bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LEAD: AS A MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION FOR CHEMICAL PLANT
Authors: Openshaw J.G.
Published: February 2008

Lead, one of the oldest corrosion‐resistant materials known to chemical engineers, still plays a prominent part in plant construction. This article outlines its special features and applications in chemical plant, and discusses some of the special techniques that have been developed to meet industry's changing needs.
FIGHTING CORROSION AT TECHNICOLOR LTD.
Authors: Chandler D.C.B.
Published: February 2008

This article concerns an installation of thermoplastic pipes and fittings carried out at the works of Technicolor Ltd. for a new film processing unit to handle solutions and washes feeding a machine which processes customers' colour negatives.
Corrosion Problems with Pressure Vessels
Authors: Allen Henry
Published: February 2008

With the application of fired and unfired pressure vessels increasing notably in such industries as the chemical, petroleum, food processing and paper, the problem of corrosion control heightens. Causes of failure in pressure vessels have often been corrosion or erosion of the metal.
Some Aspects of Refinery Corrosion Due to Crude Oil
Authors: Sherwood P.W.
Published: February 2008

Direct costs associated with corrosion in U.S. refining operations today average between 14 and 18 cents per barrel of crude oil. Altogether, the annual toll taken by corrosion in the U.S. refining industry alone is well over $400 million. In this article, the author considers which items in the running and maintenance of a refinery can be directly attributed to corrosion and its prevention. Causes contributing to the severity of corrosion are also considered, and means for its control.
PIPELINE PROTECTION IN THE MIDDLE EAST — PART 1: Protective Coating and Cathodic Protection Practice
Authors: Sparrow L.R.
Published: February 2008

In the protection of buried steelwork, the trend nowadays is to use the most durable and insulating coating available at moderate cost, applied as perfectly as an economic speed of construction will permit, and to supplement this with cathodic protection. Part 1 of this article discusses the practical considerations and difficulties in applying both coating and cathodic protection to pipelines in the Middle East.
PIPELINE PROTECTION IN THE MIDDLE EAST — PART 2: Preparing the Ground and Checking the Results
Authors: Sparrow L.R.
Published: February 2008

After dealing in Part 1 with the actual corrosion of pipelines under the varied atmospheric and ground conditions in the Middle East, Mr. Sparrow deals with practical problems in the construction of groundbeds in the desert, their siting, and the siting of terminals and tank farms. Stress is laid on the importance of regular and thorough checking of pipeline protection methods, both pipe wrapping and cathodic protection.
HIGH‐NICKEL ALLOYS: IN THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY Part 1
Authors: Swales G.L.
Published: February 2008

Corrosion in one or more of its various forms is attendant in almost every stage of operation in the petroleum and petrochemical industries and is recognised as a major cost item. There is general recognition in these industries of the vast savings that can be made by the judicious selection of materials to combat corrosion, and considerable effort is expended in the evaluation of materials of construction likely to provide economic solutions to many corrosion problems.
CYCLOHEXYLAMINE FOR CORROSION PREVENTION: IN STEAM‐RAISING EQUIPMENT
Authors: Ashcroft W.K. , Heron P.N.
Published: February 2008

The treatment of water for use in steam‐raising plants has two primary objects: firstly, to maintain efficiency of operation by preventing the formation of scales and deposits on heating and cooling surfaces and in water‐carrying pipelines and, secondly, to prolong the life of the equipment by preventing corrosion of metal surfaces with which the water comes into contact. Corrosion is perhaps less obvious because the effects are not always evident until it is too late and replacement of corroded sections becomes necessary. Troubles caused by the accumulation of corrosion products, and damage by corrosion, can be avoided if appropriate agents are employed to treat the water circulating in the system. This article describes the properties and use of cyclohexylamine, a material which has found widespread application for the treatment of boiler water to prevent corrosion of metal surfaces by dissolved carbon dioxide.
EPOXY RESINS IN ANTI‐CORROSIVE APPLICATIONS
Authors: Dunn P.A.
Published: February 2008

Of the many new materials offered to industry in the last ten years, epoxy resins are some of the most versatile. They have excellent resistance to atmospheric and chemical attack, stability, and good mechanical and electrical properties. They are, therefore, particularly suitable for use in resisting corrosive conditions.
Significance of Copper Deposits Associated with a Boiler Tube Failure
Authors: Spurr J.C.
Published: February 2008

In the summer of 1954, several A and B row tubes failed in one boiler of an R.C.N. light cruiser based on Esquimalt, B.C. These tube failures have been described in detail in Corrosion. In brief, the chief phenomena observed were indications of overheating and intergranular cracking. A length of one of the burst tubes was forwarded to Naval Research Dockyard Laboratory, Halifax, for examination, and it was noticed that the failures were associated with considerable deposits of copper around the bursts. This paper describes the investigation conducted to determine the significance of these copper deposits, and their bearing on the failures.
CORROSION RESISTANCE OF NON‐FERROUS CASTINGS
Authors: Rollins A.H.
Published: February 2008

Whilst it may be possible to produce alloys possessing a very high degree of resistance to corrosion, frequently they are deficient in mechanical or physical properties. Alternatively, the difficulties encountered in manufacture, or the prohibitive cost of materials, preclude their wide industrial application. By suitably varying the alloying additions to a very small number of basic metals a wide range of alloys can be produced, which not only possess good corrosion resistance but are also endowed with strength, ductility, hardness and wear‐resistance, etc.
THE HOT‐DIP GALVANIZED COATING AND CORROSION RESISTANCE: Part 1
Authors: Nicholls John H.
Published: February 2008

As a protective coating, zinc occupies the leading position amongst the metals. Here we are concerned mainly with the corrosion of zinc galvanizing in many of its applications. The position of zinc relative to the other commonly used metals for coatings for the protection of steel is briefly compared.
THE HOT‐DIP GALVANIZED COATING AND CORROSION RESISTANCE: Part 2
Authors: Nicholls John H.
Published: February 2008

In this second part of the article we learn something more of the conditions in which corrosion of galvanizing can or cannot flourish and of the measures necessary for its prevention. Statistics are listed of experimental work on the life of hot‐dip galvanized coatings and related to different atmospheres.
CORROSION OF UNALLOYED URANIUM BY WATER: Including a Consideration of Protective Coatings
Authors: Hopkinson B.E.
Published: February 2008

Although a comprehensive review on the corrosion of alloyed uranium has previously been made no comparable account of the corrosion of unalloyed metal is available. Since such metal is still a possible fuel for some types of water‐cooled reactors, available information is summarised in this article. Protective coatings are also considered, since a mechanical barrier is the only known means by which unalloyed uranium may be protected from attack by high‐temperature water.
PERFORMANCE OF ALUMINIUM IN REFINERIES
Authors: Sherwood Peter W.
Published: February 2008

Aluminium is being increasingly used in refinery construction. Applications range from storage tanks to moisture‐proofing pipe insulation; from heat exchangers to structural elements. The main reasons for this are its good resistance to many types of corrosion, low weight, low cost per unit volume, high thermal conductivity, non‐magnetic and non‐sparking characteristics, good reflectivity and good appearance. From the design engineer's point of view, the metal has the further advantages of good workability and high strength in its alloys. The author describes some of the current practices and experiences in the U.S.A.
Advances in Cathodic Protection of Tankers
Authors: Spector D.
Published: February 2008

Cathodic protection within ballasted cargo compartments in tankers has now been employed for almost a decade. During this period over 1,000 tankers have been so protected. The results have been widely published and varying degrees of success reported. Spectacular results obtained under specific conditions perpetuated its widespread application in tankers. One particular advance, taking advantage of the constructional members of the ship, is described here. This system has recently been patented.
RUST INHIBITION THROUGH
Authors: Wesson H.C.
Published: February 2008

There are many factors to observe when using paint to protect a steel surface from corrosion, and neglect of any one of them will usually accelerate failure. The advent of a new and effective pigment in this field is not, therefore, a panacea, but it is a powerful weapon in the corrosion struggle. This article is Written to introduce calcium plumbate, produced by Associated Lead Manufacturers Ltd., to a wider public and to indicate the scope of this pigment.
TESTING OF PROTECTIVE COATINGS FOR METALS PART 1
Authors: Kirkendall William E.
Published: February 2008

This paper, to be published in two parts, gives details of the author's work to establish a research and testing programme for use in selection of protective coatings for metals and methods for their application. It is intended primarily for use by the waterworks and public utilities industries and aircraft manufacturing industries. This first article deals with the principles and practice of the newly developed indicator solution and electrolytic conductance tests on protective coatings for steel pipe.
CORROSION TESTING OF AEROSOL PRODUCTS
Authors: Root M.J. , Maury M.J.
Published: February 2008

Since the advent of cosmetic aerosols in metal cans, corrosion has taken its place as a major problem in the formulation of these products. Much corrosion information can be gathered by electrochemical measurement that cannot be obtained in any other way. This article, which deals with these modern systems, is an abridged version of a paper presented to the Society of Comestic Chemists, May 1959, in New York.
TESTING OF PROTECTIVE COATINGS FOR METALS PART 2
Authors: Kirkendall William E.
Published: February 2008

The first part of this paper described scientific principles and methods for practical applications of electrolytic conductance tests on protective films on metals. This second part shows practical methods and procedures for obtaining and recording laboratory test data on the performance of protective coatings and of plastic tape‐wrap coatings applied to steel pipe as primary protection against corrosion.
Deterioration of Gasholders: CAUSE AND ELECTROCHEMICAL REMEDIES
Authors: Berkeley K.G.C.
Published: February 2008

The severe wastage of steel generally found to occur in gasworks can be attributed to the presence of the usual conditions which enhance electro‐chemical corrosion. Any steelwork in such a location may be exposed to soil, air or water, and any one of these or a combination of them can produce severely corrosive conditions which, in a short space of time, will have drastic results.
CORROSION RESISTANCE OF TITANIUM
Authors: Wood A.C.
Published: February 2008

In 1950, only a handful of British manufacturers had ever considered the possibility of using titanium as a structural metal. They were all in the aircraft industry, where the search for light, strong materials was reaching a fresh peak of urgency. Ten years later, titanium is almost a commonplace in aircraft and chemical engineering; is rapidly establishing itself in the dyeing, bleaching, paper‐making and petroleum industries; and is stimulating designers of such diverse equipment as surgical implants and nuclear reactor components.
Vapour‐phase Inhibition of Atmospheric Corrosion
Authors: Sexton S.E.
Published: February 2008

Methods for combating atmospheric corrosion are various, but until recently most have depended upon preventing air and moisture from contacting metal surfaces. Vapour‐phase inhibitors are a somewhat different approach. The metal article and the corrosion inhibitor are simply placed in close proximity and the protective vapours of the inhibitor surround the item. This article explains what these inhibitors are, how they work, and where they are used.
Design for Pipelines—Part 2
Authors: Spector D.
Published: February 2008

This article covers, in some detail, the design of a specific case of cathodic protection—the 6‐in. Haifa‐Tel Aviv product line and the 16‐in. crude‐oil line from Ashdod to Haifa. Part 1, published in the April issue, covered preliminary technical considerations and this second part includes specific design problems and an illustrated description of the installation work and commissioning. Special attention has been paid to the design of report and other forms, suitable for each phase of the work.
Pitting Corrosion: CAUSE, EFFECT, DETECTION AND PREVENTION
Authors: Robinson F.P.A.
Published: February 2008

As pitting corrosion is probably the most damaging type of wet corrosion, an understanding throughout industry of this phenomenon, which is the condition between complete immunity to attack and general corrosion, is essential. This article is concerned with pitting corrosion in general, but it also contains the results of some original research recently completed by the author on the corrosion pitting of stainless steels.
PROTECTION AGAINST CORROSION: Sprayed Metallic and Plastic Coatings
Authors: Nicholls John H.
Published: February 2008

This assessment of the range of metals and plastics used in anti‐corrosive applications gives a guide to the reader who is uncertain of the type of spray coating most suited to his needs. After reviewing the development of spraying, the author compares the advantages and disadvantages of aluminium, zinc, tin and certain alloys, and follows with a comparison of metals and plastics. Lastly, polythene, superpolyamides, polythene polysulphide, PTFE and PTFCE are reviewed.
STEEL PRETREATMENT AND PRIMING: Rust Prevention with New System Prior to Stove Enamelling
Authors: MacCleaster N.R.
Published: February 2008

Recently, the method of applying Dox‐Anode zinc silicate to a preheated surface has been advanced and a new system for applying zinc to metal, rendering the surface phosphated and primed, is now available. This system eliminates the usual phosphating operation with, it is claimed, better results. This hot‐spray system requires no de‐rusting, the adherent rust forming a key to receive the zinc silicate coating.
FIRE BRICKS CORROSION PHENOMENA IN FURNACES
Authors: Steinhoff E. , Sachsse H.
Published: February 2008

There is still a real demand in the glass industry for fire bricks for crucibles, e.g. for the production of glass with low iron content, or special glasses. The results mentioned herein should not be taken to mean that in future, fire bricks used for glass production should, in all cases, be replaced by ZAC bricks. For high quality production, however, the use of the relatively expensive type is justified.
CORROSION AND METAL FINISHING EXHIBITION, 1960
Authors: Fleck Alexander
Published: February 2008

I TAKE it as a great compliment to be asked to open this Exhibition, the Corrosion and Metal Finishing Exhibition. Additionally, I regard the occasion as one on which the President of the Society of Chemical Industry, who happens at this time to be myself, can very usefully and indeed very appropriately take a great interest.
Storage Tank Life: EXTENSION THROUGH DESIGN AND TREATMENT
Authors: Aldrich C.K.
Published: February 2008

Location, insulation, stress‐relieving, regardless of the materials of construction, contribute much in extending the life of storage tanks. This article discusses factors which either promote the occurrence of local anodes and cathodes or cause abnormal corrosive conditions and shows how they can be minimised by proper design.
CORROSION RESISTANCE OF ELECTROPOLISHED SURFACES
Authors: Zentler Gordon H.E. , Boyle S.C.
Published: February 2008

Quite often in everyday service ‘stainless’ steels stain and ‘rustless’ alloys rust. In particular, the straight chrome/iron nickel‐free alloys have frequently exhibited early signs of severe tarnishing in service. Electrolytic polishing enhances the corrosion resistance of certain metals by forming very thin passive films—probably oxides—on these surfaces. This applies mainly to ferritic stainless alloys but also to some of the austenitic steels, to aluminium, brasses and to certain carbon steels. This article considers the nature and properties of the films and discusses practical applications.
Potentiostats for Corrosion Studies
Authors: Dugdale I.
Published: February 2008

Recent developments in the design of potentiostats have resulted in an improved approach to electrochemical study of corrosion in the laboratory. This review summarises the performance of suitable instruments either commercially available or in circuit form and describes some of their practical applications.
PROTECTIVE PROPERTIES OF VACUUM COATINGS: Present and Future Techniques
Authors: Lockington N.A. , Tóth I.J.
Published: February 2008

A wide field of applications for vacuum coatings has been opened up by the development of techniques for producing thicker protective coatings and, in some cases, aluminium coatings may replace nickel‐chromium plating. The coating process and basic equipment are discussed herein and an account given of the properties and applications of commercially produced aluminium and cadmium coatings.
External Corrosion in Modern Large Boiler Plant—Part 2
Authors: Jarvis W.D.
Published: February 2008

The first part of this article, which appeared last month, listed the conditions which influence the occurrence and rate of boiler corrosion, and described the mechanisms of high‐temperature corrosion arising from various causes. In this, the second part, the problems of low‐temperature corrosion are discussed. The conditions affecting this phenomenon are given, and the causes of acid attack and blockage are discussed, the main problem being the formation of sulphur trioxide. Plant trials and counter‐measures in various countries are also described.
Corrosion of Stone and Concrete
Authors: Summer W.
Published: February 2008

OXYGEN, sulphur, selenium, tellurium and polonium form the sulphur group 6a of the periodic table. Group behaviour is characterised in that any additional electrons appear in the outermost orbit (to complete the octet) with the result that chemical and physical properties and valence change rapidly in passing to succeeding atomic numbers.
CORROSION OF METALS IN NATURAL AND TREATED WATER—PART 3
Authors: Butler G. , Ison H.C.K.
Published: February 2008

In this third and final section the influence of design in relation to corrosion is considered and methods of water treatment and inhibition summarised. The work on flowing water corrosion at the National Chemical Laboratory, it is hoped, will provide a more sound basis for the prediction of the probable corrosivity of water and for recommendations for corrosion prevention.
SHOP PRIMERS
Authors: Elphinstone E.G.
Published: February 2008

This review of developments places special emphasis on shipyard practices to obtain the best results from coatings commercially available though most of its conclusions are, of course, relevant to industry at large. The main criterion by which a shop primer should ultimately be judged is: ‘Does its use mean that the painting scheme applied later will give substantially better performance than if it had not been used?’ There are very good reasons, mainly related to questions of corrosion, why shop priming should be practised in spite of difficulties.
LEAD AND LEAD ALLOYS: Corrosion Resistance — Part 3
Authors: Holmes J.F.
Published: February 2008

Most of this concluding article is concerned with surveying the corrosion of lead and its alloys in acids and alkalis of all types. As a considerable proportion of the lead consumed each year by industry is used for making grids for lead‐acid batteries, special attention has also been given to corrosion problems in this field. The newer applications for lead include its use in nuclear energy plant as a shielding material, and as a reactor coolant, and the corrosion problems arising under such conditions are discussed.
PLASTICS PIPE For Corrosive PETROCHEMICALS
Authors: Sherwood P.W.
Published: February 2008

The petroleum industry has been quick to appreciate the possibilities of plastics pipe for handling corrosive fluids and gases, and is now using it in considerable quantities for a variety of applications, including the carrying of corrosive chemicals in refinery and petrochemical plant. From a research engineer in America comes the article below reviewing the main types of pipe materials available for such purposes, special attention being paid to the suitability of their properties for specific types of applications. Also included are hints regarding the installation of pipework.
CORROSION PREVENTION BY ZINC SPRAYING
Authors: Cunningham D.E.J.
Published: February 2008

Zinc was well established as a protective coating for steel before metal spraying was introduced on a commercial scale, and it was natural that sprayed zinc should be to the fore amongst sprayed metal coatings, a position which it has never lost. During the last 15 years, wide fields of usefulness have been developed for zinc‐sprayed coatings which are often peculiar to them. Today it is rare for a decision to have to be made as to whether or not spraying or galvanizing should be used, the controlling factors in most cases being obvious. The use of zinc‐sprayed coatings on large structures, usually on site, is well known, but there has been comparatively little published information on its many other applications.
Corrosion inhibitors for industrial cleaning
Authors: Grizzell G.A.
Published: February 2008

We tend to think of corrosion in terms of what happens to metals as a result of weathering or as a consequence of the normal working hazards of industrial plant. There is another aspect which is not so obvious, and that is, paradoxically, in the process of industrial cleaning. This often involves the use of materials which could give rise to corrosive attack either through the risk inherent in the cleaner itself whilst it is operating or because it is a potential promoter of corrosion by virtue of the residues it leaves behind.
Basic principles and advantages of the
Authors: Coffee R.A.
Published: February 2008

Electrostatic projection methods are now well established as a primary means of corrosion protection and product finishing. Until about 18 months ago these methods were used almost exclusively for depositing paint surfaces, but they are now rapidly establishing themselves as techniques for plastics coating and vitreous enamelling. Compared with the conventional, compressed‐air‐spraying technique, the electrostatic method sometimes exhibits quite remarkable advantages, best known of which is the almost complete elimination of overspray. This arises from the ‘homing’ charge given to the atomised paint during the spraying operation.
Trends in the Cathodic protection of vessels
Authors: Palmer P.V.
Published: February 2008

There have been a number of interesting technical developments during the past two years in the field of cathodic protection arising mainly from the availability of new or improved anode materials. It is important to consider these developments in relation to the external picture of commercial demand.
The dezincification of brass
Authors: Robinson F.P.A. , Shalit M.
Published: February 2008

Under certain conditions the Cu‐Zn alloys are found to corrode by a process known as dezincification. As the term implies, zinc is removed from the alloy, leaving as a residue a porous mass of copper having little or no mechanical strength. Since corrosion is a surface phenomenon this process is initiated at the surface and, thereafter, gradually makes its way inwards until either leaks or cracks render the component useless for further service. Dezincification is a frequent type of corrosion failure encountered with brass handling waters contaminated with chloride ions.
The essential partnership between ENGINEER and METALLURGIST
Authors: Inglis N.P.
Published: February 2008

In this extract from the James Clayton lecture given to the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in April, Dr. Inglis outlines the historical development of high‐temperature corrosion‐resistant metals and alloys now used widely in industry, giving particular mention to titanium. He also describes briefly the development of those two new tools of the metallurgist, the vacuum electrode melting furnace and the electron‐beam melting furnace, both of which are employed in the preparation of the newer metals.
EPOXY RESIN: surface coatings PART TWO
Authors: Kut Dr.S.
Published: February 2008

In part one of this article (August 1964) the author dealt with the general chemistry, curing characteristics and applications of two‐pack and coal tar‐epoxy coatings. Part two discusses other types of epoxies and describes their uses as corrosion‐resistant coatings and pipe linings.
Corrosion research at C.E.R.L.: British Corrosion Laboratories (6)
Authors: Ward J.M.
Published: February 2008

The Central Electricity Research Laboratories (CERL) at Leatherhead is the largest and longest established of the research centres of the Central Electricity Generating Board. Its staff numbers about seven hundred, three hundred of whom are professional scientists, and their programmes cover research into generation of electricity by coal‐ and oil‐fired power stations, and into transmission and distribution. CERL's activities include those as diverse as magneto‐hydrodynamics and the microbiology of soils; the dispersion of plumes from high chimneys and the basic physics of brittle fracture in metals. Three quarters of its work and almost all the corrosion research relates to generating electricity, although it has some of the best facilities in the world for studying the transmission of electricity at very high voltages, and the first corrosion problem it tackled was on steel cored aluminium conductors.
Corrosion in Low‐pressure Boilers
Authors: Kut D.
Published: February 2008

Corrosion problems in low‐pressure boiler plant systems arise chiefly in the following system components:— (i) Water Side of Boiler (Internal). (ii) Fire Side of Boiler (External). (iii) Boiler Chimney. This article discusses corrosion problems relating to low‐pressure steam boilers operating at a maximum pressure of 200 psi, space heating boilers operating on closed water circuit and domestic hot water boilers operating on a direct tap‐water circuit.
ANTI‐CORROSION WORK ON CAST IRON
Authors: Collins H.H.
Published: February 2008

Scope of BCIRA. The British Cast Iron Research Association was created in 1921 to promote the scientific and technical advancement of the ironfounding industry. Most of its work is concerned with the improvement of methods of production of iron castings and their quality, but it also provides an advisory service for users of iron castings and acts as a centre for the collection and dissemination of information on cast iron, and this includes, among other things, advice on the corrosion characteristics of the metal. Its laboratories were originally sited in Birmingham but in 1942 it moved into its present home at Bordesley Hall, some 13 miles south of the city. In 1962, a new block of laboratories was completed in which the staff of the investigations department, including the corrosion investigators, are now housed.
THE PREPARATION OF METALS FOR PROTECTIVE FINISHES
Authors: Shaw R.E.
Published: February 2008

The surface preparation of metals has a profound influence on the life of paint and other protective finishes. The practical application of chemical and mechanical treatments are discussed and examples given to illustrate where they are used to the best advantage. Recent developments in factory and site processing are described with particular reference to steel, zinc and aluminium used in the building industries. The inter‐dependence of design, surface preparation, protective films and conditions of exposure is stressed.
THE USE OF PLASTICS TO OBVIATE CORROSION
Authors: Damerham R.L.H.
Published: February 2008

This paper will deal with the following topics: 1. A new approach to corrosion technology whereby the use of non‐corrodible materials is studied as against the present practice of largely considering the protection of traditional materials which are subject to corrosion. 2. Types of corrosion for which the use of plastics materials are suitable. 3. The division of plastics into categories differentiated by their resistance to different types of corrosion. 4. The physical properties of importance in considering the use of plastics. 5. The education of (a) The user in the special characteristics of plastics which differ from traditional materials, and (b) Of the supplier to study the needs of the user and to make available to him all the technical information he will require. 6. Case histories in which the use of plastics has been successful where normal anti‐corrosion protection of traditional materials would not have been suitable. 7. Details of services which are available to users and which have been used on installations quoted above, in particular, installation services and prefabricated services. 8. Standards, British, American and International, which are now printed and others which are being worked out to give guidance both to user and manufacturer.
anti‐corrosion test programme: THE INCIDENCE AND CURE OF BLISTERING IN MARINE PAINT SYSTEMS BASED ON ZINC‐RICH PRIMERS
Authors: Byrnes G.B.
Published: February 2008

The object of this article is to disclose the results obtained from a programme of work studying the use of zinc‐rich paints as primers for painting systems to be exposed to marine immersion. This programme was commenced early in 1963 with a view to deriving information on the way these systems functioned and hence to establish a code of practice which would enable personnel responsible for the protection of marine structures to obtain the best results with systems based on these primers.
Seal maintenance for platform and deck machinery
Authors: Smith Tony
Published: February 2008

There is little doubt that oil platform and ship's deck machinery has to endure some of the most punishing conditions within the marine industry. It obviously requires to be constructed from materials of sufficient toughness and strength to withstand the high forces it will be subjected to and perform efficiently.
Temporary corrosion protectives: fluids containing solvent
Authors: Brookman John
Published: February 2008

Types of fluids. Protective fluids are blends of volatile solvent and rust preventive products. When the fluids are applied to equipment surfaces the solvent evaporates and the non‐volatile rust preventive products form homogeneous protective coatings on the surfaces. The coatings are designed to become firmly adsorbed. The time it takes for the solvent to evaporate — the drying time — varies depending on the nature of the solvent. Drying times at ambient temperatures range from somewhat less than 30 minutes to about 4 hours. It is usually advisable to extend the drying times somewhat, generally to 40 minutes for fast drying fluids and to 6 hours for slow drying fluids, to ensure that the solvent has evaporated completely. Extending the drying times is important in situations where the presence of residues of volatile solvent may present a hazard.
Protection against corrosion in drinking water distribution systems
Authors: Ginocchio J.C.
Published: February 2008

Corrosion in the distribution systems of towns and villages not only causes severe technical damage (Fig. 1), but impairs the drinking water quality. This corrosion can be largely avoided by suitable measures.
Resin based linings
Authors: Eames K.R.
Published: February 2008

Corrosion has for many years imposed a very heavy burden on industry affecting productivity and profitability.
Flame sprayed aluminium coatings for corrosion control of the Hutton tension leg components
Authors: Copper M.T. , Thomason W.H. , Vardon J.D.C.
Published: February 2008

The development of the Hutton Field in the UK sector of the North Sea incorporates, for the first time, a buoyant Tension Leg Platform maintained in position by an array of sixteen tubular steel tension leg strings. To satisfy the stringent design criteria associated with this new generation of offshore oil production facilities, all corrosion control systems have to be effective, reliable and contribute little to structure weight. An intensive review of the various available design options was undertaken, from which emerged the use of aluminium metal sprayed coatings as possibly the optimum method of corrosion control for the tension legs. Since there was limited service data available relating to the performance of sprayed metal coatings in sea water immersion service, a development programme was completed to determine the perfomance characteristics of these coatings under tension leg operating conditions. In parallel, the problems of applying the coatings were addressed since it was considered that, as for all coating systems, correct application is critical to the satisfactory in‐service performance of the coating. The potential advantages of sprayed metal coatings for immersion service in the offshore industry was significant.
Sulphur dew‐point corrosion resistant mechanism of austenitic stainless steels
Authors: Chang Yao‐Nan
Published: February 2008

Sulphur dew‐point corrosion occurs in the low temperature parts (<200°C) of heavy oil fired boilers such as economisers, air preheaters, and chimneys. Its mechanis proposed by Kowaka et al suggests that corrosion proceeds in three steps as shown in Figure 1. The first step is corrosion in sulphuric acid at low temperature and concentration, the second step is in sulphuric acid at high temperature and concentration, and the third step is in boiler deposits containing sufficient amounts of unburned carbon and sulphuric acid at high temperature and concentration. The overall corrosion rate was suggested to be mainly determined by the third step due to its much longer time compared with those of first and second steps. Kowaka et al also proposed a test method in the mixture of concentrated sulphuric acid and activated carbon for developing sulphur dew‐point corrosion resistant low alloy steels, and the results were well correlated with the actual field tests. This report extensively covers the corrosion behaviours of austenitic stainless steels which might have practical applications in high temperature environments.
Stress corrosion/corrosion fatigue problems overcome by pre‐stressing of surfaces
Authors: O'Hara P.
Published: February 2008

Pre‐stressing. SURFACE EFFECTS Controlled Pre‐Stressing is the impingement on a surface of relatively small spherical particles of steel, glass or ceramic. These particles on impact, yield the skin and deform the surface plastically, leaving a residual compressive stress. The magnitude of that stress varies with the material being treated and the kinetic energy on impact.
Corrosion prevention with Micaceous Iron Oxide coatings
Authors: Carter Eric
Published: February 2008

Micaceous Iron Oxide (MIO) coatings have a well established record for long‐term protection of steelwork against corrosion. Structures protected with MIO paint systems include road and railway bridges, electricity towers, radio masts, gantries, cranes, building frames, gas holders, chemical plant, offshore platforms, storage tanks and pipework.
Electrolytic anti‐fouling in industrial and marine applications
Authors: Protection Co Ltd Cathodic
Published: February 2008

It is well established that in both cold and warm sea water there can be rapid growth of large fouling organisms, which can be seen at low tides growing on jetties, platforms and rig legs etc.
Corrosion in fresh water systems: role of metallurgical factors in stability of steel
Authors: Ahmad Naima A.I. , Ismail Mohamed I. , Al‐Ameeri R.S.
Published: February 2008

Corrosion of fresh water systems are studied. Immersion tests under flowing water conditions were performed for periods upto 7 days. Pipe materials selected for this study included commercial alloys commonly used in fresh water systems such as mild steel. At the end of the long term experiment the materials exposed to the water flow were investigated using the SEM technique. The results showed that the morphology of the surface was dependent on the corrosion behaviour during experimentation. Heat treatment plays an important role in material stability in contact with flowing water.
Effect of magnetic field on the rate of steel corrosion in aqueous solutions
Authors: Ghabashy M.A.
Published: February 2008

The effect of magnetic field on the diffusion controlled corrosion of steel in aqueous solution of ferric chloride was studied using the loss in weight method. Variables studied were ferric chloride concentration and magnetic field intensity. The rate of corrosion was found to decrease at low magnetic field intensities below the value measured in the absence of the magnetic field. With increasing magnetic field intensity the rate of corrosion increases again and may exceed the value measured in the absence of magnetic fields. Results were explained on the basis of the presence of two opposing flows.
Inhibition of the acid corrosion of aluminium with some morpholine and thiosemicarbazide derivatives
Authors: Ahmed Awad I. , Basahel S.N. , Khalil Chemistry R.M.
Published: February 2008

The inhibitive effect of some morpholine and thiosemicarbazide derivatives on the dissolution of aluminium in 2M HCI has been investigated by using thermometric, weight loss and hydrogen evolution techniques. The effect of the inhibitors on the protection efficiency and the corrosion rate were determined at various inhibitor concentrations and temperatures. It was observed that the percentage inhibition of aluminium increases with the increase of inhibitor concentration and decreases with rise of reaction temperature. Retardation of dissolution is due to weak adsorption of the additives on the metal surface. The order of inhibition efficiency of the inhibitors used depends on the number of adsorption sites in the molecule, their charge density and molecular size.
Practical solutions for corrosion control
Authors: Thain Chris
Published: February 2008

In the first century AD, Pliny the Elder is quoted as saying “Nature with her usual benevolance has limited the power of iron by inflicting upon it the punishment of rust”. Nearly 2000 years later, corrosion remains a serious problem, not only on steel but also on many other substrates.
The effect of scale structure on pickling of steel strip
Authors: Wei Feng‐I
Published: February 2008

During hot rolling and subsequent cooling, scaling always occurs on the steel strip. It is necessary to be completely removed before further processing (such as cold rolling). Usually continuous pickling is a more economic and convenient process to be used to remove the scale. However, the pickling rate is affected by many variables such as the type of acid, acid solution condition, steel composition, scale structure and different inhibitors at various concentrations as reported in the literature. In the mill, except machine breakdown, the troubles in the pickling line are often caused by the presence of acid‐resisted scale of nonuniform scale structure. Although a lot of information has been accumulated on the relationship between the microstructure of scales on steel strip and their response to pickling, most of them concerned the pickling in sulphuric acid. In the present work, the scale composition and thickness are examined after isothermal oxidation and simulated different mill cooling processes. Furthermore, their effects on pickling rate in hydrochloric acid solution is also studied and discussed.
An innovative approach to chemical process pump design
Authors: Fabeck Pierre , Sierwald Kevin
Published: February 2008

Most chemical pumps on the market today were designed 20 to 30 years ago, in the days of shaft sealing by gland packing. Their characteristics include small diameter shafts, with the packing acting as a third bearing to support the overhang; high pressure in the seal chamber; and excessive shaft end‐play.
The effect of the abrasive work mix on paint performance over blasted steel
Authors: Morcillo M. , Bastidas J.M. , Simancas J. , Galvan J.C.
Published: February 2008

In anticorrosive painting of structural steel the preparation of the metallic surface prior to the application of the organic coating is an important, if not more so, as the selection of the paint system.
The FEPTERM SP corrosion preventing coating
Authors: Majnusz Janusz
Published: February 2008

Many years of research work conducted at the Institute of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers of the Silesian Technical University, Gliwice, in co‐operation with the METALCHEM Chemical Equipment Works, Opole, have resulted in the development and implementation of a technology of manufacture and application of protective coatings capable of coming into contact with chemicals, foodstuffs, pharmaceutical and biological products.
Heavy duty powder coatings for the construction industry — world rebar market
Authors: McLeod Keith
Published: February 2008

The following sections outline the market criteria and industry specifications for FBE coatings formulated for the protection of reinforcing steel. The Interpon HD Series track record, market opportunities and future trends are detailed.
“Substituted phenyl n‐phenylcarbamates as corrosion inhibitors for iron in hydrochloric acid”
Authors: Fouda A.S. , Elkaabi S.S , Mohamed A.K.
Published: February 2008

The inhibitive effect of some substituted phenyl n‐phenylcarbamates on corrosion of iron in 2N HCI have been studied using gaivanostatic polarization measurement. Studies carried out with different concentrations of the inhibitor indicated that the compounds act as a mixed inhibitor. The results indicate that the additives reduce the corrosion rate by way of adsorption through the oxygen atom of phenoxy group and nitrogen atom of NH group. The inhibitory character of the compounds depends upon the concentration of the inhibitor, as well as its chemical composition. The results of electrocapillary measurements are consistent with the electrochemical measurements. Thermodynamic parameters for absorption of inhibitors have been calculated and discussed.
Composite Connector Developments
Authors: Williamson Colin
Published: February 2008

A new “backshell to backshell” connector system, the DG 123, that significantly improves corrosion resistance, durability and electromagnetic (EMI) compatibility, while also offering weight savings of more than 30% in comparison with standard aluminium connectors, is now gaining considerable acceptance in new aircraft and avionic projects. Applications for this revolutionary approach to the design of circular connectors using “composite” materials and metalisation processes include weapon pylons on carrier borne aircraft — where the DG123 correction system has contributed to a significant improvement on the Mean Time Between Failure (M.T.B.F.) figure. The connectors are also used on missile systems and have recently been approved for use on the United States space station “Freedom”.
Reliability Prediction for Electronic Components
Authors: Sloan Martin
Published: February 2008

RELIABILITY is one of the most important criteria in modern electronic systems, with pressure quite rightly towards continual improvement. Much mystery surrounds such innocent letters as MTTF (mean time to failure) and many people fall into the trap of assuming that this means the average life of the component. In fact when a time equal to the MTTF is reached only 37% of the components are still surviving.
An Integrated Approach to Aircraft Wiring
Authors: Williams Eddie
Published: February 2008

AT an average of 80,000 ft, or 15 miles, per plane the wire content of aircraft has remained fairly constant for many years.
FFV Aerotech
Authors: Ford CEng MRAeS Terry
Published: February 2008

IN May, 1989 the first Boeing 747 came into FFV Aerotech's new Diamond hangar at Stansted for a base check. This was a significant event in the development of the company's facilities and reflected the widening of maintenance activities which had for some time been concerned primarily with servicing 707, 727 and DC‐8 aircraft. FFV Aerotech had been known for many years as responsible for the overhaul and depot maintenance of Swedish Air Force aircraft and consequently has developed highly advanced concepts of value both to commercial and military aircraft.
Automated Inspection in Modern Manufacturing
Authors: Sykes Michael
Published: February 2008

RENISHAW are innovators in metrology, the science of measurement. Their core business is based on 3‐dimensional tough‐trigger probe technology, the original probe having been invented by the Group's chairman and chief executive, David McMurtry in the early 1970's when he was employed by the Aero‐Engine Division of the Rolls‐Royce Group at Filton. Particular components, under inspection on a Co‐ordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) would deflect when touched with a solid probe, which gave inaccurate readings. The touch‐trigger probe resulted which gave a signal with low contact force on the stylus, and which was repeatable. The touch‐trigger probe may be regarded as a sophisticated omni‐directional switch where changes in contact circuit characteristics are monitored by an interface unit for feeding to a machine's control. By 1979 nearly all CMMs incorporated Renishaw probes as standard equipment and annual sales had reached £1,000,000.
Practical Considerations for the Implementation of a Computer Based Corrosion Monitoring System
Authors: Swindell Rob
Published: February 2008

OVER the last few years, corrosion monitoring has gained a much higher profile in a wide variety of industries, including among others the aerospace and petrochemical sectors.
New Materials
Authors: Ford Terry
Published: February 2008

A development with a great deal of potential, at least in the military field, is the production of so‐called ‘intelligent skins’. The technology for these will form part of that required for smart structures, that is those that contain sensors and actuators embedded within the laminate with built‐in signal processing and adaptive control. The intelligent skin is a step towards this technology since it contains fibre optic sensors that can be used to sense strain, temperature, deformation, pressure and other conditions. If the sensor does not need to be embedded or is to be used on metallic structures, the fibre optics can be adhered to the surface.
Mechanical Surface Finishing in the Aerospace Industry
Authors: Tennant Roy
Published: February 2008

NO one will argue with the statement that surface finishing and edge treatment operations play an important role in the production of aerospace components.
Du Pont's New European Composites Development Centre
Authors: Bardout Francois
Published: February 2008

FOLLOWING recent announcements from some major international corporations that they are withdrawing from the composite materials business or scaling down their activities in it, some people have called this a depressed industry. Yet, over the past several years Du Pont has persevered in its programme of significant investment in the field of advanced materials, and intends to pursue the same policy. The contrast is striking.
Aircraft Maintenance Management Part 2
Authors: Middleton D.H.
Published: February 2008

It is noted that the probability of dual engine failure from all independent causes in cruise must not exceed 0.3 x 10−8 per hour.