bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biochemical properties of phytase immobilized and its effect on growth parameters of tomato
Authors: Dikbaş Neslihan , Alım Şeyma , Uçar Sevda , Şenol Kotan Merve
Published: June 2024

Background

Phosphorus (P) is one of the nonrenewable resources of critical importance in agricultural production. P is present in soil in organic and inorganic forms. Phytate constitutes the majority of organic P in soil. Phytate binds strongly to the solid phase of the soil and becomes unavailable for use by plants. Therefore, the soluble phytate‐P ratio in soil is mostly at very low levels. Plants and associated microorganisms secrete organic acids and hydrolyzing enzymes such as phytase to dissolve phytate in the soil. Both the solubility of phytate and phytase activity are limiting properties for the uptake of phytate‐P by plants.

Aims

Our aim was to evaluate the effects of phytase immobilized on zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO Np) on tomato plant (Solanum lycopersicum) growth parameters. In this study, seedling period was analyzed.

Methods

In the study, phytase activity of 13 different bacteria was investigated, and phytase was purified from Lactobacillus kefiri, showing the highest activity, and its biochemical properties were determined. Phytase was immobilized on zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles and characterized by X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopes analysis. The effects of ZnONps, immobilized phytase, and free phytase on the growth parameters of tomato plant were investigated. Tomato seeds were soaked with ZnONps, immobilized and free phytase for 30 min at room temperature and sown in pots containing suitable growing medium. Vegetative development of tomato plant, plant height, number of lateral branches, main stem diameter, distance between nodes, number of nodes, main root, and shoot length were determined.

Results

Phytase was partially purified with 7.60% recovery and specific activity of 1758.5 (EU mg−1 protein). Molecular mass of partially purified phytase was approx.72 kD, optimum pH and temperature values were determined as pH 5.0 and 70–80°C, respectively. Immobilized phytase caused a significant increase of 41.1% in plant height, 64.1% in main root, and 36.1% in shoot length in tomato plants compared to the control. In addition, a significant increase was observed in the number of side branches, main stem diameter, distance between nodes, number of nodes, and vegetative growth of the plant.

Conclusions

The results showed that the immobilized phytase enzyme has a positive effect on seedling growth in tomato and can be used in tomato cultivation in the future.
Exploring maize grain yield response to boron fertilization in Mollisols: Critical thresholds and predictive models
Authors: Barbieri Pablo Andrés , Crespo Cecilia , Wyngaard Nicolás , Eyherabide Mercedes , Martínez Cuesta Nicolás , Reussi Calvo Nahuel Ignacio , Sainz Rozas Hernán René , Pablo Angelini Hernán , Carciochi Walter , Gudelj Vicente , Espósito Goya Gabriel Pablo , Salvagiotti Fernando , Ferraris Nestor Gustavo , Sánchez Héctor , Ventimiglia Luis , Torrens Baudrix Lisandro
Published: June 2024

Background

There are no extractable boron (B) thresholds for maize (Zea mays L.) in Mollisols determined by field calibrations.

Aims

Our objectives were to: (1) explore maize grain yield response to B fertilization, (2) calibrate the soil hot water extractable B (HW‐B) as a predictor of maize response to B fertilization under field conditions, and (3) assess the contribution of clay, pH, and soil organic matter (SOM) as predictive variables of maize response to B fertilization.

Methods

We conducted 53 field trials with 2 treatments: with and without B fertilization. At all sites, we measured clay, SOM, pH, and HW‐B at a 0–20 cm depth.

Results

Maize grain yield ranged from 5.34 to 17.35 Mg ha−1. Grain yield response to fertilization was observed in 6 out of 53 sites (11.3%). In responsive sites, average grain yield response was 1.0 Mg ha−1. Multiple regression models to predict yield response to B addition that included soil, pH, and SOM only explained 19% of the variability. The critical soil HW‐B concentration threshold was 0.78 mg kg−1, correctly diagnosing 79% of the site‐years.

Conclusion

The critical threshold for maize B levels resulting from our field study is the first of its kind in Mollisols. This threshold will improve the identification of soils deficient in B.
Raman spectroscopy assisted by other analytical techniques to identify the most deteriorated carbonate‐stones to be consolidated in two monuments of Vitoria‐Gasteiz (Spain)
Authors: Costantini Ilaria , Aramendia Julene , Etxebarria Idoia , de la Fuente Iñaki Vazquez , Castro Kepa , Sanchez‐Pinto Iban , Pérez Lucía , Yécora Beatriz , Sanz Macarena , Prieto‐Taboada Nagore , de la Fuente Ander , Martinez‐Arkarazo Irantzu , Azkarate Agustin , Yedra Ángel , Oroz Tamara , Arana Gorka , Madariaga Juan Manuel
Published: June 2024

This work describes the diagnostic study on the building materials, mostly carbonated, belonging to Santa Maria Cathedral and the Medieval Wall of Vitoria‐Gasteiz (Spain) with the aim to design the best conservation procedure. Both the studies of the lithology and the secondary compounds originated by environmental impacts on the Cathedral and on the Medieval Wall were carried out using laboratory instruments (μ‐Raman and micro‐energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction and ion chromatography) on selected samples provided by the restorers. The systematic presence of black crusts in the stones of the Cathedral was related to the growth of microcrystalline structures of secondary compounds and biological patinas and the deposition of atmospheric particles from traffic and house heating systems. In fact, the main components identified were carbon, and iron compounds such as hematite, goethite, magnetite and lepidocrocite. In addition, the detection of lead compounds (lead‐rich hydroxyapatite) suggested in the same way the impact of the urban environment on the degradation and blackening of stone materials. The presence of sulfates, mainly gypsum, and, to a lesser extent, epsomite, anhydrite and bloedite could be caused by the sulfation of carbonated compounds as a result of an acid attack of atmospheric pollutants. The results on the secondary products of the Medieval Wall showed a greater presence of degradation by microorganisms compared to the Cathedral. This is probably related to the large garden surrounding the fortification, where the grass is in direct contact to the lower part of the structure. Markers of biological activity, such as carotenoid pigments and calcium oxalate weddellite, together with other soluble oxalates were identified. The presence of ammonium nitrate, characterised by means ion chromatography, causes a chemical degradation of carbonate stone materials over time, due to the acidic nature of the ammonium ion. In both cases considered in this study, the presence of nitrate compounds, nitratine and potassium nitrate, was attributed to both natural factors (ammonium nitrate is coming from the decomposition of plant and animal excretions), and anthropogenic contamination.
Utilization and survival outcomes of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for early‐stage gastric cancer
Authors: Janczewski Lauren M. , Buchheit Joanna , Jacobs Ryan C. , Vitello Dominic , Wells Amy , Abad John , Bentrem David J. , Chawla Akhil
Published: June 2024

Background and Objectives

Given increased utilization of neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) for gastric adenocarcinoma, practice patterns deviating from standard of care (upfront resection) remain unknown. We sought to identify factors associated with NAT use and survival outcomes among early‐stage gastric cancers.

Methods

The National Cancer Database identified patients with early‐stage (T1N0M0) gastric cancer (2010−2020). Multivariable logistic regression assessed characteristics associated with NAT utilization compared to upfront surgery. After 1:1 propensity score matching, Kaplan−Meier methods and Cox regression assessed overall survival (OS).

Results

Of 6452 patients with early‐stage gastric cancer, 626 (9.7%) received NAT. Patients who received NAT were more likely treated at community hospitals, had moderate to poorly differentiated disease, and tumors located in the cardia (all p < 0.05). After propensity score matching, 1,248 patients remained. Median OS for NAT was 37.1 months (IQR 20.2−64.0) versus 45.6 months (IQR 22.5−72.8) for resection (p < 0.001). Treatment with NAT remained independently predictive of worse OS on Cox regression (hazard ratio 1.19; 95% confidence interval 1.05−1.34).

Conclusions

Although patients who received NAT had more aggressive prognostic features, NAT was associated with worse OS despite accounting for this selection bias. These results highlight the importance of adhering to guidelines, regardless of differing disease characteristics, which has significant implications on outcomes.
Impact of comprehensive geriatric assessment on treatment strategies and complications in older adults with colorectal cancer considering surgery
Authors: Sugiyama Masahiko , Nishijima Tomohiro F. , Kasagi Yuta , Uehara Hideo , Yoshida Daisuke , Nagai Taichiro , Koga Naomichi , Kimura Yasue , Morita Masaru , Toh Yasushi
Published: June 2024

Background and Objectives

This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) in customizing care for elderly cancer patients, specifically focusing on colorectal cancer. The research compared treatment strategies and outcomes in older adults considered for surgery before and after the initiation of a Geriatric Oncology Service (GOS).

Methods

Conducting a comparative study, two cohorts of consecutive colorectal cancer patients aged 75 or older were examined: the control group (n = 156) and the GOS group (n = 158). Upon the treating surgeon's GOS consultation request, a geriatrician and an oncologist performed CGA, guiding treatment decisions and perioperative interventions. Postoperative complications were compared using propensity score matching (PSM).

Results

In the GOS group, 91% (n = 116) underwent CGA consultations, influencing decisions to forego surgery in 12 patients. After PSM for surgical cases (controls n = 146, GOS n = 146), each group comprised 128 patients. Perioperative physical therapy and pharmacist referrals were more frequent in the GOS group. The GOS group exhibited a significantly lower incidence of postoperative complications (22%) compared to the control group (33%) (p = 0.0496).

Conclusion

Patients undergoing colorectal surgery post‐GOS implementation experienced a notable reduction in postoperative complications, highlighting the positive impact of personalized geriatric assessment on surgical outcomes in the elderly.
The synergistic anti‐corrosion performance and mechanism of meso‐tetra(4‐carboxyphenyl)porphine on steel bars in alkaline environments
Authors: Zhang Xue‐qi , Yue Qing‐xian , Ding Rui , Liu Jie
Published: June 2024

Corrosion protection of steel bars in alkaline concrete environments poses a common challenge in marine engineering. One approach to mitigate steel bar corrosion is the addition of corrosion inhibitors to the concrete. In alkaline environments, the passivation of rebars occurs through anodic passivation coupled with the cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The catalysis of ORR can expedite anode passivation. To investigate the corrosion inhibition of steel bars in alkaline environments, meso‐tetra(4‐carboxyphenyl)porphine (TCPP), known for its ORR catalytic properties, is selected. TCPP forms adsorption films on the surface of steel bars, facilitating the formation of passivation films. TCPP primarily adsorbs onto active sites on the surface of the passivation film, where lattice iron ions have leached. The adsorbed TCPP accelerates the formation of the passivation film through ORR catalysis, inhibiting the development of passivation film defects and enhancing the integrity and protection of the passivation film. The most significant effect is observed when the concentration of TCPP is 0.5 mmol/L. The physical adsorption of TCPP is primarily determined by the negative charge centers, namely the carboxyl group O and the pyrrole N. However, due to steric hindrance caused by the unrestricted rotation of the carboxyl benzene, the pyrrole N does not play a dominant role in chemical adsorption. Instead, the active site for chemical adsorption is the carboxyl group O. The adsorption process significantly reduces the diffusion coefficient of TCPP molecules, providing a robust and stable adsorption binding. Phthalocyanine molecules without carboxyl benzene groups adopt a planar structure, allowing them to form stable adsorption configurations on the iron surface through flat adsorption. This observation provides guidance for the design of novel metal phthalocyanine molecules. Specifically, the development of metal phthalocyanine molecules with modifying groups that are coplanar with the phthalocyanine ring and possess restricted rotation can achieve flat adsorption, improve coverage rate, and enhance adsorption configuration stability.
No difference between 5 and 6 weeks of non‐weight bearing after osteochondral grafts for medial osteochondral defects of the talus with medial malleolar osteotomy
Authors: Hollander Julian J. , Dahmen Jari , Buck Tristan M. F. , Rikken Quinten G. H. , Stufkens Sjoerd A. S. , Kerkhoffs Gino M. M. J.
Published: June 2024

Purpose

The present study aimed to compare the clinical outcomes and safety at a 1‐year follow‐up after 5 or 6 weeks of non‐weight bearing after a Talar OsteoPeriostic grafting from the Iliac Crest (TOPIC) for a medial osteochondral lesion of the talus (OLT).

Methods

A retrospective comparative case‐control analysis of prospectively followed patients who underwent a TOPIC procedure with medial malleolus osteotomy was performed. Patients were matched in two groups with either 5 or 6 weeks of non‐weight bearing. Clinical outcomes were evaluated using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) during walking, rest, running, and stairclimbing. Additionally, the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) and American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle‐hindfoot score were assessed. Moreover, radiology and complications were assessed.

Results

Eleven patients were included in the 5‐week non‐weight bearing group and 22 in the 6‐week non‐weight bearing group. No significant differences were found in any of the baseline variables. The NRS during walking in the 5‐week group improved by 3.5 points and 4 points for the 6‐week group (p = 0.58 at 1‐year post‐operatively). In addition, all other NRS scores, FAOS subscales and the AOFAS scores improved (all n.s. at 1 year follow‐up). No significant differences in radiological (osteotomy union and cyst presence in the graft) were found. Moreover, no significant differences were found in terms of complications and reoperations.

Conclusion

No statistical significant differences were found in terms of clinical, radiological and safety outcomes between 5 or 6 weeks of non‐weight bearing following a TOPIC for a medial OLT.

Level of Evidence

Level III, Therapeutic.
Impact of modern recreational conveyances on rates of pediatric craniofacial fractures
Authors: Hirsch Scott , Wang Tammy , Mann Scott
Published: June 2024

Objective

Trauma remains the leading cause of death for children over a year old. Motorized recreational conveyances (RCs) adds another potential cause of pediatric trauma. This study aims to determine the impact of adding electric motors to RCs on the severity and frequency of pediatric injuries and craniofacial fractures.

Methods

Pediatric trauma information was obtained from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) database between 2012 and 2021. Demographics, injury cause, diagnoses, and incident narrative were collected. Bivariate and multivariate regression analyses were used to determine injury factors associated with serious injuries.

Results

One million five hundred ninety‐six thousand five hundred fifty‐nine encounters were examined; 113,905 (7.1%) were related to pediatric RCs and 5354 (5.4%) of those involved RCs with electric motors. 14.3% of injuries were related to scooters, 18.6% to skateboards, 54.2% to bicycles, and 12.9% to other RCs. There were significant differences in age, sex, race, helmet use, serious injuries, and craniofacial fractures between RC modalities. RC users were more likely to develop facial fractures (OR 2.12; 95%CI 2.01, 2.23; p < .001) and be involved in serious injuries (OR 1.42; 95%CI 1.38, 1.46; p < .001). Compared to their self‐propelled counterparts, motorized scooters (OR 2.24; 95%CI 1.86, 2.69; p < .001) but not motorized skateboards (OR 1.01; 95%CI 0.88, 1.17; p = 0.88) were more likely to cause serious injuries. Helmet use was associated with fewer serious injuries (OR 0.5; 95%CI 0.46, 0.54; p < .001), facial fractures (OR 0.48; 95%CI 0.41, 0.55; p < .001), and skull fractures (OR 0.13; 95%CI 0.09, 0.17; p < .001).

Conclusions

The addition of electric motors to RCs significantly increases the risk of pediatric craniofacial fractures and serious injuries.

Level of Evidence

3.
On coupled semilinear evolution systems: Techniques on fractional powers of 4×4$4\times 4$ matrices and applications
Authors: Belluzi Maykel B. , Bezerra Flank D. M. , Nascimento Marcelo J. D.
Published: June 2024

In this paper, we provide several techniques to explicitly calculate fractional powers of operator matrices focusing on creating a theory that can be applied to distinct situations. To illustrate the abstract results developed, we consider its application in systems of coupled reaction–diffusion equations and in (strongly damped) wave equations. We also discuss how these techniques can be applied to higher order matrices and we specifically calculate the fractional powers of a operator matrix associated to a weakly coupled system of wave equation. In addition, we deal with the applicability of this analysis with respect to solvability, stabilization, regularity, smooth dynamics, and connection with evolutionary classic equation and its fractional counterpart.
Association between Hepatitis B virus infection and liver metastasis in colorectal cancer
Authors: Le Chenqin , Liu Chengcheng , Lu Bin , Zhou Xinbin , Jiamaliding Yeernaer , Jin Tian , Dai Siqi , Li Jun , Ding Kefeng , Xiao Qian
Published: June 2024

The association between Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) remains ambiguous in current population‐based evidence. To clarify this, we present a retrospective analysis of 5871 colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Propensity score matching (PSM) was applied to harmonize age and sex disparities within HBV+ (n = 1696) and HBV‐ (n = 4175) groups and further within HBV+ subgroups of chronic (CHB, n = 474) and occult (OHB, n = 1222) infections. Our initial results indicated a significant association between HBV infection and synchronous colorectal liver metastasis (SYN‐CRLM); however, this association dissipated after PSM was employed to adjust for confounding variables. No significant association was observed between HBV infection and metachronous colorectal liver metastases (MET‐CRLM) both before and after PSM. Further analysis revealed that HBV replication status did not influence the incidence of CRLM. However, HBV+ participants demonstrated an increased incidence of metachronous extrahepatic metastases, particularly to the lungs. Our findings imply that neither past nor present HBV infection is significantly correlated with the occurrence of SYN‐CRLM or MET‐CRLM. The absence of an association between HBV replication status and CRLM incidence highlights the importance of incorporating a broader range of factors in the clinical management of CRLM beyond the status of HBV infection.
Clinical and Molecular Profiling in GNAO1 Permits Phenotype–Genotype Correlation
Authors: Lasa‐Aranzasti Amaia , Larasati Yonika A. , da Silva Cardoso Juliana , Solis Gonzalo P. , Koval Alexey , Cazurro‐Gutiérrez Ana , Ortigoza‐Escobar Juan Dario , Miranda Maria Concepción , De la Casa‐Fages Beatriz , Moreno‐Galdó Antonio , Tizzano Eduardo F. , Gómez‐Andrés David , Verdura Edgard , Katanaev Vladimir L. , Pérez‐Dueñas Belén ,   Study Group of GNAO1 patients from Spain
Published: June 2024

Background

Defects in GNAO1, the gene encoding the major neuronal G‐protein Gαo, are related to neurodevelopmental disorders, epilepsy, and movement disorders. Nevertheless, there is a poor understanding of how molecular mechanisms explain the different phenotypes.

Objectives

We aimed to analyze the clinical phenotype and the molecular characterization of GNAO1‐related disorders.

Methods

Patients were recruited in collaboration with the Spanish GNAO1 Association. For patient phenotyping, direct clinical evaluation, analysis of homemade‐videos, and an online questionnaire completed by families were analyzed. We studied Gαo cellular expression, the interactions of the partner proteins, and binding to guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and G‐protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs).

Results

Eighteen patients with GNAO1 genetic defects had a complex neurodevelopmental disorder, epilepsy, central hypotonia, and movement disorders. Eleven patients showed neurological deterioration, recurrent hyperkinetic crisis with partial recovery, and secondary complications leading to death in three cases. Deep brain stimulation improved hyperkinetic crisis, but had inconsistent benefits in dystonia. The molecular defects caused by pathogenic Gαo were aberrant GTP binding and hydrolysis activities, an inability to interact with cellular binding partners, and reduced coupling to GPCRs. Decreased localization of Gαo in the plasma membrane was correlated with the phenotype of “developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 17.” We observed a genotype–phenotype correlation, pathogenic variants in position 203 were related to developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, whereas those in position 209 were related to neurodevelopmental disorder with involuntary movements. Milder phenotypes were associated with other molecular defects such as del.16q12.2q21 and I344del.

Conclusion

We highlight the complexity of the motor phenotype, which is characterized by fluctuations throughout the day, and hyperkinetic crisis with a distinct post‐hyperkinetic crisis state. We confirm a molecular‐based genotype–phenotype correlation for specific variants. © 2024 The Author(s). Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Targeted immunotherapy and nanomedicine for rhabdomyosarcoma: The way of the future
Authors: Morel Victoria Judith , Rössler Jochen , Bernasconi Michele
Published: June 2024

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of childhood. Histology separates two main subtypes: embryonal RMS (eRMS; 60%–70%) and alveolar RMS (aRMS; 20%–30%). The aggressive aRMS carry one of two characteristic chromosomal translocations that result in the expression of a PAX3::FOXO1 or PAX7::FOXO1 fusion transcription factor; therefore, aRMS are now classified as fusion‐positive (FP) RMS. Embryonal RMS have a better prognosis and are clinically indistinguishable from fusion‐negative (FN) RMS. Next to histology and molecular characteristics, RMS risk groupings are now available defining low risk tumors with excellent outcomes and advanced stage disease with poor prognosis, with an overall survival of about only 20% despite intensified multimodal treatment. Therefore, development of novel effective targeted strategies to increase survival and to decrease long‐term side effects is urgently needed. Recently, immunotherapies and nanomedicine have been emerging for potent and effective tumor treatments with minimal side effects, raising hopes for effective and safe cures for RMS patients. This review aims to describe the most relevant preclinical and clinical studies in immunotherapy and targeted nanomedicine performed so far in RMS and to provide an insight in future developments.
Membrane Receptor‐Mediated Disruption of Cellular Homeostasis: Changes in Intracellular Signaling Pathways Increase the Toxicity of Ochratoxin A
Authors: Aydemir Mesut Cihan , Yaman İbrahim , Kilic Mehmet Akif
Published: June 2024

Organisms maintain their cellular homeostatic balance by interacting with their environment through the use of their cell surface receptors. Membrane based receptors such as the transforming growth factor β receptor (TGFR), the prolactin receptor (PRLR), and hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR), along with their associated signaling cascade, play significant roles in retaining cellular homeostasis. While these receptors and related signaling pathways are essential for health of cell and organism, their dysregulation can lead to imbalance in cell function with severe pathological conditions such as cell death or cancer. Ochratoxin A (OTA) can disrupt cellular homeostasis by altering expression levels of these receptors and/or receptor‐associated intracellular downstream signaling modulators and/or pattern and levels of their phosphorylation/dephosphorylation. Recent studies have shown that the activity of the TGFR, the PRLR, and HGFR and their associated signaling cascades change upon OTA exposure. A critical evaluation of these findings suggests that while increased activity of the HGFR and TGFR signaling pathways leads to an increase in cell survival and fibrosis, decreased activity of the PRLR signaling pathway leads to tissue damage. This review explores the roles of these receptors in OTA‐related pathologies and effects on cellular homeostasis.
Differences in Positive Airway Pressure Requirements in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Between Black and White Patients
Authors: Cai Yi , Parekh Manan H. , Rodin Julianna , Tangutur Akshay , Yu Jason L. , Keenan Brendan T. , Schwartz Alan R. , Dedhia Raj C.
Published: June 2024

Objective

There are disparities between Black and White patients in the utilization of positive airway pressure (PAP) alternatives for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Given low utilization rates among Black patients, there is limited knowledge of PAP alternative outcomes in this group. Therapeutic PAP levels are clinically accessible measures that have been shown to predict PAP alternative outcomes. Herein, we examined differences in PAP requirements between Black and White patients in a large clinical sample.

Study Design

Cross‐sectional.

Setting

Academic sleep center.

Methods

We included OSA patients prescribed autoadjusting PAP between January 2018 and 2020 with baseline apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI) ≥ 10. Mean and 90th percentile PAP levels were compared between White and Black patients who used PAP for ≥1 hour daily using linear regression controlling for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), AHI, oxygen saturation nadir, and mask type.

Results

There were 157 Black and 234 White patients who were generally obese (BMI, 37.3 ± 8.7) with severe OSA (AHI, 36.9 ± 25.6). Black patients had a 0.68 cm higher (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.36, 1.35) mean PAP level and 0.85 cm H2O higher (95% CI: 0.36, 1.35) 90th percentile PAP level than white patients. Although statistically significant, differences were small and not clinically meaningful.

Conclusion

Black and White OSA patients had clinically insignificant differences in PAP requirements, suggesting comparable upper airway collapsibility. Considering the predictive value of therapeutic PAP levels, our findings suggest Black and White patients may have comparable PAP alternative responses from a collapsibility standpoint. Future studies should explore reasons for low utilization of PAP alternatives among Black patients.
Immigrant Status Disparities in Hearing Health Care Use in the United States
Authors: Halagur Akash S. , Fitzgerald Matthew B. , Megwalu Uchechukwu C.
Published: June 2024

Objective

To determine whether immigrant status is associated with likelihood of audiogram and hearing aid use among US adults with hearing loss.

Study Design

Cross‐sectional study.

Setting

Nationally representative data from 2009 to 2010, 2011 to 2012, 2015 to 2016, and 2017 to 2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycles.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study of 4 merged cycles of NHANES included 12,455 adults with subjective (self‐reported) or objective (audiometric) hearing loss. Sequentially adjusted logistic regressions were used to assess the association of immigration status with likelihood of having undergone audiogram among those with objective and self‐reported hearing loss, and with likelihood of hearing aid use among candidates with objective hearing loss.

Results

Immigrants were less likely to have received an audiogram among subjects with subjective (odds ratio [OR]: 0.81, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.75‐0.87), and objective (OR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.72‐0.81) hearing loss, compared to nonimmigrants. The association persisted for those with subjective (OR: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.81‐0.96), and objective (OR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.80‐0.96) hearing loss after adjusting for sociodemographic factors, comorbidities, insurance, and hearing quality, but disappeared in both groups after adjusting for English proficiency. Immigrants were less likely to use hearing aids (OR: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.87‐0.93). However, this association disappeared (OR: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.93‐1.04) in the adjusted model.

Conclusion

Immigrant status is a significant barrier to hearing health care and is associated with lower rates of audiometric testing and hearing aid use among individuals with hearing loss.
Influence of Economic Connectedness on Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea Severity and Adenotonsillectomy Outcomes
Authors: Kim Jenny , Nwaogu Cullins , Mitchell Ron B. , Johnson Romaine F.
Published: June 2024

Objective

To examine the influence of economic connectedness (EC), a measure of social capital, on obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) severity and adenotonsillectomy outcomes in children.

Study Design

Retrospective study.

Setting

Single tertiary medical center.

Methods

The study population included 286 children who were referred for full‐night polysomnography for OSA and underwent adenotonsillectomy. The primary outcome was the relationship between EC and the presence of severe OSA, and secondary outcomes included postoperative emergency room visits and residual OSA after adenotonsillectomy. Linear regression, Kruskal‐Wallis test, Pearson's χ2 test, and multiple logistic regression were used for categorical and continuous data as appropriate.

Results

In this population, the median age was 9.0 (interquartile range [IQR] = 6.9‐11.7) and 144 (50.3%) were male. The majority were white (176, 62.0%), black (60, 21.1%), and/or of Hispanic ethnicity (173, 60.9%). The median EC of this population was 0.64 (IQR = 0.53‐0.86). Higher EC was associated with decreased odds of having severe OSA (odds ratio: 0.17, 95% confidence interval = 0.05‐0.61). However, EC was not associated with either postoperative emergency room visits or residual OSA.

Conclusion

EC was significantly associated with severe OSA (ie, apnea‐hypopnea index ≥ 10) but not with postoperative emergency room visits or residual OSA after adenotonsillectomy. Further research is needed to understand the effects of various social capital measures on pediatric OSA and adenotonsillectomy outcomes.
Study on microwave absorption performance of the skin‐core dual‐domain structure constructed with thin‐ply laminate and honeycomb
Authors: Liang Xia , Zhang Zhu‐Qing , Zhang Jun‐Tao , Wu Hai‐Hong , Zhao Lei , Li Xiang , Jiang Yue
Published: June 2024

This study introduces an innovative approach to enhance the absorption capabilities of skin‐core dual‐domain structure radar‐absorbing materials (SDSRAM) composed of thin‐ply laminates and honeycomb. The upper skin laminates consist of transmissive skin and impedance matching layer. The impedance matching layer was hot‐pressed using functionalized absorbed thin‐ply glass fibers prepregs, flaked carbonyl iron powder (FCIP) and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as the absorber. The lower skin was manufactured using carbon fiber‐plated nickel. The core is prepared by honeycomb modified (HCM). The permittivity and permeability of the skin laminates and the HCM were measured by wave‐guide method. The impact of FCIP/MWCNT on the electromagnetic (EM) parameters of the thin‐ply laminates and the influence of MWCNTs on the permittivity of the honeycomb were investigated. Microwave absorption properties of SDSRAM were assessed through the measurement of reflection loss (RL) using the arch method and simulated using the microwave simulation software CST studio suite 2020. Experimental verification was conducted to confirm the absorbing performance. The results show that the effective absorption bandwidth (RL < 10 dB) of SDSRAM covers the frequency range of 2.2–18 GHz, with a maximum absorption intensity of −42.5 dB. The introduction of the thin‐ply laminates caused a shift in the peak of the reflectance curve toward lower frequencies.

Highlights

Functionalized absorbed glass fibers were prepared using fiber spreading functional sizing integrated process.

A new skin‐core dual‐domain synergistic modulation absorbed structure was developed with thin‐ply laminates and modified honeycomb. Its broadband absorption mechanism was discussed.

Desired broadband absorption performance was acquired with thin thickness.
Tunability and molecular weight dependence of the physical aging behavior of polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) films
Authors: Wang Tong , Wei Tong , Lin Xiaobo , Torkelson John M.
Published: June 2024

This study investigated the physical aging behavior of commodity polymers, specifically polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), across various molecular weights (MWs). Using ellipsometry, we examine the physical aging behavior of bulk polymer films supported on silicon across a wide range of quench depths below glass transition temperature. At shallow quench depths, where the physical aging behavior is thermodynamically controlled, we observe that the physical aging rate for both PS and PMMA increases with decreasing MW. The MW dependence of the physical aging rate in the thermodynamic‐control region is hypothesized to originate from the MW dependence of the fractional free volume. In support of this hypothesis, we observe that the difference in thermal expansivity between the rubbery state and the glassy state (αrubbery − αglassy), which has been demonstrated to be positively related to fractional free volume, exhibits a similar MW dependence as the physical aging behavior. This correlation lends support to the free volume model of physical aging. Building on the free volume model, we propose a method to tune the physical aging behavior, demonstrating that incorporating flexible chain ends alters the physical aging behavior in a manner akin to reducing MW.

Highlights

Polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) have maximum physical aging rates at specific quench depths.

Physical aging behavior is thermodynamically or kinetically controlled.

With thermodynamic control, the aging rate increases with a reduction in molecular weight.

With thermodynamic control, the aging rate correlates with free volume.

Aging behavior can be tuned by blending with low MW polymer with highly flexible chain ends.
Identification and characterization of the COPII vesicle‐forming GTPase Sar1 in Chlamydomonas
Authors: Chung Kin Pan , Frieboese Daniel , Waltz Florent , Engel Benjamin D. , Bock Ralph
Published: June 2024

Eukaryotic cells are highly compartmentalized, requiring elaborate transport mechanisms to facilitate the movement of proteins between membrane‐bound compartments. Most proteins synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are transported to the Golgi apparatus through COPII‐mediated vesicular trafficking. Sar1, a small GTPase that facilitates the formation of COPII vesicles, plays a critical role in the early steps of this protein secretory pathway. Sar1 was characterized in yeast, animals and plants, but no Sar1 homolog has been identified and functionally analyzed in algae. Here we identified a putative Sar1 homolog (CrSar1) in the model green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii through amino acid sequence similarity. We employed site‐directed mutagenesis to generate a dominant‐negative mutant of CrSar1 (CrSar1DN). Using protein secretion assays, we demonstrate the inhibitory effect of CrSar1DN on protein secretion. However, different from previously studied organisms, ectopic expression of CrSar1DN did not result in collapse of the ER‐Golgi interface in Chlamydomonas. Nonetheless, our data suggest a largely conserved role of CrSar1 in the ER‐to‐Golgi protein secretory pathway in green algae.
The migratory impact of COVID‐19: The role of time and distances in the migration decisions of Hungarians during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Zöldi László Zoltán , Ligeti Anna Sára , Csányi Zoltán
Published: June 2024

Despite obvious consequences of pandemics on human mobility, attempts to quantify the migratory impact of COVID‐19 remained scarce, largely due to a general lack of data necessary for such assessments. The guiding principle of this paper is that common statistical definitions of migration—linked to usual residences—fail to capture a considerable share of the fast‐changing and diverse universe of cross‐border movements, which characterized the years of the pandemic. In this study, panels of short‐ and longer‐term movements were created, and hybrid (machine learning‐supported) interrupted time series analyses were performed on the basis of pre‐pandemic monthly migration flows data to quantify the impact of COVID‐19 on international migration. Social insurance data up to 2019 was used to estimate counterfactual emigration and return flows of Hungarians for 2020 and 2021 and compared with actual migration data a posteriori. Beyond the durations of staying abroad, we sought to look at how COVID‐related impacts on migration differ by destinations. In accordance with the results, 25% of expected emigrations in cumulative terms had not taken place due to the pandemic if only long‐term migrations are considered. This share is 22% when a more flexible conceptualization of geographic mobilities is applied. Behind this relatively small difference, however, there are large variations by destinations. Although similar cumulative impact cannot be detected in case of return migrations, the outbreak of the coronavirus resulted in an unprecedented wave of backwards mobilities, the impact of which however was fading away by the end of the 2‐years period.
Shallow Hydrogen‐Related Donors after a DC H Plasma Treatment in Si
Authors: Gwozdz Katarzyna , Kolkovsky Vladimir
Published: June 2024

Different donor‐like defects at a depth of several microns below the surface in n‐type Si samples are observed after subjecting them to DC hydrogen plasma treatment, conducted with and without broadband illumination. These defects cannot be correlated with vacancies or interstitials, likely due to the low energy of H ions or hydrogen platelets typically reported after RF H plasma treatment in various studies. It is found that the concentration of these donor‐like defects is highest near the surface and is significantly influenced by the oxygen or oxygen and carbon concentration in the Si samples. Several of these defects can be attributed to shallow donors, whereas other are likely to be correlated with deep‐level defects. The origin of these defects will be discussed.
Study and Design of Corrugated Cardboard Trays With Microwaves by Experimental Analysis (EA) and Finite Element Methods (FEM)
Authors: Di Russo Franco Maria , Desole Maria Pia , Gisario Annamaria , Genovesi Annalisa , Barletta Massimiliano
Published: June 2024

The purpose of the work is to study by experimental analysis and finite element methods the mechanical response of a packaging, consisting of a corrugated cardboard container, used for the transport of fruit and vegetables. During the container design, three different configurations were selected which differ both in the choice of liner and in the type of wave. In particular, the type E, F and N microwaves were chosen. They are characterized by a lower amplitude than the high and medium waves commonly used in corrugated cardboard packaging, making it possible to reduce material consumption and, consequently, costs. In the initial phase of the study, experimental tests were performed to evaluate the mechanical strength of the liners. In addition, edge compression tests (ECTs) were performed to determine the stacking resistance of the structure. The break‐in resistance of the structures was analysed using a test conducted according to an internal standard, called strength packaging test (SPT). Subsequently, a parametric study was set up with the finite element method for the simulation of the mechanical behaviour of the three structures, using the homogenization technique. The comparison between the maximum total deformations, measured experimentally and calculated numerically, has highlighted the need to introduce corrective coefficients to improve the homogenization of the wave structure. In this way, it was possible to improve the matching of the results obtained on the structures simulated by the homogenization technique and those obtained on the corresponding real structures.
Charging the Future: Harnessing Nature's Designs for Bioinspired Molecular Electrodes
Authors: Asare Harrison , Blodgett William , Satapathy Sitakanta , John George
Published: June 2024

The transition toward electric‐powered devices is anticipated to play a pivotal role in advancing the global net‐zero carbon emission agenda aimed at mitigating greenhouse effects. This shift necessitates a parallel focus on the development of energy storage materials capable of supporting intermittent renewable energy sources. While lithium‐ion batteries, featuring inorganic electrode materials, exhibit desirable electrochemical characteristics for energy storage and transport, concerns about the toxicity and ethical implications associated with mining transition metals in their electrodes have prompted a search for environmentally safe alternatives. Organic electrodes have emerged as promising and sustainable alternatives for batteries. This review paper will delve into the recent advancements in nature‐inspired electrode design aimed at addressing critical challenges such as capacity degradation due to dissolution, low operating voltages, and the intricate molecular‐level processes governing macroscopic electrochemical properties.
Phosphorous Vacancy and Built‐In Electric Field Effect of Co‐Doped MoP@MXene Heterostructures to Tune Catalytic Activity for Efficient Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Zhang Jiacheng , Wang Xinying , Du Feixiang , Wu Jiayi , Xiao Shengfu , Zhou Yiru , Wu Hao , Shao Zhuhang , Cai Weitong , Li Yunyong
Published: June 2024

Developing cost‐effective, durable bifunctional electrocatalysts is crucial but remains challenging due to slow hydrogen/oxygen evolution reaction (HER/OER) kinetics in water electrolysis. Herein, a combined engineering strategy of phosphorous vacancy (Vp) and spontaneous built‐in electric field (BIEF) is proposed to design novel highly‐conductive Co‐doped MoP@MXene heterostructures with phosphorous vacancy (Vp‐Co‐MoP@MXene). Wherein, Co doping regulates the surface electronic structure and charge re‐distribution of MoP, Vp induces more defects and active sites, while BIEF accelerates the interfacial charge transfer rate between Vp‐Co‐MoP and MXene. Therefore, the synergistic integration of Vp‐Co‐MoP/MXene efficiently decreases activation energy and kinetic barrier, thus promoting its intrinsically catalytic activity and structural stability. Consequently, the Vp‐Co‐MoP@MXene catalyst displays low overpotentials of 102.3/196.5 and 265.0/320.0 mV at 10/50 mA cm−2 for HER and OER, respectively. Notably, two‐electrode electrolyzers with the Vp‐Co‐MoP@MXene bifunctional catalysts to achieve 10/50 mA cm−2, only need low‐cell voltages of 1.57/1.64 V in alkaline media. Besides, experimental and theoretical results confirm that the hetero‐structure effectively reduces hydrogen adsorption free energy and rate‐determining‐step energy barrier of OER intermediates, thereby greatly boosting its intrinsically catalytic activity. This work verifies an effective strategy to fabricate efficient non‐precious bifunctional electro‐catalysts for water splitting via combination engineering of phosphorous vacancy, cation doping, and BIEF.
Ultrahigh Sensitivity for Thermographic Human–Machine Interface via Precious Metals Atomic Layer Deposition on V‐MXene: Computational and Experimental Exploration
Authors: Mohapatra Debananda , Kang Hyun Jin , Lee Sanghyuk , Son Yeseul , Ansari Mohd Zahid , Kang Youngho , Lee Jung Woo , Kim Soo‐Hyun
Published: June 2024

Global healthcare based on the Internet of Things system is rapidly transforming to measure precise physiological body parameters without visiting hospitals at remote patients and associated symptoms monitoring. 2D materials and the prevailing mood of current ever‐expanding MXene‐based sensing devices motivate to introduce first the novel iridium (Ir) precious metal incorporated vanadium (V)‐MXene via industrially favored emerging atomic layer deposition (ALD) techniques. The current work contributes a precise control and delicate balance of Ir single atomic forms or clusters on the V‐MXene to constitute a unique precious metal‐MXene embedded heterostructure (Ir‐ALD@V‐MXene) in practical real‐time sensing healthcare applications to thermography with human–machine interface for the first time. Ir‐ALD@V‐MXene delivers an ultrahigh durability and sensing performance of 2.4% °C−1 than pristine V‐MXene (0.42% °C−1), outperforming several conventionally used MXenes, graphene, underscoring the importance of the Ir‐ALD innovative process. Aberration‐corrected advanced ultra‐high‐resolution transmission/scanning transmission electron microscopy confirms the presence of Ir atomic clusters on well‐aligned 2D‐layered V‐MXene structure and their advanced heterostructure formation (Ir‐ALD@V‐MXene), enhanced sensing mechanism is investigated using density functional theory (DFT) computations. A rational design empowering the Ir‐ALD process on least explored V‐MXene can potentially unfold further precious metals ALD‐process developments for next‐generation wearable personal healthcare devices.
Zinc‐Based ROS Amplifiers Trigger Cancer Chemodynamic/Ion Interference Therapy Through Self‐Cascade Catalysis
Authors: Sun Yun , Qin Liting , Yang Yuhan , Gao Jingzhe , Zhang Yudi , Wang Hongyu , Wu Qingyuan , Xu Bolong , Liu Huiyu
Published: June 2024

Nanozyme‐mediated chemodynamic therapy has emerged as a promising strategy due to its tumor specificity and controlled catalytic activity. However, the poor efficacy caused by low hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels in the tumor microenvironment (TME) poses challenges. Herein, an H2O2 self‐supplying nanozyme is constructed through loading peroxide‐like active platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) on zinc peroxide (ZnO2) (denoted as ZnO2@Pt). ZnO2 releases H2O2 in response to the acidic TME. Pt NPs catalyze the hydroxyl radical generation from H2O2 while reducing the mitigation of oxidative stress by glutathione, serving as a reactive oxygen (ROS) amplifier through self‐cascade catalysis. In addition, Zn2+ released from ZnO2 interferes with tumor cell energy supply and metabolism, enabling ion interference therapy to synergize with chemodynamic therapy. In vitro studies demonstrate that ZnO2@Pt induces cellular oxidative stress injury through enhanced ROS generation and Zn2+ release, downregulating ATP and NAD+ levels. In vivo assessment of anticancer effects showed that ZnO2@Pt could generate ROS at tumor sites to induce apoptosis and downregulate energy supply pathways associated with glycolysis, resulting in an 89.7% reduction in tumor cell growth. This study presents a TME‐responsive nanozyme capable of H2O2 self‐supply and ion interference therapy, providing a paradigm for tumor‐specific nanozyme design.