bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polynomial Algorithm for Constructing Pareto-Optimal Schedules for Problem 1∣rj∣Lmax,Cmax
Authors: A. Lazarev Alexander , Pravdivets Nikolay
Published: November 2020

In this chapter, we consider the single machine scheduling problem with given release dates, processing times, and due dates with two objective functions. The first one is to minimize the maximum lateness, that is, maximum difference between each job due date and its actual completion time. The second one is to minimize the maximum completion time, that is, to complete all the jobs as soon as possible. The problem is NP-hard in the strong sense. We provide a polynomial time algorithm for constructing a Pareto-optimal set of schedules on criteria of maximum lateness and maximum completion time, that is, problem 1 ∣ r j ∣ L max , C max , for the subcase of the problem: d 1 ≤ d 2 ≤ … ≤ d n ; d 1 − r 1 − p 1 ≥ d 2 − r 2 − p 2 ≥ … ≥ d n − r n − p n .
From the President: ALCTS Annual Report, 2019–2020
Authors: Bowen Jennifer
Published: November 2020

After serving as ALCTS President from July 2019 to June 2020, I have the privilege of presenting the final Annual Report for ALCTS as the division concludes its existence on September 1, 2020. The end of ALCTS’s more than sixty-year history under the name the Association for Library Collections & Technical Services, and before that the Resources and Technical Services Division, is yet the latest milestone in ensuring that ALA provides an appropriate and sustainable organizational structure to support the work of library professionals and others who work with library collections. We now can celebrate the launch of the new ALA division, Core: Leadership, Infrastructure, Futures, as a member-driven venture created collaboratively by members of ALCTS, the Library Information Technology Association (LITA), and the Library Leadership & Management Association (LLAMA).
A Reconsideration of Library Treatment of Ethically Questionable Medical Texts: The Case of The Pernkopf Atlas of Anatomy
Authors: Scheinfeld Laurel , Saragossi Jamie , Kasten-Mutkus Kathleen
Published: November 2020

The Pernkopf Atlas of Anatomy consists of anatomical drawings created by Austrian physician Eduard Pernkopf, an active member of the Nazi Party during World War II. While the book was known for its highly detailed anatomical drawings, in the 1990s it was determined that Holocaust victims were likely used as subjects for the drawings. Using a survey, the authors aimed to gather information about the presence of this monograph in academic libraries today to provide best practice recommendations for academic libraries in their approach to ethically questionable materials.
Book Review: Techniques for Electronic Resource Management: TERMS and the Transition to Open
Authors: Wentz Erin
Published: November 2020

Electronic resources (e-resources) have become an integral part of libraries’ resources in many parts of the world and enable libraries to meet users’ needs whenever and wherever they are located. Open access (OA) resources similarly decrease financial and geographic barriers to using content. Libraries incorporate open resources into their collections to enhance or replace their subscribed content. As pressure mounts for authors and publishers to make content open, many libraries also support the creation and provision of OA materials. During unexpected disruptions, such as the 2020 coronavirus pandemic, these subscription-based and OA resources enable libraries to continue to meet their users’ needs as they cancel events, close physical locations, and support efforts to move courses and workplaces entirely online. Techniques for Electronic Resource Management: TERMS and the Transition to Open provides a thorough and sophisticated overview of the work that goes into supporting these types of resources.
Economia solidária como modelo alternativo de produção na área têxtil e de moda
Authors: Paixão Maria Cristina Tavares Lacerda Mansur , Kanamaru Antonio Takao
Published: November 2020

O estudo explora a economia solidária na área têxtil e de moda. O objetivo é o levantamento bibliográfico e análise de dados para compreensão de como essa economia surgiu e se desenvolveu no mundo e no Brasil, para o devido aprofundamento na área de confecção têxtil. O método incluiu pesquisa bibliográfica realizada por meio de consultas a catálogos de bibliotecas e portal de periódicos da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior e Sistema Integrado de Bibliotecas da Universidade de São Paulo, além da revisão sistemática de trabalhos de pós-graduação e artigos já produzidos. O levantamento dessas informações ofereceu subsídios para abordar dois exemplos de grupos econômicos solidários em moda e suas eventuais dificuldades para atuação no mercado capitalista. Foi possível detectar a importância do cooperativismo, marcante por suas experiências bem-sucedidas. Para que a absorção das pessoas que não conseguem lugar na economia capitalista ocorra, é necessário o apoio do movimento operário às cooperativas de trabalhadores. Dessa forma, torna-se necessário pensar em como as comunidades igualitárias e empreendimentos podem conviver com o modelo capitalista dominante.
Enforcement of Illegal Fishing Laws that was Done by Foreign Ships in the Indonesian Sea Region, Viewed from International Sea Law
Authors: Awaliyah Siti , Gede Sudika Mangku Dewa , Rai Yuliartini Ni Putu , Suastika I Nengah , Ruslan
Published: November 2020

This study aims to determine and examine the law enforcement of illegal fishing and the factors that inhibit law enforcement of illegal fishing conducted by foreign ships in the sea of Indonesia in terms of international maritime law. The type of research used by the authors in this study is a type of normative legal research. Normative legal research is done by examining the object of the form of legislation or legal norms applicable or applied to a particular legal problem. Concerning the type of research used the approach. The results showed that according to the 1982 International Maritime Law Convention (UNCLOS 1982) law enforcement of illegal fishing has been regulated in Article 73 UNCLOS 1982 while in the Indonesian National Law has been regulated in Article 69 Paragraph (4) law Number 45 of 2009 on Fisheries. Further obstacles to law enforcement are the impenetrable enforcement, lack of insight, and the integrity of law enforcement, and the lack of an active role and awareness of the community to assist law enforcement of illegal fishing in the Indonesian marine territory.
Organization of Research Activities as a Factor in Increasing the Efficiency of Training International Students in Host Russian Universities
Authors: B. Shatilov Alexander , B. Salin Pavel , V. Bondarenko Vladimir , A. Tanina Maria , A. Yudina Vera
Published: November 2020

This article summarizes the practices of organizing research activities that can improve the training of international students in Russian universities. The authors analyzed and identified the correlation between the internal costs of research and development (R&D), the equipment in university research laboratories, and the number of foreigners studying at Russian universities. The authors used the methods of analysis and synthesis and a systematic approach to explore the experience of Russian universities in the training of international students. To identify the impact of internal R&D costs and the equipment of university research laboratories on the number of foreigners studying in Russian universities, the authors applied correlation and regression analysis, which included building a regression equation, calculating the correlation coefficient, the t-test, the coefficient of elasticity, and the coefficient of determination. This research paper revealed a strong correlation between the number of international students in the Russian Federation on the internal R&D costs and the cost of fixed assets and the equipment of Russian universities, which was proven by the calculated correlation coefficients, elasticity coefficients, and determination coefficients. The authors concluded that universities could influence the number of international students. This article proposes some methods for organizing the research activities of international students that increase their academic mobility and form the most relevant scientific and professional competencies. Higher educational institutions of any major can implement these recommendations for managing the research activities of international students. The novelty of this study lies in the fact that the authors performed the correlation and regression analysis and revealed the dependence of the number of international students in the Russian Federation on internal R&D costs, the cost of fixed assets, and the equipment of Russian universities. The authors illustrated the analysis results with the trend predictive values of factorial features and the value of the effective feature estimated according to the regression equations built. Using the calculated MAPE and Forecast Accuracy indicators for these predicted values, the authors concluded that the level of factorial features and the effective feature were predicted with high accuracy. Thus, host Russian universities can increase the number of international students through effective organization of research activities.
Economic Model for Assessing the Return on Investments in Structural Health Monitoring Systems
Authors: V. Devyatov Ivan , A. Iurgenson Sergei , A. Zharenov Ivan , A. Trutnenko Andrei , V. Tuev Dmitrii
Published: November 2020

urpose: The purpose of this article is the description of the approach to the economic assessment of a highly-effective system for state monitoring of structures ensuring an increase in safety and economic efficiency for utilization of complex engineering structures and buildings considering all existing risks.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The essence of the approach is in obtaining the state control data of these structures and buildings from sensors, which detect hidden damages and cracks, monitor consequences of shocks, corrosion, tension, and overheating.
Findings: All the collected data make up the predictive analysis using artificial intelligence, which can and must analyze this data in real-time mode.
Practical Implications: Such a way for monitoring allows for assessing the state of the structures and repairing or replacing them before the critical moments occur, thus significantly reducing the cost of servicing data from complex engineering objects, as well as it ensures their reliability and safety. Digitalization should be introduced in all of the industrial sectors, including aviation, where effectiveness, reliability, and safety are closely interconnected.
Originality/Value: Thanks to the development of the state monitoring systems and the economic efficiency of their use in critical structures, the possibility, and intensiveness of their improvement are growing. This has great value and pushes modern productions forward.
Ensuring Enforcement of Judgements through the Prism of Reforming Criminal Provisions
Authors: A. Mytnyk Aliesia , I. Syrota Dmytro , M. Slobodianyk Tetiana , V. Loktionova Viktoriia , V. Pleskun Oleksandr
Published: November 2020

The problem of ensuring the enforcement of judgements is pressing both at the national and global levels. In some countries, judgments are often enforced only in part or with long delays, and sometimes not enforced at all. One of the consequences of non-enforcement of judgements is the application of penalties for the failure to fulfil international obligations. This study intends to identify the main aspects of non-enforcement of judgments in Ukraine and the world and to outline the prospects for criminal law provisions regulating enforcement of national and international judgements on the example of reforming Ukrainian legislation. The object of research is criminal law provisions regulating the enforcement of judgements. The research methodology is due to the specifics of the object, which requires a comprehensive interdisciplinary approach involving a set of general and special methods of scientific cognition. The results of the study are related to the confirmation and refutation of hypotheses on sufficiency of international mechanisms to effectively ensure enforcement of judgements; the need to take certain actions at the national level to ensure the enforcement of judgements; the need for the legislative authorities to take certain actions at the national level; the need for the executive authorities to take certain actions at the national level; reasonability of criminalization of non-enforcement of judgments. The article contains a novelty that has theoretical and practical significance. In particular, the theoretical significance of the obtained results is that it is an original comprehensive study of enforcement of judgements of national and international judicial institutions through the prism of reforming criminal law, and offers a new concept of criminal law enforcement of judgements. The practical significance of the obtained results is that the presented data can serve as a guide for future work in this area, as well as legislative initiatives on criminal law enforcement of judgements in Ukraine and the world
Gender Issues in the Built Environment: A Study on the Role of Architecture for a Sustainable Society
Authors: Ceylan Salih
Published: November 2020

Societies are sustainable if they consist of a mixture of users with various interests, needs, and abilities. Sustainable societies are defined as structures that include different elements in a balance to remain healthy over the long term. One of the key elements of a sustainable society is gender equality. It can be maintained through various factors where architectural design and the built environment can become effective instruments. Although the role of architecture in gender issues is sometimes ignored, its reflection can be seen in the built environment in many different instances. Therefore, architecture has the responsibility to remark gender issues in the built environment to aid in meeting the needs of a sustainable society. This paper presents a study that examines the importance and the role of architectural design in a sustainable society through gender equality in the built environment. The hypothesis of the paper states that the built environment is perceived differently by women and men, and it needs to be designed accordingly. The methodology consists of a literature review on the relationship of gender and architecture, and a quantitative analysis of a questionnaire conducted in Istanbul, Turkey among women and men. Outcomes of the study reveal that gender equality in the built environment and gender equality in the society have a mutual relationship, so that architecture needs to consider them as primary input data in design.
The Implicit Contribution of Principal’s Self-Awareness Towards Teacher Self-Efficacy
Authors: Khun-Inkeeree Hareesol , Abdul Aziz Nor Azah , Mohd Yaakob Mohd Faiz , Rahimi Yusof Mat , Omar-Fauzee M.S.
Published: November 2020

The main focus of this study was to look at the influence of the authentic leadership of the principals and the self-efficacy level of teachers in Pendang district, Kedah. The quantitative survey method using the questionnaire was adopted in this study. The study respondents consisted of 254 teachers randomly selected from 10 national secondary schools in Penang district, Kedah. The benchmark used for authentic leadership is to use the Authentic Leadership Questionnaire (ALQ -Version 1) of the original instrument developed by Avolio, Gardner, and Walumbwa (2007). Similarly, the teacher self-efficacy questionnaire was used in Hoy and Woolfolk's (1993) short form of the Teacher Efficacy Scale developed by Moran, Hoy, and Hoy (1998). The findings show that there is a significant relationship between the dimensions of authentic leadership and the self-efficacy of teachers in Pendang, Kedah. However, there is only one dimension that influences the teacher's self-efficacy, which is the dimension of self-awareness. Based on the findings of this study, it is hoped that it will contribute useful information to help educators in cultivating the principals' leadership style and high levels of teacher self-efficacy to produce symmetrical human capital.
The Current State of Transnational Organized Crime
Authors: Golubovskii Vladimir , Kostyuk Mikhail , Kunts Elena
Published: November 2020

The paper indicates that criminal groups may differ in terms of size, the scope of operations, types of activities, territorial range, relations with authorities and management, internal organization, and the set of means and methods used to promote their criminal activities and to guard against measures taken by the Government and law enforcement bodies. When national, historical, and cultural differences are taken into account, the diversity of criminal organizations becomes even more evident, while prevention and suppression pose even greater challenges for law enforcement agencies, especially in countries where these organizations are active in their illegal activities. The study is aimed at analyzing national-level legislative measures that may be efficient about one type of organized criminal group, but may not be appropriate for other types. To solve the problems formulated, a complex methodology will be required, combining empirical studies of specific facts and a fundamental theoretical understanding of the conceptual foundations of the problem posed. The results of the analysis made it possible to theoretically substantiate the increased social danger of transnational organized criminal groups, which entails the adoption of appropriate legislative measures. Identifying the latency level of transnational crimes will make it possible to assess the efficiency of the existing sets of measures against it, as well as to formulate recommendations on improving the system of legislative measures to prevent the activities of transnational criminal organizations. A gap in the study can be attributed to the insufficient amount of statistical information on the analyzed crime. The novelty of the research lies in the comprehensive analysis of the current state of transnational organized crime.
Internationalisation in Higher Education:
Authors: De Wit Hans
Published: November 2020

Internationalisation of higher education is still mainly considered in termsof a westernised, largely Anglo-Saxon, and predominantly English-speakingparadigm (Jones and de Wit, 2012), and, as Teferra (2019) states, is acoerced form of internationalisation. This article analyses the challengesand need for internationalisation in low- and middle-income countries tomove from coercion to intentionality and inclusion.
Internationalisation of Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean:
Authors: Gacel-Ávila Jocelyne
Published: November 2020

This article assesses the current process of internationalisation of highereducation in Latin America and the Caribbean. Based on data and findingsfrom different national, regional, and international studies, it showsthat, while the region’s primary form of internationalisation is studentmobility, the numbers are relatively small compared to other regionsand that other strategies such as internationalisation at home are largelyunderdeveloped. The article concludes that, while some progress has beenmade in past decades, the internationalisation process needs to be consolidatedand strengthened, particularly in terms of public policy at nationaland the regional level.
Register Variation in Word-formation Processes
Authors: Rodríguez-Puente Paula
Published: November 2020

This paper traces the development of two roughly synonymous nominalizing suffixes during the Early Modern English period, the Romance -ity and the native -ness. The aim is to assess whether these suffixes were favored in particular registers or followed similar paths of development, and to ascertain whether the ongoing processes of standardization and vernacularization may have affected their diachronic evolution. To this purpose, the type frequencies and rates of aggregation of new types of the two suffixes were analyzed in seventeen different registers distributed along the formal-informal and the speech-written continua. Results indicate that -ness tends to lose ground in favor of -ity between the sixteenth and the eighteenth centuries, a change which seems to have begun in formal written registers and spread towards ‘oral’ ones, probably aided by a general trend in written registers for the adoption of a more learned and literate style during the eighteenth century.
Early Modern Medicine in Manuscript and Print
Authors: Tyrkkö Jukka
Published: November 2020

The standardisation process of English spelling largely came to its conclusion during the Early Modern period. While the progress of standardisation has been studied in both printed and manuscript texts, few studies have looked at these processes side by side, especially focusing on the same genre of writing and by using corpora that are sufficiently large for quantitative comparison. Using two Early Modern medical corpora, one based on manuscripts and the other on printed sources, this paper compares the trajectories of spelling standardisation in the two textual domains and shows that while spelling standardisation progressed in an almost linear fashion in printed texts, the manuscripts reveal a much more varied and shallow cline toward standardisation.
Prediction of the impact of mine dewatering on aquatic environment – examples from the quarries of industrial minerals in the Łagów region, the Holy-Cross Mountains
Authors:   Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy, Oddział  Świętokrzyski, ul. Zgoda 21, 25-020 Kielce, BIAŁECKA Katarzyna , PRAŻAK Jan ,   Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy, Oddział  Świętokrzyski, ul. Zgoda 21, 25-020 Kielc
Published: November 2020

Centralna część synklinorium kielecko-łagowskiego w Górach Świętokrzyskich jest rejonem występowania licz - nych udokumentowanych i perspektywicznych złóż wapieni i dolomitów środkowodewońskich. W celu określenia wpływu od - działywania odwodnienia wyrobisk górniczych na warunki wodne wykonano model matematyczny rejonu z wykorzystaniem programu Visual Modflow. Obliczono na nim prognozy zasięgu oddziaływania planowanych odwodnień i ich wpływu na zasoby eksploatacyjne okolicznych ujęć wód podziemnych. Pozwolą one władzom samorządowym na poznanie skutków zmian warunków wodnych już na wstępnym etapie starań zakładów górniczych o pozyskanie koncesji na wydobycie kopaliny poniżej zwierciadła wód podziemnych.
Almost Like Waging War. Tom Regan and the Conditions for Using Violence for the Sake of Animals
Authors: Zuolo Federico
Published: November 2020

This paper investigates Tom Regan’s attitude towards violence as a litmus test to understand the justifiability of the use of violence in animal rights activists (ARAs). Although Regan’s take seems uncontroversially against a recourse to violence, there is an ambiguity in his position. By comparing Regan’s conditions for the legitimate use of violence for the sake of animal liberation with the standard conditions for jus ad bellum, I show that Regan construed the conditions for the former in a specular manner as the conditions for the latter. However, since he was not an absolute pacifist, there is some contradiction, and he should have been more willing to justify some recourse to violence than he in fact does. I conclude by gesturing towards some possible changes that his thought should undergo in order to adjust this incoherence.
Nové pojetí multikulturality jako klíče k bytí “onlife”
Authors:   Masarykova Univerzita, Černý Michal
Published: November 2020

Teoretická studie popisuje problematiku kyberprostoru jako ontologicky i epistemicky závažného fenoménu měnícího základní způsoby uchopování (lidské) existence a její realizace. Nástup technologií má za následek mimořádně intenzivní propojování všech komunikujících aktérů, kteří jsou spolu vzájemně provázáni, a tato vazba ovlivňuje komplexním způsobem jejich chování. Jako východisko pro vhodný popis bytí ve světě, v němž hraje důležitou roli právě kyberprostor, se jeví Floridiho koncept onlife bytí spojující oba světy. V námi navrženém řešení o něm budeme hovořit ve vztahu k tělesnosti a tělesným aspektům spojeným se strukturací poznání. Tento přechod od online a offline k onlife s sebou nese nutnost zásadním způsobem znovu uchopit fenomén multikulturality jevící se jako základní myšlenkový konstrukt pro pochopení světa, v němž zakoušíme onlife bytí. Multikulturality nikoli jako fenoménu čistě antropocentrického, ale jako širšího prostředku pro strukturaci poznání ve světě stále méně rozlišujícího mezi technikou a živými objekty. Přesto se zdá, že živé organismy mají něco, co technika nemá a mít nemůže – tělo jevící se jako zásadní pro formování zkušenosti. Studie naznačuje směr uchopení multikulturality překonávající subjekt-objektové paradigma a stavící na zkušenostním realismu.
Justiça como práxis, funcionamentos humanos e saúde
Authors: Ribeiro Carlos Dimas
Published: November 2020

“Esta obra é uma contribuição inestimável para aqueles que estão comprometidos com a resistência ao modelo predador do capital, mas, principalmente, pretendem avançar na construção de uma sociabilidade baseada no resgate da genericidade humana e no convívio sem as marcas destrutivas do modo de produção capitalista, que esgotou todas as suas potencialidades progressistas e hoje só tem contribuído para nos levar à barbárie. Seu autor fortalece essa trincheira e, no seu campo imediato de intervenção, a saúde coletiva e a bioética, procura recrutar homens e mulheres para a luta por uma ordem social que permita a efetiva emancipação da humanidade”. (Rodrigo de Souza Filho, doutor em serviço social, professor da Faculdade de Serviço Social da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora).
A comparison between predetermined and self-selected approaches in resistance training: effects on power performance and psychological outcomes among elite youth athletes
Authors: Watson Kevin , Halperin Israel , Aguilera-Castells Joan , Dello Iacono Antonio
Published: November 2020

Background

The aim of this study was to investigate if choice over resistance training exercise order affects motor performance and psychological outcomes among elite youth hockey players.

Methods

Seventeen elite hockey players (male, n = 14; female, n = 3, age: 15.1 ± 1.1 years) participated in this study. In the first session, individual optimum power loads were calculated in the back squat, jump squat, bench press and bench throw exercises. Then, in four counterbalanced sessions, participants completed three sets of six repetitions in the same exercises loaded with their optimum power loads. In two sessions, athletes used a self-selected order of exercises, while in other two sessions the order was predetermined. Power outputs were estimated with a linear position transducer. Fatigue and enjoyment were measured during and after the sessions using standardized questionnaires. Repeated measures analyses of variance and a paired-sample t-test were used to compare the effects between conditions.

Results

We observed trivial to small differences between conditions in power outputs (p ≥ 0.07; ES ≤ 0.21), fatigue (p ≥ 0.42; ES ≤ 0.33) and enjoyment (p = 0.72; ES = 0.05).

Conclusion

Given the comparable effects between approaches, both can be used when coaching youth athletes. Self-selecting the order of exercises based on preferences is a feasible and practical coaching option when working with youth athletes.
Using the FRAIL scale to compare pre-existing demographic lifestyle and medical risk factors between non-frail, pre-frail and frail older adults accessing primary health care: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Aznar-Tortonda Vanessa , Palazón-Bru Antonio , Gil-Guillén Vicente Francisco
Published: November 2020

Background

Few studies in the scientific literature have analyzed frailty status as an ordinal variable (non-frail, pre-frail and frail) rather than as a binary variable (frail vs non-frail). These studies have found that pre-frailty behaves differently from frailty (no ordinality in the variable). However, although the comparison between pre-frail and frail individuals is clinically relevant to understanding how to treat pre-frailty, this comparison was not performed in previous studies.

Materials and Methods

A cross-sectional observational study was designed with 621 older individuals aged ≥60 years in Spain in 2017–2018, determining factors associated with a higher frailty stage (non-frail, pre-frail and frail) and undertaking this comparison, in addition to measuring non-frailty. The factors assessed through a multinominal regression model were: age, sex, living alone, recent loss of the partner, income and total comorbidities.

Results

Of the total participants, 285 were non-frail (45.9%), 210 were pre-frail (33.8%) and 126 were frail (20.3%). Compared to non-frail individuals, pre-frail individuals were older, with more comorbidities and a lower income. Compared to non-frail individuals, frail individuals were more likely to be female, older, with more comorbidities and a lower income. Compared to pre-frail individuals, frail individuals were more likely to be female, older and with more comorbidities.

Conclusion

Comparison between the pre-frail and frail groups showed that frail persons were more likely to have a lower income, be female, older and have a higher number of comorbidities.
Understanding the Selectivity of the Oxygen Reduction Reaction at the Atomistic Level on Nitrogen‐Doped Graphitic Carbon Materials
Authors: Fernandez‐Escamilla Hector Noe , Guerrero‐Sanchez Jonathan , Contreras Enrique , Ruiz‐Marizcal Jose Manuel , Alonso‐Nunez Gabriel , Contreras Oscar E. , Felix‐Navarro Rosa María , Romo‐Herrera Jose M. , Takeuchi Noboru
Published: November 2020

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is of paramount interest, in the context of both alternative energy applications in fuel cells and for on‐site hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production in environmental remediation applications. Using theoretical and experimental methods, the mechanism involved in the ORR is studied on nitrogen‐doped graphitic carbon materials. The two principal reaction pathways involved in the ORR are the four‐electron pathway producing water (H2O), or the two‐electron pathway leading to the formation of H2O2. An atomistic step by step ORR mechanism is proposed to understand the selectivity of the reaction toward the two principal pathways. The results show that graphitic N sites favor the two‐electron pathway, in a similar way to three pyridinic N sites. Meanwhile, the one or two pyridinic N sites lead to the four‐electron pathway. The calculations show the importance of dangling bonds and/or pentagonal C rings in selectivity toward the four‐electron pathway. The results are consistent with recent reports on the importance of topological defects in graphitic carbon materials. The understanding of the ORR mechanism is very important for the design and development of novel ORR electrocatalysts to favor the required pathway, according to the application.
Single Ru Atoms Stabilized by Hybrid Amorphous/Crystalline FeCoNi Layered Double Hydroxide for Ultraefficient Oxygen Evolution
Authors: Hu Yidong , Luo Gan , Wang Liguang , Liu Xiaokang , Qu Yunteng , Zhou Yansong , Zhou Fangyao , Li Zhijun , Li Yafei , Yao Tao , Xiong Can , Yang Bo , Yu Zhenqiang , Wu Yuen
Published: November 2020

In view of the sluggish kinetics suppressing the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), developing efficient and robust OER catalysts is urgent and essential for developing efficient energy conversion technologies. Herein, hybrid amorphous/crystalline FeCoNi layered double hydroxide (LDH)‐supported single Ru atoms (Ru SAs/AC‐FeCoNi) are developed for enabling a highly efficient electrocatalytic OER. The amorphous outer layer in Ru SAs/AC‐FeCoNi is composed of abundant defect sites and unsaturated coordination sites, which can serve as anchoring sites to stabilize single Ru atoms. The crystalline inner has a highly symmetric rigid structure, thereby strengthening the stability of support for a long‐lasting OER. The synergistic effects endow this hybrid catalyst with extremely low overpotential (205 mV at 10 mA cm−2). Density functional theory calculation indicates that single Ru atoms stabilized by hybrid amorphous/crystalline FeCoNi LDH facilitate the formation of Ru–O* (rate‐determining step), thus accelerating the OER process.
A Photoregulated Racemase Mimic
Authors: Saha Monochura , Hossain Munshi Sahid , Bandyopadhyay Subhajit
Published: November 2020

The racemase enzymes convert L‐amino acids to their D‐isomer. The reaction proceeds through a stepwise deprotonation–reprotonation mechanism that is assisted by a pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) coenzyme. This work reports a PLP–photoswitch–imidazole triad where the racemization reaction can be controlled by light by tweaking the distance between the basic residue and the reaction centre.
Light‐Activated Electron Transfer and Catalytic Mechanism of Carnitine Oxidation by Rieske‐Type Oxygenase from Human Microbiota
Authors: Shanmugam Muralidharan , Quareshy Mussa , Cameron Alexander D. , Bugg Timothy D. H. , Chen Yin
Published: November 2020

Oxidation of quaternary ammonium substrate, carnitine by non‐heme iron containing Acinetobacter baumannii (Ab) oxygenase CntA/reductase CntB is implicated in the onset of human cardiovascular disease. Herein, we develop a blue‐light (365 nm) activation of NADH coupled to electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements to study electron transfer from the excited state of NADH to the oxidized, Rieske‐type, [2Fe‐2S]2+ cluster in the AbCntA oxygenase domain with and without the substrate, carnitine. Further electron transfer from one‐electron reduced, Rieske‐type [2Fe‐2S]1+ center in AbCntA‐WT to the mono‐nuclear, non‐heme iron center through the bridging glutamate E205 and subsequent catalysis occurs only in the presence of carnitine. The electron transfer process in the AbCntA‐E205A mutant is severely affected, which likely accounts for the significant loss of catalytic activity in the AbCntA‐E205A mutant. The NADH photo‐activation coupled with EPR is broadly applicable to trap reactive intermediates at low temperature and creates a new method to characterize elusive intermediates in multiple redox‐centre containing proteins.
Randomly Distributed Sulfur Atoms in the Main Chains of CO2‐Based Polycarbonates: Enhanced Optical Properties
Authors: Yue Tian‐Jun , Ren Bai‐Hao , Zhang Wen‐Jian , Lu Xiao‐Bing , Ren Wei‐Min , Darensbourg Donald J.
Published: November 2020

Polymeric materials possessing both high refractive indices and high Abbe numbers are much in demand for the development of advanced optical devices. However, the synthesis of such functional materials is a challenge because of the trade‐off between these two properties. Herein, a synthetic strategy is presented for enhancing the optical properties of CO2‐based polycarbonates by modifying the polymer's topological structure. Terpolymers with thiocarbonate and carbonate units randomly distributed in the polymers’ main chain were synthesized via the terpolymerization of cyclohexene oxide with a mixture of CO2 and COS in the presence of metal catalysts, most notably a dinuclear aluminum complex. DFT calculations were employed to explain why different structural sequence were obtained with distinct bimetallic catalysts. Varying the CO2 pressure made it possible to obtain terpolymers with tunable carbonate linkages in the polymer chain. More importantly, optical property studies revealed that terpolymers with comparable thiocarbonate and carbonate units exhibited a refractive index of 1.501 with an enhanced Abbe number as high as 48.6, much higher than the corresponding polycarbonates or polythiocarbonates. Additionally, all terpolymers containing varying thiocarbonate content displayed good thermal properties with Tg>109 °C and Td>260 °C, suggesting little loss in the thermal stability compared to the polycarbonate. Hence, modification of the topological structure of the polycarbonate is an efficient method of obtaining polymeric materials with enhanced optical properties without compromising thermal performance.
Olefin‐Supported Cationic Copper Catalysts for Photochemical Synthesis of Structurally Complex Cyclobutanes
Authors: Gravatt Christopher S. , Melecio‐Zambrano Luis , Yoon Tehshik P.
Published: November 2020

The sole method available for the photocycloaddition of unconjugated aliphatic alkenes is the Cu‐catalyzed Salomon–Kochi reaction. The [Cu(OTf)]2⋅benzene catalyst that has been standard in this reaction for many decades, however, is air‐sensitive, prone to photodecomposition, and poorly reactive towards sterically bulky alkene substrates. Using bench‐stable precursors, an improved catalyst system with superior reactivity and photostability has been designed, and it offers significantly expanded substrate scope. The utility of this new catalyst for the preparation of sterically crowded cyclobutane structures is highlighted through the preparation of the cores of the natural products sulcatine G and perforatol.
Light‐Driven Enantioselective Synthesis of Pyrroline Derivatives by a Radical/Polar Cascade Reaction
Authors: Rodríguez Ricardo I. , Mollari Leonardo , Alemán José
Published: November 2020

Herein, a light‐driven, atom‐economical process that provides access to enantiomerically enriched substituted chiral 1‐pyrroline derivatives is introduced. The strategy involves the distal functionalization of acyl heterocycles through a hydrogen‐atom transfer (HAT) process and the use of tailor‐made ketimines as reliable electrophilic partners. This transformation is translated into an enantiomerically controlled radical/polar cascade reaction in which water is produced as the sole by‐product and stereoselectivity is dictated by coordination to a chiral‐at‐rhodium catalyst.
Mild and Robust Stille Reactions in Water using Parts Per Million Levels of a Triphenylphosphine‐Based Palladacycle
Authors: Takale Balaram S. , Thakore Ruchita R. , Casotti Gianluca , Li Xaiohan , Gallou Fabrice , Lipshutz Bruce H.
Published: November 2020

An inexpensive and new triphenylphosphine‐based palladacycle has been developed as a pre‐catalyst, leading to highly effective Stille cross‐coupling reactions in water under mild reaction conditions. Only 500–1000 ppm of Pd suffices for couplings involving a variety of aryl/heteroaryl halides with aryl/hetaryl stannanes. Several drug intermediates can be prepared using this catalyst in aqueous nanoreactors formed by 2 wt % Brij‐30 in water.
One‐Step Room‐Temperature Synthesis of Metal(IV) Carboxylate Metal—Organic Frameworks
Authors: Dai Shan , Nouar Farid , Zhang Sanjun , Tissot Antoine , Serre Christian
Published: November 2020

Room‐temperature syntheses of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are of interest to meet the demand of the sustainable chemistry and are a pre‐requisite for the incorporation of functional compounds in water‐stable MOFs. However, only few routes under ambient conditions have been reported to produce metal(IV)‐based MOFs. Reported here is a new versatile one‐step synthesis of a series of highly porous M6‐oxocluster‐based MOFs (M=Zr, Hf, Ce) at room temperature, including 8‐ or 12‐connected micro/mesoporous solids with different functionalized organic ligands. The compounds show varying degrees of defects, particularly for 12‐connected phases, while maintaining the chemical stability of the parent MOFs. Proposed here are first insights into in situ kinetics observations for efficient MOF preparation. Remarkably, the synthesis has a high space‐time yield and also provides the possibility to tune the particle size, therefore paving the way for their practical use.
A novel cationic waterborne polyurethane coating modified by chitosan biguanide hydrochloride with application potential in medical catheters
Authors: Liu Yuxing , Zou Yalu , Wang Jing , Wang Shuo , Liu Xiaofei
Published: November 2020

This study reported the synthesis and properties of a new cationic waterborne polyurethane coating. In this work, a chitosan derivative, chitosan biguanide hydrochloride (CSGH), was synthesized, which was used as a blocking agent and cross‐linking agent to participate in the copolymerization of waterborne polyurethane (WPU) and a bioactive ingredient to enhance the biocompatibility of the coating. FTIR results demonstrated the reaction of CSGH with WPU. Moreover, the particle size distribution of the emulsion and SEM results showed that CSGH and WPU were well integrated. Benefiting from the formation of the cross‐linking network, the thermodynamic properties of the coating were significantly improved. Furthermore, due to adding 3 wt% CSGH, the water contact angle of the coating surface decreased from 97.01° to 69.30°, indicating that the coating surface changed from hydrophobic to hydrophilic. And a specific resistance toStaphylococcus aureusandEscherichia coliwas exhibited without cytotoxicity, the resistance rates could reach 85% and 91% respectively. It is highlighted that this WPU‐CSGH coating has great application potential in the field of medical interventional catheters.
Protective Effects of Moderate Intensity Static Magnetic Fields on Diabetic Mice
Authors: Li Qin , Fang Yanwen , Wu Ningzi , Gu Lili , Li Hongxing , Liao Zhongcai , Liu Mengyu , Fang Zhicai , Zhang Xinyue
Published: November 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of moderate‐intensity static magnetic field (SMF) on diabetic mice. We studied the effects of SMF on blood glucose of normal mice by starch tolerance and glucose tolerance tests. Then, we evaluated the effects of SMF on blood glucose of diabetic mice by establishing alloxan‐induced type 1 diabetic mice and high‐fat diet + streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced type 2 diabetic mice. The results showed that different magnetic field intensities and blank control did not affect the blood glucose of normal mice. After starch and glucose administration, different magnetic fields could improve the glucose tolerance of normal mice, and this was obvious in the 600 mT group. In the experiment of type 1 diabetic mice induced by alloxan, the results showed that different magnetic field intensities could improve the starch tolerance of mice, and that in the 400 mT group was obvious. In the experiment of type 2 diabetic mice induced by a high‐fat diet + STZ, the 400 mT group could reduce food intake and water consumption in the later period. The 600 mT group could improve the starch tolerance of mice. The 400 and 600 mT groups could reduce fasting blood glucose. At the same time, total cholesterol and triglyceride decreased in different magnetic field intensities, and the 600 mT group could significantly increase the serum insulin content of mice. In summary, the results of this study suggest that SMF has a protective role in diabetic mice. Bioelectromagnetics. © 2020 Bioelectromagnetics Society
Legitimising populist education in Israel: The role of religion
Authors: Silberberg Roi , Agbaria Ayman
Published: November 2020

This article analyses two case studies from the Israeli education system that demonstrate how religious themes and language are used in service of populist politics. First, ‘Being Citizens in Israel’ is the standard high school civics textbook that underwent a major revision in 2015. The second case study focuses on new school programmes that focus on the rebuilding of the Third Jewish temple, and the inclusion of references to the Third Temple in other school subject curricula. Both cases were analysed using Brubaker’s terminology, specifically highlighting elements of majoritarinism, anti‐institutionalism and protectionism that are especially relevant to the Israeli case. The majoritarian and protectionist elements are dominant within these cases, and convey a set of transcendental ideals in the name of an imagined collectivity that is conceived as superior, sacred, pure, with a historic mission in a manner that antagonises minorities, liberal sensibilities and democratic principles. The anti‐institutionalism element is not explicitly present, yet an implicit contextual presence is discussed.
Investigation of plasmon‐induced extraction efficiency enhancement in a CdTe‐based LED using FDTD simulation
Authors: Wang HongYu , Shan Dan , Xu Ling
Published: November 2020

Light‐emitting diodes (LED) based on silicon platforms and CdTe quantum dots (QDs) are an important area of research. Due to poor charge balance in QD layers, reduced graphene oxide (RGO) was introduced between the P–Si substrate and CdTe QDs. To further improve the performance of the QDs‐LED, Au nanorods (NRs) were incorporated into the hole transport layer. A finite‐difference time‐domain simulation was used to discuss theoretically the influence of RGO and Au NRs on the LED performance, and investigate the influence of substrate on the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) coupling wavelength. Simulated results demonstrated that the LSPR peaks for Au NRs red shifted with increase in substrate refractive index, and the electric field along the x–y plane was mostly concentrated near the interface. RGO incorporation enhanced the emission of the QDs‐LED. This may be attributed to improvement in conductivity and hole mobility in the hole transport layer and reduction in the energy barrier for injection of holes. After introduction of Au NRs, there was a significant enhancement in emission, and light extraction efficiency was enhanced about 10‐fold.
Tocilizumab‐induced cytomegalovirus colitis in a patient with COVID‐19
Authors: Khatib Mohamad Y. , Shaik Karimulla S. , Ahmed Amna A. , Alwraidat Mohammad A. , Mohamed Ahmed S. , Abou Kamar Mohamad R. , Sharaf Eldean Mouhammad Z. , Aldaraiseh Bashar K. , Nashwan Abdulqadir J.
Published: November 2020

The authors urge clinicians to observe for early signs of CMV reactivation in patients presenting with gastrointestinal bleeding and intestinal perforation after receiving tocilizumab or other immunosuppressive therapy as a treatment for COVID 19. Early recognition of CMV infection and treatment will prevent life‐threatening bleeding and mortality.
Maternal death of a hemophilic patient due to the inhaling of a mixture of industrial bleach and detergents—A case study
Authors: Abedi Parvin , Mohaghegh Zaynab , Faramazi Nahid , Aghamiri Zahra Biygom Seyyed
Published: November 2020

Use of detergents and cleaning products puts women at risk due to hazardous chemical substances. Education of all women, especially pregnant and high‐risk women about the proper use of detergents, is a necessity.
Role of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in kidney diseases
Authors: Patel Vishal , Joharapurkar Amit , Jain Mukul
Published: November 2020

Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonists, for example, spironolactone and eplerenone, are in clinical use to treat hypertension. Increasing evidence suggests that mineralocorticoid receptor activation causes the pathogenesis and progression of chronic kidney disease. Aldosterone‐induced MR activation increases inflammation, fibrosis, and oxidative stress in the kidney. MR antagonists (MRAs) have demonstrated therapeutic actions in chronic kidney disease (CKD), diabetic nephropathy (DN), renal fibrosis, and drug‐induced renal injury in preclinical and clinical studies. We have summarized and discussed these studies in this review. The nonsteroidal MRA, esaxerenone, recently received approval for the treatment of hypertension. It has also shown a positive therapeutic effect in phase 3 clinical trials in patients with DN. Other nonsteroidal MRA such as apararenone, finerenone, AZD9977, and LY2623091 are in different clinical trials in patients with hypertension suffering from renal or hepatic fibrotic diseases. Hyperkalemia associated with MRA therapy has frequently led to the discontinuation of the treatment. The new generation nonsteroidal MRAs like esaxerenone are less likely to cause hyperkalemia at therapeutic doses. It appears that the nonsteroidal MRAs can provide optimum therapeutic benefit for patients suffering from kidney diseases.