bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human Rights Education: raising awareness of rights as a prevention of bullying in schools
Authors: Hellen dos Santos Clemente Damascen Cláudia , Viana Ribeiro Ajame Indiara , Rodrigues dos Santos Cesário Lara , Bernardo Gome Shirles , Gomes da Silva Muylaert Monteiro de Castro Bianca
Published: September 2021

Educational institutions consist of spaces for interaction and sociability, therefore, these spaces are composed of a multiplicity of people, each with their individualities, being, therefore, a locus of coexistence with diversity and of creating access opportunities for the equalization of opportunities. From this perspective, research on Human Rights Education means directing citizens in the fight for their rights and for a fairer society, as a form of full realization of citizenship. This research, at first, discusses the various forms of violence that occur in youth, especially those that occur in the school space, highlighting the causes and consequences of physical, psychological, symbolic violence and one of the most worrying in the world scenario: the " bullying". The general objective is to verify the existence and manifestations of violence in the school environment among students, teachers, managers and employees to understand the relationship that young people have with their peers, identifying the forms of violence called "bullying" that occur in the environment in an attempt to reflect on how such practices can be fought through Human Rights Education. Therefore, the methodology used will be qualiquantitative and will consist of a literature review, which will aim to situate human rights and bullying as objects in the field of socio-legal studies. Documentary analysis of laws dealing with human rights and education will be carried out, as well as field research, through which the questionnaire will be used as a data collection instrument to understand the perception of high school students about bullying and the disrespect for differences. The work will also involve quantitative analysis in the analysis of data to verify the incidence of bullying, its modalities and how Human Rights Education can contribute to respecting and valuing differences. With the completion of this research, it is expected to provide educators and students of educational institutions, an analysis of the importance of forming a culture of respect for human dignity, diversity, multiplying information and experiences that contribute to participatory awareness, rethinking the citizen reality of the population involved and reinforcing the socio-political-cultural identity of social segments and groups, based on the school reality and on Human Rights Education
Urban Landscape in the Historic Center of Campos dos Goytacazes:the effect of oil royalties on the use of public and private spaces between 1996 and 2020
Authors: Barcelos Jorge da Silveira Victoria , Moreira Souza Diego , Peixoto Alvarenga Fabrício
Published: September 2021

The analysis of space comes from its importance in people's daily lives, to carry out their optional, necessary and social activities. In addition to the geographic field, with its divisions and connections, space also influences social bonds, due to its imposition on segregating aspects imposed on society, reproducing it and supporting its relationships, being dynamic and ephemeral according to time . Thus, it is unquestionable that the historic center of a city is commonly defined by its ability to seduce its users, being a central place in relation to the rest of the built area, still remaining as commercial attraction areas and with a large number of developments. This demand causes an increase in the value of properties located in this region and also a dispute for space where the private ends up overtaking the public, for personal interests or groups of people. This dispute for space by non-equivalent forces has resulted directly in the urban landscape. The analysis of public spaces in the historic center of the city of Campos dos Goytacazes, in the period in which its budget had a high bias, especially fostered by the amounts received from the transfer of royalties for oil exploration, aims to verify the changes that occurred in these spaces. The methodology developed for this work involves the review of scientific literature, the collection of primary sources such as users, permit holders and concessionaires of public spaces and a detailed on-site survey of some urban elements such as walkways and roads;number of private spaces for vehicles, kiosks and stalls in public areas. Based on the suggested surveys, it will be possible to verify if the last relevant economic cycle that occurred in the city of Campos dos Goytacazes -the transfer of royalties for oil exploration, was responsible for the modification of the urban landscape in its Historic Center.
Correlation of magnesium and calcium in the management of cardiac arrhythmia: Perspectives for better outcome
Authors: Patel Usha Harshadkumar , Jagrit Nanda N. , Madole Mahesh B. , Panchal Shubham Sanjay
Published: September 2021

Objectives:

To find correlation between serum Mg, serum Ca, and cardiac arrhythmia.

Materials and Methods:

The present case–control analytical study includes records of 100 participants; 50 patients (both male and female average age: 47 ± 12 years, mean ± SD) admitted during the period of March 2019–March 2020 into the Coronary Care Unit of LG Hospital, AMCMET Medical College who were clinically diagnosed as arrhythmia and 50 subjects for control group from OPD patients coming to the same institution for health check-up. Mg was estimated with xylitol blue colorimetric end-point method and Ca was estimated by NM-BAPTA Method by Roche Cobas c311 instrument.

Results:

In 50 cases, mean Mg value was 1.454 mg/dl and SD 0.2566 while in control group, mean value was 2.2 mg/dl and SD is 0.3110 with 95% confidence interval of 1.381–1.527 and 2.199–2.375 for cases and controls group, respectively, which was statistically significant (p < 0.0001). In 50 cases, mean Ca value was 8.6426 mg/dl and SD 1.3 mg/dl while in control group, mean value was 9.5 mg/dl and SD 0.47 with 95% confidence interval of 8.268–9.018 and 9.377–9.643 for cases and controls, respectively, which was statistically significant (p < 0.0028) and shows correlation between serum Ca and serum Mg which are low in cardiac arrhythmias. Receiver operating characteristic analysis of Ca: Mg (3.36) ratio showed optimum cutoff in diagnosis of cardiac arrhythmia.

Conclusion:

We concluded that serum Mg and Ca along with Ca/Mg ratio should be considered as an important parameter for investigation of cardiac disorders, especially for patients of cardiac arrhythmia.
Thoracic spine teardrop fracture – A case report
Authors: Moghamis Isam S , Asad Waleed , Taha Tarek , Head Marcus O , Alhammoud Abduljabbar
Published: September 2021

This is a case report of a young man who suffered from an anterior inferior angle fracture (teardrop) of the thoracic spine at the dorsal spine third vertebra (D3). It was due to a road traffic accident and led to paraplegia and hypoesthesia below D7 dermatome. The patient was treated with decompression and posterior stabilization using pedicle screw fixation followed by physiotherapy. Teardrop fracture is a type of cervical fracture that is associated with high morbidity and mortality due to its instability, with no reported similar fracture pattern at the thoracic spine level. This is a unique case of a thoracic teardrop fracture that was treated surgically with a posterior approach, a good clinical outcome, and 18 months follow-up.
The prevalence of text neck syndrome and its association with smartphone use among medical students in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alsiwed Kholoud T. , Alsarwani Rakan M. , Alshaikh Samar A. , Howaidi Reema A. , Aljahdali Alhanouf J. , Bassi Mahdi M.
Published: September 2021

Objectives:

Text neck syndrome was first described by Fishman D. It refers to neck pain caused by repetitive stress injury resulting from prolonged neck flexion among smartphone users. The association of neck disability with various behaviors during the use of smartphones is still unclear in the literature. Therefore, we aimed to estimate the frequency of such factors and evaluate whether they contribute to text neck.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study was conducted at six medical colleges in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, from July 2020 to January 2021. An electronic, self-administered questionnaire was distributed to medical students online. In addition, participants were asked to complete the smartphone addiction scale-short version (SAS-SV) and the neck disability index (NDI).

Results:

A total of 428 medical students participated, of which 304 (71.02%) were female, while 124 (28.97%) were male. The mean age was 22.11 ± 2.07 years. The prevalence of text neck syndrome was 68.1%. Among the participants, 49.5% had mild, 16.1% had moderate, and 2.6% had severe neck disabilities. The Spearman correlation coefficient showed a moderate positive correlation between SAS-SV and the NDI (rs = 0.328, P < 0.001).

Conclusion:

The current study found that most medical students had a neck disability, and there was a significant association between text neck syndrome and smartphone use. In addition, a lack of appropriate neck positioning and prolonged use of smartphones were found in most students. Therefore, more emphasis should be placed on raising awareness of the necessity of maintaining appropriate sitting posture and limiting the duration of mobile phone use.
σ-Bond Hydroboration of Cyclopropanes
Authors: Kondo Hiroki , Miyamura Shin , Kobayashi Chisa , Arifin  , Irle Stephan , Itami Kenichiro , Yokogawa Daisuke , Yamaguchi Junichiro
Published: September 2021

Hydroboration of alkenes is a classical reaction in organic synthesis, in which alkenes react with boranes to give alkylboranes, with subsequent oxidation resulting in alcohols. The double bond (π-bond) of alkenes can be readily reacted with boranes owing to its high reactivity. However, the single bond (σ-bond) of alkanes has never been reacted. To pursue the development of σ-bond cleavage, we selected cyclopropanes as model substrates since they present a relatively weak σ-bond. Herein, we describe an iridium-catalyzed hydroboration of cyclopropanes, resulting in β-methyl alkylboronates. These unusually branched boronates can be derivatized by oxidation or cross-coupling chemistry, accessing “designer” products that are desired by practitioners of natural product synthesis and medicinal chemistry. Furthermore, mechanistic investigations and theoretical studies revealed the enabling role of the catalyst.
At the Edge: Rethinking Place and Identity in the Context of Wellington's South Coast
Authors:   , Walker Kirsty
Published: September 2021

With rapid growth and urbanisation, there is increasing pressure to develop and occupy New Zealand’s coastal edge. In turn, we are seeing naturally dynamic environments collide with static developments, as contemporary architecture converges on universality – becoming uniform, monotone, placeless. Not only does this highlight a clear ‘disconnect’ between architecture and place, but it also threatens to weaken the very connection formed between architecture and its inhabitants.

This research, therefore, seeks to strengthen the connection between people and place, through an architectural response that helps to negotiate a dynamic coastal environment and developing urban context, basing the research around the specificity of Wellington’s South Coast.

The method taken demonstrates both a poetic and pragmatic approach to design, whereby abstracted ideas of ‘embodiment’ and ‘time’ are tested against more tangible factors relating to coastal change and coastal development. The research sets out to develop a strong understanding of the different factors that contribute to the South Coast’s unique identity, using this to inform design decisions that further enrich identity of ‘place.’ At the same time, it investigates how architecture might engage with the dynamics present at site to both enhance and intensify the human experience.

This research ultimately leads to a proposed redevelopment of the Island Bay Marine Education Centre – a design response that negotiates its surroundings, allows for change, and enhances connection to ‘place.’
Ngā Pūmanawa e Waru o Te Arawa - The Eight Beating Hearts of Te Arawa
Authors:   , Hiha Manaia
Published: September 2021

Globalisation reduces our ‘sense of place’ through the international standardization of a ‘modern architecture’. This movement is a result of rapid urbanisation, international capital and the exchange of international values and principles among regions. Returning to a localised architecture is significant in activating the ‘identity’ of a place. To prevent a global sameness, we need to place importance on mātauranga Māori in Aotearoa’s cultural landscapes and built environment. Māori, like other indigenous peoples, have had their land, language, culture and identity marginalized since being colonised by the British in 1840.

It takes a long time to heal an injured sense of cultural identity and the effects are enduring for the Indigenous Māori people of Aotearoa (New Zealand).
Ecological experience in Aotearoa's deathscapes.
Authors:   , Drummond Logan
Published: September 2021

Death is a land-use issue and therefore a landscape issue. This design-led research explores reshaping the way we experience death through our engagement with it ecologically and socially.

Globally and in Aotearoa, exponential population growth and death has increased pressures of urbanisation on cemeteries and the lands’ capacity for burial. Aotearoa’s young colonial history means the majority of our dead lie in a mono-functional, socially and ecologically vacant lawn-cemetery typology from Europe. These prevailing cemeteries hide death by sanitising the visceral qualities of landscapes above ground, whilst poisoning them below.

Karori Cemetery in Wellington will reach full capacity in less than five years, with others in New Zealand following close behind. This research will explore Te Ahumairangi in the Wellington Town Belt as the site of a new forested public space cemetery. Existing landscape conditions have the potential to be interwoven with alternative burial methods that can allow for a greater frequency of burial in an urban environment constrained for burial space.

The thesis proposes that reinterpretation is needed in making Aotearoa’s South Pacific deathscapes unique. The end-of-life methods of natural burial, aquamation and cremation can be explored for their potential to address capacity pressures, pollutants and the negative impacts of lawnscape cemeteries on the landscape. It explores how designing the process of these burial methods in the landscape has the potential to alter experiential, ecological, social and sacred richness of death spaces.

The research sheds light on these considerations, findings and underexplored relationships, through a type of ecological-experience fieldwork to counter current practice. The uncovered range of potentials in landscapes of death can be tapped to catalyse the discipline of landscape architecture and cemetery planning into action.
Learning To Live With A New Minimum
Authors:   , Webb Sarah
Published: September 2021

Many of the issues that plague society are a consequence of the way we live and build. Preferences for large sections and spacious homes have led to a series of complications at both individual and communal levels, which can be resolved by adopting housing typologies that are responsive to modern issues and lifestyles. Wide spread low-density housing has formed sprawling suburbs, consuming most buildable land resources and increasing its value, culminating in significant affordability issues. This style of living constructs highly private individual residences, creating isolated communities by discouraging pedestrian activity and limiting opportunity for social interaction.

Internationally, smaller living environments have been successfully implemented for many decades to reduce the effect of urban sprawl and its ramifications, however this is yet to be realised in New Zealand at an impactful scale. Accommodating our living preferences in medium-high density environments presents a challenge that this research will explore. Although apartment typologies are a solution to density issues, they require residents to adapt to unfamiliar living circumstances, and have struggled to grow in popularity.

Smaller homes on compact sites have the potential to facilitate community and ease resource and affordability issues, whilst providing a strong connection to the external environment, an aspect that many New Zealander’s seek.

The research is tested on a site in Featherston, a small satellite town less than hour's train ride from Wellington. Intensification of satellite towns and city fringes is key to sustainably easing housing demands and generating supportive communities. The design tests the research at varying scales; how private buildings are designed, how the space between them is designed, and how the wider urban environment is designed to collectively achieve a desirable housing alternative that is responsive to New Zealand’s housing issues and preferences.

An understanding of accommodating functional and psychological needs of housing and the role of common facilities is at the forefront of this research, as it ensures the homes have the ability to be occupied long-term. This was investigated through precedents, design testing and background theory research over four design phases, which examine private spaces, public spaces, and the areas in between.

This research demonstrates that dense, small home communities can offer a more desirable housing alternative than traditional forms, and incidentally provide inherent solutions for New Zealand housing.
A Battery Powered on-Chip Peristaltic Pump for Lab-On-A-Chip Applications
Authors: GÜÇLÜER Sinan
Published: September 2021

Low-cost and controllable fluid manipulation in small scale is important to biomedical research, and disease testing and diagnostics. In the midst of global disease outbreaks and pandemics such as Ebola and Covid-19, rapid and low-cost testing and diagnostics have become even more crucial. Lab-on-a-chip platforms are good candidates to be applied in these circumstances due their small footprints and lower-costs which enable rapid-prototyping of these devices. However, providing controlled fluid flow handling in small scale for on-chip devices is not currently suitable for point-of-care applications due to the expensive fluid pumping systems that currently used in most of the lab-on-a-chip devices. In this work, a low-cost and practical peristaltic pump is developed using 3D printing and open-sourced microcontroller platform Arduino boards. The entire system is designed to be portable and capable of producing metered fluid flow in small scale devices. The developed device is characterized to provide adjustable fluid flow control between 1.7 µL/s to 23 µL/s which is suitable for many on-chip applications. The peristaltic pump developed in this work can be used in lab-on-a-chip applications due to its simplicity and low-cost.
Normal uterine size in women of reproductive age in northern Islamic Republic of Iran
Authors: Esmaelzadeh S. , Rezaei N. , Hajiahmadi M.
Published: September 2021

Todetermine the efficacy of ultrasonographic assessment of uterus size in women of reproductive age, we conducted a cross-sectional analytic study of 231 women aged 15-45 years in Babol, northern Islamic Republic of Iran. Mean uterus size was 86.6 mm x 49.6 mm x 40.6 mm overall, 72.8 mm x 42.8 mm x 32.4 mm for nulliparous women and 90.8 mm x 51.7 mm x 43.0 mm for multiparous women. Mean age was 31.7 +/- 9.6 years and mean body mass index [BMI] was 24.7 +/- 4.0 kg/m2. Uterus size was significantly associated with parity and age; but not with BMI. Our findings show a greater mean uterus size than reported by others. Ultrasonographic measurement of uterus size is valuable for predicting pathologies associated with abnormal uterine size
Triangular plasty of left atrium in correction of mitral failure
Authors: Popov V. V. , Bolshak A. A. , Boukarim V. Zh.
Published: September 2021

Objective. Studying of possibilities of procedure of the left atrium triangular plasty while doing correction of mitral failure, coexisted with left atriomegaly.

Materials and methods. There were analyzed results of surgical treatment of 330 patients, suffering mitral failure in combination with left atriomegaly, who were operated in Amosov National Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery in period from 1 Jan 2005 to 1 Jan 2021 yr. The main group have consisted of 143 patients, to whom correction of mitral failure together with original procedure of triangular plasty of left atrium was performed. The control group have consisted of 187 patients, to whom correction of mitral failure was done only, although they suffered concurrent left atriomegaly.

Results. Of 143 patients operated in the main group 3 died (lethality have constituted 2.1%). Dynamics of echocardiographic indices on the treatment stages was following: definitely-systolic index of left ventricle – (69.1 ± 12.1) ml/m2 before the operation, (59.3 ± 8.5) ml/m2 postoperatively, (48.4 ± 9.5) ml/m2 in late period; the left ventricle ejection fraction – 0.51 ± 0.05 preoperatively, 0.54 ± 0.05 postoperatively 0.56 ± 0.04 in late period. The left atrium diameter dynamics was following: (65.8 ± 4.1) mm preoperatively, (52.3 ± 2.1) mm postoperatively, and (53.5 ± 2.2) mm in late period. Of 187 оperated patients of control group 6 have died, (lethality have constituted 3.2%). Dynamics of echocardiographic indices on the treatment stages was following: definitely-systolic index of left ventricle – (68.3 ± 11.3) ml/m2 before the operation, (60.4 ± 9.3) ml/m2 postoperatively, (52.7 ± 7.2) ml/m2 in late period; the left ventricle ejection fraction – 0.52 ± 0.05 preoperatively, 0.53 ± 0.05 postoperatively, 0.5 ± 0.04 in late period. Diameter of left atrium: (66.5 ± 3.7) mm preoperatively, (63.5 ± 2.3) mm postoperatively, (71.5 ± 2.4) mm in late period.

Conclusion. Triangular plasty of left atrium is a low-traumatic and effective procedure, leading to significant improvement in its morphometry and accompanied by low risk of hospital lethality.
Changes of hematological indices in patients with diffuse toxic goiter
Authors: Saidova F. H. , Ahmedova L. M. , Aslanova Zh. B. , Najafov N. A.
Published: September 2021

Objective. To reveal the incidence of various morphological types and degrees of the anemia severity in patients with diffuse toxic goiter.

Materials and methods. Data of medical histories of 157 patients, operated for diffuse toxic goiter in 2012 yr were analyzed. In accordance to hematological indices estimated there were outlined two Groups of patients: Group I – 98 patients with diffuse toxic goiter and mild anemia, average age (39.4 ± 1.4) yrs old, 57 (58.2%) women and 41 (41.8%) men, and Group II – 59 patients with diffuse toxic goiter and middle degree of the anemia severity, average age (41.1 ± 1.7) yrs old, 48 (81.4%) women and 11 (18.6%) men. Levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit, quantity and average volume of erythrocytes, average content of hemoglobin in one erythrocyte, average concentration of hemoglobin in the erythrocytes were determined in the blood analysis.

Results. Microcytic type of anemia was noted in 89.8% of patients with anemia of middle degree of severity, while a normocytic one – in 10.2%; in mild anemia – in 87.8 and 12.2% patients, accordingly. Hypochromic and normochromic types of anemia with equal rate were revealed in mild anemia and anemia of middle degree of severity: hypochromic – in 94.9%, normochromic – in 5.1% patients.

Conclusion. Diffuse toxic goiter is characterized by more frequent development of mild (62.4%), microcytic (88.5%), hyperchromic (94.9%) anemia, caused by iron deficiency.
An Explanatory Study On Consumers’ E-Complaınts About Dıscount Stores In Turkey
Authors: BARAN Tamer
Published: September 2021

This paper aims to identify consumers' complaints and future reactions about discount stores, which is one of the growing sectors of recent years in Turkey that has one of the fastest developing economies in the world. Data were collected from the most popular online complaint forum in Turkey. A total of 921 complaints about three discount stores were examined through manual content analysis. Findings of the study showed that consumers mostly complain about the products, personnel and price & payment of discount stores, respectively. Findings also indicated that almost one out of every 4 complaints were in foods of discount stores. Moreover, the study demonstrated that the most likely reaction of consumers as a result of their negative experiences with discount stores is boycotting. In addition, approximately one in six consumers used photographs to provide evidence of their complaints. The products of discount stores are the category of complaints that consumers use photographs most frequently.
Терапевтичний вплив фулеренів С60 на механокінетику розвитку процесів втоми у скелетних м’язах щурів, викликаних введенням пептидів кардіоемболічного інсульту
Authors: Dmytruk Iryna
Published: September 2021

Метою дослідження було з’ясувати вплив фракції пептидів гострої фази кардіоемболічного інсульту на показники параметрів скорочення скелетних м’язів, а також можливий терапевтичний вплив на розвиток м’язової дисфункції водорозчинного фулерену С60. Зразки плазми крові були взяті у здорових осіб та пацієнтів із кардіоемболічним ішемічним інсультом. Ін’єкції пептидів вводили внутрішньовенно за 2 години до початку експерименту, фулерени С60 – через годину після введення пептидів. Виділено такі експеримен-тальні групи: контрольна, кардіоемболічний інсульт (гостра фаза), кардіоемболічний інсульт + ін’єкції фуле-рену С60. Аналіз механограм втоми показав значне зменшення часу виникнення втоми м’язів, м’язової поту-жності і максимально можливого рівня генерації силового зусилля при застосуванні пептидів гострої фази кардіоемболічного інсульту. Терапевтичне застосування ін’єкцій С60 фулерена істотно зменшує рівень цих патологій і стабілізує біомеханічні параметри скорочення м’яза. Виявлено, що С60 фулерени здатні підтри-мувати активний м’яз у межах фізіологічної норми впродовж усього процесу скорочення. Отже, фулерени С60 можна розглядати як потенційні засоби, що здатні корегувати патологічні стани м’язової системи.
El Análisis del discurso perverso: masculinidad violenta en hechos de violación como elementos de prueba razonable, su importancia adversarial
Autores/as
Authors: Hernández Castillo Gil David
Published: September 2021

En el sistema penal acusatorio adversarial mexicano, se les brinda la oportunidad a las partes, a través del discurso, de expresar y argumentar sus posturas, en un lenguaje, ante el suceso o delito que les tiene ahí, lamentablemente en ocasiones el victimario usa este foro para trasgredir de nuevo a la víctima, situación que se tiene que analizar, para detener y que sirva como prueba razonable en el juicio. Y con esto no se genere una revictimización de la parte afectada en el proceso.
Comparação de modelos para predição do desmatamento na Amazônia brasileira
Authors: Girolamo Neto Cesare Di , Jaffé Rodolfo , Cavalcante Rosane , Nunes Sâmia
Published: September 2021

O presente relatório contém resultados parciais do projeto “Definição de áreas prioritárias para recuperação florestal”, referentes a atividade “Uso e comparação da acurácia de diferentes modelos preditivos de desmatamento na Amazônia”. O objetivo deste estudo foi a implementação de modelos preditivos de desmatamento na Amazônia brasileira com base nas técnicas de Random Forest (RF), Spatial Random Forest (SpRF) e Integrated Nested Laplace Approximations (INLA) e comparação dos erros obtidos com cada modelo. Uma base de dados geográficos foi gerada por meio da integração de dados de diversas instituições brasileiras, como IBGE, MMA e INPE, utilizando células de 25 x 25 km e uma janela temporal de um ano. Os principais drivers de desmatamento identificados estão relacionados à fragmentação florestal e à expansão de áreas de pastagem na Amazônia, corroborando com outros trabalhos encontrados em literatura. A modelagem obteve melhores resultados com o uso dos modelos RF e SpRF em relação aos modelos do tipo INLA, com menores valores de erro médio quadrático obtido em conjuntos de dados de treinamento e validação dos algoritmos. A previsão de desmatamento para o ano de 2020 foi de 31 mil km2, dados que apresentam uma superestimava devido ao método utilizado para o cálculo do desmatamento. Entre as ações identificadas que podem ser adotadas em trabalhos futuros para melhorar a previsão do desmatamento, cita-se o uso da abordagem CLUE e a melhoria de algumas bases de dados utilizada, a exemplo da malha viária.
Pengaruh Penerapan Bea Keluar Biji Kakao Terhadap Daya Saing Serta Ekspor Produk Kakao Indonesia
Authors: Trisanti Saragih Maria , Harianto Harianto , Kuswanti Heny
Published: September 2021

The development of Indonesia's cocoa beans before the export duty policy shows that almost 90 per cent of cocoa beans exports were exported from total production, therefore makes Indonesia as known as one of the biggest cocoa beans exporters in the world. Cocoa exports to destination countries cause the domestic stock of raw materials for cocoa beans Domestic stock has decreased. Afterwards, the Indonesian government implemented a cocoa bean export duty policy. This research aimed to analyze the effect of export duties policy for the competitiveness and exports of Indonesian cocoa products to export destination countries. Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) method is used to measure competitiveness, while Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS) is used to analyze the long-term effect of export duties on cocoa beans on competitiveness and exports of cocoa products. Based on the analysis result, all cocoa products have competitiveness, Indonesian cocoa butter has the highest competitiveness in export destination countries. Export duties policy has a long-term effect on competitiveness and exports of cocoa paste and powder, but have no long-term effect on competitiveness and exports of cocoa butter. Therefore, the overall increase in competitiveness and export of cocoa products is due to the implementation of the cocoa bean export duty policy.
Daya Saing Ekspor Lada Indonesia di Pasar Amerika dan Eropa
Authors: Balqis Putroe , Yanuar Rahmat
Published: September 2021

As a major producing country, Indonesia is one of the world's largest pepper exporters where America and some European Union countries have become the destinations of its exports. The purposes of this study are to analyze the performance of Indonesian pepper and the development of its exports and to analyze the competitiveness of Indonesian pepper exports in American and European markets, especially in the period 2004-2018. This research used descriptive analysis from the trade data period 2004-2018, to analyze the performance of Indonesian pepper. From the same data set, this study used competitiveness analysis with the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) method, Export Product Dynamics (EPD), and Trade Specialization Index (ISP). The results showed that the area of cropland and production of Indonesian pepper had decreased, the development of Indonesian pepper exports was also quite volatile. Based on the calculation of RCA, Indonesia has competitiveness or comparative advantage for exports to Germany, the Netherlands, France, Italy and Belgium. The EPD value showed Indonesia was in a Retreat position in the Netherlands, Germany and Belgium. While Indonesia is in the position of Rising Star in Italy, Falling Star in France, and Lost Opportunity in America. Finally, The ISP value showed that Indonesia has strong competitiveness as an exporter of whole pepper.
Romanianization of the Cities in Transylvania After 1918. Case Study: Alba Iulia
Authors: Moga Valer
Published: September 2021

In a period ranging from the end of the nineteenth century until the first quarter of the next century, territories or provinces whose political affiliation changed were subjected to a form of “nationalization”. Depending on the national specifics of the beneficiary state, this process received names such as “Germanization”, “Frenchification”, “Czechization”, “Slovakization” or “Romanianization”. After eliminating the ambiguities that might designate this last term, the study tried to promote a clear perspective by taking the town of Alba Iulia as the object of a case study. In this situation too, the richness of the sources and the problematics would have led to the elaboration of a text the size of a book. Consequently, the research was circumscribed to identifying the changes some socio-professional groups went through after 1918, including Romanian “economists” (farmers), craftsmen and tradesmen. Furthermore, the superior repositioning or the shaping of some segments of national elites was followed up: lawyers, secondary professors. The present study carries on the research in this area by approaching some cultural, economic and event-based aspects.
Perfil clínico e epidemiológico do atendimento ambulatorial em neurologia pediátrica
Authors: Klettenberg Matheus Rocha Pereira , Rodrigues Victor Alves , Ferreira Lisiane Seguti , Mazza Jeanne Alves de Souza , Gomes Gabrielly Cristine de Alcântara , Sousa Deysiane Sobrinho de , Santos Tamires Saboia , Marcondes Tatiana Soares , Braga Fernanda da Costa , Silva Leticia Dias dos Santos , Ayupe Kennea Martins Almeida
Published: September 2021

Introdução: conhecer o perfil dos pacientes que são atendidos em um serviço de saúde, como sua condição de saúde e incapacidades, além dos fatores ambientais que interferem na funcionalidade, é vital
Política do Vaticano 1978-1990
Authors: Della Cava Ralph
Published: September 2021

No momento talvez seja tão prematuro quanto especulativo falar de uma “derrota” da Teologia da Libertação e de seus expoentes e inumeráveis praticantes no Brasil. Mas já é tempo de admitir que uma estratégia, com o propósito mínimo de frustrar esta leitura altamente original da fé e da sociedade, esteve em ação por mais de uma década. Seus autores, além disso, não serão encontrados entre os inimigos históricos ou recentes do catolicismo e sim entre os que atualmente fazem a política tanto dentro dos muros da cidade do Vaticano como nas chancelarias por todo o mundo...
Cultural Destination Attributes, Overall Tourist Satisfaction and Tourist Loyalty: First Timers versus Repeaters
Authors: ATSIZ Ozan , AKOVA Orhan
Published: September 2021

This paper analyses the effects of the cultural attributes of tourist destinations on the satisfaction levels of visitors and the impact of this satisfaction rating on visitor loyalty. Additionally, a multiple-group analysis was conducted to compare the responses of first-time visitors and repeat visitors. For this study, a self-administered questionnaire was used to survey 411 international tourists who were visiting Istanbul, Turkey, through convenience sampling. The findings indicated that cultural attractions at the destination impacted the overall satisfaction rating of the visitors, and that this specific satisfaction rating determined the loyalty of the tourist to return to the destination. This relationship between cultural attractions, satisfaction and visitor loyalty was a significant factor for both groups.
Preparation of Listerin antigen as a tool for Diagnosis of listeriosis
Authors: Al - Khatib G. M. , Al - Haddad Zainab A.A. , Al- Hissen Sanaria Fawzi , Al- Kutbi Sahar Hassan
Published: September 2021

This study was conducted to produce a specific antigen for detection L. monocytogenes infection. The antigen was prepared by culturing L. monocytogenes on suitable media and then disrupted by ultrasonicatorwaves. 

The water – soluble extract of sonically disrupted Listeria were used for skin testing guinea pigs infected with (1*108 CFU / ml) of a L. monocytogenes. Two infected doses were used for immunization at intervals of (10) days between them. 

Two skin tests were done, 10 days and 15 days after the 2nd infected dose. The skin test results were read after 24 & 48 hrs. which showed clear thickening differences and redness at the injection sites after 24 hrs. and become more clear after 48 hrs.
Role of some psychrotrophic aerobic sporeforming bacteria in spoilage of raw milk
Authors: عبد المنعم معتز عبد الواحد , الخزرجي نجم هادي , علي سلطان عماد ابراهيم
Published: September 2021

This study was planned to isolated and identify some psychrotrophic aerobic sporeforming bacteria from raw milk and determine the predomenant isolate. 

Microbiological estimations were performed for (100) raw milk samples collected from four sources (filters, stations, bulk tanks and milk containers) and for the same samples after heat treatment at 80°C for (12) minutes and upon subsequent storage at (7)°C for 0,7,14 and 21 days. 

The Aerobic plate count (APC) was determined and the total bacterial count were compared with each of the mesophilic sporeformer count (MSFC) at (0) & (7) days of storage & the psychrotrophic sporeformer count (PSFC) upon storage at (7)°C for 0,7,14 and 21 days. Positive relationship existed between the increase in (APC) before heat treatment & the increase in (MSFC) at (0) or (7) days or (PSFC) at 0,7,14 & 21 days of storage at 7°C. Immediately after heat treatment at (80)°C for 12 minutes 59% of the samples had psychrotrophic sporeformer counts of <10 cfu/ml, but after (21) days of storage at (7)°C, 79% of the samples had counts of > 109 cfu/ml. 

Bacillus cereus and Bacillus mycoides were identified as the predominant psychrotrophic sporeformers in the heated milk, stored at 7°C. 

The results confirmed that growth of heat-resistant psychrotrophicsporeforming organisms co-incide with spoilage of heated milk, and was a higher than of the normal pasteurization temperatures or longer time which enhanced the germination of these spores. psychrotrophic sporeformers have been shown to be responsible for such off-flavors (bitter, stale, rancid and putrid) of heated milk stored at (7)°C for (21) days, and sweet curdling observed in 70% of the samples in the forms of "buttons”  at the bottom of the containers after (21)  days of storage at (7)°C. 

Most of the isolated psychrotrophic B cercus were able to produce porteinase, lipases and lecithinase enzymes beside the haemolysin. 

It was concluded that the number of (PSFC) in raw milk 

conditions prevailing sanitary 

the depends upon apparently during production and upon time and temperature of milk storage before processing.
Study of the pathological changes induced by irradiated protoscolices (from sheep hydatid cysts ) after intra peritoneal injection in white male mice
Authors: Faleh Enaam Bader , Majeed Saleh Kadhim , Al - Bayati Ahmed Jassim
Published: September 2021

In the present study , we investigate the effect of Gamma radiation of wavelength 81.58416X10^-13 on the viability of protoscolices , the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus , which was isolated from liver hydatid cysts of invested sheep. 

The study was accomplished on 80 white male mice , the mice were divided randomly into four equal groups , group 3 and 4 were invested intra peritoneally with 2000 Gamma irradiated protoscolices, with 5 and 25 Gray of Gamma rays for 1.2 and 6.6 minutes respectively 

The experimental irradiation of protoscolices was Gamma rays cobalt 60 ( Co-60 ). Then the ability of protoscolices was checked before and after the irradiation. Group 1 and group 2 were used as negative and positive control respectively. 

After one month group 2 , 3 and 4 were given challenge dose of 2000 protoscolices intraperitoneally for every single mouse in every group. Mice were killed after 2,4,6,8, and 12 weeks after the challenge . 

Macroscopic and microscopic studies were done for all experimental groups. 

The following findings were seen :

1. Reduction of the violability of protoscolices by inverse of the radiation intensity incorrespondense with the time of exposure.

2. The macroscopic studies indicate reduction in the average number and diameter of the secondary hydatid cyst in the irradiated groups in comparison with the positive group. 

3. The histopathological changes were characterized by presence of degenerated distracted hydatid cysts in the livers , especially in the irradiated group , with the presence of hyperplastic splenic white pulp lymphoid tissue in comparison with the positive control .
Metabolic, Biochemical and Histopathological Studies to Explore the Calcium Role in Antagonizing Gentamicin . Toxic Side Effect in Rats
Authors: Abbass Duraid Abdulhadi , Ubaid Khalid Ali
Published: September 2021

Twenty rats were divided equally into four groups, housed separately in special metabolic cages. Animals of first, second and third group injected S.C. with gentamicin sulphate alone at a dose of 5mg/Kg (T) or as a mixture with calcium at a dose of 7.5 mg/Kg injected S.C. (T2) or separately with calcium given orally at a dose of 22.5 mg/Kg (T3). The fourth group considered as a control and injected S.C. with distilled water (C). The experiment includes samples analysis of sample of one week pre and post treatment and three weeks daily treatment. 

The results showed significant changes in studied parameters proportional with treatment period in animals of first group (Ti) in comparison with other groups expressed metabolically as a decline in body weight, increase in daily urine volume, biochemical as increase in serum creatinine, BUN, AP, AST, as well as histopathological changes in kidney nephrons and tubules. 

Calcium therapy whether as a mixture (T2) or alone (T3) gave nearly complete protection against gentamicin toxicity in the first and second week and incomplete one in the third week of treatment that could be attributed to the competitive interaction between calcium and gentamicin due to the similarity in charges and binding site that may cause a decline in gentamicin disposition in the target organ and tissue cell and so reduce its toxic side effect.
Cryptosporidiosis In Man And Animals In Al-Tameem Province/ Iraq.
Authors: Kadir Mohammed Abdul-Aziz
Published: September 2021

This study was conducted on 790 stool samples from infants and young children up to ten years of age, suffering from acute diarrhea who attended Kirkuk Pediatric Hospital, from the beginning of August 1999 of July 2000. The animal study was carried on 160 lambs, 130 calves and 110 kids suffering from diarrhea in private veterinary clinics in Al-Tameem province. 

The rate of acute cryptosporidiosis was (10%). There was no significant difference between the two sexes . It was higher in winter and spring than summer and autumn months . 

The infection rate was higher among children in contact with poultry than those in contact with cattle and sheep and was lowest among those not in contacts with animals. 

The distribution of cryptosporidiosis among domestic animals was as follows: in lambs, calves and kids the infection rates were 20%, 19.2% and 23.6% respectively.
اللقاحات التجارية لمرض کمبورو ، واقع حال مساوئها
Authors: شلش على عبد الحسين
Published: September 2021

اللقاحات الحية تختلف اللقاحات الحية ضد مرض کمبورو في ضراوتها وتركيبها المستضدي وطرق استعمالها بما يناسب ضراوة العترة الحية وحالة الطيور المناعية وظروف التربية والإدارة
Experimental infection of dogs with Echinococcus granulosus (Batsch, 1986) from protoscoleces of donkey's hydatid cyst
Authors: Rahif Raad Harbi , Atae Amal Hassan
Published: September 2021

This study was conducted, for the 1st time in Iraq, to infect 5 puppies, 1 - 5 month old, with protoscoleces of hydatid cyst isolated from the liver of donkey, slaughtered at zoo abattoir of Al-Zawra park in Baghdad, at a dose rate of 10000 protoscoieces i puppy (n=2) and 20000 protoscoleces / puppy (n=3) for 35 and 40 days post infection. The dogs were killed and the developed Echinococcus granulosus were isolated from the small intestine. Results of the study revealed 

variation in the period of maturation of the collected cestodes, and the mean total length of the mature worms at 35 days PI was 4.53+ 0.24 mm, and for those at 40 days PI was 7+ 0.20 mm, whereas for the gravid ones at the same age of the latter was 8.57 + 0.25 mm. Results found that infection rate with E. granulosus, which their strobilae composed from 4 proglottids at 35 days PI, was 29.03%, and with those, which their strobilae composed from 5 proglottids at 40 days PI, the rate was 0.76%. It was found that the mean length of the gravid proglottid equal to or longer than half the total worm length with a ratio of 1.77 + 0.05 for those at 35 days of age, and 2.2 + 0.35 and 1.93 + 0.01 for mature and gravid cestodes at the age of 40 days.
A Study of Customer Service Agent’s Pragmatic Identity Construction in Complaint Responses
Authors: Huang Cheng , Liu Ping
Published: September 2021

Positioned within rapport management theory proposed by Spencer-Oatey, this article investigates the customer service agent’s pragmatic identity construction in complaint response calls. Drawing on data of 42 complaint handling recordings from the customer care center of a Chinese airline company, this study tries to address these three research questions: 1) What types of pragmatic identities do the customer service agents construct in complaint response calls? 2) How are these pragmatic identities constructed through rapport management strategies? 3) What interpersonal functions do these pragmatic identities perform? By adopting a qualitative research method, this study has found that the agents mainly construct three default identities and one deviational identity in complaint response calls by employing nine rapport management strategies from four rapport management domains. These different pragmatic identities mainly perform three kinds of interpersonal functions: support face needs, support sociality rights and obligations, and support interactional goals. The findings further validates the feasibility of rapport management theory in the study of identity construction, and provides new ideas for future study on pragmatic identity construction in institutional communications.
An authoritarian parenting: main predictor in temper tantrum of pre-school children
Authors: Rusana Rusana , Ariani Ida , Sari Erna
Published: September 2021

Temper tantrum is an emotional condition related to the behavior of preschool children. Tantrums will be problematic if it’s excessive and even injurious behavior. Several factors caused tantrums such as physiological, psychological, parental and environmental factors.The aim of this study was to analyze the dominant factors between parental factors (parenting, communication, occupation and gender), child factors (gender, education level) and family environmental factors (number of children under five, families living at home) with temper tantrums for pre-school children. . Analytical survey research and cross sectional design. The sample size was 120 parents and pre-school children using cluster random sampling technique. Bivariate analysis used the chi square test, while multivariate analysis used multiple logistic regression. The results showed that the parenting style was the main predictor related to the temper tantrums of preschool children (pv = 0,001) with an OR= 14.879 controlled by variables of occupation and families live at home.In conclusion authoritarian parenting style causes temper tantrums 14.8 times higher than democratic parenting in pre-school children.