bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Doğum Desteği ve Ebelik Bakımı
Authors: GÖKÇEK Ayşe İrem , YAZICI Saadet
Published: October 2021

Gebeler doğum sürecinde hem doğum ortamına alışmaya hem de doğum kontraksiyonlarıyla baş etmeye çalışmaktadır. Bu nedenle etrafındaki kişilerin desteği gebeler için önemli faktörlerden biridir. Hamile kadınlara doğum sırasında verilen destekler kasılmalarla baş etme yeteneğini arttırmakta ve eylemi yönetme cesareti vermektedir. Ayrıca olumlu doğum tecrübesi yaşamasına da yardımcı olur. Gebenin en yakınında olan ebeler, annelerin kendini güvende ve huzurlu hissetmesini sağlamaktadır. Doğum fizyolojisi, gebelere verilen sürekli destek sonucunda hem olumlu etkilenmekte hem de olumlu maternal ve neonatal sonuçlara yol açmaktadır. Her gebe sağlıklı ve komplikasyonsuz bir doğum yaşama hakkına sahiptir. Ebeler prepartum, intrapartum ve postpartum süreçte kadına sürekli destek sağlamalı ve kadının çevresi tarafından göreceği desteğin devamlılığı için de kolaylaştırıcı olmalıdır. Doğum desteğinin olumlu sonuçlarının gözlenmesi doğum eyleminin yönetiminde etkin olan ebelerin bakım ve takiplerinde yol gösterici olacaktır.
Judgement or Vindication? Deuteronomy 32 in Hebrews 10:30
Authors: Proctor John
Published: October 2021

There is a case for the translation ‘vindicate’ rather than ‘judge’ in Hebrews 10:30, which is itself a biblical quotation from Deuteronomy 32. Four arguments contribute. The first is lexical: the verb κρίνω often does mean ‘vindicate’ in the LXX. The second is intertextual: Hebrews adopts Deuteronomy sensitively, and Deuteronomy has vindication in view. The third is text-critical: an unusual text-form in Hebrews raises the possibility that targumic readings may have insight to give. The fourth is rhetorical: the reading ‘vindicate’ sharpens our awareness of the author’s persuasive strategy in this part of Hebrews.
Insights from Cicero on Paul’s Reasoning in 1 Corinthians 12-14: Love Sandwich or Five Course Meal?
Authors: Patrick James
Published: October 2021

The ‘love chapter’ in 1 Corinthians is usually thought to be a digression by Paul from his main argument about spiritual gifts. However, applying the tool of classical rhetoric to the passage reveals a previously unnoticed structure behind our chapter divisions. From the principles of good speech preparation (explained by Cicero in De Partitione Oratoria) Paul has arranged his discussion of spiritual gifts into the five standard parts: introduction, statement of facts with thesis statement, presentation of positive arguments, refutation of opponents’ views and conclusion. In this way one can identify the key summary statements, the skilful argumentation of Paul, the apparent views of his opponents, and the contextual function of chapter thirteen. This paper makes a thorough analysis of these chapters according to the theory in Cicero’s handbook, summarised in a chart at the end.
The Descent of the Eschatological Temple in the Form of the Spirit at Pentecost: Part 2: Corroborating Evidence
Authors: Beale G. K.
Published: October 2021

The first part of this article (published in the previous issue) argued that certain Old Testament and early Jewish references to a temple have been formative for the depiction of the Spirit appearing as fire and for other associated features in Acts 2. This second part examines all of the other usually recognized Old Testament references in Acts 2 in order to determine whether or not they relate to a temple theme. The vast majority of the references are observed to occur in contexts that pertain to a temple, which supports the conclusion of Part 1 that the coming of the Spirit at Pentecost is a description of the inaugurated eschatological descent to earth of the heavenly temple to establish God’s end-time people as a part of this temple.
The Glory of God in Salvation Through Judgment: The Centre of Biblical Theology?
Authors: Hamilton James M.
Published: October 2021

Does the solar system of biblical theology have a sun? Many conclude from the numerous proposals that one theme cannot hold sway as the centre of biblical theology. This essay briefly discusses the basis for, worth of, and meaning behind the idea of a central concept in the Bible’s theology. Having summarized previous proposals, exegetical and thematic evidence is put forward in an attempt to discern whether the gravitational force and emanating brightness of the glory of God in salvation through judgment can order and enlighten the world of biblical theology.
A Rhetorical Analysis of Jeremiah 7:1-15
Authors: Avioz Michael
Published: October 2021

This article is a rhetorical study of Jeremiah 7:1-15. It attempts to show that a rhetorical analysis of Jeremiah helps the reader to understand the different parts of the speech correctly, to discover what was mentioned and what was not mentioned in it, and to identify the target audience and the methods of persuasion used by the prophet. This is not merely a literary analysis of Jeremiah’s speech, but primarily a critical examination of how Jeremiah planned to deliver his words to the audience. My analysis concludes that Jeremiah’s speech is planned and well organised, and that all its parts logically interconnect. Jeremiah uses many traditions from the past, and on the basis of these traditions, presents new arguments.
Living Like the Azazel Goat in Romans 12:1b
Authors: Kiuchi Nobuyoshi
Published: October 2021

Among the three epithets to ‘sacrifice’ in Romans 12:1b (‘living’, ‘holy’, and ‘acceptable to God’), ‘living’ does not appear to derive from Old Testament rituals. Thus, the term is commonly thought to apply only to the New Testament believer. However, such a conclusion is syntactically and semantically awkward because the other two epithets clearly have Old Testament ritual as their background. Moreover, the Old Testament does know of a ‘living’ sacrifice. This study argues that these three epithets allude to a literal Old Testament (Levitical) ritual so as to portray the Christian life in a general way. Two interpretive assumptions are refuted. The first is that the spiritual dimension of the sacrifice in Romans 12:1 is absent in the sacrificial rituals of the Old Testament. The second pertains to what is meant by the phrase ‘spiritual life’. Though it is commonly thought that ‘spiritual life’ is a New Testament concept, the Old Testament sacrificial system is also concerned with the offerer’s spiritual life. It is shown that the difference between the Old Testament and New Testament concepts (cf. Rom. 12:1b) is the way in which the believer becomes the sacrifice in the latter. Thus it seems reasonable to think that the ‘living sacrifice’ of Romans 12:1b may have an Old Testament precedent. This study argues that its literal counterpart is the ritual for the Azazel-goat, the prescribed means for making atonement for the whole people in Leviticus 16. Reading ‘living sacrifice’ from this perspective suggests that Paul was encouraging believers to live like an Azazel-goat, suffering for others by the power of the Holy Spirit.
One or Two Views of Judaism: Paul in Acts 28 and Romans 11 on Jewish Unbelief
Authors: Litwak Kenneth D.
Published: October 2021

Many scholars since Vielhauer have viewed the Lukan Paul as standing in contradiction to the epistolary Paul. This essay contends that a proper assessment of the genre, audience, and function of Romans 11 and Acts 28:16-31 enables readers to see that both Pauls agree on several points regarding Jewish response to the gospel. Where there are differences, these are complementary. Both Pauls see a mixed response among Jews, the developing of a faithful remnant, and in both texts ‘provoking to jealousy’ is a critical element.
The Hermeneutics of the Haftarot
Authors: Goswell Gregory
Published: October 2021

The excerpts from the Prophetic Books selected to match the weekly public reading of the Torah in the synagogue were not chosen in a haphazard manner. They are supported by verbal and thematic links with the Torah reading and amount to a theologically serious reading of sacred Scripture. This pairing of biblical texts reflects an implied hermeneutic namely a way of interpreting both Law and Prophets, that has its roots in the established patterns of early Jewish preaching and teaching. The survey provided by this article demonstrates that a consideration of the paired readings is of great value to the Christian reader of the Old Testament.
The Jewish Context of Paul’s Gentile Mission
Authors: Miller James C.
Published: October 2021

Luke consistently portrays Paul going first to a synagogue to preach when entering a new location and only later turning to the Gentiles. Many scholars contest this depiction, claiming that the apostle to the Gentiles would not have preached to Jews. Luke’s portrayal of Paul on this point, therefore, must be a product of Luke’s theology rather than a reflection of Paul’s actual practice. On the basis of evidence drawn from the argument of Romans, this essay contends that Paul’s apostleship consisted of bringing the Gentile peoples alongside the Jewish people as one people in united praise of God. As such, the nature of Paul’s task necessitated working with Jews whenever possible. Such an understanding of Paul’s calling not only requires rethinking common understandings of what ‘apostle to the Gentiles’ meant, it also lends credence to Luke’s depiction of Paul’s missionary practice.
A Discourse Analysis of Matthew’s Nativity Narrative
Authors: Varner William
Published: October 2021

Discourse analysis (DA) as a discipline of studying written texts has been utilised in literary circles for over fifty years. Its emergence into biblical studies can be traced to the decade of the 1960s and it has been utilised mainly by scholars trained in descriptive linguistics. Although its terminology is still fluid, there is a common core methodology that warrants serious consideration that DA should be employed by NT scholars. Defining it simply as ‘grammar above the level of the sentence’, the author shows how DA’s tools can be employed to indicate how Matthew structured his Nativity narrative to convey his overall message. Scholars should not allow the distinctive terminology of DA to keep them from utilising it as a tool to discern authorial intent in the biblical texts.
Canon, Narrative, and the Old Testament’s Literal Sense: A Response to John Goldingay
Authors: Seitz Christopher
Published: October 2021

A response to John Goldingay’s article, ‘Old Testament Theology and the Canon’ (TynBul 59.1: 1-26), calling attention to features which particularly struck the author as worthy of further reflection and critical evaluation.
The Shema and Early Christianity
Authors: Tan Kim Huat
Published: October 2021

If Christianity emerged from the matrix of Judaism, how it conducted a dialogue—if it did at all—with the Jewish confession of its unique faith and praxis is a most interesting question. This essay claims not only did this take place frequently, as evident in the deployment of the Shema in many NT passages, it was also a flashpoint of debate between the Church and the Synagogue in the first century. It became an impetus of early Christian theological development, principally in the understanding of the constitution of the eschatological community and the identity of Jesus Christ.
Jesus’ Resurrection and Collective Hallucinations
Authors: O'Connell Jake H.
Published: October 2021

This study is divided into two parts. Part I examines modern accounts of collective religious visions. Five factors make it very likely that such visions are collective hallucinations. Part II examines whether the same is true of Jesus’ resurrection appearances. The evidence indicates that if the resurrection appearances were collective hallucinations, hallucinations of glorious appearances of Jesus would have occurred alongside hallucinations of non-glorious appearances. Since the Gospels relate only non-glorious appearances of Jesus, hallucinations can only be maintained as an explanation if the original tradition of glorious/non-glorious appearances was changed to a tradition of purely non-glorious appearances. However, there are strong reasons to believe that the early church would have preserved, not eliminated, traditions of glorious appearances, had such existed. The lack of glorious appearances in the Gospels is therefore an indicator that the appearances were originally non-glorious and thus not hallucinations. Thus, collective hallucinations provide an inadequate explanation for the resurrection appearances.
An Alternative Explanation for the Alleged ‘Imperatival’ Participles of Romans 12:9-21
Authors: Lamp Jeffrey S.
Published: October 2021

The participles of Romans 12:9-21 have occasioned much discussion among grammarians and commentators. The primary debate concerns whether the participles are functioning imperativally or whether they might be connected with a finite verb in the context of the passage. This article suggests that the participles might indeed be connected with a finite verb, but one that is unexpressed in the passage.
Did God Create Chaos? Unresolved Tension in Genesis 1:1-2
Authors: Routledge Robin
Published: October 2021

OT writers appear to use imagery found in other Ancient Near Eastern texts and portray creation as God’s victory over, and transformation of, ‘chaos’. This is sometimes associated with the expression תֹהוּ וָבֹהוּ (tohu wabohu), translated ‘formless and empty’, in Genesis 1:2 (NIV). Recent interpretations of Genesis 1:1-2 imply that this chaos existed before God began his creative work. A more traditional view is that Genesis 1:1 implies that the cosmos was created out of nothing. This paper argues that Genesis 1 does point to God as the originator of all things, and also to creation as an ordering of chaos, with little attempt to resolve that tension. More important is the theological significance of holding these ideas side by side. One points to the transcendence, power and pre-existence of God. The other understands creation as a process, in which chaos, not unbeing, is the opposite of creation. This allows the possibility that chaos may return as a result of human sin (e.g. in the flood), and that new life and hope may be brought to desperate situations such as the exile (also portrayed as a return to chaos—e.g. in Jeremiah 4:23).
Editio Critica Maior: An Introduction and Assessment.
Authors: Head Peter M.
Published: October 2021

A review article on: Novum Testamentum Graecum: Editio Critica Maior Vol. IV Catholic Letters (ed. by Barbara Aland, Kurt Aland†, Gerd Mink, Holger Strutwolf, and Klaus Wachtel); Instl. 1: James, Pt. 1. Text, Pt. 2. Supplementary Material (Stuttgart 1997; 2nd rev. impr., Stuttgart 1998); Instl. 2: The Letters of Peter, Pt. 1. Text, Pt. 2. Supplementary Material (Stuttgart 2000); Instl. 3: The First Letter of John, Pt. 1. Text, Pt. 2. Supplementary Material (Stuttgart 2003); Instl. 4: The Second and Third Letter of John. The Letter of Jude, Pt. 1. Text, Pt. 2. Supplementary Material (Stuttgart 2005).
The Christology of Titus 2:13 and 1 Timothy 2:5
Authors: Edwards J. Christopher
Published: October 2021

This article makes an acute observation about the strong similarities between Titus 2:11-14 and 1 Timothy 2:1-7. These similarities are significant because they suggest that it is not valid to translate Titus 2:13 as: ‘The glorious appearing of our great God and Saviour, Jesus Christ.’ This traditional translation affirms Jesus’ deity by ascribing to him the title of θεός.
Incongruity in the Gospel Parables
Authors: Seccombe David
Published: October 2021

Evidence is given of deliberate use of incongruity and the outright bizarre in some of the gospel sayings and parables. This is sometimes smoothed away by translators and commentators, who appear uncomfortable with it. Yet it has the marks of being one of Jesus’ characteristic teaching devices, the tendency of the transmission being to smooth out discordancies. With this in mind the parable of the leaven is re-examined, and it is argued that it contains three incongruities which strongly suggest its authenticity and could have made it a startling piece of communication for its original listeners. The results gained are employed to clear the way for a correct approach to the parable of the ten minas.
Getting Romans to the Right Romans: Phoebe and the Delivery of Paul’s Letter
Authors: Chapple Allan
Published: October 2021

How did Romans reach the people for whom it was intended? There is widespread agreement that Phoebe was the bearer of the letter (Rom. 16:1-2), but little investigation of or agreement about the exact nature of her responsibilities. By exploring the data available to us, especially that found in Romans 16, this essay provides a reconstruction of the events surrounding the transport and delivery of the letter to the Roman Christians. In particular, it proposes the following:

· Phoebe conveyed the letter to Rome, probably by sea;

· the church in Rome at this time consisted of house-churches;

· Phoebe was to deliver the letter first to Prisca and Aquila and their house-church;

· Prisca and Aquila were to convene an assembly of the whole Christian community, the first for some time, at which Romans was to be received and read;

· Prisca and Aquila were to be asked to arrange for copies of Romans to be made;

· Phoebe was to deliver these copies to other house-churches; and

Phoebe was to read Romans in the way that Paul had coached her at each of the gatherings to which she took it.
The Thought in John 1:3c-4
Authors: Nolland John
Published: October 2021

With a working assumption that the final words of verse 3 belong with verse 4, the article seeks to clarify the thought in the three clauses making up verses 3c-4. It concludes that the thought expressed is this: the mystery of animate life, existing as it does ‘in the Logos’, shines as a light upon humanity, a light intended to light up the divine presence in the world in that it reveals the presence and working of the Logos. A second alternative is possibly viable: creation is life-giving, and the life it gives acts as a light revealing the Logos.
"‘Certainly this Man was Righteous’: Highlighting a Messianic Reading of the Centurion’s Confession in Luke 23:47
Authors: Easter Matthew C.
Published: October 2021

This essay expands on common readings of the centurion’s confession of Jesus as δίκαιος (‘righteous’, ‘innocent’) in Luke 23:47. Many interpreters take the centurion’s words in Luke as his recognition of Jesus’ political innocence. While not denying a Lukan insistence on Jesus’ innocence, this essay argues for a fuller reading of the centurion’s words that accounts for the christological potential in his calling Jesus δίκαιος. Whether historically-speaking he knew it or not, this centurion in Luke’s narrative world stands as one of the first people to recognise the crucified Jesus as the Christ.
Early Christian Eschatological Experience in the Warnings and Exhortations of the Epistle to the Hebrews
Authors: Mackie Scott D.
Published: October 2021

This essay examines the characteristics and rhetorical function of the many eschatological experiences found in Hebrews’ warnings against apostasy and exhortations to persevere. In these two contexts we see the vital connection of the author’s hortatory effort to the community’s eschatological experiences. Warnings of the dire consequences of forsaking the community are often substantiated by appeals to the community’s eschatological experiences, both past and present. Similarly, exhortations to persevere are frequently supported by reminders of past and present supernatural experiences. The primary experiential motif found in these exhortations pertains to the community’s identity as the family of God. This essay concludes with the novel claim that the author’s Christological doctrine, hortatory effort, and the community’s eschatological experiences are mutually interdependent.
‘And How Much Do You Owe? Take Your Bill, Sit Down Quickly, and Write’ (Luke 16:5-6)
Authors: Marulli Luca
Published: October 2021

The parable found in Luke 16:1-8a has very often puzzled Christian commentators. The history of its interpretation shows that only a few fathers accepted the challenge to interpret it (mostly allegorically). Today we are all the more aware of the benefit of understanding the socio-economic backdrop of such an unsettling story. This essay is an attempt to shed light on the meaning of the parable in the context of debt contracts and rates of interest in first-century Palestine. We shall start by a short description of the pyramidal social structure, the relational function of honour/shame values, and debt reduction dynamics in first-century Roman Palestine. The second part of this article will review some biblical, rabbinical and non-literary papyri sources on the topic of loans and debts in order to shed light on the practice of lending/borrowing money and goods, as well as some practical aspects referred to in the parable of the shrewd steward, such as the possible contractors, the rates of interest, the steward’s share, and the documents used in the context of ancient loans.
Foreignising Bible Translation: Retaining Foreign Origins when Rendering Scripture
Authors: Cheung Andy
Published: October 2021

This article considers the notion of foreignisation with respect to Bible translation, a concept originating with Schleiermacher but re-popularised in the 1990s by Lawrence Venuti. ‘Foreignising translation’ aims to relocate the reader in the world of the source text and attempts to make obvious the alien origins of the original text. It therefore differs from ‘domesticating translation’ which seeks to create a target text with expressions and style more in keeping with target readers’ receptor world conventions. Although foreignisation has long been established as a recognised translation strategy in ‘secular’ translation studies, it is less commonly considered with respect to Bible translation. This article discusses the benefits of foreignising translation in the task of rendering Scripture, albeit within a framework known among translation theorists as ‘skopos theory’, whereby multiple translation styles are permissible, depending on their usage and function in a target community.
The Early Messianic ‘Afterlife’ of the Tree Metaphor in Ezekiel 17:22-24
Authors: Osborne William R.
Published: October 2021

This article discusses the royal associations of tree imagery in the ancient Near East before examining four early messianic interpretations of the tree symbolism in Ezekiel 17:22-24, namely those of 4QEzekielA, the Septuagint, Targum Ezekiel, and The Shepherd of Hermas.
‘The Root’ in Paul’s Olive Tree Metaphor (Romans 11:16-24)
Authors: Khobnya Svetlana
Published: October 2021

In Romans 11:16-24 Paul addresses the subject of the Jewish and Gentile inclusion in the people of God using the illustration of the olive tree. How this description fits Paul’s argument in Romans or what precisely Paul communicates by this comparison remains unclear. This essay suggests that Paul’s awareness of living in the time when scripture is being fulfilled in Christ determines how we should read the olive tree metaphor. It proposes that the olive tree and the whole process of its rejuvenation pictures the restoration of Israel and the addition of the Gentiles into God’s people on the basis of the fulfilment of God’s promises in Christ, the very root of the tree. In this light the olive tree metaphor becomes lucid and fits Paul’s overall discussion in Romans.
Praying to the Holy Spirit in Early Christianity
Authors: Paschke Boris
Published: October 2021

This article studies praying to the Holy Spirit in early Christianity of the first three centuries AD. The relevant primary sources are presented and interpreted. While the New Testament remains silent on the topic, some early Christian texts from the Second and Third Centuries AD (i.e. writings of Tertullian and Origen as well as the Acts of John and Acts of Thomas) testify that the idea and practice of addressing the Holy Spirit in prayer (either alone or together with Jesus Christ) existed in early Christianity. However, the paucity of express early Christian quotations of or references to prayers to the Holy Spirit suggests that praying to the Holy Spirit was not widespread but rather remained an exception in early Christianity.
Then David Wrote a Letter (2 Sam. 11:14) - He Himself or Was It His Secretary? A Study of the Criteria for Handling the ‘Semantic Causative’
Authors: Käser Andreas
Published: October 2021

One often speaks of important people as if they did everything on their own. ‘Caesar beat the Gauls’, thus reads a verse in a poem by Bertolt Brecht. In the following line he makes the point: ‘Did he not even have a cook with him?’ This way of speaking about kings and lords, rulers and commanders, is a very common literary device used not only in many ancient but also in contemporary languages. In speech it is usually used unconsciously—and even decoded unconsciously. But it is at least noticeable, because sometimes the translators of the Old Testament use a causative in its place. As a result of this usually unnoticed decoding, this characteristic has rarely been explicitly described as a literary phenomenon. The only exception I know of is to be found in Hermann Menge’s book about Latin syntax and stylistics, where it is referred to as a ‘causative active’. Because it is grammatically an ‘active’ voice which is to be semantically decoded functionally as a ‘causative’, I would like to suggest calling this literary device a ‘semantic causative’. Now, if this ‘semantic causative’ is a common form used when speaking about important people, it raises the question: are there criteria which enable us to determine which of the acts are carried out by themselves and which are delegated to others. In my opinion there are indeed certain criteria which can be used to exclude the one or other scenario, but oftentimes a grey area of uncertainty seems to remain. So, did David write this letter himself or was it written by a secretary? In the following I intend to investigate the question of whether a definite answer can be found.
Monotheism and the Language of Divine Plurality in the Hebrew Bible and the Dead Sea Scrolls
Authors: Heiser Michael S.
Published: October 2021

Most Hebrew Bible scholars believe that Israelite religion evolved from polytheism to monotheism, an evolution in which the biblical writers participated. The dominant version of this consensus is that this religious evolution culminated by the end of the exile or shortly thereafter. A minority perspective places the evolutionary end point later. At issue is the presence of the language of divine plurality, positive references to other gods (אֱלֹהִים or אֵלִים) under YHWH’s authority, in Jewish religious texts composed during and after the Second Temple period. This article surveys the language of divine plurality in the Hebrew Bible and the sectarian literature at Qumran to show its conceptual continuity and longevity, and rejects the notion that it is incongruent with a belief in the uniqueness of YHWH.
Very Early Trinitarian Expressions
Authors: Parsons Stuart E.
Published: October 2021

While older scholarship identified the earliest use of Trinitarian terminology near the end of the second century in the work of Theophilus of Antioch, some recent studies have challenged this view. However, while affirming certain insights of these newer studies, it is necessary to revisit them in light of the historical setting of the second-century apologists. In reality, Theophilus and other early apologists evidenced a certain implicit Trinitarianism by affirming unity, distinction, eternal pre-existence and economic subordination in the Godhead. Studies of early Trinitarian terminology must look beyond explicit descriptions of the Godhead. They must consider also broad patterns of implicit Trinitarianism.
‘My Name Will Be Great among the Nations’: The Missio Dei in the Book of the Twelve
Authors: Hwang Jerry
Published: October 2021

Recent OT scholarship has increasingly recognised that the Minor Prophets were compiled by Hebrew scribes to be read as a cohesive anthology. While acknowledging that each book of the Minor Prophets exhibits a distinctive individuality, scholars continue to debate how to interpret the collection as a coherent whole. In this vein, I propose that the major themes of the Minor Prophets—land, kingship, the move from judgement to salvation, and the relationship of Israel to the nations—find a unifying link in the missio Dei. The plan of God to redeem his entire creation is progressively unfolded in the Minor Prophets, in that the apostasy of God’s people in God’s land (Hosea; Joel) is but the first step in a history of redemption which culminates with the recognition by all nations that YHWH alone is worthy: ‘For from the rising of the sun to its setting my name will be great among the nations’ (Mal. 1:11). As such, the missio Dei in the Minor Prophets not only provides a reading strategy for interpreting the collection as a unified Book of the Twelve; it also shows how the Minor Prophets make a unique contribution to an OT theology of mission.
Paul’s Conflicting Statements on Female Public Speaking (1 Cor. 11:5) and Silence (1 Cor. 14:34-35): A New Suggestion
Authors: Baum Armin D.
Published: October 2021

How could in 1 Corinthians women at the same time be permitted to prophesy (1 Cor. 11:5) and prohibited from asking questions (1 Cor. 14:34-35)? Read against their ancient cultural background the two texts reveal a common basic principle which lies behind both of them. According to Paul, female public speaking without male consent was unacceptable (1 Cor. 14:34-35) whereas female public speaking with male consent was tolerable if female chastity was preserved (1 Cor. 11:5).
Paul and Empire: A Reframing of Romans 13:1-7 in the Context of the New Exodus
Authors: Hanc Ovidiu
Published: October 2021

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Triune Beauty and the Ugly Cross: Towards a Theological Aesthetic
Authors: Hart John-Mark
Published: October 2021

God’s triune beauty is most fully revealed in the ugly spectacle of the cross, and the close connection between the concepts of beauty and glory in scripture reveals how a cruciform theological aesthetic can illuminate our understanding of God, humanity, and salvation. Moreover, Christian discipleship calls for counter-cultural ways of seeing beauty and being beautiful in the midst of a broken world. This cruciform aesthetic also informs the limited but powerful role that the arts may play in the human vocation to behold, delight in, and reflect the beauty of God by the power of the Spirit.
Nahum’s Prophetic Name
Authors: Cook Gregory
Published: October 2021

While Nahum commentators correctly acknowledge that the prophet Nahum’s name derives from the Hebrew root for ‘comfort’, they incorrectly interpret the significance of his name for the prophecy. Commentators usually argue that the name does not fit Nahum’s violent vision or they state that the name fits precisely, as YHWH’s vengeance brings comfort to his afflicted people. This article contends that the first two verses of Nahum allude to Isaiah 1:24, which indicates that YHWH receives comfort by being avenged. Therefore, Nahum’s name indicates that the primary purpose of the book is to bring comfort to YHWH, not his adulterous people.
The Word of God Has Not Failed: God’s Faithfulness and Israel’s Salvation in Tobit 14:3-7 and Romans 9-11
Authors: Goodrich John K.
Published: October 2021

Tobit 14:3-7 and Romans 9–11 share several striking verbal and conceptual parallels that invite detailed comparison. Most notably, both Tobit and Paul (1) deny the failure of God’s word (Tob. 14:4a; Rom. 9:6a); (2) proceed to unveil a three-phase redemptive history for Israel (exile → partial restoration → full restoration); and (3) utilise their respective storylines to assure their readers in phase 2 that God will bring phase 3 to completion. These and other parallels show not only that Tobit and Paul share a common eschatological perspective, but that they deploy and develop almost identical thesis statements, thereby further demonstrating the proximity of Paul’s discourse to contemporary Jewish modes of thought and argumentation.
Hebrews 1:10-12 and the Renewal of the Cosmos
Authors: Church Philip
Published: October 2021

The suggestion that the author of Hebrews is indebted to Philo sometimes leads to the assertion that he has a negative bias against the creation. One text where scholars have detected this bias is Hebrews 1:10-12, quoting Psalm 102:25-27, seemingly to predict the dissolution of the cosmos. The text is part of a Psalm that predicts the restoration of Zion and the gathering of the nations there to worship, and expresses the confidence that the descendants of the servants of Yahweh will live securely in Yahweh’s presence. This makes it unlikely that verses 25-26 predict the dissolution of the cosmos, and exegesis of the verses in question indicates not dissolution, but renewal after the destruction resulting from the exile. Attention to the context of the quotation in Hebrews indicates that dissolution there is also unlikely. The text supports the claim that the exalted Son upholds all things (Heb. 1:3) and sits alongside a discussion of the dominion of humanity over the world to come (2:5-9). A more remote co-text refers to the gathering of the nations to Zion (12:22-24), itself a further echo of the Psalm. The Psalm quotation functions to predict not the dissolution, but the renewal of the decaying cosmos.
Knowing the Divine and Divine Knowledge in Greco-Roman Religion
Authors: Schnabel Eckhard J.
Published: October 2021

In his 2007 Tyndale Biblical Theology lecture, Brian Rosner has shown that the notion of being known by God is an important, albeit neglected, theme in the Old and New Testament. He explored the three relation notions of belonging to God, being loved or chosen by God, and being a child or son of God. After a concise survey of relevant biblical data in the Old and New Testament, he described the value of ‘being known by God’ in terms of warning, humility, comfort, and security. The following paper explores Greek and Roman religious texts with a view to establishing whether the notion of ‘being known by God’ surfaces in the context in which the early Christian movement engaged in missionary work, seeking to win polytheists for faith in the one true God and in Jesus Messiah. New Testament scholars do not seem to have explored the subject of the Greek and Roman gods ‘knowing’ human beings. Similar to Rosner’s biblical theological essay, which surveyed texts without in-depth discussion of exegetical details and historical context, the following essay is wide-ranging, considering primary texts written over a large span of time, from Homer’s epics (which continued to be read in the first century), the Homeric Hymns, Xenophanes’ fragments, Callimachus’ Hymn to Demeter, Cleanthes’ Hymn to Zeus, Hesiod’s Theogony, Cicero’s De natura deorum, and Plutarch’s religious texts to the Greek Hymns in the Furley/Bremer collection and the Lydian confession inscriptions.
Resenha: Autesserre, Séverine. Peaceland: Conflict Resolution and the Everyday Politics of International Intervention. Cambridge: Cambrige University Press, 2014
Authors: Araldi Boschi Alysson
Published: October 2021

Resenha: Autesserre, Séverine. Peaceland: Conflict Resolution and the Everyday Politics of International Intervention. Cambridge: Cambrige University Press, 2014
La prospectiva tecnológica como una capacidad dinámica en los centros de investigación. caso de estudio
Authors: Bermúdez Peña Carla Patricia , Flores Agüero Francisco
Published: October 2021

En la actualidad, las organizaciones deben de estar preparadas para los cambios tecnológicos que les presenta su entorno y anticiparse a estos cambios para ajustar su estrategia tecnológica, esto se logra a través de la prospectiva tecnológica. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar como la prospectiva tecnológica puede ser una capacidad dinámica de una organización, específicamente de un centro de investigación. Para la presente investigación se tomó como caso de estudio el área de electroquímica del Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica (CIDETEQ). Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a los actores principales encargados de la prospectiva tecnológica. Se identifican cinco características en común entre las capacidades dinámicas y la prospectiva tecnológica, estas características son: son una capacidad construida y no comprada, integran recursos, reconfiguran recursos, ganan recursos y permiten a las organizaciones adaptarse y crear cambios en el entorno. Se concluye que la prospectiva tecnológica es una capacidad dinámica construida capaz de integrar, reconfigurar y ganar recursos que permite adaptarse al entorno de una organización.
Penerapan Metode End Of File Pada Steganografi Citra Gambar dengan Memanfaatkan Algoritma Affine Cipher sebagai Keamanan Pesan
Authors: Fauzi Achmad , Rahayu Rizka Putri
Published: October 2021

The development of the world of information technology is very fast lately influential in all aspects of life. Kriprografi is a science based on mathematical techniques to deal with information security such as confidentiality, data integrity, and entity authentication. Affine Cipher or Affine password is a substitution cipher that is specifically for encryption or decryption per character. Therefore, Affine's password includes the stream cipher cryptographic algorithm. Steganography is a way of hiding the contents of a data in a cover of media or other digital data that cannot be predicted by ordinary people so as not to arouse suspicion from those who see it. The steganography image file has the same number of pixels as the original image file and there is no color difference between the two. The size of the steganography image file will increase, according to the length of the hidden message plus 6 bytes, in the form of 1 byte EOF and 5 byte message length. The End Of File (EOF) method is a technique for inserting data at the end of a file. When opened with a photo editor application, both images have the same pixel size, namely 240 x 238, and do not change color. In this test, what changes is the size of the image file, ie the initial size of the image is 49.132 bytes, changes to 49.145 bytes, or there is an addition of 13 bytes
The Literary Use of Names in Hebrew Narrative and Opportunities for Sign Language Translation
Authors: King Phil
Published: October 2021

Names of characters in literature are frequently used as dense signifiers, conveying messages from author to reader beyond identifying an individual, and offering clues about the character’s destiny or how storylines may develop. This paper explores how the potential semantic connections evoked by names in Old Testament literature are exploited by Hebrew narrators as they craft their stories, contributing to characterization, plot structure, leitworter and dramatic irony. For example, Laban (‘white’) is caught up in trickery with white goats and white sticks, whereas Micah (‘who is like Yahweh’) has an idol in his house. Bible translators working with spoken languages tend to transliterate (rather than translate) these names, relegating any semantic connections to a footnote. Sign languages, however, are more iconic and often naturally use name signs that evoke something about the referent, rather than just an arbitrary collection of sounds. This opens up the possibility of maintaining some of the semantic connections and literary features of Hebrew narratives when creating Scripture-based products in sign languages. This paper investigates the opportunities and limitations of such a strategy for translating biblical names.
Book Review: Untuk Apa Aku Ada di Dunia ini? (The Purpose Driven Live - Rick Warren)
Authors: Perangin Angin Yakub Hendrawan , Yeniretnowati Tri Astuti
Published: October 2021

Dr. Rick Warren adalah Gembala pendiri Gereja Saddleback di California dengan anggota jemaat 30.000 dan pengajar di berbagai kampus seperti Oxford, Cambridge, Harvard, University of Judaism.
Buku ini sudah terjual lebih dari 32 juta dan merupakan Bestselling Author disematkan oleh #1 New York Times. Di Indonesia diterbitkan oleh Immanuel, Jakarta di tahun 2021 dengan cetakan 15, jumlah halaman 419. Dengan lisensi lebih dari 85 bahasa, The Purpose Driven Life memandu pembaca untuk menjalani perjalanan rohani selama 42 hari yang akan mengantar pada tiga isu yang terpenting dalam kehidupan seorang Kristen, yaitu: Pertama, Mengapa aku hidup?. Kedua, Apakah hidupku penting?. Ketiga, Untuk apa aku ada di dunia ini?. Buku ini sangat relevan bagi orang yang terus mencari jawaban untuk apa tujuan hidup selama menumpang di bumi ini, terlebih pada siatuasi kondisi masa pandemic Covid-19 ini, bagi orang yang merindukan jawaban arti makna hidupnya setelah membaca buku ini paling tidak akan mendapatkan lima manfaat, yaitu: Pertama, Akan mendapatkan penjelasan arti dari hidup. Kedua, Akan mendapat tuntunan bahwa hidup ini sederhana. Ketiga, Akan membuat hidup menjadi fokus yang benar. Keempat, Akan membuat hidup dijalani dengan semakin termotivasi. Kelima, Akan membantu orang percaya untuk memasuki kekekalan yaitu kehidupan yang finishing well.

Dr. Rick Warren is the founding Pastor of Saddleback Church in California with a congregation of 30,000 members and teaches at various campuses such as Oxford, Cambridge, Harvard, University of Judaism.
The book has sold over 32 million copies and is the #1 New York Times Bestselling Author. In Indonesia, published by Immanuel, Jakarta in 2021 with concrete 15, the number of pages 419. With licenses of more than 85 languages, The Purpose Driven Life guides readers to undergo a spiritual journey for 42 days that will lead to the three most important issues in the life of a Christian, namely: First, Why am I alive?. Second, is it important?. Third, why am I in this world? This book is very relevant for people who continue to look for answers to what is the purpose of living while on this earth, first in the current situation of the Covid-19 pandemic, for people whose answers to the meaning of life after reading this book will at least get five benefits, namely : First, Will get an explanation of the meaning of life. Second, Will get guidance that life is simple. Third, Will make life the right focus. Fourth, Will be a life lived by sales. Fifth, Will help believers to enter eternity i.e. a well-finished life.
Visitando memórias, descobrindo sentidos – a escuta de egressos do programa curumim do sesc
Authors: Da Costa Silvio Luiz , Da Costa Cleusa Vieira , De Morais Tayna Meireles
Published: October 2021

Este artigo é decorrente de uma pesquisa mais ampla sobre a educação não formal e objetiva refletir sobre as implicações e as contribuições da participação em outros espaços de educação na vida dos sujeitos, inclusive em sua trajetória escolar. A pesquisa foi realizada com egressos do Programa Curumim do Sesc e constituiu-se de uma abordagem qualitativa, de natureza exploratória, assentada teoricamente nos estudos de Gadotti (2005), Gohn (2006) e Bourdieu (2003a, 2003b). As falas dos egressos foram analisadas com base na análise de conteúdos proposta por Bardin (2011), organizando-se em categorias os temas recorrentes, o que permitiu identificar a significância da participação dos sujeitos em espaços de educação não formal e suas repercussões na valorização da vida escolar, na preparação para os desafios e decisões da vida adulta e na inserção na comunidade.
Análise e critérios de regulamentação técnica de tijolos cerâmicos produzidos em Presidente Epitácio, SP
Authors: Silva Lucas Henrique Pereira , Tamashiro Jacqueline Roberta
Published: October 2021

A busca pela qualidade na indústria da construção civil depara-se com os desafios no uso de insumos que atendam às normas vigentes. No Brasil, desde 2015 a comercialização de produtos cerâmicos deveria estar restrita às empresas que atendessem aos critérios de regulamentação técnica imposta pela Portaria nº 558/2013 do INMETRO. Entretanto ainda é muito comum encontrar materiais que não atendem as especificações. Assim, este trabalho avaliou a conformidade de blocos cerâmicos fabricados na cidade de Presidente Epitácio-SP. Foram analisadas as características gerais, geométricas, propriedades físicas e mecânicas dos tijolos cerâmicos das 5 empresas presentes no município. Com base nos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que nenhuma das olarias cumpre todas as exigências da NBR 15270, sendo imperativo que se dedique esforços na padronização e implementação de controle durante todo o processo produtivo dos blocos cerâmicos, evitando assim o desperdício e diminuindo custos na construção civil.
OORTs/ProDeS: Definição de Técnicas de Leitura para um Processo de Software Orientado a Objetos
Authors: Marucci Regiane Aparecida , Fabbri Sandra C. P. F. , Maldonado José Carlos , Travassos Guilherme H.
Published: October 2021

Observa-se que a atividade de inspeção e as técnicas de leitura associadas são, em geral, discutidas sem considerar explicitamente um processo subjacente de desenvolvimento de software. Em particular, quando se considera a abordagem OO (Orientada a Objetos), as técnicas são, em geral, associadas às notações definidas pela UML (Unified Modeling Language). O fato da UML não estar vinculada a um processo de desenvolvimento dificulta a definição e implantação de atividades de garantia de qualidade de software, em especial, atividades de VV&T (Validação, Verificação e Teste). A falta de um processo permite uma livre escolha do conjunto de diagramas selecionados para o desenvolvimento de uma aplicação, além do que a forma de utilização dos mesmos e a interpretação dos conceitos da própria UML podem variar dentro de um mesmo ambiente de desenvolvimento. Ressalta-se ainda que a atividade de inspeção é essencial para que um determinado processo atinja o nível 3 do CMM (Capability Maturity Model). As técnicas de leitura OORTs (Object Oriented Reading Techniques) foram definidas para um subconjunto da notação UML, considerando um processo de software genérico e simplificado e se aplicam essencialmente na fase de projeto. Neste artigo define-se um conjunto de técnicas de leitura para apoiar atividades de inspeção em um processo de desenvolvimento de software OO baseado na notação UML, denominado ProDeS/UML, que inclui atividades de teste ao longo de suas fases desenvolvimento. Esse conjunto de técnicas de leitura denomina-se OORTs/ProDeS e consiste da integração das técnicas OORTs e da definição de novas técnicas de leitura no contexto do processo ProDeS/UML.
Seleção de Ferramenta CASE para o Estado da Bahia – Um caso de uso da NBR ISO/IEC 14102/1999
Authors: Rocha Maria Célia Furtado , Raskin Sara
Published: October 2021

O presente artigo pretende analisar o processo de avaliação e seleção de ferramenta CASE para o Estado da Bahia, com o objetivo de identificar pontos relevantes da experiência e verificar as condições mais prováveis para a ocorrência de aplicações da NBR ISO/IEC 14102/1999 congruentes com as práticas preconizadas pelo novo modelo de gerenciamento.
Gerenciamento de Projetos Baseado em Cenários: uma Abordagem de Modelagem Dinâmica e Simulação
Authors: Barros Márcio de Oliveira , Werner Cláudia Maria Lima , Travassos Guilherme Horta
Published: October 2021

O gerenciamento de projetos é uma atividade fortemente baseada em conhecimento. Os gerentes utilizam suas habilidades e sua experiência para tomar decisões durante a execução de um processo de desenvolvimento de software. Geralmente, os gerentes experientes obtém mais sucesso que os gerentes novatos em termos de atingir metas de cronograma, custos e funcionalidade. Estes melhores resultados são atingidos devido à experiência acumulada ao longo de situações ocorridas em projetos no passado e no conhecimento derivado destas experiências. Nesta tese, abordamos a criação e reutilização de conhecimento relacionado com o gerenciamento de projetos de software. Apresentamos uma representação para este tipo de conhecimento, os modelos de cenários, que permitem que um gerente verifique o impacto de teorias, ações e estratégias gerenciais que podem ser aplicadas ou impostas sobre um projeto de software. Apresentamos os resultados de estudos experimentais para análise da viabilidade das técnicas propostas e uma aplicação da abordagem proposta em um processo de gerenciamento de riscos.