bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trend of pediatric trauma during a six-year period in a Level-1 Trauma Center in Northern Italy: epidemiological analysis of trauma mechanisms and the effects of Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Maina Cecilia , Cioffi Stefano Piero Bernardo , Altomare Michele , Spota Andrea , Virdis Francesco , Bini Roberto , Ragozzino Roberta , Renzi Federica , Reitano Elisa , Corasaniti Lucia , Macchini Francesco , Chiara Osvaldo , Cimbanassi Stefania
Published: September 2022

Background: Trauma is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the pediatric population. During the Covid-19 pandemic (C-19), different trends for Pediatric Trauma (PT) were described. This study aims to explore the trend over time of PT in our center, also considering the effects of C-19, focusing on trauma mechanisms, violence-related trauma (VRT) and intentionality, especially suicide attempts (SA).Methods: All PT patients accepted at Niguarda Trauma Center (NTC) in Milan from January 2015 to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. We considered demographics and clinical variables and performed descriptive and year comparison analyzes. Results: 684 PT were accepted at NTC: 84 in 2015, 98 in 2016, 125 in 2017, 119 in 2018, 114 in 2019 and 144 in 2020 (p<0.001); 66.2% male, mean age 9.88 (± 5.17). We observed a higher number of traffic-related, fall-related injuries and an increasing trend for VRT and SA, peaking in 2020. We report an increasing trend over time for head trauma (p=0.002). The Injury Severity Score did not significantly change. During C-19 we recorded a higher number of self-presenting patients with low priority codes.Conclusions: NTC is the adult level I referral trauma center for the Milan urban area, with pediatric commitment. During C-19, every traumatic emergency was centralized to NCT. In 2020 we observed an increasing trend of SA and VRT among PTs. The psychological impact of the C-19 restriction could explain this evidence. The long-term effects of C-19 on the mental health of the pediatric population should not be underestimated. Focused interventions on psychological support and prevention of SA and VRT should be implemented, especially during socio-demographic storms like the last pandemic.
Mitigate Gender Bias using Negative Multi-Task Learning
Authors: Gao Liyuan , Zhan Huixin , Chen Austin , Sheng Victor
Published: September 2022

Deep learning models have shown their great performances in natural language processing tasks. While much attention has been paid towards improvements in utility, privacy leakage and social bias are two major concerns arising in trained models. In this paper, we protect individual privacy and mitigate gender bias on classification models simultaneously. First, we propose a selective privacy-preserving method that only obscure individuals' sensitive information by adding noise on word embeddings. Then we propose a negative multi-task learning framework to mitigate the gender bias which contains a main task and a gender prediction task. The main task uses a positive loss constraint to ensure utility while the gender prediction task applies a negative loss constraint to remove gender-specific features. We analyze two existing word embeddings and evaluate them on sentiment analysis and medical text classification tasks. Our experimental results show that our negative multi-task learning framework can mitigate the gender bias while keeping models’ utility on both sentiment analysis and medical text classification.
OLCE: Optimized Learning-based Cost Estimation for Global Software Projects
Authors: Rao K Nitalaksheswara , Bolla Jhansi Vazram , Mummana Satyanarayana , Krishna CH. V. Murali , Gandhi O. , Stephen M James
Published: September 2022

Software Cost Estimation (SCE) is an integral part of pre-development stage of software project with a target to accomplish a better visibility towards possible risk while gaining more information towards reaching success rate to meet the deadline of delivery. Irrespective of multiple research contribution model towards SCE, the problem and challenges towards accurate cost estimation in presence of dynamicity and uncertainty is yet not reported to be accomplished. Apart from this, learning-based models are slowly gaining pace in almost every field and yet it is still in nascent stage of progress in software engineering. Therefore, the proposed manuscript introduces Optimized Learning-based Cost Estimation (OLCE) which is a novel learning-based model capable of accurate prediction considering global and large scale software project. The proposed system harnesses the learning potential from artificial neural network integrated with novel search-based approach for optimizing the learning method considering the benchmarked COCOMO NASA 2 dataset. The study outcome shows OLCE offers 50% faster response time with approximately 73% of accuracy compared to existing models that are reportedly found to be adopted for SCE. Hence, OLCE is found to offer a balance between accuracy and computational efficiency during SCE.
ABILITY OR LUCK: A Systematic Review of Interpersonal Attributions of Success
Authors: Hamilton Odessa S. , Lordan Grace
Published: September 2022

The role of luck in success has a relatively minor, albeit consistent history in academic discourse, with a striking lack of literature engaging in notions of luck within occupational environments. Elucidating why people attribute their own success to luck over ability has predominated in the literature, with interpersonal attributions receiving less attention. Here we center on systematically summarizing evidence on interpersonal attributions of success as a function of ability or luck, and whether this differs by gender and race. The perception of the success of others and how it is attributed is a crucial leverage point for inclusion and diversity. Ignoring the role of luck conceals and augments privilege, even if not deliberately or consciously invoked. Using the Prisma protocol, this review offers evidence from experiments, published between 1970 and 2020, derived from five electronic bibliographic databases. There were a limited number of studies on gender that found an effect, but with few exceptions, the papers that pertain to race converged on the understanding that interpersonal attributions of success were predicated on this immutable factor. Such that black individuals were more often viewed as lucky in their success and less able, which translates to lesser opportunity and reward. While decades of research point to individuals making systematic attribution errors in success, this review only partially substantiates this consensus and provides narrow support for the view that those believed to be the most talented in society may merely be the luckiest. We add to evidence that context matters.
Bioaccumulation and Biota-Sediment Accumulation Factor of metals and metalloids in edible fish: A systematic review and meta-analysis in Ethiopian surface waters.
Authors: Sintie Tamagnu , Abebe Bealemlay
Published: September 2022

Bioaccumulation and Biota-Sediment Accumulation Factor are used to quantify the bioaccumulation of contaminants from water and sediment to biota due to uptake through all possible routes of exposure. The present study aimed to determine the BAF and BSAF of metals and metalloids in different surface waters of Ethiopia. Furthermore, the ecological and human health risks were also examined. Generally, 902 peer-reviewed papers from 2005 to 2022 were searched using search engines. The most common types of edible fish species in studied surface waters of Ethiopia were Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), African sharp tooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and African big barb (Barbus intermedius). A higher concentration of dissolved metals and metalloids were detected in the dry than rainy season. The concentration of metals and metalloids in sediment were higher than in water. The concentration of metals and metalloids in carnivorous fish were relatively higher than in herbivorous fish. The BSAF of Se in all fish species was greater than 1. Oreochromis niloticus was a bio-concentrator of AS and Se. The concentration of Cu, Cd, Pb, and Ni in water environmental threshold values given by EEPA and OECD, and in sediment Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn and Cr were above TEC values and Cd, Ni and Cr were above PEC levels when compared to the United States Consensus-Based Sediment Quality Guidelines for freshwater which indicates that these metals may pose risk to aquatic organisms. Consumption of raw water, except contaminated with Cd, Pb, and Ni and fish muscle, except contaminated with Cd, As, and Cr may not pose risk to consumers. However, local consumers who live close to each freshwater ecosystem may become more exposed to health risk hazards. The findings of this study will provide baseline information on BAF and BSAF of metals and metalloids in surface waters and will contribute to the effective monitoring of environmental quality.
Determination of the UGT1A1 polymorphism as guidance for irinotecan dose adjustment in gastric cancer treated with second-line chemotherapy
Authors: Lv Huifang , Nie Caiyun , He Yunduan , Chen Beibei , Liu Yingjun , Wang Jianzheng , Xu Weifeng , Zhao Jing , Zhang Junling , Wang Saiqi , Chen Xiaobing
Published: September 2022

Purpose
Uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) is a key enzyme in irinotecan metabolism. However, the relationship between UGT1A1 genotype and the safety and efficacy of irinotecan monotherapy in the treatment of Chinese advanced gastric cancer remains unclear.
Methods
A total of 110 patients were enrolled in this study. Intravenous irinotecan was administered every 3 weeks. Irinotecan dose was selected according to the polymorphism of UGT1A1*6 gene, which was divided into 3 groups: UGT1A1*6 wild-type (GG type): 125mg/m2, d1, d8; UGT1A1*6 mutant heterozygosity (GA type) 100mg/m2, d1, d8; UGT1A1*6 homozygosity mutation (AA type) 75mg/m2, d1, d8 or paclitaxel 125mg/m2, d1, d8.
Results
Among these 110 patients, the genotypes of UGT1A1*28 were wild-type in 78 patients (70.9%), mutant heterozygosity in 28 (25.5%) and mutant homozygosity in 4 (3.6%). UGT1A1*6 were GG in 67 cases (60.9%), GA in 35 cases (31.8%), and AA in 8 cases (7.3%). There was no significant difference in the risk of delayed diarrhea and granulocytopenia in patients with different UGT1A1*28 genotypes (P > 0.05), while there was significant difference in the risk of delayed diarrhea and granulocytopenia in patients with different UGT1A1*6 genotypes (P < 0.05). The dose intensity of irinotecan was different in patients with different subtypes of UGT1A1*6 gene. However, there were no significant differences in PFS and OS among patients with different subtypes after dose adjustment and program adjustment (P > 0.05).
Conclusion
Individualized treatment under the guidance of UGT1A1*6 gene polymorphism can ensure the efficacy and reduce the incidence of adverse reactions of gastric cancer patients.
Numerical prediction of transient electrohydrodynamic instabilities under an alternating current electric field and unipolar injection
Authors: Zhou Chu-Tong , Yao Zhen-Ze , Chen Di-Lin , Luo Kang , Wu Jian , Yi Hong-Liang
Published: September 2022

This paper presents a two-dimensional direct numerical simulation (DNS) of dielectric fluid flow subjected to unipolar injection under an alternating current (AC) electric field. The effect of frequency f of pulsed direct current (PDC) and AC on the transient evolution of electroconvection and their subcritical bifurcations are investigated for the first time. Electroconvection under PDC or AC tends to exhibit oscillating flow due to the periodic boundary condition of electric potential and charge density compared with the direct current (DC) case. The results demonstrate that the linear stability criterion Tc decreases as the frequency increases under a PDC field, while the nonlinear stability criterion Tf is hardly affected. Under the AC field, a critical frequency fc = 0.0316 is found, which separates electroconvection into two typical flow regimes—periodic flow regime (f < fc) and inhibited flow regime (f ≥ fc)—depending on whether free charges can reach the collector electrode before electric field inversion. These mechanisms of electroconvection under PDC/AC field offer possibilities in the field of flow control.
“Demonic, Ecstatic Antiquity”: On the Interpretation of Myth in the Opera “Elektra” by Richard Strauss — Hugo von Hofmannsthal
Authors:   Moscow Conservatory, State Institute for Art Studies, Vlasova Natalia O.
Published: September 2022

The opera “Elektra” is of particular significance for Richard Strauss. It opens an ancient line in his musical and theatrical legacy and is at the same time the culmination of expressionist tendencies in his work. It also marks the start of Strauss’s collaboration with H. von Hofmannsthal as librettist. The tragedy of Hofmannsthal focuses on trends typical of the new understanding of antiquity in the second half of the 19th century. An interest in the archaic, in ancient cults and rituals representing the irrational aspects of Greek culture, is brought to the forefront. Hofmannsthal’s “Electra” was one of the first literary works to embody the new image of Greece. In the course of work on the opera, a particular role played the treatise on matriarchy in the pre-Hellenistic era “Das Mutterrecht” (1861) by J. J. Bachofen. It acquired unexpected relevance at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries when matriarchy was anxiously perceived as a resurgent world order. Hofmannsthal’s “Electra” appears as the realm of matriarchy. The concentration on the image of the title character, the embodiment on the stage of a short but key segment of her life, the raging of dark passions make Elektra a characteristic phenomenon of expressionist theatre. In Strauss’s opera the role of Elektra is further expanded. With the help of sharp stylistic contrasts in the musical characterization of the heroine, Strauss conveys the dissociation of her personality, her loss of identity. For Strauss, “Elektra” was the culmination of extreme emotional states that demanded the use of the most daring, within his style, compositional means. “Elektra” marks a turning point in the composer’s work. His next opera is “Der Rosenkavalier”, written in an entirely different style. Strauss’s subsequent operas on ancient themes are also very far from the irrationalist and innovative pathos of “Elektra”.
“Rigoletto”: Variety of Screen Forms and Specifics of Staging Solutions for Classical Opera in Cinema and on Television
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Rumyantseva Alina V. , Malkova Liliana Yu. ,   Lomonosov Moscow State University
Published: September 2022

In domestic science there is a perception that today’s opera, under the pressure of massification, simultaneously tries to preserve the elusive traditions of “high” art and lowers the bar to the level of mass culture, while the availability of technological possibilities of transferring opera to the screen is not able to change the preferences of the mass audience, unable to perceive it adequately. It cannot be denied that in the 21st century an uninitiated mass audience’s perception of classical opera is largely formed on the basis of screen representations of musical drama. In this context, the analysis of the applied staging solutions in cinema and television in the incarnation of opera, which includes the determination of the components that are necessary for the qualitative screen representation of musical drama, becomes a relevant subject for scientific research. In this article, which is dedicated to 170th anniversary of Giuseppe Verdi’s opera Rigoletto, an attempt is made to analyze four screen forms of one musical drama different from each other with the aim to reveal variability of staging solutions used for the realization of classical opera on TV and in cinema. The specific features of cinematographic and television representation of musical drama influencing the actualization and popularization of opera in the modern screen space are revealed within different genre frames (film-opera, TV version of musical drama, live TV film, musical TV contest). The author identifies the central figure in the latter processes the director-director, a professional in the field of television, who understands the fundamental laws and staging techniques of musical theater, the expressive means of cinematography.
Photography: To the Problem of Thing
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Vasilyeva Ekaterina V.
Published: September 2022

This article analyzes the problem of image and object in photography. The study proceeds from the assumption that the presentation of a thing implies its special status in photography. The article considers the position of things in photography as a semantic and ideological problem. A photographic demonstration of an object can be interpreted as a special pictorial strategy. The thing is the condition of the shot: a photography is impossible without an object. The problem of the relationship between photography and things looks like a large-scale contradiction. Photography fundamentally changes the object both visually and qualitatively. Acquiring the status of an image, a thing loses its material qualities. The object in the frame is deprived not only of its practical meaning — it loses its subject program. From a three-dimensional object, a thing turns into an ephemeral and phantom unit. The thing as a given experience in photography becomes an illusion. The constituted qualities of the subject are lost in the frame. In photography, a thing becomes a false distorted image, an element of a deceptive perception of the world. The subject in the photograph is an ephemeral entity, an imaginary and non-existent phantom. The frame verifies the presence of the object and, at the same time, endows the meaning of the authentic that which is not. Within the framework of this study, it is important that the status of a thing in photography is not only possessed by an object with strict outlines and boundaries. The disembodied and formless acquire the quality of an object in photography. The study draws attention to the fact that photography turns the world into a set of units, where the quality of a thing is possessed not only by the object, but also by the surrounding space.
Project of Revalorization and Extension of the Historic Monastery Complex of St Sigismund’s Parish in Częstochowa (Poland) — A Case Study
Authors:   Politechnika Częstochowska, Sołkiewicz-Kos Nina , Kazhar Nina V. ,   Politechnika Częstochowska, Zadworny Mariusz ,   Politechnika Częstochowska
Published: September 2022

This article presents theoretical problems related to the renovation of historic buildings in Europe of the second half of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century. They concern the creation of scientifically justified concepts and methods of renovation aimed at preserving the authenticity and historical significance of monuments. Historical architectural developments, including buildings from different eras, determine the individual appearance of historic European cities. Architectural monuments allow one to become aware of the originality of culture and character traits of each nation. Therefore, in the context of globalization, the study, protection and use of historical objects is one of the factors shaping the national self-awareness. Practical activities related to the adaptation of historical cultural space to contemporary needs were discussed on the example of the revalorization of a 15th-century religious complex located in the historic area of the city of Częstochowa in Poland. This area, called the “Old Town”, is one of the main elements of the compositional canvas of the town’s urban layout (beginning of the 19th century). The revalorization of the St Sigismund church complex together with the monastery buildings, due to the importance for the urban layout of the city, as well as due to its historical, cultural and religious significance, constituted an essential challenge for designers, archaeologists, historians and local authorities.
From England to Russia: Fluorite Vases from the Second Half of the 18th — Beginning of the 19th Centuries
Authors:   St Petersburg Mining University, Borovkova Natalia V. , Pilipenko Anastasiya R. ,   St Petersburg Mining University, Yakimaha Mar’ya N. ,   St Petersburg Mining University
Published: September 2022

The article explores English stone-cutting products of the 18th century from Blue John fluorite. The objects of research are items from the Mining Museum collection. The authors have identified a wide range of analogues from various collections of Russian and European museums, auction houses. The article considers the history of the development of stone-cutting production from Blue John fluorite; possible stone-cutting workshops have been identified. In the study determined the technical and technological features of the manufacture of fluorite products in England at the end of the 18th century. The article deals with issues of attribution and reconstruction of museum items using 3D-visualization. The technical and technological features of fluorite processing and the technology for producing art objects was clarified thanks to the involvement of the laboratory base of the Center for Collective Use of the Mining University. A chemical study was carried out on samples of the substance used to stabilize the stone material of objects. On the basis a wide visual range the appearance of the destroyed vases was restored using 3D-technologies and the places of loss in objects from the Mining Museum were supplemented. The use of modern technological innovations made it possible to restore the appearance of monuments with unsatisfactory preservation and include objects of the 18th century. into scientific circulation. A significant corpus of archival documents has been revealed, giving an idea of the sources and methods of entry of items from English fluorite into the collection of the Mining Museum. The results obtained allowed us to change the idea of the formation of the collection of the Mining Museum; to supplement previously known information about the production of fluorite objects of arts and crafts in England.
From Jan Luňák to Ivan Ivanovich Lun’jak and Back: An Austro-Hungarian Classicist and His Iter Slavicum
Authors:   Department of Classics, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Movrin David
Published: September 2022

The present paper is the first attempt at a bio-bibliography of Jan Luňák (1847–1935), the peripatetic classicist who roamed the Austro-Hungarian, German, and Russian empires before founding the classical seminar at the University of Ljubljana, in 1919, in what was then the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenians. Luňák studied in Prague and Leipzig and then moved to St Petersburg to earn his master’s in classical philology from Dorpat (now Tartu) and his doctorate in Greek literature from Kazan. In 1890 he became extraordinarius in Moscow, and in 1892 ordinarius in Odessa, from where he retired in 1907. Known primarily for his Quaestiones Sapphicae, he was forced to launch a second career in 1919, after World War I and then the October Revolution permanently separated him from his family and deprived him of his pension. He served as contractual professor of classical philology in Ljubljana until 1930 when he finally returned to Prague. Based on both published and archival material, the paper provides a historical context for his academic career (which had its roots in the Russian Philological Seminary in Leipzig, where Luňák was recommended by Friedrich Ritschl). It thus attempts to understand the somewhat disparate aspects of his complex scholarly itinerary. Apart from providing his comprehensive bibliography, the study hopes to serve as a stimulus for other primary sources to surface in the future.
ἀνά τε ἔδραμεν: Explaining the Longevity of the Tmesis
Authors:   Institute for Linguistic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazanskaya Maria N.
Published: September 2022

It is a well-known fact that tmesis (independent use of the preverb from its verb) as a linguistic phenomenon was progressively eliminated from Ancient Greek, so that only residual usage is attested in the language of the Classical age. However, one verb, ἀναδραμεῖν, retained tmetic usage with the particle τε intervening between the preverb and the verb, ἀνά τε ἔδραμε, until late Antiquity (Appian, Eunapius). It is significant that this construction (on par with the non tmetic form ἀνέδραμε) was used in prose, which suggests that it was part of actual linguistic usus. The article examines the reasons behind the unique longevity of this tmesis. Followingan overview of the occurrences of ἀνά τε ἔδραμεν in Herodotus, Appian and Eunapius, and the comparison of the use of the tmetic and non tmetic forms, the elements of the construction are discussed. It is shown that the survival of ἀνά τε ἔδραμεν must have been influenced by the semantic development of the verb (the root no longer denotes actual running, but springing to one’s feet or rapid growth), as well as the capacity of the preverb ἀνα- to appear independently of its verb (the deontic ἄνα). Finally, a possible shift in meaning of τε (as invariable part of the expression) is discussed. While it is impossible to pinpoint one single factor that determined the singular longevity of the tmesis ἀνά τε ἔδραμε in Greek, a combination of factors seems to have contributed to its survival.
Reflections on the Hesychian Lemma βουρικυπάρισσος
Authors:   University of Lodz, Faculty of Philology, Kaczyńska Elwira
Published: September 2022

The Greek grammarian and lexicographer, Hesychius of Alexandria (5th–6th c. CE) included a Pamphylian gloss: βουρικυπάρισσος ἡ ἄμπελος. Περγαῖοι in his dictionary of rare and dialectal words. Based on a microphilological and lexical analysis, I suggest that the Greek text should be read as follows: βουρί˙κυπάρισσος ἢ ἄμπελος. Περγαῖοι (“bourí: cypress or grapevine. Citizens of Perge”). The Pamphylian gloss in question represents two different borrowings of terms originating in the Near East. The first item βουρί˙κυπάρισσος (‘cypress’) seems to have been borrowed from Akkadian burāšu(m) ‘a kind of conifer tree; juniper or cypress’ with a Lycian intermediary (Akk. burāšu → Luw. *burašiš > Lyc. *burehi > *burhi → Pamph. βουρί), whereas the second one βουρί˙ […] ἄμπελος (‘grapevine’) reflects a separate loanword from an Anatolian source, cf. Hitt. and Luw. muriš c. ‘a grapevine, a vine, a cluster or bunch of grapes or other fruit’. The Pamphylian dialect of Ancient Greek represents an extraordinary idiom, which was used in the neighbourhood of numerous Anatolian languages such as Lycian, Milyan, Sidetic, Pisidian and Cilician. It is therefore not surprising that the Pamphylian Greeks borrowed a number of cultural terms for plants from an Anatolian Indo-European source, as well as from Akkadian or other West Semitic languages via Luwian and Lycian. Additionally, other possible Anatolian borrowings into Ancient Greek (e. g. Gk. dial. βωληνή ‘a type of grapevine’, μῶλαξ ‘id.’ vs. Hittite maḫlaš c. ‘grapevine, Vitis vinifera L.’) are mentioned and reviewed.
The Ancient Progymnasmata in the Classroom of Sophronios Leichoudes
Authors:   Russian Christian Academy for the Humanities, Spyridonova Lydia , Kurbanov Andrey ,   Russian Christian Academy for the Humanities
Published: September 2022

At the core of this paper is a discussion of unpublished progymnasmata (in Greek & Latin) elaborated by a number of Sophronius Leichoudes’ first students. These texts are preserved in three codices from the National Library of Russia. They were dedicated to elaboration of the whole range of the late antique rhetorical exercises such as ethopoeia, encomium, psogos (invective), chreia, commonplace, refutation and confirmation. No manuscripts have revealed examples of the exercises in fable, comparison, ecphrasis, thesis, introduction of a law. However, these progymnasmata, except the latter, were studied in abbreviated form within the preserved exercises. The topics of the pieces proposed by Sophronios are mostly of Christian character, such as a lament of Joseph, Judas’ betrayal, praises of Christmas, saints and martyrs, theological debates and many more. The information preserved on their scholia makes us possible to identify the authors’ names (Nikolay Semeonov Golovin, Aleksey Kirillov, Feodor Polikarpov and Feodor Gerasimov, Fedot Ageev, Iosif Afanas’ev, Peotr Postnikov, Paladiy Rogov, Greeks Anastasios and hierodeacon Dionysios) as well as to specify the essential elements of each exercise to be performed. Based on these materials, we can conclude that Sophronios conveyed to his students the best elements of both Byzantine and Jesuit rhetorical training, in this way the Leichoudian method of instruction corresponds in general to that of contemporary Greek schools.
Appetite for Mazzards: Referencing History in the Pliny’s HN 15. 102
Authors:   Jagiellonian University, Faculty of History, Institute of History, Kołoczek Bartosz Jan
Published: September 2022

The following analysis concerns Pliny’s excursus on mazzard (sweet cherry) cultivation in Rome in the Book 15 of the Historia naturalis. Pliny links their introduction and spread to the conquests of the Roman army under the command of illustrious general and bon vivant L. Licinius Lucullus. The confrontation of Pliny’s narrative with other sources, as well as with the findings of contemporary researchers, indicate that Lucullus could not have been the first discoverer of the mazzard and the chronological information Pliny gives should be treated with special caution. Most relevantly, Athenaeus of Naucratis invoked the same tradition, according to which Lucullus was also the author of the name of the mazzard (Greek κεράσια, Latin cerasia), to mock the tendency of the Romans to attribute Greek achievements to themselves. Pliny’s embellished argument, however, aligns perfectly with his Romanocentric and imperialist world picture. As an eminent historian, naturalist and official of the Roman Empire, he used certain passages in his immense encyclopaedia as a departure point to present idealistically the successes of the Roman army and its culture-forming role. In this context, Pliny’s description of the discovery and spread of mazzard cultivation serves as another illustration of the genius of the Romans and the power of their empire.
ATTITUDE OF RUSSIAN YOUTH TO THE STATE POLICY OF REGULATION OF DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
Authors:   Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Parma Roman
Published: September 2022

This article measures the attitude of Russian youth towards state-imposed restrictions on the dissemination of information on the Internet, social media, and instant messengers, based on the level of media consumption and threats of destructive influence. Based on an online survey of the target audience, security problems of the digital communications environment, in which illegal and immoral content is widespread, are identified. The study substantively defines the attitude of young people to the creation of a “sovereign Internet” and a digital profile of a Russian citizen, to the introduction of a social rating, the "right to be forgotten," and personal identification of users, to the prohibition of fake news and insults to the authorities. Also, the attitude of young people to the blocking of digital resources by state bodies, in particular the Telegram messenger, is discussed. The author defines the ratio of supporters of the introduction of severe restrictions, supporters of electoral restrictions and opponents of restrictions among young users of digital communications. In addition, the study revealed the preferences of young people regarding possible regulators of the rules of conduct in the digital environment. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that the online environment is not perceived by young people as a safe space for everyday activity. Most of respondents regularly encounter various negative effects of network structures. At the same time, the introduction of more stringent Internet regulation is a debatable issue. Young people are inclined to support only several initiatives, critically evaluating the politicization of this process, perceiving it as a mechanism for strengthening state control over society. Given the high heterogeneity of the modern «digital generation», the author actualizes the problem of manipulative influence and external information threats.
SHARDS OF SHATTERED WORLD: NEO-STALINISTS AND NEO-TROTSKYISTS IN MODERN RUSSIA
Authors:   Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Sergeev Sergey , Kuznetsova Alexandra ,   Kazan National Research Technological University
Published: September 2022

The article examines the emergence, development, and current state of two Russian radical leftist groups often overlooked by political scholars of Russia: neo-Trotskyists and neo-Stalinists. The genesis of the neo-Trotskyist and neo-Stalinist parties and groups was of a different nature. The neo-Trotskyist movements and groups (Revolutionary Workers' Party, Russian Socialist Movement, Socialist Alternative) originated from below, under the influence of international Trotskyist organizations, and consist mainly of young people. Most of these are organizations of democratic socialists that maintain a connection with the Marxist tradition. The neo-Stalinist parties, conversely, emerged as a result of the collapse of the CPSU (All-Union Communist Party of the Bolsheviks, Russian Communist Workers' Party) or the secession from the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (Communist Party “Communists of Russia,” United Communist Party). The authors also analyze the factors that contribute to the marginalization of the Russian radical left. The socio-economic state of the Russian society is far from a severe economic crisis, which could have contributed to the popularity of left-wing radicalism. The demographic factor contributes to the decline of neo-Stalinist parties, but has little effect on neo-Trotskyist groups. The orientation towards the maximum preservation of the status quo, which is an imperative to Russian domestic policy also influences the marginalization of the Russian radical left. Perhaps one of the main factors blocking the development of the radical left in Russia is the adherence of a significant part of them to the Soviet experience and their ignorance of the experience of the Western left. The devotion to the Soviet experience allows the Russian left, both moderate and radical, to maintain its social base, however prevents them from keeping up to date and proposing new goals and new tactics to achieve them.
LOUIS ALTHUSSER’S CRITIQUE OF THE POLITICAL THEORY
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Rebrov Sergey
Published: September 2022

The article analyzes various projects of hybridization of materialism and political theory in one conceptual system. Special attention is paid to the critical analysis of the phenomenon of economic materialism of the nineteenth century, which for a long time remained the only example of a materialistic analysis of politics. The subsequent development of materialism that became a new limit of economic determinism, put new problems in the context of the capabilities of materialistic policy. The author proposes to follow the argument of the French philosopher Louis Althusser as a philosophy of aleatory materialism created by the thinker himself, including to substantiate the variations of materialistic understanding of the political. The article consistently disassembled the prerequisites for the crisis of the Marxist economic interpretation of history, which, at the original stage of its own formation, had extremely few common with philosophical materialism. The further struggle of new materialists with the idea of a universal explanatory principle ultimately allowed them to create a new type of philosophical knowledge that is not related to the idea of universal history. The focus in this case is chained to the political aspect of Althusser's Materialism regarding the theory of conjuncture as a genuine object of any materialistic politics. Finally, the author compares aleatory materialism with a number of other directions of post-modern materialistic ontology, whose representatives direct their own criticism towards the anthropological component of the political theory, which, however, leads to the denial of this discipline in principle. Thus, it is Althuserianism that in couple with Schmitterism, are the only examples of a successful project to create a materialistic theory of politics.
Components of the Human Body as Objects of Civil Law
Authors:   HSE University, Kartashkov Dmitry
Published: September 2022

The article deals with legal problems of the emergence and death of various categories of biomaterials, such as human organs, tissues, and cells, as well as cell lines derived from them. The author shows the main features of the proprietary legal nature of biomaterials from the point of view of the theory of civil law through the prism of the principles of materialism and economic value. The article also examines the emergence of the right to biomaterials according to two models: initial and derivative, which makes it possible to reveal the paradox of the human body as a source of biomaterials. The author shows that the human body is a point of partial coincidence of the object of law and the subject of law, which creates a locus of legal uncertainty. It is proposed to resolve the paradox either using the construction of the “natural environment” of the human body, or through the idea of organic self-ownership. The author makes a reasoned choice in favor of the latter. The article also provides a classification of various biomaterials from the point of view of traditional proprietary characteristics: movability, divisibility, substitutability, etc. The very possibility to talk about biomaterials in this way illustrates in detail their proprietary legal nature. Then the author builds a model of civil relations between the participants in the organ transplant process through the classic triad of the owner’s rights: ownership, usage and disposal. The author, relying on the theory of the transactional nature of informed consent, hypothesizes that the donor has an unnamed property right: the right to destroy the seized biomaterial. Such a right, contrary to the prevailing understanding, does not arise from informed consent as such, but follows the property, since it does not depend on the change in the owner of the biomaterial. The author shows that the totality of the features set out in the article: materiality, the possibility of proprietary legal classification and the presence of derivative property rights following the biomaterial, strengthens the view of biomaterials as objects of property rights.
Friedrich Hayek on the Nature of Law
Authors:   HSE University, Raab Ruslan
Published: September 2022

The article investigates the nature of law as it is presented in the social theory writings of F. A. Hayek. Even though Hayek is mostly famous for his liberal approach to law, the idea of individual liberty does not explain the way Hayekian “law” as “rules of just conduct” is fundamentally distinct from most of the rules commonly regarded as “law” today. Recognizing the influence of liberal philosophy on Hayek’s legal theory, a liberal interpretation of that theory leaves too many things unexplained. Sometimes these unexplained “anomalies” are not just incoherent with the liberal worldview, but radically contradict it. Oddly enough, even the law of due process is not a part of “rules of just conduct” by a Hayekian standard. To make any sense of this standard we need to go beyond the liberal-normative approach and consider Hayek’s purely instrumental social theory. From that perspective, the nature of law as “rules of just conduct” is determined not only by some generalized characteristics of a liberal spontaneous order, but also by several specific conditions of an epistemically “complex” social context in which an individual is supposed to be acting. Since this epistemic “complexity” is not ubiquitous for a liberal spontaneous order, not every social institution intended to secure individual liberty has a chance to be attributed with a distinct name of “true law” in Hayek’s view, as well as not every distinct feature of “true law” is conditioned by liberal considerations. Epistemological considerations matter more. Unusual as it is, this instrumental socio-epistemic interpretation of the nature of law can explain not only all the mismatches between Hayekian “rules of just conduct” and a more traditional liberal-normative ideal of law, but also reveal some of the most distinctive elements of his legal theory. These elements define what can be a possible contribution of Hayek to theoretical jurisprudence and suggest quite a unique “epistemic” way to make a strict distinction between “law” and all the other social rules for the first being only the rules of individual action in an epistemically “complex” social context.
On the problem of museumification of the Russian literary language
Authors:   Vladimir Dahl Russian State Literary Museum, Sarycheva Kristina V.
Published: September 2022

The article discusses the issue of museumification and exposure of the language, the future museum of the Russian literary language, its main subject, aims and functions. The author of the article proposes to consider the Russian literary language as an intangible object of culture, which has a certain structure, stable elements and which is a carrier of cultural memory associated with social and historical processes. The Russian literary language can be museumified, become an object of conservation, study and popularization in a museum. The Russian literary language can be preserved in the museum by creating descriptions of museum items, with the emphasis on the history of the language, organizing the work of the museum exposition, and by holding museum events. The exposition is proposed to be built on those museum items (manuscripts, typescripts, books, audio, video recordings, pictorial materials) that are in storage of the funds of the Vladimir Dahl State Literary Museum, grouped in such a way that the emphasis is on the linguistic phenomena. The article provides examples of language museums and language exhibits. Most language museums are primarily aimed at drawing the attention of visitors to the history and modern use of the language. They are built on interactive materials that allow you to communicate with the public. The Museum of the Russian Language will take into account the experience of other language museums and expositions. Unlike other museums, it will focus on the language of Russian literature as a variant of the language. The museum, relying on the study of the language of literature, will demonstrate the work of authors with the language, their participation in the development of the language. The museum will be aimed at communication with the visitor, at their interaction with the language of Russian literature.
Saved art: Simferopol Art Gallery in evacuation (1941–1944)
Authors:   Simferopol Art Museum, Kugusheva Alexandra Yu.
Published: September 2022

The article is devoted to the evacuation of Crimean museum collections in October, 1941. The fate of the lost pre-war collection of the Simferopol Art Gallery, which did not have time to leave the Crimea and was destroyed by fire in Kerch port, is well known. At the same time, a temporary exhibition made up of the works of the Simferopol Gallery was evacuated from Feodosiya Art Gallery along with the masterpieces of the great marine painter Ivan Aivazovsky. Prominent museum figures Nikolay S.Barsamov and Jan P.Birzgal managed to send the exhibits to Novorossiysk, then to Krasnodar. Contrary to the plans of the Committee for the Arts to take these exhibits to Stalingrad, both Crimean galleries were sent to Yerevan. At the end of 1941, Birzgal compiled a list of 50 salvaged exhibits of the Simferopol Art Gallery. Soviet art of the 1920s–1930s is represented by the works of Igor E.Grabar, Mitrofan B.Grekov, Vladimir A.Eyfert, Peter P.Konchalovsky. The Russian landscape is represented by Vasiliy V.Baksheev, Pavel A.Radimov, Vasiliy V.Rozhdestvensky. From creative trips to Central Asia, Altai and Pamir, new works are brought by Peter I.Kotov and Peter N.Staronosov, Nikolay G.Kotov, Peter D.Pokarzhevsky, Sergei I.Pichugin. The work of Barsamov, the author of the portrait of the artist Bogaevsky (1940), is connected with Crimea. Among the rescued works are the works of Konstantin F.Bogaevsky himself, several of his industrial landscapes, and sketches for the panel Crimea (1921); Bakhchisarai landscapes by Alexander V.Kuprin, Sudak view by Alexander F.Gaush. In the postwar period, the museum workers established the affiliation of works by Ilya E.Repin, Joseph I.Oleshkevich, and Henri-Francois Riesener to the pre-war collection.
The role of the discourse of museum collections in the distance course on the history of ancient civilizations
Authors:   St Petersburg State University of Industrial Technologies and Design, Vakhromeeva Oksana B.
Published: September 2022

Distance education is a hotly debated subject in the scientific and pedagogical environment of the newest period; in the methodological literature, issues of practical and theoretical nature are actively discussed (from the effectiveness of remote servers to ethical issues that arise during classes). As a positive experience, the article presents the materials of practical classes of the course “History of civilizations”, which is read by the author at St Petersburg State University of Industrial Technologies and Design, in a distance format as well. The material is built according to the problem-chronological principle, that allows students to consolidate what they have learned in lectures, supplement their knowledge using various visualization and illustration methods, thus deepening their understanding of the topic as a whole. An indirect appeal to historical sources is possible when analyzing monographic studies on the cultures of ancient ethnic groups, the 18-volume encyclopedia “Disappeared Civilizations”, and the content of the official websites of world museums that store the heritage of ancient civilizations. M.Montaigne in “Experiments” used the term ‘civilization’ (1581). Descartes in “Discourse on Methods” contrasted the concepts of “wild” and “civilized”; Herder was one of the first to connect civilization with the development of culture, pointing to the civilization of the East as the most ancient. In the 19th century, the concepts of “civilization” and “culture” were synonymous. In the 20th century, anthropological understanding of culture as a result of acquired behavioral skills began to be replaced by the concept of civilization. The article is devoted to a thematic review of individual historical monuments of a number of ancient civilizations, stored in various museums around the world, which can serve as illustrations for the educational discipline “History of Civilizations” in a distance format. The choice fell on some ancient “disappeared civilizations” that arose in various historical and geographical conditions.