bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Making the Art of Fun Freely Accessible”: Community Arts Practices and the Politics of Leisure in Britain in the 1970s and 1980s
Authors: Bertrand Mathilde
Published: July 2020

The concept of leisure offers an interesting prism for the analysis of the community arts movement in Britain. The emergence of community arts from the late 1960s was closely related to a critique of the exclusive character of mainstream art appreciation and practice and to the struggle for people's access to the means of cultural production. As a tool, leisure was used by practioners to enable the expression of usually unheard voices, thus fostering processes of “authorisation”. Instead of being considered as a secondary claim, access to leisure, with its rich associations with play, “fun” and recreation, was given pride of place in the movement's practical and political framework. It became a political aim: that of opening alternative spaces and of harnessing the dynamic and subversive dimension of creative expression in the encouragement of collective action at a local level. In a crucial way, community arts projects asserted the equal validity of all cultural forms and signifying practices, therefore challenging classical definitions of art. The cultural pluralism advocated by community artists confronted the distinction between “high” and “low” culture and sought instead to redefine art around the concept of expression, away from the figure of the individual artist and towards the possibility of co-authorship in the production of collective meanings. The article analyses the politics of leisure produced by community arts organisations both in discourse and practice. Based on archival sources from several organisations as well as interviews with former members, the study offers a survey of different practices and identifies core principles of the movement: accessibility, collective action, empowerment, and cultural democracy. These themes were jeopardized in the 1980s, in the context of the successive Conservative governments.
Fighting Colonial Violence in “Indian Country”: Deconstructing racist sexual stereotypes of Native American Women in American popular culture and history
Authors: Croisy Sophie
Published: July 2020

Colonialism, its ingrained sexism and racism, and the consequential loss of tribal sovereignty through the elaboration by the American government of a complex legal system that has limited tribal jurisdiction, have had disastrous consequences on the bodily and social integrity of Native American women, past and present, in the U.S. This article analyzes problematic, stereotypical representations of Native Americans, men and women in contemporary mainstream American culture, focusing on stereotypes which promote violence against Native women, and deconstructs these representations through an analysis of the colonial (cultural and legal) history of racist violence perpetrated by non-Natives upon Native Americans in general and Native women in particular.
Translating Polysyndeton: A new approach to “Idiomaticism”
Authors: Zemmour Joachim
Published: July 2020

This experimental study is a synthetic presentation of a series of “rules” relative to the construction of complex sentences in French, specifically with regards to the use of coordinated structures. It is an adaptation of part of my PhD dissertation, whose subject was the translation of “polysyndeton” from English into French, observed from a “pragmatic” perspective as defined by Jean-René Ladmiral. As a translatologist, my approach is neither that of a linguist, nor that of a literature scholar, but that of a researcher mainly interested in the pragmatics of translation. It is not, therefore, set within any exclusive theoretical framework, especially as far as linguistics is concerned (translatology being, by its very nature, an interdisciplinary field). The primary aim of this doctoral research was to achieve a better understanding of what is traditionally—but often too vaguely—called “idiomaticism”, more especially as regards the French language. Throughout the article, the concept of “idiomaticism” has been described as a series of “thought patterns” that have an influence on the syntax of the French sentence, without being a formal (i.e. grammatical) constituent of it. These “rules” or “tendencies” could be particularly useful for learners of French as a foreign language.
A Relative Clause Whose Antecedent Is Determined by the Indefinite Article: Observations on determination, qualification and stabilization of occurrences
Authors: Gresset Stéphane , Mazodier Catherine
Published: July 2020

The purpose of this paper is to observe the properties of undetached relative clauses qualifying nouns determined with the indefinite article A in the framework of the theory of enunciative operations. In this framework, determination is seen as a process through which indeterminacy is eliminated and occurrences are stabilised. We have observed the interaction of indefinite determination with the qualification expressed in the relative clause to sort out when the relative clause gives the conditions for determination in A and when its role is to qualify an occurrence whose conditions of existence are to be found elsewhere in the utterance. This contributes to explaining why undetached relative clauses with an indefinite antecedent are problematic vis-à-vis the classical distinction between determinative and appositive relative clauses.
Mutability as Counter-Plot: Apocalypse, Time, and Schematic Imagination in Don DeLillo’s The Body Artist
Authors: Anker Richard
Published: July 2020

This article begins by situating Don DeLillo’s late writing in the critical context proceeding from Romanticism, and establishes an analogy between Keats’s late poem, “The Fall of Hyperion,” and the narrative dynamic that underwrites several of the novelist’s most recent works. It then takes up a more detailed reading of The Body Artist, interpreting apocalypse as a trope enabling reflection on the temporality of literary language. Situating DeLillo’s work in the context of Romanticism enables the establishment of a link between the author’s late work and the Kantian “crisis” which brought to light, with profound literary consequences, the faculty of Imagination (Einbildingskraft) as a putting-into-figure, and mimèsis as “presentation” (Darstellung), studied here as effects of the body artist’s traumatic experience of loss.
The Summer Garden Photograph, Or a Barthesian Reading of the Mutable Poetics of Louise Glück
Authors: Olivier Marie
Published: July 2020

L’article propose une lecture du poème « A Summer Garden » de la poète américaine contemporaine Louise Glück. Il est tiré de son dernier recueil, Faithful And Virtuous Night (2014), qui confirme un changement de style radical dans le parcours de l’auteure, avec des poèmes plus longs, apparemment plus narratifs, et des poèmes en prose. Nous nous proposons de lire « A Summer Garden », poème de deuil, à travers le regard de Roland Barthes qui avait trouvé en « la Photo du Jardin d’Hiver » la vérité de sa mère, décédée trois ans avant que ne soit publié La Chambre claire en 1980. “A Summer Garden” de Louise Glück s’ouvre sur la découverte d’une photographie de la mère de la persona, assise dans un jardin d’été où le temps semble s’être arrêté, pris dans l’oscillation et la répétition insistante d’un été qui semble ne jamais advenir. Nous étudions comment la poétique de Glück décentre et diffère le punctum de sa photographie du jardin d’été au moyen d’une constellation de déictiques, de signes qui montrent le dehors, le hors-champ. Alors que les pages se noircissent chez Glück, les multiples écrans que le poème met en scène demeurent obstinément vierges, le langage impuissant face à un chagrin que l’écriture rend paradoxalement impossible.
Idiosyncrasies of the 2010 Affordable Care Act from a Comparative Perspective
Authors: Stephan Lea
Published: July 2020

This article examines the particularities of the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) in a historical comparative perspective. Comparisons are made to highlight the specificities of the American welfare state and of health legislation in particular. The comparisons with European countries aim at highlighting the particularity of racial division among the American working and middle class that hampered the expansion of the American welfare state and how this impacted the ACA. Despite certain shortcomings resulting of the idiosyncrasies of America’s welfare state and political system (the single payer system was not considered, Medicaid expansion is now optional, a market-based system), the ACA nonetheless managed to circumvent some problems due to the racialization of social policies and found ways to address some of the needs of minority populations by targeting specific issues that are particularly problematic for those populations.
From a Stylistic Angle: Methodological Issues and Liminal Creativity
Authors: Sorlin Sandrine
Published: July 2020

Stylistics can be said to borrow tools from one well-established discipline (linguistics) and step on the disciplinary toes of another (literature). The question of the legitimacy of its borders in the academic landscape in France can deservedly be raised. In this article which questions the frontiers of stylistics, the author sets up a mock trial, bringing to the witness box specialists of adjacent disciplines, linguistics and literature, uncompromisingly probing the legitimacy of stylistics. After offering a defence speech, the author shows how unfair this trial is to all participants involved, the reason being that the liminal issue applies to the field of stylistics in a specific way. The perimeter of stylistic studies has not been built on the construction of exclusive borders. The author shows why the field should be construed as both a welcoming and a migrating land that must be understood in this paradox: it has gained disciplinary legitimacy by paradoxically dismantling disciplinary partitions. Stylistics is a ‘connecting’ discipline that can further research by reviving dialogues between distinct fields of knowledge. In a very last section, a concrete illustration is given to the bridging capacity of stylistics, as it brings new light to another discipline, film/TV series studies that have been passed over from a pragma-stylistic angle.
Angles and “limes” in American Studies: Ecofeminism in the research field
Authors: Lauwers Margot
Published: July 2020

As an activist and research movement, ecofeminism is concerned with the interrelations between sexism, racism, speciesism and environmental degradation. Thus, from its beginning in the 1970s, the ecofeminist movement has argued that angles and “limes” between disciplines were not always as definite as one might think. This article proposes to draw on the latest evolutions in the field of ecofeminist studies—namely the fact that ecofeminist literary criticism has successfully used literature out of its literary limits as an inter-space between practice and theory—and from my own experience as a young scholar working on ecofeminism, in order to clarify the ecofeminist approach to limits and angles on the one hand. It also aims to demonstrate how the problems ecofeminism encountered in successfully dealing with its problematic transdisciplinarity might serve to help further other interdisciplinary research in Anglo-American studies.
Is Equal Protection a Language Game?
Authors: O’Connell Anne-Marie
Published: July 2020

The purpose of this contribution is to provide an insight into the semantics of the Equal Protection clause of the 14th Amendment to the US Constitution as interpreted by the US Supreme Court, how it has been submitted to the vagaries of context and opinions, as the Justices are speakers of the language of law. Legal interpretation will be approached in Part 1 via the exploration of “grammar” and “rules” that have produced contrasted and sometimes ambiguous results as expressed in the Court’s decisions, following Ludwig Wittgenstein’s concept of the “language game.” Such a notion can be seen as the substance that shapes the identity and the memory of groups that have been differently affected by legal decisions. Part 2 will show how the constitutional clause is structured in relation to its meaning and its complex relation with time, as defined by French philosopher Paul Ricœur. Conversely, claiming that society exerts some influence on the law is equally valid. Part 3 will address the question raised by Thomas Nagel, whether a law that gives “equal opportunities” to a group by means of “preferential treatment” is compatible with justice.
The Physicality of Writing in Paul Auster’s White Spaces and Winter Journal
Authors: Hugonnier François
Published: July 2020

White Spaces is a hybrid piece of poetic prose marking Paul Auster’s literary rebirth. This matrix text, which served as an immediate response to Auster’s “epiphanic moment of clarity” during a dance rehearsal in New York, is an early experimentation with the physicality of writing. Words are steps. Verbs are motions. Facing the choreographer’s incapacity to put into words the December 1978 dance rehearsal, he began — step by step, word by word — to give in to silence, linguistic randomness and wandering. Auster suddenly realized that literary creation springs from physical commands rather than intellectual ones. Thirty years later, in Winter Journal, Paul Auster took up his exploration of the impersonal and tested the second-person narrative voice of his aging self. In both White Spaces and Winter Journal, the repetition of the binary rhythm of steps, breath, heartbeat, and the emphasis on doublings and symmetry widen the scope of Auster’s organic use of language. Speaking and writing require losing oneself to an interior music, as if the words were alive, freely animated and dictated to the writer by his own body. Speech, which parallels the world seen, is propelled by its own flow. Sensory limitations and the inadequacy of language, which had led Auster to a poetic dead-end, are in turn deplored and celebrated. As suggested in Winter Journal, language registers negativity as indirectly as the body integrates trauma. Shifting from pleasure to pain, the body exhibits the wounds of the past. Repeatedly, these cyclical works focus on feeling, falling and failing. Hence the aim of this paper is to highlight Auster’s metaphysical quest and aesthetic obsessions, which put the body’s functions and failures at the core of the writing process.
‘Anthropologists of our own experience’: Taxonomy and Testimony in The Museum of Innocence and The Virgin Suicides
Authors: Hayes-Brady Clare
Published: July 2020

The narrators of Jeffrey Eugenides’ The Virgin Suicides (1991) and Orhan Pamuk’s The Museum of Innocence (2008) spend their time obsessively gathering, curating and categorising objects associated with the objects of their affection. Talking about his novel, Pamuk argued that “the desire to gather objects is central to the human heart”, and in both of these novels, the male narrators react to the deaths of their beloveds by memorialising them in the form of object collections. The collections — one a group of “exhibits” and one a catalogue of the contents of a museum — serve both as a reminder of the beloved(s) and as a narrative aid, and are displayed to the unspecified “You”, the witness of the boys’ investigation in The Virgin Suicides and the museum visitor in The Museum of Innocence. In both cases, the collections are held up for investigation by the reader as proof of the narrator’s love. Both narrators obscure the subjectivity of their beloveds by confining them to the sum of the objects collected, presenting an essentially narcissistic projection of the self on to a muted, virginal other. I argue that the obsessive need for testimony demonstrated by both narrative voices reflects a fundamental incapacity to see the female other as a subject, drawing the reader, as witness, into the position of voyeur. By offering a post-mortem memorialisation of this kind, the narrators appropriate the image of their beloved(s), re-presenting them as objects among objects, albeit still the object of mystery and obsessive fascination. Exploring the use of visual touchstones (fictional in The Virgin Suicides, but real in The Museum of Innocence, which opened in Istanbul in 2009), I take Stanley Cavell’s idea of acknowledgement and Judith Butler’s theory of mournable lives to discuss memory, subjectivity and power in the recollection of the beloved dead.
And: A Complex Little Word at the Heart of Janet Frame’s Language
Authors: Rotgé Wilfrid
Published: July 2020

The aim of this paper is to provide an explanation of Janet Frame’s short story “The Birds Began to Sing” through a detailed study of the grammatical marker “and”, using concepts borrowed from cognitive grammar and the “theory of enunciation”. It also attempts to show how linguistic theory can be applied to a literary text, which is not used just as a linguistic corpus but analyzed in its literary specificity. The coordinator “and”, which is often perceived semantically as well as stylistically as unimportant, lies at the heart of Janet Frame’s short story. It gives it meaning and reveals an underlying complexity beneath the short story’s apparent simplicity and ultimately false naivety.
Condensation and Displacement in the Poetry of Lorine Niedecker
Authors: Nesme Axel
Published: July 2020

In this essay I explore the manifestations of condensation and displacement, the two major mechanisms identified by Freud in his study on Wit and Its Relation to the Unconscious, throughout the poetry of Lorine Niedecker. I begin by examining the implications of Niedecker’s definition of her poetics as an art of “condensery,” starting with her idiosyncratic handling of the suffix, a mere distortion of common usage that remains compatible with language being a matter of joint ownership. Phenomena of condensation are also at work in the changes that Niedecker observes in the rock formations of the Lake Superior region and records in North Central, conflating geological and human time, and translating those processes into compound nouns which, though they seemingly erase linear syntactical relations, do not serve essentializing purposes, reducing instead the distance between words and things in the manner of Deleuzian incorporeal events. Following the same logic, punning on the word “compound” allows Niedecker to draw the lineaments of a non-capitalist intertextual economy in which symbolic interest is generated by borrowing, notably from Shakespeare’s own metapoetic puns. Such plays on words are where Niedecker’s art of condensation comes closest to Freud’s analysis of wit. Indeed, some of her poems involve semantic shortcuts or humorous double-entendres analogous to those described by Freud, while consistent with the above mentioned logic of the event. Niedecker’s technique is most reminiscent of metaphysical conceit, however, when she tackles the immediate historical context of the Cold War. Poetic “condensery,” in this particular instance, proves instrumental in displacing human conflict towards the scene of the textual agon. I suggest that the poet’s handling of displacement in her poems on the threat of nuclear “obliteration” also allows her to settle gendered literary disputes between Niedecker and Zukokfsky, and thereby question the agency of the Lacanian symbolic Other who, as it is called upon to authorize or invalidate certain lexical choices, also exposes its own failure to guarantee the subject’s utterances and being.
One-liners and Linguistics: (Re)Interpretation, Context and Meaning
Authors: Chauvin Catherine
Published: July 2020

This paper examines one-liners from a linguistics point of view, using them to address the question of how meaning emerges in context. A typology of one-liners is first proposed, in which the devices that they rely on are first described and discussed. The paper then tackles the question of what they can illustrate of the contextual emergence of meaning, the emphasis being put on constructedness. The paper argues in favour of the presence of merged representations, as opposed to successive, discrete interpretations—one of which is cancelled in the course of “getting” the one-liner. Additional remarks are made on how interpretability and humour are not two aspects of one and the same question, and a short discussion is included of how the formal and the functional dimensions can interact.
The Hollywood Indian Stereotype: The Cinematic Othering and Assimilation of Native Americans at the Turn of the 20th Century
Authors: Berny Martin
Published: July 2020

This paper intends to demonstrate that the misrepresentation of Native Americans in cinema furthers the logic of differentiation at play in popular culture, focalizing on an irreconcilable enemy image upon which the American self is constructed. The Indian looking glass magnifies America’s lack of self-knowledge. Following Frederic Jackson Turner’s theory of the frontier and the mythologizing of the West at the turn of the 20th century, the Hollywood industry recycled the dual stereotype of the noble Indian and the bloodthirsty savage. This dichotomy deployed through American cinema and literature fits the evolving curve that defines the limits of a cohesive norm and the dominant vision of what the country is, of what it means to be American. As powerful social agents, movies from the period helped shape the way America thought about Native Americans and contributed to a rewriting of History, summoning those fantasized images manufactured by James Fenimore Cooper’s Leatherstocking Tales, dime novels, the paintings of Frederic Remington, Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show, or Thomas Edison’s Kinetoscope. I argue that the disappearance of the positive representation of Indians in the 1910s is part of a wider process of assimilation that legitimizes and reinforces the position of white mainstream society. More specifically, this essay investigates the process through which the Hollywood Indian became a necessary ideological tool supporting the All American Hero and the war effort in both World Wars. King Vidor’s Northwest Passage (1940), a work of implicit propaganda used by the National Education Association, makes the Natives an analogy for the Nazis, thus substituting an enemy image for another. George B. Seitz’s The Vanishing American (1925) is also an emblematic example of the use of a dissolving enemy image. As a biased Darwinism inflected the collective consciousness of what was then thought to be their forthcoming extinction, Native Americans had to merge into the conforming frame of the master race, most effectively through the agency of the Office of Indian Affairs and within Indian boarding schools. The Vanishing American culminates with its main character’s demise: Nophaie’s sacrifice proves the two races can never be mixed, and that if assimilation is to take place, it is only through a whitening process that would lead to the obliteration of the Natives. When Nophaie dies, the moment of his passing is described through a skin color change, his face turning white. While the end of the twenties marked the arrival of synchronized-sound cinema, the Natives lingered “voiceless into the margins”, as a silent mirror image that could not speak, epitomizing what the American self was not (Kilpatrick 1999). To this day, white imagination remains unable to articulate the other’s language and to see beyond these immutable images.
Cannibals, Monsters and Weasels: Creating a French Enemy in the United States during the 1790s Quasi-War and the 2003 Iraq War Diplomatic Crisis
Authors: Campangne Hervé-Thomas
Published: July 2020

This article assesses the creation of an enemy image of France and the French in the United States in two separate historical contexts. Although France and the United States have usually enjoyed rather positive relations throughout history after the signing of the Treaty of Amity and Commerce in 1778, the French were widely depicted as America’s enemy during the late 1790s Quasi-War, and more recently after France refused to support U.S. military intervention in Iraq in 2003-2004. In the first instance, an undeclared naval war opposed the two countries as the French government allowed for seizure of American ships in the wake of the 1795 Jay Treaty the US had signed with Great Britain, a conflict which escalated when U.S. navy later began to fight the French in the Caribbean. In 2003-2004, an acute diplomatic crisis induced a confrontation between the two nations when France suggested it would use its veto power to block passage of a United Nations Security Council resolution authorizing a U.S.- led military operation against Iraq. The aim of this study is to provide an understanding of the process through which the image of France was transformed, in both historical contexts, from that of ally and friend into that of a threatening other. Particular attention is paid to the creation and use of cultural stereotypes in statements by American officials, as well as in the media campaigns that characterized both diplomatic crises. Although the enemy image of France underwent significant changes between 1797 and 2003, our research shows that a number of cultural stereotypes that were created during the Quasi-War were revived during the 2003 diplomatic crisis. Chief amongst those is the association of France with terror and tyranny. This article also examines the deep political divisions that pitted Federalists against Republicans in the 1790s, and Neo-Conservative “hawks” against anti-war “doves” in 2003. These disputes shed light on the creation of enemy images of France in the United States. In both cases, the French antagonist was as mirror and a scapegoat that provides as much information on American identity and U.S. political debates as it does about American views on France and the French.
Robots and Immigrants: Employment, Precarisation and the Art of Neoliberal Governance
Authors: Maronitis Kostas
Published: July 2020

This article identifies the points of divergence and convergence between the discourses of technological displacement and low-skilled immigrant labour and argues for the understanding of a new model of neoliberal governance. New technologies, new managerial and organisational strategies, and new models of exploitation emerged in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis in the UK. What are the main features of this crisis? The article points to two different yet interconnected processes. First, due to demands for higher productivity and economic growth the advent of automation, robotics and AI is presented as an irreversible process capable of producing a new corporate environment in which low labour costs and efficiency co-exist with massive job losses, waning of workers’ collective defences and re-training programmes. Second, for all the increasing popularity of protectionist politics and of demands for tight immigration controls the need for low paid and low-skilled immigrant labour across several sectors of the UK economy remains unchanged. Demands for economic growth render the presence of low-skilled immigrants necessary as long as they are subjected to the minimum political, economic and social provisions such as wages, political participation and mobility. As a result, low-skilled immigrants must exist within a political and economic environment in which they are perceived as useful and at times essential accessories for sustaining economic growth and public services. The concepts of precarisation and precarity provide a useful insight into the underlying logic that connects and differentiates those two discourses. In particular, precarisation becomes at once the dominant mode of governing the population and the most effective means for capital accumulation. In contradistinction to old understandings of government that demanded political compliance in exchange for the promise of social protection, the neoliberal process of precarisation increases instability and provides the minimum of insurance. Precarisation is not limited to employment but more generally to the formulation of homo œconomicus as a collective neoliberal subject living in fear and uncertainty. Precarity, on the other hand, designates a sense of hierarchy amongst insecure workforce and the compensations they receive. The article concludes by arguing that the dividing lines between national and foreigner, domestic and immigrant, become integral notions of neoliberal governance for differentiating between precarious groups and maintaining order in contemporary capitalism.
The Zombie Economy and the Aesthetic of Austerity
Authors: Cain Ruth , Montgomerie Johnna
Published: July 2020

This article explores the present-day zombie economy as the embodiment of the aesthetic of austerity in Anglo-America. It uses the zombie monster metaphor to capture the multi-scalar manifestations of crisis under conditions of enduring austerity in unique ways. The theme of undeath, or living death, connects ‘dead’ economic ideas that are reanimated through the zombie economy to the logic of ‘there is no alternative’ (TINA). Moreover, the zombie monster permits a visceral connection between the harm inflicted on people’s physical and mental health and the underlying set of values perpetuated by austerity. It is the crisis at the scale of the body that manifests as the zombie macroeconomy of austerity. The contribution of this paper is that it articulates the aesthetic of austerity as the troubled boundary between what is alive and what is dead, which in a corporeal form is an absolute binary, but in political-economic terms is currently in flux.
The Neoliberalization of Public Spaces and the Infringement of Civil Liberties
Authors: Dassé Marine
Published: July 2020

Neoliberal policies have required a new way to envision urban areas. Municipalities try to bolster their image in order to attract new capital, which entails getting rid of the undesirables (the homeless and other people perceived as problems) who tarnish the image of their public spaces. This article explores the socio-political impacts of the Safer Cities Initiative, a zero tolerance policy program initiated by the city of Los Angeles in 2006. Drawing on the ‘broken-window theory’, the program’s official policy was meant to secure the streets and its primary goal was to firmly condemn misdemeanors. Camping was deemed illegal and homeless people were banned from the streets, jeopardizing civil liberties and questioning the right to be different. Drawing on first-hand interviews and reports, this article shows that this type of program represents a discriminatory and ineffective approach to poverty. It not only fails to fight serious and violent crimes, but also reinforces the processes through which neoliberalism exacerbates social differences and criminalizes poverty.
Reclaiming Our Universities: A Manifesto to Dismantle the UK HE Sector Neoliberal Agenda
Authors: Mayer Marian , Eccles Sue
Published: July 2020

This article is a response to the introduction of the Higher Education and Research Act (HERA) 2017, which in effect opens the door to privatised, deregulated Higher Education (HE) across the UK. The Act allows private for-profit companies, from their inception, to use the university title (previous legislation required a waiting period of four years), award degrees, and charge unregulated fees: they will not be required to establish or fund student unions. This is, we argue, the neoliberal project in action. As publicly-funded universities in the UK struggle to meet politically-driven imperatives such as the Research Excellence Framework, the Teaching Excellence Framework, audits, metrics and other performance indicators, new for-profit funded universities are emerging which position themselves as meeting industry and student expectations, rather than as centres for the creation, dissemination and research of knowledge. The only challenges to the hegemony of Universities UK (UUK), regulation of universities, and the governing bodies of pre-92 universities have come from individual academics and students, via UCU industrial action in defence of academic staff pensions. Strikes in 61 UK universities in 2018 were widely seen as a watershed in HE activism. Against this backdrop, an ideologically-driven, neoliberal agenda has begun to dismantle publicly-funded HE in England and Wales. To demonstrate this, we develop an interactive model predicated on the DNA double helix, where we illustrate links between government Acts and regulations and the concomitant dismantling of public sector education. Based on the review of over 140 government instruments, we argue the model represents the backbone of the neoliberal project which is intended to privatise all areas of education in the UK. To challenge this neoliberal agenda, we propose a manifesto to reclaim HE in England and Wales. Whilst in part the manifesto is based on the premise that a Labour government will be elected within the next 5 years, this is not a prerequisite for reclaiming our universities. The manifesto seeks to establish University Community Cooperatives — collegiate, collaborative spaces of knowledge creation. Our analysis of the current political landscape in England and Wales, in light of recent activism within HE, leads us to be optimistic. We argue that it is possible, through the efforts of individuals, collectives, unions and all citizens concerned with, and in, HE to work together to achieve truly inclusive, democratic, communities of learning. These communities will reclaim universities, organise, and act for the benefit of civic society. Staff and student unions have come together in common cause to challenge the neoliberal university model, rendering them the power to dismantle the neoliberal agenda; our manifesto seeks to contribute to the struggle to reject neoliberal realism and reclaim our universities.
Jennifer Haley’s The Nether: Digital and Inhuman Subjectivities on Stage
Authors: Pham June Xuandung
Published: July 2020

In this article, I analyze Jennifer Haley’s 2013 play The Nether through the lens of digital subjectivities. I contend that the play addresses the swift evolution of the definition of “Virtual Reality” and of the possibilities it offers. I also examine the specificity of the medium, theatre relating to new technologies, to demonstrate the relevance of theatre in a digital society through a case study. As a police procedural play, The Nether compels us to contemplate the future of legal practices in dealing with crimes that differ by nature from those we know, starting with a more thoughtful reflection on digital agents and a more open attitude to the Inhuman subjects.
Sailing the Indian Ocean in Ancient Times
Authors: Kowalski Jean-Marie
Published: July 2020

Navigations in the Indian Ocean, well attested in the ancient periplographical and geographical literature, pose a series of questions to the historian. These investigations are more often than not fragmentary and provide information only on some of the desired data. Nor can they attest the existence of cartographic representations. However, whether they are Greek or Latin, many navigators had experienced what is was to sail in the Indian Ocean at that time, offering a constantly evolving representation of this area.
Teaching Global History and Geography Using the Indian Ocean as a Unit of Analysis
Authors: Sankey Ingrid
Published: July 2020

The units of analysis historians and geographers use dictate what questions are asked, which stories are told and eventually which patterns emerge. Units of analysis are framing tools that help scholars identify global patterns. By focusing on seas and ocean basins, one can bring out the processes of interaction that link peoples living in the various regions around a sea and ocean basin. Nowadays, as Global History is emerging as a new historical paradigm and as a form of “global geography” is being taught in French high schools, the Indian Ocean framework, like the Mediterranean Sea decades ago with historians such as Fernand Braudel, is commonly used to explain the early development of global trade networks and regional cross-cultural interactions in what is commonly referred to as the “Old World”, as opposed to the “New World” “discovered” by Christopher Columbus in 1492. This article deals with this recent and unprecedented use of the Indian Ocean as a global framework for historical and geographical analysis in teaching and research fields and explains why teaching about the Indian Ocean world as a zone of dynamic interaction between peoples makes more pedagogical, historical and geographical sense than teaching about it through traditionally delineated national or continental units in a globalized world. It also discusses the limitations of the use of such a broad unit of analysis and the potential consequences of a teleological bias that prompts historians and teachers to try integrating the human past into a comprehensive big picture that emphasises the shared experiences of all humans sometimes at the expense of a somewhat traditional historiography, focusing on the idea that the human past is marked by important differences between peoples across space and time. The conclusion assesses how global historians and geographers are attempting to reconcile the idea of an increasing integration at the global scale with that of proliferating difference at the local and regional scales and envisages the ways in which they can construct and teach a global historical and geographical narrative of the past and of our contemporary world that may help students understand the growing complexities and challenges of globalization, including global environmental issues such as the building of a sustainable future for all.
Translation Pedagogy in the Digital Age
Authors: Marczak Mariusz
Published: July 2020

The language service provision industry is rapidly developing, with the market growing on an annual basis (Drugan 2014; DePalma et al. 2014; 2017; Pym 2016) due to voluntary and non-voluntary human mobility, increased social agency (Cronin 2013), as well as the worldwide provision of services, goods and cultures (Orlando 2016). As a result, the practices of modern-day language service providers are being altered via the implementation of Machine Translation (MT) (TAUS 2013) and Computer Assisted Translation (CAT) tools (Bondarenko 2015) so that the industry can cope with increased volumes of text to be translated, shrinking deadlines, and decreasing remuneration (Choudhury & McConnell 2013). At the same time, the translation market is becoming convergent as language service providers expand, while freelancers attempt to retain a competitive edge by teaming up (Breen 2017). Whatever the case, online solutions are being implemented which permit translation teams to work flexibly via telecollaboration (Pym 2016; Schaeffner 2016). The sign of the times is the need to keep abreast of the shifts in work modes and tools necessitated by them, which requires translators to display a set of skills relating to both translation technologies and telecollaboration and communication tools (Bondarenko 2015). What it brings to the forefront of contemporary translator education — and also language education, for that matter — is the learner’s capacity and preparedness for self-directed, autonomous learning (Kukulska-Hulme et al. 2015). Having said that, today’s translator education systems must create conditions for students not only to learn about translation but also develop a range of soft/employability skills, e.g. critical thinking skills, communication skills, problem-solving skills and collaboration skills, which will help them live up to the expectations of the Language Service Providers (LSPs), or the market at large (Mirza 2017). This paper investigates how translator education may respond to that need through a pedagogic shift from traditional, positivist epistemology, consisting in teacher-centered instruction and knowledge transmission, towards emergentist education, which emancipates the learner, situates the learning experience, emphasizes collaboration and aims at developing translator competence, which is viewed as a complex system of interactions between a myriad of context-dependent factors (Göpferich 2008; Kiraly 2013; 2015; Kiraly and Hoffman 2016). The author examines how this new pedagogy affects the learner, their self-perception and conceptualization of the translation profession, with particular emphasis on Web- and CAT-based pedagogies and work-modes. It concludes with a number of evidenced predictions which altogether constitute a voice in the debate about the future outlook for translator education.
What Do We Mean by Experimental Art?
Authors: Attridge Derek
Published: July 2020

This essay explores and evaluates a number of possible ways in which the phrase “experimental art” might be understood, considering several particular examples. “Experimental” may be understood purely on the basis of the scientific model, though this is not what we usually mean by the term. The experimental quality of art is more likely to be understood as a matter of degree of innovation, though this approach is rendered problematic when put in a historical context. We are more liable to call something an experiment when it does not lay the foundations for a new movement, but is something of a dead-end. It may be thought that the size of the audience is important, experimental art often being of minority interest, but some counter-examples are cited. The next question the essay considers is: “Is experimental art always a matter of technique — of a trying-out of new forms? Or is it possible to be experimental in terms of content alone?” Experimental art as commonly understood often means not fully achieved art. The essay then sets the term “experimental” next to another term, “inventive”, drawing on the work of Jacques Derrida. Inventive art is very like experimental art, challenging the status quo, going beyond the “possible”, introducing that which is uncategorizable and unmarketable. The paradigmatic experimental work of art, perhaps, is one that is highly innovative in form, but doesn’t entirely succeed in what it attempts; it bears the marks of the artist’s trial-and-error procedures; it is appreciated by the few rather than the many; and it remains outside the mainstream of artistic production.
“Finding a Form to Accommodate the Mess”. Experimental Science and Storytelling in Thalia Field’s Writing
Authors: Lang Abigail
Published: July 2020

Thalia Field’s writing draws its power and inventiveness from the conversation it conducts between biology and storytelling. On the one hand, Field draws from biology or geology to invent non-human points of views or timescales and thus rethink the units of narrative (character, plot, action). On the other hand, she taps the critical learning garnered by poetry and poetics to point out the failings of science when it misuses its authority and turns a blind eye to its motives. On closer examination, “realist” fiction and scientific method share certain characteristics: omniscient point of view, separation between subject and object, linear causality. To these they owe their great cognitive faculties but also some tragic lapses. Experimental Animals, a polyphonic historical novel depicting the birth of Claude Bernard’s experimental medicine and of the anti-vivisection movement, shows the tragic flaw of physiology to be the denial of experience in the name of experiment and the lack of empathy for objectified animals. Turning to ethology, the science of animal behavior, Bird Lovers, Backyard exposes Konrad Lorenz’s tragic flaw to be a compromised use of storytelling and the projection of human psychology onto animals. Bearing these flaws in mind, Field seeks to write from the right distance, a requirement which accounts for the experimental forms her stories take, an experimentalism that owes more to John Cage than to Bernard or Zola.
Terroir and the Family Farm
Authors: Jones Sharyn
Published: July 2020

I argue that the concept of terroir is related to ideas about locally produced foods and health or wellbeing. Consumer demand for local foods and an emerging interest in terroir hold great potential for mobilizing meaningful social change related to food system sustainability, environmental stewardship, and community health. I explore the intersections of food and local agriculture with an emphasis on small-scale farms in Northern Kentucky. I also draw on my experiences as the co-owner of a small farm focused on heritage breeds. This work indicates that farmers and rural residents alike share a love and respect for the land that crosscuts economic, social, and historical divisions. An understanding of the articulations between alternative food production, agrarian identity, and entanglements beyond the human may illuminate successful approaches to locally derived sustainable food systems and grass-roots conservation efforts.
Variability and Change
Authors: Arceño Mark Anthony
Published: July 2020

This article examines how central Ohio winegrowers are able to manufacture “the taste of place” in the midst of a dominant global discourse that maintains a rhetoric of anthropogenic climate change. Importantly, this work positions climate as not necessarily changing but rather as seemingly always being in a state of change. While relatively few winegrowers in central Ohio have been growing grapes and making wine for a few decades, many more are relatively new to the artisanal and industrial wine landscape, which includes added pressures beyond climate (such as changes in the global market or legislation) that influence decision-making and ongoing landscape transformations. Drawing on interviews and participant observations conducted in central Ohio, as well as in Alsace, eastern France, this article argues that constant adaptations to multiple terroir contexts are liminal acts that illustrate how terroir is being “reverse engineered” (i.e., in a constant state of being made or even conceptualized a posteriori) in a region that is facing social and ecological change.
Blockchain-Based Digital Rights Management Techniques
Authors: Cuong Nguyen Ha Huy , Kumar Gautam , Solanki Vijender Kumar
Published: July 2020

The usage of information is essential for data-driven capabilities in artificial intelligence. The data-driven AI techniques lead to several security and privacy concerns. Among various digital techniques, digital rights management is required as one of collaboration scheme that ensures the security and privacy of intellectual rights. Though a number of researchers have proposed various security techniques, none of them have proposed an efficient and effective privacy procedure for digital rights. Recently, blockchain technique is considered as one of the major security methods to ensure a transparent communication among individuals. It can be used by various applications such as industries, marketing, transportation systems, etc. The aim of this chapter is to propose an ensured resource allocation algorithm that validates the scheme by comparing various security measures against previous approaches. Further, the proposed phenomenon ensures the transparency on security and privacy due to its integration.
Understanding Blockchain
Authors: Saini Hemraj , Rathee Geetanjali , Saini Dinesh Kumar
Published: July 2020

In this chapter, the authors have detailed the need of blockchain technology along with its case studies in different domains. The literature survey is described that describes how blockchain technology is rising. Further, a number of domains where blockchain technology can be applied along with its case studies have been discussed. In addition, the authors have considered the various use cases with their recent issues and how these issues can be resolved using the blockchain technology by proposing some new ideas. A proposed security framework in certain applications using blockchain technology is presented. Finally, the chapter is concluded with future directions.