bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pengaruh Persepsi Konsumen Terhadap Atribut Produk pada Sikap Terhadap Produk dan Niat Pembelian Ulang : Studi Empirik Pengambilan Keputusan pada Kategori Produk Daging Olahan Beku (The Effect of Consumer Perception on Product Attributes to Attitude Towar
Authors: Ahmadi Antofany Yusticia , Syahlani Suci Paramitasari , Haryadi F. Trisakti
Published: April 2016

The objectives of the study were to measure the influence of product attribute perception to attitude toward product, the effect of attitude toward product to repeat purchase intention and to confirm that attitude toward product is
a mediating variable between effect in relationship of product attribute perception to repeat purchase intention. One hundred (100) housewives determined by judgmental sampling method were used in the study. The criterion of
respondent selected was that he/she has a role as food buying decision maker. Data were analyzed by simple and multiple regression analysis. The results indicated that perception on product attribute had significant effect on
attitudes toward product and attitude toward product influenced repeat purchase intention. The study showed that 36.5% attitude toward product can be explained by consumer product attribute perception, while 61.6% repeat purchase intention can be explained by attitude toward product. Study also confirmed that attitude toward product attribute was a fully mediating variable relationship of attitude and purchase intention.

(Key words: Perception, Attitude, Repeat purchase intention)
Monitoring Salmonella sp dan Escherichia coli dalam Bahan Pakan Ternak (Salmonella sp and Escherichia coli Monitoring in the Animal Feed Ingredients)
Authors: Suwito Widodo
Published: April 2016

Quality of livestock feed affects production and animal health. Fish and bone meal is animal feed ingredients that need to be monitored because highly contaminated with of Salmonella sp and E. coli. Salmonella sp and E. coli are
pathogen causing diarrhea in cattle and humans. The aim of this study was to investigate both E. coli and Salmonella contamination animal feed ingredients. A total of 38 animal feed ingredients samples from a poultry farm in Sukabumi
consisting of 15 samples fish meal, bone meal 13 samples and corn 10 samples. These samples were analyzed for Salmonella sp and E. coli by isolation and identification using biochemical analysis. Salmonella Weltevreden was
isolated from fish meal at rates of 6% from the 15 samples. E. coli was isolated at rates of 6% from the 15 fish meal samples and 7% from 13 bone meal samples, while corn samples were free from Salmonella sp and E. coli. This study
showed that bone meal and fish meal was contaminated slightly by Salmonella Weltevreden and E. coli.

(Key words: Feed, Livestock, Salmonella sp, E. coli)
ESTIMASI POTENSI GENETIK SAPI PERAH FRIESIAN HOLSTEIN DI TAURUS DAIRY FARM, CICURUG, SUKABUMI
Authors: Prahanisa Hera , (Sumadi) Sumadi , (Adiarto) Adiarto
Published: April 2016

The objective of this study was to estimate potential genetic of Friesian Holstein at Taurus Dairy Farm, Cicurug, Sukabumi. Data observed were secondary data of milk yield, calving interval, service per conception, age at first calving, and length of lactation records of cows that have been experiencing one or more lactation since year 2003 to 2009, then were standardized based on milk yield by using correction factor 305 days of lactation period and mature equivalent (ME). Production trait (milk yield), reproduction traits (CI, S/C, length of lactation, and age at first calving) were analyzed by descriptive statistic. Data were analyzed by paternal half-sib correlation and nested method to get heritability, while the repeatability value were obtained by interclass and intraclass correlation method. Heritability and repeatability value then was used to count most probable producing ability (MPPA) and estimated real producing ability value and estimated transmitting ability (ETA) and breeding value (NP) of dairy cows. Estimates of heritability of milk yield by using nested are 0.287±0.135 (h2s), 0.310±0.154 (h2d), and 0.299±0.103 (h2(d+s)), and paternal half-sib correlation method was 0.63±0.23. Estimates of CI heritability with paternal half-sib method was 0.46±0.23, and values obtained using nested were 0.038±0.106 (h2s), 0.733±0.231 (h2d), 0.385±0.117 (h2(d+s)). Estimated heritability of S/C
with paternal half-sib method was 0.001±0.110 and using nested method are -0.022±0.043 (h2s), 0.098±0.133 (h2d), 0.038±0.072 (h2(d+s)). Estimated value of milk yield repeatability with interclass correlation was 0.43±0.1 and intraclass correlation was 0.15±0.05. CI repeatability value with interclass correlation method was 0.00±0.09 and intraclass correlation was 0.19±0.07. S/C repeatability value with interclass correlation method was 0.12±0.15 and intraclass correlation was 0.02±0.05. Based on the calculation, the highest five ranks on the estimated relative value of MPPA and ERPA from 147 holstein friesian dairy cows with interclass repeatability method and 279 Friesian Holstein
dairycows with intraclass method were 1966, 1941, 2180, 2087, and 2248. Database, Kimball, Beam, Doeboy, Paul, Varlour and Cassela get the highest rank, based on the estimated value of ETA and NP for 40 bulls using paternal half-
sib heritability method and 38 bulls using nested heritability method.

(Keywords: Friesian Holstein dairy cows, Milk yield, Reproduction traits, Genetic parameter)
KARAKTERISTIK DAN ORGAN REPRODUKSI BETINA KANGURU POHON KELABU (Dendrolagus inustus) DI PAPUA
Authors: Koibur Johan Fredrik , (Kustono) Kustono , Widayati Diah Tri
Published: April 2016

Five females of 1 up to 2.5 years old Gray Tree Kangaroo (Dendrologus inustus), 10.83 kg body weight and 72.8 cm body length were dissected, and then the reproductive organ were observed for its morphology, length, and weight
using digital camera, tape measured and scale. This study used experimental studies-descriptive case study technique, statistical analytic and correlation displayed in the average value and standard deviation (SD). The length of female D. inustus reproductive organ was 18.88±0.78 cm (left) and 19.00±0.78 cm (right). The length of ovarian was 1 cm (left/right), the weights of left and right of ovarian weight were 0.59±0.85 g (left) and 1 g (right), respectively. Diameter
and length of fallopian tube, uterine horn, corpus uteri, and cervical were 0.57±0.01 mm (left) and 0.60±0.01 mm (right) and 3.00 cm (left) and 3.26±0.18 cm (right); 0.54±0.02 mm (left) and 0.56±0.02 mm (right) and 4 cm (left) and 4.8±0.45 cm (right); 1.16±0.09 mm (left) and 1.3±0.12 mm (right) and 1 cm (left/right); 0.3 mm (left/right) and 3 cm (left/right), respectively. Length of vagina and vulva were 4 and 2 cm, respectively. The result showed that shape and model of D. inustus reproductive organs were similar with the mammalian female reproductive organs in general but all of the organs have two sparated parts with different sizes.

(Key words: Female reproductive organs, Gray Tree Kangaroo)
KECERNAAN IN SACCO HIJAUAN LEGUMINOSA DAN HIJAUAN NON- LEGUMINOSA DALAM RUMEN SAPI PERANAKAN ONGOLE
Authors: Hadi Rendi Fathoni , (Kustantinah) Kustantinah , Hartadi Hari
Published: April 2016

This study was aimed to explore the optimum potential of forage and the degradation rate the rumen of nutrient of forage (legume and non legume) derived different forage fodder used farmers. Seven forages i.e. Gliricidia (GL),
Manilkara (SW), Sesbania (TP), Ficus (BR), Calothyrsus (KL), Jackfruit (NG), and Cacao leaves (CO), were used in this experiment. Samples were incubated in the rumen of fistulated cattle with different time intervals, namely 2, 4, 8,
12, 16, 24, 36, and 48 hours. The collected data were the nutrient digestibility residues in rumen, including dried matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF). Data
were analyzed using Completely Randomized Design (CRD). From the calculation of in sacco rumen, it was obtained the degradation theory (DT) values of DM : GL 60.06%; SW 34.78%; TP 73.96%; BR 41.40%; KL 43.80%; NG 43.67%; and CO 28.67%. From in sacco rumen calculation, it was obtained the DT values of OM : GL 59.13%; SW 32.74%; TP 73.07%; BR 42.83%; KL 44.18%; NG 45.04%; and CO 26.80%. Calculation of in sacco rumen showed the DT values of CP : GL 66.14%; SW 32.49%; TP 81.46%; BR 42.89%; KL 31.84%; NG 47.05%; and CO 29.46%. The calculation of in sacco rumen, it was obtained the DT values of NDF: GL 46.84%; SW 46.59%; TP 56.69%; BR 44.18%; KL 23.01%; NG 30.07%; and CO 55.43%. From the calculation of in sacco rumen, it was obtained the DT
values of ADF: GL 61.27%; SW 43.95%; TP 56.53%; BR 40.11%; KL 21.08%; NG 44.66%; and CO 69.15%. There were significant differences (P<0.05) on the degradation of DM, OM, CP, NDF, and ADF. It is concluded that not all of legume has higher DT values of DM, OM, CP, NDF, and ADF fraction than non-legume. There is a tendency that the longer retention time in the rumen, the higher degradation rate.

(Keywords: Legume, Non-legume, In sacco rumen)
PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN TONGKOL JAGUNG DALAM COMPLETE FEED DAN SUPLEMENTASI UNDEGRADED PROTEIN TERHADAP PERTAMBAHAN BOBOT BADAN DAN KUALITAS DAGING PADA SAPI PERANAKAN ONGOLE
Authors: Nusi Musrifah , Utomo Ristanto , (Soeparno) Soeparno
Published: April 2016

Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui konsumsi pakan, pertambahan bobot badan, persentase karkas dan kualitas daging sapi Peranakan Ongole (PO) yang diberi complete feed berbahan dasar tongkol jagung dan suplementasi
undegraded protein. Dua belas ekor sapi jantan berumur antara 1,5-2,0 tahun dengan bobot badan rata-rata 272,67+26,84 kg dibagi secara acak menjadi 3 kelompok dengan ulangan 4 ekor. Perlakuan I merupakan ransum
dengan pakan basal rumput gajah dan konsentrat BC feed (R-1), perlakuan II merupakan pelet pakan komplit berbahan dasar tongkol jagung (R-2) dan perlakuan III merupakan pelet pakan komplit yang disuplementasi undegraded protein (R-3). Air minum diberikan secara ad libitum. Pada akhir penelitian 3 ekor sapi dari masing-masing kelompok dipotong untuk diketahui persentase karkas, kualitas fisik (pH, warna, daya ikat air (DIA), susut masak dan keempukan) dan
kimia daging (kadar air, protein dan lemak). Dilakukan analisis statistik terhadap data yang diperoleh dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap pola searah dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Penggunaan suplementasi undegraded protein (UDP) berpengaruh (P<0,05) pada konsumsi pakan dan pertambahan bobot badan harian (PBBH), tetapi pada feed conversion ratio (FCR) dan persentase karkas menunjukkan perbedaan yang tidak nyata. Kualitas fisik daging menunjukkan bahwa pH R-1 lebih rendah (P<0,05) dari R-2 maupun R-3 (5,32; 5,66 dan 5,62), warna R-1 lebih rendah (P<0,01) dari R-2 maupun R-3 (5,7; 7,2 dan 7,5). DIA pada R-2 dan R-3 lebih tinggi (P<0,05) dari R-1 (16,05; 25,39 dan 24,92%). Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan complete feed dan UDP mampu meningkatkan konsumsi pakan, pertambahan bobot badan harian (PBBH) dan DIA daging pada sapi PO.

(Kata kunci: Sapi Peranakan Ongole, Tongkol jagung, Complete feed, Undegraded protein, Kualitas daging)
EVALUASI PROGRAM PENGEMBANGAN SAPI POTONG GADUHAN MELALUI KELOMPOK LEMBAGA MANDIRI YANG MENGAKAR DI MASYARAKAT DI KABUPATEN MANOKWARI PAPUA BARAT
Authors: Sonbait Lukas Yowel , Santosa Krishna Agung , (Panjono) Panjono
Published: April 2016

Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi program pengembangan sapi potong gaduhan melalui kelompok Lembaga Mandiri yang Mengakar di Masyarakat (LM3), yang merupakan sebuah lembaga mandiri berbasis masyarakat di Manokwari, Papua Barat, ditinjau dari pendapatan peternak dari usaha sapi potong, penyerapan tenaga kerja dan kenaikan populasi sapi potong. Survei dilakukan terhadap seluruh peserta program gaduhan sebanyak 55 peternak yang berlangsung sejak bulan Agustus sampai Oktober 2010. Net present value (NPV), benefit cost ratio (BCR) dan internal rate return (IRR) dihitung dari kondisi sebelum dan setelah mengikuti program. Nilai NPV meningkat sebesar 64,40% dari Rp. 18.251.432,00 menjadi Rp. 28.338.774,00. Nilai BCR dan IRR berturut-turut adalah 21,35 dan 50%. Rerata pendapatan diperoleh sebesar Rp. 5.212.500,00 per tahun. Kenaikan populasi sapi potong secara alami adalah sebesar 27,05% per tahun. Program gaduhan mampu meningkatkan penyerapan tenaga kerja sebesar 12,27%. Analisis regresi menunjukkan bahwa faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap waktu pengembalian oleh peternak adalah angka mortalitas (P<0,01), pengalaman beternak (P<0,05) dan calving interval (P<0,01). Kesimpulan yang diperoleh adalah program sapi potong gaduhan memberikan manfaat dalam hal peningkatan populasi, penyerapan tenaga kerja dan peningkatan pendapatan terhadap peternak di Manokwari, Papua Barat.

(Kata kunci: Program gaduhan sapi potong, Evaluasi program)
PENGARUH KOMBINASI PENGKABUTAN DAN KIPAS ANGIN TERHADAP KONDISI FISIOLOGIS SAPI PERAH PERANAKAN FRIESIAN HOLLAND
Authors: Palulungan John Arnold
Published: April 2016

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh pengkabutan yang dikombinasi dengan penggunaan kipas angin terhadap kondisi mikroklimat kandang, kondisi fisiologis, dan konsumsi pakan. Delapan ekor sapi perah yaitu 4 ekor laktasi ke I dan 4 ekor laktasi ke III, dengan rata-rata berat badan 409,13±19,02 kg dikelompokkan dalam dua kelompok. Metode yang digunakan metode eksperimen yang dirancang dengan rancangan balanced simple crossover dengan dua perlakuan yaitu pengkabutan dan kipas angin (P) dan tidak dilakukan pengkabutan dan kipas angin (TP) sebagai kontrol. Pelaksanaan penelitian ini dilaksanakan dalam dua tahap. Sebelum dilakukan periode perlakuan terlebih dahulu dilakukan penelitian tahap awal untuk mengamati titik-titik kritis kapan waktu yang tepat dilakukan pengkabutan. Pada penelitian awal diperoleh titik-titik kritis pada jam 10.00, 12.00, 13.00, 14.00, dan 16.00. Pada awal perlakuan pengkabutan terlebih dahulu dilakukan masa adaptasi pada sapi perah selama 1 minggu. Parameter yang diamati meliputi mikroklimat kandang, kondisi fisiologis, dan konsumsi bahan kering pakan. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan analisis varian. Hasil penelitian diperoleh kondisi mikroklimat kandang yaitu; temperatur kandang sangat berbeda nyata (P≤0,01) pada kelompok perlakuan P dan TP berturut-turut 27,91±1,58 dan 29,41±2,34ºC, kelembaban kandang berbeda nyata (P≤0,05) berturut-turut 73,64±8,73 dan 71,40±10,35%, dan Temperature-Humidity Index sangat berbeda (P≤0,01) yaitu 76,42±1,23 dan 78,03±1,99. Kondisi fisiologi yaitu temperatur rektal berbeda nyata (P≤0,05) pada kelompok perlakuan P dan TP berturut-turut 38,58±0,35 dan 38,82±0,41ºC, laju pulsus berbeda nyata (P≤0,05) yaitu 64,12±5,96 dan 68,44±5,85 denyutan/menit, laju respirasi sangat berbeda (P≤0,01) yaitu 23,56±3,36 dan 33,56±8,02 dengusan/menit. Perlakuan pengkabutan dan kipas angin selama 10 menit dapat menurunkan temperatur lingkungan dalam kandang, efektif menurunkan Temperature-Humidity Index, serta temperatur rektal, laju pulsus, dan laju respirasi ternak, namun menaikkan kelembaban dalam kandang. Stres panas yang dialami ternak belum mempengaruhi konsumsi pakan.

(Kata kunci: Sapi Friesian Holland, Heat stress, Pengkabutan dan kipas, Kondisi fisiologis ternak, Mikroklimat
kandang)
ESTIMASI NILAI PEMULIAAN DAN MOST PROBABLE PRODUCING ABILITY SIFAT PRODUKSI SAPI ACEH DI KECAMATAN INDRAPURI PROVINSI ACEH
Authors: Putra Widya Pintaka Bayu , (Sumadi) Sumadi , Hartatik Tety
Published: April 2016

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat estimasi nilai pemuliaan (NP) dan most probable producing ability (MPPA) sifat produksi sapi Aceh di Kecamatan Indrapuri, Provinsi Aceh. Penelitian dilaksanakan mulai tanggal 7 Maret 2013 sampai dengan 7 April 2013 di Balai Pembibitan Ternak Unggul (BPTU)-Hijauan Pakan Ternak (HPT) Sapi Aceh Indrapuri. Materi penelitian ini terdiri dari catatan produksi dan populasi sapi Aceh tahun 2010 sampai 2012. Jumlah sapi yang digunakan untuk mengestimasi NP dan MPPA pada sifat produksi adalah 38 ekor. Estimasi nilai estimasi heritabilitas dengan metode korelasi saudara tiri sebapak (paternal half-shib correlation), sedangkan estimasi repitabilitas berdasarkan dua catatan individu menggunakan metode korelasi antar kelas (interclass correlation). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai heritabilitas berat lahir, berat sapih, berat satu tahun, dan berat akhir masing-masing adalah 0,15+0,12, 0,48+0,58, 0,49+0,58, dan 0,56+0,69. Nilai repitabilitas yang dapat diestimasi berdasarkan data recording adalah berat lahir sebesar 0,33+0,22. Sapi Aceh pejantan nomor P.075 memiliki NPabsolut berat akhir tertinggi yaitu sebesar 14,99 kg. Nilai MPPAabsolut berat lahir tertinggi pada induk sapi Aceh nomor A.0668 yaitu sebesar 15,38 kg.

(Kata kunci: Sapi Aceh, NP, MPPA, Heritabilitas, Repitabilitas, Sifat produksi)
Estimasi Korelasi Genetik Berat Lahir dan Berat Sapih pada Domba Ekor Gemuk di UPT PT-HMT Garahan, Jember, Jawa Timur
Authors: (Sumadi) Sumadi , (Muflikhun) Muflikhun , Budisatria I Gede Suparta
Published: April 2016

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PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN KLOBOT JAGUNG SEGAR DALAM RANSUM TERHADAP KECERNAAN BAHAN KERING DAN BAHAN ORGANIK SERTA PRODUKSI KARKAS KELINCI PERANAKAN NEW ZEALAND WHITE JANTAN
Authors: Wardhana Risang Pramudyo , Satrya Fernandy Dwi , (Sudiyono) Sudiyono , Dewanti Ratih
Published: April 2016

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan klobot jagung sebagai pengganti sebagian kangkung dalam ransum terhadap kecernaan bahan kering dan bahan organik serta produksi karkas kelinci Peranakan New Zealand White jantan. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Juni sampai Agustus 2013 di Balai Pembibitan dan Budidaya Ternak Non Ruminansia (BPBTNR) Surakarta. Penelitian ini menggunakan 16 ekor kelinci New Zealand White jantan berumur ±2 bulan dengan bobot badan awal 1301,69±155,01 g. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap pola searah dengan 4 perlakuan dan 4 ulangan. Ransum basal disusun dari dedak halus, BR1 dan kangkung (Ipomoea aquatica). Keempat level perlakuan pakan tersebut adalah dedak halus 55% + BR1 25% + kangkung 20% + klobot jagung 0% (P0); dedak halus 55% + BR1 25% + kangkung 17,5% + klobot jagung 2,5% (P1); dedak halus 55% + BR1 25% + kangkung 15% + klobot jagung 5% (P2) dan dedak halus 55% + BR1 25% + kangkung 12,5% + klobot jagung 7,5% (P3). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan klobot jagung sampai level 7,5% dari total ransum tidak berpengaruh terhadap kecernaan bahan kering dan bahan organik serta karkas kelinci Peranakan New Zealand White jantan.

(Kata kunci: Kelinci, Klobot jagung, Kecernaan bahan kering, Kecernaan bahan organik, Karkas)
PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN AMPAS KECAP DALAM PAKAN TERHADAP PERTAMBAHAN BOBOT BADAN HARIAN, KONVERSI PAKAN, RASIO EFISIENSI PROTEIN, DAN PRODUKSI KARKAS ITIK LOKAL JANTAN UMUR DELAPAN MINGGU
Authors: Herdiana Rengga Murvie , Marshal Yugi , Dewanti Ratih , (Sudiyono) Sudiyono
Published: April 2016

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan ampas kecap yang direndam dalam larutan asam asetat dalam pakan terhadap pertambahan bobot badan harian (PBBH), konversi pakan, rasio efisiensi protein (REP), bobot potong, dan bobot karkas itik lokal jantan umur delapan minggu. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Juni–Agustus 2013. Pakan yang digunakan mengandung energi termetabolis 2800 kcal/kg dan protein kasar 18%. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap pola searah dengan 4 perlakuan pakan, 5 ulangan, dan 5 ekor itik per perlakuan. Pakan perlakuan meliputi: pakan basal tanpa suplementasi ampas kecap (pakan kontrol), pakan basal dengan suplementasi ampas kecap 5%, pakan basal dengan suplementasi ampas kecap 10%, dan pakan basal dengan suplementasi ampas kecap 15%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan ampas kecap dalam pakan hingga 15% tidak berpengaruh terhadap PBBH, konversi pakan, rasio efisiensi protein, bobot potong, dan bobot karkas itik jantan umur 8 minggu. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan ampas kecap dalam pakan sampai level 15% belum mampu meningkatkan performa dan produksi karkas itik lokal jantan.

(Kata kunci: Ampas kecap, Itik lokal, Performa pertumbuhan)
PENGARUH TINGKAT PROTEIN DENGAN IMBANGAN ENERGI YANG SAMA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN AYAM LEHER GUNDUL DAN NORMAL SAMPAI UMUR 10 MINGGU
Authors: Kusnadi Harwi , Sidadolog Jafendi Hasoloan Purba , (Zuprizal) Zuprizal , Wardono Heru Ponco
Published: April 2016

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh tingkat protein dengan imbangan energi yang sama, pengaruh kondisi bulu terhadap pertumbuhan dan interaksinya pada ayam Leher Gundul (Legund) dan ayam normal sampai umur 10 minggu. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada faktor pakan dengan tiga macam perlakuan pakan yaitu dengan imbangan kandungan protein dan energi (1:150) yaitu: P1 (20,94% protein : 3.139,43 kcal/kg energi), P2 (18,91% protein : 2.839,20 kcal/kg energi), P3 (17,32% protein : 2.596,28 kcal/kg energi). Pemberian pakan dan air minum secara ad libitum. Pengaruh kondisi bulu yaitu ayam Leher Gundul (Legund) dan ayam normal. Penelitian ini menggunakan day old chicken (DOC) ayam Legund sebanyak 84 ekor dan DOC ayam normal sebanyak 72 ekor. Data yang diambil antara lain berat badan, pertambahan berat badan, konsumsi pakan, dan konversi pakan. Data dianalisis dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap pola faktorial. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada interaksi antara pengaruh pakan dengan imbangan protein-energi yang sama dan pengaruh kondisi bulu pada konsumsi dan konversi pakan. Pakan dengan imbangan protein-energi yang sama berpengaruh sangat nyata (P<0,01) terhadap berat badan sampai minggu ke-10, terhadap pertambahan berat badan kecuali minggu ke-2–4, terhadap konsumsi pakan sampai
minggu ke-4–6, terhadap konversi pakan kecuali minggu ke-8–10. Perbedaan kondisi bulu tidak berpengaruh terhadap berat badan, pertambahan berat badan, konsumsi pakan kecuali minggu ke-8–10, dan konversi pakan. Kesimpulan penelitian ini bahwa pakan dengan imbangan protein-energi 20,94% dan energi 3.139,43 kcal/kg paling baik untuk menghasilkan berat badan dan pertambahan berat badan ayam Legund maupun ayam normal sampai umur 10 minggu. Pertumbuhan ayam Legund sama dengan ayam normal sampai umur 10 minggu. Pemunculan interaksi antara pengaruh tingkat protein dengan imbangan energi yang sama dan pengaruh kondisi bulu tidak terjadi pada konsumsi pakan dan konversi pakan ayam Legund dan ayam normal sampai umur 10 minggu.

(Kata kunci: Imbangan protein-energi, Pertumbuhan, Ayam Leher Gundul, Ayam normal)
PENGARUH LAMA PEMBAKARAN DAN JENIS BAHAN BAKAR TERHADAP KUALITAS SENSORIS DAN KADAR BENZO(A)PIREN SATE DAGING KAMBING
Authors: Adiyastiti Bayu Etti Tri , Suryanto Edi , (Rusman) Rusman
Published: April 2016

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh lama pembakaran dan jenis bahan bakar terhadap kualitas sensoris dan kadar benzo(a)piren sate daging kambing. Persiapan awal daging dipisahkan dari jaringan lemak kemudian direndam dalam bumbu dan dibakar sesuai dengan perlakuan. Perlakuan lama pembakaran adalah 3, 5 dan 7 menit dengan masing-masing dibakar menggunakan arang dan gas. Parameter yang diamati adalah kualitas sensoris dan kadar benzo(a)piren. Data kualitas sensoris dianalisis dengan analisis non parametrik metode Kruskal-Wallis dan kadar benzo(a)piren secara deskriptif. Hasil analisis statistik menunjukkan bahwa lama pembakaran berpengaruh nyata (P<0,05) terhadap warna, rasa, juiciness dan daya terima, akan tetapi berpengaruh tidak nyata terhadap bau (aroma) dan tekstur. Jenis bahan bakar berpengaruh tidak nyata terhadap kualitas sensoris. Kadar benzo(a)piren sate daging kambing dengan lama pembakaran 3, 5, dan 7 menit menggunakan arang berturut-turut adalah 2,55 ppb; 4,16 ppb dan 5,02 ppb, sedangkan menggunakan gas adalah 0,68 ppb; 2,71 ppb dan 1,65 ppb. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah lama
pembakaran menghasilkan perubahan warna, rasa, juiciness, daya terima dan kadar benzo(a)piren sate daging kambing. Jenis bahan bakar arang menghasilkan kadar benzo(a)piren lebih tinggi pada sate daging kambing.

(Kata kunci: Sate daging kambing, Benzo(a)piren, Kualitas sensoris)
PENGARUH INOKULUM CAMPURAN Lactobacillus plantarum DAN Saccharomyces cerevisiae TERHADAP KUALITAS ORGANOLEPTIK, FISIK, DAN KIMIA SILASE KULIT BUAH KAKAO
Authors: Zakariah Muhammad Askari , Utomo Ristanto , Bacruddin Zaenal
Published: April 2016

This research was done to determine the effect of L. plantarum and S. cerevisiae innoculated into cocoa pod silage on organoleptic, physical and chemical quality. This experiment consist of four treatments namely silage of fresh harvested cocoa pods without inoculant as control (K); inoculated with L. plantarum (KLp); innoculated with S. cerevisiae (KSc); and innoculated with both L. plantarum and S. cerevisiae mixture (KLp+Sc) was cassava meal added as supplement. Each treatment was replicated 3 time. Ensilage was done for 21 days. Variables observed were properties of organoleptic (i.e. color, odor, texture and existence of fungal), physical (pH), and chemical (i.e. lactic acid content, content of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF) and nitrogen free extract (NFE)). Collected data of organoleptic characteristic were analyzed by non-parametric test (Hedonic KruskalWallis), whereas physical and chemical data analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and followed by Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test for significant difference. Result showed the inoculum have effect (P<0.05) on characteristic of organoleptic (color and avaibility fungus) and chemical (dry matter, organic matter, extract ether, and nitrogen free extract content). Silage with inoculation Lp+Sc on silage significantly (P<0.05) had higher DM and OM concentration (22.66% vs 20.38% and 94.43% vs 93.72%), higher NFE (75.46% vs 70.51%) and lower EE (0.15% vs 0.87%, respectively), compared to control. Based on result, it can be concluded that silage with L. plantarum and S. cerevisiae mixture have better quality.

(Key words: Cocoa pod, Lactobacillus plantarum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Silage)
MANFAAT PENAMBAHAN TEPUNG KUNYIT (Curcuma domestica Val) DAN TEPUNG JAHE (Zingiber officinale) TERHADAP KUALITAS BAKSO ITIK AFKIR DENGAN LAMA PENYIMPANAN YANG BERBEDA
Authors: Lestarini Indah Nur , Anggarawati Novitasari , Nuhriawangsa Adi Magna Patriadi , Dewanti Ratih
Published: April 2016

The aim of the research was to determine the advantage of tumeric flour (Curcuma domestica Val) and ginger flour (Zingiber officinale) addition on quality of culled duck meatball in different storage times. The materials were thigh duck, tumeric flour and ginger flour. The design used in experiment was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with factorial pattern 4x3 as the first factor was concentration of turmeric flour (0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5%) and ginger flour (0; 1; 2; 3%) and the second one was storage time (0; 8; 16 hours). The result of the research showed that storage time affected (P<0.05) pH, tenderness and waterholding capacity. Concentration of tumeric flour and ginger flour affected tenderness.There was no interaction between those two factors on pH, water-holding capacity, tenderness,and total proteolitic bacteria. Concentration of turmeric flour 0,5% and ginger flour 1% with storage time during 0 hours gave the best result, with a pH value 6.49, tenderness 0.31, water-holding capacity 22.27, and a total proteolytic bacteria , 3.57x104. In conclusion, the finest result founded at 0.5% of turmeric flour and 1% of ginger flouraddition in meatball before storage.

(Keywords: Culled duck, Ginger flour, Meatball, Storage time, Tumeric flour)
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN JAGUNG KUNING FERMENTASI DENGAN SUPLEMENTASI POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID (PUFA) DAN L-KARNITIN TERHADAP DAYA TETAS TELUR PUYUH
Authors: Putri Ayu Siswoyo , (Sudibya) Sudibya , Dewanti Ratih
Published: April 2016

The aim of the research was to evaluate the effect of feeding fermented yellow corn with polyunsaturated fatty acid and L-Karnitin supplementation on the hatchability of quail (Coturnix-coturnix japonica) egg. A number of 160 female and 40 male quails of 70 days old were used as experimental animal. The present research was designed in oneway Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments and four replication, each replication contains of eight female and two males quails. The dietary treatments were P0= basal diet, P1= P0 with 100% substitution at yellow corn by fermented yellow corn, P2= P1 + 10 ppm L-karnitin, P3= P2 + 4% tuna fish oil, P4= P2 + 4% lemuru fish oil. Suplementation of fish oil as polyunsaturated fatty acid source and L-karnitin in fermented yellow corn diet didn’t affect eggs fertility, hatchability, and hatching quality, however, it significantly (P<0.01) affected hatching weight. The best result achieved in treatment P1 because it content yellow corn fermentation which increased the weight of hatching. It can be concluded that feeding fermented yellow corn with supplementation of polyunsaturated fatty acid source and L-karnitin quail eggs, increase DOQ hatching weight of quail eggs.

(Key words: Fermented yellow corn, Hatchability, L-karnitin, Polyunsaturated fatty acid, Quail)
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN BUNGKIL INTI KELAPA SAWIT YANG DIFERMENTASI MENGGUNAKAN ISOLAT SELULOLITIK DARI BELALANG KEMBARA PADA PAKAN TERHADAP PENAMPILAN PRODUKSI PUYUH JANTAN
Authors: Pranata Arif
Published: April 2016

This research was conducted to examine the effects of fresh and fermented palm kernel cake (BIKS) supplementation in the diets on male japanese quail performance. Two hundred and ten day-old quails were randomly devided into seven treatment diets in three replications of ten quails each. The dietary treatments were: diet without palm kernel cake (control; K), control diets supplemented with 10%, 20% , 30% BIKS (BIKS10%, BIKS20%, BIKS 30%), control diets supplemented with 10%, 20%, 30% fermented palm kernel cake (BIKSF10%, BIKSF20%, BIKSF30%). The collected data were final body weight, feed consumption, feed conversion, and carcass production. Data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA, followed by Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test for any result with significant different. The results showed that dietary supplementation did not influence the final body weight and carcass production. The final body weight of the birds were 123.55, 122.34, 118.35, 122.24, 119.24, 124.72 and 121.95 g/head/35 day, carcass percentation were 65.35, 64.68, 64.87, 65.20, 66.57, 65.36, and 64.87%. However, Japanese quails that given fermented palm kernel cake had higher feed consumption and conversion ratio, except for the birds with 10% BIKSF. It might be concluded that the additions of BIKSF in diet did not give beneficial effects on the performance of Japanese quail.

(Key words: Fermentation, Palm kernel cake, Performance, Quail)
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI MARGIN PEMASARAN SAPI POTONG DAN DAGING SAPI DI KABUPATEN ACEH BESAR
Authors: Koesmara Hendra , Nurtini Sudi , Budisatria I Gede Suparta
Published: April 2016

This research identified the forms of share market, to calculate the price received by farmers and middlemen, and analyze marketing margins of beef cattle market. This research was conducted in June to August 2011, in Aceh Besar regency of Aceh province. The method used in this study was a survey method and field direct observations and interviews using questionnaires to farmers, middlemen (mugge) and meat traders respondent. The number of samples were 420 respondents, including 270 respondents of livestock farmers,105 respondents of middlemen (mugee) and 45 respondents of meat traders (final consumer)from the three districts. This study used regression analysis to determine the effect of variables simultaneously observed the marketing margin. The results showed there were 2 channel marketings, channel marketing I of farmers to the final consumer through two market participants were mugee and meat traders,while the marketing channel II from farmers to consumers through one market participants that was meat traders. In marketing channels I mugee get income share 24.89% with 10.38% share of the cost, while the meat traders got incomeshare 47.70% with 17.03% share of the cost. In marketing channels II meat tradersgot income share 83.00% with17.00% share of the cost. In marketing channels I mugee marketing margin of Rp1,026,293.10/head and the meat traders of Rp1,883,045.98/head, while the meat traders of Rp2,944,838.00/head. The coefficient ofdetermination (R2) equalto 0.337321, which means cattle marketing margin could be explained jointly by 33.73% by the marketing costs, the price at the farmer level and the number of middlemen. The test results of the marketing costs (x1) significantly (P<0.05) on the marketing margin, the price at the farmer level (x2) was highly significant (P<0.01) on the marketing margin and the number of middlemen (x3) didnot affect the marketing margin.

(Keywords: Cattle, District of Aceh Besar, Market share, Marketing margin)
ELEMEN KLASTER INDUSTRI PENGOLAHAN SUSU DI DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA
Authors: Marufah Nur Laili , Wisnumurti Tri Djoko , Guntoro Budi
Published: April 2016

This research was conducted to study the elements and value chain of milk-processing cluster industry in Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. The respondent in this study consisted of cow and goats milk processing industry, dairy cooperative and related institution. The data consisted of primary data and secondary data. Primary data were collected through observation and interviews, while secondary data obtained from statistical data from Department of Industry, Trade and Cooperatives, Agricultural Service of Agriculture Department and LPPOM MUI DIY. Descriptive analysis were used in this study to analyzed the data. Respondent and locations were determined using purposive sampling methods lead to be analyse descriptively. The results showed that stakeholders involved as important elements of milkprocessing cluster industry were milk suppliers (farmer, dairy groups, and cooperative), core industry (small-medium scale processor of cow’s and goat milk), supporting industry (sugar, packaging and tools), supporting institution (bank, university, and government agencies), related industry (food chain, bakery, and coffee shop), and also buyers (retailer, distributor, end user or consumer). Their main products are pasteurized cow’s and goat milk, yoghurt of cow’s milk, and goat milk powder. The long chains to produce milk product since the raw milk have indicated some added values on economy and involvement of man powers leading to local economic development as well as of technology innovation or industry. It has been concluded that milk-processing cluster industry could be used as a locomotive for regional economics development.

(Key words: Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Elements, Milk-processing cluster industry, Regional economic development, Value chain)
KAJIAN IN VITRO SUBTITUSI KONSENTRAT DENGAN PENGGUNAAN LIMBAH PERKEBUNAN SINGKONG YANG DISUPLEMENTASI KOBALT (Co) DAN SENG (Zn) DALAM RANSUM DOMBA
Authors: Hernaman Iman , Budiman Atun , Nurachman Siti , Hidrajat Kundrat
Published: April 2016

This research was aimed to investigate the effect of concentrate substitution with cassava plantation waste supplemented with cobalt and zinc in sheep ration. In vitro study was used in this experiment. Collected data were analyzed by Duncan’s test from Completely Randomized Design with four treatments and four replications. The experiment rations were R1 = 50% native grass + 50% concentrate, R2 = 50% native grass + 50% concentrate + 5 ppm cobalt + 30 ppm zinc, R3 = 50% native grass + 50% cassava plantation waste, R4 = 50% native grass + 50% cassava plantation waste + 5 ppm cobalt + 30 ppm zinc. The results showed that utilization of concentrate increased volatile fatty acid and N-NH3 concentration, and digestibility of dry and organic matter compared with cassava plantation waste. Volatile fatty acid and N-NH3 in sheep ration containing cassava plantation waste were still in normal range with dry and organic matter digestibility were up to 50%, but supplementation of cobalt and zinc had the same effect (P>0.05). It is concluded that cassava plantation waste can be used as sheep feed, but did not substitute concentrate. Supplementation of cobalt and zinc was not effective to improve fermentability and digestibility of cassava plantation waste.

(Key words: Cassava plantation waste, Digestibility, In vitro, N-NH3, Sheep, Volatile fatty acid)
The Safety of Hand and Upper-Extremity Surgical Procedures at a Freestanding Ambulatory Surgery Center
Authors: Goyal Kanu S. , Jain Sameer , Buterbaugh Glenn A. , Imbriglia Joseph E.
Published: April 2016

Background:

More procedures are being completed on an outpatient basis at freestanding ambulatory surgery centers. The purpose of our study was to determine the safety and rate of adverse events in outpatient hand and upper-extremity surgical procedures.

Methods:

A retrospective review of cases at a single, freestanding ambulatory surgery center over an eleven-year period was performed. In our analysis, 28,737 cases were performed and were included. Adverse events were defined as serious complications causing harm to a patient or leading to additional treatment. Using state-reportable adverse events criteria as a guideline, we divided the adverse events into seven categories: infection requiring intravenous antibiotics or return to the operating room, postoperative transfer to a hospital, wrong-site surgical procedure, retention of a foreign object, postoperative symptomatic thromboembolism, medication error, and bleeding complications. These adverse events were then analyzed to determine if they led to additional laboratory testing, hospital admission, return to the operating room, emergency department visits, or physical or mental permanent disability.

Results:

There were fifty-eight reported adverse events, for an overall rate of 0.20%. There were no deaths. There were fourteen infections, eighteen postoperative transfers to a hospital, twenty-one hospital admissions after discharge, one medication error, and four postoperative hematomas. There were no cases of wrong-site surgical procedures or retained foreign bodies.

Conclusions:

Our study shows that, with a selected patient population, a very low adverse event rate (0.20%) can be achieved. Our review showing few adverse events, no deaths, and no wrong-site surgical procedures supports our view that hand and upper-extremity surgical procedures can be completed safely in the outpatient setting at a freestanding ambulatory surgery center.

Level of Evidence:

Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Outcomes and Complications After Open Versus Posterior Arthroscopic Subtalar Arthrodesis in 121 Patients
Authors: Rungprai Chamnanni , Phisitkul Phinit , Femino John E. , Martin Kevin D. , Saltzman Charles L. , Amendola Annunziato
Published: April 2016

Background:

Subtalar arthrodesis is a standard treatment for subtalar arthritis. Both open and arthroscopic techniques have been described and are commonly used. The cases of a consecutive series of 121 patients treated with either open or posterior arthroscopic techniques are presented with functional outcomes and complications.

Materials:

A retrospective chart review with prospectively collected data was performed for 121 consecutive patients (129 feet) who underwent subtalar arthrodesis with open (60 feet in 57 patients) or arthroscopic (69 feet in 64 patients) techniques between 2001 and 2014. The technique was selected on the basis of the deformity and surgeon preference. The primary outcomes were the visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, Short Form (SF)-36, Foot Function Index (FFI), and Angus and Cowell rating scores. Secondary outcomes included hindfoot alignment, operative time, length of hospital stay, fusion rate, time to return to work, ability to perform sports and activities of daily living, and complications.

Results:

Both groups demonstrated significant improvement in VAS, SF-36, FFI, and Angus and Cowell rating scale scores. The mean operative time, VAS score, Angus and Cowell rating score, and coronal plane hindfoot alignment were similar between the groups. There were no significant differences within the groups with respect to union rate and time to union among the various sizes of screws and types of bone graft. Sural nerve complications and a painful surgical scar were more frequent in the open group, whereas hardware-related symptoms were more frequent in the arthroscopically treated group.

Conclusions:

Subtalar arthrodesis performed with open and arthroscopically assisted techniques demonstrated signiﬁcant improvement in terms of pain and function as measured with the VAS, FFI, and SF-36. While the time to union and to return to work, activities of daily living, and sports activities were significantly shorter for the arthroscopic arthrodesis group, the union rates and complications overall were not significantly different.

Level of Evidence:

Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Reverse Dynamization
Authors: Glatt Vaida , Bartnikowski Nicole , Quirk Nicholas , Schuetz Michael , Evans Christopher
Published: April 2016

Background:

Reverse dynamization is a technology for enhancing the healing of osseous defects. With use of an external fixator, the axial stiffness across the defect is initially set low and subsequently increased. The purpose of the study described in this paper was to explore the efficacy of reverse dynamization under different conditions.

Methods:

Rat femoral defects were stabilized with external fixators that allowed the stiffness to be modulated on living animals. Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) was implanted into the defects on a collagen sponge. Following a dose-response experiment, 5.5 μg of rhBMP-2 was placed into the defect under conditions of very low (25.4-N/mm), low (114-N/mm), medium (185-N/mm), or high (254-N/mm) stiffness. Reverse dynamization was evaluated with 2 different starting stiffnesses: low (114 N/mm) and very low (25.4 N/mm). In both cases, high stiffness (254 N/mm) was imposed after 2 weeks. Healing was assessed with radiographs, micro-computed tomography (μCT), histological analysis, and mechanical testing.

Results:

In the absence of dynamization, the medium-stiffness fixators provided the best healing. Reverse dynamization starting with very low stiffness was detrimental to healing. However, with low initial stiffness, reverse dynamization considerably improved healing with minimal residual cartilage, enhanced cortication, increased mechanical strength, and smaller callus. Histological analysis suggested that, in all cases, healing provoked by rhBMP-2 occurred by endochondral ossification.

Conclusions:

These data confirm the potential utility of reverse dynamization as a way of improving bone healing but indicate that the stiffness parameters need to be selected carefully.

Clinical Relevance:

Reverse dynamization may reduce the amount of rhBMP-2 needed to induce healing of recalcitrant osseous lesions, reduce the time to union, and decrease the need for prolonged external fixation.
Nanotechnology Can Overcome the Critical Issues of Extremely Challenging Drilling and Production Environments
Authors: Amanullah M. , Ramasamy Jothibasu
Published: April 2016

Due to progressively decreasing trend in finding easy oil and gas, the industry is constantly shifting to high risk and extremely challenging drilling environments to meet global energy demands. This is reflected by increasingly higher drilling activities in complex geological areas, deep water environments, extreme-HTHP conditions, etc. The increasing shift from vertical to deviated, horizontal or extended reach drilling, single lateral to multilateral drilling, conventional to coiled tubing or casing while drilling, rotary drilling to downhole motor drilling, etc., also dictate the development of highly reliable tools and equipment for trouble free drilling operation. Moreover, critical issues such as high temperature, high pressure, complex geology, high water depth, and high rig rental and operating costs make oil and gas exploration and exploitation highly risky and extremely costly. Therefore, extreme-environment drilling operations need reliable, chemically resistive and mechanically stable, short- and long-term fail-safe surface and subsurface tools and equipment to overcome the technical limitations of conventional tools.

Nanotechnology has demonstrated that nanostructured materials with special mechanical, chemical, thermal, electrical and tribological properties can exhibit significantly higher strength, hardness, material toughness, corrosion resistance, ductility, elastic properties, thermal stability, and heat conductivity, etc., compared to conventional materials in spite of having the same chemical and material compositions. As these materials exhibit very low density and high mechanical strength and superior chemical resistance and excellent thermal stability, tailor made nanomaterials or nanocomposites either alone or in combination with other macro, micro and nano materials can provide much lighter equipment with significantly higher mechanical, thermal, chemical and tribological properties for challenging drilling environments. This paper describes the application of nanomaterials and nanotechnology in the development of superior nano-enhanced tools and equipment that can overcome critical operational issues found in extreme drilling and production environments.
Tail-End Oil Assets Revitalization Using Novel Artificial Lift Optimization Strategy
Authors: Elichev V. , Khabibullin R. , Litvinenko K. , Michailov V.
Published: April 2016

High oil price indeed creates conditions for successful life extension of mature assets. Even old suspended wells could be successfully revived as the watercut threshold for economic production is being changed due to new price situation. Normally, it is uneconomical to build new surface facilities for mature assets, therefore the most critical point for oil production level maximization of such fields is existing infrastructure constrains. The most common constraints are total liquid production and power capacities. These constraints are especially important in case of high watercut wells with medium to high well productivity. The Electrical Submersible Pump is the most widely used artificial lift method for the wells in late development stage. High liquid volume with high watercut leads to considerable power consumption and it turns out pumping equipment as the most significant power consumer. Obviously artificial lift optimization and appropriate management of available power are key enablers for life extension of mature assets. All power consumers in an asset are interconnected; therefore one cannot significantly optimize a field production doing artificial lift system performance optimization for a single well. Valuable optimization only could be achieved using an integrated performance optimization strategy on the whole asset production system and the strategy development is considered in this paper.

The paper presents the value maximization methodology for ESPs driven assets, which consists of optimal well production targets identification and equipment selection & sizing strategy. The key idea of the methodology is to break-down field production system into "capacity" consuming components, understand components behavior and efficiency of power consumption by each component redistribute available capacity between components, targeting maximization of oil production under existing constraints. The paper describes in detail the methodology and provides an example of application.