bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Physicians' Explanations on Patients' Treatment Preferences
Authors: Mazur Dennis J. , Hickam David H.
Published: March 2007

Objective: To evaluate the influence of physicians' explanations on patients' choices. Setting: A university-based Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Participants: 136 patients seen in a continuity-care general medicine clinic. Measurements and Results: Patients were randomized to two groups [Limited Explanation (LE) and Extensive Explanation (EE)] and asked to choose between two alternative treatments (differing in short-term vs long-term survival benefits) for an unidentified medical condition, based on the information given in the explanations. LE consisted of a brief orientation to graphs summarizing the treatment results, while EE consisted of a detailed verbal description of the graphs. Significantly (p < 0.001) more patients receiving EE changed their preferences across three pairs of five-year survival curves, compared with patients receiving LE. Of the patients receiving EE, 57% reported either medium-term (year 0-to-intercept or intercept-to-year 5) data or the average life expectancy for the five-year period contained in the curves (ALE-5) as most influencing their decision making; whereas 78% of patients receiving LE reported only endpoint (year 0 or year 5) data as most influencing their preferences. Conclusions: The patients' treatment preferences for long-term vs short-term survival benefits were influenced by the amounts of verbal explanation provided to them about five-year survival graphs summarizing treatment results. The patients appeared to minimize the importance of medium-range data when those data were not specifically pointed out to them. Key words: cognitive biases; framing effect; informed consent; medical decision making; preferences; five-year survival; life expectancy. (Med Decis Making 1994;14:255-258)
Integrating Ethical Considerations Into Marketing Courses: the Role of the Marketing Professor
Authors: Hasty Ronald W. , Bellizzi Joseph A. , Losser Steve
Published: March 2007

This paper suggests that marketing professors should adopt pedagogy and course content which integrates consideration of ethical issues into the curriculum. The recommendations flow from research findings presented in the paper which conclude that students perceive various marketing practices differently on the basis of ethical acceptability. That is, students enter college maintaining similar judgment of questionable marketing practices. By the end of the senior year business majors have become more tolerant of certain practices while nonbusiness majors have become less tolerant. Also, nonbusiness students who have taken Introduction to Business are more tolerant of these practices than those who have not taken the course.
An Experiential Method for Teaching Secondary Research
Authors: Sparkman Richard M.
Published: March 2007

A successful technique for teaching secondary research is described. The technique is based on tradition lectures and examples followed by a difficult assignment which the students must com plete entirely on their own. This forces them to devote considerable time, effort and thought to developing their own solution. As a result, they develop considerable expertise in the use of secondary data.
Markmix: a Tool for Teaching Market Response
Authors: Fuhrer David , Schary Philip B.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a model which meets a need that many teachers of basic marketing have long felt, that students should gain experiential as well as textbook understanding of the con cept of market response. Discussion begins with a description of a computer model which can be used by students interactively at a computer terminal. The use of the model in a classroom situation is then addressed. This is followed by comments on the structure of the model.
Team-teaching Within Schools of Business: Increasing the Chance for Success
Authors: Klein Gary D.
Published: March 2007

Applications of team-teaching within schools of business appear to contain inherent defects, which lead to superficiality. A three-fold modification is suggested and a case history applying this solution is presented. A preliminary general model for team- teaching success is also presented.
Compensation of Industrial Manipulator Dynamics in the Presence of Variable Payloads
Authors: Leahy M.B.
Published: March 2007

The objective of this study was to experimentally investigate the payload sensitivity of model-based control algorithms for the class of vertically articulated industrial manipulators with high torque amplification drive systems. Once the pay load sensitivity was established, the minimum subset of payload parameters required to permit payload invariant tracking performance was determined. Analysis of open-loop feedforward compensation torques correctly predicted the experimental PUMA results. High amplification drive sys tems reduce, but do not eliminate, the payload sensitivity of industrial manipulator dynamics. Model-based controllers must adapt to payload variation in order to maintain high speed tracking accuracy. For a wide range of end-effector payload, the payload estimation/adaptation algorithm for the large positioning links need only compensate for variation in payload mass. To accurately adapt to changes in small link dynamics, the algorithm must estimate both the payload mass and centroid. Knowledge of payload sensitivity can re duce the complexity of all model-based adaptation schemes and bring them a step closer to routine implementation.
Achieving Dextrous Grasping by Integrating Planning and Vision-Based Sensing
Authors: Bard Christian , Laugier Christian , Milési-Bellier Christine , Troccaz Jocelyne , Triggs Bill , Vercelli Gianni
Published: March 2007

This article deals with the automation of dextrous grasping in a partly known environment using a stereo vision system and a multifingered hand mounted on a robot arm. Effective grasping requires a combination of sensing and planning capabilities: sensing to construct a well-adapted model of the situation and to guide the execution of the task, and planning to determine an appropriate grasping strategy and to generate safe, feasi ble manipulator motions. We propose an integrated approach that combines computer vision, path planning, and manipulator control in three complementary activities: the reconstruction of task-oriented models of the workspace, the determination of ap propriate grasping configurations from computed "preshapes" of the hand, and the automatic generation and execution of hand/arm motions using a hybrid geometric path planner and a hybrid control system. This article outlines the architec ture of our system, discusses the new models and techniques we have developed, and finishes with a brief description of work-in-progress on the implementation and some preliminary experimental results.
The New Internal Colonialism
Authors: DiGiacomo Susan M.
Published: March 2007

■ Anthropology's claims not only to special insight into systems of struc tural inequality, but a special mandate to expose and condemn them, become problematic in light of the discipline's studied inattention to the emergence of a large and growing underclass of underemployed and marginal professionals within its own ranks. Corporate outsourcing, downsizing and union-busting have analogues in the exploitative hiring practices of the academy, where they are mystified by appeals to departmental and institutional loyalty, and the need to maintain course coverage and student enrollment figures. There is evidence that serious attempts to bring this issue to the attention of the discipline at large are unwelcome; two cases, one involving the author, are described and analyzed. It is argued that a professional ethics worthy of the name cannot be limited to the study and representation of ethnographic Others, but must be conceptualized broadly enough to encompass our dealings with our colleagues.
Through Ngoni Eyes
Authors: Brantley Cynthia
Published: March 2007

■ Drawing upon a significant amount of unpublished data which Margaret Read collected as a part of the 1939 Nyasaland Nutrition Survey and her simultaneous study on the impact of migrant labor on village life in Nyasa land, this article argues that her conclusions that matrilineal practices were being taken over by patrilineal ones is not borne out by the evidence she collected. As peoples in the three nutrition survey villages (Yao, Chewa and Ngoni) and in the surrounding areas experienced much interaction and as, especially, patrilineal Ngoni interacted with matrilineal Chewa, practices usually associated with one or another of these descent systems became mutually modified rather than uni directional. Aspects of patriliny actually failed to give advantage to many people, and aspects of matriliny - such as inheritance, rights to land, and control over labor and children - proved to be more durable than her interpretations implied.
Israelite Political Theories in Joshua 9
Authors: Sutherland Ray K.
Published: March 2007

Josh. 9 is composed of three literary strata, each of which derives from and corres ponds to the political ideals of a phase of Israel's history, so that the literary history of the passage illuminates the history of Israel's social and political structures. The earliest stratum, in which the 'men of Israel' are the negotiating party, shows the pre monarchic ideal of the free adult Israelite males exercising sovereignty. A second stratum, in which Joshua negotiates in consultation with the 'men of Israel', reflects the situation during the divided monarchy when the kings and assemblies occasion ally collaborated in political procedures. The 'princes of the congregation' act alone in the third and latest stratum, corresponding to the postexilic era when these nobles exercised sole political power in Judea.
Discussion Following Mr Willett's Presentation
Authors: Bryhn Per Morten
Published: March 2007

At the request of the Editorial Committee, the Secretary of the Section on Acquisition and Exchange, Per Morten Bryhn, recorded the discussion which followed Mr Willett's presentation.
Access to Library Services by Means of End-User Technology
Authors: van der Werf-Davelaar Titia
Published: March 2007

Titia van der Werf is member of the editorial staff of SURFnet InfoServices and KB Alexicon, the net worked information services of SURFnet (National Research Network Organisation of the Netherlands) and the Koninklijke Bibliotheek (National Library of the Netherlands), respectively. She can be con tacted at the Koninklijke Bibliotheek, POB 90407, 2509 LK The Hague, Netherlands.
Divorce in Early Modern Neuchâtel, 1547-1806
Authors: Watt Jeffrey R.
Published: March 2007

Analysis of all divorce litigation extant in Neuchâtel from the introduction of divorce in the mid-sixteenth century to the early nineteenth century suggests substantial changes, both quantitative and qualitative, over this long period. The proportion of couples going through divorce remained a small minority during the whole period, but the reasons for requesting divorce and the grounds on which divorce was granted changed, with the most noteworthy changes ap pearing in the second half of the eighteenth century. It may be said that by the end of the eighteenth century matrimoniul courts in Neuchâtel had begun to nurture componionate marriage.
The Demographic Regime of Western Europe in the Early Modern Period: a Review of Literature
Authors: Crenshaw Edward
Published: March 2007

Research conducted on the historical demography of Western Europe contradicts the classic theory of demographic transition. Contrary to the emphasis on mortality in transition theory, work by Wrigley, Schofield, Goldstone, and others points to fertility in general, and age at marriage and the incidence of marriage in particular, as the critical determinants of population size, structure, and growth in the early modern period. Recent theories link occupational and in dustrial structures to the historical fertility regime of western Europe, and suggest that changes in economic structure rather than changes in economic rationality due to modernization dictated fer tility patterns for this region during this historical era.
The Athenian Widow and her Kin
Authors: Hunter Virginia
Published: March 2007

Evidence in Attic lawsuits, viewed in a cross-cultural perspective, reveals that the legal restrictions on women made it difficult for widows to achieve the kind of independence and power enjoyed by their counterparts in early modern Europe. Athenian widowsfunctioned mainly within the structure of the family. Peculiar to their position was the fact that they remained members of their natal family. Hence, though legally without rights of inheritance, widows were assured of the protection of a father or a brother and of a place in their family of origin. Sons carried on in the tradition of natal kin in supporting and protecting widowed mothers. The latter, mature widows, often exercised power within the family, where they were respected as figures of authority.
Friends, Neighbors, and Relations: the Practice of Kinship in Waipu, New Zealand, 1857-1917
Authors: Molloy Maureen
Published: March 2007

Aspects of the practice of kinship in a Highland Scots community in nineteenth- century New Zealand are examined through archival and oral historical sources. Although the word clann does not appear in the written vocabulary of these settlers there is evidence that the extended family was central to settlement patterns and to support systems throughout the life course. It is further suggested that support extended to those beyond the circle of "close" kin to include friends, acquaintances, and others in need, especially when these were children. The study concludes that a biologistic model of kinship does not fit the evidence from Waipu and that the settlers had a wider and more fluid concept of appropriate people toward whom "kinship" could and should be practiced.
Nuptiality Patterns and Household Structure on the Greek Island of Mykonos, 1849-1959
Authors: Hionidou Violetta
Published: March 2007

The focus of the study is the population of the Cycladic island of Mykonos, Greece, from the mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century. An overwhelming preponderance of nuclear households was found there in the mid- nineteenth century. The inheritance system facilitated the observed rules of neolocality. At the same time, the marriage pattern was clearly Mediterranean, i.e. with rather low age at first marriage for females, high for males, and low levels of permanent celibacy. Over the period of the study a gradual move away from this pattern was observed, mainly due to an increase in the female age at marriage. These findings are in line with other evidence from southern Mediterranean Europe, and indicate the strong influence of common socio economic and probably cultural elements.
Bigamy and Cohabitation in Victorian England
Authors: Frost Ginger
Published: March 2007

This article, based on 221 bigamy cases between 1830 and 1900, argues that many couples, particularly in the working class, entered bigamous unions throughout the nineteenth century. Most communities accepted these unions if they followed certain norms. The bigamist had to have a good reason to have left his or her spouse, had to have been honest with the second spouse, and had to be able to support multiple families. Within these parameters, neighbors and friends ac cepted illegal marriages, following in a long tradition of self-marriage and self-divorce. In fact, by the end of the century, judges followed community standards in their sentencing and often gave nominal punishment to both male and female bigamists. In the 1880s and 1890s, law enforcement officials were leery of bringing bigamy charges because pressure from below had so compromised prosecutions.
The Sexual Politics of Widowhood: the Virgin Rebirth in the Social Construction of Nineteenth- and Early-Twentieth-Century Feminine Reality
Authors: Reinhart Cornel J. , Tacardon Margaret , Hardy Philip
Published: March 2007

This article explores the social construction of widowhood at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries. It seeks to understand this role and its importance for women, and to explore the relationship of widowhood to social maintenance and change in late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century American life. Widowhood lies at the juncture of three crucial aspects of Victorian life and society: the family as a social institution, the idealization of women, and the caste relationship of women to men. The authors believe that widowhood, a premodern, private, family-based social institution, played an important part in the transition of roles for women into modern opportunities for public careers of shared responsibility and institutional leadership with men.
Modeling Chinese Marriage Regimes
Authors: Wolf Arthur P. , Gates Hill
Published: March 2007

In some parts of China people commonly raised their sons' wives. In other parts they rarely did so. This article compares evidence from two widely separated localities and suggests that the frequency of marriages involving home-raised daughters-in-law was correlated with the age at which these girls entered their future husband's household and the extent to which the practice was class related. It also suggests that this correlation was the product of marriage market forces.
Women's Stature and Marriage Markets in Preindustrial Bavaria
Authors: Baten Jörg , Murray John E.
Published: March 2007

The authors investigate marital patterns among Bavarian women born 1819 to 1886. In particular, Becker's hypothesis concerning heights and probability of marriage, namely, that likes tend to marry likes, is considered. The authors find to the contrary that the shortest women were at a distinct disadvantage in the marriage market. Other characteristics that lowered the probability of ever marrying included birth in northern Bavaria, lower class status, and illegitimate birth. It is concluded that the height-marital status relationship sheds light on the wage premium paid to married workers: The premium probably reflects greater productivity that (1) existed prior to marriage and (2) increased the likelihood of marriage.
The Ties That Bind: Social Cohesion and the Yucatec Maya Family
Authors: Restall Matthew
Published: March 2007

This analysis of unstudied census materials and Maya-language notarial records explores the nature of Maya familial organization and identity in colonial Yucatán, Mexico. At the intersection of the two primary units of Maya society, the community and the patronym-group, existed the extended family, which was formed through marriage alliances within largely endogamous communities between strictly exogamous patronym-groups, expressed as a multiunit patriarchal household of about ten members, and given cohesion by community and patronym-group identities and by familial participation in working and owning property. Mar riages may have been later, and separate newlywed households less common, than previously suggested.
Intergenerational Household Structure and Economic Change At the Turn of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Elman Cheryl
Published: March 2007

Most older persons at the turn of the twentieth century in the United States lived with a child. Family theories stress kin affiliation or jointfamily survival strategies as motives for coresidence. This article uses exchange theory to examine whether hierarchical and noncollectivist "elder strategies" shaped coresidence. Analysis of the 1910 Public Use Sample and linked macrolevel census data finds that the coresidence of elderly males with adult children was afunction of local economic opportunities, old-age dependency, economic resources (including Civil War pensions), and remarriage alternatives. Specifically, local economic opportunities led to more coresidence, but remarriage, older men's robustness, and greater material resources led to less coresidence with a child. Older men, as those in previous cohorts, held onto the resources they possessed—including headship— for their own use and perhaps to maintain leverage over kin.
Marxism and Socialism: A Response to Paul Sweezy and Ernest Mandel
Authors: Silver Geoffrey , Tarpinian Gregory , Silver Geoffrey , Tarpinian Gregory
Published: March 2007

Developments in the world communist movement over the last two decades — Khrushchev's revelations regarding Stalin at the Twentieth Congress of the CPSU, the Sine-Soviet split, and the Eurocommunist move ment, to name a few— have impelled Marxists to rethink their conceptions of socialism, and therefore, their respective strategies for social change. Within the Marxist tradition, this process has manifested itself in revisions of the basic concepts and structure of Marxist methodology.
The Character of Soviet Economic Relations with Third World Countries
Authors: Clawson Patrick , Clawson Patrick
Published: March 2007

The hypothesis examined here is that the U.S.S.R.'s economic ties with the Third World have essentially the same character as Western-Third World ties. The first section presents data to demonstrate that the U.S.S.R. draws considerable economic advantage from its large trade and loan (aid) activ ity in the Third World. The second section argues that Soviet-Third World eco nomic relations share three important characteristics with Western-Third World economic ties: high profits earned from high prices, reinforcement of an unequal international division of labor, and export of capital. The concluding section has some comments on the principles of socialist foreign economic relations and sug gests that the U.S.S.R.'s behavior is inconsistent with these principles. An appen dix presents evidence that the Soviet economy requires relations with the Third World to provide a market for Soviet output, a source for raw materials, and a site for superprofitable investment.
Towards a Unifying Approach To Group Techniques: a Brief Summary
Authors: Vassiliou George
Published: March 2007

To briefly summarize a complex topic is bound to lead to more misunderstandings than clarifications. It is only in response to the cordial invitation of the Editor that this has been attempted at all.
Langage poétique, poétique du langage
Authors: Genette Gérard
Published: March 2007

L'approche de divers systèmes signifiants à l'aide d'un modèle sémio tique élaboré, en principe, à partir du langage déllotatif de la communica tion, pose le problème de la formalisation de certains aspects des systèmes signifiants qui ne correspondent pas aux structures saisissables par le modèle linguistique usuel. C'est à ce stade de la recherche que la sémiologie, suivant la démarche de la philosophie la plus traditionnelle, introduit la distinction norme-anomalie, en considérant comme déviatoire tout ce qui échappe aux grilles de la linguistique dénotative.

Or, le concept d'anomalie, s'il insiste clairement sur la différence entre une certaine structure signifiante et une autre considérée comme " normale ", présente plusieurs désavantages que la pratique quotidienne des sémiologues ne cesse de dénoncer. Ainsi, la distinction norme-anomalie permet difficile ment une description non-réductrice des structures dites " déviatoires ". D'autre part, cette distinction pose le problème des critères qui fonderaient une structure comme normale et une autre comme déviatoire ( donc le problème du point de départ et de l'orientation de la recherche même).

A cette discussion, dont l'importance est capitale pour la constitution d'une sémiologie générale, et pour toute science sociale, les recherches sur les systèmes signifiaiits dits " artistiques " ( la littérature, la peinture, le ciné ma, etc.) peuvent apporter beaucoup. Il s'agit en effet, dans ces systèmes signi fiants, d'un langage dit " poétique " dont les structures échappent d'emblée à celles du langage considéré comme principalement dénotatif et sur lequel le modèle sémiologique est généralement construit. De sorte que, dans l'étude du langage poétique, le problème norme-anomalie est posé, pour ainsi dire, à son niveau de base : au niveau de la matière linguistique elle-même, là où se différencient dans le tissu même du langage, la " norme " et " l'anomalie ".

Vu plus généralement, le problème est le suivant :

Est-ce qu'un modèle sémiotique général, englobant tous les systèmes signifiants, est possible ? Un modèle dont les différents niveaux, correspondant aux différents systèmes sémiotiques, peuvent s'intégrer dans une totalité axio matisable, sans s'exclure comme " anonialies" l'un par rapport à l'autre ?

Si oui, à partir de la formalisation de quel corpus linguistique ce modèle général est-il possible ?

Et comment intégrer dans ce modèle sémiotique général, les particu larités considérées aujourd'hui comme déviatoires?

Le texte de Gérard Genette ouvre un débat que les efforts de sémiolo gues — logiciens, mathématiciens, psycholinguistes, sociologues, etc. — devraient alimenter. (Note de la Rédaction.)
Creative Thinking and Movement Styles of Three Culturally Homogeneous Kindergarten Groups
Authors: Troiano Aaria Butler , Bracken Bruce A.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the creative thinking and movement styles of three culturally homogeneous groups of kindergarten children to identify whether, and in what ways, they exhibit intragroup homogeneity and intergroup differences. The Thinking Creatively in Action and Movement Test was administered to American Indian, black American, and Dutch American kindergarteners. Quantitative and qualitative analyses revealed considerable intragroup homogeneity and intergroup differences. Specifically, the two non-European minority groups scored approximately one standard deviation higher on this measure of creativity than the Dutch American group.
Profile Analysis of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised
Authors: Hale Robert L. , Saxe Joseph E.
Published: March 2007

Seventy-seven children referred for psychological evaluations to a school psychology training clinic in Pennsylvania and 192 children referred for psychological evaluations through the public schools in Nebraska had their WISC-R subtest scores profile analyzed, with four distinct profiles identified. Cross-validation indicated that the four profiles were similar across the two samples. Profile elevation, scatter, and shape scores were calculated for each child in the combined samples. The use of these scores in a stepwise multiple regression procedure indicated that profile elevation was the major predictor of academic achievement. Shape values added significant but almost inconsequential variance to the predictions of both Reading and Arithmetic. Scatter in dices did not aid in the prediction of achievement. The meaning and usefulness of WISC-R profile analysis is discussed.
Regression Analyses of Race and Sex Bias in Seven Preschool Tests
Authors: Reynolds Cecil R.
Published: March 2007

Tests for bias under the regression definition were carried out for seven major tests used to predict first-grade performance on the Metropolitan Achievement Tests, over a 12-month interval, using Potthoff's (1966) method. Analyses were con ducted to evaluate bias in prediction for 322 children across sex and race (black-white). In the 112 tests for bias, only 13 significant differences in prediction occurred; in each case intercept bias was present that resulted in the overprediction of minority performance on the criterion measures. Correlation coefficients between pre- and post-tests were also compared across groups. For the 112 comparisons of validity coefficients, only two showed any race or sex differences, a chance finding at p < .05.
Novelty, Familiarity, and Significance of Object in the Assessment of Object Permanence
Authors: Tardona Daniel R. , Bradley-Johnson Sharon
Published: March 2007

The level of object-permanence was assessed for 16 infants (age, 7 months) when three types of stimuli were used. A familiar object (a toy brought from home), novel objects, and a significant object (baby's bottle) were used to examine how each object type would affect the infants' levels of search. Results indicated that when presented with a novel object, 7-month-old infants, as a group, would exhibit significantly higher levels of search behavior than they would for either the significant or the familiar stimuli. The babies' bottle elicited significantly higher levels of search from all infants than did a familiar object. In three cases it was observed that the significant object elicited a higher level of search than did novel objects. Definitions of novelty and significance are examined. Implications of the findings in terms of assessment are discussed.
Validity of Self-Report Measures of Anxiety for Use with Anglo-American, Mexican-American, and Black Students
Authors: Argulewicz Ed N. , Miller David C.
Published: March 2007

Self-report measures of anxiety may present an objective, cost-effective method for identifying at-risk children experiencing chronic anxiety. The present study investigated the validity of two self-report anxiety measures (the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale and the Children's Anxiety Scale) for groups of Anglo-American, Mexican-American, and black students (total N = 444) in grades 1-3. Results indicated that both scales were minimally effective in identifying learning-disabled students and unsuccessful in identifying children with emotional handicaps. In predicting academic achievement, both scales had low, nonsignificant relationships with reading and mathematics performance for all three ethnic groups. Bias in the scales' predictive validity, as per the regression definition, was found to be nonexistent.
The Temporal Stability of the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Ability for Elementary-Aged Learning-Disabled Children
Authors: Breen Michael J.
Published: March 2007

The temporal stability of the Woodcock-Johnson Full Scale Cognitive Index and the Verbal, Reasoning, Perceptual Speed, Memory, Oral Language, and Broad Reasoning cluster scales were investigated. A sample of 57 elementary-aged learning-disabled children were studied. Results indicated that only the Full Scale Index and the Verbal and Oral Language cluster scales demonstrated adequate stability over a six-month interval. That is, they exceeded the .80 standard for screening instruments. None of the coefficients exceeded the .90 standard suggested for use for major educational decisions. Small but statistically significant gains in mean standard score performance occurred for all measures from one test administration to another. Implications and direction for subsequent research were presented.
The Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Ability: A Comparison of Two Methods of Cluster Scale Analysis for Three Learning Disability Subtypes
Authors: Breen Michael J.
Published: March 2007

The Woodcock-Johnson Oral Language/Verbal Ability clusters and Broad Reasoning/Reasoning clusters were compared for three samples of learning-disabled children: (a) high math and low reading, (b) high reading and low math, and (c) equally low math and reading abilities. Data indicated each pair of clusters to be highly correlated across subtype (.73-.93). In all instances but one, the Oral Language and Broad Reasoning clusters generated significantly lower mean standard scores than the Verbal Ability and Reasoning clusters, respectively. Implications for interpretation are discussed.
Comparison of the WISC-R and K-ABC with Gifted Students
Authors: Naglieri Jack A. , Anderson Deborah F.
Published: March 2007

The difference between Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) and Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (KABC) standard scores was compared for a sample of 38 fifth-and sixth-grade students identified as gifted. Results revealed that the mean WISC-R Full Scale IQ (134) was significantly higher (t = 7.6, p < .001) than the mean K-ABC Mental Processing Composite (126). The difference between the overall WISC-R and K-ABC scores (despite the significant .70 correlation) was attributed to the lack of sufficient numbers of difficult items on the K-ABC, especially the subtests Matrix Analogies and Triangles. Further analyses revealed that the sample earned essentially equal WISC-R Verbal and Performance means and equal K-ABC Simultaneous and Sequential means. Implications for use of the K-ABC are discussed.
Object Grouping in Children: A Revised Look at the Iconic-Symbolic Approach
Authors: Abkarian G. G.
Published: March 2007

Normally functioning children (22 each at grades K, 2, 4, and 6) were exposed to the iconic-symbolic (I-S) subtest of the Muma Assessment Program (Muma & Muma, 1979). Instructions recommended for the I-S subtest (a classification task) were revised to align them with other studies of classification found in the literature. In a further departure from standard I-S testing protocols, subjects were required to provide rationale statements that justified their object pairings. Rationales then were evaluated on the degree of isomorphism between the object grouping criteria presumed a priori by the I-S and the actual criteria provided by subjects. Compared to an earlier study that used I-S materials, current results showed a higher level of isomorphic rationale under revised instruction; a non-linear relationship between subject age and selection of symbolic (ostensibly more abstract) object pairings; a tendency for subjects at grade 2 and older to shift their classification criteria as the test progressed. Results are related to the stage model of representation on which the I-S is based. Implications for the clinical evaluation of classification are discussed.
Standardized Tests and Timed Curriculum-Based Assessments: A Comparison of Two Methods for Screening High-Risk Students
Authors: Joyce Bonnie G. , Wolking William D.
Published: March 2007

The present study compared two procedures used in identifying students as “at risk” for learning problems. One procedure was a standardized norm referenced assessment represented by the Metropolitan Readiness Test and the Metropolitan Achievement Test. The other test procedure was a variation of the Curriculum-Based Assessment (CBA), which used frequency to measure samples of academic behavior. Tests were administered to 144 kindergarten and 142 first-grade children. Although the two procedures were comparable in identifying high-risk students, they differed substantially in time, effort, and cost. These differences might be important for school districts with limited personnel and funds.
Comparison of the Efficacy of the Minnesota Percepto-Diagnostic and Bender-Gestalt in Assessing Brain Damage in Adolescents
Authors: Fuller Gerald B. , Levine Maureen
Published: March 2007

The Minnesota Percepto-Diagnostic Test-Revised (MPD-R) and Bender-Gestalt (BG) were administered to 34 brain-damaged (BD) and 34 functional psychiatric individuals (NBD) 17 years of age or younger. The order of administration for the MPD-R and BG was counterbalanced to control for practice effects. The MPD-R used a two-step procedure for diagnosis, while the BG was scored according to the Hutt system. Correlations (Phi) and chi-squares were computed for the MPD-R and BG for test diagnosis compared to actual (correct) diagnosis. The MPD-R diagnosis was found to be associated significantly with frequency of actual (correct) diagnosis, while the BG demonstrated a low association with frequency of actual (correct) diagnosis. The MPD-R correctly identified 78% of all subjects; the BG identified 60%. The results were interpreted as evidence that the MPD-R provides a more sensitive and accurate measure for identifying BD and NBD than does the Hutt-scored BG. It appears from this study that the MPD-R is a better test than the Bender-Gestalt for visual-motor perception.
Self-Concept and Locus of Control: Are they Causally Related in Secondary Students?
Authors: Eberhart Steven W. , Keith Timothy Z.
Published: March 2007

Previous studies have found a positive correlation between self-concept and locus of control, two variables that frequently are studied and assessed by school psychologists and other educators. The purpose of this study was to examine the causal relation of the correlation between these two variables. Subjects (more than 28,000 high school sophomores and 11,000 seniors) were drawn from the 1980 and 1982 waves of the National Center for Education Statistics' High School and Beyond longitudinal study. A causal modeling approach was used to examine the relation between self-concept and locus of control. Six different causal models were analyzed using LISREL, a computer program for estimating the unknown coefficients in a set of linear structural equations. The results suggest a difference in the nature of the relation for sophomores and seniors. For sophomores, it appears that the causal relation between self-concept and locus of control is reciprocal in nature. For seniors, the primary direction of causation is from self-concept to locus of control.
Relationship among Measures of Impulsivity for Preschoolers
Authors: Gaddis Lena R. , Martin Roy P.
Published: March 2007

Although impulsivity has come to play a major role in defining childhood behavior problems, there is little agreement as to the definition, validity, and measurement of the construct. The purpose of this study was to investigate the inter-relationships among five measures of impulsivity appropriate for use with preschool children. Participants in the study were 39 children ranging in age from 46 to 62 months. Measures included the Kansas Reflection-Impulsivity Scale for Preschoolers, the Mazes Subtest of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, the Goodman Lock Box, the Preschool Rating Scale, and the Temperament Assessment Battery for Children. The two teacher rating scales were highly correlated, but few significant relationships were obtained among the performance measures or between teacher ratings and performance measures.
Effects of Reversing Digits Forward and Digits Backward and Strategy Use on Digit Span Performance
Authors: Dunn Gary , Gaudia Lisa , Lowenherz Jennifer , Barnes Michael
Published: March 2007

The effects on performance of reversing the order of administration of digits forward and digits backward on the Digit Span subtest in relation to what recall strategy was used were explored. The efficacy of the various reported strategies also was examined. Subjects were 33 women and 27 men who ranged in age from 16 to 60. Subjects were divided into three groups, and each was administered two trials of a shortened version of the Digit Span subtest in varying administration orders. Subjects then were queried through open- and closed-ended questions about their strategy use. The reversal of administration order had no improvement effect regardless of the strategy used. Subjects who used a grouping strategy performed significantly better (p < .02) than subjects who did not use this strategy on both digits forward and digits backward.
Attributional Comments of Experienced and Novice Examiners During Intelligence Testing
Authors: Buckhalt Joseph A.
Published: March 2007

Attributional and encouraging statements during WISC-R administration were compared for experienced and beginning examiners. The patterns of comments for both experienced and beginning examiners seemed to be related to structural aspects of the test, and the proportions of comments in attributional categories were similar for the two groups. However, experienced examiners made greater numbers of both attributional and encouraging comments. The results suggest that further investigation of subjective aspects of test administration be made and implications for training of examiners be considered.
Individual and Combined Effects of Attention Deficits and Learning Disabilities on Computerized ADHD Assessment
Authors: Aylward Glen P. , Verhulst Steven J. , Bell Sabra
Published: March 2007

The widespread use of computerized assessments in the diagnosis of attention deficit disorders (ADD/ADD-H) necessitates identification of factors that influence performance on these instruments. The individual and combined influence of two factors, attention deficits (determined by DSM-III) and learning disabilities (LD), on computerized ADHD assessment was evaluated in a clinic population of 253 children referred because of problems with attention or concentration, high activity levels, or poor academic achievement. Intelligence scores, levels of academic achievement, DSM-III diagnoses, parent and teacher rating scale data, and the presence of LDs were recorded. In ADD subjects, 66% also had one or more identified LD. In children without ADD, 64% were diagnosed as LD. Analyses of both summary scores (age-adjusted percentiles) and separate trial (raw) scores of a computerized assessment device indicated main effects for ADD/ADD-H on the continuous performance task (CPT) number correct and number of commissions. No main effect for LD was found. Delay task (DRL) results were not as clear; ADD effects were significant when raw scores, but not percentile scores, were used. It appears the computerized CPT task is influenced by ADD/ADD-H and is not affected independently by LD; however, age and IQmust be considered in such assessment. The delay task might not be as clinically useful.
Professionals Who Administer Tests With Children and Youth: An International Survey
Authors: Oakland Thomas , Hu Sherman
Published: March 2007

The characteristics of professional groups who use tests in 44 countries are reviewed. Sixteen professional groups were identified. Those most likely to employ tests include school or educational psychologists, teachers, counselors, and clinical and general psychologists. Also, school or educational psychologists are most likely to use all of the 10 common types of tests (e.g., intelligence, personality, achievement). Psychologists are more likely to use foreign-developed tests, while teachers are more likely to use tests developed in their own country. The services provided by most professional groups are thought by the respondents to be adequate to superior. Most professionals learn tests through coursework. The mean years of post-secondary education among all professional groups is 5; professionals who use individually administered measures tend to have more education than those who use group tests. The correlation between perceived adequacy in test use and years of post-secondary education is significant. Implications for the uses of tests by professionals are discussed.
The Relationship of the Pupil Evaluation Inventory to Indicators of School Success
Authors: Wright Dan , Pillard Edward D. , Wiese Martin J.
Published: March 2007

Scores on three scales of the Pupil Evaluation Inventory (Aggression, Withdrawal, and Likability) were derived from a sample of 200 regular education and mainstreamed elementary students and were compared with group achievement test results and membership in referral subgroups. Results showed low to moderate correlations of the PEI measures with achievement test scores and indicated some gender differences in the magnitude of the relationships. Groups referred for special ser-vices or gifted programs showed significant differences from regular education students on all of the PEI measures. The PEI holds promise for the further study of the social and behavioral correlates of school success.
Relationships between Children's Prosocial Behaviors and Choices in Story Dilemmas
Authors: Weidman Carla S. , Strayhorn Joseph M.
Published: March 2007

A measure of prosocial choice in story dilemmas was created by adding 23 stories to an original 4 studied by Eisenberg-Berg and Hand (1979). Each story called upon the child to make either a prosocial or a hedonistic choice in the hypothetical situation. Adding more items improved the internal consistency of the measure, as predicted by the Spearman-Brown formula. In our Head Start sample, the children's prosocial responses significantly predicted more prosocial ratings of child behavior by parents. The same relationship held, although less consistently, with behavior ratings carried out by observers in the Head Start classroom. Parents' ratings of themselves on mental health and parenting variables were not related to the measure of prosocial choice in story dilemmas. These findings as a whole provide some exception to past findings of lack of correspondence between responses to hypothetical situations and real-life behavior.
A Comparison of Teachers' Responses to Dynamic and Traditional Assessment Reports
Authors: Delclos Victor R. , Burns M. Susan , Vye Nancy J.
Published: March 2007

Teachers trained in one of two highly contrasting models of education for preschool children rated psychoeducational assessment reports on two scales designed to tap report characteristics and expectations for the examinee's learning potential. One-half of the teachers were trained in the traditional DISTAR model; the other half were trained in the Coged model. One-half of the teachers of each background read a report based on a traditional psychoeducational report; the other half read a report based on a dynamic assessment report. Neither type of report was rated higher for its contributions to program planning. Several interactions between teacher training and report type were obtained. We conclude that the usefulness of an assessment report depends on a number of factors including type of assessment conducted, the contents of the report, and the theoretical perspective of the consumer of the report.
A Comparison between the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised and the Test of Nonverbal Intelligence-2 with Mexican-American Secondary Students
Authors: Coleman Maggie , Scribner Alicia Paredes , Johnsen Susan , Evans Margaret Kohel
Published: March 2007

This study compared the performance of a sample of 37 Mexican-American secondary students with learning disabilities on two ability measures. The TONI-2 and the WAIS-R were used to determine whether students performed better on tasks that require abstract/complex reasoning skills as opposed to verbal skills. Moderate correlations between measures were found, and results of a multivariate analysis indicated significant differences between the TONI-2 quotient and all three quotients of the WAIS-R. Findings are discussed in terms of (a) implications for culturally different populations and (b) considerations for assessment personnel who are searching for alternatives to cognitive measures that are based on verbal skills.
Ethnic Group, Education, and Gender Differences on Six Horn Abilities for Adolescents and Adults
Authors: Kaufman James C. , Chen Tsuey-Hwa , Kaufman Alan S.
Published: March 2007

This study examined test performance by a sample of 1,146 individuals (587 males, 559 females) aged 15 to 93 years on six abilities derived from Horn's Gf-Gc theory. Differences related to gender, ethnic group (White, Black, Hispanic), and educational attainment were explored by means of multivariate and univariate analyses. The following Horn abilities were evaluated, in most cases by a single reliable subtest: Fluid (Gf), Crystallized (Gc), Broad Visualization (Gv), Quantitative (Gq), Short-Term Acquisition and Retrieval (SAR) and Long-Term Retrieval (TSR). Data were analyzed for 956 Whites, 128 Blacks, and 62 Hispanics; gender and ethnic group differences were evaluated both with and without an education covariate. Educational attainment, ethnic group, and gender produced significant main effects in the MANOVA, and the latter two variables remained significant in the MANCOVA with education covaried. Whites scored significantly higher than Blacks on all Horn abilities, with and without the covariation. In the White-Hispanic comparisons, most significant differences dropped out with education covaried. Correlations between education and test performance were higher for males than females.