bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deep Searching Based Optimized Machine Translation for Language Translation Tool
Authors: Velmurugan K Jayasakthi , Sumathy G , Pradeep K.V
Published: September 2022

Fuzzy matching techniques are the presently used methods in translating the words. Neural machine translation and statistical machine translation are the methods used in MT. In machine translator tool, the strategy employed for translation needs to handle large amount of datasets and therefore the performance in retrieving correct matching output can be affected. In order to improve the matching score of MT, the advanced techniques can be presented by modifying the existing fuzzy based translator and neural machine translator. The conventional process of modifying architectures and encoding schemes are tedious process. Similarly the preprocessing of datasets also involves more time consumption and memory utilization. In this paper, a new spider web based searching enhanced translation is presented to be employed with the neural machine translator. The proposed scheme enables deep searching of available dataset to detect the accurate matching result. In addition, the quality of translation is improved by presenting an optimal selection scheme for using the sentence matches in source augmentation. The matches retrieved using various matching scores are applied to an optimization algorithm. The source augmentation using optimal retrieved matches increases the translation quality. Further, the selection of optimal match combination helps to reduce time requirement, since it is not necessary to test all retrieved matches in finding target sentence. The performance of translation is validated by measuring the quality of translation using BLEU score. The results are evaluated and compared with other available NMT methods to validate the work.
The effect of older population on public health spending: evidences from Spain.
Authors: Navarro-García Carlos , Sarria-Santamera Antonio
Published: September 2022

The gradual ageing of the population, and its effect on public spending, constitutes an urgent challenge for advanced economies. In this context, the effect that the older population has on the growing public health spending is a topic of great interest to researchers and policy makers. This cross-sectional study analyzes, through logistic regression, the effect that the elderly population has on Spanish public health spending based on the factors associated with its use, through the analysis of different dependent variables of use of health services and consumption of health technology. The results indicate that although, in general terms, aged has an effect on the consumption of both health services and technology, the main factors that explain both are related to the so-called need factors: self-reported health status, presence of chronic diseases, and disability. The results of this study may be valid for the design of public health policies that allow rationalizing the consumption of health services and health technology.
Investigation onto the reliability of the selective laser melting process
Authors: Leordean Dan , Cosma Cosmin , Radu Adrian , Vilau Cristian , Balc Nicolae , Dudescu Mircea Cristian
Published: September 2022

The paper aims to offer the readers knowledge and information, to support new implementation and use of the SLM technology for practical applications and to obtain good metal parts for end users. The SLM parameters and conditions were evaluated to set up a scale and estimate how reliable the SLM-AM process is, on a particular type of machine. The experimental research was carried out in the last years by the authors, using the Realizer 250 machine. Many times, there is a lack of repeatability and reliability of the SLM process. The paper is presenting a new method to evaluate the repeatability and the surface roughness, when processing four types of powder materials, mainly for medical applications. Specimens were manufactured from four materials considered as being bio-metals: pure Titanium, Ti6Al7Nb, CoCr, and CoCrWMo. All these important features of the SLM parts were for seen by the authors in close relation with the mechanical characteristics of the parts. In this way, a good instrument is offered for further FEA applications, such as static and dynamic analysis. The main achievement of this paper is our proposed methodology, useful for a new user to design and analyse a specific practical SLM part. In this way, it will be possible for sure to manufacture that part by SLM, using the Realizer 250 machine, from one of the four types of materials, that the authors are presenting detailed data regarding their physical-mechanical properties.
The Stabilization, Some Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of Hazelnut Butter Fortified With Grape Molasses
Authors: Şimşek Atilla , Gültekin Soykan , Turan Emre
Published: September 2022

This study determined some physicochemical and sensory properties of hazelnut butter fortified with grape molasses (GMHB), and stabilization conditions were determined for 37 days at 25 and 45 oC. The most suitable GMHB formulations in terms of structure, colour, viscosity, aroma, and preservation of stability were among 73-85.5% Hazelnut puree (HP), 14.5–25.5% Grape molasses (GM), 1.5-3% Stabilizer (Stb) and 1.5% Skim milk powder (SMP). The highest cumulative oil separation was observed in the control samples without Stb, stored at 45 oC. Also, mathematical equations reflecting the relationship between oil separation rates and storage processes (temperature-time) can be used to calculate cumulative oil separation (R2 = 96-99.8%). Added GM, in addition to the rich composition of HP, further enriched the GMHB in terms of mineral matter, sugar, and total phenolics. Among the GMHB formulations, the panellists most liked A3 with high average colour, taste, and odour scores.
Cancer mortality in the older adults in China, 2005-2016: a joinpoint and age- period-cohort analysis
Authors: Yang Kaiyue , Liu Bowei , Guo Hong , Lin Kangqian , Ma Zhenrong , Ren Lingchen , Guo Xiaoli , Hu Youbing , Jia Huaimiao , Hu Yunhua , Song Guanling , Yan Yizhong
Published: September 2022

Objective
To explore the epidemiological characteristics and mortality trends of cancer in the older adults in China from 2005 to 2016 and to provide strategies for the prevention and treatment of cancer.
Methods
Stratified analysis was conducted on the cancer mortality data of the older adults aged ≥ 60 years in China, which were selected from the Chinese Cancer Registry Annual Report and GLOBOCAN 2020 database. The Joinpoint regression model was used to estimate mortality trends. The age-period-cohort model was used to explore the effects of age.
Results
1. Cancer mortality in the older adults in China showed a decreasing trend from 2005 to 2016 (APC=-1.23%, P < 0.001). 2. Cancer mortality in the older adults in rural areas was higher than that in urban areas from 2005 to 2016, but the urban-rural difference gradually narrowed as the urban-rural ratio was risen from 0.79 in 2005 to 1.01 in 2016 (t = 4.32, P < 0.01). 3. The cancer mortality in the older adults in older women and rural areas showed a decreasing trend (women: APC60-69=-1.08%, APC70-79=-1.85%, APC80-84=-0.83%; rural: APC60-69=-3.31%, APC70-79=-3.12%, APC80-84=-1.22%; all P < 0.05). Older adults born before 1935 had a higher risk of death. 4. Lung, stomach, liver, esophageal, and colorectal cancers were the five most dominant cancers in the older adults in China.
Conclusion
Cancer mortality in the older adults in China showed a decreasing trend between 2005 and 2016 but it was still higher than the world average. We recommend to focus on the early cancer detection in the older adult men and in rural areas.
WITHDRAWN: Local climate influence on size and orientation of nest cavities of a North African endemic woodpecker
Authors: BADIS MEHDI , HAMDI NABIL
Published: September 2022

Levaillant’s Woodpecker Picus vaillantii is a primary cavity nester endemic to the forests of northern Africa, including the cedar forest in Aures Mountains. This species, as like all woodpeckers, is important for the integrity of ecosystems, especially since it provides nesting cavities and contributes to the availability of habitats for several secondary cavity nesters that cannot dig their own nests. To characterize for the first time the Levaillant’s Woodpecker’s nest cavities and to test the effect of local climatic conditions on the sizes and orientations of these cavities in Aures cedar forests of north-eastern Algeria surveys were carried out in 2018 and 2019 breeding seasons using the point count method to search for the nests of the Levaillant’s Woodpecker. Based on measures realized on a total of 52 available nest cavities, results reveal entrances with a dominance of round shapes (94.2%) compared to oval shapes. The mean height and width values ​​of the cavity entrances were 7.26 ± 1.51 cm and 7.11 ± 1.44 cm. The depth of the internal chamber and its width were estimated at 35.42 ± 7.82 cm and 17.95 ± 4.01 cm respectively. Unlike the average values ​​of the volumes of the internal chamber, those relating to the entrance area and orientation vary significantly according to altitude and climatic conditions. Indeed, when climbing towards the summits, the cavities widen and turn to the west-southwest. This behavior of the Levaillant’s woodpecker seems to help it to benefit from maximum sunshine at high altitudes and to avoid predators and competitors more abundant at medium low altitudes.
hIgD-Fc-Ig fusion protein regulate T cell functions by inhibiting TCR signaling pathway in adjuvant arthritis rats
Authors: Zhang Xianzheng , Ge Jinru , Wang Pan , Xue Ziyang , Liu Ruijin , Zhang Tianjing , Hu Ling , Wang Han , Xu Li , Liang Faqin , Mei Dan , Yu Qianqian , Shu Jinling , ZHANG Ling-ling , Wei Wei
Published: September 2022

hIgD-Fc-Ig is a fusion protein that competes to bind IgD receptors, it remains unclear whether hIgD-Fc-Ig can regulate T cell function by regulating TCR signaling pathway in the treatment of adjuvant arthritis rats. In vivo, AA rats were treated with hIgD-Fc-Ig fusion protein and Etanercept for 28 days, then the overall indexes of AA rats, the severity of the pathology, the proliferation of spleen and thymus, the changes of blood flow signal in the knee joints as well as bone erosion of ankle joints were detected. Flow cytometry was used to detect the changes of peripheral blood and spleen T cell subsets. In vitro, rat spleen T cells or Jurkat cells were treated by IgD, and Lck inhibitor (PP1) and CD3ε siRNA were used to observe the function of IgD and hIgD-Fc-Ig on TCR and its downstream protein expression. The results showed that hIgD-Fc-Ig fusion protein had a obvious therputic effect on adjuvant arthritis rats, which could improve overall index, pathological status, the proportion of T cell subsets and other indicators. In addition, hIgD-Fc-Ig inhibited the expression of TCR and its downstream related proteins in rat spleen T cells or Jurkat cells. Which provided evidence that hIgD-Fc-Ig fusion protein could alleviate the symptoms of AA rats and regulate T cells through TCR-Lck-Erk signaling pathway. In a word, activated TCR signaling pathway leads to T cell activation which could be inhibited by hIgD-Fc-Ig fusion protein through regulating TCR signaling pathway. hIgD-Fc-Ig might be an immunomodulatory drug with anti-inflammatory effects.
Multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging assessment of response to chemo-radiotherapy in tumors of glioma cell types: a prospective study
Authors: Zamanian Maryam , Abedi Iraj , Danazadeh Fatemeh , Amouheidari Alireza , Shahreza Bentolhoda Otroshi Otroshi
Published: September 2022

Purpose: Considering the high prevalence of glioma tumors and the limitation of approaches for assessing response to radiotherapy (RT), or chemo-RT (CRT), the aim of this study was to evaluate the use of quantitative magnetic resonance imaging methods along with the RANO criteria for patient follow-up.
Methods: Seventy-five patients with all types of glioma cell tumors including glioblastoma, oligodendroglia, ependymoma, and astrocytoma with definitive pathologic results were included in this prospective study. Contrast-enhanced lesion volume (CELV), non-enhanced lesion volume (NELV), necrotic tumor volume (NTV), and quantitative values of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy metabolites (Cho/Cr, Cho/NAA, NAA/Cr) was calculated by a neuroradiologist using a semi-automatic method. All patients were followed up and these values were recalculated one and six months after RT-CRT treatment.
Results: The results of the study showed statistically significant changes before and six months after RT-CRT for M-CELV in all glioma types (p<0.05). In all glioma cell types, the change in M-ADC, M-Cho/Cr, and Cho/NAA indices was incremental, and M-NAA/Cr decreased at six months. A significant difference was observed between diffusion indices changes, and metabolic ratios, and CELV changes in six months in all types (p<0.05). DWI/ADC indices had a higher mean percentage of sensitivity (98.25%) and specificity (96.57%).
Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that ADC and MRS indices can complement the commonly used methods to evaluate the response to CRT treatment of all types of glioma cells, although ADC has more sensitivity and specificity.
Morpho-nutritional status of micronutrient efficient wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under changing environments
Authors: Sheera Ashish , Dey Tuhina , Aftab Nashra , Singh Tushadri , Pandey Mukesh Kumar , Kumar Bupesh , Dar Zafar Ali
Published: September 2022

In India, where cereal-based meals make up the majority of the daily diet, bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a key grain crop. Micronutrient deficiencies are a result of the lack of a diverse food culture in the nation. Genotypes of bread wheat that have been biofortified might be introduced to address this. It is anticipated that more information on the genotype x year interaction of these nutrients in grain will help us better understand the size of this interaction and perhaps even identify more stable genotypes for this attribute. Year revealed divergent responses to grain iron and zinc. Compared to zinc, iron showed lowest variation across year. Maximum temperature was the major determinant for the four traits. Iron is also significant correlation with zinc. Among the total fifty two genotype HP-06, HP-22, HP-24, HP-25, HP-33, HP-44 and HP-45 were found superior for Zinc and Iron content. This genotype with high levels of zinc and iron can be used in a hybridization programme to further crop improvement. Wide-scale cultivation of the chosen genotype with high zinc and iron content in the agro-climatic conditions of Jammu will work with the region's current cropping systems.
Variables associated with ovarian insufficiency in pediatric oncology patients following chemotherapy
Authors: Kaiser Kaydee M. , Rao Pooja , Estes Stephanie J.
Published: September 2022

Purpose
Gonadotoxic effects of chemotherapy is a critical concern in Pediatric Oncology given most patients survive their cancer. Future fertility is an important concern in this population supporting the need for additional research on chemotherapy gonadotoxicity. This study’s purpose was to identify associations with premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) in pediatric patients with a history of cancer based on age, cancer type and cyclophosphamide equivalent dose (CED).
Methods
We retrospectively collected data on pediatric patients with cancer treated between 2008–2017. Inclusion criteria included female gender, age 0–25 at time of cancer diagnosis, diagnosis of a malignancy requiring chemotherapy, and documented ovarian hormone levels following chemotherapy completion.
Results
Two-hundred and forty-five female patients were identified based on age, malignancy and chemotherapy criteria.. Of these, 57 had documented ovarian hormone levels following chemotherapy. Five patients (9%) met criteria for POI. These 5 patients were all ≥ 13 years old at time of cancer diagnosis and found to have a lymphoma or solid tumor diagnosis.
Conclusion
We sought to analyze ovarian hormone levels for pediatric cancer survivors based on age in which chemotherapy was administered. There was a significant association between POI and age ≥ 13 years at time of cancer diagnosis. Those documented with POI received a CED between 0-28.4 gm/m2, suggesting other factors contribute to ovarian dysfunction.
Implications for cancer survivors
As more pediatric patients are being cured of their cancer diagnoses, gonadal health and treatment-related risks continue to be important topics of research to help provide informed gonadal-preservation conversations in this vulnerable population.
Effects of curing temperature and water glass modulus on the preparation of hierarchical zeolite precursors
Authors: Zhou Lianzhu , Wang Anhu , Li Hong , Zhou Wenwen , Wang Jiaqing , Luo Yang , qian Binbin , Liang Ruihuan , Gao Huan , Li Yanbo , Ye Jiayuan , Hu Yueyang
Published: September 2022

The hierarchical design of zeolite materials from alkali-activated solid waste is a controversial topic. Deactivated ZSM-5 can serve as a potential foaming material for the preparation of porous zeolite precursors. This article evaluated the suitability of deactivated ZSM-5 for the preparation of porous zeolite material precursors. Curing temperature and water glass modulus were selected to regulate the properties of alkali-activated cementitious material. Two different moduli of water glass (1.4 M and 2.0 M) were applied to determine the effect of samples cured at three temperatures (25 ℃, 50 ℃ and 75 ℃). Characterization analyses such as XRD, FTIR, TG/DTA, SEM/EDS and MIP were performed to analyse the final products and pore structure of the precursors. A higher curing temperature and alkalinity have a substantial influence on the mechanical properties and yield a higher degree of polymerization of the reaction products. The main reaction product in the precursors was the N-A-S-H gel, whose degree of polymerization is strongly influenced by the Si/Al ratio. The purpose of this article is to design porous structures for zeolite precursors. The research results provide promising guidance for the preparation of zeolites with more active sites, high strength and porous structures that are self-supported.
IL6 stromal expression is correlated with epithelial–mesenchymal transition at tumor budding in colorectal cancer
Authors: Uehara Takeshi , Sato Koichi , Iwaya Mai , Asaka Shiho , Nakajima Tomoyuki , Tobe Yosuke , Nagaya Tadanobu , Kitazawa Masato , Ota Hiroyoshi
Published: September 2022

Background: Tumor budding (TB) is a poor prognostic factor in colorectal adenocarcinoma (CA), but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Interleukin-6 (IL6) is one of the main cytokines produced by cancer-associated fibroblasts. IL6 is linked with cancer progression and poor prognosis by activating cancer cells and modifying the cancer microenvironment. However, little is known about the expression of IL6 in TB and its association with TB in CA.
Methods: The clinicopathological and prognostic significance of IL6 in TB was examined using a tissue microarray consisting of 36 patient samples of TB in CA. IL6 mRNA was detected by RNAscope. Patients were stratified into negative and positive IL6 expression groups.
Results: IL6 expression was overwhelmingly observed in cancer stroma but was negligible in cancer cells. In the IL6-positive group in cancer stroma, TB grade was higher than in the IL6-negative group (P=0.0161). The IL6-positive group significantly exhibited the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype compared with the IL6-negative group in cancer stroma (P=0.0301). There was no significant difference in overall survival between CA cases in the IL6-positive and -negative groups in cancer stroma.
Conclusions: TB may be affected by IL6 expression, and IL6expression in cancer stroma at TB may be an important prognostic marker.
Sediment microbial community structure, enzymatic activities and functional gene abundance in the coastal hypersaline habitats
Authors: Chaudhary Doongar , Kumar Madhav , Kalla Vandana
Published: September 2022

Salt marsh vegetation, mudflat and salt production are common features in worldwide coastal areas; however, their influence on microbial community composition and structure has been poorly studied and rarely compared. In the present study, microbial community composition (phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiling and 16S rRNA gene sequencing (bacterial and archaeal)), enzymatic activities and abundance of functional genes in the sediments of salt ponds (crystallizer, condenser and reservoir), mudflat and vegetated mudflat were determined. Physicochemical characteristics of the sediments were also studied. Enzyme activities (β-glucosidase, urease and alkaline phosphatase) were considerably decreased in saltpan sediments because of elevated salinity while sediment of vegetated mudflat showed the highest enzyme activities. Concentrations of total and microbial biomarker PLFAs (total bacterial, Gram-positive, Gram-negative, fungal and actinomycetes) were the highest in vegetated mudflat sediments and the lowest in crystallizer sediments. Nonmetric-multidimensional scaling (NMS) analysis of PLFA data revealed that the microbial community of crystallizer, mudflat and vegetated mudflat was significantly different from each other as well as different from condenser and reservoir. The most predominant phyla within the classified bacterial fractions were Proteobacteria followed by Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Planctomycetes, while Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota phyla dominated the classified archaeal fraction. Cyanobacterial genotypes were the most dominant in the condenser. Mudflat and vegetated mudflat supported a greater abundance of Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria, respectively. The results of the present study suggest that salt ponds had significantly decreased the microbial and enzyme activities in comparison to mudflat and vegetated mudflat sediments due to very high salinity, ionic concentrations and devoid of vegetation.
Deciphering the molecular insight behind the inhibitory role of copper and silver nanocomposite on important bacterial and fungal pathogens in rice (oryza sativa)
Authors: Chowdhury Arnab Roy , Kumar Rishikesh , Mahanty Arabinda , Mukherjee Koel , Kumar Sudhir , Tribhuvan Kishor U. , Sheel Rishav , Lenka Srikanta , Singh Binay K. , Chattopadhyay Chirantan , Sharma T. R. , Bhadana Vijai Pal , Sarkar Biplab
Published: September 2022

Rice (Oryza sativa) being among the most important food crops in the world is also susceptible to various bacterial and fungal diseases that are the major stumbling blocks in the way of increased production and productivity. The bacterial leaf blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and the sheath blight disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani are among the most devastating diseases of the rice crop. In spite of the availability of array of chemical control, there are chances of development of resistance. Thus, there is a need for the nanotechnological intervention for management of disease in the form of copper and silver nano-composites. The copper and silver nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized using different high throughput techniques, i.e., UV-Vis, FT-IR, DLS, XRD, FE-SEM, TEM. The characterization results confirmed the formation of copper and silver nanoparticles. The copper and silver nanoparticle composites evaluated against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani were found to have higher antibacterial and antifungal activities compared to only the copper nanoparticle. Net house trials of nano-composite formulations against the bacterial blight of rice also corroborated the potential of nanocomposite formulation. In silico studies were carried out selecting two disease-causing proteins, peptide deformylase (Xanthomonas oryzae) and pectate lyase (Rhizoctonia solani) to perform the molecular docking and interaction studies with silver and copper nanoparticles. These proteins could be the potential targets of the nanoparticles. The study suggested that the copper and silver nano-composites could be used for developing formulations to control these devastating rice diseases.
Reporting of rapid diagnostic testing in Kenya's health system, 2018-2020: triangulation of routine and survey data
Authors: Moturi Angela K , Robert Bibian N , Bahati Felix , Macharia Peter M , Okiro Emelda A
Published: September 2022

Background Understanding access to and availability of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) is essential for attaining universal health care and reducing health inequalities. Although routine data helps measure RDT coverage and health access gaps, a significant proportion of healthcare facilities fail to report their monthly diagnostic test data to routine health systems, which affects routine data quality. This study sought to understand whether non-reporting by facilities is due to a lack of diagnostic and service provision capacity by triangulating routine and survey data in Kenya. Methods Monthly facility-level data on ten RDTs (malaria, HIV, syphilis, blood transfusion, anaemia, diabetes, pregnancy, urinary tract infections, kidney disease, and meningitis) was sourced from Kenya's health information system (2018–2020), and 2018 harmonised health facility assessment. After harmonization and linking the two data sources, we compared reporting in the routine system among facilities with i) diagnostic capacity only and ii) both confirmed diagnostic capacity and service provision. We also assessed trends in reporting for facilities without diagnostic capacity. Analyses were conducted at the national level, disaggregated by RDT, facility level and ownership. Results Twenty-one per cent (2821) of all facilities expected to report routine diagnostic data in Kenya were included in the triangulation. Majority (86%) were primary-level facilities under public ownership (70%). Overall, survey response rates across facilities were high (> 70%). Malaria and HIV had the highest response rate (> 96%) as well as the broadest coverage in diagnostic capacity across facilities (> 76%). Reporting among facilities with diagnostic capacity varied by test, with HIV and malaria having the lowest reporting rates, 58% and 52%, respectively, while the rest ranged between 69% and 85%. Among facilities with both service provision and diagnostic capacity, reporting ranged between 52% and 83% across common tests. Public and secondary facilities had the highest reporting rates across all tests. A small proportion of health facilities without diagnostic capacity submitted testing reports in 2018, most of which were primary facilities. Conclusion Non-reporting in routine health systems is not always due to a lack of capacity. Further analyses are required to inform other drivers of non-reporting to ensure reliable routine health data.
Floriculture Crop Production in the United States1
Authors: Seeley John G. , Langhans Robert W.
Published: September 2022

Ornamental horticulture is concerned with the cultivation, production and use of plants and flowers for enhancement of the environment indoors as well as outdoors, where well planned landscape plantings not only improve the environment but also add to the esthetic and functional value of the area. In the U.S., the term commercial floriculture crop production applies to cut flowers, potted flowering and foliage plants, and bedding plants produced in heated glass or plastic structures, or out of doors.
Budgeting for Interdisciplinary Research
Authors: Aldrich R. J.
Published: September 2022

Budgeting may be at least as important as organization itself in determining the success of interdisciplinary research. It can be a powerful tool for both identifying researchable problems and in moving staff members to work together.
Delay of Senescence in Carnations by a Rhizobitoxine Analog and Sodium Benzoate1
Authors: Baker James E. , Wang Chien Yi , Lieberman Morris , Hardenburg Robert
Published: September 2022

The rhizobitoxine analog, L-2-amino-4-(2-aminoethoxy)-trans-3-butenoic acid, and sodium benzoate inhibited ethylene production in cut flowers of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus, L. cv. White Sim) and extended the vase life by several days. The rhizobitoxine analog (Ro) and sodium benzoate were added to a basal holding solution of 2% sucrose, 0.02% 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate, and 0.02 M potassium citrate buffer (pH 4.7). The results indicate that Ro at 0.068 mM increased the vase life of cut carnations by 95% or more. Sodium benzoate at 1.0 or 2.0 mM also increased the vase life. The compounds may have increased vase life of the flowers by inhibiting ethylene production. The effects of these compounds were over and above the effects of sucrose, 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate, and acid pH of the holding solution.
Rooting of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Cuttings as Influenced by Light Intensity and Ethephon1
Authors: Johnson C. R. , Hamilton D. F.
Published: September 2022

After 48 days rooting percentages and quality were highest for cuttings from Hibiscus rosa-sinensis plants grown under a reduced light intensity (65% natural light) regardless of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) sprays at 100-5,000 ppm or indolebutyric acid (IBA) treatment to cuttings (0.8%). Ethephon and IBA treatments only affected cuttings from plants grown in 100% natural light, but rooting was not superior to that of cuttings from plants grown under reduced light. After 62 days, there were no treatment differences.
Identification of Horticultural Crops by Remote Spectroscopic Techniques1
Authors: Brach E. J. , Molnar J. M.
Published: September 2022

Remote spectroscopy was applied to identify horticultural crops including spring onion (Allium cepa L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and to determine their maturity. Spectroscopic measurements were taken in the 350 – 700 nm, the 600 – 1800 nm, and the 1200 – 3680 nm ranges. Laser fluorescence spectroscopy was also used by exciting the plants with a 25 mW pulsed laser beam at 337.1 nm and an 18 mW continuous laser beam at 441 nm. The experiment demonstrated the potential of these techniques for the identification of horticultural crops by remote sensing.
Effect of Aminoethoxy Analog of Rhizobitoxine and Sodium Benzoate on Senescence of Broccoli1
Authors: Wang C. Y.
Published: September 2022

Rates of ethylene production, respiration, and yellowing of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. Italica group) at 20°C were reduced by an aminoethoxy analog of rhizobitoxine (AAR) [L-2-arnino-4-(2-arnino-ethoxy)-trans-3-butenoic acid] and by sodium benzoate (SB). Loss of chlorophyll and ethylene production were retarded by concn of 5 × 10-3M of AAR; at concn of 10-3M or 5 × 10-4M, the retardation was less pronounced. Yellowing and ethylene production were markedly reduced by SB at concentrations of 0.01M, 0.05M, or 0.1M. However, the latter two concentrations caused chemical injury and off-odor which resulted in unsalable quality. The data suggest that senescence of broccoli is related to ethylene production and that senescence can be retarded by inhibiting ethylene production.
Storage Root Production of Sweet Potato Seedlings and Vegetative Progeny1
Authors: Granberry Darbie M. , Conover R. A. , Whatley Booker T.
Published: September 2022

Seedlings of sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.)], which failed to form storage roots, produced good yields of sweet potato roots of acceptable size and grade when propagated asexually by vine cuttings.
Titling Biological Papers for Proper Storage and Retrieval1
Authors: Wolf Virginia S.
Published: September 2022

The title you give your paper is as important as the content. A good title helps the reader to know whether he should take the time to read your paper. The first significant word in a good title also informs the librarian where to file and how to index and cross reference your paper. The title must label the end product for storage and retrieval in a computer system or on microfilm. And if the label is minus a detail or two, the product cannot be adequately stored, much less retrieved.
Prolonging Storage Life of Avocado Fruits by Subatmospheric Pressure1
Authors: Apelbaum Akiva , Zauberman Giora , Fuchs Yoram
Published: September 2022

Reducing the atmospheric pressure in the refrigerated storage chamber at 6°C markedly retards avocado fruit ripening. This effect is more pronounced when the pressure is reduced below 100 mm Hg. Fruit stored at 760 and 200 mm Hg ripened after 35 and 50 days, respectively, while fruit stored at pressures below 100 mm Hg remained unripe for 70 days in storage. The best storage pressure tested for avocado fruits was found to be 60 mm Hg. The inhibition of ripening under these conditions is explained by the lower oxygen partial pressure which retards respiration and ethylene production, and by the acceleration of the outward diffusion of ethylene from the tissue which lowers its internal level.
Seasonal Susceptibility of Grapefruit to Chilling Injury as Modified by Certain Growth Regulators1
Authors: Ismail M. A. , Grierson W.
Published: September 2022

Changes in susceptibility to chilling injury of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi MacF.) were found to vary directly with the growth activity of the trees. Exogenous growth regulators were applied to test the hypothesis that they may be involved in seasonal variations in susceptibility to chilling injury. Benzyladenine, gibberellic acid and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid applied postharvest and benzyladenine and 2,4-D applied preharvest significantly altered susceptibility to chilling injury although the direction and extent of the changes were neither consistent nor predictable.
Post-bloom Applications of Thiourea and KNO3 Fails to Alleviate Prolonged Dormancy in Peach Trees1
Authors: Wolak R. J. , Couvillon G. A.
Published: September 2022

Thiourea (TU) at 0.5 or 1% in combination with KNO3 at 2% sprayed on peach trees (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. Washington) with delayed dormant symptoms 1 month after full bloom failed to alleviate the prolonged dormant conditions, were phytotoxic to the foliage, and resulted in severe aberrant fruit.
NAA-induced Sprout Control and Gummosis in Peach1
Authors: Couvillon G. A. , Bass S. , Joslin B. W. , Odom R. E. , Roberson J. E. , Sheppard D. , Tanner R.
Published: September 2022

Consistent sprout control was obtained with peach trees (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. Sungold) when 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 or 1% naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) was applied to pruning cuts during 2 years with sprout control generally proportionate to concentration. NAA treatments induced gummosis around the pruning cuts with the degree of gummosis related to concentration.
Introduction to the Cell Culture Symposium
Authors: Rappaport Lawrence
Published: September 2022

In many ways the first bloom is off the rosy image of the new cell culture with its promise for early development of new interspecific plants through somatic hybridization, incorporation of useful genes through protoplast fusion and gene transformation, and selection of mutant cells with desirable genetic traits for transmission to regenerated plants. If progress in cell culture has been slower than anticipated, a little reflection will help us to realize that this is not unusual in science. We might examine the satisfaction we feel in our knowledge of the field of intermediary metabolism, but only a little reminiscence leads one to the realization that this satisfaction is the product of leaps of creativity and technological advance, but also of many false starts and a great deal of painstaking effort.
Cytodifferentiation in Cultured Cells and Tissues
Authors: Torrey John G.
Published: September 2022

Plant tissue culture as a useful technique became available about 1930 with the successful research efforts of Gautheret in France and White in the U.S. For the past 45 years a considerable amount of experimental and empirical information has accumulated on plant tissue and cell culture. Only in the past 5 to 10 years has the potential of this technique been widely recognized and applied to the variety of problems for which it is suited. Plant tissue culture has become recognized as a tremendously potent research tool, having also a wide-ranging importance for practical application as well.
Disease-Free Plants Via Tissue Culture Propagation
Authors: Langhans Robert W. , Horst R. Kenneth , Earle Elizabeth D.
Published: September 2022

The potentials of tissue culturing for plant propagation and plant breeding have been described by numerous authors and reviewed by Murashige (30) and Nickell (31).. Unfortunately, the popularity and excitement of this field have caused more words than action and the apparent cookbook approach to tissue culture propagation has given the horticulturist the impression it is rather simple in execution and success. To a degree the execution is simple, but a successful propagation system is not. Tissue culturing is not doing all the things we know it is capable of doing, i.e. mass propagation, storage of germ-plasm, fusion of protoplasts, production of disease-free plants, etc., because the practical details have not yet been worked out.
Effect of Some Soil-applied Herbicides on Net Photosynthesis and Growth of Apple Trees1
Authors: Sharma Dharam P. , Ferree David C. , Hartman Fred O.
Published: September 2022

The effect of 4 soil-applied herbicides (4.5 kg/ha) on the net photosynthesis (Pn) of greenhouse grown ‘Golden Delicious’/M 7 apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) was determined by infrared CO2 analysis. Monuron caused the greatest decrease in Pn, followed by atrazine and simazine. Diuron had no effect on Pn. Monuron and atrazine applications resulted in a decreased plastochron index. The influence of herbicides on Pn was apparent 10 days following treatment, and the effect persisted for the remainder of the experimental period of 40 days.
Multiple Herbicide Applications for Bittercress Control in Nursery Containers1
Authors: Ryan G. F.
Published: September 2022

Continuous control of bitterness (Cardamine oligosperma Nutt.) in nursery containers was maintained by repeated application of dichlobenil (2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile) at 2.2 kg/ha (4-week intervals) or 3.4 kg/ha (6-week intervals), and by oxadiazon [2-tert-butyl-4(2,4-dich-loro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-Δ2-1,3,4-oxadiazolin-5-one] at 2.2 or 3.4 kg/ha (6-week intervals), but not by simazine [2-chloro4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine] at 1.3 or 1.8 kg/ha (4-week intervals). Bioassay of the upper 3 cm of the growing medium indicated that with an initial application of dichlobenil at 2.2 or 3.4 kg/ha, the amount decreased to 0.5 kg/ha or less within 4 to 6 weeks. Weed control was maintained by re-treatments maintaining the concentration at or above 0.5 kg/ha. Growth of azaleas was reduced by some treatments, but no effect on growth of rhododendrons was noted.
Screening Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) for Resistance to Curly Top Virus1
Authors: Ungs W. D. , Woodbridge C. G. , Csizinszky A. A.
Published: September 2022

Fifty plant introduction lines of pepper were screened for resistance to curly top virus using the vector Circulifer tenellus Baker and a strain of virus known to be pathogenic on peppers Inoculations were done by caging either 3 or 15 viruliferous leafhoppers onto a leaf at the 4-true-leaf stage of growth. Four lines (PI 257053, PI 281297, PI 288938, and PI 357522) showed apparent resistance when inoculated by 3 leafhoppers, but non appeared resistant for more than a few days when inoculated by 15 leafhoppers. No correlation was found between leafhopper longevity on a plant and that plant’s resistance to the virus.
Ethephon Alteration of Flowering and Fruit Set Pattern of Summer Squash1
Authors: Sams Carl E. , Krueger W. A.
Published: September 2022

(2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) increased the pistillate flowers and decreased the staminate flowers of summer squash, Cucurbita pepo L. Hermaphroditic flowers appeared when the effects of ethephon were declining. Ethephon-treated plants produced more pistillate flowers but also had more aborted flowers. No direct relationship of carbohydrate or other nutrient accumulations and flowering were established.
Carotene Content of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) Roots as Affected by Various Nematicide Treatments1
Authors: Bouwkamp J. C. , Kantzes J. G.
Published: September 2022

It has been reported (2, 3, 4) that the nematicides Nemagon and Telone C increased carotene content in carrots and sweet com. Since the carotene content of sweet potatoes is important nutritionally, an attempt was made to extend the observations to this crop and to various nematicides.
‘Corvallis’ Pea1
Authors: Baggett J. R.
Published: September 2022

‘Corvallis’ pea was developed for home garden use in western Oregon and other areas of the northwest where pea production is limited by a complex of enation mosaic and pea streak viruses. In these areas, susceptible cultivars must be planted in Feb. or March to escape virus infection, and, even then, serious damage occurs in some seasons. Since wet springs typify most of the areas involved and often make the soil unworkable in Feb.-March, resistant cultivars are needed to permit April-June planting.
Recycling Municipal Wastewater for Hydroponic Culture
Authors: Berry Wade L. , Wallace A. , Lunt O. R.
Published: September 2022

Reclaimed, secondary-treated municipal wastewater after chlorination and ponding is being used as the sole source of water and mineral nutrients in research studies on the hydroponic culture of ornamental and vegetable crops. A feasibility study is in progress to determine if greenhouse crops (e.g. tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce, and chrysanthemums) can be produced using secondary-treated effluent as a water nutrient source, while at the same time removing sufficient primary nutrients and perhaps trace elements to also function as a tertiary treatment process. The cover photo of tomatoes illustrates the type of production achieved. Secondary-treated municipal wastewater constitutes an attractive alternative source of water and fertilizer nutrients for crop production since the nutrients present in the wastewater are already in a usable form and do not require any additional energy input to make them available to plants. At the same time, the removal of nutrients from waste-water during crop production would reduce the pollution load that inherently remains after secondary treatment. Additionally, when these two processes are combined in the same operation, the heat and carbon dioxide produced as byproducts in treatment processes could be used to enhance crop production. Thus, the combined processes could constitute a more attractive, economic alternative than the sums of the two separate operations.
Broadening University-level Horticultural Teaching1
Authors: Merritt Richard H.
Published: September 2022

During the past decade virtually all undergraduate programs in the agricultural sciences in the U.S. have been revised. The revisions were caused by many factors, including large increases in student numbers, changes in the background of students (e.g., rural vs. urban), environmental concerns and changing agricultural technology. The purpose of this article is to suggest the need for further revision to broaden the curriculum and its students in order to meet the challenges they will face in the years ahead.
Acetaldehyde Accumulation: Is It a Cause of Physiological Deterioration of Fruits?1
Authors: Smagula John M. , Bramlage William J.
Published: September 2022

Acetaldehyde is a metabolite frequently attributed a key role in physiological deterioration of fruits and other plant materials. In fruits, it accumulates during ripening and during development of many physiological disorders. Its role in deterioration, however, is not clear. Its toxicity is easily demonstrated, hence it is tempting to ascribe injury and degeneration to acetaldehyde accumulation. Nevertheless, a body of evidence suggests that its accumulation is a result, rather than cause, of tissue disorganization. Resolution of this question awaits development of an analytical method that will overcome the deficiencies inherent in methods used in the past.
Tomato Acidity and the Safety of Home Canned Tomatoes
Authors: Sapers G. M. , Phillips J. G. , Stoner A. K.
Published: September 2022

Fifty-eight cultivars of tomatoes were screened for the occurrence of high pH fruit. Although large differences in pH were found between and within cultivars, no pH values high enough to permit the growth of Clostridium botulinum were obtained. pH and titratable acidity were not highly correlated. Tomato acidity data obtained from 57 locations in 23 states for 356 cultivars and 212 breeding lines were compiled and analyzed to identify trends. These data show that small-fruited, light colored and “new” cultivars are not low in acid, as is commonly believed. A few high pH data points (pH ⩾ 4.7) were associated with specific cultivars, locations, and conditions (overripening). The response of some higher pH cultivars to acidulation with citric acid was determined; a linear relationship between pH and added acid was found. These data were used to evaluate several methods of acidulation recommended for home canners.
Genetic Immunity to Apple Mildew Incited by Podosphaera leucotricha1
Authors: Dayton Daniel F.
Published: September 2022

A source of immunity to apple mildew, Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell.&Ev.) Salm., derived from a Malus species, when crossed with susceptible cultivars, conferred immunity to 50% of its progeny in greenhouse and field tests. Reciprocal crosses indicated a nuclear gene. A greenhouse method for large-scale screening is described.
A Comparison of Russeting among ‘Golden Delicious’ Subclones1
Authors: Cummins J. N. , Forsline P. L. , Way R. D.
Published: September 2022

Fruit finish, productivity, and tree size of 5 ‘Golden Delicious’ subclones (Malus domestica Borkh.) were compared during a 4-year period. Russeting damage greater than permitted for U.S. Fancy grade was observed in 20% of ‘Smoothee’ fruits, 55% of ‘Golden Delicious’ and 95% of each of 3 spur-type strains. No differences were observed in cumulative yield, trunk cross-sectional area, tree spread, tree height or efficiency between ‘Smoothee’ and ‘Golden Delicious’. Fruits of spur-type trees matured about 1 week later than nonspur type.
Dialysis Extraction of Gibberellin-like Substances from Cranberry Tissue1
Authors: Luke Nai-chia , Chin Chee-kok , Eck Paul
Published: September 2022

An effective dialysis extraction method was developed to extract gibberellinlike substances from cranberry plant tissue.
Effect of NAA on Shoot Growth of Topworked Fig Trees1
Authors: Nauer E. M. , Boswell S. B.
Published: September 2022

Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) sprayed as a 1% ethyl ester or sodium salt formulation below the grafts effectively controlled trunk and limb sprouts on topworked fig trees (Ficus carica L.). Reduction of scion growth and numbers of sprouts on unsprayed portions of grafted limbs indicated translocation of NAA for a distance of at least 10 cm.
Photographing Plant Material to Demonstrate Research Results1
Authors: Wright R. D. , Milhous E. P. , Gilliam C. H.
Published: September 2022

Obtaining quality photos of plant material to demonstrate research results is sometimes difficult. Adequate sunlight is necessary for photographing plants outdoors or in the greenhouse and shading may cause unsatisfactory results (Fig. 1). An alternative to using natural light is a system of 4 or 5 photoflood lights to illuminate subject from different angles. Although effective, this method requires a sizeable investment and is not very portable.
The Relationship between Shoot Growth and Area of Trunk Cross-section in Several Woody Plant Species1
Authors: Khatamian H. , Hilton R. J.
Published: September 2022

The relationship between shoot growth and area of trunk cross-section was curvilinear for apple, peach, pear, plum, and hybrid Carolina poplar trees grown in rhizotron compartments in Fox sandy loam under natural conditions. The coefficient of determination (R2) values ranged from 0.86 to 0.99, indicating trunk diameter, transformed to area of cross-section, may be substituted for shoot growth in estimating tree vigor.