bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immunologic Unresponsiveness in the Adult Guinea Pig
Authors: Dvorak Harold F. , Billote Juanito B. , McCarthy John S. , Flax Martin H.
Published: January 2023

It has been possible to induce specific immunologic unresponsiveness to protein antigens in adult guinea pigs with injections of small amounts of antigen in saline at the time of sensitization with the same antigen in complete Freund's adjuvant. Adult guinea pigs, receiving a single intravenous injection of 5 mg of human serum albumin (HSA) or bovine γ-globulin (BγG) in saline at the time of sensitization with 10 µg of the same antigen in complete Freund's adjuvant, showed depression of delayed hypersensitivity and antibody formation. The phenomenon was antigen specific and persisted for at least 8 to 16 weeks. Delayed reactivity and 7 S γ2- and macroglobulin antibody formation were suppressed more completely and for a longer time than was 7 S γ1 antibody. A similar but less persistent state of immunologic unresponsiveness was produced with one tenth the suppressing dose but not with 50 µg of antigen. Less unresponsiveness resulted when a larger sensitizing dose of antigen (1 mg) was employed. The 5-mg. suppressing dose was effective as long as 3 weeks prior to sensitization and when injected by routes other than the intravenous if administered at the time of adjuvant sensitization. The mechanism responsible for this phenomenon and its relation to other states of immunologic unresponsiveness are discussed.
Immunochemistry of Schistosoma Mansoni Cercariae
Authors: Kronman Barry S.
Published: January 2023

A method of antigen preparation and isolation of Schistosoma mansoni cercarial antigens is described. At least nine potentially purifiable antigenic substances from cercariae were detected. Three immunogenic components were purified and analyzed for various immunochemical properties and chemical staining reactions.

At least two different antigens of cercariae induce antibody formation in chronically infected human beings. The purified antigen I that was isolated by column chromatography reacted specifically with antibody from patients infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Whether or not one of these antigens can be utilized to induce protective immunity against natural infection is yet to be determined.
Phagocytosis of Mouse Tumor Cells in Vitro by Various Homologous and Heterologous Cells
Authors: Bennett Boyce
Published: January 2023

A number of homologous and heterologous cells were tested for their ability to phagocytize mouse tumor cells in vitro. Peritoneal and splenic macrophages from mice, rats and guinea pigs, as well as cells from a mouse reticulum cell sarcoma, were capable of phagocytosis, whereas a number of nonhistiocytic cells were not. Phagocytosis occurred only in the presence of isoimmune serum directed against the tumor cells. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the events inducing phagocytosis.
Enterovirus Immunizing Antigens in the from of Cation-Stabilized and Concentrated Virus Preparations
Authors: Midulla Mario , Wallis Craig , Melnick Joseph L.
Published: January 2023

A method for preparation of concentrated enteroviral antigens is described. Heating virus at 50°C in M MgCl2 inactivates adventitious simian agents. Addition of 25 mM AlCl3 and 50 mM Na2CO3 to the heated, stabilized virus produces a precipitate which selectively adsorbs enteroviruses. The sediment is reconstituted in one tenth the original volume of virus. Guinea pigs injected with cation-precipitated antigens produced a higher antibody response than animals receiving untreated antigens.
Digestion of Anti-Kidney Antibody: Effects on Its Nephrotoxicity and Ability to Fix Complement
Authors: Small Parker A. , Baxter James H.
Published: January 2023

Digestion of anti-kidney antibody to produce univalent and divalent fragments greatly reduced its nephrotoxicity and its ability to fix complement (C′) in vivo, suggesting that the nephrotoxicity may be in large part dependent on C′ fixation. The univalent fragments produced no significant proteinuria, and neither type of fragment fixed quantities of C′ large enough to be regarded as definite. However, the divalent fragments retained the ability to produce early proteinuria to a greater degree than they retained the ability to fix C′. This suggests that the antibody may be able to cause some damage independent of C′ fixation but requiring divalent molecules.
Studies on Herpes Simplex
Authors: Jawetz Ernest , Schultz Richard , Coleman Virginia , Okumoto Masao
Published: January 2023

In the cornea of the unimmunized rabbit herpes simplex virus (HSV) multiplies rapidly to reach a peak titer in 2 to 3 days. The virus concentration then falls gradually, so that on day 11 to 13 no viable HSV can be recovered. In the immunized animal peak titers are identical, but the course of infection is compressed into 8 to 10 days. Administration of 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine (IUDR) in maximum (0.9%) concentration every 2 hr around the clock for 5 days reduces the virus content of the cornea initially by 99 to 99.99%. It never eradicates HSV infection from the cornea. At the end of treatment the viable virus content of the cornea rises, so that on day 10 or 11 there is actually more HSV in the treated than the untreated cornea. Viable HSV can regularly be recovered later from the treated than the untreated cornea. Partial suppression of HSV multiplication by IUDR is sufficient for dramatic “cure” of lesions caused by some HSV strains. Other HSV strains do not respond to IUDR treatment in man in spite of apparent susceptibility to the drug in vitro and in vivo, perhaps because of a different pathogenetic potential.
The Soluble Protective Antigen and the Histamine-Sensitizing Factor of Bordetella Pertussis
Authors: Pieroni Robert E. , Broderick Edward J. , Levine Leo
Published: January 2023

A simple method is presented for the isolation of the protective and histamine-sensitizing factor (HSF) activities of Bordetella pertussis. HSF was used as a presumptive “tracer” for protective activity in developing the method, based on the close association of these activities. Ten to 30 g of acetone-dried cells were repeatedly blended with glass microbeads and renewed diluent through 5 to 26 cycles. The pooled lysates, clarified at 37,000 × G for 3 hr, were treated with 35% SAS and the precipitate dialyzed. This fraction was high in HSF activity. Since HSF precipitated at low salt, and was excluded from Sephadex G200, it is probably a large molecule. Loss of activity on treatment with trypsin, as well as behavior with ammonium sulfate, indicated it is probably proteinaceous. The method gave an 8- to 17-fold increase in the specific HSF and protective activities on a nitrogen basis. These activities correlated in the main fractions, thus confirming the work of others indicating that they are either due to the same substance, or are inseparable by a variety of methods. The probability that the activity yield would depend on the efficiency with which cell stromas could be made to undergo particle size reduction in relation to the threshold of centrifugal selection was discussed. Also discussed was the relative significance for side reactions in human immunization of HSF on the one hand, and the nonspecific macromolecular substances eliminated by fractionation on the other.
Experimental Rubella Virus Infection in the Rhesus Monkey
Authors: Parkman P. D. , Phillips P. E. , Kirschstein R. L. , Meyer H. M.
Published: January 2023

The rhesus monkey has been shown to be a sensitive, susceptible host for studying experimental rubella virus infection. The pattern of virus excretion and antibody response was similar to that observed in human rubella, although simian infection was clinically inapparent. Antibody persisted for at least 10 months and was protective against virus challenge. After direct central nervous system (CNS) inoculation, prolonged viral multiplication occurred locally. However there was no evidence of neurovirulence. The potential usefulness of the monkey in studying maternal-fetal rubella was discussed.
Synthetic Polypeptide Metabolism
Authors: Gill Thomas J. , Papermaster David S. , Mowbray James F.
Published: January 2023

A polypeptide composed entirely of D-amino acids, poly D-Glu55D-Lys39D-Tyr6, can be metabolized by rabbits and elicit antibody formation. The metabolism of the D-polymer implies the existence of D-proteases and D-peptidases in the rabbit which are apparently not induced by injection of the polymer, but rather are constitutive enzymes. The serum elimination patterns are the same for both the D-polymer and its L-isomer: less than 1% remains in the serum after 3 to 4 days and this does not depend upon the amount of polymer injected (up to 60 mg) or the method of iodination.

The amount of L-polymer degraded is independent of the dose up to 60 mg and it is completely degraded in 3 to 4 days. In contrast to this, the amount of the D-polymer degraded is dose dependent and only 25 to 30% of the injected polymer is degraded over 15 to 20 days. In addition, the previous injection of one isomer does not affect the subsequent metabolism of the other isomer. The differences in the amounts of each polymer degraded and the independence of their degradation suggest the existence of different pathways for the metabolism for the D- and L-polymers, at least at some crucial stage.

A large amount of the D-polymer is retained in the animal, with the bulk of it (32%) being in the kidney, less (6%) in the liver, and only a small amount (less than 1%) in the spleen. On the other hand, less than 1% of the L-polymer is retained in the animal and it is all in the liver.
A Study of Measles Virus Infection in Tissue Culture Cells with Particular Reference to the Development of Intranuclear Inclusion Bodies
Authors: Llanes-Rodas Rizalina , Liu Chien
Published: January 2023

By combining infectivity titration, direct immunofluorescent, acridine orange and hematoxylin-eosin staining methods, the sequential morphologic changes of tissue culture cells infected with Edmonston measles virus were followed. The initial site of measles virus multiplication appeared to be in the perinuclear region of the cell cytoplasm. As the infection progressed, viral antigen spread into the nucleus first as small granules and later coalesced into large masses. During the end stage of infection, the content of measles antigen and nucleic acid decreased markedly, leaving a morphologic residue represented by intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies. In this study the direct immunofluorescent staining method is found to be superior to the indirect technique in demonstrating the antigenic development within the measles infected cells.
The Inhibitory Action of EDTA on Erythrocyte Agglutination by Lectins
Authors: Tunis Marvin
Published: January 2023

Further evidence concerning the distinctiveness of a nonhemagglutinating cytoagglutinin and the erythrocyte agglutinin found in kidney bean extracts has been obtained by the inhibition with EDTA of only the erythrocyte agglutinin. Several other chelating agents did not cause inhibition of agglutination. Agglutination of cells did not occur in the presence of EDTA primarily due to the prevention of binding of the agglutinin molecule to the erythrocyte. A summary of the properties and behavior of the agglutinins of the kidney bean is given.
Immunochemical Studies on Equine Antibodies to Human γ2-Globulin
Authors: Allen Peter Z. , Sirisinha Stitaya , Vaughan John H.
Published: January 2023

Two fractions containing antibody to human γ2-globulin which differed in their electrophoretic mobility were prepared from an immune horse serum by a procedure involving salt fractionation, column chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-cellulose and starch block electrophoresis. Fractions were examined by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation and their behavior with antigen established by quantitative precipitation and passive hemagglutination. While fractions containing 7 S γ2 antibody gave the conventional type “rabbit-type” quantitative precipitin curve, a fraction containing 7 S γ1 antibody gave a flocculating-type curve. Both 7 S γ2 and 7 S γ1 antibody fractions appear to be comparable in their ability to agglutinate antigen-coated red cells.
Immunoglobulins in the Skin of Allergic and Nonallergic Individuals
Authors: Allansmith Mathea , Buell Donald
Published: January 2023

γG, γA and γM were found in skin specimens from seven allergic and nine nonallergic subjects. The globulins were located in the papillary dermis, and gradually decreased in concentration into the reticular dermis. They were not usually present in the epidermis. No difference in amount or distribution was detected between the groups of subjects.
The Contrasting Immunosuppressant Effects of Acriflavine and Dietary Restriction
Authors: Samuelson Joel S. , Kraft Sumner C. , Farr Richard S.
Published: January 2023

One course of acriflavine given 2 days before and continued for 14 days after the initial i.v. injection of 100 mg BSA and 25 mg BGG induced a prolonged degree of immune paralysis in some rabbits. Acriflavine treatment minimally prolonged the survival time of rabbit allogencic skin grafts. Daily vitamin supplements had no effect upon the immune response in control or acriflavine-treated animals. A 28-day period of dietary restriction beginning on the day of the initial i.v. injection of 100 mg BSA and 25 mg BGG caused suppression of the early phases of immunogenesis but did not induce a prolonged degree of immune paralysis. The immunosuppressant effect of the dietary restriction employed in these experiments could not be accounted for on the basis of serum protein depletion and was not reversed completely by daily vitamin supplements. Immune sera may exhibit distinct differences in their precipitating and hemagglutinating capacities, indicating the need for more than one parameter of antibody assay when a quantitative immunochemical measure of the primary interaction between an antibody and its specific antigen is not available.
Problems Encountered in Double Diffusion Analysis in Agar of Hapten Specific Immune Systems
Authors: Paul William E. , Benacerraf Baruj
Published: January 2023

Dual precipitin lines regularly occur in double diffusion analysis of hapten specific immune systems. The precipitin line closer to the antigen well represents spontaneous antigen-antibody precipitation. The precipitin line closer to the antibody well represents precipitation by C′1 of antigen-antibody complexes soluble in antibody excess. The mode of junction of complement dependent precipitin lines both in hapten and protein systems does not always represent the antigenic relationship of the molecules being compared.
Comparison of the Inactivation and Antigenicity of Foot-and-Mouth-Disease Virus by Acetylethyleneimine and by Combined Effect of Ultraviolet Light and β-Propiolactone
Authors: Fellowes O. N.
Published: January 2023

The inactivation of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), type A, strain 119 by acetylethyleneimine (AEI) or β-propiolactone (BPL) at a chemical concentration of 0.05% and a temperature of 23°C was compared. The AEI completely inactivated the virus under these conditions while BPL did not, leaving active virus in the mixture. To eliminate the “tailing-off” effect in the inactivation of virus, active virus in a thin film was treated with UV at 48 microwatts of power per cm2 of surface for either 10, 15 or 20 min, followed by exposure of the virus to 0.05% BPL at 37°C for 15 min. This combined treatment completely inactivated the virus even at the shortest exposure time to UV. The immunogenicity of the two products, prepared by AEI and BPL as described, was preserved to approximately the same degree when tested in adult mice and chickens.
The Occurrence of Psittacosis Virus Complement-Fixing (CF), Noncomplement-Fixing (NCF) and Neutralizing (N) Antibodies in Domestic Pigeons
Authors: Piraino F. F.
Published: January 2023

A group of caged pigeons associated with cases of human psittacosis were examined serologically for the presence of complement-fixing (CF), noncomplement fixing (NCF) and neutralizing (N) antibodies. The fraction of birds with antibodies varied from 31 to 57% depending upon the serologic test employed, but was highest when all three types of antibody were tested for.

It appears that the three types of antibody may occur independently of one another and at about equal frequencies. The presence of CF or NCF antibody generally excluded the other type although it was found that both may occasionally occur in the same bird concurrently.

N antibody was associated with NCF antibody at a rate six to seven times greater than with CF antibody, hence NCF antibody appears to be a possible indicator of N antibody.
Host-Virus Interaction in Visna Infected Sheep
Authors: Gudnadóttir Margrét , Pálsson Páll A.
Published: January 2023

Twenty-four sheep infected intracerebrally with 3 × 105 TCID50 of visna virus have been observed over a period of 4 years in order to study some aspects of the host-virus interaction in this slow infection. All the sheep responded with neutralizing antibodies to the virus but viral activity was not inhibited. Viremia was demonstrated from 2 months to 4 years after inoculation in samples of whole blood with neutralizing antibody titers of 1:128 to 1:512 in the serum. Visna virus was grown from the cerebrospinal fluid of some sheep during the whole period of 4 years and from samples with both normal and elevated cell counts. Twelve of the 24 sheep died of paralytic visna at different times after inoculation. Eight of the 15 clinical cases began 30 to 43 months after injection, 5 began about a year, and 2 within the first 6 months after injection. They all had typical visna lesions in the central nervous system. Visna virus was grown from the choroid plexus, spleen, salivary gland and lungs in most cases and from the kidney in three cases. Three of the remaining 12 sheep now show clinical signs of visna but 9 are in good condition. The possibility that antigen-antibody reaction on the surface of infected glial cells plays a role in the demyelinating process is discussed.
The Blocking Effect of West Nile Virus on Production of Sarcoma by Rous Virus in Chickens
Authors: Shirodkar Manohar V.
Published: January 2023

A system has been described wherein a non-oncogenic arbovirus B, West Nile virus (WNV), blocked tumor development by an oncogenic one, Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), in the subcutaneous wing web tissue of the White Leghorn chicken. The blocking effect was determined by measuring the increase in tumor latent period and by the incidence (percentage) of chickens showing absence of the sarcoma (complete blockade). The effect was time dependent: a) an increase in latent period and some incidence of complete blockade were seen on simultaneous inoculation of the virus pair; b) a marked increase in latent period and a high incidence of complete blockade were obtained if the RSV was delayed 24 to 120 hr post WNV inoculation; c) at 144 hr the effect was diminished; d) it disappeared between 168 and 240 hr post WNV injection. The effect was transient: chickens showing complete blockade were susceptible to sarcoma production if later challenged with RSV alone. The blocking effect could be obtained by inoculating the RSV at a site distant from that of previously injected WNV. It was RSV concentration dependent. The mechanism(s) underlying the blocking effect is (are) unknown.
Direct Immunofluorescence for Typing of Tsutsugamushi Disease Rickettsia
Authors: Iida Tsuyoshi , Kawashima Hosaku , Kawamura Akiyoshi
Published: January 2023

Fluorescent antibody prepared from sera from guinea pigs immunized with Gilliam, Karp and Kato strains of tsutsugamushi disease rickettsia showed higher staining titers against the homologous than against the heterologous strains. A possible application of the direct immunofluorescent technique for typing of newly isolated rickettsia strains is suggested.
The Heterogeneity of Combining Sites of Antibodies as Determined by Specific Immunoadsorbents
Authors: Kitagawa Masayasu , Yagi Yasuo , Pressman David
Published: January 2023

Anti-Xp antibodies labeled with radioactive iodine were fractionated by adsorption on the Xp-adsorbent and subsequent successive elutions either with increasing concentrations of p-nitrobenzoate (fractions I, III and V) or with single concentrations of o-, m- and p-nitrobenzoates (fractions O, M and P).

Eluted antibodies were characterized by adsorption on three different immunoadsorbents containing the p-azobenzoate (Xp), p-azo-o-chlorobenzoate (o-ClXp) or p(p′-azophenylazo)-benzoate groups (X′) and elution at various concentrations of each of six haptens, benzoate, p-nitrobenzoate, m-nitrobenzoate, p-aminobenzoate, o-chlorobenzoate and o-nitrobenzoate. The effectiveness of each hapten to elute antibody from the adsorbent was expressed as the logarithm of the reciprocal of hapten concentration required to elute 50% of antibody adsorbed (pEC50).

The relative values of pEC50 between haptens differed from antibody fraction to antibody fraction, indicating that there is a difference of specificity among the antibody fractions. However, the order of pEC50 values of various haptens with each adsorbent was p-nitro- > m-nitro- > p-amino- = unsubstituted > o-chloro- > o-nitrobenzoates for all the antibody fractions as well as for the original unfractionated antibody.

The order of pEC50 values of various immunoadsorbents was X′ > o-ClXp > Xp for the original unfractionated antibody fraction and fraction III, V, M and P, X′ > o-ClXp = Xp for fraction I and X′ = o-ClXp = Xp for fraction O. This reflects the difference among the antibody fractions with respect to the abilities to accommodate the o-substituent group and with respect to the extent of the contribution of the protein portion surrounding the haptenic group to their combination with the immunoadsorbent.
Mechanisms of γ-Globulin Synthesis
Authors: Tawde Saroj , Scharff Matthew D. , Uhr Jonathan W.
Published: January 2023

Protein synthesis has been studied in lymph node cells obtained from rabbits hyperimmunized to bacteriophage T2. Provided ribonuclease activity was inhibited, almost all nascent protein synthesis occurred on polyribosomes. Pretreatment with 1 µg/ml actinomycin D, 7 hr prior to labeling, caused an 80% reduction of polyribosome-directed protein synthesis. Pulse-labeling studies of similar cell populations indicated that depression of RNA synthesis preceded the reduction of protein and γ-globulin synthesis. When actinomycin D-treated cells were infected with Newcastle disease virus (an RNA virus), cells which had already ceased to make RNA and protein started to synthesize these macromolecules at rapid rates. Thus, the final steps of γ-globulin synthesis by immune lymph node cells appear similar to those of protein synthesis in HeLa cells.
The Production of Streptococcal Group-Specific Antibodies in Rabbits
Authors: Karakawa Walter W. , Krause Richard M.
Published: January 2023

A fluorometric method has been adapted to measure the relative concentrations of Groups A and A-variant antibodies in streptococcal Group A rabbit antisera. In this method FITC-labeled antibodies are adsorbed onto streptococcal cell walls and, after subsequent elution, measured in a fluorometer.

Inhibition of the reactions between Group A conjugate and homologous cell walls by Group A carbohydrate, and between Group A-variant conjugate and homologous cell walls by Group A-variant carbohydrate, confirmed the immunologic specificity of the two antibodies.
The Relation Between Isolated Human Amyloid Fibrils and Human γ-Globulin and Its Subunits
Authors: Cathcart Edgar S. , Cohen Alan S.
Published: January 2023

Purified amyloid fibrils from three separate spleens obtained from patients with primary and secondary disease were used to determine the relation between human amyloid fibrils and human γ-globulin and its subunits. Results demonstrated no reaction a) when solubilized amyloid fibrils were tested against specific antisera to whole human γ-globulin and some of its components; b) when specific components of human γ-globulin were tested against antiserum to solubilized amyloid fibrils and c) when intact lyophilized amyloid fibrils were tested against specific antisera to whole human γ-globulin and some of its components. The probable nonspecific relation of amyloid fibrils to γ-globulin was discussed.
Studies on Antigenic Composition of Amyloid
Authors: Milgrom F. , Kasukawa R. , Calkins E.
Published: January 2023

By means of rabbit immunosera, two antigenic components were found in extracts of amyloidcontaining human organs, which were not detectable in extracts of organs without amyloid.

In immunoelectrophoresis, the major components had faster mobility and stained positively with Sudan black; the minor component appeared in the α-globulin region of the electrophoretic field.

Evidence was presented that these components are most likely to be normal serum proteins which were concentrated in the amyloid deposits.
Absence of Agglutinin Formation in Spleen Cell Cultures from Immunologically Tolerant Mice
Authors: Friedman Herman
Published: January 2023

Mice injected with a tolerance-inducing concentration of Shigella soluble antigen at birth formed only low or negligible levels of detectable serum agglutinins upon subsequent immunization with Shigella antigen at 5 to 6 weeks of age. Control mice not treated at birth formed readily detectable levels of agglutinins upon similar challenge immunization. Spleen cell suspensions from Shigella tolerant mice incubated in tissue culture medium for a period of 1 to 2 weeks failed to secrete detectable amounts of Shigella agglutinins after either in vivo or in vitro stimulation with antigen. Spleen cell suspensions from normal mice injected with Shigella antigen 5 to 10 days prior to sacrifice formed readily measurable levels of agglutinins in vitro under the same conditions during the same time period. The inability of spleen cell cultures from Shigella tolerant mice to form agglutinins in vitro was antigen specific, since spleen cell cultures from either Shigella tolerant or normal control mice were capable of forming hemagglutinins to sheep erythrocytes in vitro following in vivo challenge immunization with sheep RBC′s. Hemagglutinin formation to sheep erythrocytes by cell suspensions from both tolerant and normal mice could be enhanced by in vitro stimulation with S-RBC. Hemagglutinin responses were also enhanced in cultures from both tolerant and normal animals by in vivo injection with both S-RBC and Shigella antigen, suggesting an adjuvant effect for endotoxin-containing Shigella antigen even in tolerant mice. The absence of agglutinins in spleen cell culture supernatants from tolerant mice was apparently due to central failure of specific agglutinin formation, since spleen cells from tolerant animals did not interfere with agglutinin formation when added to normal spleen cell cultures. Spleen cell cultures prepared from 16- to 40-week-old mice injected at birth with Shigella were capable of forming detectable levels of agglutinins in vitro, suggesting that the animals had “escaped” from the tolerant state.
The Induction of a Hyporesponsive State to Hemocyanin
Authors: Weigle William O.
Published: January 2023

An immunologic hyporesponsive state can readily be induced in rabbits to hemocyanin by neonatal injection of either associated hemocyaanin or hemocyanin dissociated into its subunits. The injection of associated hemocyanin was slightly more effective than that of dissociated hemocyanin. However, neonatal injection of large amounts of dissociated hemocyanin resulted in over a 90% reduction in the production of precipitating antibody to injections of hemocyanin at maturity. Some rabbits made no detectable precipitating antibody. Hyporesponsive rabbits made an abortive secondary response to the challenge injection at maturity, indicating the presence of unresponsive and hyperresponsive states in the same animal. Rabbits rendered hyporesponsive to one type (associated or dissociated) of hemocyanin were hyporesponsive to the other type.
Early Antibody Responses of Mice Given a Single Injection of Emulsified Influenza Virus Vaccine
Authors: Berlin Byron S.
Published: January 2023

Sucrose gradient centrifugation and susceptibility to 2-mercaptoethanol were employed to identify γM and γG antibodies and to study the kinetics of antibody formation in mice injected with a single dose of emulsified influenza virus vaccine. Theoretical considerations based on the shapes of γM and γG response curves indicate that γM antibody was produced and subsequently catabolized at a faster rate than γG antibody. In addition, the mineral oil adjuvant increased production of γM and γG antibodies, although the effect on γG production was more striking.
Heterogeneity of Bovine Antibodies Produced against Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) Viruses and against a Soluble Antigen of BVD Produced in Cell Cultures
Authors: Fernelius Albert L.
Published: January 2023

Sera from calves inoculated with a cytopathogenic bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus, a noncytopathogenic BVD virus, or with a soluble antigen (SA) from a BVD virus were fractionated into heavy (19 S) and light (7 S) components of γ-globulins by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. These antiserum fractions were tested for precipitating antibodies, for fluorescing antibodies, and for their capacities to neutralize BVD virus in cell cultures. Most 19 S fractions elicited lines of precipitation with a SA of BVD virus, but only the 7 S fraction produced from injections of SA into a calf precipitated, and only weakly, with the BVD-SA in Ouchterlony plates. All fractions, except a 19 S, combined with viral antigen produced in swine kidney cell line (PK-15) cultures in an indirect fluorescent antibody test.

The 19 S fraction predominated in the bovine sera studied and persisted for as long as 20 weeks. Restimulation of animals with antigen did not produce a secondary effect and the “early-19 S,” “late-7 S” responses were not present in this immunologic system.

The results of these studies are discussed in relation to studies of heterogeneity of other antigen-antibody systems, especially those dealing with viral systems.
Antibody Formation, Latency and Leukemia: Infection with Moloney Virus
Authors: Cremer Natalie E. , Taylor Dee O. N. , Hagens Shirley J.
Published: January 2023

Newborn rats infected with Moloney virus showed a depressed antibody response to sheep red blood cells as measured by hemolysin determination and hemagglutination. Their serum protein patterns developed approximately to the same degree as normal uninfected rats up to 4 weeks of age. As the infected rats matured, a deficiency in immunoglobulin production involving the IgG and IgA classes of globulins became apparent. The above changes occurred whether the infected rats had a long or short latent period before malignant transformation occurred in spleen, thymus or lymph nodes. Viremia was demonstrated at the time of the experiments in all the infected rats tested.
Nasal Rejection of Experimentally Inoculated Staphylococcus Aureus: Evidence for an Immune Reaction in Man
Authors: Ehrenkranz N. Joel
Published: January 2023

A study of susceptibility to experimental staphylococcal nasal colonization in 39 volunteers was carried out by determining both the minimal number of S. aureus organisms required to establish 5-day intranasal implantation and the total duration of survival of this inoculum in vivo. These two measures of susceptibility were initially related: the longer durations of colonization, 3 to 70 weeks, were observed predominantly in those persons susceptible to the smallest 5-day inoculum, 104 organisms. Once the host spontaneously eliminated the inoculated S. aureus strain, however, its intranasal survival on reinoculation of the same number of organisms was almost always uniformly brief—2 weeks or less—while other susceptible subjects continued to be colonized for 4 weeks or more. Rapid rejection of a fixed inoculum of the S. aureus was found to persist for 4 challenges. Specificity of nasal rejection of inoculated staphylococci was evident. Subjects repeatedly rejecting the reinoculated staphylococcus after 2 weeks or less were experimentally colonized for 3 to 14 weeks with the same inoculum of 2 different staphylococci. The natural development, persistence and specificity of rapid rejection of an intranasally inoculated strain of S. aureus are interpreted as evidence of an immune reaction.

There was no evidence of specific bacterial interference to the experimentally inoculated S. aureus strain by S. aureus strains naturally colonizing the volunteers. However, a nonspecific inhibitory effect of the total population of the host's resident microflora is considered likely to have prevented implantation of small numbers of staphylococci, 101 to 103 organisms, not surviving 5 days. The elaboration of substances inhibiting staphylococcal growth was not detected in samples of resident nasal microflora of 18 volunteers. Bacteriostatic activity of serum from 14 subjects in titers of 1/8 to 1/128 was found against one staphylococcal strain but its relation to resistance to nasal colonization is not clear.
Kinetics of the Transformation of Gram-Negative Rods to Spheroplasts and Ghosts by Serum
Authors: Davis Starkey D. , Gemsa Diethard , Wedgwood Ralph J.
Published: January 2023

Kinetic analysis of the action of serum on Escherichia coli demonstrated that bacterial rods were quantitatively converted to spheroplasts and then to ghosts. The bactericidal action of serum preceded the conversion of rods to spheroplasts by lysozyme. The bacteriolytic action of serum, defined as a decrease in optical density (O.D), was associated with the conversion of spheroplasts to ghosts. These appeared to be consecutive first order reactions. Hypertonic sucrose decreased the rate of both reactions and did not specifically stabilize spheroplasts. Added calcium and magnesium stabilized spheroplasts but did not inhibit bactericidal action or the conversion of rods to spheroplasts.

On the basis of current evidence, bacterial rods are thought to be killed by antibody and complement and converted to spheroplasts by lysozyme. The subsequent conversion of spheroplasts to ghosts may be the result of instability of the exposed cell surface, not a direct effect of serum action.

Studies of antibody-complement action of serum on bacteria based solely on changes in O.D. may be subject to significant errors of interpretation. Investigations of the hemolytic complement system may be subject to similar errors.
Immunogenicity of Insolubilized Bovine Serum Albumin
Authors: Hirata Arthur A. , Sussdorf Dieter H.
Published: January 2023

As compared with soluble bovine serum albumin, the use of the heat-denatured protein as an immunizing antigen in rabbits resulted both in a larger number of responding animals and in markedly higher serum antibody titers.

In measuring these titers, it was found that the lower the serum titer, the higher was the percentage of the nonprecipitating antibody in relation to the precipitating variety. Evidently, the appearance of nonprecipitating antibody preceded that of precipitating antibody.
The Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure on the Rate of Inactivation of Cypridina Luciferase by Specific Antibody
Authors: Tsuji Frederick I. , Davis David L. , Donald David H.
Published: January 2023

High pressures, on the order of 1000 atmospheres, were found to have a retarding effect on the rate of inactivation of the enzyme, Cypridina luciferase, by rabbit antibody. The volume change of activation ranged from 9–12 ml/mole at 25.0°C. This small volume change has been interpreted to mean that (a) compensating volume changes are involved or (b) little conformational change takes place in the process of inactivation and that the combining site or sites are readily accessible, instead of being deeply imbedded in the molecules.
The Epidemiology of a Herpes Virus Infection of New World Monkeys
Authors: Holmes A. W. , Devine James A. , Nowakowski Edward , Deinhardt Friedrich
Published: January 2023

Data are presented which indicate that the virus previously reported as marmoset herpes virus (Herpesvirus tamarinus) is an agent which produces nonfatal infection in nature in other New World Monkeys. It is suggested that the course of infection in these or other monkeys may mimic herpes simplex infection in the human.
Immunologic Response to the Nitro-Olefins
Authors: Josephson Alan S.
Published: January 2023

The conjugated nitro-olefins have been shown to be effective agents in provoking delayed hypersensitivity in guinea pigs. Studies of a variety of substituted and unsubstituted, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons indicate that only the conjugated, nitro-substituted compounds are sensitizers. Examination of cross-reactivity between nitro-olefins of differing chain length indicates that specificity of the contact reactions is dependent, at least in part, upon the size of the haptenic moiety.
Immunologic Studies of Anthrax
Authors: Mahlandt B. G. , Klein F. , Lincoln R. E. , Haines B. W. , Jones W. I. , Friedman R. H.
Published: January 2023

Three components of anthrax toxin (edema factor, protective antigen and lethal factor) were separated and tested singly at three dose levels and in factorial combination (27 treatments) to determine their efficacy as immunogens in a resistant host (rat) and in a susceptible host (guinea pig). Each treatment was evaluated as an immunogen by five criteria: (1) protection of the host against challenge, (2) influence on the number of bacilli/milliliter of blood at death, (3) change in the units of toxin/milliliter of blood at death, (4) a development of antibody titer (Ouchterlony) and (5) units of toxin neutralized/milliliter of blood.

These evaluations showed that (1) the LF component was highly immunogenic in rats against either toxin or spore challenge and in guinea pigs against spore challenge; (2) the PA component was immunogenic against spore challenge in rats and guinea pigs, but completely ineffective against toxin challenge in rats; (3) the EF component alone was nonimmunogenic; (4) the effects of LF and PA combinations interacted significantly with LF to increase resistance in the rat, but was not additive in resistance in the guinea pig.

The number of organisms/milliliter of terminal blood decreased as resistance to establishment of disease increased. The units of toxin/milliliter of terminal blood were closely related to the number of bacilli/milliliter of blood at death.

Only 17% of the prechallenge serum of guinea pigs, principally among the LF treatments, produced antigen antibody precipitin lines on Ouchterlony plates. The rat sera were all negative in this test.

The antigen used to immunize man and animals should contain all the toxin components for maximum efficiency.
Mitosis in Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages
Authors: Forbes Ian J.
Published: January 2023

Mitosis was induced in macrophages from the peritoneal cavity of sensitized mice by subcutaneous injection of specific antigen. Animals were best sensitized by intramuscular injection of antigen emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant, but were capable of giving a less intense mitotic response after sensitization by intraperitoneal injection of antigen in saline.

Subcutaneous injection of fresh normal rabbit serum caused a small mitotic response, which was abolished by prior heating of the serum or absorption with mouse spleen cells.

The changes in the peritoneal cell population during a mitotic response are described. Appearances suggested that mitosis occurred in both “old” and “young” macrophages, and that “young” macrophages were derived from lymphocytes by transformation. Mitosis was infrequent in these cells having morphology intermediate between lymphocytes and macrophages. Macrophage destruction apparently occurred only in the most intense reactions.

Mitosis occurred when the peritoneal cavity was disturbed by repeated puncture of the abdominal wall. Mouse serum or plasma was found to be a potent stimulus to mitosis when injected intraperitoneally.

Induction of a mitotic response by injection of soluble antigen in sensitized mice did not affect the growth of Listeria monocytogenes in the spleens of these mice or the phagocytosis of Salmonella typhimurium C5.
7Sγ1 and 7Sγ2 Antibody Response in the Mouse
Authors: Coe John E.
Published: January 2023

The qualitative aspects of the 7S antibody response in the mouse have been studied using radio-immunoelectrophoresis. The production of a fast gamma (7Sγ1) and/or a slow gamma (7Sγ2) antibody was influenced by four separate factors: the antigen, the adjuvant, the strain of mouse and the previous exposure of the mouse to the antigen. A sequence of 7S antibody production was detected in certain circumstances and characterized by an initial antibody consisting of fast γ (7Sγ1)-, and a later antibody of slow γ (7Sγ2)-globulin.
Preparation and Evaluation of Antigens for Use in the Serologic Diagnosis of Human Hydatid Disease
Authors: Norman Lois , Kagan Irving G. , Allain Dorothy S.
Published: January 2023

Two of the parasite antigens identified in sheep hydatid fluid were demonstrated in extracts of Echinococcus multilocularis cysts. Serologic reactivity of the crude extract and fractions of the antigen appeared to be associated with the presence of at least one of these components. Fractionation of Emc antigen by a column chromatographic method in which the antigen was cycled through a G-50 Sephadex column followed by a cycle through a long G-200 Sephadex column separated measurable amounts of nonspecific proteins, but did not “purify” the parasitic material. Gel-diffusion showed the most serologically reactive fraction (M200A) to contain at least five of the nine components in the original crude extract. The antigenic fraction M200A was stable and reacted with the same degree of sensitivity and specificity as SHF antigen in the HA test for the diagnosis of hydatid disease.
Alteration of the Specificity of Lectin by Chemical Modification
Authors: Matsubara Shoji , Boyd William C.
Published: January 2023

Acylation of lima bean and Sophora japonica lectins with p- phenylazobenzoyl chloride greatly increased the anti-A agglutinating activity and, in the case of S. japonica, diminished the anti-B and anti-O activity. Amino acid analyses of purified peptides isolated from the modified lectins suggested that the change in specificity might be due to combination of the introduced residues with the ε-amino groups of lysine.
Enhanced Immunologic Sensitization of Mice by the Simultaneous Injection of Antigen and Specific Antiserum
Authors: Morrison Sherie Leaver , Terres Geronimo
Published: January 2023

An enhanced immune response to bovine serum albumin (BSA) was elicited only following the injection of complexes formed in antigen excess. The enhanced response to BSA was biphasic; the first peak was dose-dependent, while the second peak was dose-independent. The antigen-antibody ratio is more important in eliciting an enhanced response than the amount of antigen injected. Using the same amount of antigen, immune complexes are much more effective than alum precipitated antigen. An enhanced response to rabbit γ-globulin (RGG) was also elicited using immune complexes. The magnitude of the response was relatively independent of the antigen-antibody ratio and it exhibited a single peak at about 7 to 8 weeks. The responses to RGG and BSA appeared to be noncompetitive.
Complement Fixation for Antigens on a Picogram Level
Authors: Moore Blake W. , Perez Vernon J.
Published: January 2023

A micro complement-fixation assay is described which is sensitive to 1 to 10 × 10-12 g of antigen. The method was shown to be capable of measuring a specific antigen in brain extracts made from amounts of brain (dry weight) as small as 1.4 × 10-9 g, and in extracts from layers of cerebellum.
Serum Effect on the Killing of Staphylococcus Aureus by Human Leukocytic Extracts
Authors: Li Isabel W. , Mudd Stuart
Published: January 2023

The killing phenomenon of Staphylococcus aureus by human blood leukocytes is reconstituted extracellularly. The greatest killing action is manifested with the extract of the lysosomal granules of the leukocyte lysate around pH 5.0. Humoral factors as provided by the serum of healthy human adults significantly increase the rate of killing of the staphylococci. The effectiveness of human serum in preparing the bacteria for extracellular bactericidal action is considerably reduced by heating at 56°C, by adsorption with aggregated human γ-globulin or by the addition of ethylenediaminetetracetic acid in the serum.
Antigenicity of the M Proteins of Group A Hemolytic Streptococci
Authors: Fox Eugene N. , Wittner M. K.
Published: January 2023

Highly purified M proteins have excellent antigenic capacities in rabbits when administered in the form of repository subcutaneous doses with adjuvants. Both mineral oil and peanut oil emulsions prepared with Arlacel A and as little as 10 µg of M protein, after two or three injections, stimulated type-specific protective antibodies. Small doses of M proteins adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide were equally efficacious preparations for vaccine purposes. The attributes of these immunization procedures are discussed in terms of a practical antistreptococcal vaccine for human use. The globulin nature of the antibodies induced in rabbits immunized with purified M proteins or whole bacterial cells was also investigated. Both types of antigenic stimulation induced IgG antibodies but with different precipitating and hemagglutinating capacities.
The Effect of Enzymatic Release of Sialic Acid from Human Erythrocytes on Rh Agglutinations
Authors: Prager Morton D. , Fletcher Mary Ann
Published: January 2023

NANA is released from red cells when they are treated with enzymes (trypsin, papain, ficin, bromelin and neuraminidase) which render them specifically agglutinable by incomplete Rh antisera. There is a progression in NANA release and serologic score as a function of enzyme concentration. However, the serologic score attained for a given quantity of NANA released varies with the genotype of the cell. In attempting to define the minimum NANA release consistent with agglutinability, it was found that for trypsin treatment liberation of 0.11 µmole NANA/1010 RBC gave no agglutination while release of 0.25 µmole did. A narrower range may be specified for neuraminidase in that release of 0.21 µmole NANA/1010 RBC gave agglutination with two of three anti-D sera, but liberation of 0.14 and 0.17 µmole failed to do so. Since proteases bind to the red cell, it was determined that about 35% of the NANA liberated may be released by that fraction of enzyme (papain) which is firmly bound to the cell. The general features of the reaction by which enzymes produce the serologic effect may be summarized as follows: 1) Proteases producing the serologic effect have common specificity. 2) Proteases bind to the red cell but must be catalytically active. 3) Neuraminidase is the only nonprotease known to produce this effect. 4) NANA is released in a manner correlating with serology. 5) This release is consistent with the decrease in RBC charge and ζ-potential, which may be the ultimate factor determining the appearance of agglutination.