bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kindliches Wohlbefinden in unterschiedlichen Familienformen: ein Fokus auf komplexe Stieffamilien
Authors: Entleitner-Phleps Christine , Walper Sabine
Published: March 2020

Im Kontext wachsender Scheidungsraten wurden dem kindlichen Wohlbefinden in Stief- und alleinerziehenden Familien in den letzten Jahrzehnten viel Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt. Die Heterogenität von Stieffamilien wurde dabei allerdings weitgehend vernachlässigt. Basierend auf Daten des repräsentativen Surveys „Aufwachsen in Deutschland: Alltagswelten“ (2009,N = 2144) vergleicht die vorliegende Studie das selbst berichtete Wohlbefinden (SDQ) von Kindern (9–12 Jahre) in Kernfamilien, Stiefvaterfamilien, komplexen Stieffamilien mit mindestens einem gemeinsamen Kind und Familien mit einer alleinerziehenden Mutter. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Kinder, die mit einer alleinerziehenden Mutter oder in einer komplexen Stieffamilie leben, Nachteile hinsichtlich ihres Wohlbefindens aufweisen. Die Kinder geben ein schlechteres Familienklima und mehr Streit in der Familie an als Kinder in Kernfamilien. Bei Kindern aus (einfachen) Stiefvaterfamilien konnten keine Nachteile nachgewiesen werden. Die Interpretation der Ergebnisse verweist auf unterschiedliche Risiken und Herausforderungen, mit denen einerseits Alleinerziehende, andererseits aber auch komplexere Stieffamilienformen konfrontiert sind.
Identification of novel biomarkers, MUC5AC, MUC1, KRT7, GAPDH, CD44 for gastric cancer
Authors: Yang Jie
Published: March 2020

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in the world, and it is also the third largest cause of cancer-related death in the world. As far as we know, no biomarker has been widely accepted for early diagnosis and prognosis prediction of gastric cancer. The purpose of this study is to find potential biomarkers to predict the prognosis of GC. The gene expression profiles of GSE2685 were downloaded from GEO database. Morpheus was used to calculate the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between primary advanced gastric cancer tissues and noncancerous gastric tissues. The gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway (KEGG) enrichment analyses were performed, and protein–protein interaction (PPI) network of DEGs was constructed. Kaplan–Meier Plotter was used to determine the overall survival (OS) outcomes of UC5AC, MUC1, KRT7, GAPDH, CD44, and GEPIA was used to determine the Pearson correlation analysis. In total, 710 DEGs were identified in GC, including 396 upregulated genes and 314 downregulated genes. GO enrichment revealed that they were mainly enriched in binding, catalytic activity, cellular process and cell. KEGG pathway revealed that they were mainly enriched in metabolic pathways, pathways in cancer and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. MUC5AC, MUC1, KRT7, GAPDH, CD44 were identified from the PPI network. MUC5AC, MUC1, KRT7, GAPDH, CD44 were demonstrated to have prognostic value for patients with GC. MUC5AC, MUC1 exhibited low expression levels in GC tissues, KRT7, GAPDH, CD44 presented high expression levels in GC tissues. In particular, KRT7 is hardly expressed in normal gastric tissues. MUC5AC and MUC1 were negatively correlated with GAPDH, CD44, respectively; and GAPDH was positively correlated with CD44 and KRT7, respectively. Moreover. MUC5AC, MUC1, KRT7, GAPDH, and CD44 are not only related to GC but also to apoptosis pathway. Results from the present study suggested that MUC5AC, MUC1, KRT7, GAPDH, CD44 may represent novel prognostic biomarkers for GC.
Social Activity in Gothenburg’s Intermediate City: Mapping Third Places through Social Media Data
Authors: Adelfio Marco , Serrano-Estrada Leticia , Martí-Ciriquián Pablo , Kain Jaan-Henrik , Stenberg Jenny
Published: March 2020

This research focuses on the intermediate city, composed of urban areas located right outside the city center typically maintaining an in-between urban/suburban character. It aims to explore the degree to which this segment of the city exhibits urban activity and social life through the identification of activity areas in the so-called Third Places. Four intermediate city neighborhoods in Gothenburg, Sweden are adopted as case areas and are analyzed using a twofold approach. First, socio-economic statistics provide a quantitative understanding of the case areas and, second, geolocated Social Media Data (SMD) from Foursquare, Google Places and Twitter makes it possible to identify the intermediate city’s urban activity areas and socially preferred urban spaces. The findings suggest that a) the four analyzed intermediate city areas of Gothenburg all have a degree of social activity, especially where economic activities are clustered together; b) Third Places in more affluent areas tend to be linked to commodified consumption of urban space while neighborhoods with lower income levels and higher ethnic diversity seem to emphasize open public space as Third Places; and c) nowadays the typology of Third Places has evolved from the types identified in previous decades to include additional types of places, such as those you pass on the way to something else (e.g. gas and bus stations). The study has verified the value of SMD for studies of urban social life but also identified a number of topics for further research. Additional sources of SMD should be identified to secure a just representation of Third Places across diverse social groups. Furthermore, new methods for effective cross validation of SMD with other types of data are crucial, including e.g. statistics, on-site observations and surveys/interviews, not least to identify Third Places that are not frequently present (or are misrepresented) in SMD.
BDNF Overexpression Enhances the Preconditioning Effect of Brief Episodes of Hypoxia, Promoting Survival of GABAergic Neurons
Authors: Turovskaya M. V. , Gaidin S. G. , Vedunova M. V. , Babaev A. A. , Turovsky E. A.
Published: March 2020

Hypoxia causes depression of synaptic plasticity, hyperexcitation of neuronal networks, and the death of specific populations of neurons. However, brief episodes of hypoxia can promote the adaptation of cells. Hypoxic preconditioning is well manifested in glutamatergic neurons, while this adaptive mechanism is virtually suppressed in GABAergic neurons. Here, we show that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) overexpression in neurons enhances the preconditioning effect of brief episodes of hypoxia. The amplitudes of the NMDAR- and AMPAR-mediated Ca2+responses of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons gradually decreased after repetitive brief hypoxia/reoxygenation cycles in cell cultures transduced with the (AAV)-Syn-BDNF-EGFP virus construct. In contrast, the amplitudes of the responses of GABAergic neurons increased in non-transduced cultures after preconditioning. The decrease of the amplitudes in GABAergic neurons indicated the activation of mechanisms of hypoxic preconditioning. Preconditioning suppressed apoptotic or necrotic cell death. This effect was most pronounced in cultures with BDNF overexpression. Knockdown of BDNF abolished the effect of preconditioning and promoted the death of GABAergic neurons. Moreover, the expression of the anti-apoptotic genes Stat3, Socs3, and Bcl-xl substantially increased 24 h after hypoxic episodes in the transduced cultures compared to controls. The expression of genes encoding the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-6 also increased. In turn, the expression of pro-apoptotic (Bax, Casp-3, and Fas) and pro-inflammatory (IL-1β and TNFα) genes decreased after hypoxic episodes in cultures with BDNF overexpression. Inhibition of vesicular BDNF release abolished its protective action targeting inhibition of the oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced [Ca2+]iincrease in GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons, thus promoting their death. Bafilomycin A1, Brefeldin A, and tetanus toxin suppressed vesicular release (including BDNF) and shifted the gene expression profile towards excitotoxicity, inflammation, and apoptosis. These inhibitors of vesicular release abolished the protective effects of hypoxic preconditioning in glutamatergic neurons 24 h after hypoxia/reoxygenation cycles. This finding indicates a significant contribution of vesicular BDNF release to the development of the mechanisms of hypoxic preconditioning. Thus, our results demonstrate that BDNF plays a pivotal role in the activation and enhancement of the preconditioning effect of brief episodes of hypoxia and promotes tolerance of the most vulnerable populations of GABAergic neurons to hypoxia/ischemia.
Potentiality of the Use of Pyroclastic Volcanic Residues in the Production of Alkali Activated Material
Authors: Barone Germana , Finocchiaro Claudio , Lancellotti Isabella , Leonelli Cristina , Mazzoleni Paolo , Sgarlata Caterina , Stroscio Antonio
Published: March 2020

Volcanic rocks have been used for building activity by the inhabitants of important cities located on the slopes of Mt. Etna, Italy. In this paper, the potential use of volcanic residues (code 20 03 03—“Municipal waste” residues from road cleaning in the European Waste Catalogue (EWC)) for the production of alkali activated material, especially devoted to the restoration of buildings belonging to the Baroque Sicilian architecture, was investigated. In particular, large volcanic pyroclastic deposits of recent eruptions considered waste materials were studied and a volcanic paleo-soil, locally named ghiara, widely used for mortars and plaster production in XVII–XVIII century with good pozzolanic features, was also considered. Both volcanic materials were activated using different mixtures of NaOH and Na2SiO3. Furthermore, formulations with different amount of metakaolin addition (10–25 wt%) were prepared due to low reactivity of volcanic materials and to allow the activation at room temperature. X ray diffraction revealed the formation of small quantities of zeolites as a result of the alkali activation process. The mechanical-physical results evidenced that the mechanical strength is strongly dependent on the metakaolin amount (10–38 MPa); accessible porosity average 25% and an average pore diameter of 0.06 µm; water absorption range 9–15%, eluates conductivity in the range 20–350 µS/m. These results confirm the occurring of alkali activation and the good potential for these pyroclastic wastes for valorization in the restoration field.

Graphic Abstract
Memory T cells: strategies for optimizing tumor immunotherapy
Authors: Liu Qingjun , Sun Zhongjie , Chen Ligong
Published: March 2020

Several studies have demonstrated that memory T cells including stem cell memory (Tscm) T cells and central memory (Tcm) T cells show superior persistence and antitumor immunity compared with effector memory T (Tem) cells and effector T (Teff) cells. Furthermore, the Tcm/Teff ratio has been reported to be a predictive biomarker of immune responses against some tumors. Thus, a system-level understanding of the mechanisms underlying the differentiation of effector and memory T cells is of increasing importance for developing immunological strategies against various tumors. This review focuses on recent advances in efficacy against tumors, the origin, formation mechanisms of memory T cells, and the role of the gut microbiota in memory T cell formation. Furthermore, we summarize strategies to generate memory T cellsin(ex)vivothat, might be applicable in clinical practice.
Clone-directed therapy for proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal immunoglobulin depositions: is it always necessary?
Authors: van Kruijsdijk Rob C. M. , Abrahams Alferso C. , Nguyen Tri Q. , Minnema Monique C. , Jacobs Joannes F. M. , Limper Maarten
Published: March 2020

Monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance (MGRS) encompasses a group of disorders in which a monoclonal immunoglobulin (M-protein) secreted by a B-cell or plasma cell clone causes renal disease. Proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal immunoglobulin deposits (PGNMID) is a form of MGRS where M-protein is deposited in the glomerulus. Although evidence is limited, the current consensus is that therapy for PGNMID should be directed against the underlying clone. However, it is conceivable that there is heterogeneity in the renal prognosis of PGNMID and that not all patients have need for clone-directed therapy. Here, we report two cases of PGNMID with IgM-kappa gammopathy. In one case of a 53-year-old woman the glomerulonephritis resolved without clone-directed therapy. In the other case of a 34-year-old woman clone-directed therapy was discontinued due to adverse effects. Although no hematological response was achieved, the PGNMID resolved. In both cases there are no signs of a recurrent glomerulonephritis in over 3 years of follow-up. Here, we review the literature and suggest that some PGNMID patients have a favorable renal prognosis in whom clone-directed therapy can be withheld or postponed. Further research is warranted to yield predictors to identify these patients and to better understand the disease course of PGNMID.
Forex exchange rate forecasting using deep recurrent neural networks
Authors: Dautel Alexander Jakob , Härdle Wolfgang Karl , Lessmann Stefan , Seow Hsin-Vonn
Published: March 2020

Deep learning has substantially advanced the state of the art in computer vision, natural language processing, and other fields. The paper examines the potential of deep learning for exchange rate forecasting. We systematically compare long short-term memory networks and gated recurrent units to traditional recurrent network architectures as well as feedforward networks in terms of their directional forecasting accuracy and the profitability of trading model predictions. Empirical results indicate the suitability of deep networks for exchange rate forecasting in general but also evidence the difficulty of implementing and tuning corresponding architectures. Especially with regard to trading profit, a simpler neural network may perform as well as if not better than a more complex deep neural network.
The Physical and Psychological Experience of Rowing the North Atlantic Solo and Unassisted
Authors: Alschuler Kevin N. , Whibley Daniel , Alberts Nicole M. , Kaylor Makena , Kratz Anna L.
Published: March 2020

Introduction

The present study followed an individual’s successful, record-setting, solo, unsupported row across the North Atlantic Ocean to gain an understanding of the physical and psychological experience of this extreme endurance feat.

Methods

The participant was a 37-y-old male endurance athlete. Over the course of his nearly 39-d row, he provided daily ratings of effort, physical symptoms, and psychological experiences via a self-report questionnaire. Quantitative data were analyzed using simulation modelling analysis to examine within-day and cross-lagged correlations between perceived exertion and all other variables. Qualitative data were examined via thematic content analysis.

Results

Results showed that, on average, the participant experienced low levels of pain intensity, pain interference, fatigue interference, sleepiness, loneliness, boredom, anxiety, and frustration, in contrast to moderate scores for fatigue, restfulness, positive emotions, calmness, and confidence. There were statistically significant correlations between higher levels of perceived exertion and higher same-day levels of pain interference, fatigue, and fatigue interference, as well as lower same-day levels of calmness, loneliness, and boredom. Qualitative responses revealed 3 primary stressor types (internal physical, internal psychological, and external stressors) and 5 coping responses (acceptance/mindfulness, active response/problem solving, adjusting expectations/goal setting, distraction, and resignation).

Conclusions

Study findings indicate that the extreme athlete experienced physical and emotional challenges, but he demonstrated positive adjustment via the frequent experience of positive emotions and proficient use of a broad set of coping strategies matched to the daily stressor being addressed.
Effectiveness of hospital avoidance interventions among elderly patients: A systematic review
Authors: Pritchard Caillie , Ness Alyssa , Symonds Nicola , Siarkowski Michael , Broadfoot Michael , McBrien Kerry A. , Lang Eddy , Holroyd-Leduc Jayna , Ronksley Paul E.
Published: March 2020

Objective

Older patients with complex care needs and limited personal and social resources are heavy users of emergency department (ED) services and are often admitted when they present to the ED. Updated information is needed regarding the most effective strategies to appropriately avoid ED presentation and hospital admission among older patients.

Methods

This systematic review aimed to identify interventions that have demonstrated effectiveness in decreasing ED use and hospital admissions in older patients. We conducted a comprehensive literature search within Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from database inception to July 2019 with no language restrictions. Interventional study designs conducted in populations of 65 years and older were included. Primary outcomes were ED visits and hospital admissions. Secondary outcomes included hospital readmission, mortality, cost, and patient-reported outcomes.

Results

Of 7,943 citations reviewed for eligibility, 53 studies were included in our qualitative synthesis, including 26 randomized controlled trials (RCT), 8 cluster-RCTs, and 19 controlled before-after studies. Data characterization revealed that community-based strategies reduced ED visits, particularly those that included comprehensive geriatric assessments and home visits. These strategies reported decreases in mean ED use (for interventions versus controls) ranging from -0.12 to -1.32 visits/patient. Interventions that included home visits also showed reductions in hospital admissions ranging from -6% to -14%. There was, however, considerable variability across individual studies with respect to outcome reporting, statistical analyses, and risk of bias, which limited our ability to further quantify the effect of these interventions.

Conclusion

Various interventional strategies to avoid ED presentations and hospital admissions for older patients have been studied. While models of care that include comprehensive geriatric assessments and home visits may reduce acute care utilization, the standardization of outcome measures is needed to further delineate which parts of these complex interventions are contributing to efficacy. The potential effects of multidisciplinary team composition on patient outcomes also warrant further investigation.
Flood Preparedness Literacy and Behaviors in Community Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Boonyaratkalin Panisa , Partiprajak Suphamas , Piaseu Noppawan
Published: March 2020

Objectives:

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors related to flood preparedness literacy and the relationship between flood preparedness literacy and behaviors.

Methods:

A quantitative descriptive correlational study. The sample included 134 people residing in a central Thai province. Descriptive statistics, point-biserial correlation coefficient, and Spearmanʼs rank correlation were used in the data analysis.

Results:

The results revealed that the factors related to flood preparedness literacy with a statistical significance were marital status (rpb = 0.207; P < 0.01), hearing ability (r = 0.197; P < 0.05), instrumental activities of daily living (r = 0.226; P < 0.01), and social support (r = 0.388; P < 0.01). Flood preparedness literacy was correlated with flood preparedness behaviors (r = 0.281; P < 0.01).

Conclusion:

The factors related to flood preparedness literacy as mentioned above should be assessed to identify vulnerable groups for specific care provision. Furthermore, nurses should promote these factors to contribute to effective responses during flood disasters.
African Voices Echoing in European Texts: The Muffled Meanings of the Madzimbabwe of the Mocaranga between the Sixteenth and the Nineteenth Centuries
Authors: Roufe Gai , Miller Joseph C.
Published: March 2020

The present article contributes to understanding of the Zimbabwe political institution of the southern portion of the Zambesi Valley based on the conceptualization of its population, between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries. We reconstruct the local perceptions of this institution by detecting information provided by local persons as recounted in Portuguese ethnographic documents. The original information underwent different types and degrees of translation and editing to reach the forms recorded in these documents. We present a critical process of recovering local voices, ideologies, and conceptualizations from written literal translations of excerpts of oral statements that can serve as a valuable methodological tool in expanding our understanding of the history of early African politics.
The Permian–Triassic boundary in continental sedimentary succession at the SE margin of the Central European Basin (Holy Cross Mountains, Poland)
Authors: Jewuła Karol , Trela Wiesław , Fijałkowska-Mader Anna
Published: March 2020

We studied the upper Permian and Lower Triassic deposits from the northern and northwestern marginal part of the Holy Cross Mountains (SE part of the Central European Basin or CEB, Poland) to examine stratigraphic continuity between these two systems, and to revise the currently existing stratigraphic framework. A previously existing informal lithostratigraphic scheme has been revisited and placed in a broader chronostratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental context. Sedimentary continuity across the Permian–Triassic (P/T) boundary has been confirmed by the presence of Lueckisporites virkkiae Bc morphological norm and Lundbladispora obsoleta–Protohaploxypinus pantii palynomorphs. Facies development reflects an interplay between climatic variations and tectonism during late Permian – Early Triassic time. The P/T boundary was placed between the Siodła Formation and overlying Szczukowice and Jaworzna formations, which coincides with the classical Zechstein–Buntsandstein boundary in the SE part of the CEB. The facies changes recorded in the studied terrestrial succession of the P/T boundary shed light on the environmental dynamic prior, during and after one of the biggest biotic crises in Earth’s history.
Occurrence of the eudemersal radiodontCambrorasterin the early Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstätte and the diversity of hurdiid ecomorphotypes
Authors: Liu Yu , Lerosey-Aubril Rudy , Audo Denis , Zhai Dayou , Mai Huijuan , Ortega-Hernández Javier
Published: March 2020

Radiodonts are a diverse clade of Lower Palaeozoic stem-group euarthropods that played a key role in the emergence of complex marine trophic webs. The latest addition to the group,Cambroraster falcatus, was recently described from the Wuliuan Burgess Shale, and is characterized by a unique horseshoe-shaped central carapace element. Here we report the discovery ofCambrorastersp. nov. A, a new species from the Cambrian Stage 3 Chengjiang Lagerstätte of South China. The new occurrence ofCambrorasterdemonstrates that some of the earliest known radiodonts had already evolved a highly derived carapace morphology adapted to an essentially eudemersal life as sediment foragers.
Prediction of in vivo organic matter digestibility of beef cattle diets from degradation parameters estimated from in situ and in vitro incubations
Authors: Benedeti Pedro Del Bianco , Valadares Filho Sebastião de Campos , Zanetti Diego , Fonseca e Silva Fabyano , Silva Breno de Castro , Alhadas Herlon Meneguelli , Vieira Pereira Jéssica Marcela , Pacheco Marcos Vinicios Carneiro , Pucetti Pauliane , Baião Menezes Ana Clara , de Sales Silva Flavia Adriane , Godoi Letícia Artuzo , Santos Stefanie Alvarenga
Published: March 2020

The objective of this meta-analysis study was to develop and validate equations estimated from in situ and in vitro methods to predict in vivo ruminal digestibility of organic matter (OM) of beef cattle diets. The database was composed of individual data of 23 diets from six experiments. Information collected from these studies was: in vivo digestibility and degradation parameters of OM calculated from in situ and in vitro incubations. The values of estimated times for the in situ and in vitro incubations to access in vivo digestibility of OM, and differences between degradation at 24, 48 and 72 h (in situ and in vitro) and in vivo digestibility were analysed in a model that included the fixed effects of forage neutral detergent fibre level. Thereafter, a multiple stepwise regression was carried out using OM digestibility as a dependent variable and degradation parameters (A = water-soluble fraction; B = potentially degradable water-insoluble fraction; and kd = degradation rate of fraction B) as independent variables. Equation validation was performed using data from a seventh experiment that have the same methods than previous studies. Stepwise regression results showed that the kd contributed significantly in most of the algorithms derived to predict in vivo digestibility. Validation analysis showed that equations developed from both in vitro and in situ incubations accurately estimated the in vivo digestibility of OM (P > 0.05). Our results suggest that equations developed to estimate OM digestibility showed both precision and accuracy; however, in situ method presented better results than in vitro.
Who Is (Not) a Servant, Anyway? Domestic servants and service in early colonial India*
Authors: SINHA NITIN
Published: March 2020

The article deals with one of the under-researched themes of Indian history, which is the history of domestic servants. Thinking about servants raises two fundamental questions: who were they and what did domestic service mean? The identities of a servant as a contract wage earner or a person either belonging as a member or tied to the family through fictive/constructed claims of kinship were not mutually exclusive. Servants' identity existed in a continuum running from ‘free’ waged coolie on the one hand to ‘unfree’ slave on the other. The article traces the history of domestic servants along two axes: the slave–servant continuum, but, more importantly, the coolie–servant conundrum, which is a lesser-explored field in South Asian labour history or burgeoning scholarship on domesticity and household. Charting through the dense history of terminologies, the space of the city, and legal frameworks adopted by the Company state to regulate servants, it also underscores the difficulties of researching on a subaltern group that is so ubiquitous yet so fragmented in the archives. In order to reconstruct servants' pasts, we need to shake up our own fields of history writing—urban, labour, gender, and social—to discover servants’ traces wherever they are found. From serving as witnesses in courtrooms to becoming the subject of a city's foundational anecdote, their presence was spread across straw huts, streets, and maidans. Their work, defined through ‘private hire’, was the product of a historical process in which a series of regulations helped to intimatize the master-servant relationship.
Early adult mental health, functional and neuropsychological outcomes of young people who have reported psychotic experiences: a 10-year longitudinal study
Authors: Carey Eleanor , Gillan Diane , Healy Colm , Dooley Niamh , Campbell Dónal , McGrane Josen , O'Neill Aisling , Coughlan Helen , Clarke Mary , Kelleher Ian , Cannon Mary
Published: March 2020

Background

Psychotic experiences (PE) are highly prevalent in childhood and are known to be associated with co-morbid mental health disorders and functional difficulties in adolescence. However, little is known about the long-term outcomes of young people who report PE.

Methods

As part of the Adolescent Brain Development Study, 211 young people were recruited in childhood (mean age 11.7 years) and underwent detailed clinical interviews, with 25% reporting PE. A 10 year follow-up study was completed and 103 participants returned (mean age 20.9 years). Structured clinical interviews for DSM-5 (SCID-5) and interviewer-rated assessments of functioning were conducted. A detailed neuropsychological battery was also administered. Analyses investigated group differences between those who had ever reported PE and controls in early adulthood.

Results

The PE group was at a significantly higher risk of meeting DSM-5 criteria for a current (OR 4.08, CI 1.16–14.29, p = 0.03) and lifetime psychiatric disorder (OR 3.27, CI 1.43–7.47, p = 0.005). They were also at a significantly higher risk of multi-morbid lifetime psychiatric disorders. Significantly lower scores on current social and global functioning measures were observed for the PE group. Overall, there were no differences in neuropsychological performance between groups apart from significantly lower scores on the Stroop Word task and the Purdue Pegboard task for the PE group.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that reports of PE are associated with poorer mental health and functional outcomes in early adulthood, with some persisting cognitive and motor deficits. Young people who report such symptoms could be considered a target group for interventions to aid functional outcomes.
Policy and the structure of roll call voting in the US house
Authors: de Marchi Scott , Dorsey Spencer , Ensley Michael J.
Published: March 2020

Competition in the US Congress has been characterised along a single, left-right ideological dimension. We challenge this characterisation by showing that the content of legislation has far more predictive power than alternative measures, most notably legislators’ ideological positions derived from scaling roll call votes. Using a machine learning approach, we identify a topic model for final passage votes in the 111th through the 113th House of Representatives and conduct out-of-sample tests to evaluate the predictive power of bill topics relative to other measures. We find that bill topics and congressional committees are important for predicting roll call votes but that other variables, including member ideology, lack predictive power. These findings raise serious doubts about the claim that congressional politics can be boiled down to competition along a single left-right continuum and shed new light on the debate about levels of polarisation in Congress.
RAILWAY NATIONALISM AND «RAILWAY IMPERIALISM» IN COLOMBIA AND THE ECONOMIC DECLINE OF SANTANDER, 1907–1918
Authors: Primmer Andrew Thomas
Published: March 2020

This article explores the development of railway nationalism and «railway imperialism» within Colombian politics during the early 20thcentury. It uses the experience of the hitherto unstudied Great Northern Central Railway of Colombia British «free-standing company» as a lens to evaluate the way in which these political currents impacted railway development in the Colombian department of Santander. It argues that the rise of railway nationalism intertwined with regionalism and personal interests represents an important and unacknowledged factor in the collapse of the British company, as well as the overall lack of railway expansion and subsequent economic decline in the department.
Oxford University and Globalisation: Rebranding the Dreaming Spires
Authors: Ponton Douglas Mark
Published: March 2020

Oxford currently finds itself in the process of an upheaval, provoked by the need to respond to the inroads made by globalising forces, which require all British universities to take on some of the characteristics of business organisations. Its distinguished academic reputation can no longer be entrusted to word of mouth, but instead the university must compete with other similar institutions through advertising and an energetic policy of rebranding. The principal communicative genre involved in this rebranding is the website, and this article explores the semiotic construction of webpages relating to Oxford’s ‘international mission’ in which, it is suggested, a covert attempt to attract foreign students is presented in the guise of a text whose ostensible purpose is to provide information.
Complex Eyed Pockmarks and Submarine Groundwater Discharge Revealed by Acoustic Data and Sediment Cores in Eckernförde Bay, SW Baltic Sea
Authors: Hoffmann J. J. L. , Schneider von Deimling J. , Schröder J. F. , Schmidt M. , Held P. , Crutchley G. J. , Scholten J. , Gorman A. R.
Published: March 2020

Submarine groundwater discharge into coastal areas is a common global phenomenon and is rapidly gaining scientific interest due to its influence on marine ecology, the coastal sedimentary environment, and its potential as a future freshwater resource. We conducted an integrated study of hydroacoustic surveys combined with geochemical pore water and water column investigations at a well‐known groundwater seep site in Eckernförde Bay (Germany). We aim to better constrain the effects of shallow gas and submarine groundwater discharge on high‐frequency multibeam backscatter data and to present acoustic indications for submarine groundwater discharge. Our high‐quality hydroacoustic data reveal hitherto unknown internal structures within the pockmarks in Eckernförde Bay. Using precisely positioned sediment core samples, our hydroacoustic‐geochemical approach can differentiate intrapockmark regimes that were formerly assigned to pockmarks of a different nature. We demonstrate that high‐frequency multibeam data, in particular the backscatter signals, can be used to detect shallow free gas in areas of enhanced groundwater advection in muddy sediments. Intriguingly, our data reveal relatively small (typically <15 m across) pockmarks within the much larger, previously mapped pockmarks. The small pockmarks, which we refer to as “intrapockmarks,” have formed due to the localized ascent of gas and groundwater; they manifest themselves as a new type of “eyed” pockmarks, revealed by their acoustic backscatter pattern. Our data suggest that, in organic‐rich muddy sediments, morphological lows combined with a strong multibeam backscatter signal can be indicative of free shallow gas and subsequent advective groundwater flow.
The Space Environment of Io and Europa
Authors: Bagenal Fran , Dols Vincent
Published: March 2020

The Galilean moons play major roles in the giant magnetosphere of Jupiter. At the same time, the magnetospheric particles and fields affect the moons. The impact of magnetospheric ions on the moons' atmospheres supplies clouds of escaping neutral atoms that populate a substantial fraction of their orbits. At the same time, ionization of atoms in the neutral cloud is the primary source of magnetospheric plasma. The stability of this feedback loop depends on the plasma/moon‐atmosphere interaction. The purpose of this review is to describe the physical processes that shape the space environment around the two innermost Galilean moons—Io and Europa—and to show their impact from the planet Jupiter out into interplanetary space.
Guidelines and Limits for the Quantification of Ra Isotopes and Related Radionuclides With the Radium Delayed Coincidence Counter (RaDeCC)
Authors: Diego‐Feliu M. , Rodellas V. , Alorda‐Kleinglass A. , Tamborski J. , van Beek P. , Heins L. , Bruach J. M. , Arnold R. , Garcia‐Orellana J.
Published: March 2020

The Radium Delayed Coincidence Counter (RaDeCC) is one of the most extensively used equipment for measuring 223Ra and 224Ra activities in water and sediment samples. Samples are placed in a closed He‐circulation system that carries the Rn produced by the decay of Ra to a scintillation cell. Each alpha decay recorded in the cell is routed to an electronic delayed coincidence system which enables the discrimination of 223Ra and 224Ra. In this study, the measurement and quantification methods using the RaDeCC system are assessed through analyses of registered data in different RaDeCC systems worldwide and a set of simulations. Results of this work indicate that the equations used to correct for 223Ra and 224Ra cross‐talk interferences are only valid for a given range of activities and ratios between isotopes. Above certain limits that are specified in this study, these corrections may significantly overestimate the quantification of 223Ra and 224Ra activities (up to ~40% and 30%, respectively), as well as the quantification of their parents 227Ac and 228Th. High activities of 226Ra may also produce an overestimation of 224Ra activities due to the buildup of 222Rn, especially when long measurements with low activities of 224Ra are performed. An improved method to quantify 226Ra activities from the buildup of 222Rn with the RaDeCC system is also developed in this study. Wethus provide a new set of guidelines for the appropriate quantification of 223Ra, 224Ra, 227Ac, 228Th, and 226Ra with the RaDeCC system.
Quiet‐Time Day‐to‐Day Variability of Equatorial Vertical E × B Drift From Atmosphere Perturbations at Dawn
Authors: Zhou Xu , Liu Han‐Li , Lu Xian , Zhang Ruilong , Maute Astrid , Wu Haonan , Yue Xinan , Wan Weixing
Published: March 2020

Ionospheric day‐to‐day variability is ubiquitous, even under undisturbed geomagnetic and solar conditions. In this paper, quiet‐time day‐to‐day variability of equatorial vertical E × B drift is investigated using observations from ROCSAT‐1 satellite and the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with thermosphere and ionosphere eXtension (WACCM‐X) v2.1 simulations. Both observations and model simulations illustrate that the day‐to‐day variability reaches the maximum at dawn, and the variability of dawn drift is largest around June solstice at ~90–180°W. However, there are significant challenges to reproduce the observed magnitude of the variability and the longitude distributions at other seasons. Using a standalone electro‐dynamo model, we find that the day‐to‐day variability of neutral winds in the E‐region (≤~130 km) is the primary driver of the day‐to‐day variability of dawn drift. Ionospheric conductivity modulates the drift variability responses to the E‐region wind variability, thereby determining its strength as well as its seasonal and longitudinal variations. Further, the day‐to‐day variability of dawn drift induced by individual tidal components of winds in June are examined: DW1, SW2, D0, and SW1 are the most important contributors.
Ultra-long-working-distance spectroscopy of single nanostructures with aspherical solid immersion microlenses
Authors: Bogucki Aleksander , Zinkiewicz Łukasz , Grzeszczyk Magdalena , Pacuski Wojciech , Nogajewski Karol , Kazimierczuk Tomasz , Rodek Aleksander , Suffczyński Jan , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Wasylczyk Piotr , Potemski Marek , Kossacki Piotr
Published: March 2020

In light science and applications, equally important roles are played by efficient light emitters/detectors and by the optical elements responsible for light extraction and delivery. The latter should be simple, cost effective, broadband, versatile and compatible with other components of widely desired micro-optical systems. Ideally, they should also operate without high-numerical-aperture optics. Here, we demonstrate that all these requirements can be met with elliptical microlenses 3D printed on top of light emitters. Importantly, the microlenses we propose readily form the collected light into an ultra-low divergence beam (half-angle divergence below 1°) perfectly suited for ultra-long-working-distance optical measurements (600 mm with a 1-inch collection lens), which are not accessible to date with other spectroscopic techniques. Our microlenses can be fabricated on a wide variety of samples, including semiconductor quantum dots and fragile van der Waals heterostructures made of novel two-dimensional materials, such as monolayer and few-layer transition metal dichalcogenides.
Integrative differential expression and gene set enrichment analysis using summary statistics for scRNA-seq studies
Authors: Ma Ying , Sun Shiquan , Shang Xuequn , Keller Evan T. , Chen Mengjie , Zhou Xiang
Published: March 2020

Differential expression (DE) analysis and gene set enrichment (GSE) analysis are commonly applied in single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) studies. Here, we develop an integrative and scalable computational method, iDEA, to perform joint DE and GSE analysis through a hierarchical Bayesian framework. By integrating DE and GSE analyses, iDEA can improve the power and consistency of DE analysis and the accuracy of GSE analysis. Importantly, iDEA uses only DE summary statistics as input, enabling effective data modeling through complementing and pairing with various existing DE methods. We illustrate the benefits of iDEA with extensive simulations. We also apply iDEA to analyze three scRNA-seq data sets, where iDEA achieves up to five-fold power gain over existing GSE methods and up to 64% power gain over existing DE methods. The power gain brought by iDEA allows us to identify many pathways that would not be identified by existing approaches in these data.
Quantifying contact status and the air-breakdown model of charge-excitation triboelectric nanogenerators to maximize charge density
Authors: Liu Yike , Liu Wenlin , Wang Zhao , He Wencong , Tang Qian , Xi Yi , Wang Xue , Guo Hengyu , Hu Chenguo
Published: March 2020

Surface charge density is the key factor for developing high performance triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG). The previously invented charge excitation TENG provides a most efficient way to achieve maximum charge output of a TENG device. Herein, criteria to quantitatively evaluate the contact efficiency and air breakdown model on charge excitation TENG are established to enhance and evaluate charge density. The theoretical results are further verified by systematic experiments. A high average charge density up to 2.38 mC m−2 is achieved using the 4 μm PEI film and homemade carbon/silicone gel electrode in ambient atmosphere with 5% relative humidity. This work also reveals the actual charge density (over 4.0 mC m−2) in a TENG electrode based on quantified surface micro-contact efficiency and provides a prospective technical approach to improve the charge density, which could push the output performance of TENG to a new horizon.
An RNA-seq based comparative approach reveals the transcriptome-wide interplay between 3′-to-5′ exoRNases and RNase Y
Authors: Broglia Laura , Lécrivain Anne-Laure , Renault Thibaud T. , Hahnke Karin , Ahmed-Begrich Rina , Le Rhun Anaïs , Charpentier Emmanuelle
Published: March 2020

RNA degradation is an essential process that allows bacteria to control gene expression and adapt to various environmental conditions. It is usually initiated by endoribonucleases (endoRNases), which produce intermediate fragments that are subsequently degraded by exoribonucleases (exoRNases). However, global studies of the coordinated action of these enzymes are lacking. Here, we compare the targetome of endoRNase Y with the targetomes of 3′-to-5′ exoRNases from Streptococcus pyogenes, namely, PNPase, YhaM, and RNase R. We observe that RNase Y preferentially cleaves after guanosine, generating substrate RNAs for the 3′-to-5′ exoRNases. We demonstrate that RNase Y processing is followed by trimming of the newly generated 3′ ends by PNPase and YhaM. Conversely, the RNA 5′ ends produced by RNase Y are rarely further trimmed. Our strategy enables the identification of processing events that are otherwise undetectable. Importantly, this approach allows investigation of the intricate interplay between endo- and exoRNases on a genome-wide scale.
Atomic-level handedness determination of chiral crystals using aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Dong Zhuoya , Ma Yanhang
Published: March 2020

Handedness or chirality determination is a challenging and important topic in various fields including chemistry and biology, as two enantiomers have the same composition and mirror symmetry related structures, but might show totally different activities and properties in enantioselective separations, catalysis and so on. However, current methods are unable to reveal the handedness locally of a nanocrystal at the atomic-level in real-space imaging due to the well-known fact that chiral information is lost in a two-dimensional projection. Herein, we present a method for handedness determination of chiral crystals by atomic-resolution imaging using Cs-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy. In particular, we demonstrate that enantiomorphic structures can be distinguished through chirality-dependent features in two-dimensional projections by comparing a tilt-series of high-resolution images along different zone axes. The method has been successfully applied to certify the specific enantiomorphic forms of tellurium, tantalum silicide and quartz crystals, and it has the potential to open up new possibilities for rational synthesis and characterization of chiral crystals.
Unveiling reductant chemistry in fabricating noble metal aerogels for superior oxygen evolution and ethanol oxidation
Authors: Du Ran , Wang Jinying , Wang Ying , Hübner René , Fan Xuelin , Senkovska Irena , Hu Yue , Kaskel Stefan , Eychmüller Alexander
Published: March 2020

Amongst various porous materials, noble metal aerogels attract wide attention due to their concurrently featured catalytic properties and large surface areas. However, insufficient understanding and investigation of key factors (e.g. reductants and ligands) in the fabrication process limits on-target design, impeding material diversity and available applications. Herein, unveiling multiple roles of reductants, we develop an efficient method, i.e. the excessive-reductant-directed gelation strategy. It enables to integrate ligand chemistry for creating gold aerogels with a record-high specific surface area (59.8 m2 g−1), and to expand the composition to all common noble metals. Moreover, we demonstrate impressive electrocatalytic performance of these aerogels for the ethanol oxidation and oxygen evolution reaction, and discover an unconventional organic-ligand-enhancing effect. The present work not only enriches the composition and structural diversity of noble metal aerogels, but also opens up new dimensions for devising efficient electrocatalysts for broad material systems.
Ultrafast 27 GHz cutoff frequency in vertical WSe2 Schottky diodes with extremely low contact resistance
Authors: Yang Sung Jin , Park Kyu-Tae , Im Jaeho , Hong Sungjae , Lee Yangjin , Min Byung-Wook , Kim Kwanpyo , Im Seongil
Published: March 2020

Ultra-thin two-dimensional semiconducting crystals in their monolayer and few-layer forms show promising aspects in nanoelectronic applications. However, the ultra-thin nature of two-dimensional crystals inevitably results in high contact resistance from limited channel/contact volume as well as device-to-device variability, which seriously limit reliable applications using two-dimensional semiconductors. Here, we incorporate rather thick two-dimensional layered semiconducting crystals for reliable vertical diodes showing excellent Ohmic and Schottky contacts. Using the vertical transport of WSe2, we demonstrate devices which are functional at various frequency ranges from megahertz AM demodulation of audio signals, to gigahertz rectification for fifth-generation wireless electronics, to ultraviolet–visible photodetection. The WSe2 exhibits an excellent Ohmic contact to bottom platinum electrode with record-low contact resistance (~50 Ω) and an exemplary Schottky junction to top transparent conducting oxide electrode. Our semitransparent vertical WSe2 Schottky diodes could be a key component of future high frequency electronics in the era of fifth-generation wireless communication.