bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is Leishmaniasis adequately notified in Sri Lanka? A survey among doctors from high endemic district of Sri Lanka.
Authors: Hewawasam Chandana , Weerakoon Hema S , Thilakan Vyshnavi , Lelwala Tishni , Prasanka Kalana , Rathnayaka Amila S , Gamage Shanika , Agampodi Suneth
Published: December 2019

Background : Leishmaniasis is a notifiable disease in Sri Lanka since 2008. Previous studies show a gap in the notification. Purpose of the present study was to determine the Knowledge, attitudes and practice of medical officers regarding leishmaniasis. Methods : A cross-sectional study was conducted in Anuradhapura district which reported the highest prevalence of leishmaniasis. Participants from public and private health care institutes in the area filled a self-administered questionnaire in the presence of the investigators. Results : One hundred and eighty-eight (188) medical officers (involved in treating 75,326 population) completed the questionnaire. Of them, 95.7% (n=177) were aware of leishmaniasis as a parasitic infection and 84.7% (n=155) correctly identified Leishmania donovani as the causative organism in Sri Lanka. From the respondents, 96.8% (n=181) knew that the vector of leishmaniasis is sandfly. Cutaneous leishmaniasis was reported as the most prevalent form of leishmaniasis in the country by 94.1% (n=176). Nearly half of the population (54.1%, n=98) was aware of the fact that Anuradhapura district has the highest prevalence of the disease. Many of them had the idea that leishmaniasis is an emerging disease (84.3%, n=155) and early diagnosis is important in controlling the disease (89.1%, n=163). Although about three fourth (73.7 %, n=123) of the population mentioned that leishmaniasis should be notified at first clinical suspicion, only 42.5% (n=74) were aware that it is a legal requirement. Some medical officers (22%, n=39) believed the current notification system in the country is not effective. Unavailability of notification forms (36.8%, n=60), heavy workload (50.3%, n=85) and inadequate supportive staff (35.1%, n=55) were reported as barriers for timely notification. Even though 58.0% (n=105) of medical officers had suspected leishmaniasis during last eight years period only 19.4% (n=35) had notified. Conclusions : Even though more than 90% of the participants had good theoretical knowledge about leishmaniasis; notification of leishmaniasis is considerably inadequate. This study emphasizes the need for greater efforts to improve the notification of leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka. Keywords : Leishmaniasis, Notification, Physicians, Knowledge, attitude, practice, Sri Lanka
Effectiveness and Feasibility of Using Local Medical University for Capacity Building to Improve Immunization Program in Ethiopia. Implementation Science Study
Authors: Amare Ashenafi T. , Toni Alemayehu T. , Mekonnen Zeleke A. , Endehabtu Berhanu F. , Tilahun Binyam C.
Published: December 2019

Background: Supportive supervision is one of five essential components of the WHO’s Reaching Every District strategy, an operational approach to reach 90%, immunization coverage. However, it is not mostly practiced based on the standard schedule because of capacity and low number of staffs in the health system. When it is practiced after long interval, it focuses more on inspection and finding lacunas. Taking into account the 54 universities in Ethiopia, the fundamental idea in this implementation science research is to test the feasibility and effectiveness of a Capacity Building and Mentorship Program in Immunization (CBMPI) by medical and health science colleges aimed at supplementing the current approach. Methods: This study applied a pre-post quasi experimental research design. The study included health workers of 30 health facilities (15 intervention and 15 control) followed for six months. To assess effectiveness on immunization coverage and a change in reaching every district strategy implementation difference in difference analysis was used to estimate the effect of the intervention implementation over time. Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation and Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework was used to evaluate the implementation process. Results: The findings of the study indicated that the intervention package has a statistically significant effect (P=0.0001) in the overall implementation of Reaching Every District (RED) outcomes. The difference in difference analysis also indicated that health facilities in the intervention district have shown a higher Penta III coverage (17.4%) and complete vaccination coverage (16.6%) that is attributable to the intervention package. Similarly, knowledge and skills of health workers improved significantly (P<0.05) after the intervention in most of the performance measures. During the qualitative evaluation, the key informants mentioned that the CBMPI program was effective and the new approach was acceptable by health workers for integration in the routine EPI program. Conclusions: In conclusion, capacity building and mentorship by well-trained personnel with the appropriate knowledge and skills have positive effects on immunization program indicators. Thus, it is recommended to do implementation study within the framework of national immunization program to facilitate policy adoption and readiness for routine use in large scale. This work was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Grant Number OPP1191298
Investigation and invention in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infection cases associated with Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography operation
Authors: Yuan Yuhua , Shi Qiucheng , Fang Li , Zhao Jin , Ni Yaqin , Tu Fangjuan , Wu Zhenbo , Zhu Feiteng , Chen Dongrong , Chen Yan , Yu Yunsong
Published: December 2019

Background: Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) is associated with nosocomial infections that poses a serious threat to public health. According to a previous study, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is considered a risk factor of CRKP transmission in the hospital. Methods: In this study, two cases infected with CRKP after ERCP were investigated. The origin of CRKP was determined by collecting the isolates from patients and screening the environment for ERCP units and the specific endoscopes. The antimicrobials susceptibility testing and molecular typing were performed for these CRKP. After post-ERCP infection happened, the procedure of endoscope disinfection was changed and hydrogen dioxide disinfection of ERCP unit was performed.Results: A total of five CRKP isolates were obtained from patients and screening the environment for ERCP units and the specific endoscopes, including three from the patients and two from the ERCP operating room. The CRKP from the patients and environment were both ST11, and the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis results showed that they shared identical bands, which indicated that the contaminated environment was associated with the nosocomial CRKP infections. After the control measures of endoscopes and hydrogen dioxide disinfection, post-ERCP infection decreased in the next six months.Conclusion: Early warning and response system should be established to control the spreading of CRKP in ERCP operation unit.
ANALISIS PENGARUH VARIASI FRAKSI VOLUME TERHADAP KEKUATAN TARIK BAHAN KOMPOSIT POLIESTER DENGAN FILLER ALAMI SERABUT KELAPA MERAH
Authors: Nurhayati Alwiyah
Published: December 2019

Serabut kelapa (cocofiber) adalah satu serat alam yang me- miliki prospek yang cukup baik, dimana pengolahannya masih belum banyak dilakukan atau ditangani dengan baik, sehingga tidak dimanfaatkan secara optimal. Serabut kelapa yang dikom- binasikan dengan resin poliester sebagai matriks akan dapat menghasilkan komposit alternatif untuk aplikasi struktural. Preparasi spesimen awal meliputi pemotongan serat kelapa sepanjang 2 cm, pencampuran poliester dan serabut kelapa den- gan variasi fraksi volume serabut kelapa 1%, 2% dan 3%, dan pencetakan spesimen sesuai dengan standar uji tarik. Dari hasil pengujian didapatkan kekuatan tarik tertinggi pada spesimen dengan fraksi volume 3% yang memiliki tegangan 28 MPa dan regangan 0.027, modulus elastisitas 1027.523 MPa. Spesimen dengan fraksi volume 2% mempunyai tegangan 22 MPa dan re- gangan 0.027 pada komposit dengan modulus elastisitas sebesar 807.339 MPa. Spesimen denganl fraksi volume 1% mempunyai tegangan 20.4 MPa dan regangan 0.032 dengan modulus elatisi- tas sebesar 623.558 MPa.
EFEKTIVITAS PENGGUNAAN LINGKUNGAN SEBAGAI SUMBER BELAJAR MATERI IPA POKOK BAHASAN EKOSISTEM PADA KELAS VII SMP N 2 PRINGAPUS KABUPATEN SEMARANG TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR SISWA
Authors: Jannah Miftakhul
Published: December 2019

Pemanfaatan lingkungan sebagai sumber belajar diartikan suatu tem- pat mengajar yang menghadapkan peserta didik dengan benda-benda dan peristiwa-peristiwa yang sebenarnya. Dengan demikian   peserta didik dapat belajar secara   nyata, tidak merasa bosan, mudah dimengerti dan diingat, serta pengkajian yang efektif dan lebih cepat, karena pemanfaatan lingkungan sebagai  sumber belajar kontekstual  mempunyai unsur-unsur yang membuatnya lebih baik dengan pembelajaran yang bersifat konven- sional, diantaranya ceramah.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas pembelajaran IPA khususnya kelas VII   menggunakan lingkungan langsung   sebagai sumber belajar  terhadap hasil belajar siswa kelas VII  SMP N 2 Pringapus Kabupaten Semarang  pada poko bahasan  materi  ekosistem. Hasil pene- litian ini  merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan metode penelitian eks- perimen terpola bentuk posttest control design. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah peserta didik kelas VII SMP N 2 Pringapus Semarang, yaitu kelas VII A sebagai kelas eksperimen dan kelas VII C sebagai kelas kontrol. Pen- gumpulan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode tes, observasi dan demonstrasi. Data penelitian yang terkumpul digunakan analisis uji t-test.Berdasarkan hasil t-test, dihasilkan bahwa t hitung = 2,947 dan ttabel  = 1,68 dengan taraf nyata 5% Karena t hitung ttabel maka data tersebut signifikan. Sedangkan untuk uji hipotesis pihak kanan dibandingkan dengan KKM diperoleh thitung  = 9,2876 dan ttabel  = 1,714 maka penggunaan lingkun- gan sebagai sumber belajar dapat  mencapai  KKM yang  telah ditentukan yaitu 70. Dengan demikian pembelajaran IPA menggunakan lingkungan sebagai sumber belajar efektif terhadap hasil belajar siswa Kelas VII  SMP N 2 Pringapus   Kabupaten   Semarang pada mata pelajaran IPA   pokok bahasan.
Climate change impacts on summer flood frequencies in two mountainous catchments in China and Switzerland
Authors: Ragettli S. , Tong X. , Zhang G. , Wang H. , Zhang P. , Stähli M.
Published: December 2019

Flood events are difficult to characterize if available observation records are shorter than the recurrence intervals, and the non-stationarity of the climate adds additional uncertainty. In this study, we use a hydrological model coupled with a stochastic weather generator to simulate the summer flood regime in two mountainous catchments located in China and Switzerland. The models are set up with hourly data from only 10–20 years of observations but are successfully validated against 30–40-year long records of flood frequencies and magnitudes. To assess the climate change impacts on flood frequencies, we re-calibrate the weather generator with the climate statistics for 2021–2050 obtained from ensembles of bias-corrected regional climate models. Across all assessed return periods (10–100 years) and two emission scenarios, nearly all model chains indicate an intensification of flood extremes. According to the ensemble averages, the potential flood magnitudes increase by more than 30% in both catchments. The unambiguousness of the results is remarkable and can be explained by three factors rarely combined in previous studies: reduced statistical uncertainty due to a stochastic modelling approach, hourly time steps and the focus on headwater catchments where local topography and convective storms are causing runoff extremes within a confined area.
An analysis of unmet water demand under climate change scenarios in the Gualí River Basin, Colombia, through the implementation of Hydro-BID and WEAP hydrological modeling tools
Authors: Mena Darwin , Solera Abel , Restrepo Lina , Pimiento Melissa , Cañón Miguel , Duarte Freddy
Published: December 2019

Climate change can affect hydrological services in Andean basins, so a possible reduction in water supply can lead to not meeting the needs of different users, which has become a real challenge for decision-makers with regards to water management. This paper presents the results obtained from hydrological modeling exercises in the Gualí River Basin (Colombia) by combining the Hydro-BID modeling tool, which consists of an analytical hydrology database for Latin America and the Caribbean that provides a great advantage for countries with limited information and the Water Evaluation and Planning System (WEAP) modeling tool, in order to determine the potential impacts of climate change on unsatisfied demand for water in the basin. The results show a possible decrease in flow compared to current conditions; between 5.8% and 9.56% for CPR 2.6, and between 2.18% and 6.86% for CPR 8.5. The approach presented is useful to ensure that timely decisions are made to meet the demands of users under the conditions of climate change.
Dispersion of the number of failures in restoration processes
Authors: Vaynshteyn V. I.
Published: December 2019

Optimal organization of the restoration process is of significant importance in the operation of technical, information and computer systems, since failures occurring during their operation lead to substantial negative consequences. In this paper, a formula for the variance of the number of failures is obtained for the general restoration process, which depends on the restoration functions (average number of failures) of the simple and general restoration processes. Also obtained are the formulas for the variances of the number of failures and restorations during the alternating restoration process, when along with the element’s time to failure, for example, the restoration time is taken into account. For an exponential distribution with a simple and general restoration process, formulas are written for the variance of the number of failures, as well as the Chebyshev inequality and the formula for the coefficient of variation of the number of failures for a simple restoration process. The paper presents an algorithm for obtaining dispersion in the form of series for the operation time distribution laws common to the dependability theory. The developed mathematics are intended for the definition and solution of various optimization problems of information and computer security, as well as in the operation of technical and information systems, software and formware information protection facilities affected by random failures, threats of attacks and security threats.
Long-Term Effects of Hypoxia-Reoxygenation on Thioredoxins in Rat Central Nervous System
Authors: Otero-Losada Matilde , L Canepa , Udovin Lucas , Kobiec Tamara , Toro-Urrego Nicolás , A. Kölliker-Frers Rodolfo , Capani Francisco
Published: December 2019

Background:

Oxidative stress induced by the oxidative pathway dysregulation following ischemia/ reperfusion has been proposed as an important cause of neuronal death and brain damage. The proteins of the thioredoxin (Trx) family are crucial mediators of protein function regulating the intracellular hydrogen peroxide levels and redox-sensitive post-translational protein changes.

Aim:

To analyze the expression and distribution of fourteen members of the Trx family, potentially essential for the regeneration upon long-term brain damage, in a perinatal hypoxia-ischemia rat model induced by common carotid artery ligation.

Methods:

The right common carotid artery (CCA) was exposed by an incision on the right side of the neck, isolated from nerve and vein, and permanently ligated. Sham-surgery rats underwent right CCA surgical exposure but no ligation. Euthanasia was administered to all rats at 30, 60, and 90 days of age. Protein expression and distribution of fourteen members of the Trx family and related proteins (Grx1, Grx2, Grx3, Grx5, Prx1, Prx2, Prx3, Prx4, Prx5, Prx6, Trx1, Trx2, TrxR1, TrxR2) was examined in the most hypoxia susceptible rat brain areas, namely, cerebellum, corpus striatum, and the hippocampus.

Results:

The thioredoxin proteins displayed a complex, cell-type, and tissue-specific expression pattern following ischemia/reperfusion. Even 60 days after ischemia/reperfusion, Western blot analysis showed a persistent expression of Trx1 and Grx2 in several brain areas.

Conclusion:

The Trx family of proteins might contribute to long-term survival and recovery supporting their therapeutic use to curtail ischemic brain oxidative damage following an ischemia/reperfusion insult. Characterization of ischemia/reperfusion oxidative brain damage and analysis of the involved mechanisms are required to understand the underneath processes triggered by ischemia/reperfusion and to what extent and in what way thioredoxins contribute to recovery from brain hypoxic stress.
High Frequency of the Opioid Receptor µ-1 (OPRM1) A118G Polymorphism, an Opioid Drug Therapy Related Gene, in the Indonesian Population
Authors: Puspitasari Alvina Arum , Ikawati Zullies , Swasthikawati Sri , Rahmawati Anindya
Published: December 2019

Background:

The opioid receptor μ-1 (OPRM1) has become one of the most
studied genes in pharmacogenetics, as this gene encodes the μ-opioid receptor (MOR),
which plays a role in opioid drugs response, as well as in various disorders. One of its
variants, A118G, which is found at a high frequency in the Asian population, has been associated
with loss of sensitivity to and an increased requirement for analgesics in the
treatment of pain, increased pain sensitivity, various types of substance dependencies, and
the development of breast cancer. However, there are still limited reports about this gene
polymorphism in the Indonesian population.

Objective:

The study aimed to determine the allele frequencies of the OPRM1 A118G
polymorphism among the Indonesian population.

Method:

A cross-sectional study of 158 subjects, comprising 79 males and 79 females,
was conducted among Indonesians, and genotype analysis was carried out by a modified
allele-specific Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method.

Results:

A frequency of 60.4% was found for the G allele among Indonesian samples,
with a higher frequency being present in males (66.5%). The A allele was found at frequencies
of 33.5% and 45.6% in males and females, respectively. A significant difference
in allele frequency was found between males and females (p = 0.029, OR = 1.659, 95% CI
[1.052–2.614]), while there was no significant difference in genotype frequencies between
groups.

Conclusion:

A high prevalence of the OPRM1 A118G polymorphism was found in the
Indonesian population, with the G allele frequency tending to be higher in males.
A Collaborative Edge-Cloud Internet of Things Based Framework for Securing the Indian Healthcare System
Authors: Zahra Syed Rameem , Chishti Mohammad Ahsan
Published: December 2019

:

Today, 73 years after the independence and twenty years after the turn of the century,
“Health for All” which should have been accomplished by now, remains a far-fetched and an elusive
dream. Instead, the people of India are bequeathed a triple burden of disease: sustaining the
weight of transmittable infections, expanding burden of nontransferable illnesses, and a healthcare
system not efficient enough to handle them both. At present, India is home to one-third of the poor
population around the world. After a high population growth rate, unregulated and inefficient
healthcare is the major cause for this abjection and poverty. The global position of India vis-à-vis
the health indicators like Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), Crude Birth Rate (CBR), Crude Death Rate
(CDR) and life expectancy is shocking, shameful and on a downward trend. The objective of this
paper was to identify the major issues in the Indian healthcare system and offer Internet of Things
(IoT) based solutions. The underdevelopment of health and health services in India is brought
about by the same determinants that cause underdevelopment in the first place. This paper discusses
these causes and major issues responsible for the dilapidated state of Indian healthcare and
offers IoT based solutions for dealing with each of these issues. Moreover, a collaborative
edge/cloud IoT based framework has been proposed for remedying the Indian healthcare.

:

The presented solutions could be used for making healthcare and thereby, health, a reality for
all.
miRNA Regulation of Glutathione Homeostasis in Cancer Initiation, Progression and Therapy Resistance
Authors: Marengo Barbara , Pulliero Alessandra , Izzotti Alberto , Domenicotti Cinzia
Published: December 2019

Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant antioxidant that contributes to regulating the cellular production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) which, maintained at physiological levels, can exert a function of second messengers in living organisms. In fact, it has been demonstrated that moderate amounts of ROS can activate the signaling pathways involved in cell growth and proliferation, while high levels of ROS induce DNA damage leading to cancer development. Therefore, GSH is a crucial player in the maintenance of redox homeostasis and its metabolism has a role in tumor initiation, progression, and therapy resistance. Our recent studies demonstrated that neuroblastoma cells resistant to etoposide, a common chemotherapeutic drug, show a partial monoallelic deletion of the locus coding for miRNA 15a and 16-1 leading to a loss of these miRNAs and the activation of GSH-dependent responses. Therefore, the aim of this review is to highlight the role of specific miRNAs in the modulation of intracellular GSH levels in order to take into consideration the use of modulators of miRNA expression as a useful strategy to better sensitize tumors to current therapies.
Green Protocols for the Synthesis of 3,3’-spirooxindoles – 2016- mid 2019
Authors: Deepthi Ani , V. Thomas Noble , Sathi Vidya
Published: December 2019

Spirooxindoles, particularly 3,3’-spirooxindoles constitute a privileged structural scaffold owing to the intensive biological activities which they possess. Because of this over the last twenty years, a large number of methods were devised for their synthesis and some of these molecules have entered pre-clinical trials. Of late, methods for spirooxindole synthesis using green protocols have developed rapidly. Reactions based on multicomponent strategies using non-catalytic / biocatalytic pathways and those done in aqueous media have been largely employed for the synthesis of 3,3’- spirooxindoles. This review focusses on the synthesis of 3,3’-spirooxindoles via green protocols and covers the literature from 2016 onwards (2016 - mid 2019); a review on the same topic has appeared in 2016. The green methods discussed here include reactions done in aqueous media, multicomponent strategies, alternate solvents and photocatalysis.
Analysis of Performance of Two Wavelet Families Using GLCM Feature Extraction for Mammogram Classification of Breast Cancer
Authors: Singla Shivangi , Kumari Uma
Published: December 2019

Background:

Mammogram images are low dose x-ray images which detect the breast
cancer before the women can actually experience it.

Objective:

To determine the accurate methodology for feature extraction using different wavelet
families and different classification algorithms.

Methods:

Two wavelet families are used namely Daubechies (db8) and Biorthogonal (bior3.7). The
Gray-Level Co-occurrence Matrix is used for extracting 9 features at each sub-band. 27 features are
extracted at three sub-bands of Discrete Wavelet Transform. The features are extracted at three levels
of decomposition and after that the classification algorithm named as Naive Bayes, Multilayer
Perceptron, Fuzzy-NN and Genetic Programming are applied to extracted features. The feature selection
algorithms are applied named as Wavelet and Principle Component Analysis for selecting
the features and then classification accuracy is determined and compared between these.

Results:

Mammographic Image Analysis Society, database including 322 mammogram images from
161 patients is used. The classification algorithm without feature selection named as Fuzzy-NN
gives better results at the third level of decomposition having classification accuracy for db8 wavelet
family up to 99.68% and for bior3.7 wavelet family up to 99.98%. Wavelet with Multilayer Perceptron
using feature selection algorithm gives the classification accuracy for db8 wavelet family up
to 96.27% and for bior3.7 up to 93.47%.

Conclusion:

Fuzzy-NN algorithm gives highest accuracy of 99.98% for bior3.7 wavelet family. It
indicates that with feature selection and without feature selection, the wavelet families differ as db8
is better consideration for with feature selection and bior3.7 wavelet family for without feature selection.
A Morfologia Derivacional na Aquisição do Português como Língua Estrangeira / Língua Segunda
Authors: Pereira Rui
Published: December 2019

Com base nas características gramaticais das palavras derivadas e no modo como são processadas mentalmente, argumenta-se a favor do ensino explícito dos processos de formação de palavras por promover o enriquecimento do léxico do aprendente de Português Língua Estrangeira ou Língua Segunda e favorecer o reconhecimento, interpretação e produção de palavras, sejam elas totalmente novas ou não, o que é muito importante se se tiver em conta que muitas palavras morfologicamente complexas não aparecem nos dicionários. Vários estudos têm mostrado que a melhoria do conhecimento morfolexical por parte do aprendente estrangeiro diminui o recurso constante ao dicionário e acelera os processos de leitura e de produção linguística (oral e escrita). Na segunda parte do artigo, apresenta-se o tipo de conteúdos e de atividades didáticas que podem ser desenvolvidas nas aulas de PLE ou PL2 com vista ao desenvolvimento da componente derivacional dos aprendentes.
Transferência reversa e colocação clítica um estudo com bilíngues Português Brasileiro e Espanhol
Authors: Ramos Thamyres Ribeiro da Silva , Augusto Marina Rosa Ana
Published: December 2019

Este artigo trata de transferência reversa, isto é, a influência da L2 na L1, em situação de dominância da L1. Investiga-se a colocação pronominal clítica em complexos verbais no português brasileiro (PB) e no espanhol. O espanhol privilegia a próclise ao verbo auxiliar (posição pré-verbal/subida do clítico) ou a ênclise ao verbo principal (posição pós-verbal). O PB, por sua vez, perdeu a subida do clítico no século XIX. Embora a escola tente recuperar seu uso, a fala natural privilegia a próclise ao verbo principal (posição medial). Assim, em princípio, pode-se admitir que falantes escolarizados do PB aceitem a ordem com a subida do clítico. Por outro lado, uma aceitação plena da subida do clítico pode constituir um caso de transferência reversa, no contexto de falantes bilíngues de PB/espanhol. A fim de observar esse quadro, aplicou-se uma tarefa de leitura automonitorada com escala Likert para julgamento de gramaticalidade, manipulando a posição do clítico, em sentenças em português, a monolíngues de PB com alta escolaridade e bilíngues PB/espanhol. Os resultados demonstram que ambos grupos aceitam a subida do clítico, mas os bilíngues apresentam maior aceitação e são mais rápidos na leitura das sentenças em português com subida do clítico, sugerindo uma possível facilitação do espanhol no processamento de sentenças em português.
Processamento da morfologia flexional verbal do português brasileiro: um estudo com rastreamento ocular
Authors: Justino Julia Sabrina , Mota Mailce Borges
Published: December 2019

O processamento da morfologia flexional verbal tem sido alvo de um amplo debate em psicolinguística. Teorias de mecanismo dual (Pinker 1998; Ullmanet al.1997) sugerem modelos de processamento nos quais formas regulares são processadas via regra computacional, enquanto formas irregulares são recuperadas na memória. Em contrapartida, teorias de mecanismo unitário (Rumelhart & Mcclelland 1986; Stockall & Marantz 2006) afirmam que tanto formas regulares quanto irregulares podem ser processadas via mecanismo conexionista ou decomposicional. Grande parte das evidências acumuladas até o momento provém do passado simples em inglês (Pinker 1998; Rumelhart & Mcclelland 1986; Stockall & Marantz 2006; Ullmanet al. 1997). Ao contrário do inglês, o português possui um complexo sistema morfológico verbal. Em vista disso, um experimento psicolinguístico utilizando o método de leitura auto monitorada associada com registro de movimento ocular foi conduzido a fim de investigar se verbos regulares que pertencem a diferentes classes e tempos verbais são processados da por um mecanismo unitário ou dual. Participaram desse experimento cento e oito falantes nativos do português brasileiro. Os resultados sugerem que, no processamento das formas verbais flexionadas, propriedades como classe e tempo verbal, bem como elementos sintáticos que fazem parte da sentença na qual o verbo está inserido, desempenham um papel no processamento verbal.
O singular nu no inglês e no português brasileiro: abordagens experimentais sobre atomicidade
Authors: Beviláqua Kayron , Oliveira Roberta Pires de
Published: December 2019

A partir de uma discussão sobre o papel da atomicidade no domínio da distinção contável-massivo, propomos uma análise para o Singular Nu (SNU) tanto no inglês quanto no português brasileiro (PB). Nosso objetivo é verificar experimentalmente o caráter atômico (ou não) desses sintagmas. Para tanto, analisamos dados de um teste realizado por Scontras, Davidson, Deal e Murray (2017), que mostram que o SNU no inglês enseja principalmente leitura de volume em comparativas. Segundo nossa análise, essa interpretação é explicada como coerção, o que corrobora a denotação do SNU como um predicado atômico nessa língua. Para o caso do SNU no PB, desenvolvemos um teste de julgamento de quantidade, nos moldes de Scontras et al.(2017), para verificar as dimensões usadas na comparação em sentenças com o plural, o nome massivo e o SNU, em oposição a sentenças sem o nome expresso (Quem tem mais?). Os resultados mostram que sentenças com o SNU possuem os mesmos julgamentos de sentenças sem o nome expresso. Argumentamos, então, que o SNU no PB não carrega qualquer traço gramatical de atomicidade, diferentemente do plural e do nome massivo, que carregam traços [+atom] e [-atom] respetivamente.
Descrição e classificação sintática das expressões proverbiais do Português Europeu
Authors: Reis Sónia , Baptista Jorge
Published: December 2019

Os provérbios são expressões de uso generalizado, utilizados em diferentes situações conversacionais e assumindo diferentes funções no discurso em que se integram. Do ponto de vista sintático, este tipo de expressões apresenta uma grande variedade de estruturas. Tendo isto em conta, o objetivo principal deste trabalho é estabelecer uma classificação formal sintática dos provérbios do português europeu. Para tal, pretendemos desenvolver e aprofundar a tipologia de classificação formal proposta por Rassi et al. (2014). Por conseguinte, será considerada uma subclassificação para as classes que apresentam um elevado número de provérbios e uma eventual reclassificação de alguns dos tipos. A proposta de classificação foi validada pela anotação independente por dois linguistas de uma lista de provérbios muito usuais, medindo-se depois o acordo entre anotadores, que foi muito elevado. Esta classificação, por sua vez, será o ponto de partida para o desenvolvimento de um procedimento de classificação automática deste tipo de estruturas, e contribuir assim para a elaboração de recursos para diferentes aplicações em Processamento da Linguagem Natural (PLN).
Tipo: Inovação e mudança no português brasileiro
Authors: Thompson Christiani P.
Published: December 2019

Este artigo apresenta um relato empírico de variação sincrônica no uso do substantivo tipo no português vernáculo do Brasil. A inovação em seu uso, documentada pela primeira vez por Bittencourt (1999), sugere que tipo pode estar executando funções além das de um substantivo. Para investigar a inovação em seu uso, este estudo se concentra na fala de adolescentes nascidos e criados no Rio de Janeiro. Embora este grupo tenha demonstrado estar na vanguarda da inovação linguística (D’Arcy 2005; Tagliamonte 2016; Tagliamonte & D’Arcy 2009), pesquisas sobre a fala de adolescentes ainda são escassas no Brasil. Este artigo tem como objetivo preencher essa lacuna apresentando os resultados de duas análises de dados empíricos coletados entre 2015 e 2018 (C. P. Thompson & Onosson 2016). Os resultados indicam que tipo não é apenas proeminente no discurso dos participantes, mas também que formas não nominais de tipo são mais frequentemente usadas pelos falantes (97,98%) quando comparadas a sua forma nominal (2,02%). As descobertas sugerem que o uso não nominal de tipo é sistemático e linguisticamente definido: tipo é mais freqüentemente encontrado antes de orações ou precedendo um sintagma nominal. Os resultados também mostram que tipo está executando funções além das de substantivo, tais como preposição e advérbio.
Saving the baby while discarding the bathwater: the application of policy coherence for development analysis to payment for watershed services
Authors: Koff Harlan , Maganda Carmen
Published: December 2019

One of the most debated tools for the implementation of sustainable development is “payment for ecosystem services”, of which “payment for watershed services” (PWS) is one of the most developed. While proponents argue that such payments provide market value to the services that ecosystems provide for development, opponents claim that this approach commodifies the environment and promotes inequalities. This article presents an analysis of PWS programs by applying methodologies based on policy coherence for development (PCD), defined as a policy tool aimed at eliminating incoherence within sustainable development strategies that undermine their effectiveness as well as between such strategies and other policy arenas, which are also considered harmful to sustainability. By employing a PCD methodology, the article aims to identify policy mechanisms that undermine PWS programs so that stakeholders can make adjustments, thus, metaphorically ensuring that “the baby” (PWS) is not discarded with “the bathwater” (policy incoherence for sustainable development).
Kazania patriotyczne
Authors: Panuś Kazimierz , Skwara Marek
Published: December 2019

„Patriotyzm jest z pewnością cechą kaznodziejstwa polskiego, jedną z najbardziej znamiennych od kilku stuleci. A już sama historia stara się o jego pogłębienie” – pisał ks. prof. Janusz Stanisław Pasierb. Tę słuszną konstatację wybitnego historyka sztuki sakralnej i homilety potwierdzają również zgromadzone w niniejszym tomie teksty. Miłość ojczyzny jest moralnym obowiązkiem chrześcijan, wynikającym z IV przykazania Dekalogu. Kazania patriotyczne stawiają sobie za cel kształtowanie postawy miłości ojczyzny. Jest ona widoczna już w kazaniach staropolskich, mimo że w tym okresie nie funkcjonował jeszcze termin „patriotyzm” i brak było teoretycznych rozważań poświęconych temu zagadnieniu. Niemniej jednak nasi przodkowie kochali ojczyznę rozumianą jako państwo polskie, państwo obojga narodów i dla niej oddawali swe życie. Pojęcie patriotyzmu powstało i szybko się rozwinęło w XVIII wieku, kiedy to z jednej strony podjęty został wysiłek uratowania ojczyzny, a z drugiej na skutek działania wrogów wewnętrznych i zewnętrznych nastąpił upadek państwa. Kazania patriotyczne szczególną rolę odegrały w okresie niewoli narodowej. Były istotnym czynnikiem sprzyjającym zachowaniu polskości, utrwalały patriotyzm i dążenia niepodległościowe. Były też mocnym ogniwem w patriotycznej edukacji polskiego społeczeństwa przeżywającego tragedię II wojny światowej i okres komunistycznego zniewolenia.
A Virtual Reality Video to Improve Information Provision and Reduce Anxiety Before Cesarean Delivery: Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Noben Lore , Goossens Simone Maria Theresia Anna , Truijens Sophie Eva Marieke , van Berckel Marijn Marthe Georgine , Perquin Christel Wilhelmina , Slooter Gerrit Dirk , van Rooijen Stefanus Johannes
Published: December 2019

Background

Anxiety levels before cesarean delivery (CD) can lead to a negative birth experience, which may influence several aspects of the woman’s life in the long term. Improving preoperative information may lower preoperative anxiety and lead to a more positive birth experience.

Objective

This study aimed to determine whether a virtual reality (VR) video in addition to standard preoperative information decreases anxiety levels before a planned CD.

Methods

Women scheduled to undergo term elective CD were recruited from the outpatient clinic. They were randomized and stratified based on history of emergency CD (yes or no). All participants received standard preoperative information (folder leaflets and counseling by the obstetrician); the VR group additionally watched the VR video showing all aspects of CD such as the ward admission, operating theater, spinal analgesia, and moment of birth. The primary outcome measure was a change in score on the Visual Analogue Scale for Anxiety (ΔVAS-A) measured at admission for CD, compared with the baseline VAS-A score.

Results

A total of 97 women were included for analysis. The baseline characteristics were similar in both groups, except for a significantly higher level of education in the control group. There was no significant decrease in the VAS-A score of the women in the VR group (n=49) compared with those in the control group (n=48; ΔVAS-A=1.0; P=.08; 95% CI −0.1 to 2.0). Subgroup analysis for the group of women with a history of emergency CD showed a trend toward decreased preoperative anxiety, despite the small sample size of this subgroup (n=17; P=.06). Of the 26 participants who provided completed questionnaires, 22 (85%) in the VR group reported feeling more prepared after seeing the VR video; of the 24 participants’ partners who completed the questionnaires, 19 (79%) agreed with the participants. No discomfort or motion sickness was reported.

Conclusions

A VR video may help patients and their partners feel better prepared when planning a CD. This study showed that VR does not lead to a decrease in preoperative anxiety. However, subgroups such as women with a history of emergency CD may benefit from VR videos.

Trial Registration

International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN) 74794447; http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN74794447 (retrospectively registered)
Kajian Kliniko-patologik dan Antimikroba Ekstrak Biji Alpukat (Persea Americana Mill)
Authors: Santosa Christin Marganingsih , Rosyadi Imron , Arifianto Dinar , Siti Salasia Isrina Oktavia
Published: December 2019

The phytochemical components of avocado seeds (Persea americana Mill) consist of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and saponins, so that they have the potential as antibacterials. The aim of this study was to determine the ability of Persea americana Mill extract to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus through inhibition zone observation and the ability to accelerate wound healing infected by S. aureus through observation of wound closure and cytopathology.  Persea americana Mill were extracted using maceration method with 70% ethanol. The activities of this extract were tested by diffusion disc agar method. Biomedical tests were carried out on anaestetic Wistar rats whose were S. aureus infected wounds  and treated with Persea Americana Mill extract. Based on the results of the antimicrobial test, avocado seed extract has a inhibitory effect on the growth of S. aureus at a concentration of 6.25% and best at a concentration of 100% compared to the control. Tests in experimental rats showed the effect of wound healing on the 2rd day after giving the extract Persea americana Mill ointment, faster than the control, which was need 4 days of wound closure. Cytopathology results showed that leukocyte activity was more prominent in rats treated with avocado seed extract compared to control rats. Avocado seeds as byproducts have the potential to be new herbal medicines that can be used as antimicrobials of S. aureus which have been confirmed to be resistant to various antibiotics.
Keragaman dan Intensitas Infeksi Endoparasit Gastrointestinal pada Sapi Bali dengan Sistem Ekstensif di Kabupaten Kupang
Authors: Wirawan I Gusti Komang Oka , Randu Melkianus Dedimus Same , Jaya I Ketut
Published: December 2019

Tanah Putih Village has the potential for the development of Bali cattle because it has extensive grazing land and the majority of farmers raise Bali cattle. The aim of the study was to obtain data on the diversity and intensity of gastrointestinal endoparasitic infection in Balinese cattle with an extensive breeding system in Tanah Putih Village, Kupang Timur District, Kupang Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province. Gastrointestinal endoparasitic diversity was identify using sedimentation and flotation methods while the intensity of endoparasitic infection was carried out using McMaster method, while data on the diversity and rates of gastrointestinal endoparasitic infection were analyzed descriptively. The results of the study on the diversity of gastrointestinal endoparasites found there are five types of nematode worm eggs namely Haemonchus contortus, Oesophagostomum radiatum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum phlebotomum, and Trichostrongylus axei. Factors that support the diversity of endoparasites are feed sources, livestock populations, and grazing rotation. The average number of worm eggs found based on the total eggs per gram of faeces for Haemonchus contortus as many as 100 eggs and the other four types of worm eggs amounted to 50 eggs. The average number of eggs indicates that endoparasitic infections in these animals fall into the mild intensity category, is influenced by season, feed source, and age of livestock. The five types of gastrointestinal endoparasites found namely Haemonchus contortus, Oesophagostomum radiatum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum phlebotomum, and Trichostrongylus axei.
Keanekaragaman Kapang Patogen dan Non Patogen pada Imago, Kokon, dan Larva Instar Keenam Ulat Sutera Liar Attacus atlas (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)
Authors: Indrawati Agustin , Ekastuti Damiana Rita , Pangestika Erdina , Alwina Reinilda
Published: December 2019

Attacus atlas is one of several mould species in Indonesia known as kupu-kupu gajah. Information about variety of mould is rarely known. The purpose of this research was to obtain data about variety of pathogenic or non pathogenic mould at imago,cocoon, and sixth larvae phase of wild silkworm A. atlas. Mould was isolated from cocoon, integument, alimentary duct and reproduction duct of imago, trachea, midgut and hindgut, also haemolymph of larvae. Isolated mould was cultured on potato dextrose agar. Isolated mould from cocoon and imago was identified by macroscopic and microscopic observation. The results showed that there were two kind of moulds from cocoon which were Fusarium oxysporum  and Aspergillus flavus. There were four kind of moulds from imago A. atlas which were Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus versicolor, Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium dimerum, and Aspergillus sp.There were three kind of moulds from sixth larvae which were Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, and Fusarium dimerum. The mould which has opportunistic pathogenic for Attacus atlas were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus  flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus and Fusarium dimerum.
Peluang Imbuhan Pakan Herbal-Probiotik Komersial “Promix®” Sebagai Pengganti Antibiotic Growth Promoter (AGP) pada Ayam Pedaging yang Diberi Vaksin ND
Authors: Wahyuni Agnesia Endang Tri H. , Prakasita Vinsa Cantya , Nahak Thomas Emanuel Manggotu , Tae Agustina Viktoria , Chandra Jeffi , Ajiguna Ajiguna , Adrenalin Sruti Listra , Imanjati Lynda Nugrahaning , Fauziah Ima
Published: December 2019

With the prohibition of the use of Antibiotic growth promotors (AGP) used in animal feed, especially in broilers, the use of feed additives such as herbs, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics or mixtures of some of these ingredients is currently widely used as feed replacements for AGP substitutes. One of the commercial feed additives that contain combinations herbal and probiotics is Promix®. In broiler maintenance, one vaccine that must be given is Newcastle Disease (ND) vaccine. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of supplementation of commercial feed combination of herbs and probiotics in broilers given ND vaccines. A total of 42 broilers were divided into two, group A (vaccinated with ND) and B (not vaccinated ND), each with 21 heads. Group A is divided into groups A1, A2 and A3 each with 7 heads. The A1 group is given only basal feed; A2 basal feed and AGP; A3 basal feed and Promix®. Group B is divided by B1, B2 and B3 same as group A before. Broilers are maintained for 5 weeks and weighing each week. All data obtained were statistically analyzed using One Way ANOVA and continued with Duncan's post hoc test. The results of this study were that the group of chickens given the ND vaccine and given supplements of Promix® had greater weight gain (P˂0.05) compared to the AGP and basal groups in the fifth week while in the group of chickens that were not given the ND vaccine but given supplement Promix® feed had greater weight gain (P˂0.05) compared to the AGP and basal groups in the fourth week. In the fifth week there was no significant difference (P˂0.05) between all feed groups in the group not given the ND vaccine. The conclusion of this study that feed additives contain combinations herbal and probiotics can replace AGP as feed additive in broiler. By giving ND vaccine the weight gain of the feed group plus Promix® showed a significant increase in weight gain.
HISTÓRIAS (E)DITADAS: A MEMÓRIA NOS/DOS ARQUIVOS DO JORNAL NACIONAL, UM RECORTE DISCURSIVO
Authors: Moreira Maria Rachel Fiúza
Published: December 2019

Este artigo discute os conceitos de memória e arquivo a partir de um recorte da pesquisa de doutorado na área de Linguística. Fundamentada nos pressupostos teóricos-metodológicos da Análise do Discurso de filiação Pecheutiana, analisamos os efeitos de sentidos que atravessam o site Memória Globo, no que se refere aos arquivos do Jornal Nacional (JN), da TV Globo. O JN foi o primeiro telejornal exibido em rede nacional no Brasil, a partir de 1º de setembro de 1969, e é o que está há mais tempo em exibição na TV Brasileira, além de ser o programa de maior audiência entre os de conteúdo jornalístico.O que nos interessa, sobremaneira, nessa pesquisa, são questões que apontam posicionamentos nas superfícies discursivas e que compõem a chamada “memória” do JN, envolvendo os principais eventos noticiosos em cada década, a partir de 1970 até 2010. Nosso movimento investigativo se debruça ao olharmos para o passado – memória/arquivo -, que insiste em ser guardado/apresentado à sociedade. Nesse sentido, buscamos em Michel Pêcheux as noções de memória e arquivo, buscando compreender que este não pode ser visto apenas como um frio banco de dados arquitetado por sujeitos que se anunciam com editores de histórias. É necessário considerar seu caráter histórico, cultural, político e ideológico. Desse modo, entendemos que o site Memória Globo, através de gestos seletivos, faz circular sentidos a partir de uma posição ideológica, que, em um movimento de lembrança, acaba apagando, a memória histórica, e, assim, silencia, ao mesmo tempo, sua posição política-empresarial.