bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Low Concentrations of Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide on Diluted Bovine Spermatozoa
Authors: Macmillan KL , Hart NL
Published: July 2016

Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) at a concentration of 10 mg/l in a citrate buffer partially protected sperm against the effects of cold shock treatment. CT AB concentrations of 10 and 20 mg/l also increased in vitro sperm livability when semen was diluted in Caprogen and incubated at 37�C (50 h v. 60 and 57 h). Concentrations of CTAB exceeding 50 mg/l reduced in vitro sperm livability. The addition of catalase (4� 5 mgfl) to Caprogen produced greater increases in in vitro sperm livability (50 h v. 110 h), but did not eliminate the toxic effect of the higher CTAB concentrations. The addition of CTAB (10 mg/l) to the Caprogen-catalase diluent significantly increased the non-return rate of the diluted semen in only one of four large-scale field trials and did not alter non-return rates with deep-frozen semen.
Selection for Constancy of Score and Pattern of Secondary Vibrissae in Ta/Ta-Ta/Y and Ta/ + Mice
Authors: R Pennycuik Pamela , Rendel JM
Published: July 2016

In wild-type mice, total secondary vibrissa score is almost invariably 19. This score is made up of the scores at three paired sites and one median site on the head and one paired site on the fore paws, namely supraorbital (2/2), postorbital (1/1), postoral (2/2), inter-ramal (3) and ulnacarpal (3/3). When the sex-linked gene Tabby (Ta) is introduced, total score is reduced in all genotypes and total and individual site scores become more variable. In Ta/Ta females and Ta/Y males total score becomes about seven as a result of score reductions at all sites. The most common scores at these sites are: supraorbital (1/1), postorbital (0/0), postoral (1/1), inter-ramal (1), and ulnacarpal (1/1). In Ta/ + females total score becomes about 15, largely as a result of score reductions at the sites around the mouth. The most common scores at these sites are postoral (1/1) and inter-ramal (1).
Studies on Metatherian Sex Chromosomes V. Activity of the Paternally Derived Allele at the X-linked Pgk-A Locus in Some Tissues of the Kangaroos Macropus giganteus and M. parryi
Authors: VandeBerg JL , Cooper DW , Sharman GB
Published: July 2016

In pretty-face wallabies (M. parryi) all adult males express either the N or the VP allozyme of the X-linked enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase, PGK-A, in all their tissues examined. Some females do likewise, but others express both. �In about half of these latter females N is much stronger than VP and in the other half VP predominates. The more strongly expressed form is presumed to be of maternal origin although no pedigree data are available. This hypothesis is supported by data from a related species, the eastern grey kangaroo (M. giganteus). The tissues of four females of this species which were known to be heterozygous for the N and VB allozymes have been typed for their PGK-A phenotypes. Some tissues express only the maternally derived allozyme, i.e. they manifest complete inactivation of the paternally derived allele at this locus. The paternally contributed allozyme was detectable in other tissues, but it was usually much less pronounced than the maternal one. In no instance� was the paternal allozyme more pronounced than the maternal one. Heterozygotes produced from reciprocal crosses were accordingly phenotypically different.
Ultrastructural Changes in the Adenohypophysis, Adrenal Gland Activity, and Desynchronization of the Oestrous Cycle following Unpredictable Stress in the Rat
Authors: Pollard Irina , Cairncross KD
Published: July 2016

An ultrastructural study of the adenohypophysis, after exposure of female Wistar rats to a signaled unpredictable 5- and I5-day stress regimen, is described. Cellular activity of the adenohypophysis correlated well with the circulating levels of corticosterone. Intense secretory activity was observed in all tropic cell types at 5 and 15 days although the observed differences generally were greater in the 5-day stressed group. It was observed that the oestrous cycles of 40 and 100 % of the rats became desynchronized over the 5- and I5-day stress period respectively.
Influence of Partial Pressures of Acetylene and Nitrogen upon Nitrogenase Activity of Species of Beijerinckia
Authors: MacRae IC
Published: July 2016

Acetylene reduction and nitrogen fixation by strains of Beijerinckia indica and B. lacticogenes increased with increased partial pressures of acetylene and nitrogen up to 80 kPa. The optical emission spectrophotometric method was used for the determination of 14N : 15N ratios. The molar ratios of acetylene to nitrogen varied greatly from the theoretical value.
The Effect of Diet and of Methionine Loading on Activity of Enzymes in the Transulfuration Pathway in Sheep
Authors: Radcliffe BC , Egan AR
Published: July 2016

In three experiments, activity of hepatic enzymes associated with metabolism of methionine through the transulfuration pathway were studied with respect to possible effects of diet and methionine infusion per abomasum.
Immunological Aspects of Gestation in the Tammar Wallaby, Macropus eugenii
Authors: Walker KZ , Tyndale-Biscoe CH
Published: July 2016

Sensitization to male histocompatibility antigens and repeated pregnancy to the same male were found to have little effect on fertility or length of gestation in the tammar wallaby, M. eugenii. However, in some sensitized females a long interval occurred between removal of pouch young and the next birth. In addition to studies on fertility, the immunological response of female tammars to their mate has been examined by one-way mixed leucocyte culture (MLC) carried out at the beginning and end of one breeding season. In virgin females, examined at the beginning of the breeding season, the MLC response to the prospective mate peaked on day 6. In contrast, by the end of the season, MLC responses were much lower and peaked earlier, on day 3 to day 5.
Fusion and Hybridization of Marsupial and Eutherian Cells V. Development of Selective Systems
Authors: M Hope Rory , A MarshalI Graves Jennifer
Published: July 2016

The availability of systems which permit the selective elimination of marsupial cells from fused cultures is an essential requirement for the production of marsupial x eutherian somatic cell hybrids. Such hybrids have particular advantages for genetic studies of mammalian cells. We describe the isolation and characterization of several drug-resistant marsupial cell strains. We have selected strains resistant to concentrations of 10 p,g/ml of the purine analogues 8-azaguanine and 6-thioguanine. Several of these strains were found to be deficient in the enzyme hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase and consequently sensitive to hypoxanthine--aminopterin-thymidine (HAT) selective medium. We have also isolated marsupial cell strains resistant to concentrations of 22p,g/ml of the thymidine analogue 5-bromodeoxyuridine. These strains were thymidine kinase deficient and HAT sensitive. Drug resistance was a stable characteristic maintained for many generations in the absence of the drug. However, inhibition of growth of these drug-resistant strains was strongly density dependent, a factor that caused difficulties in the selection of hybrids. We have also developed selective systems which exploit differences between marsupial and eutherian cells in sensitivity to growth in ouabain, and in adhesiveness and other growth properties. Marsupial cells were found to be naturally much more sensitive to ouabain than rodent cells, a phenomenon that should be useful in the selection of marsupial x rodent cellular hybrids. We discuss a number of difficulties associated with the derivation and use of variant marsupial cell strains.
Activity of Enzymes in the Mucosal Tissues and Rinsings of the Reproductive Tract of the Naturally Cyclic Ewe
Authors: Murdoch BE , O'Shea T
Published: July 2016

The activity of several enzymes has been measured in the oviducal mucosa, endometrium, caruncles, cervical mucosa and vaginal mucosa as well as in uterine, cervical and oviducal rinsings of ewes at days 0 (oestrus), 1, 8 and 15 of the oestrous cycle.
Amino Acid Sequences Containing Half-Cystine Residues in Ovalbumin
Authors: Thompson EOP , Fisher WK
Published: July 2016

Ovalbumin is known to have six half-cystine residues with four thiol groups and one disulfide bond.
Physiologic Differentiation of Wheat Stem Rust on Rye
Authors: Luig NH , Tan BH
Published: July 2016

Five self-fertile lines of Secale cereale possessing single genes conferring resistance to stem rust were successfully used to differentiate between strains of Puccinia graminis tritici. In an earlier study four of these lines were shown to differentiate between Australian cultures of P. graminis secalis. Gene H transferred from Wrens-5 rye to one of the five lines appears to be identical with gene Sr27 in Acosta's wheat-Imperial rye translocation stock WRT 238.5.
The Effect of Semi-Starvation on the Digestibility of Food in Young Adult Female Rats
Authors: Williams VJ , Senior W
Published: July 2016

The apparent digestibilities of organic matter, protein, lipid and carbohydrate of a laboratory chow were determined in young adult female rats fed ad libitum, after losing 40-50%body weight and prolonging the loss for up to 15 weeks, and while recovering the lost body weight during .. a second period of ad libitum food intake.
The Relation between Patterns of Ovarian Follicle Growth and Ovulation Rate in Sheep
Authors: Turnbull KE , Mattner PE , George JM , Scaramuzzi RJ
Published: July 2016

The number and growth rate of follicles within classes based on granulosa volume were determined for ovaries taken from groups of 4-5-year-old,. fine-wool Merino ewes drawn at different times of the year from a single strain flock maintained at Armidale, N.S.W:The breeding season of the flock normally extends from February to October and the mean ovulation rate rises from about 0�5 in February to about 1�8~1�9 during April-May.
Pituitary Hormone Control of Implantation in the Mouse
Authors: Gidley-Baird AA , Emmens CW
Published: July 2016

In hypophysectomized pregnant mice replacement therapy designed to mimic the normal physiological situation showed that FSH in combination with either prolactin or LH, or prolactin plus LH, could initiate implantation in the absence of the pituitary gland. No pituitary hormone was by itself capable of achieving this result. The combination of prolactin with FSH gave better results than a combination of LH with FSH. Prolactin from sheep, cattle or rats was equally effective in combination with ratFSH in initiating implantation. In mice exhibiting suckling-induced delay of implantation this delay was terminated by injection of FSH. GH by itself or in conjunction with other hormones had no significant effect on implantation or on any of the other parameters associated with implantation that were measured.
Studies on the in Vitro Metabolism of [3H]Cortisol and [3H]Oestradiol by Sheep Skin and Wool Roots
Authors: Ward KA , Kasmarik SE
Published: July 2016

The in vitro metabolism of [3H]cortisol, [3H]cortisone and [3H]oestradiol-17 P by adult sheep skin and wool follicle tissue (wool roots) was examined. The main metabolic product of the incubation of [3H]cortisol with sheep skin was [,H]cortisone, and the conversion was reversible. Wool roots were unable to carry out detectable interconversion, nor did this tissue give rise to other significant metabolites.
Effect of Heat Stress on Plasma Concentrations of Prolactin and Luteinizing Hormone in Ewes
Authors: Hooley RD , Findlay JK , Stephenson RGA
Published: July 2016

Basal concentrations of prolactin but not luteinizing hormone were elevated in ewes by 8-10 h of heat stress given daily during the first 11 days of their oestrous cycle. However, the prolactin and luteinizing hormone responses to thyrotrophin releasing hormone and gonadotrophin releasing hormone were unaffected.
Fertility of Frozen-Thawed Boar Semen
Authors: Maxwell WMC , Salamon S
Published: July 2016

Farrowing results of six fertility tests are presented. Semen was processed by removal of seminal plasma and addition of glycerol at 30�C before (method A) or after (method B) stepwise cooling to 5�C, and by the Beltsville method (C). Sperm concentrations at freezing were 0�9 x 109/ml (A and B) and 0�6x 109/ml (C).
Myoglobin of the Shark Heterodontus Portusjacksoni: Isolation and Amino Acid Sequence
Authors: Fisher WK , Thompson EOP
Published: July 2016

Myoglobin isolated from red muscle of the shark H. portusjacksoni was purified by ion-exchange chromatography on sulfopropyl-Sephadex and gel-filtration. Amino acid analysis and sequence determination showed 148 amino acid residues. The amino terminal residue is acetylated as shown by mass spectrographic analysis of N-terminal peptides. There is a deletion of four residues at the amino terminal end as well as one residue in the CD interhelical area relative to other myoglobins.
Terminal Transferase-Like Activity in Human Melanoma Cells
Authors: Gregg K , Mansbridge JN
Published: July 2016

An enzyme activity, capable of attaching deoxynucleotides to single-stranded oligonucleotide primers, has been detected in extracts from cultured melanoma cells. The substrate preferences of this activity show it to be distinct from the calf thymus terminal transferase (EC 2.7.7.31).
A Simple Procedure for the Assay of Brain Biogenic Amines by Selected-Ion Monitoring: Its Application to the Elucidation of the Mechanism of Prolactin Release Induced by 3-Iodo-L-Tyrosine
Authors: Smythe GA , Brandstater JF , Bradshaw JE , Lazarus L
Published: July 2016

A simple method for the assay of brain biogenic amines by selected-ion monitoring was applied to examination of the effects of 3-iodo-L-tyrosine on the hypothalamic-median eminence concentrations of dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin in the rat. Thirty minutes after its administration iodotyrosine (50 mg/kg) caused a highly significant (P < 0�0005) rise in serum prolactin and a highly significant (P < 0�0025) fall in the concentration of dopamine in the hypothalamus and median eminence where the levels reached 50% of control levels. Less marked but significant falls were also observed in the hypothalmic (P < 0�05) and median eminence (P < 0�0025) concentrations of noradrenaline after iodotyrosine administration. Serotonin concentration was significantly reduced (P < 0�025) in the median eminence but not in the hypothalamus after iodotyrosine administration.
Comparisons of the Plasma Steroid Concentration Profiles and Wool Growth Responses After Administration of Two Forms of Dexamethasone to Sheep
Authors: Panaretto BA
Published: July 2016

Sheep were treated with dexamethasone (1) as the water-soluble 21-phosphate intravenously or (2) subcutaneously, and (3) as the water-insoluble parent compound subcutaneously.
Plasma Insulin Concentrations During Infusion of Potassium and Sodium Chloride Solutions Into Conscious Splenectomized Sheep
Authors: Beal AM
Published: July 2016

Haematocrit values, plasma osmolality and the plasma concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride and insulin were measured in carotid arterial blood before, during and after intravenous infusion of NaCI (0� 5 moll-i) and KCI (0� 5 moll-i) at 2 ml min~l for 105 min into six conscious splenectomized sheep. Hypertonic NaCI infusion was associated with a fall in haematocrit of 1 �30 � 0�10 % (P < 0�001) and no consistent change in plasma insulin concentration occurred during this infusion. Hypertonic KCI infusion caused the haematocrit to increase by 1�70 � 0�39 % (P < 0�001) and the plasma insulin concentration to increase by 60�0� 16�3 jlU ml-1 (P < 0�01). It was concluded that this increase in insulin concentration was caused by elevation of the plasma potassium concentration and was not due to coincident increases in plasma chloride concentration or osmolality. Shrinkage of the extracellular fluid volume during KCI infusion made no major contribution to the increase in insulin concentration which was probably the result of increased release from the pancreas. [Other keywords: hyperkalaemia, hypernatraemia.j
Morphological Changes as Observed by Light Microscopy of the Acrosome of Boar Spermatozoa Subjected to Deep Freezing
Authors: Potter WL , Upton PC , Dunn BL
Published: July 2016

The effects of chilling (5�C) and deep freezing in liquid nitrogen (-196�C) on the acrosomal morphology of diluted boar spermatozoa were evaluated by light microscopy using Giemsa stain. A large reduction in numbers of spermatozoa with normal acrosomes was recorded as the temperature fell from 30 to 5�C but the greatest damage occurred during the freeze-thaw cycle.
Control of Parturition in the Sow Using Progesterone and Prostaglandin
Authors: Gooneratne Anoma , Hartmann PE , McCauley I , Martin CE
Published: July 2016

The effect of progesterone and prostaglandin administration on the timing of farrowing was studied in three groups of 25 sows each .. Progesterone treatment (100 mg/day) on days 112, 113 and 114 of gestation (group I) significantly prolonged the gestation length to 116 A�0�4 (mean�s.e.) days compared to the control sows (group III; 115�5 �O� 2; P < 0 �05). Administration of prostaglandin (200 I1g Cloprostanol intramuscularly) on day 115 of gestation following progesterone treatment (group II) resulted in a gestation length of 116 �0 �0�1 days, with the sows farrowing 25 �4� 1 �0 h after the prostaglandin injection. 80 % of the sows farrowed between 0800 and 1700 h of day 116 of gestation.
Effects of Internally Administered N-[5-( 4-Aminophenoxy)Pentyl]Phthalimide on Wool Follicles and Skin of Sheep
Authors: Chapman RE , Rigby RDG
Published: July 2016

When N-[5-(4-aminophenoxy)pentyl]phthalimide was administered to sheep in sufficient quantities to permit manual removal of the fleece (400 mg/kg body weight orally, or 75 mg/kg body weight intravenously during a period of 48 h), cell division ceased in the wool follicle bulbs within 1 day. Dark-staining bodies (autophagic vacuoles) developed concomitantly in the cytoplasm of the bulb cells. The nuclei of cells in the keratogenous zones of the fibres became pycnotic 2 days after dosing and subsequent keratinization of these portions of the fibres was impaired. All the follicles retrogressed prior to day 7 after dosing, and the root ends which formed on the fibres moved towards the skin surface, reaching the level of the sebaceous glands by day 7. At this time mitotic activity recommenced around the dermal papillae in about 50% of the follicles. A small number of tips of new fibres emerged from the skin surface of some of the depilated sheep by day 14. The root ends on the fibres in the fleeces harvested at days 7-15 were fragmented with various degrees of taper. By 21 days, most follicles were growing emergent fibres. Thickening of the epidermis, increase in sebaceous gland size and decrease in skin thickness occurred in some of the depilated sheep.
Mouse Uterine Alkaline Phosphatase: Improved Purification by Affinity Chromatography and Further Characterization of the Enzyme
Authors: Murdoch RN , E Buxton Louise , Kay DJ
Published: July 2016

An improved procedure for the purification of alkaline phosphatase from about 10 g of day 7 pregnant mouse uterine tissue is described. Following homogenization, the procedure involved solubilization and extraction with 0�8% (v/v) Triton X-lOO and 20% (v/v) n-butanol, ammonium sulfate precipitation, concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography, DEAE-cellulose anion-exchange chromatography and Sephacryl S200 gel filtration. On subjecting 2162-fold purified enzyme preparations to polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, a single band of protein coincident with the zone of enzyme activity and having an apparent molecular weight of 205 OOO� lOOOO was identified. Affinity chromatography yielded the largest increase in purity of any step in the procedure and established the glycoprotein nature of the uterine enzyme.
Do Oestrogens Regulate Placental Growth in the Mouse?
Authors: Miller BG
Published: July 2016

Some effects of litter size, ovariectomy and oestradiol (E2 ) on placental growth were determined. In order to increase variation in litter size, some mice had one oviduct removed and the remainder were unilaterally ovariectomized 3-4 weeks prior to mating. Thus after mating mice became unilaterally pregnant. Growth was examined qualitatively by measuring changes in placental DNA, protein, RNA: DNA ratios and in vivo incorporation of [5-3H]uridine into RNA. Spontaneous placental hyperplasia due to low litter size occurred to an equal extent in intact mice and mice which were ovariectomized on day 10 of pregnancy and given 1 �0 mg progesterone (P) and lOng E2 daily. Ovariectomy on day 10 increased the incorporation of [5-3Hluridine into placental RNA on day 16 in mice with six or more foetuses. When mice were ovariectomized on day 5 and given 1�0 mg P and 10 or 60 ng E2 daily to maintain gestation, rates of placental growth remained similar to the rate in control, intact mice. The results suggest that, unlike the case in the rat, oestrogens do not regulate placental growth in the mouse.
An Electrophoretically Cryptic Alcohol Dehydrogenase Variant in Drosophila Melanogaster. I. Activity Ratios, Thermostability, Genetic Localization and Comparison With Two Other Thermostable Variants
Authors: Gibson JB , Chambers GK , Wilks AV , Oakeshott JG
Published: July 2016

The alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) variant ADH-FCh.D. has a secondary alcohol/primary alcohol activity ratio characteristic of ADH-S although it has an electrophoretic mobility inseparable from ADH-F. ADH-FCh.D. is distinguished from these two common ADH variants by being much more thermostable.
Intestinal Lactase (ß-Galactosidase) and Other Glycosidase Activities in Suckling and Adult Tammar Wallabies (Macropus Eugenii)
Authors: J Walcott Pattylou , Messer MichaeI
Published: July 2016

The activities of various glycosidases in homogenates of the small intestinal mucosa of two adult and 18 suckling tammar wallabies (M. eugenii) aged from 6 to 50 weeks were investigated.
Behaviour and Properties of Membrane-Bound Mouse Uterine Alkaline Phosphatase During Early Pregnancy
Authors: E Buxton Louise , Murdoch RN
Published: July 2016

Most of the alkaline phosphatase activity in the mouse uterus during early pregnancy was found to be membrane-bound and was associated with particulate material when homogenates were centrifuged at 105000 g. The activity of the enzyme increased in both the particulate and cytosol fractions of uterine homogenates during early pregnancy to reach maximum values on day 7 of pregnancy.
Acid and Alkaline Phosphatases in Histologically Defined Areas of the Sheep Uterus and Placenta: Histochemical and Microfluorometric Analyses
Authors: Javad Zamiri M
Published: July 2016

Acid and alkaline phosphatases were studied in different structures of the sheep uterus and placenta by semiquantitative histochemistry of frozen sections (days 10--80 of pregnancy) and quantitative microfluorometry of freeze-dried sections (days 10--145 of pregnancy).
Sterilizing Effects of Trimethylphosphate in Drosophila Melanogaster
Authors: Hanna PJ
Published: July 2016

Trimethylphosphate (TMP) causes aspermia in D. melanogaster males. If larvae are allowed to develop on standard maize-meal medium containing 0�002 M TMP or greater, the eclosing adult males, when placed on uncontaminated medium, exhibit a period of temporary sterility. Between test groups the period of sterility is most variable at the doses of 0�002--0�004 M, but at 0�005 M or greater is approximately 11-12 days. Near-lethal doses of about 20 g/kg by abdominal injection produces a temporary sterility in adults, whereas oral doses up to 0�02 M are ineffective. Oogenesis in females is not affected by doses which cause temporary sterility in males.
Migration and Keratinization of Cells in Wool Follicles
Authors: Chapman RE , Downes AM , Wilson PA
Published: July 2016

Migration of' cells in wool follicles of an adult Merino sheep was studied autoradiographically in skin samples taken at intervals after an intravenous injection of [3Hjthymidine. Fibre arid inner root sheath cells incorporated [3Hjthymidine in a cone-shaped region of the follicle bulb. Labelled inner sheath cells migrated out of the bulb ahead of contemporaneous cells in the fibre and remained in advance, although to a progressively lesser extent, until the inner sheath cells sloughed into the follicle lumen. Outer root sheath cells incorporated [3Hjthymidine along the length of the follicle. Cells in the proximal half of the outer sheath migrated inwards and distally and sloughed into the follicle lumen before contemporaneous inner sheath cells. Other cells in the distal half of the outer sheath migrated past the level where cells from the proximal population were shed and also sloughed into the lumen. In the most distal part of the outer sheath, which formed the epidermis-like lining of the follicle canal, little migration of cells was observed during 8 days of observation.
Isolation and Characterization of a ? Transducing Bacteriophage Carrying the cysE Gene of Escherichia Coli K-12
Authors: Ingle CP , Loughlin RE
Published: July 2016

A specialized" transducing phage carrying the cysE and gpsA genes of E. coli K-12 has been isolated. The transducing phage has been separated from the helper phage on equilibrium gradients and has been shown to be defective. Evidence is presented that the phage kil gene is not expressed.
Role of Plant Cell Conditioned Medium in the Phenotypic Expression of Nitrogenase Activity of Rhizobium trifolii Strain T1
Authors: Reporter Minocher , L Skotnicki Mary , G Rolfe Barry
Published: July 2016

The influence of substances from a conditioned medium of cultured plant cells on nitrogenase activity, respiration and ATP synthesis was investigated in R. tri/olii strain Tl. Nitrogenase activity in strain Tl was dependent on the addition of the plant cell conditioned medium. Studies showed that the initial effects of the plant substances on rhizobial cells was to increase their respiration rate and ATP production. Mutants of strain Tl which were uncoupled in their oxidative phosphorylation, were also tested. However, the plant factors had no effect on respiration and ATP synthesis and also failed to elicit in vitro nitrogenase activity in these mutants. It is proposed that these plant factors act by increasing the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation, making more ATP available, and thus stimulating nitrogenase activity of R. tri/olii cells.
Physical Analysis of a (dG+dC)-Rich Fraction of DNA Obtained From the Ovine Genome
Authors: Reisner AH , Colless VM , Bucholtz CA
Published: July 2016

Using the organomercuric compound 3,6-bis(acetatomercurimethyl)dioxane in conjunction with CS2S04 density gradient equilibrium centrifugation a (dG+dC)-rich DNA fraction constituting 10% of the ovine genome was separated from the remainder. Further fractionation allowed four distinct classes of DNA to be identified with buoyant densities in neutral CsCI of 1� 714, 1� 717, 1 �725 and 1�716 g/cm3 ? Computerized curve resolving of the data indicated the presence of several additional DNA classes.
Foetotoxicity of Cadmium in Quackenbush Strain Mice and the Effects of the Metal on Uterine Alkaline Phosphatase During Pseudopregnancy
Authors: Murdoch RN , Cowen NL
Published: July 2016

Experiments were conducted to determine the sensitivity of Quackenbush strain (QS) mice to the foetotoxic effects of single subcutaneous injections of CdClz (2, 4 and 8 mg of cadmium per kilogram body weight) on days 1, 2, 4 or 8 of pregnancy. Autopsies performed on day 16 of pregnancy revealed that cadmium was teratogenic and increased the incidence of malformed forelimbs and exencephaly and decreased foetal weight. The metal caused foetal weight changes and exencephaly only when it was administered on day 8 of pregnancy indicating that the post-implantation stage presents the QS mouse with a period of increased sensitivity to the foetotoxic effects of cadmium.
Studies on the Scutellar Bristles of Drosophila Melanogaster ID. Long-Term Selection for High Bristle Number in Three further Lines Derived From the Oregon-RC Strain, Correlated Responses in Abdominal Bristles, lUld Changes in Regulation of the Scute Locu
Authors: Sheldon BL , K Evanst M
Published: July 2016

Results of selection over 135 generations for high scutellar bristle number in three further lines derived from Oregon-RC complement those on the four lines reported previously (Sheldon and Milton 1972). All lines differed widely in pattern of scutellar response, correlated response in abdominal and posterior central scutellar bristles, sex differences, and behaviour on relaxing selection, though the selection limits reached in the present three lines were lower than in the previous lines.
Comparison of Glucose Biokinetics in Parturient Ewes and Ewes Induced to Lactate Artificially
Authors: Gow CB , McDowell GH , Annison EF
Published: July 2016

Glucose biokinetics of six normal pregnant/lactating ewes during the periparturient period were compared with those of five non-pregnant ewes induced to lactate artificially by treatment with oestrogen and progesterone, followed by a series of infusions of oxytocin. Normal ewes produced large amounts of milk (800-900 g/day) on day 1, and yields remained relatively constant until day 8 post partum.
Changes in the Milk Proteins during Lactation in the Tammar Wallaby, Macropus eugenii
Authors: W Green Stuart , B Renfree Marilyn
Published: July 2016

Samples of whey proteins from the milk of tammar wallabies, Macropus eugenii, were examined by acrylamide gel electrophoresis at all stages of lactation up to 280 days post partum. Whey albumin, ,B-globulin and y-globulin fractions had similar electrophoretic mobility to that of the equivalent serum protein fractions, but the proteins in the IX-globulin and pre-albumin regions differed markedly. The IX-globulins are presumed polymorphic because individuals at the same stage of lactation showed great variability in these electrophoretic regions: up to five polymorphic bands were recognized. Milk proteins changed qualitatively throughout lactation, and in particular the concentration of the pre-albumin and IX-globulin fractions increased from approximately day 180 to the end of lactation. Total protein concentration of both whole milk and whey approximately doubled in the second half of lactation compared to the first half, reaching maximum mean values of 114 � 47 and 96 � 50 g 1- 1 , respectively. Whole milk contained consistently more protein than whey, presumably due to the casein it contains.
Activities and Partial Purification of Extracellular Proteases of Bacteroides nodosus from Virulent and Benign Footrot
Authors: Kortt AA , O'Donnell IJ , Stewart DJ , Clark BL
Published: July 2016

In an attempt to differentiate virulent and benign strains of B. nodosus, the extracellular proteolytic activity of these cultures was assayed with elastin, casein and hide powder azure, and the stability to heating at 55�C was determined. Broth cultures of both strains hydrolysed 125I-labelled elastin, indicating that this activity is not a unique marker of virulence. When cultures were grown in Trypticase-arginine-serine broth medium modified by omitting Na2C03 and thioglycollic acid, the total proteolytic activity and its stability at 55�C could be used to differentiate isolates causing virulent or benign footrot lesions. However, when other broth cultures were used, these parameters could no longer be used to make such a distinction. The proteases of a virulent and benign strain of B. nodosus were partially purified and characterized. Four to five closely related proteases were detected by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 8�8 in both types of isolates. The proteases are serine-type enzymes requiring a divalent metal ion such as calcium for activity. The proteases of the benign strain were somewhat less stable to heat than the enzymes of the virulent strain. Differences in the relative mobilities of the proteases of virulent and benign strains of B. nodosus, on electrophoresis at pH 8'8, suggest that this property may be used to distinguish virulent and benign strains.
Pancreatic Response to Bolus Injection of Cholecystokinin-pancreozymin in Anaesthetized and Conscious Rats Fed Raw Soyaflour
Authors: Oates PS , Morgan RGH
Published: July 2016

Pancreatic secretion was studied in rats fed raw soyaflour before (basal) and after stimulation with cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK) given in either ascending or descending dose orders ranging from 1� 25 to 20 or from 20 to 1� 25 Crick-Harper-Raper units (CHRU). These results were compared with those reported previously for animals fed a stock cube diet. Two experimental conditions were used: anaesthetized animals were tested immediately after cannulation of the pancreatic duct and conscious animals were tested 48 h after surgery. Basal flow was significantly increased in anaesthetized and conscious rats fed RSF compared with the respective animals fed cubes. Mean basal protein output was also increased, but this difference was not significant. The pancreatic response to the ascending and descending doses of CCK in anaesthetized rats fed RSF was linearly related to the log of the dose of CCK in both animals fed RSF and cubes, though the response to CCK was greater in the rats fed RSF. When ascending doses of CCK were given to conscious rats fed RSF, the protein output increased up to 10 CHRU of CCK but was inhibited by 20 CHRU of CCK, whereas it decreased after the first dose of CCK (1�25 CHRU) in animals fed cubes. When descending doses of CCK were given to animals fed RSF, protein output was greatest after the first dose and no simple relationship between dose and response was seen. Compared with rats fed cubes, the pancreas in rats fed RSF thus appears to respond to a given dose of CCK with increased secretion, and conscious animals fed RSF can tolerate a higher dose of CCK before protein output is inhibited. This is consistent with an increased population of acinar cells in the animals fed RSF, with each hypertrophied cell responding to CCK with increased secretion.
Proportions of Nucleic Acids in the Uteri of Ewes with Clover Disease and the Effect of Oestrogen after Ovariectomy
Authors: Y Tang B , Adams NR
Published: July 2016

In entire ewes, the ratio of RNA to DNA in the uterus was higher at oestrus than at dioestrus but did not differ between control and clover-affected ewes at either stage of the oestrous cycle.
Further Analysis of Hybrid Dysgenesis in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Colgan DJ , Sved JA
Published: July 2016

A systematic survey of the sterility of second-generation females produced by backcrossing hybrids of dysgenically interacting strains of D. melanogaster is reported. The effects of Fl rearing temperature and chromosomal constitution on this sterility were explicable in terms of the regulation of a transposable, inserted genetic element called the P factor which is known to be associated with hybrid dysgenesis. No applied radiation or chemical treatment induced dysgenic aberrations where they would not normally be found but, where they were found, EDT A slightly increased and ultraviolet radiation reduced their intensity. The results of previous temperature-shift experiments have implicated different periods during development as having the most effect on female'fertility. The present studies show little effect of interstrain variation on this critical period. Critical periods are identified for male sterility and recombination. Transmission ratio distortion has been shown to occur only in one of the reciprocal-cross hybrids (M x P) of parental strains causing dysgenesis. The degree of distortion in such crosses is shown here to vary between M strains crossed to the same P strain. Few data are available for the second (P x M) cross. The data reported here confirm that whatever distortion occurs in this cross is slight.
Effects of Experimentally Induced Fleece-rot on the Structure of the Skin of Merino Sheep
Authors: Hollis DE , Chapman RE , Hemsley JA
Published: July 2016

Four medium- and six strong-wool Merino sheep were exposed to continuous simulated rain (4'5 mm/h) for periods ranging from 3 to 9 days. In response, the sheep developed characteristics typical of fleece-rot lesions such as exudative encrustation' and bacterial discoloration of the fleece. Skin samples were taken periodically for histological examination from the trunk region of the sheep prior to, during, and after wetting.
DNA-mediated Transformation in Nostoc muscorum, a Nitrogen-fixing Cyanobacterium
Authors: Trehan Keshav , Sinha Umakant
Published: July 2016

Genetic transformation of an auxotrophic valine-requiring (val) marker and a marker with resistance to p-fluorophenylalanine (fpar) as well has been demonstrated in N. muscorum. Transformation is primarily mediated by DNA and is insensitive to ribonuclease and proteinase. The kinetics of the frequency of transformation, which is dependent on the concentration of DNA, suggests a saturation phase. Transformants, though devoid of heterocysts, are aQle to grow in a medium lacking a combined nitrogen source.
Composition of Milk from Red and Grey Kangaroos with Particular Reference to Vitamins
Authors: Poole WE , Sharman GB , Scott KJ , Thompson SY
Published: July 2016

Analysis of milk from red and grey kangaroos confirmed that the composition of milk from individual mammary glands changes with advancing age of the associated suckled young. Although the proportion of particular components may change, concentration of solids, in particular fats and to a lesser extent protein and casein, increase throughout lactation. The results of analyses to determine the vitamin content of kangaroo milks are presented for the first time.
Series Elasticity in Frog Muscle as Revealed by Optical Diffraction
Authors: A Barden Julian , Mason Peter
Published: July 2016

Using an optical diffraction technique, the series elasticity of frog striated muscle fibres was investigated. One source of series elasticity was located in the cross-bridges during the application of either quick stretches or releases of muscle fibres. Evidence is presented here for a second component attributable to a small population of slowly activated sarcomeres. The size of the second component was progressively reduced until it virtually disappeared at a sarcomere length of 3 pm. A third component appears to reside in the thick filaments. Calculation of the elastic energy in the muscle fibres enabled an identification of the source of the energy to be made in terms of the components of the series elasticity. Evidence is presented of a short-range elastic component present in resting fibres.
Turnover of Carbon Pools Labelled with [14C]Glucose during in vitro Culture of Preimplantation Mouse Embryos
Authors: L Pike I , Wales RG
Published: July 2016

The pulse-chase technique was used to study the uptake and turnover of glucose carbon by mouse embryos in vitro. During a 1 h pulse the uptake of glucose into all embryonic fractions increased between the eight-celled and the morula-early blastocyst stages of development. Whilst most of the glucose carbon entered the non-glycogen, acid-soluble pool, significant amounts were isolated in acid-insoluble macromolecules and, at the later stage of development, in acid-soluble glycogen.
Carbohydrates of the Milk of the Platypus
Authors: Messer M , Gadiel PA , Ralston GB , Griffiths M
Published: July 2016

Twelve samples of milk of the platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus, had a mean content of 3� 3 % hexose. Of this, almost half was L-fucose. Of the total monosaccharides present in acid hydrolysates of the water-soluble carbohydrates, L-fucose constituted 33 %, D-galactose 29 %, glucosamine 20 %, D-glucose 11 % and sialic acid 7 %. Free lactose was found in only trace amounts. In all samples, the major oligosaccharide was difucosyliactose, which represented 39-52 % of the total hexose. Five higher neutral oligosaccharides (from penta- to nonasaccharides) were isolated and their monosaccharide compositions determined. Each contained one or more residues of fucose, glucosamine and galactose and one residue of glucose. The presence in the milk of 4-0-acetyl-Nacetylneuraminlactose was detected by thin-layer chromatography. All milk samples examined contained protein material (probably glycoprotein), which was not precipitated by chloroformmethanol extraction. No evidence was obtained for quantitative or qualitative changes in carbohydrates during the course of the lactation season except for a small decline in total hexose towards the end of the season.
Incorporation of Glucose into Lipid of Perirenal and Subcutaneous Adipocytes of Rats and Sheep: Influence of Insulin
Authors: E Broad T , Sedcole JR , S Ngan Anna
Published: July 2016

Adipocytes were prepared by collagenase digestion of perirenal and subcutaneous fat from rats and sheep and were incubated in vitro with various concentrations of glucose and insulin. The lipogenic rate of perirenal and subcutaneous adipocytes of rats showed a quadratic response to glucose concentration. The addition of 10 nM insulin increased lipogenesis, especially at low lipogenic rates. At constant glucose concentrations, insulin concentrations up to 50 nM stimulated lipogenesis a similar amount in adipocytes from both depots. The rate of lipogenesis increased relative to cell volume in perirenal adipocytes only. The lipogenic rate of perirenal and subcutaneous adipocytes of sheep showed a positive linear response to glucose concentration, but insulin did not affect the rate of lipogenesis in adipocytes from either depot. In both rats and sheep, the rate of lipogenesis was higher in the perirenal adipocytes. It was concluded that insulin is unlikely to be the agent responsible for the differential growth rates of subcutaneous and perirenal fat depots in rats or sheep.
Note on the Paper 'Effects of Scopolamine Hydrobromide on the Development of the Chick and Rabbit Embryo' by W. G. McBride, P. H. Vardy and J. French
Authors: McBride WG
Published: July 2016

After the above paper had been published it was discovered that because of difficulty in measuring rabbit water intake accurately with the containers used in the experiment described in that paper the amount of scopolamine hydrobromide ingested by the rabbits was less than as stated. It was therefore decided to repeat the experiment using a different type of water container. The original experiment was carried out in winter and the latter in summer and this could be another factor in the increase in water intake by the does in the present experiment.
Decline with Age in the Rate of Reduction of Progesterone to 20a-Hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one in the Blood of Perinatal Ruminants
Authors: Nancarrow CD
Published: July 2016

The activity of the enzyme 20IX-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase present in erythrocytes of foetal and new-born ruminants has been determined by incubating 0�1 ml blood with 0�16,umol [4_'4C]_ progesterone for 15 min at 39�C in a final volume of 2 ml buffered saline. It was found that the activity, measured as ,umol 20IX-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one produced from progesterone per millilitre of erythrocytes per hour, declined from levels at birth as high as 1'50,umol for sheep, 0'50,umol for goats and O' 43 ,umol for cattle to levels of around 0'11, O' 08 and O' 04 ,umol respectively by 30-60 days of age. This decline in activity was also apparent in blood taken from sheep foetuses in which longitudinal studies were possible and appeared to have begun prior to 35 days before term. The highest activity obtained was 2� 59 ,umol for foetal sheep blood taken at 115 days of gestation. It is suggested that the observed decline in 20IX-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity is a function of the replacement of foetal erythrocytes with adult-type erythrocytes which begins around 120 days of gestational age and that the role of the enzyme is to maintain an appropriate progestational environment within the foetoplacental unit.
Studies on the Digestion of Cellulose by the Larvae of the Eucalyptus Borer, Phoracantha semipunctata (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Authors: Chararas Constantin , Chipoulet Jean-Marc
Published: July 2016

Larvae of the native Australian xylophagous insect P. semipunctata, the adults of which lay eggs only on Eucalyptus species, penetrate the bark, then the phloem and feed at the boundary between the phloem and the xylem, causing deep furrows. As the phloem dries, they penetrate the xylem, which they damage by the formation of galleries. Digestion of wood is facilitated by glycosidases acting not only on oligosaccharides but also on many polysaccharides, notably starch, various hemicelluloses and cellulose. The role of a cellulase produced by the midgut epithelium of the larvae was examined and the characteristics of a partially purified preparation of this enzyme from the midgut epithelium studied. The enzyme was shown to have a molecular weight of less than 34500 and to hydrolyse carboxymethylcellulose and Cellulose-Azure: It was identified as being an endo-ft-l,4-glucanase.
The Structure and Function of Oestrogens. VII The Use of (9,12,12-2H3)- and (11x,12,12-2H3) Oestradiol in a Test of the Quinone Methide Hypothesis for Oestrogen Action
Authors: J Collins David , M Stone Grant , Axelson Magnus
Published: July 2016

Ovariectomized mice were injected hi.travaginally with a physiological dose of (9,12, 12-2H3)oestradiol (3), and a control group was similarly injected with (llc;,12,12-2H3)oestradiol (4). Gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (g.l.c./m.s.) analysis of the oestradiols recovered from the vaginae of the two sets of mice showed that the content and distribution of deuterium were the same as in the respective pure trideuterated oestradiols (3) and (4). This proved conclusively that the 9oc-hydrogen of oestradiol is not exchanged during residence in and stimulation of the vagina. It therefore appears unlikely that reversible quinone methide formation in oestradiol is the trigger mechanism for stimulation of RNA synthesis, unless a hydrogen transfer relay system permits repetitive removal and replacement of the hydrogen atom at C9 during the oxidation-reduction cycle.
Antifertility Actions of a-Chlorohydrin in the Male
Authors: RJones A
Published: July 2016

Non-steroidal chemicals that affect male fertility have been known for over 25 years but only one compound, oc-chlorohydrin, possesses most of the attributes of an ideal male contraceptive. In the male rat, for example, continuous daily oral administration of low doses produces an almost immediate and continuous antifertility response that ceases when treatment is withdrawn. Such a dose regime does not interfere with libido, is apparently not toxic and the action is specific towards mature sperm. Furthermore, the action of the compound is species-specific: it is effective in the rat, ram, boar, guinea pig, hamster,rhesus monkey and upon ejaculated human sperm but it is ineffective in the mouse and the rabbit. High doses of oc-chlorohydrin can be neurotoxic, nephrotoxic and, in rats, lead to prolonged or permanent infertility. However, the antifertility response and the toxicity of racemic oc-chlorohydrin may be due, respectively, to the separate enantiomers. No other antifertility chemical has been investigated to such an extent as oc-chlorohydrin; this article reviews the progress that has been achieved with oc-chlorohydrin during the past six years.
The Importance of Prolactin for Initiation. of Lactation in the Pregnant Ewe
Authors: Gow CB , McDowell GH , Jenkin G
Published: July 2016

A single injection of ergocryptine (0, 5 mg/kg liveweight) given to ewes O� 5-20 days prepartum or two injections (0' 5 mg/kg liveweight per injection) given c. 30 and 10 days prepartum reduced concentrations of plasma prolactin to negligible � 5 ng/ml) values for 4 weeks after parturition, but did not affect concentrations of growth hormone and placental lactogen.