bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Professional Development and Appraisal System for School Nurses
Authors: Tustin Jane , Canham Gloria , Berridge Joanne , Braden Deborah , Starke Thora
Published: July 2008

Dissatisfied with current school nurse evaluation instruments, school nurse administrators sought to develop an appraisal system that would emphasize the professional role of the school nurse and provide a means to enhance individual practice. The newly revised Standards of Professional School Nursing Practice and the creation of a state teacher evaluation model presented the opportunity to produce an instrument that could be adapted within the educational setting for school nursing practice. The appraisal system included not only the methods to evaluate practice, but the means to involve the individual school nurse through goal setting. The process also included a structured intervention plan that facilitated remediation. This article describes the development of the appraisal system, the components, and the implementation of an evaluation system for school nurses.
Beat the Heat: Managing Heat And Hydration In Marching Band
Authors: Vepraskas Claudia
Published: July 2008

Marching band students are athletes who practice outdoors under conditions that expose them to dehydration, heat exhaustion, and sunstroke. They suffer these heat-related injuries because breaking formation frequently to adequately hydrate is impractical. This project developed educational materials alerting the students and the director to heat-related illnesses and tested a simple method of fluid replacement that could be used during practice. A Heat Index chart was adapted to identify hazardous conditions; fluid intake recommendations were made based on the Heat Index. Students purchased a water bottle housed in an insulated belt that was worn during all outdoor rehearsals. Because water was readily available, the students were able to drink the necessary fluids without interrupting the rehearsal. These bottles have been used successfully for 3 years. Based on limited subjective data, the students reported feeling better, their mental acuity improved, and rehearsals were more productive. This article examines the effects of heat on the body and reports on a practical solution that has been found to protect marching band members from heat-related stress.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Selekman Janice
Published: July 2008

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common conditions demanding the time and knowledge of school nurses. Although the condition was identified 100 years ago, it is only in the past decade that information has been clarified. New medication is continually being developed, and the area of comorbidity is exploding. This article updates school nurses on the latest information regarding ADHD.
A Healthy Lifestyle Program: Promoting Child Health in Schools
Authors: Wehling Weepie Anna K. , McCarthy Ann Marie
Published: July 2008

The problem of overweight children is an increasing public health concern in the United States. Many children today consume diets that are high in fat, lack regular physical activity, and receive minimal amounts of nutrition education at school. School-based education about nutrition and healthy lifestyles provides an opportunity for intervention with all children. A program for 4th- and 5th-grade students was designed to increase the student’s knowledge about nutrition and healthy lifestyles. After implementation of the program, there was a significant increase in student knowledge of nutrition and healthy lifestyles as determined by a pretest and posttest evaluation. The results have implications for school nurses because childhood behaviors have such a profound impact on future adult lifestyle choices.
Distance Learning in a School Nurse Credential Program
Authors: Miller Barbara , Rector Cherie
Published: July 2008

Distance learning, which encompasses many methodologies, is becoming a more readily available educational alternative. Because there are a limited number of school nurse credential programs and the demand for school nurses is increasing, distance learning may be a viable method of instruction. This article describes the authors’ experiences organizing and presenting distance learning courses to five remote sites for students in a university school nurse credential program. After numerous inquiries, potential students from several areas were surveyed, and arrangements were made with universities in those areas to receive two-way audio and video transmissions of two seminar courses; later, two clinically oriented courses in the school nurse program. Students were able to complete their program requirements by taking equivalent course work at their local universities. Perceptions of students and the instructor, course evaluation, and practical suggestions are shared. Guidelines for potential students about selecting quality distance education programs are also noted.
Measuring Outcomes of School Nursing Services
Authors: Stock Jacqueline L. , Larter Nanci , Kieckehefer Gail M. , Thronson Gayle , Maire Judy
Published: July 2008

Considerable information exists about the impact of school health services on student health and academic achievement. Much less information exists about the specific impact of school nursing services. This article reports on a Washington State project that studied documentation of outcomes of school nurse interventions, the scope of the school nurse role, and the infrastructure necessary to report outcomes of school nursing. A literature review about outcomes of school nursing was conducted. Twenty-two leaders in school nurse issues were interviewed. The literature review yielded 15 articles documenting positive outcomes of school nursing. Interview analysis revealed leader ideas about important outcomes of school nurse services and the infrastructure needed to document the impact of school nursing. The existing literature on positive outcomes addresses a limited portion of the school nurse role. Components of infrastructure necessary to document outcomes are delineated. Resources for infrastructure development are discussed.
Continuing Education: Improving Perceived Competence in School Nurses
Authors: Bullock Linda F. C. , Libbus M. Kay , Lewis Suzanne , Gayer Debra
Published: July 2008

An investigator-designed survey was used to determine if attendance at specific continuing education programs increased the perceived competence of school nurses who enrolled and completed the programs. Respondents were queried about the general content of six courses offered by the Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services in conjunction with the University of Missouri—Columbia Sinclair School of Nursing. Specific content areas were mental health concerns, suicide prevention, diabetes management, asthma management, seizure disorders, and developing clinical skills as they pertained to school-age children. Comparing a sample of school nurses who had attended the programs with a group whom had not, a statistically significant difference was found in the participant group who reported higher self-perceived competence than the nonparticipant group in all content areas. Results of the study suggest that school nurses who attend specific continuing education programs feel more competent in practice than nurses who do not attend.
Assessment of Abdominal Pain in School-Age Children
Authors: Zimmermann Polly Gerber
Published: July 2008

Pediatric abdominal pain can be a difficult condition to accurately assess for the nurse to determine whether the child’s need is for teaching, treating, or transferring. This article describes the process as well as practical tips to be used by the nurse in the school setting. Distinguishing characteristics and findings, including key physical assessments, of some of the most frequent or most important conditions are described. Atypical, but not to be overlooked, causes are also discussed.
Data Speak: Influencing School Health Policy Through Research
Authors: Ryberg Jacalyn Wickline , Keller Teresa , Hine Beverly , Christeson Elisabeth
Published: July 2008

School nurses occupy a unique position in relation to school health policy. In addition to facing the demands of promoting and maintaining the health of students, they collect the information that is used to document the implementation of school health policy. Effective school health policy is guided by reliable, credible data regarding what interventions achieve desired results. Research data that truly reflect school nurses’ contributions to student health and educational outcomes enhance the visibility of professional school nurses. School nurses can learn to use data as a policy tool by knowing data collection methods, when to select a particular method, and how outcomes research can benefit school nurse practice.
Promoting Culturally Competent Care for Gay Youth
Authors: Bakker Leslie J. , Cavender Angela
Published: July 2008

Gay youth and those questioning their sexual identity have been referred to as “hidden,” “invisible,” “stigmatized,” and “marginalized.” As a result, the unique safety and health needs of this subculture have been overlooked, or worse, ignored, placing these youth at risk. Because school nurses have been identifying at-risk populations of students and developing programs to promote youth and family health for years, they should be prepared to provide health care for the subculture of gay youth. However, nurses are saying they do not have the knowledge or skills needed to identify and address the needs of this group. Providing school nursing care for gay youth requires the school nurse to be culturally competent. School nurses need to be aware of, sensitive to, and knowledgeable about the subculture. They must also possess communication skills required to relate appropriately to this group. This article presents information and nursing strategies that will promote the safety and health of gay youth while enhancing the school nurse’s cultural competence.
A Bicycle Safety Education Program for Parents of Young Children
Authors: Lohse Julie L.
Published: July 2008

This study examined parental perceptions of the benefits and barriers to bicycle helmet use and their level of knowledge about bicycle safety issues. A school-based bicycle safety education program was taught to first- and second-grade students in a rural/suburban school district by a graduate nursing student. Pender’s Health Promotion Model was the theoretical framework used to guide this research study. A parent Bicycle Helmet Questionnaire (BHQ) developed by the author was the tool used to gather data. The study determined that parents of children in schools that received the educational intervention prior to completing the questionnaire had significantly higher knowledge level scores and that the majority of parents were in favor of bicycle helmet legislation for children. The implications from this research study include the importance of bicycle safety education interventions for students and parents and the need to implement bicycle helmet legislation.
Identifying and Intervening With Girls at Risk for Violence
Authors: Thomas Sandra P.
Published: July 2008

Youth violence has become a prominent national concern, largely focused on boys who have perpetrated highly publicized massacres. Less well-publicized is the rapid increase in arrests of girls for violent crimes and weapons violations. In just 2 decades, violent crime arrests for female juveniles increased by 108%. From research findings, a composite portrait of the violent girl can be drawn. This profile can be used to identify girls at risk for criminal behaviors. In this article, a three-pronged approach to girls’ violent behavior is presented: (a) violence prevention and emotional literacy programs that can be implemented by school nurses, (b) parent education programs that can be conducted at Parent–Teacher Association meetings, churches, and community centers, and (c) counseling interventions that can be delivered to troubled girls by psychiatric nurses. Nurses can play vital roles in consultation to teachers and parents and in direct service provision to girls who are on a tragic trajectory of fighting, expulsion from school, and juvenile justice infractions.
Quality Assurance in School Health
Authors: Newell Susan , Schoenike Sumner L. , Lisko Elaine A.
Published: July 2008

School nurses need to become more influential administrators, managers, and entrepreneurs. They must learn to lead and collaborate effectively in designing, implementing, and evaluating coordinated school health programs. Quality assurance is an essential ingredient in this process that requires accurate, timely, and confidential incident reporting and data analysis structures. These structures, in turn, can serve as the foundation of evidence-based practice and overall system improvement. School nurses can and should assume a key role in the process and thereby continue to meet the challenges of the more sophisticated school health services that today’s student population requires. In this way, school nurses will continue to protect and advance the health and safety of the students who are entrusted to their care.
Using Active Learning Strategies to Present Bloodborne Pathogen Programs
Authors: Cooper Leslie , Weaver Mary G.
Published: July 2008

Every year, school nurses have the responsibility for developing and presenting a bloodborne pathogen presentation to the education and clerical staff of their buildings. Although the information is similar from year to year, the manner in which the information is presented can be altered. Teachers are using active learning strategies in a variety of learning environments, engaging students in the learning process by having them play an active role. With some planning, preparation, and imagination, active learning strategies can be incorporated into bloodborne pathogen presentations. The purpose of this article is to define active learning, describe how to develop a program using active learning strategies, and provide some examples of bloodborne pathogen presentations that have already been developed. Several sources are identified that can provide the school nurse with information regarding bloodborne pathogens. Information about how computers can be integrated into the bloodborne pathogen presentation is also presented.
Facilitating Children’s Grief
Authors: Riely Marsha
Published: July 2008

A program of education and support is essential for children and their parent or adult caregivers when the children have experienced the death of a significant person. Children need guidance on how to deal with their profound feelings of grief. The purpose of this article is to give school nurses the ability to help children face the strange new world that follows the death experience. The review of literature defines commonly used terms, describes the mourning process experienced by children, and offers school nurses basic information about grief. The article presents the critical elements necessary for planning and implementing a 6-week grief education and support program that offers children and their parent or adult caregivers permission to grieve and the tools with which to process grief.
Health Education In An Inner-City Catholic Grade School
Authors: Legg Katherine , Grigoriev Lana
Published: July 2008

The purpose of this article is to outline the process, content, and evaluation of a 14-week health education program for 6th, 7th, and 8th grade students in an inner city Catholic grade school who are at risk for multiple health problems. The process includes a needs assessment with findings, followed by construction of an age-appropriate program. A content outline displays the topics and information presented to the students. In conclusion, an evaluation presents the results and effectiveness of the program.
Development of a Nursing Data Set for School Nursing
Authors: Bergren Martha Dewey , Fahrenkrug Mary Ann
Published: July 2008

School nurses need to clearly identify how they promote the health and educational achievement of children. School nurses contribute to student health by providing health assessment and nursing interventions, advocating for healthy living, and contributing to prevention of illness and disease management. A Nursing Data Set for School Nursing can identify those data elements that are needed to prove that school nurses have a positive effect on children, families, and the community. The purpose of this project was to develop a Nursing Data Set for School Nursing that would describe and validate school nursing practice. Building on the Nursing Minimum Data Set developed by Werley, Devine, and Zorn, a Nursing Data Set for School Nursing was developed with guidance from experts in the field of school nursing. A Nursing Data Set for School Nursing has the potential to assist school nurses in documentation and validation of their nursing practice. It can validate the complexity of the role of the school nurse, the resources needed, and the effect school nurses have on improving the health and educational outcomes of students.
The Smallpox Threat: The School Nurse’s Role
Authors: Martin Mary E. , Didion Judy
Published: July 2008

Today, with the threat of bioterrorism and war, there is a new dimension to the traditional role of the school nurse. The smallpox threat to public health will invoke the school nurse’s role as an educator, liaison, and consultant in the community. This article discusses smallpox, the vaccination process, adverse effects, and postvaccination care. In addition to the role of educator, the school nurse has the role of a liaison between the school and the local health department. The school nurse also plays a vital role in school health policy development and implementation. Being prepared and educated makes our nation less vulnerable to these threats and will assist in keeping our children and communities safe.
Reading Nursing Research: Easy as ABCD
Authors: Frame Kathleen , Kelly Lynn
Published: July 2008

Professional practice is built on sound knowledge specific to each discipline. This knowledge is developed and validated through a process of scientific investigation or research. However, lack of knowledge about the research process acts as a barrier to applying evidence-based practice within the school setting. Understanding the components that make up a research study facilitates critical analysis and application in school nursing practice. This article describes a straightforward method for analyzing research studies, enabling school nurses to understand and apply current research in their daily practice.
Evaluation of the “Respect Not Risk” Firearm Safety Lesson for 3rd-Graders
Authors: Liller Karen D. , Perrin Karen , Nearns Jodi , Pesce Karen , Crane Nancy B. , Gonzalez Robin R.
Published: July 2008

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the MORE HEALTH “Respect Not Risk” Firearm Safety Lesson for 3rd-graders in Pinellas County, Florida. Six schools representative of various socioeconomic levels were selected as the test sites. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected. A total of 433 matched pretests/posttests were used to determine the effectiveness of the class in increasing student knowledge about firearm safety. The results revealed a significant increase in the mean scores on the posttest compared with the pretest. Qualitative findings showed the lesson was positively received by both students and teachers, and 65% of responding students reported discussing the lesson with family members. School nurses are encouraged to take a leading role in promoting firearm injury prevention to students.
Caring for Children With Cystic Fibrosis: A Collaborative Clinical and School Approach
Authors: Strawhacker MaryAnn Tapper , Wellendorf Joyce
Published: July 2008

Earlier diagnosis and more effective treatments have improved both morbidity and mortality associated with cystic fibrosis, making regular school attendance a reality. School nurses have a unique opportunity to assist students with cystic fibrosis successfully manage their disease. Medical treatment for cystic fibrosis can be complex, leaving students and families in need of health consultation and support. The clinic and school nurse each brings a unique perspective to cystic fibrosis care management. Working to understanding perspectives across settings and looking for ways to collaborate through mutual planning and goal setting is an ideal way to support families and promote achievement of optimal health status for students.
School-Based Condom Availability Programs
Authors: Schmiedl Renee
Published: July 2008

The repercussions of sexual activity among teens continue to be a significant issue in the United States. Detrimental consequences to unprotected sexual activity among teens include unintended pregnancy and acquiring a sexually transmitted disease (STD) or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It is estimated that each year approximately 3 million teens acquire an STD and 860,000 become pregnant. A variety of programs have been implemented in school systems in an attempt to reduce the STDs, HIV, and pregnancy among teens. One program is the distribution of condoms in the school. There are many factors that the school nurse must consider in the development of a school-based condom disbursement program. This article addresses school-based condom availability programs as well as issues for the school nurse to consider when implementing such a program.
Evaluation of an Educational Program for Adolescents With Asthma
Authors: Berg Jill , Tichacek Mary J. , Theodorakis Renee
Published: July 2008

In addition to challenges of adolescence itself, teens with asthma face demands of asthma management and risks of asthma sequelae, including fatalities. Few asthma educational programs specifically address their needs. In response to school nurse concern, this pilot study evaluated an adolescent asthma education program, the Power Breathing™ Program, together with individual coaching sessions in terms of general asthma knowledge and health status. Thirteen high school students, predominantly female and African American, participated over a 6-month period. Evaluation tools included the Child Health Survey for Asthma, a focus group interview, and a program evaluation questionnaire. Participants reported that knowledge gained improved trigger avoidance, increased medication adherence, and decreased the frequency of asthma episodes. They described the individual coaching sessions as helpful in assimilating and applying information. The Power Breathing Program and coaching sessions show promise as an asthma educational program particularly tailored to adolescents. This article suggests further evaluation of the program and describes implications for school nurses.
Increasing Self-Efficacy and Knowledge Through a Seizure Education Program for Special Education Teachers
Authors: Price Valerie , Murphy Susan O. , Cureton Virginia Young
Published: July 2008

Since the passage of the 1975 Education for All Handicapped Children Act and the 1986 PL99–457 amendment, many children aged birth to 3 years with special health care needs are enrolled in early intervention programs. Educators working in early intervention services often need to respond to and manage seizure activity and medical emergencies for special needs children. To do so, they need to have knowledge and confidence in their ability to intervene effectively. This intervention study was designed to address the knowledge and self-efficacy of 28 special needs educators on seizure management. The intervention resulted in increased knowledge, skills, and self-efficacy related to seizure management and their ability to interact supportively with families.
The Lived Experience of Violence: Using Storytelling as a Teaching Tool With Middle School Students
Authors: Werle Gretchen D.
Published: July 2008

This qualitative study explored 8th-grade students’ responses to hearing stories about the lived experience of violence. A convenience sample of 13 students attending health education classes at a public middle school was used. After hearing each story, students answered a series of questions using the process of free writing. Free writing is a technique that allows students to explore their thoughts and reactions while promoting critical thinking. Student free writing samples were analyzed using a process of constant comparison. Three themes emerged from the data: (a) students gain insights into the realities of violence through hearing these stories, (b) students respond on an emotional level to both the stories and the storytellers, and (c) students respond positively to and are engaged by these stories. The findings lend support to the use of storytelling in teaching youth about violence. School nurses can develop and implement violence prevention education programs using the storytelling model, seek grant and community support for such programs, and conduct further research into the use of the storytelling model.
School Staff’s Satisfaction With School Health Services
Authors: Winland Julie , Shannon Amy
Published: July 2008

The School Nurse Impact Committee of the Columbus Public Schools in Columbus, Ohio, initiated a survey to determine staff satisfaction with the delivery of health services. School nurses need the cooperation and support of the staff to successfully deliver school health services, therefore, the staff’s satisfaction with school health services is crucial to the school nurses’ ability to fulfill their role. The objectives of the survey were to (a) determine staff satisfaction with school nurse interventions, (b) determine staff satisfaction with the effectiveness of interventions, (c) identify areas of health service delivery which may need improvement, and (d) determine areas of school health services where school nurses may need to more effectively communicate their involvement. Critical elements of school nurse practice included staff health, safety and environment, classroom education, medication, school system collaboration, and program management. Several key issues were identified through the survey. School system collaboration issues need more school nurse involvement. School nurses also need to improve their visibility regarding school system collaboration, and in classroom and individual pupil education. Traditional school nurse functions were adequately covered. Results indicate that staff would be more satisfied if they had more nursing support in the classroom and more nurse time in their building.
Insulin Pumps: What Every School Nurse Needs to Know
Authors: Bierschbach Judy Laver , Cooper Leslie , Liedl Jennifer A
Published: July 2008

The results of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial revolutionized the care of people with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). The era of “tight control” of blood sugars to decrease microvascular complications dawned. The subsequent technological development of insulin pumps has made it possible for individuals with Type 1 DM, as well as those with Type 2 who are insulin dependent, to keep their blood sugars in a more normal range. Children of all ages with Type 1 DM have been switching from multiple daily injections of insulin to insulin pumps. School nurses who have not had a child with a pump certainly will in the near future. It is important for school nurses to understand the function and possible complications of using an insulin pump to assist and support children in their transition to pump therapy. School nurses need to be aware of available technical support resources for insulin pumps should problems arise at school with pump management.
Talking With Teens About Asthma Management
Authors: Velsor-Friedrich Barbara , Vlasses Fran , Moberley Jorie , Coover Lenore
Published: July 2008

Asthma is a chronic illness that affects approximately 7 million children and adolescents in the United States. Teens seem to be at higher risk for poor asthma health outcomes because of the tumultuous changes associated with adolescence. The purpose of this study was to explore experiences and behaviors related to the self-management of teens with asthma. Teens from four different high schools participated in one of four focus groups. Based on these discussions, the following themes emerged related to teens’ management of their asthma: wanting to be normal, the unpredictability of the disease, the credibility of the teen with asthma, and self-management issues. Recommendations for developing education and management strategies for teens with asthma are discussed.
Healthy Hands: Use of Alcohol Gel as an Adjunct to Handwashing in Elementary School Children
Authors: Morton Jennifer L. , Schultz Alyce A.
Published: July 2008

Elementary school-age children are particularly vulnerable to infections. While handwashing is the best method of preventing infections, many elementary schools are housed in buildings that have barriers to effective hand hygiene. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of an alcohol gel as an adjunct to handwashing in reducing absenteeism secondary to infectious illness. Two-hundred and fifty-three elementary school children were randomized by classroom into an experimental or control group. With a crossover design, all children participated in both groups, with a one-week washout period between phases. A 45-minute “Germ Unit” was taught to all children as they started the experimental phase and a standard unit on hand hygiene was taught as they started the control phase. Sixty-nine children were absent due to illness while in the control group. Thirty-nine children became ill while in the experimental group. Alcohol gel as an adjunct to handwashing was shown to be effective in reducing absenteeism due to infectious illness by 43%.
Children’s Mental Health and School Success
Authors: DeSocio Janiece , Hootman Janis
Published: July 2008

An integrative review of literature was undertaken to examine the impact of children’s mental health on their school success. The literature confirmed a confluence of problems associated with school performance and child and adolescent mental health. Poor academic functioning and inconsistent school attendance were identified as early signs of emerging or existing mental health problems during childhood and adolescence. Among the goals of school nursing is to provide a process for identification and resolution of students’ health needs as they affect educational achievement. Thus, it is within the scope of practice and goals of school nursing to also address children’s mental health needs, as they affect school performance. This review of literature supports the conclusion that school nursing is well positioned to respond to the need for mental health promotion, illness prevention, and early intervention related to children’s mental health.
The Female Athlete Triad
Authors: Sherman Roberta Trattner , Thompson Ron A.
Published: July 2008

The Female Athlete Triad is a syndrome of the interrelated components of disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis. Sometimes inadvertently, but more often by willful dietary restriction, many female athletes do not ingest sufficient calories to adequately fuel their physical or sport activities, which can disrupt menstrual functioning, thereby increasing their risk of bone loss. Although its prevalence is unknown, the Female Athlete Triad is believed to affect many athletes at all ages and all sport competition levels. Even though the Triad affects athletes in all sports, girls and women in sports that emphasize a thin or small body size or shape appear to be most at risk. This article focuses on the risks of the Female Athlete Triad for middle-and high-school-age female athletes as well as the unique issues related to the identification, management, and treatment of the various components of the Triad in this special adolescent subpopulation.
The Impact of Homelessness on the Health of Families
Authors: Morris Rita I. , Strong Linda
Published: July 2008

Qualitative research using the symbolic interactionism framework and grounded theory methodology was employed to discover the perceived health problems and dangers that homeless families with children endure. Data were collected using semistructured interviews from 34 homeless volunteer participants with 87 children. An in-depth analysis of the data using the constant comparative method led to recurrent descriptors and patterns, which were synthesized under four themes: external locus of control, deterrents to health, economic barriers, and lack of support. The findings indicate that there is an urgent need for preventive approaches to alleviate homelessness and its attendant health problems. Recommendations consistent with current federal, state, and local strategies and plans for the early identification and prevention of homelessness are presented. School nurses have an important role as advocates, health educators, and coordinators to promote realistic strategies, programs, and policies in the delivery of services to homeless families.
School Nurses’ Perceptions of Empowerment and Autonomy
Authors: DeSisto Marie C. , DeSisto Thomas Patrick
Published: July 2008

The purpose of this study was to explore Kanter’s Theory of Structural Power in Organizations, using school nurses and to answer the research question of whether there is a relationship between empowerment and autonomy in school nurses. This study found a positive relationship between the nurses’ perceptions of empowerment and autonomy. The school nurses surveyed perceived themselves to have a high degree of autonomy and a moderate degree of empowerment, and they reported that their access to informal power structures was higher than their access to formal power structures in their school systems. School nurses can benefit by understanding factors that can increase their empowerment in the workplace. They need to understand the organizational structure of their workplace to increase their effectiveness and job satisfaction.
Second-Impact Syndrome
Authors: Cobb Sarah , Battin Barbara
Published: July 2008

Sports-related injuries are among the more common causes of injury in adolescents that can result in concussion and its sequelae, postconcussion syndrome and second-impact syndrome (SIS). Students who experience multiple brain injuries within a short period of time (hours, days, or weeks) may suffer catastrophic or fatal reactions related to SIS. Adolescents are particularly susceptible to the dangers of SIS, and current return-to-play guidelines may be too lenient to protect a student from SIS. Any student with signs of a concussion should receive medical evaluation and not be allowed to return to play in the current game or practice. The role of the school nurse includes being knowledgeable about management of head injuries and return-to-play guidelines, providing follow-up for athletes who have concussions, and providing education on prevention and management of head injuries.
Overweight and Perceived Health in Mexican American Children: A Pilot Study in a Central Texas Community
Authors: Tyler Diane O.
Published: July 2008

This study assessed actual and perceived health status of overweight Mexican American clients at a central Texas school-based health center in a predominately Hispanic school district. It also explored the participants’ interest in making lifestyle changes to promote a healthy weight. A medical records review indicated that of the Hispanic children between the ages of 7 and 12 years, 38% had a weight status at or above the 85th percentile. Assessments were conducted in a sample of these overweight Mexican American children to learn about their medical history, eating and activity patterns, perceived health and body size, and general health-risk status. Weight-related conditions, such as elevated blood pressure and cholesterol levels, were found in more than half the sample. Few consumed fruits and vegetables, and many engaged in only sedentary activities. The majority perceived themselves as “big,” wanted to make changes in their body size, and wanted family members to participate in making changes with them. Although most of the sample were in the 97th body mass index percentile, many perceived themselves to be as healthy as or healthier than others. These findings substantiate the need to design and implement a culturally appropriate weight management and obesity prevention program in this community. However, the perception of being healthy in the presence of multiple indicators of poor health may pose challenges to successful intervention.
Marginalization and School Nursing
Authors: Smith Julia Ann
Published: July 2008

The concept of marginalization was first analyzed by nursing researchers Hall, Stevens, and Meleis. Although nursing literature frequently refers to this concept when addressing “at risk” groups such as the homeless, gays and lesbians, and those infected with HIV/AIDS, the concept can also be applied to nursing. Analysis of current school nursing literature and research suggests school nursing may be a marginalized specialty, encompassing many of the characteristics of marginalization including isolation, role confusion, and barriers to practice. School nurses can reduce or eliminate these characteristics by increasing their visibility and collaborative opportunities in the educational and nursing communities while also providing mentoring opportunities to new school nurses.
School Nurses: A Resource for Young Worker Safety
Authors: Higgins Doloris N. , Tierney Jeanette , Lins Meredith , Hanrahan Lawrence
Published: July 2008

On average, 67 youths under age 18 die at work in the United States each year, and many more suffer work-related injuries. In 1998, an estimated 77,000 young workers suffered work injuries that required treatment in hospital emergency rooms. It is estimated that only one third of work-related injuries are seen in emergency departments; therefore, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) estimates that nearly 230,000 youths suffer work-related injuries each year. Through NIOSH’s Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation (FACE) program, NIOSH investigators identified poor knowledge of child labor laws, lack of safety training and supervision, inappropriate job assignment, and lack of employer compliance with labor laws as factors contributing to young worker deaths. School nurses serve as a resource to other professionals, parents, employers, and students and can help foster safer working conditions for youth by providing these groups with young worker safety information.
The Health of Children in Foster Care
Authors: Schneiderman Janet U.
Published: July 2008

This qualitative study of school nurses describes what the nurses want to do for school children in foster care, what they are actually doing, and how the school organization affects the provision of care. The study looked at the nurses’ practice through the lens of the Social Ecological Model of Health, identified interventions using the Minnesota Public Health Intervention Model, and analyzed the school organization using the Bolman-Deal Model (Bolman & Deal, 1997 ). A purposive sample of nurses was chosen to participate in interviews, and observations of their work and a survey on the frequency of their interventions was implemented. Interviews were analyzed using a phenomenological approach. Four themes derived from the data included structural barriers to client access, nonrecognition of the broad determinants of health, isolationism, and lack of political power. School nurses are aware of foster children’s increased health care needs, yet increased services are not provided as a result of a lack of organizational support.
The Effects of Budget, Delegation, and Other Variables on the Future of School Nursing
Authors: Tetuan Theresa M. , Akagi Cynthia G.
Published: July 2008

The purpose of this exploratory research study was to survey Kansas school nurses to determine the impact of budget, delegation, and other variables on the future of school nursing. Issues of education and certification status, educational budget, delegation, school nurse-to-student ratio, number of school buildings assigned, Metropolitan Statistical Area, and years of school nursing experience were also investigated. The Budget Impact School Nurse Questionnaire online survey was used to gather data. Findings revealed that school nurses were well prepared academically, but that many school nurses lacked certification. The use of UAPs and the future of school nursing were significantly affected by budget constraints, delegation, number of buildings assigned, legislative contact, and Metropolitan Statistical Area (urban location). Education in delegation and years of experience as a school nurse significantly affected opportunities for health education. The findings depicted budget, school nurse staffing, delegation, and geographic areas as the main variables that have an impact on school nursing.
Barriers Identified by Swedish School Nurses in Giving Information about Testicular Cancer and Testicular Self-Examination to Adolescent Males
Authors: Rudberg Lennart , Nilsson Sten , Wikblad Karin , Carlsson Marianne
Published: July 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate to what extent school nurses in Sweden inform adolescent men about testicular cancer (TC) and testicular self-examination (TSE). A questionnaire was completed by 129 school nurses from 29 randomly selected municipalities. All respondents were women, with a mean age of 42 years. The results showed that about 6% of the school nurses had provided information on TC and 9% on TSE; however, the majority was open to presenting such information. The major reason reported for not providing this guidance was insufficient knowledge about the subject. The nurses who had given information were knowledgeable about both TC and TSE and more often informed young men about TC and TSE, whereas those who had only received information about TC were not as likely to provide information about TC or TSE. The results of this study highlight the need to educate school nurses about TC and TSE so they can include this information in their health teaching to adolescent males.
Increasing Minority Representation in the Health Professions
Authors: Fleming Robin , Berkowitz Bobbie , Cheadle Allen D.
Published: July 2008

Research indicates that health disparities may be reduced by increasing the number of ethnic minorities working in health occupations. Establishing health career pathway programs for immigrant and ethnic minority students is one way to address this problem. One such program, Cross-Cultural Education in Public Health (CCEPH), was developed, implemented, and evaluated to determine whether participants expressed greater interest in pursuing health care careers after program completion. A sample of 72 immigrant students in two high schools participated in the program, which was based on Bandura's theory of self-efficacy. Data were gathered using pre- and postprogram surveys that measured academic self-efficacy and career consideration. Results for academic efficacy were not statistically significant, but interest level in health care careers rose substantially. Although further research needs to be conducted to determine whether such programs increase self-efficacy, programs such as CCEPH can increase the consideration of health careers among immigrant and ethnic minority students.
Arkansas School Nurses’ Role in Statewide Assessment of Body Mass Index to Screen for Overweight Children and Adolescents
Authors: Gance-Cleveland Bonnie , Bushmiaer Margo
Published: July 2008

National surveys that have tracked weight and physical activity in the United States for more than 40 years have shown a continuing increase in the number of overweight children and adolescents. Overweight children and adolescents are showing an increase in diseases related to overweight: Type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and orthopedic and respiratory conditions. Overweight children are also likely to become obese adults. This article describes Arkansas’s efforts to connect with families through schools to prevent or reduce overweight in children. Arkansas school nurses measured the heights and weights of more than 400,000 public school students during the 2003–2004 school year. A detailed protocol for accurate measurement of students is provided.
An Integrative Review of Interventions for Adolescent Weight Loss
Authors: Stuart Wilma Powell , Broome Marion E. , Smith Barbara A. , Weaver Michael
Published: July 2008

The number of overweight adolescents aged 12–19 has tripled during the past 2 decades. Although health risks associated with obesity in adolescence and adulthood are well documented in the literature, little is known about the efficacy of interventions to reduce health risks of this group. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review to describe the scope, domain, and effectiveness of weight loss interventions with overweight adolescents. English-language journal articles published in nursing, psychology, nutrition, medicine, and exercise physiology literature between 1980 and 2003 were retrieved. Seventeen studies using comparison or control groups and interventions directed at reductions in adolescent body mass index or body weight were identified. Descriptive findings of those studies are reported here. Five specific limitations of these studies emerged from the analysis of the interventions: the study findings have not been validated by replication, the samples failed to include adequate representation of Latino and African American male participants, family participation in studies has been inconsistent and infrequent, there is a need for attention to study dropout rates (with attrition reported as high as 45%), and there is a need for conceptual frameworks to guide the studies.
Vending Machine Policies and Practices in Delaware
Authors: Gemmill Erin , Cotugna Nancy
Published: July 2008

Overweight has reached alarming proportions among America’s youth. Although the cause of the rise in overweight rates in children and adolescents is certainly the result of the interaction of a variety of factors, the presence of vending machines in schools is one issue that has recently come to the forefront. Many states have passed or proposed legislation that limits student access to vending machines in schools or require that vending machines in schools offer healthier choices. The purposes of this study were (a) to assess the food and beverage vending machine offerings in the public school districts in the state of Delaware and (b) to determine whether there are any district vending policies in place other than the current U.S. Department of Agriculture regulations. The results of this study indicate the most commonly sold food and drink items in school vending machines are of minimal nutritional value. School administrators are most frequently in charge of the vending contract, as well as setting and enforcing vending machine policies. Suggestions are offered to assist school nurses, often the only health professional in the school, in becoming advocates for changes in school vending practices and policies that promote the health and well-being of children and adolescents.
The Breakfast-Eating Habits of Inner City High School Students
Authors: Sweeney Nancy M. , Horishita Naomi
Published: July 2008

This cross-sectional, descriptive correlational research study describes the breakfast-eating habits of 846 inner-city high school students. Fifty-seven percent of students reported skipping breakfast on the day of the survey, despite the free hot-breakfast program at their high school. Significantly more girls than boys skipped breakfast, and 10th grade students had the highest rate of skipping breakfast. Sixty-four percent of breakfast-skippers cited a lack of time, and 28% stated they could not eat early in the morning. More breakfast eaters reported eating at home (48%); only 14% reported eating at school, with 3% reportedly eating both at home and school. Milk, orange juice, cereal, and foods in the bread group were the most frequently eaten foods. Patterns of eating by gender and by grade level are discussed in this article, as are implications for school nursing, including assessment, teaching, and research. It is important to educate students and parents about the importance of eating breakfast, because it provides an important part of a student’s daily intake of nutrients needed for energy, growth, and learning.