bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metallization of crosslinked acrylate resin by reduction of polymer‐incorporated metal ion
Authors: Shibata Mitsuhiro , Abe Takahiro , Uda Takayasu
Published: April 2004

Crosslinked acrylate resin were prepared by the radical polymerization of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (ADE400) with 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile in the presence of cobalt (II) chloride at 100°C for 48 h. Metallization behavior of the CoCl2‐containing acrylate resin by reduction with aqueous sodium tetrahydroborate solution at 25°C was investigated by means of infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and electron probe microanalysis. As a result, the surface of the crosslinked acrylate resin was successfully metallized by the reduction, and the cobalt layer generated at the side of a polypropylene plate used in the preparation of film was thicker and smoother than the air side. Most of the chlorine ion in the film passed in the reduction solution. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 3864–3868, 2004
Synthesis of fluoroalkyl end‐capped preoligomers containing succinimidyl segments—Application to novel fluorinated oligomers possessing surface antibacterial activity
Authors: Sawada Hideo , Yanagida Kenta , Kawase Tokuzo , Inaba Yoshiko , Sasazawa Kazuo , Sugiya Masashi
Published: April 2004

Fluoroalkyl end‐capped N‐acryloxysuccinimide (ASuI) cooligomers were prepared under very mild conditions by the cooligomerizations of fluoroalkanoyl peroxides with ASuI and comonomers such as N,N‐dimethylacrylamide (DMAA) and acryloylmorpholine (ACMO). These fluorinated ASuI cooligomers thus obtained were in general easily soluble in water and common organic solvents. These fluorinated ASuI cooligomers were also able to reduce the surface tension of water quite effectively to around 20 mN/m with a clear break point resembling a critical micelle concentration (CMC), although the corresponding nonfluorinated ASuI cooligomers were not effective for reducing the surface tension of water. Fluorinated ASuI cooligomers were applicable to new fluorinated precooligomers, and these precooligomers could react with several amino compounds such as aniline, cytosine, and cyclohexylamine to afford fluorinated cooligomer‐bound aromatic and cyclohexyl segments under mild conditions. Of particular interest, these fluorinated precooligomers were able to react with low molecular weight biocides such as sulfathiazole (STZ) and 3‐amino‐5‐hydroxypyrazole (AHP) to give the corresponding fluorinated cooligomers containing antibacterial segments under similar conditions. These cooligomers were shown to have not only a good oleophobicity imparted by fluorine but also surface antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Therefore, our present fluorinated cooligomers containing antibacterial segments are suggested to have high potential for new fluorinated functional materials through their surface active property and surface antibacterial activity. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 3874–3880, 2004
Physical properties and reaction kinetics of cotton cellulose crosslinked with dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea–maleic acid
Authors: Hsiung Han‐Hsing , Huang Hung‐Yu , Wang Yuen‐Hua , Wang Chang , Chen Jui‐Chin , Chen Cheng‐Chi
Published: April 2004

Two dicarboxylic acids were used to join with dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) as crosslinking agents to treated cotton fabrics. These results reveal that the dry crease recovery angle values of the treated fabrics for DMDHEU–maleic acid are higher than those for DMDHEU–tartaric acid at a given wet crease recovery angle and tensile strength retention. The IR spectra show that the reaction between the –OH of DMDHEU and cellulose and the vinyl groups of maleic acids occurred. The cross section of the DMDHEU–maleic acid and DMDHEU–tartaric acid treated fibers and the energies of activation and other data of reaction kinetics for DMDHEU–maleic acid and DMDHEU–tartaric acid strongly suggest that the reaction of vinyl groups of maleic acid with cellulose molecules can take place during the pad/dry‐cure process. Additionally, the surface distribution of crosslinking agent on the finished fabrics for DMDHEU–maleic acid is slightly lower than that for DMDHEU–tartaric acid. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 3886–3893, 2004
Effects of a mixture of stabilizers on the structure and mechanical properties of polyethylene during reprocessing
Authors: Abad M. J. , Ares A. , Barral L. , Cano J. , Díez F. J. , García‐Garabal S. , López J. , Ramírez C.
Published: April 2004

The properties of two polyethylenes [a high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) and a low‐density polyethylene (LDPE)] were studied after several extrusion cycles. To reduce the degradation effects during the reprocessing, a mixture of two stabilizers was added to the formulations. The predominant degradation mechanism was chain scission for the HDPE and chain branching and crosslinking for the LDPE. For both polyethylenes the FTIR spectra exhibited a growth in the number of carbonyl groups as a function of the number of extrusion cycles. Their tensile properties were degraded with the reprocessing but both polyethylenes maintained their nearly constant thermal behavior and crystallinity. The addition of a primary phenolic antioxidant and a secondary phosphite antioxidant preserved the melt behavior of virgin materials after the reprocessing and reduced the degradation effects. From the tensile tests, the efficiency of the antioxidants in the LDPE was very high and, after the reprocessing, the material retained the mechanical properties of virgin LDPE. The efficiency of the antioxidants for the HDPE was not significant. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 3910–3916, 2004
Synthesis and characterization of a cation‐exchange resin based on vinylpyrrolidone‐co‐divinylbenzene: Effect of nature and amount of diluent on different resin properties
Authors: Zaidi Syed Arif Raza , Ali Syed Wasim , Shah Gul Bali
Published: April 2004

Fundamental studies regarding the synthesis of a porous copolymer synthesized from 1‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone and divinylbenzene in the presence of different diluents were carried out. A series of porous copolymer resins was synthesized by suspension polymerization using the following diluents: dimethylphthalate (DMT), diethylphthalate, dibutylphthalate, and bis‐2‐ethyl hexylphthalate [dioctylphthalate (DOT)]. It was observed that the porosity of resin increases with increase in length of the methylene group in the phthalate ester of DMT to DOT. In another series of experiments the amount of solvent was increased from 30 to 60% while the crosslinkage was kept constant at 30% and the diluent used was DOT. It was observed that the porosity of resins increased as the fraction of solvent increased. However, surprisingly, the Na+ capacity did not show any appreciable change by varying the amount or nature of diluent, remaining approximately 4 meq/g. The resin remained mechanically strong despite higher porosity. The mechanical strength also did not show any significant change by varying the diluent or amount of diluent. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 3917–3920, 2004
Ultraviolet‐curing behavior and mechanical properties of a polyester acrylate resin
Authors: Kim Dae Su , Seo Woo Hyun
Published: April 2004

Ultraviolet (UV) curing technology has been widely used in many applications because it has several distinct advantages compared to solvent‐based processes or thermal‐curing technology. The effects of photoinitiator types and their contents as well as reactive diluent types and their contents on the UV‐curing behavior and mechanical properties of a UV‐curable polyester acrylate resin were investigated in this study. Three photoinitiators, Irgacure 184, Darocur 1173, and benzophenone, were used in this study. Hexanediol diacrylate, tripropylene glycol diacrylate, and trimethylol propane triacrylate were used as reactive diluents to modify the properties of the acrylate resin. The change of chemical structure during UV curing was monitored by FTIR. A universal testing machine was used to measure the tensile properties of various UV‐cured acrylate films of different compositions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 3921–3928, 2004
Chondrogenesis of human bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells in agarose culture
Authors: Charles Huang C.‐Y. , Reuben Paul M. , D'Ippolito Gianluca , Schiller Paul C. , Cheung Herman S.
Published: April 2004

Mesenchymal stem cells derived from human bone marrow (hBM‐MSCs) can differentiate into chondrogenic cells for the potential treatment of injured articular cartilage. To evaluate agarose gels as a supportive material for chondrogenesis of hBM‐MSCs, this study examined chondrogenesis of hBM‐MSCs in the agarose cultures. Pellet cultures were employed to confirm the chondrogenic potential of the hBM‐MSCs that were used in agarose cultures. The hBM‐MSCs were seeded in 2% agarose constructs at the initial cell‐seeding densities of 3, 6, and 9 × 106 cells/ml while each of pellets was formed using 2.5 × 105 cells. Chondrogenesis of hBM‐MSCs was induced by culturing cell‐agarose constructs and pellets for 21 days in the presence of a defined medium containing transforming growth factor β3 (TGF‐β3). The analysis of reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction showed that hBM‐MSCs of agarose and pellet cultures expressed the chondrogenic markers of collagen type II and aggrecan in the presence of TGF‐β3. The deposition of cartilage‐specific macromolecules was detected in both agarose and pellet cultures by histological and immunohistochemical assessments. Chondrogenesis of hBM‐MSCs in agarose gels directly correlated with the initial cell‐seeding density, with the cell‐agarose constructs of higher initial cell‐seeding density exhibiting more cartilage‐specific gene expressions. This study establishes a basic model for future studies on chondrogenesis of hBM‐MSCs using the agarose cultures. Anat Rec Part A 278A:428–436, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of the microcirculation of the secondary ossification center in rat humeral head
Authors: Morini Sergio , Continenza Maria A. , Ricciardi Giuseppe , Gaudio Eugenio , Pannarale Luigi
Published: April 2004

This work investigated the origin and development of microcirculation in the rat humeral head and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as a factor supporting the vascular growth and the development of the secondary ossification centers. Sixty rats aging 1, 3–4, 6–8, 11, and 21 days, 5 weeks, and 4 and 8 months were used. Samples of humeral head were collected for histolgy and immunohistochemistry for VEGF. Some animals were perfused with Mercox resin in order to obtain vascular corrosion casts (vcc) observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). No cartilage canals were present at birth. At 6 days postnatal, blood vessels coming from the perichondrium and the region near the capsule attachment invaded the cartilage; at 11 days postnatal, signs of calcification were present and within the third week some bone trabeculae were formed. Just before the vascular invasion of the epiphysis, a positive reaction for VEGF was localized in chondrocytes of the epiphyseal cartilage close to the capsule insertion. During the development and expansion of the secondary ossification center, VEGF expression was higher in chondrocytes but decreased when epiphysis was diffusely ossified. VEGF was expressed also by mesenchymal cells present in and around the fibrous tissue where the secondary ossification center will develop. SEM vcc confirmed that vessels penetrating into the epiphysis arose merely from the periosteal and the capsular networks, and vascular connections with the diaphyseal circulation were not evident. These observations demonstrated that VEGF production by chondrocytes begun some days after birth, supported the rapid vascular growth from the surrounding soft tissues, and was chronologically related to the development of the secondary ossification center in rat proximal humerus. Finally, the possible role of VEGF as mediator of angiogenesis and, at least indirectly, as a trigger factor also in the ossification and the bone remodeling of the secondary ossification centers has been discussed. Anat Rec Part A 278A:419–427, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mitochondrial structure in steroid‐producing cells: Three‐dimensional reconstruction of human Leydig cell mitochondria by electron microscopic tomography
Authors: Prince Frederick P. , Buttle Karolyn F.
Published: April 2004

Mitochondria of human Leydig cells were reconstructed in three dimension utilizing the technique of electron microscopic tomography to obtain a better understanding of the topology of the internal membrane system and the relationship of these cristae to the inner boundary membrane (IBM). Cristae structure, in many respects, is consistent with previous tomographic studies from typical mitochondria, i.e., mitochondria from nonsteroid‐producing cells. Cristae are diverse in form, with well‐defined lamellar cristae interconnected to pleomorphic and tubular regions. Occasional fenestrations are present in the lamellar regions. Also consistent with other mitochondria studied by tomography, the openings of the cristae to the IBM (referred to as crista junctions) are roughly circular or elliptical and approximately 20–25 nm in diameter. Morphological contact sites between the outer mitochondrial membrane and IBM are also present. Cristae membranes in these steroid‐producing mitochondria are often found in close proximity to the IBM. Unique to steroid‐producing mitochondria is a form of the cristae in which multiple lamellae are in very close apposition, previously defined as the lamellar association. Tomographic reconstructions of the lamellar association reveal that these well‐organized membranes also open to the IBM via crista junctions. These regions of closely apposed lamellar cristae are also interconnected and display small tubular extensions from the lamellae. The current study is the first electron microscopic tomography study of mitochondria from steroid‐producing cells. The results show the cristae interconnect to form an extensive internal membrane system, which is perhaps better termed the cristae compartment. This internal membrane system is notable due to the high surface area with few small openings to the IBM. Such a morphology is more analagous to the thylakoid membrane system of chloroplasts than the long‐standing view of mitochondrial cristae. The significance of the lamellar association form of the cristae is unknown. Anat Rec Part A 278A:454–461, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three‐dimensional computational reconstruction of lateral skull base with plastinated slices
Authors: Qiu Ming‐Guo , Zhang Shao‐Xiang , Liu Zheng‐Jin , Tan Li‐Wen , Wang Yu‐Su , Deng Jun‐Hui , Tang Ze‐Sheng
Published: April 2004

The goals of this study were to build the 3D reconstructed model of lateral skull base and to explore the spatial relationships of the important structures for providing the morphological basis for lateral skull base surgery and clinical image diagnosis. Blocks with edges of about 80 mm containing the lateral skull base region and adjacent structures were sawn out from both sides of the heads and sectioned on transverse plane at a thickness of 700 μm using a plastination technique. On an SGI workstation, a Contours‐Marching cubes algorithm was selected to reconstruct the 3D model of the lateral skull base. Accurate alignment of the structures in the serial macroscopic sections was obtained by the employment of the plastination technique. The quality of the reconstructed images was distinct and perfect, specifically, the spatial positions and complicated adjacent relationships of various structures of the lateral skull base can be shown in direct viewing when they are displayed in background of the cranial bony substance. The time spent in displaying or rotating one image including 50 sections was 1.5 sec; all reconstructed structures can be represented individually or jointly and rotated in any plane. The plastination technique and computer‐aided 3D reconstruction have an obvious advantage in the study of the complex anatomy of the lateral skull base. Plastination technique provides cross‐section images of a higher resolution than those obtained from CT scanning. The computerized 3D reconstruction is important in studying the spatial anatomy of the lateral skull base and can serve as a standard for models created with other techniques. Anat Rec Part A 278A:437–442, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Actin fiber patterns detected by Alexafluor 488 phalloidin suggest similar cell migration in regenerating and nonregenerating rodent toes
Authors: Neufeld Daniel A. , Hosman Steve , Yescas Tammy , Mohammad Khalid , Day Frances , Said Suleman
Published: April 2004

Although mammals do not regenerate most appendages, they are able to regenerate toetips if the amputation occurs through the nail bed. The reasons for different outcomes following amputation at different levels are not understood. It is possible that cells at regenerating and nonregenerating sites migrate from fundamentally different tissues. If so, different migratory pathways could be detected. To identify putative migrating cells, microscope slides were made from both regenerating and nonregenerating toes of rats and mice on successive days after amputation. Fluorescent‐labeled phalloidin, which binds polymerized f‐actin, was used to identify actin filaments and fibers. Cells containing prominent actin bundles were distinguishable from those containing diffuse fibrils and those in which visible fibers were absent. Phalloidin labeling was similar in regenerating and nonregenerating digits after amputation. As early as 2 days after amputation at either proximal or distal levels, many cells of the hypodermis adjacent to the wound became labeled with phalloidin. The number and intensity of labeled hypodermal cells containing stress fiber‐like bundles increased rapidly with time, and at successive times cells were seen progressively further distally. By approximately 7 days, they occupied the wound site immediately distal to bone of both regenerating and nonregenerating digits. Most dermal cells were unlabeled and endosteal and marrow cells contained only fibrillar actin. Phalloidin labeling does not support the concept of migration from different tissues in regenerating and nonregenerating amputation sites. Anat Rec Part A 278A:450–453, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optical continuum variability of the active galaxy Mrk 279 – implications for different accretion regimes
Authors: Bachev R. , Strigachev A.
Published: April 2004

We present results from a recent broad‐band monitoring in optics of the Seyfert 1 type galaxy Mrk 279. We build and analyse the BV RI light curve covering a period of seven years (1995–2002). We also show some evidence for the existence of two different states in brightness and suggest, based on a modelling of the optical continuum, that these states may result from transition between a thin disk and an ADAF accretion modes. We assume that the short‐term variability is due to a reprocessing of a variable X‐ray emission from an inner ADAF part of the flow, while the long‐term one may be a result from a change of the transition radius. Our tests show a good match with the observations for a reasonable set of accretion parameters, close to the expected ones for Mrk 279. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Gestational ethanol exposure disrupts the expression of FGF8 and Sonic hedgehog during limb patterning
Authors: Chrisman Kimberly , Kenney Robert , Comin Jeremy , Thal Tanya , Suchocki Lawrence , Yueh Y. Gloria , Gardner David P.
Published: April 2004

BACKGROUND:

Ethanol is known to induce a wide variety of gestational anomalies, including skeletal malformations. Gestational ethanol exposure in mice has been shown to induce postaxial digit loss (ectrodactyly). How ethanol induces limb malformations is not understood. To better understand how ethanol effects limb development, we have utilized a transgenic line of mice that expresses β‐galactosidase in the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) of the limbs throughout gestation.

METHODS:

Pregnant female mice were injected with 2.9, 3.4, or 3.9 gm/kg ethanol at E9.3 and E9.5; embryos were isolated at E11.25, stained for β‐galactosidase activity, and evaluated for AER defects. Based upon the pattern of defects seen, expression of FGF8 in the AER and Sonic hedgehog in the postaxial mesoderm was evaluated by in situ hybridization.

RESULTS:

Two distinct phenotypes were seen in response to ethanol that were dose dependent. At 2.9 gm/kg ethanol, the most prevalent phenotype was a mislocalization of the AER to regions both dorsal and ventral to the midline. A higher dosage of 3.4 gm/kg ethanol did not increase the mislocalization phenotype, but resulted in a higher frequency of postaxial loss of the AER and associated mesenchymal tissue. The highest dosage utilized (3.9 gm/kg) resulted in a high frequency of both preaxial and postaxial loss of the AER. Through in situ hybridization, we found that ethanol exposure resulted in a concomitant reduction in FGF8 expression in the AER and Sonic hedgehog expression from the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA).

CONCLUSIONS:

We propose a model where ethanol disrupts the AER/ZPA positive feedback loop to induce postaxial malformations. Preaxial malformations seen at higher ethanol dosage suggest FGF8 as a critical target of ethanol in producing limb defects. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modeling and simulation of oxygen‐limited partial nitritation in a membrane‐assisted bioreactor (MBR)
Authors: Wyffels Stijn , Van Hulle Stijn W. H. , Boeckx Pascal , Volcke Eveline I. P. , Cleemput Oswald Van , Vanrolleghem Peter A. , Verstraete Willy
Published: April 2004

Combination of a partial nitritation process and an anaerobic ammonium oxidation process for the treatment of sludge reject water has some general cost‐efficient advantages compared to nitrification–denitrification. The integrated process features two‐stage autotrophic conversion of ammonium via nitrite to dinitrogen gas with lower demand for oxygen and no external carbon requirement. A nitrifying membrane‐assisted bioreactor (MBR) for the treatment of sludge reject water was operated under continuous aeration at low dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations with the purpose of generating nitrite accumulation. Microfiltration was applied to allow a high sludge retention time (SRT), resulting in a stable partial nitritation process. During start‐up of the MBR, oxygen‐limited conditions were induced by increasing the ammonium loading rate and decreasing the oxygen transfer. At a loading rate of 0.9 kg N m−3 d−1 and an oxygen concentration below 0.1 mg DO L−1, conversion to nitrite was close to 50% of the incoming ammonium, thereby yielding an optimal effluent within the stoichiometric requirements for subsequent anaerobic ammonium oxidation. A mathematical model for ammonium oxidation to nitrite and nitrite oxidation to nitrate was developed to describe the oxygen‐limited partial nitritation process within the MBR. The model was calibrated with in situ determinations of kinetic parameters for microbial growth, reflecting the intrinsic characteristics of the ammonium oxidizing growth system at limited oxygen availability and high sludge age. The oxygen transfer coefficient (KLa) and the ammonium‐loading rate were shown to be the appropriate operational variables to describe the experimental data accurately. The validated model was used for further steady state simulation under different operational conditions of hydraulic retention time (HRT), KLa, temperature and SRT, with the intention to support optimized process design. Simulation results indicated that stable nitrite production from sludge reject water was feasible with this process even at a relatively low temperature of 20°C with HRT down to 0.25 days. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Physiological significance of the cytometric distribution of fluorescent yeasts after viability staining
Authors: Bouchez J.C. , Cornu M. , Danzart M. , Leveau J.Y. , Duchiron F. , Bouix M.
Published: April 2004

This article describes a new method for the early detection of alcoholic fermentation arrest. This methodology is based on the flow cytometric assessment ofSaccharomyces cerevisiaeyeasts stained with a carboxyfluorescein diacetate fluorescent viability probe. Multicomponent analysis of viable cell distribution constitutes a promising new tool to describe physiological and dynamic changes to heterogeneous viable populations during alcoholic fermentation, through its ability to discriminate between successful processes and those ending prematurely. This framework, which is based on the comparison of cytometric histogram descriptors' combinations that can be related to simple physiological significance comparison, quickly and simply, allows testing yeasts for their fermentation ability and can be used to detect any kind of viability loss so that fermentation arrest can be avoided. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Protective effects of intraperitoneal vitamin C, aprotinin and melatonin administration on retinal edema during experimental uveitis in the guinea pig
Authors: Kükner A. Şahap , Kükner Aysel , Nazıroğlu Mustafa , Çolakoğlu Neriman , Çelebi Serdal , Yilmaz Turgut , Aydemir Orhan
Published: April 2004

A considerable amount of clinical and experimental evidence exists suggesting the involvement of reactive oxygen substances (ROS) in the aetiology of uveitis. The activated phagocytic system of polymorphonuclear leucocytes in uveitis is involved in the generation of ROS. In addition to their direct free radical scavenging action, aprotinin, melatonin and vitamin C are known to protect against oedema formation and can preserve plasma membrane fluidity and free radical production. Histological changes in the retina that occur during uveitis are not well explained. The purpose of this study was to determine whether vitamin C, aprotinin and melatonin can protect the retina from damage accompanying experimental uveitis (EU). Thirty adult male guinea pigs were divided into five groups of six animals each. The first group was used as control. The right eyes of groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 received an intravitreal injection of bovine serum albumin for induction of experimental uveitis. At the same time and also on the consecutive third day, groups 3, 4 and 5 received intraperitoneal injections of vitamin C (ascorbic acid, 100 mg kg−1 body wt), aprotinin (20 000 kIU kg−1 body wt) and melatonin (10 mg kg−1 body wt), respectively. The animals were killed on the sixth day. The average thickness of the retina and inner plexiform layer for each eye was measured in sagittal section near the optic nerve and expressed in microns. The thickness of the retina and inner plexiform layer in the control group was significantly (p < 0.01) lower than in the group EU as compared with the group EU plus vitamin C, group EU plus aprotinin, group EU plus melatonin (p < 0.05). The thicknesses of the retina and inner plexiform layer in group EU plus vitamin C, group EU plus aprotinin and group EU plus melatonin were significantly (p < 0.01) lower than that in the group EU. The difference in thickness of the retina and inner plexiform layer among the groups 3, 4 and 5 was not significant (p > 0.05). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that oedematous effects of EU on the retina were reduced by the administration of intraperitoneal vitamin C, aprotinin and melatonin, i.e. these antioxidants had significant protective effects on the retina of guinea pigs against oedematous damage in EU. However, the reductive effect of vitamin C on EU was greater than that of aprotinin and melatonin. The intraperitoneal vitamin C, aprotinin and melatonin supplementations may strengthen the antioxidant defence system because of decreased ROS, and these agents may play a role in treating uveitis. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ET‐1 inhibits B‐16 murine melanoma cell migration by decreasing K+ currents
Authors: Liu Lin‐Yun , Hu Chang‐Long , Ma Lai‐Ji , Zhang Zhi‐Hong , Mei Yan‐Ai
Published: April 2004

Cell migration is mediated by ion channels and transporters, and plays crucial roles in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Previously, our studies have shown that a Ca2+‐regulated K+ current exists in B‐16 murine melanoma cells, and that endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) inhibits the K+ current via a PKC‐dependent pathway. In the present study, patch‐clamp whole‐cell recording and transwell migration assays were used to examine the effects of ET‐1 on B‐16 murine melanoma cell migration. ET‐1 (100 nM in the injection pipette and 10 nM in the incubation medium) decreased the K+ current amplitude by 33.0 ± 2.5% and inhibited migration of B‐16 cells by 57.4 ± 9.4%. Similarly, the Ca2+‐regulated K+ channel blockers, BaCl2 and quinidine, decreased the K+ current by 20.5 ± 1.0% and 36.6 ± 1.2%, respectively, and slowed migration of B‐16 melanoma cells by 37.1 ± 8.6% and 42.7 ± 8.8%, respectively. The effect of ET‐1 on the K+ current and cell migration was simulated by ET‐3. In contrast, the K+ channel opener, diclofenac, increased the K+ current by 128.8 ± 11.7%, 257.4 ± 35.8% at concentrations of 1 and 5 mM, respectively. Likewise, the migration of B‐16 murine melanoma cells dramatically increased by 75.6 ± 12.7% in the presence of 100 μM diclofenac in incubation medium. Furthermore, the ET‐1‐ and ET‐3‐induced inhibition of K+ current and migration was abrogated by diclofenac. In the presence of diclofenac, ET‐1 only reduced the K+ current amplitude by 10.6 ± 1.1%, and slowed B‐16 cell migration by only 10.8 ± 8.9%. The results suggest that the K+ channel‐dependent migration of B‐16 melanoma cells is modulated by ET‐1. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 58:127–136, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early molecular events in the assembly of the focal adhesion‐stress fiber complex during fibroblast spreading
Authors: Zimerman Baruch , Volberg Tova , Geiger Benjamin
Published: April 2004

Cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix triggers the formation of integrin‐mediated contact and reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. Examination of nascent adhesions, formed during early stages of fibroblast spreading, reveals a variety of forms of actin‐associated matrix adhesions. These include: (1) small (∼1 μm), dot‐like, integrin‐, vinculin‐, paxillin‐, and phosphotyrosine‐rich structures, with an F‐actin core, broadly distributed over the ventral surfaces of the cells; (2) integrin‐, vinculin‐, and paxillin‐containing “doublets” interconnected by short actin bundles; (3) arrays of actin‐vinculin complexes. Such structures were formed by freshly plated cells, as well as by cells recovering from latrunculin treatment. Time‐lapse video microscopy of such cells, expressing GFP‐actin, indicated that long actin cables are formed by an end‐to‐end lining‐up and apparent fusion of short actin bundles. All these structures were prominent during cell spreading, and persisted for up to 30–60 min after plating. Upon longer incubation, they were gradually replaced by stress fibers, associated with focal adhesions at the cell periphery. Direct examination of paxillin and actin reorganization in live cells revealed alignment of paxillin doublets, forming long and highly dynamic actin bundles, undergoing translocation, shortening, splitting, and convergence. The mechanisms underlying the assembly and reorganization of actin‐associated focal adhesions and the involvement of mechanical forces in regulating their dynamic properties are discussed. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 58:143–159, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Goldschmidt N, Linetsky E, Shalom E, et al. High incidence of thromboembolism in patients with central nervous system lymphoma. Cancer. (2003) 98(6):1239–42.
Authors: Goldschmidt N , Linetsky E , Shalom E
Published: April 2004

The original article to which this Erratum refers was published in Cancer (2003) 98(6):1239–42.
A path to peace or persistence? The “single identity” approach to conflict resolution in Northern Ireland
Authors: Church Cheyanne , Visser Anna , Johnson Laurie Shepherd
Published: April 2004

The hypothesis that contact between groups can reduce prejudice has traditionally informed Northern Ireland's efforts to resolve the sectarian conflict that divides it as a society. In recent years, “single identity,” or intragroup, work has emerged as an alternative community relations approach when intergroup contact between Catholics and Protestants appears untenable.
Exploring an integrative framework for understanding mediation
Authors: Picard Cheryl A.
Published: April 2004

This exploratory research examines how mediators' understandings of their work vary with contextual factors—gender, educational background, dispute sector, and length of time mediating. Results indicate that most mediators do not base their views of practice on only one theory of mediation. Consequently, the author argues for an integrated vision of mediation.
What is success in ombuds processes? Evaluation of a university ombudsman
Authors: Harrison Tyler R.
Published: April 2004

This article reports the results of an in‐depth study of the conflicts of forty‐five students using
an ombud at a large Southern university. Analysis of disputant characteristics and case contexts identifies factors
that affect success in this ombud process.
The transcendent communication project: Searching for a praxis of dialogue
Authors: Littlejohn Stephen W.
Published: April 2004

The Transcendent Communication Project, originating in work on moral conflict in the 1980s, involves the search for methods to transform communication in difficult conflicts. Using several metaphors, this article explores the elements and pragmatics of dialogue in case studies: a multistakeholder rangeland policy group, the Vietnam dialogues, environmental conflict in a rural county, and a peacemaking institute in Indonesia.
Using intentional, values‐based dialogue to engage complex public policy conflicts
Authors: Wade Susan OMalley
Published: April 2004

Intentional, values‐based dialogue is a powerful framework for working with conflict in complex public policy disputes, especially those involving environmental issues. This article describes the development and use of this dialogue method by the author at one organization, over eight years for seven projects. The premise is that conflict is natural to the human condition and the differences underlying conflict are resources for new thinking.
The “listening to the city” online dialogues experience: The impact of a full value contract
Authors: Pyser Steven N. , Figallo Cliff
Published: April 2004

This case study explores how an intentional social agreement, which we call a Full Value Contract, can help relax skepticism while supporting trust in sustaining full and conscientious participation and community in a purposeful online dialogue. “Listening to the City” Online Dialogues involved eight hundred residents of New York City and its immediate area exchanging ten thousand messages in 2002.
Flow cytometry in primary breast carcinomas: Prognostic impact of S‐phase fraction according to different analysis patterns
Authors: Michels Jean‐Jacques , Marnay Jacques , Plancoulaine Benoît , Chasle Jacques
Published: April 2004

Background

The aim of the present work was to study the prognostic impact of ploidy and S‐phase fraction (SPF) assessed according to recently described methods. These methods of analysis combine different ploidy groups and separate euploid (good) prognostic groups from noneuploid (bad) prognostic groups. The definition of euploidy varied according to the author; some of them even included aneuploid peaks with few events. A comparison was also drawn to the average SPF and the diploid peak SPF observed in aneuploid histograms.

Methods

From January 3, 1990 to January 7, 1999, 1,984 previously untreated, invasive breast carcinoma samples were snap‐frozen and processed for FCM. The present study evaluated all nondiploid and nonmultiploid histograms, using different analysis patterns and the values of the average SPF and diploid SPF.

Results

SPF is a salient prognostic factor even after multivariate analysis for DFS and MFS. Using several methods of analysis of ploidy and SPF shows that the classical method of analysis involving separation of ploidy according to diploidy versus aneuploidy and analysis of SPF restricted to the aneuploid peak in nondiploid and nonmultiploid histograms is as relevant as other recently proposed patterns of analysis, and that the average SPF or the diploid SPF of aneuploid tumors does not add significant prognostic information.

Conclusions

SPF is a valuable predictor of survival and can be confidently assessed in a simple way by restricting the analysis to the peak of interest (except for multiploid tumors). © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New tapped distributed constant bandpass filters with manipulation of attenuation pole arrangement
Authors: Wada Kouji , Aihara Yoshiyuki , Nakagawa Kouichi , Hashimoto Osamu
Published: April 2004

A method for improving the characteristics near the passband by means of a bandpass filter (BPF) with distributed resonators using tap coupling is proposed. First, with regard to the open‐ended λ/2 resonator, a short‐ended λ/2 resonator and a one‐end shorted λ/4 resonator, improvement of the resonant characteristics is attempted by realization of attenuation poles. Next, improvement of the characteristics near the passband by means of a BPF extensively using the basic performance of the resonator is studied. The results confirm that improvement of the resonant characteristics is possible by realization of attenuation poles near the fundamental resonant frequency by the use of an appropriate resonator with tap coupling. It is also confirmed that multipole characteristics and position control are easily realized near the passband by application of the fundamental characteristic to the BPF. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 87(8): 24–32, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10137
Real‐time recognition of handwritten math formulas
Authors: Aoshima Shiro , Suzuki Takahiro , Mori Kensaku , Suenaga Yasuhito
Published: April 2004

This paper proposes a method of realizing a handwritten mathematical formula input system that works in real time. In the handwritten character input, the data is input generally for each stroke (segment). The proposed method is based on this property. The mathematical formula is recognized on the basis of the result of recognition of the individual input strokes and their positional relations. Then the LaTeX source code is generated. In this paper, mathematical symbols are considered as characters, and are integrated into character recognition. More precisely, each time a stroke is input, it is recognized as a single‐stroke character. The crossing with the already input characters is examined, and the character is extracted so that the likelihood of forming character is maximized. Based on the positional relations among the extracted characters, the structure of the mathematical formula, such as superscripts/subscripts and fractions, is recognized. The mathematical structures that can be recognized by the proposed method are the structures obtained by combining five different structures, namely, superscript/subscript, root, overline, underline, and fraction. The recognition is not affected by the order of input. The proposed method is applied to various mathematical formulas, and it is seen that the proposed system works adequately as an input environment for real‐time processing. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 87(8): 66–81, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20086
Hand shape estimation using sequence of multiple viewpoint images based on transition network
Authors: Hamada Yasushi , Shimada Nobutaka , Shirai Yoshiaki
Published: April 2004

In this paper, the authors use gesture images obtained from multiple cameras to estimate hand shapes. First, for the entered multiple viewpoint images, they use the outline in each separate image to extract features, create feature vectors, and calculate the difference between the image and each model image in the database. Next, they calculate the shape complexity as a value indicating the degree to which the image of each viewpoint is distinctive and use these values to integrate the individual differences to obtain the overall difference. They select the model image having the minimum integrated difference and let it be the estimation result. The authors also use a transition network to reduce the amount of searching during hand shape estimation. During the training stage, the authors used training image sequences to automatically register model images and possible transitions between model images to create a transition network. During the estimation stage, they used the transition network to perform matching more efficiently by limiting the candidates to only model images that can transition from the corresponding model image in the preceding frame. The authors performed experiments using binocular images to estimate hand shapes and showed the results of matching using the transition network. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 87(8): 33–42, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20089
Bed sediment sources and mixing in the glacierized upper Fraser River watershed, east‐central British Columbia
Authors: Dirszowsky Randy W.
Published: April 2004

The geochemical, mineralogical and lithological composition of modern stream bed material is examined in order to characterize sources and evaluate downstream mixing of sediments in the upper Fraser River drainage basin, British Columbia. The <63 µm fraction is emphasized for its relative mobility and ease of analysis using instrumental neutron activation. Overall, the composition of the stream sediments closely reﬂects bedrock distribution. Samples dominated by limestone and dolostone, calcite and dolomite, and related elements (Ca, Mg, Sr etc.) correspond to Lower and Middle Cambrian carbonate bedrock largely conﬁned to the Moose River sub‐basin. Clastic and non‐quartzite metamorphic lithologies, primary and secondary aluminosilicate minerals and related elements (Al, Cs, Rb etc.) are largely derived from Miette Group bedrock and associated with the uppermost Fraser River sub‐basin. Except in the case of the Moose River/Fraser River junction, the determination of proportional tributary contributions is complicated by variable or delayed mixing, localized ﬂoodplain or valley side sources, and limited contrast between source areas. At present the Moose River sub‐basin contributes a greater proportion of the total and ﬁne‐grained sediment loads of the combined Fraser River than would be expected from drainage basin area alone. The imbalance is related to greater relief, precipitation and runoff in the Moose River sub‐basin; however, the spatial association of carbonate‐rich stream sediments, ice cover and carbonate bedrock exposure indicates that glaciers play a particularly important roll in generating ﬁne‐grained ﬂuvial sediment. Since differences in glacier cover and glacier potential in the two major sub‐basins are likely to be persistent, and since relative sediment yields from the sub‐basins can be determined from sediment composition, a potential indicator of glacier variation and climate change during the Holocene is therein available. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of hydraulic geometry between sand‐ and gravel‐bed rivers in relation to channel pattern discrimination
Authors: Xu Jiongxin
Published: April 2004

A comparison has been made between the hydraulic geometry of sand‐ and gravel‐bed rivers, based on data from alluvial rivers around the world. The results indicate a signiﬁcant difference in hydraulic geometry among sand‐ and gravel‐bed rivers with different channel patterns. On this basis, some diagrams for discrimination of meandering and braided channel patterns have been established. The relationships between channel width and water discharge, between channel depth and water discharge, between width–depth ratio and water discharge and between channel slope and water discharge can all be used for channel pattern discrimination. The relationship between channel width and channel depth can also be used for channel pattern discrimination. However, the accuracy of these relationships for channel pattern discrimination varies, and the depth–discharge relationship is a better discriminator of pattern type than the classic slope–discharge function. The cause for this difference has been explained qualitatively. To predict the development of channel patterns under different natural conditions, the pattern discriminator should be searched on the basis of independent or at least semi‐independent variables. The relationship between stream power and bed material grain size can be used to discriminate channel patterns, which shows a better result than the discriminator using the slope–discharge relationship. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cavernous weathering, dynamical instability and self‐organization
Authors: Turkington Alice V. , Phillips Jonathan D.
Published: April 2004

Cavernous weathering may be conceptualized as a self‐reinforcing process, characterized by positive feedback within the weathering system. A morphometric study of caverns in the Valley of Fire State Park, Nevada, USA, demonstrates the applicability of a dynamically unstable, or conditionally unstable, model of cavernous weathering systems. Outcrop surfaces displaying caverns tend to show increasing fragmentation of the surface in the early stages of cavernous weathering, succeeded by convergent evolution of the surface in which caverns tend to grow and coalesce. A paradoxical relationship exists between the weathering system output at the scale of individual forms and the outcrop scale: caverns tend toward minimum interior surface area by developing a spheroidal form, yet the outcrop surface tends toward maximum exposed surface area by increasing the degree of fragmentation of the surface. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolutionists and creationists at the dinner table
Authors: Armelagos George
Published: April 2004

The evolutionist and creationist debate about human origins has contested the content of textbooks, what is taught in classrooms, and what is discussed on the Internet. The controversy has spawned public‐interest groups that continue to frame the debate. The National Center for Science Education monitors attempts to incorporate creationism into the classroom and textbooks. The Institute for Creation Research and the Discovery Institute have invested heavily in pushing for changes in the curriculum by teaching creationism as an alternative to evolution. While this dispute usually focuses on the reality of the fossil evidence for human evolution, a less formal battle is now being waged at the proverbial dinner table.
Doin' what comes natur'lly
Authors: Weiss Kenneth
Published: April 2004

Behavior affects evolution in many ways. Organisms are adapted for what they do, but they also do what they are adapted for.
Complementary approaches of cytogenetics and molecular biology to the taxonomy and study of speciation processes in lemurs
Authors: Rumpler Yves
Published: April 2004

The lemurs, prosimian primates of Madagascar, constitute a zoological group containing numerous species and subspecies. Their taxonomy remains controversial. Depending on the authors and the techniques they have used, the number of species varies between 39 and 52. In addition, although a monophyletic origin of the settlement of Madagascar is the most commonly held opinion, recent studies based on molecular biology do not exclude two independent colonization events, one involving Daubentonia and a second giving rise to the other lemurs.1.