bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temperature-Dependent Dual-Operation Mode for Energy Tunnel Integrated with Phase-Change Materials in Geothermal Environment
Authors: Wang Qiling , Zhang Jiaolong , Xiao Peng , Chen Xi , Koenders Eddie , Yuan Yong
Published: January 2025

The exploration and harnessing of thermal energy in geothermal tunnels have gradually emerged as a new research topic. This study employs concrete modified with phase-change materials (PCMs) as a pivotal material for geothermal energy tunnels and introduces a temperature-dependent dual-operation mode. The system, functioning in a dual-operation mode of cooling and storage, facilitates adjustment of the tunnel temperature field and extraction of geothermal energy. A comprehensive multi-field coupled finite element model is established, simulating the energy tunnel with PCMs under the proposed operation. Results demonstrate that the temperature-dependent dual-operation mode effectively maximizes the energy storage capacity of PCMs, leading to an annual increase in energy extraction ranging from 0% to 7.73% as the PCM mass fraction escalates from 0% to 20%. Additionally, a parametric analysis is conducted to evaluate the operational efficacy of the system considering the thermal properties of PCMs. Enhanced performance in heat reduction and energy extraction is observed with narrower phase-change temperature windows, and the PCMs with low latent heat show advantages in energy extraction under this operational mode.
Towards Circular and Sustainable Insulation Solutions: Resolving Uncertainty in the Thermal Conductivity of Mycelium-Based Composites (MBCs)
Authors: Wildman Joni , Shea Andrew , Henk Daniel , Naido Martin , Walker Pete
Published: January 2025

Insulation materials are critical for reducing building space heating energy demands and achieving net-zero targets, as well as for improved occupant thermal comfort. However, traditional insulation materials are frequently derived from unsustainable sources, therefore contributing to carbon emissions and environmental degradation. Mycelium-based composites (MBCs), a bio-based material made from mycelium—the filamentous structures of fungi—and an organic substrate, are a sustainable alternative. Thermal characterisation of insulation materials is a vital component of research and development of construction materials and underpins subsequent operational and embodied energy performance evaluation. Transient methods generally permit rapid testing and use of small specimen sizes, which is highly advantageous in material development. However, steady-state methods show more accurate measurements, especially for materials with some heterogeneity. The objective of this study is to identify sources of uncertainty in the thermal characterisation of MBCs, such as the presence of the fungal skin layer, and to seek to mitigate their effect such that reported thermal performance determined from both steady and transient methods could be more meaningfully compared. In this study, we found that, compared to thermal conductivity measured using a Heat Flow Meter (HFM) at 10 °C, the Hot Disk (HD) overestimates thermal conductivity by 40% for samples with the fungal skin on, and 26% for the samples with the skin off. In comparison to the HFM results at 20 °C, the HD overestimates thermal conductivity by 24% for the sample with skin on, and 11% for the sample with skin off.
A Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Ordinary Portland Cement, Limestone Calcined Clay Cement and Mining Waste Marl Cement
Authors: Rhaouti Yasmine , Taha Yassine , Benzaazoua Mostafa
Published: January 2025

Morocco aims to decarbonise its cement subsector, responsible for 91% of domestic industrial CO2 emissions. To that end, clinker reduction figures among the main strategies listed in the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) put forward by the country in 2021. Clinker reduction can be achieved through its substitution with supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). One type of SCM widely available in Morocco is marl, abundantly deposited in Moroccan phosphate mines. Valorising phosphate marl as an SCM in cement production will thus reduce cement-related CO2 emissions while bringing an element of circular economy to the table. To estimate the environmental potential of this solution and benchmark it against existing cements, a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of ordinary Portland cement (OPC), calcined marl cement (CMC) and limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) has been conducted. The first part of the study is a cradle-to-gate LCA of 1 ton of cement. Results show that CMC and LC3, due to their lower clinker content, respectively emit 22% and 42% less CO2 than OPC. In the second part of the study, durability and compressive strength are quantified and then considered in an upgraded functional unit: 1 ton of cement per MPa per year. Results show that CMC and LC3 this time emit respectively 29% and 70% less CO2 than OPC. A sensitivity analysis of the results to the choice of the impact method was carried out. The disparities between Impact World+ and ReCiPe 2016 illustrate the importance of interpreting LCA results in light of the chosen impact method.
Low Carbon-Oriented Concrete Mix Optimization Using Ensemble Learning and NSGA-II
Authors: DENG Lin , Zhang Xueqing
Published: January 2025

To achieve an optimal balance among concrete’s technical properties, environmental impacts, and economic costs, this chapter proposes a three-level ensemble learning framework for concrete strength prediction and then uses NSGA-II and TOPSIS method for multi-objective optimization of strength, cost, and carbon emissions. The results show that stacking and voting methods have better model performance in terms of predicting concrete strength. NSGA-II can effectively obtain Pareto solutions when strength is lower than 50 Mpa, which may be due to limited datasets. A larger concrete mix dataset is necessary to obtain robust optimization results. Future research can focus on incorporation of domain knowledge into machine learning model, a hybrid of MOO algorithms, more interactive Pareto pruning methods based on decision makers’ preferences, etc.
Reducing Carbon Footprint of RC Structure in Saline Exposure: Bangladesh Perspective
Authors: Pallab Nazmus Sakib , Sultana Mahin , Sakib Saadman , Barua Amrita , Manzur Tanvir
Published: January 2025

The construction industry in Bangladesh is actively pursuing the goal of preserving the equilibrium between the amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs) produced and expelled from the atmosphere. An ideal way to reduce CO2 emissions from concrete production is the utilization of industrial by-products like class F fly ash, slag, etc. as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). On the other hand, reducing the life cycle cost (LCC) through the extension of service life could also be an effective way to reduce the overall carbon footprint of any RC infrastructure, particularly in saline exposure. Higher service life ensures lesser repair work for a corroded marine RC element and eventually results in reduced CO2 emission in the lifetime. Therefore, it is evident that producing concrete with proper proportions of SCMs and other mix parameters to achieve the desired service life can reduce both the initial and long-term carbon emission potential of an RC structure in saline exposures. With this end in view, a case study is presented where concrete mixes have been prepared using different binder types (both customized and commercially available composite blends) for a particular design strength commonly used in Bangladesh. The service life and repair frequency of an RC element made of considered concrete mixes have been predicted through the electrical resistivity of the mixes. LIFE-365 software has been used for the analysis. It has been found that commercially available CEM III and the blended mix of CEM I with 30% slag plus 20% fly ash exhibited prolonged corrosion initiation time, least repair requirements during the service life of 100 -years and consequently, lower LCC and overall CO2 emissions as compared to other mixes used. The outcome of the study thus necessitates the inclusion of required policies and guidelines in local construction supply chains and practices to reduce embodied carbon of RC construction.
CO2 Reductions Utilising Self-Stressing Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete
Authors: Suta Martins , Gaile Liga , Cepuritis Rolands
Published: January 2025

A novel system utilising steel-fibre reinforced concrete (SFRSSC) has been developed and implemented in projects in the recent years for structures such as ground-based slabs and ground-level elevated slabs on piles among others. Being that the system is chemically prestressing the concrete, this compressive self-stress can be used to significantly decrease the thickness of the structures while maintaining their load bearing capacity yet decreasing the materials used and lowering the emissions caused by making the said structures. Recently, a comparative full-scale testing has been conducted to compare the impact of the chemical self-stress on the load bearing capacity of a supposed ground-level slab on piles when looked in a comparison with a more traditional steel fibre reinforced concrete slab in a practically identical situation. This document shall shed light on the possibilities of reducing the CO2 emissions via usage of SFRSSC when compared to other existing more traditional construction systems. The full-scale tests revealed that the SFRSSC slab could bear approximately 30% higher loading while maintaining 30% lower deflections and exhibiting lower number of cracking. This, in turn, allows for making SFRSSC slabs significantly thinner, thus reducing the emissions caused by the extraction of raw materials, transportation of the said materials, production of the concrete and production of the structure itself.
Investigation of Lightweight Ultra-High-Performance Concrete for Net-Zero Solutions
Authors: Ramezani Amir , Shafei Behrouz
Published: January 2025

This chapter investigates the potential of lightweight ultra-high-performance concrete (LUHPC) with a focus on its application in sustainable construction. The objectives encompassed an analysis of LUHPC’s workability, heat of hydration, autogenous shrinkage, and carbon footprint through a multidisciplinary approach. Methodologically, an extensive review of existing literature was conducted, consolidating findings from experimental investigations. Key findings elucidate that the integration of lightweight aggregates (LWAs) positively impacts LUHPC’s workability by reducing water demand and enhancing particle movement. Moreover, LWAs facilitate internal curing, mitigating autogenous shrinkage, and improving hydration degree. The utilization of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) and sustainable additives further reduces LUHPC’s carbon footprint, manifesting notable reductions in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy consumption. These findings underscore LUHPC’s potential for sustainable construction practices, offering structures that are both lighter and stronger with a diminished environmental impact. The findings of this study indicate emerging opportunities for improving the utilization of LUHPC mixtures in construction projects, focusing on promoting workability, durability, and environmental sustainability.
Bio-Based Polymer Composites Used in the Building Industry: A Review
Authors: Nwankwo Chinyere O. , Mahachi Jeffrey
Published: January 2025

Material development science in the construction industry is saddled with the responsibility of seeking alternative materials that can alleviate the reliance on virgin resources, reduce the energy use associated with building material production, mitigate the pollution associated with the disposal of building materials, and ultimately foster a more sustainable environment. In recent years, fibre-reinforced polymer composites have garnered attention across diverse sectors like automobiles, consumer products, transportation, packaging, and construction. However, bio-based alternatives to these composites offer a promising avenue towards creating more environment-friendly building materials. This paper explores the practical applications of bio-based polymer composites in non-structural contexts, such as building panels, partitions, facades, and structural applications, including internal and external reinforcement. It examines the benefits and challenges inherent in these applications, drawing insights from a comprehensive review of research in the field. Through this review, the paper sheds light on the potential of bio-based polymer composites in developing more sustainable construction materials, providing a pathway towards a greener and more sustainable built environment.
A Case Study of Sustainable Resource Management Through Reuse of Building Materials
Authors: Baarnes Sunniva , Liang Emma Zheng
Published: January 2025

This case study addresses the reutilization of building elements, encompassing the mapping of reusable components during the demolition phase and their reintegration in the refurbishment project Grensen 9b, an office building in Oslo, Norway. Grensen 9b project has the ambition to achieve BREEAM-NOR v6.0 certification at least at the “Very Good” level as well as reducing the CO2eq-emissions from building materials by 93% compared to a new build. The research investigates how these practices can impact sustainable development within the building industry through realizing efforts that have a high transferability to the rest of the built environment. Particularly, focus is also with the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and resource management in a life cycle perspective. Through a practical project analysis, current research uncovers the essential steps involved in identifying and preserving elements that can be reused. This process not only mitigates the environmental repercussions of demolition but also diminishes the demand for new materials, consequently reducing the associated carbon footprint. Efforts made to design for future reuse will also be mapped. Such practices hold great potential in the overarching mission of curtailing carbon emissions and aligning with the broader objectives of climate change mitigation and resource optimization. Moreover, this study explores the practical challenges, feasibility, and best practices associated with reusing building elements, and designing for future reuse, making it a valuable resource.
Wirtschaftsverkehr – Logistik – Supply Chain Management
Authors: Flämig Heike
Published: January 2025

Die sozialwissenschaftliche Wirtschaftsverkehrsforschung hängt der Personenverkehrsforschung hinterher. Obwohl viele Ansätze für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung von Logistik und Wirtschaftsverkehr identifiziert werden können, scheitern deren Umsetzung häufig an den jeweiligen Handlungsspielräumen der vielfältigen Akteure. Erforderlich ist eine systemische Betrachtung, bei denen die logistischen Strukturen von Städten und Regionen als Ganzes begriffen werden und zum Gegenstand systematischer, integrierter Strategien von Politik, Planung und Unternehmen gemacht werden.
The role of carotid elongation for intervention time and outcome in mechanical thrombectomy for anterior circulation acute ischemic stroke
Authors: Ivan Vivien Lorena , Rubbert Christian , Weiß Daniel , Wolf Luisa , Vach Marius , Kaschner Marius , Turowski Bernd , Gliem Michael , Lee John-Ih , Ruck Tobias , Caspers Julian
Published: January 2025

Introduction

This study investigates the influence of carotid artery elongation on neurovascular intervention and outcome in acute stroke treatments proposing an easily assessable imaging marker for carotid elongation.

Methods

118 patients who underwent mechanical thrombectomy for middle cerebral artery occlusions were included. The carotid elongation ratio (CER), center-line artery length to scan’s Z-axis, was measured on the affected side in CT-angiographies. Full and partial correlations of CER with periprocedural times, complications and outcome were computed. Multivariate logistic regression, including comorbidities, for prediction of dichotomized mRS outcome after 3 months was performed.

Results

CER showed no significant correlation with recanalization success. Weak, outlier-driven correlation was found with recanalization time (p = 0.021, cor = 0.2). Weak correlations were found with improvement of NIHSS score at discharge and mRS score after 3 months (p = 0.023 and p = 0.031, each rho=-0.2). There was moderate correlation with NIHSS score at discharge (p = 0.001, rho = 0.3). Patients with favorable outcomes (mRS 0–2) exhibited lower CER (p = 0.012). Partial correlations of CER with favorable outcomes were observed after correcting for age, sex and cardiovascular risk factors (cor = 0.2, p = 0.048). Multivariate analysis (Nagelkerke’s R2 = 0.42) identified NIHSS score at admission, diabetes, hypertension and intervention time as significant factors for predicting outcome at 3 month, while CER showed the highest log Odd’s (2.97).

Conclusion

Correlations between CER and clinical improvement suggest that carotid elongation might be a risk factor for poorer outcome without relevant effect on endovascular treatment and should not guide treatment decisions. Further studies should consider carotid elongation as an individual neurovascular risk factor, independent of hypertension.
Cost analysis of laparoscopic total versus open total gastrectomy in gastric cancer
Authors: Maurer Max M. , Knitter Sebastian , Winter Axel , Saidy Ramin Raul Ossami , Dobrindt Eva M. , Seika Philippa , Ritschl Paul V. , Raakow Jonas , Reinus Judith , Pratschke Johann , Denecke Christian
Published: January 2025

Purpose

Despite ongoing discussions concerning clinical equivalence of laparoscopic total gastrectomy (LTG) compared to open total gastrectomy (OTG) in gastric cancer (GC) surgery, complementary evidence regarding financial implications is sparse. The aim of this study was to compare hospital associated expenses and perioperative outcomes between both approaches.

Methods

Clinicopathological and financial data from 80 consecutive GC patients undergoing LTG or OTG between 2015 and 2022 were investigated. Patient baseline characteristics, perioperative results, long-term outcomes and financial expenses up to 30 days after discharge were compared. A binary logistic regression model to identify individual cost drivers was performed.

Results

LTG was associated with significantly prolonged operating time (281 min vs. 245 min, p < 0.02). However, LTG demonstrated a trend towards lower total (18,708 € vs. 22,810 €, p = 0.11) and median daily (1,516 € vs. 1,721 €, p = 0.25) expenses, yet not reaching statistical significance. Decreased ICU costs emerged as the greatest single cost reducer in LTG (962 € vs. 2,147 €, p = 0.10). Hospital length of stay ≥ 15 days was the only independent cost driver for increased expenses (HR [95% CI] = 13,2 [3.0-58.9], p < 0.01). Ultimately, patients undergoing LTG and OTG demonstrated similar outcomes in terms of perioperative morbidity (n = 8, 13% vs. n = 3, 17%, p = 0.70), median number of resected lymph nodes (n = 32 vs. n = 33, p = 0.72), absence of 90-day mortality, and long-term survival (p = 0.47).

Conclusion

Although typically involving longer operating times, LTG tends to be linked with decreased hospital costs, yet not reaching statistical significance. The ongoing establishment of LTG seems not to pose additional financial burdens for surgical departments.
Fixed Parameter Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms for the W-Separator Problem
Authors: Baguley Samuel , Friedrich Tobias , Neumann Aneta , Neumann Frank , Pappik Marcus , Zeif Ziena
Published: January 2025

Parameterized analysis provides powerful mechanisms for obtaining fine-grained insights into different types of algorithms. In this work, we combine this field with evolutionary algorithms and provide parameterized complexity analysis of evolutionary multi-objective algorithms for the W-separator problem, which is a natural generalization of the vertex cover problem. The goal is to remove the minimum number of vertices such that each connected component in the resulting graph has at most W vertices. We provide different multi-objective formulations involving two or three objectives that provably lead to fixed-parameter evolutionary algorithms with respect to the value of an optimal solution OPT and W. Of particular interest are kernelizations and the reducible structures used for them. We show that in expectation the algorithms make incremental progress in finding such structures and beyond. The current best known kernelization of the W-separator uses linear programming methods and requires non-trivial post-processing steps to extract the reducible structures. We provide additional structural features to show that evolutionary algorithms with appropriate objectives are also capable of extracting them. Our results show that evolutionary algorithms with different objectives guide the search and admit fixed parameterized runtimes to solve or approximate (even arbitrarily close) the W-separator problem.
Experiences of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer participating in a supervised exercise intervention during chemotherapy
Authors: Brouwer Calvin G. , Tusscher Marieke R. ten , de Roos Bente M. , Gootjes Elske C. , Buffart Tineke E. , Versteeg Kathelijn S. , Mast Isa H. , Streppel Mirte M. , Werter Inge M. , May Anne M. , Verheul Henk M. W. , Buffart Laurien M. ,   on behalf of the AMICO Consortium, Roodhart Jeanine M. L. , Wumkes Miriam L. , Sommeijer Dirkje W. , Creemers Geert-Jan , Otten Hans-Martin M. B. , van Zweeden Annette , Beeker Aart , Janssen Johan J. B. , Bolhuis Karen
Published: January 2025

Purpose

Patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) undergoing systemic treatment often experience toxicities. Although exercise may improve physical fitness and quality of life and counteract treatment toxicity, knowledge in patients with mCRC is limited. The ongoing randomized controlled AMICO trial evaluates the effects of supervised exercise on clinical outcomes. The present qualitative study was a pre-planned part of this trial aiming to capture adherence, satisfaction, and perceived effects of exercise among patients with mCRC.

Methods

Patients with mCRC receiving first-line systemic treatment were randomized (1:1:1) to a control group or one of two supervised exercise arms including continuous aerobic exercise with either resistance exercises or high-intensity interval training. Semi-structured interviews with patients in the exercise arms were transcribed verbatim and thematically analyzed. Descriptive data on adherence (exercise logs) and satisfaction (questionnaire) was collected to complement and contextualize the qualitative findings.

Results

Twenty-one patients were interviewed. Median exercise attendance was 67% [IQR 35–91], and the median satisfaction score was 8 [IQR 8–9] out of 10. Patients valued the guidance and knowledge of the physical therapist and expressed interindividual preferences regarding training content. Patients experienced that exercise improved their physical and mental wellbeing and helped them to endure treatment. Perceived exercise barriers were treatment toxicity, physical problems, and hospital appointments. Perceived exercise facilitators included adequate tailoring and internal or external motivation.

Conclusion

Patients with mCRC appreciated exercise during systemic treatment and perceived several beneficial effects, both physically and mentally. Exercise attendance varied and barriers were mainly treatment- and disease-related.

Trial registration

Clinical trial.GOV ID: NCT04754672.

Date of registration: 04–12-2020.
The efficacy of lavender oil on fatigue and sleep quality in patients with hematological malignancy receiving chemotherapy: a single-blind randomized controlled trial
Authors: Yildirim Dilek , Harman Ozdogan Merve , Erdal Seckin , Selcuk Sevinc , Guneri Azize , Simsek Elif Begum , Can Taha Berkay , Gunduz Hazal , Kuni Aysem
Published: January 2025

Purpose

The aim of this study is to evaluate how aromatherapy with the inhalation of lavender oil affects fatigue and sleep quality in patients with hematological malignancies undergoing chemotherapy.

Methods

This randomized, parallel-group study was carried out in the Adult Bone Marrow Transplant unit and Hematology-Oncology clinics between January 2022 and April 2023. A total of 120 patients were assigned to experimental and control groups by randomization. The study was completed with 100 patients including 50 in the experimental group and 50 in the control group. Lavender essential oil was applied to the experimental group for 20 min prior to going to bed every night for 5 consecutive days. Physiological saline solution was applied to the control group in the same way. A Participant Information Form, the Richards-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire, and the Piper Fatigue Scale were used as data collection tools.

Results

The experimental group showed a significantly higher sleep quality (p = 0.001) and had a significantly lower PFS scores (p = 0.001) compared to the control group. Also, the mean scores of the experimental group on the Behavioral, Sensory, and Cognitive subscales were statistically significantly lower than the scores of the control group (p < 0.05). Variables of lavender aromatherapy and total sleep quality accounted for 17.1% of the variance in fatigue levels (R
2 = 0.171).

Conclusions

Consequently, it was determined that aromatherapy with lavender essential oil significantly alleviated fatigue and lowered PFS total and subscale scores in patients with hematological malignancies undergoing chemotherapy. Also, sleep quality significantly enhanced in the overall PFS and its subscales.

Trial registration.

NCT05808296. Date of Registration: 30 March 2023.
Assessing the impact of climate change on rainfall-triggered landslides: a case study in California
Authors: Semnani Shabnam J. , Han Yi , Bonfils Céline J. , White Joshua A.
Published: January 2025

Landslides are widespread natural hazards which take a heavy toll on lives, property, and infrastructure each year. In January 2023 and 2024, widespread landslides occurred in California as a result of extreme winter precipitation. Estimating the regional evolution of landslide hazard in a changing climate is essential for adaptation planning and risk mitigation efforts. The complex effects of climate change on landslide hazard, however, are poorly understood. Here, we use climate and landslide observations to develop a novel data-driven approach for landslide susceptibility assessment under historical and future climate conditions. We apply this framework to investigate the evolution of landslide susceptibility in California and its impacts on the roadway system based on downscaled climate projections under moderate and high greenhouse gas emission scenarios. On average, the results indicate an increase in landslide susceptibility through 2100 in regions where historical susceptibility is moderate to very high. Although the spatio-temporal variations in landslide susceptibility are sensitive to climate model uncertainties in predicting extreme rainfall, the direst impacts are largely circumvented in lower emission scenarios.
Homogeneous synthesis of polygalacturonic acid acetoacetates: the starting point for all-polysaccharide-based living networks
Authors: Würfel Hendryk , Atmani Zakaria , Gericke Martin , Heinze Thomas
Published: January 2025

This study presents the homogeneous synthesis of polygalacturonic acid acetoacetates (PAAs) under various conditions using dimethyl sulfoxide as reaction medium and 2,2,6-trimethyl-4H-1,3-dioxin-4-one as reagent. The preparation of PAA was influenced by reaction temperature and time, with higher temperatures the conversion is accelerated. The resulting PAAs were soluble in both organic- and aqueous media. Structural characterization through NMR and IR spectroscopy confirmed the successful chemical modification, indicated by distinct signals of the acetoacetate group. The study further explored the abilities of PAA to form hydrogels (HG) by reversible covalent cross-linking with polygalacturonic acid hydrazides. Rheological evaluations demonstrated rapid gelation and revealed the mechanical properties of the resulting hydrogels, which could be fine-tuned by adjusting polymer concentrations. This research contributes to the advancement of polysaccharide-based HGs, offering new methodologies for developing functional biomaterials for advanced medical applications.
Preliminary insights into manta ray (Mobula alfredi and M. birostris) population demographics and distribution in South Africa
Authors: Carpenter M. , Cullain N. , Daly R. , Smith G. , Dicken M. , Dames V. , Griffiths C. L. , Marshall A. D.
Published: January 2025

Both the reef manta ray, Mobula alfredi and oceanic manta ray M. birostris, are repeatedly observed in South Africa, yet little is known about the distributions of either species. In this study, we collated citizen science observations since 2003 to reveal six areas in the KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) and Eastern Cape provinces, where manta rays have been sighted across multiple years. Using their unique ventral spot patterning, 184 individuals were photo-identified, comprising 139 M. alfredi and 45 M. birostris. Most of the photo-identified M. alfredi individuals were encountered in the iSimangaliso Wetland Park (IWP) in KZN (89%; n = 119) and for M. birostris, Aliwal Shoal (48%; n = 22). We identified 32 new transboundary records of 28 M. alfredi also photographed in the Inhambane Province, Mozambique, demonstrating connectivity, specifically to Závora (n = 27). One M. alfredi individual traveled multiple times between the IWP and Závora, Mozambique, totaling 1305 km, and another individual traveled from the Pondoland MPA to the IWP in South Africa, a distance of over 600 km. Further, we extend the southern range for M. alfredi in Africa by over 500 km from Mdumbi Beach to Port Ngqura, Eastern Cape. These collective findings represent South Africa’s first in-water assessment of manta ray aggregations, showing the IWP in particular to be a critical habitat for M. alfredi. Further, the movements documented here suggest the M. alfredi population in southern Africa to be one of the most mobile globally. We hope the baseline data provided here will drive increased research and transboundary management for M. alfredi and M. birostris along the KZN and Eastern Cape coastlines.
Experimental Study of Heat Transfer Through Windows Exposed to a Radiant Panel Heater
Authors: Schrader Rebekah L. , Ni Shuna , Dow Nicholas W. , Willi Joseph M. , DiDomizio Matthew J. , Horn Gavin P.
Published: January 2025

Structure hardening is a key strategy to help mitigate building destruction during wildland-urban interface fires. Windows represent an important vulnerability for structure failure by allowing heat transfer to interior combustibles, and in cases of mechanical failure, an entry point for flames and/or embers. The purpose of this study is to characterize heat transfer through windows with various common construction variables (plain (annealed) versus tempered glass, single- versus double-pane, low-emissivity coating versus no coating, and air-filled versus argon-filled pane gap). Small-scale experiments were performed with 23 cm by 23 cm windows exposed to a radiant panel producing centerpoint incident heat fluxes of 10 $$\hbox {kW/m}^{2}$$

kW/m
2

, 20 $$\hbox {kW/m}^{2}$$

kW/m
2

, 30 $$\hbox {kW/m}^{2}$$

kW/m
2

, 40 $$\hbox {kW/m}^{2}$$

kW/m
2

, and 50 $$\hbox {kW/m}^{2}$$

kW/m
2

. Total heat flux was measured 5.1 cm behind the window glass. Times of pane cracking and other failure events were recorded. Double-pane designs reduced heat transfer through a window more than the single-pane design (measured 13% to 43% and 39% to 60% of the incident heat flux, respectively). Heat transfer was further reduced when a low-emissivity coating was present (measured 5 to 14% of the incident heat flux). The differences in measured heat flux behind plain glass versus tempered glass windows and air-filled versus argon-filled windows were not statistically significant. Tempered glass performed better than plain glass, and double-pane argon-filled windows consistently survived longer than double-pane air-filled windows. In some cases, heat fluxes measured behind the windows surpassed the critical heat flux required for ignition of some common household combustibles.
“Interactive lessons are great, but too much is too much”: Hearing out neurodivergent students, Universal Design for Learning and the case for integrating more anonymous technology in higher education
Authors: Durgungoz Fatma Canan , Durgungoz Ahmet
Published: January 2025

This study investigates the role of neurodivergent (ND) students’ voices in shaping educational experiences and engagement in higher education (HE). There is a significant gap in the literature on incorporating ND students’ voices in curriculum design in HE. By integrating Universal Design for Learning (UDL) elements, this study aimed to enhance cognitive and emotional engagement among ND and neurotypical (NT) students. This study utilised a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods. Quantitative data were collected over 8 weeks, transitioning from traditional lecture-based teaching to UDL-enhanced sessions. Our findings reveal that UDL strategies benefit ND and NT students, improving their cognitive and emotional engagement. Qualitative results highlighted that traditional lectures often lacked engagement, while interactive activities were generally preferred. However, too much interactivity, particularly in group discussions, was sometimes overwhelming. ND students preferred anonymous, technology-driven interactions and practical tasks, allowing them to participate more effectively in learning. This study underlines the importance of incorporating ND student voices in curriculum design to create supportive and empowering educational environments for all students. By addressing the unique needs of ND students, this research contributes to the ongoing discourse on student voice in HE, emphasising the need for flexible and inclusive teaching practices that offer diverse learning preferences.
Depression Literacy in Parents of Adolescents in Ireland: Exploring Associations with Gender, Age of Adolescent, and Empathy
Authors: Byrne Sadhbh J. , Nixon Elizabeth , Swords Lorraine
Published: January 2025

Depression is among the most prevalent mental health issues affecting adolescents. Parents may play an important role in identifying warning signs of depression and providing support. However, little is known about how parents understand and respond to the early signs of adolescent depression, or their depression literacy (DL). The factors associated with their DL are also unclear. This questionnaire-based study aimed to explore DL in a sample of primary caregivers (n = 321, M
age = 46.2 years, 76% female) of 12–18-year-old adolescents living in the Republic of Ireland, through responses to a vignette depicting a character displaying symptoms of depression. Two-thirds (66.7%) attributed the character’s symptoms to depression, while 92.2% believed the character needed help. One third (34.6%) believed asking the adolescent about suicide would be harmful. Only parent empathy significantly predicted labelling the symptoms as ‘depression’. Contrary to hypotheses, there were no significant differences identified based on parents’ gender, their child’s gender, or their child’s age. To our knowledge, this study is the first to explore the link between empathy and DL in parents, and may inform targeted interventions to improve DL.
Rooting for microbes: impact of root architecture on the microbial community and function in top- and subsoil
Authors: Lattacher Adrian , Le Gall Samuel , Rothfuss Youri , Gao Chao , Harings Moritz , Pagel Holger , Giraud Mona , Alahmad Samir , Hickey Lee T. , Kandeler Ellen , Poll Christian
Published: January 2025

Background and aims

Climate change and associated weather extremes pose major challenges to agricultural food production, necessitating the development of more resilient agricultural systems. Adapting cropping systems to cope with extreme environmental conditions is a critical challenge. This study investigates the influence of contrasting root system architectures on microbial communities and functions in top- and subsoil.

Methods

A column experiment was performed to investigate the effects of different root architectures, specifically deep (DRS) and shallow (SRS) root systems of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on microbial biomass, major microbial groups, and extracellular enzyme activities in soil. We focused on β-glucosidase (BG) activity, which is an indicator for microbial activity, during different plant growth stages, using destructive and non-destructive approaches.

Results

We found that the DRS promoted microbial biomass and enzyme activity in subsoil, while the SRS increased the microbial biomass and enzyme activity in topsoil. In-situ soil zymography provided fine-scale spatial insights, highlighting distinct patterns of BG activity near root centers and formation of enzyme activity hotspots, which were defined as regions where enzyme activity exceeds the mean activity level by 50%. Temporal changes in BG activity further underscored the dynamic nature of root-microbe interactions. Extracellular enzyme activities indicated varying carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus acquisition strategies of rhizosphere microorganisms between top- and subsoil.

Conclusion

This study underscores the need to consider root system architecture in agricultural strategies, as it plays a crucial role in influencing microbial communities and enzyme activities, ultimately affecting carbon and nutrient cycling processes in top- and subsoil.
Necessity for finite rational minds– Kant on empirical nomic necessity and the conceptual purposiveness of nature
Authors: Geiger Ido
Published: January 2025

Kant claims that empirical laws of nature “carry with them an expression of necessity” (Kant, 1998; A159/B198). What precisely is this “expression of necessity” and what grounds it? The metaphysical necessitation approach asks “What are laws of nature for Kant?” It answers that, for Kant, empirical laws possess necessity and are grounded in the properties and causal powers essential to natural kinds. The epistemological systematization approach claims that empirical natures, kinds and causal laws are rightly viewed as necessitating in virtue of the place they ideally take within an ultimate systematic conception of nature. The paper defends a hybrid transcendental-idealist approach to empirical necessity. It argues that Kant offers a transcendental deduction of the a priori principle of the systematic conceptual purposiveness of nature. In contrast to the systematization approach, this builds necessity into our most fundamental, conceptually articulated experience of nature. The approach can furthermore complement metaphysical necessitation accounts by showing that the commitment to necessitation follows from the metaphysical doctrine of transcendental idealism and the critical project of articulating the a priori transcendental conditions of experience. Recognizing the transcendental status of the principle of the systematic conceptual purposiveness of nature thus allows us to merge valuable insights of both the epistemological systematization and the metaphysical necessitation views.
The effect of continuous positive airway pressure therapy on early atherosclerosis in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome
Authors: Sulina Dóra , Puskás Szilvia , Magyar Mária Tünde , Oláh László , Kozák Norbert
Published: January 2025

Purpose

Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is the most common sleep-related breathing disorder. Longer term, repeated episodes of hypercapnia and hypoxemia during sleep are associated with inflammatory and atherosclerosis-related factors. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy on cerebral vasoreactivity and early atherosclerosis in patients with severe OSAHS.

Methods

Forty-one patients with severe OSAHS were enrolled. The mean follow-up time was 39.8 ± 9.1 months. Cardiovascular risk factors were assessed, and laboratory tests, carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) measurement and cerebrovascular reserve capacity (CRC) measurement were performed. After the baseline examination, 28 patients received CPAP therapy (treated group), which was not available for 13 patients (untreated group). Parameters were compared before and after treatment, between treated and untreated patients.

Results

Cardiovascular risk factors, baseline polysomnographic parameters, laboratory values, CIMT and CRC of the two groups were similar at baseline. At the follow-up, CRC did not differ between the two groups, but CIMT was significantly lower in the treated group than in the untreated group (0.73 ± 0.11 mm vs. 0.84 ± 0.21 mm, p = 0.027). The CIMT of both groups increased significantly during the follow-up period (from 0.65 ± 0.11 mm to 0.73 ± 0.11 mm in the treated group, and from 0.69 ± 0.11 mm to 0.84 ± 0.21 mm in the untreated group), but the increase in the treated group was smaller than in the untreated group (0.09 ± 0.09 mm vs. 0.15 ± 0.15 mm).

Conclusion

In patients with severe OSAHS, CPAP treatment significantly reduced the progression of CIMT.
Mit der Kraft der Vielfalt Barrieren in den Köpfen begegnen
Authors: Jordan Leonora Micah
Published: January 2025

Stereotypisierungen und Vorurteile können zu Diskriminierung führen – auch in Beratungssituationen. Die Ergänzende unabhängige Teilhabeberatung (EUTB®), in der Peer-Berater:innen eingesetzt werden, bietet ein niedrigschwelliges, diskriminierungssensibles Beratungsangebot für Menschen mit chronischen Erkrankungen/Behinderungen und für Angehörige. Studien belegen, dass Ratsuchende von Peer-Beratung profitieren. Darüber hinaus sind auch bei den Peer-Berater:innen Persönlichkeitsentwicklungen in den Bereichen Selbstwirksamkeit, Selbstsicherheit und Selbstvertrauen zu beobachten. In diesem Artikel wird diskutiert, ob Peer-Beratung geeignet ist, intersektionale Perspektiven und diskriminierungssensible Methoden auch auf weitere Beratungsfelder und Zielgruppen zu übertragen.
Modelling Alumina Feeding and Transport in an Industrial Aluminium Reduction Cell Using a Pragmatic Computational Model
Authors: Vachaparambil Kurian J. , Johansen Stein Tore , Soncini Ryan M. , Solheim Asbjørn , Einarsrud Kristian Etienne , Elstad Kim Ronny , Tessier Jayson
Published: January 2025

In this work, a pragmatic computational model, which can be employed as a physics-based digital twin, is used to simulate Alcoa’s aluminium reduction cell. The proposed transient model accounts for the evolution of dissolved and particulate alumina in the bath, with options to solve for the tracer distribution and bath temperature. The model also includes a simplified treatment of anode effects and alumina sludging. The bath flow in the model is based on a detailed CFD simulation that is corrected to be mass conserving. The model predictions, using relevant initial conditions and operational settings (e.g. feeding patterns), are compared with detailed measurements of alumina and tracer during two industrial measurement campaigns. The comparison of the spatial and temporal evolution of tracer predicted by the model matches quite well with the experimental data. The model is able to predict the experimental observations of spatial and temporal variation of alumina by using a sludging coefficient. Comparison between the model predictions and experimental data shows the slow transition (over many hours) between different levels of sludging at various locations in the cell. The model is able to capture the impact of the feeding pattern on the observed alumina distribution. The slow and dynamic process, not treated in the model and hypothesized to be self-feeding phenomena, is also observed to locally (at some locations) increase alumina level in the bath when compared to the simulation predictions. The model has also been used to simulate the evolution of representative bath temperatures in the cell. Despite the simplifications, the model has been shown to be able to reliably model an industrial aluminium reduction cell at a low computational overhead.
Variational damage model: A new paradigm for fractures
Authors: Ren Huilong , Rabczuk Timon , Zhuang Xiaoying
Published: January 2025

The computational modeling of fracture in solids using damage mechanics faces challenges with complex crack topology. This can be addressed by using a variational framework to reformulate the damage mechanics. In this paper, we propose several mathematically elegant variational damage models (VDMs) for fracture mechanics without explicitly using damage variables. Based on the energy density ϕ, the fracture energy density is formulated as

$$\hat{\phi}=\phi(1+\ell \phi/G_{\mathrm{c}})$$

ϕ
^

=
ϕ
(
1
+
ℓ
ϕ

/

G

c

)

and the damage variable is expressed as s = ϕ/(ϕ + G
c/ℓ), which satisfy

$$\hat{\phi}\mid_{\phi \rightarrow\infty}=G_{\mathrm{c}}/\ell$$

ϕ
^

∣

ϕ
→
∞

=

G

c

/

ℓ

and s∣
ϕ→∞ = 1 as ϕ approaches infinity. These limits demonstrate that the new energy density converges to the Griffith energy release rate at full-damage state. The VDM profoundly modified the energy functional, implicitly incorporating the damage field. As a generalization of previous model, we propose a family of VDMs of varying orders. Additionally, we develop a multi-damage model to account for different types of energy densities, such as elastic thin plate and gradient elasticity. Using this functional, it is straightforward to deduce the governing equation for automatically evolving fractures. These formulations can be employed in conventional finite element method or other numerical methods with minimal modifications. Compared to the phase field method with the same mesh density, a sharper crack interface can be achieved. We demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed variational damage formulations using representative numerical examples.
Fundamental investigation of process stabilization through combined modification of milling tools with structured functional surfaces and asymmetric dynamic properties
Authors: Garcia Carballo Rafael , Baumann Jonas , Jaquet Simon , Biermann Dirk
Published: January 2025

Disturbance factors, such as self-excited tool vibrations, limit the performance of modern machining processes and thus restrict the quality, productivity, and sustainability of industrially manufactured components. Tools with functional flank-face structures as well as asymmetric dynamic properties represent two approaches that are capable of reducing such dynamic disturbances. Since up to now both approaches have solely been investigated separately, a hybrid concept was developed, applied, and evaluated that combines both techniques and exploits synergistic effects. It was shown that the compliance of milling tools can be specifically adjusted by appropriate dimensioning of laterally inserted grooves on the tool shank. In addition, a preparation of the cutting edges, e.g. applying surface structures, are still feasible. The effect of such a hybrid tool modification was evaluated based on in-process measurements and workpiece analyses. An increase of the process stability and, thus material removal rate of 85% compared to non-modified tools could be achieved, which also exceeded the stabilizing potential of tools that include only one modification approach.