bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Exploratory Descriptive Study of Registered Nurse Innovation
Authors: Polster Debra , Villines Dana
Published: December 2016

Purpose:

The aims of this study were to describe registered nurses' levels of personal innovativeness and registered nurses' perceived organizational innovativeness and determine the relationship between these 2 variables.

Background:

There is limited research to describe the levels of innovation of nurses within a hospital. The levels of innovation can determine the likelihood of adoption of evidence-based practices at the bedside. As change agents, clinical nurse specialists can determine successful implementation strategies tailored to nurse levels of innovation.

Description:

This was a descriptive study at a midwest, urban, teaching, 408-bed Magnet hospital.

Outcomes:

Surveys were completed by 217 nurses. The participants reported high personal innovativeness (

JOURNAL/cnsp/04.03/00002800-201701000-00013/inline-graphic1/v/2023-09-25T004147Z/r/image-tiff

= 32.1; SD, 6.4), and the institution was perceived as innovative, with 90.3% of scores categorized as positive innovativeness. The statistically significant correlation was in the medical-surgical unit (r = −0.52, P < .01). There is no correlation between personal innovativeness and organizational innovativeness except for medical-surgical nurses (P = .03). They are likely to perceive the organization more innovative than themselves.

Conclusions:

Determining adopter characteristics can be valuable to the clinical nurse specialist by adapting strategic interventions to advance nursing practice. Exploring levels of adoption can be an innovative strategy to transform nursing at the bedside and throughout the organization.
MultiCellDS: a community-developed standard for curating microenvironment-dependent multicellular data
Authors: Friedman Samuel H. , Anderson Alexander R. A. , Bortz David M. , Fletcher Alexander G. , Frieboes Hermann B. , Ghaffarizadeh Ahmadreza , Grimes David Robert , Hawkins-Daarud Andrea , Hoehme Stefan , Juarez Edwin F. , Kesselman Carl , Merks Roeland M.H. , Mumenthaler Shannon M. , Newton Paul K. , Norton Kerri-Ann , Rawat Rishi , Rockne Russell C. , Ruderman Daniel , Scott Jacob , Sindi Suzanne S. , Sparks Jessica L. , Swanson Kristin , Agus David B. , Macklin Paul
Published: December 2016

Exchanging and understanding scientific data and their context represents a significant barrier to advancing research, especially with respect to information siloing. Maintaining information provenance and providing data curation and quality control help overcome common concerns and barriers to the effective sharing of scientific data. To address these problems in and the unique challenges of multicellular systems, we assembled a panel composed of investigators from several disciplines to create the MultiCellular Data Standard (MultiCellDS) with a use-case driven development process. The standard includes (1) digital cell lines, which are analogous to traditional biological cell lines, to record metadata, cellular microenvironment, and cellular phenotype variables of a biological cell line, (2) digital snapshots to consistently record simulation, experimental, and clinical data for multicellular systems, and (3) collections that can logically group digital cell lines and snapshots. We have created a MultiCellular DataBase (MultiCellDB) to store digital snapshots and the 200+ digital cell lines we have generated. MultiCellDS, by having a fixed standard, enables discoverability, extensibility, maintainability, searchability, and sustainability of data, creating biological applicability and clinical utility that permits us to identify upcoming challenges to uplift biology and strategies and therapies for improving human health.
Shorter season options through transplanted fodder beet
Authors: Khaembah EN , Maley S , Nelson WR
Published: December 2016

Fodder beet has distinct benefits such as high yield potential, excellent feed quality (especially metabolisable energy), and suitability for cool temperate climates. Production area has recently increased dramatically in New Zealand, primarily for non-lactating cow feed during winter but increasingly for other animals and times of the year.

Currently, establishing fodder beet requires intensive land cultivation and precision sowing of pelleted seed. It is generally regarded as a difficult crop to grow successfully. Competition from early season weeds means that multiple herbicide applications are commonly applied. Delaying the sowing date, until soil temperatures have risen enough for germination, limits the flexibility of this crop within farm rotations.

Transplanting is a plant establishment technique common in both forestry and vegetable crops. It simplifies establishment and reduces the risk of poor establishment.

Here we demonstrate that transplanting of fodder beet can be conducted successfully with low variability observed within the transplanted crop. Individual root volume and dry matter content are similar, whether crops are precision-drilled or transplanted. Our results suggest that transplanting is a financially feasible option for fodder beet establishment.
Generating Bait Strains for Yeast One-Hybrid Assays
Authors: Fuxman Bass Juan I. , Reece-Hoyes John S. , Walhout Albertha J.M.
Published: December 2016

Yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) assays are used to identify which transcription factor (TF) “preys” can bind a DNA fragment of interest that is used as the “bait.” Undertaking Y1H assays requires the generation of a yeast “bait strain” for each DNA fragment of interest that features the DNA bait coupled to a reporter(s). Plasmids encoding TFs fused to the Gal4 activation domain (AD) are then introduced into the bait strain, and activation of the reporter(s) indicates that a TF–DNA interaction has occurred. Here, we present a protocol for the first part of the strategy—the generation of a bait strain for Y1H assays. We assume that the DNA bait has already been cloned into two different reporter constructs: One places the fragment of interest upstream of HIS3, an auxotrophic growth marker, whereas the other places the DNA bait upstream of LacZ, a colorimetric marker that changes colorless X-gal into a blue compound. Briefly, generation of the bait strain involves using homologous recombination to integrate the two reporters into the genome of the yeast strain, screening individual integrants for background reporter expression (i.e., expression in the absence of a TF), and using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing to confirm the DNA bait identity from both integrated reporter cassettes.
Precipitation of DNA with Ethanol
Authors: Green Michael R. , Sambrook Joseph
Published: December 2016

DNA can be precipitated out of solution for the removal of salts and/or for resuspension in an alternative buffer. Either ethanol or isopropanol can be used to achieve this purpose; however, the use of ethanol is generally preferred. Cations, provided as salts, are typically included to neutralize the negative charge of the DNA phosphate backbone. This method describes ethanol precipitation of DNA in microcentrifuge tubes.
Transforming future public health professionals through open and distance learning (ODeL)
Authors: Rehal Satwinder
Published: December 2016

Purpose

Open and distance e-learning (ODeL) practices have substantial contributions to make in achieving societal development goals. The challenge however remains with enhancing skilling, training and educating professionals who will contribute to this progress. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how transformative education and training in global health can be undertaken through ODeL in increasing the quality, quantity and relevance of health professional education and training.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper is based on a descriptive qualitative case study of the International Health and Development Course offered by the University of the Philippines Open University and is thus limited in its scope from other courses in the program.

Findings

Transformative education and training through ODeL has the potential of increasing the quality, quantity and relevance of health professionals training. However more critical assessment of transformative learning outcomes is needed via rigorous methods of objectifying such outcomes. Achieving transformative health education and training requires rigorous engagement in constructivist-oriented experiential learning that allow learners to be accustomed to significant interactions achieved by involvement in problem-based methods accomplished through small group e-tivities in order to demonstrate applicability in the real work context.

Originality/value

The outcome of this paper is relevant to institutions in Asia that offer ODeL-based global health programs through open knowledge systems in order to produce graduates who are more responsive to the evolving health needs amid twenty-first century global health challenges.
Enhancing leadership skills with action learning: a promising way to improve the effectiveness of leadership development
Authors: Belet Daniel
Published: December 2016

Purpose

The paper aims to describe the use of the World Institute for Action Learning method to develop leadership skills of managers and future managers.

Design/methodology/approach

Brief description of the methodology of this version of action learning (AL) based on field experiences.

Findings

AL is an effective tool for the development of leadership skills. It proposes a new learning model, and it opens up new opportunities for future leadership development programs and management education curriculum.

Originality/value

This paper will be of value to organizations considering various approaches to develop the competencies of their managers, leaders and to management institutions looking for ways to improve their leadership education offerings.
Comparing South Korea and Germany’s official development assistance projects in climate protection in Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar and Vietnam
Authors: Bessey Donata , Palumbarit Michelle
Published: December 2016

Purpose

This explorative study aims to compare and analyze the behavior of a traditional and an emerging donor, namely, Germany and South Korea, in the field of climate change-related official development assistance (ODA). It analyzes their ODA projects in 2013 in four Southeast Asian countries severely affected by climate change, namely, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam. It also adapts the existing framework to categorize ODA allocation according to receiving countries’ need and merit and donors’ self-interest.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper first describes both countries’ policies and activities. It then uses a country’s vulnerability to climate change as a measure of its need, its climate change readiness as a measure of its merit and its bilateral trade volume in environmental goods with donor countries as a measure of donors’ self-interest to analyze the allocation of climate-related ODA.

Findings

Results suggest that Korean ODA in the field of climate protection is driven more by receiving countries’ need and merit, but self-interest seems to be important for both donors. In addition, many projects labeled as adaptation or mitigation projects only have a weak link to these goals. There are limitations to the present paper. First, it could only analyze projects in 2013 because there are no earlier project data available in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development’s Creditor Reporting System. Second, because of the simplifying assumptions of the need–merit–self-interest framework, possible other determinants of aid allocation were deliberately ignored. Finally, this explorative study is restricted to four vulnerable countries in Southeast Asia.

Originality/value

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first paper to compare a traditional and an emerging donor’s behavior and to explore the allocation of climate-related ODA using the need–merit–self-interest framework.
Care coordination for adults and older people
Authors: Abendstern Michele , Jasper Rowan , Loynes Nik , Hughes Jane , Sutcliffe Caroline , Challis David
Published: December 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide new insights into the contribution and experiences of non-statutory sector (voluntary) services delivering care coordination.

Design/methodology/approach

This qualitative study, based on face-to-face semi-structured interviews with 17 managers from a range of non-statutory sector services, used thematic data analysis supported by a framework approach.

Findings

Four themes emerged: commissioning arrangements undermined non-statutory sector development; working relationships between statutory and non-statutory services required time and energy to navigate and sustain; the establishment of a niche role in the larger network of provision; and tensions relating to future developments. The non-statutory sector was found to provide a mix of services, including specialist provision targeting specific communities that complemented or substituted for those provided by the state. Managers wanted their services to be recognised by the statutory sector as equal partners in the delivery of care coordination and were also keen to retain their independence.

Practical implications

Findings provide information for service commissioners and managers from statutory and non-statutory sectors indicating a complex set of experiences and views regarding the role of the latter. This is particularly salient in a political landscape which has increasing expectations of their involvement in the provision of care coordination.

Originality/value

This study considers the work of the non-statutory sector in the delivery of care coordination to adults and older people, an area under-reported to date. It suggests that there are opportunities available for these services to become embedded within a wider social care system and to excel by retaining or developing specialist roles and services.
Complexity in programme evaluations and integration studies: what can it tell us?
Authors: Kaehne Axel
Published: December 2016

Purpose

Complexity received increasing attention from researchers in integration and evaluation studies. Complex adaptive systems are the most prominent formulation of complexity used in programme evaluations. However, there remain significant theoretical and conceptual barriers to using complexity as an explanatory model in social sciences, and thus in applying it successfully in integration and evaluation studies. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

Discussion paper outlining the potential uses and risks of complexity theory for studying integration programmes in health and social care and programme evaluations in general. The paper proceeds by synthesising the work of various critics and proponents of complexity theory in the social sciences and evaluation theory.

Findings

Complexity offers opportunities and risks to social scientists working in programme evaluations and integration studies. The opportunities are defined by additional modelling and verification/falsification of possible cause and effect links in programme settings. The risks, on the other hand, are twofold. Social scientists may use complexity as a shorthand for as yet insufficient understanding of the contexts under examination, or they mistake it for an explanatory device without testing its potential to explain. The second risk emerges as a result of the nature of complexity and its role in natural sciences. Assigning complexity an explanatory role may prevent further investigation of a given setting that may reveal that complexity is insufficient to understand what is going on.

Originality/value

Researchers should make clear how they have operationalised and measured the various features of the complexity model to allow robust verification of the evidence. Scholars should also assume that complexity as defined by the natural sciences is philosophically and epistemologically problematic when transferred into the realm of social sciences that largely operate with concepts informed by the paradigm of understanding social behaviour.
Using behavioural economics concepts to increase organizational learning in an NHS hospital
Authors: Schmidtke Kelly Ann , Vlaev Ivo , Baber Karen
Published: December 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to assess whether the dissemination systems that hospitals use to spread information about particular safety incidents can be enhanced using behavioural economics concepts.

Design/methodology/approach

The current service evaluation took place within eight wards in a single acute care hospital. It was conducted as a randomized controlled trial with two groups. In the control group nothing was altered. In the intervention group ward managers received additional support to disseminate information to their nurses. Nurses were randomly selected to be surveyed during their scheduled shifts. The surveys revealed how the nurses learned about particular safety incidents and how many they remembered.

Findings

Nurses in the intervention group were more likely to learn about particular safety incidents than nurses in the control group.

Practical implications

Enhancing common dissemination systems in hospitals can increase organizational learning about safety incidents. The current study presents some means by which dissemination systems can be enhanced.

Originality/value

The current service evaluation is a unique application of behavioural economics concepts to enhance organizational learning of particular adverse safety incidents in an NHS hospital.
Proactive environmental strategy development: from laggard to eco-innovative firms
Authors: Garcés-Ayerbe Concepción , Scarpellini Sabina , Valero-Gil Jesus , Rivera-Torres Pilar
Published: December 2016

Purpose

The environmental management literature has focussed on the analysis of the variety of strategic options with regards to environment protection, without providing an interesting detail of the transformation and change process between the different alternatives. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to study pro-environmental change processes in firms, focussing on the width and the intensity of environmental measures implemented in a three-year period in different areas (productive process, product, management and supply chains).

Design/methodology/approach

Performing a cluster analysis based on a sample of 303 Spanish firms, the study finds four categories of pro-environmental change.

Findings

The comparative analysis of these categories leads the authors to describe the pro-environmental change process as one with four stages that firms can go through. The first pro-environmental stage focusses on process measures. The second stage focusses on the adoption of management measures together with process measures. In the third stage, the firm moves after including measures in the product and in the supply chains. Companies that wish to advance further in this process, reaching the fourth stage of pro-environmental change, do so by increasing the intensity of the different measures adopted in previous stages, and through eco-innovation.

Research limitations/implications

The main contribution of this paper relative to the previous literature is a more detailed vision of the strategic possibilities in environmental protection, providing information about the process of change and about how firms evolve to more advanced environmental strategy stages. Knowledge of this evolution process, little studied in the previous literature, helps us to understand the complexity and strategic significance of adopting environmental protection measures. This knowledge is useful for academics and for public and private managers responsible for designing and developing environmental strategy.

Originality/value

One of the most original findings of this paper points out that it is possible to identify a pattern of environmental change through which firms can evolve. In this change process, firms start by adopting process measures, while they adopt eco-innovation behaviour only in the most advanced stage of environmental proactivity.
Digital technologies and a changing profession
Authors: Plesner Ursula , Raviola Elena
Published: December 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate what role particular new management devices play in the development of the news profession in an organizational setting shifting to new technologies.

Design/methodology/approach

This is studied through of observations of work practices in the newsroom and through documentary research and qualitative interviews with managers, editors, and other professionals.

Findings

It is shown that management devices such as the news table and the news concept are central to the reorganization of news work, as they realize managers’ strategies, just like they produce new practices and power relationships. It is shown that the devices produce increased collaboration among journalists and interaction between managers and output journalists, that mundane work and power is delegated to technological devices and that news products are increasingly standardized.

Practical implications

The wider implications of these findings seem to be a change in the journalistic profession: TV news journalism is becoming less individualistic and more collective and professionalism becomes a matter of understanding and realizing the news organization’s strategy, rather than following a more individual agenda.

Originality/value

The paper’s originality lies in showing that profession and management are not opposed to each other, but can be seen as a continuum on which journalistic and managerial tasks become intertwined. This is in contrast to previous research on news work. Furthermore, the paper’s focus on devices opens up for conceptualizing power in the newsroom as distributed across a network of people and things, rather executed by managers alone.
Inherent Fluorescence Detection of Latent Fingermarks by Homemade Shortwave Ultraviolet Laser
Authors: Cai Nengbin , Zou Yun , Almog Joseph , Wang Guiqiang , Mi Zhongliang
Published: December 2016

Detection of latent fingermarks on various substrates is critical in crime investigations. Conventional chemical methods using reagents could contaminate or even destruct biological information of samples. Here, an optical method and successful case application of detecting latent fingermarks through long‐wave ultraviolet (UV) fluorescence (300–400 nm) by shortwave UV laser excitation is reported. Experimental results indicate that the recovery rate of the latent fingermarks on various paper items is in the range of 70–80% without chemical treatments. Moreover, the optical method allows for the preservation of samples for further examination, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. The technique has also been successfully applied to a criminal case in identifying the suspect, which, to the best of our knowledge, has never been reported in real crime investigations. Therefore, such a method as UV‐excited UV fluorescence in detecting latent fingermarks may be better for examination in cases where biological information of samples is needed for consequent testing.
Inferring the Number of Contributors to Complex DNA Mixtures Using Three Methods: Exploring the Limits of Low‐Template DNA Interpretation
Authors: Alfonse Lauren E. , Tejada Genesis , Swaminathan Harish , Lun Desmond S. , Grgicak Catherine M.
Published: December 2016

In forensic DNA casework, the interpretation of an evidentiary profile may be dependent upon the assumption on the number of individuals from whom the evidence arose. Three methods of inferring the number of contributors—NOCIt, maximum likelihood estimator, and maximum allele count, were evaluated using 100 test samples consisting of one to five contributors and 0.5–0.016 ng template DNA amplified with Identifiler® Plus and PowerPlex® 16 HS. Results indicate that NOCIt was the most accurate method of the three, requiring 0.07 ng template DNA from any one contributor to consistently estimate the true number of contributors. Additionally, NOCIt returned repeatable results for 91% of samples analyzed in quintuplicate, while 50 single‐source standards proved sufficient to calibrate the software. The data indicate that computational methods that employ a quantitative, probabilistic approach provide improved accuracy and additional pertinent information such as the uncertainty associated with the inferred number of contributors.
Forensic Comparison of Soil Samples Using Nondestructive Elemental Analysis
Authors: Uitdehaag Stefan , Wiarda Wim , Donders Timme , Kuiper Irene
Published: December 2016

Soil can play an important role in forensic cases in linking suspects or objects to a crime scene by comparing samples from the crime scene with samples derived from items. This study uses an adapted ED‐XRF analysis (sieving instead of grinding to prevent destruction of microfossils) to produce elemental composition data of 20 elements. Different data processing techniques and statistical distances were evaluated using data from 50 samples and the log‐LR cost (Cllr). The best performing combination, Canberra distance, relative data, and square root values, is used to construct a discriminative model. Examples of the spatial resolution of the method in crime scenes are shown for three locations, and sampling strategy is discussed. Twelve test cases were analyzed, and results showed that the method is applicable. The study shows how the combination of an analysis technique, a database, and a discriminative model can be used to compare multiple soil samples quickly.
Alcohol and cancer—individual risk factors
Authors: Seitz Helmut K.
Published: December 2016

Commentary to: Alcohol consumption as a cause of cancer
Follow‐up to determine unplanned hospitalization and complications after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
Authors: Chan Edwina , Neeman Teresa , Thomson Andrew
Published: December 2016

Background

Studies of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)‐related complications are inconsistent and sometimes have insufficient patient follow‐up. The aim of this study was to investigate risk factors for ERCP‐related events, leading to hospitalization in the case of outpatients and prolonged hospital stay in the case of inpatients, using assiduous follow‐up and contemporaneous recording of data.

Methods

Prospectively collected data of 1000 consecutive ERCP procedures performed by a single endoscopist at a tertiary referral centre in Canberra, Australia, were studied and the complications evaluated. Intense short‐term follow‐up with same evening and next day phone calls/consultations was undertaken with contemporaneous recording of indications, results and complications.

Results

Of 1000 procedures, 87 patients required unplanned hospitalization or prolongation of hospital stay. Risk factors for prolonged hospital stay included unusual indication (odds ratio (OR): 3.26, confidence interval (CI): 1.36–7.79, P = 0.008), age <50 (OR: 2.05, CI: 1.30–3.23, P = 0.002), procedure time >30 min (OR: 1.85, CI: 1.17–2.94, P = 0.009), being an outpatient (OR: 1.78, CI: 1.13–2.81, P = 0.012), inability to access the bile duct (OR: 1.98, CI: 1.03–3.82, P = 0.038) and placement of a pancreatic stent (OR: 1.93, CI: 1.08–3.45, P = 0.025). Of these, all but procedure time and placement of a pancreatic stent were risk factors if multivariate analysis was used. A total of 26 patients (30% of those with unplanned hospitalization) developed self‐limiting pain without apparent complications.

Conclusions

Both patient‐related and procedure‐related factors are important risk factors for determining the likelihood of unplanned post‐ERCP hospitalization. There are a significant number of patients who experience self‐limiting pain following ERCP, without evidence of recognized complications.
From scratch: developing a hepatic resection service for metastatic colorectal cancer
Authors: Wylie Neil , Hider Phillip , Armstrong Delwyn , Rajkomar Kheman , Srinivasa Sanket , Rodgers Michael , Brown Anna , Koea Jonathan
Published: December 2016

Background

Waitemata District Health Board has New Zealand's largest catchment and busiest colorectal unit. The upper gastrointestinal unit was established in 2005, in part to provide a hepatic resection service for patients with colorectal carcinoma metastatic to the liver. The aim of this investigation was to report on quality indicators for the hepatic resection of colorectal carcinoma in the development of a regional resection service.

Methods

Prospectively collected data on patients undergoing hepatic resection for colorectal carcinoma between 2005 and 2014 was reviewed and correlated with costing data and national hepatic resection rates.

Results

A total of 123 patients underwent 138 hepatic resections for metastatic colorectal cancer with a median hospital stay of 8 days (range 4–37 days), a zero 30‐day mortality and a median cost of NZ$21 374 for minor hepatectomy and NZ$43 133 for major hepatectomy. Actuarial 5‐year disease‐free survival was 44%, with 28 patients alive and disease free at 5 years post‐resection. Median overall survival was not reached. Review of national hepatic resection rates indicate that Waitemata District Health Board performs one sixth of all hepatic resections in New Zealand and that this treatment modality may be underutilized in the management of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.

Conclusion

A regional hepatic resection centre for colorectal metastases can be established in areas of population need and can provide a high‐quality, cost‐effective service.
Frequency and cost of acute surgical admissions in over‐anticoagulated patients: over‐anticoagulation in the community
Authors: Nimmo Moea , Armstrong Delwyn , Koea Jonathan B.
Published: December 2016

Background

Anticoagulation treatment in the community is common. This investigation was undertaken to determine the frequency of patient surgical admission with conditions associated with over‐anticoagulation in the community and the surgical resource required to effectively and safely manage these patients acutely.

Methods

Hospital discharge data on individual patients admitted to Waitemata District Health Board hospitals between December 2014 and November 2015 inclusive were reviewed. Data were extracted on individual patients with relevant ICD‐10 codes (D683, Y442, Y443). Individual records for patients admitted to general surgery were then reviewed and costing information related to admissions extracted.

Results

A total of 551 patients were admitted in a 12‐month period (4.8 admissions/1000 warfarin users and 2.4 admissions/1000 dabigatran users) for conditions associated with over‐anticoagulation, with 35 admitted to the general surgery service, of whom 29 were taking warfarin and six taking dabigatran. A total of 21 patients were admitted with haemorrhagic conditions, and 14 over‐anticoagulated patients were admitted with general surgical conditions requiring treatment. All patients were managed by withholding anticoagulant medication, 12 required formal reversal, three required red cell transfusion and four haemostatic procedures. The average hospital stay was 4 days, with inpatient costs of NZ$3500.

Conclusion

Management of patients admitted with over‐anticoagulation in the community is a significant surgical workload; however, acute management is usually straightforward.
In situ carcinoma in a hybrid cyst: a case report
Authors: Başak Kayhan , Başak Pınar Y.
Published: December 2016

Follicular hybrid cysts including two or more components of the epithelial skin adnexa are very rare. The epithelial lining of hybrid cysts varies, and either contains epidermis, and trichilemmal squamous epithelium, or other epithelia of the skin adnexa. Hybrid cysts may also be associated with neoplasia, such as in situ carcinoma, Bowen's disease and squamous cell carcinoma. A 37‐year‐old female was complaining of a cyst on her scalp. The unilocular cystic lesion was lined with markedly atypical squamous cells with trichilemmal differentiation. Marked nuclear and cytological atypia, pleomorphism, numerous mitotic figures and atypical mitosis was detected in the squamous epithelium. The epithelium of the cyst was also composed of ductal structures lined with cuboidal epithelium. Immunohistochemical staining was positive for cytokeratin 7 (CK7) in both squamous and glandular epithelium. Luminal staining was shown by carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), although gross cystic disease fluid protein‐15 (GCDFP‐15) was negative in the glandular epithelium. In addition, p16 tumor suppressor gene was strongly positive in both the squamous and glandular epithelium. Overall, the unique cystic lesion reported contained pilar squamous epithelium with in situ carcinoma and eccrine ductal structures, which was interpreted as a hybrid cyst composed of in situ trichilemmal carcinoma and a ductal eccrine component.
Pastoralism and Land‐Tenure Change in Kenya: The Failure of Customary Institutions
Authors: Greiner Clemens
Published: December 2016

Until recently, the Pokot in the highlands of the Baringo area in Kenya have practised semi‐nomadic pastoralism. Today they are rapidly sedentarizing and in many areas suitable for farming, they are adopting rain‐fed agriculture. As a result of these dynamics, claims to individual property on de facto communal rangelands have arisen, and to such an extent that they seriously threaten the peace of the community. This article explores the conflicts that emerge in the transition from common property to private tenure. Using locally prominent land disputes as exemplary cases, it focuses on the role of traditional gerontocratic authorities in the attempt to resolve a growing number of land disputes; on the emerging power of patrilineal clans and local elites in the enforcement of access to land; and on the incompetence of government agencies to intervene. The failure of customary institutions to ensure land tenure security leads to a situation in which women and marginalized actors in particular are threatened with displacement, and in which most local actors want the state to intervene and establish formal property rights.
Persons and Properties: A Sartrean Perspective on Love's Object
Authors: Foster Gary
Published: December 2016

It is often said that to love someone we must love her for her own sake. But what does this mean? Various answers have been offered up by philosophers. Alan Soble's ‘aggregate’ view of identity focuses on properties of the beloved as key to understanding love's basis and, in a less direct way, its object. This view does not give us a clear distinction between persons and properties. David Velleman's view makes this distinction more clearly but creates a gap between properties and personhood. Jean‐Paul Sartre's view which emphasizes embodiment, addresses the main deficiencies of both of these former views.
An alternative explanation for global trends in thermal tolerance
Authors: Payne Nicholas L. , Smith James A.
Published: December 2016

Ectotherms from higher latitudes can generally perform over broader temperature ranges than tropical ectotherms. This pattern is thought to reflect trends in temperature variability: tropical ectotherms evolve to be ‘thermal specialists’ because their environment is thermally stable. However, the tropics are also hotter, and most physiological rates increase exponentially with temperature. Using a dataset spanning diverse ectotherms, we show that the temperature ranges ectotherms tolerate (the difference between lower and upper critical temperatures, and between optimum and upper critical temperatures) generally represents the same range of equivalent biological rates (e.g. metabolism) for cool‐ and warm‐adapted species, and independent of latitude or elevation. This suggests that geographical trends in temperature variability may not be the ultimate mechanism underlying latitudinal and elevational trends in thermal tolerance. Rather, we propose that tropical ectotherms can perform over a narrower range of temperatures than species from higher latitudes because the tropics are hotter.
Identifying applicants suitable to a career in nursing: a value‐based approach to undergraduate selection
Authors: Traynor Marian , Galanouli Despina , Roberts Martin , Leonard Lawrence , Gale Thomas
Published: December 2016

Aims

The aim of this study was to complement existing evidence on the suitability of Multiple Mini Interviews as a potential tool for the selection of nursing candidates on to a BSc (Hons) nursing programme.

Background

This study aimed to trial the Multiple Mini Interview approach to recruitment with a group of first year nursing students (already selected using traditional interviews).

Design

Cross‐sectional validation study. This paper reports on the evaluation of the participants’ detailed scores from the Multiple Mini Interview stations; their original interview scores and their end of year results.

Methods

This study took place in March 2015. Scores from the seven Multiple Mini Interview stations were analysed to show the internal structure, reliability and generalizability of the stations. Original selection scores from interviews and in‐course assessment were correlated with the MMI scores and variation by students’ age, gender and disability status was explored.

Results

Reliability of the Multiple Mini Interview score was moderate (G = 0·52). The Multiple Mini Interview score provided better differentiation between more able students than did the original interview score but neither score was correlated with the module results. Multiple Mini Interview scores were positively associated with students’ age but not their gender or disability status.

Conclusion

The Multiple Mini Interview reported in this study offers a selection process that is based on the values and personal attributes regarded as desirable for a career in nursing and does not necessarily predict academic success. Its moderate reliability indicates the need for further improvement but it is capable of discriminating between candidates and shows little evidence of bias.
Negotiated safety – components, context and use: an integrative literature review
Authors: Leblanc Natalie M. , Mitchell Jason W. , De Santis Joseph P.
Published: December 2016

Aim

The aim of this study was to examine the components and use of negotiated safety in the context of HIV prevention and to identify reported factors associated with the concept.

Background

There is an emerging interest in dyadic approaches to address HIV transmission. Although there are theoretical foundations for how interpersonal relationships influence individual behaviour, how these dyadic processes influence on health is still not wholly understood.

Design

Integrative review of empirical and theoretical literature.

Data sources

The Cumulative Index for Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) MEDLINE and PsychINFO electronic databases were accessed.

Review methods

Articles were read to gain a historical context of the term and identify varying interpretations of the concept. Factors warranting consideration in association with NS were identified and clinical and public health implications were noted.

Results

Forty‐eight studies were reviewed. Negotiated safety included the following components: (i) HIV sero‐negative concordant men within a primary relationship; (ii) joint HIV screening and mutual disclosure of their HIV status; (iii) explicit relationship boundaries which establish either nonexclusively that allows for the dispensing of condoms within the primary relationship and consistent condom use for extra‐dyadic sex; or dispensing of condoms within a primary partnership and exclusivity; and (iv) a breach clause that allows communication to re‐establish the agreement if needed.

Conclusion

Negotiated safety is a prescriptive approach to HIV risk reduction among couples. Researchers and practitioners could benefit from promoting this approach to HIV prevention.
Let's Be Clear(er) about Substitution: A Reporting Framework to Account for Product Displacement in Life Cycle Assessment
Authors: Vadenbo Carl , Hellweg Stefanie , Astrup Thomas Fruergaard
Published: December 2016

The multifunctional character of resource recovery in waste management systems is commonly addressed through system expansion/substitution in life cycle assessment (LCA). Avoided burdens credited based on expected displacement of other product systems can dominate the overall results, making the underlying assumptions particularly important for the interpretation and recommendations. Substitution modeling, however, is often poorly motivated or inadequately described, which limits the utility and comparability of such LCA studies. The aim of this study is therefore to provide a structure for the systematic reporting of information and assumptions expected to contribute to the substitution potential in order to make substitution modeling and the results thereof more transparent and interpretable. We propose a reporting framework that can also support the systematic estimation of substitution potentials related to resource recovery. Key components of the framework include waste‐specific (physical) resource potential, recovery efficiency, and displacement rate. End‐use–specific displacement rates can be derived as the product of the relative functionality (substitutability) of the recovered resources compared to potentially displaced products and the expected change in consumption of competing products. Substitutability can be determined based on technical functionality and can include additional constraints. The case of anaerobic digestion of organic household waste illustrates its application. The proposed framework enables well‐motivated substitution potentials to be accounted for, regardless of the chosen approach, and improves the reproducibility of comparative LCA studies of resource recovery.
Hepatitis C virus genotype 4: Genotype 1's little brother
Authors: Llaneras J. , Riveiro‐Barciela M. , Buti M. , Esteban R.
Published: December 2016

Treatment for hepatitis C virus genotype 4 infection has undergone a major advance over the past 5 years with the emergence of direct‐acting antiviral agents. Previously, genotype 4 treatment had been limited to the combination of pegylated interferon and ribavirin, with low rates of sustained virological response. The combinations of new direct‐acting agents have resulted in a radical improvement in hepatitis C therapy. Much of the currently available efficacy and safety information in the treatment of genotype 4 has been extrapolated through the results of genotype 1. In this report, we review the efficacy and safety data obtained in recent studies focusing on genotype 4 patients, including special populations, such as those with decompensated cirrhosis.
Unparalleled replacement of native mitochondrial genes by foreign homologs in a holoparasitic plant
Authors: Sanchez‐Puerta M. Virginia , García Laura E. , Wohlfeiler Josefina , Ceriotti Luis F.
Published: December 2016

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) among flowering plant mitochondria occurs frequently and, in most cases, leads to nonfunctional transgenes in the recipient genome. Parasitic plants are particularly prone to this phenomenon, but their mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA) have been largely unexplored.

We undertook a large‐scale mitochondrial genomic study of the holoparasitic plant Lophophytum mirabile (Balanophoraceae). Comprehensive phylogenetic analyses were performed to address the frequency, origin, and impact of HGT.

The sequencing of the complete mtDNA of L. mirabile revealed the unprecedented acquisition of host‐derived mitochondrial genes, representing 80% of the protein‐coding gene content. All but two of these foreign genes replaced the native homologs and are probably functional in energy metabolism. The genome consists of 54 circular‐mapping chromosomes, 25 of which carry no intact genes.

The likely functional replacement of up to 26 genes in L. mirabile represents a stunning example of the potential effect of rampant HGT on plant mitochondria. The use of host‐derived genes may have a positive effect on the host–parasite relationship, but could also be the result of nonadaptive forces.
The Effect of Nanoparticle Functionalization on Lubrication Performance of Nanofluids Dispersing Silica Nanoparticles in an Ionic Liquid
Authors: Yegin Cengiz , Lu Wei , Kheireddin Bassem , Zhang Ming , Li Peng , Min Younjin , Sue Hung-Jue , Murat Sari Mufrettin , Akbulut Mustafa
Published: December 2016

Recently, ionic liquids (ILs) have received an increasing attention as lubricants owing to their intriguing properties such as tunable viscosity, high thermal stability, low emissions, nonflammability, and corrosion resistance. In this work, we investigate how the incorporation of octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) functionalized silica nanoparticles (NPs) in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (trifluoromethysulfony)imide influences the tribological properties and rheological properties of IL under boundary lubrication and elastohydrodynamic conditions, respectively. It was found that the coefficient of friction was depended on the concentration of NPs in IL with a concave upward functional trend with a minimum at 0.05 wt.% for bare silica NPs and at 0.10 wt.% for OTS-functionalized silica NPs. For steel–steel sliding contact, the presence of functionalized NPs in IL at the optimum concentration decreased the coefficient of friction by 37% compared to IL and 17% compared to IL with bare silica NPs. While IL with bare NPs demonstrated a shear thinning behavior for all concentrations, IL with functionalized NPs showed a Newtonian behavior at low concentrations and shear thinning behavior at high concentrations. Overall, this study provides new insights into the antifriction and antiwear additives for lubrication systems involving ILs.
Dynamic Analysis of the Crank Train in a Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Using a Lumped Parameter Method
Authors: Zhang X. Y. , Guo J. , Wenping Zhang
Published: December 2016

The kinematic and dynamic behaviors of the crank train in a single cylinder diesel engine are analyzed in the paper. The crank train mechanism consists of four parts: a crank without counterweight, a connecting rod, a piston associated with a cylinder and two stops at both ends of a stroke. The dynamic model is developed using a lumped parameter method. The inertia of mass or moment are considered by an equivalent treatment in the centers of the piston pin, the crank pin, the main journal, respectively. The longitudinal deformations of the connecting rod are simulated by spring-damping elements, as well as the angular and bending deformations of the crank. As a result, it was possible to predict the effects of the component inertia of mass or moment and stiffness on the internal force and rotating speed of the crank under the cylinder pressure.