bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The composite anterolateral thigh flap for achilles tendon and soft tissue defect reconstruction with tendon repair by fascia with double or triple folding technique
Authors: Youn Seung Ki , Kim Sang Wha , Kim Youn Hwan , Hwang Kyu Tae
Published: September 2015

Background

Rupture of the Achilles tendon is usually managed by surgical intervention. Recurrent tendon ruptures, segmental tendon defects, and overlying soft tissue defects render reconstructive procedures challenging. In this report, we present double or triple folding technique of the anterolateral thigh (ALT) free flap, and report the clinical outcomes of the reconstruction of combined defects, including the Achilles tendon and overlying soft tissue.

Method

From 2008 to 2013, 7 patients underwent reconstruction of combined Achilles tendon and soft tissue defects. The sizes of the soft tissue defects ranged from 9 × 5 to 12 × 5 cm2. Combined defects were reconstructed with ALT free flap including the vastus lateralis fascia and rectus femoris fascia, using a double or triple folding technique. The ALT free flap covered the soft tissue defect and the fascia was folded two or three times into a tendon‐like structure. Three patients had full‐layer defects of the Achilles tendon, and four patients had partial defects over half the layer.

Result

The dimension of the skin paddle of the ALT flap was 12 × 6 to 16 × 8 cm2, and the dimension of the fascia was 12 × 8 to 16 × 10 cm2. All the donor sites were closed primarily. All the flaps survived completely without complication. The mean follow‐up period was 14.9 months. All patients were able to stand and ambulate.

Conclusion

The double or triple folding technique of the ALT free flap represents simple, economical use of tissue, with minimal donor site morbidity. Thus, this technique may be useful and versatile reconstructive option for combined defects. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 35:615–621, 2015.
Dielectric properties of castor oil derived polymer filled with sol‐gel derived strontium barium niobate (Sr0.3Ba0.7Nb2O6) ferroelectric powder
Authors: Kumar Abhilash , Chawla Manisha , Bhardwaj Nitish , Fahim M.
Published: September 2015

Sol‐gel derived strontium barium niobate (Sr0.3Ba0.7Nb2O6) (SBN) nanocrystalline powder was homogeneously dispersed in castor oil derived resinous polymer to develop a polymer nanocomposite. The main objective of this work was to develop a large surface area flexible polymeric material having desired mechanical, dielectric, and pyroelectric properties for use in pyroelectric detectors. Sol‐gel synthesized nanocrystalline SBN powder was characterized using X‐ray diffraction, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy to study their structure. These powders were used to fabricate a ceramic as well as a polymer nanocomposite, which were then characterized for their morphological, thermal, and dielectric behavior using SEM, DSC‐TGA, and Agilent LCR meter, respectively. Dielectric constant of unfilled polymer at room temperature and at all frequencies was found to be around 16–18, which steadily increased with increasing temperature. However, when filled with SBN powder, the resulting polymer nanocomposite showed an increase in the dielectric constant and attained a value of 20–30 at room temperature, which further increased with increasing temperature. For SBN ceramic, the value obtained for ε′max (dielectric constant at Tc = 250°C) was around 600 (at 1 kHz) and ∼2000 (at 100 Hz). POLYM. COMPOS., 38:2119–2127, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
Controlling the morphology of poly(3‐hexylthiophene)/methanofullerene film through a dynamic‐cooling and freeze‐drying process
Authors: Huang Ping‐Tsung , Chou Cheng‐Wei , Lin Bo‐Yu , Shi Zhong‐En , Huang Yu‐Jui , Chen Chin‐Ti , Cheng Chao‐Han , Wang Juen‐Kai
Published: September 2015

A dynamic‐cooling and freeze‐drying (DCFD) process has been applied to the fabrication of polymer solar cells. The dynamic‐cooling process allows poly(3‐hexylthiophene) molecules to aggregate in solution into a more organized structure during the cooling process; the freeze‐drying process prevents severe agglomeration of [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) during the solvent removing process. Application of these two processes to the preparation of the poly(3‐hexylthiophene)/methanofullerene photoactive layer results in an enhanced poly(3‐hexylthiophene) aggregation and smaller PCBM agglomerates. Devices fabricated using the DCFD process generate 14% more in current density than those prepared by the spin‐coating process under AM1.5G illumination. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
The application of a new approach based on organic homo‐rank compounds and homologous compounds to the structure–property relationship study of mono‐substituted alkanes
Authors: Yuan Hua , Ou Hongli , Cao Chenzhong
Published: September 2015

The two conceptual systems of organic homologous compounds and homo‐rank compounds give insight into the influence of structures on the properties of mono‐substituted alkanes Xi–(CH2)j–H from the transverse (change of repeating unit number j of CH2) and longitudinal (change of functional group Xi) perspectives, respectively. This paper aims to combine the organic homo‐rank compounds approach together with the homologous compounds approach to explore the property change rules of mono‐substituted alkanes involving various substituents. Firstly, based on the concept of organic homologous compounds, the properties of mono‐substituted straight‐chain alkane homologues were linearly correlated to the two‐thirds power of the number of carbon atoms (N2/3) in alkyl, and regression equations such as Q = A + BN2/3 were obtained. The regression coefficients A and B vary with different substituents Xi, so coefficients A and B were employed to characterize the structural information of substituent Xi. The structural features of alkyls (–(CH2)j–H, that is, –CjH2j+1) were described by the polarizability effect index (PEI(R)) and vertex degree–distance index (VDI). Then based on four parameters A, B, PEI(R), and VDI, quantitative structure–property relationship models were built for the boiling points (Bp) and refractive indexes (nD) of each mono‐substituted alkane homo‐rank series, where j = 3–10 and the substituents Xi involve F, Cl, Br, I, NO2, CN, NH2, COOH, CHO, OH, SH, and NC. Good results indicate that the combination of an organic homo‐rank compounds method and a homologous compounds method has exhibited obvious advantages over traditional methods in the quantitative structure–property relationship study of mono‐substituted alkanes concerning various substituents. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controlled synthesis of amphiphilic block copolymers based on poly(isobutylene) macromonomers
Authors: Malins Edward L. , Waterson Carl , Becer C. Remzi
Published: September 2015

The synthesis of a monoacrylate functionalized poly(isobutylene) (PIB) macromonomer (PIBA) has been achieved by a two‐step reaction starting from a commercially available PIB. Firstly, terminal olefins (vinylidene and trisubstituted olefin) of PIB were transformed to a phenolic residue by Friedel‐Crafts alkylation followed by subsequent esterification of the phenol with acryloyl chloride, catalyzed by triethylamine. PIBA structure was confirmed by 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR and GPC before utilizing in the RAFT copolymerization with N,N‐dimethylacrylamide (DMA) to obtain statistical copolymers (P[(DMA‐co‐(PIBA)]). Monomer conversions were consistently higher than 85% for both DMA and PIBA as monomer feed composition was varied. Chain extension of poly(N,N‐dimethylacrylamide) with PIBA to synthesize block copolymers (P[(DMA‐b‐(PIBA)]) was also achieved with near quantitative monomer conversions (>97%). Block formation efficiency was not quantitative but purification of block copolymers was possible by selective precipitation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 634–643
5‐alpha‐reductase inhibitors and the risk of diabetes mellitus: A nationwide population‐based study
Authors: Lee Shang‐Sen , Yang Yu‐Wan , Tsai Tsung‐Hsun , Kuo Yu‐Hung , Chuang Hsun‐Yang , Lee Ching‐Chih , Hsieh Teng‐Fu
Published: September 2015

BACKGROUND

This nationwide population‐based study investigated the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) after 5‐alpha‐reductase inhibitor (5ARI) therapy for benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) using the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) in Taiwan.

METHODS

In total, 1,298 adult patients newly diagnosed with BPH and who used more than 28 cumulative defined daily doses (cDDD) of 5ARI were recruited as the therapy group cohort, along with 1,2887 subjects who did not use more than 28 cDDD of 5ARI as a control group from 2002 to 2009. Each patient was monitored for 5 years (from 2003 to 2008) to identify those who subsequently developed type 2 DM. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to compare the risk of type 2 DM between the study and comparison cohorts after adjusting for possible confounding risk factors.

RESULTS

Patients who received 5ARI therapy had a lower cumulative rate of type 2 DM than those who did not receive 5ARI during the five‐year follow‐up period (3.5% vs. 5.3%, P = 0.003). In sub‐group analysis, among the BPH patients aged <65 years, the five‐year type 2 DM events hazard ratio (HR) of 5ARI users was lower than that of nonusers (HR: 0.47, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.24–0.91; P = 0.026).

CONCLUSIONS

Therapy with 5ARI may decrease the five‐year risk of type 2 DM in the BPH patients younger than 65 years. Further mechanistic research is warranted to validate the results. Prostate 76:41–47, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Paper No P03: Optical Switching of Scattering Mode Liquid Crystal Light Shutters
Authors: Cheng Ko‐Ting , Liu Yen‐Chen , Fuh Andy Ying‐Guey
Published: September 2015

We report that the isothermal phase transition induced by photoisomerization of azobenzene liquid crystals (azo‐LCs) from trans‐ to cis‐isomers results in the dissolution of poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) (PVK) into azo‐LCs. All‐optically controllable and highly efficient scattering mode light modulators based on PVK films and its re‐form mechanism were demonstrated.
Paper No P05: Increasing the Dynamic Range of LC Displays
Authors: Cirkel Peter , Penninck Lieven , Wittebrood Rimmert
Published: September 2015

This article describes a method to extend the dynamic range of an LCD display by increasing the room for backlight boosting by hardware and algorithms.
Paper No P07: Saliency‐Based Backlight Regulation Method for LCD Display
Authors: Sung Park Jae , Hwang Insung , Cho Nam Ik
Published: September 2015

This paper presents a backlight unit (BLU) control method of the liquid crystal display devices for improving the quality of visually important regions in a scene. The proposed method dims and boosts the levels of the BLU blocks according to the saliency map and pixel distribution of input images. Simulation results indicate that users can feel improved visual quality without the increase of power consumption.
Paper No P19: Characteristic of Thermal Behavior and Optical Performance of AC Powder Electroluminescence Panel under Controlled Temperature
Authors: Yu Wen Zhi , Zhang Shuai , Teo Jin Wah Ronnie , Tan Chuan Seng , Wong T. K. S.
Published: September 2015

The self‐heating phenomenon and optical performance of the powder‐based AC electroluminescence panel under controlled temperature have been investigated. Both the self‐heating temperature and the temperature coefficient of luminance were found to increase with drive voltage and frequency.
Paper No S1.1: Photoaligned Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals: The New Horizons in Physics and Applications (Invited Paper)
Authors: Chigrinov Vladimir G.
Published: September 2015

Photoaligned ferroelectric liquid crystals are described. The new electrooptical modes as well as their new applications in displays and photonics are highlighted. Electrically suppressed helix (ESH) mode was considered as the most promising one.
Paper No S1.4: “Continuous” Nanoscale Patterned Photoalignment for Thin Film Pancharatnam‐Berry Phase Diffractive Lens
Authors: Tam A. M. W. , Fan F. , Chen H. S. , Tao D. , Chigrinov V.G. , Kwok H. S. , Lin Y. S.
Published: September 2015

In this paper, we disclosed the realization of a “continuous” nano‐structured alignment patterning for thin film Pancharatnam‐Berry phase (PBP) diffractive lens by the use of spatially linear polarized light converter technology. High optical quality thin liquid crystal polymer (LCP) film PBP lens with F number of 45.4 and a diffraction efficiency of 95.5%, operating in blue visible region has been demonstrated. The concave and convex polarization dependent property of the lens can be clearly observed by human eye, which is attractive in many display applications, for example, bifocal lens for eye glasses; camera zoom system; and polarization imaging.
Paper No S12.1: Architectures of Oxide TFT for High Resolution Display (Invited Paper)
Authors: Park S.‐H. Ko , Hwang C.‐S. , Yeom H. I. , Ko J. B. , Cho S.
Published: September 2015

In this paper, we present the architecture of oxide TFT selected from diverse TFT structures for the application to the high resolution mobile display. Due to the selection of proper materials and process, we can achieve highly stable BCE TFT and show the promise of vertical oxide TFT with the smallest TFT footprint.
Paper No S13.3: Optical Characterization of OLED Displays
Authors: Boher Pierre , Leroux Thierry , Collomb‐Patton Véronique , Bignon Thibault
Published: September 2015

OLED displays are more and more used for many applications because of their interesting characteristics. Nevertheless, in spite of their high contrast ratio, wide viewing angle, and very fast response time, OLED displays are not perfect and require good manufacturing control to achieve optimized optical properties. In the present paper, we apply different types of optical characterizations to such displays (viewing angle, homogeneity, and response time) and we point out their specificities with regards to other types of displays. Since each blue, green, or red sub‐pixel is an independent emitter of light, it is useful to study the light emission of each type of sub‐pixel separately.
Paper No S13.4: Image Quality Simulations of Curved Displays
Authors: Marsal A. , Sycev A. , Kloth T. , Lehnert C. , Blankenbach K.
Published: September 2015

The perceived image quality of curved displays depends significantly on viewing angle degradations. We developed a toolset for characterizing and simulation these degradations.
Paper No S4.3: Printed Circuit and OLED on Foldable Paper Substrates
Authors: Jo Sung Min , Chin Byung Doo
Published: September 2015

In this article, we describe the fabrication of stable silver‐graphene composite electrode pattern and organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) on the surface‐modified paper substrates. Relative conductance and light emission efficiency of OLED was evaluated for folding cycle and angle. In case of inside folding up to 180° and 1000 cycle, more than 85% of initial conductance was remained at nanowire‐graphene composite circuits.
Paper No S4.4: Colored OLED With a Multilayered Graphene Electrode for Light‐Adaptable Displays
Authors: Kwon Byoung‐Hwa , Lee Hyunkoo , Lim Jong Tae , Cho Seong M. , Han Jun‐Han , Yang Jong‐Heon , Cheon Sang Hoon , Kim Tae‐Youb , Cho Nam Sung , Yu Byoung‐Gon , Hwang Chi‐Sun , Lim Seong Chu , Lee Jeong‐Ik
Published: September 2015

In this work, we report reflective colored organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) integrated with color‐selective reflective filter (CSRF) and transparent OLEDs functioning as the reflective and emissive mode. To fabricate transparent OLEDs with low‐reflective anode, the dry bonding technology of graphene anode was developed.
Paper No S7.3: Holographic Direct View System With 4K2K LCOS SLM and LED Reconstruction Light Source
Authors: Chiu Po‐Sheng , Chen Cheng‐Huan , Chiang Wilbur Wei‐Chen
Published: September 2015

Instead of using laser as light source to generate hologram, light‐emitting diode (LED) was used together with 4K2K liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) panel to reconstruct LED light and enter computer generated hologram to LCOS panel, to generate interface pattern. Near eye holographic display is produced with off axis optical structure. 4K2K panel diffraction efficiency comparison between LED and laser is also measured.
Paper No S8.2: Quantifying the Ability of Individuals With Macular Disease to See and Read Content on Virtual and Augmented Reality Devices
Authors: Moshtael Howard , Fu Lanxing , Underwood Ian , Dhillon Baljean
Published: September 2015

A pilot study has been conducted to measure the ability of subjects with macular disease to read content on smart glasses and a smartphone headset. Compared to reading text on paper, participants could read text an average size of 30% smaller on the smart glasses and approximately the same size on the smartphone.
Paper No S9.3: 3‐D Grayscale Images Generation on Optically Rewritable Electronic Paper
Authors: Zhang W. , Sun J. , Srivastava A. K. , Chigrinov V. G. , Kwok H. S.
Published: September 2015

Optically Rewritable Electronic Paper (ORW E‐Paper) is based on the optically addressed bi‐stable display which needn't any power to display the image after being uploaded. In this article, we disclose an easy and practical method to generate 3‐D grayscale images on the ORW E‐Paper by using a grating mask and printed transparent films and written by polarized blue LED light.
New electrical shunt with two rectangular holes in a copper plate
Authors: Kando Masaaki , Pattanadech Norasage
Published: September 2015

A new concept of an electrical shunt with two rectangular holes in a copper plate (ESRP) has been developed to be used for measuring a large current with a short‐duration steep wave in a high‐voltage field. The ratio of the input current to the output current is 106, as obtained from a DC voltage test circuit. The electrical shunt has a special configuration. To verify the shunt current ratio of ESRP in a real application, the shunt current was connected to a sphere‐to‐sphere electrode breakdown test circuit with a 10 mm gap to measure the large damping current (8.4 kA) of a DC breakdown voltage. The voltage signal from the shunt was transmitted to excite two light‐emitting diodes (max. 50 mA, 4 V), which were reverse‐connected in series. The light‐emitting diodes operated properly and were illuminated, which validated the capability of the newly designed electrical shunt. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Should Propositions Proliferate?
Authors: Jespersen Bjørn ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: September 2015

Soames’s cognitive propositions are strings of acts to be performed by an agent, such as predicating a property of an individual. King takes these structured propositions to task for proliferating too easily. King’s objection is based on an example that purports to show that three of Soames’s propositions are really just one proposition. I translate the informally stated propositions King attributes to Soames into the intensional λ-calculus. It turns out that they are all β-equivalent to the proposition King claims Soames’s three propositions are identical to. I argue on philosophical grounds against identifying β-equivalent propositions. The reason is that β-conversion obliterates too many of the procedural distinctions that are central to an act-based theory such as Soames’s and which are worth preserving. In fact, β-expansion allows the addition of a fifth proposition that highlights additional procedural distinctions and propositional structure. The welcome conclusion is that we have five procedurally distinct, if equivalent, propositions.
Osteogenic growth peptide and its use as a bio‐conjugate in regenerative medicine applications
Authors: Policastro Gina M. , Becker Matthew L.
Published: September 2015

For nearly 2000 years, biomaterials have been used as damaged tissue implants. A field that started with wood and gold tissue replacements has evolved into an advanced science which combines ideas of cellular biology, engineering, and synthetic chemistry to produce bioresorbable materials capable of directing specific cell responses. With the overwhelming number of failed bone defect repairs every year, bone tissue engineering has become an important area of study. Both naturally occurring and synthetic polymeric materials have shown promising results for bone regeneration with their wide range of mechanical and degradation properties. Despite their favorable properties, these materials are limited by their lack of the biological cues necessary for enhanced bone formation and osteogenic differentiation. For this reason, naturally occurring growth factors, such as osteogenic growth peptide (OGP), have been studied for use in bone tissue engineering constructs to elicit more efficient bone healing. OGP functionalization of bioresorbable polymers has been shown to enhance regeneration of bone and osteogenic differentiation of stem cells in defect models. Vast improvements in bone tissue engineering constructs have been made possible through the use of OGP as a functional bio‐conjugate. As this field continues to expand, the hopes of overcoming the limitations of current bone defect repair treatment methods is becoming a reality. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2016, 8:449–464. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1376

This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies

Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanotechnology in Tissue Repair and Replacement

Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Peptide-Based Structures
Epigenetics of sex determination in mammals
Authors: Tachibana Makoto
Published: September 2015

Epigenetics is the study of changes in gene function that cannot be explained by changes in DNA sequence. A mammalian body contains more than two hundred types of cells. Since all of them are derived from a single fertilized egg, their genotypes are identical. However, the gene expression patterns are different between the cell types, indicating that each cell type has unique own “epigenotype”. Epigenetic gene regulation mechanisms essentially contribute to various processes of mammalian development. The essence of epigenetic regulation is the structural change of chromatin to modulate gene activity in a spatiotemporal manner. DNA methylation and histone modifications are the major epigenetic mechanisms. Sex determination is the process for gender establishment. There are two types of sex‐determining mechanisms in animals, environmental sex determination (ESD) and genotypic sex determination (GSD). Recent studies have provided some evidence that epigenetic mechanisms play indispensable roles in ESD and GSD. Some fishes undergo ESD, in which DNA methylation is essentially involved. GSD is employed in therian mammals, where Sry (sex‐determining region on the Y chromosome) triggers testis differentiation from undifferentiated gonads. Sry expression is tightly regulated in a spatiotemporal manner. A recent study demonstrated that histone modification is involved in Sry regulation. In this review, we discuss the role of epigenetic mechanisms for sex determination in mammals and other vertebrates.
Clustering Embedded Approaches for Efficient Information Network Inference
Authors: Hu Qingbo , Xie Sihong , Lin Shuyang , Wang Senzhang , Yu Philip S.
Published: September 2015

Nowadays, the message diffusion links among users or Web sites drive the development of countless innovative applications. However, in reality, it is easier for us to observe the time stamps when different nodes in the network react on a message, while the connections empowering the diffusion of the message remain hidden. This motivates recent extensive studies on thenetwork inference problem: unveiling the edges from the records of messages disseminated through them. Existing solutions are computationally expensive, which motivates us to develop an efficient two-step general framework,Clustering Embedded Network Inference(CENI). CENI integrates clustering strategies to improve the efficiency of network inference. By clustering nodes directly on the time lines of messages, we propose two naive implementations of CENI:Infection-centric CENIandCascade-centric CENI. Additionally, we point out thecritical dimensionproblem of CENI: Instead of one-dimensional time lines, we need to first project the nodes to an Euclidean space of certain dimension before clustering. A CENI adopting clustering method on the projected space can better preserve the structure hidden in the cascades and generate more accurately inferred links. By addressing the critical dimension problem, we propose the third implementation of the CENI framework:Projection-based CENI. Through extensive experiments on two real datasets, we show that the three CENI models only need around 20–50 % of the running time of state-of-the-art methods. Moreover, the inferred edges of Projection-based CENI preserve or even outperform the effectiveness of state-of-the-art methods.
Perceptual Knowledge and the Primacy of Judgment
Authors: STROUD BARRY
Published: September 2015

Rather than asking how what we are aware of in perceptual experience can give us knowledge of the independent world, this paper asks what conditions we as knowers must fulfill, what capacities we must have, and what the ‘objects of perception’ must be in the competent exercise those capacities, if we are to have any such knowledge. It is argued that we must be capable of perceiving that such-and-such is so and thereby knowing by perception alone what is so in the world as it is independently of us.
Basic Racial Realism
Authors: GLASGOW JOSHUA , WOODWARD JONATHAN M.
Published: September 2015

In the debate over the reality of race, a three-way dispute has become entrenched: race is biologically real, socially real, or simply not real. These three theses have each enjoyed increasingly sophisticated defenses over roughly the past thirty years, but we argue here that this debate contains a lacuna: there is a fourth, mostly neglected, position that we call ‘basic racial realism.’ Basic racial realism says that though race is neither biologically real nor socially real, it is real all the same. Our goal is to establish this theory's credentials and provide it with initial support. It appears to be in a strong dialectical position and to nicely capture what many want from a theory of race.
Aristotle and Łukasiewicz on Existential Import
Authors: READ STEPHEN
Published: September 2015

Jan Łukasiewicz's treatise on Aristotle's Syllogistic, published in the 1950s, has been very influential in framing the contemporary understanding of Aristotle's logical systems. However, Łukasiewicz's interpretation is based on a number of tendentious claims, not least, on the claim that the syllogistic was intended to apply only to nonempty terms. I show that this interpretation is not true to Aristotle's text and that a more coherent and faithful interpretation admits empty terms while maintaining all the relations of the traditional square of opposition.
I’m Losing the ‘Me’: Partners’ Experiences of Engagement with Parkinson's Health Professionals
Authors: Bolland Meredith , Guilfoyle Andrew , Bucks Romola S.
Published: September 2015

Background: Partners of people with Parkinson's disease (PD) have first-hand knowledge relevant to the management of the person with Parkinson's (PwP). If captured, this knowledge may improve effective care for the PwP. However, there is a lack of research focusing primarily on partners’ experiences of engagement with health professionals working in PD (HPPs).

Methods: Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used to investigate the meaning of partners’ experiences of engagement with HPPs. Semi-structured interviews with 15 partners of PwP provided primary data. Each interview was digitally recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed for emerging themes.

Results: Three themes emerged: (i) partners’ lack of entitlement for their own needs to be met; (ii) submersion of self in the partnership and (iii) health professionals as agents of support. Additionally, sub-themes were identified, such as barriers to feeling entitled, setting up a premise for entitlement, and lost identity. Together, these themes highlight the current lack of focus on the partners of PwP. A process model was developed to describe partners’ cyclic progression through the various stages of their experience, and in the process, identifying initiatives for intervention.

Conclusion: Given a lack of focus on the needs of partners of PwP, these preliminary insights could inform the delivery of improved services that support partners. This will ultimately benefit the PwP.
Influence of teat flow rate in commercial milk feeding systems on calf digestion and performance
Authors: McInnes R. , McInnes D. , Papworth R. , McIntyre A.
Published: September 2015

Seventy two, one day old Friesian heifer calves were fed whole milk either via regular or slow release teats on commercial calfeteria systems (Milkbar, McInnes Manufacturing Limited, Waipu, New Zealand) for 42 days. For the entire period, the consumption time for the calves fed on the regular flow rate teat calfeterias was twice as fast as for those fed using the slow teats. Meal intake was numerically higher for the calves fed milk using the slow teats. At day 42, calves on the slow teats had a strong trend towards higher daily gain. At 14 days of age, visual differences in curding were seen in the abomasum of culled calves, with the fast teat-fed animals having large lumps of curded milk surrounded by watery liquid, whereas the slow teat-fed calves had much smaller particle sized curding in thicker fluid. Lactose digestion in the stomach was significantly higher for the calves fed using the slow teats, and there was a strong trend for higher levels of free protein in the ileum. Using slow flow rate teats to feed calves from day old to weaning appears to have an important impact on digestive processes in the immature gut. Such improvements in digestion and rumen development in young calves may assist in the digestion of milk and other feeds, leading to improved growth performance. Under farm conditions, slow release teat systems may reduce scours and other digestive problems in young calves during peak milk intake (up to 15 d of age), due to increased ileal digestion of nutrients, preventing undigested nutrient flow to the hind gut. It may also reduce cross-sucking behaviour in calves, which is undesirable.
ELEGIAC AMOR AND MORS IN VIRGIL'S ‘ITALIAN ILIAD’: A CASE STUDY (AENEID 10.185−93)
Authors: McCallum Sarah L.
Published: September 2015

In Book 10 of the Aeneid, Virgil presents an epic catalogue of Etruscan allies who return under Aeneas' command to the beleaguered Trojan camp (10.166–214), including the forces from Liguria. The account of the Ligurians initially conforms to the general pattern of the catalogue, as Virgil briefly introduces and describes the two leaders. But the description of Cupauo's swan-feather crest leads to a digression about the paternal origins of the avian symbol. Cupauo's father Cycnus, stricken with grief for his beloved Phaethon, was transformed from a mournful singer into the swan that bears his name (10.185–93):
non ego te, Ligurum ductor fortissime bello,transierim, Cinyre, et paucis comitate Cupauo,cuius olorinae surgunt de uertice pennae(crimen, Amor, uestrum) formaeque insigne paternae.namque ferunt luctu Cycnum Phaethontis amati,populeas inter frondes umbramque sororum 190dum canit et maestum Musa solatur amorem,canentem molli pluma duxisse senectamlinquentem terras et sidera uoce sequentem.
Virgil not only places the Ligurians in a central position within the catalogue, but also devotes more verses to them than to any other contingent, including his own Mantuans (10.198–206). At the very heart of this prominent passage lies the embedded tale of Cycnus, the erotic and sorrowful centrepiece of Virgil's Etruscan catalogue.
Global patterns of large copy number variations in the human genome reveal complexity in chromosome organization
Authors: VEERAPPA AVINASH M. , SURESH RAVIRAJ V. , VISHWESWARAIAH SANGEETHA , LINGAIAH KUSUMA , MURTHY MEGHA , MANJEGOWDA DINESH S. , PADAKANNAYA PRAKASH , RAMACHANDRA NALLUR B.
Published: September 2015

Global patterns of copy number variations (CNVs) in chromosomes are required to understand the dynamics of genome organization and complexity. For this study, analysis was performed using the Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP Array 6.0 chip and CytoScan High-Density arrays. We identified a total of 44 109 CNVs from 1715 genomes with a mean of 25 CNVs in an individual, which established the first drafts of population-specific CNV maps providing a rationale for prioritizing chromosomal regions. About 19 905 ancient CNVs were identified across all chromosomes and populations at varying frequencies. CNV count, and sometimes CNV size, contributed to the bulk CNV size of the chromosome. Population specific lengthening and shortening of chromosomal length was observed. Sex bias for CNV presence was largely dependent on ethnicity. Lower CNV inheritance rate was observed for India, compared to YRI and CEU. A total of 33 candidate CNV hotspots from 5382 copy number (CN) variable region (CNVR) clusters were identified. Population specific CNV distribution patterns in p and q arms disturbed the assumption that CNV counts in the p arm are less common compared to long arms, and the CNV occurrence and distribution in chromosomes is length independent. This study unraveled the force of independent evolutionary dynamics on genome organization and complexity across chromosomes and populations.
THE CRISIS OF 1803-1805 IN THE TWO CASTILES: FOODSTUFF, MORTALITY AND INSTITUTIONAL COLLAPSE
Authors: Llopis Enrique , Sánchez Felipa
Published: September 2015

The essential aims of this article are: (1) to measure the magnitude of the crisis of 1803-1805 in the two Castiles; (2) to analyse the causes and consequences of this crisis. Among the main conclusions of this essay we would like to underline: (a) the 1803-1805 crisis led to a fall in the population of Castile of about 15 per cent; (b) the severe rise in the price of grains in those years was due to the bad harvests and the sparse working capacity of the municipal grain stores, but more than anything else it was the collapse of the market for this produce as a result of the prohibition of removing grain; (c) government measures to deal with the crisis were numerous and relatively bold, but not very effective; (d) the strong mobilisation of the people disrupted the working of some of the basic institutions of the Ancien Régime.
Quantitative Equidistribution for Certain Quadruples in Quasi-Random Groups: Erratum
Authors: AUSTIN TIM
Published: September 2015

In my recent paper [1] there is a mistake in the proof of Corollary 3. The first line of the displayed equation in that proof asserts that
\[\int_G|\langle u,\pi^g v\rangle_V|^2\,\rm{d} g = \int_G\langle u\otimes u,(\pi^g\otimes \pi^g)(v\otimes v)\rangle_{V\otimes V}\, \rm{d} g.\]
However, since the paper uses complex-valued representations, the integrand on the right here may not retain the absolute value of that on the left. Without this equality, the proof of Corollary 3 can no longer be reduced to an application of Lemma 2. However, it can be proved directly from Schur Orthogonality along very similar lines to the proof of Lemma 2.
Sustainability: The Water and Energy Problem, and the Natural Design Solution
Authors: Bejan Adrian
Published: September 2015

People like to say that energy and water are two problems, two vital commodities in short supply. Here I draw attention to the emerging literature and physics principle (constructal law) that provide the scientific foundation for sustainability. I show that the sustainability need is aboutflow: the flow of energy and the flow of water through the inhabited space. All the flows needed for human life (transportation, heating, cooling, water) are driven by the purposeful consumption of fuels. This is why the wealth of a country (the GDP) is directly proportional to the annual consumption of fuel in that country. This hierarchical organization happens; it is natural and efficient. Sustainability is the one-word need that covers all the specific needs. Sustainability comes from greater freedom in changing the organization – the flow architecture – that sustains life. Greater freedom to change the design (from water and power to laws and government) leads to greater flow, wealth, life and staying power, i.e. sustainability.
Hey! What’s that Gorilla Doing over There? On the Illusory-Hallucinatory Nature of Everyday Living
Authors: Marsh Michael N.
Published: September 2015

Our experiences, through day and night, are not as clear-cut as might seem on first thought. Considerable aspects of life comprise illusory phenomena, some of which are realised, while others are not. Moreover, the boundaries between illusion and hallucination can be very blurred. This essay considers specific situations exemplary of these aberrations – the phantom limb phenomenon, the effects of migraine and temporal lobe epilepsy, sleep disturbances, out-of-body and near-death experiences, conjuring, and the technique of pick-pocketing. Life is never as certain or as sure as we think.
Intergovernmental Cooperation and the Idea of Community in the Institutional and Decision-making Sphere of the EU Common Foreign and Security Policy
Authors: Piechowicz Michal
Published: September 2015

The Treaty of Lisbon (TL) altered the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) not only in its institutional structure, but also in its function and decision making processes. These changes affected the competences of member states, other authorities, and their relationships. They also influenced the prospects for intergovernmental cooperation and the evolutionary development of communitisation phenomena within this policy.
The Russian Oligarchs, from Yeltsin to Putin
Authors: Shinar Chaim
Published: September 2015

Yeltsin’s oligarchy1was 15, or even 20 or even 50, very rich people who featured all the time in the mass media. They were very ambitious. They were prepared to go openly i1nto the government or Duma, or to finance a political party. They were well known because they were popular. However, it would be difficult to argue that they controlled any part of the real economy.
Early Cognitively Based Functional Limitations Predict Loss of Independence in Instrumental Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults
Authors: Lau Karen M. , Parikh Mili , Harvey Danielle J. , Huang Chun-Jung , Farias Sarah Tomaszewski
Published: September 2015

Older adults with early forms of neurodegenerative disease are at risk for functional disability, which is often defined by the loss of independence in instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). The current study investigated the influence of mild changes in everyday functional abilities (referred to as functional limitations) on risk for development of incident functional disability. A total of 407 participants, who were considered cognitively normal or diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) at baseline, were followed longitudinally over an average 4.1 years (range=0.8–9.2 years). Informant-based ratings from the Everyday Cognition (ECog; Farias et al., 2008) and the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (Lawton & Brody, 1969) scales assessed the degree of functional limitations and incident IADL disability, respectively. Cox proportional hazards models revealed that more severe functional limitations (as measured by the Total ECog score) at baseline were associated with approximately a four-fold increased risk of developing IADL disability a few years later. Among the ECog domains, functional limitations in Everyday Planning, Everyday Memory, and Everyday Visuospatial domains were associated with the greatest risk of incident functional disability. These results remained robust even after controlling for participants’ neuropsychological functioning on tests of executive functions and episodic memory. Current findings indicate that early functional limitations have prognostic value in identifying older adults at risk for developing functional disability. Findings highlight the importance of developing interventions to support everyday abilities related to memory, executive function, and visuospatial skills in an effort to delay loss of independence in IADLs. (JINS, 2015,21, 688–698)
EFFICIENT ALGORITHMS FOR TRAVELLING SALESMAN PROBLEMS ARISING IN WAREHOUSE ORDER PICKING
Authors: CHARKHGARD H. , SAVELSBERGH M.
Published: September 2015

We investigate two routing problems that arise when order pickers traverse an aisle in a warehouse. The routing problems can be viewed as Euclidean travelling salesman problems with points on two parallel lines. We show that if the order picker traverses only a section of the aisle and then returns, then an optimal solution can be found in linear time, and if the order picker traverses the entire aisle, then an optimal solution can be found in quadratic time. Moreover, we show how to approximate the routing cost in linear time by computing a minimum spanning tree for the points on the parallel lines.
The Living Wage: An Economic Geography Based Explanation for a Policy for Equality
Authors: Morelli Carlo J. , Seaman Paul T.
Published: September 2015

This article examines the theoretical underpinning of living wage campaigns. The article uses evidence, derived from the UK Quarterly Labour Force Survey from 2005 to 2008, to examine the extent to which a living wage will address low pay within the labour force. We highlight the greater incidence of low pay within the private sector and then focus upon the public sector where the living wage demand has had most impact. The article builds upon the results from the Quarterly Labour Force Survey with analysis of the British Household Panel Survey in 2007 in order to examine the impact that the introduction of a living wage, within the public sector, would have in reducing household inequality.
Of ‘Psychological Music’, Ciphers and Daguerreotypes: Joseph Joachim’sAbendglockenOp. 5 No. 2 (1853)
Authors: Uhde Katharina
Published: September 2015

If as a performer and Brahms’s close collaborator Joachim promoted the music of Bach, Beethoven and Brahms, a process relatively unsympathetic to programme music of theNeudeutsche Schule, as a composer Joachim’s works do not display such an aesthetic stance. His own music, which he dubbed ‘psychological’, was intended to ‘detectandsave’, that is faithfully to perceive and record his emotions. As part of this process, Joachim’sAbendglocken, the second of theDrei Stücke, Op. 5, for violin and piano (1853), betrays a striking use of ciphers, taking Robert Schumann’s musical word games to a heightened level and using notational signs such as double bars as framing devices that suggest an intriguing link to the daguerreotypes of early photography.

‘Psychological music’ describes a compositional approach Joachim pursued in the 1850s, when positivism began clashing with the existing idealist philosophy, as demonstrated in the emergence of empirical psychology from philosophy and metaphysics. Enrolled in philosophy at Göttingen University in 1853, Joachim would have encountered psychology from a pre-empirical, phenomenological perspective, which may have initiated his ‘psychological music’. The dedicatee ofAbendglockenand the constant subject of his thoughts – and arguably of his music – was Gisela von Arnim (1827–1889), daughter of Bettina von Arnim, with whom he was romantically involved and whose encrypted name – G♯–E–A – provides a valuable key to understandingAbendglockenin particular, and Joachim’s psychological music in general. This article considers the autobiographical, philosophical and cultural influences on Joachim to interpret ‘psychological music’ as it played out inAbendglocken.
Lakhina Receives 2015 Space Weather and Nonlinear Waves and Processes Prize
Authors:   AGU
Published: September 2015

Gurbax Lakhina will receive the Space Weather and Nonlinear Waves and Processes Prize at the 2015 American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, to be held 14–18 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award recognizes significant contributions in the field of space weather or nonlinear waves and processes.
Urban stress is associated with variation in microbial species composition—but not richness—in Manhattan
Authors: Reese Aspen T , Savage Amy , Youngsteadt Elsa , McGuire Krista L , Koling Adam , Watkins Olivia , Frank Steven D , Dunn Robert R
Published: September 2015

The biological diversity and composition of microorganisms influences both human health outcomes and ecological processes; therefore, understanding the factors that influence microbial biodiversity is key to creating healthy, functional landscapes in which to live. In general, biological diversity is predicted to be limited by habitat size, which for green areas is often reduced in cities, and by chronic disturbance (stress). These hypotheses have not previously been tested in microbial systems in direct comparison to macroorganisms. Here we analyzed bacterial, fungal and ant communities in small road medians (average area 0.0008 km2) and larger parks (average area 0.64 km2) across Manhattan (NYC). Bacterial species richness was not significantly different between medians and parks, but community composition was significantly distinct. In contrast, ant communities differed both in composition and richness with fewer ant species in medians than parks. Fungi showed no significant variation in composition or richness but had few shared taxa between habitats or sites. The diversity and composition of microbes appears less sensitive to habitat patchiness or urban stress than those of macroorganisms. Microbes and their associated ecosystem services and functions may be more resilient to the negative effects of urbanization than has been previously appreciated.
A new class of tunable hypersonic phononic crystals based on polymer-tethered colloids
Authors: Alonso-Redondo E. , Schmitt M. , Urbach Z. , Hui C. M. , Sainidou R. , Rembert P. , Matyjaszewski K. , Bockstaller M. R. , Fytas G.
Published: September 2015

The design and engineering of hybrid materials exhibiting tailored phononic band gaps are fundamentally relevant to innovative material technologies in areas ranging from acoustics to thermo-optic devices. Phononic hybridization gaps, originating from the anti-crossing between local resonant and propagating modes, have attracted particular interest because of their relative robustness to structural disorder and the associated benefit to ‘manufacturability’. Although hybridization gap materials are well known, their economic fabrication and efficient control of the gap frequency have remained elusive because of the limited property variability and expensive fabrication methodologies. Here we report a new strategy to realize hybridization gap materials by harnessing the ‘anisotropic elasticity’ across the particle–polymer interface in densely polymer-tethered colloidal particles. Theoretical and Brillouin scattering analysis confirm both the robustness to disorder and the tunability of the resulting hybridization gap and provide guidelines for the economic synthesis of new materials with deliberately controlled gap position and width frequencies.