bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Withholding and withdrawing treatment for cost‐effectiveness reasons: Are they ethically on par?
Authors: Sandman Lars , Liliemark Jan
Published: December 2018

In healthcare priority settings, early access to treatment before reimbursement decisions gives rise to problems of whether negative decisions for cost‐effectiveness reasons should result in withdrawing treatment, already accessed by patients. Among professionals there seems to be a strong attitude to distinguish between withdrawing and withholding treatment, viewing the former as ethically worse. In this article the distinction between withdrawing and withholding treatment for reasons of cost effectiveness is explored by analysing the doing/allowing distinction, different theories of justice, consequentialist and virtue perspectives. The authors do not find any strong reasons for an intrinsic difference, but do find some reasons for a consequentialist difference, given present attitudes. However, overall, such a difference does not, all things considered, provide a convincing reason against withdrawal, given the greater consequentialist gain of using cost‐effective treatment. As a result, patients should be properly informed when given early access to treatment, that such treatment can be later withdrawn following a negative reimbursement decision.
Oxytocin therapy in hypopituitarism: Challenges and opportunities
Authors: Bhargava Raghav , Daughters Katie L. , Rees Aled
Published: December 2018

Patients with hypopituitarism display impaired quality of life and excess morbidity and mortality, despite apparently optimal pituitary hormone replacement. Oxytocin is a neuropeptide synthesized in the anterior hypothalamus which plays an important role in controlling social and emotional behaviour, body weight and metabolism. Recent studies have suggested that a deficiency of oxytocin may be evident in patients with hypopituitarism and craniopharyngioma, and that this may be associated with deficits in cognitive empathy. Preliminary data hint at potential benefits of oxytocin therapy in improving these deficits and the accompanying metabolic disturbances that are common in these conditions. However, several challenges remain, including an incomplete understanding of the regulation and mechanisms of action of oxytocin, difficulties in accurately measuring oxytocin levels and in establishing a diagnosis of oxytocin deficiency, and a need to determine both the optimal mode of administration for oxytocin therapy and an acceptable safety profile with long‐term use. This review considers the data linking oxytocin to the neuropsychological and metabolic disturbances evident in patients with craniopharyngioma and hypopituitarism, and describes the challenges that need to be overcome before replacement therapy can be considered as a therapeutic option in clinical practice.
Poorly differentiated thyroid cancer in the context of the revised 2015 American Thyroid Association Guidelines and the Updated American Joint Committee on Cancer/Tumor‐Node‐Metastasis Staging System (eighth edition)
Authors: Walczyk Agnieszka , Kopczyński Janusz , Gąsior‐Perczak Danuta , Pałyga Iwona , Kowalik Artur , Chrapek Magdalena , Hejnold Maria , Góźdź Stanisław , Kowalska Aldona
Published: December 2018

Objective

Poorly differentiated thyroid cancer (PDTC) is a rare, but aggressive thyroid cancer (TC) and a main cause of death from non‐anaplastic follicular cell‐derived TC. Assessing the risk of PDTC‐related death and the risk of recurrence is important for clinicians. The recent American Thyroid Association (ATA) 2015 guidelines and the updated 8th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer/Tumor‐Node‐Metastasis (AJCC/TNM) staging system should support clinicians in the management approach to PDTC patients.

Patients

Forty‐six consecutive PDTC patients treated in a single oncologic centre, 2000‐2017.

Measurements

Retrospective analysis of TNM stage, initial risk, response‐to‐therapy categories, follow‐up and final disease status incorporating the ATA 2015 criteria and the 8th AJCC/TNM staging system. Disease‐specific survival (DSS) using the Kaplan‐Meier method.

Results

Of the 46 PDTC 21 (45.6%) were ATA high risk (HR), 22 (47.8%), 17 (37%) and seven (15.2%) were TNM stages I, II, and III‐IV, respectively. During a median follow‐up of 55.5 months, two (4.3%) patients were recurrent, 18 (39.1%) died of PDTC. The 5‐/10‐year DSS were 65/57%, respectively. According to the AJCC/TNM, the 5‐/10‐year DSS of I, II, and III‐IV stage were 83/83%; 77/55%, and 0/0%, respectively. According to the 2015 ATA initial risk, the 5‐/10‐year DSS were 91/72% for ATA intermediate risk and 38/38% for ATA HR patients.

Conclusions

In PDTC patients, the updated AJCC/TNM staging system accurately predicts a high risk of death in stage III‐IV, whereas it seems to be inadequate for predicting a very low or low risk of death expected for differentiated TC in stage I‐II. The ATA initial HR may be also used to predict a high risk of PDTC‐related death.
Addressing the empty pelvic syndrome following total pelvic exenteration: does mesh reconstruction help?
Authors: Lee P. , Tan W. J. , Brown K G. M. , Solomon M. J.
Published: December 2018

Aim

Perineal wound complications and pelvic abscesses remain a major source of morbidity after total pelvic exenteration. The void created in the pelvis after these multi‐visceral resections leads to fluid accumulation and translocation of bowel within the pelvic cavity, which may increase the risk of pelvic abscess, perineal fluid discharge with perineal wound dehiscence and prolonged ileus. This study describes a novel technique using degradable synthetic mesh with overlying omentum to preclude small bowel and fill the empty space after total pelvic exenteration, and aimed to investigate the rate of pelvic abscess and perineal wound‐related complications in this group.

Method

Ten patients who underwent total pelvic exenteration followed by implantation of degradable synthetic mesh at a quaternary referral centre were identified and included. The mesh was moulded to the contours of the bony pelvis at the level of the pubic symphysis anteriorly and inferior to the sacral promontory posteriorly. The data on the number of postoperative perineal wound‐related complications including pelvic abscesses were collected.

Results

There was no perioperative mortality. Five patients (50%) developed postoperative complications. One patient developed an abscess inferior to the mesh that required surgical drainage and another had a pre‐sacral collection that was successfully managed conservatively. Two patients developed intra‐abdominal collections requiring percutaneous drainage. Median length of stay was 20 days (range 16–35). No perineal hernia or entero‐perineal fistula was detected in any patient either clinically or radiologically at a median follow‐up of 7 months.

Conclusion

Degradable synthetic mesh reconstruction following exenterative surgery may reduce postoperative complications related to the perineal wound.
Hidden morbidity: The results of a collaborative community chronic obstructive pulmonary disease screening initiative
Authors: Crooks Michael G. , Thompson Joanne L. , Cummings Helena , Watkins Karen , Jackson Nicola , Platten Shaneen , Evans Cheryl , Faruqi Shoaib
Published: December 2018

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) often goes unrecognised resulting in people living with the disease without a diagnosis. We investigated the characteristics, symptom burden and flow of participants in a community COPD screening initiative. Screening was undertaken during four events over 2‐weeks. Participants completed symptom questionnaires and FEV‐1/FEV‐6 measurement. Patients with FEV‐1 <80% predicted or FEV‐1 ≥ 80% predicted and FEV‐1/FEV‐6 <0.72 were considered ‘screen‐positive’ and invited to attend a 1‐stop diagnostic clinic. Two hundred and fifty‐seven individuals participated (mean ± SD age 58 ± 16, 24% current smokers). Seventy‐seven were screen‐positive with 27 ultimately attending a 1‐stop clinic and 18 having confirmed COPD. The CAT score of participants with COPD was 19.3 ± 11.4. Two‐thirds had moderate airflow obstruction on spirometry. The diagnosis rate in this screening initiative was comparable to trials of systematic case finding. Further research is required to explore the broader clinical impact of COPD screening.
Marijuana use in transplantation: A call for clarity
Authors: Levi Marilyn E. , Montague Brian T. , Thurstone Christian , Kumar Deepali , Huprikar Shirish S. , Kotton Camille N. ,   the Executive Committee of the Infectious Diseases Community of Practice of the American Society of Transplantation
Published: December 2018

Transplant centers have varying policies for marijuana (MJ) use in donors, transplant candidates, and recipients. Rationales for these differences range from concerns for fungal complications, impaired adherence, and drug interactions. This paper reviews the current status of MJ policies and practices in transplant centers and results of a survey sent to the American Society of Transplantation (AST) membership by the Executive Committee of the AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice.The purpose of the survey was to compare policies and concerns of MJ use to actual observed complications. Of the 3321 surveys sent, 225 members (8%) responded. Transplant centers varied in their approval processes, differing even in organ types within the same institutions. Furthermore, there was discordance among transplant centers in their perceived risks of marijuana use as opposed to complications actually observed. An increasing number of states continue to legalize medical and recreational MJ resulting in widespread availability. Further research is needed to assess the validity of concerns for complications of MJ use in potential donors and recipients. Ultimately, standardized guidelines should be established based on studies and evidence‐based criteria to assist transplant programs in their policies around the use of cannabis in their donors and recipients.
Severe hypertension is an independent risk factor for posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome post‐hematopoietic cell transplantation in children with thalassemia major
Authors: Li Xin‐Yu , Huang Ke , Zhou Dun‐Hua , Li Yang , Xu Hong‐Gui , Weng Wen‐Jun , Xu Lu‐Hong , Fang Jian‐Pei
Published: December 2018

Background

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is an increasingly recognized serious complication of cyclosporine A (CSA) and tacrolimus (TAC) use in hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) recipients.

Procedure

A retrospective study was carried out, including 84 cases of HCT for TM from January 2012 to January 2017. Eleven cases were diagnosed with PRES.

Results

The cumulative incidence of PRES was 13.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 9.7%‐17.2%). The median onset time of the symptoms was 63 [20, 143] days after transplantation. Lumber puncture found that CSF was normal. Univariate analysis showed that patients who received methylprednisolone (MP) (OR = 10.629 95% CI, 1.360‐83.071, P = 0.024), female patients (OR = 4.275, 95% CI, 1.154‐15.843, P = 0.032), patients who had severe hypertension (OR = 5.162, 95% CI, 1.042 to 25.559, P = 0.029) had significantly higher risks of PRES. Multivariate analysis showed that severe hypertension (hazard ratio [HR], 12.793; 95% CI, 1.477 to 110.813; P  = 0.021), and Pesaro class 3 (HR, 3.367; 95% CI, 1.210 to 9.368; P  =  0.020) were associated with PRES.

Conclusions

The severe hypertension is an independent risk factor for PRES post‐HCT in children with thalassemia major. Patients of Pesaro class 3 may benefit from optimum control of blood pressure post‐HCT for prophylaxis of PRES.
Outcomes after lung transplantation for patients with occupational lung diseases
Authors: Joubert Kyla D. , Awori Hayanga J. , Strollo Diane C. , Lendermon Elizabeth A. , Yousem Samuel A. , Luketich James D. , Ensor Christopher R. , Shigemura Norihisa
Published: December 2018

Occupational lung diseases (OLD) including silicosis, asbestosis, and pneumoconiosis progress to end stage lung disease requiring lung transplantation (LT). Prognosis and treatment of OLDs are poorly understood and a paucity of data exists regarding LT outcomes. Additionally, transplant operative complexity for patients with OLD is high. A single center retrospective review of all single and bilateral LT recipients between May 2005 and Oct 2016 was performed. Patients were grouped by OLD, and nearest neighbor matching was performed at a ratio of 1:3 cases to controls. Thirty cases were matched to 88 controls. Seventeen patients (57%) with OLD required intraoperative support with either extra‐corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) or cardiopulmonary bypass (P = 0.02), and 5 (17%) required delayed chest closure (P = 0.05) which was more frequent than matched controls. In addition, operative time was significantly longer in patients with OLD (P = 0.03). Despite these factors, there were no significant differences in immediate post‐operative outcomes including mechanical ventilator support, post‐operative ECMO, and tracheostomy. Chronic lung allograft dysfunction and long‐term survival were also similar between cases and controls. OLDs should not preclude LT. The operation should be performed at experienced centers.
Metabolic and proteomic signatures of hypoglycaemia in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Halama Anna , Kahal Hassan , Bhagwat Aditya M. , Zierer Jonas , Sathyapalan Thozhukat , Graumann Johannes , Suhre Karsten , Atkin Stephen L.
Published: December 2018

Aims

To determine the biochemical changes that underlie hypoglycaemia in a healthy control group and in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Materials and methods

We report a hypoglycaemic clamp study in seven healthy controls and 10 people with T2D. Blood was withdrawn at four time points: at baseline after an overnight fast; after clamping to euglycaemia at 5 mmol/L; after clamping to hypoglycaemia at 2.8 mmol/L; and 24 hours later, after overnight fast. Deep molecular phenotyping using non‐targeted metabolomics and the SomaLogic aptamer‐based proteomics platform was performed on collected samples.

Results

A total of 955 metabolites and 1125 proteins were identified, with significant alterations in >90 molecules. A number of metabolites significantly increased during hypoglycaemia, but only cortisol, adenosine‐3′,5′‐cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP), and pregnenolone sulphate, were independent of insulin. By contrast, identified protein changes were triggered by hypoglycaemia rather than insulin. The T2D group had significantly higher levels of fatty acids including 10‐nonadecenoate, linolenate and dihomo‐linoleate during hypoglycaemia compared with the control group. Molecules contributing to cardiovascular complications such as fatty‐acid‐binding protein‐3 and pregnenolone sulphate were altered in the participants with T2D during hypoglycaemia. Almost all molecules returned to baseline at 24 hours.

Conclusions

The present study provides a comprehensive description of molecular events that are triggered by insulin‐induced hypoglycaemia. We identified deregulated pathways in T2D that may play a role in the pathophysiology of hypoglycaemia‐induced cardiovascular complications.
Transcriptional control of synaptic components by the clock machinery
Authors: Hannou Lydia , Roy Pierre‐Gabriel , Ballester Roig Maria Neus , Mongrain Valérie
Published: December 2018

Circadian rhythms are generated in mammals by a central clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus, which regulates the homeostasis of many biological processes. At the molecular level, the regulation of circadian rhythms is under the control of transcriptional‐translational feedback loops composed of clock factors, including transcription factors. In the brain, synaptic plasticity has been shown to vary with a 24‐h rhythm. Also, when measured at a given time‐of‐day, synaptic plasticity has been observed to be disrupted by dysregulation of clock factors. This could suggest a regulation of synaptic functions by the clock machinery. Interestingly, many studies provide support for direct and indirect transcriptional regulation by core clock factors, including rhythmic gene expression, for a variety of synaptic components. Indeed, the gene of several neuropeptides, neurotransmitter regulators, receptors and transporters, ion channels, vesicle proteins, and adhesion and scaffolding molecules present evidence to be clock‐controlled. We here present, while considering different regions of the mammalian brain, an overview of the extent of the transcriptional control of synaptic components by the clock machinery.
Periodic patterns in Rodentia: Development and evolution
Authors: Johnson Matthew R. , Barsh Gregory S. , Mallarino Ricardo
Published: December 2018

Mammalian periodic pigment patterns, such as spots and stripes, have long interested mathematicians and biologists because they arise from non‐random developmental processes that are programmed to be spatially constrained, and can therefore be used as a model to understand how organized morphological structures develop. Despite such interest, the developmental and molecular processes underlying their formation remain poorly understood. Here, we argue that Arvicanthines, a clade of African rodents that naturally evolved a remarkable array of coat patterns, represent a tractable model system in which to dissect the mechanistic basis of pigment pattern formation. Indeed, we review recent insights into the process of stripe formation that were obtained using an Arvicanthine species, the African striped mouse (Rhabdomys pumilio), and discuss how these rodents can be used to probe deeply into our understanding of the factors that specify and implement positional information in the skin. By combining naturally evolved pigment pattern variation in rodents with classic and novel experimental approaches, we can substantially advance our understanding of the processes by which spatial patterns of cell differentiation are established during embryogenesis, a fundamental question in developmental biology.
Pigmented skin lesions displaying regression features: Dermoscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy criteria for diagnosis
Authors: Moscarella Elvira , Bombonato Caterina , Pampena Riccardo , Kyrgidis Athanassios , Benati Elisa , Piana Simonetta , Borsari Stefania , Lallas Aimilios , Pellacani Giovanni , Argenziano Giuseppe , Longo Caterina
Published: December 2018

Melanomas and nevi displaying regression features can be difficult to differentiate. To describe reflectance confocal microscopy features in benign and malignant pigmented skin lesions characterized by regression features in dermoscopy. Observational retrospective study. Inclusion criteria were presence of dermoscopic features of regression; availability of clinical, dermoscopic and RCM imaging; definite histopathologic diagnosis. The study sample comprised 217 lesions; 108 (49.8%) melanomas and 109 were benign lesions, of which 102 (47.0%) nevi and 7 (3.2%) lichen planus‐like keratosis (lplk). Patients with melanoma were significantly older than those with benign lesions (61.9 ± 15.4 vs 46.1 ± 14.8; P < 0.001) and a higher proportion of melanomas displayed dermoscopic regression structures in more than 50% of lesion surface (n = 83/108; 76.9%; P < 0.001). On RCM examination, pagetoid cells were significantly more reported in melanoma group, than in benign lesions (86.1% vs 59.6%; P < 0.001) and were more frequently widespread distributed (65.6% vs 20.0%; P < 0.001) and both dendritic and roundish (36.6% vs 15.4%; P < 0.001) in shape. Aspecific architecture at the dermo‐epidermal junction (DEJ) was more commonly seen among melanomas than benign lesions (23.1% vs 11.9%; P = 0.002) with higher presence of dendritic and both dendritic and roundish atypical cells at the DEJ (28.7% vs 18.3% and 19.4% vs 3.7%; P < 0.001, respectively). Focal pagetoid infiltration and ringed or clod patterns were more commonly seen in benign lesion. In conclusion, the correct interpretation of regressing lesions remains a challenge, assessing carefully the extent and characteristics of architectural and cytologic atypia on RCM is an additional piece of the complex puzzle of melanoma diagnosis.
Ultraviolet radiation, both UVA and UVB, influences the composition of the skin microbiome
Authors: Burns Erin M. , Ahmed Hana , Isedeh Prescilia N. , Kohli Indermeet , Van Der Pol William , Shaheen Abdullah , Muzaffar Anum F. , Al‐Sadek Camli , Foy Thompson M. , Abdelgawwad Mohammad S. , Huda Sumeira , Lim Henry W. , Hamzavi Iltefat , Bae Sejong , Morrow Casey D. , Elmets Craig A. , Yusuf Nabiha
Published: December 2018

Background

Studies have begun to investigate the complex relationship between host and microorganisms in non‐infectious pathologies such as acne, atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Though the skin is exposed to environmental stressors such as ultraviolet radiation (UVR), no studies exist examining the effects of both UVA and UVB on the skin microbiome.

Objective

To test the effect of UVA and UVB on human skin microbiome.

Methods

To test whether UV will alter the cutaneous microbiome, participants were exposed to doses of UVA (22‐47 J/cm2) or UVB (100‐350 mJ/cm2) and samples were collected. DNA was isolated and sequenced to identify the microbial composition of each sample.

Results

There was vast intra‐ and inter‐subject variation at all time points, and phylum and species‐level differences were identified. These included an increase in the phylum Cyanobacteria and a decrease in the family Lactobacillaceae and Pseudomonadaceae. The sensitivity of microbes to UVR and their re‐colonization potential following exposure differed in UVA vs UVB samples.

Limitations

The sample size was small, and the study was limited to males.

Conclusion

The results demonstrate that UVR has profound qualitative and quantitative influences on the composition of the skin microbiome, possibly effecting skin pathology in which UVR is a factor.
Enhancement of lipid content and inflammatory cytokine secretion in SZ95 sebocytes by palmitic acid suggests a potential link between free fatty acids and acne aggravation
Authors: Choi Chong Won , Kim Yejin , Kim Ji Eun , Seo Eun Young , Zouboulis Christos C. , Kang Jae Seung , Youn Sang Woong , Chung Jin Ho
Published: December 2018

A relationship between acne and free fatty acids (FFAs) has been suggested recently. However, the effects of FFAs on sebaceous glands are still largely unknown. At the same time, the role of FFAs during chronic inflammation is well established. Considering that FFAs are also a major component of sebum, it is likely that changes in FFA affect both the synthesis of sebum and the inflammatory response in sebaceous glands. In this study, we examined a hypothesis that FFAs increase the production of sebum and induce inflammation in the sebaceous glands. We found that treatment of SZ95 sebocytes with exogenously applied palmitic acid (PA), a major saturated FFA, induced a significant increase in intracellular lipid levels. Moreover, PA treatment also increased the expression and secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines in SZ95 sebocytes. We also found that Toll‐like receptors were required for the inflammatory response triggered by PA. The results of our study strengthen the notion about the link between acne and FFAs and suggest the mechanism underlying this relationship. Our results serve as a foundation for future work that will explore the association between FFA and acne and pave way to the development of novel treatment options for acne.
Anxiolytic‐like effects of the new arylpiperazine derivatives containing isonicotinic and picolinic nuclei: behavioral and biochemical studies
Authors: Kędzierska Ewa , Fiorino Ferdinando , Gibuła Ewa , Corvino Angela , Giordano Flavia , Herbet Mariola , Dudka Jarosław , Poleszak Ewa , Wlaź Piotr , Kotlińska Jolanta H.
Published: December 2018

Anxiety disorder is a great challenge for modern psychopharmacology. Although a variety of single drugs are used in the treatment of anxiety, it is important to search for new therapeutics with faster onset of action, fewer side effects, and higher efficacy. In this work, we studied the possible anxiolytic action mechanism of two new arylpiperazine derivatives: compounds 4p N‐(3‐(4‐(piperonyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)propyl)isonicotinamide and 3o N‐(2‐(4‐(pyrimidin‐2‐yl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)picolinamide, focusing on their effects on the GABAergic and 5‐HT systems. The elevated plus‐maze test (EPM) was used for measuring anxiety. Additionally, in order to elucidate whether the new compounds have impact on the central redox balance, we conducted biochemical studies. In doing so, the relative activity of the enzymes responsible for glutathione metabolism – glutathione peroxidase and reductase (GPx and GR) – was measured. The results of the presented studies confirmed the anxiolytic effects of the new compounds 4p (60 mg/kg) and 3o (7.5 mg/kg), and suggested in the mechanism of their action, direct 5‐HT1A receptors’ participation and indirect involvement of the GABAergic system. Furthermore, the compounds exerted significant agonistic effect with buspirone (BUS, the 5‐HT1A partial agonist, 1 mg/kg i.p.) and diazepam (DZ, the classic benzodiazepine anxiolytic, 0.25 mg/kg s.c.), while WAY 100635 (N‐{2‐[4‐(2‐methoxyphenyl)‐1‐piperazinyl] ethyl}‐N‐(2‐pyridyl) cyclohexanecarboxamide, a selective 5‐HT1A antagonist, 0.1 mg/kg s.c.), but not flumazenil (a GABAA‐BDZ receptor complex antagonist, 10 mg/kg i.p.) was able to reverse their anxiolytic effects in EPM. A concomitant decrease in GPx by the compound 4p (and to a lesser degree, by compound 3o) further seemed to confirm their anxiolytic and antioxidant activity.
An Italian Professor's Perspective on an American Consumer Organization
Authors: Nicolini Gianni
Published: December 2018

This paper describes the personal experiences of an Italian professor who attended conferences in the US and his interaction with the American academic community through becoming a member of an American consumer organization. The author stresses the benefit he gained by remaining in contact with colleagues from the US and at the same time he provides his perspective on the American academic system. The author s encourages colleagues, especially young scholars, who live and work outside the US to enlarge their network and to remain in contact with American colleagues.
Family and Consumer Sciences Graduate Research Productivity in 2017
Authors: Wilmarth Melissa J.
Published: December 2018

Between June and August 2018, requests to collect the titles and authors of theses and dissertations were sent to representatives in family and consumer sciences programs at 168 universities and colleges in the United States. A total of 286 theses and 200 dissertations were reported from 32 universities and colleges. The largest numbers of thesis titles were in Nutrition and Dietetics while the largest numbers for dissertations were in Human Development (including Gerontology). Research was broad, including all specialties within family and consumer sciences, but key themes included the following: wellness, public policy issues, prevention and improvement of health, global perspectives, and technology. Additionally, 687 master's degrees to students with non‐thesis options were awarded from 21 reporting universities and colleges. This annual review continues to be a resource for researchers, practitioners, and students in family and consumer sciences as it suggests potential research opportunities for graduate students and early career researchers.
Theses and Dissertations Completed in Family and Consumer Sciences: 2017
Authors: Wilmarth Melissa J. , Ingram Suzannah
Published: December 2018

The annual survey of graduate programs in family and consumer sciences at U.S. universities and colleges was completed between June and August 2018. The goal was to compile a list of theses and dissertations completed in 2017 from all areas of family and consumer sciences. Requests for information on graduation, titles, and authors were sent by e‐mail to institutions with family and consumer sciences programs. A total of 286 theses and 200 dissertations were reported from 32 universities and colleges. The following is a report of the complete information provided by institution respondents by subject category including author, title of thesis or dissertation, degree‐granting institution, and name of student's advisor.
Challenges and Considerations for Housing in the Future
Authors: Holland Jacqueline M.
Published: December 2018

Appropriate shelter is a basic human need. However, in light of global population growth and the United Nations prediction that more than half of the earth's population will live in urban city centers, what viable options for sustainable housing will exist in the future? Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory and Max‐Neef's concept of human needs as part of a community provide a theoretical basis for this article. In addition, the goal for Sustainable Cities and Communities developed by the United Nations should be considered. Alternative housing options for the future could include homesharing, cohousing and the use of sustainable materials such as straw bales, bamboo, earth roofs, cob structures, and other non‐traditional materials. Recommendations for educators, researchers, and practitioners are presented.
Dietary Acculturation of Obesity Risk Reduction Behaviors in Chinese Americans
Authors: Liou Doreen , Bauer Kathleen D. , Fowler Emily
Published: December 2018

Increasing rates of obesity among successive generations occur among Chinese Americans. This cross‐sectional survey measured obesity risk reduction behaviors and degree of acculturation among a convenience sample of 203 Chinese Americans living in Los Angeles, California. Asian‐identified participants were most likely to follow traditional healthful Chinese food patterns, and Western‐identified individuals were more apt to engage in leisure physical activity. Individuals categorized as bicultural were prone to use limited amounts of fats or oils when preparing foods. Health professionals and educators working with Chinese Americans need to consider the impact of acculturation affecting the adoption of obesity prevention behaviors.
Exploring Geological and Topographical Controls on Low Flows with Hydrogeological Models
Authors: Carlier Claire , Wirth Stefanie B. , Cochand Fabien , Hunkeler Daniel , Brunner Philip
Published: December 2018

This study investigates how catchment properties influence low‐flow dynamics. With 496 synthetic models composed of a bedrock and an alluvial aquifer, we systematically assess the impact of the hydraulic conductivity of both lithologies, of the hillslope and of the river slope on catchment dynamics. The physically based hydrogeological simulator HydroGeoSphere is employed, which allows obtaining a range of low‐flow indicators. The hydraulic conductivity of the bedrock Kbedrock, a proxy for transmissivity, is the only catchment property exerting an overall control on low flows and explains 60% of the variance of Q95/Q50. The difference in dynamics of catchments with same Kbedrock depends on hillslope gradients and the alluvial aquifer properties. The buffering capacity of the bedrock is mainly related to Kbedrock and the hillslope gradient. We thus propose the dimensionless bedrock productivity index (BPI) that combines these characteristics with the mean net precipitation. For bedrock only models, the BPI explains 82% of the variance of the ratio of Q95 to mean net precipitation. The alluvial aquifer can significantly influence low flows when the bedrock productivity is limited. Although our synthetic catchment setup is simple, it is far more complex than the available analytical approaches or conceptual hydrological models. The direct application of the results to existing catchments requires nevertheless careful consideration of the local geological topographic and climatic conditions. This study provides quantitative insight into the complex interrelations between geology, topography and low‐flow dynamics and challenges previous studies which neglect or oversimplify geological characteristics in the assessment of low flows.
User involvement in regulation: A qualitative study of service user involvement in Care Quality Commission inspections of health and social care providers in England
Authors: Richardson Emma , Walshe Kieran , Boyd Alan , Roberts Jill , Wenzel Lillie , Robertson Ruth , Smithson Rachael
Published: December 2018

Background

High profile failures of care in the NHS have raised concerns about regulatory systems for health‐care professionals and organizations. In response, the Care Quality Commission (CQC), the regulator of health and social care in England overhauled its regulatory regime. It moved to inspections which made much greater use of expert knowledge, data and views from a range of stakeholders, including service users.

Objective

We explore the role of service users and citizens in health and social care regulation, including how CQC involved people in inspecting and rating health and social care providers.

Design

We analyse CQC reports and documents, and 61 interviews with CQC staff and representatives of groups of service users and citizens and voluntary sector organizations to explore the place of service user voice in regulatory processes.

Results

Care Quality Commission invited comments and facilitated the sharing of existing service user experiences and engaged with representatives of groups of service users and voluntary sector organizations. CQC involved service users in their inspections as “experts by experience.” Information from service users informed both the inspection regime and individual inspections, but CQC was less focused on giving feedback to service users who contributed to these activities.

Discussion and conclusions

Service users can make an important contribution to regulation by sharing their experiences and having their voices heard, but their involvement was somewhat transactional, and largely on terms set by CQC. There may be scope for CQC to build more enduring relationships with service user groups and to engage them more effectively in the regulatory regime.
Ability to detect endodontic complications using three different cone beam computed tomography units with and without artefact reduction modes: an ex vivo study
Authors: Koç C. , Kamburoğlu K. , Sönmez G. , Yılmaz F. , Gülen O. , Karahan S.
Published: December 2018

Aim

To assess observer performance in detecting endodontic complications using three different cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) units with and without the application of artefact reduction modes.

Methodology

The study involved 40 freshly extracted human mandibular teeth (n = 10 per group) and divided randomly into four endodontic complication groups. Group 1) Instrument fracture; Group 2) Strip perforation; Group 3) Canal underfilling; and Group 4) Canal overfilling. Images of each tooth were obtained using three different CBCT units offering artefact reduction algorithms: the ProMax 3D Max, the Pax Flex 3D and the Dentri S. Four observers evaluated the images for the presence/absence of the four simulated endodontic complications. Weighted kappa coefficients and intra‐class correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated to reveal the intra‐ and inter‐observer agreement for each imaging mode, respectively. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate the observers’ performance. DeLong tests were used to compare the results for each image mode and observer using a significance level of α = 0.05.

Results

In each of the four simulated endodontic complication groups, no significant differences were observed with and without application of artefact reduction for any of the three CBCT units tested. Only two significant differences were detected, and both were between the ProMax 3D Max at low mode AR and ProMax 3D Max without AR: observer 2 in group 1 (P = 0.0001) and observer 4 in group 4 (P = 0.0256).

Conclusion

For each of the three CBCT units tested, application of artefact reduction for detecting endodontic complications is not recommended as a routine tool.
Sintering behavior of Y‐doped BaZrO3 refractory with TiO2 additive and effects of its dissolution on titanium melts
Authors: Kang Juyun , Chen Guangyao , Lan Baobao , Zhang Rulin , Ali Wajid , Lu Xionggang , Li Chonghe
Published: December 2018

In this study, the sintering behavior of Y‐doped BaZrO3 with TiO2 additive and effects of its dissolution on titanium melts were investigated. In order to overcome the difficulty of Y‐doped BaZrO3 sintering performance, the 0‐5 wt% TiO2 was added into Y‐doped BaZrO3 and its densification was investigated by density analyzer, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Thereafter, the interface reaction between two crucibles (without and with 2 wt% TiO2) and titanium alloys, the thermodynamics and kinetics of dissolution reaction were also investigated. The results showed that Y‐doped BaZrO3 was rarely dense without TiO2 additive and its relative density was just 88%, while after doping 2 wt% TiO2, the relative density was more than 97%. However, with the excessive TiO2(>2 wt%) doping, the secondary phase was observed by SEM and XRD. After melting titanium‐rich alloys (Ti2Ni, 66 mol% Ti) by Y‐doped BaZrO3 crucibles without and with 2% TiO2 additive, the erosion layer of the two crucibles was approximately 4000 and 1700 μm, respectively. It was also found that the dissolved reaction rate was related to the density and grain size of Y‐doped BaZrO3 ceramic; the higher density and larger grain size ceramics can effectively prevent the crucible from being eroded by Ti2Ni melt.
Effects of Cu interlayers on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al2O3/AgCuTi/Kovar brazed joints
Authors: Wang Ying , Jin Chenkai , Yang Zhenwen , Wang Dongpo
Published: December 2018

Al2O3 ceramic and Kovar alloy brazed joints were achieved using three types of Ag‐based interlayers: a AgCuTi foil, a AgCuTi/Cu foil/AgCuTi multi‐interlayer and a AgCuTi/Cu foam/AgCuTi multi‐interlayer. The effects of the addition of Cu interlayers on the interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of Al2O3/AgCuTi/Kovar brazed joints were investigated. When Kovar alloy and Al2O3 ceramic were brazed with 50 μm Cu foil at 900°C for 10 minutes, the Cu foil was completely dissolved in the liquid filler. A nearly continuous Cu layer remained in the joint when the thickness of the Cu foil reached 100 μm under the same brazing conditions. With the increase in Cu foil thickness, the thickness of Ti–O compounds + Ti3Cu3O reaction layer formed nearby the Al2O3 ceramic first increased and then remained the same. The Al2O3/Kovar joints brazed with 100 μm Cu foil at 900°C for 10 minutes showed a maximum shear strength of 138 MPa. A low brazing temperature was beneficial to maintain the original structure of the Cu foam. Furthermore, when the joints were brazed at 880°C for 10 minutes, the average shear strength of the Al2O3/AgCuTi/Cu foam/AgCuTi/Kovar joints was 140 MPa, which was 30 MPa higher than that of a single AgCuTi interlayer.
On the Accuracy of Measurements of Probabilities of Loss in Telephone Systems
Authors: Kosten L. , Manning J. R. , Garwood F.
Published: December 2018

For a simple type of telephone system, expressions are obtained for the first few moments of the distributions of the number of lost calls and of the total time for which the system is blocked by congestion. It is believed that the results will be valuable when planning experiments to determine corresponding quantities in more complicated systems, where the problems are less amenable to mathematical analysis.
The Design and Analysis of Block Experiments
Authors: Tocher K. D.
Published: December 2018

This paper attempts to give a systematic derivation of the principal results of the analysis of block experiments using matrix notation. It also shows how the problem of design can be formulated in an analytical form and illustrates the type of mathematical problem that arises in such a formulation.

The systematic approach to the analysis of experiments enables methods to be evolved for performing these analyses on automatic calculating machines and to facilitate this the paper discusses the analysis of spoilt experiments and the iterative solution of the equations arising in the recovery of inter-block information.
Rational Decisions
Authors: Good I. J.
Published: December 2018

This paper deals first with the relationship between the theory of probability and the theory of rational behaviour. A method is then suggested for encouraging people to make accurate probability estimates, a connection with the theory of imformation being mentioned. Finally Wald’s theory of statistical decision functions is summarised and generalised and its relation to the theory of rational behaviour is discussed.
Some Statistical Aspects of Anthropometry
Authors: Healy M. J. R.
Published: December 2018

This paper deals with some statistical problems arising in the treatment of anthropometric data on a large scale. its aim is not so much to develop new statistical methods as to apply critically well known techniques. The first part of the paper discusses the problem of collecting and recording the data in a way that will minimize the number of gross errors and will be well adapted to the subsequent computing processes. The rest of the paper exhibits three typical anthropometric problems and suggests appropriate methods of tackling them.
Sequential Estimation
Authors: Anscombe F. J.
Published: December 2018

The literature on sequential estimation is reviewed, with special reference to inverse binomial sampling, double sampling, and asymptotic theory. An approximate distribution for the sample size is found for a certain type of sequential sampling rule, in which a cumulative sum of independent random variables all having the same continuous distribution is plotted against their number until a fixed boundary is first reached or crossed. Approximate methods are given for solving a number of particular problems, including (i) estimating the mean of a normal population by a confidence interval of prescribed width and coefficient, when the population variance is unknown, and (ii) estimating the parameters of a simple birth-death process so that the difference between the birth rate and the death rate is estimated with prescribed standard error. The possible usefulness of sequential estimation procedures is discussed.
Statistical Inference
Authors: Lindley D. V.
Published: December 2018

The subject matter of mathematical statistics may be divided into two parts, the theory of probability and the theory of inference. The first is concerned with deductions from the population to the sample; the second with inferences from the sample to the population, and may further be subdivided into the design and analysis of experiments. In the present paper we are concerned with this latter subdivision. We use the axiomatic theory of Kolmogorov as our theory of probability, and we suppose that the design of the experiment has been selected and the experiment carried out: our problem is that of analyzing the results. We suppose that the purpose of the analysis is to make decisions for future action, and that we have to choose which decision to take on the basis of the observed result of the experiment. A rule for making these decisions is called a decision function, and in §1 we show there exists a class of decision functions which is, in a sense to be explained, optimum, and in §2 we construct this class. In §3 the consequences of the previous results are discussed and we are able to appreciate what further has to be specified before a meaning can be given to the phrase “the best decision function”. In §4 these ideas are applied to some common statistical problems of classification, estimation and tests of hypotheses.
The Distribution of Heterogeneity upon Inbreeding
Authors: Bennett J. H.
Published: December 2018

In this paper, it is shown how the variance of the map length of the germ plasm, heterogeneous after a given amount of inbreeding, can be calculated. Matrix methods are used in the evaluation of the variance for several systems of inbreeding after a large number of generations. The frequency distribution of the map length heterogeneous after many generations is developed in terms of the modified Bessel function of the first kind, the probability of complete homogeneity being represented by a condensation at the origin. A comparison of these distributions for sib and parent-offspring matings, two inbreeding systems which in general give the same speed of approach to homogeneity at a single genetic locus, reveals interesting differences in the probability statements that can be made in these two cases.
Some Problems in Interval Estimation
Authors: Fieller E. C.
Published: December 2018

The object of this paper is to propose for discussion the following topic: b1, b2, … are unbiased estimates of β1, β2, …, distributed normally with variances and covariances jointly estimated, with / degrees of freedom and independently of b1, b2, …, as v11, v12, v22, …, and the functions Fr(α) do not involve the parameters βr. What can we say about the roots of the equation in F(β,α)=β1F1(α)+β2 F2(α)+…=0?

Numerical examples are discussed in detail to illustrate the problems of determining the fiducial distributions of (i)the root of a simple equation (i.e., a ratio),(i)the roots of a quadratic equation

with variable coefficients. The solutions proposed are based on a consideration of the region of the (α, t2) plane lying above the curve {F(b,α)}2=t2 V{F(b,α)}=t2∑vijFi(α)Fj(α).
A Method of Sampling with Probability Exactly Proportional to Size
Authors: Grundy P. M.
Published: December 2018

A practical method of drawing sampling units with probabilities exactly proportional to size is described, in which both preliminary calculations and the addition of a large number of sizes are avoided. The method is an extension of Lahiri’s method for samples of one.
Traces and Cumulants of Quadratic Forms in Normal Variables
Authors: Lancaster H. O.
Published: December 2018

The cumulants of a quadratic form in n independent standardized variables are identified with the traces of the powers of the matrix of the form. This identification leads to some very simple proofs of well-known theorems. It is proved that only in a normal system is it possible to have non-trivial linear transformations from one set of independent variables to another set of independent variables.

Matrix proofs are given for the Cochran theorems paying special attention to the traces of the matrices involved. A method of determining the multivariate moments and cumulants of any linear combination of the usual Wishart variables is suggested.
Statistical Methods and Scientific Induction
Authors: Fisher Ronald
Published: December 2018

The attempt to reinterpret the common tests of significance used in scientific research as though they constituted some kind of acceptance procedure and led to “decisions” in Wald’s sense, originated in several misapprehensions and has led, apparently, to several more.

The three phrases examined here, with a view to elucidating the fallacies they embody, are: (i)“Repeated sampling from the same population”,(ii)Errors of the “second kind”,(iii)“Inductive behaviour”.

Mathematicians without personal contact with the Natural Sciences have often been misled by such phrases. The errors to which they lead are not always only numerical.
A Numerical Investigation of Least Squares Regression Involving Trend-Reduced Markoff Series
Authors: Scott J. F. , Small V. J.
Published: December 2018

The variation in the standard error of the regression coefficient between two trend-reduced time series, constructed from Markoff series, is examined for various choices of the trend-reducing operator. Tables are given to facilitate computation, for the regression between trend-reduced time series which approximate to Markoff series in their local variational properties.
A Sampling Experiment on the Powers of the Records Tests for Trend in a Time Series
Authors: Foster F. G. , Teichroew D.
Published: December 2018

A description of an experiment (see title) carried out on an automatic computer.