bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drugs and diseases: Summary and consensus statements of group 1. The 5thEAO Consensus Conference 2018
Authors: Schliephake Henning , Sicilia Alberto , Nawas Bilal Al , Donos Nikos , Gruber Reinhard , Jepsen Søren , Milinkovic Iva , Mombelli Andrea , Navarro Jose Manuel , Quirynen Marc , Rocchietta Isabella , Schiødt Morten , Schou Søren , Stähli Alexandra , Stavropoulos Andreas , Sánchez Suárez Luis Miguel
Published: October 2018

Objectives

The task of this working group was to update the knowledge about the use of drugs and biologicals affecting healing of soft tissue and bone during implant treatment or procedures associated with it. Moreover, the impact of titanium particles and biocorrosion on complications and implant survival has been analysed.

Materials and Methods

The literature in the areas of interest (platelet concentrates, antiresorptive drugs as well as implant–host interaction) was screened using systematic reviews for the former two areas, whereas a narrative critical review was performed for the latter topic. Two manuscripts on platelet concentrates, one manuscript on antiresorptive drugs and one manuscript on the effects of biocorrosion, were presented for group analysis with subsequent discussion in the plenum and final consensus approval.

Results

Results and conclusions of the individual reviews of the three topics are presented in the respective papers. Conclusions of the group on strengths and weaknesses of available evidence as well as consensus statements and directions for further research are provided in this study.

The following papers were subject to group discussions and formed the basis for the consensus statements:

Stähli A, Strauss FJ, Gruber R. () The use of platelet‐rich‐plasma to enhance the outcomes of implant‐related therapies: a systematic review

Strauss FJ, Stähli A, Gruber R. (2018) The use of platelet‐rich‐fibrin to enhance the outcomes of implant‐related therapies: a systematic review

Mombelli A, Hashim D, Cionca N. () What is the impact of titanium particles and bio‐corrosion on implant survival and complications? A critical review

Stavropoulos A, Bertl K, Pietschmann P, Pandis N, Morten Schiødt, Klinge B. () The effect of antiresorptive drugs on implant therapy: a systematic review.
Biological aspects: Summary and consensus statements of group 2. The 5th EAO Consensus Conference 2018
Authors: Sanz Mariano , Klinge Bjorn , Alcoforado Gil , Bienz Stefan P. , Cosyn Jan , De Bruyn Hugo , Derks Jan , Figuero Elena , Gurzawska Katarzyna , Heitz‐Mayfield Lisa , Jung Ronald E. , Ornekol Turker , Salgado Alberto
Published: October 2018

Objectives

This publication reports the EAO Workshop group‐2 discussions and consensus statements which provided the scientific evidence on the influence of biological parameters on implant‐related clinical outcomes.

Material and methods

The first publication was a systematic review on the biological effects of abutment material on the stability of peri‐implant marginal bone levels and the second, a critical narrative review on how peri‐implant diagnostic parameters correspond with long‐term implant survival and success. The group evaluated the content of both publications, made corrections and recommendations to the authors and agreed on the consensus statements, clinical recommendations and recommendations for future research, which are described in this consensus report.

Results

Tested abutment materials can be considered appropriate for clinical use according to the observation period studied (mean 3.5 years). Mean peri‐implant bone loss and mean probing pocket depths are not adequate outcomes to study the prevalence of peri‐implantitis, while the reporting of frequency distributions is considered more appropriate.

Conclusions

Titanium is currently considered the standard of care as abutment material, although other materials may be more suitable for aesthetic locations. Peri‐implantitis should be diagnosed through composite evaluations of peri‐implant tissue inflammation and assessment of marginal bone loss with different thresholds.
The use of platelet‐rich fibrin to enhance the outcomes of implant therapy: A systematic review
Authors: Strauss Franz Josef , Stähli Alexandra , Gruber Reinhard
Published: October 2018

Objective

To assess the impact of platelet‐rich fibrin (PRF) on implant dentistry. The primary focused question was as follows: What are the clinical, histological, and radiographic outcomes of PRF administration for bone regeneration and implant therapy?

Method

A systematic literature search comprised three databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane followed by a hand search of relevant scientific journals. Human studies using PRF for bone regeneration and implant therapy were considered and articles published up to December 31, 2017 were included. Eligible studies were selected based on the inclusion criteria. Randomized controlled trials (RCT) and controlled clinical trials (CCT) were included.

Results

In total, 5,963 titles were identified with the search terms and by hand search. A total of 12 randomized controlled trials (RCT) met the inclusion criteria and were chosen for data extraction. Included studies focused on alveolar ridge preservation after tooth extraction, osseointegration process, soft tissue management, bone augmentation, bone regeneration after sinus floor elevation and surgical peri‐implantitis treatment. Overall, the risk of bias was moderate or unclear. Nine studies showed superior outcomes for PRF for any of the evaluated variables, such as ridge dimension, bone regeneration, osseointegration process, soft tissue healing. Three studies failed to show any beneficial effects of PRF. No meta‐analysis could be performed due to the heterogeneity of study designs.

Conclusions

There is moderate evidence supporting the clinical benefit of PRF on ridge preservation and in the early phase of osseointegration. It remains unclear whether PRF can reduce pain and improve soft tissue healing. More research support is necessary to comment on the role of PRF to improve other implant therapy outcomes.
Frequency of infraposition and missing contact points in implant‐supported restorations within natural dentitions over time: A systematic review with meta‐analysis
Authors: Papageorgiou Spyridon N. , Eliades Theodore , Hämmerle Christoph H.F.
Published: October 2018

Objectives

The aim of this systematic review was to assess clinical evidence on adverse effects of osseointegrated implants placed among natural teeth of a residual dentition.

Methods

Seven databases were searched without restrictions up to January 2018 for clinical studies on implant infraposition (IIP) or proximal contact point (PCP) loss to the adjacent teeth. After duplicate selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment according to the Cochrane guidelines, random‐effects meta‐analyses of odds ratios (OR) or mean differences (MD) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were performed, followed by meta‐regression and sensitivity analyses.

Results

A total of 27 nonrandomized studies with 1,572 patients (mean age 42.2 years/51.2% female) followed up to 18.5 years after implant placement were included. The pooled %prevalence of IIP was 50.5% (nine studies; 95% CI = 26.3–74.5%), and the pooled IIP extent was 0.58 mm (six studies; 95% CI = 0.33–0.83 mm), while IIP > 1 mm was seen for 20.8% of placed implants (five studies; 95% CI = 8.3–37.1%), and male patients were less prone to IIP than female patients (three studies; OR = 0.30; 95% CI = 0.10–0.88; p = 0.03). The pooled %prevalence of PCP loss was 46.3% (nine studies; 95% CI = 32.3–60.6%), with increase through observation time (two studies; OR = 1.09; 95% CI = 1.03–1.16; p = 0.004) and predilection for mesial PCPs (five studies; OR = 2.25; 95% CI = 1.06–4.77; p = 0.03). However, the quality of evidence was very low due to bias.

Conclusions

Patients and doctors need to be aware that long‐term adverse effects of dental implants among natural teeth can be observed in terms of IIP and PCP loss to the adjacent teeth.
Is the use of digital technologies for the fabrication of implant‐supported reconstructions more efficient and/or more effective than conventional techniques: A systematic review
Authors: Mühlemann Sven , Kraus Riccardo D. , Hämmerle Christoph H. F. , Thoma Daniel S.
Published: October 2018

Objective

To identify clinical studies evaluating efficiency and/or effectiveness of digital technologies as compared to conventional manufacturing procedures for the fabrication of implant‐supported reconstructions.

Materials and Methods

A systematic search from 1990 through July 2017 was performed using the online databases Medline, Embase, and Cochrane‐Central‐Register‐of‐Controlled‐Trials. Literature on efficiency and/or effectiveness during the impression session, the manufacturing process, and the delivery session were included.

Results

In total, 12 clinical studies were included. No meta‐analysis was performed due to a large heterogeneity of the study protocols. Nine publications reported on posterior single implant crowns (SIC) and three on full‐arch reconstructions. Mean impression time with intraoral scanners ranged between 6.7 and 19.8 min, whereas the range for conventional impressions was 8.8 and 18.4 min. In a fully digital workflow (FD‐WF) for posterior SIC, mean fabrication time ranged between 46.8 and 54.5 min (prefabricated abutment) and 68.0 min (customized abutment). In a hybrid workflow (H‐WF) including a digitally customized abutment and a manual veneering, mean fabrication time ranged between 132.5 and 158.1 min. For a conventional porcelain‐fused‐to‐metal‐crown, a mean time of 189.8 min was reported. The mean time for the delivery of posterior SIC ranged between 7.3 and 7.4 min (FD‐WF), 10.5 and 12.5 min (H‐WF), and 15.3 min (conventional workflow, C‐WF). The FD‐WF for posterior SIC was more effective than the H‐/C‐WF.

Conclusions

The implementation of the studied digital technologies increased time efficiency for the laboratory fabrication of implant‐supported reconstructions. For posterior SIC, the model‐free fabrication, the use of prefabricated abutments, and the monolithic design was most time efficient and most effective.
What is the impact of titanium particles and biocorrosion on implant survival and complications? A critical review
Authors: Mombelli Andrea , Hashim Dena , Cionca Norbert
Published: October 2018

Objectives

To compile the current evidence regarding the association between the release of titanium particles and biologic complications of dental implants.

Material and methods

This is a critical review. We searched the literature using the terms “corrosion,” “allergy,” “hypersensitivity,” or “particles” together with “titanium,” “Ti,” “TiO2.” The bibliographies of identified publications and previously published review articles were scanned to find additional related articles. We included clinical studies, in vivo and in vitro experiments.

Results

Titanium particles and degradation products of titanium have been detected in oral and nonoral tissues. Particles are released from surfaces of dental implants because of material degradation in a process called tribocorrosion. It involves mechanical wear and environmental factors, notably contact to chemical agents and interaction with substances produced by adherent biofilm and inflammatory cells. In vitro, titanium particles can interfere with cell function and promote inflammation. A temporal association between exposure to titanium and occurrence of tissue reactions suggested hypersensitivity in a limited number of cases. However, there is poor specificity as the observed reactions could be initiated by other factors associated with the placement of implants. Titanium particles are commonly detected in healthy and diseased peri‐implant mucosa alike, at low levels even in gingiva of individuals without titanium implants. Rather than being the trigger of disease, higher concentrations of titanium in peri‐implantitis lesions could be the consequence of the presence of biofilms and inflammation.

Conclusion

There is an association between biocorrosion, presence of titanium particles, and biological implant complications, but there is insufficient evidence to prove a unidirectional causal relationship.
Is there an effect of crown‐to‐implant ratio on implant treatment outcomes? A systematic review
Authors: Meijer Henny J. A. , Boven Carina , Delli Konstantina , Raghoebar Gerry M.
Published: October 2018

Objectives

High crown‐to‐implant ratios may lead to complications due to unfavorable occlusal forces, including nonaxial forces, on the bone surrounding the neck of the implant and within the connection of the crown and implant itself. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review on the influence of crown‐to‐implant ratio of single‐tooth, nonsplinted, implants on biological and technical complications.

Materials and Methods

MEDLINE (1950–January 2018), EMBASE (1966–January 2018), and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials database (1800–January 2018) were searched to identify eligible studies. Inclusion criteria were as follows: crown‐to‐implant ratio of single‐tooth, nonsplinted, implant‐supported restorations in the posterior maxilla or mandible and follow‐up of at least 1 year. Main outcome measures were as follows: implant survival rate, marginal bone level changes, biological complications, and technical complications. Two reviewers independently assessed the articles. A meta‐analysis was carried out for implant survival rate and peri‐implant bone changes.

Results

Of 154 primarily selected articles, eight studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Study groups presented a mean crown‐to‐implant ratio varying from 0.86 (with 10‐mm implants) to 2.14 (with 6‐mm implants). The meta‐analysis showed an implant survival of more than 99% per year and mean peri‐implant bone changes of <0.1 mm per year. Limited biological and technical complications were reported.

Conclusion

Data reviewed in the current manuscript on crown‐to‐implant ratio, ranging from 0.86 to 2.14, of single‐tooth, nonsplinted, implants did not demonstrate a high occurrence of biological or technical complications.
Clinical outcomes of partial and full‐arch all‐ceramic implant‐supported fixed dental prostheses. A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Pieralli Stefano , Kohal Ralf‐Joachim , Rabel Kerstin , von Stein‐Lausnitz Manja , Vach Kirstin , Spies Benedikt Christopher
Published: October 2018

Objective

To assess the survival and technical complication rate of partial and full‐arch all‐ceramic implant‐supported fixed dental prostheses (P‐FDP/FA‐FDP) and supporting implants.

Materials and methods

An electronic search through three databases (MEDLINE/Pubmed, Cochrane Library, Embase) was conducted to identify relevant clinical studies with an observation period of at least 12 months, including ≥15 patients. Reconstruction and implant survival rates, technical complications and confounding variables such as processed/installed materials, retention mode and location in the mouth were obtained. Failure and complication rates were analyzed using standard Poisson regression models to calculate 5‐year survival and complication estimates.

Results

A total of five studies for the P‐FDP group and seven studies for the FA‐FDP group were included, throughout evaluating veneered zirconia reconstructions. In the P‐FDP group, reconstructions were located in posterior regions. Meta‐analysis indicated survival estimates on the reconstruction level of 98.3% and 97.7% for P‐ and FA‐FDPs after 5 years. However, chipping of the veneering ceramic was frequent, resulting in estimated 5‐year complication rates of 22.8% (P‐FDPs) and 34.8% (FA‐FDPs). Five‐year survival estimates of implants supporting P‐FDPs and FA‐FDPs of 98.5% and 99.4% were calculated, respectively. Including a total of 540 FDPs, one screw‐loosening and 11 de‐cementations were reported. Confounding variables were not found to have a significant influence on survival and complication rates.

Conclusions

All‐ceramic implant‐supported P‐ and FA‐FDPs comprising veneered zirconia frameworks showed high survival but clinically inacceptable fracture rates of the veneering ceramic. Their suitability with regard to this indication and a successful long‐term outcome needs to be further evaluated.
Effects of law enforcement and community outreach on mammal diversity in a biodiversity hotspot
Authors: Chen Cheng , Quan Rui‐Chang , Cao Guanghong , Yang Hongpei , Burton A. Cole , Meitner Michael , Brodie Jedediah F.
Published: October 2018

Management activities such as law enforcement and community outreach are thought to affect conservation outcomes in protected areas, but their importance relative to intrinsic environmental characteristics of the parks and extrinsic human pressures surrounding the parks have not been explored. Furthermore, it is not clear which is more related to conservation outcomes—the management itself or local people's perceptions of the management. We measured objective (reports by park staff) and subjective (reports by local people) levels of community outreach and law enforcement based on responses to 374 questionnaires. We estimated mammal abundance and diversity of 6 protected areas based on data from 115 camera traps in Xishuangbanna, southwest China, a biodiversity hotspot with high hunting and land‐conversion pressures. We then examined correlations among them and found that local people's perception of law enforcement was positively related to the local abundance of 2 large, hunted species, wild boar (Sus scrofa) (β = 15.22) and muntjac (Muntiacus vaginalis) (β = 14.82), but not related to the abundance of smaller mammals or to objective levels of enforcement. The subjective frequency of outreach by park staff to local communities (β = 3.42) and park size (β = 3.28) were significantly and positively related to mammal species richness, whereas elevation, human population density, and subjective frequency of law enforcement were not. We could not conclude that community outreach and law enforcement were directly causing increased mammal abundance and diversity. Nevertheless, the patterns we detected are some of the first empirical evidence consistent with the idea that biodiversity in protected areas may be more positively and strongly related to local perceptions of the intensity of park management than to either intrinsic (e.g., elevation, park size) or extrinsic (e.g., human population density) environmental factors.
Metformin synergistically enhances the antitumor activity of the third‐generation EGFR‐TKI CO‐1686 in lung cancer cells through suppressing NF‐κB signaling
Authors: Pan Yong‐Hong , Lin Cai‐Yu , Lu Cong‐Hua , Li Li , Wang Yu‐Bo , Chen Heng‐Yi , He Yong
Published: October 2018

Purpose

Third‐generation irreversible epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR‐TKI), rociletinib (CO‐1686), is great efficacy against EGFR‐mutated patients bearing the T790M resistance mutation. However, acquired resistance may emerge. There is a need to characterize acquired resistance mechanism(s) and to devise ways to overcome CO‐1686 resistance.

Experimental Design

MTT assay, ki67 incorporation assay, transwell assay and TUNEL assay were employed to analyze the effects of metformin to reverse CO‐1686 resistance in vitro. The NF‐κB activity was measured by the antibody of p50, p65, p‐IKBɑ, and p‐IKKɑ/β. Western blotting was used to analyze the proteins in cells.

Results

We have established CO‐1686‐resistant cell lines of PC‐9GRCOR and H1975COR from two parental cell lines of PC‐9GR and H1975 by long‐term exposure to increasing doses of CO‐1686. Compared with the parental cells, PC‐9GRCOR cells and H1975COR cells showed 90‐folds and 20‐folds higher resistance to CO‐1686, respectively. Critically, we showed that the nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells (NF‐κB) signaling molecular proteins subunits of p50, p65 and its inhibitor proteins of IKBɑ, IKKɑ/β in phosphorylation levels in resistant cells were higher than parental cells. Accordingly, inhibition of NF‐κB activity used TPCA‐1 effective in decreasing viability and inducing apoptosis of resistant cells. Moreover, metformin overcame the acquired resistance to CO‐1686 by reducing cell proliferation and invasion. Metformin combined with CO‐1686 synergistically inhibited the p‐IKBɑ, p‐IKKɑ/β, p50, and p65.

Conclusions

NF‐κB signaling activation induced acquired resistance to CO‐1686. Metformin sensitized resistant cells to CO‐1686 via inhibiting NF‐κB signaling.
Institutional arrangements to make public spending responsive to the poor: When intent meets political economy realities
Authors: Mogues Tewodaj , Erman Alvina
Published: October 2018

Motivation

Researchers and practitioners increasingly appreciate that accounting for the needs of ordinary citizens in developing countries supports the process of pro‐poor public resource allocation.

Purpose

We examine the existing evidence with regard to four institutional arrangements that endeavour to make public spending responsive to the needs of the poor by moving decision‐making procedures closer to the population. We term these “responsive institutional arrangements” (RIAs).

Approach

We scrutinize the evidence in the literature on the functioning of each RIA against a framework that considers how countries’ broader governance environment shape governments’ incentives.

Findings

The article concludes that RIAs can channel resources based on the preferences of the poor, but mainly if citizens have political space, and governments the incentives, to allocate resources in a pro‐poor fashion. Otherwise, RIAs often become tools of control for elites. However, the evidence suggests that higher inequality has an eroding effect on the functionality of RIAs. We argue that past optimism toward RIAs should be replaced by a more refined understanding.

Policy implications

Policy implications include that RIAs can especially be fostered where there is a pre‐existing strong civil society, and political accountability. Achievable RIA improvement targets incentivize local government leaders to be responsive to ordinary individuals.
Temperature, discharge and development shape the larval diets of threatened green sturgeon in a highly managed section of the Sacramento River
Authors: Zarri Liam J. , Palkovacs Eric P.
Published: October 2018

Feeding at early fish life stages is a key determinant of survival to recruitment. To understand the environmental and developmental determinants of early life stage feeding in ESA‐threatened green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris), we performed a diet study in a highly managed section of California's Sacramento River, where temperature and discharge are controlled by dam releases. Utilising field collections from 2012 to 2016, we assessed the impacts of temperature, discharge and morphological development on the composition and number of prey items in larval green sturgeon diets. Results show that there are more empty stomachs at colder temperatures. Higher discharge conditions decreased prey taxon richness and counts, especially the abundance of cyclopoid copepods in diets. Fish smaller than 30 mm had teeth on the oral jaws and showed a strong reliance on zooplankton prey. The developmental loss of teeth in fish greater than 30 mm was associated with decreased zooplankton consumption and increased richness of benthic macroinvertebrates in diets. Our results show that river management through dam releases has the potential to impact the earliest life stage of green sturgeon by reducing the prevalence of favoured zooplankton prey in diets.
Introduction of integrated dental training jaw models and rubric criteria
Authors: Tenkumo Taichi , Fuji Takeshi , Ikawa Motohide , Shoji Shigeru , Sasazaki Hiromi , Iwamatsu‐Kobayashi Yoko , Okuyama Yayoi , Matsui Hiroyuki , Shiraishi Naru , Furuuchi Toshi , Higuchi Keisuke , Hashimoto Wataru , Takeuchi Yasuhisa , Simauchi Hidetoshi , Sasaki Keiichi
Published: October 2018

Objective

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of introducing integrated jaw models, rubric criteria and homework tasks to a total clinical simulation training course to improve the clinical competence of preclinical dental students.

Methods

A total simulation training course, which involved six clinical dentistry departments, was held for 110 preclinical students in 2014 and 2015. We prepared integrated jaw models having several morbidities along with corresponding medical information and homework tasks. The students formulated diagnoses and devised treatment plans before performing dental treatment on the mannequin under the direction of instructors from the respective clinical departments. Their performance was assessed by both students and instructors using the rubric criteria.

Results

Based on quantitative evaluations, the introduction of integrated jaw models appeared to improve the students' ability to formulate diagnoses and devise dental treatment plans and to understand the respective clinical dentistry disciplines. The rubric criteria provided immediate feedback for the students. Based on a comparison of rubric scores, students tended to significantly underestimate their own performance compared with instructors. Moreover, the introduction of homework tasks improved student seriousness.

Conclusion

Introducing integrated jaw models, rubric criteria and homework tasks to a total simulation training course may be a good approach for improving student performance in terms of dental diagnoses and treatment.
Medial thalamus in the territory of oculomotor basal ganglia represents stable object value
Authors: Yasuda Masaharu , Hikosaka Okihide
Published: October 2018

Many visual objects are attached with values which were created by our long rewarding history. Such stable object values attract gaze. We previously found that the output pathway of basal ganglia from caudal‐dorsal‐lateral portion of substantia nigra pars reticulata (cdlSNr) to superior colliculus (SC) carries robust stable value signal to execute the automatic choice of valuable objects. An important question here is whether stable value signal in basal ganglia can influence on other inner processing such as perception, attention, emotion, or arousal than motor execution. The key brain circuit is another output path of basal ganglia: the pathway from SNr to temporal and frontal lobes through thalamus. To examine the existence of stable value signal in this pathway, we explored thalamus in a wide range. We found that many neurons in the medial thalamus represented stable value. Histological examination showed that the recorded sites of those neurons included ventral anterior nucleus, pars magnocellularis (VAmc) which is the main target of nigrothalamic projection. Consistent with the SNr GABArgic projection, the latency of value signal in the medial thalamus was later than cdlSNr, and the sign of value coding in the medial thalamus was opposite to cdlSNr. As is the case with cdlSNr neurons, the medial thalamus neurons showed no sensitivity to frequently updated value (flexible value). These results suggest that the pathway from cdlSNr to the medial thalamus influences on various aspects of cognitive processing by propagating stable value signal to the wide cortical area.
Prelimbic cortex is a common brain area activated during cue‐induced reinstatement of cocaine and heroin seeking in a polydrug self‐administration rat model
Authors: Rubio Francisco J. , Quintana‐Feliciano Richard , Warren Brandon L. , Li Xuan , Witonsky Kailyn F. R. , Valle Frank Soto del , Selvam Pooja V. , Caprioli Daniele , Venniro Marco , Bossert Jennifer M. , Shaham Yavin , Hope Bruce T.
Published: October 2018

Many preclinical studies examined cue‐induced relapse to heroin and cocaine seeking in animal models, but most of these studies examined only one drug at a time. In human addicts, however, polydrug use of cocaine and heroin is common. We used a polydrug self‐administration relapse model in rats to determine similarities and differences in brain areas activated during cue‐induced reinstatement of heroin and cocaine seeking. We trained rats to lever press for cocaine (1.0 mg/kg per infusion, 3‐hr/day, 18 day) or heroin (0.03 mg/kg per infusion) on alternating days (9 day for each drug); drug infusions were paired with either intermittent or continuous light cue. Next, the rats underwent extinction training followed by tests for cue‐induced reinstatement where they were exposed to either heroin‐ or cocaine‐associated cues. We observed cue‐selective reinstatement of drug seeking: the heroin cue selectively reinstated heroin seeking and the cocaine cue selectively reinstated cocaine seeking. We used Fos immunohistochemistry to assess cue‐induced neuronal activation in different subregions of the medial prefrontal cortex, dorsal striatum, nucleus accumbens, and amygdala. Fos expression results indicated that only the prelimbic cortex (PL) was activated by both heroin and cocaine cues; in contrast, no significant cue‐induced neuronal activation was observed in other brain areas. RNA in situ hybridization indicated that the proportion of glutamatergic and GABAergic markers in PL Fos‐expressing cells was similar for the heroin and cocaine cue‐activated neurons. Overall, the results indicate that PL may be a common brain area involved in both heroin and cocaine seeking during polydrug use.
Distributed representation of vocalization pitch in marmoset primary auditory cortex
Authors: Zhu Shuyu , Allitt Ben , Samuel Anil , Lui Leo , Rosa Marcello G. P. , Rajan Ramesh
Published: October 2018

The pitch of vocalizations is a key communication feature aiding recognition of individuals and separating sound sources in complex acoustic environments. The neural representation of the pitch of periodic sounds is well defined. However, many natural sounds, like complex vocalizations, contain rich, aperiodic or not strictly periodic frequency content and/or include high‐frequency components, but still evoke a strong sense of pitch. Indeed, such sounds are the rule, not the exception but the cortical mechanisms for encoding pitch of such sounds are unknown. We investigated how neurons in the high‐frequency representation of primary auditory cortex (A1) of marmosets encoded changes in pitch of four natural vocalizations, two centred around a dominant frequency similar to the neuron's best sensitivity and two around a much lower dominant frequency. Pitch was varied over a fine range that can be used by marmosets to differentiate individuals. The responses of most high‐frequency A1 neurons were sensitive to pitch changes in all four vocalizations, with a smaller proportion of the neurons showing pitch‐insensitive responses. Classically defined excitatory drive, from the neuron's monaural frequency response area, predicted responses to changes in vocalization pitch in <30% of neurons suggesting most pitch tuning observed is not simple frequency‐level response. Moreover, 39% of A1 neurons showed call‐invariant tuning of pitch. These results suggest that distributed activity across A1 can represent the pitch of natural sounds over a fine, functionally relevant range, and exhibits pitch tuning for vocalizations within and outside the classical neural tuning area.
Characterization of synthetic porous media using non‐Newtonian fluids: experimental evidence
Authors: Atallah N. M. , Abou Najm M. R.
Published: October 2018

The characterization of pore structures is required for a broad range of applications, from modelling flow dynamics to understanding petroleum reservoir performance. This research was based on a theoretical framework proposed by Abou Najm and Atallah for improved characterization of pore structures using Newtonian and non‐Newtonian fluids. Here, we report the first experimental evidence of the ability of non‐Newtonian shear‐thinning fluids to predict the pore structure of three synthetic porous media using only saturated infiltration experiments of water and guar gum solutions at different concentrations. The method predicted multiple distinct representative pore sizes, depending on the number of guar gum solutions used, optimized to mimic the functional behaviour of porous media in terms of flow and porosity. Statistical analysis revealed satisfactory agreement between the predicted and real pore structures in the three synthetic porous media.

Highlights

Experimental evidence of the ability of non‐Newtonian fluids to infer the pore structure of porous media

Experiments enabled extraction of multi‐flow regimes mimicking functional flow and porosity behaviour

Experiments with different guar gum concentrations on three synthetic porous media regenerated known pore structures

Promising results for an inexpensive and safe new method for pore structure characterization
Re‐evaluating English personal naming on the eve of the Conquest
Authors: Chetwood James
Published: October 2018

Between 850 and 1150, the names of the people of England underwent a fundamental transformation. The old Germanic system of dithematic naming was replaced by a system of indivisible names in which a diminishing number of names became shared by an increasing number of people. This is often seen as one of the many consequences of the Norman Conquest, and is assumed to have gone hand in hand with a switch to continental names. Analysing three corpora of names from pre‐Conquest England, this article offers a re‐evaluation of the transformation in medieval English personal naming.
Early thrombosis prophylaxis with enoxaparin is not associated with hematoma expansion in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage
Authors: Ianosi B. , Gaasch M. , Rass V. , Huber L. , Hackl W. , Kofler M. , Schiefecker A. J. , Addis A. , Beer R. , Rhomberg P. , Pfausler B. , Thomé C. , Ammenwerth E. , Helbok R.
Published: October 2018

Background and purpose

Early pharmacological deep vein thrombosis (DVT) prophylaxis is recommended by guidelines, but rarely started within 48 h. We aimed to analyze the effect of early (within 48 h) versus late (>48 h) DVT prophylaxis on hematoma expansion (HE) and outcome in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).

Methods

We analyzed 134 consecutive patients admitted to a tertiary neurointensive care unit with diagnosed spontaneous ICH, without previous anticoagulation, severe coagulopathy, hematoma evacuation, early withdrawal of therapy or ineligibility for DVT prophylaxis according to our institutional protocol. Significant late HE was defined as ≥6 mL increase of hematoma volume between neuroimaging within 48 h and day 3–6. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify risk factors for late HE, poor 3‐month outcome (modified Rankin Scale score ≥ 4) and mortality.

Results

Patients had a median Glasgow Coma Scale score of 14 [interquartile range (IQR), 10–15], ICH volume of 11 (IQR, 5–24) mL and were 71 (IQR, 61–76) years old. A total of 56% (n = 76) received early DVT prophylaxis, 37% (n = 50) received late DVT prophylaxis and 8 (6%) had unknown bleeding onset. Patients with early DVT prophylaxis had smaller ICH volume [9.5 (IQR, 4–18.5) vs. 17.5 (IQR, 8–29) mL, P = 0.038] and were more often comatose (26% vs. 10%, P = 0.025). Significant late HE [n = 5/134 (3.7%)] was associated with larger initial ICH volume (P = 0.02) and lower thrombocyte count (P = 0.03) but not with early DVT prophylaxis (P = 0.36). Early DVT prophylaxis was not associated with worse outcome.

Conclusion

Significant late HE is uncommon and DVT prophylaxis within 48 h of symptom onset may be safe in selected patients with ICH.
Increased IL‐17‐expressing γδ T cells in seborrhoeic dermatitis‐like lesions of the Mpzl3 knockout mice
Authors: Wikramanayake Tongyu C. , Hirt Penelope , Almastadi Maram , Mitchell Hunter , Tomic‐Canic Marjana , Romero Laura , Garcia Denisse , Strbo Natasa
Published: October 2018

Seborrhoeic Dermatitis (SD) is a common inflammatory skin disorder, but its molecular pathogenesis remains elusive. Previously, we have established the Mpzl3 knockout (−/−) mice as a model for SD. In this study, we focused on early phases of skin inflammation and determined the cytokine profiles and identified immune cell types in the lesional skin in the Mpzl3 −/− mice. Using flow cytometry, we detected a significant increase of CD45+ leucocytes, CD3+ T lymphocytes and especially γδ T cells but not αβ T cells in the lesional skin compared to control. We also detected high levels of IL‐17 and determined that the γδ T cells were a major contributing source. CD3+ and γδ T cell localization in the skin was verified by indirect immunofluorescent staining. Since neither γδ T cells nor IL‐17 had been implicated in SD, our study provides novel insights into the role of MPZL3 in the pathogenesis of SD‐like skin inflammation.
Sequential cyclic changes of hair roots revealed by dermoscopy demonstrate a progressive mechanism of diffuse alopecia areata over time
Authors: Zhang Xingqi , Ye Yanting , Zhu Zhaohui , Yang Yuqing , Cao Hui , McElwee Kevin J. , Ling Yunxia
Published: October 2018

Background

Diffuse alopecia areata (DAA) often leads to a complete hair shedding within a few months.

Objective

To explore features and mechanisms underlying DAA.

Materials and Methods

Scalp and hair root dermoscopy were conducted on 23 DAA patients throughout the disease process, 20 patchy Alopecia areata patients, 23 acute telogen effluvium (ATE) patients and 10 normal controls. Histopathology was also evaluated.

Results

We found almost all hair roots were anagen in early stage DAA in 18 patients (18/23, 78.3%) within the first 4‐8 weeks after hair loss onset. Anagen effluvium (~4 weeks) was followed by catagen (~4 weeks) and then telogen/exogen (~8 weeks) effluvium with overlap. Hair root and proximal hair shaft depigmentation was more prominent in later DAA disease stages. Black dots, exclamation mark hairs and inconsistent thickness of hair shafts were found more often in early than later DAA (Ps < 0.01). Early DAA histopathology revealed more prominent inflammation and hair follicle regression than that observed in the later stages. Patchy alopecia areata patients showed mixed anagen, catagen and telogen hair roots while ATE patients showed increased exogen and mildly decreased hair root pigmentation.

Conclusion

Sequential cyclic staging of shed hairs in DAA indicates the insult may be hair‐cycle specific. We suggest that DAA is initially an anagen effluvium disease involving an intense inflammatory insult, later progressing to a brief catagen effluvium, and then to telogen effluvium with premature exogen, in later stages of DAA.
Benefits of Child Behavior Interventions for Parent Well‐Being
Authors: Tømmerås Truls , Kjøbli John , Forgatch Marion
Published: October 2018

Objective

To explore the direct and indirect associations among GenerationPMTO (i.e., the “Oregon model” of a parent management training program), child behavior problems, and parent outcomes.

Background

The behavioral parent training program GenerationPMTO is designed to improve child behavior outcomes. Although parent well‐being is not targeted, previous studies have found collateral benefits on parental well‐being for GenerationPMTO in preventive low‐risk samples and high‐risk samples.

Method

Bootstrapped structured equation models were used to analyze 2 randomized trials that evaluate parent well‐being (mental health, somatic health, and vitality) in 2 versions of GenerationPMTO: Brief Parent Training (BPT) for a preventive sample (N = 216) and GenerationPMTO, which was higher‐risk and a mix of a clinical and a preventive sample (N = 137). We examined direct and indirect effects of treatment condition for parent well‐being via change in children's behavior problems, change in parenting practices, and level of parenting self‐efficacy.

Results

Six months after treatment, results revealed positive effects on targeted child and parent outcomes in both samples, whereas only the BPT intervention had direct effects on parent well‐being.

Conclusion

Collateral benefits in the low‐risk BPT sample suggest that helping children and their families at earlier stages of negative development may increase the potential for immediate collateral benefits.

Implications

The results highlight the preventive potential of a brief behavioral parent training intervention based on the social interaction learning model.
Attitudes towards people with dementia: a cross‐sectional study comparing dental hygiene students with registered dental hygienists
Authors: Isobe Ayaka , Izumi Maya , Akifusa Sumio
Published: October 2018

Objective

In order to adequately care for patients with dementia, it is necessary for dental hygienists to develop unprejudiced attitudes towards and obtain sufficient knowledge of dementia. The aim of this study was to assess attitudes towards and knowledge of dementia among Japanese dental hygiene students and identify related factors to the attitude and the knowledge. We compared the attitude and the knowledge between dental hygiene students and practising dental hygienists.

Background

Dental hygienists are required to care for patients with dementia by developing appropriate attitudes towards dementia and gaining knowledge of dementia.

Material and methods

Between May 2016 and July 2016, 191 third‐grade dental hygiene students and 64 registered dental hygienists were surveyed. We modified questionnaires to assess attitudes towards and knowledge of dementia. Ageism was assessed using the Fraboni Ageism scale. To determine potential dementia awareness factors, information regarding participants’ experiences with dementia was collected.

Results

Factor analysis revealed four factors in the attitude scale (Cronbach's α, 0.652‐0.820). All item‐total correlation coefficients for the knowledge scale were above 0.3, and Cronbach's α was 0.827. All awareness factors for dementia were significantly different between students and registered dental hygienists. Total scores of attitude and knowledge were higher among registered dental hygienists, indicating better attitude and knowledge, but total scores of ageism were lower among registered dental hygienists, indicating worse ageism. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the attitudes towards dementia correlated with years of experience, ageism, interest in dementia and desire to work with patients with dementia.

Conclusion

Registered dental hygienists had more positive and more knowledge compared to dental hygiene students. Attitudes towards dementia, but not knowledge of dementia, were significantly positively correlated with ageism.
Clinicopathological significance of RCAN2 production in gastric carcinoma
Authors: Hattori Yui , Sentani Kazuhiro , Shinmei Shunsuke , Oo Htoo Zarni , Hattori Takuya , Imai Takeharu , Sekino Yohei , Sakamoto Naoya , Oue Naohide , Niitsu Hiroaki , Hinoi Takao , Ohdan Hideki , Yasui Wataru
Published: October 2018

Aims

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the leading causes of cancer‐related death worldwide. Genes expressed only in cancer tissue may be useful biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and therapeutics. The aims of the present study were to analyse regulator of calcineurin 2 (RCAN2) in a large number of GCs, and to investigate how these expression patterns correlate with clinicopathological parameters and various markers.

Methods and results

An immunohistochemical analysis of RCAN2 in 207 GC tissue samples showed that 110 (53%) GCs were positive for RCAN2. RCAN2‐positive GCs were more advanced in terms of TNM classification and tumour stage than RCAN2‐negative GCs. Furthermore, RCAN2 was an independent prognostic classifier for GC patients. The cell growth and invasiveness of RCAN2 small interfering RNA (siRNA)‐transfected GC cell lines were less than those of the negative control siRNA‐transfected cell lines, whereas those of RCAN2‐transfected cells were significantly increased as compared with those of empty vector‐transfected cells. RCAN2 siRNA inhibits the phosphorylation of AKT and p44/p42 (ERK1/2). RCAN2 was colocalised with EGFR, nuclear β‐catenin, MMP7, laminin‐γ2, VEGF‐A, and VEGF‐C.

Conclusion

These results suggest that RCAN2 is involved in tumour progression and is an independent prognostic classifier in patients with GC.
Multi‐locus phylogeny of African pipits and longclaws (Aves: Motacillidae) highlights taxonomic inconsistencies
Authors: Pietersen Darren W. , McKechnie Andrew E. , Jansen Raymond , Little Ian T. , Bastos Armanda D.S.
Published: October 2018

The globally distributed avian family Motacillidae consists of five to seven genera (Anthus, Dendronanthus, Tmetothylacus, Macronyx and Motacilla, and depending on the taxonomy followed, Amaurocichla and Madanga) and 66–68 recognized species, of which 32 species in four genera occur in sub‐Saharan Africa. The taxonomy of the Motacillidae has been contentious, with variable numbers of genera, species and subspecies proposed and some studies suggesting greater taxonomic diversity than currently recognized (five genera and 67 species). Using one nuclear (Mb) and two mitochondrial (cyt b and CO1) gene regions amplified from DNA extracted from contemporary and museum specimens, we investigated the taxonomic status of 56 of the currently recognized motacillid species and present the most taxonomically complete and expanded phylogeny of this family to date. Our results suggest that the family comprises six clades broadly reflecting continental distributions: sub‐Saharan Africa (two clades), the New World (one clade), Palaearctic (one clade), a widespread large‐bodied Anthus clade, and a sixth widespread genus, Motacilla. Within the Afrotropical region, our phylogeny further supports recognition of Wood Pipit Anthus nyassae as a valid species, and the treatment of Long‐tailed Pipit Anthus longicaudatus and Kimberley Pipit Anthus pseudosimilis as junior subjective synonyms of Buffy Pipit Anthus vaalensis and African Pipit Anthus cinnamomeus, respectively. As the disjunct populations of Long‐billed Pipit Anthus similis in southern and East Africa are genetically distinct and geographically separated, we propose a specific status for the southern African population under the earliest available name, Nicholson's Pipit Anthus nicholsoni. Further, as our analyses indicate that Yellow‐breasted Pipit Anthus chloris and Golden Pipit Tmetothylacus tenellus are both nested within the Macronyx longclaws, we propose transferring these species to the latter genus.
The natural history of cutaneous sarcoidosis. Clinical spectrum and histological analysis of 40 cases
Authors: García‐Colmenero Lidia , Sánchez‐Schmidt Julia M. , Barranco Carlos , Pujol Ramon M.
Published: October 2018

Background

Cutaneous lesions of sarcoidosis can allow physicians to establish the diagnosis of a systemic disease, but the need of monitoring patients presenting skin limited sarcoidosis in order to detect further extracutaneous involvement has rarely been evaluated.

Objectives

To review clinical and histological features of patients with cutaneous sarcoidosis and the risk of progression to systemic disease. To characterize the phenotype of patients with isolated cutaneous sarcoidosis and to assess the temporal relationship between cutaneous and systemic disease.

Methods

Retrospective review of a series of patients with cutaneous sarcoidosis. Clinical, histopathological, and evolutive features were reviewed.

Results

Forty patients were included in the study. Systemic disease was present in 82.5% of patients. Previous or concurrent cutaneous involvement occurred in 81.8% of them. Seven out of 14 patients with cutaneous lesions evolved to a systemic sarcoidosis in a mean time of 6 years, with a range between 4 and 9 years. No clinical or histological differences were found between patients with systemic sarcoidosis and those who showed persistent isolated cutaneous lesions.

Conclusions

Sarcoidosis may be manifested as an isolated cutaneous disorder. No clinical or histopathological features seem to be helpful to discriminate cases of a persistent isolated cutaneous disease from those that will develop systemic involvement. Since the development of systemic involvement in cases of isolated cutaneous sarcoidosis can occur many years afterward, careful monitoring seems advisable, and a long follow‐up is recommended.