bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parallel Ascending Vestibular Pathways
Authors: Zwergal Andreas , Strupp Michael , Brandt Thomas , Büttner‐Ennever Jean A.
Published: May 2009

Information from the vestibular nuclei ascending through the brainstem to the oculomotor and trochlear nuclei (NIII, NIV), the interstitial nucleus of Cajal (INC), the pretectum, or thalamus, is thought to be distributed in at least five different pathways. They include the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF), the ascending tract of Deiters (ATD), possibly the brachium conjuctivum (BC), the crossing ventral tegmental tracts (CVTT), and a recently observed ipsilateral pathway close to the medial lemniscus, possibly the equivalent of the ipsilateral vestibulo‐thalamic tract (IVTT). This short review describes the location of these ascending tracts, their function with respect to ocular motor control and perception, and their clinical relevance. There is evidence that the MLF carries mainly information from the canals to NIII, NIV, INC, and possibly the thalamus, whereas otolith signals may ascend in the CVTT, along with excitatory anterior canal connections. The evidence for BC as a specific vestibulo‐oculomotor pathway is weak and could be the result of the initial observations of CVTT. The ATD carries mostly ipsilateral otolithic information to the medial and inferior recti subgroups in NIII and the Edinger‐Westphal nucleus. In the rostral pons an ipsilateral vestibular pathway was seen lying close to the medial lemniscus. This anatomical projection could be the equivalent of the IVTT, bypassing the ocular motor centers and projecting to the thalamus. The IVTT mediates perception of verticality and may be part of a fast three‐neuron vestibulo‐thalamo‐cortical pathway, which provides the multisensory cortical system for spatial orientation and self‐motion‐perception with information about head acceleration.
Effect of intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin®) in neovascular age‐related macular degeneration using a treatment regimen based on optical coherence tomography: 6‐ and 12‐month results
Authors: Leydolt Christina , Michels Stephan , Prager Franz , Garhoefer Gerhard , Georgopoulos Michael , Polak Kaija , Schmidt‐Erfurth Ursula
Published: May 2009

Purpose:  To study the effect of intravitreal bevacizumab therapy on visual and anatomical outcomes in patients with neovascular age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) within a follow‐up period of 6 and 12 months.

Methods:  A retrospective analysis of 102 eyes of 102 consecutive patients with neovascular AMD evaluated repeated intravitreal bevacizumab (1 or 2.5 mg) injections. Retreatment was performed following an optical coherence tomography (OCT)‐based regimen. Ophthalmic examination included best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA), dilated fundus examination and OCT imaging. Data were analysed at baseline, 6 months (24 weeks) and 12 months (48 weeks) after treatment initiation.

Results:  BCVA remained stable at 6 months (mean: 0.00 ± 0.41 logMAR; p = 0.95) and 12 months (mean: +0.02 ± 0.43 logMAR; loss of ∼ 1 letter; p = 0.70) after the first treatment. OCT retinal thickness decreased by a mean of −37.8 ± 101.6 μm (p < 0.05) compared to baseline at month 6 and −38.6 ± 93.3 μm (p < 0.05) at month 12. A mean of 2.6 ± 1.2 injections were needed to obtain absence of fluid by OCT, and the time to recurrence was 23 ± 11 weeks thereafter. There was no difference in BCVA and OCT outcomes between treatment‐naive eyes and eyes that had undergone prior treatment.

Conclusion:  The 6‐ and 12‐month follow‐up of repeated intravitreal bevacizumab therapy in eyes with neovascular AMD demonstrated stabilization of vision and no safety concerns. An OCT‐based retreatment strategy appears appropriate in the management of patients treated with intravitreal bevacizumab.
The analysis and compositional evaluation of a nickel base partial denture casting alloy
Authors: Lewis A. J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A sample of a nickel base partial denture casting alloy, as supplied by the manufacturer, was initially subjected to X‐ray fluorescence and emission spectrographic scans. A ten element quantitative analysis was then undertaken using gravimetric and atomic absorption technques. The contribution which individual metallic elements might be expected to make to the alloy system as a whole is considered.
A comparative histological and radiographic study of extraction socket healing in the rat
Authors: Smith Neville
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The histological and radiographio appearances of healing rat extraction sockets wore compared. Diffieulties in production of standardized radiographic films limited their value of densitometry. The findings indicate that bone accretion in the rat soeket is detectable radiographically soon after mineralization began at about five days.
In nervation of the human periodontium III. Fine structure of compound receptor
Authors: Griffin C. J. , Harris R.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The fine structure of the proximal and distal portions of the compound receptors and the origin of end rings and the complex encapsulation of the compound receptors has been described. The nerve endings in the end rings of the distal portions consist of exposed and laeunar endings.
Innervation of the human periodontium. IV. Fine structure of the complex mechanoreceptors and free nerve endings
Authors: Harris R. , Griffin C. J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The complex consists of encapsulated nerve fibres and end rings, exposed and lacunar endings, and a metarteriole. The myelinated nerve fibre and metarteriole are closely associated in the capsule.
The tooth root within the maxillary sinus*
Authors: Herd John R.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Histological observations in three cases of tooth root displacement to the maxillary sinus show that under certain conditions the root may be accepted by the tissues. General and local factors in the defenco mechanism and the existence or otherwise of periapical pathosis must be considered in determining the treatment.
Treatment of the inflamed dental pulp
Authors: De Souza V. , Holland R.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Anterior teeth of dogs, whose pulps were experimentally exposed to oral environment for 48 hours had their crowns removed for histopathological examination of the pulpal tissue. The radicular pulps were capped with antibiotic, corticosteroid and calcium hydroxide; these drugs were utilized alone or in combinations. After 90 days, histological examination of the pulps demonstrated the value of calcium hydroxide.
South Australian kindergarten children: Fluoride tablet supplements and dental caries
Authors: Fanning Elizabeth A. , Cellier K. M. , Leadbeater Maureen M. , Somervllie C. M.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A study of 4,278 country and city kindergarten children living in South Australia showed 63 and 59 per cent received fluoride tablets at some time and 17 per cent received daily doses. Lower dmf scores were found in those taking fluoride tablets but of decreasing value in the older children. Where no fluoride was taken zero dmf scores were 41–69 per cent. Protection from fluoride was not found where fluoride was taken for less than two years. Self administration appears to be an unsatisfactory method for fluoride therapy.
Changes in the composition of a nickel‐base partial denture casting alloy upon fusion and casting
Authors: Lewis A. J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Three series of tensile test pieces were produced using a nickel‐base partial denture casting alloy. For the first series induction heating was employed for melting the alloy, for the second a resistance crucible, and for the third an oxy‐acetylene torch. In each series the same metal was cast sequentially five times, following which samples of the alloy were subjected to a ten element quantitative analysis to ascertain compositional changes associated with the three methods of fusion.
Replantation of avulsed teeth. A review*
Authors: Heithersay Geoffrey S.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Time is a critical factor in successful replantation. The avulsed tooth is simply washed and replaced immediately. Where contamination with soil occurs anti‐tetanus prophylaxis is given and some form of splinting is necessary for 3–4 weeks. Endodontic therapy is performed prior to replacement if there is a delay of more than two hours and where apex formation is complete it should be commenced within 10 days. Calcium hydroxide is useful as a root canal dressing and in controlling resorption. The value of immediate replacement and treatment should be publicised.
Silane coupling agents in stainless steel and polymethyl methacryIate systems
Authors: Faulkner K. D. B. , Harcourt J. K.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Smooth stainless steel rods coated with silanes were embedded in acrylic resin dough. The strength of the bond between treated rods and polymerized resin was improved compared with that found in the untreated rods under all conditions of the tests. The strength increased with age when specimens were left in air; immersion in water lessened the increase in strength.
The sterilization of gutta‐percha points
Authors: Ehrmann E. H. , Boqinst A. , Falna S.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The traditional methods employed for the sterilization of gutta‐percha points are unsatisfactory. The use of propylene oxide for this purpose is described and experimental evidence is advanced to support this use.
Microporosity in casting alloys
Authors: Lewia A. J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Three series of tensile test pieces were produced using a nickel base partial denture casting alloy. For the first series induction heating was employed, for the second a resistance crucible, and for the third an oxy‐acetylene torch. Samples from each series were sectioned longitudinally, mounted, polished and examined microscopically for evidence of microporosity.
Teeth and infective endocarditis
Authors: Eggleston D. J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Despite a lack of certain knowledge regarding the role of the teeth in the aetiology of endocarditis, antibiotic prophylaxis should be given before gingival blood vessels are opened in cases of rheumatic heart disease. Much higher doses are required in patients with prosthetic heart valves. Full clearance of the teeth should be considered when a patient has already had an attack of endocarditis or where a prosthetic heart valve has been placed. Strict oral health is required in patients at risk.
The metallography of a nickel base casting alloy
Authors: Lewis A. J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Three groups of tensile test pieces were produced using a nickel base partial denture casting alloy and employing induction fusion in each case. The first group was produced from new metal, the second from metal which had been recast four times, and the third from new overheated metal. Samples of alloy were cut from each group, and, together with a piece from an original ingot, were mounted, polished, etched, and examined under a metallurgical microscope.
Groote Eylandt studies 2. Fluoridation of a small domestic water supply, C.M.S. Angurugu mission, Groote Eylandt, N.T., Australia. 1973–1974
Authors: Kailis D. G. , Kailis S. G. , Stevenson T. S. , Wall C.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A system is described for fluoridation of a small community water supply. The design of the equipment is presented in relation to the requirements of a particular isolated region and in a basis for application to other similar areas. The problems found during the establishment of this system and their solution can be valuable as a guide for other communities.
Direction of the mental canal in human mandibles
Authors: De Freitas V. , Madeira M. C. , Pinto C. T. , Zorzetto N. L.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The direction of the mental canal was calculated in the horizontal and vertical planes with a view to aiding anaesthetic techniques. Based on our data, it is advisable to give the following approximate inclinations to the needle when penetrating the mental canal in anaesthetic procedures: 55° postero‐anteriorly in relation to a horizontal plane and 40° latero‐medially in relation to a horizontal line tangent to the body of the mandible at the level of the mental foramen.
Dental survey of students at the Australian National University —1972
Authors: Barnard P. D. , Boyles J. R.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A sample of 422 students at the Australian National University was examined in 1972. Results for the 302 full‐time student sample were considered significant and are presented in this report. The students were found to have a relatively low (for Australia) DMFT of 13.8, Oral Hygiene Index of 0.9 and Periodontal Index of 0.75. Seventy‐two per cent of students had attended a dentist within the previous year and F/DMFT ratio was 76 per cent. Estimates of time and costs of treatment needs are presented.
The bonded alumina crown. 1. The bonding of platinum to aluminous dental porcelain using tin oxide coatings*
Authors: McLean John W. , Sced I. R.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A method has been evolved for bonding aluminous porcelain to pure platinum foil used for making porcelain crowns by the conventional ‘tinner's joint‘ technique. It was found that good bonding was achieved when the platinum was coated with 0.2–2.0 μm of tin before firing on the porcelain. This paper describes experimental work for determining the optimum composition and thickness of the coating and the applicability of the technique to substrates other than platinum.
The potential role of bacteria and their antigens in periodontal disease*
Authors: Knox K. W.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The inflammatory changes typical of periodontal disease are believed to involve immunological reactions, with bacteria being a potential source of the antigens inducing these reactions. Various investigators have studied the ability of specific organisms to induce tissue changes in experimental animals, while others have examined human sera and tissues for the presence of antibodies reacting with particular organisms or their isolated antigens. The significance of these results is assessed, particularly with respect to the problem of antibody cross‐reactivity. The antigens that could be involved in periodontal disease are discussed in terms of the difference in structure of Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacterial cells, with attention being drawn to those components that could occur extracellularly and thus diffuse into oral tissues. The antigen most studied is the lipopolysaccharide or endotoxin of Gram‐negative cells which, through the mediation of complement, is a potential inflammatory agent.
Histological assessment of the temporomandibular joint*
Authors: Cran J. A.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— An histological assessment has been made of condyles removed at condylotomy. The tissue was removed from patients where conservative treatment had proved unsuccessful. In most of the condyles degenerative changes were found and in some, evidence of trauma. The importance of adaptation is discussed. The need for proper pre‐operative assessment is emphasised.
Pathophysiology of occlusal balance*
Authors: McNamara David C.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Functional disturbances of the masticatory system reflect a failure in the adaptive capacity of the individual to excessive structural and functional demands. Formerly, a particular type of articulation, balanced occlusion, was thought necessary for maintaining the health of the dental apparatus. Over the years the concept of stability of occlusion has evolved, however controversy still exists as to where stable tooth contact is made, centric occlusion or centric jaw relation. In order to express biological adaptability within the normal masticatory system, harmony at the anatomical median occlusal position is suggested as the prerequisite of a physiologically balanced occlusion.
An estimation of demand for prosthetic dentistry in the year 2000
Authors: Spratley M. H.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The factors influencing the demand for prosthetic dentistry in the not too distant future are discussed and evidence is presented to show that this demand may be much greater than is commonly thought.
Post core systems in crown and bridgework*
Authors: Henry P. J. , Bower R. C.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Pulpless teeth require reinforcement if they are to act as supports for crown and bridgework restorations. Post core reinforcements can be accomplished by utilization of post core systems which offer the clinician a broad range of techniques. The mechanical procedures involved should be biologically oriented and related to stress distribution to the tooth root.
The value of a simple medical questionnaire in dentistry
Authors: Eggleston Deryck J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A short specific medical questionnaire was given to 1125 new patients attending for their initial examination at the Perth Dental Hospital. A positive history was given by 398 patients. A wide variety of conditions was revealed and the dental significance is discussed. The extent of the information provided illustrates that the simple questionnaire is valuable in exposing conditions which may affect dental treatment.
The gold solder, gold alloy interface
Authors: Rogers Olbert W.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— With soldering the physical properties of the basis metal must be maintained and a minimum of molten metal is used. An examination of joints in 17 gauge platinized gold wire is made with 18 k gold solder following quenching immediately after flow and cooling in air; there is a widening of grain boundaries and intergranulation penetration in the latter method. A comparison with the cast gold joint is made. Some inclusions were noted.
A rapid spectrophotometric assay of amide type dental anaesthetic agents
Authors: de Freitas J. F.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A spectrophotometric procedure for the determination of lignocaine in ointments was investigated and standardized for general application to local anaesthetic solutions of the amide type commonly used for dental injection, namely, lignocaine, prilocaine, mepivacaine, pyrrocaine and tolycaine. The method is based on the controlled formation of a copper complex and the Beer‐Lambert law was found to be obeyed over a useful range. Results indicated that the method would be accurate, convenient and rapid, saving substantial time over wet‐way methods conventionally used. For confirmation of the identity of the anaesthetic agent, infrared spectroscopy was shown to be a rewarding technique.
Recent developments in dental plaque disclosants
Authors: Gillings Barrie R. D.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The use of erythrosin and fluorescein for disclosing dental plaque in 81 children aged 11–14 years and in 17 young men is reported. Erythrosin stained all plaque. When fluorescein was used, plaque, whether mature or recently exposed to sugars was disclosed under ultra‐violet light. In the children, the erythrosin stained approximately twice as extensively as fluorescein.
The effect of storage on the activity of adrenaline in local anaesthetic solutions: an evaluation using bioassay and fluorometric techniques
Authors: Gerke D. C. , Crabb G. A. , Frewin D. B. , Frost B. R.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The adrenaline content of local anaesthetic solutions has been assessed using a bioassay system and a fluorometric assay method. It was found that exposure of the solutions to daylight for a period of six months greatly reduced their adrenaline content, whereas storage of the same solutions under refrigeration or in the dark reduced the decrease in catecholamine content. Solutions containing adrenaline which were shown in the clinical situation to give inadequate anaesthesia were also tested. The analysis revealed a decline of catecholamine content in each solution.
Effect of waterborne fluoride on fluoride concentration and solubility of dental enamel
Authors: Shannon Ira L. , Trodahl John N.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Enamel F level and depth of acid etch were measured in 166 teeth from 8 communities with water F ranging from .07‐5.0 ppm. Enamel F decreased progressively from the surface inward and was positively correlated with water F. Depth of acid etch was inversely related to enamel F and water F. Relationships between water F, enamel F and enamel solubility were most consistent at water F levels up to 1.0–2.0 ppm.
Nursing caries: Literature review and report of a case managed under local anaesthesia
Authors: Johnston Timothy , Messer Louise Brearley
Published: May 2009

Although the prevalence of dental caries in children has fallen in recent years, significant numbers of children are still treated for nursing caries. This form of rampant caries affects the primary dentition and causes rapid destruction of normally resistant surfaces. The treatment of nursing caries is multifactorial, involving the child, parents, dental team and other health care providers to ensure the restorative dental treatment is supported by parental education in caries prevention, oral hygiene and infant nutrition. This paper presents a literature review on the condition, followed by a case report of a child with nursing caries treated in the clinic under local anaesthesia.
Effects of splint therapy in TMJ dysfunction: A study using magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Chen Chien W. , Boulton Justin L. , Gage John P.
Published: May 2009

This pilot study was undertaken to correlate clinical and MRI diagnoses in seven symptomatic TMJ dysfunction patients and to account, if possible, for the clinical improvement in the signs and symptoms after the use of a maxillary stabilizing splint. The symptomatic TMJs were evaluated by means of MRI prior to splint insertion. Sagittal open/closed, and coronal closed images were obtained with a 0.3 T Fonar MR Scanner. A follow‐up MRI was taken after three months of splint therapy for the purposes of a comparative study.

All subjects responded positively even at the early phase of splint treatment. By the end of the three month period, six subjects experienced full remission of pain in the TMJ and associated masticatory muscles with one subject experiencing only partial remission following therapy. Baseline MRI study revealed that only three subjects had anterior disc displacement while the other four subjects had normal disc/condyle relationships and morphology. In the follow‐up MRI study, there were no signs of recapture of the three anteriorly displaced discs despite there being evidence of improved jaw movement and remission of pain symptoms.

The use of MRI in this preliminary study indicates that some but not all TMJ pain dysfunction syndromes are caused by internal derangements of the joint. A larger MRI study using the same clinical parameters is indicated for future research.
A questionnaire survey of dentists regarding knowledge and perceived competence in resuscitation and occurrence of resuscitation emergencies
Authors: Chapman P. J.
Published: May 2009

Little information has been published on the knowledge and perceived competence of dentists in resuscitation or the occurrence of resuscitation emergencies in dental practice. Further, no such surveys have been done in Australia. A postal survey was therefore devised and the names of 350 dentists were randomly selected from the Australian Dental Association national membership registry. The response rate was approximately 45 per cent and the main results included: just under half of the respondents felt they were competent in basic resuscitation at the time of graduation, that is, in expired air resuscitation (EAR) and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR); just less than two‐thirds had undertaken resuscitation training since graduation; about three‐quarters felt they would be able to perform EAR and almost two‐thirds felt they would be able to perform CPR; almost 90 per cent gained a satisfactory score in a Resuscitation Quiz included in the survey; and just over 5 per cent had had to resuscitate a patient.
Ectopic supernumerary teeth as a predisposing cause in localized periodontitis. Case report
Authors: Hou Guey‐Lin , Lin Cheng‐Chung , Tsai Chi‐Cheng
Published: May 2009

Supernumerary teeth are relatively common in the maxillary incisor and molar areas. However, bilateral ectopic, fully erupted supernumerary mesiodentes are relatively rare. The present case documents a patient with localized periodontitis of the maxillary first and second molars associated with bilaterally erupted supernumerary teeth located in proximity to the buccal embrasure space between the molars. Combined clinical data suggested that these ectopic mesiodentes predisposed or contributed to the development of localized periodontitis.
Temporomandibular disorders. 1. Clinical evaluation
Authors: Dimitroulis George , Dolwick M. Franklin , Gremillion Henry A.
Published: May 2009

The treatment of temporomandibular disorders continues to provide dental practitioners with a difficult challenge that has yet to overcome numerous major obstacles. In this, the first of a series of three articles, an overview of the current understanding of the diagnosis of temporomandibular disorders will be presented. The subsequent two articles will present an overview of the management strategies that have appeared in the literature in recent years.
Methodological aspects of a computer‐assisted telephone interview survey of oral health
Authors: Slade Gary D. , Brennan David , Spencer A. John
Published: May 2009

Despite the reported benefits of computer‐assisted telephone interview (CATI) methods, experiences from their use in Australian oral health surveys have not been described. This report aimed to present methodological aspects of a CATI survey conducted in the five mainland states. A response rate of 66 per cent was obtained, yielding 4050 completed interviews. Analysis revealed generally small levels of non‐response bias: persons who avoided or delayed dental treatment because of cost and non‐health card holders were harder to contact, while non‐English speakers and persons aged 20–29 years were less likely to participate. A total of 1770 person hours of interview time was spent on the survey: 64.5 per cent of that time was spent on the telephone with an average of 10 minutes 17 seconds per call (13 minutes 37 seconds per completed call). Only seven questions had missing data for more than 1 per cent of respondents. Comprehension of questions and cooperation with the interview was rated by interviewers as ‘good’ or ‘very good’ for more than 90 per cent of respondents. The CATI method was highly efficient and yielded good quality data for the survey.
Torus palatinus and torus mandibular is: A review of the literature
Authors: Seah Yang Howe
Published: May 2009

The torus has been mentioned in the literature for about 180 years. However, little has been revealed about it until the last two decades when great advances were made in the field of genetics. Its occurrence in various ethnic groups ranges from 9 to 66 per cent.

Even between similar ethnic groups living in different environments, different figures have been reported. It has been statistically proven that differences do occur between various ethnic groups and the sexes. In current thinking, the occurrence of tori is considered to be an interplay of genetic and environmental factors. The quasi‐continuous genetic or threshold model seems to hold the answers to their formation. This theory proposes that the environmental factors responsible must first reach a threshold level before the genetic factors can express themselves in the individual. Hence, both genetic and environmental factors determine liability, making the system multifactorial.
Cleidocranial dysplasia. Case report
Authors: TaşLar Ferda , Bulut Engin , Türner Celal , Saysel Mustafa , Muhtarogullari Mehmet
Published: May 2009

A 29‐year‐old Caucasian woman who presented with short stature and multiple unerupted supernumerary teeth is described. Radiological investigations of her cranial and skeletal abnormalities revealed cleidocranial dysplasia. Because of the advanced age of the patient and contraindication for orthodontic treatment, only surgical and prosthetic treatment were performed. The characteristics and treatments of this rare autosomal dominant disorder are discussed.
The stability of facial osteotomies. 4. Maxillary and mandibular (with or without chin) advancement with rigid internal fixation
Authors: Hoffman Gary R. , Moloney Frank B.
Published: May 2009

The short‐term (6 weeks postoperative) and long‐term (12 months postoperative) horizontal skeletal stability of combined maxillary and mandibular advancement was evaluated by cephalometric analysis of 15 patients.

The mean horizontal advancement of the maxilla was 5.84 mm. Six weeks later a mean horizontal relapse of 0.03 mm (0.05%) was identified. The mean horizontal relapse at long‐term follow‐up was 0.59 mm (10.1%).

The mean horizontal advancement of the mandible was 12.35 mm at menton and 12.65 mm at pogonion. At 6 weeks, mean horizontal relapse, respectively at the above landmarks, was 0.11 mm and 0.21 mm (1.3%). The mean horizontal relapse at long‐term follow‐up was 2.19 mm and 1.98 mm (16.6%) respectively for the same landmarks.

Subjectively and objectively, improvements were seen in facial aesthetics and dental occlusion. The results indicate that rigid fixation of osteotomies undertaken to correct ‘horizontal facial deficiency’ is a surgically predictable and relatively stable procedure when reviewed up to 12 months after surgery.
Complete denture problem solving: A survey
Authors: Lechner Sybille K. , Champion Harold , Tong Tak Kim
Published: May 2009

An investigation was carried out into the problems experienced by 114 referred patients with complete dentures who were considered to be difficult or to have difficult prosthodontic problems. The commonest problems were those of pain and lack of retention, due mainly to occlusal discrepancies and excessive VDO. Treatment was carried out on an individual basis with a large proportion of dentures being remade. However, a small number was satisfied by counselling alone without procedural treatment. A diagnostic denture technique was used for particularly difficult cases. This technique showed that, in two cases, technical prosthodontic inadequacies could definitively be excluded as the problem. The overall success rate for treatment was 80 per cent. Further studies on a larger patient sample are needed so that specific problems can be linked to cause and outcome in a meaningful manner.
Forces transmitted through EVA mouthguard materials of different types and thickness
Authors: Westerman B. , Stringfellow P. M. , Eccleston J. A.
Published: May 2009

Previous studies into sporting mouthguards have been mainly attitudinal or epidemiological. The aim of the present study was to build an impact rig to measure the impact absorbed by mouthguard materials of various thicknesses. The acceleration of the pendulum of the rig was measured and used to calculate the force transmitted to the materials.

Impact tests were also performed on three commercially available mouthguard materials. Tests showed that the force transmitted through mouthguard materials was inversely related to the material thickness.

Mouthguard construction techniques with ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) plastics should be monitored to avoid occlusal thinning especially on the incisal edges. Thinning results in reduction in the protection offered by the mouthguard.
A survey of the pattern of private general dental practice in Queensland, 1992
Authors: Spratley M. H. , Coyne L. N.
Published: May 2009

In 1987 all non‐specialist ADA member private practitioners in Queensland were invited to participate in a survey to determine the number of the various types of permanent restorations placed in one week and the percentage breakdown of the time they devoted to the various areas of dentistry. Results of that survey were published in 1989. The survey with a few minor changes was repeated in 1992. Results show that there has been little change in the pattern of practice over the five years with restorative dentistry still taking a very large proportion of respondents' time and similar materials being used. The dental workforce appears to be relatively stable with low rates of overseas and interstate migration. There is evidence of an increasing number of women dentists in the workforce and this is emphasized by a breakdown of the current undergraduate enrolment.
A comparative evaluation of the conventional and closed‐mouth technique for inferior alveolar nerve block
Authors: Yücel Ergun , Hutchison Iain L.
Published: May 2009

The conventional inferior alveolar nerve block is sometimes ineffective for certain clinical and anatomical reasons. As a result, alternative methods have been suggested. This double‐blind study compared the effectiveness of the Akinosi technique and conventional mandibular block injection techniques in 250 patients. It was concluded that the conventional or direct technique was more effective in achieving inferior alveolar nerve anaesthesia.
Pit and fissure sealants: Another major cornerstone in preventive dentistry
Authors: Manton David J. , Messer Louise Brearley
Published: May 2009

Despite dramatic reductions in caries in fluoridated communities, the disease continues to occur during childhood and adolescence and there is a sustained caries susceptibility of pits and fissures. Pit and fissure sealants have been available to the dental profession for the past two decades. Closely following community water fluoridation, this use of adhesive technology is now recognized as a major cornerstone of modern preventive dentistry. However, the technique appears to have been slow in implementation by the dental profession. Recent expanded utilization of sealants in the public sector, particularly in Victoria, has increased the awareness of the procedure amongst the public and is heightening demand. A review of the pertinent literature and current trends in utilization of sealants is presented. The case is made for expanded utilization of sealants in both the public and private sectors of dental health care delivery in Australia.
Mandibulofacial dysostosis. Case report
Authors: Anil S. , Beena V. T. , Ankathil Ravindran , Remani P. , Vijayakumar T.
Published: May 2009

A case of mandibulofacial dysostosis (Treacher Collins syndrome) is presented. Clinical features and skull radiographs revealed typical anomalies associated with the syndrome. Cleft of the soft palate and unerupted multiple supernumerary teeth were present in this case. No haematological, biochemical or immunological abnormalities could be detected in the patient. Pedigree analysis showed an autosomal dominant mode of transmission of the disease. Chromosomal studies did not reveal any structural or numerical discrepancies.
Fixed prosthodontics — State of the art*
Authors: Christensen Gordon J.
Published: May 2009

Fixed prosthodontics has increased in need and demand significantly over the past 40 years. This increase is related to an ageing population with more teeth retained. Diagnosis and treatment planning is more complex and requires help from qualified auxiliary persons to educate an older population, many of whom have not had major oral treatment in the past. Building‐up teeth is necessary for many, and bonded composite and amalgam are commonly used. Prefabricated posts and cores comprise a growing majority of restorations when such therapy is needed. Bonded resin cements, holding titanium or titanium alloy posts, and supporting composite cores are very popular. Proper tissue management provides excellent impressions. Pre‐operative antiinflammatory rinses, and the double‐cord tissue management technique, can provide excellent impressions. Addition reaction silicones are often the impression materials of choice. Dentists are encouraged to use all types of crowns including metal, porcelain‐fused‐to‐metal, and all‐ceramic. Glass ionomer cements are used most frequently, but hybrid glass ionomers are challenging actively and may eventually replace straight glass ionomers. Fixed prosthodontics deserves increasing dental and continuing education time because of the increased need.
The Oral Health of Childern and Adolescents in Heidelberg, Victoria, 1991
Authors: Estioko L. J. , Wright F. A. C.
Published: May 2009

Changing patterns of oral health were investigated in a selected population of children and adolescents in Heidelberg, Victoria. Oral health was examined in terms of caries experience, oral hygiene and gingival condition. The findings were compared with the results of a study conducted in the same area 10 years previously. The findings were also related to sociodemographic variables such as age, sex, and ethnic and socioeconomic background.

A random sample of 403 children and adolescents aged 6–8 years, 11–13 years, and 14–16 years were selected from 5 primary schools and 3 secondary schools in the area. A questionnaire eliciting sociodemographic information was administered and an intra‐oral examination was conducted on each subject. Dental caries was recorded in terms of DMF‐T. Oral hygiene was assessed by the Plaque Index and gingival status by the Gingival Index. Results showed that subjects from this study demonstrated improved oral health compared with subjects from the previous study. In 1981,25 per cent of 6–8 year olds and 9 per cent of 14–16 year olds were caries free. In 1991,92 per cent of 6–8 year olds and 36 per cent of 14–16 year olds were caries free. Predictably, it was also found that age was significantly related to caries level, oral hygiene and gingival condition.
Infection emanating from an ‘innocent’ facial puncture wound. Case reports
Authors: Csillag G. D.
Published: May 2009

All accidental wounds are contaminated by bacteria. The factors involved in the conversion of a wound from contaminated to infected are identical, irrespective of the site and classification of the wound, although puncture wounds are particularly suited for the growth of anaerobic organisms. A case is presented of facial infection emanating from an ‘innocent’ puncture wound. The management of orofacial puncture wounds is discussed and illustrated with a second case.
Two dentigerous cysts in the mandible of one patient. Case report
Authors: Smith Graydon
Published: May 2009

Abstract— This paper reports a case of two separate dentigerous cysts in the mandible of one patient. An unusual feature was the relationship of one of the cysts to an unerupted lateral incisor. The prudence of accounting for any missing teeth in patients and the value of panoramic radiographic screening is illustrated.
First‐year responses to a new problem‐based curriculum in dentistry
Authors: Wetherell John , Mullins Gerry , Winning Tracey , Townsend Grant
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The first year of a new Bachelor of Dental Surgery curriculum was introduced at the University of Adelaide in 1993. Four integrated streams replaced the previous large number of separate subjects, with an overall reduction in formal contact hours, more exposure to clinical practice, and an emphasis on problem‐based learning and student self‐directed learning. This report compares students' attitudes to the new programme with their attitudes to the previous course. Evaluation forms were completed by 39 of 53 first‐year students in 1992 and 38 of 47 first‐year students in 1993. Comparisons between years, made using the Student's t test, indicated significant differences for several questions. For example, the workload in the previous course was considered to be significantly heavier, with too much theory and too many topics. It was felt that the aims and objectives of the new course were significantly clearer; there was more time to understand material; more opportunities to choose areas to study; students were encouraged more to think for themselves; and staff were more understanding and supportive. The authors conclude that the new problem‐based Adelaide dental curriculum has facilitated a more contextual and better‐balanced learning environment for students.
Patient‐controlled sedation: A comparison of sedation prior to and until the end of minor oral surgery
Authors: Rodrigo Chandra , Chow Kiang‐Cheong
Published: May 2009

In order to find out whether patient‐controlled sedation carried out only prior to surgery was sufficient for patients to undergo minor oral surgery, 30 patients of either sex between the ages of 16 and 30 years were selected. Each was scheduled to undergo bilateral third molar surgery, one side only at a visit. At the first visit each patient was randomly allocated to receive patient‐controlled sedation with midazolam either only prior to, or to the end of surgery. At the second visit they received the alternative method of sedation when the operation was carried out on the opposite side. With both techniques the majority of the patients were relaxed and provided good operating conditions with stable vital signs and without loss of consciousness. However, when given the opportunity to sedate themselves until the end of surgery, 70 percent obtained increments during surgery; four were assessed to have marked sedation and in five the button dropped off. When questioned at the end of both procedures, 87 per cent preferred to have increments during surgery.
Completely impacted teeth in dentate and edentulous jaws
Authors: Yamaoka Minoru , Furusawa Kiyofumi , Fujimoto Katsuhiko , Uematsu Takashi
Published: May 2009

Panoramic radiographs from 1026 patients were examined for the presence of completely impacted teeth. The prevalence of completely impacted teeth in the edentulous jaw was lower than that in the dentate jaw in both the upper and lower jaws. The prevalence of completely impacted third molars in the edentulous jaw was also lower than that in the dentate jaw. However, there was no difference in the prevalence of completely impacted canine teeth and completely impacted anterior maxillary supernumerary teeth (mesiodens) in the edentulous jaw. These findings may indicate that completely impacted canine teeth and impacted anterior maxillary supernumerary teeth (mesiodens) are not influenced by the loss of erupted teeth.
The use of a simple functional appliance as an adjunct to fixed appliance orthodontic treatment
Authors: Woods Michael G.
Published: May 2009

Three clinical case studies are presented to demonstrate the use of a simple functional appliance in orthodontic situations not covered by traditionally‐accepted dental and skeletal indications. In each case, the appliance was used to reduce the severity of the malocclusion, before a routine fixed‐appliance detailing phase.
Pseudo root resorption. Case report
Authors: Keur J. J. , Huggins D. G.
Published: May 2009

The importance of the correct position of the focal trough in panoramic radiography is demonstrated for the information of practitioners.
The life of Henry Jeanneret (1802–1886). Pioneer Australian dentist
Authors: Pearn John , Phillips Gael
Published: May 2009

Henry Jeanneret was a pioneer Australian dentist, perhaps the first in this country to promote the discipline of dentistry as distinct from medicine and general surgery. This profile describes his early life and training, his emigration to Australia, his clinical practice in Sydney and in Van Diemen's Land, and his contributions to natural history, particularly in the field of botany.
Cerebral abscess complicating dental treatment. Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Renton Tara F. , Danks Jenny , Rosenfeld Jeffrey V.
Published: May 2009

A case history and brief literature review of cerebral abscess related to dental therapy is presented. The 19‐year‐old male patient presented with a cerebral abscess caused by Actinobacillus actinomycetam‐comitans. He was otherwise healthy, and had a recent history of periodontal surgery prior to the onset of symptoms. The patient was treated successfully with stereotactic aspiration and antibiotics.
Establishing malocclusion severity levels on the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) scale
Authors: Jenny Joanna , Cons Naham C.
Published: May 2009

The Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) is an orthodontic index based on socially defined aesthetic standards. It is useful in both epidemiological surveys to identify unmet need for orthodontic treatment and as a screening device to determine priority for subsidized orthodontic treatment. An earlier study established the score of 36 on the DAI scale to identify handicapping malocclusions. The purpose of the present study was to determine decision points on the DAI scale that identify malocclusion severity levels less severe than handicapping.

Two sources of data were used: 1) The frequency distribution of DAI scores on a probability sample of 1306 study models representing the untreated occlusions found in half a million adolescents. 2) The per cent distribution of US youths aged 12–17 by specified case severity reported in an assessment of the occlusion of youths? by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). The decision points separating specific case severities on the DAI scale were determined by relating the proportions of the NCHS population with specified case severities to the cumulative percentages of the frequency distribution of DAI scores on the 1306 models.

The NCHS report found 45.8 per cent of the sample to have normal or minor malocclusion with no need or slight need for treatment. DAI scores 25 and below corresponded to that proportion of the sample. The NCHS report found 25.2 per cent of the sample to have definite malocclusion with treatment being elective. DAI scores between 26 and 30 corresponded to that proportion of the sample. The NCHS report found 13 per cent of the population to have severe malocclusion with treatment highly desirable. Fifteen per cent were included in this category. DAI scores 31 to 35 corresponded to that proportion of the sample.
Mental paraesthesia: An ominous symptom. Case reports
Authors: O'Grady John F.
Published: May 2009

The sudden onset of paraesthesia in the distribution of the mental nerve should be regarded as an ominous symptom. It is usually related to events such as fractures or dentoalveolar surgery, but in the absence of such history this finding should be regarded with suspicion. Four case studies are presented in which the patient presented with unexplained mental paraesthesia, which were later related to metastatic malignant disease. Careful medical history is required to alert the clinician to appropriate diagnostic procedures and ensure correct management.
Adhesion to enamel of light‐cured poly‐acid dental materials
Authors: Desai Mala , Tyas Martin J.
Published: May 2009

The purpose of this study was to determine the tensile bond strengths of a resin‐modified glass ionomer cement and a poly‐acid modified resin composite to enamel. Three different enamel surface preparations (unetched enamel; enamel treated with 10 per cent polyacrylic acid; enamel etched with 35 per cent phosphoric acid), were used. On etched enamel, the glass ionomer cement (15.0 MPa) and the resin composite (14.3 MPa) had significantly higher bond strengths than the other groups tested, but were not significantly different from each other. In the acid treated groups, cohesive failure within the material occurred in all specimens, while in the other groups, all specimens failed adhesively. Further investigation is required to test the clinical efficacy of these restorative materials.