bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Black Children's Learning of Work Roles from Television Commercials
Authors: O'Bryant Shirley L. , Corder-Bolz Charles R.
Published: September 2011

The present study was undertaken to test whether young boys and girls, aged 6 to 7 yr., black, and from families of low income, would develop knowledge and attitudes about work roles and the sex of workers in those roles from television commercials. Both stereotypic and counter-stereotypic occupational roles were portrayed by TV actresses. Children were pre- and posttested in terms of (1) their occupational knowledge, (2) the extent to which they stereotyped various occupations, and (3) their own preferences for various traditionally male and traditionally female jobs. Children's knowledge of occupations increased after the TV exposure; however, their views of stereotypic roles did not change. Importantly girls showed greater preferences for traditionally male jobs following TV exposure to women in such roles.
Patterns and Personality Correlates of Teachers' Interactions with Students
Authors: Bruininks Virginia L.
Published: September 2011

A group of 109 elementary and secondary teachers gave more positive feedback to students for work products than for ideas or for personal/social behaviors in the classroom. Inverse relationships were found between the amount of positive feedback provided for work products and that provided for ideas and personal/social behaviors. The teacher's need to express control was related to this pattern of classroom interaction with students. The significance of these findings and their implications for future research are discussed.
Relationship between Level of Moral Development and Factual Learning in Situations with Moral Overtones
Authors: Taylor Beverly Weidler
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationship between level of moral development and factual learning in situations with potentially strong moral overtones. 193 children in Grades 5 and 6 were interviewed using Kohlberg's moral judgment scale and were tested after a film-tape presentation on the Netsilik Eskimos. Analyses of variance indicated that there was a relationship between level of moral development and factual learning in situations with moral overtones but that this relationship did not interact with intelligence, level of academic achievement, sex, or grade level. It was also concluded that the highest moral development group (the conventional level) was different from the lower moral development groups (the preconventional level) in total factual learning, IQ, and level of academic achievement.
Three-Year Stability of Certain Word-Association Indices
Authors: Preece P. F. W.
Published: September 2011

Substantial test-retest stability of individual differences in indices of response availability and overlap in a continued word-association test was found over an interval of 3 yr. An increase in the mean values of the indices over the 3-yr. period for 20 subjects initially aged 12 yr. was confirmed.
Job Involvement as a Moderator of Work Environment-Job Satisfaction Relationships
Authors: Batlis Nick C.
Published: September 2011

Although job involvement is a construct which has received appreciable empirical investigation, many questions still exist as to its influence on the perception of environmental conditions and on environment-satisfaction relationships. The purposes of the present research were to examine relationships between job involvement and perceived environmental conditions (operationalized in the form of organizational climate measures) and to investigate moderating effects on climate-satisfaction correlations. 80 hourly employees at an electrical equipment manufacturing plant responded to a questionnaire containing measures of job involvement, job satisfaction, and organizational climate. Although job involvement was independent of climate perceptions, it did serve as a potent moderator of climate-satisfaction relationships; the high job-involvement group evidenced significant climate-satisfaction correlations in nine of 13 cases compared to only one for the low job-involvement group.
Moral Judgment and the Others-Concept
Authors: Whiteman Jerry L. , Zucker Karl B. , Grimley Liam K.
Published: September 2011

198 students in Grades 7 through 12 were assessed for their level of moral reasoning and their perceptions of others. The respective instruments were James Rest's Defining Issues Test and the Paired Hands Test-Secondary developed by Karl Zucker and others. A one-way analysis of variance and correlation statistics showed a consistent relationship between students' level of moral development and their others-concept. Those students who had reached the higher (principled) stages of moral development perceived and/or felt more positively about other people than students who were at a lower stage of moral development. Students who were at the antiestablishment stage had an especially low others-concept. Since it is thought that a person's others-concept indicates how he feels about other people as well as how he perceives others, the results of this study suggest that the complex relationship between thoughts and feelings, and their respective roles in moral education should be reexamined. Perhaps a cognitive-affective-developmental model would be more helpful for developing approaches to moral education than the cognitive-developmental model currently supported by many authorities.
Floyd Allport and the Master Problem of Social Psychology
Authors: Brooks Garland P. , Johnson Ronald W.
Published: September 2011

Throughout this century social psychology has tended to swing between an individualistic orientation and an emphasis on group processes. Floyd Allport over a span of 50 yr. has wrestled with the problem of the appropriate approach of social psychology to its subject matter, labelling the question “the master problem.” Issues relating to assumptions, methods, and units of observation are discussed, and the development of trends in this dichotomization are traced. Allport's individualistic behaviorism is pitted against other theorists of moderate and opposing opinions. It is argued that Sherif's group-approach anchors the other end of the continuum. Finally an argument is presented that the two theorists are not irreconcilable, and that each position has ultimately led to a similar description of collectivities.
Behavioral Self-Control in Treating Procrastination of Studying
Authors: Ziesat Harold A. , Rosenthal Ted L. , White Glenn M.
Published: September 2011

56 college students who procrastinated in studying were given either behavioral self-control training or a nondirective, attention-placebo control procedure. Experimental clients were exposed to training in either stimulus control, self-reinforcement, or a combination of the two. Half of these clients used self-punishment; half did not. Half were trained individually and half in groups of four. In terms of reported amount of study time and attitudes toward studying, experimental clients improved, whereas control clients did not. However, there were no significant differences among experimental subconditions. Neither control nor experimental conditions resulted in any significant change in over-all grade point average.
Nondifferential Reinforcements and Discrimination Learning by Retardates
Authors: O'Malley John J. , Golden Gregory
Published: September 2011

20 retarded subjects received 50 trials of nondifferential reinforcement in the presence of cues on the dimension of shape and subsequently learned either a shape discrimination with color irrelevant or a color discrimination with shape irrelevant. 20 control subjects simply learned the shape or color discrimination. Nondifferential reinforcement significantly facilitated learning of the color discrimination and only tended to nonsignificantly hinder learning of the shape discrimination. Results were discussed in terms of Mackintosh's attentional theory of discrimination learning.
Sex-Role Concepts and Flexibility on Measures of Thinking, Feeling, and Behaving
Authors: Babladelis Georgia
Published: September 2011

Tests selected to measure orientation toward others, interpersonal relations on behavioral and feeling levels, and creative thinking were administered to 163 persons. Scores were examined for differences between males and females (on the basis of gender alone) and among sex-role concept groups (on the basis of scores on Bem's test) to test the proposition that androgynous persons are more flexible in interpersonal relations than are either masculine or feminine persons. Androgynous persons are more flexible in a range of interpersonal situations but not in creative thinking tasks. Both the extensions and limitations of the androgyny construct are discussed in view of that finding. The usefulness of Bem's test of sex-role inventory for clinical and research purposes was noted.
Factor Structure of Psychological Screening Inventory Scales
Authors: Lanyon Richard I.
Published: September 2011

Item factor analyses were conducted on the 5 scales of the Psychological Screening Inventory separately for 400 normal males and 400 normal females, who were representative of the U.S. adult population with respect to age and diverse in education and geographic location. Between 3 and 6 factors were identified for each scale, and each was tentatively named according to item content. Clinical use of these factor-based item clusters as individual scales should await criterion-related research.
The Peabody Individual Achievement Test with Normal and Special School Populations
Authors: Kieffer Donald M. , Golden Charles J.
Published: September 2011

Since the publication of the Peabody Individual Achievement Test, it has become a frequent part of many educational batteries. However, a serious drawback in its evaluation has been the lack of available information on the test's applicability to special populations and its relationship with other standardized tests of achievement. From this review of the literature on the use of the test with normal, retarded, learning disabled, and emotionally disturbed children, the authors conclude that the test can add important diagnostic information in the assessment of handicapped children, although there remain significant areas in which research on the Peabody is still necessary.
Effects of Gender and Sex-Role on Tension and Satisfaction in Small Groups
Authors: Hamby Russell
Published: September 2011

Role-strain and role-accumulation explanations regarding tension and satisfaction were examined in task-oriented discussions by groups made up of both sexes. Although gender had no effect on competitive behavior in matrix games or on tension and satisfaction in small groups discussing these games, masculine, feminine, and androgynous sex-roles as indexed by Bern's (1974) questionnaire significantly influenced these behaviors and attitudes. With the exception of tension releases, which are conceptually somewhat ambiguous, androgynous subjects were lowest in tension and highest in satisfaction. A follow-up experiment using all female subjects reproduced these results and also showed that masculine females were high in tension and dissatisfaction. Lack of adequate numbers of feminine males precluded a similar analysis for males. It is suggested that the advantages of role-accumulation experienced by androgynous subjects may result because the roles are internalized, and, therefore, may be transferred easily from one situation to another.
Relationship of Fear of Death and Level of Self-Esteem in College Students
Authors: Davis Stephen F. , Martin Dan A. , Wilee Cean T. , Voorhees James W.
Published: September 2011

Self-esteem and death anxiety instruments were administered to a total of 383 undergraduates; black and white, males and females were included in the sample. Consistent with previous data, higher scores on death anxiety were shown by female subjects. Black males displayed significantly higher self-esteem scores. An analysis of subgroups low and high in self-esteem produced support for a negative relationship between level of self-esteem and death anxiety.
Effects of Incentive and Frustrative Cues on Acquisition of an Alleyway-Running Response in Rats
Authors: Harrell Ernest H. , Morey John C.
Published: September 2011

The motivational properties of Longstreth's (1970) definitions of incentive and frustrative cues were tested using 32 rats in a two-phase straight-alleyway experiment. During pretraining rats given an incentive cue were presented a visual cue prior to reinforcement; rats given a frustrative cue experienced the visual cue simultaneously with reinforcement. Each animal subsequently encountered the same cue in mid-alley during 40 CRF training trials. Significant inhibition and not a frustration effect developed as the rats given the frustrative cue passed through the cue and postcue segment of the alley. Significant incentive effects occurred midway through training only in the postcue segment. Differential resistance to extinction was not found. The results do not support all of Longstreth's assumed properties of motivational cues and in addition suggest that performance differences attributable to the cues are delayed by a discrimination problem independent of motivational effects.
Multimodal Therapy: An Integrating Model for Behavioral Medicine
Authors: Richard James T.
Published: September 2011

Behavioral medicine has shown promise in managing and treating a wide range of medical conditions. Most research has concerned changing the external environments or the physiological responses. There are indications that a more holistic model is needed. Two cases, one a hypertensive and the other a migraine headache sufferer, are presented to illustrate Lazarus' Multimodal Behavior Therapy Model, which is proposed to integrate clinical research and practice.
Effects of Sodium Phenobarbital on Brain Stimulation Behavior, Behavioral Seizures, and EEG Seizure Activity
Authors: Schnare Sharon N. , Lenzer Irmingard I.
Published: September 2011

The effects of sodium phenobarbital on (a) behavior reinforced by electrical stimulation of the brain, (b) behavioral seizures, and (c) EEG seizure activity were observed in seven male Sprague-Dawley rats. Rate of response on placebo day, over a 30-min. continuous reinforcement session, was compared to rate of response on drug day; an increase in response on the drug day over the placebo day was called a positive phenobarbital effect and a decrease a negative phenobarbital effect. For some animals the positive phenobarbital effect disappeared when the animal's rate of response was calculated for seizure-free time, i.e., when the time spent in seizure was subtracted from the 30-min. period. For other animals, however, the phenobarbital effect, whether positive or negative, was not directly related to time gained on the drug day compared to the placebo day. A new concept was advanced, that of seizure-proneness, measured by the number and duration of seizures and spike after-discharges. Significant correlations were found for seizure-proneness and phenobarbital effect.
Environmental Attitudes of United States Representatives: Ecology, Industry, and Wildlife
Authors: Buys Christian J. , Word Edwin D. , Brisiel Lawrence C. , Campbell Jo
Published: September 2011

Environmental attitudes of a small sample ( N = 59) of United States Representatives were surveyed. Attitudes were assessed toward wildlife legislation, human responsibility toward animals, and the relation between industry and ecology. Representatives raised in a largely urban environment, in contrast to those raised in a largely rural environment, were more favorable toward environmental concerns than toward unregulated industrial growth, more favorable toward legislation for the protection and preservation of wildlife, and perceived humans as being more responsible for animals. Over-all, however, the majority of these Representatives were sensitive to environmental concerns.
Sex Differences in the Relationship between Machiavellianism and Self-Disclosure
Authors: Domelsmith David E. , Dietch James T.
Published: September 2011

Previous research suggests that there should be a negative correlation between Machiavellianism (Mach) and willingness to reveal things about oneself. However, existing data are unclear and contradictory, especially regarding differences between males and females. College students (48 male, 77 female) completed measures of both Machiavellianism and self-disclosure, and the two sets of scores were correlated. As expected, Mach was significantly correlated with unwillingness to self-disclose among males. For the females, however, Mach was significantly correlated with willingness to disclose. The two correlations are significantly different. Culturally defined differences in the goals of men and women may account for the results. According to current stereotypes, men are oriented toward individual achievement, while die goals of women are more “social,” being popular, nurturant, skilled at getting along with others, etc. Women who accept these goals and who are willing to employ manipulative (Machiavellian) tactics to achieve them could use self-disclosure effectively, while it would be an ineffective strategy for men.
Psychological Androgyny and Fear of Success
Authors: Gayton William F. , Havu Gertrude , Barnes Stephen , Ozman Kenneth L. , Bassett John S.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationship between psychological androgyny and fear of success for 128 female undergraduates who were administered the Bern Sex-role Inventory and a 29-item, self-report, fear of success scale. From performance on the inventory subjects were assigned to one of four sex-role categories: sex-typed, sex-reversed, androgynous, or indeterminate. Androgynous and sex-reversed females manifested significantly less fear of success than either sex-typed or indeterminate females. These findings suggest that psychological androgyny is associated with dealing effectively with possible perceived negative consequences of success.
Academic Performance and its Personality Correlates in a College Sample of Blacks and Whites
Authors: Wilder David H. , Paradise Louis V. , Hoffer Gilbert L.
Published: September 2011

Effects of discrimination on academic performance were tested by comparing black and white college students matched for sex, scholastic aptitude, and secondary school achievement. Four variables comprising the personality constructs of frustration tolerance and independence were analyzed. Blacks scored higher on the independence and lower on frustration tolerance than their matched peers. Implications for discrimination and personality development are discussed.
Comparison of Effects of Labeled and Unlabeled Praise and Time-Out upon Children's Discrimination Learning
Authors: Bernhardt Alan J. , Fredericks Susan , Forbach Gary B.
Published: September 2011

In the present study 60 preschool children participated in a three-choice discrimination learning task. The effects of praise and time-out were compared in a 2 (labeled vs unlabeled praise) X 3 (labeled vs unlabeled vs no time-out) factorial design. Labeled groups received a specific verbal description of the correct (or incorrect) choice in addition to the appropriate consequence (s). As predicted, both labeled praise and time-out groups showed significantly more correct and less incorrect behavior, respectively, on the task (marble-in-the-hole game) than comparable groups receiving unlabeled consequences. The time-out procedure, inaccessibility of a reinforced response, was effective only when a description of the incorrect response accompanied the negative consequence. Results did not confirm the prediction that the group given both labeled praise and labeled time-out would show more correct and less incorrect responding than groups receiving a description of only one dimension.
Stimulus Transitions in Extinguishing a Discrimination
Authors: McCroskery James H. , Basamania Carl J.
Published: September 2011

The number and order of stimulus transitions while extinguishing a discrimination were evaluated in order to determine what stimulus changes are essential to initiate differential responding. Following Light on vs Light off food-reinforced discrimination training in operant chambers, 40 rats were randomly assigned to five groups for extinction testing in the presence of S+ or S−. For three groups the first transition during extinction was from S+ to S− whereas for two groups the first transition was from S− to S +. There were basically no differences in responding to the external stimuli among the three S+ to S− groups; the two S− to S+ groups differed from the other three groups and from each other. It was concluded that an S+ to S− transition is essential in extinction for the appearance of differential responding.
Vocational Orientation of College Women as Related to Selected Personality Characteristics
Authors: Bledsoe Joseph C.
Published: September 2011

Responses of 205 college women to the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire were correlated with responses to the Vocational Orientation of Women Questionnaire to determine whether measured personality traits would reliably predict identification with a career outside the home and/or the homemaker role. Multiple Rs of .30 for career and .44 for homemaker were obtained by 2 and 6 predictor variables, respectively. Women favoring the career role were more radical and imaginative. The young women favoring the homemaker role were more likely to be conservative, excitable, submissive, practical, conscientious, and uncontrolled.
Darkness in an Enlightened Era: Women's Drawings of Their Sexual Organs
Authors: Blum Lucille Hollander
Published: September 2011

The study was exploratory with a view to determine women's concepts in regard to the anatomy of their sexual-reproductive organs. The study raises the question of the extent to which the concepts are harmonious with the greater freedom of sexual expression evidenced today. For 68 women, 20 to 78 yr. of age, educational level ranged from high school graduate to university post-graduate degrees. The women were requested to draw internal and external sexual organs. The drawings were evaluated on the basis of inclusion of generally familiar structures: vagina, clitoris, uterus, Fallopian tubes and ovaries in approximately correct placement. There were somewhat more than twice as many ‘inadequate’ drawings as ‘adequate’ ones. Not all respondents complied with the request for the drawing. Women left blanks, and a number wrote comments of regret. The author offers underlying reasons for resistance to knowledge of the anatomy of the sexual organs. Implications for health care from the point of view of women and from the point of view of the physician ate discussed.
Effects of Similarity of Raters' and Patients' Attitudes on Evaluations of Patients' Mental Health
Authors: Feuquay Jeffrey P. , Parish Thomas S. , Elsom Bill F. , Dobson Judith E.
Published: September 2011

This experiment requested 15 graduate students in counseling and 15 in clinical psychology to evaluate the mental health of strangers using statements of attitude and behavior purported to refer to fictitious strangers. Holding behavioral statements constant, strangers displaying attitudes dissimilar to the students' were rated as significantly more disturbed than attitudinally similar strangers. Holding similarity constant, strangers described as demonstrating severely disturbed behavior were perceived to be more disturbed. Students reported more confidence in the accuracy of their evaluations of similar strangers. No relationship was found between the ratings given to strangers and the student's major, the degree pursued, or the amount of course-work completed.
Creative Performance among Siblings of Various Ordinal Birth Positions
Authors: Kaltsounis Bill
Published: September 2011

Torrance's rests of Thinking Creatively With Pictures and Words, Forms A were administered to 9 sets of 4 brothers in Grades 3, 4, 5 and 6 who were a little over a year apart from each other. Analysis showed that the second-born performed significantly better on both tests.
Defendant's Parental Status as Affecting Judges' Behavior: An Experimental Test
Authors: Steffensmeier Darrell J. , Faulkner Gary L.
Published: September 2011

176 male and female college students read a description of a defendant and then sentenced the defendant with respect to five episodes depicting offense. The sex and parental status of the hypothetical defendant were varied. The results provided little support for the “practicality” hypothesis that defendants with children, especially female defendants, receive preferential treatment in criminal court. The data did show, however, that female defendants in general were treated more leniently than male defendants.
Semantic Habits and Attitudes of Black College Students
Authors: Chen Kathleen
Published: September 2011

In exploring the associative patterns and attitudes toward self and others, some measures were obtained on 79 black and 97 white college students. Results show reduced tendencies of the black students to use positive evaluational concepts in association. Black females are much like black males in associative patterns. There is no difference in the reported self-concepts of black and white females. Black males, however, reported more positive self-concepts than white males.
Using the Natural Environment in Counseling for Therapeutic Change: A Case Study
Authors: Knapp Terry J. , Crosby Herbert W. , O'Boyle Michael W.
Published: September 2011

The frequent and effective use of the natural environment in conducting psychotherapy is described through an illustrative case study.
Terminal and Instrumental? An Inquiry into Rokeach's Value Survey
Authors: Heath Robert L. , Fogel Daniel S.
Published: September 2011

Because Rokeach's theory of values and his Value Survey are so influential on other researchers, critical analysis of the instrument and its basic assumptions are warranted. Two studies were conducted to determine whether empirical rationale exists for the division of value systems into two categories, terminal and instrumental. Drawn from analysis by Rokeach and from two studies, evidence suggests that the two categories lack construct validity. Instead, a value system based on value orientations is suggested.
From External to Self-Control: Behavioral Treatment of Trichotillomania in an Eleven-Year-Old Girl
Authors: Wulfsohn Diane , Barling Julian
Published: September 2011

An 11-year-old girl with a seven year history of trichotillomania (in this instance eyelash pulling) was successfully treated first using external control (token economy and response cost) and, later, self-instructional procedures. The intervention lasted 3 mo., and a 9-mo. follow-up period is reported.
Feeling of Improvement in Flooding: Some Analogue Data
Authors: Sorgatz Hardo , Prümm Norbert
Published: September 2011

To test if feeling of improvement hinders the progress of a flooding procedure 60 students participated in an experiment on aversive conditioning. The conditioned aversive stimuli belonged to a class of objects, which were either pictures, words, or the solutions of 20 anagrams. During the flooding-analogue, treated subjects unlearned their avoidance responses to the aversive stimuli while they were informed about their progress by means of fake physiological feedback. Results indicated that feeling of improvement supported the flooding-analogue treatment.
Factor Analysis of Expressions of Anxiety
Authors: Jurich Anthony P. , Jurich Julie A.
Published: September 2011

40 female college students were videotaped in an interview during which they were questioned about sexual attitudes. Independent pairs of judges rated subjects using these videotapes. A rotated factor analysis performed on 18 non-verbal ratings, a finger-sweat index, the subject's subjective rating of own anxiety, and the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale yielded five factors: level of excitement, activity level, degree of compulsiveness, style of budgeting time in an anxiety-provoking situation, and directness of orientation.
Sex-Stereotyping of Children's Success in Mathematics and Reading
Authors: Mokros Janice R. , Koff Elissa
Published: September 2011

Fifth and sixth graders' evaluations of the social attractiveness of boys and girls who were described as highly successful in either mathematics or reading were explored. A rating scale was employed to determine the extent to which subjects thought that a boy, girl, good friend, and teacher liked a fictitious boy or girl who was labeled either the best mathematics or reading student in the class. Perceived likeability was significantly influenced by the interaction of academic area and sex of the character described as successful. Both sexes generally gave higher ratings to the boy who did well in mathematics and the girl who did well in reading. The acquisition and application of sex-related labels associated with mathematics and reading and the interpersonal consequences of such labeling are discussed as possible determinants of sex differences in achievement in these areas.
Modification of Self-Esteem by Covert Positive Reinforcement
Authors: Aubut Lévis , Ladouceur Robert
Published: September 2011

Three groups given covert positive reinforcement and a control (21 male and 19 female college students) equally improved on three measures of self-concept and a deduction task.
Internal and External Locus of Control as Determinants of Decision Making in a Game of Skill
Authors: Elkins Gary R. , Cochran Samuel W.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated decision making in internally and externally motivated persons as they interacted in a competitive game of skill. Subjects were 36 internally and 36 externally scoring graduate and undergraduate psychology students. All possible pairings of internal and external subjects were involved in a competitive two-person game. The game of skill required participants to bid against each other to purchase tokens which were auctioned. The results indicated that internal subjects made decisions reflecting a greater expenditure of resources and time than external subjects.
College Students' Attitudes toward Workers' Competence and Age
Authors: Perry James S. , Varney Tempie L.
Published: September 2011

An investigation was conducted among 120 college men and women to study their attitudes toward a worker described in scenarios using the dimensions of competence and age. The attitude measure included 7 questions to be rated. Ratings were analyzed using 2 × 2 × 2 randomized groups design. Results indicated that the competence variable was significant for 6 of the 7 questions. On these 6 questions the highly competent worker was viewed more positively than the worker of average competency. Males indicated less preference to work for an older worker than did females. Students viewed the older worker as making fewer future valuable contributions and as catching on to new ideas less quickly. There was no over-all negative evaluation to the older worker except in regard to these mental and physical abilities.
Sex Makes a Difference: 1. Evidence from a Modeling Study Conducted in a Natural Setting
Authors: Bégin Guy
Published: September 2011

The present experiment examined modeling effects on petition signing as an index of helping behavior. 263 naive subjects participated. It was predicted that, when the model agreed to sign, more subjects would agree to sign than in the control condition and, when the model refused to sign, fewer subjects would sign than in the control condition. The predictions were confirmed when the requester and subjects were of the same sex. When they were of the opposite sex, however, no model was needed. Finally, a cross-sex effect was found between the subjects and the requester.
Locus of Control and Weight Loss in Joiners and Non-Joiners of Weight Reduction Organizations
Authors: Hankins Norman E. , Hopkins Linda
Published: September 2011

70 female subjects who had attempted to lose weight responded to Rotter's I-E Scale and to a linear scale indicating their success in weight reduction. They also indicated whether they had ever joined an organized weight-reduction program and, if so, whether they had completed it. On the basis of their responses they were classified as Externals or Internals and as Joiners or Non-joiners producing four groups in a 2 × 2 factorial design. The groups were External Joiners, External Non-joiners, Internal Joiners and Internal Nonjoiners. The perceived locus of control did not affect self-rating scores of weight reduction. Nor did membership status affect ratings of success. An interaction between perceived locus of control and membership status was found. Internal Joiners reported greater success in weight loss than Internal Non-joiners. External subjects, however, reported greater success in weight reduction when they did not join a weight-reduction program. The least successful group in weight loss was composed of Joiners who dropped out of a program before its completion.
Brain Electrical Activity during Prayer
Authors: Surwillo Walter W. , Hobson Douglas P.
Published: September 2011

Electroencephalograms (EEGs) were recorded during rest and during prayer in the laboratory from 6 adults aged 24 to 70 yr. belonging to the Protestant faith. The purpose was to discover whether the electrocortical rhythms during prayer are slower than they are during rest as has been reported to be the case in Transcendental Meditation. Findings did not show any evidence of EEG slowing in prayer. Indeed, the opposite result, namely, a speeding-up of the EEG, was observed in the majority of subjects. In one subject the shift from rest to prayer amounted to an average increase in frequency of 1.6 c/sec. Findings were discussed in relation to similar results which have been reported in highly experienced Yoga meditators and advanced Transcendental Meditators capable of deep meditative states. Confirmatory evidence from one subject who was a highly experienced Sufi meditator is also presented.
Self-Actualization, Meta Values, and Creativity
Authors: Mathes Eugene W.
Published: September 2011

The humanistic psychologists, Rogers and Maslow, have suggested that values have an organismic or biological basis and thus can and should be studied empirically. The strategy followed by Maslow has been to ask self-actualizing people or people who are especially open to experience, including organismic experience, what they value. Maslow found that such people value a set of qualities which he called metavalues, a partial list of which includes truth, goodness, beauty, unity, dichotomy transcendence, aliveness, uniqueness, perfection, necessity, completion, justice, order, simplicity, richness, effortlessness, playfulness, self-sufficiency, meaningfulness, and love. Maslow concluded that this list of metavalues is an approximation of the good. Unfortunately Maslow's research methods were relatively informal; and, it was felt that his results should be replicated. This study attempted such a replication by correlating scores on a measure of self-actualization with endorsement of metavalues. Positive and significant correlations suggested that Maslow's conclusions were correct. Nonsignificant correlations suggested no relationship of self-actualization and measures of creativity.
Modification of Impulsive Cognitive Style: A Survey of the Literature
Authors: Readence John E. , Bean Thomas W.
Published: September 2011

Cognitive style, in particular, the dimension of reflection-impulsivity, is a significant characteristic of subjects in learning. Previous investigations suggest that learners of an impulsive cognitive style are at a seeming disadvantage in problem-solving situations. Surveyed are investigations of procedures designed to alter an impulsive problem-solving disposition. Among the conclusions are: (1) reinforcement techniques induce short-term change in an impulsive cognitive style; (2) reflective modeling significantly modifies impulsive behavior; (3) instruction in scanning strategies alters impulsiveness on problem-solving tasks; and, (4) training in discrimination of distinctive features aids impulsive learners. As an alternative to modifying impulsiveness in learners, the authors propose that explorations of how the environment may be made compatible with the child be undertaken.
Development of Sex-Role Stereotyping in Rural Aboriginal Children
Authors: Barry Robert J.
Published: September 2011

42 rural aboriginal children and 96 suburban white children aged between 32 and 74 mo. were individually tested for stereotyping of sex role using a toy-preference technique. Significant effects of age and racial group upon level of stereotyping were obtained. These indicated that older children in both groups were more rigidly stereotyped and that the aboriginal group was less stereotyped than the white group. This was conceptualised as indicating a developmental lag of approximately 15 mo. Possible reasons for this lag, and the additional restriction of sex-role stereotyping upon aboriginal development, were discussed.
Comments on the Use of Group Therapy and Written Instruction in Treatment of Sexual Dysfunction
Authors: Faustman William O.
Published: September 2011

An examination is offered of recently developed therapeutic strategies for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. Treatment techniques using groups arose from the desire to increase the efficiency and decrease the cost of therapy. The characteristics and techniques of these groups are examined. These treatments seem efficacious and may possess certain advantages over individual therapy. A discussion is offered of -written programs for treating sexual dysfunction. When utilized with clients whose relationships are stable and motivation high, these methods also appear efficacious. Comments are provided regarding further use of these strategies.
Employees' Expectancy Perceptions as Explanatory Variables for Effectiveness of Participation in Decision Making
Authors: Schuler Randall S. , Kim Jay S.
Published: September 2011

Employees' perceptual expectancies as an explanatory framework for the effectiveness of participation in decision making were investigated in a large public utility organization. The results supported the hypothesis that the effectiveness of participation in decision making is mediated by employees' perceptual expectancies of the effort-performance and the performance-outcome relationships ( n = 383). The results also suggested that the types of employees' perceptual expectancies may have different mediating effects depending on the criteria selected.
Cultural Effect on Attitudes toward Labels
Authors: Horne Marcia D.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of culture on attitudes toward disabilities. Bilingual Hebrew, Italian, and Spanish fourth grade students were included in the sample along with black and monolingual comparison groups. The 271 students were tested using a social distance type instrument designed to measure attitudes toward 10 disability groups. Results showed only minimal support for the effect of culture on attitudes toward disabilities and when compared with previous findings suggested a reasonably stable hierarchy of preference existed.
Effects of Contingencies of Reinforcement on Same-Sexed and Cross-Sexed Interpersonal Interactions
Authors: Levy Jeffrey C.
Published: September 2011

22 male and 22 female undergraduates were told they were interacting with either three other males or three other females. In fact, they were interacting with three pre-experimentally determined programs: one which consistently gave money to them (friendly), one which consistently took money away (punitive), and one which mirrored their own behavior (matching). Subjects could respond by giving or taking away money or by ignoring. Regardless of their own sex or the sex of the “others,” more money was given to the matching program than to the friendly program, and more to the friendly program than to the punitive program. Taking and ignoring responses were rare, except against the punitive program. There were no sex differences in response to the punitive program, failing to replicate previous findings obtained when electric shock was used as the punitive response. Two alternative explanations for this discrepant finding were offered: it could be attributed to the lack of differential societal training for the sexes in the usage of response cost procedures as forms of punishment; or, in recent years there may have occurred a gradual reduction in behavioral differences between the sexes in response to aversive events.
Factor Structure of Adjective Check List under Different Instructional Sets
Authors: Small Arnold C. , Batlis Nick C.
Published: September 2011

The present study assessed the factor structure of the Adjective Check List under the instructional sets of “self” and “ideal” ratings for 22 disturbed and 49 normal girls. Factor structures obtained under these two conditions indicated that the constructs evaluated by this instrument were similar even when the instructional sets differed.
Personality Correlates of Locus of Control among College Women
Authors: Bledsoe Joseph C. , Baber William C.
Published: September 2011

Personality correlates of locus of control were investigated for a group of 205 college women. Eight 16-Personality Factor variables were reliably correlated with scores on locus of control. Internal women were more likely to be controlled, emotionally stable, conscientious, trusting, shrewd, and sociable; external women were more likely to be excitable and insecure. A 6-variable stepwise regression model using will power, ego strength, sociability, trust, creativity, and shrewdness as variables gave a mutiple R of .442 and accounted for 20% of the variance.
Some Creativity and Style of Learning and Thinking Correlates of Guglielmino's Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale
Authors: Torrance E Paul , Mourad Salah
Published: September 2011

In an exploratory study of the construct validity of Guglielmino's Self-directed Learning Readiness Scale, 41 graduate students in education were administered the following criterion measures: Sounds and Images (Originality), Thinking Creatively About the Future (Fluency and Originality), Schaefer's Simile Test (Originality), Templeton's Photoanalogies Test, Gershon and Guilford's Possible Jobs test, Khatena and Torrance's What Kind of Person Are You? and Something About Myself, and Torrance's Style of Learning and Thinking test, Product-moment coefficients of correlation between the total Self-directed Learning Readiness Scale scores and the criterion measures supported the construct validity of the Self-directed Learning Readiness Scale with statistically significant relationships for all three of the originality measures ( rs = .52, .38, and .52), the measure of ability to produce analogies ( r = .48), creative achievements and experiences ( r = .71), and the right and left hemisphere styles of learning ( rs = .43 and —.34, respectively).
Relationship between Aggression of Preschoolers and Teachers' Sex
Authors: Harden Richard R. , Jacob Saied H.
Published: September 2011

Overt aggressive behavior among 16 preschool children under combinations of pairs of teachers (female-female, female-male, and male-male) was investigated. The 8 boys manifested significantly more overt aggression than 8 girls under all conditions. Overt aggression was highest in the female-female condition but decreased significantly in the female-male as well as the male-male condition.
Stimuli Associated with Pregnancy Prepare for Maternal Behavior in Rats
Authors: Moore Celia L. , Morelli Gilda A.
Published: September 2011

Cohabitation with pregnant females decreased the time required for reproductively naive female rats to become maternal with constant stimulation by pups. Experience with a companion's parturition did not add to experience related to her pregnancy. Exposure to pregnancy-related stimuli also increased nestbuilding as an initial response of virgins to pups. Social isolation for 9 days before exposure to pups decreased both contact with pups and cannibalism.
An Adult Version of the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory: Test-Retest Reliability and Social Desirability
Authors: Ryden Muriel B.
Published: September 2011

A version of the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory, modified for use with adults, was found to have a test-retest reliability of about .80 for 32 adult women over periods of 6 to 58 wk. Correlation of the scores with the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale for a group of 51 college students was .47. Use of the lie scale on the self-esteem scale to identify subjects whose self-reports are markedly influenced by a social desirability factor can reduce this correlation to .32.
Impulsiveness and Venturesomeness: Their Position in a Dimensional System of Personality Description
Authors: Eysenck Sybil B. G. , Eysenck H. J.
Published: September 2011

A 63-item questionnaire was constructed for the measurement of three primary personality traits; impulsiveness, venturesomeness, and empathy. This questionnaire, together with the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire which measures personality dimensions Psychoticism, Neuroticism, and Extraversion, was administered to 402 male and 787 female adult subjects. Factor analysis of the questionnaire resulted in three factors similar to those postulated, and made possible the construction of scales for their reliable measurement. These scales were then located in the three-dimensional space created by the three higher-order factors Psychoticism, Extraversion, and Neuroticism, and it was found that Venturesomeness and Impulsiveness correlated positively with Psychoticism and Extraversion, but while Venturesomeness correlated negatively with Neuroticism, Impulsiveness correlated positively with Neuroticism. Empathy only correlated with Neuroticism (positively). The three primaries were largely independent of each other. Men were higher on Venturesomeness and lower on Empathy; there were no sex differences on Impulsiveness. A discussion is given of the psychological meaning of such factors as those here reported.
Effects of Various Sources of Coercion on Outcome of Treatment of Alcoholism
Authors: Freedberg Edmund J. , Johnston William E.
Published: September 2011

Nine sources of coercion were examined: the client's employer, spouse, friends, relatives and children, and the clients' concerns over health, finances, legal consequences and self-respect. Perceived influence from these sources was related to treatment outcome for 123 alcoholics (120 males) who had participated in a multi-modal, behaviorally oriented treatment program. For the entire sample, there was a significant drop in perceived influence from the clients' spouses and children and also from clients' concerns over health and self-respect. When coercion data were related to drinking outcome one year after treatment, “abstainers” showed a significant drop in scores on several measures, while unimproved subjects showed no change, or a rise, in scores on the coercion measures. Coercion may be necessary to lead many alcoholics to treatment, but data suggested that a drop in the pressure may be required if drinking patterns ate to be changed.
Preliminary Study of Psychological Changes in Feeling Therapy
Authors: Karle Werner , Hart Joseph , Corriere Richard , Gold Stephen , Maple Christopher
Published: September 2011

10 early, 10 middle, and 10 late participants in an intense, community-oriented psychotherapy (feeling therapy) were measured for differences on two standardized psychological tests (Personal Orientation Inventory and Eysenck Personality Inventory) and on responses to individual and group post-session report questionnaires. Two earlier studies had found measurable physiological changes associated with this form of therapeutic intervention and it was hypothesized that associated psychological changes might be observed. Results partially bore out this prediction; the three groups evidenced some significant differences on the Personal Orientation Inventory and Post-session Report Forms. Eysenck Personality Inventory data did not distinguish between the groups.