bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Relationship of Frontal Lobe Damage to Diminished Awareness: Studies in Rehabilitation
Authors: Prigatano George P
Published: November 2023

Research on mechanisms underlying the association of frontal lobe physiology and anatomy with complex behavioral activities in humans and nonhuman primates has been active for a number of years as witnessed by the previous chapters and numerous papers and volumes on the “frontal lobes” (e.g., Fuster, 1980; Perecman, 1987; Pribram and Luria, 1973; Stuss and Benson, 1986; Warren and Akert, 1964). Yet, despite this impressive ,effort to understand the contribution of the frontal lobes to human behavior and mental processes, there has been a paucity of studies specifically aimed at the utilization of this knowledge for rehabilitation purposes.
Two-Dimensional Electron Systems
Authors: Isihara A
Published: November 2023

In the second place, electrons are trapped two-dimensionally in the so-called inversion layer or accumulation layer in a silicon MOSFET (metal-oxide-silicon field-effect transistor). A typical silicon MOSFET is a parallel plate condenser consisting of a metallic plate (gate), an Sio dielectric layer, and another plate made of silicon. As a semiconductor, silicon can be doped into either a p-type or an n-type. If p-type silicon is used as a condenser plate, as in Fig. 4.2, its charge carriers are positively charged. These charges will be pushed into the interior of the silicon plate by the charges near the bottom of the Si02 layer when a positive voltage is applied to the gate.
Quasi One-Dimensional Systems
Authors: Isihara A
Published: November 2023

A one-dimensional electron system was considered for a number of years a highly theoretical object, a mathematically convenient model but rather remote from reality. However, since the early 1960s many quasi-one dimensional systems have been realized. These include charge-transfer salts such as TTF-TCNQ, conducting polymers such as polyacetylene, platinum salts called KCP, and trichalcogenides such as NbSe3. These systems are one-dimensional in the sense that electrical conduction is high in one direction and is very low in all other directions. Moreover, two-dimensional systems such as discussed in the previous chapter have been squeezed into one dimension.
Coevolution among competitors
Authors: Taper Mark L , Case Ted J
Published: November 2023

How frequently does coevolution occur? Does it influence the structure of communities? If it does shape communities, how does it shape them? These are questions that have been subjected to intense debate for decades. Half a decade ago, the evidence even as mustered in several book-long reviews (Thompson 1982; Futuyma and Slatkin 1983; Nitecki 1983) was somewhat equivocal. We believe that this will be an exciting decade in the study of coevolution in which recently developed empirical and theoretical tools will lead to insights into these questions.
Evolutionary studies in cultivated rice and its wild relatives
Authors: Morishima Hiroko , Sano Yoshio , Oka Hiko-Ichi
Published: November 2023

Crops are the products of man-mediated plant evolution. For an understanding of crop evolution, an integration of different disciplines of science is required. Reviewing the evolutionary studies that have so far been carried out in various crops, we notice that these studies have different tints as influenced by biological features of each crop as well as by the scientific interest of each researcher. Our intention in writing this article is to explore some implications of rice evolution from the viewpoints of genetics and ecology.
The theoretical population genetics of autopolyploidy
Authors: Bever James D , Felber Francois
Published: November 2023

Polyploidy has played an important role in the evolution of both animals and plants. Polyploidy is present in insects, amphibians, reptiles, and fishes (Sexton 1980). In plants, polyploidy has been noted in each of the major systematic divisions: algae, fungi, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms (Averett 1980). The frequency of polyploidy varies considerably between groups, but is particularly high in pteridophytes and angiosperms.
Patterns of Fruit and Seed Production
Authors: Lee Thomas D
Published: November 2023

Ecological and evolutionary studies of plant reproduction have traditionally emphasized pollination and seed dispersal, while the development and maturation of fruits and seeds within fruits-have received considerably less attention. In the past decade, however, a number of authors63·88·89·153·187have emphasized the importance of patterns of fruit and seed maturation and abortion. These patterns influence the size and quality of the seed crop and are thus intimately related to plant fitness.
Strategies for Conserving Clinal, Ecotypic, and Disjunct Population Diversity in Widespread Species
Authors: Millar Constance I , Libby William J
Published: November 2023

Why is a chapter on widespread species appearing in a volume on rare species? One answer to that is another question: Why focus on species in the first place? Granted, species do have a unique status. They are more or less closed units genetically, and species extinction signals the end of an evolutionary lineage that may have begun millions of years ago. By contrast, individuals and populations within species are lost and replaced all the time.

If a goal of conservation is to maintain species in the long term, then attention should focus on levels of biological organization within the species. Stripped of their taxonomic identities, organisms cluster naturally into hierarchical units of genetic similarity, with individuals at the lowest level and genetically related groups at the highest level.
Medical and Public Health Implications of Tobacco Addiction
Authors: Shopland Donald R , Burns David M
Published: November 2023

In those Western cultures where cigarette smoking has been an established behavior for many decades, smoking is estimated to be responsible for nearly one-sixth of all deaths annually, including 35% of all cancer deaths, 22% of deaths due to coronary heart disease, 15% of stroke deaths, and 90% of all deaths from chronic obstructive lung dis-ease. The U.S. Public Health Service estimates that in the United States over 400,000 excess deaths each year are directly caused by smoking (MMWR 1991), while the World Health Organization has estimated more than 2.5 million such deaths annually are due to smoking worldwide (Mahler 1988). As unbelievable as these totals may seem, these estimates may actually be conservative, as will be discussed in more detail later.
Creating and Maintaining an Optimal Medical Practice Environment for the Treatment of Nicotine Addiction
Authors: Glynn Thomas J , Manley Marc W , Solberg Leif I , slade John
Published: November 2023

Involving the physician in the treatment of nicotine addiction, as outlined in Chapter 8, is an activity replete with anomalies. Most physicians want to reduce smoking prevalence among their patients and think that it is important to do so, but few physicians feel successful at actually helping patients stop (Rosen, Logsdon, Demak 1984). More than twice as many physicians report providing advice to their patients about smoking cessation, compared with patient reports of their actually having done so (Anda et al. 1987). Alternatively, as many as three-fourths of patients say they would stop smoking if their physician advised them to do so, but when they receive such advice, many fewer patients actually stop (Wechsler 1983; Wells, Ware, Lewis 1984; Wells et al. 1986).
Women Who Smoke
Authors: Solomon Laura J , Flynn Brian S
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we will review changing knowledge of the impact of cigarette smoking on women’s health, smoking patterns among women, special factors influencing smoking among women, and the application of this knowledge to more effective approaches to help women quit smoking. Our discussion of health impact and smoking patterns reflect what now seems a simple and easily understood phenomenon: smoking has increased among women in the past several decades and the health impact of this in-creased exposure is now being seen in women’s rates of smoking-related diseases.
Nicotine Dependence Among Blacks and Hispanics
Authors: Ramirez Amelie G , Gallion Kipling J
Published: November 2023

Increasingly, minority populations are edging ahead of their white counterparts in prevalence of adult tobacco use and overall risk of tobacco-related disease. Improved smoking cessation and prevention programs aimed at the dominant segments of United States society need to be made more accessible, relevant, and appealing to these minority populations at risk (Cooper and Simmons 1985; Glynn, Boyd, Gruman 1990; Orleansetal. 1989, 1993).
Nerve Cells or Nerve Nets?
Authors: Shepherd Gordon M
Published: November 2023

By the middle of the nineteenth century, the task of understanding the nerve cell as a cellular unit depended on answering several questions: (1) how do axis cylinders arise from nerve cells? (2) what is the extent and significance of the pale branched processes of nerve cells? (3) how are nerve cells connected with each other? The main mode of connection that could be imagined at that time was by anastomoses of the branched processes (i.e., dendrites), which left the connections of nerve fibers (i.e. axons) and the ways they exert their influence pretty much up in the air.
The Neuron Doctrine
Authors: Shepherd Gordon M
Published: November 2023

Good news travels fast in science, as Cajal’s demonstration at the Berlin Congress showed; in the months that followed, his adaptations of the Golgi method were quickly adopted and modified, the results tested, confirmed, and extended. Cajal (1989) noted and appreciated each one of his supporters: His, Waldeyer, Kölliker, and Edinger in Germany; Lugaro and Tanzi in Italy; van Gehuchten in Belgium; von Lenhossék in Switzerland; Retzius in Sweden; Azoulay, Dejerine and Duval in France. As van Gehuchten (in Cajal, 1989) recalled:
Color Vision
Authors: Finger Stanley
Published: November 2023

Several very speculative early ideas relating to color vision were briefly presented in Chapter 5. These were mostly Greek metaphysical theories, which included three basic thoughts. The first was that white and black are colors, and not just shades of light intensity. This was a notion held by Empedocles, who lived in the fifth century B.C. The second important idea maintained that there are a finite number of basic colors. The third suggested that different colors have something to do with atoms or particles differing in size, shape, or motion.
The Pyramidal System and the Motor Cortex
Authors: Finger Stanley
Published: November 2023

The relationship between the brain and the musculature has a long written history. This is attested to by the fact that a number of cases of brain damage with impaired motor functioning appear in the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus, which is based on records well over 4,000 years old (see Chapter 1). In Case 20, for example, it is stated that “if thou puttest thy fingers on the mouth of the wound... he shudder exceedingly” (translated by Breasted, 1930). This statement has been interpreted as showing that the Egyptians recognized that direct stimulation of the brain can cause a person to have a motor seizure.
The Frontal Lobes and Intellect
Authors: Finger Stanley
Published: November 2023

Although many of the scientists mentioned in the last chapter searched for broad anatomical correlates of intellect, it is clear that if most scientists had been asked to choose just one part of the brain to associate with intellectual functions, they would have pointed to the frontal lobes. To some extent, this was seen in the anthropological and anatomical studies of the frontal cortex described in Chapter 21. Without question, as the twentieth century approached, and as cortical localization continued to gain favor, the relation between intellect and the frontal association areas became better accepted.
Expansion of the Concept of Cerebral Dominance
Authors: Finger Stanley
Published: November 2023

Chapter 26 reviewed how the concept of cerebral dominance evolved from the widespread belief that the two cerebral hemispheres were structurally and functionally equal. Although Marc Dax almost certainly appeared to recognize the importance of the left hemisphere for language in 1836, his ideas were not made public at that time. The scientific break with the past had to wait for Paul Broca to associate aphasia with left hemispheric damage and for the Dax manuscript to be published. These events took place between 1863 and 1865. Although the left hemisphere dominated attention at this time, John Hughlings Jackson soon raised the possibility that the right hemisphere may be the lead hemisphere for perceptual functions.
Case Studies in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation
Authors: Wilson Barbara A
Published: November 2023

After a discussion of current theory and research findings relating to rehabilitation of brain injury, this book presents 20 case studies of adults with severe brain injuries sustained several years earlier. The causes of their brain damage include traumatic head injuries, encephalitis, stroke and hypoxia. Problems that follow such injuries including loss of self-care skills, memory impairment, language, reading, visuoperceptual and behavioural difficulities, are analysed in detail. The book describes the premorbid lifestyle of each of the 20 individuals, the onset of their brain damage, subsequent symptoms, neuropsychological assessment, rehabilitation, and long-term outcome. Most chapters include a report by the patient and/or family member, thus providing an extra dimension that helps to increase the reader's understanding of the predicaments faced by brain-injured individuals as they learn to cope with traumatic changes in lifestyle. Although improvement for most brain-injured people is slow and limited, all those described in this book made some progress after their admission to rehabilitation services. The exhaustive analysis of each case and step-by-step description of treatment will encourage professionals and other care-givers that much can be done for this severely injured group. For students of neuropsychology and rehabilitation, the book should serve as an inspiring and informative supplementary text.
Does The Moon Have The Same Chemical Composition As The Earth’s Upper Mantle?
Authors: Jones J H , Hood J L
Published: November 2023

If the Moon were derived from the Earth, then it is possible that the bulk silicate portions of the Earth and Moon have similar chemical compositions. We have used a combined geophysical and geochemical study to investigate this possibility. Models for the internal structure and internal temperature of the Moon have been combined with a terrestrial upper mantle composition and used to calculate the Moon’s density and moment of inertia. These calculated values are then compared to measured values to evaluate whether the bulk silicate Moon could have the same composition as the Earth’s upper mantle. Only a very restricted set of parameters allows the upper mantle composition to simultaneously meet the geophysical constraints of density and moment of inertia. In particular, if the Moon has the composition of the Earth’s mantle, then the Moon must have a rather large core (- 500 km radius). If the Moon had a core of such size and if the Moon’s siderophile element abundances were initially those of the terrestrial upper mantle, then siderophile elements should be much more depleted in lunar materials than is obsetVed.
Impact of Genetic, Somatic, and Epigenetic Variation on Phenotype
Authors: Chakravarti Aravinda
Published: November 2023

It is a truism that for a complex organism such as the human, the pattern of inheritance for most phenotypes is complex. In McKusick’s (1988) catalog of 4,344 uncommon traits, only 2,208 (51%) has a recognizable inheritance pattern. Of the latter, probably only 20% were single-gene Mendelian entities, the majority (31%) being autosomal dominant phenotypes with variable expressivity and reduced penetrance. The major chronic diseases in humans demonstrate familial aggregation and have a genetic component in their etiologies. However, these disorders also demonstrate a complex pattern of inheritance, and consequently are synonymously referred to as complex disorders. This designation arises from the fact that for chronic diseases, no single Mendelian pattern of inheritance can explain all observed types of familial aggregation.
Genotype-by-Environment Interaction: It’s a fact of Iife
Authors: Boerwinkle Eric , Hallman D Michael
Published: November 2023

It is a developing paradigm in medical practice and research that both genetic and environmental factors are key contributors to disease etiology and pathophysiology (Braunwald et al., 1987). Consideration of both contributing components, as well as other factors, is necessary for predicting those individuals at increased risk for disease and treating those already afflicted. However, simultaneous recognition of both is too often only rhetorical, with research efforts pursuing either genetic factors or environmental factors alone without consideration of the other. Human geneticists traditionally focus on the role of genes and familial factors influencing risk of disease, either ignoring environmental factors such as smoking or diet, or treating them as concomitants whose effects are to be removed by linear regression. Epidemiologists, on the other hand, describe in detail the contribution of environmental factors to risk of disease in the population, ignoring the role of genetic factors leading to inter-individual variation in response to environmental perturbations. It is our thesis that simultaneous consideration of both genes and environment, and their interactions, is necessary to appreciate their true contribution to the disease process and their utility in disease prevention and treatment. In this Chapter, we attempt to develop this thesis and present useful results from our own studies of genotype-by-environment and genotype-by-genotype interactions.
The Maintenance of Genetic Variation in Bacterial Populations
Authors: Levin Bruce R
Published: November 2023

It seems appropriate that the maintenance of genetic variation is the topic I have been assigned for this festschrift. Estimating the amount and accounting for the persistence of genetic variation in populations was the main focus of my training as a graduate student under Jack Schull’s mentorship, in the mid 1960s. Composing and validating stories about genetic diversity in populations—tales illustrated by equations, graphs, and tables of gene and genotype frequency data—was what most population geneticists did then, and still do (although now spots on gels and sequences of A’s, T’s, C’s, and G’s are included among the illustrations). The mechanisms responsible for maintaining genetic variability in populations continue to be a major focus of my research and that of the students, postdocs and collaborators working with me. However, our current stories are, I am pleased to say, different from those I learned as a student (or so they seem to me). Then my research was with sexually reproducing eukaryotes. For most of my post-student career, I have worked with bacteria.
The Application of Automated DNA Sequence Analysis to Phylogenetic Studies
Authors: Ferl Robert J , Nairn C Joseph , She Jin-Xiong , Wakeland Edward , Almira Ernesto
Published: November 2023

Automated DNA sequence analysis has developed to the point that many individuals and research organizations have considered or will soon consider investing in this technology. We discuss here some of the factors involved in automated DNA sequence analysis, particularly as performed by a service facility and as applied to phylogenetic studies.
Parsimony and Phylogenetic Inference Using DNA Sequences: Some Methodological Strategies
Authors: Cracraft Joel , Helm-Bychowski Kathleen
Published: November 2023

Sequence data of DNA are becoming increasingly important within systematic and evolutionary biology. With this expanding emphasis, many investigators have rising expectations that sequence variation offers an almost unlimited potential to resolve phylogenetic relationships and thereby provide us with a highly robust, if not definitive, description of the pattern of life’s history (e.g., Goodman et al., 1987; Sibley and Ahlquist, 1987; Goodman, 1989).
Creating and Reconstituting Contexts for Educational Interactions, Including a Computer Program
Authors: Griffin Peg , Belyaeva Alexandra , Soldatova Galina , Collective The Velikhov-Hamburg
Published: November 2023

The sense of a word ... is the sum of all the psychological events aroused in our consciousness by the word. It is a dynamic, fluid, complex whole, which has several zones of unequal stability. Meaning is only one of the zones of sense, the most stable and precise zone. A word acquires its sense from the context in which it appears; in different contexts it changes its sense. [Vygotsky, 1986, pp. 244-45)
Deconstruction in the Zone of Proximal Development
Authors: Litowitz Bonnie E
Published: November 2023

Our views of how children develop and learn have undergone many changes. Of these changes, the one most associated with the name of Lev Semenovitch Vygotsky is that of the social construction of the individual. Vygotsky argued that development is social because it involves more than the endowment of the child and more than the child can effect on her own. Development requires another person and is thus literally social. The child’s progress toward adulthood is effected through means that are shared by the collective group. Thus development is social in both aspects basic to its definition: involving another person and involving society as a whole.
Activity-Dependent Neuronal Gene Expression: A Potential Memory Mechanism?
Authors: Gall Christine M , Lauterborn Julie C
Published: November 2023

One of the Jong-held tenets of memory research is that information storage entails new or specialized protein synthesis. This view is primarily supported by studies demonstrating that inhibition of protein or RNA synthesis disrupts the formation of some types of memory (Davis & Squire, 1984) but not all (see Staubli, Faraday, & Lynch, 1985, for a recent report). One might envisage a number of possible roles for gene expression in learning and memory. The most typically discussed is that patterns of physiological activity alter gene expression in critical neurons with the affected gene products contributing directly to the synaptic changes that encode memory. It is possible, however, that newly synthesized proteins promote memory formation without contributing in a direct fashion to the “memory trace.” For example, levels of gene expression might be set (or modulated) in a nonspecific fashion, reflecting such things as transient shifts in arousal, and the expression products might increase or decrease the probability that nongenomic plasticities will occur. Alternatively, activity patterns acting over days or weeks could set levels of particular gene products that affect the firing thresholds or other nonlinear properties of individual cells and thereby affect network computational properties. A lack of information on the relationship between neuronal activity and gene expression has made it difficult to evaluate ideas of these types or develop more formal hypotheses about the role of protein synthesis in the acquisition and consolidation of memory.
Local Plasticity in Neuronal Learning
Authors: Sokolov E N
Published: November 2023

Two main types of learning processes can be distinguished: stimulus dependent (habituation and sensitization) and effect dependent (classical and instrumental conditioning). The basic characteristic of stimulus-dependent learning is its specificity with respect to the presented stimulus. Effect dependent learning is selective both with respect to the conditioned stimulus and to the unconditioned response. The major question addressed to stimulus-dependent and effect-dependent learning refers to the neuronal basis of stimulus selectivity. To approach this problem one should explain how external and internal stimuli are represented in the central nervous system. The basic question with respect to effect-dependent learning is concerned with the specificity of the conditioned reflex that is highly similar to the unconditioned reflex. To solve the problem of conditioned reflex specificity, one should explain mechanisms that are responsible for elicitation of unconditioned reflexes.
Issues of Research, Classification, and Measurement
Authors: Lazarus Richard S
Published: November 2023

This chapter, like the first, is preliminary to the presentation of my theory in Part Two. Its purpose is to examine what makes research on emotion, its measurement, and its classification so difficult and challenging. I believe that the best research draws on theory, which identifies the important research questions and promotes strategies of research and measurement consistent with itself; theory and research strategy are interdependent. Much research, said to be performed without theory, really draws on implicit assumptions about emotion that, even when not stated formally, constitute a kind of primitive theory consisting of causal notions, hunches about how things work, and unstated prejudices about theory and research.
Cognition and Emotion
Authors: Lazarus Richard S
Published: November 2023

Cognitive activity is taking place all the time, even in sleep, as manifest in dreams; perhaps it occurs as long as we are not comatose but we cannot really be sure. Because there are at least three different ways to speak of cognitive activity in the emotion process, it is important to be as precise as possible about how the concept is used. As I see it, these ways have to do with (1) the functional and temporal role of cognition in emotion; (2) the contents and formal qualities of the cognition; and (3) how meaning is achieved.
Real-Valued Functions
Authors: Wise Gary L , Hall Eric B
Published: November 2023

Recall that the measure space given by IR, the Borel subsets of IR, and Lebesgue measure is not a complete measure space. Hence, there exists some Borel set B such that B has zero Lebesgue measure and such that there exists a subset A of B that is not a Borel subset of IR. An example of such a Borel set is the Cantor ternary set C given in Example 1.8. Define a real-valued function f on IR via f(x) = IA(x). Now, consider the sequence {ln}neN of real-valued Borel measurable functions defined on IR via fn(x) = 1/n. Then, off the null set B, fn(x) converges to f(x). Thus, in this situation, fn(x) -+ f(x) almost everywhere, even though I is not Borel measurable. Example 2.4. The composition of a Lebesgue measurable function mapping IR to IR with a continuous function mapping IR to IR need not be Lebesgue measurable.
Measures
Authors: Wise Gary L , Hall Eric B
Published: November 2023

A measurable space (Ω, :F) is an ordered pair consisting of a set O and a u-algebra :F of subsets of Ω. Sets in :F are known as measurable sets. Measures are nonnegative extended real-valued functions defined on u-algebras that map the empty set to zero and that are countably additive. If (Ω, :F) is a measurable space and µis a measure defined on :F, then the ordered triple (Ω, :F, μ) is called a measure space. If (Ω, :F, μ) is a measure space and if μ(O) < ΩΩ, the measure, as well as the measure space, is called finite. If O can be written as a union of a countable family of measurable sets each having finite measure, then the measure, as well as the measure space, is called u-finite. A signed measure on au-algebra is an extended real-valued function that assumes at most one of the values ΩΩ and ‘-ΩΩ, that maps the empty set to zero, and is such that the measure of a countable union of pairwise disjoint measurable sets is equal to the sum of the measures, where the sum converges to the same value under all possible rearrangements.
The Benign Big Gun
Authors: Ayres Ian , Braithwaite John
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we show a convergence between a rational choice analysis of what works in securing compliance with regulatory laws and some sociological analyses that reject the assumptions of the rational choice model. The convergence is about the efficacy of tit-for-tat (TFf) enforcement regulation that is contingently provokable and forgiving. Building on this convergence, we argue that regulatory agencies are often best able to secure compliance when they are benign big guns. That is, regulators will be more able to speak softly when they carry big sticks (and crucially, a hierarchy of lesser sanctions). 1 Paradoxically, the bigger and the more various are the sticks, the greater the success regulators will achieve by speaking softly.
Partial-Industry Intervention
Authors: Ayres Ian , Braithwaite John
Published: November 2023

The current debate about whether or not to regulate often considers implicitly only two regulatory alternatives: government must either impose industry-wide regulations or allow unconstrained markets to determine the allocation of scarce resources. Regulators must regulate either all members of an industry or none. The regulatory literature has identified significant costs associated with each alternative. Laissez-faire policies that leave unchecked monopoly or oligopoly power in private hands might allow industry members to raise their prices above the competitive level (Bain, 1959). But industry-wide regulation can have the same effect. Regulators may be “captured” by the very firms they attempt to regulate (Stigler, 1971; Peltzman, 1980). Captured regulators can organize a cartel and legally mandate that firms in the industry sell at an inflated price. For those who fear these costs of capture, the only thing worse than letting market power coalesce in private hands is to give a corrupt Leviathan power to define the parameters of market transactions. Even uncaptured regulators face significant informational hurdles in promulgating efficient regulations. Regulatory agencies may have great difficulty ascertaining the “competitive” price. If the agency guesses too low, firms may not recoup their costs; if the agency guesses too high, again consumers may be forced to buy at cartel-like prices.
Delegation and Participation in a Responsive Regulatory Order
Authors: Ayres Ian , Braithwaite John
Published: November 2023

The deregulation debate stems in large part from dissatisfaction with the efficacy of the contemporary regulatory state. On the right, critics claim that regulation is an inefficient and stifling force that drives them to laissez-faire prescriptions. The political left, however, often views contemporary regulation as ineffectual or coopted. The resulting crisis in confidence leads these camps to strongly divergent proposals for reform. This book is an attempt to transcend the stalemate by proposing alternative modes of regulation that take each criticism seriously.
The Adolescent, Health, and Society From the Perspective of the Physician
Authors: Irwin Charles E
Published: November 2023

During the past two decades, researchers and practitioners have focused much of their efforts on understanding the initiation of adolescent risk behaviors, their prevalence patterns within specific groups, and the mechanisms by which the behaviors are maintained (Baumrind, 1991; Irwin & Millstein, 1986;Jessor &Jessor, 1977; Chapter 7). These efforts were fueled by the recognition that behaviors such as substance use, early sexual behavior, and recreational and vehicular use were increasingly responsible for the majority of deaths and disabling conditions through the fourth decade of life, and that most of the behaviors were initiated during adolescence (Report of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, 1989). However, the attention to risk factors and health-compromising behaviors has resulted in minimal emphasis being placed on identifying the mechanisms supportive of healthy development and health promotion.
Electoral Competition and the Emergence of Political Leadership
Authors: Keiser Richard A
Published: November 2023

During the 1980s and 1990s the world witnessed victories in the global struggle for democratization. In South Africa, an apartheid police state relinquished power, and that nation is taking major steps in the democratizing process. In Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union, and South America dictatorial regimes have collapsed and democratically elected regimes with representative governments have emerged. In the United States, the struggle for democratization within the formal democratic structure has been ongoing in cities. Subordination or Empowerment? documents and analyzes this struggle.
Representations: Who Needs Them?
Authors: Freeman Walter J , Skarda Christine A
Published: November 2023

Biologists by tradition have seldom used the term representation to describe their findings. Instead they have relied on phrases such as “receptor field” on the sensory side and “command” or “corollary discharge” on the motor side when discussing neural control of sensation and motion in goal-directed behavior. Such words connote dynamic process rather than symbolic content. One might suppose that this neglect of a now common word reflects diffidence about discussing so-called higher functions of the brain, owing to a humbling lack of understanding of the brain’ s complexity. Inspection of biology textbooks belies this view. Biologists have shown no lack of hubris in pontificating about the properties of the brain supporting mental functions. On the contrary, they have always taken pride in being uniquely qualified to explain brain function to anyone willing to listen.
How Charles Darwin Became a Psychologist
Authors: Keegan Robert T
Published: November 2023

Charles Robert Darwin (1809–82) recorded this thought in a private note book in August 1838. What would bring a young naturalist to make such a bold assertion? Had the nickname “Philosopher,” which Darwin acquired during his years aboard the Beagle, gone to his head? If not born of sheer arrogance, there must have been a compelling reason for him to challenge the wisdom of the great English philosopher with regard to “metaphysics”-a term Darwin used to refer to a set of issues we might now label “psychological” or “epistemological”: questions about the nature, origin, and development of mind and knowledge.
Syntactic Aspects of Language Disorders
Authors: Caplan David
Published: November 2023

Sentences convey relationships between the meanings of words, such as who is accomplishing an action or receiving it. These aspects of semantic meaning—collectively known as the propositional content of a sentence—vastly extend the power of language beyond what is available through single words and word formation processes to allow language to represent events and states of affairs. Propositions can be used to update semantic memory, to reason, and for many other purposes, and thus constitute a vital link between language and other cognitive processes.
Callosal Syndromes
Authors: Zaidel Eran , Iacoboni Marco , Berman Steven M , Zaidel, Dahlia W , Bogen‡ Joseph E
Published: November 2023

Since the publication of the fourth edition of Clinical Neuropsychology, there have been relatively few papers published on the split brain. This in part reflects the dwindling population of patients with complete cerebral commissurotomy (CCC) who also have relatively intact intelligence. The trend also reflects a growing emphasis on laterality experiments in normal subjects. Nonetheless, the disconnection syndrome continues to guide laterality research in the normal brain, motivating new research questions, suggesting new methodologies, and testing the limits of interhemispheric relations.
Introduction to the Principles in the Context of a Brief Historical Perspective
Authors: Prigatano George P
Published: November 2023

Throughout the United States and Europe, economic support for various health-related services is diminishing. As part of this economic tidal wave, rehabilitation services for persons with an acquired brain injury have likewise been reduced. The failure to clarify which types of rehabilitation services are efficacious for specific patient groups has further compounded this problem. Too often, no scientific database is available to counter decisions based more on economic concerns than on the needs of patients (Prigatano, 1996).
The Symptom Picture and the Neglected Problem of Premorbid Cognitive and Personality Factors
Authors: Prigatano George P
Published: November 2023

Given that a clinical neuropsychologist has some understanding of what patients experience after brain injury and given that a psychologist can conceptualize, at least in broad terms, the nature of the patients’ higher cerebral functioning, the next step is to reveal the patients’ higher cerebral disturbances via a neuropsychological examination without over whelming them.
RehabiIitation
Authors: Prigatano George P
Published: November 2023

Given that traditional forms of rehabilitation often do not adequately treat or manage disturbances in higher cerebral functions, it is important that neuropsychological rehabilitation help teach patients the nature of their disturbances in a supportive and effective manner. This teaching process requires that patients be helped to observe their behavior in such a manner that they better understand what is “wrong.” Formally, this process involves teaching them about the direct and indirect effects of their brain injury. The therapist must guide this process in order to help patients make choices that aid adaptation and avoid needless complications. This is the heart of Principle 4.
Personality Disturbances and Brain Damage: Theoretical Perspectives
Authors: Prigatano George P
Published: November 2023

The intent of this chapter, the preceding one, and the one to follow is to help clinicians understand a body of knowledge that is relevant to Principle 4 and that highlights Principle 5. Namely, neuropsychological rehabilitation needs to help patients and families to understand behavior after brain injury so that their confusion and frustration are reduced. In so doing, the intimate connection between cognition and emotionsmotivations (i.e., personality) is at once realized. Patients referred for neuropsychological assessment and rehabilitation exhibit a wide variety of personality characteristics and (in some cases) disorders. Their emotional and motivational characteristics must be considered constantly when they undergo evaluation for disturbances in cognition and rehabilitation interventions are planned. These characteristics can greatly contribute to patients’ overall symptom picture and to the outcome of neuropsychologically oriented rehabilitation (Prigatano et al., 1986). Consequently, a perspective on the meaning of the term personality and familiarity with several bodies of knowledge that help clarify the nature of human emotion, motivation, and social behavior are needed. This chapter provides a theoretical perspective that is intended to complement the more practical and clinically relevant discussion that follows in the next chapter.
Working with Interdisciplinary RehabiIitation Teams
Authors: Prigatano George P
Published: November 2023

Principle 8 of this text states: “Working with brain dysfunctional patients produces affective reactions in both the patient’s family and the rehabilitation staff. Appropriate management of these reactions can greatly facilitate the rehabilitation and adaptive process.” In Chapter 4, the impact of various forms of brain injury on family members was briefly dis cussed. In Chapter 8, a model of neuropsychological rehabilitation that explicitly discussed the importance of working with family members was outlined. Chapter 9 further considered possible psychotherapeutic interventions with family members.
Recovery and Deterioration After Brain Injury
Authors: Prigatano George P
Published: November 2023

Observations of patients within a few weeks to several years after a brain insult support the concept of a continued pattern of dynamic change in brain dysfunctional persons. This pattern seems to be true of a variety of neuropathological lesions and disease states. Although recovery is seldom, if ever, complete after significant neuronal loss, the brain is a dynamic organ constantly undergoing change for the better or worse. Thus, Geschwind’s (1985) observation that “One can probably never speak of a fixed neurological lesion” is important to heed.
Introduction
Authors: Rubin David C
Published: November 2023

Traditions that are carried entirely in human memory without a external mnemonic aids are of obvious relevance to a science that would have something to say about long-term retention and retrieval. Indeed from a descriptive point of view, one may consider any corpus of folkloric texts as a “natural experiment “ in memorization conducted on the grandest of scales: with a cast of thousands performing across periods of centuries. Vikis-Freibergs, 1984, p. 326 There is one last thing to be said about my research style. It has always started with a phenomenon and only later become theoretical. I have tended to pick some mystery and poke it and prod it and tum it all round in an effort to figure it out. While no one seems to recommend a phenomenon-centered approach to research, it can be argued that its record is at least as good as that of theory-centered work.
Imagery
Authors: Rubin David C
Published: November 2023

Mental imagery is remarkably able to substitute for actual perception. Possibly, rules governing spatial structures and transformations, having been incorporated into our perceptual machinery by eons of evolution in a threedimensional world, are now at the service of creative thought.
Basic Observations on Remembering
Authors: Rubin David C
Published: November 2023

The psychologists who have spent a century studying esoteric forms of memory in the laboratory are not really uninterested in its more ordinary manifestations, and have always hoped that their work would have wide applicability sooner or later. Their preference for artificial tasks has a rational basis: one can control variables and manipulate conditions more easily in the lab than in natural settings.
Epic and Formulaic Theory
Authors: Rubin David C
Published: November 2023

Don't mix your genres. Albert Lord, personal communication, August 1983 Must we give reasons for making numerical comparisons in this study of Homeric style? To those who object that a study of style ought not to be a problem in statistics we can reply that the use of figures is our only means of verifying with precision what would otherwise remain a vague impression.
Discussion
Authors: Rubin David C
Published: November 2023

Poor Galton would believe almost anything that allowed measurement and maintained an air of mystery. Crovitz, 1970, p. 35 What Has Been Learned?

The goals of this book have been to learn about human memory by studying the transmission of oral traditions and to learn about oral traditions by applying what is known about human memory. It is time for an evaluation. I can make this evaluation only as a cognitive psychologist. Evaluations from other perspectives and contributions to other fields must be left to others.
The Northeast
Authors: Rusch Frederik L
Published: November 2023

Some miles northwest of New York, perhaps a hundred and fifty as the crow flies, there is a valley flanked by the southern spur-ends of the Catskill mountains. The valley is well watered. In summer, the natural grass and agricultural growths spread out in rich green waves and solid ractangles. Looked down upon from the mountain top, when the sun is shining, this carpet of the valley is amazingly fresh and brilliant. Towns, valley villages, irregular in form, houses for people and barns for cattle, belonging there, are clustered and scattered over the verdant lawn. The house[s] are white; some dulled to grey and greyish brown by long weathering. Most of them, built years ago, were built to stay and be homes. They are honest. The barns are red. The old red barns, among the finest forms of the American landscape
New Mexico
Authors: Rusch Frederik L
Published: November 2023

Within the last decade, American letters have been vitalized by the maturation of a sectional art. New England, through the personalities of Robert Frost and Edwin Arlington [Robinson], and the Middle West, articulate in Sherwood Anderson, Theodore Dreiser, Carl Sandburg, and Edgar Lee Masters, have each contributed notably to the general leavening. This fact already belongs to the literary history of America. It is natural therefore that cultural minds should turn expectantly towards the South. That they should feel certain that here too a splendid birth was imminent. For surely no other section is so rich in the crude materials and experiences, prerequisite to art. The South has a peasantry, rooted in its soil, such as neither the North nor West possess[es]. Therefore it has a basic adjustment to its physical environment (in sharp contrast to the restless mal-adjustment of the northern pioneer) the expression of which the general cultural body stands in sore need of. And, rising from its agricultural communities there spreads a southern life of rich complexity. Factories, Main Streets, and survivals of the old plantations roughly chart these degrees. It has the stark theme of the white and black races. But above all, the South is a land of the gret passions: hate, fear, cruelty, courage, love, and aspiration. And it possesses a tradition of leisure by means of which these attributes might find their way into a significant culture
Music
Authors: Rusch Frederik L
Published: November 2023

They should have arrived in the morning, the cool bright-haze morning of clear and misty things, the forward-gleaming morning. Two young people in love should have arrived when the sun warmed the earth and the pine trees were like torches. They would have seen vast shoulders of earth covered with primeval verdure sloping to the sea. They would have seen the sea itself, bright blue like the sky with a roaring fringe of white where the rocks made foam. The cottages would [have] seemed like tanned young faces with eyes opening. They would have sensed great land and something vast and spiriting. They would have loved Caromb as a place to be in love. But they arrived when the pine trees gathered shadow and the black wing stirred all forms to hunch and creep; when the mountains loomed ominously like huge death-stones moving to close one in; when the sea was bleak and chill and lonely; when dogs barked; when houses began to creak and strain; when seals on the far rocks rolled sounds across the empty waters; when the wind moaned and the sea pounded. It was ghost hour in Caromb. It was the hour of the black wing.
Origin and evolution of feral pigeons
Authors: Johnston Richard F , Janiga Marián
Published: November 2023

Feral pigeons are among the most familiar birds to humans in most parts of the world. They may be welcomed or ignored or actively disliked, but nevertheless are a part of the lives of a great many people. This relationship has a history of thousands of years, to a greater or lesser degree depending on when the wild ancestors of feral pigeons were first domesticated. Only after domesticated pigeons began escaping captivity did such birds have the opportunity to develop characteristics that today we recognize as uniquely theirs and which require us to use the term “feral.” Purists will have noted that the epigraph to this chapter refers to the origins of domestic pigeons; but, the truth is that although Darwin did not address the origins of feral pigeons, his words apply as well to them as to domestics.
Mate choice and pair-bonding
Authors: Johnston Richard F , Janiga Marián
Published: November 2023

The process of pair formation in feral pigeons consists of a number of discrete behavioral displays by males, the early elements of which coincide with the perception by the female of certain male qualities, such that females ultimately choose from among the available displaying males. Males may or not display to a female, so they too have the prospect of choice; but, in experimental setups, males can be more attracted to externals, such as nestsites (Burley, 1981a), which makes it difficult to discuss male choice.