bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of the loading rate on liquid‐crystalline epoxy resin systems
Authors: Harada Miyuki , Aoyama Kentaro , Ochi Mitsukazu
Published: April 2005

The fracture toughness of liquid‐crystalline epoxy systems, which had a nematic polydomain structure (domain size about 40 μm), with an increasing loading rate was evaluated. In this system, the fracture toughness dramatically decreased from 1.96 to 0.22 MN/m3/2 with an increasing loading rate (0.1–5 mm/min). The network orientation near the fracture surface of different loading rate systems was investigated with polarized optical microscopy and polarized infrared spectroscopy. As a result, a large oriented region of mesogenic groups was observed near the fracture surface in the relatively low loading rate (0.1 and 0.5 mm/min) systems, but such a phenomenon was not observed in the high loading rate (2 and 5 mm/min) systems. These results showed that the high fracture toughness of the system at the low loading rate was due to the magnitude and region of the reorientation of the mesogenic groups in the fracture process and that high toughness could not be achieved at a high loading rate because the loading rate was too fast to allow orientation of the networks containing the mesogenic groups. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 1296–1302, 2005
Direct determination of the ethanol metabolites ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate in urine by liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Politi Lucia , Morini Luca , Groppi Angelo , Poloni Vala , Pozzi Fulvia , Polettini Aldo
Published: April 2005

A liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐MS/MS) method for the determination in urine samples of two ethanol metabolites, ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulfate (EtS), was developed and validated. Pentadeuterated EtG was used as internal standard for both EtG and EtS. In addition to the surviving ions, two MS/MS reactions were monitored for each analyte, with the deprotonated molecule as precursor ion: m/z 221 → 75, m/z 221 → 85 (EtG), and m/z 125 → 97, m/z 125 → 80 (EtS). Sample pretreatment, though very simple and rapid (1:50 water dilution and centrifugation of 50 μL of urine), was found to contain the occurrence of matrix effects. The method was accurate and precise over the linear dynamic range (0.05–10 mg/L). The analytes were stable in frozen urine for at least 1 month. The assay was applied to several authentic urine samples from social drinkers and to alcoholic beverages. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry of triacylglycerols in oils
Authors: Calvano Cosima D. , Palmisano Francesco , Zambonin Carlo G.
Published: April 2005

Selected triacylglycerols (TAGs) were directly analyzed on a standard stainless steel target plate by laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LDI‐TOFMS). Sodium and potassium ion adducts of TAGs were produced, and the thermal desorption/ionization mechanism was invoked to rationalize the experimental observations. The method permits a simple and fast qualitative analysis of TAGs. Advantages of this approach relative to matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) are simpler sample preparation, lack of need to use a matrix with consequent absence of matrix interference peaks in the spectra, and potential improvements in shot‐to‐shot reproducibility due to the absence of the crystallization step resulting in a more homogenously deposited sample. The procedure was successfully applied to the determination of TAGs in whole oils, yielding very fast TAG fingerprints. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Guidelines for the use of antidepressants in painful rheumatic conditions
Authors: Perrot Serge , Maheu Emmanuel , Javier Rose‐Marie , Eschalier Alain , Coutaux Anne , LeBars Manuela , Bertin Philippe , Bannwarth Bernard , Trèves Richard
Published: April 2005

Objectives Antidepressants are widely used to treat painful chronic rheumatic conditions but, contrary to neuropathic conditions, little is known about their true analgesic properties and value in these situations. Our group, which focuses on pain in rheumatology, aimed to develop recommendations for the use of antidepressants in rheumatology, based on evidence‐based review of published data and expert opinion.

Method We identified relevant drugs and conditions and searched Medline, Embase and Pascal (1966‐2003) for relevant publications in a number of European languages. We scored each study for quality, and used an expert consensus approach to formulate recommendations.

Results We identified 77 studies and 12 meta‐analyses and literature review on the use of antidepressant to treat painful rheumatological conditions. Forty‐nine of these clinical studies were considered valid and were used to develop the recommendations. When evidence was lacking we based recommendations on our clinical experience.

Conclusions These recommendations for the treatment of painful rheumatological conditions with antidepressants were developed using evidence‐based and expert consensus approaches and are the first of their kind in this field. Our review of the literature highlights the need for further, well‐designed clinical studies of the use of antidepressants to treat painful rheumatological conditions.
The experience of chronic back pain: Accounts of loss in those seeking help from pain clinics
Authors: Walker Jan , Sofaer Beatrice , Holloway Immy
Published: April 2005

Background This study responded to the need for greater understanding of the experiences that help to shape the worldviews of chronic back patients as they seek help from pain clinics.

Aim To elaborate on the lived experience of chronic back pain in those actively seeking help from pain clinics.

Methods This was a qualitative study, based on an interpretative phenomenological approach. As part of in‐depth interviews, participants were invited to ‘tell their story’ from the time their pain began. Participants were twelve male and eight female patients, all of whom were diagnosed as having chronic benign back pain and had recently attended one of two pain clinics as new referrals. The data were analysed thematically.

Findings Loss was one of five major themes to emerge. The narrative accounts revealed a catalogue of socio‐economic and other material losses including loss of physical and mental abilities, occupational and social activities, job or role. In those of working age, these led to financial hardship and changes in interpersonal relationships, culminating in loss of self‐worth, future and hope.

Conclusions The findings suggest that material losses, as well as perceptions of loss, are prominent issues for those of working age seeking help from pain clinics for chronic back pain, and may need to be acknowledged and addressed as part of therapeutic interventions. The possibility of age‐related differences in pain‐related loss may be worthy of further investigation.
Expectation of pain replicates the effect of pain in a hand laterality recognition task: Bias in information processing toward the painful side?
Authors: Hudson Megan L. , McCormick Katherine , Zalucki Nadia , Moseley G. Lorimer
Published: April 2005

Background People in pain, or expecting pain, sometimes bias their attention towards pain‐relevant cues. Perhaps they also bias their attention towards the body part in question.

Aim To determine if experimentally induced pain, and the expectation of pain, involve an information processing bias towards the hand in question.

Methods Seventeen asymptomatic subjects performed a hand laterality recognition task during three conditions: control, during hand pain induced by intramuscular injection of hypertonic saline (pain), and during expectation of hand pain, induced by isotonic saline injection (expectation). Mean response time (RT) was determined for three 45 s epochs within each condition and RT was compared between hands, conditions and epochs using a 2 × 3 × 3 repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance.

Results There was a hand × condition interaction and a hand × condition × epoch interaction (p < 0.05 for both). RT to recognise the opposite hand was ∼600 ms longer during epochs when subjects were in pain or expected pain than during control trials. During those epochs, RT to recognise the opposite hand was ∼600 ms longer than RT to recognise the injected hand, which was consistent across conditions and across epochs.

Conclusions Both pain and the expectation of pain increased RT to recognise the opposite hand. The findings are consistent with a bias in information processing toward the painful or impending painful hand.
What has been Accomplished in New Economic Sociology and Where is it Heading?
Authors: SWEDBERG RICHARD
Published: April 2005

Since the early or mid-1980s important changes have taken place in economic sociology. New topics have been added to its agenda, and interesting advances have been made in analyzing problems that were initiated during the 1980s when “new economic sociology” was born. As to theory, it appears that the embeddedness approach is still the most popular approach – but it is also increasingly criticized and a few other theoretical alternatives exist today. The three topics of networks, markets and firms continue to be central, and some important advances have been made during the last decade. New topics include finance, law, stratification and comparative-historical studies. New economic sociology is still suspicious of mainstream economics but has good relations with the other social sciences as well as with other subfields in sociology. If there is one weakness to recent economic sociology, the article concludes, it is the lack of new ideas. Economic sociology still lives very much on the ideas from the 1980s, which is worrisome.
Towards a Political Sociology of Transnationalization. The State of the Art in Migration Research
Authors: FAIST THOMAS
Published: April 2005

The transnational turn in international migration research since the early 1990s has sparked vigorous debates among migration scholars. Yet the political aspects of transnational migration have been under-studied when compared to social, cultural and economic processes. This is particularly astonishing because the very term transnational suggests the importance of national borders and nationally-bound polities as opportunities and restrictions of exchange, reciprocity, solidarity and hierarchical control for processes involving non-state actors to varying degrees. The goal of this analysis is to take stock of some developments in the general study of transnationalization and treat the aspects of politics, policy and polity as a specific case of this broader conceptual and empirical effort. This effort also identifies questions for further research and offers methodological venues for the study of transnationalism arising out of international migration.
Kontingenz Aspekte einer theoretischen Semantik der Moderne
Authors: MAKROPOULOS MICHAEL
Published: April 2005

The article is a systematic synopsis of significant aspects of the modern semantics of contingency on the basis of its historical genesis. His thesis is that hermeneutic, phenomenological, post-structuralist, system theoretical, pragmatist and anthropological concepts of the modern age can be joined to a “post-modern” “métarécit”: in opposition to “post-modern” selfinterpretations, modernity as a culture of contingency is the “métarécit” of “post-modern” modernity.
INTEGRATION OF RESEARCH AND THEORY IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF JOHN GOLDTHORPE
Authors: LAITIN DAVID D.
Published: April 2005

THIS REMARKABLE COLLECTION of (mostly reprinted) essays is first and foremost a defense of the statistically-based research program that has motivated Professor Goldthorpe's work through a distinguished career. In defending the statistical methodology that has become a standard in his corner of sociology, he also sets sharp limits to what can be contributed through qualitative methods. He then offers a challenge for future statistical analysts to address more directly that program's theoretical foundations. The dozen essays range widely in questions of methods and substance — in this review I provide no general summary but rather highlight a dual plea he makes to his profession: to marry macro statistical work to micro theory; and to press colleagues who engage in case study, historical, and ethnographic work to think more rigorously about what inferences can be correctly drawn from their low-n studies.
UN MONDE COMMUN?
Authors: HOLLSTEIN BETTINA
Published: April 2005

CET OUVRAGE DE BERNARD PERRET, économiste et membre du laboratoire de Sociologie du changement des institutions (LSCI), est composé de deux essais distincts sous-tendus d'une visée politique commune. Le premier commente avec beaucoup de sympathie, mais aussi avec de sérieuses critiques, le concept de “ capital social ” de Robert D. Putnam. Le deuxième esquisse une théorie de l'action critique de l'utilitarisme en tant que modèle moyens-fins et fondée sur les deux notions de l'agir instrumental et de l'agir constitutif. Cette dernière notion représente l'apport de Perret qui met en avant l'action humaine visant “ à construire ou modifier le cadre dans lequel elle s'exerce et par l'intermédiaire duquel elle acquiert une signification subjective ” (p. 9). Cette notion du “ constitutif ” ouvre pour Perret non seulement la possibilité d'intégrer dans son modèle des théories de l'action plus riches que celle que l'on pourrait subsumer sous le terme de “ rational choice ”, mais aussi de mettre en avant l'aspect politique de l'action humaine.
MODERNIZATION AND PRIVATE INTERESTS
Authors: WADE ROBERT HUNTER
Published: April 2005

VISITORS TO INDIA over the past several decades have often remarked on the shoddy quality of many of its manufactured goods. How could a country with large numbers of talented engineers and business-people keep on reproducing, decade after decade, a more or less unchanged version of the British Morris motorcar from 1955? The answer beloved of liberal economists is simple: protection of the Indian car industry from international competition. The solution: remove protection.
INTERPRETATION UPDATED
Authors: ROOT MICHAEL
Published: April 2005

IN 1982, SEVEN PEOPLE in the Chicago area died after taking Tylenol capsules laced with cyanide. Newspapers at the time wondered about the motives of the killer. A few looked for an economic motive for the crime and speculated that the killer was an investor in Johnson and Johnson, the manufacturer of the drug, who had sold his stock in the company short. According to this economic interpretation of the event, the deaths, the killer reasoned, would cause a sharp decline in the price of the stock, and, under these conditions, a short seller would turn a tidy profit by covering his sale with shares bought after the murders; while there was no direct evidence of any significant amount of short selling around the time of the crime, had a capital gain been the killer's motive, his actions would have been rational and, as result, easier for us to understand than if we were to suppose that he poisoned the capsules for no reason. In fact, one story carried the headline “Tylenol Murders Rational After All”.
Why Study the New Testament?
Authors: MEEKS WAYNE A.
Published: April 2005

‘New Testament studies’, as most of us learned the discipline, depends on some fundamental assumptions: that scientific history leads us toward objective, secure knowledge of the past; that careful method can unlock the real meaning of a stable text; that we have an audience who genuinely care what we say. Every one of these assumptions has become problematic. For the future, we must not give up on historical research, but we must think more urgently about what it means to write history well. In our role as teachers of Christian communities, we need to examine ways in which texts are used, rediscovering the formative uses in place of an almost exclusive stress by ‘biblical theology’ on the normative. Finally, acknowledging the demise of Christendom, we must seek to engage an ever larger circle of discussion partners, seeking to overcome our isolation within the academy and within a world that has grown rapidly more diverse even as it has become astonishingly smaller.
Apokalyptik als Redeform im Neuen Testament
Authors: WOLTER MICHAEL
Published: April 2005

‘Apokalyptik’ ist ein wissenschaftlicher Ausdruck, der nicht wie ein quellensprachlicher Begriff behandelt werden darf. Wir benutzen ihn als einen Sammelbegriff für eine Eigenschaft von Texten, die wir freilich nicht in diesen vorfinden, sondern ihnen zuschreiben. Was wir in den Texten vorfinden, sind vielmehr bestimmte Redeformen mit der Funktion von Leseanweisungen, die so etwas wie eine erkenntnistheoretische Transzendenz voraussetzen und kognitive Grenzüberschreitungen fingieren. Im NT lassen sich apokalyptische Rezeptionsanweisungen in Röm 11.25; 1 Kor 15.51 und Offb 4.1–2a nachweisen, nicht hingegen in 1 Thess 4.13–18 oder Mk 13.
De Jésus à l'Église: Étude rédactionnelle de Luc 24
Authors: MAINVILLE ODETTE
Published: April 2005

Cette critique de la rédaction de Lc 24 découpe le chapitre en six unités: les femmes au tombeau (1–11), Pierre au tombeau (12), Emmaüs (13–32), la christophanie à Pierre (33–5), la christophanie aux Onze (36–49) et l'ascension (50–3). Chaque unité a sa fonction propre dans la mise en place des bases essentielles à la continuité théologique, éthique et missionnaire entre Luc et Actes. Par l'enchaînement de ses récits dans une progression calculée, Lc 24 jette la passerelle nécessaire à la perpétuation du message de Jésus de Nazareth à travers l'Église primitive.
Ιουνιαν … επισημοι εν τοις αποστολοις:
A Re-examination of Romans 16.7 in Light of Primary Source Materials
Authors: BELLEVILLE LINDA
Published: April 2005

Church tradition from the Old Latin and Vulgate versions and the early Greek and Latin fathers onwards affirms and lauds a female apostle. Yet modern scholarship has not been comfortable with the attribution, as the masculine circumflex of the Erwin Nestle and United Bible Societies' Greek editions from 1927 to 2001 and the masculine Junias in translations from the mid-1940s to the mid-1970s show. More recently, the New English Translation (NET) and the English Standard Version (ESV) concede a feminine but change the attribution from the time-honored ‘of note among’ to ‘well-known to the apostles’. However, an examination of primary usage in the computer databases of Hellenistic Greek literary works, papyri, inscriptions, and artifacts confirms the feminine Ιουνια and shows επισημοι εν plus the plural dative bears without exception the inclusive sense ‘notable among’.
Anti-tick vaccines
Authors: WILLADSEN P.
Published: April 2005

There is now abundant evidence that vaccination with defined protein antigens is able to induce significant immunity to tick infestation. In a limited number of cases, this immunity has been duplicated by vaccination with recombinant antigens, a critical step on the pathway to commercial vaccine production. The existence of two commercial vaccines has allowed a number of field studies showing that the existing products can make an important contribution to an integrated approach to the control of ticks in the field. Under most circumstances however, the use of a tick vaccine as the single, stand alone control technology is likely to require more efficacious vaccines than those currently available. Increases in efficacy are most likely to come through the discovery of additional, effective vaccine antigens. The number of antigens with demonstrated effect is increasing, though only slowly, while the number of potential antigens that remain to be evaluated is increasing more quickly. There is limited, though convincing, evidence that some of these antigens will show effective cross-species protection, though in a poorly understood and unpredictable way. The groundwork has been laid; the potential of the field is still to be effectively exploited.
Biochemical perspectives on paralysis and other forms of toxicoses caused by ticks
Authors: MANS B. J. , GOTHE R. , NEITZ A. W. H.
Published: April 2005

Tick toxicoses, of which paralysis is the most widespread and dominant form, are important elements of pathogenesis induced by ticks. Tick paralysis is the most widespread and dominant form of tick toxicoses. Non-paralytic forms of tick toxicoses do occur and evidence suggests that these forms of toxicoses are not evolutionary related. While functional significance has been suggested for tick toxins, the advantages for tick survival in general are not clear. This review considers the molecular nature of tick toxins, the possibility that tick toxins have originated more than once independently and whether these toxins could have unrecognized benign functions.
Assuring paternity in a promiscuous world: are there lessons for ticks among the insects?
Authors: KAUFMAN W. R.
Published: April 2005

In this article I begin with a few current ideas on some physiological factors that influence mating choice in insects. Emphasis is placed on those proteins produced by the male reproductive accessory glands which increase female fecundity and reduce her receptivity to subsequent males. Strategies used by late-arriving males to favour their paternity are also mentioned. With a number of insect models as background, I then review what is currently known about several male factors in ticks (a capacitation factor, a male factor, an engorgement factor and a vitellogenesis stimulating factor) and suggest where we might focus our experimental activities in the future.
Babesiosis of cattle
Authors: BOCK R. , JACKSON L. , DE VOS A. , JORGENSEN W.
Published: April 2005

Tick fever or cattle fever (babesiosis) is economically the most important arthropod-borne disease of cattle worldwide with vast areas of Australia, Africa, South and Central America and the United States continuously under threat. Tick fever was the first disease for which transmission by an arthropod to a mammal was implicated at the turn of the twentieth century and is the first disease to be eradicated from a continent (North America). This review describes the biology ofBabesiaspp. in the host and the tick, the scale of the problem to the cattle industry, the various components of control programmes, epidemiology, pathogenesis, immunity, vaccination and future research. The emphasis is onBabesia bovisandBabesia bigemina.
Tick-borne viruses
Authors: LABUDA M. , NUTTALL P. A.
Published: April 2005

At least 38 viral species are transmitted by ticks. Virus–tick–vertebrate host relationships are highly specific and less than 10% of all tick species (Argasidae and Ixodidae) are known to play a role as vectors of arboviruses. However, a few tick species transmit several (e.g.Ixodes ricinus,Amblyomma variegatum) or many (I. uriae) tick-borne viruses. Tick-borne viruses are found in six different virus families (Asfarviridae, Reoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Bunyaviridae, Flaviviridae) and at least 9 genera. Some as yet unassigned tick-borne viruses may belong to a seventh family, theArenaviridae. With only one exception (African swine fever virus, family Asfarviridae) all tick-borne viruses (as well as all other arboviruses) are RNA viruses. Tick-borne viruses are found in all the RNA virus families in which insect-borne members are found, with the exception of the family Togaviridae. Some tick-borne viruses pose a significant threat to the health of humans (Tick-borne encephalitis virus,Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus) or livestock (African swine fever virus,Nairobi sheep disease virus). Key challenges are to determine the molecular adaptations that allow tick-borne viruses to infect and replicate in both tick and vertebrate cells, and to identify the principal ecological determinants of tick-borne virus survival.
The global importance of ticks
Authors: JONGEJAN F. , UILENBERG G.
Published: April 2005

Ticks and tick-borne diseases affect animal and human health worldwide and are the cause of significant economic losses. Approximately 10% of the currently known 867 tick species act as vectors of a broad range of pathogens of domestic animals and humans and are also responsible for damage directly due to their feeding behaviour. The most important tick species and the effects they cause are listed. The impact on the global economy is considered to be high and although some estimates are given, there is a lack of reliable data. The impact of ticks and tick-borne diseases on animal production and public health and their control are discussed.
Tick control: an industry point of view
Authors: GRAF J.-F. , GOGOLEWSKI R. , LEACH-BING N. , SABATINI G. A. , MOLENTO M. B. , BORDIN E. L. , ARANTES G. J.
Published: April 2005

The development of new acaricides is a long and very expensive process. Worryingly, there is increasing resistance to available acaricides worldwide leading to the real possibility that our dwindling supply of effective acaricides will be exhausted unless action is taken to increase the number of new acaricidal products and reduce the rate of resistance development. In 1995, eight major animal health pharmaceutical companies formed the Veterinary Parasite Resistance Group (VPRG) to act as an expert consultative group to guide the FAO in resistance management and collaborate in the prudent use of acaricides. In this paper, members of the VPRG discuss the problems and processes in acaricide development, resistance in the field to commonly used acaricides and the different considerations when targeting the cattle and pet market, and give their view of the future for tick control from the perspective of the animal health industry.
GIS tools for tick and tick-borne disease occurrence
Authors: DANIEL M. , KOLÁŘ J. , ZEMAN P.
Published: April 2005

Geographic information systems (GIS), their fundamental components and technologies are described. GIS is a computer-based system enabling the storage, integration, query, display and analysis of data using information on data location. Further, remote sensing (RS) methods and their application in landscape characterization are described. Landscape pattern analysis, combined with statistical analysis, allows the determination of landscape predictors of disease risk. This makes RS/GIS a powerful set of tools for disease surveillance, enabling the prediction of potential disease outbreaks and targeting intervention programs. The ‘pre-GIS era’ is briefly described including the early mapping of tick distribution, analyses and the display of biogeographical and medical data. The theory of natural focality of diseases (NFD) is explained and its significance in tick-borne diseases (TBD) research is discussed. Many problems of tick ecology and TBD epidemiology and epizootology have been addressed by means of GIS and examples of these studies are presented and discussed.
Observed trends of precipitation amount, frequency, and intensity in China, 1960–2000
Authors: Liu Binhui , Xu Ming , Henderson Mark , Qi Ye
Published: April 2005

We examined the spatial and temporal variation in precipitation observed daily at 272 weather stations operated by the China Meteorological Administration from 1960 to 2000. We found that precipitation in China increased by 2% over that period, while the frequency of precipitation events decreased by 10%. Seasonally, precipitation increased in winter and summer but decreased in spring and fall. Regional differences also appeared: Precipitation decreased in the North China Plain and north central China, showed almost no change in southwest China, and increased in China's five other climatic regions. Only the increase in northwest China, however, was statistically significant (p = 0.05). For China as a whole and its eight climatic regions these changes in precipitation can be attributed mostly to changes in the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation events. Nationwide, the increased frequency of heavy precipitation events contributed 95% of the total increase of precipitation in that category. At the same time, there were fewer light precipitation events, accounting for 66% of the national reduction in precipitation frequency. In seven of the eight climatic regions, changes in frequency accounted for most of the changes in the amounts of precipitation from heavy precipitation events; changing intensity accounted for a larger share in the southwestern region. The frequency of precipitation has decreased in all seasons and all regions except northwest China. The increasing proportion of precipitation delivered by heavy rainfall events and the decreasing trend of light precipitation events have potentially serious ramifications for flood control and vegetation production, especially for the non‐irrigated croplands in the arid and semiarid areas of China.
Evaluation of the aerosol indirect effect in marine stratocumulus clouds: Droplet number, size, liquid water path, and radiative impact
Authors: Twohy Cynthia H. , Petters Markus D. , Snider Jefferson R. , Stevens Bjorn , Tahnk William , Wetzel Melanie , Russell Lynn , Burnet Frédéric
Published: April 2005

Data from nine stratocumulus clouds in the northeastern Pacific Ocean were analyzed to determine the effect of aerosol particles on cloud microphysical and radiative properties. Seven nighttime and two daytime cases were included. The number concentration of below‐cloud aerosol particles (>0.10 μm diameter) was highly correlated with cloud droplet number concentration. Droplet number concentrations were typically about 75% of particle number concentration in the range of particle concentrations studied (≤400 cm−3). Particle number was anticorrelated with droplet size and with liquid water content in drizzle‐sized drops. Radiative impact also depends upon cloud liquid water content and geometric thickness. Although most variability in these macroscopic properties of the clouds could be attributed to variability in the large‐scale environment, a weak anticorrelation between particle concentration and cloud geometric thickness was observed. Because of these variations, no correlation between calculated cloud optical thickness or albedo and particle concentration was detectable for the data set as a whole. For regions with comparable liquid water contents in an individual cloud, higher particle concentrations did correspond to increased cloud optical thickness. These results verify that higher particle concentrations do directly affect the microphysics of stratiform clouds. However, the constant liquid water path assumption usually invoked in the Twomey aerosol indirect effect may not be valid.
Validation of stratospheric temperatures measured by Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) on Envisat
Authors: Wang D. Y. , von Clarmann T. , Fischer H. , Funke B. , Gil‐López S. , Glatthor N. , Grabowski U. , Höpfner M. , Kaufmann M. , Kellmann S. , Kiefer M. , Koukouli M. E. , Linden A. , López‐Puertas M. , Mengistu Tsidu G. , Milz M. , Steck T. , Stiller G. P. , Simmons A. J. , Dethof A. , Swinbank R. , Marquardt C. , Jiang J. H. , Romans L. J. , Wickert J. , Schmidt T. , Russell J. , Remsberg E.
Published: April 2005

The Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) onboard the Envisat satellite provides temperature and various gas profiles from limb‐viewing midinfrared emission measurements. The stratospheric temperatures retrieved at the Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung (IMK) for September/October 2002 and October/November 2003 are compared with a number of reference data sets, including global radiosonde (RS) observations, radio occultation (RO) measurements of Global Positioning System (GPS) on German Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) and Argentinean Satelite de Aplicaciones Cientificas‐C (SAC‐C) satellite, Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS), and the analyses of European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and Met Office (METO), United Kingdom. The data sets show a good general agreement. Between 10 and 30 km altitude the mean differences are within ±0.5 K for the averages over the height interval and within ±(1–1.5) K at individual levels for comparisons with RS, GPS‐RO/CHAMP, and SAC‐C, ECMWF, and METO. Between 30 and 45 km the MIPAS mean temperatures, averaged over the height region, are higher than ECMWF but lower than METO by ∼1.5 K, while they differ by ±0.5 K with respect to HALOE, with maximum discrepancies of ∼2.5 K peaking around 35 km. Between 45 and 50 km, MIPAS temperatures show a low bias compared to HALOE, ECMWF, and METO with mean differences of −1 to −3 K and with a better agreement with HALOE. The large discrepancies between MIPAS and the analyses above 30 km likely suggest deficiency in the underlying general circulation models. The standard deviations vary between 2.5 and 3.5 K for individual data sets, with more than 70% being contributed from the expected variability of the atmosphere. Retrieved temperatures with accuracy of ∼0.5–1 K after removing the atmospheric variability provide highly accurate knowledge to characterize our environment.
Correlation energy extrapolation by intrinsic scaling. IV. Accurate binding energies of the homonuclear diatomic molecules carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine
Authors: Bytautas Laimutis , Ruedenberg Klaus
Published: April 2005

The method of extrapolation by intrinsic scaling, recently introduced to obtain correlation energies, is generalized to multiconfigurational reference functions and used to calculate the binding energies of the diatomic molecules C2, N2, O2, and F2. First, accurate approximations to the full configuration interaction energies of the individual molecules and their constituent atoms are determined, employing Dunning’s correlation consistent double-, triple- and quadruple ζ basis sets. Then, these energies are extrapolated to their full basis set limits. Chemical accuracy is attained for the binding energies of all molecules.
Enhanced coherent control of carrier and spin density in a zinc-blende semiconductor by cascaded second-harmonic generation
Authors: Stevens Martin J. , Bhat R. D. R. , Pan X. Y. , van Driel H. M. , Sipe J. E. , Smirl Arthur L.
Published: April 2005

Phase- and polarization-dependent optical processes involving pulses with frequencies ω and 2ω can be used to independently control electron and spin density in zinc-blende semiconductors such as GaAs. One such process is quantum interference control (QUIC) where interference between transition amplitudes associated with one- and two-photon absorption alters the carrier∕spin generation rate. A second process, which has been acknowledged but not utilized, is cascaded second-harmonic (CASH) generation in which phase-dependent upconversion∕downconversion between the two pulses modulates the 2ω pulse intensity and∕or polarization and hence modulates the carrier or spin generation rate by single-photon absorption at 2ω. Here we report the use of (110)-oriented GaAs∕AlGaAs quantum wells with a 500-nmAlGaAs buffer layer to enhance CASH and to allow independent control of spin and carrier densities. Experiments conducted with 100-fs pulses at 775 and 1550nm or at 715 and 1430nm, with different polarization states and with different sample orientations, show how QUIC and CASH processes vary with excitation frequency and demonstrate the dominant role played by CASH. We point the way to achieving nearly 100% control through CASH.
Determination of in-depth density profiles of multilayer structures
Authors: Kessels M. J. H. , Bijkerk F. , Tichelaar F. D. , Verhoeven J.
Published: April 2005

We developed and demonstrate an analysis method in which we calibrate the intensity scale of cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using Cu Kα reflectometry. This results in quantitative in-depth density profiles of multilayer structures. Only three free parameters are needed to obtain the calibrated profiles, corresponding to three TEM image intensity levels. Additionally, the optical indices of the two multilayer materials used and the assumption that the layers are laterally homogeneous are used in the model. The power and the general usefulness of the method is demonstrated using experimental data of W∕Si and Mo∕Si multilayer systems with sharp interfaces as well as multilayers of which the interfaces were deliberately intermixed.
Conduction mechanisms and reliability of thermal Ta2O5–Si structures and the effect of the gate electrode
Authors: Atanassova E. , Paskaleva A. , Novkovski N. , Georgieva M.
Published: April 2005

The effect of metal gate electrodes (Al, W, Au, TiN, and TiN∕W) on dielectric properties, leakage currents, conduction mechanisms, and reliability characteristics of metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors with thermal Ta2O5 is investigated. The results are discussed in terms of the relative influence of the gate deposition techniques and the intrinsic properties of the electrode material and the former appears to be more pronounced. It is found that some parameters such as interface state density, breakdown fields, and charge trapping are defined mainly by the properties of Ta2O5 itself. The global dielectric constant of the stack dielectric, oxide charge, leakage current level at high applied fields, charge-to-breakdown, and stress-induced leakage currents are remarkably affected by the upper electrode. It is concluded that the nature and spatial distribution of the gate deposition-induced defects are sensitive to the technological process (evaporation or sputtering); this effect is so strong that it tends to outweigh the effect of the intrinsic properties (e.g., work function) of the gate material. The bulk-limited Poole–Frenkel emission is the dominant conduction mechanism in Ta2O5. A Au gate is preferable and shows the best parameters in terms of the leakage current and stress-induced leakage current, whereas Al-gate capacitors reveal the best dielectric constant and charge to breakdown.
Flexoelectric switching in a zenithally bistable nematic device
Authors: Parry-Jones L. A. , Elston S. J.
Published: April 2005

A Q-tensor method is used to model a grating-aligned zenithally bistable nematic device in two dimensions. The flexoelectrically driven switching between the two ground states is shown to occur through the creation and annihilation of pairs of defects, and the sign and magnitude of the voltage thresholds demonstrated to depend on the relative dielectric permittivity of the grating material.
Generation and damping of neoclassical plasma flows in stellarators
Authors: Spong D. A.
Published: April 2005

A moments method approach for stellarator transport is developed and applied to devices embodying the three forms (quasihelical, quasitoroidal, and quasipoloidal) of stellarator quasisymmetry. Plasma parameter regimes are considered that lead both to stable electron and ion ambipolar electric field roots. The predicted flux surface averaged plasma flow velocity components and their two-dimensional variation within a flux surface are calculated and they approximately reflect the underlying symmetries in the magnetic field structure. Comparison of the shearing rates of the flows with linear stability growth rates for the ion temperature gradient mode indicates that shearing rates (driven by ambipolar transport) can be comparable to growth rates even in the absence of external flow drive.
Second-generation quantum-well sensors for room-temperature scanning Hall probe microscopy
Authors: Pross A. , Crisan A. I. , Bending S. J. , Mosser V. , Konczykowski M.
Published: April 2005

Scanning Hall probe microscopy is a noninvasive magnetic imaging technique with potential for having a major impact in the data storage industry if high-resolution Hall effect sensors can be developed with sufficiently low-noise figures at room temperature. To meet this requirement, we have developed a series of second-generation quantum-well Hall probes whereby the careful design of an AlGaAs∕InGaAs∕GaAs pseudomorphic heterostructure, chip layout, metal interconnects, and passivation layers has allowed a dramatic reduction of low-frequency noise sources. In addition, the Johnson noise-limited minimum detectable fields of these sensors are more than an order of magnitude lower than those used in early microscopes. The key figures-of-merit of the sensors are presented and their performance illustrated in an imaging study of a yttrium–iron–garnet thin film at room temperature.
Ionization of deep Te donor in Te-doped Al0.6Ga0.4Sb epilayers
Authors: Matsuura Hideharu , Nishikawa Kazuhiro
Published: April 2005

The temperature dependence of the electron concentration n(T) for a Te-doped AlxGa1−xSb epilayer with x=0.2 or x=0.6 is obtained from Hall-effect measurements. The density ND and energy level ΔED of Te donors are determined by the graphical peak analysis method (i.e., free-carrier concentration spectroscopy) from the n(T). Since the donor level of Te is shallow in Al0.2Ga0.8Sb, the Fermi–Dirac distribution function, which does not include the influence of the excited states of the Te donors, can be applied to determining ND and ΔED. In Al0.6Ga0.4Sb, on the other hand, a proposed distribution function including this influence is elucidated to be necessary to the determination of ND and ΔED, because Te acts as a deep donor. Moreover, the excited states of the Te donors in Al0.6Ga0.4Sb are found to enhance the ionization efficiency of the Te donors at elevated temperatures.
Electronic structure of sulfur-modified nanocrystalline carbon films
Authors: Gupta S. , Weiner B. R. , Morell G.
Published: April 2005

Thin films of nanocrystalline diamond were grown by filament-assisted chemical-vapor deposition using methane as carbon precursor with high hydrogen dilution and hydrogen sulfide concentration ranging from 0to500ppm in the gas phase. The surface topography and electronic structure of these films (n-C:S) were investigated using ultrahigh-vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS), respectively. Topographic image analyses depict that the root-mean-square roughness of the film surface and average grain size decreases with increasing sulfur incorporation either in gas phase or solid films. High-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy images reveal the localized regions of high conductivity (white) surrounded by less conductive regions (black) pointing at the existence of inhomogeneous mixture of sp2- and sp3-bonded carbon in aggregate or clustered and dispersed state. The surface density of states was determined using scanning tunneling spectroscopy where normalized differential conductivity, i.e., (dI∕dV)∕(I∕V) mimics local density of states (DOS). These methods were employed to understand the role of sulfur in the modification of both the surface microstructure and electronic structure near the Fermi level. The band edges were derived by taking tangents to the differential conductivity (dI∕dV) within a certain potential window of ±2eV of the Fermi level. The resulting band gap is found to be similar to that measured optically (Tauc gap). The Fermi level for undoped nanocrystalline carbon (n-C) was found just below the midgap indicating that n-C is a weakly p-type semiconductor. The STS DOS shows oscillatory behavior or peaks which we ascribe to states of the surface layer having relatively more graphitic or sp2-bonded carbon bonds. With higher sulfur addition, the Fermi level is found to move above the midgap. These results seem to agree quite well with our early work on electrical conductivity exhibiting n-type doping taking place and declining band gap at higher sulfur contents measured with spectroscopic ellipsometry technique on the same samples.
Seismometer using a vertical long natural-period rotational pendulum with magnetic levitation
Authors: Otake Yuji , Araya Akito , Hidano Kazuo
Published: April 2005

We have demonstrated a highly sensitive/wideband vertical-component seismometer using an astatic rotational pendulum to obtain a long natural period. This seismometer employs magnetic levitation for removing any parasitic resonances of a spring to support a weight due to gravity and the thermal dependence of the spring constant. The pendulum has a cylindrical plunger-type permanent magnet that has a weight at one side of its end edge. The plunger magnet is inserted into a uniform magnetic field generated by a window-frame-type permanent magnet, and attached to two crossed-leaf spring hinges as a rotational axis outside of the bore of the magnet. Magnetic forces applied to the plunger magnet counterbalance the gravitational force at the weight. To realize stable operation of the rotational pendulum without any unnecessary movements of the plunger magnet, a tilt of lines of the magnetic force in the bore of the window-frame magnet was compensated by a tilted magnetic-pole surface near to its opening. The field uniformity reached 10−4 owing to this compensation. The thermal dependence of a magnetic field strength of about 10−3∕K was also compensated by as much as 9×10−5∕K by Ni–Fe metal having a negative permeability coefficient. The metal was attached along the sidewalls of the window-frame magnet. To determine the feedback control parameters for a feedback control seismometer, the natural period of a prototype rotational pendulum was measured. It was more than 8s, and was able to be changed from 5to8s by using an additional magnetic spring, similar to the voice coil actuator of a speaker. This change was in accordance with theoretical calculations, and showed that the pendulum movement did not include a big nonlinearity caused by the tilt of the lines of the magnetic force. No parasitic resonances were found during experiments. A velocity feedback-control circuit and a capacitance position detector to measure the weight position were applied to the rotational pendulum for building a feedback control seismometer. Observations showed that the noise level of the seismometer was less than about 10−8m∕s at 1Hz. This fruitful value is close to the specifications of the most sensitive seismometer, such as STS-I. However, low-frequency noise of about 10−7m∕s, caused by a buoyancy change at the pendulum weight arising from atmospheric pressure variation, could be recognized. To decrease the noise, a vacuum chamber to isolate the atmospheric pressure variation should be employed in the next step of the study.
Electron inertia effect on small amplitude solitons in a weakly relativistic two-fluid plasma
Authors: Singh Khushvant , Kumar Vinod , Malik Hitendra K.
Published: April 2005

One-dimensional evolution of solitons in a two-fluid plasma having weakly relativistic streaming ions and electrons is studied through usual Korteweg–de Vries equation under the effect of electron inertia. Although fast and slow ion acoustic modes are possible in such a plasma, only the fast mode corresponds to the soliton propagation for a particular range of velocity difference of ions and electrons. This range depends upon the ratios of mass and temperature of the ions and electrons. The effect of electron inertia on the propagation characteristics of the soliton is studied for typical values of the speed and temperature of the ions and electrons and it is found that this effect is dominant over the relativistic effect and the effect of ion temperature.