bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
National and International Regulations Governing Transportation and Supply of Primate Animals
Authors: Parsons Richard M.
Published: August 2020

Import and export of primates is controlled by the Endangered Species Act and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Permits are required for all international transactions, and certain primates may not be traded at all for commercial permits.
Reduction of Passive Extension and Radiographic Evidence of Degenerative Knee Joint Diseases in Cage‐Raised and Free‐Ranging Aged Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Kessler Matt J. , Turnquist Jean E. , Pritzker Kenneth P.H. , London William T.
Published: August 2020

The knee joints of aged (⩾ 15 years) rhesus macaques raised and maintained in individual cages were compared with those of formerly free‐ranging monkeys using radiographs and measures of passive joint flexion and extension. Free‐ranging monkeys had a significantly higher prevalence (p < 0.01) and severity (p < 0.0003) of degenerative joint diseases (osteoarthritis and/or pseudogout) based on radiographic findings and significantly (p < 0.02) more restricted passive knee joint extension than caged animals of the same age.
Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta) as a Model For Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Crystal Deposition Disease
Authors: Renlund Richard C. , Pritzker Kenneth P.H. , Cheng Pei‐Tak , Kessler Matt J.
Published: August 2020

Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease (CPDD) was recognized in 4 of 30 free‐ranging rhesus macaques. By means of tissue radiography, focal radiodensities were noted in lumbar intervertebral discs, menisci, and articular cartilage. Crystal deposits were identified as calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (Ca2P2O7·2H2O) by means of X‐ray diffraction. The pathogenesis of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate arthropathy in man remains elusive. However, with the recognition of this arthritis in a well defined population of aged nonhuman primates, a model now exists to facilitate the study of this disease.
Infant Survival and Litter Size in Primigravid and Multigravid Galagos
Authors: Izard M. Kay , Simons Elwyn L.
Published: August 2020

Eighteen years of birth records for three species of Galago at the Duke University Primate Center were examined to determine the effect of gravidity status on neonatal mortality and litter size. Multiparous Galago senegalensis moholi and G crassicaudatus, but not G garnettii, had significantly higher infant survival rates. Gravidity status had no effect on the percentage of multiple births for any of the three species of Galago.
Host Defense Deficiency in Newborn Nonhuman Primate Lungs
Authors: Cheung Anthony T.W. , Kurland Geoffrey , Miller Michael E. , Ford Elizabeth W. , Ayin Susan A. , Walsh Erin M.
Published: August 2020

We have investigated two major aspects of the pulmonary host defense mechanism—alveolar macrophage function as a “first line of bacterial defense” and induced neutrophil migration into the lung as a “back‐up defense.” Chemotactic and phagocytic/killing assays revealed a functional deficiency in the alveolar macrophages of newborn primates. Serial bronchoalveolar lavage investigations revealed diminished neutrophil migration into the newborn primate lung. The overall pulmonary host defense capability in newborn primates was deficient.

The results of this investigation may have direct clinical relevance to the susceptibility of newborns to infections and pneumonia.
Effects of Intravenous Epinephrine on Macaque Platelets
Authors: Beatty Clarissa H. , Baughman William L. , Caruso Valerie , Howard Charles F.
Published: August 2020

Blood was obtained from three species of macaques for a study of platelets. A rapidly mobilizable platelet pool was demonstrated in rhesus macaques given intravenous epinephrine. The number of platelets/ml of blood increased about 30% 3 to 5 min after epinephrine was given. The size distributions of the platelets were similar before and after injection. Platelet aggregability was increased after injection. Basal platelet aggregabilities, as measured by platelet aggregate ratios, were similar in rhesus macaques, Celebes black macaques, and human subjects, but were significantly greater in cynomolgus macaques than in the other three species.
Species of the Genus Papio (Cercopithecidae) as Subjects of Biomedical Research: I. Biological Basis of Experiments on Baboons
Authors: Fridman E.P. , Popova V.N.
Published: August 2020

The paper reviews the use of various baboon species in biomedical research throughout the world.
Occurrence of Spontaneous Diabetes Mellitus in a Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis) and Impaired Glucose Tolerance in Its Descendants
Authors: Yasuda Mitsuya , Takaoka Masaya , Fujiwara Toshibiko , Mori Masahiro
Published: August 2020

Spontaneous diabetes mellitus was diagnosed in a cynomolgus monkey. Clinical and pathological features, such as abnormal glucose tolerance, loss of insuin response, or degeneration of pancreatic β‐cells, resemble human noninsulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus. Two descendants of the monkey have developed impaired glucose tolerance and insulin response. Genetic factors seem involved in the appearance of carbohydrate intolerance in this family group of monkeys.
A Positive Wave at the J‐Point of Electrocardiograms of Anaesthetized Baboons (Papio ursinus)
Authors: Hugo N. , Dormehl Irene C. , van Gelder A.L.
Published: August 2020

Electrocardiograms were performed on 50 anaesthetized baboons (Papio ursinus). A positive deflection, referred to by us as the H‐wave, consistently occurs at the junction between the QRS complex and the S‐T segment. The significance of this deflection at the J‐point, as the junction is known, is still to be established; however, characterization of the H‐wave regarding amplitude and position with respect to the R‐wave is done.
Duke University Primate Center
Authors: Izard M.K.
Published: August 2020

The Duke University Primate Center houses the world's largest collection of prosimian primates. The Center is a research resource for undergraduate and graduate students, as well as faculty from Duke University and other U.S. and international universities. Researchers have access to the animals for noninvasive studies, to a large collection of preserved tissues and cadavers, and to an extensive collection of Eocene and Oligocene fossils. The Center is also involved in conservation programs in Madagascar which provide opportunities for field research in primatology and conservation.
Development of A Series of Monoclonal Antibodies Recognizing Leukocyte Differentiation Antigens of Japanese Monkeys (Macaca fuscata)
Authors: Murayama Yuichi , Noguchi Atsuo , Takenaka Osamu
Published: August 2020

Six monoclonal antibodies to Japanese monkey leukocytes were developed. These monoclonal antibodies, designated the U series, cover most kinds of leukocytes (pan T cells, CD8+ cells, CD8+ subset and granulocytes, CD16+ cells, monocytes/macrophages), and should be useful in the immunological analysis of primate models, such as tissue transplants and virus‐related diseases, in particular, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Diagnosis of Early Pregnancy by Ultrasound in Macaca fascicularis
Authors: Conrad Suzanne H. , Sackett Gene P. , Burbacher Thomas M.
Published: August 2020

Real‐time ultrasonography was used to detect early pregnancy in 32 longtailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). In 92% of the successful conceptions, a correct diagnosis was made. The earliest sign of pregnancy was an intrauterine ringlike structure (11 days). A “line swelling” (14 days) preceded definite fetal echoes (21 days), and fetal heart motion (30 days) proved fetal viability. Ultrasound is a rapid, noninvasive, and relatively cost‐effective method of diagnosing and monitoring early pregnancy in M. fascicularis.
Guidelines for the Prevention of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Laboratory Workers and Animal Handlers
Authors: Lairmore Michael D. , Kaplan Jonathan E. , Daniel Muthiah D. , Lerche Nicholas W. , Nara Peter L. , McClure Harold M. , McVicar John W. , McKinney Robert W. , Hendry Michael , Gerone Peter , Rayfield Mark , Johnsen Dennis O. , Purcell Robert , Gibbs Joseph , Allan Jonathan , Ribas Jorge L. , Klein Hilton J. , Jahrling Peter B. , Brown Bobby
Published: August 2020

The authors are members of a working group that formulated guidelines to minimize transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection to man. Biosafety level (BSL) 2 standards are recommended for handling of clinical specimens and housing of SIV inoculated animals. Manipulation of SIV preparations may be performed in a BSL 2 facility with additional BSL 3 practices and equipment; for large volume or concentrated preparations of SIV BSL 3 containment is necessary. Written policies regarding management and testing of workers exposed to SIV are recommended.
Monoclonal Antibodies to Type D Retrovirus (SRV‐2)
Authors: Tsai Cheng C. , Tsai Che‐Chung , Sligh Julie M. , Yarnall Michele , Follis Kathryn E. , Roodman Stanford T.
Published: August 2020

Monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) to the major gag core protein p27 and a viral protein p44 of type D retrovirus (SRV‐2) were produced and used in the detection of SRV‐2 antigens in infected Raji cells and in tissues from macaques with simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (SAIDS) and retroperitoneal fibromatosis (RF). Anti‐p44 MoAb showed inhibition of syncytium formation by both SRV‐1‐ and SRV‐2‐infected Raji cells.
The Productive Infection of Alveolar Macrophages by Simian Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Ringler D.J. , Wyand M.S. , Walsh D.G. , MacKey J.J. , Sehgal P.K. , Daniel M.D. , Desrosiers R.C. , King N.W.
Published: August 2020

Alveolar macrophages obtained from healthy rhesus monkeys were infected with SIV in vitro as documented by the appearance of reverse transcriptase activity in the cell‐free supernatant, electronmicroscopy, and immunohistochemical methods detecting SIV‐related core protein. The results demonstrate permissive infection of alveolar macrophages with SIV in vitro and define a system for studying macrophage‐SIV interactions.
Use of Old World Monkeys for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Research
Authors: Nicol Isabelle , Messinger Delfi , Dubouch Pierre , Bernard Jacky , Desportes Isabelle , Jouffre Roger , Snart Ron , Nara Peter , Gallo Robert C. , Zagury Daniel
Published: August 2020

Mangabeys, macaques, and baboons persistently infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐2 NIH‐DZ demonstrated no signs of immunodeficiency disease after 6–11 months following seroconversion. Thus Old World monkeys provide an animal model to investigate the effects of passive immunization (anti‐HIV‐2 antibodies) on HIV infection in primates.
Genetic Analysis and Infection of SIVAGM and SIVMND
Authors: Miura Tomoyuki , Tsujimoto Hajime , Fukasawa Masashi , Ohta Yoshihiro , Honjo Shigeo , Hayami Masonori
Published: August 2020

Recently, the authors determined the partial sequence of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) from the mandrill (SIVMND) and found SIVMND to be a new member of the HIV/SIV group, equidistant from other members, including SIVAGM. Experimentally, the African green monkey and cynomolgus monkey could be infected with SIVAGM and the cottontop tamarin with SIVMND. However, no clinical sign of an AIDS‐like disease was observed in these monkeys.
Genetic Diversity of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Li Yen , Naidu Yathirajulu , Fultz Patricia , Daniel Muthiah D. , Desrosiers Ronald C.
Published: August 2020

We have demonstrated that the genetic diversity of simian immunodeficiency virus from African green monkeys (SIVagm) is much greater than that observed previously for individual HIV‐1, HIV‐2, or SIVmac isolates. Extensive genetic variation among SIVagm isolates and the high prevalence of green monkey infection without disease suggest that the virus has been in the green monkey population for a long time. We have also demonstrated that SIV from a sooty mangabey monkey (isolate SMM‐7) is closer to SIVmac and HIV‐2 than to HIV‐1 and SIVagm. The extensive genetic diversity of SIVagm and the relatedness of SIVsmm to HIV‐2 warrant continued examination of SIVagm and SIVsmm isolates from dispersed geographic regions. SIV strains much more closely related to HIV‐1, HIV‐2, or SIVmac may be found which would be reasonable candidates for recent cross‐species transmission.
Genetic Diversity Among Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Isolates From African Green Monkeys
Authors: Johnson Philip R. , Gravell Maneth , Allan Jonathan , Goldstein Simoy , Olmsted Robert A. , Dapolito George , McGann Christopher , London William T. , Purcell Robert H. , Hirsch Vanessa M.
Published: August 2020

To characterize isolates further within the SIVagm subtype, we studied four SIVagm isolates by cross‐hybridization, molecular cloning, and nucleotide sequencing. Our results indicate an unexpected degree of genetic variation among isolates within the SIVagm subtype comparable to the variation between SIVmac and HIV‐2.
Molecular Characterization and Comparison of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Isolates From Macaques, Mangabeys, and African Green Monkeys
Authors: Benveniste R.E. , Raben D. , Hill R.W. , Knott W.B. , Drummond J.E. , Arthur L.O. , Jahrling P.B. , Morton W.R. , Henderson L.E. , Heidecker G.
Published: August 2020

Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/Mne has been inoculated into three species of macaques and into baboons. Virus was isolated from all the macaques who subsequently died at 15 to 120 weeks (mean 80 weeks) with various manifestations of immune deficiency. Individual animals varied in their viral antibody profile as a function of time after infection. Independent SIV isolates obtained from African green monkeys and magabeys were compared to SIV/Mne for their ability to replicate in lymphocytes and macrophages and with respect to the immunological relatedness of their viral proteins. Antibodies present in human immunodeficiency virus‐2 (HIV‐2)‐infected individuals were readily detected by the virus produced by a single‐cell clone of SIV/Mne.
Use of Infectious Molecular Clones of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus for Pathogenesis Studies
Authors: Kestler Harry W. , Naidu Yathirajulu N. , Kodama Toshiaki , King Norval W. , Daniel Muthiah D. , Li Yen , Desrosiers Ronald C.
Published: August 2020

Three infectious molecular clones of SIVmac and one of HIV‐2 exhibit remarkable variation in their biological properties despite similarities in genome organization and sequence relatedness. Cloned viruses differed in their ability to grow in various cultured cells, in their ability to infect macaques, and in the location of the env stop codon. Sequences from the 3' end predict that at least three of the four clones do not have an intact, functional nef gene. All four cloned viruses yield infectious virus in HUT‐78 and all four cloned viruses are cytopathic.
Postexposure Immunotherapy of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) Infected Rhesus With an SIV Immunogen
Authors: Gardner Murray B. , Jennings Myra , Carlson James R. , Lerche Nicholas , McGraw Thomas , Luciw Paul , Marx Preston , Pedersen Niels
Published: August 2020

An inactivated whole simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) immunogen given to healthy, seropositive rhesus macaques 4 months after infection had no effect on the humoral immune response to SIV, the presence of antigenemia, cell‐associated viremia, or disease course. Further immunotherapeutic trials in this highly susceptible animal model should be carried out sooner after exposure, before significant loss of CD4 cells has occurred. The SIV infected macaque model will continue to serve an essential role in development and testing of anti‐AIDS drugs and immunogens.
The Biology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus‐1 IIIB Infection in the Chimpanzee: In Vivo and In Vitro Correlations
Authors: Nara P. , Hatch W. , Kessler J. , Kelliher J. , Carter S.
Published: August 2020

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐1 IIIB infection of chimpanzees leads to a compartmentalized, nonpathogenic in vivo and in vitro relationship with the virus. The absence of an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)‐like disease in over 100 chimpanzees persistently infected may be related to some or all of the findings reported here. Further characterizing these possible host adapative mechanisms may be critical in both understanding pathogenesis, as well as elucidating novel mechanisms for therapeutic and/or the preventive strategies for AIDS in humans.
Glands of the Eyelids of Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Stephens L.C. , Schultheiss T.E. , Vargas K.J. , Cromeens D.M. , Gray K.N. , Ang K.K.
Published: August 2020

The various glands of rhesus monkey eyelids and human eyelids are similar. Numerous modified sebaceous glands are located along the tarsus. These conform with the meibomian glands, while typical sebaceous glands associated with the hair follicles of the lashes are consistent with the glands of Zeis. Lobules of accessory lacrimal tissue, corresponding to the glands of Krause and Wolfring, are located in the conjunctiva of the fornix and along the orbital border of the tarsal plate. Goblet cells are plentiful in the mucosa of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, and along the lid margin are the sweat glands of Moll.
Congenital Limb Malformations in the Free‐Ranging Macaques of Kowloon
Authors: Burton Frances D. , Chan Leslie Kin Wai
Published: August 2020

This paper describes the instances of gross hand and limb malformations in the free‐ranging macaques in the forested region of the Kowloon peninsula of Hong Kong. The incidence in this location is compared to that of other macaque groups, most notably the Japanese and rhesus macaques in free‐ranging and captive conditions. Etiology is linked to what is known about suspected local teratogenic agents, particularly in pesticides and fuel emissions.
Role of Endogenous Opiates in the Modulation of Gonadotropin Secretion in Infant Monkeys (Macaca mulatta): Effects of Naltrexone
Authors: Osborn Russell G. , Fuller Gene B. , Hobson William C. , Reyes Francisco I. , Faiman Charles
Published: August 2020

A potential inhibitory role of endogenous opioids in the gonadotropin decline from infancy to the prepubertal period in primates was assessed by examining the effect of the specific opioid antagonist naltrexone on gonadotropin levels in infant rhesus monkeys. Paradoxically, both chronic administration of naltrexone to neonatally castrate males as well as acute administration of graded doses to intact infant females resulted in gonadotropin suppression compared to appropriate vehicle‐treated controls. Thus, naltrexone behaves as a gonadotropin secretory antagonist in infant monkeys and cannot be used to unmask a putative inhibitory mechanism involving endogenous opiates.
Establishment of a B‐Lymphoblastoid Cell Line Infected with Epstein‐Barr‐Related Virus From a Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: Fujimoto Koji , Terato Kuniaki , Miyamoto Junko , Ishiko Hiroaki , Fujisaki Masami , Cho Fumiaki , Honjo Shigeo
Published: August 2020

A B‐lymphoblastoid cell line (Ts‐B) was established from lymph nodes of an apparently healthy cynomolgus monkey. The cells were demonstrated to contain Epstein‐Barr virus‐related antigens. Moreover, herpesvirus particles were found in the cells by electron microscopy. The cell‐free culture medium transformed lymphocytes of cynomolgus monkeys, rhesus monkeys, and of Japanese monkeys.
Effect of Uncomplicated Pregnancy on Body Water Content and Distribution in Baboons
Authors: Brans Yves W. , Kuehl Thomas J. , Hayashi Robert H. , Andrew Donna S. , Menchaca Elizabeth M. , Puleo‐Scheppke Belen A. , Reyes Patty
Published: August 2020

Body water content and distribution were estimated before, during, or after 32 pregnancies in baboons. Water content of the various compartments (in liters) correlated with body weight in both nonpregnant and pregnant baboons, and with length of gestation in pregnant baboons. In proportion to body weight (in ml/kg), most water compartments did not change significantly with length of gestation. Mean plasma volume and blood volume were higher during pregnancy than before or after.
Nonsurgical Technique for Flushing the Macaca mulatta Uterus
Authors: Goodeaux L.L. , Anzalone C.A. , Webre M.K. , Graves K.H. , Voelkel S.A.
Published: August 2020

The tortuous structure of the rhesus cervix has proven to be a significant obstruction to performing nonsurgical uterine lavage. Trials were conducted to develop a repeatable, nonsurgical flushing technique of the uterus. Using a modified endometrial cell sampler and a blunt trocar, a reliable technique was constructed. This technique may prove valuable for conducting nonsurgical recovery of embryos and for repeated atraumatic sampling of the rhesus uterus.
In situ investigation of phosphonate retarder interaction in oil well cements at elevated temperature and pressure conditions
Authors: Kupwade‐Patil Kunal , Boul Peter J. , Rasner Diana K. , Lapidus Saul H. , Leao Juscelino B. , Johnson Kenneth D. , Thaemlitz Carl J. , Büyüköztürk Oral
Published: August 2020

The effect of a high‐performance retarding additive in oil well cements was investigated under elevated temperature (165°C) and pressure (1000 psi) conditions via in situ synchrotron‐based X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) techniques. Under these temperature and pressure conditions, crystalline calcium silicate hydrates (C–S–H) are formed through the cement hydration process. From in situ XRD experiments, the retardation effect was observed by a change in the rate of the appearance of 11 Å tobermorites as well as a change in the rate of the α‐C2SH generation and depletion. QENS analysis revealed that the retardation effect was related to the non‐conversion of free water to chemical and constrained water components. A high presence of free water components was attributed to a decrease in 11 Å tobermorites along with slower consumption of the quartz and portlandite phases. Furthermore, QENS results infer that the water molecules experienced confinement in the restricted pore spaces. The retarder inhibited this initial water confinement by slowing the bulk diffusion of free water in the confined region.
Strategic deviance and cash holdings
Authors: Dong Xueyan , Chan Kam C. , Cui Yujia , Guan Jenny Xinjiao
Published: August 2020

We examine the impact of strategic deviance on corporate cash holdings and find that firms with strategies that deviate from their industry peers hold more cash. This pattern can be consistent with an agency motive, a precautionary motive, or both. We show that the value of cash holdings decreases with strategic deviance and that the cash effect of strategic deviance increases with agency costs but not with financial constraints, consistent with an agency motive. Finally, we find that strategically deviant firms pay lower dividends and avoid more taxes, both of which can potentially contribute to cash holdings. We conclude that strategically deviant firms hold more cash due to an agency motive.
Protective effects of isoquercitrin on streptozotocin‐induced neurotoxicity
Authors: Chen Lei , Feng Peimin , Peng Anjiao , Qiu Xiangmiao , Lai Wanling , Zhang Lin , Li Wanling
Published: August 2020

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by irreversible and progressive memory loss and has no effective treatment. Recently, many small molecule nature products have been identified with neuroprotective functions and shown beneficial effects to AD patients. In the current study, we thus performed a small scale screening to determine the protective effects of natural compounds on streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced neurotoxicity and Alzheimer's disease (AD). We found that a lead flavonoid compound, isoquercitrin (ISO) display the most effective anti‐cytotoxic activities via inhibiting STZ‐induced apoptosis, mitochondria dysfunction and oxidative stress. Treatment with ISO largely rescues STZ‐induced differentiation inhibition and enhances neurite outgrowth of Neuro2a (N2a) cells in vitro. Moreover, oral administration of ISO protects hippocampal neurons from STZ‐induced neurotoxicity and significantly improves the cognitive and behavioural impairment in STZ‐induced AD rats. In general, our screening identifies ISO as an effective therapeutic candidate against STZ‐induced neurotoxicity and AD‐like changes.
Dietary fiber intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in a general Japanese population: The Hisayama Study
Authors: Kimura Yasumi , Yoshida Daigo , Hirakawa Yoichiro , Hata Jun , Honda Takanori , Shibata Mao , Sakata Satoko , Uchida Kazuhiro , Kitazono Takanari , Ninomiya Toshiharu
Published: August 2020

Aims/Introduction

The investigation of the influence of dietary fiber intake on the incidence of type 2 diabetes in a general Japanese population.

Materials and Methods

A total of 1,892 individuals aged 40–79 years without diabetes at baseline were prospectively followed up for 14 years. The glucose tolerance status of participants was defined by a 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test with the 1998 World Health Organization criteria. Dietary fiber intake was estimated by a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire and divided to quintile levels separately by sex. A Cox proportional hazards model was applied for computing the hazard ratios and their 95% confidence intervals for the incidence of diabetes.

Results

During the follow‐up period, 280 participants had developed diabetes. The age‐adjusted cumulative diabetes incidence decreased significantly with higher total dietary fiber intake (P‐for trend = 0.01). Participants in the highest quintile of total dietary fiber intake had a 0.53‐fold (95% confidence interval 0.31–0.90) lower risk of developing diabetes than those in the lowest quintile after for the adjustment with potential confounding factors. Total dietary fiber intake showed a moderate positive correlation to the intake of soybean and soybean products, green vegetables, and other vegetables. Similar associations with diabetes and food sources were observed for both of the soluble and insoluble dietary fiber intake.

Conclusions

The present study showed that higher dietary fiber intake was associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes in a general Japanese population. The intake of high dietary fiber foods might be useful for diabetes prevention.
Molecular identification of Bactrocera passiflorae (Diptera: Tephritidae): Challenge and solution for DNA barcoding
Authors: Li Dongmei , McCarthy Bede , Gunawardana Disna N. , Waite David W. , Anderson Diane , George Sherly
Published: August 2020

Fruit flies cause significant damage to crop and fruit production worldwide. Therefore, it is essential to identify these organisms to species level; however, immature stages are often impossible to be identified morphologically; thus, the application of DNA barcoding has greatly assisted in species identification. Nuclear, mitochondrial pseudo‐COI (NUMT) can be co‐amplified with mitochondrial DNA when using generic primers and therefore impair the efficacy of DNA barcoding. This study detected two types of NUMTs from Bactrocera passiflorae, one of them is novel. Therefore, the new finding will assist future species identification by avoiding misidentification using ambiguous NUMT sequences. In addition, this study has developed primers to target the COI gene of B. passiflorae, not the NUMT copies. The newly designed primers have demonstrated its efficiency in amplifying the Mt‐COI of B. passiflorae and can be used in routine diagnostics.
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms and Functional Decline in Alzheimerʼs Disease and Lewy Body Dementia
Authors: Borda Miguel Germán , Aarsland Dag , Tovar‐Rios Diego Alejandro , Giil Lasse M. , Ballard Clive , Gonzalez Maria Camila , Brønnick Kolbjørn , Alves Guido , Oppedal Ketil , Soennesyn Hogne , Vik‐Mo Audun Osland
Published: August 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Functional status is one of the most important markers of well‐being in older adults, but the drivers of functional decline in dementia are not well known. The aim of our work was to study the association of neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPSs) with functional decline over 5 years in newly diagnosed people with Alzheimer´s disease (AD) and Lewy body dementia (LBD).

DESIGN

Secondary analysis of the Dementia Study of Western Norway longitudinal cohort study.

SETTING

Multicenter study conducted in memory clinics in western Norway.

PARTICIPANTS

We included a total of 196 patients newly diagnosed with AD (n = 111) and LBD (n = 85), followed up annually for 5 years.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES

The outcome was the rapid disability rating scale (items 1–13). Linear mixed‐effects models were used for analysis with the total score of the Norwegian Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) as a predictor measured either at baseline or longitudinally, adjusted for potential confounders, including cognition. Effect modification was checked by introducing interactions with NPI score and stratifying by diagnosis.

RESULTS

The total NPI score longitudinal course was associated with functional decline in both AD and LBD. At baseline, the total NPI score predicted functional decline in AD.

CONCLUSION

NPSs were associated with the rate of functional decline in people with AD and LBD, independent of cognitive impairment. These results highlight the relevance of early detection and intervention of NPSs, which may also reduce functional decline. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:2257–2263, 2020.
Hyaluronic acid‐based two‐stage medical therapy to unfold the aged face: The centrifugal approach
Authors: Di Gregorio Carlo , Rogers John , D’Arpa Salvatore
Published: August 2020

Background

Facial aging is a multifactorial process characterized by structural changes to the dermis and ligaments, lipoatrophy in the fat pads and hypodermis, remodeling of the bony skeleton, change in muscle tonicity and tissue descent.

Aims

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of a hyaluronic acid‐based treatment for the aging face that addresses all its causes in a caudal to cranial and medial to lateral direction: the centrifugal technique.

Methods

Between March 2015 and January 2018, 187 patients were treated with a high G’ hyaluronic acid in two sessions, one/two weeks apart, to improve signs of facial aging, starting from the lower centrofacial area and progressing laterally and cranially. Results were assessed using a Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) judging pre‐ and post‐treatment (32 weeks) pictures.

Results

The technique effectively treated the aging face. The investigator and all patients evaluated the results improved or very much improved and agreed that the results were very natural looking.

Conclusion

Use of a systematic centrifugal technique to address the signs of facial aging resulted in significant and long‐lasting improvement, as judged by the investigator and high patient acceptance and satisfaction.
Environmental responsibility in nursing in hospitals: A modified Delphi study of nurses' views
Authors: Kallio Hanna , Pietilä Anna‐Maija , Kangasniemi Mari
Published: August 2020

Objectives

To identify nurses' views on environmentally responsible clinical practices, and to examine their consensus regarding the stakeholders and their roles and tools needed to promote, and enable, environmental responsibility in clinical practice.

Background

Using materials and energy in hospitals has a negative impact on the environment and people's environmental health. Research on decreasing this burden in clinical practice is sparse.

Design

A modified Delphi method with two rounds.

Methods

Data were collected from 35 nursing staff in five Finnish university hospitals in 2019. The first‐round data were collected with semi‐structured interviews in small groups and subjected to content analysis. The second‐round data were collected with an Internet‐based questionnaire from 27 of those participants and statistically analysed. The CREDES checklist was used.

Results

According to nurses, environmentally responsible clinical practices focus on effective material and energy use. Material use focused on sustainable and cooperative purchasing, considerate use of products and minimising waste and idle electricity and reducing water and transport use. The tools needed to promote, and enable, environmental responsibility in clinical practice were staff inducements and training and certain resources and guidance. All the hospital health and support service staff needed to commit to collaboration.

Conclusions

It is important to address stakeholders' roles in environmental responsibility in hospitals. Environmental aims should be firm and visible, and nurses should have the relevant competencies. They also need sufficient time to develop environmental initiatives and proper facilities to carry out their work with a minimal environmental burden. Providing staff feedback and rewards for their environmental efforts is beneficial for engagement.

Relevance to clinical practice

This study will help nurses to identify their needs and opportunities to realise and develop environmental responsibility in their practice. It can also inform hospital leaders to develop corporate environmental responsibility, including in‐service training.
Gender and Changes in Household Wealth after the Dissolution of Marriage and Cohabitation in Germany
Authors: Boertien Diederik , Lersch Philipp M.
Published: August 2020

Objective

To document how changes in household wealth following the dissolution of marriage and cohabitation differ by gender in Germany.

Background

Marital property regimes usually prescribe that both partners receive a share of the couple's wealth following a divorce. The dissolution of cohabiting unions is not governed by marital property regimes in most countries, including Germany. Because men, on average, legally own a larger share of couple wealth than women, gender differences in household wealth might be more pronounced following the dissolution of cohabitation as compared to marriage.

Method

The analysis consists of individual fixed effects regression models using longitudinal data from the German socio‐economic panel (N = 18,131 individuals) for the years 2002 to 2017.

Results

The dissolution of marriage is negatively related to the accumulation of wealth over time and effect sizes are similar for men and women. The dissolution of cohabiting unions is related to losses in wealth for women but not for men. Models accounting for various postdissolution factors suggest that an unequal division of household wealth produces these gender differences after the dissolution of cohabitation.

Conclusion

Whereas the dissolution of marriage lowers household wealth for men and women alike, there are gender differences in how the dissolution of cohabiting unions affects the accumulation of wealth. Union dissolution therefore has the potential to contribute to gender inequality in household wealth.
The effect of bolus consistency on pharyngeal volume during swallowing: Kinematic analysis in three dimensions using dynamic Area Detector CT
Authors: Ito Yuriko , Inamoto Yoko , Saitoh Eiichi , Aihara Keiko , Shibata Seiko , Aoyagi Yoichiro , Kagaya Hitoshi , Palmer Jeffrey B. , Gonzalez‐Fernandez Marlis
Published: August 2020

Objective

This study investigated the effects of bolus consistency on pharyngeal volume during swallowing using three‐dimensional kinematic analysis.

Methods

Eight subjects (2 males and 6 females, mean ± SD 44 ± 10 years old) underwent a 320‐row area detector scan during swallows of 10 mL of honey‐thick liquid and thin liquid. Critical event timing (hyoid, soft palate, UES) and volume of pharyngeal cavity and bolus were measured and compared between two swallows.

Results

The pharynx is almost completely obliterated by pharyngeal constriction against the tongue base for both consistencies. There were no significant differences in maximum volume, minimum volume and pharyngeal volume constriction ratio values between thick and thin liquids. However, the pattern of pharyngeal volume change (decrease) was different. For thick liquids, the air volume started to decrease before the onset of hyoid anterosuperior movement and decreased rapidly after onset of hyoid anterosuperior movement. During thin liquid swallowing, air volume remained relatively large throughout the swallow and started to decrease later when compared to swallowing thick liquids. At onset of UES opening, the bolus volume was not significantly different between thin and thick liquids; however, air volume was significantly larger when swallowing thin liquids, which made the total volume of the pharyngeal cavity larger.

Conclusion

This difference between the two consistencies is associated with differences in tongue motion to propel the bolus and clear the pharynx from possible residue.
Chitosan and hot water treatments reduce postharvest green mould in ‘Murcott’ tangor
Authors: Da Silva Yasmim Cristina Rodrigues , Alves Raysa Maduro , da Silva Bárbara Marçon Pereira , Bron Ilana Urbano , Cia Patrícia
Published: August 2020

This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of hot water and chitosan treatments to control green mould caused by Penicillium digitatum in 'Murcott' tangor. P. digitatum conidial germination and mycelial growth were evaluated in assays in vitro to verify whether chitosan (0.5, 1 and 2%) or hot water (45, 50, and 55°C, for 30 s, 1, 2, and 5 min) acts directly on fungus development. In vivo assays consisted of inoculating the fruit with P. digitatum (105 conidia ml−1) 4 hr before the chitosan and hot water treatments. Subsequently, green mould incidence and severity were evaluated in fruits stored at 25°C/80% RH for 4 days. Also, treatments combining chitosan and hot water were investigated for controlling green mould and the effect on postharvest quality of fruit stored at 5°C/90% RH. The results showed that P. digitatum conidia germination and mycelial growth were significantly reduced by the hot water treatments especially at 50°C/5 min and 55°C/2 or 5 min in the first case and 50 and 55°C/5 min in the second. These two treatments, when applied alone, 1 min dipping in 2% chitosan or hot water at 50°C/5 min, significantly reduced green mould development in fruit kept at 25°C/80% RH or refrigerated. However, the hot water dip combined with chitosan did not improve green mould control on ‘Murcott’ tangor at room temperature or under refrigeration. Besides, chitosan and hot water did not impair fruit quality. Thus, chitosan and hot water could be an alternative to synthetic fungicides to control green mould in citrus while also contributing to a decrease in the postharvest losses of ‘Murcott’ tangor.
A comprehensive review of therapeutic approaches available for the treatment of cholera
Authors: Sousa Francisca B M , Nolêto Isabela R S G , Chaves Leticia S , Pacheco Gabriella , Oliveira Ana P , Fonseca Mikhail M V , Medeiros Jand V R
Published: August 2020

Objectives

The oral rehydration solution is the most efficient method to treat cholera; however, it does not interfere in the action mechanism of the main virulence factor produced by Vibrio cholerae, the cholera toxin (CT), and this disease still stands out as a problem for human health worldwide. This review aimed to describe therapeutic alternatives available in the literature, especially those related to the search for molecules acting upon the physiopathology of cholera.

Key findings

New molecules have offered a protection effect against diarrhoea induced by CT or even by infection from V. cholerae. The receptor regulator cystic fibrosis channel transmembrane (CFTR), monosialoganglioside (GM1), enkephalinase, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), inhibitors of expression of virulence factors and activators of ADP-ribosylarginine hydrolase are the main therapeutic targets studied. Many of these molecules or extracts still present unclear action mechanisms.

Conclusions

Knowing therapeutic alternatives and their molecular mechanisms for the treatment of cholera could guide us to develop a new drug that could be used in combination with the rehydration solution.
Melatonin for prevention of fetal lung injury associated with intrauterine inflammation and for improvement of lung maturation
Authors: Lee Ji Yeon , Na Quan , Shin Na E. , Shin Ha Eun , Kang Yeomin , Chudnovets Anna , Lei Jun , Song Haengseok , Burd Irina
Published: August 2020

Inflammation is associated with injury to immature lungs, and melatonin administration to preterm newborns with acute respiratory distress improves pulmonary outcomes. We hypothesized that maternally administered melatonin may reduce inflammation, oxidative stress, and structural injury in fetal lung and help fetal lung maturation in a mouse model of intrauterine inflammation (IUI). Mice were randomized to the following groups: control (C), melatonin (M), lipopolysaccharide (LPS; a model of IUI) (L), and LPS with melatonin (ML). Pro‐inflammatory cytokines, components of the Hippo pathway, and Yap1/Taz were analyzed in the fetal lung at E18 by real‐time RT‐qPCR. Confirmatory histochemistry and immunohistochemical analyses (surfactant protein B, vimentin, HIF‐1β, and CXCR2) were performed. The gene expression of IL1β in the fetal lung was significantly increased in L compared to C, M, and ML. Taz expression was significantly decreased in L compared to C and M. Taz gene expression in L was significantly decreased compared with those in ML. Immunohistochemical analyses showed that the expression of HIF‐1β and CXCR2 was significantly increased in L compared to C, M, and ML. The area of surfactant protein B and vimentin were significantly decreased in L than C, M, or ML in the fetal and neonatal lung. Antenatal maternally administered melatonin appears to prevent fetal lung injury induced by IUI and to help lung maturation. The results from this study results suggest that melatonin could serve as a novel safe preventive and/or therapeutic medicine for preventing fetal lung injury from IUI and for improving lung maturation in prematurity.
Community Attitudes Toward Opioid Use Disorder and Medication for Opioid Use Disorder in a Rural Appalachian County
Authors: Beachler Taylor , Zeller T. Aaron , Heo Moonseong , Lanzillotta‐Rangeley Jennifer , Litwin Alain H.
Published: August 2020

Purpose

To evaluate community attitudes concerning opioid use disorder (OUD) and medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) in a rural community, and to plan educational initiatives to reduce stigma surrounding OUD and treatment.

Methods

Dissemination of a 24‐question survey to people living in a rural community followed by comparative analysis of survey results between 2 groups classified by recognition of OUD as a real illness.

Findings

Three hundred sixty‐one individuals responded. Overall, 69% agreed that OUD is a real illness. Respondents recognizing OUD as a real illness were less likely to agree that individuals with OUD are dangerous (P = .014), more likely to agree that MOUD is effective (P < .001), that individuals with OUD should have the same right to a job (P < .001), and that naloxone should be administered for every overdose every time (P = .002).

Conclusions

Significant stigma exists toward individuals with OUD in rural communities, and recognizing OUD as a real illness is associated with less stigmatizing attitudes and better understanding of MOUD. Further study should focus on how to effectively convince communities that OUD is a real illness.
Pulmonary function is associated with fibrosis severity in patients with biopsy‐proven nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Lee Hyun Woo , Lee Dong Hyeon , Lee Jung‐Kyu , Lee Seonhwa , Koo Bo Kyung , Joo Sae Kyung , Heo Eun Young , Jung Yong Jin , Kim Won , Kim Deog Kyeom
Published: August 2020

Background & Aims

The association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and pulmonary function remains elusive because of the heterogeneous spectrum and inaccurate diagnostic methods of NAFLD, and insufficient pulmonary function data. We conducted this study to identify the association between histological severity of NAFLD and pulmonary function.

Methods

This study included patients ≥18 years old with baseline pulmonary function data between August 2014 and July 2019 within a biopsy‐evaluated prospective NAFLD cohort. Cross‐sectionally, pre‐/post‐bronchodilator spirometric data with diffusing capacity (DLCO) were compared according to histological severity of NAFLD in the various demographic and metabolic subgroups. Multivariable‐adjusted analysis revealed specific histological features associated with reduced pulmonary function.

Results

In a total of 420 patients with biopsy‐proven NAFLD, pre‐/post‐bronchodilator forced vital capacities (FVCs; a percentage of the predictive value) were inversely correlated with histological severity of NAFLD. Conversely, pre‐bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)/FVC was positively correlated with NAFLD severity. Post‐bronchodilator FVC (%) decreased and DLCO/alveolar volume (VA) increased linearly with worsening histological severity of NAFLD in multivariable analysis. In particular, fibrosis stage remained a significant independent predictor of decreased post‐bronchodilator FVC (%) (β‐coefficient, 4.41; 95% confidence interval [−8.39, −0.43]; P = .031) even after adjusted for clinical variables, exclusively in age <65 years, female, never‐smoker and nonchronic obstructive pulmonary disease subgroups.

Conclusions

Pulmonary function deteriorates with worsening histological severity of NAFLD, especially at the fibrosis stage. The common pathogenesis of reduced pulmonary function and NAFLD fibrosis progression should be further explored.
Protein interactions within and between two F‐type type IV secretion systems
Authors: Koch Birgit , Callaghan Melanie M. , Tellechea‐Luzardo Jonathan , Seeger Ami Y. , Dillard Joseph P. , Krasnogor Natalio
Published: August 2020

Bacterial type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) can mediate conjugation. The T4SS from Neisseria gonorrhoeae possesses the unique ability to mediate DNA secretion into the extracellular environment. The N. gonorrhoeae T4SS can be grouped with F‐type conjugative T4SSs based on homology. We tested 17 proteins important for DNA secretion by N. gonorrhoeae for protein interactions. The BACTH‐TM bacterial two‐hybrid system was successfully used to study periplasmic interactions. By determining if the same interactions were observed for F‐plasmid T4SS proteins and when one interaction partner was replaced by the corresponding protein from the other T4SS, we aimed to identify features associated with the unique function of the N. gonorrhoeae T4SS as well as generic features of F‐type T4SSs. For both systems, we observed already described interactions shared by homologs from other T4SSs as well as new and described interactions between F‐type T4SS‐specific proteins. Furthermore, we demonstrate, for the first‐time, interactions between proteins with homology to the conserved T4SS outer membrane core proteins and F‐type‐specific proteins and we confirmed two of them by co‐purification. The F‐type‐specific protein TraHN was found to localize to the outer membrane and the presence of significant amounts of TraHN in the outer membrane requires TraGN.