bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychotherapie der Zwangsstörung bei Kindern und Jugendlichen - eine Übersicht
Authors: Simons M. , Herpertz-Dahlmann B.
Published: December 2003

Zusammenfassung: Nach einem Überblick über die empirische Befundlage zur Psychotherapie der Zwangsstörung im Erwachsenen- sowie im Kindes- und Jugendalter wird das kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutische Vorgehen anhand der folgenden Behandlungsblöcke beschrieben: Psychoedukation, Exposition mit Reaktionsverhinderung, familienorientierte Interventionen und schließlich kognitive und metakognitive Techniken. Neben der Pharmakotherapie mit Serotoninwiederaufnahmehemmern gilt die Verhaltenstherapie, speziell die Expositionsbehandlung mit Reaktionsverhinderung, als effektive Behandlungsmethode. Die «Gedankenstopp-Technik» zur Behandlung von Zwangsgedanken kann nicht empfohlen werden. Vergleichende Therapiestudien sind notwendig, um die differentielle Wirksamkeit, die Wirkmechanismen, Indikationen und Kontraindikationen für Exposition mit Reaktionsverhinderung, Kognitive Therapie und Pharmakotherapie sowie entsprechende Kombinationstherapien zu überprüfen.
Lebensqualität bei psychisch kranken Kindern und Jugendlichen
Authors: Mattejat F. , Simon B. , König U. , Quaschner K. , Barchewitz C. , Felbel D. , Herpertz-Dahlmann B. , Höhne D. , Janthur B. , Jungmann J. , Katzenski B. , Naumann A. , Nölkel P. , Schaff C. , Schulz E. , Warnke A. , Wienand F. , Remschmidt H.
Published: December 2003

Zusammenfassung: Fragestellung: Das neu entwickelte krankheitsunspezifische Instrument zur Messung der Lebensqualität von Kindern und Jugendlichen (ILK, Mattejat et al., 1998 ) sollte hinsichtlich seiner Differenzierungsfähigkeit zwischen ambulanten und stationären psychiatrischen Stichproben überprüft werden. Methodik: 626 kinder- und jugendpsychiatrische Patienten aus regional unterschiedlichen Kliniken und Praxen wurde der ILK-Bogen vorgelegt. Die so gewonnenen Daten werden deskriptiv dargestellt und mit Hilfe logistischer Regressionen genauer analysiert. Ergebnisse: Während eine rein deskriptive Betrachtung zeigt, dass stationär behandelte Kinder und Jugendliche durchweg alle Lebensbereiche als belastender erleben, relativiert sich dieses Ergebnis durch die Regressionsanalyse. Hier zeigt sich, dass die deskriptiv gefundenen Unterschiede zwischen stationären und ambulanten Patienten teilweise auf Alters- und/oder Geschlechtseffekte zurückzuführen sind; in einigen Lebensbereichen jedoch erweisen sich die Unterschiede zwischen der ambulanten und stationären Stichprobe unter Berücksichtigung von Alter und Geschlecht als Kovariaten als durchaus substantiell. Schlussfolgerungen: Das ILK ist als effizientes ökonomisches Verfahren in der Lage, Lebensqualität in Abhängigkeit von dem Schweregrad psychiatrischer Störungen zu erfassen; darüber hinaus ist es sensitiv für Alters- und Geschlechtseffekte. Indem das ILK Bereiche mit verminderter Lebensqualität schnell und sicher identifiziert, bietet es Ansatzpunkte für Indikationsstellung, Therapieplanung und erste therapeutische Interventionen.
Das Irlen-Syndrom - gibt es pathophysiologische Korrelate und wissenschaftliche Evidenz für das «Lesen mit Farben»?
Authors: Döhnert M. , D. Englert E.
Published: December 2003

The Irlen-Syndrome - Are there pathophysiological correlates and evidence for the effect of coloured filters on reading?
Assisted Self-Adapted Testing: A Comparative Study
Authors: Hontangas Pedro , Olea Julio , Ponsoda Vicente , Revuelta Javier , Wise Steven L.
Published: December 2003

Abstract: A new type of self-adapted test (S-AT), called Assisted Self-Adapted Test (AS-AT), is presented. It differs from an ordinary S-AT in that prior to selecting the difficulty category, the computer advises examinees on their best difficulty category choice, based on their previous performance. Three tests (computerized adaptive test, AS-AT, and S-AT) were compared regarding both their psychometric (precision and efficiency) and psychological (anxiety) characteristics. Tests were applied in an actual assessment situation, in which test scores determined 20% of term grades. A sample of 173 high school students participated. Neither differences in posttest anxiety nor ability were obtained. Concerning precision, AS-AT was as precise as CAT, and both revealed more precision than S-AT. It was concluded that AS-AT acted as a CAT concerning precision. Some hints, but not conclusive support, of the psychological similarity between AS-AT and S-AT was also found.
Global carbon sequestration in tidal, saline wetland soils
Authors: Chmura Gail L. , Anisfeld Shimon C. , Cahoon Donald R. , Lynch James C.
Published: December 2003

Wetlands represent the largest component of the terrestrial biological carbon pool and thus play an important role in global carbon cycles. Most global carbon budgets, however, have focused on dry land ecosystems that extend over large areas and have not accounted for the many small, scattered carbon‐storing ecosystems such as tidal saline wetlands. We compiled data for 154 sites in mangroves and salt marshes from the western and eastern Atlantic and Pacific coasts, as well as the Indian Ocean, Mediterranean Ocean, and Gulf of Mexico. The set of sites spans a latitudinal range from 22.4°S in the Indian Ocean to 55.5°N in the northeastern Atlantic. The average soil carbon density of mangrove swamps (0.055 ± 0.004 g cm−3) is significantly higher than the salt marsh average (0.039 ± 0.003 g cm−3). Soil carbon density in mangrove swamps and Spartina patens marshes declines with increasing average annual temperature, probably due to increased decay rates at higher temperatures. In contrast, carbon sequestration rates were not significantly different between mangrove swamps and salt marshes. Variability in sediment accumulation rates within marshes is a major control of carbon sequestration rates masking any relationship with climatic parameters. Globally, these combined wetlands store at least 44.6 Tg C yr−1 and probably more, as detailed areal inventories are not available for salt marshes in China and South America. Much attention has been given to the role of freshwater wetlands, particularly northern peatlands, as carbon sinks. In contrast to peatlands, salt marshes and mangroves release negligible amounts of greenhouse gases and store more carbon per unit area.
Geology and MER target site characteristics along the southern rim of Isidis Planitia, Mars
Authors: Crumpler L. S. , Tanaka K. L.
Published: December 2003

The southern rim of the Isidis basin contains one of the highest densities of valley networks, several restricted paleolake basins, and the stratigraphically lowest (oldest) terrain on Mars. Geologic mapping in Viking, MGS/MOC, and MOLA data, Odyssey/THEMIS data, and other multispectral data products supports the presence of extensive fans of debris and sediments deposited along the inner rim of the Isidis basin where large valleys enter the lowlands. Additional processes subsequent to the period of intense fluvial activity, including mass flow analogous to some glacial processes, have contributed to the materials accumulated on the margins of the Isidis basin. These have occurred along preexisting channels and valleys at the termini of major channels where they enter the plains along the highland‐lowland boundary. If the abundant valley networks in highland terrains are the result of runoff accompanied by saturated groundwater flow, as has been suggested in previous studies of ancient fluvial highland terrains, then the extreme age and abundance of early valley networks in the Libya Montes highland rocks should have resulted in deposition of materials that record evidence for the long‐term presence of water in the form of aqueous alteration of polycrystalline constituents. The material deposited along the basin margin is likely to consist of ancient altered highland rocks in several physical states (weathered, rounded, and angular) exposing both weathered and altered surfaces, and exposures of alteration profiles in fractured faces and unweathered material from rock interiors. Debris fans shed off the southern rim of Isidis Planitia should contain materials that have experienced possible saturated groundwater flow, residence within paleolake basins, and derivative materials deposited during the most fluvially intensive part of Martian geologic history. Many of these materials have also been reworked by ice‐related processes. In situ measurements of the ancient crustal materials, in the form of rocks within the debris fans, and the weathered condition of the rocky material are potential sources for mineralogical evidence of climatic conditions in earliest Martian geologic history. The absence of alteration within rocks would, on the other hand, support the hypothesis that fluvial runoff during the earliest history of Mars was geologically brief rather than long‐term and that long‐term saturated groundwater flow was not present. Determination of the presence or absence of alteration would have corresponding implications for hypotheses requiring the long‐term presence of aqueous solutions (i.e., complex organic compounds and life). A proposed MER site along the margin addresses realistic field science objectives of the Mars Exploration Rover mission and the current goals of the Mars Exploration Program. In situ measurements may be important in deriving estimates of the longevity and intensity of past wetter climates.
A simple model for the CaCO3 saturation state of the ocean: The “Strangelove,” the “Neritan,” and the “Cretan” Ocean
Authors: Zeebe Richard E. , Westbroek Peter
Published: December 2003

A simple model of the CaCO3 saturation state of the ocean is presented. It can be solved analytically and is intended to identify the fundamental controls on ocean carbonate ion concentration. It should also attract researchers unfamiliar with complex biogeochemical models. Despite its limitations, the model‐calculated CaCO3 saturation state of today's ocean agrees well with observations. In general, the model reveals three distinctly different modes of operation: The “Strangelove Ocean” of high supersaturation which is dominated by inorganic CaCO3 precipitation, (2) the “Neritan Ocean” of indefinite saturation dominated by biogenic shallow‐water CaCO3 precipitation, and (3) the “Cretan Ocean” of low saturation dominated by biogenic pelagic CaCO3 precipitation. In the latter mode, the deep ocean [CO32−] is remarkably stable, provided that the biogenic production of CaCO3 exceeds the riverine flux of Ca2+ and CO32−. This explains the overall constancy of the saturation state of the ocean documented over the last 100 Ma. The model is then used to address diverse questions. One important result is that the recovery of the oceanic carbonate chemistry from fossil fuel neutralization in the future will be accelerated due to expected reduced biogenic calcification.
A north to south transect of Holocene southeast Atlantic continental margin sediments: Relationship between aerosol transport and compound‐specific δ13C land plant biomarker and pollen records
Authors: Rommerskirchen Florian , Eglinton Geoffrey , Dupont Lydie , Güntner Ute , Wenzel Claudia , Rullkötter Jürgen
Published: December 2003

We examined near‐surface, late Holocene deep‐sea sediments at nine sites on a north‐south transect from the Congo Fan (4°S) to the Cape Basin (30°S) along the Southwest African continental margin. Contents, distribution patterns and molecular stable carbon isotope signatures of long‐chain n‐alkanes (C27‐C33) and n‐alkanols (C22‐C32) are indicators of land plant vegetation of different biosynthetic types, which can be correlated with concentrations and distributions of pollen taxa in the same sediments. Calculated clusters of wind trajectories and satellite Aerosol Index imagery afford information on the source areas for the lipids and pollen on land and their transport pathways to the ocean sites. This multidisciplinary approach on an almost continental scale provides clear evidence of latitudinal differences in lipid and pollen composition paralleling the major phytogeographic zonations on the adjacent continent. Dust and smoke aerosols are mainly derived from the western and central South African hinterland dominated by deserts, semi‐deserts and savannah regions rich in C4 and CAM plants. The northern sites (Congo Fan area and northern Angola Basin), which get most of their terrestrial material from the Congo Basin and the Angolan highlands, may also receive some material from the Chad region. Very little aerosol from the African continent is transported to the most southerly sites in the Cape Basin. As can be expected from the present position of the phytogeographic zones, the carbon isotopic signatures of the n‐alkanes and n‐alkanols both become isotopically more enriched in 13C from north to south. The results of the study suggest that this combination of pollen data and compound‐specific isotope geochemical proxies can be effectively applied in the reconstruction of past continental phytogeographic developments.
Improving the Gibraltar/Reykjavik NAO index
Authors: Vinther B. M. , Andersen K. K. , Hansen A. W. , Schmith T. , Jones P. D.
Published: December 2003

The longest instrumental index of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is based on pressure measurements from Gibraltar and Reykjavik. Recently two long pressure series from the town of Cádiz and the nearby San Fernando observatory in southern Spain have been digitized. As Gibraltar is situated within 100 kilometers from Cádiz and San Fernando, a long held suspicion that early pressure data from Gibraltar contains several problems can now be investigated. This leads to the creation of an improved version of the long NAO index in which the period from 1821 to 1856 has been revised.
The atmospheric circulation and states of maximum entropy production
Authors: Kleidon Axel , Fraedrich Klaus , Kunz Torben , Lunkeit Frank
Published: December 2003

Energy balance models suggest that the atmospheric circulation operates close to a state of maximum entropy production. Here we support this hypothesis with sensitivity simulations of an atmospheric general circulation model. A state of maximum entropy production is obtained by (i) adjusting boundary layer turbulence and (ii) using a sufficiently high model resolution which allows sufficient degrees of freedom for the atmospheric flow. The state of maximum entropy production is associated with the largest conversion of available potential energy into kinetic energy which is subsequently dissipated by boundary layer turbulence. It exhibits the largest eddy activity in the mid latitudes, resulting in the most effective transport of heat towards the poles and the least equator‐pole temperature difference. These results suggest that GCMs have a fundamental tendency to underestimate the magnitude of atmospheric heat transport and, therefore, overestimate the equator‐pole temperature gradient for the present‐day climate, for the response to global climatic change, and for atmospheres of other planetary bodies.
High‐pressure alloying of potassium and iron: Radioactivity in the Earth's core?
Authors: Lee Kanani K. M. , Jeanloz Raymond
Published: December 2003

High‐resolution x‐ray diffraction provides evidence that potassium (K) alloys with iron (Fe) when the two pure elements are heated together at pressures above ∼26 gigapascals (GPa). Increases of 2–3% in volume of the ε (hexagonal close packed: hcp) high‐pressure phase of Fe can be attributed to the incorporation of ∼1 atomic% (∼7000 ppm by weight) K into Fe. Our results provide experimental support for predictions, derived from quantum mechanical calculations, that pressure can induce the alloying of K with Fe due to a change in the chemical‐bonding character of K from alkaline‐ to transition‐metal. Radioactive decay through the incorporation of40K into the core could therefore be an important source of energy deep inside the Earth, helping to power the geodynamo and mantle dynamics.
Is the Shanxi rift of northern China extending?
Authors: He Jiankun , Liu Mian , Li Yanxing
Published: December 2003

The Shanxi rift in northern China is marked by intensive seismicity, including many devastating historic earthquakes. Geological and seismological evidence show 0.5–1.6 mm/yr extension across the rift, and previous GPS results indicated an extension rate of 4 ± 2 mm/yr. We show here newly compiled GPS data that indicate coherent crustal motion and no clear sign of extension across the rift. We reconcile the discrepancy between geological observations and GPS results in a simple viscoelastic finite element model with timescale‐dependent crustal deformation. The GPS velocities can be fit by a model with a near elastic upper crust, consistent with predominantly interseismic deformation. The geological rate of extension is predicted when viscous creep of the crust is dominant, driven by the gravitational potential energy arising from the heterogeneity of crustal structure.
Etna 2002 eruption imaged from continuous tilt and GPS data
Authors: Aloisi M. , Bonaccorso A. , Gambino S. , Mattia M. , Puglisi G.
Published: December 2003

On the night of October 26, 2002, intense explosive activity and lava effusion began suddenly on the southern flank of Mt. Etna at an altitude of 2750 m. During the 27 and 28 October, a long field of eruptive fractures propagated radially along the north‐eastern flank of the volcano. Ground deformation changes recorded between 26 and 27 October from GPS and tilt data collected at the permanent geodetic network of Mt. Etna, were modeled to infer the positions and dimensions of the two dikes. The observed deformation pattern was consistent with a response of the edifice to a composite mechanism consisting of a vertical uprising dike in the upper Southern flank and a lateral intrusion propagating along the north‐eastern sector. The first dike, which triggered the eruption, crossed the volcano edifice in a few hours and was located in the same area as the 2001 eruption, while the second lateral dike, which crossed the NE flank, was the primary cause of the recorded deformation pattern.
Three‐dimensional radiative transfer in tropical deep convective clouds
Authors: Di Giuseppe F. , Tompkins A. M.
Published: December 2003

This study focuses on the interaction between short‐wave radiation and a field of tropical deep convective clouds generated using a cloud‐resolving model to assess the significance of three‐dimensional radiative transport. Comparisons with an independent pixel approximation approach and a plane‐parallel radiative scheme are used to assess the importance of the subgrid‐scale variability and organization of the clouds for their radiative properties. The horizontal transport of radiation is responsible for a significant energy redistribution inside the cloudy and clear regions. Local heating rates in both the cloudy and clear‐sky regions can differ by 1 K d−1or more, with mean heating rates altered by 20% and 15%, respectively. These figures are larger than previously reported for convective scenes, most probably because of the lower cloud fraction of the scene used here. This energy imbalance is mainly controlled by two opposing effects: side illumination and shadowing, whose relative importance is driven by the spatial arrangement of cloud elements in the domain, the Sun position and the aspect ratio of clouds. These effects partially cancel, giving lower mean biases. Nevertheless, comparison between independent pixel approximation and plane‐parallel biases shows that for deep convective cloud, geometry‐related effects can have a larger influence on radiative transfer calculation than internal optical inhomogeneities.
Precipitation profile retrievals using temperature‐sounding microwave observations
Authors: Bauer Peter , Mugnai Alberto
Published: December 2003

A Bayesian retrieval algorithm was developed to demonstrate the potential of microwave temperature‐sounding channels for precipitation profile retrieval from spaceborne observations. The algorithm uses a database from combined cloud‐radiative transfer model simulations of Hurricane Bonnie which was observed during the field campaign Convection and Moisture Experiment 3 (CAMEX‐3). Sounding channels from two oxygen absorption complexes at 50–57 GHz and 118.75 GHz were combined to make use of their differential response to absorption and scattering by hydrometeors. The retrieval method was applied to airborne observations with the National Polar‐Orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) Aircraft Sounder Testbed‐Microwave (NAST‐M) radiometer on board the ER 2 aircraft. The retrieved profiles were used to simulate radar reflectivities to be compared to ER 2 Doppler observations from the same aircraft. The results lead to the following conclusions: (1) The sounding channels provide the unique potential of cloud slicing because the channel‐dependent variation of clear‐air absorption allows the adjustment of maximum sensitivity to different altitudes. (2) The validation with radar data indicates a good performance of the algorithm; however, at least four channels in each absorption complex are required to constrain the retrieval well enough with the observations. (3) The validation also shows that even though a Hurricane Bonnie cloud model simulation was used, the simulated database does not represent the observations very well. (4) The database may bias the retrievals by the underlying assumptions on temperature, humidity, and hydrometeor distributions. Sounding channels are more sensitive to a possible temperature bias in the database. While this bias can be corrected, the retrievals forward the database bias to the retrieved products independent of sensor. For global applications, more flexible retrieval approaches are required that are capable of constraining the algorithm according to the local situation.
Selection of the Mars Exploration Rover landing sites
Authors: Golombek M. P. , Grant J. A. , Parker T. J. , Kass D. M. , Crisp J. A. , Squyres S. W. , Haldemann A. F. C. , Adler M. , Lee W. J. , Bridges N. T. , Arvidson R. E. , Carr M. H. , Kirk R. L. , Knocke P. C. , Roncoli R. B. , Weitz C. M. , Schofield J. T. , Zurek R. W. , Christensen P. R. , Fergason R. L. , Anderson F. S. , Rice J. W.
Published: December 2003

The selection of Meridiani Planum and Gusev crater as the Mars Exploration Rover landing sites took over 2 years, involved broad participation of the science community via four open workshops, and narrowed an initial ∼155 potential sites (80–300 × 30 km) to four finalists based on science and safety. Engineering constraints important to the selection included (1) latitude (10°N–15°S) for maximum solar power, (2) elevation (less than −1.3 km) for sufficient atmosphere to slow the lander, (3) low horizontal winds, shear, and turbulence in the last few kilometers to minimize horizontal velocity, (4) low 10‐m‐scale slopes to reduce airbag spin‐up and bounce, (5) moderate rock abundance to reduce abrasion or strokeout of the airbags, and (6) a radar‐reflective, load‐bearing, and trafficable surface safe for landing and roving that is not dominated by fine‐grained dust. The evaluation of sites utilized existing as well as targeted orbital information acquired from the Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Odyssey. Three of the final four landing sites show strong evidence for surface processes involving water and appear capable of addressing the science objectives of the missions, which are to determine the aqueous, climatic, and geologic history of sites on Mars where conditions may have been favorable to the preservation of evidence of possible prebiotic or biotic processes. The evaluation of science criteria placed Meridiani and Gusev as the highest‐priority sites. The evaluation of the three most critical safety criteria (10‐m‐scale slopes, rocks, and winds) and landing simulation results indicated that Meridiani and Elysium Planitia are the safest sites, followed by Gusev and Isidis Planitia.
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans association with nuchal‐type fibroma
Authors: Hafeez Diwan A. , Horenstein Marcelo G.
Published: December 2003

Background:  Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a hypercellular, storiform, CD34‐positive low‐grade sarcoma with honeycomb entrapment of fat, which typically involves the trunk and extremities. Nuchal‐type fibroma (NTF ) is a paucicellular, CD34‐positive fibrous tumor with fat entrapment, which may occur in both nuchal and extranuchal locations and in association with Gardner syndrome.

Methods:  We report the association of DFSP with NTF in a 43‐year‐old male with no personal or family history of Gardner syndrome.

Results:  The patient had a past history of a DFSP removed from his back, which recurred 2 years later and was re‐excised. Additionally, the patient had a typical NTF, in the posterior neck, removed at the same time. Histopathologic examination of the recurrent back lesion demonstrated a composite lesion with typical appearances of DFSP, centrally, blending into an NTF‐like appearance, peripherally. Both components expressed CD34 and CD99, and lacked elastin. A review of the microscopic slides of the patient's previously excised DFSP revealed an identical lesion with surrounding NTF‐like areas.

Conclusion:  While an association between NTF and fibromatosis has recently been reported, this is to our knowledge the first report of an association between NTF and DFSP. The morphologic findings suggest that there may be a continuum between these two CD34‐positive lesions that have a tendency to infiltrate adipose tissue and recur.
Antigen distribution and antigen‐presenting cells in skin biopsies of human chromoblastomycosis
Authors: Sotto Mírian N. , De Brito T. , Silva Ana Maria G. , Vidal Monica , Castro L. G. Martins
Published: December 2003

Background:  Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic, suppurative, granulomatous mycosis usually confined to skin and subcutaneous tissues. The host defense mechanisms in chromoblastomycosis have not been extensively investigated. The purpose of the present study was to determine the distribution and pathways of the fungal antigen(s) and the possible role of the different immunocompetent cells in antigen processing in skin lesions.

Methods:  The distribution of Fonsecaea pedrosoi antigen(s) in human skin was studied in 18 biopsies from 14 patients with chromoblastomycosis. A purified polyclonal immune serum raised in rabbits against metabolic antigen(s) of F. pedrosoi was used to detect yeast antigen(s) by immunohistochemical procedures. Double immunolabeling was performed with yeast antigen(s) and Langerhans' cells [labeled with anti‐S100 protein monoclonal antibody (MoAb)], yeast antigen(s) and factor XIIIa+ dermal dendrocytes (immunolabeled with anti‐factor XIIIa polyclonal antibody), and yeast antigen(s) and macrophages (labeled with CD 68 monoclonal antibody).

Results:  The F. pedrosoi antigen(s) accumulated in the skin macrophages and, in a few instances, in factor XIIIa+ dendrocytes and Langerhans' cells.

Conclusions:  The data obtained suggest that chiefly macrophages, also Langerhans' cells and factor XIIIa+ dermal dendrocytes, function as antigen‐presenting cells in chromoblastomycosis.
Follicular squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: a poorly recognized neoplasm arising from the wall of hair follicles
Authors: Diaz‐Cascajo Carlos , Borghi Susanna , Weyers Wolfgang , Bastida‐Inarrea Jesus
Published: December 2003

Background:  In the last decades, a number of clinicopathologic subtypes of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin, ranging from highly aggressive tumors with a tendency to recur and metastasize to neoplasms with a favorable prognosis, have been described. SCCs arising from the wall of hair follicles have been briefly mentioned by some authors but never reported in a series.

Methods:  Cases of SCC arising from the wall of hair follicles were collected from the files of two large German Centers for Dermatopathology and analyzed clinicopathologically and immunohistochemically.

Results:  Sixteen cases of SCC developing in hair follicles were found among more than 7000 cases of cutaneous SCC reviewed. In most cases, tumors arose on sun‐damaged skin of the face of elderly persons. There was a male predominance (11/5). The most common clinical diagnosis was basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Microscopically, tumors developed in the upper part of hair follicles without or with focal involvement of the overlying epidermis at the border with the involved follicle. Immunohistochemically, tumors were positive for cytokeratin and negative for a battery of immunomarkers, including antibodies against the most common carcinogenic human papillomaviruses (HPV) of the skin. Most tumors were excised by simple excision. In two cases, a recurrence was noted after incomplete excision. No further recurrences or metastasis have been noted after a follow‐up period ranging from 11 months to 12 years.

Conclusion:  SCC of the hair follicle represents a poorly recognized but distinctive subset of SCC of the skin that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of other cutaneous epithelial tumors. The term follicular SCC (FSCC) is proposed for this neoplasm.
Mid‐dermal elastolysis preceded by acute neutrophilic dermatosis
Authors: Lewis Kevan G. , Dill Sara W. , Wilkel Caroline S. , Robinson‐Bostom Leslie
Published: December 2003

Background:  Mid‐dermal elastolysis is a rare idiopathic elastic tissue disorder that is characterized by localized patches of finely wrinkled skin and a ‘band‐like’ loss of elastic tissue in the mid‐reticular dermis. Lesions may be preceded by erythema and/or urticaria, and histological examination of inflamed lesional skin may demonstrate lymphohistiocytic dermal infiltration.

Case report:  We report a case of mid‐dermal elastolysis in a 31‐year‐old woman who developed multiple erythematous and urticarial plaques on the arms and trunk. Histologic examination of a representative lesion revealed a neutrophilic infiltrate and a normal pattern of elastic tissue. Several months later, the erythema and urticaria was noted to have resolved, leaving soft, pendulous plaques with overlying finely wrinkled skin. A follow‐up biopsy at this time showed minimal lymphocytic inflammation but almost complete absence of elastic tissue in the mid‐reticular dermis.

Conclusions:  To our knowledge, acute neutrophilic dermatosis resulting in mid‐dermal elastolysis has not been previously described. This observation lends support to an emerging theory that the pathogenesis of mid‐dermal elastolysis may be inflammatory.
Procollagen 1 expression in atypical fibroxanthoma and other tumors
Authors: Jensen Kristin , Wilkinson Barbara , Wines Nina , Kossard Steven
Published: December 2003

Background:  Procollagen (PC) is secreted by fibroblasts into the extracellular matrix, where it is cleaved to form collagen. The rat anti‐human PC‐1 monoclonal antibody has been reported to react with atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX), a poorly differentiated but usually benign skin lesion common in elderly patients. We have studied PC‐1 staining in 50 tumors with AFX histological features (four of which were subsequently reclassified as non‐AFX tumors) to confirm this prior observation. In addition, we have investigated PC‐1 in other skin tumors, particularly those with spindled cell or sclerosing/desmoplastic morphologies.

Method:  Archival material was retrieved and sections were prepared and immunostained with PC‐1 as well as a panel of antibodies, including S‐100 and MNF‐116 (cytokeratins 5, 6, 7, 8, 17, and 19).

Results:  PC‐1 staining was strongly positive in 40 of 46 (87%) AFXs. Three AFXs displayed weak staining with PC‐1 even after repeat staining of 10 tumors that were initially weak. Three additional tumors stained with both PC‐1 and MNF‐116 and were classified as AFX‐like squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). One tumor with AFX‐like histology was PC‐1 negative and S‐100 positive and was classified as an AFX‐like melanoma. Positive staining in tumor cells was observed in three of nine (33%) desmoplastic malignant melanomas, three of eight (38%) desmoplastic SCCs, zero of 10 (0%) desmoplastic trichoepitheliomas, zero of 10 (0%) morpheic basal cell carcinomas, and zero of 10 (0%) sclerosing sweat duct carcinomas.

Conclusion:  PC‐1 is a useful antibody in a diagnostic immunohistochemical panel when investigating AFX and AFX‐like tumors; however, good technical quality and careful interpretation are necessary when using a panel of antibodies, particularly to keratin and S‐100 protein, for optimal accuracy.
Ets‐1 immunohistochemical expression in non‐melanoma skin carcinoma
Authors: Keehn Connie A. , Smoller Bruce R. , Morgan Michael B.
Published: December 2003

Background:  Ets‐1 oncoprotein is a transcription factor known to regulate the expression of numerous genes important in extracellular matrix remodeling and angiogenesis. Up‐regulation of Ets‐1 has been shown to be important in a variety of human malignancies and to correlate with prognosis. To our knowledge, this oncoprotein has not been examined in non‐melanoma skin carcinomas.

Design:  A series of 26 primary cutaneous skin lesions with patient records were independently examined for diagnosis confirmation and immunohistochemical expression by two dermatopathologists. The immunohistochemical expression for Ets‐1 (Novocastra, Newcastle Upon Tyne, England, UK) was scored by an average of the mean labeling intensity (MLI), where no nuclear staining = 0, weak nuclear staining = 1, moderate nuclear staining = 2, and strong nuclear staining = 3.

Results:  All basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) cases exhibited negative nuclear staining, for an average MLI of 0. Keratoacanthomas, squamous cell carcinoma in situ (SIS), and well‐differentiated squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) exhibited negative to weak nuclear staining, for an average MLI of 0.4 ± 0.3. Moderately differentiated SCCs exhibited moderate nuclear staining, for an average MLI of 1.8 ± 0.6. Poorly differentiated SCCs and metastatic SCCs exhibited very strong nuclear staining, with an average MLI of 2.8 ± 0.2.

Conclusions:  Ets‐1 is not expressed in cutaneous BCC or MCC and is weakly expressed in SIS and forms of well‐differentiated SCC. Although the intensity of Ets‐1 immunostaining distinguished between well‐differentiated and poorly differentiated SCC (p < 0.0001), it failed to discriminate between in situ and well‐differentiated SCCs. The preliminary data suggests Ets‐1 may be important in the pathogenesis of invasive SCC.
Comparison of several bootstrap methods for bias reduction of QTL effect estimates
Authors: Bennewitz J. , Reinsch N. , Kalm E.
Published: December 2003

The factors leading to the bias of quantitative trait loci (QTL) effect estimates were investigated by simulating paternal half‐sib families. An upward bias was found in nearly all simulated configurations when only significant replicates were considered. This bias was a function of the experimental power of detecting a QTL (increased bias when power decreased) and was attributed to biased sampling. Three non‐parametric bootstrap schemes were tested to re‐estimate bias‐reduced QTL effects. The classical bootstrap bias corrected re‐estimate and the permutation bootstrap bias corrected re‐estimate failed to reduce the bias substantially. With the 0.368‐bootstrap the entire data set was repeatedly split into an estimation set formed by the bootstrap sample and into an independent test set formed by progeny not found in the estimation set. The size of the test set is asymptotically 0.368 times the number of progeny. The estimation set was used for calibration (i.e. estimating QTL position), and the test set was used for validation (i.e. estimating QTL effect at the particular position). The 0.368‐bootstrap re‐estimate was the mean effect estimate from validation from all bootstrap runs. The 0.368‐bootstrap produced on average significantly less biased QTL effects which showed reduced mean square errors compared with the original estimates. It was relatively robust against biased sampling.
Computing simplifications for non‐additive genetic models
Authors: Schaeffer L. R.
Published: December 2003

A limiting factor in the analysis of non‐additive genetic models has been the ability to compute the inverses of non‐additive genetic covariance matrices for large populations. Also, the order of the equations was equal to the number of animals times the number of non‐additive genetic effects that were included in the model. This paper describes a computing algorithm that avoids the inverses of the non‐additive genetic covariance matrices and keeps the size of the equations to be the same as any animal model with only additive genetic effects. Quadratic forms for the non‐additive genetic variances could also be computed without the inverses of the non‐additive genetic covariance matrices.
Evidence of a rheotactic component in the odour search behaviour of freshwater eels
Authors: Carton A. G. , Montgomery J. C.
Published: December 2003

The detection of food odour by the freshwater eels, Anguilla australis and Anguilla dieffenbachii released a behavioural response to flow that resulted in direct upstream movement toward the odour source. Changes in various orientation parameters were observed as eels neared the source. Eels had substantially lower swimming velocities and considerably more variable heading and course angles close to the odour source (≤0·9 m) than further away (>0·9 m). Observed changes in orientation parameters were primarily due to changes in the behaviour of a searcher following odour loss. Cross‐stream movements were initiated when the eel moved beyond the lateral margins of the odour plume. The behavioural switch from odour‐conditioned rheotaxis to cross‐stream casting following odour loss occurred more frequently close to the odour source where the plume was most narrow. Odour‐conditioned rheotaxis enables the searcher to move quickly and efficiently toward the odour source without the need to extract directional information from a highly intermittent and complex chemical signal.
Differences in interrenal tissue, biosynthetic capacity and ACTH sensitivity in progeny of sea bream from parents selected for high or low cortisol response
Authors: Rotllant J. , Montero D. , Caballero M. J. , Robaina L. , Izquierdo M. S. , Tort L.
Published: December 2003

Progeny of sea bream Sparus aurata from parents selected for high or low cortisol response to stress also showed similar divergent cortisol response after 48 h of handling and confinement stress. The high response progeny, however, had a lower basal unstimulated cortisol release and ACTH‐stimulated cortisol output in vitro.
Spatial structure in length at age of cod in the Barents Sea
Authors: Vinje F. , Heino M. , Dieckmann U. , GodØ O. R. , Mork J.
Published: December 2003

Cod Gadus morhua population in the Barents Sea was found to be spatially structured with regard to length‐at‐age. Results were based on data collected during research surveys in the Barents Sea between 1982 and 1997. The identified spatial structure was most pronounced for age groups 2–4 years and decreased for the older age groups with higher potential for migration. A positive linear correlation between mean length‐at‐age and mean geographical temperature was established for age groups 2–4 years. This correlation was shown to be strongest when based on mean temperatures during 3 year periods ending with the year of capture. The spatial structure in length‐at‐age was shown to follow the temperature gradient of the Barents Sea. A large part of the observed area effects could be explained by temperature variation between areas. Evidence is also presented which indicates that the predictability and sensitivity of the dependence of length‐at‐age on temperature increases under extreme environmental conditions, i.e. in the northern and eastern areas of the Barents Sea.
The metabolic rate of roach in relation to body size and temperature
Authors: Hölker F.
Published: December 2003

Standard and routine metabolic rates of roach Rutilus rutilus for a wide size and temperature range (3–200 g, 5–23° C) were analysed by automated, computerized intermittent flow respirometry. The mass exponent b ranged from 0·68 to 0·82 for standard metabolism, and from 0·65 to 0·92 for routine metabolism depending on the experimental temperature. For routine metabolism b was lowest at 10° C. At both decreasing and increasing temperatures, b increased significantly. Roach were exponentially temperature‐dependent for both metabolic levels. For roach <20 g, however, an asymptotic relationship was observed between temperature and routine metabolic rate. The ‘flattening of the curve’ in the latter case may be explained by reduced spontaneous activities at the lower threshold of the preferred temperature range.
Thermal dependence of embryonic growth and development in brown trout
Authors: Ojanguren A. F. , Braña F.
Published: December 2003

Fertilized eggs from a brown troutSalmo truttapopulation in northern Spain were incubated in the laboratory at 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18° C. Developmental stage and embryo size were monitored by taking samples at regular intervals. Survival was maximal at 8 and 10° C and decreased at higher and lower temperatures. Despite starting development, no embryo hatched at 16 and 18° C, which suggests an upper thermal limit for development between 14 and 16° C. Time required to reach a given ontogenetic stage decreased with increasing temperature. Embryos incubated at lower temperatures were larger at 50% hatching, and these differences persisted throughout the subsequent embryonic period until the start of exogenous feeding. A comparison with previously published data indicates low interpopulation variability in thermal sensitivity of embryonic development, even in consideration of the great latitudinal range of the studies.
Big and beautiful? Quantitative genetic parameters for appearance of large rainbow trout
Authors: Kause A. , Ritola O. , Paananen T. , Eskelinen U. , Mäntysaari E.
Published: December 2003

A quantitative genetic analysis of body condition, body shape, skin colour and spottiness of large, farmed rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss showed that the traits can be modified through selective breeding. This was indicated by their high heritabilities (h2 = 0·46–0·61 on the underlying liability scale and 0·29–0·50 on the observed scale). Correlations calculated using linear models showed that skin colour and the amount of spots displayed positive phenotypic (rP = 0·33) and genetic correlations (rA = 0·83), the relationship being advantageous for the genetic improvement of the traits. Body shape and condition factor displayed disadvantageous correlations with body mass at both ages, the genetic correlations between the traits ranging from 0·36 to 0·57. It was concluded that there are no strong genetic constraints for the genetic improvement of appearance, the only limitation being that rapidly growing fish become rotund.
A molecular assessment of homing in the tidepool sculpin
Authors: Altman A. D. , Taylor E. B.
Published: December 2003

Molecular analyses of the mitochondrial genome using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) were utilized to determine the existence of discrete populations of the tidepool sculpin Oligocottus maculosus from the Barkley Sound region of south‐western Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Fifty‐five haplotypes were found with three haplotypes making up 38, 16 and 8% of the total sample, respectively. Within individual tidepools, haplotype diversity ranged from 0·30 to 0·92, but haplotypes were typically closely related to one another (nucleotide diversity ranged from 0·0004 to 0·005). The majority of haplotype variation (96–97%) was located within tidepools, but a significant amount of variation (c. 3–4%) was detected among tidepools within single islands. By contrast, there was no significant differentiation among islands or between samples from the Barkley Sound area and a single sample from north‐eastern Vancouver Island. The results suggest a low level of population structure within the sample area and that the distribution of haplotypes and haplotype divergences represents a demographic expansion from a single ancestral lineage beginning between 300 000 and 1 000 000 years ago. The low level of population subdivision resolved suggests that despite their ecological specialization in tidepool habitats, tidepool sculpins are influenced by demographic and genetic processes that operate on spatial scales much larger than single tidepools or islands.
Atlantic salmon straying from the River Imsa
Authors: Jonsson B. , Jonsson N. , Hansen L. P.
Published: December 2003

Mean estimated straying rate for Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. leaving the River Imsa as smolts during 1976–1999 was 15% for hatchery fish and 6% for wild conspecifics. Hatchery Atlantic salmon selected for production traits during four or more generations strayed >50%. The straying rate was higher for Atlantic salmon staying 2 rather than 1 year at sea before attaining maturity. For spawning, 96% of the strays entered streams within 420 km from the River Imsa, and c. 80% entered streams within 60 km of the mouth of the River Imsa, whether the fish were wild or hatchery released. Within the 60 km zone, the number of strays caught in a river increased with the Atlantic salmon catch in that river, but there was no significant relationship between straying rate and water discharge or distance from the river to the River Imsa. The observed straying rate of hatchery Atlantic salmon decreased with increasing number of fish entering the River Imsa. Sexual maturation as parr did not influence the tendency to stray. The results suggest that the establishment of temporary zones, free of fish farms, outside important Atlantic salmon rivers by the fisheries authorities in Norway should be large, whole fjords, to be effective.
Sound production during courtship and spawning of Oreochromis mossambicus: male–female and male–male interactions
Authors: Amorim M. C. P. , Fonseca P. J. , Almada V. C.
Published: December 2003

The role of sound production of the Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus in agonistic and mating interactions observed during hierarchy formation and in established groups was examined. Only territorial males produced sounds, during male–female and male–male courtship interactions and during pit‐related activities (e.g. dig, hover and still in the nest). Sound production rate was positively correlated with courting rate. Although sounds in other cichlids are typically emitted in early stages of courtship, O. mossambicus produced sounds in all phases, but especially during late stages of courtship, including spawning. It is suggested that the acoustic emissions in this species may play a role in advertising the presence and spawning readiness of males and in synchronizing gamete release.
Effects of surgically implanted transmitters on swimming performance, food consumption and growth of wild Atlantic salmon parr
Authors: Robertson M. J. , Scruton D. A. , Brown J. A.
Published: December 2003

Experiments were conducted on wild Atlantic salmon Salmo salar parr to determine the effect of surgically implanted dummy transmitters on swimming performance, food consumption and growth. Swimming performance of tagged fish (tag 1·7–3·7% of fish mass) was similar to that of control fish 1, 5 and 10 days after surgery. Negative effects on growth, however, were found up to day 36 of a 45 day experiment (tag 0·9–2·6% of fish mass). Consumption rates were similar between tagged and control fish and did not explain differences in growth.