bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
De novo transcriptome sequencing and analysis of genes related to salt stress response in Glehnia littoralis
Authors: Li Li , Li Mimi , Qi Xiwu , Tang Xingli , Zhou Yifeng
Published: September 2018

Soil salinity is one of the major environmental stresses affecting plant growth, development, and reproduction. Salt stress also affects the accumulation of some secondary metabolites in plants. Glehnia littoralis is an endangered medicinal halophyte that grows in coastal habitats. Peeled and dried Glehnia littoralis roots, named Radix Glehniae, have been used traditionally as a Chinese herbal medicine. Although Glehnia littoralis has great ecological and commercial value, salt-related mechanisms in Glehnia littoralis remain largely unknown. In this study, we analysed the transcriptome of Glehnia littoralis in response to salt stress by RNA-sequencing to identify potential salt tolerance gene networks. After de novo assembly, we obtained 105,875 unigenes, of which 75,559 were annotated in public databases. We identified 10,335 differentially expressed genes (DEGs; false discovery rate <0.05 and |log2 fold-change| ≥ 1) between NaCl treatment (GL2) and control (GL1), with 5,018 upregulated and 5,317 downregulated DEGs. To further this investigation, we performed Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and the Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. DEGs involved in secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathways, plant signal transduction pathways, and transcription factors in response to salt stress were analysed. In addition, we tested the gene expression of 15 unigenes by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) to confirm the RNA-sequencing results. Our findings represent a large-scale assessment of the Glehnia littoralis gene resource, and provide useful information for exploring its molecular mechanisms of salt tolerance. Moreover, genes enriched in metabolic pathways could be used to investigate potential biosynthetic pathways of active compounds by Glehnia littoralis.
Advanced Micro Structuring and Joining Technologies for Direct Integration of Piezo Fibers into Metallic Materials
Authors: Schubert Andreas , Koriath Hans‐Joachim , Wittstock Volker , Müller Benedikt , Pierer Alexander , Schmidt Marek
Published: September 2018

A technology for the direct integration of lead‐zirconate‐titanate (PZT) fiber arrays into micro structured aluminum sheets is presented. The permanent clamping between the micro structured carrier material and the piezoceramic is achieved using a joining by forming process. Potential applications for produced piezo‐metal composites are structural health monitoring, active noise reduction, or smart structures. The manufacturing steps of the piezo‐metal‐module are explained in detail. In order to reduce the necessary forming force for the micro structuring of the aluminum sheets, a warm micro forming process is investigated and the influences upon the achieved geometric precision and the necessary forming force are discussed. During the joining process, impedance spectroscopy is utilized as in situ method for process control and failure mode detection. For the joining process, the tool is equipped with miniaturized test probes to temporarily contact the piezo transducer. As a result, the joining process can be monitored and controlled based on the inherent sensor function of the piezoceramics. Moreover, the final capsuling of the active elements with thin aluminum foils through ultrasonic welding is described to protect the piezoceramics against mechanical loads and contact.
Immune Responsive Release of Tacrolimus to Overcome Organ Transplant Rejection
Authors: Wu Jindao , Zheng Zhen , Chong Yuanyuan , Li Xiangcheng , Pu Liyong , Tang Qiyun , Yang Liu , Wang Xuehao , Wang Fuqiang , Liang Gaolin
Published: September 2018

Transplant rejection is the key problem in organ transplantation and, in clinic, immunosuppressive agents such as tacrolimus are directly administered to the recipients after surgery for T‐cell inhibition. However, direct administration of tacrolimus may bring severe side effects to the recipients. Herein, by rational design of two hydrogelators NapPhePheGluTyrOH (1) and Nap
d‐Phe
dPheGluTyrOH (2), a facile method of immune responsive release of tacrolimus is developed from their hydrogels to overcome organ transplantation rejection. Upon incubation with protein tyrosine kinase, which is activated in T cells after organ transplantation, the tacrolimus‐encapsulating Gel 1 or Gel 2 is disassembled to release tacrolimus. Cell experiments show that both Gel 1 and Gel 2 have better inhibition effect on the activated T cells than free drug tacrolimus. Liver transplantation experiments indicate that, after 7 days of treatment of same dose tacrolimus, the recipient rats in the Gel 2 group show significantly extended median survival time of 22 days while the recipients treated with conventional tacrolimus medication have a median survival time of 13 days. It is expected herein that this “smart” facile method of immune responsive release of tacrolimus can be applied to overcome organ transplantation rejection in clinic in the near future.
Truly Low Temperature Sintering of Printed Copper Ink Using Formic Acid
Authors: Hermerschmidt Felix , Burmeister David , Ligorio Giovanni , Pozov Sergey M. , Ward Richard , Choulis Stelios A. , List‐Kratochvil Emil J. W.
Published: September 2018

Low cost electronics are targeted by using solution‐based, upscalable printing technologies, focusing on cost‐efficient materials and additive processes to yield conducting structures with minimal material consumption. Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) can form the basis for such processes. However, due to the susceptibility of Cu to oxidation, the usual postdeposition treatment methods include expensive and instrumentally elaborate flash lamp and laser sintering approaches. A simple, truly low temperature (130 °C), easy to scale process is reported by using formic acid to sinter structures that are inkjet‐printed using an industrial scale CuNP ink. Electrical conductivity of up to 16% bulk Cu is observed when sintering is carried out at 130 °C and more than 25% bulk Cu conductivity is observed above 150 °C. Four‐point measurements and photoemission spectroscopy detail the formation of a conducting Cu film under the influence of formic acid. Adhesion and bending tests confirm the stability of the thin (<500 nm) printed structures to up to 2% tensile strain. The developed sintering process is specifically targeted for flexible low cost and low temperature compatible plastic substrates such as polyethylene terephthalate. The results underline the suitability of the inkjet process for upscalable Cu electrode production in electronic devices.
Mechanical and flow properties of blends of polypropylene and powder coating recyclates with and without addition of maleic anhydride
Authors: Kismet Yilmaz , Wagner Manfred H.
Published: September 2018

In this research, from 10% to 40% by weight of hydrolyzed powder coating recyclates were used as filler in polypropylene (PP). Firstly, PP and filler were dry‐mixed and then, in order to get a homogeneous mixture, were extruded at 180°C. The resulting compounds were cooled and granulated, and by use of an injection molding machine at 180–200°C, standard tensile test bars were produced. Tensile stress, three‐point bending strength, and izod impact strength of these specimens containing different types of filler and different filler concentrations were tested. The results are presented, and the effects of type and content of hydrolyzed powder coating waste on the mechanical properties of polypropylene are discussed. Also, the change in melt flow index of polypropylene as a function of filler content is analyzed. Furthermore, the bonding mechanism of filler and matrix material was examined by electron microscopy.
Current concepts on epilepsy management in tuberous sclerosis complex
Authors: Canevini Maria Paola , Kotulska‐Jozwiak Katarzyna , Curatolo Paolo , La Briola Francesca , Peron Angela , Słowińska Monika , Strzelecka Jolanta , Vignoli Aglaia , Jóźwiak Sergiusz
Published: September 2018

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant neurocutaneous disease affecting approximately 1 in 6,000 people, and represents one of the most common genetic causes of epilepsy.

Epilepsy affects 90% of the patients and appears in the first 2 years of life in the majority of them. Early onset of epilepsy in the first 12 months of life is associated with high risk of cognitive decline and neuropsychiatric problems including autism.

Prenatal or early infantile diagnosis of TSC, before the onset of epilepsy, provides a unique opportunity to monitor EEG before the onset of clinical seizures, thus enabling early intervention in the process of epileptogenesis.

In this review, we discuss the current status of knowledge on epileptogenesis in TSC, and present recommendations of American and European experts in the field of epilepsy.
Impact of genetic variants of GLCCI1 on operational therapy in Chinese chronic rhinosinusitis patients
Authors: Liu Shuangxi , Che Na , Fan Kai , Xu Feifei , Qin Mali , Zhang Ruxin , Ge Rongmin , Yu Shaoqing
Published: September 2018

Background

Endoscopic surgery and postoperative glucocorticoids may effectively control inflammation in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). However, some patients who are insensitive to glucocorticoids have a poor prognosis. Studies have shown that the GLCCI1 polymorphism is related to sensitivity to glucocorticoids, but no study has been conducted in China to investigate the relationship between GLCCI1 polymorphisms and postoperative prognosis of CRS.

Methods

A total of 208 CRS patients received routine functional endonasal sinus surgery and then were treated with glucocorticoids. Polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism was employed to detect the rs37973G/A polymorphism of GLCCI1. The visual analogue scale (VAS) score, Lund‐Kennedy score, and computed tomography (CT) Lund‐Mackay score were determined 6 months after surgery among patients with different genotypes. Moreover, the polymorphism frequency was compared among different subgroups.

Results

There were no marked differences in VAS score, Lund‐Kennedy score, or CT Lund‐Mackay score among patients with different genotypes before surgery. In patients with the AA genotype, the changes in VAS score, Lund‐Kennedy score, and CT Lund‐Mackay scores were significantly higher than in patients with the GA/GG genotype (p < 0.05). However, there were no marked differences between patients with the GA genotype and those with the GG genotype (p > 0.05). Compared with patients with non‐eosinophilic sinusitis, the difference between the AA genotype and the GA/GG genotype was more evident in patients with eosinophilic sinusitis (p < 0.01).

Conclusion

The rs37973 polymorphism is related to postoperative recovery from CRS for individual sensitivity to glucocorticoids. Furthermore, AA genotype was associated with better treatment response in CRS.
Red‐Shifted Fluorogenic Substrate for Detection of lacZ‐Positive Cells in Living Tissue with Single‐Cell Resolution
Authors: Ito Hiroki , Kawamata Yu , Kamiya Mako , Tsuda‐Sakurai Kayoko , Tanaka Shinji , Ueno Tasuku , Komatsu Toru , Hanaoka Kenjiro , Okabe Shigeo , Miura Masayuki , Urano Yasuteru
Published: September 2018

The Escherichia coli lacZ gene encoding β‐galactosidase is a widely used reporter, but few synthetic substrates are available for detecting its activity with single‐cell resolution in living samples. Our recently reported fluorogenic substrate SPiDER‐βGal is suitable for this purpose, but its hydrolysis product shows green fluorescence emission, and a red‐shifted analogue is therefore required for use in combination with green fluorescent protein (GFP) markers. Herein, we describe the development of a red‐shifted fluorogenic substrate for β‐galactosidase, SPiDER‐Red‐βGal, based on a silicon rhodol scaffold and a carboxylic group as the intramolecular nucleophile. LacZ‐positive cells were successfully labeled with SPiDER‐Red‐βGal at single‐cell resolution in living samples, which enabled us to visualize different cell types in combination with GFP markers.
Intermolecular Allylic C−H Etherification of Internal Olefins
Authors: Nelson Taylor A. F. , Blakey Simon B.
Published: September 2018

Herein we report on the development of an oxidative allylic C−H etherification reaction, utilizing internal olefins and alcohols as simple precursors. Key advances include the use of RhCp* complexes to promote the allylic C−H functionalization of internal olefins and the compatibility of the oxidative conditions with oxidatively sensitive alcohols, enabling the direct etherification reaction. Preliminary mechanistic studies, consistent with C−H functionalization as the rate determining step, are presented.
Novel sulfamate derivatives of menthol: Synthesis, characterization, and cholinesterases and carbonic anhydrase enzymes inhibition properties
Authors: Daryadel Shahla , Atmaca Ufuk , Taslimi Parham , Gülçin İlhami , Çelik Murat
Published: September 2018

Sulfamates have a large spectrum of biological activities including enzyme inhibition. Eight sulfamates derived from menthol (2a–h) were synthesized. Also, in the other section of this study, novel sulfamate derivatives of menthol were tested against some metabolic enzymes including acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and carbonic anhydrase I and II enzymes (hCAs I and II). The newly synthesized novel menthol sulfamate and menthol carbonyl sulfamate derivatives showed Ki values in the range of 34.37 ± 8.17 to 53.40 ± 10.61 nM against hCA I, 12.91 ± 4.57 to 38.67 ± 6.22 nM against hCA II, 111.17 ± 52.36 to 522.86 ± 120.08 nM against AChE, and 50.01 ± 11.73 to 109.63 ± 50.08 nM against BChE. As a result, the novel menthol sulfamate and menthol carbonyl sulfamate derivatives can be promising Alzheimer's disease drug candidates and novel hCA I and hCA II enzymes inhibitors.
Control Design for Artificial Swarm Mechanical Systems: Dynamics, Uncertainty, and Constraint
Authors: Zhao Xiaomin , Chen Ye‐Hwa , Zhao Han , Dong Fangfang
Published: September 2018

We consider an artificial swarm system consisting of multiple agents. The agents influence each other through the attraction/repulsion, which is related to the relative positions among them. Here the collective behavior of the agents mimics some biological swarm systems. The dynamic model for each agent is built by taking the uncertainty into account. Based on the dynamic model, we propose three types adaptive robust controls, including switching type, non‐switching type and fractional type, for each agent. The control design weaves together several intrinsic features of kinematics, dynamics, d'Alembert's principle, constraint, and uncertainty.
Doping Graphene into Monodispersed Fe3O4 Microspheres with Droplet Microfluidics for Enhanced Electrochemical Performance in Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Liu Na , Li Chunlin , Xie Hua , Liu Yingjia , Liu Jiannan , Gao Jing , Han Jingfeng , Chen Jian , Wei Yingxu , Lin Bingcheng , Liu Zhongmin
Published: September 2018

Graphene‐doped Fe3O4 monodispersed microspheres are fabricated utilizing a droplet microfluidic technology. The electrochemical performance of the Fe3O4 microspheres as anode material for Li‐ion batteries is enhanced by doping trace graphene in the droplet reactor. The discharge capacity remains 550 mAh/g at 0.1 C after 190 cycles, which is 2 times higher than that of the graphene doped Fe3O4 samples prepared by the traditional precipitation method, and 5 times higher than that of pure Fe3O4 after 100 cycles. The uniform droplet reactor in form of a droplet microfluidic chip might provide a homogeneous microscopic condition for in‐situ electrostatic co‐assembly of the positive‐charged Fe colloids and the negative‐charged graphene oxide sheets to shape a homogeneous solid framework, resulting in homogeneously doping trace graphene into the Fe3O4 microspheres.
C−O Hydrogenolysis of Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol to 1,5‐Pentanediol Over Bi‐functional Nickel‐Tungsten Catalysts
Authors: Soghrati Elmira , Kok Poh Chee , Du Yonghua , Gao Feng , Kawi Sibudjing , Borgna Armando
Published: September 2018

In this study, we report a series of bimetallic Ni−WOx catalyst for the ring‐opening of THFA into 15PDO. The structure‐performance relationship of the catalysts was discussed based on extensive characterization using techniques such as BET, H2‐TPR, NH3‐TPD, Pyr‐IR, IPA‐TPD‐MS, XRD, XPS and EXAFS/XANES. The acidity measurements show that higher W density leads to the higher amount of acid density, which could be assigned to the creation of Lewis acid sites mainly on the surface of the calcined catalysts. H2‐TPR profiles of Ni−WOx catalysts show that there is a strong interaction between Ni and W species, enhancing the reducibility of WOx. XRD measurements of calcined Ni−WOx catalysts reveal that the dispersion of Ni particles is enhanced after addition of WOx species. After reduction, different peaks corresponding to metallic Ni and WO3−x are identified for 10Ni−WOx catalysts, as well as new peak assigned to Ni−W intermetallic phase on 10Ni−30WOx catalyst. The formation of Ni−W intermetallic phase was further proved using XPS and EXAFS studies. THFA hydrogenolysis was also conducted under aqueous‐phase conditions over Ni−WOx catalysts, yielding up to 47 % selectivity to 15PDO, along with a highest combined C5 polyols (i. e., 15PDO and 125PTO) selectivity of approximately 64 %. However, the Ni−WOx catalytic system suffers from deactivation process due to the hydrothermal dissolution of the active phase. Further investigation reveals the better stability of metallic tungsten and Ni−W intermetallic phase (Ni4W) against leaching since their corresponding peaks in the XRD patterns of spent catalysts remains nearly unchanged. Finally, 1,4‐dioxane as an organic solvent was employed in THFA hydrogenolysis reaction, resulting in different product distribution, with a THP yield of around 54 %. The catalyst crystalline structure is preserved because of very low Ni and W leaching when 1,4‐dioxane is used as solvent.
Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Bis(quinolin‐2‐yl)methanes: A Direct Access to Chiral 1,3‐Diamines
Authors: Li Bin , Xu Cong , He Yan‐Mei , Deng Guo‐Jun , Fan Qing‐Hua
Published: September 2018

The asymmetric hydrogenation of bis(quinolin‐2‐yl)methanes was described, using chiral cationic ruthenium/monosulfonated diamine complexes to afford chiral bis(tetrahydroquinolin‐2‐yl)methanes in high yield with excellent enantioselectivity and diastereoselectivity. The subsequent transformation of these 1,3‐diamines to a new class of chiral 6‐membered N‐heterocyclic carbenes was also developed, which is important but difficult to access.
Symmetry Reduction upon Size Mismatch: The Non‐Icosahedral Intermetalloid Cluster [Co@Ge12]3−
Authors: Liu Chao , Li Lei‐Jiao , Popov Ivan A. , Wilson Robert J. , Xu Cong‐Qiao , Li Jun , Boldyrev Alexander I. , Sun Zhong‐Ming
Published: September 2018

A new complex comprising [Co@Ge12]3– cluster core was synthesized through the reaction of CoMe(PMe3)4 and K4Ge9 in ethylenediamine solution. The pseudo‐D5d geometry of this cluster can be viewed as structurally derived from an icosahedral cage via Jahn‐Teller effect, leading to notable bonding differences from Ih‐[M@E12]q− clusters (E = Sn, Pb with q = 2, 3). The [Co@Ge12]3– cluster represents a structural conundrum. On the basis of the geometric considerations it could be viewed as a sandwich complex. However, chemical bonding analysis revealed that there is a direct covalent multicenter bonding between the two pentagons, thus indicating that the structure should be viewed as an elongated icosahedron. Further theoretical calculations on [M@Ge12]3− (M = Rh, Ir, Mt) indicate that similar compounds of larger‐size metal atoms can drive the complete transformation of [M@Ge12]3− clusters from icosahedron structure to a sandwich one.
A Phase 1 Assessment of the QT Interval in Healthy Adults Following Exposure to Rolapitant, a Cancer Supportive Care Antiemetic
Authors: Wang Xiaodong , Zhang Zhi‐Yi , Wang Jing , Kansra Vikram
Published: September 2018

This 2‐part study evaluated the QT/QTc prolongation potential and safety and pharmacokinetics of the antiemetic rolapitant, a neurokinin‐1 receptor antagonist. Part 1 was a randomized, placebo‐controlled single‐dose‐escalation study assessing the safety of a single high dose of rolapitant. Part 2 was a randomized, placebo‐ and positive‐controlled, double‐blind parallel‐group study including 4 treatment arms: rolapitant at the highest safe dose established in part 1, placebo, moxifloxacin 400 mg (positive control), and rolapitant at the presumed therapeutic dose (180 mg). Among 184 adults, rolapitant was absorbed following oral administration under fasting conditions, with a median Tmax of 4 to 6 hours (range, 2–8 hours) and was safe at all doses up to 720 mg. No differences in mean change in QTcF were observed between placebo and rolapitant from baseline or at any point. At any point, the upper bound of the confidence interval for the mean difference between placebo and rolapitant was no greater than 4.4 milliseconds, and the mean difference between placebo and rolapitant was no greater than 1.7 milliseconds, suggesting an insignificant change in QTc with rolapitant. Rolapitant is safe and does not prolong the QT interval at doses up to 720 mg relative to placebo in healthy adults.
Base‐Promoted Double‐Bond‐Migration/Hydrolysis/Isomerization of 4‐Aryl‐1,1,1‐trifluorobut‐2‐en‐2‐yl Trifluoromethanesulfonates: A Metal‐Free Approach to β‐Trifluoromethyl Ketones
Authors: Zhou Yuhan , Zhang Chunxia , Zhao Yilong , Li Dong , Zhao Jinfeng , Wang Zhaotian , Qu Jingping
Published: September 2018

A method for the synthesis of β‐trifluoromethyl ketones promoted by a base is described. In the presence of DBU, 1‐aryl‐4,4,4‐trifluoromethylbutanones with various functional groups were obtained through the reaction of 4‐aryl‐1,1,1‐trifluorobut‐2‐en‐2‐yl trifluoromethanesulfonates with water in moderate to excellent yields. The reaction underwent a double‐bond‐migration/hydrolysis/isomerization pathway, and 1‐aryl‐4,4,4‐trifluorobut‐2‐en‐1‐ols were determined as the key intermediates. Both electron‐withdrawing and electron‐donating groups, such as fluoro, chloro, bromo, ester, cyano, trifluoromethyl, alkyl, and alkoxy, were tolerated well in this reaction.
Unprecedented Mechanism of an Organocatalytic Route to Conjugated Enynes with a Junction to Cyclic Nitronates
Authors: Streitferdt Verena , Haindl Michael H. , Hioe Johnny , Morana Fabio , Renzi Polyssena , von Rekowski Felicitas , Zimmermann Alexander , Nardi Martina , Zeitler Kirsten , Gschwind Ruth M.
Published: September 2018

Conjugated enynes as well as cyclic nitronates are crucial building blocks for numerous natural products and pharmaceuticals. However, so far, no common and metal‐free synthetic route to both conjugated enynes and cyclic nitronates has been reported. Herein, in situ NMR, labelling studies and theoretical calculations were combined to investigate the mechanism of the unusual triple bond formation towards conjugated enynes. Starting from nitroalkene dimers, first an isoxazolidine‐2,5‐diol derivative is formed as central intermediate. From this, enynes were generated by a combination of oxidation, dehydration, and retro 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition, whereas for nitronates a base induced intramolecular reorganization is proposed. While the product distribution could be controlled and high yields of nitronate were achieved, only medium to good yields for enynes were obtained due to polymerization losses. Nevertheless, we hope that these mechanistic investigations may provide a basis for further developments of organocatalytic or metal‐free preparations of conjugated enynes and nitronates.
Lifespan Kras mutation levels in lung and liver of B6C3F1 mice
Authors: McKinzie Page B. , McKim Karen L. , Pearce Mason G. , Bishop Michelle E. , Parsons Barbara L.
Published: September 2018

Somatic mutations accumulate in the human genome and are correlated with increased cancer incidence as humans age. The standard model for studying the carcinogenic effects of exposures for human risk assessment is the rodent 2‐year carcinogenicity assay. However, there is little information regarding the effect of age on cancer‐driver gene mutations in these models. The mutant fraction (MF) of Kras codon 12 GGT to GAT and GGT to GTT mutations, oncogenic mutations orthologous between humans and rodents, was quantified over the lifespan of B6C3F1 mice. MFs were measured in lung and liver tissue, organs that frequently develop tumors following carcinogenic exposures. The MFs were evaluated at 4, 6, 8, 12, 21, and 85 weeks, with the 12‐week and 21‐week time points being coincident with the conclusion of 28‐day and 90‐day exposure durations used in short‐term toxicity testing. The highly sensitive and quantitative Allele‐specific Competitive Blocker PCR (ACB‐PCR) assay was used to quantify the number of mutant Kras codon 12 alleles. The mouse lung showed a slight, but significant trend increase in the Kras codon 12 GAT mutation over the 85‐week period. The trend with age can be equally well‐fit by several non‐linear functions, but not by a linear function. In contrast, the liver GAT mutation did not increase, and the GTT mutation did not increase for either organ. Even with the slight increase in the lung GAT MFs, our results indicate that the future use of Kras mutation as a biomarker of carcinogenic effect will not be confounded by animal age. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:715–721, 2018. Published 2018. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Amine Resin by Chromium (III)‐Fibrous Protein for Enhanced Removal of Two Reactive Anionic Dyes
Authors: Deng Hui , Xu Jiacui , Wang Xiaoning , Zhang Feng Cai , Wang Xiaoqing , Du Shengnan
Published: September 2018

Amine resin (ACrFP) based on chromium (III)‐fibrous protein (CrFP) was synthesized by solvothermal reaction using tetraethylenepentamine, and its utilization in removing two kinds of anionic dyes (reactive brilliant red X‐3B and K‐2BP) was investigated. This adsorbent with protonated amine groups was characterized by SEM‐EDS, zeta potential, FTIR, Raman, and XPS. EDS analysis illustrated that the nitrogen content of ACrFP increased 6.40% compared with CrFP, suggesting grafting of amine groups into the framework of CrFP. Raman analysis of anionic dyes in solution and the ACrFP resin which has adsorbed dyes suggested that X‐3B and K‐2BP in solution have been loaded on solid, and XPS measurement of ACrFP, X‐3B‐ACrFP, and K‐2BP‐ACrFPfurther affirmed the results of Raman. Both sorption isotherms of X‐3B and K‐2BP were favored in lower temperature. About 0.1 mol/L of HCl could desorb reactive red dyes from ACrFP and the regenerated adsorbent could reuse several cycles. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38: S196–S204, 2019
Effects of estuarine mudflat formation on tidal prism and large‐scale morphology in experiments
Authors: Braat Lisanne , Leuven Jasper R. F. W. , Lokhorst Ivar R. , Kleinhans Maarten G.
Published: September 2018

Human interference in estuaries has led to increasing problems of mud, such as hyper‐turbidity with adverse ecological effects and siltation of navigation channels and harbours. To deal with this mud sustainably, it is important to understand its long‐term effects on the morphology and dynamics of estuaries. The aim of this study is to understand how mud affects the morphological evolution of estuaries. We focus on the effects of fluvial mud supply on the spatial distribution of mudflats and on how this influences estuary width, depth, surface area and dynamics over time. Three physical experiments with self‐forming channels and shoals were conducted in a new flume type suitable for tidal experiments: the Metronome. In two of the experiments, we added nutshell grains as mud simulant, which is transported in suspension. Time‐lapse images of every tidal cycle and digital elevation models for every 500 cycles were analysed for the three experiments. Mud settles in distinct locations, forming mudflats on bars and sides of the estuary, where the bed elevation is higher. Two important effects of mud were observed: the first is the slight cohesiveness of mud that causes stability on bars limiting vertical erosion, although the bank erosion rate by migrating channels is unaffected. Secondly, mud fills inactive areas and deposits at higher elevations up to the high‐water level and therefore decreases the tidal prism. These combined effects cause a decrease in dynamics in the estuary and lead to near‐equilibrium planforms that are smaller in volume and especially narrower upstream, with increased bar heights and no channel deepening. This trend is in contrast to channel deepening in rivers by muddier floodplain formation. These results imply large consequences for long‐term morphodynamics in estuaries that become muddier due to management practices, which deteriorate ecological quality of intertidal habitats but may create potential area for marshes. © 2018 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Multielements determination and metal transfer investigation in herb medicine Bupleuri Radix by inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Li Kunlun , Luo Jiaoyang , Ding Tong , Dou Xiaowen , Hu Yuli , Zhang Xingguo , Yang Meihua
Published: September 2018

Bupleuri Radix is a famous traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and an important raw material in TCM patent prescriptions. It is widely used in several countries, including China, Japan, South Korea, and America. However, the impact of heavy metal transfer rules on TCMs remains unknown. In this study, a total of 45 paired original medicines (OMs), decoction pieces (DPs), and vinegar‐processed (VPs) samples were simultaneously determined via inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry after a microwave digestion. The concentrations of the elements were shown at three levels: (a) Al and Fe at the mg/g level; (b) Pb, Cu, Ba, Mn, Cr, and Ni at the mg/kg level; (c) Co, As, Cd, and Hg at μg/kg level. It is worth noting that the Cu levels were found to exceed the maximum concentration set by Chinese legislation (20.0 mg/kg). In addition, Mn, Ni, and Cu levels were higher in samples from the Gansu province than those from other provinces. The accumulation of the heavy metals decreased in the order of OMs > DPs > VPs; this was especially true for the Al and Fe levels. Furthermore, the results indicate that decocting the samples may reduce the intake of heavy metals. The element transfer ratios for decoctions were under 50% compared to herbal medicines and decreased in the order of Co > As > Mn > Hg > other metals. Our study strongly suggests that long‐term and regular monitoring for heavy metals in the plant is necessary.
Europe? Europe!
Authors: Strohschneider Peter
Published: September 2018

What will serve as the foundation for the European research funding of tomorrow? For its next framework programme, the European Commission is focussing on open science, citizen involvement and missions. Reason enough for the research community to keep a close and critical eye on developments.
On the treatment of persons with disabilities in organizations: A review and research agenda
Authors: Beatty Joy E. , Baldridge David C. , Boehm Stephan A. , Kulkarni Mukta , Colella Adrienne J.
Published: September 2018

Human resource practitioners play a crucial role in promoting equitable treatment of persons with disabilities, and practitioner's decisions should be guided by solid evidence‐based research. We offer a systematic review of the empirical research on the treatment of persons with disabilities in organizations, using Stone and Colella's seminal theoretical model of the factors influencing the treatment of persons with disabilities in work organizations, to ask: What does the available research reveal about workplace treatment of persons with disabilities, and what remains understudied? Our review of 88 empirical studies from management, rehabilitation, psychology, and sociology research highlights seven gaps and limitations in extant research: (a) implicit definitions of workplace treatment; (b) neglect of national context variation; (c) missing differentiation between disability populations; (d) overreliance on available data sets; (e) predominance of single‐source, cross‐sectional data; (f) neglect of individual differences and identities in the presence of disability; and (g) lack of specificity on underlying stigma processes. To support the development of more inclusive workplaces, we recommend increased research collaborations between human resource researchers and practitioners on the study of specific disabilities and contexts, and efforts to define and expand notions of treatment to capture more nuanced outcomes.
Employee stock ownership and financial performance in European countries: The moderating effects of uncertainty avoidance and social trust
Authors: Kang Saehee , Kim Andrea
Published: September 2018

This study investigates how the effect of employee stock ownership on financial performance may hinge on the diverse cultural and societal contexts of European countries. Based on agency and national culture theories, we hypothesize that the positive relationship between employee stock ownership and return on assets (ROA) is stronger in those nations with lower uncertainty avoidance and higher social trust. Using a multisource, time‐lagged, large‐scale dataset of 1,741 firms from 21 countries in Europe, our multilevel, random coefficient modeling analysis found evidence for these hypotheses, suggesting that uncertainty avoidance and social trust serve as important contextual cues in predicting the linkage between employee stock ownership and financial performance. Our supplemental analysis with distinction between the managerial and nonmanagerial employee stock ownership further indicates managerial employee stock ownership has a direct positive effect on ROA. Although nonmanagerial employee stock ownership had a nonsignificant association with ROA, the relationship was positive and significant when uncertainty avoidance was low and social trust was high. This research contributes to the existing literature by illuminating some of the contextual influences altering the effectiveness of employee stock ownership. Our findings also offer practical suggestions for effectively using employee stock ownership.
Fruit and vegetable intake and pancreatic cancer risk in a population‐based cohort study in Japan
Authors: Yamagiwa Yoko , Sawada Norie , Shimazu Taichi , Yamaji Taiki , Goto Atsushi , Takachi Ribeka , Ishihara Junko , Iwasaki Motoki , Inoue Manami , Tsugane Shoichiro
Published: September 2018

Oxidative stress and chronic inflammation are potential pathogenic factors of pancreatic cancer. Although fruits and vegetables are abundant in antioxidants and anti‐inflammatory constituents, the reported associations between fruit and vegetable intake and pancreatic cancer risk have been inconsistent. Here, we investigated the association between fruit and vegetable intake and pancreatic cancer risk as part of the Japan Public Health Center‐based Prospective Study. The analysis included 90,185 participants who responded to a medical and lifestyle questionnaire during 1995–1998. Associations between fruit and vegetable intake and pancreatic cancer risk were evaluated with Cox proportional hazards models. Additional analyses were stratified by smoking status and body mass index. During follow‐up (median duration, 16.9 years), 577 participants were diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. In multivariate‐adjusted models, pancreatic cancer risk was inversely associated with total fruit intake (highest vs. lowest intake quartile; hazard ratio [HR]: 0.74, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.57–0.95, p‐trend: 0.116) and positively associated with total vegetable intake (HR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.01–1.66, p‐trend: 0.151). For total fruit intake, the inverse association with pancreatic cancer risk was more apparent in never smokers (HR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.47–0.97, p‐trend: 0.034). For total vegetable intake, the positive association was statistically significant in ever smokers (HR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.01–2.19, p‐trend: 0.043) and statistically nonsignificant in never smokers. In summary, total fruit intake and total vegetable intake had inverse and positive associations, respectively, with pancreatic cancer risk. Vegetable intake may correlate with increased risk partly because of the influence of smoking on vegetable intake.
Cartel dating
Authors: Boswijk H. Peter , Bun Maurice J. G. , Schinkel Maarten Pieter
Published: September 2018

The begin and end dates of cartels are often ambiguous, despite competition authorities stating them with precision. The legally established infringement period(s) from documentary evidence need not coincide with the period(s) of actual cartel effects. In this paper, we show that misdating cartel effects leads to a (weak) overestimation of but‐for prices and an underestimation of overcharges. Total overcharges based on comparing but‐for prices to actual prices are a (weak) underestimation of the true amount overcharged, irrespective of the type and size of the misdating. The bias in antitrust damage estimation based on predicted cartel prices can have either sign. We extend the before‐during‐and‐after method with an empirical cartel dating procedure, which infers structural breaks of unknown number and dates that mark the actual begin and end dates of the collusive effects. Empirical findings in the European Sodium Chlorate cartel corroborate our theoretical results.
Two‐photon focal modulation microscopy for high‐resolution imaging in deep tissue
Authors: Zheng Yao , Chen Jiajia , Shi Xin , Zhu Xinpei , Wang Jiahao , Huang Limeng , Si Ke , Sheppard Colin J.R. , Gong Wei
Published: September 2018

Two‐photon microscopy (2PM) is one of the most widely used tools for in vivo deep tissue imaging. However, the spatial resolution and penetration depth are still limited due to the strong scattering background. Here we demonstrate a two‐photon focal modulation microscopy. By utilizing the modulation and demodulation techniques, background rejection capability is enhanced, thus spatial resolution and imaging penetration depth are improved. Compared with 2PM, the transverse resolution is increased by 70%, while the axial resolution is increased to 2‐fold. Furthermore, when applied in conventional 2PM mode, it can achieve inertial‐free scanning in either transverse or axial direction with in principle unlimited scanning speed. Finally, we applied 2PFMM in thick scattering samples to further examine the imaging performance. The results show that the signal‐to‐background ratio of 2PFMM can be improved up to five times of 2PM at the depth of 500 μm. Fluorescent imaging in the mouse brain tissue. 3D Thy1‐GFP hippocampal neurons imaged by (A) 2PM compared with (B) 2PFMM; (C‐H) xy maximum‐intensity projection imaged by 2PM compared with 2PFMM. Scale bar 50 μm.
Melatonin ameliorates spinal cord injury by suppressing the activation of inflammasomes in rats
Authors: Xu Guanghui , Shi Dong , Zhi Zhongzheng , Ao Rongguang , Yu Baoqing
Published: September 2018

Background

The activation of inflammasomes plays an important role in the pathogenesis of spinal cord injury (SCI). In addition, the administration of melatonin (MT) has been shown to suppress the activation of inflammasomes. In this study, we aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect of MT in the treatment of SCI.

Methods

Basso‐Beattie‐Bresnahan (BBB) locomotion scaling was conducted to evaluate the therapeutic effect of MT on post‐SCI locomotion recovery. In addition, the measurement of spinal cord water content was performed together with Nissl staining to evaluate the protective effect of MT against SCI. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay, Western blot analysis, and real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were also conducted to clarify the molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect of MT in the treatment of SCI.

Results

BBB scores of SCI + MT rats were increased compared with the BBB scores of SCI rats, thus confirming the beneficial role of MT treatment in post‐SCI functional recovery. Meanwhile, the administration of MT could alleviate SCI by reducing spinal cord water content and by exerting a neuroprotective effect on motor neurons. Furthermore, in the treatment of SCI, MT also attenuated cell apoptosis. Moreover, the relative expression of NLRP3, interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), and caspase‐1 were markedly elevated in the SCI group compared with that in the sham group, while the administration of MT reduced the expression of NLRP3 in SCI rats.

Conclusions

MT treatment accelerated the recovery of SCI by suppressing the activation of inflammasomes.
Opportunities for Gaming the System: How Data Collection Design Influences Program Assessment Outcomes
Authors: Collins Jasmine D. , Rosch David M. , Stephens Clinton M.
Published: September 2018

Opportunities for college students to develop their leadership capacity through participation in formal leadership programs have grown tremendously. As the assessment of such programs rises, educators must become knowledgeable about the potentially significant design effects on assessment results. Using a national leadership program as a case study, we quasi‐experimentally examined the effects of data collection design on measured outcomes, and discovered surprisingly noteworthy differences in results. Our work suggests that collection design may be even more important to whether leadership programs seem to make a difference than the curriculum itself.
Validation of Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System 2017 (LI‐RADS) Criteria for Imaging Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Kierans Andrea S. , Makkar Jasnit , Guniganti Preethi , Cornman‐Homonoff Joshua , Lee Michael J. , Pittman Meredith , Askin Gulce , Hecht Elizabeth M.
Published: September 2018

Background

The Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI‐RADS) is being adapted by many clinical practices. To support continuation of its use, LI‐RADS (LR) is in need of multicenter validation studies of recent LI‐RADS iterations. Furthermore, while both gadoxetate and extracellular agents have been incorporated into LI‐RADS, comparison of the diagnostic performance between the two has yet to be determined.

Purpose/Hypothesis

To evaluate the rate, diagnostic performance, and interreader reliability (IRR) of LI‐RADS 2017 for hepatocellular carcinoma, including LR major and ancillary features, with both gadoxetate and extracellular agent‐enhanced MRI against a reference standard of histopathology or imaging follow‐up.

Study Type

Retrospective.

Population

In all, 114 patients with 144 observations were included who met LR 2017 criteria for at risk and had at least one hepatic observation on liver MRI performed with either gadoxetate (n = 52) or an extracellular agent (n = 92) between 2010–2016, with histopathology (n = 103) or follow‐up imaging (n = 41).

Field Strength/Sequence

1.5 and 3.0T/T1‐T2WI, diffusion‐weighted imaging.

Assessment

Three radiologists independently assessed major/ancillary features and assigned overall LI‐RADS category for every observation.

Statistical Tests

Diagnostic performance of LR5/TIV+LR5 for identifying hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was compared between contrast agents with a generalized estimating equation. Weighted kappa was performed for interrater reliability.

Results

The frequency of HCCs among LR1, LR2, LR3, L4, LR5, LRTIV+LR5, and LRM observations were: 0% (all readers), 0–12.5%, 11.4–26.9%, 50–76%, 83.0–95.1%, 83.3–100.0%, and 45.0–65.0%, respectively. Sensitivity of LR5/LRTIV+LR5 for HCC was 59.7–71.4% and specificity 85.0–96.8%. LI‐RADS specificity and positive predictive value for observations imaged with gadoxetate was higher than extracellular agent for the most inexperienced reader (R3) (P = 0.009–0.034). IRR for LI‐RADS categorization was substantial (k = 0.661).

Data Conclusion

Increasing numerical LI‐RADS 2017 categories demonstrate a greater percentage of HCCs. LR5/TIV+LR5 demonstrates excellent specificity and fair sensitivity for HCC. MRI with gadoxetate in liver transplant candidates may be beneficial for less experienced readers, although further large‐scale prospective studies are needed.

Level of Evidence: 4

Technical Efficacy: Stage 3

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;49:e205–e215.
Digital mass filter analysis in stability zones A and B
Authors: Opačić Bojana , Huntley Adam P. , Clowers Brian H. , Reilly Peter T. A.
Published: September 2018

Digitally driven mass filter analysis is an advancing field. This work presents a tutorial of digital waveforms, stability diagrams, and pseudopotential well plots. Experimental results on digitally driven mass filter analysis in stability zones A and B are also shown. This work explains duty cycle manipulation of the waveforms to axially trap and eject ions from linear quadrupoles and how to change and distort the stability diagrams to create mass filters and their effects on the pseudopotential well depth. It discusses the sensitivity and resolution that can be obtained and what limits these benchmarks. It reveals the advantages of mass filter operation without any added direct current potential between the quadrupole electrodes (a = 0).
Characterization of a thermostable κ‐carrageenase from a hot spring bacterium and plant protection activity of the oligosaccharide enzymolysis product
Authors: Li Jiang , Pan Aihong , Xie Maisheng , Zhang Pingping , Gu Xiaoqian
Published: September 2018

Background

Seaweed oligosaccharides are environmentally‐friendly natural products and their use for disease control in sustainable agriculture is extremely promising. Enzymatic digestion to prepare seaweed oligosaccharides has drawn considerable interest. However, the study of enzymatically degraded products of carrageenan is still in its infancy compared with that of other hydrocolloids such as agar and alginate. To prepare degraded carrageenan on a commercial scale, it is necessary to select superior producer bacterial strains to improve the yield and thermostability of carrageenases.

Results

The carrageenan‐degrading bacteriumBacillussp. HT19 was isolated from sediment of a hot spring in Indonesia, and a κ‐carrageenase with high activity was purified from the culture supernatant. The purified enzyme, named Car19, had maximum activity (538 U mg−1) at 60 °C and pH 7.0. Notably, the enzyme retained >90% of its initial activity after incubation at 60 °C for 24 h. The Ca2+obviously improved the thermostability of Car19 at 70 °C. TheKmandVmaxvalues of purified Car19 were 0.061 mg mL−1and 115.13 U mg−1, respectively, with κ‐carrageenan as substrate. Thin‐layer chromatography and electrospray ionization mass‐spectrometry analysis of hydrolysates indicated that the enzyme exolytically depolymerized κ‐carrageenan to neo‐carrabiose. The hydrolysate enhanced the resistance of cucumber to cucumber mosaic virus and increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes in infected plants.

Conclusion

To our knowledge, Car19 is the most thermostable κ‐carrageenase reported so far. Its high optimal reaction temperature and thermostability, and unitary hydrolysate constituent, makes Car19 a promising candidate for the preparation of carrageenan oligosaccharides with plant protection activity. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry