bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Parliamentary passage: asymmetric warfare
Authors: Worthy Ben
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines the legislative process in Parliament. A wide but fragile alliance sought to strengthen the bill but was caught between the desire to move the policy in a more radical direction and the fear that the government would drop the bill that, after all, attracted little electoral support.
The FOI bill reached Parliament following two highly regarded committee investigations in House of Commons and Lords. The government faced an increasingly assertive and expert alliance of Parliamentarians in both houses seeking a ‘stronger’ law, supported by campaigns by the national media. The government foresaw a difficult passage (Straw 2012). The government veto power was weakened and clauses made for better balancing tests when decisions to release were even.
An ‘ultimate’ confrontation was foreseen for the final House of Lords stage when a cross-party grouping of Peers appeared set to hold out for a much stronger piece of legislation. However, amid rumours FOI would be dropped and behind-the-scenes deals, the alliance in the House of Lords was forced to choose between losing the bill and having a slightly improved Act on the statute books. The FOI bill was then finally subject to an abrupt, curtailed final debate in the Commons.
‘Slow learners’? Comparing the Sunningdale Agreement and the Belfast/Good Friday Agreement
Authors: Hennessey Thomas
Published: September 2017

This chapter compares and contrasts the 1973 and 1998 Agreements that, on the face of it, are remarkably similar: both involve power-sharing and an institutional link between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. The phrase ‘Sunningdale for slow learners’, attributed to Seamus Mallon, masks a misunderstanding of the fundamental differences between the two Agreements. The former Agreement looked to establish a Council of Ireland with executive powers that had the potential to evolve into an embryonic all-Ireland government; the latter Agreement established a consultative North-South Ministerial Council with no executive powers that could not evolve into a united Ireland by incremental moves. This was the key to Unionist acceptance of the Good Friday Agreement (GFA) in comparison to Unionist rejection of the Sunningdale Agreement. In constitutional terms the GFA was a Unionist settlement that secured Northern Ireland’s position within the United Kingdom, recognised British sovereignty in Northern Ireland and established that a united Ireland could only be achieved on the basis of the principle of consent. In contrast the Sunningdale Agreement was, in constitutional terms, a Nationalist settlement that did not recognise Northern Ireland was part of the UK and attempted to bypass the principle of consent by establishing powerful North-South bodies. The chapter argues that the only thing the two Agreements has in common was a power-sharing element for the government of Northern Ireland.
Dethroning Irish Catholicism: Church, State and modernity in contemporary Ireland
Authors: Cochran David Carroll
Published: September 2017

Using Charles Taylor’s A Catholic Modernity? as its starting point, David Cochrane explores the evolving role of Catholicism in Ireland over the last half century and concludes that the disentangling of the Church from the dominant political and cultural institutions of society has paradoxically extended many of the very values Catholicism celebrates. Due to the severing of its close traditional connection to the State, the Church has rediscovered its original mission to provide a prophetic spiritual voice, especially in favour of the poor, and to align itself more closely with the concerns of its founder, Jesus Christ.
Refracted visions: Street photography, humanism and the loss of innocence
Authors: Carville Justin
Published: September 2017

Justin Carville draws on recent debates in relation to photography and the everyday in order to examine the role of street-photography in the cultural politics of religion as it was played out in the quotidian moments of social relations within Dublin’s urban and suburban spaces during the 1980s and 90s. The essay argues that photography was important in giving visual expression to the social contradictions within the relations between religion and the transformation of Irish social life, not through the dramatic and traumatic experiences that defined the nation’s increased secularism, but in the quiet, humdrum and sometimes monotonous routines of religious ceremonies and everyday social relations.
The poetry of accumulation: Irish-American fables of resistance
Authors: Wall Eamonn
Published: September 2017

Eamonn Wall’s discussion of Irish American Catholic experience reveals many similarities on either side of the pond, and some differences also. The Irish American authors and commentators provide unique perspectives on many facets of Irish life, including the unique role played by the Catholic Church. Among the authors discussed are Frank McCourt, whose account of a poor Catholic childhood in Limerick is so memorably captured in the best-seller, Angela’s Ashes, Colum McCann, Colm Tóibín and Mary Gordon. Similarly, the theologian Richard P. McBrien, journalist and writer Maureen Dezell, and sociologist Andrew Greely combine to illustrate the impact that the Irish Church has had on its American equivalent. Wall maintains that looking towards Ireland from the US, and drawing on American notions of egalitarianism and individual freedom, sometimes allows for a more dispassionate view of Ireland’s Catholic heritage and enables envisaging its future with a far greater clarity than can be achieved when change is all around you.
The Catholic twilight
Authors: Cleary Joe
Published: September 2017

Joe Cleary’s chapter examines what the future of the Catholic Church is now that one of the great threats to its hegemony during the twentieth century, communism, has fallen largely into abeyance. Will the Church continue to align itself with capitalism and ignore the steady grip of the associated neoliberal agenda that favours secular, material values over religious ones? In contemporary Ireland, it often seems as though a blind adherence to religion has been replaced by an equally blind embrace of neoliberalism. Cleary asks what psychological price the Irish will pay for their submissive compliance with the fashionable ideas of the moment and explores how a healthy relationship with the Church might be developed in such a changed cultural environment.
‘Get the Best Article in the Market’: Prostheses for Women in Nineteenth-Century Literature and Commerce
Authors: Sweet Ryan
Published: September 2017

In 1822, George Webb Derenzy, a former captain in the British army, published a volume titled Enchiridion: Or, A Hand for the One-Handed. The text highlighted what Derenzy called his ‘One-Handed Apparatus,’ a collection of twenty instruments that he had made after losing his arm in the Napoleonic Wars. Designed to ease his daily routines of washing, eating, writing, and socializing, Derenzy’s inventions included, among other items, an egg cup that tilted in any direction and a card-holder that fanned out and folded up for easy transportation. This chapter examines Derenzy’s motivations for publishing the Enchiridion; the responses he received from readers around the globe; and the presuppositions about gender and class that ultimately constrained his consumer appeal and profit. Derenzy chose to publish, not patent, his contraptions due to his charitable desires to share them with others with lost limbs. His focus on using his prostheses to reclaim aspects of his social respectability and manly independence that his impairments seemed to threaten, however, ended up alienating poor, middling, and female patrons and limiting his success as an entrepreneur and a philanthropist. Perhaps due to these marketing missteps, Derenzy experienced the plight of many physically-impaired people during the period; unable to profitably labour, he sustained a steady descent into poverty.
Separating the Surgical and Commercial: Space, Prosthetics and the First World War
Authors: Anderson Julie
Published: September 2017

The First World War witnessed an unprecedented scale of amputation. Traditionally, it has been argued that design and innovation were a direct result of the numbers of prostheses required to re-embody the many thousands of amputees from the war. This chapter argues that innovations in artificial limbs were well-established in the nineteenth century. Furthermore, there were a number of reputable companies that maintained a good trade in artificial limbs. The surgical profession and the commercial arena, while aware of each other, operated separately in two spheres. The First World War physically narrowed this division, relocating the limb fitter and the surgeon in close proximity in specialist hospitals established for amputees. Many manufacturers, including some from overseas, were required to provide the amputee servicemen with limbs, yet the relationship between the two professions was not improved. Nevertheless, the specialist hospitals staffed with experts in surgical technique and artificial limb fitting benefitted a number of patients. Focusing on Queen Mary Roehampton Hospital, this chapter explores the relationship between physical spaces and professionals, and the impact that it has on medical care in the First World War.
The city and the road
Authors: Dalakoglou Dimitris
Published: September 2017

The urban topography of Gjirokastër city, where part of the current ethnography was based, is under a continuous process of change during the last two decades. The city has in fact been relocated around the traffic infrastructure, centralising the road which leads to the Albanian-Greek border since the borders opened, in 1990. This appears to be a somewhat predictable spatial transformation for a city which has one third of its population living as migrants in Greece and consumes almost entirely imported Greek products since 1990. However, this transformation of the urban formation is a complex process. This chapter enlightens on how the postsocialist city is enlarged dramatically and how it is reconfigured spatially in reference to the road infrastructure. It will address two main processes, the postsocialist introduction of the car-related spatial practices and the relocation of the urban centre around the road.
Domesticating the road
Authors: Dalakoglou Dimitris
Published: September 2017

The flows of remittances and artefacts are centred upon the material entity of the house. New or totally refurbished houses in Albania emerge as the major materialisation of migratory remittances in the country of origin. The Albanian houses under research are perpetually undergoing construction, while their building materials are brought gradually from Greece, most of the time by the migrants themselves and of course, via the major cross-border road - namely the Kakavijë–Gjirokastër road. The material fluidity of these houses shows their integration into the prevalent cosmology of flows while it signifies an ontological link between the house and the roads. None of the two categories has static materiality; both are inflowing from Greece and represent simultaneously a wanted and an unwanted gain of postsocialist globalised experience. Migrants’ houses and roads are two aspects of the same process but with very different perceptions.
Introduction
Authors: Lux-Sterritt Laurence
Published: September 2017

This introduction provides an overview of the historiography of English Catholicism in the early modern period and highlights the absence, until recently, of substantial academic work on the place and role of enclosed nuns in the survival and the Catholic mission. In an effort to contextualise the English convents in exile on the Continent, it asks the question of the national specificities of institutions which belonged to the same Church and the same Orders as continental monasteries yet were the product of very different circumstances at home. Moreover, the introduction highlights the interdisciplinarity of the study of convents, which is at the crossroads of prosopography, religious history, social history, political history, but can also be approached through the prisms of art history, literary studies, gender studies or emotion studies.
The missionary spirit of enclosed nuns
Authors: Lux-Sterritt Laurence
Published: September 2017

Despite their enclosure and their lack of geographical mobility, Benedictine nuns were an integral part of the Catholic missionary effort which was in full flow in seventeenth-century England. This chapter shows that the Benedictines demonstrated a keen interest in everything concerning the affairs of the English mission. They kept each other informed of the conditions of their co-religionists in their homeland, they wrote letters of spiritual guidance and ministered to their families, they offered their prayers to the cause of the faith, and were aware of all current controversies and disputes, partly thanks to their close connections with missionaries. As staunch royalists, some of them even played an active political role in support of the Stuart dynasty.
Taming worldly emotions and appetites
Authors: Lux-Sterritt Laurence
Published: September 2017

Early modern nuns belonged to ‘emotional communities’, with their own ways of expressing emotions. In this chapter, the emotional experiences of individuals are compared to the communal constructions that make up the collective emotionology of their cloistered context. The personal writings of English Benedictine nuns reveal their efforts to comply with clerical prescriptive literature on emotions, usually construed as passions or appetites, and described as enemies of spirituality. Yet nuns’ relationships with emotions (and more generally with the body as a vector of emotions) remained complex. On their way to the spiritual, many religious women struggled to reconcile what they really felt with what they were taught they should feel.
Divine love, an emotional panacea?
Authors: Lux-Sterritt Laurence
Published: September 2017

The clerical documents written to guide the English Benedictines in their spiritual progress urged them to control human or ‘terrene’ emotions. Yet such discourse was balanced by what John Corrigan has called a ‘Christian hypervaluation of love’. Through the analysis of a wide range of personal documents, this chapter explores how the Benedictine nuns experienced one of the most fundamental paradoxes of Christian mystical theology: the impossibility of knowing God truy and His immediate accessibility through the channel of divine love. How did nuns negotiate their way through such a complex riddle?
What place for the senses in contemplative life?
Authors: Lux-Sterritt Laurence
Published: September 2017

The Protestant critics of the early modern Catholic Church denounced what they sometimes described as its sensual approach to the sacred. In the convents, behavioural guidebooks exhorted the Sisters to break away from their senses and to move towards a more perfect a-sensory contemplative state, where prayer no longer needed sensate perceptions to stimulate the soul. Yet the personal writings of the nuns are full of references to the senses; they provide valuable details on the individual experience of the cloistered life. Women taking the veil exchanged a sensory world for another, in which the sights, smells and sounds evoked the sacred. In prayer, they also felt with what they described as their ‘inner senses’. Although little used until now, the prism of the study of the senses provides a fascinating insight into the lived experience of women in early modern convents.
Vaccination and the communist state: polio in Eastern Europe
Authors: Vargha Dora
Published: September 2017

Through the case of Czechoslovakia and Hungary, this chapter explores the role of Eastern European states in polio prevention and vaccine development in the Cold War. Based on published sources and archival research, the chapter demonstrates that polio facilitated cooperation between the antagonistic sides to prevent a disease that equally affected East and West. Moreover, it argues that Eastern Europe was seen – both by Eastern European states and the West - as different when it came to polio prevention, since the communist states were considered to be particularly well suited to test and successfully implement vaccines.
Twelfth Night on Twelfth Night
Authors: Sohmer Steve
Published: September 2017

This chapter pinpoints 27 December 1601 as the date of the first performance of Twelfth Night – and demonstrates that Shakespeare wrote his play for two audiences, one at Elizabeth’s Court, the other at the Inns of Court.
Concretion and damage: a pre-manifesto (though written after)
Authors: Kinsella John
Published: September 2017

Following this commentary is a short ‘manifesto’ piece on creating ‘concrete’ texts in ‘natural’ environments or environments in which the ‘natural world’ intervenes, ‘intrudes’, or defines the conditions of viewing. This necessitates a lot of scare quotes because of the problem of mediating the ‘natural’ in the context of human seeing, perception and activity. All human activity is contingent on the ‘natural world’, regardless of how much it attempts to distance itself from the materials and variables of its construction. In the case of the images below, it might entail a spider or some other creature walking over a sheet of paper displaying a poem – the poem/sheet placed on the ground (or elsewhere) in the expectation that something will cross its path, literally. The patience is in waiting to capture the photograph, to watch the patterns of place fluctuate....
Concreted protest poem against bauxite mine at Morangup
Authors: Kinsella John
Published: September 2017

These photos are taken outside the office of the mining conglomerate seeking to establish a massive bauxite mine at Morangup, just south of Toodyay. The conglomerate is inculcating itself into the community, as many mining companies do, mixing notions of beneficence and largesse, and suggesting that the local people’s standard of living will rise without illustrating the long-term costs. The destruction of habitat is not correctable, despite what is all too often claimed, and what is left is an emptied shell of place and space....
Further Jam Tree Gully concretions
Authors: Kinsella John
Published: September 2017

These concretions were carried out in late 2014. It was an extremely windy day, which became part of the process – the wind altering the way the text could be ‘secured’ and thus conveyed to a reader, and even to myself as creator and participant.

As installations, they were obviously highly unstable and ‘temporary’, but as I have walked their placement points and zones since, the experience of movement is marked by that earlier engagement. There could have been an accompanying soundtrack – the wind, a variety of birds, my discussing the dynamic with young Tim who followed me around making comments at salient moments … and reading the pieces aloud, or reciting them in my head....
Living with Moondyne Joe: Points De Repère
Authors: Kinsella John
Published: September 2017

for Niall Lucy

When the ticket-of-leave convict Joseph Bolitho Johns escaped the Toodyay West lock-up in 1861, his history as ‘Moondyne Joe’ began, though the nickname came later. The location name ‘Moondyne’ probably came from a coloniser/settler re-pronunciation of a Whadjuk Noongar place name. Moondyne is near Julimar Brook where Johns had set up his horse cage in the bush, where he’d originally trapped the ‘clean-skin’ horse and marked it with his own brand that led to his first colonial (re)incarceration and that first escape of 1861. This escape certainly encouraged the building of the Newcastle Gaol (which was to become the Toodyay Gaol), a building of stone, wood and metal which is now a popular tourist destination in Toodyay, often associated with the bushranger probably more than it should be....
Displaced Acts of Writing
Authors: Kinsella John
Published: September 2017

The embodiment of polysituatedness is a material fact for me. I wake to fog in the valley and Jam Tree Gully, as we have named ‘our’ place, is part of a tamped-together whole in a low cloud of specificity and yet occlusion. Tracy is teaching Tim about the relationship between people and land in indigenous Australia. The text that they are using (among others) says that wars over ‘territory’ were probably ‘non-existent’...
Inevitability and searching in John Mateer’s Elsewhere
Authors: Kinsella John
Published: September 2017

The persona behind these poems is a wanderer, and is indeed ghostlike, making small witnessings as he goes – even in his home-place – which pass through him, leaving a residue of loss, even pain, though often too degrees of love. The poet’s persona is a thing of emptiness that craves to be filled but must always remain bereft. Even poems that celebrate friendship, and celebrate the strength of resistance against imprisonment, oppression and a litany of human wrongdoing, still convey a sense of the loss this process of witnessing must bring....
On the Poetry of Janet Mcadams
Authors: Kinsella John
Published: September 2017

Janet McAdams’s first volume of poetry, The Island of Lost Luggage,1 was a vital, prize-winning book that explored self and identity, social and personal issues, with a honed political lyricism, while the poems in her second volume, Feral,2 were even ‘bolder’ and more expansive in their tackling of disjunctions (especially of the relationship between humans/self and earth/place)....
On painting and poetry
Authors: Kinsella John
Published: September 2017

My poetry has always relied on the ‘visual’. I see ‘landscapes’ in terms of internal and exterior visual qualities, I see visual qualities in sound. I was surrounded by painting and art as a child. Not only was my grandfather a paintersignwriter, but my mother always dabbled (oils, watercolours, carving, china painting, puppet-making etc.), and my brother’s great loves were/are nature, music and art. I also loved art-making, but in the end would often convert what I was painting, drawing or ...
Working with Thurston Moore on the poems of a Remarkable Grey Horse and ‘New Stuff’: et in Arcadia Ego, Not
Authors: Kinsella John
Published: September 2017

Trash ghosts merge wasp galls

On lanky armed wattle tree

Far from city’s inversion layer

Jack in the box

Hales dead halo

Lush about plush lips

Free frost flits like saint hair

Purses snatched by lips soiled

I lick your itch ok

Wonderful meeting

To flesh out & test...
Eclogue failure or success: the collaborative activism of poetry – working with Charmaine Papertalk-Green
Authors: Kinsella John
Published: September 2017

This process begins in exchange – a building of a single poem or maybe shorter poems adding to a whole – between myself Charmaine Papertalk-Green. I have Anglo-Celtic heritage that connects with the ‘pioneering south-west’, Charmaine is a Yamaji (Wajarri-Badimaya) woman who grew up in Mullewa and lives just outside Geraldton. I went to high school (last three years) in Geraldton and have retained family connections there to this day. My father ran a farm for a time outside Mullewa – a 30,000-acre spread ruled by massive machinery and vast quantities of superphosphate. In conflation and ...
Ulster unionism and the Irish Constitution, 1970–85
Authors: Milhench Rory
Published: September 2017

Rory Milhench’s chapter seeks to analyse the nuances in the relationship between Ulster Unionists and successive Irish governments, with particular emphasis on how certain Articles of the Irish Constitution helped form the unionist image of the Irish Republic and how this conditioned the relationship between the two parties. Particular scrutiny is devoted to the question of constitutional reform and the ways in which Irish Governments considered amendments to improve relations with Unionists and secure their consent for a potential unity arrangement. The cause of unionist hostility towards the Republic, their concept of Irish unity and their forecasted social station within an arrangement of unification are explored. A selection of constitutional Articles, including those relating to extradition, the territorial claim over Northern Ireland and the special position of the Catholic Church in the Republic are examined for this purpose. The contention is made that what particularly distressed Unionists about the Irish Constitution was the apparent convictions the document made about the type of state Ireland was and how it seemed to predict the realities of its unified future.
Past, present, and future in the Gothic graveyard
Authors: Trowbridge Serena
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines the development of a Gothic aesthetic of mortality in Graveyard poetry that in turn provided a significant influence for later Gothic novels. In its reflective, psychologically complex subject matter, poetry provides rich material for Gothic, and the genre drew upon the work of the graveyard poets, including Gray, Young, Blair and Parnell. Not only are the aesthetics of graveyard poetry significant in the development of Gothic, but also the structures of Christianity which emphasise life after death. The locus of death provides a focal point where the poetic and the constructed self meet, uniting the rational and the sublime in contemplating the terrible and unknowable, replacing the pre-Reformation prayers for the dead with a Protestant contemplation of Heaven.
Undying histories: Washington Irving’s Gothic afterlives
Authors: Maurer Yael
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines Irving’s 1824 story ‘The Adventure of the German Student’ alongside his two earlier tales, ‘The Legend of Sleepy Hollow’ and ‘Rip Van Winkle’, focusing on Irving’s radical rethinking of the historical tale as a site of ghostly returns. The presence of death and ghostly figures at the heart of foundational historical moments makes the telling and retelling of the historical tale a fraught endeavour. Irving’s seemingly harmless ‘ghost stories’ are in effect radical reinventions of ‘History’ as a constant problem to be grappled with in the here and now. In ‘The Adventure of the German Student’, the figure of the guillotine offers a prime symbol for this deathly presence at the heart of the historical event, casting it as always already horrific and showcasing History’s deadly and beheading forces at work on the individual and the collective alike.
Modernity’s fatal addictions: technological necromancy and E. Elias Merhige’s Shadow of the Vampire
Authors: Davison Carol Margaret
Published: September 2017

Taking as its point of focus E. Elias Merhige’s Shadow of the Vampire (2000), a cinematic mise-en-abîme homage to, and a self-referential twenty-first century commentary on F. W. Murnau’s Nosferatu, this essay examines vampire cinema as an emblem of ‘technological necromancy’ that mediates our ambivalent responses to modernity, its proliferating technologies, and death in the wake of the secularising Enlightenment whose driving ideal – rational empiricism – undermined long established Christian certainties about the existence and nature of a soul and an afterlife. This essay reads Shadow as a compelling and sedimented, twenty-first century meditation on the nefarious, desensitizing impact of our cultural addiction to visual technologies, in which the vampire is used to mirror its audience. Shadow is also assessed as an interrogation of the gender and racial politics of cinematic spectatorship – particularly the influence and impact of pornography and propaganda cinema.
‘The pleasant manufactory’
Authors: Chance Helena
Published: September 2017

From the early years of the factory system in the late eighteenth century, when paternalistic industrialists built their works in rural landscapes or as part of a model industrial village or town, they experimented with ways of improving the aesthetic, social and cultural life of factories. Some provided recreation space and vegetable gardens to improve their employees’ health and morality, as well as to enhance the corporate image. By the end of the nineteenth century, factory gardens and recreation grounds had become integral to employee welfare provision at some model factories. By the 1920s, corporate leaders promoted their factory gardens and parks to signify a modern, healthy and stable industrial community built on mutual trust and respect between employer and employee.
‘Happy healthy workers are the world’s best’: factory landscapes, leisure and the model employee
Authors: Chance Helena
Published: September 2017

From the late nineteenth century until the Second World War corporate gardens and parks provided opportunities for sports, music, dancing and gardening, activities that in some districts would not have been so readily accessible to working people, particularly to women and to youth. Middle class attitudes to ‘rational and respectable’ recreation shaped these activities and before the First World War, they were segregated by gender. However, recreational opportunities provided by these companies for their female and child employees were progressive by the industrial standards and, in some ways by the social standards of the day. The corporate landscapes also provided valuable land for food production in wartime and in the Great Depression.
Islamic Charities and Islamic Humanism in Troubled Times
Authors: Benthall Jonathan
Published: September 2017

This book is the fruit of twenty years’ reflection on Islamic charities, both in practical terms and as a key to understand the crisis in contemporary Islam. On the one hand Islam is undervalued as a global moral and political force whose admirable qualities are exemplified in its strong tradition of charitable giving. On the other hand, it suffers from a crisis of authority that cannot be blamed entirely on the history of colonialism and stigmatization to which Muslims have undoubtedly been subjected – most recently, as a result of the “war on terror”.
The book consists of seventeen previously published chapters, with a general Introduction and new prefatory material for each chapter. The first nine chapters review the current situation of Islamic charities from many different viewpoints – theological, historical, diplomatic, legal, sociological and ethnographic – with first-hand data from the United States, Britain, Israel–Palestine, Mali and Indonesia. Chapters 10 to 17 expand the coverage to explore the potential for a twenty-first century “Islamic humanism” that would be devised by Muslims in the light of the human sciences and institutionalized throughout the Muslim world. This means addressing contentious topics such as religious toleration and the meaning of jihad.
The intended readership includes academics and students at all levels, professionals concerned with aid and development, and all who have an interest in the future of Islam.
The Palestinian zakat committees 1993–2007 and their contested interpretations
Authors: Benthall Jonathan
Published: September 2017

This chapter was published in 2008, shortly after the decision of the Palestinian Authority in the West Bank to reorganize some 90 zakat committees and bring them under central control. The chapter (originally published by the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva) set out to review competing interpretations of the nature of the West Bank committees during the “Oslo period”, after limited autonomy was ceded by Israel to the Palestinian Authority but before the split between the West Bank and Gaza which took place in 2007. Allegations in the counter-terrorist literature that the zakat committees had been simply fronts for Hamas are considered here and found to be unpersuasive, short of hard evidence and especially in the light of the confidence that – according to reputable opinion surveys – they earned from the Palestinian public. A more benign interpretation is offered in this chapter – that these zakat committees were a result of the “Islamic resurgence” and were typically grass-roots, community based organizations that were beginning to tap into the international aid system, in response to urgent humanitarian needs and the pressures inflicted by the Israeli Occupation.
The Tariq Ramadan visa case
Authors: Benthall Jonathan
Published: September 2017

This Chapter describes the case of Tariq Ramadan, the Swiss-born academic and commentator on Islamic matters, who was refused a non-immigrant visa in 2005 to enter the USA in order to accept a professorship in peace studies. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) took up his case. Though it is probable that the real reason for his exclusion was opposition to Ramadan’s political opinions, the reason given was that between 1998 and July 2002 he had made donations totalling the equivalent of US$940 to a charity registered in Switzerland (the Association de Secours aux Palestiniens). In August 2003 this charity was designated by the USA as a terrorist fundraising entity, on account of its alleged links to Hamas-linked Palestinian charities (including zakat committees). Eventually, after two court hearings, the State Department decided in January 2010, in a document signed by Secretary Clinton, to lift the ban against Ramadan’s entering the USA. This Chapter recounts the progress of the case, and reproduces a letter sent by Benthall to Secretary Clinton in October 2009 in support of the ACLU’s representation of Ramadan.
The ‘real’ and ‘dirty’ politics of the Northern Ireland peace process: a constructivist realist critique of idealism and conservative realism
Authors: Dixon Paul
Published: September 2017

The chapter argues that Idealist and Realist paradigms cannot explain the Northern Ireland peace process. Idealism underestimated communal antagonisms and failed to appreciate the difficult role played by politicians in achieving an elite compromise. Realists underestimated the possibilities of political change because they have a static, essentialist view of identity which underestimates the role of political elites. Constructivism provides a more flexible framework for analysing the ‘real’ politics by which the peace process was advanced. A Constructivist framework and theatrical metaphor are provide a more complex and nuanced understanding of politics. This approach takes into account the constraints and opportunities facing political actors and the consequent morality of the ‘political skills’ or deception and manipulation that were used to drive the peace process forward.
‘A serious moral question to be properly understood’:1 Catholic human rights discourse in Northern Ireland in the 1980s
Authors: Power Maria
Published: September 2017

Liberal scholars have historically stressed the role of NGOs, including churches, in world politics. Recently, scholars have also stressed the normative influence of religious actors as agents in international relations. The seventh chapter examines the role of the Catholic Church in the Northern Ireland peace process by analysing the theological basis of Catholic attitudes and beliefs regarding peace and the manifestations of these teachings as applied by bishops in Northern Ireland. The chapter demonstrates that faith creates action and explains how an important religious tradition in Northern Ireland promoted peace by recognizing and responding to the new kind of wars and political conflicts that have emerged in recent decades. As the nature of conflict changed from a state-centred model into one which saw civil wars and ethnic-conflict becoming the norm, so too did Catholic responses; national Churches began to realise that protest and non-violent action was no longer enough to create a more peaceful world. Consequently, the Catholic hierarchy in Northern Ireland sought to achieve peace by working for justice, especially for political prisoners and those who suffered discrimination.
When Risk Goes Viral
Authors: Kabat Geoffrey C.
Published: September 2017

We are attuned to the latest potential threat to our health, and this creates a fertile soil for inflating the findings of observational studies. In fact, most reported findings are false or exaggerated. Nevertheless, such findings can be invoked by scientists, advocates, and health agencies to draw attention to a potential danger. Media reports of overstated findings can give rise to information cascades – highly-publicized campaigns that can sow needless alarm and lead to misguided regulation and policies.
Emerging Markets Have Emerged
Authors: Dimitrijević Marko , Mistele Timothy
Published: September 2017

Argues that emerging markets have emerged; the traditional distinctions between emerging and developed markets—the size of their economies, the size of their financial markets, corporate governance, government policies, even growth—have blurred or disappeared; the one surviving distinction between them is the price you pay for growth.
Frontiers of Frontier Markets Investing
Authors: Dimitrijević Marko , Mistele Timothy
Published: September 2017

Ponders the possibility of future investment opportunities on the frontiers of frontier markets—those markets currently closed to outside investors—as well as in places beyond the frontier, such as Cuba, Iran, and North Korea
Spiritual Avatars
Authors: DeConick April D.
Published: September 2017

Valentinian Christians functioning within the Catholic Church until the third century when they were expelled; shared teachings and rituals with Catholics, while elaborating and redefining them; divine humans and angelic twins; sacred marriage and holy eroticism; Valentinus; Ptolemy; Heraclean; Marcus. Engages the movie, “Avatar.”
Changing of the Guard
Authors: Webster Nancy , Shirley David
Published: September 2017

Tells the story of a change in the BBPC’s leadership and their successful advocacy effort to incorporate the area between the Brooklyn and Manhattan bridges into the future park. Further south, planning begins on the piers area of the park with the hiring of an elite architectural firm to plan and oversee construction of the Park, publication of General Project Plan providing the general public with the first glimpse of what the actual Park might involve, disillusion and dissent among some early supporters and other citizen groups, and the beginnings of some negative media coverage of the Park.
The Perfect is the Enemy of the Good
Authors: Webster Nancy , Shirley David
Published: September 2017

Portrays the massive demolition and construction project through which the Park rapidly assumed its current form, with detailed attention to the challenges encountered and controversies generated along the way. As with the years immediately preceding it, this period of intensive construction was also a time of ongoing debate, dissent and litigation.
Nāgas, Transfigured Figures Inside the Text, Ruminative Triggers Outside
Authors: Scheible Kristin
Published: September 2017

The useful snakelike character nāga drives the opening narrative of the Mahāvaṃsa: the fighting family of nāgas in fact provokes the Buddha’s visit to the island, and the invitation of a converted nāga prompts his subsequent return. This chapter defines and situates the nāga in Pāli Buddhist literature, especially in the case of the Bhūridatta Jātaka where the Buddha himself, in a previous birth, was a nāga. Crucial here are the various indications of its slippery ontological nature and thus the soteriological repercussions: nāgas are agents both in our world and in the Nāgaloka; the nāga is a chthonic inhabitant of/mover on the waters, a salient vehicle for the movement of the dhamma from India to a new center, Sri Lanka, because they are an accepted part of the pan-Indic cosmos and yet are presented in the Sri Lankan context as autochthonous; they are karmically challenged because of their lack of human birth and yet they are always seen in proximity to the Buddha or his relics. Nāgas are liminal: neither human nor fully animal, these semi-divine agents are nonetheless capable of converting to Buddhism and are in fact key agents in the transmission of the dhamma, particularly to border regions. Nāgas are critical characters to effectively transfer the sāsana to Sri Lanka, just as they are critical characters to provoke the correct emotional states called for by the text; as characters, nāgas provoke the requisite imaginative capacity for the ethical transformations in readers called for by the text.
Looking Back at History of Madness
Authors: Huffer Lynne
Published: September 2017

This essay offers an overview of History of Madness, including its place in Foucault's oeuvre, its publication and translation history. Huffer focuses especially on the significance of History of Madness as an under-read text whose philosophical and historical implications have not yet been adequately explored. She argues that a careful reading of History of Madness on its own terms offers resources for moving beyond some of the impasses that characterize not only twentieth-century French philosophy, but also many of the fields in the Anglophone world—especially feminist, queer, and critical race theory—that arose in the wake of a debate about madness.
Foucault, Derrida
Authors: Revel Judith
Published: September 2017

Revel traces the exchange and interprets the effects of Derrida’s critique of Foucault. Tracking the move from archaeology to genealogy in Foucault's work of the late 1960's, she argues that this change can be read as a response to Derrida’s criticisms of Foucault’s earlier philosophy of history.
From Reprisal to Reprise
Authors: Custer Olivia
Published: September 2017

Derrida reacted to Foucault’s History of Madness by insisting that the very project of that work, namely to “make madness speak,” was as mad as it was necessary. Sharing the commitments which gave sense and force to the gesture of the book, Derrida was drawn to identify the difficulties Foucault’s project could not, on his analysis, avoid. An untenable reading of Descartes, Derrida argued, was the symptom of the conflict between project and accomplishment; unsustainable by other standards, it held up the book’s architecture and claims. Thirty years later, Derrida professed not to want to return to the quarrel, declaring that those interested should refer to the archive already constituted. Exploring what Custer takes to be a delayed reactivation of the exchange, she considers why Derrida’s posthumous publications – notably his seminar on the Death Penalty and The Animal that therefore I am – should be added to this archive. Some implicit arguments in these works sound eerily the same as those with which Derrida had taken issue in his debate with Foucault. Custer suggests that this does not mark the possibility of a reconciliation but does offer a productive place from which to revisit the problem for which “Descartes” came to stand as a symbol. Today, when the project of giving voice to those who have been silenced has become a cliché of political activism and reading practices, it is useful to reactivate Derrida’s warnings about the mad nature of Foucault’s project.
Uncertain Adjustments
Authors: Hood Clifton
Published: September 2017

In the 1780s and 1790s, the old configuration of rank and hierarchy slowly gave way to demands for greater pluralism and equality, patriarchal leaders had to share the political sphere with representatives from other social groups, and an invigorated market economy created new fears and uncertainties. Even as they unflinchingly asserted their right to governance, upper-class New Yorkers were being forced to acknowledge in new ways the presence of the less privileged. That was a legacy of the Revolution and its immediate aftermath. For elites, the challenge of organizing new relationships with commoners was the main development of this time period. The loss of the national capital (to Philadelphia, in 1790) ensured that New York would continue to evolve as a business-oriented city and that business would be the main source of wealth and prestige for urban elites but upper-class New Yorkers remained fearful and apprehensive about materialism and did not yet embrace it fully.
All for the Union
Authors: Hood Clifton
Published: September 2017

For all the social chaos that phenomenal economic growth and heavy immigration had produced earlier in the century, upper-class New Yorkers had generally been optimistic that hoi polloi possessed enough self-control and independence to take direction from their betters and accept their proper place in the body politic. But the New York City draft riots of 1863 – the worse urban disorder in American history – seemed to show that entire communities lacked the self-discipline and orderliness required of the citizenry of a democratic nation and instead were prone to a savagery that had ripped the city apart. Drawing on their memories of the draft riots and on Victorian cultural values, the upper class utilized the Civil War to counter the blurring of class boundaries and social credentials caused by urban growth of the first half of the century. They came to classify came to classify many workers and immigrants as dangerous classes that threatened the social order- and themselves as a community of heritage and feeling that provided leadership in government, the economy, and society. At bottom these representations involved social control, and upper-class people used them to help harden class lines and gain an understanding of themselves and the rest of urban society that was coherent and compelling.
Food Films and Consumption
Authors: Lindenfeld Laura , Parasecoli Fabio
Published: September 2017

Focuses on restaurants as one of the key spaces in contemporary global food culture that have recently acquired media visibility in the practices imaginary of educated consumers, allowing them to convey their identities in terms of cultural capital, connoisseurship, and cosmopolitanism. Restaurants appear as places where chefs express their skills and creativity, in constant negotiations with their customers’ preferences, media pressure, and business priorities. Big Night (Stanley Tucci and Campbell Scott, 1996) and other movies that focus on restaurants and chefs, like Dinner Rush (Giraldi, 2000), Waiting (McKittrick, 2005), Today’s Special (Kaplan, 2009), Hundred-Food Journey (Lasse Hallström, 2014), and Chef (Jon Favreau, 2014), assume a critical point of view vis-à-vis mainstream U.S. food culture, revealing the tensions, contradictions, and inequalities in food business. However, their distribution and self-representation through marketing reiterate the stereotypes the films appear to target. By focusing on restaurants and the chefs that command them, while playing with the gender, class, and ethnic identities of the protagonists, as well as their social status, food films help to construct notions of good taste and citizenship while defining educated consumers by appealing to their sense of cultural capital.
An Enterprising Faith
Authors: Carlen Joe
Published: September 2017

It is common knowledge that, as Europe slid into its Dark Ages, the Islamic world expanded rapidly and enjoyed several centuries of military, commercial, and intellectual dominance. However, the central role of entrepreneurship in not only the commercial but the territorial expansion of this new civilization is an overlooked but fascinating dimension of this historical period. Such phenomena as the slave trade and the Arab commercialization of East African coffee are examined as examples of the entrepreneurial vigor of Islamic civilization during its expansionary heyday.
Captains of the Revolution
Authors: Carlen Joe
Published: September 2017

The Industrial Revolution that began in 18th-century Britain would, in fairly short order, transform Western Europe, North America, and other regions of the world irreversibly. This momentous change would compel government, church, and other institutions to make unprecedented and often reluctant adjustments to the social structure. These entities were reacting to a revolution but who actually instigated it? Savvy and inventive British entrepreneurs did—the “captains” of new industries. Many of these remarkable figures and their often unintended impact on the world around them are discussed in this chapter.