bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in a General Pediatric Clinic
Authors: Jean Dany , Cyr Claude
Published: July 2007

BACKGROUND. Use of complementary and alternative medical therapies is common and increasing, particularly for children with chronic disease.

OBJECTIVES. The purpose of this work was to describe the use of complementary and alternative medicine by children and to identify factors that may influence the use of complementary and alternative medicine.

PATIENTS AND METHODS. We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study with children who were visiting a pediatric outpatient clinic. Parent's satisfaction about primary care was evaluated with the Parent's Perceptions of Pediatric Primary Care Quality questionnaire.

RESULTS. Fifty-four percent of children used ≥1 type of complementary and alternative medicine in the previous year. No sociodemographic characteristic difference was found between user and nonuser groups. Children most often used complementary and alternative medicine to treat musculoskeletal problems (27%), psychological problems (24%), or infections (20%). Factors that influenced complementary and alternative medicine use were “word of mouth” (36%), “reference by a physician” (28%), “personal experience by parents” (28%), and “no adequate resources in ‘traditional’ medicine” (21%). Forty-seven percent of complementary and alternative medicine users used prescribed medications simultaneously. Most users (75%) believed that complementary and alternative medicine had no potential adverse effects or interactions with prescribed medication. Only 44% of complementary and alternative users were known as such by their physician. The primary care satisfaction was significantly lower in complementary and alternative users versus nonusers. Parents of complementary and alternative users were less satisfied in the areas of accessibility, knowledge of the patient, and communication.

CONCLUSIONS. Complementary and alternative medicine was used by 54% of the children in our cohort. Complementary and alternative medicine users were less satisfied with primary care than nonusers. Only 44% of complementary and alternative medicine users were known by their physician. It is important that physicians systematically elicit families' expectations of treatment and be aware of the range of therapies used by children.
Rapid-Onset Obesity With Hypothalamic Dysfunction, Hypoventilation, and Autonomic Dysregulation Presenting in Childhood
Authors: Ize-Ludlow Diego , Gray Juliette A. , Sperling Mark A. , Berry-Kravis Elizabeth M. , Milunsky Jeff M. , Farooqi I. Sadaf , Rand Casey M. , Weese-Mayer Debra E.
Published: July 2007

OBJECTIVE. The goal was to characterize the phenotype and potential candidate genes responsible for the syndrome of late-onset central hypoventilation with hypothalamic dysfunction.

METHODS. Individuals with late-onset central hypoventilation with hypothalamic dysfunction who were referred to Rush University Medical Center for clinical or genetic assessment in the past 3 years were identified, and medical charts were reviewed to determine shared characteristics of the affected subjects. Blood was collected for genetic testing of candidate genes (PHOX2B, TRKB, and BDNF) and for high-resolution conventional G-banding, subtelomeric fluorescent in situ hybridization, and comparative genomic hybridization analysis. A subset of these children were studied in the Pediatric Respiratory Physiology Laboratory at Rush University Medical Center.

RESULTS. Twenty-three children with what we are now naming rapid-onset obesity with hypothalamic dysfunction, hypoventilation, and autonomic dysregulation were identified. Comprehensive medical charts and blood for genetic testing were available for 15 children; respiratory physiology studies were performed at Rush University Medical Center on 9 children. The most characteristic manifestations were the presentation of rapid-onset obesity in the first 10 years of life (median age at onset: 3 years), followed by hypothalamic dysfunction and then onset of symptoms of autonomic dysregulation (median age at onset: 3.6 years) with later onset of alveolar hypoventilation (median age at onset: 6.2 years). Testing of candidate genes (PHOX2B, TRKB, and BDNF) revealed no mutations or rare variants. High-resolution chromosome analysis, comparative genomic hybridization, and subtelomeric fluorescent in situ hybridization results were negative for the 2 patients selected for those analyses.

CONCLUSIONS. We provide a comprehensive description of the clinical spectrum of rapid-onset obesity with hypothalamic dysfunction, hypoventilation, and autonomic dysregulation in terms of timing and scope of symptoms, study of candidate genes, and screening for chromosomal deletions and duplications. Negative PHOX2B sequencing results demonstrate that this entity is distinct from congenital central hypoventilation syndrome.
Children Plus All Nonautomobile Motorized Vehicles (Not Just All-Terrain Vehicles) Equals Injuries
Authors: Collins Christy L. , Smith Gary A. , Comstock R. Dawn
Published: July 2007

OBJECTIVES. The goals were to describe the epidemiological features of pediatric nonautomobile motorized vehicle–related injuries sustained between 1990 and 2003 and to compare all-terrain vehicle–related injuries with other types of nonautomobile motorized vehicle–related injuries.

METHODS. An analysis of nationally representative pediatric nonautomobile motorized vehicle–related injury data from the US Consumer Product Safety Commission National Electronic Injury Surveillance System was performed.

RESULTS. Nationally, an estimated 1203800 children were treated in hospital emergency departments for nonautomobile motorized vehicle–related injuries between 1990 and 2003. These children had a mean age of 12.7 years (range: 1 month to 19 years), and 77.0% were male. The majority of injuries were associated with all-terrain vehicles (44.8%), 2-wheeled off-road vehicles (21.1%), and go-carts/buggies (13.7%). The most common diagnoses were contusions/abrasions (28.3%), fractures (24.2%), and lacerations (20.0%). Overall, the number of injuries increased 86% from 70500 injuries in 1990 to 130900 injuries in 2003. The numbers of all-terrain vehicle–related, 2-wheeled off-road vehicle–related, 2-wheeled on-road vehicle–related, and go-cart/buggy-related injuries all increased significantly from 1990 to 2003. There were greater proportions of all-terrain vehicle-associated injuries among children ≥16 years of age (48.0%) and children 12 to 15 years of age (46.6%) than among children <12 years of age (40.3%). Conversely, the proportion of other nonautomobile motorized vehicle–related injuries among children <12 years of age (47.2%) was greater than that among children 12 to 15 years of age (30.3%) and children ≥16 years of age (23.0%).

CONCLUSIONS. Although most public health and legislative attention to date has been focused on all-terrain vehicles, parents, children, and public officials should be educated about the injury risk that all types of nonautomobile motorized vehicles pose to children.
Characteristics of the Pediatric Hospitalist Workforce: Its Roles and Work Environment
Authors: Freed Gary L. , Brzoznowski Kathryn , Neighbors Kamilah , Lakhani Indu ,   American Board of Pediatrics, Research Advisory Committee
Published: July 2007

OBJECTIVE. Over the past 10 years, the use of hospitalists has grown in both the adult and pediatric setting as a response to pressure to deliver cost-effective, high-quality care. However, there is a paucity of information regarding the variation in the clinical roles, educational responsibilities, work patterns, and employment characteristics of pediatric hospitalists. This lack of information hampers efforts to define the nature of the field and determine whether any formalized, additional training or experience should be required for physicians in this clinical practice domain.

DESIGN. We conducted a telephone survey of a national sample of pediatric hospitalist program directors (n = 116). Questionnaire items focused on exploring the clinical roles, work patterns, employment characteristics, and training of pediatric hospitalists within each institution. Results were stratified by teaching hospitals, urban/rural location, hospital size, and membership in the National Association of Children's Hospitals and Related Institutions.

RESULTS. The response rate was 97%. The majority of hospitals surveyed (70%) reported that hospitalists do not generate enough income from professional billing to pay their salaries. Fewer than half (39%) of respondents reported that their hospital measures pediatric clinical outcomes associated with hospitalist care. A total of 42% of hospitalist program directors reported that most of their hospitalists had an average duration of employment of <3 years. In programs with residents, hospitalists serve as teaching attendings for pediatric patients in almost all cases (89%).

CONCLUSIONS. Hospital medicine is a rapidly growing enterprise. A better understanding of both its participants, as well as those affected by its practice, will enable planning for a future that meets as many needs as possible while ensuring the best possible care for children.
Prevention of Varicella: Recommendations for Use of Varicella Vaccines in Children, Including a Recommendation for a Routine 2-Dose Varicella Immunization Schedule
Authors:   Committee on Infectious Diseases
Published: July 2007

This Clinical Report was retired January 2014.

National varicella immunization coverage using the current 1-dose immunization strategy has increased among vaccine-eligible children 19 through 35 months of age from 27% in 1997 to 88% by 2005. These high immunization rates have resulted in a 71% to 84% decrease in the reported number of varicella cases, an 88% decrease in varicella-related hospitalizations, a 59% decrease in varicella-related ambulatory care visits, and a 92% decrease in varicella-related deaths in 1- to 4-year-old children when compared with data from the prevaccine era. Despite this significant decrease, the number of reported cases of varicella has remained relatively constant during the past 5 to 6 years. Since vaccine effectiveness for prevention of disease of any severity has been 80% to 85%, a large number of cases of varicella continue to occur among people who already have received the vaccine (breakthrough varicella), and outbreaks of varicella have been reported among highly immunized populations of schoolchildren. The peak age-specific incidence has shifted from 3- to 6-year-old children in the prevaccine era to 9- to 11-year-old children in the postvaccine era for cases in both immunized and unimmunized children during these outbreaks. Outbreaks of varicella are likely to continue with the current 1-dose immunization strategy.

After administration of 2 doses of varicella vaccine in children, the immune response is markedly enhanced, with >99% of children achieving an antibody concentration (determined by glycoprotein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) of ≥5 U/mL (an approximate correlate of protection) and a marked increase in geometric mean antibody titers after the second vaccine dose. The estimated vaccine efficacy over a 10-year observation period of 2 doses for prevention of any varicella disease is 98% (compared with 94% for 1 dose), with 100% efficacy for prevention of severe disease. Recipients of 2 doses of varicella vaccine are 3.3-fold less likely to have breakthrough varicella, compared with those who are given 1 dose, during the first 10 years after immunization.

To achieve greater levels of immunity with fewer serosusceptible people, greater protection against breakthrough varicella disease, and reduction in the number of outbreaks that occur nationwide among school-aged populations, a 2-dose varicella immunization strategy is now recommended for children ≥12 months of age.
School Transportation Safety
Authors:   Committee on Injury, Violence, and Poison Prevention and Council on School Health
Published: July 2007

This policy statement replaces the previous version published in 1996. It provides new information, studies, regulations, and recommendations related to the safe transportation of children to and from school and school-related activities. Pediatricians can play an important role at the patient/family, community, state, and national levels as child advocates and consultants to schools and early education programs about transportation safety.
Mobility of the Yersinia high-pathogenicity island (HPI): Transfer mechanisms of pathogenicity islands (PAIs) revisited
Authors: Benedek Orsolya , Schubert S.
Published: July 2007

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) plays a key role in the evolution of bacterial pathogens. The exchange of genetic material supplies prokaryotes with several fitness traits enhancing their adaptive response to environmental changes. Pathogenicity islands (PAIs) represent an important and in most cases already immobilized subset of the different vehicles for HGT. Encoding several virulence factors PAIs represent a major contribution to bacterial pathogenicity. Nonetheless, the transfer mechanisms of PAIs still remain elusive. We summarise the currently available data regarding the major ways of genetic mobilisation with a focus on the transfer of the
Yersinia
High-Pathogenicity Island (HPI).
Invasive capabilities of Campylobacter jejuni strains isolated in Bahrain: Molecular and phenotypic characterization
Authors: Al-Shaikh Sana , Senok Abiola , Ismaeel Abdulrahman , Botta G.
Published: July 2007

The association between putative virulence genes in
Campylobacter jejuni
clinical isolates,
in vitro
invasive capability and severity of infection is yet to be clearly described. We have characterized three virulence genes and correlated their presence with the severity of infection and
in vitro
invasiveness. We studied eight
C. jejuni
strains isolated from patients whose clinical data were scored to determine severity of infection. Cytolethal distending toxin
(cdtB)
, invasion associated marker
(iam)
and Campylobacter invasion antigen
(ciaB)
genes were detected by PCR and INT407 cells used for invasion assays. Two strains positive for all three genes were the most invasive and isolated from patients with the most severe infection. Four strains positive for two genes and two strains negative for all the three genes were identified. The two
cdtB+
ve
/
ciaB+
ve
strains were more invasive than the
cdtB+
ve
/
iam+
ve
strains. One of the
cdtB−
ve
/
ciaB−
ve
strains showed invasion levels similar to
cdtB+
ve
/
ciaB+
ve
strains, but the second strain had a non-invasive phenotype. The findings indicate a correlation between
in vitro
invasive capability, and the presence of all three genes. The pattern of association between invasiveness and molecular characterization suggests that the ciaB gene confers a more invasive capability.
THE EFFECTS OF A HIGH‐PROBABILITY INSTRUCTION SEQUENCE AND RESPONSE‐INDEPENDENT REINFORCER DELIVERY ON CHILD COMPLIANCE
Authors: Bullock Chrystin , Normand Matthew P.
Published: July 2007

We compared the effects of a high‐probability (high‐p) instruction sequence and a fixed‐time (FT) schedule of reinforcement on the compliance of 2 typically developing children. A multielement experimental design with a reversal component was implemented according to a multiple baseline across participants arrangement. Both the high‐p and FT conditions resulted in increased compliance for both participants during the multielement sessions. These results suggest that it may be possible to increase compliance without a response requirement of the type arranged in the high‐p instruction sequence.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AND PRESCHOOLERS' PREFERENCES FOR VARIATIONS OF MULTIPLE‐SCHEDULE ARRANGEMENTS
Authors: Tiger Jeffrey H. , Hanley Gregory P. , Heal Nicole A.
Published: July 2007

Multiple schedules of reinforcement have been used to teach children to recruit attention only when it is available, thereby minimizing disruptive requesting during instructional activities. This procedure involves alternating periods of continuous reinforcement (CRF) with periods of extinction and correlating each period with a distinct and continuous discriminative stimulus. The present study evaluated the effectiveness of and children's preferences for multiple schedules in which (a) two different stimuli, one correlated with reinforcement (S+) and another correlated with extinction (S‐), were presented; (b) only an S+ was presented (i.e., no stimulus was correlated with extinction), and (c) neither an S+ nor an S‐ was presented (i.e., a mixed schedule). S+/S‐ and S+ arrangements were similarly effective for 7 children, but 3 preferred the S+/S‐ condition and 4 preferred the S+ condition. Correlational analyses suggested that children who responded more effectively given the S‐ (discrimination indexes were relatively high) preferred the S+/S‐ condition, whereas children who responded less effectively given the S‐ preferred the S+ condition. The implications of these findings for arranging multiple schedules for social responses are discussed.
Assessing Adults' Difficulty in Coping with Funerals
Authors: Hayslip Bert , Booher Suzanne K. , Scoles Michael T. , Guarnaccia Charles A.
Published: July 2007

The death of a loved one requires many adults to make decisions about a variety of details regarding funeral arrangements. Based upon data collected from 348 adults ( M age = 34.21) who had attended the funeral of a loved one within the last year, a scale consisting of 50 items regarding the difficulties each had experienced with regard to events prior to, during, and after the funeral, was developed. Cronbach's Alpha coefficient for this measure of difficulty was .96. Principal components analysis of these data indicated that difficulty in coping with funerals could be understood in light of six factors explaining 56% of the common variance among relationships between items: 1) protocol/mechanics of the funeral; 2) general personal and interpersonal difficulties related to the death/funeral; 3) trust in the funeral industry; 4) concerns regarding the cemetery; 5) issues pertaining to grief; and 6) post-funeral personal responsibilities. With regard to both overall difficulty and the above six factors, older adults experienced fewer difficulties, as did those who more actively participated in funeral rituals. In contrast, those who reported more personal and bereavement-related distress experienced more difficulties. Findings of the current study have value both in identifying persons for whom funerals may undermine bereavement adjustment and in identifying appropriate intervention and aftercare services for such individuals.
Idiocentrism, Allocentrism, Psychological Well Being and Suicidal Ideation: A Cross Cultural Study
Authors: Zhang Jie , Norvilitis Jill M. , Ingersoll Travis Sky
Published: July 2007

The present study examined the relationship between idiocentrism, allocentrism, psychological well being (self-esteem, depression, and social support), and suicidal ideation among 283 American college students and 343 Chinese college students. Idiocentrism was correlated with high self-esteem, high depression, and low social support, but the relationships were more likely to be significant for women than for men in both cultures. Allocentrism was primarily related to social support. As predicted, high levels of suicidal ideation were correlated with more idiocentrism, but only for women. Allocentrism was related to lower levels of suicidal ideation in both cultures, but the relationship was small. As suicide prevention may start from suicidal ideation treatment, the treatment of suicidal ideation may have to take into account cultural and personal characteristics, such as idiocentrism.
PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF MARTIAL ARTISTS
Authors: Wargo Mark A. , Spirrison Charles L. , Thorne B. Michael , Henley Tracy B.
Published: July 2007

This study used the MMPI-2 to explore the personalities of yellow-belt and black-belt martial artists. A total of 40 participants completed the MMPI-2 and a demographic questionnaire. Black-belt females tended to be less defensive than were other martial artists, but also displayed
more paranoia and more anger than average. Females of both ranks reported a higher degree of anxiety and health concerns than did males in the study, and black-belt females also reported more family problems than did other groups. Finally, black belts in general reported more health concerns
than did yellow belts.
SELF-CONCEPT AND MASCULINITY/FEMININITY AMONG NORMAL MALE INDIVIDUALS AND MALES WITH GENDER IDENTITY DISORDER
Authors: Taher Naeema S.
Published: July 2007

This study aimed at identifying self-concept and masculinity/femininity in 102 normal males and a similar number of individuals with Gender Identity Disorder using the Tennessee Self-Concept scale (Farag & Al-Qurashi, 1999) and the MMPI subscale of Masculinity/Femininity
(Hana, Ismail, & Milaika, 1986). Results showed that (a) there are significant differences in self-concept in favor of normal individuals; (b) individuals with Gender Identity Disorder scored significantly higher on clinical measures including neurosis, psychosis, personal disorder, defensive
positiveness, and lower on personality integration, (c) normals scored significantly higher on masculinity measures than did males with Gender Identity Disorder.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TWO STANDARD-SETTING TECHNIQUES
Authors: Alsmadi Abdalla A.
Published: July 2007

This study compares the Angoff method (1971) for setting standards with the Ebel method (1972), using a test in introductory psychology. Although results showed a significant difference in the minimum passing score obtained through these methods, results also showed strong evidence
of agreement between both methods about the number of students classified as pass/fail. The Angoff method tended to be more stringent and produce a higher minimum passing score than the Ebel method.
NAME LETTER MATCHING AND IMPLICIT EGOTISM: FRIENDS AS SELF-EXTENSIONS
Authors: Brownlow Sheila , Attea Mary F. , Makransky Jill A. , Lopez Alexander O.
Published: July 2007

Favorable evaluations of letters appearing in peoples' names were examined and found to vary according to a focus on the self versus others. Students described their personal preferences after thinking about either positive or negative qualities of themselves or a friend. Matches
of consonant letters in preferences with consonants in first and last names was higher when the self-concept was challenged by an induced focus on negative personal traits, as well as when people thought about something of “theirs.” Thus, evidence of implicit egotism was seen when
students thought (for good or for ill) of one of their self-chosen items, their best friend, or when they required a self-esteem boost, but not when they were focused on their own positive personal qualities. Results are discussed in terms of how name letter matching reflects a desire to keep
a complimentary outlook about ourselves.
Effects of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate on bovine cartilage explants under long-term culture conditions
Authors: Chan Pooi-See , Caron John P. , Orth Michael W.
Published: July 2007

Objective—To determine effects of glucosamine (GLN) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) on expression of genes encoding putative mediators of osteoarthritis in bovine cartilage explants cultured for 2 weeks.

Sample Population—Articular cartilage explants harvested from carpal joints of 4 Holstein steers after slaughter.

Procedures—Cartilage disks were treated as follows: fetal bovine serum only (control treatment), human recombinant interleukin (IL)-1β (50 ng/mL; IL-1 treatment), GLN (5 μg/mL) with addition of CS (20 μg/mL; GLN-CS treatment), and human recombinant IL-1β (50 ng/mL) with addition of GLN and CS (IL-1–GLN-CS treatment). Media were analyzed for nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release. Explants were subjected to quantitative real-time PCR analysis; expressions of mRNA for inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, microsomal prostaglandin E synthase 1, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 and -13, aggrecanase-1 and -2, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-3, type II collagen, and aggrecan were assessed.

Results—IL-1–GLN-CS and GLN-CS treatments decreased nitrite release, compared with IL-1 treatment; IL-1–GLN-CS treatment decreased IL-1–induced PGE2 release. Expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase 1 mRNA were abrogated by GLN-CS and IL-1–GLN-CS treatments. Interleukin-1–induced mRNA expressions of proteolytic enzymes were diminished by IL-1–GLN-CS treatment. Compared with control treatment, GLN-CS treatment decreased MMP-3 and aggrecanase-2 mRNA expression. Transcripts of TIMP-3 were increased by IL-1–GLN-CS treatment, compared with IL-1 treatment. Genes encoding type II collagen and aggrecan on day 14 were upregulated by GLN-CS and IL-1–GLN-CS treatments, compared with control treatment.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Treatment with GLN and CS consistently downregulated mRNA expression for inflammatory mediators and matrix degrading enzymes while increasing TIMP-3 transcripts.
Computed tomographic evaluation of growth-related changes in the hip joints of young dogs
Authors: Fujiki Makoto , Kurima Yuichiro , Yamanokuchi Kazuto , Misumi Kazuhiro , Sakamoto Hiroshi
Published: July 2007

Objective—To evaluate changes in canine hip joint characteristics during growth via computed tomography (CT) and compare CT features of hip joints with and without laxity in young dogs placed in 2 imaging positions.

Animals—21 dogs (42 hip joints).

Procedures—From 2 to 12 months after birth, CT examinations of the acetabulum of each hip joint in simulated normal standing and simulated weight-bearing positions were performed monthly for all dogs. Acetabular angle, dorsal acetabular rim angle (DARA), and femoral head diameter (FHd) were analyzed as skeletal variables; the lateral center edge angle (LCEA), dorsolateral subluxation (DLS) score, and center distance (CD) index were analyzed as joint laxity variables. At 12 months, all dogs underwent the Ortolani test to as-sess hip joint laxity.

Results—Hip joint laxity was detected in 5 dogs (10 joints) at 12 months of age; from 2 months, the acetabular angle and FHd increased and DARA decreased significantly until 5 months and the LCEA and DLS score increased significantly until 6 months. In nonlax hip joints in both positions, the CD index decreased significantly until 4 months of age and be-came stable thereafter. In lax hip joints, the CD index increased from 4 through 12 months; between 8 and 12 months, these changes were significantly greater in the weight-bearing position than in the standing position.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that CT-detected abnormalities in the DARA and CD index during body weight loading might be useful indicators of hip dysplasia in 2- to 6-month-old dogs.
Effect of adjunctive treatment with intravenously administered Propionibacterium acnes on reproductive performance in mares with persistent endometritis
Authors: Rohrbach Barton W. , Sheerin Peter C. , Cantrell Charles K. , Matthews Phillip M. , Steiner John V. , Dodds Lewis E.
Published: July 2007

Objective—To determine whether treatment with a preparation of Propionibacterium acnes would improve pregnancy and live foal rates in mares with persistent endometritis.

Design—Randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial.

Animals—95 mares with a cytologic diagnosis of persistent endometritis.

Procedures—Mares were treated with P acnes or placebo (both administered IV) on days 0, 2, and 6. No attempt was made to alter additional treatments administered by attending veterinarians. Information on breeding history, physical examination findings, results of cytologic examination and microbial culture of uterine samples, additional treatments administered, breeding dates, results of pregnancy examinations, whether a live foal was produced, and reactions to treatment was recorded.

Results—In multivariate logistic regression models, mare age, year of entry into the study, and first breeding within 8 days after first treatment with P acnes or placebo were significantly associated with pregnancy. Fewer number of cycles bred and younger age were significantly associated with delivery of a live foal in a separate multivariate analysis. Results of multivariate logistic regression modeling indicated that mares treated with P acnes were more likely to become pregnant and to deliver a live foal, compared with placebo-treated controls.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—IV administration of P acnes as an adjunct to conventional treatments in mares with a cytologic diagnosis of persistent endometritis improved pregnancy and live foal rates. The optimal effect was detected in mares bred during the interval extending from 2 days before to 8 days after first treatment with P acnes.
Connecting Users with Their Data: An Environment to Explore the Morphodynamics of Rip Channels
Authors: Turdukulov Ulanbek D. , Blok Connie A. , Ruessink B.G. , Turner I.L.
Published: July 2007

Remote sensors are widely used in coastal morphodynamic research, and users are often confronted with abundant data sensors generated by these sensors. These data, if properly explored, can be used to study and manage many coastal features and processes that are not well understood. As an example, we present the exploration of rip channels. Coastal data sets are currently explored using animated image sequences. Users are dissatisfied, however, because exploration remains largely a subjective and time-consuming process. In particular, detecting the presence and evolution of relatively small, highly dynamic rip channels has proved difficult. This article examines how the visual exploration of rip objects can be improved. We first look at the factors limiting exploratory use of conventional animations for rip studies and argue that two main factors are responsible: data complexity and animation design based on images that mimic reality. Then we present an example of how the current approach to visualizing time series of coastal images can be improved by computational methods, particularly by feature tracking. Next, we describe a visualization prototype and discuss the representational, data-mining, and interactive functionality resulting from such a combination in an environment dedicated to the exploration of dynamic objects.
Development of a Local Toponym System at the Mars Desert Research Station
Authors: Hargitai Henrik I. , Gregory Hugh S. , Osburg Jan , Hands Dennis
Published: July 2007

Place-naming processes for the features on other planetary bodies are controlled by the International Astronomical Union's (IAU) Working Group on Planetary Nomenclature. This article examines the development of the nomenclature of the surroundings of the Mars Society's Mars Desert Research Station (MDRS), located in Utah, USA, a simulation facility for future Mars stations. The development of this nomenclature system is also representative of the system of local place names in terrestrial remote research and military stations and may foreshow how names will be “born” in a future permanent Mars or Lunar Base.
Étude comparative des compétences grammaticales d’élèves du secondaire en FL1 et en FL2 au Manitoba
Authors: Rivard Léonard P. , Dilk Sylvie , Barnabé Gisèle
Published: July 2007

Abstract:

In 2001, Rivard published a study on the composition of summaries written by high school students and based on a scientific text which had appeared in a non-technical science magazine. The author reported that there were a number of important differences in the use of language between FL1 and FL2 students. The present article focuses on the results of the second phase of the research; it examines six categories of words or grammar groupings. The summaries produced by students were evaluated using a specific marking scheme composed of 38 types of errors, which were then further subdivided into six categories: the noun, the verb, the pronoun, spelling, syntax, and expression. A statistical, quantitative analysis of the number of errors for each category variable was produced. The researchers identified the variables where significant differences existed between the two groups of students, as well as the categories where major improvements had occurred during secondary school. A further detailed analysis allowed the researchers to describe the strengths and weaknesses of both groups of students.
A Simple and Rapid Flow‐Injection Chemiluminescence Method for the Determination of Noscapine with Ru(phen)32+‐Ce(IV) System
Authors: Rezaei Behzad , Mokhtari Ali , Khayamian Taghi
Published: July 2007

A new flow injection chemiluminescence (CL) system was used for the determination of noscapine. This technique is based on the reduction effect of noscapine on the Ru(phen)33+, which is produced by reaction between Ru(phen)32+ and acidic Ce(IV) solutions, and this rapid reduction produces strong CL. Calibration plots were linear over the range of 3.0×10‐7‐2.0×10‐6 mol L‐1 and 2.0×10‐6‐2.0×10‐4 mol L‐1. The CL intensity was so high, that it is able to produce a detection limit of 6.6×10‐8 M noscapine (3σ). The relative standard deviation of 2.0×10‐6 M noscapine was 1.0% (n=10). The proposed method was successfully applied for the flow injection determination of noscapine in cough and Tonin syrup samples. The results of real sample analyses show good recovery percentages (97.3‐102.4%). The minimum sampling rate was 100 samples per hour.
Solid‐Phase Extraction and Spectrophotometric Determination of Mercury with 6‐Mercaptopurine in Environmental Samples
Authors: Saber‐Tehrani Mohammad , Hashemi‐Moghaddam Hamid , Husain S. Waqif , Zare Karim
Published: July 2007

A highly selective, sensitive and rapid method for the determination of trace amounts of inorganic mercury based on the reaction of Hg (II) with 6‐mercaptopurine and the solid phase extraction of the complex on C18 membrane disks was developed. The 6‐mercaptopurine selectively reacts with Hg (II) to form a complex in the pH range of 5‐8. This complex was preconcentrated by solid phase extraction with C18 disks. An enrichment factor of 100 was achieved. The molar absorptivity of the complex is 0.26 ×10‐6 L. mol‐1. cm‐1 measured at 315 nm. The Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration range of 0.002 – 0.048 μg mL‐1. The relative standard deviation for eleven‐replicated measurement of 0.04 μg mL‐1 is 1.5 %. The detection limit is 0.001 μg mL‐1 in the water samples. The advantage of the method is that the determination of Hg (II) is free from interference of almost all the cations and anions found in environment and wastewater samples. The determination of Hg (II) in water samples of different origins and marine sediment were carried out by the present method and cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CVAAS). Also the method's accuracy was investigated by using SRM 2709. The obtained results by the present procedure were in good agreement with those of the CVAAS and certified value, so that the applicability of the proposed method was confirmed for the real samples.
Potentiometric Studies of Binary and Ternary Complexes Involving Cadmium(II) and Nitrilo‐Tris(Methyl Phosphonic Acid) with Amino Acids, peptides and DNA Constituents
Authors: Shoukry Azza A. , Shoukry Mohamed M.
Published: July 2007

The complexing properties of nitrilo‐tris(methylphosphonic acid) (NTP) with cadmium(II) were investigated pH‐metrically at 25 °C and at ionic strength of 0.1 mol dm‐3 (NaNO3). Stoichiometry and stability constants for the complexes formed are reported. Cadmium (II) forms Cd(NTP)4‐ and the corresponding hydroxy complexes. The ternary complexes are formed in a stepwise mechanism whereby NTP binds to cadmium(II), followed by coordination of amino acids, peptides or DNA. The concentration distribution of the various complex species has been evaluated.
Complex Formation Reactions of Lanthanum(III), Cerium(III), Thorium(IV), Dioxouranyl(IV) Complexes with Tricine
Authors: Mohamed Mahmoud M. A.
Published: July 2007

Equilibrium studies for the heavy metal ions La(III), Ce(III), Th(IV) and UO2(IV) (M) complexes of the zwitterionic buffer tricine (L) in aqueous solution are investigated. Stoichiometry and stability constants for the different complexes formed as well as hydrolysis products of the metal cations are determined at 25 °C and ionic strength 0.1 M NaNO3. The stability of the formed complexes are discussed in terms of the nature of the heavy metal cation. The solid complexes are synthesized and characterized by means of elemental analysis, FTIR, and TG analysis. The general molecular formulae of the obtained complexes is suggested to be [M(L)2](NO3)n‐2(H2O)x, where n = the charge of the metal cation, x = no. of water molecules.
Synthetic, spectral, thermal and antimicrobial studies on some bis(N,N′‐dialkyldithiocarbamato) antimony(III) alkylenedithiophosphates
Authors: Chauhan H. P. S. , Singh U. P.
Published: July 2007

Bis(N, N′‐dialkyldithiocarbamato)antimony(III) alkylenedithiophosphates of the type [R2NCS2]2 SbS(S)POGO [where NR2 = N(CH3)2, N(C2H5)2 and N(CH2)4; G = CH2C(C2H5)2CH2, CH2C(CH3)2CH2, CH(CH3)CH(CH3)and C(CH3)2C(CH3)2] were synthesized and characterized by physico‐chemical, spectral [UV, IR and NMR (1H, 13C and 31P)] and thermal (TG, DTA and DSC) analysis. The TG decomposition analysis step of the complex indicated the formation of Sb2S3 as the final product. The first endothermic peak in DSC indicated the melting point of the complexes. These complexes were screened for their antimicrobial activities using the disk diffusion method. All the complexes showed good activity as antibacterial and antifungal agents on some selected bacterial and fungal strains, which increased on increasing the concentration. Chloroamphenicol and terbinafin were used as standards for comparison. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Real‐time hair simulation on GPU with a dynamic wisp model
Authors: Oshita Masaki
Published: July 2007

In this paper, we present a method for real‐time hair animation. We combine a conventional particle‐based dynamic simulation and a dynamic hair generation technique. First, the movements of a small number of hairs (coarse model) are simulated using a dynamic simulation. Since this stage uses only a small number of hairs, the simulation is quick. A larger number of hairs (fine model) are then generated from the coarse model using a dynamic wisp model. The shape of a wisp and the shapes of the individual strands are geometrically controlled based on the velocity of the corresponding particle in the coarse model. This model simulates hair‐‐hair interactions between the strands in the hair wisps. Our method is designed to work on a GPU and generates a realistic hair animation in real‐time. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organische Synthesen mit Übergangsmetallkomplexen, 28. 3‐ und 4‐Imino‐2‐azetidinone aus Isocyaniden und einem Mangan‐Carbenkomplex
Authors: Aumann Rudolf , Heinen Heinrich
Published: July 2007

(CO)2(MeC5H4)MnC(OEt)Ph (1) reagiert stufenweise mit zwei äquivalenten Isocyanid RNC 2 (R = a: c‐C6H11, b: Me, c: Ph). In der ersten Stufe entstehen Keteniminkomplexe 3, die isoliert und spektroskopisch charakterisiert wurden. Sie bilden mit Isocyaniden — abhängig von deren Raumbedarf — unterschiedliche Produkte. 3a addiert sperriges 2a am Metall unter Verdrängung von N‐Cyclohexylketenimin 7. 3b,c hingegen addieren 2b,c am Keteniminliganden zu isomeren 4‐ und 3‐Imino‐2‐azetidinyliden‐Komplexen 4 bzw. 5. Markierungsexperimente durch stufenweisen Einbau zweier unterschiedlicher Isocyanide ergaben, daß 4 durch [3 + 1]‐Cycloaddition von 2 and 3 auf der vom Metall abgewandten Seite, 5 durch [2 + 2]‐Cycloaddition auf der Metallseite entsteht. Mit steigender Reaktionstemperatur verschiebt sich das Konkurrenzverhältnis 4:5 zugunsten von 5. 4 und 5 lassen sich mit KMnO4 im Zweiphasensystem Ether/Wasser glatt in 4‐Imino‐ 9 bzw. 3‐Imino‐2‐azetidinone 10 umwandeln.
Untersuchungen zur Konfigurationsstabilität von Enolaten aus β‐Ketocarbonsäureestern
Authors: Meier Herbert , Lauer Wolfgang , Krause Volker
Published: July 2007

Z‐ und E‐Enole von β‐Ketocarbonsäurederivaten 1a–c werden vollständig und irreversibel deprotoniert, wobei unter Konfigurationserhalt (kinetische Kontrolle) die Enolate 2a–c entstehen. Abhängig von Gegenionen (Li, Na, K), Medium (THF, HMPT) und Temperatur kann anschließend eine Z/E‐Äquilibrierung eintreten. Auf dieser Basis läßt sich die Synthese von Enolethern und Enolestern auf die gewünschte Konfiguration hinsteuern.
Alkali‐triazaphosphininolate — Darstellung und Reaktionen
Authors: Meyer Matthias , Klingebiel Uwe
Published: July 2007

Die Alkali‐triazaphosphininolate 2, 3, 4 und 6 werden durch Reaktion von 2,2‐Difluor‐ bzw. 2,2‐Dichlor‐4,6‐bis(trifluormethyl)‐1,3,5,2λ5‐triazaphosphinin (1 bzw. 5) mit NaOCHMe2, NaOCMe3, KOCHMe2 oder KOCMe3 sowie mit LiOSiMe3 erhalten. NaOSiMe2CMe3 reagiert mit 1 im molaren Verhältnis 1:1 bzw. 2:1 zu den Siloxyverbindungen 8 und 9. Das 2‐Fluor‐triazaphosphinin‐2‐ol 7 entsteht aus 4 und HF. 7 kann mit KOH in 2 übergeführt werden. Natrium‐triazaphosphininolat 3 reagiert mit ClSiMe3 zum Siloxy‐triazaphospininolat 10. Die N‐Lithio‐triazaphosphinin‐2‐amine 13 und 14 entstehen aus den aminofunktionellen Verbindungen 11 und 12 mit LiN(SiMe3)2. 14 reagiert mit ClSiMe3 zu LiCl und 15.
Thioketen‐Synthesen, VII. Thioketene durch [3 + 2]‐Cycloreversion von 1,3‐Dithiolan‐Derivaten
Authors: Schaumann Ernst , Scheiblich Stefan , Wriede Ulrich , Adiwidjaja Gunadi
Published: July 2007

2‐Alkyliden‐1,3‐dithiolane werden in S,S‐Dioxide 1 und S‐Ethyl‐2 oder S‐Arylsulfonium‐Salze 3 übergeführt. Nach Deprotonierung an C‐5 bilden sich in einer [3 + 2]‐Cycloreversion Thioketene 5, die als Thioamide 17, 18 abgefangen werden können. Die stabilisierten Thioketene 5e,i–k liefern mit Azomethinen 1: 1‐Cycloaddukte 24a,b, 27a–d; das Thioketen 5j reagiert daneben zu einem Dimeren 28j, das durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse charakterisiert wurde.
Electronic Structure and Gas‐Phase Thermolysis of Substituted Tetrazolines Studied by Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Authors: Rademacher Paul , Carboni Bertrand , Carrié Robert , Heymanns Peter , Poppek Rainer
Published: July 2007

The electronic structures and the gas‐phase thermolyses of tetrazolines 1 –5 have been studied by photoelectron spectroscopy. For compounds 1–4 cycloreversion to imine and methyl azide is observed, whereas compound 5 is contracted to give the respective diaziridine. To assign the PE spectra, MNDO calculations were performed for compounds 1, 2, 4, and 5; some conformational properties of 5 have also been studied by AM 1 calculations.
The Electronic Structure of 2‐Azapentalenes. Photoelectron Spectroscopic Investigations
Authors: Eckert‐Maksić Mirjana , Gleiter Rolf , Hafner Klaus , Kläs Heinz‐Gerd
Published: July 2007

The He(I) photoelectron spectra of eight 2‐azapentalenes, substituted in 1,3‐position by electron releasing groups (dimethylamino, ethoxy, and tert‐butyl) revealed that the first four ionization energies (6.4–9.3 eV) are due to ionziation from π MO's. This assignment is based on the comparison with the PE data of 1,3‐bis(dimethylamino)pentalene (10) and the results of MNDO calculations. The comparison between experiment and calculations suggests that the first two bands are due to ionizations from π MO's mainly localized in the pentalene moiety.
Chirale Lactole, VII. O,O‐ und O,N‐Acetalbildungsreaktionen der enantiomerenreinen exo‐anellierten Octahydro‐7,8,8‐trimethyl‐4,7‐methanobenzofuran‐2‐ol‐Schutzgruppe
Authors: Noe Christian R. , Knollmüller Max , Steinbauer Gerhard , Jangg Edith , Völlenkle Horst
Published: July 2007

Das enantiomerenreine Lactol 3a reagiert mit Hydroxylverbindungen anomer selektiv und zeigt bei der Acetalbildung mit racemischen Verbindungen vom Typ 2 Enantiomer‐Selektivität. Konformationsanalytische Überlegungen in Hinblick auf eine Absolutkonfigurationsbestimmung von Verbindungen des Typs 2 werden angestellt. Bei der Reaktion mit Aminen bildet 3a mit sekundären Aminen einheitliche O,N‐Acetale, während bei der Umsetzung mit primären Aminen Anomerengemische erhalten werden. Die durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse ermittelte Konformation des mit (S)‐Phenylethylamin gebildeten O,N‐Acetalhydrochlorids 8f·HCl gibt keinerlei Hinweis auf das Auftreten eines reversen anomeren Effektes.
Ortsspezifische Substitutionen an Heterometall‐Clustern
Authors: Bantel Harald , Bernhardt Wolfgang , Powell Anne K. , Vahrenkamp Heinrich
Published: July 2007

Es wurde das Substitutionsverhalten gegenüber Phosphanliganden von (μ3‐2‐Butin)FeCo2(CO)9 und von Clustern (μ3‐X)Ru‐Co2(CO)9 mit X = Alkin, Vinyliden, Schwefel und Phosphiniden untersucht. Im Falle des FeCo2‐Clusters wurde ausschließlich Co‐Substitution beobachtet. Bei den RuCo2‐Clustern waren sowohl Co‐ als auch Ru‐substituierte Produkte isolierbar, von denen durchweg das Co‐substituierte kinetisch bevorzugt und das Ru‐substituierte thermodynamisch bevorzugt ist. In mehreren Fällen war die thermisch induzierte Co‐Ru‐Wanderung des Phosphanliganden realisierbar; die Wanderungstendenz sinkt in der Reihenfolge PMe3, PMe2Ph, PMePh2, PPh3. Konkurrenzexperimente mit (μ3‐2‐Butin)FeCo2(CO)9, (μ3‐2‐Butin)RuCo2(CO)9 und PPh3 ergaben eine höhere Substitutionslabilität des FeCo2‐Clusters und eine Phosphanübertragung vom FeCo2‐auf den RuCo2‐Cluster. Bei einigen der Phosphanreaktionen trat auch Disubstitution (an gleichen oder verschiedenen Metallatomen) ein. Kristallstrukturanalysen von (μ3HCCMe)RuCo2(CO)8(PPh3)‐(PCo) (9d), (μ3‐CCHMe)RuCo2(CO)8(PMe2Ph)(PRu) (19b), (μ3‐S)RuCo2(CO)8(PPh3)(PCo) (23d) und (μ3‐S)RuCo2(CO)8‐(PMe2Ph)(PRu) (24b) bestätigen die spektroskopischen Konstitutionszuordnungen. Insgesamt ergibt sich für die hier betrachteten Metalle in Clustern eine Substitutionsbereitschaft in der Reihenfolge Fe < Co < Ru.
Photoelektronen‐Spektren von Donor‐Akzeptor‐Cyclophanen
Authors: Gleiter Rolf , Schäfer Wolfgang , Staab Heinz A.
Published: July 2007

In den He(Iα)‐Photoelektronenspektren der Donor‐Akzeptor‐Cyclophane 1–8 wurden die ersten Ionisierungsenergien durch Vergleich mit den PE‐Spektren der Teilsysteme zugeordnet. Modellrechnungen an 1–5, die auf einem ZDO‐Modell basieren, ergaben eine räumliche Wechselwirkung zwischen den π‐Teilsystemen von ca. 0.3 eV. Die ersten Banden der Chinone 6–8 können durch Überlagerung der Teilsysteme erklärt werden. In keinem Falle konnte eine Stabilisierung von Niveaus durch eine Donor‐Akzeptor‐Wechselwirkung gefunden werden.
Elementorganische Amin/Imin‐Verbindungen, XXXI. Cyclometallierung bei N‐tert‐Butyl‐Phosphor‐Stickstoff‐Iridiumkomplexen
Authors: Scherer Otto J. , Flörchinger Matthias , Göbel Karin , Kaub Jürgen , Sheldrick William S.
Published: July 2007

Die Umsetzung von R1R2N–P=NR3(1)(1= SiMe3, tBu) mit [M(COD)(μ‐Cl)]2 (2), M  Rh, Ir, ergibt die Amino(imino)phosphan‐Komplexe 3, deren P  N‐Bindung Methanol unter Bildung der Diamidophosphit‐Komplexe 4 addiert. Die Iridiumverbindungen von 4 ergeben bereits unterhalb von 0°C Cyclometallierung einer tBu‐Methylgruppe (R2) unter Bildung der Hydrido‐Iridium‐Metallaheterocyclen 5. Von 4b und 5a wurden Röntgenstrukturanalysen angefertigt.
Organische Metallkomplexe, XIX. Über die Struktur der Quecksilber (II)‐ Verbindungen mit Derivaten von β‐Diketonen
Authors: König Klaus , Weiss Willy , Musso Hans
Published: July 2007

3‐Methyl‐, 3‐Ethyl‐ und 3‐Phenylacetylaceton (6a–c) binden Hg(II) am C‐3‐Atom zu 2:1‐Verbindungen vom Typ 8, 3‐Iospropyl‐ und 3‐tert‐Butylacetylaceton (6d, e) sowie 1,8‐Dekalindion (15a) dagegen bilden polymere 1:1‐Komplexe, in denen die Liganden an den äußeren CH‐Bindungen über das Hg zu Ketten vom Typ 13 und 17 verknüpft werden. Somit läßt sich das Quecksilber durch sperrige Substituenten von C‐3 schon verdrängen, es weicht aber nicht an den Sauerstoff aus, sondern an die weniger aciden α‐Kohlenstoffe. Offene Enolatstrukturen (9, 10) lassen sich nur in einigen Fällen im Lösungsgleichgewicht nachweisen.