bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Security for Internet banking: a framework
Authors: Hutchinson Damien , Warren Matthew
Published: January 2003

As a continually growing financial service of electronic commerce, Internet banking requires the development and implementation of a sound security procedure. This involves designing effective methods via which users can be authenticated in a remote environment. Specifically for Internet banking there is a real need for a way uniquely to identify and authenticate users without the possibility of their authenticity being cloned. Some technologies in use have been presented for meeting the security requirements for national, regional and global Internet banking assurance. However, there has been little research conducted particularly on the creation of secure and trusted pathways. Concentrates on presenting a security framework for Internet banking based on discovering and defining these pathways in terms of adequate authentication mechanisms. Proposes a framework concerning how to identify security requirements for Internet banking such that the transactions being conducted are secured within their respective environments.
Dual protection offered to computer programs – why the move towards patenting?
Authors: Stoney Mark A. , Stoney Susan
Published: January 2003

While copyright law remains a significant area of law providing easily obtained and low cost protection to the copyright owners of e‐commerce‐related computer programs, it is not without its weaknesses. Patent law has in recent times emerged to provide the necessary reinforcements. The emergence of the law of patent, especially in the area of programs that essentially protect business models, is not without its critics. The purpose of this paper is to consider the protection afforded to the owner of an inventive e‐commerce computer program by the laws of copyright and patent. This paper will canvass the strengths and weaknesses of both systems.
The problems of jurisdiction to e‐commerce – some suggested strategies
Authors: Stoney Mark A. , Stoney Susan
Published: January 2003

The long‐term success of business‐to‐consumer e‐commerce depends, in large part, on the existence of satisfactory supporting legal infrastructures coupled with the implementation by virtual organisations of appropriate strategies that will achieve optimum business protection, consumer trust and legal compliance. The concept known as “jurisdiction” is gaining in significance in the world of e‐commerce. The purpose of this paper is to explain why it is that jurisdiction impacts on all the players involved in e‐commerce and to explore strategies that could be implemented by virtual organisations that might eliminate, or at least reduce, the associated risks.
Building an e‐business scenario for small business: the IBM SME Gateway project
Authors: Schlenker Lee , Crocker Nicholas
Published: January 2003

After discussing the basis of business value and competitive advantage in today’s economy, this article explores the nature of small business and the increasing interdependence of business practice. An examination of the potential business value of Internet technologies is followed by an analysis of some of the factors that account for the lack of successful small business deployments to date. Drawing upon the lessons learned from the deployment of the SME Gateway in South Africa, we highlight a number of pilot projects illustrating the importance of context in assessing critical success factors. We proceed to explore the role of business services providers and conclude by suggesting a road map for turning the promises of the Internet into reality for small and medium size enterprises.
Integrating the Web and e‐mail into a push‐pull strategy
Authors: Sands Mike
Published: January 2003

This paper looks at the potential for developing customer relationship strategies using the Internet (electronic customer relationship management) (ECRM) with particular relevance for SMEs. Its basis is in qualitative research and it attempts to integrate the two Internet technologies of the Web and e‐mail into a push‐pull strategy. Aspects of “control” of the message in ECRM are examined and in particular whether democratic e‐communities have a part to play for companies looking to improve their ECRM. In arriving at some conclusions, regarding the implications for commercial organisations, draws on published work in the educational arena. The implications may be particularly important for the SME sector. The paper examines why e‐mail and in particular asynchronous text messaging and conferencing are likely to dominate over other technologies such as chat and video conferencing. Communication paradigms used in television and print publishing have been mapped across on to the Web. The resulting “push‐pull” strategy is determined as the most effective way of harnessing the power of e‐mail with Web‐publishing to develop some aspects of a sound ECRM policy. The strategy involves the development of the Web site as a way of capturing opt‐in subscribers (the pull) who receive proactive outbound communications, and managing that e‐mail address list proactively (the push).
Channel conflict and high involvement Internet purchases – a qualitative cross cultural perspective of policing parallel importing
Authors: Wootten Geoffrey
Published: January 2003

This specifically qualitative study explores a situation where marketing channels become lengthened, not shortened, because of the ability of Internet users to overcome knowledge gaps and demolish established channel barriers. The complexity and problems of control in a vertical marketing system (VMS) when it crosses borders and cultures is presented. The example of the motor car is used as a familiar high involvement purchase. The several sources of conflict in the channel are identified and the motivations of the channel partners understood. The historical holders of power in the channel come under pressure to release their hold and face the new changes that the Internet has brought. The study concludes by considering the implications for the future of this complicated and high value VMS.
“Following the yellow brick road” – young adults’ experiences of the information super‐highway
Authors: Grant Ian C. , Waite Kathryn
Published: January 2003

This paper uses the metaphor of the movie classic theWizard of Ozto represent the online experiences of young adults. Just like the twister that turns Dorothy’s world upside, down the Internet has arrived to transform our black and white lives into the Technicolor hyper‐reality of the Land of Oz. What are the consequences for young Dorothies of today when they explore the yellow brick information superhighway? Phenomenologically informed qualitative research was used to explore the Internet experiences of older adolescents and young adults. The findings identify, financial, temporal, social, logistical and emotional barriers and indicate that although the Internet is an intrinsic facet of young adults’ lives, it falls well short of an obsession. The implications are that marketing practitioners need to pay closer attention to the genuine fears and concerns directed at the Internet rather than assuming that young adults’ responses are enthusiastic and positive.
An investigation of online consumer purchasing
Authors: Jayawardhena Chanaka , Tiu Wright Len , Masterson Rosalind
Published: January 2003

This paper examines the literature concerning consumers’ purchasing on the Internet and reports on a project that contained qualitative findings with the help of quantitative data to uncover consumer purchase orientations for financial services. The findings showed support for the literature concerning similarities in the treatment of consumer purchase orientations and gender. However, the outcomes of purchase intentions did not necessarily correlate with consumer segmentation according to original purchase orientations. The conclusions take into account the need for e‐retailers to recognise that online financial services consumers have a significantly higher level of control in the purchase process and are motivated by this in using the Internet.
Characterization and analysis of delamination fracture in composites: An overview of developments from 1990 to 2001
Authors: Tay TE
Published: January 2003

Delamination is a major failure mode in laminated composites and has received much research attention. A huge amount of literature has been published on this subject, resulting in considerable improvement in our understanding of delamination behavior. A rather comprehensive review paper was published by Garg in 1988. That paper contains 136 references from 1971 to 1988, a period spanning roughly two decades. A more recent survey by Pagano and Schoeppner contains critical reviews of many selected papers, especially the pioneering works on delamination research. An overview of Russian and Soviet literature on this subject is also given by Bolotin. The present paper aims to review major developments in the analysis and characterization of buckling driven delamination from 1990 to the present. Its abridged version was presented in a plenary lecture at the 13th International Conference on Composite Materials, Beijing. Particular emphasis is placed on the application of fracture mechanics methods in the analysis of delamination. The question of the extent of fracture mechanics’ success in characterizing delamination, both in laboratory-based specimens and in more realistic structural composite components, is discussed. Some recent numerical formulations for efficient computational modeling and analysis of delaminations are also reviewed. This review lists 270 major works covering a period of about a decade, indicating that there is still considerable research interest and activity in this field.
Transverse cracking and delamination in cross-ply glass-fiber and carbon-fiber reinforced plastic laminates: Static and fatigue loading
Authors: Berthelot Jean-Marie
Published: January 2003

A review of developments and understanding of transverse cracking and delamination in cross-ply laminates is presented. First, experimental investigations reported in the literature for analyzing the development of transverse cracking are considered. Next, characteristics of different models for evaluating the stress distribution in the damaged laminates are developed. It is shown how these models associated with the statistical description of strength or energy released in the 90° plies make it possible to describe the development of transverse cracking in monotonic or fatigue loading. According to the nature of cross-ply laminates, transverse cracking is not, however, sufficient for describing the development of transverse cracks in 90° plies in the case of monotonic loading. In this case, the delamination process induced at transverse crack tips is to be considered for describing the experimental results. There are 108 references in this review article.
Selected topics in the history of the two-dimensional biharmonic problem
Authors: Meleshko VV
Published: January 2003

This review article gives a historical overview of some topics related to the classical 2D biharmonic problem. This problem arises in many physical studies concerning bending of clamped thin elastic isotropic plates, equilibrium of an elastic body under conditions of plane strain or plane stress, or creeping flow of a viscous incompressible fluid. The object of this paper is both to elucidate some interesting points related to the history of the problem and to give an overview of some analytical approaches to its solution. This review article contains 758 references.
Asymptotic approaches in mechanics: New parameters and procedures
Authors: Andrianov Igor V , Awrejcewicz Jan , Barantsev Rem G
Published: January 2003

This survey is devoted to recent achievements in the field of asymptotic approaches. Here we consider the asymptotics in relation to completely new and sometimes unexpected parameters. Some procedures leading to improvement and isolation of the essential analytical structure of the perturbation series are presented. It is also shown that many problems of perturbation theory, which seem to be relatively simple at a first glance, are still far from completely solved. Different asymptotic techniques to solve the same problem and their influence on the results are briefly illustrated and discussed. This review paper contains 310 references.
Note on thermal heating efficiency
Authors: Jaynes E. T.
Published: January 2003

Kelvin showed the maximum efficiency with which heat can be converted into work; but there is a dual theorem about the maximum efficiency with which heat at one temperature can be converted into heat at another temperature. It has some surprising implications, in particular that the efficiency with which we heat our buildings could in principle be improved by a large factor. This long known, but still little known, fact is of current pedagogical interest and practical importance.
Center of mass correction to an error-prone undergraduate centripetal force experiment
Authors: Ronhovde Peter , Sirochman Rudy
Published: January 2003

In this undergraduate laboratory experiment we measure the centripetal force acting on a bob in uniform circular motion. As the experiment was originally designed, it consistently yielded large errors due to a subtle twist of the bob as the mass was increased incrementally. This error is due to the fact that the center of mass changes relative position as the mass is incremented; therefore, the spring that provides the centripetal force for the apparatus causes an unintended torque on the bob. A solution to the problem consists of positioning the incremental masses so that the center of mass does not change position. This simple correction provides a useful lesson on redesigning an undergraduate laboratory experiment to obtain better agreement with theory.
Characterizing the performance of baseball bats
Authors: Nathan Alan M.
Published: January 2003

The characterization of the performance of baseball bats is presented from a physics point of view. The goal is to define a set of laboratory measurements that can be used to predict performance in the field. The concept of a model-independent collision efficiency, which relates the post-collision ball speed to the initial ball and bat speeds, is introduced and its properties are investigated. It is shown to provide a convenient link between laboratory and field measurements. Other performance metrics are presented, related to the collision efficiency, and evaluated according to their predictive power. Using a computational model, it is shown that bat performance depends on the interplay of the elasticity of the ball–bat collision, the inertial properties of the ball and bat, and the bat swing speed. It is argued that any method of determining performance needs to take all of these factors into account. A new method is proposed and compared with commonly used existing methods.
Oersted Medal Lecture 2002: Reforming the mathematical language of physics
Authors: Hestenes David
Published: January 2003

The connection between physics teaching and research at its deepest level can be illuminated by physics education research (PER). For students and scientists alike, what they know and learn about physics is profoundly shaped by the conceptual tools at their command. Physicists employ a miscellaneous assortment of mathematical tools in ways that contribute to a fragmentation of knowledge. We can do better! Research on the design and use of mathematical systems provides a guide for designing a unified mathematical language for the whole of physics that facilitates learning and enhances physical insight. This research has produced a comprehensive language called geometric algebra, which I introduce with emphasis on how it simplifies and integrates classical and quantum physics. Introducing research-based reform into a conservative physics curriculum is a challenge for the emerging PER community. Join the fun!
Bernoulli levitation
Authors: Waltham Chris , Bendall Sarah , Kotlicki Andrzej
Published: January 2003

Bernoulli levitation is the basis of many popular counter-intuitive physics demonstrations. However, few of these lend themselves to a quantitative description without recourse to computational fluid dynamics. Levitation of a flat plate is the exception, and we present an analysis that illustrates several principles of fluid mechanics in a pedagogically useful way.
The hydrogen atom in electric and magnetic fields: Pauli’s 1926 article
Authors: Valent Galliano
Published: January 2003

The results obtained by Pauli in his 1926 article on the hydrogen atom made essential use of the dynamical so(4) symmetry of the bound states. Pauli used this symmetry to calculate the perturbed energy levels of an hydrogen atom in a uniform electric field (Stark effect) and in uniform electric and magnetic fields. Although the Stark effect in hydrogen has been studied experimentally, Pauli’s results in mixed fields have been studied only for Rydberg states of rubidium atoms in crossed fields and for lithium atoms in parallel fields.
Resource Letter: PEs-1: Physical eschatology
Authors: Ćirković Milan M.
Published: January 2003

This Resource Letter treats the nascent discipline of physical eschatology, which investigates the future evolution of astrophysical objects, including the universe itself, and is thus both a counterpart and a complement to conventional cosmology. While sporadic interest in these topics has flared up from time to time during the entire history of humanity, a truly physical treatment of these issues has only become possible during the last quarter century. This Resource Letter deals with these recent developments. It offers a starting point for understanding what the physical sciences might say about the future of our universe and its constituents. Journal articles, books, and web sites are provided for the following topics: history and epistemology of physical eschatology, the future of the Solar system, the future of stars and stellar systems, the global future of the universe, information processing and intelligent communities, as well as some side issues, like the possible vacuum phase transition and the so-called Doomsday Argument.
Contributions of the Visual Ventral Pathway to Long-Range Apparent Motion
Authors: Zhuo Yan , Zhou Tian Gang , Rao Heng Yi , Wang Jiong Jiong , Meng Ming , Chen Ming , Zhou Cheng , Chen Lin
Published: January 2003

Objects displaced intermittently across the visual field will nonetheless give an illusion of continuous motion [called apparent motion (AM)] under many common conditions. It is believed that form perception is of minor importance in determining AM, and that AM is mediated by motion-sensitive areas in the “where” pathway of the cortex. However, form and motion typically interact in specific ways when natural objects move through the environment. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure cortical activation to long-range AM, compared to short-range AM and flicker, while we varied stability of structural differences between forms. Long-range AM activated the anterior-temporal lobe in the visual ventral pathway, and the response varied according to the form stability. The results suggest that long-range AM is associated with neural systems for form perception.
Self-Organization of Sorted Patterned Ground
Authors: Kessler M. A. , Werner B. T.
Published: January 2003

Striking circular, labyrinthine, polygonal, and striped patterns of stones and soil self-organize in many polar and high alpine environments. These forms emerge because freeze-thaw cycles drive an interplay between two feedback mechanisms. First, formation of ice lenses in freezing soil sorts stones and soil by displacing soil toward soil-rich domains and stones toward stone-rich domains. Second, stones are transported along the axis of elongate stone domains, which are squeezed and confined as freezing soil domains expand. In a numerical model implementing these feedbacks, circles, labyrinths, and islands form when sorting dominates; polygonal networks form when stone domain squeezing and confinement dominate; and stripes form as hillslope gradient is increased.
Selective Trafficking of Non-Cell-Autonomous Proteins Mediated by NtNCAPP1
Authors: Lee Jung-Youn , Yoo Byung-Chun , Rojas Maria R. , Gomez-Ospina Natalia , Staehelin L. Andrew , Lucas William J.
Published: January 2003

In plants, cell-to-cell communication is mediated by plasmodesmata and involves the trafficking of non–cell-autonomous proteins (NCAPs). A component in this pathway,
Nicotiana tabacum
NON-CELL-AUTONOMOUS PATHWAY PROTEIN1 (NtNCAPP1), was affinity purified and cloned. Protein overlay assays and in vivo studies showed that NtNCAPP1 is located on the endoplasmic reticulum at the cell periphery and displays specificity in its interaction with NCAPs. Deletion of the NtNCAPP1 amino-terminal transmembrane domain produced a dominant-negative mutant that blocked the trafficking of specific NCAPs. Transgenic tobacco plants expressing this mutant form of NtNCAPP1 and plants in which the
NtNCAPP1
gene was silenced were compromised in their ability to regulate leaf and floral development. These results support a model in which NCAP delivery to plasmodesmata is both selective and regulated.
Recent Expansion of
Toxoplasma
Through Enhanced Oral Transmission
Authors: Su C. , Evans D. , Cole R. H. , Kissinger J. C. , Ajioka J. W. , Sibley L. D.
Published: January 2003

The global predominance of three clonal
Toxoplasma gondii
lineages suggests that they are endowed with an exceptional trait responsible for their current parasitism of nearly all warm-blooded vertebrates. Genetic polymorphism analyses indicate that these clonal lineages emerged within the last 10,000 years after a single genetic cross. Comparison with ancient strains (∼1 million years) suggests that the success of the clonal lineages resulted from the concurrent acquisition of direct oral infectivity. This key adaptation circumvented sexual recombination, simultaneously promoting transmission through successive hosts, hence leading to clonal expansion. Thus, changes in complex life cycles can occur rapidly and can profoundly influence pathogenicity.
Ancient Tripartite Coevolution in the Attine Ant-Microbe Symbiosis
Authors: Currie Cameron R. , Wong Bess , Stuart Alison E. , Schultz Ted R. , Rehner Stephen A. , Mueller Ulrich G. , Sung Gi-Ho , Spatafora Joseph W. , Straus Neil A.
Published: January 2003

The symbiosis between fungus-growing ants and the fungi they cultivate for food has been shaped by 50 million years of coevolution. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that this long coevolutionary history includes a third symbiont lineage: specialized microfungal parasites of the ants' fungus gardens. At ancient levels, the phylogenies of the three symbionts are perfectly congruent, revealing that the ant-microbe symbiosis is the product of tripartite coevolution between the farming ants, their cultivars, and the garden parasites. At recent phylogenetic levels, coevolution has been punctuated by occasional host-switching by the parasite, thus intensifying continuous coadaptation between symbionts in a tripartite arms race.
Wing-Assisted Incline Running and the Evolution of Flight
Authors: Dial Kenneth P.
Published: January 2003

Flapping wings of galliform birds are routinely used to produce aerodynamic forces oriented toward the substrate to enhance hindlimb traction. Here, I document this behavior in natural and laboratory settings. Adult birds fully capable of aerial flight preferentially employ wing-assisted incline running (WAIR), rather than flying, to reach elevated refuges (such as cliffs, trees, and boulders). From the day of hatching and before attaining sustained aerial flight, developing ground birds use WAIR to enhance their locomotor performance through improved foot traction, ultimately permitting vertical running. WAIR provides insight from behaviors observable in living birds into the possible role of incipient wings in feathered theropod dinosaurs and offers a previously unstudied explanation for the evolution of avian flight.
Role of Anthocyanidin Reductase, Encoded by
BANYULS
in Plant Flavonoid Biosynthesis
Authors: Xie De-Yu , Sharma Shashi B. , Paiva Nancy L. , Ferreira Daneel , Dixon Richard A.
Published: January 2003

Condensed tannins (CTs) are flavonoid oligomers, many of which have beneficial effects on animal and human health. The flavanol (–)-epicatechin is a component of many CTs and contributes to flavor and astringency in tea and wine. We show that the
BANYULS
(
BAN
) genes from
Arabidopsis thaliana
and
Medicago truncatula
encode anthocyanidin reductase, which converts anthocyanidins to their corresponding 2,3-
cis
-flavan-3-ols. Ectopic expression of BAN in tobacco flower petals and
Arabidopsis
leaves results in loss of anthocyanins and accumulation of CTs.
Spatiotemporal Coherent Control of Lattice Vibrational Waves
Authors: Feurer T. , Vaughan Joshua C. , Nelson Keith A.
Published: January 2003

We achieved automated optical control over coherent lattice responses that were both time- and position-dependent across macroscopic length scales. In our experiments, spatiotemporal femtosecond pulse shaping was used to generate excitation light fields that were directed toward distinct regions of crystalline samples, producing terahertz-frequency lattice vibrational waves that emanated outward from their multiple origins at lightlike speeds. Interferences among the waves resulted in fully specified far-field responses, including tilted, focusing, or amplified wavefronts. Generation and coherent amplification of terahertz traveling waves and terahertz phased-array generation also were demonstrated.
Production of α1,3-Galactosyltransferase-Deficient Pigs
Authors: Phelps Carol J. , Koike Chihiro , Vaught Todd D. , Boone Jeremy , Wells Kevin D. , Chen Shu-Hung , Ball Suyapa , Specht Susan M. , Polejaeva Irina A. , Monahan Jeff A. , Jobst Pete M. , Sharma Sugandha B. , Lamborn Ashley E. , Garst Amy S. , Moore Marilyn , Demetris Anthony J. , Rudert William A. , Bottino Rita , Bertera Suzanne , Trucco Massimo , Starzl Thomas E. , Dai Yifan , Ayares David L.
Published: January 2003

The enzyme α1,3-galactosyltransferase (α1,3GT or GGTA1) synthesizes α1,3-galactose (α1,3Gal) epitopes (Galα1,3Galβ1,4GlcNAc-R), which are the major xenoantigens causing hyperacute rejection in pig-to-human xenotransplantation. Complete removal of α1,3Gal from pig organs is the critical step toward the success of xenotransplantation. We reported earlier the targeted disruption of one allele of the α1,3GT gene in cloned pigs. A selection procedure based on a bacterial toxin was used to select for cells in which the second allele of the gene was knocked out. Sequencing analysis demonstrated that knockout of the second allele of the α1,3GT gene was caused by a T-to-G single point mutation at the second base of exon 9, which resulted in inactivation of the α1,3GT protein. Four healthy α1,3GT double-knockout female piglets were produced by three consecutive rounds of cloning. The piglets carrying a point mutation in the α1,3GT gene hold significant value, as they would allow production of α1,3Gal-deficient pigs free of antibiotic-resistance genes and thus have the potential to make a safer product for human use.
Oxygen-Mediated Diffusion of Oxygen Vacancies on the TiO
2
(110) Surface
Authors: Schaub Renald , Wahlström Erik , Rønnau Anders , Lægsgaard Erik , Stensgaard Ivan , Besenbacher Flemming
Published: January 2003

Defects such as oxygen vacancies play a crucial role in the surface properties of transition metal oxides. By means of time-resolved, high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy, we unraveled an adsorbate-mediated diffusion mechanism of oxygen vacancies on rutile TiO
2
(110). Adsorbed oxygen molecules mediate vacancy diffusion through the loss of an oxygen atom to a vacancy and the sequential capture of an oxygen atom from a neighboring bridging oxygen row, leading to an anisotropic oxygen vacancy diffusion pathway perpendicular to the bridging oxygen rows.
Photonic Crystal Fibers
Authors: Russell Philip
Published: January 2003

Photonic crystal fibers guide light by corralling it within a periodic array of microscopic air holes that run along the entire fiber length. Largely through their ability to overcome the limitations of conventional fiber optics—for example, by permitting low-loss guidance of light in a hollow core—these fibers are proving to have a multitude of important technological and scientific applications spanning many disciplines. The result has been a renaissance of interest in optical fibers and their uses.
Endoproteolytic Activity of the Proteasome
Authors: Liu Chang-Wei , Corboy Michael J. , DeMartino George N. , Thomas Philip J.
Published: January 2003

The proteasome plays a central role in the degradation of regulatory and misfolded proteins. Current models suggest that substrates access the internal catalytic sites by processively threading their termini through the gated substrate channel. Here, we found that latent (closed) and activated (open) proteasomes degraded two natively disordered substrates at internal peptide bonds even when they lacked accessible termini, suggesting that these substrates themselves promoted gating of the proteasome. This endoproteolysis provides a molecular mechanism for regulated release of transcription factors from inactive precursors as well as a means of accessing internal folding defects of misfolded multidomain proteins.
Trophoblast L-Selectin-Mediated Adhesion at the Maternal-Fetal Interface
Authors: Genbacev Olga D. , Prakobphol Akraporn , Foulk Russell A. , Krtolica Ana R. , Ilic Dusko , Singer Mark S. , Yang Zhi-Qiang , Kiessling Laura L. , Rosen Steven D. , Fisher Susan J.
Published: January 2003

Trophoblast adhesion to the uterine wall is the requisite first step of implantation and, subsequently, placentation. At the maternal-fetal interface, we investigated the expression of selectin adhesion systems that enable leukocyte capture from the bloodstream. On the maternal side, human uterine epithelial cells up-regulated selectin oligosaccharide-based ligands during the window of receptivity. On the fetal side, human trophoblasts expressed L-selectin. This ligand-receptor system was functional, because beads coated with the selectin ligand 6-sulfo sLe
x
bound to trophoblasts, and trophoblasts bound to ligand-expressing uterine luminal epithelium in tissue sections. These results suggest that trophoblast L-selectin mediates interactions with the uterus and that this adhesion mechanism may be critical to establishing human pregnancy.
Nota Bene: Consumption for the Sake of Science
Authors: Lavine Marc
Published: January 2003

How to Dunk a Doughnut
. The Science of Everyday Life.
Len Fisher
. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 2002. 251 pp. £12.99. ISBN 0-297-60756-1.

Fisher uses discussions of the science of everyday phenomena to show how they can open the doors to public understanding and interest as well as attract future scientists.
Radio Emission from an Ultraluminous X-ray Source
Authors: Kaaret Philip , Corbel Stephane , Prestwich Andrea H. , Zezas Andreas
Published: January 2003

The physical nature of ultraluminous x-ray sources is uncertain. Stellar-mass black holes with beamed radiation and intermediate black holes with isotropic radiation are two plausible explanations. We discovered radio emission from an ultraluminous x-ray source in the dwarf irregular galaxy NGC 5408. The x-ray, radio, and optical fluxes as well as the x-ray spectral shape are consistent with beamed relativistic jet emission from an accreting stellar black hole. If confirmed, this would suggest that the ultraluminous x-ray sources may be stellar-mass rather than intermediate-mass black holes. However, interpretation of the source as a jet-producing intermediate-mass black hole cannot be ruled out at this time.
Collapse and Conservation of Shark Populations in the Northwest Atlantic
Authors: Baum Julia K. , Myers Ransom A. , Kehler Daniel G. , Worm Boris , Harley Shelton J. , Doherty Penny A.
Published: January 2003

Overexploitation threatens the future of many large vertebrates. In the ocean, tunas and sea turtles are current conservation concerns because of this intense pressure. The status of most shark species, in contrast, remains uncertain. Using the largest data set in the Northwest Atlantic, we show rapid large declines in large coastal and oceanic shark populations. Scalloped hammerhead, white, and thresher sharks are each estimated to have declined by over 75% in the past 15 years. Closed-area models highlight priority areas for shark conservation, and the need to consider effort reallocation and site selection if marine reserves are to benefit multiple threatened species.
The Global Morphology of Wave Poynting Flux: Powering the Aurora
Authors: Keiling A. , Wygant J. R. , Cattell C. A. , Mozer F. S. , Russell C. T.
Published: January 2003

Large-scale, electric currents flowing along magnetic field lines into the polar regions of Earth are thought to be the main contributors of the energy that powers the ionospheric aurora. However, we have found evidence for global contributions from electromagnetic waves (Alfvén waves). Data that were collected from the Polar spacecraft over the course of 1 year show that the flow of wave electromagnetic energy at altitudes of 25,000 to 38,000 kilometers delineates the statistical auroral oval. The Poynting flux of individual events distributed along the auroral oval was larger than 5 ergs per square centimeter per second, which is sufficient to power auroral acceleration processes. This evidence suggests that in addition to magnetic field-aligned currents, the dayside and nightside aurora is globally powered by the energy flow of these high-altitude Alfvén waves.
Celebrating Technocratic Wisdom
Authors: Foster Kenneth R.
Published: January 2003

Risk and Reason
. Safety, Law, and the Environment. Cass R. Sunstein. Cambridge University Press, New York, 2002. 352 pp. $30, £25. ISBN 0-521-79199-5.

Sunstein argues that considerations of risks to safety, health, and the environment often lead people to fear the wrong things and sometimes lead to actions that make the situation worse. Writing for a broad audience, he discusses the sources of such problems and explores approaches to avoiding them.
ON THE THEORY OF COHERENT PAIR PRODUCTION IN CRYSTALS IN THE PRESENCE OF ACOUSTIC WAVES
Authors: MKRTCHYAN A. R. , SAHARIAN A. A. , GRIGORYAN L. SH. , KHACHATRYAN B. V.
Published: January 2003

The influence of hypersonic waves excited in a single crystal is investigated on the process of electron–positron pair creation by high-energy photons. The coherent part of the corresponding differential cross-section is derived as a function of the amplitude and wave number of the hypersound. The values of the parameters are specified for which the latter affects remarkably on the pair creation cross-section. It is shown that under certain conditions the presence of hypersonic waves can result in enhancement of the process cross-section.
THE COSMOLOGY OF THE CRYSTAL UNIVERSE MODEL
Authors: PIAO YUN-SONG , LI JIAN-TAO
Published: January 2003

We present the cosmological solution of the multi-brane/crystal universe model, to leading order in an expansion about the energy densities on branes, by using the generalized Goldberger–Wise mechanism to stabilize the extra dimension, and give general formula of the Friedmann equations. This is very interesting in the study of the cosmological phenomenon in the multi-brane/crystal universe model. We also compute the shift of the extra dimension between the adjacent branes.
CONSTRAINTS FROM NEUTRINOLESS DOUBLE BETA DECAY
Authors: MATSUDA KOICHI , KIKUCHI TATSURU , FUKUYAMA TAKESHI , NISHIURA HIROYUKI
Published: January 2003

We examine the constraints from the recent HEIDELBERG–MOSCOW double beta decay experiment. It leads us to the almost degenerate or inverse hierarchy neutrino mass scenario. In this scenario, we obtain possible upper bounds for the Majorana CP violating phase in the lepton sector by incorporating the data from the neutrino oscillation, the single beta decay experiments, and from the astrophysical observation. We also predict the neutrino mass that may be measurable in the future beta decay experiments.
QUANTUM BRST AND ANTI-BRST INVARIANCE OF THE Uq(2) BF–YANG–MILLS THEORY: THE QUANTUM BATALIN–VILKOVISKY OPERATOR
Authors: MESREF L.
Published: January 2003

In this paper, we present the quantum Uq(2) BF–Yang–Mills theory. Quantization using BRST and anti-BRST symmetry formalisms is discussed. We introduce the quantum analog of the Batalin–Vilkovisky operator, the quantum antibracket and the quantum master equation. The construction of this quantum gauge theory is elaborated in order to fit the Hopf algebra structure.
NON-ABELIAN VORTEX AND CONFINEMENT
Authors: KONISHI KENICHI , SPANU LEONARDO
Published: January 2003

We discuss general properties and possible types of magnetic vortices in non-Abelian gauge theories (we consider here G = SU (N), SO (N), USp (2N)) in the Higgs phase. The sources of such vortices carry "fractional" quantum numbers such as Zn charge (for SU (N)), but also full non-Abelian charges of the dual gauge group. If such a model emerges as an effective dual magnetic theory of the fundamental (electric) theory, the non-Abelian vortices can provide for the mechanism of quark confinement in the latter.
PSEUDOSUPERSYMMETRIC QUANTUM MECHANICS: GENERAL CASE, ORTHOSUPERSYMMETRIES, REDUCIBILITY, AND BOSONIZATION
Authors: QUESNE C. , VANSTEENKISTE N.
Published: January 2003

Pseudosupersymmetric quantum mechanics (PsSSQM), based upon the use of pseudofermions, was introduced in the context of a new Kemmer equation describing charged vector mesons interacting with an external constant magnetic field. Here we construct the complete explicit solution for its realization in terms of two superpotentials, both equal or unequal. We prove that any orthosupersymmetric quantum mechanical system has a pseudosupersymmetry and give conditions under which a pseudosupersymmetric one may be described by orthosupersymmetries of order two. We propose two new matrix realizations of PsSSQM in terms of the generators of a generalized deformed oscillator algebra (GDOA) and relate them to the cases of equal or unequal superpotentials, respectively. We demonstrate that these matrix realizations are fully reducible and that their irreducible components provide two distinct sets of bosonized operators realizing PsSSQM and corresponding to nonlinear spectra. We relate such results to some previous ones obtained for a GDOA connected with a C3-extended oscillator algebra (where C3 = ℤ3) in the case of linear spectra.
IMPACT PARAMETER SPACE INTERPRETATION FOR GENERALIZED PARTON DISTRIBUTIONS
Authors: BURKARDT MATTHIAS
Published: January 2003

The Fourier transform of generalized parton distribution functions at ξ = 0 describes the distribution of partons in the transverse plane. The physical significance of these impact parameter dependent parton distribution functions is discussed. In particular, it is shown that they satisfy positivity constraints which justify their physical interpretation as a probability density. The generalized parton distribution H is related to impact parameter distribution of unpolarized quarks for an unpolarized nucleon, [Formula: see text] is related to the distribution of longitudinally polarized quarks in a longitudinally polarized nucleon, and E is related to the distortion of the unpolarized quark distribution in the transverse plane when the nucleon has transverse polarization. The magnitude of the resulting transverse flavor dipole moment can be related to the anomalous magnetic moment for that flavor in a model independent way.
OBTAINING BOUNDS ON THE SUM OF DIVERGENT SERIES IN PHYSICS
Authors: PARWANI RAJESH R.
Published: January 2003

Under certain circumstances, some of which are made explicit here, one can deduce bounds on the full sum of a perturbation series of a physical quantity by using a variational Borel map on the partial series. The method is illustrated by applying it to various examples, physical and mathematical.
CONTRACTION OF THE FINITE ONE-DIMENSIONAL OSCILLATOR
Authors: ATAKISHIYEV NATIG M. , POGOSYAN GEORGE S. , WOLF KURT BERNARDO
Published: January 2003

The finite oscillator model of 2j + 1 points has the dynamical algebra u(2), consisting of position, momentum and mode number. It is a paradigm of finite quantum mechanics where a sequence of finite unitary models contract to the well-known continuum theory. We examine its contraction as the number and density of points increase. This is done on the level of the dynamical algebra, of the Schrödinger difference equation, the (Kravchuk) wave functions, and the Fourier–Kravchuk transformation between position and momentum representations.
Computer aided process and design optimization for injection moulding
Authors: Turng L-S , Peić M
Published: January 2003

Sophisticated computer aided engineering (CAE) simulation tools for injection moulding have been available and are now widely used in industrial practices. As a result, the design and manufacturing of injection-moulded parts have been literally transformed from a ‘black art’ to an engineering discipline based on scientific principles. It is well recognized that computer simulation tools help engineers to gain process insight and to pinpoint blind spots and problems that are overlooked. Nevertheless, there remains a missing link in CAE, which lies in the ability to identify effectively the optimal design and process variables, as it is hampered by the sheer amount of computer-generated data and complex non-linear interactions among those input variables. This paper presents the system implementation and experimental verifications of an integrated CAE optimization tool that couples a process simulation program with optimization algorithms to determine intelligently and automatically the optimal design and process variables for injection moulding. In addition, this study enables evaluation and comparison of various local and global optimization algorithms in terms of computational efficiency and effectiveness for injection moulding, as presented in this paper.
Improved mould design in metal injection moulding by combination of numerical simulations and experiments
Authors: Gelin J-C , Barriere T , Liu B
Published: January 2003

Metal injection moulding combines thermoplastic injection moulding and powder metallurgy technologies to produce small and intricate metallic parts in a near net shape. The injection stage is of primary importance and the injection moulding of a metallic powder and plastic binder permits the desired shape to be obtained. A procedure is proposed for mould cavity design and optimal choice of injection parameters. This procedure is based on both numerical simulation by the finite element method and experiments allowing a primer choice and an update of injection moulding parameters. The powder segregation phenomena have been also investigated by experiments, moulding and simulation and an approach based on a biphasic flow approach has been proposed that permits powder segregation to occur during injection. Based on that approach, a three-dimensional finite element software has been developed and used for simulation. Experiments and numerical investigations on powder segregation have been carried out and results are presented that are in good agreement with experiments.
Development of a semi-automated die casting die design system
Authors: Fuh J Y H , Wu S H , Lee K S
Published: January 2003

The die casting industry has an imperative need for an automated or semi-automated approach for die casting die design. One of the key challenges that die makers face is how to shorten the lead-time to the market and reduce the cost in die design and manufacturing. Most die makers have employed computer aided design (CAD) systems to improve the efficiency and quality of die design. However, conventional CAD systems do not have the functionality specially for the die casting die design, therefore, a specific computer aided system for die casting die design is needed to meet the market demand. This paper describes a prototype system structured by several functional modules as specific add-on applications on a commercial CAD system for die casting die design. These modules include data initialization, cavity layout, gating system design, die-base, parting, standard component design, etc. Focus of the development will be placed on gating, runner and die-base design.
Optimization for boiling heat transfer determination and enhancement in pressure die casting
Authors: Davey K , Hinduja S , Clark L D
Published: January 2003

Boiling in cooling channels has recently been demonstrated to be an effective mechanism for heat extraction in pressure die casting. Boiling heat transfer can be enhanced by cooling channel shape optimization. The occurrence of boiling presents a non-linear thermal problem which, when combined with shape optimization, necessitates the solving of non-linear equations for each channel configuration. In this paper a methodology is presented that involves the use of optimization for the combined determination of channel shapes and heat transfer coefficients. It is shown in the paper how this approach results in the accurate determination of boiling heat transfer coefficients on the final optimized cooling channel configuration. The non-linear thermal problem is calculated at very little computational cost over that required for a comparable linear problem. Focus in the paper is on the application of the methodology to the pressure die casting process. The approach adopted is founded on a design sensitivity analysis using the material derivative adjoint variable method. The thermal model for the pressure die casting process is founded on the boundary element method and the optimization is performed using a conjugate gradient scheme. Geometrical constraints are enforced using buffer elements superimposed on to the boundary element mesh. Numerical and experimental trials are performed to demonstrate the potential of the new optimization methodology.
An innovative and practical design automation system for progressive dies
Authors: Zhang W Z , Jiang R D , Cheok B T , Nee A Y C
Published: January 2003

This paper describes an innovative approach for the design automation of progressive dies. The die design is modelled as a process to design its die functions. A template concept used to realize the die structure for a die function is proposed in the paper. A user begins by defining the geometric and stamping features of a sheet metal part. The geometric and feature information is processed and stored in a knowledge-based system. After automatic unfolding and nesting operations, the stamping process is interactively staged. Thereafter, a model-based approach takes over and generates the knowledge-based description of the die. Using special semantics to describe the die topology and assembly relations, a three-dimensional solid model of the entire die assembly is generated from the die description knowledge base. This system is able to produce three-dimensional strip layout, three-dimensional die components and assembly, and annotated two-dimensional production drawings. It significantly improves stamping die design productivity and accuracy, which is achieved through the capturing and processing of die design knowledge.
Overview of layer manufacturing technologies, opportunities, options and applications for rapid tooling
Authors: Levy G N , Schindel R
Published: January 2003

The motivations applying to layer manufacturing emerging technologies in the product development cycle are considered. The interaction between virtual reality computer applications and physical manufacturing primarily rapid tooling is studied. This paper describes a holistic approach and optimization methodology in time and cost for injection moulded plastic parts, applicable for further tooling applications. Furthermore, some applications for die-casting and forming tools are cited. The benefits of optimization stages, cost, time and obtained final results are discussed. The benefit of using principally selective laser sintering with interactive modelling and simulation is demonstrated. Trends and concluding remarks round up the authors' reported experience and the state-of-the-art.