bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rhinofibroscopic and Rhinomanometric Evaluation of Patients with Maxillary Contraction Treated with Rapid Maxillary Expansion. A Prospective Pilot Study
Authors: Di Vece Luca , Doldo Tiziana , Faleri Giacomo , Picciotti Maria , Salerni Lorenzo , Ugolini Alessandro , Goracci Cecilia
Published: January 2018

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate through nasal fiber optic endoscopy and rhinomanometry the patency of upper nasal airways in patients treated with rapid palatal expansion Study design: 30 patients (12 males and 18 females) aged 7–11 years with transverse maxillary constriction underwent rhinomanometric and fiberoptic examination before (T0) and after rapid palatal expansion (T1).The amount of nasopharynx obstruction was quantified with reference to the full choanal surface. Nasal resistance was recorded separately for right and left sides, and combined for both sides. The differences in nasopharynx obstruction and in nasal resistance between T0 and T1 were statistically evaluated. Results: The amount of nasopharynx obstruction significantly decreased after palatal expansion (p<0.001). Total nasal inspiration and expiration resistance significantly decreased at T1 (p<0.001). The reduction ranged between 0. 23 and 0. 66 Pa/cm3/s for inspiration and between 0. 20 and 0,.58 Pa/cm3/s for expiration. A statistically significant positive correlation existed between the T1-T0 differences in the amount of nasopharynx obstruction and the T1-T0 differences in expiration nasal airway resistance (Spearman's correlation coefficient rho = 0.38; p = 0.03). Conclusions: Rapid maxillary expansion has an influence on nasal resistance and improves the patency of upper airways in patients with minor or moderate breathing problems.
Pityriasis versicolor in children: a study of 110 cases
Authors: Kambil Srinath M.
Published: January 2018

Background: Pityriasis versicolor (PV) is a cutaneous fungal infection caused by the yeast fungus Malassezia. Though common in adults, children can also develop PV.

Methods: 110 cases of clinically and mycologically proven cases of PV in children upto 14 years were included in this study which was conducted in the Dermatology outpatient department of Karuna Medical College, Palakkad over a period of one year.

Results: PV in children accounted for 22.63% of total cases of PV seen during the study period. Face was the commonest site involved (78%). Majority (83.64%) presented with hypopigmentation and family history was present in 26%. Most cases (67%) were seen during the months of April to September.

Conclusions: PV in children is not rare and it commonly presents as asymptomatic hypopigmented macules over the face.
Significados de la calidad de vida laboral en docentes de una universidad privada de Colombia
Authors: Acosta Reinaldo , Aguilera María De los Ángeles , Torres Teresa M. , Acosta Martín , Berard Emilie
Published: January 2018

Objetivo. Comprender los significados de la calidad de vida laboral en docentes de una universidad privada en Bogotá, Colombia, mediante su descripción, análisis e interpretación.

Materiales y métodos. Enfoque cualitativo con diseño de estudio de casos. Se hicieron entrevistas individuales en profundidad que contemplaron los ejes temáticos de condiciones de trabajo, empresa, factores individuales y entorno social. Participaron docentes voluntarios de un programa de salud de pregrado, vinculados con cualquier tipo de contrato laboral vigente durante el periodo académico de julio a noviembre del año 2015. Los Datos se analizaron con fundamento en los supuestos del construccionismo social de Berger y Luckmann. Los Datos se analizaron en el programa Atlas ti.

Resultados. La calidad de vida laboral significó la satisfacción de necesidades fisiológicas, de seguridad, de autorrealización, de reconocimiento y de autonomía en el manejo del tiempo, a pesar de la insatisfacción de las necesidades de claridad en ascensos, espacios físicos para sus hijos pequeños, tiempos de desplazamiento y ambientes de descanso.

Conclusiones. La calidad de vida laboral tiene significados particulares en cada docente, pero existen aspectos comunes al considerarla vivificante, tales como: flexibilidad en el manejo del tiempo, atrayente, diversa, facilitadora de la autonomía para la toma de decisiones y control de sus actividades. La Calidad de vida laboral significó la interacción de múltiples dimensiones del trabajo que favorecen la realización integral personal, familiar y social de los docentes universitarios. De Igual manera implica tener un ambiente amable, respetuoso, de estabilidad laboral, en el que se puedan mostrar todas las habilidades profesionales y con reconocimiento permanente de la institución.
Design of Extruded refractive optical elements to generate a prescribed intensity distribution
Authors:   Image Processing Systems Institute of the RAS – Branch of the FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics” RAS, Andreeva K. ,   Samara National Research University, Andreev E. ,   Image Processing Systems Institute of the RAS – Branch of the FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics” RAS,   Samara National Research University, Moiseev M. ,   Image Processing Systems Institute of the RAS – Branch of the FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics” RAS,   Samara National Research University, Kravchenko S. ,   Image Processing Systems Institute of the RAS – Branch of the FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics” RAS,   Samara National Research University, Byzov E. ,   Image Processing Systems Institute of the RAS – Branch of the FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics” RAS,   Samara National Research University, Doskolovich L. ,   Image Processing Systems Institute of the RAS – Branch of the FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics” RAS,   Samara National Research University
Published: January 2018

A new method for the design of extruded optical elements with two refractive surfaces is presented. The method is based on the developed fast ray-tracing procedure, in which optical surfaces are approximated by a set of planes. High efficiency of the proposed method is illustrated by the examples of designed extruded optical elements for generating uniform intensity and illuminance distributions. The luminous efficacy of the optical element is shown to be over 89 %, whereas the relative root-mean-square error of the generated irradiance distribution is under 2 %.
Harmonic lens with an annular aperture
Authors:   Image Processing Systems Institute of the RAS – Branch of the FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics” RAS, Skidanov R. ,   Samara National Research University, Strelkov Y. ,   Image Processing Systems Institute of the RAS – Branch of the FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics” RAS,   Samara National Research University, Volotovsky S. ,   Image Processing Systems Institute of the RAS – Branch of the FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics” RAS,   Samara National Research University
Published: January 2018

We have considered the design of a compact imaging lens based on a reflective circular harmonic lens. The performance of such a lens has been numerically simulated in the ZEMAX program. A point spread function has been calculated. A number of formulae describing the relationship between the key parameters of the lens have been obtained. We have shown that in this case it is possible to design a compact imaging lens whose length is by an order of magnitude smaller than its focal length.
Extending the antireflection zone of highly curved optics
Authors:   St. Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, Hoang T. , Gubanova L. ,   St. Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, Nguyen V. ,   St. Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics
Published: January 2018

We propose a method for extending the antireflection zone of highly curved spherical optical components via applying a combined layered coating synthesized in a vacuum chamber with use of a circular diaphragm. The motion path of an arbitrary point on the spherical optical component involved in a dual rotation is numerically simulated and the antireflection zone formed by a combined single-layer coating on the optical component surface is determined.
Multi-spectral image processing for the measurement of a spatial temperature distribution on the surface of a laser-heated microscopic object
Authors:   Scientific-Technological Center of Unique Instrumentation, Bulatov K. , Mantrova Y. ,   Scientific-Technological Center of Unique Instrumentation, Bykov A. ,   Scientific-Technological Center of Unique Instrumentation,   Moscow Power Engineering University, Gaponov M. ,   Scientific-Technological Center of Unique Instrumentation,   Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Zinin P. ,   Scientific-Technological Center of Unique Instrumentation,   Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii, Machikhin A. ,   Scientific-Technological Center of Unique Instrumentation,   Moscow Power Engineering University, Troyan I. ,   FSRC Crystallography and Photonics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Batshev V. ,   Scientific-Technological Center of Unique Instrumentation,   Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Kutuza I. ,   Scientific-Technological Center of Unique Instrumentation
Published: January 2018

In this paper, we demonstrate that combining a laser heating (LH) system with a tandem acousto-optical tunable filter (TAOTF) allows us to measure the temperature distribution (TD) across a laser-heated microscopic specimen. Spectral image processing is based on one-dimensional (1D) non-linear least squares fitting of the Planck radiation function. It is applied for determining the temperature T at each point (x, y) of the specimen surface. It is shown that spectral image processing using the 1D non-linear least squares fitting allows measurement of the TD of the laser-heated microscopic specimen with higher precision and stability than those of the conventional linear least-squares fitting of the Wien approximation of Planck’s law.
Calibration of an imaging hyperspectrometer
Authors:   Image Processing Systems Institute оf RAS – Branch of the FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics” RAS, Podlipnov V. ,   Samara National Research University, Skidanov R. ,   Image Processing Systems Institute оf RAS – Branch of the FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics” RAS,   Samara National Research University
Published: January 2018

We describe a precise calibration procedure for an Offner imaging hyperspectrometer. We analyze the influence of the calibration on the accuracy of the spectral distribution registration. We conduct a comparative analysis of the experimental data with the results of the precise measurements of spectral distributions made using a high-precision laboratory spectrograph MS7504.
Development of a new collector device for gas turbine engine afterburner
Authors: Teslya D. N. , Mayatsky S. A. , Grasko T. V.
Published: January 2018

The paper presents an analysis of the peculiarities of operation of gas-turbine engines with an afterburner. The main shortcomings of the existing afterburners are described. The structural design of afterburners is analyzed. It is shown that the existing afterburners do not provide efficient control of the working process throughout the operational range of heights and speeds of flight. Methods of calculating the parameters of the working process organization in the afterburners are specified. The necessity to control the place and the angle of supply of fuel upstream of the flame stabilizer is proved. New operating factors are proposed for the system of automatic control of the afterburner. The use of new structural designs of collector devices incorporated in the afterburner is justified. These devices allow efficient control of the organization of the working process in them throughout the operational range of heights and speeds of flight. The classification of afterburners is specified and the advantages of gas-turbine engines incorporating afterburners with adaptive fuel supply collector devices are justified.
Relation between flame chemiionization and variable-volume combustion chamber temperature and pressure
Authors: Shaikin A. P. , Galiev I. R.
Published: January 2018

The article presents the results of investigating the relation between flame chemiionization and the flame temperature and pressure in a variable- volume combustion chamber. Functional dependences of flame temperature and maximum pressure on the electron current caused by flame chemiionization, fundamental characteristics of flame propagation and combustion efficiency are presented. Comparison of the temperature calculated by the proposed method with experimental data shows that with the excess air factor of 0.8 to 1.15, the precision is more than 85%. Comparison of the maximum pressure obtained experimentally and calculated by the refined Vibe model, using the proposed formulas, showed good agreement. The results of the work can be used to predict and monitor maximum flame temperature and pressure in the combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine and other power plants using an ionization probe.
Evaluation of Salt-water Intrusion in the Coastal Area of Igbokoda, Southwestern Nigeria
Authors: A. O Talabi , C. A Ajayi , L. O Afolagboye , A. A Oyedele , O. F Ojo , S. W Olofinlade
Published: January 2018

Saltwater intrusion into the coastal aquifer has long been recognized as a major threat to groundwater quality around the world. Groundwater evaluation of salt water intrusions in Igbokoda coastal area, southwestern Nigeria was carried out employing combined Horizontal Profiling and Vertical electrical sounding. Two traverses each with two sounding points were occupied. The result from the survey revealed 4 to 5 major layers comprising the unconsolidated silty sand and sandy clay (overburden), clayey zone, consolidated sand zone, partly intruded salt water intruded sandy clay zone and salt water intruded clay zone. The curves were the complex types KQH, KHA, QH and HKH curves. The overburden has resistivity that ranged from 253 to 1316.7Ω-m, thickness that ranged from 0.2 m to 7m. The clayey zone had resistivity of 846.0 Ω-m and thickness of 4m. The consolidated sand zone had resistivity that ranged from 2848.7 to 2865.7Ω-m and thickness that ranged between 4 and 21m. The partly intruded salt water zone is characterized by resistivity that varies between 18.4Ω-m and 93.0Ω-m and thickness of about 7-25m. The salt water intruded zone is characterized by resistivity that ranges between 4.1Ω-m and 9.7Ω-m and thickness of 4-48m. The partly-salt water intruded zones and salt water intruded zone were characterized with low resistivity while the high resistivity zones of consolidated sand layer constitute fresh water bearing zone that could serve as boreholes in the study area.
DOŽIVLJAJ KOMPETENTNOSTI I MOTIVACIJA VASPITAČA ZA RAD SA DECOM SA SMETNJAMA U RAZVOJU
Authors: Рајић Милана , Mihić Ivana
Published: January 2018

Iako je ideja inkluzije danas zaživela na svim nivoima obrazovanja, nalazi dosadašnjih istraživanja govore da zaposleni u obrazovnom sistemu dosledno pokazuju negativne stavove, nedovoljnu motivisanost, nesigurnost i procenjuju niskim lične kompetencije. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se ispita dožvljaj kompetentnosti i motivacija za rad sa detetom sa smetnjama u razvoju, kao i efekat faktora koji potencijalno doprinose ovim varijablama. Uzorak je činilo 115 vaspitača iz predškolskih ustanova sa teritorije Vojvodine. Korišćeni instrument je sadržao vinjetu sa opisom deteta sa smetnjama u razvoju, na osnovu koje su vaspitači procenjivali očekivane probleme koje dete u vrtiću može imati, doživljaj kompetentnosti i motivaciju za rad sa detetom sa smetnjama u razvoju i doprinos inicijalnog obrazovanja i seminara stručnog usavršavanja. Rezultati ukazuju na to da stereotipne predstave o detetu i procena inicijalnog obrazovanja i seminara stručnog usavršavanja statistički značajno doprinose i doživljaju kompetentnosti i motivaciji za rad sa detetom sa smetnjama u razvoju. Rezultati su diskutovani u kontekstu razumevanja kompetentnosti vaspitača i usklađenosti zahteva inicijalnog obrazovanja i prakse.
ODREĐNJE ŽIVOTNE SNAGE U HOMEROVIM EPOVIMA
Authors: Миљевић Aна
Published: January 2018

Ontološki dualizam duha i tela nalazi svoje korene u antici, te ovaj rad istražuje da li i u kom kontekstu možemo da ga prepoznamo u epskom pesništvu osmog i sedmog veka pre n.e. Osnovnu tezu, prethodnih studija zastupljenih u literaturi, da se u homerovskoj psihološkoj terminologiji kriju pitanja o poreklu i prirodi duše i o potonjem razlikovanju duše od tela, ovaj rad vidi kao posledicu metafizičke redukcije pojma životne snage, a ne kao izvorno homerovsko pitanje. Stoga se vraćam supstancijalnom jedinstvu pojma životne snage u Homerovoj epskoj poeziji da bih utvrdila bogatu terminološku neusklađenost u kojoj se jasno pokazuju prva objašnjenja kretanja i pokretačkih sila neodvojivih od predstava o životu i smrti. U radu se vrši klasifikacija termina koji opisuju životnu snagu na: životnu snagu srčanosti, životnu snagu sagledavanja i životnu snagu udova. Otuda rad termine ἦτορ, κῆρ, πραπίδες, φρένες, νόος, γυῖον, μέλεα, ψυχὴ, i θυμός podvodi pod pojam životne snage, a ne pod psihološku terminologiju, što omogućava da se razume potonja povezanost ψυχὴ i ζωή i napravi put ka filozofiji prirode ranih predsokratovaca.
EGZISTENCIJALNA DIFERENCIJA
Authors: Prole Dragan
Published: January 2018

U prvom delu rada autor razmatra avangardne strategije otpora ideološkoj, političkoj i ekonomskoj zloupotrebi umetnosti. Njihov prekid sa tradicionalnim kulturnim sistemom bio je zasnovan na dekonstrukciji svakidašnjih rutina, što je presudna osobenost onoga što je Ridiger Bubner imenovao estetsko iskustvo, a Bernhard Waldenfels prelomnice iskustva. Posredstvom obelodanjivanja bliske srodnosti između fenomenološke i avangardne kritike očigledne banalnosti svakidašnjeg života, uveden je pojam egzistencijalne diferencije da bi bila pokazana savremena potreba za promenom i ponovnim osmišljavanjem naših elementarnih relacija prema životu i svetu. U drugom delu rada ispitana je razlika između banalnosti i banalizacije i pokazana je veza između osporavanja zdravog razuma kao osnove međuljudskog zajedništva i reintegracije umetnosti u novovekovni program racionalne subjektivnosti.
The right to basic education for all in South Africa: Implications for school principals
Authors: Marishane Ramodikoe
Published: January 2018

It is now globally accepted that all children have the right to basic education as a fundamental human right. This right must not only be guaranteed, but also fulfilled holistically to meet all children’s educational needs. This occurs when its three dimensions, namely access, quality and safe conditions are equally addressed. In other words, the right to basic education is fulfilled when all children have access to quality education in a safe school environment. For this reason, the state has a duty to promote and protect this right entirely. In South Africa, the state has put in place a legislative and policy framework to meet its obligation in this regard. However, despite
the state’s efforts in creating child-friendly school conditions, children in schools still experience challenges that negatively impinge upon their educational rights. Such challenges include school dropout, grade repetition together with poor academic performance and achievement. The problem is rooted in the disconnection between access to education, school safety and quality education, putting the spotlight on the school principal’s leadership. This paper concludes that refocusing on the application of the school leadership theory has the potential to reduce the problem.
Yield and Some Pomological Characteristics of Organically Grown “Alyanak” and “Hasanbey” Apricots (Prunus armeniaca L.)
Authors: Polat Mehmet
Published: January 2018

This research was carried out to see the effects of organic farming and determine the yield and some pomological characteristics of apricots in Isparta, Turkey. Isparta province which is located in the west Mediterranean part of Turkey has also gained importance in terms of especially organic apricot production. Two apricot varieties (Hasanbey, Alyanak) were grown with organic farming practices in this study. These two varieties are table types apricot varieties commonly grown in Turkey’s one of the world's major producers. In this research, pomological characteristics as fruit size (fruit height, fruit width, fruit weight, fruit length), fruit firmness, pH, total soluble solid (TSS) content, titrable acidity (TA) and yield values were determined. Total phenolic and antioxidant activity were also determined. Hasanbey cultivar had higher yield value (66.21 kg/tree) than Alyanak (45.71 kg/tree) cultivar. At the same time the total phenolic content of Hasanbey (307.12 mg GAE/100g) variety was determined higher than Alyanak (175.91 mg GAE/100g). Antioxidant activity of Alyanak and Hasanbey were determined as 32.86 mg/ml IC50 and 17.37 mg/ml IC50 respectively. In terms of observed characteristics, Hasanbey cultivar was found to be prominent in Isparta. It can also been recommended for other places similar to Isparta ecological conditions (highland climate).
Tamils and the Haunting of Justice
Authors: Willford Andrew C.
Published: January 2018

In 2006, dejected members of the Bukit Jalil Estate community faced eviction from their homes in Kuala Lumpur where they had lived for generations. City officials classified plantation residents as squatters and questioned any right they might have to stay. This story epitomizes the dilemma faced by Malaysian Tamils in recent years as they confront the collapse of the plantation system where they have lived and worked for generations. Foreign workers have been brought in to replace Tamil workers to cut labor costs. As the new migrant workers do not bring their whole families with them, the community structures need no longer be sustained, allowing more land to be converted to mechanized palm oil production or lucrative housing developments. Tamils find themselves increasingly resentful of the fact that lands that were developed and populated by their ancestors are now claimed by Malays as their own; and that the land use patterns in these new townships, are increasingly hostile to the most symbolic vestiges of the Tamil and Hindu presence, the temples. This book is about the fast-approaching end to a way of life, and addresses critical issues in the study of race and ethnicity. It demonstrates which strategies have been most “successful” in navigating the legal and political system of ethnic entitlement and compensation. It shows how, through a variety of strategies, Tamils try to access justice beyond the law-sometimes by using the law, and sometimes by turning to religious symbols and rituals in the murky space between law and justice.
Plantation Fragments
Authors: Willford Andrew C. , Nagarajan S.
Published: January 2018

This chapter looks at a series of ethnographic encounters in several plantation communities within Selangor, the “ground zero” of plantation retrenchment and evictions. It considers the communities and individuals who express a sense of anxiety and despair as their neighborhoods are threatened by demolition. At the same time, the sense of the plantation as a site of nostalgia and positive identification is seen to be growing in the specter of its demise. In this context, the importance of documentation and an emergent historicity is described as important to plantation dwellers as a political resource, as well as an archive of victimhood. The chapter then describes the increasing resonance and justice-seeking fervor surrounding a Tamil-Hindu festival celebration in a plantation slated for retrenchment and eviction.
Hindraf and the Haunting of Justice
Authors: Willford Andrew C. , Nagarajan S.
Published: January 2018

This concluding chapter describes the remarkable events that marked the Hindraf (Hindu Rights Action Force) protests in 2007. It also makes three broad claims about the Indian uprising that simultaneously sum up arguments made throughout the book. First, the Indian uprising—particularly as culminating in the Hindraf movement—gained resonance as an awakening to the Law's capriciousness. Second, the transgression of the letter of the Law became a means toward realizing a distinction between legality and justice. Third, an emergent sense of historicity among Tamils arose that articulated frustrations over increasing Islamization and the perceived de-Indianization of Malay culture. Ultimately, the chapter argues that the capricious force of law and the violence of “order” was haunted by what it suppressed. Moreover, in Tamil Hinduism, notions of divine justice became fused with sometimes violent imaginaries of divine vengeance, which in turn are also haunting in their possessive force.
A Very Long Early Modern?
Authors: Wills John E.
Published: January 2018

This chapter summarizes background changes that shaped interactions in the Pacific and Indian Oceans before and during the age of steam; early modern China as an importer of exotic goods and exporter of skillful entrepreneurs; and early European naval competition, exploration, and settlement.
Fighting the Postwar in Little Saigon
Authors: Nguyen Phuong
Published: January 2018

Studies of Vietnamese Americans have traditionally shared a linear assimilationist framework, whereby “good” refugees have successfully moved beyond the Vietnam War while “bad” refugees continue to engage in reactionary anti-communist protest. My own research into Little Saigon reveals that both types represented contrasting approaches to winning the postwar. Traditional model minority types tried to validate the South Vietnamese as a people worth fighting for while ultra-nationalist bad refugees imagined themselves as a far more capable fighting force than most Americans wish to remember. Like Greg Dvorak’s paper, this one explores the tensions present in social memory and social amnesia, where exhortations for the diasporic Vietnamese refugees to forget the past really meant they should forget their version of the past. Middle-aged veterans of South Vietnam in particular faced the challenge of maintaining an anti-communist refuge in America in the post-Cold War era where they could construct an identity for themselves contrary to the negative images dominant in Vietnam and the United States.
Transpacific Accommodation and the Defense of Asian Immigrants
Authors: Kurashige Lon
Published: January 2018

Do Asians in the United States face racism today? The answer is “yes” if one considers the persistence of covert discrimination, anti-Asian hate crimes and speech, as well as stereotypes of smart students, exotic beauties, martial arts masters, and technology nerds that manifest in popular media and entertainment. But the answer is more complicated if one considers the repeal of anti-Asian laws, policies, and overt practices of segregation and discrimination that were engrained in the United States and throughout the West and its colonies until the 1960s. This essay examines a time in California when anti-Asian racism was not just popular but seen as righteous and necessary. Kurashige reveals that despite the high degree of racism there exist key political players who opposed it in seeking to bridge the Pacific through racial understanding and cooperation. Why did these white Californians oppose the dominant racial beliefs of the time, and what lessons do their actions have for today?
Japanese Immigrant Settler Colonialism and the Construction of a US National Security Regime against the Transborder “Yellow Peril”
Authors: Azuma Eiichiro
Published: January 2018

The scholarship on the “Yellow Peril” looks at Japanese immigrants (Issei) as an object of anti-Asian racialization in domestic politics or as a distraction in U.S.-Japanese bilateral diplomacy. Seldom do historians consider its ramifications outside those contexts. They also lack perspective on the impact of Issei practice on the geopolitics of Yellow Peril, which spread from California to the U.S.-Mexican borderlands and beyond. This chapter examines the role of Issei settler colonialism, as well as its unintended consequences, in the formation of discourse on the transborder Yellow Peril. That discourse propelled white America to reaffirm its commitment to the Monroe Doctrine, shifting the nature of U.S. diplomacy from the endeavor to keep European rivals out of the Western Hemisphere to one that sought to exclude the Japanese racial enemy from America’s “backyard.” It culminated in the construction of a hemispheric national security regime after early 1942.
How the Portuguese Became White
Authors: Sasaki Christen T.
Published: January 2018

The push for inclusion into the United States forced leaders of the Hawaiian “Republic,” and the American populace to face questions regarding the relationship between race, nation, and citizenship. This chapter questions why men such as Sanford Dole and Lorrin Thurston, two leaders of the provisional government of Hawai`i (1893-1894) and Hawaiian Republic (1894-1898), used all means necessary in order to change the racial classification of Portuguese labor in the islands to “white,” during the last years of the nineteenth century. By analyzing their attempt to create a white settler society in Hawai`i through their redefinition and recruitment of Portuguese labor, this chapter examines how evolving politics of race and class shape, and were shaped by, processes of late nineteenth century U.S. colonialism in the Pacific.
Japanese Commemorations of World War II in the Mariana Islands
Authors: Camacho Keith L.
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the creation and contestation of Japanese commemorations of World War II in the Mariana Islands. As an archipelago colonized by Japan and the United States, the Mariana Islands have become a site through which war memories have developed in distinct and shared ways. With respect to Japanese commemorations, the analysis demonstrates why and how they inform and are informed by Chamorro and American remembrances of the war in the Mariana Islands. By analyzing government, media, and tourist accounts of the war from the 1960s to the present, I thus show how we can gain an understanding and appreciation for the complex ways by which Japanese of various generations reckon with a violent past.
Varied Experiences of International Marriage
Authors: Crissey Etsuko Takushi
Published: January 2018

Interviewees included women with successful marriages whose husbands had died, one from the effects of Agent Orange after deployment in Vietnam and another from leukemia. Flashbacks from his deployment in Vietnam also led to alcoholism that eventually incapacitated another woman’s husband. The couple also had a successful marriage and four children who she worked to support after her husband was unable to hold a job. After two children were born, another woman’s husband turned verbally abusive and expelled her from their home. Emotionally devastated, she subsequently struggled to support herself. Another woman married a marine despite her family’s reservations and moved to the U.S. The marriage was going smoothly, but after the birth of their third child, her husband impregnated another woman and, over his objections, she obtained a divorce. Another interviewee whose marriage seemed to be going well divorced her husband after he ran off with a mutual friend. A woman returning with her fiancé to the U.S. discovered that he was already married. Though they eventually married after he obtained a divorce, her husband soon abandoned her after which she struggled to raise her two children and obtain legal residency in the U.S.
Writing World Histories for Our Times
Authors: Karras Alan , Mitchell Laura J.
Published: January 2018

This essay considers the place of world history within the larger disciplinary practices of historical inquiry. Disciplinary traditions of deep specialization are in tension with world historians’ interest in broad patterns and long time scales, which leads some scholars—especially those with access to institutional power—to keep world historical scholarship at arm’s length. The essay demonstrates the institutional and intellectual benefits of supporting both global and local scholarship. It argues that historians’ attention to time scale significantly differentiates history from other analyses of globalization.
Encounters within Europe
Authors: Phillips William D.
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the accounts of several Central European travelers who visited the Iberian Peninsula in the second half of the fifteenth century and pays particular attention to their comments on slaves and slavery. First was the Swabian Georg von Ehingen who sought adventure in latter-day crusades and fought with the Portuguese in Morocco. The Bohemian Leon von Rozmital visited Iberia in 1465–1467. Two of his companions left accounts, his secretary Shashek and the patrician Tetzel wrote accounts of the tour. Nicholas von Popplau made a short visit to Santiago de Compostela in 1484. The German Hieronymus Münzer (or Monetarius) made an extensive tour of Portugal and Spain in 1494–1495. The German knight Arnold Von Harff visited Iberia at the very end of the fifteenth century. Each account provides significant observations and detailed descriptions of the traffic and sale of slaves. Taken as a whole, they provide a window on the relations between Central Europe and the western Mediterranean at the end of the Middle Ages.
The Promise of—and the Threats to—Historical Linguistics as a Complement of Bentleyan World History
Authors: Lewis Martin W.
Published: January 2018

Historical linguistics offers powerful tools for the broad-based approach to world history pioneered by Jerry Bentley. Linguistic analysis, for example, has allowed scholars to solve the mystery of the Roma migration to Europe in the medieval period. Unfortunately, historical linguistics is currently threatened by a movement that seeks to reinvent it as a computational science, using techniques borrowed from evolutionary biology and epidemiology. Applying such methods to the vexed issue of the origin of the Indo-European languages, a team of scholars has concluded that this language family originated not among Bronze-Age pastoralists from the Eurasian steppe, as the archeological consensus maintains, but rather among Neolithic farmers living in Anatolia. Careful historical analysis, however, shows that the findings of these scholars are incorrect at nearly every turn. Traditional methods of historical linguistics must therefore be preserved if scholarship on language is to contribute to the further development of Bentleyan world history.
The Birth of the Korean Catholic Church
Authors: Baker Don , Rausch Franklin
Published: January 2018

This chapter covers the beginning of organized interest in Catholic teachings and values, tracing who inspired the birth of a Catholic community in Korea. It then discusses the papal injunction against the use of spirit tablets in ancestor memorial services and how obedience to that rule from Rome necessitated disobeying the law in Korea. The result was the martyrdom of two early Catholics, which frightened many of the early yangban Catholics into leaving the church.
European Merchant Tribute in Yemen
Authors: Um Nancy
Published: January 2018

Drawing on the gift registers of the Dutch East India Company and the English East India Company, this chapter shows that the gifts bestowed by European merchants in Yemen may not be collapsed indistinguishably with other types of offerings, such as diplomatic bestowals, imperial gifts, and acts of pious charity. By contrast, European merchants’ gifts were comprised of relatively routine trade items and were remarkably formulaic in nature, thus overlapping with Indian Ocean commodities in uneven and unexpected ways and drawing their power and meaning from their association with extended commercial geographies. A close perusal of European commercial gifting practices also reveals that foreign merchants became quite adept at the local grammar of giving, even if they decried its legitimacy in their letters back to home offices.
Merchants from India and Their Gift Practices in Yemen
Authors: Um Nancy
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the gift practices of the major merchants from India that traded in Yemen, distinguishing them from those of the Europeans. It argues that their offerings must be situated within the accepted reciprocal codes of social interaction and visitation that dominated in the Islamic world, such as the awarding of robes of honor and fine horses. Moreover, the elaborate spectacles and presentations surrounding these yearly gifts, which were visually impressive, exceeded the value of the gifts themselves, inscribed within a language of public display. These bestowals were not only consumed by their intended recipients, but also by those who observed their conveyance and passage, which were awe-inspiring in their size and scope.
Conclusion
Authors: Um Nancy
Published: January 2018

This chapter looks at two accounts of the French 1737 bombing of Mocha to make the concluding case that cultural and religious differences in the ports and emporia of Yemen were often understood in material terms and that the anxieties and discomforts generated by the cross-cultural encounter were expressed most readily through a language of things. It validates material culture as an important tool that served to assert, but also to evaluate, merchant identity and standing across the early modern western Indian Ocean.
Introduction
Authors: Borchert Thomas A.
Published: January 2018

Buddhism at three level; state enables and constrains, articulates need to focus on monastic education to understand how Buddhism works and the relevance for Sipsongpannā as a place for this, the movement and governance of monks.
Monks on the Move
Authors: Borchert Thomas A.
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the networks along which the monks of Sipsongpannā travel. While it is well-known that Buddhist monks travel, the scope and directions of these trips is not well-understood. Following a central theme of the book, the chapter examines the local, national and transnational networks along which the Dai-lue monks travel. These networks, which include economies of merit, educational travel and those created by Chinese institutions such as the Buddhist Association, interact with each other in complicate ways. Transnational networks for example are limited in some ways by the Chinese policies, just as they are enabled by them.
Kaiser or King?
Authors: O'Brien Patricia
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the family history of Ta’isi, the course of his marriage, the birth of his six children to Rosabel and the bringing into his family unit of his first born daughter, Lucy. It tracks the economic rise of Ta’isi as a businessman in the Sāmoan Islands and the prominent role he took to as an interlocutor with German administrators about the running of German Samoa. It then tracks the seismic effects of World War One and its aftermath on Sāmoa. World War One brought an abrupt end to German rule that was replaced by a New Zealand military occupation in 1914. The effects of the Great War were both enormously beneficial to Ta’isi as a businessman, but it also brought the devastating aftermath of the 1918 influenza epidemic that killed over 20% of Samoa’s population, including Ta’isi’s mother, sister, brother, sister-in-law and his beloved only son. This chapter traces these events and their effects on Ta’isi, showing how they led him into an activist role within Sāmoa.
“If There is any Justice at All” (1928)
Authors: O'Brien Patricia
Published: January 2018

This chapter reveals for the first time the behind the scenes workings of the Permanent Mandates Commission (PMC) and the level of access George Spafford Richardson and Sir James Parr, New Zealand’s High Commissioner to London and League representative, had to members of the PMC in unofficial meetings. This is contrasted with the PMC’s refusal to allow Ta’isi to formally present the Sāmoan case. The chapter outlines the result of the hearings that were a resounding victory for the New Zealand government and condemnation of Ta’isi. It sets out Ta’isi’s response to this and other details from his personal life, such as his car accident near Rugby in the U. K. that injured himself, his driver and daughter Viopapa considerably. For the latter, her injuries would have serious repercussions. Meanwhile in Sāmoa, the administration finally succeeded in arresting Tupua Tamasese Lea’lofi and exiled him to New Zealand over Christmas 1928, a move that boosted the Mau cause in New Zealand.
Return to Sāmoa, Trial, and Exile (1933–1934)
Authors: O'Brien Patricia
Published: January 2018

Once the New Zealand Governor General had toured Sāmoa, the way was made clear for his return in May 1933. The chapter documents his return and the traps that were set for him by the administration that wanted him to break laws so he could be tried and exiled again, this time for good. Within eight months of returning to Sāmoa, Ta’isi was on trial. The chapter closely follows the extraordinary course of this trial where Ta’isi represented himself and essentially put the whole New Zealand administration and its greater whole, British Empire, on trial. Despite the extraordinary performance in Apia’s High Court, Ta’isi was found guilty and sentenced to ten years of exile and a term in prison to be served in Christchurch.
Primal Emergence
Authors: Culliney John L. , Jones David
Published: January 2018

Since the Big Bang, the universe’s inflation and its aftermath might be called the “creation story” according to science, in which tremendously variegated order and deterministic pattern propagated from a cosmic seed of perfect uniformity and smoothness. The formative properties of matter and energy were forged through initial quantum turbulence and an emergent principle of attraction that seems to pervade all of nature. As it emerged out of simplicity, the universe adopted a modus operandi that we call the cooperative constant, initially manifested in physical forces, especially gravity, and progressively complemented by chemistry. From an evolutionary point of view, an emergent catalytic potential, an attraction to cooperate, or participate in heterogeneity—which becomes a sine qua non for the existence of life—is widely characteristic of matter in our universe. This tendency is now found at the heart of the most progressive systems of which we are aware. Chapter One weaves its cosmological story through leading theories and revelations in astrophysics including primordial quantum turbulence, the multiverse, recombination, and the origin of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB), also the enigmas of dark matter and dark energy, and nuclear synthesis of the elements of life within stars.
The Quickening of Chemistry
Authors: Culliney John L. , Jones David
Published: January 2018

For billions of years, competition and cooperation (or attractive forces) oscillated in influence in the evolution of the universe. Consistently, the latter prevailed with a slight edge in that affinitive entities in the universe were free to associate, bond, assemble, facilitate, and cooperate, rise above the leveling action of competition, and generate emergence on progressively higher levels: chemical, biological, and social. This chapter returns to cooperation and examines its constructive power in what might be termed ascendant chemistry—the self-organization of molecules and catalysis that led through pathways of burgeoning complexity to the threshold of biology and the evolution of life on earth. Against the illogic of “creation science,” modern biochemical research illuminates how life arose as an assemblage of complex molecules with strong cooperative tendencies within and among themselves. Carbon’s capacity to build with itself and other elements tremendously variable molecular structures with interlocking functions—most notably of the four basic complex chemicals of life: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)—ultimately led to the evolution of living cells.
Ecology Emergent
Authors: Culliney John L. , Jones David
Published: January 2018

Ever since life’s debut on the earth, biotic evolution has been a near-balancing act. On virtually every level, competition and cooperation, shifting endlessly between foreground and background, have tugged and teased evolving systems as they have wobbled through time along the edge of chaos. The emergence of cellular life from the world of complex carbon-based chemistry appears to have happened only once in the primordial dreamtime of planet Earth. Scientists base this conjecture on a number of virtually universal distributions of chemical structures and processes across the spectrum of living organisms. Despite their perhaps tenuous hold on life, the earliest cells, primitive bacteria and archea, possessed the keys to the opening of new potential for matter and energy—the capabilities of self-replication, controlled energy transduction, directed locomotion, and the regulation of an internal environment. Out of this cellular Big Bang there arose a totally new force field on planet Earth superimposed over the physical, chemical, and geological, but with tendrils pervading all of those realms. It was the beginning of the biosphere. Life pervaded and began to transform the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. The chapter highlights transitions of prokaryote to eukaryote via endosymbiosis. Also featured are: biofilms, bioluminescence, coral reefs, and ecological succession.
Social Order in Nature
Authors: Culliney John L. , Jones David
Published: January 2018

In this chapter we look at patterns of coexistence and mutual support in symbiosis that appear at the most complex levels in the biology of animals, starting with a brief discussion of how evolution governs interrelationships between species. The chapter proceeds to examine recent discoveries of more intimate roles of sharing resources and altruistic interactions of individuals in populations of social animals. Kin selection’s role in inclusive fitness has been especially touted in eusocial species such as ants. Now this theory appears limited in light of new and perhaps revolutionary insights on various mechanisms that appear to trigger mutualistic social behavior. Reciprocal altruism’s uncanny relationship to the strategic game, Prisoner’s Dilemma, now appears more important than ever in explaining cooperative behavior in diverse animal groups. Ongoing research on social interactions of our nearest relatives among the great apes strongly indicates that empathy, sympathy, and rudiments of morality such as fairness evolved in common ancestors of higher primates that gave rise to human beings. This heritage has led to the threshold of the fractal self.
Wild Youths and Fallen Officials
Authors: Wallace Leslie V.
Published: January 2018

The earliest substantiated evidence for the practice of falconry in China dates to the second century C.E. and by the fourth and fifth centuries the sport was widespread among the elite. During this time the use of raptors in the hunt is vividly depicted in tomb murals and bricks. Textual sources, on the other hand, emphasize the moral and social effects of the sport. Focusing on recorded falconry enthusiasts and passages in which the sport is criticized, this chapter argues that the majority of texts consider falconry to be a social vice associated with characters of dubious morals as well as symptomatic of the general breakdown of social order. Buddhist attitudes toward the hunt further augmented this tradition and inspired the first outright prohibitions of the sport in the fifth century.