bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fartspottings: Reflections on “high seriousness” and poetic passings of wind
Authors: Nester Daniel
Published: August 2009

The mention of farts in English language poetry has changed just as the role of poetry in our lives. This essay offers a survey of the uses and mentions of the word fart and the act of farting in poetry, centering around poet and critic Matthew Arnold's notion of “high seriousness” as the ideal place for poetry, as well as poet Robert Lowell's idea of the “raw and cooked” in 20th century American poetry. Questions posed: Can poetry and the mention of farts coexist? Can both anti-academic and academic poets' farts find their way to the page in a post-post-“high seriousness” age?
Fractured song lyrics
Authors: Harwood Stacey
Published: August 2009

Why are new lyrics to old songs so often a source of inspiration and fun? This article explores how poems that rewrite popular song lyrics belong on the continuum between parody and burlesque. The parodist pays homage to the author of the source, but at the same time skewers the author by appropriating his distinctive style and using it to poke fun at him. The burlesque writer trades on the familiarity of the source material and uses it for commentary. New words for old songs give pleasure because they engage more of the senses than simply reading them. The reader “hears” the poem while reading it. The humor in the poem is enhanced for those who know the original melodies, keeping the song alive through the humor the parodist evokes.
Cast swine before pearls: Comedy, shamanic rage, and poetry
Authors: Hoagland Tony
Published: August 2009

In contemporary poetry rage and anger are no longer cool. Instead poets confront and critique society through cool, verbal wit and ironic whimsy. Yet anger often makes poets funny. How, then, can poetry, which relies so heavily upon nuance and ambiguity, achieve the volume, resonance, and inflection necessary to express a sense of defiance and rage? Poets like Kenneth Rexroth and Seidel demonstrate this technique in poems such as “Thou Shalt Not Kill” (Rexroth, The collected shorter poems, New Directions, 1966: 267–273) and “To Die For” (Seidel, Poems 1959–2009: Frederick Seidel, Pearson, 2009: 90) using rage and humor to overcome pessimism as their anger crescendos. Often times sardonic, incongruous, or terse the humor-rage of these poets is perhaps more fearless and clear-eyed than the cool wit of other contemporary, humorous poets. Whereas comedy provides detachment and perceptiveness, rage provides an occasion for forcefulness and outcry.
On Relatively Prime Sets
Authors: Ayad Mohamed , Kihel Omar
Published: August 2009

Functions counting the number of subsets of {1, 2, . . . ,
Combinatorial Properties of the Antichains of a Garland
Authors: Munarini Emanuele
Published: August 2009

In this paper we study some combinatorial properties of the antichains of a
On Pebbling Graphs by Their Blocks
Authors: Curtis Dawn , Hines Taylor , Hurlbert Glenn , Moyer Tatiana
Published: August 2009

Graph pebbling is a game played on a connected graph
Lucas Diophantine Triples
Authors: Luca Florian , Szalay László
Published: August 2009

In this paper, we show that the only triple of positive integers
Usability Engineering: “Best of the Best” Best Practices
Authors: Torres R. J. (Bob) , Heck Michael P. , Rudd James R. , Kelley John F. (Jeff)
Published: September 2009

In the first two articles of this series, we focused on key challenges and a process for approaching user-centered design (UCD). In this third article, we describe and summarize the “best of the best” best practices for UCD activities and a case study in which the best practices were leveraged. We conclude with strategic recommendations for making UCD a more effective and efficient methodology in the software engineering life cycle.
Measuring Athlete Exposure and Body Contact Using Time-on-Task Technology in Ice Hockey
Authors: Faught Brent E. , Baker Joseph , Cairney John , Corey Paul N. , Montelpare William J. , Nystrom Murray
Published: August 2009

It is common for athlete exposure (AE) and body contact (BC) to be incorrectly estimated in epidemiologic research due to the technical challenges associated with field-based research in ice hockey. Time-on-task technology has shown promise in accurately quantifying AE and BC using computer technology through direct measurement during real time games. The purpose of this prospective cohort study was to adopt time-on-task technology to monitor AE and BC in Atom hockey players who were permitted body checking versus those not allowed to body check. We evaluated 579 boys (age 9–10 year olds) from 42 representative Atom hockey teams over 107 games during the 2003–2004 regular season from five hockey associations using a time-on-task computing program running on a tablet computer. Body checking was allowed in four associations [Northern Ontario Hockey Association (NOHA), Minor Hockey Alliance of Ontario, Ontario Minor Hockey Association, Greater Toronto Hockey League], while one association was non-body checking (HNO). Body contact was 4.5 times greater in the body checking associations versus the non-body checking association per game. No significant difference in mean AE per game was found between body checking and non-body checking associations. However, greater AE was reported in NOHA games compared to the remaining four associations. Conversely, BC in the NOHA was significantly less compared to the remaining body checking associations, but not the HNO. Time-on-task technology was valuable in monitoring AE and BC, accounting for variability in individual players. Expected AE and BC was observed between checking and non-body checking associations. Unexpectedly larger AE in NOHA is attributed to smaller team roster size and longer duration games. Furthermore, decreased BC in NOHA players may be due to smaller roster size intrinsic factors contributing to the inverse relationship between AE and BC. Time-on-task technology is valuable in monitoring AE and BC in Atom ice hockey. This is a practical method of monitoring important aspects of the game.
The Methods of Microscopy
Authors: Mason Clyde W.
Published: August 2009

The papers in this Symposium are representative of the applications of the microscope as a technical tool in a number of fields and the techniques of its use. Besides the direct users of microscopy there are many others who benefit from its findings and who in their scientific and engineering reasoning continually make use of concepts and phenomena largely founded on visual evidence from basic microscopical investigations. In the testing of materials, as exemplified in numerous publications of this Society, this instrument plays many and ever-increasing roles, and it is fitting at this time to review its services and to indicate its potentialities. The title of the present paper is a misnomer, in that experimental directions for various procedures are not to be presented; even in the later papers such methods will be dealt with more by implication than explicitly, since they are covered by an extensive literature. It seems more appropriate here to discuss the methods that cannot be detailed but that are essential to the profitable pursuit of microscopical investigations. In spite of the prevalent use of the microscope as a symbol peculiar to the biological rather than the physical or engineering fields, it is not so generally realized that the requirements of technical microscopy in these latter applications are of the highest order, as regards apparatus and methods employed and optical theory involved. Industrial laboratories in general use more complicated instruments and have developed and utilized the most recent techniques. There is no more exacting test of resolution and image quality than in particle-size measurements. Studies of crystalline materials involve special instruments and reasoning, unfortunately too little employed on biological materials. There is a continuing demand for quantitative correlation between microscopical observations and engineering performance.
Resinography, the Microscopy of Resins and Their Plastics
Authors: Rochow T. G.
Published: August 2009

A principal purpose of testing materials is to correlate the results of testing with variations in manufacture. It is the role of microscopy to help all parties, in experimentation and mass production, to see what is happening. The relationship may be expressed diagrammatically, thus: In the beginning of any process of making, samples of the product are both tested and visually examined. When sufficient data on the triple relationship are gathered to make statistical sense, one factor may be deduced from the other two. For example: Seeing.—A metallurgist who has seen enough making and testing of an alloy can, within the limits of his experience, predict the metallographic appearance of a sample from his data on manufacturing conditions and physical-chemical tests. Resin technologists are gaining analogous experience in resinography. Testing.—Given the necessary manufacturing data regarding his samples, the resinographer can learn to predict, simply from his microscopical examinations, the results of test or use, with all the required statistical confidence. Making.—With competitive materials, that is, “unknown” samples, the correlation of test data and visual examination can explain the conditions which the competitor used to manufacture such a material. The necessary visual information to solve the “equations” typified above may vary from macroscopic to light microscopic and to electron microscopic. The experienced observer goes only as far as necessary to solve the problem. The following examples were chosen as typical in some resin industries.
Foreword and Introduction
Authors: Eaton S. Edward
Published: August 2009

“Radioactivity—An Introduction,” is the first Symposium sponsored by ASTM Committee E-10 on Radioactive Isotopes. The Symposium was held in Atlantic City on June 30, 1953, for the purpose of calling attention to the possible utilization of radioactive isotopes in ASTM work. In his opening remarks, the Symposium Chairman noted: “It is a particularly healthy sign to see so many technical people interested in atomic energy and radioactivity. Ever since Hiroshima, the man on the street has been almost more excited about atomic energy than the average scientist. He wanted to use it for everything from powering his automobile to locating his lost golf balls. But most of the ideas put forth were impractical because the right facts about atomic energy were not in the hands of the right people. A noted scientist has caricatured the type of atomic energy publicity that the American people received during the years immediately after Hiroshima as the ‘Einstein to housewife’ approach. It is no wonder there have been so many misconceptions regarding atomic energy. This Symposium is an effort to develop information for those who are in a position to put it to practical use. Through it I am sure we will have a clearer picture of what radioactivity techniques are and whether they have a useful place in ASTM work.” Don M. McCutcheon, Chairman of Committee E-10, then reviewed the history, aims, and activities of the committee. Briefly summarized, Committee E-10 was formed early in 1951 with five major objectives: (1) to promote the knowledge of the use of radioactive isotopes in materials testing; (2) to aid and advise technical committees of the Society in the preparation of methods and development of instruments of testing in the field of radioactive isotopes; (3) to prepare test methods that use radioactive isotopes that do not come within the scope of any other technical committee; (4) to standardize, in cooperation with other committees, the nomenclature of testing methods or instruments that use radioactive isotopes; (5) to perform such other functions as may advance, improve, standardize, and unify the procedures of materials testing by means of radioactive isotopes.
Training Personnel in Radioisotope Techniques
Authors: Smith Donald R.
Published: August 2009

The scientific worker beginning the application of isotopes in his laboratory is, of course, concerned with the problems of obtaining isotopes and setting up facilities acceptable for the isotope project. There is in addition the basic problem of becoming acquainted with the general techniques which may be used in this field. The experience necessary in this regard will, of necessity, include some education in nuclear physics, nuclear chemistry, health physics, and laboratory management. A large number of isotope users have acquired this training over a considerable period of time through on-the-job experiences. This method is often not available, and the psychological restraint of a new and mysterious field leads to at least occasional inefficiency. In recognition of the need for some formal program of training in the use of radioisotopes, the Institute of Nuclear Studies in Oak Ridge, under a contract from the Atomic Energy Commission, has established a “Radioisotope School.” The Special Training Division of the Institute began a series of “Basic Radioisotope Techniques” courses in the summer of 1948, and under its chairman, Ralph T. Overman, has offered 33 such courses since that time. There are other training programs in the country, both at various universities and colleges and at special training centers. The course offered by the Institute of Nuclear Studies is, however, to the best of the author's knowledge, unique in the field. This paper is confined to the Institute's course, primarily because the author's knowledge of other programs is limited.
Management Problems Resulting from Radioisotope Utilization by Industry
Authors: Davidson W. L.
Published: August 2009

From 1946 to 1952, the author was a fairly good customer of the AEC Isotopes Division, procuring over that period something like a dozen shipments of radioisotopes from Oak Ridge for use in various industrial studies relating to rubber science and technology. Since that time, he has been on the other side of the counter as an employee of the AEC in Washington, studying atomic energy from the viewpoint of a public servant and talking with numerous industrial people interested in peacetime applications of the atom. As one might expect, a considerable number of these people were interested in radioisotopes either as users, processors, consultants, or even as potential manufacturers. The easy questions were answered in Washington. On the difficult ones our questioners were referred to the Isotopes Division experts at Oak Ridge. The subject of management problems with radioisotopes will be approached in the light of experience gained from working on both sides of the street. On the basis of his industry days and after a look at the statistics snowing how the isotopes program has grown over the past few years, the author feels that those in the Isotopes Division have done a magnificent job in creating, promoting, and administering the isotopes program until it stands today as an outstanding instrument for good—representing in fact the major constructive use realized thus far from the splitting of the atom. In the medical field alone it was recently estimated by one expert that radioisotopes have already saved more lives than were taken at both Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Even if this statement is only approximately true, it is a powerful testimonial for radioisotopes. One might say the success of this program was inevitable, that radioisotopes filled a needed niche so well they would practically sell themselves, much like the proverbial hot cakes. To a certain extent this is so. But the arrangements and procedures for securing these potentially hazardous bodies from AEC could have been so fraught with restrictions that unskilled or overly cautious handling of the program might have snarled matters to the point where the whole operation would have died while being born. Commendation is due Paul Aebersold and his group for having done a worthwhile service in encouraging the use of radioisotopes, while at the same time taking necessary steps to protect public health and safety.
The Design, Construction, and Use of an Odor Test Room
Authors: Deininger Nicholas , McKinley Russell W.
Published: August 2009

In many experimental and research projects involving odor evaluation and measurement, there is the need for a suitable enclosed space in which to conduct panel tests and to simulate actual conditions as realistically as possible. This has long been recognized by workers in the field, and a considerable amount of time and effort has gone into the design and construction of odor test rooms. During the past several years, the Flavor Laboratory of Arthur D. Little, Inc., has had the opportunity of working very closely with the American Gas Assn. on the development of a test room to further the particular odor studies being sponsored. The success of the test room and the degree to which its use advanced the problem at hand has led us to believe that the basic features may well have direct application in a great diversity of odor studies. It is difficult to arrive at the universal test room—one that would fill all the requirements and would fit the needs of all odor situations. This sweeping claim is not made for the room described. The information about the odor test room is presented primarily for the consideration of the workers in this field. Four of the principal variables involved in test rooms have been singled out for specific discussion at this time. They are as follows: 1. The design of the room, including the general layout and size. 2. The room construction, including the materials used. 3. The auxiliary equipment outside the test room, including sample-measuring devices, filtering systems, and exhaust apparatus. 4. The techniques used in the room operation and actual odor evaluations and measurements.
Odor Pollution from the Official's Viewpoint
Authors: Gruber Charles W.
Published: August 2009

This paper will attempt to point out the perplexity of the outdoor odor pollution problem and the difficulty encountered by the official in dealing with industry and the public in this matter. The odor situation is not so difficult to handle when the source is a well-defined continuous process running day in and day out so that the odor pollution level rises in a particular neighborhood with a degree of regularity whenever the weather influences are right—that is, when a straight flowing air stream carries the pollutants in a well-defined fan-like directional pattern to the affected neighborhood downstream from the plant or when a stagnant air mass forms under a low level temperature inversion layer, causing the pollutants to mushroom over an entire area. However, when the offending source is a one- or two-batch process from among many or when different materials processed through the same equipment result in foul smelling discharges one time and perfumed fragrance another so that the odor emissions are spasmotic, catching or missing weather conditions to cause odor build-up without pattern or cyclic recurrences, it is harder to analyze the situation than to pick out the shell that covers the pea at the carnival. When process operators receive a call about an odor situation, they can change the process a little and then deny all responsibility for the odor source and defy the official to find out where it came from and what caused it. When an accusing finger is pointed to the plant as the source, the retort is, “Who, me? I don't smell anything.” Not all do this, but there are some plants that do. Local ordinances usually declare strong and obnoxious odors to be a nuisance and the emission of such odor to be unlawful. The wording of the Cincinnati Ordinance is quoted as follows: Section 2501-3(b).—Acid or other fumes, noxious gases, strong odors, dust, dirt, or other solids in quantities (defined in Section 2501-5) emitted or allowed to escape in such place or manner as to cause injury, annoyance or detriment to the public, or to any person or to endanger the health or safety of such a person or the public, or emitted in such a manner as to cause injury or damage to business or property, are hereby declared a nuisance, and the emission or escape thereof from any stack, or chimney, window, door or other opening, ventilating device, or from any building, premises or other source, shall be unlawful.
Introduction
Authors: Frey Donald N.
Published: August 2009

It has been long realized that much, if not most, engineering use of metals at elevated temperature involves periodic changes in temperature or stress or both. However, the engineer has available for most metals only constant stress and temperature data for design purposes. This poses the question of how changes in stress or temperature modify the constant stress and temperature behavior of metals and thus the designs based on such behavior. It was decided by the Gas Turbine and General Research Panels of the Joint ASTM-ASME Committee on the Effect of Temperature on the Properties of Metals to hold a Symposium on the Effect of Cyclic Heating and Stressing on Metals at Elevated Temperatures. The Symposium is intended to cover those situations involving relatively slow changes in stress or temperature, or both. In practice many such changes are aperiodic, and much of the experimental work covering this Symposium uses periodic variations. It is hoped that certain general considerations may, however, be deduced from the experimental results herein. As far as cyclic variation of stress is concerned, extremely rapid stress variation is commonly considered under the general subject of fatigue. This subject is not encompassed in order to limit the scope of the Symposium. The dividing line between what might be called a periodic variation of stress and a rapid variation of stress leading to a fatigue failure is obviously hard to define. However, it is apparent that both differences in experimental technique and in application to design problems have led to such a division being easily made.
What We Need to Know about Creep
Authors: Dorn John E. , Shepard Lawrence A.
Published: August 2009

A method of approach to the study of high-temperature creep is presented in which the effects of the individual variables of temperature, stress, and the metal structure as affected by creep can be isolated and separately tested. Testing methods, results, and correlations for pure metals and dilute alloys are outlined; problems requiring further clarification are discussed; and ways of extending the techniques for application in the study of complex alloy creep and creep at lower temperatures are suggested.
The Effect of Composition on the Scaling of Iron-Chromium-Nickel Alloys Subjected to Cyclic Temperature Conditions
Authors: Eiselstein H. L. , Skinner E. N.
Published: August 2009

The scaling behavior of a number of iron-chromium-nickel alloys has been examined under cyclic conditions involving 15 min heating in air, followed by 5 min air cooling. The results for test temperatures of 1400, 1600, and 1800 F permit the mapping of alloy compositions in terms of ability to resist scaling or flaking of their oxide films. While nearly all compositions are satisfactory at 1400 and 1600 F, scaling is pronounced at 1800 F for alloys containing less than 35 per cent nickel and less than about 20 per cent chromium at the low end of the nickel range and less than about 15 per cent chromium at the high end of the range.
The Performance Characteristics of Used Insulating Oils
Authors: Salomon T.
Published: August 2009

Many tests have been proposed for evaluating used oils, but not one of them has found a general application. The results obtained in the laboratory have not been able to be correlated with the actual condition of the oil in the transformer. This situation has brought up the thesis, that it is impossible to foresee the modifications that an oil is undergoing during transformer operation, and that the laboratory work has to be limited to a frequent control of the condition of the oil by applying different analytical tests. The author has been engaged in controlled field tests since 1926, and was in the position to work out a test-method describing correctly the condition of an oil in operation and the type and extent of the modifications which will occur in the oil in operation during a further couple of years. This paper describes the results obtained and the methods used. The different points discussed in this paper are illustrated by some examples chosen among the thousands of oils studied. These examples should be considered as representative cases and not as individual cases.
Evaluation and Performance of Turbine Oils
Authors: von Fuchs George H.
Published: August 2009

Rust- and oxidation-inhibited turbine oils are composed of a base oil containing at least two additives, one an antioxidant, the other a rust inhibitor. These three principal components must be selected in such a way that they can work together harmoniously, without interfering with each other's functions. Thus, even the most effective rust inhibitor would be undesirable if it showed a tendency to form oil-soluble, catalytically active metallic soaps which would interfere with the function of the antioxidant and could hasten oil-breakdown. Similarly, even the most potent antioxidant is of little value if it is corrosive to metals and promotes rusting or if it forms sludge in service no matter what the reason.
Stress Analysis of Automotive Cylinder Blocks
Authors: Erickson Martin A.
Published: August 2009

The use of electrical-resistance type SR-4 strain gages in the determination of mechanical properties of cast iron is demonstrated. An example is given to show the application of strain gages in the stress and strength analysis of an experimental automotive cylinder block.
Stress-Strain Tests on Rectangular Cast Iron Beams
Authors: Smalley Oliver
Published: August 2009

Scattered throughout the literature are many reports of studies of transverse tests on cast-iron beams of various sizes and cross-sectional form. In many instances the test bars were used in the “as-cast” condition, while the nature of the cast iron used was such as to defy both understanding and interpretation of the test results with any degree of accuracy. There are two basic reasons for this: 1. The term gray cast itself covers a field of many materials varying in both chemical and physical properties. 2. The methods of testing used were often crude and inaccurate. Since new tools of high precision are available today both in the manufacture of cast iron to controlled structural and physical properties, and in the method of testing; advantage of these has been taken in this investigation.
Stress-Strain Tests on Various Cast Iron Beam Sections
Authors: Hardy H. M. , Kuivinen T. O.
Published: August 2009

Results of stress distribution tests on certain cast beams are presented to show why iron has a high modulus of rupture in bending, and to evaluate normal bending theory in the fatigue range.
Some Strain Gage Studies of Cast Iron Punch Press Frames
Authors: Brewer Given A.
Published: August 2009

To determine the distribution of stress within the frame of a 30-ton cast iron punch press with the object of altering the design to reduce weight without sacrificing strength or rigidity, a number of SR-4 electric strain gages were affixed to the press frame and connected to suitable recording instruments as shown in the Fig. 1. The load was applied to the press by means of a mechanical jack. Strains at the several points of gage attachment were determined with the tie rods tight and with the rods loose. Deflection readings and press rotation under load were observed. Very high stress concentrations were found at the platen fillets and at the gibb way fillet. At 30-ton s punch load the stress at the platen fillets was calculated to be 23,600 psi. and 9400 psi. at the gibb fillet; over the rest of the frame the stresses were generally not more than 4500 psi. Enlarging these fillets reduced the stresses substantially, and these stresses were further reduced through tightening the tie rods thus prestressing the fillets in compression. In order to convert strain to stress, it was necessary to know the modulus of elasticity of this particular cast iron. Two cast bars were obtained from the foundry and standard A.S.T.M. round specimens were machined from the bars and tested. The modulus of elasticity of these coupons was found to be roughly 13 × 106 psi.
Report of Consolidation Tests with Peat
Authors: Thompson James B. , Palmer L. A.
Published: August 2009

In 1945 two earth-filled concrete barricades 1200 ft long, 10 ft wide and 20 ft high were built on a site reclaimed from a tidal marsh. No soil investigation was made prior to construction but since the soil conditions were known to be poor, sand drains 50 ft deep, 18 in. in diameter and approximately 15 ft on centers were installed over the entire area before filling was begun. These drains were connected at the ground surface by lateral sand-filled trench drains which extended to the edge of the area to be filled. Placing of a fill of variable depth (0 to 20 ft) was accomplished by end dumping from trucks and as a result of the truck traffic the fill was compacted to such an extent that it was quite impervious. The fill was placed to a height approximately 5 ft above the planned finished grade to overload and consolidate the soft sub-soil. The overload was left in place for several months. Although no records of settlement were kept for this period, it is known that the fill settled several feet before the overload was removed and construction was begun. The barricades were built directly on top of the fill and began settling immediately after construction.
Consolidation and Related Properties of Loessial Soils
Authors: Holtz W. G. , Gibbs H. J.
Published: August 2009

Loess is an earth material which covers vast areas of the central part of several major continents of the world. In the United States loessial soils extend from New Orleans, La. to Cairo, Ill., along the east bank of the Mississippi River, and cover much of Nebraska, Kansas, and part of South Dakota within the Missouri River Basin which is being developed for power and irrigation by the Bureau of Reclamation. Extensive deposits also occur in Washington and Oregon. Inasmuch as the composition of loessial deposits is often very loose, the soil is susceptible to high degrees of consolidation under certain moisture and load combinations. Thus, when this material is used as a foundation for hydraulic structures, special care must be given in the foundation design. This paper describes laboratory tests to determine the consolidation characteristics of loessial soils, index tests for estimating these characteristics, and the effect of consolidation on other soil properties. Present practices of design and construction of hydraulic structures founded on loess are discussed.
Settlement of a Railroad Embankment Crossing the Morganza Floodway, Louisiana
Authors: Shockley W. G. , Mansur C. I.
Published: August 2009

Predicted and actual settlements are compared for a large earth embankment resting on a compressible clay foundation. Soil conditions in the foundation are discussed and results of consolidation tests on undisturbed specimens of foundation soil are presented. The settlement analyses and comparisons indicate that computed settlements appear to be reasonable based on actual observed settlements. However, the rate of settlement in the prototype is somewhat faster than that predicted by theoretical time-rate studies.
Aids in the Interpretation of the Consolidation Test
Authors: Matlock Hudson , Dawson Raymond F.
Published: August 2009

A method has been previously described for the preparation of remolded specimens which have a high degree of uniformity, are almost completely saturated, and appear to have some of the characteristics formerly associated only with undisturbed samples of naturally deposited clays. The specimens were prepared by extruding batches of moist clay through a small laboratory-type ceramic de-airing extrusion machine High degrees of saturation were thus obtained without sacrificing the relatively stiff consistencies common to many undisturbed samples of natural clays. Even with extremely careful laboratory measurements, it was impossible to detect any significant differences in moisture content, void ratio, or degree of saturation between specimens taken from consecutive slugs. However, there were some differences detected among slugs selected at random from the extruded material. These differences were caused by condensation which occurred prior to extrusion of the slugs; the moist clay had been stored for a period of about one month in unsealed cans in a moist vault. It was concluded that de-aired and extruded samples could become very accurate and valuable tools for many types of laboratory research, particularly in the investigation of test procedures and in the evaluation of test equipment.
Observed Settlements of Highway Structures Due to Consolidation of Alluvial Clay
Authors: Barber E. S.
Published: August 2009

Laboratory consolidation tests plus analysis of field conditions indicated by subsurface explorations are useful in estimating the amount and rate of settlement of embankments or bridges to be expected due to an increase in applied load. However, correlation of such analysis with recorded field displacements is needed, particularly in evaluating boundary drainage conditions for primary consolidation and in evaluating secondary time-consolidation effects which are independent of boundary drainage conditions. This paper presents observed settlements at four different sites along the Potomac River near Washington, D. C., as shown in Fig. 1, and their correlation with laboratory test results and analysis. Field data were obtained from various branches of the Bureau of Public Roads and the District of Columbia Government. Consolidation tests were made on undisturbed samples taken from each soil layer by the suggested method of test for consolidation of soil given in (1). Illustrative consolidation test results are given in Table I and the physical properties of the several soils over which settlements were observed are shown in Table II. Using the data from the consolidation tests the coefficients of compressibility and consolidation for the loads appropriate to each problem were calculated by the methods shown in Fig. 2(a) and 2(b).
The Application of Controlled Test Methods in Consolidation Testing
Authors: Burmister Donald M.
Published: August 2009

The consolidation test is a fundamental stress-strain and strength test for soils. It has important applications in soil and foundation work, not only for estimating the probable magnitude and time-rate of settlement of foundations to be expected under loadings imposed by structures and determining the adequacy of the supporting soils, but also as the basic step in preconsolidating soil specimens for determining the essential stress-strain relations and shearing strength characteristics of soils by triaxial compression tests in stability investigations. This paper is concerned with basic principles and concepts of controlled test methods, by which it is possible to obtain basic information on soil behavior that is representative of actual conditions, and has a direct application to a situation. In this new approach it is intended to show that by a reasoned and consistent application of controlled test methods the full possibilities of consolidation and strength testing of soils can be realized in each individualized case.
Two New Indexes to the Powder Diffraction File
Authors: Bigelow W. C. , Smith J. V.
Published: August 2009

Two new indexes for use with the Powder Diffraction File have recently been published by ASTM. The Fink Index is a numerical index in book form that is based on the eight most intense lines of the powder patterns. It is designed to facilitate the identification of patterns that do not yield reliable relative intensity values, such as those generally obtained by electron diffraction and those sometimes obtained by X ray diffraction from specimens showing a high degree of preferred orientation. The Matthews Coordinate Index is an optical coincidence coordinate index published on Termatrex index cards. It has been developed to take advantage of modern data retrieval methods and to allow chemical information to be incorporated directly into the search procedure. The development and construction of both indexes are discussed in detail and several examples are given illustrating the use of both indexes in identifying typical unknown patterns.
Contractual Reliability Acceptance Procedures
Authors: Coutinho J. de S.
Published: August 2009

The considerations and procedures which shape the contractual arrangements for the procurement of reliable aerospace systems are discussed. Such systems are usually procured from single sources of supply on a relatively rigid schedule, and they consist of high-cost, low-production, long-lead-time items. Furthermore, cost of maintenance over equipment lifetime may exceed the initial cost by a large factor; hence, logistics considerations also exert a strong influence. In these special circumstances, normal commercial procurement procedures are unsuitable for providing a customer with the protection inherent in the competitive market place, and he must resort to policing his supplier's activities, which at best is never a completely adequate procedure. The contract must provide for a program plan which establishes specific scheduled monitoring points during the development and fabrication stages, such as review of design requirements and environments, design arrangements, proof-of-design by analysis, qualification test plans and execution, and acceptance test procedures. In the execution of this plan the customer assumes the risk that a product which passes the qualification test will be satisfactory in service. The supplier assumes the risk that he can design and fabricate a product which will pass the qualification test. Qualification test results should therefore correlate both with analytical design methods and with data fed back from actual field operations. The proper design of qualification test procedures depends on an understanding of the basic causes of unreliability, such as our inability to predict correctly the actual operating environments, and the unit-to-unit variation in component resistance to failure. Our inability to specify correctly the environmental requirements is due in part to the inadequacy of available empirical data; to new and previously unknown environments encountered as the operating range is extended; and to the invention by the operators of new uses for the system. The considerations which enter into the design of qualification test spectra are discussed in detail, and some spectra in current use are analyzed. The unit-to-unit variation of components may be minimized by reliability control of the design of the manufacturing processes, and may be measured in a series of tests-to-failure. Although it is difficult to establish accept-reject criteria, an approach is described which is believed to have merit.
The Material Aspect of Reliability
Authors: Freudenthal A. M.
Published: August 2009

Reliability analysis correlates the statistical aspects of load analysis, stress analysis, and strength analysis in their effects on the probability of survival of a structure under the operating conditions anticipated during its specified design life. Since stress analysis, by its very nature, can deal only with idealized structures constructed of idealized materials, it is the strength analysis that has to introduce the physical reality in the form of the significant structural and material parameters and their statistical variation. The paper discusses the effect of the structurally significant material properties on the reliability of aircraft structures with respect to unserviceability, ultimate load failure, and fatigue, with particular emphasis on the relative importance of stochastic concepts in strength analysis and load analysis.
Random-Loading Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of Some Aluminum and Titanium Alloys
Authors: Smith S. H.
Published: August 2009

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation of the fatigue crack growth characteristics of some airframe materials under sinusoidal, narrow-band, and broad-band random loadings. Prerecorded random-time histories, generated by filtering the output of a white-noise generator to produce desired power spectral shapes, were utilized as input loadings to an electrohydraulic fatigue crack growth testing system. Uniform tension-tension loadings were applied to centrally cracked panels, and the fatigue crack growth behavior was observed. Alloys studied include 7075-T6 bare aluminum alloy, 2024-T3 bare aluminum alloy, Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V duplex and mill anneal, and Ti-6Al-4V mill anneal. Fracture-mechanics concepts are applied in correlating and comparing the fatigue crack growth behavior of the alloys. A comparison of sinusoidal- and random-loading behavior, based on the average of the greatest rise or fall in stress intensity between mean-level crossings, shows a faster fatigue crack growth rate for sinusoidal loading at the higher stress-intensity levels and a slower rate at the lower stress-intensity levels.
Interaction of Cyclic Torsion with Axial Loads
Authors: Ronay Maria
Published: August 2009

The continuum mechanical theory of second-order strain accumulation and the theory of interaction of second-order extension due to cyclic torsion and sustained tension is summarized. The predicted linear interaction of second-order extension due to cyclic torsion and sustained tension is proved by experiments on superpure aluminum, copper, Armco iron, and 70-30 brass. It has been found that the conditions for interaction between cyclic torsion and axial stress are that the torsion angle be larger than the fatigue limit and the applied tensile stress be larger than the Bauschinger yield limit in tension produced by reversed cyclic torsion.
Influence of Residual and Minor Elements on the Pitting and Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance of Austenitic Stainless Steels
Authors: Moskowitz Arthur , Saltzman G. A. , Pinnow K. E. , Redmerski L. S.
Published: August 2009

A study has been made to determine the effects of residual and minor elements on the resistance to pitting and on atmospheric corrosion of austenitic stainless steels. The technical literature has been reviewed, and some new experimental studies performed. Information is provided on Ag, B, C, Ce, Cb, Co, Cu, Mo, N, P, Pb, Re, S, Si, Sn, Ta, Te, Ti, V, W, and Zr. The conditions considered include industrial, marine, and rural atmospheres, automotive service, and all environments producing pitting. The results suggest that for the elements studied, the effects on pitting resistance relate to alloying behavior. Elements present in solid solution may have essentially no effect or may be beneficial if they tend to promote passivity. In general, they do not produce detrimental effects. Elements present as metallic second phases may have essentially no effect or may be beneficial. In general, metallic second phases do not produce detrimental effects. Elements present in nonmetallic second phases are generally detrimental.
Introduction
Authors: Shobert Erle I.
Published: August 2009

This issue of the bibliography has been shortened in time to bring its distribution earlier in the year. This has been done to avoid the peak of ASTM publishing activity which occurs after March. Thus, this issue will be about two months shorter in volume of material but should appear several months earlier. An International Conference on Electric Contacts was held at the University of Maine in November, 1961. The publication of the papers will appear shortly and will be listed in the next bibliography. We continue to list the titles and authors of papers given at the Symposium on Electromagnetic Relays, held at Oklahoma State University under the direction of Professor C. F. Cameron, in association with the National Association of Relay Manufacturers. See Abstract No. 3458.
The Validity of BMI as an Indicator of Body Fatness and Risk Among Children
Authors: Freedman David S. , Sherry Bettylou
Published: August 2009

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Although the prevalence of childhood obesity, as assessed by BMI (kg/m2), has tripled over the last 3 decades, this index is a measure of excess weight rather than excess body fatness. In this review we focus on the relation of BMI to body fatness and health risks, particularly on the ability of BMI for age ≥95th Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] percentile to identify children who have excess body fatness. We also examine whether these associations differ according to race/ethnicity and whether skinfold and circumference measurements provide additional information on body fatness or health risks.

RESULTS: The accuracy of BMI varies according to the degree of body fatness. Among relatively fat children, BMI is a good indicator of excess adiposity, but differences in the BMIs of relatively thin children can be largely due to fat-free mass. Although the accuracy of BMI in identifying children with excess body fatness depends on the chosen cut points, we have found that a high BMI-for-age has a moderately high (70%–80%) sensitivity and positive predictive value, along with a high specificity (95%). Children with a high BMI are much more likely to have adverse risk factor levels and to become obese adults than are thinner children. Skinfold thicknesses and the waist circumference may be useful in identifying children with moderately elevated levels of BMI (85th to 94th percentiles) who truly have excess body fatness or adverse risk factor levels.

CONCLUSION: A BMI for age at ≥95th percentile of the CDC reference population is a moderately sensitive and a specific indicator of excess adiposity among children.
The Use of BMI in the Clinical Setting
Authors: Daniels Stephen R.
Published: August 2009

BMI has been recommended for evaluating overweight and obesity in children and adolescents in the clinical setting. Definitions of overweight and obesity are based on percentile cutoff points. There are both strengths and limitations of BMI for this use. The strengths include the fact that BMI is cheap and relatively easy to use. The weaknesses include the fact that BMI percentiles are not widely used, and categorization of BMI percentiles may not adequately define risk of comorbid conditions. In addition, percentiles are not optimal for stratifying children and adolescents with very high BMI. Alternatives to the use of BMI and BMI percentiles include waist circumference to evaluate regional fat deposition and replacement of percentiles with z scores. Despite limitations, BMI and BMI percentiles have great utility in the clinical setting and the potential to be even more useful as BMI is used more frequently and more appropriately by primary care providers. Additional research on alternatives or adjuncts to BMI is needed.
Assessing BMI in West Virginia Schools: Parent Perspectives and the Influence of Context
Authors: Harris Carole V. , Neal William A.
Published: August 2009

West Virginia is a state at the forefront of the obesity epidemic and one that is experiencing immense health and economic costs as a result. The childhood obesity research discussed in this article was conducted over the past 10 years through 4 projects that range from a school-based cardiovascular risk screening program to an evaluation of state legislation targeting childhood obesity via modifications in the school environment. In the course of these projects, we have collected BMI and other health indices on students, provided feedback to students and their parents, and assessed the obesity and health-related beliefs of West Virginians through individual and focus-group interviews and questionnaires. Our work has been accomplished by using an active-consent process, and BMI has typically been only 1 component of the comprehensive health data we collect and feedback we provide. Collaboration with state and local partners and regular dissemination of our findings have been key elements of the approach taken. The research and policy implications of our findings and approach are discussed.