bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FRANCE AND MODERNITY
Authors: BAYCROFT T. P.
Published: July 2002

The French Republic, 1879–1992. By Maurice Agulhon.

Translated by Antonia Nevill.

Oxford: Blackwell, 1993. Pp. 500. £45.00.

The republic of De Gaulle, 1958–1969. By Serge

Berstein. Translated by Peter Morris.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. Pp. 281. £30.00.

Louis Loucheur and the shaping of modern France, 1916–1931.

By Stephen D. Carls. Baton

Rouge and London: Louisiana State University Press, 1993. Pp. 416. £42.75.

The French secret services. By Martyn Cornick and Peter

Morris. New Brunswick and

London: Transaction Publishers, 1993. Pp. 136. £31.50.

De Gaulle and twentieth-century France. Edited by Hugh

Gough and John Horne. London:

Edward Arnold, 1994. Pp. 192. £13.99 pbk.
AN ETHNOGRAPHY OF TESTIMONY Purity and Exile: Violence, Memory and National Cosmology

among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania. By LIISA H.

MALKKI. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press,

1995. Pp. xiv + 352. £17.25 (ISBN 0-226-50272-4).
Authors: NEWBURY DAVID
Published: July 2002

An estimated seven million people live as refugees in Africa

today. While reports on refugee services abound, there are few studies

of internal cultural dynamics among the displaced. This book is

pre-eminent among these, with its insights the more urgent given the

horrific recent increase in refugees in East Central Africa.
LIMBA ‘DEEP RURAL’ STRATEGIES
Authors: FANTHORPE RICHARD
Published: July 2002

The established historical view of the Upper Guinea Coast is that
this
naturally forested region was at first peripheral to the Manding civilization
of the savanna zone. The arrival of Europeans on the coast in the fifteenth
century then engendered a southward shift in the centre of gravity of
historical processes. The Atlantic trade, in which the savanna states were
also
deeply involved, gave coastal populations vastly expanded opportunities
for
wealth accumulation and social mobility. In spite of numerous attempts
at
political centralization, ‘frontier’ conditions persisted in
the region
up to – and perhaps after – the establishment of colonial states.
These conditions have been held to account for the region-wide importance
of cultural
institutions which either facilitate social accommodation between heterogenous
groups
(e.g. Islam, Manding and European linguistic creoles,
Manding clan names, and secret societies), or reflect such processes (e.g.
bilateral kinship, patron–client relations, and pre-colonial urbanization).
THE ROAD OF THE MAN CALLED LOVE AND THE
SACK OF SERO: THE HERERO–GERMAN WAR AND
THE EXPORT OF HERERO LABOUR TO THE SOUTH
AFRICAN RAND
Authors: GEWALD JAN-BART
Published: July 2002

ON the morning of 12 January 1904, shooting started in Okahandja,
a small
town in German South West Africa, present-day Namibia. When the
Herero–German war finally ended four years later, Herero society,
as it had
existed prior to 1904, had been completely destroyed. In the genocidal
war
which developed, the Herero were either killed in battle, lynched, shot
or
beaten to death upon capture, or driven to death in the waterless wastes
that
make up much of Namibia. Within Namibia, the surviving Herero were
deprived of their chiefs, prohibited from owing land and cattle, and
prevented from practising their own religion. Herero survivors, the majority

of whom were women and children, were incarcerated in prison camps and

put to work as forced labourers for the German military and settlers.

Over the years there have been a fair number of works dealing with the

causes and effects of the Herero–German war of 1904–8. It has
been argued
that the loss of land, water, cattle and liberty, coupled with the activities
of
unscrupulous traders and German colonial officials, steered the Herero
into
launching a carefully planned, countrywide insurrection against German

colonial rule. In brief, ‘in 1904, the Herero, feeling the cumulative
and
bitter effects of colonial rule in South West Africa, took advantage of
the
withdrawal of German troops from central Hereroland…and revolted’.
W. H. Auden, Benjamin Britten, and Paul Bunyan
Authors: BROGAN HUGH
Published: July 2002

Somewhat to the surprise of the critics and the public, the exiled
company of the
Royal Opera House had a great success with their production of Benjamin

Britten's “operetta,” Paul Bunyan, just before Christmas,
1997. Everyone knew
the difficulties in advance – for instance, the piece has absolutely
no dramatic
momentum – but no one seems to have foreseen that the splendid music
would
carry all before it in a theatre, or that a highly accomplished cast would
find so
many moments of real comedy and pathos in performance. Even now it is hard

to imagine the piece entering the regular repertory, but it is easy to
foresee
frequent revivals, and still more frequent concert performances.

To an Americanist, however, the work presented as many unexpected
problems as pleasures. The fault was entirely W. H. Auden's. His libretto
is in
many respects as brilliant and beautiful as the music (though at times
it sinks to
doggerel) but the theme he expounds sticks in my craw. Once upon a time
the
New World, he says, was nothing but virgin forest. Then Paul Bunyan, the
giant,
was born, and dreamed of felling trees – of being the greatest logger
in history.
And such he became. When the forests had all been cleared, “America”
had
emerged – the America of the farmer, the clerk, the hotel manager,
and
Hollywood. Paul Bunyan therefore moved on, leaving his followers with the

message, “America is what you make it.”

The difficulty is not simply that this myth of America seems ecologically
and
historically unsound to anyone who knows something of the pollution and

despoliation inflicted by American logging companies; nor even that the
total
elimination of the natives from the story (except for one reference to
fighting
Indians) is a grave falsification; nor even that the accumulation of these
and many
other simplifications produce an effect that in today's terms is politically
incorrect
and in 1941 seems to have been thought patronizing. It is that to anyone
with
actual knowledge, however slight, of American history, Auden's myth
is so
inaccurate as to make any suspension of disbelief largely impossible. To
take but
one detail: as Auden said himself, Paul Bunyan is a post-industrial-revolution

myth: he is a product of the nineteenth-century frontier, in the tall-tale
tradition.
The loggers, like the mountain men, the boatmen, the cowboys, and the slaves,

were at the mercy of large economic forces; they consoled themselves for
their
impotence by developing the legend of the giant lumberjack who was invincible

and omnipotent. The forests were far from virgin: if they were silent it
was
because first the game and then the original inhabitants had been driven
off by the
process of European settlement. Even in 1939, when the influence of F.
J. Turner
was at its height, Auden could have discovered these points – probably
did
discover them. But he chose to ignore them.
Race, Region, and Gender in American History
Authors: KLEINBERG S. J.
Published: July 2002

Catherine Clinton and Michele Gillespie, The Devil's Lane: Sex and Race in the
Early South (New York and London: Oxford University Press, 1997,
£28.50). Pp. 274. ISBN 0 19 511242 3.

Tera Hunter, To ‘Joy My Freedom’: Southern
Black Women's Lives and Labors after the Civil War
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997,
£19.95). Pp. 311. ISBN 0 674 893 9 3.

Theda Perdue, Cherokee Women: Gender and Culture Change, 1700–1835
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998, £38.00). Pp. 252.
ISBN 0 8032 3716 2.

Vicki L. Ruiz, From Out of the Shadows: Mexican Women in Twentieth-Century
America (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1998, £24.99). Pp. 240.
ISBN 0 19 5114833.

The historical study of women has evolved from a consideration of elite women,
the quest for suffrage, and women in organized groups to encompass different
classes, ethnic groups, and social settings. Writing women back into the
historical record has led to a more creative use of data sources, a greater depth
of understanding about how societies work on both formal and informal levels,
and the exploration of gendered patterns of most aspects of the economy, social
structure, and politics. However, the conceptual frameworks of women's history
have not kept pace with the expansion of scholarship to encompass a more
diverse population.

These four books highlight two trends in contemporary historical practice: the
inclusion of gender as an essential aspect of our understanding of the past and the
use of comparative frameworks to investigate the significance of socially
constructed sex roles for society. By contrasting women's lives in different
settings and racial groups, the authors illustrate how communities shape gender
roles and how those roles influence a wide range of social, political, economic,
and cultural events. Gender thus takes its place as a fundamental category of
historical analysis without which it is difficult to understand American (or any
other) history; women's work, family relationships, voluntary, social, and
political activities are as central to understanding society as men's.
Influence of milking interval on the total bacterial count in a
simulated automatic milking system
Authors: FROST ANDY R. , MOTTRAM TOBY T. , ALLEN CLIVE J. , WHITE RODGER P.
Published: July 2002

An automatic milking system (AMS) uses a robot to attach the teatcups
and can
be continuously available for cows to present themselves to be milked with
minimal
human intervention. Milking in an AMS is therefore a continuous rather
than a batch
process, and the conventional practice of cleaning a milking system after
each batch
of cows has been milked is not applicable.

Milk flow through an AMS is different in scale and in temporal distribution
from
that in a conventional system. These differences in flow patterns may be
significant
for hygiene. It has been suggested by Verheij (1992), for example, that
milk will flush
away much of the residue of the previous milking and that microbial growth
will be
retarded because of the bacteriostatic properties of fresh milk. Ordolff
& Bölling
(1992) reported experiments in which batches of milk were passed through
a milking
installation that was said to simulate an AMS. Their main conclusion was
that milk
residues left in the system for up to 60 min did not increase the bacterial
contamination of the next batch of milk. However, the practical relevance
of this
conclusion is not clear because the design of the simulated AMS was not
specified, so
it can not be compared to a practical AMS. Moreover, mixtures of fresh
and UHT
milk were used, with unknown consequences. The purpose of the experiment
reported in this paper was to strengthen the evidence on which to base
recommendations for effective cleaning procedures for AMS.

The bacterial count of milk that had been passed through a system was
used as
the indicator of the cleanliness of the system. It was apparent from previous
work by
Ordolff & Bölling (1992) that this would produce results that
varied widely. The
experiment was therefore designed to be as simple as possible. In particular,
a simple,
easily defined laboratory rig was used rather than an AMS.
Transverse instability of solitary-wave states of the water-wave problem
Authors: BRIDGES T. J.
Published: July 2002

Transverse stability and instability of solitary waves correspond to a class of perturbations
that are travelling in a direction transverse to the direction of the basic solitary
wave. In this paper we consider the problem of transverse instability of solitary waves
for the water-wave problem, from both the model equation point of view and the full
water-wave equations. A new universal geometric condition for transverse instability
forms the backbone of the analysis. The theory is first illustrated by application to
model PDEs for water waves such as the KP equation, and then it is applied to the
full water-wave problem. This is the first theory proposed for transverse instability of
solitary waves of the full water-wave problem. The theory suggests the introduction of
a new functional for water waves, whose importance is suggested by the mathematical
structure. Without explicit calculation, the theory is used to argue that the basic class
of solitary waves of the water-wave problem, which bifurcate at Froude number unity,
are likely to be stable to transverse perturbations, even at large amplitude.
Added stresses because of the presence of FENE-P
bead–spring chains in a random velocity field
Authors: MASSAH HESHMAT , HANRATTY THOMAS J.
Published: July 2002

FENE-P bead–spring chains unravel in the presence of large
enough velocity gradients.
In a turbulent flow, this can result in intermittent added stresses and exchanges of
energy between the chains and the fluid, whose magnitudes depend on the degree of
unravelling and on the orientations of the bead–spring chains. These effects
are studied
by calculating the average behaviour at different times of an ensemble of chains,
contained in a fluid particle that is moving around in a random velocity field
obtained
from direct numerical simulation of turbulent flow of a Newtonian fluid in a channel.
The results are used to evaluate theoretical explanations of drag reduction
observed in very dilute solutions of polymers.

In regions of the flow in which the energy exchange with the fluid is positive,
the possibility arises that turbulence can be produced by mechanisms other than the
interaction of Reynolds stresses and the mean velocity gradient field. Of particular
interest, from the viewpoint of understanding polymer drag reduction, is the finding
that the exchange is negative in velocity fields representative of the wall
vortices that
are large producers of turbulence. One can, therefore, postulate that polymers cause
drag reduction by selectively changing the structures of eddies that produce Reynolds
stresses. The intermittent appearance of large added shear stresses is
consistent with the
experimental finding of a stress deficit, whereby the total local shear stress
is greater
than the sum of the Reynolds stress and the time-averaged shear stress
calculated from
the time-averaged velocity gradient and the viscosity of the solvent.
The ignition brachystochrone
Authors: SESTERO A.
Published: July 2002

The path is sought in the temperature–density plane that allows
desired plasma burning conditions to be reached in the shortest possible time.
This task is undertaken using the tools of classical variational analysis. The
derived expression of Euler's equation is found to be degenerate. Ways to
overcome such an impasse are examined, and eventually the solution is
obtained. Illustrative applications to the OMITRON proposed ignition
experiment are presented, which make reference to the Lackner–Gottardi and
ITER-P89 scalings for the energy confinement time.
Covariant form of Trubnikov's response tensor for a relativistic
magnetized thermal plasma
Authors: MELROSE D. B.
Published: July 2002

A covariant version of Vlasov theory is used to derive the linear
response 4-tensor
for a relativistic magnetized thermal plasma, generalizing Trubnikov's
3-tensor
form. The charge-continuity and gauge-invariance conditions imply a set
of
integral identities, and use of these identities allows one to derive
a
manifestly gauge
invariant form for the response 4-tensor. This form implies an alternative
version
of Trubnikov's 3-tensor. The different versions lead to different
expressions in the
weakly relativistic small-gyroradius limit. Arguments are given as to how
this
inconsistency should be resolved.
Mode coupling in space- and time-varying
anisotropic absorbing plasmas
Authors: SABZEVARI B. Sh.
Published: July 2002

A four-dimensional systematic mathematical approach for
investigating propagation and coupling of wave modes in a slowly varying
(in all space directions and
time) anisotropic, absorbing plasma is represented. The formalism is especially
useful for energy considerations of the waves. It is applicable to general
cases of
mode couplings in plasmas with general geometries of space–time and
magnetic
field configurations. A simple example of how this formalism can be applied
to
practical cases is given.
Amplitude equations for coupled electrostatic waves in the limit of
weak instability
Authors: CRAWFORD JOHN DAVID , KNOBLOCH EDGAR
Published: July 2002

We consider the simplest instabilities involving multiple unstable
electrostatic
plasma waves corresponding to four-dimensional systems of mode amplitude
equations.
In each case, the coupled amplitude equations are derived up to third-order

terms. The nonlinear coefficients are singular in the limit in which the
linear growth
rates vanish together. These singularities are analysed using techniques
developed
in previous studies of a single unstable wave. In addition to the singularities
familiar
from the single-mode problem, there are new singularities in coefficients
coupling
the modes. The new singularities are most severe when the two waves have
the
same linear phase velocity and satisfy the spatial resonance condition

k2=2k1. As
a result, the short-wave mode saturates at a dramatically smaller amplitude
than
that predicted for the weak-growth-rate regime on the basis of single-mode
theory.
In contrast, the long-wave mode retains the single-mode scaling. If these
resonance
conditions are not satisfied then both modes retain their single-mode scaling
and
saturate at comparable amplitudes.
A massive summer-kill of the dog-whelk, Nucella lapillus, on the north Cornwall coast in 1995: freak or forerunner?
Authors: Gibbs P.E. , Green J.C. , Pascoe P.L.
Published: July 2002

In the summer of 1995 a massive kill of the dog-whelk, Nucella lapillus, occurred in Bude Bay on the north Cornish coast. High mortality was detectable along 12 km of shoreline. The only other intertidal species affected appeared to be another neogastropod, Ocenebra erinacea. The cause of the kill is unknown but the evidence suggests that it occurred in early July following an extended period of warm, calm weather in June. Possible causes of this event are discussed: algal toxicity may have been responsible since an algal bloom was detected offshore in July in the area. Laboratory experiments exposing gastropods to different species and concentrations of microalgae, designed to test whether N. lapillus is more sensitive than Monodonta lineata and Littorina littorea, gave inconclusive results. No comparable kill has occurred in the Bude area for at least 20 y, but it is suggested that nutrients from a newly-constructed, offshore sewage outfall may now stimulate local algal bloom development during calm weather periods.
Did a heavy storm affect the aperture area of wave-exposed and sheltered Littorina striata?
Authors: De Wolf H. , Brito C. , Van Dongen S. , Backeljau T.
Published: July 2002

During the winter of 1996, a heavy storm crossed the coasts of the Azores. A comparison of wave-exposed and wave-sheltered samples of the intertidal planktonic developing periwinkle Littorina striata (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda), collected before and after this storm revealed: (1) an overall difference in relative and absolute aperture area between wave-exposed and wave-sheltered samples; and (2) depending on the technique used a storm (MANOVA/CDA/1994 vs 1996 nested ANOVA) or no storm (1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, nested ANOVA) effect was noted. Preference should be given to the latter analysis as it is more correct in the present context. Nesting of the factor ‘year’ in the factor ‘storm’, allows detection of the true storm effect, disentangling it from other year exposure interactions, while the inclusion of more than one pre-storm sample allows differentiation of storm effects from ‘normal’ temporal variation.
Do Doomsday's Proponents Think We Were Born Yesterday?
Authors: Chambers Timothy
Published: July 2002

In a recent article, John Leslie has defended the intriguing Carter-Leslie ‘Doomsday Argument’ (Philosophy, January 2000). I argue that an essential presupposition of the argument—that ‘the case of one's name coming out of [an] urn is sufficiently similar to the case of being born into the world’—engenders, in turn, a parallel ‘Ussherian Corollary’. The dubiousness of this Corollary, coupled with independent considerations, casts doubt upon the Carter-Leslie presupposition, and hence, dooms the Doomsday argument.
Free Will as a Problem in Neurobiology
Authors: Searle John R.
Published: July 2002

The problem of free will arises because of the conflict between two inconsistent impulses, the experience of freedom and the conviction of determinism. Perhaps we can resolve these by examining neurobiological correlates of the experience of freedom. If free will is not to be an illusion, it must have a corresponding neurobiological reality. An explanation of this issue leads us to an account of rationality and the self, as well as how consciousness can move bodies at all. I explore two hypotheses. On the first, freedom is a complete illusion. On the second, it is not an illusion, and there is a corresponding indeterminism at the neurobiological level. This can only occur if there is in fact a quantum mechanical element in the fundamental neurobiology of consciousness.
Intentionality on the Instalment Plan
Authors: JACQUETTE DALE
Published: July 2002

1. What's in a Name?

Can philosophy of language do without the concept of intentionality? To approach this important question it may be useful to begin with the minimal explanatory requirements for a theory of reference that tries to explain the naming of objects as the simplest linguistic act. The limitations of trying to understand meaning without intentionality are therefore best illustrated by considering what is generally acknowledged to be the most thorough-going attempt to dispense altogether with intentional concepts in Frege's reputedly purely extensionalist semantics of proper names. I shall argue that despite his avowed anti-psychologism, Frege paradoxically needs to include psychological elements alongside his famous distinction between sense and reference in order to preserve the universal intersubstitutability of singular referring expressions salva veritate as an adequate extensional criterion of coreferentiality. In so doing, a revisionary Fregean semantics introduces the first instalment of intentionality at the foundations of naming, by which intentionality pervades the philosophy of language.
Saving the particulars: religious experience and
religious ends
Authors: HEIM S. MARK
Published: July 2002

Conflict in the testimony of religious experiences appears to seriously
undercut its evidential value. Arguments that make positive appeal to the evidence
of religious experience usually deal with this objection by denying evidential value
to the particularistic elements in such experience as descriptive of an ultimate
religious reality and an ultimate human end. Using the work of Jerome Gellman, I
contend that the referential value of diverse and particular religious testimony can
be saved. I suggest that the strongest form of this argument requires two
assumptions: the possibility of multiple religious ends and intrinsic complexity in
the religious object. If the argument is valid, these assumptions may also serve as
theological criteria.
Gloria Nardini, Che bella figura!: The power
of performance in an Italian ladies' club in Chicago.
(SUNY series in Speech Communication & SUNY series
in Italian/American Studies.) Albany, NY: State University
of New York Press, 1999. Pp. x, 164. Pb $19.95.
Authors: Di Paoleo Marianna
Published: July 2002

In this book, Nardini presents “a ‘thick
description’ of the Collandia Ladies' Club”
from an ethnographic, feminist perspective (p. 127). Using
data she gathered as a participant observer in this women's
auxiliary to an Italian-American men's club in Chicago,
Nardini shows that “examining language use in this
‘community of practice’ allows us to revise
our notions of women as powerless users of language”
(128). In fact, these immigrant and first-generation Lucchese-American
club women are shown to wield a considerable amount of
power over one another and over the men in the club by
using communicative tactics such as indirect speech to
support the cultural norms of the club community.
Florian Coulmas, The Blackwell encyclopedia
of writing systems. Oxford (UK) & Cambridge (Mass.):
Blackwell, 1996. Pp. xxvii, 603. Hb £65.00, $74.95.
Authors: Smith Janet S. (Shibamoto)
Published: July 2002

What is alloglottography? A diaeresis? A digamma?
Whose writing system has kanamajiri writing and kokuji?
How would you start to find any of these in a conventional
writing system text/reference, unless you knew where (in
the world) to start? What about opisthograph, ostracon,
quoc-ngu, and tugra? None are in the index of Daniels &
Bright 1996, which I consider the best book to date on
the world's writing systems. But all are entries,
cross-referenced to other entries, in Coulmas's Encyclopedia.
The reader can also look up Bamum writing, Djuka syllabic
writing, the Hatrene script, Hsi-hsia writing, the Loma
syllabary, Peguan script, Tifinagh, Urartian writing, and
the Wolof alphabet directly, without having first to know
what set of writing systems, geographical or typological,
they belong to. My personal favorite is Sogdian writing
(471–74), an Aramaic-derived script used by Persian
colonists in Chinese Turkestan; the cursive form of this
writing system is attributed to Ahriman the devil, because
it is so hard to distinguish the letters. What a pleasant
surprise, for one satiated with discussions of the weaknesses
and unnecessary complexities of Japanese writing!
Patterns of individual differences and rational choice
Authors: Girotto Vittorio
Published: July 2002

I discuss an aspect of individual differences which has not been considered adequately in the target article, despite its potential role in the rationality debate. Besides having different intellectual abilities, different individuals may produce different erroneous responses to the same problem. In deductive reasoning, different response patterns contradict deterministic views of deductive inferences. In decision-making, variations in nonoptimal choice may explain successful collective actions.
Emotion, representation, and consciousness
Authors: Katz Leonard D.
Published: July 2002

Rolls's preliminary definitions of emotion and speculative restriction of consciousness, including emotional sentience, to humans, display behaviorist prejudice. Reinforcement and causation are not by themselves sufficient conceptual resources to define either emotion or the directedness of thought and motivated action. For any adequate definition of emotion or delimitation of consciousness, new physiology, such as Rolls is contributing to, and also the resources of other fields, will be required.
Extensions, elaborations, and explanations of the role of evolution and learning in the control of social behavior
Authors: Domjan Michael , Cusato Brian , Villarreal Ronald
Published: July 2002

Reactions to the target article included requests for extensions and elaborations of the schema we proposed and discussions of apparent shortcomings of our approach. In general, we welcome suggestions for extension of the schema to additional kinds of social behavior and to forms of learning other than Pavlovian conditioning. Many of the requested elaborations of the schema are consistent with our approach, but some may limit its generality. Many of the apparent shortcomings that commentators discussed do not seem problematic. Our schema encourages a broad view of the behavioral consequences of Pavlovian conditioning – including learned modifications of responding to the unconditioned stimulus. Costs and benefits addressed by our schema are the long-range reproductive consequences of learning – not the immediate reinforcing consequences of particular conditioned responses. Our approach allows the evolution of learning to yield maladaptive behavior and can be extended to characterize dynamic social interactions. We clarify that ours is not a homeostatic model involving ideal set points, and we clarify and defend our application of Pavlovian concepts to the analysis of social play.
State-dependent modulation of cognitive function
Authors: Greene R. W.
Published: July 2002

The three introductory questions posed by Hobson et al. point toward further investigations of cellular, circuit, and systems mechanisms involved in cognitive function that include the effect of CNS-state related modulatory systems on these mechanisms.

[Hobson et al.]
How unitary is the capacity-limited attentional focus?
Authors: Schubert Torsten , Frensch Peter A.
Published: July 2002

Cowan assumes a unitary capacity-limited attentional focus. We argue that two main problems need to be solved before this assumption can complement theoretical knowledge about human cognition. First, it needs to be clarified what exactly the nature of the elements (chunks) within the attentional focus is. Second, an elaborated process model needs to be developed and testable assumptions about the proposed capacity limitation need to be formulated.
Self-deceived about self-deception: An evolutionary analysis
Authors: Heilmann Mario
Published: July 2002

Mele's modified definition of self-deception is
consistent with evolutionary theory. Self-deception is most likely
whenever ignorance confers (reproductive) advantage, namely, in
impression management, deception, conformity, social norms,
reproductive knowledge, and existential conflicts. Second-order
self-deception (unawareness of unawareness) perpetuates self-deception
and may be the reason for our misguided definitions.
Gender differences: Implications for pain management
Authors: Wesselmann Ursula
Published: July 2002

Despite significant advances in pain research and clinical
pain management, little effort has been devoted to exploring whether
the same pain treatment strategies are effective for male and
female patients. Recent studies indicate that sex differences might
play a role in the response to noxious events and in the response to
analgesic interventions (berkley). Further insight into these
gender differences will lead to improved pain management for women
and men.
Seeing wood because of the trees? A case of failure in reverse-engineering
Authors: Benson Philip J.
Published: July 2002

Failure to take note of distinctive attributes in the distal
stimulus leads to an inadequate proximal encoding. Representation
of similarities in Chorus suffers in this regard. Distinctive
qualities may require additional complex representation (e.g.,
reference to linguistic terms) in order to facilitate discrimination.
Additional semantic information, which configures proximal attributes,
permits accurate identification of true veridical stimuli.
Linearity or separability?
Authors: Herrnberger Bärbel , Ehret Günter
Published: July 2002

Sussman et al. state that auditory systems exploit linear
correlations in the sound signal in order to identify perceptual
categories. Can the auditory system recognize linearity? In bats and
owls, separability of emergent features is an additional constraint
that goes beyond linearity and for which linearity is not a necessary
prerequisite.
Filling-in the forms
Authors: Grossberg Stephen
Published: July 2002

Boundary completion and surface filling-in are computationally
complementary processes whose multiple processing stages form
processing streams that realize a hierarchical resolution of
uncertainty. Such complementarity and uncertainty principles
provide a new foundation for philosophical discussions about visual
perception, and lead to neural explanations of difficult perceptual
data.
Logic and the foundations of statistical inference
Authors: Kyburg Henry E.
Published: July 2002

The rapprochement between methodology and statistics suggested
by Chow's book is a much needed one. His examples suggest that
the situation is even worse in psychology than in some other
disciplines. It is suggested that both historical accuracy and
attention to recent work on the foundations of statistics would
be beneficial in achieving the goals that Chow seeks.
Cognitive dynamics: A psychological perspective
Authors: Heath Richard A.
Published: July 2002

Although cognitive psychology is still dominated by
computational theories, there is an emerging emphasis on
dynamical aspects of cognition. Examples are provided supporting
the increased use of dynamically inspired models by psychologists.
Despite measurement and model verification problems in the direct
use of dynamical system theoretic technology, van Gelder's
general approach to cognition is recommended.
Honour subcultures and the reciprocal model
Authors: Steele James
Published: July 2002

Tests of models of reciprocal interactions of testosterone and
behaviour patterns in honour subcultures, if based on adult samples
measured at a single point in time, would be aided by measures of
behaviour in such samples that indirectly index basal testosterone
levels at earlier developmental ages, for example, hand preference
and other measures of cerebral dominance. Such models raise questions
about the social preconditions of honour subcultures, and their
indirect effects on health.
Of genes, environment, and destiny
Authors: Cabib Simona , Puglisi-Allegra Stefano
Published: July 2002

The target article approaches individual differences in terms
of phenotypic differences developing through the interaction between a
specific genetic make up and environmental variables. This interaction
is proposed to be cooperative and oriented toward a progressive
stabilisation of the trait. However, experimental data from animal
studies indicate that environmental pressure promotes dramatic changes
in phenotypic expression in mature organisms. Indeed, environmental
constraint not only promotes the phenotypic expression of facilitated
VTA-NAS DA transmission in genotype-resistant individuals; it also
inhibits its expression in genetically prone individuals. This is in
line with negative genotype-environment correlation revealed
by behavior genetics.
A clash of competing metaphors
Authors: Bradie Michael
Published: July 2002

Metaphors have three important functions in scientific
discourse: heuristic, rhetorical, and epistemic. I argue that,
contrary to prevailing opinion, metaphors are indispensable
components of scientific methodology as well as scientific
communication. Insofar as the choice of metaphors reflects
ideological commitments, all science is ideological. The
philosophically vexed question is how to characterize the
sense in which science is not merely ideological.
Thalamic amnesia and the hippocampus: Unresolved questions and an alternative candidate
Authors: Mair Robert G. , Burk Joshua A. , Porter M. Christine , Ley Jessica E.
Published: July 2002

Aggleton & Brown have built a convincing case that
hippocampus-related circuits may be involved in thalamic amnesia. It
remains to be established, however, that their model represents a
distinct neurological system, that the distinction between recall and
familiarity captures the roles of these pathways in episodic memory,
or that there are no other systems that contribute to the signs of
amnesia associated with thalamic disease.
Conditioned stimuli and the expression of extraversion: Help or hindrance?
Authors: Vezina Paul
Published: July 2002

Upon consideration of the unconditioned and particularly the
conditioned stimuli that have been proposed to participate in the
generation of incentive motivational states and, by extension, of
extraversion, the nature of the contribution of NAS DA becomes less
clear. Different kinds of conditioned stimuli can also exert strong
control over the expression of behavioral sensitization. How might
such stimuli affect the ability of experience-dependent processes
to introduce stable individual differences in the development and
expression of extraversion trait levels?
Incentive motivation: Just extraversion?
Authors: Zuckerman Marvin
Published: July 2002

Is a generalized positive incentive motivation a construct
appropriate to the human level of behavior or would sensation or
novelty seeking be a more appropriate one? Is positive incentive
motivation, or susceptibility to signals of reward, a mechanism
related only to extraversion traits including sociability, activation,
social potency, and positive affect? Research shows that
susceptibility to reward is related to impulsive sensation seeking
and aggression as well as sociability and an aroused type of
positive affect. Comparative and indirect human correlates
suggest an involvement of dopaminergic reactivity in sensation
seeking and sociability.
Hierarchical approach to replication and selection
Authors: Sharov Alexei A.
Published: July 2002

The major merit of Rose's book is the elaboration of
the idea of multilevel causation in different explanatory languages.
Yet Rose's critique of “ultra-Darwinism” is not
convincing. Rose argues that activity and self-replication are
properties of organisms rather than genes, which contradicts his
idea of multilevel causation. Also, Rose fails to develop the concept
of multilevel selection.
Finding a place for experience in the physical-relational structure of the brain
Authors: O'Brien Gerard , Opie Jonathan
Published: July 2002

In restricting his analysis to the causal relations of functionalism, on the one hand, and the neurophysiological realizers of biology, on the other, Palmer has overlooked an alternative conception of the relationship between color experience and the brain – one that liberalizes the relation between mental phenomena and their physical implementation, without generating functionalism's counter-intuitive consequences. In this commentary we rely on Palmer's earlier work (especially from 1978) to tease out this alternative.
Color memory penetrates early vision
Authors: Schirillo James A.
Published: July 2002

Pylyshyn's concentration on form perception to
demonstrate that early vision is cognitively impenetrable neglects
that color perception is also part of early vision. Thus, the finding
of Duncker (1939), Bruner et al. (1951), and Delk and Fillenbaum
(1965) that the expected color of objects affects how they are
perceived challenges Pylyshyn's thesis.
Kinematic design of crab-like legged vehicles
Authors: Liu Anmin , Howard David
Published: July 2002

In this paper, the kinematic workspace characteristics of
a crab-like legged vehicle are investigated using a 2-D model.
The alternative kinematic configurations and their corresponding workspace constraints are
discussed, and the vehicle configuration of most interest identified. It
is shown that, for constant vehicle body attitude, only two
parameters affect the kinematic workspace, foot overlap and thigh length.
Analytical methods for calculating the workspace characteristics are presented and,
using these methods, the effects of the design geometry on
the kinematic workspace are investigated.
Conversational interfaces to robots
Authors: Crangle Colleen
Published: July 2002

There is growing interest in robots that are designed specifically to interact with people and which respond to voice commands. Very little attention has been paid, however, to the kind of verbal interaction that is possible or desirable with robots. This paper presents recent work in multimodal interfaces that addresses this question. It proposes a new form of robot-user interface, namely a collaborative conversational interface. This article explains what collaborative conversational interfaces are, argues for their application in robots, and presents strategies for designing good conversational interfaces. It concludes with a discussion of the particular challenges faced in designing conversational interfaces for robots.
Sequential and parallel real-time simulation of a flexible manipulator system
Authors: Tokhi M. O. , Hossain M. A. , Azad A. K. M.
Published: July 2002

This paper presents an investigation into the utilisation of sequential and parallel processing techniques for the real-time simulation of a flexible manipulator system. A finite
dimensional simulation of the system is developed using a finite difference approximation to the governing dynamic equation of the manipulator. The developed algorithm is implemented on a number of uni-processor and multi-processor, homogeneous and heterogeneous, parallel architectures. A comparison of the results of these implementations is made and discussed, on the basis of real-time processing requirements in the simulation and control of flexible manipulator systems.
A SHORT HISTORY OF INAHTA
Authors: Hailey David , Menon Devidas
Published: July 2002

The need for better communication and collaboration between health technology assessment agencies led to the formation of an International Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment (INAHTA). The network now comprises 27 agencies and has been successful in improving exchange of information and in undertaking joint health technology assessment projects. Issues for the future include possible changes to criteria for membership and identification of resources for more extensive programs.
Fruiting of a 19-year old secondary forest in French Guiana
Authors: TORIOLA DANIELA
Published: July 2002

Although two studies (Loubry 1994, Sabatier 1985) have been conducted on the phenology of primary forest tree species in French Guiana, there exists little synthetic information on the phenology of a forest dominated by pioneer species. Charles-Dominique (1986) conducted zoological observations at ARBOCEL between 1981 and 1985, where he indicated the fruiting periods of certain species. However, stands of early pioneer plants such as Solanum spp. and Cecropia obtusa Trécul 9Cecropiaceae) have reduced in number or have completely disappeared from the study area since then (Larpin 1989, Toriola et al. 1998).
Survey on structure-based case retrieval
Authors: GEBHARDT FRIEDRICH
Published: July 2002

The main components of case-based reasoning are case retrieval and case reuse. While case retrieval mostly uses attribute comparisons, many other possibilities exist. The case similarity concepts described in the literature that are based on more elaborate structural properties are classified here into five groups: restricted geometric relationships; graphs; semantic nets; model-based similarities; hierarchically structured similarities. Some general topics conclude this survey on structure-based case retrieval methods and systems.
PERSPECTIVES ON FOREIGN AND SECOND LANGUAGE PEDAGOGY:
ESSAYS PRESENTED TO KIRSTEN HAASTRUP ON THE OCCASION OF HER SIXTIETH
BIRTHDAY. Dorte Albrechtsen, Birgit Henriksen, Inger M. Mees, and Erik Poulsen
(Eds.). Odense: Odense University Press, 1998, Pp. 304. $32.00 paper.
Authors: Rissel Dorothy
Published: July 2002

The title of this volume, Perspectives on Foreign and Second Language
Pedagogy, leads one to expect treatises on the relative merits of varying second-language
classroom practices. Nothing could be farther from reality. It is, rather, a collection of essays
addressing issues in second language acquisition, most with relevance to learner processes,
context, and L2 development, with special emphasis on vocabulary.
A CELEBRATION OF FLES*: SEQUENTIAL FLES, FLEX, AND
IMMERSION.Gladys C. Lipton (Ed.). Lincolnwood, IL: National Textbook
Company, 1998. Pp. x + 226.
Authors: Lovik Thomas
Published: July 2002

As indicated by the title of this volume, this collection of public speeches, conference
presentations, and practical tips for the elementary foreign language classroom truly celebrates
the vibrancy and mission exhibited by many teachers of foreign languages at the elementary
level. The designation FLES* (pronounced “flestar”) has been created by Lipton
as an “overall term for all types of elementary school foreign language programs”
(p. 1), including sequential FLES (Foreign Language in the Elementary School), FLEX (Foreign
Language Exploratory), and Immersion. According to Lipton, the term “sequential
FLES” subsumes the model usually referred to as FLES.
THE MINIMALIST PROGRAM.Noam Chomsky. Cambridge, MA:
MIT Press, 1994. Pp. 420. $22.50 cloth.
Authors: Munn Alan
Published: July 2002

This most recent exposition of Chomsky's ideas about the language faculty strives to
reach a deeper level of explanatory adequacy. Rather than the question of “What does
knowledge of language consist of?” Chomsky asks the question “Why is the
language faculty the way it is?” His basic answer to this question is the following: Two
sorts of conditions are imposed on the language faculty, conditions arising from its place in the
cognitive architecture “bare output conditions” and conditions of conceptual
naturalness such as economy, simplicity, and nonredundancy. Minimalism is thus a call for
theoretical simplicity with respect to the constructs used to explain language phenomena:
“It is all too easy to succumb to the temptation to offer purported explanation for some
phenomenon on the basis of assumptions that are roughly of the order of complexity of what is to
be explained. . . . Minimalist demands at least have the merit of highlighting such moves, thus
sharpening the question of whether we have a genuine explanation or a restatement of the
problem in other terms” (pp. 234–235).
ETHNOMETHODOLOGY.Alain Coulon. Translated from
French by Jacqueline Coulon and Jack Katz. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1995. Pp. 82. $9.50
paper, $21.50 cloth.
Authors: Zellermayer Michal
Published: July 2002

Ethnomethodology is a qualitative research methodology developed as an alternative
possibility
for social scientists investigating the different ways in which reality is socially constructed. For
theorists and researchers of language acquisition and language use in educational settings,
ethnomethodology makes it possible to examine social discourse and participation structures in
and out of school that are tied to success or failure in language learning. As Gumperz explains,
with the help of ethnomethodology we study how knowledge is acquired, what role differences
in
home and ethnic background play in the acquisition process, and how the acquisition process
interacts with evaluational progress and the child's motivation to learn.
COMPUTER-ASSISTED LANGUAGE LEARNING: CONTEXT AND
CONCEPTUALIZATION.Michael Levy. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997. Pp.
xv + 298. $26.00 paper.
Authors: Hegelheimer Volker
Published: July 2002

In the book Computer-assisted language learning: Context and conceptualization,
Levy sets out in the preface to (a) “circumscribe Computer-Assisted Language Learning
[CALL] for the purpose of teaching it” (p. xi), (b) build on previous work
rather than being led by technological innovation, and (c) “understand better the
relationship between theory and application” (p. xi). Two hundred thirty-two pages later
(plus 66 pages of appendices and references), it is clear that the book delivers its promise. The
author bases the book on previous work and addresses a perpetual problem in
CALL—reinventing the wheel. Moreover, Levy links the history of CALL with the
present and combines a very thorough literature review with survey data about CALL materials
development.
Production, conceptualization and change
in distinctive featural categories
Authors: GIERUT JUDITH A.
Published: July 2002

This study extends prior investigations of children's abilities
to conceptualize
distinctive phonological features in development. The purpose was
to establish the relationship between a child's productive and
conceptual knowledge, and to examine its potential influence on phonological

change. Six children evidencing phonological disorders (aged 3;4
to 5;7) participated in evaluations of the productive sound system and

the metalinguistic ability to classify phonological information, with
particular emphasis on fricatives. Then, children were enrolled in
clinical treatment aimed at accurate production of fricatives. Following

treatment, production and classification abilities were again tested.
Results indicated that if a child's productive knowledge of distinctive

featural contrasts changed following treatment, there was also a corresponding

change in conceptual knowledge. The specific featural
dimensions that were used to classify phonological information were
either in parallel to, or in advance of, those features also used in
production by the child. Conceptual knowledge was thus equal to or
better than productive knowledge for these children.