bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long-Term Results of First-Line Sequential High-Dose Etoposide, Ifosfamide, and Cisplatin Chemotherapy Plus Autologous Stem Cell Support for Patients With Advanced Metastatic Germ Cell Cancer: An Extended Phase I/II Study of the German Testicular Cancer Study Group
Authors: Schmoll H.-J. , Kollmannsberger C. , Metzner B. , Hartmann J.T. , Schleucher N. , Schöffski P. , Schleicher J. , Rick O. , Beyer J. , Hossfeld D. , Kanz L. , Berdel W.E. , Andreesen R. , Bokemeyer C.
Published: October 2003

Purpose: Patients with disseminated germ cell cancer and poor prognosis (International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group [IGCCCG] classification) achieve only a 45% to 50% long-term survival by standard chemotherapy. First-line high-dose chemotherapy might be able to improve the result. This analysis reports toxicity and long-term results of a large phase I/II study of sequential high-dose etoposide, ifosfamide, and cisplatin (VIP) in patients with advanced germ cell tumors.

Patients and Methods: Between July 1993 and November 1999, 221 patients with either Indiana “advanced disease” (n = 39) or IGCCCG “poor prognosis” criteria (n = 182) received one cycle of VIP followed by three to four sequential cycles of high-dose VIP chemotherapy plus stem cell support, every 3 weeks, at six consecutive dose levels.

Results: Dose limiting toxicity occurred at level 8 (100 mg/m2 cisplatinum, 1750 mg/m2 etoposide, 12 g/m2 ifosfamide) with grade 4 mucositis (three of eight patients), grade 3 CNS toxicity (one of eight patients), grade 4 renal toxicity (one of eight patients), and prolonged granulocytopenia (one of eight patients). After 4-year median follow-up, progression-free survival and disease-specific survival rates in the poor prognosis subgroup were 69% and 79% at 2 years and 68% and 73% at 5 years, with 76% for gonadal/retroperitoneal versus 67% for mediastinal primaries. Severe toxicity included treatment related death (4%), treatment-related acute myeloid leukemia (1%), long-term impared renal function (3%), chronic renal failure (1%), and persistant grade 2–3 neuropathy (5%).

Conclusion: Repetitive cycles of high-dose VIP with peripheral stem cell support can be successfully applied in a multicenter setting. Dose level 6 with cisplatin 100 mg/m2, etoposide 1500 mg/m2, and ifosfamide 10 g/m2 is recommended for further investigation in randomized trials. An ongoing randomized trial within the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer evaluates this protocol against four cycles of standard cisplatin, etoposide, and bleomycin.
Addition of the Oral NK1 Antagonist Aprepitant to Standard Antiemetics Provides Protection Against Nausea and Vomiting During Multiple Cycles of Cisplatin-Based Chemotherapy
Authors: de Wit R. , Herrstedt J. , Rapoport B. , Carides A.D. , Carides G. , Elmer M. , Schmidt C. , Evans J.K. , Horgan K.J.
Published: October 2003

Purpose: This analysis evaluated whether the antiemetic efficacy of the NK1 receptor antagonist aprepitant (EMEND™, Merck, Whitehouse Station, NJ) plus standard antiemetics could be sustained for up to six cycles of cisplatin-based chemotherapy.

Patients and Methods: Patients receiving cisplatin ≥ 70 mg/m2 were blindly assigned to receive one of the following three regimens: (1) aprepitant 375 mg 1 hour before cisplatin on day 1 and aprepitant 250 mg on days 2 to 5 (n = 35); (2) aprepitant 125 mg before cisplatin and aprepitant 80 mg on days 2 to 5 (n = 81); or (3) placebo before cisplatin on days 2 to 5 (n = 86). All groups received ondansetron 32 mg and dexamethasone 20 mg before cisplatin, and dexamethasone 8 mg on days 2 to 5. The primary end point was complete response (no emesis and no rescue therapy) over 5 days following cisplatin in up to six cycles. A cumulative probability analysis using a model for transitional probabilities was used to analyze the data. The aprepitant 375/250-mg regimen was discontinued early in light of new pharmacokinetic data.

Results: In the first cycle, 64% of patients in the aprepitant group and 49% in the standard therapy group had a complete response. Thereafter, complete response rates for the aprepitant group were still 59% by cycle 6, but decreased to 34% by cycle 6 for the standard therapy group. Reasons for discontinuation were similar across treatment groups.

Conclusion: Compared with patients who received standard therapy, those who received only the aprepitant regimen had better and more sustained protection against chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting over multiple cycles.
Nitric Oxide Regulates Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand and Osteoprotegerin Expression in Bone Marrow Stromal Cells
Authors: Fan Xian , Roy Eileen , Zhu Liping , Murphy Tamara C. , Ackert-Bicknell Cheryl , Hart C. Michael , Rosen Clifford , Nanes Mark S. , Rubin Janet
Published: October 2003

Bone remodeling reflects an equilibrium between bone resorption and formation. The local expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in bone determines the entry of monoblastic precursors into the osteoclast lineage and subsequent bone resorption. Nitric oxide (NO) inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption in vitro and regulates bone remodeling in vivo. An interaction of NO with RANKL and OPG has not been studied. Here, we show that treatment of ST-2 murine stromal cells with the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (100 μm) for 24 h inhibited 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced RANKL mRNA to less than 33 ± 7% of control level, whereas OPG mRNA increased to 204 ± 19% of control. NOR-4 replicated these NO effects. The effects of NO were dose dependent and associated with changes in protein levels: RANKL protein decreased and OPG protein increased after treatment with NO. PTH-induced RANKL expression in primary stromal cells was inhibited by sodium nitroprusside, indicating that the NO effect did not require vitamin D. NO donor did not change the stability of RANKL or OPG mRNAs, suggesting that NO affected transcription. Finally, cGMP, which can function as a second messenger for NO, did not reproduce the NO effect, nor did inhibition of endogenous guanylate cyclase prevent the NO effect on these osteoactive genes. The effect of NO to decrease the RANKL/OPG equilibrium should lead to decreased recruitment of osteoclasts and positive bone formation. Thus, drugs and conditions that cause local increase in NO formation in bone may have positive effects on bone remodeling.
Benchmarking as a tool for the improvement of health services' supply departments
Authors: Dacosta-Claro Ivan , Lapierre Sophie D.
Published: October 2003

This paper presents a benchmarking study carried out on the supply departments of Quebec's health services. The paper begins with the definition of a methodology to collect the information needed, both environmental (to enable institutions to be sorted into homogenous groups) and performance related. The analysis of indicators and the data envelopment analysis (DEA) models allowed classification of each hospital's performance and explained the operational approaches used, either at a general level or for each subprocess of the supply chain. It was observed that important economies of scale may be achieved with better co-ordination and with the regrouping of the supplying activities, both for purchasing management and central store management. The study showed that the best performance of central store services comes with flexible administrative structures, by receiving packages as small as possible and by using employees from the lowest range of the hierarchy. Purchasing services should employ highly qualified and well-paid staff. Although such services are relatively small with respect to their purchase volume, they show a higher activity rate. As a result of the discovered performing strategies, the possible economies range from 20% to 30% of the actual supply-chain management cost.
Do budget-holding physicians respond to price? The case of fundholding in the UK
Authors: Spoor C. , Munro J.
Published: October 2003

In an effort to improve the efficiency of the healthcare sector, some countries have experimented with various forms of 'internal market' in public healthcare provision. In some models, policymakers have assumed that actors will behave, as in a retail market, by responding to price in the course of seeking the best 'value for money' from healthcare providers. In the study reported here we examined the responsiveness of general practitioners to price during the British experiment in general practice (GP) fundholding. The study analysed routine data on 29 423 referrals for elective care made by 129 practices in one city to two competing providers of secondary care. Indices of price responsiveness were calculated for each practice from their manifest referral behaviour. These were then used to compare fundholding and non-fundholding practices. The results showed no difference between these groups in their propensity to respond to published procedure prices, even when potential savings were very large. Our findings are consistent with the reported views of fundholding GPs that price was a secondary consideration in their referral behaviour, and provides further evidence that healthcare markets cannot be understood in simplistic terms.
Once-daily therapy: Less is more
Authors: Moyle G
Published: October 2003

Over the last 20 years, a trend towards regimens with less frequent dosing has been observed across medicine. Recent surveys of people with HIV indicate that there is a strong preference for once-daily dosing and compact therapy. Four antiretrovirals (tenofovir, didanosine, lamivudine and efavirenz) are now available as once-a-day therapies. The range of once-daily options is expanding rapidly, with the potential for two lines of once-daily therapy to be available in the next 12–18 months.
The reassurance of experience
Authors: Martfínez E
Published: October 2003

Stavudine is a potent nucleoside analogue and a well-recognized component of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clinical trials have shown stavudine to have a superior or at least comparable virological efficacy and immune reconstitution when compared with other nucleoside analogues. Studies have shown that the prevalence of phenotypic resistance to stavudine is low compared with that of zidovudine, lamivudine and abacavir, and any loss of sensitivity to stavudine is slow to develop and of low intensity. Stavudine has a low incidence of clinically significant adverse events, and those experienced are generally long-term, manageable class effects.
Releasing the true power of protease inhibitors
Authors: Raffi F
Published: October 2003

Atazanavir is a potent, novel and highly selective inhibitor of the HIV-1 protease, with a low pill burden and once-daily dosing. Clinical studies have shown atazanavir to be the first protease inhibitor (PI) to have equivalent efficacy to efavirenz over a 48-week period of follow-up in Pl-treatment-naïve patients. Loss of susceptibility to atazanavir in PI-naïve patients occurs infrequently and is not associated with cross-resistance to other PIs. In clinical trials, atazanavir has shown better gastrointestinal tolerability than other PIs. Also, unlike other PIs, atazanavir has been associated with decreases, or only minimal increases, in lipid parameters such as low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides.
Gonorrhoea resurgence in Canada
Authors: Hansen Lisa , Wong Tom , Perrin Maureen
Published: October 2003

After several years of decline, reported gonorrhoea rates in Canada have recently increased substantially. National goals for gonorrhoea control were developed in 1997, but it appears that reliance on secular trends is insufficient to attain the goal of eliminating locally transmitted infection by Neisseria gonorrhoeae by 2010. We have examined disease surveillance reports from 1994 to 2001 inclusive to assess demographic and epidemiologic trends in reported cases of gonococcal infection. Since 1997, reported cases have increased by 53% among men and 33% among women. The largest proportion of cases in women is in those aged 15-24; the most dramatic increase in males has been among those aged 30-39. Reasons for the resurgence remain unclear, but disease reports indicate that renewed attention to enhanced surveillance and targeted prevention are essential for gonorrhoea control in Canada.
The safety and efficacy of indinavir and ritonavir (400/400 mg BID) in HIV-1-infected individuals from an inner-city minority population: a pilot study
Authors: Jayaweera D T , Scerpella E , Robinson M , Rode R , Campo R , Rodriguez A , Asthana D , Tanner T , Kolber M A
Published: October 2003

We evaluated the safety and efficacy of indinavir 400 mg and ritonavir 400 mg twice daily (RIT/IND 400/400) in HIV-1-infected individuals, using an open label, proof of concept study. All patients received indinavir 400 mg and ritonavir 400 mg twice daily. Patients were followed up to 48 weeks. Nineteen subjects were enrolled, 11 (58%) men and eight (42%) women. The majority were American Black (nine; 47%) or Haitian (eight; 42%). The median baseline plasma HIV-1 viral load (VL) was 5.13 log10 copies/mL and the median CD4 cell count was 112 cells/mm3. The proportion of compliant patients with VL <400 copies/mL at week 24 was 60% compared with 0% for non-compliant patients ( P=0.011 [intent-to-treat] or P=0.085 [on-treatment]). VL at week 4 predicted week 24 VL response. Compliant patients had a median average CD4 cell count increase of 83.2 cells/mm3 compared with 42.0 cells/mm3 for non-compliant patients (P=0.010). The median average changes in triglycerides and cholesterol were significantly higher in compliant patients.

This is a potent, safe combination for the treatment of HIV-1. VL at week 4 is predictive of viral outcome at week 24. Fasting serum cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly elevated during the study.
Early patterns of sexual activity: age cohort differences in Australia
Authors: Boyle Frances M , Dunne Michael P , Purdie David M , Najman Jake M , Cook Michele D
Published: October 2003

Patterns of first sexual activity among Australians born between the 1940s and 1980s were analysed using data from a national telephone survey of 1784 adults (876 males; 908 females). Sixty-one percent of those randomly selected from the Australian electoral roll and contactable by telephone responded. Many trends, including earlier first intercourse - from 20 to 18 years (females) and 18.8 to 17.8 years (males) - were established with the 40-49 year cohort, whose sexual debut was in the late 1960s-70s. Significant age-cohort effects saw women in the contemporary (18-29 year) cohort draw level with males for age at first intercourse and first sex before age 16 and before leaving school. First intercourse contraceptive use climbed from 30% to 80%. Condom use quadrupled to 70%. Australian age-cohort effects are remarkably consistent with those in similar western cultures: gender convergence in sexual experience and increasing avoidance of sexually transmitted disease and pregnancy. If such trends continue, positive long-term outcomes for health and social wellbeing should result.
Detection of candida by polymerase chain reaction vs microscopy and culture in women diagnosed as recurrent vulvovaginal cases
Authors: Mårdh Per-Anders , Novikova Natalia , Witkin Steven S , Korneeva Ilona , Rodriques Alcasio R
Published: October 2003

The objectives were to compare the outcome of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture and microscopy of introital and vaginal samples for detection of candida in women with a history of recurrent vulvovaginal candidosis (RVVC). One hundred and three women with a history of RVVC, i.e. with at least four episodes of the condition in the previous year and who consulted with complaints consistent with a new episode, were studied. Introital and vaginal swabs were cultured on Sabouraud and CHROMagar®. Isolated strains were identified on the chromogenic agar and by API 32C kits and by Vitek® automatized identification system (BioMérieux, France). PCR for detection of Candida spp. was performed on vaginal lavage fluid.

There was a complete agreement in the recovery rate when using the two agar media. However, complete concordance was not obtained between culture and PCR. In 32 (43.8%) of 73 women both PCR and culture were positive, and in 17 (23.3%) both were negative. In 15 (20.5%), only cultures proved positive, while in another 13 (17.8%) patients only the PCR was positive. Four of the PCR-negative became PCR-positive on retesting after dilution of the sample to try to reduce any potential putative PCR inhibitors. In the 47 PCR-positive women, 26 (55.3%) of the introital smears and 31 (65.9%) posterior vaginal smears showed candida morphotypes. In the 25 PCR-negative women, the corresponding figures were 9 (36.0%) and 17 (68.0%), respectively. The PCR test identified Candida albicans in 21 (87.5%) instances, but failed to do so in three (12.5%) cases in which the metabolic/assimilation tests were positive for this species. The corresponding figures for non- albicans Candida spp. were four (57%) and three (43%), respectively. The study of women with RVVC did not show any uniform agreement between the different diagnostic methods used to identify candida in genital samples or for speciation of yeast isolates. Thus reliance only on microscopy, culture or PCR may lead to inaccurate results.
Playing to Win: Marketing and Public Policy at Odds over Joe Camel
Authors: Cohen Joel B.
Published: October 2003

This article is based on the 1998 testimony the author provided for In the Matter of R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company as an expert witness for the Federal Trade Commission. After providing an overview of the Joe Camel campaign and the Federal Trade Commission's investigation of it, the author considers consumer protection issues that provide a perspective for assessing Reynolds's acts and practices. He then focuses on an analysis of Reynolds's competitive position in the cigarette marketplace and why that was likely to influence subsequent marketing strategy and the development of the Joe Camel campaign. The author next discusses the campaign at some length before returning to an explicit assessment of the campaign and the types of criteria that might be adopted for this purpose.
Teenage Exposure to Cigarette Advertising in Popular Consumer Magazines
Authors: Krugman Dean M. , King Karen Whitehill
Published: October 2003

The tobacco industry indicates that it does not advertise in magazines that reach a high percentage of young people. To avoid reaching teens, current tobacco industry practice is to use circulation data to assess the number of young people who receive a magazine. Results from the reported study demonstrate that using circulation data is not an accurate method for estimating the size of the teenage audience. The authors analyze readership data from 1998 and construct specific media schedules to examine the extent to which teenagers are reached by popular consumer magazines that contain cigarette advertising. Results reveal that tobacco marketers routinely reach a high percentage of teenagers 12–17 years of age when placing advertisements in popular consumer magazines.
The Use of Human Models and Cartoon Characters in Magazine Advertisements for Cigarettes, Beer, and Nonalcoholic Beverages
Authors: Kelly Kathleen J. , Slater Michael D. , Karan David , Hunn Liza
Published: October 2003

The authors examine the content of magazine advertising for cigarettes, beer, and nonalcoholic beverages from July 1996 to July 1997. A total of 476 advertisements (239 unique advertisements) from 12 different magazines were content-analyzed. In light of the ongoing debate and recent proposals over the regulation of tobacco and alcohol advertising aimed at young people, the purpose was to answer two principal questions: (1) whether the advertisements for cigarettes and beer contain more cartoons and animated characters than do advertisements for nonalcoholic beverages and (2) whether the presence of human models in an advertisement's visuals is an adequate way to operationalize a lifestyle advertisement. The authors also replicate and extend previous research regarding the amount and type of extrinsic appeal or lifestyle advertising found in these product categories. Significantly more lifestyle content appeared in cigarette advertisements than in nonalcoholic beverage advertisements. Furthermore, a disproportionate number of cartoon characters in cigarette advertisements appeared in magazines with a higher share of younger readers, consistent with policy concerns regarding the use of such cartoon characters to appeal to youth markets. Also, 8.8% of advertisements that were classified as lifestyle advertisements did not contain recognizable human models. An implication of this finding is that the original tobacco settlement proposal to eliminate lifestyle content of cigarette and beer advertisements simply by eliminating models was inadequate to achieve its intended purpose.
The Critical Role of Advertising Media Planning in Federal Rule 23 Class Action Notice
Authors: Hoefges R. Michael , Lancaster Kent M.
Published: October 2003

Federal judges frequently must use mass media advertising to provide legal notice in class actions to meet requirements of court rules and constitutional due process. Unlike most marketing situations, in which relatively low but sustained target audience coverage by advertising can help support long-term sales and profits, court rules and constitutional due process demand high class coverage within a relatively short time frame, often spanning 30 to 90 days. Yet judges and attorneys typically lack the expertise to determine the number of class members who are exposed to and read a mass media notice, and case law and official judicial guidelines provide minimal and thus inadequate information. The use of mass media notice without sufficient analyses of likely notice coverage among class members can jeopardize the rights of class members and the legal integrity of the proceedings. Therefore, courts should demand the use of state-of-the-art media planning procedures, as demonstrated in this study, to forecast due process performance of alternative notice plans.
Consumer Privacy and Name Removal across Direct Marketing Channels: Exploring Opt-In and Opt-Out Alternatives
Authors: Milne George R. , Rohm Andrew J.
Published: October 2003

The authors examine consumer perspectives of data collection awareness and knowledge of name removal mechanisms, such as opt in and opt out, across mail, telephone, and Internet direct channels. The authors investigate consumer privacy states based on the fair information practices of notice (data collection awareness) and choice (knowledge of name removal mechanisms). Data from a national survey suggest that name removal preference varies by channel, consumer privacy state, channel-specific purchase experience, and consumer demographics. Empirical support is also found for alternative approaches (i.e., opt-in methods) for removing personal information from direct marketing lists.
The Effects of Brand Name Similarity on Brand Source Confusion: Implications for Trademark Infringement
Authors: Howard Daniel J. , Kerin Roger A. , Gengler Charles
Published: October 2003

The prevalent legal view with regard to trademark infringement is that consumers who exercise a low (high) degree of care when evaluating goods will be less (more) likely to notice differences among brands and thus conclude they are of (dis)similar origin. The authors argue on the basis of the involvement literature and demonstrate through two field experiments that the effect of degree of care on likelihood of brand source confusion varies by the type of similarity (similar sound versus similar meaning) among brand names. The authors discuss implications for trademark infringement litigation and company brand name evaluation in light of these findings.
Trademark Dilution: Empirical Measures for an Elusive Concept
Authors: Morrin Maureen , Jacoby Jacob
Published: October 2003

Consumer researchers have conceptualized brand name dilution in terms of the potentially damaging effects that a company's own brand extensions can have on beliefs and attitudes toward parent brands. A different form of dilution, trademark dilution, can also occur through the unauthorized use of a mark (e.g., brand, logo) by an entity other than its owner. With passage of the Federal Trademark Dilution Act of 1995, an increasing number of trademark dilution cases are being litigated. A recurring issue in these cases has been how to measure trademark dilution. The authors review the concept of trademark dilution and explore how recognition and recall-based methods can be used for empirically assessing trademark dilution. The authors also investigate the impact of brand familiarity and product category similarity on the extent of trademark dilution and discuss implications, limitations, and areas for further research.
Internet Marketing, Business Models, and Public Policy
Authors: Stewart David W. , Zhao Qin
Published: October 2003

The authors examine the role of the Internet in marketing in the context of business models that are economically viable. This examination raises questions regarding the degree to which the Internet is genuinely different and whether it will be a boon to consumers and investors. Economic necessity associated with the need to obtain and maintain profit streams suggests that Internet markets will likely be more similar to than different from traditional markets. The authors challenge assumptions regarding the role of the Internet in creating frictionless markets that benefit consumers and the role of personal information and privacy on the Internet that are necessary conditions for potentially profitable business models. The authors also discuss subsidization of Internet businesses in the context of public policy and examine other issues related to the relationship of current models of Internet business to public policy and consumer welfare.
FTC v. Novartis: The Return of Corrective Advertising?
Authors: Mazis Michael B.
Published: October 2003

In June 1996, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) issued a complaint alleging that unsubstantiated superiority claims were made in advertisements for Doan's analgesic products. In addition, the FTC sought an order against the Novartis Corporation that required corrective advertising in all Doan's advertisements and packaging. As a result, FTC v. Novartis was unique because it was the FTC's first litigated corrective advertising case since Warner-Lambert , nearly 25 years ago. The case presented an opportunity for the Commission to indicate the types of consumer research needed in six areas: deception assessment, materiality analysis, belief measurement, ad–belief linkage, lingering effects estimation, and remedy calibration. In each of these areas, the FTC presented substantial evidence to support a strong corrective advertising remedy. However, although the Commission ordered corrective advertising, its weak remedy will inevitably fall far short of correcting consumer misbeliefs about Doan's.
The Federal Trade Commission's Report on the Marketing of Violent Entertainment to Youths: Developing Policy-Tuned Research
Authors: Grier Sonya A.
Published: October 2003

On June 1, 1999, President Clinton requested that the Federal Trade Commission and the Department of Justice conduct a study of the marketing of violent entertainment products to youths. The focus of the study was the link between industry marketing practices, especially advertising, and industry self-regulation, as reflected in the industries’ rating and parental advisory systems. The study focused on two key questions: (1) Do the motion picture, music recording, and electronic game industries promote products with parental warnings or age restrictions in venues where children make up a substantial percentage of the audience? and (2) Are these advertisements intended to attract children and teenagers? The author discusses the Federal Trade Commission report and considers the study findings in conjunction with related literature to highlight specific areas for further research in marketing and public policy.
Competition as an Evolutionary Process and Antitrust Policy
Authors: Hunt Shelby D. , Arnett Dennis B.
Published: October 2003

The antitrust debate in the United States has been grounded and guided by principles derived from equilibrium-based economics. However, these principles mischaracterize key elements of real economies. The authors (1) explore the nature of the antitrust debate by reviewing a key component of the debate—the efficiency versus wealth transfer argument; (2) illustrate how the equilibrium-based tradition has misguided the debate; (3) sketch an alternative, process view of competition that draws heavily on evolutionary and Austrian economics (resource-advantage theory; Hunt 2000b); and (4) discuss the implications of using a process view of competition as a basis for antitrust policy.
Only the Illusion of Possible Collusion? Cheap Talk and Similar Goals: Some Experimental Evidence
Authors: Moore Marian Chapman , Morgan Ruskin M. , Moore Michael J.
Published: October 2003

Firms routinely engage in public communications that are available to various constituencies, including competitors. In a laboratory experiment with prisoner's dilemma payoffs, the authors investigate the effect of one form of these communications—cheap talk signals: statements that are costless, nonbinding, and nonverifiable and do not directly affect the payoffs for either party. The authors find that only competitors that perceive that they share goals for a joint, coordinated outcome correctly update their beliefs about their competitor's next move on the basis of cheap talk signals. The authors contend that the conditions for cheap talk to work may be so rare that cheap talk is more likely to fall on deaf ears than to result in collusion. The authors suggest implications for managers and public policymakers as well as areas for further research.
The Dubious Origins of the Sherman Antitrust Act: The Mouse that Roared
Authors: Dickson Peter R. , Wells Philippa K.
Published: October 2003

The authors trace the dubious origins of the Sherman Antitrust Act through the legislative debate reported in the Congressional Record and contemporary commentary in the newspapers, particularly the New York Times. This examination shows that the evolution of effective market governance mechanisms is sometimes unpredictable, unintended, and fortuitous. Just as weak law and market governance mechanisms can result from the best of legislative intentions, so superior law and market governance mechanisms can result from the worst of legislative intentions. The authors discuss implications for marketers and marketing scholars, particularly how powerful and useful generally worded law can become in the hands of judges who are invited by the initial legislators to interpret the specific reach of the law.
E-Commerce Meets Antitrust: A Primer
Authors: Foer Albert A.
Published: October 2003

In this introduction for nonlawyers to the nation's antitrust laws and institutions and how they are likely to apply to e-commerce, the author argues that it is important for the government to help ensure that the industry will be shaped, during its current malleable phase, along competitive lines.
Competitive Cross-Couponing: A Comparison of French and U.S. Perspectives
Authors: Collard Christophe , Pustay Michael , Roquilly Christophe , Zardkoohi Asghar
Published: October 2003

Coca-Cola's practice of cross-couponing violated French competition law. The authors provide a review of U.S. and French competition laws and then compare price discrimination with product-switching explanations for Coca-Cola's cross-couponing practice. The authors argue that cross-couponing is used to entice customers of rival brands to sample the firm's product and is economically efficient.
Attributions and Conformity in Illicit Consumption: The Mediating Role of Group Attractiveness
Authors: Rose Randall L. , Bearden William O. , Manning Kenneth C.
Published: October 2003

Although research has demonstrated an association between certain types of explanations for peer-group illicit consumption and self-reported intentions to consume drugs and alcohol in response to peer influence, the mechanisms underlying these relationships have not been well studied. The results of two studies support predictions that group attractiveness mediates the effects of attributions regarding peer-group illicit consumption on intentions to conform. Normative attributions for group substance abuse were associated with reduced group attractiveness. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for further research and for the design and implementation of effective intervention programs.
The Influence of Individualism, Collectivism, and Locus of Control on Environmental Beliefs and Behavior
Authors: McCarty John A. , Shrum L.J.
Published: October 2003

This study investigates the influence of value orientations measured at the individual level (individualism, collectivism, and locus of control) and of economic status on environmental beliefs and behavior. Structural equation modeling reveals that the preferred model is one in which the value orientations and economic status influence beliefs about recycling, which in turn influence recycling behavior, but the influence of the value orientations and economic status differs as a function of the type of environmental belief. Individualism and economic status are related to beliefs about the inconvenience of recycling; collectivism and locus of control are related to beliefs about the importance of recycling. Moreover, specific beliefs about the importance of recycling have both a direct influence on recycling behavior and an effect that is mediated by beliefs about the inconvenience of recycling. The authors present the implications of the study for public policy and marketing communication efforts.
Knee flexion during stair ambulation is altered in individuals with patellofemoral pain
Authors: Crossley Kay M. , Cowan Sallie M. , Bennell Kim L. , McConnell Jenny
Published: October 2003

Reduced knee flexion is a logical gait adaptation for individuals with patellofemoral pain (PFP) to lessen the patellofemoral joint reaction force and minimise pain during stair ambulation. This gait adaptation may be related to the co‐ordination of individual vasti components.

Purpose: This study investigated the amount of stance‐phase knee flexion in individuals with (n = 48) and without (n = 18) PFP using a cross‐sectional design. The relationship between stance‐phase knee flexion and onset timing of individual vasti activity was also examined.

Method: Stance‐phase knee flexion was measured in 2‐dimensions using a PEAK movement analysis system during stair ascent and descent. Individuals with PFP were separated into those with synchronous onset of the EMG activity of vastus medialis obliquus (VMO) and vastus lateralis (VL), and those where the onset of VMO EMG activity was delayed relative to the VL.

Results: The amount of knee flexion at heel‐strike and peak was less in the individuals with PFP compared with the healthy controls. In addition, there were trends towards individuals with PFP who had a delayed EMG onset of VL having reduced knee flexion during stair descent compared with PFP individuals with simultaneous vasti onsets and the control participants.

Conclusion: These results indicate that the amount of stance‐phase knee flexion is lower in individuals with PFP and that this may be related to onset timing of the vasti. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Effects of h‐PTH on cancellous bone mass, connectivity, and bone strength in ovariectomized rats with and without sciatic‐neurectomy
Authors: Kasukawa Y. , Miyakoshi N. , Itoi E. , Tsuchida T. , Tamura Y. , Kudo T. , Suzuki K. , Seki A. , Sato K.
Published: October 2003

The purpose of this study was to determine whether h‐PTH (1‐34) treatment would recover cancellous bone connectivity and bone strength in ovariectomized (OVX) or ovariectomized and sciatic‐neurectomized (OVX + NX) rats. Seven‐month‐old female Wistar rats were treated with h‐PTH or vehicle (6.0 μg/kg, six times a week, subcutaneously) for four weeks beginning 4, 8, or 12 weeks after OVX or OVX + NX. These were compared to age‐matched baseline and sham‐operated groups. Right tibiae were used for bone histomorphometry and node‐strut analysis, and left tibiae were used for mechanical testing. The bone formation rates in the OVX and OVX + NX rats treated with h‐PTH were significantly higher than those in their baseline controls, h‐PTH treatment increased the node numbers and failure energies in the OVX rats, compared to their baseline controls, at all time points. However, in the OVX + NX rats, the effects of h‐PTH treatment on the node number and failure energy were observed only at four weeks after surgery, but not at eight weeks or 12 weeks after surgery. These results suggest that the lowest limit, at which trabecular connectivity and bone strength are able to be restored by h‐PTH, occurred between four and eight weeks in OVX + NX rats, but not in OVX rats, h‐PTH cannot recover trabecular connectivity and bone strength in advanced osteopenia. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
NSF and p97/VCP: similar at first, different at last
Authors: Brunger Axel T. , DeLaBarre Byron
Published: October 2003

N‐Ethylmaleimide sensitive factor (NSF) and p97/valosin‐containing protein (VCP) are distantly related members of the ATPases associated with a variety of cellular activities (AAA) family of proteins. While both proteins have been implied in cellular morphology changes involving membrane compartments or vesicles, more recent evidence seems to imply that NSF is primarily involved in the soluble NSF attachment receptor (SNARE)‐mediated vesicle fusion by disassembling the SNARE complex whereas p97/VCP is primarily involved in the extraction of membrane proteins. These functional differences are now corroborated by major structural differences based on recent crystallographic and cryo‐electron microscopy studies. This review discusses these recent findings.
The ‘PINIT’ motif, of a newly identified conserved domain of the PIAS protein family, is essential for nuclear retention of PIAS3L
Authors: Duval D. , Duval G. , Kedinger C. , Poch O. , Boeuf H.
Published: October 2003

PIAS proteins, cytokine‐dependent STAT‐associated repressors, exhibit intrinsic E3‐type SUMO ligase activities and form a family of transcriptional modulators. Three conserved domains have been identified so far in this protein family, the SAP box, the MIZ‐Zn finger/RING module and the acidic C‐terminal domain, which are essential for protein interactions, DNA binding or SUMO ligase activity. We have identified a novel conserved domain of 180 residues in PIAS proteins and shown that its ‘PINIT’ motif as well as other conserved motifs (in the SAP box and in the RING domain) are independently involved in nuclear retention of PIAS3L, the long form of PIAS3, that we have characterized in mouse embryonic stem cells.
Ion channel gating: insights via molecular simulations
Authors: Beckstein Oliver , Biggin Philip C , Bond Peter , Bright Joanne N , Domene Carmen , Grottesi Alessandro , Holyoake John , Sansom Mark S.P
Published: October 2003

Ion channels are gated, i.e. they can switch conformation between a closed and an open state. Molecular dynamics simulations may be used to study the conformational dynamics of ion channels and of simple channel models. Simulations on model nanopores reveal that a narrow (<4 Å) hydrophobic region can form a functionally closed gate in the channel and can be opened by either a small (∼1 Å) increase in pore radius or an increase in polarity. Modelling and simulation studies confirm the importance of hydrophobic gating in K channels, and support a model in which hinge‐bending of the pore‐lining M2 (or S6 in Kv channels) helices underlies channel gating. Simulations of a simple outer membrane protein, OmpA, indicate that a gate may also be formed by interactions of charged side chains within a pore, as is also the case in ClC channels.
NMR solution structure determination of membrane proteins reconstituted in detergent micelles
Authors: Fernández César , Wüthrich Kurt
Published: October 2003

As an alternative to X‐ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in solution can be used for three‐dimensional structure determination of small membrane proteins, preferably proteins with β‐barrel fold. This paper reviews recent achievements as well as limiting factors encountered in solution NMR studies of membrane proteins. Our particular interest has been focused on supplementing structure determination with data on the solvation of the proteins in the mixed micelles with detergents that are used to reconstitute membrane proteins for the NMR experiments. For the Escherichia coli outer membrane protein X (OmpX) in dihexanoylphosphatidylcholine (DHPC) micelles, such studies showed that the central part of the protein is covered with a fluid monolayer of lipid molecules, which seems to mimic quite faithfully the embedding of the protein in the lipid phase of the biological membrane. The implication is that the micellar systems used in this instance for the NMR studies of the membrane protein should also be suitable for further investigations of functional interactions with other proteins or low‐molecular weight ligands.
Nobility and Necessity: The Problem of Courage in Aristotle’s
Authors: Ward Lee
Published: October 2003

In the current debate over the status of moral virtue in ethical and political theory, Aristotle is an imposing and controversial figure. Both champions and critics of the ancient conception of virtue identify Aristotle as its most important proponent, but commentators often obscure the complexity of his treatment of moral virtue. His account of courage reveals this complexity. Aristotle believes that courage, and indeed virtue generally, must be understood as both an end in itself and a means to a more comprehensive good. In this way Aristotle’s political science offers a middle course that corrects and embraces the claims of nobility and necessity in political life. Honor is central to this political science. It acts as a bridge between the desires of the individual and the needs of the political community and reduces the dangers posed by the excessive pursuit of nobility and the complete acquiescence to necessity.
Oakeshott and His Contemporaries: Montaigne, St. Augustine, Hegel, et al. By Wendell John Coats, Jr. Selinsgrove, PA: Susquehanna University Press, and London: Associated University Presses, 2000. 138p. $31.50.
Authors: Fuller Timothy
Published: October 2003

Interest in Michael Oakeshott's political philosophy has been
growing for a generation, since the publication of the original
edition of his Rationalism in Politics (1962), a collection of
essays dating from 1947 to 1960. Few then were aware of
Experience and Its Modes (1933), a book that has since
become the subject of much attention as the desire to
understand Oakeshott's work as a whole has grown. With the
publication of On Human Conduct (1975), Oakeshott gave us
the work he hoped would confirm his place in the tradition of
British political thought going back to Hobbes. Of course, his
notable essays on Hobbes are now available in Hobbes on
Civil Association (2000).
Marxism, Revisionism, and Leninism: Explication, Assessment, and Commentary. By Richard F. Hamilton. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2000. 288p. $59.95.
Authors: Callinicos Alex
Published: October 2003

A distinguished political sociologist, Richard F. Hamilton is
perhaps best known for Who Voted for Hitler? (1982). More
recently his attention has shifted to the broader methodolog-
ical issues raised by the empirical claims of sociological
macrotheories. This critical study of three versions of Marx-
ism-the original statement by Marx and Engels and two
rival reformulations, by Eduard Bernstein at the end of the
nineteenth century and by Lenin during World War I-is to
be seen in the light of this concern.
Supreme Court Decision Making: New Institutionalist Approaches. Edited by Cornell W. Clayton and Howard Gillman. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. 344p. $55.00 cloth, $19.00 paper.
Authors: McCann Michael
Published: October 2003

The editors of this timely volume announce at the outset that
their aim is to provide a forum for recent scholarship that
reacts critically to the previous generation of behavioralists
who, since the 1950s, have analyzed the U.S. Supreme Court
as little more than an aggregate of the relatively stable and
identifiable policy preferences held by individual justices.
Specifically, these essays pose a collective "response by a
succeeding generation of Supreme Court scholars who are
trained in political behavioralism but who have rediscovered
the value and importance of understanding institutional
contexts" (p. 12).
Marketing the American Creed Abroad: Diasporas in the U.S. and Their Homelands. By Yossi Shain. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. 294p. $54.95 cloth, 17.95 paper.
Authors: delaGarza Rodolfo O.
Published: October 2003

What is the national interest, and who defines it? These
questions have become inextricably linked to the debate over
how the dramatic increase in Asian, African, and Latin
American immigration have affected national identity. These
demographic and political changes, combined with globalization,
transnationalism, and the increased demand by the
leadership of the new ethnics to participate in foreign
policymaking, have prompted scholars such as Samuel Huntington
and Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., to warn against ethnic
leaders who pursue narrowly defined country-of-origin interests
that undermine the national interest.
Reform in the Making: The Implementation of Social Policy in Prison. By Ann Chih Lin. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000. 213p. $39.50.
Authors: Taggart William A.
Published: October 2003

During the last quarter of the twentieth century there was an
explosion in the use of institutional corrections unparalleled
in the annals of American penology. The numbers tell the
story well: Just before the new millennium almost 1.3 million
adults were confined in state and federal correctional facili-
ties, which represents a tripling of the population in just
under 20 years. One consequence of such a policy, and there
are many, is that eventually a large proportion of these
inmates will be released back into society. Their prospects do
not look promising in terms of our current knowledge about
recidivism rates, and we can expect a large and, most likely,
increasing number of these individuals to rejoin the ranks of
the incarcerated. The reasons for this policy failure are
undoubtedly traceable to a number of forces, although one
probably need not look beyond the prison walls as a place to
start searching for answers.
The Politics of Ideas and the Spread of Enterprise Zones. By Karen Mossberger. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press, 2000. 288p. $65.00 cloth, $24.95 paper.
Authors: Feiock Richard C.
Published: October 2003

This book is the latest product of Georgetown University
Press's outstanding American Governance and Public Policy
series. Karen Mossberger embarks upon a substantial intel-
lectual effort and seeks to accomplish several tasks. First, she
provides a detailed account of the evolution of the enterprise
zone concept and chronicles its implementation in five states.
The Rational Politician: Exploiting the Media in New Democracies. By Andrew K. Milton. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2000. 195p. $64.95.
Authors: Curry Jane L.
Published: October 2003

The media have always been major players in transitions
from authoritarian rule toward democracy. For all the dis-
cussion of the media as actors in these transitions and as the
objects of political tug-of-wars, little has actually been said
about how the media work or how they have been managed.
The Rational Politician is the first look at the media in the
East European transitions from communism to democracy.