bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Power transforms for the Weibull and the K‐distribution
Authors: Lamont‐Smith Tim
Published: November 2018

The Weibull and K‐distributions are shown to be very similar over a range of shape parameters ( for the K‐distribution), and the mapping gives a means of converting between the shape parameter of the K‐distribution to the shape parameter k for the Weibull distribution. The Weibull distribution is very like a truncated normal distribution when , so that a power transform to the power can transform any Weibull distribution to a good approximation of a truncated normal distribution. The transformation was found to transform K‐distributed samples to the normal distribution, where is the maximum value after clipping at the 0.9995 quantile level.
Model‐based approach to validate the aluminium nitride material based ultrasonic MEMS transceiver for temperature sensing
Authors: Tripathy Hara Prasada , Pattanaik Priyabrata , Mishra Dilip Kumar , Kamilla Sushanta Kumar , Tripathy Rajesh Kumar
Published: November 2018

In this work, a model‐based approach is proposed to validate the performance of aluminium nitride (AlN) piezoelectric material based ultrasonic MEMS transceiver for temperature sensing. This validation is performed based on the modelling of ultrasonic MEMS transceiver with AlN as piezoelectric material using COMSOL Multiphysics simulations. The output voltage values for different instances are evaluated by varying the input parameters of ultrasonic MEMS transceiver based temperature sensor. Moreover, the least square support vector machine (LSSVM) based regression model is used to estimate the output voltage from the input parameters ultrasonic MEMS transceiver. The results demonstrate that the LSSVM model successfully predicts the voltage with normalised correlation coefficient values of 0.9962, 0.9963 and 0.9780, respectively, using only transmitter section parameters, only receiver section parameters and, both transmitter and receiver sections parameters.
Evaluation of measurement uncertainty for the determination of the mechanical resistance of the brick samples by using uniaxial compressive strength test
Authors: Dhoska Klodian , Tola Saimir , Pramono Agus , Vozga Indrit
Published: November 2018

Clay bricks are the most important engineering materials that can influence the quality of the construction. The quality control of the clay bricks is of prime importance to improve the quality of engineering construction. The qualities of bricks for construction applications should be checked for various types of inspection services. In this article, our inspection service was focused on compression strength test on bricks to determine their mechanical resistance and suitability for construction work. The accurate method for clay brick's production measurements has been elaborated using uniaxial compressive strength testing machine. The method was tested for a rectangular clay brick manufactured with size approximately 250 mm × 250 mm × 200 mm. The measurement method and standard uncertainty estimation of uniaxial compressive strength are briefly described in this article.
Results of theoretical and experimental studies on determining the coefficient of subgrade reaction of sleepers for the conditions of main railways with axial loads of 30-35 tons per axle
Authors: Darenskiy Oleksandr , Bielikov Eduard , Dudin Olexii , Zvierieva Alina , Oleshchenko Anatolii
Published: November 2018

The article considers obtaining numerical values of the coefficient of subgrade reaction of wooden and reinforced concrete sleepers with axial loads up to 30-35 tons per axle. It has been concluded that using the rolling stock with axial loads of up to 35 tons per axle is necessary in order to ensure sustainable development of the railway complex. The performance of the railway track thus should be investigated in order to predict its operation in such conditions. Generally, such studies are performed using numerical methods. One of the parameters that are required for such calculations is the parameter which is commonly called the coefficient of subgrade reaction. Empirical dependencies of the coefficient of subgrade reaction of wooden and reinforced concrete sleepers on the axial load and on the operating conditions of the track have been obtained. The obtained results can be used in studies of the interaction dynamics of the track of main railways with rolling stock with axial loads of 30-35 tons per axle, which will give an opportunity to provide well-grounded recommendations on the rules for the arrangement and maintenance of the track in such conditions.
A longer service life of intermediate elastic fastenings KPP-5 due to application of pads PRP-3.2
Authors: Darenskiy Oleksandr , Bygaets Nataliya , Horiyinova Olga , Voznenko Sergey , Kulik Stanislav
Published: November 2018

Since 2003 Ukrainian railways have used KPP-5 intermediate elastic fastenings. These fastenings unlike their predecessors (for example, terminal-bolted fastenings (KB) widely used on railways), first of all, have fewer elements. The KPP-5 fastening does not include screw joints, which considerably increases the pressing force between rail and tie, and resistance to track displacement forces. This may lead to reduction of the total labour input for routine track maintenance due to cutback of track works needed for mounting terminal and insert bolts. The article deals with forecasting the operational life of PRP 3.2 (9mm depth) and PRP 3.2.1 pads (10mm depth). In engineering the operational life is a time interval (for the railway track – tonnage passed) during which the element fulfils its functions. One of the main reasons why the assembly unit KPP-5 fails is low pressing forces between rail and tie. It occurs due to many processes; among the basic ones is the changed characteristic of underrail pads. And the application of new types of pads – PRP 3.2 (9mm) and PRP 3.2.1. (10mm) may solve this problem.
Problems of providing international railway transport
Authors: Kurhan Mykola , Kurhan Dmytro
Published: November 2018

Due to its geographic location and developed transport infrastructure, Ukraine has a significant potential in the development of cargo transportation, primarily in international traffic, in particular as a transistor country in the logistics chain of trade between Asia and Europe. The possibilities of railway transport for the organization of transportation between the countries of the European Union and Ukraine are not used to the full extent, since there is a number of technical reasons of the transport systems incompatibility between Ukraine and European countries. In the course of the research, methods of analysis and synthesis were used to study prospects of the European and domestic system of international railway transportations, the experience of creating, operating and optimizing these systems. To compare the above mentioned options, the authors developed a model for predicting and assessing the efficiency of railway transport from the border of one state to the border of the other one.
Frequency analysis of vehicle drive with cable traction
Authors: Raksha Serhii , Kuropiatnyk Oleksii , Anofriev Pavlo , Onopreychuk Dmytro , Kovalov Ihor
Published: November 2018

The paper outlines the basic principles of constructing frequency diagrams and specifies the features of their application for the analysis of the dynamic state of the vehicle drive with cable traction on the example of a ropeway. To draw up the frequency diagrams, the ropeway traction circuit was presented as a dynamic system containing lumped masses and elements with distributed parameters. In this case, the moments of inertia of the rotating masses of the drive were brought to the traction pulley as a lumped mass. The traction cable segments are represented as elements with distributed parameters. The mathematical model describing the dynamic state of the drive consists of equations in the form of deformations of the traction cable segments using the positions of wave mechanics. Studies have shown that in most cases there is a fairly wide inter-resonance band, limited by the first and second eigenfrequencies. This phenomenon may be the basis for justifying the rational values of the rotational speed of the pulley as one of the kinematic parameters of the ropeway drive.
Increasing the reliability of engineering buildings and strengths of use of new small-based equipment for concrete works
Authors: Emeljanova Inga , Derevyanko Mykola , Guzenko Sergiy , Chayka Denys , Subota Dmytro
Published: November 2018

The article considers the possibility to increase the reliability of engineering buildings and facilities due to the use of new small-based equipment both in the operating conditions of technological complexes and in the conditions of technological sets. An example of the use of a technological complex with a universal hose concrete pump for strengthening the supporting columns of a medical centre being built by the wet concrete spraying method is given. The structural scheme of energy consumption by technological sets of small-based equipment is given. The variants of using the technological set of small-sized equipment for concrete work in various ways. One of the universal technological kits of effective small-based equipment is shown. As part of the proposed kit, the base machine can successfully be used universal non-piston hose concrete pump. Dependencies for determining the productivity of a hose concrete pump and the cost of its power for transporting a concrete mixture are proposed.
Bending deflection reinforced concrete elements determination
Authors: Kochkarev Dmitriy , Azizov Taliat , Galinska Tatyana
Published: November 2018

Longitudinal reinforced concrete elements stiffness exhaustion, often used in building practice, precedes obtaining bearing capacity, and therefore deflections determination becomes a determining factor in their design. In connection with it precise methods for determining such reinforced concrete elements deflections become especially relevant. The elastic-plastic properties of concrete and cracks in the stretched zone of reinforced concrete elements lead to a significant change in their bending stiffness. That is why the deflections determined by the materials classical resistance formulas differ significantly from the real ones. A large quantity of methods for determining deflections is based on the elastic characteristics correction of reinforced concrete elements consolidated section. Such methods, although providing calculation satisfactory results, are rather approximate and have empirical nature, due to it they have limited application. More precise calculation methods consist of curvature usage to determine deflections. The curvature of reinforced concrete elements cross sections is determined directly from the equilibrium equations, which are written taking into account nonlinear materials deformation diagrams. Calculation examples for bending reinforced concrete elements deflection are given.
Influence of loading level on the bearing capacity of RC columns strengthened by jacketing
Authors: Krainskyi Pavlo , Blikharskyy Yaroslav , Khmil Roman , Vegera Pavlo
Published: November 2018

Compressed reinforced concrete elements are quite common in construction. An example of such elements is the columns of industrial buildings, which are loaded with eccentric force, for example, from a bridge crane, columns of multistory buildings, structures subjected to compression and bending. When the reinforced concrete structure becomes unfit to future operation, it is often more economical and easy to retrofit it than to change it for a new one. Most of these structures are influenced by certain loads and unloading the structures before strengthening is not always possible. Therefore, in this work reinforced concrete structures strengthened by jacketing are investigated. To simulate the real life conditions, the loading level of 65-70% of the not strengthened column bearing capacity was maintained during jacketing. This load level simulates the actual service load on the structure. The bearing capacity load and serviceability limit state of not strengthened and jacketed reinforced concrete columns were investigated and the experimental results are presented in this paper.
A method of experimental studies of heat transfer processes between industrial constructions
Authors: Nizhnyk Vadym , Kyrychenko Oksana , Tarasenko Olexandr , Shvydenko Andrii , Hovalenkov Serhii
Published: November 2018

A method of experimental study of heat transfer processes between industrial constructions during a fire was developed. Types of equipment necessary for the conduction of the experimental studies were determined. A new type of specimen to be used as the one to be studied when conducting experimental studies was developed. Installation sites of thermocouples and heat flux detector on the specimen under study are shown as layout. Installation sites of the specimens under study relative to heat radiation source were substantiated experimentally. Succession of the conduction of the experimental studies of heat transfer processes between industrial constructions during a fire was developed which consists of the following procedures: production of specimens for the studies, measurement and recording on ambient conditions, measuring of temperature and heat flux on the surface of the specimen under study, and filling 55B test fire with water and diesel fuel. It was established that average temperatures and heat flux density values as well as flame geometry should be measured when performing experimental studies.
The improved technique for calculating the concrete elements strength under local compression
Authors: Pohribnyi Volodymyr , Dovzhenko Oksana , Kuznietsova Iryna , Usenko Dmytro
Published: November 2018

The central one-sided concrete element crushing is considered when the loading platform width is less than the element width (in three-dimensional stress state conditions). A variational method in the concrete plasticity theory, which is developed in the Poltava National Technical Yuri Kondratyuk University, is proposed to calculate the strength. The formula for determining the ultimate load is based on the destruction kinematics, which is observed in the experiments, and takes into account the loading platform size ratio and the element, both concrete strength characteristics, the frictional forces between the support surface and the element. The calculation dependence is rather precise during the cubes central crushing when the element height ratio and the loading platform greater than 4. With other geometric parameters the kinematic scheme changes, which must be taken into account when deriving the formulas for calculating the strength by the variational method. The proposed method allows considering all possible calculation schemes and determining its application limits.
Method of the calculated estimation of the possibility of progressive destruction of buildings in result of fire
Authors: Pozdieiev Serhii , Nekora Olha , Kryshtal Tetiana , Zazhoma Vitalii , Sidnei Stanislav
Published: November 2018

When analyzing the fire safety of building structures, in addition to considering their fire resistance, the limits of flame expansion and other fire-safety engineering features, there should be considered also the probability of their progressive collapse in case of a damage caused to some their elements. In case of progressive collapse of the building structures, socio-economic losses become the worst possible. The article proposes a method of calculation for the estimation of the possibility of progressive destruction. The method is based on the assumption that one or several compressed elements are damaged and must be removed from the system, which ensures the rigidity and geometric immutability. The basic point of the method is the hypothesis of formation of the line of plastic hinge joints in the ceiling plate. The estimation of the possibility of progressive destruction is made according to the energy criterion on the basis of a comparison of the work of internal and external forces on the possible movements of the system, which, under these conditions, is geometrically variable. The proposed method is productive and economical comparing to the existing methods which involve complex mathematical models and software complexes.
Abrasion of cement-concrete and his contents investigation
Authors: Tolmachov Sergii , Belichenko Olena , Tolmachov Dmitrii
Published: November 2018

The paper presents studies of abrasion of concretes made on various rubble: granite, syenite and limestone. The purpose of the research was to assess the wear of each element of the concrete structure and its contribution to the overall wear resistance of concrete. For this purpose, experimental studies were carried out on the wearability of coarse aggregate, cured cement paste, cement-sand mortar and concrete on different aggregates. Studies of abrasion were carried out on concretes hardened in various conditions: normal, air-dry and moisture-proof moisture (under the film). The hardening conditions of the samples play a major role in the change in abrasion and can lead to an increase in abrasion by several times. It is shown that the greatest abrasion is observed in the hardened cement test, as well as in cement-sand mortar. It is established that the wearability of a coarse aggregate from dense rocks increases with an increase in the attrition path (the number of cycles of abrasion). The abrasion of the moisture-proof moisture of the lower part of the samples from the hardened cement stone, mortar or concrete may be lower than the abrasion of the upper, not protected from evaporation of moisture.
Study of heat shielding qualities of a brick wall corner with additional insulation on the brick
Authors: Yurin Oleg , Azizova Anna , Galinska Tatyana
Published: November 2018

This work presents the theoretical investigations results for the brick wall thermal protection properties exterior corner with the insulated layer SUPERROCK mineral wool. As the outer corner of the enclosing structures has lower thermal protection properties than the other part of the wall, it needs additional insulation. Two variants of additional insulation were considered in the work, in the deepened outer surface and in the middle of the brick wall. In this case, the additional heater was not continuous, but divided into two parts and shifted from the corner. The length and volume of additional insulation for different variants were determined. The optimal variant of the proposed schemes was determined by the minimum volume of the heater and compared with the existing ones. The volume of additional insulation is set at 1 meter of the fence height. For the proposed variant of the location for the heater in the brick wall middle, its thickness in the brick cavity, the length and offset from the corner magnitude were determined. For a location-variant of the heater in the deepened on the outer surface of the fence bricklayer, the length of the additional insulation and its displacement from the corner were determined. The thickness of additional insulation was taken 130 mm (width of the brick and seam between the bricks). Studies were carried out for the first temperature zone.
Predicting the strength and maturity of hardening concrete
Authors: Belykh Irina , Sopov Viktor , Butska Larisa , Pershina Lidiya , Makarenko Olga
Published: November 2018

When predicting the growth of strength and maturity of hardening concrete, the role of the temperature factorshould be taken into account. Taking into account the temperature factor requires at the initial stage of hardening of concrete low positive temperatures and low speed of heating concrete. The level of maximum heating of concrete will depend not only on the exothermy of the cement, but also on the amplitude of the fluctuations in the ambient temperature. The contribution to the cracking of concrete of various types of cements from the point of view of heat release during their hydration is analyzed. The existing models for predicting the character of the set of strength and maturity of concrete on the basis of data on heat dissipation during hydration of cement in concrete structures are analyzed. It is shown that laboratory tests are insufficient to evaluate the nature of heat generation. To effectively predict the physical and mechanical properties, it is necessary to conduct temperature-time monitoring during the concrete hardening in the design to take into account the influence of external factors.
Surface active properties of silicate and aluminosilicate surfaces
Authors: Bondarenko Dmitry , Plakhotnikova Iryna , Saliia Medeia , Demina Olga , Bondarenko Alexander
Published: November 2018

Liquid heat-insulation based on hollow microspheres and polymer compounds become more and more popular in the construction industry. This material enjoys indisputable technological advantages easiness of application, low mass, flexibility, good adhesion to different materials. Traditional non-organic heat insulating materials, widely presented on modern construction market, have some disadvantages. Foam concrete and gas silicate have relatively high average density, which enables obtaining items and materials with a fairly low thermal conductivity coefficient. These materials have high saturation coefficient and low values of cold endurance. Inside the mineral-wool plates, which are quite popular on the modern market, the hyperfine fibers transform into dust particles by time, and agglutinative compounds destruct, releasing toxic substances. The aluminosilicate microspheres have a high potential as a commercial product, but their market has just started forming. According to rough calculations, the cost of the product is next lower order to the hollow microspheres, obtained by industrial methods.
Acid-basic surface properties of clay disperse fillers
Authors: Danchenko Yuliya , Andronov Vladimir , Sopov Viktor , Khmyrov Igor , Khryapynskyy Anton
Published: November 2018

The mineral composition, surface morphology, dispersion and specific surface of dispersed clay fillers of various chemical nature have been experimentally determined. As materials for research used clay mineral disperse fillers of various chemical and mineral composition: bentonite clay, kaolinite clay and diabase flour. Using the thermogravimetric (TG) analysis and the differential thermal analysis (DTA), the structure of the hydroxyl-hydrated surface layer of the filler surface has been studied. The amount and acidity of the surface active centers of clay fillers have been investigated using pK-metric and pH-metric methods. It was established that the mineral composition is the determining factor in the acid-base surface properties of clay fillers. The thickness of the hydroxyl-hydrated surface layer affects the acidity of the surface, at certain large sizes. It has been shown that clay fillers, which include montmorillonite as the dominant minerals, are characterized by higher acidity than the fillers that consist of kaolinite. In the mixed clay fillers, the acid-base properties of the surface depend on the chemical nature of the impurities and related minerals.
Resource-saving technologies for advanced concrete in the Republic of Bashkortostan
Authors: Krot Alexander , Ryazanova Viktoriya , Gabitov Azat , Salov Aleksandr , Rolnik Lyubov
Published: November 2018

Properties of both organo-mineral superplasticized unmodified and modified concretes are considered, impact of workability of concrete and water-binder ratio on strength properties of concrete are analyzed herein. Gonsistent aggregate grading with minimum void, accordingly with maximum packed density under optimum content of dispersed particles in concrete is to be applied to make mortars and concrete with stable properties and less variations in values. The proposed solution enables to simplify proportioning as different combination of aggregates is not required for each proportion. Comparative analysis of various fillers being by-products and materials for making mortars and asphalt-concrete has been made. The results for reinforced steel consumption reducing together with efficient combination of higher grade concrete were considered at amending the “reinforced-concrete structures” section. Computational algorithms made under economic and mathematical methods to improve construction solutions over the reinforced concrete frame are given. Efficient engineering solutions to use high strength concrete and rebar that were applied in some facilities are proposed.
The influence of the content on structure and properties of geopolymer composites on silicate matrix
Authors: Lutskin Yevgen , Shynkevych Olena , Myronenko Igor , Zakabluk Stanislav , Surkov Oleksiy
Published: November 2018

The modern nanotechnology techniques allow receiving advanced composites of silicate matrix of thermal-moisture hardening the low-power technology today. A distinctive feature of geopolymer aerated composites is that their properties according to the basic physical and mechanical parameters exceed of the properties of the silicate matrix. Due to the implementation of a complex activation of highly mobile silicate concrete mixture, that is one of the technological features to obtain this type of composites, energy-saving modes of preparation were provided. The composites and products based on them are characterized by low density at high values of strength, water and crack resistance and heat capacity. The technological features of obtaining effective aerated composites on silica matrix of thermal-moisture hardening set out. The comparative analysis of the influence of the tripoli specific surface to the structuring of silicate matrix properties and porous composites modified of alkali containing additives were carried out. Based on this analysis the mechanism of formation of silicate matrix structure and properties was grounded and proposed. It is shown that the tripoli particles promoted “physical” seal structure of silicate matrix and the formation of capillaries’ discontinuous structure, by means of their own micro-porosity.
Research of impact resistance of nanomodified fiberreinforced concrete
Authors: Marushchak Uliana , Sanytsky Myroslav , Sydor Nazar , Braichenko Serhii
Published: November 2018

Effects of multilevel modification of concrete structure with complex nanomodifier at nano- and microlevel and polypropylene fiber at macro- and mesolevel on mechanical properties and impact resistance of concrete are presented. Nanomodification with complex nanomodifier, which consists of polycarboxylate ether superplasticizer, ultra- and nanofine mineral additives, provides early structure formation, higher strength at early and later ages. The increasing of the static hardness according to Brinell and Mayer of the nanomodified concrete was indicated the high energy of the bond between the structural elements in the surface layer of nanomodified concrete, as well as the ability of the structure to withstand elastic and plastic deformations under uneven compression load. Incorporating of polypropylene fibre to concrete was increased the impact resistance according to parameter of first crack strength and failure energy and changed the failure pattern from brittle to ductile mode.
Improved bearing resistance of soil foundations of buildings with injectable polyurethane composites
Authors: Miroshnichenko Sergii , Plugin Dmytro , Kalinin Oleg , Zvierieva Alina , Reznichenko Ivan
Published: November 2018

The article deals with the analysis of SPT®polyurethane materials and maintenance technologies based on them, and an analytical review of literature on the topic. Solidification with SPT®materials and technologies makes it possible to compact unstable foundation soils of structures and buildings. The solidification is implemened through a guided increase of polymeric material injected into a foundation. As a result, polymeric root-like reinforcing bodies are formed in the foundation, and the water is extruded out of the soil, thus considerably increasing the bearing capacity of the foundation. In order to assess the actual efficiency of the material the authors conducted the full-scale research into the general overhaul technology of the pipe culvert, the static and the dynamic tests on the models of solidified soil was conducted and compared with the results of the tests on the models of non-solidified soil. The authors investigated into the life ratio of SPT®material and the soil solidified with it. By comparing characteristics of SPT®materials and technologies with those of conventional materials, the basic analogies and differences were established. And the possibility to use them for construction, refurbishment and maintenance of rail facilities was determined.
Modified Light Concrete of High Strength
Authors: Pushkarova Katerina , Kaverin Kostiantyn , Gadayuchyk Danilo
Published: November 2018

The study is devoted to the development of increased strength lightweight concrete based on Portland cement modified with a complex organo-siliceous additive containing a polycarboxylate superplasticizer and an active fine-ground siliceous component. The effect of this complex additive on the physical and chemical characteristics of the hydration and structure formation processes was investigated and it was shown that the high kinetics of the strength gain is provided by directional formation of low-basic calcium hydrosilicates, hydrogranates and plazolite, which are crystallo chemically similar to each other, and provide a dense and strength cement stone matrix. Modification by a complex additive makes possible to obtain concrete mixes with S4 consistency while a Portland cement consumption per 1m3 of not more than 330 kg, with a compressive strength of 55 MPa, watertightness up to W8, frost resistance up to F400, corrosion resistance coefficients Kc in the magnesium sulfate, sodium and ammonium solutions by 10 to 24%. The introduction of a complex additive also helps to reduce the relative shrinkage by 16 to 19% compared to the control composition, which has a positive effect on the durability of the resulting concrete.
The efficiency of plasticizing surfactants in alkali-activated cement mortars and concretes
Authors: Runova Raisa , Gots Volodymyr , Rudenko Igor , Konstantynovskyi Oleksandr , Lastivka Oles’
Published: November 2018

Functionality of mortar and concrete mixes is regulated by surfactants, which act as plasticizers. The molecular structure of these admixtures can be changed during hydration of alkali-activated cements (AAC). The objective was to determine the chemical nature of plasticizers effective for property modification of mortars and concretes based on AACs with changing content of granulated blast furnace slag from 0 to 100 %. The admixtures without ester links become more effective than polyesters when content of alkaline component increase. The admixtures effective in high alkaline medium were used in dry mixes for anchoring (consistency of mortar 150 mm by Vicat cone; 1 d tensile strength in bending / compressive strength of mortar 6.6 /30.6 MPa) and in ready-mixed concretes (consistency class changed from S1 to S3, S4 with consistency safety during 60 min; 3 d compressive strength of modified concrete was not less than the reference one without admixtures).
Rheological properties of aquaeous dispersion of styrene acrylate copolymer incorporating hollow microspheres and AEROSIL®
Authors: Saienko Natalia , Demidov Dmitriy , Popov Yuri , Bikov Roman , Butskyi Vyacheslav
Published: November 2018

The rheological properties of aquaeous dispersion of styrene acrylate copolymer incorporating hollow aluminosilicate microspheres and AEROSIL® 300 fumed silica (a high-range water reducing admixture) have been investigated using rotational viscometer. It is established that an increase in the degree of filling with hollow microspheres results in a significant increase in the viscosity of aqueous dispersion leading to the technological difficulties when coating the protected surfaces. AEROSIL® 300 can be dosed in small amounts resulting in a decrease in the structural strength and optimal viscosity of aqueous dispersion of acrylate copolymer, which allows to significantly reduce the viscosity density, while maintaining relatively low water demand and characteristics of highly filled systems, which is crucial in the technology of their application. The combination of such fillers as AEROSIL® 300 and hollow aluminosilicate microspheres in the styrene acrylate copolymer aqueous dispersion allows the combination of a number of positive effects: a reduction in the viscosity of the material during application (without dilution) by applying high shear rate and increasing viscosity (structuring) after application, and also during their storage and transportation.
Premises for an optimal model of managing the burden of financial losses stemming from damage to road infrastructure
Authors: Bagińska Ewa , Kosmol Mateusz
Published: November 2018

The empirical analysis of the distribution of risk related to the repair or replacement of road safety devices in existing performance-based maintenance contracts and the analysis of claims adjustment procedures indicate a certain imbalance in risk distribution between the road administrator and the entrepreneurs who have concluded road maintenance contracts, in particular performance based contracts. Relevant legal rules allow for a different, fairer distribution of the risk of suffering repair costs in certain damage scenarios. Insurance policy with a wide coverage of both property and liability risks appears as an optimal way of managing risks of losses to road infrastructure. Both contracting parties have an interest in obtaining first party insurance in the discussed field, although in practice it can be economical only to the General Directorate for National Roads and Motorways (GDDKiA). The law provides parties who suffered loss with a direct action against a traffic liability insurer of the wrongdoer who caused the damage.
Numerical studies on the influence of selected construction features and road conditions on the performance of road cable barriers
Authors: Bruski Dawid , Witkowski Wojciech
Published: November 2018

Cable barriers are commonly used on Polish roads, including motorways and local roads. Their main elements are pre-stressed wire ropes, which are usually anchored at two ends in concrete blocks buried in the soil. In this work numerical studies concerning the influence of selected construction features and parameters of the vehicle motion on the performance of cable barriers were performed. Numerical simulations are a useful tool to conduct such analyses that is now being used more and more. The calculations were carried out by using finite element code of LS-DYNA.
Proposed method for estimating the costs of safety barrier life cycle
Authors: Jamroz Kazimierz , Gobis Anna , Kristowski Adam , Grzyl Beata
Published: November 2018

Today barrier types are frequently selected for their price with little regard for the total costs the structure will incur over its lifetime. One of the basic tools designed to manage road infrastructure is the life cycle cost method (LCC, Life cycle cost). It sums up the costs to plan, design, build, operate (use and maintain) and decommission a road structure. Having developed dynamically at the turn of the century the method is now widely applied in a number of industries including traffic engineering. Today, depending on data availability and calculation complexity, two groups of life cycle assessments are distinguished: analytical and parametric. Unfortunately, each comes with some limitations and the search for a new universal life cycle cost calculation method continues. The authors propose their own general concept of a method for estimating the life cycle costs of road safety barriers. The article presents a multi-stage process to build the method which is based on international experience and real test site data.
Emergency Corridors - Necessary Solutions in a Modern Road Network
Authors: Dębiński Marcin , Jukowski Michał , Bohatkiewicz Janusz
Published: November 2018

Poland was a place of dynamic road network development in the 20th century. Many expressways and highways were built. Along with the development of the road network, there was a need to introduce new solutions which would be friendly to emergency services. The most important factor influencing the chances of accident victim survival is the time in which first aid will be administered. Reaching the victim is the primary problem for emergency services in case of road incidents. Driver behavior plays an important role, as they have significant effect on emergency service travel times. The emergency corridor is the solution ensuring quick and safe access to expressways and motorways. Examples from Polish roads in 2017 demonstrate that not all drivers are able to behave properly when emergency services move trying to access the accident site (cases of blocking, driving the wrong way through the corridor, etc.). It cannot be clearly assumed that drivers have bad intentions. According to the authors, the problem lies in education, access to information, and lack of regulatory policies. In Austria, Germany and Hungary, a great deal of resources has been devoted to information campaigns on safe behavior in the event of road accidents, and a number of legal provisions have developed allowing the police to ensure that these rules are respected.
Impact of Toll Plazas Road Marking and Signs on Drivers’ Behaviour
Authors: Gaca Stanisław , Kieć Mariusz , Pogodzińska Sylwia , Wontorczyk Antoni
Published: November 2018

The paper presents the problem of applying non-typical marking and signs (not included in Polish traffic control guidelines) as a mean to improve traffic performance and safety in Poland. The need for use of such marking and signs was evaluated based on the observed drivers’ behaviour supported by literature study. The results of these analyses confirmed that making the correct decisions by drivers can be difficult and may cause safety hazards, especially in the areas of toll plazas on motorways, which are characterized by a high degree of complexity of traffic organization resulting from various payment system (manual and electronic) and high speed. Studies of non-typical road marking and signs were conducted using surveys and empirical research on drivers’ behaviour, which can be surrogate measures in assessing road safety. The outcome of research confirmed the usefulness of the developed method of the survey for assessing the non-typical marking and signs. Studies have shown that non-typical signs may lead to cognitive deformations, i.e., interpretation of their meaning which is not always consistent with the sender’s intention.
Study of effectiveness of experimental marking and signs in speed management
Authors: Gaca Stanislaw , Pogodzinska Sylwia , Wontorczyk Antoni
Published: November 2018

The paper presents the evaluation of effectiveness of non-standard road marking and signs (ES) in speed management. Transverse strips, speed limit signs dedicated to selected lanes, non-standard sign, which inform about slippery pavement at motorway curve during the rain. were analysed. Based on survey, degree of understanding of the content of analysed marking and signs by road users was assessed. Empirical studies allowed for evaluation of change in speed caused by non-standard marking and signs implementation. Results show that non-standard marking and signs can be effective speed management measures. The paper also point out problems in evaluation of ES implementation.
Indicators and criteria for assessing ITS services in the context of road traffic safety
Authors: Siergiejczyk Mirosław , Rosiński Adam
Published: November 2018

Transport telematics systems integrate information technology with telecommunications for the purposes of transport systems. This helps to improve the safety of vehicles and facilities involved in transport tasks. At the same time, the efficiency of using transport infrastructure and means of transport increases. The development and use of specialised IT applications that use data from transport telematics systems helped to create Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS). Currently, in Poland (in Europe and in the world), more and more advanced services offered by Intelligent Transport Systems are being developed and implemented. It is particularly relevant in road transport, especially because Poland’s road safety is insufficient compared to other European countries. The article presents the authors’ proposed indicators and criteria that can be used for assessing ITS services in the context of road safety. The authors conducted analyses to study the application of AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process), if ITS services were to be used to improve road safety. Then, it will be possible to choose one solution from all the assessed ones.
Evaluation of the impact of active signage on road user behaviour at pedestrian crossings
Authors: Szagała Piotr , Brzeziński Andrzej , Dąbkowski Paweł , Olszewski Piotr , Włodarek Paweł
Published: November 2018

The main objective of the study was to verify the effectiveness of the active pedestrian crossings equipped with flashing lights activated automatically by detected pedestrians. Eight unsignalised pedestrian crossings were video-recorded for 48 hours each, both before and after installation of the equipment. An additional survey was done a month after the installation on three of the crossings. A traffic Conflict Rate was calculated for each crossing, as the number of conflicts per hour divided by the product of hourly pedestrian and vehicle traffic volume. The ANOVA test was used to check the statistical significance of changes of the indicators. The average percentage of drivers yielding to pedestrians increased by 94.8% and the average waiting time decreased by 39.2%. The Conflict Rate decreased at five out of eight sites. The average speeds of vehicles approaching the crossings decreased by 3.9 km/h. The “before-one month after” analysis mostly confirmed the positive results of the first analysis. Generally, at four out of eight crossings the effects were clearly positive, at two, relatively positive, and at the remaining two there was no clear positive effect. These sites were multilane streets which suggests that such sites should be either signalised or narrowed.
Support Vector Machine Applied to Road Traffic Event Classification
Authors: Blaszke Maciej , Kostek Bozena
Published: November 2018

The aim of this paper is to present results of road traffic event signal recognition. First, several types of systems for road traffic monitoring, including Intelligent Transport System (ITS) are shortly described. Then, assumptions of creating a database of vehicle signals recorded in different weather and road conditions are outlined. Registered signals were edited as single vehicle pass by. Using the Matlab-based application a feature vector containing 48 parameters was extracted and analyzed in the context of parameter separability and classification effectiveness employing SVM (Support Vector Machine) algorithm. In conclusion, the classifier developed and its effectiveness were discussed.
Analysis of the relationship between the length of eye fixation and the parameters of advertisements visible from the road
Authors: Mackun Tomasz , Żukowska Joanna
Published: November 2018

In Poland, many advertising signs addressed to motorists are located along the roadside. Advertisements do not serve any traffic related purpose and can distract drivers making them less reliable and as a consequence, reduce road safety. The existing regulations only apply to the carriageway. The research is conducted as part of the RID project. The objective of the RID project is to create a "Manual for positioning roadside advertising signs". The research aims to establish whether drivers look at roadside advertising and for how long. An additional goal is to investigate the correlation between the number and duration of the driver's eye fixation and the parameters of advertising media. In their work the authors use a mobile eye tracker. The study included a group of 60 drivers who drove on a section of about 110 km which included roads of various technical classes, different cross-sections and featured a varied roadside development pattern. 2,900 advertising carriers were inventoried on the route. Almost 30% of all advertising media drew the gaze. The billboards on which fixations were registered in the studied group were inventoried in detail for their geometrical, location or content parameters. The authors of the article present the relations between the parameters and their ability to attract the attention of drivers depending on the number of fixations and their duration.
The influence of cognitive and psychomotoric functioning on road traffic safety found on simulation-based research
Authors: Odachowska Ewa , Ucińska Monika , Gąsiorek Kamila
Published: November 2018

Perceptual and attention processes involved in information processing are engaged during every single activity taken by an individual, including driving a vehicle. They are considered to be one of the most important driver characteristics. It is assumed that safe driving consists of quick and accurate spotting and isolating events important for road traffic safety. The other crucial factor is the reduction of the information excess coming to human in one certain moment. Thanks to that, only an important part of stimuli reaching the senses is perceived in a way enabling the use of certain information from memory structures and the launch of further reaction processes.