bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF HERBICIDES FOR THE CONTROL OF WEEDY GRASSES ON SEED PRODUCTION OF BROMEGRASS, CRESTED WHEATGRASS AND TIMOTHY
Authors: WADDINGTON JOHN
Published: March 2010

Herbicides for the control of annual grass weeds were applied to established seed-producing stands of bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) and crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn.) in spring each year 1979 through 1981 and to timothy (Phleum pratense L.) in 1980 and 1981. Flamprop methyl reduced seed yields in 2 years in bromegrass and in 1 year in crested wheatgrass and timothy. Diclofop methyl and difenzoquat reduced timothy and bromegrass yields, but not yields of crested wheat-grass. Diclofop methyl and flamprop methyl stunted timothy, reduced the number of seed heads formed, and delayed their maturation. Propanil reduced timothy seed yield 1 year, but did not reduce bromegrass yields. Dichlobenil had no deleterious effects.Key words: Bromus inermis, Agropyron cristatum, Phleum pratense, seed production, herbicides
EFFECTS OF EXCESSIVE ANNUAL APPLICATIONS OF TERBACIL, DIURON, SIMAZINE AND DICHLOBENIL ON VIGOR, YIELD, AND CATION NUTRITION OF YOUNG APPLE TREES
Authors: HOGUE E. J. , NEILSEN G. H.
Published: March 2010

A field trial was conducted to determine the effects of repeated applications of residual herbicides on young apple trees on dwarfing rootstock planted in coarse soil and under full growing season irrigation. Bisbee Delicious/M.26 apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) planted in 1978 were subjected to various, but continuous soil management treatments from 1980 to 1985. These treatments included full ground cover, glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] herbicide applied at 1.5 kg a.i. ha−1 yr−1 and recommended (X), twice recommended (2X) and four times recommended (4X) rates of terbacil (3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil), diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea], simazine [2-chloro-4, 6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine] and dichlobenil (2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile). Herbicide application at X was 1.5 kg a.i. ha−1 yr−1 for terbacil, 2.5 kg a.i. ha−1 yr−1 for diuron and simazine and 4.0 kg a.i. ha−1 yr−1 for dichlobenil. Applications of terbacil, diuron and simazine above X resulted in linear decreases in tree vigor and yield. Cumulative initial yield, 1982–85, was reduced at 4X by 46.8% for simazine and 60.8% for terbacil compared to their respective yields at X, while 4X diuron began causing tree mortality after the second application. High rates of dichlobenil did not significantly affect tree vigor or yield. Although simazine applications directly increased leaf Mg and Zn concentrations in 2 of 3 yr, the results had no practical significance, due to the toxicity of simazine. Other herbicides did not consistently influence tree cation nutrition.Key words: Apple, yield, vigor, herbicide toxicity, leaf nutrition
AN EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS ON COLD HARDINESS IN APPLE TREES
Authors: COLEMAN WARREN K. , ESTABROOKS EVANS N.
Published: March 2010

Two-year-old apple trees (cv. Spur Mac/M.106) were treated once during September 1985 and again in 1986 with the plant growth regulators thidiazuron and EL-500® in the presence or absence of the antitranspirant Vapor Gard®. Seasonal changes in the low temperature exotherms of twig samples, percent moisture, relative dormancy intensity, percent injury levels at stress temperatures of −15, −25 and −35 °C and daily maximum/minimum air temperatures were recorded. On a seasonal basis during the 1986–1987 season, the hardiness level of the trees increased until mid-February and then decreased regardless of treatment. During the acclimation period of September 1986 to mid-February 1987, a significant multiple regression equation was obtained between percent injury at a stress temperature of −35 °C and the following independent variables: percent shoot moisture, previous mean maximum and mean minimum air temperatures. During the deacclimation period of late February to May 1987, a significant regression equation was obtained between percent injury at a stress temperature of −35 °C and the independent variables, percent shoot moisture and previous mean maximum air temperatures. On a daily basis, fluctuating cold hardiness levels were correlated with prior chemical treatment, prior air temperatures, percent shoot moisture levels and low temperature exotherm. The pronounced fluctuations in percent injury at a stress temperature of −35 °C appeared to be primarily related to the previous mean maximum 3-d air temperatures when the multiple regression equations were examined for the major contributing variables. Thidiazuron in the presence or absence of Vapor Gard® was effective in increasing cold hardiness on a number of occasions and appears to warrant further evaluation.Key words: Malus × domestica, apple, cold hardiness, thidiazuron, EL-500®
EFFETS DE L’IRRADIATION AUX RAYONS GAMMA SUR LA CONSERVATION DU BROCOLI (Brassica oleracea var. Italica)
Authors: LOPÉZ-DOMINGUEZ A. M. , CASTAIGNE F. , CHEOUR F. , ARUL J. , WILLEMOT C.
Published: March 2010

The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effect of different doses of irradiation on broccoli tissues during subsequent storage, to establish whether a 1 kGy dose was detrimental to the tissue, and to describe the effects at higher doses. Irradiation strongly stimulated respiration, even at 1 kGy, in proportion to the applied dose. This enhancement reached 70% at 5 kGy. The rate of respiration of control and irradiated samples decreased during the 7 wk of storage, but that of the irradiated samples remained higher than that of the control throughout the experiment. Yellowing of the inflorescence, as measured by the Gardner colorimeter, was strongly accelerated at 1 kGy. Chlorophyll loss was greater in the irradiated samples than in the control, in the inflorescence, and even more in the stems. The general appearance of the flower heads (yellowing, bud opening) confirmed that irradiation at 1 kGy accelerated maturation of broccoli. This dose is less than that generally required for control of surface microorganisms of horticultural crops during storage.Key words: Broccoli, Brassica oleracea, irradiation, gamma rays, chlorophyll, storage
BILATERAL LEAF EXPANSION OF TOBACCO UNDER WATER STRESS
Authors: KING MARK J.
Published: March 2010

Leaves of control and water-stressed tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L.) were monitored nondestructively, and overall growth and growth distribution within the leaf were compared using a video camera interfaced to a computer. Leaf expansion of control leaves was linear with time. The expansion rate was highest during the dark period and the first 4 h of the light period. The growth rate declined as the light period progressed through 14 h. Leaf expansion of water-stressed plants began declining approximately 44 h after water was withheld. Growth rate during the subsequent dark period increased slightly. Growth resumed within 4–8 h after rewatering. Within 36 h after rewatering, the growth rate was again linear and comparable to controls. During the dark period, the growth distribution was more apical and less basal than during the light period. Lateral growth distribution within the leaf was not affected by developing water stress.Key words: Microcomputer, video camera, Nicotiana tabacum, leaf growth, water stress
SURVIVAL OF Bradyrhizobium japonicum IN CANADIAN PRAIRIE SOILS
Authors: BAILEY L. D.
Published: March 2010

The study was conducted to determine whether Bradyrhizobium japonicum can over-winter in Canadian prairie soils, and whether prolonged storage in soil exposed to various environmental conditions affects its nodulating activity. In 1984, Maple Amber, an early-maturing Canadian soybean cultivar was grown in the field on two soils that had never been contaminated with B. japonicum. Two single strains and a commercial mixture of four strains were used as inoculants. In 1985, the soils were cropped again to soybean, but the 1984 inoculated plots were split to permit noninoculated and inoculated treatments. In both years, the inoculants increased seed yield and protein content over the noninoculated treatments. Plants grown on soils inoculated in 1984, but not in 1985, had no nodules, indicating that the Rhizobia did not survive over the winter; seed yield and protein content were similar to plants grown on soils that were never inoculated. Further, the two strains of B. japonicum, 61A148 and 61A196 were more effective than the multistrain inoculant, producing more nodules and greater seed yield, but similar protein content. In the fall of 1984, soil was removed from the inoculated and noninoculated plots and subjected to storage treatments prior to cropping to inoculated soybeans in a growth chamber. Immediate cropping of soils in the growth chamber, following removal from the field, showed that Bradyrhizobia were present at the time of sampling. Prolonged storage in a frozen or severe drying condition completely destroyed the nodulating activity of the Bradyrhizobia and may have killed them; storage in a moist refrigerated state reduced their nondulating activity and may have adversely affected their survival.Key words: Glycine max (L.) Merrill, soybean, Bradyrhizobia nodulation, survival, freezing, drying
AGRONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF FLAX GROWN ON CANOLA, BARLEY AND FLAX STUBBLE WITH AND WITHOUT TILLAGE PRIOR TO SEEDING
Authors: GUBBELS G. H. , KENASCHUK E. O.
Published: March 2010

Field experiments were conducted to determine the effect of mature crop residues and volunteer seedling residues of canola (Brassica napus L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) on the growth and yield of subsequent flax crops seeded after conventional tillage. A second set of field experiments was also conducted which included both flax and barley as test crops on canola and barley stubble and included an additional comparison between conventional tillage and no tillage. Flax yields were generally lower on canola and flax stubble than on barley stubble with conventional tillage before seeding. Averaged over 6 yr the reduction was 9% on canola stubble. With no tillage prior to seeding, flax yielded as well on canola as on barley stubble. Spring volunteer seedlings of canola and flax often reduced flax yields but fall volunteer growth had no marked effect. Barley yielded better on canola than on its own stubble, and tended to yield better with tillage prior to seeding than without.Key words: Flax, Linum usitatissimum L., crop residues, phytotoxins, tillage practices
GENETIC IMPROVEMENT IN PHOTOSYNTHETIC RESPONSE OF HYBRID MAIZE CULTIVARS, 1959 TO 1988
Authors: DWYER L. M. , TOLLENAAR M.
Published: March 2010

The yield of maize hybrids has increased significantly during the past 30 yr. Changes in climate, management techniques and genetics have contributed to yield gains. The genetic contribution has ranged from 33 to 79%. A field study was developed to identify physiological components of this genetic improvement in eight widely grown hybrids in Ontario from 1959 to 1988 ((1) Dekalb 29, (2) Pride 5, (3) Warwick 263, (4) United-H-106, (5) PAG SX111, (6) Pioneer 3978, (7) Pioneer 3851, (8) Pioneer 3902). A part of this study investigated differences in photosynthetic response to irradiance (PRI) and in crop growth rates and machine-harvestable grain yields of the eight hybrids at three plant densities. The occurrence of an unseasonally cool night during the measurement period also indicated hybrid differences in the effect of cool temperatures on photosynthetic response. Hybrid differences in PRI resulted from stress, either in the form of low night temperatures or high plant densities. When stressed, PRI was reduced more in the oldest hybrids than in the most recent. Large increases in machine-harvestable yield and rate of dry matter accumulation between the oldest and most recent hybrids were paralleled by slight increases in PRI among hybrids when unstressed, i.e. low population, seasonal temperatures, but the hybrid differences in response were generally not significant (P > 0.10). The importance of increased PRI, particularly when associated with stress, is discussed in terms of Canadian production.Key words: Stress, low temperature, plant density, crop growth rate
SECONDARY DORMANCY IN DORMOATS FOLLOWING TEMPERATURE TREATMENTS: FIELD AND LABORATORY RESPONSES
Authors: FRÉGEAU JUDITH A. , BURROWS VERNON D.
Published: March 2010

Partially after-ripened seeds of three dormoat lines (Avena sativa L. × A. fatua L.) were treated to induce secondary dormancy before field planting in the fall. The objectives of this experiment were to evaluate the dormancy response of the treated seeds and to determine if field performance, in terms of both survival and emergence, was improved by the treatments. Treatments consisted of imbibition and incubation of seeds at two temperatures: 4 °C for 3 wk or 30 °C for 2 wk. Both treatments increased dormancy, but differences were also noted in the type of relative dormancy expressed by each seed population under laboratory conditions. Treated seeds and the appropriate untreated control seeds were sown in the field, in fiberglass mesh bags, either in early or late fall depending on the treatment. Levels of dormant seeds retrieved from the field, at the end of the fall season, varied for each dormoat line and did not reflect the induced secondary dormancy measured before field planting. The fate of these dormant seeds after exposure to winter stresses was assessed on field-retrieved material in the spring. In relation to a late sowing of untreated seeds, the treatments were effective in improving levels of viable seeds (dormant or germinating) remaining in the ground, in the spring. However, the best performance, both in survival and emergence, was obtained with an early fall planting of untreated seeds. High loss of viability was common to both treated and untreated seeds of the three dormoat lines. The major shortcoming of dormoats seems to be in the area of cold resistance of the fall dormant seeds since damage during winter played an important role in survival.Key words: Secondary dormancy, relative dormancy, dormoats, emergence
RELATIONSHIP OF DEVELOPMENT RATES OF CORN FROM PLANTING TO SILKING TO AIR AND SOIL TEMPERATURE AND TO ACCUMULATED THERMAL UNITS IN A PRAIRIE ENVIRONMENT
Authors: CUTFORTH H. W. , SHAYKEWICH C. F.
Published: March 2010

The effect of temperature on the phenological development of corn (Zea mays L.) was studied under field conditions at several locations throughout southeastern Manitoba, an area where the average annual corn heat unit accumulation is in the range 2100–2500. Twelve location years of data were collected from eight sites during 1980–1983. Two early-maturing hybrids, Pioneer 3995 and Northrup King 403 and one medium maturity hybrid, Pride 1108, were used. The duration from planting to emergence (PE) was predominantly controlled by soil temperature (ST). The duration from emergence to stem elongation (ESE) was significantly related to air temperature (AT), but not to ST. For both the PE and ESE growth phases, the thermal models — corn heat units (CHU), growing degree days (GDD) and modified corn heat units (MCHU) — were better estimators of duration than calendar days. The MCHU model, with threshold temperatures of 7 and 15 °C for the response functions to daily minimum and maximum temperature, respectively, estimated the duration of ESE more accurately than did the other thermal models. For the duration from stem elongation to silking (SESI), calendar days were better estimators than the thermal models. From emergence to silking (ESI), the thermal models using air temperature were generally better estimators of ESI duration than calendar days.Key words: Maize, thermal indices
MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL CONDITIONING OF HAYS
Authors: CLARK E. ANN , CRUMP S. V. , KONDRA Z. P.
Published: March 2010

In 1982 and 1983, six field trials and three controlled environment studies were conducted (1) to determine if the drying agent potassium carbonate (K2CO3), alone or in combination with mechanical conditioning, accelerated the drying of field hay more than conventional mechanical conditioning alone; (2) to gauge the reliability of K2CO3 as a drying agent; (3) to contrast the effectiveness of K2CO3 on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. and M. media Pers.) relative to other legumes; and (4) to compare the sensitivity of K2CO3 action to controlled irradiance, temperature and relative humidity (RH). Relative to unconditioned hay, mechanical conditioning alone reduced field drying time to safe baling moisture in four of the six trials, while chemical (K2CO3) conditioning alone reduced field drying time in three of the six trials. Hay treated with a combination of mechanical and chemical conditioning typically dried faster than either process alone. Heavy windrows and poor drying conditions lessened the value of either conditioning treatment. In single-stem drying tests conducted under controlled environmental conditions, K2CO3 significantly accelerated drying in two alfalfa cultivars, as well as in sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), alsike clover (T. hybridum L.), and sweetclover (Melilotus alba Desr.). Potassium carbonate reduced time to reach 20% moisture by about 50%, with some variation in responsiveness among legumes. Increasing irradiance from 100 to 150 W m−2 did not influence response to K2CO3. Increasing temperature increased responsiveness to K2CO3. Increasing RH from 45 to 70% slightly increased the effectiveness of K2CO3, particularly at the lower level of irradiance. Potassium carbonate can be an effective tool in accelerating field drying of legume hays, when used in conjunction with mechanical conditioning. However, the utility of either mechanical or chemical conditioning depends on both drying conditions and harvest management. Conditioning will not compensate for cool, cloudy weather, or for heavy dense windrows. Potassium carbonate was shown to accelerate drying on all tested legumes, and to be most effective when temperature was high.Key words: Field hay drying, mechanical conditioning, potassium carbonate, alfalfa
EFFECT OF SPRING SEEDLING RESIDUES ON THE AGRONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF SUBSEQUENT FLAX AND BARLEY CROPS SEEDED WITH AND WITHOUT PRIOR TILLAGE
Authors: GUBBELS G. H. , KENASCHUK E. O.
Published: March 2010

Field experiments were conducted to determine the effect of spring seedling residues of canola (Brassica napus L. and B. campestris L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) and a weed mixture on the growth and yield of subsequent crops of flax and barley seeded after tillage of the seedling plots. Some treatments were also tested without tillage, the seedlings being killed with paraquat. The large quantities of spring seedling residues had variable effects on flax yields, resulting in increases in some years and decreases in others compared to seedling-free plots. Flax yields were generally reduced by canola, flax and weed seedling residues, and increased by barley seedling residue. Averaged over 6 yr, canola seedlings reduced flax yields by 2% and barley increased flax yields by 3% with conventional tillage. On the other hand, barley yields were reduced 7% by conola and 17% by barley seedling residues. Yields of flax and barley were higher without than with tillage of the seedlings prior to seeding. The results are discussed in relation to the effects of the seedling residues on soil crusting, toxic compounds in the residues and toxic compounds formed during decomposition of the residues.Key words: Flax, Linum usitatissimum L., barley, Hordeum vulgare L., plant residues, tillage systems
INFLUENCE OF METRIBUZIN AND CYANAZINE ON THE PHYTOTOXICITY OF GRAMINICIDES ON WILD OATS AND BARLEY
Authors: KIRKLAND K. J. , HARKER K. N. , O’SULLIVAN P. A.
Published: March 2010

Tank-mixes of metribuzin or cyanazine with sethoxydim, fluazifop-p-butyl, haloxyfop-methyl or quizalofop-ethyl were evaluated at Scott, Saskatchewan and Lacombe, Alberta for control of wild oats (Avena fatua L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Metribuzin reduced the control of wild oats and barley when mixed with the four graminicides. Mixtures of the graminicides with cyanazine were not antagonistic and there was no loss of weed control. The addition of fluazifop-p-butyl, haloxyfop-methyl, and quizalofop-ethyl to metribuzin caused reduced phytotoxicity on wild mustard in the growth room.Key words: Graminicides, antagonism, metribuzin, cyanazine
KG 82 SOYBEAN
Authors: BRADNER N. R. , SIMPSON R. D. , HADLOCK A. A.
Published: March 2010

KG 82 is a late-maturity group I soybean (Glycine max) cultivar which is 5 d later and 5% higher yielding than the cultivar Hodgson. Its main advantage is its yield performance and high degree of phytophthora tolerance.Key words: Glycine max, KG 82 cultivar, soybean
GENETIC VARIATION IN REACTION TO SCLEROTINIA STEM ROT IN Brassica SPECIES
Authors: SEDUN F. S. , SEGUIN-SWARTZ G. , RAKOW G. F. W.
Published: March 2010

Twenty-five cultivars and strains representing five Brassica species were tested under controlled conditions for their reaction to infection by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, the causal agent of sclerotinia stem rot. Using the rate of stem lesion expansion as an indicator of the resistance of stem tissue to the pathogen, significant differences were present between species and among cultivars/strains within species. Although S0 parent-S1 progeny heritability of stem lesion expansion was low, S0 plants of Brassica campestris and B. juncea with increased sclerotinia stem rot resistance could be selected.Key words: Brassica, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, stem rot resistance, selection technique
PS 90 SOYBEAN
Authors: BRADNER N. R. , SIMPSON R. D. , HADLOCK A. A.
Published: March 2010

PS 90 is an early-maturity group II soybean (Glycine max) cultivar which is 1 d earlier and similar in yield to the cultivar Corsoy 79. Its main advantage is its good phytophthora tolerance and good lodging rating.Key words: Glycine max, PS 90 cultivar, soybean
SCIMITAR BROWN MUSTARD
Authors: WOODS D. L. , PETRIE G. A.
Published: March 2010

Scimitar brown mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Coss), registered in 1987, is a totally brown-seeded cultivar which combines a high glucosinolate level with resistance to white rust (Albugo Candida (Pers. ex Lev.) Ktze.). It is adapted to all areas in western Canada where B. juncea is grown, but is later maturing than other commonly grown cultivars (Blaze, Commercial brown).Key words: Mustard (brown), cultivar description
PERFORMANCE OF SOME NATIVE AND INTRODUCED GRASSES IN A SEMIARID REGION OF WESTERN CANADA
Authors: LAWRENCE T. , RATZLAFF C. D.
Published: March 2010

Twelve strains of native grasses which had undergone selection prior to testing were compared with three introduced grasses under the same management system. On the basis of the 5-yr mean D M yield, crested wheatgrass and meadow bromegrass produced 79% more forage than the native species. Crested wheatgrass and intermediate wheat-grass produced 167% more seed on average than other species. The native species, especially slender wheatgrass and awned wheatgrass suffered considerable winter injury and winter killing. This study supports the belief that most native grasses are shortlived and low-yielding compared to introduced species and that breeders should concentrate their efforts on the introduced species which have an inheritantly higher yield potential.Key words: native grasses, introduced grasses, Agropyron, Bromus, Elymus, Thinopyrum, winter killing, breeding
THE COMPOSITION AND UTILIZATION OF SILAGE PREPARED FROM TIMOTHY (Phleum pratense L.) AND QUACKGRASS (Elytrigia repens (L.) NEOSKI)
Authors: NARASIMALU P. , KUNELIUS H. T. , McRAE K. B.
Published: March 2010

Silages prepared from the first-cut and 7-8 wk regrowth of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and timothy stands with 56% infestation of quackgrass (Elytrigia repens (L.) Neoski) were compared for chemical composition and for their utilization. Quackgrass infestation of timothy had no significant effect on the silage composition, and its intake and apparent digestibility in sheep. The daily retention of N was higher with the timothy-quackgrass than timothy silage (P < 0.05).Key words: Phleum pratense, Elytrigia repens, voluntary intake, apparent digestibility, nitrogen retention
EFFETS DE TROIS TEMPÉRATURES NOCTURNES DE L’AIR SUR LES RENDEMENTS DE LA TOMATE DE SERRE CULTIVÉE EN SOL ET EN NFT
Authors: CHOLETTE CHRISTIAN , LORD DANIEL
Published: March 2010

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of low night-air temperatures on the early and total yields of the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ’Carmello’) grown with three stems in NFT and soil, in a greenhouse with small tunnels. Tomato was seeded on 16 Jan. and was grown under three night air temperatures (17, 12, 7 °C) for 2 mo after the sixth leaf had expanded and the first cluster was visible, say from 24 Feb. to 15 Apr. Total and marketable yields were significantly higher in NFT than in soil, but there was no advantage for the early yield. The date at which half the flowers of the first cluster opened was 2 wk earlier for the 17 °C treatment than for the 7 °C treatment, indicating that low night-air temperatures reduce the speed of development. Low night-air temperature significantly reduced the early yield, while the time to half of total yield increased by a factor of 2 wk in NFT and 1 wk in soil. Night air temperatures show large effects on the speed of development of the tomato and the earliness of the marketable yield.Key words: Tomato, greenhouse, night-air temperature, NFT, soil, early and total yields
RICHELAIN: A CLUBROOT-RESISTANT CABBAGE CULTIVAR
Authors: CHIANG M. S. , CRETE R.
Published: March 2010

The Richelain cabbage is a newly released cultivar for the fresh market. It is resistant to races 2, 6 and 7 (Williams 1966) or ECD 16/02/31 and 16/02/30 (Buczacki et al. 1975) of the clubroot pathogen, Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor. Slightly ovate heads with dark blue green crinkly leaves and near white internal color are some other features of this cultivar. The Richelain cabbage cultivar was developed at the Agriculture Canada Research Station, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec.Key words: Brassica oleracea ssp. capitata, clubroot resistance, crucifers, cabbage cultivar, cultivar description
ASSINIBOINE POPLAR
Authors: SCHROEDER W. R. , LINDQUIST C. H.
Published: March 2010

Assiniboine poplar is a male clone which is suitable for farmstead shelterbelt planting on the Canadian prairies. The poplar has superior hardiness, and is relatively fast growing. It is readily propagated from hardwood cuttings.Key words: Poplar, Shelterbelt tree improvement, cultivar description, Populus × Assiniboine
USE OF CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENTS FOR WINTER CEREAL COLD HARDINESS EVALUATION: CONTROLLED FREEZE TESTS AND TISSUE WATER CONTENT AS PREDICTION TESTS
Authors: BRULE-BABEL A. L. , FOWLER D. B.
Published: March 2010

Field survival is the most commonly employed method of evaluating the winter hardiness of cereals. However, the inherent difficulties with field trials have stimulated a continued interest in the use of controlled environments and prediction tests for the evaluation of cold hardiness. In the present studies, cold hardiness expression of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars acclimated in controlled environments was found to be similar to that reported for field conditions in Saskatchewan, Canada. LT50 and tissue water content measurements on wheat and rye (Secale cereale L.) cultivars acclimated in controlled environments were highly correlated with cultivar field survival ability. Investigation of the relationship between field survival and tissue water content during cold acclimation in controlled environments indicated that, to be effective as a screening method for cold hardiness, measurements of tissue water content should be made on fully acclimated plants for which the acclimation conditions have been rigorously controlled. Level of acclimation was not as critical for cold hardiness screening when LT50 measurements were utilized; however, maximum resolution also required fully acclimated plants. Although a strong relationship (r = −0.80 to −0.89) was found to exist with field survival potential, an inability to detect small, but important, differences without excessive replication would generally restrict the use of LT50 and tissue water content to situations where large homogeneous plant populations were available and only coarse screens for cold hardiness were required.Key words: Cold acclimation, winter wheat, winter rye, cold hardiness, water content, replication
EFFECT OF DATE AND RATE OF SEEDING, ROW SPACING AND FERTILIZATION ON LENTIL
Authors: ALI-KHAN S. T. , KIEHN F. A.
Published: March 2010

The effect of seeding date, seeding rate, row spacing and fertilizer level were investigated in two cultivars of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.), Eston and Laird, in Manitoba. High yields were obtained by early seeding, narrow row spacing (15 cm) and high seeding rate (100 plants m−2). Response to fertilizer levels was variable. Early seedings produced larger seeds. Effects of other treatments on seed size were not significant.Key words: Lentil, seeding date, seeding rate, plant population, fertilizer level
THE INFLUENCE OF RATE AND TIME OF MINERAL N APPLICATION ON YIELD AND N2 FIXATION BY FIELD BEAN
Authors: KUCEY R. M. N.
Published: March 2010

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effect of rate and timing of nitrogen (N) fertilizer on growth, N uptake and N2 fixation by nodulated field beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ’GN1140’). Fertilizer N was added at 30, 60 or 120 mg kg−1 soil either at planting or at 2, 4, 6, 8 or 10 wk after planting. N2 fixation was determined by using 15N isotope dilution methods with spring wheat (Triticum aestivum ’Leader’) as a nonfixing control plant. Additions of N at 30 mg kg−1 soil had a stimulatory effect on plant growth, relative to plants not receiving N fertilizer, which was reflected in increased N uptake and N2 fixation. Addition of N at 60 or 120 mg kg−1 soil did not result in increased plant N uptake and was shown to inhibit N2 fixation. Stimulatory effects of 30 mg N, and inhibitory effects of 60 or 120 mg N, were only observed if N additions were made within the first 6 wk after planting. Additions of N after that time did not affect the plant parameters measured in this study. It was concluded that additions of N at rates of 60 or 120 mg kg−1 do not result in increased plant growth because of the resulting decreases in the contribution of biologically fixed N2 to plant N uptake. It was also concluded that once the N2-fixing symbioses with GN1140 was established, biological N2 fixation was able to supply sufficient N for the plant needs.Key words: 15N dilution, starter N, field bean, N2 fixation, N addition, wheat, Rhizobium phaseoli
EFFECT OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE, IMAZALIL, AND METHOD C IMAZALIL APPLICATION ON BARLEY INFECTED WITH COMMON ROO ROT
Authors: GOOS R. J. , JOHNSON B. E. , STACK R. W.
Published: March 2010

Two experiments were conducted at six locations in North Dakota in 1986 using Morex barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) as the test crop. The first consisted of a factorial combination of 3 KCl fertilizer rates (0, 50, and 200 kg ha−1 of KCl) by two rates of imazalil impregnated on the seed (0 and 0.1 g a.i. kg−1 seed). Potassium chloride application reduced plant nitrate concentrations at all sites, while imazalil had little effect. Imazalil reduced common root rot (CRR, incited primarily by Cochliobolus sativus) at four sites and KCl fertilization reduced CRR at two sites. At these latter two sites differing KCl × imazalil interactions were observed. At one site, KCl reduced CRR in the absence of imazalil but not in the presence of imazalil. Imazalil was quite effective in controlling CRR at this site, however. At the second site, both KCl and imazalil reduced CRR and their effects were complementary. Imazalil seed treatment substantially increased yield at one site where there was infection with take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis) as well as CRR. Imazalil application significantly reduced yields at another site. Potassium chloride fertilization significantly increased yield at one site, but this yield increase could not be attributed to control of CRR. The second experiment compared seed impregnation with imazalil to impregnation of monoammonium phosphate fertilizer drilled with the seed. Fertilizer impregnation with imazalil eliminated all seedling toxicity associated with the fungicide, but imazalil-impregnated fertilizer was totally ineffective in controlling CRR.Key words: Chloride fertilization, fertilizer-fungicide interaction, fertilizer-pesticide mixtures, take-all, Cochliobolus sativus, Gaeumannomyces graminis, Hordeum vulgare
THE DETERMINATION AND VERIFICATION OF A BASELINE TEMPERATURE FOR THE GROWTH OF WESTAR SUMMER RAPE
Authors: MORRISON M. J. , McVETTY P. B. E. , SHAYKEWICH C. F.
Published: March 2010

Controlled environment growth cabinets set at mean temperatures of 10, 13.5, 15, 17, 20, 22 and 25 °C were used to determine a baseline temperature of 5 °C for the growth of Westar summer rape (Brassica napus L.). Temperatures in excess of 25 °C caused whole plant sterility. Phenological data obtained from ten field sites, collected over three years, was used to verify the 5 °C baseline temperature. Field growing degree days (GDD) and cabinet GDD were not significantly different. The percent development to physiological maturity (% DPM) of field grown Westar summer rape, as influenced by temperature, was not significantly different from that predicted by the cabinet determined equation. The agreement between field and cabinet GDD and observed and predicted % DPM verified the use of a 5 °C baseline temperature in field GDD equations. % DPM and GDD were found to be better estimators of phenological development in the field than calendar days. A simple linear model, relating % DPM to GDD was developed. It was concluded that temperature is the most important environmental factor regulating the phenological development of Westar summer rape in western Canada.Key words: Westar summer rape, Brassica napus, baseline temperature, phenological development, growing degree days
WATER STRESS AND GENOTYPIC EFFECTS ON EPICUTICULAR WAX PRODUCTION OF ALFALFA AND CRESTED WHEATGRASS IN RELATION TO YIELD AND EXCISED LEAF WATER LOSS RATE
Authors: JEFFERSON P. G. , JOHNSON D. A. , RUMBAUGH M. D. , ASAY K. H.
Published: March 2010

Epicuticular wax production has been found to be associated with higher seed yield of drought-stressed crops. The present study was conducted to determine the relationship between epicuticular wax and forage yield in two range plant species. A line-source sprinkler system under an automated rainout shelter imposed an irrigation water gradient on 30 clones of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) from two source populations and 30 clones of crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum [Fisch. ex Link] Schult.). Leaf epicuticular wax was determined gravimetrically at three contrasting water levels. Epicuticular wax production increased for all clones as water application declined in all three harvests for alfalfa and in the first harvest for crested wheatgrass. At the low water level, clones of creeping-rooted Spredor 2 alfalfa produced more epicuticular wax per unit leaf area than noncreeping-rooted NC-83-1 clones. Within the three water levels, epicuticular wax production and yield were not correlated in alfalfa for any harvest. Yield and epicuticular wax were negatively correlated at the medium and low water levels for crested wheatgrass at Harvest 1 and positively correlated at the high water level for Harvest 2 (aftermath). No consistent relationship was found between epicuticular wax production and cuticular transpiration as estimated by water loss rate of excised leaves of alfalfa and crested wheatgrass.Key words: Medicago sativa, Agropyron desertorum, line-source sprinkler, drought, cuticular transpiration
EFFECTS OF FUMIGATION ON GROWTH, PHOTOSYNTHESIS, WATER RELATIONS AND MYCORRHIZAL DEVELOPMENT OF WINTER WHEAT IN THE FIELD
Authors: TRENT J. D. , SVEJCAR T. J. , CHRISTIANSEN S.
Published: March 2010

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was grown in methyl bromide fumigated and nonfumigated soils in the field. Fumigation increased growth of wheat in the winter but depressed growth later in the spring. Growth depression of winter wheat in fumigated soils coincided with VAM-fungal colonization of wheat roots in nonfumigated soils. In the spring, wheat plants growing in fumigated soils were more chlorotic than those in nonfumigated soils. Plants grown in fumigated soils produced 18–21% less aboveground biomass during grain filling, and 42% less grain at final harvest than controls. In May, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration of flag leaves were reduced 40–52, 41–55, and 24–36%, respectively, in fumigated plots when compared to nonfumigated plots. Wheat was colonized by VAM only 20% of the growth period; however, VAM colonization may occur at a period critical to grain production of winter wheat.Key words: Triticum aestivum, fumigation, mycorrhizae, photosynthesis, water relations, wheat (winter)
ENA WHEAT
Authors: TEICH A. H.
Published: March 2010

Ena is a soft white winter wheat with less susceptibility to scab caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, and when infected, accumulates less of the associated mycotoxin, DON (deoxynivalenol), than other cultivars recommended for Ontario. In its area of adaptation, area 1 of southwestern Ontario where corn heat units are 2900 or more, it yields more than any of the recommended cultivars, except Augusta, which yields 1% more.Key words: Cultivar description, scab, vomitoxin, deoxynivalenol, head blight, wheat (soft, white, winter)
MICROPROPAGATION OF THE COLD-HARDY APPLE ROOTSTOCK KSC-3: A MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
Authors: BRIAND CHRISTOPHER H. , HICKS GARY S.
Published: March 2010

The cold-hardy apple rootstock KSC-3 (Malus × domestica Borkh.) was micropropagated on modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium using single node explants as the starting material. Explants grown on media containing BAP (0.5–5.0 mg L−1) and zeatin (5.0 mg L−1) produced multiple shoots. The largest number of shoots (≥ 5.0 mm) were obtained with 1.0 mg L−1 BAP. On the basis of useable shoots (≥ 15.0 mm), however, there was no difference in shoot number between 0.5 and 1.0 mg L−1 BAP. With increasing BAP concentration, shoot length decreased, while stem diameter increased. The longest shoots were obtained with 5.0 mg L−1 zeatin. Rooting was achieved by culturing individual shoots on either full or 1/4 strength MS. Reducing the MS concentration in the absence of exogenous auxin increased the percentage of rooted shoots and the median number of roots/shoot. When auxins were present, reducing the MS concentration had little effect on rooting. NAA, IBA and IAA were effective in promoting root formation while 2,4-D was often inhibitory. Basal callus formation increased when auxins were added to the rooting medium. The presence of 2,4-D or a reduction of the MS concentration to 1/4 strength had a detrimental effect on the shoots.Key words: Micropropagation, KSC-3, Malus, morphology, appleAbbreviations: MS = mineral salts of Murashige and Skoog (1962); BAP = 6-benzylaminopurine; 2iP = N6-(2-isopentyl) adenine; zeatin = 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-trans-2-butenylaminopurine; 2,4-D = 2.4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; NAA = 1-naphthaleneacetic acid; IBA = indole-3-butyric acid; IAA = Indole-3-acetic acid.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CARBON PARTITIONING IN SAMANTHA ROSES
Authors: JIAO J. , GILMOUR M. , TSUJITA M. J. , GRODZINSKI B.
Published: March 2010

In Rosa hybrida ’Samantha’ roses, all leaves on the flowering shoot had similar photosynthetic capacities at a stage of shoot development when the flower bud first showed red color. Whole plant net CO2 exchange rate (NCER) was 45% lower than that of individual leaves at saturating light levels due to respiration of nonphotosynthetic organs and mutual shading of the leaves in the plant canopy. Decreasing the oxygen concentration to 2% increased the NCER of both individual leaves and whole plants by approximately 15%. Studies with 11CO2 labelling indicated that the translocation speed from the source leaves was approximately 0.27 cm min−1, typical of woody plants. Nearly 60% of the newly fixed 14CO2 was in the sugar fraction predominantly in sucrose. Four hours after labelling only 21–24% of the total 14C-assimilates had been exported from the source leaves. Of the exported 14C, 98% from the first trifoliate leaf and 87% from the fourth leaf were translocated towards the developing flower bud indicating its role as the major sink. Taken together, the data for NCER of leaves and whole plants suggest that a rooted single shoot plant of Samantha roses represents a good model system for both studying flower development and predicting the growth and development of roses in commercial greenhouse canopies.Key words: Rosa hybrida ’Samantha’, photosynthesis, carbon partitioning
FACTORS AFFECTING LEAF NUTRIENT CONCENTRATIONS OF POTATOES ON IRRIGATED BROWN AND DARK BROWN CHERNOZEMIC SOILS
Authors: MacKAY D. C. , ENTZ T. , CAREFOOT J. M.
Published: March 2010

Factors affecting the leaf nutrient concentrations (LNC) of the potato crop were assessed over an 8-yr period on 372 irrigated fields located on Brown and Dark Brown Chernozemic soils. The mean LNC values obtained by standardized sampling and analytical procedures for N, P, K, Ca, and Mg were 5.63, 0.46, 3.44, 1.17, and 0.77%, respectively. Coefficient of variability (CV) of LNC between multiple samples within 98 fields was very low (3.7, 9.9, 8.8, 10.8, and 10.3%). CV values derived from corresponding soil samples within 60 of these fields were 35, 29, and 19% for soluble NO3-N, NaHCO3-extractable P, and NH4OAC-exchangeable K at 0–15 cm depth. Mean LNC values for all nutrients were significantly different among years, and were correlated with various weather components. Neither leaf N nor K were significantly affected by different soil series (6), soil textural classes (6), cultivars (4), or previous crop (5). The only significant effects of these factors were texture and previous crop on P, cultivar on Ca, and series and texture on Mg. Pearson linear correlation coefficients relating LNCs with total fertilizer applications or soil analyses were poor. Multiple correlations derived from a quadratic response surface regression analysis of each nutrient, which included soil test values, and banded and broadcast fertilizer rates of the corresponding nutrient as independent variables, were high for most years (R = 0.6–0.7).Key words: Leaf analysis, soil properties, sampling variability, multiple correlations
COMPARISON OF CRITICAL NUTRIENT CONCENTRATIONS WITH DRIS FOR ASSESSING NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES OF POTATOES ON IRRIGATED CHERNOZEMIC SOILS
Authors: MacKAY D. C. , ENTZ T. , CAREFOOT J. M. , DUBETZ S.
Published: March 2010

Best fit quadratic response curves relating tuber yields with fertilizer treatment rates from a 3-yr 4 × 4 factorial field experiment provided the bases for diagnosing nutrient deficiencies of N and P. These curves were compared with similar response curves of leaf nutrient concentrations and for deficiency indices calculated by the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS). Critical nutrient concentrations (CNCs) of 5.93 and 5.44% of N and 0.47 and 0.35% of P were associated with estimated yield decrements of < 5% and > 15% of the maxima. Corresponding DRIS indices were −2.1 and −6.7 for N and −10 and −26 for P. Although there were no yield responses to applied K in 10 field experiments, 4 and 3% were selected as CNCs possibly indicative of K-supplying potential. Corresponding DRIS values were 5.6 and −17. When these CNC values were applied to 372 commercial fields sampled over an 8-yr period, there were 30, 44, and 12% in the top class for N, P, and K, respectively, while 34, 8, and 7% were in the bottom deficiency class. The DRIS system placed 41, 76, and 76% of the fields in the same deficiency classes for N, P, and K, respectively, but only 13, 0, and 0% differed by more than one class. There appeared to be limited potential advantages for the DRIS method of diagnosis.Key words: Solanum tuberosum L., leaf analysis, fertilizer rates, potato.
MORDEN BLUSH ROSE
Authors: COLLICUTT L. M.
Published: March 2010

Morden Blush is a hardy, dwarf everblooming rose cultivar with light pink to ivory flowers borne in small clusters.Key words: rose breeding, winter hardiness, Rosa arkansana, Rosa laxa, Rosa spinosissima
COMPOSITION EN PROTEINES ET EN ACIDES AMINES DES CELLULES DE CANNE A SUCRE D’UNE LIGNEE TOLERANTE A UN MILIEU RICHE EN LYSINE ET EN THREONINE
Authors: THAI DU X. , TRAN VAN V. , NGO SUONG K. , NGUYEN UYEN V. , TRAN T. S.
Published: March 2010

A cell line selection was carried out on sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) callus, and the F. 156 (LT2) line having a high capability to produce lysine and threonine was isolated. This cell line contains more proteins, peptides and free amino acids than the control line. The amount and relative percentage of free and bound lysine and threonine were especially high in the LT2 line. In the free amino acid pool, the contents of the aspartic and glutamic acids of LT2 were also higher but that of alanine, valine, serine and proline tended to be lower than in the control. The biochemical modifications seem to be more important in the fractions of soluble proteins and free amino acids. This study showed the possibility of selection of overproducing amino acid cell lines in cereals and vegetable plants.Key words: Amino acids, lysine, threonine, cell line selection, sugarcane
ROLE OF CHROMOSOME 5B IN CONTROLLING BLACK POINT INCIDENCE IN HARD RED SPRING WHEAT
Authors: CONNER R. L. , WHELAN E. D. P.
Published: March 2010

Tests of several wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars against Cochliobolus sativus, a causal agent of black point, showed that black point incidence was lowest in Cadet, intermediate to high in Apex, and highest in S-615 and Rescue. Inoculation of disomic substitution lines for chromosome 5B demonstrated that black point incidence in Cadet is controlled by a gene or genes located on chromosome 5B. The F1 progeny from crosses between Cadet and Rescue had a black point incidence similar to that of Rescue, indicating that resistance is a recessive trait. Resistance to black point and common root rot was not related since the moderately root rot resistant cultivar Apex did not consistently have a lower incidence of black point than the root-rot-susceptible cultivars Rescue and S-615. A test of these cultivars against black point caused by Alternaria alternata found that all cultivars were as susceptible as the soft white spring wheat cultivar Fielder.Key words: Wheat, Cochliobolus sativus, black point, chromosome 5B
METHODS OF EVALUATION FOR PREHARVEST SPROUTING RESISTANCE IN WHEAT BREEDING PROGRAMS
Authors: PATERSON A. H. , SORRELLS M. E. , OBENDORF R. L.
Published: March 2010

Mature wheat (Triticum spp.) kernels subjected to high moisture often incur preharvest sprouting damage. The experiments described here sought to evaluate two methods of measuring preharvest sprouting susceptibility, and to determine the environmental sensitivity of the methods, for use in selection and testing of sprouting-resistant wheat genotypes. Preharvest sprouting of eight hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) lines was measured by artificial wetting of intact spikes, and by germination tests on threshed seed from each of four location near Ithaca, N. Y., in 3 consecutive years. The relative size of genotypic and nongenetic effects varied over the course of the experiments. At optimal measurement times, genotype accounted for over 40% of phenotypic variation, with another 20% attributed to environment and interactions. Effects of nongenetic factors were minimal when phenotypes were based on germination percent at day 4 or spike sprouting score at day 6. A storage technique previously reported to preserve dormancy was found effective for up to 3 mo, increasing the number of treatments that can be tested at comparable levels of dormancy. These data will be useful in planning basic investigations of preharvest sprouting resistance, and incorporating sprouting resistance testing procedures into wheat breeding programs.Key words: Wheat, preharvest sprouting, resistance, germination, dormancy, white kernel color