bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The ABC Model in Evolution
Authors: Glover Beverley J.
Published: January 2008

Flower development operates through the activities of a set of transcription factors regulating the structural genes necessary for correct organ development in the correct position. The majority of these ABC genes encode MADS box transcription factors, a very ancient family of DNA binding proteins. By tracing the evolutionary history of this gene family, the molecular processes which lie behind the evolution of flowers can be investigated. Since flowers are one of the key distinguishing features of the angiosperms, and have been argued to be responsible for their astonishing radiation into the most species rich plant division by far, the evolution of the MADS box family is of particular interest in reconstructing plant evolutionary history.
Why Are Flowers Different? Pollination Syndromes—The Theory
Authors: Glover Beverley J.
Published: January 2008

It is clear from a merely cursory glance around any garden in the summer months that flowers come in an enormous variety of sizes, shapes, colours, and scents. The book now focusses on the differences between flowers, as opposed to the molecular similarities that unite them. This chapter begins by considering the different ways that flowers can be pollinated. It is a basic premise underlying much of floral biology that differences in pollination system explain many of the differences in floral form. The evidence to support this premise is not as compelling as we might like to think, as discussed in later chapters. However, to set the stage for those discussions, this chapter looks at the historical concept of the pollination syndrome and the predictions it makes about floral morphology. The chapter considers the roles different animal pollinators may play in influencing floral evolution.
3 Generation of GWs in linearized theory
Authors: Maggiore Michele
Published: January 2008

This chapter presents the theory of generation of GWs in linearized theory. It is assumed that the gravitational field generated by the source is sufficiently weak, so that an expansion around flat space-time is justified. This allows for an understanding, in the simple setting of a flat background space-time (and therefore Newtonian or at most special-relativistic dynamics for the sources), of how GWs are produced. In this chapter, the formulas for GW production valid in flat space-time, but exact in v/c, are derived. Then, expanding the exact result in powers of v/c, it is shown how, for small velocities, the GW production can be organized in a multipole expansion. The Einstein quadrupole formula is discussed and its angular distribution is computed. The next-to-leading order terms in the multipole expansion, i.e., the current quadrupole and the mass octupole, are discussed. The chapter also shows how the multipole expansion to all orders, using both the language of symmetric-trace-free tensor and the language of tensor spherical harmonics, can be performed systematically.
6 Experimental observation of GW emission in compact binaries
Authors: Maggiore Michele
Published: January 2008

This chapter discusses the experimental evidence for the existence of GWs, which was first obtained from the Hulse-Taylor binary pulsar, PSR B1913+16, and which is now further confirmed by observations in other relativistic binary systems. These binary pulsars are remarkable, allowing for high precision verification of various predictions of general relativity. Hulse and Taylor were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1993, ‘for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation’, which included a demonstration of the emission of gravitational radiation, achieved by Taylor and co-workers in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The full pulsar timing formula, including various special- and general-relativistic effects such as Roemer, Einstein, and Shapiro time delay, is then derived. The recently discovered double pulsar is also discussed.
8 Resonant-mass detectors
Authors: Maggiore Michele
Published: January 2008

This chapter describes the basic principle of resonant-mass detectors, with emphasis on aspects that have an intrinsic conceptual interest, such as understanding how a GW interacts with a macroscopic piece of matter, and on how it is possible to detect vibrations of a macroscopic body which are incredibly small, with amplitude many orders of magnitude smaller than the size of a nucleus. It is shown that, by themselves, resonant detectors are remarkable instruments (such as EXPLORER, NAUTILUS, AURIGUA, ALLEGRO, miniGRAIL). It is possible to measure vibrations in two-tonnes objects, such as a typical bar, which corresponds to just a few tens of phonons, and variations ΔL of their length L, with ΔL/L ~ 10-19-10-18. This chapter then studies how to compute the response of a resonant-mass detector to a GW, how the signal is actually amplified and detected with resonant transducers, what the main sources of noise are, and how to compute the main features in the noise curve of the detector. Quantum non-demolition measurement is also discussed. Both resonant bars and resonant spheres are studied.
Wittgenstein and the Metaphysics of Grace
Authors: Klein Terrance W.
Published: January 2008

What is the meaning of the word ‘grace’? Can Wittgenstein's maxim that the meaning of a word is its usage help explicate the claims that Christians have made about grace? When Christians use the word, they reference within language the point of contact between humanity and the divine. This book suggests that grace is not an occult object but rather an insight, a moment when we perceive God to be active on our behalf. The book examines the biblical evidence that grace begins as a recognition of God's favour, before considering Augustine as the theologian who champions history rather than nature as the place of encounter with grace. Aquinas' work on grace is also explored, retrieving the saint's thought on three seminal concepts: nature, form, and the striving intellect. Overall, the book suggests that grace is the perception of a form, an awareness that the human person is being addressed by the world itself.
4 Grace as Meaning in the World
Authors: Klein Terrance W.
Published: January 2008

This chapter shifts the search for the metaphysical foundations of grace into a linguistic key, asking if the experience that is grace would be more comprehensible to our contemporaries if one spoke of grace as the apperception of being addressed by the world. Here the assertion is that grace connotes the experience of the human person who perceives the world itself to be speaking. The evaluation of such an apparently simple statement requires an examination of its constituent elements. In doing so, the work of Wittgenstein, Lonergan, and Rahner is juxtaposed with the assumption that the linguistic turn of Wittgenstein's work does not invalidate the fundamental premisses of Transcendental Thomism. On the contrary, it only highlights the dynamic intellectualism by which that movement characterized human knowing. If grace — speaking of its human side — is an act of perception, then the metaphysics of epistemology that Transcendental Thomism deployed seems essential in any consideration of it.
5 The Growth of International Governance and the Restructuring of Business Systems: The Effects of Multi‐levelled Governance in Europe and Elsewhere
Authors: Whitley Richard
Published: January 2008

This chapter focuses on the changing transnational governance of economic activities in the late 20th and early 21st century, and its likely effects on established patterns of economic organization. It summarizes the major principles of transnational business regulation that have become established since 1945. It discusses their most likely implications for the organization of economic coordination and control systems, then considers their likely impact on three ideal types of institutional regimes, and on relationships between key actors in societies dominated by them. The chapter then suggests how this general analysis could be applied to the developing institutions of the EU, which is the most elaborate and institutionally established example of transnational governance.
7 Developing Innovative Competences in Different Institutional Frameworks
Authors: Whitley Richard
Published: January 2008

This chapter extends and integrates the analysis of innovation systems presented in Chapter 3 and the account of how different firms develop different kinds of organizational capabilities outlined in Chapter 6 to explain how leading firms in differently organized market economies develop distinctive innovative competences and strategies. It argues that firms have several choices in developing innovative competences and selecting innovation strategies that are guided by dominant institutions. These institutions include those governing the development of skills and labour markets, capital markets, and inter-firm relationships as well as the organization and conduct of research in the public sciences. As a result, societies with distinctive institutional frameworks encourage the development of particular kinds of innovative capabilities, and so manifest contrasting types of technological development and sectoral specialization, as illustrated by the examples of late 20th-century Germany, Japan, and the USA.
10 Divergent Multinational Firms: Home and Host Economy Effects on Internationalization Strategies and Organizational Capabilities
Authors: Whitley Richard
Published: January 2008

Multinational companies vary considerably in the extent to which they invest key resources in different kinds of market economy and encourage learning from these diverse environments. They therefore differ greatly in the level of organizational innovation and change they undergo as the result of internationalization, and in their development of novel and distinctive characteristics. These variations stem from both the governance and capabilities of the firms concerned, which in turn are connected to their dominant domestic business system characteristics and institutional pressures, and the nature of the business systems to which they commit significant resources. This chapter explores these connections in more detail and shows how companies from different kinds of economies are likely to internationalize their activities in different ways. How three very different ideal types of firms are likely to follow contrasting internationalization strategies is also considered.
12 The Changing Japanese Multinational: Application, Adaptation, and Learning in Car Manufacturing and Financial Services
Authors: Whitley Richard , Morgan Glenn , Kelly William , Sharpe Diana
Published: January 2008

This chapter examines how international managerial careers and attitudes are changing in Japanese companies in two different industries: car manufacturing and banking. This assessment is based on a series of interviews with Japanese and British managers working in Japanese firms in the UK, and with head office managers of these multinational companies (MNCs). It seems that Japanese car firms were primarily using expatriate managers to apply their domestically developed recipes to foreign subsidiaries, and then to transmit new information about plant operations to Japan to improve them. They were not, however, encouraging them to develop novel kinds of capabilities in diverse environments that could lead to the adaptation of the basic business recipe. In the case of Japanese banking, the central position of the City and Long-term Credit banks in the domestic business system, together with their largely domestic client-driven internationalization in the 1970s and 1980s, limited their adaptation to, and learning from, foreign operations. The changed conditions of the 1990s have mostly resulted in a retreat to traditional customers and sources of competitive advantage, i.e., their knowledge of, and centrality to, the domestic business system, and so foreign subsidiaries are greatly subordinated to domestic decisions and routines.
War, State, and Society in England and the Netherlands 1477-1559
Authors: Gunn Steven , Grummitt David , Cools Hans
Published: January 2008

Historians have long debated the effects of war on state formation in early modern Europe. Did military competition increase rulers' power over their subjects and forge more modern states, or did the strains of war break down political and administrative systems? This book seeks a rounded answer to these questions by comparing England and the Netherlands in the age of warrior princes such as Henry VIII and Charles V. It examines the development of new military and fiscal institutions, but goes beyond them to ask how mobilization for war changed political relationships throughout society. Towns in England, such as Norwich, York, Exeter, and Rye, are compared with towns in the Netherlands, such as Antwerp, Leiden, 's-Hertogenbosch, and Valenciennes, to see how the magistrates' relations with central government and the urban populace were modified by war. Great noblemen from the Howard and Percy families are set alongside their equivalents from the houses of Croÿ and Egmond to examine the role of recruitment, army command, and heroic reputation in maintaining the power of the nobility. The wider interactions of subjects and rulers in wartime are reviewed to measure how effectively war extended princes' claims on their subjects' loyalty and service; their ambitions to control news and public opinion and to promote national identity; and their ability to manage the economy and harness religious change to dynastic purposes. The book presents picture of societies and polities tested and shaped by the pressures of ever more demanding warfare.
Polities at War
Authors: Gunn Steven , Grummitt David , Cools Hans
Published: January 2008

This chapter introduces the debate on war and state formation in early modern Europe, and describes the societies and governments of Tudor England and the Habsburg Netherlands. It analyses the legacies of the Hundred Years War and the Wars of the Roses for England, and the formation of the Burgundian state for the Netherlands. It briefly narrates the reigns, wars, and peace treaties of the period 1477-1559. In these, England and the Netherlands both repeatedly fought France, but other polities such as Scotland, Guelders, and the German Protestant principalities, and other peoples such as the Gaelic Irish and the Frisians were drawn into a web of dynastic warfare, civil wars, and rebellions.
The Military Resources of the Nobility
Authors: Gunn Steven , Grummitt David , Cools Hans
Published: January 2008

This chapter examines the resources deployed by the nobility in their participation in warfare. In England, their recruitment of troops became less important over time as retinues raised from their estate tenants and household servants were superseded by drafts from the county militias. In the Netherlands, great nobles led bandes d'ordonnance, permanently waged by the prince but staffed by the captain's clients and other contingents animated by their local influence. Generals there also cultivated entrepreneurs able to raise mercenaries beyond the borders of the Netherlands. Noblemen's private arsenals were better stocked with artillery in the Netherlands than in England, and their private fortifications better maintained and modernized. The English, however, were more likely to own ships that could be turned to war or privateering.
War, Nobles, and the State
Authors: Gunn Steven , Grummitt David , Cools Hans
Published: January 2008

This chapter concludes the discussion of the nobility by drawing out the similarities and differences between the role of noblemen in war and the effects of war on noble power in England and the Netherlands. War was not the sole key to noble power, but it remained very important through the resources, skills, and social power noblemen deployed in sustaining their princes' wars; through the offices, influence, and rewards they gained in war; through the relationships with others forged in war; and through the honourable reputations they won or lost. In some respects, the independent military power of the nobility in both polities declined over the period. But in helping to develop new forms of state power, the nobility built its own influence into them at many points.
Information and Response
Authors: Gunn Steven , Grummitt David , Cools Hans
Published: January 2008

This chapter examines the dissemination and reception of news about war. Tudors and Habsburgs alike sent out news of their campaigns by letter, but the market for pamphlets and printed news developed much faster in the Netherlands with its extensive printing industry. Such material interacted with civic entries, proclamations, and rumours to shape popular views of war. When these criticized rulers, their disseminators might be punished for sedition, but in the cosmopolitan Netherlands it was harder than in England to exclude hostile material from public discussion. Christian humanist pacifism was outweighed by the church's role in coordinating support for war and a nascent English Protestant nationalism. Englishmen and Netherlanders alike were ordered to celebrate their rulers' successes, but the English response concentrated on military victories and dynastic events, while Netherlanders put their efforts into celebrating peace.
Introduction
Authors: Ray Debraj
Published: January 2008

This introductory chapter describes the problem studied in the remainder of the book: what happens when a group of agents get together to write one or more agreements. If a subgroup forms a coalition, they act cooperatively by choosing and implementing a joint course of action. However, the actions of different coalitions are chosen independently and non-cooperatively. This book is interested in the equilibrium of coalition formation. Which coalitions will come about? Is there a presumption that such coalition formation will be efficient? If so, under what circumstances will they be efficient? If not, can one place bounds on the extent of inefficiency that may occur?
Irreversible Agreements
Authors: Ray Debraj
Published: January 2008

This chapter introduces a model of coalition formation with two important features. First, all negotiations are expressed formally as part of a non-cooperative bargaining game. Second, we suppose that all agreements to form a coalition are ‘fully’ binding, in the sense that they are irreversible. A coalition once formed cannot disintegrate or be subsequently absorbed into a larger group. Particular choices are therefore made from the options presented in Chapter 2. Other analytical combinations will be examined in later chapters.
Applications
Authors: Ray Debraj
Published: January 2008

This chapter studies two applications of the theory developed so far. First, coalition formation in a Cournot oligopoly is examined. The second application studies coalition formation in a pollution control problem. In both these applications, equilibrium agreements and coalition structures are characterized by applying the algorithm developed in Chapter 5. While there are some differences between the two applications, they share the following common features: (a) inefficient outcomes are endemic despite the ability to write any binding agreement; (b) inefficient outcomes in symmetric games typically involve asymmetric coalition structures; but (c) the degree of inefficiency cannot be ‘too high’, in a sense made precise in the chapter.
Reversible Agreements Without Externalities
Authors: Ray Debraj
Published: January 2008

This chapter analyzes reversible commitments in two steps. First, it studies reversible commitments in situations without externalities across coalitions. It shows that any equilibrium of this game satisfying some mild restrictions must lead, ultimately, to absorption into an unchanging, efficient payoff outcomes. Such a finding is in sharp contrast to games with irreversible commitments, in which inefficiency can be endemic even in situations without externalities. The assumption that negotiations are, in principle, ever-ongoing is central for this result.
Reversible Agreements With Externalities
Authors: Ray Debraj
Published: January 2008

This chapter takes the second step in the study of reversible commitments by extending the framework given in Chapter 9 to cover situations with externalities across coalitions. Matters are quite different now; the ubiquitous absorption results reported for characteristic functions break down in this setting. Equilibrium payoffs may cycle, and even if they don't, inefficient outcomes may arise and persist. Indeed, the ability to make sidepayments — presumably to eliminate such inefficiencies — may actually worsen the situation. In particular, the variant of this book's model with upfront transfers can heighten the prevalence of inefficiency.
Irreversible Commitments
Authors: Ray Debraj
Published: January 2008

This chapter develops a theory of coalition formation under the blocking approach when all agreements are irreversible. The concept of equilibrium binding agreements is introduced: these are agreements that cannot be blocked by other equilibrium binding agreements. The obvious circularity of this description is cut through by presuming that only subgroups of existing coalitions can deviate, thus permitting a recursive construction. It is shown that such equilibrium outcomes are often inefficient. This observation reinforces similar findings for the bargaining model studied earlier. The chapter also studies an application of the solution concept to political party formation. The last part of the chapter relaxes the restriction that only subcoalitions of existing coalitions can block proposed agreements.
1 Calvin, Participation, and the Problem of the Gift in Contemporary Thought
Authors: Todd Billings J.
Published: January 2008

This chapter begins with a detailed account of the critiques of Calvin emerging from the Gift discussion. It then states the book's central thesis in response to these critiques, and briefly considers key issues in Calvin studies related to this thesis. It argues that Calvin's doctrine of justification, and hence part of his theology of participation in Christ, is unmistakably ‘forensic’; a righteousness from outside ourselves (extra nos) is received both in being united with Christ and simultaneously through God's free and gracious pardon. It further argues that one cannot simply label Calvin's doctrine of the double grace (duplex gratia) wholly forensic or simply reducible to a non-forensic account of ‘union with Christ’. His view is irreducibly forensic, but a courtroom analogy of an external, forensic decree is not the exclusive image for his theology of union with Christ and the double grace. Rather, Calvin's theology of union with Christ is articulated with reference to participation, adoption, imputation, and the wondrous exchange. It is a multifaceted doctrine, utilizing both legal and transformative images.
3 The Development of Calvin's Language of ‘Participation in Christ’
Authors: Todd Billings J.
Published: January 2008

This chapter shows how attention to the development of Calvin's ‘programme’, as carried out in the Institutes and the biblical commentaries, can illuminate the theme of participation in Christ in Calvin's theology. In spite of recent attention in Calvin studies to the development of his thought, there is no current account of how the nexus of themes related to participation fits into Calvin's overall theological development. It is shown in this chapter that the theme of participation receives a great deal of expansion and intensification through the course of Calvin's work.
4 Participation in Christ: The Activity of Believers in Prayer and the Sacraments
Authors: Todd Billings J.
Published: January 2008

This chapter argues that the place of the human is illuminated in Calvin's theology of participation via a Trinitarian account of the duplex gratia used as the framework for participation. For Calvin, participation in Christ must emphasizes the legal and the transformative language in the ‘double grace’ of justification and sanctification. In prayer, believers act in ascetic struggle to pray rightly, yet the foundation for their active struggle is a recognition of God's free pardon. Likewise, in the sacraments of baptism and the Lord's Supper, believers act in response to God's justifying act in a way that incorporates them into a Trinitarian soteriology: the Father is revealed as gracious and generous through his free pardon of believers in their union with Christ; this union also involves the activation of believers by the Spirit — toward a life of piety and love, requiring ascetic effort and activity.
5 Participation and the Law: God's Accommodation to Humanity so that Humanity may be Accommodated to God
Authors: Todd Billings J.
Published: January 2008

This chapter shows the way in which Calvin has a complex, multifaceted theology of the law with strong connections to his notion of ‘participation in Christ’. The law is God's accommodation to humanity intended to unite humans to God. Its ‘principle end’ lies in inviting humans to God so that they can experience ‘true happiness’, in ‘being united to God’. Before the Fall, the law was the primal mode by which humans could participate in God. After the Fall, the law leads humans to repentance and curbs the social wickedness of humanity. However, through participating in Christ — the fulfilment of the law — believers can have a taste of the delight and intimacy with God that was lost in the Fall.
6 The Promise of Calvin's Theology of Participation
Authors: Todd Billings J.
Published: January 2008

This chapter briefly assesses the significance of the preceding chapters for the ongoing Gift discussion, as well as evaluates the criticisms and promise of Calvin's theology of participation in Christ. It argues that Calvin's theology of participation in Christ emerges from an exegesis of scripture that gives an important place to the images of participation, adoption, and engrafting. Calvin weaves these images together with a Pauline logic developed from his reading of Romans, and extends his use of these images of participation through his exegesis of other scriptural books and his reading of the church fathers. His theology of participation is also distinctive in relation to contemporary discussion because it brings together what are usually held apart: organic images of transformation into Christlikeness by the indwelling of the Spirit with forensic images of God's free pardon; a strong account of humanity's sin with a soteriology based on the restoration of a primal uniting communion with God.
Marginalization
Authors: Kallendorf Craig
Published: January 2008

This chapter focuses on Francesco Filelfo, a humanist scholar who was well known in the 15th century and whose mastery of Latin scholarship should have positioned him at the centre of power and privilege. He chose to advertise his skill by imitating the Aeneid, but the Aeneid he saw was not the straightforward one that was being presented by the first generations of humanist schoolmasters.
3 Revolution
Authors: Kallendorf Craig
Published: January 2008

This chapter considers three key assaults on the Ancien Régime: those of Oliver Cromwell in the 17th century; the American colonies at the end of the 18th; and the French citizenry, from the assault on the Bastille to the rise of Napoleon. In each case, an imitation of the Aeneid develops into an effort to come to terms with rapid political and social change. In the case of Paradise Lost, John Milton produced a poem that reveals all the complexities of the Restoration and his efforts to find a place within it, while in the case of the Columbiad, the production and revision of the poem show how Joel Barlow succeeded in creating an epic that articulates the values of a new revolutionary society. The third poem, the little-known Virgile en France of Victor Alexandre Chrétien Le Plat du Temple, makes the Aeneid, traditionally seen as a pro-imperial poem, into an allegory of the establishment of the French republic.
Conclusion
Authors: Kallendorf Craig
Published: January 2008

This concluding chapter presents some final thoughts on the reading and translation of the Aeneid. It argues that we need to become more sophisticated in the way we analyse the relationship between two works of literature. It suggests that considerably more work needs to be done on the relationship between what is done in the schools and what is produced as ‘high culture’ by the graduates of those schools. The model provided by the Aeneid and its early modern progeny suggests that adopting a work of literature as a school text can become a proverbial two-edged sword. On the one hand, the fact that every educated person knew the Aeneid for hundreds of years provided opportunities that were fully exploited by writers like Le Plat, who parodied Virgil with the confidence that their work would be understood and appreciated in ways that are simply not possible today. On the other hand, the Aeneid was such a ubiquitous part of early modern culture that, as late as the 1970s, readers of Shakespeare's The Tempest simply failed to see it as the central subtext that it is now widely recognized to be.
SUPERFLUIDITY AND CHARGE CARRIERS
Authors: Borghesani A.F.
Published: January 2008

This chapter briefly summarizes the main features of superfluid helium. The Landau velocity criterion for the onset of superfluidity is discussed, and the spectrum of the elementary excitations is shown. A brief introductory description of the structure of electrons and positive He2  + ions in the liquid explains why they are chosen by researchers as probes to test the microscopic properties of superfluidity, and to study quantum hydrodynamics.
THE STRUCTURE OF IONS
Authors: Borghesani A.F.
Published: January 2008

The interaction of electrons and positive ions with liquid helium is very strong and locally modifies the environment. Positive ions polarize the surrounding fluid. Electrostriction produces such a large pressure increase near the ion that the melting transition appears at a distance of a few Ångstroms from the ion. The ion is surrounded by a solvation shell of solid helium-ice called a snowball. On the other hand, electrons interact with the electronic clouds of the atoms of the liquid via short-range exchange repulsion forces. As a consequence, electrons are encompassed by an empty cavity of approximately 20 Ångstroms in diameter. This chapter describes how thermodynamics and quantum mechanics allows the researchers to calculate the charge structures.
IONS AND ELEMENTARY EXCITATIONS
Authors: Borghesani A.F.
Published: January 2008

This chapter introduces the concept of drift mobility and its relationship with the elementary excitations of the superfluid.
OTHER RELEVANT EXPERIMENTS WITH NEGATIVE IONS
Authors: Borghesani A.F.
Published: January 2008

Negative ions in liquid helium are electron bubbles. The electron inside the empty cavity is a physical realization of the particle-in-the-box problem described in textbooks on basic quantum mechanics. Spectroscopic experiments described in this chapter have directly measured the quantized level of the electron localized in the bubble. Another interesting physical problem is what happens when the electron bubble approaches the liquid-vapor interface. It is known that electrons are released from the bubble into the vapor. Experiments and theory are aimed at understanding if the electron directly tunnels into the vapor or if it diffuses over the barrier. Recent theoretical works favor the model of direct tunneling, provided that the distribution function of the bubbles is not of the Boltzmann type.
ION TRANSPORT AT PHASE TRANSITIONS
Authors: Borghesani A.F.
Published: January 2008

At T=2.17 K and P=0, liquid helium undergoes the superfluid transition. Dose this transition belong to the same universality class of the usual liquid-vapor transition? This question has been addressed in experiments in which the ion mobility has been studied. It appears that the mobility is not singular at the transition though its slope appears to be infinite. The explanation for this result is given by solving the Navier-Stokes equations for a granular fluid composed by interwoven islands of normal fluid and superfluid. Investigations of the ion mobility at the melting transition have put into evidence the existence of an electrostriction-induced, superfluid transition in the liquid surrounding the positive ions.
ION TRANSPORT IN SUPERFLUID 3HE
Authors: Borghesani A.F.
Published: January 2008

For T < 2.73 mK, liquid 3He becomes superfluid because of the formation of atomic Cooper pairs. The Pauli exclusion principle keeps atoms at a distance from each other so that the pair has non negligible angular momentum. The pairing is anisotropic, giving origin to a very rich phase diagram of the superfluid. The pairing anisotropy affects the ion mobility, which also turns out to be anisotropic. The richness of the superfluid phase diagram is reflected in the ion transport properties. The presence of anisotropy and textures makes theory extremely complicated. Magnetic fields modify both phase diagram and ion mobility. Vortices are also present in the superfluid in a much greater variety of types than in 4He. This fact has made experiments very difficult, and, in fact, their number is small.
Social Democracy Inside Out
Authors: Rueda David
Published: January 2008

The analysis in this book disputes entrenched interpretations of the comparative political economy of industrialized democracies. It questions, in particular, the widely-held assumption that social democratic governments will defend the interests of labour. The evidence shows that labour has become split into two clearly differentiated constituencies: those with secure employment (insiders) and those without (outsiders). The book focuses on three policy areas: employment protection (representing the main concern of insiders), and active and passive labour market policies (the main concern of outsiders). The main thrust of the argument is that the goals of social democratic parties are often best served by pursuing policies that benefit only insiders. The implication of the book's insider-outsider model is that social democratic government is associated with higher levels of employment protection legislation but not with labour market policy. The book also argues that there are factors that can reduce insider-outsider differences and weaken their influence on social democratic governments. These hypotheses are explored through the triangulation of different methodologies. The book provides an analysis of surveys and macrodata and a detailed comparison of three case-studies: Spain, the UK, and the Netherlands.
6 Unemployment Vulnerability and Active Labor Market Policies
Authors: Rueda David
Published: January 2008

This chapter analyses how the interaction between government partisanship and unemployment vulnerability affect the politics of active labour market policies (ALMPs) in Spain, the Netherlands, and the UK. The analysis of the Spanish case shows that government partisanship does not affect ALMPs. Social democratic governments in Spain have not promoted higher levels of ALMPs compared with conservative ones. Developments in the Netherlands are remarkably similar to those in Spain. The analysis of the UK case shows a clear temporal division. During the 1970s and 1980s, government partisanship did not affect a general disinterest in ALMPs. Employers did not want them, unions had incentives not to pay too much attention to them, and Conservative and Labour governments had no reason to favour them. High levels of insider protection made the Labour Party indifferent to ALMPs until the arrival of Margaret Thatcher. The decrease in insider protection promoted by the conservative governments of Thatcher and Major facilitated a new interest in ALMPs by insiders and the emergence of Blair's Third Way (defined as a Labour strategy with employment promotion as a preeminent goal).
7 Partisanship, Institutions, and Social Policy
Authors: Rueda David
Published: January 2008

This chapter examines how the interaction between government partisanship and corporatism affects social policy in Spain, the Netherlands, and the UK. It is shown that in a noncorporatist country such as Spain, the policies of the PSOE governments lacked a clear social dimension. ALMPs were considered secondary to other political objectives (such as inflation reduction or labour market flexibilization). In the Netherlands, corporatism promoted much higher levels of social policy, but, as in Spain, the influence of government partisanship was not obvious. The UK case shows that before the 1980s, both parties had engaged in expansive welfare measures. The electoral victory of Margaret Thatcher signaled the beginning of a period in which governments of both parties would limit social policy. It is shown that the Conservative governments of Thatcher and Major pursued policies directed to the retrenchment of the welfare state.
Farewell to Empiricism
Authors: Ho Dien
Published: January 2008

In Lecture 2 of The Empirical Stance, Bas van Fraassen argues that empiricism cannot be construed as a simple philosophical position; instead, he suggests that empiricism should be thought of as a stance. In the last section of the lecture, van Fraassen hints at the possibility that many other philosophical positions (e.g., materialism) are in fact stances if these positions are to survive as coherent views. This chapter points out some unsettling ramifications of van Fraassen's general thesis. The first section reconstructs van Fraassen's arguments against traditional empiricism. The second section offers an extension of his critique of empiricism to philosophy at large. The final section examines the consequences of van Fraassen's generalized thesis and how philosophy will survive in light of it.
Legitimacy in International Society
Authors: Clark Ian
Published: January 2008

The word ‘legitimacy’ is seldom far from the lips of practitioners of international affairs. The legitimacy of recent events — such as the wars in Kosovo and Iraq, the post-September 11 war on terror, and instances of humanitarian intervention — have been endlessly debated around the globe. And yet the academic discipline of IR has largely neglected this concept. This book asks that legitimacy be taken seriously, both as a facet of international behaviour with practical consequences, and as a theoretical concept necessary for understanding that behaviour. It offers an historical and theoretical account of international legitimacy. It argues that the development of principles of legitimacy lie at the heart of what is meant by an international society, and in so doing fills a notable void in English school accounts of the subject. The book's conclusion, in the end, is that legitimacy matters, but in a complex way. Legitimacy is not to be discovered simply by straightforward application of other norms, such as legality and morality. Instead, legitimacy is an inherently political condition. What determines its attainability or not is as much the general political condition of international society at any one moment, as the conformity of its specific actions to set normative principles.
International Legitimacy
Authors: Clark Ian
Published: January 2008

This chapter outlines the approach to legitimacy deployed throughout the subsequent historical and theoretical investigations. At its core lies the need to vindicate its concentration upon the study of legitimacy in international society. Topics discussed include legitimacy as international history, legitimacy and state conduct, legitimacy and stability, legitimacy in international society, and legitimacy as practice.
3 Westphalia: The Origins of International Legitimacy?
Authors: Clark Ian
Published: January 2008

In 1648, a peace settlement was struck at Westphalia that combined the Münster Treaties (the Empire and France) and Osnabrück (the Empire and Sweden). This settlement has long enjoyed iconic status in the study of international relations. This chapter examines the notion of society as constituted by mutual recognition, and on a procedural principle of international consensus. Many of the terms of the treaties touched upon these issues of rightful membership and rightful conduct. More fundamentally, what was at stake in Westphalia was the capacity of an international forum, acting for an embryonic international society, to stake out a position on these matters at all. Evidence in support of such an interpretation is investigated.
The Versailles Settlement: The Making of an Illegitimate Order?
Authors: Clark Ian
Published: January 2008

This chapter discusses the Versailles Settlement after World War I. The Versailles is tainted with inaugurating order considered to be illegitimate. It stressed the conditions of rightful membership of international society, but in such a way that this domestic test undermined its simultaneous attempt to integrate the vanquished states into the new system. As far as its treatment of the international dimensions of legitimacy was concerned, Versailles faced problems in finding any effective consensus, around its treatment of Germany specifically, and in the procedural aspects of the treaty negotiations more generally. These features compounded the underlying problems that already awaited the peacemakers. The war had been of such magnitude — affecting so many lives directly, creating both domestic and international divisions, and engendering insatiable expectations of the peace — that the peacemakers were all but impotent to deal sensibly with its consequences. This was not a settlement in which the peacemakers carelessly let the opportunity for consensus–building slip through their fingers: the basic problem of Versailles was that no such consensus could possibly be found.
Foreword: Toward an Era of Longevity and Wealth
Authors: Fogel Robert W.
Published: January 2008

This foreword provides an overview of demographic development during the past three centuries, as life expectancy and per-capita growth of GDP have increased dramatically. Due to the intense interplay between physiological improvement and technological advances, humans have increased their body size by more than 50% in the past two centuries, and the betterment of general sanitation, reduction of air pollution in the cities, and higher food intake have improved life expectancy. It is argued that demographers have consistently underestimated the impact of such improvements and, consequently, have underestimated gains in life expectancy. With more workers living longer and healthier lives, men in Western countries have four times more leisure than they did a century ago, and this trend will continue. This achievement has devastating financial implications for already overburdened social security systems and calls for a careful re-examination of social security to ensure future sustainability.
Chapter 2 The Chilean Pension Reform Turns 25: Lessons from the Social Protection Survey
Authors: de Mesa Alberto Arenas , Bravo David , Behrman Jere R. , Mitchell Olivia S. , Todd Petra E. , Otero Andres , Skog Jeremy , Vasquez Javiera , Velez-Grajales Viviana
Published: January 2008

This chapter introduces the Encuesta de Previsión Social (EPS, or Social Protection Survey), a recently developed longitudinal survey of individual respondents that provides invaluable new information for microeconomic analyses of key aspects of the Chilean pension system, and illustrates some of the analyses possible with these data. Initiated in 2002, the EPS fielded a follow-up round in 2004; additional survey waves were scheduled for 2006 and every two years thereafter (funding permitting). In addition, the research team has worked to link respondent records to a wide range of historical administrative files on contribution patterns, benefit payments, and other program features. Among the findings is that participation rates are much higher with automatic enrolment in retirement plans than with opt-in enrolment. Many individuals view the employer default savings option as an implicit endorsement of both the contribution rate and the distribution of funds. Default choices are not neutral; they play a role in every stage of the lifetime savings cycle, including savings plan participation, contributions, asset allocation, rollovers, and decumulation.
Chapter 4 The Gender Impact of Social Security Reform in Latin America
Authors: James Estelle , Edwards Alejandra Cox , Wong Rebeca
Published: January 2008

Over the past two decades many countries have adopted multipillar pension systems that include both a public DB and a private DC pillar. Critics of these pension reforms argue that the tight link between payroll contributions and benefits in the DC pillar produce lower pensions for women. In contrast, supporters of these reforms argue that multipillar systems remove distortions that favour men and permit a more targeted public pillar that help women. This chapter examines the differential impact on genders of the new and old systems in Chile, Argentina, and Mexico. In all three cases, the new social security system includes two mandatory components: privately managed funded individual accounts (DC) and a publicly managed and financed safety net. Women accumulate retirement funds and private annuities from the DC pillar of the multipillar systems that are only 30-40% of those of men. This effect can be mitigated by introducing two critical elements into the new systems: (a) targeting the new public pillars toward low earners, because the majority of low earners are women, and (b) restricting payout provisions such as joint annuity requirements. With these modifications, total lifetime retirement benefits for women would reach 60-80% of those for men. For ‘full-career’ married women, they would equal or exceed benefits of men.
Chapter 6 Reflections on Pension Reform in the Americas: From ‘Averting the Old-Age Crisis’ to ‘Keeping the Promise of Old-Age Security’ and Beyond
Authors: James Estelle , Packard Truman , Holzmann Robert
Published: January 2008

This chapter begins by presenting Estelle James' points of discussion if she were to cowrite a sequel to Averting the Old Age Crisis. Truman Packard then summarizes some of the issues raised in Keeping the Promise of Social Security in Latin America and highlights the most important points for pension policymakers. In particular, this chapter addresses the issues of low coverage and the expected outcome of pension reforms. The World Bank's framework for pension systems and reform is discussed.
Chapter 7 Bounded Rationality in Latin-American Pension Reform
Authors: Weyland Kurt
Published: January 2008

This chapter analyzes the decision-making process surrounding pension reform in Latin America. It argues decision to emulate the Chilean model did not follow the procedures of full, ‘economic’ rationality. Rather they were shaped by shortcuts of bounded rationality. Instead of proactively scanning the international environment for the relevant information, experts and policymakers mostly reacted to information about Chilean-style privatization that happened to be available to them. Rather than conducting systematic, balanced, cost-benefit analyses of this innovation, many of them were overly impressed by the initial success of Chile's private pension funds and used associative reasoning in depicting social security privatization as the main cause for the dramatic increase in domestic savings and productive investment and the resulting growth boom experienced by Chile. Furthermore, instead of thoroughly adapting the Chilean import to their own country's requirements, decision-makers in a number of countries stayed strikingly close to the original. Thus, these pension reformers did not apply the principles of comprehensive rationality, but displayed the three principal shortcuts documented by cognitive psychologists in innumerable experiments and field studies: the heuristics of availability, representativeness, and anchoring.