bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hillslope characteristics as controls of subsurface flow variability
Authors: Bachmair S. , Weiler M.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. Hillslope hydrological dynamics, particularly subsurface flow (SSF), are highly variable and complex. A profound understanding of factors controlling this variability is needed. Therefore we investigated the relationship between variability of shallow water table dynamics and various hillslope characteristics. We ask whether measurable hillslope properties explain patterns of subsurface flow variability. To approach this question shallow water table dynamics of three adjacent large-scale hillslopes were monitored with high spatial and temporal resolution over 18 months. The hillslopes are similar in terms of topography and parent material, but different in vegetation cover (grassland, coniferous forest, and mixed forest). We expect vegetation to be an important driver of water table dynamics at our study site, especially given the minor differences in topography. Various hillslope properties were determined in the field and via GIS analysis: common topography descriptors, well depth, soil properties via slug tests, and several vegetation parameters. Response variables characterizing the water table response per well were calculated for different temporal scales (entire time series, seasonal scale, event scale). Partial correlation analysis and a Random Forest machine learning approach were carried out to assess the explainability of SSF variability by measurable hillslope characteristics. We found a complex interplay of predictors, yet soil properties and topography showed the highest single explanatory power. Surprisingly, vegetation characteristics played a minor role. Solely throughfall and canopy cover exerted a slightly stronger control, especially in summer. Most importantly, the examined hillslope characteristics explained only a small proportion of the observed SSF variability. Consequently there must be additional important drivers not represented by current measurement techniques of the hillslope configuration (e.g. bedrock properties, preferential pathways). We also found interesting differences in explainability of SSF variability among temporal scales and between both forested hillslopes and the grassland hillslope.
Rockfall hazard and risk assessment: an example from a high promontory at the historical site of Monemvasia, Greece
Authors: Saroglou H. , Marinos V. , Marinos P. , Tsiambaos G.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. The paper presents the kinematics of rock instability of a high limestone promontory, where the Monemvasia historical site is situated, in Peloponnese in Southern Greece. The instability phenomena poses a significant threat to the town located at the base of the slope. Rockfall episodes occurred in the past due to the relaxation of the high cliff, whereas significant undermining of the castle frontiers has been observed at the slope crest. The predominant types of instability are of planar, wedge and toppling failure of medium to large blocks. In order to investigate the existing stability conditions and decide upon the protection measures, stability and rockfall analyses were carried out for numerous slope sections under different loading conditions and protection measures were suggested. A rock-fall risk rating system is proposed, which is based on morphological and structural criteria of the rock mass and on vulnerability and consequences. The rating system is applied for individual sections along the slope and a risk map was produced, which depicted areas having different degree of risk against rockfall occurrences.
Simultaneous Aortic Valve Replacement in left Ventricular Assist Device Recipients: Single-Center Experience
Authors: Dranishnikov Nikolay , Stepanenko Alexander , Potapov Evgenij V. , Dandel Michael , Siniawski Henryk , Mladenow Alexander , Hübler Michael , Grauhan Onnen , Weng Yuguo , Krabatsch Thomas , Hetzer Roland , Kukucka Marian
Published: June 2012

Introduction:

Aortic valve regurgitation or the presence of a mechanical aortic valve prosthesis is a relative contraindication for implantation of left ventricular assist devices (LVAD). However, concomitant aortic valve replacement by a biological prosthesis is one of the options in this situation. We analyzed our recent experience with left ventricular assist device implantation and concomitant aortic valve replacement.

Methods:

Between January 1, 2008 and January 15, 2012, 318 adult patients (>18 years old) were supported with a long-term implantable LVAD in our institution. In 19, simultaneous aortic valve replacement (6 redo and 13 primary procedures) was performed. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to INTERMACS (IM) level: Group 1 (n = 7) consisted of patients with IM level 1–2 and Group 2 (n = 12) of IM level 3–4 patients. As a control cohort we analyzed all LVAD recipients during the study period (n = 299, study group excluded). The control cohort was similarly divided into two groups according to the IM level: Group 3 (n = 162) consisted of patients with IM level 1–2 and Group 4 (n = 137) of those with IM level 3–5. Perioperative data and outcomes in all groups were retrospectively analyzed and compared (Group 1 compared to Group 3; and Group 2 to Group 4).

Results:

In study Groups 1 and 2 all patients were male; in Groups 3 and 4, 80% and 88% respectively were male. Median age distribution in Groups was 55, 61, 54, and 57 years respectively. Patients from Group 2 were significantly older than those from Group 4 (p = 0.039). Body mass index was significantly lower in Group 1 than in Group 3 (p = 0.033). Cardio-pulmonary bypass time was significantly longer in Groups 1 and 2 compared with Groups 3 and 4 respectively (p≤0.001). Patients from Group 1 had a trend more often to develop right ventricular failure requiring a right ventricular assist device (RVAD) than those in Group 3 (p = 0.09). Intensive care unit stay duration of mechanical ventilation and in-hospital mortality in Group 1 were significantly higher than in Group 3 (p = 0.025, p = 0.005, p = 0.038). Patients from Group 2 had similar outcomes compared to those from Group 4.

Conclusions:

In stable patients, simultaneous aortic valve replacement and LVAD implantation are not associated with an impaired outcome. In patients with cardiogenic shock an additional aortic valve replacement may impair outcome; therefore alternative techniques should be considered.
Twisted Cardiovascular Cages for Intravascular Axial Flow Blood Pumps to Support the Fontan Physiology
Authors: Throckmorton Amy L. , Downs Emily A. , Hazelwood John A. , Monroe Jonathan O. , Chopski Steven G.
Published: June 2012

Failing single ventricle physiology represents an ongoing challenge in mechanical assist device development, requiring pressure augmentation in the cavopulmonary circuit, reduction of systemic venous pressure, and increased cardiac output to achieve hemodynamic stabilization. To meet these requirements, we are developing a percutaneously-placed, axial flow blood pump to support ailing single ventricle physiology in adolescents and adults. We have modified the outer cage of the device to serve as both a protective and functional design component. This study examined the performance of 3 cage geometries with varying directions of filament twist using numerical simulations and hydraulic experiments. All 3 cage and pump models performed in acceptable ranges to support Fontan patients. The cage design employing filaments that are twisted in the opposite direction to the impeller blades and in the direction of the diffuser blades (against-with) demonstrated superior performance by generating a pressure rise range of 5–38 mm Hg of flow rates of 0.5–6 l/min at rotational speeds of 5000–7000 rpm. The blood damage indices for all of the cages were found to be well below 2%, and the scalar stress levels were below 200 Pa. This study represents ongoing progress in the development of the impeller and cage assembly. Validation of the results will continue in experiments with blood bag evaluation as well as by particle image velocimetry measurements.
The Role of Somatostatin Receptor Scintigraphy on the Diagnosis of Desmoid Tumors
Authors: Friesenbichler Joerg , Molcan Anja , Aigner Reingard , Sadoghi Patrick , Liegl-Atzwanger Bernadette , Maurer-Ertl Werner , Weger Christian , Leithner Andreas
Published: June 2012

Background. Magnetic resonance imaging is considered as imaging modality of choice in diagnosis of desmoid tumors, though even this technique can lack the ability to distinguish aggressive fibromatosis from other benign or malignant soft tissue tumors. The aim of this study was to investigate if desmoid tumors would show an adequate tracer uptake in somatostatin receptor scintigraphy and moreover to correlate these results with immunohistochemical staining. Patients and Methods. Thirteen patients with desmoid tumors were examined with somatostatin receptor scintigraphy. Additionally, seven of these patients have been tested for the immunohistochemical expression of somatostatin receptor subtype 2A. The results of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy and the results of immunohistochemical staining (somatostatin receptor subtype 2A) were evaluated and correlated. Results. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy revealed that eight of 13 affected patients (62%) showed an enhanced tracer uptake. On the other hand, the correlation between the results of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy and immunohistochemical investigations was poor (two out of seven cases). Conclusion. The current study demonstrated that desmoid tumors frequently express somatostatin receptor subtype 2, while immunohistochemical investigations did not correlate with these findings. This may likely be due to lack of standardization of this technique and also due to heterogeneous receptor distribution within the tumors.
CCN1 Induces β-Catenin Translocation in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma through Integrin α11
Authors: Chai Jianyuan , Modak Cristina , Ouyang Yi , Wu Sing-Yung , Jamal M. Mazen
Published: June 2012

Aims. Nuclear translocation of β-catenin is common in many cancers including esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). As a mediator of Wnt signaling pathway, nuclear β-catenin can activate many growth-related genes including CCN1, which in turn can induce β-catenin translocation. CCN1, a matricellular protein, signals through various integrin receptors in a cell-dependent manner to regulate cell adhesion, proliferation, and survival. Its elevation has been reported in ESCC as well as other esophageal abnormalities such as Barrett’s esophagus. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between CCN1 and β-catenin in ESCC. Methods and Results. The expression and correlation between CCN1 and β-catenin in ESCC tissue were examined through immunohistochemistry and further analyzed in both normal esophageal epithelial cells and ESCC cells through microarray, functional blocking and in situ protein ligation. We found that nuclear translocation of β-catenin in ESCC cells required high level of CCN1 as knockdown of CCN1 in ESCC cells reduced β-catenin expression and translocation. Furthermore, we found that integrin α11 was highly expressed in ESCC tumor tissue and functional blocking integrin α11 diminished CCN1-induced β-catenin elevation and translocation. Conclusions. Integrin α11 mediated the effect of CCN1 on β-catenin in esophageal epithelial cells.
The Influence of Strata on the Nutrient Recycling within a Tropical Certified Organic Coffee Production System
Authors: Mamani-Pati F. , Clay D. E. , Clay S. A. , Smeltekop H. , Yujra-Callata M. A.
Published: June 2012

In tropical Bolivia coffee plantations, the plant community can be separated into high (trees), middle (coffee), and low (weed) strata. Understanding the importance of each stratum is critical for improving the sustainability of the system. The objective of this study was to determine the importance of strata on nutrient recycling. Litter falls from the upper and middle strata were collected monthly using cone-shaped traps and divided by species into leaves, branches, flowers, and fruits. Dry biomass additions to the soil from high and middle strata totaled 12,655 kg (ha yr)−1 annually. About 76% of the biomass was provided by plants of the genus Inga (I. adenophylla and I. oerstediana). The middle stratum (Coffea arabica L.) provided 24% litterfall biomass. This stratum also produced 1,800 kg coffee bean per ha (12% moisture) which sold for $2.94 kg−1. In the lower stratum, Oxalis mollissima returned 36 kg N ha−1, while Solanum nodiflorum returned 49 kg K ha−1, and Urtica sp. returned 18 kg Ca ha−1. The nutrients recycled through plants in three strata exceeded the amount of nutrients removed in green coffee beans.
Hemoculture and Polymerase Chain Reaction Using Primers TCZ1/TCZ2 for the Diagnosis of Canine and Feline Trypanosomiasis
Authors: Eloy Luciano José , Lucheis Simone Baldini
Published: June 2012

Introduction. American trypanosomiasis, also known as Chagas disease, is a zoonosis caused by Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi). Dogs and cats participate actively in this parasite's transmission cycle. This study aimed at evaluating the occurrence of T. cruzi in dogs and cats from Botucatu, SP, Brazil, as well as at evaluating the technique of hemoculture in LIT (liver infusion tryptose) medium by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Methods. Blood samples were collected from 50 dogs and 50 cats in Botucatu-SP, Brazil. For hemoculture, the samples were inoculated in LIT medium, and readings were performed for four months. Upon completion of such period, all the hemocultures were processed for parasitic DNA extraction. The PCR reactions were performed by using primers TCZ1/TCZ2. Results. Ten dogs and ten cats (20%) were positive to PCR, and four dogs and three cats (7%) were positive to hemoculture. Only in a one cat sample (1%) there was confirmation of positive hemoculture by PCR for T. cruzi. Conclusions. Results showed that PCR was a suitable tool for the confirmation of the parasite detection in hemoculture samples, and that dogs and cats from Botucatu, SP, Brazil, are maintaining the role of household reservoirs of T. cruzi, which reinforces the need for constant epidemiologic surveillance for this zoonosis.
Sample-Level Filtering Order for High-Throughput and Memory-Aware H.264 Deblocking Filter
Authors: Correa Guilherme , Agostini Luciano , Cruz Luis A. da Silva
Published: June 2012

This paper presents a new sample-level filtering order for the Deblocking Filter process of the H.264/AVC video coding standard to be used instead of the traditional block-level order presented in previous works. This processing order allows a better exploration of the parallelism in the filtering process by reducing data dependencies in comparison to other works. The proposed sample-level order allows four parallel and independent samples filtering simultaneously, completing one complete macroblock filtering in fewer cycles and requiring less memory space than the related works. The proposed filtering order can be applied to the Deblocking Filter presented in a conventional H.264/AVC encoder or decoder and to the H.264/SVC interlayer Deblocking Filter. When compared to the original H.264/AVC filter and to the best related work found in the literature, the proposed scheme achieves a reduction of 72% and 25% in the number of clock cycles and a memory usage decrease of 75% and 43%, respectively.
Inappropriate Use of Gastric Acid Suppression Therapy in Hospitalized Patients with Clostridium difficile—Associated Diarrhea: A Ten-Year Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Rashid Sadat , Rajan Dhyan , Iqbal Javed , Lipka Seth , Jacob Robin , Zilberman Valeria , Shah Mitanshu , Mustacchia Paul
Published: June 2012

Purpose. The incidence of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) has steadily increased over the past decade. A multitude of factors for this rise in incidence of CDAD have been postulated, including the increased use of gastric acid suppression therapy (GAST). Despite the presence of practice guidelines for use of GAST, studies have demonstrated widespread inappropriate use of GAST in hospitalized patients. We performed a retrospective analysis of inpatients with CDAD, with special emphasis placed on determining the appropriateness of GAST. Methods. A retrospective analysis was conducted at a multidisciplinary teaching hospital on inpatients with CDAD over a 10-year period. We assessed the use of GAST in the cases of CDAD. Data collection focused on the appropriate administration of GAST as defined by standard practice guidelines. Results. An inappropriate indication for GAST was not apparent in a majority (69.4%) of patients with CDAD. The inappropriate use of GAST was more prevalent in medical (86.1%) than on surgical services (13.9%) (P<0.001). There were more cases (67.6%) of inappropriate use of GAST in noncritical care than in critical care areas (37.4%) (P<0.001). Conclusion. Our study found that an inappropriate use of inpatient GAST in patients with CDAD was nearly 70 percent. Reduction of inappropriate use of GAST may be an additional approach to reduce the risk of CDAD and significantly decrease patient morbidity and healthcare costs.
Epileptogenesis: Can the Science of Epigenetics Give Us Answers?
Authors: Lubin Farah D.
Published: June 2012

Epigenetic mechanisms are regulatory processes that control gene expression changes involved in multiple aspects of neuronal function, including central nervous system development, synaptic plasticity, and memory. Recent evidence indicates that dysregulation of epigenetic mechanisms occurs in several human epilepsy syndromes. Despite this discovery of a potential role for epigenetic mechanisms in epilepsy, few studies have fully explored their contribution to the process of epilepsy development known as epileptogenesis. The purpose of this article is to discuss recent findings suggesting that the process of epileptogenesis may alter the epigenetic landscape, affecting the gene expression patterns observed in epilepsy. Future studies focused on a better characterization of these aberrant epigenetic mechanisms hold the promise of revealing novel treatment options for the prevention and even the reversal of epilepsy.
Staged Liposuction with Subsequent Abdominoplasty for the Large Female Patient
Authors: Avellanet Yaniris R. , English Jim
Published: June 2012

Liposuction and abdominoplasty are the 2 most common surgical techniques used to enhance the abdominal/flank area today. Because most, if not all, of the patients at our facility want the flattest tummy and smallest waist possible, we treat larger patients who desire abdominal enhancement, if they are appropriate candidates, with staged liposuction followed by subsequent full abdominoplasty at 4 to 6 months. Liposuction offers the advantages of midepigastric and flank improvement while preserving adequate vascularity in preparation for full abdominoplasty. Staging the 2 procedures minimizes the risks associated with anesthesia in a prolonged surgery. This case series is presented as an alternative technique of staging liposuction with subsequent abdominoplasty for obese patients who are seeking abdominal enhancement and for cosmetic surgeons who still prefer to perform a traditional abdominoplasty, maximizing the postoperative cosmetic results while minimizing all possible associated operative risks. To our knowledge, there is no described technique in the literature on staging liposuction with abdominoplasty in larger female patients.
Clinical Effects of Noninvasive Ultrasound Therapy for Circumferential Reduction
Authors: Atluri Pratha , Barone Frank , Cervone Joseph , Chavez Lauren , Davis George , DiLaurao Marie , Kang David , Kang Lisa , LaRoche Elizabeth , Samuels Julene , Ting William , Tomcik Michael , Zieg Paul M.
Published: June 2012

Introduction:

Conventional body contouring techniques such as liposuction, although now far less invasive, still require extended periods of recuperation and the use of compression garments. Several noninvasive techniques for soft tissue, adipose, and dermal treatment have been reported in the literature as also producing circumferential measurement reductions in patients. These results can now be correlated to evidence-based scientific methodology versus anecdotal reports.

Materials and Methods:

Patients were treated using the VASER Shape (Sound Surgical Technologies, Louisville, Colo) as part of routine practice. Circumferential measurements were made before and after treatments.

Results:

Two hundred and four patients were treated in 741 treatment sessions at 12 centers in the United States beginning in June 2010. When measured immediately after treatment, the patients experienced a 0.8-in circumferential reduction in the abdomen and a 0.5-in reduction on the thighs. Circumferential reduction continued over the course of treatments, resulting in reductions of more than 2-in and 1-in, respectively, in the abdomen and thighs. In no cases were any analgesics or anesthesia provided to patients before or during treatment. In general, the patients reported that the treatment was pleasant and felt warm but not uncomfortable. After treatment, patients were able to continue with their normal daily routines. Patients reacted positively to the procedure and the immediacy of results, and many reported that their clothes fit better when they dressed after treatment. In addition to circumferential measurement changes, patients also reported the sensation of feeling tighter in the treated area and that the treated areas had smoother skin.

Conclusions:

The VASER Shape system presents a novel approach to achieving immediate circumferential measurement reduction noninvasively with no patient downtime.
Labia Majora Lifting: Aesthetic and Functional Solution for Hypertrophy and/or Flaccidity of Labia Majora
Authors: Pardo Jack , Solà Vicente , Ricci Paolo
Published: June 2012

Introduction:

During recent years many women have been searching for an improvement in the appearance of their vulva. We present our experience to evaluate the efficiency and safety of lifting of labia majora and evaluate the level of satisfaction with the surgical technique.

Materials and Methods:

Between March 2004 and June 2011, a total of 60 patients diagnosed with flaccidity and/or hypertrophy of labia majora were selected for surgery at the Urogynecology and Vaginal Surgery Unit in Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile. The patients were asked to assess the results of surgery in terms of the degree of satisfaction with the obtained results.

Results:

The primary indication for surgery was aesthetic factors (100%); 20 patients also considered functional factors (33%), and only 6 women (10%) also considered psychologic factors. For aesthetic reasons, hypertrophy and flaccidity were the primary indication, less frequent were asymmetry and previous scars. During the early postoperative period 6.7% of women had a minimal suture dehiscence with spontaneous resolution. A total of 80% of the women were very satisfied, 15% were satisfied, and 5% were unsatisfied. Four patients presented cellulitis (6.7%).

Conclusions:

According to our experience, the lifting labioplasty of labia majora is a feasible, safe, and effective surgical procedure, with aesthetic results and high levels of satisfaction in patients.
Fat Tissue Embolism following Fat Transfer
Authors: Shiffman Melvin A.
Published: June 2012

Complications of autologous fat transfer (injection) include fat tissue embolization from injection in the glabellar and nasal regions. A rare complication is fat tissue e mbolization to the lung. The author reviews the literature of fat tissue embolization and reports a new case of embolization to the lung from fat transfer to the buttocks. The arterial and venous anatomy is discussed and the mechanisms of embolization are described.
Diagnosis and Management of Areolar Ischemia
Authors: Wang Patrick , Nuveen Erik J.
Published: June 2012

Transient areolar ischemia occurs as a consequence of all breast lift/reduction procedures. Most commonly, it results in no complications or cosmetic consequences. Prolonged or more moderate ischemia results in cutaneous edema and epidermolysis in approximately 5–11% of patients. Complete full-thickness areolar necrosis has been reported to occur in approximately 0.5–7.3% of all cases of cosmetic, oncologic, or reconstructive breast surgery. Despite this unavoidable fact, there does not appear to be any literature focused on the diagnosis and management of this well-documented complication. We present this paper as a review of the current literature and as a way to establish a standard of management of areolar ischemia and necrosis.
Vaginal Rejuvenation: An In-Depth Look at the History and Technical Procedure
Authors: Kent Dolores , Pelosi Marco Antonio
Published: June 2012

This article is a comprehensive review of the pelvic cosmetic procedure, vaginal rejuvenation. The review covers the inception, evolution, and challenges involved with the operation. Comparison with the classic procedures from which it was derived as well as similar current procedures designed for pelvic organ prolapse are covered. Indications, patient selection, expected outcomes, and technical aspects of the operation itself are addressed.
Biophysical Basics of Body Treatments: Is Hyaluronan a Link That Has Gone Unnoticed?
Authors: Kruglikov Ilja L.
Published: June 2012

Some biophysical basics of body contouring procedures are discussed. The treatment options are reanalyzed from the modern viewpoint on fat tissue pathophysiology.
Contouring of Long Face Deformity by Structure Lipofilling
Authors: Ali Ahmed , Aboalatta Hossam , Salah Mohamed Amin , Safe Ikram Ibrahium
Published: June 2012

Long face may be a part of craniofacial syndrome, which can be corrected by reduction osteotomies. However, nonsyndromic long face appearance or elongated face is a common compliant that usually results from loss of the facial fat foundation due to weight loss in some individuals or familial traits in others. In this study, lipofilling or structure fat grafting of the different aesthetic zones of the face was used to contour and create well-balanced facial dimensions. The study included 84 female patients with nonsyndromic long face deformity. Structure lipofilling was performed according to the standard technique of Coleman. The width of the face was measured at 3 transverse dimensions: transzygomatic, transtemporal, and transbuccal. With an average follow-up period of 1 year, there was an increase in the transverse facial dimensions, with increased width/height facial index. More than 91% of the patients were satisfied with the results. The study concluded that long face deformity due to volume deficiency after weight loss can be corrected by lipofilling, which restores the contour with balanced facial dimensions.
The Stab Incision Procedure for Upper Eyelid Medial Fat Pad Removal
Authors: Barbarino Sheila Chang , Wu Allan , Morrow David Martin
Published: June 2012

Introduction:

Traditionally, surgeons have made a horizontal incision the entire length of the upper eyelid to reach the medial fat pad and remove it. Performing that incision and subsequent dissection bilaterally is a time-consuming procedure. Merely performing a 3- to 4-mm oblique stab incision to gain direct, immediate access to the medial fat pad for removal is a safe, time-efficient, minimally invasive procedure with a far smaller scar.

Materials and Methods:

Under local anesthesia, a no. 11 blade is used to perform the 3- to 4-mm stab incision through skin, muscle, and septum to gain access to the medial fat pad. The fat pad is meticulously and gingerly teased out using cotton tip applications, and a hemostat to spread tissues and clamp excessive fat for excision and cauterization. The skin is closed with interrupted 6–0 nylon sutures.

Results:

The authors have performed 979 of these procedures (bilateral) with extremely high patient satisfaction rates during a 10-year period. A total of 15 patients requested more medial fat to be removed. Intralesional steroids were used in 10 patients to treat mild hypertrophic scarring where the incision site was made, which favorably resolved. The average length of time of the procedure was less than 15 minutes.

Conclusions:

The stab incision procedure for upper medial fat pad removal is a safe, effective, and more time-efficient procedure when only removing the medial fat pad than the traditional upper blepharoplasty.
Language‐Trained Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Delay Gratification by Choosing Token Exchange Over Immediate Reward Consumption
Authors: BERAN MICHAEL J. , EVANS THEODORE A.
Published: June 2012

Token exchange inherently introduces an element of delay between behavior and reward and so token studies may help us better understand delay of gratification and self‐control. To examine this possibility, we presented three language‐trained chimpanzees with repeated choices involving different foods that could be eaten immediately or lexigram (graphic symbol) tokens that represented (and could be traded for) foods later. When both options were foods, chimpanzees always chose more preferred foods over less preferred foods. When both options were lexigram tokens representing those same foods, performance remained the same as chimpanzees selected the higher value token and then traded it for food. Then, when faced with choosing a token that could be traded later or choosing a food item that could be eaten immediately, most chimpanzees learned to make whatever response led to the more preferred food. They did this even when that meant selecting a high value lexigram token that could be traded only 2 to 3 min later instead of a medium value, but immediately available, food item. Thus, chimpanzees flexibly selected tokens even though such selections necessarily delayed gratification and required forgoing immediately available food. This finding illustrates the utility of symbolic token exchange for assessing self‐control in nonhuman animals. Am. J. Primatol. 74:864‐870, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Application of dual‐function microgels in ultraviolet/thermal dual‐cure clear coats
Authors: Noh Seung Man , Min Jaekyu , Lee Jae Woo , Jung Hyun Wook , Park Jong Myung
Published: June 2012

Hydroxyl‐functional nanosized microgels were synthesized by nonaqueous dispersion polymerization with caprolactone‐modified hydroxyethyl acrylate as a stabilizer and 1,6‐hexanediol diacrylate as a crosslinker. The dual‐function microgels were prepared by the reaction of the hydroxyl groups of the microgel with isocyanatoethyl methacrylate for use in a UV/thermal dual‐cure process. The synthesized microgels were identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering. The effects of the addition of the microgels on the rheological properties, curing behavior, and film properties were also investigated. The addition of the microgels resulted in a lower viscosity and shear thinning behavior in the coating solution. The glass‐transition temperature of the cured films decreased with the addition of the microgels because of the flexible functional stabilizer chain that could participate in UV and thermal crosslinking. The scratch resistance of the cured coating also increased because of the increased ductility of the film caused by the soft microgel. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2012
Crater formation mechanism on the surface of a biaxially oriented polypropylene film
Authors: Tamura Satoshi , Takino Koichi , Yamada Toshiro , Kanai Toshitaka
Published: June 2012

Biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) films are used in a variety of areas around the world. They are especially well suited for food packaging and industrial usages because of their high productivity. Many studies on the stretchability with regard to crystal structure changes have been reported by various researchers because the machine speed has been increasing and the demand to produce thinner films has been becoming more important. Furthermore, a number of studies on the surface structure of BOPP films with craterlike roughnesses have been reported since the 1980s. Although a craterlike surface roughness was formed under specific film process conditions, the formation mechanism and the controlling method of the craterlike film surface are yet to be clarified. In this report, we demonstrated a new hypothesis for the craterlike film surface roughness formation mechanism by analyzing the morphology of the surface layer of polypropylene (PP) sheets and by investigating the relationship between the surface structural changes and the changes in the entire structure. As a result, we found that an overcritical crystallization time was needed to form the crater on the surface of the BOPP film, and the crater formation mechanism was closely related not only to the surface structure changes but also to the deformation phenomenon of the spherulite in the PP sheet during stretching. Furthermore, this report shows the controlling factors in the formation of the crater structure from the viewpoint of the production conditions. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2012
Development of a DOPO‐containing melamine epoxy hardeners and its thermal and flame‐retardant properties of cured products
Authors: Xiong Yuanqin , Jiang Zhuojuan , Xie Yanyan , Zhang Xuyong , Xu Weijian
Published: June 2012

In this study, a novel Schiff base of melamine used as flame‐retardant curing agent for epoxy resins, was synthesized via condensation reaction of 4‐hydroxybenzaldehyde with melamine, followed by the addition of 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphen‐anthrene 10‐oxide (DOPO) to the resulting imine linkage. The structure of DOPO‐containing melamine Schiff base (P‐MSB) was characterized by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, 1H‐nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR) and 31P‐NMR. The compound (P‐MSB) was used as a reactive flame retardant in o‐cresol formaldehyde novolac epoxy resin (CNE) to prepare flame‐retardant epoxy resins for electronic application. The thermal and flame‐retardant properties of the epoxy resins cured by various equivalent ratios phenol formaldehyde novolac (PN) and P‐MSB were investigated by the nonisothermal differential scanning calorimetry, the thermogravimetric analysis, and limiting oxygen index test. The obtained results showed that the cured epoxy resins possessed high Tg (165°C) and good thermal stability (T5%, 321°C). Moreover, the P‐MSB/CNE systems exhibited higher limiting oxygen index (35) and more char was maintained in P‐MSB/CNE systems than that in PN/CNE system and the effective synergism of phosphorus–nitrogen indicated their excellent flame retardancy. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Revisiting the IISS Small‐Gain Theorem through Transient Plus ISS Small‐Gain Regulation
Authors: Ito Hiroshi , Freeman Randy A. , Chaillet Antoine
Published: June 2012

Recently, the small‐gain theorem for input‐to‐state stable (ISS) systems has been extended to the class of integral input‐to‐state stable (iISS) systems. Feedback connections of two iISS systems are robustly stable with respect to disturbance if an extended small‐gain condition is satisfied. It has been proved that at least one of the two iISS subsystems needs to be ISS for guaranteeing globally asymptotic stability and iISS of the overall system. Making use of this necessary condition for the stability, this paper gives a new interpretation to the iISS small gain theorem as transient plus ISS small‐gain regulation. The observation provides useful information for designing and analyzing nonlinear control systems based on the iISS small‐gain theorem.
Switched Second‐Order Sliding Mode Control with Partial Information: Theory and Application
Authors: Tanelli Mara , Ferrara Antonella
Published: June 2012

This paper proposes a novel switched second order sliding mode (S‐SOSM) control strategy in a partial information setting, i.e., when only the sliding variable is accessible for measurements. Such a control approach allows one to deal with systems characterised by different levels of uncertainties associated with different regions of the state space and to accommodate different control objectives in the different regions by switching among appropriate SOSM controllers. The proposed approach is shown to ensure global finite‐time convergence to the origin of the closed‐loop system trajectory. The braking control of two‐wheeled vehicles is considered as a case‐study to test the controller performance.
Periodically Time‐Varying Memory State‐Feedback for Robust H2 Control of Uncertain Discrete‐Time Linear Systems
Authors: Ebihara Yoshio
Published: June 2012

This study is concerned with the synthesis of periodically time‐varying memory state‐feedback controllers (PTVMSFCs) for discrete‐time linear systems. In our preceding studies, we have already established a solid theoretical basis for linear matrix inequality (LMI)‐based (robust) H
∞‐PTVMSFCs synthesis, and the goal of this paper is to extend those results to the H
2 performance criterion. In the H
2 case, the main difficulty stems from the fact that we have to ensure the existence of common auxiliary variables for multiple LMI conditions that are related to the Lyapunov inequality and the inequalities for bounding traces that characterize the H
2 norm. We can overcome this difficulty and derive a necessary and sufficient LMI condition for the optimal H
2‐PTVMSFC synthesis. On the basis of this result, we also consider robust H
2‐PTVMSFC synthesis for LTI systems with parametric uncertainties.
Dynamic Output Feedback Disturbance Rejection Controller Design
Authors: Chang Jeang‐Lin
Published: June 2012

This paper considers the problem of simultaneously estimating the state and the unknown disturbance of a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) disturbed system, and designs the disturbance rejection controller according to the estimated information. Through use of a sliding mode observer to obtain the relation between the unknown disturbance and the system state, the original system is transformed into descriptor system form and the proportional derivative observer proposed to simultaneously estimate the state and the unknown disturbance. The estimation error is shown to be finally bounded in a small region. The controller algorithm developed in this paper can effectively avoid the peaking phenomenon. Finally, the feasibility and the performance of the proposed method are analyzed and demonstrated with a simulated example.
Multilayer Minimum Projection Method with Singular Point Assignment for Nonsmooth Control Lyapunov Function Design
Authors: Nakamura Hisakazu , Nakamura Nami
Published: June 2012

Control Lyapunov function (CLF) design on a manifold is a difficult problem in control theory. To address this problem, we have proposed the multilayer minimum projection method. The method requires CLFs on different manifolds from the manifold where the control problem is defined. In this paper, we relax the requirement by desingularization of the functions on the manifolds.

The paper focuses on the problem of desingularization in the multilayer minimum projection method. We show that the functions on other manifolds need not be CLFs by consideration of desingularization. Moreover, we propose a CLF design method by singular point assignment based on the advantage of desingularization. The method enables us to merge local CLFs into the global CLF.

This paper proposes two CLF design methods: desingularization and singular point assignment. A CLF design example is provided for each method; the advantages of the proposed methods are confirmed by those two examples.
A comparison of absolute and relative changes in precipitation in multimodel climate projection
Authors: Baker Noel C. , Huang Huei‐Ping
Published: June 2012

This study compares two methods of multimodel averaging for the future projection of precipitation based on the classically defined absolute and relative climate changes. In the relative change scheme, the multimodel average of the percentage changes in precipitation is multiplied by the observed present climate to form the future projection; this method is equivalent to applying unequal weighting to the absolute change scheme which potentially implies a bias correction. The new scheme and the classical equal weight scheme for the absolute change do not produce radically different large‐scale patterns of the trend in precipitation. Nevertheless, notable differences emerge in regional scales. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Studying the non‐thermal effects of terahertz radiation on E. coli/pKatG‐GFP biosensor cells
Authors: Demidova Elizaveta V. , Goryachkovskaya Tatiana N. , Malup Tatiana K. , Bannikova Svetlana V. , Semenov Artem I. , Vinokurov Nikolay A. , Kolchanov Nikolay A. , Popik Vasiliy M. , Peltek Sergey E.
Published: June 2012

Studies of the impact of terahertz radiation on living objects present a significant interest since its use for security systems is currently considered promising. We studied the non‐thermal impact of terahertz radiation on E. coli/pKatG‐gfp biosensor cells. The Novosibirsk free electron laser (NovoFEL), which currently has the world's highest average and peak power, was used as the source of terahertz radiation. We demonstrated that exposure to terahertz radiation at the wavelengths of 130, 150, and 200 µm and a power of 1.4 W/cm2 induces changes in green fluorescent protein (GFP) fluorescence values and thus induces the expression of GFP in E. coli/pKatG‐gfp biosensor cells. Possible mechanisms of the E. coli response to non‐thermal exposure to terahertz radiation are discussed. Bioelectromagnetics 34:15–21, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Between‐country comparison of whole‐body SAR from personal exposure data in Urban areas
Authors: Joseph Wout , Frei Patrizia , Röösli Martin , Vermeeren Günter , Bolte John , Thuróczy György , Gajšek Peter , Trček Tomaž , Mohler Evelyn , Juhász Péter , Finta Viktoria , Martens Luc
Published: June 2012

In five countries (Belgium, Switzerland, Slovenia, Hungary, and the Netherlands), personal radio frequency electromagnetic field measurements were performed in different microenvironments such as homes, public transports, or outdoors using the same exposure meters. From the mean personal field exposure levels (excluding mobile phone exposure), whole‐body absorption values in a 1‐year‐old child and adult male model were calculated using a statistical multipath exposure method and compared for the five countries. All mean absorptions (maximal total absorption of 3.4 µW/kg for the child and 1.8 µW/kg for the adult) were well below the International Commission on Non‐Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) basic restriction of 0.08 W/kg for the general public. Generally, incident field exposure levels were well correlated with whole‐body absorptions (SARwb), although the type of microenvironment, frequency of the signals, and dimensions of the considered phantom modify the relationship between these exposure measures. Exposure to the television and Digital Audio Broadcasting band caused relatively higher SARwb values (up to 65%) for the 1‐year‐old child than signals at higher frequencies due to the body size‐dependent absorption rates. Frequency Modulation (FM) caused relatively higher absorptions (up to 80%) in the adult male. Bioelectromagnetics 33:682–694, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exposure of the Human Body to Professional and Domestic Induction Cooktops Compared to the Basic Restrictions
Authors: Christ Andreas , Guldimann René , Bühlmann Barbara , Zefferer Marcel , Bakker Jurriaan F. , van Rhoon Gerard C. , Kuster Niels
Published: June 2012

We investigated whether domestic and professional induction cooktops comply with the basic restrictions defined by the International Commission on Non‐Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). Based on magnetic field measurements, a generic numerical model of an induction cooktop was derived in order to model user exposure. The current density induced in the user was simulated for various models and distances. We also determined the exposure of the fetus and of young children. While most measured cooktops comply with the public exposure limits at the distance specified by the International Electrotechnical Commission (standard IEC 62233), the majority exceeds them at closer distances, some of them even the occupational limits. The maximum current density in the tissue of the user significantly exceeds the basic restrictions for the general public, reaching the occupational level. The exposure of the brains of young children reaches the order of magnitude of the limits for the general public. For a generic worst‐case cooktop compliant with the measurement standards, the current density exceeds the 1998 ICNIRP basic restrictions by up to 24 dB or a factor of 16. The brain tissue of young children can be overexposed by 6 dB or a factor of 2. The exposure of the tissue of the central nervous system of the fetus can exceed the limits for the general public if the mother is exposed at occupational levels. This demonstrates that the methodology for testing induction cooktops according to IEC 62233 contradicts the basic restrictions. This evaluation will be extended considering the redefined basic restrictions proposed by the ICNIRP in 2010. Bioelectromagnetics 33:695–705, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electric fields caused by blood flow modulate vascular endothelial electrophysiology and nitric oxide production
Authors: Trivedi Darshan P. , Hallock Kevin J. , Bergethon Peter R.
Published: June 2012

Endothelial cells are exposed to a ubiquitous, yet unexamined electrical force caused by blood flow: the electrokinetic vascular streaming potential (EVSP). In this study, the hypothesis that extremely low frequency (ELF) electric fields parameterized by the EVSP have significant biological effects on endothelial cell properties was studied by measuring membrane potential and nitric oxide production under ELF stimulation between 0 and 2 Hz and 0–6.67 V/m. Using membrane potential and nitric oxide sensitive fluorescent dyes, bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) in culture were studied in the presence and absence of EVSP‐modeled electric fields. The transmembrane potential of BAECs was shown to depolarize between 1 and 7 mV with a strong dependency on both the magnitude and frequency of the isolated ELF field. The findings also support a field interaction with a frequency‐dependent tuning curve. The ELF field complexly modulates the nitric oxide response to adenosine triphosphate stimulation with potentiation seen with up to a sevenfold increase. This potentiation was also frequency and magnitude dependent. An early logarithmic phase of NO production is enhanced in a field strength‐dependent manner, but the ELF field does not modify a later exponential phase. This study shows that using electric fields on the order of those generated by blood flow influences the essential biology of endothelial cells. The inclusion of ELF electric fields in the paradigm of vascular biology may create novel opportunities for advancing both the understanding and therapies for treatment of vascular diseases. Bioelectromagnetics 34:22–30, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.