bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Population dynamics, distribution and secondary production of the brown shrimp Crangon crangon (L.) in a southern European estuary. Latitudinal variations
Authors: Viegas Iván , Martinho Filipe , Neto João , Pardal Miguel
Published: October 2008

The population structure, growth, distribution and secondary production of the brown shrimp Crangon crangon (L. 1758) were examined between June 2003 and August 2005 at five stations in the Mondego Estuary, Portugal, using a 2-m beam trawl. Occurrence of immature shrimps suggested almost continuous reproduction with two main recruitment periods in November and March/April; this recruitment pattern is unique and represents a latitudinal transition in the species’ life cycle. Severe drought in winter 2004 caused spatial shifts along the north arm of the estuary regarding post-larval settlement in spring 2005. Mean growth of all cohorts was 0.06 mm TL day-1, much lower than rates calculated elsewhere. Secondary production (P) of C. crangon was estimated at 4.6 mg AFDW m-2 y-1 (P/B– ratio of 8.7) in 2003/2004 and at 2.4 mg AFDW m-2 y-1 (P/B– ratio of 10.9) in 2004/2005. High abundances of individuals, predominantly juveniles, were observed in spring/summer with peaks in June 2003, April 2004 and July 2005. This study shows that this species dynamics must be analysed in a latitudinal context, meaning that the contribution of each component of the systems can vary according to environmental and climate variables.
The reproductive biology and cycle of Rioraja agassizi (Müller and Henle, 1841) (Chondrichthyes: Rajidae) in southeastern Brazil, SW Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Oddone María Cristina , Amorim Alberto F. , Mancini Patricia L. , Norbis Walter , Velasco Gonzalo
Published: October 2008

Specimens of Rioraja agassizi were collected at Guarujá pier, São Paulo State, Brazil, from March 2005 to March 2006. A total of 275 males were captured. Based on the analysis of the clasper length, gonad weight, clasper gland length, alar thorns and lobule diameter, the size-at-maturity was estimated to be 32 cm. There were 1049 females in the record. Size-at-maturity was calculated in 40 cm. Sexual resting females were observed. Gonadosomatic and hepatosomatic indexes varied significantly in both sexes throughout the year. However, ovulation, egg-laying and presence of sperm in the seminal vesicle were observed all year round. For this reason, an annual cycle with at least one peak in the sexual activity is proposed for this species.
The ecological role of overwintering fish in the food web of the Culbin Sands lagoon ecosystem, NE Scotland: Identifying major trophic links and testing effects of the fish Pomatoschistus microps (Pallas) on benthic invertebrates
Authors: Mariyam Mendonça Vanda , Raffaelli David , Boyle Peter , Emes Chas
Published: October 2008

The Culbin Sands lagoon ecosystem in NE Scotland was studied during a three-year period (1994-1996) to identify the major trophic links from benthic invertebrates to epibenthic predators, and to assess impacts of overwintering fish on their prey communities. Every 2-4 weeks, samples of mobile fauna were collected to study their diets. The major trophic links identified between benthic invertebrates and epibenthic predators were from benthic invertebrates to the shrimp Crangon crangon, and to the common goby Pomatoschistus microps and the plaice Pleuronectes platessa. The energy flow from benthic invertebrates to overwintering fish was estimated at 133 kJ m–2 yr–1. A flow of 10 kJ m–2 yr–1 was also observed from eggs and larval stages of the overwintering shrimp Crangon crangon to the overwintering fish. Nevertheless, manipulative field experiments showed no significant impacts of the most abundant overwintering fish Pomatoschistus microps on prey community densities, despite an overall individual ingestion rate of 89 J day–1.
Re-description of Timarete punctata (Polychaeta: Cirratulidae) and its occurrence in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Ertan Çinar Melih
Published: October 2008

Timarete punctata (Grube, 1859) is re-described based on type material. In addition, a lectotype and paralectotype are designated for this species. Specimens of T. punctata collected from the western Atlantic, Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea were examined and their morphological characters compared using correlation and regression analysis. A number of characters were found to be size- dependent. The presence of T. punctata in the Levantine Sea (but not in the rest of the Mediterranean) suggests that it could be a Lessepsian species. This species might have previously been reported in the Levantine Sea as Cirriformia semicincta (Ehlers, 1905).
Effects of recreational fishing on three fish species from the Posidonia oceanica meadows off Minorca (Balearic archipelago, western Mediterranean)
Authors: Cardona Luis , López David , Sales Marta , De Caralt Sònia , Díez Ignasi
Published: October 2008

Experimental fishing and visual censuses were conducted at nine Posidonia oceanica sites off Minorca exposed to different levels of fishing intensity to assess the effects of recreational fishing on the species that dominate the catch. Total catch per unit effort (CPUE) was highly seasonal and a statistically significant interaction term existed between the season and the level of fishing intensity. CPUE decreased everywhere at the end of the fishing season (autumn), but such a reduction was more intense at those sites exposed to the highest level of fishing. Visual censuses confirmed that there was a lower abundance of vulnerable fish in autumn. Differences vanished in spring probably because fish reshuffled between the considered sites throughout the winter, when the level of fishing intensity was extremely low. Although the average total lengths of Serranus scriba and Diplodus annularis were unaffected by the level of fishing intensity, the average total length of Coris julis was smaller at the most heavily fished sites. In conclusion, recreational fishing has a relevant impact on most of the exploited species and some of the seasonality reported for the Posidonia oceanica fish assemblages might be caused by the seasonality of the fishery.
Isotopic ratios and elemental contents as indicators of seagrass C processing and sewage influence in a tropical macrotidal ecosystem (Madagascar, Mozambique Channel)
Authors: Lepoint Gilles , Frédérich Bruno , Gobert Sylvie , Parmentier Eric
Published: October 2008

Isotopic ratios and elemental concentrations of carbon and nitrogen were measured in seven seagrass species colonising different tidal flats near Toliara (SW Madagascar) in order to determine the potential use of these parameters for assessing C processing and sewage use by tropical seagrasses. Nitrogen concentrations measured in upper intertidal seagrasses near Toliara were almost twice those measured on the tidal flat near a healthy mangrove situated 20 km away from Toliara town. At Toliara Beach, δ15N values were correlated with the N concentrations of Halodule sp., one of the dominant species on the tidal flat. This correlation did not exist for Halophila ovalis, the other dominant species. An increase in N concentrations and δ15N values demonstrates the influence of sewage coming directly onto Toliara Beach on the N cycles of intertidal seagrasses. Nevertheless, this influence seems restricted to the upper littoral zone and was not the main cause of seagrass die-off. On the other hand, at the mangrove site, δ15N values were not correlated with the N concentrations of Halodule sp. or Thalassia hemprichii, showing that natural δ15N variability is driven by other factors than the δ15N of N sources. Moreover, inter-individual variability of δ15N values was greater than inter-specific or inter-site variability, making the δ15N difficult to interpret in the context of human-disturbance influence on the N cycle of tropical seagrasses. δ13C values were close to -9‰, indicating the use of HCO3- inorganic carbon source by the seven investigated species. Contrary to our hypothesis, variation between sites and location on the tidal flat was limited, suggesting limited impact on δ13C values of sewage, emersion duration and mechanisms for HCO3- incorporation.
Assessing the sources of the fishing down marine food web process in the Argentinean-Uruguayan Common Fishing Zone
Authors: Jaureguizar Andrés J. , Milessi Andrés C.
Published: October 2008

The temporal trend in the mean trophic level (mTL), fisheries-in-balance index (FIB), trophic categories landing (TrC) and landing profile (LP) of the exploited marine community (82 species) in the Argentinean-Uruguayan Common Fishing Zone (AUCFZ) were examined from 1989 to 2003. The total landings (Yt) (rs=-0.561; P< 0.05) and the Yt of carnivores and top predators has declined, while the Yt of herbivores, detritivores and omnivores has increased. Consequently, the mTL significantly decreased (rs =-0.88; P< 0.01) at a rate of 0.41 from 1991 (mTL =3.81) to 2003 (mTL =3.4), and the FIB index has declined in the last 6 years. The LP temporal pattern showed four periods with significant differences in their species composition and Primary Production Required, which shows a strong decline in the traditional fishery resources (i.e. Merluccius hubbsi, Micropogonias furnieri), and increases in crustacean (Chaceon notilis), molluscs (Zygochlamys patagonica) and some fishes (Macrodon ancylodon, Macruronus magallanicus, Rajidae). The mTL trend reflects the changes in the AUCFZ landing structure. This was characterized by large, slow-growing and late-maturing species during the early 1990s, while during recent years, early 2000s, it was mainly characterized by medium-sized fishes, crustaceans and molluscs. The examination of the mTL, FBI, TrC trajectories and LP temporal pattern suggests that new fishery resources are developing or that the fishing effort has been redistributed from overexploited resources to lightly exploited resources. In addition, the examination of discriminator and common species, and the fact that traditional resources are being over-fished support the hypothesis that the mTL trend has been influenced more by the impacts of new fishing technologies than the changes in market-driven exploitation and environmental fluctuation. These results provide evidence of the fishing down process along AUCFZ.
The gastropod-symbiotic sea anemone genus Isosicyonis Carlgren, 1927 (Actiniaria: Actiniidae): a new species from the Weddell Sea (Antarctica) that clarifies the taxonomic position of the genus
Authors: Rodríguez Estefanía , López-González Pablo José
Published: October 2008

A second species of the sea anemone genus Isosicyonis is described and illustrated from 16 specimens collected in the Weddell Sea (Antarctica) on the Polarstern cruises ANT XVII/3, ANT XXI/2 and ANT XXIII/8. Isosicyonis striata n. sp. is easily distinguishable externally from the other species of the genus Isosicyonis alba by its pattern: white longitudinal stripes on the column, oral disc, and tentacles. It is also distinguished by internal features including the retractor muscles, parietobasilar muscles, marginal sphincter muscles, number of mesenteries, and cnidae. The genus Isosycionis is currently only known from the Southern Ocean. Both species of Isosicyonis live in association with a gastropod, with a single sea anemone occupying almost the whole shell of its gastropod host. The description of this new species, and our re-examination of Isosicyonis alba, resolves the controversial higher taxonomic position of the genus, confirming its placement within the Endomyaria.
Developing a size indicator for fish populations
Authors: Chen Yong , Chen Xinjun , Xu Liuxiong
Published: October 2008

Monitoring temporal and/or spatial variations in fish size-at-age data can often provide fisheries managers with important information about the status of fish stocks and therefore help them identify necessary changes in management policies. However, due to the multivariate nature of size-at-age data, commonly used single-age-based approaches ignore covariance between sizes of different age groups. Different results may therefore be derived when evaluating temporal variations using different age groups for the comparison. The possibility of atypical errors in size-at-age data due to ageing and measurement errors further complicates the comparison. We propose a two-step approach for developing an indicator for monitoring temporal and/or spatial variation in size-at-age data. A robust approach, minimum volume ellipsoid analysis, is used to identify possible outliers in size-at-age data. Then a weighted principal component analysis is applied to the data with the identified outliers down-weighted. An indicator is defined from the resultant principal components for monitoring temporal/spatial variations in size-at-age data. We illustrate the proposed approach with size-at-age data for cod (Gadus morhua) in the northwest Atlantic, NAFO subdivision 3Ps. The overall size-at-age indicator identified shows that the pre-1980 year classes tend to have a much higher size-at-age than the post-1980 year classes.
Spatial and seasonal variations of Cyanobacteria and their nitrogen fixation rates in Sanya Bay, South China Sea
Authors: Dong Junde , Zhang Yanying , Wang Youshao , Zhang Si , Wang Hankui
Published: October 2008

The nitrogen fixation rates of planktonic and intertidal benthic cyanobacteria were investigated in Sanya Bay from 2003 to 2005. Trichodesmium thiebautii was the dominant species of planktonic cyanobacteria during our study. Significant seasonal and spatial variations in Trichodesmium spp. abundance were observed (P<0.01). The highest Trichodesmium concentrations occurred during intermonsoon periods and in the outer region of Sanya Bay (Outer Bay stations). At fixed station S03 the abundance of T. thiebautii ranged from 1.14×103 to 2060×103 trichomes m–2, with an annual mean of 273×103 trichomes m–2. The average nitrogen fixation rate per colony of T. thiebautii was 0.27 nmol N h-1 colony-1 and it did not show any obvious seasonal variations. Nitrogen fixation by planktonic cyanobacteria was highest in the Outer Bay stations, where the estimated amount of new nitrogen introduced by Trichodesmium contributed 0.03 to 1.63% of the total primary production and up to 11.64% of the new production. Statistical results showed that significant seasonal and spatial variations of nitrogen fixation rates were found among the intertidal communities. The main benthic nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria were identified as members of the genera Anabaena, Calothrix, Lyngbya, Nostoc and Oscillatoria. The highest nitrogen fixation rate was found in microbial mats and the lowest in reefs and rocky sediments. All the benthic communities studied presented their highest nitrogen fixation activity in summer, with an average nitrogen fixation rate of 33.31 µmol N h-1 m-2, whereas the lowest nitrogen activity was detected in winter, with an average nitrogen fixation rate of 5.66 µmol N h-1 m-2. A Pearson correlation analysis indicated that the nitrogen fixation rate of three types of intertidal communities was significantly positively correlated to seawater temperature (P<0.05), whereas only the nitrogen fixation rate of the reefs and rock communities was significantly negatively correlated to seawater salinity (P<0.05).
Selectivity of gill nets for Solea solea (Osteichthyes: Soleidae) in the Adriatic Sea
Authors: Fabi Gianna , Grati Fabio
Published: October 2008

Sole juveniles concentrate along the western Adriatic coast where they are targeted from spring to autumn by small-scale gill netters. As in spring–early summer 20 to 30% of catch biomass consists of individuals smaller than MLS (TL = 20 cm), the selectivity of sole gill nets was investigated in 2004-2005 in order to obtain useful information for developing management measures aimed at reducing the retention of undersized specimens and assuring the sustainability of this fishery. Twenty-eight fishing trips were performed using sole gill nets with 5 mesh openings (64.2, 65.2, 67.8, 70.2 and 71.8 mm) simultaneously. The gill net selectivity was estimated indirectly by applying the SELECT method and between-set analysis. The log-normal curve was found to fit single set data better than other models. The catch yields did not significantly decrease with the increment of mesh size: the biomass of undersized individuals in catches noticeably decreased from 16% down to 9% in the largest mesh size, whilst the sole that were longer than the MLS increased proportionally. In view of the lower economic value of smaller specimens with respect to the larger ones, adopting the 71.8 mm mesh represents a good compromise between the need to protect juveniles and the economic profit of gill netters.
Identification and characterisation of the dominant Pseudo-nitzschia species (Bacillariophyceae) along the NE Spanish coast (Catalonia, NW Mediterranean)
Authors: Quijano-Scheggia Sonia , Garcés Esther , Sampedro Nagore , Van Lenning Kees , Flo Eva , Andree Karl , Fortuño José-Manuel , Camp Jordi
Published: October 2008

Potentially toxic species of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia were studied along the Spanish NW Mediterranean coast from January 2005 to May 2006. Observation in electron microscopy revealed the presence of Pseudo-nitzschia brasiliana, P. calliantha, P. delicatissima, P. fraudulenta, P. multistriata and P. pungens. Several strains were isolated from coastal waters and their clonal cultures were compared by combined techniques, including light and electron microscopy and internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1, 5.8S and ITS-2) rDNA sequencing. Cultured isolates were submitted to HPLC analysis of pigments to evaluate the possibility of taxonomic discriminations by means of a simple chemotaxonomic approach. The genus Pseudo-nitzschia showed high cell concentrations during most of the year, but the population initiated a sharp decline at all stations in the period between April and May. P. delicatissima with P. calliantha were found at the northern stations between February and April, and at the southern stations between August and November. P. brasiliana and P. multistriata were only occasionally detected in the southern region. None of the environmental variables considered was significant to explain the observed spatial and temporal distributions of Pseudo-nitzschia species in the area studied. Differences in the growth rate and cell yield of the species indicate that biotic factors may play a role in the observed distributional patterns.
Description of the East Brazil Large Marine Ecosystem using a trophic model
Authors: M.F. Freire Kátia , Christensen Villy , Pauly Daniel
Published: October 2008

The objective of this study was to describe the marine ecosystem off northeastern Brazil. A trophic model was constructed for the 1970s using Ecopath with Ecosim. The impact of most of the forty-one functional groups was modest, probably due to the highly reticulated diet matrix. However, seagrass and macroalgae exerted a strong positive impact on manatee and herbivorous reef fishes, respectively. A high negative impact of omnivorous reef fishes on spiny lobsters and of sharks on swordfish was observed. Spiny lobsters and swordfish had the largest biomass changes for the simulation period (1978-2000); tunas, other large pelagics and sharks showed intermediate rates of biomass decline; and a slight increase in biomass was observed for toothed cetaceans, large carnivorous reef fishes, and dolphinfish. Recycling was an important feature of this ecosystem with low phytoplankton-originated primary production. The mean transfer efficiency between trophic levels was 11.4%. The gross efficiency of the fisheries was very low (0.00002), probably due to the low exploitation rate of most of the resources in the 1970s. Basic local information was missing for many groups. When information gaps are filled, this model may serve more credibly for the exploration of fishing policies for this area within an ecosystem approach.
Epiphyte load on the seagrass Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile does not indicate anthropogenic nutrient loading in Cabrera Archipelago National Park (Balearic Islands, Western Mediterranean)
Authors: Terrados Jorge , Medina Pons Francisco Javier
Published: October 2008

The epiphyte load on the leaves of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile was estimated at the end of summer in three sites and two depths (7 m and 17 m) of the Cabrera Archipelago National Park (Balearic Islands, Western Mediterranean) from 2004 to 2006 to evaluate if epiphyte load could be used as an indicator of anthropogenic nutrient loading in the shallow marine ecosystems of the park. Asymmetrical ANOVA was used to divide data variability into two components: the contrast between the site receiving direct anthropogenic inputs of nutrients and organic matter (Es Port) and the two control sites (Cala Santa María, Es Burri); and the variability between the control sites. The nitrogen concentration in P. oceanica leaves was higher in Es Port than in Cala Santa María and Es Burri but only at 7 m depth. There was no difference between the epiphyte load on P. oceanica shoots in Es Port and the sites without inputs at both 7 m and 17 m. However, the epiphyte load in Es Burri was higher than that in Cala Santa María at both depths. The results show that the epiphyte load on P. oceanica shoots was not a sensitive indicator of anthropogenic nutrient and organic matter loading in Cabrera Archipelago National Park.
Gill net and trammel net selectivity in the northern Aegean Sea, Turkey
Authors: Saadet Karakulak F. , Erk Hakan
Published: October 2008

Fishing trials were carried out with gill nets and trammel nets in the northern Aegean Sea from March 2004 to February 2005. Four different mesh sizes for the gill nets and the inner panel of trammel nets (16, 18, 20 and 22 mm bar length) were used. Selectivity parameters for the five most economically important species, bogue (Boops boops), annular sea bream (Diplodus annularis), striped red mullet (Mullus surmuletus), axillary sea bream (Pagellus acarne) and blotched picarel (Spicara maena), caught by the two gears were estimated. The SELECT method was used to estimate the selectivity parameters of a variety of models. Catch composition and catch proportion of several species were different in gill and trammel nets. The length frequency distributions of the species caught by the two gears were significantly different. The bi-modal model selectivity curve gave the best fit for gill net and trammel net data, and there was little difference between the modal lengths of these nets. However, a clear difference was found in catching efficiency. The highest catch rates were obtained with the trammel net. Given that many discard species and small fish are caught by gill nets and trammel nets with a mesh size of 16 mm, it is clear that these nets are not appropriate for fisheries. Consequently, the best mesh size for multispecies fisheries is 18 mm. This mesh size will considerably reduce the numbers of small sized individuals and discard species in the catch.
Histochemical characterisation of oocytes of the swordfish Xiphias gladius
Authors: Ortiz-Delgado Juan B. , Porcelloni Serena , Fossi Cristina , Sarasquete Carmen
Published: October 2008

This paper reports a histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical characterisation of growing oocytes of the swordfish Xiphias gladius. The presence and distribution of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, calcium, iron, vitellogenin/Vg, zona radiata protein/Zrp, metallothionein/Mt, and thyroid hormones/T3-T4 were studied during oogenesis (cortical alveoli, globules, yolk-granules, cytoplasm, follicular and radiata envelopes). During the initial vitellogenic phase, the oocytes showed cortical alveoli and oil globules containing neutral lipids exclusively. During this phase, small yolk granules appeared around the peripheral cytoplasm, and they increased through exogenous vitellogenesis. Yolk granules were composed of glycoproteins, calcium, iron, and proteins rich in lysine, arginine, tyrosine, tryptophan, cysteine and cystine. Vg and Mt were immunohistochemically detected in yolk. The follicular envelope contained proteins rich in amino acids. Moreover, calcium and thyroid hormones (triiodotyronine and thyroxine/T3, T4) were detected in this cell envelope. Cortical alveoli, which contained carboxylated and neutral glycoconjugates, were especially rich in N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, galactose and sialic acid. Finally, the zona radiata was mainly proteinaceous in nature and was composed of calcium and neutral glycoproteins. The egg envelope or chorion and the liver showed specific immunoreactivities by using anti-salmon Zrp as the primary antiserum.
Mudflat nekton assemblages in the Tagus estuary (Portugal): distribution and feeding patterns
Authors: França Susana , Pardal Miguel A. , Cabral Henrique N.
Published: October 2008

Mudflats are an important component of estuaries, where they may occupy large areas and provide feeding and nursery grounds for many fish and bird species, as in the Tagus estuary. However, knowledge on their role and functioning is still expanding. Spatial and temporal dynamics of nekton assemblages in a mudflat of the Tagus estuary were evaluated to determine their role in the estuarine functioning. Feeding activity and daily rations of the most important nekton species are also analyzed. Two intertidal mudflat areas (upper and lower) were sampled, as well as the adjoining subtidal area. Sampling was conducted every two months, during a yearly cycle. A 24 h sampling cycle was conducted to investigate daily feeding patterns and determine daily rations. Crangon crangon, Carcinus maenas, Palaemon longirostris, Palaemon serratus and Pomatoschistus microps dominated the nekton community. A marked seasonal pattern was noticed with the highest densities recorded in spring and summer, corresponding to recruitment episodes of these species. Highest biomass values were recorded in the subtidal zone, while the highest densities were recorded in the intertidal zone. The mudflats seem to play an important role in the dynamics of the Tagus estuary, acting as a feeding and nursery areas for several nektonic species.
Geostatistical tools for assessing sampling designs applied to a Portuguese bottom trawl survey field experience
Authors: Jardim Ernesto , Ribeiro Jr. Paulo J.
Published: October 2008

We present a bottom trawl survey (BTS) field experience carried out off the Portuguese Continental shelf to test two sampling designs proposals previously analysed by simulation which implement a hybrid random-systematic and a systematic sampling strategy. We used a common base regular grid covering the survey area and overlapped it with the existent random design to build the hybrid design while the systematic design added a set of regular locations at smaller distances creating four denser sampling areas. We use hake (Merluccius merluccius) abundance and model-based geostatistics to compute measures such as mean abundance, µ, and the 95% percentile, p95, which summarise the areal behaviour; coverage of the prediction confidence interval, ξ, to assess the adequacy of the model; and a modified generalised cross validation index, p, to evaluate prediction precision. The hybrid design showed a lower coefficient of variation for µ (11.89% against 13.25%); a slightly higher coefficient of variation for p95 (11.31% against 11.09%); similar ξ (0.94); and lower π (16.32 against 18.82). We conclude that the hybrid design performs better, our procedure for building it can be used to adjust BTS designs to modern geostatistical techniques, and the statistics used constitute valuable tools for assessing BTS performance.
Differences between epiphytic assemblages on introduced Caulerpa taxifolia and coexisting eelgrass (Zostera capricorni) in Botany Bay (NSW, Australia)
Authors: Prado Patricia , Thibaut Thierry
Published: October 2008

A preliminary study was conducted to assess the potential effects of introduced Caulerpa taxifolia (Caulerpales, Chlorophyta) on the biodiversity and trophic functioning of seagrass systems in New South Wales, Australia. Epiphytic assemblages growing on fronds of C. taxifolia were compared to those on eelgrass Zostera capricorni (Aschers.) leaves in zones where both species were coexisting. The study was conducted at three shallow sites (ca. 1 m depth) in Botany Bay during austral spring. Assemblages on both C. taxifolia and Z. capricorni were dominated by epiphytic algae (ca. 65% of the total taxa) but results showed significantly greater numbers on C. taxifolia compared to Z. capricorni as well as important differences among study sites. n-MDS ordinations and PERMANOVA analyses confirmed the existence of significant differences in the assemblage compositions of C. taxifolia and Z. capricorni as well as differences between times and sites. SIMPER analysis showed that animal composition made a higher contribution to dissimilarities between habitats compared to epiphytic algae (36% vs. 23% respectively). In particular, filter-feeding organisms, associated with surfaces such as ascidians (5 taxa) and bryozoans (2 taxa) emerged as important contributing taxa. Hence, our results suggest that introduced C. taxifolia from Botany Bay is a suitable substratum for settlement of epiphytes, at least during the study period, and that observed patterns are due to differences in habitat structure. Further research is necessary to determine the influence of seasonal processes, such as production of toxic secondary metabolites, in other invaded locations of New South Wales.
Leucon (Crymoleucon) rossi, a new species (Crustacea: Cumacea: Leuconidae) from the shelf waters of the Ross Sea (Antarctica), with a key to the genus Leucon south of 60°S
Authors: Rehm Peter , Heard Richard W.
Published: October 2008

A new leuconid cumacean, Leucon (Crymoleucon) rossi n. sp., is described from depths of 84 to 458 m in the Ross Sea off the Victoria Land coast. Leucon rossi n. sp. is distinguished from other members of the genus by a combination of characters including 1) a blunt, horizontally directed pseudorostrum without a distinctly protruding siphon; 2) strongly developed antennal notch; 3) entire dorsomedian margin of carapace appearing serrate, armed with 14 to 19 anteriorly curved spines in female (up to 21 in subadult males); 4) a small, but distinct, spine behind the frontal lobe; and 5) the uropodal peduncle slightly shorter than the exopod. After Leucon antarcticus Zimmer, 1907, L. rossi was the second most frequently occurring cumacean in the samples collected off Victoria Land. Statistical analyses showed significant differences in the proportion of carapace length and height of adult (all incubating in the present study) and immature females compared to immature males; no adult males were available for study.
Fuzzy Sarsa Learning and the proof of existence of its stationary points
Authors: Derhami Vali , Majd Vahid Johari , Ahmadabadi Majid Nili
Published: October 2008

This paper provides a new Fuzzy Reinforcement Learning (FRL) algorithm based on critic‐only architecture. The proposed algorithm, called Fuzzy Sarsa Learning (FSL), tunes the parameters of conclusion parts of the Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) online. Our FSL is based on Sarsa, which approximates the Action Value Function (AVF) and is an on‐policy method. In each rule, actions are selected according to the proposed modified Softmax action selection so that the final inferred action selection probability in FSL is equivalent to the standard Softmax formula. We prove the existence of fixed points for the proposed Approximate Action Value Iteration (AAVI). Then, we show that FSL satisfies the necessary conditions that guarantee the existence of stationary points for it, which coincide with the fixed points of the AAVI. We prove that the weight vector of FSL with stationary action selection policy converges to a unique value. We also compare by simulation the performance of FSL and Fuzzy Q‐Learning (FQL) in terms of learning speed, and action quality. Moreover, we show by another example the convergence of FSL and the divergence of FQL when both algorithms use a stationary policy. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Robust mixedH2/H∞delayed state feedback control of uncertain neutral systems with time‐varying delays
Authors: Karimi Hamid Reza , Zapateiro Mauricio , Luo Ningsu
Published: October 2008

This paper considers the problem of robust mixedH2/H∞delayed state feedback control for a class of uncertain neutral systems with time‐varying discrete and distributed delays. Based on the Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional theory, new required sufficient conditions are established in terms of delay‐range‐dependent linear matrix inequalities for the stability and stabilization of the considered system using some free matrices. The desired robust mixedH2/H∞delayed state feedback control is derived based on a convex optimization method such that the resulting closed‐loop system is asymptotically stable and satisfiesH2performance with a guaranteed cost and a prescribed level ofH∞performance, simultaneously. Finally, a numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of our approach. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Managing and enhancing switchgrass as a bioenergy feedstock
Authors: Mitchell Rob , Vogel Kenneth P. , Sarath Gautam
Published: October 2008

The United States Department of Energy (DOE) has identified switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) as a viable perennial herbaceous feedstock for cellulosic ethanol production. Although switchgrass bioenergy research was initiated by USDA‐ARS, Lincoln, NE, USA in 1990, switchgrass research has been conducted at this location since the 1930s. Consequently, a significant amount of genetic and agronomic research on switchgrass has been conducted for the Corn Belt and Central Great Plains of the USA that is directly applicable to its use as a biomass energy crop. Similar research must be conducted in other major agroecoregions to verify or modify switchgrass management practices (agronomics) for bioenergy production. The technology to utilize switchgrass for producing ethanol using a cellulosic platform or by pyrolysis to generate syngas is advancing rapidly. Regardless of platform, using switchgrass for ethanol production will require the development of improved bioenergy cultivars or hybrids and improved agronomics to optimize production and will introduce competing uses for the land base. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
CAY10499, a Novel Monoglyceride Lipase Inhibitor Evidenced by an Expeditious MGL Assay
Authors: Muccioli Giulio G. , Labar Geoffray , Lambert Didier M.
Published: October 2008

Monoglyceride lipase (MGL) plays a major role in the metabolism of the lipid transmitter 2‐arachidonoylglycerol (2‐AG). This endocannabinoid is known to mediate a large number of physiological processes, and its regulation is thought to be of great therapeutic potential. However, the number of available monoglyceride lipase inhibitors is limited, mostly due to the lack of rapid and accurate pharmacological assays for the enzyme. We have developed a 96‐well‐format assay for MGL using a nonradiolabeled substrate, 4‐nitrophenylacetate. The IC50 values that were obtained for known inhibitors of MGL using 4‐nitrophenylacetate were similar to those reported by using the radiolabeled form of an endogenous substrate, 2‐oleoylglycerol. In a first small‐scale screening, we identified CAY10499 as a novel monoglyceride lipase inhibitor. Thus, we report here the characterization of this submicromolar inhibitor, which acts on MGL through an unprecedented mechanism for inhibitors of this enzyme.
Highly Efficient Copper‐Catalyzed Amidation of Aldehydes by CH Activation
Authors: Wang Long , Fu Hua , Jiang Yuyang , Zhao Yufen
Published: October 2008

We have developed a highly efficient method for the copper‐catalyzed amidation of aldehydes in the presence of N‐bromosuccinimide (NBS). This method is simple, economical, and has practical advantages for synthesis of imides.
Characterisation of Cisplatin Binding Sites in Human Serum Proteins Using Hyphenated Multidimensional Liquid Chromatography and ESI Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Will Joanna , Wolters Dirk A. , Sheldrick William S.
Published: October 2008

Cisplatin binding sites in human serum proteins have been characterised by using combined multidimensional liquid chromatography and ESI tandem mass spectrometry (MudPIT). Following incubation periods of 3 h for cisplatin–blood serum mixtures and subsequent trypsin digestion, MS–MS spectra were recorded for individual peptides that had been separated by SCX and RP liquid chromatography. Matching of the MS–MS spectra to theoretical sequences that were generated for human proteins in the SWISS‐PROT database led to the identification of specific binding sites in human serum albumin (HSA), serotransferrin (Trfe) and other abundant serum proteins (A2mg, A1at, Apoa1, Apoa2). The cisplatin coordination sites in HSA and Trfe were confirmed by independent MudPIT studies on cisplatin reaction mixtures with the individual proteins. A total of five specific binding sites were identified for HSA, including the cysteine residue C34, two methionine sites (M329, M548) and the tyrosine and aspartate O‐donor sites Y150 (or Y148) and D375 (or E376). Methionine‐256 was established as a cisplatin coordination site for Trfe in addition to the O‐donor sites E265, Y314, E385 and T457. Inspection of the protein structures indicates that the preferred residues belong either to peripheral α helices or to flexible loops within the protein‐binding pockets. O‐donor residues dominate as cisplatin binding sites for other abundant serum proteins.
Optimization of 5‐Aryloxyimidazole Non‐Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Authors: Jones Lyn H. , Allan Gill , Corbau Romuald , Hay Duncan , Middleton Donald S. , Mowbray Charles E. , Newman Sandra D. , Perros Manos , Randall Amy , Vuong Hannah , Webster Rob , Westby Mike , Williams David
Published: October 2008

A major problem associated with non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) for the treatment of HIV is their vulnerability to mutations in the allosteric binding site of reverse transcriptase that can result in the development of a resistant virus. Herein we present the optimization of a series of 5‐aryloxy imidazoles, which possess a balanced pharmacological profile against both wild‐type enzyme and the clinically relevant mutations K103N and Y181C. Subtle structural changes were used to probe structure–activity relationships relating to both potency and metabolic stability, which led to an imidazole derivative with an impressive overall profile.
Protochlorophyllide a: A Comprehensive Photophysical Picture
Authors: Dietzek Benjamin , Tschierlei Stefanie , Hermann Gudrun , Yartsev Arkady , Pascher Torbjörn , Sundström Villy , Schmitt Michael , Popp Jürgen
Published: October 2008

The photochemistry of protochlorophyllide a, a precursor in the biosynthesis of chlorophyll and substrate of the light regulated enzyme protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase, is investigated by pump‐probe spectroscopy. Upon excitation into the lowest lying Q‐band the light induced changes are recorded over a wide range of probe wavelengths in the visible and near‐IR region between 500 and 1000 nm. Following excitation, an initial ultrafast 450 fs process is observed related to the motion out of the Franck‐Condon region on the excited state surface; thus directly unraveling previous suggestions based on time‐resolved fluorescence measurements (ChemPhysChem 2006, 7, 1727–1733). Furthermore, the data reveals a previously concealed photointermediate, whose formation on a nanosecond timescale matches the overall fluorescence decay and is assigned to a triplet state. The implications of this finding with respect to the photochemistry of NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) are discussed.
Reconstructing ripeness I: A study of constructive engagement in protracted social conflicts
Authors: Coleman Peter T. , Hacking Antony G. , Stover Mark A. , Fisher‐Yoshida Beth , Nowak Andrzej
Published: October 2008

What moves people to work with each other rather than against each other when locked into destructive, long‐term conflicts? Ripeness theory has been a useful starting point for understanding such motives, but has limited explanatory power under conditions of intractable conflict. This article is the first of a two‐part series presenting the findings from a study that explored various methods of eliciting constructive engagement from stakeholders through interviews with expert scholarpractitioners working with protracted conflicts. A grounded theory analysis was applied to the interviews to allow new insights into constructive conflict engagement to emerge from the data. Our objective was to develop more robust theories and practices. A dynamical systems synthesis of the findings is presented, and its implications for reconceptualizing ripeness are discussed.
Reconstructing ripeness II: Models and methods for fostering constructive stakeholder engagement across protracted divides
Authors: Coleman Peter T. , Fisher‐Yoshida Beth. , Stover Mark A. , Hacking Anthony G. , Bartoli Andrea
Published: October 2008

A priority objective for diplomats, mediators, negotiators, and other individuals working to rectify seemingly intractable conflicts is to help foster stakeholder “ripeness,” or a willingness and commitment to engage constructively in the conflict. This is often extremely difficult to achieve due to long histories between the parties of animosity, suspicion, hostility, and fear. Ripeness theory has been a useful starting point for understanding such motives, but has limited explanatory power under conditions of intractable conflict. The second in a two‐part series, this article outlines the implications for practice resulting from an analysis of interviews with expert scholar‐practitioners working in the field with intractable conflicts.
SLM‐based PAPR reduction method using partial data circulation and side information insertion in OFDM systems
Authors: Wen Jyh‐Horng , Lee Shu‐Hong , Cheng Chu‐Hsuan
Published: October 2008

In this paper, two selected mapping (SLM)‐based schemes are proposed to reduce the peak‐to‐average power ratio (PAPR) in the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. One is SLM‐based partial data circulation (PDC) scheme. The other is SLM‐based PDC with hamming coded side information (SI) scheme. In the PDC scheme, the partial samples within the data sequence are scrambled by circularly shifting to obtain a set of candidate sequences and, then, each sequence is combined with the corresponding SI to form the candidate OFDM symbol. With the selection of the candidate OFDM symbols with the lowest PAPR, the PAPR of the transmitted signal could be greatly reduced. In the other scheme, hamming code is used to protect the SI to improve the system performance. Simulation results show that the proposed method could reduce PAPR and it has a better bandwidth efficiency and less modules of inverse fast Fourier transform than that with the SLM‐based dummy sequence insertion scheme. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) orchestrates the defense program of innate immune cells
Authors: Schmitz Frank , Heit Antje , Dreher Stefan , Eisenächer Katharina , Mages Jörg , Haas Tobias , Krug Anne , Janssen Klaus‐Peter , Kirschning Carsten J. , Wagner Hermann
Published: October 2008

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) can be viewed as cellular master complex scoring cellular vitality and stress. Whether mTOR controls also innate immune‐defenses is currently unknown. Here we demonstrate that TLR activate mTOR via phosphoinositide 3‐kinase/Akt. mTOR physically associates with the MyD88 scaffold protein to allow activation of interferon regulatory factor‐5 and interferon regulatory factor‐7, known as master transcription factors for pro‐inflammatory cytokine‐ and type I IFN‐genes. Unexpectedly, inactivation of mTOR did not prevent but increased lethality of endotoxin‐mediated shock, which correlated with increased levels of IL‐1β. Mechanistically, mTOR suppresses caspase‐1 activation, thus inhibits release of bioactive IL‐1β. We have identified mTOR as indispensable component of PRR signal pathways, which orchestrates the defense program of innate immune cells.
Non‐uniform surface charge distributions in CE: Theoretical and experimental approach based on Taylor dispersion
Authors: Danger Grégoire , Pascal Robert , Cottet Hervé
Published: October 2008

The control of the EOF direction and magnitude remains one of the more challenging issues for the optimization of separations in CE. In this work, we investigated the possibility to use non‐uniform surface charge distribution for the modulation of the EOF in CE. Non‐uniform zeta potentials were obtained by modifying a section of the capillary surface using adsorption of polyelectrolytes. Three different methods were studied: (i) partial polycation coating on a fused silica capillary, (ii) partial polycation (or polyanion) coating on polyelectrolyte multilayers, and (iii) partial polycation coating on a capillary previously modified with poly(ethylene oxide). The magnitude and the direction of the EOF as a function of the coated capillary length were first studied. The stability of the EOF and the separation performances were also considered taking two dialanine diastereoisomers as model compounds. In partially coated capillaries, the average solvent flow is the sum of two contributions: a non‐dispersive electroosmotic contribution related to the capillary surface charge, and a dispersive hydrodynamic contribution that depends on the difference of surface charge between the coated and the non‐coated capillary zones. To get a better insight into the influence of the hydrodynamic contribution to the total peak dispersion, the peak variances corresponding to the Taylor dispersion, the injection plug, and the axial diffusion were calculated. This work demonstrates that peak dispersion in a capillary partially coated by the inlet end is different from that obtained when the coating is performed by the outlet end. Experimentally, the combination of a partially coated capillary with a large volume sample stacking preconcentration step can be used for injecting up to 95% of the capillary volume. This approach leads to a preconcentration factor of 60 compared with CZE with classical injection.
The genus Astragalus L. (Fabaceae) in Europe with exclusion of the former Soviet Union
Authors: Podlech D.
Published: October 2008

A modern treatment of the European species of the genus Astragalus with complete descriptions of all species and a key is given. Excluded are the species which occur only in the former Soviet Union (Baltic states, White Russia, Ukraine, Moldavia and Russia itself) and those of Turkey in Europe, because these will by treated by Andrej Sytin (St. Petersburg) in a special paper and due to the fact, that I could not investigate enough material of all the species concerned. 112 species will be treated here. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)