bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation and purity of linoleic acid from commercial corn, cottonseed, and safflower oils
Authors: Sreenivasan B. , Brown J. B. , Jones E. P. , Davison V. L. , Nowakowska Janina
Published: May 2007

Linoleic acid from commercial corn, cottonseed, and safflower oils was prepared by low temperature crystallization using acetone and petroleum ether as solvents; temperatures ranged between 蜢70 and 50C. This method has the advantages of simple equipment and of flexibility in preparatory capacity. The crystalline fraction obtained at 蜢55C was shown to be 舠pure舡 linoleic acid.

Isomerization with potassium tertiary butoxide, oxidative cleavage by periodate‐permanganate, and analysis by liquid‐liquid and gas‐liquid partition chromatography were used to ascertain the purity and the presence of isomers in the final product. This fraction was found to contain 90 to 95%, 9,12 dienoic acid; approximately 5% of dienes with the first double bond at the C8 position and the second bond either at the C12 or C13 positions; and small amounts of nonconjugatable 9,15cis,cis dienes. Linoleic acid from these oils was similar in composition, except that from corn oil showed the presence of diene with the first double bond at the C11 position.
Vernonia anthelmintica willd. Seed oil and salts of vernolic acid as stabilizers for plasticized poly (Vinyl chloride)
Authors: Riser George R. , Hunter James J. , Ard Jesse S. , Witnauer Lee P.
Published: May 2007

Vernonia anthelmintica seed oil, trivernolin, the main constituent of the oil, barium and cadmium salts of vernolic acid (epoxyoleic acid), and various combinations of the salts have been evaluated as heat and light stabilizers of plasticized poly (vinyl chloride). Evaluation was made at the 1 and 3% levels of the vernonia oil components. Transparent sheets whose color ranged from light amber to colorless were obtained after milling and molding. All compounds studied greatly improved both heat and light stability of the sheets; the 3% stabilizer level gave the better results. In general the stabilizing ability of the compounds studied increased as follows: vernonia oil<trivernolin<barium vernolate< cadmium vernolate and <barium‐cadmium vernolate mixtures. Comparisons with 3 commercial stabilizers show that the vernonia oil and derivatives thereof are equal to or better than the comparative commercial controls.
The triglyceride composition ofMyrica carolinensis fruit coat fat (bayberry tallow)
Authors: Harlow R. D. , Litchfield Carter , Fu Hwei‐Choung , Reiser Raymond
Published: May 2007

The triglycerides ofMyrica carolinensis fruit coat fat (bayberry tallow) contain only three fatty acids: myristic (21.5 mole %), palmitic (77.5%), and stearic (1.0%). The component triglycerides of this simple fat were determined by gas‐liquid chromatography and pancreatic lipase hydrolysis. Triglycerides with carbon numbers 42, 44, 46, 48, and 50 were found. Lipase hydrolysis showed a preferential but not exclusive esterification of myristic acid at the 2‐position. The triglyceride composition calculated from the combined experimental results did not conform to a random or 1,3‐random‐2‐random distribution pattern. Regional differences in fatty acid and triglyceride composition within the fruit coat were also observed.
Chromatographic studies on oxidative and thermal fatty acid dimers
Authors: Evans C. D. , McConnell D. G. , Frankel E. N. , Cowan J. C.
Published: May 2007

A chromatographic study was carried out to investigate the nature of polymeric products in edible oils. Dimers from low‐temp oxidation of methyl linoleate were compared with thermal dimers from high‐temp polymerization of conjugated methyl linoleate. The distilled dimers were subjected to liquid‐partition chromatographic separations on silicic acid columns as methyl esters, as free acids, and as methyl esters prepared by saponification and reesterification. Chromatographically isolated dimer fractions were also rechromatographed before and after each treatment.

When thermal dimer esters are saponified and reesterified, chromatographic recoveries are quantitative, and the expected changes in polarity result; whereas, with oxidative dimer esters, gross changes in polarity occur. Chromatographic separations of dimer esters or their acids fractionate into distinct areas of increasing polarity.
A long‐term nutritional study with fresh and mildly oxidized vegetable and animal fats
Authors: Kaunitz H. , Johnson R. E. , Pegus L.
Published: May 2007

Fresh and oxidized cotton seed oil (CO) olive oil (OO), chicken fat (CF) and beef fat (BF) were fed to male weanling rats for 33 to 108 weeks. Groups fed oxidized fats except OO showed a higher death rate than those fed the corresponding fresh fats. Groups fed oxidized CO and BF had the highest death rate. Histological studies of animals dying from natural causes showed more pronounced cardiac lesions in the animals fed oxidized CO. Serum, liver and brain cholesterol levels were not influenced by oxidized fats. Fatty acid composition of depot fats and of heart and liver lipids did not show significant differences between groups fed fresh and the corresponding oxidized fats.
Comparitive study of monocarbonyl compounds formed during deep frying in different fats
Authors: Wishner Lawrence A. , Kenney Mark
Published: May 2007

Fresh commercial corn oil, fresh commercial lard, and hydrogenated vegetable shortening were analyzed for carbonyl compounds before and after deep frying. The frying was carried out in an apparatus with a capacity for 2000 g of oil designed to quantitatively trap the volatile materials evolved during frying and which would ordinarily escape into the atmosphere. The trapped distillate was also subjected to carbonyl analysis.

Analysis of the fats and distillates showed a carbonyl pattern in essential agreement with the classical autoxidation mechanism for the different fats, i.e., the typical alkanals, alk‐2‐enals, and alk‐2,4‐dienals. The pattern correlated generally with the fatty acid composition of the fats. Comparison of the concentrations of the monocarbonyl compounds in the fats before and after frying, and in their distillates, indicated that the deodorization process which accompanies frying is effective in preventing the accumulation of the more volatile compounds formed. The less volatile products, mainly deca‐2,4‐dienal, were not efficiently removed. Accordingly, it was observed that the oils containing higher proportions of linoleic acid contained more residual monocarbonyl compounds after frying.
Heated fats. IV. Chemical changes in fats subjected to deep fat frying processes: Cottonseed oil
Authors: Perkins E. G. , van Akkeren L. A.
Published: May 2007

The effects of deep fat frying processes on the formation of polymeric and oxidized materials were determined under practical conditions. Experiments which determined the effect of continuous heating, turnover rate, intermittent heating, steam, and deep frying were carried out. The amounts of polymeric material and other parameters of fat deterioration were determined. The results obtained indicated that the amount of polymeric material formed increased regularly as heating time increased. A high overall turnover of used oil may not increase the useful life of a frying fat when the specific daily turnover of fat is small. Intermittent heating of a fat alternated with cooling cycles increased the deterioration of cottonseed oil. The act of frying a food product (potatoes) or simple addition of water to hot fat exerts a strong deteriorative effect on heated cottonseed oil.
Precision and accuracy in gas liquid chromatography of C14‐C18 fatty methyl esters
Authors: Pons W. A. , Frampton V. L.
Published: May 2007

Repetitive analyses of four primary standards for fatty methyl esters by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) with polyester columns and thermal conductivity detection established standard deviations ranging from ŷ0.3舑0.5% corresponding to coefficients of variation of 1.0舑2.0%. These data, representing a relative error of measurement of 1.5舑3.0% at a 99% confidence level, suggest a precision approaching that of conventional spectrophotometric measurements.

Proportionality factors, calculated from known mass or molar concentration divided by area % from GLC analysis, were found to be reproducible erratum factors which may be generally applicable to GLC analysis of fatty methyl esters with polyester columns and thermal conductivity detectors.

Mass response to a thermal conductivity detector was found to decrease with either increasing molecular weight for saturated C14舑C18 fatty methyl esters or with unsaturation among the C18 unsaturated esters, while molar response increases with molecular weight and decreases with degree of unsaturation.

The use of uncorrected area % data can introduce significant absolute mass errors ranging from about +11% for myristic acid to 蜢17% for linolenic acid.
Quantitative estimation of isomeric monoglycerides by thin‐layer chromatography
Authors: Thomas A. E. , Scharoun J. E. , Ralston Helma
Published: May 2007

A method has been developed for the analysis of isomeric monoglycerides by thin‐layer adsorption chromatography. Isomeric monoglycerides are separated on silica gel impregnated with boric acid; a mixed solvent system is used. The interaction of hydroxy compounds with boric acid allows the separation of 1‐ and 2‐monoglycerides which cannot be resolved on silica gel alone. In order to make the method quantitative, the resolved components are charred and their spot densities measured. Glycerol, fatty acids, diglycerides, and triglycerides do not interfere. The method does not induce isomerization.
Alpha sulfo fatty esters in biologically soft detergent formulations
Authors: Knaggs E. A. , Yeager J. A. , Varenyi L. , Fischer E.
Published: May 2007

Salts of ॅ‐sulfo tallow and coconut esters were subjected to river die‐away, activated sludge and Warburg tests, and results show these derivatives to be biologically soft detergents with disappearance curves approximating those of the fatty alcohol sulfates.

Selection of the proper fatty acid starting material, alcohol of esterification, and alkali for neutralization provides for a high degree of flexibility in tailor‐making biologically soft surface active agents for a wide range of applications. Selected compounds have been found which exhibit remarkable foaming, lime soap dispersing, fabric and hard surface detergency, wetting and related surface‐active properties. These properties allow the formulation of a variety of synthetic and soap‐synthetic combinations.

Primary emphasis is given to the presentation of data on surfactant formulation application studies. Salts of short chain alkyl esters of ॅ‐sulfo tallow acid are ideally suited for 舠combo舡 soap bar and built heavy‐duty detergent applications. Salts of short chain alkyl esters of selected coconut fatty acids are uniquely suitable for light duty liquids, cosmetic and related surfactant applications.

An improved process for the manufacture of these sulfo esters has been developed which produces high yield, high purity and light colored products, and which should provide for their acceptance on a large scale in the detergent field.
The composition of the difficultly extractable soybean phosphatides
Authors: Nielsen Kaj
Published: May 2007

The object of the present work has been to study those soybean phosphatides which cannot be extracted by means of nonpolar solvents but only be means of mixtures of nonpolar and polar solvents, for instance hexane and ethanol. These phosphatides were fractionated by the countercurrent distribution technique, and the following groups of substances were found: a) carbohydrates with d‐inositol in the form of the methyl ether called pinitol; b) a number of nitrogen‐containing substances, the nature of which is not as yet fully elucidated but which is perhaps merely decomposition products of proteins; c) a glyceroinositophosphatidic acid which contains equimolar quantities of glycerophosphoric acid and inositolmonophosphoric acid and phosphorus and fatty acids at a ratio of about 1 to 2; d) a high‐molecular phosphatide acid; and e) a mixture of the three glycerophosphatides: phosphatidylcholine,‐ethanolamine, and‐serine.
Studies in the development of antibacterial surfactants. I. institutional use of antibacterial fabric softeners
Authors: Linfield W. M. , Sherrill J. C. , Casely R. E. , Noel D. R. , Davis G. A.
Published: May 2007

It has been determined that the incorporation of a highly active antibacterial agent, phenylmercuric propionate, into an aqueous solution of a fabric softener of the quaternary ammonium type results in a most effective antibacterial laundry rinse additive. The presence of the quaternary ammonium compound appears to enhance the antibacterial activity of the mercurial. When applied at a level of 63 parts of available mercurial to one million parts of fabric, the treated cloth is rendered bacteriostatic to several strains ofS. aureus and to ammonia‐producing organisms of theProteus group, also mildewstatic toChaetomium globosum. The formulated antibacterial softener as well as the treated linens appear to be entirely safe to humans.

In longer‐term application tests in a hospital laundry the total bacterial load carried by the soiled treated linens is practically zero. There is no excessive build‐up of antibacterial agent on fabric upon repeated applications, and it is readily washed out of the fabric by conventional laundering.
Gas‐liquid chromatography of fatty derivatives. IV. Quantitative analysis of n‐alcohols
Authors: Link W. E. , Morrissette R. A.
Published: May 2007

The separation of fatty alcohols has been accomplished by using a nonpolar substrate on a solid support treated with alkali to reduce adsorptivity. By this technique well‐resolved symmetrical peaks are obtained, and the stability of a nonpolar substrate is retained. Relative detector sensitivity factors have been determined for the alcohols with chain lengths of C8 through C18, permitting a correction of peak areas. The response of the detector is approximately a linear function of chain length for the n‐alcohols.

The accuracy and precision of the determination have been studied by a statistical comparison of the results of replicate values with values from known compositions.
The a‐sulfonation of pelargonic, stearic, and substituted stearic acids
Authors: Weil J. K. , Stirton A. J. , Bistline R. G. , Ault Waldo C.
Published: May 2007

Direct sulfonation of higher fatty acids with sulfur trioxide or chlorosulfonic acid, without use of solvent, is possible, but the product must then be isolated as the sodium salt. Use of a chlorinated solvent permits isolation of the α‐sulfo acid. Sulfonation with dioxane sulfur trioxide in place of sulfur trioxide gave a nearly colorless α‐sulfostearic acid.

Substituted stearic acids derived from oleic or elaidic acids (phenyl‐, 9,10‐dichloro‐, and 9,10‐dihydroxystearic acids) were α‐sulfonated with dioxane sulfur trioxide. Solubility, detergent, and surface‐active properties were examined and related to structure.

The surface‐active properties of sodium α‐sulfopelargonic acid are not very evident, but the octyl ester, with a much lower critical micelle concentration (0.08% compared to 1.00%), was found to be a very efficient wetting agent.
Collaborative study of the oil stability index analysis
Authors: Jebe Tod A. , Matlock Mark G. , Sleeter Ronald T.
Published: May 2007

The Oil Stability Index Analysis method was subjected to a fifteen‐laboratory collaborative study in which the participants used currently available commercial and home‐built instruments to provide data to support the approval process as an Official Method of the American Oil Chemists’ Society. The overall average coefficient of variation was 11.3% for samples from 7 to 80 h of stability testing at 110°C.
On the kinetics of the autoxidation of fats. II. Monounsaturated substrates
Authors: Brimberg Ulla I.
Published: May 2007

The autoxidation of methyl oleate and oleic acid shows some differences as compared to the autoxidation of linoleate,e.g., the formation of water at an early stage. Linearization of experimental data on the autoxidation to high oxidation degrees of methyl oleate and other monounsaturated substrates shows that the rate equations previously derived for methyl linoleate in the range of 1–25% oxidation are valid, provided the correct expression for the remaining unreacted substrate is used. With monounsaturated substrates, part of the oxygen is consumed by a secondary oxidation reaction almost from the beginning, and only a certain constant fraction α of the total O2 consumption is consumed in hydroperoxide formation. The fraction α is different for methyl oleate, oleyl alcohol, oleic acid andcis 9‐octadecene, but the rate constant for the hydroperoxide formation is the same for all of them when experimental conditions are the same. The main difference between oleate and linoleate autoxidation is the much faster decomposition of the oleate hydroperoxides relative to their slow formation.
Fatty acid composition of thirty‐five Icelandic fish species
Authors: Sigurgisladóttir Sjöfn , Pálmadóttir Heida
Published: May 2007

Fat content and fatty acid composition were determined in 35 fish species caught in Icelandic waters from November 1987 to March 1988. These were not only commonly edible species, but also underutilized and less common species, in which the fatty acid composition have not been reported before. The variation int he fat content and the fatty acid composition was found to be large between and within species. The fat content and n‐3 fatty acid content varies sevenfold and twentyfold, respectively. An inverse relationship was obtained between the n‐3 fatty acids content and the total fat content of the fish species studied. We believe that the data reported here on 35 fish species can be useful for nutritionists and food scientists, to aid them in dietary formulation, nutrient labelling, processing and product developments, as well as for the consumers.
The preparation of polyglycerol esters suitable as low‐caloric fat substitutes
Authors: Dobson Kevin S. , Williams Kerry D. , Boriack Clinton J.
Published: May 2007

Medicinal research has linked dietary fats with such maladies as cancer, heart disease and stroke. The overconsumption of fats has been declared one of the major dietary health concerns in the United States by the Surgeon General. As a result, there is an increased awareness by consumers of their need to reduce the intake of calories derived from fat. The food industry has shown much interest in the development of substitutes for dietary fats and oils. To date, no substitute that can be used as a full fat replacement has entered the marketplace. Linear polyglycerols (LPGs) have been prepared by a proprietary polymerization process. Fatty acid esters prepared from LPGs were found to resist hydrolysis by digestive enzymes and were poorly absorbed in animal feeding tests. When esterified with fatty acids, LPG esters are similar to natural triglycerides in color, odor, taste and other physical characteristics. These properties make LPG oils good candidates for use in nonnutritive edible oil applications, particularly in uses that require stability at high temperatures.
Gas chromatography of triacylglycerols in palm oil fractions with medium‐polarity wide‐bore columns
Authors: Sassano G. J. , Jeffrey B. S. J.
Published: May 2007

Wide‐bore (WBOT, 0.53 mm i.d.) capillary columns, operated with helium carrier gas, are a viable alternative to narrow‐bore (0.25 mm i.d.) equivalents operated with hydrogen carrier gas in high‐resolution gas chromatography (HRGC) of triacylglycerols (TAG). Resolution and quantitation proved to be similar for the two types of columns. WBOT HRGC with automatic cold‐on‐column injection has strong potential for precise real‐time control of oils and fats processing and offers a reliable approach to automated HRGC of TAG. The technique has been used to characterize palm oil and palm oil fractions.
The relationship between the oxidative polymers of soybean oil and flavor reversion
Authors: Chang S. S. , Kummerow F. A.
Published: May 2007

The polymers formed during the autoxidation of soybean oil at 60°C. were isolated by a solvent‐extraction method, using diethyl ether and pentanehexane as solvents. The more polar polymer fraction was further oxidized by air at 30°C., and the volatile material obtained was fractionated and characterized. It contained the same carbonyl compounds as the volatile material which has previously been obtained from reverted soybean oil, namely acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, n‐hexanal, and 2‐pentenal.

The more polar polymer fraction contained 21.04% of oxygen and degraded to volatile carbonyl compounds under vacuum as well as under oxygen‐free nitrogen. Depolymerization and ethanolysis of these polymers were carried out in ethyl alcohol which had been adjusted to a normality of 3.5 with anhydrous hydrogen chloride. The polymeric substance formed on the filter presses of a soybean oil refinery could be depolymerized in a similar manner. It is therefore evident that oxidative polymers could be unintentionally introduced into soybean oil in various ways and serve as precursors of reversion compounds.
A modified liquid‐liquid extractor for routine oil analysis
Authors: Buerki Charles R. , Holt Kenneth E.
Published: May 2007

1. A continuous liquid‐liquid extractor was designed and procedures were devised for the determination of total fatty acids, oxidized acids, and unsaponifiable matter. These procedures give results that are in agreement with the present A.O.C.S. Methods.

2. The continuous liquid‐liquid extractor has the following advantages:

It is simple in design, easy to operate and keep clean. The inner tube which gives better solvent dispersion than standard commercial pieces can be made out of ordinary glass tubing at relatively low cost.

The operation is automatic. Once a bank of these extractors is set up, the operator is free to do other work.

The extractions are made rapidly without troublesome emulsions.

Greater accuracy is possible because of limited handling.

The enclosed system minimizes health and fire hazards inherent in the present A.O.C.S. Methods.
The effect of electrolytes on soil redeposition in laboratory and laundry practice
Authors: Vitale Peter T.
Published: May 2007

Conclusions

1. Fatty acid soaps and pure synthetic detergents have a far greater suspending power for Aquadag soil than either of these types when used in the presence of inorganic salts.

2. Any inorganic salts of the type of sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, calcium, or magnesium salts, the common alkali or phosphate builders, all tend to cause deposition when used alone or with surface‐active materials.

3. Fatty acid soaps are self‐protecting against hard water salt effects.

4. Synthetic detergents require protection against calcium and magnesium salts, which can be achieved by adding calcium ion suppressants. The effect of neutral salts, such as sodium chloride and sodium sulfate, can be eliminated by omitting them from the composition. When these salts are present in minor amounts, the use of protective colloids, such as carboxymethyl cellulose, affords some protection.
Methanolysis of triglycerides
Authors: Hartman L.
Published: May 2007

Alkali‐catalyzed methanolysis of fats as a means of preparing methyl esters for analytical purposes has been investigated. Of the various catalysts employed sodium methoxide and ignited potassium carbonate have been found to set free 99–99.5% of total glycerol and to cause the least degree of saponification.
Some esters of mono‐, di‐, and tricarboxystearic acid as lubricants: Preparation and evaluation
Authors: Dufek Edward J. , Parker W. E. , Koos R. E.
Published: May 2007

Conditions were determined for selective alkaline transesterification of methyl 9(10)‐carbomethoxystearate. With 2,2‐dimethylpentanol and 2‐ethylhexanol, the corresponding alkyl 9(10)‐carbomethoxystearates were obtained in good yield. These two mixed alkyl diesters, along with other alkyl esters of mono‐9(10)‐, di‐ and tricarboxystearic acids prepared by conventional methods, were evaluated as lubricants. Several esters compared favorably with dioctyl sebacate used as the control. The esters had high viscosity indices and low American Society for Testing and Materials slopes. The pour point of purified dimethylpentyl 9(10)‐carbomethoxystearate is below −70 C. Several esters have antiwear properties when added to the control oil.
Hydrosilylation of long chain unsaturated fatty acid esters
Authors: Saghian Nasser , Gertner David
Published: May 2007

The addition of a series of silicon hydrides: trichlorosilane, methyldichlorosilane, dimethylchlorosilane, phenyl dichlorosilane, and methyl phenyl chlorosilane to esters of long chain unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic, linoleic acids, and 10‐undecenoic acid, was studied with respect to catalysts, temperature, and solvents. Higher yields were obtained on carrying out the hydrosilylation reactions in the presence of chloroplatinic acid or Pt on C catalysts in bulk without solvent, as compared with peroxide catalysts. The addition reaction with methyl 10‐undecenoate, which has a terminal double bond, gave a higher yield than that with methyl oleate. NMR data of the products from methyl 10‐undecenoate and methyl oleate, as well as their reduction products with lithium aluminum hydride, have shown that, with the former ester, the silyl moiety added exclusively to the terminal carbon atom, while, with the latter, no migration of the silyl moiety to the terminal carbon atom was observed.
Analytical separation of nonlipid water soluble substances and gangliosides from other lipids by dextran gel column chromatography
Authors: Siakotos A. N. , Rouser George
Published: May 2007

A column chromatographic procedure is reported utilizing a dextran gel (Sephadex) for the complete separation of the major lipid classes from water‐soluble nonlipids. Lipids other than gangliosides are eluted first with chloroform/methanol 19/1 saturated with water, gangliosides with chloroform/methanol/water containing acetic acid, and water‐soluble nonlipids with methanol/water 1/1. Results for adult human whole brain, grey and white matter, and normal infant whole brain lipids are presented. With beef brain lipid as sample the ganglioside fraction is essentially pure, but with human brain lipid samples only about 70% of the second fraction is ganglioside. All ganglioside and water soluble nonlipid of a human spleen chloroform/methanol extract was separated from lipids with the procedure. Control studies with P32O4蠁 and C14 labelled glucose showed that all counts were present in fraction 3. Similar studies with C14 labelled amino acids (glycine, serine, alanine, phenylalanine) showed that only phenylalanine counts were eluted in fraction 2 along with the gangliosides. The procedure was applied for removal of large amounts of ammonium acetate from DEAE cellulose column fractions and for complete removal of adsorbent and salts from lipids eluted from thin‐layer chromatograms. After passage through the dextran gel columns, lipids eluted from thin‐layer chromatograms were found to give infrared spectra identical to those of pure samples obtained by other procedures.
Application of the ritter reaction to petroselinic acid
Authors: Holmes R. L. , Moreau J. P. , Sumrell G.
Published: May 2007

Substituted amidostearic acids were prepared from petroselinic acid by reaction, in the presence of sulfuric acid, with hydrogen cyanide, acetonitrile, propionitrile, acrylonitrile and benzonitrile. The products were crystalline solids. Attempts to obtain monoamides containing a nitrile group by the use of dinitriles were unsuccessful.
N,N‐dialkylamides of long chain fatty acids as plasticizers
Authors: Mod R. R. , Magne F. C. , Skau E. L.
Published: May 2007

A number of N,N‐dialkylamides have been prepared, characterized and evaluated as plasticizers for poly (vinyl chloride‐vinyl acetate) copolymer. Among these are the N‐oleoyl derivatives of diisopropyl, dibutyl, diisobutyl, diamyl, dihexyl, diheptyl, dioctyl, di‐2‐ethylhexyl and didecylamines. Also included are the N,N‐dibutylamides of 2‐ethylhexanoic, neodecanoic, neotridecanoic, palmitic, stearic, linoleic, erucic, ricinoleic, naphthenic, dimer, pinic, epoxystearic, animal, cottonseed, hydrogenated cottonseed, rapeseed,Limnanthes douglasii seed and parsley seed acids. Optimum low‐temperature plasticizing properties are achieved for the N‐oleoyl derivatives of dibutyl, diamyl and dihexyl amines. These low‐temperature properties are comparable to those of the adipate and sebacate plasticizers without the adverse volatility characteristics of the adipates. Compatibility of the N,N‐dialkyloleamides extends through the dihexyl derivative. A brief heat stability study of some selected plasticized polylvinyl chloride copolymer compositions indicates that the thermal stabilization of amide plasticizers is not an insurmountable problem.
Some detersive properties of model straight chain sodium alkylbenzenesulfonates
Authors: Gray Frederick W. , Krems Irving J. , Gerecht J. Fred
Published: May 2007

Model long chain sodium ortho and para alkylbenzenesulfonates having primary, secondary and tertiary carbon atoms attached to the phenyl group have been evaluated for foam, wetting and detergency. The data indicate that the surface active properties of these three classes of compounds which are primarily linear in structure are dependent upon sulfonate position, phenyl position and chain length. Each of these factors contributes to performance. Ortho sulfonates are better wetting agents than para sulfonates but the para compounds generally foam better and appear to have superior detergency properties than their respective ortho isomers. Ortho sulfouate in a detergent composition may have a greater influence on surface active properties than had been heretofore recognized.
Tandem gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry analysis of volatiles from soybean oil
Authors: Selke E. , Moser Helen A. , Rohwedder W. K.
Published: May 2007

A time vs. volatile decomposition study was made on commercially available soybean oil aged under normal laboratory room conditions. Samples were taken at weekly intervals for peroxide value (PV) determinations, organoleptic evaluations and volatile analyses. Volatiles, stripped from the oil samples in an all‐glass system devoid of connecting joints, were collected and sealed in attached capillary tubes. The encapsulated compounds were introduced into a tandem gas chromatograph‐mass spectrometer via a capillary crusher. All collections, transfers or introductions of volatiles were performed without the aid of solvents. Hydrocarbons and, subsequently, aldehydes were the principle volatiles associated with the initial and intermediate stages of soybean oil autoxidation (PV 0–11). A variety of other compounds were also found as the level of autoxidation increased. Identified compounds, PV's and organoleptic evaluations are correlated.
Synthetic fatty alcohol and acids‐new additions to the raw material pool for soaps and detergents
Authors: Moffett J. G. , DeAcetis W.
Published: May 2007

The United States capacity for synthetic fatty alcohols and their derivatives has been greatly expanded. More recent additions to this alcohol pool have received wide acceptance in the marketplace. In fact, because they bring new features, mainly in the areas of economics and performance, their continued growth both in volume and in the number of applications is assured. With regards to synthetic fatty acids, over the past 30 years many potential candidate acid systems have been examined. A wealth of process technology has been accumulated. The marketplace has been tested with several new tailormade acids, and therefore now we believe the stage is set, the opportunities are at hand and we should see some large scale development in the United States in the near future.
Quantitative content of total polar lipids in soybean seeds
Authors: Zhukov A. V. , Vereshchagin A. G.
Published: May 2007

The exhaustive stepwise extraction of soybean seeds was performed in a specially designed apparatus by a solvent system containing chloroform, methanol, water, mineral acid, and antioxidant in an inert atmosphere. The yield of total lipids was as high as 99.95%. The possible artifact content in the extracted lipids was < 0.5%. Separation of polar lipids and determination of constituent groups of these compounds (fatty acyl groups and phosphate) has shown that 36.7 μmole (±4.6%) of polar lipids may be contained in 1 g dry wt of seeds, 25.9 μmole (±1%) of this amount being phospholipids.
Soybean lecithin processing unit operations
Authors: Brian R.
Published: May 2007

Chemical engineering unit operations used in the processing of crude soybean oil to lecithin are defined and discussed. The unit operations of fluid flow, centrifugal separation, filtration, and heat transfer are discussed as they relate to commercial plant design. The types of equipment available for these unit operations and the merits of some particular types are discussed. The flow of a typical commercial plant is shown with utility consumption estimates.
Characteristics of pumpkin seed oil
Authors: Markovic V. V. , Bastic L. V.
Published: May 2007

Eighteen samples of pumpkin seed oil were examined and the following indices determined: specific gravity, refractive index, saponification number, iodine value, unsaponifiable matter, free fatty acids, and peroxide value.
Positional isomers formed during the hydrogenation of cottonseed oil
Authors: Chahine M. H. , Cousins E. R. , Feuge R. O.
Published: May 2007

A commercial cottonseed oil was hydrogenated under nonselective, normal, and selective conditions. The operating variables used were within the ranges of those ordinarily found in large‐scale operations. For each run samples were withdrawn at iodine values of approximately 75, 62, and 48; and these samples were analyzed for the position of the donble bonds, content oftrans isomers, and content of linoleins.

Double bonds were found in the 6 through 14 positions of the monounsaturated fatty acid groups resulting from the hydrogenations. On the basis of the percentage distribution of the double bonds, there appeared to be no marked tendency for the linoleoyl group to form 9‐ or 12‐isomers of the oleoyl group. In the early stages of the selective hydrogenation the rate at which double bonds shifted from the 9‐position was greater than the rate at which double bonds were hydrogenated.

The conditions of hydrogenation did not have a marked effect on the distribution of the double bonds at iodine values of about 62 and 48.

The conditions of hydrogenation did have a marked effect on the percentage oftrans bonds. At an iodine value of approximately 75 the content oftrans bonds, expressed as weight percentage of trielaidin, was 9.4 for the nonselective hydrogenation and 27.3 for the selective hydrogenation while at an iodine value of approximately 48 these values increased to 21.6 and 37.7, respectively.
Lecithin in oil‐in‐water emulsions
Authors: Yeadon David A. , Goldblatt Leo A. , Altschul Aaron M.
Published: May 2007

A study was made to investigate the use of purified phosphatide in I.V. emulsions. Lecithin isolated from egg yolk and purified by alumina and silica chromatography was analyzed by chromatographic strip techniques as a one‐component material. Highly purified lecithin was found to be an inefficient emulsifier. Moreover emulsions containing highly purified lecithin were heat‐sensitive. An emulsion physical stability test was developed to evaluate emulsifier formulations containing purified phosphatides for use with small amounts of emulsions (approximately 50 g.). Using this procedure, a considerable number of substances were tested as additives to enhance the purified lecithin's emulsifying power. None were found to be as effective as natural soybean phosphatide, which was used as a control. From these observations it is indicated that pure phosphatides are inefficient emulsifiers and that those phosphatide preparations possessing good emulsifying characteristics are presumably mixtures or complexes of the phosphatides with other substances.
Fractionation of animal fat glycerides by crystallization from acetone. Am improved lard oil
Authors: Morris S. G. , Gordon C. F. , Brenner N. , Meyers J. S. , Riemenschneider R. W. , Ault W. C.
Published: May 2007

Various edible and inedible grades of animal fats, such as lard, grease, tallow, and selectively hydrogenated lard, grease and tallow were separated into “oils” and “stearins” by crystallization from acetone.

The chemical and physical properties as well as the yields of oils and stearins obtained by this method are described.

Antioxidants and metal deactivators are much more effective in stabilizing lard and grease oils produced from partially hydrogenated fats than in stabilizing corresponding products from unhydrogenated fats.
Influence of alkali concentration and other factors on the conjugation of natural polyunsaturated acids as determined by ultraviolet absorption measurements
Authors: Herb S. F. , Riemenschneider R. W.
Published: May 2007

Optimum conditions for production of maximum conjugation of methyl arachidonate were determined. These comprise heating the sample in 21% KOH glycol for 15 minutes at 180°C. The optimum conditions of isomerization have also been applied to methyl linoleate, methyl linolenate, methyl eicosapentaenoate, and docosapentaenoate prepared by physical methods. These conditions greatly increased the sensitivity of the spectrophotometric method for all the polyun‐saturated acids except linoleic, for which the sensitivity was unchanged.

Analyses of a series of fats and oils isomerized under optimum conditions and also under standard conditions were in good agreement. Constants are given for use when pentaene acids are present as well as for acids of less unsaturation.

Spectroscopic evidence strongly indicates than pentaene acids are present in lard.
Some aspects of inventory control in the soap industry
Authors: Ritchie Edmund
Published: May 2007

To obtain inventory control, you must first have records. Secondly, you must have some way to activate these records so that intelligent use can be made of them. The burden of record keeping should not be allowed to become paramount. The important thing is the action taken on the records, not the records. Thirdly, one person should be given the authority to control inventories for a given number of items. He, of course, will work within the frame‐work set up by top management as to the desired inventories to be carried, but within this frame‐work there is a great deal of leeway and, by smart requisitioning, he can do much to obtain lower inventories. Achieving lower inventories means the saving of dollars. And, after all, profits are what people are after in business. By keeping inventories in balance, he not only reduces the amounts carried but puts the company in a much more flexible position. In modern industry ability to change is important. The inventory control group has the responsibility to see that for its part the company is always ready to meet this ever‐changing sales picture.
Tuna fatty acids: II. Investigation of the composition of raw and processed domestic tuna
Authors: Roubal William T.
Published: May 2007

Oils from raw, precooked, and canned tuna were analyzed by gas‐liquid chromatography. The analyses showed the presence in tuna oil of 20 fatty acids having chain lengths ranging from 14 to 22 carbon atoms and containing 0 to 6 double bonds. The polyunsaturated fatty acids underwent little change during processing from the raw to the canned product.
Bleaching off‐colored cottonseed oils with activated alumina: A preliminary cost study
Authors: Decossas K. M. , Molaison L. J. , Eaves P. H. , Pons W. A. , Patton E. L.
Published: May 2007

The majority of off‐colored cottonseed oils can be bleached to a prime color with 4% by weight or less of activated alumina in a single operation. Increasing the amount of alumina beyond 4% makes it possible to bleach the most difficult‐to‐bleach off‐colored cottonseed oils. Although additional research is required to establish the process and optimize conditions, results of a preliminary cost study indicate that this method should be competitive on a large scale with rerefining followed by conventional earth bleaching.

A flow sheet is given. Investment and operating costs are reported for bleaching for six months annually in plants having daily capacities of 100,000, 500,000, and 1,000,000 lb of cottonseed oil, prime and/or off‐colored, in batches of 6,000, 30,000, and 60,000 lb, respectively.

It is estimated that alumina bleaching of off‐colored oil, with solvent extraction of oil from spent alumina, would cost as little as 0.4Ţ/lb in the largest plant, 0.5Ţ/lb in the medium plant, and 1.2Ţ/lb in the small plant. These costs are calculated on the basis of the use of 4% alumina by weight of oil for off‐colored oil during one‐fourth of the season, in combination with 1%, 2%, or 4% of alumina for prime oil during three‐fourths of the season.

Costs could be lowered by reducing oil losses and losses of alumina in regeneration, increasing filtration rates, and lowering alumina price as a result of additional research on its preparation. Lowered cost would make the method more attractive forprime oils as well.
A laboratory deodorizer
Authors: Heide‐Jensen J.
Published: May 2007

A laboratory deodorizer is described that has rapid heating, safety and convenience in operation, and a high degree of reproducibility. The range of capacity is from 50舑2500 g.
Fatty acid composition of maturingVernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd. seeds. dihydroxyoleic acid舒A possible precursor of epoxyoleic acid
Authors: Miwa T. K. , Earle F. R. , Miwa Glenda C. , Wolff I. A.
Published: May 2007

Quantitative measurements of epoxyoleic acid and co‐occurring fatty acids in maturingVernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd. seeds were made to elucidate partially the mode of epoxyoleic biosynthesis. Free (+)threo‐12,13‐dihydroxy‐cis‐9‐octadecenoic acid was the major component at an intermediate maturation stage, and is believed to be dehydrated to free epoxyoleic acid before incorporation into glycerides.
The chemical and biological assay of essential fatty acids
Authors: Williams Mary C. , Reiser Raymond
Published: May 2007

After defining and developing the background of essential fatty acids, the various chemical, biological and physical methods which have been used for their assay will be reviewed. Specific recommendations will be made regarding techniques in each method category for natural and processed fats. Special attention will be given to the distinction between the essential fatty acids and the other polynnsaturated acids.
The determination of glyceride structure
Authors: Vander Wal R. J.
Published: May 2007

Methods for the determination of glyceride structure are discussed. These fall, with some overlapping, into two categories: methods applicable to fats generally and methods applicable to the natural fats but not to fats generally.
The determination of polymers in fats and oils
Authors: Firestone David
Published: May 2007

Fats and fatty acids are polymerized by oxidative or thermal processes. Structures have been deduced by using a number of chemical and physical techniques. General methods applicable to the analysis of polymerized oils include determinations of acetone number, iodine value (I.V.), molecular weight, dielectric constant, viscosity, and refractive index. Monomers, dimers, and trimers are separated generally by molecular distillation. In addition, urea fractionation and a number of chromatographic techniques are useful for the detection of monomers, dimers, and polymers.
Refractive index as an objective method for evaluation of rancidity in edible oils and fats
Authors: Arya S. S. , Ramanujam S. , Vijayaraghavan P. K.
Published: May 2007

Common edible oils and fats (refined peanut oil, seasame oil, safflower oil, and butter oil, ghee) were exposed to direct sunlight, fluorescent light and Schaal Test. Data collected on refractive indices (ND25) show an increase of the order of 0.001±0.0003 at the stage of development of perceptible rancid odor. The pattern of changes in refractive indices and peroxide values of these edible oils, autoxidized at 100±5 C, show that refractive indices indicate more precisely the termination of the induction periods than peroxide values.
Hydrocarbons and alcohols of basking shark and pig liver lipids
Authors: Gershbein Leon L. , Singh Eric J.
Published: May 2007

Four samples of the unsaponifiables of basking shark liver oil were adsorbed on alumina and eluted to yield Fractions 1–5, inclusive. Analyses by temperature programmed GC and by silica gel chromatography showed hydrocarbons in the first four fractions with squalene increasing to Fraction 3 and the pristane level being highest in Fraction 1. Aside from pristane and squalene, other hydrocarbons occurred at levels of 420–750 mg% in the oils on a weight basis, of which about 60% constituted a series of n‐paraffins (relative carbon number range: 15.0–38.0) together with smaller amounts of at least one branched chain saturated group. Unsaturated hydrocarbons eluted mainly after squalene. The oils contained up to 460 mg% sterol and 78–270 mg% alcohols of C10 to C30, the ratio of saturated to unsaturated members being about 1.6. The composition of the unsaponifiable lipids of pig liver was quite different from that of the marine oils. It contained 10.6% sterol in addition to 400 mg% alcohols, the latter consisting of 81.8% saturated components (C12 to C31; ratio of saturated: unsaturated members, 4.4). The hydrocarbons comprised 450–700 mg% of the unsaponifiable mixture and squalene, paraffins and additional unsaturated components occurred at levels of 20.6, 24.4 and 11.9 mg%, respectively. The saturated hydrocarbons were high in normal homologs of relative carbon number range, 15 to 36; pristane could not be detected.
Calcium and magnesium sequestration by sodium and potassium polyphosphates
Authors: Irani Riyad D. , Callis Clayton F.
Published: May 2007

The sequestration of calcium by polyphosphates in the presence of oxalate as a precipitating agent is reported at 25 and 60C in the pH range of 5–12. Sequestration increased with temperature. The sensitivity of sequestration to pH changes decreased with increase in the chain length of the polyphosphates.

Magnesium sequestration by polyphosphates in the presence of sodium oleate is given at pH values of 10.5 and 9.0.

In dilute solution with pH values higher than 9.5, tripolyphosphate and pyrophosphate were found to be the most effective calcium and magnesium polyphosphate sequestrants on a weight basis, respectively.

The results are discussed from a semi‐theoretical viewpoint.
Comparison of methods for the quantitative determination of tall oil fatty acids by gas chromatography
Authors: Iden R. B. , Kahler E. J.
Published: May 2007

A gas‐chromatography procedure, using methyl margarate as an internal standard, has been applied to the quantatitive determination of unsaturated tall oil fatty acids. Such an internal standard is necessary for accurate analyses, especially if components of the unknown are present which are not sufficiently volatile to be measured in the chromatograph. The acids are converted to methyl esters before being chromatographed. The preparation of reliable standards, methods of esterification, accuracy obtained on prepared standards using both thermal conductivity and beta‐ray ionization detectors, and analyses of tall oil samples, are discussed.