bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SWATH-MS-based quantitative proteomics reveals a uniquely intricate defense response in Cnaphalocrocis medinalis-resistant rice
Authors: Cheah Boon Huat , Lin Hou-Ho , Chien Han-Ju , Liao Chung-Ta , Liu Li-Yu D , Lai Chien-Chen , Lin Ya-Fen , Chuang Wen-Po
Published: August 2020

Cnaphalocrocis medinalis is a major insect pest of rice in Asia. A few defensive enzymes were reported to show higher activities in a resistant rice line (Qingliu) than in a susceptible rice line (TN1) upon leaffolder infestation. However, the overall molecular regulation of the rice defense response against leaffolder herbivory is unknown. Here, differential proteomic analysis by SWATH-MS was performed to identify differentially expressed proteins between the two rice varieties, Qingliu and TN1, at four time points of leaffolder herbivory, 0, 6, 24, and 72 h. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment of the differentially expressed proteins indicated overrepresentation of (1) photosynthesis, (2) amino acid and derivative metabolic process, and (3) secondary metabolic process. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase and chalcone synthase, which catalyze flavonoid biosynthesis, and lipoxygenase, which catalyzes jasmonic acid biosynthesis, exhibited higher expression in Qingliu than in TN1 even before insect herbivory. Momentary activation of the light reaction and Calvin cycle was detected in Qingliu at 6 h and 24 h of insect herbivory, respectively. At 72 h of insect herbivory, amino acid biosynthesis and glutathione-mediated antioxidation were activated in Qingliu. A defense response involving jasmonic acid signaling, carbon remobilization, and the production of flavonoids and glutathione could underlie the resistance of Qingliu to leaffolder.
The third dimension in river restoration: how anthropogenic disturbance changes boundary conditions for ecological mitigation
Authors: Guzelj Martin , Hauer Christoph , Egger Gregory
Published: August 2020

The goals of the European Water Framework Directive changed the perspective on rivers from human to ecosystem-based river management. After decades of channelizing and damming rivers, restoration projects are applied with more or less successful outcomes. The anthropogenic influence put on rivers can change their physical parameters and result in a different morphological type of river. Using the Ammer River as an example, a comparison between applied systems of corridor determination based on historical maps and data; calculation of regime width; and the change in parameters and river typology are pointed out. The results showed (a) a change in stream power and morphology (b) great difference between the historical and the predicted river type and (c) that regulated rivers can have a near-natural morphology.
Heterotypic immunity against vaccinia virus in an HLA-B*07:02 transgenic mousepox infection model
Authors: Kumar Amrendra , Suryadevara Naveen Chandra , Wolf Kyle J. , Wilson John T. , Di Paolo Richard J. , Brien James D. , Joyce Sebastian
Published: August 2020

Vaccination with vaccinia virus (VACV) elicits heterotypic immunity to smallpox, monkeypox, and mousepox, the mechanistic basis for which is poorly understood. It is generally assumed that heterotypic immunity arises from the presentation of a wide array of VACV-derived, CD8+ T cell epitopes that share homology with other poxviruses. Herein this assumption was tested using a large panel of VACV-derived peptides presented by HLA-B*07:02 (B7.2) molecules in a mousepox/ectromelia virus (ECTV)-infection, B7.2 transgenic mouse model. Most dominant epitopes recognized by ECTV- and VACV-reactive CD8+ T cells overlapped significantly without altering immunodominance hierarchy. Further, several epitopes recognized by ECTV-reactive CD8+ T cells were not recognized by VACV-reactive CD8+ T cells, and vice versa. In one instance, the lack of recognition owed to a N72K variation in the ECTV C4R70–78 variant of the dominant VACV B8R70–78 epitope. C4R70–78 does not bind to B7.2 and, hence, it was neither immunogenic nor antigenic. These findings provide a mechanistic basis for VACV vaccination-induced heterotypic immunity which can protect against Variola and Monkeypox disease. The understanding of how cross-reactive responses develop is essential for the rational design of a subunit-based vaccine that would be safe, and effectively protect against heterologous infection.
Contribution to the ecology of the Italian hare (Lepus corsicanus)
Authors: Buglione Maria , Petrelli Simona , de Filippo Gabriele , Troiano Claudia , Rivieccio Eleonora , Notomista Tommaso , Maselli Valeria , di Martino Luciano , Carafa Marco , Gregorio Romano , Latini Roberta , Fortebraccio Mario , Romeo Giorgia , Biliotti Claudia , Fulgione Domenico
Published: August 2020

The Italian hare (Lepus corsicanus) is endemic to Central-Southern Italy and Sicily, classified as vulnerable due to habitat alterations, low density and fragmented populations and ecological competition with the sympatric European hare (Lepus europaeus). Despite this status, only few and local studies have explored its ecological features. We provided some key traits of the ecological niche of the Italian hare as well as its potential distribution in the Italian peninsula. All data derived from genetically validated presences. We generated a habitat suitability model using maximum entropy distribution model for the Italian hare and its main competitor, the European hare. The dietary habits were obtained for the Italian hare with DNA metabarcoding and High-Throughput Sequencing on faecal pellets. The most relevant environmental variables affecting the potential distribution of the Italian hare are shared with the European hare, suggesting a potential competition. The variation in the observed altitudinal distribution is statistically significant between the two species.The diet of the Italian hare all year around includes 344 plant taxa accounted by 62 families. The Fagaceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae, Rosaceae and Solanaceae (counts > 20,000) represented the 90.22% of the total diet. Fabaceae (60.70%) and Fagaceae (67.47%) were the most abundant plant items occurring in the Spring/Summer and Autumn/Winter diets, respectively. The Spring/Summer diet showed richness (N = 266) and diversity index values (Shannon: 2.329, Evenness: 0.03858, Equitability: 0.4169) higher than the Autumn/Winter diet (N = 199, Shannon: 1.818, Evenness: 0.03096, Equitability: 0.3435). Our contribution adds important information to broaden the knowledge on the environmental (spatial and trophic) requirements of the Italian hare, representing effective support for fitting management actions in conservation planning.
Construction of a critical nitrogen dilution curve for maize in Southwest China
Authors: Du Lunjing , Li Qiang , Li Lan , Wu Yawei , Zhou Fang , Liu Binxiang , Zhao Bo , Li Xiaolong , Liu Qinlin , Kong Fanlei , Yuan Jichao
Published: August 2020

There is an urgent need for suitable nitrogen nutrition models for Southwest China, which take into account nutritional differences at the cultivar level, to provide scientific guidance for cultivar-specific fertilizer applications during maize production. In this study, the nitrogen-efficient maize cultivar Zhenghong 311 and the nitrogen-inefficient maize cultivar Xianyu 508 were used in a three-year field experiment and a 2-year field pot experiment with nitrogen application rates ranging from 0 to 450 kg·hm−2 to construct a critical nitrogen dilution curve model for each maize cultivar. The usefulness of this model to diagnose nitrogen status and evaluate maize fertilization needs was subsequently analyzed. We found that the critical nitrogen concentration in maize aboveground tissues was a power function of the biomass, described by the equations Nc = 26.126 W−0.292 and Nc = 25.826 W−0.302 for ZH 311 and XY 508 cultivars, respectively. The fitting degree of these equations was significant or highly significant, demonstrating the suitability of these models to diagnose N deficiency and fertilization needs in maize plants grown in the hilly areas of central Sichuan. A very significant linear positive correlation between the nitrogen nutrient index (NNI) and nitrogen concentration in the aboveground tissues was detected. Based on this, we calculated the nitrogen concentration (Nt) for an NNI equal to 1 at different maize growth stages in both cultivars and observed that the Nt value can be used as a reference index for nitrogen nutrition diagnosis. Additionally, we found a highly significant quadratic convex function relationship between the NNI (y) and the nitrogen fertilizer level (x). The following regression equations were derived for these maize cultivars with the data obtained from each growth period along five consecutive years (2011–2015): yZH 311 = − 0.000005x2 + 0.003074x + 0.553206 (R2 = 0.5432**) and yXY 508 = − 0.000004x2 + 0.002914x + 0.512555 (R2 = 0.6279**). For an NNI value equal to 1, the nitrogen application level required was 224.07 kg·hm−2 for ZH 311 and 283.01 kg·hm−2 for XY 508, indicating that the suitable application rate for the nitrogen-efficient cultivar is lower than that for the nitrogen-inefficient cultivar. Our experimental data reinforce the concept that selecting nitrogen-efficient maize cultivars is an effective technical measure to reduce nitrogen input needs and increase nitrogen use efficiency during maize production.
Assessment of capillary volumetric blood microsampling for the analysis of central nervous system drugs and metabolites
Authors: Protti Michele , Marasca Camilla , Cirrincione Marco , Cavalli Andrea , Mandrioli Roberto , Mercolini Laura
Published: August 2020

Development of an advanced analytical method coupling capillary dried blood spots and LC-MS/MS for the TDM of patients undergoing treatment with CNS drugs.
Oversized composite braided biodegradable stents with post-dilatation for pediatric applications: mid-term results of a porcine study
Authors: Sun Jing , Sun Kun , Bai Kai , Chen Sun , Zhao Fan , Wang Fujun , Hong Nanchao , Hu Hanbo
Published: August 2020

Composite braided biodegradable stents, providing mechanical strength and appropriate degradation rate for pediatric applications, were successfully implanted in vessels with post-dilatation and showed preferable mid-term outcomes.
On/off switchable epicatechin-based ultra-sensitive MRI-visible nanotheranostics – see it and treat it
Authors: Xiao Bing , Zhou Xiaoxuan , Xu Hongxia , Zhang Wei , Xu Xiaodan , Tian Fengjuan , Qian Yue , Yu Feidan , Pu Cailing , Hu Hongjie , Zhou Zhuxian , Liu Xiangrui , Patra Hirak K. , Slater Nigel , Tang Jianbin , Gao Jianqing , Shen Youqing
Published: August 2020

Renal-clearable polyphenol/MnO2hybrid theranostic agents for multifunctional MRI and photothermal therapy (PTT)in vivo.
PEGylated WS2 nanodrug system with erythrocyte membrane coating for chemo/photothermal therapy of cervical cancer
Authors: Long Ying , Wu Xianjin , Li Zhen , Fan Jialong , Hu Xing , Liu Bin
Published: August 2020

The side effects of chemical drugs and multi-drug resistance are serious obstacles hindering efficient tumor therapy.
Ruthenium-catalyzed regio- and site-selective ortho C–H borylation of phenol derivatives
Authors: Homma Yuki , Fukuda Kazuishi , Iwasawa Nobuharu , Takaya Jun
Published: August 2020

Efficient synthesis of o-borylphenols is achieved through the Ru-catalyzed regio- and site-selective sp2 C–H borylation of aryl diphenylphosphinites followed by removal of the phosphorus directing group.
Intramolecular charge transfer ampholytes with water-induced pendulum-type fluorescence variation
Authors: Dong Xiao-Bin , Chen Ling , Pan Mei , Huang Wen-Jie , Xiang Hua , Wang Hai-Ping , Mo Zong-Wen , Ye Jia-Wen , Zhang Kun , Chen Xiao-Ming
Published: August 2020

Tuning the ICT effect and ionizability in the luminophor was effective to realize a cyclic pendulum fluorescence colour change.
A bis(germylene) functionalized metal-coordinated polyphosphide and its isomerization
Authors: Yadav Ravi , Goswami Bhupendra , Simler Thomas , Schoo Christoph , Reichl Stephan , Scheer Manfred , Roesky Peter W.
Published: August 2020

Pentaphosphaferrocene, [Cp*Fe(η5-P5)], was used as an air-stable source of polyphosphorus units to synthesize a novel bis(germylene)-functionalized transition metal polyphosphide complex, which further undergoes a unique constitutional isomerization.
Copper-catalyzed carbene insertion and ester migration for the synthesis of polysubstituted pyrroles
Authors: Li Mingrui , Sun Yiming , Xie Yuxing , Yu Yang , Huang Fei , Huang He
Published: August 2020

A mild synthetic protocol to access 2-ester pyrroles through Cu(OTf)2-catalysed carbene insertion/ester migration/cyclization of enaminones and α-diazo compounds is reported.
Enantioselective construction of dispirotriheterocycles featuring a 4-aminopyrazolone motif through a cascade Michael/cyclization process
Authors: Wei Shiqiang , Bao Xiaoze , Wang Wenyao , Nawaz Shah , Dai Qimin , Qu Jingping , Wang Baomin
Published: August 2020

A highly asymmetric approach to multicyclic dispiro [pyrazolone-pyrrolidinethione-oxindole] core structures bearing three contiguous stereogenic centers through a cascade Michael addition/cyclization reaction of 4-isothiocyanato pyrazolones with 3-ylideneoxindoles was developed.
A robust immobilization strategy in the nano-dispersed Ziegler–Natta catalyst: non-covalent O–Ti coordination
Authors: Li Wei , Wang Ning , Cao Yu , Tang Xin , Dong Chuanding
Published: August 2020

A robust non-covalent O–Ti bond facilitates the synthesis of polyethylene with a narrow distribution.
Fourfold symmetric MCR's via the tetraisocyanide 1,3-diisocyano-2,2-bis(isocyanomethyl)propane
Authors: Butera Roberto , Shrinidhi Annadka , Kurpiewska Katarzyna , Kalinowska-Tłuścik Justyna , Dömling Alexander
Published: August 2020

We developed a gram-scale synthesis of the novel tetraisocyanide 1,3-diisocyano-2,2-bis(isocyanomethyl)propane and applied this in unprecedented fourfold Ugi four-component and Passerini three-component reaction achieving unique symmetric structures.
Self-assembly of a porous metallo-[5]rotaxane
Authors: Wong Kevin Kei Gwan , Hoyas Pérez Nadia , White Andrew J. P. , Lewis James E. M.
Published: August 2020

A dynamic rotaxane ligand self-assembles with palladium(ii) ions to form a metallo-[5]rotaxane with a porous cage at its core.
Redox-regulated divergence in photocatalytic addition of α-nitro alkyl radicals to styrenes
Authors: Tsuchiya Yuto , Onai Ryota , Uraguchi Daisuke , Ooi Takashi
Published: August 2020

A divergent photocatalytic system for the reaction of α-bromo nitroalkanes with styrene derivatives is established.
Controlling the thermoelectric power of silicon–germanium alloys in different crystalline phases by applying high pressure
Authors: Morozova Natalia V. , Korobeinikov Igor V. , Abrosimov Nikolay V. , Ovsyannikov Sergey V.
Published: August 2020

Si–Ge crystals are promising materials for use in various stress-controlled electronic junctions for next-generation nanoelectronic devices.
Impact of various dopant elements on the electronic structure of Cu2ZnSnS4(CZTS) thin films: a DFT study
Authors: Kistanov Andrey A. , Cao Wei , Huttula Marko , Khadiullin Salavat Kh. , Korznikova Elena A. , Smirnov Aliaksandr , Wang Xinghui , Zhuk Siarhei
Published: August 2020

New structures made based on Cu2ZnSnS4(CZTS) by substitutions with Cr, Ti, V, and Mo species were investigatedviadensity functional theory.
Photocatalytic transformations of lignocellulosic biomass into chemicals
Authors: Wu Xuejiao , Luo Nengchao , Xie Shunji , Zhang Haikun , Zhang Qinghong , Wang Feng , Wang Ye
Published: August 2020

This review highlights recent advances in photocatalytic transformations of lignocellulosic biomass (polysaccharides and lignin) into chemicals (in particular organic oxygenates).
How does calcium drive the structural organization of iron–organic matter aggregates? A multiscale investigation
Authors: Beauvois Anthony , Vantelon Delphine , Jestin Jacques , Rivard Camille , Bouhnik-Le Coz Martine , Dupont Aurélien , Briois Valérie , Bizien Thomas , Sorrentino Andrea , Wu Baohu , Appavou Marie-Sousai , Lotfi-Kalahroodi Elaheh , Pierson-Wickmann Anne-Catherine , Davranche Mélanie
Published: August 2020

Calcium drives the structural transitions of iron–organic matter associations from colloidal aggregates to a non-colloidal micrometric network, subsequently controlling their mobility and the iron surface reactivity.
SNAPflex: a paper-and-plastic device for instrument-free RNA and DNA extraction from whole blood
Authors: Kolluri Nikunja , Albarran Nikolas , Fan Andy , Olson Alex , Sagar Manish , Young Anna , Gomez-Marquez José , Klapperich Catherine M.
Published: August 2020

Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), which amplify and detect pathogen nucleic acids, are vital methods to diagnose diseases, particularly in cases where patients exhibit low levels of infection.
High thermal conductivity polymer chains with reactive groups: a step towards true application
Authors: Chen Anqi , Wu Yanyan , Zhou Shaoxin , Xu Wenxue , Jiang Wenlong , Lv You , Guo Wei , Chi Keyu , Sun Qi , Fu Tingting , Xie Tingting , Zhu Yuan , Liang Xin-gang
Published: August 2020

Nanostructured polyethylene (PE, [–CH2–CH2–]n) films with metal-like thermal conductivity have opened up opportunities for polymers in advanced thermal management.
Carbon nanofiber-based three-dimensional nanomaterials for energy and environmental applications
Authors: Zhou Xinxiao , Liu Bin , Chen Yun , Guo Lei , Wei Gang
Published: August 2020

Carbon-nanofiber-based three-dimensional nanomaterials exhibit promising energy and environmental science applications.
Triphenylphosphonium conjugated quaternary ammonium based gel: synthesis and potential application in the efficient removal of toxic acid orange 7 dye from aqueous solution
Authors: Bhattacharya Sayantani , Patra Diptendu , Shunmugam Raja
Published: August 2020

The concerted influence of quaternary ammonium and triphenylphosphonium moieties in a gel for removal of acid orange 7 from aqueous solutions.
Synthesis, structural and toxicological investigations of quarternary phosphonium salts containing the P-bonded bioisosteric CH2F moiety
Authors: Reichel Marco , Unger Cornelia , Dubovnik Sviatlana , Roidl Andreas , Kornath Andreas , Karaghiosoff Konstantin
Published: August 2020

Tertiary alkyl, aryl or amino phosphines PR3(R = Me,nBu, C2H4CN, NEt2) and the bis[(2-diphenylphosphino)phenyl]ether (POP) were allowed to react with fluoroiodomethane to produce fluoromethyl phosphonium salts in yields between 60–99%.
Assessment of different isotope dilution strategies and their combination with switchable solvent-based liquid phase microextraction prior to the quantification of bisphenol A at trace levels via GC-MS
Authors: Bodur Süleyman , Erarpat Sezin , Chormey Dotse Selali , Bozyiğit Gamze Dalgıç , Öz Ersoy , Özdoğan Nizamettin , Bakırdere Sezgin
Published: August 2020

Different isotope dilution strategies were evaluated to quantify bisphenol A. High accuracy and precision were achieved by SS-LPME and ID4 combination.
Naphthalene imides as novel p-type sensitizers for NiO-based p-type dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Sahiner Fırat , Ali Abdulrahman Khalaf , Denizaltı Serpil , Kandemir Zafer , Erten-Ela Sule
Published: August 2020

We report two efficient materials for p-type dye-sensitized solar cells, namely S64 and S85. Novel p-type photosensitizers for NiO-based p-type dye-sensitized solar cells are presented in this study.
Efficient visible light-driven core–shell-structured ZnS@Ag2S nanoparticles-anchored reduced graphene oxide for the reduction of Cr(vi)
Authors: Mohammadian Fard Ziba , Bagheri Mozhgan , Rabieh Sasan , Mousavi Hassan Zavvar
Published: August 2020

Synthesis of a ZnS@Ag2S/RGO nanocomposite with high photocatalytic performance for the removal of Cr(vi) based on the photo-induced interfacial charge transfer.
Transition metal–N4 embedded black phosphorus carbide as a high-performance bifunctional electrocatalyst for ORR/OER
Authors: Chen Dachang , Chen Zhiwen , Lu Zhuole , Zhang Xiaoxing , Tang Ju , Singh Chandra Veer
Published: August 2020

TM–N4 embedded b-PC can be a promising bifunctional catalyst for the ORR/OER.
One-pot three-component polymerization for in situ generation of AIE-active poly(tetraarylethene)s using Grignard reagents as building blocks
Authors: Qiu Zijie , Gao Qingqing , Han Ting , Liu Xiaolin , Lam Jacky W. Y. , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: August 2020

A facile polymerization route for in situ generation of polymers with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics has been developed.
The construction of the novel magnetic prodrug Fe3O4@DOX and its antagonistic effects on hepatocarcinoma with low toxicity
Authors: Li Jun , Li Liang , Lv Yang , Zou Hao , Wei Yanping , Nie Fei , Duan Wanli , Sedike Maidinamu , Xiao Liang , Wang Mei
Published: August 2020

Doxorubicin (DOX) is widely used as a chemotherapeutic agent for liver cancer.
Early osteoblastic activity on TiO2 thin films decorated with flower-like hierarchical Au structures
Authors: Kalantzis Spyridon , Veziroglu Salih , Kohlhaas Theresa , Flörke Christian , Mishra Yogendra Kumar , Wiltfang Jörg , Açil Yahya , Faupel Franz , Aktas Oral Cenk , Gülses Aydin
Published: August 2020

Flower-like hierarchical Au structures, composed of micro- and nanoscale features, lead to higher number of filopodia formation on TiO2 thin films.
Phenol-like group functionalized graphene quantum dots structurally mimicking natural antioxidants for highly efficient acute kidney injury treatment
Authors: Wang Huan , Yu Dongqin , Fang Jiao , Zhou Ya , Li Daowei , Liu Zhen , Ren Jinsong , Qu Xiaogang
Published: August 2020

Phenol-like group functionalized graphene quantum dots that structurally mimic natural antioxidants are constructed as high-efficacy reactive oxygen species scavengers for acute kidney injury antioxidative therapy.
Sustainable energy and fuels from biomass: a review focusing on hydrothermal biomass processing
Authors: Alper Koray , Tekin Kubilay , Karagöz Selhan , Ragauskas Arthur J.
Published: August 2020

Fossil fuels must be replaced with renewable energy resources to ensure sustainable development, reduce the dependence on fossil fuels, address environmental challenges including climate change.
Pyrochlore nanocrystals as versatile quasi-single-source precursors to lithium conducting garnets
Authors: Weller J. Mark , Chan Candace K.
Published: August 2020

Doped pyrochlore nanocrystal reagents enable new routes to low temperature reactions and dense Li garnet ceramics.
Liquid-phase electron microscopy imaging of cellular and biomolecular systems
Authors: Smith John W. , Chen Qian
Published: August 2020

Liquid-phase electron microscopy, a new method for real-time nanoscopic imaging in liquid, makes it possible to study cells or biomolecules with a singular combination of spatial and temporal resolution. We review the state of the art in biological research in this growing and promising field.
Injectable polypeptide-engineered hydrogel depot for amplifying the anti-tumor immune effect induced by chemo-photothermal therapy
Authors: Hou Xiao-lin , Dai Xiang , Yang Jie , Zhang Bin , Zhao Dong-hui , Li Chao-qing , Yin Zhong-yuan , Zhao Yuan-di , Liu Bo
Published: August 2020

The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment has caused great obstacles to tumor immunotherapy, especially where less tumor-associated antigens are released from tumor sites.
Engineering proton conductivity in melanin using metal doping
Authors: Mostert A. Bernardus , Rienecker Shermiyah B. , Sheliakina Margarita , Zierep Paul , Hanson Graeme R. , Harmer Jeffrey R. , Schenk Gerhard , Meredith Paul
Published: August 2020

The proton conductivity in the model bioelectronic material melanin, is increased via a unique doping strategy utilising the chelation of the transition metal ion copper II. We also propose a potential mechanism for future such ionic studies.
Diazirine-based photo-crosslinkers for defect free fabrication of solution processed organic light-emitting diodes
Authors: Dey Kaustav , Chowdhury S. Roy , Dykstra Erik , Koronatov Aleksandr , Lu H. Peter , Shinar Ruth , Shinar Joseph , Anzenbacher Pavel
Published: August 2020

Diazirine mediated photocross-linking (365 nm, 15 mins) of organic semiconductor films dramatically reduces the inter-layer surface roughness which results in significant improvement in OLED efficiency.
Impacts of a second acceptor on the energy loss, blend morphology and carrier dynamics in non-fullerene ternary polymer solar cells
Authors: Wang Bei , Fu Yingying , Yang Qingqing , Wu Jiang , Li Youzhan , Sharma Ganesh D. , Keshtov Mukhamed L. , Xie Zhiyuan
Published: August 2020

The different morphologies of PBDB-T:IT-4F:O6T-4F blends affect strongly the hole transfer from the acceptor(s) to the donor and the charge recombination process.
Study on a polyacrylate-based waterborne coating: facile preparation, convenient self-healing behavior and photoluminescence properties
Authors: Wu Bo , Yuan Anqian , Xiao Yao , Wang Yi , Lei Jingxin
Published: August 2020

A facile and environmentally friendly method towards mechanically robust, highly transparent, room temperature self-healing coatings.
The evolutionary dynamics of venom toxins made by insects and other animals
Authors: Walker Andrew A.
Published: August 2020

Animal venoms are recognised as unique biological systems in which to study molecular evolution. Venom use has evolved numerous times among the insects, and insects today use venom to capture prey, defend themselves from predators, or to subdue and modulate host responses during parasitism. However, little is known about most insect venom toxins or the mode and tempo by which they evolve. Here, I review the evolutionary dynamics of insect venom toxins, and argue that insects offer many opportunities to examine novel aspects of toxin evolution. The key questions addressed are: How do venomous animals evolve from non-venomous animals, and how does this path effect the composition and pharmacology of the venom? What genetic processes (gene duplication, co-option, neofunctionalisation) are most important in toxin evolution? What kinds of selection pressures are acting on toxin-encoding genes and their cognate targets in envenomated animals? The emerging evidence highlights that venom composition and pharmacology adapts quickly in response to changing selection pressures resulting from new ecological interactions, and that such evolution occurs through a stunning variety of genetic mechanisms. Insects offer many opportunities to investigate the evolutionary dynamics of venom toxins due to their evolutionary history rich in venom-related adaptations, and their quick generation time and suitability for culture in the laboratory.
Computational methods for exploring protein conformations
Authors: Allison Jane R.
Published: August 2020

Proteins are dynamic molecules that can transition between a potentially wide range of structures comprising their conformational ensemble. The nature of these conformations and their relative probabilities are described by a high-dimensional free energy landscape. While computer simulation techniques such as molecular dynamics simulations allow characterisation of the metastable conformational states and the transitions between them, and thus free energy landscapes, to be characterised, the barriers between states can be high, precluding efficient sampling without substantial computational resources. Over the past decades, a dizzying array of methods have emerged for enhancing conformational sampling, and for projecting the free energy landscape onto a reduced set of dimensions that allow conformational states to be distinguished, known as collective variables (CVs), along which sampling may be directed. Here, a brief description of what biomolecular simulation entails is followed by a more detailed exposition of the nature of CVs and methods for determining these, and, lastly, an overview of the myriad different approaches for enhancing conformational sampling, most of which rely upon CVs, including new advances in both CV determination and conformational sampling due to machine learning.
Vocabulary and Phonological Abilities Affect Dual Language Learners' Consonant Production Accuracy Within and Across Languages: A Large-Scale Study of 3- to 6-Year-Old Spanish–English Dual Language Learners
Authors: Keffala Bethany , Scarpino Shelley , Hammer Carol Scheffner , Rodriguez Barbara , Lopez Lisa , Goldstein Brian
Published: August 2020

Purpose

This study examined factors of language ability that predict consonant production accuracy in young Spanish–English dual language learners (DLLs).

Method

Participants were 695 Latino DLLs, ages 3;0–6;5 (years;months). Single-word productions were elicited using the Bilingual Phonological Assessment (Miccio & Hammer, 2006). Children's consonant productions were assessed using Percentage of Consonants Correct–Revised (PCC-R; Shriberg et al., 1997a). Vocabulary abilities were assessed using the Woodcock–Muñoz Language Survey–Revised (Woodcock et al., 2005). Multiple linear regression analyses were used to determine the effects of vocabulary abilities and cross-language consonant production abilities on children's consonant production accuracy in each language.

Results

Large amounts of the variance in PCC-R scores for English (
R
2
= .65) and Spanish (
R
2
= .43) were predicted by children's age, vocabulary scores within the same language, and PCC-R scores across languages.

Conclusion

Spanish–English DLLs' consonant production abilities in both languages improve with age between 3;0 and 6;5. DLLs' accuracy in each language is also affected by vocabulary abilities within the same language and by their consonant production abilities in the other language. In particular, children's consonant production abilities in each language were highly predictive of their consonant production abilities in the other language, which suggests that shared phonological skills support their development across languages.
Patterns of Development in Spanish–English Conceptually Scored Vocabulary Among Elementary-Age Dual Language Learners
Authors: Mancilla-Martinez Jeannette , Hwang Jin Kyoung , Oh Min Hyun , Pokowitz Elena Lauren
Published: August 2020

Purpose

Elementary-age dual language learners (DLLs) from Spanish-speaking homes in the United States are often characterized as at risk for low vocabulary in both Spanish and English. This longitudinal study examined conceptually scored receptive and expressive vocabulary development among DLLs from Spanish-speaking, low-income homes and investigated patterns of language responses on the conceptually scored measures.

Method

DLLs in kindergarten and second grade (
N
= 118) attending school in the Southeast region of the United States were followed for three consecutive academic years and assessed on measures of receptive and expressive conceptually scored vocabulary.

Results

Individual growth modeling, using raw scores, revealed positive vocabulary growth over time, with
above average
performance relative to national norms. However, initial conceptually scored receptive vocabulary scores were higher than conceptually scored expressive vocabulary scores. Furthermore, DLLs' conceptually scored receptive—but not expressive—vocabulary rate of growth was more rapid compared to national norms. Finally, DLLs' patterns of language responses revealed a shift toward more English over time, but Spanish continued to be used through fourth grade.

Conclusion

Results contradict deficit-driven views about DLLs' vocabulary skills and underscore the utility of conceptually scored vocabulary measures to assess vocabulary development among elementary-age DLLs to more comprehensively account for the linguistic assets they bring to learning.
Glottal Aerodynamics Estimated From Neck-Surface Vibration in Women With Phonotraumatic and Nonphonotraumatic Vocal Hyperfunction
Authors: Espinoza Víctor M. , Mehta Daryush D. , Van Stan Jarrad H. , Hillman Robert E. , Zañartu Matías
Published: August 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to determine whether estimates of glottal aerodynamic measures based on neck-surface vibration are comparable to those previously obtained using oral airflow and air pressure signals (Espinoza et al., 2017) in terms of discriminating patients with phonotraumatic and nonphonotraumatic vocal hyperfunction (PVH and NPVH) from vocally healthy controls.

Method

Consecutive /pae/ syllables at comfortable and loud level were produced by 16 women with PVH (organic vocal fold lesions), 16 women with NPVH (primary muscle tension dysphonia), and 32 vocally healthy women who were each matched to a patient according to age and occupation. Subglottal impedance-based inverse filtering of the anterior neck-surface accelerometer (ACC) signal yielded estimates of peak-to-peak glottal airflow, open quotient, and maximum flow declination rate. Average subglottal pressure and microphone-based sound pressure level (SPL) were also estimated from the ACC signal using subject-specific linear regression models. The ACC-based measures of glottal aerodynamics were normalized for SPL and statistically compared between each patient and matched-control group.

Results

Patients with PVH and NPVH exhibited lower SPL-normalized glottal aerodynamics values than their respective control subjects (
p
values ranging from < .01 to .07) with very large effect sizes (1.04–2.16), regardless of loudness condition or measurement method (i.e., ACC-based values maintained discriminatory power).

Conclusions

The results of this study demonstrate that ACC-based estimates of most glottal aerodynamic measures are comparable to those previously obtained from oral airflow and air pressure (Espinoza et al., 2017) in terms of differentiating between hyperfunctional (PVH and NPVH) and normal vocal function. ACC-based estimates of glottal aerodynamic measures may be used to assess vocal function during continuous speech and enables this assessment of daily voice use during ambulatory monitoring to provide better insight into the pathophysiological mechanisms associated with vocal hyperfunction.
Coevolution of black hole accretion and star formation in galaxies up to z = 3.5
Authors: Carraro R. , Rodighiero G. , Cassata P. , Brusa M. , Shankar F. , Baronchelli I. , Daddi E. , Delvecchio I. , Franceschini A. , Griffiths R. , Gruppioni C. , López-Navas E. , Mancini C. , Marchesi S. , Negrello M. , Puglisi A. , Sani E. , Suh H.
Published: August 2020

Aims. We study the coevolution between the black hole accretion rate (BHAR) and the star formation rate (SFR) in different phases of galaxy life: main-sequence star-forming galaxies, quiescent galaxies, and starburst galaxies at different cosmic epochs.

Methods. We exploited the unique combination of depth and area in the COSMOS field and took advantage of the X-ray data from the Chandra COSMOS-Legacy survey and the extensive multiwavelength ancillary data presented in the COSMOS2015 catalog, including in particular the UVista Ultra-deep observations. These large datasets allowed us to perform an X-ray stacking analysis and combine it with detected sources in a broad redshift interval (0.1 <  z <  3.5) with unprecedented statistics for normal star-forming, quiescent, and starburst galaxies. The X-ray luminosity was used to predict the black holeAR, and a similar stacking analysis on far-infrared Herschel maps was used to measure the corresponding obscured SFR for statistical samples of sources in different redshifts and stellar mass bins.

Results. We focus on the evolution of the average SFR-stellar mass (M*) relation and compare it with the BHAR-M* relation. This extends previous works that pointed toward the existence of almost linear correlations in both cases. We find that the ratio between BHAR and SFR does not evolve with redshift, although it depends on stellar mass. For the star-forming populations, this dependence on M* has a logarithmic slope of ∼0.6 and for the starburst sample, the slope is ∼0.4. These slopes are both at odds with quiescent sources, where the dependence remains constant (log(BHAR/SFR) ∼ −3.4). By studying the specific BHAR and specific SFR, we find signs of downsizing for M* and black hole mass (MBH) in galaxies in all evolutionary phases. The increase in black hole mass-doubling timescale was particularly fast for quiescents, whose super-massive black holes grew at very early times, while accretion in star-forming and starburst galaxies continued until more recent times.

Conclusions. Our results support the idea that the same physical processes feed and sustain star formation and black hole accretion in star-forming galaxies while the starburst phase plays a lesser role in driving the growth of the supermassive black holes, especially at high redshift. Our integrated estimates of the M* − MBH relation at all redshifts are consistent with independent determinations of the local M* − MBH relation for samples of active galactic nuclei. This adds key evidence that the evolution in the BHAR/SFR is weak and its normalization is relatively lower than that of local dynamical M* − MBH relations.
Double-peak emission line galaxies in the SDSS catalogue
Authors: Maschmann Daniel , Melchior Anne-Laure , Mamon Gary A. , Chilingarian Igor V. , Katkov Ivan Yu.
Published: August 2020

Double-peak narrow emission line galaxies have been studied extensively in the past years, in the hope of discovering late stages of mergers. It is difficult to disentangle this phenomenon from disc rotations and gas outflows with the sole spectroscopic measurement of the central 3″. We aim to properly detect such galaxies and distinguish the underlying mechanisms with a detailed analysis of the host-galaxy properties and their kinematics. Relying on the Reference Catalogue of Spectral Energy Distribution, we developed an automated selection procedure and found 5663 double-peak emission line galaxies at z <  0.34 corresponding to 0.8% of the parent database. To characterise these galaxies, we built a single-peak no-bias control sample (NBCS) with the same redshift and stellar mass distributions as the double-peak sample (DPS). These two samples are indeed very similar in terms of absolute magnitude, [OIII] luminosity, colour-colour diagrams, age and specific star formation rate, metallicity, and environment. We find an important excess of S0 galaxies in the DPS, not observed in the NBCS, which cannot be accounted for by the environment, as most of these galaxies are isolated or in poor groups. Similarly, we find a relative deficit of pure discs in the DPS late-type galaxies, which are preferentially of Sa type. In parallel, we observe a systematic central excess of star formation and extinction for double peak (DP) galaxies. Finally, there are noticeable differences in the kinematics: The gas velocity dispersion is correlated with the galaxy inclination in the NBCS, whereas this relation does not hold for the DPS. Furthermore, the DP galaxies show larger stellar velocity dispersions and they deviate from the Tully-Fisher relation for both late-type and S0 galaxies. These discrepancies can be reconciled if one considers the two peaks as two different components. Considering the morphological biases in favour of bulge-dominated galaxies and the star formation central enhancement, we suggest a scenario of multiple, sequential minor mergers driving the increase of the bulge size, leading to larger fractions of S0 galaxies and a deficit of pure disc galaxies.
Tracers of the ionization fraction in dense and translucent gas
Authors: Bron Emeric , Roueff Evelyne , Gerin Maryvonne , Pety Jérôme , Gratier Pierre , Le Petit Franck , Guzman Viviana , Orkisz Jan H. , de Souza Magalhaes Victor , Gaudel Mathilde , Vono Maxime , Bardeau Sébastien , Chainais Pierre , Goicoechea Javier R. , Hughes Annie , Kainulainen Jouni , Languignon David , Le Bourlot Jacques , Levrier François , Liszt Harvey , Öberg Karin , Peretto Nicolas , Roueff Antoine , Sievers Albrecht
Published: August 2020

Context.The ionization fraction in the neutral interstellar medium (ISM) plays a key role in the physics and chemistry of the ISM, from controlling the coupling of the gas to the magnetic field to allowing fast ion-neutral reactions that drive interstellar chemistry. Most estimations of the ionization fraction have relied on deuterated species such as DCO+, whose detection is limited to dense cores representing an extremely small fraction of the volume of the giant molecular clouds that they are part of. As large field-of-view hyperspectral maps become available, new tracers may be found. The growth of observational datasets is paralleled by the growth of massive modeling datasets and new methods need to be devised to exploit the wealth of information they contain.

Aims.We search for the best observable tracers of the ionization fraction based on a grid of astrochemical models, with the broader aim of finding a general automated method applicable to searching for tracers of any unobservable quantity based on grids of models.

Methods.We built grids of models that randomly sample a large range of physical conditions (unobservable quantities such as gas density, temperature, elemental abundances, etc.) and computed the corresponding observables (line intensities, column densities) and the ionization fraction. We estimated the predictive power of each potential tracer by training a random forest model to predict the ionization fraction from that tracer, based on these model grids.

Results.In both translucent medium and cold dense medium conditions, we found several observable tracers with very good predictive power for the ionization fraction. Many tracers in cold dense medium conditions are found to be better and more widely applicable than the traditional DCO+/HCO+ratio. We also provide simpler analytical fits for estimating the ionization fraction from the best tracers, and for estimating the associated uncertainties. We discuss the limitations of the present study and select a few recommended tracers in both types of conditions.

Conclusions.The method presented here is very general and can be applied to the measurement of any other quantity of interest (cosmic ray flux, elemental abundances, etc.) from any type of model (PDR models, time-dependent chemical models, etc.).
The surprisingly carbon-rich environment of the S-type star W Aql,
Authors: De Beck E. , Olofsson H.
Published: August 2020

Context. W Aql is an asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star with an atmospheric elemental abundance ratio C/O ≈ 0.98. It has previously been reported to have circumstellar molecular abundances intermediate between those of M-type and C-type AGB stars, which respectively have C/O < 1 and C/O > 1. This intermediate status is considered typical for S-type stars, although our understanding of the chemical content of their circumstellar envelopes is currently rather limited.

Aims. We aim to assess the reported intermediate status of W Aql by analysing the line emission of molecules that have never before been observed towards this star.

Methods. We performed observations in the frequency range 159−268 GHz with the SEPIA/B5 and PI230 instruments on the APEX telescope. We made abundance estimates through direct comparison to available spectra towards a number of well-studied AGB stars and based on rotational diagram analysis in the case of one molecule.

Results. From a compilation of our abundance estimates and those found in the literature for two M-type (R Dor, IK Tau), two S-type (χ Cyg, W Aql), and two C-type stars (V Aql, IRC +10 216), we conclude that the circumstellar environment of W Aql appears considerably closer to that of a C-type AGB star than to that of an M-type AGB star. In particular, we detect emission from C2H, SiC2, SiN, and HC3N, molecules previously only detected towards the circumstellar environment of C-type stars. This conclusion, based on the chemistry of the gaseous component of the circumstellar environment, is further supported by reports in the literature on the presence of atmospheric molecular bands and spectral features of dust species which are typical for C-type AGB stars. Although our observations mainly trace species in the outer regions of the circumstellar environment, our conclusion matches closely that based on recent chemical equilibrium models for the inner wind of S-type stars: the atmospheric and circumstellar chemistry of S-type stars likely resembles that of C-type AGB stars much more closely than that of M-type AGB stars.

Conclusions. Further observational investigation of the gaseous circumstellar chemistry of S-type stars is required to characterise its dependence on the atmospheric C/O. Non-equilibrium chemical models of the circumstellar environment of AGB stars need to address the particular class of S-type stars and the chemical variety that is induced by the range in atmospheric C/O.
Les atteintes neurologiques liées au SARS-CoV-2 et autres coronavirus humains
Authors: Salinas Sara , Simonin Yannick
Published: August 2020

L’émergence récente d’un nouveau coronavirus, le SARS-CoV-2, responsable de la maladie appelée COVID-19, est un nouvel avertissement du risque pour la santé publique représenté par les zoonoses virales et notamment par les coronavirus. Principalement connus pour leur capacité à infecter les voies respiratoires supérieures et inférieures, les coronavirus peuvent également affecter le système nerveux central et périphérique, comme c’est le cas pour de nombreux virus respiratoires, tels que les virus influenza ou le virus respiratoire syncytial. Les infections du système nerveux sont un problème important de santé publique car elles peuvent provoquer des atteintes dévastatrices allant jusqu’au décès du patient, en particulier lorsqu’elles surviennent chez les personnes fragilisées ou âgées plus sensibles à ce type d’infection. Les connaissances de la physiopathologie des infections par les coronavirus émergents (MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV et SARS-CoV-2) et leurs moyens d’accéder au système nerveux central sont, pour l’heure, très sommaires. Les travaux en cours visent notamment à mieux appréhender les mécanismes associés aux atteintes neurologiques observées. Dans cette revue nous aborderons l’état des connaissances actuelles sur le neurotropisme des coronavirus humains et les mécanismes associés en développant tout particulièrement les dernières données concernant le SARS-CoV-2.
Frauen in der Medizin
Authors: Golsabahi-Broclawski Solmaz , Groß Christiane
Published: August 2020

Die Medizin wird weiblich, so titelte das Ärzteblatt vor 20 Jahren. Seit Jahrzehnten studieren zwar immer mehr Frauen Medizin, wie die Daten des statistischen Bundesamtes zeigen, doch weiter oben auf der Karriereleiter wird die Luft dünn. Bessere Vereinbarkeit von Privatleben und Beruf, mehr Augenmerk für die Ärztegesundheit sowie Maßnahmen gegen die Ausbeutung der Ärzteschaft waren und sind Forderungen von Ärztinnen aus dem Deutschen Ärztinnenbund, die sich, zusammen mit Frauen aus anderen Verbänden, in den Kammerversammlungen und auf Deutschen Ärztetagen für diese Themen einsetzen.