bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The English Intonation of Native Speakers and Indonesian Learners: a Coniparative Study
Authors: Hewings Martin
Published: March 2007

Comparative studies of the English intonation of native speakers and learners are needed to help inform teachers on what they should teach about English intonation and how they can best teach it. This study compares intonation in parallel recordings of English speech produced by British and Indonesian subjects. Included in the main findings are that the Indonesian subjects produced shorter tone units, more level tones, and selected falling tones in contexts where native speakers selected rising tones. Implications for teaching intonation and suggestions for further research are presented.
Developing a Reading-Based Support Course for Secondary School Students of Physics
Authors: Lee Wai Ying  , Allison Desmond
Published: March 2007

Although recent discussions of second-language reading comprehension suggest that it is more effectively taught and learnt in content-based classes, there have been very few published investigations of comprehension difficulties that students in TESOL settings experience in the course of content-based reading, and relatively few accounts of pedagogic initiatives in this important area. The present exploratory study was motivated by concerns over difficulties that learners of physics in a secondary school setting appeared to encounter in reading, understanding and applying the material in their subject textbook. The study combines a diagnostic phase, in which learners' perceptions of their own reading habits and difficulties are examined, and an implementation phase, which describes how a short course in content area reading was developed, taught and evaluated. The article sets out the main findings of both phases and suggests implications for pedagogy and educational change.
From One Syncretism to Another: Culture of Trance and Charisma of Deliverance
Authors: MARY André
Published: March 2007

The author illustrates alternative forms of syncretic procedure at work in three forms of “trance culture” which act as sources of diagnosis and divine healing for African residents of Gabon today: initiation into prophecy and visionary experience in a syncretic cult (Bwiti); clairvoyance from a minister in an independent African church (Celestial Christianity); charisma of deliverance from exorcizing pastors in Brazilian pentecostal churches. These three figures, examples of African religious hybridization, are not intended to lead to a new typology of syncretisms or to any theological judgement about the Christian or pagan authenticity of the religions. If the term syncretism continues to be applied to certain religions which reject it or is used to single out certain processes which are not the result of simple mixing or addition, it is simply because the ambiguity of these configurations goes along with the productive ambivalence of the symbolic work of initiated prophets, visionaries, or exorcising pastors.
Du vin nouveau dans de vieilles outres: parcours d'un dissident du Christianisme Céleste (Bénin)
Authors: HENRY Christine
Published: March 2007

This case study examines the patterns of dissidence within an independent African church that was deeply scarred by conflicts that accompanied the struggle for the right to succeed the founding prophet. Gontran Marcos is typical of visionary prophets who, in the name of the bitter struggle against sorcery, break with the mother church in order to found their own. But the umbilical cord is seldom completely cut, and the pattern of dissidence and exclusion seen here co-exists easily with more ecumenical strategies, illustrated here by the inter-faith marriage of Marcos.
Model Theoretical Considerations on the Organisation of Urban Pastoral Work
Authors: Golomb E.
Published: March 2007

Le développement du système social « Eglise » en sous- système de la société globale, mène à la question de savoir si l'organisation de la pastorale, qui repose uni quement sur les institutions de la paroisse et du diocèse, est encore valable, ou si l'organisation de la pastorale ne comporte pas également une transformation en accord avec une société globale différenciée. L'auteur envisage un modèle d'organisation par étape pour ajuster la pastorale dans la grande ville.
Le rôle du prêtre dans l'Eglise et la société
Authors: Goddijn Walter
Published: March 2007

With theology on the one hand, and sociology and psychology on the other, cooperation in arriving at some insight into the role of the priest in Church and society, is still inadequate. The author applies the components of the sociological concept of role to the priest, and indicates in which ways conflict situations can develop. He distinguishes between an internal and an external role-conflict. Now, in the period of transition that began with the Council, there is considerable role-uncer tainty among priests. The author concludes with some sugges tions as to a new role-fulfilment of the priest.
The monastic community life in our times
Authors: Goddijn H.P.M.
Published: March 2007

Dans cet article, l'attention est attirée sur la dimension socio logique de la vie monastique de groupe. L'auteur y observe les structures sociales, le processus et les transformations à l'inté rieur des communautés de moines et de moniales. L'étude de cette vie de groupe n'est pas seulement importante d'un point de vue purement scientifique, mais a aussi une valeur pratique à l'heure où, dans la vie contemplative la forme même des groupes demande une adaptation rapide et équilibrée. Cette adaptation est absolument nécessaire pour que ces communau tés monastiques puissent continuer de subsister et pour garantir le recrutement d'une nouvelle génération de moines et de moniales. Une auto-observation sociologique peut apporter une contribution importante dans la solution des nombreux pro blèmes auxquels les ordres monastiques se trouvent momen tanément affrontés ou seront appelés à l'être.
The ex. pastor's message to the Church as an occupational system
Authors: Walters Burch Geneviève
Published: March 2007

Cet article étudie les anciens-pasteurs d'une confession pro testante sur base de données récoltées au moyen de deux questionnaires et d'une étude par interview. Un échantillon au hasard de pasteurs a servi de contrôle.

Plusieurs résultats amènent l'Auteur à examiner l'Eglise comme système professionnel pour les pasteurs. 1) les pas teurs et anciens-pasteurs expriment de la même manière leur insatisfaction envers de nombreux aspects de leur travail ; 2) les anciens-pasteurs se considèrent toujours dans le minis tère ; 3) il y a relativement peu de perte de la foi parmi les anciens pasteurs et 4) les anciens-pasteurs réalisent beaucoup de tâches et de rôles cléricaux dans leur profession.

En tant qu'occupation, le pastorat constitue une partie d'un système plus large : l'Eglise. Le pasteur s'efforce de satisfaire ses besoins professionnels par l'intermédiaire du système. Les données laissent penser que l'Eglise est structurée de telle manière que certains besoins des pasteurs ne sont pas satis faits parfaitement.

1) Les séminaires sont oigoureusement dénoncés par les anciens-pasteurs, comme incapables de les bien préparer au pastorat.

2) Les procédures de nomination sont responsables du dé part de 19 des 132 anciens-pasteurs interviewés. La procé dure de changement de travail est trop lente.

3) En ce qui concerne la satisfaction dans le travail, les pasteurs sont davantage satisfaits que les anciens-pasteurs de l'étroite connection de leur travail avec l'Eglise. Cependant ni les uns ni les autres ne sont satisfaits des activités d'organisa tion et d'administration, bien qu'une majeure partie de leur temps passe dans ces activités.

4) Les pasteurs, comme les anciens-pasteurs, sont mécon tents des laïcs et du travail qu'ils accomplissent dans l'Eglise. C'est surtout chez les anciens-pasteurs que le mécontentement est marqué vis-à-vis de la capacité d'initiative des laïcs.

5) Le bas salaire, les pauvres conditions de travail, le man que de possibilité d'avancement contribuent, quoique rare ment, à donner une raison de quitter le ministère.

6) Un sentiment général d'isolement des collègues de tra vail, spécialement en période de conflit, empêche un senti ment professionnel vigoureux ou le sentiment d'être soutenu par les pairs.

7) Le mécontentement général et les sentiments d'isolement entrainent une tension dans la vie familiale et personnelle, qui ne sont pas toujours à même de résister au fardeau extérieur.
Traditional vs. Modern Trends In Pakistan : A Muslim Society In Transition
Authors: Kanwar Mahfooz A.
Published: March 2007

Pour les musulmans du Pakistan, l'évolution commença bien avant la creation d'un Etat pakistanais. C'est dès le 18e siècle, que Sayyid Ahmad Khan, indien, musulman et moderniste, ouvrit l'ère des réformes; il comptait parmi ses alliés le philo sophe et poète musulman Muhammed Iqbal. Aujourd'hui, Muhammed Ayub Khan, ancien président du pays, et ses par tisans poursuivent le mouvement. La révolution Kémalienne en Turquie et les idécs lancées par le Collège Anglo-Oriental (fondé à Alligarh, en Inde, par Sayyid Ahmad Khan) sont à l'origine du vent de réforme qui souffle sur les musulmans à travers l'Inde. A ces transformations se sont systématiquement opposés les Ulémas, chefs de file des musulmans conservateurs.

Mais les forces internes et externes favorables au change ment ont eu un impact sociologique plus fort que les tendances traditionalistes. On se trouve aujourd'hui devant un Pakistan moderne, fruit de ces transformations. Cette évolution fut en core plus rapide sous le régime révolutionnaire d'Ayub Khan; celui-ci a modernisé l'agriculture, le système judiciaire, l'en seignement et mêmc la famille, en transformant le droit matri monial musulman.

La sécularisation pénètre la culture pakistanaise ; une éduca tion laïque, la monogamic, le divorce civil et la libération de la femme se substituent à l'éducation religieuse, à la polygamie, au divorce religieux et à l'ancien régime du purdah. Un Pakis tan séculier est en train de prendre la place de l'Etat isla mique.
Altérité et identité vues par le psycho-sociologue
Authors: Moles Abraham A. , Grunewald Tamar
Published: March 2007

The paper gives the theoretical background of a Cross- Cultural Study carried out in the Institute of Social Psychology in Strasbourg.

If the fact that Jews are different is an objective one, there must be observable differences in their attitudes and especially in those covert attitudes : the affective meaning of the language in which we express our thoughts.

Using the Semantic Differential technique, Jews and Non- Jews were given the same list of concepts to evaluate with the help of descriptive scales. The analysis of the data provides evidence of the relevant concepts for which the variable Jew/ Non-Jew is determinative, independently from other variables, thus demonstrating the existence of a Jewish specifisity. If the same phenomenon can be observed cross-culturally, we can speak of a Jewish identity.

Using a couple of other techniques which enable us to identify some constants, each of them being a dimension of a configuration space, we could locate the test subjects (J, J, J,... Jn for Jews and NJ, NJ, NJ,... NJ n for Non-Jews) and then measure the distance between the two main clusters, which we identify as the Judaicity factor.
Thérapie et changement social dans les Eglises urbaines d'Afrique du Sud1
Authors: West Martin
Published: March 2007

The following article is a part of a larger piece of research on the independent Churches in South Africa which was an analysis of the therapeutic role of these Churches in the Soviet region.

The research outlines the principal types of therapeutic practice undertaken in these Churches and goes on to a detailed analysis of the relationship which is established between the « prophets » and the invalids who consult them. The article puts particular emphasis on the element of power which exists in the relationship which is established between the religious prophet and the sick person he is treating ; the reason why the prophet achieves more influence over the patient than the doctor lies in the fact that the prophet appears to be able to explain the illness and give it meaning.

In conclusion, the article attempts to analyse the reasons why this type of church continues to exist ; part of the answer seems to lie in the fact that their structures are flexible enough to allow them to respond to the needs produced by rapid urban development.
Some Observations on the Religious Festivals, Village Rituals and the Religiosity of the Sinhala Rural Folk in the N.C.P. Ceylon
Authors: Pathirana-Wimaladharma Kapila
Published: March 2007

Le peuple rural singhalais, comme tout autre monde paysan traditionnel, célèbre une série de fêtes prescrites par sa reli gion. Certains rituels collectifs, quoiqu'ils ne soient pas sou tenus par la tradition orthodoxe, font néanmoins partie inté grante de la religion vécue du village.

Une enquête sur les comportements religieux du peuple rural confronté aux processus du déueloppement fut menée à trois endroits choisis dans la région sèche de Ceylan. Les indicateurs du comportement reliqieux retenus furent : le nom bre de jours de travail sacrifiés, le montant des dépenses effectuées et le taux de participation.

Les résultats de l'enquête montrent que le développement n'a pas en lui-même d'impact explicite sur la religiosité du paysan traditionnel. Les degrés différents des sacricifes finan ciers et des taux de participation selon les trois localités sont expliqués principalement par des circonstances économiques particulières et l'environnement écologique spécifique.

Cependant, les chanqements économiques accompaqnant la modernisation et le développement ont opéré un glissement dans les significations données jusqu'ici aux fêtes et aux rites traditionnels. Ccrtaines assemblées religieuses sont transfor mées en commémorations nationales ou en expressions de la culture paysanne. Les anciens rituels continuent donc d'être accomplis (souvent dans des versions abrégées) tandis que les positions doctrinales sont réinterprétées en vue de s'acco moder avec le nouvel environnement économique.

Cette ingénuité sur le plan des rationalisations est par venu à accorder la religion au développement dans le cadre de la société aqrairc contemporaine à Ceylan.
The « Rural Civilization » Structure of an « Ideology for Consent »
Authors: Guizzardi Gustavo
Published: March 2007

Cet article analyse, au cours des trente dernières années, les mécanismes du consensus créé et entretenu par l'Eglise catholique — et spécialement par les souverains pontifes — dans le domaine spécifique que constitue la culture de la « civilisation paysanne ».
Perspective anthropologique sur un mouvement religieux actuel
Authors: Doutreloux Albert , Degive Colette
Published: March 2007

This article attempts, first of all, from an epistemological and methodological viewpoint, to transcend the dilemma posed by the so-called participant observation method as it is applied to groups which are constituted around a particular ideology : one must either adopt the ideology in question and lack objec tivity, or maintain distance towards the ideology and imperil the group's existence.

The article continues by showing the functioning of some charismatic renewal groups within Belgian Catholicism. The a priori systematization of every reality and all discourse that occur within these groups blocks the symbolic process upon which the movement justifies its existence. Consequently, the movement which presents itself as innovating and renovating is caught up in a structure which imposes its stereotypes upon the guilt-ridden adherents. The Charismatic renewal thus be comes an instrument of conservatism and of the demobili zation of certain dynamic movements induced in Catholicism after Vatican II.
Islam et structures sociales chez les immigrés Soninké en France
Authors: Hames Constant
Published: March 2007

In spite of the fact that Islam represents the second largest religious community in France, as a result of the African Muslim immigration, we do not know anything about its dif ferent national components, nor about the reactions or the transformations it undergoes in a foreign country.

This article presents a few elements of a survey devoted to the case of the Mauritanian Soninké. The author emphasizes the relationship which exists between religion and a certain social category, the moodi, i.e. those who are depositaries of religious knowledge. Religious action is seen under two aspects : Muslim teaching as it is provided by the moodi, on the one hand, and certain magic practices which claim to be attached more or less to Islam, on the other. While the latter practices enjoy the possibility of being spread through im migration, the teaching nevertheless continues to be given in the context of the homes that are provided for the immigrants. As a result, Islam seems to be advancing amidst the soninké immigration, except for the practices of ramadân. This is due not only to the permanent character of the soninké social structures which are reproduced during immigration — the moodi continue to play their role, but also to a shift in Muslim values, which tend to identify themselves with the sociological essence of the community which confronts a French society perceived as a danger for the soninké identity.
The West German Discussion of Max Weber's Sociology of Religion since the 1960s
Authors: Seyfarth Constans
Published: March 2007

Cette étude part de la constatation qu'il n'existe pour ainsi dire aucune discussion bien fondée de la sociologie de la religion défendue par Weber. Il manque avant tout des recherches empiriques. Et ce n'est pas moins vrai pour la thèse sur le protestantisme.
Is Religion Incidental ? Religiousness of the West German Worker
Authors: Schmieder Arnold
Published: March 2007

Les recherches empiriques publiées en Allemagne de l'Ouest à propos de la conscience ouvrière n'ont pas exploré de façon très approfondie, au cours de ces dernières années, la question de la religiosité des travailleurs. Ceci ne constitue toutefois pas l'indice d'une lacune des programmes de recherche. Cela peut tout simplement signifier que le phénomène de la religio sité, comme contenu de la conscience ouvrière, ne présente qu'une pertinence minime.
Nathan Söderblom: un réformateur religieux?
Authors: Baubérot Jean
Published: March 2007

The lutheran Archbishop of Uppsala, Nathan Söderblom, (1866-1931) was the founder of the oecumenical movement "Life and Work". Popular rumour says that he was at one and the same time "priest and prophet". Without being able to give sociologi cal authority to such a judgement, the author feels that there are same analogies between Söderblom's "life and work" and Weber's ideal-type of the prophet. There is an approximate ana logy between Söderblom's revivalist "conversion" and prophetic personal revelation, between the unitary vision at the origin of the "life and work" movement and the laying down of new norms by the prophet. There is also an analogy, although less clear, between the Archbishop of Uppsala's relationship with money and charis matic economy. Finally, there is an analogy between Söderblom's transcendence of his institutional power and usurpation of power characteristic of the prophet. Jean Baubérot thinks that Söder blom's case can help us to construct an ideal-type which is at one and the same time distinct from that of the prophet, and in some ways close to it: that of the religious reformer. The latter would succeed in articulating a comparatively channeled personal cha risma and a comparatively deviated functional charisma.
Sketch for a Theory of Conservative Protestant Politics
Authors: Wallis Roy , Bruce Steve
Published: March 2007

Dans cette analyse exploratoire des rapports entre le protestan tisme conservateur et la politique, les Auteurs commencent par iden tifier des cas forts, faibles et intermédiaires de l'impact du protestantisme sur la politique. Ils suggèrent que ces différents mo dèles d'impact peuvent être compris dans les termes de: a) la for mation initiale d'une culture socio-religieuse; b) les changements ultérieurs au sein de cette culture en relation avec l'immigration, la sécularisation et l'accomodation de l'Église vis-à-vis de I'État; c) la structure de la politique et des media dans la société en vironnante.
Dissidence religieuse dans le milieu rural mexicain
Authors: Bastian Jean-Pierre
Published: March 2007

Mexican anthropologists and ethnologists have maintained that the rapid spread of protestant sects in the country can be explai ned as the avant-garde of an alleged ideological penetration of North American imperialism. In this article, the author shows that this is not at all the case, by basing his argument on fieldwork car ried out in various places in the south of the country where, accor ding to the last population census, the percentage of the overall population which is protestant is highest. Mexican protestantisms are predominantly rural, and their spread can be explained by their ability to ensure continuity with the magical-religious symbollic uni verse, by incorporating and reviving healing practices in particu lar. Moreover, the sectors which adopt the new credo do so with the aim of mounting political resistance to the traditional caciques which have been able to maintain control over catholic symbollic practices (system of ritual duties and feast-days), in order to more effectively secure a rapid accumulation of capital for themselves, as areas with a traditional economy are gradually integrated into the market economy. Protestantisms therefore represent a politi cal refusal to submit to the caciques, and make it possible to struc ture an autonomous organization and to break the dominant social relations.
Religion et société dans 1'histoire de 1'Espagne
Authors: Urbina Fernando , Sanchez José
Published: March 2007

This work is a collaboration between José Sánchez and Fer nando Urbina. José Sdnchez is the author of the first part, which analizes the relation between catholicism and society in the « short period» of modern history (Centuries XIX and XX) -conflictive period, during which Spain enters modernism, from the fall of the old regime up to the civil war and the transition to democracy-, Fernando Urbina is responsible for the second part which traces an outline on the « long period» of popular religiousness. Both have collaborated in the reasoning and resolution of the subject; presenting the general diachronic frame of historic time, in which the most synchronic and present arguments of the other articles within this piece, must be situated.
Religion, Solidarity and Class Struggle. Marx, Durkheim and Gramsci on the Religion Question
Authors: Mansueto Anthony
Published: March 2007

L'Auteur reprend les apports de Marx, Durkheim et Gramsci sur la question religieuse. Cette étude explore le rôle de la religion dans la lutte pour le socialisme, tel qu'il est compris par ces auteurs. L'Auteur avance l'idée que, contrairement à ce que pen sait Marx, la conscience religieuse et la solidarité qu'elle crée, sont essentielles pour la construction d'une société sans classes et que la sécularisation, qui promeut une éthique individualiste et mili taire, inhibe en fait aussi bien l'émergence de mouvements socia listes de masse et les tâches de la construction socialiste.
Economie et religion: les cas de Communion et Libération
Authors: ABBRUZZESE Salvatore
Published: March 2007

The Catholic movement Communion and Liberation is characterized by a determination to be represented in contemporary society which leads to major economic involvement. Religious belonging is not just a reference point orientating individual values, but above all represents their impetus towards a new life, productive of economic and social works. This perspective impels this group to an economic activism which exceeds the need for simple self-financing. This approach brings a rationalization of volunteerism to the fore, as well as a valorization of members' professional competence. This activism is not achieved without compromise with the political system. In fact, the latter profits greatly from its controlling power over public financing for new businesses, cultural associations and non-governmental associations in order to reinforce its electoral consensus. For this reason, analysis of the rapport between economy and religion leads us, in the case of the Communion and Liberation movement, to the heart of the conflictual rapport between the evangelization of souls and the power of political institutions.
Rome ne fut pas bâtie en un jour. Le modèle des “cités” selon Boltanski et Thévenot et le débat sur les droits et la religion en Flandre
Authors: JACOBS Dirk
Published: March 2007

On 30 May 1994 Pope John Paul II declared that the discussion on ordaining women was “definitively” closed. Women could not become priests, the Vatican repeated for the “very last” time. This event stimulated an unprecedented commotion in the Flemish (Belgian) Catholic community. The laity voluntarily working in the Church even threatened to strike. The debate on feminism and human rights within the Roman Catholic Church erupted more fiercely than ever before. The laity's reaction was astonishingly radical and the bishops tried to hold a position in between the displeased Catholics and the Vatican. An analysis of the debates held on these issues in the Flemish newspapers shows that the human rights discourse and the Vatican doctrine are worlds apart. Nevertheless, progressive Catholics are trying to create a new discourse that is able to combine both perspectives. In the article the interrelations between the several discourses are discussed, using the “commonwealth model” of Boltanski and Thévenot. It is argued that their model is useful, but inadequate, because of the lack of attention to power and its ahistoricism.
Les “sectes” vues par les “religions”: le discours médiatique des prêtres et des pasteurs en Argentine
Authors: FRIGERIO Alejandro
Published: March 2007

On the basis of “labelling theory” hypotheses and the constructivist perspective to social problems, the author analyses the way certain actors contribute to lending non-traditional religious behaviours a label of deviance. This strategy aims at mobilizing forces designed to place obstacles in the path of their adversaries' actions, while favouring their own. The author examines opinions concerning sects broadcast in Argentinian media by Catholic priests, evangelical pastors or those belonging to other historical Protestant churches, with a view to establishing their role in the process of defining religious deviation by ratifying—or opposing—the hegemonic interpretation proposed by local organizations opposed to sects. The media profiles of ministers of these three religious groups alter proportionately as the controversy unfolds and in function of the legitimacy acquired by the various actors involved.
Pour une sociologie des conversions: lorsque des Européens deviennent musulmans
Authors: ALLIEVI Stefano
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author attempts to define religious conversion, beginning with the classical approaches and underlining their limitations, up until the most recent theoretical developments. In particular, he attempts to interpret conversion phenomena on the basis of concepts of religious demand and supply. Sociological thinking in this area has concentrated on demand, searching for a causal explanation of conversions. This approach has proved unsatisfactory, and “causal” theories have often been contradicted by empirical observation. The author therefore tries to construct an interpretative model taking into account “offer” and its specificity as a factor in conversion. From this perspective, he outlines some elements of what Islam has to offer, using evidence from a longitudinal research project, and assesses the role played by these benefits in achieving conversions.
Choosing Islam: a Study of Swedish Converts
Authors: SULTÁN Madeleine
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the conversion of Swedes to Islam from an individual perspective. Conversion is understood as a process comprising different phases. During this process the religious identity is gradually formed. One phase of the conversion process is that people feel attracted by certain thoughts and lifestyles in the religion in question. For converts in Sweden two spheres of attraction may be distinguished. One is the conception of an essential womanhood and manhood as well as of the patriarchal nuclear family. The other is the idea of a stable system of norms (above all on private morality) and the idea of Islam as the objective truth. Later in the process of conversion is the reformulation phase. Converts have begun to change their thoughts, feelings and patterns of behaviour, particularly through conflicts and at the beginning of the process when earlier experiences are devalued and the new context is idealized. It is, however, paradoxical that the features that originally attracted the converts are later seen as sources of conflict.
Le Suisse converti à l'islam: émergence d'un nouvel acteur social
Authors: SETTA El-Houari
Published: March 2007

The author investigates Swiss converts to Islam, speculating about their future among Muslims in Switzerland, in particular among militant Muslims. The author attempts, first, to establish a typology of the paths of conversion to Islam; and, second, to assess the field of action in which converts operate. While Swiss converts actively promote the visibility of Islam and are happy to assume the role of spokespeople for the “Muslim community”, the author questions their ability to supplant those born into the faith in the management of Islam and of its public image.
Imagined Communities and Self-identity: An Exploratory Quantitative Analysis
Authors: Phillips Tim
Published: March 2007

The proliferation of quantitative studies of national and other macro-level we-images points to a growing sociological interest in the contribution of imagined communities to self-identity. However, these studies have tended to present an oversimplified picture of this cultural phenomenon, relying on essentialist, one-dimensional and non-divisible conceptions of the social self. It is the contention of this paper that important clues for clarifying the less developed approaches to self-identity that feature in such quantitative work can be found in Benedict Anderson's landmark analysis of imagined communities. Anderson's treatment of this topic is used to sensitize a survey analysis of self-identification with large-scale geographic units among contemporary Australians. Findings from the investigation highlight a neglect in emerging quantitative research on self-attachment to imagined communities of (i) the plural sources, multi-dimensional nature and divisible character of self-identity, and (ii) the complex ways in which different layers of self-identity interlock to shape social attitudes.
Chemical Damage in Wool
Authors: Houff Wm. H. , Wills C.J. , Beaumont R.H.
Published: March 2007

The changes in the stress-strain properties of wet wool fibers upon exposure to solutions of varying alkalinities are reported. Cystine-lanthionine ratios found in these samples as interpreted from paper chromatogrms are compared with changes in stress- strain properties. The presence of lanthionine m wool boiled in a solution at pH = 4.5 and in wool exposed to temperatures of 150° C. under atmospheric conditions is noted.
A Hydrogen Bonding Mechanism for the Permanent Setting of Wool Fibers
Authors: Farnworth A.J.
Published: March 2007

It is shown that wool fibers in which the cystine linkages have been permanently broken can be given a set in boiling water equal to that of normal fibers. Set imparted by water or steam can be released by further treatment at 10° to 20° C. above that used in setting. Boiling solutions of reducing agents begin to impart permanent set in less than 15 sec., and a very high degree of permanent set is obtained within 30 sec.

A high degree of permanent set can be imparted in a short time at low temperatures by treatment of extended fibers with a solution of urea containing a reducing agent. The resultant set is greater than that obtainable with boiling water after prolonged treat ment, or with boiling alkaline solutions.

The results are readily explained by breakdown and reformation of hydrogen bonds following scission of some cystine linkages.
A Method for Studying the Deformation of Fabrics in Creasing
Authors: Steele Richard
Published: March 2007

A procedure has been devised for obtaining the load-deformation curve of a fabric during a deformation which begins as a small-radius bend and ends in crease formation. A strip of the fabric is formed, into a cylinder and mounted horizontally on the crosshead of an Instron tester. A fixed weight is hung from the strain gauge and the force exerted on the bottom of this weight as the sample cylinder moves up against it is recorded by the tester. The recovery curve can be obtained by reversing the crosshead. The results are most conveniently presented by plotting log of the jaw separation against the re ciprocal of the load. Curves obtained in this way on a variety of fabrics, including some resin-finished ones, indicate that the procedure should be of value in studying stiffness, resilience, crease recovery, and other properties related to the drape and handle of fabrics.
Some Properties of Native Hemp, Jute, and Kapok Celluloses
Authors: Timell T.E.
Published: March 2007

The general chemical composition of untreated fibers of hemp, jute. and kapok has been studied, and the results have been compared to the composition of the corresponding α-celluloses and of the cellulose nitrates obtained by direct nitration of the original materials. After correction for nonglucose sugar residues, the data indicated the presence of approximately 80, 60, and 40% cellulose, respectively, in the native fibers. Unlike the hemp and jute, the kapok cellulose could not be nitrated to completion. No evidence was obtained for any association between α-cellulose and xylan in the jute.

The average degree of polymerization of the nitrates was 4800 for the hemp, 4700 for the jute, and 3300 for the kapok cellulose, the first two values being the same as those found previously for native cotton and flax celluloses. The molecular weight distributions contained only one maximum and were symmetrical for hemp and jute. For kapok a curve with a slight right hand skewness was obtained. The results were compared to data obtained earlier for other bast and seed fibers.
Chemical Damage in Wool
Authors: Houff Wm. H. , Wills C.J. , Beaumont R.H.
Published: March 2007

A study of the wet properties of wool exposed to low concentrations of aqueous chlorine under a variety of conditions is reported. Fiber stress-strain data are presented showing the effects of variations in the concentration of chlorine, pH. temperature, time of exposure, and agitation. Comparisons of cystine-cysteic acid percentages as inter preted from paper chromatograms are presented. Alkali solubilities of chlorine-damaged samples were determined, and their relation to other properties is noted.
Evaluation of Formaldehyde Pretreatment for Wool Bleaching
Authors: Moore J.E. , O'Connell R.A.
Published: March 2007

The formaldehyde treatment of wool fibers and fabric prior to bleaching by hot alkaline peroxide solutions has been investigated. Although pretreated fabrics exhibit lower alkali solubility and better handle after bleaching, characteristic degradation, shown by various single-fiber as well as fabric properties, is not retarded by the pre treatment. Formaldehyde pretreatment alone, under the conditions used, lowers the breaking stress and breaking extension of single fibers, but this degradation may not be severe enough to cause concern for many fabric uscs. Other experiments, without formaldehyde pretreatment, fail to support the claim that wool fibers possess increased susceptibility to damage when strained prior to bleaching.
Appointing or Electing the Boston School Committee
Authors: Taylor Steven
Published: March 2007

In 1996, voters in Boston overwhelmingly supported maintaining an appointed school board. In the Black community, however, a majority supported a return to an elected board, which had been in place until 1992. This article focuses on why Blacks and Whites differed over the structure of the school board. Although the appointed board voted more favorably on issues of specific concern to the African American community, Blacks were disturbed by the loss of four elected positions, a loss that accompanied the disbanding of the elected board. Moreover, they were opposed to the appointed board’s firing of the Black superintendent. Another factor leading to Black voters’ rejection of the appointed board was the high level of mobilization in the Black community in favor of an elected board. This article examines how these various factors led to a racially polarized vote on the structure of the school board.
“Peas ‘N Rice” or “Rice ‘N Peas”—Which One are We Really Ordering?
Authors: White-Johnson Adair F.
Published: March 2007

The intent of the study was to explore the perceptions of African American male students who chose to leave the traditional academic setting and enroll in an alternative education program within the same school system. The primary informants, referred to as early leavers, were 5 African American male students enrolled in a suburban high school program, their parents, and several teachers. The study’s conceptual framework extended the analysis of the drop-out phenomenon beyond the demographics, drug culture, home environments, self-esteem, and teachers’ perceptions as contributing factors of African American early-leaver patterns and academic discontent. Instead, this study focused on the students’ narrated schooling experiences and offered insight to students’ agencies as alternate explanations of drop-out behavior.
The Conceptualization of Violence-Prone School Subcontexts
Authors: Astor Ron Avi , Meyer Heather Ann
Published: March 2007

This article raises concerns about how context is conceptualized and researched in many current school violence inquiries. For example, research has shown that specific school subcontexts (e.g., hallways, cafeterias, and bathrooms) tend to be violence prone. Yet students’ and teachers’ understanding of violence in these school subcontexts remains an underresearched topic. Current school violence research often has a singular focus on either subjective assessments of violence as a “problem” or on the frequency and severity of violent events in schools. This body of research does not offer in-depth conceptual explanations as to why certain school subcontexts are consistently more violence prone. In this article, we also raise concerns about the lack of a philosophical discussion surrounding the meaning of school violence to school professionals, students, and society.
Julia Richman
Authors: Berrol Selma C.
Published: March 2007

Turn-of-the-century pioneer, innovator, school administrator. A biographical sketch.
Blacks, Hispanics, and Others
Authors: Bresnick David
Published: March 2007

Decentralization in New York City has opened administrative careers for Hispanic and Black Americans.
The Issue of Saliency and the Effect of Tracking on Self-Esteem
Authors: Chmias Chavana
Published: March 2007

Tracking's detrimental effects depend on the social origin of the student, and on the importance to him of some reference groups.
Immigration to England
Authors: Cottle Thomas J.
Published: March 2007

An American view of the "coloured" residents of England.
Orientations
Authors: Rothstein Stanley William
Published: March 2007

New teachers and new pupils are initiated into the subculture of Urbanaire Junior High.
Sense and Sentimentality
Authors: Kirp David L. , Leff Donna R.
Published: March 2007

The Sausalito, California, schools were desegregated and radicalized. Part I was an account of those happenings. Part II, below, describes the "counterrevolution" and the schools' return to more restricted goals.
The Evolution of the American Urban University
Authors: Dillon John A.
Published: March 2007

The acclimation of universities to urban sites in urban society is not complete, but has begun.
Inside School Spaces
Authors: Sitton Thad
Published: March 2007

School designs are symbolic of expectations for schools, and for their pupils.
Minimizing Staff Resistance to Federally Mandated Policies
Authors: Karlitz Howard
Published: March 2007

Schools' internal balance of power has shifted. Therefore, policy making should be modified. P. L. 94-142 is a case in point.
What is Attractive about Magnet Schools?
Authors: Rossell Christine H.
Published: March 2007

For purposes of integration, some magnet schools are more successful than others. Some features improve the likelihood of success.
Due Process and Democracy
Authors: Sacken Donal M.
Published: March 2007

Imposed legalistic school disciplinary codes are ineffectual and undemocratic: A remedy is proposed.
The Survival of Public Alternative Schools
Authors: Chenoweth Tom
Published: March 2007

San Francisco's alternative schools have been maintained by management of symbols and adept administration.
School Board Members' Responsiveness to Constituents
Authors: Greene Kenneth R.
Published: March 2007

School members intervene more or less often depending upon political considerations and the nature of their school districts.
Novel Approaches to Relieve Overcrowding
Authors: Herman Joan L.
Published: March 2007

Staggered schedules of schooling seem an attractive remedy for overcrowded schools.
Preparing for an Uncertain Future
Authors: Garner Roberta
Published: March 2007

Classrooms reflect societies, and affect them. In Florence, Italy, classroom patterns may be appropriate for "postindustrial " society.
Attitudes toward Science of Urban Seventh-Grade Life Science Students Overtime, and the Relationship to Future Plans, Family, Teacher, Curriculum, and School
Authors: Hill Garyd. , Atwater Marym. , Wiggins John
Published: March 2007

This study was conducted to determine changes in attitude toward science over time from the end of the first semester to the end of the second semester among seventh-grade life science students in a southeastern urban school system. The average attitude toward science of the 299 seventh graders changed from an undecided to a positive attitude toward science: 54 percent of the student sample remained the same in their attitude toward science, 46 percent had a change in attitude, 36 percent maintained a positive attitude toward science, and 20 percent of the student sample changed from a negative or undecided attitude to a positive attitude. Forty-four percent of the sample ended with a negative or undecided attitude toward science. Attitudinal subscales for this study included attitude toward the science teacher; science curriculum, and school. Significant relationships were found among the attitudinal subscales.
Contexts that Promote Success for Inner-City Students
Authors: Newberg Norman A. , Sims Randall B.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the interventions associated with the Say Yes to Education program, a college tuition-guarantee program that was promised to graduating sixth graders from low-income families in the School District of Philadelphia in 1987. The program attempted to change the context of school and the odds that defeat inner-city students. The program made a critical point: Without trans forming relationships and widening the sense of possibility, students would not be able to take advantage of the opportunity. The article presents research on student outcomes and analyzes two stories of students' lives as examples of how particular contexts can produce success.
School Administration Computerization Impact on the Teacher's Role
Authors: Telem Moshe
Published: March 2007

Teachers' interrelations with the principal, subject coordinators, and homeroom teachers in a high school have tightened significantly as a result of the computerization of the school's instruction-administration subsystem. Changes were found in six major categories: accountability, instruction evaluation, supervision, feedback, frequency of meetings, and shared decision making. Greater cooperation, mutual accountability, teamwork, joint planning, and mutual instruction evaluation and feedback developed among teachers teaching the same subject, but not between teachers teaching different subjects.
Chartering the Village
Authors: Murrell Peter C.
Published: March 2007

This article is the preliminary descriptive report of a 5-year qualitative research study—an ethnography of an independent African-centered charter school. The purpose of the study is to determine the pedagogical theory undergirding successful development and maintenance of an African-centered charter school. This article analyzes the resilience of attempts to develop an African-centered pedagogy in an independent public school. The analysis is based on Lave’s notion of a community of practice and reveals the political, ideological, and structural impediments to maintaining an African-centered charter school. The article concludes with a discussion of pedagogical underpinnings that are required for effective and successful schooling for Black children in the public domain.
A Pillar of Strength
Authors: Morris Jerome E.
Published: March 2007

From an in-depth qualitative study in St. Louis, Missouri, from 1994 to 1997, this article highlights how one all-Black school creates and sustains strong communal bonds with African American families from a low-income community. Reminiscent of the “goodness” of many all-Black schools before Brown, this school—Fairmont Elementary—sustains strong communal bonds with families and is a stabilizing force for the community. The message gleaned from this study of Fairmont Elementary School is that the “goodness” of a school for African American families and students may also be defined by the strength and the nature of that school’s communal bonds with Black families and communities.
Am I Invited?
Authors: Samaras Anastasia P. , Wilson Josephine C.
Published: March 2007

This article reports on an investigation of African American families’ perceptions and experiences in an after-school family-school involvement program at two inner-city schools. Centered in the sphere of sociocultural theory and situated cognition, this study focuses on family-child relationships to improve children’s literacy using oral histories and technology. It also explores a model for preparing preservice teachers to work with families. Families indicated that prior to program implementation, they had received bureaucratic invitations of school involvement and empathized with other families’ lack of involvement. After program implementation, families reported positive academic outcomes for children, a sense of efficacy, and a community atmosphere of adults dedicated to supporting children’s learning. They noted that computer usage was a major motivational factor in their participation. Preservice teachers reported on broadened notions of family involvement and a need for family-school partnerships. Theoretical and practical implications for implementing a family-school involvement program are offered.
Fast on 200 Beats per Minute
Authors: VERHAGEN STIJN , VAN WEL FRITS , BOGT TOM TER , HIBBEL BELINDA
Published: March 2007

The youth culture of gabbers has been the most remarkable Dutch youth culture of the past decade. It has been subjected to many years of negative stereotyping in the media. In this article, a study is presented among 1,147 Dutch adolescents, comparing gabbers to their “normal” peers. The results show that gabbers clearly differ in their taste for music and clothes but differ less than expected in their ideas about a normal way of life, foreigners, enjoying life, and drugs.