bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
POLYSECTORALITY AND MULTIFUNCTIONALITY DRIVERS OF INNOVATION-ORIENTED PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP DEVELOPMENT
Authors: MALIN Oleksandr
Published: November 2022

Introduction. The subject of research is polysectorality and multifunctionality drivers of innovation-oriented public-private partnerships development, as promising straightforward development.
The purpose of the study is to identify drivers of polysectorality and multifunctionality of innovation-oriented development in public-private partnership.
Results. The article considers and investigates the drivers of polysectorality and multifunctionality of innovation-oriented development in public-private partnership (PPP) as promising areas for its further development. The target vector of innovation-oriented development in public-private partnership should be based on solving the most important global problems of society, reflected in the state strategy of sustainable development. The National Sustainable Development Goals, which specify its 17 declared global goals, are the same strategic guidelines that will stimulate innovation-oriented development of public-private partnership in the right direction in society, if they are set as priorities of the target unit for public-private partnership development.
The state and society expect from the private partner of the public-private partnership not only economic efficiency, but also social efficiency, which is manifested through its participation in solving social, environmental and other problems. Thus, the drivers of polysectorality and multifunctionality of innovation-oriented development in public-private partnership have different origins and nature.
Conclusions. Finally, drivers of polysectorality and multifunctionality of innovation-oriented development in PPP have different origins and nature. System-scientific drivers of polysectorality and multifunctionality of innovation-oriented development in PPP can be considered as technologies – integrators of both generations (convergence of technologies and emergence of convergent NBICS-technologies), and the socio-political driver is the national state methodology of sustainable development, their national tasks for Ukraine.
Key words: drivers, polysectorality, multifunctionality, innovation-oriented, development, public-private partnership, vector, sustainable.
MODEL FOR OF THE MECHANISM FOR DECISIONS MAKING PROCESS
Authors: TKACHOVA Tetiana
Published: November 2022

In the conditions of the domestic market transformation of machine-building enterprises it becomes important to use resources which unite the software of foreign manufacturers with domestic. One of the most important tasks at the present stage of machine-building enterprises transformation of Kharkiv region is the strategy formation of industrial enterprises. Reforming the economy of Ukraine, structural changes that occurred in the period of emergence and development of market relations, affected the development of information technology in enterprises, dramatically changing the conditions of enterprises in a particular industry. This forces enterprises to look for effective development strategies aimed not only at implementing their social functions, but also at increasing their independence and economic independence, so the mechanism of forming a strategy for the development of machine-building enterprises in Kharkiv region is an urgent task for effective operation. The improved methodical approach to application of models of the organizational and economic mechanism of information and communication development of the enterprises of machine-building branch gives the chance for construction of mathematical models of coordination of administrative decisions. It is proposed to use existing software products and international standards for analysis and forecasting to develop the strategy of the enterprise, without which it is impossible to build an adequate mathematical model with given parameters, which will help to describe each process in production. The created elements of mathematical and software allow to receive adequate mathematical models, to reduce energy and computational expenses for research of objects, to make more qualitative and effective management and forecasting of their behavior. Finally, the research methods proposed in this paper are a mathematical model that contains interconnected disparate resources, the operation of which is subject to a set of rules and objectives for information and communication infrastructure of the enterprise, its socio-economic development and effective organization of business processes.
Keywords: management decisions, objectivity model, adequate mathematical models, artificial neural networks.
АЛЬТЕРНАТИВНАЯ ЭНЕРГЕТИКА РЕСУРСОВ РОЛЬ В РАЗВИТИИ ЭКОНОМИКИ АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНА
Authors: Газанфар Сулейманов, Туркан Шейдаи Газанфар Сулейманов, Туркан Шейдаи
Published: November 2022

Потребность человечества в энергии восходит к созданию человечества, когда они получили огонь миллионы лет назад и использовали его для жизни. Огонь - это источник тепла, света, защиты от врагов, источник исцеления и т. д. В этом смысле огонь всегда был священным для людей. По мере развития человеческого общества росли промышленность и сельское хозяйство, а также потребность в энергии. Одной из глобальных проблем, стоящих сегодня перед человечеством, является бесперебойное использование топливных ресурсов. Альтернативные источники энергии напротив, являются экологически чистыми и неисчерпаемыми.
В режиме управления энергосистем в современном мире для повышения более эффективной работы используют информационные технологии, которые являются одним из важных задач в деятельности предприятий. Это можно достичь при повышении эффективности технического обслуживания и процессов промышленного производства за счет использования методов контроля и диагностирования в целом. Таким образом, ограниченные ресурсы углеводородов как традиционного источника энергии и предотвращение загрязнения окружающей среды делают необходимым увеличение количества энергии, производимой из альтернативных и возобновляемых источников энергии в мире. В этой области уже есть положительный опыт, и в некоторых странах использование солнечной, ветровой и других чистых и возобновляемых источников энергии расширяется с каждым годом. Постоянно растущий спрос на энергоресурсы, ограниченные углеводородные ресурсы и неуправляемые техногенные проблемы, связанные с производственным процессом, обусловили необходимость быстрого расширения использования альтернативных и возобновляемых источников энергии, одного из основных в мире источников устойчивого энергоснабжения.
Ключевые слова: альтернативные источники, энергоресурсы, энергоснабжения, энергия.
XƏZƏR REGİONU ÖLKƏLƏRİNİN TƏBİİ QAZININ GEOSİYASİ ƏHƏMİYYƏTİ
Authors: Esma İsmayılova Esma İsmayılova
Published: November 2022

Məqalədə zəngin karbohidrogen ehtiyyatlarına malik olan Xəzər regionunun artan beynəlxalq əhəmiyyəti, Mərkəzi Asiya və Qafqaz üzərində artan geosiyasi rəqabətin təhlili təqdim edir. Həm Şərq, həm də Qərb ölkələri üçün enerji qovşağı kimi regionun perspektivlərinin qiymətləndirilməsi ilə yanaşı, Rusiya ilə Ukrayna arasında baş vermiş müharibə kimi regional münaqişələrin Xəzərin enerjisinin inkişafı və ixracı perspektivlərinə necə təsir göstərə biləcəyini araşdırır.Məqalədə, Xəzəryanı ölkələrin, eləcə də Mərkəzi Asiya və Qafqaz regionu üzrə təbii qaz ehtiyyatları, dünya üzrə, o cümlədən Avropa İttifaqı ölkələri, İƏİT və qeyri İƏİT ölkələrinin təbii qaz hasilatı 2005-2021-ci illərin statistik məlumatları əsasında təhlil edilərək qiymətləndirilmişdir.
Açar sözlər: təbii qaz, Xəzər regionu, Mərkəzi Asiya, enerji təhlükəsizliyi, Yaxın Şərq.
Computational Literacy & Mathematics Education
Authors: Gadanidis George , Silva Ricardo Scucuglia Rodrigues da , Hughes Janette , Namukasa Immaculate , Floyd Steven
Published: November 2022

Computer programming has permeated many fields as a tool to model phenomena and processes and to make new discoveries. Curricula in many jurisdictions have been revised to use computer languages across K-12, and in some cases in mathematics education. The literature suggests that while digital media in mathematics education can be used as tools that serve our purposes, they also serve to reorganize knowledge. This paper investigates the interactions among computer programming and mathematics teaching and learning. Our data sources are a) Ontario curriculum documents, b) resources developed by our team in Ontario and in Brazil, and c) our research in Ontario and Brazil. diSessa’s idea of computational literacy serves as a theoretical framework and as an analytical lens for conceptualizing how the integration of computer programming may alter the structure and experience of school mathematics.
THE EFFICACY OF POSTHARVEST BIOCONTROL TREATMENTS IN CONTROLLING SPOILAGE OF TOMATO FRUIT IN SOUTH AFRICAN COMMERCIAL SUPPLY CHAINS
Authors: K. Cherono , T.S Workneh
Published: November 2022

In this study, the effectiveness of postharvest biocontrol treatments using B-13 yeast isolate in controlling spoilage of tomato fruit was evaluated in selected commercial supply chains in South Africa. Mature green tomatoes were harvested from three commercial farms in Limpopo (Musina, Mooketsi and Pont drift) during summer and transported through the three supply routes to Pietermaritzburg, where four postharvest treatments were applied to the fruit, then stored in ambient and cold storage (11oC) conditions. The fruit was sampled over a 30-day storage period and its firmness, colour, weight loss, marketability and incidences of decay assessed. Fruit stored under ambient conditions had higher incidences decay, diseases and physiological disorders compared to samples stored in cold storage, with these incidences varying widely with pre-storage treatments applied on the fruit. The supply chain route significantly (p≤0.05) influenced the physicochemical and subjective quality of tomato fruit. Biocontrol treatment reduced mass loss of fruit and had comparable physicochemical and subjective attributes to chlorine treated fruit. Biocontrol treatment was also effective in maintaining fruit firmness and colour for the first eight days of storage. Biocontrol treated fruit had 7.9% and 7.7% lower mass loss compared to control and chlorine fruit treated fruit, respectively.  Although, biocontrol treatment showed promising prospects in controlling tomato spoilage and improving its shelf life, integrating it with other treatments should be further tested to improve its efficacy.
FIGHTING TERRORIST THREATS IN ALERT RANK REGIMES - CHALLENGES AND PRACTICAL DIFFICULTIES
Authors: STELMACH Jarosław
Published: November 2022

Badania w zakresie obowiązywania stopni alarmowych w Polsce nie mają długiej historii. Wynika to z faktu, że reżimy te zostały wprowadzone w 2016 roku ustawą antyterrorystyczną, a pierwotnie obowiązywały w innym kształcie na podstawie przepisów o zarządzaniu kryzysowym, dopiero od 2007 roku. Obecnie brak jest opublikowanych empirycznych wyników badań z realizacji zadań w stopniach alarmowych. Celem badań zaprezentowanych w niniejszej publikacji było zidentyfikowanie oraz omówienie podstawowych zagadnień problemowych w obszarach praktycznego wymiaru funkcjonowania stopni alarmowych. Zdaniem autora, prawidłowe ich opisanie może stanowić źródło wiedzy zarówno w wymiarze naukowym jak i praktycznym, dając możliwość poszerzenia obszaru badań w wyeksponowanych w ten sposób tematach. Aby zrealizować zakładany cel przyjęta została diagnostyczna strategia badawcza, a wypracowana diagnoza w niniejszym przedmiocie badań ma pełnić rolę dyskryptywno-ewaluacyjną. W przygotowaniu niniejszego artykułu wykorzystano kombinacyjne podejście badawcze. Do zbadania problemu wykorzystano metodę analizy literatury oraz aktów prawnych i obserwację uczestniczącą. Ta aktywna obserwacja i doświadczenia praktyczne udokumentowane zostały w arkuszach obserwacji, których ustrukturyzowana forma pozwoliła na uzyskanie wiarygodnych i popartych materiałem empirycznym wyników badawczych. Autor podczas swojej wieloletniej służby w Żandarmerii Wojskowej, jako badacz i nauczyciel akademicki z obszaru bezpieczeństwa oraz jako ekspert wykonujący liczne szkolenia i audyty w obiektach użyteczności publicznej i infrastrukturze krytycznej miał możliwość uczestniczyć wielokrotnie w rozważaniach teoretycznych, dyskusjach środowiskowych, prezentacjach i ćwiczeniach z zakresu realizacji zadań antyterrorystycznych w tym w stopniach alarmowych. W tekście zaprezentowano kilkanaście obszarów problemowych mających realne i krytyczne znaczenie dla jakości wykonywanych zadań antyterrorystycznych w reżimach stopni alarmowych. Uzyskane i przedstawione w artykule empiryczne wyniki naukowych dociekań mogą stanowić materiał wyjściowy do prowadzenia kolejnych badań lub do wyprowadzania konstruktywnych wniosków o charakterze korekcyjnym oraz naprawczym.
FUNCTIONING OF MILITARY UNITS IN THE ARMED FORCES OF THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND
Authors: ZAKRZEWSKA Małgorzata
Published: November 2022

Charakter współczesnych zagrożeń zewnętrznych (militarnych), którym musimy się przeciwstawiać, przybiera już postać totalnego (pochodzącego z wielu stron) zagrożenia odbieranego w wymiarze nie tylko jednostkowym (obywatela), ale w wymiarze: całego państwa, regionu, a nawet kontynentu i świata. W skład Sił Zbrojnych RP wchodzą: Wojska Lądowe, Siły Powietrzne, Marynarka Wojenna, Wojska Specjalne podzielone ze względu na specyfikację wykonywanych działań. Zwierzchnictwo nad tymi wojskami obejmuje Prezydent RP. Wymienione rodzaje wojsk rozdzielają powierzone im zadania pomiędzy mniejsze podmioty - jednostki wojskowe. Zadania związane z zabezpieczeniem finansowo-gospodarczym tych jednostek zajmują się wojskowe oddziały gospodarcze, które podlegają Inspektoratowi Wsparcia Sił Zbrojnych RP. Bardzo ważnymi elementami funkcjonowania Sił Zbrojnych RP są zasoby obronne, zarówno osobowe, materialne, jak i informacyjne. Determinują one poziom bezpieczeństwa państwa i są wyznacznikiem jego zdolności obronnych. Wszyscy obywatele zdolni do spełnienia powszechnego obowiązku obrony stanowią zasoby rezerw osobowych, które mogą być wykorzystywane jako uzupełnienie Sił Zbrojnych RP, a także innych formacji tj.: Policji, Służby Więziennej, Straży Granicznej, itp. Przygotowanie i zarządzanie rezerwami osobowymi jest jednym z najważniejszych zadań. Zasoby materialne, zarówno te, którymi wojsko dysponuje, jak i te znajdujące się w rezerwach strategicznych lub zapasach interwencyjnych stanowią siłę państwa w przypadku zagrożenia oraz są zabezpieczeniem prawidłowego jego funkcjonowania. Na podstawie występujących zagrożeń militarnych i niemilitarnych zostały określone trzy stany gotowości obronnej państwa: stan stałej gotowości obronnej państwa (czas pokoju), stan gotowości obronnej państwa czasu kryzysu, stan gotowości obronnej państwa czasu wojny. Stany te zostają wprowadzone w zależności od stopnia zagrożenia. W sytuacji, gdy stopień zagrożenia jest wysoki to władze państwa mają prawo do ogłoszenia bezzwłocznie stanu najwyższego nie uwzględniając przy tym innych stanów.
NATO COMMAND STRUCTURE TRANSFORMATION AFTER 2014
Authors: LENART Piotr
Published: November 2022

Celem badań, których wyniki przedstawiono w niniejszym artykule był opis działań podjętych przez Sojusz Północnoatlantycki w zakresie zmian w jego strukturze dowodzenia po 2014 roku. Wyjaśniono w nim, że realne zagrożenia generowane przez Federację Rosyjską spowodowały konieczność zmian w strukturze militarnej NATO. Sojusz Północnoatlantycki podejmując działania zmierzające do zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa jego członkom, w całym obszarze traktatowym, musiał zaadaptować swoją strukturę dowodzenia i strukturę sił do istniejących realnych zagrożeń, zmieniając jej dotychczasowy ekspedycyjny charakter na adekwatny do przewidywanych działań. NATO przekierowując swój wysiłek od działań ekspedycyjnych do obrony kolektywnej musiało zaadaptować swoje struktury dowodzenia regionalnie i dokonać adaptacji instytucjonalnej. Zmiany w strukturach dowodzenia sojuszu wymusiła potrzeba wdrożenia środków zapewniających bezpieczeństwo dla sojuszników z Europy środkowo-wschodniej. Realizując postanowienia szczytów NATO od Newport do Madrytu sojusz sukcesywnie, adekwatnie do eskalacji zagrożeń, reformował i generował siły i środki wydzielane do obrony obszaru traktatowego, co w konsekwencji skutkowało utworzeniem nowych elementów struktury dowodzenia oraz przeorientowaniem działalności już istniejących. Sojusz rozpoczął tym samym długoterminowe odstraszanie i adaptację obronną. Stosownie do zdefiniowanych potrzeb, utworzono w ramach NCS dwa dowództwa szczebla operacyjnego przystosowując się do obrony kolektywnej. Utworzenie wielonarodowego dowództwa korpusu, czterech dowództw wielonarodowych dywizji, dowództwa wielonarodowej brygady oraz ośmiu integracyjnych jednostek NATO w zasadniczy sposób zmieniło architekturę dowodzenia sojuszu wzmacniając strukturę NFS. Umożliwiło to efektywne dowodzenie siłami i środkami NATO w obszarach odpowiedzialności utworzonych elementów na wschodniej flance sojuszu w czasie pokoju, kryzysu i wojny. Istotą podejmowanych działań jest ich elastyczność i ewolucyjny charakter wynikający z potrzeby permanentnego przeglądu istniejących struktur i adaptacji ich do zidentyfikowanych zmian w środowisku bezpieczeństwa.
Assessing the Influence of Appraisal Techniques on Job Satisfaction among Police Service in Migori County, Kenya
Authors: Orao Maureen Akinyi , Nyakwara Simon
Published: November 2022

Performance appraisal is a review and discussion of an employee's performance of assigned duties and responsibilities. A good appraisal system is so fundamental to the management of people in any organization. Data analysis began by identifying common themes from the respondents’ descriptions of their experiences. Frequency counts of the responses will then be obtained to generate information about the respondents and to illustrate the general trend of findings on the various variables that are under investigation. Qualitative data was analysed thematically along the objectives and presented in narrative forms whereas quantitative data was analysed descriptively using frequencies, percentages, mean and standard deviation and inferentially using ANOVA and coefficient correlation with the help of Statistical Packages for Social Science (SPSS Version 23). During the design of a performance appraisal system, the management should consider all factors of an effective system so as to achieve the goals upon which they designed. The major factors should include among others: Frequency of the appraisal, organizational objectives, training of the appraisers, accurate record-keeping system, employee’s performance measurement, self-appraisal approach, employee’s performance review, employee’s strengths and weakness, the system as an employee’s motivator, the system should be able to provide feedback to Police Service, the system should be void of biasness and the process and procedures for the systems should be rateable.
Influence of joint liability on enterprise development of rural women in Nyamache Sub-County
Authors: Okumu Armstone Kiplangat , Nyakwara Simon
Published: November 2022

Group lending has received a great attention from economists and policymakers for its successful delivery of credit to poor borrowers and its role in alleviating poverty in the developing countries. The success of group lending in providing credit to poor borrowers has been attributed to its ability to mitigate the asymmetry of information and enforcement problems in credit markets. The ability of group lending institutions to overcome the asymmetry of information and enforcement problems has been theorized to be the driving force behind their outreach to the poor, their sustainability, and their repayment performance. While there is a host of theoretical models explaining the success of group lending, empirical research has lagged behind. The focus of this study was to explore the determinants of group lending mechanism on enterprise development of rural women in Nyamache sub-county, Kenya. The questionnaires were edited first for accuracy, and completeness. The study used frequency distribution and percentages, and computer software-Statistical Package for Social Scientists version 22 (SPSS v 22) as a tool of analyzing data, and to establish relationships between variables. The study established that, joint liability, training, group representation and loan size positively and significantly influenced enterprise development. The study recommends that; women groups should be strengthened so that they can be in position to jointly access loan for the development of their enterprises, the women groups lending group should organize effectively trainings so as to equip the members with capacity to efficiently manage their business enterprises, the women lending group should share the lending policies with members to understand them foe easy of operation and to minimize misunderstanding and any arising conflict and that the women lending groups should effectively vet group members to enable them access maximum qualified amounts so as they could invest in their businesses for survival and growth.
Factors Influencing the Implementation of Strategic Plan in Public Secondary Schools in Kisii South Sub-County, Kisii County, Kenya
Authors: Mgute Leonard , Nyakwara Simon
Published: November 2022

The goal of education for all is now being looked into freshly by the organizations concerned to ensure that not just education but quality education is received. In Kenya, it is a ministerial requirement that public organizations including educational institutions develop strategic plans as a means of enhancing results-based management and efficiency in their operations. Even the schools with strategic plans rarely implement them and the result has been haphazard planning techniques, poor prioritization, and failure to use the meagre resources for the right projects. A descriptive design was used in this study. Descriptive and inferential were used to analyse the qualitative data obtained to enable critiques to conceptualize the results. The study established that in summary, there was a positive and significant relationship between communication and the implementation of the strategic plan in public secondary schools at r = .445**, p < .01 significant level contributing 19.8% variability to the implementation of strategic plan when other factors are held constant. The study established that there was a positive and significant relationship between leadership activities and the implementation of the strategic plan in public secondary schools at r = .667**, p < .01 significant level contributing 44.5% variability to the implementation of a strategic plan when other factors are held constant. Lastly; the study found that there was a positive and significant relationship between Resources and the implementation of the strategic plan in public secondary schools at r = .767**, p < .01 significant level contributing 58.8% variability to the implementation of strategic plan when other factors are held constant.
Influence of Communication to the Implementation of Strategic Plans in Kisii County Government
Authors: Wilson Sankei Ntoika , Nyakwara Simon
Published: November 2022

In Kenya, it is a ministerial requirement that public organizations including educational institution develop strategic plans as a means of enhancing results-based management and efficiency in their operations. Even the schools with strategic plans rarely implement them and the result has been haphazard planning techniques, poor prioritization, and failure to use the meagre resources for the right projects. Descriptive design was used in this study. The study targeted 592 professional graduate teachers from 37 Kisii County Government where a sample size of 172 respondents was drawn. The study considered 11(30%) of total school schools which are fully established schools with documented strategic plans. Descriptive and inferential were used to analyse the qualitative data obtained to enable critiques to conceptualize the results. The study revealed that there was a positive and significant relationship between communication and the implementation of the strategic plan in County Governments at r=.445**, P<.01 significant level contributing 19.8% variability to the implementation of strategic plan when other factors are held constant. The study established that there was a positive and significant relationship between leadership activities and the implementation of the strategic plan in County Governments at r=.667**, P<.01 significant level contributing 44.5% variability to the implementation of strategic plan when other factors are held constant. Lastly; the study found out that there was a positive and significant relationship between Resources and the implementation of the strategic plan in County Governments at r=.767**, P<.01 significant level contributing 58.8% variability to the implementation of strategic plan when other factors are held constant.
Water-based Cooling Fluids to Mitigate the Thermal Management Challenges in New Energy Vehicles
Authors: Sander Clerick  , Serge Leivens  , Guy Buytaert  , Amol Chore
Published: November 2022

Thermal management is considered one of the key enablers for the adoption of New Energy Vehicles. An efficient design of an electrified vehicle’s cooling system, be it a HEV, BEV or FCEV, is of major importance to guarantee vehicle lifetime, optimize energy efficiency, enable adequate driving range and allowing high charging speed. Moreover, it is of critical importance for safety. Compared to internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, cooling systems for electrified vehicles have become more complex with increasing integration of a variety of parts. The cooling medium’s main function is no longer limited to cooling of the ICE; it also used to conserve and transport heat to essential powertrain parts such as the battery pack, all while electrical safety cannot be jeopardized. Many recently launched electrified vehicles successfully employ the same water-glycol based cooling liquids that are found in ICE vehicles. In light of future developments such as ultra-fast charging, advances in cooling systems and the cooling liquid are required. Recently, a clear shift from air cooling towards waterbased cooling fluids is witnessed mainly due to the strong beneficial heat transfer properties of water. For direct cooling of fuel cell stacks different changes are demanded since the upper electrical conductivity limit of the aqueous liquid compels the use of new additive technology.
Effect of Steel Inclusion on Heat Treatment Quench Crack - Case Study
Authors: Yathish Rao
Published: November 2022

Hypoid pinion is a major member in the heavy truck axle as it transmits the power from propeller shaft to hypoid ring gear. This is the first member in axle assembly to receive the power from transmission. Metallurgical quality is inevitable parameter in this part. In this case, a fracture analysis of hypoid pinion carried out, root cause is found & corrections are addressed. The quench crack is generated during the case carburizing treatment. The fractography shows that this crack is initiated from the gross non-metallic inclusion present at the sub surface of the drive pinion. SEM EDS analysis conducted & identified inclusion as Aluminium Oxide predominantly with a dimension 7 mm in length & 1mm in width caused the longitudinal crack on the pinion. The ishikawa diagram plotted for steel mill process to understand the cause. Since the type of inclusion is Al2O3, focused more on ladle refining station, VD process & continuous casting parameters in steel mill process where entrapment could occur. The appropriate corrective action taken in steel mill on VD process, post VD soft rinse, multiple sampling for inclusion from first & last billet, NDT method UT phased array system is introduced by developing the master sample having size same as inclusion. The Inclusion went undetected whole the process starting from steel mill to pinion case carburizing heat treatment & is opened up after quenching due to volumetric difference in crystal, happens during heating & cooling. The mechanism of crack generation is discussed which involves crystallographic changes takes place during carburizing cycles.
Electrification of 4-Wheel Sector
Authors: Amal Haridas  , Anand, P P  , Aneesh Menon  , Sachin, V  , Aravind, P V
Published: November 2022

This paper presents scopes and possibilities of electric vehicles if it is made to substitute fossil fueled 4 wheelers completely from its arena. The common consumers are still not onto electric vehicles due to various reasons like cost, charging facility and their power requirements. This work will show comparison of cost, energy efficiencies, emissions and pollution involved, maintenance and service requisites and last but not least the afterlife of both the vehicles. Like well to wheel analysis of conventional fuel vehicles, here, grid to wheels analysis will be used for electric vehicles taking Kerala as reference location for study. The selected location has several power generation sources like hydel, thermal and wind energy. Different scenarios are considered to conduct the grid to wheel analysis. Here, battery electric vehicles (BEV) will be considered as replacement which will be categorised as (i) Lead acid battery and (ii) Li-ion battery. Supercapacitors are also used with lithium ion batteries so as to obtain faster charging, discharging while acceleration and braking. In this paper, the amount of electric power that must be produced additionally for the infrastructure of BEV’s will be calculated. A general study tells that energy is lost in ic engines at a very higher rate than electric vehicles in the form of heat. EV’s have an efficiency of 77% when converting electric power from grid to wheels but combustion engines have efficiency of only 20-25% while converting chemical energy into mechanical energy. Interesting conclusions were also seen when emission and carbon footprints were compared. There are also some conclusions which reveal the difficulty of recycling the lithium-ion battery after its life. The processes aimed to recycle these batteries tend to produce extensive amounts of waste and emit greenhouse gases. But lead acid batteries are seen to be environment friendly as the majority of lead in this battery can be recycled. Different maintenance and services needed were discussed and compared with that of ICE vehicles. Many advantages and challenges were brought out while complete electrification in the 4 wheeler segment, and with the infrastructure growth, the target of zero emission vehicles can be obtained.
Conversion of Waste Heat from Automobiles into Electrical Energy using Thermoelectric Generators
Authors: Tony Sabu
Published: November 2022

In our current environment, the expanding interest for energy, with fast consumption of our assets, we should be centered around utilizing economical and sustainable power that produces eco-accommodating energy and lower carbon emanations. So, it is significant that the accessible energy ought to be monitored and used productively. In an internal combustion engine utilized in cars have a limit of 25%-33% effectiveness and the residual heat energy got by the burning cycle goes through the fumes and afterward into the environment. This prompts the expansion in discharge of unsafe gases which increments an unnatural weather change and other natural issues. This caused to grow the consideration on improving the productivity of internal combustion engines. For the utilization of waste heat from a vehicle exhaust our primary goal is Thermoelectric Generators (TEG). It is an exceptionally doped semiconductor strong state gadget, which changes over the heat on the fumes surface straightforwardly into electrical energy and this would permit a huge increment of the general ignition motor execution. The thermoelectric materials and the position of installation plays an important role in increasing the efficiency.
Investigation of Brake-judder through Caliper Vibrations due to the Effects of Friction Pad Properties, Disc Thickness Variation and Brake Torque Variation using a Dynamometer
Authors: Nikhil Ambewadikar  , Subramanian K  , Anand Wadodkar  , Raajha M P
Published: November 2022

There is a budding demand in the automotive industry for discovering the causes of brake judder and numerous mathematical models for analysis and simulation have been established. Since most of the data and knowledge are hidden within automobile manufacturers, it is still a mystery to unravel and get a clear picture. Judder was reported on the field during vehicle testing with a subjective assessment of Pad A (highlighted in table 1). The aim was to investigate the problem at the brake component by altering pad grades since it was within the scope of the study. Therefore, to save the time of running the vehicles and keeping the least variables from the 4M (Material, Method, Machine, Man), 8 combinations of friction pads were taken on an inertia brake dynamometer and deals with judder arising from the disk brake assembly only. This paper provides a novel approach by running various permutations and combinations of friction pads and interlinking caliper vibrations with the factors such as Brake torque variation (BTV), disc thickness variation (DTV), and friction pad properties by DOE (Design of experiment) analysis. It also provides some insight on the causes, types of brake judder and further gives quantifiable results which determine the bandwidth of the factors based on the experimental results. The paper is structured as follows: the introduction and causes to judder are covered in section 1. Materials and methodology in section 2, Results in section 3, and conclusion in section 4.
Comprehensive Design and Study on Cogging Torque Reduction in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors for Electric Vehicle Technology
Authors: Shivani Jitendra Khare  , R. S. Ambekar
Published: November 2022

Owing to high efficiency, high power density, high torque to current ratio and high power to weight ratio, application of Permanent Magnet Synchronous drives has been escalating in electric vehicle traction systems. The major concern arises due to increase in cogging torque ripples. The presence of internal harmonic content leading to noise and vibrational disturbances, greatly sways the smooth operation of the motor. To address this challenge is the key to design of Permanent magnet Synchronous motor. Numerous techniques have been enacted upon for truncating the cogging torque thereby increasing the efficiency for electric vehicle application. This paper presents an exhaustive study on the methods adopted and proposes an optimised model for analysing the effect of skewing in Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor. Furthermore, the optimal design conclusions based on the proposed shape optimization were confirmed by finite element analysis (FEA) method carried out on RMxprt tool of ANSYS software.
Systems Modelling of Steering System using OpenModelica
Authors: Rohit Sankar  , Sathish Madaswamy  , Arthanareeswaran Palaniappan
Published: November 2022

Steering system is one of the key vehicle-driver interface that impacts driving fatigue and perception of quality by driver. It is also a safety critical system governed by several Homologation requirements. While Homologation rules mandates the steering effort to be within certain limits, for a driver, asymmetric behavior in terms of angle & torque between LH & RH turn is also undesirable. The sub-attributes are affected indirectly by packaging constraints in each vehicle platform and model. For meeting the stringent targets in each variant and to maintain minimal unique parts, several design iterations would be needed. Physical testing involves higher cost and time. Hence development of a steering system simulation model becomes essential. This paper details the development of a steering model to simulate and analyze the steering system performance of commercial vehicles. A single steer model with hydraulic assistance is developed using OpenModelica (OM), an open source system modelling software. The parameters such as steering wheel effort, wheel lock angles, Ackermann error and Turning circle diameter (TCD) are computed along with prediction of dry park effort. Based on iterations, an optimized configuration with reduced asymmetry can be derived.
Automation of Engine ECU Calibration through CAN with Python Machine Learning Algorithms
Authors: H S Prasanna Gupta Thallam  , Senthil Kanagaraj S
Published: November 2022

Engine ECU subsume the numerous control functions of electrical systems in the vehicle based on various sensors inputs and the control parameters present inside ECU such as maps, multiplication factors, constants and so on. These control parameters need to be calibrated effectively for better performance as well as to meet stringent emission norms. Since, the most efficient way of calibration is through CAN by means of XCP/CCP protocol, this process involves logging and processing of the ECU data to estimate the appropriate values followed by downloading the modified values to the ECU manually. Even though from theoretical calculations it is possible to estimate the approximate parameter values, these values need to be validated in engine test beds or on road and are fine tuned to attain the optimum results by repeating the same trial under same test conditions numerous times. After each trial, the data is analyzed and new set of data is determined which is downloaded to ECU before the next trial. This process is carried out until optimum results are achieved which is time consuming. In this paper, a new approach has been explained which will eliminate the human interference during the trials and speeds up the process of establishing the master slave communication between PC and ECU through any CAN transceiver hardware with the help of python, and its machine learning algorithms to carry out the analysis tasks between successive trials which develops regression models for predicting the parameter values based on the previous trials with in a shorter period of time increasing the human potential of calibration.
A Study of Knocking Noise in Disc Brake System and Its Elimination
Authors: Jeevan Kizhakkekalayil  , Sagar Malape  , Anand Wadodkar  , Raajha M.P.
Published: November 2022

In the automotive industry, elimination of Brake Noise is a tough challenge. In Past, extensive research and investigation has been done to eliminate brake vibrations/noises and improve vehicle comfort. Disc Brake noises are broadly classified into Squeal noise, Groan/moan, Judder, Wire-brush/Chirp, Rattle etc. These are mainly friction induced vibrations. Lots of study has been done already in characterizing and eliminating these friction induced noises. Apart from these, instantaneous noises (knocking/hitting type) are also observed in Brake System. This paper deals with the study and elimination of such an instantaneous “Knocking Noise” observed in Front Disc Brake system of a Passenger SUV vehicle.
Studying Forces on Three Different Designs of Formula 1 Front Wing
Authors: P. Nimje  , R. Kakde
Published: November 2022

A simulation-based study of three different types of front wing designs used in the modern Formula 1 cars was done. The study mainly focuses on the aerodynamic forces that a Formula One car generates mainly the Downforce, the Drag force, & the Lateral force. These forces were studied in detail & taken a closer look at how do they migrate during the dynamic conditions the car is thrown into namely at various Ride Height changes, at various Side Slip (Yaw) Angles. A further elaborative study of the force builds up across the span of the wing was studied giving us a better picture of the concentration of the Downforce, drag force, & Lateral force being generated which will help us to correlate the pressure distribution data across the wingspan to the actual downforce concentration figures. A brief study of the flow field & flow lines was conducted along with the vortex generation for all three wings. A short comparison was made between the modern wing & a wing Ferrari used in the 1998 season, which will help us to understand the inherent problems that those designs had & how modern wings get around those.
U Bolt Failure Analysis
Authors: Divya S  , Sivakumar GK
Published: November 2022

U bolt failures occur commonly in commercial vehicles. U bolt failures occur at various stages. 17 U bolts failures were analyzed to have a detailed understanding of the issues. Failures commonly occur during assembly, ORT (On Road Trial) validations and in field. In general, the failures can be classified as assembly failures and during service. Analysis revealed that assembly failures are torsional and ductile failures & field or ORT failures are fatigue failures.
A Failure Analysis of Full Float Axle Shaft: Bending Fatigue - Case Study
Authors: Yathish Rao
Published: November 2022

Primary function of axle shaft is to transmit the power from differential to wheel ends. Historically believed that full float axle shaft will experience only a torsional load, not the bending load as bending moment is taken care by the housing banjo. At particular heavy truck product segment, observed many field return axle shaft failed at the flange outer fillet cavity region. Failure was at different mileage. In bench validation such failure phenomenon were not observed leads to suspect overload in the field. Upon fracture analysis no metallurgy deficiency observed. Upon the fractography crack initiated from the outer side at the flange fillet center cavity region. This fracture portion is quench & tempered region. Residual stress analysis carried out to understand the cause of the failure due to improper tempering but stresses are compressive in nature. Ishikawa diagram is plotted to understand the root cause for the bending fatigue failure. Housing banjo which supposed to take bending load is analyzed & found permanently bent to some extent. This is evident that the truck experienced the overload, causing the permanent deformation of housing banjo, there by inducing the bending load in the full float axle shaft, resulting to failure of the shaft. The evidence of shaft surface rubbing on banjo spindle surface & oil baffle plate was observed. Flange geometry is constrained that case hardening is not possible. Already the superior grade material with quench & temper is used for the shaft. Hence decision taken to add the material & fill up the cavity portion at the outer portion of flange center. Design reviewed, FEA analysis shows lower stress due to increase in section modulus by even considering the overload. The failure arrested completely by filling up the cavity at the outer region of flange.
Selection of the Optimal Tire for an FSAE Vehicle based on Evaluation of Key Performance Parameters
Authors: Achanta Simha Sreekar  , Kapilesh Kathiresh  , Prashanth Barathan
Published: November 2022

Tires are the components which physically connect the vehicle body to the ground, thus choosing the correct set of tires is important, not only to achieve the most out of the car but also to provide the platform, based on which the suspension and steering geometry of the vehicle are designed. This selection has to be based on the comparison of various available sets of tires and evaluating them based on key performance parameters, such as peak lateral force (Fy), peak self-aligning torque (Mz), instantaneous cornering stiffness and instantaneous camber stiffness. The tire which gives the best possible combination of all these parameters would help achieve sufficiently good acceleration and speed, and also have a sufficiently large window of operation, where it is robust and less sensitive to changes. Thus, the tire, which achieves the best balance of properties between performance, driveability, cost and robustness would be the chosen tire for the car, which forms the basis of the next steps of the chassis design.
Design and Analysis of Suspension System for an ATV Using LOTUS Software
Authors: Aditya Chavhan  , Animesh Hedaoo  , Rajat Gode  , Ritik Raj Singh  , Syed Hamza Ali  , Ganesh Shetiye
Published: November 2022

Suspension System is classified as the most important subsystem of a vehicle as its design is responsible for the dynamic performance, comfort and safety level of the vehicle. This paper focuses on designing the suspension system for an ATV and considers its impact on steering geometry. LOTUS Shark Suspension Analysis software has been used as the prime software tool for the designing and simulation process for the suspension and to study its corresponding effects on the steering geometry. The literature also includes the force calculations that are performed during suspension design. It also sheds light on calculations and design aspects of the steering subsystem as well.
Thermo-Structural Analysis of a Roots Expander
Authors: Preethi R.S.  , Giridhar M Jambare  , Sonil Singh  , Swaminathan Subramanian
Published: November 2022

Roots expander is a waste heat recovery device that utilizes the pressure energy from the engine exhaust to produce useful work. It is mounted downstream of the engine and consists of a housing with a pair of twisted rotors that are separated from each other by fine clearances. As the expander is exposed to high temperature exhaust gases from the engine, there will be deformations primarily caused by thermal expansion. There can be variable deformations of the parts (owing to different materials) resulting in change in clearances that can affect the performance of this device. Thus, it is important to understand the thermo-structural behavior of expander, which is the motivation behind the present work. This paper will detail the methodology that was used to model the thermo-structural behavior of expander using CFD & FE analysis. A co-simulation method was adopted to couple transient CFD analysis with steady state FE thermal simulations to get the temperature distribution on the device. The obtained temperature results are then used in steady state FE structural analysis to determine the deformations. A macro & Microsoft Excel based clearance calculator was developed to determine the clearance change based on the deformation results. Based on the change in clearances, necessary modifications can be made to the design of expander to achieve optimum efficiency.
Optimized Wiper Design using Computational Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Akshay Shirsikar  , Punam Khatik  , Kuldeep Singh  , Lachhi Ram
Published: November 2022

This paper presents the robust use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques as complement to wind tunnel testing for the performance assessment of rain water and wiper wash behavior on windscreen surfaces. The objective of this paper is to predict windscreen wiper design performance and its effectiveness with the help of CFD. Clear visibility to the occupants is the key for stress free and safer driving experience, therefore it is important to study the windscreen wiper system performance under different work load conditions. A multi-phase CFD code is used to simulate rain drops and its impingent on the vehicle is modeled with the help of thin liquid film. The wiper blade motion is defined with inputs from multi body dynamics (MBD) considering the driver and passenger side wiper blade speed and extent. Time-dependent results for the wiper blade location, water fluid film spread, and its height on the windscreen, A-pillar, leaf-screen rain gutters were obtained. The CFD results then equated with the physical test data. The calculated water film pattern found to be associated with the observed patterns of the waterways on the test vehicle. Multiple design studies were performed on the CFD model which are also reliable with similar test configurations. From the results, it is concluded that numerical simulation of water behavior on vehicle surfaces is possible, and CFD method is effective tool to assist engineers in envisaging, analyzing, and designing water management systems. A Computational Fluid Dynamics code had been introduced in order to simulate the cleaning performance of the automobile wash. Multi-phase thin film with rigid body motion models were used for this purpose. The objectives of the project were to quantify the water flow, enhance visualization, and develop a CAE methodology which will assist in the product development process.