bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Speaking Women's Bodies: A Conversation
Authors: Starr Ann , Squier Susan Merrill
Published: February 2007

"Speaking Women's Bodies: A Conversation" is a reprint of two of visual artist Ann Starr's books of art, along with a
conversation between Starr and feminist scholar Susan Squier. The conversation arising from the first book, Where
Babies Come From: A Miracle Explained, examines the cultural control and even suppression of female bodily
processes and generative power. The discussion of the second book, The Forty-Seventh Thanksgiving, explores a
possible reclaiming of and rejoicing in the very bodily processes that so much of society has tried to keep hidden.
Confronting Mortality: The Iliad's Androktasiai
Authors: Hawkins Anne Hunsaker
Published: February 2007

This essay explores how death is configured in Homer's Iliad through the androktasia (the formulaic description of the
death of a warrior). What Homer emphasizes is the pathos of the bereaved survivor(s); the physical and usually brutal
aspects of dying; and, through epic simile, a perspective that places death in a broader and deeper context.
This Is a Test: One Girl's Fight With Cancer
Authors: Baldwin Ewing Eugene , Garduno Irina , Hatchet Steven , Lopez Elizabeth , Evans La'Shay , Johnson Omolara , Peterson Shenita , Bahena Lorraine , Lozano Diana
Published: February 2007

"This is a Test: One Girl's Fight with Cancer" is the award-winning play written by students at Washington Irving School
in Chicago, Illinois. It follows the life of Shenita Peterson, from the first twinges of what was to be diagnosed as bone
cancer through her reluctant return to school, bald and on crutches. This Is a Test is a creative exploration of fear,
memory, and healing as well as a staging of a struggle with life-threatening illness.
Ellen Emerson and the Tubercular Muse
Authors: Anderson Janet M
Published: February 2007

Ellen Louise Tucker Emerson, the first wife of Ralph Waldo Emerson, wrote poems and letters during her prolonged
struggle against the family curse of tuberculosis, and these relatively unread texts are the subject of Janet M. Anderson's
essay. In Anderson's reading, Ellen Emerson's writing serves not only to enrich understanding of her famous husband's
life and work, but also stands on its own and gives rise to a revaluation of what has been dismissively labeled
sentimentality in nineteenth-century writers confronting the certainty and imminence of their own death.
Seized by the Muse: Dostoevsky's Convulsive Poetics in The Idiot
Authors: Slattery Dennis Patrick
Published: February 2007

Dostoevsky suffered from epilepsy throughout most of his life, although debate continues on exactly what kind of
affliction he had. Nonetheless, the disease finds its way into several of his major fictions, and nowhere is an epileptic
character more developed than in The Idiot. This essay gives the affliction a voice; it studies how epilepsy becomes
embodied in both Prince Myshkin and his dark double, Parfyon Rogozhin and how they are, in their contrary impulses of
universal harmony and absolute desire, dual aspects of the Russian soul.
Women, Writers, Sufferers: Anne Conway and An Collins
Authors: Skwire Sarah E
Published: February 2007

Skwire uses the letters of Anne Conway and An Collins as case studies of chronically ill early modern women writers
and the differing ways they faced the challenges of being marginalized by gender, health, and intellect. Conway and
Collins' complicated responses to such challenges point to the complexity of the early modern response to illness.
Criminal Language and Poetic Jailbreak: Writing Chronic Fatigue Immune Dysfunction Syndrome
Authors: Munson Peggy
Published: February 2007

This brief essay introduces Munson's poetry and also describes the
importance of writing in the lives of chronically ill persons. Munson's
own chronic illness allows her to experience and to articulate the
personal, cultural, artistic, and political jailbreak that writing
provides for the chronically ill. She offers a view from inside the
texts Pennebaker and others study.
Literature and Obstetrics: Reading Maternal Posture in Jacques Ferron's "Little William"
Authors: Bednarski Betty , McAlister Vivian
Published: February 2007

Jacques Ferron’s “Little William” is a story of birth and naming in a remote Quebec coastal community. Obstetrical issues and issues of cultural and political survival come together when a French Canadian doctor finds himself obliged to submit to the authority of a country midwife and deliver a baby in the so-called “English position” (or left lateral maternal posture) hitherto unknown to him. In this reading, elements of comparative obstetrical history are integrated with literary and cultural analysis, to reveal complex cross-cultural tensions, not only between French and English, but between institutional obstetrics and traditional midwifery. At the same time, attention is redirected to the figure of the story’s mother and to the “facelessness” of the birth. Parallels are drawn between Ferron’s text and scientific writing, and literary narrative is seen to mimic and at the same time call into question the narratives of obstetrical history.
The Job and the Calling
Authors: Delbanco Andrew
Published: February 2007

Throughout our history, the hallmark of American culture has been competition, individual ambition, and the desire for achievement as measured in terms of economic success. These forces have reached unprecedented intensity in recent years, which leaves practitioners and teachers of medicine caught as never before in the vortex of a society driven by market values. In the final analysis, these values--while they account for many of the great achievements of American medicine--are finally in conflict with the service commitment of the profession. The great challenge for medical educators is to keep American medicine economically strong while finding ways to preserve and encourage the spirit of sacrifice and charity that led so many young people into the field in the first place.
Malaria and the Femme Fatale : Sex and Death in French Colonial Africa
Authors: Yee Jennifer
Published: February 2007

Paul-Ãtienne VignÃ© (1859-1943), a doctor with the French colonial army and then a politician, is remembered as a very early anti-colonialist. During his lifetime he was also known as a novelist writing under the pseudonym VignÃ© dâOcton. His novels from the 1880s and 1890s reveal a fantasized, intensely sexual Africa where hapless French soldiers perish of malarial fever caught not from a mosquito-borne parasite but from contact with African women. Yet the deaths of these young men are not seen as the result of a contagious sexual disease but as a direct consequence of their having overstepped the natural boundaries between the races. Thus a fundamentally racialist view, according to which humanity was divided into incompatible strands whose meeting could only endanger the individuals involved, was the theoretical basis of VignÃ© dâOctonâs novels. It was also - paradoxically â the foundation of his anti-colonialist politics.
Impacts of Truth(s): The Confessional Mode in Harold Brodkey's Illness Autobiography
Authors: Avrahami Einat
Published: February 2007

The essay
establishes the centrality of the confessional mode to Harold Brodkey's
autobiography of terminal illness, This Wild Darkness: The Story of My Death. Used ambivalently, both in earnest and as a
literary ploy, the confessional mode in Brodkey's text serves to demonstrate
how narratives of terminal illness may adopt the textual practices of the
confession as a way of negotiating between the cluster of associations and
feelings that surround and govern our culture's response to the experience of
terminal illness and, by way of metonymy, toward the terminally ill. Countering
the strong constructivist view of confession as a reproduction of hegemonic relations
of power, the analysis shows that Brodkey manipulates the power relations that
structure the confession in a way that overcomes the audience's resistance to
illness stories and subverts the authority of the public constructions of AIDS
shared by his own audience. Brodkey's attempt to negotiate between the ways
illness is felt and the constraining cultural narratives reveals how the
confessional structure paradoxically gives the writer license to recall the
sick body not as textual construction, as a metaphor, but in terms of concrete
circumstances and embodied experience.
Metaphorical Immunity: A Case of Biomedical Fiction
Authors: Cohen Ed
Published: February 2007

Derived from Roman law, for more than two thousand years, immunity served
almost exclusively as a juridico-political concept that modulated the criteria
of inclusion and exclusion determining how citizens became subjects of European
nation-states. However, once introduced into bio-science in the wake of—and as
an explanation for—Pasteur's vaccination experiments, biological "immunity"
began to be used to describe a "natural" and necessary function of complex
organisms. Today when we use the metaphor immunity to refer to organismic
"self-defense," we usually ignore the political and legal history that the
concept necessarily incorporates. By first considering the creative role that
metaphor plays in bio-science generally and then specifically considering the
historical residue that the concept of immunity has accreted throughout its
long history, this essay suggests that the biological phenomena currently
encompassed by the term "immunity" may exceed, or even contradict, the metaphor
that we use to make sense of them.
Diaspora Cruises: Queer Black Proletarianism in Claude McKay's A Long Way from Home
Authors: Holcomb Gary Edward
Published: February 2007

My analysis of A Long Way from Home (1937) subjects the memoir's
closeted narrative to a poem collected in one of McKay's first
publications, Constab Ballads (1912) as well as passages from his novel
Home to Harlem (1928). A Long Way from Home takes steps to suppress its
queer voice and proletarian presence. Though shadowy, such imprints may
be traced-despite McKay's care in suppressing the entangled presences
of "the love that dare not speak its name" and his onetime persistent
dedication to Communism.
Property and Identity in The Custom of the Country
Authors: Sassoubre Ticien Marie
Published: February 2007

In this essay I argue that The Custom of the Country (1913) is less
a novel about divorce or the invasion of New York by the nouveau riche
than an exploration of the impact of unprecedented fungibility and
commodification of property on personal identity. Wharton articulates
her sense of the consequences of changing property relations in the text
not only in terms of the constitutive relationships between persons and
(often family) property but also in terms of competing vocabularies.
Gender and Science Fiction
Authors: Roberts Robin
Published: February 2007

Two new critical books that focus on gender and science provide an opportunity to reflect on how far science-fiction criticism has developed in the last decade. Justine Larbalestier's The Battle of Sexes in Science Fiction and Brian Attebury's Decoding Gender in Science Fiction demonstrate a level of sophistication and complexity that reveal it is difficult to discuss science fiction without addressing gender issues. The appearance of these two books suggests the importance and marketability of science-fiction criticism and science fiction itself to redefinitions of modern fiction.
Pavlos Kalligas and Thanos Vlekas: The Lack of Common Sense among the Greeks
Authors: Doulis Thomas
Published: February 2007

The little read Thanos Vlekas directly addresses some of the major
problems that plagued the newly established Greek state. Its
approach to brigandage, the language question, the inefficiency of
the state, and the apportionment of lands is unusual not only
because the fiction of the time avoided such a frontal assault but
because this novel was written by a member of the establishment.
Pavlos Kalligas (1814-1896) identifies the source of Greece's
dilemmas precisely in those virtues (heroism and the resistance to
authority) responsible for the achievement of freedom and
independent statehood. A minor character, an American
missionary, provides the gauge by which these problems are meant
to be viewed--namely, "common sense", a trait that
the novelist believed was lacking among the Greeks. This unnamed
cleric was probably suggested by Jonas King, whom Kalligas
defended in a trial that exposed the contradictions in Greece
between the constitutional belief in the freedom of religion and the
sense among the Orthodox that the Eastern Church was at a
financial and cultural disadvantage compared to the Protestant
sects represented by the missionaries who had entered Greece
after the Revolution to proselytize.
Rhetorical Haughtiness and the Need for Self-assurance: An Analysis of Greek Student Responses
Authors: Metaxas A.-J. D
Published: February 2007

Several of the responses given by Greek students to the Youth and History
survey have been characterized as strongly ethnocentric, especially
in contrast to their counterparts in other parts of Europe. This essay
focuses not so much on the ethnocentric aspects of these answers as their
intensity. It suggests that the tendency of Greek students to take extreme
positions on many of the survey questions is an important force unto
itself, and one that should be factored into our interpretation of the
survey results, This leads to the notion of "rhetorical haughtiness,"
or rhetorical hyperbole of a statistical type that operates as a
defensive mechanism to challenge the deprecating perceptions that
others hold, or are presumed to hold, of Greece. Rhetorical haughtiness
filters the whole array of exegetical variables that try to capture
the significance of historical consciousness, giving the numerical
values that result a relative quality that is somewhat independent of the
phenomena under consideration. Rhetorical haughtiness also presents itself
both as the force behind what is described as national "chronocentrism"
and the way in which the latter is reproduced on the discursive level.
The Political Attitudes of Greek Students: Internal Tensions of an Ethnocentric Democratic Culture
Authors: Voulgaris Yannis
Published: February 2007

This article examines the political attitudes of Greek students in
comparison with their counterparts in the other European countries
surveyed by the Youth and History project. It focuses on three issues
fundamental to Greek political culture in general: namely, the nation,
Europe and European integration, and democracy. It points out that
Greek students adopt a mainly natural and ahistoric conception of the
nation that is determined by cultural homogeneity. This conception does
not contradict their equally strong pro-European feeling, for they see
Europe primarily as a cultural-political entity, rather than an economic
one. Democracy is a pivotal concept of Greek student political culture
and is conceived not in its liberal version, but as a political system
that gives voice to the weak sectors of the population. These three
fundamental political concepts shape an ethnocentric democratic culture
that is internally contradictory, a conclusion that leads to analysis
of the tensions that could emerge from this unstable balance.
Beyond the Acropolis: Rethinking Neohellenism
Authors: Tziovas Dēmētrēs
Published: February 2007

The aims of this paper are to examine and rethink various approaches,
old and new, taken by Western scholars toward Neohellenism and to put
forward a new approach that highlights the complexities and richness of
Greek culture. I first outline the two dominant approaches to modern
Greek culture in the West, which can be defined by their reliance on
the notions of continuity and binary logic respectively. I then proceed
by suggesting a new approach to Neohellenism based on the notions of
cultural hybridity and dialogue, illustrated with reference to painters
such as Kontoglou and Engonopoulos, and writers such as Solomos, Vizyenos,
Cavafy, and Kazantzakis who best represent this dialogic conception
of Neohellenism. Ultimately I hope that the presentation and study of
Neohellensim as a rich syncretic phenomenon will make it more attractive
to scholars and render easy classifications less acceptable.
Identity and Difference in the Iphigeneia of Petros Katsaitis
Authors: Pittas-Herschbach Mary
Published: February 2007

Relatively unknown until recently, the work of the eighteenth-century
Cephalonian dramatist Petros Katsaitis, particularly his tragedy
Iphigeneia, represents a point of intersection for various influences,
such as those of Cretan drama, Italian humanist tragedy, and
improvisational theater, which then become assimilated, transformed,
and re-directed. A study of Katsaitis's work with reference to the
historical, cultural, educational, religious, and literary contexts
of his period, as well as to specific theatrical models, reveals the
originality of the dramatist, his strong regional identity, as well as
his remarkable consciousness of a broader Greek identity. Katsaitis's
handling of the mythological and historical material of his play is at
the same time consistent with and divergent from contemporary trends in
Western Europe, as well as suggestive of future approaches to myth in
Modern Greek literature.
Madonna Isabella's Play and the Play of the Text ( Decameron VII.6)
Authors: Masciandaro Franco
Published: February 2007

This paper sheds new light on the creative power of play that informs the tale of Madonna Isabella by viewing it primarily not from the perspective of the players but from the changing, kaleidoscopic perspectives arising from the play itself. Special attention is given to the play of the text, which, as it mimics the key features of IsabellaÕs play, acts as a force that at once emphasizes her ludic inventiveness and sets limits to her exuberant sexual desires.
Narrative di crisi. Sulla forma di alcuni romanzi e novelle di Federigo Tozzi
Authors: Saccone Eduardo
Published: February 2007

The paper investigates a formal feature recurrent in most narrative texts by Tozzi, in which often an excess of tension is abruptly brought to a negative or positive conclusion. The texts analysed include "Bestie", the novels "Ricordi di un giovane impiegato", "Con gli occhi chiusi", "Gli egoisti", "Il podere", "Tre croci", and a few representative stories: "La mia amicizia", "Marito e moglie", "Il crocifisso", "La notte di Natale".
Guida tradito, ovvero l'ermeneutica parodica di Giuseppe Berto
Authors: Vettori Alessandro
Published: February 2007

This article is a comprehensive study of betrayal in Giuseppe Berto's literary production, both novels (Il cielo � rosso, Le opere di Dio, Il brigante, Il male oscuro, La gloria) and plays (L'uomo e la sua morte, La Passione secondo noi stessi). In Berto's works, betrayal is a recurrent theme but, according to the reading proposed in this article, it also acquires the connotations of a unique rhetorical device. Berto creates a disenchanted and unorthodox re-writing of scriptural texts, such as the last stages of Christ's death sentence by means of a broadly-defined parodic technique, which is never debasing or disrespectful. His "revisitation" of traditional texts can be labeled a deliberate "betrayal" of the originals.
Proving Grounds: On Nietzsche and the Test Drive
Authors: Ronell Avital
Published: February 2007

The figure of the test--as something that permeates modern existence but still lacks determination--belongs to what Nietzsche saw as our age of experimentation. Science itself invites us to read the scene of experimentation, its fractured promises and articulated procedures, the historical renewals, stalls or question marks, which the experimental disposition has generated. Often we are encouraged to seek answers, provisional or regulative, in terms that have been traditionally reserved for literary theory or a theory of signification. But there are also conceptual tendencies, largely unchallenged, that seek hermeneutic prodding. Whether we are canvassing the internal seams of scientific grammars or scanning effects of decisive drafts that describe an outer domain of signification, the way science produces hierarchical schemas affects every walk, or stumble, of life. What is it that links the recondite behaviors of lab culture to drug experimentation, experimental theater, thought experiments, political acts, or what Nietzsche floats as the pervasiveness of an experimental disposition?
"Non, non! Si, si!": Commemorating the French Occupation of Egypt (1798-1801)
Authors: Colla Elliott Hutchinson
Published: February 2007

This essay revisits the 1998 bicentennial commemorations of the
short-lived French Republic of Egypt, which was celebrated--and protested--in
Paris and Cairo. The conflicting arguments about whether to call the event an
"expedition" or "occupation" followed the outlines of an
wider dispute in postcolonial theory about whether colonial culture is
primarily about violence or exchange. Close attention to two texts from the
French Occupation--Vivant Denon's Voyage dans la basse et la haute �gypte and Hasan al-'Attar's "Maqama
fi-l-fransis"--suggest that the traditional distinction between these
terms, violence and exchange, is perhaps not so tenable after all.
Creole Vernacular Theatre: Transcolonial Translations in Mauritius
Authors: Lionnet Francoise
Published: February 2007

Creole-language literatures from the Caribbean or the Indian Ocean
generally fall into two broad categories: "content" or source of
knowledge about the local culture, and mimetic or pedagogical activity aimed at
transposing European classics into vernacular languages. Creole literatures are
rarely studied as technically innovative interventions capable of pushing the
existing boundaries of genre and the parameters of literary analysis. In this
essay, Lionnet argues that the Mauritian dramatist Dev Virahsawmy's creative
adaptation and "translation" of Shakespeare's Tempest allows him to "provincialize"
this classic and to develop a theory of power and sexuality that puts him in
dialogue with African novelists and dramatists. Virahsawmy's play articulates a
new transcolonial logic. He underscores the horizontal connections among
different cultures of the "peripheries" while questioning the
epistemological foundations of the means by which stories can get told, understood, translated, and
disseminated both internally within their culture of origin, and globally in
the contemporary market of ideas.
On the Style of the Coming Philosophy: "Le style, c'est la femme"
Authors: Blanchard Marc Eli
Published: February 2007

This article shows the relation between the philosophy of Hannah Arendt and that of Simone de Beauvoir. It argues that both Arendt and Beauvoir are innovators in what was later to become known as the critique of the political and the personal and proposes a reevaluation of both by examining the question of style in the history of philosophy.
Your Simone: Eros, Ethics and the Other Scene of Writing in Simone de Beauvoir
Authors: Lopez Silvia L
Published: February 2007

The years of letter writing between Simone de Beauvoir and Nelson Algren correspond to the period of Simone de Beauvoir's perhaps most important intellectual production. During these years she wrote The Second Sex, The Mandarins, and her important essay on de Sade, besides numerous essays for Les Temps Modernes. In this essay I will argue that the relationship between the daily activity of letter writing in a foreign language in which de Beauvoir is able to invent herself and hear herself in a sustained fashion in a different tongue, syntax and fantasy space, allows for the emergence of Simone de Beauvoir's most challenging philosophical work. The article hopes to contribute a reading of what has come to be classified as simply "a transatlantic affair," as a writing constellation that tells us more about the relationship between critical thought, self-constitution, and philosophical production in modernity than previously considered.
On the Hardness of Virtue, or Fetishizing Disinterest in Beaumarchais' Les Deux amis
Authors: Weber Caroline
Published: February 2007

An exploration of the self-delusional structures in Beaumarchais's bourgeois drama Les Deux amis, that support the iniquities engendered by commerce in mid-eighteenth-century Lyon. At the dawn of capitalistic enterprise, the protagonist of the drame bourgeois suspends knowledge of his own rapaciousness by emphatically cultivating a stance of selfless virtue as he pursues his commercial interests. It is the paradox of the genre that the very attempt to depict the nascent merchant class in France as a salutary alternative to a lazy and selfish nobility reveals the mechanisms of disavowal upon which the businessman's "disinterested" virtues are predicated, and gestures toward the unseemly economic realities from which its heroes avert their eyes.
Modernist Primitivism in 1933: Brassai's "Involuntary Sculptures" in Minotaure
Authors: Conley Katharine
Published: February 2007

Brassaï's photographs of Involuntary Sculptures in number 3-4 of Minotaure from December 1933 emblematize the journal's focus on ethnographic modernism. His magnification of everyday Western ephemera transforms them into mysterious aesthetic objects comparable in their strangeness to the exotic tribal art brought back from ethnographic expeditions and presented in the pages of the same luxurious journal. Through this implicit comparison, Brassaï problematizes the Western primitivist notion of the tribal fetish and concurrently asks whether there might not be something sacred buried in our most ordinary and familiar everyday objects.
Architecture, Photography and (Gendered) Modernities in 1930s Barcelona
Authors: Mendelson Jordana
Published: February 2007

Margaret Michaelis was a Jewish, Austrian, anarchist photographer working in Barcelona from 1933 to 1937. Her photographs of modern architecture are considered icons in the history of Spanish culture, yet her authorship of these images and the details of her biography were unknown until recently. By giving up authorship (most of her work was published anonymously) and engaging in a stridently heterogeneous photographic practice (studio, commercial, documentary, etc.), Michaelis entered the history of European modernism through one of its "peripheral" or "multiple" modernities, that of the Catalan avant-garde.
Reading Gertrude Stein in the Light of the Book Artists
Authors: Hubert RenÃ©e Riese , Hubert Judd David
Published: February 2007

Stein's llustrators have provided useful interpretations of her often hermetic writings. Clement Hurd focused on the childlike humor of The World is Round which Andrew Hoyem transformed into a circular artist's book. Susan Weil's etchings duplicate Stein's technique in Tender Buttons. Shirley Sharoff's bookwork captures the movements of "Procession." Matthew Tyson's drawings catch the understated horrors of "War Poems." Aurélie de Nemours' colors evoke the structure of "Early and Late." Responding to Stein's denials of authorship, Irma Blank provides a digest of Everybody's Autobiography, visually reduced to an illegible script. Fahrner's "mise en scéne" of "Parlor" proves that Stein wrote performable plays.
Pricking the Male Ego: Pins and Needles in Flaubert, Maupassant, and Zola
Authors: Donaldson-Evans Mary
Published: February 2007

If the ubiquity of the solitary seamstress in nineteenth-century French painting appears to reflect women's lives in bourgeois and aristocratic milieux, the notion of feminine submission to a domestic ideal that such art appears to represent is problematized in French literature of the same period. Analyzing literary allusions to various forms of needlework and their tools, this essay demonstrates how even such trivial objects as pins and needles can be fraught with dangerous potential in the male imaginary of the time. The principal texts examined are Flaubert's Madame Bovary (1857), Zola's Nana (1880) and Maupassant's "Les Epingles" (1888). (MD-E)
"La Basilique" de Theophile Gautier, un voyage psychologique et esthetique
Authors: Hamilton James F , Champigny Sophie
Published: February 2007

This early poem in Po�sies de 1830 relates from a Jungian perspective the poet's inner voyage from the periphery of life toward his center in a failed attempt at individuation but in an esthetic success. "La Basilique" bridges Romanticism and Parnasse. Ambivalence between the two correlates with the opposition between the masculine and the feminine which, expressed geometrically and materially, never stabilizes. Exit of spirit through "la grande tour" expresses the failed contact with the poet's center, and this failure can also be explained alchemically through the symbol of the poet as "vessel." The anguish of failure is counterbalanced by the hopeful symbolism of "le lierre." Renewed contact with repressed feelings achieves expression through the nascent consciousness of a new esthetic. (In French) (JFH)
Rimbaud's Ruin of French Verse: Verse Spatiality and the Paris Commune Ruins
Authors: Lee Daryl
Published: February 2007

The ruins of the Paris Commune (1871) provided a genius loci
for Rimbaud's Vers nouveaux; the spatial qualities of the open
ruin, in concert with the spatial conditions underlying the Commune,
generate a mimetic model for revolutionary aesthetics in "Qu'est-ce
pour nous mon c�ur." As Rimbaud defiantly strips the metrical
identity of the alexandrine line, leaving only its walls intact, his
"catastrophe" (Roubaud) foregrounds the spatial qualities inherent in
metrical forms. Just as so many images looking out through Commune ruins
constructed a new perspective, so Rimbaud imparts to the next poetic
generation a view to a different verse spatiality, that of the vers
libre. (DL)
Islam, Melancholy, and Sad, Concrete Minarets: The Futility of Narratives in Orhan Pamuk's The Black Book
Authors: Almond Ian
Published: February 2007

This article examines, in the work of a contemporary Turkish novelist, the repeated association of Islam with a variety of different sadnesses-melancholy arising from the demise of the secret, from a certain awareness of the death of metaphysics, the end of our ability to believe in such stories and yet our simultaneous inability to carry on living without them. The implications such 'Western' ideas have in the text of an 'Eastern' novel-resurrecting the familiar question of non-Western novelists 'writing for the Centre' - are also considered.
Herbert Horne's Diversi Colores (1891): Incarnating the Religion of Beauty
Authors: McGann Jerome J
Published: February 2007

A broad theoretical agreement exists about the aesthetic and cognitive functions of elementary non-semantic literary materials (paper, ink, graphic design, and typefaces). Nevertheless, very few practical demonstrations exist of a critical method for elucidating these functions, which are especially important for defining the performative operations of literary works.

Herbert Horne's 1891 book Diversi Colores offers an especially lucid case study in this context. This essay develops a close reading of the non-semantic elements of Horne's book and reflects upon the general interpretive methodology that this case study illustrates. Its ultimate purpose is to elucidate the heuristic character of the metadistinction between content and form, and thereby to establish a more solid theoretical and methodological foundation under any investigation of genre.
Genres of Work: The Folktale and Silas Marner
Authors: Stewart Susan (Susan A.)
Published: February 2007

"Genres of Work: The Folktale and Silas Marner" is one of a series of studies of archaism in the novel. Although, as indicated through its very name, the novel is often a genre of contemporaneity and simultaneous perspectives, it can also be, in the hands of certain authors, a vehicle for presenting the continuity or revival of traditions. Silas Marner is such a novel--an exploration of archaic and folkloric beliefs and forms, particularly those concerned with work and labor. Eliot's pursuit of these themes and forms seems to be less nostalgic than utopian; she uses the deep past and the persistence of knowledges as a way of opening perspectives and alternatives to her present.
"A Sense of Discovery, Mixed with a Sense of Justice": Creating the First Women's Studies Program in Canada
Authors: Kolodny Annette
Published: February 2007

The subject of this essay is the intertwining of personal and
institutional transformation. In establishing the first credited
multi-course women's studies program at the University of British
Columbia in Canada, students and faculty challenged not merely an
institution's hidebound conservatism. They also confronted resistance
to interdisciplinarity, resistance to student activism, maddening
bureaucracy, and irrational, often fear-laden responses to the possibility
of admitting women to full intellectual and professional equality in the
university. The history of this program--like so many others--is thus a
history of battles lost and won, and lost again. It is also a story of
faculty and students who refused to give up, even when careers were put
in jeopardy and frustrations were unending. Finally, it is my personal
reminiscence of the best professional experience I have ever known.
Retail on the "Dole": Parasitic Employers and Women Workers
Authors: Duggan Lynn
Published: February 2007

In the late 1990s a growing number of adults in the United States
were employed in low-paying, de-skilled retail industry jobs without
health insurance or other benefits, a trend that affects poor women
with children most adversely. This article analyzes the proliferation of
such employment using concepts borrowed from Beatrice and Sidney Webb's
analysis of taxpayer subsidies to parasitic industries, proposing that
such subsidies be replaced by government regulation to ensure living
wages and legislation to promote unionization of low wage jobs. The
1996 welfare reform is briefly critiqued, focusing on employer tax
credits initiated in conjunction with the reform. The author's analysis
of mid-1990s Current Population Survey data shows that 76 percent of
non-supervisory and production workers in the retail industry were not
covered by employer-provided health insurance.
The Phonestheme n- in Austronesian Languages
Authors: Blust R. A
Published: February 2007

Many Austronesian languages show a far greater than chance correlation
between morphemes that begin with a velar nasal and the general semantic
domain 'mouth/nose'. Morphemes in this category may be either nouns
('saliva', 'snot', 'chin', 'beard', 'lip') or verbs ('gape', 'gnaw' 'grin, show the
teeth', 'gnash the teeth', 'pant'). Widely distributed cognate sets show that
some of these forms were found in Proto-Austronesian or other early Austronesian protolanguages. However, the great majority of n-initial forms that refer
to the oral/nasal area appear to be peculiar to a single attested language or low-level subgroup, and suggest that this sound-meaning correlation continued to
be productive through some six millennia of linguistic history. The problem of
historical transmission that the phonestheme n- raises is a general one encountered wherever submorphemes are widely shared in noncognate forms. However this problem is ultimately solved, the fact of historical transmission shows
that the phonestheme is a psychologically real unit of linguistic structure that
can persist through hundreds of generations of speakers.
Rejoinder to Malcolm Ross's Squib
Authors: Klamer Margaretha Anna Flora
Published: February 2007

Typological features may be used in an impressionistic bottom-up approach to characterizing and formulating hypotheses on the genetic affiliation of an unknown language in a contact zone—while leaving the proof/disproof of genetic classification and reconstruction to other, generally accepted types of evidence, such as basic cognate sets and cognate paradigms.
Animals, Disease, and Man: Making Connections
Authors: Hardy Anne, Dr
Published: February 2007

Abstract:
The intricate causal relationships between disease in man and disease in
animals first began to be elucidated in the mid-19th century. Although
the connections between animal and human disease are now generally
understood, individuals as well as societies remain slow to act on this
knowledge. This paper examines the gradual recognition of these disease
connections and explores the parallel theme of man's reluctance to
appreciate the implications of these connections. It identifies factors
that have inhibited the realization of the links between disease in
man and animals, and discusses several milestones in the scientific
elucidation of these links. Beginning with emerging concerns over
the relationship between bovine and human tuberculosis in the 1860s,
it follows the discovery of insect vectors, animal reservoirs, and
the links between animals, influenza, and man. Despite warnings of the
potential significance for human disease of patterns of changes in the
relationship with animals and the natural world, scientists have continued
to treat human and animal health as largely independent disciplines, while
historians too have neglected this important aspect of human disease.
Dean Milton C. Winternitz at Yale
Authors: Spiro Howard M. (Howard Marget) , Norton Priscilla Waters
Published: February 2007

Milton Winternitz led Yale Medical School as its Dean from
1920 to 1935. An innovative, even maverick leader, he not only kept
the school from going under, but turned it into a first-class research
institution. Dedicated to the new scientific medicine established in
Germany, he was equally fervent about "social medicine" and the study of
humans in their culture and environment. He established the "Yale System"
of teaching, with few lectures and fewer exams, and strengthened the
full-time faculty system; he also created the graduate-level Yale School
of Nursing and the Psychiatry Department, built numerous new buildings,
and much more. It is a loss to 21st-century medicine that his dream of
an Institute of Human Relations, envisioned as a refuge where social
scientists would collaborate with biological scientists in a holistic
study of humankind, lasted for only a few years, before falling victim to
the more obvious triumphs of medical science and technology. It is sad,
too, that he is remembered largely as a Jew presiding over a medical
school that, like most others, restricted the number of Jewish students,
rather than for his contributions to American medicine.
Is Medical Research Cost Effective?: Response to Murphy and Topel
Authors: Siegler Mark , Weisfeld Alix , Cronin David
Published: February 2007

The paper explores the relationship between medical
innovation and cost of treatment. The methodology used by Murphy and
Topel to calculate the statistical value of a life is examined. The
authors discuss possible confounding factors, such as the general trend
of decreasing mortality, and consider the possibility that non-medical
sources, especially the decrease in tobacco use, may explain much of
the decrease in mortality rates. The authors suggest an alternative to
Murphy and Topel's population-level model for assessing the benefits
of medical technology, based on Lewis Thomas' categorization of three
levels of technology: non-technology ("caring"), half-way technology
(does not reverse or prevent the underlying problem), and high technology
(preventative or curative). The categories are applied to the example
of type 1 diabetes mellitus, in which quality of life and mortality
improvements are clearly the result of technological changes and not
behavioral modifications. The authors emphasize the cost-effectiveness
of high technology, which is based on medical research advances.
Repeat Participation Among Normal Healthy Research Volunteers: Professional Guinea Pigs in Clinical Trials?
Authors: Tishler Carl L , Bartholomae Suzanne
Published: February 2007

The recent death of a normal healthy volunteer, as well as the increased
use of normal volunteers as research subjects, has heightened the
attention given to the participation of normal volunteers in clinical
research. An overlooked sub-population of normal healthy volunteers
are repeat, veteran volunteers. This essay discusses ethical and
methodological issues associated with the use of repeat volunteers in
research, along with existing guidelines regarding the use of repeat
healthy volunteers, and concludes with recommendations for safeguarding
repeat volunteers and ideas supporting centralized recruiting.
On Fate and Fatalism
Authors: Solomon Robert C
Published: February 2007

Fate and fatalism have been powerful notions in many societies, from Homer's Iliad, the Greek moira, the South Asian karma, and the Chinese ming in the ancient world to the modern concept of "destiny." But fate and fatalism are now treated with philosophical disdain or as a clearly inferior version of what is better considered as "determinism." The concepts of fate and fatalism are defended here, and fatalism is clearly distinguished from determinism. Reference is made to the ancient Greek and Chinese versions to explore the various dimensions of these ideas.
Whither Fair Use? A Library Consortium Viewpoint
Authors: Alexander Adrian W
Published: February 2007

The purpose of this paper is to provide a perspective on the position
of library consortia with respect to the question of fair use and the
Internet. My focus will be on the policy implications for both academic
libraries and the institutions of higher education that they serve. As
you will see, libraries and library consortia are becoming increasingly
active in this arena, as both "consumer advocates" in the marketplace and
as change agents actively involved in alternative publishing initiatives
that one day could change the "rules of engagement" entirely.
How Many Dimensions Does It Take to Measure Users' Perceptions of Libraries?: A LibQUAL+Study
Authors: Thompson Bruce , Cook Colleen , Heath Fred M.
Published: February 2007

The present study is one in a series analyzing the
results of a large- scale web-based survey of library service quality at
several ARL member institutions. The current study explores the question:
what are the fewest dimensions required to measure users' perceptions
of library service quality? Understanding the number and hierarchy of
dimensions that users employ in evaluating library services is important,
because we want to use scoring dimensions that correspond with users'
perceptions rather than our own preconceptions of what those perceptions
might be. The study was conducted as part of the LibQUAL+ project, which
is one of the ARL "New Measures" initiatives. Results for data provided
by 3987 participants from eleven ARL institutions were consistent with
a view that a single set of scores is one reasonable way to characterize
user perceptions of library service quality.
Alliance Building in the Information and Online Database Industry
Authors: Alexander Johanna Olson
Published: February 2007

Alliances have become integral to the information
database industry. Using environmental scanning methods, an analysis
of information industry alliance formation is presented covering the
1) literature, 2) background, 3) industry and market structures, 4)
commercial and academic models, 5) trends, and 6) implications for
information providers, libraries, and users.
Toward a Framework for Assessing Library and Institutional Outcomes
Authors: Fraser Bruce T , McClure Charles R
Published: February 2007

The Association of Research Libraries (ARL) E-Metrics project sought to understand how academic libraries might specify, produce, and assess institutional outcomes. This paper reviews the findings from a discussion forum, site visits, an analysis and review of accreditation standards, and a survey of ARL member directors, and offers a framework for approaching the outcomes assessment process. The paper concludes by suggesting that much work remains to integrate outcomes assessment successfully in a university setting. Moreover, multiple approaches to assessment, of which outcomes assessment is but one, are still needed for a comprehensive assessment of libraries in the broader university and societal context.
The Need to Improve Remote Access to Online Library Resources: Filling the Gap Between Commercial Vendor and Academic User Practice
Authors: Covey Denise Troll
Published: February 2007

Research reveals that academic libraries are not meeting user needs
and expectations for easy access to online library resources. Remote
users are particularly dissatisfied. Survey results indicate that the
technologies currently deployed to support off-campus users are inadequate
and problematic for both users and libraries. A new approach is required
to improve service quality. The Internet2 Shibboleth software offers a
viable alternative.
Interactive Multimedia for Library-User Education
Authors: Drabenstott Karen Markey
Published: February 2007

Library educators at four academic libraries are using distance-education
technologies to learn how to design and build web-based interactive
multimedia sites for library-user education. They will then test library
users before and after using these multimedia sites to determine whether
interactive multimedia is an effective approach to teaching library
users about library research.
What's Best for Students? Comparing the Effectiveness of a Traditional Print Pathfinder and a Web-based Research Tool
Authors: Magi Trina J
Published: February 2007

This quantitative study compared a print pathfinder and a web-based
research tool in library instruction for two sections of a first-year
business course. The traditional print pathfinder received higher
ratings on use, ease of use, and helpfulness, but both tools resulted
in students citing a similar number of recommended sources.
Problem-Based Learning: Librarians as Collaborators
Authors: Cheney Debora (Debora Lee)
Published: February 2007

Problem-based learning (PBL) presents an opportunity for librarians and instructors to collaborate on designing learning experiences that will allow students to acquire information-gathering skills as part of their subject curriculum. This article describes a pilot course that incorporated PBL in the School of Information Sciences and Technology (IST) First-Year Seminar (FYS). The focus was on using questions to solve problems, evaluating information resources, using appropriate research and information sources to answer a research question, and defining course expectations for information gathering. The process of how the instructor and librarian worked to develop an appropriate learning experience, lessons learned, and the advantages of PBL are described. The article is second in a series of articles describing the instructor perspective (Larry Spence), later developments in the same course (Michael Pelikan), and the role of the libraries' instruction programs in furthering such approaches (Loanne Snavely).