bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of majority carrier charge transfer velocities at Si/polymer and Si/metal photovoltaic heterojunctions
Authors: Price Michelle J. , Foley Justin M. , May Robert A. , Maldonado Stephen
Published: August 2010

Two sets of silicon (Si) heterojunctions with either Au or PEDOT:PSS contacts have been prepared to compare interfacial majority carrier charge transfer processes at Si/metal and Si/polymer heterojunctions. Current-voltage (J-V) responses at a range of temperatures, wavelength-dependent internal quantum yields, and steady-state J-V responses under illumination for these devices are reported. The cumulative data suggest that the velocity of majority carrier charge transfer, vn, is several orders of magnitude smaller at n-Si/PEDOT:PSS contacts than at n-Si/Au junctions, resulting in superior photoresponse characteristics for these inorganic/organic heterojunctions.
Thermally compensated aluminum nitride Lamb wave resonators for high temperature applications
Authors: Lin Chih-Ming , Yen Ting-Ta , Felmetsger Valery V. , Hopcroft Matthew A. , Kuypers Jan H. , Pisano Albert P.
Published: August 2010

In this letter, temperature compensation for aluminum nitride (AlN) Lamb wave resonators operating at high temperature is presented. By adding a compensating layer of silicon dioxide (SiO2), the turnover temperature can be designed for high temperature operation by varying the normalized AlN film thickness (hAlN/λ) and the normalized SiO2 film thickness (hSiO2/λ). With different designs of hAlN/λ and hSiO2/λ, the Lamb wave resonators were well temperature-compensated at 214 °C, 430 °C, and 542 °C, respectively. The experimental results demonstrate that the thermally compensated AlN Lamb wave resonators are promising for frequency control and sensing applications at high temperature.
Optimal surface fractal dimension for heat and fluid flow in microchannels
Authors: Chen Yongping , Zhang Chengbin , Shi Mingheng , Peterson George P.
Published: August 2010

The fractal Weierstrass–Mandelbrot function was introduced to characterize the multiscale self-affine rough surface of microchannels. Based on this fractal characterization, the role of the rough surface structure on the thermal and hydrodynamic properties in microchannels was evaluated using a computational fluid dynamic simulation. Once identified, these were used to determine the optimal surface dimension for heat and fluid flow. It was found that, no matter what the Reynolds number and roughness height are, the flow heat transfer performance is being optimized with increasing fractal dimension of the surface until to the dimension value of three (infinitely crumpled).
Bipolar resistive switching in Cu/AlN/Pt nonvolatile memory device
Authors: Chen C. , Yang Y. C. , Zeng F. , Pan F.
Published: August 2010

Highly stable and reproducible bipolar resistive switching effects are reported on Cu/AlN/Pt devices. Memory characteristics including large memory window of 103, long retention time of >106 s and good endurance of >103 were demonstrated. It is concluded that the reset current decreases as compliance current decreases, which provides an approach to suppress power consumption. The dominant conduction mechanisms of low resistance state and high resistance state were verified by Ohmic behavior and trap-controlled space charge limited current, respectively. The memory effect is explained by the model concerning redox reaction mediated formation and rupture of the conducting filament in AlN films.
Electrically tunable lasing from a dye-doped two-dimensional hexagonal photonic crystal made of holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystals
Authors: Luo D. , Sun X. W. , Dai H. T. , Demir H. V. , Yang H. Z. , Ji W.
Published: August 2010

Mode-dependent electrically tunable lasing of transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes is demonstrated in a dye-doped two-dimensional hexagonal photonic crystal made of holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (LCs). Over 10 nm redshifting in lasing with multiple peaks in nonpolarizing spectra is obtained by applying external voltages up to 40 V. The splitting of lasing spectra between two perpendicular polarizations with the applied voltage is observed, which can be explained through the difference in effective refractive index of LC droplet change with the applied electric field for TE and TM modes.
Influence of electron-electron scattering on transport characteristics in monolayer graphene
Authors: Li X. , Barry E. A. , Zavada J. M. , Nardelli M. Buongiorno , Kim K. W.
Published: August 2010

The influence of electron-electron scattering on the distribution function and transport characteristics of intrinsic monolayer graphene is investigated via an ensemble Monte Carlo simulation. Due to the linear dispersion relation in the vicinity of the Dirac points, it is found that pair-wise collisions in graphene do not conserve the ensemble average velocity in contrast to conventional semiconductors with parabolic energy bands. Numerical results indicate that electron-electron scattering can lead to a decrease in the low field mobility by more than a factor of 2 for moderate electron densities. The corresponding degradation in the saturation velocity is more modest at around 15%. At high densities, the impact gradually diminishes due to increased degeneracy.
The L/M-Opponent Channel Provides a Distinct and Time-Dependent Contribution towards Visual Recognition
Authors: Vincent Christopher J , Gobet Fernand , Parker Amanda , Derrington Andrew M
Published: August 2010

The visual pathway has been successfully modelled as containing separate channels consisting of one achromatically opponent mechanism and two chromatically opponent mechanisms. However, little is known about how time affects the processing of chromatic information. Here, parametrically defined objects were generated. Reduced-colour objects were interleaved with full-colour objects and measures of recognition performance (d′) were compared by the continuous serial recognition paradigm. Measures were taken at multiple delay intervals (1, 4, 7, and 10 s). When chromatic variations were removed, recognition performance was impaired, but at the 1 s and 10 s intervals only. When luminance variations were removed, no impairment resulted. When only L/M-opponent modulations were removed, a deficit in performance was produced only at the 1 s and 10 s intervals, similar to the removal of chromatic variation. When only S-opponent modulations were removed, no impairment was observed. The results suggest that the L/M-opponent pathway provides a specialised contribution to visual recognition, but that its effect is modulated by time. A three-stage process model is proposed to explain the data.
Coordinated RhoA signaling at the leading edge and uropod is required for T cell transendothelial migration
Authors: Heasman Sarah J. , Carlin Leo M. , Cox Susan , Ng Tony , Ridley Anne J.
Published: August 2010

Transendothelial migration (TEM) is a tightly regulated process whereby leukocytes migrate from the vasculature into tissues. Rho guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) are implicated in TEM, but the contributions of individual Rho family members are not known. In this study, we use an RNA interference screen to identify which Rho GTPases affect T cell TEM and demonstrate that RhoA is critical for this process. RhoA depletion leads to loss of migratory polarity; cells lack both leading edge and uropod structures and, instead, have stable narrow protrusions with delocalized protrusions and contractions. By imaging a RhoA activity biosensor in transmigrating T cells, we find that RhoA is locally and dynamically activated at the leading edge, where its activation precedes both extension and retraction events, and in the uropod, where it is associated with ROCK-mediated contraction. The Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) GEF-H1 contributes to uropod contraction but does not affect the leading edge. Our data indicate that RhoA activity is dynamically regulated at the front and back of T cells to coordinate TEM.
Mass spectrometry–based proteomics in cell biology
Authors: Walther Tobias C. , Mann Matthias
Published: August 2010

The global analysis of protein composition, modifications, and dynamics are important goals in cell biology. Mass spectrometry (MS)–based proteomics has matured into an attractive technology for this purpose. Particularly, high resolution MS methods have been extremely successful for quantitative analysis of cellular and organellar proteomes. Rapid advances in all areas of the proteomic workflow, including sample preparation, MS, and computational analysis, should make the technology more easily available to a broad community and turn it into a staple methodology for cell biologists.
Lipid activation of the signal recognition particle receptor provides spatial coordination of protein targeting
Authors: Lam Vinh Q. , Akopian David , Rome Michael , Henningsen Doug , Shan Shu-ou
Published: August 2010

The signal recognition particle (SRP) and SRP receptor comprise the major cellular machinery that mediates the cotranslational targeting of proteins to cellular membranes. It remains unclear how the delivery of cargos to the target membrane is spatially coordinated. We show here that phospholipid binding drives important conformational rearrangements that activate the bacterial SRP receptor FtsY and the SRP–FtsY complex. This leads to accelerated SRP–FtsY complex assembly, and allows the SRP–FtsY complex to more efficiently unload cargo proteins. Likewise, formation of an active SRP–FtsY GTPase complex exposes FtsY’s lipid-binding helix and enables stable membrane association of the targeting complex. Thus, membrane binding, complex assembly with SRP, and cargo unloading are inextricably linked to each other via conformational changes in FtsY. These allosteric communications allow the membrane delivery of cargo proteins to be efficiently coupled to their subsequent unloading and translocation, thus providing spatial coordination during protein targeting.
Risk Factors for Central Line–Associated Bloodstream Infection in Pediatric Intensive Care Units
Authors: Wylie Matthew C. , Graham Dionne A. , Potter-Bynoe Gail , Kleinman Monica E. , Randolph Adrienne G. , Costello John M. , Sandora Thomas J.
Published: August 2010

Objective.

We sought to identify risk factors for central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) to describe children who might benefit from adjunctive interventions.

Design.

Case-control study of children admitted to the medical-surgical intensive care unit (ICU) or cardiac ICU from January 1, 2004, through December 31, 2007.

Setting.

Children's Hospital Boston is a freestanding, 396-bed quaternary care pediatric hospital with a 29-bed medical-surgical ICU and a 24-bed cardiac ICU.

Patients.

Case patients were patients with CLABSI who were identified by means of prospective surveillance. Control subjects were patients with a central venous catheter who were matched by ICU admission date.

Methods.

Multivariate conditional logistic regression models were used to identify independent risk factors for CLABSI and to derive and to validate a prediction rule.

Results.

Two hundred three case patients were matched with 406 control subjects. Independent predictors of CLABSI included duration of ICU central access (odds ratio [OR] for 15 or more days, 18.41 [95% confidence interval {CI} 4.10-82.56]; P < .001), central venous catheter placement in the ICU (OR for 2 or more ICU-placed catheters, 8.63 [95% CI, 2.63-28.38]; P = .001), nonoperative cardiovascular disease (OR, 7.44 [95% CI, 2.13-25.98]; P = .012), presence of gastrostomy tube (OR, 3.48 [95% CI, 1.55-7.79]; P = .003), receipt of parenteral nutrition (OR, 3.12 [95% CI, 1.55-6.32]; P= .002), and receipt of blood transfusion (OR, 2.55 [95% CI, 1.21-5.36]; P = .014). By use of risk factors known before central venous catheter placement, our model predicted CLABSI with a positive predictive value of 54% and a negative predictive value of 79%.

Conclusions.

Duration of central access, receipt of parenteral nutrition, and receipt of blood transfusion were confirmed as risk factors for CLABSI among children in the ICU. Newly identified risk factors include presence of gastrostomy tube, nonoperative cardiovascular disease, and ICU placement of central venous catheter. Children with these risk factors may be candidates for adjunctive interventions for CLABSI prevention.
Singular integrals along 𝑁 directions in ℝ²
Authors: Demeter Ciprian
Published: August 2010

We prove optimal bounds in

L
2

(

R

2

)

L^2(\mathbb {R}^2)

for the maximal operator obtained by taking a singular integral along

N
N

arbitrary directions in the plane. We also give a new proof for the optimal

L
2

L^2

bound for the single scale Kakeya maximal function in the plane.
Fungicide Resistance Among Botrytis cinerea Isolates from California Strawberry Fields
Authors: Mercier Julien , Kong Mansun , Cook Fred
Published: August 2010

The resistance to four fungicides used for the management of Botrytis rot (gray mold) in strawberry was evaluated among 65 isolates of Botrytis cinerea from coastal California. Fungicide resistance was tested by agar diffusion assay on Czapek-Dox agar. Isolates not showing inhibition zones around wells at a discriminatory concentration were considered resistant. Concentrations of active ingredients for detecting resistance were 50 mg a.i./liter for thiophanate-methyl, 10 mg a.i./liter for fenhexamid, 50 mg a.i./liter for cyprodinil and fludioxonil (Switch pre-mix), and 100 mg a.i./liter for boscalid and pyraclostrobin (Pristine pre-mix). Most isolates (92%) in all fields surveyed were resistant to thiophanatemethyl. Resistance to the more recent products was also widespread and occurred in most fields. Overall, incidence of resistance among isolates was 25% for fenhexamid, 28% for cyprodinil/fludioxonil, and 66% for bocalid/pyraclostrobin. Resistant isolates remained uninhibited by higher concentrations, suggesting that they had become insensitive to these products when re-tested at twice and four times the discriminatory concentration. Among isolates of B. cinerea,85% were resistant to at least two products. This widespread occurrence of resistance to single site mode of action fungicides suggests that their effectiveness to control Botrytis rot might become impaired.

Accepted for publication 21 June 2010. Published 6 August 2010.
Mating Type Locus-Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction Markers for Differentiation of Pyrenophora teres f. teres and P. teres f. maculata, the Causal Agents of Barley Net Blotch
Authors: Lu Shunwen , Platz Gregory J. , Edwards Michael C. , Friesen Timothy L.
Published: August 2010

Fourteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified at the mating type (MAT) loci of Pyrenophora teres f. teres (Ptt), which causes net form (NF) net blotch, and P. teres f. maculata (Ptm), which causes spot form (SF) net blotch of barley. MAT-specific SNP primers were developed for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the two forms were differentiated by distinct PCR products: PttMAT1-1 (1,143 bp) and PttMAT1-2 (1,421 bp) for NF MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 isolates; PtmMAT1-1 (194 bp) and PtmMAT1-2 (939 bp) for SF MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 isolates, respectively. Specificity was validated using 37 NF and 17 SF isolates collected from different geographic regions. Both MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 SNP primers retained respective specificity when used in duplex PCR. No cross-reactions were observed with DNA from P. graminea, P. tritici-repentis, or other ascomycetes, or barley. Single or mixed infections of the two different forms were also differentiated. This study provides the first evidence that the limited SNPs at the MAT locus are sufficient for distinguishing closely related heterothallic ascomycetes at subspecies levels, thus allowing pathogenicity and mating type characteristics of the fungus to be determined simultaneously. Methods presented will facilitate pathogen detection, disease management, and epidemiological studies.
Development of LAMP and Real-Time PCR Methods for the Rapid Detection of Xylella fastidiosa for Quarantine and Field Applications
Authors: Harper S. J. , Ward L. I. , Clover G. R. G.
Published: August 2010

Xylella fastidiosa is a regulated plant pathogen in many parts of the world. To increase diagnostic capability of X. fastidiosa in the field, a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay were developed to the rimM gene of X. fastidiosa and evaluated for specificity and sensitivity. Both assays were more robust than existing published assays for detection of X. fastidiosa when screened against 20 isolates representing the four major subgroups of the bacterium from a range of host species. No cross-reaction was observed with DNA from healthy hosts or other bacterial species. The LAMP and real-time assays could detect 250 and 10 copies of the rimM gene, respectively, and real-time sensitivity was comparable with an existing published real-time PCR assay. Hydroxynapthol blue was evaluated as an endpoint detection method for LAMP. When at least 500 copies of target template were present, there was a noticeable color change indicating the presence of the bacterium. Techniques suitable for DNA extraction from plant tissue in situ were compared with a standard silica-column-based laboratory extraction method. A portable PickPen and magnetic bead system could be used to successfully extract DNA from infected tissue and could be used in conjunction with LAMP in the field.
Emerging strategies for the synthesis of highly monodisperse colloidal nanostructures
Authors: Cademartiri Ludovico , Ozin Geoffrey A.
Published: August 2010

This short perspective describes recent developments in the synthesis of nanoscale colloids from sparingly soluble precursors. These strategies, which we dubbed ‘heterogeneous nanocrystal syntheses’ owing to the presence of a precursor in a non-colloidal solid state, have demonstrated the ability to generate new colloidal shapes, a superior monodispersity and a remarkable ability to delay the onset of Ostwald ripening, when compared with more traditional and purely colloidal strategies. We review the key contributions to this emerging area of research and discuss in detail the remarkable number of differences between these syntheses and the widely used homogeneous organometallic syntheses for making nanoscale colloids.
Characterization of magnetic nanoparticles using programmed quadrupole magnetic field-flow fractionation
Authors: Williams P. Stephen , Carpino Francesca , Zborowski Maciej
Published: August 2010

Quadrupole magnetic field-flow fractionation is a relatively new technique for the separation and characterization of magnetic nanoparticles. Magnetic nanoparticles are often of composite nature having a magnetic component, which may be a very finely divided material, and a polymeric or other material coating that incorporates this magnetic material and stabilizes the particles in suspension. There may be other components such as antibodies on the surface for specific binding to biological cells, or chemotherapeutic drugs for magnetic drug delivery. Magnetic field-flow fractionation (MgFFF) has the potential for determining the distribution of the magnetic material among the particles in a given sample. MgFFF differs from most other forms of field-flow fractionation in that the magnetic field that brings about particle separation induces magnetic dipole moments in the nanoparticles, and these potentially can interact with one another and perturb the separation. This aspect is examined in the present work. Samples of magnetic nanoparticles were analysed under different experimental conditions to determine the sensitivity of the method to variation of conditions. The results are shown to be consistent and insensitive to conditions, although magnetite content appeared to be somewhat higher than expected.
High-throughput continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis of Zn–Ce oxides: unprecedented solubility of Zn in the nanoparticle fluorite lattice
Authors: Kellici Suela , Gong Kenan , Lin Tian , Brown Sonal , Clark Robin J. H. , Vickers Martin , Cockcroft Jeremy K. , Middelkoop Vesna , Barnes Paul , Perkins James M. , Tighe Christopher J. , Darr Jawwad A.
Published: August 2010

High-throughput continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis has been used as a rapid and efficient synthetic route to produce a range of crystalline nanopowders in the Ce–Zn oxide binary system. High-resolution powder X-ray diffraction data were obtained for both as-prepared and heat-treated (850°C for 10 h in air) samples using the new robotic beamline I11, located at Diamond Light Source. The influence of the sample composition on the crystal structure and on the optical and physical properties was studied. All the nanomaterials were characterized using Raman spectroscopy, UV–visible spectrophotometry, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area and elemental analysis (via energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy). Initially, for ‘as-prepared’ Ce

1−
x

Zn

x

O

y

, a phase-pure cerium oxide (fluorite) structure was obtained for nominal values of
x
=0.1 and 0.2. Biphasic mixtures were obtained for nominal values of
x
in the range of 0.3–0.9 (inclusive). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy images revealed that the phase-pure nano-CeO
2
(
x
=0) consisted of
ca
3.7 nm well-defined nanoparticles. The nanomaterials produced herein generally had high surface areas (greater than 150 m
2
 g
−1
) and possessed combinations of particle properties (e.g. bandgap, crystallinity, size, etc.) that were unobtainable or difficult to achieve by other more conventional synthetic methods.
Porous silica spheres in macroporous structures and on nanofibres
Authors: Ahmed Adham , Clowes Rob , Willneff Elizabeth , Myers Peter , Zhang Haifei
Published: August 2010

Porous nanospheres have a wide range of applications such as in catalysis, separation and controlled delivery. Among these nanospheres, syntheses and applications of porous silica nanospheres have been investigated extensively. Uniform porous silica nanospheres can be synthesized using a modified Stöber method. In the present study, porous silica spheres were prepared in the pre-formed emulsion-templated porous polyacrylamide (PAM). A hierarchical hybrid structure of mesoporous silica spheres was formed in the highly interconnected macroporous polymer. The polymer scaffold could be removed by calcination with porous silica spheres and the macroporous structures retained. This resulted from the close packing or aggregation of small silica nanospheres in the pores and on the surface of pores of PAM. The modified Stöber synthesis was further carried out in pre-formed polymer nanofibres (chitosan and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose). The structure of porous silica spheres on nanofibres was produced in the presence of the polymer or composite fibres. The corresponding inorganic structures were successfully obtained after calcination. The hierarchical structures of porous nanospheres within macroporous structures or on nanofibres are of potential interest to researchers in nanomaterials, porous polymers, supported catalysis and controlled delivery.
Size and surface effects in the magnetic properties of maghemite and magnetite coated nanoparticles
Authors: Ortega D. , Vélez-Fort E. , García D. A. , García R. , Litrán R. , Barrera-Solano C. , Ramírez-del-Solar M. , Domínguez M.
Published: August 2010

An increasing number of promising applications for future technology is arising from size constraints in nanoparticles (NPs) and from the chemical manipulation of their surfaces. In this work, we analyse the finite-size and surface effects on polyacrylic acid-coated Fe
3
O
4
NPs and oleic acid-coated
γ
-Fe
2
O
3
NPs by studying their magnetization curves at different temperatures. The measured thermal dependence of the saturation magnetization is no longer explained by the typical
T
3/2
Bloch law, yielding higher values than those expected for its exponent. When incorporated in polymeric matrixes to form magnetic transparent nanocomposites, the oleic acid-coated
γ
-Fe
2
O
3
NPs also deviate from Bloch’s law, but following the opposite trend observed in free coated NPs.
High-concentration zeta potential measurements using light-scattering techniques
Authors: Kaszuba Michael , Corbett Jason , Watson Fraser Mcneil , Jones Andrew
Published: August 2010

Zeta potential is the key parameter that controls electrostatic interactions in particle dispersions. Laser Doppler electrophoresis is an accepted method for the measurement of particle electrophoretic mobility and hence zeta potential of dispersions of colloidal size materials. Traditionally, samples measured by this technique have to be optically transparent. Therefore, depending upon the size and optical properties of the particles, many samples will be too concentrated and will require dilution. The ability to measure samples at or close to their neat concentration would be desirable as it would minimize any changes in the zeta potential of the sample owing to dilution. However, the ability to measure turbid samples using light-scattering techniques presents a number of challenges. This paper discusses electrophoretic mobility measurements made on turbid samples at high concentration using a novel cell with reduced path length. Results are presented on two different sample types, titanium dioxide and a polyurethane dispersion, as a function of sample concentration. For both of the sample types studied, the electrophoretic mobility results show a gradual decrease as the sample concentration increases and the possible reasons for these observations are discussed. Further, a comparison of the data against theoretical models is presented and discussed. Conclusions and recommendations are made from the zeta potential values obtained at high concentrations.
21. On the Ground‐plan of Wing‐pattern in Nymphalids and certain other Families of the Rhopaloeerous Lepidoptera.
Authors: Schwanwitsch B. N.
Published: August 2010

A prototype (schema) of the wing‐pattern is constructed (Pl. I. fig. 1), which is intended as a ground‐plan of the pattern in the families Satyridæ, Morphidæ, Brassolidæ, and Nymphalidæ.

The prototype is composed of a number of dark stripes and spots, which are designated by corresponding terms. The formula of the pattern may be obtained by writing together the indices of these terms.

The prototype is realized only partially in existing patterns; the formulæ of the latter are incomplete.

In each of the families mentioned a series of patterns may be found which complement each other, and in this way it may be shown that a family realizes the prototype with sufficient compléteness. In summing up the incomplete formulæ of existing patterns we obtain a more or less complete formula of the family.

The general significance of the prototype is strengthened by the fact that about a half of the Rhopalocerous (s. str.) genera (excl. Hesperidæ) belong to the four families studied.

A partial realization of the same prototype takes place in other families of Lepidoptera.
Bipinnaria asterigera (Echinoderma), from the Northumberland Plankton
Authors: Meek Alexander
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The characters of the Bipinnaria asterigera of Nortliumberland waters are:‐Colour transparent. Shape: long anterior lobe dividing into anterior and posterior median ocesses (the former pointed, the latter expanded distally and slightly bifide); the processes are long, and the anterior dorsal process consists of three branches. Size (two forms, a low and a high): preserved they measure ca. 2.8 mm. and 8 mm. respectively; the high form measures alive ca. 15 mm.

The characters of the young starfish to which it gives rise are:‐ Colour: disc or stomach brown, arms yellow. Slinps pentagonal, disc to ray as 8 t o 5; hydropore marginal. Spines, mostly simple, columnar, marginal, in several but mainly in 2 to 3 rows; adambulacral skeleton consists of an oral bearing two spines projecting towards the mouth and of rudimentary plstes external to the tube‐feet, each bearing a ventral and an external spine. Tube‐feet: one row on each side of arm, muscular and terminating in a rounded conical cap, adherent; terminal tube foot similar, and enclosed in a canal at tip of arm and protected by 1ateral spines. Internally each tube‐foot is provided with an ampulla.

The original anterior interradius is that of the stone canal and hydropore. It also is the interradius of separation, which means the shedding of the larval structure anterior to the starfish, including the Oesophagus. It appears that, the oesophageal region of the stomach is rotated to the posterior of the new mouth, and the intestine is withdrawn at the p1ace of closure into the starfish.
Microscopical and Bacteriological Investigation of the Water in the Society's Aquarium
Authors: Stowell Flaxney P. , Clancey Vernon J.
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The micro‐biological conditions existing i n the sea and fresh water circulations of t h e Aquaxiinn have been investigated, and t h e efficiency demonstrated of filtration and storage for the removal of micro‐organisms (other than bacteria). By for the largest proportion of the organisms exist in the idgal and fungal growths lining the sides and out, flows of the show‐tanks.

The success of the purification methods employed in the Aquarium is also shown by the raduction in the total number of bacteria passing from t h e show‐tanks through the circulation.

Bacteriologi‐al investigation reveals the fact that dark storage is responsible for the elimination of 66 per cent. of the ordinary bacteria and 97 percent of the so called “blood‐heat” organisms and bacteria of the human intestinal type.
34. The Menstrual Cycle of the Primates.—Part IV. Observations on the Lactation Period
Authors: Zuckerman S.
Published: August 2010

Summary.

A Pig‐tailed Macaque (Macaca nemestrina) gave birth to a female baby after 171 days' gestation. The first menstruation occurred 216 days after parturition. There had been no sexual‐skin swelling in the interval.

A nursing Common Macaque (Macaca irus, M. 61) was killed approximately 114 days after parturition. She was wasted, and post‐mortem examination revealed worm‐infestation of the intestines. Her mammary glands, though they still showed marked lactation hypertrophy, were not secreting milk at the time of death. Her ovaries were inactive, and showed a large number of atretic follicles. Her uterine mucous membrane was low, with short and straight glands, and showed signs indicating that involution was still proceeding at the time of her death.

A nursing Langur (Pithecus cristata, M. 46) was shot in Borneo at a time that is estimated to have been at least two months after parturition. The ovaries, though small and contracted, contained medium‐sized follicles, the largest having an average diameter of 2·2 mm. There was no sign of a corpus luteum. Each ovary contained a large corpus candicans. The condition of her uterus was much the same as that of the nursing Common Macaque.

Four nursing Chacma Baboons (Papio porcarius, M. 20, 21, 28, 37) were shot in South Africa, two at a time estimated to have been two months, a third four months, and the fourth at an unknown time, after parturition. The reproductive organs of all four were in practically the same condition, and showed no signs of recent cyclical activity. The ovaries were small, containing no signs of copora lutea, but only resting follicles. The uteri were small and inactive, with low endometria, and showed signs indicating that involution was still proceeding at the time of death.

These data, as well as sexual‐skin observations recorded in Part I. of this series of papers, indicate that sub‐human primates experience a period of uterine and ovarian inactivity after parturition. This fact is of importance in discussions relating to periods of reproductive inactivity in monkeys, e. g., alleged breeding‐and non‐breeding seasons.
19. On the Structure of Larvæ of Hispine Beetles.—II.
Authors: Mattlik S.
Published: August 2010

Summary

(1) In some species of the genus Cephaloleia the thoracic spiracles are ventral, i. e., they open on the ventral surface. In larvæ of a similarly flattened type such as, for example, Chelobasis and Arescus, the thoracie spiracles open dorsally.

(2) The legs show a complete gradation from a well‐developed condition to one of great degeneracy, where the claws have disappeared altogether.

(3) In the pupæ there are usually five pairs of spiracles on the first five abdominal segments, but there may be a sixth or seventh pair occurring on the sixth or seventh segments respectively.

(4) It is possible that two or more different species of the same genus live together in the same mine or under the same sheltered condition, and this may compel allied but distinct species to interbreed, producing a great number of varieties. Probably this hypothesis accounts for the existence of a large number of colour‐patterns in the species of Arescini.

(5) Confined within a small space the larvæ may react, under the stress of a parasite, in directions which may not be in accordance with the behaviour expected in the cases where they are capable of freer movements.

(6) In the same species structural variation may occur in the immature stages.

(7) The form of the full‐fed larva is the most constant character, and therefore important for the determination of relationship. The form in the earlier stages may be somewhat different from that of the full‐fed.

(8) The value of a character depends on the measure of its constancy: the more constant a character is the greater is its value showing relationship. Persistency of an organ or a character is of interest to the systematist. The selection of characters by the systematist has, therefore, an experiential basis, and is not merely arbitrary. If in a certain sense some arbitrariness can be ascribed to the systematist's selection of characters, it is an arbitrariness that is inevitable and common to all human activities.
36. The Spinel Accessory Nerve of the Giraffe.
Authors: Zuckerman S. , Kiss Professor Francis
Published: August 2010

The giraffe has a spinal accessory nerve.

Our thanks are due to Professor G. Elliot Smith, F.R.S., who in the beginning directed our attention to the literature on this subject, and to Mr. G. Steele, who assisted in the first dissection.
EXHIBITIONS AND NOTICES
Authors: Prof. E.W. MacBride M.A., D.Sc, F.R.S.
Published: August 2010

,
34. The Dentition of the Walrus, Odobenus obesus*
Authors: Cobb W. Montague
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The dental peculiarities of the walrus, Odobenus obesus, may be ascribed in their entirety to the structural modifications induced by the huge size of the canine tusks and to the diet which the animal has adopted.

The dental succession is best represented by the formulæ: Deciduous i. 3/3, c. 1/1, m. 3/3 = 28; Successional I. 2/0, C. 1/1, P. 4/3, M. 1/1 = 26; Functional I. 1/0, C. 1/1, P. 3/3 = 18. The last of these is well known. The first differs from previous interpretations in recognizing but three milk‐molars, and the second is devised to acknowledge definitely the existence of a successional upper second incisor and fourth premolar and to designate as true molars the upper and lower posterior rudimentary teeth.

The enlargement of the upper canines has caused the loss of the medial incisors, the alignment of the outer upper incisor and lower canine with the cheek‐teeth, and an antero‐lateral shift in the angle of implantation of the upper teeth.

The diet, composed chiefly of hard‐shelled molluscs, has required a concentration of force in the anterior portion of the mouth. This has been accomplished by the production of massive jaw‐bones and heavy solid dental columns.

The necessity for an adequate dental armament at an early age has been met (a) by a long period of suckling, while the face and teeth were growing; (b) by the nearly simultaneous eruption of the entire dental battery; and (c) by the expanding cones of the growing roots, which made it possible for dental equipment to keep pace with facial development without additional teeth, a mechanism not noted in any other mammal.

The details of the processes of structural modification, growth, wear, and senescence related to the dentition have been recited according to the evidence available.

By the application of the principles set forth in this discussion miscellaneous specimens of teeth may be identified with reasonable accuracy.
On Architeuthis clarkei, a new Species of Giant Squid, with Observations on the Genus
Authors: Robson G. C.
Published: August 2010

Architeuthis clarkei, a new species of Giant Squid, is described from a specimen stranded in January 1933 at Scarborough, Yorks. Its relation to the other species of the genus is discussed.

The distribution of the Giant Squids stranded or observed in the North Atlantic is described and discussed.

In order to account for the curious distribution of the records it is suggested that in the North Atlantic Architeuthis finds its optimum conditions in temperate waters and that it occurs in moderately deep water off the United States coasts. The frequency of strandings on the coast of Newfoundland might be due to the fact that the animals come near the surface as the deeper layers of the north east‐going current are chilled, and get into difficulties owing to the rapid gradient from warm to cold water off the Grand Banks. The wider distribution off the north‐west coasts etc. of Europe fits in with this suggestion.

It is suggested, on the strength of the structure of the fins, arms, adhesive apparatus etc., that Architeuthis is a sluggish animal, comparing unfavourably with Sthenoteuthis and the smaller squids in point of activity.
Some Aspects of the Cranial Morphology of Rana grayi Smith
Authors: Toit C. A. du
Published: August 2010

Only the points in which the cranial morphology of Rana grayi differs from that of the common European species of Rana will be given here.

The anterior process of the crista subnasalis is comparatively long and projects forwards beyond the superior prenasal cartilage.

A ventromedian process of the crista subnasalis appears in the palate, in this way separating the partes palatinæ of the premaxilla and the maxilla from each other.

In the one specimen both the foramina frontalia are absent; in the other the normal condition obtains.

The plica obliqua, which is poorly developed, is suspended from the cartilago obliqua and not from the tectum nasi.

The posterior niche‐like portion of the vestibulum is practically absent.

The two Gauppian “Wülste” are both present, but they are not demarcated sharply from each other.

The recessus alaris and the infundibulum are smaller than in the European Rana.

The cavum principale has a small ventromedian recess.

An infundibular vestige of the recessus sacciformis is present.

The musculus lateralis narium is slightly different from that of the European Rana.

A small prechoanal pouch is present.

The septomaxillary consists of an anterior unpaired portion which has three posteriorly directed processes.

The nasals are much smaller than in the common European species of Rana.

A peculiar cartilaginous plate, which is connected synchondrotically to the solum nasi, occurs on the ventral surface of the os en ceinture.

A little further backwards a small cartilaginous cyst appears on either side of the os en ceinture.

Both the parasphenoid and the fronto‐parietals are indented anteriorly.

The exoccipital and the prootic do not fuse with each other.

Rana grayi possesses a so‐called “Mundwinkeldrüse” situated between the palatal and the facial portions of the maxilla. The gland consists of adenoid tissue and has a lumen which opens into the buccal cavity.

The pterygoid fuses with the processus oticus and with the processus basalis.

In the one specimen the quadratomaxillary acquires a bony connection with the paraquadrate.

A delicate rod‐like cartilage, which is connected synchondrotically to the symphysial cartilage, occurs on the ventral surface of the pars mentalis of the dentary.
Some Observations on the Breeding Habits of Palestine Cicblidæ.
Authors: Liebman E.
Published: August 2010

Summary.

In summarising, it may be stated that in the case of the Palestine Cichlidæ it is the male, as well as the female, which carries the eggs and young in the buccal cavity, though the number of the females performing this function is much higher than that of the males.

As to the nutrition of the parents, it was found that, for obvious reasons, the fish do not eat during the breeding period. During this time the body is apparently sustained by (a) the resorption of the voluminous gonads; (b) the fat accumulated during the winter in the belly; and (c) in some cases probably by swallowing a proportion of their own eggs or young.

Anyhow, in all species a progressive diminution in the number of the eggs or young carried in the mouth was observed, so that at the end of the breeding period they amounted to but a small proportion of the original number.
The Development of the Palatine Tonsil in the Marsupials Trichosurus and Dasyurus, with Notes on Tonsil Development in the Rabbit
Authors: Hett Mary L.
Published: August 2010

Summary.

There is good ground for regarding the relation between the Mammalian palatine tonsil and the 2nd pouch entoderm as a constant one.

The sinus tonsillaris in the Marsupials Trichosurus and Dasyurus, and also in the rabbit, is mainly derived from the lateral portion of the pouch after virtual disappearance of the dorsal and ventral diverticula.

In Trichosurus, Dasyurus, and the rabbit the sinus tonsillaris probably corresponds to the posterior foassa only of double tonsils such as those of the calf.

The position of the Marsupial palatine tonsils is modified by the rapid development and backward extension of the palatal folds.

There is no ventral thymus derivative from pouch 2 in the rabbit.

In Dasyurus an epithelial body originates from the dorsal wall of pouch 2 in a similar manner to those derived from pouches 3 and 4 respectively, but it soon disappears, leaving no trace behind.
A Comparative Study of the Development of the Stomoxydince (especially Hæmatobia stimulant Meigen) with Remarks on other Coprophagous Muscids.
Authors: Thomsen Mathias
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The present paper descirbes the morphology of the egg, larva, and pupa of the blood‐scuking Muscid Hématobia stimulans Meig., comparing the developmental stages with those of two other species of Stomoxydiná, Stomoxys calcitrans, and Lyperosia irritans.

Interest centres chiefly in the cephalo‐phrayngeal skeleton, which is very much alike in the three species. It is shown that the Stomoxydiná possess two asymmetrical mouth‐hooks, the left one being much reduced in size and probably funcitonless. Attention is drawn to the presence of a dorsal epistomal sclerite furnished with two paris of sensillá. The smaller scllerites are descirbed in detail.

The cephalo‐pharyngeal skeletons of Musca domestica and Calliphora erythrocephala have been studied for the sake of comparision with the Stomaoxydiná. The existenc of an epistomal sclerite with its characteristic sense‐organs in demonstrated in Musca and Calliphora, and even the smaller sclerites can be homologized with those of the Stomoxydiná. This suggests that it should be possible to trace the presence of the same sclerites in other Muscooidean genera, both saprophagous and carnivorous, but this would invelve investigations of a greater number of types.
The Structure, Bionomics, and Systematic Position of Two New Brackish‐water Actiniaria from Madras.
Authors: Panikkar N. Kesava
Published: August 2010

A detailed study has been made of the morphology and systematic position of two brackish‐water Actiniaria from Madras.

The anemones are sphincterless Athenaria having acontia, and belong to the family Halcampactiidæ.

In structural features the two anemones differ from other known Halcampactids, and this necessitates the creation of two new genera, for which the namesPhytocosteopsisandStephensonactisare proposed.

Complete generic and specific definitions ofPhytocosteopsis ramunniiandStephensonactis ornataare given.

The oral disc is very much contracted in both the Actinians, the throat being open and the distal part of the actinopharynx always remaining in an everted condition.

There are twelve prominent, lobed, throat ridges inS. ornata, while such separate ridges are absent inP. ramunnii.

The tentacular arrangement inP. ramunniiexhibits a curious atypical condition, caused by the interchange of the apparent positions of the tentacles of the last two cycles and an undue development of those of the fourth order and their corresponding endoccels.

The acontia, which are numerous inP. ramunnii, show interesting features of distribution, correlated with the probable order of succession of the macrocnemes. They also show variations in their positions of origin from the mesentery.

The peculiarities of the tentacles and acontia inP. ramunniiare features not previously observed in any Actiniaria.

S. ornatahas the tentacles and acontia arranged in the normal way, as in the typical Actiniaria.

The general features of anatomy and histology ofS. ornataandP. ramunniiare similar.

An account of the bionomics of the two anemones is given, and an attempt is made to explain some of the morphological and histological peculiarities, in correlation with their habits.

The colour‐patterns ofS. ornataare described.

PhytocosteopsisandStephensonactisbridge the gap betweenPhytoccetesandPelocostes.Since these four genera exhibit several common characters different from other Halcampactids, a suggestion is made to group them separately in one family.
18. Notes on the Spiders Hyptiotes paradoxus and Cyclosa conicn
Authors: Marples Mary J. , Marples B. J.
Published: August 2010

Summary.

Observations were made on an adult female Hyptiotes puradoms

The construction of the triangular web and the peculiar method of dealing with the prey are described.

The laying of the eggs and the making of the cocoon were observed, and the development was followed up to the second instar.

Cyclosu conica decorates its web with bands of silk or pellets of insect remains. Observations on 105 webs showed great variation in the occurrence and arrangement of these decorations.

The development of the peculiarly shaped abdomen of C. conica is described.