bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Surface-Limited Reactions on the Properties of Kevlar® Fibers
Authors: Benrashid Ramazan , Tesoro Giuliana C.
Published: March 2007

Aromatic diamides have been investigated as models for aramid fibers to select reagents and conditions suitable for surface-controlled heterogeneous reactions on Kevlar filaments. Reactions have been done on Kevlar fibers to introduce functional groups designed to interact with matrix resins and improve adhesion in fiber reinforced composites. The effects of reaction environments and conditions on the mechanical properties and surface topography of modified fibers have been investigated. For Kevlar fibers modified by nitration and subsequent reduction of nitro groups to amino groups, significant concentrations of functional groups have been introduced on the surface with minor strength losses and with improvements in the interfacial shear strength measured with an epoxy resin using the microbond technique. Surface-controlled chlorosulfonation reactions (in solutions of chlorosulfonic acid and by exposure to chlorosulfonic acid vapor) have also been investigated for Kevlar fibers to introduce chlorosulfonyl groups on fiber surfaces and to study conversion of — SO2Cl to sulfonic acid (hydrolysis) and sulfonamide (reaction with amines). For Kevlar modified by chlorosulfonation, followed by reaction of — SO2Cl with some amines [ e.g., ethyl enediamine (EDA) and triethylenetetramine (TETA)], the improvement in interfacial shear strength of chlorosulfonated / aminated fiber with epoxy resin ( evaluated by the microbond method) was significant.
A Chemical Method for Determining Endotoxins in Cotton Dust and Lint Without Extraction
Authors: Morris Nancy M. , Catalano Edwin A.
Published: March 2007

Endotoxins present on cotton and released during carding have been implicated as a cause of byssinosis, a lung dysfunction found in some textile mill workers. The endotoxin content of cotton lints and dusts is frequently determined by the Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) test. Although this test is a very effective measure of endotoxin in drugs and parenteral solutions, it is subject to interferences and false positives from other components in a more complex matrix such as cotton dust. To obviate these problems, we are investigating the quantitation of endotoxins by determining the 3- hydroxymyristic acid content of the sample. This fatty acid is reported to be unique to the lipid A portion of lipopolysaccharides from gram-negative bacteria and has been reported as a marker for endotoxin by others. A major source of error in deter mining endotoxins in cotton lints and dusts appears to lie with the extraction procedures used to remove the endotoxin from the cellulosic matrix. This is true for both chemical and LAL assays. To eliminate this time-consuming and error-producing step, we are investigating the direct hydrolysis of the endotoxin while still on the cellulosic matrix. The amount of 3-hydroxymyristic acid is determined by HPLC of the phenacyl ester and related to endotoxin content using a calibration curve prepared from E. agglom erans, generally the predominant bacterial species on cotton fiber. Endotoxin values for direct hydrolysis are from 10 to 40 times greater than those obtained for aqueous or phenol-water extracts of the same lints or dusts, implying that endotoxin from both intact and lysed bacteria may be quantitated. Reproducibility is improved over that obtained for extracts of cotton lints and dusts.
Effect of Nonwoven Backings on the Noise Absorption Capacity of Tufted Carpets
Authors: Shoshani Yakir Z.
Published: March 2007

Using an impedance tube interferometer as a measuring device, we found that between 250 to 1000Hz, the noise absorption coefficients of tufted carpets backed by several layers of stitch-bonded nonwovens were significantly higher than those of un backed carpets. The increase in the noise absorption capacity of the backed carpets depended primarily on the thickness of the backing, the effect of fiber content being only marginal.
In Vivo Cutaneous and Perceived Comfort Response to Fabric
Authors: Barker R.L. , Radhakrishnaiah P. , Woo S.S. , Hatch K.L. , Markee N.L. , Maibach H.I.
Published: March 2007

Our analyses using Kawabata instruments confirmed significant differences in phys ical and thermal properties of cotton and polyester single jersey knit fabrics. We at tributed observed differences in fabric physical properties to differences between cotton and polyester fibers and in the fineness of component fibers. We judged comparisons to be useful in forecasting tactile comfort and explaining subjective sensations associated with fabric/skin contact.
A Statistical Approach for Determining the Technological Value of Cotton Using HVI Fiber Properties
Authors: El Mogahzy Yehia E. , Broughton Roy , Lynch W.K.
Published: March 2007

A statistical approach for determining the technological value of a variety of cotton is presented. The approach suggests that the market value of cotton should correspond to its technological value in a particular manufacturing system; that is, the value of a bale of cotton should be determined based on its expected performance in the textile mill and the yarn quality obtained from it. A model relating fiber to yarn properties is a basic requirement for implementing the approach. The procedures used in this approach include developing a multiple regression model relating HVI fiber properties to the desired quality parameter of yarn (skein break factor), determining the percent relative contribution of a fiber property with respect to skein break factor, selecting a reference set of HVI fiber properties, determining a difference factor of the difference in value between fiber properties of a particular variety and the reference set, and finally, developing a premium/discount formula. The main feature of the approach is its flexibility in accommodating different fiber properties and yarns of different counts produced on different spinning systems.
Indirect Measurement of the Moment-Curvature Relationship for Fabrics
Authors: Clapp T.G. , Peng H. , Ghosh T.K. , Eischen J.W.
Published: March 2007

An indirect method of experimentally measuring the moment-curvature relationship for fabrics is developed in this study. The new test method involves recording the deformed coordinates of a fabric sample as it is cantilevered under its own weight from a fixed support. By applying least squares polynomial regression and numerical differentiation techniques, the coordinate data along with the values of fabric weight per unit area are used to construct the moment-curvature relationship of the fabric. This method and its associated computer algorithm have been validated by numerical simulations and experimental observations. The nonlinear moment-curvature rela tionship was used to approximate the nonlinear bending stiffness in fabrics. The ad vantage of this method is that the fabric nonlinear bending behavior, which is inherent in most fabrics, can be well represented; this property may not always be obtained from the traditional cantilever beam test.
Sequential Oxidative and Reductive Bleaching of Stained and Pigmented Wool in a Single Bath
Authors: Arifoglu Mustafa , Marmer William N.
Published: March 2007

A new process applicable to bleaching of both stained and pigmented wool combines a conventional bleaching process for pigmentation with a recently reported single- bath oxidative/reductive bleaching process. Conventionally, pigmented fibers in wool are selectively bleached by a three-step process: mordanting with ferrous ions, thorough and specific rinsing, and then bleaching with hydrogen peroxide. The process is de pendent on selective retention of ferrous species on melanin pigmentation, but some nonselective retention of ferrous ions on wool following rinsing leads, upon subsequent treatment with hydrogen peroxide, to an undesirable light brown discoloration from ferric species. The recently reported single-bath bleaching process, which was developed for stained wool, converts the unspent hydrogen peroxide of the initial oxidative bleaching step to a reductive substance in situ by reaction with thiourea followed by an appropriate pH adjustment to 7-8. When this process is combined with the ferrous mordanting procedure, pigmented and stained fibers are bleached, and any discoloring ferric species formed within the wool as a result of hydrogen peroxide are reduced to ferrous ions. Ferrous ions have a much lower affinity for wool than ferric ions and may be washed away easily. Overall, much superior bleaching with less physical damage is achievable by the new process than with conventional single- or multi-bath processes.
Effect of Flame-Retardant Treatment on the Thermal Behavior of Cotton Fabric
Authors: Momoh Musa , Eboatu A.N. , Kaliel M. , Abdulrahman F.W.
Published: March 2007

A locally manufactured greige cotton fabric was impregnated with potassium alum, and its thermal characteristics were examined. Flame propagation rate and after-glow time decreased appreciably, but smoke emission was enhanced. These results are be lieved to stem from the fact that decomposing alum not only generates noncombustible gases, which dilute the concentration of volatile combustible gaseous pyrolysates, but also leaves an aluminium oxide residue that forms a heat conducting coating around the substrate.
Changes Due to Wear in Tufted Pile Carpets
Authors: Wilding M.A. , Lomas B. , Woodhouse A.K.
Published: March 2007

The first section of this paper examines some of the major causes of appearance loss in tufted pile carpets due to foot traffic. The effects of shading, loss of tuft definition, fiber damage, and other factors are discussed, and a brief review is given of existing research in this field. The second section concerns a visual and microscopical study of nylon and polyester cut-pile carpets following wear trials in the traffic range 0- 100,000 treads. Optical and scanning electron microscopy are used to assess changes in pile geometry and the significance of fiber damage. The relative performance of nylon and polyester carpets is discussed in light of the differing mechanical properties of the two fiber types, in particular, the higher recoverability of nylon from large deformations. An interesting observation is the relatively poor retention of tuft defi nition in the nylon carpet, for which a possible explanation is offered in terms of fi ber crimp.
Buckling of Woven Fabrics
Authors: Clapp T.G. , Peng H.
Published: March 2007

The buckling behavior of fabrics initially lying on a horizontal surface has been studied in a three-part series. Parts I and II developed theoretical models that included the effects of fabric weight and nonlinear stiffness properties, respectively. Part III is an experimental study designed to validate the theoretical models. A special apparatus was developed to measure the load-deflection curves of a fabric in buckling. Two materials, a plain weave fabric and a cellulose film, were selected to study the effect of fabric weight and nonlinear bending stiffness on the buckling behavior. The ex perimental results compared favorably with the theoretical predictions. The model that included the fabric weight and realistic nonlinear bending stiffness most accurately represented the actual load-deflection behavior. The model and the experimental results showed that the force to initiate buckling increased dramatically as the weight factor or the nonlinearity of the bending stiffness increased.
Interaction of the Components of Mixed Catalysts
Authors: Chen Cheng-Chi
Published: March 2007

The chemical characteristics of mixed catalysts of some organic acids and aluminum sulfate have been investigated. The development of acidity is caused by the complex formation between an organic acid molecule and an aluminum ion, which has been proved by infrared spectra, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, and thin-layer chromatography.
Effects of Machine Variables on the Structure and Properties of Air-Jet Fasciated Yarns
Authors: Lawrence Carl A. , Baqui M.A.
Published: March 2007

The structure of fasciated yams, spun from 2.4 dtex, 51 mm acrylic fibers on an air-jet experimental machine, consisted of an untwisted core of fibers and a surface layer of fibers wrapped around the greater part of the core length. The surface fiber wrapping varied markedly in appearance and gave distinctive, reoccurring features along the yam length. These features were grouped into three classes based on the presence and the orderliness of the wrapping fibers. The mean length and frequency per meter of yam were obtained for each class, and the effects of the machine variables on these structural parameters and the yam properties were determined. Statistical analysis showed that the changes in the structural parameters correlated significantly with changes in the measured yam properties.
Silk/Cotton/Scoured Silk Core Twin Spun Yams
Authors: Matsumoto Y. , Tsuchiya I. , Toriumi K. , Harakawa K.
Published: March 2007

A technique is described for producing a spun silk/cotton/scoured silk continuous filament composite yam by using the spun silk ring spinning frame. This novel com posite yam is called "core twin spun" yam. The tensile and compression properties of a few other yams with different structures are discussed. The core twin spun com bination yam may be useful in developing and designing new materials for the spun silk fabrics.
Alkaline Hydrolysis of Titanium Dioxide Delustered Poly(ethylene Terephthalate) Yarns 1
Authors: Solbrig Camille M. , Obendorf S. Kay
Published: March 2007

Polyester yams containing four levels of TiO2 delusterant were hydrolyzed with NaOH and examined for physical and morphological changes. All four yarn types showed progressive weight loss with increasing time of hydrolysis. There was a loss in tenacity after six hours, but there were no changes in crystallinity. Surface morphology differed between the yams with and without delusterant after NaOH treatment. Hy drolyzed, delustered yams developed large, axially oriented pits along the fiber surfaces, while such pitting was absent on hydrolyzed yams containing no delusterant. The pitting originated where delusterant particles were embedded in the polymer matrix. Pits may develop in this location by preferential degradation of the less ordered polymer around the particles. With longer treatment time, the pits enlarged in size and, on fibers with high delusterant concentration, merged with adjacent pits, radically altering the surface topology of the fibers.
2,2'-Bipyridine Catalyzed Bleaching of Cotton Fibers with Peracetic Acid Part III: Effect of Chain Length of Alkyl Sulfate Surfactants
Authors: Rucker James W. , Satterwhite Sherri A.
Published: March 2007

Peracetic acid can be catalyzed to bleach cotton fibers at 30°C by incorporating 2,2'-bipyridine and an alkyl sulfate surfactant in the bleach solution. The 2,2'-bipyridine is sorbed from solution and forms the tris-2,2'-bipyridine ferrous ion trischelate with ferrous ions in the fibers, and it is the trischelate that catalyzes bleaching. Alkyl sulfate surfactants reduce the rate of decomposition of the peracid by forming an association compound with the trischelate. We have investigated the effect of the chain length of alkyl sulfate surfactants on the interaction of the surfactant with the trischelate using sodium octyl, decyl, dodecyl, and tetradecyl sulfate. We report the effect on the rate of decomposition of peracetic acid in the presence of the trischelate, the visible and ultraviolet spectra of the trischelate, and bleaching of cotton. The results indicate that interaction of the surfactant molecules with the trischelate is hydrophobic in nature.
Bispectra of Sliver Irregularities
Authors: Matsumoto Y. , Toriumi K. , Tsuchiya I. , Harakawa K.
Published: March 2007

This study examines whether sliver irregularity can be evaluated by using a higher order spectrum, that is, a bispectrum. The thickness variations of slivers drafted with a drawing frame were measured with an evenness tester, and the bispectra of the slivers were calculated. The bispectrum of a mathematically idealized sliver was obtained, and bispectra of a random sliver and two pseudo-random slivers generated by a com puter simulation were calculated.
Finishing and Properties of Fabrics Produced with Polyester Staple-Core/Cotton-Wrap Yams
Authors: Sawhney A.P.S. , Harper R.J. , Robert K.Q. , Ruppenicker G.F.
Published: March 2007

Plain and twill weave fabrics produced with unique 67/33 cotton covered, high tenacity polyester staple-core yams in the warp and filling directions were appropriately finished without difficulty. The greige fabrics were desized, heat set, bleached, union dyed, and treated with different levels of dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) resin finish to assess the effect on important properties, including durable press rating, wrinkle recovery angle, dimensional stability, Stoll flex abrasion resistance, pilling resistance, breaking strength, and tearing strength. The test results show that the staple-core-yam fabrics attain satisfactory durable press and dimensional stability after an ordinary process of heat setting at 190°C for 65 seconds. DMDHEU resin slightly improves the durable press rating and wrinkle recovery angles, but more resin does not necessarily improve the properties proportionally; resin as low as 1% in solution gives acceptable DP results and improves pilling resistance. The DMDHEU resin finish diminishes flex abrasion resistance, breaking strength, and tearing strength, but the deterioration is much less than with similar 100% cotton fabrics. The breaking and tearing strengths remain especially high.
Simple Instruments for Quality Control by Finishers and Tailors
Authors: Ly N.G. , Tester D.H. , Buckenham P. , Roczniok A.F. , Adriaansen A.L. , Scaysbrook F. , De Jong S.
Published: March 2007

Recently developed by CSIRO for quality control and assurance of fabrics, FAST, or fabric assurance by simple testing, consists of a series of instruments that are in expensive, robust, and simple to use, and their related test methods. FAST is specifically designed for use by tailors and worsted finishers; it measures fabric properties that are closely related to the ease of garment making-up and the durability of worsted finishing. FAST- I gives a direct reading of fabric thickness over a range of loads with micrometer resolution. FAST-2 measures the fabric bending length and its bending rigidity. FAST- 3 measures fabric extensibility at low loads. Fabric shear rigidity is calculated from the 45° bias extensibility. FAST-4 is a quick test for measuring fabric dimensional stability, including both relaxation shrinkage and hygral expansion.
An Investigation into the Fatigue Mechanism of PET Tire Cord in the Goodrich Block Fatigue Test
Authors: Winkler E.M.
Published: March 2007

The Goodrich block fatigue test is commonly used to determine the (compression) fatigue behavior of tire cord in rubber. An investigation has been conducted into the origin of the loss of cord strength under different load conditions and at different running times. To this end the retained strengths and the force-strain curves of the fatigued cords were measured. The location of the cord fractures and a SEM analysis provided valuable extra information about the fatigue mechanism. The strength loss of the cords appeared to be mainly caused by the strength loss of the filaments. Changes in cord geometry and filament interaction occurring during the fatigue process play no or a very small role in the loss of cord strength. Depending on the load, the filaments show bending, tension-tension, and fretting fatigue damage. The severest fatigue load seems to be high tension combined with a certain amount of compression.
Quantitative Estimation of Polyvinyl Alcohol and Starch in a Sized Warp Beam Using Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Venkataraman A. , Bharati R.N. , Moraye S.S.
Published: March 2007

A method is described for quick estimation of polyvinyl alcohol and starch content in a warp size mixture on a sized warp beam using an infrared spectrophotometer technique called attenuated total reflectance (ATR). The ATR-IR spectra of the sized warp beam show that the ratio of absorbance at 1000 cm-1 to that at 1095 cm-1 correlates well with the polyvinyl alcohol/starch ratio. Compositions of blends con taining polyvinyl alcohol and starch on warp beams of different substrates were accurate to ±3%.
Concurrent Sublimation Transfer Printing and Finishing of Silk
Authors: Chavan R.B. , Nalankilli G.
Published: March 2007

A laboratory-synthesized resin based on the reaction product of melamine, para formaldehyde, and polyethylene glycol is recommended for modifying silk by pad- dry application to make it transfer printable with disperse dyes. The suitability of the synthesized resin for sublimation transfer printing of silk is evaluated in terms of dye transfer, wash and dry cleaning fastness, and yellowness index. The synthesized resin is suitable not only for transfer printing of silk but can also be used to impart improved physical properties such as crease recovery angle, tensile and tear strength, and abrasion resistance.
Binding of Acid and Basic Dyes by Wool Keratin Derivatives
Authors: Young Joo Kim  , Kono Kenji , Takagishi Toru
Published: March 2007

Wool keratin derivatives such as S-carboxymethylated, S-cyanoethylated, S-sulfo nated, and regenerated keratin derivatives have been prepared to study the binding of acid and basic dyes (methyl orange, chrome violet, and acridine orange) by the derivatives in aqueous solution. The first binding constants and the thermodynamic parameters accompanying the binding were evaluated. The first binding constants of the proteins for the dyes were on the order of 105-106, which is similar to or higher than that of serum albumin. The favorable free energy of the binding of chrome violet and acridine orange observed for the formation of the dye-protein complex seems to be a result of a favorable enthalpy change rather than any favorable entropy change. The binding of methyl orange by the regenerated keratin derivative is accompanied by an entropy gain and an exothermic enthalpy change. The nature and phenomena of dyes binding with the keratin derivatives are discussed.
Antistatic Properties of Surface-Modified Polyester Fabrics
Authors: Uchida Emiko , Uyama Yoshikimi , Ikada Yoshito
Published: March 2007

A poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fabric was modified by UV-induced graft po lymerization of water-soluble monomers to make the hydrophobic surface permanently hydrophilic without altering the bulk properties. The monomers were nonionic, an ionic, and cationic. The antistatic properties of the modified PET fabrics were studied by measuring the triboelectrostatic potential generated upon rubbing with a cotton fabric, the decay time of the electrostatic potential given by a high voltage application to the PET fabric, and the surface electric resistance. The antistatic properties were significantly improved by graft polymerization onto the surface region of PET fibers. The accumulated electrostatic charge was much smaller and disappeared much more rapidly when the PET fabric was grafted with poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (the average degree of polymerization of poly(ethylene glycol) is 9) than with any other monomers studied. The acquired antistatic properties were maintained without sig nificant loss after washing and storage.
Role of Water in Air-Jet Texturing
Authors: Kothari V.K. , Sengupta A.K. , Rengasamy R.S.
Published: March 2007

Polyester multifilament yams with different frictional characteristics have been air textured under both dry and wet texturing conditions. Wet textured yams are more stable and have higher bulk, and the surface structure of these yarns shows higher loop frequency, lower loop height, and a higher percentage of protrudes and closed and crossed loops for feeder yams with similar frictional characteristics. For comparable values of dry and wet friction, yams textured after prewetting are far superior in properties than yams textured in the dry state. The study clearly demonstrates that the effect of prewetting is not confined only to the lubricating action of water.
Detecting Colored Contaminants in Wool Using an Integrating Sphere
Authors: Chudleigh P.W.
Published: March 2007

An inspection system has been constructed that uses the illumination within an integrating sphere to maximize the visual contrast of colored contaminants in webs of white wool. Background images formed by the white fiber mass can be suppressed almost completely by using an integrating sphere of relatively simple construction.
Theory of the General Deformation of Fiber Assemblies
Authors: Komori Takashi , Itoh Motoyoshi
Published: March 2007

A theory based on an energy method is proposed for the mechanics of a fiber mass under general deformation, including compression, extension, and shearing. The mass , is treated as a network composed of many fiber segments, each bounded by two neigh boring fiber contact points, and the individual mechanical behaviors of the segments are combined into the total response of the mass. The elastic moduli and Poisson's ratios are related to the strain-dependent density of fiber orientation, the spatial density of fiber length, and the properties of fibers. The basic scheme is so formulated as to be applicable to various kinds of fibrous assemblies such as paper, nonwoven fabric, yarn, etc.
Effect of Corona Discharge on the Surface of Wool and Its Application to Printing
Authors: Ryu Jangmi , Wakida Tomiji , Takagishi Toru
Published: March 2007

Corona discharge has been widely used to modify polymer surfaces because it can be operated at an atmospheric pressure in air. In this study, wool fiber and fabric were corona discharged, and afterwards wettability, laundry shrinkage, and frictional coef ficients were determined. An ESCA analysis was done to elucidate the changes of chemical composition on the fiber surface. The corona discharge incorporates oxygen atoms into the fiber and increases wettability and laundry shrink resistance of wool fabrics, but the effects are smaller than those from low temperature O2 plasma. After the pretreatment with corona discharge, the fabric was printed with color pastes of two acid dyes, and then treated with superheated or high pressure steam. The corona discharge pretreatment, in particular the single pretreatment, improved color depth considerably, which increased in the following order: untreated ≃O2 plasma treatment < three-fold corona discharge < single corona discharge. From these results it is likely that a small change in hydrophilic properties on the fiber surface plays an important role in improving the color depth of wool fabric in printing.
Experiment on a Two-Filament Twisted Structure
Authors: Wu Hwai-Chung , Chen Julie
Published: March 2007

In this paper, we examine the experimental results on the specific modulus of a two-filament twisted wire. We then compare the experimental data with the predictions based on two different approaches. We also discuss the discrepancies between them.
Interpretations of Single Fiber, Bundle, and Yarn Tenacity Data
Authors: Sasser Preston E. , Shofner Frederick M. , Chu Youe T. , Shofner C. Kyle , Townes Mark G.
Published: March 2007

The objectives of this work were to develop a method to measure the tensile properties of individual cotton fibers and to use the data from the method to study the relationships between the tensile properties of individual fibers and fiber bundles. Mathematical models were developed to predict bundle strength from individual fiber tensile prop erties. The single fiber strength method gives information about the elongation and crimp of cotton fibers. For the set of samples used in this work, the average elongation was 11.8% and the average crimp was 4.8%. Analysis of the single fiber strength data suggests that the average single fiber breaking strength sets an upper limit for the fiber bundle strength. The correlations between fiber strength and yam strength were some what improved by using the average single fiber strength rather than the Stelometer or high volume instrument ( HVI ) bundle strength.
Environmental Degradation of Poly ( ethylene Terephthalate )
Authors: Mohammadian M. , Allen N.S. , Edge M. , Jones K.
Published: March 2007

Samples of poly(ethylene terephthalate) bottle material were degraded under dif ferent environmental conditions, including thermal degradation, hydrolysis, and photo oxidation. The extent of degradation was examined by viscometry, and the lifetime of polyester when exposed to 100% and 45% RH, wet soil, and sunlight was calculated. The lifetime of polyester was found to depend on environmental conditions, with hydrolysis a dominant process at lower temperatures.
Effects of Suessen Heat Setting Variables on Streaks in Finished Nylon Carpet
Authors: Baxley R.V. , Miller R.W.
Published: March 2007

The effects of dry heat setting conditions on streaks in finished carpets made from nylon 66 staple yams are considered. Two different polymers were subjected to con trolled variation in heat-set temperature, residence time, and chamber steam pressure on a Suessen machine according to a factorial design. Yarns from some of the items were made into finished carpets, and other items were implanted into these carpets using two adjacent creel positions. Streak intensity grades were assigned to these im plants, and then an empirical model was fit to the data relating streak intensity to the differences between the background and implant items in heat setting conditions. Streaks caused by variation in heat setting conditions are associated with differences in dye uptake rather than with physical or textural differences between tuftlines. If the Suessen is operated at a nominal temperature of 200°C, then surprisingly large dif ferences in heat setting conditions are required in order to cause an objectionable streak. Furthermore, the effect of heat-set temperature differences on carpet streaks depends on the dyeing system used. For a continuous dyeing system, which has a dye uptake minimum at 200°C, any tuftline-to-tuftline heat-set temperature variation from 200°C causes dark streaks. On the other hand, the Beck system has a linear rather than a U-shaped dye response to heat-set temperature, and increases considerably above 200°C cause light streaks when that tuftline is implanted within a group of tuftlines having experienced a 200°C temperature.
Determining Future Cotton Variety Fiber Quality Objectives
Authors: Meredith William R. , Culp T.W. , Robert K.Q. , Ruppenicker G.F. , Anthony W.S. , Williford J.R.
Published: March 2007

Much of the fiber property variability exhibited by cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) at the textile mill has genetic origins. Therefore, due to the time and expense required to genetically improve fiber quality, it is important that breeders have clearly defined fiber property breeding objectives. The aim of this research was to evaluate the influence that sixteen fiber properties have on open-end and ring spinning yarn tenacity based on a miniature test. Two plantings of nineteen varieties with two rep lications each were made in both Mississippi and South Carolina in 1986. The varieties represented a broad range of types grown across the country. Yarn tenacities of 42 tex ( 14 Ne) and 27 tex (22 N e) open-end and 30 tex (20 Ne) and 12 tex (50 Ne) ring miniature spinning were determined for the 152 samples. In general, variety effects were large for all fiber properties, and the variety by environmental interaction was nonsignificant. Therefore, correlations of the varietys' average fiber properties with yarn tenacity over all environments give a good estimate of the varietal influence on yarn tenacity and the association of characteristics. The correlation of yarn tenacity values between the two spinning methods by two yarn sizes per spinning method was high, with an average r2 of 93%. Variety bundle strength determined by the Stelometer (3.2 mm gauge) consistently gave the highest correlation with yarn tenacity, with an average r2 of 89%. Three measures of fineness—Arealometer, Shirley fine maturity test, and Causticaire—resulted in correlations of similar yarn tenacity predictive values, averaging about r2 = 50%. Variety fiber length was also correlated with yarn tenacity, with r2 = 52%. These results show the importance of variety identification for preferred fiber properties and indicate that bundle strength should have a high priority in fiber quality breeding programs.
Measuring the Water Content of a Textile Fabric Using a Radio Frequency Sensor
Authors: Côté Benoît , Forget Christine , Thérien Normand , Broadbent Arthur D.
Published: March 2007

Application of radio frequency sensors for the automatic control of a pilot-scale infrared drying range for textiles is described. This was most successful for the classical proportional-integral-differential (PID) negative feedback control system, but with some important restrictions—the drying of a single fabric with a relatively low initial water content and at constant tension. The radio-frequency sensor detects changes in water content of the textile from capacitance variations arising from changes in the dielectric constant of the wet fabric. This parameter was influenced by many variables in addition to the amount of water in the fabric. In particular, the dielectric constant depended on the characteristics of the fabric and was very sensitive to the presence of ionic substances in the water. Thus, this sort of sensor is less appropriate for control of textile drying under industrial conditions.
Characterizing Oxidatively Damaged Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Kokot S. , Jermini M.
Published: March 2007

Treating cotton fabrics with electrogenerated oxygen at a Pt anode provides a lab oratory method for simulating the "catalytic damage" phenomenon. Samples of cotton voile were treated in this manner using different current and temperature conditions to damage the fabric. Diffuse reflectance infrared spectra of a series of these samples treated at 80°C were then analyzed using fuzzy clustering, an unsupervised classification method. The resulting classes were assigned a number (0 to 4) nominally indicating the extent of fabric damage as measured by this spectroscopic technique. This series of spectra together with the damage class numbers was then used to construct a cali bration set by principal components regression. The calibration was successfully val idated with a similar set of samples and also used to predict the relative fabric damage on other oxidatively affected voile samples.
Evaluating Carpet Appearance Loss: Pile Lay Orientation
Authors: Pourdeyhimi B. , Xu B. , Nayernouri A.
Published: March 2007

Shading and ridge effects stemming from variation in pile lay orientation often emerge when a carpet loses its original appearance. In this paper, we use flow-field analysis together with other image processing techniques to characterize changes in pile lay orientation attributable to mechanical wear. Orientations of flow fields are derived from image gradients, and flow-fields are then characterized by their charac teristic orientation angles and magnitudes. Our samples show that mechanical wear results in orienting the texture along traffic direction.
A Two-Dimensional Mathematical Model of the Carding Process
Authors: Cherkassky Arkady
Published: March 2007

A two-dimensional mathematical model of the carding process considers the lon gitudinal transport of fibers on the surface of the main cylinder and fiber diffusion in the transverse direction. The weight functions of the dynamic model in the longitudinal and transverse directions are derived, and the two-dimensional transfer function is subsequently obtained on the basis of these weight functions. The state variables method is used to analyze the two-dimensional model; the result is a matrix differential equation that may be used for computer simulation of a carding process and to estimate the smoothing function of carding.
Crystallization Kinetics of Nylon 6
Authors: Kim Jong J. , Seo S.W.
Published: March 2007

We have studied the nonisothermal crystallization of nylon 6 polymers using a differential scanning calorimetry technique. Our nylon 6 samples had molecular weights in the range of 11,000-43,000 g/mol (weight average) and polydispersities ( Mw /Mn ) of 1.8-3.0. We evaluated the effects of molecular weight, polydispersity, and moisture content of nylon 6 on the kinetic crystallizability Gc. Because Gc was sensitive to these variables, we concluded that it is an important parameter for understanding the non isothermal crystallization kinetics involved in the solidification of the polymer melt, which takes place in the polymer processing.
Using Neural Networks and NIR Spectrophotometry to Identify Fibers
Authors: Jasper Warren J. , Kovacs Eva T.
Published: March 2007

A qualitative nondestructive technique for fiber identification was developed using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. A neural network was trained to identify 17 different fiber types using the NIR absorbance spectra from a library of 390 samples. The neural network model was verified by testing untrained samples. It was not only able to identify single fibers, but was also able to correctly identify blends of fibers from fabrics for which it had not been trained.
Correlation Between Wettability and Water Absorbency of Soiled Fabrics
Authors: Yatagai Mamiko
Published: March 2007

The correlation between wetting properties and water absorbency was investigated for cellulosic and polyester fabrics soiled with various oily substances. As a measure of the wettability of oil, the work of adhesion between oil and water was estimated from surface and interfacial tension data. Water contact angles against the oily soiled cellophane and polyester films were measured to examine the wettability of the soiled surface. These wetting data were plotted against the water absorbency of the rayon and polyester fabrics soiled with oil. The results show good correlation between the wettability of oil or of the oily soiled surface and the liquid water uptake of the fabrics. However, the differences between the geometric structures of the fabrics and plain surfaces must be considered in further discussions.
Relationship Between Cotton Fiber Strength and Cellulose Molecular Weight Distribution: HVI Calibration Standards
Authors: Timpa Judy D. , Ramey Harmon H.
Published: March 2007

High volume instrument (HVI) classing of the U.S. cotton crop has focused attention on fiber quality, particularly strength. Characteristic of polymers is the relationship between molecular weight and physical properties. Cotton fibers composed mostly of the polymer cellulose were dissolved in the solvent N,N-dimethylacetamide with lith ium chloride without cleanup or derivatization. Molecular weight distributions were determined by automated, nonaqueous gel permeation chromatography; HVI calibra tion standard cottons possessing a range of fiber lengths and strengths were sampled. Molecular compositional profiles indicate correlation of higher average molecular weight with greater strength of cotton fibers.
Pilling of Sweatshirts That Are a 50 / 50 Blend of Polyester and Cotton
Authors: Alston P.V.
Published: March 2007

Good correlations were found between the pill ratings by the random tumble pill tester method and the wear performance of sweatshirts. Pilling during the wear tests was determined for three areas of the sweatshirt—front, back, and lower part of the sleeves. The best correlation was between the random tester ratings and the wear test ratings for the front of the sweatshirt. The polyester type, pill-resistant versus nonpill resistant, that was used had a significant effect on the pill resistance of rotor spun sweatshirts but little, if any, effect on the pill resistance of air-jet spun sweatshirts. Air- jet spun sweatshirts were 1.0-2.0 units more pill-resistant than their rotor spun coun terparts.
Foamability of Silica Suspensions in a Rotor-Stator Mixer
Authors: Den engelsen C.W. , Gooijer H. , Wassink J. Groot
Published: March 2007

A procedure is described for making aqueous silica suspensions with a desired particle size distribution. The influence of silica particles in different concentrations on foam ability in a rotor-stator mixer for different rotational speeds has been studied by means of mixing characteristics. It appears that for low liquid flow rates, the solid particles have no influence on foamability. For high liquid flow rates, foamability decreases for increasing silica content; this effect becomes smaller for high rotational speeds. Ro tational speed and silica content appear to have a combined effect on the process of foam formation.
Effect of Quaternized Amphiphilic Peptides on Pilling and Electrostatic Discharge of Wool Fabrics
Authors: Gomez N. , Juliá R. , Erra P. , Naik A.
Published: March 2007

We have studied the pilling performance and electrostatic discharge behavior of knitted wool fabrics subjected to different chemical treatments involving quatemized amphiphilic peptides. We observed a marked improvement in both parameters in samples treated with reactive agents in the presence of these amphiphile molecules. Also, we investigated the role of these peptides in preventing pill formation and de creasing the electrostatic discharge time.
Characterizing Oxidatively Damaged Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Kokot S. , Marahusin L. , Schweinsberg D.P. , Jermini M.
Published: March 2007

"Catalytic damage" occurs in cotton fabrics during hydrogen peroxide bleaching. The model for catalytic damage proposed previously by Meyer, Kokot, Weber, and Zürcher is compared with a laboratory simulation of cotton cellulose damage produced using electrogenerated oxygen species at metal electrodes. Additional electrochemical information is provided to support the previously proposed mechanism of the damage of a cotton poplin. Diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics are used for relative qualitative and quantitative interpretation of the damage.
Effect of Nitrogen Atmosphere on the Structure and Properties of a PAN-Based Carbon Fiber
Authors: Tsai Jin-Shy
Published: March 2007

In general, carbon fibers are produced at high temperatures in nitrogen atmosphere. In this study, PAN fibers were carbonized at different temperatures in two carbonization furnaces. The results show that the two furnaces require different amounts of nitrogen during carbonization. The first stage of carbonization does not require a high purity nitrogen atmosphere, because the uncyclized chains in oxidized PAN fibers, which have only about 60% cyclized chains, continue to cyclize during the first stage of carbonization. When the first-stage furnace (a volume of 75 1) contains a nitrogen flow rate of 210 l/h, carbon fibers with excellent mechanical properties can be obtained.
Two-Component Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (Ipn's) From Polyurethane and Epoxies
Authors: Cassidy Edward F. , Frisch Harry L. , Xiao Han X. , Frisch Kurt C.
Published: March 2007

Modified Liquid MOCA (MLM) has been shown to have potential industrial applications in interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN's). This is due to its lower toxicity, low viscosity, appropriate crosslinking kinetics and ease of handling in comparison with unmodified MOCA. Two-component IPN systems prepared from polyurethanes and epoxies, utilizing MLM as a urethane curative, have exhibited good physical and mechanical properties. One of the most significant advantages of IPN's is their ability to achieve high modulus polymer alloys without the use of fillers that increase viscosities, making processing difficult. Further advances in these systems by the use of MLM as a urethane curative have also lessened many of the processing diffi culties for these materials.
Blends of Impact Modified Styrene/Maleic Anhydride Copolymers with Nylon 11 and Nylon 12
Authors: Dean B.D.
Published: March 2007

Blends were prepared from rubber modified styrene/maleic anhydride copoly mers with polyamides 11 and 12. Dynamic mechanical studies show that a sig nificant interaction occurs between the elastomeric component of the styrene/ maleic anhydride copolymers and the amorphous regions of the polyamides. Im provement in certain physical properties over those of the base components oc cur in blends exhibiting the interaction.
Processing and Properties of Polyurea RIM
Authors: Ewen J.H.
Published: March 2007

Polyurea RIM polymers have been developed for automotive fascia and body panels ranging in flexural modulus from 25K to 100K. These materials characteristically have thermal and impact properties that are superior to polyurethanes or polyurea/polyurethanes. The polyurea polymers do not require post cure, yet yield thermal properties that are better than polyurethanes con tammg as much as 20% reinforcing fillers.

A variety of self-releasing, polyurea RIM systems have been developed based on advances in isocyanate prepolymer technology.
Importance of Foam Morphology to the Durability of Automotive Weatherstrips
Authors: Wang C.S.
Published: March 2007

Elastomer automotive weatherstrips are generally constructed with a sponge bulb attached to a solid carrier. The sponge bulbs are manufactured by foaming and curing elastomer extrudates containing chemical blowing agents. The bulbs comprise a dense skin on the surface and a foamed core with relatively spherical cells at the center. In this study we have determined that the foam morphology of the sponge markedly affects the wear resistance and the knit line (between sponge bulbs and carriers) strength of the weatherstrips. The morphological parameters important to these durability related properties in clude skin thickness, surface texture, and cell structure. It is shown that the durability of automotive weatherstrips can be improved by controlling these parameters using proper compounding and processing techniques.
Polycarbonate Alloys as an Effective Alternative to Unreinforced and Reinforced Conventional Polycarbonate
Authors: Baumer G.
Published: March 2007

This paper will cover the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of a new polycarbonate alloy.

The unreinforced and glass fiber reinforced properties of the polycarbonate alloy will be compared to conventional polycarbonate. The relatively similar physical, mechanical and thermal properties of the two resin systems will be discussed as well as similarities in injection molding characteristics.

Potential and existing applications and markets for this product will be covered detailing economic incentives for using the polycarbonate alloy.
Polyurethane Stabilizers
Authors: Ulrich H.
Published: March 2007

Structural features determine the stability of polyurethanes. Polyether based polyurethanes have excellent hydrolytic stability but are sensitive to thermooxidative and UV-degradation. In contrast, polyester based polyure thanes are relatively stable toward thermooxidative degradation but have poor hydrolytic stability.
End Use Applications for Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomers
Authors: Nardo N.R.
Published: March 2007

Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) elastomers are innovations from the basic polymer work which was done by professor Otto Bayer and his co-workers. This work was initiated in 1937 in the laboratories of Bayer, AG of Germany. This work came to fruition with the first commercial uses of thermoplastic urethane in Germany under the trade name of Igamid U. These new and interesting pro ducts found their way into the United States in the late 1950's and early 1960's.
New Developments in Aliphatic Polyurethanes
Authors: Garey H.E. , Willwerth L.
Published: March 2007

Continued new developments have been made in the following areas of Light Stable Aliphatic Polyurethanes: