bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reduced serum vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐2 (sVEGFR‐2) and sVEGFR‐1 levels in gastric cancer patients
Authors: Kikuchi Shogo , Obata Yuki , Yagyu Kiyoko , Lin Yingsong , Nakajima Toshifusa , Kobayashi Osamu , Kikuichi Masahiro , Ushijima Ryo , Kurosawa Michiko , Ueda Junko
Published: January 2011

The relationship between gastric cancer and serum vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐1 (sVEGFR‐1) and sVEGFR‐2, which are soluble form receptor proteins of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), has not been extensively studied. VEGF, sVEGFR‐1 and sVEGFR‐2 were measured in the sera obtained before surgical operation from 164 gastric cancer patients and from 164 healthy controls matched for age and gender. Compared with controls, the cases showed elevated VEGF (P < 0.01) and reduced sVEGFR‐1 (P = 0.07) and sVEGFR‐2 (P = 0.02). The difference in VEGF levels was small among men and when the outcome was early cancer. The difference in sVEGFR‐1 levels was significant or borderline significant only in men and when the outcome was diffuse type cancer. The difference in sVEGFR‐2 levels was significant only in men and when the outcome was advanced or diffuse type cancer. The sensitivities and specificities of VEGF, sVEGFR‐1 and sVEGFR‐2 were all approximately 60%. For diffuse type cancer, sVEGFR‐2 showed a sensitivity of 62.4% and a specificity of 63.4%, which was similar to serum pepsinogen. In conclusion, elevated VEGF and reduced sVEGFR‐1 and sVEGFR‐2 in serum are characteristic of gastric cancer patients, and the value of serum sVEGFR‐2 in the diagnosis of diffuse type gastric cancer should be further evaluated. (Cancer Sci 2011; 102: 866–869)
Matrix metalloproteinase‐9 cooperates with transcription factor Snail to induce epithelial–mesenchymal transition
Authors: Lin Chun‐Yu , Tsai Pei‐Hsun , Kandaswami Chithan C. , Lee Ping‐Ping , Huang Chang‐Jen , Hwang Jiuan‐Jiuan , Lee Ming‐Ting
Published: January 2011

One of the most fundamental biological processes in tumor metastasis is the process of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). During EMT, zinc‐finger‐family of transcription factors such as Snail, Slug and Twist, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are upregulated, and this correlates with increased tumor cell invasion and motility. We previously obtained a highly invasive A431‐III tumor subline, which is a rich source of MMP‐9 and observed a plausible link between MMP levels and the promotion of EMT. To gain further understanding of EMT, we investigated the contribution of distinct MMPs to the induction of EMT. Exposing A431, cervical carcinoma parental cells, to MMP‐9 stimulated a phenotypic alteration and cells became spindle‐like as shown for A431‐III cells. In the present communication, we document changes in gene expression profiles of A431‐P and A431‐III cells, including those of genes involved in cell adhesion, cytoskeleton reorganization, polarity, migration and transcription. Treatment of both A431‐P and A431‐III cells with GM6001, a broad spectrum MMP inhibitor, resulted in the diminution of vimentin and fibronectin, indicating a role for MMP‐9 in the induction of EMT. Abrogation of MMP‐9‐mediated cell–cell contact in both A431‐P and A431‐III cells using MMP‐9 siRNA resulted in decreased cell invasion, motility and altered cytoskeleton arrangement together with a reduction in Snail expression. Knockdown of Snail resulted in similar changes along with diminished MMP‐9 expression. These data suggest a higher capacity of MMP‐9 than that of Snail in eliciting the development of EMT in A431 cells. Based on these findings, we speculate that the overexpression of MMP‐9 in A431‐III cells might directly induce (or stimulate) EMT and that the transcriptional factor, Snail, could cooperatively engage in this phenomenon. (Cancer Sci 2011; 102: 815–827)
Double control systems for human T‐cell leukemia virus type 1 by innate and acquired immunity
Authors: Kannagi Mari , Hasegawa Atsuhiko , Kinpara Shuichi , Shimizu Yukiko , Takamori Ayako , Utsunomiya Atae
Published: January 2011

Human T‐cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV‐1) is the causative retrovirus of adult T‐cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV‐1‐associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HTLV‐1‐specific T‐cell responses elicit antitumor and antiviral effects in experimental models, and are considered to be one of the most important determinants of the disease manifestation, since they are activated in HAM/TSP but not in ATL patients. The combination of low T‐cell responses and elevated HTLV‐1 proviral loads are features of ATL, and are also observed in a subpopulation of HTLV‐1 carriers at the asymptomatic stage, suggesting that these features may be underlying risk factors. These risks may potentially be reduced by vaccination to activate HTLV‐1‐specific T‐cell responses. HAM/TSP and ATL patients also differ in their levels of HTLV‐1 mRNA expression, which are generally low in vivo but slightly higher in HAM/TSP patients. Our recent study indicated that viral expression in HTLV‐1‐infected T‐cells is suppressed by stromal cells in culture through type‐I IFNs. The suppression was reversible after isolation from the stromal cells, mimicking a long‐standing puzzling phenomenon in HTLV‐1 infection where the viral expression is very low in vivo and rapidly induced in vitro. Collectively, HTLV‐1 is controlled by both acquired and innate immunity in vivo: HTLV‐1‐specific T‐cells survey infected cells, and IFNs suppress viral expression. Both effects would contribute to a reduction in viral pathogenesis, although they may potentially influence or conflict with one another. The presence of double control systems for HTLV‐1 infection provides a new concept for understanding the pathogenesis of HTLV‐1‐mediated malignant and inflammatory diseases. (Cancer Sci 2011; 102: 670–676)
Cytological changes induced by embolization in meningiomas
Authors: Jiménez‐Heffernan J. A. , Corbacho C. , Cañizal J. M. , Pérez‐Campos A. , Vicandi B. , López‐Ibor L. , Viguer J. M.
Published: January 2011

J. A. Jiménez‐Heffernan, C. Corbacho, J. M. Cañizal, A. Pérez‐Campos, B. Vicandi, L. López‐Ibor and J. M. Viguer  Cytological changes induced by embolization in meningiomas

Objective:  To describe cytological changes in meningiomas induced by embolization, which may be carried out a few days before surgery in order to soften the tumour and minimize intraoperative bleeding. Although histological changes have been described, we have found no description of such changes in the cytological literature.

Methods:  We reviewed 22 cases of meningiomas with prior embolization in which cytological material was obtained during intraoperative consultation. In 13 of them recognizable cytological changes induced by embolization were present. On histology, these 13 tumours were grade I and showed intravascular embolic material.

Results:  Cellular dissociation was prominent, with frequent single cells and small groups. Ischaemic cellular changes were a common finding and consisted of cell shrinkage, nuclear pyknosis and karyorrhexis. Confluent areas of necrosis were seen in one case. Additionally, numerous macrophages were present, many containing cellular debris, and neutrophils, giving a characteristic appearance of acute cellular ischaemia. Embolic material was seen cytologically in four cases as well‐defined spherules surrounded by empty halos. Features of viable meningioma were recognized in all cases.

Conclusion:  Embolization of meningiomas induces cytological changes that mirror those seen on histology, but cellular dissociation with changes of ischaemia may result in a worrisome image. When faced with such changes the pathologist should consider the possibility of embolization, avoiding misdiagnosis of higher grade meningioma or metastatic carcinoma.
A developmental scale for perennial forage grasses based on the decimal code framework
Authors: Gustavsson A.‐M.
Published: January 2011

Accurate descriptions of developmental stages in perennial forage grasses are important for management decisions during the growing season. It would be advantageous to have a scale and index equivalent to those for other grasses such as cereals. Similar scales would simplify the activities of people working with several crops and facilitate comparisons between perennial forage grasses and related crops (e.g. whole‐crop cereals). The objective of this paper is to develop a ‘forage grass decimal scale’, by adapting the universal decimal code framework already understood and used by many agricultural personnel. Furthermore, to improve harvest timing for high‐quality silage, new definitions, based on stem development, are used to improve upon the morphological precision of the universal code for the pre‐ and post‐booting periods. The code is adapted to describe individual tillers, while approaches to describe whole stands of forage grasses are also evaluated.
In vitro rumen simulated (RUSITEC) metabolism of freshly cut or wilted grasses with contrasting polyphenol oxidase activities
Authors: Lee M. R. F. , Cabiddu A. , Hou F. , Niderkorn V. , Kim E. J. , Fychan R. , Scollan N. D.
Published: January 2011

The study investigated in vitro simulated rumen metabolism of freshly cut and wilted cocksfoot [Dactylis glomerata; high polyphenol oxidase (PPO)] and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea; low PPO). A 16‐vessel RUSITEC was used with the four treatment combinations: cocksfoot wilted (Cw); cocksfoot fresh (Cf); tall fescue wilted (TFw) and tall fescue fresh (TFf). Rumen liquor was collected from four fistulated dairy cows maintained on permanent pasture. The experiment ran for 12 d with sampling of effluent for rumen parameters [volatile fatty acids (VFA) and NH3‐N] on days 10 and 11 at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 24 h intervals. On days 9–12, gas production and composition were measured using a plastic gas collection bag attached to the effluent bottle. At the end of day 12, the grass residue and effluent from the vessels were collected and analysed for digestibility and lipid fractionation. Lipolysis was calculated as the proportional loss of glycerol‐based membrane lipid between the forage and residue. Polyphenol oxidase was higher (P < 0·001) in Cf than the other treatments; Cw was higher than both TF treatments, with no difference between TFw and TFf. The level of protein‐bound phenol (product of oxidation reaction) tended to be higher for Cw and TFw than Cf and TFf, (P < 0·1) and was higher for cocksfoot than tall fescue (P < 0·001). As an average across the day, NH3‐N was lower (P < 0·001) in cocksfoot than tall fescue, despite the lower nitrogen concentration of tall fescue, and in fresh as opposed to wilted grass (P < 0·001). There was a trend (P < 0·1) for lipolysis to be lower in cocksfoot than tall fescue, and for both wilted treatments to be lower than the fresh (P < 0·05). Total VFA concentration was not different across treatments, although there were differences in molar proportions of individual VFA. Cocksfoot as opposed to tall fescue showed a small effect in lowering lipolytic and proteolytic activity (release of NH3‐N), although other differences between the grasses other than just PPO activity such as lipase activity, diphenol substrate content and digestibility may have greater effects between the grasses confounding the effect of PPO.
Effect of root canal sealers on bond strength of fibreglass posts cemented with self‐adhesive resin cements
Authors: Cecchin D. , Farina A. P. , Souza M. A. , Carlini‐Júnior B. , Ferraz C. C. R.
Published: January 2011

Cecchin D, Farina AP, Souza MA, Carlini‐Júnior B, Ferraz CCR. Effect of root canal sealers on bond strength of fibreglass posts cemented with self‐adhesive resin cements. International Endodontic Journal.

Aim  This study evaluated the effects of different root canal sealers on the bond strength of a fibreglass post cemented with self‐adhesive resin cements.

Methodology  The root canals of 50 extracted maxillary single‐rooted canine teeth were prepared with the crown‐down technique and randomly divided into five groups according to the sealer used: group 1: control group, gutta‐percha points only (no sealer); group 2: AH Plus (resin‐based sealer); group 3: self‐etch Epiphany (resin‐based sealer); group 4: Sealer 26 (calcium hydroxide‐based sealer); and group 5: Endomethasone (zinc oxide eugenol‐based sealer). The root canals were filled with gutta‐percha, the cold lateral compaction technique, except for group 3 where Resilon was used. Post spaces were prepared, and fibreglass posts were cemented with the self‐adhesive cement RelyX Unicem. Bonded specimens were sectioned into 1‐mm‐thick slabs, and a push‐out test was performed in a universal machine. Failure modes were observed and classified into five types: (i) adhesive between the post and resin cement; (ii) mixed, with resin cement covering 0–50% of the post diameter; (iii) mixed, with resin cement covering 50–100% of the post surface; (iv) adhesive between resin cement and root canal; and (v) cohesive in dentine. Data of bond strength were submitted to anova and Tukey test (α = 0.05).

Results  No significant difference was detected between control group, AH Plus, Epiphany and Sealer 26 (P > 0.05). The Endomethasone group had significantly lower bond strength values than the other sealers (P < 0.05). The prevalence of mixed fractures and adhesive cement‐dentine failure was verified in the eugenol‐containing sealer group; in the control group, the resin‐based and calcium hydroxide‐based sealer groups, the predominant mode of failure was the mixed type.

Conclusion  Endomethasone interfered negatively with the bond to root dentine; however, AH Plus, Epiphany and Sealer 26 did not interfere in the bond strength of a fibreglass post cemented with self‐adhesive resin cements.
Analysis of four gutta‐percha techniques used to fill mesial root canals of mandibular molars
Authors: Marciano M. A. , Ordinola‐Zapata R. , Cunha T. V. R. N. , Duarte M. A. H. , Cavenago B. C. , Garcia R. B. , Bramante C. M. , Bernardineli N. , Moraes I. G.
Published: January 2011

Marciano MA, Ordinola‐Zapata R, Cunha TVRN, Duarte MAH, Cavenago BC, Garcia RB, Bramante CM, Bernardineli N, Moraes IG. Analysis of four gutta‐percha techniques used to fill mesial root canals of mandibular molars. International Endodontic Journal.

Aim  To compare the percentage of gutta‐percha, sealer and voids and the influence of isthmuses in mesial root canals of mandibular molars filled with different techniques.

Methodology  Canals in 60 mesial roots of mandibular first molars were prepared with ProTaper instruments to size F2 (size 25, 0.08 taper) and filled using a single‐cone, lateral compaction, System B or Thermafil techniques. An epoxy resin sealer was labelled with Rhodamine‐B dye to allow analysis under a confocal microscope. The percentage of gutta‐percha, sealer and area of voids was calculated at 2, 4 and 6 mm from the apex, using Image Tool 3.0 software. Statistical analysis was performed using nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn tests (P < 0.05). The influence of isthmuses on the presence or absence of voids was evaluated using the Fisher test.

Results  At the 2 mm level, the percentage of gutta‐percha, sealer and voids was similar amongst the System B, lateral compaction and single‐cone techniques. The single‐cone technique revealed significantly less gutta‐percha, more sealer and voids in comparison with the Thermafil technique at the 2 and 4 mm level (P < 0.05). The analysis of all sections (2, 4 and 6 mm) revealed that more gutta‐percha and less sealer and voids were found in root canals filled with Thermafil and System B techniques (P < 0.05). The Fisher test revealed that the presence of isthmuses increased the occurence of voids in the lateral compaction group only (P < 0.05).

Conclusion  Gutta‐percha, sealer filled area and voids were dependent on the canal‐filling technique. The presence of isthmuses may influence the quality of root filling.
The efficacy of pre‐operative oral medication of lornoxicam and diclofenac potassium on the success of inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with irreversible pulpitis: a double‐blind, randomised controlled clinical trial
Authors: Prasanna N. , Subbarao C. V. , Gutmann J. L.
Published: January 2011

Prasanna N, Subbarao CV, Gutmann JL. The efficacy of preoperative oral medication of lornoxicam and diclofenac potassium on the success of inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with irreversible pulpitis: a double‐blind, randomised controlled clinical trial. International Endodontic Journal.

Aim  To determine the effect of administration of pre‐operative lornoxicam (LNX) or diclofenac potassium (DP) on the success of inferior alveolar nerve blocks (IANB) in patients with irreversible pulpitis in a double‐blind randomised controlled trial.

Methodology  One hundred and fourteen patients with irreversible pulpitis of a mandibular posterior tooth participated. Patients indicated their pain scores on a Heft Parker visual analogue scale, after which they were randomly divided into three groups (n = 38). The subjects received identical capsules containing 8 mg LNX, 50 mg DP or cellulose powder (placebo, PLAC), 1 h before administration of IANB with 2% lidocaine containing 1 : 200 000 epinephrine. Lip numbness was assessed after 15 min, following which the teeth were tested with cold spray and their responses (negative or positive) were recorded. Access cavities were then prepared and success of IANB was defined as the absence of pain during access preparation and root canal instrumentation. The data were analysed using chi‐squared tests.

Results  The percentages of teeth giving a negative response to cold test were 42.8% (PLAC), 78.5% (LNX) and 67.8% (DP), with no significant differences amongst the groups (P > 0.05). The success rates for the IANB in descending order were 71.4% (LNX), 53.5% (DP) and 28.5 (PLAC). A significant (P < 0.001) difference was found between the LNX and the PLAC groups only.

Conclusions  Pre‐operative administration of LNX significantly improved the efficacy of IANB in patients with irreversible pulpitis, whilst the effect of pre‐medication with DP was not significantly different from the PLAC.
A numerical method for predicting the bending fatigue life of NiTi and stainless steel root canal instruments
Authors: Cheung G. S. P. , Zhang E. W. , Zheng Y. F.
Published: January 2011

Cheung GSP, Zhang EW, Zheng YF. A numerical method for predicting the bending fatigue life of NiTi and stainless steel root canal instruments. International Endodontic Journal.

Aim  To evaluate the bending fatigue lifetime of nickel–titanium alloy (NiTi) and stainless steel (SS) endodontic files using finite element analysis.

Methodology  The strain‐life approach was adopted and two theoretical geometry profiles, the triangular (TR) and the square cross‐sections, were considered. Both low‐cycle fatigue (LCF) lifetime and high‐cycle fatigue (HCF) lifetime were evaluated.

Results  The bending fatigue behaviour was affected by the material property and the cross‐sectional configuration of the instrument. Both the cross‐section factor and material property had a substantial impact on fatigue lifetime. The NiTi material and TR geometry profiles were associated with better fatigue resistance than that of SS and square cross‐sections.

Conclusions  Within the limitations of this study, finite element models were established for endodontic files to prejudge their fatigue lifetime, a tool that would be useful for dentist to prevent premature fatigue fracture of endodontic files.
Electronic determination of root canal working length in primary molar teeth: an in vivo and ex vivo study
Authors: Beltrame A. P. C. A. , Triches T. C. , Sartori N. , Bolan M.
Published: January 2011

Beltrame APCA, Triches TC, Sartori N, Bolan M. Electronic determination of root canal working length in primary molar teeth: an in vivo and ex vivo study. International Endodontic Journal, 44, 402–406, 2011.

Aim  To evaluate in vivo and ex vivo the accuracy of an electronic apex locator in primary molar teeth with or without root resorption.

Methodology  Fifteen primary molar teeth with 30 root canals were divided into two groups: roots without resorption (n = 13) and roots with resorption (n = 17). Root canals were measured with the Root ZX apex locator in vivo, and then after tooth extraction, each canal was measured electronically ex vivo. The actual root canal length was measured visually, with the placement of a K‐file into the most cervical edge of either apical foramen or resorption. The Student’s t‐test was applied for statistical analysis at a 5% significance level.

Results  The electronic apex locator was precise in 69% and 65% of the cases with and without root resorption, respectively (tolerance = ±0.5 mm), in vivo and 69% and 77%ex vivo. When the tolerance was ±1 mm, however, these figures increased to 92% and 94% for root canals with and without resorption, respectively, in vivo and ex vivo. No significant difference was observed between the resorbed and non‐resorbed root canals measured using the Root ZX.

Conclusion  The Root ZX apex locator was accurate in determining in vivo and ex vivo the working length ±1 mm in primary molar teeth in over 90% of roots regardless of the presence of root resorption.
The free and bound forms of Lpp occupy distinct subcellular locations in Escherichia coli
Authors: Cowles Charles E. , Li Yongfeng , Semmelhack Martin F. , Cristea Ileana M. , Silhavy Thomas J.
Published: January 2011

The lipoprotein Lpp is the most numerically abundant protein in Escherichia coli, has been investigated for over 40 years, and has served as the paradigmatic bacterial lipoprotein since its initial discovery. It exists in two distinct forms: a ‘bound‐form’, which is covalently bound to the cell's peptidoglycan layer, and a ‘free‐form’, which is not. Although it is known that the carboxyl‐terminus of bound‐form Lpp is located in the periplasm, the precise location of free‐form Lpp has never been determined. For decades, it has been widely assumed that free‐form Lpp is associated with bound‐form. In this work, we show that the free and bound forms of Lpp are not largely associated with each other, but are found in distinct subcellular locations. Our results indicate that free‐form Lpp spans the outer membrane and is surface‐exposed, whereas bound‐form Lpp resides in the periplasm. Thus, Lpp represents a novel example of a single lipoprotein that is able to occupy distinct subcellular locations, and challenges models in which the free and bound forms of Lpp are assumed to be associated with each other.
Characterization of DsbD in Neisseria meningitidis
Authors: Kumar Pradeep , Sannigrahi Soma , Scoullar Jessica , Kahler Charlene M. , Tzeng Yih‐Ling
Published: January 2011

Proper periplasmic disulfide bond formation is important for folding and stability of many secreted and membrane proteins, and is catalysed by three DsbA oxidoreductases in Neisseria meningitidis. DsbD provides reducing power to DsbC that shuffles incorrect disulfide bond in misfolded proteins as well as to the periplasmic enzymes that reduce apo‐cytochrome c (CcsX) or repair oxidative protein damages (MrsAB). The expression of dsbD, but not other dsb genes, is positively regulated by the MisR/S two‐component system. Quantitative real‐time PCR analyses showed significantly reduced dsbD expression in all misR/S mutants, which was rescued by genetic complementation. The direct and specific interaction of MisR with the upstream region of the dsbD promoter was demonstrated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and the MisR binding sequences were mapped. Further, the expression of dsbD was found to be induced by dithiothrietol (DTT), through the MisR/S regulatory system. Surprisingly, we revealed that inactivation of dsbD can only be achieved in a strain carrying an ectopically located dsbD, in the dsbA1A2 double mutant or in the dsbA1A2A3 triple mutant, thus DsbD is indispensable for DsbA‐catalysed oxidative protein folding in N. meningitidis. The defects of the meningococcal dsbA1A2 mutant in transformation and resistance to oxidative stress were more severe in the absence of dsbD.
Signal production and detection specificity in Vibrio CqsA/CqsS quorum‐sensing systems
Authors: Ng Wai‐Leung , Perez Lark J. , Wei Yunzhou , Kraml Christina , Semmelhack Martin F. , Bassler Bonnie L.
Published: January 2011

Quorum sensing is a process of bacterial cell–cell communication that enables populations of cells to carry out behaviours in unison. Quorum sensing involves detection of the density‐dependent accumulation of extracellular signal molecules called autoinducers that elicit population‐wide changes in gene expression. In Vibrio species, CqsS is a membrane‐bound histidine kinase that acts as the receptor for the CAI‐1 autoinducer which is produced by the CqsA synthase. In Vibrio cholerae, CAI‐1 is (S)‐3‐hydroxytridecan‐4‐one. The C170 residue of V. cholerae CqsS specifies a preference for a ligand with a 10‐carbon tail length. However, a phenylalanine is present at this position in Vibrio harveyi CqsS and other homologues, suggesting that a shorter CAI‐1‐like molecule functions as the signal. To investigate this, we purified the V. harveyi CqsS ligand, and determined that it is (Z)‐3‐aminoundec‐2‐en‐4‐one (Ea‐C8‐CAI‐1) carrying an 8‐carbon tail. The V. harveyi CqsA/CqsS system is exquisitely selective for production and detection of this ligand, while the V. cholerae CqsA/CqsS counterparts show relaxed specificity in both production and detection. We isolated CqsS mutants in each species that display reversed specificity for ligands. Our analysis provides insight into how fidelity is maintained in signal transduction systems.
Influence of atmospheric and climatic change on plant–pathogen interactions
Authors: Eastburn D. M. , McElrone A. J. , Bilgin D. D.
Published: January 2011

Atmospheric change studies conducted in free air concentration enrichment (FACE) systems and open‐topped chambers have increased understanding of how factors, such as rising CO2 and O3 levels, impact the development of plant disease epidemics. Using these systems, plant scientists have been able to study host/pathogen systems under real‐world conditions where variations in multiple environmental parameters impact disease outcomes. Results from these studies are useful for evaluating earlier predictions on plant responses to climate‐change parameters and the resulting impacts on plant disease epidemics. Some of these predictions have been verified, whilst others have yet to be tested. Significant interactions among climate‐change parameters are highlighting the importance of conducting studies under real‐world conditions. The development of molecular and gene expression tools is allowing the fine scale mechanisms responsible for the observed reactions to be determined, and should increase the ability to predict plant disease outcomes under future climatic conditions.
Silencing GhNDR1 and GhMKK2 compromises cotton resistance to Verticillium wilt
Authors: Gao Xiquan , Wheeler Terry , Li Zhaohu , Kenerley Charles M. , He Ping , Shan Libo
Published: January 2011

Cotton is an important cash crop worldwide, and is a significant source of fiber, feed, foodstuff, oil and biofuel products. Considerable effort has been expended to increase sustainable yield and quality through molecular breeding and genetic engineering of new cotton cultivars. Given the recent availability of the whole‐genome sequence of cotton, it is necessary to develop molecular tools and resources for large‐scale analysis of gene functions at the genome‐wide level. We have successfully developed an Agrobacterium‐mediated virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS) assay in several cotton cultivars with various genetic backgrounds. The genes of interest were potently and readily silenced within 2 weeks after inoculation at the seedling stage. Importantly, we showed that silencing GhNDR1 and GhMKK2 compromised cotton resistance to the infection by Verticillium dahliae, a fungal pathogen causing Verticillium wilt. Furthermore, we developed a cotton protoplast system for transient gene expression to study gene functions by a gain‐of‐function approach. The viable protoplasts were isolated from green cotyledons, etiolated cotyledons and true leaves, and responded to a wide range of pathogen elicitors and phytohormones. Remarkably, cotton plants possess conserved, but also distinct, MAP kinase activation with Arabidopsis upon bacterial elicitor flagellin perception. Thus, using gene silencing assays, we have shown that GhNDR1 and GhMKK2 are required for Verticillium resistance in cotton, and have developed high throughput loss‐of‐function and gain‐of‐function assays for functional genomic studies in cotton.
Transpositional landscape of the rice genome revealed by paired‐end mapping of high‐throughput re‐sequencing data
Authors: Sabot François , Picault Nathalie , El‐Baidouri Moaine , Llauro Christel , Chaparro Cristian , Piegu Benoit , Roulin Anne , Guiderdoni Emmanuel , Delabastide Mélissa , McCombie Richard , Panaud Olivier
Published: January 2011

Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile entities that densely populate most eukaryotic genomes and contribute to both their structural and functional dynamics. However, most TE‐related sequences in both plant and animal genomes correspond to inactive, degenerated elements, due to the combined effect of silencing pathways and elimination through deletions. One of the major difficulties in fully characterizing the molecular basis of genetic diversity of a given species lies in establishing its genome‐wide transpositional activity. Here, we provide an extensive survey of the transpositional landscape of a plant genome using a deep sequencing strategy. This was achieved through paired‐end mapping of a fourfold coverage of the genome of rice mutant line derived from an in vitro callus culture using Illumina technology. Our study shows that at least 13 TE families are active in this genotype, causing 34 new insertions. This next‐generation sequencing‐based strategy provides new opportunities to quantify the impact of TEs on the genome dynamics of the species.
Artesunate/mefloquine paediatric formulation vs. artemether/lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum in Anonkoua kouté, Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Toure Offianan A. , Kouame Menan G. , Didier Yapi J. , Berenger Ako A. A. , Djerea Khali , Genevieve Gomez O. , Penali Louis K.
Published: January 2011

Objectives  To test the hypothesis that Artesunate–mefloquine paediatric (AS+MEF) is as effective as Artemether–lumefantrine (AL) in treating acute uncomplicated malaria in children.

Methods  In an open label, randomized controlled clinical trial, children aged 6–59 months were randomized to receive AS+MEF or AL. Both drug regimens were given for 3 days, and follow‐up was for 28 days. The primary endpoint was the 28‐day cure rate and was defined as proportion of patients with PCR‐corrected cure rate after 28 days of follow‐up.

Results  One hundred and fifty‐six patients with confirmed uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria were randomly assigned to receive AS+MEF (n = 77) or AL (n = 79). PCR‐corrected day 28 cure rates for per protocol (PP) populations were 99% for AS+MEF and 97% (P = 1) for AL. For the intention to treat (ITT) population, cure rates were 96% for AS+MEF and 92% (P = 0.49) for AL. Both regimens were well tolerated.

Conclusion  AS+MEF is as effective as AL, and both combinations were efficacious and safe.
Choledochoduodenostomy in pediatric liver transplantation
Authors: Campsen Jeffrey , Zimmerman Michael A. , Narkewicz Michael R. , Sokol Ronald J. , Mandell Mercedes S. , Kam Igal , Dovel Diane , Karrer Frederick M.
Published: January 2011

Campsen J, Zimmerman MA, Narkewicz MR, Sokol RJ, Mandell MS, Kam I, Dovel D, Karrer FM. Choledochoduodenostomy in pediatric liver transplantation. Pediatr Transplantation 2011: 15: 237–239. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  Reconstruction of the bile ducts during pediatric liver transplantation is generally performed by a Roux‐en‐Y CDJ because direct duct‐to‐duct anastomosis CC is often not possible. Anastomosis of the donor liver bile duct to the duodenum CDD provides another option. We provide preliminary evidence that CDD is an alternative technique for biliary reconstruction when CC is not possible in pediatric liver transplant recipients that have a hostile abdomen or to preserve bowel length.

Methods:  From 2007 to 2008, a total of 19 pediatric cadaveric liver transplants were performed at our center. Four of the 19 had a bile duct reconstruction by CDD.

Results:  CDD reconstruction was used in patients who received a liver transplant for a diagnosis of PSC, congenital hepatic fibrosis, biliary atresia, and Alagille syndrome. The ages of the patients were 17 and 10 yr and 10 and 17 months. Three grafts were whole cadaveric livers, and one was a reduced left lobe. CDD was used to revise a prior anastomosis in one patient who had a previous Roux‐en‐Y that was unusable during the retransplant, and another to repair a stricture in a second patient with a CC. We also performed a CDD in a patient with a hostile abdomen from previous surgery, and another patient to avoid short gut syndrome that a Roux‐en‐Y may have created. All patients are alive with functioning grafts with a follow‐up of at least one yr. None of the patients developed clinically significant biliary complications (leak, stricture, cholangitis).

Conclusion:  Our preliminary experience suggests that CDD is an option for biliary reconstruction in pediatric transplant patients with hostile abdomens or to preserve bowel length.
Waterlogging and salinity effects on two Suaeda salsa populations
Authors: Song Jie , Shi Gongwei , Gao Ben , Fan Hai , Wang Baoshan
Published: January 2011

Adaptations to combined salinity and waterlogging stress were evaluated in two Suaeda salsa populations from different saline environments. Seedlings were exposed to 1, 200 and 600 mM NaCl in drained or waterlogged sand for 22 days in a glasshouse. Waterlogging did not significantly affect the K+/Na+ ratio or Cl− concentration in leaves of either population. Adventitious roots were produced only by the inland population and under the waterlogged condition. X‐ray microanalysis showed that S. salsa roots of the intertidal population accumulated more [Na+] and [Cl−] in both the cortex and stele than the roots of the inland population. The ability of roots to exclude Na+ and Cl− was greater in the intertidal population than in the inland population, which may explain why leaves of the intertidal population accumulated less Na+ and Cl− than the leaves of the inland population. The lower level of Cl− than Na+ in leaves of both populations may result from the greater ability of roots to exclude Cl− than Na+. These traits may help the two S. salsa populations adapt to their different saline environments.
Effect of cold and menthol on membrane potential in plants
Authors: Kupisz Kamila , Trebacz Kazimierz
Published: January 2011

In animals, cooling substances such as menthol are perceived as cold sensation because they bind to the same receptor TRPM8 (transient receptor potential melastatin) that activates upon temperature drops. We investigated the effect of menthol on the plant membrane potential to search for analogies between animal and plant perception systems. The study was conducted on the liverwort Conocephalum conicum– a non‐vascular plant generating action potentials (APs) in response to different stimuli including cold. (+)Menthol, (−)menthol and (+/−)menthol induced one or more APs, depending on the concentration. In contrast to animal reactions to menthol, threshold concentrations of these isomers were the same (1 mM). The presence of menthol in medium shortened cold‐induced APs, whereas low temperature prolonged the repolarization phase of AP evoked by menthol. Cells of C. conicum with anion and potassium channels blocked by anthracene‐9‐carboxylic acid (A9C) and tetraethylammonium chloride (TEACl) generate short spike‐like voltage transients (VTs) in response to cold and light stimulation. Membrane potential changes evoked by menthol in A9C‐ and TEACl‐treated plants differed significantly from VTs – lasted much longer and frequently occurred in series. 5 mM LaCl3, 1 mM EGTA (ethylene glycol‐bis(2‐aminoethyl ether)‐N,N,N′,N′‐tetraacetic acid) (0 Ca2+) but not 0.2 mM verapamil blocked the putative calcium component of AP induced by menthol. Similar inhibitory effect was observed after the application of proton pump inhibitors: 0.05 mM N,N‐dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD), 0.05 mM diethylstilbestrol (DES) or 0.01 mM carbonyl cyanide 4‐(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone (FCCP). Our results indicate that cold and menthol act independently, activating different membrane transporters in C. conicum cells.
The post‐operative pathological prognostic parameters of clear cell renal cell carcinoma in pT1a cases
Authors: Nishikimi Toshinori , Tsuzuki Toyonori , Fujita Takashi , Sassa Naoto , Fukatsu Akitoshi , Katsuno Satoru , Yoshino Yasushi , Hattori Ryohei , Gotoh Momokazu
Published: January 2011

There has been a recent increase in the number of small clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) cases, particularly in pT1a cases. The prognostic parameters for small ccRCC, however, are not well described. Herein, we assess the pathological parameters of pT1a patients. Various clinicopathological parameters were analyzed in 293 patients with pT1a ccRCC without pre‐operative metastasis to predict the disease‐free survival rate (DFS) and the cancer‐specific survival rate (CSS). Clinicopathological parameters included age, tumor location, Fuhrman grade, lymph‐vascular invasion (LVI), tumor necrosis, and growth pattern (expansive or infiltrative). In the univariate analysis, Fuhrman grade (grade 1 + 2 vs. 3 + 4), LVI, growth pattern, and tumor necrosis were parameters associated with a worse prognosis (P < 0.0001) in both the DFS and CSS. In the multivariate analysis, Fuhrman grade (P = 0.0048), growth pattern (P = 0.0275), and tumor necrosis (P = 0.0188) were statistically significant in the DFS. Fuhrman grade (P = 0.0189) and growth pattern (P = 0.0016) were also statistically significant in the CSS. Fuhrman grade, tumor necrosis, and growth pattern were independent prognostic parameters in pT1a ccRCC. Growth pattern, a previously unrecognized parameter for prognosis, can be considered a new prognostic parameter in ccRCC.
Empowerment and its effects on clinical nurses in central China
Authors: Cai C. F. , Zhou Z. K. , Yeh H. , Hu J.
Published: January 2011

Cai C.F., Zhou Z.K., Yeh H. & Hu J. (2011) Empowerment and its effects on clinical nurses in central China. International Nursing Review58, 138–144

Background:  Chinese healthcare institutions have undergone constant changes in recent years. A large number of research studies conducted on work‐related factors revealed that nurses in China experienced a low level of job satisfaction and a high level of turnover intention. Empowerment is one of the most important concepts in nursing and is most relevant to the study of nursing professionals' job‐related outcomes.

Aim:  The aim of this study was to test the Job Characteristics Model and the mediating role of structural empowerment on the relationships between the job characteristics and work‐related outcomes among clinical nurses from central China.

Methods:  Three self‐reported questionnaires were administered to a sample of 238 clinical nurses from two hospitals in central China. The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation analysis and multiple linear regressions.

Findings:  Correlations were significant between job characteristics and job‐related outcomes, and the estimated model on the effect of empowerment reduced the unique contribution of job characteristics on internal work motivation (from 17.2% to 13.0%) and general job satisfaction (from13.4% to 10.1%), and eliminated the unique contribution of job characteristics on growth satisfaction (from 18.4% to 0%).

Conclusions:  The results supported the Job Characteristics Model in a nursing sample and empowerment mediated the impact of job characteristics on internal work motivation and general job satisfaction partially and on growth satisfaction completely.
Work/life balance and health: the Nurses and Midwives e‐cohort study
Authors: Schluter P.J. , Turner C. , Huntington A.D. , Bain C.J. , McClure R.J.
Published: January 2011

SCHLUTER P.J., TURNER C., HUNTINGTON A.D., BAIN C.J. & MCCLURE R.J. (2011) Work/life balance and health: the Nurses and Midwives e‐cohort study. International Nursing Review58, 28–36

Background:  Nursing and midwifery are demanding professions. Efforts to understand the health consequences and workforce needs of these professions are urgently needed. Using a novel electronic approach, the Nurses and Midwives e‐cohort Study (NMeS) aims to investigate longitudinally Australian and New Zealand nurses' and midwives' work/life balance and health. This paper describes NMeS participation; provides key baseline demographic, workforce and health indicators; compares these baseline descriptions with external norms; and assesses the feasibility of the electronic approach.

Methods:  From 1 April 2006 to 31 March 2008, nurses in Australia and New Zealand, and midwives in Australia were invited to participate. Potential participants were directed to a purpose‐built NMeS Internet site, where study information was provided and consent sought. Once obtained, a range of standardized tools combined into one comprehensive electronic questionnaire was elicited.

Results:  Overall, 7633 (2.3%) eligible nurses and midwives participated (6308 from Australia and 1325 from New Zealand) from a total pool of 334 400. Age, gender, occupational and health profiles were similar between countries and to national figures. However, some differences were noted; for instance, Queensland participants were over‐represented, while Victorian and South Australian participants were under‐represented, and 28.2% of Australians were in high strain positions compared with 18.8% of New Zealanders.

Conclusions:  Using an internationally novel web‐based approach, a large cohort, which appears generally similar to population norms, has been established. Provided participant retention is adequate, the NMeS will provide insight into understanding the drivers of nurses' and midwives' workforce retention and work‐related factors associated with their health.
Ethics, culture and nursing practice in Ghana
Authors: Donkor N.T. , Andrews L.D.
Published: January 2011

DONKOR N.T. & ANDREWS L.D. (2011) Ethics, culture and nursing practice in Ghana.International Nursing Review58, 109–114

Objective: This paper describes how nurses in Ghana approach ethical problems.

Background: The International Council of Nurses' (ICN) Code for Nurses (2006) that serves as the model for professional code of ethics worldwide also acknowledges respect for healthy cultural values. Using the ICN's Code and universal ethical principles as a benchmark, a survey was conducted in 2009 to ascertain how nurses in Ghana respond to ethical and cultural issues in their practice.

Methods: The study was qualitative with 200 participant nurses. Data were obtained through anonymous self‐administered questionnaires. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data.

Findings: Nurses' approaches to ethical problems in Ghana do not always meet expectations of the ICN Code for Nurses. They are also informed by local ethical practices related to the institutional setting and cultural environment in the country. While some cultural values complemented the ICN's Code and universal ethical principles, others conflicted with them.

Nursing implications: These data can assist nurses to provide culturally competent solutions to ethical dilemmas in their practice. Dynamic communication between nurses and patients/clients, intentional study of local cultural beliefs, and the development of ethics education will improve the conformity between universal ethical standards and local cultural values.
A Decentralized Control Algorithm for Large‐Scale Building Structures
Authors: Lei Ying , Wu D. T. , Lin Y.
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  Decentralized control strategy is more suitable for structural control of large‐scale structural systems as it increases in the feasibility of control implementation and decreases the risk on the failure of the control system compared with the conventional centralized control approach. In this article, a decentralized control algorithm is proposed for large‐scale linear building structures. A large‐scale building structure is divided into a set of smaller substructures based on its finite element model. Interconnections between adjacent substructures are treated as disturbances to the individual substructure. Each substructure is controlled by its own local controller using linear quadratic Gaussian control scheme with acceleration measurements as feedback signals. A computational procedure is developed for the recursive estimation of the unknown disturbances to each substructure. Two cases, with substructure interface measurement and without substructure interface measurement respectively, are considered. A numerical example of the decentralized control of the 20‐story Structural Engineers Association of California (SAC) benchmark linear building under seismic excitation is studied to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate that the decentralized control algorithm has quite good control performance compared with the conventional centralized control approach. Therefore, the proposed decentralized control algorithm is viable for structural control of large‐scale linear structural systems.
Dual Identities and Their Recognition: Minority Group Members' Perspectives
Authors: Hopkins Nick
Published: January 2011

Minorities may define themselves at a superordinate (e.g., national) level and also at a subgroup (minority) level. However, others' recognition of such dual identifications cannot be guaranteed. This paper investigates how members of a minority (Muslims in the UK) constructed their superordinate and subgroup identities in such a way as to assert a commonality with British non‐Muslims whilst asserting their religious subgroup's distinctiveness. Reporting qualitative data obtained through interviews (N = 28), the analysis explores how British Muslims negotiated concerns over commonality and distinctiveness through describing themselves as being British in a Muslim way. The implications of these self‐definitions for the theorization of dual identities, their recognition, and intergroup relations are discussed.