bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Injuries in mothers hospitalised for domestic violence-related assault: a whole-population linked data study
Authors: Bulsara Vishal Mahesh , Bulsara Max K , Codde Jim , Preen David , Slack-Smith Linda , O'Donnell Melissa
Published: May 2021

Objective

To retrospectively assess a cohort of mothers for characteristics of injuries that they have suffered as a result of family and domestic violence (FDV) and which have required admission to a hospital during both the intrapartum and postpartum periods.

Design and setting

Retrospective, whole-population linked data study of FDV in Western Australia using the Western Australia birth registry from 1990 to 2009 and Hospital Morbidity Data System records from 1970 to 2013.

Main outcome measures

Number of hospitalisations, and mode, location and type of injuries recorded, with particular focus on the head and neck area.

Results

There were 11 546 hospitalisations for mothers due to FDV. 8193 hospitalisations recorded an injury code to the head and/or neck region. The upper and middle thirds of the face and scalp were areas most likely to receive superficial injuries (58.7% or 4158 admissions), followed by the mouth and oral cavity (9.7% or 687 admissions). Fracture to the mandible accounted for 479 (4.2%) admissions and was almost equal to the sum of the next three most common facial fractures (nasal, maxillary and orbital floor). Mothers more likely to be hospitalised due to a head injury from FDV included those with more than one child (OR=1.17, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.30) and those with infants (<1 year old) (OR=1.40, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.90) and young children (<7 years old) (OR=1.15, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.30).

Conclusions

FDV is a serious and ongoing problem and front-line clinicians are in need of evidence-based guidelines to recognise and assist victims of FDV. Mothers with children in their care are a particularly vulnerable group.
Effectiveness and safety of oral anticoagulants in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation
Authors: Rutherford Ole-Christian Walter , Jonasson Christian , Ghanima Waleed , Söderdahl Fabian , Halvorsen Sigrun
Published: May 2021

Objectives

To assess the risk of stroke/systemic embolism (SE) and major bleeding associated with the use of oral anticoagulants in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) in a real-world population.

Methods

We identified all anticoagulant-naive initiators of warfarin, dabigatran, rivaroxaban and apixaban for the indication AF in Norway between January 2013 and December 2017. Multivariate competing risk regression was used to calculate subhazard ratios (SHRs) describing associations between non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) compared with warfarin for risk of stroke/SE and major bleeding.

Results

Among 30 401 patients ≥75 years identified (median age 82 years, 53% women, mean CHA2DS2-VaSc score 4.5), 3857 initiated dabigatran, 6108 rivaroxaban, 13 786 apixaban and 6650 warfarin. Reduced dose was initiated in 11 559 (49%) of the NOAC-treated patients. For stroke, the SHRs for standard dose NOAC against warfarin were 0.80 (95% CI 0.57 to 1.13) for dabigatran; 1.07 (95% CI 0.89 to 1.30) for rivaroxaban and 0.95 (95% CI 0.78 to 1.15) for apixaban. For major bleeding, the SHRs against warfarin were 0.75 (95% CI 0.52 to 1.08) for dabigatran; 0.96 (95% CI 0.78 to 1.16) for rivaroxaban and 0.74 (95% CI 0.60 to 0.91) for apixaban. Comparing reduced doses of NOACs with warfarin yielded similar results. Sensitivity analyses were in accordance with the main results.

Conclusion

In this nationwide cohort study of patients ≥75 years initiating oral anticoagulation for AF, standard and reduced dose NOACs were associated with similar risks of stroke/SE as warfarin and lower or similar risks of bleeding. The NOACs seem to be a safe option also in elderly patients.
Real-time detection of Chemical Warfare Agents at clearance decontamination levels for surface contamination: a challenge for civilian authorities
Authors: Rothbacher Dieter
Published: May 2021

NATO doctrine considers clearance decontamination to be applicable after the termination of a CBRN incident and largely deems the conduct of clearance decontamination to be a civilian, not a military, capability (NATO Standard NATO STANREC 4784 CBRN Clearance Decontamination, Study Draft 1, November 2015). Clearance decontamination procedures are such that the process is verified as being achieved by determining the residual contamination levels on every part of various surfaces of equipment and infrastructure, and by demonstrating that such levels are below the ones that are pre-determined by the relevant civilian authorities, who are responsible for the safety of the civilian population (NATO Standard NATO STANREC 4784 CBRN Clearance Decontamination, Study Draft 1, November 2015). The current desirable surface contamination detection levels for some Chemical Warfare Agents are technically challenging and may be beyond the capabilities of current technologies of military and civilian authorities. Can those low levels be detected, in real time, with existing technologies? Proton Transfer Reaction–Time of Flight–Mass Spectrometry (PTR–ToF–MS) enables simultaneous real-time detection, monitoring, and quantification of volatile organic compounds. Trials and evaluations with this PTR–ToF–MS technology, using Chemical Warfare Agents as contaminants, will show that this technology is an invaluable asset in supporting civilian authorities when determining safe levels of surface contamination in real time, after the completion of decontamination operations.
A Curious Identity on Multiple Sums over Fields with Applications
Authors: Xu Yongchao , Hong Shaofang
Published: May 2021

Let [Formula: see text] be a field, and let [Formula: see text] be integers such that [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. We show that for any subset [Formula: see text], the curious identity [Formula: see text] holds with [Formula: see text] being the set of nonnegative integers. As an application, we prove that for any subset [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text] being the finite field of [Formula: see text] elements and [Formula: see text] being integers such that [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] Using this identity and providing an extension of the principle of cross-classification that slightly generalizes the one obtained by Hong in 1996, we show that if [Formula: see text] is an integer with [Formula: see text], then for any subset [Formula: see text] we have [Formula: see text] This implies [Formula: see text].
Development and Application of Leader Identification Model Using Multimodal Information in Multi-Party Conversations
Authors: Shiota Tsukasa , Honda Kouki , Shimada Kazutaka , Saitoh Takeshi
Published: May 2021

Predicting the roles of participants in conversations is a fundamental task to build a system that provides assessment results and feedback for each participant. Various role recognition models have been proposed. Nonetheless, most studies have only utilized verbal or nonverbal features even though people usually express what they think or feel with the combination of language, gestures, and tone of voice. In this paper, we aim to realize a high-performance role recognition model by combining features from various modalities. We design nonverbal features that can be extracted from video and audio data. Then, we construct a multimodal leader identification method that fuses nonverbal features proposed by us and verbal features proposed by a previous study. In our experiments, our multimodal model outperforms the baseline model that utilizes only verbal features. We also conduct some analysis, such as statistical tests and ablation studies, and verify the effectiveness of each modality and feature. In the end, we build a prototype of a feedback system and demonstrate how our study can be applied to the discussion assessment/feedback systems.
Surface Chemistry of Metal Phosphide Nanocrystals
Authors: Eagle Forrest W. , Rivera-Maldonado Ricardo A. , Cossairt Brandi M.
Published: May 2021

Semiconducting and metallic metal phosphide nanocrystals have gained increased attention in the materials science and engineering community due to their demonstrated and theoretical promise in both emissive and catalytic applications. Central to realizing the full potential of nanoscale metal phosphides is a thorough understanding of their surfaces and how surface chemistry impacts their function. In this review, we document what is known about the surface chemistry of metal phosphide nanocrystals, including both as synthesized and postsynthetically modified species, and draw a connection between surface chemistry and functional properties. This survey is intended to provide a comprehensive view of metal phosphide nanocrystal surface chemistry and how it differs across the families of phosphide materials. A clear distinction emerges between the semiconducting and metallic phosphides from both a synthetic and applied standpoint. We seek to expose key knowledge gaps and targets for further scientific and technological development.
A Novel White-Light-Emitting Phosphor Based on Bi3+-Doped BaLu2MgGa2Si2O12 for Near-UV Excited White LEDs
Authors: Zhang Jian , Wang Ming , Fang Zhiyong , Lai Xiaohui , Zhong Zhiqiang , Zhang Rui
Published: May 2021

Bi3+-activated luminescence materials have gained growing attentions for optoelectronic applications. In this work, a novel BaLu2MgGa2Si2O12: Bi3+ garnet phosphor was synthesized through a traditional high-temperature solid phase reaction method. The crystal structure was ascertained through X-ray diffraction analysis and Rietveld structural refinement. The particle morphology and constituent elements distributions were investigated through scanning electron microscope and element mapping. Excited at 330 or 370 nm, the phosphors exhibit two emission peaks located at 413 and 495 nm, which is ascribed to the allowed transitions of Bi3+: 3P1 → 1S0. The luminescence intensity reaches the maximum at the 4 mol% Bi3+ doping content, and the emission color is easily manipulated by tuning the excitation wavelength. Besides, the luminescence intensity at 150 ℃ remains 80% of that at room temperature. These results suggest that the novel phosphors have promising application in the near-UV excited white LEDs.
Exacerbating Guillain–Barré Syndrome Eight Days after Vector-Based COVID-19 Vaccination
Authors: Finsterer Josef
Published: May 2021

Since the introduction of mRNA technology-based and vector-based COVID-19 vaccines, adverse reactions to these agents have been occasionally reported. Exacerbation of Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) shortly after COVID-19 vaccination has not been communicated. The patient is a 32-year-old male who developed progressive sensory disturbances and muscle weakness 8 days after the first dosage of a vector-based vaccine. Cerebrospinal fluid investigations revealed a dissociation cyto-albuminque, and nerve conduction studies revealed demyelination. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) exhibited only a marginal effect for both sensory and motor deficits. The patient’s history was moreover positive for previous GBS with marked motor deficits 14 years earlier, which responded favourably to IVIG leading to almost complete recovery within 9 months of rehabilitation. Although apparently extremely rare, neurologists should remain vigilant for a potential recurrence of GBS after vaccination with a vector-based COVID-19 vaccine.
Study on the Influences of Empty Hole and In Situ Stress on Blasting-Induced Rock Damage
Authors: Meng Ningkang , Bai Jian-biao , Shen Wenlong , Chen Yong , Wang Xiangyu , Wu Wenda , Wu Bowen
Published: May 2021

Blasting has been used extensively in deep underground excavation. In this paper, a numerical simulation LS-DYNA was carried out to investigate the influence of in situ stress and empty hole on rock fracture development. Based on the simulation process and existing laboratory data, the micromechanical properties of the Riedel-Hiermaier-Thoma (RHT) model were calibrated. By then, this model was used to study the effects of in situ stress and empty hole on the degree of damage and fracture development in the rock. Simulation results revealed that the difference between horizontal and vertical principal stresses can influence the degree of damage as well as the fracture initiation and development, which in turn leads to the fracture development towards a high-stress concentration area. Numerical simulation also showed that the total area of fracture development gradually decreases with the increasing in situ stress magnitudes. Under the same stress conditions, empty hole can facilitate the fracture development at 90°, while preventing the subsequent fracture development at 60° and 120°. This would result in further fracture propagation at 90°, such that the control of fracture direction can be achievable.
Economic Spectrofluorometric Bioanalysis of Empagliflozin in Rats’ Plasma
Authors: Ayoub Bassam , El Zahar Noha , Michel Haidy , Tadros Mariam
Published: May 2021

A simple, economic, green, and sensitive bioanalytical method for empagliflozin bioassay in rats’ plasma was employed successfully owing to the empagliflozin native fluorescence behavior. Enhanced liquid-liquid extraction, using diethyl ether (DEE), was successfully employed for the improved extraction of empagliflozin from rats’ plasma based on its high value of logP as 1.8 that boosted the drug migration from plasma to the organic layer. The relative fluorescence intensity for empagliflozin was recorded at emission (299.4 nm) after excitation at 226.5 nm. The method was validated with satisfactory results for linearity (500–5000 ng/mL), trueness, precision, the matrix effect, and extraction recovery. The matrix effect ranged between 15.63% and 23.10% for LQC and HQC samples, respectively. Extraction recovery ranged between 54.61% and 62.54% for LQC and HQC samples, respectively. Bias values for the trueness ranged between −10.62 and +14.95, while %RSD values for the precision ranged between 5.39% and 9.33%. The method was successfully applied to rats’ plasma samples that included six rats, and the drug concentration was determined in their plasma after 1 hour (estimated Cmax based on literature) following oral administration of empagliflozin with a concentration of 10 mg/Kg, p.o.. The developed cost-effective spectrofluorimetric method in the present work will be of beneficial use in further pharmacokinetic studies that include rats’ plasma and biological fluids. Moreover, with the suitable modifications, the described novel extraction of empagliflozin could be adopted to human plasma samples and future clinical studies. Moreover, development of new simple cost-effective methods is necessary to give the researchers a set of “varieties” that they can use according to the laboratory limitations, especially in the developing countries in addition of being a greener method due to the lower consumption of toxic solvents and lower waste production.
O imaginário e a cidade de Goiânia: percepções das práticas culturais na metrópole virtual
Authors: Diniz Johnathan Pereira Alves
Published: May 2021

Discutem-se as práticas culturais da juventude exercidas em ambiente virtual, retratadas na Região Metropolitana de Goiânia. Partindo de uma abordagem fenomenológica, pressupõe-se que tais práticas culturais, quando exercidas, proporcionam a (re)significação do lugar, do espaço vivido, fortalecendo a sensação de pertencimento que as relações sociais proporcionam. Os jovens buscam, ao adentrarem no ciberespaço, resgatar elementos do imaginário, do vivido e se tornar perceptível, reforçando sua espacialidade pela trajetória e leitura de mundo. O olhar geográfico se volta a essa percepção, na concepção dos espaços felizes retratados pela juventude nas mídias sociais. O dizer geográfico também é retratado, neste artigo, por meio do depoimento de um jovem, que diante suas memórias, compartilha sua espacialidade, fazendo que estes também partilhassem suas práticas sócio-espaciais, evidenciando, portanto, aspectos culturais na Metrópole Virtual.
Corruption among Rural Grassroots Cadres: A Study of Its Origins and Development, with Policy Recommendations
Authors: Zhou (周健宇) Jianyu
Published: May 2021

Drawing on 1,965 cases of corruption by rural grassroots cadre from 1993 to 2017, this article examines the evolving patterns of and intrinsic reasons for corruption as well as its changing characteristics over time, by focusing on the following indicators: the number of newly increased corruption cases, the frequency of corruption activities, the average amount of cash value involved in the cases, the annual total cash value involved in the cases, and the sectors where corruption took place. This article ends with several recommendations on corruption prevention, including further measures on legislation, ideological education, supervising mechanisms, and investigation and punishment.
A new medium-sized rupicolous Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) of the C. bangara clade from granite boulder habitats in Krishnagiri, Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: AGARWAL ISHAN , THACKERAY TEJAS , KHANDEKAR AKSHAY
Published: May 2021

We describe a new species of the Cnemaspis bangara clade from a rocky hillock near Kugai Periya Mariamman Temple, Krishnagiri fort, Krishnagiri District of Tamil Nadu, India. Cnemaspis krishnagiriensis sp. nov. can be diagnosed from all other peninsular Indian congeners by its medium body size (maximum SVL 40 mm), heterogeneous dorsal pholidosis, spine-like tubercles absent on flanks; presence of four femoral pores on each thigh separated on either side by nine or 10 poreless scales from three continuous precloacal pores in males; tail with enlarged, strongly keeled, conical tubercles forming four whorls on anterior portion, six tubercles in first whorl, four tubercles in second to fourth whorls, enlarged tubercles restricted to only paravertebral region on rest of the tail; median row of sub-caudals smooth and distinctly enlarged, and a unique colour pattern. The new species can be diagnosed from members of C. bangara clade by the number of dorsal tubercles rows at mid-body, the number of enlarged tubercles in paravertebral rows, the number of ventral scales across belly at mid-body, the number longitudinal ventral scales from mental to cloaca, the number of femoral and precloacal pores and poreless scales separating these series, and subtle colour pattern differences; besides 9.2–17.6 % uncorrected ND2 sequence divergence. Cnemaspis krishnagiriensis sp. nov. is the fourth member of the recently described bangara clade and is the first that is known to be distributed <900 m asl.. The discovery of yet another endemic species of Cnemaspis from lower elevations of the Mysore Plateau once again highlights the need of dedicated systematic sampling to uncover the true diversity of Cnemaspis. We also address a nomenclatural issue related to the recently described Cnemaspis stellapulvis Khandekar, Thackeray & Agarwal.
The Atherogenic Index of Plasma: A Powerful and Reliable Predictor for Coronary Artery Disease in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Zhou Kuo , Qin Zheng , Tian Jinfan , Cui Kongyong , Yan Yunfeng , Lyu Shuzheng
Published: May 2021

We evaluated the predictive power of the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) for coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A total of 3278 patients who underwent coronary angiography were consecutively enrolled, including 2052 patients with CAD and 1226 patients with T2DM but without CAD. Patients in the CAD group had higher levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, AIP and a lower level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). In correlation analyses, AIP correlated positively with body mass index, log (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance), TG, remnant lipoprotein cholesterol, non–HDL-C, but negatively with age and HDL-C. Multivariate logistic regression analyses demonstrated that AIP was an independent risk factor for CAD in diabetic patients and was validated by multiple models. Furthermore, the ORs for CAD risk were raised with increasing AIP quartiles; ORs of AIP quartiles Q2–Q4 compared with Q1 were 1.56, 1.70, and 2.22, respectively ( Ps < .001), which suggested AIP was the lipid parameter that most strongly associated with incident CAD. In conclusion, AIP is a powerful and reliable biomarker for predicting CAD risk beyond individual lipid profiles in patients with T2DM.
The word of God for safeguarding creation: Bible-based reflections to reestablish the God–humanity–creation covenant
Authors: Acosta Rodríguez Richard
Published: May 2021

This article presents a reflection from the Bible to reestablish the God–humanity–creation covenant. It is a hermeneutical exercise intended to motivate Biblical interpretation in an environmental key based in diverse texts of sacred scripture. The Word of God, his Revelation, is spoken in the midst of the crisis that we are going through. It is a matter of exhortation to return to our spiritual essence and first call: to be the image and likeness of God, caretakers and stewards of the patient and loving work of his hands. It is an invitation to the responsibility that we have as Church, to be prophets in a context of planetary death, and to the praxis that is incumbent upon us as Christians.
When creation is sacred: restoring the indigenous Jesus
Authors: Taber-Hamilton Rachel K.
Published: May 2021

This article argues that the dominant culture perception of indigenous peoples remains intimately woven with dominant culture beliefs about the environment. Taber-Hamilton asserts that if the environment is viewed as expendable within a model of colonial consumerism, then indigenous peoples who inhabit colonized spaces are viewed as expendable, as part of the cooptation and exploitation of environmental resources. Taber-Hamilton provides case examples that emphasize the critical need for establishing collaborative partnerships with indigenous communities for effective environmental justice advocacy. Providing a perspective of Christian theology through the lens of the indigenous environmental context, Taber-Hamilton concludes with advances in relationships between the Episcopal Church and indigenous peoples. She advocates that effective relationships with indigenous communities require a decolonized Christian faith that restores the indigenous Jesus to the landscape of theological reflection, a restoration that benefits both faith-based environmental advocacy and the Church’s relationship with indigenous peoples.
Preaching when life depends on it: climate crisis and Gospel hope
Authors: Bullitt-Jonas Margaret
Published: May 2021

Many preachers avoid delivering sermons about the climate crisis. Bullitt-Jonas reflects on the power of sermons to awaken moral courage, arguing that strong sermons on climate change create the conditions for spiritual awakening and prophetic action. She considers six ideas for preachers, starting with how to frame the climate emergency in terms of Christian theology. She reflects on how to approach the lectionary; how to be adequately informed about climate science; how to connect climate change with other issues, such as coronavirus and racial and economic justice; why and how to infuse sermons with the empowering love of God; and individual and collective actions to encourage. Preachers play an essential role in helping Christians understand the climate crisis as a religious and moral issue and in creating a social “tipping point” that propels rapid change. The article includes resources for “best practices” in climate preaching and communication.
Vocal Fold Injection Augmentation for Post-Airway Reconstruction Dysphonia: A Case Series
Authors: Bergeron Mathieu , Giliberto John Paul , Tabangin Meredith E. , de Alarcon Alessandro
Published: May 2021

Objectives:

Post airway reconstruction dysphonia (PARD) is common and has a significant effect on the quality of life of patients. Vocal fold injection augmentation (VFIA) is one treatment that can be used to improve glottic insufficiency in some patients. The goal of this study was to characterize the use and outcomes of VFIA for PARD.

Methods:

Retrospective chart review from January 2007 to July 2018 at a tertiary pediatric care center. Consecutive patients with PARD who underwent VFIA, who had a preoperative voice evaluation and a follow-up evaluation within 3 months after VFIA (fat, carboxymethylcellulose gel, hyaluronic acid).

Results:

Thirty-four patients (20 female) underwent VFIA. The mean age at the time of the injection was 13.6 years (SD 6.1). Twenty patients (58.8%) had a history of prematurity and a mean of 1.8 open airway surgeries. After injection, 29/34 patients (85.3%) noted a subjective voice improvement. The baseline Consensus Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation of Voice (CAPE-V) overall severity score decreased by a mean of 5.7 (SD = 19.6) points, P = .12. Total pediatric Voice Handicap Index (pVHI) improved by 6.0 (SD = 19.5) points, from 57.4 (SD = 20.0) to 51.4 (SD = 17.2), P = .09. Functional pVHI subscore demonstrated a significant improvement, with a decrease of 3.4 (SD = 7.3) points, P = .02. All procedures were performed as an overnight observation and no complication occurred.

Conclusion:

Patients with PARD represent a complex subset of patients. VFIA is a straightforward intervention that may improve voice perception. Many patients reported subjective improvement despite minimal objective measurement. Further work is warranted to elucidate the role of injection in management of PARD
Comparison of accredited person and medical officer discharge decisions under the Mental Health Act of NSW: A cohort study of deliberate self-poisoning patients
Authors: McGill Katie , Spittal Matthew J , Bryant Jennifer , Lewin Terry J , Whyte Ian M , Madden Clare , Carter Greg
Published: May 2021

Background:

The Accredited Persons Programme was introduced in 2003. The relevant Mental Health Acts (NSW) authorised reviews by appropriately credentialed non-medical health professionals as part of the process of detaining and treating a person without consent: an authority previously held by medical officers. Evaluations of the Programme are needed.

Objective:

To compare discharge decisions for hospital-treated deliberate self-poisoning patients made by an Accredited Person and Medical Officers.

Methods:

For a 10-year cohort (2003–2012) of index hospital-treated deliberate self-poisoning admissions at the Calvary Mater Newcastle, we compared Accredited Person and Medical Officer discharge decisions from the general hospital. We specifically examined discharges to the psychiatric hospital under a Mental Health Act certificate (used as an index of the Accredited Person’s use of the authority under the Accredited Persons Programme) compared to any other discharge destination. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models and a propensity score analysis were used to explore the relationship between clinician type and discharge destination.

Results:

There were 2237 index assessments (Accredited Person = 884; Medical Officer = 1443). One-quarter (27%) were referred for assessment under the Act at the psychiatric hospital, with the Accredited Person significantly more likely (32%) to require this compared to the Medical Officers (24%); Risk Difference: 8.3% (4.5 to 12.1). However, after adjusting for patient characteristics; Risk Difference: −3.0% (−5.9 to −0.1) and for propensity score, Risk Difference: −3.3% (−6.7 to 0.1), the Accredited Person and Medical Officer likelihood of discharging for an assessment under the Act was similar.

Conclusions:

The Accredited Person assessed more clinically complex patients than the Medical Officers. After adjusting for clinical complexity and propensity score, the likelihood of referral for involuntary psychiatric hospital care was similar for Accredited Person and Medical Officers. Our evaluation of the Accredited Person programme in the general hospital was favourable, and wider implementation and evaluation is warranted.
Occurrence and accuracy of a register-based diagnosis of pediatric bipolar disorder: A nationwide cohort study
Authors: Laursen Mathilde Frahm , Correll Christoph U , Licht Rasmus W , Rodrigo-Domingo Maria , Pagsberg Anne Katrine , Ernst Nielsen René
Published: May 2021

Objective:

To investigate the accuracy of a diagnosis of pediatric bipolar disorder in the Danish National Register compared to the patient charts. Second, we reported on the occurrence of a diagnosis of pediatric bipolar disorder during the study period.

Methods:

All persons appearing in the Danish nationwide registers between 1995 and 2014 with an incident ICD-10 diagnosis of single hypomanic/manic episode or a diagnosis of bipolar disorder (summarized as bipolar disorder [BD]) before turning 18 years were identified ( n = 521) and a random sample ( n = 131) hereof was selected for chart review. Each chart was reviewed by two independent Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN) certified raters to assess whether symptoms documented in the chart were consistent with a formal diagnosis of BD according to the ICD-10 criteria or not.

Results:

The formal diagnostic criteria for BD according to the ICD-10 were fulfilled in 48 charts (45.3%, 95% CI: [36.1%, 54.8%]) out of 106 reviewable charts, age at index = 16.4 ± 1.6 (range = 9.1–18.3) years. Cohen’s Kappa ranged from 94.4% to 100%. The estimate of a lifetime prevalence up till the current age for bipolar disorder for those of aged 5–18 years, was 0.019% in 2014.

Conclusion:

Less than half of the register-based pediatric BD diagnoses were confirmed by chart review, which was lower than expected. The occurrence of a register diagnosis of pediatric BD was relatively low.
Suicidal Ideation Among International Students: The Role of Cultural, Academic, and Interpersonal Factors
Authors: Pérez-Rojas Andrés E. , Choi Na-Yeun , Yang Minji , Bartholomew Theodore T. , Pérez Giovanna M.
Published: May 2021

We examined two structural equation models of international students’ suicidal ideation using data from 595 international students in two public universities in the United States. The models represented competing hypotheses about the relationships among discrimination, cross-cultural loss, academic distress, thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and suicidal ideation. The findings indicated there were direct, positive links between discrimination, cross-cultural loss, and academic distress to perceived burdensomeness; a direct, positive link between perceived burdensomeness and suicidal ideation; and indirect, positive links between discrimination, cross-cultural loss, and academic distress to suicidal ideation via perceived burdensomeness. The only predictors that related to thwarted belongingness were cross-cultural loss and academic distress, and there were no indirect links to suicidal ideation via thwarted belongingness. In fact, with all other variables in the model, thwarted belongingness was unrelated to suicidal ideation. Finally, academic distress was directly related to suicidal ideation. We discuss implications of the findings.
Hong Kong University Students’ Normative Beliefs about Aggression toward Police during Social Protests 2019–2020: The Role of Ecological Risks and Future Orientation
Authors: Li Jian-Bin , Finkenauer Catrin
Published: May 2021

We examined the association between normative beliefs about aggression toward police (NBAGG→P) and participation in social protests during 2019–2020 and use of aggression among 1,025 Hong Kong university students. We also investigated the role of ecological risks (i.e., distrust in institutions, exposure to community violence, poor family monitoring, poor university discipline and affiliation with delinquent peers) and future orientation in NBAGG→P. The results showed that NBAGG→P was related to more participation in social protests and use of aggression. Ecological risks (except for poor family monitoring) and a positive future orientation were related to more and less NBAGG→P, respectively. Moreover, the “distrust in institutions and NBAGG→P” link was stronger for students with more, rather than less, positive future orientation.
Detection of Hostile Intent by Spatial Movements
Authors: Patton Colleen E. , Wickens Christopher D. , Smith C. A. P. , Clegg Benjamin A.
Published: May 2021

Objective

The ability of people to infer intentions from movement of other vessels was investigated. Across three levels of variability in movements in the path of computer-controlled ships, participants attempted to determine which entity was hostile.

Background

Detection of hostile intentions through spatial movements of vessels is important in an array of real-world scenarios. This experiment sought to determine baseline abilities of humans to do so.

Methods

Participants selected a discrete movement direction of their ship. Six other ships’ locations then updated. A single entity displayed one of two hostile behaviors: shadowing, which involved mirroring the participant’s vessel’s movements; and hunting, which involved closing in on the participant’s vessel. Trials allowed up to 35 moves before identifying the hostile ship and its behavior. Uncertainty was introduced through adding variability to ships’ movements such that their path was 0%, 25%, or 50% random.

Results

Even with no variability in the ships’ movements, accurate detection was low, identifying the hostile entity about 60% of the time. Variability in the paths decreased detection. Detection of hunting was strongly degraded by distance between ownship and the hostile ship, but shadowing was not. Strategies employing different directions of movement across the trial, but also featuring some runs of consecutive movements, facilitated detection.

Conclusions

Early identification of threats based on movement characteristics alone is likely to be difficult, but particularly so when adversaries employ some level of uncertainty to mask their intentions. These findings highlight the need to develop decision aids to support human performance.
Looking over your shoulder: Embodied responses to contamination in the emotional dirty work of prison officers
Authors: Mikkelsen Elisabeth Naima
Published: May 2021

Fear of contamination is central to our thinking about ‘dirty work’, that is, tasks and occupations that carry a stigma owing to being perceived as having degrading, disgusting, or immoral qualities. However, most existing literature focuses on the symbolic dimension of taint – particularly, dirty workers’ cognitive, ideological tactics to counter taint. Although contamination has more material consequences, the processes through which it is experienced and contained in dirty work have not yet been well explicated. Drawing on an ethnographic study of work in two Danish prisons, this article offers an opportunity to see behind the walls and gain insight into the extreme emotional dirty work of prison officers as they face burdensome emotional encounters with manipulative and intimidating inmates. As society’s agent in the containment of inmates’ emotional dirt, officers, as emotional labourers, risk contamination if they give in to inmates’ pressure and manipulation and do them illicit favours. I use embodied phenomenology as an original and fertile approach to deepen the understanding of how contamination occurs in emotional dirty work and the bodily responses that workers engage in to resist it. Drawing on these findings, I extend our understanding of emotional dirty work.
Personal Liability: Forging New Tools of Accountability in Public Law
Authors: Chengappa M. P. , Jha Adya
Published: May 2021

In 1991, two decisions passed by benches headed by Kuldip Singh J. marked an unprecedented shift to holding public officers personally liable to pay damages for arbitrary orders. The Supreme Court of India imposed damages to the quantum of fifty lakh rupees on Captain Satish Sharma, the former Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas, for arbitrarily allotting fifteen petrol outlets out of his discretionary quota to allottees related to him or his officials. Similarly, Sheila Kaul, the former Minister of Urban Development, was ordered to pay damages of sixty lakh rupees for illegal allotment of shops from her discretionary quota to her associates. While the two decisions ushered in a revolution of personal liability in the arena of public law, one was overturned by a review judgement, and the other has been simply forgotten despite being upheld in the review petition. In light of the growing number and prominence of misfeasance by public officers, this article considers the need for rethinking the theory of personal liability to compensate the public or individual loss adequately, deter the officials and assess it as an alternative to traditional mechanisms of public accountability.
Design and evaluation of App in sport education from the perspective of multimedia
Authors: Long Chenghong , Nie Zhenxin
Published: May 2021

With the full realize of the new curriculum innovation in middle schools, the application of multimedia plays an increasingly significant character in the territory of education. In this paper, the advantages of multimedia apply in sport education are analyzed, and the design of APP in sportunterricht based on teaching experience is divided into two parts: digital content and software. Digital content is generally divided into: video production, graphic design, three-dimensional modeling. Software is divided into interactive software, central control software, VR/AR/MR, UI interface. By playing more wonderful multimedia, students’ interest in study and awareness of learning can be improved. Students are enlightened while enjoying, which improves the teaching effect of sport education better. The experimental consequence show that the application of audio-visual media and computer teaching in sport education teaching can enhance students’ interest in learning, deepen students’ understanding and image of specific actions, and play their part in promoting the development of students’ basic knowledge of sports education, the renewal of sports concepts, the improvement of sports skills and the improvement of thinking quality.
Innovation and development of ideological and political education in colleges and universities in the network era
Authors: Gao Hui-Wen
Published: May 2021

The advent of the Internet era has brought tremendous changes to people's way of life and work, and its convenience and efficiency have promoted the rapid development of the society. However, the openness and dissemination of the Internet also have some negative effects, especially for ideological and political education in colleges and universities, its negative effects are quite significant. Through ideological and political education, students can correct learning attitude, cultivate good ideological and moral character, guide students to establish the correct values, outlook on life, moral values. How to carry out effective innovation of ideological and political education in colleges and universities in the network era and realize the advancement of ideological and political education has become a major problem facing colleges and universities at present. This paper makes a special study on the innovative strategies of ideological and political education methods in colleges and universities in the network era.
Understanding Islamist Militancy in Bangladesh
Authors: Mostofa Shafi Md
Published: May 2021

Challenges from Islamist militants have been an integral part of Bangladesh’s political landscape since the 1980s. Islamist militancy has passed through different phases of silent and active forms, drawing inspiration from conflicts in Libya, Palestine, Afghanistan, Iraq and Syria. A vast literature has dealt with Islamist militancy in Bangladesh, but very few works have shed light on who the Bangladeshi Islamist militants are and how they radicalize youths, whom they target for their secret mission of killings, and finally why youths choose to be radicalized, especially with the arrival of Islamic State and Al Qaeda in Bangladesh in 2013. The author conducted nearly 50 in-depth interviews with experts in Bangladesh and reviewed newspaper reports to answer these questions. This paper argues that middle-class youths with urban and secular backgrounds are increasingly being radicalized through cyber space, and diverse groups of people are targeted to carry out killings owing to their perceived ideological divergence. The idea of an apocalyptic Caliphate, a feeling of victimization, a disillusionment with the state and society, and personal distresses are all found to act as catalysts for Islamist radicalization in Bangladesh.
Introducing Native American Conflict History (NACH) data
Authors: Urlacher Brian R
Published: May 2021

The colonization of the Northern Hemisphere between 1500 and 1900 produced nearly 150 separate conflicts between colonial powers and Native American communities. These conflicts have been largely overlooked in studies of international relations, particularly the quantitative tradition of scholarship. This article introduces a new dataset on conflicts involving Native American groups and colonial actors. As a starting point, this article briefly examines how the discipline has approached Native Americans and indigenous peoples. Next, the criteria for a new dataset on Native American Conflict History (NACH) is introduced. The challenges of navigating the historical record are discussed. And finally, a descriptive statistical overview of the data is presented that explores temporal and geographic patterns in the frequency, scale, and duration of conflicts. The article notes different patterns between European state combatants and ‘settler’ state combatants. Notably, the frequency of conflict increases dramatically in both Mexico and the United States during the second half of the 19th century while the scale of conflict remains largely unchanged.
When Crime Moves Where Does It Go? Analyzing the Spatial Correlates of Robbery Incidents Displaced by a Place-based Policing Intervention
Authors: Hatten David , Piza Eric L.
Published: May 2021

Objective:

Examine the place-based correlates of robbery activity displaced by a foot-patrol intervention in Newark, NJ. We use constructs from Crime Pattern and Social Disorganization theories to test hypotheses concerned with associations between the structure of the environment and the displacement of crime.

Method:

Robbery incidents were spatially joined to street segments to study micro-level displacement processes. Predictor variables were operationalized using data from the Newark Police Department and Infogroup USA. Generalized Linear models tested associations between the characteristics of street segments and displaced robbery in the target area as compared to a control.

Results:

Environmental structure is important to understanding the settings of displacement, though this varied between spatial and temporal displacement. Relationships between displaced crime activity and model covariates did not always appear in expected directions. For example, bus stops predicted increased spatial displacement while corner stores predicted decreased levels of temporal displacement.

Conclusions:

While testing for displacement has become commonplace in place-based policing interventions, less attention has been paid to the micro-level factors that may facilitate the displacement of crime events. Both bus stops and corner stores show consistent associations with displaced crime activity, but the directions of these relationships suggest more complex processes requiring further examination.
A Review of the Benefits and Barriers to Postsecondary Education for Students With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Lee Chung Eun , Taylor Julie Lounds
Published: May 2021

Postsecondary educational programs (PSEs) are increasingly an option for students with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). This scoping review synthesized research to understand the impacts of these programs for students with IDD and for campus, and barriers to these programs across stages of engagement (exploration, participation, completion). Studies were identified by searching PubMed, PsycINFO, ERIC, and Web of Science databases and reference lists of included articles. Twenty-one studies met inclusion criteria. Multiple benefits were identified for students with IDD and campus. Persistent barriers across all stages of program engagement included lack of funding and lack of collaboration. Barriers specific to stages included lack of knowledge, options, individualized support, integration into campus, and transportation. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
The impact of workplace stressors on exhaustion and work engagement in policing
Authors: Lockey Steven , Graham Les , Zheng Yuyan , Hesketh Ian , Plater Marisa , Gracey Sara
Published: May 2021

This paper uses the challenge-hindrance stressor framework to examine the impact of challenge and hindrance stressors on police officer and staff well-being. Results of two studies conducted in English police forces demonstrate that challenge stressors relate positively to the effort and enthusiasm individuals invest into their work. Findings also indicate that while challenge stressors are positively associated with exhaustion cross-sectionally (Study 1, N = 469), they do not impact exhaustion over time (Study 2, N = 823). Conversely, hindrance stressors cause exhaustion in the long-term and are negatively associated with work engagement cross-sectionally. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Small-Scale Deliberation and Mass Democracy: A Systematic Review of the Spillover Effects of Deliberative Minipublics
Authors: van der Does Ramon , Jacquet Vincent
Published: May 2021

Deliberative minipublics are popular tools to address the current crisis in democracy. However, it remains ambiguous to what degree these small-scale forums matter for mass democracy. In this study, we ask the question to what extent minipublics have “spillover effects” on lay citizens—that is, long-term effects on participating citizens and effects on non-participating citizens. We answer this question by means of a systematic review of the empirical research on minipublics’ spillover effects published before 2019. We identify 60 eligible studies published between 1999 and 2018 and provide a synthesis of the empirical results. We show that the evidence for most spillover effects remains tentative because the relevant body of empirical evidence is still small. Based on the review, we discuss the implications for democratic theory and outline several trajectories for future research.
Shared Membership Beyond National Identity: Deservingness and Solidarity in Diverse Societies
Authors: Harell Allison , Banting Keith , Kymlicka Will , Wallace Rebecca
Published: May 2021

Liberal nationalists argue that identification with the nation promotes feelings of mutual obligation, including support for redistribution. Existing attempts to test this hypothesis have focused on whether the higher sense of national identity among the majority increases support redistribution. We argue for a twofold shift in focus. First, beyond the majority’s own national identity, we need to explore their perceptions of whether minorities share this identity. Second, we need to shift from one-dimensional ideals of ‘identity’ to more complex ideas of attachment and commitment. Do members of the majority view minorities as committed to the nation and willing to make sacrifices for it? Drawing on a custom-designed online survey in Canada, we show that three salient out-groups (Aboriginal peoples, French-speaking Canadians and immigrants) are seen by majority respondents as less committed to Canada, and that this is a powerful predictor of support for general and inclusive redistribution.