bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparability of Radiographic and 3D‐Ultrasound Measurements of Facial Midline Tissue Depths*
Authors: Smith Shelley L. , Throckmorton Gaylord S.
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT: As a second step in our three‐dimensional (3D) ultrasound research on facial tissues, orthodontic patients with available lateral cephalographs (radiographs) allowing measurements of tissues along the midline of the face were recruited for ultrasound scanning. Comparison of three points on the upper lip (A‐point), chin (B‐point), and nose (nasion) produced differences of varying magnitude between radiographic and ultrasound measurements, with the B‐point measurement being clearly affected by head orientation. Concordance was better for A‐point and best for nasion. Although extension of two‐dimensional (2D) ultrasound scanning of facial tissues to 3D scanning for forensic and surgical reconstructive purposes remains a worthy goal, it must be recognized that because of the differences in technique, measurements obtained from the different visualization modalities at present vary in their comparability.
GHB Free Acid: II. Isolation and Spectroscopic Characterization for Forensic Analysis
Authors: Witkowski Mark R. , Ciolino Laura A. , DeFrancesco James V.
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT: A reference standard for γ‐hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) free acid is not commercially available, making its analysis in forensic exhibits more difficult. GHB free acid is typically encountered in aqueous solution and in the presence of the lactone, γ‐butyrolactone (GBL), presenting difficulty in Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) analysis. The strong infrared (IR) absorptivity of the GBL carbonyl band, the shifting of the GBL carbonyl band in aqueous solutions, and the position of the O–H bend for water can mask the main carbonyl band for GHB free acid. Model solutions of β‐hydroxybutyric acid (BHB) and GBL were studied in order to further understand the masking of the GHB free acid carbonyl band in FT‐IR analysis. The use of second derivative FT‐IR spectroscopy was shown to provide resolution of the free acid carbonyl band, and a presumptive test for GHB free acid was developed and applied. An extension of this work included preparing, for use as a standard reference material, small amounts (≤10 mg) of GHB free acid. Preparation was based on the instantaneous reaction of GHB's sodium salt with a stoichiometric amount of hydrochloric acid in aqueous solution, and subsequent isolation of the free acid in neat liquid form. Both FT‐IR and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the neat reference material were obtained and used to verify its identity. The isolation of GHB free acid from actual forensic exhibits is also presented, with identity confirmation using FT‐IR.
Comparison of Handmarks in Manual Strangulation: An Experimental Study
Authors: Kristensen Mie E. , Lynnerup Niels , Sejrsen Birgitte
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT: A police case with a strangulated woman with fingermarks on the neck and two suspects identifying each other as the perpetrator set off a laboratory experiment. Twenty‐one males participated in the study. Blue paint was applied to their fingers, after which they grasped a neck dummy and pressed hard as if strangulating someone. The imprint was removed from the dummy, and their hands were photographed. Five imprints were randomly chosen and superimposed on the hand photographs in blind trials. In no cases did we match an imprint to the correct hand. However, in four cases we matched the imprint with several hands, one of which was the correct one. This means we were able to exclude nonmatches in 4/5 cases. Overall, matching of hands and fingermarks is difficult and inconclusive. Objective criteria for matching are difficult to establish, and matching is probably best suited for cases with specific anatomical features.
Abusive Prescription of Psychostimulants: A Study of Two Cases
Authors: Pélissier‐Alicot Anne‐Laure , Piercecchi‐Marti Marie‐Dominique , Bartoli Christophe , Kuhlmann Erika , Coiffait Philippe‐Emmanuel , Sanvoisin Alain , Giocanti Dominique , Léonetti Georges
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT: Because psychostimulants have serious possible side effects and particular potential for abuse, their therapeutic indications are today exclusively limited to disorders such as obesity, narcolepsy, or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. We report two cases of abusive prescription of these drugs. The first concerns a woman who was treated for a 3 kg weight gain with fenproporex for 5 years and presented a withdrawal syndrome when this drug was no longer marketed in France. In the second case, a woman who complained of atypical sleep problems was prescribed modafinil, methylphenidate, clobazam, lormetazepam, meprobamate, and aceprometazine, and was found dead in her home a few weeks later in unexplained circumstances. For these two patients, neither the indications, nor the contraindications, nor the prescribing rules for these restricted drugs had been complied with. This case report highlights the extreme danger of these substances and stresses the importance of adhering to the rules of prescription.
Genetic Variation for Penta D and Penta E in a Northeast Colombian Population (Department of Santander)
Authors: Vargas Clara Inés , Castillo Adriana , Gil Adriana María , Pico Adriana Lucía , García Oscar
Published: March 2006

POPULATION: Department of Santander, Colombia (n=104).
Population Data on Eight Short Tandem Repeat Loci in the Barbadian Population
Authors: Henry Rachel‐Anne C. , Alleyne Lorraine E. , Budowle Bruce
Published: March 2006

POPULATION: Barbadian (n=186).
Population Genetic Analysis of Moroccans Residing in Belgium Using 15 STRs of the Identifiler® Kit
Authors: Mertens Gerhard , Jehaes Els , Rand Steven , Van Brussel Kristien , Jacobs Werner , Van Marck Eric
Published: March 2006

POPULATION: 205 unrelated Moroccan immigrants living in Belgium.
Allele Frequency Distribution of Short Tandem Repeat D13S1493 in Two Populations
Authors: Yuasa Isao , Nakamura Hiroaki , Umetsu Kazuo
Published: March 2006

POPULATION: 157 unrelated healthy Japanese donors, 138 unrelated healthy German donors.
Distribution of D9S2150, GATA164F07, and D10S2469 Alleles in a Chinese Population Sample
Authors: Jiang Shi , Wu Wei , Yun Libin , Bai Peng , Hu Jinliang , Liu Li , Luo Haibo , Wu Jin , Li Yingbi , Hou Yiping
Published: March 2006

POPULATION: Chinese (n=100).
Post‐traumatic stress disorder and amygdala‐hippocampectomy
Authors: Adami P. , König P. , Vetter Z. , Hausmann A. , Conca A.
Published: March 2006

Objective: The case report suggests the indispensability of preoperative accurate psychiatric checkups especially in temporal resections.

Method: A single case was reported.

Results: We report the case of a 20‐year‐old woman suffering for 12 years from primary generalized epilepsy, attributed to left‐sided hippocampal sclerosis. Because seizures were resistant to drug therapy, she underwent amygdala‐hippocampectomy at the age of 18. Furthermore, she had previously been victim of childhood sexual abuse. Two weeks after epilepsy surgery, she manifested symptoms of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Conclusion: There is evidence that the amygdala‐hippocampal region is both functionally and morphologically involved in the aetiology of PTSD. The removal of this marked neuroanatomical region and the resulting disconnection and asymmetry between right and left amygdala‐hippocampal region might be seen as an evidence for this region aetiologically being involved in the patient's PTSD symptoms.
Alcohol abuse partly mediates the association between coronary heart disease and affective or psychotic disorders: a follow‐up study in Sweden
Authors: Sundquist K. , Li X.
Published: March 2006

Objective:  To analyse whether hospitalization for affective or psychotic disorders predicts coronary heart disease (CHD) after accounting for occupation, region and alcohol‐related disorders.

Method:  National registers were used to identify all individuals in Sweden aged 25–64 years at first hospitalization for affective or psychotic disorders and aged 25–79 years at first hospitalization for CHD between 1987 and 2001. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated.

Results:  The association between CHD and affective or psychotic disorders was strongest in the youngest age groups. The overall SIRs varied between 1.39 and 1.68. They were strongly attenuated but remained significant after adjustment for hospitalization because of alcohol‐related disorders, especially among women.

Conclusion:  Hospitalization because of affective or psychotic disorders predicts CHD. These associations are partly mediated by alcohol abuse. Clinicians and decision makers should be aware of the increased risk of CHD in these patient groups.
Tissue alterations at implant‐supported single‐tooth replacements: a 1‐year prospective clinical study
Authors: Cardaropoli Giuseppe , Lekholm Ulf , Wennström Jan L.
Published: March 2006

Objectives: The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate dimensional alterations of the peri‐implant tissues at single‐tooth restorations from the time of implant placement to 1‐year post‐loading.

Material and methods: Eleven patients, aged 18–36 years, subjected to single‐tooth replacements with implant‐supported restorations (Brånemark implant® system) in the maxillary anterior region were included in the analysis. The implant installation was performed as a two‐stage procedure with a 6‐month healing interval. Bone dimensions were determined by direct assessments immediately following implant placement and at abutment connection. The prosthetic restoration was placed approximately 1 month after abutment surgery. Radiographic and clinical examinations were performed at crown placement and at 1‐year post‐loading. Assessments of the soft tissues at the implant site and at the neighboring teeth were performed before and during implant placement, before abutment connection, after crown placement and at the 1‐year follow‐up examination. Mean values and standard deviations were calculated for each variable and interval, with the subject as the statistical unit.

Results: At the time of abutment connection, a mean loss of bone height at the facial and lingual aspect of the implant amounting to 0.7–1.3 mm (P<0.05) was recorded, whereas no significant change was noted at proximal sites. A mean reduction of 0.4 mm of the labial bone thickness was observed between implant placement and the second‐stage surgery. The radiographic bone‐to‐implant level showed a mean loss of 0.9 mm between abutment connection and crown placement (P<0.05) and a further 0.7 mm loss at 1 year (P<0.05). The thickness of the labial mucosa was increased at crown placement followed by a slight remission at 1 year. During the corresponding interval, a mean apical displacement of the labial soft tissue margin of 0.6 mm had taken place (P<0.05). A papilla fill of ≥50% was observed at a frequency of 32% at crown placement and 86% at 1 year.

Conclusions: The results demonstrated that following implant surgery remodeling takes place, which is manifested in diminished bone dimensions, both horizontally and vertically, at the facial aspect of the implant. The observed soft tissue alterations after the crown placement may affect the esthetic appeal of the restorative therapy.
The molecular regulation of organelle transport in mammalian retinal pigment epithelial cells
Authors: Futter Clare E.
Published: March 2006

Retinal pigment epithelial cells contain large numbers of melanosomes that can enter the apical processes extending between the outer segments of the overlying photoreceptors. Every day the distal portion of the photoreceptor outer segment is shed and phagocytosed by the retinal pigment epithelial cell. The phagosome is then transported into the cell body and the contents degraded by lysosomal enzymes. This review focuses on recent progress made in the identification of molecules that regulate the transport of melanosomes into the apical processes and the transport of phagosomes into the cell body. Myosin VIIa is a key player in both processes and, at least in the case of melanosome movement, myosin VIIa is recruited to the melanosome via the GTPase, Rab27a. The possible role played by defects in the transport of melanosomes and phagosomes in the development of retinal degenerative diseases is discussed.
NF‐κB activation in melanoma
Authors: Ueda Yukiko , Richmond Ann
Published: March 2006

Metastatic melanoma is an aggressive skin cancer that is notoriously resistant to current cancer therapies. In human melanoma, nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) is upregulated, leading to the deregulation of gene transcription. In this review, we discuss (i) the relationship between gene alteration in melanoma and upregulation of NF‐κB, (ii) mechanisms by which activated NF‐κB switch from pro‐apoptotic to anti‐apoptotic functions in melanoma and (iii) autocrine mechanisms that promote constitutive activation of NF‐κB in metastatic melanoma.
Rab6A and Rab6A′ GTPases Play Non‐overlapping Roles in Membrane Trafficking
Authors: Del Nery Elaine , Miserey‐Lenkei Stéphanie , Falguières Thomas , Nizak Clément , Johannes Ludger , Perez Franck , Goud Bruno
Published: March 2006

The closely related Rab6 isoforms, Rab6A and Rab6A′, have been shown to regulate vesicular trafficking within the Golgi and post‐Golgi compartments, but studies using dominant active or negative mutant suggested conflicting models. Here, we report that reduction in the expression of Rab6 isoform using specific small interfering RNA reveals noticeable differences in the Rab6A and Rab6A′ biological functions. Surprisingly, Rab6A seems to be largely dispensable in membrane trafficking events, whereas knocking down the expression of Rab6A′ hampers the intracellular transport of the retrograde cargo marker, the Shiga Toxin B‐subunit along the endocytic pathway, and causes defects in Golgi‐ associated protein recycling through the endoplasmic reticulum. We also showed that Rab6A′ is required for cell cycle progression through mitosis and identify Ile62 as a key residue for uncoupling Rab6A′ functions in mitosis and retrograde trafficking. Thus, our work shows that Rab6A and Rab6A′ perform different functions within the cell and suggests a novel role for Rab6A′ as the major Rab6 isoform regulating previously described Rab6‐dependent transport pathways.
Coordinated Nuclear Import of RNA Polymerase III Subunits
Authors: Hardeland Ulrike , Hurt Ed
Published: March 2006

Eukaryotic RNA polymerases are multisubunit assemblies, whose enzymatic function in the nucleus is intensively studied. However, little is known about the biogenesis of the three RNA polymerases and coupling to nucleo‐cytoplasmic transport. Here, we show that Rpc128, the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase III, was mislocalized to the cytoplasm, when a short sequence in the N‐terminal domain was deleted. Importantly, nuclear import of other, but not all, RNA polymerase III subunits was impaired in this RPC128ΔN mutant. These data suggest that RNA polymerase III subunits are not imported independently into the nucleus but may require preassembly into cytoplasmic subcomplexes for coordinated nuclear uptake. We expect these studies to be a starting point to dissect the complex biogenesis pathway of eukaryotic RNA polymerases.
Microtubule Plus End: A Hub of Cellular Activities
Authors: Lansbergen Gideon , Akhmanova Anna
Published: March 2006

Microtubules (MTs) are highly dynamic polymers, which control many aspects of cellular architecture. Growing MT plus ends accumulate a specific set of evolutionary conserved factors, the so‐called MT plus‐end‐tracking proteins (+TIPs). +TIPs regulate MT dynamics and the reciprocal interactions of MTs with the cell cortex, mitotic kinetochores or different cellular organelles. Most +TIPs can directly bind to MTs, but the molecular mechanisms of their specific targeting to the growing plus ends remain poorly understood. Recent studies suggest that the members of one particular +TIP family, EB1 and its homologues, are present in all eucaryotic kingdoms, interact directly with the majority of other known plus‐end‐associated proteins and may be responsible for their specific accumulation at the MT tips.
The Role of Mannose Receptor on HIV‐1 Entry into Human Spermatozoa
Authors: Cardona‐Maya Wálter , López‐Herrera Albeiro , Velilla‐Hernández Paula , Rugeles María T. , Cadavid Ángela P.
Published: March 2006

In this opinion article we consider the possibility that human spermatozoa have receptors for human immunodeficiency virus‐1 (HIV‐1). It is clear that sperm cells have the potential for transmitting HIV‐1, but the mechanisms responsible for spreading or the virus by this vector are not known. In contrast to the traditional HIV‐1 target cells, spermatozoa do not express CD4 receptors or the CCR5/CXCR4 co‐receptors. Recent evidence indicates that astrocytes, which also do not express these molecules, can be infected with HIV‐1 through the mannose receptor. Furthermore, a 160‐kDa sperm receptor that interacts with the HIV gp 120 has been described. Therefore, we hypothesize that the mannose receptor, of 165–175 kDa, is the receptor that HIV‐1 uses to invade spermatozoa, which could lead to both vertical and horizontal transmission of HIV‐1.
Effects of the Common 677C>T Mutation of the 5,10‐Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR) Gene on Ovarian Responsiveness to Recombinant Follicle‐Stimulating Hormone
Authors: Thaler Christian J. , Budiman Helen , Ruebsamen Heike , Nagel Dorothea , Lohse Peter
Published: March 2006

Problem  The common 677C>T mutation of the 5,10‐methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene is less prevalent in mothers of spontaneously conceived dichorionic twins than in those with singleton pregnancies. (Hasbargen U, Lohse P, Thaler CJ: Hum Reprod 2000; 15:2659–2662). As polyovulation is a pre‐requisite for dichorionic pregnancies, we investigated whether the T allele is associated with reduced ovarian responsiveness to follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH).

Materials and methods  We studied 105 infertility patients undergoing a total of 269 A.R.T cycles stimulated with recombinant (r)‐FSH. The MTHFR 677C>T genotype was analyzed by digestion of polymerase chain reaction–amplified DNA fragments.

Results  Homozygous 677C patients older than 35, required significantly (P <0.02) less r‐FSH and produced significantly more oocytes (P < 0.04) and higher maximal serum estradiol concentrations (P < 0.002) than heterozygous or homozygous carriers of the 677T allele.

Conclusion  Our results suggest that, in patients of advanced reproductive age, the MTHFR 677C>T mutation affects ovarian responsiveness.
The Interleukin‐1β +3953 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: Cervical Protein Concentration and Preterm Delivery Risk
Authors: Edwards Rodney K. , Ferguson Ronald J. , Duff Patrick
Published: March 2006

Problem  To determine the associations between preterm delivery <37 weeks (PTD), cervical fluid interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) concentration, and its +3953 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP).

Method of Study  Cervical fluid, peripheral blood, and cord blood samples were obtained from a cohort of women 23–32 weeks gestation with preterm labor symptoms and intact membranes.

Results  Increased cervical fluid concentrations of IL‐1β were associated with PTD (P = 0.017) and spontaneous PTD (P = 0.001). Maternal IL‐1β +3953 SNP genotype was associated neither with PTD (P = 0.43) nor with cervical fluid IL‐1β concentrations (P = 0.35). Neonatal IL‐1β +3953 SNP genotype was associated neither with PTD nor cervical IL‐1β concentrations.

Conclusions  Cervical fluid concentrations of IL‐1β were elevated in symptomatic women destined to have a spontaneous PTD. The gene dosage of maternal IL‐1β +3953 allele 2 was associated neither with increased cervical fluid concentrations of IL‐1β nor with risk of PTD.
Cervicitis and Genitourinary Symptoms in Women Culture Positive for Mycoplasma genitalium
Authors: Korte Jeffrey E. , Baseman Joel B. , Cagle Marianna P. , Herrera Caleb , Piper Jeanna M. , Holden Alan E. C. , Perdue Sondra T. , Champion Jane D. , Shain Rochelle N.
Published: March 2006

Problem  Mycoplasma genitalium has been associated with male urethritis. We sought to relate M. genitalium to genitourinary signs and symptoms in women.

Method of study  We compared 26 culture‐positive women (group 1), 257 additional polymerase chain reaction‐positive women (group 2), and 107 negative control women. We used logistic regression to evaluate signs and symptoms, controlling for co‐infections, pregnancy, age, and intervention group assignment.

Results  Comparing group 1 with controls, we found significantly elevated odds ratios (ORs) for intermediate vaginal discharge (OR = 5.4; 95% confidence interval 1.01, 29.2) and action in response to discharge [3.9 (1.1, 13.5)]. Non‐significant increases were observed for pathologic vaginal discharge [3.8 (0.78, 18.2)], pathologic dyspareunia [1.5 (0.25, 9.0)], vaginal odor [2.1 (0.75, 5.7)], and cervical mucopus [4.1 (0.74, 22.4)]. Group 2 results were similar, but showed no increase in cervical mucopus relative to controls.

Conclusion  Infection with M. genitalium in women is independently related to increased genitourinary symptomatology.
Aberrant Expression of CD95 and CD69 Molecules among CD56+ Cells in Women with Endometriosis
Authors: Eidukaite Audrone , Siaurys Almantas , Tamosiunas Vytas
Published: March 2006

Problem  Activated lymphocytes can be eliminated by Fas/Fas ligand (FasL)‐induced cell death. Endometrial cells express FasL. The aim of our study was to determine the expression of CD56+ cells (natural killer and natural killer T cells) Fas antigen CD95 and the early activation molecule CD69 in the peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis.

Method  Two‐colour flow cytometry was used.

Results  In the early stages of endometriosis, more CD56+ cells expressed CD69 and CD95 molecules when compared with the control group. However, in case of severe endometriosis the percentage of CD95+CD56+ cells in peritoneal fluid was similar to that of the control group, but the expression of CD69 molecules remained high.

Conclusion  Because of Fas/FasL mechanisms, in the initial stages of endometriosis the activated peritoneal fluid CD56+ cells can be intensively eliminated, thus providing conditions for the survival of ectopic endometrial cells and the development of the disease.
The Effect of Interleukin‐17 on the Proliferation and Invasion of JEG‐3 Human Choriocarcinoma Cells
Authors: Pongcharoen Sutatip , Niumsup Pannika , Sanguansermsri Donruedee , Supalap Kwansuda , Butkhamchot Puntharee
Published: March 2006

Problem  As there has been a study in mice showing the expression of IL‐17 by decidual cells and the status of IL‐17 receptor expression in human pregnancy is not known, we hypothesized that IL‐17 may regulate human trophoblast proliferation and invasion.

Method of study  JEG‐3 cell line was used as a model for human trophoblast. Immunohistochemitry and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction techniques were used to identify IL‐17 receptor protein and mRNA, respectively. The effects of IL‐17 on JEG‐3 cell proliferation and invasion were tested using the BrdU incorporation and the Matrigel invasion assays, respectively.

Results  IL‐17 increased the invasive capacity of JEG‐3 cells but had no effect on the proliferation and multinucleated formation of JEG‐3 cells.

Conclusion  In this JEG‐3 cell model of human trophoblast, the IL‐17R and IL‐17 may have a regulatory role in trophoblast invasion.
Studies on the Human Leukocyte Antigens in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in a Japanese Population – Possible Susceptibility of HLA‐A11 and ‐DRB1*0403 to Patient Population with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Kaibe Mamiko , Takakuwa Koichi , Murakawa Haruo , Ishii Keisuke , Tamura Masaki , Tanaka Kenichi
Published: March 2006

Problem  The objective of this study was to identify the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles that confer susceptibility or resistance to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in the Japanese population.

Method of study  HLA‐A, ‐B and ‐C antigens were determined in 56 patients with PCOS using conventional serological method. HLA‐DRB1 genotypes were determined using a polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) method in 68 patients with PCOS. As a control population, 237 healthy individuals (males and females) were examined concerning HLA‐A, ‐B and ‐C antigens, and 292 individuals were examined concerning HLA‐DRB1 genotypes. The rate of possession of each antigen was compared between the two populations.

Results  The rate of possession of the HLA‐A11 and HLA‐DRB1*0403 in the patients with PCOS was significantly higher compared with that in the control group. The rate of possession of HLA‐B39 in the patients with PCOS was significantly lower compared with that in the general population group.

Conclusion  Human leukocyte antigen systems appear to be linked to PCOS.
Hormone Allergy
Authors: Roby Russell R. , Richardson Richard H. , Vojdani Aristo
Published: March 2006

Background  Estrogen and progesterone have been associated in women with symptoms that include asthma, migraine, dermatitis and pain.

Objective  We suggest a connection between symptoms associated with hormone changes to a hormone antibody response.

Methods  For IgG, IgM and IgE antibodies to progesterone, blood samples were obtained from 288 healthy control subjects by a commercial lab in California. Blood from 270 patients in Texas with changes in symptoms associated with menstrual cycles was examined. For IgE antibodies to both progesterone and estrogen, blood samples were obtained from an additional 32 healthy control subjects who had no symptoms related to menses and from 98 patients with symptoms associated with menstrual cycles. The symptoms were asthma, migraines and joint pain.

Results  At 2 S.D. above the mean values of control subjects, a significant number of patients show high levels of IgG, IgM and IgE antibodies to progesterone and estrogen.

Conclusions  This paper describes evidence of antibodies to the hormones estrogen and progesterone. Progesterone, estrogen and their metabolites, after binding to human tissue proteins, such as albumin or globulin, may act as antigens and promote Type 2 helper cell development, thereby regulating antibody synthesis and allergy. This leads to the possibility of treating a wide variety of disorders by determining hormone allergy and initiating desensitization. Two obvious applications for determination and treatment of hormone allergies are pre‐menstrual asthma and menstrual migraines.
Histological evaluation of dog permanent teeth after traumatic intrusion of their primary predecessors
Authors: Torriani Dione Dias , Percinoto Célio , Cunha Robson Frederico , Guimarães Íria
Published: March 2006

Abstract –  The aims of this study were to analyze the histomorphology of developing permanent teeth whose primary teeth had suffered traumatic intrusion, as well as to compare the influence of immediate extraction of the intruded tooth to passive re‐eruption. Nine dogs from 45 to 50 days old were submitted to the intrusion of the maxillary central and lateral primary incisors using a force applicator adapted to the teeth incisal cuspids. The right side intruded teeth were kept in their sockets and the ones on the left side were extracted 30 min later. After a postoperatory periods of 30 and 60 days, four (group 1) and five (group 2) dogs, respectively, were killed by perfusion. The histological evaluations showed that, in group 1, alterations had occurred in the odontoblastic layer and deposition of the enamel matrix had taken place in some specimens while in group 2, a portion of non‐mineralized matrix was observed. We concluded that the morphological changes were because of the immediate trauma of intrusion. No differences were found between the groups where the primary tooth was immediately extracted or left to passively re‐erupt.
Surgical repositioning of traumatically intruded permanent incisor: case report with a 10‐year follow up
Authors: Nelson‐Filho Paulo , Faria Gisele , Assed Sada , Pardini Luiz Carlos
Published: March 2006

Abstract –  This report describes the case of a 10‐year‐old boy that was referred to the pediatric dentistry clinic 15 days after sustaining a severe traumatism that led to complete intrusion of the maxillary left mature permanent central incisor. The intruded tooth was repositioned by using surgical extrusion. Endodontic therapy was performed with calcium hydroxide‐based paste as root canal dressing and root canal filling was performed with a calcium hydroxide‐based root sealer and gutta‐percha points. The postoperative course was uncomplicated, with both clinical and radiographic success up to 10 years of follow up. In this case surgical repositioning combined with endodontic therapy constituted a viable alternative treatment for intrusive luxations in mature permanent teeth.
Root‐end management: resection, cavity preparation, and material placement
Authors: STROPKO JOHN J. , DOYON GLEN E. , GUTMANN JAMES L.
Published: March 2006

Current protocols for root‐end management in apical microsurgery are described. The dramatic increase in light and magnification as the advent of the surgical operating microscope (SOM) for use in endodontic apical surgery has caused a renewed examination of the rationale, indications, techniques, instrumentation, and materials for root‐end procedures. Additional research and increased use of the SOM in endodontic surgery have elucidated many shortcomings of previous techniques. Root‐end resection, root‐end bevel, root‐end preparation, and root‐end filling are discussed. The steps necessary to achieve a predictable result in performing surgical root‐end procedures using the enhanced vision of the SOM are presented.
Magnification and illumination in apical surgery
Authors: RUBINSTEIN RICHARD
Published: March 2006

Non‐surgical root canal therapy has proven to be a highly successful procedure when the case is properly diagnosed, treated, and restored. If non‐surgically treated tooth fails to demonstrate healing and the reason for failure is endodontic in origin and not periodontal, traumatic, or restorative in nature, apical surgery is often the treatment of choice. Significant advances in the use of magnification and illumination and supportive armamentarium in recent years have benefited treatment protocols in apical surgery such that teeth, which might otherwise have been extracted, now have a predictable chance for retention. The purpose of this article is to review the development and application of these advances and their implications in apical surgery.
Surgical preparation: anesthesia & hemostasis
Authors: HARGREAVES KENNETH M. , KHAN ASMA
Published: March 2006

The intra‐operative control of pain and hemorrhage represents significant factors that are required for modern, effective, and efficient endodontic surgical procedures. This review focuses on these important issues and emphasizes the level of clinical evidence of various studies reporting on interventions to alter pain or hemorrhage. To accomplish this goal, the review will provide an overview of the fundamental properties of local anesthetics and hemostasis and then build upon this foundation to provide evidence‐based recommendations for treatment considerations.
Surgical endodontics: post‐surgical care
Authors: GUTMANN JAMES L.
Published: March 2006

The post‐surgical management of the patient is as important as the treatment planning for surgery and the surgical management of the patient. Patients who do not receive adequate and contemporary post‐surgical instructions or who ignore these instructions are predisposed to untoward sequelae, including pain, swelling and possible infection, in addition to the potential for altered healing of both the oral soft tissues and supporting osseous structures. It is the endodontic surgeon's professional responsibility to ensure that verbal and written instructions are provided to patients that clearly define activities during the critical, early healing process. Furthermore, it is imperative that the endodontic surgeon have a complete understanding of and rationale for the instructions being given to the patient.
Treatment choices for negative outcomes with non‐surgical root canal treatment: non‐surgical retreatment vs. surgical retreatment vs. implants
Authors: COHN STEVEN A.
Published: March 2006

The revision of negative treatment outcomes is a significant part of current endodontic practice. Both non‐surgical and surgical retreatment procedures share the problem of a significant negative outcome in the presence of apical periodontitis. More positive results may be achieved in certain teeth with a combination of both procedures rather than either alone. However, there are pressures to replace these ‘failed’ endodontically treated teeth with implants. When comparable criteria are applied to outcomes, the survival rates of endodontic treatment and implant placement are the same. Time, cost, and more flexible clinical management indicate that endodontic retreatment procedures should always be performed first unless the tooth is judged to be untreatable. Endodontists should be trained in implantology to assist patients and referring colleagues in making informed treatment decisions.
Surgical repair of root and tooth perforations
Authors: REGAN JOHN D. , WITHERSPOON DAVID E. , FOYLE DEBORAHM.
Published: March 2006

A root perforation is a mechanical or pathological communication formed between the supporting periodontal apparatus of the tooth and the root canal system. Three broad categories of etiological factors exist and these are procedural mishaps, resorption and caries. The diagnosis, management and repair of root perforations require skill and creative thinking. Unfortunately, much of what has been written on the subject of root perforation repair is unsubstantiated and empirical in nature and contributes little to evidence‐based support for any specific repair procedure. However, perforation repair frequently provides a very attractive and frequently successful alternative to extraction of the involved tooth. In recent years, the procedure has become more predictable owing to the development of new materials, techniques and procedures.
The prognosis and expected outcome of apical surgery
Authors: FRIEDMAN SHIMON
Published: March 2006

Clinicians should possess current knowledge about the prognosis and expected outcome of endodontic treatment, including apical surgery. This knowledge cannot be acquired by indiscriminate review of the many available studies because they vary in the level of evidence they provide. Therefore, seven studies that best comply with methodology criteria defining the levels of evidence were selected and used as the basis of this review. In spite of their methodological consistency, the outcomes reported in these studies still differ considerably, mainly because of differences in inclusion criteria. According to these studies, 37–91% of teeth can be expected to be healed, while up to 33% can still be healing several years after surgery. Importantly, 80–94% of teeth can remain in symptom‐free function, even if they are not healed. Several pre‐operative factors may influence the outcome of treatment; the outcome may be better in teeth with small lesions and excessively short or long root canal fillings, and it may be poorer in teeth treated surgically for the second time. With regard to intra‐operative factors, the choice of the root‐end filling material and the quality of the root‐end filling may influence the outcome, while the retrograde retreatment procedure clearly offers a better outcome than the standard root‐end filling. In summary, the expected outcome of apical surgery is good and therefore, before considering tooth extraction and replacement, apical surgery should be attempted when it is feasible.
Interaction of G‐rich GT oligonucleotides with nuclear‐associated eEF1A is correlated with their antiproliferative effect in haematopoietic human cancer cell lines
Authors: Scaggiante Bruna , Dapas Barbara , Grassi Gabriele , Manzini Giorgio
Published: March 2006

G‐rich GT oligonucleotides with a different content of G clusters have been evaluated for their ability to exert cytotoxicity and to bind to nuclear‐associated proteins in T‐lymphoblast CCRF‐CEM cells. Only the oligomers that did not form G‐based structures or had a poor structure, under physiological conditions, were able to exert significant cellular growth inhibition effect. The cytotoxicity of these oligomers was related to their binding to the nuclear‐associated eEF1A protein, but not to the recognition of nucleolin or other proteins. In particular, GT oligomers adopting a conformation compatible with G‐quadruplex, did not exert cytotoxicity and did not bind to eEF1A. The overall results suggest that the ability of oligomers to adopt a G‐quadruplex‐type secondary structure in a physiological buffer containing 150 mm NaCl is not a prerequisite for antiproliferative effect in haematopoietic cancer cells. The cytotoxicity of G‐rich GT oligomers was shown to be tightly related to their binding affinity for eEF1A protein.
Conventional and Combined Pump‐and‐Treat Systems Under Nonuniform Background Flow
Authors: Bayer Peter , Finkel Michael
Published: March 2006

We investigate the performance of vertical hydraulic barriers in combination with extraction wells for the partial hydraulic isolation of contaminated aquifer areas. The potential advantage of such combinations compared to a conventional pump‐and‐treat system has already been demonstrated in a previous study. Here we extend the scope of the performance analysis to the impact of uncertainty in the regional flow direction as well as to highly heterogeneous aquifer transmissivity distributions. In addition, two new well‐barrier scenarios are proposed and analyzed. The hydraulic efficiency of the scenarios is rated based on the expected (mean) reduction of the pumping rate that is required to achieve downgradient contaminant capture. The uncertain spatial distribution of aquifer transmissivity is considered by means of unconditioned Monte Carlo simulations. The significance of uncertain background flow conditions is incorporated by computing minimized pumping rates for deviations of the regional flow direction up to 30° from a normative base case. The results give an answer on how pumping rates have to be changed for each barrier‐well combination in order to achieve robust systems. It is exposed that in comparison to installing exclusively wells, the barrier‐supported approach generally yields savings in the (average) pumping rate. The particular efficiency is shown to be highly dependent on the interaction of variance and integral scale of transmissivity distribution, well and barrier position, as well as direction of background flow.
Transition Probability/Markov Chain Analyses of DNAPL Source Zones and Plumes
Authors: Maji R. , Sudicky E.A. , Panday S. , Teutsch G.
Published: March 2006

At sites where a dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) was spilled or released into the subsurface, estimates of the mass of DNAPL contained in the subsurface from core or monitoring well data, either in the nonaqueous or aqueous phase, can be highly uncertain because of the erratic distribution of the DNAPL due to geologic heterogeneity. In this paper, a multiphase compositional model is applied to simulate, in detail, the DNAPL saturations and aqueous‐phase plume migration in a highly characterized, heterogeneous glaciofluvial aquifer, the permeability and porosity data of which were collected by researchers at the University of Tübingen, Germany. The DNAPL saturation distribution and the aqueous‐phase contaminant mole fractions are then reconstructed by sampling the data from the forward simulation results using two alternate approaches, each with different degrees of sampling conditioning. To reconstruct the DNAPL source zone architecture, the aqueous‐phase plume configuration, and the contaminant mass in each phase, one method employs the novel transition probability/Markov chain approach (TP/MC), while the other involves a traditional variogram analysis of the sampled data followed by ordinary kriging. The TP/MC method is typically used for facies and/or hydraulic conductivity reconstruction, but here we explore the applicability of the TP/MC method for the reconstruction of DNAPL source zones and aqueous‐phase plumes. The reconstructed geometry of the DNAPL source zone, the dissolved contaminant plume, and the estimated mass in each phase are compared using the two different geostatistical modeling approaches and for various degrees of data sampling from the results of the forward simulation. It is demonstrated that the TP/MC modeling technique is robust and accurate and is a preferable alternative compared to ordinary kriging for the reconstruction of DNAPL saturation patterns and dissolved‐phase contaminant plumes.
Karst Spring Responses Examined by Process‐Based Modeling
Authors: Birk Steffen , Liedl Rudolf , Sauter Martin
Published: March 2006

Ground water in karst terrains is highly vulnerable to contamination due to the rapid transport of contaminants through the highly conductive conduit system. For contamination risk assessment purposes, information about hydraulic and geometric characteristics of the conduits and their hydraulic interaction with the fissured porous rock is an important prerequisite. The relationship between aquifer characteristics and short‐term responses to recharge events of both spring discharge and physicochemical parameters of the discharged water was examined using a process‐based flow and transport model. In the respective software, a pipe‐network model, representing fast conduit flow, is coupled to MODFLOW, which simulates flow in the fissured porous rock. This hybrid flow model was extended to include modules simulating heat and reactive solute transport in conduits. The application of this modeling tool demonstrates that variations of physicochemical parameters, such as solute concentration and water temperature, depend to a large extent on the intensity and duration of recharge events and provide information about the structure and geometry of the conduit system as well as about the interaction between conduits and fissured porous rock. Moreover, the responses of solute concentration and temperature of spring discharge appear to reflect different processes, thus complementing each other in the aquifer characterization.
Aquifer Responses to El Niño–Southern Oscillation, Southwest British Columbia
Authors: Fleming Sean W. , Quilty Edward J.
Published: March 2006

We used climatological composite analysis to investigate El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) signals in long‐term shallow ground water level observations from four wells in the lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia. Significance of differences between warm‐phase, cold‐phase, and neutral climate states was assessed with a Monte Carlo bootstrap technique. We also considered time series of local precipitation and streamflow for comparison. Composite annual hyetographs suggest that ENSO precipitation impacts are largely limited to winter and spring, with higher and lower rainfall occurring, respectively, under cold‐phase and warm‐phase episodes. This is consistent with prior work in the region and is found to be directly reflected in both streamflow and ground water level data. The mean magnitude of ENSO terrestrial hydrologic anomalies can be up to ∼50% of the average seasonal cycle amplitude. ENSO does not appear to systematically affect annual hydrometeorological cycle timing in this study area. However, relative to the surface hydrologic systems considered, aquifers are observed to retain a stronger memory of seasonal ENSO‐related precipitation anomalies, with changes potentially extending through the following summer, presumably reflecting storage effects. Most responses appear to be somewhat nonlinear.
The Role of Hand Calculations in Ground Water Flow Modeling
Authors: Haitjema Henk
Published: March 2006

Most ground water modeling courses focus on the use of computer models and pay little or no attention to traditional analytic solutions to ground water flow problems. This shift in education seems logical. Why waste time to learn about the method of images, or why study analytic solutions to one‐dimensional or radial flow problems? Computer models solve much more realistic problems and offer sophisticated graphical output, such as contour plots of potentiometric levels and ground water path lines. However, analytic solutions to elementary ground water flow problems do have something to offer over computer models: insight. For instance, an analytic one‐dimensional or radial flow solution, in terms of a mathematical expression, may reveal which parameters affect the success of calibrating a computer model and what to expect when changing parameter values. Similarly, solutions for periodic forcing of one‐dimensional or radial flow systems have resulted in a simple decision criterion to assess whether or not transient flow modeling is needed. Basic water balance calculations may offer a useful check on computer‐generated capture zones for wellhead protection or aquifer remediation. An easily calculated “characteristic leakage length” provides critical insight into surface water and ground water interactions and flow in multi‐aquifer systems. The list goes on. Familiarity with elementary analytic solutions and the capability of performing some simple hand calculations can promote appropriate (computer) modeling techniques, avoids unnecessary complexity, improves reliability, and is likely to save time and money. Training in basic hand calculations should be an important part of the curriculum of ground water modeling courses.
River‐Aquifer Interactions, Geologic Heterogeneity, and Low‐Flow Management
Authors: Fleckenstein Jan H. , Niswonger Richard G. , Fogg Graham E.
Published: March 2006

Low river flows are commonly controlled by river‐aquifer exchange, the magnitude of which is governed by hydraulic properties of both aquifer and aquitard materials beneath the river. Low flows are often important ecologically. Numerical simulations were used to assess how textural heterogeneity of an alluvial system influences river seepage and low flows. The Cosumnes River in California was used as a test case. Declining fall flows in the Cosumnes River have threatened Chinook salmon runs. A ground water–surface water model for the lower river basin was developed, which incorporates detailed geostatistical simulations of aquifer heterogeneity. Six different realizations of heterogeneity and a homogenous model were run for a 3‐year period. Net annual seepage from the river was found to be similar among the models. However, spatial distribution of seepage along the channel, water table configuration and the level of local connection, and disconnection between the river and aquifer showed strong variations among the different heterogeneous models. Most importantly, the heterogeneous models suggest that river seepage losses can be reduced by local reconnections, even when the regional water table remains well below the riverbed. The percentage of river channel responsible for 50% of total river seepage ranged from 10% to 26% in the heterogeneous models as opposed to 23% in the homogeneous model. Differences in seepage between the models resulted in up to 13 d difference in the number of days the river was open for salmon migration during the critical fall months in one given year.