bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
44 Real World Effectiveness: A 6-month Naturalistic Follow-up Study of Schizophrenia Patients After Switching to Aripiprazole Monohydrate (AOM) Treatment
Authors: Gómez-Revuelta Marcos , Pelayo-Terán José María , Juncal-Ruiz María , Fernández-Rodríguez María , Vázquez-Bourgon Javier , Suárez-Pinilla Paula , Porta-Olivares Oriol
Published: March 2019

Rationale

Long-acting injectable antipsychotic therapies may offer benefits over oral antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia. However, there is still a lack of real-world studies assessing the effectiveness of these therapies.

Objective

This study aimed to explore the safety, tolerability, and treatment response of aripiprazole monohydrate (AOM) once monthly in non-acute but symptomatic adult patients switched from previous therapy with frequently used oral or injectable atypical antipsychotics.

Methods

This was a post hoc analysis of a prospective, interventional, single-arm, open-label, 6-month study.

Results

The patients (N=54) were switched to aripiprazole monohydrate once-monthly (AOM) from daily oral treatment or monthly injectable treatment with either aripiprazole (n=25), olanzapine (n=7), paliperidone extended-release (PP1M) (n=10), quetiapine (n=4), or risperidone (n=8). In all groups, mean Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale total (p=0.0001) and Clinical Global Impression-Severity scores improved significantly (p=0.0001). A reduction of ≥50% reduction of BPRS total-score and a CGI severity-score ≤4 in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale total score were observed in 16.7% (aripiprazole), 21.2% (olanzapine), 35.1% (PP1M), 27.3% (quetiapine), and 37.2% (risperidone) of patients. The patients showed significant improvements involving safety features as they experienced significant overall weight loss (p=0.0001) and prolactine decrease (risperidone p=0.0001, paliperidone extended-release p=0.0001). AOM once-monthly was well tolerated, presenting no new safety signals. Patient also reported an overall significant improvement on their quality of life measured with the Quality of Life Rating Scale (QLS) (p=0.0004) as well as in sexual functioning PRSexDQ-SALSEX (p=0.0001). In addition, the all cause treatment discontinuation rate after6-month follow-up was small (n=3; 5,55%)

Conclusions

These data illustrate that stable, non-acute but symptomatic patients either on oral antipsychotic therapy or under monthly antipsychotic treatment may show clinically meaningful improvement of psychotic symptoms, tolerability involving relevant side effects and quality of life perception. The findings are limited by the naturalistic study design; thus, further studies are required to confirm the current findings.

Keywords: Long-acting injectable antipsychotic therapy. Oral antipsychotic. Effectiveness- Tolerability-Quality oflife.
45 Long-term Treatment with Deutetrabenazine Is Associated with Continued Improvement in Tardive Dyskinesia: Results from an Open-label Extension Study
Authors: Hauser Robert A. , Fernandez Hubert H. , Stamler David , Davis Mat D. , Factor Stewart A. , Jimenez-Shahed Joohi , Ondo William G. , Jarskog L. Fredrik , Woods Scott W. , LeDoux Mark S. , Shprecher David R. , Anderson Karen E.
Published: March 2019

Study Objective

To evaluate long-term efficacy of deutetrabenazine in patients with tardive dyskinesia (TD) by examining response rates from baseline in Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) scores. Preliminary results of the responder analysis are reported in this analysis.

Background

In the 12-week ARM-TD and AIM-TD studies, the odds of response to deutetrabenazine treatment were higher than the odds of response to placebo at all response levels, and there were low rates of overall adverse events and discontinuations associated with deutetrabenazine.

Method

Patients with TD who completed ARM-TD or AIM-TD were included in this open-label, single-arm extension study, in which all patients restarted/started deutetrabenazine 12mg/day, titrating up to a maximum total daily dose of 48mg/day based on dyskinesia control and tolerability. The study comprised a 6-week titration and a long-term maintenance phase. The cumulative proportion of AIMS responders from baseline was assessed. Response was defined as a percent improvement from baseline for each patient from 10% to 90% in 10% increments. AlMS score was assessed by local site ratings for this analysis.

Results

343 patients enrolled in the extension study (111 patients received placebo in the parent study and 232 patients received deutetrabenazine). At Week 54 (n=145; total daily dose [mean±standard error]: 38.1±0.9mg), 63% of patients receiving deutetrabenazine achieved ≥30% response, 48% of patients achieved ≥50% response, and 26% achieved ≥70% response. At Week 80 (n=66; total daily dose: 38.6±1.1mg), 76% of patients achieved ≥30% response, 59% of patients achieved ≥50% response, and 36% achieved ≥70% response. Treatment was generally well tolerated.

Conclusions

Patients who received long-term treatment with deutetrabenazine achieved response rates higher than those observed in positive short-term studies, indicating clinically meaningful long-term treatment benefit.

Presented at: American Academy of Neurology Annual Meeting; April 21–27, 2018, Los Angeles, California, USA.

Funding Acknowledgements: This study was supported by Teva Pharmaceuticals, Petach Tikva, Israel.
53 Computer Vision, Facial Expressivity and Schizophrenia: A Review
Authors: Boazak Mina , Cotes Robert
Published: March 2019

Introduction

Facial expressivity in schizophrenia has been a topic of clinical interest for the past century. Besides the schizophrenia sufferers difficulty decoding the facial expressions of others, they often have difficulty encoding facial expressions. Traditionally, evaluations of facial expressions have been conducted by trained human observers using the facial action coding system. The process was slow and subject to intra and inter-observer variability. In the past decade the traditional facial action coding system developed by Ekman has been adapted for use in affective computing. Here we assess the applications of this adaptation for schizophrenia, the findings of current groups, and the future role of this technology.

Materials and Methods

We review the applications of computer vision technology in schizophrenia using pubmed and google scholar search criteria of “computer vision” AND “Schizophrenia” from January of 2010 to June of 2018.

Results

Five articles were selected for inclusion representing 1 case series and 4 case-control analysis. Authors assessed variations in facial action unit presence, intensity, various measures of length of activation, action unit clustering, congruence, and appropriateness. Findings point to variations in each of these areas, except action unit appropriateness, between control and schizophrenia patients. Computer vision techniques were also demonstrated to have high accuracy in classifying schizophrenia from control patients, reaching an AUC just under 0.9 in one study, and to predict psychometric scores, reaching pearson’s correlation values of under 0.7.

Discussion

Our review of the literature demonstrates agreement in findings of traditional and contemporary assessment techniques of facial expressivity in schizophrenia. Our findings also demonstrate that current computer vision techniques have achieved capacity to differentiate schizophrenia from control populations and to predict psychometric scores. Nevertheless, the predictive accuracy of these technologies leaves room for growth. On analysis our group found two modifiable areas that may contribute to improving algorithm accuracy: assessment protocol and feature inclusion. Based on our review we recommend assessment of facial expressivity during a period of silence in addition to an assessment during a clinically structured interview utilizing emotionally evocative questions. Furthermore, where underfit is a problem we recommend progressive inclusion of features including action unit activation, intensity, action unit rate of onset and offset, clustering (including richness, distribution, and typicality), and congruence. Inclusion of each of these features may improve algorithm predictive accuracy.

Conclusion

We review current applications of computer vision in the assessment of facial expressions in schizophrenia. We present the results of current innovative works in the field and discuss areas for continued development.
69 Mnemonics versus Cramming. Learning Can Be Effective, Efficient and Fun. A Systematic Review Studying Memorization Techniques in Education
Authors: van de Lint Rosemarijn , Bosman Michiel
Published: March 2019

The Problem

While learning is at the core of any education (e.g., primary or high school, college, or continuing medical education, to name a few), evidence-based methods of effective memorization are lacking from most forms of education. If attempts are made to teach memorization techniques, they are often without a sound scientific backing. The classical form of memorization (popularly known as “cramming”, or “rote learning”) is tedious, time consuming, and - we know from personal experience - can be so boring that students avoid memorizing at all. A “new” technique of memorization, which is usually referred to as “mnemonics” or “memory techniques” (first reported as being used by the Greeks and the Romans to learn speeches by heart) has received rave reviews from enthusiastic users. A quick search of the scientific databases shows the technique has been studied quite extensively in a number of areas, including education, the medical world, and in the field of learning disabilities, but as far as we know no systematic reviews have assessed the effectivity of using the mnemonics technique versus classical memorization in education.

Study Objective

We hypothesize that memorization using mnemonics is a more effective strategy than classical memorization(cramming). To study this hypothesis we have performed a systematic review as described below. In this poster we will describe our study and show preliminary findings.

Method

Design: We have performed a systematic review using the Rapid Evidence Assessment procedure described by the Center for Evidence Based Management.

Setting and participants: Studies included limited to those that tested the use of mnemonics in education (primary school, high school, university).

Interventions and main outcome measure of the primary studies: We included studies that compared memorization using mnemonics with “regular” memorization (cramming).

Results

Using 4 databases (Academic Search Premier, PubMed, ERIC and PsycInfo) we found 803 articles. After one round of filtering 589 articles were excluded from the study. The major reasons for exclusion were: learning disabilities, non-educational setting, and no study. In this poster we present the results of the first 10 papers that were included after the second, more stringent, round of filtering. In all 10 papers the mnemonics group performed significantly better on at least a number of the memorization tasks, but in no instance worse than the control group. In some cases where the control groups performed worse, the results were not significant.

Conclusions

This poster describes the analysis of the first 10 papers of our full set of mnemonics studies. They all show a significant advantage of using mnemonics in memorization. If these results are confirmed in our full systematic review, we expect this to have a significant impact on the way “learning how to learn” is taught.
83 Catatonia in a 17-year-old Male Patient with Bipolar Disorder, a Case Study
Authors: Jahan Sultana
Published: March 2019

Study Objective(s)

Catatonia is not only present in adults; children & adolescents can suffer from catatonia but are often misdiagnosed. A study by Ghaziuddin, Dhossche and Marcotte (2012) found that 18 of the 101 child and adolescent patients had symptoms of catatonia, but only 2 actually had been given a diagnosis by their providers.

Method

17-year-old male who was recently discharged from the inpatient psychiatric unit with the diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder. His discharge medication was bupropion XL 150mg daily. Within 10 days of his discharge, he was back to the emergency room with worsening anxiety and manic symptoms. At the emergency room, patient’s sister reported that he was acting differently within the last 3–4 days, and making statements that he can save the world that everyone was talking about him. He was also speaking faster than usual, having decreased need for sleep. He reported hearing voices, seeing things. Patient was admitted again, and was given diagnosis of Bipolar Mood Disorder, type I, manic phase, with psychosis. He was started on divalproex 500mg bid for mood stabilization. His Bupropion was discontinued. Gradually his Divalproex was increased to 750mg bid. During his hospital stay he developed lack of spontaneous speech, sluggish responses to questions with automatic answers such as “I don’t know”. He also developed very sluggish motor movements. There was negativism. He needed one on one support for his daily activities of living, needed step by step instructions for all ADLs.

All the test results were negative including EEG, MRI and CT scan of the brain. Bush Francis catatonia rating scale was done and he scored 15. Lorazepam Challenge Test was performed, and the scale was repeated after the patient was given an IM dose of 2mg of Lorazepam, and he scored 2. At this point catatonia diagnosis was confirmed. He was started on scheduled doses of Lorazepam, gradually his Lorazepam dose was increased up to 9mg per day. His catatonia responded to Lorazepam treatment.

Results

17 year old male who initially hospitalized for symptoms of MDD and discharged with antidepressant, came back to the ER within 10 day with symptoms of mania with psychosis. During in-patient’s 2nd in-patient stay he developed catatonia, which was promptly diagnosed and appropriately treated with Lorazepam.

Conclusions

Catatonia can happen in children & adolescents with mood disorders, or with other psychiatric or medical conditions. Timely diagnosis and treatment is very crucial to avoid poor outcome, especially because treatment options for catatonia are well understood; Benzodiazepines, electroconvulsive therapy and reduction or discontinuation of antipsychotics are successful in the treatment of catatonia (Ghaziuddin, Dhossche and Marcotte, 2012).
Association between gestational weight gain and exclusive breast-feeding for the first 6 months postpartum in Chinese women
Authors: Tong Mingkun , Jin Lei , Liu Jianmeng , Li Zhiwen , Li Hongtian , Zhang Le , Ye Rongwei , Ren Aiguo
Published: March 2019

Objective

The association between gestational weight gain (GWG) and exclusive breast-feeding (EBF) practices remains unclear. The present study evaluated the association between GWG and EBF in the first 6 months postpartum among primiparas in rural China.

Design

The study population was drawn from a previous randomized controlled trial, and the relevant data were obtained from an electronic, population-based perinatal system and a monitoring system for child health care. GWG was categorized according to the guidelines of the Institute of Medicine.

Setting

Five rural counties in Hebei Province, China.

Participants

A total of 8449 primiparas.

Results

Of the women, 58·7 % breast-fed exclusively for the first 6 months postpartum. Overweight women who gained either more or less weight than the recommended GWG tended to experience failure of EBF (OR=0·49; 95 % CI 0·34, 0·70; P<0·001 and OR=0·79; 95 % CI 0·63, 0·99; P=0·048, respectively). The same results were also observed among obese women; the OR for lower and greater weight gain were 0·28 (95 % CI 0·08, 0·94; P=0·04) and 0·55 (95 % CI 0·32, 0·95; P=0·03), respectively.

Conclusions

GWG that is below or above the Institute of Medicine recommendations is associated with EBF behaviour for the first 6 months postpartum in overweight and obese primiparas in rural China.
LINEAR SYSTEMS ON IRREGULAR VARIETIES
Authors: Barja Miguel Ángel , Pardini Rita , Stoppino Lidia
Published: March 2019

Let$X$be a normal complex projective variety,$T\subseteq X$a subvariety of dimension$m$(possibly$T=X$) and$a:X\rightarrow A$a morphism to an abelian variety such that$\text{Pic}^{0}(A)$injects into$\text{Pic}^{0}(T)$; let$L$be a line bundle on$X$and$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\in \text{Pic}^{0}(A)$a general element.

We introduce two new ingredients for the study of linear systems on$X$. First of all, we show the existence of a factorization of the map$a$, called theeventual map of $L$ on $T$, which controls the behavior of the linear systems$|L\otimes \unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}|_{|T}$, asymptotically with respect to the pullbacks to the connected étale covers$X^{(d)}\rightarrow X$induced by the$d$-th multiplication map of$A$.

Second, we define the so-calledcontinuous rank function$x\mapsto h_{a}^{0}(X_{|T},L+xM)$, where$M$is the pullback of an ample divisor of$A$. This function extends to a continuous function of$x\in \mathbb{R}$, which is differentiable except possibly at countably many points; when$X=T$we compute the left derivative explicitly.

As an application, we give quick short proofs of a wide range of newClifford–Severi inequalities, i.e., geographical bounds of the form$$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \text{vol}_{X|T}(L)\geqslant C(m)h_{a}^{0}(X_{|T},L), & & \displaystyle \nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$where$C(m)={\mathcal{O}}(m!)$depends on several geometrical properties of$X$,$L$or$a$.
Vitamin C reverses bone loss in an osteopenic rat model of osteoporosis
Authors: Deyhim Farzad , Strong Kimberly , Deyhim Niaz , Vandyousefi Sarvenaz , Stamatikos Alexis , Faraji Bahram
Published: March 2019

Abstract. Fruits and vegetables are rich in vitamin C with antioxidant properties which are known to influence bone quality. This study evaluated whether vitamin C (1000 mg/L) added to drinking water reverses the bone loss in ovariectomized rats. Ninety-day-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to either sham (n = 14) or ovariecotmized groups (n = 28). Sixty days after ovariectomy, the treatments were sham, ovariectomy (OVX), OVX + vitamin C (22 mg oral intake daily) for 60 days. Urine was collected for deoxypyridinoline (DPD) evaluation, rats were sacrificed, and antioxidant capacity, osteopontin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and bone specific tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) were evaluated in the plasma. Right femur and 5thlumbar were evaluated for bone density, strength, ash, Ca, and Mg concentrations. Antioxidant capacity, ALP activity, osteopontin decreased (p-value < 0.05), while TRAP and urinary DPD increased (p-value < 0.05) with ovariectomy. In contrast, vitamin C increased (p-value < 0.05) antioxidant capacity, ALP activity, osteopontin concentration and reduced (p-value < 0.05) TRAP and urinary DPD excretion, respectively. Ovariectomy reduced (p-value < 0.05) bone quality, bone ash, Ca and Mg concentrations. Vitamin C increased (p-value < 0.05) femoral density without affecting (p-value > 0.1) femoral strength, ash, or Ca, and Mg concentrations, while it increased (p-value < 0.05) the 5thlumbar density, ash, and Ca and Mg concentrations. In conclusion, vitamin C increased bone quality and antioxidant capacity in ovariectomized rats.
Spannungsbogen von Fürsorge, Hilfe und ethischem Handeln
Authors: Schädle-Deininger Hilde
Published: March 2019

Zusammenfassung. Die in den letzten Jahren lauter werdende Diskussion um Psychopharmaka, deren Verordnung und Vergabe sowie die Ablehnung auf Seiten Betroffener erfordert, dass professionell Pflegende ihr in diesem Zusammenhang stehende alltägliche Handeln reflektieren und verantworten. Der Zusammenhang von Ethik, Fürsorge und Hilfe ist dabei unübersehbar. Vor allem wenn es darum geht, ob Medikamente Fluch oder Segen sind, damit mögliche Grautöne oder individuelle Krückenfunktion, aber auch die Ablehnung im beruflichen Handeln Berücksichtigung finden können. Medikamente werden in unterschiedlichen Situationen als hilfreich erlebt, beispielsweise hinsichtlich Spannungen oder auch als störend, wenn keine Aktivitäten erfolgen können. Im pflegerischen Alltag sind Medikamente ein Bestandteil auch in Diskussionen und Auseinandersetzungen mit Betroffenen, Angehörigen, Kollegen sowie anderen Berufsgruppen.
Observations of Continuous Quasiperiodic Auroral Pulsations on Saturn in High Time‐Resolution UV Auroral Imagery
Authors: Bader A. , Badman S. V. , Yao Z. H. , Kinrade J. , Pryor W. R.
Published: March 2019

Saturn's aurora represents the ionospheric response to plasma processes occurring in the planet's entire magnetosphere. Short‐lived ∼1‐hr quasiperiodic high‐energy electron injections, frequently observed in in situ particle and radio measurements, should therefore entail an associated flashing auroral signature. This study uses high time‐resolution ultraviolet (UV) auroral imagery from the Cassini spacecraft to demonstrate the continuous occurrence of such flashes in Saturn's northern hemisphere and investigate their properties. We find that their recurrence periods of order 1 hr and preferential occurrence near dusk match well with previous observations of electron injections and related auroral hiss features. A large spread in UV auroral emission power, reaching more than 50% of the total auroral power, is observed independent of the flash locations. Based on an event observed both by the Hubble Space Telescope and the Cassini spacecraft, we propose that these auroral flashes are not associated with low‐frequency waves and instead directly caused by recurrent small‐scale magnetodisc reconnection on closed field lines. We suggest that such reconnection processes accelerate plasma planetward of the reconnection site toward the ionosphere inducing transient auroral spots while the magnetic field rapidly changes from a bent‐back to a more dipolar configuration. This manifests as a sawtooth‐shaped discontinuity observed in magnetic field data and indicates a release of magnetospheric energy through plasmoid release.
Frequency‐Bessel Transform Method for Effective Imaging of Higher‐Mode Rayleigh Dispersion Curves From Ambient Seismic Noise Data
Authors: Wang Jiannan , Wu Gaoxiong , Chen Xiaofei
Published: March 2019

It has been widely recognized that the cross‐correlation function of ambient seismic noise data recorded at two stations approximates to the part of Greens function between two stations. Therefore, the cross‐correlation function should include higher modes, aside from the fundamental mode. However, the problem of measuring or extracting overtones from ambient seismic noise data remains. In this paper, we propose the frequency‐Bessel transform method (F‐J method) for extracting the dispersion curves of higher modes from ambient seismic noise data. We then assess the validity, accuracy, and applicability of the F‐J method by conducting extensive numerical simulations and processing the observed ambient seismic noise data of the USArray. As demonstrated in this study, the F‐J method is a convenient, practical, and accurate method for extracting the dispersion curves of multimodes from ambient seismic noise data and therefore has significant potentiality in the field of ambient seismic noise tomography.
Critical Role of Continental Slopes in Halocline and Eddy Dynamics of the Ekman‐Driven Beaufort Gyre
Authors: Manucharyan G. E. , Isachsen P. E.
Published: March 2019

The Beaufort Gyre (BG) is a large‐scale bathymetrically constrained circulation driven by a surface Ekman convergence that creates a bowl‐shaped halocline and stores a significant portion of the Arctic Ocean's freshwater. Theoretical studies suggest that in the gyre interior, the halocline is equilibrated by a balance between Ekman pumping and counteracting mesoscale eddy transport energized by baroclinic instability. However, the strongest anticyclonic flows occur over steep continental slopes, and, despite bathymetric slopes being known to influence baroclinic instability, their large‐scale impacts on BG halocline remain unexplored. Here we use an idealized eddy‐resolving BG model to demonstrate that the existence of continental slopes dramatically affects key gyre characteristics leading to deeper halocline, stronger anticyclonic circulation, and prolonged equilibration. Over continental slopes, the magnitude of the Eulerian mean circulation is dramatically reduced due to the Ekman overturning being compensated by the eddy momentum‐driven overturning. The eddy thickness flux overturning associated with lateral salt transport is also weakened over the slopes, indicating a reduction of eddy thickness diffusivity despite the isopycnal slopes being largest there. Using a theoretical halocline model, we demonstrate that it is the localized reduction in eddy diffusivity over continental slopes that is critical in explaining the halocline deepening and prolonged equilibration time. Our results emphasize the need for observational studies of eddy overturning dynamics over continental slopes and the development of slope‐aware mesoscale eddy parameterizations for low‐resolution climate models.
Recovering Land Surface Temperature Under Cloudy Skies Considering the Solar‐Cloud‐Satellite Geometry: Application to MODIS and Landsat‐8 Data
Authors: Wang Tianxing , Shi Jiancheng , Ma Ya , Husi Letu , Comyn‐Platt Edward , Ji Dabin , Zhao Tianjie , Xiong Chuan
Published: March 2019

Clouds play a significant role in the derivation of land surface temperature (LST) from optical remote sensing. The estimation of LST under cloudy sky conditions has been a great challenge for the community for a long time. In this study, a scheme for recovering the LST under cloudy skies is proposed by accounting for the solar‐cloud‐satellite geometry effect, through which the LSTs of shadowed and illuminated pixels covered by clouds in the image are estimated. The validation shows that the new scheme can work well and has reasonable LST accuracy with a root mean square error < 4.9 K and bias < 3.5 K. The application of the new method to the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Landsat‐8 data reveals that the LSTs under cloud layers can be reasonably recovered and that the fraction of valid LSTs in an image can be correspondingly improved. The method is not data specific; instead, it can be used in any optical remote sensing images as long as the proper input variables are provided. As an alternative approach to derive cloudy sky LSTs based only on optical remote sensing data, it gives some new ideas to the remote sensing community, especially in the fields of surface energy balance.
Impact Dynamics of Moons Within a Planetary Potential
Authors: Rufu R. , Aharonson O.
Published: March 2019

Current lunar origin scenarios suggest that Earth's Moon may have resulted from the merger of two (or more) smaller moonlets. Dynamical studies of multiple moons find that these satellite systems are not stable, resulting in moonlet collision or loss of one or more of the moonlets. We perform Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamic (SPH) impact simulations of two orbiting moonlets inside the planetary gravitational potential and find that the classical outcome of two bodies impacting in free space is altered as erosive mass loss is more significant with decreasing distance to the planet. Depending on the conditions of accretion, each moonlet could have a distinct isotopic signature; therefore, we assess the initial mixing during their merger, in order to estimate whether future measurements of surface variations could distinguish between lunar origin scenarios (single vs. multiple moonlets). We find that for comparable‐size impacting bodies in the accretionary regime, surface mixing is efficient, but in the hit‐and‐run regime, only small amount of material is transferred between the bodies. However, sequences of hit‐and‐run impacts are expected, which will enhance the surface mixing. Overall, our results show that large‐scale heterogeneities can arise only from the merger of drastically different component masses. Surfaces of moons resulting from merger of comparable‐sized components have little material heterogeneities, and such impacts are preferred, as the relatively massive impactor generates more melt, extending the lunar magma ocean phase.
Maximizing Simulated Tropical Cyclone Intensity With Action Minimization
Authors: Plotkin David A. , Webber Robert J. , O'Neill Morgan E , Weare Jonathan , Abbot Dorian S.
Published: March 2019

Direct computer simulation of intense tropical cyclones (TCs) in weather models is limited by computational expense. Intense TCs are rare and have small‐scale structures, making it difficult to produce large ensembles of storms at high resolution. Further, models often fail to capture the process of rapid intensification, which is a distinguishing feature of many intense TCs. Understanding rapid intensification is especially important in the context of global warming, which may increase the frequency of intense TCs. To better leverage computational resources for the study of rapid intensification, we introduce an action minimization algorithm applied to the Weather Research and Forecasting and WRFPLUS models. Action minimization nudges the model into forming more intense TCs than it otherwise would; it does so via the maximum likelihood path in a stochastic formulation of the model, thereby allowing targeted study of intensification mechanisms. We apply action minimization to simulations of Hurricanes Danny (2015) and Fred (2009) at 6‐km resolution to demonstrate that the algorithm consistently intensifies TCs via physically plausible pathways. We show an approximately tenfold computational savings using action minimization to study the tail of the TC intensification distribution. Further, for Hurricanes Danny and Fred, action minimization produces perturbations that preferentially reduce low‐level shear as compared to upper‐level shear, at least above a threshold of approximately 4 m/s. We also demonstrate that asymmetric, time‐dependent patterns of heating can cause significant TC intensification beyond symmetric, azimuthally averaged heating and find a regime of nonlinear response to asymmetric heating that has not been extensively studied in previous work.
Crustal Architecture and Nature of Continental Breakup Along a Transform Margin: New Insights From Tanzania‐Mozambique Margin
Authors: Sinha Sudipta Tapan , Saha Sandipan , Longacre Mark , Basu Sudipta , Jha Rupesh , Mondal Tanmoy
Published: March 2019

The Tanzania‐North Mozambique continental margin is a transform segment associated with Davie Fracture Zone (DFZ). The DFZ is described as an elongated linear oceanic fracture zone, commonly linked with the breakup between Eastern and Western Gondwana. We conducted a synthesized study using gravity, magnetic, and seismic data presenting the crustal architecture, geometry, and the kinematic nature of continental breakup along a transform margin. The crustal nature of DFZ, its role in forming kinematic linkage between two extensional margins during continental breakup processes, is focus of our study. The two extensional margins, Somalia‐Majunga and North Mozambique‐Antarctica, were linked via a 2,600‐km‐long dextral transform segment, partially overlapping with DFZ. Absence of classical rift indicators, weak signs of hyperextension, and abrupt ocean‐continent boundary suggest transform margin architecture. We redefined this feature as the Davie Transform System. The nature of deformation varies from transtensional pull‐apart in Tanzania to almost pure strike slip in North Mozambique. The southern transform segment exhibits abrupt change in ocean continent transition with a narrow zone of continental extension. This variation is recognized through the newly interpreted ocean‐continent boundary along this entire transform segment. Notably, within large pull‐apart systems in the north, the presence of fossilized incipient spreading center suggests that the extension had reached at quite advanced stages, characterized by significant thermal weakening as a consequence of strong magmatic activity. Through a series of reconstruction snapshots, we show the geodynamic evolution along the Tanzania‐North Mozambique margin explaining the role of Davie Transform System in the southward movement of Madagascar.
High‐Resolution Global Water Temperature Modeling
Authors: Wanders Niko , van Vliet Michelle T. H. , Wada Yoshihide , Bierkens Marc F. P. , van Beek Ludovicus P. H. (Rens)
Published: March 2019

The temperature of river water plays a crucial role in many physical, chemical, and aquatic ecological processes. Despite the importance of having detailed information on this environmental variable at locally relevant scales (≤50 km), high‐resolution simulations of water temperature on a large scale are currently lacking. We have developed the dynamical 1‐D water energy routing model (DynWat), that solves both the energy and water balance, to simulate river temperatures for the period 1960–2014 at a nominal 10‐km and 50‐km resolution. The DynWat model accounts for surface water abstraction, reservoirs, riverine flooding, and formation of ice, enabling a realistic representation of the water temperature. We present a novel 10‐km water temperature data set at the global scale for all major rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. Validated results against 358 stations worldwide indicate a decrease in the simulated root‐mean‐square error (0.2 °C) and bias (0.7 °C), going from 50‐ to 10‐km simulations. We find an average global increase in water temperature of 0.16 °C per decade between 1960 and 2014, with more rapid warming toward 2014. Results show increasing trends for the annual daily maxima in the Northern Hemisphere (0.62 °C per decade) and the annual daily minima in the Southern Hemisphere (0.45 °C per decade) for 1960–2014. The high‐resolution modeling framework not only improves the model performance, it also positively impacts the relevance of the simulations for regional‐scale studies and impact assessments in a region without observations. The resulting global water temperature data set could help to improve the accuracy of decision‐support systems that depend on water temperature estimates.
Thank You to Our 2018 Peer Reviewers
Authors: Thomas Ellen , Barker Stephen
Published: March 2019

Peer review remains a truly fundamental aspect of the way in which we practice science, and we want to show our appreciation for the invaluable work done by many of our peers in reviewing manuscripts for Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology. As scientists, we must let our research be scrutinized and evaluated by our peers, in order to publish manuscripts representing innovation and excellence in research and communication, while supporting the best practices in scientific conduct. Thorough review by professional colleagues of scientific papers is a critical aspect of ensuring that the manuscripts published by Paleoceanography are accurate, valuable, and clearly communicated. Peer review is an essential element of the process of refining understanding and sharing science, and the effort and expertise shared by each reviewer are crucial to the advancement of the science of oceans and climates of the past. We continue to be humbled by the time, effort, and careful insights that our colleagues have provided in their reviews. In 2018, Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology benefited from 430 reviews from 311 individuals (listed below), who freely donated their expertise to the journal.
Homozygous frameshift mutations in FAT1 cause a syndrome characterized by colobomatous-microphthalmia, ptosis, nephropathy and syndactyly
Authors: Lahrouchi Najim , George Aman , Ratbi Ilham , Schneider Ronen , Elalaoui Siham C. , Moosa Shahida , Bharti Sanita , Sharma Ruchi , Abu-Asab Mones , Onojafe Felix , Adadi Najlae , Lodder Elisabeth M. , Laarabi Fatima-Zahra , Lamsyah Yassine , Elorch Hamza , Chebbar Imane , Postma Alex V. , Lougaris Vassilios , Plebani Alessandro , Altmueller Janine , Kyrieleis Henriette , Meiner Vardiella , McNeill Helen , Bharti Kapil , Lyonnet Stanislas , Wollnik Bernd , Henrion-Caude Alexandra , Berraho Amina , Hildebrandt Friedhelm , Bezzina Connie R. , Brooks Brian P. , Sefiani Abdelaziz
Published: March 2019

A failure in optic fissure fusion during development can lead to blinding malformations of the eye. Here, we report a syndrome characterized by facial dysmorphism, colobomatous microphthalmia, ptosis and syndactyly with or without nephropathy, associated with homozygous frameshift mutations in FAT1. We show that Fat1 knockout mice and zebrafish embryos homozygous for truncating fat1a mutations exhibit completely penetrant coloboma, recapitulating the most consistent developmental defect observed in affected individuals. In human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, the primary site for the fusion of optic fissure margins, FAT1 is localized at earliest cell-cell junctions, consistent with a role in facilitating optic fissure fusion during vertebrate eye development. Our findings establish FAT1 as a gene with pleiotropic effects in human, in that frameshift mutations cause a severe multi-system disorder whereas recessive missense mutations had been previously associated with isolated glomerulotubular nephropathy.
Noninvasive sub-organ ultrasound stimulation for targeted neuromodulation
Authors: Cotero Victoria , Fan Ying , Tsaava Tea , Kressel Adam M. , Hancu Ileana , Fitzgerald Paul , Wallace Kirk , Kaanumalle Sireesha , Graf John , Rigby Wayne , Kao Tzu-Jen , Roberts Jeanette , Bhushan Chitresh , Joel Suresh , Coleman Thomas R. , Zanos Stavros , Tracey Kevin J. , Ashe Jeffrey , Chavan Sangeeta S. , Puleo Christopher
Published: March 2019

Tools for noninvasively modulating neural signaling in peripheral organs will advance the study of nerves and their effect on homeostasis and disease. Herein, we demonstrate a noninvasive method to modulate specific signaling pathways within organs using ultrasound (U/S). U/S is first applied to spleen to modulate the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP), and US stimulation is shown to reduce cytokine response to endotoxin to the same levels as implant-based vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). Next, hepatic U/S stimulation is shown to modulate pathways that regulate blood glucose and is as effective as VNS in suppressing the hyperglycemic effect of endotoxin exposure. This response to hepatic U/S is only found when targeting specific sub-organ locations known to contain glucose sensory neurons, and both molecular (i.e. neurotransmitter concentration and cFOS expression) and neuroimaging results indicate US induced signaling to metabolism-related hypothalamic sub-nuclei. These data demonstrate that U/S stimulation within organs provides a new method for site-selective neuromodulation to regulate specific physiological functions.
Label-free detection of conformational changes in switchable DNA nanostructures with microwave microfluidics
Authors: Stelson Angela C. , Liu Minghui , Little Charles A. E. , Long Christian J. , Orloff Nathan D. , Stephanopoulos Nicholas , Booth James C.
Published: March 2019

Detection of conformational changes in biomolecular assemblies provides critical information into biological and self-assembly processes. State-of-the-art in situ biomolecular conformation detection techniques rely on fluorescent labels or protein-specific binding agents to signal conformational changes. Here, we present an on-chip, label-free technique to detect conformational changes in a DNA nanomechanical tweezer structure with microwave microfluidics. We measure the electromagnetic properties of suspended DNA tweezer solutions from 50 kHz to 110 GHz and directly detect two distinct conformations of the structures. We develop a physical model to describe the electrical properties of the tweezers, and correlate model parameters to conformational changes. The strongest indicator for conformational changes in DNA tweezers are the ionic conductivity, while shifts in the magnitude of the cooperative water relaxation indicate the addition of fuel strands used to open the tweezer. Microwave microfluidic detection of conformational changes is a generalizable, non-destructive technique, making it attractive for high-throughput measurements.
Quantifying protein dynamics and stability in a living organism
Authors: Feng Ruopei , Gruebele Martin , Davis Caitlin M.
Published: March 2019

As an integral part of modern cell biology, fluorescence microscopy enables quantification of the stability and dynamics of fluorescence-labeled biomolecules inside cultured cells. However, obtaining time-resolved data from individual cells within a live vertebrate organism remains challenging. Here we demonstrate a customized pipeline that integrates meganuclease-mediated mosaic transformation with fluorescence-detected temperature-jump microscopy to probe dynamics and stability of endogenously expressed proteins in different tissues of living multicellular organisms.
Dynamic marine viral infections and major contribution to photosynthetic processes shown by spatiotemporal picoplankton metatranscriptomes
Authors: Sieradzki Ella T. , Ignacio-Espinoza J. Cesar , Needham David M. , Fichot Erin B. , Fuhrman Jed A.
Published: March 2019

Viruses provide top-down control on microbial communities, yet their direct study in natural environments was hindered by culture limitations. The advance of bioinformatics enables cultivation-independent study of viruses. Many studies assemble new viral genomes and study viral diversity using marker genes from free viruses. Here we use cellular metatranscriptomics to study active community-wide viral infections. Recruitment to viral contigs allows tracking infection dynamics over time and space. Our assemblies represent viral populations, but appear biased towards low diversity viral taxa. Tracking relatives of published T4-like cyanophages and pelagiphages reveals high genomic continuity. We determine potential hosts by matching dynamics of infection with abundance of particular microbial taxa. Finally, we quantify the relative contribution of cyanobacteria and viruses to photosystem-II psbA (reaction center) expression in our study sites. We show sometimes >50% of all cyanobacterial+viral psbA expression is of viral origin, highlighting the contribution of viruses to photosynthesis and oxygen production.
Intramolecular electron-induced proton transfer and its correlation with excited-state intramolecular proton transfer
Authors: Wang Wei , Marshall Mary , Collins Evan , Marquez Sara , Mu Chaonan , Bowen Kit H. , Zhang Xinxing
Published: March 2019

Electron-induced proton transfer depicts the proton motion coupled with the attachment of a low-energy electron to a molecule, which helps to understand copious fundamental chemical processes. Intramolecular electron-induced proton transfer is a similar process that occurs within a single molecule. To date, there is only one known intramolecular example, to the best of our knowledge. By studying the 10-hydroxybenzo[h]quinoline and 8-hydroxyquinoline molecules using anion photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory, and by theoretical screening of six other molecules, here we show the intramolecular electron-induced proton transfer capability of a long list of molecules that meanwhile have the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer property. Careful examination of the intrinsic electronic signatures of these molecules reveals that these two distinct processes should occur to the same category of molecules. Intramolecular electron-induced proton transfer could have potential applications such as molecular devices that are responsive to electrons or current.
Photo-induced ultrafast active ion transport through graphene oxide membranes
Authors: Yang Jinlei , Hu Xiaoyu , Kong Xian , Jia Pan , Ji Danyan , Quan Di , Wang Lili , Wen Qi , Lu Diannan , Wu Jianzhong , Jiang Lei , Guo Wei
Published: March 2019

Layered graphene oxide membranes (GOM) with densely packed sub-nanometer-wide lamellar channels show exceptional ionic and molecular transport properties. Mass and charge transport in existing materials follows their concentration gradient, whereas attaining anti-gradient transport, also called active transport, remains a great challenge. Here, we demonstrate a coupled photon-electron-ion transport phenomenon through the GOM. Upon asymmetric light illumination, cations are able to move thermodynamically uphill over a broad range of concentrations, at rates much faster than that via simple diffusion. We propose, as a plausible mechanism, that light irradiation reduces the local electric potential on the GOM following a carrier diffusion mechanism. When the illumination is applied to an off-center position, an electric potential difference is built that can drive the transport of ionic species. We further develop photonic ion switches, photonic ion diodes, and photonic ion transistors as the fundamental elements for active ion sieving and artificial photosynthesis on synthetic nanofluidic circuits.
CryoEM structure of adenovirus type 3 fibre with desmoglein 2 shows an unusual mode of receptor engagement
Authors: Vassal-Stermann Emilie , Effantin Gregory , Zubieta Chloe , Burmeister Wim , Iseni Frédéric , Wang Hongjie , Lieber André , Schoehn Guy , Fender Pascal
Published: March 2019

Attachment of human adenovirus (HAd) to the host cell is a critical step of infection. Initial attachment occurs via the adenoviral fibre knob protein and a cellular receptor. Here we report the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of a <100 kDa non-symmetrical complex comprising the trimeric HAd type 3 fibre knob (HAd3K) and human desmoglein 2 (DSG2). The structure reveals a unique stoichiometry of 1:1 and 2:1 (DSG2: knob trimer) not previously observed for other HAd-receptor complexes. We demonstrate that mutating Asp261 in the fibre knob is sufficient to totally abolish receptor binding. These data shed new light on adenovirus infection strategies and provide insights for adenoviral vector development and structure-based design.
Author Correction: Nuclear lipid droplets derive from a lipoprotein precursor and regulate phosphatidylcholine synthesis
Authors: Sołtysik Kamil , Ohsaki Yuki , Tatematsu Tsuyako , Cheng Jinglei , Fujimoto Toyoshi
Published: March 2019

The original version of this Article contained errors in the Abstract and Introduction, whereby CCTα was incorrectly defined as an abbreviation of CDP-choline diacylglycerol phosphotransferase α, instead of CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase α. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
Semaphorin 3A Inhibits Nerve Regeneration During Early Stage after Inferior Alveolar Nerve Transection
Authors: Kanemaru Hiroko , Yamada Yurie , Ohazama Atsushi , Maeda Takeyasu , Seo Kenji
Published: March 2019

Neuroma formation at sites of injury can impair peripheral nerve regeneration. Although the involvement of semaphorin 3A has been suggested in neuroma formation, this detailed process after injury is not fully understood. This study was therefore undertaken to examine the effects of semaphorin 3A on peripheral nerve regeneration during the early stage after injury. Immunohistochemistry for semaphorin 3A and PGP9.5, a general neuronal marker, was carried out for clarify chronological changes in their expressions after transection of the mouse inferior alveolar nerve thorough postoperative days 1 to 7. At postoperative day 1, the proximal stump of the damaged IAN exhibited semaphorin 3A, while the distal stump lacked any immunoreactivity. From this day on, its expression lessened, ultimately disappearing completely in all regions of the transected inferior alveolar nerve. A local administration of an antibody to semaphorin 3A into the nerve transection site at postoperative day 3 inhibited axon sprouting at the injury site. This antibody injection increased the number of trigeminal ganglion neurons labeled with DiI (paired t-test, p < 0.05). Immunoreactivity of the semaphorin 3A receptor, neuropilin-1, was also detected at the proximal stump at postoperative day 1. These results suggest that nerve injury initiates semaphorin 3A production in ganglion neurons, which is then delivered through the nerve fibers to the proximal end, thereby contributes to the inhibition of axonal sprouting from the proximal region of injured nerves in the distal direction. To our knowledge, this is the first report to reveal the involvement of Sema3A in the nerve regeneration process at its early stage.