bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MICROTUBULE‐MICROFILAMENT‐CONTROLLED NUCLEAR MIGRATION IN THE DESMIDEUASTRUM OBLONGUM1
Authors: Url Thomas , Höftberger Margit , Meindl Ursula
Published: October 2004

Postmitotic nuclear migration inEuastrum oblongnumRalfs ex Ralfs starts about 80 min after septum formation with the nucleus leaving its central position in the isthmus and moving into the growing semicell. Nuclear migration is influenced by the chloroplast, which expands into the growing half‐cell and pushes the nucleus toward one side of the cell. The nucleus occupies its farthest position from the isthmus when located in the middle of the growing semicell directly under the central depression of the cell surface. It remains in this position during the subsequent stages of cell development and moves back toward the isthmus within a chloroplast groove about 12 h after completion of cell shape formation.

Bundles of microtubules (MTs) emanating from a microtubule center surround the nucleus during its motion. They reach far into the growing half‐cell as long as the nucleus is moving but vanish when the nucleus stays in the growing semicell. MT‐disrupting agents inhibit the backward movement of the nucleus toward the isthmus indicating that MTs are involved in this motion too. Because both MT inhibitors and cytochalasin B influence nuclear motion inEuastrum, an interaction of MTs and microfilaments is thought to function as the motive force for nuclear migration.
THE MARINE DINOFLAGELLATE ALEXANDRIUM OSTENFELDII: PARALYTIC SHELLFISH TOXIN CONCENTRATION, COMPOSITION, AND TOXICITY TO A TINTINNID CILIATE1
Authors: Hansen Per Juel , Cembella Allan D. , Moestrup Øjvind
Published: October 2004

The composition of paralytic shellfish toxins in the marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii (Paulsen) Balech et Tangen grown in unialgal culture was determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography. The toxin profile revealed that the low‐potency sulfamate toxin B2 was dominant (90 molar % of total toxins), but small amounts of the weakly toxic 21‐N‐sulfocarbamoyl derivatives C1+2 and trace amounts of the carbamate toxins GTX2 and GTX3 were also present. The mammalian toxicity was confirmed by a modification of the conventional AOAC mouse bioassay (0.6–1.4 pg STXeq· cell‐1). The acute toxicity to a potential predator, the tintinnid ciliate Favella ehrenbergi (Clap, et Lach.) Jörg., was also investigated. The ciliate was able to graze on A. ostenfeldii when the cell concentration of the dinoflagellate was low (<2000 cells · mL‐1). At higher concentrations the ciliate was affected by exudates (presumably PSP toxins) that induced backward swimming followed by swelling and lysis of the cell. Fluorescence microscopy of calcofluor‐stained cells was employed as an easy and rapid method to identify this and other thecate dinoflagellates.
ANALYSIS OF GAMETIC PROTOPLAST RELEASE IN THE CLOSTERIUM PERACEROSUM‐STRIGOSUM‐LITTORALE COMPLEX (CHLOROPHYTA)1
Authors: Sekimoto Hiroyuki , Fujii Tadashi
Published: October 2004

A biologically active glycoprotein (protoplast‐release‐inducing protein; PR‐IP), which induces the release of gametic protoplasts from mating type minus (mt‐) cells of the Closterium peracerosum‐strigosum‐littorale complex, was prepared from a medium in which mt‐ and mt+ cells had been previously incubated together. The process of PR‐IP‐inducing protoplast release was analyzed. Induction of protoplast release was dependent upon the duration of both PR‐IP treatment and preincubation in nitrogen‐deficient mating medium before PR‐IP treatment. Low cell density in the preculture stage had a significant stimulative effect upon the induction of protoplast release. Light was necessary for protoplast release, especially just before PR‐IP treatment. Chloramphenicol and 3‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐1,1‐dimethylurea (CMU) exerted inhibitory effects on protoplast release, especially when they were applied to the preculture stage but not when they were applied to the protoplast‐releasing stage after the PR‐IP treatment. We suggest that preculture at a low cell density under continuous light conditions that may cause metabolic changes in the chloroplast is a very important stage for gametic protoplast release in this Closterium.
THE EFFECT OF SODIUM CHLORIDE ON CARBONIC ANHYDRASE ACTIVITY IN MARINE MICROALGAE1
Authors: Dionisio‐Sese Maribel L. , Miyachi Shigetoh
Published: October 2004

The effects of NaCl on the internal and external carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity of several marine microalgae were studied. Unlike freshwater microalgae in which CA activity is generally inhibited by NaCl, marine microalgae exhibited considerable species‐dependent variation when exposed to NaCl. CA activity in Phaeodactylum tricornutum, a diatom, was inhibited, whereas it was activated in the coccolithophorid Pleurochrysis carterae. CA activity in the chlorophyte Dunaliella primolecta was not significantly affected by NaCl. In Dunaliella salina and Dunaliella parva, NaCl inhibited external CA without affecting the internal activity, whereas in Chlorella vulgaris C‐133 and Dunaliella peircei only the internal CA was inhibited. Internal CA of Dunaliella tertiolecta was not affected by NaCl, but the external enzyme was significantly enhanced. Salt substitution experiments revealed that chloride (Cl‐) is the ion affecting CA activity; the effect of Cl‐ can be replaced by bromide ion. Cl‐ affects external CA activity while also affecting the apparent affinity for inorganic carbon during photosynthesis. Microalgae whose internal CA activity was enhanced by Cl‐ showed higher intracellular Cl‐ concentrations than those species that were inhibited.
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF GOLGI FROM COCCOLITHUS PELAGICUS (PRYMNESIOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Wainwright Irene M. , Kwon Duck‐Kee , Gonzalez Elma
Published: October 2004

Cells of the marine alga Coccolithus pelagicus (Wal‐lich)J. Schiller grown in axenic cultures were homogenized and fractionated. The distribution of organelle markers was assessed enzymatically after centrifugation through zonal, density, and flotation gradients made with sucrose, sorbitol, or Percoll. Mitochondria (1.19 g·cm‐3) and chloroplasts (1.15 g·cm‐3) were recovered in sucrose gradients at densities similar to those observed for higher plants and most algae. The position of endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane in the gradients was monitored by NADPH cytochrome c reductase and vanadate‐sensitive Mg2+‐ATPase, respectively. Higher plant Golgi markers, latent undine diphosphatase (UDPase) and glucan synthase I, were colocalized at a density range including two peaks of activity at 1.13–1.15 g·cm‐3.

Bound calcium was associated with high density (1.15 g·cm‐3) membranes. Ca2+‐stimulated ATPase was found at high levels on membranes that did not coisolate with the latent UDPase‐containing membranes. The Ca2+‐stimulated ATPase, a possible participant during calcification, was associated with a chloroplast‐enriched fraction in all the organelle separation systems. However, about 30% of the total activity was separated from both the chloroplasts and Golgi on 0–70% Percoll gradients containing 0.4 M sucrose. The possible relationship of the Golgi and the high‐density organelle exhibiting Ca2+‐stimulated ATPase to coccolithogenesis and the process of calcification and crystal formation is discussed.
DISTINCTION OF SOUTH AMERICAN HAPLOGLOIA ANDERSONII AND CHORDARIA LINEARIS (PHAEOPHYCEAE) BASED ON DIFFERENCES IN SEXUAL REPRODUCTION, MORPHOLOGY, ECOPHYSIOLOGY, AND DISTRIBUTION1
Authors: Peters Akira F.
Published: October 2004

Haplogloia andersonii (Farlow) Levring is an anti‐tropical species that occurs on cold and warm‐temperate Pacific coasts of both Americas. In its habit it resembles the subantarctic species Chordaria linearis (Hooker et Harvey) Cotton. Culture studies show that the species differ in morphology and ecophysiology of their microscopic gametophytes and in gamete behavior. Details of sporophyte anatomy are presented that also allow the distinction of field plants. In South America, H. andersonii occurs only on the Pacific coast, from central Perú (14°S) to southern Chile (50°S). Chordaria linearis occurs on the Pacific coast from Chiloé Island (43°S) to Cape Horn (56°S). In the shared area the species may co‐occur. On the Atlantic coast, C. linearis was newly collected at a locality in northern Patagonia (41°S). In addition, C. linearis occurs in Antarctica. Haplogloia moniliformis Richer, recently described from Macquarie Island, is probably synonymous with Chordaria linearis.
SEPARATION OF CHLOROPHYLLS c1c2, AND c3 OF MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON BY REVERSED‐PHASE‐C18‐HIGH‐PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY1
Authors: Kraay Gijsbert W. , Zapata Manuel , Veldhuis Marcel J. W.
Published: October 2004

We separated chlorophylls c1 c2, and c3 of marine phytoplankton together with other pigments by a modification of the commonly applied reversed‐phase‐C18‐high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐C18‐HPLC) method. However, the chlorophyll c‐like pigment 2,4, Mg‐divinylpheoporphyrin as monomethyl ester, co‐eluted with chlorophyll c1. The method involves optimization of the mobile phase by using a very high ion strength solvent in combination with a high carbon loaded RP‐C18 column. Fingerprints of the various taxonomic groups of algae can thus be developed in a single run, including separation of the carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin.
FATE OF THE TOXIC CYCLIC HEPTAPEPTIDES, THE MICROCYSTINS, FROM BLOOMS OF MICROCYSTIS (CYANOBACTERIA) IN A HYPERTROPHIC LAKE1
Authors: Watanabe Makoto M. , Kaya Kunimitsu , Takamura Noriko
Published: October 2004

The in situ fate of the toxic cyclic heptapeptides, the microcystins, produced by blooms of Microcystis was examined at two stations in a hypertrophic Japanese lake. Microcystins were detected in all samples of Microcystis with quantities varying seasonally and spatially (230–950 μg · g dry wt−1 at St. 1 and 160–746 μg · g dry wt−1 at St. 2) and composed of microcystin‐LR, ‐RR, and‐YR. Microcystin‐RR was the dominant toxin in most samples. A large amount of microcystin (1.1 μg · L−1) was detected in only one sample of filtered lake water. Accumulation of microcystin in zooplankton was indirectly estimated from a newly developed equation model. Large amounts of microcystin (75–1387 μg · g dry wt−1) were accumulated in the zooplankton community, which consisted of two cladocerans, Bosmina fatalis Burckhardt and Diaphanosoma brachyurum Lieve, and a copepod, Cyclops vicinus Uljanin, that co‐occurred with the toxic Microcystis blooms. The maximum percent of microcystin content in zooplankton to that in Microcystis was 202%. Among the three species of zooplankton, only B. fatalis seemed to be responsible for accumulation of the microcystins because C. vicinus appeared to avoid contact with Microcystis cells and D. brachyurum did not consume colonies of Microcystis. Microcystins may be transferred to higher trophic levels through B. fatalis.
EFFECTS OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS ON THE ENDOSYMBIONT LOAD OF RHOPALODIA GIBBA AND EPITHEMIA TURGIDA (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: DeYoe Hudson R. , Lowe Rex L. , Marks Jane C.
Published: October 2004

Diatoms of the family Epithemiaceae possess a unicellular nitrogen‐fixing cyanobacterial endosymbiont. We investigated the potential of extracellular nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations to affect the endosymbiont load of Rhopalodia gibba O. Müll, and Epithemia turgida Ehr. in field and culture populations. In a growth chamber experiment, monoclonal cultures of R. gibba were exposed to three levels of nitrate‐nitrogen. Nutrient‐diffusing substrates were used in a lake environment to create nine microhabitats of varying nitrogen and phosphorus ratios for natural populations of R. gibba and E. turgida. The number of endosymbionts per diatom increased as ambient nitrogen became limiting; mean endosymbiont volume increased as nitrogen increased. The mean endosymbiont surface area: volume ratio decreased with increasing nitrogen. Total endosymbiont volume per diatom (the product of the number of endosymbionts per diatom and their individual biovolumes) did not have a simple response to increasing nitrogen. Phosphorus limitation uncoupled the relationship between endosymbiont load and nitrogen. We suspect that flexibility of the endosymbiont load can reduce the metabolic cost to the diatom if the endosymbionts are dependent on the diatom for a resource.
CUTICLES FROM CHONDRUS CRISPUS (RHODOPHYTA)1
Authors: Craigie James S. , Correa Juan A. , Gordon Margaret E.
Published: October 2004

A simple, nondestructive physical process was developed for routinely isolating the outermost layers from female, male, and sporophyte fronds of Chondrus crispus Stack‐house. Yields of pure cuticles from apical segments ranged from 0.74 to 2.35% on a dry weight basis after 5–7 d of culture. These undegraded cuticles were examined by electron microscopy (scanning and transmission electron microscopy), spectroscopy (infrared and X‐ray), and chemical means.

Cuticles isolated from female or male fronds were characterized by parallel arrays of electron‐dense lamellae (typically 6–14) alternating with more electron‐transparent regions. The thickness and uniformity of these lamellae provide the physical basis for the iridescence characteristic of C. crispus fronds. Sporophyte fronds are not iridescent. This phenomenon may be explained by the fewer electron‐dense cuticular lamellae (usually three to seven) and the fact that these lamellae anastomose freely to form a thin cuticle with a highly irregular substructure. Elements detected by X‐ray analysis, in addition to carbon and oxygen, included Mg, Br, S, and Ca in both gametophyte and sporophyte cuticles. Major features of FTIR spectra of all cuticles were absorbances due to proteins. A strong band, indicative of sulfate ester, occurred near 1250 cm−1 in all cuticle preparations. Gametophyte, but not sporophyte, cuticles absorbed at 935, 846, and 800 cm−1 consistent with the presence of kappa and/or iota carrageenan. Amino acid analyses showed that sporophyte and gametophyte cuticles were generally similar in gross composition. All contained proline as the principal residue together with significant amounts of cysteine, methionine, and lysine. Protein contents calculated from these analyses ranged from 37.6 to 44.4% on a dry weight basis as compared to 51.5–56.7% calculated from total nitrogen values. Up to 75% of the cuticle mass was solubilized by sodium dodecyl sulfate‐β‐mercaptoethanol. Three similar migrating bands were seen in female and male cuticle extracts on sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; however, none of the three weaker bands from sporophyte cuticles comigrated with those from gametophytes. Chloroform‐methanol extraction removed < 3.3% of the cuticle mass, suggesting that lipids were minor components.
PHOTOREGULATION OF PHYCOBILISOME STRUCTURE DURING COMPLEMENTARY CHROMATIC ADAPTATION IN THE MARINE CYANOPHYTE PHORMIDIUM SP. C861
Authors: Ohki Kaori , Fujita Yoshihiko
Published: October 2004

Changes in the molecular structure of phycobilisomes during complementary chromatic adaptation were studied in the marine cyanophyte Phormidium sp. C86. This strain forms phycoerythrin (PE)‐less phycobilisomes under red light but synthesizes PE‐rich phycobilisomes under green light. Analysis of phycobiliprotein composition and electron microscopic examination of phycobilisomes in ultra‐thin sections of cells and of isolated phycobilisomes were performed for cells acclimated to red and green light, respectively. The structure of phycobilisomes formed under red light conditions was typically hemidiscoidal. Phycobilisomes in cells acclimated to green light were twice as large in size as those in cells acclimated to red light. This increase in phycobilisome size was a result of the increase in the molar ratio of antenna pigment (PE and phycocyanin) to allophycocyanin, from 3.5 to 11.3. Pigment composition and fine structure of phycobilisomes formed under green light were similar to those of “nonhemidiscoidal” phycobilisomes reported in Phormidium persicinum. These results suggest that changes occur not only in the molecular species of peripheral rods but also in the structure of rods and probably of cores in relation to their connection with rods during chromatic adaptation of Phormidium sp. C86.
HIGH‐PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY OF PHYTOPLANKTON PIGMENTS USING A POLYMERIC REVERSED‐PHASE C18 COLUMN1
Authors: Van Heukelem Laurie , Lewitus Alan J. , Kana Todd M. , Craft Neal E.
Published: October 2004

A high‐performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method is described that allows improved resolution of several chemotaxonomically significant phytoplankton pigments. The protocol, which employs two pumps and a modified Mantoura and Llewellyn (1983) solvent system, can be easily adapted for many HPLC systems currently in use. The most unique aspect of the method is the use of a polymeric C18 reversed phase HPLC column (VYDAC 201TP). In comparison to the monomeric C18 columns typically used in the characterization of phytoplankton pigments, polymeric C18 columns offer superior selectivity for structurally similar compounds. The protocol was evaluated for the ability to resolve most of the phytoplankton pigments of diagnostic importance using algal cultures from nine classes. Pigment pairs that were resolved by the method include a) lutein and zeaxanthin, b) neoxanthin and 19′‐hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin, and c) α‐carotene and β‐carotene, and partial resolution of chlorophyll c1 and chlorophyll c2.
Sepsis strategies: an ICU package?
Authors: Ruffell Alison J
Published: October 2004

• Mortality of patients with severe sepsis remains at unacceptable levels and recent new strategies are not being widely embraced

• Five strategies are discussed within this article [low tidal volumes in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome, early goal‐directed therapy, drotrecogin alfa (activated), moderate dose corticosteroids and tight control of blood glucose]

• The critical care nurse plays a leading role in the detection, monitoring and treatment of patients with severe sepsis

• The role of the critical care nurse within the multidisciplinary team is explored

• Education, combination of strategies and the use of protocols are discussed
An exploration of the ethical dimensions pertinent to gaining consent for thrombolysis
Authors: Humphreys Melanie , Smallwood Andrew
Published: October 2004

• This paper explores some of the pertinent ethical principles involved in gaining consent in thrombolysis, relevant to both nurses and paramedics

• It describes ethical concerns regarding this practice

• Two key themes that have been explored are around the issue of autonomy and paternalism

• With nurse‐initiated thrombolysis gaining momentum, an awareness of key ethical dimensions is fundamental
Ms B and legal competence: interprofessional collaboration and nurse autonomy
Authors: Goodman Benny
Published: October 2004

• Ms B's wish for withdrawal of treatment was refused

• The nurses’ role and autonomy in the decision‐making is unclear

• Historically, tensions have existed in the doctor–nurse relationship

• Interprofessional collaboration is encouraged in order to facilitate team working

• Evidence is lacking that this is working and suggests continuing problems

• Legal and ethical education needs emphasizing in order to ensure respect for patient autonomy
Small nonspecialized farming as a protective factor against immediate‐type occupational respiratory allergy?
Authors: Walusiak J. , Krawczyk‐Adamus P. , Hanke W. , Wittczak T. , Pałczyński C.
Published: October 2004

Background:  In Poland small, nonspecialized farms, growing different crops and raising usually a few animals of various species constitute the majority.

Objective:  The aim of the case–control study was to evaluate the risk factors of work‐related respiratory symptoms and occupational asthma and/or rhinitis in Polish farmers and investigate whether the farming characteristics may have influence on the prevalence of atopy and allergic diseases.

Methods:  The study groups comprised 100 cases who were farmers reporting work‐related asthmatic and/or rhinitis symptoms from randomly selected family doctors practices (80 of 353) and 102 healthy controls. All subjects were examined by means of a questionnaire, skin prick tests (SPT) to common and occupational allergens, total serum immunoglobulin (Ig)E level and the presence of specific IgE and allergen‐specific inhalation challenge tests were performed. The provocation tests were monitored with the spirometry, histamine challenge test and evaluation of nasal symptoms score and nasal washings.

Results:  Respiratory allergic disease was recognized in 68 symptomatic patients, including 41 cases because of occupational allergens (asthma n = 38, rhinitis n = 41). Step‐wise logistic regression analysis confirmed the protective role of small farms against the development of work‐related symptoms (OR 0.23; 95% CI 0.11, 0.47) as well as the significance of positive SPT to cereals (OR 5.55; 95% CI 1.6, 19.21) and storage mites (OR 3.73; 95% CI 1.27, 10.96) as a risk factor of these symptoms. Cereal farming (OR 13.75; 95% CI 2.39, 78.83) and positive SPT to cereals (OR 26.92; 95% CI 5.33, 135.9) and storage mites (OR 44.07; 95% CI 8.40, 231.1) were found to be significant risk factors of occupational asthma and/or rhinitis.

Conclusions:  Cereal farming and hypersensitivity to cereals plays the significant role in the development of occupational asthma among Polish farmers. It also seems that working on small farms may protect farmers against work‐related respiratory symptoms that are mostly because of allergy.
Bet v 1 homologues in strawberry identified as IgE‐binding proteins and presumptive allergens
Authors: Karlsson A. L. , Alm R. , Ekstrand B. , Fjelkner‐Modig S. , Schiött Å. , Bengtsson U. , Björk L. , Hjernø K. , Roepstorff P. , Emanuelsson C. S.
Published: October 2004

Background:  No strawberry allergen has so far been identified and characterized.

Methods:  Serum samples were collected from patients with a suggestive case history of adverse reactions to strawberry and other fruits. Extracts from fresh and frozen strawberries were analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE), Western blotting and mass spectrometry. Patient blood samples were analysed for inhibition of IgE binding and basophil degranulation.

Results:  Several IgE‐binding proteins could be detected. In more than half of the patient sera, a 20/18‐kDa doublet band was observed in Western blotting. These two bands were excised and analysed by mass spectrometry showing the presence of proteins belonging to the Bet v 1 family of allergens. Inhibition of the IgE binding to the 20/18‐kDa doublet was obtained by addition of two recombinantly expressed allergens belonging to the Bet v 1 family (Bet v 1 and Mal d 1) and strawberry protein extract. In a cell‐based assay of patient blood samples, basophil degranulation could be induced by strawberry protein extract and by Bet v 1 and Mal d 1.

Conclusions:  We conclude that strawberry homologues to Bet v 1 may be allergens of importance for adverse reactions to strawberry.
Effect of tree pollen specific, subcutaneous immunotherapy on the oral allergy syndrome to apple and hazelnut
Authors: Bucher X. , Pichler W. J. , Dahinden C. A. , Helbling A.
Published: October 2004

Background:  The efficacy of specific immunotherapy (SIT) in pollen allergy is well established. However, its effect on pollen associated food allergy particularly the oral allergy syndrome (OAS) is not definitely ascertained.

Objective:  The purpose of this controlled prospective study was to investigate whether SIT with tree pollen, mainly birch, has an effect on OAS induced by apple or hazelnut in birch pollen‐allergic individuals.

Methods:  Twenty‐seven birch pollen‐allergic subjects with OAS induced by apple or hazelnut underwent open oral provocation tests (OPT) with increasing doses (1 to 128 g) of fresh apple or ground hazelnut 1 year apart. Fifteen of 27 subjects were treated with SIT and 12 were not. Skin‐prick test with birch pollen, apple and hazelnut, and specific serum IgE, IgG and IgG4 to rBet v 1, apple and hazelnut were determined.

Results:  Thirteen of 15 (87%) SIT‐treated subjects could eat significantly (P < 0.001) more of apple or hazelnut without any symptoms/signs. The average tolerated quantity increased from 12.6 to 32.6 g apple after 1 year in this group. In contrast, only one of 12 (8%) individuals without SIT was able to consume a higher amount without symptoms. On evaluating laboratory parameters, only IgG4 antibodies to rBet v 1 were found to be significantly (P < 0.01) increased in the SIT‐treated group after 1 year.

Conclusions:  The study shows that SIT with extracts containing birch pollen has a positive impact on OAS to apple or hazelnut in birch pollen‐allergic individuals. In spite of this outcome, the amount of apple/hazelnut tolerated is still small. Thus, the effect of SIT on the patients’ management of OAS remains limited.
Genetic variation in carbon isotope discrimination in six European populations of Castanea sativa Mill. originating from contrasting localities
Authors: Lauteri M. , Pliura A. , Monteverdi M. C. , Brugnoli E. , Villani F. , Eriksson G.
Published: October 2004

The objective of this study was to evaluate the variability of physiological performances of Castanea sativa Mill. in relation to drought tolerance, among and within European populations coming from contrasting environmental conditions. Forty-eight open-pollinated families from a stratified sample (temperature/precipitation) of six naturalized populations from Spain, Italy and Greece were grown for one growth period under two temperature regimes (25 and 32 °C), in combination with two watering regimes in growth chambers. Complementary to growth traits analysed in a previous study, carbon isotope discrimination (Δ), a complex physiological trait involved in acclimation and adaptive processes, was studied. anova indicated significant Δ variability for C. sativa populations across Europe and, thereby, variation in adaptedness to drought. The European pattern of Δ variability matches the previously reported one for the centre of origin of C. sativa (Ponto-Caucasian region). This suggests that common mechanisms of drought adaptedness, involving both genetic and physiological determinants, give C. sativa the capacity to colonize a wide range of site conditions. The highest Δ values, indicating the lowest water-use efficiency (WUE), were found within each treatment for populations originating from Mediterranean drought-prone sites. These populations also had the highest phenotypic plasticity of Δ. Significant among-family genetic variation in Δ was found. The heritability based on the joint anova was estimated at 0.31 ± 0.07. The estimates of the coefficients for the additive variance varied in the range 2.6–4.0%, suggesting possibilities for selection on WUE and adaptedness to drought. The genetic correlations between Δ and growth traits were generally strong and negative, especially in the two high temperature treatments.
No place like home: competition, dispersal and complex adaptation
Authors: Hadany L. , Eshel I. , Motro U.
Published: October 2004

In many groups of organisms the location of settling is determined by competition, and fitter individuals tend to settle closer to their natal territory than less fit ones. In this work we study the implications of this phenomenon to the problem of adaptation and speciation on a rugged adaptive landscape. One consequence of fitness-associated dispersal (FAD) is that individuals with high fitness are more likely to experience inbreeding, especially with other fit individuals. Another consequence is that when dispersal is costly, the less fit individuals are more likely to pay the cost. When a rare and advantageous allelic combination appears, FAD may increase its chances to spread in the population. In a two-locus two-alleles model with negative epistasis, we find that FAD significantly shortens the waiting time for an adaptive peak shift in comparison with random dispersal.
Diet and health: Nursing perspective for the health of our aging population
Authors: Tse Mimi M. Y. , Benzie Iris F. F.
Published: October 2004

Abstract For most age‐related disorders there is no cure, and treatment is expensive and often ineffective. Thus, disease prevention is an issue of increasing concern and importance. Nurses form the largest professional healthcare group in the world, and the professional code of the modern day nurse advocates health promotion as a primary role. Nurses, by virtue of their close, direct interaction with their community and clients, are in a strong position to disseminate and reinforce the message of health promotion with the aim of achieving functional longevity in our aging population. This requires that nurses themselves increase their awareness, knowledge and understanding of relevant interdisciplinary research findings. In the current review, the influence of diet on the risk of four of the most prevalent age‐related diseases (cancer, cardiovascular disease, dementia and diabetes) is presented, and the underlying mechanisms of influence are discussed, with particular focus on antioxidant‐rich foods.
Validating the revised Health Belief Model for young families: Implications for nurses’ health promotion practice
Authors: Roden Janet
Published: October 2004

Abstract By modifying the Health Belief Model (HBM) nurses can provide health promotion guidance for families through the revised HBM for young families. The constructs ‘perceived behavioral control’ and ‘behavioral intention’ from Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior were added to the HBM to provide a health orientation. An initial qualitative study informed the second quantitative study through thematic data obtained by interviewing parents about family health. The second comparative study of low and high socioeconomic status families of preschool‐aged children living in western Sydney, Australia, measured family health through the Parental Health Behavior Questionnaire (PHBQ). After a small pilot study, the researcher distributed 150 questionnaires to center directors from preschools, kindergartens and long day care, who then handed out questionnaires to interested parents. Data collection occurred in 1998 with consenting parents returning the questionnaires for collection by the researchers. A convenience sample of 103 was obtained with a 69% return rate. Analysis was undertaken through mancova. Justification for validity occurred through logical analysis and hypothesis testing, based on the literature, while reliability was acknowledged by undertaking Cronbach coefficient alphas on small variable clusters. Results support the constructs ‘perceived behavioral control’ and ‘behavioral intention’ in the revised model, suggesting that for families of different socioeconomic background, differences emerge in terms of their perceived control over their child's health and the initiation of health behaviors for their child. Recommendations for further research are for refinement of the PHBQ, new research with different families, and further testing of all the model constructs.
Factors in care management affecting client outcomes in home care
Authors: Nakatani Hisae , Shimanouchi Setsu
Published: October 2004

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to identify which factors in care management affect client outcomes. We performed path analysis using care management processes as independent variables, and client outcomes measures as dependent variables. Client outcomes were measured by improvement in care items and Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scores in 170 clients, and client satisfaction in 97 clients. Improvement in care items was significantly related to the amount of service. Deterioration of the functional independence level was significantly related to the amount of service and lower implementation of monitoring. Higher implementation of evaluation raised client satisfaction. It is important for care managers to develop a care plan based on the necessary amount of service and to perform monitoring. A sufficient amount of service in the care plan and higher implementation of monitoring and evaluation are the three factors in care management affecting client outcomes.
IDUS: DIAGNOSIS OF BILE DUCT CARCINOMA
Authors: Napoléon B , Lefort C
Published: October 2004

The main IDUS indications for bile duct carcinomas are the diagnosis of a stenosis of unknown origin and the staging. We review the advantages and limitations of IDUS in these indications.
CONTRAST‐ENHANCED ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASONOGRAPHY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF PANCREATO‐BILIARY DISEASES
Authors: Hirooka Yoshiki , Itoh Akihiro , Goto Hidemi
Published: October 2004

In diagnostic imaging, techniques represented by computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diagnosis by evaluation of plain images in combination with contrast‐enhanced images is considered important. Recently, the ultrasound contrast media that can be administered from peripheral veins have been developed, and their utility is reported not only for the circulatory organ area but also the digestive organ area, mainly for liver diseases. As for the pancreato‐biliary diseases, there often are the cases that visualization of the diseases itself is not easy by transabdominal ultrasonography, so, the evaluation of contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography remains difficult. In contrast, endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is thought to be one of the most valuable modality for those diseases.

The mainstream of an operation method of EUS was mechanical radial type, but in late years, endoscopic ultrasonography of an electronic linear method and an electronic radial method have been developed. Because an electronic scan method was adopted, we get possible to apply technology of color Doppler flow imaging and power Doppler flow imaging and harmonic imaging methods to EUS.

We would like to outline the usefulness of contrast‐enhanced color/power Doppler EUS and contrast‐enhanced harmonic EUS, moreover, tissue harmonic imaging and three dimensional imaging, on the basis of our experiences.
EUS/IDUS AND ENDOSCOPIC PAPILLECTOMY
Authors: Hirooka Yoshiki , Itoh Akihiro , Goto Hidemi
Published: October 2004

In our institute, the indication of endoscopic papillectomy is set for adenoma or early cancer without tumor growth in the bile duct or the pancreatic duct. The substantial complete excision rate was 78.8%. One out of 11 incomplete excision cases was removed surgically for tumor persistence, and, as for remaining the 10 cases without persistence had been under serial observations. One case out of the serial observations had local recurrence in 5 years 5 months after papillectomy and surgical resection was performed. Further cases and long‐term serial observations may be required to get evidence of an appropriate indication.

In addition, for 60 cases experienced in our institute, the safety of this therapy was reviewed. We experienced bleeding (13.3%), pancreatitis (10%), and cholangitis (3.3%) as early complications, but all cases were successfully treated conservatively. There were no serious conditions as late complications, and endoscopic papillectomy was evaluated as a safe therapy.
USEFULNESS OF EUS IN PORTAL HYPERTENSION WITH ESOPHAGEAL VARICES
Authors: Obara Katsutoshi , Irisawa Atsushi , Sato Yukio
Published: October 2004

We investigated the relationship between esophageal varices and the collaterals by endoscopy and endoscopic ultrasound (20 MHz ultrasonic miniprobe; UMP). Moreover, we investigated the correlation between the collaterals around the esophagus and recurrence of esophageal varices in patients with portal hypertension who had undergone EIS. The collaterals were divided into two groups: peri‐esophageal collateral veins (peri‐ECVs) and para‐esophageal collateral veins (para‐ECVs). These were scored as mild or severe according to the stage of development. According to endoscopy, the varix form was significantly larger in severe the peri‐ECVs group than in mild the peri‐ECVs group. The prevalence of perforating veins increased according to the varix form. With regard to variceal recurrence, in patients with variceal recurrences, UMP findings included a significantly higher incidence of severe peri‐ECVs, a significantly larger diameter of perforating veins compared with patients without recurrence. In conclusion, the presence of severe peri‐ECVs and large perforating veins in the esophageal wall strongly correlates with occurrence and recurrence of esophageal varices in patients with portal hypertension. An understanding of these UMP abnormalities on the basis of hemodynamics around the esophagus is thought to be important for management of esophageal varices in patients with portal hypertension.
EUS GUIDED CELIAC PLEXUS NEUROLYSIS
Authors: Penman Ian D , Henry Elaine
Published: October 2004

The rationale, indications, technique, results and safety of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)‐guided celiac plexus neurolysis for control of pain in pancreatic disease are described in this article.
CLINICAL USEFULNESS OF HIGH‐FREQUENCY ULTRASOUND PROBES FOR NEW INVASION DEPTH DIAGNOSIS IN SUBMUCOSAL COLORECTAL CARCINOMA
Authors: Tanaka Shinji , Yoshida Shigeto , Chayama Kazuaki
Published: October 2004

Recently it has become very important to diagnose more precisely the invasion depth of submucosal carcinoma prior to endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) whether selecting lesion is with or without indications for EMR. This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of high‐frequency ultrasound probes (HFUP) for preoperative diagnosis of vertical invasion depth < 1000 µm or not in superficial and sessile type submucosal colorectal carcinomas. Twenty‐seven cases of superficial and sessile type submucosal colorectal carcinoma were examined with high‐frequency ultrasound probes (HFUP; 15 or 20 MHz radial‐scan ultrasound probes; Olympus Optical, Tokyo, Japan and Fujinon Omiya, Saitama, Japan) at Hiroshima University Hospital and analyzed. Diagnostic accuracy was confirmed by comparing the ultrasonic with the pathologic vertical invasion depth of specimens resected either by EMR or surgical resection. Histologic depth of submucosal invasion was defined as the distance from muscularis mucosae measured microscopically with a micrometer. When muscularis mucosae in the tumor could not be detected, we measured the invasion depth from the surface of the carcinoma to the apex of the deepest invasive portion. As a result, invasion depth between ultrasonic image and histologic findings showed a significantly close correlation. HFUP diagnosis was demonstrated as useful in determining the distance of vertical invasion and for planning a therapeutic strategy against submucosal colorectal carcinomas.
EUS STAGING OF ESOPHAGEAL CANCER
Authors: Shim Chan Sup
Published: October 2004

With the development of the endoscopic US system, the gastrointestinal (GI) wall was usually imaged as a five‐layered structure, due to the different US properties of the mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis propria. The average accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) for T‐staging of esophageal cancer is 84% by means of the collected results of 21 recently published reports. The average diagnostic accuracy of the N stage by the TNM classification according to the aforementioned reports was 77%. EUS investigation is very effective in the evaluation of pre‐ and post‐neoadjuvant therapy and this method will be further developed by the recent development of three‐dimensional (3D) EUS investigation which makes it possible to directly measure tumor volume.
ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND STAGING OF GASTRIC MALIGNANCY
Authors: Wang Hsiu‐Po
Published: October 2004

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has been well established as a good tool for the staging of gastric malignancy. So far, it is accepted as the most accurate image study for local staging of gastric malignancy. Staging of gastric carcinoma is important for decision‐making in management and prediction of prognosis. With the power of high‐resolution imaging on gastric layering, the overall accuracy rate of T staging by EUS ranges 70–98%. For T2 tumors, however, EUS assessment is less reliable. N staging by EUS for gastric carcinoma is unsatisfactory and its accuracy rate has been reported 55–87%. However, the application of EUS should depend on whether examination will alter the choice of therapeutic methods and whether patients benefit from EUS evaluation. Among the indications, EUS staging is very important for the patients referred for local endoscopic treatment, such as endoscopic mucosal resection, endoscopic submucosal dissection or tumor ablation by argon plasma coagulation (APC) tumor ablation. EUS can provide the depth of invasion of the gastric wall, and also the longitudinal spread of lymphoma in the gastric wall. The overall accuracy rate of depth staging is 80–96%. For the metastatic lymph nodes, accuracy rate of N staging is 72–90%. EUS is also applied to restaging of gastric lymphoma after chemotherapy. Mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is a subset of B‐cell lymphoma with good prognosis and high prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection. EUS staging of depth invasion of MALT lymphoma can predict the outcome of antimicrobial treatment. Taiwan's experience shows that lesions limited to mucosal and submucosal layers respond better after treatment than lesions with deeper infiltration, no matter if the MALT lymphoma is low‐grade or high‐grade.
ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND STAGING OF PANCREATIC CANCER
Authors: Van Dam Jacques
Published: October 2004

The pancreatic cancer tumor remains difficult to cure in its advanced form making early diagnosis and accurate staging essential. There is debate regarding the single best diagnostic or staging modality as well as the best approach in imaging patients with pancreatic cancer.

Methods:  The recent literature regarding the staging of patients with pancreatic cancer was reviewed. Special attention was directed to comparative trials of imaging modalities that included endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS).

Results:  EUS accuracy ranges from 78–94% for pancreatic tumor staging and from 64–82% for nodal staging. EUS remains the most sensitive imaging modality for small pancreatic tumors.

Conclusion:  EUS remains the preferred imaging modality in many patients with pancreatic cancer by virtue of its ability to detect even the smallest lesions, determine the presence of vascular involvement, and acquire tissue of primary tumors, lymph nodes and distant metastases. Continued advances in ultrasound imaging and fine needle aspiration techniques will improve the yield of EUS. Interventional applications of EUS in patients with pancreatic tumors will provide an expanding role for EUS in the future.
POSSIBILITY OF THE DEVELOPMENT AND CLINICAL USE OF A CAPSULE ULTRASOUND ENDOSCOPE
Authors: Yasuda Kenjiro
Published: October 2004

Development of technology has made it possible to produce the micromachine. In the field of endoscopy, wireless capsule endoscopy (CE) has been developed and opened up a new field in endoscopic study. The common indication in clinical cases is limited to the diagnosis of lesions in the deeper small intestine. Clinical application of this system is increasing at a remarkable rate, though target organs and endoscopic performance are limited.

On the other hand, endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) technology has advanced rapidly during the last 20 years. The improvement of ultrasound scanners, including the size of the scanner, quality of image and plural changeable frequency has been successfully developed. On the basis of these technological advances, we can discuss the potential ability of developing a capsule ultrasound endoscopy.
ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND GUIDED TRUCUT BIOPSY
Authors: Levy Michael J , Wiersema Maurits J
Published: October 2004

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is sensitive for staging gastrointestinal malignancies and pancreatic lesions. EUS‐fine‐needle aspiration (EUS‐FNA) offers a diagnostic accuracy of about 60–90% for pancreatic tumors and >  90% for lymph nodes. There are several limitations of EUS‐FNA including the need for on‐site cytopathology review. In addition, accuracy of cytologic review is hampered by the presence of blood, benign epithelial cells, desmoplasia, and well‐differentiated tumors. Furthermore, the small biopsy sample and destruction of tissue architecture limits the diagnostic sensitivity for GISTs and lymphomas. Many of these problems can be overcome with use of EUS trucut biopsy (TCB) needles. These large caliber, cutting needles acquire larger tissue samples allowing preservation of tissue architecture and histologic examination. Our recently described experience with EUS‐TCB initially in swine and later humans demonstrated the safety for acquiring histologic tissue representative of the target organs sampled enabling accurate diagnosis. These studies suggested greater diagnostic accuracy of EUS‐TCB for submucosal mass lesions and lymphoma and potentially the need for fewer needle passes for solid pancreatic neoplasms. In this paper we will review the current TCB literature, device design and technique, help troubleshoot potential problems, and offer opinion as to the utility and role of this new device.
ENDOSONOGRAPHY GUIDED INJECTION THERAPY
Authors: Wiersema Maurits J , Levy Michael J
Published: October 2004

The ability to image the gastrointestinal wall in addition to mediastinal, abdominal, retroperitoneal and pelvic organs with endosonography has permitted substantive advances in our diagnostic capabilities. Requisite to this evolution was the development of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)‐guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) and trucut biopsy (TCB). These techniques permit pathologic confirmation of abnormalities heretofore only possible by surgical means. The next generation in this evolution is just emerging in the form of EUS‐guided fine needle injection (FNI) therapy. Standard EUS‐guided techniques for injection therapy include celiac plexus block/neurolysis, treatment of achalasia, and variceal sclerotherapy. However, this review will focus on the limited information available on EUS‐FNI of anti‐neoplastic agents for pancreatic cancer as well as EUS‐FNI of alcohol for cystic pancreatic tumors. We will also discuss potential technical hurdles that must be overcome to allow for the safe proliferation of these techniques.
EUS AND PANCREATIC CYST DRAINAGE: AN UPDATE
Authors: Fockens Paul
Published: October 2004

Endoscopic drainage has become the primary therapy for pancreatic pseudocysts. Diagnostic endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has added safety to the procedure and interventional EUS has broadened the indications to non‐bulging lesions. At the same time, more aggressive endoscopic treatment has also made it possible to treat infected pseudocysts and organized pancreatic necrosis. The indications and technique are reviewed in this paper.
Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography
Authors: ZHONG Liang , XIAO Shu‐Dong , STOKER Jaap , TYTGAT Guido NJ
Published: October 2004

The current imaging technique and clinical application of MR cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is reviewed. MRCP has evolved into a feasible method of non‐invasively evaluating the pancreaticobiliary system and has considerable clinical utility. If endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is incomplete or has failed, or in patients with biliary and gastrointestinal surgical procedures, MRCP is a useful alternative modality. In the near future, MRCP may supplant diagnostic ERCP such that ERCP is reserved primarily for therapeutic interventions. Furthermore, when MRCP is performed in conjunction with abdominal MR and MR angiography, the ‘all‐in‐one’ examination can evaluate the solid organs and vessels of the abdomen as well as the ductal systems.