bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of mechanical properties of Al-based metal matrix composite reinforced with ES and RHA
Authors: Yadav Rajat , Dwivedi Vijay Kumar , Islam Anas , Dwivedi Shashi Prakash
Published: August 2021

Purpose

Aluminium metal matrix composite (AMMC) is most popular in various industrial applications such as aerospace, automobile, marine, sports and many others. In common practice, silicon carbide, aluminum oxides, magnesium oxide, graphene and carbon nano tubes are the major reinforcing elements to prepare the AMMC. The purpose of this paper is to develop AMMCs reinforce with eggshell (ES) and rice husk ash (RHA).

Design/methodology/approach

Stir casting process is used for preparation of AMMC. From past few years, more emphasis is given to prepare the AMMCs using agro waste such as rice husk and/or ES as reinforcing materials. In this method, after the Al-matrix material is melted; it is stirred vigorously to form vortex at the surface of the melt, and the reinforcement material is then introduced at the side of the vortex. Stir casting process is a vortex and vigorous method to prepare the AMMCs. First, aluminum alloy (AA3105) is melted in the furnace when metal is in semisolid form. Reinforcement, i.e. ES and RHA are preheated at temperature 220°C and 260°C, respectively.

Findings

The result of AMMC shows that the tensile strength and hardness increased by using 22.41% and 45.5%, respectively, at 4.75 Wt.% each reinforcement, i.e. ES and RHA, and 1% Cr. The toughness and ductility of metal matrix composite (MMCs) have decreased up to 23.31% and 19.23% respectively by using 1% Cr, 4.75 wt. % ES and by 4.75 wt. % RHA of composite material.

Originality/value

In this work, Cr, waste ES and RHA have been used to develop green MMC to support the green revolution as promoted/suggested by United Nations, thus reducing the environmental pollution.
Goal setting for people with mild cognitive impairment or dementia in rehabilitation: A scoping review
Authors: Jogie Praneeta , Rahja Miia , van den Berg Maayken , Cations Monica , Brown Sarah , Laver Kate
Published: August 2021

Introduction

Goal setting is an integral part of the rehabilitation process and assists occupational therapists to target therapy towards achieving meaningful outcomes. People with mild cognitive impairment or dementia may experience barriers participating in goal setting due to preconceptions that the person cannot participate owing to changes in both cognitive and communicative abilities. The aim of this review was to identify goal setting approaches, common goals identified, and enablers and barriers to goal setting for people with mild cognitive impairment or dementia participating in specific rehabilitation programmes.

Methods

Four electronic databases were searched in April 2020 for English language articles that described goal setting processes during a rehabilitation programme for people with mild cognitive impairment or dementia. Studies of all designs were included. Two authors screened citations and full text articles. Data were extracted, synthesised, and presented narratively.

Results

Twenty‐seven studies met the eligibility criteria. Both structured and nonstructured goal setting methods were used with common tools including the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure, the Bangor Goal Setting Interview and Goal Attainment Scaling. The nature of goals tended to depend on the scope of the rehabilitation programme in which the person was involved. Goal setting was more difficult for people with more advanced symptoms of dementia and when staff lacked skills and experience working with people with dementia. Use of a structured approach to goal setting, establishment of therapeutic rapport, individualisation of goals, and family involvement were reported to be beneficial.

Conclusion

Collaborative goal setting is a foundation of rehabilitation for people with dementia and should not be avoided due to preconceptions that the person cannot participate. Results suggests that occupational therapists can use a number of strategies to maximise participation and engagement and play a pivotal role in upskilling staff to enable effective goal setting for people with mild cognitive impairment or dementia.
French speech–language therapy students’ interest in evidence‐based practice: A survey
Authors: Witko A. , Tourmente B. , Dessez B. , Decullier E.
Published: August 2021

Background

Taking into account international studies interested in the development of evidence‐based practice (EBP) in the speech and language therapy field, this survey investigated key issues with regard to students’ perception of EBP.

Aims

To determine how final‐year students in France conceive EBP; to know if they feel competent in this area; to investigate any barriers to the use of EBP; and to assess their intention of using the EBP approach in their professional practice after graduating.

Methods & Procedures

Between January and April 2019, 182 advanced French students from 15 French speech–language university training centres (SLUTC) completed an online survey addressing these questions.

Outcomes & Results

The results show that 68.7% of students in the sample had a positive perception of the EBP. Between 54.9% and 73.6% of students felt rather competent to apply part of the approach, and 17% were sure to implement it in their own practice later on. Step 3 ‘Critically evaluating the evidence’ was the most difficult. Regardless of the different EBP steps, the most important barrier for students who felt competent was the lack of practice; for students who did not feel competent, the major barriers were both the lack of theoretical knowledge and the lack of practice. A total of 61% of students reported not seeing EBP being practised by their clinical practice placements supervisors; 55% reported never having used their EBP knowledge during their clinical practice placements.

Conclusions & Implications

The students interviewed had a positive perception of EBP. Nevertheless, these results demonstrate a need to improve the EBP curricula and to include EBP in clinical education, under the guidance of clinical practice placements supervisors.

What this paper adds

What is already known on the subject

Despite the fact that EBP is widespread, previous studies have shown that it is not sufficiently used in the practice of speech and language therapists (SLT) and that young professionals tend to seek advice from experienced professionals rather than use EBP. Some students, despite their programme, do not feel competent enough to implement EBP.

What this study adds to the existing knowledge

French SLT students had a positive opinion of EBP despite barriers to implementation in their future professional practice, especially regarding the critical analysis of evidence. Moreover, the study reveals a need to practise EBP during clinical practice placements, and to create specific pedagogical framework for EBP.

What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?

The potential implication of this study is the use of the questionnaire to investigate the students’ perception of EBP from a theoretical and a practical point of view, in collaboration with clinical practice placement supervisors, with the aim of promoting the task value and the self‐efficacy as the two best factors to enhance students’ motivation in favour of EBP.
Eco‐physiological portrait of a novel Pseudomonas sp. CSV86: an ideal host/candidate for metabolic engineering and bioremediation
Authors: Phale Prashant S. , Mohapatra Balaram , Malhotra Harshit , Shah Bhavik A.
Published: August 2021

Pseudomonas sp. CSV86, an Indian soil isolate, degrades wide range of aromatic compounds like naphthalene, benzoate and phenylpropanoids, amongst others. Isolate displays the unique and novel property of preferential utilization of aromatics over glucose and co‐metabolizes them with organic acids. Interestingly, as compared to other Pseudomonads, strain CSV86 harbours only high‐affinity glucokinase pathway (and absence of low‐affinity oxidative route) for glucose metabolism. Such lack of gluconate loop might be responsible for the novel phenotype of preferential utilization of aromatics. The genome analysis and comparative functional mining indicated a large genome (6.79 Mb) with significant enrichment of regulators, transporters as well as presence of various secondary metabolite production clusters, suggesting its eco‐physiological and metabolic versatility. Strain harbours various integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) and genomic islands, probably acquired through horizontal gene transfer events, leading to genome mosaicity and plasticity. Naphthalene degradation genes are arranged as regulonic clusters and found to be part of ICECSV86nah. Various eco‐physiological properties and absence of major pathogenicity and virulence factors (risk group‐1) in CSV86 suggest it to be an ideal candidate for bioremediation. Further, strain can serve as an ideal chassis for metabolic engineering to degrade various xenobiotics preferentially over simple carbon sources for efficient remediation.
Cross‐phytogroup assessment of foliar epiphytic mycobiomes
Authors: Zhu Ting , Yao Jia , Liu Hao , Zhou Chen‐Hao , Liu Yuan‐Zhan , Wang Zheng‐Wei , Quan Zhe‐Xue , Li Bo , Yang Ji , Huang Wei‐Chang , Nie Ming
Published: August 2021

The foliar surface forms one of the largest aboveground habitats on Earth and maintains plant‐fungus relationships that greatly affect ecosystem functioning. Despite many studies with particular plant species, the foliar epiphytic mycobiome has not been studied across a large number of plant species from different taxa. Using high‐throughput sequencing, we assessed epiphytic mycobiomes on leaf surfaces of 592 plant species in a botanical garden. Plants of angiosperms, gymnosperms, and pteridophytes were involved. Plant taxonomy, leaf side, growing environment, and evolutionary relationships were considered. We found that pteridophytes showed the higher fungal species diversity, stronger mutualistic fungal interactions, and a greater percentage of putative pathogens than gymnosperms and angiosperms. Plant taxonomic group, leaf side, and growing environment were significantly associated with the foliar epiphytic mycobiome, but the similarity of the mycobiomes among plants was not directly related to the distance of the host evolutionary tree. Our results provide a general understanding of the foliar fungal mycobiomes from pteridophytes to angiosperms. These findings will facilitate our understanding of foliar fungal epiphytes and their roles in plant communities and ecosystems.
Analysing the types of evidence used by Australian federal parliamentary committees
Authors: Ray Andrew , Young Arabella , Grant Will J.
Published: August 2021

Policy makers globally often claim to use evidence when making policy decisions, but few studies have documented and evaluated the sources of evidence they rely on. This poses challenges to researchers and decision makers alike, as they struggle to assess the impact of research on policy. This study analysed citations in Australian federal parliamentary committee reports to better understand the role that academic sources play in shaping policy. Results show that academic sources are rarely cited by federal parliamentary committees, and of those that are cited, most are academic inquiry submissions or oral evidence, with very few citations of peer‐reviewed research. This finding points towards a need for academics seeking policy impact to engage more pro‐actively with government inquiry submission processes. To incentivise this approach, we suggest that changes be made to the way that academic impact is measured within the university sector in order to avoid disincentivising researchers from making submissions to parliamentary inquiries.
A bond between rheumatic diseases and cancer in the elderly: The interleukin‐6 pathway
Authors: Iorio Giuseppe Carlo , Ammendolia Antonio , Marotta Nicola , Ricardi Umberto , de Sire Alessandro
Published: August 2021

Interleukin (IL)‐6 is a soluble factor secreted by T lymphocytes, involved in antibody generation by B lymphocytes. The IL‐6 pathway has risen as a pivotal pathway implicated in immune regulation and dysregulation in various rheumatic diseases. Nonetheless, elevated IL‐6 levels can also play a role in cancer. Targeting the IL‐6 pathway has led to innovative therapeutic approaches for rheumatic diseases and for COVID‐19, particularly in the elderly. Indeed, tocilizumab, an agent targeting IL‐6, has recently amassed significant attention as a promising univocal agent for different conditions. In this viewpoint, we sought to recall and describe the common pathway among osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer, suggesting that anti‐IL‐6 may be considered a jack‐of‐all‐trades against inflammaging in the elderly.
Locally advanced primary mediastinal atypical carcinoid successfully resected after neoadjuvant treatment: A case report
Authors: Testori Alberto , Perfetti Vittorio , De Carlo Camilla , Bossi Paola , Alloisio Marco , Mangiameli Giuseppe
Published: August 2021

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are epithelial neoplasms with predominant neuroendocrine differentiation that arise in most organs of the body. Mediastinal NETs are very rare, and account for no more than 5% of all mediastinal tumors. R0 surgery represents the milestone of treatment. Here, we describe a case of a locally advanced primary atypical carcinoid of the mediastinum. This was initially considered inoperable due to infiltration of a great vessel and was successfully resected after neoadjuvant treatment as a result of very extensive surgery. Only through an accurate preoperative diagnosis and good radiological planning is it possible to obtain satisfactory oncological results.
Youthful and age‐related matreotypes predict drugs promoting longevity
Authors: Statzer Cyril , Jongsma Elisabeth , Liu Sean X. , Dakhovnik Alexander , Wandrey Franziska , Mozharovskyi Pavlo , Zülli Fred , Ewald Collin Y.
Published: August 2021

The identification and validation of drugs that promote health during aging (“geroprotectors”) are key to the retardation or prevention of chronic age‐related diseases. Here, we found that most of the established pro‐longevity compounds shown to extend lifespan in model organisms also alter extracellular matrix gene expression (i.e., matrisome) in human cell lines. To harness this observation, we used age‐stratified human transcriptomes to define the age‐related matreotype, which represents the matrisome gene expression pattern associated with age. Using a “youthful” matreotype, we screened in silico for geroprotective drug candidates. To validate drug candidates, we developed a novel tool using prolonged collagen expression as a non‐invasive and in‐vivo surrogate marker for Caenorhabditis elegans longevity. With this reporter, we were able to eliminate false‐positive drug candidates and determine the appropriate dose for extending the lifespan of C. elegans. We improved drug uptake for one of our predicted compounds, genistein, and reconciled previous contradictory reports of its effects on longevity. We identified and validated new compounds, tretinoin, chondroitin sulfate, and hyaluronic acid, for their ability to restore age‐related decline of collagen homeostasis and increase lifespan. Thus, our innovative drug screening approach—employing extracellular matrix homeostasis—facilitates the discovery of pharmacological interventions promoting healthy aging.
Does just‐in‐time adoption have an impact on corporate innovation: evidence from China
Authors: Li Ziyang , Ying Qianwei , Yan Wu , Fan Chenjun
Published: August 2021

The just‐in‐time (JIT) system has drawn wide concern as a method of cost management. This paper investigates the effect of JIT adoption on corporate innovation. Using unique data manually collected of Chinese listed firms from 2007 to 2019, we find JIT adoption can promote innovation investment and output. Further evidence shows that customer and supplier concentration as well as market monopoly have moderate effect on the relationship of JIT adoption and corporate innovation. This paper makes a contribution to literature by identifying the positive effect of JIT on corporate innovation and provide strong convincing evidence to support the adoption of JIT.
Stock Return Autocorrelations: Evidence from the Asia‐Pacific Stock Markets
Authors: Lin Luke , Lin Wen‐Yuan
Published: August 2021

This study uses quantile regression to examine the stock autocorrelations of eight Asian markets for the period 1990–2014. First, we find that the impacts of their previous returns are basically positive under most of the quantiles. Second, if we distinguish previous returns as positive or negative, the basic positive autocorrelations are strengthened. Third, when the previous return soars or plummets, the basic positive autocorrelations are not obviously changed. Last, through the cross‐comparison of two different financial crises, geographical correlations are shown to be a potentially major factor in the spread of the impact of the financial crisis.
De novo isolated myeloid sarcoma: comparative analysis of survival in 19 consecutive cases
Authors: Begna Kebede H. , Kittur Jaya , Yui Jennifer , Gangat Naseema , Patnaik Mrinal M. , Al‐Kali Aref , Elliott Michelle A. , Hogan William J. , Litzow Mark R. , Hook Christopher C. , Wolanskyj Alexandra P. , Howard Matthew T. , Hanson Curtis A. , Ketterling Rhett P. , Pardanani Animesh D. , Tefferi Ayalew
Published: August 2021

Institutional database search (1999–2020) for acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) identified 109 cases of myeloid sarcoma (MS), of which 19 were isolated and presented de novo. The latter displayed longer survival (median 78 months), compared to MS with synchronous intramedullary AML (n = 32; median 16 months) and de novo AML without MS (n = 729; median 22 months; P = 0·13). However, the difference in survival was no longer apparent after accounting for bone marrow cytogenetic risk status (P = 0·67). Treatment‐induced MS tumour resolution was not affected by the presence of intramedullary disease (P = 0·61). The current study clarifies the prognosis of de novo isolated MS, in the context of AML.
Throwing off the dark legacy when going down: Experience of status loss undermines reparation intentions prompted by narratives of the ingroup’s past wrongdoings
Authors: Waldzus Sven , Dumont Kitty , Knoetze Linda
Published: August 2021

Two experiments tested whether group members’ reparation intentions towards victims of the ingroup’s past wrongdoings depend on their experience of relative status change. We manipulated born‐free White South Africans’ experience ofaccessibilityof memories of past ingroup wrongdoings and their current experiences of status loss. For participants believing in the ingroup’s responsibility for past wrongdoing towards Black South Africans during Apartheid, status‐loss experiences reduced reparation intentions prompted by the experience of memorizing examples of such wrongdoing as easy (Experiment 1,N = 193), and the ease to remember wrongdoing examples increased reparation intentions only if participants were reminded of status stability, but not if they were reminded of status loss (Experiment,N = 126). We conclude that the implications of narratives referring to past ingroup wrongdoings are contingent upon their relational function in ongoing social change processes.
Negotiating child agency in childcare practices among immigrant families
Authors: Gonzalez Emilia , Ruiz‐Casares Mónica
Published: August 2021

In the context of migration, different perspectives of child agency can influence childcare practices and may create tensions within families and in the host society. This study explores the individual, relational, environmental, and cultural factors that influence how child agency is understood and exercised within immigrant households. Focus group discussions were conducted with first‐ and second‐generation immigrant children (12‐ to 17‐year‐old) (N = 46) and parents (N = 19) from South‐Asia, Latin‐America and the Caribbean in Montreal. Our findings suggest that children exercise agency by taking actions to ensure their own safety and contributing to their families' needs. Moreover, we found that negotiating children's agency is influenced by the nature of the parent–child relationship, the material and social resources available to the family, and the perceived and lived experiences of authority and safety in the host society. This study advances our understanding of how immigrant children contribute to their families and the role that contextual factors play in shaping, promoting and hindering child agency. Policy makers and service providers in host societies should consider the perspectives of immigrant children and parents in order to develop a more culturally responsive understanding of the elements and processes that influence childcare and supervision practices of immigrant families.
Altered mismatch response of inferior parietal lobule in amnestic mild cognitive impairment: A magnetoencephalographic study
Authors: Chen Pin‐Yu , Hsu Hui‐Yun , Chao Yi‐Ping , Nouchi Rui , Wang Pei‐Ning , Cheng Chia‐Hsiung
Published: August 2021

Background

Mismatch negativity (MMN) reflects the functional integrity of sensory memory function. With the advantages of independence of individual's focused attention and behavioral cooperation, this neurophysiological signal is particularly suitable for investigating elderly with cognitive decline such as amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). However, the existing results remain substantially inconsistent whether these patients show deficits of MMN. In order to reconcile the previous disputes, the present study used magnetoencephalography combined with distributed source imaging methods to determine the source‐level magnetic mismatch negativity (MMNm) in aMCI.

Methods

A total of 26 healthy controls (HC) and 26 patients with aMCI underwent an auditory oddball paradigm during the MEG recordings. MMNm amplitudes and latencies in the bilateral superior temporal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, and inferior parietal lobule (IPL) were compared between HC and aMCI groups. The correlations of MMNm responses with performance of auditory/verbal memory tests were examined. Finally, MMNm and its combination with verbal/auditory memory tests were submitted to receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.

Results

Compared to HC, patients with aMCI showed significantly delayed MMNm latencies in the IPL. Among the patients with aMCI, longer MMNm latencies of left IPL were associated with lower scores of Chinese Version Verbal Learning Test (CVVLT). The ROC curve analysis revealed that the combination of MMNm latencies of left IPL and CVVLT scores yielded a moderate accuracy in the discrimination of aMCI from HC at an individual level.

Conclusions

Our data suggest dysfunctional MMNm in patients with aMCI, particularly in the IPL.
Platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF)‐BB protects dopaminergic neurons via activation of Akt/ERK/CREB pathways to upregulate tyrosine hydroxylase
Authors: Chen Huan , Teng Yan , Chen Xingmin , Liu Zhihao , Geng Fan , Liu Yanzhuo , Jiang Haisong , Wang Ziyan , Yang Lu
Published: August 2021

Aims

The neurotropic growth factor PDGF‐BB was shown to have vital neurorestorative functions in various animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD). Previous studies indicated that the regenerative property of PDGF‐BB contributes to the increased intensity of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) fibers in vivo. However, whether PDGF‐BB directly modulates the expression of TH, and the underlying mechanism is still unknown. We will carefully examine this in our current study.

Method

MPTP‐lesion mice received PDGF‐BB treatment via intracerebroventricular (i.c.v) administration, and the expression of TH in different brain regions was assessed by RT‐PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry staining. The molecular mechanisms of PDGF‐BB‐mediated TH upregulation were examined by RT‐PCR, Western blot, ChIP assay, luciferase reporter assay, and immunocytochemistry.

Results

We validated a reversal expression of TH in MPTP‐lesion mice upon i.c.v administration of PDGF‐BB for seven days. Similar effects of PDGF‐BB‐mediated TH upregulation were also observed in MPP+‐treated primary neuronal culture and dopaminergic neuronal cell line SH‐SY5Y cells. We next demonstrated that PDGF‐BB rapidly activated the pro‐survival PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways, as well as the downstream CREB in SH‐SY5Y cells. We further confirmed the significant induction of p‐CREB in PDGF‐BB‐treated animals in vivo. Using a genetic approach, we demonstrated that the transcription factor CREB is critical for PDGF‐BB‐mediated TH expression. The activation and nucleus translocation of CREB were promoted in PDGF‐BB‐treated SH‐SY5Y cells, and the enrichment of CREB on the promoter region of TH gene was also increased upon PDGF‐BB treatment.

Conclusion

Our data demonstrated that PDGF‐BB directly regulated the expression of TH via activating the downstream Akt/ERK/CREB signaling pathways. Our finding will further support the therapeutic potential of PDGF‐BB in PD, and provide the possibility that targeting PDGF signaling can be harnessed as an adjunctive therapy in PD in the future.
Mischaracterizing wildlife trade and its impacts may mislead policy processes
Authors: Challender Daniel W.S. , Brockington Dan , Hinsley Amy , Hoffmann Michael , Kolby Jonathan E. , Massé Francis , Natusch Daniel J.D. , Oldfield Thomasina E.E. , Outhwaite Willow , ’t Sas‐Rolfes Michael , Milner‐Gulland E.J.
Published: August 2021

Overexploitation is a key driver of biodiversity loss but the relationship between the use and trade of species and conservation outcomes is not always straightforward. Accurately characterizing wildlife trade and understanding the impact it has on wildlife populations are therefore critical to evaluating the potential threat trade poses to species and informing local to international policy responses. However, a review of recent research that uses wildlife and trade‐related databases to investigate these topics highlights three relatively widespread issues: (1) mischaracterization of the threat that trade poses to certain species or groups, (2) misinterpretation of wildlife trade data (and illegal trade data in particular), resulting in the mischaracterization of trade, and (3) misrepresentation of international policy processes and instruments. This is concerning because these studies may unwittingly misinform policymaking to the detriment of conservation, for example by undermining positive outcomes for species and people along wildlife supply chains. Moreover, these issues demonstrate flaws in the peer‐review process. As wildlife trade articles published in peer‐reviewed journals can be highly influential, we propose ways for authors, journal editors, database managers, and policymakers to identify, understand, and avoid these issues as we all work towards more sustainable futures.
Interleukin 36 expression in psoriasis variants and other dermatologic diseases with psoriasis‐like histopathologic features
Authors: Aquino Terese Monette , Calvarido Mary Grace , North Jeffrey P.
Published: August 2021

Background

Elevated epidermal interleukin (IL)‐36 expression distinguishes psoriasis from eczematous dermatitis, but other psoriasiform dermatitides (PDs) have not been thoroughly investigated for IL‐36 expression. In this study, we assess the IL‐36 staining pattern (IL36‐SP) in psoriasis variants and other PDs including lichen simplex chronicus (LSC), prurigo nodularis (PN), lichen planus (LP), tinea, pityriasis rubra pilaris (PRP), mycosis fungoides (MF), pemphigus foliaceus (PF), acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), impetigo (IMP), and syphilis (SY).

Methods

IL‐36 immunostaining was performed on 307 cases of psoriasis and various PDs. IL36‐SP in the upper epidermis was graded on a scale of 0‐4.

Results

High IL36‐SP occurred in all variants of psoriasis, as well as in AGEP, PRP, PN, tinea, IMP, and LP (P > 0.05). SY, PF, LSC, and MF showed a lower IL36‐SP (P ≤ 0.05) compared with psoriasis.

Conclusion

All variants of psoriasis exhibit high IL36‐SP. IL‐36 staining can assist in differentiating MF, PF, SY, and LSC from psoriasis, particularly MF and LSC, which have consistent low IL‐36 expression. AGEP, PRP, tinea, IMP, PN, and LP exhibit high IL‐36 expression similar to psoriasis, indicating Th17 activation in these diseases.
Functional development in children with cerebral palsy in Uganda: population‐based longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Andrews Carin , Namaganda Lukia , Eliasson Ann‐Christin , Kakooza‐Mwesige Angelina , Forssberg Hans
Published: August 2021

Aim

To follow the functional development of a population‐based cohort of children with cerebral palsy (CP) in rural Uganda and compare their development with the developmental trajectories of children from high‐income countries (HIC).

Method

Eighty‐one children (33 females, 48 males) aged 2 to 17 years (mean 8y 6mo, SD 4y 6mo) with CP were initially assessed in 2015 and then 4 years later using the 66‐item Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM‐66), Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory, Ugandan version (PEDI‐UG), and functional classification systems. We calculated actual and reference scores (level of deviation from the developmental trajectories in HIC). A Wilcoxon signed‐rank test was used for statistical analyses.

Results

Children and young people with CP in Uganda exhibited no differences in scores between the first and second assessments for the GMFM‐66 and PEDI‐UG mobility skills, whereas they exhibited increased PEDI‐UG social function (p<0.001) and self‐care skills scores (p<0.001). Reference scores were more negative at the second assessment than at the first for the GMFM‐66 (p=0.002) and PEDI‐UG mobility (p=0.036) but not for PEDI‐UG self‐care. The increased difference in reference scores over the 4 years was primarily driven by younger children (2–5y) and children with milder impairments.

Interpretation

The increased difference in reference scores between assessments suggests that children with CP in Uganda develop motor skills at a slower rate than peers in HIC. Limited access to health care and rehabilitation likely contributed to the lower scores and slower rate of development.
The effect of pre‐operative submucosal administration of dexamethasone, tramadol, articaine on the success rate of inferior alveolar nerve block on mandibular molars with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis: A randomized, double‐blind placebo‐controlled clinical trial
Authors: Aksoy Fatih , Ege Bilal , Tosun Samet
Published: August 2021

Aim

To establish the effects of submucosal tramadol, dexamethasone and articaine on the success of inferior alveolar nerve blocks (IANB) during root canal treatment of mandibular molars with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis (SIP).

Methodology

In this randomized double‐blind, controlled clinical trial, 120 patients with the diagnosis of SIP in their mandibular first or second molars were included and randomly divided into four groups (n = 30). The control group received normal saline and three experimental groups received a single dose of dexamethasone (8 mg/2 mL), or tramadol (100 mg/2 mL) or articaine (4% / 2 mL). The pre‐operative pain levels of the patients were measured with the Heft‐Parker visual analogue scale (HP VAS). All patients received standard IANB of 4% articaine with 1:200000 epinephrine. Following the observation of lip numbness, submucosal injections were administered into the mucobuccal fold adjacent to the mandibular molars. After 15 min, standard root canal treatment was initiated, and the pain intensity levels recorded from the access cavity preparation to pulp extirpation were measured with HP VAS. The duration of the anaesthesia was also evaluated. The experimental groups were compared using one‐way ANOVA or Kruskal–Wallis H‐test. The groups that were significantly different were compared pairwise using the Tukey Multiple Comparison test. The Chi‐square test was used to compare the categorical variables.

Results

The submucosal administration of articaine significantly increased the success rate to 63% in comparison with the control group that received submucosal saline (p < .05). The success rate of pulpal anaesthesia was 37% in the control group, 57% in the tramadol group and 47% in the dexamethasone group, with no significant difference in the success rate among these groups. In the dexamethasone group, the duration of the anaesthetic effect of IANB was significantly longer than those in the other groups (p < .001).

Conclusions

In patients with SIP, pre‐operative submucosal administration of articaine increased the success rate of IANB, while administration of dexamethasone increased the duration of anaesthesia. These agents can be used in cases where effective anaesthesia cannot be obtained during root canal treatments.
Localized scleroderma: actual insights and new biomarkers
Authors: Snarskaya Elena S. , Vasileva Kseniia D.
Published: August 2021

Localized scleroderma (LS, morphea, limited scleroderma, focal scleroderma) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by a progressive damage to the connective tissue with a predominance of fibrosclerotic disorders in the skin and the subcutaneous tissue. In addition surrounding structures may be affected: fascia, muscle, and bone tissues. This review reflects the current understanding about limited scleroderma, its pathogenesis, diagnosis, new biomarkers, and information about the possibilities of its transition to systemic scleroderma. The following new biomarkers have been identified: galactosylated IgG (Ig‐Gal), progranulin (PGRN), chemokine CCXL 18, various types of microRNA (miRNA‐let‐7a, miRNA‐7, miRNA‐196a, miRNA‐155, miRNA‐483‐5p), periostin, and myelin basic protein (MBP). Knowledge about new biomarkers of LS will help us to explore the patients’ predisposition to the development of systemic scleroderma. In addition, by acting on these biomarkers, it is possible to prevent the progression of LS in the early stages and its transition to systemic scleroderma. The review also presents the current understanding of autoantibodies in LS and their correlation with clinical signs of the disease.
Post‐chemotherapy alopecia: what the dermatologist needs to know
Authors: Santos Thuany Silva , Hernandéz Galvis Kely , Vañó Galván Sergio , Saceda‐Corralo David
Published: August 2021

It is estimated that chemotherapy‐induced alopecia (CIA) occurs in 65% of chemotherapeutic patients. Forty‐seven percent of cancer patients consider hair loss to be the most traumatic aspect of therapy. CIA can be anticipated, depending on the regimen used, and doctors should be aware of the treatments that can minimize it. Careful evaluation before chemotherapy treatment should be performed, and trichoscopy may be useful. Dermatologists do not generally evaluate postchemotherapy alopecia. However, there is an increasing number of reports of permanent chemotherapy‐induced alopecia, and these patients require treatment.
National audit of a hereditary and acquired angioedema cohort in New Zealand
Authors: Lindsay Karen , Chua Ignatius , Jordan Anthony , Stephens Simone
Published: August 2021

Background

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) leads to significant morbidity and mortality from unpredictable intermittent peripheral, abdominal and laryngeal swelling. Access to appropriate healthcare and effective therapies, which can prevent and treat attacks, reduce the suffering and greatly improve quality of life. Although treatments such as C1 inhibitor (Berinert), and Icatibant are available in New Zealand (Aotearoa), there are no published data available on their use.

Aim

To present a national audit of HAE and acquired angioedema (AAE) in 2019.

Methods

Patients were identfied and demographical and clinical data on HAE were collected retrospectively by interview and notes review.

Results

The total number of known adult (48) and children (3) HAE and AAE (3) patients is 54. Of these, 41/54 (75%) of HAE and AAE patients were recruited to the audit. Icatibant has been available for the treatment of acute HAE attacks since 2016, and is now used in 73% of HAE patients. Icatibant is also used by patients for laryngeal attacks in the community, who may not then present to hospital. Androgens are used in half of the patients as prophylaxis, but 33% of the latter were identified as not having regular liver ultrasound screening. Tranexamic acid is used as prophylaxis in one‐fifth of patients. Participants have had 40 children, half of whom may be affected. Three have been diagnosed with HAE, suggesting that the majority have not yet been tested.

Conclusions

Corrective actions arising from this audit will improve our capacity to provide long‐term care for HAE patients and their families.
A Sanger sequencing protocol for SARS‐CoV‐2 S‐gene
Authors: Daniels Rodney S. , Harvey Ruth , Ermetal Burcu , Xiang Zheng , Galiano Monica , Adams Lorin , McCauley John W.
Published: August 2021

We describe a Sanger sequencing protocol for SARS‐CoV‐2 S‐gene the Spike (S)‐glycoprotein product of which, composed of receptor‐binding (S1) and membrane fusion (S2) segments, is the target of vaccines used to combat COVID‐19. The protocol can be used in laboratories with basic Sanger sequencing capabilities and allows rapid “at source” screening for SARS‐CoV‐2 variants, notably those of concern. The protocol has been applied for surveillance, with clinical specimens collected in either nucleic acid preservation lysis‐mix or virus transport medium, and research involving cultured viruses, and can yield data of public health importance in a timely manner.
Single‐cell RNA sequencing reveals a high‐resolution cell atlas of xylem in Populus
Authors: Li Hui , Dai Xinren , Huang Xiong , Xu Mengxuan , Wang Qiao , Yan Xiaojing , Sederoff Ronald R. , Li Quanzi
Published: August 2021

High‐throughput single‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐seq) has advantages over traditional RNA‐seq to explore spatiotemporal information on gene dynamic expressions in heterogenous tissues. We performed Drop‐seq, a method for the dropwise sequestration of single cells for sequencing, on protoplasts from the differentiating xylem of Populus alba × Populus glandulosa. The scRNA‐seq profiled 9,798 cells, which were grouped into 12 clusters. Through characterization of differentially expressed genes in each cluster and RNA in situ hybridizations, we identified vessel cells, fiber cells, ray parenchyma cells and xylem precursor cells. Diffusion pseudotime analyses revealed the differentiating trajectory of vessels, fiber cells and ray parenchyma cells and indicated a different differentiation process between vessels and fiber cells, and a similar differentiation process between fiber cells and ray parenchyma cells. We identified marker genes for each cell type (cluster) and key candidate regulators during developmental stages of xylem cell differentiation. Our study generates a high‐resolution expression atlas of wood formation at the single cell level and provides valuable information on wood formation.
Burrow use and sexual dimorphism as indicators of the mating system in the symbiotic pea crab Austinixa patagoniensis (Rathbun 1918) (Decapoda, Brachyura, Pinnotheridae)
Authors: João Marcio C. A. , Hernáez Patricio
Published: August 2021

Brachyuran crabs of the family Pinnotheridae De Haan are a classic example of symbiotic lifestyle. Here, we described the host‐use pattern, relative growth and sexual dimorphism of Austinixa patagoniensis (Rathbun 1918), a symbiont of the ghost shrimp Callichirus major (Say 1818). We use these analyses to test the A. patagoniensis mating system considering that monogamous species inhabit their respective host as male–female pairs and have a low degree of sexual dimorphism. Austinixa patagoniensis showed a high social plasticity, with individuals inhabiting galleries in solitary, in pairs, in trios or in groups of up to eight crabs. While it is true that 38% of the burrows sampled harbored pairs of crabs, the body size of paired crabs from the opposite sex was poorly correlated. This suggests that heterosexual pairing is short term with frequent shifts among burrows by male and/or female crabs, as reported before for other symbiotic decapods in which the body size of paired crabs is poorly correlated. A considerable proportion of the ovigerous females (34%) were found living solitarily, which suggest that males abandon these females shortly after insemination. The sexual dimorphism in terms of body and cheliped size was evident in this species, a condition that argues in favor of male–male competition in A. patagoniensis. The observations above argue against the notion that A. patagoniensis is monogamous. Lastly, our results revealed that body size and chelipeds of males are not under sexual selection by females, thus reinforcing the idea that male–male competition is the mechanism behind sexual selection in A. patagoniensis.
Source–sink dynamics assists the maintenance of a pollinating wasp
Authors: Tong Xin , Ding Yuan‐Yuan , Deng Jun‐Yin , Wang Rong , Chen Xiao‐Yong
Published: August 2021

Dispersal that unites spatially subdivided populations into a metapopulation with source–sink dynamics is crucial for species persistence in fragmented landscapes. Understanding such dynamics for pollinators is particularly urgent owing to the ongoing global pollination crisis. Here, we investigated the population structure and source–sink dynamics of a pollinating wasp (Wiebesia sp. 3) of Ficus pumila in the Zhoushan Archipelago of China. We found significant asymmetry in the pairwise migrant numbers for 22 of 28 cases on the historical timescale, but only two on the contemporary timescale. Despite a small population size, the sole island not colonized by a superior competitor wasp (Wiebesia sp. 1) consistently behaved as a net exporter of migrants, supplying large sinks. Comparable levels of genetic diversity, with few private alleles and low genetic differentiation (total Fst: 0.03; pairwise Fst: 0.0005–0.0791), were revealed among all the islands. There was a significant isolation‐by‐distance pattern caused mainly by migration between the competition‐free island and other islands, otherwise the pattern was negligible. The clustering analysis failed to detect multiple gene pools for the whole region. Thus, the sinks were most probably organized into a patchy population. Moreover, the estimates of effective population sizes were comparable between the two timescales. Thus the source–sink dynamics embedded within a well‐connected population network may allow Wiebesia sp. 3 to persist at a competitive disadvantage. This study provides evidence that metapopulations in the real world may be complicated and changeable over time, highlighting the necessity to study such metapopulations in detail.
Tikanga rua: Bicultural spatial governance in Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors: Dionisio Rita , Macfarlane Angus Hikairo
Published: August 2021

This editorial introduction outlines the political and intellectual territory for a Special Issue on Tikanga rua: bicultural spatial governance in Aotearoa New Zealand. The term ‘spatial governance’ refers to deliberative systems with an impact on social and spatial outcomes, including environmental management, town planning, urban design and city‐making. Authentic tikanga rua bicultural spatial governance delivers processes and outcomes aligned with the perspectives, values and knowledge of both tangata whenua (people of the land) and tangata Tiriti (people of the Treaty). The research discussed in the Special Issue traverses multiple geographies and contexts and demonstrates the manifold possibilities for biculturalism in contemporary spatial governance. This introduction summarises the contents of each of the substantive papers and provides a Māori‐English glossary to assist readers with the key terms used within the issue.
Pangenome of white lupin provides insights into the diversity of the species
Authors: Hufnagel Bárbara , Soriano Alexandre , Taylor Jemma , Divol Fanchon , Kroc Magdalena , Sanders Heather , Yeheyis Likawent , Nelson Matthew , Péret Benjamin
Published: August 2021

White lupin is an old crop with renewed interest due to its seed high protein content and high nutritional value. Despite a long domestication history in the Mediterranean basin, modern breeding efforts have been fairly scarce. Recent sequencing of its genome has provided tools for further description of genetic resources but detailed characterization of genomic diversity is still missing. Here, we report the genome sequencing of 39 accessions that were used to establish a white lupin pangenome. We defined 32 068 core genes that are present in all individuals and 14 822 that are absent in some and may represent a gene pool for breeding for improved productivity, grain quality, and stress adaptation. We used this new pangenome resource to identify candidate genes for alkaloid synthesis, a key grain quality trait. The white lupin pangenome provides a novel genetic resource to better understand how domestication has shaped the genomic variability within this crop. Thus, this pangenome resource is an important step towards the effective and efficient genetic improvement of white lupin to help meet the rapidly growing demand for plant protein sources for human and animal consumption.
Screening and identification of Cucurbita germplasm resistant to Xanthomonas cucurbitae, incitant of cucurbit bacterial spot
Authors: Sulley Salisu , Huang Yali , Hind Sarah R. , Babadoost Mohammed
Published: August 2021

Bacterial spot of cucurbits, caused by Xanthomonas cucurbitae, is an emerging disease of cucurbits. This study was conducted to identify Cucurbita species that are resistant to X. cucurbitae. We developed a reliable method for inoculating cucurbit plants by spraying plants with X. cucurbitae suspensions containing carborundum. Symptoms of the disease developed within 7 days after inoculation. Subsequently, we evaluated the virulence of six isolates of X. cucurbitae in the greenhouse and observed that X. cucurbitae isolated from cucurbit fields in Illinois, Michigan, Kansas, Ohio, and Wisconsin were more virulent than the reference ATCC 23378 strain. Then, we screened 81 commercial cultivars of gourds, pumpkins, and squashes, as well as 300 Cucurbita spp. accessions, for their resistance to X. cucurbitae under greenhouse and field conditions. In the greenhouse study, all commercial cultivars and some of the accessions developed typical symptoms of bacterial spot disease, while some of the accessions developed fewer lesions. In the field studies, infection of leaves and fruits was caused by both natural inoculum and spray‐inoculation of plants with a suspension of the X. cucurbitae isolate from Illinois. Among 300 accessions tested, 9 and 21 accessions were classified as resistant and less resistant, respectively. Resistant and less resistant accessions belong to the species Cucurbita maxima, C. maxima subsp. maxima, C. maxima subsp. andreana, and C. okeechobeensis subsp. martinezii. This is the first report of potential resistance to bacterial spot of cucurbits.
Sarracenia purpurea glycerol‐3‐phosphate acyltransferase 5 confers plant tolerance to high humidity in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Hsu Yi‐Feng , Yan Jiawen , Song Yu , Zheng Min
Published: August 2021

Suberin, as a lipid polyester barrier, limits the movement of gas, water, and solutes, and plays important roles in plant protection and growth. In this study, a CDS encoding glycerol‐3‐phosphate acyltransferase 5 (GPAT5) was cloned from Sarracenia purpurea to investigate the gene function. SpGPAT5 shares 72% identity and 80% similarity to AtGPAT5 that is required for suberin synthesis. Fluorol Yellow 088 staining showed that the S. purpurea pitcher (specific leaf) tube contained more suberin in the adaxial surface compared to the lid, and SpGPAT5 transcripts were detected in the pitcher. Previous reported Atgpat5‐1 phenotypes were complemented with SpGPAT5 showing that the Atgpat5‐1 seed coat had increased permeability of tetrazolium red and the mutant was sensitive to salt. We also found that SpGPAT5 was able to revert the hyperhydric phenotype of Atgpat5‐1 under high humidity. Thus, this study suggests that SpGPAT5 can functionally replace AtGPAT5 and contributes to plant tolerance to high humidity, which maybe assist in understanding the role of suberin‐associated waxes in S. purpurea pitchers for water retention.