bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Knowledge of Lexical Collocation among University Students and its Relation to their Speaking Proficiency
Authors: Abdullah Arifuddin , Abdul Ghani Rozina , See Soo Yin
Published: October 2015

This study aims to investigate students’ collocational competence by examining the relationship between the knowledge of lexical collocation among them. The respondents were 30 students of Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (UMK). A lexical collocation test (LCT) was constructed to gauge the knowledge of collocation, while a speaking proficiency test (SPT) adopted from the IELTS was administered to determine the students’ level of speaking proficiency. Both variables were then correlated. The result indicates that there was no significant correlation between the knowledge of collocation and speaking proficiency among the respondents. Based on the findings, it is revealed that exposure to the target language plays a vital role in language acquisition. Exposure to collocations in particular would enable the learners to speak more fluently and sound more native-like.
The (In)Visible Eye of Authority: Notes on Surveillance in Paul Auster’s Ghosts
Authors: Momeni Javad , Mohsenzadeh Rasoul
Published: October 2015

In his Discipline and Punish (1995), Foucault describes the plague-stricken city where authorities exercised surveillance to control the contagion of the disease. As Foucault states, the first precaution to take was the strict division of space which led to the isolation of dwellers; this spatial partitioning reinforced the notion of pervasive surveillance and paved the way for the modern disciplinary society of which Panopticon was an ideal architectural embodiment. In this paper, we try to show how a combination of the plague-ridden city’s discipline diagrams and Panopticism make the whole scene of Auster’s Ghosts. By focusing on the role of writing in power mechanisms depicted in the novel, we illustrate the power-knowledge relations which involve the characters in the process of subjectification and which construct the subject position of the author (Blue) who acts as the (in) visible eye of authority. Then, we argue that Blue’s dilemma aggravates mainly because he identifies his individual life with his Foucauldian “author function”.
The Effect of Government Policy on Housing Delivery in Nigeria: A Case Study of Port Harcourt Low Income Housing Programme
Authors: Iheme John Owuike , Effiong James Bassey , Ekung Samuel Bassey
Published: October 2015

Housing is one of the most important needs of individuals next to food and clothing. Housing needs for low income earners has reached an alarming stage in Nigeria. On the supply side, numerous government policies have earlier aimed at disabling the massive shortage through numerous housing reform programmes. Despite these preceding efforts, housing remains an illusion to an average Nigerian. This research assessed the effect of government policy on housing delivery in Nigeria. The objectives were to determine housing needs of the low income group in Nigeria and to determine the impact of government policies on affordable housing provision to the low income group. Survey method was used to collect data from 44 respondents through the administration of questionnaires which was analyzed with statistical tools. The findings from the study shows that insufficient fund is closely related to other finance related factors identified as barriers to the accessibility of public housing by the low income group who are non-public servants. Such factors as high interest rate, low per capita income, lack of security of income, lack of collateral and high cost of public houses. The study suggest the creation of a viable secondary mortgage market, improvement of land registration and allocation, compassionate urban renewal programmes, cost saving house designs amongst others.
Planting row arrangement and nutrient management in geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) - garlic (Allium sativum) intercropping
Authors: Singh Santosh
Published: October 2015

Field experiments were carried out at Lucknow, India to evaluate the optimum plant row arrangement of geranium and to study the effects of different rates of fertilizer N, P and Zn for the yield assessment in a geranium-garlic intercropping system. A paired row arrangement (40/80 cm) of geranium planting significantly increased the herb and essential oil yield over the conventional single row planting method (60x30cm). The former gave 20.6 % more herbage than the geranium single row intercrop system, with a 22.3 % increase in oil yield. Application of N at 160 kg ha-1 significantly increased the herb and oil yields of geranium and bulb yield of garlic over the control and 80 kg N ha-1. Uptake of N by geranium was also significantly higher at 160 kg N ha-1.Application of phosphorus at 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 proved significantly better than the no P control in the production of geranium oil and garlic bulbs. Uptake of Zn increased significantly up to 40 kg P2O5 ha-1. Higher rates of P decreased the Zn uptake by the plants. Application of 30 kg Zn SO4 ha-1 showed a significant response on the herb and oil yields over the no zinc control. The higher growth indices such as monetary equivalent ratio (1.45), area time equivalent ratio (1.44), land use efficiency (144 %) and benefit cost ratio (6.37) were recorded with a geranium paired intercrop system compared to other cropping systems. The geranium paired intercrop system proved advantageous in enhancing the economic returns by 1.73 – a two fold increase over the geranium single row, sole cropping system. It is concluded from this study that intercropping of garlic with a geranium paired row system proved highly beneficial in terms of getting higher economic returns by almost a factor of two over the conventional geranium single row planting method. A fertilizer addition of 160 kg N, 40 kg P2O5 and 30 kg Zn SO4 ha-1 is recommended for achieving the maximum yield advantages in a geranium-garlic intercropping system.
Improving use efficiency of applied phosphorus fertilizer by zinc fertilization in Basmati rice-wheat cropping system
Authors: Debnath Sovan , Pachauri S. P. , Srivastava P. C.
Published: October 2015

Rice-wheat rotation is the most important cropping system of the Indo-Gangetic plains. On-farm experiment was conducted to reveal the effect of Zn fertilization on yield, uptake of nutrient, utilization efficiency (UE) and grain output per unit of fertilizer use through agronomic efficiency (AE) of P and Zn in rice-wheat rotation. The experiment was conducted with rice (cv. Pusa Basmati 1) and wheat (cv. UP–2425) by imposing twelve treatments involving four different doses of P (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg P2O5 ha−1) and three different doses of Zn (0, 2.5 and 5.0 kg Zn ha−1) with three replications. The yield of basmati rice was not significantly influenced by P×Zn interactions however, for wheat, a conjoint dose of 60 kg P2O5 and 5 kg Zn ha−1 gavethe highest grain yield (5.43 tha−1). Phosphorus utilization efficiency(PUE) of wheat was higher compared to basmati rice however, the reverse was true for zinc utilization efficiency (ZUE). Utilization efficiencies of the two nutrients diminished as their rate of fertilization increased, in both the crops. The AE of applied nutrients, in basmati rice varied from 31.4 to 49.7 kg grain kg−1 Pand from 43.2 to 121 kg grain kg−1 Zn. In wheat, AE for Pvaried from 26.9 to 65.5kg grain kg−1 and for Zn from 56.4 to 83 kg grain kg−1. In conclusion, the utilization and agronomic efficiency of P in basmati rice can be increased by using 40 kg P2O5 and 2.5 kg Zn ha−1.
Identification of early maturing high yielding mutants in black gram [Vigna Mungo (L.) Hepper]
Authors: Dadarwal Mohan , Mathur V.L.
Published: October 2015

The study was carried out with the effect of EMS, DMS and their post treatment with respective modifiers IAA and GA on different traits in black gram variety Barkha. The experiment was carried out in compact family block design during Kharif, 2005 at Experimental field of Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur. EMS 0.4 + 3 x 10-3 M IAA induced early maturity with higher yield and yield contributing traits. High coefficient of variation and range was observed for all the treatments. On the basis of yield parameters there were eight progenies identified which were high yielder with most of the yield contributing traits and eighteen progenies were earlier in maturity than control.Variability parameters viz., GCV, PCV, Heritability and Genetic advance were calculated for all the families. Family EMS 0.4 per cent and DMS 0.04 per cent with modifiers exhibited high values for variability parameters for yield and yield contributing traits.
Extension of shelf life of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seeds through polymer coating under ambient storage condition
Authors: Rathinavel K.
Published: October 2015

Experiments conducted to elucidate the impact of polymer coating on viability of cotton seeds at Central Institute for Cotton Research, Regional Station, Coimbatore, India revealed that seeds coated with polymer “polycote” or “ polyloc” @ 3 ml kg-1 + thiram @ 2.5 g kg-1+ super red @ 5 ml kg-1 + cruiser @ 5 g kg-1 packed in polythene bag (700 gauge ) and stored at ambient condition for 26 months was found superior in preserving seed quality viz., seed viability expressed in terms of germination and seedling vigour over untreated seeds. The percentage loss of viability was less rapid and at 26th month of storage it was 70% where as in control 56%. Less seed infection, high seedling vigour and field emergence was recorded in coated seeds.
Growth characters of fodder cowpea varieties as influeced by soil moisture stress levels
Authors: Anita M. R. , Lakshmi S.
Published: October 2015

A field experiment was conducted during January 2012 to March 2014. Five fodder cowpea varieties (V1-UPC 618, V2-UPC - 622, V3- Bundel Lobia-1, V4 - COFC - 8 and V5- CO-5) were evaluated for their drought tolerance under four soil moisture stress levels (M1- pre sowing irrigation + lifesaving irrigation, M2- pre sowing irrigation + irrigation at IW/CPE ratio of 0.4, M3-pre sowing irrigation + irrigation at IW/CPE ratio of 0.6 and M4-pre sowing irrigation + irrigation at IW/CPE ratio of 0.8). The investigation was conducted as two separate experiments, one in open and other in shade. The experiments were laid out in split plot design with four replications. Observations on growth characters such as plant height, number of branches and leaf stem ratio were recorded. The results revealed that plant height and number of branches were maximum at irrigation at IW/CPE ratio of 0.8 both in open and shade. Among the varieties, COFC - 8 recorded maximum plant height and number of branches at all irrigation levels in open and partial shade.
Association studies between quantitative and qualitative traits in rabi sorghum
Authors: Chittapur Rekha , Biradar B. D.
Published: October 2015

One hundred rabi sorghum germplasm lines of diverse origin were used to estimate genetic variability parameters such as heritability, genetic advance and correlation for 15 quantitative traits. The study was conducted under rainfed conditions during rabi season. High phenotypic coefficient of variation was observed for grain yield, panicle weight, panicle length, number of primaries and dead heart percentage. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance were observed for the characters days to flowering, dead heart percentage, panicle weight panicle length, number of primaries per panicle, test weight and grain yield per plant indicating that additive gene effects were operating for these traits and selection for superior genotype was possible to bring genetic improvement in desired direction. Grain yield had positive and highly significant association with plant height, panicle weight, number of primaries, panicle weight and test weight, whereas negative and highly significant correlation with seed fat content and protein content.
Characterizing the ecological trade‐offs throughout the early ontogeny of coral recruitment
Authors: Doropoulos Christopher , Roff George , Bozec Yves‐Marie , Zupan Mirta , Werminghausen Johanna , Mumby Peter J.
Published: October 2015

Abstract

Drivers of recruitment in sessile marine organisms are often poorly understood, due to the rapidly changing requirements experienced during early ontogeny. The complex suite of physical, biological, and ecological interactions beginning at larval settlement involves a series of trade‐offs that influence recruitment success. For example, while cryptic settlement within complex microhabitats is a commonly observed phenomenon in sessile marine organisms, it is unclear whether trade‐offs between competition in cryptic refuges and predation on exposed surfaces leads to higher recruitment.To explore the trade‐offs during the early ontogeny of scleractinian corals, we combined field observations with laboratory and field experiments to develop a mechanistic understanding of coral recruitment success. Multiple experiments conducted over 15 months in Palau (Micronesia) allowed a mechanistic approach to study the individual factors involved in recruitment: settlement behavior, growth, competition, and predation, as functions of microhabitat and ontogeny. We finally developed and tested a predictive recruitment model with the broader aim of testing whether our empirical insights explained patterns of coral recruitment and quantifying the relative importance of each trade‐off.Coral settlement was higher in crevices than exposed microhabitats, but post‐settlement bottlenecks differed markedly in the presence (uncaged) and absence (caged) of predators. Incidental predation by herbivores on exposed surfaces at early post‐settlement (<3 mm) stages and targeted predation by corallivores at late post‐settlement (3–10 mm) stages exceeded competition in crevices as major drivers of mortality. In contrast, when fish were excluded, competition with macroalgae and heterotrophic invertebrates intensified mortality, particularly in crevices. As a result, post‐settlement trade‐offs were reversed, and recruitment was more than twofold higher on exposed surfaces than crevices. Once post‐settlement bottlenecks were overcome, survival was higher on exposed surfaces regardless of fish exclusion. However, maximum recruitment occurred in crevices of uncaged treatments, being ninefold higher than caged treatments. Overall, we characterize recruitment success throughout the earliest life‐history stages of corals and uncover some intriguing trade‐offs between growth, competition and predation, highlighting how these change and even reverse during ontogeny and under alternate disturbance regimes.
Reservoir Simulation of Cyclic Steam Stimulation in the Cold Lake Oil Sands
Authors: Beattie C. I. , Boberg T. C. , McNab G. S.
Published: October 2015

The Cold Lake reservoir is an unconsolidated sand containing extremely viscous bitumen. Steam injectivity during cyclic steam stimulation can be achieved only by injecting at pressures high enough to mechanically fail the formation. Simulation of the complex fracturing and reservoir deformation behavior that results is very challenging. In addition, the reservoir exhibits water-oil relative permeability hysteresis, which must also be properly modeled. This paper describes enhancements made to a thermal reservoir simulator to incorporate these Cold Lake physics.

Rigorous geomechanical modeling is not economical, so an empirical approach has been developed that is consistent with the behavior of unconsolidated sands. Fracturing is modeled by allowing the permeability in a. plane of gridblocks to increase rapidly when the pressure exceeds a specified fracture pressure. Reservoir deformation in all blocks is modeled by first allowing dilation, during which porosity increases when the pressure exceeds a specified failure pressure. Subsequent pressure decline causes the reservoir to recompact, and porosity decreases. However, recompaction is not the reverse of dilation, and a fraction of the total dilation is permanent. While all gridblocks have similar deformation properties, the history of each individual block plays a role in determining its exact behavior.

This geomechanical representation allows the simulator to match field observations that are otherwise difficult to reproduce, including injection pressures, flowback times, and production pressures. Also, the model appropriately handles the recompaction process which provides drive energy in the Cold Lake reservoir.

The water-oil relative permeability hysteresis model is based upon laboratory measurements. Bounding imbibition and drainage curves are input; gridblock relative permeabilities, which depend upon both saturation and saturation history, are determined such that calculated values always lie on or between the bounding curves. The hysteresis model makes it possible to use laboratory-derived relative permeabilities when simulating cyclic steam stimulation and still match field water-oil ratios.
Effects of CO2 Addition to Steam on Recovery of West Sak Crude Oil
Authors: Hornbrook M. W. , Dehghani K. , Qadeer S. , Ostermann R. D. , Ogbe D. O.
Published: October 2015

A high pressure one-dimensional laboratory displacement study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of the addition of carbon dioxide to steam on the recovery of West Sak crude oil. In addition a run was made below bubble point pressure to assess the effect of a free gas phase on recovery. Experiments were conducted in an unconsolidated sand pack two inches in diameter and four feet in length. The sand pack was saturated with "live" West Sak crude oil (19.2°API) with a bubble point pressure of 1690 psig. Volumetric flow rate was held constant to focus on the effect of CO2 addition to steam. The temperature profile and pressure drop along the length of the sand pack were recorded along with ultimate recovery and effluent properties.

Carbon dioxide affects oil recovery by several mechanism. (Gas displacement, swelling, viscosity reduction.) Measurements of: CO2 swelling and CO2/steam distillation of West Sak crude are presented. The results indicate that the addition of CO2 steam increases ultimate recovery, increases rate of recovery and decreases required heat input. Furthermore the presence of a free gas phase greatly reduces the ultimate recovery. The results also indicate the existence of an optimum steam/CO2 concentration. A 1:1 molar ratio increases recovery by 5.5% and a 3:1 molar ratio increases recovery by 12 .8%. Holding the steam/CO2 molar ratio constant at 3:1 and decreasing the injection temperature resulted in no significant change in recovery.

The current study indicates that the simultaneous injections of CO2 and steam increases recovery over steam alone and allows the use of lower injectant temperature and hence reduces the heat input required. If a suitable source of CO2 is available, this process may enhance the economics of thermal recovery of West Sak oil.
Adaptive Implicit Method in Thermal Simulation
Authors: Oballa V. , Coombe D. A. , Buchanan W. L.
Published: October 2015

An adaptive implicit method for thermal simulation is discussed. It provides different degrees of implicitness in various grid blocks. A special treatment of flow terms during appearance or disappearance of any particular phase is critical. This treatment creates a more stable Jacobian matrix, especially in cases where an implicit block is downstream of an explicit neighbour.

The maximum eigenvalue of a local amplification matrix, which is related to a dimensionless front velocity, determines the switching between implicit and explicit treatment. The switching is done automatically and is problem independent. It is superior to the classical threshold switching which is based on the magnitude of changes of key reservoir variables.

Results from the simulation of several thermal recovery processes are presented. The saving in computer time over a fully implicit method ranges from 34 through 62 percent.

The maximum savings can be achieved in the simulation of large field scale problems in which the fronts are moving fairly slowly.
Successful Conversion of the Pikes Peak Viscous Oil Cyclic Steam Project to Steamdrive
Authors: Miller K. A. , Stevens L. G. , Watt B. J.
Published: October 2015

The Pikes Peak steam pilot was initiated in 1981 to evaluate cyclic steam recovery in a Lloydminster (Canada) channel sand reservoir containing 12°API oil with a gas-free viscosity of 25 000 mPa.s (25,000 cp) at initial reservoir conditions. Cyclic steam response has been very good, but the economics worsen after 20 to 30% of the original oil-in-place (OOΙP) has been recovered.

Based on the reservoir's excellent permeability (5 to 10 darcy) and on frequently observed interwell communication, a 3 hectare (7.4 acre) inverted seven-spot pattern was converted to steam drive in 1984. This pattern was used to evaluate various steam injection rates, flow diverting foam, and stimulation of lagging producers. Tritium tracer test data, profiles from two temperature observation wells, and a post-steam core were collected and evaluated; and numerical modelling studies were also initiated.

Field data from the first pattern and forecasts from the numerical modelling studies were used to refine the conversion criteria. In these criteria were used to select two additional patterns for conversion, and both have yielded excellent performance. Four additional patterns have been converted to drive since 1986, and steam drive currently contributes approximately half the project's total production.

Studies are underway to further refine the cyclic-to-drive conversion criteria, evaluate the effects of pattern surroundings, develop methods to improve vertical and areal sweep, and develop a post-steam recovery strategy.
Improved Steam Foam Formulations: Concepts and Laboratory Results
Authors: Lau H. C. , Borchardt J. K.
Published: October 2015

Kern River pilot results show that a steam foam formulation based on an alpha olefin sulfonate containing 16 to 18 carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain improves sweep efficiency and oil recovery of the steam drive but propagates relatively slowly and leaves the same residual oil saturation as that to steam. Research has identified potentially superior formulations that in the laboratory form stronger foams, propagate faster and/or reduce residual oil saturation below that to steam.
Steam-Zone Electrical Characteristics for Geodiagnostic Evaluation of Steamflood Performance
Authors: Mansure A. J. , Meldau R. F.
Published: October 2015

An essential part of the development of electrical geodiagnostic techniques for mapping thermal recovery processes is understanding the relationship of formation resistivity to the thermal recovery process. As a result of laboratory measurements of a one - dimensional steamflood, a preliminary understanding of some of the mechanisms of the electrical resistivity change has been gained. The theory of electrical resistivity of a steamflood is reviewed and used to evaluate the resistivity changes expected. A conceptual electrical model of a steamflooded porous reservoir is presented. This conceptual model is based on a qualitative description of the fluid zones of an ideal heavy oil steamflood. The model assumes that salinity, temperature, and saturation are the important factors controlling the resistivity changes, and that Archie's law applies. It is found that the characteristics of each individual reservoir must be considered before the in situ resistivity changes are predicted, and that the in situ resistivity can either increase or decrease as a result of steamflooding.
Outcomes of Transurethral Resection of the Prostate in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Comparing Prostate Size of more than 80 Grams to Prostate Size less than 80 Grams
Authors: Joshi HN , De Jong IJ , Karmacharya RM , Shrestha B , Shrestha R
Published: October 2015

Background Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a condition occurring in elderly men in which the prostate gland is enlarged, hence the condition also known as benign enlargement of prostate. Benign hyperplasia can lead to both obstructive and irritative symptoms. Transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) still remains the gold standard modality of surgical treatment of obstructive lower urinary tract symptoms due to Benign hyperplasia.Objectives The objective of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of TURP in large prostate (>80 grams) in comparison to small prostate (<80 grams) in terms of efficacy, safety and complications.Methods A total of 65 cases included in this prospective study, which were operated by a single surgeon with conventional monopolar TURP using standard technique. Intra -operative and post-operative complications, pre and post- operative quality of life (QoL) and international prostate symptom score (IPSS), operative time, time to removal of catheter and hospital stay were evaluated between small and large prostate gland volumes.Results Out of 65 cases, 30 were with large prostate size i.e. 80 grams or more (group 1), and 35 cases were with small prostate size than 80 grams size (group 2). Mean age was 71.8 SD ± 6.9 years in group 1 and 68.2 SD ± 12.7 years in group 2. The mean preoperative volume of prostate was 88.8 grams (range 80-115 grams) in group 1 and 40.3 (range 20-65 grams) in group 2. The mean preoperative post void residual volume of urine (PVRU) was 244 ml SD ± 190.8 ml in group 1 and 117 ml ± 70.3 ml in group 2. Mean resection time in group 1 was 110 (range 90-130) minutes and in group 2 it was 90 minutes (range 55-115) minutes. There were quite satisfactory improvements in IPSS and QoL. No significant complications were observed except TUR syndrome in 2 cases from group 2, which were managed well in postoperative period.Conclusion With meticulous resection and intra-operative haemostasis using continuous out flow resectoscope, conventional monopolar TURP is equally safe and effective in large size prostate as compare in small size.Kathmandu University Medical Journal Vol.12(3) 2014; 163-167
Modifiable Demographic Factors that Differentiate Bronchiolitis from Pneumonia in Nepalese Children Less Than Two Years – A Hospital Based Study
Authors: Malla T , Poudyal P , Malla KK
Published: October 2015

Background Bronchiolitis and pneumonia is an important cause of mortality and morbidity in children. Various risk factors make these children more prone for this illness. There is limited data on the risk factors from this part of the world. Moreover there is a significant clinical overlap between bronchiolitis and pneumonia thus necessitating the need for evaluating their demographic difference.Objective To evaluate the modifiable demographic risk factors for bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children less than 2 years.Method A prospective, comparative hospital based study undertaken during March 2012- March 2013 in Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara. Altogether 200 cases of bronchiolitis and 200 cases of pneumonia, in the age group of 2 to 24 months, were randomly selected for comparison of risk factors as per a predesigned proforma. A ‘p’ value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Data was analyzed by using SPPS version 16.Result The significant risk factors for bronchiolitis were age < 6 months (p<0.001), prematurity (p<0.001),male(P<0.04), younger maternal age (p< 0.009), poor maternal knowledge (p<0.013), air pollution and lack of ventilation (p<0.001), exposure to cooking fuel – kerosene (p<0.007), firewood (p<0.001) , tobacco smoke (p<0.001), overcrowding (0.008), winter season (p<0.015), domestic pets (p<0.003), low birth weight (p<003), use of animal milk (p<0.001).The significant risk factors for pneumonia were age 13 months- 24 months, maternal age 26- 35 yrs (p<0.009), female (p< 0.04), malnutrition, lack of Vitamin A supplementation and immunization (p<0.001).Conclusion Most of the risk factors for bronchiolitis and pneumonia identified in this study were modifiable; hence could be prevented to decrease the burden of both the diseases.Kathmandu University Medical Journal Vol.12(3) 2014; 175-180
Prevalence of Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) in End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Patients on Hemodialysis: A Study from Central Nepal
Authors: Ghimire M , Pahari B , Das G , Das GC
Published: October 2015

Background Peripheral arterial disease is a common condition in the hemodialysis population with an estimated prevalence ranging from 17-48%. Many studies have been conducted to know the prevalence of peripheral vascular disease in hemodialysis population. However no such study has been conducted so far in Nepal.Objective This study was carried out with an objective to assess the prevalence of Peripheral Arterial Disease in End Stage Renal Disease Patients on Hemodialysis.Method Fifty patients with a diagnosis of End Stage Renal Disease (irrespective of the underlying cause), and those who were on hemodialytic support for more than 3 months were studied over a period of one year. Peripheral arterial disease was diagnosed on the basis of the ankle –brachial index, which was the ratio of the resting systolic blood pressure in the arteries of the ankle to that of the brachial artery, measured by using a standard mercury manometer with a cuff of appropriate size and the Doppler ultrasound. Patients with ankle –brachial index ?0.9 were considered positive for peripheral arterial disease.Result A total of 50 End Stage Renal Disease patients were analyzed. The mean age of the patient was 49.81±12.63 years. The age range was from 18- 79 years. Majority of them were males 64% (n=32). Peripheral arterial disease defined by ankle –brachial index ?0.9 was present in 30% (n=15) of patients. The three major cause of End Stage Renal Disease in the study population was Chronic Glomerulonephritis 40 % (n=20), Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 28 % (n=14) and Hypertension 24 % (n=12). Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus was the commonest cause 53% (n=8) of End Stage Renal Disease in patients with peripheral arterial disease followed by hypertension 33% (n=5). On univariate analysis, peripheral arterial disease was found to be significantly associated with age >40 years (p value= 0.003; OR=14.8; CI=1.75-125.27), Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (p value= 0.009; OR=5.4; CI=1.44-21.14), parasthesia of lower limbs (p value= 0.001; OR=10; CI-2.31-43.16), and intact PTH >300 ng/ml (p value =0.006; OR=5.7; CI=1.55-21.50). However on multivariate analysis only parasthesia of lower limbs and intact PTH >300 ng/ml were significantly and independently associated with peripheral arterial disease, while other variables were not significant.Conclusion Peripheral arterial disease was common occurrence in End Stage Renal Disease patients on hemodialysis. Ankle –brachial index needs to be included as a routine assessment in End Stage Renal Disease patients to detect peripheral arterial disease at its earliest.Kathmandu University Medical Journal Vol.12(3) 2014; 181-184
Intraoperative Complications of High Volume Sutureless Cataract Surgery in Nepal: A Prospective Study
Authors: Limbo B , Jha HC
Published: October 2015

BackgroundWith high backlog of cataract blindness in the developing countries sutureless high volume cataract surgery is preferred surgical technique.ObjectiveTo report the intraoperative complications of high volume sutureless cataract surgery at secondary level eye care centre of Nepal.MethodThis prospective study consisting 1087 eyes that underwent manual small incision cataract surgery from 2nd to 28th December 2007 at Shree Janaki Eye Hospital, Janakpur, Nepal and operated by a single eye surgeon. Preoperative and postoperative ocular findings together with intraoperative complications were carefully noted in every individual case. At post operative day one each patient was examined including uncorrected visual acuity and post operative complications which were subsequently recorded in Performa. Data were analysed using SPSS 11.5.ResultSixty-three eyes (5.8%) of 1087 eyes developed intraoperative complications. Out of 63 eyes that had intra operative complications, posterior capsular rupture were seen in 42 (3.9%), sclera corneal tunnel suturing in 12 eyes (1.1%), iridodialysis 5 eyes (0.5%) and Descemet stripping in 4 eyes (0.4%). 62.1% of patients attained uncorrected visual acuity 6/18 or better and in 91.7% of eyes, there were no post operative complications.ConclusionHigh volume suture less cataract surgery is safe surgery and should be continue in developing countries to achieve the goal of vision 2020, where there is huge backlog of cataract blindness.Kathmandu University Medical Journal Vol.12(3) 2014; 194-197
Acceptance of Family Planning Amongst Patients Attending Dhulikhel Hospital Obstetrics and Gynecology Department
Authors: Shrestha A , Kayastha B , Manandhar S , Chawla CD
Published: October 2015

Background Knowledge of contraceptive methods is an important factor for an individual to use or not use of family planning methods. In Nepal, at least one modern method of family planning is universal amongst both men and women.Objectives To assess the knowledge, attitude regarding various family planning methods and practice of contraceptives amongst couples attending Dhulikhel Hospital Obstetrics and Gynecology Department.Methods Five hundred and fifteen couples were interviewed. Their knowledge, attitude and practice of contraception were evaluated with the help of pre-evaluated questionnaire. The other variable used were the age of the couple, parity, educational status and economic status having effect on the contraceptive acceptance were taken into consideration. Descriptive analysis was conducted to obtain percentages.Results We observed that 74.98% of women were in the age group of 20-29 years and 59.22% of men were within the age group of 20-29 years. Teen age mothers were 17.86% and teen age fathers were 1.35%. In our study, we observed that higher the educational level better was the acceptance for family planning methods. The higher income group had less number of children compared to lesser income group. In our study, we noticed that all the couples knew about different methods of family planning, main sources of information were television, pamphlets and healthworkers. Only 16 males had undergone vasectomy and 32 women had undergone tubectomy. Fewer number of vasectomy was due to the belief that undergoing vasectomy will make the male partner weak physically. 13.20% of women preferred Depot medroxy progesterone as a temporary method of family planning, 13% of males preferred condom as a temporary method of family planning.Conclusion We conclude that education plays a vital role in the acceptance of family planning. As couples who have higher education level tend to have higher income and they have lesser number of children. They are more receptive towards counseling and agree upon the various methods of family planning. The easy accessibility to the various media like radio, television tend to make people aware of various methods of family planning.Kathmandu University Medical Journal Vol.12(3) 2014; 198-201
Class III Subdivision Malocclusion With Unilateral Posterior Crossbite
Authors: Suresh R
Published: October 2015

This article describes the management of class III subdivision malocclusion with unilateral left side posterior crossbite in an adolescent girl, using rapid palatal expansion followed by extraction of four premolars with comprehensive fixed appliance mechanotherapy.Kathmandu University Medical Journal Vol.12(3) 2014; 207-210
Cervical Capillary Haemangioma: A Case Report
Authors: Sharma K , Sharma UK , Sigdel B
Published: October 2015

Capillary haemangioma is a common benign lesion occurring at multiple areas of body. They have unique radiological appearances and are confirmed by histological examinations. However capillary haemangioma of cervical region is a very rare condition. Such a case is presented here. It presented as an extramedullary intradural mass compressing the cord and corresponding root giving rise to myeloradiculopathic symptoms. Total enblock excision of the lesion gave a total cure.Kathmandu University Medical Journal Vol.12(3) 2014; 211-214
Gingival Calcifying Epithelial Tumor - A Rare Case Report
Authors: Tejasvi MLA , Bangi BB , Geetha P , Pavani D , Harsha B
Published: October 2015

Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumors are rare odontogenic neoplasms that account for approximately one percent of all odontogenic tumors. Extra osseous variant is very rare with very few cases being reported in literature Peripheral Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (CEOT) commonly resemble oral hyperplastic or reactive lesions and are histologically similar to their intraosseous counterparts. Here we report a rare case of gingival calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor in the mandibular posterior region in a 31 year old female patient. Interestingly on literature review in on PubMed search only 22 case reports were available in, English literature, added to that this report will be the 23rd case.Kathmandu University Medical Journal Vol.12(3) 2014; 215-218
Discovery of rhenium and masurium (technetium) by Ida Noddack-Tacke and Walter Noddack
Authors: Stelzner F. , Knapp F. F. , Biersack H.-J.
Published: October 2015

The history of the early identification of elements and their designation to the Mendeleev Table of the Elements was an important chapter in German science in which Ida (1896-1978) and Walter (1893-1960) Noddack played an important role in the first identification of rhenium (element 75, 1925) and technetium (element 43, 1933). In 1934 Ida Noddack was also the first to predict fission of uranium into smaller atoms. Although the Noddacks did not for some time later receive the recognition for the first identification of technetium-99m, their efforts have appropriately more recently been recognized. The discoveries of these early pioneers are even more astounding in light of the limited technologies and resources which were available during this period. The Noddack discoveries of elements 43 and 75 are related to the sub sequent use of rhenium-188 (beta/ gamma emitter) and technetium-99m (gamma emitter) in nuclear medicine. In particular, the theranostic relationship between these two generator-derived radioisotopes has been demonstrated and offers new opportunities in the current era of personalized medicine.
Copper-catalyzed aerobic radical C–C bond cleavage of N–H ketimines
Authors: Tnay Ya Lin , Ang Gim Yean , Chiba Shunsuke
Published: October 2015

We report herein studies on copper-catalyzed aerobic radical C–C bond cleavage of N–H ketimines. Treatment of N–H ketimines having an α-sp3 hybridized carbon under Cu-catalyzed aerobic reaction conditions resulted in a radical fragmentation with C–C bond cleavage to give the corresponding carbonitrile and carbon radical intermediate. This radical process has been applied for the construction of oxaspirocyclohexadienones as well as in the electrophilic cyanation of Grignard reagents with pivalonitrile as a CN source.
PHILOSOPHY AND TIME TRAVEL / FILOSOFIJA IR KELIONĖS LAIKU
Authors: Mickūnas Algis
Published: October 2015

The author investigates the topic of philosophy of time travel by explicating how awareness of time helps to understand such time travel, the ways we encounter others, speak with them about the world and events in our world and history. The author discusses aspects of pretemporal life of awareness and discloses philosophical time travel in order to engage in a dialogue with others. The argument of this paper makes the following points: a) empirically it is not possible to leave our chronological position; b) human memory is quite limited; c) yet we dialogue with members of our species through times in terms of our “signitive” capacity; d) we read texts that “mean” events, things and others and thus engage in a dialogue with them. All this implies that we are aware of what other said or saw and made accessible “through” the empirical signs prior to asking a question of “when” – this means “atemporally”.

Santrauka

Remdamasis filosofiniais argumentais, straipsnyje autorius interpretuoja filosofiją kaip keliones laiku. Aiškina, kaip demėsingumas laikui padeda suprasti šį reiškinį, užmegzti filosofinį dialogą su kitais žmonėmis. Šio teksto argumentai suponuoja tolesnes tezes: a) empiriškai neįmanoma peržengti gyvenamosios dabarties laiko taško; b) žmogaus atminties gebėjimai yra riboti; c) žmogus su savo rūšies atstovais komunikuoja „per laiką“, pasitelkdamas savo gebėjimą reikštis; d) žmogus skaito tekstus, kurie „reiškia“ įvykius, daiktus ir kitus fenomenus, taip užmezga dialogą su kitais žmonėmis. Tokie komunikaciniai ypatumai reiškia, kad žmogus „patiria“ tai, ką kiti regėjo ir komunikavo kaip per empirinius ženklus prieinamą dalyką, dar „prieš“ tai, kai buvo iškeltas klausimas „kada“, kitaip tariant – belaikiškai.
REVITALISATION OF PUBLIC SPACES IN THE CONTEXT OF CREATIVE TOURISM / VIEŠŲJŲ ERDVIŲ GAIVINIMAS KŪRYBINIO TURIZMO KONTEKSTE
Authors: Rabazauskaitė Vaida
Published: October 2015

The paper discusses a model of creative tourism, which can be used for revital- isation of public spaces. The model is discussed on the basis of the concept of active participation and creative workshops. The creative process of cultural production and active learning about the destination should engage tourists as well as residents. As a result, generated unique travel experiences, developed skills or produced long-lasting objects would contribute to the revival of a site. In creative tourism, a city and its atmosphere, community arts initiatives and other local creative activities are seen as objects of tourism. By defining the role of a tourist as an active participant in cultural processes, the model of creative tourism encourages to use such formats as creative workshops for travelling experts in the process of revitalisation of public spaces. Santrauka Straipsnyje kūrybinio turizmo modelis, nukreiptas į viešųjų erdvių gaivinimą, yra aptariamas remiantis aktyvaus dalyvavimo ir kūrybinių dirbtuvių koncep- cija, kuri įtraukia tiek turistus, tiek vietinius gyventojus į kūrybinį kultūros produkcijos procesą ir aktyvų mokymąsi apie turistinę vietovę siekiant sugene- ruoti unikalias keliavimo patirtis, tobulinti gabumus ar gaminti ilgai išliekan- čius objektus, kurie prisideda prie viešųjų erdvių gaivinimo. Kūrybiniame tu- rizme miestas ir jo atmosfera, bendruomenės meno iniciatyvos ir kitos vietinės kūrybinės veiklos tampa turizmo objektu. Apibrėžiant turisto, kaip aktyvaus dalyvio kūrybiniame procese vaidmenį, skatinama gaivinti viešąsias erdves pri- taikant kūrybines dirbtuves, kaip kūrybinio turizmo veiklas, kuriose dalyvautų keliaujantys ekspertai. Reikšminiai žodžiai: aktyvus dalyvavimas, miesto prekinio ženklo kūrimas, kūrybinis turizmas, kūrybinės dirbtuvės, viešųjų erdvių gaivinimas
CREATIVE TOURISM: THE ISSUES OF PHILOSOPHY, SOCIOLOGY AND COMMUNICATION
Authors: Juzefovič Agnieška
Published: October 2015

"Creative tourism: the issues of philosophy, sociology and communication." Creativity Studies, 8(2), pp. 73–74
Analysis and control of issues that delay pharmaceutical projects
Authors: Nandeswara Rao Nallam Sai , Jigeesh Nasina
Published: October 2015

Every project will have certain objectives and service levels to be achieved. The success of a project depends on several dimensions like time, cost/budget, quality, etc. and managing a project involves completing the project within time, within budget and with quality to satisfy the users. Because of the significance of health, pharmaceutical companies realized the importance of project management methods and techniques to make available the life saving drugs in time to the needy patients and hospitals. In literature, there is meager information about pharmaceutical project management oriented towards analysis of issues and factors that contribute to the failure or success of projects. This study attempts to analyse different issues that contribute to time delays in pharmaceutical product-based projects, group them under a finite set of prominent factors and identify remedial measures to control those delays. The feedback of project people of some big pharmaceutical firms of Indian sub-continent was collected for this purpose. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) has been used to reduce the reasons for time delays to a limited number of prominent factors and the EFA model has been further examined by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for its validation. Remedial measures under each factor of time delays have been gathered and a framework designed to mitigate the time delays in pharmaceutical projects. The derived factors that delay the pharmaceutical projects include resource, monitoring & control, scheduling and planning problems. Important remedial measures like blended resource approach, estimation and forecast of shortage of labour and skills, regular quality training, etc. have been recommended.
Kūrybiningumo komponentai inovacinėje veikloje
Authors: Zabielavičienė Irena
Published: October 2015

Atliekant inovacijų komandos kūrybingumo komponentų tyrimą, išskiriami trys kūrybinės veiklos etapai: suvokimo, idėjų generavimo ir idėjų įgyvendinimo. Nustatyta, kad suvokimui turi įtakos komandos narių laisvė, atvirumas, idėjiškumas ir saugumas. Suvokimą aproksimuojančios funkcijos parametrai rodo, kad problemų suvokimui inovacijų komandoje didžiausią įtaką turi komandos narių laisvė ir idėjiškumas. Idėjų generavimo etape nustatyti šie inovacijų komandos kūrybingumo komponentai: intuicija, vaizduotė, įžvalgumas, išradingumas, kritiškumas. Idėjų generavimo aproksimantės parametrai rodo, kad inovacijų komandoje idėjų generavimui didžiausią įtaką turi intuicija ir vaizduotė. Idėjų įgyvendinimo etape nustatyti šie inovacijų komandos kūrybingumo komponentai: drąsa, išmintis, atsakomybė ir atkaklumas. Idėjų įgyvendinimo aproksimantės parametrai rodo, kad inovacijų komandoje idėjų įgyvendinimui didžiausią įtaką turi drąsa ir atsakomybė.
Corporate foresight at the strategic research institutes
Authors: Sacio-Szymańska Anna , Mazurkiewicz Adam , Poteralska Beata
Published: October 2015

Foresight – that is systematic, in-depth analyses of social, technological, economic, environmental and political development trends in order to anticipate their impact on organisation, sector or a region in a long term perspective supports taking effective strategic and operational decisions at different organisational levels and thus shapes a country’s economic development. The paper gives an overview of the corporate foresight process realised at the Institute for Sustainable Technologies – National Research Institute (Radom, Poland) based on an original technology foresight model, which takes into account the results from national and sectoral foresight processes in order to generate and prioritise future research priorities and technologies of the institute. The paper gives evidence of the practical implementation of the institute’s corporate foresight scientific outcomes into the national R&D agenda through the launch of the strategic research programme “Innovative Systems of Technical Support for Sustainable Development of Economy”.
Analysis of Developing of Renewable Energy Sector in Europe and 2020 Targets
Authors: Tilvaldyev Shehret , Flores-Garay Jorge , Villanueva Montellano Alfredo , Cornejo Monroy Delfino , Flores Ortega Alejandra
Published: October 2015

Minerals, coal, oil and gas are all examples of nonrenewable resources and most of these pollute the environment when used. Most alternatives to fossil fuels use renewable resources (resources that can be replenished rapidly by nature), which are usually pollute the environment less. There are many forms of alternative fuels that are being utilized today: classic solar, nuclear, wind, hydro, geothermal and Tidal power generators. Many efforts have been madeto develop the ways how to generate power from reusable sources of energy, that have enabled significant progress made towards of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and increasing security of supply and improving competitiveness.The analysis of developing of Renewable Energy sector in Europe (EU-28) since 1970 and 2020 targets presented.