bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prediction of sound transmission loss through multilayered panels by using Gaussian distribution of directional incident energy
Authors: Kang Hyun-Ju , Ih Jeong-Guon , Kim Jae-Seung , Kim Hyun-Sil
Published: July 2002

In this study, a new prediction method is suggested for sound transmission loss (STL) of multilayered panels of infinite extent. Conventional methods such as random or field incidence approach often give significant discrepancies in predicting STL of multilayered panels when compared with the experiments. In this paper, appropriate directional distributions of incident energy to predict the STL of multilayered panels are proposed. In order to find a weighting function to represent the directional distribution of incident energy on the wall in a reverberation chamber, numerical simulations by using a ray-tracing technique are carried out. Simulation results reveal that the directional distribution can be approximately expressed by the Gaussian distribution function in terms of the angle of incidence. The Gaussian function is applied to predict the STL of various multilayered panel configurations as well as single panels. The compared results between the measurement and the prediction show good agreements, which validate the proposed Gaussian function approach.
Effect of ingredients on the rheological properties of extruded corn meal
Authors: Seethamraju Kasyap , Bhattacharya Mrinal
Published: July 2002

A slit rheometer, mounted on a square cross section barrel extension, was attached to the exit of a single screw extruder to facilitate the simultaneous measurement of steady shear viscosity (ηsh), apparent planar extensional viscosity (ηpa), and the first normal stress differences (N1). The hole pressure method was used to determine N1 and the entrance pressure drop method with Cogswell’s analysis for abrupt planar contraction flow was used to determine ηpa. The effect of slot dimensions on N1 was investigated using low density polyethylene. Increasing the depth and width of the slot by 50% produced no significant change in the hole pressure. N1 predicted using the Higashitani–Pritchard–Baird (HPB) equation compared favorably with extrapolated N1 values obtained on a cone and plate rheometer. Addition of salt and sugar to corn grits affected the rheological properties of the melt, as observed by the changes in ηsh, N1, and ηpa. Of the three material functions, N1 and ηpa were more sensitive to the addition of ingredients. Corn grits exhibited thinning behavior in shear and planar extensional flows.
Apparent wall slip velocity coefficients in concentrated suspensions of noncolloidal particles
Authors: Jana S. C. , Kapoor B. , Acrivos A.
Published: July 2002

The apparent wall slip velocity coefficient of concentrated monodisperse suspensions of 90 μm PMMA particles in a viscous Newtonian fluid was determined experimentally in a narrow gap Couette device by measuring the particle velocities across the gap using a laser doppler anemometer system and then extrapolating the results to the two walls. The slip coefficients thereby obtained were found to be insensitive to the magnitude of the applied shear rate and to equal, approximately, λ/8 for particle concentrations φ in the range 0.45≤φ≤0.52, where λ refers to the relative effective viscosity of the suspension with respect to that of the pure fluid.
High‐Throughput, Living Single‐Cell, Multiple Secreted Biomarker Profiling Using Microfluidic Chip and Machine Learning for Tumor Cell Classification
Authors: Wang Chao , Wang Chunhua , Wu Yu , Gao Jianwei , Han Yingkuan , Chu Yujin , Qiang Le , Qiu Jiaoyan , Gao Yakun , Wang Yanhao , Song Fangteng , Wang Yihe , Shao Xiaowei , Zhang Yu , Han Lin
Published: April 2022

Secreted proteins provide abundant functional information on living cells and can be used as important tumor diagnostic markers, of which profiling at the single‐cell level is helpful for accurate tumor cell classification. Currently, achieving living single‐cell multi‐index, high‐sensitivity, and quantitative secretion biomarker profiling remains a great challenge. Here, a high‐throughput living single‐cell multi‐index secreted biomarker profiling platform is proposed, combined with machine learning, to achieve accurate tumor cell classification. A single‐cell culture microfluidic chip with self‐assembled graphene oxide quantum dots (GOQDs) enables high‐activity single‐cell culture, ensuring normal secretion of biomarkers and high‐throughput single‐cell separation, providing sufficient statistical data for machine learning. At the same time, the antibody barcode chip with self‐assembled GOQDs performs multi‐index, highly sensitive, and quantitative detection of secreted biomarkers, in which each cell culture chamber covers a whole barcode array. Importantly, by combining the K‐means strategy with machine learning, thousands of single tumor cell secretion data are analyzed, enabling tumor cell classification with a recognition accuracy of 95.0%. In addition, further profiling of the grouping results reveals the unique secretion characteristics of subgroups. This work provides an intelligent platform for high‐throughput living single‐cell multiple secretion biomarker profiling, which has broad implications for cancer investigation and biomedical research.
Giant Spin Hall Effect and Spin–Orbit Torques in 5d Transition Metal–Aluminum Alloys from Extrinsic Scattering
Authors: Wang Peng , Migliorini Andrea , Yang See‐Hun , Jeon Jae‐Chun , Kostanovskiy Ilya , Meyerheim Holger , Han Hyeon , Deniz Hakan , Parkin Stuart S. P.
Published: April 2022

The generation of spin currents from charge currents via the spin Hall effect (SHE) is of fundamental and technological interest. Here, some of the largest SHEs yet observed via extrinsic scattering are found in a large class of binary compounds formed from a 5d element and aluminum, with a giant spin Hall angle (SHA) of ≈1 in the compound Os22Al78. A critical composition of the 5d element is found at which there is a structural phase boundary between poorly and highly textured crystalline material, where the SHA exhibits its largest value. Furthermore, a systematic increase is found in the spin Hall conductivity (SHC) and SHA at this critical composition as the atomic number of the 5d element is systematically increased. This clearly shows that the SHE and SHC are derived from extrinsic scattering mechanisms related to the potential mismatch between the 5d element and Al. These studies show the importance of extrinsic mechanisms derived from potential mismatch as a route to obtaining large spin Hall angles with high technological impact. Indeed, it is demonstrated that a state‐of‐the‐art racetrack device has a several‐fold increased current‐induced domain wall efficiency using these materials as compared to prior‐art materials.
Structured bubbling in layered gas‐fluidized beds subject to vibration: A CFD‐DEM study
Authors: Guo Qiang , Boyce Christopher M.
Published: April 2022

Bubble dynamics in gas fluidized beds are mathematically chaotic and difficult to predict. Various ways have been proposed in the past to alter the overall bubble dynamics to improve particular processes. In particular, it has been shown that pulsed gas flow and vibration can be used to transform the chaotic motion of gas bubbles into a dynamically structured pattern. The structured bubbling pattern does not change with the system width, opening opportunities to address key issues in scaling up gas‐solids bubbling fluidized beds. However, the pattern can only maintain for a limited particle height, well below the height of most industrial fluidized beds. Herein, we proposed to use a layered configuration with multiple stages of gas distributors to maintain the ordered bubbling structure to a higher particle height. Computational fluid dynamics‐discrete element method (CFD‐DEM) simulations performed here demonstrate the effectiveness and key parameters for maintaining structure in the proposed design, providing potential for industrial use.
Genetic analysis using targeted exome sequencing of 53 Vietnamese children with developmental and epileptic encephalopathies
Authors: Hieu Nguyen Le Trung , Thu Nguyen Thuy Minh , Ngan Le Tran Anh , Van Le Thi Khanh , Huy Do Phuoc , Linh Pham Thi Truc , Mai Nguyen Thi Quynh , Hien Huynh Thi Dieu , Hang Do Thi Thu
Published: April 2022

Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEE) refers to a group of rare and severe neurodevelopmental disorders where genetic etiologies can play a major role. This study aimed to elucidate the genetic etiologies of a cohort of 53 Vietnamese patients with DEE. All patients were classified into known electroclinical syndromes where possible. Exome sequencing (ES) followed by a targeted analysis on 294 DEE‐related genes was then performed. Patients with identified causative variants were followed for 6 months to determine the impact of genetic testing on their treatment. The diagnostic yield was 38.0% (20/53), which was significantly higher in the earlier onset group (<12 months) than in the later onset group (≥12 months). The 19 identified variants belonged to 11 genes with various cellular functions. Genes encoding ion channels especially sodium voltage‐gated channel were the most frequently involved. Most variants were missense variants and located in key protein functional domains. Four variants were novel and four had been reported previously but in different phenotypes. Within 6 months of further follow‐up, treatment changes were applied for six patients based on the identified disease‐causing variants, with five patients showing a positive impact. This is the first study in Vietnam to analyze the genetics of DEE. This study confirms the strong involvement of genetic etiologies in DEE, especially early onset DEE. The study also contributes to clarify the genotype–phenotype correlations of DEE and highlights the efficacy of targeted ES in the diagnosis and treatment of DEE.
Improving transparency—A call to include social housing information in biomedical research articles involving nonhuman primates
Authors: Pomerantz Ori , Baker Kate C. , Bellanca Rita U. , Bloomsmith Mollie A. , Coleman Kristine , Hutchinson Eric K. , Pierre Peter J. , Weed James L. ,   National Primate Research Centers' Behavioral Management Consortium
Published: April 2022

The social setting of animal subjects in the research environment has known effects on a variety of dependent measures used in biomedical research. Proper evaluation of the robustness of published research is dependent upon transparent, detailed, and accurate reporting of research methods, including the animals' social housing conditions. However, to date, most research articles utilizing nonhuman primates (NHPs) provide only partial data on this topic, hampering transparency, and reproducibility. Therefore, we call for the inclusion of information pertaining to the social aspects of the animals' housing conditions in publications involving NHPs to improve transparency. We argue that including this information in scientific publications is crucial for the interpretation of research findings in the appropriate context and for understanding unexplained variability in study findings. Finally, the inclusion of this information in publications will additionally familiarize scientists with how other researchers conducting similar studies are housing their animals and will encourage them to consider the implications of various housing conditions on their research outcomes
Reversing a Platinum Micromotor by Introducing Platinum Oxide
Authors: Lyu Xianglong , Chen Jingyuan , Liu Jiayu , Peng Yixin , Duan Shifang , Ma Xing , Wang Wei
Published: April 2022

Understanding and controlling the swimming direction of a synthetic nano‐ and micromotor holds fundamental and applied significance. Here, we focus on platinum‐containing Janus colloids that catalytically decompose H2O2into O2, an archetypical model of chemical micromotor. We discover that platinum oxides (primarily PtO) are produced on Pt films sputter‐coated in O2plasma, and PtO reverses the motor possibly by self‐electrophoresis. Using this knowledge, micromotors moving in either direction were fabricated by intentionally introducing or removing PtO. These findings challenge the conventional wisdom that a Pt micromotor is powered by Pt alone, and open up new avenues for controlling the swimming directions of a micro‐ and nanomachine.
Inferring the demographic history of Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) from genomic data: Insights for conservation and fisheries management
Authors: Faulks Leanne , Kaushik Prashant , Taniguchi Shoji , Sekino Masashi , Nakamichi Reiichiro , Yamamoto Yuki , Fujimori Hiroka , Okamoto Chiaki , Kodama Sakie , Daryani Ayu , Manwong Angel Faye , Galang Ishmerai , Mochioka Noritaka , Araki Kiyo , Suzuki Motoo , Kaji Yoshitsugu , Ichiki Takumi , Matsunaga Tetsuya , Hakoyama Hiroshi
Published: April 2022

Assessing the status or population size of species is a key task for wildlife conservation and the sustainable management of harvested species. In particular, assessing historical changes in population size provides an evolutionary perspective on current population dynamics.

Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) is an endangered yet commercially important catadromous fish species. This article assesses the demographic history of Japanese eel using the pairwise and multiple sequentially Markovian coalescent methods.

The analyses indicate a reduction in effective population size Ne from 38,000 to 10,000 individuals between 4 and 1 Mya, followed by an increase to 80,000 individuals between 1 Mya and 22–30 kya. Approximately 22–30 kya there is evidence for a reduction in Ne to approximately 60,000 individuals. These events may be related to changes in environmental conditions, especially around the last glacial maximum (19–33 kya).

The results of this study suggest that Japanese eel has experienced at least two population bottlenecks, interspersed by a period of population growth. The overall level of genetic diversity is relatively low, although there is no evidence for inbreeding. Data from this study will be used to help model the extinction risk of Japanese eel.
Two new stick insect species of Sosibia Stål (Phasmatodea: Lonchodidae: Necrosciinae) from China and the first report on mitochondrial genomes of this genus
Authors: Li Yanfei , Wang Shujing , Chen Juhong , Zhou Jiayue , Bu Wenjun
Published: April 2022

We describe and illustrate two new species of Sosibia from China: Sosibia gibba sp. nov. and Sosibia ovata sp. nov. This report includes a key to Sosibia species from China and a description of the distribution area in China. The two mitochondrial genomes of these new Sosibia species were sequenced and annotated for the first time. The compositional biases, codon usage, nucleotide composition, and construct tRNA secondary structures of the two mitogenomes were analyzed. The phylogenetic relationships based on the mitogenomes using Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods supported the monophyly of Necrosciinae and divided it into two distinct clades: A: (Sipyloidea + [Sosibia + Calvisia]); and B: (Neohirasea + Micadina).
Aryldiazonium Salts and DABSO: A Versatile Combination for Three‐Component Sulfonylative Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Das Pritha , Das Subhodeep , Jana Ranjan
Published: April 2022

A combination of aryldiazonium salts and DABSO provides a unique opportunity for sulfonylative multicomponent cross‐coupling reactions. Here, a copper‐catalyzed three‐component cross‐coupling of aryldiazonium salts, DABSO with arylboronic acids to obtain medicinally relevant unsymmetrical diarylsulfones is disclosed. Interestingly, a catalyst‐free approach for the synthesis of arylvinylsulfones from the corresponding vinyl boronic acids or vinyl halides is explored under basic condition. Tethered aryldiazonium salts provided the corresponding annulated alkylvinylsulfones via alkene difunctionalization under the same transition metal‐free condition. Mechanistically, these multicomponent reactions proceed through a single electron pathway by the formation of arylsulfonyl radical as a key intermediate.
The influence of governance structure on the relationship between pay ratio and environmental and social performance
Authors: Mahmoudian Fereshteh , Jermias Johnny
Published: April 2022

This study investigates the moderating effects of two specific governance structures, board independence and CEO duality, on the relationship between the pay ratio and environmental and social performance. Controlling for the endogeneity of the pay ratio and employees' performance and skills, we use a sample of companies listed on ExecuComp (S&P1500) and apply the 3SLS method to test interaction effects. We find that board independence moderates the negative relationship between the pay ratio and environmental and social performance. Furthermore, the effect of board independence on the relationship between the pay ratio and environmental and social performance decreases when the CEO is also the chair. These results suggest that independent directors moderate the negative effects of the pay ratio on firms' environmental and social performance. Finally, the concentration of power through CEO duality decreases the effectiveness of board monitoring.
Nanocomposite hydrogels for biomedical applications
Authors: Huang Shanghui , Hong Xiangqian , Zhao Mingyi , Liu Nanbo , Liu Huiling , Zhao Jun , Shao Longquan , Xue Wei , Zhang Han , Zhu Ping , Guo Rui
Published: April 2022

Nanomaterials' unique structures at the nanometer level determine their incredible functions, and based on this, they can be widely used in the field of nanomedicine. However, nanomaterials do possess disadvantages that cannot be ignored, such as burst release, rapid elimination, and poor bioadhesion. Hydrogels are scaffolds with three‐dimensional structures, and they exhibit good biocompatibility and drug release capacity. Hydrogels are also associated with disadvantages for biomedical applications such as poor anti‐tumor capability, weak bioimaging capability, limited responsiveness, and so on. Incorporating nanomaterials into the 3D hydrogel network through physical or chemical covalent action may be an effective method to avoid their disadvantages. In nanocomposite hydrogel systems, multifunctional nanomaterials often work as the function core, giving the hydrogels a variety of properties (such as photo‐thermal conversion, magnetothermal conversion, conductivity, targeting tumor, etc.). While, hydrogels can effectively improve the retention effect of nanomaterials and make the nanoparticles have good plasticity to adapt to various biomedical applications (such as various biosensors). Nanocomposite hydrogel systems have broad application prospects in biomedicine. In this review, we comprehensively summarize and discuss the most recent advances of nanomaterials composite hydrogels in biomedicine, including drug and cell delivery, cancer treatment, tissue regeneration, biosensing, and bioimaging, and we also briefly discussed the current situation of their commoditization in biomedicine.
Interagency collaboration among community organizations serving children and families in child welfare
Authors: Kothari Brianne H. , Fischer Cameron , Mullican Nicole , Lipscomb Shannon T. , Jaramillo Jamie
Published: April 2022

Transformational change to address adversity and nurture resilience requires deep and sustained community collaborations. Interagency collaboration is critically important for child welfare especially during crisis situations. It is clear that when agencies focus on strengths and promote protective factors (individual, familial and community‐level) in time, negative consequences of maltreatment are reduced and well‐being outcomes are enhanced. However, limited research is available to effectively inform community organizations and collective impact initiatives about how they can strengthen interagency collaboration and collaborative practice. Furthermore, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic elevates the urgency to understand how community organizations work together to serve children and families as it threatens access to safety nets. This mixed methods study examined interagency collaboration among community organizations in a collective impact workgroup focussed on children and families involved in the child welfare system. Results revealed key strengths to collaboration (e.g., strong connections, resource sharing, resilience in staff, more vulnerable children accessing resources and more adults engaged in serving this population) as well as barriers to collaboration (e.g., group composition, funding and lack of clarity/focus). Results also revealed specific ways in which this pandemic has impacted efforts to serve children and families in child welfare. Findings highlight an approach that might assist interagency collaboratives. In addition, findings were also translated into concrete action items that might be helpful to interagency collaboratives focussed on child welfare.
Outcomes of rotational atherectomy followed by cutting balloon versus plain balloon before drug‐eluting stent implantation for calcified coronary lesions: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Patel Neelkumar , Bandyopadhyay Dhrubajyoti , Agarwal Gaurav , Chakraborty Sandipan , Kumar Ashish , Hajra Adrija , Amgai Birendra , Krittanawong Chayakrit , Martin Lily , Abbott J. Dawn , Mamas Mamas A. , Naidu Srihari S.
Published: April 2022

Objective

The aim of this study is to compare outcomes of rotational atherectomy and cutting balloon (RACB) versus rotational atherectomy and plain balloon (RAPB) before drug‐eluting stent (DES) implantation in calcified coronary lesions.

Methods

Randomized controlled trials (RCT) and observational studies comparing RACB with RAPB were identified through a systematic search of published literature across multiple databases. Random effect meta‐analysis was performed to compare the outcome between the two groups.

Results

Four studies were included in the meta‐analysis (three observational and one RCT) involving a total of 315 patients. 166 patients had RACB, and 149 patients had RAPB before DES placement with a median follow‐up of 11.5 months. Compared with patients who had RAPB there was no difference in MACE (composite of death, myocardial infarction, and target vessel revascularization) (odds ratio [OR]: 0.74; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.25–2.18], slow flow/no reflow (OR: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.23–2.16), all‐cause mortality (OR: 2.02; 95% CI: 0.28–14.60), and device success rate (OR: 1.79; 95% CI: 0.28–11.18) in the RACB approach. There was a benefit towards less target lesion revascularization in the RACB group; however, this outcome was reported in two studies (OR: 0.29; 95% CI: 0.08–0.99). On meta‐regression there was no association between age, sex, diabetes, or lesion location with MACE and all‐cause mortality. The studies were homogenous across all outcomes.

Conclusion

RACB, as compared with RAPB, had a similar risk of MACE, all‐cause mortality, device success, and complication, but a lower risk of target lesion revascularization.
Angiography‐derived versus invasively‐determined index of microcirculatory resistance in the assessment of coronary microcirculation: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Fernández‐Peregrina Estefania , Garcia‐Garcia Hector M. , Sans‐Rosello Jordi , Sanz‐Sanchez Jorge , Kotronias Rafail , Scarsini Roberto , Echavarria‐Pinto Mauro , Tebaldi Matteo , De Maria Giovanni L.
Published: April 2022

Background

The index of microvascular resistance (IMR) is an established tool to assess the status of coronary microcirculation. However, the need for a pressure wire and hyperemic agents have limited its routine use and have led to the development of angiography‐derived pressure‐wire‐free methods (angiography‐derived IMR [IMRAngio]). In this review and meta‐analysis, we aim to assess the global diagnosis accuracy of IMRAngio versus IMR.

Methods

A systematic review of the literature was performed. Studies directly evaluating IMRAngio versus IMR were considered eligible. Pooled values of diagnostic test and summary receiver operator curve were calculated.

Results

Seven studies directly comparing IMRAngio versus IMR were included (687 patients; 807 vessels). Pooled sensitivity, specificity, +likelihood ratio (LR), and −LR were 82%, 83%, 4.5, and 0.26 respectively. Pooled accuracy was 83% while pooled positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 76% and 85%, respectively. Comparable results were obtained when analyzing by clinical scenario (acute and nonacute coronary syndromes).

Conclusion

IMRAngio shows a good diagnostic performance for the prediction of abnormal IMR.
Ligand‐Promoted, Enantioconvergent Synthesis of Aliphatic Alkanes Bearing Trifluoromethylated Stereocenters via Hydrotrifluoroalkylation of Unactivated Alkenes
Authors: He Yan , Bian Kang‐Jie , Wu Bing‐Bing , Liu Peng , Ni Shan‐Xiu , Wang Xi‐Sheng
Published: April 2022

Comprehensive Summary

While drug chirality remains one of the most important themes in medicinal chemistry and fluorine‐containing drugs have comprised large portion of global pharmaceutical market, the synthesis of fluorine‐containing compounds featuring a trifluoromethylated stereogenic carbon center is still underdeveloped. Recent strategy of enantioconvergent cross‐coupling of trifluoromethylated alkyl halide has significantly updated previous toolbox that is dependent on additional functional group to achieve desired bond formation and highly enantioselective control. However, evident limitations were present in specific coupling candidate (sp2 carbon) and/or prerequisite heteroatom in trifluoroalkyl source for inducing effective stereoconvergent differentiation. Leveraging novel design of sterically hindered bisoxazoline ligand and drastic increase of molecular complexity of in situ generated sp3 coupling partner via metal‐hydride atom transfer, herein, we report a nickel‐catalyzed, highly enantioselective hydrotrifluoroalkylation of unactivated alkenes for diverse synthesis of enantioenriched aliphatic alkanes featuring trifluoromehylated stereogenic carbon. Excellent stereochemical control (mostly >95: 5 er), high catalytic reactivity, mild conditions, and broad substrate scope (40+ examples), enable convenient late‐stage asymmetric trifluoroalkylation of various biologically active complex molecules.
Comparative distribution ofArcadlin/Protocadherin‐8mRNA in the intact and ischemic brains of adult mice
Authors: Inoue Yosuke , Sawano Toshinori , Yamaguchi Natsumi , Inoue Shota , Takayama Akinori , Nakazawa Shuma , Inagaki Shinobu , Nakatani Jin , Tanaka Hidekazu
Published: April 2022

The structural plasticity of dendritic spines serves as the adaptive capabilities of the central nervous system to various stimuli. Among these stimuli, cerebral ischemia induces dynamic alterations in neuronal network activity. Arcadlin/Paraxial protocadherin/Protocadherin‐8 (Acad), a regulator of dendritic spine density, is strongly induced by activating stimuli to the neurons. However, the detailed distribution of Acad in normal and ischemic adult brains remains unclear. We comprehensively describedAcadexpression patterns in normal and ischemic adult brains by in situ hybridization histochemistry. We found that intact adult brains expressedAcadin the piriform cortex, dentate gyrus, hippocampal CA3, entorhinal cortex, amygdala, and hypothalamus.Acadexpression was dramatically upregulated in the piriform cortex, olfactory area, dentate gyrus, entorhinal cortex, prefrontal cortex, insular cortex, amygdala, and septohippocampal nucleus 4 h after cerebral ischemia. Cerebral ischemia induced widespread neuronal activation, which was required forAcadupregulation. Our data suggested the involvement of Acad in the adaptive plasticity and remodeling of the neuronal network in the limbic and paralimbic systems.
Advanced Carbon‐Based Nanocatalysts and their Application in Catalytic Conversion of Renewable Platform Molecules
Authors: Chen Zemin , Zeng Xiang , Wang Shenyu , Cheng Aohua , Zhang Ying
Published: April 2022

The transformation of renewable platform molecules to produce value‐added fuels and fine‐chemicals is a promising strategy to sustainably meet future demands. Owing to their finely modified electronic and geometric properties, carbon‐based nanocatalysts have shown great capability to regulate their catalytic activity and stability. Their well‐defined and uniform structures also provide both the opportunity to explore intrinsic reaction mechanisms and the site‐requirement for valorization of renewable platform molecules to advanced fuels and chemicals. This Review highlights the progress achieved in carbon‐based nanocatalysts, mainly by using effective regulation approaches such as heteroatom anchoring, bimetallic synergistic effects, and carbon encapsulation to enhance catalyst performance and stability, and their applications in renewable platform molecule transformations. The foundation for understanding the structure‐performance relationship of carbon‐based catalysts has been established by investigating the effect of these regulation methods on catalyst performance. Finally, the opportunities, challenges and potential applications of carbon‐based nanocatalysts are discussed.
Quantification of thyroid hormones and analogs by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Preliminary results in athletes and non‐athletes serum samples
Authors: Martínez Brito Dayamin , Leogrande Patrizia , Donati Francesco , de la Torre Xavier , Botrè Francesco
Published: April 2022

This paper aimed to assess a method to measure eight thyroid‐related compounds in serum by liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS), to verify the correlation with radioimmunoassay (RIA), to evaluate the possible cross‐reactivity, and to observe differences between athletes declaring the consumption of sodium levothyroxine and nonathletes serum samples. Validation was carried out to assess carryover, working range and linearity, limit of detection and limit of quantification, precision, matrix influence, recovery, accuracy, and uncertainty. Comparison between RIA and LC‐MS/MS results was done. The assay was applied to serum samples, and comparison with RIA was done for T3 and T4 levels supported by RIA Thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) measurements. Validation parameters showed satisfactory results. Correlation between RIA and LC‐MS/MS for T3 and T4 showed good results, but a cross‐reactivity between T3 and T3AA was observed. Although no significant differences were proved, preliminary comparison between athletes and nonathletes serum samples showed a shift towards high values of TSH and lower for T4 values in the athletes' group. Differences between thyronine and T4AA concentrations and ratios were observed. The trend of T4 values supported by TSH measures might indicate subclinical hypothyroidism in athletes. This represents one of the most controversial thyroid statuses as different criteria about its treatment are described, especially since one of the exogenous causes is inadequate levothyroxine therapy. Because the variation of thyroid hormones and TSH has been extensively studied in high‐performance sports, it is worth considering the need to set an adequate reference interval to accurately assess the thyroid status in athletes.
An approach to defining and achieving restoration targets for a threatened plant community
Authors: Elliott C. P. , Commander L. E. , Merino‐Martín L. , Golos P. J. , Stevens J. , Miller B. P.
Published: April 2022

Connecting scientific research and government policy is essential for achieving objectives in sustaining biodiversity in an economic context. Our approach to connecting theoretical ecology, applied ecology, and policy was devised using principles of restoration ecology and the requisite methodology to restore biodiverse ecosystems. Using a threatened ecological community (TEC) with >120 plant species, we posit our approach as a guide for interpreting and achieving regulatory compliance (i.e., government conditions) enacted to manage or offset environmental impacts of development. We inform the scientific approach necessary to delivering outcomes appropriate to policy intent and biodiverse restoration through theoretical and applied research into the ecological restoration of the highly endemic flora of banded ironstone formations of the Mid West of Western Australia. Our approach (1) defines scale‐appropriate restoration targets that meet regulatory compliance (e.g., Government of Western Australia Ministerial Conditions); (2) determines the optimal method to return individual plant species to the restoration landscape; (3) develops a conceptual model for our system, based on existing restoration frameworks, to optimize and facilitate the pathway to the restoration of a vegetation community (e.g., TEC) using diverse research approaches; and (4) develops an assessment protocol to compare restoration achievements against the expected regulatory outcomes using our experimental restoration trials as a test example. Our approach systematically addressed the complex challenges in setting and achieving restoration targets for an entire vegetation community, a first for a semiarid environment. We interpret our approach as an industry application relevant to policy‐ or regulator‐mediated mine restoration programs that seek to return biodiverse species assemblages at landscape scales.
Estimated prevalence of eating disorders in Malaysia based on a diagnostic screen
Authors: Chua Sook Ning , Fitzsimmons‐Craft Ellen E. , Austin S. Bryn , Wilfley Denise E. , Taylor C. Barr
Published: April 2022

Eating disorders (EDs) are debilitating health conditions and common across cultures. Recent reports suggest that about 14.0% of university students in Malaysia are at risk for developing an ED, and that prevalence may differ by ethnicity and gender. However, less is known about the prevalence of EDs in nonuniversity populations.

Objective

The current study seeks to (1) estimate the prevalence of EDs and ED risk status among adults in Malaysia using an established diagnostic screen; (2) examine gender and ethnic differences between ED diagnostic/risk status groups; and (3) characterize the clinical profile of individuals who screen positive for an ED.

Method

We administered the Stanford‐Washington University Eating Disorder Screen, an online ED screening tool, to adults in Malaysia in September 2020.

Results

ED risk/diagnostic categories were assigned to 818 participants (ages 18–73 years) of which, 0.8% screened positive for anorexia nervosa, 1.4% for bulimia nervosa, 0.1% for binge‐ED, 51.4% for other specified feeding or ED, and 4.8% for avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder. There was gender parity in the high risk and the overall ED categories. The point prevalence of positive eating pathology screening among Malays was significantly higher than Chinese but no different from Indians.

Discussion

This is the first study to estimate the prevalence of EDs using a diagnostic screen in a population‐based sample of Malaysians. It is concerning that over 50% of Malaysians reported symptoms of EDs. This study highlights the need to invest more resources in understanding and managing eating pathology in Malaysia.

Public Significance

This study estimates the prevalence of EDs among adults in Malaysia using an online EDs screen. Over 50% of Malaysians report symptoms of EDs. The study highlights the need for more resources and funding to address this important public health issue through surveillance, prevention, and treatment of EDs in Malaysia.
The dispersal between Amazonia and Atlantic Forest during the Early Neogene revealed by the biogeography of the treefrog tribe Sphaenorhynchini (Anura, Hylidae)
Authors: Pereira Elvis Almeida , Ceron Karoline , da Silva Hélio Ricardo , Santana Diego José
Published: April 2022

The Amazonia and the Atlantic Forest, separated by the diagonal of open formations, are two ecoregions that comprise the most diverse tropical forests in the world. The Sphaenorhynchini tribe is among the few tribes of anurans that occur in both rainforests, and their historical biogeographic have never been proposed. In this study, we infer a dated phylogeny for the species of the Sphaenorhynchini and we reconstructed the biogeographic history describing the diversification chronology, and possible patterns of dispersion and vicariance, providing information about how orogeny, forest dynamics and allopatric speciation affected their evolution in South America. We provided a dated phylogeny and biogeography study for the Sphaenorhynchini tribe using mitochondrial and nuclear genes. We analyzed 41 samples to estimate the ancestral areas using biogeographical analysis based on the estimated divergence times and the current geographical ranges of the species of Sphaenorhynchini. We recovered three characteristic clades that we recognize as groups of species (S. lacteus, S. planicola, and S. platycephalus groups), with S. carneus and G. pauloalvini being the sister taxa of all other species from the tribe. We found that the diversification of the tribe lineages coincided with the main climatic and geological factors that shaped the Neotropical landscape during the Cenozoic. The most recent common ancestor of the Sphaenorhynchini species emerged in the North of the Atlantic Forest and migrated to the Amazonia in different dispersion events that occurred during the connections between these ecoregions. This is the first large‐scale study to include an almost complete calibrated phylogeny of Sphaenorhynchini, presenting important information about the evolution and diversification of the tribe. Overall, we suggest that biogeographic historical of Sphaenorhynchini have resulted from a combination of repeated range expansion and contraction cycles concurrent with climate fluctuations and dispersal events between the Atlantic Forest and Amazonia.
Seasonal modifications of longitudinal distribution patterns within a stream: Interspecific interactions in the niche overlap zones of two Ephemera mayflies
Authors: Okamoto Seiya , Takenaka Masaki , Tojo Koji
Published: April 2022

Niche differentiation between closely related species leads to differentiation of their habitats. Segregation based on slight differences in environmental factors, that is niche differentiation on the microhabitat scale, allows more species to inhabit a certain geographic space. Therefore, such fine scale niche differentiation is an important factor in the support of species diversity. In addition, niche differentiation on the microhabitat scale and/or the differentiation of breeding seasons can be considered typical mechanisms that facilitate multispecies’ co‐existence. In this study, sister species (Commonly, Ephemera japonica inhabit at upstream region and Ephemera strigata inhabit at middle stream region), which often coexist in the upper to middle reaches of river systems of the Japanese Islands, were targeted and the following aspects were investigated. First, differences in habitat preference and interspecific differences in flow distribution patterns on a geographically fine scale were tracked in detail. Subsequently, the temporal transitions of their distribution patterns were investigated in detail and seasonal changes were investigated. Finally, we thoroughly investigated the disappearance of nymphs of each species from the river due to emergence affected the distribution of each species (by conducting daily emergence surveys). Combining results of these multiple studies also suggested that there may be spatiotemporal interspecial interaction between these two species within/around their overlapping regions. Traditionally, the longitudinal distribution pattern of these two Ephemera mayflies has been thought to be established based on a difference in habitat preferences, but this study revealed that the interspecific interaction between the two species also plays an important role. This study provides new insights into species diversity and distribution pattern formation in river‐dwelling species.
Non‐visual cues and indirect strategies that enable discrimination of asymmetric mates
Authors: Vijendravarma Roshan Kumar , Leopold Pierre
Published: April 2022

The postulates of developmental instability–sexual selection hypothesis is intensely debated among evolutionary biologists, wherein despite a large amount of empirical data, evidence for or against it has been largely inconclusive. A key assumption of this hypothesis is that animals assess symmetry in potential mates as an indicator of genetic quality (developmental stability), and consequently use this information to discriminate against those with higher asymmetries while choosing mates. However, the perceptional basis that must underlie such discriminatory behavior (is symmetry a signal or is symmetry signaled) is not clearly defined. It is also argued that since asymmetry levels in natural populations are very low, the low signal‐to‐noise ratio would make accurate assessment of symmetry both difficult and costly. Rather than attempting to validate this hypothesis or even as to whether animals assess mate symmetry, this review simply aims to examine the plausibility that animals perceive symmetry (directly or indirectly) and consequently discriminate against asymmetric mates in response to perceived irregularities during courtship. For this, we review mate choice and courtship literature to identify potential sensory cues that might advertise asymmetry or lead to discrimination of asymmetric individuals. Although signaling associated with mate choice is commonly multimodal, previous studies on asymmetry have mainly focused on visual perception. In the light of a recent study (Vijendravarma et al., 2022,Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 119, e2116136119), this review attempts to balance this bias by emphasizing on non‐visual perception of asymmetry. In conclusion, we discuss the methodological challenges associated with testing the role of multimodal cues in detecting mate asymmetry, and highlight the importance of considering ecological, behavioral, and evolutionary aspects of animals while interpreting empirical data that test such hypothesis.
Primary results from the Japanese Heart Failure and Sudden Cardiac Death Prevention Trial (HINODE)
Authors: Aonuma Kazutaka , Ando Kenji , Kusano Kengo , Asai Toru , Inoue Koichi , Inamura Yukihiro , Ikeda Takanori , Mitsuhashi Takeshi , Murohara Toyoaki , Nishii Nobuhiro , Nogami Akihiko , Shimizu Wataru , Beaudoint Caroline , Simon Torri , Kayser Torsten , Azlan Hussin , Tachapong Ngarmukos , Chan Joseph Yat‐Sun , Kutyifa Valentina , Sakata Yasushi ,   For the HINODE Investigators
Published: April 2022

Aims

The HINODE study aimed to analyse rates of mortality, appropriately treated ventricular arrhythmias (VA), and heart failure in Japanese patients and compared with those in Western patients.

Methods and results

After treatment decisions following contemporary practice in Japan, patients were prospectively enrolled into four cohorts: (i) internal cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD), (ii) cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) defibrillator (CRT‐D), (iii) standard medical therapy (‘non‐device’: ND), or (iv) pacing (indicated for CRT; received pacemaker or CRT pacing). Cohorts 1–3 required a left ventricular ejection fraction ≤35%, a history of heart failure, and a need for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death based on two to five previously identified risk factors. Endpoint outcomes were adjudicated by the independent committees. ICD and CRT‐D cohorts, considered as high‐voltage (HV) cohorts, were pooled for Kaplan–Meier analysis and propensity‐matched to Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial‐Reduce Inappropriate Therapy (MADIT‐RIT) arm B and C patients. The study enrolled 354 patients followed for 19.6 ± 6.5 months, with a minimum of 12 months. Propensity‐matched HV cohorts showed comparable VA (P = 0.61) and mortality rates (P = 0.29) for HINODE and MADIT‐RIT. The ND cohort presented a high crossover rate to ICD therapy (6.1%, n = 7/115), and the CRT‐D cohort showed elevated mortality rates. The pacing cohort revealed that patients implanted with pacemakers had higher mortality (26.0%) than those with CRT‐Pacing (8.4%, P = 0.05).

Conclusions

The mortality and VA event rates of landmark trials are applicable to patients with primary prevention in Japan. Patients who did not receive guideline‐indicated CRT devices had poor outcomes.
IFNAR signaling in fibroblastic reticular cells can modulate CD8+ memory fate decision
Authors: Knop Laura , Spanier Julia , Larsen Pia‐Katharina , Witte Amelie , Bank Ute , Dunay Ildiko R. , Kalinke Ulrich , Schüler Thomas
Published: April 2022

CD8+ memory T cells (TM) are crucial for long‐term protection from infections and cancer. Multiple cell types and cytokines are involved in the regulation of CD8+ T cell responses and subsequent TM formation. Besides their direct antiviral effects, type I interferons (IFN‐I) modulate CD8+ T cell immunity via their action on several immune cell subsets. However, it is largely unclear how nonimmune cells are involved in this multicellular network modulating CD8+ TM formation. Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) form the 3D scaffold of secondary lymphoid organs, express the IFN‐I receptor (IFNAR), and modulate adaptive immune responses. However, it is unclear whether and how early IFNAR signals in lymph node (LN) FRCs affect CD8+ TM differentiation. Using peptide vaccination and viral infection, we studied CD8+ TM differentiation in mice with an FRC‐specific IFNAR deletion (FRCΔIFNAR). We show here that the differentiation of CD8+ TCR‐transgenic T cells into central memory cells (TCM) is enhanced in peptide‐vaccinated FRCΔIFNAR mice. Conversely, vesicular stomatitis virus infection of FRCΔIFNAR mice is associated with impaired TCM formation and the accumulation of vesicular stomatitis virus specific double‐positive CD127hiKLRG‐1hi effector memory T cells. In summary, we provide evidence for a context‐dependent contribution of FRC‐specific IFNAR signaling to CD8+ TM differentiation.
Construction of a Novel Co2P/TiO2 Z‐Scheme Junction for Efficient Solar‐Driven Photocatalytic H2 Evolution
Authors: Ding Wei , Zhang Xin , Wang Qiaoyun , Jiang Xinquan , Xiao Lu , Du Hong
Published: April 2022

Photocatalytic hydrogen production is a sustainable method to alleviate the energy crisis. Herein, the Co2P/TiO2 Z‐scheme junction photocatalysts without noble metal are synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method. Compared to pure TiO2 simple, the Co2P/TiO2 Z‐scheme junction photocatalysts exhibit much more excellent photocatalytic H2‐evolution activity, which suggests the Z‐scheme junction has a positive influence on the photocatalytic hydrogen production. Particularly, the optimal 3 wt% Co2P/TiO2 displays the most outstanding photocatalytic activity with the hydrogen evolution rate of 409.5 μmol h−1 g−1, which exceeds that of pure TiO2 by almost 17 times (23.6 μmol h−1 g−1). The function of Z‐scheme junction in Co2P/TiO2 hybrid that enhances the separation of electron–hole pairs is confirmed by the photoluminescence spectra, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and transient photocurrent responses. It is also suggested in these results that the Co2P is a cocatalyst in Co2P/TiO2 system. And, the process of electron transfer is investigated by the Kelvin probe instrument. It is clearly demonstrated that the Z‐scheme junction plays a significant role in the effective charge separations of holes and electrons. Herein, a new method of synthesizing TiO2‐based photocatalysts with high photocatalytic performance is offered.