bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiple Manifolds Clustering via Local Linear Analysis
Authors: Zheng Wei , Chen Shuo
Published: January 2017

Clustering on multiple manifolds serves as an analysis of the data lying on multiple manifolds. The smoothness and local linearity of data samples are utilized to define the local linear degree which is motivated by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Depth First Search (DFS). Then, Multiple Manifolds Clustering (LMMC) is proposed on the base of the Local Linear Analysis (LLA) via this definition and neighbor-growing algorithm, which are especially effective under the condition of interactions. Instead of addressing problems of complex optimization and K-means operation, LMMC is simple and efficient compared with traditional manifold clustering. The algorithm can achieve superior performance on complex subspace and manifolds clustering datasets. Meanwhile, comparative experiments are given to show the effectiveness and efficiency of this algorithm.
A microplate assay to measure classical and alternative complement activity
Authors: Puissant-Lubrano Bénédicte , Fortenfant Françoise , Winterton Peter , Blancher Antoine
Published: January 2017

Background:

We developed and validated a kinetic microplate hemolytic assay (HA) to quantify classical and alternative complement activity in a single dilution of human plasma or serum.

Methods:

The assay is based on monitoring hemolysis of sensitized sheep (or uncoated rabbit) red blood cells by means of a 96-well microplate reader. The activity of the calibrator was evaluated by reference to 200 healthy adults. The conversion of 50% hemolysis time into a percentage of activity was obtained using a calibration curve plotted daily.

Results:

The linearity of the assay as well as interference (by hemolysis, bilrubinemia and lipemia) was assessed for classical pathway (CP). The within-day and the between-day precision was satisfactory regarding the performance of commercially available liposome immunoassay (LIA) and ELISA. Patients with hereditary or acquired complement deficiencies were detected (activity was measured <30%). We also provided a reference range obtained from 200 blood donors. The agreement of CP evaluated on samples from 48 patients was 94% with LIA and 87.5% with ELISA. The sensitivity of our assay was better than that of LIA, and the cost was lower than either LIA or ELISA. In addition, this assay was less time consuming than previously reported HAs.

Conclusions:

This assay allows the simultaneous measurement of 36 samples in duplicate per run of a 96-well plate. The use of a daily calibration curve allows standardization of the method and leads to good reproducibility. The same technique was also adapted for the quantification of alternative pathway (AP) activity.
Verb similarity: Comparing corpus and psycholinguistic data
Authors: Gil-Vallejo Lara , Coll-Florit Marta , Castellón Irene , Turmo Jordi
Published: January 2017

Similarity, which plays a key role in fields like cognitive science, psycholinguistics and natural language processing, is a broad and multifaceted concept. In this work we analyse how two approaches that belong to different perspectives, the corpus view and the psycholinguistic view, articulate similarity between verb senses in Spanish. Specifically, we compare the similarity between verb senses based on their argument structure, which is captured through semantic roles, with their similarity defined by word associations. We address the question of whether verb argument structure, which reflects the expression of the events, and word associations, which are related to the speakers’ organization of the mental lexicon, shape similarity between verbs in a congruent manner, a topic which has not been explored previously. While we find significant correlations between verb sense similarities obtained from these two approaches, our findings also highlight some discrepancies between them and the importance of the degree of abstraction of the corpus annotation and psycholinguistic representations.
Green synthesis of MnO2 nanorods using Phyllanthus amarus plant extract and their fluorescence studies
Authors: Prasad Kollur Shiva , Patra Alakananda
Published: January 2017

The present work describes a facile, convenient, and green pathway for MnO
Yield and level of phenolic compounds in the inflorescence of yellow everlasting Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench collected from natural sites
Authors: Forycka Anna , Adamczak Artur , Opala Bogna , Gryszczyńska Agnieszka , Buchwald Waldemar
Published: January 2017

Introduction: The inflorescence of Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench shows anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, detoxifying properties and is traditionally used in liver and biliary tract diseases. Because of its difficult and expensive cultivation, the plant raw material is mainly harvested from natural sites.

Objective: The research aimed to determine the local variation in yield and content of flavonoids and phenolic acids in the yellow everlasting inflorescence against the background of the layer structure of vegetation as the rate of plant succession.

Methods: The plant raw material was collected from 30 plots of 1 m2, established for three separate populations developing on sandy fallows near Zielona Góra (western Poland). For each study area, percentage cover of the moss-lichen and herb layers, the height, cover and yield of H. arenarium as well as the height and cover of other herbaceous plants were determined. Total contents of flavonoids (expressed as quercetin) and phenolic acids (calculated as caffeic acid) were measured spectrophotometrically, according to Polish Pharmacopoeia.

Results: Everlastings reached a cover of up to 70% and the maximum air-dry matter yield of 46.42 g/m2. The height, coverage and yield of H. arenarium were correlated with the parameters describing the herb layer. The content of flavonoids ranged from 0.56 to 0.99%, while that of phenolic acids from 0.82 to 1.80% DM.

Conclusions: Yellow everlasting is an important species of early fallows on poor sandy soils and these habitats constitute a rich natural source of herbal raw material. Inflorescences harvested from natural sites are distinguished by a high and similar content of polyphenols and usually meet the requirements of Polish Pharmacopoeia.
Formulation and profile of pharmaceutical availability from a model oral solid form of a drug of phytochemicals contained in dry Taraxacum officinale extract
Authors: Marczyński Zbigniew , Fornal Maria Elżbieta , Jambor Jerzy , Zgoda Marian Mikołaj
Published: January 2017

Introduction: Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale coll.), also called the common dandelion grows wild throughout Europe, Asia and the Americas. It is a perennial plant of the family of Asteraceae, having powerful healing properties. The entire plant – flowers, roots and leaves – is the medicinal raw material.

Objective: The aim of this study was to manufacture model tablets of pharmacopoeial disintegration time by direct compression of dry titrated extract of dandelion with selected excipients.

Methods: Tablets were obtained by direct compression using reciprocating tableting machine (Erweka). Morphological parameters – hardness, friability, disintegration time in pharmacopoeial acceptor fluids were investigated using Erweka equipment. Their actual surface area was also calculated. There was also tested the rate of dissolution of phytochemicals from model tablets in the presence of excipients in pharmacopoeial acceptor fluids (V=1.0 dm3) by the method of a basket in Erweka apparatus. Spectrophotometric determinations were performed.

Results: It results from the morphological studies of model tablets containing Ext. Taraxaci e radix cum herba aqu. siccum that they are characterized by comparable surface and friability at varying hardness, the latter depending on the applied excipients. This is reflected in the effective disintegration time in model acceptor fluids consistent with pharmacopoeial requirements.

Conclusions: The used excipients enabled to produce model tablets containing dry extract of dandelion by direct compression. The obtained results demonstrated that microcrystalline Prosolv-type cellulose, Vivapur 200 and Emdex were compatible with the structure of the extract of dandelion. They allow to manufacture a model solid oral dosage forms of the desired morphological parameters and effective disintegration time complying with the pharmacopoeial requirements.
Fumigant toxicities of essential oils and two monoterpenes against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculellaZeller)
Authors: Tayoub Ghaleb , Alorfi Malik , Ismail Hala
Published: January 2017

Introduction:The potato tuber moth (PTM) is the major economic pest of potato. Different approaches were tried to prevent and control this pest including natural pesticides and synthetic fumigants.

Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the insecticidal activity of the essential oils of thyme and myrtle. In addition to evaluating the insecticidal activity of carvacrol and eucalyptol against the different life stages of potato tuber moth using a fumigation bioassays.

Methods:Thyme and myrtle oils were extracted from wildThymus syriacusBoiss. and wildMyrtus communisL. by hydrodistillation. Fumigation experiments were conducted on potato tuber moth of different stages of development (eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults), using standard methods. The potato tuber moth was treated for different periods using different concentrations of the essential oils. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied on the mortality percentages data to estimate the significance of differences between treatments atp<0.05. Probit analysis was used to estimate the LC50, LC90and LT50.

Results:Adult stage was the most sensitive to essential oils vapours with LC50value of 0.5μl/l air. Whereas, pupal stages were the most tolerant. The essential oil of thyme possessed the strongest fumigant toxicity against eggs with a LC50value of 6.1μl/l air. The two monoterpens showed varied fumigant toxicity against adult stage. Carvacrol achieved 100% mortality at 0.125μl/l air after 6 h, and 0.025μl/l air after 48h exposure with LT50period of 0.5 h.

Conclusion:The present work demonstrated thatT. syriacusessential oil is a promising natural fumigant against the different developmental stages of PTM.
Catalytic Synthesis of n-Butyl Oleate by Cerium Complex Doped Y/SBA-15 Composite Molecular Sieve
Authors: Shi Chunwei , Bian Xue , Wu Yongfu , Cong Yufeng , Pei Mingyuan
Published: January 2017

Cerium ion was successfully incorporated into Y/SBA-15 micro-mesoporous molecular sieves via the hydrothermal synthesis method to give a series of composite materials. The prepared materials were thoroughly characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and differential thermo gravimetric analysis (TG-DTG). The results showed that the prepared composite materials retained the highly ordered mesoporous two-dimensional hexagonal structure of SBA-15 and the octagonal structure of Y. The catalyst Ce-Y/SBA-15 was prepared and characterized, then the esterification of n-butanol and oleic acid was studied with bismuth phosphotungstate as a catalyst. Using this model reaction, the effects of Ce-HY/SBA-15, molar ratio of alcohol to oleic acid, amount of catalysts, reaction time and reaction temperature were investigated. The experimental results show that the optimal reaction conditions were: 1.8:1 molar ratio of alcohol to acid, 5 % catalyst amount (based on weight of oleic acid), 4 h reaction time and reflux conditions. Under these conditions, the yield of esterification was 90.6 %. The results suggest that the addition of Ce can effectively improve the catalytic properties of composite molecular sieves.
Effect of Composition, High Magnetic Field and Solidification Parameters on Eutectic Morphology in Cu-Ag Alloys
Authors: Zhao Congcong , Wang Engang , Zuo Xiaowei
Published: January 2017

High magnetic field (HMF) and solidification processes were changed during the solidification of both Cu-28 mass %Ag and Cu-72 mass %Ag alloys. The results indicated that the eutectic morphology in Cu-Ag alloys was affected by HMF, composition and solidification parameters. The lamellar spacing of Cu-28 mass %Ag alloy solidified by furnace-cooling was refined by the application of HMF owing to the decreased diffusion coefficient in mushy zone. The lamellar spacing in both Cu-28 mass %Ag sample held at the eutectic temperature and Cu-72 mass %Ag sample by slow controlling cooling was increased by HMF, which might be attributed to the dominated thermolectromagnetic convection. The lamellar spacing in Cu-72 mass %Ag alloys was increased compared with that of Cu-28 mass %Ag alloys because of the decreased growth rates. In Cu-28 mass %Ag alloy, however, fluid transverse velocity gradient was dominate rather than the growth rate and the imposition of HMF had reverse influences on the lamellar spacing. The lamellar-rod transition of Cu phase was promoted by HMF because of the increased Cu volume fraction in eutectic component. These results shed light on the dependence of eutectic morphology in Cu-Ag alloys on composition, external high magnetic field and solidification parameters.
Subjective outcome evaluation of the community-based P.A.T.H.S Project: views of program implementers
Authors: Shek Daniel T.L. , Leung Janet T.Y. , Ma Cecilia M.S. , Wu Jing
Published: January 2017

The present study adopted subjective outcome evaluation to examine program effectiveness from the views of implementers (N=375) who implemented the community-based Tier 2 Program of the Project P.A.T.H.S. in Hong Kong. The results revealed that most of the program implementers were satisfied with the program content, their own performance, and program benefits. In agreement with previous studies, the satisfaction ratings of both program content and implementer performance positively predicted perceived program benefits. Regarding the influences of different program delivery approaches, programs with the “interest-enhancement” (INT) element received a more positive evaluation from implementers than did the programs without that element. For programs with the “work-related” (WORK) element, parental involvement significantly raised implementers’ satisfaction ratings on their own performance. The current findings provided evidence for the effectiveness of the P.A.T.H.S. Tier 2 Program from the perspective of the implementers.
Postpartum midwifery care and familial psychosocial risk factors in Switzerland: A secondary data analysis / Hebammenbetreuung im Wochenbett und familiäre psychosoziale Risikofaktoren in der Schweiz: eine Sekundäranalyse
Authors: Erdin Rebekka , Iljuschin Irina , Pehlke-Milde Jessica
Published: January 2017

Introduction

Psychosocial resources of parents are vital for the health and development of their children. Families in stressful circumstances should receive early seamless care to strengthen their parental resources. Independent midwives provide ambulant postpartum care in most families in Switzerland, and hence could play an important role in the early assessment and care of families at risk.

Methods

Comprehensive routine data of Swiss independent midwives were used for secondary analysis. Frequencies of known psychosocial risk factors were derived and compared to other data sources. Group comparisons were made with respect to family characteristics and midwifery care.

Results

Only some of the considered risk factors are representable in the midwives‘ data. 18.6% of all families have one and 6.25% have multiple such representable risk factors. Immigrant mothers from developing and emerging countries, very young or older mothers and large families are thereby particularly often affected. Burdened families receive more home visits, but have a later onset of ambulant postpartum care. They suffer more often from breast-feeding problems and are more frequently referred to other disciplines.

Discussion

Independent midwives in Switzerland document some of the known psychosocial risk factors and adapt their care in routine practice. The collection of data with a better coverage of the known psychosocial risk factors, ideally using validated assessment instruments, is recommended, and further research is required for a more in-depth understanding of the current interdisciplinary collaboration and the needs of families and care providers.
Mechanisms of Photocatalysis: The Reductive Degradation of Tetrachloromethane in Aqueous Titanium Dioxide Suspensions
Authors: Hilgendorff Michael , Hilgendorff Marcus , Bahnemann Detlef W.
Published: January 2017

The photocatalytic decomposition of organic compounds on semiconducting TiO
Investigation and Properties of the Discharge in Dielectric Barrier Reactors Decomposition of Toluene, o-Xylene, Trichloroethylene, and Their Mixture Using a BaTiO3 Packed-Bed Plasma Reactor
Authors: Pietsch Gerhard J.
Published: January 2017

The dielectric barrier discharge consists of numerous non-thermal microdischarges which are temporally and spatially distributed within the reactor volume. From a refined modeling of microdischarges, chemical reactions, and the interaction of discharges and process gas, the properties of the reactor can be evaluated. Quantitative results for the ozone generation process are presented.
SO2 Oxidation by Simultaneous Application of Electron Beam and Electric Field in Humid Air
Authors: Nichipor H. , Radouk E. , Chmielewski A. G. , Zimek Z.
Published: January 2017

Calculation shows that the rate of SO
Ozone and the Other Gaseous By-products Generated from Dry Air by the Trench Type Barrier Discharge Plasma Reactor
Authors: Chang J. S. , Looy P. C. , Arquilla M. , Kamiya I. , Sinjo R.
Published: January 2017

Ozone and the other gaseous by-products generated from dry air by the trench type barrier discharge plasma reactor is experimentally investigated. The results show that N
Purification of Diesel Exhaust Gas Using Reducing Catalysers
Authors: Kinoshita Katsuharu , Watanabe, Shigeo , Hayash Niichi , Uchida Yoshiyuki , Dykes David , Touchard Gerard
Published: January 2017

Diesel engine exhaust gas is known to be one cause of photochemical smog, which is so damaging to city environments. However, because of its high thermal efficiency and economic advantages, the diesel engine is not easily dispensable. The authors have previously conducted a series of experiments to assess the purifying effects of a diesel gas purification device employing an electric trap. It has been confirmed that an extraction rate of 60∼75 % for black smoke can be achieved using this apparatus. But the extraction effect for nitrogen oxides (NOx) is insufficient if the electro-trap device is used on its own. To improve its performance, experiments have now been undertaken using the same device in combination with various types of attached catalysers to oxidise and remove the nitrogen in the exhaust gas. Utilising a commercial 3-way catalyser, it proved difficult to maintain the gas at a suitable temperature, so that no outstanding result could be obtained. Nor was any significant result observ­ed from the use of an ozoniser. However, with a zeolyte catalyser, it was possible to achieve a NOx reduction of 20∼30 %. This latter experiment is reported in the present paper.
Reduction of NO2 in N2 by Non-Thermal Plasmas
Authors: Hsiao M. C. , Penetrante B. M. , Merritt B. T. , Vogtlin G. E. , Wallman P. H.
Published: January 2017

Experimental results on the chemical reduction of dilute concentrations of NO
The Effect of Ammonia Injection Rate and Discharge Power on the Reduction of NOx from a Combustion Flue Gas by Superimposing Barrier Discharge Reactors
Authors: Urashima K. , Chang J. S. , Ito T.
Published: January 2017

The effects of ammonia concentration on the removal of NOx in a combustion flue gas by superimposing barrier discharge plasma reactors are experimentally investigated. The experiments are conducted for the applied voltages from 0 to 24 kV, the flue rates from 0.5 to 2 L/min and ammonia mixture concentration from 0.7 to 1.2 stoichiometry. The results show that NOx removal increases with increasing discharge power, gas flow rates, and ammonia mixture concentration. NOx removal energy efficiency increases with increasing ammonia mixture concentration and gas flow rates, and decreases with increasing discharge power.
Non-Thermal Plasma Techniques for the Reduction of Volatile Organic Compounds in Air Streams: A Critical Review
Authors: Vercammen Karen L. L. , Berezin Alexander A. , Lox Frans , Chang Jen-Shih
Published: January 2017

This paper critically reviews the non-thermal plasma techniques for reduction of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in air streams. The currently used technologies fall into two categories: those based on nonthermal plasma generated from various forms of corona discharge and those exploiting high energy electron beams. Relative advantages and disadvantages of non-thermal plasma and conventional techniques are discussed.
Removal of Xylene, Trichloroethylene and Their Mixtures from Air Stream by a Pulsed Corona Discharge Induced Plasma Reactor
Authors: Chang J. S. , Yamamoto T. , Kohno H. , Tamura M. , Honda S. , Shibuya A. , Berezin A. A.
Published: January 2017

Volatile organic compounds (VOC) containing gases from semiconductor industries are toxic to human health, and, therefore, need to be controlled. A bench scale wire-pipe type pulsed corona discharge induced plasma reactor was used to decompose these compounds from dry air. The concentration of VOCs and by-products are measured by both gas/chromatography and Fourier Transform InfraRed Spectroscopy systems. The removal efficiencies for both xylene and trichloroethylene depends on the residence time and applied voltage and a 100% removal efficiency was achieved for both 200 ppm o-xylene and TCE with the residence time below 2.5 s and applied voltage of 25 kV. When xylene and TCE mixture was used, xylene removal is enhanced while TCE removal is reduced. The mechanism of destruction process and discharge by-products are also discussed in detail.
Integration of Chemical and Biological Oxidation Processes for Water Treatment: II. Recent Illustrations and Experiences
Authors: Scott Jon P. , Ollis David F.
Published: January 2017

In a recent review, we surveyed a literature of about 70 papers between 1970 and 1994 in which some chemical oxidative pretreatment combined with a biological oxidation had been tried, usually at lab scale, in attempts to more efficiently degrade recalcitrant water contaminants. Since 1994, new reports have confirmed and expanded this integrated process concept. These recent, promising results collectively provide strong suggestions for further rapid developments of combining (A)OPs with biological oxidations. This paper updates our previous review by introducing new examples illustrative of important, and sometimes unexpected, phenomena. New areas of exploration include use of recycle streams within the combined process, scale-up to larger and to continuous systems, determination of optimal chemical reaction times, and the use of gross water quality measures (BOD, COD, DOC) within process engineering models.
Influence of Natural Organic Matter on Oxidation of Volatile Organic Compounds by the H2O2/VisUV Process
Authors: Symons James M. , Baker Charlene M. , Prengle H. William
Published: January 2017

This paper presents experimental research to determine the affect of background natural organic material (NOM) on the conversion of five (5) VOC's: 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA), benzene (BNZ), trichloroethylene (TCE), 1,4-dichlorobenzene (DCB), and tetrachloroethylene (PCE). Experiments were conducted using DI water and Houston tap water ([TOC] = 3.6 mg/L) as solvents. In addition, the affects of buffer form and excess hydrogen peroxide were determined. Experimental runs were conducted in a photochemical-flow-stirred-tank reactor (pcfSTR), using a 450 W visible/ultraviolet radiation source. The data were analyzed using the Prengle- Shimoda reaction rate model, yielding the reaction rate constant ka (μmols A conv/min, Lr, photon flux) for comparison purposes. Analysis of the experimental data indicated the following conclusions: 1) At the concentrations used for bicarbonate or phosphate buffer, little or no affect was observed; 2) The presence of NOM surpressed the reaction rate for three of the compounds, TCA, BNZ, and PCE at the 95 % confidence level; and 3) Excess hydrogen peroxide, beyond the stoichiometric value, increased the reaction rate constant for all five compounds. The greatest increase was seen for DCB.
A Comparison of Acetophenone Photooxidation in Aqueous Media Via Direct Photolysis and TiO2 Photocatalysis
Authors: Xu Yiming , Langford Cooper H.
Published: January 2017

Photooxidation of acetophenone (AP) in aerated dilute aqueous solution (4 × 10
Combination of UV Oxidation with Other Treatment Technologies for the Remediation of Contaminated Water
Authors: Bircher K. G. , Lem W. , Simms K. M. , Dussert B. W.
Published: January 2017

The use of stand-alone water treatment technologies such as UV/Oxidation, granular activated carbon (GAC), air stripping and sedimentation, has proven to be cost-effective in many cases. However, there are a substantial number of instances where a combination of treatment technologies integrated into a treatment train provides a more economical approach than would be obtained by using only one technology. This paper presents case studies of integrated systems where UV/Oxidation is combined with either GAC, air stripping, or precipitation. The benefits, including improved treatment costs, are described using data from actual installations.
Environmental Radiolysis for Soil and Sediment Treatment: A Review of Chemistry, Design, and Economic Issues
Authors: Gray Kimberly A. , Cleland Marshall R.
Published: January 2017

Radiation processing is a mature industrial technology widely utilized in the manufacture of an extensive assortment of products. In addition, there have been many successful demonstrations of the use of radiolysis for environmental application. The purpose of this article is to illustrate that the use of ionizing radiation to remediate contaminated media should be seriously considered as an innovative alternative to conventional techniques, especially in the case of chlorinated pollutants such as dioxins and PCBs. A thorough review of the principles of radiolysis and the practice of radiation processing is presented. A comparison of gamma and high-energy electron radiation sources is made in order to delineate the type and scale of application best suited for a particular system. Since the quantities of contaminated soils, sediments, and sludges are enormous and the required radiation doses are large, the economies of scale favor the use of high power and high energy electron beams. A cost estimate is presented to illustrate that a contaminated soil can be treated at a dose of 1 MGy with a 150 kW, 10 MeV IMPELA electron beam at a rate of approximately 3000 metric tons/year and at a total amortized cost of $720/ton, a sum substantially less than incineration costs. A novel soil treatment facility design is presented and various strategies in which it can be employed to reduce overall treatment costs are discussed.
Field Evaluation of High Voltage Electron Beam Technology for Treating VOC-Contaminated Groundwater. Part I: VOC Removals and Treatment Costs
Authors: Alvarez Franklin , Topudurti Kirankumar , Keefe Michael , Petropoulou Chriso , Schlichting Tim
Published: January 2017

As part of the Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation program, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency evaluated the High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (HVEA), electron beam (E-beam) technology at the U.S. Department of Energy Savannah River Site (SRS) in Aiken, South Carolina. This technology irradiates water with a beam of high-energy electrons, causing the formation of three primary transient reactive species: aqueous electrons, hydroxyl radicals, and hydrogen radicals. Target organic compounds are either mineralized or broken down into low molecular weight organic compounds, primarily by these species. The E-beam system used for the evaluation is housed in an 8- by 48-foot trailer and is rated for a maximum flow rate of 50 gpm. During two different periods totaling 3 weeks in September and November 1994, about 70,000 gallons of SRS M-area groundwater contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was treated with the E-beam system. The highest removal efficiencies (REs) observed for unsaturated chlorinated VOCs in groundwater - trichloroethene (TCE), tetrachloroethene (PCE), and cis-1,2-dichloroethene (1,2-DCE) - were >99, 99, and > 91%, respectively. REs ranged from 68 to > 98% for 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA), 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCA), chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride (CCl
Decolorization of Simulated Dye Wastewater by High Energy Electron Beam Irradiation with Fe(II) Addition
Authors: Kurucz Charles N. , An Huren , Greene Jason , Waite Thomas D. , Cooper William J.
Published: January 2017

Dye wastewaters generally contain highly colored refractory organic chemicals. Traditional biological processes have proven inefficient in the removal of commercial dyes; however, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), such as Fenton’s Reagent TiO
Endurance Test of TiO2-Based Photocatalytic Oxidation
Authors: Assink J. W. , Slaager J. M.
Published: January 2017

The long term behaviour of suspended photocatalysts (Degussa P25) is studied in two endurance tests. Model waste water with an acid dye (Special Brilliant Blue FFR) or 4-chlorophenol as main contaminant have been used. Titanium dioxide is recovered from the effluent by pressure filtration and reused in the feed. A change in suspension behaviour of the titanium dioxide was observed over the period of the endurance tests (approx. 400 h). The photocatalytic activity decreased in the same period by approx. 55 % in the case of chlorophenol and approx. 25 % in the case of the dye. Intermediates from the chlorophenol degradation have been identified. The result of the tests are fitted to a physical model of the process. They are also useful for improved reactor design
Photocatalytic Reduction and Removal of Uranium From a Uranium- EDTA Solution
Authors: Cerrillos Consuelo , Ollis David F.
Published: January 2017

The removal, from aqueous solution, of uranyl ions by adsorption in the absence and presence of the chelant EDTA, and the photocatalytic removal by reduction of uranium from U:EDTA solutions is reported. Uranyl (UO
Mass Transfer Considerations in the Design of Vapor-Phase photocatalytic Reactors
Authors: Τ- Raissi Ali , Martin Eric D. , Jaganathan Sivakumar
Published: January 2017

As the bench-scale photoreactors are upscaled to progressively larger units, heat and mass transfer considerations become increasingly important. Powerful analytical and computational techniques are available to augment experimental data and aid process optimization and scale up. In this paper, the analytical and computational techniques available for the design of vapor-phase photocatalytic reactors are discussed. First, the Graetz- Nusselt-Leveque problem in annuli is analyzed and its application to the design of the photocatalytic reactors described. Then, the analytical predications are compared to experimental flow reactor data. Finally, results from a Computational Fluid Dynamics program simulating a flow field within an annular baffled photoreactor are given and discussed. These techniques are particularly useful as they simplify the design and scale-up of vapor-phase photocatalytic reactors.
Quantum Efficiencies of the Photocatalytic Decomposition of Trichloroethylene in Water. A Comparative Study for Different Varieties of Titanium Dioxide Catalysts
Authors: Cabrera María I. , Alfano Orlando M. , Cassano Alberto E.
Published: January 2017

Quantum efficiencies of the photocatalytic decomposition of trichloroethylene employing a suspension of titanium dioxide in water and polychromatic radiation have been investigated. Aldrich, Degussa P25 and Hombikat 100 titanium dioxides were studied using an approach that permits the correct evaluation of the true absorbed UV radiation. Computed results using initial reaction rates show that differences in efficiencies among the different varieties of titanium dioxides are not very dramatic. However, reaction conversion after several hours of identical operating conditions favors the use of the Aldrich catalyst. Quantum efficiencies show an important dependence with the initial reactant concentration, the irradiation intensity and the catalyst loading. Under some operating conditions, quantum efficiencies as high as 50 % were measured.
Reaction Kinetics of the Suspended Solid, Titanium Dioxide Photocatalyzed Decompostion of Trichloroethylene in Water
Authors: Alfano Orlando M. , Cabrera María I. , Cassano Alberto E.
Published: January 2017

A kinetic model to represent the intrinsic reaction kinetics of the decomposition of trichloroethylene in water, employing suspended titanium dioxide catalytic particles is presented. The catalyst activation was produced bjy radiation energy in the near ultraviolet range (300 nm s λ <, 400 nm) and oxygen concentration was always in excess inside the reacting medium. The model is based on Turchi and Ollis (1) proposed reaction sequence. The described formulation incorporates a precise and detailed evaluation of the radiation energy absorption effects. Experiments were carried out in a one-dimensional-one directional reactor, placed inside the loop of a batch recycling system. Initial concentration of trichloroethylene was in the range of 0.15 × 10
Photodegradation of Organic Compounds in the Vapor Phase Using TiO2-Coated Optical Fibers
Authors: González-Martín Anuncia , Jeevarajan Antony S. , Murphy Oliver J.
Published: January 2017

A variety of trace contaminants can accumulate in closed atmospheres, both in space and on earth, where they may pose a health threat to the human occupants. Complete photodegradation of organic pollutants with oxygen can be carried out on TiO
Photocatalysis with Fe/TiO2 Semiconductors and TiO2 Sensitized by Phthalocyanines
Authors: San Román Enrique A. , Navio José A. , Litter Marta I.
Published: January 2017

Two alternative ways to improve the photocatalytic properties of TiO
Modeling of a Photocatalytic Honeycombed Monolith Reactor for Air Purification Processes
Authors: Hossain Md. Moazzem , Raupp Gregory B.
Published: January 2017

A steady-state mathematical model was developed to provide a sound theoretical basis for quantifying the inherent UV energy utilization capabilities and performance limitations of a honeycombed monolith photocatalytic reactor for air purification. The single channel convection-diffusion-reaction model assumes negligible axial dispersion, negligible homogeneous reaction, and fully developed velocity profiles. Numerical solutions to the governing model equations were obtained for both plug flow and for laminar flow. The reactor model employs a first-principles radiation field model developed previously to provide the UV channel wall flux profile down the length of the monolith. A generic, semi-empirical photocatalytic oxidation reaction rate expression was chosen for simulation purposes. The model reveals several key insights into the behavior and design of a photocatalytic honeycomb monolith reactor. In particular, the model shows that UV flux gradients in a monolith of typical dimensions are severe, that only a fraction of the monolith can be effectively photo-activated, and as a consequence process performance is largely controlled by UV distribution. For a given UV profile, the fundamental dimensionless parameters analogous to those for conventional thermal catalytic monoliths (Re, Da) control photocatalytic monolith reactor performance. For fast photocatalytic reactions, the inlet portion of the monolith reactor likely operates in the mass transfer controlled regime. Irradiating the monolith from both the inlet and outlet sides can increase the effective length of the reactor, although the incremental increase in performance does not scale linearly with increased total irradiation flux.
Decomposition of 2-Chlorobiphenyl in Aqueous Solutions by UV Irradiation with the Presence of Titanium Dioxide
Authors: Wang Yongbing , Hong Chia-Swee , Bush Brian
Published: January 2017

Photocatalytic degradation of 2-chlorobiphenyl (2-CB) was conducted in the TiO
Linear Model IV Estimation When Instruments Are Many or Weak
Authors: Murray Michael P.
Published: January 2017

Economists rely frequently on instrumental variables estimation to overcome biases that endogenous explanatory variables cause in ordinary least squares estimation. However, traditional instrumental variables estimators, such as two-stage least squares and limited information maximum likelihood estimation, can suffer persistent estimator biases and size-of-test biases in even very large samples if the instruments used are large in number or are only weakly correlated with an endogenous explanatory variable. This paper reviews strategies for grappling with weak instruments and with large numbers of instruments in linear regression models.
Endothelial Dysfunction Markers in Low Cardiovascular Risk Individuals: Comparison of Males and Females
Authors: Gungor Zeynep B. , Sipahioglu Nurver , Sonmez Huseyin , Ekmekci Hakan , Toprak Sait , Ayaz Gulsel , Gurel Cigdem Bayram , Mutlu Tugba , Ulutin Turgut , Sipahioglu Fikret , Ilerigelen Barıs
Published: January 2017

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) account for approximately 50% of the total deaths in Turkey. Most of them are related with atherosclerotic coronary heart disease. Predictive value of endothelial dysfunction markers related with the earliest stage of atherosclerosis has been getting more attention. We hypothesized that differences in endothelial dysfunction biochemical markers among genders would aid to capture proatherogenic activity that was not diagnosed by conventional risk assessment scoring systems.

Methods: We assessed the endothelial dysfuntion markers in 92 Turkish adults who were in the »low CV risk group« according to ESC (European Society of Cardiology)-Score Risk Charts. We compared the males and females.

Results: We observed higher endothelial dysfunction rates in males, with higher median and mean levels of e-NOS, ox-LDL before and after adjustment for HDL lowness and obesity (P=0.018, P=0.036 for NOS; P=0.000, P=0.004 for ox-LDL, respectively). Men had higher hs-CRP levels than females before adjustment (P=0.021). Decreased e-NOS levels were related with FMD for females before adjustment for confounders (P=0.028). We also found significant correlation between e-NOS and ox-LDL levels both before (r=0.360, P<0.001) and after adjustment (r=0.366, P<0.01) for confounders which pointed out the nitrosative stress. In multivariate regression analyses, after adjusting for other endothelial dysfunction markers which were not included in the ESC-risk scoring system, decreased e-NOS levels were independently asssociated with impaired flow mediated dilatation for females (odds ratio 0.3; P=0.038).

Conclusions: Our results underline the importance of gender in evaluating endothelial dysfunction biochemical markers to assess cardiovascular risk for low CV risk indivuals.
The Nature of Fiction/al Utterances
Authors: Voltolini Aberto
Published: January 2017

In this paper, first of all, I want to try a new defense of the utterance approach as to the relationship between fictional and nonfictional works on the one hand and between fictional and nonfictional utterances on the other hand, notably the idea that the distinction between fictional and nonfictional works is derivative on the distinction between fictional and nonfictional utterances of the sentences that constitute a text. Moreover, I want to account for the second distinction in minimally contextualist semantic terms. Finally, I want to hold that what makes a fictional utterance, hence a fictional work, properly fictional is the contextually pre-semantic fact that its utterer entertains an act of make-believe, where such an act is accounted for in metarepresentational terms. This ultimately means that the fiction/nonfiction distinction is not clarified in terms of the fictional works/nonfictional works distinction, for things rather go the other way around.
The question of Fiction – nonexistent objects, a possible world response from Paul Ricoeur
Authors: Fitzpatrick Noel
Published: January 2017

The question of fiction is omnipresent within the work of Paul Ricoeur throughout his prolific career. However, Ricoeur raises the questions of fiction in relation to other issues such the symbol, metaphor and narrative. This article sets out to foreground a traditional problem of fiction and logic, which is termed the existence of non-existent objects, in relation to the Paul Ricoeur’s work on narrative. Ricoeur’s understanding of fiction takes place within his overall philosophical anthropology where the fictions and histories make up the very nature of identity both personal and collective. The existence of non-existent objects demonstrates a dichotomy between fiction and history, non-existent objects can exist as fictional objects. The very possibility of the existence of fictional objects entails ontological status considerations. What ontological status do fictional objects have? Ricoeur develops a concept of narrative configuration which is akin to the Kantian productive imagination and configuration frames the question historical narrative and fictional narrative. It is demonstrated that the ontological status of fictional objects can be best understood in a model of possible worlds.
Energy Aspects of Green Buildings – International Experience
Authors: Kauskale L. , Geipele I. , Zeltins N. , Lecis I.
Published: January 2017

At present, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is one of the main environmental priorities globally, and implementation of sustainability aspects in the construction industry, including energy aspects, is of major importance for long-term environmental development, as buildings have a long life cycle and require many resources both for construction and operation periods. The aim of the research is to analyse energy aspects of green buildings. The results of research show that the construction of green buildings can significantly result in energy savings and has other benefits for different market participants. Future research directions have been identified as well.
Determination of Contact Potential Difference by the Kelvin Probe (Part II) 2. Measurement System by Involving the Composite Bucking Voltage
Authors: Vilitis O. , Rutkis M. , Busenbergs J. , Merkulovs D.
Published: January 2017

The present research is devoted to creation of a new low-cost miniaturised measurement system for determination of potential difference in real time and with high measurement resolution. Furthermore, using the electrode of the reference probe, Kelvin method leads to both an indirect measurement of electronic work function or contact potential of the sample and measurement of a surface potential for insulator type samples. The bucking voltage in this system is composite and comprises a periodically variable component. The necessary steps for development of signal processing and tracking are described in detail.
Exploratory analyses of migration timing and morphometrics of the Dunnock (Prunella modularis)
Authors: Harnos Andrea , Fehérvári Péter , Piross Imre Sándor , Ágh Nóra , Karcza Zsolt , Konrád Krisztina , Csörgő Tibor
Published: January 2017

Ornithological studies often rely on large temporal scale ringing datasets as source of information. However, basic descriptive statistics of collected data are rarely provided. In order to fill this gap, here we present the second item of a series of exploratory analyses of migration timing and body size measurements of the most frequent Passerine species at a ringing station located in Central Hungary (1984–2015). First, we give a concise description of foreign ring recoveries of the Dunnock in relation to Hungary. We then shift focus to data of 11,617 individuals deriving from the ringing station, where birds have been trapped, handled and ringed with standardized methodology since 1984. Timing is described through annual and daily capture and recapture frequencies and their descriptive statistics. We show annual mean arrival dates within the study period and we present the cumulative distribution of first captures with stopover durations. We present the distributions of wing, third primary, tail length and body mass, and the annual means of these variables. Furthermore, we show the distribution of individual fat and muscle scores, and the distribution of body mass within each fat score category. We distinguish migration periods (spring and autumn), and age groups (i.e. juveniles and adults). Our aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of the analysed variables. However, we do not aim to interpret the obtained results, merely draw attention to interesting patterns, that may be worth exploring in detail. Data used here are available upon request for further analyses.
Chelators confined into 80pvac-borax highly viscous dispersions for the removal of gypsum degradation layers
Authors: Berlangieri Chiara , Andrina Elisabetta , Matarrese Caterina , Carretti Emiliano , Traversi Rita , Severi Mirko , Chelazzi David , Dei Luigi , Baglioni Piero
Published: January 2017

In this paper a new method for the removal of gypsum degradation layers from carbonatic matrices in cultural heritage conservation, using aqueous Highly Viscous Polymeric Dispersions (HVPDs) based on partially hydrolyzed poly(vinyl acetate) and borax, embedded with chelators, is presented. Due to their interesting viscoelasticity, these systems guarantee a good adhesion to the treated surface and easiness of removal in one step, minimizing the residues. Thus, they can potentially overcome the “residue question” limit associated to traditional methodologies that use thickened solutions of chelators. Here the rheological properties of HVPDs containing different amounts of selected chelating agents are explored and their efficacy in the extraction of gypsum is verified through cleaning tests onto artificially sulfated travertine tiles. The homogeneous removal of gypsum across the surface was checked non-invasively via Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) 2D Imaging. An analytical protocol for the pre-treatment and the analysis of HVPD samples by means of Ion Cromatography (IC) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES) was set up and the approximate amount of calcium sulfate removed was determined.
Politeness in Pronouns
Authors: Bentein Klaas
Published: January 2017

In many languages, a person can be addressed either in the second person singular or the second person plural: the former indicates familiarity and/or lack of respect, while the latter suggests distance and/or respect towards the addressee. While in Ancient Greek pronominal reference initially was not used as a ‘politeness strategy’, in the Post-classical period a T–V distinction did develop. In the Early Byzantine period, I argue, yet another pronominal usage developed: a person could also be addressed in the third person singular. This should be connected to the rise of abstract nominal forms of address, a process which can be dated to the fourth century AD.