bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Light Energy Partitioning and Photoprotection in an Exotic Species (Salix Psammophila) Grown in a Semi-Arid Area of Northwestern China
Authors: Han Yini , Wu Juying , Tian Yun , Zha Tianshan , Jia Xin , Bourque Charles P.-A. , Wu Yajuan , Bai Yujie , Ma Jingyong , Zhang Mingyan
Published: June 2018

Thermal dissipation of excess excitation energy is an important photoprotective mechanism that plants have evolved to cope with surplus illumination. However, light-energy-partitioning dynamics in an exotic sand-dune willow (Salix psammophila) commonly used in restoring and/or stabilizing sand lands in northwestern China is largely unknown. In this study, chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) of photosystem II (PSII) was continuously monitored in situ in Salix psammophila to investigate plant acclimation processes driven by excessive solar radiation and extreme air temperatures (Ta). As part of a heat-regulation mechanism, energy partitioning is shown to vary with prevailing environmental conditions. In this investigation, energy absorbed during periods of moderate photosynthetically active radiation (PAR < 1200 μmoL·m−2·s−1) was largely allocated towards photochemistry (ΦPSII) with nominal amounts to thermal dissipation through reversible thermal dissipation (ΦNPQr). In extremely high solar radiation (PAR > 1500 μmoL·m−2·s−1) or in a cold temperature (Ta < 0 °C), more energy was dissipated by way of non-regulated thermal energy (Φf,D) and sustained thermal dissipation (ΦNPQs), leading to non-reversible photoinhibition or photodamage. This was mainly as a result of the low utilization and high absorption of light energy by PSII under cold conditions and physiologically-induced vulnerability. It was concluded that Salix psammophila had a clear tolerance to high temperatures and moderate solar radiation, but tended to be more vulnerable to high solar radiation and cold temperature. Based on species sensitivity to extreme environmental conditions, practical application and extension of Salix psammophila for land-restoration purposes should be approached cautiously, especially in high-latitude or high-altitude desert ecosystems commonly affected by events of high solar radiation and cold temperature.
A Driving Behavior Planning and Trajectory Generation Method for Autonomous Electric Bus
Authors: Yu Lingli , Kong Decheng , Yan Xiaoxin
Published: June 2018

A framework of path planning for autonomous electric bus is presented. ArcGIS platform is utilized for map-building and global path planning. Firstly, a high-precision map is built based on GPS in ArcGIS for global planning. Then the global optimal path is obtained by network analysis tool in ArcGIS. To facilitate local planning, WGS-84 coordinates in the map are converted to local coordinates. Secondly, a double-layer finite state machine (FSM) is devised to plan driving behavior under different driving scenarios, such as structured driving, lane changing, turning, and so on. Besides, local optimal trajectory is generated by cubic polynomial, which takes full account of the safety and kinetics of the electric bus. Finally, the simulation results show that the framework is reliable and feasible for driving behavior planning and trajectory generation. Furthermore, its validity is proven with an autonomous bus platform 12 m in length.
Fluoropolymer-Wrapped Conductive Threads for Textile Touch Sensors Operating via the Triboelectric Effect
Authors: Baima Morgan , Andrew Trisha L.
Published: June 2018

Touch-sensitive electrical arrays are the primary user interface for modern consumer electronics. Most contemporary touch sensors, including known iterations of textile-based touch sensors, function by detecting capacitive changes within a circuit resulting from direct skin contact. However, this method of operation fails when the user’s skin or the surface of the touch sensor is dirty, oily or wet, preventing practical use of textile-based touch sensors in real-world scenarios. Here, an electrically touch-responsive woven textile is described, which is composed of fluoropolymer-wrapped conductive threads. The fluoropolymer wrapping prevents contaminant buildup on the textile surface and also electrically insulates the conductive thread core. The woven textile touch sensor operates via surface potential changes created upon skin contact. This method of operation, called the triboelectric effect, has not been widely used to create textile touch sensors, to date. The influences of surface wetness and varying skin surface chemistry are studied, and the triboelectric textile touch sensors are found to be advantageously insensitive to these environmental variables, indicating that triboelectric textiles have promise for practical use as touch interfaces in furniture and interior design.
Explaining Public Goods Game Contributions with Rational Ability
Authors: Lang Hannes , DeAngelo Gregory , Bongard Michelle
Published: June 2018

As the link between psychology and economics has grown, so too has research on the link between personality traits and economic behavior. We build on this previous work, bringing to light the relationship between personality traits and contributions in a one-shot public goods game. We find that contributions to the public good are smaller for rational participants as measured by the Rational-Experiential Inventory—revised 40 (REI-40) item scale. We find no effect on contributions for the measures of the Big Five personality traits or the remaining measures from the REI-40.
A Mathematics Inspired Notation of Scales in the Climate System
Authors: Behrens Jörn
Published: June 2018

Conducting integrated climate research with involvement of such diverse disciplines as mathematics, meteorology, oceanography, economics, geology, biology, social, and communication sciences poses great challenges to the underlying nomenclature and methodology. In this article, we give a definition of the notion of scales, which is a central term in the geosciences, but not so familiar to social sciences or economics. We start with defining agents, involved in a specific subject of study, determined by their attributes or states. We move on to understand processes and phenomena as maps and subsets of image sets. With this and the introduction of metrics, we can measure sizes of phenomena and processes and finally define scales. Several examples illustrate our definition. An attempt is made to motivate a notion of scale interaction. This concept has proved useful in an interdisciplinary teaching project.
Current and Future Molecular Testing in NSCLC, What Can We Expect from New Sequencing Technologies?
Authors: Garinet Simon , Laurent-Puig Pierre , Blons Hélène , Oudart Jean-Baptiste
Published: June 2018

Recent changes in lung cancer care, including new approvals in first line and the introduction of high-throughput molecular technologies in routine testing led us to question ourselves on how deeper molecular testing may be helpful for the optimal use of targeted drugs. In this article, we review recent results in the scope of personalized medicine in lung cancer. We discuss biomarkers that have a therapeutic predictive value in lung cancer with a focus on recent changes and on the clinical value of large scale sequencing strategies. We review the use of second- and third-generation EGFR and ALK inhibitors with a focus on secondary resistance alterations. We discuss anti-BRAF and anti-MEK combo, emerging biomarkers as NRG1 and NTRKs fusions and immunotherapy. Finally, we discuss the different technical issues of comprehensive molecular profiling and show how large screenings might refine the prediction value of individual markers. Based on a review of recent publications (2012–2018), we address promising approaches for the treatment of patients with lung cancers and the technical challenges associated with the identification of new predictive markers.
Experimental Effects of Acute Exercise on Iconic Memory, Short-Term Episodic, and Long-Term Episodic Memory
Authors: Yanes Danielle , Loprinzi Paul D.
Published: June 2018

The present experiment evaluated the effects of acute exercise on iconic memory and short- and long-term episodic memory. A two-arm, parallel-group randomized experiment was employed (n = 20 per group; Mage = 21 year). The experimental group engaged in an acute bout of moderate-intensity treadmill exercise for 15 min, while the control group engaged in a seated, time-matched computer task. Afterwards, the participants engaged in a paragraph-level episodic memory task (20 min delay and 24 h delay recall) as well as an iconic memory task, which involved 10 trials (at various speeds from 100 ms to 800 ms) of recalling letters from a 3 × 3 array matrix. For iconic memory, there was a significant main effect for time (F = 42.9, p < 0.001, η2p = 0.53) and a trend towards a group × time interaction (F = 2.90, p = 0.09, η2p = 0.07), but no main effect for group (F = 0.82, p = 0.37, η2p = 0.02). The experimental group had higher episodic memory scores at both the baseline (19.22 vs. 17.20) and follow-up (18.15 vs. 15.77), but these results were not statistically significant. These findings provide some suggestive evidence hinting towards an iconic memory and episodic benefit from acute exercise engagement.
Randomized Controlled Trial Considering Varied Exercises for Reducing Proactive Memory Interference
Authors: Frith Emily , Sng Eveleen , Loprinzi Paul D.
Published: June 2018

We evaluated the effects of exercise on proactive memory interference. Study 1 (n = 88) employed a 15-min treadmill walking protocol, while Study 2 (n = 88) included a 15-min bout of progressive maximal exertion treadmill exercise. Each study included four distinct groups, in which groups of 22 participants each were randomly assigned to: (a) exercise before memory encoding, (b) a control group with no exercise, (c) exercise during memory encoding, and (d) exercise after memory encoding (i.e., during memory consolidation). We used the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) to assess proactive memory interference. In both studies, the group that exercised prior to memory encoding recalled the most words from list B (distractor list) of the RAVLT, though group differences were not statistically significant for Study 1 (walking exercise) (p = 0.521) or Study 2 (high-intensity exercise) (p = 0.068). In this sample of young adults, high intensity exercise prior to memory encoding showed a non-significant tendency to attenuate impairments in recall attributable to proactive memory interference. Thus, future work with larger samples is needed to clarify potential beneficial effects of exercise for reducing proactive memory interference.
The Role of Procalcitonin in the Diagnosis of Meningitis: A Literature Review
Authors: Velissaris Dimitrios , Pintea Martina , Pantzaris Nikolaos , Spatha Eirini , Karamouzos Vassilios , Pierrakos Charalampos , Karanikolas Menelaos
Published: June 2018

Objective: To review the current published literature on the use of procalcitonin as a diagnostic and prognostic marker in adult patients with meningitis. Methods: We conducted a PubMed search to identify all relevant publications regarding the diagnostic and prognostic value of serum procalcitonin in patients with a known or suspected central nervous system infection. We also reviewed the bibliographies of all identified manuscripts in an attempt to identify additional relevant references. Results: A significant body of evidence suggests that serum procalcitonin has a promising role and can be a useful biomarker in the assessment of patients with meningitis. Conclusions: Our literature review suggests that data on the role of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) procalcitonin are limited, whereas serum procalcitonin (S–PCT) is probably a useful tool in the evaluation of patients with a known or suspected central nervous system infection and can help distinguish between bacterial and viral meningitis.
Trial of an All-Ceramic SnO2 Gas Sensor Equipped with CaCu3Ru4O12 Heater and Electrode
Authors: Tsuruta Akihiro , Itoh Toshio , Mikami Masashi , Kinemuchi Yoshiaki , Terasaki Ichiro , Murayama Norimitsu , Shin Woosuck
Published: June 2018

We have constructed a gas sensor of SnO2 equipped with ceramic electrodes and a heater made of CaCu3Ru4O12, which demonstrated good device performance at high temperature. The CaCu3Ru4O12-based electrodes and heater were formed on Al2O3 substrates using a screen-printing process, which is cost-effective and suitable for mass-production. This all-ceramic device reached 600 °C at the lowest, and remained intact after one week of operation at 500 °C and rapid thermal cycling of 500 °C temperature changes within 10 s. We propose CaCu3Ru4O12 as a robust and reliable conducting material that can be a substitute for Pt in various devices.
Ferromagnetic Shape Memory Heusler Materials: Synthesis, Microstructure Characterization and Magnetostructural Properties
Authors: Ahamed Khan Riaz Ahamed , Ghomashchi Reza , Xie Zonghan , Chen Lei
Published: June 2018

An overview of the processing, characterization and magnetostructural properties of ferromagnetic NiMnX (X = group IIIA–VA elements) Heusler alloys is presented. This type of alloy is multiferroic—exhibits more than one ferroic property—and is hence multifunctional. Examples of how different synthesis procedures influence the magnetostructural characteristics of these alloys are shown. Significant microstructural factors, such as the crystal structure, atomic ordering, volume of unit cell, grain size and others, which have a bearing on the properties, have been reviewed. An overriding factor is the composition which, through its tuning, affects the martensitic and magnetic transitions, the transformation temperatures, microstructures and, consequently, the magnetostructural effects.
Preparation of a Porous, Sintered and Reaction-Bonded Si3N4 (SRBSN) Planar Membrane for Filtration of an Oil-in-Water Emulsion with High Flux Performance
Authors: Li Lin , Gao Er-Ze , Abadikhah Hamidreza , Wang Jun-Wei , Hao Lu-Yuan , Xu Xin , Agathopoulos Simeon
Published: June 2018

A porous, sintered, and reaction-bonded Si3N4 (SRBSN) planar membrane was prepared by phase-inversion tape-casting, nitridation (at 1350 °C), and sintering (at 1650 °C) of silicon slurry. The membrane was comprised of uniform rod-like β-Si3N4 crystals with a large length/diameter ratio and had high porosity and bending strength. The prepared membrane features a typical asymmetric structure with a skin layer, a sponge layer, and finger-like voids and an average pore size of 0.61 μm. A high permeation flux of 367 L m−2 h−1 and an oil rejection of 88.6% were recorded in oil-in-water emulsion separation experiments. These results suggest that SRBSN membranes have excellent potential for the treatment of oily wastewater.
Radiofrequency ablation of liver tumors (II): clinical application and outcomes
Authors: Vanagas Tomas , Gulbinas Antanas , Pundzius Juozas , Barauskas Giedrius
Published: June 2018

Radiofrequency ablation is one of the alternatives in the management of liver tumors, especially in patients who are not candidates for surgery. The aim of this article is to review applicability of radiofrequency ablation achieving complete tumor destruction, utility of imaging techniques for patients follow-up, indications for local ablative procedures, procedureassociated morbidity and mortality, and long-term results in patients with different tumors. The success of local thermal ablation consists in creating adequate volumes of tissue destruction with adequate clear margin, depending on improved delivery of radiofrequency energy and modulated tissue biophysiology. Different volumes of coagulation necrosis are achieved applying different types of electrodes, pulsing energy sources, utilizing sophisticated ablation schemes. Some additional methods are used to increase the overall deposition of energy through alterations in tissue electrical conductivity, to improve heat retention within the tissue, and to modulate tolerance of tumor tissue to hyperthermia. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound or positron emission tomography are applied to control the effectiveness of radiofrequency ablation. The long-term results of radiofrequency ablation are controversial.
Prevalence of human papillomavirus types in cervical intraepithelial lesions
Authors: Gudlevièienë Þivilë , Ðepetienë Agnë , Didþiapetrienë Janina , Valuckas Konstantinas , Smailytë Giedrë , Dràsutienë Graþina , Nadiðauskienë Rûta
Published: June 2018

Background. Since the implementation of the cervical cancer screening program in Lithuania in 2004, cervical cancer incidence rates have stabilized during a 4-year period: in 2006 and 2007, 508 and 485 new cases, respectively, were diagnosed. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is one of the main risk factors for cervical cancer and development of intraepithelial lesions. However, not only HPV, but also HPV type, is a very important factor for malignant transformation. Cervical intraepithelial lesions with HPV 16 and 18 more frequently progress to cancer. To date, in Lithuania, studies only on HPV prevalence and risk factors have been carried out, and less attention has been paid to the identification of HPV types. The aim of this study was to identify the most common HPV types in women with various cytological lesions. Material and methods. A total of 246 women with various cytological lesions (atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance [ASCUS], low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion [LSIL], and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion [HSIL]) were included into the study. All the women were screened for HPV infections followed by HPV typing for types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, and 59. Polymerase chain reaction was used. Results. Less than half (45.5%) of women with cytological lesions were infected with HPV. The highest prevalence of HPV was detected in women with HSILs (62.1%) and CIN2 (86.7%). HPV typing revealed that the most frequent type was HPV 16 (64.3%); HPV 18 and HPV 33 accounted for 5.4% and 4.5% of cases, respectively. Based on cytologic diagnosis, HPV 16 was more frequently found in women with HSILs than women with ASCUS (77.8% vs. 50.0%). Conclusions. The prevalence of HPV infection in women with cytological lesions was 45.5%. The highest prevalence of HPV was detected in women with HSILs (cytologic investigation) and CIN2 (histologic investigation). HPV 16 is the most common type in women with various cervical intraepithelial lesions.
Parental cigarette smoking and the risk of congenital heart septal defects
Authors: Kučienė Renata , Dulskienė Virginija
Published: June 2018

The objective of this study was to determine the association between parental cigarette smoking and the risk of congenital heart septal defects in Kaunas infant population in 1995–2005. Material and methods. An epidemiological case-control study was conducted. The study comprised 261 newborns with congenital heart septal defects (cases) and 1122 randomly selected newborns without any defects (controls), born in Kaunas city during 1995–2005. Information on potential risk factors of newborns’ health was collected through an interview with parents using standardized questionnaires. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between parental smoking and septal defects while controlling for possible confounders. Results. According to the validated registry, 371 newborns with congenital heart malformations were born in Kaunas city during 1995–2005; 70.3% of cases had ventricular and/or atrial septal defects. After adjustment for possible confounding factors – maternal education, social status, marital status – a statistically significant relationship was observed between parental smoking and congenital heart septal defects. Parental, maternal, and paternal smoking was significantly associated with a 2.27-fold (adjusted OR=2.27; 95% CI, 1.49–3.46), 2.2-fold (adjusted OR=2.20; 95% CI, 1.01–4.79), and 1.45-fold (adjusted OR=1.45; 95% CI, 1.03–2.03) increased risk of defects if compared with nonsmoking parents. Conclusions. According to the results of our study, parental smoking was significantly associated with an increased risk of congenital heart septal defects in infants.
Evaluation of arterial hypertension control and treatment in daily practice of family physicians
Authors: Petrulionienė Žaneta , Apanavičienė Daiva
Published: June 2018

The objective of this study was to evaluate the percentage of patients with primary arterial hypertension treated with antihypertensive drug(s), who achieved target arterial blood pressure (ABP), and to compare the characteristics of patients with controlled and uncontrolled ABP, their current treatment, and treatment modifications. Material and methods. A total of 429 18–80-year-old patients with primary arterial hypertension treated for ≥1 year participated in this study. General practitioners collected data on patients’ demographic and clinical characteristics, current treatment for primary arterial hypertension, and treatment modifications. Results. According to physicians, 45.4% of patients achieved target ABP levels. Adequately controlled ABP was documented more often in the group of low and moderate cardiovascular risk than in high- and very high-risk group (n=141, 62.9% versus n=54, 26.3%; P<0.0001). Based on ABP measurements, 160 (37.3%) patients had ABP of <140/90 mm Hg. The majority of patients were treated with a combination of two (n=153, 35.7%) to three (n=144, 33.6%) antihypertensive drugs. Patients with uncontrolled ABP more frequently than patients with controlled ABP were given combination therapy. Treatment was not modified in 37.8% (n=162) of patients, more commonly in those with controlled ABP. Conclusions. The level of hypertension control in study population was far from optimal, especially in the group of patients at high- and very high-risk where target ABP was lower. Almost 12% of patients with uncontrolled ABP were still undergoing monotherapy, whereas 16% of patients were not recommended any modifications of antihypertensive treatment despite their ABP was not controlled.
Trauminį galvos smegenų sužalojimą patyrusių asmenų kineziterapija
Authors: Lendraitienė Eglė , Kriščiūnas Aleksandras
Published: June 2018

Trauminis galvos smegenų sužalojimas yra didelė visuomenės ir sveikatos problema, pažeidžianti psichines, pažinimo, elgesio bei motorikos funkcijas. Todėl ypatingas dėmesys turi būti skiriamas ankstyvajai reabilitacijai, kurios metu svarbus vaidmuo tenka kineziterapijai. Asmenų, patyrusių trauminį galvos smegenų sužalojimą, funkcinės būklės ir kineziterapijos efektyvumui įvertinti kineziterapeutai turi galimybę taikyti įvairių autorių sukurtas skales ir testus: Funkcinio nepriklausomumo testą; Negalios vertinimo skalę; Barthel indeksą; Glasgow komos skalę; Glasgow baigčių skalę; Ranchos Los Amigos pažinimo vertinimo skalę, Trumpąjį proto būklės vertinimo testą ir kt. Apžvalginiame straipsnyje pateikiama mirtingumo ir mirštamumo nuo trauminio galvos smegenų sužalojimo analizė, aptariamos ligonių po trauminio galvos smegenų sužalojimo funkcinės būklės vertinimo galimybės, gana išsamiai aprašomos funkciškai stipresnių ligonių kineziterapijos ypatybės bei atskleidžiami veiksniai, sąlygojantys nepakankamą kineziterapijos poveikį. Nurodoma, kad tokios komplikacijos, kaip kontraktūros, spazmiškumas, miego sutrikimai, sutrikusi pusiausvyra, dėmesio ir elgesio sutrikimai, motyvacijos stoka, depresija sunkina trauminį galvos smegenų sužalojimą patyrusių asmenų kineziterapijos procedūrų atlikimą bei reabilitaciją.
Environmental factors and breast cancer
Authors: Strumylaitė Loreta , Mechonošina Kristina , Tamašauskas Šarūnas
Published: June 2018

This review summarizes the results of studies on the effects of environment on breast cancer risk. As known risk factors such as reproductive life, inheritance, and socioeconomic status are estimated to explain only about half of the breast cancer cases, it has been thought that environmental factors could also be related to the risk of this disease. It is known that ionizing radiation is an environmental risk factor increasing the risk of breast cancer. The data of experimental studies show that some organochlorines could be associated with breast cancer risk although the data from epidemiological studies are not consistent due to the difficulties to assess exposure and other risk factors. Recent experimental studies show that cadmium is an environmental factor that mimics the effects of estradiol in estrogen-responsive breast cancer cell lines while solar radiation possibly decreases the risk due to protective effect of vitamin D. The data on the effect of electromagnetic fields are not consistent. Although evidence about the effect of environmental factors on the risk of breast cancer is not convincing, some of these factors together with inheritance, reproductive life, and age at exposure could be associated with an increased risk of the disease.
The Role of Cannabinoids in the Setting of Cirrhosis
Authors: Dibba Pratima , Li Andrew A. , Cholankeril George , Iqbal Umair , Gadiparthi Chiranjeevi , Khan Muhammad Ali , Kim Donghee , Ahmed Aijaz
Published: June 2018

Although the mortality rates of cirrhosis are underestimated, its socioeconomic burden has demonstrated a significant global impact. Cirrhosis is defined by the disruption of normal liver architecture after years of chronic insult by different etiologies. Treatment modalities are recommended primarily in decompensated cirrhosis and specifically tailored to the different manifestations of hepatic decompensation. Antifibrogenic therapies are within an active area of investigation. The endocannabinoid system has been shown to play a role in liver disease, and cirrhosis specifically, with intriguing possible therapeutic benefits. The endocannabinoid system comprises cannabinoid receptors 1 (CB1) and cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) and their ligands, endocannabinoids and exocannabinoids. CB1 activation enhances fibrogenesis, whereas CB2 activation counteracts progression to fibrosis. Conversely, deletion of CB1 is associated with an improvement of hepatic fibrosis and steatosis, and deletion of CB2 results in increased collagen deposition, steatosis, and enhanced inflammation. CB1 antagonism has also demonstrated vascular effects in patients with cirrhosis, causing an increase in arterial pressure and vascular resistance as well as a decrease in mesenteric blood flow and portal pressure, thereby preventing ascites. In mice with hepatic encephalopathy, CB1 blockade and activation of CB2 demonstrated improved neurologic score and cognitive function. Endocannabinoids, themselves also have mechanistic roles in cirrhosis. Arachidonoyl ethanolamide (AEA) exhibits antifibrogenic properties by inhibition of HSC proliferation and induction of necrotic death. AEA induces mesenteric vasodilation and hypotension via CB1 induction. 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) is a fibrogenic mediator independent of CB receptors, but in higher doses induces apoptosis of HSCs, which may actually show antifibrotic properties. 2-AG has also demonstrated growth-inhibitory and cytotoxic effects. The exocannabinoid, THC, suppresses proliferation of hepatic myofibroblasts and stellate cells and induces apoptosis, which may reveal antifibrotic and hepatoprotective mechanisms. Thus, several components of the endocannabinoid system have therapeutic potential in cirrhosis.
The Effect of Nd on Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Performance of Biodegradable Mg-5%Zn Alloy
Authors: Elkaiam Lilach , Hakimi Orly , Goldman Jeremy , Aghion Eli
Published: June 2018

Mg based implants are limited by their poor strength, ductility, and corrosion performance in physiological environments, drawbacks further compounded by their premature loss of mechanical integrity and evolution of harmful hydrogen gas. Neodymium additions to magnesium have been shown to improve mechanical properties through precipitation and solid solution hardening. Therefore, the present study incorporated Nd additions (up to 3%) into a promising Mg-5%Zn-0.13%Y-0.35%Zr alloy to improve mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. The microstructure evaluation of a series of alloys was performed using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction analysis. The mechanical properties were examined in terms of hardness and tensile strength. Corrosion behavior was evaluated by immersion testing, impedance spectroscopy analysis, potentiodynamic polarization and stress corrosion examination using slow strain rate testing (SSRT), all in PBS solution. The results indicate optimal strength, ductility and corrosion performance with a 2% Nd addition. This was explained in terms of secondary phase formation of a W-phase (Mg3(Nd,Y)2Zn3) and T-phase (Mg4(Nd,Y)Zn2).
Crystallographic Features of Microstructure in Maraging Steel Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting
Authors: Takata Naoki , Nishida Ryoya , Suzuki Asuka , Kobashi Makoto , Kato Masaki
Published: June 2018

This study characterizes the microstructure and its associated crystallographic features of bulk maraging steels fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) combined with a powder bed technique. The fabricated sample exhibited characteristic melt pools in which the regions had locally melted and rapidly solidified. A major part of these melt pools corresponded with the ferrite (α) matrix, which exhibited a lath martensite structure with a high density of dislocations. A number of fine retained austenite (γ) with a <001> orientation along the build direction was often localized around the melt pool boundaries. The orientation relationship of these fine γ grains with respect to the adjacent α grains in the martensite structure was (111)γ//(011)α and [-101]γ//[-1-11]α (Kurdjumov–Sachs orientation relationship). Using the obtained results, we inferred the microstructure development of maraging steels during the SLM process. The results depict that new and diverse high-strength materials can be used to develop industrial molds and dies.
Fatigue Behavior of Cold-Worked High-Interstitial Steels
Authors: Güler Sedat , Fischer Alfons
Published: June 2018

The austenitic high-nitrogen (AHNS) and high-interstitial steels (AHIS) with more than 0.6 weight-% N allow for a yield strength above 1.1 GPa and a tensile strength above 1.5 GPa by maintaining an elongation to fracture markedly above 30%. These steels gain their prominent mechanical properties from the fact that at the chosen sum of C+N and C/N-ratios, the concentration of free electrons is higher compared to that of other steels. Thus, the capacity to dissipate plastic work under monotonic tensile loading is unique. Now, the fatigue limit of austenitic steels in general is mainly governed by the sum of interstitials and should be further improved by cold working. Unfortunately, this is not the case for the AHNS and AHIS and is in contrast to the classical CrNiC- or CrMnC-steels. Thus, tensile and fatigue tests of cold-worked samples were conducted and analyzed by scanning- and transmission-electron microscopy. This paper tries to elucidate the metallurgical reasons, as well as the material engineering aspects, of such peculiar behavior of AHNS and AHIS.
High Frequency Needle Ultrasonic Transducers Based on Lead-Free Co Doped Na0.5Bi4.5Ti4O15 Piezo-Ceramics
Authors: Fei Chunlong , Zhao Tianlong , Wang Danfeng , Quan Yi , Lin Pengfei , Li Di , Yang Yintang , Cheng Jianzheng , Wang Chunlei , Wang Chunming , Zhou Qifa
Published: June 2018

This paper describes the design, fabrication, and characterization of tightly focused (ƒ-number close to 1) high frequency needle-type transducers based on lead-free Na0.5Bi4.5Ti3.975Co0.025O15 (NBT-Co) piezo-ceramics. The NBT-Co ceramics, are fabricated through solid-state reactions, have a piezoelectric coefficient d33 of 32 pC/N, and an electromechanical coupling factor kt of 35.3%. The high Curie temperature (670 °C) indicates a wide working temperature range. Characterization results show a center frequency of 70.4 MHz and a −6 dB bandwidth of 52.7%. Lateral resolution of 29.8 μm was achieved by scanning a 10 μm tungsten wire target, and axial resolution of 20.8 μm was calculated from the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the pulse length of the echo. This lead-free ultrasonic transducer has potential applications in high resolution biological imaging.
Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity and Cytotoxicity of Different Components of Natural Origin Present in Essential Oils
Authors: García-Salinas Sara , Elizondo-Castillo Hellen , Arruebo Manuel , Mendoza Gracia , Irusta Silvia
Published: June 2018

Even though essential oils (EOs) have been used for therapeutic purposes, there is now a renewed interest in the antimicrobial properties of phytochemicals and EOs in particular. Their demonstrated low levels of induction of antimicrobial resistance make them interesting for bactericidal applications, though their complex composition makes it necessary to focus on the study of their main components to identify the most effective ones. Herein, the evaluation of the antimicrobial action of different molecules present in EOs against planktonic and biofilm-forming Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria was assessed. The bactericidal mechanisms of the different molecules, as well as their cytocompatibility, were also studied. Carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, and thymol exhibit the highest in vitro antimicrobial activities against E. coli and S. aureus, with membrane disruption the bactericidal mechanism identified. The addition of those compounds (≥0.5 mg/mL) hampers S. aureus biofilm formation and partially eliminates preformed biofilms. The subcytotoxic values of the tested EO molecules (0.015–0.090 mg/mL) are lower than the minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations obtained for bacteria (0.2–0.5 mg/mL) but are higher than that obtained for chlorhexidine (0.004 mg/mL), indicating the reduced cytotoxicity of EOs. Therefore, carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, and thymol are molecules contained in EOs that could be used against E. coli– and S. aureus–mediated infections without a potential induction of bactericidal resistance and with lower cell toxicity than the conventional widely used chlorhexidine.
New Tetrahydroisoquinoline Derivatives Overcome Pgp Activity in Brain-Blood Barrier and Glioblastoma Multiforme in Vitro
Authors: Salaroglio Iris Chiara , Gazzano Elena , Kopecka Joanna , Chegaev Konstantin , Costamagna Costanzo , Fruttero Roberta , Guglielmo Stefano , Riganti Chiara
Published: June 2018

P-glycoprotein (Pgp) determines resistance to a broad spectrum of drugs used against glioblastoma multiforme (GB). Indeed, Pgp is highly expressed in GB stem cells and in the brain-blood barrier (BBB), the peculiar endothelium surrounding the brain. Inhibiting Pgp activity in the BBB and GB is still an open challenge. Here, we tested the efficacy of a small library of tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives with an EC50 for Pgp ≤ 50 nM, in primary human BBB cells and in patient-derived GB samples, from which we isolated differentiated/adherent cells (AC, i.e., Pgp-negative/doxorubicin-sensitive cells) and stem cells (neurospheres, NS, i.e., Pgp-positive/doxorubicin-resistant cells). Three compounds used at 1 nM increased the delivery of doxorubicin, a typical substrate of Pgp, across BBB monolayer, without altering the expression and activity of other transporters. The compounds increased the drug accumulation within NS, restoring doxorubicin-induced necrosis and apoptosis, and reducing cell viability. In co-culture systems, the compounds added to the luminal face of BBB increased the delivery of doxorubicin to NS growing under BBB and rescued the drug’s cytotoxicity. Our work identified new ligands of Pgp active at low nanomolar concentrations. These compounds reduce Pgp activity in BBB and GB and improve in vitro chemotherapy efficacy in this tumor.
Synthesis and Activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis of Olivacine and Oxygenated Derivatives
Authors: Schmidt Ulrike , Theumer Gabriele , Jäger Anne , Kataeva Olga , Wan Baojie , Franzblau Scott G. , Knölker Hans-Joachim
Published: June 2018

The tetracyclic pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole olivacine and four of its oxygenated derivatives have been synthesized by a late-stage palladium-catalyzed Heck-type cyclization of the pyrrole ring as a key step. In a test for the inhibition of the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 9-methoxyolivacine showed the most significant inhibitory activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with an MIC90 value of 1.5 μM.
Cellulose Nanofiber Biotemplated Palladium Composite Aerogels
Authors: Burpo Fred J. , Mitropoulos Alexander N. , Nagelli Enoch A. , Palmer Jesse L. , Morris Lauren A. , Ryu Madeline Y. , Wickiser J. Kenneth
Published: June 2018

Noble metal aerogels offer a wide range of catalytic applications due to their high surface area and tunable porosity. Control over monolith shape, pore size, and nanofiber diameter is desired in order to optimize electronic conductivity and mechanical integrity for device applications. However, common aerogel synthesis techniques such as solvent mediated aggregation, linker molecules, sol–gel, hydrothermal, and carbothermal reduction are limited when using noble metal salts. Here, we present the synthesis of palladium aerogels using carboxymethyl cellulose nanofiber (CNF) biotemplates that provide control over aerogel shape, pore size, and conductivity. Biotemplate hydrogels were formed via covalent cross linking using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) with a diamine linker between carboxymethylated cellulose nanofibers. Biotemplate CNF hydrogels were equilibrated in precursor palladium salt solutions, reduced with sodium borohydride, and rinsed with water followed by ethanol dehydration, and supercritical drying to produce freestanding aerogels. Scanning electron microscopy indicated three-dimensional nanowire structures, and X-ray diffractometry confirmed palladium and palladium hydride phases. Gas adsorption, impedance spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry were correlated to determine aerogel surface area. These self-supporting CNF-palladium aerogels demonstrate a simple synthesis scheme to control porosity, electrical conductivity, and mechanical robustness for catalytic, sensing, and energy applications.
Gold-Based Medicine: A Paradigm Shift in Anti-Cancer Therapy?
Authors: Yeo Chien Ing , Ooi Kah Kooi , Tiekink Edward R. T.
Published: June 2018

A new era of metal-based drugs started in the 1960s, heralded by the discovery of potent platinum-based complexes, commencing with cisplatin [(H3N)2PtCl2], which are effective anti-cancer chemotherapeutic drugs. While clinical applications of gold-based drugs largely relate to the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, attention has turned to the investigation of the efficacy of gold(I) and gold(III) compounds for anti-cancer applications. This review article provides an account of the latest research conducted during the last decade or so on the development of gold compounds and their potential activities against several cancers as well as a summary of possible mechanisms of action/biological targets. The promising activities and increasing knowledge of gold-based drug metabolism ensures that continued efforts will be made to develop gold-based anti-cancer agents.
Polyphenols from Tamarix nilotica: LC–ESI-MSn Profiling and In Vivo Antifibrotic Activity
Authors: Sekkien Ahmed , Swilam Noha , Ebada Sherif S. , Esmat Ahmed , El-Khatib Ahmed H. , Linscheid Michael W. , Singab Abdel Nasser
Published: June 2018

Tamarix nilotica (Ehrenb.) Bunge (Tamaricaceae), an indigenous plant to the Middle East region, is well-known as a medicinal plant for treating many human ailments. The current study aimed at exploring the polyphenol profile of the alcohol soluble fraction of aqueous T. nilotica extract, assessing its in vivo antifibrotic activity and the possible underlying mechanism, to unravel the impact of quantitative difference of sulphated polyphenols content on the antifibrotic activity of T. nilotca grown in two different habitats. Polyphenol profiling of T. nilotica extracts was performed using HPLC-HRESI-QTOF-MS-MS. The major polyphenol components included sulphated flavonoids, phenolic acids and free aglycones. The antifibrotic activity was evaluated through carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Biochemical evaluations revealed that both fractions ameliorated the increased levels of hepatic aminotransferases, lipid peroxidation, hydroxyproline, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Moreover, both fractions reduced catalase activity (CAT) and enhanced hepatic glutathione (GSH) content. Histopathological imaging undoubtedly confirmed such results. In conclusion, the T. nilotica polyphenol-rich fraction exhibited potential antifibrotic activity in rats. Significant alterations in GSH levels were recorded based on the sulphated polyphenol metabolite content.
Synthesis and Promotion of the Osteoblast Proliferation Effect of Morroniside Derivatives
Authors: Han Hua , Li ZhengQing , Qu Na , Chen Si , Dong PeiLiang
Published: June 2018

Sambucus williamsii Hance has been used in fractures for thousands of years, but research on its active components, such as morroniside, until now had not been carried out. In this study, morroniside was taken as the leading compound, and fourteen derivatives were synthesized. The promotion of osteoblast proliferation effect of the derivatives was evaluated on MC3T3-E1 cells. Five derivatives (2, 3, 4, 5, and 14) showed a good proliferation effect on MC3T3-E1 cells, and their promoted expression effects on OC (Osteocalcin) and ALP (Alkaline phosphatase) in MC3T3-E1 cells were measured. Compound 3 was shown to have the strongest proliferation effect (EC50 = 14.78 ± 1.17 μg/mL) and to significantly promote the expression of OC and ALP.
(2E,5E)-2,5-Bis(3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzylidene) cyclopentanone Exerts Anti-Melanogenesis and Anti-Wrinkle Activities in B16F10 Melanoma and Hs27 Fibroblast Cells
Authors: Jung Hee Jin , Lee A Kyoung , Park Yeo Jin , Lee Sanggwon , Kang Dongwan , Jung Young Suk , Chung Hae Young , Moon Hyung Ryong
Published: June 2018

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure is the primary cause of extrinsic skin aging, which results in skin hyperpigmentation and wrinkling. In this study, we investigated the whitening effect of (2E,5E)-2,5-bis(3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzylidene)cyclopentanone (BHCP) on B16F10 melanoma and its anti-wrinkle activity on Hs27 fibroblasts cells. BHCP was found to potently inhibit tyrosinase, with 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) values of 1.10 µM and 8.18 µM for monophenolase (l-tyrosine) and diphenolase (l-DOPA), and the enzyme kinetics study revealed that BHCP is a competitive-type tyrosinase inhibitor. Furthermore, BHCP significantly inhibited melanin content and cellular tyrosinase activity, and downregulated the levels of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), phosphorylated levels of cAMP response element-binding (CREB) protein, and tyrosinase in α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced B16F10 melanoma cells. Moreover, BHCP inhibited the phosphorylation of p65 and expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, MMP-9, MMP-12, and MMP-13) in Hs27 fibroblasts stimulated with UV radiation. Therefore, our results demonstrate that BHCP may be a good candidate for the development of therapeutic agents for diseases associated with hyperpigmentation and wrinkling.
Interfacial Model and Characterization for Nanoscale ReB2/TaN Multilayers at Desired Modulation Period and Ratios: First-Principles Calculations and Experimental Investigations
Authors: Jin Shangxiao , Li Dejun
Published: June 2018

The interfacial structure of ReB2/TaN multilayers at varied modulation periods (Λ) and modulation ratios (tReB2:tTaN) was investigated using key experiments combined with first-principles calculations. A maximum hardness of 38.7 GPa occurred at Λ = 10 nm and tReB2:tTaN = 1:1. The fine nanocrystalline structure with small grain sizes remained stable for individual layers at Λ= 10 nm and tReB2:tTaN = 1:1. The calculation of the interfacial structure model and interfacial energy was performed using the first principles to advance the in-depth understanding of the relationship between the mechanical properties, residual stresses, and the interfacial structure. The B-Ta interfacial configuration was calculated to have the highest adsorption energy and the lowest interfacial energy. The interfacial energy and adsorption energy at different tReB2:tTaN followed the same trend as that of the residual stress. The 9ReB2/21TaN interfacial structure in the B-Ta interfacial configuration was found to be the most stable interface in which the highest adsorption energy and the lowest interfacial energy were obtained. The chemical bonding between the neighboring B atom and the Ta atom in the interfaces showed both covalency and iconicity, which provided a theoretical interpretation of the relationship between the residual stress and the stable interfacial structure of the ReB2/TaN multilayer.
A Thin Film Flexible Supercapacitor Based on Oblique Angle Deposited Ni/NiO Nanowire Arrays
Authors: Ma Jing , Liu Wen , Zhang Shuyuan , Ma Zhe , Song Peishuai , Yang Fuhua , Wang Xiaodong
Published: June 2018

With high power density, fast charging-discharging speed, and a long cycling life, supercapacitors are a kind of highly developed novel energy-storage device that has shown a growing performance and various unconventional shapes such as flexible, linear-type, stretchable, self-healing, etc. Here, we proposed a rational design of thin film, flexible micro-supercapacitors with in-plane interdigital electrodes, where the electrodes were fabricated using the oblique angle deposition technique to grow oblique Ni/NiO nanowire arrays directly on polyimide film. The obtained electrodes have a high specific surface area and good adhesion to the substrate compared with other in-plane micro-supercapacitors. Meanwhile, the as-fabricated micro-supercapacitors have good flexibility and satisfactory energy-storage performance, exhibiting a high specific capacity of 37.1 F/cm3, a high energy density of 5.14 mWh/cm3, a power density of up to 0.5 W/cm3, and good stability during charge-discharge cycles and repeated bending-recovery cycles, respectively. Our micro-supercapacitors can be used as ingenious energy storage devices for future portable and wearable electronic applications.