bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isothermal titration calorimetry with micelles: Thermodynamics of inhibitor binding to carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 membrane protein
Authors: Perspicace Samantha , Rufer Arne C. , Thoma Ralf , Mueller Francis , Hennig Michael , Ceccarelli Simona , Schulz-Gasch Tanja , Seelig Joachim
Published: April 2013

Carnitine palmitoyl transferase 2 (CPT‐2) is a key enzyme in the mitochondrial fatty acid metabolism. The active site is comprised of a Y‐shaped tunnel with distinct binding sites for the substrate acylcarnitine and the cofactor CoA. We investigated the thermodynamics of binding of four inhibitors directed against either the CoA or the acylcarnitine binding sites using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). CPT‐2 is a monotopic membrane protein and was solubilized by β‐octylglucoside (β‐OG) above its critical micellar concentration (CMC) to perform inhibitor titrations in solutions containing detergent micelles. The CMC of β‐OG in the presence of inhibitors was measured with ITC and small variations were observed. The inhibitors bound to rat CPT‐2 (rCPT‐2) with 1:1 stoichiometry and the dissociation constants were in the range of K

D
= 2–20 μM. New X‐ray structures and docking models of rCPT‐2 in complex with inhibitors enable an analysis of the thermodynamic data in the context of the interaction observed for the individual binding sites of the ligands. For all ligands the binding enthalpy was exothermic, and enthalpy as well as entropy contributed to the binding reaction, with the exception of ST1326 for which binding was solely enthalpy‐driven. The substrate analog ST1326 binds to the acylcarnitine binding site and a heat capacity change close to zero suggests a balance of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. An excellent correlation of the thermodynamic (ITC) and structural (X‐ray crystallography, models) data was observed suggesting that ITC measurements provide valuable information for optimizing inhibitor binding in drug discovery.
Psychosis Following Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Batty Rachel A. , Rossell Susan L. , Francis Andrew J.P. , Ponsford Jennie
Published: April 2013

Psychosis following traumatic brain injury (PFTBI) has received modest empirical investigation, and is subsequently poorly understood, identified and treated. The current article reports on consistencies in PFTBI phenomenology according to the existing peer-reviewed literature. The potential for psychotic symptoms post TBI, aetiological propositions, prevalence, significance of onset latency and injury severity, clinical and cognitive neuropsychological presentation and injury localisation/neuroimaging data are reviewed. Substantial methodological limitations associated with the majority of publications informing this work are also discussed. Despite controversies in the literature, psychosis following TBI appears to be three times more prevalent than psychotic disorders in the general population, and comparable in presentation to other idiopathic psychotic spectrum disorders, including schizophrenia.
Early growth and postprandial appetite regulatory hormone responses
Authors: Perälä Mia-Maria , Kajantie Eero , Valsta Liisa M. , Holst Jens J. , Leiviskä Jaana , Eriksson Johan G.
Published: April 2013

Strong epidemiological evidence suggests that slow prenatal or postnatal growth is associated with an increased risk of CVD and other metabolic diseases. However, little is known whether early growth affects postprandial metabolism and, especially, the appetite regulatory hormone system. Therefore, we investigated the impact of early growth on postprandial appetite regulatory hormone responses to two high-protein and two high-fat content meals. Healthy, 65–75-year-old volunteers from the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study were recruited; twelve with a slow increase in BMI during the first year of life (SGI group) and twelve controls. Subjects ate a test meal (whey meal, casein meal, SFA meal and PUFA meal) once in a random order. Plasma glucose, insulin, TAG, NEFA, ghrelin, peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, glucagon-like peptide-1 and a satiety profile were measured in the fasting state and for 4 h after each test meal. Compared with the controls, the SGI group had about 1·5-fold higher insulin responses after the whey meal (P= 0·037), casein meal (P= 0·023) and PUFA meal (P= 0·002). TAG responses were 34–69 % higher for the SGI group, but only the PUFA-meal responses differed significantly between the groups. The PYY response of the SGI group was 44 % higher after the whey meal (P= 0·046) and 115 % higher after the casein meal (P= 0·025) compared with the controls. No other statistically significant differences were seen between the groups. In conclusion, early growth may have a role in programming appetite regulatory hormone secretion in later life. Slow early growth is also associated with higher postprandial insulin and TAG responses but not with incretin levels.
Calcium supplements and cancer risk: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Bristow Sarah M. , Bolland Mark J. , MacLennan Graeme S. , Avenell Alison , Grey Andrew , Gamble Greg D. , Reid Ian R.
Published: April 2013

Some evidence suggests that Ca and vitamin D supplements affect cancer risk; however, it is uncertain whether the effects are due to Ca, vitamin D or the combination. We investigated the effect of Ca supplements without co-administered vitamin D on cancer risk. Medline, Embase and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, reference lists of meta-analyses and two clinical trial registries were searched for randomised, placebo-controlled trials of Ca supplements ( ≥ 500 mg/d), with ≥ 100 participants and duration >1 year. The lead authors of eligible trials supplied data on cancer outcomes. Trial-level data were analysed using random-effects meta-analyses and patient-level data using Cox proportional hazards models. A total of sixteen trials were eligible, six had no data available, ten provided trial-level data (n10 496, mean duration 3·9 years), and of these, four provided patient-level data (n7221, median duration 3·5 years). In the meta-analysis of trial-level data, allocation to Ca did not alter the risk of total cancer (relative risk 0·95, 95 % CI 0·76, 1·18,P= 0·63), colorectal cancer (relative risk 1·38, 95 % CI 0·89, 2·15,P= 0·15), breast cancer (relative risk 1·01, 95 % CI 0·64, 1·59,P= 0·97) or cancer-related mortality (relative risk 0·96, 95 % CI 0·74, 1·24,P= 0·75), but reduced the risk of prostate cancer (relative risk 0·54, 95 % CI 0·30, 0·96,P= 0·03), although there were few events. The meta-analysis of patient-level data showed similar results, with no effect of Ca on the risk of total cancer (hazard ratio 1·07, 95 % CI 0·89, 1·28,P= 0·50). Ca supplements without co-administered vitamin D did not alter total cancer risk over 4 years, although the meta-analysis lacked power to detect very small effects, or those with a longer latency.
Dietary and lifestyle quality indices with/without physical activity and markers of insulin resistance in European adolescents: the HELENA study
Authors: Jiménez-Pavón David , Sesé Maria A. , Huybrechts Inge , Cuenca-García Magdalena , Palacios Gonzalo , Ruiz Jonatan R. , Breidenassel Christina , Leclercq Catherine , Beghin Laurent , Plada Maria , Manios Yannis , Androutsos Odysseas , Dallongeville Jean , Kafatos Anthony , Widhalm Kurt , Molnar Dénes , Moreno Luis A.
Published: April 2013

Emerging data indicate that higher levels of insulin resistance (IR) are common among children and adolescents and are related to cardiometabolic risk; therefore, IR requires consideration early in life. In addition, there is a lack of conclusive evidence regarding the role of dietary nutrients on IR. The Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence Cross-Sectional Study (HELENA-CSS) was conducted in European adolescents aged 12·5–17·5 years. A total of 637 participants with valid homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index data and who completed at least a 2 d 24 h dietary recall were included in the study (60 % of the total HELENA-CSS sample). There were two dietary indices calculated, with the only difference between them being the inclusion or not of physical activity (PA). Markers of IR such as HOMA and the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) were calculated. Pubertal status, BMI and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) were measured as potential confounders. The dietary index including PA was inversely associated with HOMA and directly with the QUICKI in females, but not in males, after adjusting for pubertal status, centre, BMI and CRF. In conclusion, the present study indicates that considering PA as part of the dietary index is of relevance as the resulted index is inversely related to IR independently of potential confounders including CRF. Overall, these findings suggest that intervention studies aimed at preventing IR in young people should focus on increasing the quality of the diet and also on including an optimal PA level in healthy adolescents.
Risk factors for domestic infestation by the Chagas disease vector, Triatoma dimidiata in Chiquimula, Guatemala
Authors: Weeks E. N. I. , Cordón-Rosales C. , Davies C. , Gezan S. , Yeo M. , Cameron M. M.
Published: April 2013

In Guatemala prior to control initiatives, the main vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, were Rhodnius prolixus and Triatoma dimidiata. This study conducted in 2006 in the department of Chiquimula recorded a high level of T. dimidiata infestation and an absence of R. prolixus in all surveyed communities. In Guatemala, the presence of T. dimidiata as domestic, peridomestic and sylvatic populations results in control difficulties as houses are re-infested from the surrounding environment. Entomological surveys, the current method used to select houses in need of control efforts, are labour intensive and time consuming. A time- and cost-effective way to prioritize houses for evaluation and subsequent treatment is the stratification of houses based on the risk of triatomine infestation. In the present study, 17 anthropogenic risk factors were evaluated for associations with house infestation of T. dimidiata including: wall, floor and roof type. There was an increased likelihood of domestic infestation with T. dimidiata associated with the presence of dirt floors (18/29; OR 8.075, 95% CI 2.13–30.6), uncoated bajareque walls (12/17; OR 4.80, 95% CI 1.35–17.1) and triatomine-like faeces on walls (16/26; OR 3.89, 95% CI 1.19–12.7). These factors could be used to target control of T. dimidiata to communities with an increased risk of being infested.
Coping with the Postmodern: Paul Auster's New York Trilogy
Authors: ESPEJO RAMÓN
Published: April 2013

Throughout this essay, I will show the characters of Paul Auster's New York Trilogy moving between modernism and postmodernism, and discuss the way some of them epitomize either largely modernist or postmodernist epistemologies. My purpose is to offer a reconstruction of Auster's dialogue across both, and I will resist situating the novelist in either the modern or the postmodern camp. I see him as rather watching from a distance, while his characters scour the terrain (both terrains, as a matter of fact) for him. My conclusion is that Auster seems to acknowledge the inevitability of inhabiting the cultural space of the postmodern, while staking out a claim to question, or even to challenge, some of its presumptions. While modernism still holds a powerful spell for the protagonists of City of Glass and Ghosts (less so for the latter), the narrator of The Locked Room posits the inextricability of embracing our contemporary sensibility, the postmodern, without necessarily rejecting altogether what went before. Auster associates modernism largely with the secluded, invisible, despicable Fanshawe, whose spell and influence over him the narrator of the third novel of the trilogy manages to break.
Measurement of Economic Growth
Authors: Kuznets Simon
Published: April 2013

By a nation's economic growth we understand a sustained increase in its magnitude as an economic unit. Conversely, stagnation and decline can be defined as a sustained failure of the nation's economic magnitude to increase, or as its persistent decline.
Drug-specific laterality effects on frontal lobe activation of atomoxetine and methylphenidate in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder boys during working memory
Authors: Cubillo A. , Smith A. B. , Barrett N. , Giampietro V. , Brammer M. , Simmons A. , Rubia K.
Published: April 2013

Background

The catecholamine reuptake inhibitors methylphenidate (MPH) and atomoxetine (ATX) are the most common treatments for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study compares the neurofunctional modulation and normalization effects of acute doses of MPH and ATX within medication-naive ADHD boys during working memory (WM).

Method

A total of 20 medication-naive ADHD boys underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during a parametric WM n-back task three times, under a single clinical dose of either MPH, ATX or placebo in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over design. To test for normalization effects, brain activations in ADHD under each drug condition were compared with that of 20 age-matched healthy control boys.

Results

Relative to healthy boys, ADHD boys under placebo showed impaired performance only under high WM load together with significant underactivation in the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Both drugs normalized the performance deficits relative to controls. ATX significantly enhanced right DLPFC activation relative to MPH within patients, and significantly normalized its underactivation relative to controls. MPH, by contrast, both relative to placebo and ATX, as well as relative to controls, upregulated the left inferior frontal cortex (IFC), but only during 2-back. Both drugs enhanced fronto-temporo-striatal activation in ADHD relative to control boys and deactivated the default-mode network, which were negatively associated with the reduced DLPFC activation and performance deficits, suggesting compensation effects.

Conclusions

The study shows both shared and drug-specific effects. ATX upregulated and normalized right DLPFC underactivation, while MPH upregulated left IFC activation, suggesting drug-specific laterality effects on prefrontal regions mediating WM.
FORM AND TRANSFORMATION IN THE ‘NOCTURNE’ FROM BRITTEN'S ‘SERENADE FOR TENOR, HORN AND STRINGS’
Authors: Baker Michael
Published: April 2013

The ‘Nocturne’ from Benjamin Britten'sSerenade for Tenor, Horn and Strings(1943) presents a number of interesting melodic and motivic features effectively modelled by aspects of diatonic transformational theories. Following a brief review of important transformational operations in diatonic set theory (transposition within Mod-7 diatonic space, diatonic interval cycles, and ‘signature transformation’), this article presents an analysis of the ‘Nocturne’ drawing upon both traditional and recent developments in diatonic transformational theory. Doing so illustrates an intricate compositional technique, one that traces motivic associations in the vocal line, the horn part and the accompanying strings. A close reading reveals that these motivic techniques stem from the generic concept of echoing and reverberation at the heart of Tennyson's poem.
IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF BACH'S ST. MATTHEW PASSION: THE PASSION SETTINGS OF DAVID LANG AND JAMES MACMILLAN
Authors: Wells Dominic
Published: April 2013

In 2007, two high-profile musical responses to the Christian Passion narrative were written: the little match girl passion, by American composer David Lang, and Scottish composer James MacMillan's St John Passion. A devout Catholic, MacMillan's faith has influenced almost every work he has written to date, and a passion setting therefore seemed inevitable. Lang, on the other hand, has Jewish roots, and is relatively secular in his choice of extra-musical themes in his works: even when using sacred texts, he usually sets them in a secular context. Unsurprisingly, MacMillan's and Lang's contrasting approaches towards the Christian Passion resulted in fundamentally different works, yet both composers cite Bach as a key inspiration in their settings. This study examines the extent to which the influence of Bach's St Matthew Passion, in particular, is present in this pair of 21st-century passions, with regard to both their music and their theology.
Huddersfield Contemporary Music Festival 2012
Authors: Conway Paul
Published: April 2013

As diverse and inquiring as ever, the 35th Huddersfield Contemporary Music Festival provided nine days of unfamiliar and rarely encountered repertoire, sometimes rewarding, sometimes baffling, but always worth sampling. The 2012 late-November celebration of avant-gardism placed an emphasis on Norway and the voice in its many guises, both strands exemplified by the choice of Trondheim-born vocalist Maja S. K. Ratkje as composer-in-residence. Yet despite this spotlight on vocal and choral works, there was no shortage of instrumental and chamber music, most of it new to Britain.
Leuven, Belgium: Transit New Music Festival
Authors: Reynolds Peter
Published: April 2013

In its unswerving devotion to new music at its most uncompromising, the Flemish Transit Festival represents a model of the kind of festival that has now almost vanished from Britain. Based in the intimate university town of Leuven, the 2012 festival was the thirteenth: 48 hours of music and events concentrated into a weekend, running from Friday night to Sunday (26–28 October). Located mainly in the unprepossessing concrete 1970s STUK arts centre (with surprisingly good acoustics), the 12 events (plus pre-concert talks) followed upon one another with a rapidity that almost negated the opportunity to draw breath, let alone eat in between.
London, Coliseum: Martinů's ‘Julietta’
Authors: Rickards Guy
Published: April 2013

If I had to sum up Martinů's opera Julietta in one word, it would be ‘strange’. Strange and wonderful, strange bordering on the weird, the otherworldly, the dream-like. This last redefinition is apt, since the opera is based on Georges Neveux's play Juliette, ou La clé des songes – the Key to Dreams, a benign nightmare where a Parisian bookseller, Michel, searches for, finds, loses and finally searches again for a girl encountered briefly three years earlier. The action opens with his return and discovery that she lives in a town where no one has much depth of memory beyond the previous ten minutes! And when random shafts of recollection from further back do occur – as in the scene in the Forest with the Wine Waiter and the Old Couple – they only add to the surrealism of the situation and Michel's deepening confusion, with that pointed imprecision so natural in dreams yet so out of place in reality.
An Early Upper Palaeolithic Open-air Station and Mid-Devensian Hyaena Den at Grange Farm, Glaston, Rutland, UK
Authors: Cooper L.P. , Thomas J.S. , Beamish M.G. , Gouldwell A. , Collcutt S.N. , Williams J. , Jacobi R.M. , Currant A. , Higham T.F.G.
Published: April 2013

Archaeological work preceding a housing development revealed mid-Devensian (MIS 3) deposits preserved in a geological fault, a graben feature, on an interfluve plateau. Rare evidence for Early Upper Palaeolithic open-air occupation was characterised by a scant lithic signature of the Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician (LRJ) leaf-point techno-complex of the North European plain. The lithics included a complete leaf-point, another broken example with traces of impact damage, and knapping debitage indicating leaf-point maintenance. The site also preserved good evidence for an open-air hyaena den with abundant faunal remains. Discrete bone clusters were present, some of which probably represent meat caches for hyaena cubs in the burrows and scrapes of a maternity den. It is suggested that the hominins targeted the den site to forage the stored food. Their occupation is associated with a group of spirally-fractured wild horse bones thought to be the result of marrow extraction by humans, and these have been dated to 44,290–42,440 calibrated years before present (44.3–42.5 kyr calbp), comparable to the date range of continental LRJ sites. The early date of the LRJ techno-complex corresponds with that of the oldest Neanderthals in northern Europe, but possibly overlaps with the recently reported early dates for anatomically modern humans. However, it is concluded that the oldest Early Upper Palaeolithic technology in northern Europe was the product of final Neanderthals.
Late Bronze Age Pottery Production: Evidence from a 12th–11th century calbcSettlement at Tinney's Lane, Sherborne, Dorset
Authors: Best Joanne , Woodward Ann , Allen Michael J. , Cook Gordon , Dungworth David , Gale Rowena , Hamilton Derek , Higbee Lorrain , Jones Julie , Juleff Gill , Lewis Mary , Marshall Peter D. , O'Connor Brendan , Riddler Ian , Taylor Roger , Tingle Martin , Tyler Kerry
Published: April 2013

Excavations at Tinney's Lane, Sherborne in 2002 uncovered extensive evidence for Late Bronze Age settlement and pottery production, dating from a short time period probably within the 12th or 11th century calbc. Well-preserved deposits of burnt stone, broken vessels, and burnt sherds, together with resulting debris redeposited in associated pits, were accompanied by a series of post-hole structures interpreted as round-houses and four-post settings. Environmental evidence in the form of charcoal, charred plant remains, and molluscs has provided important information concerning sources of fuel and water for pottery production as well as allowing a reconstruction of the local vegetation. Finds of fired clay, metal, stone, shale, flint, and bone include items from distant sources, informing topics such as site status and exchange, and include many categories of tools and equipment that would have been used within the pottery-making processes. Analysis of the spatial distribution of these finds amongst the structures and surviving layers of burning has allowed the definition of a series of industrial activity areas, each comprising one or more round-houses, a four-post structure, bonfire bases or pits used for firing, and other pits with specific related functions. Altogether the site has provided some of the best evidence for pottery production within prehistoric Britain.
Contextual effects on the conversations of mothers and their children with language impairment
Authors: STICH MELANIE , GIROLAMETTO LUIGI , JOHNSON CARLA J. , CLEAVE PATRICIA L. , CHEN XI
Published: April 2013

Twenty-four mothers and their preschool children with language impairment participated in two 12-min sessions of toy play and book reading that were transcribed to yield maternal mean length of utterance in morphemes (MLU-m), type token ratio (TTR), and maternal interaction style (directive vs. responsive). Maternal MLU-m was significantly longer during book reading than during toy play, whereas TTR was similar across contexts. In contrast, children's MLU-m was similar across contexts, whereas TTR was higher during book reading. Mothers used an eliciting style characterized by more commands and questions during toy play than during book reading. Only maternal MLU-m predicted children's expressive language skills (i.e., a composite score of two standardized language tests). The implications include sampling both book reading and play interactions because they provide differential opportunities for conversation and language productivity.
Model-driven development of multiagent systems: a survey and evaluation
Authors: Kardas Geylani
Published: April 2013

To work in a higher abstraction level is of critical importance for the development of multiagent systems (MAS) since it is almost impossible to observe code-level details of such systems due to their internal complexity, distributedness and openness. As one of the promising software development approaches, model-driven development (MDD) aims to change the focus of software development from code to models. This paradigm shift, introduced by the MDD, may also provide the desired abstraction level during the development of MASs. For this reason, MDD of autonomous agents and MASs has been recognized and become one of the research topics in agent-oriented software engineering (AOSE) area. Contributions are mainly based on the model-driven architecture (MDA), which is the most famous and in-use realization of MDD. Within this direction, AOSE researchers define MAS metamodels in various abstraction levels and apply model transformations between the instances of these metamodels in order to provide rapid and efficient implementation of the MASs in various platforms. Reorganization of the existing MAS development methodologies to support model-driven agent development is another emerging research track. In this paper, we give a state of the art survey on above mentioned model-driven MAS development research activities and evaluate the introduced approaches according to five quality criteria we define on model-driven MAS engineering: (1) definition of a platform independent MAS metamodel, (2) model-to-model transformability, (3) model-to-code transformability, (4) support for multiple MAS platforms and finally (5) tool support for software modeling and code generation. Our evaluation has shown that the researchers contributed to the area by providing MDD processes in which design of the MASs are realized at a very high abstraction level and the software for these MASs are developed as a result of the application of a series of model transformations. However, most of the approaches are incapable of supporting multiple MAS environments due to the restricted specifications of their metamodels and model transformations. Also efficiency and practicability of the proposed methodologies are under debate since the amount and quality of the executable MAS components, gained automatically, appear to be not sufficient.
Dative case in Norwegian, Icelandic and Faroese: Preservation and non-preservation
Authors: Eyþórsson Þórhallur , Johannessen Janne Bondi , Laake Signe , Åfarli Tor A.
Published: April 2013

This article investigates the morphosyntactic status of dative case in Norwegian, Icelandic, and Faroese. We hypothesize that these three languages represent three diachronic stages signalled synchronically by the degree of preservation or non-preservation of dative under movement. Thus, we explore the synchronic status of dative under passive movement and topicalization in the three languages, while simultaneously paying attention to the larger questions of diachronic preservation and non-preservation of dative. We suggest that our findings have interesting ramifications for the categorization of case as structural and non-structural in generative grammar.
Case alternations in Icelandic ‘get’-passives
Authors: Sigurðsson Einar Freyr , Wood Jim
Published: April 2013

The analysis of ‘get’-passives across Germanic poses a number of challenges to our understanding of valency alternations: they exhibit surprising case alternations and recalcitrant thematic properties (Alexiadou 2012, Alexiadou, Anagnostopoulou & Sevdali to appear). In this article, we present novel data on ‘get’-passives in Icelandic; while Icelandic has played an important role in our understanding of case marking and valency alternations, ‘get’-passives have not, to our knowledge, been studied in this language before. By situating ‘get’-passives within the landscape of well-established case patterns of Icelandic, we are able to argue in favor of the following conclusions: (i) Icelandic ‘get’-passives involve unambiguously verbal passives; (ii) the surface subject of recipient ‘get’-passives (‘I got a letter sent to me’) does not originate as the dative indirect object of the passive participle, but rather originates as an (external) argument of ‘get’; and (iii) at least some intransitive ‘get’-passives (‘This got changed’) involve anticausativization of the corresponding causative ‘get’-passive (‘I got this changed’), as proposed for English by Haegeman (1985).
Case variation: Viruses and star wars
Authors: Sigurðsson Halldór Ármann
Published: April 2013

This article discusses morphological case variation, arguing that individual cases are not syntactic objects or features but PF interpretations of a range of different underlying syntactic relations. Nevertheless, it turns out that case variation can, to a large extent, be analyzed in terms of only two atomic ‘ingredients’: event licensing of NPs and PF marking of the licensing relation (where marking is analyzed in terms of Chomskyan case stars). Ergative is a Voice/ag*-case, whereas accusative is a v*-case, licensed under c-command by Voice/ag(ergative and accusative marking thus being two sides of the same coin). Individual cases in case-expanding morphological/PF case systems, it is argued, behave like viruses, striving to expand beyond their original ‘reasonable’ domain.
Introduction: Case variation and change in the Nordic languages
Authors: Parrott Jeffrey Keith
Published: April 2013

Shortly after arriving in Copenhagen five years ago, I realized what many linguists have long understood: the case situation in the Nordic languages is formidably complex. Of course, the broad outlines of inter-speaker (or, cross-linguistic) variation in Nordic nominal case inflection are well known. Within two major language families, (North) Germanic and Uralic, there are dozens of closely related language varieties. The Finnic and Sami languages of Uralic have adpositional case systems, while the North Germanic languages can be further subdivided into the Mainland and Insular groups, partially on the basis of their different case systems. The latter group, namely Icelandic, Faroese, and Älvdalian (which is spoken in a fairly isolated rural community in the interior of Sweden), has ‘rich’ inflectional case morphology on a range of elements comprising nominal phrases, including articles, determiners, demonstratives, nouns, pronouns,wh-words, and more. The former group, namely Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish, are ‘case-poor’, maintaining only a vestige of their historically rich case morphology on a subset of personal pronouns, which have Nominative, Oblique, and Possessive forms. Furthermore, certain varieties of Swedish and Norwegian retain vestigial Dative forms of clitic pronouns.
The Paradox of Moral Complaint: A Reply to Shaham
Authors: SMILANSKY SAUL
Published: April 2013

In ‘The Paradox of Moral Complaint’ I took up the question whether a person who has wronged others in certain ways may morally complain if other people then harm him illegitimately in similar ways. I argued that there are strong grounds for saying both Yes and No here, and therefore that our considered moral views seem to be paradoxical. In her reply, Talia Shaham disagrees with the No part of my position. She presents two appealing philosophical arguments, and concludes that there is no ‘Paradox of Moral Complaint’, seeking in particular to defend the unconditional moral ‘right’ of wronged wrongdoers to complain, as against my claims. I attempt to defend my position against her arguments.
Towards a New Form of EU Law?: The Use of EU Institutions outside the EU Legal Framework
Authors: Peers Steve
Published: April 2013

Economic governance – Financial assistance – Economic and monetary union – Patent litigation – Treaties between member states – Jurisdiction of the Court of Justice – powers of the EU institutions – Enhanced cooperation
The Relation between the Charter's Fundamental Rights and the Unwritten General Principles of EU Law: Good Administration as the Test Case
Authors: Hofmann Herwig C.H. , Mihaescu C.
Published: April 2013

Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU – Multiple sources of fundamental rights in the EU legal system – Non-hierarchical, pluralistic understanding of their interrelationship – Case study: the right to good administration – Difficulties in defining the scope of the right to good administration under the Charter and that of the right to good administration as a general principle of EU law – Adoption of a pluralistic understanding of the EU fundamental rights’ sources allows for a clarification and improved understanding of the individual's rights in the EU legal system
Continuity with Deficiencies: The New Basic Law of Hungary
Authors: Jakab András , Sonnevend Pál
Published: April 2013

Hungarian constitutional law – New Basic Law – Continuity with the previous democratic Constitution – Vision of the political community embedded in the new Basic Law – The level of protection of fundamental rights – Continuity and lack of foreseeability in the organisation of the state – European legal procedures against or about Hungary – The life prospects of the new Basic Law – Danger of constitutional crisis whenever the government does not hold a constitution-amending majority
European Integration and National Courts: Defending Sovereignty under Institutional Constraints?
Authors: Dyevre Arthur
Published: April 2013

Response of national highest courts to the ECJ's integrationist agenda – Logic behind qualified acceptance of EU law supremacy and direct effect – Several possible explanations for the observed inter-court variation: the courts’ type and organisation; their power to review legislative acts under domestic law; the rules governing access to the judicial forum; the monistic tradition of the legal system and the level of public support for European integration – Assessment of empirical validity of these hypotheses using a new dataset coding the doctrinal positions and institutional constraints of 34 domestic highest courts – Most correlations small – Only one variable – the power to review statutory legislation under national law – appears to have a significant influence on the courts’ doctrinal response to legal integration – Some support for the argument that the varying institutional constraints and incentives under which highest court judges operate shape the way they accommodate and reconcile two conflicting goals
Dying to Watch
Authors: Taylor Laramie D.
Published: April 2013

Research has shown that thoughts about death influence sexual cognitions and some media choices. The present study tested the hypothesis that thoughts about death may affect individuals’ tendency to select or avoid entertainment media programming containing sexual material. In two experiments, thoughts about death (mortality salience [MS]) were manipulated before college undergraduates expressed interest in viewing television shows and movies with varying amounts of sexual content. In both studies, MS was associated with greater overall interest in sexual media content. Although terror management theory would indicate that sexual worldview should moderate this effect, this was not observed to be the case. In addition, MS was not found to affect interest in other types of highly engaging media content including violent and dramatic content. Limitations regarding generalizability are discussed. Results suggest that MS increases a preference for sexual media content, and that this occurs for individuals with diverse sexual values systems. This is discussed in terms of implications for terror management theory and cognitive models of media influence.
Peripheral blood absolute lymphocyte/monocyte ratio recovery during ABVD treatment cycles predicts clinical outcomes in classical Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Porrata L F , Ristow K M , Habermann T M , Macon W R , Witzig T E , Colgan J P , Inwards D J , Ansell S M , Micallef I N , Johnston P B , Nowakowski G , Thompson C A , Markovic S N
Published: April 2013

The peripheral blood absolute lymphocyte/monocyte count ratio at diagnosis (ALC/AMC-DX) predicts survival in classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL). However, a limitation of the ALC/AMC-DX is the inability to assess sequentially the host/tumor interaction during treatment. Therefore, weretrospectively examinedthe ALC/AMC ratio, as a surrogate marker of host immunity (ALC) and tumor microenvironment (AMC), at each adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine and dacarbazine treatment cycle as a predictor for clinical outcomes. From 1990 until 2008, 190 cHL patients were diagnosed, treated and followed at Mayo Clinic Rochester and qualified for the study. The ALC/AMC ratio at each treatment cycle was a predictor for overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). An ALC/AMC ratio ⩾1.1 versus ALC/AMC <1.1 during treatment cycles was an independent predictor for OS (hazard ratio (HR)=0.14; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.04–0.40;P<0.0002) and for PFS (HR=0.19; 95% CI: 0.05–0.82;P<0.03). The ALC/AMC ratio during treatment cycles is a predictor for survival and provides a platform to develop therapeutic modalities to manipulate the ALC/AMC ratio during chemotherapy to improve clinical outcomes in cHL.
Induced cell toxicity originates dendritic cell death following magnetic hyperthermia treatment
Authors: Asín L , Goya G F , Tres A , Ibarra M R
Published: April 2013

Magnetic hyperthermia (MH) is based on the use of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to selectively increase the temperature of MNP-loaded target tissues when applying an alternating magnetic field (AMF) in the range of radiofrequency. To date, all MH research has focused on heat generation in an attempt to elucidate the mechanisms for the death of MNP-loaded cells submitted to AMF. However, recent in vitro studies have demonstrated the feasibility of inducing dramatic cell death without increasing the macroscopic temperature during AMF exposure. Here, we show that the cell death observed following AMF exposure, specifically that of MNP-loaded dendritic cells (DCs) in culture, was caused by the release of toxic agents into the cell culture supernatants and not due to a macroscopic temperature increase. We performed MH in vitro experiments to demonstrate that the supernatant of the cell culture following AMF exposure was highly toxic when added to control unloaded DCs, as this treatment led to nearly 100% cell death. Therefore, our results demonstrate that heat is not the only agent responsible for triggering cell death following MH treatment. This finding offers new perspectives for the use of DCs as the proverbial Trojan horse to vectorise MNPs to the target tumour area and these results further support the use of DCs as therapeutic agents against cancer when submitted to AMF. Furthermore, this discovery may help in understanding the mechanism of cell death mediated by exposure to AMF.
Looking beyond the Wnt pathway for the deep nature of β‐catenin
Authors: Fagotto François
Published: April 2013

After two decades of stardom, one would think that β‐catenin has revealed all of its most intimate details. Yet the essence of its duality has remained mysterious—how can a single protein both be the core link between cadherins and the cytoskeleton, and the nuclear messenger for Wnt signalling? On the basis of the available evidence and on molecular and evolutionary considerations, I propose that β‐catenin was a born nuclear transport receptor, which by interacting with adhesion molecules acquired the property to coordinate nuclear functions with cell–cell adhesion. While Wnt signalling diverted this activity, the original pathway might still function in modern eukaryotes.
On the Rab again—the PATh to mTORC1 activation
Authors: Gopaldass Navin , Rompf Maria , Mayer Andreas
Published: April 2013

This month, Matsui and Fukuda report that Rab12 regulates autophagy indirectly by stimulating the constitutive degradation of the amino acid transporter PAT4. This negatively regulates mTORC1 and stimulates autophagy.
The intrinsic temperature dependence and the origin of the crossover of the coercivity in perpendicular MgO/CoFeB/Ta structures
Authors: Tsai Meng-Chiau , Cheng Chih-Wei , Tsai C. C. , Chern G.
Published: April 2013

A collapse of tunnel magneto resistance (TMR) in the perpendicular magnetic configuration of CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB tunnel junction at high annealing temperatures has been reported recently [Ikeda et al., Nature Mater. 9, 721 (2010)]. This observation indicates that not only the temperature-dependent magnetic characterization is important in a pseudo-spin valve type devices but also implies an asymmetrical dependence on the magnetic behavior between the top and bottom CoFeB layers. In this report, we have measured a series of MgO/CoFeB/Ta with different thicknesses of CoFeB (1.0−1.7 nm) and Ta cap layer (1–5 nm) and found a intrinsic dependence of magnetic coercivity of Hc = Hco[1−(T/TB)1/2], where Hco is Hc at 0 K and TB is the blocking temperature, for all films. A systematic study shows that Hco varies in the range of 2500 Oe−250 Oe with a rough inverse linear dependence on CoFeB layer thickness. The TB for all films except the thinnest one (1.0 nm) is in a smaller range of 280–300 K, but drops to 150 K for the thinnest film. The corresponded particle sizes are estimated ∼30 nm. The origin of the microstructure of the present films is probably related to the defect at the interface and formed during the post annealing process. A control of the collapse of the TMR through the cap Ta layer thickness will be discussed.
Transition metal atoms pathways on rutile TiO2 (110) surface: Distribution of Ti3+ states and evidence of enhanced peripheral charge accumulation
Authors: Cai Yongqing , Bai Zhaoqiang , Chintalapati Sandhya , Zeng Qingfeng , Feng Yuan Ping
Published: April 2013

Charge transfer between metal nanoparticles and the supported TiO2 surface is primarily important for catalytic applications as it greatly affects the catalytic activity and the thermal stability of the deposited nanoparticles on the surface. Herein, systematic spin-polarized density functional and HSE06 calculations are performed to evaluate the adsorption, diffusion, and charge state of several transition metal monomers on both stoichiometric and reduced rutile TiO2 (110) surface. Although the presence of oxygen vacancy (Ov) increases the binding of Au, Pt and Pd on the surface, it weakens the interaction thus enhancing the diffusion for Fe, Co, Ni, Ag, and Cu adatoms on the surface. For pristine reduced surface, only a small portion (around 5%) of the excess electrons occupy the topmost surface, which are mainly delocalized at the second nearest and third nearest fivefold coordinated Ti (Ti5c) atoms. Excess electrons populating at the Ti5c atoms on the basal plane can be transferred to strongly electronegative adsorbates like Au and Pt thus enabling a moderate adsorption at this site, whereas no stable adsorption is found for other less electronegative transition metal adatoms (Ag, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, and Pd) on the reduced surface and for all the adatoms on stoichiometric surface. This result clarifies the origin of the experimental observation of the adsorption of O2 and CO molecules at Ti5c sites in connection with charge transfer. In addition, the spatial redistribution of the excess electrons around the Ov upon the adsorption of the monomers is thoroughly examined. Our finding of an accumulation of excess electrons at the Ti5c sites around the monomers explains the critical role of the perimeter interface of the deposited nanoparticles in promoting the adsorption and activation of reactants observed in experiments.
Electropumping of water with rotating electric fields
Authors: De Luca Sergio , Todd B. D. , Hansen J. S. , Daivis Peter J.
Published: April 2013

Pumping of fluids confined to nanometer dimension spaces is a technically challenging yet vitally important technological application with far reaching consequences for lab-on-a-chip devices, biomimetic nanoscale reactors, nanoscale filtration devices and the like. All current pumping mechanisms require some sort of direct intrusion into the nanofluidic system, and involve mechanical or electronic components. In this paper, we present the first nonequilibrium molecular dynamics results to demonstrate that non-intrusive electropumping of liquid water on the nanoscale can be performed by subtly exploiting the coupling of spin angular momentum to linear streaming momentum. A spatially uniform rotating electric field is applied to water molecules, which couples to their permanent electric dipole moments. The resulting molecular rotational momentum is converted into linear streaming momentum of the fluid. By selectively tuning the degree of hydrophobicity of the solid walls one can generate a net unidirectional flow. Our results for the linear streaming and angular velocities of the confined water are in general agreement with the extended hydrodynamical theory for this process, though also suggest refinements to the theory are required. These numerical experiments confirm that this new concept for pumping of polar nanofluids can be employed under laboratory conditions, opening up significant new technological possibilities.
Bending rigidities of surfactant bilayers using self-consistent field theory
Authors: Leermakers F. A. M.
Published: April 2013

Self-consistent field (SCF) theory is used to find bending moduli of surfactant and lipid bilayers. Recently, we successfully applied low-memory search methods to solve the SCF equations. Using these we are now able to directly evaluate the Gaussian bending modulus for molecularly detailed models of bilayers by evaluating the excess Helmholtz energy of tensionless bilayers in a (part of the) Im3m cubic phase. The result prompted us to reconsider the protocol that has been used thus far to find the mean bending modulus kc and Gaussian bending modulus \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\bar{k}$\end{document}k¯. With respect to previous predictions, the value of kc is reduced by a factor of two and the Gaussian bending modulus is less negative and much closer to zero. In line with experimental data we now find that \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\bar{k}$\end{document}k¯ can also become positive. In this paper we use the non-ionic surfactants series of the type CnEm for illustration.
Scaling of the anomalous Hall effect in perpendicular CoFeB/Pt multilayers
Authors: Wu S. B. , Yang X. F. , Chen S. , Zhu T.
Published: April 2013

The anomalous Hall effect (AHE) in the perpendicular CoFeB/Pt multilayers has been investigated. It is found that AHE comes from a small side jump contribution combining with a large skew scattering contribution, which is in contradiction to the conventional perpendicular Co/Pt multilayers. Moreover, the contribution of skew scattering is enhanced with the increasing number of the CoFeB/Pt bilayer.
Correlating material-specific layers and magnetic distributions within onion-like Fe3O4/MnO/γ-Mn2O3 core/shell nanoparticles
Authors: Krycka K. L. , Borchers J. A. , Laver M. , Salazar-Alvarez G. , López-Ortega A. , Estrader M. , Suriñach S. , Baró M. D. , Sort J. , Nogués J.
Published: April 2013

The magnetic responses of two nanoparticle systems comprised of Fe3O4/γ-Mn2O3 (soft ferrimagnetic, FM/hard FM) and Fe3O4/MnO/γ-Mn2O3 (soft FM/antiferromagnetic, AFM/hard FM) are compared, where the MnO serves to physically decouple the FM layers. Variation in the temperature and applied field allows for Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) measurements of the magnetic moments both parallel and perpendicular to an applied field. Data for the bilayer particle indicate that the graded ferrimagnetic layers are coupled and respond to the field as a single unit. For the trilayer nanoparticles, magnetometry suggests a Curie temperature (TC) ≈ 40 K for the outer γ-Mn2O3 component, yet SANS reveals an increase in the magnetization associated with outer layer that is perpendicular to the applied field above TC during magnetic reversal. This result suggests that the γ-Mn2O3 magnetically reorients relative to the applied field as the temperature is increased above 40 K.