bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intrinsic properties and performances of NF270 and XLE membranes for water filtration
Authors: Diop S. N. , Diallo M. A. , Diawara C. K. , Cot D.
Published: July 2011

Nanofiltration and low pressure reverse osmosis membranes are well-known in the field of drinking water production and their separation performance is very strongly related to their intrinsic characteristics. The membrane characterization (scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), zeta potential …) was realized on a NF270 and extra-low energy (XLE) membrane. SEM results of virgin NF270 and XLE membranes show that both are about the same thickness whereas that of the active layer of NF270 membrane is weaker than that of the XLE. The AFM measurements show that the roughness of the low pressure reverse osmosis membrane (XLE) is almost 20 times as high as that of nanofiltration (NF270). Zeta potential measurements showed that both membranes are negatively charged in pH (4–12) range. An increase in permeability by increasing feed pressure and temperature was also noted for the two types of membrane; but the permeability evolution for XLE membrane according to the volume factor reduction reveals a fall faster than that of NF270.
Optimization of UV laser scribing process for light emitting diode sapphire wafers
Authors: Tamhankar Ashwini , Patel Rajesh
Published: July 2011

Billions of light emitting diodes (LEDs) are used today in traffic control, automotive headlights, flat panel display technology, mobile devices, back lighting, projection, and general illumination applications. With the dramatic growth in LEDs, manufacturers are looking for technologies to increase production yield and decrease cost. Sapphire wafer singulation into miniature dies is one of the critical steps used in blue LED manufacturing. Typical dicing techniques used in wafer singulation process include laser dicing, laser scribing and breaking, mechanical scribing and breaking, and diamond blade sawing. In recent years, laser scribing and breaking has proven to be very efficient for volume LED manufacturing. In this paper, we have characterized the effect of 355 nm Q-switched diode-pumped solid-state (DPSS) laser parameters such as fluence, pulse width, and repetition rate on laser scribing process by measuring sapphire wafer cutting depth and scribe kerf width. Furthermore, we have also explored the techniques to increase process efficiency while maintaining quality of scribes using different laser sources.
Exploring and Promoting Ecological Consciousness in Teacher Education: the Possibilities of Educational Action Research in Education for Sustainable Development
Authors: Gedžūne Inga , Gedžūne Ginta
Published: July 2011

Exploring and Promoting Ecological Consciousness in Teacher Education: the Possibilities of Educational Action Research in Education for Sustainable Development

The paper reports on the findings of a qualitative study with 39 first year students of pre-school and primary school teacher education programmes who are taking an educational action research based study course "Environmental Pedagogy". The study aimed at engaging the students in reflection on their experiences of interaction with nature and uncovering their views on ecological consciousness. Qualitative content analysis sought emergent themes in students' reflections. A conceptual framework was identified containing three frames of reference: (1) inclusion-oriented frame of reference; (2) exclusion-determining frame of reference and (3) solution-oriented frame of reference. Conclusions were drawn about the possibilities of educational action research to encourage students' reflection on ecological consciousness and building sustainable and inclusive relationships with the world.
Investigation of Gearbox Vibroactivity with the Use of Vibration and Acoustic Pressure Start-Up Characteristics
Authors: Figlus Tomasz , Wilk Andrzej , Madej Henryk , Łazarz Bogusław
Published: July 2011

Investigation of Gearbox Vibroactivity with the Use of Vibration and Acoustic Pressure Start-Up Characteristics

This article presents the results of investigating the influence of tooth contact ratio in helical cylindrical gears on vibroactivity of the gearbox. Based on the measurements carried out on a laboratory test stand, time-domain and frequency-domain start-up characteristics of vibrations and acoustic pressure were determined, and vibroactivity was assessed for a gearbox in which 4 pairs of gears were successively mounted with different face contact ratios equal to, respectively, εβ=1,001; 1,318; 1,574; 2,636.
A new genus and two new species of leptocheliids from the marine shallow waters of Indonesia (Crustacea: Tanaidacea: Tanaidomorpha)
Authors: Guţu Modest
Published: July 2011

A new genus and two new species of leptocheliids from the marine shallow waters of Indonesia (Crustacea: Tanaidacea: Tanaidomorpha)

Neoleptochelia javaensis n. g., n. sp. and Leptochelia helenae n. sp. from the marine shallow waters of the Indonesian Archipelago are described and illustrated. By the big length of male cheliped the genus Neoleptochelia n. g. is similar to the species of the Leptochelia-minuta "group". The main characteristics of the new genus consist in the size and configuration of uropod (short and thick), the length of pereopod II dactylus (shorter than unguis) and of the distosternal seta of pereopods III and IV carpus, in females (longer than propodus and dactylus combined). Although the females of L. helenae n. sp. are similar to those of L. daggi Bamber, 2005, the males of these two species are totally different. So, while the male cheliped of L. daggi is similar to that of the species included in the Leptochelia-dubia "group", that of the species L. helenae n. sp. is similar to the Leptochelia-minuta "group".
Detection of virus particles and double-stranded RNA in dieback affected Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. from Bangladesh
Authors: Vogel Stephanie , Tantau Hanny , Mielke-Ehret Nicole , Hoque MI , Sarker RH , Saha ML , Alam SK Shamimul , Khan M Salim , Mühlbach Hans-Peter
Published: July 2011

Dieback of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. (sissoo) is a disastrous disease, which has destroyed millions of forest trees in South Asia. Plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria were found associated with diseased trees, but the causative disease agent has not yet been identified unequivocally. In order to see whether plant viruses could be detected in diseased trees, present author applied bioassays, transmission electron microscopy and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) isolation, followed by cDNA cloning. Unknown virus particles and a complex pattern of dsRNA could be detected in leaf homogenates from dieback affected sissoo trees, in contrast to an uninfected tree. Disease associated dsRNA bands ranged in size from 0.6 to 3.5 kbp, and a cDNA clone derived from dsRNA showed partial sequence homology to a plant viral RNA polymerase. Our data indicated for the first time the presence of unknown virus(es) in dieback-affected Dalbergia sissoo in Bangladesh.
Numerical Modeling of Plasmonic Nanoantennas with Realistic 3D Roughness and Distortion
Authors: Kildishev Alexander V. , Borneman Joshua D. , Chen Kuo-Ping , Drachev Vladimir P.
Published: July 2011

Nanostructured plasmonic metamaterials, including optical nanoantenna arrays, are important for advanced optical sensing and imaging applications including surface-enhanced fluorescence, chemiluminescence, and Raman scattering. Although designs typically use ideally smooth geometries, realistic nanoantennas have nonzero roughness, which typically results in a modified enhancement factor that should be involved in their design. Herein we aim to treat roughness by introducing a realistic roughened geometry into the finite element (FE) model. Even if the roughness does not result in significant loss, it does result in a spectral shift and inhomogeneous broadening of the resonance, which could be critical when fitting the FE simulations of plasmonic nanoantennas to experiments. Moreover, the proposed approach could be applied to any model, whether mechanical, acoustic, electromagnetic, thermal, etc, in order to simulate a given roughness-generated physical phenomenon.
Le théâtre dans la cité : dernières remarques avant une rupture annoncée
Authors: Abirached Robert
Published: July 2011

À la veille d’un changement annoncé de la politique culturelle, Robert Abirached cerne les raisons qui brouillent le sens du théâtre de nos jours, depuis la multiplication des lieux et des techniques de représentation jusqu’à l’émiettement des publics et l’omniprésence de la télévision. Toutefois, le théâtre demeure bien présent tout autant comme discipline de l’imaginaire que comme instrument de pédagogie. Si le théâtre a changé, c’est à l’instar du monde où il s’exerce. Il importe donc de raisonner à partir de nouvelles données.
Les publics du théâtre contemporain
Authors: Cibois Philippe
Published: July 2011

En analysant des entretiens faits avec des spectateurs de théâtre contemporain, on peut repérer trois types idéaux de spectateurs: ceux pour qui le théâtre permet une remise en cause profonde de leur vision du monde; ceux qui, en apprentissage du théâtre, sont sensibles aux aspects techniques de la mise en scène; ceux qui, tout en acceptant les perspectives du théâtre contemporain, sont sensibles à l’aspect divertissement du spectacle et veulent passer une agréable soirée. Mais il s’agit bien de types idéaux et les spectateurs concrets peuvent avoir en même temps certains des traits des trois types.
Questions rêvées
Authors: Cantarella Robert
Published: July 2011

Inventing questions and answers, this text draws the outline of a decision. The decision for a stage director to suspend his craft in order to take care of the others’ art and to produce another visibility.
Un espace de liberté et d’imaginaire. (entretien avec Sylvie Roques)
Authors: Bezace Didier
Published: July 2011

Didier Bezace describes his mission in the Théâtre de la Commune in Aubervilliers and highlights his ambitions for a popular theatre, that would have a more intense meaning in a place like the suburbs. In this perspective, the programme acquires a particular sense and increases the identity of the Théâtre de la Commune: it becomes of space for the accomplishment of an itinerary rather than a simple centre of theatrical consumption.
Enjeux et limites des performances
Authors: Roques Sylvie , Vigarello Georges
Published: July 2011

While authors evoke the difficulty of seizing theatrical contemporary performances, they also recall its historic origins specifying the contexts of its appearance. Perceptible changes are witnessed: retraction of the political claim, rising of the personalized affirmation.
Paul Celan, une parole qui fait signe
Authors: Villemaine Pierre Antoine
Published: July 2011

Staging Paul Celan’s poetry appears as a challenge to theatrical performance. It commits us to a crossover, to an experience. Indeed, how can we offer the vision of a spacing which seems to belong to the secret and hardly obvious movement of writing? First, we will indicate what establishes the peculiarity of this poetry and, second, how it disturbs the actor’s own approach to dramaturgy as well as his own practice.
La preuve mathématique en tant qu’elle est épreuve de mémoire
Authors: Dhombres Jean
Published: July 2011

Une pratique critique des mathématiques, trop rarement observée dans son déploiement intellectuel, tient à la multiplicité des preuves, laquelle peut exprimer la multiplicité des styles autant que la multiplicité des structures en jeu, mais aussi la multiplicité des histoires ayant conduit à un même résultat. Peut-être parce que la multiplicité paraît indispensable à la métaphysique, elle est souvent jugée inutile en mathématiques. À distinguer, pour favoriser l’interrogation épistémologique, entre preuve et démonstration, je souligne le caractère analytique qui constitue la preuve comme recherche. Une discussion porte sur la « pythagoricité », expression que Bachelard adoptait pour envisager la certitude absolue à propos du théorème dit « de Pythagore », dont l’expression est devenue algébrique. Or l’algèbre, dans l’histoire, fut d’abord conçue comme domaine dépourvu de preuve autre qu’effectuation d’un calcul, s’opposant à la géométrie démonstrative. Les preuves du théorème fondamental de l’algèbre permettent d’examiner la façon dont la mémoire historique intervient en mathématiques.
La reproduction à l’épreuve
Authors: Jungen Christine
Published: July 2011

Comment fabriquer des documents authentiques en l’absence des documents originaux ? En Jordanie, dans le Centre de documents et manuscrits de l’Université jordanienne, employés et historiens sont engagés dans un inlassable travail de reproduction d’archives, de manuscrits, et de documents historiques. Dans ce cadre, cet article examine comment sont expérimentés des processus de certification et d’authenticité des documents reproduits, et analyse la confrontation des différents régimes d’appréhension, de manipulation et d’efficacité qui s’exercent sur le document « digne de foi ».
Peindre sous l’image
Authors: Dautrey Jehanne
Published: July 2011

Revenant sur la manière dont les études récentes sur la perspective au Quattrocento font dépendre cette dernière d’un ensemble de dispositifs artistiques singuliers et non pas d’une forme on interroge l’usage que fait la peinture contemporaine de la perspective, en prenant pour paradigme de ce problème le travail du peintre Gérard Fromanger. Comment la peinture de Fromanger parvient-elle à se situer dans un rapport à la perspective qui n’est ni hors d’elle ni en elle ? Et en quoi cette peinture construit-elle un nouveau dispositif de subjectivation qui instaure un rapport non identitaire à l’identité ?
Anselm Kiefer, un parcours en perspectives
Authors: Cohn Danièle
Published: July 2011

Le travail d’Anselm Kiefer s’inscrit dans un contexte extrêmement précis, caractérisé par une fermeture historique (le nazisme) et par sa possible réouverture. L’urgence était de tracer un chemin qui tienne compte de cette histoire et permette une invention. Questionner la perspective d’un point de vue tant plastique qu’historique est pour Kiefer lié à ce destin qui est le sien : être un artiste signifie aujourd’hui faire des oeuvres « d’Auschwitz ».
Les mécanismes de l’innovation radicale
Authors: Schumacher Patrick
Published: July 2011

Au début des années 1980, Zaha Hadid a fait une entrée inattendue sur la scène architecturale avec une série de projets spectaculaires. L’une de ses plus grandes audaces fut de transposer directement la dynamique et le flux de son écriture calligraphique dans des systèmes tectoniques tout aussi fluides. Une autre, incroyable, fut de passer de la représentation isométrique et en perspective à des distorsions littérales de l’espace. Toutes ces étapes sont au départ d’un illogisme sauvage rappelant les procédés des surréalistes.
Long-range diastereoselectivity in Ugi reactions of 2-substituted dihydrobenzoxazepines
Authors: Banfi Luca , Basso Andrea , Cerulli Valentina , Rocca Valeria , Riva Renata
Published: July 2011

The Ugi reaction of 2-substituted dihydrobenzoxazepines was found to proceed with unexpectedly good diastereoselectivitiy (diastereoisomeric ratios up to 9:1), despite the large distance between the pre-existing stereogenic centre and the newly generated one. This result represents the first good 1,4 asymmetric induction in an Ugi reaction as well as the first example of diastereoselective Ugi reaction of seven membered cyclic imines. It allows the diversity-oriented synthesis of various tetrahydro[f][1,4]benzoxazepines.
Non-lieux et grands projets urbains. Une inéluctable équation ? Perspectives théoriques et propositions analytiques »
Authors: Bédard Mario , Breux Sandra
Published: July 2011

L’objectif de cet article est de proposer une grille d’analyse permettant d’identifier la vocation socio-territoriale des grands projets urbains contemporains et, pour ce faire, de poser les jalons d’une réflexion visant à saisir les nuances des fonctions symboliques afférentes à notre condition habitante. Partant de l’idée que le lieu est constitutif de toute identité individuelle et collective, il est démontré en quoi les grands projets urbains contemporains sollicitent le sens des lieux qu’ils ré-investissent et le bien-être de leurs populations. En effet, alors qu’ils sont censés symboliser et nourrir les spécificités de la ville dans laquelle ils s’inscrivent, on constate de plus en plus de similitudes entre les grands projets urbains de nos diverses sociétés. Cela étant, dans quelle mesure le grand projet urbain peut-il faire sens pour la population qu’il vise, et dès lors se révéler territorialisant ? Plus encore, le grand projet urbain est-il synonyme de haut-lieu ou plutôt de non-lieu, c’est-à-dire d’un lieu hypo-signifiant ? Reprenant les distinctions qu’il y a entre planification, projet urbain et grand projet urbain à l’aune d’une analyse plus spécifique de leur charge référentielle respective, est ici illustré que la vocation socio-territoriale de tout grand projet urbain est fort complexe au su des diverses fonctions symboliques qu’on lui prête et nécessite un outil méthodologique approprié pour assurer la représentativité et la pérennité de ce dernier.
De nouvelles dynamiques de mécanisation agricole : commerce, usages et spatialisation au sein de la région de Ségou (Mali)
Authors: de la Croix K. , Marie J. , Ferry Luc , Landy F.
Published: July 2011

La région de Ségou, située au centre du Mali, dans la partie soudano-sahélienne et traversée par le fleuve Niger, se caractérise par l’importance de son activité agricole. Outre le cas particulier de l’Office du Niger, véritable « grenier à riz du Mali » (Bonneval, 2002), on assiste au sein de la ville de Ségou à des processus locaux de commercialisation d’outillage mécanique à destination des champs de brousse ainsi que des périmètres maraîchers et fruitiers situés le long des cours d’eau. L’étude des réseaux directs d’importation de matériel agricole entre l’Asie, le Moyen-Orient et l’Europe vers Ségou est à mettre en relation avec une demande accrue des exploitants locaux pour un équipement adapté à leurs besoins et à leurs revenus. Se dégage ainsi une typologie des différents importateurs et revendeurs de matériels agricoles à l’instar d’une classification des exploitations, qui utilisent cet équipement. La multiplication des jardins maraîchers et fruitiers pratiquant une irrigation moto-mécanisée, le long des berges du Niger et du Bani notamment, constitue un objet d’analyse singulier. Enfin, l’introduction de ces nouvelles dynamiques de mécanisation agricole entraîne une répartition spatiale régionale particulière ainsi que de multiples impacts techniques et sociaux au sein des familles d’exploitants.
Plus grandes, plus fortes, plus loin...
Authors: Crozet Matthieu , Méjean Isabelle , Zignago Soledad
Published: July 2011

Résumé Cet article étudie les performances des entreprises exportatrices françaises. À partir d’une base de données individuelles, très détaillée et quasi exhaustive, nous confirmons que les entreprises qui exportent sont significativement plus grandes, plus productives et plus profitables que les autres. Cette différence est surtout marquée pour les entreprises qui parviennent à se positionner sur les marchés extracommunautaires, et pour les petites entreprises. Pour les grandes entreprises, l’écart de performances entre exportateurs et firmes purement domestiques est très faible, voire nul dans certains secteurs ou pour les entreprises n’exportant que vers l’Union européenne. Ces résultats suggèrent que les politiques d’aide à l’exportation doivent cibler en priorité les pme et les entreprises cherchant à se positionner sur les marchés lointains.
Mycorrhizal colonization, P uptake and yield of older and modern wheats under organic management
Authors: Kirk Anne , Entz Martin , Fox Stephen , Tenuta Mario
Published: July 2011

Kirk, A. P., Entz, M. H., Fox, S. L. and Tenuta, M. 2011. Mycorrhizal colonization, P uptake and yield of older and modern wheats under organic management. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 663–667. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are important for plant nutrient uptake, and mycorrhizal dependence varies between wheat genotypes. Cultivar selection under fertilized conditions may have reduced mycorrhizal associations in modern cultivars. This study investigated AMF colonization, tissue P and grain yield of five modern (post 1990) and five older (pre 1970) spring wheat cultivars over 4 site-years in Manitoba. Older cultivars actually had significantly lower AMF colonization and grain yield than modern cultivars, but no tissue P concentration differences were observed. The two highest yielding lines were released after 2004, and one of these (FBC Dylan) was selected for suitability in organic farming systems.
Grazing management effects on stream bank erosion and phosphorus delivery to a pasture stream
Authors: Nellesen Shelly , Kovar John , Haan Mathew , Russell James
Published: July 2011

Nellesen, S. L., Kovar, J. L., Haan, M. M. and Russell, J. R. 2011. Grazing management effects on stream bank erosion and phosphorus delivery to a pasture stream. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 385–395. Pasture lands may deliver significant sediment and phosphorus (P) to surface waters. To determine the effects of beef cattle (Bos taurus) grazing practices on stream bank erosion and P losses, three treatments [rotational stocking (RS), continuous stocking with restricted stream access (CSR), and continuous stocking with unrestricted stream access (CSU)] were established in six adjacent pastures along Willow Creek in central Iowa, USA. Erosion pins were used to record bank erosion and deposition monthly from May to November of 2005–2007. Soil samples were collected by horizon to estimate P losses. Net bank erosion/deposition and pin activity, calculated as an indicator of bank stability, differed among years and measurement periods within a given year more than among grazing management treatments. Trend analysis of the 3 yr of monthly erosion/deposition data revealed two RS pastures with decreasing bank erosion, suggesting some response to this grazing practice. Mean 3-yr P losses were lower in CSR pastures (5.0 g m−1 stream) than in RS (9.1 g m−1 stream) and CSU (12.2 g m−1 stream) pastures. Both sediment and P losses tended to occur during the winter and early part of the grazing season. In general, our results suggested that at this site bank erosion and P losses to the stream were controlled primarily by natural processes, rather than grazing management.
Manipulation of Single‐Stranded DNA by Using an Artificial Site‐Selective DNA Cutter Composed of Cerium(IV)/EDTA and Phosphonate–Oligonucleotide Conjugates
Authors: Aiba Yuichiro , Lönnberg Tuomas , Komiyama Makoto
Published: July 2011

An artificial site‐selective DNA cutter to hydrolyze single‐stranded DNA at a desired site was prepared from CeIV/ethylenediamintetraacetic acid (EDTA) and two ethylenediamine‐N,N,N′,N′‐tetrakis(methylenephosphonic acid)–oligonucleotide conjugates. By using this cutter, the sense strand of a blue fluorescent protein (BFP) gene was selectively cut at a predetermined site in the chromophore‐coding region. The upstream fragment obtained by the site‐selective scission was ligated with the downstream fragment of the closely related green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene so that the 5′‐ and 3′‐end portions of the chromophore came from the BFP fragment and the GFP fragment, respectively. The recombinant gene was successfully expressed in E. coli and the chimeric chromophore emitted green fluorescence as expected.
Metabolic response of perfused livers to various oxygenation conditions
Authors: Orman Mehmet A. , Ierapetritou Marianthi G. , Androulakis Ioannis P. , Berthiaume Francois
Published: July 2011

Isolated liver perfusion systems have been used to characterize intrinsic metabolic changes in liver as a result of various perturbations, including systemic injury, hepatotoxin exposure, and warm ischemia. Most of these studies were done using hyperoxic conditions (95% O2) but without the use of oxygen carriers in the perfusate. Prior literature data do not clearly establish the impact of oxygenation, and in particular that of adding oxygen carriers to the perfusate, on the metabolic functions of the liver. Therefore, herein the effects of oxygen delivery in the perfusion system on liver metabolism were investigated by comparing three modes of oxygenation. Rat livers were perfused via the portal and hepatic veins at a constant flow rate of 3 mL/min/g liver in a recirculating perfusion system. In the first group, the perfusate was equilibrated in a membrane oxygenator with room air (21% O2) before entering the liver. In the second group, the perfusate was equilibrated with a 95% O2/5% CO2 gas mixture. In the third group, the perfusate was supplemented with washed bovine red blood cells (RBCs) at 10% hematocrit and also equilibrated with the 95% O2/5% CO2 gas mixture. Oxygen and CO2 gradients across the liver were measured periodically with a blood gas analyzer. The rate of change in the concentration of major metabolites in the perfusate was measured over time. Net extracellular fluxes were calculated from these measurements and applied to a stoichiometric‐based optimization problem to determine the intracellular fluxes and active pathways in the perfused livers. Livers perfused with RBCs consumed oxygen at twice the rate observed using hyperoxic (95% O2) perfusate without RBCs, and also produced more urea and ketone bodies. At the flow rate used, the oxygen supply in perfusate without RBCs was just sufficient to meet the average oxygen demand of the liver but would be insufficient if it increased above baseline, as is often the case in response to environmental perturbations. Metabolic pathway analysis suggests that significant anaerobic glycolysis occurred in the absence of RBCs even using hyperoxic perfusate. Conversely, when RBCs were used, glucose production from lactate and glutamate, as well as pathways related to energy metabolism were upregulated. RBCs also reversed an increase in PPP fluxes induced by the use of hyperoxic perfusate alone. In conclusion, the use of oxygen carriers is required to investigate the effect of various perturbations on liver metabolism. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011;108: 2947–2957. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sub‐ and Supercritical Fluids for the Defunctionalization of Mono‐ and Polyols A Sustainable Alternative for the Defunctionalization of Carbohydrates
Authors: Vogel G. Herbert
Published: July 2011

Um die stetig steigende Weltbevölkerung nachhaltig mit Energie‐ und Rohstoffen zu versorgen, müssen neue Wertschöpfungsketten für die Zwischenprodukte der Chemischen Industrie entwickelt werden. Eine nachhaltige Rohstoffquelle ist die Biomasse, insbesondere Kohlenhydrate. Damit sind eine Reihe von Mono‐ und Polyalkoholen über bio‐ oder heterogenkatalysierte Umsetzungen zugänglich, die weiter mithilfe von nah‐ und überkritischem Wasser zu industriell wichtigen Zwischenprodukten dehydratisiert werden können.
Performance of Ex Situ Bismuth Film Rotating Disk Electrode in Trace Metal Analysis by Stripping Chronopotentiometry: Definition of the Depletion Regime and Optimization of Experimental Parameters
Authors: Rocha Luciana S. , Pereira E. , Duarte A. C. , Pinheiro José Paulo
Published: July 2011

The potentiality of the ex situ deposited bismuth film electrode, allied to the rotation of a glassy carbon disk electrode (BiFE‐RDE), was exploited in trace metal analyses of lead(II) and cadmium(II) by stripping chronopotentiometry (SCP). A single BiFE (6.2 nm film thickness) can be used for a 1‐day term with no significant variation in the analytical signal. The limit of detection (3σ) for a deposition time of 40 s and an oxidation current of 15×10−9 A was 1.5×10−8 M for Pb(II) and 3.0×10−8 M for Cd(II). BiFE‐RDE was successfully applied to the direct SCP determination of lead(II) in a fresh water certified material.
Exposure to the JNK inhibitor SP600125 (anthrapyrazolone) during early zebrafish development results in morphological defects
Authors: Valesio Eric G. , Zhang Honghong , Zhang Chunbo
Published: July 2011

SP600125 (anthrapyrazolone) is a synthetic polyaromatic chemical that inhibits c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) signaling by interfering with phosphorylation of c‐Jun. To determine the pharmacological impact of SP600125 on zebrafish development, we incubated embryos in various concentrations of SP600125 from 18 h postfertilization (hpf) to 48 hpf. Embryos treated with 1.25 µm appeared with occasional pericardium edema. Treatment with 12.5 µm resulted in complete mortality by 120 hpf, preventing an assessment of physiological defects. Embryos treated with 5 µm exhibited slowed overall growth, a delay in hatching and numerous morphological defects such as pericardium edema, yolk sac edema, swim bladder deflation, bent vertebrae and eye and jaw malformations. Whole‐mount immunohistochemical studies using an anti‐acetylated β‐tubulin antibody confirmed developmental defects in the nervous system. Within the retina, fish treated with 1.25 µm showed a mild reduction of immunoreactivity. Immunoreactivity in the retina was further reduced in fish treated with 5 µm of SP600125. In these fish, eyes and olfactory organs were half the size compared with other groups. Multiple lenses were observed in 67% of these fish. A second experiment with a shorter exposure period of SP600125 (6 h) presented significantly fewer morphological defects. The treatment led to a delay in hatching, and increased incidences of swim bladder deflation and pericardium edema with increasing concentrations. In summary, SP600125 caused developmental abnormalities during zebrafish organogenesis starting at 1.25 µm and the defects were exacerbated with increasing concentrations. Our study suggests that SP600125 at 1.25 µm and beyond has devastating consequences for zebrafish development. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uncertainty in determination of sex from harvested bobcats
Authors: Williams Bronwyn W. , Etter Dwayne R. , Dewitt Philip D. , Scribner Kim T. , Friedrich Paul D.
Published: July 2011

Considerable uncertainty often exists in estimates of demographic parameters based on data collected from harvested furbearer species. We used molecular genetic techniques to estimate rates of error in 2 methods of sex determination of harvested bobcats (Lynx rufus): manual examination of the carcass (field sex) and laboratory‐based maximum canine root area (MRA sex). Error rates were high for both sexing techniques, and were associated with age and an age–sex interaction for the field and MRA sexing methods, respectively. These findings do not support the use of the field methods for identifying sex of harvested bobcats. The MRA method may be effective for determining sex of older bobcats but is limited by considerable overlap between sexes in juveniles and yearlings. If critical demographic parameters are estimated from harvest data, efforts should be made to identify and reduce rates of error before data are used to assess population status. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
A corrosion map of Abu Dhabi
Authors: Cole I. S. , Ganther W. D. , Helal A. M. , Chan W. , Paterson D. , Trinidad G. , Corrigan P. , Mohamed R. , Sabah N. , Al‐Mazrouei A.
Published: July 2011

This paper outlines how a corrosion map of zinc was developed for Abu‐Dhabi. It presents inputs into the model being databases of RH, rainfall, salt deposition and time of wetness and explains how these inputs are combined to product the corrosion map of Abu Dhabi. It is found that although the corrosion rate generally falls with distance from the Arabian Gulf, corrosion rates in the hinterland of the central coast and in the Hajar Mountains are higher than would be expected from a simple dependence on distance from the coast. The higher corrosion rates around the central coast are associated with the extremely low rainfall while those in the Hajar Mountains may be associated with the transport of airborne salinity from the Gulf of Oman. In general, the corrosion rates in Abu Dhabi are much higher than observed at sites in Australia and South East Asia with similar levels of airborne salinity which is attributed to the much higher quantities of salt that are retained on metal surfaces in Abu Dhabi (relative to Australia) due to the fact that rain washing events, which are frequent and effective in Australia, are very infrequent in Abu Dhabi.
A Green Approach for the Synthesis and Thiol‐ene Modification of Alkene Functio1489lized Poly(2‐oxazoline)s
Authors: Kempe Kristian , Hoogenboom Richard , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: July 2011

The bulk polymerization of 2‐(dec‐9‐enyl)‐2‐oxazoline (DecEnOx), a fatty acid‐based monomer for the cationic ring‐opening polymerization, is reported. Furthermore, under optimal conditions, namely microwave heating at 100 °C, the bulk copolymerization with 2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline yielded well‐defined copolymers. Due to its pendant alkene groups DecEnOx‐based polymers possess the potential to be modified in efficient thiol‐ene reactions. The functionalization with thiols, e.g., dodecanethiol and 2,3,4,6‐tetra‐O‐acetyl‐1‐thio‐β‐D‐glycopyranose in “green” solvents is demonstrated.

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Indirect extrusion of semi‐finished aluminium‐magnesium compounds
Authors: Neugebauer R. , Glaß R. , Popp M. , Porstmann S. , Kittner K.
Published: July 2011

Der Artikel beinhaltet erste Arbeitsergebnisse zum indirekten Strangpressen von Al/Mg‐Verbundhalbzeugen. In den vorangegangenen Basisuntersuchungen zum Querfließpressen und hydrostatischen Strangpressen konnten grundlegende Erkenntnisse zur Verbundbildung gewonnen werden. Die laufenden Untersuchungen dienen dazu, diese Ergebnisse auf ein weiteres industriell angewandtes Verfahren, das indirekte Strangpressen, zu übertragen und zu verifizieren. Dazu gehören eine werkstoffflussgerechte Halbzeug‐ und Matrizenauslegung, die zweckgerechte Vorbereitung der Pressbolzen aus den zu verbindenden Werkstoffen und die Wahl der Verfahrensparameter. Durch eine vollständige Umhüllung des Magnesiumkernes, auch an den Stirnseiten des Pressbolzens, wurde das Vorauseilen des Kernmaterials ausgeschlossen. Um den Einfluss der Formänderung auf die Verbundausbildung zu erkennen, wurden zwei verschiedene Pressverhältnisse gewählt. Die Ausgangsgeometrie, die Volumenverhältnisse zwischen Aluminium und Magnesium, die Vorbehandlung und die Prozessparameter wurden im Interesse einer Vergleichbarkeit der Ergebnisse innerhalb der in diesem Artikel vorgestellten Versuchsreihe konstant gehalten. Die Prozess‐ und Werkzeugauslegung wurde durch eine FEM‐Berechnung des Vorganges unterstützt. Ziel war dabei die Harmonisierung des Werkstoffflusses zwischen Kern‐ und Mantelmaterial. Die Verbundbildung konnte grundsätzlich erreicht werden. Charakteristisch und entsprechend den bisherigen Beobachtungen beim Querfließpressen und beim hydrostatischen Strangpressen ist die Ausbildung sprödharter intermetallischer Phasen, was zu einer hohen Ausfallrate durch Bruch im Interface führt. Im Beitrag werden diese Defekte und die Möglichkeiten ihrer Beherrschung diskutiert.
Crossover comparison of IPX066 and a standard levodopa formulation in advanced Parkinson's disease
Authors: Hauser Robert A. , Ellenbogen Aaron L. , Metman Leo Verhagen , Hsu Ann , O'Connell Martin J. , Modi Nishit B. , Yao Hsuan‐Ming , Kell Sherron H. , Gupta Suneel K.
Published: July 2011

The objective of the study was to compare the pharmacokinetics, motor effects, and safety of IPX066, a novel extended‐release formulation of carbidopa‐levodopa, with an immediate‐release carbidopa‐levodopa formulation in advanced Parkinson's disease. We performed an open‐label crossover study in 27 subjects with advanced Parkinson's disease experiencing motor fluctuations on levodopa therapy. Subjects were randomized 1:1 to 8 days' treatment with either immediate‐release carbidopa‐levodopa followed by IPX066 or IPX066 followed by immediate‐release carbidopa‐levodopa. Pharmacokinetic and motor assessments were undertaken on day 1 for 8 hours (following a single dose) and on day 8 for 12 hours (during multiple‐dose administration). Following a single dose of IPX066 or immediate‐release carbidopa‐levodopa, plasma levodopa concentrations increased at a similarly rapid rate and were sustained above 50% of peak concentration for 4 hours with IPX066 versus 1.4 hours with immediate‐release carbidopa‐levodopa (P < .0001). Multiple‐dose data showed IPX066 substantially reduced variability in plasma levodopa concentrations despite a lower dosing frequency (mean, 3.5 vs 5.4 administrations per day). In addition, total levodopa exposure during IPX066 treatment was approximately 87% higher, whereas the increase in levodopa Cmax was approximately 30% compared with immediate‐release carbidopa‐levodopa. Both products were well tolerated. IPX066 provided more sustained plasma levodopa concentrations than immediate‐release carbidopa‐levodopa. Larger, longer‐term, well‐controlled studies should be conducted to provide rigorous assessment of the clinical effects of IPX066. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
The Pirate Group Intervention Protocol: Description and a Case Report of a Modified Constraint‐induced Movement Therapy Combined with Bimanual Training for Young Children with Unilateral Spastic Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Aarts Pauline B. , van Hartingsveldt Margo , Anderson Patricia G. , van den Tillaar Ingrid , van der Burg Jan , Geurts Alexander C.
Published: July 2011

The purpose of this article was to describe a child‐friendly modified constraint‐induced movement therapy protocol that is combined with goal‐directed task‐specific bimanual training (mCIMT–BiT). This detailed description elucidates the approach and supports various research reports. This protocol is used in a Pirate play group setting and aims to extend bimanual skills in play and self‐care activities for children with cerebral palsy and unilateral spastic paresis of the upper limb. To illustrate the content and course of treatment and its effect, a case report of a two‐year‐old boy is presented. After the eight‐week mCIMT–BiT intervention, the child improved the capacity of his affected arm and hand in both quantitative and qualitative terms and his bimanual performance in daily life as assessed by the Assisting Hand Assessment, ABILHAND‐Kids, Video Observations Aarts and Aarts Module Determine Developmental Disregard, Canadian Occupational Performance Measure and Goal Attainment Scaling. It is argued that improvement of affected upper‐limb capacity in a test situation may be achieved and retained relatively easily, but it may take a lot more training to stabilize the results and automate motor control of the upper limb. Future studies with groups of children should elaborate on these intensity and generalization issues. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MOVING INTO THE NEW AID APPROACH, DILEMMAS FOR NGOs: THE BELGIAN CASE
Authors: Molenaers Nadia , Dewachter Sara , Dellepiane Sebastian
Published: July 2011

Under the new aid approach, nongovernmental development organizations (NGOs) are expected to move from “delivery” (service delivery projects) to “leverage” (lobbying and advocacy). In line with this international tendency, the Belgian government has signed a pact with the NGO sector in which a move away from delivery and toward leverage is being proposed. Given that Belgian NGOs are heavily dependent on government funding and strongly oriented toward the “delivery” model, this pact implies that a number of NGOs will have to undergo organizational changes. This article shows that there is a major cleavage in the NGO landscape in Belgium. Some organizations clearly favor the leverage, whereas others prefer the delivery roles. Those that are more dependent on government funding tend to incline toward the leverage orientation. The attitudinal orientation toward the leverage model however does not imply that organizations are effectively willing and able to change. A number of identity and legitimacy concerns are perceived by NGOs to be important sources of organizational inertia. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The long‐term effects on children and adolescents of a policy providing work supports for low‐income parents
Authors: Huston Aletha C. , Gupta Anjali E. , Walker Jessica Thornton , Dowsett Chantelle J. , Epps Sylvia R. , Imes Amy E. , McLoyd Vonnie C.
Published: July 2011

New Hope, an employment‐based poverty‐reduction intervention for adults evaluated in a random‐assignment experimental design, had positive impacts on children's achievement and social behavior two and five years after random assignment. The question addressed in this paper was the following: Did the positive effects of New Hope on younger children diminish or even reverse when children reached the challenges of adolescence (eight years after random assignment)? Small positive impacts on school progress, school motivation, positive social behavior, child well‐being, and parent control endured, but impacts on school achievement and problem behavior were no longer evident. The most likely reasons for lasting impacts were that New Hope families were slightly less likely to be poor, and children had spent more time in center‐based child care and structured activities. New Hope represents a model policy that could produce modest improvements in the lives of low‐income adults and children. © 2011 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
A novel Dutch mutation in UNC13D reveals an essential role of the C2B domain in munc13‐4 function
Authors: Elstak Edo D. , te Loo Maroeska , Tesselaar Kiki , van Kerkhof Peter , Loeffen Jan , Grivas Dimitris , Hennekam Eric , Boelens Jaap Jan , Hoogerbrugge Peter M. , van der Sluijs Peter , van Gijn Marielle E. , van de Corput Lisette
Published: July 2011

Background

UNC13D, encoding the protein munc13‐4, is essential in intracellular trafficking and exocytosis of lytic granules. Mutations in this gene are associated with familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis type 3 (FHL3), a genetically heterogeneous, rare autosomal recessive immune disorder. How mutations affect function of munc13‐4 is poorly understood. Since 2006 we genetically identified seven FHL patients with mutations in UNC13D.

Procedures

Here, we report for the first time a c.2695C>T (p.Arg899X) mutation in exon 28 of UNC13D in three young unrelated Dutch patients. The mutation causes a premature stop codon and encodes munc13‐4(1–899), which lacks the C‐terminal C2 domain. Genealogical research and haplotyping of the patient families demonstrated that a single ancestral founder introduced the mutation in the Netherlands. We then characterized the mutant protein phenotypically in cell biological and immunological assays.

Results

Munc13‐4(1–899) was correctly targeted to CD63‐positive secretory lysosomes, although its stability was reduced and dynamic turnover on the granule membrane became uncoupled from receptor signaling. In accord, and in contrast to wild‐type munc13‐4, ectopically expressed mutant failed to rescue degranulation in cells with silenced endogenous munc13‐4.

Conclusions

The functional and clinical data showed that this novel Dutch founder mutation leads to severe early onset of FHL3 due to misfolding and degradation of munc13‐4(1–899). Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58: 598–605. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MOCVD growth of semipolar AlxGa1−xN on m‐plane sapphire for applications in deep‐ultraviolet light emitters
Authors: Balakrishnan K. , Lachab M. , Chen H. C. , Blom D. , Adivarahan V. , Ahmad I. , Fareed Q. , Khan M. A.
Published: July 2011

The growth of semipolar AlN and AlGaN epilayers on m‐plane sapphire substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) has been investigated for the first time. The implementation of pulsed MOCVD technique for the deposition of the AlN buffer, and the insertion of a strain relieving AlN/AlGaN short‐period superlattice structure proved instrumental in the growth of a thick, crack‐free, and single domain n‐Al0.56Ga0.44N ($11{\bar {2}}2$) films, which also exhibit a good crystal quality. To assess the suitability of this AlGaN/AlN/m‐sapphire template for practical use in deep‐ultraviolet light emitters, both polar (0001) and semipolar ($11{\bar {2}}2$) AlGaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) were grown side‐by‐side. The room temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the semipolar MQW structure peaked at 305 nm, which was approximately 10 nm longer than the PL peak originating from the reference polar MQWs. Besides, the semipolar MQWs showed a fairly excitation‐independent emission wavelength, which suggests the absence of any polarization‐induced electric fields. The intensity of the luminescence from the c‐oriented MQWs was, however, stronger than that of its semipolar counterpart. The result indicates that further reduction of the extended defects density in ($11{\bar {2}}2$) AlGaN is critical to significantly improving the optical properties of the overlying quantum heterostructures, and potentially achieving efficient optoelectronic devices.
Extraction and Functional Properties of Non‐Zein Proteins in Corn Germ from Wet‐Milling
Authors: Hojilla‐Evangelista Mila P.
Published: July 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate the extractability of wet‐milled corn germ protein, characterize the recovered protein and identify its potential applications. Protein was extracted from both wet germ and finished (dried) germ using 0.1 M NaCl as solvent. The method involved homogenization, stirring, centrifugation, dialysis and freeze‐drying. Factors evaluated were temperature (40, 50, or 60 °C) and the presence of reducing or denaturing agents. The recovered protein was analyzed for proximate composition and functional properties. Protein recovery was greater from wet germ. For both germ samples, protein recovery was not improved by using higher temperatures; thus, subsequent extractions were done at 40 °C. Addition of 2% SDS and 1% β‐mercaptoethanol to the solvent nearly doubled protein yield; but, SDS‐PAGE indicated some protein denaturation. The recovered freeze‐dried proteins from both germ samples were least soluble at pH 2.0–4.0, but solubility increased at higher pH values. Wet germ protein extract was more soluble than finished germ protein at all pH values; however, the finished germ protein showed much better foaming and emulsifying properties and water‐holding capacity.
On left strong radicals of near-rings
Authors: Anderson T. , Kaarli K. , Wiegandt R.
Published: July 2011

In this paper we shall deal with radicals γ of near-rings such that for every near-ring N its radical γ(N) contains all left ideals (left invariant subgroups, respectively) I of N with I∈γ. At first, examples of such radicals will be given. Then we shall prove that these radicals are hypersolvable and have hereditary semisimple classes.
Selected mitochondrial genes as species markers of the ArcticContracaecum osculatumcomplex
Authors: Dzido J. , Kijewska A. , Rokicki J.
Published: July 2011

This study, aimed at testing the hypothesis that some mitochondrial genes can serve as species-specific markers, involved a comparison of the sequence variance of selected mitochondrial DNA genes of the ArcticContracaecum osculatumspecies (C. osculatumA,C. osculatumB andC. osculatumC). We compared differences between five complete (ND2, CYTB, ND3, ND4L and ND6) and three partial (CO1, CO3 and ND5) protein-coding genes. The total length of the sequence of each of the 13 specimens was 4830 bp. The sample consisted ofC. osculatumL3 larvae collected fromReinhardtius hippoglossoidesandGadus ogacfrom the Barents Sea and Davis Strait. The K2P distance values between the species ranged within 0.06–0.12, the intraspecific variability (0.01–0.03) proving 3–6 times lower. The lowest interspecific divergence was observed betweenC. osculatumA andC. osculatumB, whereas the highest intraspecific diversity was typical ofC. osculatumC. Among theC. osculatumspecies studied, the highest nucleotide diversity was recorded in the CYTB, CO3 and ND5 genes. These genes may be useful in species identification of the very closely relatedContracaecumsibling species.