bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A special case of the decision problem for theoretical logic (1932a)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

In connection with the method used to prove the completeness of the functional calculus (1930), one can develop a procedure that, for each formula with a normal form of the form permits us to decide whether it is satisfiable. First, one reduces the problem in a well known way to formulas of the form zuriick.
A property of the realizations of the propositional calculus ( 1932c)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

In answer to a question that Menger asked me in a letter, one can demonstrate the following theorem:

Let any set6 of objects p, q, r, ... be given on which there are defined a unary operation ∼p and a binary operation p ::) q that do not lead outside the set 6.
Review of Skolem 1931 : On some propositional functions 1n arithmetic (1932d)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

The author considers those propositional functions and statements that are built up by means of the five primitive logical operations (not, or, and, all, there exists) from relations of the form A = B and A < B, where A and Bare number-theoretic functions that result from (arbitrarily iterated) application of the three operations of addition, multiplication by a rational number, and formation of the next smaller whole number.
Review of Church 1932 : A set of postulates for the foundation of logic (1932k)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

A formal system for logic and mathematics is presented that is supposed to avoid the antinomies, without use of the theory of types or reliance upon the axiomatic construction of set theory, but in another way, namely, by restricting the principle of the excluded middle. For example, while in this system the set of all sets that do not contain themselves (or the corresponding propositional function) can be formed, it cannot be proved that it either does or does not contain itself. Moreover, the proposition that a hypothesis from which a contradiction follows is false does not hold generally. It has not yet been established, according to the author, whether all antinomies (for example, that of Burali-Forti) are actually avoided in his system and whether it suffices for the construction of mathematics; but in any case he hopes to be able to achieve these goals by making a few modifications. In its present form the system contains eight primitive symbols (in addition to the variables), thirty-five axioms and five rules of inference. In conformity with the view that propositional functions can be neither true nor false (that is, be meaningless) for certain values of the variables, the notion of universality appears as a two-place operator II(a,b), with the meaning that, for all x for which a(x) holds, b(x) also holds, so that “for all” always relates only to a restricted domain a of individuals.
Review of Skolem 1932: On symmetric general solutions in the calculus of [Boolean] identities (1932n)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

Let be an equation in the calculus of classes with undetermined coefficients ae and unknowns Xk- A general solution of (1) is said to be symmetric with respect to a group G of permutations, of the ae and Xi, that transform (1) into itself if for each S of G there is a permutation T of the Ui such that S and T, if applied simultaneously to the system of equations (2), will transform it into itself. If, in addition, Xi = gi{ae,xk} holds for all solutions Xi of (1) and if, furthermore, the permutation T corresponding to some S permutes the Ui in the same way as that in which S permutes the Xi, then the solution is said to be normal. It is shown that: 1. An equation with constant coefficients (without ae) has a symmetric general solution with respect to G if and only if it remains solvable when the Xi are equated within each system of transitivity [orbit] into which G splits the Xi- 2. If undetermined coefficients ae occur, let EAAJ A{xk} be the Boolean expansion of (1) in terms of the ae (the A being the constituents) and let GA be the subgroup of G that maps the A into themselves.
Review of Dingler 1931 : Philosophy of logic and arithmetic (19320)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

This book is principally concerned with the essential nature of mathematical calculi. In the author’s view, certain “basic capabilities”, not further analyzable, are required for the construction and manipulation of those calculi; they are opposed, as “active logic”, to the “passive logic” of the calculus itself (corresponding approximately to Hilbert’s distinction between metamathematics and mathematics). The nature and manner of use of these basic capabilities (especially in the construction of arithmetic) are set forth, and various epistemological questions are considered from this perspective. As a concrete application of the general discussion, there follows an investigation of a formal system of arithmetic, which is supposed to furnish the consistency proof sought by Hilbert, but which, in truth, could at best demonstrate the trivial fact that the elementary rules of computation (distributive law, and so on) are consistent.
Über die Waldsche Axiomatik des Zwischenbegriffes (1999c)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

In seiner Axiomatik des Zwischenbegriffes (1991 und 1992) beweist

Wald, daf3 drei Punkte I a, b, e in einer gewissen Bedingungen geniigenden

Relation aller Punktetripel aller metrischen Raume dann und nur dann stehen, wenn fiir ihre Abstande die Beziehung ab + be = ae gilt, d. h. wenn b im Mengerschen Sinne zwischen a und e liegt. Unter den der Relation auferlegten Bedingungen tritt dabei die Kongruenzinvarianz auf, d. h. wenn drei Punkte a, b, e in der betreffenden Relation stehen, so sollen auch je drei mit ihnen kongruente Punkte a’, b’, e’ in der betreffenden Relation zu einander stehen.
Introductory note to 1933e
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

Gödel’s paper 1999e, given at Menger’s colloquium in Vienna on 28 June 1932, deals with the relationship between classical and intuitionistic first-order arithmetic and shows how to interpret the former within the latter by a simple translation.
Zur intuitionistischen Arithmetik und Zahlentheorie (1933e)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

LaBt man den Grundbegriffen des Heytingschen Aussagenkalkiils1 die gleich bezeichneten des klassischen und der “Absurditat” (,) die Negation (∼) entsprechen, so erscheint der intuitionistische Aussagenkalkiil H als echtes Teilsystem des gewohnlichen A. Bei anderer Zuordnung (Übersetzung) der Begriffe ist jedoch umgekehrt der klassische ein Teilsystem des intuitionistischen. Denn es gilt: Jede nur aus Konjunktionen (/\) und Negationen (,) aufgebaute in A giiltige Formel ist auch in H beweisbar.
On intuitionistic arithmetic and number theory (1933e)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

If to the primitive notions of Heyting’s propositional calculus1 we let correspond those notions of the classical propositional calculus that are denoted by the same sign and if to absurdity (,) we let correspond negation (∼), then the intuitionistic propositional calculus H turns out to be a proper subsystem of the ordinary propositional calculus A. With another correlation (translation) of the notions, however, the classical propositional calculus is, conversely, a subsystem of the intuitionistic one.
Eine Interpretation des intuitionistischen Aussagenkalkiils (1933!)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

Man kann den Heytingschen Aussagenkalkiil mittels der Begriffe des gewohnlichen Aussagenkalkiils und des Begriffes “p ist beweisbar” {bezeichnet mit Bp) interpretieren,1 wenn man fiir den letzteren das folgende Axiomensystem annimmt:

Aufierdem sind fiir die Begriffe ->, ∼, . , V die Axiome und Schlufiregeln des gewohnlichen Aussagenkalkiils anzunehmen, ferner die neue Schlufi.. regel: Aus A darf auf BA geschlossen werden.
Zurn Entscheidungsproblem des logischen Funktionenkalkiils (1999i)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

In Ergebnisse eines mathematischen Kolloquiums (1992a) habe ich ein Verfahren kurz skizziert, nach dem man fiir jede Formel des engeren Funk-tionenkalkiils,1 die in der Normalform nur zwei (und zwar benachbarte) Allzeichen enthalt, entscheiden kann, ob sie erfiillbar2 ist. Denselben Fall des Entscheidungsproblems hat dann L. Kalmar nach der gleichen Methode ausfiihrlich behandelt.3 In dem friiher von P. Bernays, M. Schonfinkel und W. Ackermann behandelten Fall eines Allzeichens hat sich heraus-gestellt, da6 solche Formeln, wenn sie iiberhaupt erfiillbar sind, schon in einem endlichen Individuenbereich erfiillbar sind. Das Ziel der folgenden Untersuchung ist, dies auch fiir den Fall zweier Allzeichen nachzuweisen. Zweitens soil gezeigt werden, da6 die Losung des nachst komplizierteren Falles (drei Allzeichen) bereits mit der Losung des ganzen Entscheidungs-problems aquivalent ware (vgl. S. 441).
On the decision problem for the functional calculus of logic (1933i)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

The introductory note to 1999i, as well as to related items, can be found on page 226, immediately preceding 1992a.In Ergebnisse eines mathematischen K olloquiums ( 1992a) I briefly sketched a procedure by which one can decide, for each formula of the restricted functional calculus1 that in normal form contains only two ( and in fact adjacent) universal quantifiers, whether it is satisfiable.2 L. Kalmar then dealt with that case of the decision problem in detail by using the same method.3 In the case of one universal quantifier, a case which had been treated earlier by P. Bernays, M. Schonfinkel and W. Ackermann, it turned out that such formulas, if they are satisfiable at all, are satisfiable already in a finite domain of individuals. The goal of the investigation that follows is to prove this also for the case of two universal quantifiers. Secondly, it will be shown that solving the next more complicated case ( three universal quantifiers) would already be equivalent to solving the full decision problem (see below, page 322).
On undecidable propositions of formal mathematical systems (1934)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

A formal mathematical system is a system of symbols together with rules for employing them. The individual symbols are called undefined terms. Formulas are finite sequences of the undefined terms. There shall be defined a class of formulas called meaningful formulas, and a class of meaningful formulas called axioms. There may be a finite or infinite number of axioms.
Introductory note to 1994b
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

In this review of my earliest article but one, Gödel’s last sentence can be puzzling. Given just µ classes, and v > µ, how can Gödel speak of a product of v of them? The answer lies in the formalism of Principia mathematica. Definitions are couched in terms of variables whose values are not restricted to the ranges for which the definitions were wanted, and meanings thus accrue to the waste cases that made no intuitive sense. They are the “don’t-cares”, but evidently I cared a little, and Gödel indulged me.
Introductory note to 1934c and 1935
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

These are reviews by Gödel of Skolem’s papers, 1933a and 1934, on non-standard models of arithmetic. As Gödel remarks, Skolem’s two papers are essentially one. This work of Skolem’s was one of six or seven fundamental and wide-ranging contributions which he made to logic in the years 1919-1934. Skolem’s contributions were honored then, but they look still better as time goes on.
Review of Notcutt 1934 : A set of axioms for the theory of ded uction (1934!)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

The author is of the opinion that in the usual presentations of formal systems certain rules necessary for their manipulation are tacitly assumed (for example, that the formulas are to be read from left to right), and he sets up an axiom system for the propositional calculus that is supposed to be free from this flaw, that is, one in which “nothing is left to the intelligence of the reader, where everything assumed is explicitly stated”. A second part of the work is concerned with the (ramified) theory of types. What are called “inter-typical variables” are introduced, that is, variables that simultaneously range over all possible types. If contradictions are to be avoided, these variables may never occur bound. The “inter-typical variables” are supposed to make the axiom of reducibility superfluous.
Diskussionsbemerkung (1936)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

In Wirklichkeit hangt fiir jeden einzelnen Wirtschafter die Nachfrage auch von seinem Einkommen ab und dieses wieder vom Preis der Produktionsmittel. Man kann ein dementsprechendes Gleichungssystem formulieren und auf seine Losbarkeit hin untersuchen.
Über die Lange von Beweisen (1936a)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

Unter der Liinge eines Beweises in einem formalen System S moge die Anzahl der Formeln, aus denen er besteht, verstanden werden. 1st ferner jede natiirliche Zahl in bestimmter Weise durch ein Symbol (Zahlzeichen) in S darstellt (z. B. durch ein Symbol der Fonn 1 + 1 +···+ 1) so moge eine Funktion ( x) berechenbar in S heiBen, falls es zu jedem Zahlzeichen m ein Zahlzeichen n gibt, so daB t/>(m) = n in S beweisbar ist. Insbesondere sind z. B. alle rekursiv definierten Funktionen schon in der klassischen Arithmetik (d. h. im System 81 der unten definierten Folge) berechenbar. Sei nun Si das System der Logik i-ter Stufe, wobei die natiirlichen Zahlen als Individuen betrachtet werden. D. h. genauer: Si soll Variable und Quantifikatoren fiir natiirliche Zahlen, fiir Klassen natiirlicher Zahlen, fiir Klassen von Klassen natiirlicher Zahlen u. s. w. bis Klassen von i-tem Typus samt den zugehorigen logischen Axiomen enthalten, aber keine Variable von hoherem Typus.
Review of Church 1935: A proof of freedom from contradiction (1936b)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

The introductory note to 1936b, as well as to related items, can be found on page 256, immediately preceding 1932k.] By placing far-reaching restrictions on his earlier system, the author obtains a new one with only three primitive notions, namely: (1) the operation of “application” of a function to an argument, (2) “identity”, wiesen werden und ist andererseits so umfassend, da.B jede durch Rekursion (beliebig hoher Ordnung) definierte zahlentheoretische Funktion in ihm enthalten ist, d. h. zu jeder solchen Funktion  gibt es eine Formel F des Systems, so da.B, wenn n eine beliebige natiirliche Zahl und m = ( n) ist, die Formel F(n) = m beweisbar ist, wobei die natiirlichen Zahlen 1, 2, 3, ... usw. durch folgende Formeln ausgedriickt werden: >./x · f(x), >.Jx • /(f(x)), >.Jx · /(1(/(x))) ... usw. (vgl. Gödel 199,le). Die Zahlen 1, 2 werden gleichzeitig als Wahrheitswerte “falsch”, ‘‘wahr” verwendet und die Operationen des Aussagenkalkiils als zahlentheoretische Funktionen 242 I durch Definition eingefiihrt. Die Formel 2 ist das einzige Axiom, und die Schluf3regeln (die der Verfasser “Konversionen” nennt) sind samtlich umkehrbar, so daf3 eine Formel dann als bewiesen gilt, wenn sie in 2 konvertiert werden kann. Der Alloperator tritt nicht als Grundbegriff auf, sondern wird vertreten durch gewisse niittels der drei Grundbegriffe aufgebaute Formeln II mit der Eigenschaft, daf3 II(F, G) dann und nur dann beweisbar ist, wenn G(x) aus F(x) vermittels gewisser von den Konversionen im allgemeinen verschiedenen Schluf3regeln abgeleitet werden kann.
The consistency of the generalized continuum hypothesis(1939)
Authors: Gudel Kurt , Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

This lemma is proved by a generalization of Skolem’s method for constructing enumerable models. Since the axiom of choice is not used in the construction of the models, but holds in the models, the consistency of the axiom of choice is obtained as an incidental result.
The consistency of the axiom of choice and of the generalized continuum hypothesis with the axioms of set theory (1940)
Authors: Gudel Kurt , Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

In order to define Δ and to prove the above properties of it from the axioms of Σ, it is necessary first to develop abstract set theory to a certain extent from the axioms of Σ-This is done in Chapters II-IV. Although the definitions and theorems are mostly stated in logistic symbols, the theory developed is not to be considered as a formal system but as an axiomatic theory in which the meaning and the properties of the logical symbols are presupposed to be known. However, to everyone familiar with mathematical logic it will be clear that the proofs could be formalized, using only the rules of Hilbert’s “engerer Funktionenkalkul”.
Introductory note to 1944
Authors: Gudel Kurt , Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

This paper was written for The philosophy of Bertrand Russell, a volume of Paul Arthur Schilpp’s series the Library of living philosophers. In his letter of invitation of 18 November 1942, Schilpp proposed the title of the paper and also wrote: “In talking the matter over last night with Lord Russell in person, I learned that he too would not only very greatly appreciate your participation in this project, but that he considers you the scholar par excellence in this field.” Gudel sent in the manuscript on 17 May 1943. There followed a lengthy correspondence about stylistic editing proposed by Schilpp and Gudel’s own deliberation concerning revision. Before Gudel had submitted the final version, Russell had completed his reply to the other papers and decided that under the circumstances he would not reply to Gudel’s. When Gudel finally sent in the revised version on 28 September, he wrote to Russell attempting to change his mind about not replying. He undertook to disabuse Russell of his impression that what Gudel said would not be controversial, and emphasized his criticisms of Russell.
Introductory note to 1949 and 1952
Authors: Gudel Kurt , Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

These two papers represent Gudel’s main contribution to relativistic cosmology. In the 1920s and the 1930s, the Friedmann-Robertson Walker cosmological models had been introduced as the simplest solutions of the equations of Einstein’s general theory of relativity that were consistent with the observed red-shift of distant galaxies. These models were spatially homogeneous and isotropic, and were expanding but were non-rotating. Gudel was the first to consider models that were rotating. The possible rotation of the universe has a special significance in general relativity because one of the influences that led Einstein to the theory in 1915 was Mach’s principle. The exact formulation of the principle is rather obscure, but it is generally interpreted as denying the existence of absolute space. In other words, matter has inertia only relative to other matter in the universe. The principle is generally taken to imply that the local inertial frame defined by gyroscopes should be non-rotating with respect to the frame defined by distant galaxies.
Rotating universes in general relativity theory(1952)
Authors: Gudel Kurt , Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

In such a coordinate system, however, since parallel displacement (in its 176 origin) means constancy of the components, the angular velocity relative to the compass of inertia, in 0, is given by the same expressions as in Newtonian physics, i.e. the right-hand sides of (8) are its components. Evidently ω is the only vector the first 3 components of which, in the particular coordinate systems defined, coincide with the angular velocity computed as in Newtonian physics and the 4th component is 0.
Introductory note to 1972a
Authors: Gudel Kurt , Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

The item to which this note serves as introduction consists of three remarks (indicated in the following as Remarks 1, 2 and 3) on the un decidability results, and was found appended to the galley proofs for 1972. As explained in the introductory note to the latter, Gudel apparently worked on 1972 off and on during the period 1965-1972. We do not know at what point he considered adding these three remarks, but internal evidence suggests that it was later in the period rather than earlier. The remarks deal with preoccupations that Gudel had with both the generality and significance of his incompleteness results ever since the publication of his famous 1931 paper.
Introductory note to 1974
Authors: Gudel Kurt , Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

“In this test, however, the infinitely small has completely failed.”a The test was the foundation of the differential and integral calculus; the author was Abraham Fraenkel (1928, page 116); the view expressed was the canonical one at the time. But infinitesimals refused to go away; by a rather circuitous route they have re-emerged as a part of a viable foundation for mathematical analysis. This was achieved by Abraham Robinson, using the construc tion of non-standard models by logical means that had originally been introduced by Skolem (1933a, 1934).
The Book In The New Republic
Authors: Davidson Cathy N
Published: November 2023

What is a book? Is it a commodity, like toothpaste, to be consumed by anyone who can be persuaded (the function of advertising) to buy one particular product instead of another? Or is a book a unique sign-system in which the reader necessarily participates as a producer of meanings, the locus of which is that one particular text? These two books—the book as manufactured artifact and the book as conveyor of meaning—are not the same, and during the course of this study I will discuss each in terms of the other. But I wish to begin more simply: with one book, the book as material fact and economic entity.
Commodity And Communication: The First American Novel
Authors: Davidson Cathy N
Published: November 2023

That italicized last word, property, accords to “products of the mind” a rather different status than that which criticism generally acknowledges and allows. Mind, post-Romantic thinkers like to believe, is free, and its expression even more so. Discounting a few exceptional cases such as Edward Taylor or Emily Dickinson, which by their very rarity prove the larger rule, literature is written to communicate and the means of communications is publication. The goal of writing, then, is not just meaning but, in Robert Escarpit’s telling phrase, “the multiplication of meaning,” the whole process by which meaning is transmitted to a multitude of readers. Although the entity of the published book is a necessary part of that grand process, it is by no means its end. Once the product of the author’s mind passes from idea to artifact and takes its form in the printed page, it necessarily becomes somebody’s property and, as such, is subject to the same kinds of market conditions that govern the distribution of hogs or hog shares, patent medicines or blue-chip stocks, or any other commodity.
Privileging The Feme Covert: The Sociology Of Sentimental Fiction
Authors: Davidson Cathy N
Published: November 2023

In centering his Active universe on both seduction and female education, William Hill Brown dramatized one of the chief issues of his time and place— the status of women in the Republic. Seduction, of course, served as both metaphor and metonymy in summing up the society’s contradictory views of women. The huge social interest vested in women’s sexuality, which was fetishized into a necessary moral as well as a social and biological commodity, meant that women themselves had little voice in the matter. Female education was, then, in a number of the first sentimental novels, an education in the value of playing the proper sexual roles available to women who were thereby seduced by the sentimental plot as well as in it. Wife or mistress, woman’s function was to be socially possessed or dispossessed. Taken either way, she constituted mostly one more proof of male prerogatives and privilege. In other words, it is no surprise that The Power of Sympathy posits the very premise, the essential powerlessness of the female, that any real problematics of seduction might be expected to question.
Deities, Themes, and Concepts
Authors: Read Kay Almere , González Jason J
Published: November 2023

Lord Acamapichtli (A-ka-ma-peecht’-lee) was the first Chief Speaker of the Mexica or Aztecs (Nahua; ruled ca. 1369-1403), and mythically represents the origins of Mexica greatness. He and his reign symbolize the official beginning of the Mexica as an independent political entity, for without its own royal lineage, a city could not aspire to any real power. Acamapichtli’s father was a Colhua nobleman, his mother the daughter of a Mexica ruler, and he married a Colhua noblewoman.
Is there Martyrdom in the Hebrew Bible?
Authors: Brettler Marc
Published: November 2023

We can find almost anything in the Hebrew Bible, especially if we define the phenomenon we are seeking in a suitable fashion. For this reason, the definition we choose for martyrdom is of more than academic interest—it will determine whether or not martyrdom actually existed in ancient Israel. It is well known that the English word “martyr” ultimately derives from the Greek paptu”, “witness,” which passed into Latin and from there to the Romance languages.
The Revaluation of Martyrdom in Early Islam
Authors: Lewinstein Keith
Published: November 2023

Small philological observations can sometimes introduce us to larger historical problems. No one familiar with Christian martyrdom will be surprised to learn that the Arabic words which Muslims use for “martyr” and “witness” are identical. The terminology is unmistakably Christian. By the fourth century, the Greek martys (witness) had acquired a technical sense and had come to denote one whose suffering and death bore witness to the truth of Jesus’ passion and resurrection. Witnessing, suffering, death, and heavenly reward have since been intimately connected in Christian life and thought.
Martyrdom in sunni revivalist thought
Authors: Brown Daniel
Published: November 2023

Sunni Islam is not where the primary action is when it comes to Muslim ideas about martyrdom. Our attention, with regard to martyrdom, should more naturally be drawn toward Shi’ite Islam. It is Shi’ite Muslims whose willingness to die has left an enduring mark on the world during the last two decades—in the Iranian Revolution; in the Iran-Iraq war; in the bitterness of the Lebanese civil war. Moreover, modern Shi’ite ideologues—Taliqani, Shari’ati, Mutahhari—have created out of the Shi’ite doctrine of martyrdom a sophisticated ideology of social and political activism and revolution.
The Portrait in Perspective
Authors: Kenner Hugh
Published: November 2023

A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man was some ten years in the writing. A thousand-page first draft was written around 1904–1906, about the same time as the bulk of Dublrners. This was scrapped and a more compressed version undertaken in 1908; the third and final text was being composed in 1911, and was finished early in 1914. About one third of the first draft (the Stephen Hero fragment) survives to show us what was going on during the gestation of this book, the only one which it cost Joyce far more trouble to focus than to execute.
A Portrait of the Artist
Authors: Parrinder Patrick
Published: November 2023

The Text of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is dated “Dublin 1904 / Trieste 1914.” 1904 was the year in which Stephen Hero was written and Joyce left Dublin with Nora Barnacle to become a language teacher on the Adriatic. Ten years later, after some vicissitudes, he was still there. His life was about to be transformed, thanks to the First World War (which would force him to move to neutral Switzerland) and to a chance letter from Ezra Pound in December 1913, which marked the beginnings of his literary celebrity. Pound arranged for serial publication of the Portrait to begin in the Egoist, a small avant-garde literary and political magazine, in February 1914; in June of the same year the London publisher Grant Richards at last brought out Dubliners.
The Challenge: “ignotas animum” (An Old-fashioned Close Guessing at a Borrowed Structure)
Authors: Senn Fritz
Published: November 2023

It Is Strange that a quaint device which Joyce used once, and only once—the selection of an epigraph—should have gone unnoticed all this time. The following remarks propose that “Et ignotas animum dimittit in artes,” coming right before A Portrait itself, is of import and worthy to be subjected to some minute epi graphic hieroglyphing (with deference to U 689.14).

The motto, to be sure, has been glossed—but not noticed. What commentators generally offer is the summary meta morphosis into myth and hasty symbolism, for which, naturally, there is excellent reason. But glossing over is not reading, the reading of a phrase in such a privileged pre-position, a phrase which itself exemplifies the auspicious hazards and retrospective comforts of the act of reading.
Portrait of an Aesthete
Authors: Nolan Emer
Published: November 2023

Yeats’s Embrance of an exotic orientalism in his Celtic Twilight phase proved very attractive to the young Joyce. Yeats’s characters Ahern and Robartes, heroes of The Tables of the Law and The Adoration of the Masi (1897), provide suitable heretic precursors for the Daedalus of Stephen Hero, who desires to cast off every social constraint, and to seek for himself another, secret lineage. Stephen enthuses about Yeats’s stories:

Their speeches were like the enigmas of a disdainful Jesus; their morality was infrahuman or superhuman: the ritual they laid such store by was so incoherent and heterogeneous, so strange a mixture of trivialities and sacred practices that it could be recognized as the ritual of men who had received from the hands of high priests, [who had been] anciently guilty of some arrogance of the spirit, a confused and dehumanized tradition, a mysterious ordination. . . . These inhabit a church apart; they lift their thuribles wearily before their deserted altars; they live beyond the region of mortality, having chosen to fulfil the law of their being.
The Woman of the Ballyhoura Hills
Authors: Eide Marian
Published: November 2023

The Irish Revival was in its ascendancy when James Joyce embarked on his career as a writer. And while there is increasing evidence that he had sympathy with the movement’s expression of revolutionary Irish politics and its attempt to re create an Irish national culture, his differences with specific positions and attitudes represented by proponents of Irish nationalism are dramatized throughout his writings. In A Portrait of the Artist as a YounB Man, Joyce addresses the nationalist personification of Ireland as either an idealized woman (Mother Ireland or the beautiful queen) or a degraded seductress (the woman who invites a stranger into her bed) by creating his own, resistant personification of Ireland in the woman of the Ballyhoura hills.
Between Stephen and Jim
Authors: Wollaeger Mark A
Published: November 2023

Stanislaus Joyce James Joyce’s younger brother and “whetstone” (Ulysses 9.977), recalls in his published remembrance of James that his older brother’s personality descended from their paternal grandfather, whose

serenity of temper, skipping a generation as often happens, descended to his grandson, who was named after him and who in boyhood and youth was of such a cheerful and amiable disposition that in the family circle he was given the nickname (borrowed from an advertisement for some patent food) of “Sunny Jim.” (My Brother’s Keeper 23)

Always fascinated by popular culture, Joyce must have been amused by a nickname borrowed from advertising copy, but the sunny side of the street is not where most readers of A Portrait of the Artist as a Youns Man are inclined to imagine that novel’s gloomy adolescent, Stephen Dedalus, who feels that his childhood is “dead or lost and with it his soul capable of simple joys” (Portrait 96).
Take It or Leave It American
Authors: Spiro Peter J
Published: November 2023

What difference does citizenship make? Previous chapters have implicitly challenged the premise of a public vocabulary in which the citizenry is taken to comprise a meaningfully bounded community. When a national public official appeals to his fellow Americans, he is no longer talking to a coherent audience. This chapter takes on another mainstay of the political discourse, “the rights and obligations of citizenship.” As used in public and social policy debates, the unstated premise here is that citizenship is consequential in the relationship of the individual to the state; in short, that citizenship makes a difference.
Recent Critical Scholarship and the Teaching of Islam
Authors: Lewinstein Keith
Published: November 2023

As Islam Has Become A Larger Presence in Religious Studies departments, the resources for teaching it have likewise expanded. We now have undergraduate textbooks and anthologies which were unavailable to our own teachers, and this simplifies matters considerably both for specialists and the many nonspecialists who offer survey courses in the Islamic religious tradition. At least for those who take a historical approach to the tradition, the material has been neatly arranged in any number of textbooks published in the last fifteen years, reflecting a growing consensus about what an introductory course taught in a Religious Studies department should look like.
Islamicate Civilization
Authors: Lawrence Bruce B
Published: November 2023

In fall of 1998, the recent winner of the Nobel Prize for Economics came to Duke University to address the notion of cultural complexity or multiculturalism. Amartya Sen was—and is—a Cambridge don. He is also Bengali. As a Bengali, he closely identifies with the cultural history of the Asian subcontinent, and so it was no surprise that in his talk at Duke, Amartya Sen gave a tip of his hat to an earlier Bengali Nobel laureate, the poet, Rabindranath Tagore. Yet Sen also noted two other figures, who projected multicultural and cosmopolitan thinking in South Asia. One was the eleventh-century Ghaznavid polymath, al-Biruni, the other the sixteenth-century Mughal emperor, Akbar.
Disparity and Context
Authors: Mcauliffe Jane Dammen
Published: November 2023

To begin with a clarification: I speak of “teaching Quranic Studies” rather than of “teaching the Quran” in order to emphasize the range and complexity of this subject field. The Quran, like the New Testament, is not a big book, but Quranic Studies, like Biblical Studies, is a vast, multilayered discipline, one which no single scholar can hope to master in all its intricacy and diversity Within the field of Religious Studies, the status and scope of Biblical Studies are readily manifest. In North America, the Society for Biblical Literature (SBL), with a membership of nearly 7,000, almost equals the size of the American Academy of Religion (AAR), a professional organization that purports to represent scholars of all other scriptural and religious traditions combined.
Between Orientalism and Fundamentalism
Authors: Ernst Carl W
Published: November 2023

In late twentieth-century America, teaching or writing about Islamic religion is inescapably caught up in political controversy. Everyone who has taught a class on Islam has had to deal with the powerful stereotypes of terrorist violence and gender inequality that pervade media representations of Islamic societies. In the academy, it has long appeared that a conveniently nonpolitical alternative subject could be framed in terms of the study of Sufism or Islamic mysticism.
Teaching Religion in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Kassam Tazim R
Published: November 2023

What drew me into the study of religions? Chantings of the Rig Veda; the Buddha’s smile in serene meditation; the smoke and smell of incense at shrines; the muezzin’s piercing call to prayer at the crack of dawn; flickering candles and quiet gestures offered before the altar; shining black bodies leaping in wild dance to the beat of pounding drums; funeral processions of mourners crying, “Allahu Akbar” and “Rama Rama.”
The Esse/Essentia Argument in Aquinas’s De ente et essentia
Authors: MacDonald Scott
Published: November 2023

Despite all of the attention which has been paid to the issues which Aquinas raises in an important argument in Chapter 4 of De ente et essentia’ (I shall call it the Esse/Essentia [E/EJ Argument), no one has offered a detailed account of exactly what the argument is. There have been discussions of its general character, of the interpretation of certain of its segments and conclusions, and of the argument’s place in the broad context of Aquinas’s thought.
The Five Ways
Authors: Wippel John F
Published: November 2023

As anyone with even a casual acquaintance with Aquinas’s writings is aware, it is in the Summa theologiae (ST) I, q. 2, a. 3 that he presents his best-known formulation of argumentation for God’s existence. A number of the arguments from his earlier writings foreshadow most, if not all, of the “five ways” of the Summa theologiae. These points of similarity notwithstanding, Thomas gives a personal and particular touch to each of the five ways themselves. Because of the relatively later date of this treatment (ca. 1266-1268), because of the apparently wider readership at which the Summa theologiae is aimed, and because of the comprehensive way in which the five ways are fitted together, these arguments for God’s existence have received more attention from Thomas’s students than any of his other efforts to establish this point.
Aquinas on What God Is Not
Authors: Davies Brian
Published: November 2023

Thomas Aquinas was very concerned with the question “What is God?”. And he thought that he had answers to this question. God, he says, is the beginning and end of all things, the Creator of a world which depends on him for its existence. Among other things, Aquinas also holds that God is alive, perfect, good, eternal, omnipresent, omnipotent, and omniscient, that God is three persons sharing one nature, and that God became a human being so that humans might share in the life of God. Yet in the writings of Aquinas we also find him holding that God is deeply mysterious.
Print and Nonprint Resources
Authors: Lindow John
Published: November 2023

This chapter is intended to give the reader a general picture of important background materials, as well as print resources pertaining more generally to the mythology itself.
Beginnings: Funeral Ritual in Ancient Tibet
Authors: Cuevas Bryan J
Published: November 2023

Tibetan Buddhism has for centuries maintained that crucial moments of transition are charged with great transformative potential, particulary the intervening moments between death and rebirth. The Tibetan expression for this postmortem interval is “bardo.” This Tibetan word and the concept to which it refers are by now quite familiar to western readers. In Tibetan the term has come to refer to any state of suspended reality in which a being-in-transition confronts the nature of “reality-as-such” (chos-nyid). In the specific case of passage after death, it is proclaimed that the dead are presented with a series of opportunities for recognizing the actual “truth” (de-bzhin-nyid) of that moment. Accordingly, in some circles it is held that if the deceased at certain times is capable of perceiving correctly the confusing and often terrifying bardo visions as simply mental projections reflective of the previous life’s thoughts and deeds, then it is said that buddhahood will be attained. Failure to recognize these visions, however, leads eventually to rebirth and further suffering in the cycle of existence (sal’{lsiira). Traditionally, to help the de ceased travelers (re)gain insight into their ambiguous situation, a monk or skilled layperson will recite guiding instructions and inspirational prayers from special funeral texts, the so-called Tibetan Books of the Dead.
The Gampodar Treasures
Authors: Cuevas Bryan J
Published: November 2023

As noted in the previous chapter, in the second half of the fourteenth century the treasure revealer Karma Lingpa is said to have excavated treasures from a location on Gampodar Mountain in the southeastern region of Oak.po. These discoveries comprised two major textual collections, the Self Liberated Wisdom of the Peaceful and Wrathful Deities and the Great Com passionate One, the Peaceful and Wrathful Lotus. The latter work has not yet been traced, and so its precise content is unknown. Nevertheless, both col lections supposedly included instructions for practice on the six types of bardo (bar-do rnams-drug). The specific set of texts that we know as the Great Liberation upon Hearing in the Bardo, however, seems to have been derived solely from the Self-Liberated Wisdom of the Peaceful and Wrathful Deities, with a few possible exceptions.
Rikzin Nyima Drakpa, Sorcerer from Kham
Authors: Cuevas Bryan J
Published: November 2023

I mentioned briefly in the preceding chapter that the arrangement of the texts of the Great Liberation upon Hearing in the Bardo, in the form that is most accessible to us today, was the work of a controversial treasure revealer from Kham named Rikzin Nyima Drakpa. The various western-language transla tions of the Liberation upon Hearing, immortalized as the Tibetan Book of the Dead, were and continue to be based on Nyima Drakpa’s standard redac tion. Hence this rather unfamiliar figure is of great significance to our under standing the Tibetan history of the Liberation upon Hearing from the late seventeenth century onward. In this chapter, therefore, I will focus on the life and work of Rikzin Nyima Drakpa and inquire into how his compilation of the Karling texts came to be the standard arrangement for almost all subse quent editions of the cycle within and beyond the borders of Tibet.
Heroic Song End of the Story and Beyond
Authors: Harlan Lindsey
Published: November 2023

In this song, a woman invites an ancestral hero to attend the ratijaga she has organized. All that remains of this hero’s story is an epithet that distinguishes him from unheroic men and ancestors but not from other heroes who bear the same epithet.
The New Anti-Catholicism
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: November 2023

Anti-Catholicism has a long history in America. And as Philip Jenkins argues in The New Anti-Catholicism, this virulent strain of hatred--once thought dead--is alive and well in our nation, but few people seem to notice, or care. A statement that is seen as racist, misogynistic, anti-Semitic, or homophobic can haunt a speaker for years, writes Jenkins, but it is still possible to make hostile and vituperative public statements about Roman Catholicism without fear of serious repercussions. Jenkins shines a light on anti-Catholic sentiment in American society and illuminates its causes, looking closely at gay and feminist anti-Catholicism, anti-Catholic rhetoric and imagery in the media, and the anti-Catholicism of the academic world. For newspapers and newsmagazines, for television news and in movies, for major book publishers, the Catholic Church has come to provide a grossly stereotyped public villain. Catholic opinions, doctrines, and individual leaders are frequently the butt of harsh satire. Indeed, the notion that the church is a deadly enemy of women, the idea of Catholic misogyny, is commonly accepted in the news media and in popular culture, says Jenkins. And the recent pedophile priest scandal, he shows, has revived many ancient anti-Catholic stereotypes. It was said that with the election of John F. Kennedy, anti-Catholicism in America was dead. This provocative new book corrects that illusion, drawing attention to this important issue.
The End of Prejudice?
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: November 2023

Tracing the history of anti-Catholic prejudice in the United States is rather like watching one of those slasher films that were so popular during the 1980s. Even after the villain has been spectacularly killed at the end of one episode, even when you have seen him decapitated, you have no doubt that he will infallibly be back in action at the start of the inevitable sequel. Anti-Catholic prejudice is equally resilient and, seemingly, indestructible. Its strength lies in its flexibility, its capacity to adapt to almost any circumstances. Just when it ceases to be the preserve of the racist right, it is reinvented as a mainstay of the anti-racist left.
Byron, Laughter, and Legitimation
Authors: Yu Christopher
Published: November 2023

If obliged to name the defining theme of Byron’s poetry, a reader would have good reason to choose the problem of legitimacy or literary authority. The poet evokes the theme at the beginning of his career in the diatribe of English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809), where with all of a twenty-one-year old’s ham-fisted self-importance he declares: “But now, so callous grown, so changed since youth, / I’ve learned to think and sternly speak the truth.” And he voices it at the end in “On This Day I Complete My Thirty-Sixth Year” (1824), where by laying claim to a “soldier’s grave” in the fight for Greek independence he proposes to write his own epitaph and thus take authorship of the public record of his life.

I will start this chapter with the observation that Byron achieved his most daring response to the problem in his satiric masterpiece Don Juan, which, along with his earlier poems Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage 4 and Beppo, suggests a reinvention of Augustan skepticism toward social convention.