bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Safe Opioid Prescribing for Acute Noncancer Pain in Hospitalized Adults: A Systematic Review of Existing Guidelines
Authors: Herzig Shoshana J. , Calcaterra Susan L. , Mosher Hilary J. , Ronan Matthew V. , Van Groningen Nicole , Shek Lili , Loffredo Anthony , Keller Michelle , Jena Anupam B. , Nuckols Teryl K.
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND

Pain is common among hospitalized patients. Inpatient prescribing of opioids is not without risk. Acute pain management guidelines could inform safe prescribing of opioids in the hospital and limit associated unintended consequences.

PURPOSE

To evaluate the quality and content of existing guidelines for acute, noncancer pain management.

DATA SOURCES

The National Guideline Clearinghouse, MEDLINE via PubMed, websites of relevant specialty societies and other organizations, and selected international search engines.

STUDY SELECTION

Guidelines published between January 2010 and August 2017 addressing acute, noncancer pain management among adults were considered. Guidelines that focused on chronic pain, specific diseases, and the nonhospital setting were excluded.

DATA EXTRACTION

Quality was assessed using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II (AGREE II) instrument.

DATA SYNTHESIS

Four guidelines met the selection criteria. Most recommendations were based on expert consensus. The guidelines recommended restricting opioids to severe pain or pain that has not responded to nonopioid therapy, using the lowest effective dose of short‐acting opioids for the shortest duration possible, and co‐prescribing opioids with nonopioid analgesics. The guidelines generally recommended checking the prescription drug monitoring program when prescribing opioids, developing goals for patient recovery, and educating patients regarding the risks and side effects of opioid therapy. Additional recommendations included using an opioid‐dose conversion guide, avoidance of co‐administration of parenteral and oral opioids, and using caution when co‐prescribing opioids with other central nervous system depressants.

CONCLUSIONS

Guidelines, based largely on expert opinion, recommend judicious prescribing of opioids for severe, acute pain. Future work should assess the implications of these recommendations on hospital‐based pain management.
Let’s Argue: Using Debate to Teach Critical Thinking and Communication Skills to Future Leaders
Authors: Chikeleze Michael , Johnson Iris , Gibson Trey
Published: April 2018

Some employers contend that the college graduates they hire should have stronger communication and critical thinking skills upon arrival from their various college/university programs in which they majored. As higher education continues its efforts to meet the demands for employers, the authors contend that the benefits of participation in debate exercises can be incorporated into various courses as a teaching tool to increase facility with these soft skills. A practical application of debate in a specific organizational leadership course is presented, along with highlights of the student participants’ reflections upon the experience, and the initial signs of positive impact on these skills. Suggestions of future application of debate into curricula are also shared.
Celebrities and slackers: A grounded theory of the dynamics of social loafing on student teams
Authors: Boren Amy E. , Morales Sarahi
Published: April 2018

The purpose of this study was to explore how team members identify the social loafers on their teams and how they explain and manage social loafers’ behavior. The participants (n=49) in the study included members of student teams participating in a service project as a part of their coursework. We collected multiple sources of information: in-depth interviews, reflection journals, peer evaluations, and observations of team members interacting. Using attribution theory and status characteristics theory we describe how team members identify social loafer and explain the causes of their behavior. We also explore how those attributions affect team members’ interactions with the social loafers. The status of social loafers in the eyes of their teammates affects teammates’ willingness to accommodate or reject the social loafer. We identify strategies used by team members to manage the behavior of social loafers. We conclude with recommendations for practice and future research on social loafing.
Leadership Theory: A Different Conceptual Approach
Authors: Allen William E.
Published: April 2018

Creating a logical and consistent picture of the state of leadership theory and research is a difficult task (Hernandez, Eberly, Avolio, & Johnson, 2011). Attempts to describe leadership studies occasionally include words such as “paradox,” “inconsistencies,” “contradictions,” and “messy” (Brungardt, 1996; Klenke, 1993). These adjectives flow from many diverse ways of thinking about leadership (Bass, 2008; Grint, 2000; Northouse, 2015; Ruben, 2012). This paper presents an alternative view of leadership theory providing practitioners, educators, and students with an additional-and perhaps a singular-conceptual framework for their toolbox. It also provides leadership studies students with a unifying perspective of leadership theory without taking anything away from individual theories.
Random Projection Estimation of Discrete-Choice Models with Large Choice Sets
Authors: Chiong Khai Xiang , Shum Matthew
Published: April 2018

We introduce random projection, an important dimension-reduction tool from machine learning, for the estimation of aggregate discrete-choice models with high-dimensional choice sets. Initially, high-dimensional data are projected into a lower-dimensional Euclidean space using random projections. Subsequently, estimation proceeds using cyclical monotonicity moment inequalities implied by the multinomial choice model; the estimation procedure is semiparametric and does not require explicit distributional assumptions to be made regarding the random utility errors. Our procedure is justified via the Johnson–Lindenstrauss lemma—the pairwise distances between data points are preserved through random projections. The estimator works well in simulations and in an application to a supermarket scanner data set.

This paper was accepted by Juanjuan Zhang, marketing.
Private Ownership and the Cost of Public Debt: Evidence from the Bond Market
Authors: Badertscher Brad A. , Givoly Dan , Katz Sharon P. , Lee Hanna
Published: April 2018

A number of studies have examined the effect of public and private ownership on the cost of debt and concluded that the cost of debt of privately owned firms is higher, driven mainly by the poorer information environment in which these firms operate. We extend this strand of research in two ways. First, we identify and empirically establish the mechanisms that bring about a higher cost of debt to privately owned firms—namely, the limited access that these firms have to the equity capital market, their high rate of management and private-equity ownership, and their less conservative reporting. Second, we improve the reliability of the estimates of the effect of ownership type on the cost of debt by controlling for the different information environments in which privately and publicly owned firms operate. This is accomplished through the use of a sample consisting of publicly owned and privately owned firms that have public debt and are therefore subject to identical reporting and disclosure requirements. Certain data and design features allow us to better control for other factors that might lead to the observed difference in the cost of debt between the two groups of firms. The results contribute to our understanding of the role of ownership type on the cost of capital.

This paper was accepted by Suraj Srinivasan, accounting.
Trade Relationships, Indirect Economic Links, and Mergers
Authors: Harford Jarrad , Schonlau Robert , Stanfield Jared
Published: April 2018

The economic links between firms created by customer and supplier relationships are critical determinants of those firms’ values and actions. We demonstrate that significant trade relationships and indirect economic links incrementally explain which firms are more likely to be involved in acquisitions, which pairs of firms are more likely to merge, and which mergers will have the greatest impact, both on value and in motivating follow-on mergers by rivals. Firms with major trade relationships are significantly less likely to acquire, or be acquired by, firms that do not share in those relationships.

The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2017.2938 .

This paper was accepted by Lauren Cohen, finance.
Tail Risk Concerns Everywhere
Authors: Gao George P. , Lu Xiaomeng , Song Zhaogang
Published: April 2018

We show that the beta with respect to an index of global ex ante tail risk concerns (𝔾ℝ𝕀𝕏), which we construct using out-of-the-money options on multiple global assets, negatively drives cross-sectional return variations across asset classes, including international equity indices, foreign currencies, and government bond futures. The pricing power of 𝔾ℝ𝕀𝕏 becomes stronger when more asset-class-level tail risk concerns are incorporated in the index construction. 𝔾ℝ𝕀𝕏 also dominates asset-class-level tail risk concerns in pricing assets within each asset class. These evidences imply that the pricing effect of tail risk concerns works predominantly as a global channel. The 𝔾ℝ𝕀𝕏 pricing effect is distinct from that of tail risk factors based on historical realizations, consistent with the interpretation that tail risk concerns likely reflect investors’ ex ante subjective belief about tail risk.

This paper was accepted by Neng Wang, finance.
Optimization Approaches for the Traveling Salesman Problem with Drone
Authors: Agatz Niels , Bouman Paul , Schmidt Marie
Published: April 2018

The fast and cost-efficient home delivery of goods ordered online is logistically challenging. Many companies are looking for new ways to cross the last mile to their customers. One technology-enabled opportunity that recently has received much attention is the use of drones to support deliveries. An innovative last-mile delivery concept in which a truck collaborates with a drone to make deliveries gives rise to a new variant of the traveling salesman problem (TSP) that we call the TSP with drone. In this paper, we model this problem as an integer program and develop several fast route-first, cluster-second heuristics based on local search and dynamic programming. We prove worst-case approximation ratios for the heuristics and test their performance by comparing the solutions to the optimal solutions for small instances. In addition, we apply our heuristics to several artificial instances with different characteristics and sizes. Our experiments show that substantial savings are possible with this concept compared to truck-only delivery.

The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.2017.0791 .
Short Communication New record of Indian oil sardine Sardinella longiceps from the coastal region of Bangladesh
Authors: SHAMSUNNAHAR SHAMSUNNAHAR , BAKI MOHAMMAD ABDUL , SARKER ANIRBAN , BEGUM MOST. HASINA , ZAFARIA A. B.M. , ISLAM NAFISA NAWAL , AHMED MD. SAGIR
Published: April 2018

Shamsunnahar, Baki MA, Sarker A, Hasina Begum M, Zafaria M, Islam NN, Ahmed MdS. 2017. New record of Indian oil sardine Sardinella longiceps from the coastal region of Bangladesh. Ocean Life 1: 11-13. We report the first record of Indian oil sardine Sardinella longiceps from the southern coast of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh. The sample specimens were collected from Pathorghata, Barguna, Bangladesh on 25th October, 2015. Morphometric and meristic studies were performed for taxonomic identification. Genomic DNA was extracted from tissue samples and mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI) gene was amplified for molecular characterization of this species. The morphometric and meristic data and DNA barcoding confirm the presence of S. longiceps in Bangladesh. This report updates the geographical distribution for this species confirming its presence in the coastal region of Bangladesh, and extends the number of marine fish known from the area.
Tide pools diversity in Bojonglarang-Jayanti Nature Reserve, West Java, Indonesia
Authors: PRIBADI TRI DEWI KUSUMANINGRUM , KANZA AUFA AULIA
Published: April 2018

Pribadi TWK, Kanza AA. 2017. Tide pools diversity in Bojonglarang-Jayanti Nature Reserve, West Java, Indonesia. Ocean Life 1: 43-48. Tide pools are micro-ecosystem in the intertidal zone, which have unique characteristics such as extreme water temperature range. Organisms living in it can survive by adapting to these extreme conditions. Study on community structure of macroinvertebrate in tide pools and along with the influencing environmental conditions has been carried out to observe species that can survive in such extreme conditions. Quantitatively, descriptive study on biotic and abiotic parameters was done by observing the tide pools, which passed 500-meter transect line parallel to the shoreline. Analyses of the biotic parameters included varied species, dominant species, species richness, species diversity index, dominance index, important value index, and macroalgal coverage. The observed abiotic parameters comprised water and air temperature, light intensities, conductivity, salinity, depth of tide pools in low tide conditions, extensive of tide pools, pH, and DO (Dissolved Oxygen). Results in physical parameter measurements showed that the water temperature, light intensity, and conductivity were at the high category, while air temperature, salinity, and depth of water were in the normal category. The results showed 31 species of macroinvertebrate of 21 families and 6 classes, with the highest relative abundance on Ophionereis dubia by 0.56. Macroalgal was dominated by Sargassum polycystum with 7.62% coverage. Species Diversity Index of macroinvertebrate was 2.53, with Dominance Index 0.85. These indexes indicated the dominance of particular macroinvertebrate species, which have the tendency to be adaptive to extreme water temperature range.
Copy number of pancreatic polypeptide receptor gene NPY4R correlates with body mass index and waist circumference
Authors: Shebanits Kateryna , Andersson-Assarsson Johanna C. , Larsson Ingrid , Carlsson Lena M. S. , Feuk Lars , Larhammar Dan
Published: April 2018

Multiple genetic studies have linked copy number variation (CNV) in different genes to body mass index (BMI) and obesity. A CNV on chromosome 10q11.22 has been associated with body weight. This CNV region spans NPY4R, the gene encoding the pancreatic polypeptide receptor Y4, which has been described as a satiety-stimulating receptor. We have investigated CNV of the NPY4R gene and analysed its relationship to BMI, waist circumference and self-reported dietary intake from 558 individuals (216 men and 342 women) representing a wide BMI range. The copy number for NPY4R ranged from 2 to 8 copies (average 4.6±0.8). Rather than the expected negative correlation, we observed a positive correlation between NPY4R copy number and BMI as well as waist circumference in women (Pearson’s r = 0.267, p = 2.65×10−7 and r = 0.256, p = 8×10−7, respectively). Each additional copy of NPY4R correlated with 2.6 kg/m2 increase in BMI and 5.67 cm increase in waist circumference (p = 2.8×10−5 and p = 6.2×10−5, respectively) for women. For men, there was no statistically significant correlation between CNV and BMI. Our results suggest that NPY4R genetic variation influences body weight in women, but the exact role of this receptor appears to be more complex than previously proposed.
Computation of energy efficient driving speeds in conveying systems
Authors: Windmann Stefan , Niggemann Oliver , Stichweh Heiko
Published: April 2018

This article addresses the automatic optimization of driving speeds in conveying systems. Electric drives in existing conveying systems are usually accelerated and decelerated according to predetermined movement profiles. Such an approach is inflexible for conveying applications with changing constraints and, in many cases, not optimal with respect to energy efficiency. In the present work, a method for automatic computation of energy efficient movement profiles is proposed. The proposed method is based on accurate models for electric drives and several types of conveying applications such as roll conveyors, belt conveyors and vertical conveyors. Furthermore, joint energy efficiency optimization for two drives, which are attached to an intermediate circuit, is investigated. Thereby, additional constraints on the energy flow between the drives are imposed in order to reduce load peaks and energy feedback into the grid. The resulting optimization problem is a mixed integer quadratic program (MIQP), which can be solved in a few milliseconds. Experimental results show that energy losses of electric drives are cut down by using the obtained non-trivial movement profiles instead of standard trapezoid movement profiles. The additional constraints on the energy flow between two drives lead to further significant improvements with respect to the overall energy losses.
Online parameter estimation for cyber-physical production systems based on mixed integer nonlinear programming, process mining and black-box optimization techniques
Authors: Otto Jens , Vogel-Heuser Birgit , Niggemann Oliver
Published: April 2018

Cyber-Physical Production Systems (CPPS) should adapt to new products or product variants efficiently and without extensive manual engineering effort. In comparison to rewriting the automation software for each adaption, manual engineering effort can be reduced by reusable software components with free parameters, which must be adjusted to individual production scenarios. This paper introduces CyberOpt Online, a novel online parameter estimation approach for reusable automation software components. In contrast to classic mathematical modeling approaches, such as Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP), our approach requires no predefined models that represent the system. Models, e. g., of the energy consumption of CPPS, are learned automatically from data observed during the operation of the production system. Therefore, the manual engineering effort is minimized as postulated by the paradigm of CPPS. The presented approach combines MINLP, process mining and black-box optimization techniques for calculating optimal timing parameter configurations for automation software components with free parameters in the domain of discrete manufacturing.
-convergence and a generalization of Knopp's core
Authors: Çakan Celal , Kasap Zeki
Published: April 2018

In this paper, based on -convergence, we introduce the -core of sequences of complex numbers and determine a class of matrices A for which the -core(Ax) is a subset of Knopp's core for all bounded sequences x.
On a fourth order Dirichlet Problem
Authors: Galewski Marek , Smejda Joanna
Published: April 2018

We consider by a dual variational method the existence of solutions to certain fourth order Dirichlet problems with nonlinearities corresponding to the derivatives of a sum of a convex and a concave function. The growth conditions are imposed only on the convex part.
Parametrization of extremals for some generalization of Chebotarev's problem
Authors: Tamrazov Promarz
Published: April 2018

We establish the parametrization of extremals for the problem which is one of the known generalizations of Chebotarev's problem.

The parametrization of this problem essentially differs from that of Chebotarev's problem and Grötzsch's problem, which is a generalization of Chebotarev's problem.
Added Mass of Fluid and Fundamental Frequencies of a Horizontal Elastic Circular Plate Vibrating in Fluid of Constant Depth
Authors: Szmidt Kazimierz , Hedzielski Benedykt
Published: April 2018

The paper deals with free vibrations of a horizontal thin elastic circular plate submerged in an infinite layer of fluid of constant depth. The motion of the plate is accompanied by the fluid motion, and thus, the pressure load on this plate results from displacements of the plate in time. The plate and fluid motions depend on boundary conditions, and, in particular, the pressure load depends on the gap between the plate and the fluid bottom. In theoretical description of this phenomenon, we deal with a coupled problem of hydrodynamics in which the plate and fluid motions are coupled through boundary conditions at the plate surfaces. This coupling leads to the so-called co-vibrating (added) mass of fluid, which significantly changes the fundamental frequencies (eigenfrequencies) of the plate. In formulation of the problem, a linear theory of small deflections of the plate is employed. At the same time, one assumes the potential fluid motion with the potential function satisfying Laplace’s equation within the fluid domain and appropriate boundary conditions at fluid boundaries. In order to solve the problem, the infinite fluid domain is divided into sub-domains of simple geometry, and the solution of problem equations is constructed separately for each of these domains. Numerical experiments have been conducted to illustrate the formulation developed in this paper.
Influence of hygrothermal condition on dynamic viscoelasticity of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata). Part 2: moisture desorption
Authors: Zhan Tianyi , Jiang Jiali , Lu Jianxiong , Zhang Yaoli , Chang Jianmin
Published: April 2018

The influence of hygrothermal condition on dynamic viscoelasticity of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) during the moisture desorption (MDes) process was investigated. The ambient hygrothermal environments were set up as a series of constant temperatures and two relative humidity (RH) modes (RHramp-down and RHisohume). The MDes provided space for the rearrangement of the hydrogen bonds (Re-HB) and caused a mechano-sorptive (MS) effect. The enhancement of the Re-HB effect negatively correlated with the increment of loss modulus, while the elevation of the MS and the heating effects intensified the loss modulus. Lower values of RHc, determining the plateau area of loss modulus, were obtained at higher temperatures or greater RH ramping rates. The residual instability in the wood cell wall was quantitatively characterized by the extent of the MS effect. Residual instability was inversely proportional to the RHisohume level during the MDes process. The study of time dependent viscoelastic properties under moisture changing process provided insight into the condition of adsorbed water in the cell wall and optimized the manufacturing technique involved in the thermo-hygro-mechanical treatment of wood.
Targeting autophagy for the treatment of cancer
Authors: Fulda Simone
Published: April 2018

Macroautophagy (herein termed autophagy) is evolutionarily highly conserved across eukaryotic cells and represents an intracellular catabolic process that targets damaged macromolecules and organelles for degradation. Autophagy is dysregulated in various human diseases including cancer. In addition, many drugs currently used for the treatment of cancer can engage autophagy, which typically promotes cancer cell survival by mitigating cellular stress. However, under certain circumstances activation of autophagy upon anticancer drug treatment can also trigger a lethal type of autophagy termed autophagic cell death (ACD). This may pave new avenues for exploiting the autophagic circuitry in oncology. This review presents the concept and some examples of anticancer drug-induced ACD.
Paul McGhee and humor research
Authors: Goldstein Jeffrey , Ruch Willibald
Published: April 2018

Humor research has developed along a trajectory, and branched out in many directions, that were foreseen and stimulated by Paul McGhee. From his initial interest in children’s humor and cognitive development as a graduate student at Ohio State University to his work applying humor in myriad settings, McGhee has broadened our understanding of humor and expanded its horizons. As early as the 1970s, Paul expressed interest in the neuropsychology of humor and laughter and in the evolution of humor in nonhuman primates. The development and validation of the Sense of Humor Scale is an integral part of the 7 Humor Habits Program used effectively to train humor skills. McGhee played an early role in advocating humor and laughter as a learnable tool in the promotion of health and well-being, and in the training of health-care personnel. His work has been recognized through various Lifetime Achievements awards and other honors.
Physicochemical Characteristics of Edible Bird’s Nest Proteins and Their Cooking Processing Properties
Authors: Huang Sha , Zhao Liming , Chen Qiming , Qin Zhen , Zhou Jiachun , Qiu Yongjun , Zhang Yin , Ma Mingyue
Published: April 2018

Edible bird’s nest (EBN) has a high nutritional and medicinal value. In this study, physicochemical and processing properties of EBN proteins were investigated for better application of EBN. EBN proteins were extracted by combination of several methods. Electrophoresis showed that EBN contained proteins with molecular weight of 128, 106, 80, 55, 43, and 34 kDa. The denaturation temperature of EBN proteins was 62.5°C and heating promoted hydrophobicity as well as dramatically affecting the gel microstructure of EBN proteins. EBN proteins also showed excellent emulsifying activity and stability while their foaming properties were not good enough.
Covariate Balancing Inverse Probability Weights for Time-Varying Continuous Interventions
Authors: Huffman Curtis , van Gameren Edwin
Published: April 2018

In this paper we present a continuous extension for longitudinal analysis settings of the recently proposed Covariate Balancing Propensity Score (CBPS) methodology. While extensions of the CBPS methodology to both marginal structural models and general treatment regimes have been proposed, these extensions have been kept separately. We propose to bring them together using the generalized method of moments to estimate inverse probability weights such that after weighting the association between time-varying covariates and the treatment is minimized. A simulation analysis confirms the correlation-breaking performance of the proposed technique. As an empirical application we look at the impact the gradual roll-out of Seguro Popular, a universal health insurance program, has had on the resources available for the provision of healthcare services in Mexico.
Probability distribution of the life time of a drift-diffusion-reaction process inside a sphere with applications to transient cathodoluminescence imaging
Authors: Sabelfeld Karl K. , Kireeva Anastasiya
Published: April 2018

Exact representations for the probability density of the life time and survival probability for a sphere and a disc are derived for a general drift-diffusion-reaction process.
Based on these new formulas, we suggest an extremely efficient stochastic simulation algorithm for solving transient cathodoluminescence (CL) problems without any mesh in space and time.
The method can be applied to a broad class of drift-diffusion-reaction problems where the time behavior of the absorbed material is of interest.
The important advantage of the method suggested is the ability to incorporate local inclusions like dislocations, point defects and other singular folds and complicated structures.
General Robin boundary conditions on the boundary are treated in a probabilistic way.
The method is tested against exact solutions for a series of examples with bounded and unbounded domains.
An application to the dislocation imaging problem, which includes thousand threading dislocations, is given.
Blood transfusion in children: the refusal of Jehovah’s Witness parents’
Authors: Conti Adelaide , Capasso Emanuele , Casella Claudia , Fedeli Piergiorgio , Salzano Francesco Antonio , Policino Fabio , Terracciano Lucia , Delbon Paola
Published: April 2018

In Italy, both parents have parental responsibility; as a general principle they have the power to give or withhold consent to medical procedures on their children, including consent for blood transfusion; however these rights are not absolute and exist only to promote the welfare of children.

Methods

The Authors discuss ethical and legal framework for Jehovah’s Witness parents’ refusal of blood transfusion in Italy. They searched national judgments concerning Jehovah’s Witness parents’ refusal of blood transfusion – and related comments – in national legal databases and national legal journals, and literature on medical literature databases.

Results

In the case of Jehovah’s Witness parents’ refusal of blood transfusion for their child, Italian Courts adopt measures that prevents the parents from exercise their parental responsibility not in the child’s best interest.

Discussion

In the event that refusal by the parents, outside of emergency situations, exposes the child’s health to serious risk, health workers must proceed by notifying the competent authority, according also to the Italian Code of Medical Ethics.

Conclusion

When the patient is a minor, the child’s best interest always come first.
Der Sportfilm als sportsoziologischer Erkenntnisgegenstand
Authors: Gugutzer Robert
Published: April 2018

Die empirische Grundlage sportsoziologischer Untersuchungen sind ‚reale‘ Menschen und Institutionen, ‚reale‘ Handlungen und Strukturen, ‚reale‘ Phänomene und Probleme. Wofür sich die Sportsoziologie kaum interessiert, ist der fiktionale Sport, wie er in der Belletristik, der bildenden Kunst oder dem Spielfilm dargestellt wird. Der Beitrag kritisiert dies und vertritt die These, dass auch die literarische, künstlerische oder filmische Inszenierung des Sports sportsoziologisches Erkenntnispotenzial birgt. Am Beispiel des Sportspielfilms wird gezeigt, dass und inwiefern eine soziologische Analyse von Sportfilmen Erkenntnisse über den Sport und die Gesellschaft hervorzubringen vermag. Der Beitrag skizziert dazu erstens die Geschichte des Sportfilms aus historisch-soziologischer Perspektive, rekonstruiert zweitens die zentralen gesellschaftlichen Themen und narrativen Strukturen in Sportfilmen und präsentiert drittens eine soziologische Analyse des Olympiafilms Chariots of Fire.
Technology options for embedding low-profile electronic components in printed circuit boards
Authors: Efimenko A. A. , Ryabov V. O.
Published: April 2018

In order to improve the overall characteristics of printed circuit boards, two technologies for the formation of multilayer printed circuit boards have been developed — with the embedding of low-profile electronic components in a layer of fiberglass and a monolithic layer of polyimide, provided that they are assembled without soldering and welding. The indicators for quantitative evaluation of printed circuit boards with embedded electronic components and their comparison both among themselves and with printed circuit boards without embedded electronic components are proposed.
Assembly technology and design features of microelectronic coordinate-sensitive detectors
Authors: Sidorenko V. P. , Zhora V. D. , Radkevich O. I. , Grunyanska V. P. , Prokofiev Yu. V. , Tayakin Yu. V. , Virozub T. M.
Published: April 2018

The design features and assembly technology of microelectronic coordinate-sensitive detectors of charged particles for spectroscopy are considered. The device is based on the specialized very-large-scale integration (VLSI) crystal manufactured using CMOS technology and containing a charge-sensitive matrix designed to detect isotope ions in a wide mass spectrum of the test substance. The range of concentrations measured by devices is also wide and ranges from 10–7 to 100%. The VLSI crystal is placed on a multilayer ceramic basis. The devices also contain a Hamamatsu micro-channel plate (MCP), electrodes that supply high voltage to integrated circuits (2.0 kV), a non-magnetic metal shield for protecting the device components, a connector and other structural elements.
VLSI crystals are installed using the method of laying the microcircuits on a flexible aluminum — polyimide media. Such mounting method has a number of advantages over others. The VLSI crystals with project standards of 1 µm are designed for the possibility to create new generation of detectors, which can include either one or several crystals. The prototype version has been developed and it allows placing a bar of five ceramic-based crystals with a minimum gap of 100 µm between them. This design provides high reliability of products due to the usage of multilayer ceramic boards and due to progressive assembly methods used in the manufacturing of special-purpose microelectronic equipment, including the equipment resistant to special external factors.
High-speed algorithm for carrier frequency recovery and frame synchronization in QPSK-modulated modems
Authors: Sadchenko A. V. , Kushnirenko O. A. , Koshelev E. K. , Bondar V. I.
Published: April 2018

When demodulating signals in communication systems with QPSK modulation operating in the pulsed mode, the following problems arise: rapid elimination of the reference oscillator phase ambiguity and ensuring reliable frame synchronization for a given noise immunity. In most QPSK modems, the carrier frequency recovery and synchronization recovery tasks are separated and solved with the help of different functional modules, which is not the optimal solution from the point of view of increasing the energy efficiency.
In this paper, we propos a fast algorithm for frame synchronization and recovery of the carrier frequency of a QPSK modem using Barker sequences as synchronization signals in conjunction with the coordinated processing.
The simulation of the combined circuit is performed, which allows to eliminate the phase ambiguity of the reference oscillation with the simultaneous formation of the frame synchronization signal for various combinations of binary sync codes of the length N = 7.
To obtain a reference oscillation, a stable quartz oscillator is used. An external adjustable phase shifter block abruptly changes the phase of the oscillator, and the phase ambiguity, which is multiple of 90°, is eliminated by parallel analysis of all possible rotations of the signal constellation plane in the units, each of which contains a pair of filters matched to the signal distributed over in two quadratures.
The timing for the proposed scheme does not depend on the initial phase difference between the received and the initial signal constellations, while the circuit realization of a non-tunable oscillator is much simpler than that for a voltage controlled oscillator.
Plasmalemmal insertion and modification of sodium channels at the nerve growth cone
Authors: Wood MR , DeBin J , Strichartz GR , Pfenninger KH
Published: April 2018

We have characterized voltage-dependent sodium channels in growth cones (GCPs) isolated from fetal rat brain using saxitoxin and TTX binding as well as recordings from channels reconstituted into lipid bilayer membranes. Both high- and low-affinity binding sites are present in GCP membranes. However, the two binding sites are segregated largely or completely, with the high-affinity binding sites in the plasmalemma, and the low-affinity sites in an internal membrane compartment. Plasmalemmal insertion of these internal sites can be triggered by high- potassium depolarization and depends on a metalloendoprotease-requiring mechanism. These observations indicate that a precursor-product relationship exists between the internal and external sodium channels of the growth cone, and therefore suggest that channel externalization causes conversion of low-affinity to high-affinity saxitoxin receptors. This conversion may represent a step of channel capacitation.
Early appearance of and neuronal contribution to agrin-like molecules at embryonic frog nerve-muscle synapses formed in culture
Authors: Cohen MW , Godfrey EW
Published: April 2018

Antibodies against chicken and Torpedo agrin were used for immunofluorescent staining in order to assess the spatial distribution and temporal appearance of agrin-like molecules at newly formed synaptic contacts in cultures of embryonic Xenopus nerve and muscle cells. The antibodies stained Xenopus neuromuscular junctions and removed ACh receptor (AChR)-aggregating activity from extracts of Xenopus brain. Immunofluorescence was observed at almost all nerve- induced AChR aggregates, even at microaggregates in cocultures as young as 7.5 hr and at nerve-muscle contacts less than 2 hr old. Microdeposits of immunofluorescence extended as far distally as, or farther than, the microaggregates of AChRs along young nerve-muscle contacts. They also occurred along portions of growing neurites that were not in contact with muscle. By contrast, immunofluorescence was rarely observed at the nonsynaptic aggregates of AChRs that form on noninnervated muscle cells. These results raise the possibility that neuronally derived microaggregates of agrin-like molecules may be primary sites of nerve-induced clustering of AChRs, and they indicate that these molecules are present at embryonic nerve-muscle synapses from the very onset of AChR aggregation. The cellular origin of the agrin-like molecules at synapses was examined in cross-species cocultures in which the neurons and muscle cells were obtained from embryos of Xenopus laevis and Rana pipiens. Immunofluorescent staining with anti-agrin antibodies reactive at both Rana and Xenopus neuromuscular junctions revealed immunofluorescence at AChR aggregates along nerve-muscle contacts involving both cross-species combinations. Immunofluorescent staining with an anti-agrin antibody reactive at Rana but not at Xenopus neuromuscular junctions was positive only at cross- species nerve-muscle contacts involving Rana neurons. These results provide the first demonstration that embryonic neurons supply agrin- like molecules to the synapses they form with embryonic muscle cells.
Differential imaging of ocular dominance and orientation selectivity in monkey striate cortex
Authors: Blasdel GG
Published: April 2018

Differential images of ocular dominance, acquired by comparing responses to the two eyes, reveal dark and light bands where cortical cells are dominated by the right and left eyes. These include most (but not all) histochemically stained cytochrome oxidase blobs in their centers. Differential images of orientation, acquired by comparing responses to orthogonal orientations, reveal dark and light bands that are reminiscent of the “orientation columns” reported earlier, on the basis of 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) autoradiograms (Hubel et al., 1978). However, they are shorter and more fragmented because they do not include regions lacking selectivity for orientation. Even though these “bands” derive from orientation-selective areas, comparisons with differential images of other orientations reveal that regions along their centers prefer different orientations. Hence, the orientation preferences inferred from “bands” in single differential images, or single 2DG autoradiograms, are not necessarily incorrect. Interactions between ocular dominance and orientation were investigated by comparing differential images of orientation obtained with binocular and monocular stimulation, as well as by comparing differential images of ocular dominance obtained with different orientations. In both cases, the elicited interactions were minimal, indicating a remarkable and unexpected independence that subsequent experiments revealed arises, at least in part, from a lateral segregation of regions most selective for one eye and regions most selective for one orientation, in the centers and edges of ocular dominance columns. Since this can also be viewed as a lateral correlation between binocularity and orientation selectivity, it fits with the simultaneous emergence of these properties in layers receiving input from layer 4c, and suggests that each of these properties requires the other.
Synaptic transmission between pairs of retinal amacrine cells in culture
Authors: Gleason E , Borges S , Wilson M
Published: April 2018

We have examined synaptic transmission between isolated pairs of chick GABAergic amacrine cells, maintained in sparse culture and identified by their binding of an amacrine cell-selective antibody. Using the perforated-patch method to whole-cell clamp both cells of a pair, postsynaptic currents were examined for step depolarizations of the “presynaptic” cell. Synaptic transmission, frequently reciprocal, was calcium dependent and reversibly blocked by bicuculline. Post-synaptic currents, excluding those due to ohmic electrical coupling, were elicited only for presynaptic voltage steps positive to about -40 mV and were always very noisy, suggesting that they were summed from relatively small numbers of quanta. Postsynaptic currents continued well after the termination of the 100 msec presynaptic voltage step when the step was to -10 mV, or positive to this value. This result is interpreted to imply that presynaptic calcium concentration remains elevated after the membrane is returned to its holding potential. When presynaptic voltages were kept low or else presynaptic voltage was uncontrolled, spontaneous quantal events mediated by GABAA receptors could often be seen. Quanta rose quickly (less than 4 msec) and decayed with a mean time constant of 19.3 msec. The amplitude distributions of quantal currents were positively skewed, sometimes showing rare quanta of exceptionally large amplitude. Peak conductance per quantum was about 300 pS, corresponding to the simultaneous opening of only 17 GABAA channels and corresponding to a net flux of only 32 x 10(3) Cl- ions per millivolt of driving force. Estimates of the maximum sustained release rate at individual release sites suggest an upper bound of between 19 and 42 quanta per second.
An immunocytochemical study of glycine receptor and GABA in laminae I- III of rat spinal dorsal horn
Authors: Mitchell K , Spike RC , Todd AJ
Published: April 2018

In order to provide information about the function of glycine in the superficial three laminae of the rat dorsal horn and the possible coexistence of glycine and GABA at synapses in this region, we have carried out a combined study involving preembedding immunocytochemistry with a monoclonal antibody to the glycine receptor and postembedding immunocytochemistry with antiserum to fixed GABA. Glycine receptor-like immunoreactivity was present at axodendritic and axosomatic synapses in all three laminae, and at dendrodendritic synapses in lamina II. Although axons that formed axoaxonic synapses were often presynaptic at immunoreactive axodendritic synapses (and thus probably contained glycine), the axoaxonic synapses themselves did not show glycine receptor-like immunoreactivity. Many of the profiles that were presynaptic at glycine receptor-immunoreactive synapses showed GABA- like immunoreactivity. These results suggest that glycine acts as a postsynaptic inhibitory transmitter at various types of synapses in laminae I-III, and that it may coexist with GABA at many synapses in this region. However, it appears that while glycine and GABA may both be released at axoaxonic synapses, either glycine does not act as a transmitter at these synapses, or else it acts at an atypical receptor that was not recognized by the antibody used in this study.
Basal versus apical dendritic long-term potentiation of commissural afferents to hippocampal CA1: a current-source density study
Authors: Kaibara T , Leung LS
Published: April 2018

Current-source density analysis was used to estimate the magnitude of the synaptic excitation at the basal and apical dendritic synapses of CA1 following commissural stimulation in the urethane-anesthetized rat, before and after a theta-frequency patterned primed burst tetanus. Stimulation of the contralateral CA3 or the contralateral CA1 stratum oriens excited both the basal and apical dendrites in CA1 about equally. However, primed burst tetanization of the contralateral CA3 or CA1 stratum oriens resulted in significant long-term potentiation (LTP) only at the basal dendrites and not at the apical dendrites. Stimulation of the contralateral CA1 stratum radiatum excited the apical dendrites more than the basal dendrites of CA1, but tetanization of this contralateral site gave little change in the apical or basal dendritic excitation. Tetanization of the contralateral CA1 stratum radiatum after an intraventricular administration of bicuculline, a GABAA antagonist, however, resulted in significant LTP at both the apical and basal dendrites. It was concluded that, in the intact hippocampus in vivo, the threshold for LTP at the commissural apical dendritic synapse was high in comparison to that at the basal dendritic synapse and this high threshold may be partly caused by inhibitory interneurons that predominantly synapsed on the apical dendrites. Thus, the basal and apical dendrites of the CA1 pyramidal cells are not equal in their propensity for long-term plasticity.
Involvement of a metalloprotease in low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor truncation: inhibition of truncation in vitro and in vivo
Authors: DiStefano PS , Chelsea DM , Schick CM , McKelvy JF
Published: April 2018

The mechanism of low-affinity NGF receptor (LNGFR) truncation was investigated in cultured Schwann cells. Affinity labeling of Schwann cells with 125I-NGF or metabolic labeling with 35S-cysteine showed that truncated NGF receptor (NGF-Rt) was derived from the cell surface form of the receptor. Addition of full-length, exogenous NGF receptor (M(r) = 80 kDa) to Schwann cell membranes resulted in cleavage of the exogenous substrate to NGF-Rt. Investigations into the mechanism of truncation revealed that metalloprotease inhibitors such as phenanthroline, bathophenanthroline, and 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-OHQ) blocked LNGFR truncation in a concentration-dependent fashion. Inhibitors of other protease classes had no effect on truncation. In addition, truncation did not occur at 4 degrees C. It was found that truncation could also occur in Schwann cell membrane preparations, indicating that the putative protease was membrane bound and closely associated with the LNGFR. Metal reconstitution experiments revealed a strong preference toward zinc for the truncating activity, with iron and manganese having slight reconstitution activity in phenanthroline- quenched membranes. To determine if apparent truncation could be inhibited in vivo, the metalloprotease inhibitor 8-OHQ was administered to neonatal rats. 8-OHQ resulted in decreased urine and blood NGF-Rt levels and increased the sciatic nerve LNGFR content; this effect was dose dependent. In adult rats with sciatic nerve crush lesions, 8-OHQ (30–300 mg/kg, t.i.d.) significantly enhanced the rate of sensory neuron regeneration as assessed by the nerve pinch assay. This was accompanied by increased levels of LNGFR in distal nerve segments. These results suggest that Schwann cells possess a metalloprotease-like activity that serves to cleave LNGFR from the surface of these cells. We propose that the putative metalloprotease represents a novel mechanism by which the Schwann cell regulates this particular cell surface protein. Furthermore, increasing the amount of Schwann cell surface LNGFR appears to be of functional significance in that sensory nerve regeneration can be enhanced by inhibition of truncation.