bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Misfolded GPI-anchored proteins are escorted through the secretory pathway by ER-derived factors
Authors: Zavodszky Eszter , Hegde Ramanujan S
Published: May 2019

We have used misfolded prion protein (PrP*) as a model to investigate how mammalian cells recognize and degrade misfolded GPI-anchored proteins. While most misfolded membrane proteins are degraded by proteasomes, misfolded GPI-anchored proteins are primarily degraded in lysosomes. Quantitative flow cytometry analysis showed that at least 85% of PrP* molecules transiently access the plasma membrane en route to lysosomes. Unexpectedly, time-resolved quantitative proteomics revealed a remarkably invariant PrP* interactome during its trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to lysosomes. Hence, PrP* arrives at the plasma membrane in complex with ER-derived chaperones and cargo receptors. These interaction partners were critical for rapid endocytosis because a GPI-anchored protein induced to misfold at the cell surface was not recognized effectively for degradation. Thus, resident ER factors have post-ER itineraries that not only shield misfolded GPI-anchored proteins during their trafficking, but also provide a quality control cue at the cell surface for endocytic routing to lysosomes.
Of starch and spit
Authors: Janiak Mareike C
Published: May 2019

Animals living alongside humans have multiple copies of the gene for alpha-amylase, the enzyme that breaks down starchy foods, and high levels of this protein in their saliva.
Reuse of ScAlMgO4 substrates utilized for halide vapor phase epitaxy of GaN
Authors: Ohnishi Kazuki , Kuboya Shigeyuki , Tanikawa Tomoyuki , Iwabuchi Takuya , Yamamura Kazuya , Hasuike Noriyuki , Harima Hiroshi , Fukuda Tsuguo , Matsuoka Takashi
Published: May 2019

ScAlMgO4 (SCAM) substrates with a small lattice-mismatch to GaN and c-plane cleavability are promising for fabricating high-quality free-standing GaN wafers. To reduce the cost in the fabrication of free-standing GaN wafers, the reuse of a SCAM substrate is demonstrated. By cleaving a SCAM substrate which has been already utilized for the growth of a thick GaN film by halide vapor phase epitaxy, the atomically flat surface can be obtained. The threading dislocation density of a 320 μm thick GaN film grown on this cleaved SCAM substrate is 2.4 × 107 cm−2, which is almost the same as that on a new SCAM substrate. This result indicates that a SCAM substrate can be reused for GaN growth.
Effect of methane additive on GaN growth using the OVPE method
Authors: Kitamoto Akira , Takino Junichi , Sumi Tomoaki , Kamiyama Masahiro , Tsuno Shintaro , Ishibashi Keiju , Gunji Yoshikazu , Imanishi Masayuki , Okayama Yoshio , Nobuoka Masaki , Isemura Masashi , Yoshimura Masashi , Mori Yusuke
Published: May 2019

The oxide vapor phase epitaxy method is expected to be a useful technique for bulk GaN growth, because it allows long-term growth without producing a solid byproduct. However, thick GaN crystals have not been realized due to the growth inhibition caused by polycrystal formation resulting from high H2O partial pressure. In this study, we formed GaN crystals with CH4 gas to decrease the H2O partial pressure in a growth zone by the reaction of CH4 with H2O to produce CO and H2. As a result, H2O partial pressure decreased with increasing CH4 flow rate, and GaN layers could be grown without decrease of growth rate or degradation of the crystalline qualities at a flow rate of 50–100 sccm of CH4 gas. Furthermore, we obtained high crystalline 400-um thick GaN crystals after a growth period of 10 h.
Highly efficient beam splitter based on all-dielectric metasurfaces
Authors: Lin Yu , Wang Miao , Sui Zhanpeng , Zeng Zhongming , Jiang Chunping
Published: May 2019

The recent exploration of metasurfaces reveals potential for developing virtually flat optics. In this work, a highly efficient beam splitter based on all-dielectric metasurfaces is demonstrated for visible light by finite-difference-time-domain simulations. The structure consists of a TiO2 nano-cylinder array and a layer-by-layer reflector with high efficiency separated by a SiO2 spacer. A conversion efficiency higher than 90% can be readily achieved over a wavelength range from 490 to 560 nm for the proposed device.
Cartografias imaginativas do Brasil nas brochuras turísticas alemãs e francesas: da exotização à mercantilização turística
Authors: Silveira Lélian Patrícia de Oliveira , Baptista Maria Manuel
Published: May 2019

À luz dos Estudos Culturais e da teoria pós-colonial, o presente estudo propôs-se investigar de que forma a imagem do Brasil em brochuras turísticas que o promovem na Alemanha e na França nas temporadas 2014 e 2015 está condicionada pela mercantilização e exotização. A análise centrada no conteúdo visual das brochuras turísticas permitiu acessar as representações simbólicas envolvidas na percepção do Brasil como um Outro. Além disso, foi possível identificar o que se designou indistintamente, por cartografias ou paisagens culturais imaginativas nas representações do Brasil, centradas em três dimensões: cultura  urbana, cultura rural e paisagem natural e, ainda, uma vertente social e humana. Em linhas gerais, as cartografias ou paisagens forneceram um conjunto de referências responsáveis pela caracterização dos destinos: a cartografia da cultura urbana vinculou-se diretamente com o patrimônio material, as manifestações culturais e os espaços “turistificados” que suportam a atividades; a cartografia  da cultura rural e a paisagem natural relacionaram-se com a forma como a natureza foi representada e as múltiplas possibilidades do visitante vivenciar experiências; já a cartografia social humana ligou-se ao comportamento e estilo de vida do povo brasileiro.
NOCO
Authors: Kuroda Takashi , Boda Hideki , Odaira Sumiko
Published: May 2019

Ginza is the cultural and commercial center of Tokyo and has a great history as the Mecca of small‐scale handicraft businesses and also as the pioneer of noncombustible cities during the modernization of the Meiji era. NOCO is a commercial building located in the heart of Ginza, the façade of which is totally covered with layered wooden panels gradually changing at intervals. This idea of a wooden façade is the result of an effort to shift pedestrians’ attention from the lower floors to the higher floors while preserving the historical value of Ginza by using a completely natural but new material called “noncombustible wood.” It can be said that NOCO lays the groundwork for returning natural materials and natural colors to the cityscape of Ginza (Figure 1).
Single Cell Transcriptomes Derived from Human Cervical and Uterine Tissue during Pregnancy
Authors: Koh Winston , Wu Angela , Penland Lolita , Treutlein Barbara , Neff Norma F. , Mantalas Gary L. , Blumenfeld Yair J. , El‐Sayed Yasser Y. , Stevenson David K. , Shaw Gary M. , Quake Stephen R.
Published: May 2019

This work presents the workflow for generating single cell transcriptomes derived from primary human uterine and cervical tissue obtained during planned cesarean hysterectomies. In total, a catalogue of 310 single cell transcriptomes are obtained, cell types present in these biopsies are inferred, and specific genes defining each of the cellular types present in the tissue are identified. Further validation of the inferred cell identity is also demonstrated via meta‐analysis of independent repositories in literature generated by bulk sequenced data of fluorescence‐activated cell sorting sorted cells.
Investment Casting and Mechanical Properties of Open‐Cell Steel Foams
Authors: Frömert Jan , Lott Tobias G. , Matz Alexander M. , Jost Norbert
Published: May 2019

This study presents a novel manufacturing process for open‐cell stainless steel foams using a modified investment casting process and a novel approach to identify transitions between elastic‐plastic, plateau, and densification region in the stress–strain history of compressed foams, based on its strain and structural hardening behavior. The influence of microstructure on the mechanical properties under quasi‐static compression loading (plateau stress, energy absorption, and strain hardening) of austenitic (AISI 304, 316L) and super duplex (AISI F55) stainless steels is investigated. Microstructure is characterized prior and subsequent to mechanical testing using light microscopy and SEM. The manufacturing process yields open‐cell foams with relative densities in the range of 14–20%, solid struts being circular in shape and defect‐free surfaces. This morphology leads to improved yield strengths compared to open‐cell steel foams produced by the powder metallurgical route. Among the manufactured open‐cell steel foams, F55 foams with fine‐grained duplex microstructures show highest yield strength, strain hardening, and energy absorption with a sufficient ductility. Although a martensitic transformation is present in highly deformed struts of soft austenitic stainless steel foams, strain hardening in the plateau region is lower compared to duplex foams.
Processed Tissue–Derived Extracellular Matrices: Tailored Platforms Empowering Diverse Therapeutic Applications
Authors: Krishtul Stasia , Baruch Limor , Machluf Marcelle
Published: May 2019

Tissue‐derived decellularized extracellular matrices (dECM) have gradually become the gold standard of scaffolds for tissue engineering, owing to their close mirroring of the intricate composition, architecture, and topology of the native extracellular matrix (ECM). Intriguingly, further manipulation of these acellular tissues through various processing techniques has been demonstrated to be an effective strategy to control their characteristics and impart them with ample valuable new traits, thereby expanding their applicability to a significantly wider spectrum of research and translational applications. Herein, state‐of‐the‐art processed dECM platforms and their potential applications are focused on. The ECM characteristics that make it so appealing for tissue engineering are presented, followed by a concise discussion on the main considerations for choosing a dECM source for such applications. The key methodologies for dECM processing, including hydrogel production, bioprinting, electrospinning, and production of porous scaffolds, microcarriers, and microcapsules, as well as their inherent advantages and challenges, are introduced. To demonstrate the use of processed dECM platforms for tissue engineering, selected in vivo and in vitro applications recently developed utilizing these platforms are highlighted. Finally, concluding remarks and a prospective outlook for future developments and improvements in the field of processed dECM‐based devices are given.
Electrochemical CO2 Reduction into Chemical Feedstocks: From Mechanistic Electrocatalysis Models to System Design
Authors: Kibria Md Golam , Edwards Jonathan P. , Gabardo Christine M. , Dinh Cao‐Thang , Seifitokaldani Ali , Sinton David , Sargent Edward H.
Published: May 2019

The electrochemical reduction of CO2 is a promising route to convert intermittent renewable energy to storable fuels and valuable chemical feedstocks. To scale this technology for industrial implementation, a deepened understanding of how the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) proceeds will help converge on optimal operating parameters. Here, a techno‐economic analysis is presented with the goal of identifying maximally profitable products and the performance targets that must be met to ensure economic viability—metrics that include current density, Faradaic efficiency, energy efficiency, and stability. The latest computational understanding of the CO2RR is discussed along with how this can contribute to the rational design of efficient, selective, and stable electrocatalysts. Catalyst materials are classified according to their selectivity for products of interest and their potential to achieve performance targets is assessed. The recent progress and opportunities in system design for CO2 electroreduction are described. To conclude, the remaining technological challenges are highlighted, suggesting full‐cell energy efficiency as a guiding performance metric for industrial impact.
Electron Transfer in Nanoscale Contact Electrification: Photon Excitation Effect
Authors: Lin Shiquan , Xu Liang , Zhu Laipan , Chen Xiangyu , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: May 2019

Contact electrification (CE) (or triboelectrification) is a well‐known phenomenon, and the identity of the charge carriers and their transfer mechanism have been discussed for decades. Recently, the species of transferred charges in the CE between a metal and a ceramic was revealed as electron transfer and its subsequent release is dominated by the thermionic emission process. Here, the release of CE‐induced electrostatic charges on a dielectric surface under photon excitation is studied by varying the light intensity and wavelength, but under no significant raise in temperature. The results suggest that there exists a threshold photon energy for releasing the triboelectric charges from the surface, which is 4.1 eV (light wavelength at 300 nm) for SiO2 and 3.4 eV (light wavelength at 360 nm) for PVC; photons with energy smaller than this cannot effectively excite the surface electrostatic charges. This process is attributed to the photoelectron emission of the charges trapped in the surface states of the dielectric material. Further, a photoelectron emission model is proposed to describe light‐induced charge decay on a dielectric surface. The findings provide an additional strong evidence about the electron transfer process in the CE between metals and dielectrics as well as polymers.
Large‐Area 3D Plasmonic Crescents with Tunable Chirality
Authors: Goerlitzer Eric S. A. , Mohammadi Reza , Nechayev Sergey , Banzer Peter , Vogel Nicolas
Published: May 2019

Chiral plasmonic nanostructures hold promise for enhanced chiral sensing and circular dichroism spectroscopy of chiral molecules. It is therefore of interest to fabricate chiral plasmonic nanostructures with tailored chiroptical properties over large areas with reasonable effort. Here, a colloidal lithography approach is used to produce macroscopic arrays of sub‐micrometer 3D chiral plasmonic crescent structures over areas >1 cm2. The chirality originates from symmetry breaking by the introduction of a step within the crescent structure. This step is produced by an intermediate layer of silicon dioxide onto which the metal crescent structure is deposited. It is experimentally demonstrated that the chiroptical properties in such structures can be tailored by changing the position of the step within the crescent. These experiments are complemented by finite element simulations and the application of a multipole expansion to elucidate the physical origin of the circular dichroism of the crescent structures.
Pb‐Reduced CsPb0.9Zn0.1I2Br Thin Films for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Sun Hongrui , Zhang Jing , Gan Xinlei , Yu Luting , Yuan Haobo , Shang Minghui , Lu Chaojie , Hou Dagang , Hu Ziyang , Zhu Yuejin , Han Liyuan
Published: May 2019

Fabrication of efficient Pb reduced inorganic CsPbI2Br perovskite solar cells (PSC) are an important part of environment‐friendly perovskite technology. In this work, 10% Pb reduction in CsPb0.9Zn0.1I2Br promotes the efficiency of PSCs to 13.6% (AM1.5, 1sun), much higher than the 11.8% of the pure CsPbI2Br solar cell. Zn2+ has stronger interaction with the anions to manipulate crystal growth, resulting in size‐enlarged crystallite with enhanced growth orientation. Moreover, the grain boundaries (GBs) are passivated by the Cs‐Zn‐I/Br compound. The high quality CsPb0.9Zn0.1I2Br greatly diminishes the GB trap states and facilitates the charge transport. Furthermore, the Zn4s‐I5p states slightly reduce the energy bandgap, accounting for the wider solar spectrum absorption. Both the crystalline morphology and energy state change benefit the device performance. This work highlights a nontoxic and stable Pb reduction method to achieve efficient inorganic PSCs.
Long‐term population monitoring of the threatened and endemic black‐headed squirrel monkey (Saimiri vanzolinii) shows the importance of protected areas for primate conservation in Amazonia
Authors: Paim Fernanda P. , El Bizri Hani R. , Paglia Adriano P. , Queiroz Helder L.
Published: May 2019

Population monitoring of endangered species is essential to the improvement of their management and conservation plans. The black‐headed squirrel monkey (Saimiri vanzolinii) is a vulnerable species on the IUCN Red List and has extreme geographical endemism, exhibiting the smallest known distribution among Neotropical primates (ca. 870 km2), over 90% of which occurs in white‐water flooded forests within the Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve (MSDR), Brazilian Amazonia. To assess the effectiveness of this protected area in conserving the species, we conducted population monitoring of black‐headed squirrel monkeys across five consecutive years (2009–2013) on nine trails 2 km each. Each year samples included both low and high river water periods. We used the distance sampling method, recording the distance to each observed social group as well as counting component individuals. We also calculated annual encounter rates based on the number of individuals sighted every 10 km traveled. Densities ranged from 256 individuals/km2(2011) to 453 individuals/km2(2013), and no seasonal differences were detected. Population size was estimated to be 147,848 mature individuals. Encounter rates ranged from 100 individuals/10 km (2010) to 179 individuals/10 km (2013); no significant difference among years was found. We found thatS. vanzoliniipopulations remained stable throughout the years, which indicates that the MSDR has been playing an essential role on protecting this species. Due to difficulties of fulfilling assumptions of the distance sampling method, we consider the encounter rate analysis to be more effective for monitoring this and otherSaimirispecies. Given the critical endemism and worrying conservation status ofS. vanzolinii, we suggest that monitoring of the species population should be carried out regularly.
A method of sexing the human os coxae based on logistic regressions and Bruzek's nonmetric traits
Authors: Santos Frédéric , Guyomarc'h Pierre , Rmoutilova Rebeka , Bruzek Jaroslav
Published: May 2019

Objectives

This study aims at proposing a visual method for sexing the human os coxae based on a statistical approach, using a scoring system of traits described by Bruzek (2002). This method is evaluated on a meta‐population sample, where the data were acquired by direct observation of dry bones as well as computed tomography (CT) scans. A comparison with the original Bruzek's (2002) method is performed.

Materials and methods

Five hundred and ninety two ossa coxae of modern humans are included in the reference dataset. Two other samples, composed respectively of 518 ossa coxae and 99 CT‐scan images, are both used for validation purposes. The individuals come from five European or North American population samples. Eleven trichotomic traits (expressing female, male, or intermediate forms) were observed on each os coxae. The new approach employs statistical processing based on logistic regressions. An R package freely available online, PELVIS, implements both methods.

Results

Both methods provide highly reliable sex estimates. The new statistical method has a slightly better accuracy rate (99.2%) than the former method (98.2%) but has also a higher rate of indeterminate individuals (12.9% vs. 3% for complete bones).

Conclusion

The efficiency of both methods is compared. Low error rates were preferred over high ability of reaching the classification threshold. The impact of lateralization and the asymmetry of observed traits are discussed. Finally, it is shown that this visual method of sex estimation is reliable and easy to use through the graphical user interface of the R package.
The distinctive features of women in the Australian bankruptcy system: An empirical study
Authors: O’Brien Lucinda , Ramsay Ian , Ali Paul
Published: May 2019

According to data published by Australian Financial Security Authority (AFSA), Australian women and men offer strikingly similar reasons for their entry into bankruptcy. Yet a more detailed analysis of AFSA's data indicates that women and men often go bankrupt in very different social and economic circumstances. This empirical study draws upon a unique dataset, obtained from AFSA, containing the de‐identified records of more than 28,000 individuals. It also draws upon a series of focus groups with the staff of three nonprofit organisations, including financial counsellors and consumer solicitors. It finds that, in general, women in bankruptcy are likely to be economically disadvantaged, relative to men, as measured by income, access to wages, reliance on government benefits, real estate ownership and utilities debt. It also finds that women in bankruptcy are much more likely than men to be single with dependants and that these women experience a greater degree of gendered disadvantage than other women in the bankruptcy system.
M−C Bond Homolysis in Coinage‐Metal [M(CF3)4]− Derivatives
Authors: Baya Miguel , Joven‐Sancho Daniel , Alonso Pablo J. , Orduna Jesús , Menjón Babil
Published: May 2019

A comparative study of the homoleptic [M(CF3)4]− complexes of all three coinage metals (M=Cu, Ag, Au) reveals that homolytic M−C bond cleavage is favoured in every case upon excitation in the gas phase (CID‐MS2). Homolysis also occurs in solution by photochemical excitation. Transfer of the photogenerated CF3. radicals to both aryl and alkyl carbon atoms was also confirmed. The observed behaviour was rationalized by considering the electronic structure of the involved species, which all show ligand‐field inversion. Moreover, the homolytic pathway constitutes experimental evidence for the marked covalent character of the M−C bond. The relative stability of these M−C bonds was evaluated by energy‐resolved mass spectrometry (ERMS) and follows the order Cu<Ag≪Au. The qualitatively similar and rather uniform behaviour experimentally observed for all three coinage metals gives no ground to suggest variation in the metal oxidation state along the group.
A Bulky Chiral N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Nickel Catalyst Enables Enantioselective C−H Functionalizations of Indoles and Pyrroles
Authors: Diesel Johannes , Grosheva Daria , Kodama Shota , Cramer Nicolai
Published: May 2019

An enantioselective nickel(0)‐catalyzed C−H functionalization of indoles and pyrroles that does not require the typical Lewis basic directing groups is disclosed. The reaction provides access to valuable tetrahydropyridoindoles and tetrahydroindolizines in high yields and enantioselectivity under mild reaction conditions. The process is characterized by a clear endo‐cyclization preference to yield the sought‐after six‐membered‐ring products. Key for the success of the activation and selectivity in the cyclization was the development of a novel chiral SIPr carbene ligand analogue with very bulky flanking groups.
Disproportionation Equilibrium of a μ‐Oxodiiron(III) Complex Giving Rise to C−H Activation Reactivity: Structural Snapshot of a Unique Oxoiron(IV) Adduct
Authors: Cordes (née Kupper) Claudia , Morganti Massimiliano , Klawitter Iris , Schremmer Claudia , Dechert Sebastian , Meyer Franc
Published: May 2019

μ‐Oxodiiron(III) species are air‐stable and unreactive products of autoxidation processes of monomeric heme and non‐heme iron(II) complexes. Now, the organometallic [(LNHC)FeIII‐(μ‐O)‐FeIII(LNHC)]4+ complex 1 (LNHC is a macrocyclic tetracarbene) is shown to be reactive in C−H activation without addition of further oxidants. Studying the oxidation of dihydroanthracene, it was found that 1 thermally disproportionates in MeCN solution into its oxoiron(IV) (2) and iron(II) components; the former is the active species in the observed oxidation processes. Possible cleavage scenarios for 1 are shown by scrambling experiments and structural characterization of an unprecedented adduct of 1 and oxoiron(IV) complex 2. Kinetic analysis gave an equilibrium constant for the disproportionation of 1, which is very small (Keq=7.5±2.5×10−8 m). Increasing Keq might by a useful strategy for circumventing the formation of dead‐end μ‐oxodiiron(III) products during Fe‐based homogeneous oxidation catalysis.
Dislocations that Decrease Size Mismatch within the Lattice Leading to Ultrawide Band Gap, Large Second‐Order Susceptibility, and High Nonlinear Optical Performance of AgGaS2
Authors: Zhou Hui‐Min , Xiong Lin , Chen Ling , Wu Li‐Ming
Published: May 2019

The essence of rational design syntheses of functional inorganic materials lies in understanding and control of crystal structures that determine the physical properties. AgGaS2 has the highest figure of merit for IR nonlinear optical interactions to date, but suffers low laser‐induced damage threshold (LIDT). The partial Li substitution of Ag atoms is now shown to push up the bottom of the conduction band and flatten the top of the valence band, leading to an ultrawide band gap of 3.40 eV (record high for AgGaS2, indicating a transparency edging nearly 180 nm shorter than that of AgGaS2), which gives Li0.60Ag0.40GaS2 a LIDT 8.6 times stronger when AgGaS2 is compared. Li0.60Ag0.40GaS2 exhibits 1.1 times stronger nonlinear susceptibility, which is because the energy‐favorable Li substitution gradually decreases the sulfur dislocation in the lattice, which allows a better geometric superposition of nonlinear optical tensors.
On‐Surface Evolution of meso‐Isomerism in Two‐Dimensional Supramolecular Assemblies
Authors: Park Juyeon , Kim Ju‐Hyung , Bak Sunmi , Tahara Kazukuni , Jung Jaehoon , Kawai Maki , Tobe Yoshito , Kim Yousoo
Published: May 2019

Chiral structures created through the adsorption of molecules onto achiral surfaces play pivotal roles in many fields of science and engineering. Here, we present a systematic study of a novel chiral phenomenon on a surface in terms of organizational chirality, that is, meso‐isomerism, through coverage‐driven hierarchical polymorphic transitions of supramolecular assemblies of highly symmetric π‐conjugated molecules. Four coverage‐dependent phases of dehydrobenzo[12]annulene were uniformly fabricated on Ag(111), exhibiting unique chiral characteristics from the single‐molecule level to two‐dimensional supramolecular assemblies. All coverage‐driven phase transitions stem from adsorption‐induced pseudo‐diastereomerism, and our observation of a lemniscate‐type (∞) supramolecular configuration clearly reveals a drastic chiral phase transition from an enantiomeric chiral domain to a meso‐isomeric achiral domain. These findings provide new insights into controlling two‐dimensional chiral architectures on surfaces.
Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence in an Organic Cocrystal: Narrowing the Singlet–Triplet Energy Gap via Charge Transfer
Authors: Sun Lingjie , Hua Weijie , Liu Yang , Tian Guangjun , Chen Mingxi , Chen Mingxing , Yang Fangxu , Wang Shufeng , Zhang Xiaotao , Luo Yi , Hu Wenping
Published: May 2019

Harvesting non‐emissive spin‐triplet charge‐transfer (CT) excitons of organic semiconductors is fundamentally important for increasing the operation efficiency of future devices. Here we observe thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) in a 1:2 CT cocrystal of trans‐1,2‐diphenylethylene (TSB) and 1,2,4,5‐tetracyanobenzene (TCNB). This cocrystal system is characterized by absorption spectroscopy, variable‐temperature steady‐state and time‐resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy, single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, and first‐principles calculations. These data reveal that intermolecular CT in cocrystal narrows the singlet–triplet energy gap and therefore facilitates reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) for TADF. These findings open up a new way for the future design and development of novel TADF materials.
Tailoring reversible insulin aggregates loaded in electrosprayed arabinoxylan microspheres intended for colon‐targeted delivery
Authors: Morales‐Burgos Ana M. , Carvajal‐Millan Elizabeth , Rascón‐Chu Agustín , Martínez‐López Ana L. , Lizardi‐Mendoza Jaime , López‐Franco Yolanda L. , Brown‐Bojorquez Francisco
Published: May 2019

Arabinoxylans (AX) covalent gels are little affected by pH changes and fermentable by colonic microbiota, which make them suitable for insulin oral administration and colon‐targeted delivery. In this work, the tailoring of insulin aggregates size using glutamic acid and their loading in AX microspheres (2%w/v) prepared by triaxial electrospray is presented. Dynamic light scattering showed that insulin‐glutamic acid aggregates are reversible under intestinal conditions. AX microspheres presented a spherical shape, a mean diameter of 233 μm, a heterogeneous microstructure as shown by scanning electron microscopy, and a homogeneous distribution of insulin aggregates as observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. In this AX‐insulin system, 20% of insulin is released under simulated gastrointestinal pH conditions, indicating that most of the insulin stays into the microspheres, available for colonic release. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47960.
Function and Mechanism of Myelin Regulation in Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
Authors: Rice James , Gu Chen
Published: May 2019

Excessive alcohol use has adverse effects on the central nervous system (CNS) and can lead to alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Recent studies have suggested that myelin reductions may directly contribute to CNS dysfunctions associated with AUDs. Myelin consists of compact lipid membranes wrapped around axons to provide electrical insulation and trophic support. Regulation of myelin is considered as a new form of neural plasticity due to its profound impacts on the computation of neural networks. In this review, the authors first discuss experimental evidence showing how alcohol exposure causes demyelination in different brain regions, often accompanied by deficits in cognition and emotion. Next, they discuss postulated molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying alcohol's impact on myelin. It is clear that more extensive investigations are needed in this important but underexplored research field in order to gain a better understanding of the myelin‐behavior relationship and to develop new treatment strategies for AUDs.
Randomized clinical trial of endovenous laser ablationversusdirect and indirect radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of great saphenous varicose veins
Authors: Hamann S A S , Timmer-de Mik L , Fritschy W M , Kuiters G R R , Nijsten T E C , Bos R R
Published: May 2019

Background

The current treatment strategy for many patients with varicose veins is endovenous thermal ablation. The most common forms of this are endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA). However, at present there is no clear consensus on which of these treatments is superior. The objective of this study was to compare EVLA with two forms of RFA: direct RFA (dRFA; radiofrequency-induced thermotherapy) and indirect RFA (iRFA; VNUS ClosureFast™).

Methods

Patients with symptomatic great saphenous vein (GSV) incompetence were randomized to receive EVLA, dRFA or iRFA. Patients were followed up at 2 weeks, 6 and 12 months. The primary outcome was GSV occlusion rate. Secondary outcomes included Venous Clinical Severity Score (VCSS), Aberdeen Varicose Vein Questionnaire (AVVQ) score and adverse events.

Results

Some 450 patients received the allocated treatment (EVLA, 148; dRFA, 152; iRFA, 150). The intention-to-treat analysis showed occlusion rates of 75·0 (95 per cent c.i. 68·0 to 82·0), 59·9 (52·1 to 67·7) and 81·3 (75·1 to 87·6) per cent respectively after 1 year (P = 0·007 for EVLA versus dRFA, P < 0·001 for dRFA versus iRFA, P = 0·208 for EVLA versus iRFA). VCSS improved significantly for all treatments with no significant differences between them. AVVQ scores also improved significantly for all treatments, but iRFA had significantly better scores than dRFA at 12 months. Significantly more adverse events were reported after treatment with EVLA (103) than after dRFA (61) and iRFA (65), especially more pain.

Conclusion

Primary GSV occlusion rates were better after iRFA and EVLA than dRFA. All three interventions were effective in improving the clinical severity of varicose veins at 1 year.
Assess your unit to align with community expectations, mission
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: May 2019

A campus safety leader must create the most efficient unit possible. But you can't do that in a vacuum, said Kathy Zoner, director of organizational assessment at Margolis Healy. You have to know what your community wants and how to make the most impact in that context, she said.
Extraction and Conversion Studies of the Antiaddictive Alkaloids Coronaridine, Ibogamine, Voacangine, and Ibogaine from Two Mexican Tabernaemontana Species (Apocynaceae)
Authors: Krengel Felix , Mijangos Marco V. , Reyes‐Lezama Marisol , Reyes‐Chilpa Ricardo
Published: May 2019

Several species from the Apocynaceae family, such as Tabernanthe iboga, Voacanga africana, and many Tabernaemontana species, produce ibogan type alkaloids, some of which present antiaddictive properties. In this study, we used gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to examine the efficiency of methanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, chloroform, and hydrochloric acid in extracting the antiaddictive compounds coronaridine, ibogamine, voacangine, and ibogaine (altogether the CIVI‐complex) from the root barks of Tabernaemontana alba and Tabernaemontana arborea. These Mexican species have recently shown great potential as alternative natural sources of the aforementioned substances. Methanol proved to be the most suitable solvent. Furthermore, the crude methanolic extracts could be engaged in a one‐step demethoxycarbonylation process that converted coronaridine and voacangine directly into its non‐carboxylic counterparts ibogamine and ibogaine, respectively, without the intermediacy of their carboxylic acids. The established protocol straightforwardly simplifies the alkaloid mixture from four to two majority compounds. In summary, our findings facilitate and improve both the qualitative and quantitative analysis of CIVI‐complex‐containing plant material, as well as outlining a viable method for the bulk production of these scientifically and pharmaceutically important substances from Mexican Tabernaemontana species.
A Temperature‐Driven, Reversible, Helical‐Handedness Inversion in Peptaibol Analogues Tuned by the C‐Terminal Capping Moiety
Authors: De Zotti Marta , Syryamina Victoria N. , Hussain Rohanah , Longo Edoardo , Siligardi Giuliano , Dzuba Sergei A. , Stella Lorenzo , Formaggio Fernando
Published: May 2019

Trichogin is a natural peptide endowed with antimicrobial and antitumor activity. A member of the peptaibol family, trichogin possesses a C‐terminal amino alcohol. In the past, this moiety was substituted for a methyl ester for synthetic purposes and it was observed that this apparently slight modification caused significant changes in the peptide bioactivity. With the aim of understanding the reasons behind such observations, a detailed spectroscopic study on a number of trichogin analogues has been performed. Herein, data obtained from synchrotron radiation circular dichroism, NMR spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy in organic solvents at cryogenic temperatures are compared with those independently acquired by means of EPR spectroscopy at 80 K. It is unambiguously revealed that the presence of a reversible, temperature‐driven, screw‐sense interconversion from a right‐ to left‐handed helix is determined by the C‐terminal capping moiety. Data demonstrate, for the first time, the key role of a C‐terminal methyl ester in promoting peptide screw‐sense inversion.
Cardiac resynchronization therapy with multipoint pacing in a patient with cancer therapeutics‐related cardiac dysfunction
Authors: Massacesi Cristiano , Ceriello Laura , Di Girolamo Enrico
Published: May 2019

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) with multipoint pacing and quadripolar lead implantation showed improvement in systolic function, reduction in left ventricular volumes, and improved functional capacity in a patient with cancer therapeutics‐related cardiac dysfunction; this therapy could be a valid option in those cases where a suboptimal CRT response is expected.
Misdiagnosis of uncommon presentation of Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with Eosinophilia
Authors: Zhou Lai‐lai , Zhang Ru‐zhi
Published: May 2019

In 50‐year‐old female patients, the purple‐red papules in the right upper arm were misdiagnosed as molluscum contagiosum or scars. The diagnosis of angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia was determined on the basis of the clinicopathological features.
Gold‐Silver Catalysts: Ruling Factors for Establishing Synergism
Authors: Stucchi Marta , Jouve Andrea , Villa Alberto , Nagy Gergely , Németh Miklòs , Evangelisti Claudio , Zanella Rodolfo , Prati Laura
Published: May 2019

DPU and SOL immobilisation have been used to prepare 1 %AuAg/TiO2 with internal ratio 1 : 1 and 4 : 1 which have been studied as fresh, calcined in air at 300 °C and reduced at 550 °C in H2. TEM‐EDS, XPS, UV‐Vis and CO‐DRIFT allowed to characterize the samples in terms of particle size, particle composition, exposure and oxidation state of metals. Correlating these characteristics to the catalytic behaviour we concluded that only Au‐rich catalysts show synergistic effect, silver in bimetallic systems appears more resistant to oxidation than in monometallic one, thermal treatment enhances the SMSI thus producing (regardless to the post‐treatment) almost the same amount of Auδ+ and also Agδ+. Catalysts prepared by DPU (calcined in air or reduced in H2) are more active than SOL (fresh or calcined) probably due to the higher presence of gold at the surface.
Chirality‐Controlled Self‐Assembly of Amphiphilic Dibenzo[6]helicenes into Langmuir–Blodgett Thin Films
Authors: Holec Jan , Rybáček Jiří , Vacek Jaroslav , Karras Manfred , Bednárová Lucie , Buděšínský Miloš , Slušná Michaela , Holý Petr , Schmidt Bernd , Stará Irena G. , Starý Ivo
Published: May 2019

Racemic and highly enantioenriched 3‐methoxycarbonyl, 3‐carboxy, and 3‐hydroxymethyl derivatives of dibenzo[6]helicene were prepared. The Langmuir layers of these helicenes were formed at the air–water interface and transferred onto solid substrates to afford Langmuir–Blodgett films, which were then studied by ambient atomic force microscopy and (chir)optical spectroscopy. Significant differences were found in the behaviour of the Langmuir layers as well as in the morphology, UV/Vis, electronic circular dichroism (ECD), and fluorescence spectra of the Langmuir–Blodgett thin films depending on the molecular chirality and nature of the polar group. The experimental results were supported by molecular dynamics simulations.
Rhodium(I)‐Catalyzed [4 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions of 2‐Alkylenecyclo‐butanols with Alkynes and (E)‐2‐Nitroethenylbenzene through C(sp2)—C(sp3) Bond Cleavage
Authors: Zheng Xinxin , Zhang Guozhu , Zhang Dayong
Published: May 2019

Summary of main observation and conclusion

An intermolecular [4 + 2] cycloaddition was realized through C—C bond cleavage in the presence of Rh(I) catalyst. The selective ring opening of 2‐alkylenecyclobutanols enables the generation of active alkenylrhodium species, which underwent smooth cross addition over alkynes and (E)‐2‐nitroethenylbenzene, leading to highly substituted all‐carbon six‐membered rings in a single step and in a complete atom economy.
On the Optimal Design of Wall‐to‐Wall Heat Transport
Authors: Doering Charles R. , Tobasco Ian
Published: May 2019

We consider the problem of optimizing heat transport through an incompressible fluid layer. Modeling passive scalar transport by advection‐diffusion, we maximize the mean rate of total transport by a divergence‐free velocity field. Subject to various boundary conditions and intensity constraints, we prove that the maximal rate of transport scales linearly in the r.m.s. kinetic energy and, up to possible logarithmic corrections, as the one‐third power of the mean enstrophy in the advective regime. This makes rigorous a previous prediction on the near optimality of convection rolls for energy‐constrained transport. On the other hand, optimal designs for enstrophy‐constrained transport are significantly more difficult to describe: we introduce a “branching” flow design with an unbounded number of degrees of freedom and prove it achieves nearly optimal transport. The main technical tool behind these results is a variational principle for evaluating the transport of candidate designs. The principle admits dual formulations for bounding transport from above and below. While the upper bound is closely related to the “background method,” the lower bound reveals a connection between the optimal design problems considered herein and other apparently related model problems from mathematical materials science. These connections serve to motivate designs. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impella CP use in patients with non‐ischaemic cardiogenic shock
Authors: Maniuc Octavian , Salinger Tim , Anders Fabian , Müntze Jonas , Liu Dan , Hu Kai , Ertl Georg , Frantz Stefan , Nordbeck Peter
Published: May 2019

Aims

From the various mechanical cardiac assist devices and indications available, the use of the percutaneous intraventricular Impella CP pump is usually restricted to acute ischaemic shock or prophylactic indications in high‐risk interventions. In the present study, we investigated clinical usefulness of the Impella CP device in patients with non‐ischaemic cardiogenic shock as compared with acute ischaemia.

Methods and results

In this retrospective single‐centre analysis, patients who received an Impella CP at the University Hospital Würzburg between 2013 and 2017 due to non‐ischaemic cardiogenic shock were age‐matched 2:1 with patients receiving the device due to ischaemic cardiogenic shock. Inclusion criteria were therapy refractory haemodynamic instability with severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction and serum lactate >2.0 mmol/L at implantation. Basic clinical data, indications for mechanical ventricular support, and outcome were obtained in all patients with non‐ischaemic as well as ischaemic shock and compared between both groups. Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or median (quartiles). Categorical variables are presented as count and per cent. Twenty‐five patients had cardiogenic shock due to non‐ischaemic reasons and were compared with 50 patients with cardiogenic shock due to acute myocardial infarction. Resuscitation rates before implantation of Impella CP were high (32 vs. 42%; P = 0.402). At implantation, patients with non‐ischaemic cardiogenic shock had lower levels of high‐sensitive troponin T (110.65 [57.87–322.1] vs. 1610 [450.8–3861.5] pg/mL; P = 0.001) and lactate dehydrogenase (377 [279–608] vs. 616 [371.3–1109] U/L; P = 0.007), while age (59 ± 16 vs. 61.7 ± 11; P = 0.401), glomerular filtration rate (43.5 [33.2–59.7] vs. 48 [35.75–69] mL/min; P = 0.290), C‐reactive protein (5.17 [3.27–10.26] vs. 10.97 [3.23–17.2] mg/dL; P = 0.195), catecholamine index (30.6 [10.6–116.9] vs. 47.6 [11.7–90] μg/kg/min; P = 0.663), and serum lactate (2.6 [2.2–5.8] vs. 2.9 [1.3–6.6] mmol/L; P = 0.424) were comparable between both groups. There was a trend for longer duration of Impella support in the non‐ischaemic groups (5 [2–7.5] vs. 3 [2–5.25] days, P = 0.211). Rates of haemodialysis (52 vs. 47%; P = 0.680) and transition to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (13.6 vs. 22.2%; P = 0.521) were comparable. No significant difference was found regarding both 30 day survival (48 vs. 30%; P = 0.126) and in‐hospital mortality (66.7 vs. 74%; P = 0.512), although there was a trend for better survival in the non‐ischaemic group.

Conclusions

These data suggest that temporary use of the Impella CP device might be a useful therapeutic option for bridge to recovery not only in ischaemic but also in non‐ischaemic cardiogenic shock.
Seasonal Variation of Proximate Composition and Lipid Nutritional Value of Two Species of Scallops (Chlamys farreri and Patinopecten yessoensis)
Authors: Wu Zi‐Xuan , Hu Xiao‐Pei , Zhou Da‐Yong , Tan Zhi‐Feng , Liu Yu‐Xin , Xie Hong‐Kai , Rakariyatham Kanyasiri , Shahidi Fereidoon
Published: May 2019

The scallops Chlamys farreri and Patinopecten yessoensis from the Yellow Sea are evaluated according to the seasonal changes of lipid nutritional value including lipid classes, phospholipid (PL) classes, fatty acid (FA) composition, atherogenicity index (IA), thrombogenicity index (IT), and glycerophospholipid molecular species, for the first time. More than 32 species of glycerophosphocholine (GPCho) and 42 species of glycerophosphoethanolamine (GPEtn) are determined. For samples harvested in February, the PL molecular species containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) account for 48.57–50.77% and 80.45–85.50% of total molecular species, respectively, for GPCho and GPEtn. Moreover, the samples harvested in February contain higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (58.76–59.12% of total FA) and PL (84.67–85.11% of total lipids) but lower level of cholesterol (8.77–10.10%) as well as IA (0.29–0.31) and IT (0.12–0.13) compared to samples harvested in other seasons. Therefore considering nutritional value, the lipids from scallops (C. farreri and P. yessoensis) harvested in February have better value in view of commercial exploitation.

Practical Application: A systematic and in‐depth investigation on seasonal changes in basic component and lipid nutritional value in adductor muscle of C. farreri and P. yessoensis is reported in this contribution. This useful information makes it possible to use scallop lipid for producing higher value‐added products in view of commercial exploitation.

Chlamys farreri and Patinopecten yessoensis from the Yellow Sea are evaluated according to the seasonal changes of lipid qualities including lipid classes, phospholipid classes, fatty acid composition, atherogenicity index, thrombogenicity index, and glycerophospholipid molecular species for the first time. Considering nutritional value, the lipids from scallops (C. farreri and P. yessoensis) harvest in February have better value in view of commercial exploitation.
Regioselective Thermal [3+2]‐Dipolar Cycloadditions of α‐Diazoacetates with α‐Sulfenyl/Sulfinyl/Sulfonyl‐β‐Chloroacrylamide Derivatives to Form Densely Functionalised Pyrazoles
Authors: Flynn Aaran J. , Ford Alan , Khandavilli U. B. Rao , Lawrence Simon E. , Maguire Anita R.
Published: May 2019

Highly regioselective synthetic methodology leading to densely functionalised C(3), C(4) and C(5) substituted pyrazoles 10a–q, 14a‐i and 16a–g via thermal [3+2]‐dipolar cycloaddition, of α‐diazoacetates and α‐thio‐β‐chloroacrylamides, at the sulfide, sulfoxide and sulfone levels of oxidation, is described. This method allows access to C(4)‐sulfenyl or sulfonyl pyrazoles, through migration of the sulfur substituent at the sulfide and sulfone oxidation levels, while elimination of the sulfinyl group leading to 3,5‐disubstituted pyrazoles, is observed. While the sulfide migration is readily rationalised, the carbon to carbon 1,2‐sulfonyl migration is unprecedented and mechanistically intriguing. The synthetically versatile generation of densely functionalised pyrazoles containing substituents amenable to further modification offers advantages over alternative synthetic routes. Isolation of the N‐alkylated pyrazoles 11a and 12a as by‐products from the cycloaddition through further reaction of the pyrazoles 10 with excess α‐diazoacetate, proved useful in rationalising the tautomeric behaviour evident in the NMR spectra of the pyrazoles, with the position of tautomeric equilibrium influenced by solvent and substituents.
Tandem Chiral Cu(II) Phosphate‐Catalyzed Deoxygenation of Nitrones/Enantioselective Povarov Reaction with Enecarbamates
Authors: Gelis Coralie , Levitre Guillaume , Guérineau Vincent , Touboul David , Neuville Luc , Masson Géraldine
Published: May 2019

A new catalytic enantioselective tandem deoxygenation/aza‐Diels‐Alder reaction of nitrones with enecarbamates was serendipitously discovered in the presence of chiral copper(II) diphosphate complexes. This process affords a wide range of 4‐aminotetrahydroquinolines in respectable yields under mild conditions with good to excellent ee values.