bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of ionic theory to calculate sulfide capacity of slags
Authors: Metelkin A. A. , Sheshukov O. Yu. , Savel’ev M. V. , Shevchenko O. I. , Egiazar’yan D. K.
Published: April 2021

The article considers the issues of sulfur removal in the ladle-furnace unit. The sulfur distribution coefficient depends on sulfide capacity of the slag, sulfur activity coefficient, oxidizing potential of the medium and equilibrium constant. The sulfide capacity CS of slags is one of the most important characteristics of refining capacity of the slags used in extra-furnace steel processing. One of the factors affecting the sulfide capacity is temperature. The formula was proposed showing the dependence of sulfide capacity on the optical basicity and temperature, in the temperature range of 1650 – 1400 °C and when the optical basicity Λ is not more than 0.75; the error of the presented formula does not exceed 6 %. The formula for calculating the optical basicity is proposed, which takes into account the influence of basic, acidic oxides and amphoteric oxide Al2O3. It is shown that slags, completely consisting of a homogeneous phase, have an increased optical basicity of aluminum oxide. Heterogeneous slags have a reduced optical basicity of Al2O3 in comparison with homogeneous slags. Perhaps, this fact can be explained by the fact that in homogeneous slags there is a deficiency of the basic oxide CaO and in the conditions under consideration Al2O3 compound begins to exhibit more basic properties than acidic ones, thus, in homogeneous slags, the optical basicity of aluminum oxide is increased and approaches optical basicity of CaO oxide. Calculations carried out on the basis of real heats have shown that with an increase in the content of Al2O3 oxide in the slag, its optical basicity decreases. Known value of the optical basicity makes it possible to determine sulfide capacity of the slag, sulfur distribution coefficient between metal and slag, and, accordingly, final sulfur content in the metal. The research results have shown that it is advisable to apply the ionic theory of slags for the sulfide capacity determination.
Non-metallic inclusions in different zones of crystallization of E90KhAF rail steel
Authors: Simachev A. S. , Oskolkova T. N. , Umanskii A. A. , Golovatenko A. V.
Published: April 2021

Metallographic and X-ray studies of continuously cast billets of E90KhAF rail steel have been carried out. We have established the regularities of non-metallic inclusions distribution over the crystallization zones before and after billets deformation. It was revealed that in crustal zone the main non-metallic inclusions are point oxides, aluminum nitrides, iron silicates (FeO·SiO2) and alumosilicates (Al2O3·SiO2). They were identified in the zone of columnar crystals. In central zone of the billet, manganese sulfides (MnS), manganese silicates (MnO·SiO2), alumosilicates (Al2O3·SiO2), iron silicates (FeO·SiO2), and point oxides were found. It has been determined that concentration and size of nonmetallic inclusions tend to increase from the surface to central zone of continuously cast billets, which is consistent with generally accepted ideas about mechanisms of billet formation during crystallization. The mechanism of deformation of two-phase silicate non-metallic inclusions and their influence on quality of rail products was disclosed. It is shown that inhomogeneous deformability of complex silicate inclusions aggravates their harmful effect on rail products quality. In this case, additional stresses appear in addition to inclusion-matrix deformation and contact stresses existing at interphase boundaries. This pattern also holds for non-deformed silicate inclusions. Such a distribution of inclusions in the billets volume somewhat reduces their negative effect on rails quality, since near-contact layers of the billet undergo more intense deformation during rolling, and as the axial zone of a billet is approached, deformation rate decreases.
Diborides of transition metals: Properties, application and production. Review. Part 1. Titanium and vanadium diborides
Authors: Krutskii Yu. L. , Cherkasova N. Yu. , Gudyma T. S. , Netskina O. V. , Krutskaya T. M.
Published: April 2021

The properties, applications and methods for producing titanium and vanadium diborides are considered. These diborides are oxygen-free refractory metal-like compounds. As a result, they are characterized by high values of thermal and electrical conductivity. Their hardness is relatively high. Titanium and vanadium diborides exhibit significant chemical resistance in aggressive environments. For these reasons, they have found application in modern technics. So, they are used as surfacing materials when applying wear-resistant coatings on steel products. It is also possible to use vanadium diboride as a catalyst in organic synthesis and the anode in renewable electrochemical current sources. Perspective are ceramics B4C – TiB2and B4C – VB2, which make it possible to obtain products based on boron carbide with high-quality performance characteristics, in particular, with increased crack resistance. Such composite ceramics are obtained by means of hot pressing, spark plasma sintering and pressureless sintering. The properties of refractory compounds depend on the content of impurities and dispersion. Therefore, to solve a specific problem associated with the use of refractory compounds, it is important to choose the method of their preparation correctly, to determine the admissible content of impurities in the starting components. This leads to the presence of different methods for the synthesis of borides. The main methods for their preparation are: synthesis from simple substances (metals and boron); borothermal reduction of oxides; carbothermal reduction (reduction of mixtures of metal oxides and boron with carbon; metallothermal reduction of mixtures of metal oxides and boron; carbide-boron reduction. Plasma-chemical synthesis (deposition from the vapor-gas phase) is also used to obtain diboride nanopowders. Each of these methods is characterized in the article.
Phase and structural transformations when forming a welded joint from rail steel. Report 1. Thermokinetic diagram of decomposition of supercooled austenite of R350LHT rail steel
Authors: Polevoi E. V. , Simonov Yu. N. , Kozyrev N. A. , Shevchenko R. A. , Bashchenko L. P.
Published: April 2021

A thermokinetic diagram of decomposition of supercooled austenite of R350LHT steel was constructed based on the results of its dilatometric, metallographic and hardness analysis during continuous cooling and in isothermal conditions. It was found that cooling at a rate of 0.1 and 1 °C/s causes the austenite decomposition in R350LHT steel by the pearlite mechanism. After cooling at a lower rate, the pearlite structure is coarser and has lower hardness (289 HV). This is due to the higher temperature range of transformation, in which diffusion processes associated with the transformation of austenite into pearlite occur more actively. In the range of rates from 5 to 10 °C/s, the austenite decomposition occurs according to the pearlite and martensitic mechanism, which leads to the formation of a pearlite-martensite structure. When the austenite of the steel under study is cooled at a rate of 30 and 100 °C/s, the austenite transforms according to the martensitic mechanism, and a martensitic structure with high hardness is formed. With an increase in the cooling rate of R350LHT steel, an increase in hardness is observed from 289 (at 0.1 °C/s) to 864 – 0 896 HV (at 100 and 30 °C/s, respectively). The conducted studies allow the boundaries of the search for optimal parameters of welding and heat treatment modes of the investigated rail steel to be narrowed. To obtain the required structures and physical and mechanical properties (austenite of R350LHT steel undergoes decomposition by the pearlite mechanism), cooling should be carried out at a rate of no more than 1 °С/s.
Caracterización de fructanos de tallos de Agave salmiana Otto ex Salm Dyck y A. tequilana F.A.C. Weber en madurez fisiológica plena
Authors: Regalado Rentería Evelyn , Godínez-Hernández César Iván , Aguirre Rivera Juan Rogelio , Camacho Ruíz Rosa María , Juárez Flores Bertha Irene
Published: April 2021

Antecedentes: La fisiología de la materia prima en los procesos de extracción de fructanos es imprescindible para establecer criterios que garanticen homogeneidad en la calidad del producto, así, la madurez fisiológica plena (MFP) para la extracción de fructanos en las especies de Agave puede reducir la variabilidad de su calidad.
Preguntas: ¿La MFP de los agaves y el uso exclusivo de su tallo influye sobre el perfil de carbohidratos y el GP promedio de sus fructanos?
Especies de estudio: Agave salmiana Otto ex Salm-Dyck (ASE) y A. tequilana F.A.C. Weber (ATE)
Sitio de estudio y periodo de investigación: El estudio fue realizado con cabezas de maguey mezcalero potosino recolectadas en agostaderos ejidales del municipio de Charcas, San Luis Potosí y cabezas de maguey tequilero que se cosecharon en Arandas, Jalisco; durante la primavera de (2019).
Métodos: Por medio de HPTLC, HPLC y HP-SEC se caracterizó y estimó la distribución del perfil de carbohidratos y el promedio del GP de los fructanos de tallos de ASE y ATE con MFP y el mismo proceso orgánico de extracción, y de fructanos comerciales de A. tequilana (ATC) y de achicoria (IC).
Resultados: Se encontró un GP de 14.46, 16.20, 18.25 y 21.11 para IC, ASE, ATC y ATE, respectivamente.
Conclusión: La MFP en las plantas de Agave y el uso exclusivo de sus tallos se confirmó que el GP para ASE es 16 y se presenta por primera vez un GP de 21 para A. tequilana F.A.C. Weber bajo el proceso descrito de extracción.
Effects of water restriction on carbohydrates concentration, starch granules size and amylolytic activity in seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris L. and P. acutifolius A. Gray
Authors: Cilia García Marcela , Peña-Valdivia Cecilia B. , Bernal Gracida Lilia Angélica , Yáñez Jiménez Petra , García Esteva Antonio , Padilla-Chacón Daniel
Published: April 2021

Background: Seed mass is a key component of adaptation in plants that are strongly affected by development and maturity, and, at the same time, all is modulated by the environment of cultivation.
Hypotheses: The response to water deficit in seeds of P. vulgaris L. and P. acutifolius A. Gray is species-dependent and affects their biochemical and morphological characteristics.
Studied species: The studied cultivars were Rosa Bufa ( P. vulgaris ) and cv. 10017 ( P . acutifolius ). Seeds were obtained from plants grown at 100 % and 25 % soil field capacity during their pod development.  
Study site and dates: The experiments were performed during May and August 2018 in a greenhouse at the Colegio de Postgraduados, Texcoco, State of Mexico (altitude 2,353 m).
Methods: The biochemical and morphological characteristics and the grain size of starch in seeds cotyledons were assessed.
Results: Water restriction had no significant effects on the seed thickness, width, or mass only length decreased in P. acutifolius . In both species, the axis size of the starch granules decreased due to the stress, glucose concentration increased, sucrose and starch were not altered.  Water imbibition increased six times in P. vulgaris seeds with no effect on the germination. The α-amylase activity was 25 - 35 % lower in both species due to the water restriction, particularly in P. acutifolius the activity was two-fold higher than in P. vulgaris .
Conclusions: Comparing the carbohydrate concentration in germinating seeds of common and Tepary beans gave insights on the nutrient reserves mobilization during seed maturation and germination.
Singing the nature - еthnobotanical knowledge in Bulgarian folk songs
Authors: Ivanova Teodora , Ganeva-Raicheva Valentina , Bosseva Yulia , Dimitrova Dessislava
Published: April 2021

Background: Bulgarian poetic folklore reflects an agrarian culture deeply connected with land and nature. However, traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) transmitted through Bulgarian folklore is scarcely assessed. Questions: What are the dimensions of the TEK related to plant diversity (native and introduced) that appear in Bulgarian folk songs and what is their potential as transmitters of ТЕК? Data description: The lyrics of 10,113 Bulgarian folk songs were excerpted from major academic collections and a set of unpublished songs. Study site and dates: Current study covers songs that have been documented since mid-19th century onwards in the present and former Bulgarian territories and in areas that have been inhabited by ethnic Bulgarians abroad. Methods: Common plant names and descriptions of plants and landscapes were used to detect botanical affiliations of the denoted plants. We focused on frequencies of plant representations and their functions associated with cultural, agricultural and food-processing practices. Results: A total of 146 plant taxa from 109 genera were mentioned in 47.3 % of the studied songs. Over 60 % of the most frequently mentioned taxa were archaeophytes while neophytes were represented by seven taxa, denoting everyday and spiritual importance of nature. Conclusions: Bulgarian folk songs presented wide range of nature-related information typically reported for ethnic groups outside Europe. Quantification of TEK preserved in documented poetic folklore and further assessment of performance of nature-rich folklore would allow development additional tools for evaluation of cultural significance of species, landscapes and ecosystems as well as for development of educational and inspirational materials.
Clave dicotómica para las especies de Solanum (Solanaceae) en México
Authors: Murillo-Pérez Geraldine , Rodríguez Aarón
Published: April 2021

Antecedentes: El género Solanum (Solanaceae) incluye hierbas anuales, hierbas perennes y epífitas, lianas herbáceas, bejucos, sufrútices, arbustos y árboles. Las flores son pentámeras, gamosépalas y gamopétalas con corolas estrelladas, pentagonales o rotadas y anteras dehiscentes por poros apicales. El fruto es una baya. Solanum es uno de los 10 géneros más ricos de angiospermas e incluye a 1,234 especies. México es un centro de diversificación del grupo, pero su variación morfológica y la existencia de un número grande de nombres publicados dificultan su identificación.
Preguntas: ¿Cuántas especies de Solanum crecen en México? ¿Qué características morfológicas son importantes para su identificación?
Taxón de estudio: Solanum
Sitio de estudio: México
Métodos: Se revisaron los ejemplares de Solanum depositados en 15 herbarios y 10 colecciones digitales. Los nombres se validaron en Tropicos, The Plant List, International Plant Names Index y Solanaceae Source. También se obtuvieron e imprimieron los protólogos y los tipos nomenclaturales depositados en Global Plants. Para la elaboración de las claves, observamos la variación de caracteres vegetativos y reproductivos y su distribución geográfica.
Resultados: Identificamos la presencia de 134 especies de Solanum agrupadas en 22 secciones. Elaboramos claves para las secciones y para las especies dentro de cada sección. Por último, mostramos fotografías representativas del género.
Conclusiones: México es un centro de diversificación de Solanum y el grupo, a su vez, es un buen representante de la riqueza de angiospermas mexicanas. Claves para Solanum de México facilitarán su identificación en campo y herbarios.
Seed longevity, viability and germination of four weed-ruderal Asteraceae species of ethnobotanic value
Authors: Jiménez-Vázquez Andrea Mariel , Flores-Palacios Alejandro , Flores-Morales Alejandro , Perea-Arango Irene , Gutiérrez María del Carmen , Arellano-García José de Jesús , Valencia-Díaz Susana
Published: April 2021

Background: A high proportion of Asteraceae species are considered weeds, some of them have recognizable biological properties. To design production protocols and ex situ seed conservation programs is necessary to determine the effect of storage temperature on seed viability and longevity. It is known that cold temperatures maintain seed viability and thus prolong seed longevity.

Hypotheses: The seeds of Aldama dentata , Verbesina virgata , Stevia origanoides and Roldana barba-johannis stored at low temperature (5 ºC) will have greater longevity than when stored at room temperature (16.45 ± 1.94 oC) and will decrease their viability as they age.

Study site and dates: Seeds of the four Asteraceae were collected (November-December 2015) in The National Park “El Tepozteco”, Morelos, Mexico and in the “Chamilpa” campus of the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos.

Methods: The monthly germination experiments (11) were implemented with seeds stored under both temperatures, germination (%) and mean germination time were registered to estimate seed longevity. The seed viability stored at room temperature was evaluated with the tetrazolium test.

Results: Germination and viability decreased with seed age. Along the experiment, seed germination was similar at both storage temperatures. A . dentata and S . origanoides showed the highest germination but A . dentata alone reached the major seed viability. The oldest seeds germinated faster.

Conclusions: Seed longevity of all the species exceeded one year. For propagation purposes, it is recommended to use seeds between 8 and 9 months of age, when their germination and viability are the highest.
Gonolobus lozadae , una nueva especie de Apocynaceae del estado de Oaxaca, México
Authors: Alvarado-Cárdenas Leonardo O. , Cortez Ericka B. , Cervantes Christopher O.
Published: April 2021

Antecedentes: Gonolobus es un género morfológicamente diverso que cuenta con 38 especies en México. En el desarrollo de un inventario de las Gonolobinae a nivel nacional, se detectó un ejemplar de Gonolobus que no se pudo identificar de forma inequívoca con las especies conocidas para el país.
Pregunta y/o Hipótesis: El color y patrón morfológico de la corola (forma, reticulación, callo en el margen de los lobos), y la estructura de la corona ginostegial son elementos que permiten distinguir a las especies de Gonolobus . Aquí se propone una especie nueva con base en esos atributos.
Especie de estudio: Apocynaceae, Gonolobus lozadae.
Sitio de estudio: México.
Método: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica especializada y se consultó material herborizado de 11 herbarios para las especies de Gonolobus en México. Se realizó un análisis riguroso de los caracteres que permiten diferenciar al taxón nuevo de las demás especies. Se evaluó el estado de conservación para la especie nueva de acuerdo a los criterios de la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza.
Resultados: A partir del análisis se describe a Gonolobus lozadae como nueva especie.
Conclusiones: Gonolobus lozadae es morfológicamente similar a G. erianthus , G. grandiflorus , G. incerianus y G. triflorus por el tamaño y coloración de las flores, pero difiere por la morfología de la corona y la corola. Este descubrimiento resalta a México como un centro de diversidad para el género, con 39 especies, y destaca su endemismo con 48.7 % de las especies restringidas al país.
Efecto de la selección humana sobre rasgos seleccionados y correlacionados en Anoda cristata (L.) Schltdl. (Malvaceae)
Authors: Bernal-Ramírez Luis Alberto , Bravo-Avilez David , Fornoni Juan , Valverde Pedro Luis , Rendón-Aguilar Beatriz
Published: April 2021

Antecedentes: La selección humana favorece rasgos de interés, pero también implica cambios en otros correlacionados. En especies con domesticación incipiente, la variación en la intensidad de selección genera una diferenciación entre sus poblaciones que permite analizar estos cambios. Pregunta: ¿Cómo son los cambios entre rasgos seleccionados y correlacionados en poblaciones con diferente forma de manejo de A. cristata ? Especie de estudio: Anoda cristata es una especie con domesticación incipiente, aprovechada como quelite en la región centro-sur de México. Sitio y años de estudio: Región Montaña de Guerrero entre 2008 y 2009. Métodos: Se estableció un jardín común con plantas de tres poblaciones: arvense fomentada, arvense agreste y ruderal. Se realizaron cuatro censos para registrar cambios en los rasgos seleccionados y correlacionados. Resultados: La mayoría de las correlaciones fenotípicas entre rasgos a nivel de especie fueron significativas. Para las poblaciones arvenses existen trade-offs entre área foliar–densidad de tricomas y reproducción. Las estructuras sexuales reproductivas aparecieron primero en la población ruderal. La especie muestra una tendencia de resistencia a la herbivoría a través de la cantidad de tricomas. La población arvense agreste tiene una estrategia de tolerancia ante la defoliación. El análisis bromatológico indica que existe variación en la composición nutrimental. Conclusión: Los resultados sugieren que la intensidad de selección ha generado divergencia entre poblaciones. Las correlaciones y los síndromes de domesticación observados parecen estar asociados con compromisos de asignación de recursos, a través de las diferentes formas de manejo e intensidades de selección que ejerce la gente.
Chronic mechanical irritation and oral squamous cell carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Gupta Archana A. , Kheur Supriya , Varadarajan Saranya , Parveen Sameena , Dewan Harisha , Alhazmi Yaser Ali , Raj Thirumal A. , Testaralli Luca , Patil Shankargouda
Published: April 2021

The objective of the present article was to qualitatively and quantitatively review the association between chronic mechanical irritation and oral squamous cell carcinoma. PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science databases were searched using the keyword combinations ‘chronic trauma and oral squamous cell carcinoma; chronic irritation and oral squamous cell carcinoma; chronic irritation and oral cancer; chronic trauma and oral cancer.’ Duplicates and irrelevant articles were excluded after the title and abstract screening. The full texts of the remaining articles were assessed using selection criteria. A total of 375 (PubMed-126; SCOPUS-152; WOS-97) articles were screened, and 343 duplicates and irrelevant articles were excluded. Only 9 of the remaining 32 articles met the selection criteria and were included in the qualitative analysis. Buccal mucosa and tongue, being highly prone to chronic irritation through the dental prosthesis, were the common sites for oral squamous cell carcinoma. Edentulous subjects with ill-fitting dentures were at a high risk of developing chronic irritation associated-oral squamous cell carcinoma. According to the Joanna Briggs Institute of risk assessment, eight of the nine included studies had a low risk of bias. The quantitative analysis showed a significant association (p<0.00001) between the chronic oral mucosal irritation and oral squamous cell carcinoma with an overall risk ratio of 2.56 at a confidence interval of 1.96 to 3.35. Chronic oral mucosa irritation has a significant association with oral squamous cell carcinoma, and the nature of association could be that of a potential co-factor (dependent risk factor) rather than an independent risk factor.
Spatial Analysis of the Degraded Forest Areas in Idmine Forest-Morocco Using Geoscience Capabilities
Authors: LAARIBYA Said , ALAOUI Assmaa , AYAN Sezgin , BENABOU Abdelkader
Published: April 2021

Aim of study: The aim of the study is to present a diagnosis for the state of Argan forest degradation in Morocco through GIS and remote sensing utilizing Sentinel 2 satellite images of the year 2019 (dated 28/08/2019).

Area of study: The study was carried out in a forest commune in Idmine, South West Morocco, which is located in semi-arid bioclimatic region.

Material and methods: In the study, two methods were tested. These are; (i) the vegetation indices (VIs) [Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), Brilliance Index (IB)] and their combination and (ii) the supervised classification and spectral analysis.

Main results: Two methods have given the same results (Kappa coefficient=90%) to describe the state of forest degradation. Consequently, three classes pertaining to forest degradation within the study area were; low (34%), medium (44%) and critical degradation (22%).

Highlights: This monitoring might help managers to create forest management plans and to evaluate the speed of deforestation and degradation.
ZnO-based Nano Biomimetic Smart Artificial Form Located on Lignocellulosic Surface with Hydrothermal Approach
Authors: RAMAZANOĞLU Doğu , ÖZDEMİR Ferhat
Published: April 2021

Aim of study: In this study, a ZnO-based smart artificial nano biomimetic form is created on the wooden surface with the hydrothermal approach to increase the resistance of the wood against moisture and water and provide a more hygienic surface.

Material and methods: Zinc borate, Zinc oxide, Sodium hydroxide and Hydrochloric acid were hydrothermally applied to the massive surface to synthesize the ZnO-based nano biomimetic structure on the lignocellulosic surface. The hydrophobization step was achieved using 1H,1H,2H,2H- Perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane. In the characterization step; XRD, EDX, SEM and TGA analyzes were done. WCA analysis was performed to determine the hydrophobicity feature.

Main results: ZnO-based nano biomimetic smart surface form with photo catalyst feature created on the wooden surface has provided a water contact angle of θγ 145°.

Highlights: Synthesized ZnO-based nano biomimetic smart surface form has given the wooden material a hydrophobic structure. Thanks to the new feature gained by functionalizing the lignocellulosic surface, it is predicted to be preferred in all areas where hygiene is desired.
A Faunistic List for the Superfamilies Papilionoidea, Geometroidea, Cossoidea, Lasiocampoidea, Bombycoidea, Drepanoidea, Noctuoidea and Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera) of Muğla Province, South-Western Turkey
Authors: SEVEN Erdem , YILMAZ Nafiz
Published: April 2021

Aim of study: The present study aimed to contribute Lepidoptera fauna of Muğla province and Turkey.

Area of study: Research was carried out in Muğla province, Ula district, Gökova, Akyaka Forest Camp.

Material and methods: Butterfly and moth samples were collected between in 2018-2020 with net and mercury vapour lamp. Specimens were arranged according to standard methods and diagnosed. Materials were stored at Entomology Laboratory of Batman University.

Main results: In total, 133 species were identified and, 31 of them are new discovered in Muğla province.

Highlights: Lepidoptera species of Muğla province, especially Geometroidea and Pyraloidea groups, have not been well studied. The results of the research contribute to the elimination of this deficiency. In addition, information on the vegetation of the study area is given for the first time. Eastern Pine Processionary Moth (Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni Tams, 1925), which is an oligofag defoliator in pine forests, has been observed with the high population density in the research area.
Determination of Vitamin E Levels in Walnuts (Juglans regia L.) Grown in the Lake Van Basin by HPLC
Authors: DEMİRKAN Faruk , BİLİCİ Mustafa , YÖRÜK İbrahim
Published: April 2021

Aim of study: The present study describes determination of vitamin E levels in Walnuts (Juglans regia L.) Grown in the Lake Van basin.

Area of study: Adilcevaz, Bahçesaray, Çatak, Edremit, Gevaş regions in the Lake Van basin and in the center of Van.

Material and methods: Walnuts were collected regions and stored in a deep freezer for analysis. On the day of analysis, 10 pieces of fresh and dried walnut samples belonging to each region were taken and broken, and a homogeneous mixture was obtained by pulverizing them and determined by HPLC.

Main results: The amounts of α-Tocopherol of the samples in fresh walnuts were found to be 2.36 ± 0.01 µg/g, 5.01 ± 0.31 µg/g, 6.23 ± 0.15 µg/g, 7.20 ± 0.28 µg/g, 3.99 ± 0.46 µg/g, 5.05 ± 0.30 µg/g, respectively, and the amounts of γ-Tocopherol were found to be 23.80 ± 0.52 µg/g, 16.54 ± 1.08 µg/g, 14.82 ± 0.46 µg/g, 17.34 ± 0.78 µg/g, 11.91 ± 0.40 µg/g, 15.57 ± 0.90 µg/g, respectively, according to the regions. The amounts of α-Tocopherol in dried walnuts were found to be 5.13 ± 0.26 µg/g, 6.84 ± 0.31 µg/g, 7.58 ± 0.40 µg/g, 10.49 ± 0.51 µg/g, 8.65 ± 0.34 µg/g, 5.82 ± 0.19 µg/g, respectively, and the amounts of γ-Tocopherol were found to be 33.10 ± 1.65 µg/g, 21.97 ± 0.87 µg/g, 20.98 ± 0.83 µg/g, 29.19 ± 0.80 µg/g, 21.09 ± 0.24 µg/g, 18.41 ± 0.82 µg/g, respectively, according to the regions.

Highlights: The results obtained in the study are considered, it is observed that the walnuts grown in Adilcevaz, Bahçesaray, Çatak, Edremit, Gevaş and Van-Center regions are of high quality.
RNA isolation from suspended animal cells, cDNA library construction, and RNA-Seq for gene expression analysis v1
Authors: Matsuda Tomoko
Published: April 2021

This protocol is for RNA Isolation from suspended Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Wash cells once in 1× PBS and isolate RNA using Qiashredder columns and the RNeasy mini kit. In the case of RNA-Seq, which reveals the presence and quantity of RNA in a biological sample at any moment, it is necessary to consider that gene expression responds over a short time interval (several seconds to a few minutes) in many organisms. Therefore, to isolate RNA that accurately reflects the transcriptome at the point of harvest, raw biological samples should be processed by lysing and homogenizing in RNA lysis buffer containing guanidine thiocyanate (buffer RLT, RNA lysis buffer, QIAGEN) as soon as possible (within 15 minutes, if possible).
Incidence of Acute and Chronic Post-Thoracotomy Pain in Children v1
Authors: Marchetti Giuliano , Vittori Alessandro , Ferrari Fabio , Francia Elisa , Mascilini Ilaria , Piga Simone , Pardi Valerio , Contini Giorgia , Inserra Alessandro , Giuseppe Picardo Sergio
Published: April 2021

This retrospective cross-sectional study involved patients, at Ospedale Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital in Rome, Italy, who underwent thoracotomy between 2007 and 2013 for benign diseases, with a follow-up of at least three months and who did not reach the age of majority in November 2013. To the families a letter to explain the study, the request for collaboration, a questionnaire for data collection and an informed consent were sent. Fifteen days after, the telephone interview began and we asked them to countersign and send us informed consent via email, fax or post. During the interview we asked about the presence, kind, intensity and location of the pain only at the time of the interview and any analgesic therapy in progress. Using the medical records referring to the period of hospitalization for surgery, we investigated the anesthetic technique used, the postoperative analgesic therapy prescribed, any changes made to it and changes in pain during the first week of the postoperative period. In case of unsuccessful telephone contact, a second letter has been sent. Patients who reached the age of majority in November 2013, patients with malignant and inflammatory diseases, patients who did not have a follow-up of at least three months and patients of whom it was not possible to have an answer after the second letter of presentation were excluded from the study. The subjects removed from the study in case of non-response to the second letter have not been replaced. The prevalence of acute postoperative pain and the prevalence of chronic pain at the time of interview have been described. The adequacy of pain treatment was assessed with the Pain Management Index (PMI) and modified for the use on children. The predictive factors of chronic pain have been explored Categorical variables were summarized using absolute frequencies and percentages, and continuous variables by the mean or median and interquartile range, as appropriate. To determine statistical differences between groups, we used the Chi-square test or Fischer’s exact test for categorical variables and the t-test or Mann–Whitney test for continuous variables. We used Z-test to compare the frequency of postoperative pain. Statistical analyses were carried out using the Stata program, version 13 (2013, Stata statistical software: StataCorp, College Station, TX).
PRESERVATION OF AUTHENTICITY AND ADAPTATION OF AN OBJECT OF CULTURAL HERITAGE - COMPROMISE OR CONFLICT
Authors: ALEKSEENKO Vassily N. , ZHILENKO Oksana B.
Published: April 2021

The issue of carrying out repair and restoration works of the cultural heritage object of the XIX century “Building of the Noble Assembly” in Simferopol and its adaptation to a new functional purpose with the preservation of authenticity is considered. As a rule, the original purpose of the building loses its relevance, the adaptation of the object to new functions is sometimes the only way to preserve the object of cultural heritage. Such objects need an integrated approach not only in assessing the technical condition, ensuring a suffi cient level of safe operation, but also in complex microclimatic studies to ensure a comfortable future use. Adaptation of a cultural heritage site with underestimation of microclimatic parameters leads to a confl ict of authenticity and comfort. The article presents the results of a survey of the 19th century cultural heritage site “The Building of the Noble Assembly” in Simferopol with an assessment of its technical condition. Recommendations have been developed for strengthening the load-bearing structures of the building, allowing for further safe operation, while maintaining its authenticity.
ANALYSIS OF THE METHOD OF DETERMINING THE OPTIMAL VOLUME OF THE STORAGE RESERVOIR FOR THE POWER COMPLEX AS PART OF THE WES-PSPP
Authors: Evdokimov Sergey V. , Bekin Nikolai V.
Published: April 2021

The article considers the peculiarities of using energy complexes as part of the WPP-PSPP. It is noted that the most relevant and promising will be the use of such energy complexes in environmentally unfavorable regions that are not among the priorities for the development of wind energy. However, the energy complexes as part of the WPP-PSPP are not currently widespread, one of the reasons is the lack of methods for calculating the optimal parameters of the energy complexes, which should include calculations to determine the volume of the storage reservoir of the energy complex. As a result of solving problems using the analysis of methods of economic effi ciency, methods of ecological justifi cation for autonomous power supply systems, a methodology was developed to determine the optimal volume of the storage reservoir for the energy complex as part of the WPP-PSPP, the main provisions of which are described in this article. The presented methodology allows you to choose the most rational location and shape of the accumulating reservoir on the ground, to fi t the outline of the reservoir into natural conditions, as well as to optimize the ratio of its depth of work and cross-sectional area.
MOSCOW’S INFLUENCE IN THE ARCHITECTURE OF RURAL CLASSICAL CHURCHES IN THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION
Authors: PONOMARENKO Elena V.
Published: April 2021

A study done at the expense of the State program of the Russian Federation “Science and technology” in the framework of the plan of basic scientifi c research Ministry of Russia and the RUSSIAN. In the article, an att empt has been made to the analysis of a wide range of issues related to the formation of the rural architecture of Orthodox churches in the territory of the Middle Volga region in the 19th century. Considered layout, composition and stylistic features of the architecture of Orthodox churches in the region. Peculiarities of regional religious architecture of the Middle Volga region. Provides extensive material fi eld surveys.
ARCHITECTURE OF RURAL HOUSES OF CLERGYMEN OF THE 19TH AND EARLY 20TH CENTURIES IN THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION AND THE SOUTHERN URALS
Authors: PONOMARENKO Elena V. , KARASEV Fedor V.
Published: April 2021

The article for the fi rst time carried out a comprehensive analysis of the architecture of rural houses of clergymen in the middle Volga region and the Southern Urals in the 19th - early 20th century. The materials of construction, planning, composition and stylistic features of the architecture of these buildings in the region have been studied. Houses made by local carpenters and designed in St. Petersburg are considered. Changes in the architecture of such buildings over time have been revealed. Examples and descriptions of the architecture of diff erent types of wooden houses of clergymen are given. The most detailed complex of buildings at the church of Nicholas the Wonderworker in the village of Epifanovka. The features of the interweaving of “red-brick” and neo-Russian architectural styles in the decoration of the buildings of this complex have been analyzed.
MODELING OF STRESS-DEFORMED STATE OF BENDED REINFORCED CONCRETE ELEMENTS IN ZONES OF CLEAN AND TRANSVERSE BEND
Authors: PROKOPOVICH Anatoly A. , BUZOVSKAYA Yana A.
Published: April 2021

The article deals with the analysis of the stress-strain state (SSS) of a bent reinforced concrete element in zones of pure and transverse bending. It is assumed that a bent element in the process of loading (after the formation of normal and oblique cracks) is divided into blocks, united by uncracked concrete and reinforcement that has adhesion to concrete. SSS was formed using the results of experimental studies of special prototypes in the PC “Lira-SAPR”. A fi nite element model of a prototype has been developed in the form of a reinforced concrete rectangular beam loaded with two identical concentrated forces in the span. By the method of successive approximations, the process of formation and formation of a system of cracks is realized, with which the beam is divided into blocks during loading. The results of calculating the fi nite element model and their comparison with experimental data are presented.
OPTIMIZATION OF HEAT PROTECTION CHARACTERISTICS OF COUNTRY COTTAGE ENCLOSURES
Authors: VYTCHIKOV Yuri S. , SAPAREV Mikhail E. , GOLIKOV Vladislav A. , SAFRONOV Evgeniy G.
Published: April 2021

The article presents a method for determining the minimum permissible value of the heat transfer resistance of the outer wall, at which the minimum energy consumption is achieved during the operation of buildings with variable thermal conditions. A review of the sources devoted to this problem showed the presence of high costs of thermal energy during the heating of premises. On the basis of studies of all components of energy consumption in the operation of premises with intermitt ent heating systems, the authors of the article propose a method for determining the minimum permissible resistance to heat transfer, which provides minimum energy consumption. According to the described method, the calculation was made for external walls made of various materials. The analysis of the obtained results showed that a signifi cant infl uence on the minimum permissible value of the heat transfer resistance is exerted by a complex of thermophysical values cρλ. The presented graphical dependence R0 усл on the complex cρλ allows the designer to rationally choose a wall material that provides a minimum of energy consumption during the operation of the building. In the context of rising energy tariff s, such optimization of thermal protection characteristics is especially important for country cott ages operated in intermitt ent heating conditions.
ELIMINATION OF IMPACT WHEN CLOSING THE DISC VALVE ON THE DRAINAGE OF HORIZONTAL SEDIMENTS
Authors: ANCIFEROV Sergej A. , CHIRKOVA Elena V. , KUCHERENKO Mariya N.
Published: April 2021

The reasons for the occurrence of an impact when closing a butt erfl y valve installed on pipelines that discharge sludge water from horizontal sedimentation tanks of treatment facilities are considered. The assumption about the possibility of water hammer was experimentally refuted. It is hypothesized that the cause of the impact is the disruption of the fl uid fl ow when fl owing around a fl at plate at critical angles of att ack. A numerical experiment was carried out, which consists in modeling the movement of a water fl ow in a completely fi lled, closed space of a pipe. As a result of the experiment, it was revealed that the fl ow stall was caused by the formation of zones of high and low pressure, respectively, before and after the valve. This provides additional energy to increase the closing torque, comparable to the force of a pneumatic actuator, and results in an impact.
RESULTS OF PILOT TESTS OF THE VSEP TECHNOLOGY ON THE EXAMPLE OF PURIFICATION OF CONTAMINATED ACID WASHING WATERS BY NANOFILTRATION
Authors: TSABILEV Oleg V. , JOHNSON G.
Published: April 2021

Shown are the results of a series of pilot tests for the purifi cation of waste (contaminated) acidic wash water formed during the production of graphite by the leaching method. The tests were carried out in laboratory and pilot modes (on-site) on the “LP” series machine. Purifi cation was simulated using nanofi ltration membranes using VSEP technology. This technology of vibro- membrane fi ltration makes it possible to purify such waters without preliminary purifi cation and the use of reagents (antiscalant) with a %Recovery more than 90 %. The mechanism for choosing the optimal sheet polymer membrane and the mechanism for determining the best working pressure are shown. Concentration series were carried out to determine the stability of the process and the duration of the fl ushing interval. The test results allow the design of an industrial water purifi cation system.
Effects of AntiMycobacterium Tuberculosis Nanoherbal Legundy Leaf Extract (Vitex trifolia)
Authors: Dwiyanti Atika , Mulyani Siti , Yulhan Oche Axena , Lubis Humairah Medina Liza , Roslina Ance
Published: April 2021

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Indonesia ranks 2nd largest in the world after India. Resistance to anti-tuberculosis drugs is one of the difficulties in treating tuberculosis. This research aim to determine the effectiveness of legundi (Vitex trifolia) leaf extract nanoherbal in killing Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This study was conducted with an experimental design using M. tuberculosis colonies taken from 25 samples of aspirate of tuberculosis patients with lymph nodes and then given the ethanol extract of legundi leaves (70% and 90%) with the process of making nanoparticle extracts. The evaluation of the observations was in the form of measuring the inhibition zone for bacterial growth which were categorized as weak (5mm), moderate (6-10mm), strong (11-20 mm) and very strong ( 21mm). The results of the study from 6 repetitions found that the inhibition zone category was 0% weak, 39% moderate, strong 52.3%, and very strong 8.7%. Comparison of the concentration of legundi leaf extract to the diameter of the bacterial growth inhibitory zone was analyzed using the Kruskal Wallis test, which found a significant relationship with p value = 0.000 (0.05). Legundi's leaf extract can be used as an antibacterial agent for M. tuberculosis.
Comparison of Serum Interleukin 10 Levels between Leprosy and Non-Leprosy Population
Authors: Kodrati Adika , Salim Eddy Mart , Hafy Zen
Published: April 2021

Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous infectious disease that attacks the peripheral nerves, skin, and other organs. The cytokine IL-10 can deactivate macrophages, inhibit IL-12 production, which also inhibits IFN-ϒ production. IL-10 directly inhibits CD4+T cells and antigen-presenting cell (APC) function in cells infected with M. leprae. The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in IL-10 levels in leprosy patients and non-patients at dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang Hospital. This study used a case-control design for comparing 2 groups. Respondents in this study were 80 people. The case samples were all leprosy patients who were treated at the dr. Mohammad Hoesin Hospital, Palembang for the period of January 16 - February 16, 2019, while the control group was medical personnel and paramedics who worked at the same hospital. The examination was carried out using the ELISA Sandwich method. The results showed that there was a significant difference in IL-10 levels between leprosy patients and non-leprosy leprosy (p=0.000). The average IL-10 level in leprosy patients (13.24 pg/ml) was lower than that in non-patients (40.15 pg/ml). It is concluded that there is a difference in IL-10 levels between leprosy patients and non-leprosy patients in leprosy sufferers are lower than non-leprosy persons.
Expression Level of Cyclin-D1 between Endometriomas and Ovarian Carcinomes
Authors: Dhiya An Alfun , Supriyatiningsih Supriyatiningsih
Published: April 2021

Endometrioma on the ovaries is a benign gynecological disorder that is often found in women of reproductive age. The approach was made to the malignant transformation through the study of cyclin-D1 expression. This research aim to analyze differences in the level of Cyclin-D1 expression in ovarian endometriosis and ovarian carcinoma associated with the pathogenesis of endometrioma and ovarian carcinoma. Analytical observational study with cross sectional approach to cyclin-D1 expression between endometrioma and ovarian carcinoma with good and bad differentiation. The research subjects were 20 cases of endometrioma, each of the 20 cases of ovarian carcinoma were well and poorly differentiated. Statistical analysis using the ANOVA test on the level of cyclin-D1 expression between groups. The mean cyclin-D1 expression in endometrioma was 67.25. The mean of well-differentiated ovarian carcinoma was 132.41. The mean of poorly differentiated ovarian carcinoma was 128.83. Anova test resulted in a significant difference between the expression of cyclin-D1 endometrioma and ovarian carcinoma with good and bad differences (p = 0.00 0.05). There is a significant difference between endometrioma and ovarian carcinoma with good and bad differentiation. Endometrioma cyclin-D1 expression was lower than ovarian carcinoma with good and bad differentiation.
Correlation between Osteoarthritis Knee Damage Based on Ultrasound with Kellgren-Lawrence Classification
Authors: Kurniawati Wensri Sevni , Ilyas Muhammad , Muis Mirna , Alfian Z Andi , Faridin Faridin , Asriyani Sri
Published: April 2021

The classic standard criteria to diagnose osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is the conventional radiological imaging. Ultrasonography could assess the osteoarthritis early and show invisible joint structures in osteoarthritis. This study aimed to compare the cartilage changes of trochlear femur and osteophytes (femur and tibia) through ultrasound examination with the radiological imaging in stages to Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) classification. This is an observational study using cross-sectional design, involved 33 patients with knee OA who underwent conventional photo examination and ultrasonography at dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Makassar Hospital in the period of June - August 2019. Spearman's test showed that there is a significant correlation between the stage of OA by KL and the stage of femoral trochlear cartilage damage (p 0.001) with strong correlation (r 0.828). Significant correlation is also between the stage of OA and the stage of osteophytes on the femur-lateral condylus both medial and lateral sides (p 0.001) with strong correlation (r 0.823; 0.79; 0.816, and 0.818). It concluded that the higher grade of femoral trochlear cartilage damage will result in the higher the stage of OA. The higher grade of osteophytes in knee joints will also result in the higher the stage of OA.