Allosteric priming ofE. coliCheY by the flagellar motor protein FliM
Authors: Wheatley Paige , Gupta Sayan , Pandini Alessandro , Chen Yan , Petzold Christopher J. , Ralston Corie Y. , Blair David F. , Khan Shahid 
Published: September 2019

Phosphorylation ofEscherichia coliCheY protein transduces chemoreceptor stimulation to a highly cooperative flagellar motor response. CheY binds to the N-terminal peptide of the FliM motor protein (FliMN). Constitutively active D13K-Y106W CheY has been an important tool for motor physiology. The crystal structures of CheY and CheY.FliMNwith and without D13K-Y106W have shown FliMNbound CheY contains features of both active and inactive states. We used molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to characterize the CheY conformational landscape accessed by FliMNand D13K-Y106W. Mutual information measures identified the central features of the long-range CheY allosteric network between D13K at the D57 phosphorylation site and Y/W106 at the FliMNinterface; namely the closure of the α4-β4 hinge and inward rotation of Y/W106 with W58. We used hydroxy-radical foot-printing with mass spectroscopy (XFMS) to track the solvent accessibility of these and other sidechains. The solution XFMS oxidation rate correlated with the solvent-accessible area of the crystal structures. The protection of allosteric relay sidechains reported by XFMS confirmed the intermediate conformation of the native CheY.FliMNcomplex, the inactive state of free D13K-Y106W CheY and the MD-based network architecture. We extended the MD analysis to determine temporal coupling and energetics during activation. Coupled aromatic residue rotation was a graded rather than a binary switch with Y/W106 sidechain burial correlated with increased FliMNaffinity. Activation entrained CheY fold stabilization to FliMNaffinity. The CheY network could be partitioned into four dynamically coordinated community sectors. Residue substitutions mapped to sectors around D57 or the FliMNinterface according to phenotype. FliMNincreased sector size and interactions. These sectors fused between the substituted K13K-W106 residues to organize a tightly packed core and novel surfaces that may bind additional sites to explain the cooperative motor response. The community maps provide a more complete description of CheY priming than proposed thus far.

Statement of Significance

CheY affinity for FliMN, its binding target at the flagellar motor, is increased by phosphorylation to switch rotation sense. Atomistic simulations based on CheY and CheY.FliMNcrystal structures with and without the phospho-mimetic double substitution (D13K-Y106W) showed CheY compaction is entrained to increased FliMNaffinity. Burial of exposed aromatic sidechains drove compaction, as validated by tracking sidechain solvent accessibility with hydroxyl-radical foot-printing. The substitutions were localized at the phosphorylation pocket (D13K) and FliMNinterface (Y106W). Mutual information measures revealed these locations were allosterically coupled by a specialized conduit when the conformational landscape of FliMN-tethered CheY was modified by the substitutions. Novel surfaces stabilized by the conduit may bind additional motor sites, essential for the high cooperativity of the flagellar switch.