bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vibrotactile Threshold Shift during Magnitude-Estimation Scaling on the Hand: Effects on Magnitude-Estimation Responses and Scaling Behavior
Authors: Fucci Donald , Petrosino Linda , Wagner Susan
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether threshold shifts occurred during magnitude-estimation scaling of suprathreshold stimuli presented to the thenar eminence of the right hand. Possible relationships of the vibrotactile threshold shifts to suprathreshold stimulus intensity, magnitude-estimation responses, and over-all scaling behavior were explored. A single group of 14 subjects whose ages ranged from 18 to 22 yr. participated. Each subject performed two magnitude-estimation tasks. In one of the tasks threshold of sensitivity was determined after every suprathreshold numerical response of the subject. If a threshold shift was recorded, threshold was allowed to return to pretest baseline level before continuation to the next suprathreshold stimulus presentation. Analysis showed that threshold shift did occur during vibrotactile magnitude-estimation scaling on the hand and that it was related to suprathreshold stimulus intensity. Results also showed that the subjects' numerical magnitude-estimation responses and over-all scaling behavior in the form of power function exponents were not statistically different for the two scaling tasks.
Retention of Word Meanings as a Function of Depth of Processing
Authors: Howe Joan B. , Blick Kenneth A.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of depth of processing as it applies to the retention of meanings of unfamiliar vocabulary words. College students viewed 20 target words with definitions for 60 sec. each. 14 subjects in the rote group wrote the word and its definition; the semantic group of 34 wrote sentences using the target word and the pronouns he, she, it, or they; and the 30 self-referencing subjects wrote sentences using the target word and the pronouns I or me. All groups were tested for recall of the word meanings at 5 min. and 3 wk. At 5 min., self-referencing produced significantly higher retention than semantic and semantic was higher than rote. At 3 wk., there was no difference in retention between the processing groups. Reasons for the lack of a long-term effect were discussed.
An Easy Symbolic System for Phonemes Which is Keyboard Compatible
Authors: Beech John R.
Published: September 2011

A keyboard compatible phonemic system is described. It uses those graphemes in traditional orthography which normally represent particular phonemes. This system has a certain degree of regularity, it can normally be stored compactly without the need for separators and, because it is grapheme-based, it can use the same symbols to represent speakers from different countries. The system's regularity is achieved by using the same grapheme which represents similar sounds in its lower and upper case forms (e.g., thick and this are represented as /thik/ and /THis/, respectively). Similarly, all short forms of vowels are in lower case and all long forms are in upper case. It is argued that most psychologists currently using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) do so in a highly restricted manner to represent the pronunciation of words (analogous to the representation of word sounds in dictionaries) rather than as a precise phonetic representation of sounds which is available in the fuller form of the IPA. When making such dictionary-based representations of phonemes, there is no advantage in using the restricted form of the IPA given the advantages of the proposed keyboard compatible system which is easy to learn, less susceptible to error by more experienced users, and can be easily stored on computer.
A Re-Examination of the Link between Stress and Performance
Authors: McCutcheon Lynn E. , Lummis Guy , Ellis Eric L.
Published: September 2011

Previous studies have shown that increased stress, as measured by life-change scales, is associated with poor performance. The present study examined the effects of stress on the performance of 86 adult male runners in a half marathon. Subjects responded to a questionnaire from which several independent variables were derived. These variables were entered in a stepwise multiple regression to predict race times. The combination of age, weekly mileage, and number of races previously entered yielded a significant multiple R. However, stress was not significantly related to race times, and subsequent statistical analyses were carried out to explain this lack of significance. It was suggested that the effects of stress on athletic performance may be reduced by physical and psychological variables associated with exercise or that race performance is too well determined by physical variables to be affected by life changes.
Carolina Picture Vocabulary Test: Validation with Hearing-Impaired Students
Authors: Kline Marilyn , Sapp Gary L.
Published: September 2011

When mean Carolina Picture Vocabulary Test standard scores were compared with WISC—R Performance Scale IQs significant differences were observed. The Carolina test scores were also correlated with both Performance IQs and the Performance Scale subtest scores. Most correlations were minimal as the two tests were independent; only WISC—R Picture Arrangement scores correlated significantly with Carolina scores. These outcomes coupled with the technical limitations of the Carolina raise serious questions regarding its utility for hearing-impaired children.
Field Dependence, Language Ability, and Self-Concept as a Function of Fathers' Absence
Authors: Tarantino S. J. , Loricchio D. F.
Published: September 2011

Children whose fathers were absent for at least 6 months during their first five years of life were more field-dependent and less able to identify correctly changes in subject-object relations in sentence transformations than children whose fathers had not been absent. The 44 children in each group were matched for sex, race, parents' occupations, and education. Mean scores on verbal intelligence for the two groups were not significantly different. There was no difference between the two groups on a measure of self-concept.
Effects of Blocked versus Random Practice by Mentally Retarded Subjects on Learning a Novel Skill
Authors: Heitman Robert J. , Gilley William F.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of different practice conditions on mentally retarded subjects learning a novel task. 20 subjects with a mean IQ of 51.82 were randomly assigned to one of two practice conditions. The first group practiced at three different speeds (60, 30, and 15 rpm) on the pursuit rotor using a block arrangement in which each speed was practiced for five consecutive trials of 20 sec. duration before practicing at the next speed. The second group used random practice performing 15 trials of the pursuit rotor so three speeds were randomly distributed over the 15 trials. Both groups on the next day performed 15 trials of 20 sec. duration on the pursuit rotor at the transfer speed of 45 rpm. Analysis showed no significant differences among practice conditions which provided 10 min. of experience prior to test.
Influence of Age, Sex, Hearing Loss and Balance on Development of Throwing by Deaf Children
Authors: Butterfield Stephen A.
Published: September 2011

131 deaf boys and girls were evaluated on development of the overhand throw. Mature form in this skill was related to chronological age and to balance proficiency. Sex and hearing loss do not appear to affect level of development for throwing.
Sleep Disturbance in Intentional Self-Awakenings: Behavior-Genetic and Transient Factors
Authors: Hawkins James
Published: September 2011

Unaided self-awakenings were studied, using a baseline vs treatment comparison with 84 undergraduate subjects serving as their own controls. The data suggest that situational constraints related to time and sleep environment affect successful awakenings, that the subjects' instructional set produces a temporary sleep disturbance, and that chronically sleep satisfied or dissatisfied groups respond differently to the procedures used here.
Using a Self-Assessment Questionnaire to Identify Probable Hearing Loss among Older Adults
Authors: Sever Joseph C. , Harry Debra A. , Rittenhouse Tamie S.
Published: September 2011

The present study was designed to investigate a protocol to facilitate identification of probable hearing loss among 59 older adults (ages 60 to 84 yr.) using the Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly—Screening Version, a self-assessment questionnaire. Analysis suggests the scale has excellent potential for identifying hearing loss among older adults.
Effects of Rapid Decoding Training on Reading Speed and Comprehension
Authors: Grant Eileen , Standing Lionel
Published: September 2011

Two groups of poor readers, age 12 to 15 yr., were trained in rapid decoding of words presented either individually or in context ( n = 20). 20 good and 20 poor readers provided additional untrained control groups. It was predicted, from theories of the integration of reading skill, that training would produce benefits in comprehension, especially for the subjects trained with words in context. Analysis showed that both trained groups significantly increased their reading rates. Improved comprehension scores were noted among all four groups, due to a general practice effect. However, context-trained subjects did not differ from the subjects trained with individual words, on either speed or comprehension.
Attributional Consistency and Subjective Perceptions of Success
Authors: Furst David M.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the attributions of successful and unsuccessful male and female distance runners given after each race during a competitive season. It was hypothesized that the 8 male and 8 female runners would be inconsistent in their support of the self-serving bias. Using the Causal Dimension Scale-II, responses showed that, as a group, the runners were consistent when coding their attributions into dimensions. When divided as to perceived success, successful runners gave more internal and stable reasons for their performance, while both groups reported high personal control and low external control.
Prediction of Skill Retention and Retraining from Initial Training
Authors: Goldberg Joseph H. , O'Rourke Sean A.
Published: September 2011

The goal of this research was to examine a method for predicting retention and retraining performance of a manual skill after controlled training. In an experiment, 40 men were trained to criterion performance on low- or high-workload tracking tasks, then retested and retrained after no-practice intervals of 1 to 6 wk. Retention and retraining performance times were modeled as a function of (1) average tracking completion time during initial training and (2) a power-model point-estimate of training completion times. The power model predicted retention and retraining times slightly better than the average times, but both models were significant (.64 < R2 <.78). Performance times were not related to duration of retention and were marginally related to training workload. Over-all, later performance was well predicted by earlier task performance, but retention was independent of the elapsed no-practice time period.
Threshold Tracking for Assessment of Long-Term Adaptation and Sensitization in Pain Perception
Authors: Lautenbacher S. , Galfe G. , Hölzl R. , Strian F.
Published: September 2011

To assess temporal variations in the perception of “phasic” heat pain stimuli a psychophysical tracking procedure was developed that enables repeated assessment of the pain threshold at short intervals. This “double-tracking” procedure produces two tracking curves simultaneously, one that approaches the pain threshold gradually from above, the other from below. The threshold for phasic heat pain was measured in 80 tracking trials with stimuli at temperatures near the pain threshold. Concurrently, the threshold for “tonic” heat pain was determined after every 20 tracking trials with a stimulus adjustment procedure. Eleven healthy subjects (age: 26.4 yr. ± 6.0) participated in 2 sessions each. Phasic stimulation near the pain threshold did not produce any trends in either of the two threshold measures. Hence there was no long-term adaptation or sensitization. However, there were random variations (random walks) in the tracking curves, which we interpret as resulting from a stochastic relationship between stimulus and sensation. In agreement with other reports, discrimination seemed to be better at painful than at nonpainful temperatures.
Relations among Nightmare Frequency and Ego Strength, Death Anxiety, and Sex of College Students
Authors: Levin Ross
Published: September 2011

The present study was designed to investigate empirically the relationship between self-reports of nightmare frequency and ego strength and death anxiety in both men and women. In addition, the interrelations among these variables were assessed. 20 undergraduates with high frequencies of nightmares and 20 with low frequencies (10 men and 10 women per group) were administered the Barron Ego Strength Scale and a death anxiety scale. Significant differences were found between nightmare groups on the Barron scale for men and women but none on the death anxiety scale either by nightmare frequency or sex. A significant negative correlation of −.47 between death anxiety and ego strength was found for women and in one high frequency group. Women with high frequencies of nightmares showed the highest correlation, −.83. These data suggest that nightmare frequency may be a mediating factor in the relationship between ego strength, death anxiety, and sex of subject.
A Chronobiological Test for Cognitive Styles: Chrono-Trail Making
Authors: Leòn-Carriòn José
Published: September 2011

This paper presents a description of the test, Chrono-Trail Making, an adaptation of the format of the Trail Making Test of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery. Generated were 28 parallel forms adapted from Part A; another 28 forms were adapted from Part B. These forms are assumed to be of similar difficulty and to have the same physical characteristics as the two parts of the original test. Each of the series of 28 was given consecutively at 15-min. intervals. Examination of scores confirms the identification in 24 young men of a Basic Rest-Activity Cycle (BRAC) of 90- to 100-min. periods. These, it was proposed, may refer to two different cognitive styles.
Effects of the Eyerobics Visual Skills Training Program on Static Balance Performance of Male and Female Subjects
Authors: McLeod Bill , Hansen Edward
Published: September 2011

10 male and 10 female students in physical education aged 19 to 23 yr. were each randomly assigned to both the experimental and control groups. Experimental subjects were given the 4-wk. Eyerobics visual skills training to assess its effects on static balance performance as measured on a balance stabilometer. Analysis indicated that the women performed significantly better than the men over-all. Balance performance by the trained group improved significantly.
Relations of Sociodemographic Variables and Cognitive Ability: A Comparative Analysis of the Cognitive Scores of High School Seniors
Authors: Sahai Hardeo
Published: September 2011

This paper compares subgroups using cognitive scores from a test battery administered to high school seniors in the base year survey in 1980. The procedures used to select the sample were designed to yield a data base that can be statistically projected to represent the national population of about 3,040,000 high school seniors. Comparisons were performed to examine differences in cognitive scores by age, sex, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and census region. Boys scored higher than girls on mathematics and visualization tests, but lower on the picture-number and mosaic comparison tests. Mean scores of the two sexes on the vocabulary and reading tests differed by less than 0.1 SD. Asian/Pacific Islanders had higher means than white students and other minority groups on the mathematics, mosaic comparisons, and visualization test, but their scores did not differ significantly from those of white students on the other three tests. Means for Hispanics were lower than those for white students but higher than those for black students, except on reading. Mean scores of Cubans exceeded those of Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans or other Hispanics. A positive correlation 0.40 obtained between test scores and the socioeconomic status or education attained by the examinees' mothers. Students in New England had the highest means except on visualization for which the highest scores were in the West, followed in order by those in the Middle Atlantic, West North Central, East North Central, Pacific, Mountain, South Atlantic, East South Central, and West South Central regions.
Time Perception and the Stroop Task
Authors: Marshall Michael J. , Wilsoncroft William E.
Published: September 2011

Three experiments were conducted to assess the effects of the Stroop task (color-word incongruities) on observers' estimates of 30-sec. inspection periods. The experiments differed in psychophysical procedure; the three classic methods of production, reproduction, and verbal estimation were employed. Observers underestimated the passage of time, compared to doing nothing, when they were engaged on the Stroop task. However, judgments of duration on the Stroop task were shorter than those made in the control condition of naming color dots only when the method of production was employed. These findings are similar to results with mental arithmetic tasks and contribute to the understanding of the relationship between cognitive processing and time perception.
Are Responses Measured with Graphic Rating Scales Subject to Perceptual Distortion?
Authors: Hubbard Raymond , Little Eldon L. , Allen Stuart J.
Published: September 2011

No consensus appears to exist as to how long physically a graphic rating scale should be. The present study found no statistical evidence of perceptual distortion in information collected with continuous rating scales of lengths 75 mm, 100 mm, and 125 mm, so such scales seem robust to variations in line length.
Nightmare Frequency and Sex-Role Differences: A Test of Hartmann's Hypothesis
Authors: McCann Stewart J. H.
Published: September 2011

Hartmann (1984) states quite clearly that nightmare sufferers have “thin boundaries” with regard to sex-role and that one should expect more androgynous persons would experience more frequent frightening dreams. This aspect of Hartmann's nightmare theory was tested with data from 144 undergraduates who responded to the Bern Sex-role Inventory and an item which tapped the percent of their dreams deemed to be frightening and often accompanied by feelings of oppression and helplessness. No difference was found in the incidence of nightmares for those categorized as adopting androgynous sex-roles compared to those having more traditional sex-roles for the entire sample or for men and women separately. In addition, neither masculinity nor femininity related to the tendency to have nightmares for either sex.
Empathy, Self-Esteem and Creativity among Junior Ballet Dancers
Authors: Kalliopuska Mirja
Published: September 2011

62 junior ballet dancers from the Finnish National Opera (44 girls, 18 boys, ages 9 to 17 yr.) completed the Battle Self-esteem Inventory Form B or AD, the Tennessee Self-concept Scale, 2 factors from Coopersmith's Self-esteem Inventory, 10 items from Rosenberg's scale, the modified Mehrabian and Epstein Empathy Scale, a questionnaire on hobbies, the Rorschach and the Figural B Form of Torrance's creativity test. Analysis showed dancers trained 4–5 nights/week, tended to have creative hobbies, were more empathetic and sensitive (especially girls) than controls. Dancers had higher self-esteem than the normative sample.
Influence of Stronger Attentional Manipulations on the Processing of Dichotic Inputs in Right-Handers
Authors: Iaccino James F. , Houran James
Published: September 2011

Recent studies have shown that a pronounced right-ear advantage can occur within dichotic tasks when persons of a particular sex are directed to focus their attention onto the right ear. To examine the effects of attentional bias on laterality more precisely, we provided subjects a greater number of focused-ear trials. Analysis indicated a very strong right-ear advantage in men and women under the right-focus condition as well as a significant left-ear advantage for both sexes with directed left-focus. These findings suggest that sustained ear-attendance exerts a powerful influence on dichotic performance.
Urban Crowding and the Murder Rate in Bombay, India
Authors: Bagley Christopher
Published: September 2011

Despite extremely high levels of household crowding and population density, Bombay has a low rate of murder in comparison with less crowded US cities, disconfirming the 1970 hypothesis of Milgram. In Bombay, degree of crowding in 71 residential districts was unrelated to the murder rate.
Nonconscious Perception, Where are You?
Authors: Larsen Janet D. , Yatsko Cheryl K. , McCulley Bonnie , Fritsch Thomas
Published: September 2011

In three studies, no evidence of nonconscious perception was found, although general procedures used in previous studies reporting the effect were followed. Presence/absence thresholds (Exps. 1 and 2) or recognition threshold (Exp. 3) were established for each subject. There was no difference in the effects of related and unrelated primes on voice reaction time during a word naming task. These findings raise questions about the robustness of nonconscious priming effects.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: LXIII. Dorothy Wilson Seago (1899–1987)
Authors: Irion Arthur L.
Published: September 2011

The author comments on the persona] charm and professional achievements of Dorothy Wilson Seago who was a graduate of Newcomb College (1920) and also Chairman of the Department of Psychology until 1970.
Juvenile Delinquency and Child Pedestrian Accidents: An Ecological Analysis
Authors: Bagley Christopher , Kufeldt Kathleen
Published: September 2011

Data on child pedestrian and cycle accidents and on juvenile delinquency were expressed as population-adjusted rates and covaried with social and demographic data for 120 districts in Calgary, Western Canada. Earlier results were confirmed, in that high rate areas on the indicators employed tended to coincide, identifying particular urban areas with high rates of many types of social problems.
Psychological Abuse among College Women in Dating Relationships
Authors: Raymond Beth , Bruschi Irene Gillman
Published: September 2011

A questionnaire designed to measure psychological abuse and kindness was responded to by 90 college women involved in dating relationships. Analysis indicated that, while many relationships were low abuse/high kindness, a substantial number were characterized by high abuse/low kindness, high abuse/high kindness and low abuse/low kindness. An analysis of these different categories of dating relationships as well as explanations as to why young women should be in such negative relationships are included. The study also indicated significant differences between women's reports of feelings and behaviors. Finally, a comparison of past versus present relationships showed proportionately few significant differences in behaviors but many significant differences in feelings. The major finding, that some college women are in dating relationships characterized by psychological abuse, was explored, and comparisons to the literature on wife abuse and courtship violence were also included.
Use of a Motor Creativity Test with Young Learning Disabled Boys
Authors: Holguin Omar , Sherrill Claudine
Published: September 2011

The Torrance Test of Thinking Creatively in Action and Movement, developed to measure the motor creativity of children ages 3 to 8 yr., has been subjected to little psychometric study. The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility of using this instrument with young learning disabled boys and to determine whether differences between learning disabled boys and the test manual's nondisabled normative sample ( n = 193) were significant. Subjects were 30 learning disabled boys ( M = 8.11 yr.), representing seven different school systems. Significant differences were noted between two groups on fluency, imagination, and total motor creativity but not on originality. Test-retesting over 1 to 14 days gave coefficients of .71 to .89. The alpha coefficient for total test internal consistency was .79.
Fuzzy Logical Approach to Perception of Dot Numerosity
Authors: Yamashita Toshiyuki
Published: September 2011

The present study utilized a fuzzy logical approach for understanding human perception or judgments of dot numerosity. In Exp. 1 subjects were required to view dot patterns and to judge the truthfulness of the single and combined statements which asserted that the number of dots was large. The results indicated that (a) the rules based on the minimum and maximum truthfulness of the component statements best approximate subjective conjunction and disjunction about dot numerosity, when subjects kept the operations of the standard logic system in mind, (b) When the subjects based their judgments on perceptive impression, their judgments were best fitted by the multiplicative form.
Bombesin-Induced Hypothermia in the Insulin-Treated Rat: Effect on Tail-Skin Temperature
Authors: Babcock Alex M. , Barton Chris
Published: September 2011

Bombesin-like peptides are widely distributed in the mammalian central nervous system and appear to participate in the regulation of a variety of autonomic functions. Bombesin has been shown to alter feeding behavior, locomotor activity, and thermoregulation. Microinfusion of bombesin into the preoptic area of the hypothalamus produces a reduction in core body temperature, but only if the rat has been cold-exposed, food-deprived, or pretreated with insulin. The mechanism for bombesin-induced hypothermia under the latter two conditions is unknown. The present study evaluated the possible contribution of peripheral heat loss mechanisms in bombesin-induced hypothermia. Rats were administered insulin (10U/kg, Regular Iletin I i.m.) or saline followed by an intrahypothalamic injection of bombesin (.05 μg/.25 μl) or peptide vehicle. Rectal and tail-skin temperatures were measured continuously for 120 min. Changes in temperature were evaluated at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min., using analysis of variance. As previously demonstrated, bombesin produced hypothermia in rats pretreated with insulin. This reduction in core temperature was not associated with any significant alteration in tail-skin temperature. Results suggest that bombesin-induced hypothermia in rats pretreated with insulin may not be mediated by an increase in peripheral heat loss.
Helping Orientations: Four Dimensions
Authors: Michlitsch Joseph F. , Frankel Stanley
Published: September 2011

The underlying factor structure of four helping and coping orientations was investigated. The four orientations are the foundations of four models of helping and coping. Each model consists of a person's orientations toward helping behavior and the set of likely factors and behaviors related to the orientations. The orientations are believed to influence how a person interacts with others in a helping situation and how that person attempts to help himself (cope). Factor analysis in two studies supports the prediction of four helping orientations across a convenience and a target sample. Secondary, higher-order factor analysis further provides support based on the convenience sample, but not the target sample.
The Intelligence of Middle-Aged White Homeless Men in Receipt of Public Assistance
Authors: Levinson Boris M.
Published: September 2011

A study of the intelligence of 50 middle-aged white homeless men indicated that contrary to prevalent impression, their mean IQ (96.14) on the Wechsler-Bellevue, Form I, fell within the normal range. The cause for their dependency must be sought in factors other than intellectual.
Methodological Difficulties in Constructing a Rigidity Scale
Authors: Blank Leonard
Published: September 2011

Methodological difficulties are encountered in the construction of a frequently used problem-solving rigidity scale. Specifically, lack of reliability data, sample loss due to arithmetical error and indirect rather than direct solution to control problems, and a lack of or an insufficient number of control problems (without use of control groups) are prevalent with use of such scales. Part I of this paper reports an attempt to resolve these difficulties. A split-half reliability coefficient, significant at the .01 level of confidence, was obtained for control and critical problems. 4 control and 5 critical problems were suggested as optimum. No differences were found between direct and indirect solvers on the basis of age, sex, or major course of study. A model rigidity scale applicable to groups was presented. In Part II, this scale was administered to 97 college students. A sample loss of 9% and indirect scores to critical problems sufficient to establish a rigidity scale were found. The females responded to Einstellung effect significantly differently from chance but the males were not differentiated with reference to this effect.
Secondary Reinforcement and Frustration
Authors: Bower Gordon H.
Published: September 2011

It was pointed out that conventional tests for secondary reinforcement are also theoretically optimal conditions for the production of aversive frustration. Hence, positive demonstrations of secondary reinforcement create a paradox for frustration theory. A resolution of this paradox is offered in terms of the chain of behavior cued off by the secondary reinforcing stimulus. The analysis implies that secondary reward effects will be maintained longer the longer is the chain of behavior cued off by stimuli presented following the to-be-learned response. To test this prediction, rats were first trained to run an alley for food reward. Subsequently, they learned to press a lever to get out of the start box; Ss in the Short-chain condition exited directly into the goal box, whereas Ss in the Long-chain condition ran through the alley to the goal box. Sixty tests were given with food reward omitted from the goal box. As predicted, the bar pressing performance of the Long-chain Ss was consistently superior to that of the Short-chain Ss.
Accuracy Components in Person Perception Scores and the Scoring System as an Artifact in Investigations of the Generality of Judging Ability
Authors: Richards James M. , Cline Victor B.
Published: September 2011

Cronbach (1955) has proposed that accuracy of person perception scores be divided into several components as follows: Total. Elevation, Differential Elevation, Stereotype Accuracy, and Differential Accuracy. In the present paper, hypothetical items are presented to illustrate the fact that the system used in assigning scores can artifactually reduce the Differential Elevation and Stereotype Accuracy components and in extreme cases cause them to disappear completely. An empirical example is presented in which these artifacts of the scoring system could result in an erroneous conclusion that there is no generality in accuracy of person perception.
Dependence of Learning (Habit) in the Runway on Deprivation Under Three Levels of Sucrose Incentive
Authors: Brush F. Robert , Goodrich Kenneth P. , Teghtsoonian Robert , Eisman Eugene H.
Published: September 2011

Acquisition was carried out in a runway apparatus for Ss in each of six conditions in a 2 × 3 factorial design: two drive levels and three levels of concentration of sucrose incentive. Following a 4-wk. period during which all Ss were allowed to reach an inferred common low drive level, Ss were observed in a relearning session. In this session the same incentive conditions prevailed as in acquisition, but all Ss now ran under the low-drive condition. The results in the early relearning trials showed that at all three levels of incentive Ss previously trained under high drive ran faster than Ss trained under low drive. It was concluded that some factor had been learned differentially under the two motivation conditions, but that the data permitted no choice among alternative learned factors.
Effects of Unbalanced Response Scales on Judgments of Social Stimuli
Authors: Weiss Walter
Published: September 2011

The general purpose of the research was to determine if scale judgments of certain social stimuli would be differentially affected by the distribution of scale categories constituting the response scale. Previous research (Weiss & Hodgson, 1963) had demonstrated such an effect on judgments of neutral, physical stimuli. Two experiments were therefore conducted in which 72 and 248 college students judged the social prestige of 40 occupations. Ss used one of four types of scales: a 3-category balanced scale (+, 0, −), a 7-category balanced scale (+3 to −3), a 5-category unbalanced minus scale (+, 0, −1, −2, −3), or a 5-category unbalanced plus scale (+3, +2, +1, 0, −). The non-discriminating plus and minus categories were to be used for occupations that were above or below the average in prestige, regardless of how far above or below they might be. The zero category designated those average in prestige. And the discriminating plus or minus categories represented degrees of prestige above or below the average. The data revealed significant effects of the scales on the typical social prestige of occupations assigned to the ‘average’ category of judgment. Relative to the balanced scales, the unbalanced ones induced a shift in the prestige value of the ‘average’ category in the direction of the single, non-discriminating category. Relative to the 7-category balanced scale, the 3-category one produced a shift in the direction of the non-discriminating plus side. The data were interpreted primarily in terms of relationships between implicit category standards, latitudes of categories, and the distribution of the judged stimuli.
Differences in Behavior Among College Classes
Authors: Rust Ralph M. , Davie James S.
Published: September 2011

Differences in behavior of college classes were studied for 833 Yale College students by means of a mailed questionnaire. This paper reports the use of a 220-item Reported Behavior Inventory (RBI) to assess these differences. Seventeen scales were developed to measure a variety of behavioral categories. Ten of these scales yielded significant differences ( p < .05) between at least two classes. The pattern of class-to-class differences varied from scale to scale. Some yielded differences approximating linearity while others showed quite different patterns. A follow-up study now underway will permit the study of changes in individuals.
Differential Marking of Two Vocabulary Tests
Authors: Graham Conrad
Published: September 2011

Differential marking of vocabulary tests with respect to the quality of response is examined. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children oral vocabulary test and the Mill Hill (Definitions) written vocabulary test are compared with two other vocabulary tests and two ability tests.
Negative Ion Preference in “Old” Rats
Authors: Driessen Gerald J. , Maier Richard A. , Macchitelli Frank J.
Published: September 2011

Old rats (20 months) were given a choice between a chamber containing negative ions and a neutral chamber. Significantly more rats indicated a preference for the ionized chamber than controls. It was concluded that old rats are able in some way to perceive the presence of negative ions.
Spontaneous Alternation with and Without Reward in Hooded and Albino Rats
Authors: Spear Norman E. , Hill Winfred F. , O'Sullivan Denis J.
Published: September 2011

Spontaneous alternation was investigated with and without food reward in hooded and albino rats by means of a 2 × 2 factorial design with 18 Ss per cell. Neither the main effects of strain and reward nor the trend over successive trials were statistically significant. However, the interaction of strain × reward was significant, reflecting significantly more alternations by rewarded Ss within the hooded strain but a nonsignificant difference in the opposite direction within the albinos. A significant strain × training interaction probably reflected a greater decline in alternations with training by the albinos.
Context Effects in Running Memory
Authors: Moore Mary E. , Ross Bruce M.
Published: September 2011

7 groups of college-age Ss attempted to recall whether the next to last symbol was the “same” or “different” from the viewed symbol in a running series of 42 symbols. 6 of the groups also predicted the recall outcome on successive trials. Expectancy did not influence retention, but a negative recency effect sensitive to symbol runs resulted from predictions. Results from memory errors contradicted the concept of a fixed running recall-span. Evidence was found for (a) recall generalization to the symbol before the next to last symbol and (b) good recall accuracy where the viewed symbol was separated from its last occurrence by at least three intervening symbols. Consideration of short-term memory from the standpoint of association formation is deemed inadequate.
Sex-Role Identity and Achievement Motivation
Authors: Heilbrun Alfred B.
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis tested in this study was that the social role demands of college and feminine sex-typed roles were to some extent incompatible and that this resulted in sex-role confusion among college females and among males with a more feminine identification. Two samples of male and female undergraduates were tested on measures of social value-social behavior consistency, i.e., the measure of role confusion, and identification. It was found that females in general do show greater value-behavior inconsistency in line with the hypotheses, but this was restricted to a class of behaviors relevant to achievement motivation only and not to a wider range of inter-personal roles. The same findings were obtained when more feminine males were compared with more masculine males, but no differences in value-behavior consistency as a function of masculinity-femininity of identification were shown by females. Implications for counseling were examined.
Comment on “Additional Comments on the Zimmerman Effect”
Authors: Zimmerman Donald W.
Published: September 2011

Further comment on the problems in Sr theory are made.
Subject Awareness and Order Effects in Persuasive Communications
Authors: Lana Robert E. , Rosnow Ralph L.
Published: September 2011

This study was performed with 128 college students acting as Ss. The primary hypothesis that Ss confronted with a hidden pretest in an opinion change study will yield a significant recency effect, and Ss confronted with an exposed pretest will yield a significant primacy effect, was rejected. A primacy effect is in evidence when the pretest is hidden, and no directional effects are present when the pretest is exposed. The secondary hypothesis that a group exposed to a highly controversial topic will yield a significant primacy effect, and a group exposed to a topic of medium controversy will yield a recency effect, or no effect at all, was also rejected.
Contingent Illumination Change and Operant Responding by Kittens
Authors: Symmes David
Published: September 2011

Two groups of 12 8-wk.-old kittens were tested for the reinforcing effect of illumination change resulting from displacement of a spherical plastic manipulandum. For one group responding turned on a dim light in the darkened test box, and for the other group responding turned the light off. Both groups were given 3 familiarization sessions followed by 8 test sessions in which one of two identical manipulanda affected illumination. The onset group developed a reliable preference for the light change manipulandum, and the light offset group did not.
Correlates of Intuitive Thinking
Authors: Westcott Malcolm R. , Ranzoni Jane H.
Published: September 2011

Five kinds of data were gathered on various groups of college females who differ in their approach to and success in solving problems. Ss high and low on intuitiveness and on success, as defined here, were studied in some detail Usual measures of intellectual capacity and standard personality measures discriminated only slightly between the groups, but more detailed study of the personality scales, interviews, and self-concept materials revealed these groups to have clearly distinguishable patterns of personality characteristics.
On the Reason of Animals: Historical Antecedents to the Logic of Modern Behaviorism
Authors: Muckler Frederick A.
Published: September 2011

The nature of the differences and similarities between man and animals is one of the oldest controversies in the history of Western intellectual thought. From Aristotle to Hume, it was a central philosophical problem. The peak of activity was reached from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century ending, as a philosophical issue, with the work of Hume. In the present view, support for a naturalistic interpretation is provided principally through the influence of Montaigne, Bayle, and Hume, sustaining an interpretation so fundamental to the thought of today. Do animals reason? Until Hume, there was essentially little interest in the problem per se. The controversy was based on the philosophical and theological implications of the question. But even within that context, Montaigne, and then Bayle, were the first to state the logical nature of the argument. And, finally, with Hume, the topic was considered for itself. Given the behavior of man and animals what can one infer from that behavior? And the answer is that originally given by Montaigne: from like effects we can reasonably infer like causes. This same logical concept is at the heart of modern Behaviorism. But the major break with the past concerns what may be inferred. To Watson, of course, no inferences about conscious states, either in man or animals, are legitimate. No such notion appears anywhere in the previous two thousand years of discussion. Thus, while Hume and Watson might have agreed on the logical foundations of effect and inference in this case, they represent quite different points of view on what constitutes acceptable causal conditions. It is in this difference, and not in the logical essence of theoretical development, that modern Behaviorism represents such a radical departure from previous theory.
Focal and Contextual Stimulus Variables in Verbal Conditioning
Authors: McBrearty John F. , Marston Albert R. , Kanfer Frederick H. , Evander Deanne
Published: September 2011

Part I of the study dealt with the development of classes of words which were characterized by within-class variation, such variation being based on the degree of class belongingness. Using a modified Q-sort and a rating procedure, it was found that groups of Ss could consistently discriminate between words within a class. Part II dealt with verbal conditioning. Using a modified Taffel procedure, Ss selected a word from a pair of words presented. Fifteen operant and 75 acquisition trials were administered. Ss were reinforced (“good”) during acquisition when they chose the critical word (animals) of the pair. Focal stimulus variation was defined as high or low class membership of the critical stimuli. Context variation was defined as variation in non-critical stimuli, neutral vs shape words. Results demonstrated that variations in both focal and contextual stimuli produced significant effects in verbal conditioning.
Forced-Choice vs Free-Response in Personality Assessment
Authors: Merenda Peter F. , Clarke Walter V.
Published: September 2011

Two self-rating adjective check lists (ACL) were administered to 44 students in a course on psychological measurement. The first ACL administered was the regular free response list, followed immediately with a forced-choice version in which the adjectives were arranged into tetrad sets. Ipsative scoring was used and profiles compared. The correlations between the profiles ranged from −1.00 to 1.00, more than 40% falling in the negative range. Ss gave their impressions and reactions to both inventories, and evaluated the relative validity of the results. A majority favored the free-response technique and felt that it would yield a more accurate description of their self-concepts and personality structures. General consensus was that the forced-choice instructions led to frustration, increased irritability, and decreased motivation. Ss felt that the free-response instrument presented a more relaxing situation and was even enjoyable to take. Ss' verbal reactions were consistent with the statistical results. The findings suggest that the forced-choice method is likely to be inappropriate for use with adjective check lists in self-concept assessment and analysis, and may lead not only to distortion in the personality profiles, but also to reversals.
The Wit in Large and Small Established Groups
Authors: Smith Ewart E. , Goodchilds Jacqueline D.
Published: September 2011

Deliberate wits were associated with higher morale and greater role clarity and efficiency in small groups, but not in larger more complex groups.
Word Associations of Children: Effect of Method of Administration
Authors: Entwisle Doris R. , Forsyth Daniel F.
Published: September 2011

Word associations to stimuli of various form-classes were collected from 5th grade Ss, matched on IQ, sex, and social status, under two administrations: individual-oral (I-O) and group-written (G-W). In 43 of 48 possible comparisons, commonality was greater under I-O conditions. The excess commonality, however, represents an interaction between status and administration; it resembles the interaction between “need for social approval” and “instructional sets” found with adult Ss.
Explorations in Student-Controlled Instruction
Authors: Mager Robert F. , Clark Cecil
Published: September 2011

Several studies are briefly described demonstrating that adult learners enter a learning situation with varying amounts of relevant knowledge and that, given control of their curriculum, they tend to be able to direct their learning activities in a way that will lead them to achieve specified objectives. A discussion of those results leads to the suggestion that large gains in program improvement might be achieved by: (a) development of effective methods for detecting the relevant background level of the incoming student, and for adjusting the curriculum accordingly, and (b) development of techniques the learner himself can use to efficiently generate a curriculum which will lead him as economically as possible to the objectives. Research emphasis should thus be focused on subject matter selection as well as on subject matter presentation.
Clinical Validation and Usefulness of the Altus in Screening for Intelligence
Authors: Pierson George , Gorsuch Richard
Published: September 2011

The Altus, a short intelligence test for screening purposes, was cross-validated on a randomly selected clinical population from a State Hospital, with WAIS scores serving as the criterion. The Altus was found to be about as valid with the present population as with the servicemen in the original validation 15 years ago. The standard errors of estimate for predicting the WAIS Full Scale raw scores and the WAIS IQ were given. The Altus seemed particularly useful where a very short, reasonably valid test for group or individual administration is needed and fine discrimination is not required.
Improvement in Psychotherapy and Adoption of the Therapist's Meaning System
Authors: Nawas M. Mike , Landfield A. W.
Published: September 2011

Twelve most improved and 8 least improved clients were used in testing the hypothesis that improvement in therapy is contingent upon the adoption by the client of the personal meaning system of his therapist. The hypothesis was rejected. There was a trend indicating that the most improved client tends to increase in his preference for his own frame of reference, that he tends to become more himself rather than an echo of his therapist. The least improved client tends to internalize the therapist's frame of reference. These conclusions are highly tentative, but suggest the importance of differentiating between “frames of reference” and “specific attitudes” and considering introjection in relationship to different therapeutic approaches.