bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bioinformatics analysis of the primary molecular mechanism in lymphatic vascular space invasion and parametrial invasion of cervical cancer
Authors: He Xuan-ming , Cui Ya-qiong , He Di-liang , Zhao Jian-xin , Zhao Lian-ping , Huang Gang
Published: September 2022

Purpose: Our study aims to investigate the underlying molecular mechanism between Lymphatic vascular space invasion (LVSI) and parametrial invasion (PMI) patients, and we screen biomarkers for patients with LVSI+ and PMI+.Methods: The main molecular mechanism of the LVSI+ and PMI+ groups was observed by using differential expression analysis and GO enrichment. Based on the results of Go enrichment, the distribution of immune infiltration was compared between the LVSI+ group and the PMI+ group by using ssGSEA analysis. Then we identified immunological differentially expressed genes (IDGs) by taking the intersection of DEGs and immune-related genes. The prognostic IDGs were screened by univariate Cox regression analysis. The Cox model was constructed by multivariate Cox regression. The prognostic ability of the two subgroups’ models was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and the area under the curve (AUC) values. Based on the genes chosen for the LVSI and PMI models, the drug sensitivity was determined on the ImmPort website.Results: The immune-related pathway differentiate LVSI from PMI in cervical cancer. The ssGSEA result showed that adaptive immunity was suppressed in LVSI+ patients, whereas in PMI+ patients, innate immunity was suppressed. The Cox model was constructed using interaction genes EREG and IL-9R for LVSI+ patients, and NODAL and IL-12A for PMI+ patients, respectively. The LVSI model and the PMI model all had better prediction power in the TCGA and GEO cohorts. we found difference in drug sensitivity between the LVSI and the PMI group.Conclusion: We proposed that the distribution of immune infiltration was the fundamental distinction in the molecular mechanism between LVSI and PMI. This study identified four metastasis mode-specific genes related to the immune infiltration, these genes strongly influenced the prognosis of LVSI+ and PMI+ cervical cancer patients, respectively.
Anatomy of the greater palatine foramen and canal and their clinical significance in relation to the greater palatine artery – a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Kim Dong Woon , Tempski Jonasz , Surma Jan , Ratusznik Jakub , Raputa Wiktor , Świerczek Izabella , Pękala Jakub R. , Tomaszewska Iwona M.
Published: September 2022

Accurate knowledge of greater palatine foramen (GPF) and greater palatine canal (GPC) anatomy is necessary to avoid injury to the greater palatine artery (GPA) when performing a variety of anesthesiologic, dental or surgical procedures. The aim of this paper was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of literature on the anatomy and localization of bony structures associated with the GPA, namely the GPF and GPC. A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed, Embase, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science databases. Sixty-seven studies were included in the meta-analysis (n = 11,101 subjects). The meta-analysis showed that the GPF is positioned 17.21 mm (95% CI = 16.34–18.09 mm) from the posterior nasal spine, 2.56 mm (95% CI = 1.90–3.22 mm) from the posterior border of the hard palate, 46.24 mm (95% CI = 44.30–48.18 mm) from the anterior nasal spine, 15.22 mm (95% CI = 15.00–15.43 mm) from the midline maxillary suture, 37.32 mm (95% CI = 36.19–38.45 mm) from the incisive foramen, and opposite the third maxillary molar (M3) in 64.9% (58.7–70.7%) of the total population.
Thermoplastic elastomer composite strips with damage detection capabilities for self-healing elastomers
Authors: Georgopoulou Antonia , Korhonen Henry , Bosman Anton W. , Clemens Frank
Published: September 2022

Self-healing materials can increase the lifetime of products and improve their sustainability. However, the detection of damage in an early stage is essential to avoid damage progression and ensure a successful self-healing process. In this study, self-healing sensor composite strips were developed with the embedding of a thermoplastic styrene-based co-polymer (TPS) sensor in a self-healing matrix. Piezoresistive TPS sensor fibers composites (SFCs) and 3D printed sensor element composites (SECs) were fabricated and embedded in a self-healing matrix by lamination process to detect damage. In both cases, the value of the initial resistance was used to detect the presence of damage and monitor the efficiency of healing. A higher elongation at fracture could be achieved with the extruded sensor fibers. However, for the composite strips the SECs could achieve a higher elongation at fracture. The SFCs had significantly lower drift of the sensor signal during cyclic mechanical analysis. Nevertheless, on a tendon-based soft robotic actuator, the SECs obtained a drift below 1%. This was explained by the lower deformation (e.g.) strain in comparison to the tensile test experiments.
Application value of transcranial direct current Stimulation In stroke patients
Authors: Haq Usman , Aftab Alishba , Malik Mohammad Hamza Bin Abdul , Haq Ali , Malik Muhammad Awais Bin Abdul , Rashid Amna
Published: September 2022

Objectives
The main objective of the study is to analyze the aapplication value of transcranial direct current Stimulation (TDCS) In stroke patients.
Material and methods
This pilot study was conducted in Rawal Institute of Health Sciences during June 2019 to June 2020. The components required for TDCS include a Constant Current Stimulator and surface electrodes soaked in normal saline. A Constant Current Stimulator provides a steady flow of direct current (e.g., 0–4mA) while constantly monitoring the resistance in the system.
Results
The study was completed by 136 patients. Their mean age was 53.2 ± 8.4 years (range: 36–61 years). There were more males than females (60% vs. 40%). Their demographic and clinical characteristics are summarized in table 1.
Conclusion
It is concluded that TDCS combined with VR can reduce motor impairment, improve function, increase ADL in the affected upper limb in patients with subacute or chronic ischemic stroke than VR alone.
Identification of the composition, stability, and origin of blood microbiome in humans
Authors: Rozenberga Maija , Saksis Rihards , Elbere Ilze , Birzniece Liga , Briviba Monta , Konrade Ilze , Klovins Janis
Published: September 2022

BackgroundAn increasing number of research studies observe that human blood is not a completely sterile environment and has its own representative microbiome. This study aimed to determine the blood microbiome's composition, potential origin, and dynamics in humans.ResultsTo detect the origin of exogenous bacterial nucleic acids in the blood, we determined taxonomic composition based on 16S rRNA gene analysis in samples obtained from skin, vaginal, oral, and faecal swabs along with whole blood samples in a group of 10 volunteers. We observed a presence of bacterial DNA with variable taxonomic composition in all blood samples strongly dominated by members of the Pseudomonas genus. In addition, we detected identical bacterial Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASV) that overlapped between blood and other locations in all participants. Overall, 27.4% median of all ASVs from blood were also found in various locations, with the highest number found in the samples collected from skin swabs. Overall, 25.3% of the ASV found in blood overlapped between the baseline and three-month blood samples, indicating the blood microbiome's relative stability.ConclusionsWe have presented for the first time a remarkable overlap between the bacterial composition of blood and other locations of the same individuals, allowing us to propose the skin microbiota as the primary source of blood-related exogenous DNA. Furthermore, our results add a piece of new knowledge on the stability of the blood microbiome, providing the basis for future studies to identify the potential effect of the blood microbiome on the phenotype or disease.
Returns to Education in the Public and Private Sectors: Europe and Central Asia
Authors: Montenegro Claudio M. , Patrinos Harry
Published: September 2022

The returns to schooling are estimated for 28 European and Central Asian countries using the Mincerian function. Our results show that while the public sector pays on average more than the private sector, the effect of education on earnings is stronger in the private sector. However, the returns to tertiary education are higher in the private sector.Subject classification codes: JEL I21, J31
Studies of Air - Layering Pecans: Effect of Date of Propagation, Wounding, and Indol-3-Butyric Acid on Rooting of Air-Layered Pecan Terminals, Carya Illinoensis
Authors: Stuart Koch Cv. , Pokorny F. A. , Sparks Darrell
Published: September 2022

Commercially, pecan cultivars are grafted onto seedling rootstocks, resulting in considerable variability in the scion cultivar. Mature trees vary greatly in size and nut yields. Significant differences occur in the mineral content of leaves from individual trees receiving equal amounts of fertilizer (4). Such variability makes it difficult to conduct meaningful nutritional studies.
The Use of Nitrate Reductase Activity for the Appraisal of Nitrogen Status and Productivity of Grapefruit Orchard Trees
Authors: Bar-Akiva A. , Shaked A. , A. J.
Published: September 2022

Mature Marsh seedless grapefruit trees on Sour orange stock planted in a loamy soil were subjected to three levels of nitrogen fertilization with and without phosphate or chicken manure added. The details of the experimental plan and tree responses during the five-year experimental period will be described elsewhere. Briefly, the phosphate and manure treatments resulted in a significant increase in yield and in improved fruit quality. As far as the leaf composition is concerned, the phosphate and manure treatments caused an increase in the P and a decrease in the N content of the leaves, thus producing a completely inverse relationship between leaf N concentration and the yield of the corresponding trees. This situation served as an opportunity to test—under orchard. conditions—the validity of NaR (nitrate reductase) assay in leaves as a measure for some “active fraction” of leaf nitrogen and as a parameter for tree productivity. The use of the NaR assay has been suggested for the determination of N requirements of citrus trees (1).
Burrowing Nematodes May Survive on Variants of ‘Milam’ Lemon
Authors: Ford H. W. , Hutchins P. C.
Published: September 2022

‘Milam’ is a lemon-type citrus rootstock of unknown parentage considered resistant to the burrowing nematode, Radopholus similis (Cobb) Thorne. R. similis causes a serious disease of citrus in Florida called spreading decline. ‘Milam’ was found in 1954 as the noninfected rootstock of a ‘Parson Brown’ orange tree in a burrowing nematode infested grove. In greenhouse tests of 9 months duration, ‘Milam’ consistently eliminated burrowing nematode populations from containers of infested soil by preventing the development of nematode eggs in the root cortex (3). After eight years in a rootstock trial planted in an infested site, no burowing nematodes were found in feeder roots of ‘Milam’ although nematodes were present in roots of adjacent rough lemon and sweet orange rootstocks (2). ‘Milam’ has also been tested as a biological barrier for four years in a soil tank 25 feet in length. Burrowing nematodes multiplied in one end of the tank have not migrated beyond the first ‘Milam’—a distance of two feet. Burrowing nematodes migrated 12 feet per year in a similar soil tank when susceptible rootstocks were used (1).
The Effect of Crimson and High Pigment Genes on Color Development in Detached Immature Tomato Fruits
Authors: Wann E. V. , Hills W. A. , Watson R. M.
Published: September 2022

Harvesting mature-green tomatoesis common practice where they are grown commercially for the fresh market. Usually, the tomato fields are picked 4 to 6 times in a season, as the most mature fruits on the vine reach the mature-green stage. If mechanical harvesting becomes a reality for fresh market tomatoes, a once-over harvest will probably be used instead of the usual multiple pick. Yields will then be limited by the number of fruits mature enough at a given time to ripen off-vine and meet market standards for color. It will be imperative to grow a variety that has a concentrated set and whose fruits have good ripening ability when harvested prematurely.
Cantaloup Breeding Line B66-5: Highly Resistant to Watermelon Mosaic Virus 1
Authors: Webb R. E.
Published: September 2022

Major programs of crop improvement through breeding include the development of germ plasm resistant to diseases. Cantaloup improvement is no exception and control of diseases through resistance has been highly successful in this crop during the last half century (5). However, minor diseases, and new ones, frequently become major menaces to production through radical changes in environment and in crop management practices, and also through the introduction of crops that harbor the pathogens or vectors.
Preventing Fruit Formation on Landscape Trees1
Authors: Lumis Glen P. , Davidson Harold
Published: September 2022

Preventing fruit formation may be desirable for several reasons: they may retard tree growth and development, present unpleasant odors, make mowing and maintenance difficult, clog drains, attract undesirable birds and insects, stain cars and patios, or be aesthetically unattractive.
Identification of Prunin (Naringenin-7-Glucoside) in Dormant Peach Buds as a Wheat Coleoptile Growth Inhibitor1
Authors: Corgan J. N.
Published: September 2022

Naringenin in peach buds was first reported by Hendershott and Walker (5) in 1959 and later by Dennis and Edgerton (2), Samish and Lavee (8), and Corgan (1). Naringenin is of interest because of its inhibition of wheat coleoptile elongation and possible effect on rest of peach buds.
Growth Response of Several Rootstocks to Soil Water1
Authors: Carlson R. F.
Published: September 2022

Eleven apple clones and a seedling source of Red Delicious (Malus sylvestris Mill.) were grown in one-gallon containers in the greenhouse to evaluate growth responses to soil water. All clones and seedlings were nongrafted and these are listed in Table 1.
An Abnormal Periderm Character in Carrots1
Authors: Harney Patricia M. , Lal Amrit , Dickson M. H.
Published: September 2022

This study was initiated to determine the mode of inheritance of matte skin, an abnormal root periderm characteristic in inbred lines of the Nantes type carrot. This characteristic was observed during a breeding program at the Ontario Agricultural College (1). Although no conclusive genetic information was obtained, certain anatomical and physiological aspects of the anomaly were ascertained.
Effect of the Shell on Germination of Pecan Nuts Carya illinoemis, Koch cv. Stuart
Authors: Sparks Darrell , Pokorny F. A.
Published: September 2022

Under greenhouse conditions, pecan nuts begin to germinate 1 to 2 months after planting and continue to germinate over a 3 to 4 month period (3). Such irregular germination makes studies that require newly germinated pecan seedlings with a uniform physiological age difficult to conduct. A study was initiated to determine the effect of the shell on time to germinamatetion of the first nut (initial germination), uniformity of germination, and percentage germination of pecan nuts.
Leaf Spot Control on Quince Understocks Increases Stand of Dwarf Pear1
Authors: Bauske R. J. , Buchholtz W. F.
Published: September 2022

In 1962 an Iowa nursery had almost no dwarf pear trees growing from the previous season’s budding. This exceptionally poor stand was attributed to lack of bud take on the quince understock, Cydania oblonga Mill. During the previous summer the understock block had suffered extensive earlv defoliation as a result of infection by the leaf spot fungus, Fabraea maculata Atk. (1). Poor bud take in pear has been linked to early defoliation and subsequent hardening of the understock wood (2). The effect of preventing defoliation by leaf spot on success of budding pear on quince was investigated.
Possible Cause of a Disorder Known As Apple Tree Decline
Authors: Donoho C. W. , Beattie J. M. , Banta E. S. , Forsythe H. Y.
Published: September 2022

Apple tree decline is a serious disorder of many older apple orchards in Eastern United States. The first visible symptom is the general loss of tree vigor resulting in short terminal growth, small leaves, and lower productivity. Cessation of growth ocurs for no apparent reason and ordinary cultural practices, such as additional nitrogen fertilizer and heavy pruning, have failed to stimulate terminal shoot growth and fruiting of affected trees. The pattern is not for an occasional tree to be affected, but often large areas of the orchard or an entire block of trees will show various degrees of decline.
Chemical and Non-Chemical Control of Anjou Scald
Authors: Pierson C. F. , Schomer H. A.
Published: September 2022

Anjou scald, a physiological disease, produces a brown discoloration of the skin of Anjou pears after several months in cold storage. Only small amounts of the disease may be evident when the fruit is removed from the cold, but large amounts may develop within a few days at room temperature. Although the fruit is not seriously damaged by the disease, the discolored skin detracts from its appearence, and reduces its value in the market. Like storage scald of apples, the incidence of this disease can be reduced with oiled paper wraps (8). The use of polyethylene box liners prolongs the storage life of Anjou pears (4), but increases the tendency of the fruit to scald even in oiled wraps. Similarities in the responses of apples and pears to oiled paper suggested that the antioxidants used to control scald of apples might also be useful in the control of Anjou scald.
A Study of the Relationship Between Climate and Apple Fruit Growth
Authors: Blanpied G. D. , O’Kennedy N. D.
Published: September 2022

The purpose of this study was to observe the effects of climate on the growth of apple fruits in Ireland. To reduce the limitations of a one year study, fruit growth measurements were made of several apple varieties grown under variable conditions of location, soil type, planting and training system, rootstock, nutritional level, tree age and crop load. Under these variable conditions, similar changes in fruit growth rate would likely be caused by some facet(s) of climate.
Responses of Butternut Squash to N-Dimethyl Amino Succinamic Acid1
Authors: Hopp R. J. , Rochester Haydon
Published: September 2022

Greenhouse studies of the effect of N-dimethyl amino succinamic acid on the early growth stages of Butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata Poir.) were followed in 1965 by a replicated field trial in which the plants could by grown to maturity. In addition to controls the treatments in the field consisted of 1000 and 5000 ppm N-dimethyl amino succinamic acid used in the form of Alar3, a 50% wettable powder formulation. The first application was made when all plants had at least one true leaf (June 22); a second application was made about six weeks later (August 6). Alar was applied as a fine mist spray to runoff point; Triton X-100 was added as a spreader. Growth measurements were taken at weekly intervals until 11 weeks after the initial treatment. Some of the effects of the Alar treatments compared to the controls are summarized in Table 1.
Association of Tomato Fruit Abnormalities with Tobacco Mosaic Virus Infection
Authors: Lewis G. D. , Taylor G. A.
Published: September 2022

There is considerable confusion in the literature regarding tomato fruit abnormalities variously termed “internal browning”, “gray wall”, “blotchy ripening”, and other less common terms such as “cloud” and “waxy patch”. It is difficult to determine if these names refer to one or more disorders because of the similarity of symptoms in ripening fruit. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) has been shown to play an important role in the occurrence of various fruit symptoms (2, 3, 4), yet this factor frequently is not considered in dealing with ripening disorders (1,5,6).
A System for Controlling the Night Temperature of Fruit Trees1
Authors: Martin George C. , Batjer L. P.
Published: September 2022

The influence of temperature on the growth and development of deciduous tree fruits has been inadequately investigated. In most cases only general field observations have been reported. The temperature conditions prior to and during such general observations are variable and cannnot be repeated precisely. To control temperature, limb sleeves and small chambers have been used to cover portions of limbs (2,3). Information from such devices is of limited value since they do not preclude the influence of the rest of the tree.
The Effect of N-dimenthyl Amino Succinamic Acid (ALAR) on Size, Shape and Maturity of Delicious Apples1
Authors: Sullivan D. T.
Published: September 2022

The growth retardant N-dimethyl amino succinamic acid (Alar) has been reported to retard fruit tree growth and induce repeat bloom (1,3). It increases surface color and firmness of apples, decreases their size and susceptibility to scald, and slightly decreases their soluble solids content (1,5). Recently Alar has been reported to reduce water core and pre-harvest drop (2). Some of these effects are suggestive of delayed maturity while others are not. The study reported here was conducted to determine the effects of Alar on fruit maturity of Delicious apples when applied two weeks after full bloom.
Effects of Gibberellin A3 on Fruit Shape and Subsequent Seed Dormancy of Apple1
Authors: Westwood M. N. , Bjornstad H. O.
Published: September 2022

Considerable work has been done on the effects of gibberellins on parthenocarpic set and growth of apple fruits. Bukovac (1) has reviewed the literature in this field and has presented further evidence that seedless fruits induced to set by gibberellins A3 and A4 (GA3 and GA4) are distinctly more elongate than normal seeded fruits. More recently Dennis and Edgerton (2) found that GA made seeded fruits of one variety of apple more elongate than controls, although shape was not altered on several other varieties. Westwood and Blaney (6) reported several factors other than applied GA that also affected apple shape. Among these were crop density (i.e. leaf: fruit ratio), varietal strain, cluster position, and rootstock. To further study the effect of GA on fruit shape without confounding it with seedlessness, a test was set up using seeded fruits in which crop density and rootstock were held constant.
Vegetative Propagation of Asparagus Through Tissue Culture
Authors: Takatori Frank H. , Murashige Toshio , Stillman James I.
Published: September 2022

Asparagus, a cross-pollinated dioecious crop, is generally propagated through seeds, and extreme variation in yielding ability of individuals in a variety is common. Consequently, the use of small plot technique for field investigations has been virtually inapplicable.
Introduction
Authors: Geyer R. E.
Published: September 2022

For years, accreditation has been a prominent force in shaping higher education programs in certain professional areas. There has been continuing discussion about the merits — and failings — of accreditation
Views on Accreditation
Authors: Dasmann Raymond F.
Published: September 2022

After reviewing the long history of the experiences of the Society of American Foresters on the subject of accreditation, I have concluded that there are no new approaches, only restatements of old ideas.
Undesirable Features of Accreditation and Standards for Horticulture
Authors: Batcheller O. A.
Published: September 2022

My inquiries into accreditation for horticulture indicate that there is no unanimity of thought regarding the matter. Horticultural departments are beset with problems that need solving. Accreditation and standards have been suggested as a solution. We must know 1) exactly what we want to do by accreditation; 2) what it is we are going to accredit; 3) how we are going to apply accreditation procedure to the many types of institutions; 4) who will administer the accreditation; and 5) most important, how will the accreditation accomplish oui original objectives?
The Effect of Direct Seeding and Late-Spring Planting on Yield of Kale in Georgia12
Authors: Tereshkovich George
Published: September 2022

Although kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala, Linn.) is considered a minor crop in Georgia, several processors have indicated considerable interest in the yield of this crop in recent years. Kale, like the other green leafy vegetables, has a high content of Vitamin A and contains appreciable amounts of thiamine and ascorbic acid (2).
An Effective Technique for Chromosome Cytology in the Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.)
Authors: Howard Gene S. , Uhlinger Roger D.
Published: September 2022

A fast, simple consistent technique for carnation chromosome cytology using a modification of Snow’s technique and phase contrast microscopy is reported. Sample photomicrographs are shown.
Effects of Post-harvest Defoliation on Strawberry Yields and Fruit Size1
Authors: Moore J. N.
Published: September 2022

The destruction of strawberry foliage following harvest has long been a standard renovation practice in many of the strawberry producing areas of the United States. The practice of postharvest mowing of leaves is widely recommended (2,3,8,10) although there is some disagreement as to the value of this practice (1).
Solution Pocket: A Physiological Problem of Brined Sweet Cherries1
Authors: Cameron H. R. , Westwood M. N.
Published: September 2022

The occurrence of solution pockets in brined sweet cherries has increased during the past 15 years. Affected fruits exhibit translucent pockets beneath the epidermis, filled with ruptured cell contents and brine solution. Pockets may occur anywhere in the fruit but are commonly at the suture. Affected fruits sometimes are not firm enough to pass through a pitting machine without being torn, increasing cullage and lowering grade. Sweet cherries are brined in a solution of sulfur dioxide and lime rather than the usual salt-brine method used on other crops (4).
Reaction of Tomato Varieties and Breeding Lines to Aphids
Authors: Stoner A. K. , Webb R. E. , Gentile A. G.
Published: September 2022

The potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae) is a common insect pest of tomatoes. This insect damages the plants by sucking the sap from the leaves and by transmitting plant viruses The severity of aphid infestations on tomatoes varies from season to season and within a season. They are generally most severe during periods of cool weather.
Effect of Fluorescent Lighting Beyond the Normal Day on the Flowering of the Carnation
Authors: Butterfield N. W. , Hemeriek G. A. , Kinoshita A.
Published: September 2022

It is important that the carnation grower bring a portion of his crop into flower at specific times, such as Christmas and Mother’s Day. Research by White (3) and Bickford et al (1) have shown that artificial lighting beyond normal day length has been used successfully to regulate time of bloom and to increase flower production. It was found in preliminary studies for 1965-66 (2) that carnations benched in early July and lighted artificially, beginning August 1st, for an additional eight hours, using four fluorescent lamps per bench flowered earlier and increased yields.
Chemical Regulators in Horticulture
Authors: Wittwer S. H.
Published: September 2022

A brief review of a number of growth regulator responses, applications and recent discoveries of likely interest to horticulturists.
A Simple Technique for Observing Mitotic Division of the Generative Nucleus in Pollen Tubes of Vaccinium Sp1
Authors: Stushnoff C. , Feliciano Ascunia J.
Published: September 2022

The problem of observing pollen tube development and mitotic division can often be difficult and the technique can be unreliable. The following method was used with very good success for periodic observation of pollen tube development of several species of Vaccinium.
Progress with Persistent-Green Color and Green Seed-Coat in Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) for Commercial Processing1
Authors: Dean Leslie L.
Published: September 2022

Persistent-green color has been incorporated into curly top and common beanmosaic virus resistant snap beans. Cooperative observation and processing trials throughout the United States indicate wide adaptability and good commercial potential for several lines. Release, during 1968, of one or more of these snap beans, to commercial seedsmen for seed increase is anticipated.
Dwarfing of Some Malvaceous Ornamental Plants as a Nursery Practice
Authors: Bose T. K. , Hore B. K. , Mukherjee D.
Published: September 2022

Cycocel (2-chloroethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride) inhibited shoot growth and increased number of flowers in azalea (1) and Gardenia jasminoides (2), while height of poinsettia (3) and chrysanthemum (4) was also effectively controlled by the application of the chemical. Some varieties of Bougainvillea grew dwarf and bushy with markedly improved flowering following application of Cycocel (5). In view of the great possibility offered by the growth retardants, an extensive investigation to study the efficacy of these chemicals on large number of species and varieties of tropical ornamental plants belonging to different families was begun. The results of the effect of Cycocel on growth and flowering of some popular ornamental plants belonging to family Malvaceae are reported.
Effect of Succinic Acid 2, 2-dimethylhydrazide on Flower Bud Formation of the ‘Coville’ Highbush Blueberry1
Authors: Shutak V. G.
Published: September 2022

Succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (Alar) has been found to have many physiological effects on growth and development of several plant species. (1,3,4,5,6). Hall and Aalders (2) in 1966 reported the effects of this growth regulator on highbush and lowbush blueberries but gave no specific data. These early preliminary data may be of some interest to researchers working with growth regulators.
In Vitro Initiation of Nucellar Embryos in Monoembryonic Citrus
Authors: Rangan T. S. , Murashige T. , Bitters W. P.
Published: September 2022

The phenomenon of polyembryony in Citrus was first described in 1719(1). It is now known that many members of the Rutaceae produce several embryos in each seed. The multiple embryos may include a zygotically-derived embryo and several adventive embryos. The adventive embryos result from differentiation of cells within the nucellar tissue, particularly those near the micropylar region of the ovule (1,6). One of the important horticultural characteristics of seedling Citrus, whether derived from zygotic or nucellar embryos, is the fact that they develop free of viruses even though the parent plant is infested with viruses. With polyembryonic Citrus, disease-free clones can be obtained through plants established from nucellar embryos. This has not been possible with monoembryonic species or varieties of Citrus, inasmuch as the seedlings are all of zygotic origin and vary genetically.
Field Plot Technique for the Evaluation of Strawberry Cultivars1
Authors: Aalders L. E. , Craig D. L. , Cannon H. B.
Published: September 2022

Size and number of plots is an important consideration for strawberry breeders and other researchers engaged in the evaluation of strawberry cultivars. Edgar (2) found at East Mailing that plots of about 50 plants planted on the square were best, but Taylor (3) considered the variability in Edgar’s plots to be abnormally low, and advocated plots of 24 plants arranged in a twin row. He considered that seven replicates were necessary to measure a 20 percent difference at the 5 percent level of probability. Baker and Voth (1) in California considered 3 plots of 50 plants or 8 of 25 plants necessary to reduce heterogeneity to an acceptable level for scoring clones for resistance to Verticillium wilt in a “wilt nursery.” All of these researchers were working with strawberries on the hill system, whereas the matted row system is standard in Eastern North America.
The Relationship Between Calcium, Magnesium, and Potassium Accumulation and Titratable Acidity in the Leaves of a Selected Mcintosh Apple Clone1
Authors: Ddungu John C. M. , Eggert Russell
Published: September 2022

Water extracts of dry leaf tissues from a selected McIntosh apple clone were analyzed by titration with sodium hydroxide and by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. It was shown that titratable acidity decreases during the period July 4 - August 1 and increases as the season advances beyond August 1. The data suggest that calcium and magnesium which accumulate may be the principal cations associated with bases involved in the buffer system to maintain a relatively constant pH in the leaf. It is theorized that changes in leaf pH may be a major factor in the damage characteristic of certain mineral deficiencies in apples.
Attempts to Improve Flower Bud Retention and Development in Tomatoes with Grafts, Nutrition and Growth Regulators
Authors: Coggins C. W. , Lesley J. W.
Published: September 2022

A mutant of tomato obtained by treatment of seeds of the Canary Export variety with p32 produces only an occasional flower at a considerably longer time after seeding than the original variety. The mutant requires a longer time for fruit development, expresses less apical dominance, and also differs from Canary Export in flesh color of the fruit, leaf shape and internode length (2).
Implications of the New Genetics in Horticultural Plant Breeding
Authors: Craig Richard
Published: September 2022

This is an age of transition for horticultural plant breeding. The recent developments in physiological and biochemical genetics and their application to plant breeding signify only the beginning of this new era. To define the term New Genetics is extremely difficult especially when it is applied to horticultural plant breeding. For the purpose of this paper New Genetics will mean all of. those methods, machines, ideas and information that can assist in the future breeding of better horticultural plants.
Current Developments in the Breeding of Woody Ornamentals
Authors: Egolf Donald R.
Published: September 2022

Man for centuries has had an appreciation of flowers made use of native plants, cultivated and selected more ornamental and exotic types, and improved food plants. But he has devoted relatively little research to the production of woody ornamentals -- trees and shrubs that have woody stems. The breeding of woody ornamentals, however, has gained momentum as a result of accelerated emphasis on beautification due to the population explosion and the aesthetic needs or urban sprawl.
Time of Flower Initiation in Rhododendron ‘Roseum Elegans’ as Related to Shoot and Leaf Elongation
Authors: Adams D. G. , Roberts A. N.
Published: September 2022

Recent interest in the production of Rhododendrons as potted plants has raised many questions concerning propagation, dormancy, flower initiation, and general patterns of growth and development. Cathey (1) has shown that general growth habit may be altered to give a more compact plant through the use of Phosphon or by B-nine. He found further that flower initiation could be stimulated after the production of 4-5 flushes of growth instead of the normal 8-9 flushes required under natural conditions, thus making this plant useful as a potted plant. Myhre (3) showed that large applications of phosphate fertilizer increased the number of terminal apices initiating flowers in ‘Cynthia’. In 1920, work in the Netherlands by Luyten and Versluys (2) indicated that leaf and flower initiation occurred early in the growth cycle, May 31 to June 8.
How Depth of Planting Affects the Garden Peony
Authors: Howard Gene S.
Published: September 2022

Two peony varieties were field planted at 5 depths ranging from ground-level to 8 inches in 4 replications. Survival and flower production notes were taken in 1965, 1966, and 1967. Only the 8-inch depth had significantly adverse effects on survival. Ground-level and 2-inch depths had significantly higher flower production than deeper plantings.
Selectivity of Nitrofen Between Cabbage Cultivars
Authors: Hopen H. J.
Published: September 2022

Increasing herbicide selectivity between weeds and economic crops has facilitated row crop production with a decreasing demand for labor to be used for mechanical weed control. However, selectivity has been identified in several cases (1, 2, 3) to be of an intra-specific nature. Intra-specific selectivity by growth regulating compounds (i.e. herbicides) provides interesting academic concepts for more adequate physiological models (4, 5, 6) than inter-specific comparisons. The increased selectivity does creat problems in the use of herbicides in commercial production practices because several cultivars of a crop are usually available. Robinson (3) has suggested that with close selectivity and the rapid changing of cultivar utilization, inbred lines may be the most appropriate indicator plants to utilize in determining herbicide tolerances.
The Stimulation of Dormant Peach Buds by a Cytokinin
Authors: Weinberger John H.
Published: September 2022

Several investigators have noted the stimulation of growth of dormant apple buds by cytokinin (1, 2, 3). The present study was initiated to determine whether cytokinin can substitute for chilling, to break the rest period of dormant peach buds.
The Effect of Ethrel on the Ripening of Montmorency Sour Cherries1
Authors: Anderson J. L.
Published: September 2022

Ethrel (Amchem 66-329, 2-chloro-ethylphosphonic acid) is a water soluble plant growth regulator thought to be degraded within plant cells resulting in the liberation of ethylene (1, 2). The eth-lene released within the plant is probably responsible for the subsequently observed biological activity.
The Thinning Effect of 3-chlorophenoxy-α-propionamide (3-CPA) in Paloro Peach
Authors: Martin George C. , Nelson M.
Published: September 2022

3-CPA when applied to peach moves slowly, accumulating in the margins and veins of leaves, and the epidermal and sub-epidermal layers in the fruit and the micropylar end of the ovule. Equal degrees of fruit thinning resulted when fruit or leaves alone were treated with 3-CPA. Treating both leaves and fruit resulted in an additive thinning effect. Uniform spray coverage is emphasized to obtain uniform thinning results.
Incorporating TMV Resistance into Tomato Hybrids1
Authors: Ibarbia E. A. , Lambeth V. N.
Published: September 2022

The practical significance of incorporating TMV resistance into F1 hybrid tomatoes can hardly be over-estimated. Internal browning, graywall and blotchy ripening disorders continue to plague the greenhouse tomato grower and constitute perhaps his greatest current disease problem. Lewis and Taylor (6) pointed out the confusion which exists with regard to the association of TMV with these disorders.
Promotion of Leaf Abscission of Deciduous Tree Fruit Nursery Stock with Abscisic Acid1
Authors: Larsen Fenton E.
Published: September 2022

Following publication in 1965 (9) of the identity of Abscisin II isolated from cotton by Addicott's group, it was established that sycamore dormin and Abscisin II have the same structure (3). Abscisin II was later named abscisic acid (1). This and other research (4, 8, 10) shows that this is apparently a widely distributed compound.
The Influence of Mechanization on Processing of Fruits and Vegetables
Authors: Allewelt William F.
Published: September 2022

I greatly appreciate your invitation to participate in this symposium. As a layman involved in the workings of the canning industry, my principal contribution will be to provide a further dimension for your deliberations. I will attempt to describe the social and economic environments which have caused us to appeal to you for accelerated development of mechanical equipment for the production and processing of fruits and vegetables.
A Rapid and Accurate System for Scoring Tomato Fruit Cracking
Authors: Armstrong R. J. , Thompson A. E.
Published: September 2022

Many studies have been conducted concerning the crack resistance of tomato fruits. Various means of measuring crack susceptibility of tomato fruits have been used. Iverson (3), Reynard (6), and Prashar and Lambeth (5) have used rating systems to evaluate cracking of tomato fruits. These systems were rapid and suitable for distinguishing between relatively large differences in crack resistance. Johannessen (4), Voisey and MacDonald (10), and Voisey and Lyall (9) have devised instruments to measure the mechanical strength of the tomato skin. Methods using these instruments are slow and the relationship between crack resistance of tomato fruits and the mechanical strength of the skin has not been definitely established. White and Whatley (11) have suggested the use of a map measure to measure the lengths of cracks in tomatoes and apples. This method is very accurate, but it is slow and limits the number of fruits that can be evaluated. Hepler (2) developed, and Thompson et al.(7) and Thompson (8) used the Illinois vacuum-immersion technique for testing the resistance of fruit cracking in tomatoes. It consists of placing in water fruits selected at incipient color, drawing a partial vacuum and holding the vacuum until bubbles are no longer emitted from the stem scar, then continuing the immersion for a certain period at normal pressure. The resulting cracks are measured with a map measure. This method has the advantage in that it can differentiate crack resistance among lines that appear resistant to cracking in the field. The conditions under which cracking occurs can be controlled by using this method, and a large part of the environmental effect upon cracking can be eliminated. This method is rapid as far as inducing cracking is concerned, but extremely time—consuming when it comes to measuring the induced cracks. This is especially true on lines where large amounts of cracking are induced on the fruit.
Nitrogen Stress and Premature Leaf Abscission in Citrus
Authors: Smith Paul F.
Published: September 2022

The growth response of grapefruit trees to a wide range in N supply was followed for seven years. The rates of N were 1, 1.5, 2, 3, and 4 lb. per tree per year. Deficiency symptoms increased in severity with diminished supply below 3 lb. The most striking symptom was the lack of adequate foliage resulting from early abscission of mature leaves. Leaf and shoot production and ultimate tree size were essentially the same on all levels of N. Leaf life was one year or less under N stress compared to about two years when N supply was adequate.
The Role of Ripening in the Affairs of Man
Authors: Patterson Max E
Published: September 2022

The purposes of this symposium are to focus attention on the subject of ripening, to consider the nature of the ripening process, to reveal developments concerning morphology and mechanisms, and to promote thinking covering control of ripening.
The Biochemistry and Physiology of Ripening
Authors: Dostal H. C.
Published: September 2022

The obvious changes which occur during ripening have long been the mainstay of man’s evaluation of fruit and vegetable quality. Influence of environment on these changes have been investigated over the past decade. More recently, research has focused on the basic physiological processes which occur prior to and in close association with the manifested ripening changes.
Metabolic Control of Ripening1
Authors: Looney N. E.
Published: September 2022

It is generally agreed that fruit ripening is a biologically active process often involving high metabolic activity, increased activity of some enzyme systems, and ultimately in fleshy fruits, deterioration of the organ. These events occur in nature only at the proper physiological stage indicating that natural control systems operate to prevent premature ripening. Because of the dynamic nature of ripening in many species, it is probable that endogenous control systems also function to initiate ripening at the proper stage of ontogeny. The presence of these natural control mechanisms suggest that ripening may be subject to manipulation by horticultural, physiological or biochemical means and indeed, we are becoming increasingly aware of and conversant with concepts and techniques leading to control of this important plant process.
Anthocyanins in Pears1
Authors: Francis F. J.
Published: September 2022

The introduction of colored mutants and their development into commercial varieties of red pears has attracted considerable attention since the fruit has a very attractive appearance (4,6). Dayton (1) reported that Starkcrimson, a mutation from Clapps Favorite, differed from all other red sports in having approximately 50% of cells in the outer hypodermal layer colored with anthocyanin. The Eureka variety had approximately 10% of epidermal cells colored. All other red sports had anthocyanin only in the second histogenic layer. The epidermis was colorless, together with one or two cell layers below this. Starkcrimson and, for example, Max-Red Bartlett, a sport of Bartlett, probably developed from different gene mutations. It was of interest to determine whether the anthocyanin pigments were identical in the two varieties.
TIBA-Induced Pitting of Golden Delicious Apples
Authors: Stahly E. A. , Williams Max W.
Published: September 2022

The chemical 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA 1,2) has been reported by workers in the United States (1,2,3,4,8) and other countries (6,7) to influence flower bud initiation and branch angle of apple trees. This report describes injury to fruits and pedicels of Golden Delicious and to foliage of Golden Delicious, Delicious and Winesap apple trees from the application of 25 ppm TIBA about 4 weeks after bloom in North Central Washington.
Stem Attachment Area, A New Variable for Cucumber Breeders1
Authors: Burnham Milo , Peterson Clinton E.
Published: September 2022

There have been few investigations of the anatomical and morphological characteristics of cucumber peduncles. Judson (3) reported that there are 10 vascular bundles entering the pistillate cucumber flower and the resulting fruit. Leonard (4), Bingley et al (1), and Burnham and Peterson (2) observed varietal and seasonal differences in the force required to pull the pickling cucumber fruit from its stem. The variety ‘Wisconsin SMR-12’ was easy to pick while Ohio MR-17’ was among those requiring a relatively high picking force.
Pollen-Tube Growth Through the Style of Pimiento Pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.)1
Authors: Cochran H. L.
Published: September 2022

The purpose of this investigation has been to study the time involved in pollen-tube growth through the style of the Truhart Perfection pimiento under field conditions with fruit setting as a criterion.
The ASHS Educational Slide Collection1
Authors: Larsen Fenton E.
Published: September 2022

Color slides put more life into all forms of horticultural teaching, in the classroom, for industry and agricultural meetings, as a part of garden club programs, also on television, the largest audience of all. The ASHS Slide Collection is under way. Help develop it! Make use of it! The Education Committee suggests that a good slide set with narrative should be given the same administrative credit as any other form of publication.
Color Measurement in Plant Breeding
Authors: Francis F.J.
Published: September 2022

Instrumentation for color measurement is relatively well developed in terms of a convenient and accurate tool for the plant breeder. This paper discusses the development of a color solid and the meaning of a color reading in terms of the Judd-Hunter solid. Carrots are used as a specific example with references to squash, sweetpotatoes and red fruit juices. Color measurement can be used to predict the appearance of a fruit or vegetable which in turn can be used to predict the consumer acceptance in terms of appearance for the product. These methods are fairly accurate and are limited only by the ingenuity of the operator to present the sample to the instrument. The readings will reflect the visual impact from all factors which affect the color. It is unlikely that a color reading can be used to follow the development or degradation of a single pigment unless the system under study has only one predominant pigment. Such cases are relatively uncommon with fruits and vegetables.