bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developmental predictors of an impulsive‐aggressive phenotype
Authors: Cervantes M. Catalina , Delville Yvon
Published: March 2011

In hamsters, individual differences in offensive aggression are associated with impulsive choice, leading to the characterization of a distinct impulsive‐aggressive phenotype. This study had two goals: to determine the developmental trajectory of the maturation of this phenotype and to address its parental lineage. Interestingly, individuals most aggressive as adults were less likely to attack in early puberty. However, looking at the transition of agonistic behavior from play fighting to adult aggression, impulsive‐aggressive individuals were less likely to engage in play fighting attacks and more likely to engage in more mature agonistic behavior. Additionally, parental lineages were compared for the aggressive responses expressed by their adult offspring. Most impulsive‐aggressive individuals were offspring of few select males, which were more likely to produce this phenotype, without an association with females or specific litters. These findings identify an abnormal and accelerated development of agonistic behavior in impulsive‐aggressive individuals and a likelihood of heritability. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 53:343–358, 2011.
Effects of social conditions during early development on stress response and personality traits in great tits (Parus major)
Authors: Naguib Marc , Flörcke Cornelia , van Oers Kees
Published: March 2011

Environmental conditions during early development play a crucial role in shaping an organism's phenotype. To test how social group size affects stress response and behavioral characteristics, we used great tits (Parus major) from selection lines for exploratory behavior, a proxy for an avian personality trait, and birds from the wild in a brood size manipulation experiment. Nestlings were tested for stress response using an established stress test and after independence subjects were tested for exploratory behavior. Nestlings from small broods showed a stronger stress response than nestlings from normal‐sized broods. Exploratory behavior was not affected by brood size but associated with sex ratio in the nest. Birds from female‐biased broods became faster explorers than those from male‐biased broods. The results demonstrate that early social conditions can affect physiological stress responses in nestlings and that behavioral personality traits measured after fledging can be affected by the social experience in the nest. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 53:592–600, 2011.
Adolescent rats show cognitive rigidity in a test of attentional set shifting
Authors: Newman Lori A. , McGaughy Jill
Published: March 2011

As neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, attention deficit disorder, and mood disorders all impact executive function and are likely to be diagnosed prior to adulthood, it is important to understand the normal ontogeny of executive function. Previous behavioral research has shown that adolescents' executive function is different than that of adults. In the present study, we use a previously validated cognitive test, the intradimensional/extradimensional (ID/ED) set‐shifting task, to assess attentional set shifting and reversal learning in adolescent and adult, male, Long‐Evans rats. These data suggest that adolescent rats are more cognitively rigid than adult rats and have impairments in the shifting, but not formation, of an attentional set. Adolescent rats are also more susceptible to distraction than adult rats when an irrelevant stimulus dimension is introduced as part of a complex stimulus. Moreover, we find that attentional set shifting becomes adult‐like at an earlier age than reversal learning. As these functions are mediated by distinct prefrontal subregions, that is, the prelimbic and orbitofrontal cortices, respectively, we hypothesize that prefrontal cortical subregions show slightly different developmental trajectories. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 53:391–401, 2011.
Analysis of the disruption of maternal social bonds inOctodon degus: Separation distress in restricted reunion tests
Authors: Colonnello Valentina , Iacobucci Paolo , Panksepp Jaak
Published: March 2011

Octodon degusis a social caviomorph species that exhibits strong social bonds and robust distress responses to maternal separation. To understand the impact of early social isolation on social motivation, we investigated how social isolation during infancy, associated with repeated restricted interactions with mother and siblings, altered social motivation in young degus. In Experiment 1, three treatments were compared: complete isolation (ISOLATED group), nearly complete isolation, with daily half hour partition‐restricted reunions with the mother and siblings (RESTRICTED group), and social‐housing with the mother and siblings (FAMILY group). After 10 days of treatment, all subjects underwent a 5‐day choice test between mothers and unfamiliar females. During the treatment period, the RESTRICTED animals emitted more isolation calls and spent more time close to the partition that separated them from mothers than ISOLATED animals. During the first social‐choice day, FAMILY reared animals showed a preference for the mother for a few minutes, while the RESTRICTED animals preferred the mother for the whole session. Totally ISOLATED pups exhibited no social preferences. Since during successive testing periods the isolation calls decreased over the days, in Experiment 2 we investigated whether this decline was related to age or habituation to testing procedures. Animals were observed during a single exposure to isolation (ISOLATED) or restricted‐reunion (RESTRICTED) at PND 21 and 31. The decrease of vocalizations was due to an age‐effect. The findings clarify the nature of social bonds in degus. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 53:657–669, 2011.
Glomerulopathy in spontaneously obese rhesus monkeys with type 2 diabetes: a stereological study
Authors: Najafian Behzad , Masood Awais , Malloy Patrick C. , Campos Alfonso , Hansen Barbara C. , Mauer Michael , Caramori M. Luiza
Published: March 2011

Background

Animal models could provide insights into the diabetic nephropathy pathogenesis; however, available rodent models do not mirror the heterogeneity of lesions in type 2 diabetic patients, and do not progress to end‐stage renal disease. Previous studies showed that spontaneously obese type 2 diabetic rhesus monkeys develop many of the features of human diabetic glomerulopathy, and may progress to end‐stage renal disease. Here, in order to further characterize diabetic glomerulopathy in this model, we used electron microscopic stereology.

Methods

Renal biopsies from 17 diabetic, 17 pre‐diabetic/metabolic syndrome and 11 non‐diabetic monkeys were studied. Fractional volumes of mesangium [Vv(Mes/glom)], mesangial matrix [Vv(MM/glom)] and mesangial cells [Vv(MC/glom)], glomerular basement membrane width and peripheral glomerular basement membrane surface density per glomerulus [Sv(PGBM/glom)] were estimated. Glomerular filtration and albumin excretion rates were measured in a limited number of animals. Glomerular structural and biochemical/metabolic data were compared among the groups.

Results

Compared to non‐diabetic monkeys, diabetic rhesus monkeys showed classic diabetic nephropathy changes, including glomerular basement membrane thickening (p = 0.001), increased fractional volumes of mesangium (p = 0.02), and reduced peripheral glomerular basement membrane surface density per glomerulus (p = 0.03) compared to non‐diabetic monkeys. Increased fractional volumes of mesangium was primarily due to increased mesangial matrix (p = 0.03). Glomerular structural parameter inter‐relationships in diabetic monkeys mirrored those of human diabetic glomerulopathy. Albumin excretion rate was greater (p = 0.03) in diabetic vs. non‐diabetic monkeys. There was trend for a positive correlation between albumin excretion rate and fractional volumes of mesangium.

Conclusions

This rhesus primate model shares many features of human diabetic glomerulopathy. Mesangial expansion in this model, similar to human diabetic nephropathy and different from available rodent models of the disease, is primarily due to increased mesangial matrix. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eructophilia in bulimia nervosa: A clinical feature
Authors: Jones William R. , Morgan John F.
Published: March 2011

This report offers the first detailed description of repetitive eructation (belching) in a patient with bulimia nervosa. The case was a man in his 30's with bulimia nervosa characterized by daily bingeing and purging behavior. Detailed assessment revealed repetitive eructation which was construed as a learned behavior precipitated and maintained by aerophagia (air swallowing) secondary to regular binge‐eating. Eructation was associated with a strong sense of “relief” that shared a common phenomenology with other purging behaviors. Repetitive eructation was addressed as part of outpatient treatment using a cognitive‐therapy approach. Eructation became less frequent during outpatient treatment but the patient disengaged after six sessions. We define a new term “eructophilia” where repetitive eructation takes on an ego‐syntonic, self‐contained, and autonomous quality which serves as a reinforcing stimulus in itself. Issues of phenomenology and motivating factors are further discussed. © 2011 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012)
Investigating the Water Transport in Porous Media for PEMFCs by Liquid Water Visualization in ESEM
Authors: Alink R. , Gerteisen D. , Mérida W.
Published: March 2011

A novel ex situ method of investigating the water transport in porous media for PEM fuel cells with an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) is introduced.

By applying two different experimental methods, a liquid water pressure gradient is created which is necessary for the liquid water transport in porous media. The first method relies on water condensation on the bottom surface of the GDL to introduce a liquid phase into the porous media. The second method applies an external pressure gradient.

The relevance of the methods is shown by visualizing the water formation and transport in different GDL materials with the high spatial resolution of an ESEM.

In all experiments, the fingering effect, proposed by other researchers could be confirmed. However, the water formation on the surface of the GDLs is not consistent with the common idea of water formation in GDLs. The methods were also used to investigate the advantageous effect of laser perforating GDLs on fuel cell performance. The water transport visualization near a hole of a laser perforated GDL supports the assumptions of lower liquid water saturation in the GDL (due to effective water transport in the channels), and larger in‐plane water transport towards the perforations.
Quantitative impact of correlation errors on basket options with time‐varying correlations
Authors: Wong Amy S.K.
Published: March 2011

This study examines the quantitative impact of correlation errors on basket options with time‐varying correlations and the risk measures (conditional) value‐at‐risk (VaR) in the framework of Basel II. The results show that risk measure misestimation due to correlation errors are the largest and most asymmetric for the at‐the‐money and out‐of‐the‐money basket option. Delta hedging of the basket option reduces risk but increases size and asymmetry effects substantially. Finally, the square‐root‐of‐time rule for VaR does not adjust adequately to correlation errors and consistently underestimates risk measures, which could lead to the VaR exceedance clustering observed during the recent financial crisis. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark
Functional networks for cognitive control in a stop signal task: Independent component analysis
Authors: Zhang Sheng , Li Chiang‐shan R.
Published: March 2011

Cognitive control is a critical executive function of the human brain. Many studies have combined general linear modeling and the stop signal task (SST) to delineate the component processes of cognitive control. For instance, by contrasting stop success (SS) and stop error (SE) trials in the SST, investigators examined the neural processes underlying stop signal inhibition (SS > SE) and error processing (SE > SS). To complement this parameterized approach, here, we employed a data‐driven method—independent component analysis (ICA)—to elucidate neural networks and the relationship between neural networks subserving cognitive control. In 59 adults performing the SST during fMRI, we characterized six independent components with ICA. These functional networks, temporally sorted for go success, SS, and SE trials as the events of interest, included a motor cortical network for motor preparation and execution; a right fronto‐parietal network for attentional monitoring; a left fronto‐parietal network for response inhibition; a midline cortico‐subcortical network for error processing; a cuneus–precuneus network for behavioral engagement; and a “default” network for self‐referential processing. Across subjects the event‐associated weights of these functional networks showed a distinct pattern of correlation. These results provide new insight into the component processes of cognitive control. Hum Brain Mapp, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of different surgical approaches in T2 glottic cancer
Authors: Mantsopoulos Konstantinos , Psychogios Georgios , Koch Michael , Zenk Johannes , Waldfahrer Frank , Iro Heinrich
Published: March 2011

Background

The purpose of this study was to evaluate retrospectively the oncologic results of endoscopic and open surgical techniques in treating T2 glottic carcinomas.

Methods

The medical chart of 354 patients with T2 glottic cancer managed with primary surgery were reviewed. Laser microsurgery and frontolateral partial laryngectomy were compared for disease‐specific survival and local control rates, incidence of major complications, and related tracheostomies. Additionally, the influence of the anterior commissure invasion on these oncologic parameters was evaluated.

Results

No statistically significant differences were found between the surgical procedures regarding our oncologic parameters. A lower incidence of tracheotomies and complications were comparatively found for laser surgery. Tumor invasion of the anterior commissure did not seem to influence the oncologic results.

Conclusion

Transoral surgery seems to be the treatment of choice for T2 glottic cancer. In our view, open partial laryngectomy should be reserved for those cases in which the lesion cannot be adequately exposed by direct microlaryngoscopy. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Hepatic differentiation of amniotic epithelial cells
Authors: Marongiu Fabio , Gramignoli Roberto , Dorko Kenneth , Miki Toshio , Ranade Aarati R. , Paola Serra Maria , Doratiotto Silvia , Sini Marcella , Sharma Shringi , Mitamura Keitaro , Sellaro Tiffany L. , Tahan Veysel , Skvorak Kristen J. , Ellis Ewa C. S. , Badylak Stephen F. , Davila Julio C. , Hines Ronald , Laconi Ezio , Strom Stephen C.
Published: March 2011

Hepatocyte transplantation to treat liver disease is largely limited by the availability of useful cells. Human amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs) from term placenta express surface markers and gene characteristics of embryonic stem cells and have the ability to differentiate into all three germ layers, including tissues of endodermal origin (i.e., liver). Thus, hAECs could provide a source of stem cell–derived hepatocytes for transplantation. We investigated the differentiation of hAECs

in vitro

and after transplantation into the livers of severe combined immunodeficient (SCID)/beige mice. Moreover, we tested the ability of rat amniotic epithelial cells (rAECs) to replicate and differentiate upon transplantation into a syngenic model of liver repopulation.

In vitro

results indicate that the presence of extracellular matrix proteins together with a mixture of growth factors, cytokines, and hormones are required for differentiation of hAECs into hepatocyte-like cells. Differentiated hAECs expressed hepatocyte markers at levels comparable to those of fetal hepatocytes. They were able to metabolize ammonia, testosterone, and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate, and expressed inducible fetal cytochromes. After transplantation into the liver of retrorsine (RS)-treated SCID/beige mice, naïve hAECs differentiated into hepatocyte-like cells that expressed mature liver genes such as cytochromes, plasma proteins, transporters, and other hepatic enzymes at levels equal to adult liver tissue. When transplanted in a syngenic animal pretreated with RS, rAECs were able to engraft and generate a progeny of cells with morphology and protein expression typical of mature hepatocytes.

Conclusion:

Amniotic epithelial cells possess the ability to differentiate into cells with characteristics of functional hepatocytes both

in vitro

and

in vivo

, thus representing a useful and noncontroversial source of cells for transplantation. (Hepatology 2011;)
Hepatocyte-specific hypoxia-inducible factor-1α is a determinant of lipid accumulation and liver injury in alcohol-induced steatosis in mice
Authors: Nath Bharath , Levin Ivan , Csak Timea , Petrasek Jan , Mueller Christian , Kodys Karen , Catalano Donna , Mandrekar Pranoti , Szabo Gyongyi
Published: March 2011

Chronic alcohol causes hepatic steatosis and liver hypoxia. Hypoxia-regulated hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α, (HIF-1α) may regulate liporegulatory genes, but the relationship of HIF-1 to steatosis remains unknown. We investigated HIF-1α in alcohol-induced hepatic lipid accumulation. Alcohol administration resulted in steatosis, increased liver triglyceride levels, and increased serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, suggesting liver injury in wild-type (WT) mice. There was increased hepatic HIF-1α messenger RNA (mRNA), protein, and DNA-binding activity in alcohol-fed mice compared with controls. Mice engineered with hepatocyte-specific HIF-1 activation (HIF1dPA) had increased HIF-1α mRNA, protein, and DNA-binding activity, and alcohol feeding in HIF1dPA mice increased hepatomegaly and hepatic triglyceride compared with WT mice. In contrast, hepatocyte-specific deletion of HIF-1α [HIF-1α(Hep−/−)], protected mice from alcohol- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver damage, serum ALT elevation, hepatomegaly, and lipid accumulation. HIF-1α(Hep−/−), WT, and HIF1dPA mice had equally suppressed levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α mRNA after chronic ethanol, whereas the HIF target, adipocyte differentiation-related protein, was up-regulated in WT mice but not HIF-1α(Hep−/−) ethanol-fed/LPS-challenged mice. The chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) was cooperatively induced by alcohol feeding and LPS in WT but not HIF-1α(Hep−/−) mice. Using Huh7 hepatoma cells in vitro, we found that MCP-1 treatment induced lipid accumulation and increased HIF-1α protein expression as well as DNA-binding activity. Small interfering RNA inhibition of HIF-1α prevented MCP-1–induced lipid accumulation, suggesting a mechanistic role for HIF-1α in hepatocyte lipid accumulation.

Conclusion:

Alcohol feeding results in lipid accumulation in hepatocytes involving HIF-1α activation. The alcohol-induced chemokine MCP-1 triggers lipid accumulation in hepatocytes via HIF-1α activation, suggesting a mechanistic link between inflammation and hepatic steatosis in alcoholic liver disease. (Hepatology 2011;)
Pre‐ and post‐synaptic functions of kainate receptors at glutamate and GABA synapses in the rat entorhinal cortex
Authors: Chamberlain Sophie E.L. , Jane David E. , Jones Roland S.G.
Published: March 2011

Oscillatory network activity in cortical areas is seen as vital to physiological processes of cognition, learning, and memory, and fundamental to disorders such as epilepsy. Increasing attention is being paid to the role of kainate receptors (KAr) in the generation of network oscillations and synchrony. The entorhinal cortex (EC) plays a key role in learning and memory, and is a major site of dysfunction in temporal lobe epilepsy. KAr have been implicated in oscillogenesis in the EC, but limited information is available concerning the physiological roles of KAr in synaptic transmission in this area. Here, we make a detailed analysis of KAr function in Layer III of the EC, a site known to be highly susceptible to oscillogenesis, using whole‐cell patch clamp recording of evoked and spontaneous synaptic currents in rat brain slices. We demonstrate that KAr containing the GluK1‐subunit act as facilitatory autoreceptors at glutamatergic synapses on pyramidal neurones in Layer III. In addition, GluK1‐containing KAr mediate an excitatory drive at glutamatergic synapses on GABAergic interneurones. In contrast, a different KAr, which is likely to contain the GluK2‐subunit mediates a slow postsynaptic excitation at glutamatergic synapses on principal neurones, and may also act as a heteroreceptor, facilitating GABA release at inhibitory terminals on principal neurones. Reducing [Mg2+]o, which we have previously shown can generate KAr‐dependent slow network oscillations in Layer III, enhances both glutamate and GABA release. Both effects are partly sustained by increased activation of GluK1‐containing KAr. Increased activation of the GluK1‐containing autoreceptor also results in an enhancement of the postsynaptic response mediated by GluK2‐containing receptors. Finally, spontaneous release of both transmitters shows a rhythmic periodicity in low‐Mg, and, again, this is dependent on GluK1‐containing KAr. The results show that KAr contribute a facilitatory function at multiple levels in the networks of the EC, and provide a basis for dissecting the role of these receptors in oscillogenesis in this area. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Psychosocial predictors of rule following in hostels for women experiencing homelessness
Authors: White Katherine , Wood Maria
Published: March 2011

This study examined the psychosocial factors impacting upon the rule‐following behaviour of residents of a hostel providing crisis accommodation to women who are homeless. After their arrival, residents of a women's hostel (N=83) completed questionnaires assessing the theory of planned behaviour constructs of attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control (PBC), and intentions related to rule following while residing at the hostel. Perceived resident group norms for rule following were assessed also. Follow‐up staff evaluations of the target behaviour were completed after participants ceased their hostel residence. As expected, attitude, subjective norm, PBC, and group norm significantly predicted intention to follow hostel rules, and intention and PBC predicted rule‐following behaviour. As rule following is a crucial requirement for continuation of their stay, these findings can inform strategies to improve the experiences and outcomes of women's short‐term hostel stays. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Social support and social network ties among the homeless in a downtown Atlanta park
Authors: Reitzes Donald C. , Crimmins Timothy J. , Yarbrough Johanna , Parker Josie
Published: March 2011

This study applies a typology of social support with 3 categories of social networks to investigate social ties and their benefits for homeless people. Data were derived from a 2‐year long series of participant observations of homeless or precariously housed people who came regularly to a downtown Atlanta public park. The findings are as follows: (a) the homeless men and women who regularly visited the park obtained four types of support: tangible, advice, belonging, and esteem support from non‐kin, family, and formal social services; and (b) the homeless combined support provided by different social networks in attempts to address their substantial needs. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Addressing perinatal disparities using community‐based participatory research: data into action
Authors: Masho Saba , Keyser‐Marcus Lori , Varner Sara , Singleton Rose , Bradford Judith , Chapman Derek , Svikis Dace
Published: March 2011

Striking racial disparities in infant mortality exist in the United States, with rates of infant death among African Americans nearly twice the national average. Community‐based participatory research approaches have been successful in fostering collaborative relationships between communities and researchers that are focused on developing effective and sustainable interventions and programs that target the needs of the community. The current article details the use of the Perinatal Period of Risk model as a method to engage communities by identifying factors influencing racial disparities in infant mortality and examining changes in those factors over a 10‐year period. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Buffering the effects of violence: communication and problem‐solving skills as protective factors for adolescents exposed to violence
Authors: LeBlanc Monique , Self‐Brown Shannon , Shepard Desti , Kelley Mary Lou
Published: March 2011

Although many adolescents exposed to violence evidence negative outcomes, some report few deleterious effects, indicating the presence of moderating variables. This study examined the moderating role of family communication and problem solving on positive and negative outcomes in adolescents exposed to school and neighborhood violence. Participants were 90 adolescents and their parents, who completed measures of violence exposure, psychological and behavioral functioning, and communication and problem‐solving skills. Results indicated that after controlling for demographic variables and violence exposure in the home, communication and problem‐solving skills moderated the association between school and neighborhood violence exposure and psychological distress. There was no moderation of the violence exposure‐positive outcome association. The findings suggest that family communication and problem‐solving skills might serve a protective function for adolescents, thereby decreasing psychological distress in the face of school and neighborhood violence exposure. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Suppression of Glutamine:Fructose‐6‐phosphate amidotransferase‐1 inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes
Authors: Hsieh Tusty‐Jiuan , Lin Tzu , Hsieh Pei‐Chen , Liao Min‐Chun , Shin Shyi‐Jang
Published: March 2011

O‐linked N‐acetylglucosamine (O‐GlcNAc) protein modification has been implicated in the regulation of signaling pathways, cell function, and gene expression. Glutamine:fructose‐6‐phosphate amidotransferase‐1 (GFAT‐1) is the rate‐limiting enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP), which generates the sugar nucleotide UDP‐GlcNAc, where this nucleotide acts as the donor for O‐GlcNAc modification. In this study, we determined whether GFAT‐1 regulates adipogenesis in adipocytes. 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes were differentiated using medium containing high glucose, insulin, dexamethasone, and isobutylmethylxanthine. Cells were harvested 4, 8, and 12 h and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 days after the initiation of differentiation. Global level of O‐GlcNAc modification increased 4 h after induction and persisted for 8 days of observation. GFAT‐1 mRNA and protein expression was also upregulated beginning 4 h after induction. Pharmacological inhibition of GFAT‐1 or GFAT‐1 siRNA treatment blocked the increase in O‐GlcNAcylation and the formation of lipid droplets in adipocytes. GFAT‐1 may regulate the expression of C/EBPβ, PPARγ, SREBP‐1, fatty acid synthase, S3‐12, perilipin, or adipophilin during adipogenesis. Our results suggest that GFAT‐1 plays a critical role in modulating adipogenesis via the regulation of protein O‐GlcNAcylation in adipocytes. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 108–115, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regulation of VEGF expression in human retinal cells by cytokines: Implications for the role of inflammation in age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: Nagineni Chandrasekharam N. , Kommineni Vijay K. , William Abitha , Detrick Barbara , Hooks John J.
Published: March 2011

Chronic inflammation is implicated in the pathogenesis of age‐related macular degeneration (AMD). Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) observed in exudative form of AMD results in vision loss. Human retinal pigment epithelial cell (HRPE) layer and choroidal tissue are the primary pathological sites in AMD. Pathological and therapeutic evidences have strongly indicated the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) molecules as critical components in CNV pathogenesis. In these studies, we used human primary HRPE and choroidal fibroblast cells (HCHF) prepared from adult donor eyes. The effects of inflammatory cytokine (IFN‐γ + TNF‐α + IL‐1β) mix (ICM) on global gene expression profiles in HRPE cells, revealed 10‐ and 9‐fold increase in VEGF‐A and VEGF‐C expression, respectively. The microarray results were validated by quantitative RT‐PCR and secretion of VEGFs proteins. IL‐1β is the most potent in inducing VEGFs secretion followed by IFN‐γ and TNF‐α, and the secretion was more effective in the presence of 2 and 3 cytokines. NF‐κB and JAK‐STAT pathway, but not HIF‐1α, Sp‐1, Sp‐3, and STAT‐3, transcription factors were upregulated and translocated to nucleus by ICM treatment. The mRNA levels of VEGF‐A and VEGF‐C and secretion of these proteins were also significantly enhanced by ICM in HCHF cells. The secretion of other angiogenic molecules, PEDF, SDF‐1α, endostatin, and angiopoietins was not affected by ICM. Our results show that the inflammatory cytokines enhance secretion of VEGF‐A and VEGF‐C by HRPE and HCHF cells. These studies indicate that VEGFs secreted by these cells initiate and promote pathological choroidal and retinal noevascularization processes in AMD. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 116–126, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Co‐culture of Penicillium chrysogenum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae leading to the immobilization of yeast
Authors: García‐Martínez Teresa , Peinado Rafael A. , Moreno Juan , García‐García Isidoro , Mauricio Juan C.
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND: Under appropriate conditions, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Penicillium chrysogenum were found to co‐immobilize spontaneously with no need for external support or chemical binder. The main aims were to examine the interaction between yeast cells and fungal hyphae by electron microscopy and the death of the filamentous fungus because of direct contact between both microorganisms.

RESULTS: Immobilization was accomplished by orbitally shaking at 28 °C a culture medium consisting of yeast nitrogen base buffered at pH 7 and containing gluconic acid as an available carbon source for the filamentous fungus not readily used by the yeast. The yeast biocapsules thus obtained were hollow, smooth, elastic, strong, creamy‐coloured spheres of variable size depending on the particular shaking rate and time of residence in the formation medium. Biocapsule walls consisted of yeast cells bound to fungal hyphae. Placing the biocapsules in fermentation medium caused yeast cells to colonize and invade all hyphae, thereby causing the fungus to die and remain as a mere support for yeast.

CONCLUSIONS: The death of the fungus was probably effected by the yeast via a cell‐hypha contact‐mediated mechanism as shown by dialysis experiments. The yeast biocapsules can be reused with no loss of integrity or activity. The proposed immobilization method provides a simple, convenient, inexpensive alternative which affords yeast reuse. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Bioleaching of Mn from manganese residues by the mixed culture of Acidithiobacillus and mechanism
Authors: Duan Ning , Zhou Changbo , Chen Bing , Jiang Wenfeng , Xin Baoping
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND: Electrolytic manganese residues are the largest and most dangerous waste stream from the electrolytic manganese metal industry, and recovery of Mn from manganese residues is one of the main methods of recycling this waste. Bioleaching of electrolytic manganese residues for Mn extraction was investigated in this study.

RESULTS: An extraction efficiency as high as 99.7% was achieved at 1% slag pulp concentration, 2320 mg L−1 extraction concentration and 80% extraction efficiency was attained at 8% slag pulp concentration, indicating the application potential of bioleaching in Mn extraction from manganese residues.

CONCLUSION: The extraction of Mn from manganese residues depended exclusively on the non‐contact mechanism. The acidic dissolution of soluble Mn2+ induced by sulfur‐oxidizing bacteria resulted in 91.9% Mn extraction, while the reduction dissolution of insoluble Mn4+ by iron‐oxidizing bacteria caused 5.8% Mn extraction. The combined action of sulfur‐oxidizing bacteria and iron‐oxidizing bacteria assured the maximum Mn extraction. EDS and XRD analysis of bioleaching residues further demonstrated the bioleaching mechanism involved. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
A full‐scale system for aerobic biological treatment of olive mill wastewater
Authors: Michailides Michael , Panagopoulos Panagiotis , Akratos Christos S. , Tekerlekopoulou Athanasia G. , Vayenas Dimitris V.
Published: March 2011

Olive mill wastewater (OMW) is a major environmental problem in the Mediterranean basin. Although many methods for OMW treatment have been developed, only a few have been adopted in pilot‐ or full‐scale applications. A full‐scale system for aerobic biological treatment of OMW was developed. The system consists of a trickling filter and a recirculation tank. Continuous recirculation of the wastewater was used to provide oxygen concentrations from 0.7 to 1.2 mg L−1. Low ambient temperatures did not affect system performance since the raw wastewater was warm enough. Nutrient addition was not necessary as raw wastewater contained sufficient nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations. Indigenous olive pulp bacteria proved to be resistant to full‐scale conditions. Feed chemical oxygen demand and phenolic concentrations were about 43 000 and 9500 mg L−1, respectively. The system reduced more than half of the organic load under continuous operation and a hydraulic retention time of 24 h. The efficiency of this method could be improved by combining it with another technology to further reduce the organic load. The absence of mechanical aeration and the very low hydraulic retention time denotes that the proposed system could be viable and attractive. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Geometric graph homomorphisms
Authors: Boutin Debra L. , Cockburn Sally
Published: March 2011

A geometric graph is a simple graph drawn on points in the plane, in general position, with straightline edges. A geometric homomorphism from to is a vertex map that preserves adjacencies and crossings. This work proves some basic properties of geometric homomorphisms and defines the geochromatic number as the minimum n so that there is a geometric homomorphism from to a geometric n‐clique. The geochromatic number is related to both the chromatic number and to the minimum number of plane layers of . By providing an infinite family of bipartite geometric graphs, each of which is constructed of two plane layers, which take on all possible values of geochromatic number, we show that these relationships do not determine the geochromatic number. This article also gives necessary (but not sufficient) and sufficient (but not necessary) conditions for a geometric graph to have geochromatic number at most four. As a corollary, we get precise criteria for a bipartite geometric graph to have geochromatic number at most four. This article also gives criteria for a geometric graph to be homomorphic to certain geometric realizations of K2, 2 and K3, 3. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 69:97‐113, 2012
The tripartite Ramsey number for trees
Authors: Böttcher Julia , Hladký Jan , Piguet Diana
Published: March 2011

We prove that for all ε>0 there are α>0 and n0∈ℕ such that for all n⩾n0 the following holds. For any two‐coloring of the edges of Kn, n, n one color contains copies of all trees T of order t⩽(3 − ε)n/2 and with maximum degree Δ(T)⩽nα. This confirms a conjecture of Schelp. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 69: 264–300, 2012
Y‐rotation in k‐minimal quadrangulations on the projective plane
Authors: Nakamoto Atsuhiro , Suzuki Yusuke
Published: March 2011

Let G be a quadrangulation on a surface, and let f be a face bounded by a 4‐cycle abcd. A face‐contraction of f is to identify a and c (or b and d) to eliminate f. We say that a simple quadrangulation G on the surface is k‐minimal if the length of a shortest essential cycle is k(≥3), but any face‐contraction in G breaks this property or the simplicity of the graph. In this article, we shall prove that for any fixed integer k≥3, any two k‐minimal quadrangulations on the projective plane can be transformed into each other by a sequence of Y‐rotations of vertices of degree 3, where a Y‐rotation of a vertex v of degree 3 is to remove three edges vv1, vv3, vv5 in the hexagonal region consisting of three quadrilateral faces vv1v2v3, vv3v4v5, and vv5v6v1, and to add three edges vv2, vv4, vv6. Actually, every k‐minimal quadrangulation (k≥4) can be reduced to a (k−1)‐minimal quadrangulation by the operation called Möbius contraction, which is mentioned in Lemma 13. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 69: 301–313, 2012
Closures, cycles, and paths
Authors: Harant Jochen , Kemnitz Arnfried , Saito Akira , Schiermeyer Ingo
Published: March 2011

In 1960 Ore proved the following theorem: Let G be a graph of order n. If d(u) + d(v)≥n for every pair of nonadjacent vertices u and v, then G is hamiltonian. Since then for several other graph properties similar sufficient degree conditions have been obtained, so‐called “Ore‐type degree conditions”. In [R. J. Faudree, R. H. Schelp, A. Saito, and I. Schiermeyer, Discrete Math 307 (2007), 873–877], Faudree et al. strengthened Ore's theorem as follows: They determined the maximum number of pairs of nonadjacent vertices that can have degree sum less than n (i.e. violate Ore's condition) but still imply that the graph is hamiltonian. In this article we prove that for some other graph properties the corresponding Ore‐type degree conditions can be strengthened as well. These graph properties include traceable graphs, hamiltonian‐connected graphs, k‐leaf‐connected graphs, pancyclic graphs, and graphs having a 2‐factor with two components. Graph closures are computed to show these results. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 69: 314–323, 2012
A Planar linear arboricity conjecture
Authors: Cygan Marek , Hou Jian‐Feng , Kowalik Łukasz , Lužar Borut , Wu Jian‐Liang
Published: March 2011

The linear arboricity la(G) of a graph G is the minimum number of linear forests (graphs where every connected component is a path) that partition the edges of G. In 1984, Akiyama et al. [Math Slovaca 30 (1980), 405–417] stated the Linear Arboricity Conjecture (LAC) that the linear arboricity of any simple graph of maximum degree Δ is either ⌈Δ/2⌉ or ⌈(Δ + 1)/2⌉. In [J. L. Wu, J Graph Theory 31 (1999), 129–134; J. L. Wu and Y. W. Wu, J Graph Theory 58(3) (2008), 210–220], it was proven that LAC holds for all planar graphs. LAC implies that for Δ odd, la(G) = ⌈Δ/2⌉. We conjecture that for planar graphs, this equality is true also for any even Δ⩾6. In this article we show that it is true for any even Δ⩾10, leaving open only the cases Δ = 6, 8. We present also an O(n logn) algorithm for partitioning a planar graph into max{la(G), 5} linear forests, which is optimal when Δ⩾9. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory
A stochastic space‐time model for the generation of daily rainfall in the Gaza Strip
Authors: Mhanna Muamaraldin , Bauwens Willy
Published: March 2011

An important limitation of commonly used single‐site rainfall models is that they are not able to reflect spatial characteristics, while many impact studies demand the accommodation of spatial rainfall correlations. As a result, a number of stochastic models have been developed to produce precipitation simultaneously at multiple sites. One of these models is the Wilks approach [1998. Journal of Hydrology 210: 178–191], which was the first method that sufficiently reproduces the main statistics of rainfall at a number of sites. So far, however, the literature does not provide many details about the ‘step by step’ procedure proposed by Wilks. In this paper, the Wilks approach is demonstrated for multi‐site, daily rainfall occurrences and amounts in the Gaza Strip. The paper demonstrates a complete methodology taking into account the original Wilks approach and suggests solutions for enhancing the model. The first improvement concerns an analytical calculation of the desired correlations in the random numbers that reproduce the observed correlations between the rainfall occurrence series, through a gamma coefficient. Secondly, the correlations between the rainfall amount series are specified using a rank correlation and then linearly transformed into product‐moment correlations to obtain the required correlations in the random numbers. Statistical analyses on the historical and generated rainfall series confirm that the model generally performs well, as it preserves all major characteristics of daily rainfall, as well as spatial characteristics. Major advantages of this model include its simplicity, its increased efficiency, a significant improvement in computational speed and a considerable gain in the effort for the implementation. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
An evidence based strategy for follow up after breast conserving treatment for breast cancer
Authors: Kontos Michael , Roy Pratik , Rizos Demetrios , Hamed Hisham
Published: March 2011

Background and Objectives

Follow up for breast cancer patients aims at the timely detection of loco‐regional recurrences and contralateral breast cancers (LRR). This study investigates the annual risk of LRR after breast conserving treatment (BCT) and the potential value of mammographic surveillance and/or routine clinical examination.

Methods

Data on 650 women who underwent BCT were obtained and LRR was divided into parenchymal and non‐parenchymal. LRR‐free and cumulative LRR‐free rates were calculated. In patients where recurrence was diagnosed at a routine clinic visit and had negative mammography (“clinical detection only” group) were also separately examined.

Results

Median follow up was 115 months, range 9–196. Seventy‐three patients had parenchymal and 16 nodal recurrence. The median probability of LRR was 1.4% and of parenchymal LRR was 1.32% per year, remaining constant for up to 168 months. The 16 patients in the “clinical detection only” group relapsed mainly during the first 2 years (annual risk 0.77% and 0.80%, respectively).

Conclusions

This study shows that the risk of parenchymal LRR remains constant for at least 14 years and is significant enough to warrant routine long‐term follow up mammography. Routine clinical examination contributes significantly to the detection of LRR only for the first 2 years. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 104:223–227. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
To pack or not to pack? A contemporary review of middle ear packing agents
Authors: Shen Yi , Mei Teh Bing , Friedland Peter L. , Eikelboom Robert Henry , Atlas Marcus David
Published: March 2011

Middle ear packing agents are used in otologic surgery to provide support to the middle ear structures, maintain aeration of the middle ear, and promote hemostasis. However, there is currently a lack of standardization regarding the use of different types of packing agents. The choice of materials and how they are used remain controversial. In fact, some have recently advocated for no packing. In view of this, this review focuses on the types of materials available, a brief historical account of each material, characteristics of an ideal packing agent, and a discussion on the techniques of insertion to optimize surgical outcomes.
Regional and specialty variations in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Lee Linda N. , Bhattacharyya Neil
Published: March 2011

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To identify regional and specialty differences in the medical treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).

Study Design:

Cross‐sectional analysis of a national database.

Methods:

Ambulatory visits for CRS were extracted from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) for years 2005 to 2006. Medication utilization associated with CRS (antibiotics, antihistamines, nasal steroids, and oral steroids) was tabulated for medication class and individual drug. Statistical analyses were conducted to determine variations in medication class and specific drug utilization by U.S. geographic region and physician specialty, specifically primary care physicians (PCP) versus otolaryngologists (ORL).

Results:

Among an estimated 36.2 ± 0.3 million visits for CRS (mean age, 36.8 ± 1.4 years; 60.1 ± 1.9% female), the ratio of PCP to ORL visits was 10:1. The percent of clinician visits with prescriptions for antibiotics (47.3 ± 3.0% of overall visits), nasal steroids (10.8 ± 1.4%) and oral steroids (2.8 ± 0.7%) did not vary significantly by geographic region (P = .79,.66, and.34, respectively). Antihistamines were prescribed significantly more often in the South (15.3 ± 3.4% of visits vs. 11.3 ± 1.8% nationally, P = .04). PCPs were significantly more likely to prescribe antibiotics compared to ORLs (53.3 ± 2.9% vs. 27.4 ± 4.2%, respectively, P < .001) and less likely to prescribe both nasal steroids (9.7 ± 1.5% vs. 17.5 ± 2.8%, P = .01) and oral steroids (2.3 ± 0.7% vs. 6.6 ± 2.0%, P = .01). Significant differences existed for specific drugs prescribed according to specialty.

Conclusions:

There are significant variations in the outpatient medical treatment of CRS according to geography and specialty. This study highlights the need for evidence‐based medical treatment protocols for CRS.
Large needle suction aspiration of permanent fillers
Authors: Wilson YuShan L. , Ellis David A. F.
Published: March 2011

Temporary injectable fillers have become so widely accepted within the cosmetic medical industry that permanent fillers with longer lasting effects are fast gaining popularity. Both patients and physicians alike have eagerly sought a product to minimize the inconvenience and cost of repeated injections. However, the fear is that the use of permanent fillers may lead to permanent problems. We describe here an in‐office technique to remove permanent injectable fillers that achieves consistent, natural results with minimal risk of scarring.