bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heart Failure Rehospitalization and Delayed Decision Making
Authors: Xu Jiayun , Gallo Joseph J. , Wenzel Jennifer , Nolan Marie T. , Budhathoki Chakra , Abshire Martha , Bower Kelsey , Arruda Sofia , Flowers Deirdre , Szanton Sarah L. , Dennison Himmelfarb Cheryl , Gonzalez Kaylin , Han Hae-Ra
Published: June 2017

Background:

Rehospitalization soon after discharge can be distressing for persons with heart failure (HF) and places a heavy burden on the healthcare system.

Objective:

We investigated and explored the association of self-care decision making variables with (1) rehospitalization within 30 days of discharge and (2) delay in seeking medical assistance (delayed decision making).

Methods:

A cross-sectional, explanatory sequential mixed methods design (quan > qual) was used to survey 127 hospitalized HF patients and interview 15 of these participants to explain their survey responses. The survey assessed rehospitalization within 30 days of discharge, delayed decision making, HF self-care, and psychosocial factors influencing self-care.

Results:

The likelihood of delaying the decision to be hospitalized was more than 5 times higher among those with high depressive symptoms (odds ratio, 5.33; 95% confidence interval, 2.14–13.28). Those who delayed going to the hospital were uncertain about their prognosis and did not feel their symptoms were urgent. The likelihood of being rehospitalized within 30 days was more than doubled among those with high depressive symptoms (OR, 2.31; 95% confidence interval, 1.01–5.31). Those who were rehospitalized within 30 days were less likely to consult healthcare professionals in their decision making and wanted immediate relief from their symptoms.

Conclusions:

We recommend a patient-centered approach to help HF patients identify and adequately self-manage symptoms. The strong association between high depressive symptoms and rehospitalization within 30 days as well as delayed decision making highlights the critical need for clinicians to carefully assess and address depression among HF patients.
Survivors of an Acute Coronary Syndrome With Lower Patient Activation Are More Likely to Experience Declines in Health-Related Quality of Life
Authors: Erskine Nathaniel A. , Gandek Barbara , Waring Molly E. , Kinney Rebecca L. , Lessard Darleen M. , Devereaux Randolph S. , Chrysanthopoulou Stavroula A. , Kiefe Catarina I. , Goldberg Robert J.
Published: June 2017

Background:

Patient activation comprises the knowledge, skills, and confidence for self-care and may lead to better health outcomes.

Objectives:

We examined the relationship between patient activation and changes in health-related quality of life (HRQOL) after hospitalization for an acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

Methods:

We studied patients from 6 medical centers in central Massachusetts and Georgia who had been hospitalized for an ACS between 2011 and 2013. At 1 month after hospital discharge, the patients completed the 6-item Patient Activation Measure and were categorized into 4 levels of activation. Multinomial logistic regression analyses compared activation level with clinically meaningful changes (≥3.0 points, generic; ≥10.0 points, disease-specific) in generic physical (SF-36v2 Physical Component Summary [PCS]), generic mental (SF-36v2 Mental Component Summary [MCS]), and disease-specific (Seattle Angina Questionnaire [SAQ]) HRQOL from 1 to 3 and 1 to 6 months after hospitalization, adjusting for potential sociodemographic and clinical confounders.

Results:

The patients (N = 1042) were, on average, 62 years old, 34% female, and 87% non-Hispanic white. A total of 10% were in the lowest level of activation. The patients with the lowest activation had 1.95 times (95% confidence interval, 1.05–3.62) and 2.18 times (95% confidence interval, 1.17–4.05) the odds of experiencing clinically significant declines in MCS and SAQ HRQOL, respectively, between 1 and 6 months than the most activated patients. The patient activation level was not associated with meaningful changes in PCS scores.

Conclusions:

Hospital survivors of an ACS with lower activation may be more likely to experience declines in mental and disease-specific HRQOL than more-activated patients, identifying a group at risk of poor outcomes.
Assessment of Functionality of Multifunction Prosthetic Hands
Authors: Kyberd Peter J.
Published: May 2017

Introduction

This study is part of a program to investigate the function of prosthetic arm systems, specifically the new generation multifunction hands.

Materials and Methods

The Southampton Hand Assessment Procedure was used to measure the relative performance of a range of commercial multifunction prosthetic hands. To compare different designs of hands, a single subject was used with repeated measures. Hands from Touch Bionics (i-limb), Steeper (BeBionic), and Ottobock (Michelangelo) were tested and compared with the most effective single degree of freedom hand (Motion Control), as measured in a previous study.

Results

The overall performance of the Motion Control hand (94) was a significantly higher score than the Ottobock (89) (P > 0.05); the other two hands also had lower Overall scores (Touch Bionics, 81; Steeper, 83). When the individual grip scores are normalized against the Overall score, the Tips grips for all hands showed a much poorer value than the other grips (Steeper, 0.77; Touch Bionics, 0.73; and Ottobock, 0.82).

Conclusions

All three hands were more anthropomorphic in action and appearance than the earlier hands, but this did not result in greater function than the simpler fixed geometry hands.
Ultra-high-field (9.4 T) MRI Analysis of Contrast Agent Transport Across the Blood–Perilymph Barrier and Intrastrial Fluid–Blood Barrier in the Mouse Inner Ear
Authors: Counter S. Allen , Nikkhou-Aski Sahar , Damberg Peter , Berglin Cecilia Engmér , Laurell Göran
Published: May 2017

Hypothesis:

Effective paramagnetic contrast agent for the penetration of the perilymphatic spaces of the scala tympani, scala vestibuli, and scala media of the mouse inner ear can be determined using intravenous injection of various gadolinium (Gd) complexes and ultra-high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 9.4 Tesla.

Background:

A number of contrast agents have been explored in experimental high-field MRI to determine the most effective Gd complex for ideal signal-to-noise ratio and maximal visualization of the in vivo mammalian inner ear in analyzing the temporal and spatial parameters involved in drug penetration of the blood–perilymph barrier and intrastrial fluid–blood barrier in the mouse model using MRI.

Methods:

Gadoteric acid (Dotarem), Gadobutrol (Gadovist), Gadodiamide (Omniscan), Gadopent acid (Magnevist), and Mangafodipir (Teslascan) were administered intravenously using the tail vein of 60 Balb/C mice. High-resolution T1 images of drug penetration were acquired with a horizontal 9.4 T Agilent magnet after intravenously injection. Signal intensity was used as a metric of temporal and spatial parameters of drug delivery and penetration of the perilymphatic and endolymphatic spaces.

Results:

ANOVA analysis of the area under the curve of intensity enhancement in perilymph revealed a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the scalae uptake using different contrast agents (F (3,25) = 3.54, p = 0.029). The Gadoteric acid complex Dotarem was found to be the most effective Gd compound in terms of rapid, morphological enhancement for analysis of the temporal, and spatial distribution in the perilymphatic space of the inner ear.

Conclusion:

Gadoteric acid (Dotarem) demonstrated efficacy as a contrast agent for enhanced visualization of the perilymphatic spaces of the inner ear labyrinthine in the mouse, including the scala tympani and scala vestibuli of the cochlea, and the semicircular canals of the vestibular apparatus. These findings may inform the clinical application of Gd compounds in patients with inner ear fluid disorders and vertigo.
Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy in Children
Authors: Nabi Zaheer , Ramchandani Mohan , Chavan Radhika , Tandan Manu , Kalapala Rakesh , Darisetty Santosh , Reddy Duvuur Nageshwar
Published: June 2017

Objectives:

Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is a novel treatment modality for achalasia cardia. The procedure is technically challenging and time consuming. Recently, a new triangle tip knife (TTJ) has been introduced, which is equipped with water jet facility. In the present study, we analyzed the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of POEM in children with new triangle tip knife.

Methods:

We retrospectively evaluated the data of children (18 years or younger) who underwent POEM using TTJ knife at our institution. All POEM procedures were performed under general anesthesia in an endoscopy suite. Technical feasibility, safety, efficacy, and procedure duration were assessed.

Results:

Ten children (4 boys, 6 girls) with mean age of 14.2 ± 2.74 (9–18) years, underwent POEM with TTJ knife. The subtypes of achalasia cardia were type I (4), type II (5), and type III (1). Two children had prior treatment with pneumatic balloon dilatation. POEM was performed via anterior route in majority of children (70%). Mean operating time was 47.6 ± 19.74 (30–98) minutes with no significant difference between anterior and posterior approaches to POEM (48.57 ± 24.01 vs 45.3 ± 3.51; P < 0.05). Four gas‐related adverse events were encountered including capnoperitoneum and retroperitoneal carbon dioxide in 2 children each. Clinical success was noticed in 9 children with significant reduction in Eckardt score at 1 month after POEM (6.7 ± 1.49 vs 0.3 ± 0.48; P = 0.0001).

Conclusions:

POEM can be efficiently performed with new triangle knife equipped with water jet technique. Integration of water jet reduces procedure duration and technical difficulty with POEM.
ACTN1-related Macrothrombocytopenia: A Novel Entity in the Progressing Field of Pediatric Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Boutroux Helene , David Bianca , Guéguen Paul , Frange Pierre , Vincenot Anne , Leverger Guy , Favier Rémi
Published: May 2017

The most common cause of thrombocytopenia in children is immune thrombocytopenia. Nevertheless, some atypical cases should evoke the hypothesis of genetic thrombocytopenia. Indeed, in the past years, 30 new genes had been described in the field of inherited thrombocytopenia. We report a series of 11 cases of a newly diagnosed entity: ACTN1-related macrothrombocytopenia. Mutations in the gene ACTN1 cause mild macrothrombocytopenia characterized by elevated mean platelet volume and elevated immature platelet fraction, and low bleeding tendency. Its transmission is autosomal dominant. Molecular diagnosis is made by sequencing the ACTN1 gene. Its potential role in hematological malignancy predisposition remains unclear and should be clarified. Conclusion: We identified 11 patients with ACTN1-related macrothrombocytopenia diagnosed through pediatric probands. The aim was to underline the specificities of this entity, especially in children, and bring it to the knowledge of pediatricians.
Job and Role Transitions
Authors: Bleich Michael R.
Published: June 2017

An individual's career trajectory evolves with each job and role transition. Over time, job/role experiences trigger choices as to whether to stay in a particular job setting or role. Reflective questions guide the process of deciding whether and when it is time to transition. Considerations include role fit with lifestyle expectations, need for advanced knowledge and formal education, and readiness for upward or lateral movement. Using a framework modeled after the work of Bolman and Deal, this article presents 4 lenses to guide a careerist's readiness and need for change: human resource, structural, political, and symbolic factors. Each lens is introduced to reinforce a holistic approach to key triggers and considerations in career change. The summary culminates with how to foster a joy-filled career.
Occult Head Injury in Children Less Than 2 Years With Suspected Child Abuse in the Emergency Department
Authors: Shaikh Huma , Wrotniak Brian H. , Mazur Paula M.
Published: May 2017

Objective

This study aims to determine the frequency of clinically significant findings requiring emergent neurosurgical intervention on computed tomography (CT) in neurologically intact children admitted to the hospital with suspected abuse.

Methods

This was a retrospective review of neurologically stable children (0–24 months) in whom both skeletal survey and CT head were performed for child abuse evaluation from 2000 to 2011.

Results

A total of 132 patients met inclusion criteria (mean age, 7.6 mo; 55% male, 52% Caucasian, and 34% African-American). Computed tomography scans demonstrated occult head injury in 5%; none required neurosurgical intervention or had any neurological deterioration. Average length of stay was 4 days, with average time to CT scan being 12.8 hours from triage, and average time to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of 70.5 hours. Five MRIs were performed, and 4 had identical results on CT scan.

Conclusions

No clinically significant brain injury (requiring intervention) was seen in this cohort. These findings support delaying imaging in neurologically intact children to obtain MRI after hospital admission, thus, limiting radiation exposure.
How Do Social Capital and HIV/AIDS Outcomes Geographically Cluster and Which Sociocontextual Mechanisms Predict Differences Across Clusters?
Authors: Ransome Yusuf , Dean Lorraine T. , Crawford Natalie D. , Metzger David S. , Blank Michael B. , Nunn Amy S.
Published: May 2017

Background:

Place of residence has been associated with HIV transmission risks. Social capital, defined as features of social organization that improve efficiency of society by facilitating coordinated actions, often varies by neighborhood, and hypothesized to have protective effects on HIV care continuum outcomes. We examined whether the association between social capital and 2 HIV care continuum outcomes clustered geographically and whether sociocontextual mechanisms predict differences across clusters.

Methods:

Bivariate Local Moran's I evaluated geographical clustering in the association between social capital (participation in civic and social organizations, 2006, 2008, 2010) and [5-year (2007–2011) prevalence of late HIV diagnosis and linkage to HIV care] across Philadelphia, PA, census tracts (N = 378). Maps documented the clusters and multinomial regression assessed which sociocontextual mechanisms (eg, racial composition) predict differences across clusters.

Results:

We identified 4 significant clusters (high social capital–high HIV/AIDS, low social capital–low HIV/AIDS, low social capital–high HIV/AIDS, and high social capital–low HIV/AIDS). Moran's I between social capital and late HIV diagnosis was (I = 0.19, z = 9.54, P < 0.001) and linkage to HIV care (I = 0.06, z = 3.274, P = 0.002). In multivariable analysis, median household income predicted differences across clusters, particularly where social capital was lowest and HIV burden the highest, compared with clusters with high social capital and lowest HIV burden.

Discussion:

The association between social participation and HIV care continuum outcomes cluster geographically in Philadelphia, PA. HIV prevention interventions should account for this phenomenon. Reducing geographic disparities will require interventions tailored to each continuum step and that address socioeconomic factors such as neighborhood median income.
Nasal Soft Tissue Change Following Bimaxillary Orthognathic Surgery
Authors: Jeong Hye-In , Lee Ho-Sung , Jung Young-Soo , Park Hyung-Sik , Jung Hwi-Dong
Published: May 2017

Objective:

The purpose of this study is to identify the correlation between maxillary movement and nasal soft tissue changes on three-dimensional reconstructed cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images after Le Fort I osteotomy.

Materials and Methods:

The authors also investigate the long-term change of alar base width (ABW) to determine the effect of cinch suture. The authors retrospectively studied 52 subjects (14 males and 38 females) who were treated by bimaxillary orthognathic surgery including Le Fort I osteotomy and mandibular ramus surgery. The landmarks and planes were established on three-dimensional reconstructed CBCT images. The authors measured each parameters preoperatively, 1 month postoperatively, and 1 year postoperatively.

Results:

There was no significant correlation between the horizontal movement of A-point and the widening of ABW (P < 0.038), nor was there a significant correlation between the vertical movement of A-point and the change of ABW (P < 0.61). There was no significant correlation between horizontal and vertical movement of anterior nasal spine and the widening of ABW, nor was there a significant correlation between the nasal tip length and the vector of maxillary movement.

Conclusion:

There was no significant correlation between the ABW widening and the vector of surgical maxillary movement. The effect and stability of the alar base cinch suture is difficult to determine and require further investigation.
Sepsis Upregulates CD14 Expression in a MyD88-Dependent and Trif-Independent Pathway
Authors: Chen Zhixia , Shao Zhenzhen , Mei Shuya , Yan Zhengzheng , Ding Xibing , Billiar Timothy , Li Quan
Published: May 2017

An overwhelming immune response, particularly from macrophages, plays a critical role in survival and organ damage in sepsis patients. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important receptors to recognize the conserved motifs expressed by invading bacteria. The TLRs except TLR3 signal via a MyD88-dependent pathway. TLR3 uses a TRIF-dependent pathway, while TLR4 uses both MyD88 and TRIF-dependent pathways. Previous studies indicated that CD14 was necessary for TLRs-dependent production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Blocking CD14 protected against the deleterious systemic inflammatory response associated with sepsis. The aim of this study was to determine the signaling pathway of TLR activation-induced CD14 expression in models of polymicrobial sepsis and in peritoneal macrophages. We found that CD14 expression was upregulated in the lung, liver, and kidney of septic mice induced by cecal ligation puncture. In cultured peritoneal macrophages, specific agonists for all TLRs, except for TLR3, increased CD14 expression. Lipopolysaccharide-induced upregulation of CD14 was abolished in peritoneal macrophages from MyD88 KO mice but increased in TRIF inhibitor, resveratrol pretreated wild-type macrophages. Moreover, MyD88 KO, but not TRIF KO mice, showed a decreased CD14 expression in the tissue of septic mice, which was associated with a strongly attenuated inflammatory response and increased survival rate. These data suggest that a MyD88-dependent and TRIF-independent pathway of TLR is activated in upregulating CD14 expression under septic conditions. This study deciphers a critical cross-talk between TLRs and CD14.
Recursively constructing analytic expressions for equilibrium distributions of stochastic biochemical reaction networks
Authors: Meng X. Flora , Baetica Ania-Ariadna , Singhal Vipul , Murray Richard M.
Published: May 2017

Noise is often indispensable to key cellular activities, such as gene expression, necessitating the use of stochastic models to capture its dynamics. The chemical master equation (CME) is a commonly used stochastic model of Kolmogorov forward equations that describe how the probability distribution of a chemically reacting system varies with time. Finding analytic solutions to the CME can have benefits, such as expediting simulations of multiscale biochemical reaction networks and aiding the design of distributional responses. However, analytic solutions are rarely known. A recent method of computing analytic stationary solutions relies on gluing simple state spaces together recursively at one or two states. We explore the capabilities of this method and introduce algorithms to derive analytic stationary solutions to the CME. We first formally characterize state spaces that can be constructed by performing single-state gluing of paths, cycles or both sequentially. We then study stochastic biochemical reaction networks that consist of reversible, elementary reactions with two-dimensional state spaces. We also discuss extending the method to infinite state spaces and designing the stationary behaviour of stochastic biochemical reaction networks. Finally, we illustrate the aforementioned ideas using examples that include two interconnected transcriptional components and biochemical reactions with two-dimensional state spaces.
Modelling human skull growth: a validated computational model
Authors: Libby Joseph , Marghoub Arsalan , Johnson David , Khonsari Roman H. , Fagan Michael J. , Moazen Mehran
Published: May 2017

During the first year of life, the brain grows rapidly and the neurocranium increases to about 65% of its adult size. Our understanding of the relationship between the biomechanical forces, especially from the growing brain, the craniofacial soft tissue structures and the individual bone plates of the skull vault is still limited. This basic knowledge could help in the future planning of craniofacial surgical operations. The aim of this study was to develop a validated computational model of skull growth, based on the finite-element (FE) method, to help understand the biomechanics of skull growth. To do this, a two-step validation study was carried out. First, an
in vitro
physical three-dimensional printed model and an
in silico
FE model were created from the same micro-CT scan of an infant skull and loaded with forces from the growing brain from zero to two months of age. The results from the
in vitro
model validated the FE model before it was further developed to expand from 0 to 12 months of age. This second FE model was compared directly with
in vivo
clinical CT scans of infants without craniofacial conditions (
n
= 56). The various models were compared in terms of predicted skull width, length and circumference, while the overall shape was quantified using three-dimensional distance plots. Statistical analysis yielded no significant differences between the male skull models. All size measurements from the FE model versus the
in vitro
physical model were within 5%, with one exception showing a 7.6% difference. The FE model and
in vivo
data also correlated well, with the largest percentage difference in size being 8.3%. Overall, the FE model results matched well with both the
in vitro
and
in vivo
data. With further development and model refinement, this modelling method could be used to assist in preoperative planning of craniofacial surgery procedures and could help to reduce reoperation rates.
Understanding RNA modifications: the promises and technological bottlenecks of the ‘epitranscriptome’
Authors: Schaefer Matthias , Kapoor Utkarsh , Jantsch Michael F.
Published: May 2017

The discovery of mechanisms that alter genetic information via RNA editing or introducing covalent RNA modifications points towards a complexity in gene expression that challenges long-standing concepts. Understanding the biology of RNA modifications represents one of the next frontiers in molecular biology. To this date, over 130 different RNA modifications have been identified, and improved mass spectrometry approaches are still adding to this list. However, only recently has it been possible to map selected RNA modifications at single-nucleotide resolution, which has created a number of exciting hypotheses about the biological function of RNA modifications, culminating in the proposition of the ‘epitranscriptome’. Here, we review some of the technological advances in this rapidly developing field, identify the conceptual challenges and discuss approaches that are needed to rigorously test the biological function of specific RNA modifications.
Quantum effects in biology: golden rule in enzymes, olfaction, photosynthesis and magnetodetection
Authors: Brookes Jennifer C.
Published: May 2017

Despite certain quantum concepts, such as superposition states, entanglement, ‘spooky action at a distance’ and tunnelling through insulating walls, being somewhat counterintuitive, they are no doubt extremely useful constructs in theoretical and experimental physics. More uncertain, however, is whether or not these concepts are fundamental to biology and living processes. Of course, at the fundamental level all things are quantum, because all things are built from the quantized states and rules that govern atoms. But when does the quantum mechanical toolkit become the best tool for the job? This review looks at four areas of ‘quantum effects in biology’. These are biosystems that are very diverse in detail but possess some commonality. They are all (i)
effects
in biology: rates of a signal (or information) that can be calculated from a form of the ‘golden rule’ and (ii) they are all protein–pigment (or ligand) complex systems. It is shown, beginning with the rate equation, that all these systems may contain some degree of
quantum
effect, and where experimental evidence is available, it is explored to determine how the quantum analysis aids in understanding of the process.
ZN graded discrete Lax pairs and Yang–Baxter maps
Authors: Fordy Allan P. , Xenitidis Pavlos
Published: May 2017

We recently introduced a class of

Z

N

graded discrete Lax pairs and studied the associated discrete integrable systems (lattice equations). In this paper, we introduce the corresponding Yang–Baxter maps. Many well-known examples belong to this scheme for
N
=2, so, for
N
≥3, our systems may be regarded as generalizations of these. In particular, for each
N
we introduce a class of multi-component Yang–Baxter maps, which include
H
B
III
(of Papageorgiou
et al.
2010
SIGMA
6, 003 (9 p). (doi:10.3842/SIGMA.2010.033)), when
N
=2, and that associated with the discrete modified Boussinesq equation, for
N
=3. For
N
≥5 we introduce a new family of Yang–Baxter maps, which have no lower dimensional analogue. We also present new multi-component versions of the Yang–Baxter maps
F

IV

and
F

V

(given in the classification of Adler
et al.
2004
Commun. Anal. Geom.
12, 967–1007. (doi:10.4310/CAG.2004.v12.n5.a1)).
Curvature-driven morphing of non-Euclidean shells
Authors: Pezzulla Matteo , Stoop Norbert , Jiang Xin , Holmes D. P.
Published: May 2017

We investigate how thin structures change their shape in response to non-mechanical stimuli that can be interpreted as variations in the structure’s natural curvature. Starting from the theory of non-Euclidean plates and shells, we derive an effective model that reduces a three-dimensional stimulus to the natural fundamental forms of the mid-surface of the structure, incorporating expansion, or growth, in the thickness. Then, we apply the model to a variety of thin bodies, from flat plates to spherical shells, obtaining excellent agreement between theory and numerics. We show how cylinders and cones can either bend more or unroll, and eventually snap and rotate. We also study the nearly isometric deformations of a spherical shell and describe how this shape change is ruled by the geometry of a spindle. As the derived results stem from a purely geometrical model, they are general and scalable.
Mathematics delivering the advantage: the role of mathematicians in manufacturing and beyond
Authors: Saward Vicki
Published: May 2017

Much has been written about the benefits that mathematics can bring to the UK economy and the manufacturing sector in particular, but less on the value of mathematicians and a mathematical training. This article, written from an industry perspective, considers the value of mathematicians to the UK's industrial base and the importance to the UK economy of encouraging young people in the UK to choose to study mathematics at school as a gateway to a wide range of careers. The points are illustrated using examples from the author's 20 years' experience in the security and intelligence and manufacturing sectors.
The sources of adaptive variation
Authors: Charlesworth Deborah , Barton Nicholas H. , Charlesworth Brian
Published: May 2017

The role of natural selection in the evolution of adaptive phenotypes has undergone constant probing by evolutionary biologists, employing both theoretical and empirical approaches. As Darwin noted, natural selection can act together with other processes, including random changes in the frequencies of phenotypic differences that are not under strong selection, and changes in the environment, which may reflect evolutionary changes in the organisms themselves. As understanding of genetics developed after 1900, the new genetic discoveries were incorporated into evolutionary biology. The resulting general principles were summarized by Julian Huxley in his 1942 bookEvolution: the modern synthesis. Here, we examine how recent advances in genetics, developmental biology and molecular biology, including epigenetics, relate to today's understanding of the evolution of adaptations. We illustrate how careful genetic studies have repeatedly shown that apparently puzzling results in a wide diversity of organisms involve processes that are consistent with neo-Darwinism. They do not support important roles in adaptation for processes such as directed mutation or the inheritance of acquired characters, and therefore no radical revision of our understanding of the mechanism of adaptive evolution is needed.
Response of bats to light with different spectra: light-shy and agile bat presence is affected by white and green, but not red light
Authors: Spoelstra Kamiel , van Grunsven Roy H. A. , Ramakers Jip J. C. , Ferguson Kim B. , Raap Thomas , Donners Maurice , Veenendaal Elmar M. , Visser Marcel E.
Published: May 2017

Artificial light at night has shown a remarkable increase over the past decades. Effects are reported for many species groups, and include changes in presence, behaviour, physiology and life-history traits. Among these, bats are strongly affected, and how bat species react to light is likely to vary with light colour. Different spectra may therefore be applied to reduce negative impacts. We used a unique set-up of eight field sites to study the response of bats to three different experimental light spectra in an otherwise dark and undisturbed natural habitat. We measured activity of three bat species groups around transects with light posts emitting white, green and red light with an intensity commonly used to illuminate countryside roads. The results reveal a strong and spectrum-dependent response for the slow-flyingMyotisandPlecotusand more agilePipistrellusspecies, but not forNyctalusandEptesicusspecies.PlecotusandMyotisspecies avoided white and green light, but were equally abundant in red light and darkness. The agile, opportunistically feedingPipistrellusspecies were significantly more abundant around white and green light, most likely because of accumulation of insects, but equally abundant in red illuminated transects compared to dark control. Forest-dwellingMyotisandPlecotusspecies and more synanthropicPipistrellusspecies are thus least disturbed by red light. Hence, in order to limit the negative impact of light at night on bats, white and green light should be avoided in or close to natural habitat, but red lights may be used if illumination is needed.
Different brain networks underlying intelligence in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Kiat Pua Emmanuel Peng , Malpas Charles B , Bowden Stephen C , Seal Marc L
Published: May 2017

Background

There has been sustained clinical and cognitive neuroscience research interest in how network correlates of brain-behaviour relationships might be altered in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and other neurodevelopmental disorders. As previous work has mostly focused on adults, the nature of whole-brain connectivity networks underlying intelligence in pediatric cohorts with abnormal neurodevelopment requires further investigation.

Methods

We used network-based statistics (NBS) to examine the association between resting-state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) connectivity and fluid intelligence ability in male children (n=50) with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD;M=10.45,SD=1.58 years and in controls (M=10.38,SD=0.96 years) matched on fluid intelligence performance, age and sex. Repeat analyses were performed in independent sites for validation and replication.

Results

Despite being equivalent on fluid intelligence ability to strictly matched neurotypical controls, boys with ASD displayed a subnetwork of significantly increased associations between functional connectivity and fluid intelligence. Between-group differences remained significant at higher edge thresholding, and results were validated in independent-site replication analyses in an equivalent age and sex-matched cohort with ASD. Regions consistently implicated in atypical connectivity correlates of fluid intelligence in ASD were the angular gyrus, posterior middle temporal gyrus, occipital and temporo-occipital regions.

Conclusion

Development of fluid intelligence neural correlates in young ASD males is aberrant, with an increased strength in intrinsic connectivity association during childhood. Alterations in whole-brain network correlates of fluid intelligence in ASD may be a compensatory mechanism that allows equal task performance to neurotypical peers.
Methods for estimation of model accuracy in CASP12
Authors: Elofsson Arne , Joo Keehyoung , Keasar Chen , Lee Jooyoung , Maghrabi Ali H. A. , Manavalan Balachandran , McGuffin Liam J. , Hurtado David Ménendez , Mirabello Claudio , Pilstål Robert , Sidi Tomer , Uziela Karolis , Wallner Björn
Published: May 2017

Methods for reliably estimating the quality of 3D models of proteins are essential drivers for the wide adoption and serious acceptance of protein structure predictions by life scientists. In this paper, the most successful groups in CASP12 describe their latest methods for Estimates of Model Accuracy (EMA). We show that pure single model accuracy estimation methods has shown clear progress since CASP11; the three top methods (MESHI, ProQ3, SVMQA) all perform better than the top method of CASP11 (ProQ2). The pure single model accuracy estimation methods outperform quasi-single (ModFOLD6 variations) and consensus methods (Pcons, ModFOLDclust2, Pcomb-domain and Wallner) in model selection, but are still not as good as those methods in absolute model quality estimation and predictions of local quality. Finally, we show that when using contact based model quality measures (CAD, 1DDT) the single model quality methods perform relatively better.
Using citizen science monitoring data in species distribution models to inform isotopic assignment of migratory connectivity in wetland birds
Authors: Fournier Auriel M. V. , Drake Kiel L. , Tozer Douglas C.
Published: June 2017

Stable isotopes have been used to estimate migratory connectivity in many species. Estimates are often greatly improved when coupled with species distribution models (SDMs), which temper estimates in relation to occurrence. SDMs can be constructed using from point locality data from a variety of sources including extensive monitoring data typically collected by citizen scientists. However, one potential issue with SDM is that these data oven have sampling bias. To avoid this potential bias, an approach using SDMs based on marsh bird monitoring program data collected by citizen scientists and other participants following protocols specifically designed to maximize detections of species of interest at locations representative of the species range. We then used the SDMs to refine isotopic assignments of breeding areas of autumn-migrating and wintering Sora(Porzana Carolina), Virginia Rails(Rallus limicola), and Yellow Rails(Coturnicops noveboracensis)based on feathers collected from individuals caught at various locations in the United States from Minnesota south to Louisiana and South Carolina. Sora were assigned to an area that included much of the western U.S. and prairie Canada, covering parts of the Pacific, Central, and Mississippi Flyways. Yellow Rails were assigned to a broad area along Hudson and James Bay in northern Manitoba and Ontario, as well as smaller parts of Quebec, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan, including parts of the Mississippi and Atlantic Flyways. Virginia Rails were from several discrete areas, including parts of Colorado, New Mexico, the central valley of California, and southern Saskatchewan and Manitoba in the Pacific and Central Flyways. Our study demonstrates extensive data from organized citizen science monitoring programs are especially useful for improving isotopic assignments of migratory connectivity in birds, which can ultimately lead to better informed management decisions and conservation actions.
Software for the integration of multi-omics experiments in Bioconductor
Authors: Ramos Marcel , Schiffer Lucas , Re Angela , Azhar Rimsha , Basunia Azfar , Cabrera Carmen Rodriguez , Chan Tiffany , Chapman Philip , Davis Sean , Gomez-Cabrero David , Culhane Aedin C. , Haibe-Kains Benjamin , Hansen Kasper D. , Kodali Hanish , Louis Marie Stephie , Mer Arvind Singh , Riester Markus , Morgan Martin , Carey Vincent , Waldron Levi
Published: June 2017

Multi-omics experiments are increasingly commonplace in biomedical research, and add layers of complexity to experimental design, data integration, and analysis. R and Bioconductor provide a generic framework for statistical analysis and visualization, as well as specialized data classes for a variety of high-throughput data types, but methods are lacking for integrative analysis of multi-omics experiments. The MultiAssayExperiment software package, implemented in R and leveraging Bioconductor software and design principles, provides for the coordinated representation of, storage of, and operation on multiple diverse genomics data. We provide all of the multiple ‘omics data for each cancer tissue in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) as ready-to-analyze MultiAssayExperiment objects, and demonstrate in these and other datasets how the software simplifies data representation, statistical analysis, and visualization. The MultiAssayExperiment Bioconductor package reduces major obstacles to efficient, scalable and reproducible statistical analysis of multi-omics data and enhances data science applications of multiple omics datasets.
Genome sequencing links persistent outbreak of legionellosis in Sydney to an emerging clone ofLegionella pneumophilaST211
Authors: Timms VJ , Rockett R , Bachmann NL , Martinez E , Wang Q , Chen SC-A , Jeoffreys N , Howard PJ , Smith A , Adamson S , Gilmour R , Sheppeard V , Sintchenko V
Published: June 2017

The city of Sydney, Australia, experienced a persistent outbreak ofLegionella pneumophilaserogroup 1 (Lp1) pneumonia in 2016. To elucidate the source and bring the outbreak to a close we examined the genomes of clinical and environmental Lp1 isolates recovered over 7 weeks. A total of 48 isolates from patients and cooling towers were sequenced and compared using SNP-based, core-genome MLST and pangenome approaches. All three methods confirmed phylogenetic relatedness between isolates associated with outbreaks in the Central Business District (March and May) and Suburb 1. These isolates were designated “Main cluster” and consisted of isolates from two patients from the CBD March outbreak, one patient and one tower isolate from Suburb 1 and isolates from two cooling towers and three patients from the CDB May outbreak. All main cluster isolates were sequence type ST211 which has only ever been reported in Canada. Significantly, pangenome analysis identified mobile genetic elements containing a unique T4ASS that was specific to the main cluster and co-circulating clinical strains, suggesting a potential mechanism for increased fitness and persistence of the outbreak clone. Genome sequencing was key in deciphering the environmental sources of infection among the spatially and temporally coinciding cases of legionellosis in this highly populated urban setting. Further, the discovery of a unique T4ASS emphasises the potential contribution of genome recombination in the emergence of successful Lp1 clones.
Dual function for Tango1 in secretion of bulky cargo and in ER-Golgi morphology
Authors: Rios-Barrera LD , Sigurbjörnsdóttir S , Baer M , Leptin M
Published: June 2017

Tango1 helps the efficient delivery of large proteins to the cell surface. We show here that loss of Tango1, in addition to interfering with protein secretion, causes ER stress and defects in cell and ER/Golgi morphology. We find that the previously observed dependence of smaller cargos on Tango1 is a secondary effect, due to an indirect requirement: if large cargos like Dumpy, which we identify here as a new Tango1 cargo, are removed from the cell, non-bulky proteins re-enter the secretory pathway. Removal of the blocking cargo also attenuates the ER-stress response, and cell morphology is restored. Thus, failures in the secretion of non-bulky proteins, ER stress and defective cell morphology are secondary consequences of the retention of cargo. By contrast, the ERES defects in Tango1-depleted cells persist in the absence of bulky cargo, showing that they are due to a secretion-independent function of Tango1. Therefore, the maintenance of proper ERES architecture may be a primary function for Tango1.
Crystal structure of N-(4-oxo-2-sulfanylidene-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl)-2-(thiophen-3-yl)acetamide
Authors: Vu Quoc Trung , Nguyen Ngoc Linh , Nguyen Tien Cong , Thang Pham Chien , Van Meervelt Luc
Published: May 2017

The title compound, C9H8N2O2S3, crystallizes with two molecules (A and B) in the asymmetric unit. Both have similar conformations (overlay r.m.s. deviation = 0.209 Å) and are linked by an N—H...O hydrogen bond. In both molecules, the thiophene rings show orientational disorder, with occupancy factors of 0.6727 (17) and 0.3273 (17) for molecule A, and 0.7916 (19) and 0.2084 (19) for molecule B. The five-membered rings make an angle of 79.7 (2)° in molecule A and an angle of 66.8 (2)° in molecule B. In the crystal, chains of molecules running along the a-axis direction are linked by N—H...O hydrogen bonds. The interaction of adjacent chains through N—H...O hydrogen bonds leads to two types of ring structures containing four molecules and described by the graph-set motifs R
4
4(18) and R
4
2(14).
6-Chloro-1-phenylindoline-2,3-dione: absolute structure, non-linear optical and charge-transport properties
Authors: Wang Bing , Lu Qing , Fang Qi , Zhang Ting-ting , Jin Ying-ying
Published: May 2017

In the title compound, C14H8ClNO2, the dihedral angle between the isatin moiety (r.m.s. deviation = 0.014 Å) and the phenyl ring is 51.8 (1)°. All molecules have the same `frozen chiral' conformation in the non-centrosymmetric P212121 space group. A polycrystalline sample of the title compound exhibits a considerable second-order non-linear optical effect (frequency doubling of 1064 nm light to output 532 nm light). In the crystal, molecules are linked by C—H...O hydrogen bonds, generating chains along the [100] direction. Based on a DFT calculation, [100] proves to be the most favourable direction for charge transport and the title crystal could be used as a hole-transport material because of its high hole mobility.
Crystal structure of 2-azido-1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1,3,2-diazaphospholidine
Authors: Veinot Alex J. , Blair Amber D. , Masuda Jason D.
Published: May 2017

The title compound, C26H38N5P, was synthesized by reacting 2-chloro-1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1,3,2-diazaphospholidine with sodium azide and a catalytic amount of lithium chloride in tetrahydrofuran. The title compound is the first structurally characterized 2-azido-1,3,2-diazaphospholidine and exhibits a P atom in a trigonal pyramidal geometry. The azide P—N bond length of 1.8547 (16) Å is significantly longer than the P—N separations for the chelating diamine [P—N = 1.6680 (15) and 1.6684 (14) Å]. The sterically hindered 2,6-diisopropylphenyl groups twist away from the central heterocycle, with dihedral angles between the central heteocyclic ring and benzene rings of 76.17 (10) and 79.74 (9)°. In the crystal, a weak C—H...N link to the terminal N atom of the azide group leads to [100] chains.
Good enough leadership: realism without cynicism
Authors: Pava Moses
Published: June 2017

Purpose

For more than 70 years, leaders of all types have consistently struggled to earn the respect and followership of others to earn the employee trust which is the key to innovation and competitive advantage and to create organizational systems and cultures that fit their strategic objectives. The purpose of this paper is to address what would be “good enough” leadership qualities.

Design/methodology/approach

Research methodology included research into several individuals that exceeded in leadership, and an examination of how they used the “good enough” leadership styles to be successful as leaders.

Findings

This paper suggests several ways to be an effective “good enough” leader. These ways translate your values into concrete directives, jettison dead metaphors, explore enlivening ones, subject your values to the test of dialogue, and hold onto your values less tightly.

Originality/value

Leadership and leadership qualities have been widely discussed in the literature. This paper approaches the situation differently. Rather than striving for perfection and being frustrated for not reaching it, this paper explores “good enough” leadership qualities that actually work well in the professional arena.
How brand interaction in pop-up shops influences consumers’ perceptions of luxury fashion retailers
Authors: Taube Julia , Warnaby Gary
Published: May 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the influence of brand interaction in pop-up shops on consumers’ perceptions of luxury fashion retailers.

Design/methodology/approach

Adopting an exploratory, inductive research design, semi-structured interviews were undertaken with female respondents, consistent with the profile of both typical pop-up and “new luxury” customers, who had recently visited a luxury fashion pop-up shop.

Findings

Factors influencing consumers’ perceptions of the luxury brands whose pop-up shops were visited are identified relating to three key characteristics of pop-up retailing identified from a review of relevant literature, termed the temporal dimension, the promotional emphasis, and the experiential emphasis.

Originality/value

This study explores the perceptions of pop-up shops qualitatively from a consumer’s perspective, providing new insights into the personal and complex motivations and attitudes of new luxury consumers.
Development of an identity model for sector brands
Authors: Lourenção Marina Toledo de Arruda , Giraldi Janaina de Moura Engracia
Published: May 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to propose an identity model for sector brands and examines its applicability for the Brasil Fashion System brand.

Design/methodology/approach

A systematic review of the literature on corporate brand identity models is undertaken. The interviews were carried out with two interest groups: the associations comprising the brand, and the consultancy company responsible for sector brand advisory.

Findings

The sector brand identity model is applicable to the Brasil Fashion System brand with the exception of two elements. The application may have experienced some adversity because of the considerable divergence among the associations. In cases where the brand represents just one association, the application of the model may occur with more favorable element management.

Research limitations/implications

Theoretical contribution occurred toward sector brands and brand identity with the development of an identity model for the sector brand, so far not addressed in academic studies.

Practical implications

When adopting the identity model for sector brands, managers would be able to understand the components that have to be managed on sector brand identity. The model can contribute to improve the management of these kinds of brands.

Originality/value

The academic studies of corporate brand identity models and sector brands are analyzed in order to create the first sector brand identity model that was experienced by the Brazilian fashion industry.