bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation Increased Nitric Oxide-Cyclic GMP Release Biocaptured Over Skin Surface of Pericardium Meridian and Acupuncture Points in Humans
Authors: Ma Sheng-Xing , Mayer Emeran , Lee Paul , Li Xi-yan , Gao Ellen Z.
Published: August 2015

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to consecutively capture and quantify nitric oxide (NO) and cGMP, the second messenger of NO, over the skin surface of acupuncture points (acupoints), meridian line without acupoint, and non-meridian control regions of the Pericardium
meridian (PC) in humans, and investigate their response to transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). Design, setting, and main outcome measures: Adhesive biocapture tubes were attached to the skin surface along PC regions and injected with 2-Phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-3-oxide-1-oxyl
solution, an NO-scavenging compound, contacting the skin surface for 20 minutes each during 4 consecutive biocapture intervals. TENS (1.0 mA, 6 Hz, 1.0 msec duration) was applied over acupoints PC 8 and PC 3 during the 2nd biocapture for 20 min. Total nitrite and nitrate (NOx-),
the stable metabolic products of NO, and cGMP in biocaptured samples were quantified using chemiluminescence and ELISA. Results: NOx- levels in the 1st biocapture over PC regions are almost two fold higher compared to subsequent biocaptures and are
higher over PC acupoints versus non-meridian control region. Following TENS, NOx-concentrations over PC regions were significantly increased, and cGMP is predominantly released from the skin surface of PC acupoints. Conclusions: TENS induces elevations of NO-cGMP
concentrations over local skin region with a high level at acupoints. The enhanced signal molecules improve local circulation, which contributes to beneficial effects of the therapy.
Template-controlled mineralization: Determining film granularity and structure by surface functionality patterns
Authors: Blumenstein Nina J , Berson Jonathan , Walheim Stefan , Atanasova Petia , Baier Johannes , Bill Joachim , Schimmel Thomas
Published: August 2015

We present a promising first example towards controlling the properties of a self-assembling mineral film by means of the functionality and polarity of a substrate template. In the presented case, a zinc oxide film is deposited by chemical bath deposition on a nearly topography-free template structure composed of a pattern of two self-assembled monolayers with different chemical functionality. We demonstrate the template-modulated morphological properties of the growing film, as the surface functionality dictates the granularity of the growing film. This, in turn, is a key property influencing other film properties such as conductivity, piezoelectric activity and the mechanical properties. A very pronounced contrast is observed between areas with an underlying fluorinated, low energy template surface, showing a much more (almost two orders of magnitude) coarse-grained film with a typical agglomerate size of around 75 nm. In contrast, amino-functionalized surface areas induce the growth of a very smooth, fine-grained surface with a roughness of around 1 nm. The observed influence of the template on the resulting clear contrast in morphology of the growing film could be explained by a contrast in surface adhesion energies and surface diffusion rates of the nanoparticles, which nucleate in solution and subsequently deposit on the functionalized substrate.
Prospective Randomized Intraindividual Comparison of Posterior Capsule Opacification After Implantation of an IOL With and Without Heparin Surface Modification
Authors: Krall Eva M. , Arlt Eva M. , Jell Gerlinde , Strohmaier Clemens , Moussa Sarah , Dexl Alois K.
Published: August 2015

PURPOSE:

To compare posterior capsule opacification (PCO) of a hydrophobic acrylic heparin surface modified intraocular lens (HSM-IOL) and an uncoated IOL (UC-IOL) 1 year after implantation.

METHODS:

One hundred two eyes of 51 patients underwent routine phacoemulsification with randomized implantation of a HSM-IOL in one eye (the HSM-IOL group) and a UC-IOL in the fellow eye (the UC-IOL group). Morphologic PCO evaluation was performed comparing digital photographs in retroillumination using the Evaluation of Posterior Capsule Opacification (EPCO) system, grading the density of the opacification from 0 to 4 (0 = none, 1 = minimal, 2 = mild, 3 = moderate, and 4 = severe). Distance visual acuities, subjective manifest refraction, pupil size, straylight measurements, flare in the anterior chamber using a laser flare meter, and contrast sensitivity were also evaluated.

RESULTS:

The mean total EPCO score was slightly higher in the HSM-IOL group (0.50 ± 0.45) compared to the UC-IOL group (0.45 ± 0.46), but did not reach statistical significance. No statistically significant differences were found in the other main outcome parameters (straylight measurement, distance visual acuities, flare in the anterior chamber, and mesopic and photopic contrast sensitivity) when comparing both IOLs.

CONCLUSION:

Although the HSM-IOL showed decreased flare 1 day postoperatively, no statistically significant differences regarding PCO were found 1 year postoperatively.

[
J Refract Surg.
2015;31(7):466–472.]
Geochemical and biogeochemical exploration methods research in the Cobalt area, Ontario
Authors: Hornbrook E H W , Hobson G D
Published: August 2015

A study of the effectiveness of geochemical and biogeochemical exploration methods in detecting silver vein deposits was carried out on the Silverfields, Hi Ho, and Agnico 0 1 Brien properties in the Cobalt area, Ontario. Bark, leaf, twig and spur organs of
trembling aspen and white birch, and the (Ao+ A1), B, and C horizon soils were analyzed for Ag, Co, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn and Mn by atomic absorption methods. The following conclusions were reached:
1. Ag, Co, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Mn are effective indicator elements. Cu does not seem to be useful.
2. The (Ao+ A1) horizon is enriched in.all indicator elements relative to the Band C horizons, and, with the exception of Zn, all tree organs.
3. The most effective sample medium for geochemical exploration is the minus 10 plus 80 mesh part of the (Ao+ A1) horizon, For biogeochemical exploration, the most effective is white birch spurs; trembling aspen second year twigs are suitable if white birch i s not available.
4. In the (Ao+ A1) horizon, the most effective indicator elements are Ag, followed by Co, Ni, Pb, Zn and Mn. In birch spurs, Pb, Zn and Mn are effective.
5. There is an important relationship among sampling density, features of the target, and the extent of ground to be explored by a geochemical program.
6. Contamination can produce anomalies equivalent to, or greater than, leakage halos in the till.
The calibration of gamma-ray spectrometers for ground and airborne use
Authors: Grasty R L , Darnley A G
Published: August 2015

The calibration of field gamma-ray spectrometers requires radioactive sources of effectively infinite size. Five large radioactive calibration slabs have been constructed for this purpose and the techniques used to determine the sensitivities and Compton
scattering coefficients of field gamma- ray spectrometers are described. Results obtained for 3 gamma- ray spectrometers, used by the Geological Survey of Canada, are presented.
Geological Survey of Canada Radiocarbon Dates XXII
Authors: Blake W ,   Geological Survey of Canada
Published: August 2015

This list includes 117 radiocarbon age determinations on 114 geological samples made by the Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory. They are on samples from various areas as follows: Labrador ( 16); Nova Scotia (2); Quebec (17 ); Ontario ( 4); Manitoba (6); Saskatchewan (
1); Alberta (2); British Columbia (31); Yukon Territory (25); Northwest Territories, Mainland (6); Northwest Territories, Arctic Archipelago (4). Details of background and standard for the 2 L and 5 L counters during the period of November 1, 1981 to November 3, 1982 are summarized in Tables 1 and
2; Table 3 gives the number of counts used to determine the average background and standard counting rates; and Table 4 lists the number of different background and standard gas preparations used for counting.
Quaternary geology and till geochemistry of the western part of Cumberland county, Nova Scotia [Sheet 9]
Authors: Stea R R , Finck P W , Wightman D M
Published: August 2015

The area comprises two distinct physiographic regions, the Cumberland-Pictou Lowlands and the Cobequid Highlands. Bedrock, till, glaciojluvial, glaciomarine, alluvial, colluvial, marine, and organic sediments make up the sUJface materials. Large areas of
mechanically and chemically weathered bedrock, residuum, on the Cobequid Highlands are believed to derive from a pre-Wisconsinan nonglacial interval. The first glacier flow recorded in the area, thought to be Early Wisconsinan in age, was eastward across Chignecto Bay, then southeastward. It formed
the compact, calcareous M cCarron Brook Till. After this event there is some evidence for a brief nonglacial interval. Ice then.flowed southward and southwestwardfrom a centre over Prince Edward Island. The grey Joggins Till and the reddish-brown Eatonville Till were formed during this flow. The
next glacial event was a pulse of southwestward.flow which created the bouldery Shu lie Lake Till and a moraine which blocks Parrsboro Gap. The Shu lie Lake Till terminates along an east to west line north of the Cobequid Highlands marked by Shulie and Welton lakes. This till limit represents a
glacier marginal stand. These successive till-forming ice flows are termed the McCarron Brook, Eatonville and Shulie Lake phases. De glaciation probably occurred at the end of the Eatonville Phase about 14 000 years B .P. as glaciomarine deltas were being constructed along the north shore of Minas
Basin. Meltwater was cut off to the deltas during Shulie Lake Phase when the moraine across Parrsboro Gap was constructed. Radiocarbon dates and pollen evidence from buried peat and basal organic sediments north of Shulie Lake Till limit suggest that ice persisted there until 12 000 BP and perhaps
as recently as JO 500 BP. Marine limit decreases from 37 m above m.s.l. to 15 m northeastward along Chignecto Bay. Marine limit also decreases eastward in Minas Basin from 38 mat West Advocate to 22 mat Parrsboro. The decrease in marine limit along the.flow path of the Shulie Lake Phase suggests
that the formation of raised marine features on the south coast of Chignecto Bay was delayed by ice in the bay. Pb and Zn geochemical anomalies in the locally-derived Shulie Lake Till suggest the presence of this type of mineralization in the Late Carboniferous Cumberland Group in the map area.
Organic-rich channel-lagfacies may have been the focus for Pb-Zn precipitation within the Cumberland Group sandstones. Cu and As anomalies in residuum developed from the Devono-Carbon!ferous Greville River Formation correlate with chalcopyritearsenopyrite mineral occurrences along Glooscap
Fault.
Radioiodine Remnant Ablation: A Critical Review
Authors: Bal Chandra , Padhy Ajit
Published: August 2015

Radioiodine remnant ablation (RRA) is considered a safe and effective method for eliminating residual thyroid tissue, as well as microscopic disease if at all present in thyroid bed following thyroidectomy. The rationale of RRA is that in the absence of thyroid tissue, serum thyroglobulin (Tg) measurement can be used as an excellent tumor marker. Other considerations are like the presence of significant remnant thyroid tissue makes detection and treatment of nodal or distant metastases difficult. Rarely, microscopic disease in the thyroid bed if not ablated, in the future, could be a source of anaplastic transformation. On the other hand, microscopic tumor emboli in distant sites could be the cause of distant metastasis too. The ablation of remnant tissue would in all probability eliminate these theoretical risks. It may be noted that all these are unproven contentious issues except postablation serum Tg estimation that could be a good tumor marker for detecting early biochemical recurrence in long-term follow-up strategy. Radioactive iodine is administered as a form of "adjuvant therapy" for remnant ablation. There have been several reports with regard to the administered dose for remnant ablation. The first report of a prospective randomized clinical trial was published from India by a prospective randomized study conducted at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi in the year 1996. The study reported that increasing the empirical 131 I initial dose to more than 50 mCi results in plateauing of the dose-response curve and thus, conventional high-dose remnant ablation needs critical evaluation. Recently, two important studies were published: One from French group and the other from UK on a similar line. Interestingly, all three studies conducted in three different geographical regions of the world showed exactly similar conclusion. The new era of low-dose remnant ablation has taken a firm scientific footing across the continents.
Development of Scintillators in Nuclear Medicine
Authors: Khoshakhlagh Mohammad , Islamian Jalil , Abedi Seyed , Mahmoudian Babak
Published: August 2015

High-quality image is necessary for accurate diagnosis in nuclear medicine. There are many factors in creating a good image and detector is the most important one. In recent years, several detectors are studied to get a better picture. The aim of this paper is comparison of some type of these detectors such as thallium activated sodium iodide bismuth germinate cesium activated yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG: Ce) YAP: Ce "lutetium aluminum garnet activated by cerium" CRY018 "CRY019" lanthanum bromide and cadmium zinc telluride. We studied different properties of these crystals including density, energy resolution and decay times that are more important factors affecting the image quality.
Dose Calibrator Linearity Testing: Radioisotope 99mTc or 18F? An Alternative for Reducing Costs in Nuclear Medicine Quality Control
Authors: Willegaignon José , Sapienza Marcelo , Coura-Filho George , Garcez Alexandre , Alves Carlos , Cardona Marissa , Gutterres Ricardo , Buchpiguel Carlos
Published: August 2015

Dose calibrator linearity testing is indispensable for evaluating the capacity of this equipment in measuring radioisotope activities at different magnitudes, a fundamental aspect of the daily routine of a nuclear medicine department, and with an impact on patient exposure. The main aims of this study were to evaluate the feasibility of substituting the radioisotope Fluorine-18 ( 18 F) with Technetium-99m ( 99m Tc) in this test, and to indicate it with the lowest operational cost. The test was applied with sources of 99m Tc (62 GBq) and 18 F (12 GBq), the activities of which were measured at different times, with the equipment preadjusted to measuring sources of 99m Tc, 18 F, Gallium-67 ( 67 Ga), and Iodine-131 ( 131 I). Over time, the average deviation between measured and expected activities from 99m Tc and 18 F were, respectively, 0.56 (±1.79)% and 0.92 (±1.19)%. The average ratios for 99 m Tc source experimental activity, when measured with the equipment adjusted for measuring 18 F, 67 Ga, and 131 I sources, in real values, were, respectively, 3.42 (±0.06), 1.45 (±0.03), and 1.13 (±0.02), and those for the 18 F source experimental activity, measured through adjustments of 99m Tc, 67 Ga, and 131 I, were, respectively, 0.295 (±0.004), 0.335 (±0.007), and 0.426 (±0.006). The adjustment of a simple exponential function for describing 99m Tc and 18 F experimental activities facilitated the calculation of the physical half-lives of the radioisotopes, with a difference of about 1% in relation to the values described in the literature. Linearity test results, when using 99m Tc, through being compatible with those acquired with 18 F, imply the possibility of using both radioisotopes during linearity testing. Nevertheless, this information, along with the high potential of exposure and the high cost of 18 F, implies that 99m Tc should preferably be employed for linearity testing in clinics that normally use 18 F, without the risk of prejudicing either the procedure itself or the guarantee of a high-quality nuclear medicine service.
Is there a Role for Gallium-67 Citrate SPECT/CT, in Patients with Renal Impairment or Who are Renal Transplant Recipients, in Identifying and Localizing Suspected Infection?
Authors: Nowosinska Ewa , Navalkissoor Shaunak , Quigley Ann , Buscombe John
Published: August 2015

To assess the added value of single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) in patients with end-stage renal failure (ESRF) or renal transplant recipients in whom focal infection was suspected. Gallium-67 (Ga-67) citrate scintigrams of 18 patients (10 in ESRF and eight with renal transplants) were reviewed. Sites of abnormal uptake seen on the whole body and SPECT were noted. A SPECT/CT was also reviewed to see if additional information could be obtained. Imaging results were compared with the final diagnosis. Overall, 14 out of 18 (78%) patients had a proven cause to explain symptoms while four patients did not have a final cause identified. Infection was proven in the final diagnosis in 12 out of 14 (86%) patients. Of the 10 patients with ESRF, six had confirmed infection with the Ga-67 citrate study correctly identifying five out of six (83%) patients, and SPECT/CT providing additional information in four out of five (80%) patients. In the eight renal transplant recipients, six had a confirmed source of infection (all identified by the Ga-67 citrate study). SPECT/CT provided additional information in two out of six (33%) patients. Ga-67 citrate imaging had an overall sensitivity of 13/14 (93%), with one false negative. SPECT/CT provided an additional contribution in eight out of 18 (44%) patients by better defining the location/extent of infection and differentiating the physiological from the pathological uptake.
Indium-111 Capromab Pendetide (ProstaScint®) Demonstrates Renal Cell Carcinoma and Aortocaval Nodal Metastases from Prostate Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Rizvi Tanvir , Deng Chunli , Rehm Patrice
Published: August 2015

A 62-year-old male with a history of radical prostatectomy for a Gleason 9 (4 + 5) pT3N0Mx prostate cancer presented with rising prostate-specific antigen of 9.0 ng/dl. A contrast-enhanced computerized tomography (CT) revealed an enhancing left upper pole renal mass and aortocaval lymph nodes. Indium (In)-111 Capromab Pendetide (ProstaScint ® ) single-photon emission computerized tomography-CT showed abnormal increased uptake in left renal mass and aortocaval lymph nodes with no uptake in the prostate bed or pelvic lymph nodes. He underwent left radical nephrectomy and dissection of aortocaval lymph nodes. Pathology showed renal clear cell carcinoma and metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma involving aortocaval lymph nodes. Our case demonstrates a rare combination of two different malignancies, prostate cancer and clear cell renal cell cancer, showing In-111 ProstaScint ® uptake. Though ProstaScint ® uptake in renal cell carcinoma and in metastatic aortocaval lymph nodes from prostate cancer may be seen in clinical practice, this combination has not been reported previously.
Microphysical processing of aerosol particles in orographic clouds
Authors: Pousse-Nottelmann S. , Zubler E. M. , Lohmann U.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. An explicit and detailed treatment of cloud-borne particles allowing for the consideration of aerosol cycling in clouds has been implemented into COSMO-Model, the regional weather forecast and climate model of the Consortium for Small-scale Modeling (COSMO). The effects of aerosol scavenging, cloud microphysical processing and regeneration upon cloud evaporation on the aerosol population and on subsequent cloud formation are investigated. For this, two-dimensional idealized simulations of moist flow over two bell-shaped mountains were carried out varying the treatment of aerosol scavenging and regeneration processes for a warm-phase and a mixed-phase orographic cloud. The results allowed us to identify different aerosol cycling mechanisms. In the simulated non-precipitating warm-phase cloud, aerosol mass is incorporated into cloud droplets by activation scavenging and released back to the atmosphere upon cloud droplet evaporation. In the mixed-phase cloud, a first cycle comprises cloud droplet activation and evaporation via the Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen (WBF) process. A second cycle includes below-cloud scavenging by precipitating snow particles and snow sublimation and is connected to the first cycle via the riming process which transfers aerosol mass from cloud droplets to snowflakes. In the simulated mixed-phase cloud, only a negligible part of the total aerosol mass is incorporated into ice crystals. Sedimenting snowflakes reaching the surface remove aerosol mass from the atmosphere. The results show that aerosol processing and regeneration lead to a vertical redistribution of aerosol mass and number. Thereby, the processes impact the total aerosol number and mass and additionally alter the shape of the aerosol size distributions by enhancing the internally mixed/soluble Aitken and accumulation mode and generating coarse-mode particles. Concerning subsequent cloud formation at the second mountain, accounting for aerosol processing and regeneration increases the cloud droplet number concentration with possible implications for the ice crystal number concentration.
Magnetohydrodynamic modeling of three Van Allen Probes storms in 2012 and 2013
Authors: Paral J. , Hudson M. K. , Kress B. T. , Wiltberger M. J. , Wygant J. R. , Singer H. J.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Coronal mass ejection (CME)-shock compression of the dayside magnetopause has been observed to cause both prompt enhancement of radiation belt electron flux due to inward radial transport of electrons conserving their first adiabatic invariant and prompt losses which at times entirely eliminate the outer zone. Recent numerical studies suggest that enhanced ultra-low frequency (ULF) wave activity is necessary to explain electron losses deeper inside the magnetosphere than magnetopause incursion following CME-shock arrival. A combination of radial transport and magnetopause shadowing can account for losses observed at radial distances into L = 4.5, well within the computed magnetopause location. We compare ULF wave power from the Electric Field and Waves (EFW) electric field instrument on the Van Allen Probes for the 8 October 2013 storm with ULF wave power simulated using the Lyon–Fedder–Mobarry (LFM) global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) magnetospheric simulation code coupled to the Rice Convection Model (RCM). Two other storms with strong magnetopause compression, 8–9 October 2012 and 17–18 March 2013, are also examined. We show that the global MHD model captures the azimuthal magnetosonic impulse propagation speed and amplitude observed by the Van Allen Probes which is responsible for prompt acceleration at MeV energies reported for the 8 October 2013 storm. The simulation also captures the ULF wave power in the azimuthal component of the electric field, responsible for acceleration and radial transport of electrons, at frequencies comparable to the electron drift period. This electric field impulse has been shown to explain observations in related studies (Foster et al., 2015) of electron acceleration and drift phase bunching by the Energetic Particle, Composition, and Thermal Plasma Suite (ECT) instrument on the Van Allen Probes.
Mediterranean climate since the Middle Pleistocene: a 640 ka stable isotope record from Lake Ohrid (Albania/Macedonia)
Authors: Lacey J. H. , Leng M. J. , Francke A. , Sloane H. J. , Milodowski A. , Vogel H. , Baumgarten H. , Wagner B.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Lake Ohrid (Macedonia/Albania) is an ancient lake with a unique biodiversity and a site of global significance for investigating the influence of climate, geological and tectonic events on the generation of endemic populations. Here, we present oxygen (δ18O) and carbon (δ13C) isotope data on carbonate from the upper ca. 248 m of sediment cores recovered as part of the Scientific Collaboration on Past Speciation Conditions in Lake Ohrid (SCOPSCO) project, covering the past 640 ka. Previous studies on short cores from the lake (up to 15 m, < 140 ka) have indicated the Total Inorganic Carbon (TIC) content of sediments to be highly sensitive to climate change over the last glacial–interglacial cycle, comprising abundant endogenic calcite through interglacials and being almost absent in glacials, apart from discrete bands of early diagenetic authigenic siderite. Isotope measurements on endogenic calcite (δ18Oc and δ13Cc) reveal variations both between and within interglacials that suggest the lake has been subject to hydroclimate fluctuations on orbital and millennial timescales. We also measured isotopes on authigenic siderite (δ18Os and δ13Cs) and, with the δ18OCc and δ18Os, reconstruct δ18O of lakewater (δ18Olw) through the 640 ka. Overall, glacials have lower δ18Olw when compared to interglacials, most likely due to cooler summer temperatures, a higher proportion of winter precipitation (snowfall), and a reduced inflow from adjacent Lake Prespa. The isotope stratigraphy suggests Lake Ohrid experienced a period of general stability through Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 15 to MIS 13, highlighting MIS 14 as a particularly warm glacial, and was isotopically freshest during MIS 9. After MIS 9, the variability between glacial and interglacial δ18Olw is enhanced and the lake became increasingly evaporated through to present day with MIS 5 having the highest average δ18Olw. Our results provide new evidence for long-term climate change in the northern Mediterranean region, which will form the basis to better understand the influence of major environmental events on biological evolution within the lake.
Post-Chernobyl surveys of radiocaesium in soil, vegetation, wildlife and fungi in Great Britain
Authors: Chaplow J. S. , Beresford N. A. , Barnett C. L.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. The data set "Post Chernobyl surveys of radiocaesium in soil, vegetation, wildlife and fungi in Great Britain" was developed to enable data collected by the Natural Environment Research Council after the Chernobyl accident to be made publicly available. Data for samples collected between May 1986 (immediately after Chernobyl) to spring 1997 are presented. Additional data to radiocaesium concentrations are presented where available. The data have value in trying to assess the contribution of new sources of radiocaesium in the environment, providing baseline data for future planned releases and to aid the development and testing of models. The data are freely available for non-commercial use under Open Government Licence terms and conditions. doi:10.5285/d0a6a8bf-68f0-4935-8b43-4e597c3bf251. Supporting information to assist with the reuse of this data is available from the Environmental Information Data Centre (EIDC) (http://eidc.ceh.ac.uk/).
Decadal evaluation of regional climate, air quality, and their interactions using WRF/Chem Version 3.6.1
Authors: Yahya K. , Wang K. , Campbell P. , Glotfelty T. , He J. , Zhang Y.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. The Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry (WRF/Chem) v3.6.1 with the Carbon Bond 2005 (CB05) gas-phase mechanism is evaluated for its first decadal application during 2001–2010 using the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP 8.5) emissions to assess its capability and appropriateness for long-term climatological simulations. The initial and boundary conditions are downscaled from the modified Community Earth System Model/Community Atmosphere Model (CESM/CAM5) v1.2.2. The meteorological initial and boundary conditions are bias-corrected using the National Center for Environmental Protection's Final (FNL) Operational Global Analysis data. Climatological evaluations are carried out for meteorological, chemical, and aerosol-cloud-radiation variables against data from surface networks and satellite retrievals. The model performs very well for the 2 m temperature (T2) for the 10 year period with only a small cold bias of −0.3 °C. Biases in other meteorological variables including relative humidity at 2 m, wind speed at 10 m, and precipitation tend to be site- and season-specific; however, with the exception of T2, consistent annual biases exist for most of the years from 2001 to 2010. Ozone mixing ratios are slightly overpredicted at both urban and rural locations but underpredicted at rural locations. PM2.5 concentrations are slightly overpredicted at rural sites, but slightly underpredicted at urban/suburban sites. In general, the model performs relatively well for chemical and meteorological variables, and not as well for aerosol-cloud-radiation variables. Cloud-aerosol variables including aerosol optical depth, cloud water path, cloud optical thickness, and cloud droplet number concentration are generally underpredicted on average across the continental US. Overpredictions of several cloud variables over eastern US result in underpredictions of radiation variables and overpredictions of shortwave and longwave cloud forcing which are important climate variables. While the current performance is deemed to be acceptable, improvements to the bias-correction method for CESM downscaling and the model parameterizations of cloud dynamics and thermodynamics, as well as aerosol-cloud interactions can potentially improve model performance for long-term climate simulations.
Social Gender Inequality in the Member, Candidate, Potential Canditate Transition Economies of the European Union and Turkey
Authors: GÖKÇEK KARACA Nuray , ÖZDAŞ Azmi Recep
Published: August 2015

In this research, a comparative analysis of the gender inequalities between Turkey the member, candidate and potential candidate economies of the European Union is tried to be examined. To ensure equality and justice and to reach the level of the EU Member states in this regard, it is a necessity to reduce the gender inequality in society. Rather than comparing Turkey with all transition economies within the frame of the EU standards of gender inequality, it was decided to compare Turkey with the transition economies like itself that are EU Members, Member candidates and potential candidates. The Gender Inequality Index that was developed by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) was used in the aforementioned comparisons. Research results show proof that there are unfavorable differences in Turkey in regards to the comparison of gender inequality with transition economies that are EU members, member candidates and potential candidates. This result shows that Turkey has omissions in all components of gender inequality, categorized as health care, participation in political life, access to education and participation in working life. Therefore Turkey needs to reconsider all these categories and their indicators.
We Will Not Be Silent:
Authors: Mahalel Adi
Published: August 2015

On May Day 1953, a group of actors and a production crew staged the premiere of an Off-Broadway play called The World of Sholom Aleichem. What made this production unique was that all of the people involved in it were blacklisted. They were all victims of McCarthy's assault on the entertainment industry, part of his campaign to defeat “the red enemies from within.” But this group of people refused to be silent victims, and they—the vast majority of whom were Jewish—produced this play in defiance of the authorities, proving the vitality of their artistic talents. The play was based on the English dramatic adaptations by Arnold Perl of three classic Yiddish short stories: two by Sholem Aleichem (“The High School” and “The Enchanted Tailor”) separated by one famous short story by I. L. Peretz entitled “Bontshe Shvayg” (Bontshe the Silent). In this paper, I discuss the social, political, and historical significance of this play with a special emphasis on the story by Peretz, which I believe stands out between the three acts.
“What about a Teakettle?”:
Authors: Bryan Victoria Marie
Published: August 2015

The roles of mourning and melancholia in Jonathan Safran Foer's novel Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close, and the connections that exist between Oskar Schell's initial emotional inertia after the 9/11 attacks and his anxious personality, dominate the current critical conversation surrounding this character. This article, however, seeks to expand this critical conversation by paying due attention to the importance of Oskar's decision to dig up his father's coffin that signifies his movement into mourning. His closeness to the burial site, his one-on-one interaction with the coffin, and his personal realization that the coffin does not contain his father's body is what allows him to move into productive mourning. Through this interaction with burial and commemoration, Oskar realizes that though his father is gone he will never have not existed, and begins to move into productive mourning. Analyzing the importance of burial/commemorative practices in this novel allows a reading that focuses on the productive nature of Oskar's quest, his ultimately promising encounter with loss, and an understanding of America's adjusted approach to burial and commemoration after an instance of terror that resulted in mass death—a frequent contributor to shifts in burial and commemorative practices.
Platelets in cancer
Authors: Mammadova-Bach E. , Mangin P. , Lanza F. , Gachet F.
Published: August 2015

Platelets are well-known for their major role in primary hemostasis and thrombosis. Cancer patients frequently manifest thrombotic events and present abnormalities in blood coagulation which appear to be linked to altered platelet function and turnover. Moreover, numerous studies indicate an intimate cross-talk between platelets and tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastatic dissemination. Finally, several experimental data and clinical trials suggest possible benefits of anti-platelet drugs on some cancers. Here, we will review the current state of basic biological research regarding the role of platelets in cancer progression. We also critically review the possible clinical applicability of some anti-platelet therapies to limit tumor growth and prevent metastatic dissemination.
Prevalence and Reporting of Needle Stick Injuries: A Survey of Surgery Team Members in Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences in 2012
Authors: Khatony Alireza , Abdi Alireza , Jafari Faranak , Vafaei Kamran
Published: August 2015

BACKGROUND: Surgeons are one of the groups, most highly exposed to the risk of needle stick injuries at work. The present study aims to determine the prevalence and reporting of needle stick injuries during the first 6 months of 2012, in faculty surgeons affiliated to the Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences.

METHODS: In a cross-sectional descriptive-analytical survey, 29 surgeons were studied based on the census method. A reliable and valid questionnaire was used as a research instrument to collect the data. Data was analyzed using SPSS v.16 and based on descriptive and inferential statistics.

RESULTS: Among 29 recruited surgeons, 5 (17.2%) had needle stick injuries during the 6 months, only one of whom had followed the established guidelines about reporting and following treatment. The most common instrument causing injury was the suture needle (60%). Significant differences were found in both groups of the injured and non-injured in term of gender (X2=5.612, P= 0.003), and number of patients (Z= 2.40, P=0.016) and daily working hours (Z=2.85, P=0.04).

CONCLUSIONS: In relation to the relatively high prevalence of needle stick injuries among the surgeons and their lack of reporting, it is suggested that the Safety Guidelines in the operating room are carefully observed. Moreover, safer and lower risk surgical Instruments should be used.
Parents’ Participation in the Sexuality Education of Their Children in Namibia: A Framework and an Educational Programme for Enhanced Action
Authors: Nghipondoka- Lukolo Linda Ndeshipandula , Charles Kimera Lukanga
Published: August 2015

The purpose of the study was to empower rural parents to participate in the sexuality education of their children. The study was designed to be qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual in nature. It was performed in three phases. Phase 1 consisted of a situational analysis to explore and describe how parents provide sexuality education. Phase 2 consisted of the development of a conceptual framework that facilitated the development of an educational programme. In phase 3 the programme was implemented and evaluated, recommendations were made and conclusions drawn. The main findings revealed two themes: factors influencing parental participation in their children’s sexuality education, and the need for parental participation in their children’s sexuality education.

This article is part of series of three article stems from a study on the topic of sexuality education empowerment programme of rural parents in Namibia. The three articles have the following titles: one: parent’s participation in sexuality education of their children: a situational analysis; two: parent’s participation in sexuality education of their children: a conceptual framework and an educational programme to enhance action, and three: parent’s participation in sexuality education of their children: programme implementation and evaluation.

The previous paper dealt with parent’s participation in sexuality education of their children: a situational analysis: the results from the in-depth interviews and focus group discussions on sexuality education with children and parents were presented. This paper focuses on describing Phase 2 and 3, namely the process of devising a conceptual framework for the development of an educational programme to empower parents to participate in the sexuality education of their children. Discussions included a description of the conceptual framework, based on the researcher’s paradigmatic assumptions, and the focus group and individual in-depth interviews results. The survey list suggested by Dickoff et al. (1968) consists of various elements which were employed in the conceptual framework, namely the context, agent, recipients, dynamics, procedure and a terminus. These elements were reflected in the “thinking map”.
Stages of Colonialism in Africa: From Occupation of Land to Occupation of Being
Authors: Bulhan Hussein A.
Published: August 2015

This paper draws primarily on my own scholarship, supplemented by the limited academic resources available in the “peripheries” of the world where I live and work (namely, Somali society and Darfur, Sudan), to consider the relationship between colonialism and psychology. I first consider the history of psychology in justifying and bolstering oppression and colonialism. I then consider the ongoing intersection of colonialism and psychology in the form of metacolonialism (or coloniality). I end with thoughts about decolonizing psychological science in teaching, social, and clinical practice. To decolonize psychological science, it is necessary to transform its focus from promotion of individual happiness to cultivation of collective well-being, from a concern with instinct to promotion of human needs, from prescriptions for adjustment to affordances for empowerment, from treatment of passive victims to creation of self-determining actors, and from globalizing, top-down approaches to context-sensitive, bottom-up approaches. Only then will the field realize its potential to advance Frantz Fanon’s call for humane and just social order.
Effect of Different Diets on The Development and Morphometric of Coccinella septempunctata (Linneous)
Authors: Aslam Bukero  , Mushtaque Ahmed Nizamani  , Imtiaz Ahmed Nizamani  , Syed Shahzad Ali  , Muhammad Ibrahim Khaskheli  , Abdul Ghani Lanjar  , Manzoor Ahmed Abro  , Shahzad Ali Nahiyoon
Published: August 2015

A laboratory experiment was carried out to determine the effect of different diets on biology of Coccinella septemputata Linneous, in the | department of Plant protection, Sindh Agriculture University, Tando Jam, Pakistanduring 2011 and 2012 at 28±2 ºC and 65±5% relative humidity. The result showed that total larval developmental period was recorded 8.0 ± 0.72 and 7.8 ± 0.69 days on grain moth eggs and safflower aphid, respectively, however, no significant difference was recorded between pre-pupal and pupal period on grain moth egg and safflower aphid. The adult longevity of male (43.10 ± 1.04 and 56.50 ± 1.61) and female (36.07 ± 0.24 and 42.50 ± 0.69 days) was significantly different on grain moth eggs and safflower aphid, respectively. The larval instars were not survived on prepared artificial diet, however, only adult male and female survived (68.50 ± 2.03 and 72.90 ± 2.07 days) without fecundity. The result further revealed that the length and breadth (mm) of larval instars, pupa and adults of C. septempuntata was significantly varied feeding on grain moth eggs and safflower aphid.
Denser and taller carbon nanotube arrays on Cu foils useable as thermal interface materials
Authors: Na Nuri , Hasegawa Kei , Zhou Xiaosong , Nihei Mizuhisa , Noda Suguru
Published: August 2015

To achieve denser and taller carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays on Cu foils, catalyst and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) conditions were carefully engineered. CNTs were grown to ∼50 µm using Fe/TiN/Ta catalysts in which Ta and TiN acted as diffusion barriers for Cu and Ta, respectively. A tradeoff was found between the mass density and height of the CNT arrays, and CNT arrays with a mass density of 0.30 g cm−3 and height of 45 µm were achieved under optimized conditions. Thermal interface materials (TIMs) with CNT array/Cu foil/CNT array structures showed decreasing thermal resistance from 86 to 24 mm2 K W−1 with increasing CNT array mass densities from 0.07–0.08 to 0.19–0.26 g cm−3 for Cu and Al blocks with surfaces as rough as 20–30 µm. The best CNT/Cu/CNT TIMs showed thermal resistance values comparable to that of a typical indium sheet TIM.
Slip‐pulse rupture behavior on a 2 m granite fault
Authors: McLaskey Gregory C. , Kilgore Brian D. , Beeler Nicholas M.
Published: August 2015

We describe observations of dynamic rupture events that spontaneously arise on meter‐scale laboratory earthquake experiments. While low‐frequency slip of the granite sample occurs in a relatively uniform and crack‐like manner, instruments capable of detecting high‐frequency motions show that some parts of the fault slip abruptly (velocity > 100 mm s−1, acceleration > 20 km s−2) while the majority of the fault slips more slowly. Abruptly slipping regions propagate along the fault at nearly the shear wave speed. We propose that the dramatic reduction in frictional strength implied by this pulse‐like rupture behavior has a common mechanism to the weakening reported in high‐velocity friction experiments performed on rotary machines. The slip pulses can also be identified as migrating sources of high‐frequency seismic waves. As observations from large earthquakes show similar propagating high‐frequency sources, the pulses described here may have relevance to the mechanics of larger earthquakes.
Effect of the total solar eclipse of 20 March 2015 on the ELF propagation over high‐latitude paths
Authors: Tereshchenko E. D. , Sidorenko A. E. , Tereshchenko P. E. , Grigoriev V. F.
Published: August 2015

Propagation of the artificial electromagnetic waves with frequency of 82 Hz in the Earth‐ionosphere waveguide was observed during the solar eclipse on both partially and totally obscured high‐latitude paths with a length of 450–1200 km. Field excitation was monitored by the reference measurements in the near zone of the transmitter, which are free of the ionospheric influence. It is found that the amplitude of the field at the remote points varied depending on the solar illumination and solar elevation angle. We suppose that this effect was probably caused by the increase in the effective height of the ionospheric D layer, just as it was previously observed in VLF. The obtained results demonstrate the response of the propagating extremely low frequency (ELF, 3–300 Hz) wave to the change in the ionospheric boundary. This effect has been for the first time observed in this frequency range during a total solar eclipse.
On the origin of magnetosheath plasmoids and their relation to magnetosheath jets
Authors: Karlsson T. , Kullen A. , Liljeblad E. , Brenning N. , Nilsson H. , Gunell H. , Hamrin M.
Published: August 2015

We investigate localized magnetosheath and solar wind density enhancements, associated with clear magnetic field changes, and therefore referred to as magnetosheath/solar wind plasmoids, respectively. Using Cluster data, we show that there are two distinct populations of magnetosheath plasmoids, one associated with a decrease of magnetic field strength (diamagnetic plasmoids), and one with an increased magnetic field strength (paramagnetic plasmoids). The diamagnetic magnetosheath plasmoids have scale sizes of the order of 1–10 RE, while the paramagnetic ones are an order of magnitude smaller. The diamagnetic plasmoids are not associated with any change in the magnetosheath plasma flow velocity, and they are classified as embedded plasmoids in the terminology of Karlsson et al. (2012). The paramagnetic plasmoids may either be embedded or associated with increases in flow velocity (fast plasmoids). A search for plasmoids in the pristine solar wind resulted in identification of 62 diamagnetic plasmoids with very similar properties to the magnetosheath diamagnetic plasmoids, making it probable that the solar wind is the source of these structures. No paramagnetic plasmoids are found in the pristine solar wind, indicating that these are instead created at the bow shock or in the magnetosheath. We discuss the relation of the plasmoids to the phenomenon of magnetosheath jets, with which they have many properties in common, and suggest that the paramagnetic plasmoids can be regarded as a subset of these or a closely related phenomenon. We also discuss how the results from this study relate to theories addressing the formation of magnetosheath jets.
Thermal effects of variable material properties and metamorphic reactions in a three‐component subducting slab
Authors: Chemia Zurab , Dolejš David , Steinle‐Neumann Gerd
Published: August 2015

We explore the effects of variable material properties, phase transformations, and metamorphic devolatilization reactions on the thermal structure of a subducting slab using thermodynamic phase equilibrium calculations combined with a thermal evolution model. The subducting slab is divided into three layers consisting of oceanic sediments, altered oceanic crust, and partially serpentinized or anhydrous harzburgite. Solid‐fluid equilibria and material properties are computed for each layer individually to illustrate distinct thermal consequences when chemical and mechanical homogenization within the slab is limited. Two extreme scenarios are considered for a newly forming fluid phase: complete retention in the rock pore space or instantaneous fluid escape due to porosity collapse. Internal heat generation or consumption due to variable heat capacity, compressional work, and energetics of progressive metamorphic and devolatilization reactions contribute to the thermal evolution of the slab in addition to the dominating heat flux from the surrounding mantle. They can be considered as a perturbation on the temperature profile obtained in dynamic or kinematic subduction models. Our calculations indicate that subducting sediments and oceanic crust warm by 40 and 70°C, respectively, before the effect of wedge convection and heating is encountered at 1.7 GPa. Retention of fluid in the slab pore space plays a negligible role in oceanic crust and serpentinized peridotites. By contrast, the large volatile budget of oceanic sediments causes early fluid saturation and fluid‐retaining sediments cool by up to 150°C compared to their fluid‐free counterparts.