bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘‘The Judge in Charge at the Time” Rabbinic Authority as Divine Command
Authors: Berger Michael S
Published: November 2023

The Torah, viewed by the tradition as the unadulterated revelation of God, is the most appropriate place to begin our inquiry. If the Sages’ authority can be portrayed as an instance of divinely sanctioned authority, then our subject is in fact a secondary one, relying on the fundamental axiom of divine authority. The weight of our analysis will rest solely on showing that it was indeed the talmudic Sages who were so authorized to interpret and legislate for all time.
Ordination Standing in the Sandals of Moses
Authors: Berger Michael S
Published: November 2023

As we saw in chapter 3, the effort to portray the Sages as a continuation of the Sanhedrin was successful only to a limited degree. The idea was comprehensive enough to include both judicial and legislative functions and could even sustain broader geographical parameters beyond Jerusalem, but it ran aground as soon as the talmudic Rabbis ceased to be configured in the institutional framework of a collective body abiding by established procedures of decision making. Com pared to the Tannaim in the land of Israel, who could realistically be conceived as functioning together as a single organ, the Palestinian, but especially the Babylonian, Amoraim are portrayed much more individualistically; the Talmud shows the Amoraim working in multiple academies with distinct and differing traditions. Assuming that the anonymous apodictic laws in the Mishnah represent the majority’s view, the Babylonian Gemara in contrast is not a record of col lective decisions.
The Divinely Guided Sages
Authors: Berger Michael S
Published: November 2023

In the introduction to part II, we pointed out that no matter which model of personal qualification we might explore, the basic “job description” remained the same: the clarification, elaboration, and furtherance of God’s covenant with the Jewish people. All who could, for various reasons, fulfill this critical function would be deemed authoritative in the context of Jewish law. The last chapter claimed that at least in the realm of Rabbinic exegesis, the Sages were able to “hear” what God was saying through the divinely authored text.1 By their expert training in the use of hermeneutical tools, they were able to discern God’s will because they knew how to read the text. In a figurative sense, God “continued to speak” through the words of the Torah.
The Authority of Publicly Accepted Practice
Authors: Berger Michael S
Published: November 2023

Throughout parts I and II, I have insisted that every theory that seeks to ground the Sages’ authority must make its case with respect to the various sorts of Rabbinic activity: transmission of oral traditions, biblical exegesis, and legislation. My analysis showed that in most cases, the model of Rabbinic authority under discussion was more suited to one of those activities than to others: scriptural interpretation may be a rule-governed enterprise requiring expertise or faithful transmission, whereas appropriate and effective legislation demands skills of a different sort. This circumscription of each theory to a specific domain hardly reflects its deficiency; rather, it is an indication of the rarely acknowledged multifarious nature of our subject, which may in fact force us to admit multiple, rather than single, grounds for Rabbinic authority.
On the Mantic Meaning of Incestuous Dreams
Authors: Grottanelli Cristiano
Published: November 2023

Among the many aspects of ancient dream divination, the most problematic is surely the paradoxical quality of the mantic use of incestuous dreams. I have identified three main problems, one of which is common to dream divination in general, while the other two are specific to the interpretation of incestuous dreams. The first and more general problem was described by Angelo Brelich in his essay “The Place of Dreams in the Religious World Concept of the Greeks,” published in Roger Caillois’s and G. E. von Grunebaum’s The Dream and Human Societies. Though Brelich described the contents of ancient and modern dream books as a “chaos of absurdities” and spoke of “unrestrained folly” as inspiring such lore, I define this problem less dramatically as the existence of different, even of contrasting interpretations for similar dreams in the same corpus.
The Liminality and Centrality of Dreams in the Medieval West
Authors: Schmitt Jean-Claude
Published: November 2023

Dreams-or more often their fleeting memory and reconstructed account (without which dreams could not exist in a social sense)-are universal. Also universal is the ambiguous status of dreams, fascinating and yet disturbing because they attest to an activity of the mind that takes place paradoxically at the very moment the person is submerged in a state of lethargy and inactivity often likened to death. Dreams are equivocal also because an individual perceives his or her own dreams as an entirely personal experience which nevertheless reflects a certain alienation, as if dreamed by another, and also somehow defamiliarizing faces of people who are otherwise familiar.1
Emotions and Values
Authors: Kupperman Joel J
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter pointed out that one indicator of what someone’s values are is that person’s emotions. We must, for example, have some tendency to see as good what we envy in others’ lives. The relation is reciprocal. If Bloggs thinks that being locked in a room is one of the worst experiences in the world, this (plus Bloggs’s sense that being locked in a room is a possibility) is good evidence for thinking that Bloggs is afraid of being locked in a room.
Are There Senses of Value?
Authors: Kupperman Joel J
Published: November 2023

Abroad use of the phrase “sense of value” is as an inclination to accept certain values. I will use the phrase more narrowly, adopting a more “cognitivist” interpretation of what a sense of value would be: it would be a mode of awareness of value. Is there such a thing? One possible answer, which cannot be readily dismissed, is “No”-for the simple reason that there is nothing to sense: that is, there are no facts of what is valuable, nor are there judgments of value that are correct in some “objective” sense. Many philosophers would accept this answer, in part because it seems so difficult to construct any argument for value-facts or for objectivity of values.
Hipparchos and the Rhapsodes
Authors: Shapiro H A
Published: November 2023

This essay deals with two conspicuous and disparate features of archaic Greece, tyrants and epic poetry, at a key moment when the two intersect. It is a rare instance in which not simply is a tyrant recorded as the patron of one or another famous poet, but the tyrant seems to have played a direct role in determining the form and shape of poems as they have come down to us - and not just any poems, but the Homeric Iliad and Odyssey. I propose to bring to bear some modest iconographical evidence on this nexus of thorny problems: Who were these rhapsodes of the sixth century? What exactly did they do at the Panathenaic festival in Athens, and when did they start doing it? And what did they contribute to the shaping of our Iliad and Odyssey? The main text related to my topic is well known, and I will present it briefly as a prologue to the evidence from vase painting. It occurs in a dialogue named Hipparchos, after the son of the tyrant Peisistratos and co-tyrant himself, with his brother Hippias, from the death of their father in 528. The dialogue has come down to us in the corpus of Plato; opinion nowadays generally considers it not by Plato, but by someone writing perhaps a generation after Plato’s death, still well within the fourth century.’ Though nominally a discussion of to philokerdes (love of profit) between Socrates and an unnamed interlocutor, the dialogue becomes, in the middle section, a kind of encomium of the enlightened tyrant Hipparchos. Here we learn, among other things, of Hipparchos’ strong literary bent (a judgment confirmed by Arist. Ath. Pol. 18.1), manifested in the celebrated poets he brought to Athens (Anakreon and Simonides), as well as the verses he himself composed to be carved on herms set up as road signs in the Attic countryside. Judging from the two examples quoted in the dialogue (229a-b), Simonides and Anakreon had no cause to fear Hipparchos as a rival.
It’s Murder to Found a Colony
Authors: Dougherty Carol
Published: November 2023

AETIOLOGICAL myths and legends - the births of heroes, cult origins, city foundations - have always fascinated the Greeks, and Plutarch sets the founding of Syracuse as the stage for the following drama of passion and politics: Melissos had a son named Aktaion, the most handsome and modest young man of his age. Aktaion had many suitors, chief among them Archias, a descendant of the Herakleidai and the most conspicuous man in Corinth both in wealth and general power. When Archias was not able to persuade Aktaion to be his lover, he decided to carry him off by force. He gathered together a crowd of friends and servants who went to Melissos’ house in a drunken revelry and tried to take the boy away. Aktaion’s father and friends resisted; the neighbors ran out and helped pull against the assailants, and, in the end, Aktaion was pulled to pieces and killed. The boys then ran away, and Melissos carried the corpse of his son into the marketplace of the Corinthians and displayed it, asking reparations from those who had done these things. But the Corinthians did nothing more than pity the man. Unsuccessful, Melissos went away and waited for the Isthmian festival at which time he went up to the temple of Poseidon and decried the Bakchiadai and reminded the god of his father Habron’s good deeds. Calling upon the gods, he threw himself down from the rocks. Not long after this, drought and plague befell the city. When the Corinthians consulted the god about relief, the god told them that the anger of Poseidon would not subside until they sought punishment for Aktaion’s death.
Royal Eulogy as World History
Authors: Ali Daud
Published: November 2023

The practice of inscribing words onto metal or stone has had a long history in Europe, the Middle East, and Asia—a history that has always had complicated relationships with other sorts of textual production. In addition, the reading of these inscriptions has also had a history—at least as long as that of the inscriptions themselves. I stress this because I want to contend that the way scholars read and reproduced inscriptions is today neither self-evident nor timeless.
Explanations
Authors: Wilk Stephen R
Published: November 2023

IN THE Phaedrus, written around 370 B.C.E., Plato sets down a discussion between his mentor Socrates and the eponymous Phaedrus as they walk by the Ilissus River near Athens. Phaedrus asks Socrates if they are not near the spot where Boreas, the North Wind, was supposed to have abducted the maiden Oreithuia. This story is alluded to in most familiar classical sources-Pausanias points out the spot, Apollodorus mentions it, and so does Pherekydes, al¬ though in this case we do not have his own word -rather, Apollonius of Rhodes mentions it in his Argonautica. There was a full account of the tale in a poem by Simonides, but that, unfortunately, doesn’t survive. As a result, about all we know is that Oreithuia, the daughter of Erechtheus, king of Athens, was dancing or gathering flowers with her friends.
W hat the Gorgon Really Was
Authors: Wilk Stephen R
Published: November 2023

The Quotes That Open This Chapter are diametrically opposed to the one that opened Chapter 3, in which Humfry Payne called the Gorgon “one of the most remarkable creations of the archaic period.” I agree with Payne (although I should note that many of the Gorgon parallels from other cultures encroach pretty heavily on Greek originality), but I see the points of Burnham and Bierce. If the Gorgon is meant to be an apotropaic device, as so many claim, then what sort of lily-livered attacker is it capable of scaring off? To be sure, it has the features of a scowling monster. But be truthful-who would really be afraid of that face? Doesn’t its frequent appearances on antefixes, on shields, and on cups and jars dilute what little shock value it may once have had? After all, we in the twentieth century no longer see Gorgons everywhere we look, but even we are used to the sight. In ancient Greece and Rome, as I’ve shown in the last few chapters, the Gorgon was a common motif, repeated endlessly
Setting the Scene
Authors: Coffey David
Published: November 2023

The Second Vatican Council taught that the God of Christians is identical with the God of the Jews and the God of Muslims.1 Commenting on this statement of the council, Aloys Grillmeier writes that what unites Judaism, Christianity, and Islam is “belief in the one Creator, the God of mercy and the Judge” and “the fact that they share the revelation made to Abraham.”2 These three great religions agree, then, both on the unicity and the essential nature of God and on the all-important fact that he seeks out human beings, revealing himself to them progressively through history. Despite these significant points of agreement, however, each religion is unique in its own way. Specifically for Christianity, distinctiveness must rest on the claim it makes for the person of Christ. The most important feature of the claimed uniqueness of Christ can be expressed in two ways, the first of which is functional and directly biblical, and the second ontological and only having its roots in the New Testament. The first is that Christ has been granted by God his own prerogative of being “the Savior of the world” (see Jn 4.42); and the second is that he is confessed as divine, as “of one Being with the Father.”3
Recent Theology
Authors: Coffey David
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I complete what I began in the last, the consideration of four selected “Paschal Mystery” theologians of the Trinity. In the last chapter I considered Jurgen Moltmann; in this I shall consider Eberhard Jungel, Heribert Muhlen, and Hans Urs von Balthasar, and I shall conclude with a brief summary of my own conclusions in regard to a trinitarian theology of the cross.
Negative Theology
Authors: Evans G R
Published: November 2023

Offending God and ‘offending’ the ‘little ones’ by putting stumbling blocks in their way are different things. You cannot put a stumbling-block in God’s way. But it is certainly possible to offend him. One of the things which offends him most is ‘offending’ his ‘little ones’. Bernard saw the ordinary faithful in this light as ‘children in the faith’.2 It is never lawful to cause scandal, or to command what would cause scandal, he insists.3 But you only fall over a stumbling block (scandalum) if you cannot see it. And because they are ‘little ones’, the simple faithful cannot clearly see what is in their way, and so their faith may be damaged when they ‘fall over’ an idea put in their way by an irresponsible person or a heretic.
Political Theology
Authors: Evans G R
Published: November 2023

According the Bernard, the highest orders of the angels show us the way we might fly up to God in spirit if we were not weighed down by bodily pressures. They also show us something about God which we might otherwise not see, for they reflect him upon whom they eternally gaze. In the ardent love of the seraphim, for example, we can see a reflection of the way in which God loves with divine generosity, hating nothing he has made. Bernard knows the Ps.-Dionysian orders of angels,2 and he introduces them into the discussion in Book 5 of the De Consideratione. They are described as having distinct roles in the heavenly hierarchy and in their relation to humanity. Bernard approves of the idea of a divinely-appointed diversity in things. Just as the soul sees with its eyes and hears with its ears and smells with its nose and so on, so God brings about different ends through a variety of spirits.
Swami in Wonderland Vivekananda’s Eclectic Hermeneutics
Authors: Hatcher Brian A
Published: November 2023

Try to imagine a lone Indian holy man disembarking in Vancouver in July 1893 after a long voyage from India by way of Ceylon, Malaya, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Japan. He is dressed in the robes of a monk, but he is dragging with him the steamer trunks and wardrobe of a modern tourist. Hardly has he come ashore than he boards a train for Chicago. The journey will take five days. He has already been traveling for a solid month and has been overwhelmed by the sight of modern battleships in Penang, pigtailed children and fabulous Buddha-images in China, picturesque gardens and bustling factories in Japan. Now he gazes out at the towering mountains of western North America and watches as they gradually give way to cool green forests, expansive prairies, and sprawling farms.
What’s the Connection? India’s Eclectic Heritage
Authors: Hatcher Brian A
Published: November 2023

Faced with the curious hermeneutics of Vivekananda, we find ourselves tempted to ask both where he got them and how we are to make sense of them. His appeals to the classical philosophical rubrics of lndia certainly suggest there are deep roots for his eclecticism within Indian soil; and yet, the dynamics of colonialism and the demands of Hindu apologetics suggest the determinative conditions were entirely modem. Surely we must hold these two contexts in tension. But then what? Will we have accounted fully for the origins of Vivekananda’s eclectic worldview? Perhaps not, but then again, that probably shouldn’t be our goal.
Andromache
Authors: Stewart Susan , Smith Wesley D
Published: November 2023

Line numbers in the right-hand margin of the text refer to the English translation only, and the Notes on the Text at p. 57 are keyed to these lines. The bracketed line numbers in the running head lines refer to the Greek text.
Characters
Authors: Gibbons Reginald , Segal Charles
Published: November 2023

Line numbers in the right-hand margin of the text refer to the English translation only, and the Notes on the text at p. 99 are keyed to these lines. The bracketed line numbers in the running head lines refer to the Greek text.
Inventory Management for the Retailer: Demand Forecasting and Stocking Decisions
Authors: Abernathy Frederick H , Dunlop John T , Hammond Janice H , Weil David
Published: November 2023

William Dillard’s simple maxim1 succinctly captures the central-and perennial-inventory challenge facing retail managers. To make a sale, a retailer must have “on its wagon” the product the customer wants. Absence of an item often translates into a lost sale and reduced revenues and profits. The magnitude of such lost sales for retailers can be significant. For example, in 1994, roughly 25 percent of customers who entered a Macy’s store left without making a purchase because the product they were seeking was not available. On the other hand, the retail “wagon” should not be too full, since stocking retail shelves with unpopular items also results in excess costs-the cost of capital tied up in unwanted goods, the opportunity cost of the space that could be used for products that customers would buy if present, and, ultimately, lost margin when retailers must resort to price markdowns or product disposal to clear languishing items from their shelves.
Assembly and the Sewing Room
Authors: Abernathy Frederick H , Dunlop John T , Hammond Janice H , Weil David
Published: November 2023

Forty years ago, home economics courses in high schools across the country taught cooking, nutrition, and sewing to most schoolgirls. The sewing machine, in its polished wooden cabinet, was an expensive and valued wedding gift. Now the sewing machine, like the type writer, is fast disappearing. The typewriter is being replaced by the computer, and the home sewing machine has become a small, inexpensive portable unit stored in the closet and used for minor repairs and alterations-if it is used at all. There are many reasons for this shift away from home sewing, including the growing number of women in the labor force. But perhaps the main reason is that production of factory-sewn clothing has become increasingly cost effective. It has taken away a time-consuming and often wearying task from the round of daily chores, providing consumers with a wide array of products and styles at reasonable prices. The popularity of casual-wear items like T shirts and jeans-quintessentially factory-sewn garments-has also shifted sewing from home to the factory.
The Global Marketplace
Authors: Abernathy Frederick H , Dunlop John T , Hammond Janice H , Weil David
Published: November 2023

Although much of this book has focused on the U.S. apparel and textile industries, it is impossible to provide a complete picture of the current transformation they are undergoing without discussing global trade patterns. Indeed, the volume of all goods and services traded in all industries across borders has grown enormously in recent years, accounting for about 45 percent of world gross domestic product in 1990 compared with only 25 percent in 1970. As for the growth of trade in the American economy, in 1960 all international tradeexports plus imports-was equivalent to only 9 percent of gross domestic product. That figure has jumped to a healthy 25 percent, even though trade remains a much smaller component of the U.S. economy than in most countries.
Information-Integrated Channels: Public Policy Implications and Future Directions
Authors: Abernathy Frederick H , Dunlop John T , Hammond Janice H , Weil David
Published: November 2023

More than a century ago a major wave of innovations in distribution and production led to the modern department store, the mail-order house, and the chain store, and reshaped their suppliers. The present transformation of retail and manufacturing engendered by new information technologies, production methods, and management practices also fundamentally alters the manner in which industries and firms take raw materials, turn them into a profusion of products, and deliver them to consumers. Although these developments are very much a work in progress, information-integrated channels of production and distribution are emerging.
The Prestige Business
Authors: Rojstaczer Stuart
Published: November 2023

I was on a plane from Dallas to Denver to attend a conference of geologists. I was in an aisle seat, and on the other side of the aisle sat three women about a half a dozen years older than I. They were obviously traveling together. I could tell that one of them-the one in the aisle seat-had done a lot of traveling, but for the other two this trip was something of an adventure. I’m one of those people who likes to talk to total strangers on planes. It’s a pleasant environment in which to find out about the variety of people’s jobs and their lives. So I struck up a conversation with the women across the aisle.
Shortening the Yellow Brick Road
Authors: Rojstaczer Stuart
Published: November 2023

As a child, I spent one day of every other week at my grandfather’s automotive junkyard. I had a great time wandering through the abandoned Chevys and Cadillacs. I especially liked the cars from the fifties with their hood ornaments, fins, and Jayne Mansfield bumpers. Most of the cars were heavily damaged and were delivered by tow truck. My grandfather collected misplaced keys for these cars and kept them in piles placed in hubcaps in his office.
Why Research?
Authors: Rojstaczer Stuart
Published: November 2023

It was cold, windy, and snowing. I was in Yellowstone National Park during the spring of 1996 and I was working outdoors. Fortunately, I have always liked cold weather. I sat next to my computer equipment and my temperature probes alternately connecting wires and entering a computer program on a waterproof keyboard. Because my hands had been frostbitten several times while playing football in middle school and high school, my fingers swelled when I took off my gloves and worked on the electronics.
Matchmaking
Authors: Rojstaczer Stuart
Published: November 2023

It was the spring of 1992 and I was listening to a job candidate give a one-hour talk on his research. He was short and slight of build. His voice wavered a bit as he spoke and it was clear that he was nervous. This was typical of job candidate talks and was almost expected. His talk, a staple of any job interview for a professorship, was undoubtedly the most important part of the interview process.
Making Adjustments
Authors: Rojstaczer Stuart
Published: November 2023

My family and I were just getting started. Our furniture and boxes had arrived from California after a delay of a few days and, after sleeping on the floor for a week, we fully appreciated the worth of having beds. We spent two days unpacking our stuff and settling into our new home. Then I put the boxes that contained my work materials into our car and headed off to the university. This would be my first day at work. I was anxious to get off to a good start and I had plenty to do. Classes would be starting in a week. I had to get some notes together to start my class. I was in the middle of organizing a scientific conference in my specialty area and I needed to deal with some logistical issues and firm up the speaker list for the conference. I had written to my department chair about a month before, telling him that this was the day I would arrive on campus. I was raring to go.
Flashing Yellow Light: Potential Problems Ahead
Authors: Carey Dennis C , Ogden Dayton , Roland Judith A
Published: November 2023

We have consistently focused on best practices that leading companies implement to ensure effective succession planning. But as the seventeenth-century Japanese writer Ihara Saikaku noted: “There is always something to upset the most careful of human calculations.”

We’d like to depart from our best-practices format to address some practices that, while not uncommon, are not necessarily recommended. Depending on the circumstances at a particular company at a given time, however, they may represent the best alternative available. Whatever the situation, it is advisable for boards and CEOs to choose a particular route with eyes wide open, aware of the pitfalls inherent in their choice.
Conclusion: Core Principles Yield Best Practices
Authors: Carey Dennis C , Ogden Dayton , Roland Judith A
Published: November 2023

Companies that have their priorities straight regarding roles and responsibilities for succession planning share a number of common best practices. Certainly very few companies would encompass every one of these recommended practices, but drawing from the best of the best, each of the following ten practices makes a statement about how succession is viewed and planned at companies that are serious about implementing and maintaining an effective succession planning process:
The Great RSV Controversy
Authors: Thuesen Peter J
Published: November 2023

The Reverend Martin Luther Hux, soon-to-be nationwide celebrity, was in many ways a typical country parson. Trained at the Southern Baptist seminary in Wake Forest, North Carolina, he had organized at age twenty two a new Baptist congregation in Greensboro before eventually winding up as pastor of Temple Baptist Church in Rocky Mount, a manufacturing and distribution center in eastern North Carolina’s rural tobacco-growing region.
False Prophets and Deluded Subjects The Nineteenth Century
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: November 2023

Modern opposition to cults and cult like behaviour has deep historical roots. The modern cult stereotype is a complex construction, drawing on concepts originally developed to confront several quite distinct religious groups that would over time merge into one barely differentiated attack. When a modern critic attacks a deviant religious group as a cult, the images evoked are ultimately a melange of rumours and allegations variously made against Catholics, Masons, Mormons, Shakers, radical evangelicals, and others. Ant cult rhetoric encapsulates the whole history of American religious polemic. In the 1870s and 1880s, attacks on deviant religions developed something very like their modern form, owing in large part to the emergence of the mass circulation press in those years and the rise of expose journalism.
The Cult Racket Anticult Campaigns, 1920-1940
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: November 2023

Under the guise of religion, these cults are growing in America and the number of their victims increasing with each succeeding year. If the nation was indeed overrun with messiahs, whether white or black, then it is scarcely surprising to find there was a counterblast from alarmed groups and individuals. By the mid-192os, there emerged a powerful secular critique of the unorthodox religious movements, variously charging that cults wereauthoritarian, exploitative, sexually predatory, antifamily, and downright fraudulent, as well as personally destructive to the health and sanity of cult members.
Prologue
Authors: Susser Bernard , Liebman Charles S
Published: November 2023

Although it is doubtless a composite of many separate memories, the image is vivid and powerful. The rabbi/teacher is striding back and forth in front of the classroom. His forehead is furrowed in concentration and he is holding forth. He speaks a breathless, inelegant, ungrammatical Yiddish-English, and yet his sincerity and passion are unmistakable. He speaks as one who bears witness to a great truth, a truth he projects with all his powers to his rapt young listeners.
The Ideology of Affliction Can Jews Survive the End of the Siege?
Authors: Susser Bernard , Liebman Charles S
Published: November 2023

A stiff-necked people,” God called the Jews. They refused to bow to L”1. the discipline He imposed upon them. They defied His word and rebelled against His will. A stubborn waywardness subverted their calling as the chosen people. They were fickle in their commitments, easily distracted from their responsibilities, and of frustratingly short memory.
American Jews
Authors: Susser Bernard , Liebman Charles S
Published: November 2023

Nothing manifests the residual power of the “ideology of affliction” more starkly than American Jewry’s preoccupation with the Holocaust and with Israel’s security. They form the axis of contemporary Jewish sensibilities for many American Jews even though both of these concerns are far removed from their existential immediacy. Not only are the Holocaust and Israel’s defenses unrelated to the daily activities and familiar challenges that confront America’s Jews, in some important ways they run profoundly counter to them.
A blueprint for jewish survival
Authors: Susser Bernard , Liebman Charles S
Published: November 2023

Starting with what seems apparent, Orthodoxy in Israel will survive. Barring startling developments such as a sudden implosion of its dense social networks or a dramatic loss of its inner vitality-prospects that today seem highly remote-the Orthodox give every sign of entering the new millennium fortified by both cohesiveness and dedication. Indeed, for a number of weighty reasons, the prospects for Orthodox survival in Israel seem even more favorable than they do in the United States. First, the Orthodox receive substantial financial support from the Israeli state. Their religious institutions and educational networks enjoy far greater material largesse in Israel than do their Orthodox counterparts in America where a “wall of separation” segregates church from state. Religious elementary and secondary education in Israel, for example, is entirely state-supported. Second, as a multiparty parliamentary system in which the religious parties often exert decisive leverage over policy, the Israeli Orthodox community enjoys a substantial degree of protection for its interests, both material and symbolic. Even during the reign of “national unity” governments that were composed exclusively of the secular Labor and Likud parties, religious interests were not substantially impaired. The secular leadership voluntarily refrained from taking steps that would antagonize the religious parties, knowing full well that in the future they would become, once again, indispensable.
The Ethics of the Gods
Authors: Sadri Mahmoud Sadri Ahmad
Published: November 2023

I have always enjoyed writing about ethics. Why should a subject that is at once the groundwork of religion and of life not be delightful? It is, indeed, a daunting subject. There is a kind of sanctity in ethics that places it above analysis, experimentation, and reduction. Behavioral sociology and psychology have been unable to supplant it.
A Banning
Authors: Zane Wallace W
Published: November 2023

“You May Not Be Allowed to see the banning.” “Only people who have mourned are allowed in the mourning room.” “They might not want you to see it.” I was told these things many times. The secrets of the religion become visible at a banning. The sacredness is most intense at a banning. The sense of important work is strongest at a banning.
Pilgrim Travelers
Authors: Zane Wallace W
Published: November 2023

The Converted Are Always Going Somewhere. They travel in the mourning room. They travel in church. They travel at home, in bed, while sleeping. I do not know every place they go, but I do know the places they most often go. These are the spiritual lands.
Converted Cosmology
Authors: Zane Wallace W
Published: November 2023

Converted Religion, Like Other social fabrications, is a product of its biological, historical, and social environment. In previous chapters, I have detailed the structure of Converted cosmology. In this chapter, I look at specific elements of Converted practice and show how they are products of Vincentian so¬ciety, itself set in a process of colonial history.
Comparative History of the Converted Religion
Authors: Zane Wallace W
Published: November 2023

By The 1850s, Police Reports indicate that the Converted religion was established in St. Vincent (Fraser 1995, April 19). It is one of the oldest surviving religions on the island, but it has had to struggle against persecution for most of its history. The religion was outlawed from 1912 to 1965. It was called Shakerism back then, and it still is by some people, but usually derogatorily.
The Incredible Shrinking Martians
Authors: Koerner David , LeVay Simon
Published: November 2023

Back in his office at NASA’s Ames Research Center, Chris McKay seems a little uncomfortable. Although his office is bigger than those that many scientists enjoy, he’s a bit too tall and rangy for the space available. His habit of leaping up and hiking over to his filing cabinets, to pull out papers and more papers on Mars and its possible inhabitants, accentuates the sense that he’s yearning for the wide-open spaces.
SETI
Authors: Koerner David , LeVay Simon
Published: November 2023

By the year 2000?” Frank Drake laughs. “When I started saying that, the year 2000 seemed a long way off! I’m starting to weasel out of that now—but there’s still a chance.”
Science as Supermarket ‘Postmodern’ Themes in Paul Feyerabend’s Later Philosophy of Science
Authors: Preston John
Published: November 2023

he work Paul Feyerabend published in scattered journals during the 1990s mainly comprises essays and pieces d’occasion, many of which are being brought together in the form of a book, The Conquest of Abundance. But only the last of his books that he saw into print, Three Dialogues on Knowledge (1991), has received the attention it deserved. Philosophy of science is perhaps the area of philosophy in which ‘postmodern ism’ has had the least penetration and has been least discussed. My intention here is to clarify both Feyerabend’s last work and the nature of the postmodern by situating that work relative to three different positions in the philosophy of science which have been called ‘postmodern’. However, I am less concerned to clinch the case for Feyerabend’s having become a postmodernist than to use that position as foil against which accurately to convey and critically evaluate the central themes in his later philosophy.
Paul Feyerabend and Thomas Kuhn
Authors: Hoyningen-Huene Paul
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I want to discuss several aspects of the relationship between Paul Feyerabend and Thomas Kuhn. There are seven sections. The next section will contain biographical information about the two, especially when, where, and how these two thinkers came together. Then, in the third section, I’m going to discuss aspects of Kuhn’s and Feyerabend’s theories that have become trademarks. By discussing these issues one can see the greatest parallels between their theories. In the fourth section, I’m going to show the large differences that existed in the 1960s between these two thinkers, which can be seen in Feyerabend’s general criticisms of Kuhn’s Structure of Scientific Revolutions. It is important to show these differences because Feyerabend and Kuhn are often seen as sitting in the same boat, as if their opinions in the philosophy of science were identical. This, however, is not the case, because in the l960s they could not put aside their massive ideological differences. In the fifth section, I’m going to analyze Feyerabend’s direct criticism of Kuhn-specifically of Kuhn’s account of normal science. In the sixth section, I’ll critically discuss Feyerabend’s argument against Kuhn’s account. Finally, I’m going to briefly show how, in the late 1980s, Feyerabend changed his opinion about his philosophical relationship to Kuhn.
Collecting Data
Authors: Maizlish Neil A
Published: November 2023

To count health events or exposures, one must first carefully define them (Table 3.1). The definition can be based on:

an authoritative source such as medical diagnosis made by a health professional or an exposure classification made by an industrial hygienist or safety professional

an administrative definition that 1s used to fill in an OSHA log or to report an injury or illness to a workers’ compensation insurance carrier or state agency

an operational definition created by the surveillance system
Analysis and Interpretation
Authors: Maizlish Neil A
Published: November 2023

Analysis and interpretation are essential steps in all surveillance systems. They transform raw data into meaningful information so decision-making is rational rather than improvised. The complexity of the analysis will depend on whether the surveillance system is case-based or population-based, and whether the surveillance system is linked to follow-up activities. There are several levels of analysis:
Lead Poisoning and Elevated Blood Lead
Authors: Maizlish Neil A , Rudolph Linda A
Published: November 2023

Lead is perhaps the most widely recognized neurotoxin in the workplace and human environment. At high doses, lead causes the swelling of the lining of the brain, coma, and death. High doses also cause damage to the kidneys, severe abdominal cramping, and spontaneous abortions. At lower doses over a long period of time lead accumulates in the hones and other tissues. It can cause nerve damage in the hands and feet, alter the development of red blood cells, and affect human behavior in subtle ways. Children are more vulnerable than adults and can be contaminated from lead dust taken home on work clothes of adult household members. During the 1980s, scientific reports that low-level lead exposure alters the mental development of children fueled additional concerns regarding low-level exposures.
Acute Pesticide Poisoning
Authors: Maizlish Neil A , Rudolph Linda A , Dervin Kathy A
Published: November 2023

Approximately 6 billion pounds of pesticides are introduced into the global environment every year. Hundreds of millions of individuals are potentially exposed, and approximately 1 million acute illnesses occur each year and about 1000 die from acute poisoning.
Asthma
Authors: Rosenman Kenneth D , Mary JO Reilly
Published: November 2023

Asthma was first described by Hippocrates, and the word asthma means panting in Greek. Physicians in the l700s recognized that asthma was more common in certain trades such as bakers or grain handlers. Beginning in the early 1900s specific workplace exposures were recognized as causes of asthma and since then approximately 250 agents have been described as causing asthma via an immunological mechanism. Many other workplace exposures are known to either aggravate preexisting asthma or cause a nonimmunological form of asthma after exposure to an irritating substance. Some of the more commonly recognized agents associated with work-related asthma include isocyanates, flour (baker’s asthma), laboratory animal dander, and wood dust.
Workers’ Compensation Information Systems
Authors: Maizlish Neil A , Rudolph Linda A
Published: November 2023

The Division of Workers’ Compensation (DWC) is the state agency in the California Department of Industrial Relations (DIR) that oversees the administration of workers’ compensation benefits to the nearly 1.5 million injured workers each year. Approximately $8 billion annually is spent; benefits include medical care, wage replacement income, vocational rehabilitation, and death benefits. Workers’ compensation claims are administered by over 500 insurance companies, third party administrators, or self-insured and selfadministered businesses.
Frontiers of Occupational Health Surveillance
Authors: Rudolph Linda A , Maizlish Neil A
Published: November 2023

This book focuses on ways surveillance can be used for primary prevention. This approach emphasizes the causes rather than the consequences of illness and injury. However, for the large numbers of workers who do become ill or injured from work, the prevention of disability is a major goal.
Teaching Classical Myth and Confronting Contemporary Myths
Authors: Rose Peter W
Published: November 2023

During these years, the meaning and purpose of schooling at all levels of education were refashioned around the principles of the marketplace and the logic of rampant individualism. Ideologically, this meant abstracting schools from the language of democracy and equity while simultaneously organizing educational reform around the discourse of choice, reprivatization, and individual competition.1
The Sounds of Cinematic Antiquity
Authors: Solomon Jon
Published: November 2023

Music is an integral part of most films, and this is certainly true for the hundreds of films set in Greco-Roman antiquity. But there is a special relationship between music and antiquity because, unlike literature, sculpture, or architecture, actual and audible examples of ancient music do not survive. The following essay, after tracing the history of the tradition of Greco-Roman music, will survey the variety of choices modern film composers have made in attempting to create or recreate a musical sound that could convey an atmosphere reminiscent of the ancient world.
The Perception and Judgment of Rapport
Authors: Gillis John S , Bernieri Frank
Published: November 2023

A central premise of social judgment theory is that the perceptual processes that allow us to respond to, and interact with, our social environment are not qualitatively different from those we employ for our physical environment. Judging the level of sexual receptivity in a potential mate, or the level of hostile or competitive intent in a coworker, is based on the same cognitive process as judging the correct distance between two stones that we plan to hop on in order to cross a fast-flowing stream. Humans must perceive, identify, and react to emotions, personality traits, social structure (e.g., status, kinship), and social relations (e.g., love, rapport, and competitiveness versus cooperativeness) that constitute their social environment just as they must perceive and react to the physical objects making up their natural environment. Failure to do so effectively, in fact, is associated with psychopathology and naladjustment. This chapter describes a program of re search the general objective of which is to de scribe how people judge elements of their social ecology. We focus on a single social construct, that of rapport, to simplify our discussion, but we maintain that our approach is generalizable to the myriad other psychological constructs we deal with regularly.
Assessing the Reliability of Judgments
Authors: Hogge James H , Schilling Stephen G
Published: November 2023

Although the technology of judgment analysis within the social judgment theory (SJT) frame work (Hammond, Stewart, Brehmer, & Steinmann, 1975) provides a set of statistical parameters corresponding to the elements of Brunswik’s lens model (see, for example, Cooksey, 1996b, pp. 205-206), the reliability of judgments, if considered at all, is typically defined as the consistency of repeated ratings of the same cases by the same judges (e.g., Hammond et al., 1975; Stewart, 1988). This approach yields a separate test-retest correlation for each judge and is mainly sensitive to temporal variation.
How Probabilistic Functionalism Advances Evolutionary Psychology
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

Had the term evolutionary psychology been in vented in Brunswik’s time, he would have endorsed it-as he endorsed (or perhaps invented) the concept of ecological psychology- as a useful innovation within which his work could be embedded. His evolutionary views are most apparent in his 1957 article in which he took pains to argue for the equal treatment of the environment, theoretically and empirically, with the organism. Brunswik’s choice of the term “probabilistic functionalism” as the name for his conceptual frame work gives further evidence of placing his own stamp (probabilism) on evolutionary psychology within the Darwinian tradition.
Notes from a Student in Vienna
Authors: Bussey Ruth
Published: November 2023

In the spring of 1936, Egon Brunswik, Privatdozent at the University of Vienna, wrote the welcoming letter in answer to that of Leonard Carmichael, professor of psychology at Brown University, in which Dr. Carmichael had said that I, his doctoral candidate and recipient of a traveling fellowship for 1936-1937, wished to study at the University of Vienna. Dr. Carmichael had stated in his original letter to Professors Karl and Charlotte Buehler that it was my intention to study some aspect of the development of perception in infants.
Epistolary Conclusion ( 15.14—16.23)
Authors: Bryan Christopher
Published: November 2023

Paul has insisted that while “his gospel” affirms the dignity and hope prepared for gentiles by their eventual inclusion in the eschatological people of God, that by no means implies that God has forgotten the promises to Israel, nor does it mean that the bulk of Israel will not eventually find their place in that people, even though for the present some may appear to be excluded (chapters I-II). Onthebasis of this hope Paul has exhorted all in the church at Rome, Jew and gentile alike, to live in harmony, together acknowledging their dependence on the justice and mercy of God revealed in Jesus Christ (12-15.13). With that exhortation he has completed his protreptic. It remains for him to speak again of his own place in this, of his hopes, and of his plans.
Before the Beginnings
Authors: Walker Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

At the end of the 104-line hymn to the Muses that commences Hesiod’s Theogony, we find what is probably the earliest account on record, at least in the West, of the relationship between the eloquence of prince and bard, or what most of us think of now as “rhetoric” and “poetry.” This is what he says:

As I will argue here and in the following chapters, Hesiod’s account requires us to rethink some key assumptions on which our histories of rhetoric have traditionally been based—assumptions that, despite a number of recent reexaminations of rhetoric’s early history, can fairly be said to retain wide currency. These assumptions are, to put the matter as briefly as possible, that the “primary” and most essential form of “rhetoric”—and the form in which it originates from the traditional, “preconceptual” or predisciplinary discourse practices of archaic Greek society—is the practical oratory of political assemblies and courts of law.