility of condylar positions in CR. For each method of obtaining the CR, the following CR techniques were considered: guided method (chin point guidance and bimanual manipulation); graphic method (intraoral and extraoral gothic arch tracing); and physiologic method (swallowing and tongue retrusion along the palate). A total of 1692 articles were screened. After the inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, six articles were included in this review. None of the included studies evaluated edentulous individuals. All included articles compared CR techniques of the guided method. Three articles concluded that the bimanual technique showed greater reproducibility of the condylar positions in CR than the chin point guidance technique, two articles showed equivalence between these techniques, and 1 article concluded that the chin point guidance technique showed greater reproducibility of the condylar positions in CR than the bimanual technique. Thus, in this systematic review, the bimanual technique was often superior (generated greater reproducibility of the CR) or at least equivalent to the chin point guidance technique. Therefore, for individuals with complete dentition and without temporomandibular disorders, the bimanual technique is more recommended.
Bond Strength and Microleakage of a Novel Glass Ionomer Cement Containing Silver Diamine Fluoride
Authors: Auychai Prim , Khumtrakoon Nichakorn , Jitongart Chonticha , Daomanee Punnamas , Laiteerapong Arunee
Published: December 2021

Objectives To investigate the shear bond strength and microleakage of glass ionomer cement (GIC) containing silver diamine fluoride (SDF).

Materials and Methods Sound human permanent premolars were divided into the following three groups: 1) GIC (Fuji IX), 2) GICSDF-S: GIC + SDF (Saforide), and 3) GICSDF-T: GIC + SDF (Topamine). Shear bond strength (n = 14/group) was measured using a universal testing machine and compared between groups (one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD, p < 0.05). Microleakage (n = 15/group) at enamel and dentin margins was scored using a stereomicroscope (10x) and compared between groups (Chi-square, p < 0.05).

Results There were significant differences in shear bond strength between the GIC and GICSDF-S groups and between the GIC and GICSDF-T groups. The GIC group had the lowest shear bond strength among the groups; however, there was no significant difference between the GICSDF-S and GICSDF-T groups. The microleakage test results were not significantly different between groups at the enamel margin or dentin margins. Although the GIC group demonstrated a higher dye penetration score at the enamel and dentin margins, the difference was not significant.

Conclusions Within the limitations of this study, we conclude that incorporating SDF into GIC results in higher shear bond strength while not increasing microleakage at the enamel and dentin margins.
Long COVID Oral Cavity Symptoms Based on Selected Clinical Cases
Authors: Rafałowicz Barbara , Wagner Leopold , Rafałowicz Juliusz
Published: December 2021

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is characterized by variable clinical features, different durations, and several previously unheard-of late complications. Knowledge about this infection is constantly evolving.

The aim of the study is to present selected cases of the most common symptoms of long COVID in the oral cavity.

Among the 1,256 studied patients, 32% of them had discoloration, ulceration, and hemorrhagic changes on the oral mucosa, 29.69% had mycosis located on the tongue, 25.79% of patients had aphthous-like lesions on the hard palate, and in 12.5% atrophic cheilitis was observed. During the anamnesis, approximately 60% of patients reported salivary secretory disorders in the initial period of infection, which is 6.68% prolonged up to 4 months after systemic symptoms disappeared. In an extreme case, an aphthous-like lesion was located on the hard palate, which persisted for 6 months. Approximately 36% of patients did not agree to the proposed treatment. As a result, they only received recommendations on the use of oral hygiene products and received weekly check-ups. In this group of patients, most pathological changes spontaneously cleared after 3 weeks. The elderly with coexisting diseases, persons with a more severe SARS-CoV-2, and hospitalized patients had more extensive and severe lesions in the oral cavity that persisted for a long time after infection.

In patients after the SARS-CoV-2 infection and suspected of this infection, a detailed intraoral examination should be performed, and the patient must be obligatorily monitored for a minimum period of 6 months. Depending on the patient's clinical condition, changes in the oral cavity require observation, basic or specialist treatment. In the case of changes in the cavity without pain symptoms, observation should be made for approximately 4 weeks and wait for the spontaneous regression of the changes. However, when pain occurs, a good solution is to use laser biostimulation. In the case of complex pathological changes occurring in the oral cavity, the patient should be directed for specialist treatment.
Laterotrusion (Side to Side) and Protrusion/Retraction Difficulty of Tongue in Two Children with Wilson's Disease
Authors: Koul Roshan , Maria Arjun , Alam Seema
Published: December 2021

Involvement of tongue is uncommon in Wilson's disease (WD) in early stages. This is usually seen late when the patient has an established neurological WD associated with dyskinesia, dystonia, and tremors. In this article, we presented two children with tongue involvement in which there were slow laterotrusion (side to side) and protrusion and retraction movements. In the first child this was the early and only manifestation without any other neurological features while in the second child this was seen in a previously diagnosed WD. Slow tongue movements in any child with or without extrapyramidal features should be investigated to rule out a treatable condition like WD. Tongue involvement is common in children with different neurological/neuromuscular diseases, drugs, and other unknown conditions.
The Medial Tibial Plateau Can Be Used as a Direct Anatomical Reference for the Posterior Tibial Slope in Medial Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Mori Shigeshi , Akagi Masao , Moritake Akihiro , Tsukamoto Ichiro , Yamagishi Kotaro , Inoue Shinji , Nakagawa Koichi , Togawa Daisuke
Published: December 2021

There has been no consensus about how to determine the individual posterior tibial slope (PTS) intraoperatively. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the tibial plateau could be used as a reference for reproducing individual PTS during medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA). Preoperative computed tomography (CT) data from 48 lower limbs for medial UKA were imported into a three-dimensional planning software. Digitally reconstructed radiographs were created from the CT data as the lateral knee plain radiographs and the radiographic PTS angle was measured. Then, the PTS angles on the medial one-quarter and the center of the MTP (¼ and ½ MTP, respectively), and that on the medial tibial eminence (TE) were measured on the sagittal multiplanar reconstruction image. Finally, 20 lateral knee radiographs with an arthroscopic probe placed on the ¼ and the ½ MTP were obtained intraoperatively, and the angle between the axis of the probe and the tangent line of the plateau was measured. The mean radiographic PTS angle was 7.9 ± 3.0 degrees (range: 1.7–13.6 degrees). The mean PTS angles on the ¼ MTP, the ½ MTP, and the TE were 8.1 ± 3.0 degrees (1.2–13.4 degrees), 9.1 ± 3.0 degrees (1.4–14.7 degrees), and 9.9 ± 3.1 degrees (3.1–15.7 degrees), respectively. The PTS angles on the ¼ MTP and the ½ MTP were strongly correlated with the radiographic PTS angle (r =0.87 and 0.80, respectively, p < 0.001). A statistically significant difference was observed between the mean angle of the radiographic PTS and the PTS on the TE (p < 0.01). The mean angle between the axis of the probe and the tangent line of the tibial plateau was −0.4 ± 0.9 degrees (−2.3–1.3 degrees) on the ¼ MTP and −0.1 ± 0.7 degrees (−1.5–1.2 degrees) on the ½ MTP, respectively. An area from the medial one-quarter to the center of the MTP could be used as an anatomical reference for the individual PTS.
Prevalence of Tinnitus in Patients Diagnosed with Cerebral Arteriovenous Fistula Treated with Endovascular Technique
Authors: Haas Leandro José , Sabel Bruno Rafael , Harger Mateus Campestrini , Martins Julia , Staedele Guilherme Voltolini , Camilo Liz Caroline de Oliveira , Marques Natalia Tozzi
Published: December 2021

Introduction Tinnitus is characterized as the conscious and involuntary perception of sound, and it affects ∼ 30% of the population. Despite careful physical examination, the etiology of tinnitus can be established for only 30% of patients. Tinnitus is a common symptom of cerebral arteriovenous fistulas and results from increased blood flow through the dural venous sinuses, leading to turbulent arterial flow, mainly related to sigmoid and transverse sinus lesions.

Objectives To analyze the frequency of tinnitus, patient profile, and endovascular treatment characteristics in individuals diagnosed with cerebral arteriovenous fistulas.

Methods A retrospective and observational study based on reviewed data from medical records on the PHILIPS Tasy system (Philips Healthcare, Cambridge, MA, USA) at the neurosurgery and interventional neuroradiology service of Hospital Santa Isabel in Blumenau–state of Santa Catarina, Brazil.

Results The profile of 68 individuals diagnosed with cerebral arteriovenous fistula who underwent endovascular treatment were analyzed. Most patients were female, aged 31 to 60. Tinnitus affected 18 individuals. Dural fistulas were the most prevalent in the sample, and computed tomography alone was the most used diagnostic method for initial investigation.

Conclusion The prevalence of this symptom in patients diagnosed with cerebral arteriovenous fistula was found in 26.5% of this sample, mainly in women with associated comorbidities. Tinnitus remission was observed in all patients who underwent endovascular treatment to correct cerebral fistula.
Optimization of the Lung Biopsy Procedure: A Primer
Authors: Lingegowda Dayananda , Gupta Bharat , Gehani Anisha , Sen Saugata , Ghosh Priya
Published: December 2021

Image-guided lung biopsy plays a very important role in the diagnosis and management of lung lesions. As a diagnostic tool, it demands a high diagnostic yield and a low complication rate. It is imperative to balance the diagnostic yield and patient safety during lung biopsies. The aim of this article is to review the standard practice guidelines of lung biopsy, to describe the techniques used to minimize the complications associated with lung biopsy, and to describe the management of complications.
2 Fundamental Principles of Organic Electrochemistry
Authors: Scheremetjew A. , Meyer T. H. , Lin Z. , Massignan L. , Ackermann L.
Published: December 2021

This chapter addresses the basic terminology of electrochemistry and its fundamental mechanisms of electron and mass transfer. The general setup and most important analytical methods are introduced to provide the reader with the theoretical prerequisites for the implementation of electrochemical transformations into organic synthesis.
3 Methods and Materials Applied in Electrosynthesis
Authors: Enders P. , Francke R.
Published: December 2021

This chapter is intended as a tutorial for the organic chemist and to serve as an introductory guide to the technical and methodological aspects of electrosynthesis. The most important reaction parameters, methods, and materials are covered both from a practical point of view and in their physicochemical context
7 Electrochemically Generated Nitrogen-Centered Radicals
Authors: Hou Z.-W. , Xu H.-C.
Published: December 2021

Nitrogen-centered radicals are versatile reactive intermediates for organic synthesis. This chapter describes recent progress in the electrochemical generation and reactions of nitrogen-centered radicals. Under electrochemical conditions, various nitrogen-centered radicals are generated through electrolysis of readily available precursors such as N—H bonds or azides. These reactive intermediates undergo addition reactions to π-systems or hydrogen-atom abstraction to generate various nitrogen-containing compounds.
8 Electrochemical Fluoroalkylation
Authors: Ruan Z. , Huang Z. , Kuciński K. , Ackermann L.
Published: December 2021

This chapter reviews electrochemical fluoroalkylations. Reactions covered include trifluoromethylation, difluoromethylation, monofluoromethylation, and perfluoroalkylation as well as polyfluoroalkylation through direct electrolysis and indirect electrolysis.
11 Electrophotocatalysis
Authors: Galczynski J. , Huang H. , Lambert T. H.
Published: December 2021

Electrocatalysis and photocatalysis have proven to be powerful strategies for molecular synthesis. Recently, methods that combine the power of light and electricity within a single catalyst have been reported. This area, termed electrophotocatalysis, offers new opportunities to promote challenging transformations. This chapter covers recent work in this area and demonstrates some of the possibilities offered by these approaches for rapidly constructing complex structures through the merger of electrochemical and photochemical energy.
12 Asymmetric Electrosynthesis
Authors: Yamamoto K. , Kuriyama M. , Onomura O.
Published: December 2021

The merging of asymmetric synthesis and electrochemistry offers powerful and environ-mentally benign protocols for the synthesis of optically active compounds. As electro-chemical reactions are performed under unique conditions compared with conventional chemical reactions, a variety of chiral sources have been investigated to achieve efficient asymmetric induction. In this review, selected examples of enantioselective electrosyn-thesis by using chiral mediators, organocatalysts, metal catalysts, and modified electrodes under both electrooxidative and electroreductive conditions are described. These reactions are organized according to the type of chiral source employed. Asymmetric electrosynthesis via memory of chirality is also included.
15 Paired Electrolysis
Authors: Wu T. , Moeller K. D.
Published: December 2021

While paired electrochemical reactions have a history that can be traced back to the 19th century and have been very effectively used for the production of commercial products, the larger synthetic community has only recently started to embrace the opportunities this approach offers to maximize the overall energy and atom efficiency of electrochemical processes. In this review, a summary of these efforts is presented in the context of four classes of paired electrochemical reactions. These classes of reaction involve parallel processing of products at the anode and cathode, divergent reactions that use a single starting material in different ways, convergent reactions that combine products made at the anode and cathode, and sequential reactions that pass a substrate between the electrodes.
Instrumentation development and testing of a wind turbine blade for sub-scale wake studies
Authors: Hassanzadeh A. , Naughton J. , LoTufo J. , Hangan H.
Published: December 2021

Wind turbine blade aerodynamics and the resulting wake flow are complex, and wind tunnel testing of these flows can provide critical insight. The data from such tests are also valuable for validation of numerical models. For experiments using sub-scale turbines to be useful, the blade aerodynamics and wakes must exhibit the important features observed in utility-scale turbine flows. In this work, ∼1 m blades designed to produce physics relevant to larger scale turbines were manufactured and affixed to an existing turbine. One of the blades was instrumented for blade surface pressure measurements. Time-dependent surface pressure measurements coupled with instantaneous measurements of the inflow with Cobra probes and the wake with particle image velocimetry allowed for characterization of the inflow, blade flow, and near wake. The results demonstrate that the instrumentation was effective in characterizing the blade loading and the flow field. For the one test case discussed in this paper, the measurements of inflow, blade loading, and wake properties facilitate understanding of the wake's behavior.
Phase-averaged dynamics of a periodically surging wind turbine
Authors: Wei Nathaniel J. , Dabiri John O.
Published: December 2021

The unsteady power generation of a wind turbine translating in the streamwise direction is relevant to floating offshore wind turbines, kite-mounted airborne wind turbines, and other nontraditional wind-energy systems. To study this problem experimentally, measurements of torque, rotor speed, and power were acquired for a horizontal-axis wind turbine actuated in periodic surge motions in a fan-array wind tunnel at the Caltech Center for Autonomous Systems and Technologies. Experiments were conducted at a diameter-based Reynolds number of ReD=6.1×105 and at tip-speed ratios between 5.2 and 8.8. Sinusoidal and trapezoidal surge-velocity waveforms with maximum surge velocities up to 23% of the free-stream velocity were tested. A model in the form of a linear ordinary differential equation (first-order in time) was derived to capture the time-resolved dynamics of the surging turbine. Its coefficients were obtained using torque measurements from a stationary turbine, without the need for unsteady calibrations. Its predictions compared favorably with the measured amplitude- and phase-response data. Furthermore, increases in the period-averaged power of up to 6.4% above the steady reference case were observed in the experiments at high tip-speed ratios and surge velocities, potentially due to unsteady or nonlinear aerodynamic effects. Conversely, decreases in mean power with increased surge velocity at low tip-speed ratios were likely a result of the onset of stall on the turbine blades. These results inform the development of strategies to optimize and control the unsteady power generation of periodically surging wind turbines, and motivate further investigations into the unsteady aerodynamics of wind-energy systems.
Pump pulse characteristics of quasi-continuous-wave diode-side-pumped Nd:YAG laser
Authors: Song Zexin , Bian Qi , Shen Yu , Gong Keling , Zong Nan , Zong Qingshuang , Bo Yong , Peng Qinjun
Published: December 2021

The influence of pumping laser pulse on the property of quasi-continuous-wave (QCW) diode-side-pumped Nd:YAG laser is investigated theoretically and experimentally. Under remaining a fixed duty cycle, the average output power increases, and the corresponding thermal focal length shorten with the increase of the pump pulse duration, which attributes to the decrease of the ratio of pulse buildup time to the pulse duration. At a pump power of 146 W, the laser output power changes from 65.1 W to 81.2 W when the pulse duration is adjusted from 150 μs to 1000 μs, confirming a significant enhancement of 24.7%. A laser rate equation model incorporating the amplified spontaneous emission is also utilized and numerically solved, and the simulated results agree well with the experimental data.
A novel similarity measure for mining missing links in long-path networks
Authors: Ran Yijun , Liu Tianyu , Jia Tao , Xu Xiao-Ke
Published: December 2021

Network information mining is the study of the network topology, which may answer a large number of application-based questions towards the structural evolution and the function of a real system. The question can be related to how the real system evolves or how individuals interact with each other in social networks. Although the evolution of the real system may seem to be found regularly, capturing patterns on the whole process of evolution is not trivial. Link prediction is one of the most important technologies in network information mining, which can help us understand the evolution mechanism of real-life network. Link prediction aims to uncover missing links or quantify the likelihood of the emergence of nonexistent links from known network structures. Currently, widely existing methods of link prediction almost focus on short-path networks that usually have a myriad of close triangular structures. However, these algorithms on highly sparse or long-path networks have poor performance. Here, we propose a new index that is associated with the principles of structural equivalence and shortest path length (SESPL) to estimate the likelihood of link existence in long-path networks. Through a test of 548 real networks, we find that SESPL is more effective and efficient than other similarity-based predictors in long-path networks. Meanwhile, we also exploit the performance of SESPL predictor and of embedding-based approaches via machine learning techniques. The results show that the performance of SESPL can achieve a gain of 44.09% over GraphWave and 7.93% over Node2vec. Finally, according to the matrix of maximal information coefficient (MIC) between all the similarity-based predictors, SESPL is a new independent feature in the space of traditional similarity features.
Influence fast or later: Two types of influencers in social networks
Authors: Zhou Fang , Su Chang , Xu Shuqi , Lü Linyuan
Published: December 2021

In real-world networks, there usually exist a small set of nodes that play an important role in the structure and function of networks. Those vital nodes can influence most of other nodes in the network via a spreading process. While most of the existing works focused on vital nodes that can maximize the spreading size in the final stage, which we call final influencers, recent work proposed the idea of fast influencers, which emphasizes nodes’ spreading capacity at the early stage. Despite the recent surge of efforts in identifying these two types of influencers in networks, there remained limited research on untangling the differences between the fast influencers and final influencers. In this paper, we firstly distinguish the two types of influencers: fast-only influencers and final-only influencers. The former is defined as individuals who can achieve a high spreading effect at the early stage but lose their superiority in the final stage, and the latter are those individuals that fail to exhibit a prominent spreading performance at the early stage but influence a large fraction of nodes at the final stage. Further experiments are based on eight empirical datasets, and we reveal the key differences between the two types of influencers concerning their spreading capacity and the local structures. We also analyze how network degree assortativity influences the fraction of the proposed two types of influencers. The results demonstrate that with the increase of degree assortativity, the fraction of the fast-only influencers decreases, which indicates that more fast influencers tend to keep their superiority at the final stage. Our study provides insights into the differences and evolution of different types of influencers and has important implications for various empirical applications, such as advertisement marketing and epidemic suppressing.
Self-error-rejecting multipartite entanglement purification for electron systems assisted by quantum-dot spins in optical microcavities
Authors: Liu Yong-Ting , Wu Yi-Ming , Du Fang-Fang
Published: December 2021

We present a self-error-rejecting multipartite entanglement purification protocol (MEPP) for N-electron-spin entangled states, resorting to the single-side cavity-spin-coupling system. Our MEPP has a high efficiency containing two steps. One is to obtain high-fidelity N-electron-spin entangled systems with error-heralded parity-check devices (PCDs) in the same parity-mode outcome of three electron-spin pairs, as well as M-electron-spin entangled subsystems (2 ≤ M < N) in the different parity-mode outcomes of those. The other is to regain the N-electron-spin entangled systems from M-electron-spin entangled states utilizing entanglement link. Moreover, the quantum circuits of PCDs make our MEPP works faithfully, due to the practical photon-scattering deviations from the finite side leakage of the microcavity, and the limited coupling between a quantum dot and a cavity mode, converted into a failed detection in a heralded way.
Customer Segmentation Using K-Means Clustering and the Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm
Authors: Li Yue , Qi Jianfang , Chu Xiaoquan , Mu Weisong
Published: December 2021

In a competitive market, it is of great significance to divide customer groups to develop customer-centered personalized products. In this paper, we propose a customer segmentation method based on the K-means algorithm and the improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. As the PSO algorithm easily falls into local extremum, the improved hybrid particle swarm optimization (IHPSO) algorithm is proposed to improve optimization accuracy. The full factorial design is used to determine the optimal parameter combination; the roulette operator is used to select excellent particles; then, the selected particles are crossed according to their adaptive crossover probabilities; when the population falls into a local optimum, the particles are mutated according to their adaptive mutation probabilities. Aimed at the K-means’ sensitivity to selecting the initial cluster centers, IHPSO is used to optimize the cluster centers (IHPSO-KM). We compare IHPSO with the PSO, LDWPSO, GA, GA-PSO and ALPSO algorithms on nine benchmark functions. We also conduct comparative experiments to compare IHPSO-KM with several conventional and state-of-the-art approaches on five UCI datasets. All results show that the two proposed methods outperform existing models. Finally, IHPSO-KM is applied in customer segmentation. The experimental results also prove the rationality and applicability of IHPSO-KM for customer segmentation.
The challenges of EMI for art and design students in the UAE
Authors: Jones Wayne , McKeown Kara , Littlewood Suzanne
Published: December 2021

While there are a variety of reasons for implementing English medium instruction (EMI) at higher-education institutions (HEIs) worldwide, this decision is often made without consideration of its potential impact on student learning. Federal HEIs in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) are no exception. With English language admission standards at between 5.0 and 5.5 IELTS, students are frequently challenged to successfully complete the tasks required of them and faculty can be frustrated by the level of work they receive. This article describes the findings of a research project, conducted with Emirati art and design students at one of these HEIs, which identified challenges experienced by students and faculty in an EMI setting. A subsequent initiative investigating writing genres students need to be familiar with is also discussed. Finally, collaboratively developed teaching materials are also described. With appropriate contextual modifications, these initiatives could be replicated in EMI contexts elsewhere.
Characterizing Stand and Biomass Tables from Diameter Distribution Models: A Case Study for Mixed-Hardwood Forests in Eastern Tennessee, USA
Authors: Yang Sheng-I , Cao Quang V , Shoch David T , Johnson Trisha
Published: December 2021

Accurately assessing forest structure and productivity is critical to making timely management decisions and monitoring plant communities. This study aims to evaluate the prediction accuracy of site-level stand and biomass tables from the diameter distribution models. The efficacy of the single Weibull function and two finite mixture models was compared for six species groups on three mixed-hardwood sites in eastern Tennessee, USA. To evaluate model performance, two types of stand/biomass tables were generated. The first type was constructed from all species on a given site (site-specific), whereas the second type was built for a single species from all sites (species-specific).

Results indicate that both types of stand and biomass tables were consistently well quantified by the two-component mixture model in terms of goodness of fit, parsimony, and robustness. The two-component mixture model better characterized the complex, multimodal diameter distributions than the single Weibull model, which underpredicted the upper portion of the distributions. The three-component model tends to overfit the data, which results in lower prediction accuracy. Among the three models examined, the two-Weibull mixture model is suggested to construct site-level stand/biomass tables, which provides more reliable and accurate predictions to assess forest structure and product class.
Identification of α1,2-fucosylated signaling and adhesion molecules in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Montesino Brittany , Steenackers Agata , Lozano Juan M , Young Geoffrey D , Hu Nan , Sackstein Robert , Chandler Kevin Brown
Published: December 2021

Head and neck cancer is the seventh most common cancer in the world, and most cases manifest as head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Despite the prominent role of fucosylated carbohydrate antigens in tumor cell adhesion and metastasis, little is known about the functional role of fucose-modified glycoproteins in head and neck cancer pathobiology. Inactivating polymorphisms of the fut2 gene, encoding for the α1,2-fucosyltransferase FUT2, are associated with an increased incidence of head and neck cancer among tobacco users. Moreover, the presence of the α1,2-fucosylated Lewis Y epitope, with both α1,2- and α1,3-linked fucose, has been observed in head and neck cancer tumors while invasive regions lose expression, suggesting a potential role for α1,2-fucosylation in the regulation of aggressive tumor cell characteristics. Here, we report an association between fut2 expression and head and neck cancer survival, document differential surface expression of α1,2-fucosylated epitopes in a panel of normal, dysplastic, and head and neck cancer cell lines, identify a set of potentially α1,2-fucosylated signaling and adhesion molecules including the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), CD44 and integrins via tandem mass spectrometry, and finally, present evidence that EGFR is among the α1,2-fucosylated and LeY-displaying proteins in head and neck cancer. This knowledge will serve as the foundation for future studies to interrogate the role of LeY-modified and α1,2-fucosylated glycoproteins in head and neck cancer pathogenesis. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD029420.
A longitudinal analysis of Italian manufacturing companies’ labor productivity in the period 2004–2013
Authors: Zeli Alessandro , Bini Matilde , Nascia Leopoldo
Published: December 2021

In Italy, productivity had a turning point in the second half of the 1990s, when it went into decline. During the last few years, productivity in Italy has been sluggish, with an even more marked decreasing trend. Studies on companies’ performances, regarding productivity growth, have highlighted different aspects and various concomitant factors. Many analyses focused on the lack of investment and productivity differentials related to export activity. Indeed, productivity growth is a multidimensional problem that can be approached by following the evolution of various factors, such as profitability, labor costs, growth of aggregate demand, and investment. This work aims at identifying and analyzing, at the microlevel, the determinants of labor productivity over the whole period 2004–2013, and in the two sub-periods before and after the 2007 crisis. The goal is to determine the factors that have most influenced the change in the productivity of manufacturing companies in the period considered. Moreover, we focus on those elements that permit firms to survive a crisis, and on the presence of other factors that can, instead, accelerate a crisis. To carry out this analysis, firms have to be tracked over time, so a panel of companies’ financial reports was used to create a transition matrix, and econometric models are proposed to estimate productivity determinants. We highlight the centrality of the labor market in explaining the main economic evolution, also in recent years, and the factors that have pushed Italy’s move towards a labor-intensive development model.