bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Actinide Endohedral and Exohedral Cubic Siloxanes: An(IV)@(HSiO1.5)8 and An(IV)&(RSiO1.5)8 (An = U, Np, Pu; R = H, Cl, OH)
Authors: Duan Meigang , Li Peng , Zhao Huifeng , Wu Jizhou , Li Yuqing , Liu Wenliang , Fu Yongming , Xie Feng , Ma Jie
Published: October 2019

Actinide metallasilsesquioxanes and their distinctive bonding properties have received an increased attention due to their potential value in advanced nuclear science and biomedicine. Herein, we have proposed a new class of endohedral An(IV)@(HSiO1.5)8 and exohedral An(IV)&(RSiO1.5)8 (An = U, Np, Pu; R = H, Cl, OH) metallasilsesquioxanes combing an actinide atom with cubic siloxanes (T8 cage) and used density functional theory calculations to investigate the electronic structures of actinide metallasilsesquioxanes. The larger binding energies and the higher minimum vibration frequency indicate An(IV)@(HSiO1.5)8 and An(IV)&(HSiO1.5)8 clusters are considerable stability. The strong interactions of An–O bonds are checked by the large Fuzzy bond orders and the obvious charge transferring from O of T8 cage to An. Furthermore, the quantum theory of atom in molecules and electron localization function are implemented to analyze the chemical bonding characterizations, which implies electrostatic and covalent interaction play comparable important roles in the An–O bonds. The covalent interaction is more obvious in An(IV)&(HSiO1.5)8 clusters than that in An(IV)@(HSiO1.5)8 clusters. Our results show that the energy of An(IV)@(HSiO1.5)8 clusters are lower than that of An(IV)&(HSiO1.5)8 clusters. We theoretically simulated infrared and ultraviolet‐visible (UV/Vis) spectra feature for An(IV)@(HSiO1.5)8 clusters. These spectral characteristics can be used to identify the cluster of An(IV)@(HSiO1.5)8 in the future experimental investigations. Besides, our calculation reveals that (OHSiO1.5)8 has better adsorption capacity than (HSiO1.5)8 and (ClSiO1.5)8 for actinides cations. Thus, this work not only describes a new method for encapsulating radioactive actinides, but also provides a new material for removing actinides.
Efficacy and harms of long‐term opioid therapy in chronic non‐cancer pain: Systematic review and meta‐analysis of open‐label extension trials with a study duration ≥26 weeks
Authors: Bialas Patric , Maier Christoph , Klose Petra , Häuser Winfried
Published: October 2019

Background and Objective

This updated systematic review evaluated the efficacy, acceptability and safety of long‐term opioid therapy (LTOT) for chronic non‐cancer pain (CNCP).

Databases and Data Treatment

Clinicaltrials.gov, CENTRAL and MEDLINE until June 2019. We included open‐label extension trials with a study duration ≥26 weeks of RCTs with ≥2 weeks duration. Pooled estimates of event rates of categorical data and standardized mean differences (SMD) of continuous variables were calculated using a random effects model.

Results

We added four new studies with 1,154 participants for a total of 15 studies with 3,590 participants. Study duration ranged between 26 and 156 weeks. Studies included patients with low back, osteoarthritis and neuropathic pain. The quality of evidence for every outcome was very low. 31.1% (95% Confidence interval [CI] 23.0%–40.7%) of patients randomized at baseline finished the open label period. 14.1% (95% CI 10.9%–19.4%) of patients dropped out to due adverse events. In 6.3% (95 CI 3.9%–10.1%) of patients serious adverse events and in 2.7% (95% CI 1.5%–4.7%) aberrant drug behaviour were noted. 0.5% (95% CI 0.2%–1.4%) of patients died.

Conclusions

Within the context of open‐label extension studies, opioids maintain reduction of pain and disability and are rather well tolerated and safe. LTOT can be considered in carefully selected and monitored patients with low back, osteoarthritis and neuropathic pain who experience a clinically meaningful pain reduction with at least tolerable adverse events in short‐term opioid therapy.

Significance

There is very low quality evidence of the long‐term efficacy, tolerability and safety of opioids for chronic low back, osteoarthritis and diabetic polyneuropathic pain within the context of open‐label extension studies of randomized controlled trials. Drop out rate due to adverse events and deaths increase with study duration. One‐third of patients profit from LTOT. Long‐term opioid therapy can be considered in some carefully selected and monitored patients.
Effects of genotype on TENS effectiveness in controlling knee pain in persons with mild to moderate osteoarthritis
Authors: Govil Manika , Mukhopadhyay Nandita , Holwerda Teri , Sluka Kathleen , Rakel Barbara , Schutte Debra L.
Published: October 2019

Background

This study examined the extent to which genetic variability modifies Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) effectiveness in osteoarthritic knee pain.

Methods

Seventy‐five participants with knee osteoarthritis were randomly assigned to either: (a) High‐frequency TENS, (b) Low‐frequency TENS or (c) Transient Placebo TENS. Pain measures were collected pre‐ and post‐treatment. Participants were genotyped on genes implicated in central or peripheral pain pathways: NGFB, NTRK1, EDNRA, EDNRB, EDN1, OPRM1, TAC1, TACR1, BDNF, BDKRB1, 5HTT, COMT, ESR2, IL6 and IL1B. Genetic association using linear regression modelling was performed separately for the transient placebo TENS subjects, and within the High‐frequency TENS + Low‐frequency TENS participants, including TENS level as a covariate.

Results

In the placebo group, SNPs rs165599 (COMT) was significantly associated with an increased heat pain threshold (β = −1.87; p = .003) and rs6827096 (EDNRA) with an increased resting pain (β = 2.68; p = .001). Within the treatment groups, TENS effectiveness was reduced by the SNP rs6537485 (EDNRA) minor allele in relationship to mechanical sensation (β = 184.13; p = 5.5E−9). Individuals with the COMT rs4680 minor allele reported lowered pain at rest after TENS (β = −42.30; p = .001), with a higher magnitude of pain reduction (28 unit difference) in the low‐frequency TENS group compared to the high‐frequency TENS group (β = 28.37; p = .0004).

Conclusions

EDNRA and COMT are implicated in osteoarthritic knee pain and provide a basis for tailoring TENS interventions according to individual characteristics.

Significance

Findings from this study demonstrate that genetic variation within the COMT and EDNRA genes influences the effectiveness of TENS, a non‐pharmacologic pain‐reduction intervention, in the context of osteoarthritic knee pain. Evidence such as this may contribute to risk models that provide a clinically useful tool for personalizing TENS interventions according to individual characteristics in order to best control pain and maximize functional status.
Medication‐overuse headache: The effect of a patient educational programme—A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Mose Louise S. , Pedersen Susanne S. , Jensen Rigmor H. , Gram Bibi
Published: October 2019

Background

Little is known about the effects of non‐pharmacological interventions among medication‐overuse headache (MOH) patients, although non‐pharmacological approaches combined with pharmacological treatment are recommended. The objective was to evaluate the effect of an educational programme as an add‐on to standard treatment.

Methods

Medication‐overuse headache patients were randomized (1:1) in a single‐centre setting to standard treatment with 12 weeks of education (I‐group) versus standard treatment (C‐group). The primary outcome was measurement of reduction in headache days/last month at 9 months’ follow‐up. Secondary outcomes were headache intensity, acute medication intake, bothersomeness, disability, physical activity and patient satisfaction. The between‐group differences were analysed using a mixed‐effects model for repeated measurements with a between group factor (I‐group vs. C‐group) and a time factor (baseline, 4 and 9 months).

Results

Ninety‐eight patients were randomized (I‐group: n = 48, C‐group: n = 50), with 40 and 39 patients completing the study, respectively. Intention‐to‐treat analyses showed that both groups experienced statistically significant reductions in headache days/last month (I‐group: −4 ± 6 days (95% CI 2.47; 5.95), p < .001) versus C‐group: −4 ± 9 days ([95% CI 1.53; 6.79], p = .003), but there were no significant differences between groups (mean ± SE):Δ: 0.7 days ([95% CI, −2.50; 3.93], p = .66). At follow‐up, 85% from the I‐group and 86% from C‐group, no longer fulfilled the criteria for MOH.

Conclusion

The compliance rate was high, indicating that patients were motivated for receiving education, but we found no additional benefits of adding an educational programme to standard treatment. Future research focusing on the MOH complexity, group heterogeneity, duration and content of educational programmes is warranted.

Significance

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of non‐pharmacological intervention such as patient educational programmes are of great importance, as this approach is common in the clinical practice. Medication‐overuse headache (MOH) is a heterogenetic patient group, which must be taken into account when conducting RCTs of non‐pharmacological interventions. An educational programme based on Motivational Interviewing is well‐tolerated among MOH patients, however, no superior effects were found from adding the educational programme to standard treatment versus standard treatment alone.
Thermodynamic Analysis of High‐Temperature Energy Storage Concepts Based on Liquid Metal Technology
Authors: Laube Tim , Marocco Luca , Niedermeier Klarissa , Pacio Julio , Wetzel Thomas
Published: October 2019

Within the thermal energy storage (TES) initiative NAtional Demonstrator for IseNtropic Energy storage (NADINE), three projects have been conducted, each focusing on TES at different temperature levels. Herein, technical concepts for using liquid metal technology in innovative high‐temperature TES systems are dealt with. This approach implies some challenges; first, the unit costs are relatively large which makes a reduction of the mass inventory necessary. Second, the high thermal diffusivity, which is beneficial in any heat exchanger unit, reduces the efficiency in a single‐tank TES due to the fast degradation of the thermocline. These limitations can be overcome using a nonexpensive solid filler material, and, if properly designed, similar performance as in state‐of‐the‐art molten salt systems can be obtained, while maintaining the advantage of operating at temperatures well beyond their upper limit. Optimization strategies are presented for a reference case including transient behavior of the whole system. The sensitivity of multiple parameters, e.g., porosity, particle size, and influence of storage capacity regarding the discharge efficiency, is investigated.
Nanotechnology Research and Development in Upstream Oil and Gas
Authors: Boul Peter J. , Ajayan Pulickel M.
Published: October 2019

Research in nanomaterials has brought many performance enhancements to the materials used in oil and gas well drilling, cementing, production, and enhanced oil recovery (EOR). While the products of these investigations and product development processes vary widely in terms of technological readiness, improvements in performance with nanoparticles are being witnessed in the field at this current time. Step‐change innovation in the industry through advances in nanomaterials is anticipated to find a strong footing in the development of smart self‐sensing cements, production technologies, EOR technologies, nanoparticle sensors, sensor networks, and downhole power and automation. Herein, a brief overview of the applications of nanoparticles as they relate to upstream oil and gas is provided and where the current state of the art is in high‐performance oil well construction, production enhancement, and reservoir management materials is evaluated.
Degradation in Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells During Long Term Testing
Authors: Sun X. , Hendriksen P. V. , Mogensen M. B. , Chen M.
Published: October 2019

In this work, we report a 4,400 h test of a state‐of‐the‐art Ni‐YSZ (yttria stabilized zirconia) electrode supported solid oxide electrolysis cell. The electrolysis test was carried out at 800 °C, –1 A cm−2 with 10% H2 + 90% H2O supplied to Ni‐YSZ electrode compartment. Except for the first 250 h of fast initial degradation, the cell showed rather stable performance with a moderate degradation rate of around 25 mV per 1,000 h. The electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) acquired during the test show that both serial resistance and electrode polarization resistance increased during the durability test. Further impedance analyzes show that both the LSCF (strontium and cobalt co‐doped lanthanum ferrite)‐CGO (gadolinium doped ceria) electrode and Ni‐YSZ electrode degraded and the degradation was dominated by the Ni‐YSZ electrode. Post mortem analysis on the Ni‐YSZ electrode revealed loss of contact between Ni‐Ni grains, Ni‐YSZ grains and increased porosity inside the active layer. The microstructural changes were most severe at steam gas inlet and became less severe along the gas flow path. The present test results show that this type of cell can be used for early demonstration of solid oxide cell operation at electrolysis current densities around 1 A cm−2.
Passive and Active Coupling Comparison of Fuel Cell and Supercapacitor for a Three‐Wheel Electric Vehicle
Authors: Macías A. , Kandidayeni M. , Boulon L. , Trovão J.
Published: October 2019

The desire to reduce the power electronics related issues has turned the attentions to passive coupling of powertrain components in fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles (FCHEVs). In the passive coupling, the fuel cell (FC) stack is directly connected to an energy storage system on the DC bus as opposed to the active configuration where a DC‐DC converter couples the FC stack to the DC bus. This paper compares the use of passive and active couplings in a three‐wheel FCHEV to reveal their strengths and weaknesses. In this respect, a passive configuration, using a FC stack and a supercapacitor, is suggested first through formulating a sizing problem. Subsequently, the components are connected in an active configuration where an optimized fuzzy energy management strategy is used to split the power between the components. The performance of the vehicle is compared at each case in terms of capital cost and trip cost, which is composed of FC degradation and hydrogen consumption, and total cost of the system per hour. The obtained results show the superior performance of the passive configuration by 17% in terms of total hourly cost, while the active one only results in less degradation rate in the FC system.
Performance of Tantalum Modified 316L Stainless Steel Bipolar Plate for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
Authors: Li T. , Zhang P. C. , Liu K. , Xu S. , Han Y. T. , Shi J. F. , Sun J. C.
Published: October 2019

The drawback of corrosion resistance and surface conductivity are two obvious defects to limit the large‐scale application of 316L stainless steel (316L SS) as bipolar plate (BP) in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). A tantalum (Ta) modified coating was prepared by plasma surface modification technology on the surface of 316L SS bipolar plate to improve the functional performance. The electrochemical behavior of untreated 316L SS and Ta modified bipolar plate was investigated in simulated PEMFC operating environment. The results of potentiodynamic polarization, potentiostatic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) reveal that the Ta coating considerably improves the corrosion resistance of 316L SS bipolar plate. The potentiodynamic polarization result shows that a more positive self‐corrosion potential is obtained by Ta modified bipolar plate, and the corrosion current density is obviously reduced to 1.95 μA cm−2 and 0.14 μA cm−2 in simulated cathodic and anodic environment, respectively. The Ta modified bipolar plate exhibits a satisfactory interfacial contact resistance (ICR), and still remains lower ICR than bare substrate after potentiostatic polarization test for 4 h. In addition, the high water contact angle (94.5°) for Ta coated bipolar plate implies more superior hydrophobic performance, which is convenient for water management within the PEMFC.
Photoacoustic imaging of the human placental vasculature
Authors: Maneas Efthymios , Aughwane Rosalind , Huynh Nam , Xia Wenfeng , Ansari Rehman , Kuniyil Ajith Singh Mithun , Hutchinson J. Ciaran , Sebire Neil J. , Arthurs Owen J. , Deprest Jan , Ourselin Sebastien , Beard Paul C. , Melbourne Andrew , Vercauteren Tom , David Anna L. , Desjardins Adrien E.
Published: October 2019

Minimally invasive fetal interventions require accurate imaging from inside the uterine cavity. Twin‐to‐twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), a condition considered in this study, occurs from abnormal vascular anastomoses in the placenta that allow blood to flow unevenly between the fetuses. Currently, TTTS is treated fetoscopically by identifying the anastomosing vessels, and then performing laser photocoagulation. However, white light fetoscopy provides limited visibility of placental vasculature, which can lead to missed anastomoses or incomplete photocoagulation. Photoacoustic (PA) imaging is an alternative imaging method that provides contrast for hemoglobin, and in this study, two PA systems were used to visualize chorionic (fetal) superficial and subsurface vasculature in human placentas. The first system comprised an optical parametric oscillator for PA excitation and a 2D Fabry‐Pérot cavity ultrasound sensor; the second, light emitting diode arrays and a 1D clinical linear‐array ultrasound imaging probe. Volumetric photoacoustic images were acquired from ex vivo normal term and TTTS‐treated placentas. It was shown that superficial and subsurface branching blood vessels could be visualized to depths of approximately 7 mm, and that ablated tissue yielded negative image contrast. This study demonstrated the strong potential of PA imaging to guide minimally invasive fetal therapies.
Lightsheet fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy with wide‐field time‐correlated single photon counting
Authors: Hirvonen Liisa M. , Nedbal Jakub , Almutairi Norah , Phillips Thomas A. , Becker Wolfgang , Conneely Thomas , Milnes James , Cox Susan , Stürzenbaum Stephen , Suhling Klaus
Published: October 2019

We report on wide‐field time‐correlated single photon counting (TCSPC)‐based fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) with lightsheet illumination. A pulsed diode laser is used for excitation, and a crossed delay line anode image intensifier, effectively a single‐photon sensitive camera, is used to record the position and arrival time of the photons with picosecond time resolution, combining low illumination intensity of microwatts with wide‐field data collection. We pair this detector with the lightsheet illumination technique, and apply it to 3D FLIM imaging of dye gradients in human cancer cell spheroids, andC. elegans.
The effects of DICER1 and DROSHA polymorphisms on susceptibility to recurrent spontaneous abortion
Authors: Ghasemi Marzieh , Rezaei Mahnaz , Yazdi Atefeh , Keikha Narjes , Maruei‐Milan Rostam , Asadi‐Tarani Mina , Salimi Saeedeh
Published: October 2019

Background

Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is a serious problem in pregnancy. The exact etiology of RSA is unknown in more than 50% of all the patients. However, genetic variations are known as susceptibility factors for idiopathic RSA. Considering the role of miRNA biosynthesis machinery in the miRNA production and effect of miRNAs on various diseases, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of DICER1 rs3742330 and DROSHA rs6877842 polymorphisms on RSA risk.

Methods

In this case‐control study, 150 RSA patients and 195 age‐matched healthy female controls were recruited. Both polymorphisms were genotyped using PCR‐RFLP method.

Results

The frequency of DICER1 rs3742330AG genotype was higher in the control group (P = .022). There was a statistically significant association between rs3742330 polymorphism and a reduced RSA risk in dominant and allelic models (P = .013 and P = .007, respectively). No statistically significant association was found between DROSHA rs6877842 variant and RSA risk. The combination of AG and GC genotypes and G‐G alleles of DICER1 rs3742330 and DROSHA rs6877842 polymorphisms led to a decreased RSA risk. However, the synergic effect of rs3742330A and rs6877842G alleles (A‐G) and AA‐GG genotypes was associated with an increased RSA risk.

Conclusion

the DICER1 rs3742330AG genotype and combination of AG and GC genotypes and G‐G alleles of DICER1 rs3742330 and DROSHA rs6877842 polymorphisms were associated with a reduced RSA risk.
Application of a stable Ag/TiO2 film in the simultaneous photodegradation of hormones
Authors: Lima Karla VL , Emídio Elissandro S , Pupo Nogueira Raquel F , Vasconcelos Nazaré do Socorro LS , Araújo Adriana B
Published: October 2019

BACKGROUND

The natural hormones estrone (E1) and 17β‐estradiol (E2) and the synthetic hormone 17α‐ethynylestradiol (EE2) are excreted daily by humans and may reach water and wastewater treatment plants, which do not efficiently remove these estrogens. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency and reusability of Ag/TiO2 films as catalysts for simultaneous degradation of the hormones E1, E2 and EE2 in aqueous medium by heterogeneous photocatalysis and the contribution of reactive oxygenated species. The influence of aeration on the system and the effects of estrogen concentration and Ag/TiO2 film area were also evaluated in the photodegradation process.

RESULTS

The photocatalytic degradation assays showed efficiency higher than 97% for E2 and EE2 (10 μg L−1) after approximately 3.5 h and above 95% for E1 (100 μg L−1) after 4.5 h. It was observed that hydroxyl radical is the main reactive oxidant species in the photodegradation process, responsible for 87, 86 and 79% degradation of E1, E2 and EE2 respectively.

CONCLUSION

The treatment process applied using the Ag/TiO2 films proved to be very stable and efficient for the simultaneous degradation of the studied hormones up to 305 h of reaction period, obtaining a percentage of degradation above 90%. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaluating the CMIP5 ensemble in Ethiopia: Creating a reduced ensemble for rainfall and temperature in Northwest Ethiopia and the Awash basin
Authors: Dyer Ellen , Washington Richard , Teferi Taye Meron
Published: October 2019

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the historical skill of models in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) in two regions of Ethiopia: northwestern Ethiopia and the Awash, one of the main Ethiopian river basins. An ensemble of CMIP5 models was first selected so that atmosphere‐only (Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project, AMIP) and fully coupled simulations could be directly compared, assessing the effects of coupled model sea surface temperature (SST) biases. The annual cycle, seasonal biases, trends, and variability were used as metrics of model skill. In the Awash basin, both coupled and AMIP simulations had late Belg or March‐May (MAM) rainy seasons. In connection to this, most models also missed the June rainfall minimum entirely. Northwest Ethiopia, which has a unimodal rainfall cycle in observations, is shown to have bimodal seasonality in models, even in the AMIP simulations. Significant AMIP biases in these regions show that model biases are not related to SST biases alone. Similarly, a clear connection between model resolution and skill was not found. Models simulated temperature with more skill than rainfall, but trends showed an underestimation in Belg (MAM/April‐May (AM)) trends, and an overestimation in Kiremt or July‐September (JAS/June‐September (JJAS)) trends. The models which were shown to have the most skill in a range of categories were HadGEM2‐AO, GFDL‐CM3, and MPI‐ESM‐MR. The biases and discrepancies in model skill for different metrics of rainfall and temperature found in this study provide a useful basis for a process‐based analysis of the CMIP5 ensemble in Ethiopia.
Healing effects from the on‐site experiences of tourists
Authors: Kim Se‐Eun , Um Seo‐Ho , Lee Timothy J.
Published: October 2019

This study adopted a new variable labeled “healing effects,” in place of “quality of life,” to measure the service dimension of the health‐oriented tourism experience. A questionnaire survey was given to visitors to a guesthouse in Korea. The results indicate that “deviation experience(s)” has a large influence on “the affective healing effect,” but “destination experience” has no significant influence on affective healing. Also, “resident relationship experience” has a great influence on “cognitive and social healing effect,” but “deviation experience” again has no significant influence. The findings of this study provide a theoretical contribution as a pioneering study of healing effects.
Kinetics of photocatalytic degradation of gaseous p‐xylene on UiO‐66‐NH2 and LaFeO3 thin films under combined illumination of ultraviolet and visible lights
Authors: Nguyen Thi Thuy Van , Luu Cam Loc , Nguyen Tri , Nguyen Phung Anh , Ha Cam Anh , Nguyen Thanh Tinh , Nguyen Lam Thuy Duong , Hoang Tien Cuong
Published: October 2019

The thin film photocatalysts were prepared from solvothermal UiO‐66‐NH2 and sol‐gel perovskite LaFeO3 by a dip‐coating technique. The properties of obtained catalysts were investigated by the methods of Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller adsorption, XRD, SEM, FT‐IR, TGA, and UV‐vis spectroscopies. The results proved that the thin film of the thickness of 4.2 and 4.7 µm was successfully prepared from micro‐mesoporous UiO‐66‐NH2 and LaFeO3 nanocrystals. Possessing small crystals (9‐35 nm) and the band gap energy of 2.83 and 1.92 eV, respectively, UiO‐66‐NH2 and LaFeO3 are shown to be a highly active visible‐light photocatalyst for photodegradation of p‐xylene‐contained gas. The kinetics of photocatalytic degradation of p‐xylene under combined illumination of ultraviolet and visible lights over obtained UiO‐66‐NH2 and LaFeO3 thin films were carried out in a gradientless flow circulating system at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The results showed that the Langmuir‐Hinshelwood kinetic model was successfully applied to correlate the obtained data. The kinetics of the reaction on both catalysts were found to be written by the fractional equation, describing the dependence of the reaction rate on the concentration of p‐xylene, oxygen molecules, dissociative adsorbed water vapor, the photon flux, and the inhibition of CO2 product. It implies that the reaction occurred at high surface coverages, molecular p‐xylene, and oxygen participated in the reaction in the form of surface molecular; water—in the forms of •OH and H+. Although there is a general kinetic equation for reaction on various catalysts, the different affinities of the catalysts with the compounds present in the reaction create the kinetic feature of the reaction on each catalyst. Because of the high affinity of catalysts with water vapor, the given reactant increased the rate of p‐xylene photocatalytic degradation at low concentration but inhibited it in the high concentration region. The adsorption affinity of LaFeO3 to oxygen is higher compared to UiO‐66‐NH2; then, there was an optimum concentration of oxygen in the photodegradation of p‐xylene on the former, whereas in the latter monotonically increasing relationship was found.
Euphotic zone nitrification in the California Current Ecosystem
Authors: Stephens Brandon M. , Wankel Scott D. , Beman J. Michael , Rabines Ariel J. , Allen Andrew E. , Aluwihare Lihini I.
Published: October 2019

Nitrification, the microbial conversion of ammonium to nitrite then to nitrate, occurs throughout the oceanic water column, yet the environmental factors influencing the production of nitrate in the euphotic zone (EZ) remain unclear. In this study, the natural abundances of N and O isotopes (δ15N and δ18O, respectively) in nitrate were used in an existing model framework to quantify nitrate contributed by EZ nitrification in the California Current Ecosystem (CCE) during two anomalously warm years. Model data estimated that between 6% and 36% of the EZ nitrate reservoirs were derived from the combined steps of nitrification within the EZ. The CCE data set found nitrification contributions to EZ nitrate to be positively correlated with nitrite concentrations () at the depth of the primary nitrite maximum (PNM). Building on this correlation, EZ nitrification in the southern California Current was estimated to contribute on average 20% ± 6% to EZ nitrate as inferred using the PNM of the long‐term California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigation (CalCOFI) survey record. A multiple linear regression analysis of the CalCOFI PNM time series identified two conditions that led to positive deviations in . Enhanced PNM , and potentially enhanced EZ nitrification, may be linked to (1) reduced phytoplankton competition for ammonium () and as interpreted from particulate organic carbon:chlorophyll ratios, and/or (2) to increased supply of (and then oxidation to ) from the degradation of organic nitrogen as interpreted from particulate organic nitrogen concentrations.
Fabrication and Thermal Dissipation Properties of Carbon Nanofibers Derived from Electrospun Poly(Amic Acid) Carboxylate Salt Nanofibers
Authors: Li Jia‐Wei , Chiu Yu‐Jing , Chang Chia‐Jui , He Hung‐Chieh , Tu Yi‐Hsuan , Lin Kuan‐Ting , Lin Yu‐Liang , Kao Tzu‐Hsun , Hsu Hsun‐Hao , Tseng Hsiao‐Fan , Lu Tien‐Chang , Chen Jiun‐Tai
Published: October 2019

Polyimides (PIs) possess excellent mechanical properties, thermal stability, and chemical resistance and can be converted to carbon materials by thermal carbonization. The preparation of carbon nanomaterials by carbonizing PI‐based nanomaterials, however, has been less studied. In this work, the fabrication of PI nanofibers is investigated using electrospinning and their transformation to carbon nanofibers. Poly(amic acid) carboxylate salts (PAASs) solutions are first electrospun to form PAAS nanofibers. After the imidization and carbonization processes, PI and carbon nanofibers can then be obtained, respectively. The Raman spectra reveal that the carbon nanofibers are partially graphitized by the carbonization process. The diameters of the PI nanofibers are observed to be smaller than those of the PAAS nanofibers because of the formation of the more densely packed structures after the imidization processes; the diameters of the carbon nanofibers remain similar to those of the PI nanofibers after the carbonization process. The thermal dissipation behaviors of the PI and carbon nanofibers are also examined. The infrared images indicate that the transfer rates of thermal energy for the carbon nanofibers are higher than those for the PI nanofibers, due to the better thermal conductivity of carbon caused by the covalent sp2 bonding between carbon atoms.
Mean values for a class of arithmetic functions in short intervals
Authors: Wu Jie , Wu Qiang
Published: October 2019

In this paper, we shall establish a rather general asymptotic formula in short intervals for a class of arithmetic functions and announce two applications about the distribution of divisors of square‐full numbers and integers representable as sums of two squares.
Digital buying behavior: The role of regulatory fit and self‐construal in online luxury goods purchase intentions
Authors: Fazeli Zahra , Shukla Paurav , Perks Keith
Published: October 2019

Drawing on regulatory focus theory, this study examines how consumers’ promotion and prevention focus influences luxury purchase intentions in an online domain. The research further investigates the interactive effects of regulatory focus, goal orientation, and self‐construal through four studies. Study 1 shows that promotion‐focused versus prevention‐focused consumers have a greater tendency to purchase luxury goods online and in‐store. Contrary to extant research regarding the compatibility between message frame and consumers’ regulatory focus, using varying manipulations, Studies 2 and 3 find the primacy of prevention‐framed messages in influencing online luxury purchase intentions for promotion‐ and prevention‐focused consumers. Further, unlike prior studies, Study 4 shows no significant interaction effect between regulatory focus, goal orientation, and self‐construal and adds a possible boundary condition by demonstrating how regulatory focus and self‐construal effects differ for luxury purchase online. Overall, the studies offer important contributions to theory and practice relating to luxury consumption in cyberspace.
Pathological Influences on Clinical Heterogeneity in Lewy Body Diseases
Authors: Coughlin David G. , Hurtig Howard I. , Irwin David J.
Published: October 2019

PD, PD with dementia, and dementia with Lewy bodies are clinical syndromes characterized by the neuropathological accumulation of alpha‐synuclein in the CNS that represent a clinicopathological spectrum known as Lewy body disorders. These clinical entities have marked heterogeneity of motor and nonmotor symptoms with highly variable disease progression. The biological basis for this clinical heterogeneity remains poorly understood. Previous attempts to subtype patients within the spectrum of Lewy body disorders have centered on clinical features, but converging evidence from studies of neuropathology and ante mortem biomarkers, including CSF, neuroimaging, and genetic studies, suggest that Alzheimer's disease beta‐amyloid and tau copathology strongly influence clinical heterogeneity and prognosis in Lewy body disorders. Here, we review previous clinical biomarker and autopsy studies of Lewy body disorders and propose that Alzheimer's disease copathology is one of several likely pathological contributors to clinical heterogeneity of Lewy body disorders, and that such pathology can be assessed in vivo. Future work integrating harmonized assessments and genetics in PD, PD with dementia, and dementia with Lewy bodies patients followed to autopsy will be critical to further refine the classification of Lewy body disorders into biologically distinct endophenotypes. This approach will help facilitate clinical trial design for both symptomatic and disease‐modifying therapies to target more homogenous subsets of Lewy body disorders patients with similar prognosis and underlying biology. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Circulating miR‐130b‐ and miR‐21‐based diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Zhang Nannan , Hu Zhenni , Qiang Yong , Zhu Xiaochao
Published: October 2019

Background

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the histological types of primary liver cancer with high recurrence and mortality in the world. The purpose of this study was to explore the diagnostic and therapeutic value for HCC patients.

Methods

In this study, we investigated the circulating miR‐130b‐5p (miR‐130b) and miR‐21‐5p (miR‐21) expression levels in patients with HCC and their association with clinical parameters.

Results

The circulating miR‐130b and miR‐21 were all upregulated in patients with HCC. The upregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) were associated with clinicopathological parameters of tumor capsular infiltration and clinical TNM stage. Also, the poor prognosis of patients with upregulated miRNAs levels suggested that it may be an effective therapeutic target for HCC by suppression of the miRNAs levels. In addition, the combined detection of serum miR‐130b and miR‐21 performed better in the diagnosis of HCC with a sensitivity of 92.16% and an accuracy rate of 77.51%. In vivo, tumors treated with the nanoparticle (NP)/miR‐130b and miR‐21 inhibitor complexes had significantly lower growth than the other groups.

Conclusion

The circulating miR‐130b and miR‐21 can be used as potential tumor biomarkers to diagnose liver cancer, and the combined detection of serum miR‐130b and miR‐21 is superior to the diagnosis of HCC. NP/miR‐130b and miR‐21 inhibitor complexes show good therapeutic effects in vivo and are expected to become therapeutic targets worthy of further study.
Technical Note: Film‐based measurement of gold nanoparticle dose enhancement for 192Ir
Authors: Bassiri Nema , Gray Tara , David Shaquan , Yogeshkumar Patel Devanshi , Locker Andrew , Rasmussen Karl , Papanikolaou Niko , Mayer Kathryn M. , Kirby Neil
Published: October 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this work is to introduce a simple yet accurate technique to measure the dose enhancement factor (DEF) of a citrate‐capped gold nanoparticle (GNP) solution using EBT3 film in an 192Ir setup.

Methods

Dose enhancement factor is the ratio of absorbed dose in a solution compared to absorbed dose in water, assuming identical irradiation parameters. Citrate‐capped GNPs were synthesized. An acrylic apparatus was constructed such that the EBT3 film was placed in charged particle equilibrium within the GNP solution with 0.28%, 0.56%, and 0.77% gold by mass. Sets of 12 dose measurements were collected for each GNP concentration as well as for water. The expected value of DEF was also calculated with the effective mass absorption coefficient of the GNP solution and water for an 192Ir spectrum. Furthermore, Burlin cavity correction factors were calculated and experimentally verified. Experimental verification of the cavity correction was performed by measuring DEF using stacks of 1, 3, and 5 sheets of film and extrapolating the DEF to 0 sheets of film.

Results

Experimental cavity corrections agreed with those calculated with the Burlin cavity formalism. The calculated DEF was 1.013, 1.027, and 1.037 for the 0.28%, 0.56%, and 0.77% gold by mass GNP solutions, respectively. The corresponding uncorrected DEF measurement values were 1.013 ± 0.006, 1.024 ± 0.010, and 1.032 ± 0.006, respectively. When applying the Burlin cavity formalism, the final corrected DEF measurement values were 1.016 ± 0.006, 1.029 ± 0.010, and 1.039 ± 0.006, respectively.

Conclusions

The experimental cavity correction results agreed with the theoretical Burlin calculations, which allowed for the Burlin corrections to be performed for all GNP concentrations and measured DEF values. The adjusted DEF values agreed with the theoretical calculations. Thus, these results indicate that a Burlin cavity calculation can be applied to correct film‐based DEF measurements for 192Ir.
13C chemical shift tensors in MOF α‐Mg3(HCOO)6: Which component is more sensitive to host‐guest interaction?
Authors: Xu Jun , Terskikh Victor V. , Chu Yueying , Zheng Anmin , Huang Yining
Published: October 2019

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of important porous materials with many current and potential applications. Their applications almost always involve the interaction between host framework and guest species. Therefore, understanding of host–guest interaction in MOF systems is fundamentally important. Solid‐state NMR spectroscopy is an excellent technique for investigating host–guest interaction as it provides information complementary to that obtained from X‐ray diffraction. In this work, using MOF α‐Mg3(HCOO)6 as an example, we demonstrated that 13C chemical shift tensor of organic linker can be utilized to probe the host–guest interaction in MOFs. Obtaining 13C chemical shift tensor components (δ11, δ22, and δ33, where δ11 ≥ δ22 ≥ δ33) in this MOF is particularly challenging as there are six coordinatively equivalent but crystallographically non‐equivalent carbons in the unit cell with very similar local coordination environment. Two‐dimensional magic‐angle‐turning experiments were employed to measure the 13C chemical shift tensors of each individual crystallographically non‐equivalent carbon in three microporous α‐Mg3(HCOO)6 samples with different guest species. The results indicate that the δ22 component (with its direction approximately being co‐planar with the formate anion and perpendicular to the C−H bond) is more sensitive to the adsorbate molecules inside the MOF channel due to the weak C−H···O hydrogen bonding or the ring current effect of benzene. The 13C isotropic chemical shift, on the other hand, seems much less sensitive to the subtle changes in the local environment around formate linker induced by adsorption. The approach described in this study may be used in future studies on host–guest interaction within MOFs.
An adaptive finite element method for the sparse optimal control of fractional diffusion
Authors: Otárola Enrique
Published: October 2019

We propose and analyze an a posteriori error estimator for a partial differential equation (PDE)‐constrained optimization problem involving a nondifferentiable cost functional, fractional diffusion, and control‐constraints. We realize fractional diffusion as the Dirichlet‐to‐Neumann map for a nonuniformly PDE and propose an equivalent optimal control problem with a local state equation. For such an equivalent problem, we design an a posteriori error estimator which can be defined as the sum of four contributions: two contributions related to the approximation of the state and adjoint equations and two contributions that account for the discretization of the control variable and its associated subgradient. The contributions related to the discretization of the state and adjoint equations rely on anisotropic error estimators in weighted Sobolev spaces. We prove that the proposed a posteriori error estimator is locally efficient and, under suitable assumptions, reliable. We design an adaptive scheme that yields, for the examples that we perform, optimal experimental rates of convergence.
Adult paleopathology as an indicator of childhood social roles: A case study of Perthes disease in a native Ohio female
Authors: Clark Melissa A. , Bargielski Richard , Reich Devon
Published: October 2019

Recently, the study of children has played an important role in the development of bioarchaeology. Particularly, researchers have long been concerned with the timing of growth and development and with childhood morbidity and mortality. These studies have helped to drive the field of bioarchaeology forward by elucidating the effects of culture on biological variation, including health, fertility, and, ultimately, human evolution. Building on this progress, recent works have called for further theoretical and methodological development in bioarchaeological studies of children, specifically developments that further the understanding of the social roles of children as simultaneously active and vulnerable social agents across temporal and cultural space. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the utility of adult paleopathology in the identification of culturally meaningful stages of childhood social development and the entanglement of vulnerability and agency. To meet this aim, we will present a case study of a late‐prehistoric Erie woman who likely suffered from Legg‐Calvé‐Perthes disease of the hip. We argue that the timing and aetiology of Perthes disease are consistent with the practice of agricultural activities by about age seven, and possibly, with a shift in social responsibilities at this time.
Muscle Insulin Resistance in Youth with Obesity and Normoglycemia is Associated with Altered Fat Metabolism
Authors: Cree‐Green Melanie , Wiromrat Pattara , Stuppy Jacob J. , Thurston Jessica , Bergman Bryan C. , Baumgartner Amy D. , Bacon Samantha , Scherzinger Ann , Pyle Laura , Nadeau Kristen J.
Published: October 2019

Objective

This study aimed to phenotype and compare adipose, hepatic, and muscle insulin sensitivity (IS) in a diet‐ and physical activity–controlled cohort of normoglycemic youth with obesity with that of participants without obesity (controls) to distinguish early metabolic abnormalities in pediatric obesity.

Methods

Thirty‐eight participants (17 in the control group [BMI < 85th percentile] and 21 youth with obesity [BMI ≥ 95th percentile]; age: 12‐21 years; 76% female; Tanner stage 4‐5; sedentary) were enrolled. Tissue‐specific IS was measured using a four‐phase hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp with glucose and glycerol isotope tracers to assess suppression of endogenous glucose release and lipolysis by insulin. Intramyocellular lipid content was assessed by 1H–magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and hepatic fat fraction (HFF) and visceral fat were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Calf‐muscle mitochondrial activity was measured with exercise‐stimulated 31P–magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Results

Youth with obesity had higher HFF (P < 0.001), visceral fat (P = 0.024), and intramyocellular lipid content (P = 0.017) and lower muscle (glucose clearance rate [P < 0.001]), adipose (P < 0.0001), and hepatic IS (P < 0.003). Mitochondria postexercise response was not different. In participants with obesity, muscle IS inversely correlated with HFF (r = 0.700, P = 0.002) and suppressed free fatty acid concentrations (r = −0.65, P = 0.003).

Conclusions

Inactive normoglycemic youth with obesity had decreased muscle, adipose, and hepatic IS. Free fatty acids and liver fat were inversely associated with muscle IS, which argues for lipid‐targeted interventions.
Linking farmer and beekeeper preferences with ecological knowledge to improve crop pollination
Authors: Breeze Tom D. , Boreux Virginie , Cole Lorna , Dicks Lynn , Klein Alexandra‐Maria , Pufal Gesine , Balzan Mario V. , Bevk Danilo , Bortolotti Laura , Petanidou Theodora , Mand Marika , Pinto M. Alice , Scheper Jeroen , Stanisavljević Ljubiša , Stavrinides Menelaos C. , Tscheulin Thomas , Varnava Androulla , Kleijn David
Published: October 2019

Pollination by insects is a key input into many crops, with managed honeybees often being hired to support pollination services. Despite substantial research into pollination management, no European studies have yet explored how and why farmers managed pollination services and few have explored why beekeepers use certain crops.

Using paired surveys of beekeepers and farmers in 10 European countries, this study examines beekeeper and farmer perceptions and motivations surrounding crop pollination.

Almost half of the farmers surveyed believed they had pollination service deficits in one or more of their crops.

Less than a third of farmers hired managed pollinators; however, most undertook at least one form of agri‐environment management known to benefit pollinators, although few did so to promote pollinators.

Beekeepers were ambivalent towards many mass‐flowering crops, with some beekeepers using crops for their honey that other beekeepers avoid because of perceived pesticide risks.

The findings highlight a number of largely overlooked knowledge gaps that will affect knowledge exchange and co‐operation between the two groups.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Removal of 1,2,4‐Trimethylbenzene from Water by Pervaporation Using Styrene–Butadiene–Styrene (SBS) Membrane Incorporated with Carbon Black Nanoparticles
Authors: Mousavinezhad Seyed Ali , Mousavi Seyed Mahmoud , Saljoughi Ehsan
Published: October 2019

Styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) membranes incorporated with carbon black (CB) were prepared and investigated for pervaporation (PV) removal of 1,2,4‐trimethylbenzene (TMB) from its aqueous solution. The influence of CB concentration on membrane properties was assessed by applying field emission scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and tensile test. Characterization of the prepared membranes implied increased water contact angles at higher CB concentrations. Moreover, membrane swelling was constant zero for all the membranes. Performance of the prepared membranes in PV separation of a volatile organic compound (1,2,4‐TMB) from water was studied. The SBS/CB nanocomposite membranes revealed higher separation factor and PV separation index (PSI) compared to pure SBS membrane because of the CB hydrophobic nature. The separation factor and PSI of the nanocomposite membrane loaded with 1 wt. % CB were 3.6 and 1.8 times more than those of the neat SBS membrane, respectively. The membrane obtained at this appropriate CB concentration provided the total flux of 735 g/m2h, separation factor of 950, and PSI of 700,000 g/m2h. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 60: 257–266, 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers