bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Structure and Magnetic Properties of Copper(II) Complexes of Diphenyl‐(1‐propylbenzimidazol‐2‐yl)methanol
Authors: Burlov Anatolii S. , Koshchienko Yurii V. , Vlasenko Valery G. , Bogomyakov Artem S. , Kolodina Alexandra A. , Zubavichus Yan V. , Lazarenko Vladimir A. , Khrustalev Victor N.
Published: August 2019

Two types of binuclear copper complexes [LCuN3]2 and [LCuNO3]2.of bidentate ligand ‐ diphenyl‐(1‐propylbenzimidazol‐2‐yl)methanol (HL) in the 4:1 ratio were synthesized. The crystal structure of copper complexes shows a centrosymmetric dimeric binuclear complex with two Cu2+ cations bridged by two oxygen atoms from two organic ligands. In the complexes, a very strong antiferromagnetic exchange interaction between copper atoms is observed.
Copper‐Phosphine Supported Fe3O4@SiO2 as a Novel Reusable Nanocatalyst‐Catalyzed Tandem Reaction of Indole and Alcohols to Bis(indolyl)methanes under Blue LED Light
Authors: Mohammadi Hadi , Shaterian Hamid Reza
Published: August 2019

Nano Fe3O4@SiO2@TPP−Cu as a novel heterogeneous nanocatalyst was prepared and authenticated by usual analytical and spectroscopic techniques. The prepared Fe3O4@SiO2@TPP−Cu was applied to preparation of bis(indolyl)methane derivatives via a three‐component reaction of aromatic alcohols with indoles under blue led lights. The advantages of this method are the selective oxidation of alcohols under mild conditions. In addition, the recycling studies revealed that catalyst could be easily recovered using an external magnet and reused for five times without significant loss of its catalytic activity.
Calcium‐Induced Photoluminescence Quenching of Graphene Quantum Dots in Hard Water: A Quick Turn‐Off Sensing Approach
Authors: Mishra Praveen , Bhat Badekai Ramachandra
Published: August 2019

The photoluminescence of graphene quantum dots (GQD) is widely explored for sensory applications. Among various metal ions to be detected in aqueous bodies, Ca2+ ions are often neglected which is evident from the lack of literature. However, owing to booming industrialization, the available potable water is mostly crossing the prescribed hardness limits. Presented report summarize the synthesis of GQD via modified hydrothermal cutting of graphene oxide, which was further employed for sensing Ca2+ ions in hard water samples. The as synthesized GQD exhibited its characteristic blue photoluminescence on excitation with longwave UV (λ ≈ 365 nm) which was suppressed on the introduction of Ca2+ ions. The GQD as photoluminescent probe determined the concentration of Ca2+ ion in water with an accuracy of 96.74% ± 3.26%. The LOD of the reported method was found to be 5 μM and it was sensitive towards Ca2+ ions in the presence of interfering ions such as Al3+, Mg2+, and K+ which are commonly found in hard water samples. Therefore, the determination of hardness of water w.r.t Ca2+ using GQD based PL turn off sensing is a quick, viable and economical method.
Bemessung von Befestigungen mit elastischen Ankerplatten unter Zug‐ und Biegebeanspruchung
Authors: Li Longfei
Published: August 2019

Die Bemessung von Befestigungen mit Ankerplatten unter Zug‐ und Biegebeanspruchung nach FprEN 1992‐4 (EC2, Teil 4) [1] setzt voraus, dass die Ankerzugkräfte von der Ankerplatte auf Beton eben verteilt werden. Um diese Voraussetzung zu erfüllen, müssen die Ankerplatten ausreichend steif bzw. biegestarr sein. Die Bedingung für eine biegestarre Ankerplatte ist seit Jahrzehnten ohne zufriedenstellende Lösung untersucht und diskutiert worden. Die neuesten Untersuchungen zeigen, dass die erforderliche Dicke für die biegestarre Ankerplatte in vielen Anwendungsfällen so groß sein kann, dass sie für die Praxis kaum mehr Bedeutung hat. Dies bestätigt die Aussagen von Schneider von 1999 und 2014 [2, 3], dass die Annahme der biegestarren Ankerplatten für die Berechnung der Ankerzugkräfte bei normalen Plattendicken unbrauchbar zu sein scheint. Das heißt, es ist unverzichtbar, dass die elastischen Ankerplatten mit normalen Dicken in der Praxis verwendet werden und die Ankerplatten‐Biegeverformungen in der Bemessung berücksichtigt werden müssen.

Im vorliegenden Aufsatz werden die Vorschriften nach FprEN 1992‐4 [1] zur Ankerzugkraftermittlung analysiert. Die Besonderheiten für die Bemessung von Befestigungen mit elastischen Ankerplatten werden durch Rechenbeispiele mit einer herstellerunabhängigen Bemessungssoftware für Kopfbolzen und Dübel [4] erläutert und diskutiert.
Die eisernen Dächer und Decken der Eremitage in St. Petersburg
Authors: Lorenz Werner
Published: August 2019

Ab 1838 innerhalb gut eines Jahrzehnts errichtet, müssen die eisernen Dach‐ und Deckentragwerke der Eremitage‐Bauten in St. Petersburg heute aufgrund ihrer Ausdehnung, ihres Variantenreichtums und der noch in großen Bereichen originalen Substanz als einzigartiges Zeugnis aus den Anfängen des Stahlbaus gelten. Sie geben Einblick in die Konstruktionspraktiken einer offenen, noch regellosen Zeit, in der man in Europa erst begann, die Möglichkeiten des Bauens mit Schmiedeeisen und Stahl systematisch zu erkunden. Im Rahmen eines von der DFG geförderten Verbundprojekts wurden sie erstmals archivarisch und in situ detailliert untersucht. Am Beispiel des Winterpalastes stellt der Beitrag nach einer kurzen Typologie der Haupttragwerke zunächst die Organisation dieser Großbaustelle vor, auf der für die Lieferung der Eisenkonstruktionen ein umfassendes Qualitätskontrollsystem entwickelt wurde. Die Untersuchung der Konstruktionsprozesse zeigt auf, dass in Entwurf, Bemessung und Legitimation der neuartigen Tragwerke Erfahrung und „stilles Wissen” ebenso einflossen wie versuchsgestützte Tragsicherheitsnachweise und erste statische Berechnungen und nicht zuletzt baubegleitende Updates aus Versagensfällen und Einstürzen.
Die Stahlbauten der Moderne und das Wüstenrot‐Hochhaus in Ludwigsburg
Authors: Böttner Cornelia , Hauke Bernhard
Published: August 2019

Im Zuge der Bauhausbewegung und des Advents der Moderne entwickelt sich mit den neuen industriellen und technischen Möglichkeiten eine eigene Ästhetik. Der Stahl bleibt mit seiner Tragstruktur unsichtbar, doch wird er zum versteckten Helfer moderner Raumideen und einer Industrialisierung des Bauens. Die Weissenhofsiedlung in Stuttgart zeigt dies exemplarisch. Weiters wird mit Entwurf und Tragwerksplanung des Wüstenrot‐Hochhauses in Ludwigsburg (1953) von Richard Döcker und Walter Wrycza ein Stahlskeletthochhaus in ebendieser Tradition vorgestellt.
Childhood‐Grounded Explanations for Personal Troubles: Social Problems Work in Radio Counseling
Authors: Thell Nataliya
Published: August 2019

This paper examines how images of unfortunate childhoods are invoked to make sense of psychological problems in adulthood. I use conversation analysis and membership categorization analysis to study a Swedish radio program in which a psychotherapist talks to people about their personal troubles. The findings suggest that, on one hand, the image of an unfortunate childhood was used as an explanatory framework for individuals' problematic experiences. On the other hand, the childhood‐grounded reasoning, applied to individual cases, illustrated the explanatory framework and reaffirmed it as a commonsense way of reasoning about personal troubles.
2018 Kīlauea eruption
Authors: Mila Zinkova
Published: August 2019

This article describes some of the meteorological aspects associated with the 2018 Kīlauea eruption on the Big Island of Hawaii, including a unique lava‐fuelled thunderstorm. The article analyses the mechanisms behind the formation of eruption‐related weather‐making pyrocumulus clouds. This paper also discusses some of the eruption‐related hazards and their effects on the residents.
Intergroup Dialogue Facilitators as Agents for Change
Authors: Ford Kristie A. , Lipkin Heather J.
Published: August 2019

This chapter summarizes findings from a qualitative study that explores how former inter/intragroup dialogue (IGD) facilitators are engaging in social justice work post‐college. It also considers the challenges and opportunities associated with social justice leadership in our global society.
Toy models of holographic duality between local Hamiltonians
Authors: Kohler Tamara , Cubitt Toby
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Holographic quantum error correcting codes (HQECC) have been proposed as toy models for the AdS/CFT correspondence, and exhibit many of the features of the duality. HQECC give a mapping of states and observables. However, they do not map local bulk Hamiltonians to local Hamiltonians on the boundary. In this work, we combine HQECC with Hamiltonian simulation theory to construct a bulk-boundary mapping between local Hamiltonians, whilst retaining all the features of the HQECC duality. This allows us to construct a duality between models, encompassing the relationship between bulk and boundary energy scales and time dynamics.

It also allows us to construct a map in the reverse direction: from local boundary Hamiltonians to the corresponding local Hamiltonian in the bulk. Under this boundary-to-bulk mapping, the bulk geometry emerges as an approximate, low-energy, effective theory living in the code-space of an (approximate) HQECC on the boundary. At higher energy scales, this emergent bulk geometry is modified in a way that matches the toy models of black holes proposed previously for HQECC. Moreover, the duality on the level of dynamics shows how these toy-model black holes can form dynamically.
Thermodynamics and many body chaos for generalized large q SYK models
Authors: Jiang Jiaqi , Yang Zhenbin
Published: August 2019

Abstract

This paper considers a type of generalized large q SYK models which include multi-body interactions between Majorana fermions. We derive an effective action in the limit of large N and large q (with

$$ \frac{q^2}{N} $$

q
2

N

small), and find a universal expression for thermody-namical quantities. We also consider the chaos exponent using the retarded kernel method and find an efficient way to calculate the Lyapunov exponent for generalized large q SYK models numerically.
Weak gravity conjecture, black hole entropy, and modular invariance
Authors: Aalsma Lars , Cole Alex , Shiu Gary
Published: August 2019

Abstract

In recent literature, it has been argued that a mild form of the Weak Gravity Conjecture (WGC) is satisfied by wide classes of effective field theories in which higher-derivative corrections can be shown to shift the charge-to-mass ratios of extremal black holes to larger values. However, this mild form does not directly constrain low-energy physics because the black holes satisfying the WGC have masses above the cutoff of the effective theory. In this note, we point out that in string theory modular invariance can connect a light superextremal state to heavy superextremal states; the latter collapse into black holes at small string coupling. In the context of heterotic string theory, we show that these states are black holes that have α′-exact charge-to-mass ratios exceeding the classical extremality bound. This suggests that modular invariance of the string partition function can be used to relate the existence of a light superextremal particle to the positive shift in charge-to-mass ratio of extremal black holes.
Dating Crow Rock Art through Multivariate Statistical Comparison with Biographic Artworks
Authors: Lycett Stephen J. , Keyser James D.
Published: August 2019

Historic period Plains biographic art provides narratives of the deeds and actions of Indigenous peoples of the region. The Crow (Apsáalooke) are one such people with a rich record of biographic drawings in rock art and portable works. However, chronological and stylistic links between these two media have long been thought out of reach, even though such links are essential if the abundant Historic period rock art is to be fully incorporated into discussions of Apsáalooke history and their connection better ascertained to documented historical and ethnohistorical events and trends. Indeed, the lack of such a framework locks away a vast wealth of history in these hundreds of rock art pictures. In this article we present a statistical framework for comparing better-dated Crow portable artworks with their rock art equivalents. We are able to place rock art imagery from five sites into a relatively fine-grained chronological order, which permits a better understanding of changing patterns in Crow stylistic imagery. This permits a direct association with changing historical circumstances and facilitates a better understanding of the link between social history and the changing patterns seen in these artworks. Moreover, in one case, our analysis provides archaeological confirmation of Crow ethnohistory.
Exploring prescriber perspectives toward nurses’ active involvement in antimicrobial stewardship: A qualitative study
Authors: Greendyke William G. , Shelley Alexandra N. , Zachariah Philip , Yoko Furuya E. , Carter Eileen J.
Published: August 2019

Little is known about prescribers’ attitudes regarding clinical nurses and antimicrobial stewardship. We conducted focus groups of prescribers and inquired about attitudes regarding nurses and stewardship. During 6 focus groups, prescribers were receptive to nursing involvement in stewardship activities, but noted structural barriers and knowledge gaps that should be addressed.
Stepping back to look ahead: neuter encapsulation and referent extension in counter-argumentative and causal relations in Spanish
Authors: PARODI GIOVANNI , JULIO CRISTOBAL , NADAL LAURA , CRUZ ADRIANA , BURDILES GINA
Published: August 2019

abstract

In discourse comprehension, if all goes well, people tend to create a rich and coherent mental representation of the events described in the text. To do so, referential and relational coherence must be established in order to construct a connected discourse. The objective of this follow-up eye-tracking study (N = 72) is to explore the existence of an interaction effect between two factors: (a) the extension of the referent (short and long antecedent), and (b) the semantic relation (counter-argumentativea pesar de, and causalpor), when processing the neuter pronounelloin texts written in Spanish. No previous study has systematically compared the on-line processing of texts in which different extensions of the encapsulated anaphoric antecedent by the neuter pronounello(‘this’ or ‘it’ in English) are presented in diverse marked semantic relations (causal and counter-argumentative). Based on three eye-tracking measures, we found distinctive patterns of reading behavior when anaphoric neuter reference and semantic relations must be processed conjointly in order to construct a coherent mental representation. The main findings show that reading longer and more complex antecedents encapsulated by the neutral pronounselloexerts more cognitive effort in late processing (Look Back measure), particularly when simultaneously and in the same discourse construction there is an explicitly marked counter-argumentative semantic relation. Implications for theories of referential and relational coherence are discussed.
Antagonistic martyrdom: memory of the 1973 Rogo di Primavalle
Authors: King Amy
Published: August 2019

Memory of the period of political violence known as the anni di piombo continues to form part of the neofascist-antifascist antagonism in contemporary Italy. One of the most notable tragedies from that time occurred in Rome on 16 April 1973, when Stefano and Virgilio Mattei (sons of a local leader of the Movimento Sociale Italiano, MSI) died in an arson attack on the family home. In the wake of the attack, a campaign of misinformation and a failed judicial process created an incorrect but dominant narrative that implicated the MSI in the fire that killed Stefano and Virgilio. This article examines the subsequent construction of a counter-memory by the MSI leadership, who immediately cast the attack as a party tragedy and the deaths as martyrdom. It also considers the subsequent antagonistic approach to remembering adopted by neofascist groups in commemoration of the Mattei brothers following the dissolution of the MSI in 1995, and the ongoing incorporation of the brothers’ memory into fascist martyrology dating back to Mussolini's regime.
X-ray diffraction has limited applicability in investigation of milk tampering
Authors: Battaglini Ana Paula Pavão , Urbano Alexandre , Beloti Vanerli , Rios Edson Antonio , Ramos Pereira Juliana , Fagnani Rafael
Published: August 2019

The aim of this work was to use X-ray diffraction to identify substances used for adulteration of raw milk and to determine if crystallographic analysis can detect extraneous substances in milk. Two unknown substances were sent anonymously by employers linked to the dairy chain, who claimed that they were added directly in milk prior to water addition by truck drivers. The samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and submitted to physicochemical analysis. The first substance was identified by X-ray diffraction as sodium citrate, complying with its physicochemical attributes, such as the powerful ability to decrease the freezing point. The second substance was identified by X-ray diffraction as sucrose and this result was also in agreement with its ability to increase the density, decrease the freezing point and finally, to be positive for sucrose in the resorcinol qualitative test. To evaluate if X-ray diffraction can detect extraneous substances already mixed in milk, fresh raw milk samples tampered with urea, sodium hydroxide, sodium citrate and sucrose were freeze dried and analyzed by X-ray diffraction, with no detection of any extraneous substances at any percentage. This is the first report of attempted diagnosis of extraneous substances in milk by X-ray diffraction. However, this technique can be useful only when applied to identify substances used for adulteration prior to its dilution in milk, since the amorphous nature of milk seems to be a limitation for the accurate detection of extraneous substances.
Relative Performance Evaluation in CEO Compensation: A Talent-Retention Explanation
Authors: De Angelis David , Grinstein Yaniv
Published: August 2019

Relative performance evaluation (RPE) in chief executive officer (CEO) compensation can be used as a commitment device to pay CEOs for their revealed relative talent. We find evidence consistent with the talent-retention hypothesis, using two different approaches. First, we examine the RPE terms in compensation contracts and document features that are consistent with retention motives. Second, using a novel empirical specification for detecting RPE, we find RPE is less prevalent when CEO talent is less transferrable: Among specialist CEOs, founder CEOs, and retirement-age CEOs, as well as in industries and states where the market for CEO talent is more restrictive.
The Wiz Redux; or, Why Queer Black Feminist Spectatorship and Politically Engaged Popular Entertainment Continue to Matter
Authors: Forsgren La Donna L.
Published: August 2019

I don't remember the very first time I watched The Wiz (1978). Growing up in a black household during the 1980s, the film was as much a part of my upbringing as the countless hours I spent removing my Jheri curl activator from the sofa, practicing the moonwalk, or listening to my mother and sister's annual Thanksgiving argument about how much salt should go into the collard greens. What I do remember is how much I enjoyed watching The Wiz. Each Thanksgiving Day my six sisters and I would gather around the television set and watch our heroine Dorothy (Diana Ross) travel from her aunt's Harlem apartment to the magical land of Oz. We celebrated the fact that Dorothy ultimately vanquishes her seemingly more powerful foe Evillene, the Wicked Witch of the West (Mabel King). As young black girls, we identified with Dorothy's plight. While we were not battling powerful witches, we were constantly resisting our mother's attempts to socialize us into “respectable” young women. As such, we were fascinated by Evillene, the most oppressive force within Dorothy's life. The gargantuan size of Evillene's body, the hideousness of her face, and the force of her supernatural powers both excited and repulsed us. We eagerly anticipated her first appearance in the film, bursting through the doors of her sweatshop belting, “Don't Nobody Bring Me No Bad News.” We reveled in drawing comparisons between Evillene and our mother, hoping that one day we too could defeat her.
Is food insecurity related to health-care use, access and absenteeism?
Authors: Melo António , Matias Maria Ana , Dias Sara S , Gregório Maria João , Rodrigues Ana M , de Sousa Rute Dinis , Canhão Helena , Perelman Julian
Published: August 2019

Objective:

Food insecurity (FI) is defined as uncertain access to healthy food in quantity and quality. We hypothesize that FI may be associated with greater health-care use and absenteeism because it may amplify the effect of diseases; also, FI may be associated with reduced health-care access because it reflects economic vulnerability. The present study estimates the association between FI and health-care use and access, and absenteeism.

Design:

Cross-sectional data collected in 2015–2016. Health-care use was measured as the number of consultations, taking any drug and having been hospitalized in the past year. Health-care access was measured by the suspension of medication and having fewer consultations due to financial constraints. Absenteeism was measured by the weeks of sickness leave. Binary variables were modelled as a function of FI using logistic regressions; continuous variables were modelled as a function of FI using negative binomial and zero-inflated negative binomial regressions. Covariates were included sequentially.

Setting:

Portugal.

Participants:

Non-institutionalized adults from the EpiDoc3 cohort (n 5648).

Results:

FI was significantly associated with health-care use before controlling for socio-economic conditions and quality of life. Moderate/severe FI was positively related to the suspension of medicines (adjusted OR = 4·68; 95 % CI 3·11, 6·82) and to having fewer consultations (adjusted OR = 3·98; 95 % CI 2·42, 6·37). FI and absenteeism were not significantly associated.

Conclusions:

Our results support the hypothesis that FI reflects precariousness, which hinders access to health care. The greater use of health care among food-insecure people is explained by their worse quality of life and lower socio-economic condition, so that the specific role of poor nutrition is unclear.
The importance of the cultural dimension of food in understanding the lack of adherence to diet regimens among Mayan people with diabetes
Authors: Juárez-Ramírez Clara , Théodore Florence L , Villalobos Aremis , Allen-Leigh Betania , Jiménez-Corona Aida , Nigenda Gustavo , Lewis Sarah
Published: August 2019

Objective:

To understand non-adherence to medically recommended diets among Mayans with diabetes.

Design:

Using partially sequential mixed methods, questionnaires, semi-structured brief and in-depth interviews were applied. Questionnaire data were analysed with Pearson’s χ2 and Student’s t tests and qualitative interviews with grounded theory microanalysis.

Setting:

Rural, predominantly Mayan communities in Chiapas, Quintana Roo and Yucatan, Mexico, 2008–2012.

Participants:

Purposive sample of Mayans with type 2 diabetes; using public health care; 168 women and twenty-seven men; age 21–50+ years.

Results:

Participants understood diabetes as caused by negative emotions, divine punishment, revenge via spells, chemicals in food and high sugar/fat consumption. Eliminating corn, pork, sugary beverages and inexpensive industrialized foods was perceived as difficult or impossible. More Mayans reporting not understanding physician instructions (30 v. 18 %) reported difficulty reducing red meat consumption (P = 0·051). Non-adherence was influenced by lack of patient–provider shared knowledge and medical recommendations misaligned with local culture. Men whose wives prepared their meals, women who liked vegetables and young adults whose mothers prepared their meals reported greater adherence to dietary recommendations. Partial adherents said it made life tolerable and those making no physician-recommended dietary changes considered them too restrictive (they meant ‘starving to death’). Over half (57 %) of participants reported non-adherence; the two principal reasons were dislike of recommended foods (52·5 %) and high cost (26·2 %).

Conclusions:

Adherence to dietary regimens in diabetes treatment is largely related to social and cultural issues. Taking cultural diversity, food preferences, local food availability and poverty into consideration is essential when developing health-promotion activities related to diabetes.
Attitudes towards the dying and death anxiety in acute care nurses – can a workshop make any difference? A mixed-methods evaluation
Authors: Cheong Chin Yee , Ha Ngoc Huong Lien , Tan Laurence Lean Chin , Low James A.
Published: August 2019

Objectives

In Singapore, the core curriculum for end-of-life (EOL) care used in nurse training courses is limited. Only 45% of nurses indicated familiarity with inpatient palliative care. Nurses who lack skills in palliative care may develop anxiety and negative attitudes towards caring for dying patients. We explored whether a two-day, multimodal EOL care workshop could reduce nurses’ death anxiety and improve nurses’ skills, knowledge, and attitude towards palliative care.

Methods

Forty-five nurses participated in the workshop. At baseline before and at six weeks after, a 20-item knowledge-based questionnaire and the Death Attitude Profile-Revised (DAP-R) were administered. Six weeks post-workshop, in-depth interviews were conducted. We employed descriptive statistics, student paired samplest-test and inductive thematic analysis.

Results

There was a significant improvement in nurses’ knowledge score (p< 0.01) and reduction in their death anxiety score (p< 0.01). Fear of Death (p= 0.025) and Death Avoidance (p= 0.047) sub-scores decreased significantly. However, the remaining domains such as Neutral Acceptance, Approach Acceptance, and Escape Acceptance did not show any significant difference, although Escape Acceptance showed a trend towards a reduced score (p= 0.063). After the workshop, more nurses adopted the Neutral Acceptance stance (76.2%), and none of them fell into the Fear of Death subdomain. Most nurses interviewed reported a positive change in their knowledge, attitudes, and practice even after the workshop.

Significance of results

The multimodal palliative care workshop was useful in improving nurses’ EOL knowledge and reducing their anxiety towards death. The positive change in nurses’ attitudes and practices were noted to be sustained for at least six weeks after the intervention.
Stability of Pulse‐Like Earthquake Ruptures
Authors: Brantut Nicolas , Garagash Dmitry I. , Noda Hiroyuki
Published: August 2019

Pulse‐like ruptures arise spontaneously in many elastodynamic rupture simulations and seem to be the dominant rupture mode along crustal faults. Pulse‐like ruptures propagating under steady state conditions can be efficiently analyzed theoretically, but it remains unclear how they can arise and how they evolve if perturbed. Using thermal pressurization as a representative constitutive law, we conduct elastodynamic simulations of pulse‐like ruptures and determine the spatiotemporal evolution of slip, slip rate, and pulse width perturbations induced by infinitesimal perturbations in background stress. These simulations indicate that steady state pulses driven by thermal pressurization are unstable. If the initial stress perturbation is negative, ruptures stop; conversely, if the perturbation is positive, ruptures grow and transition to either self‐similar pulses (at low background stress) or expanding cracks (at elevated background stress). Based on a dynamic dislocation model, we develop an elastodynamic equation of motion for slip pulses and demonstrate that steady state slip pulses are unstable if their accrued slip b is a decreasing function of the uniform background stress τb. This condition is satisfied by slip pulses driven by thermal pressurization. The equation of motion also predicts quantitatively the growth rate of perturbations and provides a generic tool to analyze the propagation of slip pulses. The unstable character of steady state slip pulses implies that this rupture mode is a key one determining the minimum stress conditions for sustainable ruptures along faults, that is, their “strength.” Furthermore, slip pulse instabilities can produce a remarkable complexity of rupture dynamics, even under uniform background stress conditions and material properties.
Influence of Near‐Surface Currents on the Global Dispersal of Marine Microplastic
Authors: Wichmann David , Delandmeter Philippe , van Sebille Erik
Published: August 2019

Buoyant microplastic in the ocean can be submerged to deeper layers through biofouling and the consequent loss of buoyancy or by wind‐induced turbulent mixing at the ocean surface. Yet the fact that particles in deeper layers are transported by currents that are different from those at the surface has not been explored so far. We compute 10‐year trajectories of 1 million virtual particles with the Parcels framework for different particle advection scenarios to investigate the effect of near‐surface currents on global particle dispersal. We simulate the global‐scale transport of passive microplastic for (i) particles constrained to different depths from the surface to 120‐m depth, (ii) particles that are randomly displaced in the vertical with uniform distribution, (iii) particles subject to surface mixing, and (iv) for a 3‐D passive advection model. Our results show that the so called “garbage patches” become more “leaky” in deeper layers and completely disappear at about 60‐m depth. At the same time, subsurface currents can transport significant amounts of microplastic from subtropical and subpolar regions to polar regions, providing a possible mechanism to explain why plastic is found in these remote areas. Finally, we show that the final distribution in the surface turbulent mixing scenario with particle rise speed wr = 0.003 m/s is very similar to the distribution of plastic at the surface. This demonstrates that it is not necessary to incorporate surface mixing for global long‐term simulations, although this might change on more local scales and for particles with lower rise speeds.
Recent Contributions of Theory to Our Understanding of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation
Authors: Johnson Helen L. , Cessi Paola , Marshall David P. , Schloesser Fabian , Spall Michael A.
Published: August 2019

Revolutionary observational arrays, together with a new generation of ocean and climate models, have provided new and intriguing insights into the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) over the last two decades. Theoretical models have also changed our view of the AMOC, providing a dynamical framework for understanding the new observations and the results of complex models. In this paper we review recent advances in conceptual understanding of the processes maintaining the AMOC. We discuss recent theoretical models that address issues such as the interplay between surface buoyancy and wind forcing, the extent to which the AMOC is adiabatic, the importance of mesoscale eddies, the interaction between the middepth North Atlantic Deep Water cell and the abyssal Antarctic Bottom Water cell, the role of basin geometry and bathymetry, and the importance of a three‐dimensional multiple‐basin perspective. We review new paradigms for deep water formation in the high‐latitude North Atlantic and the impact of diapycnal mixing on vertical motion in the ocean interior. And we discuss advances in our understanding of the AMOC's stability and its scaling with large‐scale meridional density gradients. Along with reviewing theories for the mean AMOC, we consider models of AMOC variability and discuss what we have learned from theory about the detection and meridional propagation of AMOC anomalies. Simple theoretical models remain a vital and powerful tool for articulating our understanding of the AMOC and identifying the processes that are most critical to represent accurately in the next generation of numerical ocean and climate models.
Ocean‐Atmosphere Trajectories of Extended Drought in Southwestern North America
Authors: Parsons Luke A. , Coats Sloan
Published: August 2019

Multiyear droughts are a common occurrence in southwestern North America (SWNA), but it is unclear what causes these persistent dry periods. The ocean‐atmosphere conditions coinciding with droughts have traditionally been studied using correlation and composite methods, which suggest that cool conditions in the tropical Pacific are associated with SWNA droughts and warm conditions are associated with wet periods in SWNA. Nevertheless, the extent to which multiyear droughts are truly consistent with this paradigm remains unknown. This is, in part, because the temporal trajectory of ocean‐atmosphere conditions during these dry periods have not been sufficiently characterized. Here we examine the continuum of ocean‐atmosphere trajectories before, during, and after multiyear droughts in SWNA using observation‐based data and an ensemble of climate model simulations from the Community Earth System Model. An examination of sea surface temperature patterns at the beginning, middle, and end of SWNA droughts shows that an El Niño event tends to precede SWNA droughts, a cool tropical Pacific occurs during droughts, and central Pacific El Niño events end droughts. However, moderate El Niño events can occur in the middle of persistent droughts, so a warm tropical Pacific does not always end these dry periods. These findings are important for drought predictability and emphasize the need to improve simulations of the magnitude, life cycle, and frequency of occurrence of El Niño events.
Coral Records of Temperature and Salinity in the Tropical Western Pacific Reveal Influence of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation Since the Late Nineteenth Century
Authors: Ramos R. D. , Goodkin N. F. , Siringan F. P. , Hughen K. A.
Published: August 2019

The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a complex aggregate of different atmospheric and oceanographic forcings spanning the extratropical and tropical Pacific. The PDO has widespread climatic and societal impacts, thus understanding the processes contributing to PDO variability is critical. Distinguishing PDO‐related variability is particularly challenging in the tropical Pacific due to the dominance of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and influence of anthropogenic warming signals. Century‐long western Pacific records of subannual sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface salinity (SSS), derived from coral Sr/Ca and δ18O profiles, respectively, allow for evaluating different climatic sensitivities and identifying PDO‐related variability in the region. The summer Sr/Ca‐SST record provides evidence of a significant SST increase, likely tied to greenhouse gas emissions. Anthropogenic warming is masked in the winter Sr/Ca‐SST record by interannual to multidecadal scale changes driven by the East‐Asian Winter Monsoon and the PDO. Decadal climate variability during winter is strongly correlated to the PDO, in agreement with other PDO records in the region. The PDO also exerts influence on the SSS difference between the dry and wet season coral δ18O (δ18Oc)‐SSS records through water advection. The PDO and El Niño–Southern Oscillation constructively combine to enhance/reduce advection of saline Kuroshio waters at our site. Overall, we are able to demonstrate that climate records from a tropical reef environment significantly capture PDO variability and related changes over the period of a century. This implies that the tropical western Pacific is a key site in understanding multifrequency climate variability, including its impact on tropical climate at longer timescales.
New Eocene primate from Myanmar shares dental characters with African Eocene crown anthropoids
Authors: Jaeger Jean-Jacques , Chavasseau Olivier , Lazzari Vincent , Naing Soe Aung , Sein Chit , Le Maître Anne , Shwe Hla , Chaimanee Yaowalak
Published: August 2019

Recent discoveries of older and phylogenetically more primitive basal anthropoids in China and Myanmar, the eosimiiforms, support the hypothesis that Asia was the place of origins of anthropoids, rather than Africa. Similar taxa of eosimiiforms have been discovered in the late middle Eocene of Myanmar and North Africa, reflecting a colonization event that occurred during the middle Eocene. However, these eosimiiforms were probably not the closest ancestors of the African crown anthropoids. Here we describe a new primate from the middle Eocene of Myanmar that documents a new clade of Asian anthropoids. It possesses several dental characters found only among the African crown anthropoids and their nearest relatives, indicating that several of these characters have appeared within Asian clades before being recorded in Africa. This reinforces the hypothesis that the African colonization of anthropoids was the result of several dispersal events, and that it involved more derived taxa than eosimiiforms.
Aortic pathology from protein kinase G activation is prevented by an antioxidant vitamin B12 analog
Authors: Schwaerzer Gerburg K. , Kalyanaraman Hema , Casteel Darren E. , Dalton Nancy D. , Gu Yusu , Lee Seunghoe , Zhuang Shunhui , Wahwah Nisreen , Schilling Jan M. , Patel Hemal H. , Zhang Qian , Makino Ayako , Milewicz Dianna M. , Peterson Kirk L. , Boss Gerry R. , Pilz Renate B.
Published: August 2019

People heterozygous for an activating mutation in protein kinase G1 (PRKG1, p.Arg177Gln) develop thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections (TAAD) as young adults. Here we report that mice heterozygous for the mutation have a three-fold increase in basal protein kinase G (PKG) activity, and develop age-dependent aortic dilation. Prkg1R177Q/+ aortas show increased smooth muscle cell apoptosis, elastin fiber breaks, and oxidative stress compared to aortas from wild type littermates. Transverse aortic constriction (TAC)—to increase wall stress in the ascending aorta—induces severe aortic pathology and mortality from aortic rupture in young mutant mice. The free radical-neutralizing vitamin B12-analog cobinamide completely prevents age-related aortic wall degeneration, and the unrelated anti-oxidant N-acetylcysteine ameliorates TAC-induced pathology. Thus, increased basal PKG activity induces oxidative stress in the aorta, raising concern about the widespread clinical use of PKG-activating drugs. Cobinamide could be a treatment for aortic aneurysms where oxidative stress contributes to the disease, including Marfan syndrome.
Lysosomal integral membrane protein-2 (LIMP-2/SCARB2) is involved in lysosomal cholesterol export
Authors: Heybrock Saskia , Kanerva Kristiina , Meng Ying , Ing Chris , Liang Anna , Xiong Zi-Jian , Weng Xialian , Ah Kim Young , Collins Richard , Trimble William , Pomès Régis , Privé Gilbert G. , Annaert Wim , Schwake Michael , Heeren Joerg , Lüllmann-Rauch Renate , Grinstein Sergio , Ikonen Elina , Saftig Paul , Neculai Dante
Published: August 2019

The intracellular transport of cholesterol is subject to tight regulation. The structure of the lysosomal integral membrane protein type 2 (LIMP-2, also known as SCARB2) reveals a large cavity that traverses the molecule and resembles the cavity in SR-B1 that mediates lipid transfer. The detection of cholesterol within the LIMP-2 structure and the formation of cholesterol−like inclusions in LIMP-2 knockout mice suggested the possibility that LIMP2 transports cholesterol in lysosomes. We present results of molecular modeling, crosslinking studies, microscale thermophoresis and cell-based assays that support a role of LIMP-2 in cholesterol transport. We show that the cavity in the luminal domain of LIMP-2 can bind and deliver exogenous cholesterol to the lysosomal membrane and later to lipid droplets. Depletion of LIMP-2 alters SREBP-2-mediated cholesterol regulation, as well as LDL-receptor levels. Our data indicate that LIMP-2 operates in parallel with Niemann Pick (NPC)-proteins, mediating a slower mode of lysosomal cholesterol export.
Incomplete influenza A virus genomes occur frequently but are readily complemented during localized viral spread
Authors: Jacobs Nathan T. , Onuoha Nina O. , Antia Alice , Steel John , Antia Rustom , Lowen Anice C.
Published: August 2019

Segmentation of viral genomes into multiple RNAs creates the potential for replication of incomplete viral genomes (IVGs). Here we use a single-cell approach to quantify influenza A virus IVGs and examine their fitness implications. We find that each segment of influenza A/Panama/2007/99 (H3N2) virus has a 58% probability of being replicated in a cell infected with a single virion. Theoretical methods predict that IVGs carry high costs in a well-mixed system, as 3.6 virions are required for replication of a full genome. Spatial structure is predicted to mitigate these costs, however, and experimental manipulations of spatial structure indicate that local spread facilitates complementation. A virus entirely dependent on co-infection was used to assess relevance of IVGs in vivo. This virus grows robustly in guinea pigs, but is less infectious and does not transmit. Thus, co-infection allows IVGs to contribute to within-host spread, but complete genomes may be critical for transmission.
Molecular understanding of label-free second harmonic imaging of microtubules
Authors: Van Steenbergen V. , Boesmans W. , Li Z. , de Coene Y. , Vints K. , Baatsen P. , Dewachter I. , Ameloot M. , Clays K. , Vanden Berghe P.
Published: August 2019

Microtubules are a vital component of the cell’s cytoskeleton and their organization is crucial for healthy cell functioning. The use of label-free SH imaging of microtubules remains limited, as sensitive detection is required and the true molecular origin and main determinants required to generate SH from microtubules are not fully understood. Using advanced correlative imaging techniques, we identified the determinants of the microtubule-dependent SH signal. Microtubule polarity, number and organization determine SH signal intensity in biological samples. At the molecular level, we show that the GTP-bound tubulin dimer conformation is fundamental for microtubules to generate detectable SH signals. We show that SH imaging can be used to study the effects of microtubule-targeting drugs and proteins and to detect changes in tubulin conformations during neuronal maturation. Our data provide a means to interpret and use SH imaging to monitor changes in the microtubule network in a label-free manner.
Publisher Correction: Circulating miR-103a-3p contributes to angiotensin II-induced renal inflammation and fibrosis via a SNRK/NF-κB/p65 regulatory axis
Authors: Lu Qiulun , Ma Zejun , Ding Ye , Bedarida Tatiana , Chen Liming , Xie Zhonglin , Song Ping , Zou Ming-Hui
Published: August 2019

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper
Molecular Modeling of ALK L1198F and/or G1202R Mutations to Determine Differential Crizotinib Sensitivity
Authors: Chuang Yu-Chung , Huang Bo-Yen , Chang Hsin-Wen , Yang Chia-Ning
Published: August 2019

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that has been recognized as a therapeutic target for EML4-ALK fusion-positive nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment using type I kinase inhibitors such as crizotinib to take over the ATP binding site. According to Shaw’s measurements, ALK carrying G1202R mutation shows reduced response to crizotinib (IC50 = 382 nM vs. IC50 = 20 nM for wild-type), whereas L1198F mutant is more responsive (IC50 = 0.4 nM). Interestingly, the double mutant L1198F/G1202R maintains a similar response (IC50 = 31 nM) to the wild-type. Herein we conducted molecular modeling simulations to elucidate the varied crizotinib sensitivities in three mutants carrying L1198F and/or G1202R. Both L1198 and G1202 are near the ATP pocket. Mutation G1202R causes steric hindrance that blocks crizotinib accessibility, which greatly reduces efficacy, whereas mutation L1198F enlarges the binding pocket entrance and hydrophobically interacts with crizotinib to enhance sensitivity. With respect to the double mutant L1198F/G1202R, F1198 indirectly pulls R1202 away from the binding entrance and consequently alleviates the steric obstacle introduced by R1202. These results demonstrated how the mutated residues tune the crizotinib response and may assist kinase inhibitor development especially for ALK G1202R, analogous to the ROS1 G2302R and MET G1163R mutations that are also resistant to crizotinib treatment in NSCLC.
Experimental observation of gain in a resonantly pumped Pr3+-doped chalcogenide glass mid-infrared fibre amplifier notwithstanding the signal excited-state absorption
Authors: Shen Meili , Furniss David , Farries Mark , Jayasuriya Dinuka , Tang Zhuoqi , Sojka Lukasz , Sujecki Slawomir , Benson Trevor M. , Seddon Angela B.
Published: August 2019

We demonstrate a maximum gain of 4.6 dB at a signal wavelength of 5.28 μm in a 4.1 μm resonantly pumped Pr3+-doped selenide-based chalcogenide glass fibre amplifier of length 109 mm, as well as a new signal excited-stated absorption (ESA) at signal wavelengths around 5.5 μm. This work to the best of our knowledge is the first experimental demonstration of gain at mid-infrared (MIR) wavelengths in a Pr3+-doped chalcogenide fibre amplifier. The signal ESA of the fibre is attributed to the transition 3H6 → (3F4, 3F3) after the pump ESA (3H5 → 3H6) at a pump wavelength of 4.1 μm, which absorbs the MIR signal at wavelengths of 5.37, 5.51 and 5.57 μm, and so spoils the amplifier’s performance at these wavelengths. Thus, this signal ESA should be suppressed in a resonantly pumped Pr3+-doped selenide-based chalcogenide fibre amplifier.
Modelling the impacts of climate change on riverine thermal regimes in western Canada’s largest Pacific watershed
Authors: Islam Siraj Ul , Hay Rachel W. , Déry Stephen J. , Booth Barry P.
Published: August 2019

Quantification of climate change impacts on the thermal regimes of rivers in British Columbia (BC) is crucial given their importance to aquatic ecosystems. Using the Air2Stream model, we investigate the impact of both air temperature and streamflow changes on river water temperatures from 1950 to 2015 across BC’s 234,000 km2Fraser River Basin (FRB). Model results show the FRB’s summer water temperatures rose by nearly 1.0 °C during 1950–2015 with 0.47 °C spread across 17 river sites. For most of these sites, such increases in average summer water temperature have doubled the number of days exceeding 20 °C, the water temperature that, if exceeded, potentially increases the physiological stress of salmon during migration. Furthermore, river sites, especially those in the upper and middle FRB, show significant associations between Pacific Ocean teleconnections and regional water temperatures. A multivariate linear regression analysis reveals that air temperature primarily controls simulated water temperatures in the FRB by capturing ~80% of its explained variance with secondary impacts through river discharge. Given such increases in river water temperature, salmon returning to spawn in the Fraser River and its tributaries are facing continued and increasing physical challenges now and potentially into the future.