bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efforts to Resolve Juvenile Delinquency in Serang (A Case study in SMKN 5, SMK PGRI I, and SMK PGRI 3, Serang)
Authors: SN H. HASANUDIN
Published: April 2016

The purpose of the research is to discover and to analyze the cause of juvenile delinquency, school’s role in order to overcome the issue, and the efforts performed to resolve the issue in three vocational high schools in Serang. Qualitative method is used in order to comprehend the regular state of the objects through placing the researcher as the key instrument. The data collection is done through purposive and snowball technique, a technique done through triangulating, where the data analysis is inductive, and the findings are emphasized on significance rather than generalization. The findings show that the cause of juvenile delinquency in Serang involves internal and external factors. The internal factor revolves around personality, status and the students’ role in the society. Meanwhile, the external factors are family where the issues lies on the parent’s inability in disciplining their children, the lack of spiritual knowledge, especially Islamic value, and the poor control from the society which is often oblivious of student’s characteristic. The method to resolve juvenile delinquency in Serang concentrates on the curative and preventive precautions as following: reciting the Quran 15 minutes before the first subject of each day begins, conducting a routine group dhikr every Friday night, conducting a religious seminar every month which involves every party, conducting a routine brief lecture after Zuhr pray, whether it is delivered by teacher of the students, as well as da’wah training for students given by the teachers.
ZnO QDs Deposited on Si by Sol-Gel Method: Role of Annealing Temperature on Structural and Optical Properties
Authors: Al-Azawi A. Mohammed , J. Al-Asedy Hayder , Bidin Noriah , N. Abbs. Khaldoon
Published: April 2016

Zinc acetate, propanol, and ethanolamine are used to synthesize ZnO quantum dots (QDs) via the sol–gel method. Spin coating at 220°C is then employed to prepare ZnO thin films consist of QDs. The effects of thermal annealing temperature on the structural and optical properties of the samples are investigated. The prepared QDs are characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). XRD patterns reveal the crystalline nature of samples existing in the hexagonal wurtzite phase. Increasing annealing temperatures bring about changes to the crystal orientation through the c-axis and increase the size of the QDs from ~10 nm to ~22 nm; this increment can be explained by a coarsening mechanism and the Ostwald ripening process. The observed broadening of X-ray peaks confirms the evolution of crystalline phases in the ZnO QDs. Quantitative analysis of size-dependent strain effects is performed through the Williamson-Hall model. The QD mean size estimated from FESEM and XRD displays high consistency. Room-temperature PL peaks of 3.37ev are attributed to the radiative recombination of electrons and holes from the ZnO QDs/Si interface.
Comparisons of Sensor Position for Electrical Capacitance Volume Tomography (Ecvt)
Authors: Ahmad Irfana Kabir , Mukhlisin Muhammad , Basri Hassan
Published: April 2016

Tomography is a technique used to produce true reconstructed images from signal data. This data projection is measured capacitance by numerous sensors located on the surface of the object at different position. Sensitivity matrix with three-dimensional variation, especially in axial (z-axiz) direction are required for imaging a three-dimensional object to differentiate the depth along the sensor length so that the electrical field intensity can be distributed equally all over the three dimension space. In ECVT, when a dielectric material is introduced into the vessel, the variation in the electrical capacitance between all possible combinations of electrodes are measured. These changes are caused by diference in the permittivity of that material. From these capacitance measurements, an image based on the variation of the permittivity of the cross section contents can be obtained. In this study a numerical model using combine COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS v3.5 and MATLAB 2008a for imaging of an object was developed. Three different position of rectangular sensor: 1-sided sensor, 3-sided and U-shape sensor was designed and analyzed. 1-sided sensor displayed comparatively more uniform in both radial and axial direction in the comparisons of sensitivity distribution.
Effectiveness of Queen’s Parenting Program on Psychological Well-Being of Pre-School Children with Neuropsychological/Developmental Learning Disabilities
Authors: Ebrahimi Ali Akbar , Abedi Ahmad , Yarmohammadian Ahmad , Faramarzi Salar
Published: April 2016

The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of the Queen’s Parenting Program on psychological well-being of pre-school children with neuropsychological/developmental learning disability (NDLD). The population included all pre-school children with (NDLD). To conduct the research, using the stratified random sampling, 40 children with inclusion criteria were selected and then randomly put in the experimental and control groups. To collect data, the Wechsler Pre-school and primary Scale Intelligence (WPPSI) and Behavior Rating Inventory for Executive Function-Pre-school (BREIEF-P) for determining the inclusion criteria and the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) for measuring psychological well-being were used. The results of analyzing data using ANCOVA and MANOVA indicated that psychological wellbeing and its dimensions improved significantly in children of the experimental group in comparison with the control group (p<0.05). Therefore, Queen’s program is effective on the psychological wellbeing of children with pre-school children with neuropsychological/developmental learning disability.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Modern Applied Science, Vol. 10, No. 4
Authors: Lee Sunny
Published: April 2016

Reviewer Acknowledgements for Modern Applied Science, Vol. 10, No. 4

 
The Determinants of Mathematics and Statistics Achievement in Higher Education
Authors: Khedhiri Sami
Published: April 2016

This study uses a standard education production function in order to relate student grades in mathematics and statistics to three factors. The first factor includes teaching practice measures and classroom learning environment. The second factor comprises teacher characteristics and class size. The third factor represents student control variables. The statistical analysis which is based on mixed effect modeling of student marks in mathematics and statistics courses shows that incoming skills, classroom learning environment, support to the students and students attitude toward mathematics and statistics are the most significant predictors of achievement in mathematics. However, teaching practices were not found to be crucial for improving mathematics grades.
An Analytical Study on Adoption of Resistive Economy as a Political Strategy in Urban Management and Municipalities (Case Study: Zahedan Municipality)
Authors: Seyedhosseini Seyed Moslem
Published: April 2016

Nowadays, municipalities provide services to more than 70 percent of countries around the world, particularly the developing countries. Nevertheless, the important role of such nongovernmental institutions has not been adequately recognized in realization of resistive economic policies. As a large Iranian city, Zahedan has the capability to become an economic hub in the eastern region of the country due to its unique geographical location. Thus, the municipality of Zahedan can play an invaluable role in achieving such a goal. This paper attempts to discuss the most important challenges facing municipalities, including the municipality of Zahedan in line with fulfillment of the resistive economic policy. These challenges are categorized into four areas including: Laws and regulations, administrational issues, human resources and citizen participation. The methodology is descriptive-analytical. Moreover, the data were analyzed in terms of statistical measures through SPSS. The results indicates that the greatest challenge concerning the faded role of municipalities in the urban economy originates respectively from laws and regulations, administrational issues, human resources and citizen participation.
Influence of Personal and Task Interdependence on Task Conflict and Team Effectiveness
Authors: D'Silva Jeffrey Lawrence , Ortega Adriana , Sulaiman Abdul Hadi
Published: April 2016

Undeniably working in teams are important as tasks are getting more complicated and advanced as a result of globalization and the speedy growth of information and communication technology. This calls for effectiveness from team members to complete all interdependent sub-tasks to ensure that the given tasks achieve its’ desired objectives. During the process of implementing the tasks, teams are poised to face conflicts that may derail the completion of tasks. The focus of this paper is to examine the influence of personality factors and task interdependence on task conflict and team effectiveness. A meta-analysis on past studies was carried out to gather data on the subject matter. The input obtained will be pertinent for future researchers in further understanding the complexities associated with task interdependence and personality on task conflict and team effectiveness.
Selective Conscientious Objection
Authors: Anderson Mark , O’Meara William ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: April 2016

The purpose of this paper is to consider the following three problems:(1) Whether selective conscientious objection is morally reasonable in general; and if so,(2) Whether selective conscientious objection should be recognized as a constitutional right by judicial interpretation; or(3) Whether selective conscientious objection should become part of any new draft law that would be passed by Congress.
Reducing Hepatocyte Injury and Necrosis in Response to Paracetamol Using Noncoding RNAs
Authors: Szkolnicka Dagmara , Lucendo-Villarin Baltasar , Moore Joanna K. , Simpson Kenneth J. , Forbes Stuart J. , Hay David C.
Published: April 2016

The liver performs multiple functions within the human body. It is composed of numerous cell types, which play important roles in organ physiology. Our study centers on the major metabolic cell type of the liver, the hepatocyte, and its susceptibility to damage during drug overdose. In these studies, hepatocytes were generated from a renewable and genetically defined resource. In vitro-derived hepatocytes were extensively profiled and exposed to varying levels of paracetamol and plasma isolated from liver-failure patients, with a view to identifying noncoding microRNAs that could reduce drug- or serum-induced hepatotoxicity. We identified a novel anti-microRNA, which reduced paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity and glutathione depletion. Additionally, we identified a prosurvival role for anti-microRNA-324 following exposure to plasma collected from liver failure patients. We believe that these studies represent an important advance for the field, demonstrating the power of stem cell-derived systems to model human biology “in a dish” and identify novel noncoding microRNAs, which could be translated to the clinic in the future.

Significance

The liver performs vital functions within the human body and is composed of numerous cell types. The major metabolic cell type of the liver, the hepatocyte, is susceptible to damage during drug overdose. In these studies, hepatocytes were generated from a renewable resource and exposed to varying levels of paracetamol, with a view to identifying interventions that could reduce or attenuate drug-induced liver toxicity. A novel noncoding RNA that reduced paracetamol-induced hepatocyte toxicity was identified. These findings may represent an important advance for the field.
Successful application of thrombolysis and angioplasty in case of mechanical aortic valve and coronary graft thrombosis
Authors: Norkienė Ieva , Kažukauskienė Ieva , Samalavičius Robertas , Ručinskas Kęstutis
Published: April 2016

Prosthetic valve thrombosis (PVT) is a rare and fatal complication requiring immediate treatment. Optimal management of the left-sided obstructive PVT is still controversial and depends on patient’s status, estimated risk of surgery, thrombus location and size, and clinician’s experience. We report a  case of a  71-year-old woman, presenting with signs of cardiogenic shock. Transesophageal echoscopy was used to diagnose acute obstructive thrombosis of the  mechanical aortic valve. Concomitant coronary graft thrombosis was suspected due to signs of acute myocardial infarction. Thrombolysis with alteplase and subsequent stenting of the  venous graft lead to successful resolution of the thrombotic lesions and a favourable patient outcome. Fibrinolytic therapy followed by angioplasty is a rational treatment alternative for inoperable or high risk patients in the case of concomitant mechanical valve and graft thrombosis.
FFR guided PCI on long coronary lesions: 2-year clinical results with 2nd or newer generation DES
Authors: Baranauskas Arvydas , Bajoras Vilhelmas , Budrys Povilas , Laucevičius Aleksandras , Davidavičius Giedrius
Published: April 2016

Background. Despite improvements in drug-eluting stent (DES) technology, treatment strategies for long coronary artery lesions remain a controversial issue. The aim of our study was to evaluate the long-term clinical results after FFR guided PCI on long coronary lesions.
Materials and methods. A total of 74 consecutive patients with significant (mean FFR 0.61 ± 0.11) coronary artery lesions ≥30 mm in length were included in the prospective study. All patients were treated with FFR guided PCI implanting newer generation Biolimus, Everolimus or Zotarolimus eluting stents. Clinical endpoints – target vessel revascularization (TVR) and major adverse cardiac events (MACE)  –  were recorded at 1 and 2 years.
Results. 100% angiographic procedure success was achieved, the mean post procedural FFR was 0.88 ± 0.06. At 2-year follow-up, 6 (8.1%) patients had ischemia driven TVR, all within the first 12 months. There were no target vessel related acute coronary syndromes and definite stent thromboses in the study group. At 2 years, the total MACE rate was 29.7%. There was a trend towards a higher TVR rate in patients with overlapping DES vs single DES implanted (9.6 vs 4.5%, p = 0.6). On regression analysis, the total stent length had no influence on the TVR rate.
Conclusions. At 2 years after stenting long coronary lesions with newer generation DES the TVR rate was 8.1%, which is acceptable in the high cardiovascular risk population with diffuse coronary artery disease. The total stent length did not affect the long-term clinical outcomes.
The changes of radiotherapy in Lithuania: infrastructure, utilization rate, and cost
Authors: Mineikytė Ramunė , Janulionis Ernestas , Atkočius Vydmantas , Jaruševičius Laimonas , Plieskienė Aista , Gečas Jonas
Published: April 2016

Background. The aim of this study was to evaluate radiation therapy (RT) productivity, capacity, and cost in Lithuania.
Materials and methods. An electronic questionnaire was prepared and sent to the country’s RT centres. The data was collected for the years 2011–2014. The  early data of the  RT infrastructure was obtained from the QUARTS Project (2001).
Results. In Lithuania the  external beam RT was applied to 32.6% of new cancer cases (non-melanomatous skin cancer and benign conditions were excluded). In 2014, RT was more frequently applied for breast and prostate carcinomas, 23 and 20%, respectively. The country owned 11 units of linear accelerators (linacs) and this accounts for 3.7 linacs per one million population. 3D conformal RT is the  standard approach in all four RT centres in Lithuania. IMRT practices were established in three centers and VMAT or stereotactic RT in two of them. 73% of linacs were capable of IGRT, while only 27% were equipped with CBCT. The average linac workload was 567 patients per year and showed a 10% decrease compared with the 2011 data. During a ten-year period, the average cost per patient for RT treatment increased 7.6 times – from EUR 129 to 974. The reimbursement system in Lithuania is not favourable for application of RT.
Conclusions. During the recent thirteen years, RT services in Lithuania have dramatically improved, but we are still behind the average of European countries and benchmark rates. It is important to continue optimising the efficiency of RT services, and further evidence-based studies on RT infrastructure assessment and planning are needed.
Response preparation and intra-individual reaction time variability in schizophrenia
Authors: Dankinas Denisas , Mėlynytė Sigita , Šiurkutė Aldona , Dapšys Kastytis
Published: April 2016

Background. It is important to prepare response in advance to increase the efficiency of its execution. The process of response preparation is usually studied using the precueing paradigm. In this paradigm subjects have to employ the preceding information about further imperative stimulus to perform proper response preparation, which shortens the reaction time of subsequent response execution. Previous studies detected the impairment of response preparation in schizophrenia only with the help of electroencephalographic parameters, but not with the assessing of reaction time. Therefore, in this study we attempted to find a behavioural parameter that could detect impairment in response preparation of schizophrenia patients. It was recently found that appropriate response preparation not only shortens the reaction time but also increases its stability, which is measured with the intra-individual reaction time variability. It was also revealed that response stability could better find cognitive dysfunction in some studies of schizophrenia disorder than classical behavioural parameters. Hence, the main goal of this study was to verify if intra-individual reaction time variability could detect the impairment of response preparation in schizophrenia patients.
Materials and methods. In order to achieve the main purpose, we carried out a study with 14 schizophrenia patients and 14 control group subjects. We used precueing paradigm in our research, in which participants had to employ information about stimulus probability for the  proper response preparation.
Results. Our main result showed that despite the  responses of schizophrenia patients were faster to the  high-probability stimulus than to the low-probability one (F (1, 13) = 30.9, p
“She isn’t Someone I Associate with Pension”—a Vignette Study of Professional Reasoning
Authors: Møller Marie Østergaard
Published: April 2016

What drives frontline workers’ categorization of clients in rule-based settings with a large room for discretion? The literature on street-level bureaucracy offers a structural description of discretion that emphasizes working conditions, policy goals, personal preferences, client pressure and professional norms. However, in order to explain why frontline workers with the same room for discretion categorize clients differently, a theory of an epistemic understanding of discretion may contribute to this literature. Based on a vignette study of 24 interviews with Danish caseworkers, the analysis shows how professional reasoning, rules, and social stereotypes inform categorization and discretion. The findings indicate that caseworkers’ categorizations of clients are less responsive to clients’ needs and more sensitive to administrative reasoning when clients are associated with stereotypes of need. In addition, the analysis contributes to the theory of categorization and discretion in lower levels of government Keywords: Categorization, discretion, professionalism, stereotypes of need
A meta‐analysis of predictors of bullying and victimisation in adolescence
Authors: Kljakovic Moja , Hunt Caroline
Published: April 2016

Bullying is common and harms all involved, yet there is no clarity regarding factors that influence bullying and victimisation for adolescent samples. This meta‐analysis aims to synthesise the literature and identify reliable risk and protective factors to adolescent bullying and victimisation. A systematic search of the literature using databases; PsycINFO and Scopus, was undertaken to identify relevant publications from 1985 until July 2014. Inclusion criteria included longitudinal data, an adolescent sample and a focus on predictive factors of bullying or victimisation. From 4698 articles identified, 18 were included. Four predictors of victimisation (prior victimisation, conduct problems, social problems and internalising problems) and four predictors of bullying (conduct problems, social problems, school problems and age) were identified. The literature provides little consistency in predictors assessed and replication is needed for clarification, however, social problems and conduct problems are consistent risk factors and a potential focus for future interventions.
Socialization of emotion regulation strategies through friends
Authors: Reindl Marion , Gniewosz Burkhard , Reinders Heinz
Published: April 2016

This study examines the effects of best friends' emotion regulation strategies (regarding the emotions anger, fear, and sadness) on the development of adolescents' emotion regulation strategies and subsequent depressive symptoms. Based on a two‐wave longitudinal sample of 238 German adolescents, true change analyses showed positive effects of best friends' adaptive strategies (T1) on the change of adolescents' adaptive strategies (T2 − T1) for anger and fear. Best friends' adaptive strategies (T1) indirectly influence the development of maladaptive strategies (T2 − T1) through the change of adaptive strategies (T2 − T1) and, in turn, the development of depressive symptoms (T2 − T1; two‐step mediation). Best friends' adaptive strategies for sadness did not have an effect on adolescents' adaptive strategies. In contrast to adaptive strategies, none of the friends' maladaptive strategies affected adolescents' maladaptive strategies. The results are discussed in terms of peer influences on the development of emotion regulation strategies and psychosocial adjustment.
The validity and reliability of the diagnosis of hyperkinetic disorders in the Danish Psychiatric Central Research Registry
Authors: Mohr-Jensen C. , Vinkel Koch S. , Briciet Lauritsen M. , Steinhausen H.-C.
Published: April 2016

Objective

To validate the diagnosis of hyperkinetic disorders (HD) in the Danish Psychiatric Central Research Registry (DPCRR) for children and adolescents aged 4 to 15 given in the years 1995 to 2005.

Method

From a total of 4568 participants, a representative random subsample of n = 387 patients were used to validate the diagnosis. Patient files were systematically scored for the presence of ICD-10 criteria for HD and oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder (ODD/CD; F91). Further to this, an inter-rater reliability study was also conducted, whereby two experienced child and adolescent psychiatrists who were blind to patients discharge diagnoses, rated a random subsample of n = 101 participants.

Results

Information was available for 372 out of 387 patients. Out of n = 372 available files, n = 324 (86.8%) were evaluated to fulfil diagnostic criteria for HD. Due to missing information it was not possible to reach a conclusion for 5.1% of the cases, 3.8% of the diagnoses were registration errors, and in 4.3% of the files the diagnosis had to be rejected. Inter-rater agreement was high (κ = 0.83, z = 10.9, P < .001). The validity of hyperkinetic disorders, unspecified (F90.9) was lower and comorbid CD/ODD were under-diagnosed in the sample. All participants fulfilling HD criteria also fulfilled DSM-5-criteria for ADHD.

Conclusion

The risk of misclassification of patients with HD in the DPCRR is relatively low, with the exception of the diagnosis of hyperkinetic disorders, unspecified (F90.9).
Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Lung Cancer
Authors: Wang Hongmei , Liu Xin , Rice Shawn J. , Belani Chandra P.
Published: April 2016

Lung cancer remains a challenging disease with high morbidity and mortality despite targeted therapy. Symptom burden related to cancer impairs quality of life and functional status in patients with lung cancer and in survivors. Pulmonary rehabilitation has been recognized as an effective, noninvasive intervention for patients with chronic respiratory disease. It is well established that pulmonary rehabilitation benefits patients with chronic obstruction pulmonary disease through improved exercise capacity and symptoms. Evidence is increasing that the benefit of pulmonary rehabilitation can be applied to patients with lung cancer. Comprehensive pulmonary rehabilitation has made its way as a cornerstone of integrated care for patients with lung cancer.

Level of Evidence

V
Pain Reduction and Repeat Injections After Transforaminal Epidural Injection With Particulate Versus Nonparticulate Steroid for the Treatment of Chronic Painful Lumbosacral Radiculopathy
Authors: McCormick Zachary L. , Cushman Daniel , Marshall Benjamin , Caldwell Mary , Patel Jaymin , Ghannad Leda , Eng Christine , Makovitch Steven , Babu Ashwin , Chu Samuel K. , Marciniak Christina , Walega David R. , Press Joel , Plastaras Christopher , Kennedy David J.
Published: April 2016

Background

The corticosteroid choice for a lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injection (TFESI) remains controversial. Whether to utilize particulate or nonparticulate steroid preparations for these injections remains an unanswered question in the literature.

Objective

To determine if a particulate or nonparticulate steroid is more effective in the treatment of electromyography (EMG)‐confirmed lumbosacral radiculopathy.

Design

Multicenter retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Two tertiary academic spine centers.

Patients

Consecutive patients, aged 18 years or older, with EMG‐confirmed lumbosacral radiculopathy.

Interventions

TFESI with a particulate or nonparticulate steroid to treat radicular pain within 6 months of EMG.

Main Outcome Measures

The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with ≥50% pain reduction on the numerical rating scale after TFESI. Secondary outcomes included mean numerical rating scale score reduction and number of repeat TFESIs. Short‐term (<30 days) and intermediate (≥30 days) outcomes were compared between patients who received a TFESI with a particulate versus nonparticulate steroid.

Results

Seventy‐eight patients, with an age ± standard deviation of 56 ± 16 years and a mean symptom duration of 49 ± 71 months, were included. Forty‐one patients (52%) received dexamethasone, 23 (30%) received triamcinolone, and 14 (18%) received betamethasone. There was no statistically significant difference in the proportion of patients who reported ≥50% pain reduction between the particulate and nonparticulate groups at short‐term follow‐up (35%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 21‐51 versus 28%; 95% CI, 13‐43) or at intermediate follow‐up (40%; 95% CI, 21‐59 versus 39%; 95% CI, 19‐59). There was no difference in the mean number of injections administered between groups at intermediate follow‐up (P = .26).

Conclusions

This study demonstrates no significant differences in pain reduction or the number of repeat injections with particulate compared with nonparticulate transforaminal epidural steroid injection in patients with EMG‐confirmed painful lumbosacral radiculopathy. These findings suggest a new population for whom nonparticulate steroid appears to be an appropriate first‐line therapy, although confirmation with a randomized study is needed.

Level of Evidence

III
PRICING IN REINSURANCE BARGAINING WITH COMONOTONIC ADDITIVE UTILITY FUNCTIONS
Authors: Boonen Tim J. , Tan Ken Seng , Zhuang Sheng Chao
Published: April 2016

Optimal reinsurance indemnities have widely been studied in the literature, yet the bargaining for optimal prices has remained relatively unexplored. Therefore, the key objective of this paper is to analyze the price of reinsurance contracts. We use a novel way to model the bargaining powers of the insurer and reinsurer, which allows us to generalize the contracts according to the Nash bargaining solution, indifference pricing and the equilibrium contracts. We illustrate these pricing functions by means of inverse-Sshaped distortion functions for the insurer and the Value-at-Risk for the reinsurer.
Preclinical models of atherosclerosis. The future of Hybrid PET/MR technology for the early detection of vulnerable plaque
Authors: Cuadrado Irene , Saura Marta , Castejón Borja , Martin Ana María , Herruzo Irene , Balatsos Nikolaos , Zamorano Jose Luis , Zaragoza Carlos
Published: April 2016

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in developed countries. The aetiology is currently multifactorial, thus making them very difficult to prevent. Preclinical models of atherothrombotic diseases, including vulnerable plaque-associated complications, are now providing significant insights into pathologies like atherosclerosis, and in combination with the most recent advances in new non-invasive imaging technologies, they have become essential tools to evaluate new therapeutic strategies, with which can forecast and prevent plaque rupture. Positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography imaging is currently used for plaque visualisation in clinical and pre-clinical cardiovascular research, albeit with significant limitations. However, the combination of PET and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technologies is still the best option available today, as combined PET/MRI scans provide simultaneous data acquisition together with high quality anatomical information, sensitivity and lower radiation exposure for the patient. The coming years may represent a new era for the implementation of PET/MRI in clinical practice, but first, clinically efficient attenuation correction algorithms and research towards multimodal reagents and safety issues should be validated at the preclinical level.
Educator Perspectives on Indigenous Cultural Content in an Occupational Therapy Curriculum
Authors: Melchert Belinda , Gray Marion , Miller Adrian
Published: April 2016

Health professionals must understand Indigenous perspectives to deliver effective health services. This study set out to determine the amount, type and effectiveness of current Indigenous content in an occupational therapy curriculum at an Australian regional university and the progress in meeting the National Aboriginal Health Strategy (NAHS) minimum standards for Indigenous content for Australian Universities. Twenty-one academic staff teaching at an Australian University were surveyed with five follow-up interviews. Findings suggest that while educators saw the importance of Indigenous cultural content, they lacked confidence in delivering this content. The need for a strategic and planned approach to embedding Indigenous content throughout the curriculum was identified. Future research evaluating the effectiveness of cultural competency initiatives is suggested.
Fia Ola: Grief Recovery Following a Tsunami Disaster in Samoa
Authors: Seiuli Byron Malaela Sotiata , Nikora Linda Waimarie , Te Awekotuku Ngahuia , Hodgetts Darrin
Published: April 2016

Natural disasters provide humanity with a setting in which to examine core dimensions of life. How people respond to and make sense of their experiences due to the ruptures of trauma and devastation remains vital in grief recovery. An earthquake of 8.3 magnitudes on October 29, 2009 triggered a galulolo (tsunami wave) that devastated parts of Samoa, American Samoa, and Tonga. This calamity provided an ideal setting for a case study examination of how those directly impacted recovered from the devastation. In this article, the experiences of one couple in the context of Samoan grieving processes becomes the key focus. Disaster and grieving literature is examined to inform and provide interpretation to their experiences. It is through such an examination that this article seeks to makes an important contribution to understanding the complexities of loss and culturally patterned responses of Samoan people, like this couple, to disaster recovery.
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents and young adults
Authors: Black Lucinda J. , Burrows Sally , Lucas Robyn M. , Marshall Carina E. , Huang Rae-Chi , Chan She Ping-Delfos Wendy , Beilin Lawrence J. , Holt Patrick G. , Hart Prue H. , Oddy Wendy H. , Mori Trevor A.
Published: April 2016

Evidence associating serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations and cardiometabolic risk factors is inconsistent and studies have largely been conducted in adult populations. We examined the prospective associations between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and cardiometabolic risk factors from adolescence to young adulthood in the West Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations, BMI, homoeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), TAG, HDL-cholesterol and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were measured at the 17-year (n 1015) and 20-year (n 1117) follow-ups. Hierarchical linear mixed models with maximum likelihood estimation were used to investigate associations between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and cardiometabolic risk factors, accounting for potential confounders. In males and females, respectively, mean serum 25(OH)D concentrations were 73·6 (sd 28·2) and 75·4 (sd 25·9) nmol/l at 17 years and 70·0 (sd 24·2) and 74·3 (sd 26·2) nmol/l at 20 years. Deseasonalised serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations were inversely associated with BMI (coefficient −0·01; 95 % CI −0·03, −0·003; P=0·014). No change over time was detected in the association for males; for females, the inverse association was stronger at 20 years compared with 17 years. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were inversely associated with log-HOMA-IR (coefficient −0·002; 95 % CI −0·003, −0·001; P<0·001) and positively associated with log-TAG in females (coefficient 0·002; 95 % CI 0·0008, 0·004; P=0·003). These associations did not vary over time. There were no significant associations between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and HDL-cholesterol or SBP. Clinical trials in those with insufficient vitamin D status may be warranted to determine any beneficial effect of vitamin D supplementation on insulin resistance, while monitoring for any deleterious effect on TAG.
‘Realities side by side’: God's patience and Abraham's humanity in Genesis 18:16–33
Authors: Wynne Jeremy J.
Published: April 2016

This paper argues that in Jesus Christ ‘real humanity’ is revealed as a gift of thepatientGod, who gives time and space to creatures. While Karl Barth's work inChurch Dogmatics§30.3 focuses on God's patience as a mode of hisredeemingpresence, §44.3 opens up towards, but leaves undeveloped, aprovidentialmode of patience, in which God constitutes his people by choosing them and giving them all they require to hear his Word and respond in obedience. Recognising God's patience in these distinct modes allows biblical instances of divine–human dialogue to be heard in new and compelling ways. For example, it allows Genesis 18:16–33 to be understood as foregrounding Abraham'sjoyful responsibilityto engage with God, making that event, in all its contingency,thedescription of who Abraham is as real man. In this way, a complete theological anthropology has at its heart God's own perfection of patience.
Enhanced efficiency of femtosecond laser-driven proton generation from a two-species target with heavy atoms
Authors: Domański J. , Badziak J. , Jabłoński S.
Published: April 2016

Using two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations, the properties of a proton beam generated from a thin erbium hydride target irradiated by a 25 fs laser pulse of intensity ranging from 1020 to 1021 W/cm2 are investigated and compared with the features of a proton beam produced from a hydrocarbon (CH) target. It is shown that in case of using the hydride target the mean proton energy and the number of high-energy (>10 MeV) protons as well as the peak proton pulse intensity can be higher by a factor ~10 than the ones obtained from the CH target.
Particle-in-cell simulations of the long proton beam focusing in background plasmas
Authors: Zhang L.-Y. , Zhao X.-Y. , Qi X. , Duan W.-S. , Yang L.
Published: April 2016

A two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation is carried out to study the focusing effects of the long proton beam propagating in background plasmas. It is found that the smooth beam, with the long length and the small density gradient profile, is focused to high density. The sharp beam, with long length and the large density gradient profile, is modulated into many high density and periodic short beam pulses due to the wakefield induced by the beam. In addition, increasing the plasma density and adopting the non-uniform plasmas are the effective ways to reduce the wakefield.
Stopping power of a heterogeneous warm dense matter
Authors: Casas D. , Andreev A.A. , Schnürer M. , Barriga-Carrasco M.D. , Morales R. , González-Gallego L.
Published: April 2016

The stopping power of warm dense matter (WDM) is estimated by means of the individual contributions of free electrons and bound electrons existing in this special kind of matter, located between classical and degenerate plasmas. For free electrons, the dielectric formalism, well described in our studies, is used to estimate the free electron stopping power. For bound electrons, the mean excitation energy of ions is used. Excitation energies are obtained through atomic calculations of the whole atom or, shell by shell in order to estimate their stopping power. Influence of temperature and density is analyzed in case of an impinging projectile. This influence becomes important for low projectile velocities and is negligible for high ones. Using free and bound electron analysis, the stopping power of an extended WDM is inferred from a dynamical calculation of energy transferred from the projectile to the plasma, where the stopping range is calculated. Finally, this theoretical framework is used to study a typical plasma density profile of a WDM heated by lasers.
Numerical simulation of Raman and Brillouin laser-pulse amplification in a magnetized plasma
Authors: Shoucri Magdi
Published: April 2016

We apply an Eulerian Vlasov code to study the amplification of an ultra-short seed pulse via stimulated Raman and Brillouin backscattering of energy from a long pump pulse, assumed at constant amplitude, in a plasma embedded in an external magnetic field. Detailed analysis of the spectra developed during the amplification process are presented, together with the evolution showing the pump depletion, accompanied by the counter-propagating seed-pulse amplification, compression and increased steepness of the waveform. In addition to the problem of the amplification of ultra-short seed pulses, there is an obvious academic interest in the study of problems of amplification of electromagnetic waves observed in many situations in laboratory plasmas and in the magnetosphere and other geophysical situations, such as in the environments of planets, where important variations in the presence and strength of magnetic fields are observed. The numerical code solves a one-dimensional relativistic Vlasov–Maxwell set of equations for a plasma in a magnetic field for both electrons and ions. We also apply the code to the problem of wakefield acceleration. The absence of noise in the Eulerian Vlasov code allows one to follow the evolution of the system with an accurate representation of the phase-space structures of the distribution functions.
Natural Law, Natural Rights, and Classical Liberalism: On Montesquieu's Critique of Hobbes
Authors: Zuckert Michael
Published: April 2016

Montesquieu is not often thought of as a significant natural law thinker. The article on natural law in theInternational Encyclopedia of the Social Sciencesdiscusses many theorists of the natural law, but Montesquieu is not among them. A valuable older survey of natural law theorizing by legal philosopher A. P. d'Entrèves cites the Frenchman but once, as a very minor character in a story with far more significant actors—Thomas Aquinas, Hugo Grotius, even Georg Hegel. A yet more comprehensive survey of the topic,Natural Law and Human Dignity, by French philosopher and social theorist Ernst Bloch, does not mention Montesquieu at all.
Fixing what ain't broke
Authors: Marks Jonathan
Published: April 2016

With its subtitle ‘Prescriptivism and Language History’, Fixing English encompasses two senses of ‘fixing’: firstly, attempting to freeze the language at a particular historical moment and prevent it from changing further and, secondly, attempting to improve it and repair it of its faults and shortcomings.
“Limbic Predilection in Alzheimer Dementia: Is Reactivated Herpesvirus Involved?”
Authors: Ball Melvyn J.
Published: April 2016

In the brains of patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDA T), the quantitatively pathognomonic neuronal lesions (tangles, plaques, granulovacuolar degeneration, Hirano bodies, and nerve cell loss) are predisposed to occur especially within the limbic system. Anatomical and physiological studies indicate that fibres from the trigeminal ganglia innervate meninges and vessels within the middle and anterior cranial fossae, especially in the same subfrontal and mesial temporal regions preferentially afflicted in acute herpes encephalitis. These limbic regions are critical for normal memory processing and recall. Explantation and cocultivation techniques have recently demonstrated Herpes simplex virus in many human trigeminal ganglia, which also reveal a life-long lymphocytic infiltration in the absence of any pathological changes in the sensory neurones. These lymphocytes may represent a histological marker of latent herpes virus, which when reactivating is well-established as the ganglionic source of recurrent herpes labialis. It is suggested that reactivation of the same dormant viral material travelling centripetally instead might be the cause of the “degenerative” lesions typical both of Alzheimer’s Disease and of the normal aged human brain.
The consumption of wild meat in Madagascar: drivers, popularity and food security
Authors: REUTER KIM E. , RANDELL HALEY , WILLS ABIGAIL R. , SEWALL BRENT J.
Published: April 2016

The role of wild meat for subsistence or as a luxury good is debated. We investigated the role of wild meat in food security in Madagascar, where consumption is poorly understood in urban areas and at regional scales. Using semi-structured interviews (n = 1339 heads-of-households, 21 towns), we aimed to: (1) quantify the amount and purpose of, (2) understand the drivers of, and (3) examine changes in wild meat consumption. Few respondents preferred wild meat (8 ± 3%) but most had eaten it at least once in their lifetime (78 ± 7%). Consumption occurred across ethnic groups, in urban and rural settings. More food insecure areas reported higher rates of wild meat consumption in the 6–8 months prior to interviews. Consumption was best explained by individual preferences and taboos. Less than 1% of respondents had increased consumption during their lifetimes. Wild meat prices showed no change from 2005–2013. Most consumption involved wild pigs and smaller-sized animals, though they were consumed less in the years following the 2009 coup. These data illustrate the differences between urban and rural communities, the occasions in which wild meat is used a source of food security, and provide evidence that some taxa are not hunted sustainably in Madagascar.
The Gulf Between Educational Research and Policy: The Example of Direct Instruction and Whole Language
Authors: Hempenstall Kerry
Published: April 2016

The failure of the school system to effectively provide for the basic skill development of each its pupils is of concern to both the general and research communities. It is especially salient for those inclined towards empiricism as there are behavioural approaches to teaching, with excellent research support, which could make a major contribution to the prevention and alleviation of this distressing problem. Unfortunately, the evidence for the effectiveness of such programs is largely ignored by educational decision makers. One example of this group of behaviourally based models is known asdirect instruction. It is contrasted with the currently popular approach to teaching calledwhole language, one with little empirical support and major theoretical weaknesses. The broader issue, examined within the context of this educational problem area, concerns researchers' responsibility for the dissemination and application of their work within the community.
A mathematical model of serious and minor criminal activity
Authors: LACEY A. A. , TSARDAKAS M. N.
Published: April 2016

Using mathematical methods to understand and model crime is a recent idea that has drawn considerable attention from researchers during the last five years. From the plethora of models that have been proposed, perhaps the most successful one has been a diffusion-type differential equations model that describes how the number of criminals evolves in a specific area. We propose a more detailed form of this model that allows for two distinct criminal types associated with major and minor crime. Additionally, we examine a stochastic variant of the model that represents more realistically the ‘generation’ of new criminals. Numerical solutions from both models are presented and compared with actual crime data for the Greater Manchester area. Agreement between simulations and actual data is satisfactory. A preliminary statistical analysis of the data also supports the model's potential to describe crime.
The technosphere: a new concept for urban studies
Authors: OTTER CHRIS
Published: April 2016

According to the United Nations University Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability, ‘cities are responsible for 67% of the total global energy consumption and more than 70% of greenhouse gas emissions and these trends significantly intensify the severity of some of the two great challenges of our time; climate change and energy security’. Moreover, if cities are driving anthropogenic climate change, the effects are felt everywhere on earth, from glaciers to atolls, from oceans to the troposphere. It is no longer simply society that has been, to cite Henri Lefebvre, ‘completely urbanized’. The entire planet and its atmosphere have been subordinated to the metabolic demands of extremely large human settlements.
Descending aortic flow reversal in obstructed total anomalous pulmonary venous connection
Authors: Nair Anupama K. , Radhakrishnan Sitaraman , Iyer Krishna S.
Published: April 2016

In this study, we present the case of a neonate with obstructed infracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous connection with severe pulmonary hypertension and a patent ductus arteriosus with right-to-left shunting. The patient had an unusual finding of pandiastolic flow reversal in the upper descending thoracic aorta. He underwent emergency surgical re-routing of the pulmonary veins to the left atrium, and postoperative echocardiography showed disappearance of the descending aortic flow reversal. We hypothesise that in severely obstructed total anomalous pulmonary venous connection the left ventricular output may be extremely low, resulting in flow reversal in the descending aorta.
Large bilateral adrenal haemorrhages in a newborn with unrepaired cyanotic CHD
Authors: Morgan Lerraughn M. , Austin Erle H. , Holland Brian J.
Published: April 2016

Management of newborns with cyanotic CHD and bilateral adrenal haemorrhages has not previously been described in the literature. These abnormalities present unique challenges due to the potential for haemodynamic instability, need for open heart surgery and associated systemic anticoagulation in the newborn period, and the risk of catastrophic bleeding.