bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determining radial boundary conditions of outer radiation belt electrons using THEMIS observations
Authors: Shin D.‐K. , Lee D.‐Y.
Published: May 2013

The external source for the radiation belt structure can be approximately reproduced or predicted by a diffusion equation, which takes into account the diffusion processes in pitch angle, energy, and radial coordinate L. The solution of such an equation depends on several factors: initial and boundary conditions, diffusion coefficients, and plasmapause location. A precise determination of these main factors is therefore important and requires appropriate observations. In this paper, we have attempted to determine the radial boundary conditions of the energetic electron fluxes near the outer edge of the outer radiation belt. Specifically, we have determined two main aspects: first, the energy spectrum of the electron fluxes at the boundary, and second, the solar wind conditions that have the greatest impact on the electron fluxes at the boundary. For this study, we used the electron flux data from the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) satellites. We found that statistically the energy spectrum for the energy range from a few tens of keV to several hundreds of keV can be best described by a kappa function with kappa = 1.8 even though individual energy spectra can vary significantly. Regarding the solar wind dependence, we find that the boundary electron flux level correlates well with either the solar wind speed positively or the solar wind density negatively, and therefore a combination of the two variables, with a certain response time. The response time differs for the solar wind variables and among electron energies. Using the identified correlations, we further determined fit functions expressed in terms of the solar wind speed or density or their combination that best reproduced average observed boundary fluxes. This study is the first observational attempt to comprehensively determine the radial boundary conditions of the outer radiation belt. In addition, the results of this study can be practically used as inputs for radiation belt modeling and forecasting.
Energetic neutral atom imaging of the lunar surface
Authors: Vorburger A. , Wurz P. , Barabash S. , Wieser M. , Futaana Y. , Lue C. , Holmström M. , Bhardwaj A. , Dhanya M. B. , Asamura K.
Published: May 2013

Since the Moon is not shielded by a global magnetic field or by an atmosphere, solar wind plasma impinges onto the lunar surface almost unhindered. Until recently, it was assumed that almost all of the impinging solar wind ions are absorbed by the surface. However, recent Interstellar Boundary Explorer, Chandrayaan‐1, and Kaguya observations showed that the interaction process between the solar wind ions and the lunar surface is more complex than previously assumed. In contrast to previous assumptions, a large fraction of the impinging solar wind ions is backscattered as energetic neutral atoms. Using the complete Chandrayaan‐1 Energetic Neutral Analyzer data set, we compute a global solar wind reflection ratio of 0.16 ± 0.05 from the lunar surface. Since these backscattered neutral particles are not affected by any electric or magnetic fields, each particle's point of origin on the lunar surface can be determined in a straight‐forward manner allowing us to create energetic neutral atom maps of the lunar surface. The energetic neutral atom measurements recorded by the Chandrayaan‐1 Energetic Neutral Analyzer cover ∼89% of the lunar surface, whereby the lunar farside is almost completely covered. We analyzed all available energetic neutral atom measurements recorded by the Chandrayaan‐1 Energetic Neutral Analyzer to create the first global energetic neutral hydrogen maps of the lunar surface.
Intense interface seismicity triggered by a shallow slow slip event in the Central Ecuador subduction zone
Authors: Vallée Martin , Nocquet Jean‐Mathieu , Battaglia Jean , Font Yvonne , Segovia Monica , Régnier Marc , Mothes Patricia , Jarrin Paul , Cisneros David , Vaca Sandro , Yepes Hugo , Martin Xavier , Béthoux Nicole , Chlieh Mohamed
Published: May 2013

We document a 1 week long slow slip event (SSE) with an equivalent moment magnitude of 6.0–6.3 which occurred in August 2010 below La Plata Island (Ecuador), south of the rupture area of the 1906 Mw = 8.8 megathrust earthquake. GPS data reveal that the SSE occurred at a depth of about 10 km, within the downdip part of a shallow (<15 km), isolated, locked patch along the subduction interface. The availability of both broadband seismometer and continuous geodetic station located at the La Plata Island, 10 km above the SSE, enables a careful analysis of the relationships between slow and rapid processes of stress release along the subduction interface. During the slow slip sequence, the seismic data show a sharp increase of the local seismicity, with more than 650 earthquakes detected, among which 50 have a moment magnitude between 1.8 and 4.1. However, the cumulative moment released through earthquakes accounts, at most, for 0.2% of the total moment release estimated from GPS displacements. Most of the largest earthquakes are located along or very close to the subduction interface with focal mechanism consistent with the relative plate motion. While the earthquake sizes show a classical distribution (Gutenberg‐Richter law with a b‐value close to 1), the space‐time occurrence presents a specific pattern. First, the largest earthquakes appear to occur randomly during the slow slip sequence, which further evidence that the seismicity is driven by the stress fluctuations related to aseismic slip. Moreover, the seismicity observed during the SSE consists in individual events and families of repeating earthquakes. These observations indicate that the stress increment induced by the episodic aseismic slip may lead both to sudden seismic moment release and to progressive rupture within small locked patches. This study offers an a posteriori interpretation of the seismogenesis in the Central Ecuador subduction zone, where intense seismic swarms have been regularly observed (1977, 1998, 2002, and 2005). These swarms have likely been triggered by large‐magnitude slow slip events.
Cationic 1,3‐diazadienes in annulation reactions. Synthesis of pyrimidine, thiadiazinedioxide and triazine derivatives
Authors: Landreau Cyrille , Deniaud David , Reliquet Alain , Reliquet FranÇOise , Meslin Jean Claude
Published: May 2013

Triazapentadienium iodides 2 prepared from N'‐thiocarbamoylformamidines 1 are efficient intermediates in heterocyclic synthesis. They react with ketenes, sulfenes, phenyl isocyanate or isothiocyanate and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate affording the corresponding dihydropyrimidinones 3, thiadiazinedioxides 5, triazinones 6, triazinethiones 7 and pyrimidines 9.
Comparison of three‐dimensional pseudo‐continuous arterial spin labeling perfusion imaging with gradient‐echo and spin‐echo dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI
Authors: Wong Alex M. , Yan Feng‐Xian , Liu Ho‐Ling
Published: May 2013

Purpose

To compare the relative cerebral blood flow (CBF) obtained by pseudo‐continuous arterial spin labeling sequence incorporated with volumetric fast spin‐echo readout (3D‐PCASL) with those by gradient‐echo (GE) and spin‐echo (SE) dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) MRI.

Materials and Methods

Thirty patients with various neurological diseases participated in this study. In addition to 3D‐PCASL, 15 patients received GE‐DSC and the others received SE‐DSC imaging on a 3 Tesla scanner. A cortical gray matter (GM) to white matter (WM) and a thalamus (TM) to WM CBF ratio were determined from each perfusion scan. In addition, histograms of relative CBF distributions were obtained from each method for comparison.

Results

Significant correlations of CBF ratios were found between 3D‐PCASL and the two DSC methods (P < 0.05). The 3D‐PCASL resulted in GM/WM CBF ratios similar to SE‐DSC but significantly smaller than GE‐DSC (P = 2.3 × 10−7). TM/WM CBF ratio obtained by 3D‐PCASL was significantly smaller than those by GE‐ and SE‐DSC (P = 4.1 × 10−7 and 1.2 × 10−6, respectively). The histogram of relative CBF maps obtained from SE‐DSC, after applied spatial smoothing, agreed well with that from 3D‐PCASL.

Conclusion

This study suggested that perfusion images obtained from 3D‐PCASL exhibited significant correlations with DSC‐MRI, with greater microvascular weighting like SE‐DSC. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;39:427–433. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Polarization‐ and time‐resolved DFWM spectroscopy of the A 2Σ+− X 2Π (0,0) band transitions of nascent OH radicals generated by 266 nm laser photolysis of H2O2
Authors: Maksyutenko P. , Radi P. P. , Kozlov D. N. , Kouzov A. P.
Published: May 2013

The potential of a non‐linear spectroscopic technique – degenerate four‐wave mixing (DFWM) spectroscopy – for photo‐dissociation studies is investigated. By applying a carefully considered control of the input beam polarizations, the technique is used to measure the line shapes of specific rovibrational transitions in the A 2Σ+ − X 2Π (0,0) band of nascent OH radicals upon pulsed photo‐dissociation of H2O2. The photofragmentation is performed by linearly polarized radiation at 266 nm, and DFWM spectra are observed at various time delays. In contrast to linear spectroscopic methods, isotropic and anisotropic components of the non‐linear susceptibility tensor are separately accessible by using appropriate polarization geometries. In particular, four‐wave mixing signals can be generated that are exclusively due to the occurrence of the transient anisotropy of the recoil velocity and angular momentum vector distributions of the fragments emerging from the dissociation reaction. The observed line shapes in isotropic and anisotropic DFWM spectra are governed by the Doppler effect and vectorial correlations between the parent H2O2 molecule's transition dipole moment, the OH fragments’ recoil velocity and angular momentum, as well as by the processes of collision‐induced rotational and translational relaxation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient particle filtering through residual nudging
Authors: Luo Xiaodong , Hoteit Ibrahim
Published: May 2013

We introduce an auxiliary technique, called residual nudging, to the particle filter to enhance its performance in cases where it performs poorly. The main idea of residual nudging is to monitor and, if necessary, adjust the residual norm of a state estimate in the observation space so that it does not exceed a pre‐specified threshold. We suggest a rule to choose the pre‐specified threshold, and construct a state estimate accordingly to achieve this objective. Numerical experiments suggest that introducing residual nudging to a particle filter may (substantially) improve its performance, in terms of filter accuracy and/or stability against divergence, especially when the particle filter is implemented with a relatively small number of particles.
THE RETURN OF ATLANTIC SALMON (SALMO SALAR L.) AND IMPROVED WATER QUALITY IN URBAN RIVERS IN OSLO, NORWAY
Authors: Saltveit S. J. , Brittain J. E. , Bremnes T. , Brabrand Å. , Bækken T.
Published: May 2013

Most rivers and streams in the city of Oslo, Norway, rise in the surrounding forests, and all run through industrial and urban areas before they reach the sea. Most of these rivers have a long history of poor water quality in the middle and lower reaches until the early 1980s. This was reflected in low benthic diversity and the absence of fish. However, at the end of the 1970s, considerable efforts were made to limit industrial discharges, pollution episodes, and urban runoff, resulting in a substantial improvement in water quality. This improvement in water quality resulted in major changes in the benthos and fish populations of the rivers, especially the river Akerselva, which runs through the city centre. Here Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) became extinct in the mid‐1800s and did not return until 1983. Atlantic salmon and sea trout (Salmo trutta) now spawn in the lower reaches, and the river supports juvenile populations of these salmonids. In line with the improvement in water quality, benthic biodiversity has also increased. These improvements have been documented based on long‐term monitoring of benthos and fish. Increased benthic diversity and presence of fish also enabled the authorities to trace the source of several pollution episodes that led to fish kills. The European Union Water Framework Directive will bring further pressure to maintain a stable and good ecological status for the Oslo rivers, although it may be difficult to attain this goal in an urban environment. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correcting for rater bias in scores on a continuous scale, with application to breast density
Authors: Sperrin Matthew , Bardwell Lawrence , Sergeant Jamie C. , Astley Susan , Buchan Iain
Published: May 2013

Existing literature on inter‐rater reliability focuses on quantifying the disagreement between raters. In this paper, we introduce a method to correct for inter‐rater disagreement (or observer bias), where raters are assigning scores on a continuous scale. To do this, we propose a two‐stage approach. In the first stage, we standardise the distributions of rater scores to account for each rater's subjective interpretation of the continuous scale. In the second stage, we correct for case‐mix differences between raters by exploiting pairwise information where two raters have read the same entity on a case. We illustrate the use of our procedure on clinicians’ visual assessments of breast density (a risk factor for breast cancer). After applying our procedure, 229 out of 1398 women who were originally classified as high density were re‐classified as non‐high density, and 382 out of 12 348 women were re‐classified from non‐high to high density. A simulation study also demonstrates good performance of the proposed method over a range of scenarios. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of Single DNA Molecule Hybridization on a Surface by Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Pastré David , Joshi Vandana , Curmi Patrick A. , Hamon Loic
Published: May 2013

Improving the detection of DNA hybridization is a critical issue for several challenging applications encountered in microarray and biosensor domains. Herein, it is demonstrated that hybridization between complementary single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA) molecules loosely adsorbed on a mica surface can be achieved thanks to fine‐tuning of the composition of the hybridization buffer. Single‐molecule DNA hybridization occurs in only a few minutes upon encounters of freely diffusing complementary strands on the mica surface. Interestingly, the specific hybridization between complementary ssDNA is not altered in the presence of large amounts of nonrelated DNA. The detection of single‐molecule DNA hybridization events is performed by measuring the contour length of DNA in atomic force microscopy images. Besides the advantage provided by facilitated diffusion, which promotes hybridization between probes and targets on mica, the present approach also allows the detection of single isolated DNA duplexes and thus requires a very low amount of both probe and target molecules.
Do They Make a Difference? The Impact of English Language Programs on Second Language Students in Canadian Universities
Authors: Fox Janna , Cheng Liying , Zumbo Bruno D.
Published: May 2013

Few studies have investigated the impact of English language programs on second language (L2) students studying in Canadian universities (Cheng & Fox, 2008; Fox, 2005, 2009). This article reports on questionnaire responses of 641 L2 students studying in 36 English language programs in 26 Canadian universities. The researchers identified programs by their activity emphasis as either English as a second language (ESL) or English for academic purposes (EAP). Activity emphasizing speaking, social interaction, and general language development was viewed as ESL, whereas activity that emphasized academic reading, writing, and language development was considered EAP. The researchers used structural equation modeling procedures to examine the network of relationships between language program emphasis and participants' background characteristics in influencing academic and social engagement. A model of moderated mediation (Wu & Zumbo, 2008) was confirmed; that is, language program activities were found to account for variation in strategies which mediated academic and social engagement. However, the impact was moderated (lessened or strengthened) by three personal background factors: anxiety, stress, and motivation. This study refines our understanding of the positive impact of ESL and EAP programs on L2 university students' academic and social engagement.
Effect of different uncertainty sources on the skill of 10 day ensemble low flow forecasts for two hydrological models
Authors: Demirel Mehmet C. , Booij Martijn J. , Hoekstra Arjen Y.
Published: May 2013

This paper aims to investigate the effect of uncertainty originating from model inputs, parameters and initial conditions on 10 day ensemble low flow forecasts. Two hydrological models, GR4J and HBV, are applied to the Moselle River and performance in the calibration, validation and forecast periods, and the effect of different uncertainty sources on the quality of low flow forecasts are compared. The forecasts are generated by using meteorological ensemble forecasts as input to GR4J and HBV. The ensembles provided the uncertainty range for the model inputs. The Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) approach is used to estimate parameter uncertainty. The quality of the probabilistic low flow forecasts has been assessed by the relative confidence interval, reliability and hit/false alarm rates. The daily observed low flows are mostly captured by the 90% confidence interval for both models. However, GR4J usually overestimates low flows whereas HBV is prone to underestimate them, particularly when the parameter uncertainty is included in the forecasts. The total uncertainty in GR4J outputs is higher than in HBV. The forecasts issued by HBV incorporating input uncertainty resulted in the most reliable forecast distribution. The parameter uncertainty was the main reason reducing the number of hits. The number of false alarms in GR4J is twice the number of false alarms in HBV when considering all uncertainty sources. The results of this study showed that the parameter uncertainty has the largest effect whereas the input uncertainty had the smallest effect on the medium range low flow forecasts.
Detailed simulation of morphodynamics: 2. Sediment pickup, transport, and deposition
Authors: Nabi M. , de Vriend H. J. , Mosselman E. , Sloff C. J. , Shimizu Y.
Published: May 2013

The paper describes a numerical model for simulating sediment transport with eddy‐resolving 3‐D models. This sediment model consists of four submodels: pickup, transport over the bed, transport in the water column and deposition, all based on a turbulent flow model using large‐eddy simulation. The sediment is considered as uniform rigid spherical particles. This is usually a valid assumption for sand‐bed rivers where underwater dune formation is most prominent. Under certain shear stress conditions, these particles are picked up from the bed due to an imbalance of gravity and flow forces. They either roll and slide on the bed in a sheet of sediment or separate from the bed and get suspended in the flow. Sooner or later, the suspended particles settle on the bed again. Each of these steps is modeled separately, yielding a physics‐based process model for sediment transport, suitable for the simulation of bed morphodynamics. The sediment model is validated with theoretical findings such as the Rouse profile as well as with empirical relations of sediment bed load and suspended load transport. The current model shows good agreement with these theoretical and empirical relations. Moreover, the saltation mechanism is simulated, and the average saltation length, height, and velocity are found to be in good agreement with experimental results.
Synthesis and Characterization of η6‐Arene Ruthenium Complexes Bearing Oxopentadienyl and Phosphine Ligands
Authors: Cruz‐Cruz José Ignacio de la , Romano‐Tequimila Julio Cesar , Juarez‐Saavedra Patricia , Paz‐Sandoval M. Angeles
Published: May 2013

An addition reaction of dinuclear [(η6‐C6Me6)Ru(η3, 1‐exo‐syn‐CH2CHCHCHO)]2(BF4)2 (1) with different Lewis bases in acetone results in the formation of mononuclear [(η6‐C6Me6)Ru(η3‐exo‐syn‐CH2CHCHCHO)(L)](BF4) (L = PMe3, 2; PPh3, 3; PHPh2, 4; Ph2PEtPy, 6; CO, 7) and dinuclear [{(η6‐C6Me6)Ru(η3‐exo‐syn‐CH2CHCHCHO)}2(μ2‐dppe)](BF4)2 (5). The addition of Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2 to the dinuclear product 1 affords 5 which show a bridging phosphine between two ruthenium centers. A comparative study of the new cationic arene derivatives and the corresponding isoelectronic Cp*Ru(heteropentadienyl) is established. All compounds were characterized by IR spectroscopy, high resolution mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy and the crystal structures of 2 and 3 are also described.
Derivatisation of an Anti‐Cancer Cationic Antimicrobial Peptide and its Complexation to Platinum(II)
Authors: Parker James P. , Devocelle Marc , Marmion Celine J.
Published: May 2013

This work focuses on the cationic antimicrobial peptide (CAP) DP18L with its known propensity to target and selectively kill cancer cells. DP18L was derivatised to dap‐DP18L where dap is 2,3‐diaminopropionic acid. Dap facilitated binding to PtII via an (N,N') bidentate ligand to afford the first reported Pt‐CAP complex, cis‐[Pt(dap‐DP18L)Cl2)]. The syntheses of the peptides and the Pt‐peptide complex were carried out using solid phase chemistry. It was envisioned that the presence of the peptide in the complex would confer enhanced selectivity of the novel complex for neoplastic cells in addition to increasing the cellular uptake of the complex relative to cisplatin.
Desmopressin melt improves response and compliance compared with tablet in treatment of primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis
Authors: Juul Kristian Vinter , Van Herzeele Charlotte , De Bruyne Pauline , Goble Sandra , Walle Johan Vande , Nørgaard Jens Peter
Published: May 2013

Primary nocturnal enuresis is a prevalent childhood condition that can persist into adulthood. Desmopressin is an antidiuretic available as orally disintegrating lyophilisate (melt) or solid tablet. Recent findings suggesting different food interactions and clinical characteristics, including compliance, between desmopressin melt and tablet motivated a post hoc analysis of a previously reported randomised, crossover study. The efficacy of desmopressin melt compared with tablet was evaluated using the International Children’s Continence Society (ICCS) responder definitions. Compliance was further analysed using detailed criteria, and the association between efficacy and compliance was examined. In total, 221 patients aged 5–15 years, already receiving desmopressin tablets were randomised to the treatment sequence melt (120/240 μg)/tablet (0.2/0.4 mg) or tablet/melt in two consecutive 3-week periods. The probability of being a responder (partial or full) during either period was significantly more likely with desmopressin melt compared with tablet (odds ratio, 2.0; confidence intervals, 1.07–3.73; p = 0.03). There was no period effect on compliance in the tablet/melt sequence and no difference in the number of completely compliant patients in each formulation group; however, more patients were >75 % compliant in period 1 compared with period 2 in the melt/tablet sequence. Increased compliance was associated with greater reductions in the number of wet nights for both formulations. Conclusions: Desmopressin melt, compared with tablet, improves the probability of being a responder. Switching from tablet to melt formulation increased patient compliance. Increased compliance was associated with increased efficacy. Switching to desmopressin melt may benefit patients with suboptimal responses to desmopressin tablet.
A Nation Divided: Building the Cross-Border Mapuche Nation in Chile and Argentina
Authors: WARREN SARAH
Published: May 2013

In Chile and Argentina, indigenous Mapuche intellectuals contend that there is a single Mapuche nation that spans the Chile–Argentina border. When Mapuche people talk about the Mapuche nation and create symbols to represent it, however, they can mean both the Mapuche nation within the Chilean and Argentine state borders and the cross-border Mapuche nation. The dual nature of this project raises important theoretical questions about the nation-building process. In this article, I argue that Mapuche activists are engaging in a multi-scalar geopolitical imagination. They are imagining the geographic, political and cultural elements of the Mapuche nation at two scales simultaneously: within nation-state borders and across them. The overlapping and contested nature of this process means that the nation-building project is full of new tensions and constraints. However, it is also an example of ‘thinking otherwise’ and imagining an alternative sense of national belonging.
Diversified Business Groups and the Transnationalisation of the Salvadorean Economy
Authors: BULL BENEDICTE
Published: May 2013

El Salvador has undergone a deep economic transformation over recent decades, from a model based on agro-exports to an open, transnational service-based economy. This transformation has occurred in a context dominated historically by a small group of elite families that formed family-owned diversified business groups (DBGs). This paper studies the leading groups' strategies in confronting transnationalisation. It shows that the DBGs have adapted to the new realities through a combination of sector shifts, internationalisation and the adoption of different kinds of relationships with multinationals. In spite of this, there is little evidence that the DBGs have become less important or subordinate to multinational corporations. Rather, they have, in different ways, exploited their local and regional knowledge and networks to confront competition at home and expand at the regional level.
Associations of prenatal maternal smoking with offspring hyperactivity: causal or confounded?
Authors: Keyes K. M. , Davey Smith G. , Susser E.
Published: May 2013

Background

The relationship between prenatal tobacco exposure and hyperactivity remains controversial. To mitigate limitations of prior studies, we used a strategy involving comparison of maternal and paternal smoking reports in a historical sample where smoking during pregnancy was common.

Method

Data were drawn from a longitudinally followed subsample of the Child Health and Development Study (n = 1752), a population-based pregnancy cohort ascertained in 1961–1963 in California. Maternal prenatal smoking was common (33.4%). Maternal and paternal smoking patterns were assessed at three time points by mother report. Hyperactivity was assessed at the mean of age of 10 years based on mother report to a personality inventory.

Results

Unadjusted, maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with offspring hyperactivity [β = 0.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.11–0.33] and, to a similar degree, when the father smoked (β = 0.18, 95% CI 0.07–0.30). After adjustment, maternal smoking remained robustly predictive of offspring hyperactivity (β = 0.25, 95% CI 0.09–0.40) but father smoking was not (β = 0.02, 95% CI −0.20 to 0.24). When examined among the pairs matched on propensity score, mother smoking was robustly related to offspring hyperactivity whether the father smoked (β = 0.26, 95% CI 0.03–0.49) or did not smoke (β = 0.30, 95% CI 0.04–0.57). By number of cigarettes, associations with hyperactivity were present for 10–19 and 20+ cigarettes per day among mothers.

Conclusions

In a pregnancy cohort recruited in a time period in which smoking during pregnancy was common, we document associations between prenatal smoking exposure and offspring hyperactivity. Novel approaches to inferring causality continue to be necessary in describing the potential adverse consequences of prenatal smoking exposure later in life.
Imaginary groups: lazy monoids and reversible computation
Authors: GABBAY MURDOCH J. , KROPHOLLER PETER H.
Published: May 2013

We use constructions in monoid and group theory to exhibit an adjunction between the category of partially ordered monoids and lazy monoid homomorphisms and the category of partially ordered groups and group homomorphisms such that the unit of the adjunction is injective. We also prove a similar result for sets acted on by monoids and groups.

We introduce the new notion of a lazy homomorphism for a function f between partially ordered monoids such that f(m ○ m′) ≤ f(m) ○ f(m′).

Every monoid can be endowed with the discrete partial ordering (m ≤ m′ if and only if m=m′), so our constructions provide a way of embedding monoids into groups. A simple counterexample (the two-element monoid with a non-trivial idempotent) and some calculations show that one can never hope for such an embedding to be a monoid homomorphism, so the price paid for injecting a monoid into a group is that we must weaken the notion of a homomorphism to this new notion of a lazy homomorphism.

The computational significance of this is that a monoid is an abstract model of computation – or at least of ‘operations’ – and, similarly, a group models reversible computations/operations. With this reading, the adjunction with its injective unit gives a systematic high-level way of faithfully translating an irreversible system into a ‘lazy’ reversible one.

Informally, but perhaps informatively, we can describe this work as follows: we give an abstract analysis of how we can sensibly add ‘undo’ (in the sense of ‘control-Z’).
A review of the use of complex systems applied to risk appetite and emerging risks in ERM Practice ‐ Abstract of the Edinburgh Discussion
Authors: Cantle Neil
Published: May 2013

This abstract relates to the following paper:

AllanN., CantleN., GodfreyP. and YinY.A review of the use of complex systems applied to risk appetite and emerging risks in ERM practice.British Actuarial Journal, doi:10.1017/S135732171200030X
Microstructural Characterization of Concrete Prepared with Recycled Aggregates
Authors: Guedes Mafalda , Evangelista Luís , de Brito Jorge , Ferro Alberto C.
Published: May 2013

Several authors have reported the workability, mechanical properties, and durability of concrete produced with construction waste replacing the natural aggregate. However, a systematic microstructural characterization of recycled aggregate concrete has not been reported. This work studies the use of fine recycled aggregate to replace fine natural aggregate in the production of concrete and reports the resulting microstructures. The used raw materials were natural aggregate, recycled aggregate obtained from a standard concrete, and Portland cement. The substitution extent was 0, 10, 50, and 100 vol%; hydration was stopped at 9, 24, and 96 h and 28 days. Microscopy was focused on the cement/aggregate interfacial transition zone, enlightening the effect of incorporating recycled aggregate on the formation and morphology of the different concrete hydration products. The results show that concretes with recycled aggregates exhibit typical microstructural features of the transition zone in normal strength concrete. Although overall porosity increases with increasing replacement, the interfacial bond is apparently stronger when recycled aggregates are used. An addition of 10 vol% results in a decrease in porosity at the interface with a corresponding increase of the material hardness. This provides an opportunity for development of increased strength Portland cement concretes using controlled amounts of concrete waste.
International Clinical Standards and Cultural Practices in Speech-Language Pathology Graduate Education: A Model from Trinidad and Tobago
Authors: Molrine Charlotte , Kathy-Ann Drayton
Published: May 2013

Global directions is one of seven societal trends identified by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA, 2010) as expected to influence the profession of speech-language pathology (SLP) worldwide. In the Caribbean country of Trinidad and Tobago (T&T), only a small cohort of SLPs currently provide private service delivery. To increase the number of qualified practitioners, a graduate SLP program has been proposed. The program must reflect the values of the Trinbagonian people, while aligning competencies and standards of evidence-based practice with the World Health Organization's (WHO, 2011) 21st-century mandate. The 12 SLPs currently practicing in T&T were surveyed about their international graduate educational and clinical experiences and service delivery practices in T&T. They were invited to indicate which of the 2014 Standards and Implementation Procedures for the Certificate of Clinical Competence in Speech-Language Pathology (ASHA, 2012) would be necessary for graduate SLP program preparation in T&T and what additional content and/or clinical skill areas would be needed for competent culturally sensitive service delivery. The results indicated that all Trinbagonian practitioners support a graduate program modeled on the 2014 SLP Certification Standards, but they identified challenges to service delivery in T&T that need to be addressed in specific graduate program coursework and clinical education.
What are the Methods for Diagnosing MCI?
Authors: Key-DeLyria Sarah
Published: May 2013

Speech-language pathologists will be increasingly called upon to screen for, identify, and assess mild cognitive impairment (MCI) as the population ages. The diagnosis of MCI involves several professionals and requires an evaluation of normal and abnormal cognition and cognitive-communication, which a speech-language pathologist is in a unique position to provide. The general diagnostic criteria for MCI diagnosis are largely agreed upon at this point in time, and subtypes of MCI are receiving increasing attention. Early identification of MCI and detailed characterization of functioning will be more important as therapy targeting prevention of dementia and early cognitive dysfunction is developed. Speech-language pathologists should have a working knowledge of the diagnostic criteria and currently accepted subtypes in order to serve this population.
Genetic programming‐based approach to elucidate biochemical interaction networks from data
Authors: Kandpal Manoj , Kalyan Chakravarthy Mynampati , Samavedham Lakshminarayanan
Published: May 2013

Biochemical systems are characterised by cyclic/reversible reciprocal actions, non‐linear interactions and a mixed relationship structures (linear and non‐linear; static and dynamic). Deciphering the architecture of such systems using measured data to provide quantitative information regarding the nature of relationships that exist between the measured variables is a challenging proposition. Causality detection is one of the methodologies that are applied to elucidate biochemical networks from such data. Autoregressive‐based modelling approach such as granger causality, partial directed coherence, directed transfer function and canonical variate analysis have been applied on different systems for deciphering such interactions, but with limited success. In this study, the authors propose a genetic programming‐based causality detection (GPCD) methodology which blends evolutionary computation‐based procedures along with parameter estimation methods to derive a mathematical model of the system. Application of the GPCD methodology on five data sets that contained the different challenges mentioned above indicated that GPCD performs better than the other methods in uncovering the exact structure with less false positives. On a glycolysis data set, GPCD was able to fill the ‘interaction gaps’ which were missed by other methods.
Repeatability and frequency of in-paddock sheep walk-over weights: implications for individual animal management
Authors: Brown D. J. , Savage D. B. , Hinch G. N.
Published: May 2013

Sheep liveweight is an indicator of nutritional status, and its measure may be used as an aid to nutritional management. When walk-over weighing (WOW), a remote weighing concept for grazing sheep, is combined with radio frequency identification (RFID), resulting ‘RFID-linked WOW’ data may enable the liveweight of individual sheep to be tracked over time. We investigated whether RFID-linked WOW data is sufficiently repeatable and frequent to generate individual liveweight estimates with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of <2 kg (a sufficient level of error to account for fluctuating gut fill) for a flock within timeframes suitable for management (1-day and 5-day timeframes). Four flocks of sheep were used to generate RFID-linked WOW datasets. RFID-linked WOW data were organised into three groups: raw (unfiltered), coarse filtered (remove all sheep-weights outside the flock’s liveweight range), and fine filtered (remove all sheep-weights outside a 25% range of a recent flock average reference liveweight). The repeatability of raw (unfiltered) RFID-linked WOW data was low (0.20), while a coarse (0.46) and fine (0.76) data filter improved repeatability. The 95% CI of raw RFID-linked WOW data was 27 kg, and was decreased by a coarse (11 kg) and fine (6 kg) data filter. Increasing the number of raw, coarse and fine-filtered data points to 190, 30 and 12 sheep-weights, respectively, decreased the 95% CI to <2 kg. The mean cumulative percentage of sheep achieving >11 fine-filtered RFID-linked WOW sheep-weights within a 1-day and 5-day timeframe was 0 and 10%, respectively. The null hypothesis was accepted: RFID-linked WOW data had low repeatability and was unable to generate liveweight estimates with a 95% CI of less than 2 kg within a suitable timeframe. Therefore, at this stage, RFID-linked WOW is not recommended for on-farm decision making of individual sheep.
Effects of Nuclear Vibrations on the Energetics of Polythiophene: Quantized Energy Molecular Dynamics
Authors: Manzhos Sergei
Published: May 2013

The effects of nuclear dynamics on the energetics of polythiophene relevant for the performance of organic solar cells are studied for the first time. Nuclear motions change the expectation values of frontier orbital energies and the band gap by ~0.1 eV versus values at the equilibrium geometry, which is expected to have a significant effect on light absorption, charge separation, and donor regeneration. A new molecular dynamics algorithm that accounts for the quantum nature of vibrations is introduced. It reproduces effects of temperature and deuteration that are lost in the standard molecular dynamics. Inclusion of quantized vibrations leads to a broadening of the band gap and of energy levels by ~20 % at 300 K, while having little effect on their expectation values (which change by up to 0.03 eV). Increase in temperature from 300 to 400 K and deuteration cause an additional broadening of the spectrum by ~26 and 21 % respectively.
Isolation and characterisation of polymorphic microsatellite loci for the neriid fly Telostylinus angusticollis using MiSeq sequencing
Authors: Kopps Anna M. , Bonduriansky Russell , Gilchrist Anthony S. , Crean Angela J.
Published: May 2013

The neriid fly Telostylinus angusticollis is being developed as a model organism for experimental research on developmental plasticity, nongenetic inheritance, ageing and sexual selection. No genetic information is currently available for T. angusticollis, so to facilitate paternity analyses for experimentation we characterised 17 polymorphic microsatellites for this species based on MiSeq sequences. The loci had, on average, 4.1 alleles and the observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.250 to 0.889. We show that MiSeq can be used successfully to develop microsatellite markers.
Posttranslational protein knockdown coupled to receptor tyrosine kinase activation with phosphoPROTACs
Authors: Hines John , Gough Jonathan D. , Corson Timothy W. , Crews Craig M.
Published: May 2013

Posttranslational knockdown of a specific protein is an attractive approach for examining its function within a system. Here we introduce phospho-dependent proteolysis targeting chimeras (phosphoPROTACs), a method to couple the conditional degradation of targeted proteins to the activation state of particular kinase-signaling pathways. We generated two phosphoPROTACs that couple the tyrosine phosphorylation sequences of either the nerve growth factor receptor, TrkA (tropomyosin receptor kinase A), or the neuregulin receptor, ErbB3 (erythroblastosis oncogene B3), with a peptide ligand for the E3 ubiquitin ligase von Hippel Lindau protein. These phosphoPROTACs recruit either the neurotrophic signaling effector fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2α or the survival-promoting phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, respectively, to be ubiquitinated and degraded upon activation of specific receptor tyrosine kinases and phosphorylation of the phosphoPROTACs. We demonstrate the ability of these phosphoPROTACs to suppress the short- and long-term effects of their respective activating receptor tyrosine kinase pathways both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, we show that activation of phosphoPROTACs is entirely dependent on their kinase-mediated phosphorylation, as phenylalanine-containing null variants are inactive. Furthermore, stimulation of unrelated growth factor receptors does not induce target protein knockdown. Although comparable in efficiency to RNAi, this approach has the added advantage of providing a degree of temporal and dosing control as well as cell-type selectivity unavailable using nucleic acid-based strategies. By varying the autophosphorylation sequence of a phosphoPROTAC, it is conceivable that other receptor tyrosine kinase/effector pairings could be similarly exploited to achieve other biological effects.
Rapid feedback regulation of synaptic efficacy during high-frequency activity at theDrosophilalarval neuromuscular junction
Authors: Kauwe Grant , Isacoff Ehud Y.
Published: May 2013

High-frequency firing of neurons depresses transmitter release at many synapses. At the glutamatergic synapse of theDrosophilalarval neuromuscular junction, we find that presynaptic depression is modulated by postsynaptic ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR) activity. Although basal release at low frequency was insensitive to postsynaptic iGluR activity, recovery from depression elicited by high-frequency presynaptic trains decreased with partial block of native iGluRs. Moreover, recovery from depression increased with optical activation of the light-gated mammalian iGluR6 (LiGluR) expressed postsynaptically. The enhancement of recovery from depression occurred within 2 min of optical activation of LiGluR and persisted for minutes after optical deactivation. This effect depended on cAMP-dependent presynaptic recruitment of vesicles from the reserve pool. Our findings reveal a unique dimension to postsynaptic iGluR activity: fast retrograde signaling that preserves transmission efficacy during high-frequency presynaptic firing.
Role of a polymorphism in a Hox/Pax-responsive enhancer in the evolution of the vertebrate spine
Authors: Guerreiro Isabel , Nunes Andreia , Woltering Joost M. , Casaca Ana , Nóvoa Ana , Vinagre Tânia , Hunter Margaret E. , Duboule Denis , Mallo Moisés
Published: May 2013

Patterning of the vertebrate skeleton requires the coordinated activity of Hox genes. In particular, Hox10 proteins are essential to set the transition from thoracic to lumbar vertebrae because of their rib-repressing activity. In snakes, however, the thoracic region extends well into Hox10-expressing areas of the embryo, suggesting that these proteins are unable to block rib formation. Here, we show that this is not a result of the loss of rib-repressing properties by the snake proteins, but rather to a single base pair change in a Hox/Paired box (Pax)-responsive enhancer, which prevents the binding of Hox proteins. This polymorphism is also found in Paenungulata, such as elephants and manatees, which have extended rib cages. In vivo, this modified enhancer failed to respond to Hox10 activity, supporting its role in the extension of rib cages. In contrast, the enhancer could still interact with Hoxb6 and Pax3 to promote rib formation. These results suggest that a polymorphism in the Hox/Pax-responsive enhancer may have played a role in the evolution of the vertebrate spine by differently modulating its response to rib-suppressing and rib-promoting Hox proteins.
Mǎi dan or mái dan?
Authors: Kirkpatrick Andy , SU Heng
Published: May 2013

The term maidan has become a common way of asking for the bill in Putonghua. In this paper we investigate whether this is the transfer of a Cantonese expression which has been re-interpreted as a Putonghua expression, and thus an example of language change being caused by a mistake or mishearing. The study surveyed Mainland Chinese in a number of settings to elicit their preferred way of asking for the bill. By asking them to write the characters, we were also able to determine whether those whose preferred way of asking for the bill was to say maidan were using the Cantonese or the Putonghua expression. We conclude that, in many contexts, maidan has indeed become the preferred way of calling for the bill, and that the majority of those who use this expression are using the Putonghua ‘buy the bill’ rather than the original Cantonese expression.
Writing assessment in higher education
Authors: Callies Marcus , Zaytseva Ekaterina , Present-Thomas Rebecca L.
Published: May 2013

The importance of appropriate assessment methods for academic writing skills in higher education has received increasing attention in SLA research in recent years. Despite this, there is still relatively little understanding of how academic writing skills develop at the most advanced levels of proficiency. Use of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) is one way to ensure the comparability of findings across research efforts and continue to move the field forward. This paper presents some key concepts and definitions from the fields of SLA and advancedness research, language assessment and corpus linguistics and introduces several papers that address writing assessment within the context of higher education.
Fleshing out CEFR descriptors at C1 and above for the assessment of academic writing in departments of English at Austrian universities
Authors: Heaney Helen
Published: May 2013

Austrian education is currently undergoing long overdue standardization procedures, with nationwide school-leaving exams still not available for most subjects. A similar standardization procedure was introduced at Graz, Klagenfurt, Salzburg and Vienna universities in 2006 when linguists and language teachers started professionalizing assessment practices for exit-level English exams in their BA programmes by developing analytic rating scales for writing. This paper describes which dimensions were selected, and how the scales were developed. Anchor descriptors were extracted from the CEFR for a bare pass (C1) and the top grade (C2) in Grammar, Vocabulary, Textual competence and Pragmatic competence (later Task achievement), and exam performances on typical writing prompts were rated, including brief justifications. Subsequently, extended descriptors were formulated for C1/C2 based on the teams’ justifications, and a mid-way level (C1.2) was inserted. Finally, the scales were modified during benchmarking procedures.
The Corpus of Academic Learner English (CALE)
Authors: Callies Marcus , Zaytseva Ekaterina
Published: May 2013

Learner corpora present an option to inform, supplement and advance the way language proficiency is operationalized and assessed, and may also be used in data-driven approaches to the assessment of writing proficiency that are largely independent of human rating. The aim of this contribution is twofold: first, to introduce a new Language-for-Specific-Purposes learner corpus, the Corpus of Academic Learner English (CALE), currently being compiled for the study of academic learner writing; and second, to illustrate how the CALE is useful in a text-centered, corpus-driven approach to the assessment of academic writing to achieve a higher degree of reliability in assessing language proficiency.