bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The “African Enslavement of Anglo-Saxon Minds”: The Beechers as Critics of Augustine
Authors: Thuesen Peter J.
Published: January 2009

Harriet Beecher Stowe, who achieved international fame for her 1852 antislavery novel,Uncle Tom's Cabin, is best known to historians of American religious thought as a critic of New England Calvinism and its leading light, Jonathan Edwards. But in airing her frustrations with the Puritan tradition, Stowe also singled out a much earlier source of the problem: Augustine, the fifth-century bishop of Hippo. At his worst, Augustine typified for Stowe not only theological rigidity but also the obdurate refusal of the male system-builders to take women's perspectives seriously. Consequently, in the New England of the early republic, when “the theology of Augustine began to be freely discussed by every individual in society, it was the women who found it hardest to tolerate or assimilate it.” In leveling such criticism, Stowe echoed her elder sister Catharine Beecher, a prominent educator and social reformer, whose well-known writings on the role of women in the home have often overshadowed her two companion volumes of theology, in which she devotes more attention to Augustine than to any other figure. Yet for all her extended critiques of Augustinian themes, Beecher buried her most provocative rhetorical flourish, as one might conceal a dagger, in the last endnote on the last page of the second volume. Seizing upon the African context of Augustine's career as a metaphor for his deleterious influence on Christian theology, she concluded that reasonable people have a duty to resist the “African enslavement of Anglo-Saxon minds” no less than to combat the “Anglo-Saxon enslavement of African bodies.”
From Black Magic to Heresy: A Doctrinal Leap in the Pontificate of John XXII
Authors: Iribarren Isabel
Published: January 2009

In 1320, Pope John XXII launched a doctrinal enterprise of some import: the assimilation of practices of black magic into the crime of heresy. As was his custom, John sought the opinion of experts before taking a final decision that would entail, among other consequences, extending the jurisdiction of the inquisition to cover cases of black magic. In his recent study on medieval demonology, Alain Boureau has suggested that the question that truly concerned the pope was not witchcraft or ritual magic per se, but the role of the devil in these practices. Boureau based his thesis on a wide-ranging theory of late medieval representations of individual subjectivity and society, on the principle of “pact” or covenant between two free-willing parties. Away from old, static forms of social hierarchization, the fourteenth century favors a contractual structure that places the emphasis on the voluntary nature of the relation between individuals in society and between humans and God. Boureau develops his argument on the basis of the response offered by one of the members of the 1320 commission, the Franciscan Enrico del Carretto. Bishop of Lucca, Enrico had been among the experts in charge of judging the orthodoxy of the Franciscan Spirituals in 1318, and had also participated in the discussion towards the preparation of the bullCum inter nonnullos. We are thus in the presence of one of John XXII's curial cohort. Boureau accords particular value to Enrico's response because he is the only member of the commission who seems to draw attention to the real efficacity of demonic causality in black magic, thus offering the first explicit evidence of thetournant demonologiquetaking place in the medieval Church between the end of the thirteenth and the beginning of the fourteenth century.
Inventing the Catholic Worker Family
Authors: McKanan Dan
Published: January 2009

“The Catholic Worker movement is evolving in ways its founders didn't anticipate,” declared a recent article in the National Catholic Reporter, explaining that the movement has evolved from a community of single people to a network that includes many family-centered houses of hospitality. Such media perceptions are widely shared by Catholic Worker families. “In 1933,” explained Julia Occhiogrosso of the Las Vegas Catholic Worker, “Dorothy [Day] didn't give us models for families who want to minister to the poor, Catholic Worker style.” These claims demand a more sustained historical analysis. Just how new are Catholic Worker families? What historical factors contributed to their emergence? Who did create the models for the dozens of families that today are feeding the hungry, sheltering the homeless, visiting the prisoners, and bending swords into plowshares?
From Peoplehood to Church Membership: Mormonism's Trajectory since World War II
Authors: Shipps Jan
Published: January 2009

Christians of every stripe are bound into faith communities by two sets of identifying metaphors. One,the body of Christ, is derived from the New Testament's account of the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus. The other, drawn from Hebraic prophecy, is linked to the understanding that Jesus was of the house and lineage of David. As the crucified Messiah, he stood at the head of thehouse of Israelas both Lord and Christ. In the practical terms spelled out in the Pauline letters, the first of these metaphorical congeries describes the church as Christ's body, an entity with members and a head. The second turns Christ's followers into a kinship group that is a party to a new covenant with God. Despite its heterogeneity, its inclusion of Gentiles as well as Jews, this group—along with the Jews—is one that the ancient of days selected to be his chosen people.
The Lives and Literary Roles of Children in Advancing Conversion to Christianity: Hagiography from the Caucasus in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages
Authors: Horn Cornelia B.
Published: January 2009

Children are the weakest and most fragile members of their families as well as of the society in which they live. At the same time children embody a potential for growth and renewal that is greater than that of anyone else. On many occasions, ancient and medieval hagiographers from the Caucasus have chosen to convey their message of the need for religious change and conversion from indigenous religions or later on from Islam to Christianity by employing examples that involve children. When these writers promoted the transition from sickness to healing and health, from sterility to fertility, from old to new, from what is wild, misguided, and unlettered to the elevated and advanced state of a society that is educated, and from worshippers that were members of other religions to followers of Christianity, they chose to avail themselves of the image of the child.
Hypobaric pressure exposure effects on cochlear frequency selectivity in fluctuating, low-frequency hearing loss
Authors: Brännström K J , Grenner J
Published: January 2009

Aim:

To study the effects of hypobaric pressure chamber exposure on the cochlear frequency selectivity of subjects with monaural, fluctuating, low-frequency hearing loss, such as occurs in Ménière's disease.

Methods:

We used a hypobaric pressure chamber to create relative underpressure in the ear canal, in order to impose positive pressure gradients on the inner ear. Psychophysical tuning curves, transiently evoked otoacoustic emissions and speech recognition scores in noise were measured in 10 subjects with fluctuating, low-frequency hearing loss, before and after pressure exposure.

Results:

After the exposure, subjects’ overall pure tone averages showed no improvement, but individual results showed improved speech recognition scores in noise (six subjects), increased transiently evoked otoacoustic emission strength (three subjects) and increased psychophysical tuning curve steepness (two subjects). Deteriorations were also seen, mainly in psychophysical tuning curves. No association could be established between the different tests, and the measured parameters could not predict subjective improvement.

Conclusion:

The results suggest variable effects of hypobaric pressure exposure on inner-ear physiology.
Effect of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor on hearing
Authors: Okuyucu S , Guven O E , Akoglu E , Uçar E , Dagli S
Published: January 2009

Objective:

Following a report of sudden hearing loss in a patient taking phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor, and a Food and Drug Administration announcement concerning this class of drugs, a study was planned to investigate if ototoxicity occurs in patients using phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor for erectile dysfunction.

Methods:

Eighteen patients with erectile dysfunction who had been using phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor were included in the study. Audiometric tests were performed on all patients, between the frequencies 250 and 16 000 Hz, before and 1, 5 and 72 hours after drug ingestion.

Results:

Four patients showed a unilateral threshold decrease compatible with ototoxicity criteria; this change was reversible. A statistically significant difference in pre- versus post-drug hearing thresholds was observed in the right ear at 10 000 Hz (p = 0.008). There were no statistically significant hearing threshold differences at any other frequencies (p > 0.05).

Conclusion:

Although temporary ototoxicity was noted in four patients, we could not find any permanent, deleterious effect of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor on hearing thresholds.
Sensitivity and specificity of computed tomography for detection of extranodal spread from metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Souter M A , Allison R S , Clarkson J H , Cowan I A , Coates M H , Wells J E
Published: January 2009

Aim:

To estimate the sensitivity and specificity of computed tomography used for the detection of extranodal spread of metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, by experienced head and neck radiologists.

Materials and methods:

Participants had undergone a neck dissection for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, together with computed tomography scanning prior to surgery (accessible for reporting). Computed tomography images were independently examined by two experienced head and neck radiologists. Nodal involvement by squamous cell carcinoma and the presence or absence of extranodal spread were recorded. Results were compared to the histological specimen. The sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of using computed tomography for the detection of nodal involvement and presence or absence of extranodal spread were estimated, and 95 per cent confidence intervals were calculated.

Results and analysis:

The study analysed 149 neck dissections. When using computed tomography to detect the extranodal spread of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, radiologists A and B had sensitivities of 66 and 80 per cent, specificities of 91 and 90 per cent, and positive predictive values of 85 and 87 per cent, respectively.

Discussion:

The sensitivity and specificity of radiological detection of extranodal spread from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is not well reported in the literature. Accuracy of reporting improves in the hands of experienced head and neck radiologists. This finding has clinical implications for surgical planning and adjuvant therapy requirements.
On Moser’s boundedness problem of dual Billiards
Authors: LI LONG
Published: January 2009

In this paper, the boundedness of the dual billiard orbits of trapezoids is obtained. This gives an example showing that there are also polygons, which are neither rational nor quasi-rational, with all of their dual billiard orbits bounded. Moreover, most of the orbits are Poisson-stable, which means that most points will come sufficiently near to their original positions under iterations of the dual billiard map.
Harmonic functions on ℝ-covered foliations
Authors: FENLEY S. , FERES R. , PARWANI K.
Published: January 2009

Let (M,ℱ) be a compact codimension-one foliated manifold whose leaves are endowed with Riemannian metrics, and consider continuous functions on M that are harmonic along the leaves of ℱ. If every such function is constant on leaves, we say that (M,ℱ) has the Liouville property. Our main result is that codimension-one foliated bundles over compact negatively curved manifolds satisfy the Liouville property. A related result for ℝ-covered foliations is also established.
Invariant densities for piecewise linear maps of the unit interval
Authors: GÓRA PAWEŁ
Published: January 2009

We find an explicit formula for the invariant densityhof an arbitrary eventually expanding piecewise linear mapτof an interval [0,1]. We do not assume that the slopes of the branches are the same and we allow arbitrary number of shorter branches touching zero or touching one or hanging in between. The construction involves the matrixSwhich is defined in a way somewhat similar to the definition of the kneading matrix of a continuous piecewise monotonic map. Under some additional assumptions, we prove that if 1 is not an eigenvalue ofS, then the dynamical system (τ,h⋅m) is ergodic with full support.
The contribution of language skills to reading fluency: A comparison of two orthographies for Hebrew
Authors: COHEN-MIMRAN RAVIT
Published: January 2009

The purpose of the present study was to explore the contribution of phonological and general language skills to reading fluency of pointed and unpointed Hebrew scripts. Reading, language and memory tasks were performed by 48 fifth-grade monolingual native Hebrew speakers. Results showed that the most marked predictor for both pointed and unpointed reading texts was the morphological measure, whereas the phonological awareness measure contributed to neither of them. The semantic and syntactic measures contributed only to unpointed text reading fluency. The discussion highlights how readers in script, such as unpointed Hebrew, rely on general language skills in order to achieve fluent reading.
An Introduction to Survey Research on Chinese Politics
Authors: Manion Melanie
Published: January 2009

In a political environment that remains (at best) officially sceptical about the enterprise, representative surveys on Chinese politics have nevertheless grown substantially in number in the past two decades: political scientists trained and based outside mainland China conducted a mere two such surveys in the 1980s, but the number increased more than tenfold in the 1990s and continues to rise steadily.
The Chinese Urban Caste System in Transition
Authors: Tang Wenfang , Yang Qing
Published: January 2009

Using data from a 2004 national survey, we examine the recent trends in the conditions of migrant workers in China. Our discussion engages the debate in the existing literature between the migrant workers as victims of China's economic growth and as a newly emerging political force with growing bargaining power. The study focuses on three dimensions of migrant workers' status: their socio-economic conditions, relations with rural and urban residents, and conflict resolution behaviour. The findings indicate that while migrant workers continue to occupy more blue-collar and service jobs than urban residents, their economic, social and political status has improved. In some areas, migrant workers show even more political activism than both rural and urban residents. Migrant workers' growing social influence is a positive development in China's political diversification.
Allies of the State: Democratic Support and Regime Support among China's Private Entrepreneurs
Authors: Chen Jie , Dickson Bruce J
Published: January 2009

This article examines the intensity and sources of Chinese private entrepreneurs' support for the current political system. The study presented here is based on data from a representative sample of private entrepreneurs collected from five coastal provinces in late 2006 and early 2007. In general, China's private entrepreneurs tend to support the current party-state and to be in favour of the status quo. Subjective values are far more important than CCP membership and relationship to the state in determining which capitalists are regime supporters. Among all the factors analysed in this study, democratic values, life satisfaction, evaluation of government policy performance and perception of official corruption play the most decisive roles in shaping private entrepreneurs' support for the incumbent regime. Only red capitalists who are former cadres are likely to be reliable supporters of the regime when subjective values are also considered; other ties to the state do not create support for the regime. The degree of regime support also exhibits considerable regional variation. These findings have important implications for the survival of the regime and for the role of private entrepreneurs in a potential political change towards democracy.
Understanding the Falsification of Village Income Statistics
Authors: Tsai Lily L
Published: January 2009

Despite the general consensus on problems with official income statistics, quantitative data on the falsification of income statistics have been scarce. This article draws on original survey data from 2001 to provide estimates of the extent and magnitude of income data falsification by village cadres and uses statistical analysis to identify factors that are correlated with the inflation of village income per capita. Evidence from survey data as well as village case studies suggests that village cadres were less likely to inflate village income per capita when they were cadre-entrepreneurs, when they were located in villages with well implemented elections, when they were embedded in village-wide solidary groups such as temples and lineages, when they experienced less direct supervision from township officials, and when they relied less on revenue from village levies.
Training China's Political Elite: The Party School System
Authors: Shambaugh David
Published: January 2009

One of the most important, but under-researched and least well understood, instruments of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is the extensive national network of Party schools (approximately 2,700). They serve as the key institution of mid-career training and indoctrination for all Party cadres, many government cadres, some military officers and selected businessmen. In addition to its training and indoctrination functions, the Party school system (particularly the Central Party School in Beijing) is also an important generator of policy initiatives. Not all Party schools are stalwart institutions, with some being involved in corruption scandals, but on the whole they have come to play an increasingly important role in the CCP's rebuilding efforts in recent years.
Buddhism in Singapore–China Relations: Venerable Hong Choon and His Visits, 1982–1990
Authors: Tat Chia Jack Meng
Published: January 2009

Venerable Hong Choon (1907–90) made eight visits to China between 1982 and 1990. During these visits, the Venerable met national and religious leaders, made pilgrimages to sacred Buddhist sites, helped to restore the monasteries associated with his master Venerable Hui Quan, and officiated at religious ceremonies. This study aims to examine the diplomatic significance of Venerable Hong Choon's visits to China. It positions these religious exchanges within the broader context of Singapore–China relations since the reopening of China in the late 1970s, and argues that Buddhism played a role in fostering international relations between the two countries in the period prior to the official establishment of diplomatic ties. In the absence of formal diplomatic channels between Singapore and China, Venerable Hong Choon's religious visits could thus be seen as a form of informal diplomacy with the aim of confidence building.
Can the Weak Defeat the Strong? Mao's Evolving Approach to Asymmetric Warfare in Yan'an
Authors: Bingham Kennedy Andrew
Published: January 2009

Mao's confidence in military confrontations with more powerful adversaries continues to inspire Chinese strategists more than half a century later. This article explores the origins and development of Mao's thinking in this regard, focusing particularly on his years in Yan'an. Drawing on newly available sources, the analysis stresses the importance of experience, as opposed to ideology, in the development of Mao's martial confidence. For much of his time in Yan'an Mao was relatively circumspect in his military ambitions. Yet towards the end of this period his confidence rose considerably after successes against the KMT offensive in 1946. In short, Mao's martial confidence did not spring fully formed from his ideological convictions but emerged over time.
Bloodstream yeast infections: a 15-month survey
Authors: SWINNE D. , NOLARD N. , VAN ROOIJ P. , DETANDT M.
Published: January 2009

A 15-month survey of 412 bloodstream yeast isolates from 54 Belgian hospitals was undertaken. Candida albicans was the most common species (47·3%) followed by C. glabrata (25·7%), C. parapsilosis (8·0%), C. tropicalis (6·8%) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (5·1%). Common predisposing factors were antibacterial therapy (45%), hospitalization in intensive care units (34%), presence of in-dwelling catheters (32%), underlying cancer (23%) and major surgery (11%). Most patients had more than one predisposing factor. Fluconazole alone or in combination with another antifungal agent was the treatment of choice for 86·6% of the cases. Susceptibility testing revealed that 93·5% were susceptible to amphotericin B, 39·6% to itraconazole, 42·8% to fluconazole and 87% to voriconazole. Resistance to azoles was more common among C. glabrata isolates.
Markov modelling of HIV infection evolution in the HAART era
Authors: BINQUET C. , Le TEUFF G. , ABRAHAMOVICZ M. , MAHBOUBI A. , YAZDANPANAH Y. , REY D. , RABAUD C. , CHIROUZE C. , BERGER J. L. , FALLER J. P. , CHAVANET P. , QUANTIN C. , PIROTH L.
Published: January 2009

The aim was to investigate the impact of the main prognostic factors on HIV evolution. A multi-state Markov model was applied in a cohort of 2126 patients to estimate impact of these factors on patients' clinical and immunological evolutions. Clinical progression and immunological deterioration shared most of their prognostic factors: male gender, intravenous drug use, weight loss, low haemoglobin level (<110 g/l), CD8 cell count (<500/mm3) and HIV viral load (>5 log10copies/ml). Highly active retroviral therapy reduced the risks of clinical progression and immune deterioration whatever patients' CD4 cell count. Risk reductions were 41–60% for protease inhibitor-based and 27–68% for non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based regimens. Three-year transition probabilities showed that only patients with a CD4 cell count ⩾350 CD4/mm3could in most cases maintain their immunity. This model provides ‘real life’ transition probabilities from one immunological stage to another, allowing decision analyses that could help determine the beneficial therapeutic strategies for HIV-infected patients.
Impact of insecticide interventions on the abundance and resistance profile of Aedes aegypti
Authors: LUZ P. M. , CODEÇO C. T. , MEDLOCK J. , STRUCHINER C. J. , VALLE D. , GALVANI A. P.
Published: January 2009

Insecticide-based vector control is the primary strategy for curtailing dengue transmission. We used a mathematical model of the seasonal population dynamics of the dengue mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti, both to assess the effectiveness of insecticide interventions on reducing adult mosquito abundance and to predict evolutionary trajectories of insecticide resistance. We evaluated interventions that target larvae, adults, or both. We found that larval control and adult control using ultra-low-volume insecticide applications can reduce adult mosquito abundance with effectiveness that depends on the frequency of applications. We also found that year-long continuous larval control and adult control, using either insecticide treatment of surfaces and materials or lethal ovitraps, imposed the greatest selection for resistance. We demonstrated that combined targeting of larvae and adults at the start of the dengue season is optimal. This intervention contrasts with year-long continuous larval control policies adopted in settings in which dengue transmission occurs.
Human bocavirus respiratory infections in children
Authors: GAGLIARDI T. B. , IWAMOTO M. A. , PAULA F. E. , PROENÇA-MODENA J. L. , SARANZO A. M. , CRIADO M. F. , ACRANI G. O. , CAMARA A. A. , CINTRA O. A. L. , ARRUDA E.
Published: January 2009

Human bocavirus (HBoV) was recently identified in respiratory samples from patients with acute respiratory infections and has been reported in different regions of the world. To the best of our knowledge, HBoV has never been reported in respiratory infections in Brazil. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from patients aged <5 years hospitalized in 2005 with respiratory infections in Ribeirão Preto, southeast Brazil, and tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for HBoV. HBoV-positive samples were further tested by PCR for human respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, human coronaviruses 229E and OC43, human influenza viruses A and B, human parainfluenza viruses 1, 2 and 3, human rhinovirus and human adenovirus. HBoV was detected in 26/248 (10·5%) children of which 21 (81%) also tested positive for other respiratory viruses. Despite the high rates of co-infections, no significant differences were found between HBoV-positive patients with and without co-infections with regard to symptoms.
The Current Outlook in Church History
Authors: Walker Williston
Published: January 2009

One of the duties of the office of President of this Society, to which you did me the honor to elect me for the year that has just closed, is to give an annual address. Its theme is, fortunately for the speaker, almost of necessity prescribed by the purposes of the Society and the nature of the office to which your kindness has chosen me, and he deems it, therefore, no less his duty than his privilege to bring before you in rapid survey, and in brief and inadequate outline, indeed, the principal events of the year which has elapsed since the last meeting of this Society, in so far as they relate themselves to its purpose, viz., the cultivation of church history.
The Tendency Towards Centralization of Authority Among American Congregationalists and Baptists
Authors: Rowe Henry Kalloch
Published: January 2009

The present tendency toward centralization among Congregationalists and Baptists is one of the prominent phenomena of contemporary American Church History. It deserves recognition as a sign of the times; it is for historians to find its place in the continuity of historical development. The records of its latest phases are hardly yet in print; its beginnings are several centuries old.
Recent Researches in Holland and the Ecclesiastical Records of the State of New York
Authors: Corwin Edward Tanjore
Published: January 2009

I have been requested by our honored secretary to prepare a paper on "Recent Researches in Holland and the Ecclesiastical Records of the State of New York." This request has been made, no doubt, because volumes five and six of these ecclesiastical records have just been issued, thus completing the work. These six volumes represent the results of the labor of many years. Permit first a brief preliminary statement of the origin of the enterprise.
The Beginnings of the Lutheran Church on Manhattan Island
Authors: Nicum John
Published: January 2009

During the first century of the occupation of Manhattan Island by Europeans we find there two settlements of Lutherans, the one of an earlier, the other of a later date. The earlier settlement was that of Dutch Lutherans, who came over from Holland with the first settlers, whilst some seventy-five years later German Lutherans began to arrive, at first in smaller and then in ever increasing numbers until many thousands had settled mainly along the Hudson and Mohawk rivers. It is now two hundred years ago that the first colony of German Lutherans arrived in the harbor of New York. They were the Palatinates who, in 1707, because of continued political and religious disturbances, had with their pastor, the Rev. Josua von Kocherthal, left the fatherland, and found a new home near where the city of Newburgh now stands. It goes without saying, that though most of them settled along the Hudson and Mohawk rivers, yet many of them remained on the Island of Manhattan. Whilst the immigration of Lutherans from Holland, after the middle of the eighteenth century practically ceased, that of the German Lutherans increased, and the Lutheran Church on Manhattan which at first was Dutch afterwards became German. And this first German Lutheran Church in the present city of New York had the good fortune to have among its pastors some of the most distinguished men and theologians of the eighteenth century, such as the patriarch of the Lutheran Church in this country, the Rev. Henry Melchior Muhlenberg, D.D., and his son, the Rev. Frederick Augustus Conrad Muhlenberg, a man of burning patriotism, who in time became speaker of the First and Third Congresses of the United States.
Early Attempts at Church Union in America
Authors: Good James Isaac
Published: January 2009

THE eighteenth century was noted rather for the rise of new denominations than the union of old ones. Nevertheless it is not to be forgotten that attempts at union were made even though they were unsuccessful. It has taken nearly two hundred years for us in America to work out a plan of federation such as was attempted at Philadelphia in the early part of December, 1908. Federal Union was unknown, unthought of, in those early days. Organic union was the kind most generally considered. And this greatly increased the difficulties of forming church unions, as denominations were not generally willing to give up their peculiarities or their independence. I wish to speak of two efforts at church union especially connected with my own church, the German Reformed Church, leaving it for others to speak of other efforts that may have been made in the early history of America. In this age when church union is in the air it is certainly not unsuitable to study these early movements.
Luther and Economic Questions
Authors: Faulkner John Alfred
Published: January 2009

There are two facts to be borne in mind in regard to Luther's whole attitude to social and economic questions. The first is that ordinarily this was a territory to be confined to experts, in which ministers should not meddle. He believed that a special knowledge was necessary to deal with some of these matters, and that they had better be left to those to whom Providence had assigned them, whether the jurists, those clever in worldly knowledge, or the authorities. The other fact is that the Church after all has social duties, and that Church and clergy must fight flagrant abuses and try to bring in the Kingdom of God on earth. The Church must use the Word of God against sin and sinners, and so by spiritual ministries help the needs of the time. The authorities on their part shall proceed by strict justice against evil doers. But there is another fact here which it is necessary to mention to get Luther's whole attitude, viz., that the State's function is not simply to administer justice, but to secure the general weal. They shall do the very best they can for their subjects, says Luther. “The authorities shall serve their subjects and use their office not petulantly [nicht zu Mutwillen] but for the advancement of the common good, and especially for the poor.” The princes shall give laws which shall limit as far as possible social misery and national dangers. They should listen to the proposals of the Church to this end, and on the ground of wise counsels of churchmen, do away with old laws and make new ones.
The Year 1909 in Church History
Authors: Christie Francis Albert
Published: January 2009

The convent annalist in darker ages had slight sense of proportion and value in what he recorded. We, too, even in days of journalistic publicity, may not know the real significance of the day's happenings and the year's record is arbitrary until results apportion value. We do not know whether the high celebrations of institutional life or some simple deed or word hid in obscurity to us shall be to after times the great mark of our year. Our first thought must be of farewells spoken sadly and reverently for those who have been faithful doers in our engrossing tasks and now have ceased from their labor. For us the first remembrance is of James William Richard, Henry Charles Lea, Adolph Hausrath, and last of all George Park Fisher, and what they achieved will carry their memory into years far distant. The death also of Father George Tyrrell wakens poignant regret in all who have viewed his spiritual chivalry in the most recent struggle within the Roman Church. The year has been calamitously marked also in modern annals by the shocking massacre of Christians in Adana and Tarsus in the month of April, an atrocity relieved only by the fact that it was instigated in futile reaction against a reform of the Turkish Constitution and so may mark the end of an evil day. In the annals of the Roman Church the year may have permanent significance by the third volume of the Acta Pontificis Maximi appearing in March, a volume whose contents cancel the veto rights of secular powers in future papal elections and under pain of excommunication forbid the cardinals to allow, during the conclave, any direct or indirect influence of the secular authorities.
The Marian Exiles
Authors: Horr George Edwin
Published: January 2009

The circumstance that immediately after the death of Mary the English people welcomed the accession of the Protestant Elizabeth, precludes the theory that the return to Romanism under Mary indicated any thorough devotion on their part to the Pope or to mediæval religion.
Servatus Lupus, a Humanist of the Ninth Century
Authors: Jackson Samuel Macauley
Published: January 2009

TO be the President of this Society puts one in a rare succession and is an honor to be coveted. I thank you for the election. On casting about for a subject worthy of your attention and appropriate for this inaugural address I concluded to call you away from modern books and modern men to a distant past, no less strenuous than this present but after a different pattern. I take you from the twentieth to the ninth century, and from the magnificent buildings of this theological seminary to a lowly monastery on the banks of a little river in France.
The Stigmata of St. Francis, Considered in the Light of Possible Joachimite Influence upon Thomas of Celano
Authors: Lyttle Charles H.
Published: January 2009

The existence of wounds resembling those of the crucified Christ upon the body of St. Francisof Assisi is now generally admitted to be probable. It has been demonstrated that such phenomena can and do occur through psychopathic causes. Only by rejecting cogent evidence can the stigmata be eliminated as thorough fraud. Whether the wounds were self-inflicted or inflicted by others post mortem is still an open question.
John Huss's Treatise on the Church
Authors: Schaff David Schley
Published: January 2009

The approach of the 500th anniversary of John Huss's death and the interest taken at the present time in questions of ecclesiology have suggested the subject of this paper. The “Treatise on the Church,” De ecclesia, was Huss's chief writing and from it were drawn the charges for which he died at the stake, July 6, 1415.
Luther and Toleration
Authors: Faulkner John Alfred
Published: January 2009

What were Luther's views on religious toleration? These are set forth for the first timein his little book, Von weltlicher Obrigkeit, wie weit man ihr Gehorsam schuldig sei (1523). I give here a brief abstract of this epoch-making treatise.
The College of Cardinals and the Veto
Authors: Washburn Henry Bradford
Published: January 2009

At the end of an article on State Interference in Papal Elections Herbert Thurston has expressed the hope that there might be a “new Papal Constitution affirming in explicit terms the absolute independence of conclaves” from the form of secular interference known as the Vetoor Right of Exclusion. The article was written after the elevation of Pius X, but before the publication of the Constitution Commissum Nobis. The latter was issued on January 20, 1904, and meets with gratifying precision the wishes of Father Thurston.
Christian Work among the North American Indians during the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Johnson Edward Payson
Published: January 2009

The average person, of average acquaintance with the history of our country, knows but little of the missionary labors of our Christian ancestors. He remembers hearing something, or reading somewhere, about a certain John Eliot, a Puritan preacher, who tried for years to Christianize some Indian communities near Boston; and to him Eliot was simply a visionary and a gently-stubborn fanatic, unpractical and unreasonable as the enthusiastic preacher sometimes is; but of course Eliot was the only preacher foolish enough to try to Christianize Indians; and the slow development and the final decay of Eliot's enterprise proved conclusively the utter folly and futility of giving the white man's religion to the red man, and also proved conclusively that Eliot himself was little more than a dreamer, or a monomaniac, to foresee his cause triumphant finally over countless impossibilities. Christian preachers and people generally devote themselves to labors more profitable and objects more sensible.
The Training of the Protestant Ministry in the United States of America, before the Establishment of Theological Seminaries
Authors: Shewmaker William Orpheus
Published: January 2009

The Protestant ministry in the United States extends back over three hundred years; the present study covers the first two hundred. For the sake of simplicity the seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries are treated successively. A stricter division might terminate the first part of the period with the founding of the College of William and Mary in 1693, or with the establishment of Yale College in 1701; and might end the second part either with the opening of the first theological seminary, or with the early nineteenth century, when the practice of attending the seminaries had become general. These dates, however, fall so close to 1700 and to 1800 that it will suffice to treat the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries successively.
The Army Chaplain
Authors: Washburn Henry Bradford
Published: January 2009

IN the broadest meaning of the word, the “chaplain” has been with the armies of the world since men first went to war. Whenever men have recognized the gods or God in intertribal and international disagreement, the representatives of supernatural power have been among the soldiers.
The Influence of the War Upon the Study of Church History
Authors: Horr George Edwin
Published: January 2009

We are becoming very familiar with the dictum that August, 1914, marked the close of an age, and that, since the Armistice, we are living in an entirely new world. Everything is changing, and it is beyond the wit of man to forecast the resultant social, economic, political and religious order. Of course, all pursuits are affected by this prodigious shifting of the human outlook, and it seemed as if it would be appropriate to this annual meeting of the American Society of Church History if I should devote the time given to the preliminary address to an attempt to appraise briefly the influence of the Great War upon the studies to which we are devoted.
A Definition of Church History
Authors: Emerton Ephraim
Published: January 2009

TO define anything in these days is an unpopular task. To define is to limit, and we are to-day impatient of limits of any kind. The vast expansion of our outlook resulting from a world-shaking political upheaval has reacted upon our social, our economic and our philosophic thought. We respond as seldom before, to every manner of high, generous, broad, liberal suggestions. We repel as unworthy of such spacious days whatever suggests narrowness, commonplaceness, selfishness. We forget easily that breadth may be purchased at a sacrifice of depth, loftiness at the price of a solid footing upon the earth, and generosity by throwing away the things that make us strong for righteous dealing.
Early Moravian Settlements in America
Authors: Schwarze William Nathaniel
Published: January 2009

In Pennsylvania, foremost of the primitive commonwealths of the United States in presenting conditions favorable to many kinds of undertakings, Moravians effected their first permanent settlements in America. William Perm had contemplated as his “holy experiment” a Quaker colony within which all religions should be tolerated. The scheme of peace with freedom, however, very soon produced a condition of turmoil. At the outset, co-religionists of the founder came to Pennsylvania in such numbers as to give them preponderance in the affairs of the colony. Then, in response to the generous offers of Penn, that Teutonic immigration began which threatened, at one time, to make Perm's colony alien from his countrymen. These emigrants to the colony did not come from those parts of Europe where the Christians were all of one way of worshipping. They were persecuted refugees of all sorts. For the most part, they held the idea that religious liberty was the greatest boon to be sought. But they were not capable of using it peaceably. Accustomed to look upon all authority in state or church as tyranny, they fell readily under the influence of agitators and adventurers who could not be kept out of the Province and whose presence caused Pennsylvania to be somewhat intemperately called “the greatest refuge for pirates and rogues in Ameri-ca.” Confusion and strife resulted and prevailed most conspicuously in the domain of religion.
Church Councils of the Anglo-Saxons
Authors: Ayer Joseph Cullen
Published: January 2009

Church councils have played a great rô1e in ecclesiasti-cal history. Whether their actual influence has been as great upon the development of the Church is a question open to discussion. Nevertheless Nicæa, Constantinople, Ephesus, Chalcedon will always stand as landmarks in the development of theology and the constitution of the Church. Apart from these great gatherings, held only on special occasions and at irregular and long intervals, there were other church councils which formed, in design at least, a permanent and important part of ecclesiastical governmental machinery. These were the provincial and diocesan synods or councils, held respectively by the archbishop for his province and the bishop for his diocese. In them much of the orderly administration of a well-governed diocese took place.
Letters of Saint Boniface to the Popes and Others: First English Translation
Authors: Robinson George Washington
Published: January 2009

TO our dearly beloved sons, Tatwine and Wigbert, priests, Bernard and Hiedda, Hunfrid and Sturmi, Boniface, servant of the servants of God, eternal salvation in the Lord.
Rival Presuppositions in the Writing of Church History: A Study of Intellectual Bias
Authors: Rockwell William Walker
Published: January 2009

To choose for the theme of the presidential address RivalPresuppositions in theWriting ofChurchHistory is not to whet the knife. There is no scandal among contemporary church historians in America. In the course of time, through coöperation, such as is organized by this Society, we are tending to develop views more comprehensive and less prejudiced than those which characterized the church historians of one or two centuries ago. We are endeavoring to study and describe the phenomena of organized religion in our American past, in all other lands, and throughout all the Christian centuries; and to make our survey properly scientific.
Interdenominational Relations in America Before 1837
Authors: Garrison Winfred Ernest
Published: January 2009

The present interest in the question of the reunion of the Churches, as evidenced by the Stockholm and Lausanne Conferences, by the work of the Federal Council, by the community church movement, by the overtures for union between particular denominations, such as the Universalists and Congregationalists, and the Congregationalists and Christians, the formation of the United Church of Canada, and many other signs and tokens, suggests an inquiry into the relations existing among the various bodies of Christians at the period in our national history which was perhaps marked by more cooperation and less animosity than any other prior to our own time.
Doctrinal Attitudes of the Rising Younger Churches
Authors: Schermerhorn William David
Published: January 2009

Those Christians who have been taught by Western Protestant missionaries have come to be critical of the name by which they are called. They are no longer simply “missions” or “missionary churches,” “native churches,” or even “indigenous churches.” They believe that such terms are now marks of condescension on the part of those using them, and so insist upon a non-compromising nomenclature. The Jerusalem Conference gave it; even though it is slightly inaccurate—“The Younger Churches.”
Criminal Procedure in the Church Courts of the Fifteenth Century As Illustrated by the Trial of Gilles de Rais
Authors: Howland Arthur Charles
Published: January 2009

The inquisitorial procedure in the investigation of crimes, which developed in the Church in the thirteenth century, grew out of the criminal procedure of the later Roman Empire, modified by the special conditions of the times as well as by more primitive Germanic ideas. The older ecclesiastical procedure, the accusatory, likewise based on the Roman law, had left the entire initiative in prosecution to the private accuser, who presented himself in the character of a plaintiff, formulated the accusation, and produced the proofs exactly as he would have done in a civil case, except that he was compelled to accept the lex talionis—that is, in case he was unable to support his charges with a reasonable show of evidence, the accuser agreed to submit to the same punishment as would have been inflicted on the accused if the charges had been proved. The obvious objections to this procedure were that the church authorities had no means of prosecuting crime on their own initiative and that the dangers surrounding an unsuccessful accuser, together with the various conditions that had to be fulfilled before a private person could qualify as an accuser in any case, made adequate private prosecution impossible. The accusatory system, it is true, had been modified by the introduction of denunciation, where a denouncer takes the place of the accuser, with this difference, that he is not compelled to subscribe to the talio nor is he compelled to possess all the qualifications of a legal accuser. This tended to encourage private prosecution of crimes, but the advantage was more than balanced by the privilege enjoyed by the accused of clearing himself of the charges by purgation, either the oath or the ordeal.
Adam Pastor, Antitrinitarian Antipædobaptist
Authors: Newman Albert Henry
Published: January 2009

The intellectual, social, and religious upheaval of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries of which the Renaissance and the Protestant Revolution were phases, along with the decidedly skeptical tendency of the Scotist philosophy which undermined the arguments by which the great mysteries of the Christian faith had commonly been supported while accepting unconditionally the dogmas of the Church—together with the influence of Neoplatonizing mysticism which aimed and claimed to raise its subjects into such direct and complete union and communion with the Infinite as to make any kind of objective authority superfluous:—all these influences conspired to lead many of the most conscientious and profoundly religious thinkers of the sixteenth century to reject simultaneously the baptism of infants and the traditional doctrine of the Trinity. Infant baptism they regarded as being without scriptural warrant, subversive of an ordinance of Christ, and inconsistent with regenerate church membership. Likewise the doctrine of the tripersonality of God, as set forth in the so-called Nicene and Athanasian creeds, involving the co-eternity, co-equality and consubstantiality of the Son with the Father and the personality of the Holy Spirit, they subjected to searching and fundamental criticism.