bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Continuidade e mudança nos padrões de recrutamento: a elite administrativa portuguesa, 2000-2020
Authors: Nunes Filipe
Published: July 2023

Nas últimas duas décadas, o padrão de recrutamento dos dirigentes de topo da administração pública sofreu algumas mudanças. Temos hoje uma maior presença de mulheres na elite administrativa e uma aceleração da tendência para o envelhecimento, bem como um reforço das competências em gestão pública e até uma maior diversidade de origens geográficas e escolares. Ao mesmo tempo, há certos legados do passado que tardam a desaparecer: o peso do Direito e da Faculdade de Direito de Lisboa; a difícil entrada das mulheres no topo dos ministérios que tutelam a diplomacia, os militares e as polícias; a presença de professores universitários na elite administrativa; ou a importância relativa de nascer, estudar e residir em Lisboa.
Living Zen Remindfully
Authors: Austin James H.
Published: July 2023

A seasoned Zen practitioner and neurologist looks more deeply at mindfulness, connecting it to our subconscious and to memory and creativity.

This is a book for readers who want to probe more deeply into mindfulness. It goes beyond the casual, once-in-awhile meditation in popular culture, grounding mindfulness in daily practice, Zen teachings, and recent research in neuroscience. In Living Zen Remindfully, James Austin, author of the groundbreaking Zen and the Brain, describes authentic Zen training—the commitment to a process of regular, ongoing daily life practice. This training process enables us to unlearn unfruitful habits, develop more wholesome ones, and lead a more genuinely creative life.

Austin shows that mindfulness can mean more than our being conscious of the immediate “now.” It can extend into the subconscious, where most of our brain's activities take place, invisibly. Austin suggests ways that long-term meditative training helps cultivate the hidden, affirmative resource of our unconscious memory. Remindfulness, as Austin terms it, can help us to adapt more effectively and to live more authentic lives.

Austin discusses different types of meditation, meditation and problem-solving, and the meaning of enlightenment. He addresses egocentrism (self-centeredness) and allocentrism (other-centeredness), and the blending of focal and global attention. He explains the remarkable processes that encode, store, and retrieve our memories, focusing on the covert, helpful remindful processes incubating at subconscious levels. And he considers the illuminating confluence of Zen, clinical neurology, and neuroscience. Finally, he describes an everyday life of “living Zen,” drawing on the poetry of Basho, the seventeenth-century haiku master.
Succinate mediates inflammation-induced adrenocortical dysfunction
Authors: Mateska Ivona , Witt Anke , Hagag Eman , Sinha Anupam , Yilmaz Canelif , Thanou Evangelia , Sun Na , Kolliniati Ourania , Patschin Maria , Abdelmegeed Heba , Henneicke Holger , Kanczkowski Waldemar , Wielockx Ben , Tsatsanis Christos , Dahl Andreas , Walch Axel Karl , Li Ka Wan , Peitzsch Mirko , Chavakis Triantafyllos , Alexaki Vasileia Ismini
Published: July 2023

The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is activated in response to inflammation leading to increased production of anti-inflammatory glucocorticoids by the adrenal cortex, thereby representing an endogenous feedback loop. However, severe inflammation reduces the responsiveness of the adrenal gland to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), although the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we show by transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic analyses that LPS-induced systemic inflammation triggers profound metabolic changes in steroidogenic adrenocortical cells, including downregulation of the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, in mice. Inflammation disrupts the TCA cycle at the level of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), leading to succinate accumulation and disturbed steroidogenesis. Mechanistically, IL-1β reduces SDHB expression through upregulation of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) and methylation of the SDHB promoter. Consequently, increased succinate levels impair oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis and enhance ROS production, leading to reduced steroidogenesis. Together, we demonstrate that the IL-1β-DNMT1-SDHB-succinate axis disrupts steroidogenesis. Our findings not only provide a mechanistic explanation for adrenal dysfunction in severe inflammation, but also offer a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
Structural insights into regulation of CNNM-TRPM7 divalent cation uptake by the small GTPase ARL15
Authors: Mahbub Luba , Kozlov Guennadi , Zong Pengyu , Lee Emma L , Tetteh Sandra , Nethramangalath Thushara , Knorn Caroline , Jiang Jianning , Shahsavan Ashkan , Yue Lixia , Runnels Loren , Gehring Kalle
Published: July 2023

Cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS)-pair domain divalent metal cation transport mediators (CNNMs) are an evolutionarily conserved family of magnesium transporters. They promote efflux of Mg2+ ions on their own and influx of divalent cations when expressed with the transient receptor potential ion channel subfamily M member 7 (TRPM7). Recently, ADP-ribosylation factor-like GTPase 15 (ARL15) has been identified as CNNM-binding partner and an inhibitor of divalent cation influx by TRPM7. Here, we characterize ARL15 as a GTP and CNNM-binding protein and demonstrate that ARL15 also inhibits CNNM2 Mg2+ efflux. The crystal structure of a complex between ARL15 and CNNM2 CBS-pair domain reveals the molecular basis for binding and allowed the identification of mutations that specifically block binding. A binding deficient ARL15 mutant, R95A, failed to inhibit CNNM and TRPM7 transport of Mg2+ and Zn2+ ions. Structural analysis and binding experiments with phosphatase of regenerating liver 2 (PRL2 or PTP4A2) showed that ARL15 and PRLs compete for binding CNNM to coordinate regulation of ion transport by CNNM and TRPM7.
Gaze patterns and brain activations in humans and marmosets in the Frith-Happé theory-of-mind animation task
Authors: Dureux Audrey , Zanini Alessandro , Selvanayagam Janahan , Menon Ravi S , Everling Stefan
Published: July 2023

Theory of Mind (ToM) refers to the cognitive ability to attribute mental states to other individuals. This ability extends even to the attribution of mental states to animations featuring simple geometric shapes, such as the Frith-Happé animations in which two triangles move either purposelessly (Random condition), exhibit purely physical movement (Goal-directed condition), or move as if one triangle is reacting to the other triangle’s mental states (ToM condition). While this capacity in humans has been thoroughly established, research on nonhuman primates has yielded inconsistent results. This study explored how marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), a highly social primate species, process Frith-Happé animations by examining gaze patterns and brain activations of marmosets and humans as they observed these animations. We revealed that both marmosets and humans exhibited longer fixations on one of the triangles in ToM animations, compared to other conditions. However, we did not observe the same pattern of longer overall fixation duration on the ToM animations in marmosets as identified in humans. Furthermore, our findings reveal that both species activated extensive and comparable brain networks when viewing ToM versus Random animations, suggesting that marmosets differentiate between these scenarios similarly to humans. While marmosets did not mimic human overall fixation patterns, their gaze behavior and neural activations indicate a distinction between ToM and non-ToM scenarios. This study expands our understanding of nonhuman primate cognitive abilities, shedding light on potential similarities and differences in ToM processing between marmosets and humans.
Longitudinal map of transcriptome changes in the Lyme pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi during tick-borne transmission
Authors: Sapiro Anne L , Hayes Beth M , Volk Regan F , Zhang Jenny Y , Brooks Diane M , Martyn Calla , Radkov Atanas , Zhao Ziyi , Kinnersley Margie , Secor Patrick R , Zaro Balyn W , Chou Seemay
Published: July 2023

Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb), the causative agent of Lyme disease, adapts to vastly different environments as it cycles between tick vector and vertebrate host. During a tick bloodmeal, Bb alters its gene expression to prepare for vertebrate infection; however, the full range of transcriptional changes that occur over several days inside of the tick are technically challenging to capture. We developed an experimental approach to enrich Bb cells to longitudinally define their global transcriptomic landscape inside nymphal Ixodes scapularis ticks during a transmitting bloodmeal. We identified 192 Bb genes that substantially change expression over the course of the bloodmeal from 1 to 4 days after host attachment. The majority of upregulated genes encode proteins found at the cell envelope or proteins of unknown function, including 45 outer surface lipoproteins embedded in the unusual protein-rich coat of Bb. As these proteins may facilitate Bb interactions with the host, we utilized mass spectrometry to identify candidate tick proteins that physically associate with Bb. The Bb enrichment methodology along with the ex vivo Bb transcriptomes and candidate tick interacting proteins presented here provide a resource to facilitate investigations into key determinants of Bb priming and transmission during the tick stage of its unique transmission cycle.
Running modulates primate and rodent visual cortex differently
Authors: Liska John P , Rowley Declan P , Nguyen Trevor Thai Kim , Muthmann Jens-Oliver , Butts Daniel A , Yates Jacob , Huk Alexander C
Published: July 2023

When mice run, activity in their primary visual cortex (V1) is strongly modulated. This observation has altered conceptions of a brain region assumed to be a passive image processor. Extensive work has followed to dissect the circuits and functions of running-correlated modulation. However, it remains unclear whether visual processing in primates might similarly change during locomotion. We therefore measured V1 activity in marmosets while they viewed stimuli on a treadmill. In contrast to mouse, running-correlated modulations of marmoset V1 were small and tended to be slightly suppressive. Population-level analyses revealed trial-to-trial fluctuations of shared gain across V1 in both species, but while strongly correlated with running in mice, gain modulations were smaller and more often negatively correlated with running in marmosets. Thus, population-wide fluctuations of V1 may reflect a common feature of mammalian visual cortical function, but important quantitative differences point to distinct consequences for the relation between vision and action in primates versus rodents.
Distinct states of nucleolar stress induced by anticancer drugs
Authors: Potapova Tamara A , Unruh Jay R , Conkright-Fincham Juliana , Banks Charles AS , Florens Laurence , Schneider David Alan , Gerton Jennifer L
Published: July 2023

Ribosome biogenesis is a vital and highly energy-consuming cellular function occurring primarily in the nucleolus. Cancer cells have an elevated demand for ribosomes to sustain continuous proliferation. This study evaluated the impact of existing anticancer drugs on the nucleolus by screening a library of anticancer compounds for drugs that induce nucleolar stress. For a readout, a novel parameter termed ‘nucleolar normality score’ was developed that measures the ratio of the fibrillar center and granular component proteins in the nucleolus and nucleoplasm. Multiple classes of drugs were found to induce nucleolar stress, including DNA intercalators, inhibitors of mTOR/PI3K, heat shock proteins, proteasome, and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Each class of drugs induced morphologically and molecularly distinct states of nucleolar stress accompanied by changes in nucleolar biophysical properties. In-depth characterization focused on the nucleolar stress induced by inhibition of transcriptional CDKs, particularly CDK9, the main CDK that regulates RNA Pol II. Multiple CDK substrates were identified in the nucleolus, including RNA Pol I– recruiting protein Treacle, which was phosphorylated by CDK9 in vitro. These results revealed a concerted regulation of RNA Pol I and Pol II by transcriptional CDKs. Our findings exposed many classes of chemotherapy compounds that are capable of inducing nucleolar stress, and we recommend considering this in anticancer drug development.
Absence of electron-transfer-associated changes in the time-dependent X-ray free-electron laser structures of the photosynthetic reaction center
Authors: Nishikawa Gai , Sugo Yu , Saito Keisuke , Ishikita Hiroshi
Published: July 2023

Using the X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) structures of the photosynthetic reaction center from Blastochloris viridis that show light-induced time-dependent structural changes (Dods et al., (2021) Nature 589, 310–314), we investigated time-dependent changes in the energetics of the electron-transfer pathway, considering the entire protein environment of the protein structures and titrating the redox-active sites in the presence of all fully equilibrated titratable residues. In the dark and charge separation intermediate structures, the calculated redox potential (Em) values for the accessory bacteriochlorophyll and bacteriopheophytin in the electron-transfer-active branch (BL and HL) are higher than those in the electron-transfer-inactive branch (BM and HM). However, the stabilization of the charge-separated [PLPM]•+HL•– state owing to protein reorganization is not clearly observed in the Em(HL) values in the charge-separated 5 ps ([PLPM]•+HL•– state) structure. Furthermore, the expected chlorin ring deformation upon formation of HL•– (saddling mode) is absent in the HL geometry of the original 5 ps structure. These findings suggest that there is no clear link between the time-dependent structural changes and the electron-transfer events in the XFEL structures.
Photoreceptor disc incisures form as an adaptive mechanism ensuring the completion of disc enclosure
Authors: Lewis Tylor R , Phan Sebastien , Castillo Carson M , Kim Keun-Young , Coppenrath Kelsey , Thomas William , Hao Ying , Skiba Nikolai P , Horb Marko E , Ellisman Mark H , Arshavsky Vadim Y
Published: July 2023

The first steps of vision take place within a stack of tightly packed disc-shaped membranes, or ‘discs’, located in the outer segment compartment of photoreceptor cells. In rod photoreceptors, discs are enclosed inside the outer segment and contain deep indentations in their rims called ‘incisures’. The presence of incisures has been documented in a variety of species, yet their role remains elusive. In this study, we combined traditional electron microscopy with three-dimensional electron tomography to demonstrate that incisures are formed only after discs become completely enclosed. We also observed that, at the earliest stage of their formation, discs are not round as typically depicted but rather are highly irregular in shape and resemble expanding lamellipodia. Using genetically manipulated mice and frogs and measuring outer segment protein abundances by quantitative mass spectrometry, we further found that incisure size is determined by the molar ratio between peripherin-2, a disc rim protein critical for the process of disc enclosure, and rhodopsin, the major structural component of disc membranes. While a high perpherin-2 to rhodopsin ratio causes an increase in incisure size and structural complexity, a low ratio precludes incisure formation. Based on these data, we propose a model whereby normal rods express a modest excess of peripherin-2 over the amount required for complete disc enclosure in order to ensure that this important step of disc formation is accomplished. Once the disc is enclosed, the excess peripherin-2 incorporates into the rim to form an incisure.
Optogenetic stimulation of the locus coeruleus enhances appetitive extinction in rats
Authors: Lui Simon , Brink Ashleigh K , Corbit Laura H
Published: July 2023

Extinction is a specific example of learning where a previously reinforced stimulus or response is no longer reinforced, and the previously learned behaviour is no longer necessary and must be modified. Current theories suggest extinction is not the erasure of the original learning but involves new learning that acts to suppress the original behaviour. Evidence for this can be found when the original behaviour recovers following the passage of time (spontaneous recovery) or reintroduction of the reinforcement (i.e. reinstatement). Recent studies have shown that pharmacological manipulation of noradrenaline (NA) or its receptors can influence appetitive extinction; however, the role and source of endogenous NA in these effects are unknown. Here, we examined the role of the locus coeruleus (LC) in appetitive extinction. Specifically, we tested whether optogenetic stimulation of LC neurons during extinction of a food-seeking behaviour would enhance extinction evidenced by reduced spontaneous recovery in future tests. LC stimulation during extinction trials did not change the rate of extinction but did serve to reduce subsequent spontaneous recovery, suggesting that stimulation of the LC can augment reward-related extinction. Optogenetic inhibition of the LC during extinction trials reduced responding during the trials where it was applied, but no long-lasting changes in the retention of extinction were observed. Since not all LC cells expressed halorhodopsin, it is possible that more complete LC inhibition or pathway-specific targeting would be more effective at suppressing extinction learning. These results provide further insight into the neural basis of appetitive extinction, and in particular the role of the LC. A deeper understanding of the physiological bases of extinction can aid development of more effective extinction-based therapies.
Tracing the history of a heart
Authors: Spurlock Brian , Qian Li
Published: July 2023

Newly developed tools will help researchers understand how the human heart develops and build better models to study and treat congenital heart disease.
Trapped in time
Authors: De Baets Kenneth , Vanadzina Karina , Schiffbauer James
Published: July 2023

Analysis of specimens preserved in amber from the Cretaceous period suggests that nematodes changed their host preference towards insects with a complete metamorphosis more recently.
Detection of railway catenary insulator defects based on improved YOLOv5s
Authors: Tang Jing , Yu Minghui , Wu Minghu
Published: July 2023

In this article, a method of railway catenary insulator defects detection is proposed, named RCID-YOLOv5s. In order to improve the network’s ability to detect defects in railway catenary insulators, a small object detection layer is introduced into the network model. Moreover, the Triplet Attention (TA) module is introduced into the network model, which pays more attention to the information on the defective parts of the railway catenary insulator. Furthermore, the pruning operations are performed on the network model to reduce the computational complexity. Finally, by comparing with the original YOLOv5s model, experiment results show that the average precision (AP) of the proposed RCID-YOLOv5s is highest at 98.0%, which can be used to detect defects in railway catenary insulators accurately.
Investigation of high flow nasal cannule efficiency with electric impedance tomography based parameters in COVID-19 adults patients: a retrospective study
Authors: Öner Özlem , Ergan Begum , Kizil Ayse Sezin , Gurkok Mehmet Cagatay , Dugral Esra , Gökmen Necati
Published: July 2023

Background/Aim

This study aimed to investigate the effects of oxygen therapy using a high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) on patients diagnosed with COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (C-ARDS) by utilizing electrical impedance tomography (EIT)-based parameters.

Materials and Methods

Oxygen therapy was administered to the patients at two different flow rates and two different positions: T0—baseline measurements were taken in the supine position before any therapy was initiated. T1—HFNC was administered in the supine position with a flow rate of 30 L/min. T2—HFNC was administered in the supine position with a flow rate of 50 L/min. T3—HFNC was administered in the prone position with a flow rate of 30 L/min. T4—HFNC was administered in the prone position with a flow rate of 50 L/min. EIT-based parameters (global inhomogeneity index (GI index), center of ventilation (CoV), regional ventilation delay index (RVD index), region of interest ratio (ROI ratio)), as well as respiratory and hemodynamic parameters of the patients, were recorded from the database.

Results

A total of twenty patients were included in this retrospective observational study. The mean age of the included patients was 64.3 ± 10.6 years. Statistically significant differences were observed in the measurements of GI index, CoV, RVD index, ROI ratio, PaO2/FiO2 ratio, respiratory rate, and mean arterial pressure parameters across different time intervals (p < 0.005). Pairwise comparisons of EIT parameters and measurements of respiratory and hemodynamic parameters at five different time points revealed statistically significant differences. For the GI index, significant differences were observed between the mean measurements taken at T0–T1, T0–T2, T0–T3, T0–T4, T1–T3, T1–T4, T2–T3, T2–T4, and T3–T4 time intervals (p < 0.05). Regarding CoV, significant differences were found between the mean measurements taken at T0–T3, T1–T3, T2–T3, and T3–T4 time intervals (p < 0.05). Additionally, for the ROI ratio, significant differences were observed between the measurement averages taken at each time interval (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that prone positioning during the management of C-ARDS patients leads to improved lung homogeneity, as indicated by EIT parameters. However, further research is required to enhance the visualization of ventilation using EIT.
First report of the ectomycorrhizal fungal community associated with two herbaceous plants in Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: Fan Yongjun , Xiang Simin , Wang Jing , Zhang Xuan , Yu Zhimin , Zhu Shupeng , Lv Meng , Bai Lijun , Han Luyu , Ma Jianjun , Wang Yonglong
Published: July 2023

Ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi play a vital role in ensuring plant health, plant diversity, and ecosystem function. However, the study on fungal diversity and community assembly of EM fungi associated with herbaceous plants remains poorly understood. Thus, in our study, Carex pediformis and Polygonum divaricatum in the subalpine meadow of central Inner Mongolia, China were selected for exploring EM fungal diversity and community assembly mechanisms by using llumina MiSeq sequencing of the fungal internal transcribed spacer 2 region (ITS2). We evaluated the impact of soil, climatic, and spatial variables on EM fungal diversity and community turnover. Deterministic vs. stochastic processes for EM fungal community assembly were quantified using β-Nearest taxon index scores. The results showed that a total of 70 EM fungal OTUs belonging to 21 lineages were identified, of which Tomentella-Thelephora, Helotiales1, Tricholoma, Inocybe, Wilcoxina were the most dominant EM fungal lineages. EM fungal communities were significantly different between the two herbaceous plants and among the two sampling sites, and this difference was mainly influenced by soil organic matter (OM) content and mean annual precipitation (MAP). The neutral community model (NCM) explained 45.7% of the variations in EM fungi community assembly. A total of 99.27% of the β-Nearest Taxa Index (βNTI) value was between −2 and 2. These results suggest that the dominant role of stochastic processes in shaping EM fungal community assembly. In addition, RCbray values showed that ecological drift in stochastic processes dominantly determined community assembly of EM fungi. Overall, our study shed light on the EM fungal diversity and community assembly associated with herbaceous plants in the subalpine region of central Inner Mongolia for the first time, which provided a better understanding of the role of herbaceous EM fungi.
Late Jurassic teeth of plesiosauroid origin from the Owadów-Brzezinki Lägerstatte, Central Poland
Authors: Weryński Łukasz , Błażejowski Błazej
Published: July 2023

Owadów-Brzezinki is currently one of the most promising Upper Jurassic sites in Central Poland, with a wide array of both vertebrate and invertebrate fossil fauna present. The discoveries of large-bodied marine reptiles fossils such as ichthyosaurs, turtles, and marine crocodylomorphs attracted attention to the location. A particular Mesozoic marine group, plesiosaurs, remained to be found, and in this report, we note four isolated teeth with distinguishing apicobasal ridging pattern and elongated, conical shape characteristic for plesiosaurians. The outcomes of the Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) of the largest and most complete tooth specimen ZPAL R.11/OB/T4 enabled us to confirm its classification as Plesiosauroidea. This discovery affirms the importance of the site as the area of mixing between Boreal and Tethyan faunas, expanding the broad spectrum of fossil taxa found in this location. Together with previous findings of plesiosaur material in a nearby region, it provides the evidence for the presence of Plesiosauroidea in Owadów-Brzezinki Lägerstatte.
A economia circular na remanufatura de peças de veículos comercias
Authors: Barderi Marcos Tavares , De Souza Maria Tereza Saraiva
Published: July 2023

A indústria automotiva está entre as mais impactantes ao meio ambiente. Dentro desse segmento, existe a indústria de veículos comerciais, que normalmente não retorna ao mercado peças de produtos em final de vida. Nesse contexto, a remanufatura é um processo que contribui restaurando peças para a condição de novos, as retornando para o ciclo de vida. A Economia Circular é uma alternativa ao modelo linear, buscando desenvolver modelos de negócios que dissociem o crescimento econômico dos impactos ambientais negativos. A Remanufatura já é reconhecida como um meio de apoio à circularidade, mas há uma carência de estudos que apresentem a relação entre os dois temas com dados empíricos. O objetivo dessa pesquisa é analisar um processo de remanufatura do setor automotivo e elementos da Economia Circular nele presentes. O método utilizado foi um estudo de caso em uma indústria de veículos comerciais e as fontes de evidências foram entrevistas semiestruturadas, observação direta, pesquisa documental e registros em arquivo. Os resultados mostram diversos elementos do ciclo técnico da Economia Circular no processo de Remanufatura, sendo eles a conservação do capital natural, a desmaterialização, o reuso e a redistribuição, a reciclagem e a externalidade positiva, além do próprio loop de materiais remanufaturados.
Antecedentes históricos del diferendo límitrofe colombo nicaragüense y de la gestión ambiental de la Reserva Biósfera Seaflower
Authors: Restrepo Julián Andrés Álvarez
Published: July 2023

Este artículo tiene como objetivo Identificar los antecedentes históricos de la controversia jurídica de delimitación marítima entre Colombia y Nicaragua, así como las problemáticas en la Gestión Ambiental de la Reserva Biosfera Seaflower,  desde el Enfoque institucional de la Ciencia Política[1], que permite entender los antecedentes del diferendo limítrofe entre estos dos Estados más allá de los instrumentos de Derecho Internacional Público y de los Tratados Bilaterales que se celebraron en su momento para adjudicar la Soberanía sobre la Costa de Mosquitos a favor de Nicaragua y del Archipiélago de San Andrés Providencia y Santa Catalina a favor de Colombia. Así las cosas, este texto no se limita solo a la descripción de hechos históricos, sino que hace una hermenéutica de las relaciones de poder entre Colombia y Nicaragua y su disputa por el Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina, además se centra en la importancia ambiental del área marina protegida declarada Reserva Biósfera Seaflower por la UNESCO en el año 2000.
 
[1] La corriente institucionalista se caracteriza por poner atención en las leyes y su papel fundamental en la acción gubernamental. Esta particularidad, denominada legalismo, se concretó en estudios con arraigo en Francia a finales del siglo XIX e inicios del XX (Broderick, 1970, citado en Peters)
Clinico-Histomorphological Spectrum and CD34 in Gastro-Intestinal Stromal Tumours: An Experience from Tertiary Care Centre, Kolkata, India
Authors: Hota Sarbashis , Ghosh Sukanya , Das Tushar Kanti , Bandyopadhyay Anjali
Published: July 2023

Introduction: Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours (GISTs) are an important subcategory of mesenchymal tumours of gastrointestinal tract. The discovery of c-kit mutation in a subset of GIST has made amenable the treatment of this entity by targeted therapy. Although, Cluster of Differentiation 34 (CD34) is a well established marker aiding in diagnosis of GIST, recent development of novel markers like Discovered on GIST1 (DOG1), CD117 have undermined its value. Still it’s a frequently used marker in the resource poor settings. Aim: To study the expression of CD34 immunomarker with respect to site, grade, stage, histomorphological type and risk category of GIST specimens received in the stipulated time period. Materials and Methods: An observational retrospective crosssectional was conducted in the Department of Pathology at R G Kar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bangal, India. The duration of the study was three years and 11 months, from September 1, 2019 to August 31, 2022. All the samples diagnosed as GISTs within the study period, were taken from the received specimens in the department and immunohistochemical examination was done on the selected samples using monoclonal antibodies against CD34 after obtaining thin sections from formalin fixed paraffin embedded blocks and retrieval of antigen. The data was interpreted by light microscopy using a semiquantitative method with respect to prefixed parameters, where 50% proportional positivity of CD34 in the tumour cells was considered as positive. The data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0. Results: Mean age of the study participants was 49.78 years. A total of 8 (34.7%) cases originating from stomach and 13 (56.5%) from intestine. Eight out of 23 (34.7%) cases showed positive expression of the marker. Six out of eight cases of gastric GISTs were found to be positive and 66.6% cases of high grade GISTs were positive for CD34. Statistically significant association was found between expression of CD34 and the site of tumour;-GISTs arising from stomach, particularly of spindle cell type, showing strong expression (p=0.003). It was found that, high grade GISTs are more likely to be positive for CD34. None of the epithelioid GISTs have shown positivity, neither any significant association was evident between expression of this marker with tumour stage or risk category. Conclusion: GISTs arising from stomach, particularly of spindle cell type, are more likely to show strong CD34 expression. Higher grade GISTs were found to be associated with positive CD34 expression in the present study, but no significant association was evident between expression of this marker.
Fuel Wood Consumption in Selected Communities in Oshimili North Local Government Area, Delta State, Nigeria
Authors: Ogeh Kesiena Tina
Published: July 2023

For proper management of a forest, it is best to harmonise demand and availability of fuel wood. With this, the study estimate the wood consumed as fuel and the factors that influence wood consumed as fuel in selected communities. Four communities were purposively chosen based on fuel wood usage: Ugbolu, Ngegu, Ani-Ngene and Aniwalo. Ninety five questionnaires were randomly administered to harvesters of wood for fuel to obtain information on socio-economic characteristics, amount of fuel wood consumed and species of tree mostly harvested for fuel wood. The results showed that the respondents are mostly male (54.7%) and are within the age-bracket of 42-51 years, with household size of 6-10 persons. The average fuel wood consumed by each household is 0.016-0.081m3 weekly in dry season and 0.012-0.057m3 weekly in rainy season. The total amount of wood consumed as fuel is 13,433.7m3 annually. Tectona grandis, Gmelina arborea Roxb (Gmelina) and Morinda lucida Benth are the species of trees predominantly used for fuel wood. The multiple regression analysis shows that socio-economic characteristics have no influence on wood consumption as fuel.
Comparative Study on Crop Diversification in Tribal and Non-tribal Area of Chhattisgarh, India
Authors: Kaushal Reshma , Jain B. C.
Published: July 2023

This paper aims to measure crop diversification for a uniform data set of 21 year in tribal and non-tribal area which includes eight districts of Chhsttisgarh state of India namely Bastar, Kondagaon, Balrampur and Surguja (In tribal region) and Raipur, Rajnandgaon, Durg and Dhamtari (in Non-tribal region). At the same time it focuses on status and changing pattern of crop diversification in the districts with a comparative outlook of both. Data used for the study were collected from year 2001 to 2022 and whole study was divided in to seven periods and separate analysis was done for all period. Simpson index were used to measure the crop diversification in the districts for comparative study. Results of the study shows complete diversification was found in the tribal area in all period through all index and likewise in Surguja and Balrampur district crop specialization was found more than Durg and Raipur districts of non-tribal area. During the study I was found that higher indices observed in the tribal area than non-tribal area. The results have revealed that in almost all crops group very low diversification indices were observed. The study has suggested that despite plenty of natural resources available in the state, the economic improvement of farmers is in infancy. Pre-requisite infrastructural facilities like cheap sources of irrigation water (assured irrigation as the monsoon in the present decade had been erratic and scanty rainfall) and extension of technological know-how (quality seeds and fertilizers), may acts as catalyst in diversification of agriculture towards high-valued crops. These developmental efforts may be helpful in fetching good incomes by the cultivators.
Response of Nitrogen and Plant Growth Regulators on Growth and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Saharsh Malkarnekar , Singh Rajesh , Indu Thakur
Published: July 2023

A research trial was conducted during Rabi season, 2022 at crop research farm, Department of Agronomy at Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj Uttar Pradesh India. The soil in experimental field was sandy loam in texture, having alkaline reaction (pH 7.7) with very low organic carbon (0.44%), available higher-level N (171.48 kg/ha), P (27.0 kg/ha) and higher level of K (291.2 kg/ha). To evaluate the response of nitrogen and different plant growth regulators on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum) the experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with ten treatments each replicated thrice. The treatment consists three levels of nitrogen (120 kg/ha, 140 kg/ha and 160 kg/ha), in combination with two sprays of Plant growth regulators viz. [Chlormequat chloride (0.2%), Tebuconazole (0.1%) and chlormequat chloride (0.2%) + tebuconazole (0.1%)] applied at 40 DAS followed at 55 DAS whose effect was observed on wheat. The results revealed that, higher plant height (98.70 cm), was recorded with treatment nitrogen 160 kg/ha along with Tebuconazole (0.1%). However, maximum number of tillers/running row meter (78.33), maximum dry weight (23.01 g), higher crop growth rate (0.0059 g/m2/day), more number of effective tillers/m2 (271), highest spike length (15.10 cm), maximum number of grains/spike (60.05), higher test weight (39.75 g), maximum grain yield (4.66 t/ha),) and straw yield (6.98 t/ha) were recorded with treatment nitrogen -160 kg/ha along with CCC (0.2%) and Tebuconazole (0.1 %) in wheat. Application of both nitrogen and plant growth regulators improved the growth and yield of wheat significantly.
Impact of Geomorphic Variables on Dissection Index in Western Doon of Dehra, Uttarakhand, India
Authors: Tajvir
Published: July 2023

Dissection Index is a scale of measure of degree of roughness of the earth surface. The degree of roughness of earth surface is consolidated outcome of morphometric elements like – average slope, relative relief, absolute relief, drainage density and lithology. The dissection index is very useful variable in the study of the terrain. The purpose of researcher is to explore the effect of morphometric elements on the dissection index. The formula put forth by Dove Nir (1957) has been adopted to find out the dissection Index. The Wentworth Method has been adopted to calculate the average slope. Study reveals that the coefficient of correlation between relative relief and dissection index is 0.882. It is 0.627, in case of average slope and dissection index. The coefficient of correlations is 0.527 in respect of absolute relief and dissection index. Investigation reveals that relative relief has highly impacted the dissection index in the area. Average slope has moderately influenced the dissection index. The value of coefficient of correlation between drainage density and dissection index, suggests the less impact of drainage density on dissection index.
Finding Faith Through Listening
Authors: Merrill Andrea L.
Published: July 2023

In this narrative medicine essay, a surgical oncologist joins the hospital chaplain during his rounds to learn how to connect with patients who have strong faith in God, even when her own beliefs are uncertain.
Understanding the US Health Care Industry as a Commercial Determinant of Health
Authors: Galea Sandro , van Schalkwyk May C. I.
Published: July 2023

This JAMA Forum discusses 4 commercial determinants of health, including political practices, preference shaping, the legal and extralegal environment, and product generation and promotion, that can undermine public health goals.
Philadelphia Beverage Tax and Association With Prices, Purchasing, and Individual-Level Substitution in a National Pharmacy Chain
Authors: Hua Sophia V. , Petimar Joshua , Mitra Nandita , Roberto Christina A. , Kenney Erica L. , Thorndike Anne N. , Rimm Eric B. , Volpp Kevin G. , Gibson Laura A.
Published: July 2023

Importance

Taxes on sweetened beverages are being implemented around the globe; an understanding of these taxes on individual-level behavior is necessary.

Objective

To evaluate the degree to which the sweetened beverage tax in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was associated with changes in beverage prices and individual-level purchasing over time at a national pharmacy chain in Philadelphia compared with Baltimore, Maryland.

Design, Setting, and Participants

Using a difference-in-differences approach and generalized linear mixed models, this cohort study examined beverage purchases made by loyalty cardholders at a national chain pharmacy retailer with stores in Philadelphia and Baltimore (control city) from before tax to after tax. Beverage sales (in US dollars) were linked by unique loyalty card numbers to enable longitudinal analyses. Data were collected from January 1, 2015, through December 31, 2017 (2 years before tax and 1 year after tax); data analyses were conducted from January through October 2022.

Exposure

Implementation of Philadelphia’s 1.5 cents/oz tax on sweetened beverages.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The outcomes were the change in mean beverage price per-ounce and mean beverage volume purchased per cardholder transaction. Individual-level point-of-sale scanner data from all beverage purchases were analyzed.

Results

A total of 1188 unique beverages were purchased from the same stores before tax and after tax. There were 231 065 unique cardholders in Philadelphia and 82 517 in Baltimore. Mean prices of taxed beverages (n = 2 094 220) increased by 1.6 (95% CI, 1.3-2.0) cents/oz (106.7% pass-through) in Philadelphia compared with Baltimore from before tax to after tax. Philadelphia cardholders purchased 7.8% (95% CI −8.1% to −7.5%) fewer ounces of taxed beverages and 1.1% (95% CI, 0.6%-1.7%) more ounces of nontaxed beverages per transaction. Taxed beverages made up a smaller percentage of cardholders’ overall beverage purchases after tax (−13.4% [95% CI, −14.2% to −12.6%]), while nontaxed beverages made up a larger share (9.3% [95% CI, 7.7%-10.7%]).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this longitudinal cohort study of the Philadelphia beverage tax, the tax was completely passed through to prices and was associated with a 7.8% decline in ounces of taxed beverages purchased at a national pharmacy chain.
FDG PET Scans in Cancer Care
Authors: Litt Henry K. , Kwon Daniel H. , Velazquez Ana I.
Published: July 2023

This JAMA Oncology Patient Page explains FDG PET scans and how they are used in cancer care.
Transition‐Metal‐Free Synthesis of an Aryl Boronate Ester through Base‐Mediated Boryl Substitution of an Aryl Halide with a Silylborane
Authors: Shishido Ryosuke , Ito* Hajime
Published: July 2023

This chapter describes the procedure for transition‐metal‐free synthesis of an aryl boronate ester through base‐mediated boryl substitution of an aryl halide with a silylborane. It presents some of the important points to be considered, the conditions that need to be maintained, characterization data, and the reagents required, as well as the techniques used and the equipment setup that are vital to carrying out the process. The chapter also describes the hazards associated with working with chemicals and the ways to deal with these hazards. Organoboron compounds are highly versatile building blocks in modern organic chemistry because they can be readily transformed into a wide variety of different functional groups. Reactions of boron electrophiles with carbon nucleophiles such as Grignard reagents or organolithium reagents are popular methods for the preparation of organoboron compounds.
A Convenient Method for the Removal of Tetrabutylammonium Salts from Desilylation Reactions
Authors: McDermott Luca , Witkowski Dominick C. , Garg* Neil K.
Published: July 2023

This chapter describes a convenient method for the removal of tetrabutylammonium salts from desilylation reactions. One especially useful reagent for the removal of silyl protecting groups is tetrabutylammonium fluoride. The solubility of this reagent in organic solvents, as well as its chemoselectivity, has contributed to its frequent usage in the removal of silyl protecting groups. The chapter presents some of the important points to be considered, the conditions that need to be maintained, characterization data, and the reagents required, as well as the techniques used and the equipment setup that are vital to carrying out the process. It also describes the hazards associated with working with chemicals and the ways to deal with these hazards.
Synthesis of (((1
R
,3
S
,3′
S
)‐3,3′‐Diethyl‐3
H
,3′
H
‐1,1′‐spirobi[isobenzofuran]‐7,7′‐diyl)bis(oxy))bis(diphenylphosphane)
Authors: Sun Siyuan , Fejedelem Zachary , Song Solomon , Nagorny* Pavel
Published: July 2023

This chapter describes the procedure for synthesis of (((1R,3S,3'S)‐3,3'‐Diethyl‐3H,3'H‐1,1'‐spirobi[isobenzofuran]‐7,7'‐diyl)bis(oxy))bis(diphenylphosphane). It presents some of the important points to be considered, the conditions that need to be maintained, characterization data, and the reagents required, as well as the techniques used and the equipment setup that are vital to carrying out the process. The chapter also describes the hazards associated with working with chemicals and the ways to deal with these hazards. Chiral organic ligands have been of great importance for the asymmetric transition‐metal catalysis since the discovery of Noyori asymmetric hydrogenation. After many decades of research, several generally well‐performing privileged ligand scaffolds have been identified.
Large Scale Oxidative Cyclization of (
E
)‐Hex‐3‐en‐1‐yl (4‐Methoxyphenyl)sulfamate
Authors: Shinde Anand H. , Sathyamoorthi* Shyam
Published: July 2023

This chapter describes the procedure for large scale oxidative cyclization of (E)‐Hex‐3‐en‐1‐yl (4‐Methoxyphenyl)sulfamate. It presents some of the important points to be considered, the conditions that need to be maintained, characterization data, and the reagents required, as well as the techniques used and the equipment setup that are vital to carrying out the process. The chapter also describes the hazards associated with working with chemicals and the ways to deal with these hazards. The
aza
‐Wacker cyclization is a very elegant but relatively underexplored alkene functionalization reaction. To date, most
aza
‐Wacker protocols have been developed with alkenyl amines or amides, thus requiring the nitrogen functionality to be native to the molecule.
Time to Publication and Time‐Lag Publication Bias for Randomized Trials on Connective Tissue Diseases
Authors: Mongin Denis , Russo Barbara , Brigante Alejandro , Capderou Sami , Courvoisier Delphine S. , Iudici Michele
Published: July 2023

Objective

To assess the time from completion to publication of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on connective tissue diseases (CTDs), investigate the factors associated with, and explore the influence of significance of study results on time to publication (time‐lag publication bias).

Methods

We included interventional, phase 2/3, 3, or 4 RCTs on CTDs registered in Clinicaltrials.gov from 2000 to 2016, whose results had been published in a peer‐review journal less than 5 years after their completion. Main trial features, including the significance of primary outcome results, were collected. Time to publication was the time from study completion to the earliest publication date. Multivariable linear regression was used to identify factors associated with time to publication.

Results

We included 62 studies, mostly phase 3 (61%) trials on pharmacologic treatments (94%); we recruited patients with systemic lupus (55%) or systemic sclerosis (23%) and planned to enroll a median of 131 (IQR [interquartile range]: 61‐288) patients. Twenty‐two (35%) reported at least a statistically significant primary outcome. Median time to publication was 28 months (IQR: 17‐36). In a multivariable analysis, time to publication progressively improved over time (faster publication in recent years, with the average time to publication decreasing by 1.3 [95% CI: 0.3‐2.3] months per year) and was not influenced by the significance of primary outcome results, funder, impact factor of the journal, number of recruiting countries, and comparator.

Conclusion

A high proportion of CTDs‐RCTs is published beyond 2 years from completion. We did not find evidence of time‐lag publication bias, and time to publication improved over time.
Recent Progress on Electrolyte Boosting Initial Coulombic Efficiency in Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhao Cong , Yang Zhuo , Zhou Xunzhu , Hao Zhiqiang , Chen Jian , Wang Zeming , Chen Xiaomin , Wu Xingqiao , Li Li , Li Lin , Jiao Lifang , Chou Shulei
Published: July 2023

The initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) of electrode materials is closely related to the energy density of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). However, some promising electrode materials for next generation LIBs suffer from low ICE, which inevitably hinders their practical application. Among the discovered modified strategies for LIBs, electrolyte optimization has attracted extensive attention due to its facile operation process. Herein, the role of ICE in LIBs is first analyzed. Subsequently, the recent progress on effective electrolyte optimization strategies for boosting ICE in LIB is summarized (including the optimization of lithium salt, salt concentration, solvent, and electrolyte additive). Finally, future research directions of electrolyte optimization for boosting ICE are proposed. This review provides valuable guidance for developing advanced electrolyte for LIBs.