bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Agricultural Development Projects in Nigeria: Experiments in Induced Diffusion
Authors: DAVIS J. TAIT
Published: March 2008

Since 1972, Nigeria has been engaged in a major effort to increase the incomes of small‐scale farmers and to raise agricultural production. Its strategy is based on the induced diffusion of improved agricultural technology, supported by creation of a supporting infrastructure and executed through large‐scale agricultural development projects organized outside the normal civil service structure. This paper reviews the Nigerian experience to suggest a five‐stage model of the induced diffusion process. The nature of environmental and infrastructural (physical and otherwise) constraints on diffusion is also discussed.

Depuis 1972, le Nigeria a fait de grands efforts pour améliorer les revenus des petits agriculteurs et aug‐menter la production agricole. La stratégie choisie consists à stimuler la diffusion de techniques agricoles améliorées, avec I'appui d'une infrastructure de support et par I'intermédiaire de projets de développement a grande échelle organisés en dehors des structures bu‐reaucratiques normales. Cet article examine I'ex‐périence des innovations agricoles. On y discute aussi le caractère des contraintes posées par I'environnement naturel et par les infrastructures physiques et autres.
SOCIAL UPGRADING IN SIX CANADIAN INNER CITIES
Authors: LEY DAVID
Published: March 2008

This paper examines social upgrading in the inner neighbourhoods of six major Canadian cities between 1971 and 1981. The extent of social status change is assessed, and hypotheses are considered to account for neighbourhoods likely to experience social upgrading. Maps of status change are discussed and suggest further general principles. These are assessed in a correlation analysis where the dependent variable is an index of social status change for each inner city tract. Most of the independent variables show significant associations; the most consistent correlation is with proximity to an existing elite area. Implications of these findings for models of neighbourhood transition are considered.

Cet article examine le phénomène du renouveau social à I'intérieur des secteurs d'habitation de six grandes villes canadiennes entre 1971 et 1981. Le changement de statut social fait I'objet d'une évaluation dans son étendue, et des hypothèses sont formulées pour rendre compte des quartiers qui ont de grandes chances de connaître un phénomène de renouveau social. La carto‐graphie des changements de statut social permet de dé‐gagerde nouveaux éléments d'explication. La vérification des hypothèses est faite au moyen d'une analyse corrélative où la variable dépendante est un in‐dice du changement de statut social survenu en chaque division des secteurs couverts. La plupart des variables indépendantes montrent des associations significatives; la corrélation la plus marquée a rapport à la proximité d'un secteur où réside l'élite. La signification de ces ré‐sultats pour la formulation de modéles de quartiers en transition retient notre attention.
THE CHANGING RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURE OF MONTREAL 1971–81
Authors: BOURDAIS CFLINE LE , BEAUDRY MICHEL
Published: March 2008

This paper attempts to analyse the changing residential composition of the Montreal metropolitan region over time. More specifically, it examines the principal dimensions of Montreal's residential structure in 1971 and 1981, by conducting two separate factorial analyses based on census data; this part of the study is completed by a direct analysis of change, through factor analysing indices established by combining 1971 and 1981 variables The cross‐sectional comparisons underline the regularities between the two residential configurations. The analysis of relative changes uncovers the principal modifications in Montreal's residential space through the period, showing in particular that some neighbourhoods registered major shifts in the composition of their population, due to ethno‐linguistic movements or to social mobility.

Cet article analyse le portrait changeant dans le temps de la structure résidentielle de la région métropolitaine de Montréal. Basée sur deux analyses factorielles con‐duites séparément à partir des données de recensement, la première partie s'attache à décrire les dimensions maîtresses qui structurent l'espace résidentiel de Montréal en 1971 et 7981; cette analyse est ensuite complétée par une étude plus directe du changement qui repose sur une analyse factorielle d'indicateurs établis en combinant les variables de 1971 et 1981. La compa‐raison des analyses factorielles transversales souligne la régularité de la structure résidentielle de Montréal dans le tpmps, alors que l'analyse des variables de changement relatiffait ressortir les modifications majeures qui ont transformé l'espace métropolitain au cours des années soixante‐dix. Elle montre, par exemple, que plu‐sieurs quartiers ont enregistré des changements impor‐tants dans la composition de leur population, suite à un processus de gentrification ou de mobilité ethno‐Iinguistique.
THE EVOLUTION OF MONTREAL'S PORT SERVICE INDUSTRY
Authors: SLACK BRIAN
Published: March 2008

The growth of Montreal's port service industry is shown to have been accompanied by internal differentiation and elaboration. Of the many business types that comprise the service sector, forwarding appears to have played d particularly important role. The industry is also revealed to have been a catalyst in the economic development of the city, and the expansion of the port was facilitated by the commercial enterprise and political influence of the leaders of the industry.

Il est demontré que la croissance de l'industrie tertiaire maritime reliée au port de Montréal fut accompagnée de sa diversification et de son élaboration interne. Parmi les nomhreux types d'enterprises du secteur tertiaire, les transitaires ont joué un rôle important. L'industrie tertiaire maritime s'est également manifestée comme un catalyseur du développement éconornrque de la ville. De plus, l'expansion du port a été grandement facilité par le secteur commercial et l'influence politique de ses dirigeants.
LANDSCAPE CHANGE IN THE LAKE SIMCOE‐COUCHICHING BASIN, 1800–1983
Authors: WILSON JOHN P. , RYAN CHRISTINE M.
Published: March 2008

Census data and Trimble's erosive land use (ELU) index are used to document changes in agricultural land use and potential erosion in the Lake Simcoe—Couchiching Basin during the past two centuries. The ELU index is represented by the cover‐management factor in the universal soil loss equation and takes values between 0 (no erosion) and 1.0 (accelerated erosion). Basin‐wide farmland ELU scores increased prior to 1901 due to intensification of agriculture, fell between 1911 and 1961 as yields and areas under grass increased, and then increased again from 1961 onward due to expansion in corn hectarage. The 0.152 index computed in 1981 is almost as large as the largest index (0.154)computed in 1891 and illustrates the huge environmental changes in the basin since early settlement without the beginnings of a permanent and more viable system of land use.

Les changements d'utilisation des sols survenus au cours des deux derniers siècles dans le bassin du Lac Simco‐Couchiching de même que I'érodibilité de ces sols, font I'objet d'une évaluation à I'aide des données de re‐censements et de I'indice d'érosion particulier aux dif‐férentes utilisation du sol (indice de Trimble). Le facteur de gestion de la couverture dans l'équation universelle de la partie de sol figure dans cet indice dont la valeur se range entre 0 (absence d'érosion) et 1.0 (érosion en accélération). Les scores pour les terres agricoles à I'éhelle du bassin ont augmenté avant 1901 quand l'agriculture s'est intensifiée, puis ont chuté entre 1911 et 1961 à mesure que les rendements et les superficies herbacées augmentaient, et enfin ont de nouveau re‐monté depuis 1961 à la suite de l'expansion des superficies plantées en maïs. L'indice obtenu pour 1981 (0.1521 est presque aussi élevé que I'indice le plus fort atteinten 1891 (0.154). ll démontre les changements considérables survenus dans I'environnement du bassin depuis le tout début de son peuplement, alors qu'aucun système d'utilisation des sols permanent et plus viable n'a encore pu èmerger.
INTRAURBAN MORTALITY VARIATION and INCOME DISPARITY: A CASE STUDY OF HAMILTON‐WENTWORTH REGION
Authors: LIAW KAO‐LEE , WORT SHELLEY A. , HAYES MICHAEL V.
Published: March 2008

This paper characterizes and explains mortality variation among census tracts of Hamilton‐Wentworth Region, Ontario, during 1980–82. Analysis is based on the age‐specific death rate of the 55 to 64 age group, computed for each sex by categories of major cause. Mosk and lohansson's (1986) four stages of mortality/income relationship and Omran's (1977) theory of epide‐miological transition provide context for understanding mortality variations. Logit models and the maximum quasi‐likelihood estimation method allow for statistical inference.

Research findings show that spatial patterns of mortality are more fragmented and less explainable for females than for males; that mortality is dependent (1) negatively on median family income and the percentage of individuals who are married and (2) positively on unemployment rate and the percentages of individuals who are single, widowed, and divorced or separated; among socioeconomic variables derived from the 1981 census, median family income is the most powerful explanator of intraurban mortality variation and, in this context, other explanatory variables are not statistically significant; and, in terms of the theoretical frameworks of Mosk and johansson (1986) and Omran (1977), mortality patterns for females are shown to have progressed further than for males.

Cet essai caractérise et explique les variations de mortalité apparues en étudiant les tracts de recensement de la Région d'Hamilton‐Wentworth, Ontario, en 1980–82. L'analyse est basée sur le taux de mortalité spécifique au groupe des 55 à 64 ans, en prenant en considération les deux sexes et les différentes catégories de cause majeure de mortalité. La relation mortalité/revenu en 4 étapes de Mosk et Johansson offre un contexte permettant de mieux comprendre les variations de mortalité. Les modeles Logit et la méthode d'estimation de quasi‐probabilité permettent de considérer une inférence statistique.

On a trouvé tout d'abord, que les modèles spatiaux de mortalité sontplus fragmentés et moins expliquables pour les femmes que pour les hommes; ensuite, sur la base d'une série d'analyses bi‐variées, la mortalité prouve dépendre (1) négativement du revenu familial moyen et du pourcentage d'individus mariés et (2) positivement d'un taux de chomage et de pourcentages d'individus célibataires, veufs, divorcés et séparés; troisièmement, parmi toutes les variables socio‐économiques dérivées du rencensementde 1981, le revenu familial moyen est la variable expliquant le mieux les variations de mortalité intra‐urbaine et, dans ce même contexte, les autres variables explicatives ne sont pas suffisamment significatives sur le plan des statistiques; et (4) en termes des cadres théoriques de Mosk et lohansson et Omran, cette étude démontre que les modèles de mortalité ont progressé davantage pour les femmes que pour les hommes.
INTEGRATING HOME and WAGE WORKPLACE: WOMEN'S DAILY LIVES IN A CANADIAN SUBURB
Authors: DYCK ISABEL
Published: March 2008

A continuing growth in women's wage labour participation suggests that taken‐for‐granted understandings of suburban life need to be re‐examined. This paper portrays women's everyday lives as social and economic restructuring reframes the conditions under which mothering work takes place. Although previous literature has emphasized the spatial and social constraints facing women, this paper focuses on women's active construction of their lives within such constraints. The use of ethnographic methods and an interpretative analysis reveal how agency, space, and structure intertwine in the constitution of mothering practices, and reveal the central significance of women's control of the domestic workplace to the integration of home, community, and the wage workplace.

La présence sans cesse croissante de la femme sur le marché du travail impose un ré‐examen de la perception communément acceptée de la vie suburbaine. Cet article a pour but de décrire la vie quotidienne des femmes à un moment oÙ la société et la situation économique imposent une restructuration des conditions dans lesquelles s'effectuent les tâches maternelles. Alors que, jusqu' à présent, la littérature a surtout mis I'accent sur les contraintes spatiales et sociales auxquelles doivent faire face les femmes, cet article est centré sur la participation active des femmes dans I'organisatin de leur cadre de vie à I'intérieur de ces contraintes. L'emploi de méthodes ethnographiques et d'une analyse interprétative révèlent la manière dont les intermédiaires, I'espace et la structure s'entremêlent dans I'accomplissement des tâhes maternelles et la signification primordiale du contrôle exercé par les femmes sur le lieu de travail domestique dans I'intégration du foyer, de la communauté et du lieu de travail.
GROWTH AND FLUCTUATIONS OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION IN THE OECD, 1964–1984
Authors: Marchand Claude
Published: March 2008

Time series for industrial production covering the period 1964 to 1984 for 16 countries of the oecd are analyzed in order to measure the trends in production and to study the diffusion patterns of cyclical fluctuations within the system. The dramatic growth at the beginning of the period is unequally distributed, favouring industrializing countries, such as Greece and Spain, as well as Japan, which joins the ranks of oecd leading nations during this period. Along with Germany, Japan becomes a key indicator of the system as a whole, its short term performance being highly correlated with most countries of the oecd, whereas that of the U.S.A. becomes quasi‐isolated.

On a analysé les séries chronologiques de la production industrielle pour la périǒde 1964 à 1984 pour seize pays de l'ocde afin d'évaluer les tendances, et étudier la structure des variations cycliques au sein du système. La croissance vertigineuse au début de période s'avère inégalement distribuée, favorisant les pays en voie d'in‐dustrialisation tels que la Grèce et l'Espagne ainsi que le Japon qui rejoint alors le rang des pays les plus impor‐tants. C'est d'ailleurs le Japon qui constitue avec l'Alle‐magne l'indicateur clé pour tous les pays de l'ocde, sa performance à court terme reflétant sensiblement la situation de l'ocde dans son ensemble, alors que celle des Etats‐Unis apparaǐt isolée.
LES DUNES DU QUEBEC MERIDIONAL: CONTRIBUTION A L'ETUDE DES VENTS DOMINANTS DURANT L'HOLOCÈNE
Authors: CǑTÉ DANIELLE , NADEAU JEAN‐MARIE M. DUBOIS et LOUISE
Published: March 2008

Les données disponibles sur 67 sites de dunes au Québec méridional ont permis d'esquisser l'histoire des vents dominants durant l'Holocène. En se basant sur la chrono‐logie du recul du front glaciaire et sur la régression des mers postglaciaires, il apparaǐt que le régime des vents fut relativement stable entre 11000 et 7500 ans bp, bien qu'entre 9500 et 8500 ans bp la plaine au sud du Saint‐Laurent ait connu un épisode pendant lequel la provenance des vents dominants était changeante. La provenance des paléovents dominants montre les měmes variations régionales que celle des vents actuels. Ainsi, indépendamment de leur ǎge, les paléovents dominants provenaient du NE dans la plaine sud du Saint‐Laurent, de l'O et du NE sur le rebord des Laurentides, de l'O, du SO, du NO et du N au Lac‐Saint‐Jean et de l'O à l'OSO sur la Cǒte‐Nord du Saint‐Laurent. Les vents qui ont édifié les dunes provenaient d'une circulation d'air anticyclonique provoquée par le retrait de l'Inlandsis laurentidien.

Available data on the sand dunes of southern Quebec has permitted the historic reconstitution of prevailing wind patterns during the Holocene. From age data derived from the chronology of glacial front retreat and postglacial sea recession, it appears that the wind regime was relatively stable between 11000 and 7500 years bp, although during the period between 9500 and 8500 bp, the plain located south of the St. Lawrence underwent an episode during which the direction of the dominant winds was variable. The direction of the prevailing winds during the latter period shows the same regional variations as the actual winds. Thus, regardless of their age, the prevailing winds at that time were from the NE in the southern plain of the St. Lawrence, from the W and NW in the Laurentian foothills, from the W, SW, NW and N in the Lac‐Saint‐Jean area, and from the W to WSW for the North Shore of the St. Lawrence. Winds which produced the dunes came from anticyclonic circulation induced by the retreat of the Laurentide Ice Sheet.
ACCULTURATION ALIMENTAIRE ET MUTATION URBAINE: LE DÉVELOPPEMENT DE L'INDUSTRIE DE LA RESTAURATION DANS L'AGGLOMÉRATION URBAINE DE QUÉBEC
Authors: Rouffignat Joeul , VallEae Anne
Published: March 2008

Le développement récent de I'industrie de la restauration au Canada est représentatif de la transformation rapide des habitudes alimentaires de la population depuis trois décennies. De plus en plus industrialisée, la restauration se développe selon deux tendances principales: la nutrition (la restauration rapide ‐ fast‐food) et la convivialité (restauration gastronomique). Dans cet article, nous analysons le développement de I'industrie de la restauration dans la région métropolitaine de Québec au cours des trente dernières années, en faisant ressortir la dynami‐que spatiale de la pénétration du secteur de la restauration de type ‘fast‐food' lors de I'expansion du tissu urbain et sa structuration par les voies rapides de transport automobile.

The recent development of the restaurant industry in Canada reflects the rapid transformation of the population's eating habits during the last thirty years. As it becomes more and more industrialized, the economic sector of the restaurant industry is developing according to two main tendencies: nutrition (fast‐food restaurants) and conviviality (fine dining). In this paper, we look at the development of the restaurant industry in the metropolitan area of Quebec during the last three decades, showing the spatial dynamism of the fast‐food sector since the beginning of rapid urban expansion and highway construction.
THE DEMAND AND SUPPLY OF CHILD CARE: THE CASE OF THE CITY OF WATERLOO, ONTARIO*
Authors: Kanaroglou Pavlos S. , Rhodes Steven A.
Published: March 2008

The intention of this paper is to stimulate research on the demand and supply of child care services, an issue that has been largely neglected by geographers, although many of the problems involved lend themselves to geographical analysis. In addition, as the female labour force participation rate, the divorce rate, and the incidence of lone‐parent families increase, so do the need for and importance of child care.

We review the types of child care available in North America and provide statistics to demonstrate that the supply of child care falls short of demand. Furthermore, for the city of Waterloo, Ontario, through the use of 1981 and 1986 Census data we demonstrate that not only is the supply of licensed day care spaces insufficient to meet the demand, but also it is spatially arranged in a suboptimal way. Through population projections and net migration analyses we demonstrate that the demand for child care spaces in the near future is more likely to intensify in the periphery of the city, where the current supply is nonexistent. We thus argue that locational criteria should play a prominent role in the practice of licensing new day care centres.

Cet article vise à encourager la recherche sur I'offre et la demande de services de garderie. Ce sujet a été largement négligé par les géographes měme si beaucoup des pro‐blèmes rencontrés sont liés à des facteurs géographiques. De plus, la participation des femmes au marché du travail augmentant ainsi que le taux de divorce et le nombre de families monoparentales, les garderies deviennent de plus en plus nécessaires et importantes.

Nous passons en revue les différents types de garderies qu'il est possible de trouver en Amérique du Nord et nous présentons des statistiques démontrant que le nombre actuel de garderies ne satisfait pas la demande. D'autre part, à I'aide des données du recensement canadien de 1981 et 1986 pour la ville de Waterloo, Ontario, nous prouvons que non seulement le nombre de places dans les garderies licenciées est insuffisant mais aussi que leur location géographique n'est pas optimale. À I'aide des études sur la population future et la migration nette, nous démontrons que la demande de garderies augmentera vraisemblablement à la périphérie de la ville où les garderies sont actuellement inexistantes. Par conséquent, nous estimons que le critère de localisation doit jouer un rǒle prédominant dans I'octroi des permis d'établissement de nouvelles garderies.
WHO TALKS TO WHOM: ÉLITENESS AMONG THE WORLD'S NATIONS
Authors: Kariel Herbert G. , Rosenvall Lynn A.
Published: March 2008

International standing is always relative. To T.A. Mits in Toronto, New York, or Moscow it's the clan in Parliament, the White House, or the Kremlin who are the aristocracy. And it is the study of who talks to whom among the world's nations that provides insights into which countries constitute the nobility of the international power structure. Those nations making critical decisions in the political arena and directing the course of history are those who are ‘more equal than others' at the United Nations or Geneva peace talks.
ROBERT McCARDELL IRVING (1930 ‐ 1989)
Authors: Bullock R.A.
Published: March 2008

I first met Bob and Jane Irving as a graduate student at Minnesota in 1960, where we were assigned to the interstate highway project that John Borchert was then undertaking for the Minnesota State Highway Commissioner. After finishing his dissertation at Minnesota, Bob spent some time on faculty at the University of Manitoba before moving to Waterloo, where we renewed our acquaintance in 1969, just as he assumed the Chairmanship of the Department of Geography. In 1970, he served as Councillor on the board of the CAG.
THE END OF AMERICA: THE BEGINNING OF CANADA ‐ A COMMENTARY
Authors: Bordessa Ronald , Cameron James M.
Published: March 2008

A shared continent has given to historians and geographers an artifact that has been seized upon with alacrity: the borderline between the United States of America and Canada. It has bred a fascination that continues to rivet the attention of interpreters. McCreevy returns to the border, and particularly to its landscapes at Niagara in order to assess meanings that inform the Canadian and American mind and actions. Landscape is perhaps especially suited to this purpose because it is the visible bearer of all those invisible, inaccessible, and unconscious understandings that constitute the psyche of a nation ‐the source of its identity and stance. Certainly McGreevy understands landscape to be more than a visual picture capable of adjectival description. Indeed, the purpose of his article is to examine ‘the sharply contrasting meanings of the Niagara region in relation to the ideologies of Canadian and American nationalism' (p. 307). At the end of his paper, McGreevy describes his analysis as producing ‘a subtle and speculative conclusion' and, he continues, “Whether or not it makes sense, I leave for others to judge” (pp. 316‐17).
THE END OF AMERICA: THE BEGINNING OF CANADA ‐A REPLY TO THE RESPONSE
Authors: McGreevy Patrick
Published: March 2008

The author of the foregoing response provides some welcome factual clarification but seems to misunderstand the broader issues raised by the article. Here I will respond briefly to each of the author's major questions.
SOURCES FOR VALLEY‐FILL ALLUVIAL SEDIMENTS: BELLA COOLA RIVER BASIN, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Desloges Joseph R.
Published: March 2008

Changes in the grain‐size distribution and the lithologi‐cal I mineralogical properties of sandy‐gravel sediments are used to discriminate between sources for the alluvial valley‐fill of Bella Coola River, coastal British Columbia. Spatially variable bedrock sources, ranging from highly resistant quartz monzonites to easily weathered basalts, yield sediments that reflect parent rock characteristics. Local increases in the D95 fraction of bulk gravel samples and the D50 fraction of sand samples can be related to inputs from steeper, heavily glaciated tributaries, or those underlain by fractured basalts of the Fraser Plateau. Where there are similarities in the grain‐size properties of the source and the sampled deposit, however, grain‐size information alone cannot be used to discriminate between sources.

The lithology of Bella Coola alluvium shows a close correspondence with the general distribution of rock types in the basin, suggesting proportional contributions from most tributary sources over the long term. However, sand samples from the floodplain have a mostly volcanic affinity, indicating the dominance of sediment derived from headwater tributaries underlain by this rock type. Admixture of plutonic source sediments is evident in lower Bella Coola River adjacent to alluvial fans, heavily glaciated tributary creeks or rock walls comprised mainly of quartz monzonite.

Les changements dans la granulometrie et les proprietes lithologiques et mineralogiques des sediments de gravel sablonneux servent d differencier les sources des depéts alluviaux de la Riviere Bella Coola sur la céte de la Colombie‐Britannique. La variation spatiale des sources fondamentales donnent des sediments qui refletent les caracteristiques de la roche‐mbe variant des quartz rnonzonites très résistants aux basaltes superficiellement altérés par les agents atmospheriques. Les augmentations locales dans la fraction D95 des echantillons de gravel et la fraction D50 des echantillons de sable peuvent être reliees la contribution des tributaires aux pentes plus escarpees et fortement glaciaires ou ceux qui traversent les basaltes fractures du Plateau Fraser. Cependant, quand il y a des similitudes dans la granulometrie de la source et le dépôt‐échantillon, l'information granulometrique seule ne peut pas 6tre employee pour differencier les sources.

La lithologie des alluvions de Bella Coola montre une correspondance avec la distribution générale des types de roches dans le bassin, suggérant des contributions proportionnelles des sources tributaires a long terme. Cependant, les échantillons de sable des plaines sujettes à inondations ont en grande part une affinité volcanique, indiquant que la dominance du sédiment provient des tributaires qui traversent ce type de roche. Une addition de sediments de sources plutonique est evidente dans le bas de la Riviere Bella Coola adjacent aux eventails alluviaux, aux ruisseaux tributaires affect& par une forte glaciation, ou aux murs de roches qui comprennent principalement des quartz monzonites.
VARIATIONS IN EMPLOYMENT AND NON‐EMPLOYMENT INCOME IN CANADIAN CITIES AS INDICATORS OF ECONOMIC BASE DIFFERENCES
Authors: Forward Charles N.
Published: March 2008

The use of personal income sources instead of labour force as an indicator of urban economic base differences offers another perspective on the character of cities. This analysis discovered that cities were becoming less dependent on income from employment, thereby downgrading the effectiveness of labour force as an economic base indicator, and more dependent on income from investments and pensions. Significant variations in income sources were revealed both by region and by size of city. In general, the smaller the city, the higher the proportion of income from pension‐government sources, and the larger the city, the higher the proportion from investments.

L'utilisation des sources de revenu personnel au lieu de celles de la main‐d'oeuvre comme indicateur des differences de base économique urbaine offre une autre perspective sur le caractere des villes. I1 a étéétabli que les villes deviennent de moins en moins dependantes des revenus provenant des emplois, déclassant ainsi I'efficacité de la main‐d'oeuvre en tant qu'indicateur de base econornique, et de plus en plus dbpendantes des revenus provenant d'investissements et de pensions. Des variations significatives ont été mises en évidence dans les sources de revenu par rapport à la région et à la taille d'une ville. En règle générale, plus la ville est petite plus la proportion du revenu provenant des pensions du gouvernement est élevée, et plus la ville estgrandeplus la proportion du revenu provenant d'investissements est élevée.
FACTORS AFFECTING RESPONSE TO NOISE IN OUTDOOR RECREATIONAL ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: Kariel Herbert G.
Published: March 2008

As the world gets more and more crowded, silence becomes a rarer and rarer natural resource. (Rennicke 1987, 27)
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, THE CHALLENGE
Authors: Manning Edward W.
Published: March 2008

Sustainable development presents a major challenge to geography to demonstrate its capability and relevance to what may be the most important public issue of our time. The human/biosphere relationship is at the core of growing global problems, and geography has comparative advantage in spearheading attempts to make this relationship more sustainable. This paper identifies the components of the challenge, presents a structure which could guide research and implementation efforts, and identifies key opportunities and challenges for geographers through their theoretical and applied work. From definition to integration to implementation, geographers can make a real difference.

Le développement durable est une grande preoccupation de notre temps. C'est au géographe que revient le défi de démontrer que la géographie est une discipline pertinente pour répondre à cette préoccupation. En intégrant les deux éléments de la relation entre l'humanité et la biosphère, qui est souvent au ceur des problèmes de croissance globale, la geographie possède un avantage sur d'autres disciplines pour assurer que cette relation ait un meilleur support. Cet essai présente les composantes de ce défi, le cheminement pour guider la recherche et la mise en œuvre, et identifie les principales opportunités que la géographie appliquée et theorique offre aux géographes. De la définition à l'intCgration et à la mise en oeuvre, la géographe peut apporter beaucoup.
LES ORTSTEINS DU QUÉBEC: RÉPARTITION GEOGRAPHIQUE, RELATIONS GÉOMORPHOLOGIQUES ET ESSAI DE DATATION
Authors: Dubois Jean‐Marie M. , Martel Won A. , Nadeau Danielle Côté et Louise
Published: March 2008

Ce travail porte sur I'extension géographique des orts‐teins au Québec et vise à déterminer les causes de leur répartition principalement pour la Côte‐Nord du Saint‐Laurent. Les données ont été puisées en partie dans des rapports pédologiques publiés sur le Québec, mais aussi observées dans des sites d'échantillonnage sur la Côte‐Nord du Saint‐Laurent, l'île d'Anticosti et en Gaspésie. Par ailleurs, pour les datations au 14C, six sites d'echantillonnage ont été choisis sur la Côte‐Nord. Les résultats indiquent que les ortsteins se développent sous toutes les latitudes au sud de 55e parallèle et sous différentes conditions physiographiques et géologiques. On les retrouve aussi bien sur des silts sableux que sur des graviers grossiers et leur présence est favorisée lorsqu'il y a fluctuation de la nappe d'eau. Les datations au 14C ont donné des âges relativement jeunes pour les ortsteins, soit moins de 420 ans bp, indiquant qu'il y a une migration active de la matière organique dans les horizons concrétionnés.

The present paper concerns the geographic delimitation of ortsteins in Québec and deals with the causes of their distribution mainly for the North Shore of the St. Lawrence River. Data was gathered in part in published geological reports in Quebec, and also acquired in the field along the North Shore of the St. Lawrence River, Anticosti Island, and in the Gaspé Peninsula. Furthermore, six study sites were selected for dating by 14C along the North Shore. Results indicate the ortsteins develop under all latitudes south of the 55th parallel and under different physiographic and geological conditions. They can be found on both sandy silts and coarse gravels, and their presence is enhanced whenever the water level fluctuates. 14C datings give relatively young ages for ortsteins, less than 420 years BP, indicating that an active migration of organic matter occurred in the indurated horizons.
RESIDENCE PATHS AND COMMUNITY PERCEPTION: A CASE STUDY FROM THE TORONTO URBAN FIELD
Authors: Beesley Kenneth B. , Walker Gerald E.
Published: March 2008

A typology of residence paths to Toronto urban field locations is developed to explore the importance of urban emigrants to the resettlement of the city's countryside and path relationships with local community perceptions. Residence paths are described by childhood and prior community types, current urban field residence location, and length of residence. Paths are dominated by large city residential experiences, but rural residential backgrounds are evident. Community perceptions, emphasizing satisfaction, are positive. Multiple classification analysis, in three model forms, identifies path‐based variations in community satisfaction, and the strength of paths as predictors of satisfaction. Interpretations include links to ideas on the urban field advanced by Russwurm.

L'auteur essaie de développer une typologie des sentiers de résidence dans le champ urbain de Toronto pour evaluer l'importance des émigrants urbains dans la colonisation de la périphérie rurale des villes. De plus, i l analyse les attitudes de la communauté locale en rapport avec ces sentiers. Ceux‐ci sont tracés d'après les souvenirs d'enfance, les indications de cornmunautés antérieures, I'emplacement actuel de residences urbaines et la durke de residence. Les sentiers sont caracterisés par les expériences résidentielles propres à la grande ville mais on dégage également des arrière‐fonds résidences rurales.

Les attitudes de la communauté, qui révèlent une certaine satisfaction, s'averent positives. Une analyse à classement multiple, sous forme de trois modèles presente les variations de la satisfaction de la communauté fondées sur les sentiers et le poids des sentiers comme prédicteurs de satisfaction éventuelle. Parmi les interprétations, on trouve des liens avec les idées de Russwurm sur les champs urbains.
WEST EDMONTON MALL: ENTREPRENEURIAL INNOVATION AND CONSUMER RESPONSE
Authors: Fairbairn Kenneth J.
Published: March 2008

West Edmonton Mall was developed and has maintained its position as Edmonton's primary focus of retailing, recreational, and leisure activity through innovative entrepreneurial skills and extensive promotions. These are viewed as necessarily concomitant to the size, location, and functional complexity of the mall relative to the size of the Edmonton market and the remainder of the city's retail structure. One strategy was to dominate the market by tempting consumers with the rewards of a complete shopping environment within the confines of one, carefully orchestrated retail complex. The success of this approach is evaluated through an examination of the entrepreneurial behaviour of the developer (Triple Five) in relation to the consumer spatial preferences of a sample of Edmontonians. From this evidence it is suggested that the mall's retail importance may not be as pervasive locally as is commonly thought. Consumer mobility and the intrinsic character of the retail structure are reasons suggested for this, both of which require further investigation and elaboration.
SHOPPING AND LEISURE: IMPLICATIONS OF WEST EDMONTON MALL FOR LEISURE AND FOR LEISURE RESEARCH
Authors: Jackson Edgar L.
Published: March 2008

In the context of three alternative approaches to the meaning of leisure (activity, time, and experience), this article uses West Edmonton Mall (with its vast array of shops and unique complex of recreational facilities) as a starting point to explore four relationships between shopping and leisure. These are: independence (shopping as purchasing); shopping for leisure (the purchase of goods for use in subsequent leisure time); shopping and leisure (when shops and leisure facilities are juxtaposed in a single facility like West Edmonton Mall); and shopping as leisure (when shopping begins to take on the attributes of leisure as an experience). It is concluded that the last category offers the most interesting questions for future research.
WEST EDMONTON MALL AS A TOURIST ATTRACTION
Authors: Butler R.W.
Published: March 2008

Recent years have seen the mega‐phenomenon assume increasing significance in tourism; it is not surprising, therefore, that West Edmonton Mall, the world's first mega‐mall, should be viewed as a tourist attraction. This

article discusses the role of shopping as a tourist activity and the opportunity to shop as a facet of the appeal of a location to tourists. It examines the relative attractiveness of West Edmonton Mall as a tourist destination in this context and concludes that it has few outstanding characteristics beyond its unique size and range of leisure facilities. The permanence of its appeal beyond the regional scale is therefore unikely. The long‐term appeal of shopping and related facilities is discussed in the context of a model of tourism development.
RESEARCH IN HUMAN ECOLOGY AND PLANNING: AN INTERACTIVE, ADAPTIVE APPROACH
Authors: Nelson J.G.
Published: March 2008

The aim is to describe an approach to research in human ecology and planning, primarily for the consideration of younger scholars. The approach is termed interactive and adaptive and is viewed as being especially useful in research on environmental, resource, land use or other topics in turbulent environments, characterized, for example, by an array of interested or concerned groups, differences in values, and frequent changes in the research context. The approach is illustrated by reference to several case studies in applied human ecology and planning in Canada.

Le but de cet article est de décrire une approche pour la recherche en écologie humaine et en planification qui bénéficie principalement aux jeunes chercheurs et chercheuses. L'approche est intéractive et adaptable. Elle est spécialement utile en recherche sur l'environnement, les ressources naturelles, l'utilisation des terres ou autres domaines touches par des environnernents troubles. Ceux‐ci peuvent être caractérisés, par exemple, par une variété de groupes concernés ou intéressés, par des différences de valeurs et par des changernents fréquents du contexte de la recherche. L'approche est présentée en faisant référence à plusieurs études de cas en écologie humaine appliquée et en planification au Canada.
GUEST ESSAY: THINKING LIKE A GEOGRAPHER
Authors: Gould Peter
Published: March 2008

Compared to the geographic wasteland south of your border, geography appears to have fared well in Canada, both as a formal discipline extending our understanding by illuminating the human and physical worlds, and as a subject taught at all levels to create informed and aware citizens. I known you think much remains to be done, and perhaps things always look a bit greener on the other side of the hill, but I hope you will not mind my somewhat envious gaze. In fact, when I received the five volumes of the ‘curriculum guideline’ for geography, issued by the Ontario Ministry of Education for the intermediate and senior divisions of your high schools (ome 1988), my feelings were not so much envy as panic, a panic that rapidly induced something close to intellectual paralysis. Because in a moment I can only describe now as utterly weak and foolish, I started to read them, only to learn that your senior students ‘analyze, interpret … explain … design and develop networks, systems and simulations that involve six or more variables’ (ome 1988, A12).

In retrospect, I still think my panic was justified. After 30 years of hard post‐doctoral work I have reached the point where I can think about the interactions of maybe three variables, but hardly the combinatorial possibilities of six. Such ineptness would mean that I might just squeeze into your tenth grade and from there slowly work my way over the next two years towards those Olympian heights of analytical thought where dwell Ontario's high school graduates.
SHALL I COMPARE THEE TO A STRICTLY QUASI‐CONCAVE CONTINUOUS UTILITY FUNCTION? OR, HOMO ECONOMICUS, PART TWO‘
Authors: Barnes Trevor J.
Published: March 2008

Those who have stuck with modelling since those heady days have largely been able to do so, I suspect, by restricting the nature of the questions they ask. (Harvey 1989, 212)

One can imagine a world, perhaps, in which the growth of knowledge was interestingly philosophizable. But it doesn't seem to be our world. (McCloskey 1988, 245)
ETHNICITY, RELIGION, AND CLASS AS ELEMENTS IN THE EVOLUTION OF LAKE WINNIPEG RESORTS
Authors: Lehr John C. , Selwood H. John , Badiuk Eileen
Published: March 2008

Resorts on the south basin of Lake Winnipeg serve a significant proportion of the summer cottage market of Winnipeg, Manitoba. Of the larger resorts, Winnipeg Beach and Grand Beach were developed by rival railway companies as popular resorts to exploit the mass excursion market, whereas Victoria Beach was developed by a syndicate intent on creating an exclusive, tranquil cottage retreat. These, and other smaller resorts, were and still are patronized by different market segments identifiable by class, religion, ethnic association, and place of primary residence in Winnipeg.
GLOBAL CHANGE: THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Luckman B.H. , Harry D.G.
Published: March 2008

Geological processes are fundamental to the understanding of Global Change and the geological record provides a baseline against which to assess the nature and significance of contemporary global change (Price 1986)
DAMMING JAMES BAY: II. IMPACTS ON COASTAL MARSHES
Authors: PRICE JONATHAN S. , WOO MING‐KO , ROUSE WAYNE R.
Published: March 2008

The damming of James Bay as proposed by the grand Canal Scheme will influence the hydrology of the coastal marshes. The salinity regime of two James Bay marshes were compared to understand the processes that govern salinity in the zone near mean high water (mhw) and to predict changes that may result from this proposed impoundment. Data suggest that sites along southern James Bay would be minimally affected because of the current low level of salinity. The northern marshes would, however, experience significant changes, as their primary source of salt is from saline tidewater. A simulation of the vertical salt and water fluxes at a northern location predicts a rapid reduction in the chloride concentration at mhw, which should approach the present values for southern James Bay in about 10 years. Above mhw, the salt will be leached quickly, so that within four years the surface chloride concentration will be reduced to the level currently found in southern James Bay.
METROPOLITAN AND NON‐METROPOLITAN POPULATION TRENDS IN CANADA, 1966–1982
Authors: ANDERSON WILLIAM P. , PAPAGEORGIOU YORGOS Y.
Published: March 2008

This paper discusses broad population movements within and between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan regions in Canada during the recent past. It is based on an annual series of aggregate migration at the metropolitan level. Three complementary approaches are used in order to distill information from this vast array of interregional flows. The first is based on net migration. The second, disequilibrium analysis, is based on the difference between the observed population shares of regions and a set of calculated steady‐state population shares which would result if the currently observed set of interregional migration rates remained constant. Both approaches indicate short‐term effects of migration on the evolving pattern of regional growth and decline. The third approach, based on aggregate interregional flows, allows one to observe some changes in migration behaviour which are not made evident by the first two approaches.
HUMAN SPACE, TERRITORIALITY, AND CONFLICT: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ISRAEL AND THE WEST BANK
Authors: ROWLEY GWYN
Published: March 2008

This brief and speculative paper focuses direct attention on Totem, in particular certain totemic concerns with space as place. Through adopting an overall structuralist perspective, Eretz Yisrael, the land of Israel, is considered as a totemic space. This is developed against the broader backcloth of Jewish societal development and advanced through a brief study of the continuing Jewish settlement of Samaria. It is suggested that no deeper comprehension of the proceeding settlement initiatives is attainable unless the importance of such a perspective is realized. The brief review, short case study, and pointers to proceeding work provide crucial subjects for further attention. The contentious, indeed emotive, nature of the paper is to be emphasized
THE BUSINESS OF MOBILITY: GEOGRAPHY, LIBERALISM, AND THE CHARTER OF RIGHTS
Authors: BLOMLEY NICHOLAS K.
Published: March 2008

Inspired by some important inter‐disciplinary work in both legal studies and human geography, I explore the vision of geography ‐ with special reference to the theorization of mobility ‐ that appears to be expressed within mainstream legal discourse. I argue that the legal account is premised on the privileging of certain components of liberal thought, including the individual, the private sphere, and concepts of frictionless spatial mobility. I try to demonstrate that this vision is partial and selective and ignores an alternative and insistent account of the geography of social life that appears prevalent within civil society. Evidenced by the reactions of many small towns to threats of economic dislocation, the emphasis here appears to be one that elevates concepts of place and the community. Drawing upon recent higher court decisions in British Columbia concerning the meaning of section 6 (mobility rights) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, I argue, firstly, that the legal vision is ultimately indeterminate and contingent but, secondly, that its hegemony has certain implications for social life, social justice, and the city.
REMOTE SENSING OF ATMOSPHERE‐CRYOSPHERE INTERACTIONS IN THE POLAR BASIN
Authors: LEDREW ELLSWORTH
Published: March 2008

The Royal Society of Canada coordinates the International Geosphere‐Biosphere Program (Global Change) in Canada. Currently, a research agenda that will extend beyond the next decade is being developed. It includes the use of remote sensing and geographical information systems in support of Global Change research, and the study of issues related to change and variability in the Canadian Arctic.

This paper reviews the use of remotely sensed data to study the nature of atmosphere‐cryosphere interactions in the Polar Basin and how they contribute to an understanding of climate change and variability. A conceptual framework for aspects of atmosphere‐cryosphere interaction is presented through a discussion of feedback scenarios. The role of remote sensing in understanding these scenarios is explored through an examination of the several studies over the past 15 years. Finally, the remote sensing capabilities for crysophere monitoring proposed for the satellite systems of the mid‐1990s will be discussed.