bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Jews of Vienna and the First World War. London: The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2001. xiii, 218 pp.; Marsha L. Rozenblit. Reconstructing National Identity: The Jews of Habsburg Austria During World War I. Studies in Jewish History. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. 304 pp.
Authors: Freidenreich Harriet Pass
Published: May 2005

Considerable attention has been focused on Habsburg Jewry, especially the Jews of Vienna, before World War I. Several works have also dealt with the Jews of Austria and the other Habsburg successor states during the interwar years. Until now, no books have explored in depth the experiences of Austrian Jewry during the First World War. This past year, however, two books, Marsha L. Rozenblit's Reconstructing National Identity: The Jews of Habsburg Austria During World War I and David Rechter's The Jews of Vienna and the First World War, appeared to fill this lacuna in the scholarly literature. Although these books cover the same period and share much the same material, their scope and approach are very different.
Yosef Salmon. Religion and Zionism: First Encounters. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 2002. xxvii, 399 pp.
Authors: Myers Jody
Published: May 2005

This is a translation and slight modification of Dat ve-Ziyyonut: Imutim Rishonim (1990), a Hebrew collection of articles previously published by Yosef Salmon. In this English volume, some sections of the Hebrew edition were omitted, some were altered, and two recent articles were added. The thirteen articles address the period from 1818 (the writings of Hatam Sofer) until 1922 (the founding of Ha-Poءel ha-Mizrachi) and ask how religious Jews—especially those who were drawn toward the hope of restoring the Jewish people to Zion—dealt with the challenges presented by the increasingly secular Jewish national movement. This question is at the center of Salmon's body of research on East European Zionism.
Ruth Gay. Safe Among The Germans: Liberated Jews After World War Two. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002. 330 pp.; Zeev Mankowitz. Life Between Memory and Hope: The Survivors of the Holocaust in Occupied Germany. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. 348 pp.
Authors: Cohen G. Daniel
Published: May 2005

In the last decade or so, new research on Jewish displaced persons in occupied Germany has pushed the traditional boundaries of “Holocaust studies” (1933–1945) toward the postwar period. Indeed, the displaced persons or “DP” experience—the temporary settlement in Germany of the Sheءerith Hapleitah (“Surviving Remnant”) from the liberation of concentration camps in the spring of 1945 to the late 1940s—provides important insights into post-Holocaust Jewish life. The impact of trauma and loss, the final divorce between Jews and East-Central Europe through migration to Israel and the New World, the rise of Zionist consciousness, the shaping of a Jewish national collective in transit, the regeneration of Jewish demography and culture in the DP camps, and the relationships between Jews and Germans in occupied Germany are some of the many themes explored by recent DP historiography—by now a subfield of postwar Jewish history.
Alexander B. Rossino. Hitler Strikes Poland: Blitzkrieg, Ideology, and Atrocity. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 2003. xv, 343 pp.
Authors: Engel David
Published: May 2005

Historians of the Third Reich have long noted that Nazi Germany's actions on the battlefield and occupation policies were governed both by conventional military and radical ideological considerations. Much attention has been devoted to the problem of separating the two strands analytically, to determining which actions and policies should be labeled as primarily one or the other and which elements within the regime thought and behaved mainly according to conventional versus ideological notions. In recent years it has become common to place German military operations before June 1941 under the “conventional” rubric and to date the “ideological” war from the invasion of the Soviet Union, which began in that month. On the other hand, whereas the German army was once widely thought to have constituted a bastion of conventional thinking even after the ideological war had been launched, scholars have increasingly implicated it in the perpetration of ideologically rooted crimes (particularly the murder of Jews on the eastern front).
Haim Hazan. Simulated Dreams: Israeli Youth and Virtual Zionism. New York: Berghahn Books, 2001. xi, 166 pp.
Authors: Rapoport Tamar
Published: May 2005

Zionism—the Israeli national constitutive myth that powerfully shapes that country's politics, society, and culture—is currently under attack from Israeli social scientists. An academic–political stream known as post-Zionism is reexamining and questioning nearly all of Israeli society's “sacred cows” as it exposes the coercive, silencing, and exclusionary force of the Zionist master narrative and its contribution to intense conflicts and cultural and social distortions. This is the context in which the book at hand should be read. It critically examines the Zionist ethos from a cultural anthropological perspective, and explores the cultural mediums through which the Zionist narrative passes as it undergoes a process of fragmentation through simulation.
Michael L. Morgan. Beyond Auschwitz: Post-Holocaust Jewish Thought in America. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. xii, 288 pp.
Authors: Kavka Martin
Published: May 2005

In Beyond Auschwitz, Michael Morgan has in effect woven together two different kinds of narratives. The first narrative is utterly ordinary; thankfully, the second is utterly extraordinary.
Burke O. Long. Imagining the Holy Land: Maps, Models, and Fantasy Travels. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2003. xi, 258 pp.
Authors: Rubin Rehav
Published: May 2005

Many of the pioneers and settlers who came to America held the Bible in their right hands and were strongly inspired by this “Good Book.” They believed they had come to the “New Promised Land,” and consequently gave Biblical names to the new towns and villages, as well as to their children. It was, therefore, almost natural that the remote land in the east, known as the Holy Land, Palestine, the Promised Land, or The Land of Israel, had, and probably still has, a very special place in American culture and society.
Leslie Stein. The Hope Fulfilled: The Rise of Modern Israel. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2002. xiv, 299 pp.
Authors: Kaplan Eran
Published: May 2005

In the preface to The Hope Fulfilled, a history of the Zionist movement from the 1880s to 1948, Leslie Stein writes that, unlike other voluminous publications that have dealt with the history of modern Israel, he has attempted to provide a concise description of the events that led to the founding of the State of Israel. Focusing primarily on the political, military, and diplomatic aspects of Zionist history, this 275-page (sans glossary and index) volume is indeed a succinct yet thorough description that gives the student of Zionist history a sound introduction to the origins and history of the movement.
Zafrira Lidovsky Cohen. Loosen the Fetters of thy Tongue, Woman: The Poetry and Poetics of Yona Wallach. Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press, 2003. x, 264 pp.
Authors: Ostriker Alicia
Published: May 2005

Think of the intensity and notoriety of Sylvia Plath in the English-speaking world, and multiply it several times: that is Yona Wallach for the Hebrew-speaking world today. The most passionate and flamboyant figure in postwar literary Israel, Wallach was born on a small farming village in 1944, lived there most of her life until her death of breast cancer in 1985, and after her death has become a cultural legend. In life Wallach experimented with sex, drugs, and madness (she checked herself into a mental hospital in 1964 and remained for three months, deliberately exploring what the subconscious yielded), was a compelling live performer of her poems, and was typically surrounded by worshipful younger writers. In her art she was yet more experimental. Her poetry combines mysticism, sexuality, an ecstatic love of nature and a correspondingly powerful mistrust of society and its conventions, a fascination with language and the breakdown of language, an insistence on the validity of freedom and will. Steeped in biblical allusions, mythology, fairy tales, and kabbalistic imagery, she often twists and turns her sources with playful or violent irony. Her lexicon swerves through extremes of exaltation and crudeness. Her verse sometimes is traditionally rhymed, more often unpredictably and jazzily ragged, her imagery is often surreal, her narratives elliptic, her syntax fractured—yet thrillingly readable.
Terrorism, Social Movements, and International Security: How Al Qaeda Affects Southeast Asia
Authors: LEHENY DAVID
Published: May 2005

This paper argues that international security studies can most profitably engage the issue of international terrorism by considering terrorist groups as transnational social movement organizations. It takes as its case Al Qaeda's role in Southeast Asia, focusing especially on the efforts of Al Qaeda leaders to align the demands and grievances of local Islamist movements and to spread a set of tactics and methods of political violence. In so doing, the paper builds on the often-neglected literature on the politics of terrorism while tying the argument to prevailing debates over social movements. The paper thus aims at clarifying the ways in which Southeast Asian organizations have adopted Al Qaeda's tactics and language but appear to be addressing primarily local or provincial concerns. This perspective also draws terrorism into current discussions of international security while maintaining a detailed focus on the interactions of individual agents and larger violent movements.
MYSTERY IN PARIS, THE GERMAN CONNECTION AND MORE: THE BÉRARD–BLANCHET CONTROVERSY REVISITED
Authors: JEROLD BEVERLY
Published: May 2005

In 1755 a small vocal instruction book dedicated to the King’s mistress, Madame de Pompadour, was published in Paris under the name of [Jean-Antoine] Bérard. His role in this work was challenged a year later by l’abbé Jean Blanchet, who published a greatly enlarged version of Bérard’s book, claiming that he was its true author. Up to now, the lack of definitive source material has prevented a resolution of this question. New evidence clarifies its puzzling aspects, enabling us to reach a plausible conclusion. Investigating this matter leads also to insights in other areas, including the original meaning of the term amateur, the first known presentation of diaphragm breathing in print, the quality of singing at the Paris Opéra, contemporary views on the overuse of embellishment and audience behaviour.
ON THE RELATION OF MUSICAL TOPOI TO FORMAL FUNCTION
Authors: CAPLIN WILLIAM E.
Published: May 2005

The theory of musical topoi (or topics) has emerged in recent decades as a powerful tool for the analysis of musical expression within tonal repertories. Largely originating in Leonard Ratner’s ground-breaking treatise Classic Music from 1980, it has since been considerably developed and extended by some of his students, especially Wye Allanbrook and Kofi Agawu. The theory has also stimulated considerable interest from music semioticians such as Robert Hatten, Márta Grabócz and Raymond Monelle, who find it a major resource for the investigation of extra-musical referentiality and meaning. Indeed, topical analysis may well be considered one of the success stories of modern musicology.
THREE POSTHUMOUS REPORTS CONCERNING MOZART IN HIS LATE VIENNESE YEARS
Authors: BUCH DAVID J.
Published: May 2005

Three posthumous documents not taken into account in the secondary literature on Mozart may offer insight into the last few years of the composer’s life. While these reminiscences do not solve any mysteries, they could eventually help to shed new light on significant but as yet unresolved biographical questions.
Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript (CART) Peptide: A Vasoactive Role in the Cerebral Circulation
Authors: Iliff Jeffrey J , Alkayed Nabil J , Gloshani Kiarash J , Traystman Richard J , West G Alexander
Published: May 2005

Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptides are known to be involved in the stress response and have been implicated in the regulation of the cardiovascular system. We evaluated the direct vasoactive properties of CART in the cerebral circulation and its potential mechanisms of action. Penetrating cerebral arterioles, isolated from male Sprague—Dawley rats, were cannulated using a concentric micropipette setup, pressurized and perfused. The vascular response to intraluminal and extraluminal CART peptide was characterized. The endothelium dependence of this response was assessed by means of the endothelial light—dye injury model. The nonspecific endothelin receptor antagonist PD-145065, the ETA-specific antagonist BQ-123, the ETB-specific antagonist BQ-788, and the inhibitor of endothelin-converting enzyme phosphoramidon were used to characterize the involvement of the endothelin pathway in the vascular response to CART peptide. Extraluminal and intraluminal application of CART peptide (0.1 nm to 1 μmol/L) evoked a long-lasting dose-dependent constriction of isolated penetrating cerebral arterioles to ~80% of resting myogenic tone. Disruption of the endothelium by the endothelial light/dye injury model resulted in the abolition of this response ( P<0.05). Extraluminal administration of PD-145065, BQ-123, and phosphoramidon blocked the constriction response to CART peptide ( P<0.01). The ETB antagonist, BQ-788, did not alter the constriction response to CART peptide. Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide is a potent vasoconstrictor in the cerebral circulation. Its direct vasoactive properties are endothelium-dependent and are mediated by ETA, not ETB, endothelin receptors.
A Method of Preparing Thin Gold and Silver Foils of Uniform Thickness by Electrolysis
Authors: Meester Paul de , Raghavan K. Srinivasa , Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf Doris
Published: May 2005

Gold and silver single-crystal foils of uniform thickness have been produced by electrolysis. The preparation of gold foils involves three steps: the evaporation of silver onto cleaved mica, the electrodeposition of gold on silver, and, lastly, the stripping of the gold foil by dissolving the intermediate layer of silver. Silverfoils are prepared by (1) evaporating silver onto cleaved mica, (2) electrodepositing silver on silver, and (3)mechanically stripping the silver foil.
Response of a Burning Solid to Small-Amplitude Pressure Oscillations
Authors: Williams F. A.
Published: May 2005

The acoustic response for waves normally incident upon a burning surface region is analyzed. The combustion process involves heat conduction within the solid, an irreversible surface pyrolysis process, and a distributed gas-phase reaction zone with conduction and diffusion. Linear differential equations determining the acoustic response are derived for arbitrary frequencies and simplified to a single second-order equation for the case in which the frequency is small compared to the reciprocal of a characteristic gaseous reactiontime. An approximate analytical solution to this last equation, valid when the over-all activation energy for the gaseous reaction is large, is shown to yield a simple formula for the admittance, which determines the acoustic response. This admittance formula implies that sound waves are attenuated at low frequencies and, in most cases, amplified only when the frequency approaches the reciprocal of the reaction time. In particular, it is inferred that a pure solid ammonium perchlorate deflagration will not amplify acoustic vibrations, and therefore, presumably, will not experience oscillatory combustion.
Theory of Galvano-Thermomagnetic Energy Conversion Devices. II. Refrigerators and Heat Pumps
Authors: Harman T. C. , Honig J. M.
Published: May 2005

Following the procedure of an earlier paper (Port I) the maximum temperature difference, coefficient of performance, figure of merit, optimum current and voltage, and the optimization conditions were obtained for galvano-thermomagnetic refrigerators and heat pumps under a variety of operating conditions. It is shown that the coefficients of performance of refrigerators and heat pumps differ by unity. Upper bounds are placed on the transverse figure of merit and a brief discussion of the main features of the theory is given.
Temperature Coefficient of Resistance of the High Pressure Phases of Si, Ge, and Some III–V and II–VI Compounds
Authors: Minomura S. , Samara G. A. , Drickamer H. G.
Published: May 2005

The temperature coefficient of resistance has been obtained for the high pressure phases of silicon, germanium,and several III–V and II–VI compounds having the zinc-blende or wurtzite structure. The high pressurephases of all zinc-blende compounds were metallic. The high pressure phase of CdS is a semiconductor.

Data were also obtained on CdSe at room temperature and as a function of temperature. The transitionfound optically is also obtained electrically. The resistance-pressure curve for the high pressure phase has considerable structure. It is metallic.

An upper limit for the transition pressures of germanium and GaSb at liquid nitrogen temperature was established.
High-Field Electron Emission from Cadmium Telluride
Authors: Savage William R.
Published: May 2005

The high-field electron emission projection microscope has been used to study the field emission characteristics of cadmium telluride field emission cathodes. Stable currents were observed which exhibited light sensitive changes.
Elastic Energy Release from Slip Bands During Fracture
Authors: Wiederhorn S.
Published: May 2005

The elastic energy released as a crack passes parallel to a slip band has been calculated. This energy may be large enough to explain observations of (110) cracking in NaCl-type ionic crystals.
Observation of Self-Decorated Fission Tracks in AgCl Crystals
Authors: Tuerpe D. R. , Knorr T. G.
Published: May 2005

Fission recoil fragments have been observed to produce tracks in AgCl crystals by a process of self-decoration. The decorated regions were studied with transmission optical microscopy and found to have diameters ranging in size up to 5000 Å. Correlation studies indicate that all of the fragments that entered the crystal produced observable regions. Fission tracks have been followed for about 11 μ.
Radiation-Induced Changes in Silicon Photovoltaic Cells
Authors: Baicker Joseph A. , Faughnan Brian W.
Published: May 2005

The effect of both electron and proton irradiation of silicon photovoltaic cells is given in terms of the loss of photovoltaic response and the decrease in the lifetime. Analysis of the spectral response shows that a simple carrier diffusion model provides an adequate description of the behavior of the shallow-diffused junctions that were investigated, and yields values for the minority carrier diffusion length before and after irradiation. Most of the photovoltaic response is shown to occur in the base region of the cells, rather than in the surface layer, and virtually all of the loss of response is caused by defects introduced in the base. The reciprocal of the lifetime is linear with the cumulative irradiation flux, and is consistent with the loss of photovoltaic response. There are significant differences between p on n and n on p cells under electron bombardment; the former damaging roughly 100 times as rapidly as the latter. Under proton bombardment the difference is roughly a factor of three. A comparison of electron, proton, and neutron irradiation suggests that the individual lattice displacements produced in electron irradiation are no more effective in producing recombination than the displacements produced in high concentration in neutron and proton irradiation.
Microwave Reflection by Uniform Dense Plasmas
Authors: Tsukishima Takashige , Takeda Susumu
Published: May 2005

Convenient formulas are deduced, which relate electron densities and collision frequencies of uniform dense plasmas to two standing wave signals of a probing microwave reflected at a plane boundary of the plasma. In an experiment with a uniform afterglow plasma produced in a waveguide, the electron density from 2×1013 cm−3 to 3×1011 cm−3 is measured with reasonable value of the collision frequency by using a X-band microwave. The technique provides a mean for detecting an electron density as high as 1×1016 cm−3with the X-band microwave.
An Experimental Study of the Parallel Pumped Ferromagnetic Amplifier
Authors: Peressini E. R. , Hartwick T. S. , Weiss M. T.
Published: May 2005

The performance characteristics of the parallel pumped magnetostatic amplifier are experimentally determined. The gain bandwidth product and noise figure are measured as a function of pump power and compared with the usual parametric amplifier theory. Deviations occur which originate from a broadening of the signal and idle magnetostatic modes. This linewidth broadening increases with pump power and is due to pump saturation effects. When the usual theory for the gain bandwidth and noise figure is corrected, close agreement is obtained with the experimental data.
Electrical Resistivity of Dilute Alloys of Magnesium and Neodymium
Authors: Das K. B. , Gerritsen A. N.
Published: May 2005

The electrical resistivity of magnesium at room temperature was found to increase by 1.47±0.37 μΩ cm per atomic percent addition of neodymium. The additional resistivity is strongly temperature dependent between 77° and 373°K. In the temperature range 273° to 373°K the temperature dependence of the additional resistivity can be characterized by a temperature coefficient of the order −2×10−3 deg−1.
Preparation of CdTe Crystals from Near Stoichiometric and Cd Rich Melt Compositions under Constant Cd Pressure
Authors: Lorenz M. R.
Published: May 2005

Crystal growth on the basis of phase equilibrium relationships in the Cd-Te system is discussed. Two very different types of approaches were investigated. Growth by slowly cooling melts of near stoichiometric composition under constant cadmium pressure resulted in single crystals up to 5 cm in length. Growth from cadmium rich compositions at constant cadmium pressure by heating the melt produced crystals up to 1 cm in length. The relative merits of the two processes are discussed with regard to CdTe and other similar systems.
Comparative Surface Hardening Effects of Edge and Screw Dislocations in Aluminum Single Crystals
Authors: Nakada Yoshinao , Chalmers Bruce
Published: May 2005

The present experiment was conducted to investigate whether edge and screw dislocations play different roles in the surface work-hardening of metals deformed in tension. The sides of the crystals were so oriented that one pair of sides was parallel to the Burgers vector of the dislocations of the primary slip system. The crystals were deformed in tension to 0.5% and then unloaded. Subsequently, some crystals were masked on one pair of sides, and others were masked on the other pair of sides. They were then electropolished to remove the surface layers from the unmasked faces. This operation was repeated at several strains. At small strains,edge and screw dislocations play different roles in the surface work-hardening mechanism. However, at larger strains, both edge and screw dislocations harden the surface equally, and preferential surface work-hardening increases as the stress level increases.
Elastic Moduli of Single-Crystal Zinc Oxide
Authors: Bateman T. B.
Published: May 2005

New interest in zinc oxide has developed since it has been discovered to be piezoelectric. In line with this interest the zero field adiabatic elastic moduli have been measured. A high frequency, 60 to 500 Mc ultrasonic pulse technique was employed. Two crystals with sufficiently high conductivity to effectively short the electric field were available for the measurements.

A density of 5.676 g/cm3 was used to calculate the zero-field adiabatic elastic moduli. This density was taken as exact with reference to the error limits.

The moduli in units of 1012 dyn/cm2 at 25°C are: c11E = 2.097 ±0.1%, c12E = 1.211 ±0.15%, c13E = 1.051 ±0.15%, c33E = 2.109 ±0.1%, c44E = 0.4247 ±0.1%, c66E = 12(c11E−c12E) = 0.4429±0.1%.
Linear Dislocations in Nonuniform Stress Fields
Authors: Chou Y. T. , Louat N.
Published: May 2005

Approximate solutions for the distribution of dislocation arrays under nonuniform stresses are given. Three basic types of stress fields are investigated: The finite power series, the simple exponential and simple trigonometric functions.

A number of quantitative examples are given. It is found that the number of dislocations in a piled-up array is particularly sensitive to the relative magnitude of the stress near the tail of the array.
Calculation of Distributions in One-Dimensional Plasma Sheaths
Authors: Rose D. J. , Esterling R. J.
Published: May 2005

In collisionless plasma acceleration and sheath problems, where the potential and one of the fluxes are known, the distribution in energy of flux of the other species can be computed as a solution of Abel's equation. This technique is illustrated, and self-consistent sample solutions are given for ion and electron beams crossing a potential drop, with a concomitant-trapped electron flux.
Disturbance of a Low-Pressure Discharge by a Probe
Authors: Barnes Bentley T.
Published: May 2005

This paper correlates the appearance of the discharge around a probe with data obtained with a fixed and a movable wall probe. A relatively small probe at the axis of a discharge has much less effect than the insulating sleeve around the probe lead. Since ion depletion is the controlling factor, the disturbing effect increases a little as the probe is made more negative. The presence of the insulating sleeve enhances the electric field on the anode side of it, increasing ion production, and displaces the region of maximum ion production toward the part of the tube beyond the end of the probe. Corresponding increases in ion flow to the wall beyond the end of the probe and to either side of it are observed. In noble gas discharges (tube 34 mm i.d., filling pressure 1.0–7.0 mm Hg, are current 1.0–1.4 A) increases in wall current beyond the end of a probe at the axis of the discharge, with an insulator 0.15 mm in diameter around its lead, ranged from 12 to 29%.
Superconductors as Permanent Magnets
Authors: Bean C. P. , Doyle Margaret V.
Published: May 2005

A discussion is given concerning the properties of superconductors considered as permanent magnets. Experiments on solid and hollow cylinders of lead are reported and compared to theoretical predictions. A macroscopic theory is developed of the filamentary mesh high-field superconductor in the form of an infinite plate. An experiment on a sample of Nb3Sn shows maximum energy product greater than 25 MG-Oe at 4.2°K. The phenomenon of discontinuous flux jumping is demonstrated and discussed briefly.
Crossing Matrices for Helicity Amplitudes, Application to Crossed Channel Partial-Wave Analysis, and Reggeization
Authors: Muzinich Ivan J.
Published: May 2005

The crossing relations of two-body scattering amplitudes for reactions involving particles with spin are derived for the helicity amplitudes of Jacob and Wick. From the crossing relations, the differential cross section and polarization of the direct channel are related to the analytic continuation of the crossed channel helicity amplitude. The differential cross section is then expressed in terms of the crossed channel partial waves, and rules are given for treating the exchange of fixed angular momentum poles and Regge poles for two-body processes involving particles with higher spin.
Asymptotic Behavior of Feynman Integrals with Spin
Authors: Polkinghorne J. C.
Published: May 2005

Some general features are investigated of the dependence of the asymptotic behavior of Feynman integrals upon factors in the numerator of the integrand resulting from particles with spin. These results are used to analyze the high-energy behavior of ladder diagrams for spin-12 nucleons interacting with neutral vector mesons. The leading contribution is shown to consist of terms corresponding to a reggeised nucleon together with certain other terms. The expected cancellation of these other terms by terms associated with a well-defined class of crossed diagrams is verified in detail for the sixth-order case. Finally, other significant diagrams, different from the ladders and their associated crossed diagrams, are investigated and it is shown that they only provide higher-order corrections to the trajectory of the reggeised nucleon.
Perturbation Variation Methods for a Quantum Boltzmann Equation
Authors: Snider R. F.
Published: May 2005

For molecules with degenerate internal states, the single-particle distribution function must be replaced by a density matrix, or better, if the translational motion is treated classically, by a Wigner distribution-function density matrix. The modified Boltzmann Integro-differential equation for this quantity has been previously derived but so far only limited solutions of the resulting equation have been obtained. Methods are herein discussed which enable the standard methods for the solution of the classical Boltzmann equation to be applied to the solution of this equation. Complications involving commutation properties are resolved.
Observables in Relativistic Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Davidon W. C. , Ekstein H.
Published: May 2005

The conventional statement of statistical determinism is that “the expectation values of all (Heisenberg)observables are determined by the expectation values of the observables at one time.” This requires that a full algebra of self-adjoint operators be in one-to-one correspondence with measurement procedures performed at one time. For instance, it requires that if two noncommuting observables pand q are defined at t = 0, there should exist a measurement procedure at t = 0 corresponding to p+q. No such procedure is known. The contrast between the positive assertion of the existence of certain laboratory procedures and the inability to describe them constitutes perhaps the weakest point of quantum mechanics. However, the conventional statement of statistical causality is shown to be untenable in a relativistic theory. This paper proposes a weaker form of causality which (1) uses measurements made within a truncated light cone rather than at one time for predictive purposes, and (2)which involves only strictly localized states, i.e., states which are vacuumlike outside a finite volume. Failure of the conventional causality statement implies that the set of quasilocal observables is not necessarily linear, i.e., if A and B are in a set, A+B is not necessarily in it. This remark may open the way to a systematic inquiry into the problems of associating laboratory procedures to self-adjoint operators.
Coulomb Green's Function
Authors: Schwinger Julian
Published: May 2005

A one-parameter integral representation is given for the momentum space Green's function of the nonrelativistic Coulomb problem.
Scattering Wavefunctions for a Dirac Particle in a Central Potential
Authors: Fradkin D. M. , Hammer C. L. , Weber T. A.
Published: May 2005

The scattering wavefunction for a Dirac particle in a central potential is written in terms of a matrix acting on a plane-wave spinor whose momentum direction p̂ and polarization direction are the assigned directions for the asymptotic incident plane wave. The matrix involves four functions, independent of polarization direction, which multiply the matrices 1, α·(p̂ − r̂), α·(p̂ + r̂), and p̂·r̂·σ. Differential relations for these four functions are directly obtained and asymptotic relations are given. In particular, the function multiplying α·(p̂ + r̂) is asymptotically zero, so the potential scattering formulation is identical with that given previously for the Coulomb potential. The scattering wavefunction is a solution of the general differential relations subject to appropriate boundary conditions. For the Coulomb potential, these differential relations simplify, and an iterative solution is developed based on a Green's function technique with the Sommerfeld-Maue approximation as the zero-order solution.
Algebra of Dirac Bilinears
Authors: Penney R.
Published: May 2005

All of the possible quadratic relations among the Dirac bilinear covariants which one may construct using both the usual bispinor and its charge-conjugate are given. Many interesting purely algebraic results are found for a general Dirac field.
Generalized Phase-Space Distribution Functions
Authors: Cohen Leon
Published: May 2005

A set of quasi-probability distribution functions which give the correct quantum mechanical marginal distributions of position and momentum is studied. The phase-space distribution does not have to be bilinear in the state function. The Wigner distribution is a special case. A general relationship between the phase-space distribution functions and the rule of associating classical quantities to quantum mechanical operators is derived. This allows the writing of correspondence rules at will,of which the ones presently known are particular cases. The dynamics and other properties of the generalized phase-space distribution are considered.
Adiabatic Invariants and the “Third” Integral
Authors: Contopoulos George
Published: May 2005

In a general case of Hamiltonian systems of n degrees of freedom, depending periodically on time, n formal “third” integrals of motion are found. Their application in finding boundaries for the orbits is illustrated in a special case. Then a comparison is made between these integrals and the adiabatic invariants. Both are series expansions but the small parameter used is of different character in each case. This is shown explicitly in a simple example and the relative accuracy of the two expansions is discussed.
Failure of the Mayer Irreducible Cluster Theorem with Wave Mechanics
Authors: Witt Hugh De , Fishbane Paul
Published: May 2005

The wave mechanical form of the cluster integrals in the activity expansion for the pressure of nonideal gas is written in the Wiener functional integral form. The various pieces of the nth-order cluster integral may then be easily expanded around the classical limit [Wigner-Kirkwood (WK)expansion] using the procedure of Gel'fand and Yaglom. It is shown that the reducible diagrams fail to factor at O(ħ4), and thus the Mayer theorem that only irreducible diagrams come into the virial coefficients of the density expansion of the pressure is valid only through O(ħ2). As an example, the WK expansion of the third virial coefficient is worked out to O(ħ4). It is shown also how the functional integral formatism may be used to expand quantum statistical mechanical perturbation theory about the classical limit.
The Initial-Value Problem for a Slab. II. Nonuniform Slab
Authors: Mika Janusz
Published: May 2005

This paper deals with the time-dependent neutron transport in a plane slab of material with variable nuclear properties. The one-velocity theory and the isotropic scattering are assumed. The spectral properties of the corresponding Boltzmann operator are found, and the initial-value problem is solved.
The Physical Regions of Many-Particle Processes
Authors: Morrow Richard A.
Published: May 2005

Lorentz invariant expressions, in the form of determinantal conditions, are derived for the physical regions of many-particle processes. They are explicitly solved in the case of five-particle processes and the solutions are exhibited in the planes of pairs of the five independent kinematic invariants.
Ray Representations of Finite Nonunitary Groups
Authors: Murthy M. V.
Published: May 2005

An extension of the ray representation theory is formulated to embrace nonunitary groups. The coray representations are obtained by the ray representations of its unitary subgroup. Theorems of coray representations are stated. The usefulness of the formalism is discussed.
Determination of the Parameters of Model Field Theories from Phase Shifts and Bound-States Energies
Authors: Fonda Luciano , Ghirardi Gian' Carlo
Published: May 2005

The inversion problem is taken into account and solved in the framework of some models of quantum field theories. Both cases of one and multichannels models are considered. The conditions that must be satisfied by the phase shifts in order that they can be reproduced by the considered models are discussed and relations are derived among the scattering phase shifts, the energies of the bound states and the parameters of the models. It turns out that in certain cases the parameters are completely determined while in other cases some freedom is left.
Gauge Invariant Formulation of the BCS Model
Authors: Emch Gérard , Guenin Marcel
Published: May 2005

A generalized Valatin-Bogoliubov transformation is exhibited, which preserves the gauge invariance of the theory. Some consequences of this treatment of the BCS-model are analyzed in the framework of nonrelativistic axiomatic field theory.
On Irreducible Tensor Operators for Finite Groups
Authors: Rudra P.
Published: May 2005

A method is derived for obtaining the tensor covariants of the finite groups, belonging to any given factor system, starting from an arbitrary tensor of rank r in a N-dimensional vector space. The transformation properties of the irreducible tensor operators for the projective representations of the group have been discussed. The Wigner-Eckart theorem for these representations has also been studied.
Nevis Synchrocyclotron Slow Neutron Velocity Spectrometer
Authors: Rainwater J. , Havens W. W. , Desjardins J. S. , Rosen J. L.
Published: May 2005

A high-intensity, high-resolution neutron velocity selector system, employing the Nevis synchrocyclotron as a source of pulsed neutrons, is described. Detector counts are accumulated in a 2000-channel analyzer with 0.1-μsec channel width. Punch card data reduction techniques are discussed. Resonance spectra of PbI2 obtained using a 35-m flight path provide an example of the resolution and illustrate the use of the self-indication capture γ-ray detector scheme extensively employed. A planned flight path of 200 m is expected to provide a resolution of <1 nsec/m for neutron energies above 1000 ev.
Variable Capacitance Liquid Level Sensors
Authors: Wilner L. Bruce
Published: May 2005

The properties of continuous variable capacitance liquid level gauges are analyzed, and the interrelations of hydraulic and electrical properties are examined. The analysis covers both conductive and nonconductive liquids and considers the “flowback” effects found in dynamic level fluctuations (such as waves and slosh). Design rules are given.
Field-Swept Carr-Purcell Experiment
Authors: Sher A. , Norberg R. E.
Published: May 2005

It is demonstrated that a linear sweep of the magnetic field reduces the requirement for precise 180° rotations in a Carr-Purcell spin echo experiment.
High Temperature High Vacuum Resistance Furnace
Authors: Cohen Julius , Eaton William
Published: May 2005

An experimental high temperature high vacuum furnace with self-supported tungsten resistance heating elements is described. The furnace is assembled from readily obtainable parts, and knife-edge vacuum seals are used through-out. The volume of the hot chamber is approximately 2 in. diameter by 8 in. high; the uniform zone is 2 in. long. A temperature of 2000°C can be attained at a pressure of ∼10−5 mm Hg and at a power expenditure of 12 kw.
Energy Analyzer for Electron Diffraction by Gases
Authors: Swick D. A.
Published: May 2005

A velocity analyzer has been constructed for use in the diffraction of fast electrons by gases as well as solids. The angular distributions of elastically and of inelastically scattered electrons are electrostatically separated and are simultaneously recorded on photographic plates. Coherent inelastic scattering patterns from CCl4 vapor and C6H6vapor have been obtained.
Automatic Recording Electromagnetic Balance
Authors: Lincoln Kenneth A.
Published: May 2005

A simple recording electromagnetic weighing balance has been constructed and operated as a moisture sorption balance and as a flash pyrolysis weight-loss balance. A weight hanging at one end of a lever arm is equilibrated by the counter torque resulting from an armature (same axis of rotation as the lever arm) carrying an electric currentflowing perpendicular to a magnetic field. The current is supplied from a dc amplifier which is controlled by light falling on a phototube. These components are interconnected in a feedback loop so that the weight of the sample,the amount of light striking the phototube, and the magnitude of the counter torque current are all sustained in dynamic equilibrium. The instrument has been operated over the 0- to 100-mg range and found to be linear and quite stable with a precision of 0.04 mg.
Lightweight Suntracker for Balloon Applications
Authors: Shechet M. L.
Published: May 2005

A lightweight inexpensive suntracker for balloon applications is described. The entire tracking system including power supplies for a 12-hr flight weighs 1.76 kg. The system has demonstrated in the laboratory a capability of pointing a 1.42-kg load at the sun within ±0.12°. A very simple and reliable acquisition and tracking technique is employed which uses no vacuum tubes or transistors.
New Type of Cold Cathode Vacuum Gauge for the Measurement of Pressures Below 10−3 mm Hg
Authors: Barnes George
Published: May 2005

A new type of cold cathode vacuum gauge is described which will operate in the 10−3 to 10−8 mm Hg range. It is indicated that the new gauge will probably operate below 10−10 mm Hg without further modification. In this gauge,ions are produced by a field-ion emitter source and detected by means of a phosphor screen and scintillation probe. The scintillation probe technique as applied to other vacuum manometers is discussed, and some curves are given in connection with its use in an ordinary ionization gauge.
Detection and Correction of Nonlinearity in X-Ray Proportional Counters
Authors: Short M. A.
Published: May 2005

A simple procedure is described for the detection and correction of nonlinearity in x-ray proportional counters. This procedure is shown to be superior to the simple version of the multiple foil method. Under typical working conditions a General Electric 1 SPG counter was found to be linear (to within 0.03%) up to 4000 counts/sec.
Workable Magnetic Shim to Correct Second-Order Aberration in a Mass Spectrometer
Authors: Balestrini Silvio J. , White Frederick A.
Published: May 2005

A simple magnetic shim has been developed and tested to obtain second-order focusing in an existing conventional mass spectrometer of the magnetic sector type. An easily applied formula is developed for its fabrication from a sheet of thin magnetic material, and a practical method for its alignment is discussed. The improved second-order focusing obtained is demonstrated by displaying the spectrometer signal directly on an oscilloscope. The property of the shim to correct defocusing due to spectrometer misalignment is demonstrated.
A Plane-Crystal and Bent-Crystal High Resolving-Power Neutron Spectrometer
Authors: Bally D. , Todireanu S. , Tarină E. , Olteanu I.
Published: May 2005

The resolving function and the shape of the rocking curves are calculated for plane-crystal neutron spectrometers,taking into account the effect of total reflection from the collimator walk. The features of crystal-type neutronspectrometers are described for the plane-crystal and bent-crystal variants, and results obtained with such a spectrometer are presented. When using a calcite crystal, the resolving power of the instrument is 0.53 μsec/m. In this case, the energy range extends up to 5.5 ev. Results obtained with a bent-quartz crystal are presented.
Feral goats (Capra hircus L.) in the Macleay River gorge system, north-eastern New South Wales, Australia. II. Impacts on rainforest vegetation
Authors: Pisanu Philip , Bayne Paul , Harden Robert , Eggert Ann
Published: May 2005

The impacts of feral goats in rainforests and thickets of the Macleay River system were studied. Rainforest floristics and diversity and goat browsing were measured over five years in a large-scale experiment with two experimental controls (density <1 goat km–2 and density ~20 goats km–2), and a goat-removal treatment (670-ha exclosure, initial density ~20 goats km–2). Feral goats browsed forb, shrub, tree and vine species. Sites with many goats were browsed at significantly higher levels than sites from which goats were removed and sites where goats occurred at very low density (<1 goat km–2). Contrary to findings in other studies, no plant species declined substantially where goat densities remained high throughout the study. Only the native forb Urtica incisa increased markedly following removal of goats. High goat numbers were not linked to increased exotic species abundances. At the community scale, species richness, diversity and evenness did not vary substantially among treatments in any year, nor did ordinations of sites (multidimensional scaling) reveal any pattern of site similarity between years that could be related to either goat presence or absence. Rainfall may have influenced plant density and masked the effects of feral goats. Rainforests in the region appear to be resilient to browsing under present feral goat densities, probably because goats feed predominantly in adjacent grassy woodlands and forests. However, we recommend a precautionary approach to feral goat management as these rainforests and thickets are of high conservation value.
The effects of translocation on the spatial ecology of tiger snakes (Notechis scutatus) in a suburban landscape
Authors: Butler H. , Malone B. , Clemann N.
Published: May 2005

In many suburban parts of Australia the removal of snakes from private property by licenced snake catchers is employed to mitigate perceived risks to humans and their pets. The number of snakes translocated around greater Melbourne, Victoria, each year can be very high (at least many hundreds). However, the effects of translocation on the behaviour and welfare of individual snakes, and the impact on existing snake populations at release sites are unknown. We used radio-telemetry of ‘resident’ and translocated snakes to investigate the consequences of translocation on the spatial ecology of tiger snakes (Notechis scutatus) in a suburban parkland near Melbourne. Fourteen snakes (two female and four male residents, and four female and four male translocated snakes) implanted with radio-transmitters were tracked between spring 2002 and autumn 2003. Translocated snakes exhibited home ranges ~6 times larger than those of residents, although each group maintained core ranges of similar size. Translocated snakes travelled longer distances and were often located in residential areas adjacent to the park, whereas resident snakes were never located outside of the park.
Day roost selection by female little forest bats (Vespadelus vulturnus) within remnant woodland on Phillip Island, Victoria
Authors: Campbell Susan , Lumsden Linda F. , Kirkwood Roger , Coulson Graeme
Published: May 2005

The day roosting behaviour of the little forest bat (Vespadelus vulturnus), Australia’s smallest bat, was investigated in the context of the planned removal of dead timber within managed woodlands on Phillip Island, Victoria. Between August 1999 and March 2000, 14 female little forest bats were fitted with VHF microtransmitters and tracked to a total of 16 roost trees. All roosts were located in dead timber, 11 in severely decayed remains of eucalypt trees, and five in dead sections of live trees. Roost trees were compared with randomly chosen trees from within the available habitat, for a range of tree characteristics. Female little forest bats selected roosts in trees with dead timber offering many hollows and reduced canopy cover. Furthermore, roost trees were located in areas (0.1-ha plots) with higher densities of these types of trees than in the available habitat. However, there was no difference in the height or diameter of roost trees or roost plots compared with available habitat. Emergence time from roosts was strongly associated with civil twilight (when the centre of the sun is 6° below an ideal horizon), and the number of bats exiting a single roost tree ranged from 1 to 120 (median = 20). Dead trees provide critical roosting habitat and we recommend retention of dead standing trees for conserving little forest bat roosts in managed woodlands.