bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CXC Chemokine Ligand 12 (Stromal Cell-Derived Factor 1α) and CXCR4-Dependent Migration of CTLs toward Melanoma Cells in Organotypic Culture
Authors: Zhang Tianqian , Somasundaram Rajasekharan , Berencsi Klara , Caputo Laura , Rani Pyapalli , Guerry DuPont , Furth Emma , Rollins Barrett J. , Putt Mary , Gimotty Phyllis , Swoboda Rolf , Herlyn Meenhard , Herlyn Dorothee
Published: April 2014

Studies in experimental animal models have demonstrated that chemokines produced by tumor cells attract chemokine receptor-positive T lymphocytes into the tumor area, which may lead to tumor growth inhibition in vitro and in vivo. However, in cancer patients, the role of chemokines in T lymphocyte trafficking toward human tumor cells is relatively unexplored. In the present study, the role of chemokines and their receptors in the migration of a melanoma patient’s CTL toward autologous tumor cells has been studied in a novel organotypic melanoma culture, consisting of a bottom layer of collagen type I with embedded fibroblasts followed successively by a tumor cell layer, collagen/fibroblast separating layer, and, finally, a top layer of collagen with embedded fibroblasts and T cells. In this model, CTL migrated from the top layer through the separating layer toward tumor cells, resulting in tumor cell apoptosis. CTL migration was mediated by chemokine receptor CXCR4 expressed by the CTL and CXCL12 (stromal cell-derived factor 1α) secreted by tumor cells, as evidenced by blockage of CTL migration by Abs to CXCL12 or CXCR4, high concentrations of CXCL12 or small molecule CXCR4 antagonist. These studies, together with studies in mice indicating regression of CXCL12-transduced tumor cells, followed by regression of nontransduced challenge tumor cells, suggest that CXCL12 may be useful as an immunotherapeutic agent for cancer patients, when transduced into tumor cells, or fused to anti-tumor Ag Ab or tumor Ag.
Induction and Inhibition of the Th2 Phenotype Spread: Implications for Childhood Asthma
Authors: Hayashi Tomoko , Gong Xing , Rossetto Cyprian , Shen Carol , Takabayashi Kenji , Redecke Vanessa , Spiegelberg Hans , Broide David , Raz Eyal
Published: April 2014

The interactions between genetic and environmental factors play a major role in the development of childhood asthma. We hypothesized that a pre-existing Th2/asthmatic response can promote Th2 responses to newly encountered Ags (i.e., phenotype spread). To test this hypothesis, we developed a mouse model in which the requirements for the induction and inhibition of phenotype spread to a clinically relevant neo-allergen (i.e., ragweed) were investigated. Our results indicate that 1) phenotype spread to the neo-allergen can be induced only within the first 8 h after a bronchial challenge with the first Ag (OVA); 2) Th2 differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells occurs in bronchial lymph nodes; 3) trafficking of naive CD4+ T cells to local lymph nodes and IL-4 produced by OVA-activated Th2 cells play essential roles in the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells to Th2 cells; and 4) suppression of the production of chemokines involved in the homing of naive CD4+ T and Th2 cells to bronchial lymph nodes by a TLR9 agonist inhibited phenotype spread and abrogated the consequent development of experimental asthma. These findings provide a mechanistic insight into Th2 phenotype spread and offer an animal model for testing relevant immunomodulatory interventions.
Chemical Xenobiotics and Mitochondrial Autoantigens in Primary Biliary Cirrhosis: Identification of Antibodies against a Common Environmental, Cosmetic, and Food Additive, 2-Octynoic Acid
Authors: Amano Katsushi , Leung Patrick S. C. , Rieger Roman , Quan Chao , Wang Xiaobing , Marik Jan , Suen Yat Fan , Kurth Mark J. , Nantz Michael H. , Ansari Aftab A. , Lam Kit S. , Zeniya Mikio , Matsuura Eiji , Coppel Ross L. , Gershwin M. Eric
Published: April 2014

Emerging evidence has suggested environmental factors as causative agents in the pathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). We have hypothesized that in PBC the lipoyl domain of the immunodominant E2 component of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDC-E2) is replaced by a chemical xenobiotic mimic, which is sufficient to break self-tolerance. To address this hypothesis, based upon our quantitative structure-activity relationship data, a total of 107 potential xenobiotic mimics were coupled to the lysine residue of the immunodominant 15 amino acid peptide of the PDC-E2 inner lipoyl domain and spotted on microarray slides. Sera from patients with PBC (n = 47), primary sclerosing cholangitis (n = 15), and healthy volunteers (n = 20) were assayed for Ig reactivity. PBC sera were subsequently absorbed with native lipoylated PDC-E2 peptide or a xenobiotically modified PDC-E2 peptide, and the remaining reactivity analyzed. Of the 107 xenobiotics, 33 had a significantly higher IgG reactivity against PBC sera compared with control sera. In addition, 9 of those 33 compounds were more reactive than the native lipoylated peptide. Following absorption, 8 of the 9 compounds demonstrated cross-reactivity with lipoic acid. One compound, 2-octynoic acid, was unique in both its quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis and reactivity. PBC patient sera demonstrated high Ig reactivity against 2-octynoic acid-PDC-E2 peptide. Not only does 2-octynoic acid have the potential to modify PDC-E2 in vivo but importantly it was/is widely used in the environment including perfumes, lipstick, and many common food flavorings.
Dengue Virus in Bats from Southeastern Mexico
Authors: Sotomayor-Bonilla Jesús , Chaves Andrea , Rico-Chávez Oscar , Rostal Melinda K. , Ojeda-Flores Rafael , Salas-Rojas Mónica , Aguilar-Setien Álvaro , Ibáñez-Bernal Sergio , Barbachano-Guerrero Arturo , Gutiérrez-Espeleta Gustavo , Aguilar-Faisal J. Leopoldo , Aguirre A. Alonso , Daszak Peter , Suzán Gerardo
Published: April 2014

To identify the relationship between landscape use and dengue virus (DENV) occurrence in bats, we investigated the presence of DENV from anthropogenically changed and unaltered landscapes in two Biosphere Reserves: Calakmul (Campeche) and Montes Azules (Chiapas) in southern Mexico. Spleen samples of 146 bats, belonging to 16 species, were tested for four DENV serotypes with standard reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) protocols. Six bats (4.1%) tested positive for DENV-2: four bats in Calakmul (two Glossophaga soricina, one Artibeus jamaicensis, and one A. lituratus) and two bats in Montes Azules (both A. lituratus). No effect of anthropogenic disturbance on the occurrence of DENV was detected; however, all three RT-PCR–positive bat species are considered abundant species in the Neotropics and well-adapted to disturbed habitats. To our knowledge, this study is the first study conducted in southeastern Mexico to identify DENV-2 in bats by a widely accepted RT-PCR protocol. The role that bats play on DENV's ecology remains undetermined.
Absence of Close-Range Excitorepellent Effects in Malaria Mosquitoes Exposed to Deltamethrin-Treated Bed Nets
Authors: Spitzen Jeroen , Ponzio Camille , Koenraadt Constantianus J. M. , Pates Jamet Helen V. , Takken Willem
Published: April 2014

Flight behavior of insecticide-resistant and susceptible malaria mosquitoes approaching deltamethrin-treated nets was examined using a wind tunnel. Behavior was linked to resulting health status (dead or alive) using comparisons between outcomes from free-flight assays and standard World Health Organization (WHO) bioassays. There was no difference in response time, latency time to reach the net, or spatial distribution in the wind tunnel between treatments. Unaffected resistant mosquitoes spent less time close to (< 30 cm) treated nets. Nettings that caused high knockdown or mortality in standard WHO assays evoked significantly less mortality in the wind tunnel; there was no excitorepellent effect in mosquitoes making contact with the nettings in free flight. This study shows a new approach to understanding mosquito behavior near insecticidal nets. The methodology links free-flight behavior to mosquito health status on exposure to nets. The results suggest that behavioral assays can provide important insights for evaluation of insecticidal effects on disease vectors.
The Topic of Alcohol within the Scottish Occupational Therapy Curricula
Authors: Maclean Fiona , O'May Fiona , Gill Jan
Published: April 2014

Introduction:

Scotland has witnessed a large rise in all types of alcohol-related illnesses, and in alcohol-related deaths. Despite this escalating problem, previous research in Scotland has demonstrated that gaps exist in the knowledge base of graduate occupational therapists. This study therefore aimed to document the content of alcohol in Scottish occupational therapy curricula.

Method:

This study was conducted during 2010–11. A questionnaire was sent to the programme leader of all the Scottish Higher Education Institutes offering a BSc (Hons) degree in occupational therapy, and to the only Further Education College in Scotland offering a Higher National Certificate in occupational therapy. The response rate was 100%.

Findings:

There is a lack of cohesive approach to alcohol misuse education within the occupational therapy curricula delivered in Scotland. Key proposals of the Scottish Government targeting alcohol misuse are inadequately addressed.

Conclusion:

The topic of alcohol and alcohol misuse is taught to varying degrees within the curricula offered in Scotland and further emphasis needs to be placed on understanding alcohol misuse and associated potential interventions, irrespective of practice context.
Timely Completion of Paperwork: Are Some Residents Consistently Late Responders?
Authors: Metheny William P.
Published: April 2014

Background

One element of competence in professionalism entails the timely completion of paperwork. Early identification of residents who are consistently late in completing their assignments might be the first step in helping them change this habit.

Objective

This study sought to determine if program coordinators' ratings of residents' response habits to completing assignments were associated with existing measures of resident response times tracked by the institution.

Methods

Program coordinators rated residents as early, mid, or late responders based on their experience with them. We compared coordinators' ratings with the response time of these same residents in returning orientation materials to the institution, completing a patient safety survey and duty hour logs, and providing their required countersignature on telephone and verbal orders. A total of 196 residents enrolled at this institution were eligible for this comparison in the 2012–2013 academic year.

Results

Program coordinators rated 23% (40 of 177) of the residents as late responders. These ratings were significantly associated with the response time of residents in returning orientation materials and the completed patient safety survey. Residents identified as late responders were 2.45 times (confidence interval, 1.09 ± 5.64) more likely to have delinquent medical records.

Conclusions

This exploratory study suggests that residents who are late responders can be identified as early as orientation and that they likely maintain this response habit in completing assignments throughout residency. To address this professionalism issue, programs should track and counsel residents on their timeliness in completing paperwork.
Dialectgrenzen in Noord-Brabant, tussen 1937 en 2009
Authors: Swanenberg Jos
Published: April 2014

This paper addresses the division of dialect areas in the Dutch province North-Brabant, as proposed by Weijnen, predominantly in his dissertation (1937). The spread of dialect phenomena as described in more recent research results, such as Woordenboek van de Brabantse Dialecten
(‘Dictionary of the Brabantic Dialects’) or Morphology Atlas of Dutch Dialects, is compared to the isoglosses Weijnen has drawn. Special attention is given to three dialect areas Weijnen has mentioned as ‘non-Brabantic’.
Toon Weijnen - Taalbouwer van binnen en van buiten
Authors: van Hout Roeland , Kruijsen Joep
Published: April 2014

Op 28 december 2009 was het de honderdste geboortedag van prof. dr. A.A. (Toon) Weijnen, grondlegger van de systematische studie van de Brabantse en Limburgse dialecten, vermaard neerlandicus en dialectoloog, tot ver over de grenzen van Nederland en Vlaanderen bekend vanwege zijn Europese
klank- en woordstudies. Hij overleed op 9 februari 2008. Op 11 december 2009 herdacht de Radboud Universiteit van Nijmegen de illustere student (van 1927 - 1934), promotus (1937) en hoogleraar (van 1958 - 1980) aan haar Faculteit der Letteren met een symposium in klooster Soeterbeeck in Ravenstein,
met als motto: Honderd jaar Weijnen – met het oog op de toekomst.
Werkwoordvormen in de zuidelijke Nederlandse dialecten. Stamkeuze, werkwoorduitgangen en fonologische aanpassingen van de stam – II. 1/3 mv
Authors: De Schutter Georges
Published: April 2014

1st and 3rd p. plural verb forms have largely converged into one form with nasal ending; only in a very small part in the southeast there is an opposition between the simple nasal ending and /nt/; the former occurs with most verbs, the second being restricted to the small class of vowel
stems. The latter category (gaa-n, zie-n, doe-n, etc.) also displays very occasionally double endings (ga-nen, doe-ene, zie-nen). This text focuses on the following topics: •morphological stem variations, all of which also occur with other verbal forms (§ 2); we mention the interaction
of plural / singular stems in preterits and the reduction of consonant to vowel stems; •the phonetic realisations of the nasal ending, as [], [n] or [n], with consonant stems, both present and preterit, and [n] or zero with vowel stems, both primary and secondary (§ 3 – 4 -
5.1-5.3); with consonant stems the character of the final consonant appears to be a major conditioning factor; •phonological changes in vowel stems with underlying tense vowels: these include both shortening (du.n > dun) and palatalisation (du.n > dy.n, which is generally combined
with shortening: du.n > dun/dy.n > dyn) (§5.4); palatalisation occurs in most eastern (Brabant and Limburg dialects that have shortening, but does not in the western (Flemish) dialects; between these geographical entities a number of dialects display forms with velar/palatal diphthongs
(e.g. duin). The text ends with the discussion of two specific issues: the development of a new ,,pronominal ending in 1st p. pl. (deriving from the homophonic enclitic subject pronoun) on the one hand, the generalisation of the nasal ending to the 2nd p. plural in a small number of dialects,
both in the northwest and in the southeast, on the other.
The relationship between phonological and geographical distance. Umlaut on the diminutive in Dutch dialects
Authors: Sloos Marjoleine , van Oostendorp Marc
Published: April 2014

Recent years have witnessed a surge of interest in the application of modern methodology to the study of geographic language variation. One instance of this, applied to the Dutch language area, is the topic of dialectometry. It seems fair to say that the measurements in most dialectometrical
projects are fairly superficial from a grammatical point of view. In this article, we propose a view of dialect distance which is radically different both in its methodology and in its goals. We present a view in which the distances between grammars are computed rather than the differences
between words or constructions, which we view as products of the grammars. In particular, we consider the phenomenon of umlaut in diminutive forms. Umlaut, a phenomenon in which back vowels become front in certain morphological contexts, is virtually absent in the western parts of the Dutch
speaking area, but fully productive in many parts of the east. We show how this east-west transition can be elegantly described as a gradual change in grammars
Vertical vs. horizontal change in the traditional dialects of southwest Germany: a quantitative approach
Authors: Auer Peter , Baumann Peter , Schwarz Christian
Published: April 2014

Typically, modern dialects show contact-induced rather than endogenous phonological change, i.e. a given dialect absorbs features of other varieties of the same language with which it is in contact, often replacing the dialect’s own sounds. In most cases, this process is lexicalized, i.e. it proceeds word by word, although the entire sound structure of the variety may be affected in the end. One of the unresolved questions of research on phonological dialect change is the nature of the spread of these changes. In principle, they can be due to horizontal (neighbouring dialects) or vertical contact (the standard variety or other forms with a wider range influence the dialects in the area “below” it). This paper discusses some quantitative measures used to estimate the magnitude of the two alternative forms of the propagation of a change, and reports some findings for the traditional dialects of southwest Germany in the last century. On the basis of a large corpus of spontaneous speech, we present an aggregated analysis using statistical correlations and a mixed logistic regression model.
The heterogeneous homogenisation of dialects in England
Authors: Britain David
Published: April 2014

As a result of high levels of mobility in contemporary England, one outcome of the resultant dialect contact that has been regularly highlighted in the literature is supralocalisation – the success of dialect variants that have a wide geographical currency at the expense of those which are much more locally restricted. This article begins by presenting the case for the existence of supralocalisation, but then goes on to problematize it, thereby suggesting where we must look in order to fully understand the linguistic consequences of present-day social and geographical mobility. I begin by pointing out that supralocal forms mentioned in the literature are often still minority forms in their communities, but suggest that this is understandable given the multiscalar nature of our own mobilities. Secondly, I argue that whilst mobility is often portrayed as a democratising force that is driving linguistic convergence, contemporary mobilities themselves are extremely socially differentiated. I suggest, consequently, that this diversity needs to be taken into consideration when we examine the linguistic consequences of movement – we need to ask who is mobile. Finally, I propose that we need to socialise studies of supralocalisation, which, until now, have largely ignored the dynamics of the social indexicality of supralocal forms. Both supralocalisation and mobility have been depicted as forces of convergence – this article attempts to show that the diversity of the latter undermines a simplistic view of the former.
Regiolectisering en de opkomst van tussentaal in Vlaanderen
Authors: De Caluwe Johan , Van Renterghem Evelien
Published: April 2014

In this paper we will investigate the relation between regiolect formation and the emergence of tussentaal (‘interlanguage’) in Flanders. More in particular, we will try to find out to what extent tussentaal is the product of regiolect formation as defined by Hoppenbrouwers (1990) and Hinskens (1993, 1996). In all Flemish regions a supra-regional interlanguage is gaining ground, with an indisputable Brabantic character. As for the intra-regional communication, the situation is different in the three regions under consideration. In the Brabantic region the traditional dialects are on the decline, except for the Antwerp city dialect, which – more than any other dialect – contributes to the formation of the Brabantic regiolect. In the West-Flemish region the traditional dialects are still fairly vital, but nevertheless a West-Flemish regiolect seems to be emerging too. In the East-Flemish region people tend to switch directly from the traditional dialects to the interlanguage. There seems to be no such thing as an East-Flemish regiolect. This regiospecific dynamics between dialect, regiolect (if any) and interlanguage makes for a very complex situation of language variation in Flanders today.
Regiolectisering: impulsen voor verder onderzoek
Authors: De Vogelaer Gunther , Heeringa Wilbert
Published: April 2014

Regiolectisation has been the topic of a lot of interesting recent research in the Low Countries and in other European areas. This paper discusses a few factors that stirred this increased interest, as well as some of the most important lines for future research.
Formation of and change in regiolects and (regional) dialects in German
Authors: Schmidt Jürgen Erich
Published: April 2014

Unlike other major European languages, in German regiolect and regional dialect represent two clearly distinct varieties. This is true not only in terms of their linguistic status, but also with regard to their differential evaluation by those who speak and hear them and their disparate roles in recent language change. This article begins with some conceptual clarification and a consideration of the often misunderstood relation between regiolect and the dialect–standard continuum. It then examines the separate emergence of the two varieties and their individual development since 1880 (for the regional dialects) and 1930 (for the regiolects).The conclusions offer an insight into the current state of German regional languages as a whole on the basis of various current long-term projects focussed on dialect–standard variation in German.
Dialectverlies en dialectnivellering in Nederlands-Duitse grensdialecten
Authors: Smits Tom
Published: April 2014

Sociodialectological research on border dialects, viz. vernaculars spoken in localities near a political or national boundary, has some advantages over traditional dialect studies – especially when of a more rarely found cross-border design. Depending on the language situation on each side of the border, i.e. in two separate diasystems (cf. Goossens 2000a: 335), one observes constellations with different, similar or identical standard languages roofing equally different, similar or identical dialects, and this in a small-scale setting, i.e. in often comparable extralinguistic conditions.   The reported study investigates functional and structural dialect change at the Dutch-German border (Low Saxon dialect area), using proficient but all the same “natural” dialect speakers (N= 40) aged under 45 or over 55. In this article the outcome of the main linguistic hypotheses is discussed, presenting comparatively less structural levelling (Røyneland 2010: 261) in the German dialect. Functional loss, however, is proven to be smaller in the Dutch dialect. These findings are assumed to be connected with the varying standard-substandard constellations in the Dutch and German diasystems and their differing interference potentials. It is shown that dialect loss and regiolectization, even when attested in nearly identical dialects, evolve dissimilarly on both sides of the border. Next to this the article also provides an overview of the amount and quality of levelling products found in the informants’ speech.
The influence of nitrogen oxides on the activation of bromide and chloride in salt aerosol
Authors: Bleicher S. , Buxmann J. C. , Sander R. , Riedel T. P. , Thornton J. A. , Platt U. , Zetzsch C.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Experiments on salt aerosol with different salt contents were performed in a Teflon chamber under tropospheric light conditions with various initial contents of nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2). A strong activation of halogens was found at high NOx mixing ratios, even in samples with lower bromide contents such as road salts. The ozone depletion by reactive halogen species released from the aerosol, was found to be a function of the initial NOx mixing ratio. Besides bromine, large amounts of chlorine have been released in our smog chamber. Time profiles of the halogen species Cl2, Br2, ClNO2, BrNO2 and BrO, ClO, OClO and Cl atoms were simultaneously measured by various techniques (chemical ionization mass spectrometry, differential optical absorption spectrometry coupled with a multi-reflection cell and gas chromatography of hydrocarbon tracers for Cl and OH, employing cryogenic preconcentration and flame ionization detection). Measurements are compared to calculations by the CAABA/MECCA 0-D box model, which was adapted to the chamber conditions and took the aerosol liquid water content and composition into account. The model results agree reasonably with the observations and provide important information about the prerequisites for halogen release, such as the time profiles of the aerosol bromide and chloride contents as well as the aerosol pH.
Regional assessment of the multi-decadal changes in braided riverscapes following large floods (Example of 12 reaches in South East of France)
Authors: Belletti B. , Dufour S. , Piégay H.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. The district of the France Rhône basin is characterised by several braided reaches, preserved from the widespread disappearing occurred in the 20th century. Even if the overall pattern is evolving through a general river narrowing, some reaches have shown to be still active and have widened. The preliminary results suggest that differences in width pattern could be related to several factors, such as high magnitude and low frequency floods, and geographical position in the catchment which influences bedload delivery conditions and vegetation recruitment related to climate. From an initial set of 53 braided reaches, we selected 12 sites, distributed into four main hydro-geographical regions. Reaches were selected to be representative of the overall study area. We analysed the braiding width pattern and the vegetation pattern dynamic among five observation periods dating from the 1950s to the 2000s. We hypothesised that a comparative analysis of a detailed temporal trajectory (i.e. five dates) of a set of rivers within several hydro-geographical contexts would allow us to better distinguish the relative role of floods (in terms of magnitude and duration) and other controlling factors acting at the regional scale. We showed that active channel width is controlled mainly by Q10 flood and secondarily by bedload availability whereas island pattern is in large part independent of flood series characters. Moreover a clear regional differentiation, constant over time, in terms of riverscape response is observed, mainly opposing south-western and south-eastern reaches. This opposition depends on several concurring factors, i.e. the flood characters, the river activity, the human influence and the climate. Finally, these findings allowed us to highlight those sectors in which the braided pattern could disappear, and those sectors in which the braided pattern is still active, because critical processes responsible of channel dynamic are still present.
Towards higher accuracy and better frequency response with standard multi-hole probes in turbulence measurement with remotely piloted aircraft (RPA)
Authors: Wildmann N. , Ravi S. , Bange J.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. This study deals with the problem of turbulence measurement with small remotely piloted aircraft (RPA). It shows how multi-hole probes (MHPs) can be used to measure fluctuating parts of the airflow in flight up to 20 Hz. Accurate measurement of the transient wind in the outdoor environment is needed for the estimation of the 3-D wind vector as well as turbulent fluxes of heat, momentum, water vapour, etc. In comparison to an established MHP system, experiments were done to show how developments of the system setup can improve data quality. The study includes a re-evaluation of the pneumatic tubing setup, the conversion from pressures to airspeed, the pressure transducers, and the data acquisition system. In each of these fields, the steps that were taken lead to significant improvements. A spectral analysis of airspeed data obtained in flight tests shows the capability of the system to measure atmospheric turbulence up to the desired frequency range.
Simulating microbial degradation of organic matter in a simple porous system using the 3-D diffusion-based model MOSAIC
Authors: Monga O. , Garnier P. , Pot V. , Coucheney E. , Nunan N. , Otten W. , Chenu C.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. This paper deals with the simulation of microbial degradation of organic matter in soil within the pore space at a microscopic scale. Pore space was analysed with micro-computed tomography and described using a sphere network coming from a geometrical modelling algorithm. The biological model was improved regarding previous work in order to include the transformation of dissolved organic compounds and diffusion processes. We tested our model using experimental results of a simple substrate decomposition experiment (fructose) within a simple medium (sand) in the presence of different bacterial strains. Separate incubations were carried out in microcosms using five different bacterial communities at two different water potentials of −10 and −100 cm of water. We calibrated the biological parameters by means of experimental data obtained at high water content, and we tested the model without changing any parameters at low water content. Same as for the experimental data, our simulation results showed that the decrease in water content caused a decrease of mineralization rate. The model was able to simulate the decrease of connectivity between substrate and microorganism due the decrease of water content.
What controls deuterium excess in global precipitation?
Authors: Pfahl S. , Sodemann H.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. The deuterium excess (d) of precipitation is widely used in the reconstruction of past climatic changes from ice cores. However, its most common interpretation as moisture source temperature cannot directly be inferred from present-day water isotope observations. Here, we use a new empirical relation between d and near-surface relative humidity (RH) together with reanalysis data to globally predict d of surface evaporation from the ocean. The very good quantitative agreement of the predicted hemispherically averaged seasonal cycle with observed d in precipitation indicates that moisture source relative humidity, and not sea surface temperature, is the main driver of d variability on seasonal timescales. Furthermore, we review arguments for an interpretation of long-term palaeoclimatic d changes in terms of moisture source temperature, and we conclude that there remains no sufficient evidence that would justify to neglect the influence of RH on such palaeoclimatic d variations. Hence, we suggest that either the interpretation of d variations in palaeorecords should be adapted to reflect climatic influences on RH during evaporation, in particular atmospheric circulation changes, or new arguments for an interpretation in terms of moisture source temperature will have to be provided based on future research.
Simulating high-latitude permafrost regions by the JSBACH terrestrial ecosystem model
Authors: Ekici A. , Beer C. , Hagemann S. , Boike J. , Langer M. , Hauck C.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. The current version of JSBACH incorporates phenomena specific to high latitudes: freeze/thaw processes, coupling thermal and hydrological processes in a layered soil scheme, defining a multilayer snow representation and an insulating moss cover. Evaluations using comprehensive Arctic data sets show comparable results at the site, basin, continental and circumarctic scales. Such comparisons highlight the need to include processes relevant to high-latitude systems in order to capture the dynamics, and therefore realistically predict the evolution of this climatically critical biome.
Using damage reports to assess different versions of a hydrological early warning system
Authors: Defrance D. , Javelle P. , Organde D. , Ecrepont S. , Andréassian V. , Arnaud P.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. In Europe, flash floods affect mainly the Mediterranean and mountainous regions, even if other regions also occasionally suffer from them. The catchments involved are usually small and ungauged, with short time of concentration. Forecasting this type of event remains difficult using hydrological models, and assessing the models is even more problematic. Typically, assessment is limited to gauged catchments that have relatively different geomorphological characteristics. The aim of this article is to present a method for assessing the models on real ungauged catchments through the use of damage reports and a multi-threshold approach, with assessment criteria that are based on a contingency table of the Critical Success Index type. The main conclusion, as demonstrated by Irstea's "Adaptation d'Information géographique pour l'Alerte en crue" for "Geographic information adaptation for flood warning" (AIGA) flood forecasting system and by the new version of AIGA for high-altitude catchments, is that while assessing hydrological models on gauged catchments is necessary, it is never sufficient and must be supplemented by assessments on ungauged catchments. This underlines the utility of building flood damage databases that are as exhaustive as possible. Such databases can be a valuable addition to more standard, often limited sources of data, especially for mountainous regions.
Large eddy simulation of sediment transport over rippled beds
Authors: Harris J. C. , Grilli S. T.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Wave-induced Boundary Layer (BL) flows over sandy rippled bottoms are studied using a numerical model that applies a one-way coupling of a "far-field" inviscid flow model to a "near-field" Large Eddy Simulation (LES) Navier–Stokes (NS) model. The incident inviscid velocity and pressure fields force the LES, in which near-field, wave-induced, turbulent bottom BL flows are simulated. A sediment suspension and transport model is embedded within the coupled flow model. The numerical implementation of the various models has been reported elsewhere, where we showed that the LES was able to accurately simulate both mean flow and turbulent statistics for oscillatory BL flows over a flat, rough bed. Here, we show that the model accurately predicts the mean velocity fields and suspended sediment concentration for oscillatory flows over full-scale vortex ripples. Tests show that surface roughness has a significant effect on the results. Beyond increasing our insight into wave-induced oscillatory bottom BL physics, models of sediment transport as sophisticated as the present coupled model have the potential to make quantitative predictions of sediment transport and erosion/accretion around partly buried objects in the bottom, which is important for a vast array of bottom deployed instrumentation and other practical ocean engineering problems.
A Cannon for Cooperation: A Review of the Interagency Cooperation Literature
Authors: Frazier Russell M
Published: April 2014

This literature review encompasses a myriad of sources that offer a wide-ranging view of the subject of interagency cooperation. The review is thematic in nature and draws primarily on resources (i.e., books, academic databases, and EBooks & EJournals) available from multiple libraries. Interagency cooperation is an imperative part of the United States research and development (R & D) diffusion agenda, principally in the manufacturing sector. Nevertheless, the principles of realizing efficacious cooperative relationships are important. Thus, the review focuses on literature that can offer direction for policy stakeholders planning to establish, or re-evaluating governance oriented delivery structures. The components of this review include: a definition of interagency cooperation and essential elements of interagency cooperation-external (systematic and random) forces, shared problems, resources, and capacity building.
A Comic Poe in French
Authors: Absalyamova Elina
Published: April 2014

Edgar Poe's visions and images have been nourishing the European visual arts ever since the nineteenth century (e.g., Doré, Rossetti, Beardsley, Monet, Redon), and the creative impulse is still powerful in the ninth art of the last decades. From Lalio and Battaglia to recent adaptations in French and albums featuring Poe as a fictional character, the European comic is exploiting the mine of Poe's literary work, and although the macabre seems prevalent, it is not the only element that can be extracted. The light side of Poe is growing visible when studying these comics: first of all, from the point of view of the gallows humor and the grotesque (Battaglia: “The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall”); second, in regard to comic situations and visual jokes (“The Murders in the Rue Morgue” by Céka&Clod, “The Gold-Bug” by Corbeyran, and “The Oval Portrait” by Somon); and lastly with the games of intertextuality and the vision of Poe as a benefactor of humankind in Tarek&Morinière's Baudelaire ou le roman rêvé d'E. A. Poe (Baudelaire or a Novel Dreamt by E. A. Poe) and Vilà&Collignon's Edgar Poe: Le dernier cauchemar (Edgar Poe: The Last Nightmare). The visual interpretations magnify the comic, humorous, or life-affirming potential of Poe's texts. Playing with Poe's images is so powerful that even the openly macabre intention of such illustrators as Lacombre take on the turn of black humor or childish games. Thus comic images overshadow and ward off the tragedy of death.
Poe, Fashion, and Godey's Lady's Book
Authors: Urakova Alexandra
Published: April 2014

In my article I restore Poe's “Cask of Amontillado,” “Literati of New York City,” and “Thousand-and-Second Tale of Scheherazade” to their original publication in Godey's Lady's Book. My main thesis is that these pieces, apparently standing out of the usual literary matter published in Godey's, were at the same time attuned to the carnivalesque and interactive spirit of the magazine. The essay is an attempt to look at Poe's writings for Godey's as a complex and conscious collaboration with the magazine's spirit and style that eventually reveals both ironic and playful sides of his work.
Poetry as “An Inferior or Less Apable Music”
Authors: Studniarz Sławomir
Published: April 2014

The aim of this article is to tackle the controversial issue of sound dimension in Poe's poetry in the context of Poe's own aesthetic views and influential German Romantic theories of poetry and its relation to music. The main thrust of the argument is to question the opinion, still persisting in some critical quarters, about Poe as overly preoccupied with metrical and musical effects, which supposedly leads to the dissolution of meaning in his poems. The article aims to prove that his poems are unique phono-semantic structures, and their musicality, their meticulous metrical and phonetic orchestration, contributes to the creation of meaning. For the purpose of demonstrating the crucial relation between sonority and meaning in his poetry two texts have been chosen—“The Conqueror Worm” and “To One in Paradise”—but in fact many of Poe's poems could serve as excellent cases in point. By analogy to musical compositions, poems of Edgar Allan Poe develop their “suggestiveness,” their “under current, however indefinite of meaning,” also by their intricate sound design. Therefore, this aspect of his poetry certainly calls for reappraisal and invites further inquiry.
Impact of Shippers' Choice on Transportation System Congestion and Performance: Integrating Random Utility with Simulation
Authors: Sweeney Kevin D. , Campbell James F. , Sweeney II Donald C.
Published: April 2014

In this research, we show how modeling shippers' responses to congested freight transportation on an important segment of the Upper Mississippi River (UMR) inland navigation system strongly influences the measurement of expected economic benefits attributed to a range of congestion mitigation measures. We present a model of the UMR that integrates a shippers' random utility model with a discrete event simulation model of the most congested 100-mile segment of the UMR system. The random utility model recognizes that waterway shippers may opt out of using the UMR in response to increased congestion and instead utilize alternative transport modes or destinations. Incorporating the dynamic response of shippers to changing operating conditions improves existing simulation models by explicitly accounting for the preferences and values of shippers, thereby providing a consistent estimate of the direct economic benefits associated with measures designed to reduce congestion and improve system performance. The major contributions of our research include demonstrating the importance of using models that capture shippers' responses to congestion in freight transportation systems and illustrating a novel methodology for quantifying the direct economic benefits to users of measures to improve transportation on the UMR.
The Role of Feeder Shipping in Chinese Container Port Development
Authors: Wang Yuhong , Cullinane Kevin , Hu Yanhai
Published: April 2014

The future development of China's container ports has become a critical issue, due to the sector's dependence on international trade and the excessive interport competition that exists both within China itself and with the ports of neighboring countries. This article investigates the potential for utilizing domestic feeder shipping services (i.e., coastal and river container shipping services that carry both international and domestic cargoes) as a new source of future long-term growth in China's container port sector. The Gini coefficient is utilized as an indicator for assessing the evolution of throughput over time for the 12 major container ports involved in feeder shipping operations in China. By applying decomposition analysis to a time series of throughput data, the key contributions of feeder shipping services to port development are identified. In addition, structural and spatial concentration effects on corresponding market segment components are computed. Finally, research findings provide evidence that there are potential opportunities for container ports to benefit from burgeoning feeder services carrying domestic trade and engaging in coastal transshipment activities.
Call and Response: Music, Power, and the Ethnomusicological Study of Politics and Culture "New Directions for Ethnomusicological Research into the Politics of Music and Culture: Issues, Projects, and Programs"
Authors: Berger Harris M.
Published: April 2014

Across the humanities and social sciences, a wide range of scholars seek to understand the role that expressive culture in general and music in particular play in the politics of social life. Though it may once have been controversial, the notion that music has meanings or social dynamics that we may call political would not, I think, be a provocative one for scholars in our field today. For example, we now agree that music is a key medium through which identities emerge. In musical practice, agents construct new identities, subjects are interpolated into pre-existing ones, interlocutors negotiate or battle over identities, and all this occurs in ways that can be oppressive or resistant, mundane or extraordinary, residual or emergent. Further, music may serve as one or more form of capital.
Music, Power, and Practice
Authors: Mahon Maureen
Published: April 2014

I am aware that, on the eve of the 2012 United States presidential election, it may seem like sidestepping "real politics" and the "real issues" to talk about cultural politics. Still, I want to do so because thinking in terms of cultural politics enables us to examine the ways in which people debate, reproduce, and sometimes change power relations through their engagements with expressive culture. I’ll even go so far as to say that through engagement with expressive culture people respond to and deal with "real politics" and "real issues."
Educação rural em Londrina: cotidiano e cidadania
Authors: Capelo Maria Regina Clivati
Published: April 2014

Após ressaltar certas especificidades das escolas rurais isoladas na realidade londrinense, o presente artigo enfatiza a análise do cotidiano escolar-rural através das memórias de professores, pais de alunos, ex-alunos. O aprofundamento das relações capitalistas engendra o esvaziamento do campo e a conseqüente agonia das escolas isoladas. A política de nucleação dessas escolas, desenvolvida, em Londrina, pela Secretaria Municipal de Educação, simboliza a modernização do modo de ensinar tipicamente rural, entretanto, tal proposta encontrou certas resistências, especialmente em comunidades compostas por pequenos produtores. Essa resistência, mediada pela memória, é tomada como elemento chave para ressignificar a própria escola, a identidade e a coesão social, reafirmando o pertencimento ao mundo rural. Registrar essas manifestações de resistência e o processo de construção da cidadania, através da escola rural isolada, é o objetivo mais preciso deste artigo.
Globalização e pós-moderno
Authors: Angeli José Mário
Published: April 2014

Os conceitos - globalização e pós-moderno - revelam-se, na compreensão sócio-política da realidade. Normalmente eles podem ser identificados no pensar o processo da globalização da economia como sendo o esgotamento do moderno ou, como superação de uma época. Este artigo visa discutir as concepções de globalização como noções de um capitalismo sem sujeito, na qual a pós-modernidade surge como o triunfo do abstrato. Estes conceitos são analisados em confronto com os princípios da "filosofia da práxis", vista como possibilidade de uma subjetividade coletiva, com o objetivo de propor uma caracterização das relações Norte-Sul, estabelecidas pelo capitalismo contemporâneo.
O problema da objetividade e da subjetividade nas teorias sociais clássicas e contemporâneas: um debate necessário
Authors: Silva Ileizi Luciana Fiorelli
Published: April 2014

Este artigo pretende discutir o problema da objetividade e subjetividade a partir dos teóricos clássicos Marx, Durkheim, Weber e do teórico contemporâneo P. Bourdieu, indicando pontos de divergência e convergência compreendidos no interior do conteúdo conceitual de cada referencial teórico específico, bem como, as contribuições de cada um ao debate "objetivismo e subjetivismo".
O novo discurso do capital
Authors: Santos Ariovaldo de Oliveira
Published: April 2014

O presente artigo procura demarcar certos traços que atravessam atualmente as proposições neoliberais ou que buscam nos pressupostos do neoliberalismo uma fonte de inspiração. Certamente, não se trata de estudo nem exaustivo nem definitivo. A primeira dimensão estando ausente das possibilidades contidas em um curto artigo e a segunda impossível de ser ainda totalmente dimensionada, muito embora traços de suas conseqüências futuras sejam evidentes, principalmente junto ao mundo do trabalho.
A liberdade e a igualdade nas teorias da democracia nos séculos XVIII e XIX
Authors: Rezende Maria José de
Published: April 2014

O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar algumas reflexões acerca da democracia nos séculos XVIII e XIX. Acredita-se que a reflexão sobre as inúmeras teorizações é de grande importância na medida em que somente ela pode revelar os percalços e os caminhos inusitados que a democracia percorreu e continua a percorrer. A construção de inúmeros significados para a democracia dialoga, de alguma forma, com as diversas indagações que .se desenvolveram no transcorrer dos tempos. A constante reelaboração destes significados não se da num vazio, uma vez que ela recorre permanentemente a uma enorme herança teórica que tem se formado no transcorrer dos séculos.
Azevedo Amaral e a crítica ao regime liberal-democrático no Brasil
Authors: Carvalho João Lima de
Published: April 2014

O objetivo deste trabalho será apresentar, através de uma seleção de trechos da obra de Azevedo Amaral, sua visão do processo político na República Velha até a Revolução de 30, e, desta, até o Estado Novo. A preocupação é mostrar de que forma o autor interpreta, no período, a relação das instituições democrático-liberais com a realidade brasileira e, à luz desta interpretação, apresenta sua proposta de uma organização política alternativa. Mais precisamente, trata-se de, centrando-se de forma privilegiada no tema da participação política, apresentar alguns dos dilemas da cidadania política naquele período da nossa história.