bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O Direito Fundamental ao Bom Controle Público
Authors: Ferreira Junior Adircélio De Moraes
Published: January 2017

A atuação do Poder Público se dá por meio do chamado fenômeno financeiro, por meio do qual o Estado arrecada recursos com o intuito de devolvê-los aos cidadãos por meio da prestação de serviços públicos. Dentre os valores que devem nortear essa atividade estatal, que vai desde a elaboração do orçamento até a sua execução, encontram-se a justiça financeira e o direito fundamental à boa administração e governança pública, insculpidos no texto constitucional brasileiro. Essa vinculação determina a eficiência e eficácia do agir estatal por meio de suas políticas públicas e coloca os Tribunais de Contas, como órgãos responsáveis pelo controle externo da administração pública brasileira, no papel central de promotores   ou   garantidores   do   cumprimento   desses   compromissos   de   extração constitucional. Para tanto, faz-se necessária a adoção por parte desses órgãos de uma nova concepção de controle, mais eficiente, eficaz, racional e abrangente, que pode ser traduzida na noção de bom controle público, o qual, por sua vez, deve ser reconhecido também como um direito fundamental na sociedade contemporânea. Esse novo paradigma de controle deve superar a ineficiência e ineficácia do controle tradicional, um dos vetores do déficit de legitimidade de que padecem as Cortes de Contas brasileiras, e contribuir de maneira decisiva para a concretude daqueles valores maiores, de forma que esses órgãos de controle se convertam em legítimos Tribunais da Boa Governança Pública, combatendo, assim, efetivamente as anomalias na atuação do Poder Público, causadoras de injustiças financeiras, notadamente a ineficiência, a ineficácia e a corrupção.
A Utilização da Dispensa de Licitação para Atender Situação Emergencial Provocada por Planejamento Deficiente e Suas Consequências
Authors: De Medeiros Clayton Gomes , Kwitschal Jeison Maikel
Published: January 2017

A interpretação da legislação inerente a licitação no país tem sido matéria de debates jurídicos, principalmente quanto ao instituto da dispensa de licitação, em especial quando justificada na constatação de situação emergencial, o que exige do gestor público providências rápidas e eficazes para debelar ou, ao menos, minorar as consequências lesivas à coletividade. Contudo, o maior dilema está em caracterizar as possibilidades de aplicação do dispositivo legal, já que com o decorrer do tempo se tem vislumbrado a mudança do entendimento jurisprudencial para com a dispensabilidade do certame licitatório quando a emergência é fruto da desídia da Administração Pública.
Escravidão por Dívida e as Raízes do Trabalho Escravo na Esfera Rural: Uma Análise à Luz das Lacunas de Criticidade no Direito Agrário Brasileiro
Authors: De Pontes Ana Carolina Amaral
Published: January 2017

As relações entre o Direito Agrário e o fenômeno do trabalho escravo derivam de situações de opressão no trabalho rural por vezes invisibilizadas pelo debate acadêmico agrário. Faz-se necessário analisar a identidade brasileira do latifúndio para uma abordagem interconectada do enfrentamento da escravidão por dívida. Sair da bolha legalista para reconhecer sua relação com a gênese e a manutenção do trabalho escravo é nosso foco. Outras legislações, tampouco a CF 1988 foram capazes de exterminar a escravidão, “atualizada” em moldes contemporâneos. O trabalhar acrítico dos institutos agrários provocam falsa assepsia de realidades do contexto brasileiro, que abordamos aqui.
Reforma Agraria Di Bidang Pertanian : Studi Kasus Perubahan Struktur Agraria dan Diferensiasi Kesejahteraan Komunitas Pekebun di Lebak, Banten
Authors: Sihaloho Martua , Purwandari Heru
Published: January 2017

Sumberdaya agraria merupakan salah satu faktor utama bagi stakeholder, khususnya petani. Tulisan ini mencoba menjelaskan tentang reforma agraria di bidang pertanian menjadi penting diwujudkan, khususnya dengan mengkaji hubungan antara perubahan struktur agraria dan differensiasi kesejahteraan petani. Hasil penelitian di Kabupaten Lebak menunjukkan, lahan dan modal menjadi dua faktor penting dalam usahatani pertanian. Perubahan struktur agraria mempengaruhi differensiasi kesejahteraan petani. Arah perubahan struktur agraria yang terjadi stratifikasi dan polarisasi.
Determinantes de consumo para tarjetahabientes VIP
Authors: Baño Hifong María Mercedes
Published: January 2017

El consumo es una de las variables de mayor importancia en cualquier economía, el uso del dinero plástico o tarjetas de crédito y/o débito se ha convertido en una tendencia a nivel mundial. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo determinar los elementos que inciden en el consumo de tarjetahabientes VIP, el estudio realizado se centra en la medición de la relación del comportamiento del cliente con el consumo de tarjetahabientes, se trabajó con los datos de la empresa PacifiCard y sus clientes de Gama Alta (Black e Infinite). La identificación de las variables se obtuvo por medio de una investigación descriptiva concluyente, utilizando herramientas de investigación cuantitativas y cualitativas. Se trabajó con una aplicación tecnológica instalada en tabletas ubicadas en los Centros de Atención al Cliente VIP de las principales ciudades del Ecuador. Luego de esta investigación se procedió a realizar pruebas estadísticas para medir la correlación entre las variables descritas y el consumo de los clientes, pudiendo identificar variables demográficas, geográficas y conductuales que afectan al consumo de los tarjetahabientes. Los resultados permitieron identificar los determinantes de consumo para los clientes de este segmento, diferenciando las tarjetas MasterCard Black y Visa Infinite, y describir el perfil de consumo de los tarjetahabientes titulares, frecuencias y lugares de consumo; montos promedios y razones para el uso y no uso de la tarjeta de crédito.
Desarrollo de Nuevos Servicios en entidades financieras de la ciudad de Piura, Perú
Authors: Sagástegui Hernández Jenny Cecyl , Sánchez Ruiz Eduardo
Published: January 2017

Se realizó un análisis en entidades financieras de la ciudad de Piura, donde se busca conocer el grado de participación de un cliente antes, durante y después del lanzamiento de un nuevo servicio. Esto responde a la inquietud de muchas empresas de saber cuán importante es considerar al cliente como un miembro más de la organización y ejercer en ella la práctica de desarrollo de nuevos servicios (DNS). Los resultados permiten diseñar un nuevo modelo estándar, que las empresas dedicadas a la prestación de bienes intangibles o servicios, particularmente las empresas financieras deben seguir para que el servicio propuesto resulte exitoso y sobretodo responda a lo que el cliente está buscando. Finalmente se habla detalladamente de cada uno de los pasos que forman parte del modelo a seguir, haciendo hincapié de las actividades que una entidad financiera no debe dejar de hacer para poder tener a un cliente satisfecho y pueda sacar ventaja competitiva respecto a la competencia.
Change in Nasal Congestion Index after Treatment in Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyposis
Authors: Sahin-Onder Serap , Sahin-Yilmaz Asli , Oysu Cagatay , Deveci Ildem , Sahin Samil , Aktas Betul
Published: January 2017

Background

The management of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) involves both surgical and medical approaches, and remains a controversial subject.

Objective

The objective of this prospective, randomized, controlled trial was to compare the medical and surgical treatments of CRSwNP in terms of their effect on the nasal congestion index (NCI).

Methods

Forty-eight patients with CRSwNP were randomized either to medical or surgical therapy. Pretreatment and 3-and 6-month posttreatment assessments of the visual analog scale score, the 20-Item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test, saccharine clearance time, nasal endoscopy, and NCI measurement with acoustic rhinometry were performed. Forty-one subjects were included in the analysis.

Results

Both the medical and surgical interventions for CRSwNP resulted in significant improvement in the visual analog scale score, 20-Item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test, saccharine clearance time, and nasal endoscopic examination scores. There was no difference between the two groups in terms of the percentage change from baseline for any of the parameters at the 6-month posttreatment assessment. NCI showed no significant difference from baseline. Similarly, no significant difference was found between the medical and surgical groups in terms of their effect on the NCI (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

Because NCI does not correlate with standard subjective measures in outcomes for this group of patients, it cannot be used as an outcome measurement of treatment of subjects with CRSwNP. Results of this prospective randomized study did not find any additional benefit of surgical therapy over medical therapy in subjects with CRSwNP.
Skull Base Erosion and Associated Complications in Sphenoid Sinus Fungal Balls
Authors: Meier Josh C. , Scangas George A. , Remenschneider Aaron K. , Sadow Peter , Chambers Kyle , Dedmon Matt , Lin Derrick T. , Holbrook Eric H. , Metson Ralph , Gray Stacey T.
Published: January 2017

Background

Sphenoid sinus fungal balls (SSFB) are rare entities that can result in serious orbital and intracranial complications. There are few published reports of complications that result from SSFB.

Objective

To review the incidence of skull base erosion and orbital or intracranial complications in patients who present with SSFB.

Methods

A retrospective review was performed of all the patients with SSFB who were treated at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary from 2006 to 2014. Presenting clinical data, radiology, operative reports, pathology, and postoperative course were reviewed.

Results

Forty-three patients with SSFB were identified. Demographic data were compared between patients with (39.5%) and those without (61.5%) skull base erosion. Two patients underwent emergent surgery for acute complications of SSFB (one patient with blindness, one patient who had a seizure). Both patients with acute complications had evidence of skull base erosion, whereas no patients with an intact skull base developed an orbital or intracranial complication (p = 0.15). All the patients were surgically managed via an endoscopic approach.

Conclusion

SSFBs are rare but may cause significant skull base erosion and potentially severe orbital and intracranial complications if not treated appropriately. Endoscopic sphenoidotomy is effective in treating SSFB and should be performed emergently in patients who presented with associated complications.
Switzerland and the Digital Health Revolution
Authors: Trono Didier
Published: January 2017

New technologies in life sciences are helping to revolutionize health management with the objective to move towards personalized healthcare. The Swiss Federal government is investing in multidisciplinary, countrywide initiatives such as Health 2030 to meet this challenge.
The sintering behavior and physical properties of Li2CO3-doped Bi0.5(Na0.8K0.2)0.5TiO3 lead-free ceramics
Authors: Vuong Le Dai , Tho Nguyen Truong
Published: January 2017

In this study, Li2CO3-doped Bi0.5(Na0.8K0.2)0.5TiO3 (BNKT) ceramics were fabricated via the conventional solid-state reaction using ultrasound waves for preliminary milling. The milling time was shortened from 20 h to 1 h with ball milling. The phase structure of BNKT investigated by X-ray diffraction showed a single perovskite phase. With increasing Li2CO3 content, the phase structure of the ceramics changed from rhombohedral to tetragonal. At a sintering temperature of 1100 °C and Li2CO3 content of 0.4 wt.%, the best physical properties of the ceramics, such as density (ρ), 5.9 g cm−3; electromechanical coupling factors (k
p), 0.32; (k
t), 0.29; remanent polarization (P
r), 12.0 μC cm−2; dielectric constant (∊
r), 1 191; and highest dielectric constant (∊
max), 5 800, were obtained.
Animal Citizenship, Phenomenology, and Ontology: Some reflections on Donaldsons & Kymlickas Zoopolis
Authors: Ortega Rodríguez Iván
Published: January 2017

This paper is a dialogue with Sue Donaldsons and Will Kymlickas book Zoopolis: A Political Theory of Animal Rights. My thesis is that, despite the authors reticence, considerations in first philosophy regarding humans and nonhumans are relevant to their goal of building a more comprehensive animal rights philosophy. What is more, I believe that first philosophy actually can be of help for their proposal, specifically in the form of phenomenology and phenomenological ontology. For this purpose, I first summarize the basic outline of Zoopoliss position and indicate some questions that arise from a strictly internal consideration of its theses. And secondly, I introduce some aspects in which phenomenological research would be relevant, along with some particular and provisional analyses carried out from the standpoint of a phenomenologically-based ontology. Especially, there is a theme that stands out: the intersubjective realms between humans and nonhumans.
Properties of the Long-Term Oscillations in the Middle Atmosphere Based on Observations from TIMED/SABER Instrument and FPI over Kelan
Authors: Zhang Yiyao , Sheng Zheng , Shi Hanqing , Zhou Shudao , Shi Weilai , Du Huadong , Fan Zhiqiang
Published: January 2017

The properties of the long-term oscillations in the middle atmosphere have been investigated using the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) temperature data and Fabry–Perot interferometer (FPI) data. Results for SABER temperature show that the semiannual oscillation (SAO) has three amplitude maxima at altitudes of 45, 75, and 85 km, respectively, and shows prominent seasonal asymmetries there. The SAOs in the upper mesosphere (75 km) are out of phase with those in the mesopause (85 km) in the tropical regions, which can generate an enhancement of 11 K on average at each equinox, contributing to the lower mesospheric inversion layer (MIL). It is shown that stronger enhancement can be found at the spring equinox than at the autumn equinox. The triennial oscillation (TO) is significant in the tropical region. The spectral peak of the TO is probably a sub-peak of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) and is due to modulation of QBO. In addition, there may be potential interaction of the TO with SAO at 85 km at the equator. The relation between ENSO and TO has also been discussed. The ENSO signal may modulate the amplitude of the TO, mainly in the lower stratosphere. The annual oscillation (AO) and SAO are analyzed over Kelan by FPI data. Generally, the amplitudes of FPI wind are smaller than those of the Horizontal Wind Model (HWM07). The comparison between FPI and TIMED Doppler Interferometer (TIDI) winds shows relatively large discrepancy. This may be due to the tidal aliasing in the nighttime results derived from the FPI data. Results also show that the algorithm to derive FPI temperature needs improvements.
An Investigation on the He−(1s2s2 2S) Resonance in Debye Plasmas
Authors: Ghoshal Arijit , Ho Yew
Published: January 2017

The effect of Debye plasma on the 1 s 2 s 2 2 S resonance states in the scattering of electron from helium atom has been investigated within the framework of the stabilization method. The interactions among the charged particles in Debye plasma have been modelled by Debye–Huckel potential. The 1 s 2 s excited state of the helium atom has been treated as consisting of a H e + ionic core plus an electron moving around. The interaction between the core and the electron has then been modelled by a model potential. It has been found that the background plasma environment significantly affects the resonance states. To the best of our knowledge, such an investigation of 1 s 2 s 2 2 S resonance states of the electron–helium system embedded in Debye plasma environment is the first reported in the literature.
Association of Quality of Coronal Filling with the Outcome of Endodontic Treatment: A Follow-up Study
Authors: Maslamani Manal , Khalaf Mai , Mitra Amal
Published: January 2017

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the quality of the coronal restoration and the root filling on the success of endodontic treatment. Patients treated at Kuwait University Dental Clinics (KUDC) from 2003 to 2014 were contacted by telephone calls. Demographic data and clinical records of patients, including age, gender, the tooth number, and medical history were recorded. Each patient received clinical examination for all teeth, including assessment of the coronal filling (type, quality), root- and/or coronal fracture, and the periodontal condition around the tooth (e.g., probing depth, gingival recession); percussion and mobility tests. A periapical radiograph of the endodontic treated tooth was taken to determine the health of the periapical tissues using the periapical index. The quality of the root filling was assessed by length and density of the root filling. The mean follow-up period was 4.8 years. The overall success rate of endodontic treatment was 86%; teeth without any initial periapical lesion had a success of 93%, whereas those with such lesion had a success rate of 80%. Periapical healing was not significantly associated with either the length of root filling (p = 0.40) or the density of root filling (p = 0.099), but was statistically significantly associated with the presence of coronal filling defects (p = 0.001). This study demonstrated that inadequate coronal filling but not the quality of root filling was associated with a higher prevalence of periapical lesions.
Incidence and Simple Prediction Model of Hyperuricemia for Urban Han Chinese Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Cao Jin , Wang Chunxia , Zhang Guang , Ji Xiang , Liu Yanxun , Sun Xiubin , Yuan Zhongshang , Jiang Zheng , Xue Fuzhong
Published: January 2017

Background: Hyperuricemia (HUA) contributes to gout and many other diseases. Many hyperuricemia-related risk factors have been discovered, which provided the possibility for building the hyperuricemia prediction model. In this study we aimed to explore the incidence of hyperuricemia and develop hyperuricemia prediction models based on the routine biomarkers for both males and females in urban Han Chinese adults. Methods: A cohort of 58,542 members of the urban population (34,980 males and 23,562 females) aged 20–80 years old, free of hyperuricemia at baseline examination, was followed up for a median 2.5 years. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to develop gender-specific prediction models. Harrell’s C-statistics was used to evaluate the discrimination ability of the models, and the 10-fold cross-validation was used to validate the models. Results: In 7139 subjects (5585 males and 1554 females), hyperuricemia occurred during a median of 2.5 years of follow-up, leading to a total incidence density of 49.63/1000 person years (64.62/1000 person years for males and 27.12/1000 person years for females). The predictors of hyperuricemia were age, body mass index (BMI) systolic blood pressure, serum uric acid for males, and BMI, systolic blood pressure, serum uric acid, triglycerides for females. The models’ C statistics were 0.783 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.779–0.786) for males and 0.784 (95% CI, 0.778–0.789) for females. After 10-fold cross-validation, the C statistics were still steady, with 0.782 for males and 0.783 for females. Conclusions: In this study, gender-specific prediction models for hyperuricemia for urban Han Chinese adults were developed and performed well.
Toughness of Railroad Concrete Crossties with Holes and Web Openings
Authors: Gamage Erosha , Kaewunruen Sakdirat , Remennikov Alex , Ishida Tetsuya
Published: January 2017

Prestressed concrete sleepers (or railroad ties) are principally designed in order to carry wheel loads from the rails to the ground of railway tracks, as well as to secure rail gauge for safe train travels. Their design takes into account static and dynamic loading conditions. In spite of prestressed concrete crossties being most commonly used in railway tracks, there have always been many demands from rail engineers to improve the serviceability and functionality of concrete crossties. For example, signaling, fiber optic, equipment cables are often damaged either by ballast corners or by the tamping machine. There has been a need to re-design concrete crossties to incorporate cables internally so that they would not experience detrimental or harsh environments. Also, many concrete crossties need a retrofit for an automatic train control device and similar signaling equipment. In contrast, the effects of holes and web openings on the structural capacity of concrete crossties have not been thoroughly investigated. This paper accordingly highlights the experimental investigations into the effect of holes and web openings on the toughness and ductility of concrete crossties. The key outcome of this research is to enable a better decision making process for retrofitting prestressed concrete crossties with holes and web openings in practice.
Influence of Varroa Mite (Varroa destructor) Management Practices on Insecticide Sensitivity in the Honey Bee (Apis mellifera)
Authors: Rinkevich Frank , Danka Robert , Healy Kristen
Published: January 2017

Since Varroa mites may cause devastating losses of honey bees through direct feeding, transmitting diseases, and increasing pathogen susceptibility, chemical and mechanical practices commonly are used to reduce mite infestation. While miticide applications are typically the most consistent and efficacious Varroa mite management method, miticide-induced insecticide synergism in honey bees, and the evolution of resistance in Varroa mites are reasonable concerns. We treated colonies with the miticide amitraz (Apivar®), used IPM practices, or left some colonies untreated, and then measured the effect of different levels of mite infestations on the sensitivity of bees to phenothrin, amitraz, and clothianidin. Sensitivity to all insecticides varied throughout the year among and within treatment groups. Clothianidin sensitivity decreased with increasing mite levels, but no such correlation was seen with phenothrin or amitraz. These results show that insecticide sensitivity is dynamic throughout the 5 months test. In-hive amitraz treatment according to the labeled use did not synergize sensitivity to the pesticides tested and this should alleviate concern over potential synergistic effects. Since IPM practices were largely ineffective at reducing Varroa mite infestation, reliance on chemical methods of Varroa mite management is likely to continue. However, miticides must be used judiciously so the long term effectiveness of these compounds can be maximized. These data demonstrate the complex and dynamic variables that contribute to honey bee colony health. The results underscore the importance of controlling for as many of these variables as possible in order to accurately determine the effects of each of these factors as they act alone or in concert with others.
Characterization of the Micromorphology and Topochemistry of Poplar Wood during Mild Ionic Liquid Pretreatment for Improving Enzymatic Saccharification
Authors: Chen Sheng , Zhang Xun , Ling Zhe , Xu Feng
Published: January 2017

Ionic liquids (ILs) as designer solvents have been applied in biomass pretreatment to increase cellulose accessibility and therefore improve the enzymatic hydrolysis. We investigated the characterization of the micromorphology and the topochemistry of poplar wood during 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate pretreatment with mild conditions (90 °C for 20 and 40 min) by multiple microscopic techniques (FE-SEM, CLSM, and CRM). Chemical composition analysis, XRD, cellulase adsorption isotherm, and enzymatic hydrolysis were also performed to monitor the variation of substrate properties. Our results indicated that the biomass conversion was greatly enhanced (from 20.57% to 73.64%) due to the cell wall deconstruction and lignin dissolution (29.83% lignin was removed after incubation for 40 min), rather than the decrystallization or crystallinity transformation of substrates. The mild ILs pretreatment, with less energy input, can not only enhance enzymatic hydrolysis, but also provide a potential approach as the first step in improving the sequential pretreatment effectiveness in integrated methods. This study provides new insights on understanding the ILs pretreatment with low temperature and short duration, which is critical for developing individual and/or combined pretreatment technologies with reduced energy consumption.
Structural Hypervariability of the Two Human Protein Kinase CK2 Catalytic Subunit Paralogs Revealed by Complex Structures with a Flavonol- and a Thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-Based Inhibitor
Authors: Niefind Karsten , Bischoff Nils , Golub Andriy , Bdzhola Volodymyr , Balanda Anatoliy , Prykhod’ko Andriy , Yarmoluk Sergiy
Published: January 2017

Protein kinase CK2 is associated with a number of human diseases, among them cancer, and is therefore a target for inhibitor development in industry and academia. Six crystal structures of either CK2α, the catalytic subunit of human protein kinase CK2, or its paralog CK2α′ in complex with two ATP-competitive inhibitors—based on either a flavonol or a thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine framework—are presented. The structures show examples for extreme structural deformations of the ATP-binding loop and its neighbourhood and of the hinge/helix αD region, i.e., of two zones of the broader ATP site environment. Thus, they supplement our picture of the conformational space available for CK2α and CK2α′. Further, they document the potential of synthetic ligands to trap unusual conformations of the enzymes and allow to envision a new generation of inhibitors that stabilize such conformations.
Compilation and Validation of SAR and Optical Data Products for a Complete and Global Map of Inland/Ocean Water Tailored to the Climate Modeling Community
Authors: Lamarche Céline , Santoro Maurizio , Bontemps Sophie , D’Andrimont Raphaël , Radoux Julien , Giustarini Laura , Brockmann Carsten , Wevers Jan , Defourny Pierre , Arino Olivier
Published: January 2017

Accurate maps of surface water extent are of paramount importance for water management, satellite data processing and climate modeling. Several maps of water bodies based on remote sensing data have been released during the last decade. Nonetheless, none has a truly (90 ∘ N/90 ∘ S) global coverage while being thoroughly validated. This paper describes a global, spatially-complete (void-free) and accurate mask of inland/ocean water for the 2000–2012 period, built in the framework of the European Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative (CCI). This map results from the synergistic combination of multiple individual SAR and optical water body and auxiliary datasets. A key aspect of this work is the original and rigorous stratified random sampling designed for the quality assessment of binary classifications where one class is marginally distributed. Input and consolidated products were assessed qualitatively and quantitatively against a reference validation database of 2110 samples spread throughout the globe. Using all samples, overall accuracy was always very high among all products, between 98 % and 100 % . The CCI global map of open water bodies provided the best water class representation (F-score of 89 % ) compared to its constitutive inputs. When focusing on the challenging areas for water bodies’ mapping, such as shorelines, lakes and river banks, all products yielded substantially lower accuracy figures with overall accuracies ranging between 74 % and 89 % . The inland water area of the CCI global map of open water bodies was estimated to be 3.17 million km 2 ± 0.24 million km 2 . The dataset is freely available through the ESA CCI Land Cover viewer.
Soccer and Relative Age Effect: A Walk among Elite Players and Young Players
Authors: Sierra-Díaz Manuel , González-Víllora Sixto , Pastor-Vicedo Juan , Serra-Olivares Jaime
Published: January 2017

Grouping people according to chronological age is popular in fields such as education and sport. Athletes who are born in the first months of the year usually have cognitive and physical development differences in contrast to those born in the last months of the same year. That is why competitive teams tend to select older players more often than youngsters. Age differences between athletes born in the same year as well as an over-representation of older players are known as the Relative Age Effect. This effect is extensively described in young and elite team sports such as basketball, volleyball or, ice-hockey, as well as in soccer. The purpose of this study is to examine the state-of-the-art of the Relative Age Effect in youth and elite soccer players. This review summarizes recent research articles on the Relative Age Effect related to competitive soccer from 2010 to 2016. The systematic literature search was conducted in four databases: SPORTDiscus, Medline, EBSCO host and Google Scholar. Although causes and final solutions have not been clearly achieved yet, it is necessary to continue investigating this phenomenon in order to provide a starting point for future research.
RnlB Antitoxin of the Escherichia coli RnlA-RnlB Toxin–Antitoxin Module Requires RNase HI for Inhibition of RnlA Toxin Activity
Authors: Naka Kenta , Qi Dan , Yonesaki Tetsuro , Otsuka Yuichi
Published: January 2017

The Escherichia coli RnlA-RnlB toxin–antitoxin system is related to the anti-phage mechanism. Under normal growth conditions, an RnlA toxin with endoribonuclease activity is inhibited by binding of its cognate RnlB antitoxin. After bacteriophage T4 infection, RnlA is activated by the disappearance of RnlB, resulting in the rapid degradation of T4 mRNAs and consequently no T4 propagation when T4 dmd encoding a phage antitoxin against RnlA is defective. Intriguingly, E. coli RNase HI, which plays a key role in DNA replication, is required for the activation of RnlA and stimulates the RNA cleavage activity of RnlA. Here, we report an additional role of RNase HI in the regulation of RnlA-RnlB system. Both RNase HI and RnlB are associated with NRD (one of three domains of RnlA). The interaction between RnlB and NRD depends on RNase HI. Exogenous expression of RnlA in wild-type cells has no effect on cell growth because of endogenous RnlB and this inhibition of RnlA toxicity requires RNase HI and NRD. These results suggest that RNase HI recruits RnlB to RnlA through NRD for inhibiting RnlA toxicity and thus plays two contrary roles in the regulation of RnlA-RnlB system.
Designing and developing public spaces in Brussels
Authors: Moritz Benoit
Published: January 2017

This text is a short account or summary of urban imaginations which have conditioned the formal view of the development of public space since the creation of the Brussels-Capital Region.It presents different periods which have constituted turning points and overlappings in the evolution of these imaginations.Through concrete examples, the text illustrates in particular how development practices for public space became recognised, at first through projects which were simply aimed at a better balance in the distribution of public space, and then progressively through projects which integrated questions regarding use and the architectural qualities of developments. The author discusses in particular the influence of the “neighbourhood contract” urban revitalisation tool in this evolution.The texts ends with the identification of new methodological challenges facing public spaces in Brussels, as regards the understanding of the different levels as well as project formalisation processes.
Brussels at the heart of urban legends?
Authors: Van de Winkel Aurore
Published: January 2017

This article presents urban legends told in Brussels which reflect an urban imagination crossed with local characteristics. Presented as news items although their truthfulness is questionable, these stories mentioning Brussels tell of attacks or harm committed against an anonymous person or the friend of a friend, in everyday public spaces, places of constant coming and going, personal itineraries or familiar shops. These legends feature the confrontation with others, machines or nature, and present Brussels as a dangerous place where security is everybody’s business. These legends serve as warnings and allow people to reassert their identity by designating scapegoats. The stories which take place in Brussels may, however, come from elsewhere and be told around the world. The places mentioned are lures intended to increase a feeling of proximity, affects and an identification with the characters. Brussels is featured as an empty shell with the same characteristics as every big city in industrialised western countries – an empty shell necessary for the contemporary imagination.
La représentation politique des musulmans à Bruxelles
Authors: Zibouh Fatima
Published: January 2017

Par comparaison aux autres grandes villes européennes, la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale présente une configuration inédite en termes de représentation politique des élus issus de la diversité et en particulier des élus musulmans. En effet, près d’un député sur cinq siégeant au Parlement de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale est de culture musulmane. Cette originalité est d’autant plus forte que l’un des sièges du Parlement bruxellois est attribué pour la première fois à une députée musulmane portant un foulard (Mahinur Ozdemir), ce qui constitue une première dans toute l’Union européenne. Sur la base d’un travail documentaire mais aussi d’une démarche empirique effectuée à partir d’entretiens réalisés avec des députés bruxellois, des acteurs associatifs mobilisés avant les élections et une observation ethnographique de la campagne électorale, la présente contribution essaie de comprendre les facteurs explicatifs de cette représentation politique, assez exceptionnelle en Europe, en posant l’hypothèse de l’influence déterminante des paramètres institutionnels, combinés à l’évolution démographique et à la mobilisation associative des musulmans à Bruxelles.
The political representation of Muslims in Brussels
Authors: Zibouh Fatima
Published: January 2017

Compared with other major European cities, the Brussels-Capital Region has a unique configuration in terms of the political representation of elected representatives descended from diverse ethnocultural groups, and in particular Muslim elected representatives. Nearly one out of five members of the Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region is of Muslim origin. This is all the more unique given that, for the first time in Brussels and in the entire European Union, one of the seats in the Brussels Parliament is held by a Muslim member who wears a headscarf (Mahinur Ozdemir). The present article is based on documentary work as well as an empirical approach carried out using interviews which were conducted with Brussels MPs and community stakeholders mobilised before the elections as well as an ethnographic observation of the election campaign. Its objective is to understand the explanatory factors regarding this political representation which is quite unusual in Europe, by formulating the hypothesis of the deciding influence of institutional parameters combined with the demographic evolution and community mobilisation of Muslims in Brussels.
New RER stations for Brussels? Challenges, methods and constraints
Authors: Lebrun Kevin , Dobruszkes Frédéric
Published: January 2017

This article goes back over the debate which still remains to be settled and which divides the Brussels-Capital Region and the SNCB regarding the creation of new urban railway stations in the framework of the RER project. Our aim is to provide an objective (or at least methodologically transparent and clearly presented) assessment which is up to date as regards the relevance of these stations. Thus, after presenting the problem and discussing possible methods, we propose a calculation of the potential of each of the stations proposed by the different urban planning documents of the Brussels Region.We thus illustrate the pertinence of most of them, a significant share of which are more relevant than some of the existing secondary stations in Brussels. However, the most promising stations are often those which seem the most difficult from a technical point of view. Conversely, new stations that would be the easiest to build often have the lower traffic potential.Beyond the impartiality of the results, we also insist on the fact that the decision to put a station (back) into service depends above all on political action, which reflects the fact that challenges of various dimensions and natures have been taken into account. This is illustrated in our case studies.
Fotografische voorstellingen van Brussel rond de vorige eeuwwisseling (19e-20e eeuw): van documentatie tot artistieke expressie
Authors: Leenaerts Danielle
Published: January 2017

De jaren 1880 tot 1890 waren doorslaggevend voor de Brusselse stedenbouw en de artistieke erkenning van de fotografie. De grote werken die Leopold II liet uitvoeren, waren bepalend voor de stadsidentiteit van Brussel. Tegelijkertijd veranderde het statuut van de beoefenaars van de fotografie. De pioniers van de voorgaande generatie werden vervangen door een generatie amateurfotografen – in de edele zin van het woord – die fotografie als een volwaardige en op zichzelf staande kunst verdedigden. Ze sloten zich aan bij een internationale stroming, die in het midden van de jaren 1880 opdook onder de naam “Picturalisme”, de schilderkunst als model nam en voorrang gaf aan tijdloze onderwerpen. De relatie tussen de stad en de fotografische weergave ervan veranderde en de stad en de stedelijke rand werden meer beschouwd als een landschap. Het aantal persoonlijke standpunten over het stedelijk landschap nam toe, aangemoedigd door de kringen voor kunstfotografie, die zich verenigden in de Association belge de Photographie.
Organisation des compétences entre Région et communes à Bruxelles : dépasser l’antagonisme des approches « Tina » et « Nimby »
Authors: Lagasse Nicolas
Published: January 2017

Le projet de « grande ville » passe-t-il nécessairement par la suppression des communes ou une réduction drastique de leurs compétences ? Le débat est vif entre « régionalistes » et « municipalistes ». Le détour par l’analyse juridique livre des pistes de réflexion pour sortir de cette « guerre des tranchées ». La Constitution et la Charte européenne de l’autonomie locale offrent en effet un cadre de réflexion. Le droit n’impose ni n’exclut aucun scénario, mais oblige le législateur à interroger la possibilité d’une coopération synergique entre la Région et les communes, à l’aune des principes de subsidiarité et de proportionnalité. Sur cette base, l’article pose quatre questions. La Région exerce-t-elle effectivement toute sa capacité de cohésion et de coordination ? L’institution communale est-elle organisée de la manière la plus efficace ? Tous les modes de concertation et de synergie ont-ils été mobilisés ? Les collaborations intercommunales ne doivent-elles pas être revues dans l’optique d’en améliorer la qualité du service à un moindre coût ? Cette réflexion ouvre des pistes pour rationaliser l’organisation des institutions et promouvoir les modalités de coopération.
Female homelessness in Brussels: an evolution in need of clarification
Authors: Lelubre Marjorie
Published: January 2017

The issue of the “feminisation” of homelessness as presented in public discourse over the past several years must be questioned. In order to do so, this analysis examines data regarding the use of two key operators in the Brussels sector – the night shelter Pierre d'Angle and the SAMU social – along with statistics centralised by La Strada. Although the hypothesis of an increase may appear to be well-founded in terms of absolute numbers, it is much less clear in relative terms. While the number of homeless women has increased in certain services, this growth is above all part of a general increase in the homeless population.Beyond the figures, the article is aimed at a better understanding of the particularities of the female residential experience, which is marked by greater use of an informal network and long-term housing structures. The categorisation of homeless people is also questioned. Finally, the effects and impacts of the image of women on the support they receive within the institutional network are discussed.
La mixité sociale dans l’action publique urbaine à Bruxelles : projet ou langage politique ?
Authors: Lenel Emmanuelle
Published: January 2017

Reprenant de la vigueur au milieu des années 1990, le principe de mixité sociale s’est cristallisé au tournant des années 2000 dans une démarche politique de « renforcement de la cohésion sociale ». Il est depuis devenu un mot d’ordre de l’action publique urbaine menée à Bruxelles comme ailleurs en Europe. Cette contribution s’attache, d’une part, à tracer le contexte politique et idéologique dans lequel il prend place. Elle tente de montrer, d’autre part, ce que recouvre le « projet » de mixité sociale dans le cas de Bruxelles – ses intentions, ses instruments et ses non‑dits – et les enjeux urbains qu’il révèle.
Un anniversaire oublié : les premiers hypermarchés européens ouvrent à Bruxelles en 1961
Authors: Grimmeau Jean-Pierre
Published: January 2017

L’hypermarché est un magasin en libre-service de plus de 2 500 m² vendant des articles alimentaires et non-alimentaires, de localisation périphérique, de bonne accessibilité et entouré d’un grand parking. Il est généralement considéré comme une invention française de 1963 (Carrefour de Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois, près de Paris, 2 500 m²). Mais GB ouvrait près de deux ans plus tôt, en 1961, trois hypermarchés sous l’enseigne SuperBazar à Bruges, Auderghem et Anderlecht, de 3 300 à 9 100 m². Par l’examen de la littérature, l’exploration des archives d’entreprise et les témoignages d’acteurs du secteur de la distribution, l’article compare minutieusement les histoires des premiers hypermarchés belges et français, ce qui n’avait jamais été fait. Si l’on écarte le site de Bruges, de seulement 3 300 m² et initialement conçu comme grand magasin, le point de vente d’Auderghem (9 100 m² boulevard du Souverain), conçu sur le modèle américain du discount department store mais associé à un supermarché alimentaire intégré, doit être considéré comme le premier hypermarché européen, l’association de l’alimentaire et du non-alimentaire, bien que rare, n’étant alors pas inexistante aux Etats-Unis. L’hypermarché est donc une invention américaine, GB a ouvert les premiers hypermarchés européens en Belgique et Carrefour a diffusé le modèle de l’hypermarché à travers le monde… et repris la plupart des hypermarchés belges en 2000.
Een vergeten verjaardag: de eerste Europese hypermarkten openen in Brussel in 1961
Authors: Grimmeau Jean-Pierre
Published: January 2017

De hypermarkt is een zelfbedieningswinkel met een oppervlakte van meer an 2 500 m² waar zowel voedingsproducten als non food verkocht worden, gelegen in de stadsrand, en met een grote parking errond. Algemeen wordt aangenomen dat het een Franse uitvinding was uit 1963 (Carrefour van Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois, vlakbij Parijs, 2 500 m²). Maar GB opende zowat 2 jaar eerder, in 1961, drie hypermarkten onder de merknaam SuperBazar in Brugge, Oudergem en Anderlecht, van 3 300 tot 9 100 m². Aan de hand van een literatuurstudie, onderzoek in de GIB bedrijfsarchieven en getuigenissen van de actoren uit de Belgische distributiesector vergelijkt het artikel nauwgezet de geschiedenis van de eerste Belgische en Franse hypermarkten, wat nog nooit eerder gedaan was. Als we de site in Brugge buiten beschouwing laten, die slechts 3 300 m² groot was en in eerste instantie ontworpen was als grote winkel, is het verkoopspunt in Oudergem (9 100 m², Vorstlaan) de eerste Europese hypermarkt, opgericht naar het Amerikaanse model van de discount department store maar met een geïntegreerde voedingssupermarkt. Het samen aanbieden van voedingsproducten en non food was zeldzaam maar niet onbestaande in de VS. De hypermarkt is dus een Amerikaanse uitvinding, GB opende de eerste Europese hypermarkten in België en Carrefour heeft het model van de hypermarkt gemondialiseerd… en de meeste Belgische hypermarkten in 2000 overgenomen.
Daily mobility in Brussels: challenges, tools and priority undertakings
Authors: Hubert Michel , Lebrun Kevin , Huynen Philippe , Dobruszkes Frédéric
Published: January 2017

This synopsis makes use of the data and analyses from the first two Cahiers de l’Observatoire de la mobilité of the Brussels-Capital Region, bringing up to date the synopsis from the Citizens’ Forum of Brussels published in 2009 and adding to it considerably. It provides a complete and detailed overview of this matter, which represents one of the Region’s key responsibilities and expenses. The first part of the synopsis presents the main challenges which Brussels faces. It then looks at the tools and institutional challenges (the means of action are particularly complex in Brussels and the balance of powers between stakeholders is formidable), before ending with an analysis of the convergences and divergences surrounding two undertakings which many feel are a priority for Brussels: the development of the railway network of the Société des Transports Intercommunaux Bruxellois (STIB) and the operating of the future RER.
Le rôle de l’usage temporaire dans le (re)développement urbain : exemples bruxellois
Authors: De Smet Aurelie
Published: January 2017

Comme la réalisation de projets d’aménagement est généralement précédée d’une longue phase de planification, certains sites de (re)développement urbain apparaissent souvent comme inutiles pendant une certaine période. Ceci peut exercer une influence négative sur les environs. De plus, la présence d’« espaces inutiles » est difficilement acceptable étant donnée la forte demande de lieux ouverts et publics. L’article est issu la recherche en cours « The role of temporary use of waiting spaces in urban (re)development » qui cherche à établir si l’usage temporaire de ces endroits peut contribuer à l’élaboration d’un mode de développement de l’espace plus actuel, plus flexible et plus spontané. Plus spécifiquement, l’auteur de la recherche décrit 10 études de cas, grâce auxquels la situation actuelle et les possibilités existantes en matière d’usage temporaire ont été examinées dans le contexte concret de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale. L’intention est de mettre à l’agenda le rôle possible de l’usage temporaire dans la planification de l’espace de la Région. Cette contribution se rattache ainsi à d’autres initiatives actuelles relatives à ce sujet, comme le récent colloque « Espace Public Temporaire » et la masterclass « Espaces publics en action » organisés avec le soutien de ]pyblik[.