bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
East Asian origins of European holly oaks (Quercus section Ilex Loudon) via the Tibet‐Himalaya
Authors: Jiang Xiao‐Long , Hipp Andrew L. , Deng Min , Su Tao , Zhou Zhe‐Kun , Yan Meng‐Xiao
Published: July 2019

Aim

Many subtropical organisms exhibit an East Asian‐Tethyan disjunction, a distribution split between East Asia and the Mediterranean. The underlying mechanisms and timing have remained unclear to date. The evolutionary history of Quercus section Ilex Loudon, a representative East Asian‐Tethyan disjunct lineage with a rich and widespread fossil record, was investigated to understand the key drivers of this disjunction.

Location

Eurasia.

Methods

The phylogeny of Quercus section Ilex was reconstructed using RAD‐seq. Divergence times were estimated based on three fossil calibrations. Ancestral range and niche were reconstructed on the calibrated tree to infer the timing of transitions in geographic distributions and niche. Convergence in ecological space was estimated by fitting alternative multiple‐regime Ornstein‐Uhlenbeck models. Leaf shape affinities among extant and fossil taxa of section Ilex were assessed using geometric morphometric approaches.

Results

Six clades were well resolved in section Ilex. Ancestral range reconstruction and divergence time dating suggest a wide distribution along the East Tethys seaway, with initial divergence at the mid‐Eocene, and all six clades originating before the Miocene. The section dispersed from East Asia to the Mediterranean at the Eocene‐Oligocene boundary. A shift toward higher elevations was detected in the Himalayan clade during the middle or late Miocene. European fossil lineages during the early Miocene differ in leaf morphology from later lineages, which we infer to be a consequence of adaptive differentiation or species turnover.

Main conclusions

Quercus section Ilex was widespread along the East Tethys seaway from the middle Eocene onward. The European holly oaks originated from an East Asian ancestral lineage that dispersed to Europe via the Tibet‐Himalaya corridor in the Oligocene. Lowlands along the margins of the Himalayas and through an Oligocene Tibetan valley served as the dispersal route(s) for these species. Changing climates drove Miocene extinction and local adaptation of European lineages.
Constraints on fruit tracking by birds at the range edge
Authors: Tellería José Luis
Published: July 2019

Aims

Biotic interactions may be disrupted at the range boundary if the involved species are rare in the most distant sectors. This study assesses fruit tracking by seed‐dispersing birds wintering on the border of the Palaearctic, a region where many species become scarcer before reaching the limits of their distribution in the Sahara. As vagrancy improves fruit tracking, this study tests if vagrant birds track fruit resources better than non‐vagrant birds and if their tracking ability is reduced at the range edge.

Location

The Iberian Peninsula and the Maghreb.

Methods

Seed‐dispersing passerines (O. Passeriformes) were counted in 134 sampling sites along a 2000‐km‐long latitudinal belt. Relationships between bird numbers and latitude, temperature, shrub cover and fruit abundance were explored by multivariate analyses. In addition, the habitat matching rule was used to assess the ability of birds to track fruit changes along the latitudinal belt.

Results

Fruit abundance and temperature were the main drivers of the distribution of vagrant birds (all of them migratory species) while for non‐vagrant birds (most of them sedentary species) distribution was weakly correlated to the study variables. Vagrant birds tracked the spatial–temporal variations in fruit abundance but showed a reduced ability to fit numbers to fruit abundance changes in southern sectors.

Main conclusions

Vagrant are migratory birds responsible for large‐scale tracking of fruit outputs but seems to face some constraints on fruit tracking at the far edge of the Palaearctic. As the movements of these birds southwards are declining due to climate warming effects, these results suggest a future weakening of their role as seed dispersers in the most peripheral areas of the Palaearctic.
Longitudinal evaluation of periodontitis and tooth loss among older adults
Authors: Nilsson Helena , Sanmartin Berglund Johan , Renvert Stefan
Published: July 2019

Aim

To evaluate pattern of change in periodontal variables and tooth loss in a twelve‐year follow‐up study of older adults living in Sweden.

Methods

In a prospective population study of older adults, a clinical examination and radiographic dental examination were performed at baseline (2001–2003) and after 12 years (2013–2015). In 375 individuals, the number and proportion of sites with a distance ≥4 mm and ≥5 mm from cemento‐enamel junction to the bone level, the number and proportion of teeth with pockets ≥5 mm and number of teeth lost were calculated. Dental caries was registered. Periodontitis was defined as having ≥2 sites with ≥5 mm distance from cemento‐enamel junction to the marginal bone level and ≥1 tooth with pockets ≥5 mm.

Results

A diagnosis of periodontitis was evident in 39% of the individuals, and 23% of the individuals lost ≥3 teeth over the study period. The proportion of sites with ≥4 mm and ≥5 mm bone loss increased with age, while the proportion of teeth with pockets remained stable. Periodontitis was the strongest predictor for losing ≥3 teeth, OR 2.9 (p < .001) in the final model.

Conclusions

Periodontitis is a risk factor for future tooth loss among older adults.
M2‐like macrophages serve as a niche for adipocyte progenitors in adipose tissue
Authors: Nawaz Allah , Tobe Kazuyuki
Published: July 2019

Adipose tissue (AT) is composed not only of adipocytes, but also of macrophages, endothelial cells and preadipocytes. Macrophages are an important component of AT, and are involved in tissue homeostasis, tissue repair and fibrosis. AT‐resident macrophages are categorized into two subtypes, the M1‐like and M2‐like macrophages. M2‐like macrophages are reported to play anti‐inflammatory roles, and to be involved in clearing and removal of dying/dead adipocytes, and recruiting adipocyte progenitors (APs). M2‐like macrophages are also reported to be involved in the promotion of fibrosis in a transforming growth factor‐β‐dependent manner. However, the precise roles of M2‐like macrophages in the AT have not yet been clearly delineated. Recently, we generated genetically engineered transgenic mice in which CD206+ M2‐like macrophages can be conditionally depleted. Unexpectedly, we found that the depletion of CD206+ M2‐like macrophages resulted in the enhanced generation of smaller adipocytes, improved insulin sensitivity and proliferation of APs. We further clarified that the CD206+ M2‐like macrophages directly interact with the APs to regulate their growth/differentiation and adipogenesis, thereby controlling adiposity and systemic insulin sensitivity. In the present review, we discuss how CD206+ M2‐like macrophages provide a niche for APs and maintain glucose homeostasis.
On the difficulty of finding one’s place: A qualitative study of new nurses’ processes of growth in the workplace
Authors: Ke Ya‐Ting , Stocker Joel F.
Published: July 2019

Aims and objective

To explore new nurses’ processes of growth in the workplace in order to understand the challenges they face.

Background

Quantitative and qualitative research to date has not adequately explored the complex ways in which initial work experiences may shape new nurses’ very high quit rate and, consequently, impact the long‐term nursing shortage in Taiwan.

Design/Methods

We conducted in‐depth interviews with new nurses to explore their professional development, including the challenges they faced, and their feelings about staying or quitting. Twenty newly registered nurses who had worked in a hospital setting full‐time for a year or less in two southern Taiwan medical centres were interviewed. Data were collected from March–November 2016. EQUATOR guidelines were followed, using the COREQ checklist.

Results

Interview transcripts were analysed and coded; three stages of growth were discovered: Feeling disillusioned and shocked, Gaining experiential knowledge and Making a place for oneself. Most nurses (n = 18/20) went through these three stages within 9 months and continued to work in nursing at follow‐up 2 years later.

Conclusions

Job continuity was contingent upon new nurses’ enduring a painful process of adjustment in the first two stages when new nurses were unsure of themselves and their interactions with preceptors were wrought with social tensions. New nurse development and retention efforts should make explicit the possibility of these tensions and how to deal with them.

Relevance to clinical practice

A better understanding of new nurses’ growth processes and adjustment pains can help refocus professional development and retention efforts towards how new nurses can succeed in finding a place for themselves.
The impact of venepuncture training on the reduction of pre‐analytical blood sample haemolysis rates: A systematic review
Authors: Makhumula‐Nkhoma Nellie , Weston Kathryn L. , McSherry Robert , Atkinson Greg
Published: July 2019

Background

Venepuncture involves the introduction of a needle into a vein to collect a representative blood sample for laboratory testing. In the pre‐analytical phase, haemolysis (the rupturing of erythrocytes and release of their contents into the extracellular compartment) has safety, quality and cost implications. Training in correct venepuncture practice has the potential to reduce in vitro haemolysis rates, but the evidence for this notion has yet to be synthesised.

Design

Systematic review (PRISMA Checklist).

Methods

Published studies on the effectiveness of venepuncture training on haemolysis rates were searched in relevant databases. The McMaster critical appraisal tool was used to assess methodological quality. The GRADE tool was used to evaluate the body of evidence in relation to the research questions. Implementation fidelity was also scrutinised in each study.

Results

Eight out of 437 retrieved studies met the inclusion criteria. None were randomised controlled trials (RCT). Between‐study heterogeneity in design, intervention characteristics and the biochemical threshold for haemolysis precluded a meta‐analysis. Post‐training reductions in haemolysis rates of between 0.4%–19.8% were reported in four of the studies, which developed their intervention according to a clear evidence base and included mentoring in the intervention. Rises in haemolysis rates of between 1.3%–1.9% were reported in two studies, while the intervention effect was inconsistent within two other studies.

Conclusion

There are no RCTS on the effectiveness of venepuncture training for reducing haemolysis rates, and findings from the existing uncontrolled studies are unclear. For a more robust evidence base, we recommend more RCTs with standardisation of haemolysis thresholds and training‐related factors.

Relevance to clinical practice

While venepuncture training is an important factor influencing quality of blood sample in clinical practice, more robust evidence is needed to make specific recommendations about training content for reduction of haemolysis rates. Standardisation of haemolysis thresholds would also enable future meta‐analyses.
Successful para‐aortic lymph node dissection for endometrial cancer with horseshoe kidney: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Murakami Atsushi , Amano Tsukuru , Seko‐Nitta Ayumi , Takahashi Akimasa , Kimura Fuminori , Murakami Takashi
Published: July 2019

Horseshoe kidney (HSK) is considered to impede para‐aortic lymph node dissection. We report the case of a 54‐year‐old female patient with endometrial cancer and HSK, treated successfully with para‐aortic lymph node dissection, and present literature review regarding vascular abnormalities associated with HSK affecting para‐aortic lymph node dissection. Three‐dimensional computed tomography reconstruction revealed the accessory renal artery, supernumerary renal vein and ventral displacement of the renal pelvis and ureter. Abdominal modified radical hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo‐oophorec'tomy, pelvic and para‐aortic lymph node dissection and omentectomy were then performed. Lymphadenectomy behind the isthmus of the kidney was performed without separation of the isthmus by lifting the kidneys with vessel tape. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications. Grasping shifted ureter and complicated vascular network of HSK and securing the operative field without division of the isthmus were key to reducing complications and hemorrhage. This case report can serve as a guide for performing para‐aortic lymph node dissection safely and effectively in patients with HSK.
HEV‐LFS: A novel scoring model for patients with hepatitis E virus‐related liver failure
Authors: Wu Jian , Guo Naizhou , Zhang Xueyan , Xiong Cunquan , Liu Jun , Xu Yanping , Fan Jun , Yu Jiong , Zhao Xinguo , Liu Bin , Wang Wei , Zhang Jinrong , Cao Hongcui , Li Lanjuan
Published: July 2019

A noninvasive assessment method for acute or acute‐on‐chronic liver failure in patients with hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is urgently needed. We aimed to develop a scoring model for diagnosing HEV patients who developed liver failure (HEV‐LF) at different stages. A cross‐sectional set of 350 HEV‐LF patients were identified and enrolled, and the Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Liver Failure in China and the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver were adopted as references. HEV‐LFS, a novel scoring model that incorporates data on cholinesterase (CHE), urea nitrogen (UREA), platelets and international normalized ratio was developed using a derived dataset. For diagnosing HEV‐LF stages F1 to F3, the HEV‐LFS scoring model (F1: 0.87; F2: 0.90; F3: 0.92) had a significantly higher AUROC than did the CLIF‐C‐ACLFs (F1: 0.65; F2: 0.56; F3: 0.51) and iMELD (F1: 0.70; F2: 0.57; F3: 0.51) scoring models, of which the HEV‐LFS scoring model had the best sensitivity and specificity. In addition, the HEV‐LFS scoring model was correlated with mortality, length of hospitalization and ICU stay. As the GDTLF score increased, the CHE level decreased and the UREA increased gradually. Encouragingly, a calibration curve showed good agreement between the derivation and validation sets. Notably, we also established a nomogram to facilitate the practical operability of the HEV‐LFS scoring model in clinical settings. In conclusion, both CHE and UREA may be indicators for HEV‐LF patients. The HEV‐LFS scoring model is an efficient and accessible model for classifying HEV‐LF at different stages.
Cutaneous and subcutaneous metastasis of appendicular osteosarcoma in dogs: 20 cases
Authors: Parachini‐Winter Cyril , Curran Kaitlin M. , Pellin MacKenzie , Laver Travis , Hanot Camille , Vernier Timothy H. , Séguin Bernard
Published: July 2019

Background

Metastasis of appendicular osteosarcoma is most common to the lungs and is generally considered a terminal event in dogs. Behavior and prognosis associated with cutaneous or subcutaneous metastases (CSM) is poorly defined.

Objective

Describe the population and gather prognostic information regarding appendicular osteosarcoma with CSM in dogs.

Animals

Twenty dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma and CSM.

Methods

Retrospective case series. Medical records were searched to identify dogs diagnosed with appendicular osteosarcoma that developed CSM. Demographic data, order of metastatic events, and CSM clinical features were evaluated. Kaplan‐Meier survival curves were constructed and log‐rank tests were used to compare survival between groups of dogs.

Results

In 19 dogs (95%), CSM was an incidental finding. Seventeen dogs (85%) developed pulmonary metastasis, and 1 dog (5%) developed bone metastasis. No other metastatic sites were detected before euthanasia. The median CSM‐free interval and CSM survival time were 160 days (range: 0‐542 days) and 55 days (range: 5‐336 days), respectively. The median CSM survival time was significantly longer for dogs treated with surgery and chemotherapy (94 days) or chemotherapy only (64 days) than for dogs that did not receive these treatments (11 days) (P= .002 andP= .03, respectively). No other factors were associated with survival after diagnosis of CSM.

Conclusion and Clinical Importance

The skin or subcutaneous tissue can be the first osteosarcoma metastatic site detected. After CSM diagnosis, the prognosis is grave with median survival <2 months. Although this finding could have been biased by case selection, treatment with surgery and chemotherapy may improve outcome.
Esophagostomy tube complications in dogs and cats: Retrospective review of 225 cases
Authors: Nathanson Olivia , McGonigle Kathryn , Michel Kathryn , Stefanovski Darko , Clarke Dana
Published: July 2019

Background

Esophagostomy feeding tubes (E‐tubes) are an essential tool for management of hyporexic patients' acute and chronic nutritional requirements. Despite their routine use, limited information is available regarding E‐tube complications, especially in the recent veterinary literature.

Objective

To provide an updated descriptive account of E‐tube complications in cats and dogs, and to evaluate potential prognostic factors to determine if certain patients are at increased risk for complications.

Animals

One hundred two dogs and 123 cats.

Methods

Retrospective study evaluating patients that had E‐tubes placed between March 2014 and March 2017.

Results

One hundred patients (44.4%) experienced a complication related to tube placement, with a similar complication rate among dogs (43.1%) and cats (45.5%). Twenty‐two cats (17.8%) and 14 dogs (13.7%) developed signs of infection at the E‐tube site, with 5 cats (22.7%) and 5 dogs (35.7%) requiring surgical debridement. Regurgitation of food through the E‐tube stoma was noted in 7 dogs and 1 cat. Three patients were euthanized as a result of tube‐related complications.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

We have provided an updated descriptive review of complications associated with E‐tube placement in a large population of dogs and cats at a tertiary referral center. Although E‐tubes are essential tools that generally are safe and well tolerated, several complications can occur. We did not identify any specific factors that increase patient risk for these complications, and therefore it is important that all patients are closely monitored and clients are educated to pursue prompt veterinary assessment when such complications arise.
Verbal Short‐Term Memory Underlies Typical Development of “Thought Organization” Measured as Speech Connectedness
Authors: Mota Natália B. , Callipo Renata , Leite Lígia , Torres Ana R. , Weissheimer Janaína , Bunge Silvia A. , Copelli Mauro , Ribeiro Sidarta
Published: July 2019

Formal thought organization obtained from free speech, a key feature for psychiatric evaluations, has been poorly investigated during typical development. Computational tools such as speech graph connectedness (LSC) currently allow for an accurate quantification in naturalistic settings. LSC's typical development is better predicted by years of education than by age. Among beginning readers, the LSC of stories composed of short‐term memory predicted reading independently from IQ. Here we set out to test a longitudinal sample (6–8 years old, n = 45, followed for 2 years) to verify whether the LSC is predictive of various memory measures, and whether such relations can explain the correlation with reading. The LSC was specifically correlated with verbal short‐term memory performance. The results support the notion that the short‐term storage of verbal information is necessary to plan a story. Given the limited sample size, the relationship of this interaction with reading remains inconclusive.
Testing the Empirical Relevance of the ‘Saving for a Rainy Day’ Hypothesis in US Metro Areas
Authors: Anundsen André KallåK , Nymoen Ragnar
Published: July 2019

The joint implication of the consumption Euler equation and cointegration between income and consumption is that savings predict future income declines, the ‘saving for a rainy day’ hypothesis. The empirical relevance of this hypothesis plays a key role in discussions of fiscal policy multipliers, and it holds under the null that the permanent income hypothesis is true. We find little support for this hypothesis using time series data for the 100 largest US Metropolitan Statistical Areas for the period 1980q1–2015q4. Our approach is to test for cointegration and weak exogeneity between income and consumption, and by exploring the direction of Granger causality between the two time series. We find that income more often predicts consumption and saving than the converse. We also give evidence that house price changes played a role in US income and consumption dynamics, before, during and after the Great Recession.
Dysplastic oral leukoplakia is molecularly distinct from leukoplakia without dysplasia
Authors: Farah Camile S. , Fox Simon A.
Published: July 2019

Objective

The molecular mechanisms underlying the development of dysplasia in leukoplakia are unknown. We used RNA sequencing to examine the molecular and biological pathway differences in oral leukoplakia with and without oral epithelial dysplasia.

Materials and Methods

Excisional biopsy specimens (25) were taken from 24 patients with oral leukoplakia diagnosed histopathologically as either oral epithelial dysplasia (13) or epithelial hyperplasia and keratosis without dysplasia (12). Transcriptome analysis used RNA sequencing, differential expression and hierarchical clustering. Biological signalling was examined by gene ontology, pathway and protein–protein interaction analysis.

Results

Differential expression analysis showed distinction between the two groups identifying 47 genes as altered in leukoplakia with dysplasia, including SAA1, SAA2, KRT31, KRT37, KRT76, ROBO2, DNAJB5 and DNAJA4. Using hierarchical clustering, dysplastic leukoplakia readily segregated from leukoplakia without dysplasia. Pathway and ontology enrichment analysis provided evidence that downregulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) pathways was a feature of dysplastic lesions.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that there are detectable changes in the molecular profile of oral leukoplakia exhibiting dysplasia including downregulated ECM as a distinguishing feature of dysplastic lesions. This suggests that reactive changes in stroma may be an early manifestation of dysplastic development. Our study also demonstrates the feasibility of detecting such molecular changes in oral leukoplakia, providing avenues for further investigation of molecular mechanisms of oral dysplasia.
Motor trajectories of preterm and full‐term infants in the first year of life
Authors: Valentini Nadia Cristina , Pereira Keila Ruttnig Guidony , Chiquetti Eloá Maria dos Santos , Formiga Cibelle Kayenne Martins Roberto , Linhares Maria Beatriz Martins
Published: July 2019

Background

Motor development occurs throughout periods of motor skill acquisition, adjustment and variability. The objectives of this study were to analyze and compare biological and health characteristics and motor skill acquisition trajectories in preterm and full‐term infants during the first year of life.

Methods

Two thousand, five hundred and seventy‐nine infants (1,361 preterm) from 22 states were assessed using the Alberta Infant Motor Scale. Multivariate General Linear Model, t‐tests, ANOVA, and Tukey tests were used.

Results

An age × group significant interaction was found for motor scores. On follow‐up tests full‐term infants had higher scores in prone, supine, sitting and standing postures that require trunk control from 9 to 10 months of age; although this advantage was observed for sitting from the second month of life.

Conclusion

During the first trimester of life, preterm infants have higher scores in the supine and standing postures. Regarding motor trajectories, from newborn to 12 months, the period of higher motor acquisition was similar between full‐term and preterm infants for prone (3–10 months), supine (1–6 months), and standing (6–12 months). For the sitting posture, however, full‐term infants had a period of intensive motor learning of acquisition from the first to 7 months of life, whereas for preterm infants a shorter period was observed (3–7 months).

Conclusion

Although the periods of higher motor acquisition were similar, full‐term infants had higher scores in more control‐demanding postures. Intervention for preterm infants needs to extend beyond the first months of life, and include guidance to parents to promote motor development strategies to achieve control in the higher postures.
Multiplex real‐time PCR assays for the detection and identification of Heterobasidion species attacking conifers in Europe
Authors: Ioos R. , Chrétien P. , Perrault J. , Jeandel C. , Dutech C. , Gonthier P. , Sillo F. , Hietala A. M. , Solheim H. , Hubert J.
Published: July 2019

Four species of the destructive forest pathogen Heterobasidion annosum sensu lato (s.l.) are present in Europe: H. annosum sensu stricto (s.s.), H. abietinum and H. parviporum are native species, while H. irregulare is a non‐native invasive species currently reported only in Italy, yet recommended for regulation throughout Europe. In this study, real‐time PCR detection tests were developed for each of the four species, which can be used simultaneously or individually thanks to probes labelled with species‐specific fluorescent dyes. The different performance criteria of each assay were evaluated, and it was determined that they were theoretically capable of detecting amounts of DNA corresponding to 311, 29 and 29 cell nuclei in H. annosum s.s., H. irregulare and H. parviporum, respectively. The specificity of each assay was assessed with a wide set of strains. Real‐time PCR tests successfully detected Heterobasidion species from 36 fruiting bodies taken from the forest, as well as from artificially inoculated or naturally infected wood samples. The multiplex real‐time PCR assays developed in this study could have practical applications both in forest management and in phytosanitary monitoring.
Studying Public Policy through Immigration Policy: Advances in Theory and Measurement
Authors: Filindra Alexandra , Goodman Sara Wallace
Published: July 2019

This essay provides a critical review of the field of immigration policy studies from the perspective of measurement and modeling. It serves to contextualize and broaden the views presented in the special issue. As such, we combine insights from American and comparative politics, pinpoint key limitations and challenges in the field, and identify areas of strength within each subfield which could inform theory and measurement development for the other. Ultimately, the concerns about conceptualization, definition, and measurement that we identify and discuss herein, do not apply only to immigration policy studies but to policy studies writ large.
Application of fermentation strategy in aquafeed for sustainable aquaculture
Authors: Dawood Mahmoud A.O. , Koshio Shunsuke
Published: July 2019

Because of its high nutritional value, palatability and increased digestibility, fishy meal is widely used as an animal protein source in the aquafeed industry. However, the resource shortages and rising prices seriously restrict the use of fish meal (FM) in aquaculture. In this light, much efforts have been conducted to seek the sustainable supplies of protein sources to substitute FM. Due to their relatively low protein content and palatability, the presence of anti‐nutritional factors (ANFs) and unbalanced amino acid profiles, the plant protein sources have been limited in aquafeed, whereas the animal protein sources can replace FM in aquafeed due to their high protein content, total digestible dry matter and lack of ANFs. The fermentation process was recognized for its role in improving the nutritional quality of animal and plant protein sources. The protein sources can be treated with appropriate microorganisms to preserve its nutrients and finally incorporated into aquafeed, which would reduce feed costs and environmental pollution. Fermented meals showed better nutrient efficiency and could improve the nutritional value of aquafeed. This review was intended to present more updated information about the application of fermented ingredients in aquafeed industry. Based on the data collected, this review will contribute to further research into the production of fermented feed as a functional feed for sustainable aquaculture.
Heart and lungs in a single breath
Authors: Washko George R. , Agusti Alvar
Published: July 2019

See related Article
Falls in hospital: a case–control study
Authors: de Groot Gudrun Cathrine Lindgren , Al‐Fattal Ahmad , Sandven Irene
Published: July 2019

Aims

Falls among inpatients are common. The method used by The Norwegian Patient Safety Campaign to measure the adverse events is the Global Trigger Tool, which does not look at the causation for falls. This study was aimed at investigating major risk factors for falls in the hospital setting.

Methods

This retrospective case–control study was conducted at Telemark Hospital in Norway, in the period from September 2012 to August 2014. A total of 842 patients from three wards were included, whereof 172 cases had experienced one or more fall(s) during hospitalisation and 670 random controls had not fallen. Data were analysed according to a pragmatic strategy.

Results

Compared with patients who did not fall, patients who fell were 21 times more likely to have poor balance (OR = 21.50, 95% CI: 10.26–45.04) and 19 times more likely to have very poor balance (OR = 19.62, 95% CI: 9.55–40.27), twice as likely to be men (OR = 1.82, 95% CI: 1.24–2.68), and 50% increased probability of fall with every 10 year increase of age (OR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.34–1.69). Furthermore, the patients who fell were more likely to use antidepressant drugs (OR = 3.85, 95% CI: 1.09–13.63), antipsychotic drugs (OR = 3.27, 95% CI: 1.94–5.51), anxiolytic/hypnotic drugs (OR = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.22–2.67) and antiepileptic drugs (OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.11–4.06) than patients who did not fall.

Conclusions

During hospital stay, patients who fell had a higher risk profile than patients who did not fall. Clinicians should work to improve patients’ safety and reduce the risk of falls by accurately assessing balance and mobility as a form of primary prevention. We recommend that a review of the patient medications should be conducted upon falling, as a form of a secondary preventive strategy against falls.
Diversification and internationalization in the sociological study of science and religion
Authors: Catto Rebecca Alice , Jones Stephen , Kaden Tom , Elsdon‐Baker Fern
Published: July 2019

Classical sociology addressed the relationship between science and religion, but interest in the topic waned during the 20th century. A second wave of research has emerged in the 21st century, focusing on scientists' (ir)religiosity, evolution, and the relationship between knowledge and acceptance of scientific concepts. Most of this research has been conducted in the United States, used quantitative methods, and focused on creationism, although scholars have recently begun to explore different research methods and sites. Their results suggest that the “conflict thesis” is not valid and that publics and scientists' views tend to be fluid and strongly shaped by national context. The literature on nonreligion has also expanded, but its connection to science remains ripe for further development. A more intersectional approach would also benefit the field, as would increased engagement between public understanding of science scholars and sociologists studying science and religion. Research in both areas is showing that attitudes toward science and religion cannot be understood solely in terms of knowledge about either domain. There is scope for more empirical and theoretical work internationally eschewing the assumption that science and religion conflict and focusing more on identity, culture, and power relations.
Stereotyping Online? Internet News, Social Media, and the Racial Typification of Crime
Authors: Intravia Jonathan , Pickett Justin T.
Published: July 2019

A substantial body of research indicates that television news consumption is associated with criminal stereotyping. However, less is known about how online media, such as Internet news and social media news consumption, is associated with such attitudes. Using a multisite sample of mostly young adults, the current study examines the relationships between multiple types of online news consumption and crime news engagement on racially typifying African Americans as violent, property, and drug offenders. Findings reveal that Internet news consumption is negatively related, but social media news consumption is positively related, to racially typifying African Americans as criminals. Beyond consumption, social media crime news engagement is negatively related to racial typification. Last, there is some evidence that the association between online media consumption and engagement varies by race and political ideology. Findings and direction for future research is discussed.
Multiracial Identities and Employee Absenteeism: Testing Contact and Depletion Hypotheses
Authors: Berg Justin Allen , Allen Amira
Published: July 2019

Employee absenteeism costs the U.S. economy billions of dollars each year. Recent research finds that workplace characteristics are important predictors, yet variation remains by racial identity. Less is known about the reasons multiracial workers miss work. With data from the 2014 General Social Survey, we test a contact hypothesis and a depletion hypothesis. The findings support the depletion hypothesis. Multiracial workers are likely feeling cognitively taxed from comparatively more interracial interaction in the workplace, resulting in their higher rate of employee absenteeism. Given that the number of multiracial individuals living and working in the United States is expected to grow substantially over the next decade, understanding the factors that explain their work behavior may be beneficial to all social groups.
Minimal-dimensional representations of reduced enveloping algebras for
Authors: Goodwin Simon M. , Topley Lewis
Published: July 2019

Let

$\mathfrak{g}=\mathfrak{g}\mathfrak{l}_{N}(\Bbbk )$

, where

$\Bbbk$

is an algebraically closed field of characteristic

$p>0$

, and

$N\in \mathbb{Z}_{{\geqslant}1}$

. Let

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}\in \mathfrak{g}^{\ast }$

and denote by

$U_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}}(\mathfrak{g})$

the corresponding reduced enveloping algebra. The Kac–Weisfeiler conjecture, which was proved by Premet, asserts that any finite-dimensional

$U_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}}(\mathfrak{g})$

-module has dimension divisible by

$p^{d_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}}}$

, where

$d_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}}$

is half the dimension of the coadjoint orbit of

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}$

. Our main theorem gives a classification of

$U_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}}(\mathfrak{g})$

-modules of dimension

$p^{d_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}}}$

. As a consequence, we deduce that they are all parabolically induced from a one-dimensional module for

$U_{0}(\mathfrak{h})$

for a certain Levi subalgebra

$\mathfrak{h}$

of

$\mathfrak{g}$

; we view this as a modular analogue of Mœglin’s theorem on completely primitive ideals in

$U(\mathfrak{g}\mathfrak{l}_{N}(\mathbb{C}))$

. To obtain these results, we reduce to the case where

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}$

is nilpotent, and then classify the one-dimensional modules for the corresponding restricted

$W$

-algebra.
Stacking Yield Prediction of Package-on-Package Assembly Using Uncertainty Propagation Analysis—Part II: Implementation of Stochastic Model
Authors: Wei Hsiu-Ping , Yang Yu-Hsiang , Han Bongtae
Published: July 2019

The stochastic model for yield loss prediction proposed in Part I is implemented for a package-on-package (PoP) assembly. The assembly consists of a stacked die thin flat ball grid array (TFBGA) as the top package and a flip chip ball grid array (fcBGA) as the bottom package. The top and bottom packages are connected through 216 solder joints of 0.5 mm pitch in two peripheral rows. The warpage values of the top and bottom package are calculated by finite element analysis (FEA), and the corresponding probability of density functions (PDFs) are obtained by the eigenvector dimension reduction (EDR) method. The solder ball heights of the top and bottom package and the corner pad joint heights are determined by surface evolver, and their PDFs are determined by the EDR method, too. Only 137 modeling runs are conducted to obtain all 549 PDFs in spite of the large number of input variables considered in the study (27 input variables). Finally, the noncontact open-induced staking yield loss of the PoP assembly is predicted from the PDFs.
Numerical Modeling of Spark Ignition in Internal Combustion Engines
Authors: Pyszczek Rafał , Hahn Jooyoung , Priesching Peter , Teodorczyk Andrzej
Published: July 2019

In this paper, we aim to develop a comprehensive ignition model for three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) combustion modeling in spark-ignited (SI) engines. In the proposed model, we consider the following aspects separately to model the spark ignition process comprehensively. An electrical circuit is solved for calculation of the energy transferred to the spark plasma channel. The spark itself is represented by computational particles for monitoring its motion and ignitability. Heat diffusion from the spark toward the surrounding mixture is calculated with a one-dimensional (1D) model, resulting in the temperature obtained at the surface of the spark channel. Based on the calculated temperature and interpolated pressure and local mixture composition, an instantaneous ignition delay time is read from tabulated values for every particle representing the spark channel. The final ignitability criterion is defined by a precursor calculated with a zero-dimensional (0D) model, which accounts for the history of changes in spark surface temperature and local mixture properties. As soon as the precursor reaches a threshold value for a given spark channel particle, a flame kernel is introduced at a position of the particle. Flame propagation is generally treated by the G-equation combustion model. Validation is performed by measurements of the spark discharge process in high-velocity flow field and single-cylinder AVL research engine. We demonstrate that the proposed model can correctly reproduce the electrical circuit, spark channel dynamics, and overall engine performance.
Performances Optimization and Comparison of Two Organic Rankine Cycles for Cogeneration in the Cement Plant
Authors: Fergani Zineb , Morosuk Tatiana , Touil Djamel
Published: July 2019

In this paper, the potential application of an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) for cogeneration in a cement plant is presented. Two ORC system configurations are considered. The first configuration is based on the waste heat recovery from the exit gases of clinker burning system. An additional heat source which is the solar energy was used for the second configuration. Parametric studies are performed for the systems with three different working fluids. Both systems are optimized from the viewpoints of thermodynamic, exergoeconomic, and exergoenvironmental analyses.
Cyclic di-GMP Increases Catalase Production and Hydrogen Peroxide Tolerance in
Vibrio cholerae
Authors: Fernandez Nicolas L. , Waters Christopher M.
Published: July 2019

As a result of infection with
V. cholerae
, patients become dehydrated, leading to death if not properly treated. The aquatic environment is the natural reservoir for
V. cholerae
, where it can survive alterations in temperature, salinity, and oxygen. The second messenger molecule c-di-GMP is an important signal regulating host and aquatic environmental persistence because it controls whether
V. cholerae
will form a biofilm or disperse through flagellar motility. In this work, we demonstrate another function of c-di-GMP in
V. cholerae
biology: promoting tolerance to the reactive oxygen species H
2
O
2
through the differential regulation of catalase expression. Our results suggest a mechanism where c-di-GMP simultaneously controls biofilm formation and antioxidant production, which could promote persistence in human and marine environments.
Biocide Resistance and Transmission of Clostridium difficile Spores Spiked onto Clinical Surfaces from an American Health Care Facility
Authors: Dyer Calie , Hutt Lee P. , Burky Robert , Joshi Lovleen Tina
Published: July 2019

Clostridium difficile
is a health care-acquired organism and the causative agent of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Its spores are implicated in fecal to oral transmission from contaminated surfaces in the health care environment due to their adherent nature. Contaminated surfaces are cleaned using high-strength chemicals to remove and kill the spores; however, despite appropriate infection control measures, there is still high incidence of
C. difficile
infection in patients in the United States. Our research examined the effect of a high-strength biocide on spores of
C. difficile
which had been spiked onto a range of clinically relevant surfaces, including isolation gowns, stainless steel, and floor vinyl. This study found that
C. difficile
spores were able to survive exposure to appropriate concentrations of biocide, highlighting the need to examine the effectiveness of infection control measures to prevent spore transmission and to consider the prevalence of biocide resistance when decontaminating health care surfaces.
Management and outcome of an appendiceal collision tumour composed of neuroendocrine and mucinous neoplasms
Authors: Sholi Adam N , Gray Katherine D , Pomp Alfons
Published: July 2019

We report an appendiceal collision tumour in a 23-year-old woman who presented with constipation and abdominal fullness. Imaging revealed a right lower quadrant abdominal mass that was laparoscopically resected. Histology revealed an appendiceal collision tumour composed of a low-grade mucinous neoplasm and well-differentiated neuroendocrine neoplasm. A right hemicolectomy for complete oncological control was performed revealing metastatic spread of the neuroendocrine component to the lymph nodes. No further treatment was recommended and the patient was followed with expectant management. At 2-year follow-up, no evidence of disease was found on surveillance imaging. Appendiceal collision tumours can arise in young adults; treatment should be guided by oncological principles of the component tumours.
Substance use disorders among African, Caribbean and Black (ACB) people in Canada: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Nguemo Joseph D , Iroanyah Ngozi , Husbands Winston , Nelson LaRon E , Maina Geoffrey , Njoroge Irene , Owino Maureen , Kahan Meldon , Miller Desmond , Wong Josephine
Published: July 2019

Introduction

Previous research demonstrated that substance use continues to be one of the most complex and prevalent problems among African, Caribbean and Black (ACB) people. A number of studies were conducted to characterise substance use patterns in this population. To our knowledge, this is the first known review in Canada characterising substance use disorders on ACB people.

This scoping review seeks to answer the following research questions: What characterises substance use disorders among ACB people in Canada? What are the different types and prevalence of substance use among ACB people in Canada? Do ACB people in Canada use more than one substance? What factors are associated with substance use among ACB people in Canada? What are the health and social impacts of substance use in ACB people in Canada?

Methods and analyses

This study will use the methodological framework for scoping reviews developed by Arksey and O’Malley. We will search electronic bibliographic databases including Ovid MEDLINE, PsycINFO and CINAHL. We will limit our search to English articles published between 2000and2019. In addition, we will conduct a grey literature search. Two investigators will independently screen citations and full-text articles. Our findings will be reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis for scoping reviews guidelines. We will provide a descriptive summary of the studies and summarise the findings with respect to the outcomes and report any gaps that might require further investigation.

Ethics and dissemination

Our proposed study does not involve human participants; therefore, research ethics approval is not required. This study will provide evidence that will inform the development of strategies for appropriate interventions, as well as policy and further research. The results will be disseminated through publications in open access peer-reviewed journals, presentations at scientific meetings and to the lay public.
Comments on the dilemma in the June issue: Not a dry eye in the house: treating rescue dogs with off‐licence cyclosporine
Authors: Badger David
Published: July 2019

In the dilemma discussed in the June issue of In Practice, David Williams described a scenario where you are presented with a puppy that has abnormal eye discharge which, on inspection with the Schirmer tear test, is confirmed as dry eye. The recommended treatment is topical cyclosporine, which is likely to restore tear production while alleviating the discomfort that is clearly a welfare issue for the animal. Without such treatment the quality‐of‐life for the puppy reduces dramatically due to chronic corneal pain. However, the owner is unable to afford this licensed treatment. You remember the days before cyclosporine ointment was licensed, when the oral formulation of cyclosporine used for atopic dermatitis was diluted in corn oil and worked perfectly well. (IP, June 2019, vol 41, pp 230‐231). What do you do?
Clinical features and cancer risk in families with pathogenicCDH1variants irrespective of clinical criteria
Authors: Xicola Rosa M , Li Shuwei , Rodriguez Nicolette , Reinecke Patrick , Karam Rachid , Speare Virginia , Black Mary Helen , LaDuca Holly , Llor Xavier
Published: July 2019

Background

The clinical phenotype ofCDH1pathogenic variant carriers has mostly been studied in families that fulfil criteria of hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC). We aimed at determining cancer phenotype and cancer risk estimation among families withCDH1pathogenic variants not selected by HDGC clinical criteria.

Methods

Patients were all consecutively identifiedCDH1pathogenic variant carriers from a clinical laboratory tested with multigene panel testing and from an academic cancer genetics programme. Clinical and demographic features, cancer phenotypes and genotype–phenotype correlations were determined amongCDH1families. Age-specific cumulative cancer risks (penetrance) were calculated based on 38 families with available pedigrees.

Results

Within the 113CDH1pathogenic variant probands and 476 relatives, 113 had gastric cancer, 177 breast cancer and 196 other cancers. Mean age at diagnosis was 47 for gastric and 54 for breast cancer. Forty-six per cent fulfilled criteria of HDGC. While 36% of families had both gastric and breast cancers, 36% had breast but no gastric cancers and 16% had gastric but not breast cancers. Cumulative risk of cancer by age 80 was 37.2% for gastric and 42.9% for breast cancer.

Conclusion

In unselectedCDH1pathogenic variant carrier families, gastric cancer risks were lower and age at diagnosis higher than previously reported in families pre-selected for HDGC criteria. A substantial proportion of families did not present with any gastric cancers and their cancers were limited to breast. Thus, clinical criteria forCDH1testing should be widened, including breast cancer families only, and a consideration for delayed prophylactic gastrectomy/surveillance should be evaluated.