bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Grammars, Dictionaries, and Dialects
Authors: Hamilton Alastair
Published: October 2023

It was one thing to criticize Kircher, but another to do better. One of the first true advances on Kircher’s linguistic publications was the work of Guillaume Bonjour. An Augustinian hermit from Toulouse, Bonjour had been summoned to Rome at the age of 25 in 1695 by Cardinal Enrico Noris, who had just been appointed custodian of the Vatican Library by the pope, Innocent XII, and, in 1701, would become the prefect.1 Bonjour remained in Rome for twelve years. His publication on the name of Joseph, Dissertatio de nomine Patriarchae Josephi a Pharaone imposito. In defensionem Vulgatae Editionis, et Patrum qui Josephum in Serapide adumbratum tradiderunt, which appeared in 1696, a defence of the Vulgate translation as ‘salvator mundi’, drew the attention of Leibniz and Ezechiel Spanheim,2 and his In monumenta coptica seu Aegyptiaca Bibliothecae Vaticanae brevis exercitatio of 1699 was regarded as a most useful list of Coptic holdings in Rome.
Loss of Resources Without the Owner’ s Consent: Necessity and Adverse Possession
Authors: Gordley James
Published: October 2023

The doctrine of necessity was foreign to Roman law although later jurists used it to explain Roman legal texts. The doctrine was first formulated by the medieval canon lawyers. Aquinas and the late scholastics then explained it by drawing on Aristotelian ideas about the purpose of property. It was then rejected by the will theorists of the 19th century but managed to survive in the United States and resurface in Germany because it commended itself to common sense. The Roman legal texts on which later jurists drew allowed one person to enter another’ s land without permission: for example, to look for a fugitive. They allowed a person to preserve his own life or property by destroying that of another: for example, if he pulled down his neighbor’ s house to save his own from a fire. Thus, what we would call necessity was sometimes a defense against an action under the Roman lex Aquilia for damage done unlawfully. Finally, there were rules allowing the captain of a ship to jettison cargo to save the ship. The passengers whose goods had been saved had to compensate those whose goods were thrown overboard. These rules were similar to modern admiralty law, and indeed, were the historical ancestors of that law. The medieval canon lawyers generalized to formulate a doctrine of necessity. Unlike the Roman lawyers, they were not dealing with the problem of who should pay if cargo was jettisoned or a house destroyed or a fugitive chased onto someone else’ s land. They were trying to determine when one was guilty of the sin of greed. In one of the texts that Gratian incorporated into his Decretum, Saint Ambrose denounced a person who ‘ sees always gold, always silver’ and ‘ asks gold even in his prayer and supplication to God’.
Acquisition of Resources Without a Prior Owner’ s Consent: Minerals, Capture, Found Property
Authors: Gordley James
Published: October 2023

One person may voluntarily transfer property to another. As we will see, writers in the Aristotelian tradition described these transfers as acts of commutative justice, if they were intended to obtain an equivalent for what was given, or as acts of liberality, if they were intended to enrich the other party at the giver’ s expense. Alternatively, a person may acquire property that did not previously belong to anyone else. Under Roman law, he might catch an animal or find an object which no one else owned or whose owner could not be identified. Often, he obtained title to such an object by occupatio or raking possession of it. Some modem philosophers have seen in occupatio or first possession or in some kindred concept the origin of all property. For John Locke, since each person owned his own labor, one who mixed his labor with an object thereby became its owner. He left it unclear what one had to do to mix one’ s labor with an object beyond taking possession of it. According to Immanuel Kant, one could appropriate anything that was not previously owned or used by someone else. He rested this idea on the will. The will would pointlessly lose some of its freedom if a person could not appropriate some thing that no one else owned or was using. For both philosophers, after resources had originally been acquired in these ways, they could then be legitimately transferred from one person to another by agreement in the absence of force or fraud.
Impossibility and Unexpected Circumstances
Authors: Gordley James
Published: October 2023

The doctrine of impossibility goes back co Roman law. Traditionally, it denies enforcement to some but not all contracts in which performance is impossible. The doctrine of changed circumstances, in contrast, was developed by the medieval canon lawyers. As traditionally formulated, it provides that a promisor is not liable under certain cir cumstances under which he would not have been willing to commit himself had he anticipated them. The Roman and canon lawyers formulated these doctrines but did not attempt to explain chem. As before the late scholastics tried to explain them both with ideas taken from Aristotle. In my view, their attempt to explain the doctrine of impossibility was a failure, largely because they were trying to explain a legal doctrine which sometimes excused a promisor in moralistic terms which implied he always should be excused. Attempts to explain the doctrine since then have been equally unsuccessful. Thus our account of impossibility will be one of a doctrine that failed. Jurists have also found the doctrine of changed circumstances difficult to explain. Most of the 19th century civil lawyers rejected it entirely. Yet, with the notable exception of France, most major legal systems will now give relief. This time, as we will see, the late scholastics and northern natural lawyers found a good explanation of the doctrine, one so good that it can explain the relief that the law gives for impossibility as well.
Buy Tudor: The Historical Film and History as a Mass Commodity
Authors: Melman Billie
Published: October 2023

Over a century after the early Victorian popular discovery of the Tudors, the historian A. L. Rowse commented on the continuous life of the Elizabethan Age in the social and imaginary lives of modern English men and women. Writing in 1950, a few months before the Festival of Britain and two years away from the accession of Elizabeth II, which he would christen ‘the New Elizabethan Age’, Rowse ruminated about the ubiquity and visibility of the Elizabethans. ‘The Elizabethan Age’, he enthused, ‘is not something dead and apart from us; it is alive and all round and within us.
Public Support for Market Reforms in Nine Asian Countries: Divergence of a Market- Based Economy
Authors: Ahn Chung-Si , Jang Jiho
Published: October 2023

A wave of market reform and globalization has swept across the world since the 1980s, and the nations of Asia have felt hits impact as greatly as countries in Latin America, Eastern Europe, and other parts of the world. For the past two decades, communist China and Vietnam have moved their state-directed economies toward an open economic system with private ownership. In November 2002, the 16th Congress of the Chinese Communist Party adopted an inclusive doctrine that allowed bourgeois capitalists to obtain party membership. In addition, a powerful wave of capitalist development had steadily transformed the economies of South Korea, Taiwan, and many other East Asian nations.
The Police and the Intelligence Services —With Special Reference to the relationship with MI5
Authors: Gregory Frank
Published: October 2023

The organizational structures of national security and intelligence services are as varied as the organizational structures of police services. However, in most States there are organisations for the following functions: domestic security and intelligence, external intelligence, defence intelligence, and signals intelligence (sigint). There are two main linked approaches to understanding the relationship in a given State between the police and the intelligence services: historical and legal-institutional. The historical approach illustrates how a particular state has sought to provide for and govern a set of essential activities that may, in part, need to be both covert and deniable. The legal-institutional approach, by examining the statutory basis for such activities and the organizational structure, can help to clarify status, roles, inter-organizational relationships, and accountability mechanisms (Müller-Wille, 2006 and Venice Commission, 2007). Within Europe there is no common organizational model but rather a mixture of police and non-police types. A range of examples are illustrated in Table 4.1 below.
Introduction to Part IV: The Future of Intelligence
Authors: MacVean Allyson
Published: October 2023

Policing in the twenty-first century is characterized by complexity, globalization, and new forms of threat. The need for wider strategic vision and unifying traditional cultural divides are imperative in securing confidence and trust in policing.
Knowledge Management and the National Intelligence Model
Authors: Bowers Adrian
Published: October 2023

Contributing to this volume has afforded the present author, a member of the team that devised the National Intelligence Model (NIM) for policing in England and Wales, the opportunity for reflection, a decade on, about the relationship between intelligence-led policing (ILP) and knowledge management (KM): the former, arguably, a framework in search of a theory; the latter, arguably, a theory in search of a framework; and each in need of the appropriate organizational culture in order to flourish. This chapter explores the interaction between the two concepts and how this might characterize their contribution to twenty-first-century policing.
1670–1679
Authors: Randall Dale B J , Boswell Jackson C
Published: October 2023

Sir Thomas Culpeper, the younger (1626–1697?), of Greenway Court, Kent, edited and wrote a preface for this tract written by his deceased father, Sir Thomas Culpeper, the elder (1578–1662). In recent times the elder Culpeper has been recognized as shifting arguments against usury from divine law to utilitarian economics. At one point in The Necessity of Abating Usury he indulges in a little rhetorical flourish by invoking the example of Don Quixote. During a conversation supposedly held between T. M. (the book is designed as a reply to Thomas Manley’s Usury at Six Per Cent.
Dandies and Lions
Authors: Gill Miranda
Published: October 2023

Members of high society were less inﬂuenced than the bourgeoisie by the conduct manual and its code of anodyne invisibility. In the literary culture of the July Monarchy, fashionable eccentricity was often associated with dandyism, a concept that was considerably more historically mutable than has often been recognized. Dandies exemplified an ethos of aristocratic individualism founded upon audacity, contempt for bourgeois mediocrity, and a desire to differentiate oneself from others.
The Demi-Monde
Authors: Gill Miranda
Published: October 2023

The range of meanings attached to female eccentricity narrowed considerably after the demise of the Second Republic. In the panoramic literature of the July Monarchy, various female types were termed eccentric, from bluestockings and spinsters to fashionable female aristocrats, dandies, and lorettes. Though all these figures were unconventional, only some were portrayed negatively. During the Second Empire, in contrast, female eccentricity was almost invariably associated with the demi- monde, the ‘half-world’ separating respectable women from prostitutes.
An Introduction to Contests
Authors: Konrad Kai A
Published: October 2023

There are many types of interaction in which players expend effort in trying to get ahead of their rivals. Such interactions include marketing and advertising by firms, litigation, relative reward schemes in firms, beauty contests by firms, and rent-seeking for rents allocated by a public regulator, political competition, patent races, and entertainment activities such as sports.
Cost and Prize Structure
Authors: Konrad Kai A
Published: October 2023

A natural way to influence the outcome of a contest is to influence the cost of the contestants ‘ effort. This is easy if a contest organizer controls this aspect by setting the rules, or by using instruments such as taxes and subsidies that change the cost-of-effort functions for some, or all, contestants. The change in the cost structure that is desirable will generally depend on the point of view. Contestants who want to reduce their overall equilibrium efforts might be interested in the creation of asymmetry. The contest organizer may find a high level of effort desirable, and, as has been dis- cussed in the context of labor market tournaments, to some extent, this may ultimately also be in the interest of contestants if there is a positive relationship between the equilibrium effort and the contest prize.
Conclusions
Authors: Konrad Kai A
Published: October 2023

Contest competition shares properties with other types of competition which are more prevalent and have been more carefully studied in economic theory, but it also has some important differences. Some insights that have been developed are seemingly robust and these are collected also in the summary sections at the ends of the chapters. The fundamental role of heterogeneity of contestants and the discouragement effect in dynamic contests figure prominently in the theory of contests.
The Void
Authors: Powell —Colin
Published: October 2023

On December 26, Colonel William Meier greeted a group of Marines—gunnery sergeants, lance corporals, and others, all returning in haste from a prematurely interrupted Christmas break and time with their families. Together they boarded the bus at Camp Lejeune and headed out to an airfield in the middle of nowhere. Among them was Master Gunnery Sergeant Marc Coudriet, who had hastily packed when the callback order arrived for a “secret mission.” His luggage bulged with extra-warm clothes meant to fend off the bitter Afghan winter. Once everyone was seated, Meier asked, “Okay, everyone ready? You ready to go to Gitmo?” Coudriet’s woolens were not going to be useful after all.
The Petting Zoo
Authors: Nichols —Lt. Col. Timothy
Published: October 2023

Across the globe, from allies and critics alike, the photograph had ignited a blaze of protest. “Torture,” accused the caption in Britain’s Daily Mail. “Strongarm Tactics,” cried the Mirror. “Fudg[ing] or blur[ring] the edges,” scolded Mary Robinson, UN human rights chief and former president of Ireland. “Outsourcing … moral obligation,” the Toronto Globe and Mail headlined, quoting a Canadian MP. French foreign minister Hubert Védrine and British prime minister Tony Blair sought assurances from their American counterparts that the United States was, after all, intending to follow international law. “Inside Camp Terror,” read the caption from Sydney’s Daily Telegraph.
Introduction
Authors: Schwalbe Ulrich , Zimmer Daniel
Published: October 2023

As pointed out in the analysis of market forms in Part 1 2. above, there is a relationship between the degree of concentration on a market and the firms’ market power: Where there are only a few firms on a market, ie if concentration is high, it is more likely that the firms will have market power than where there are several firms on the market.1 This relationship hints at an important motive for the external growth of firms: by merging with another firm, firms can increase their market share and thereby obtain market power or extend and secure existing market power.2 The merged firm has a larger margin of discretion which it can exercise to charge higher prices and realise larger profits. Another reason for a merger is that it may help the firms to reduce unnecessary duplications, eg two IT or accounting departments, or make it possible to employ a more efficient technology, which leads to cost savings and an increase in profits. Such efficiencies may counteract the potentially negative impact of the merger resulting from the increase in market power.
Non-Coordinated Effects
Authors: Schwalbe Ulrich , Zimmer Daniel
Published: October 2023

Taking the various models of oligopoly described in Part 1 as a starting point, the following section analyses merger effects in more detail, the focus being placed on non-coordinated effects. The analysis explores the ways in which a merger affects the market outcome where there is no coordination between the firms either before or after the merger or, in other words, how the non-coordinated Nash equilibrium changes as a result of the merger. The non-coordinated effects depend on the central competition parameter employed by the firms (ie price or quantity) and on whether or not firms produce homogeneous or differentiated goods. A recent analysis of 124 merger cases has shown that, in order to obtain information on the potential non-coordinated and coordinated effects, the American FTC used five different market models, depending on the market structure in question (two models for the case of homogeneous goods, and three for differentiated goods). It has been shown that a non-coordinated effects analysis was carried out in more than 50% of the cases under consideration.1
Coordinated Effects And Collective Dominance
Authors: Schwalbe Ulrich , Zimmer Daniel
Published: October 2023

Although non-coordinated effects lead to changes in prices and quantities, the nature of the competition between the firms remains unaffected in one important respect: even after the merger, the firms do not coordinate their behaviour and continue to act non-cooperatively. However, a merger may well lead to a fundamental change in the nature of competition on the market. More precisely, a merger may give the firms an opportunity to coordinate their behaviour or to improve or stabilise existing coordination, thereby establishing a coordinated equilibrium that would not have been feasible prior to the merger.1 Such a coordinated equilibrium entails the elimination of almost all competition between the firms, leading to a market outcome similar to that of a monopolistic market structure (see Part 1 above). The effects of such a change in the nature of competition on prices and quantities, and thus on consumer surplus and welfare, are called ‘coordinated effects’. By contrast with a monopoly, several firms dominate the market jointly and therefore such a situation is often referred to as collective dominance. From the point of view of economic theory, the prediction of the likelihood of the creation or strengthening of a collective dominant position poses several conceptional problems (see Section 9.VIII.2. below).
Vertical And Conglomerate Mergers
Authors: Schwalbe Ulrich , Zimmer Daniel
Published: October 2023

Unlike horizontal mergers, where the merging firms operate on the same relevant market, vertical and conglomerate mergers involve firms operating on different markets. Therefore, vertical and conglomerate mergers are collectively described as ‘non-horizontal mergers’.1 However, the two types of mergers have proven to give rise to different kinds of economic problems.2
Health and Education Services During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Other Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Pazol Karen , Tian Lin H. , DiGuiseppi Carolyn , Durkin Maureen S. , Fallin M. Daniele , Moody Eric J. , Nadler Cy , Powell Patrick S. , Reyes Nuri , Robinson Britney , Ryerson A. Blythe , Thierry JoAnn M. , Tinker Sarah C. , Wiggins Lisa D. , Yeargin-Allsopp Marshalyn
Published: October 2023

Objective:

Understanding how the COVID-19 pandemic affected children with disabilities is essential for future public health emergencies. We compared children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with those with another developmental disability (DD) and from the general population (POP) regarding (1) missed or delayed appointments for regular health/dental services, immunizations, and specialty services; (2) reasons for difficulty accessing care; and (3) use of remote learning and school supports.

Method:

Caregivers of children previously enrolled in the Study to Explore Early Development, a case-control study of children with ASD implemented during 2017 to 2020, were recontacted during January–June 2021 to learn about services during March–December 2020. Children were classified as ASD, DD, or POP during the initial study and were aged 3.4 to 7.5 years when their caregivers were recontacted during the pandemic.

Results:

Over half of all children missed or delayed regular health/dental appointments (58.4%–65.2%). More children in the ASD versus DD and POP groups missed or delayed specialty services (75.7%, 58.3%, and 22.8%, respectively) and reported difficulties obtaining care of any type because of issues using telehealth and difficulty wearing a mask. During school closures, a smaller proportion of children with ASD versus another DD were offered live online classes (84.3% vs 91.1%), while a larger proportion had disrupted individualized education programs (50.0% vs 36.2%).

Conclusion:

Minimizing service disruptions for all children and ensuring continuity of specialty care for children with ASD is essential for future public health emergencies. Children may need additional services to compensate for disruptions during the pandemic.
HDL-C and creatinine levels at 1 month are associated with patient 12-month survival rate after kidney transplantation
Authors: Teng Haolin , Hu Xinyuan , Liu Nian
Published: October 2023

Background

Many factors affect the survival rate after kidney transplantation, including laboratory tests, medicine therapy and pharmacogenomics. Tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil and methylprednisolone were used as an immunosuppressive regimen after kidney transplantation. The primary goal of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the tacrolimus concentrations and mycophenolate mofetil area under the curve of mycophenolic acid AUC-MPA. Secondary goals were to study the association between perioperative period laboratory tests, medicine therapy, CYP3A5 genetic polymorphisms, and survival rate in kidney renal transplant patients.

Methods

A total of 303 patients aged above 18 years were enrolled in this study. Their clinical characteristics, laboratory tests, and medicine therapy regimens were collected. We followed the patients for survival for 1 year after kidney transplantation.

Results

Multivariable logistic analyses reveal that age greater than 50 years, and the CY3A5 *3*3 genotype were independently, positively, and significantly related to tacrolimus C/D ratio at 7 days. At 1 month of follow-up, only CYP3A5 *3*3 was associated with tacrolimus C/D ratio. Basiliximab, Imipenem and cilastatin sodium, sex were associated with mycophenolate mofetil AUC-MPA at 7 days. In the COX regression analysis, a high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level≥1 mmol/L was identified as a positive independent risk factors for the survival rate, while a creatinine level ≥200 μmol/L was a negatively independent risk factors for survival rate.

Conclusion

These results suggest that age, genes, and drug-drug interaction can affect the concentration of tacrolimus.
Transmucosal Boston Keratoprosthesis Type II in a Case of Severe Bilateral Chemical Burn
Authors: Orive Bañuelos Ana , Fideliz de la Paz María , Feijóo Lera Raquel , Santamaría Carro Alaitz , Martínez Grau Ainhoa , Andollo Victoriano Noelia , Etxebarria Ecenarro Jaime
Published: October 2023

Purpose:

The purpose of this report was to describe a new alternative surgical technique combining oral mucosa and the Boston Keratoprosthesis type II (BKPro II) in a patient with severe chemical burn.

Methods:

We present a case of a 37-year-old man who suffered a severe bilateral chemical burn. Visual acuity was light perception and projection in both eyes. After many surgeries, including eyelid reconstruction, eyelashes electrolysis, and amniotic membrane transplants, he presented a corneal thinning in his right eye that was managed with an autologous oral mucosa graft. Considering the limited function of the eyelids, mild symblepharon, and dry ocular surface, we proposed the implantation of a BKPro II. The patient voiced his desire of avoiding complete tarsorrhaphy for better cosmesis. Osteo-odonto-keratoprosthesis or tibial bone keratoprothesis was also discarded at the patient's express wish. A year and a half later, the oral mucosa was transplanted, and once the ocular surface was stabilized, we lift the mucosa 270 degrees and performed the implantation of the BKPro II covering this device with the mucosa trephined avoiding the complete tarsorrhaphy and theraby modifying the standard procedure.

Results:

After 34 months of follow-up, the patient did not develop any complications, his visual acuity is stable (0.3 decimal), and funduscopic examination showed a pale optic disk, vascular tortuosity, and an epiretinal membrane that remains stable up to this period.

Conclusions:

Transmucosal BKPro II may be considered as an alternative surgical technique for implant support in BKPro II carriers who want to improve their cosmesis avoiding, avoid complete tarsorrhaphy, and do not want to be exposed to dental or bone surgeries.
The Battle of Two Fungi
Authors: Salehani Atousa , Nathan Ramesh
Published: October 2023

The incidence of infections with Candida parapsilosis has been increasing, and this fungus is the second most commonly isolated Candida species from blood cultures. It has an affinity for intravascular devices, prosthetic devices, and total parenteral nutrition. We describe an uncommonly reported case of breakthrough bloodstream infection with C. parapsilosis in a patient receiving chronic total parenteral nutrition who was receiving micafungin for Candida glabrata fungemia. We also briefly discuss the challenges of diagnosis and management of fungemia caused by different Candida species.
Justice in Educational Content: A Guide to Racial and Cultural Representation in Academic and Clinical Teaching and Assessment
Authors: Sabus Carla , VanHoose Lisa
Published: October 2023

Background and Purpose.

Case-based instruction is broadly used in health professions education, including physical therapy education. Case-based instruction can support achievement of higher-order, applied, learning objectives and clinical reasoning. Instructors strive to represent the diversity of the clinical population in case studies and may have explicit intercultural competency objectives. The inclusion of cultural, racial, and ethnic characteristics in cases or assessments can potentially reinforce stereotypes or inaccurately emphasize these characteristics as direct predictors of health profile. Furthermore, as most physical therapy faculty creating cases are from a White majority stance, there is a risk that inclusion of cultural elements risks inappropriate and biased representation.

Position and Rationale.

Well-intentioned instructors risk substituting cultural, racial, and ethnic characteristics for social and structural determinants of health. Race is a social, not biologic construction and should not be confused. Informed instructors guided by evidence-based strategies can achieve rich case depictions that do not convey inaccurate risk or alienate learners.

Discussion and Conclusion.

A curriculum design strategy is offered for case development that brings explicit attention to representation of race and culture. This tool serves as a self-reflective and improvement tool. Continued community and student engagement is necessary to achieve high-quality and instructive case studies.
Implementation of a postgraduate dermatology fellowship program for nurse practitioners
Authors: Brickley Sylvana , Barrolle Shimika , Pentland Alice
Published: October 2023

Transition to practice programs (also referred to as fellowship, residency, or postgraduate training programs) for nurse practitioners (NPs) are becoming more popular, especially in specialties such as dermatology. A nationwide shortage of dermatology clinicians, which had led to long appointment wait times and inadequate patient access to care, has led to more NPs practicing dermatology to help meet the demand for care. New graduate NPs may struggle in their transition to practice, and fellowship programs have been shown to support NPs as they transition from novice to expert. In this article, the University of Rochester Medical Center shares its experience in developing, implementing, and managing a postgraduate dermatology fellowship program for NPs.
Defining the Longitudinal Risk of CIN 3+ for <CIN 2 Colposcopy for Patients Referred With High-Grade Cytology
Authors: Piedimonte Sabrina , Tsang Kyle , Jembere Nathaniel , Murphy Joan , Karapetian Tina , Gao Julia , McCurdy Bronwen , Sacco Jocelyn , Kupets Rachel
Published: October 2023

Objective

To determine the baseline and cumulative risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)3 and invasive cervical cancer in participants referred to colposcopy with high-grade cytology and <CIN2 histology, stratified by biopsy result.

Methods

The authors linked administrative databases including cytology, pathology, cancer registries, and physician billing history to identify participants referred to colposcopy between January 2012 and December 2013 with high-grade cytology (atypical squamous cells [ASC]-H, high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion [HSIL], invasive squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, atypical glandular cells [AGC], adenocarcinoma in situ) and had <CIN2 (with and without biopsy confirmation) at colposcopy. Three- and 5-year risks of CIN3 and invasive cervical cancer were generated using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis.

Results

Among 4,168 women referred to colposcopy for ASC-H, HSIL, squamous cell carcinoma, or adenocarcinoma, the 3- and 5-year CIN3 incidence rates were 17.7%/20.0% no biopsy, 13.0%/15.1% negative biopsy, and 18.9%/20.0% low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) biopsies. The 3- and 5-year incidences of invasive cancer were: 1.25%/1.68% no biopsy, 0.78%/1.04% negative biopsy, and 0%/0% LSIL biopsy. When the initial cytology was AGC/adenocarcinoma in situ (n = 944), the 3- and 5-year rates of CIN3 were 7.42%/8.39% no biopsy, 7.41%/9.26% negative biopsy, and 7.69%/7.69% LSIL biopsy. The invasive cancer rates were 1.12%/1.54% no biopsy, 0.46%/0.46% negative biopsy, and 0.0%/0.0% LSIL biopsy. By screening cytology, participants referred for HSIL had the highest 3- and 5-year rates of CIN3 (18.9% and 21%) compared with AGC (7.22%/8.28%) and ASC-H (15.5%/18%). The 3- and 5-year invasive cancer rates were 1.38%/1.75% HSIL, 0.85%/1.17% AGC, and 0.91%/1.36% ASC-H.

Conclusions

In participants referred for high-grade cytology where colposcopy shows <CIN2, the subsequent risk of invasive cancer at 5 years is sufficiently elevated to warrant close surveillance in colposcopy.
EURO-MUSCULUS/USPRM Dynamic Ultrasound Protocols for Ankle/Foot
Authors: Pirri Carmelo , Stecco Carla , Güvener Orhan , Mezian Kamal , Ricci Vincenzo , Jačisko Jakub , Fojtik Petr , Kara Murat , Chang Ke-Vin , Dughbaj Muhammad , Özçakar Levent
Published: October 2023

In this dynamic scanning protocol, ultrasound examination of the ankle is described using various maneuvers to assess different conditions. Real-time patient examination and scanning videos are used for better simulation of daily clinical practice. The protocol is prepared by several/international experts in the field of musculoskeletal ultrasound and within the umbrella of EURO-MUSCULUS/USPRM.
Extracorporeal shock-wave therapy for the treatment of non-calcific rotator cuff tendinopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Kamonseki Danilo Harudy , da Rocha Gerdeany Mendes , Mascarenhas Victor , de Melo Ocarino Juliana , Pogetti Lívia Silveira
Published: October 2023

Objective

To systematically review the short, intermediate, and long-term effects of extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) on pain intensity and shoulder function in individuals with non-calcific rotator cuff tendinopathy.

Design

The MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and EMBASE were searched from inception up to June 2023. We included randomized controlled trials that investigated the effects of ESWT on pain intensity and shoulder function.

Results

Nine studies were included with a total sample of 543 individuals. ESWT was superior to sham ESWT in improving pain intensity at short-term follow-up (SMD = -0.29, 95% CI -0.57 to -0.01). ESWT was not superior to sham ESWT in improving pain intensity at intermediate-term and long-term follow-ups (p > 0.05). ESWT was not superior to other treatments in improving pain intensity at short-term and intermediate-term follow-ups (p > 0.05). ESWT was not superior to sham ESWT and other treatments in improving shoulder function at short-term, intermediate-term, and long-term follow-ups (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

Moderate-certainty evidence indicated that ESWT showed small improvement in shoulder pain over sham ESWT at short-term follow-up. In addition, ESWT was not superior to sham ESWT in improving function and it was not superior to other treatments in improving shoulder pain and function.
Auditory neural processing in children living with HIV uncovers underlying central nervous system dysfunction
Authors: Ealer Christin , Niemczak Christopher E. , Nicol Trent , Magohe Albert , Bonacina Silvia , Zhang Ziyin , Rieke Catherine , Leigh Samantha , Kobrina Anastasiya , Lichtenstein Jonathan , Massawe Enica R. , Kraus Nina , Buckey Jay C.
Published: October 2023

Objective:

Central nervous system (CNS) damage from HIV infection or treatment can lead to developmental delays and poor educational outcomes in children living with HIV (CLWH). Early markers of central nervous system dysfunction are needed to target interventions and prevent life-long disability. The frequency following response (FFR) is an auditory electrophysiology test that can reflect the health of the central nervous system. In this study, we explore whether the FFR reveals auditory central nervous system dysfunction in CLWH.

Study design:

Cross-sectional analysis of an ongoing cohort study. Data were from the child's first visit in the study.

Setting:

The infectious disease center in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Methods:

We collected the FFR from 151 CLWH and 151 HIV-negative children. To evoke the FFR, three speech syllabi (/da/, /ba/, /ga/) were played monaurally to the child's right ear. Response measures included neural timing (peak latencies), strength of frequency encoding (fundamental frequency and first formant amplitude), encoding consistency (inter-response consistency), and encoding precision (stimulus-to-response correlation).

Results:

CLWH showed smaller first formant amplitudes (P < 0.0001), weaker inter-response consistencies (P < 0.0001) and smaller stimulus to response correlations (P < 0.0001) than FFRs from HIV-negative children. These findings generalized across the three speech stimuli with moderately strong effect sizes (partial η
2 ranged from 0.061 to 0.094).

Conclusion:

The FFR shows auditory central nervous system dysfunction in CLWH. Neural encoding of auditory stimuli was less robust, more variable, and less accurate. As the FFR is a passive and objective test, it may offer an effective way to assess and detect central nervous system function in CLWH.
Antibiotic Use and Antimicrobial Resistance: KAP survey of medical students to evaluate undergraduate training curriculum
Authors: Saksena Rushika , Parida Annapurna , Jain Madhura , Gaind Rajni
Published: October 2023

Introduction: A better understanding of knowledge, attitude and practices of undergraduate medical students towards antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is necessary to identify gaps in current training curriculum.
Methods: A 20-point Likert scale-based questionnaire divided three parts on knowledge, attitude and practices relating to antibiotic use and resistance was devised. Students attending each year of undergraduate medical program were approached to participate in the study over a one-week-period. KAP scores of each year were compared through logistic ordinal regression and Kruskal-Wallis (KW) test.
Results: Two hundred and eight students participated in the study. Overall, knowledge of about intended use of antibiotics, fixed drug combinations and awareness about AMR was good (average score of 5.9 out of a 8). Steady improvement in knowledge scores was observed from first year (-0.441) to final year (0.00). The medical students had favorable attitude towards rational antimicrobial use (Likert score ³4) including the need to spread awareness about AMR amongst  students and public and following doctor’s prescription. Self-medication was reported by 28.4% of students and hoarding of leftover doses by 49.1%. Attitude score had a direct correlation with the knowledge score on KW test (χ2 =29.6, p≤0.5) but had no significant correlation with antimicrobial practices (χ2 =3.9, p≥0.5).
Conclusion: The gaps identified in students’ practices included self-medication, skipping of dosing, hoarding of leftover medication. As improvement in knowledge did not correlate with that of practices, current curriculum needs to include AMR as a focus area to ensure good antibiotic prescribing practices in future practitioners.
Deep brain stimulation device-specific artefacts in MEG recordings
Authors: Bahners Bahne H. , Lofredi Roxanne , Sander Tilmann , Schnitzler Alfons , Kühn Andrea A. , Florin Esther
Published: October 2023

Background

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has strong beneficial effects for treating movement disorders. The related cortical mechanisms can be studied with magnetoencephalography (MEG) during active DBS. However, MEG is prone to artefacts induced by the electrical stimulation and the movement of ferromagnetic DBS components. Although artefacts might vary between DBS devices from different manufacturers, no such comparison has been performed. To date, no combined MEG-DBS studies have been conducted within Yokogawa MEG systems.

Objective

The aim of the present study was to compare DBS artefacts in MEG phantom recordings acquired with two MEG systems (Neuromag, Yokogawa) using DBS devices from three different manufacturers (Abbott, Boston Scientifc, Medtronic) and to test whether established cleaning methods can sufficiently reduce artefacts.

Methods

DBS devices, electrodes, and extension cables were attached to a gelatine MEG phantom, and data was acquired in a Neuromag and a Yokogawa MEG system.

Results

There are device-specific differences in movement-related artefacts with weaker artefacts for Boston Scientific (BSC) devices. Stimulation-, movement- and IPG-related artefacts are best cleaned when combining the ICA-MI and Hampel filter across recordings and DBS devices. However, the cleaning of movement-related artefacts can result in artefactual spectral peaks in physiologically relevant frequencies below 20 Hz.

Conclusions

Device-specific IPG-related artefacts have to be considered for MEG-DBS studies and can be cleaned with combinations of published cleaning methods for MEG and EEG data. Critically, cleaning movement-related artefacts can potentially result in spectral peaks, which resemble physiological activity. Finally, combined MEG-DBS recordings are feasible in Yokogawa-MEG systems.
Compact bifurcation analysis of the Epileptor
Authors: Saggio Maria Luisa , Jirsa Viktor K.
Published: October 2023

The Epileptor is a phenomenological model able to reproduce the activity of the most common class, in terms of dynamics, of epileptic seizures, characterized by having square-wave bursting properties. It also encodes an additional mechanism to account for interictal spikes and spike and wave discharges. This model is being used in large-scale brain modeling of epileptic patients with the goal of improving surgical outcomes. Here we use insights from a more generic model for square-wave bursting, based on the Unfolding Theory approach, to guide the bifurcation analysis of the Epileptor. This allows to understand how the Epileptor’s parameters can be modified to produce activities for other seizures classes (i.e. other onset/offset bifurcation pairs) as observed in patients and to unveil how the interaction with the additional mechanism for spike and wave discharges alters the bifurcation structure of the main burster.
Mesoscale functional organization and connectivity of color, disparity, and naturalistic texture in human second visual area
Authors: Ai Hailin , Lin Weiru , Liu Chengwen , Chen Nihong , Zhang Peng
Published: October 2023

Although parallel processing has been extensively studied in the low-level geniculostriate pathway and the high-level dorsal and ventral visual streams, less is known at the intermediate-level visual areas. In this study, we employed high-resolution fMRI at 7 Tesla to investigate the columnar and laminar organizations for color, disparity, and naturalistic texture in the human secondary visual cortex (V2), and their informational connectivity with lower and higher order visual areas. Although fMRI activations in V2 showed reproducible interdigitated color-selective thin and disparity-selective thick “stripe” columns, we found no clear evidence of columnar organization for naturalistic textures. Cortical depth-dependent analyses revealed the strongest color-selectivity in the superficial layers of V2, along with both feedforward and feedback informational connectivity with V1 and V4. Disparity selectivity was similar across different cortical depths of V2, which showed significant feedforward and feedback connectivity with V1 and V3ab. Interestingly, the selectivity for naturalistic texture was strongest in the deep layers of V2, with significant feedback connectivity from V4. Thus, while local circuitry within cortical columns is crucial for processing color and disparity information, feedback modulations from V4 play a dominant role in processing naturalistic textures in area V2.
In vivo Biomedical Imaging of Immune Tolerant, Radiopaque Nanoparticle-Embedded Polymeric Device Degradation
Authors: Pawelec Kendell M. , Hix Jeremy M.L. , Troia Arianna , Kiupel Matti , Shapiro Erik
Published: October 2023

Biomedical implants remain an important clinical tool for restoring patient mobility and quality of life after trauma. While polymers are often used for devices, their degradation profile remains difficult to determine post-implantation. CT monitoring could be a powerful tool for in situ monitoring of devices, but polymers require the introduction of radiopaque contrast agents, like nanoparticles, to be distinguishable from native tissue. As device function is mediated by the immune system, use of radiopaque nanoparticles for serial monitoring therefore requires a minimal impact on inflammatory response. Radiopaque polymer composites were produced by incorporating 0-20wt% TaOxnanoparticles into synthetic polymers: polycaprolactone (PCL) and poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA). In vitro inflammatory response to TaOxwas determined by monitoring mouse bone marrow derived macrophages on composite films. Nanoparticle addition stimulated only a slight inflammatory reaction, namely increased TNFα secretion, mediated by changes to the polymer matrix properties. When devices (PLGA 50:50 + 20wt% TaOx) were implanted subcutaneously in a mouse model of chronic inflammation, no changes to device degradation were noted although macrophage number was increased over 12 weeks. Serial CT monitoring of devices post-implantation provided a detailed timeline of device structural collapse, with no burst release of the nanoparticles from the implant. Changes to the device were not significantly altered with monitoring, nor was the immune system ablated when checked via blood cell count and histology. Thus, polymer devices incorporating radiopaque TaOxNPs can be used for in situ CT monitoring, and can be readily combined with multiple medical imaging techniques, for a truly dynamic view biomaterials interaction with tissues throughout regeneration, paving the way for a more structured approach to biomedical device design.
Arrestin-3-assisted activation of JNK3 mediates dopaminergic behavioral and signaling plasticity in vivo
Authors: Ahmed Mohamed R. , Zheng Chen , Dunning Jeffery L. , Ahmed Mohamed S. , Ge Connie , Pair F. Sanders , Gurevich Vsevolod V. , Gurevich Eugenia V.
Published: October 2023

In rodents with unilateral ablation of the substantia nigra neurons supplying dopamine to the striatum, chronic treatment with the dopamine precursor L-DOPA or dopamine agonists induces a progressive increase of behavioral responses, a process known as behavioral sensitization. The sensitization is blunted in arrestin-3 knockout mice. Using virus-mediated gene delivery to the dopamine-depleted striatum of arrestin-3 knockout mice, we found that the restoration of arrestin-3 fully rescued behavioral sensitization, whereas its mutant defective in JNK activation did not. A 25-residue arrestin-3-derived peptide that facilitates JNK3 activation in cells, expressed ubiquitously or selectively in the direct pathway striatal neurons, fully rescued sensitization, whereas an inactive homologous arrestin-2-derived peptide did not. Behavioral rescue was accompanied by the restoration of JNK3 activity and of JNK-dependent phosphorylation of the transcription factor c-Jun in the dopamine-depleted striatum. Thus, arrestin-3-dependent JNK3 activation in direct pathway neurons is a critical element of the molecular mechanism underlying sensitization.
Multi-modal skin atlas identifies a multicellular immune-stromal community associated with altered cornification and specific T cell expansion in atopic dermatitis
Authors: Fiskin Evgenij , Eraslan Gökcen , Alora-Palli Maria B , Leyva-Castillo Juan Manuel , Kim Sean , Choe Heather , Lareau Caleb A , Lau Helena , Finan Emily P , Teixeira-Soldano Isabella , LaBere Brenna , Chu Anne , Woods Brian , Chou Janet , Slyper Michal , Waldman Julia , Islam Sabina , Schneider Lynda , Phipatanakul Wanda , Platt Craig , Rozenblatt-Rosen Orit , Delorey Toni M , Deguine Jacques , Smith Gideon P , Geha Raif , Regev Aviv , Xavier Ramnik
Published: October 2023

In healthy skin, a cutaneous immune system maintains the balance between tolerance towards innocuous environmental antigens and immune responses against pathological agents. In atopic dermatitis (AD), barrier and immune dysfunction result in chronic tissue inflammation. Our understanding of the skin tissue ecosystem in AD remains incomplete with regard to the hallmarks of pathological barrier formation, and cellular state and clonal composition of disease-promoting cells. Here, we generated a multi-modal cell census of 310,691 cells spanning 86 cell subsets from whole skin tissue of 19 adult individuals, including non-lesional and lesional skin from 11 AD patients, and integrated it with 396,321 cells from four studies into a comprehensive human skin cell atlas in health and disease. Reconstruction of human keratinocyte differentiation from basal to cornified layers revealed a disrupted cornification trajectory in AD. This disrupted epithelial differentiation was associated with signals from a unique immune and stromal multicellular community comprised ofMMP12+dendritic cells (DCs), mature migratory DCs, cycling ILCs, NK cells, inflammatoryCCL19+IL4I1+fibroblasts, and clonally expandedIL13+IL22+IL26+T cells with overlapping type 2 and type 17 characteristics. Cell subsets within this immune and stromal multicellular community were connected by multiple inter-cellular positive feedback loops predicted to impact community assembly and maintenance. AD GWAS gene expression was enriched both in disrupted cornified keratinocytes and in cell subsets from the lesional immune and stromal multicellular community includingIL13+IL22+IL26+T cells and ILCs, suggesting that epithelial or immune dysfunction in the context of the observed cellular communication network can initiate and then converge towards AD. Our work highlights specific, disease-associated cell subsets and interactions as potential targets in progression and resolution of chronic inflammation.