bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measure by Measure, they touched the heaven
Authors: Spairani Luisa
Published: April 2021

The measure of distances is a recurring theme in astrophysics. The interpretation of the light coming from a luminous object in the sky can be very different depending on the distance of the object. Two stars or galaxies may each have a different real brightness, although they may look similar. The correct measures were determined by women computers a century ago. Special mention is due to Williamina Fleming, who supervised an observatory for 30 years and worked on the first system to classify stars by spectrum. Antonia Maury helped locate the first double star and developed a new star classification system. Henrietta Leavitt determined a law to calculate stellar distances. The most famous of the Harvard computers was Annie Jump Cannon. An expert in photography, she catalogued over 350,000 stars and expanded the classification system used today, but it was Henrietta Leavitt who left an indelible mark by discovering a law for the determination of stellar distances. In the same period, Italian women computers began to collaborate in observatories, but their tracks are obfuscated.
From survey to semantic representation for Cultural Heritage: the 3D modeling of recurring architectural elements
Authors: Croce Valeria , Caroti Gabriella , Piemonte Andrea , Bevilacqua Marco Giorgio
Published: April 2021

The digitization of Cultural Heritage paves the way for new approaches to surveying and restitution of historical sites. With a view to the management of integrated programs of documentation and conservation, the research is now focusing on the creation of information systems where to link the digital representation of a building to semantic knowledge. With reference to the emblematic case study of the Calci Charterhouse, also known as Pisa Charterhouse, this contribution illustrates an approach to be followed in the transition from 3D survey information, derived from laser scanner and photogrammetric techniques, to the creation of semantically enriched 3D models. The proposed approach is based on the recognition -segmentation and classification- of elements on the original raw point cloud, and on the manual mapping of NURBS elements on it. For this shape recognition process, reference to architectural treatises and vocabularies of classical architecture is a key step. The created building components are finally imported in a H-BIM environment, where they are enriched with semantic information related to historical knowledge, documentary sources and restoration activities.
Geometric morphometrics reveal relationship between cut-mark morphology and cutting tools
Authors: Boschin Francesco , Moretti Erika , Crezzini Jacopo , Arrighi Simona
Published: April 2021

The analysis of bone-surface modifications (BSM), such as butchering marks, is necessary to better understand how the exploitation of animal resources by past hominins influenced their biological and cultural evolution. In this paper, we try to quantify to what extent the depth of the cut marks influences the shape of their cross sections. This is of crucial importance for a valid interpretation of the shape data collected on archaeological BSMs. Two groups of slicing cut-mark cross sections were experimentally produced with two flint burins on a defleshed cattle innominate, and a set of butchering marks were produced with an unretouched flint flake. These were analysed by means of 3D microscopy and geometric morphometrics. The resulting sets of striae show different depths and different cross-sectional shapes. Shallower cross sections display less steep walls and, consequently, a wider opening angle. When the characteristics of the burin cutting edges were investigated, it was clear that the difference in shape between the two groups of striations was probably a function of the way in which the tool penetrated the bone. These results are taphonomically relevant since similar differences in cross-sectional shapes have been found in marks produced with different tools.
Fault detection and diagnosis of historical vehicle engines using acoustic emission techniques
Authors: Roda-Buch Alejandro , Cornet Emilie , Rapp Guillaume , Chalançon Brice , Mischler Stefano , Brambilla Laura
Published: April 2021

The reactivation of artefact mechanisms is always a challenge for conservators. Non-invasive diagnostic techniques, applicable directly on the artifacts, allows for performing early-stage diagnostics and avoiding damage. The Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Historical Vehicles (ACUME_HV) project represents the first use of acoustic emission (AE) as a non-invasive technique for the diagnostics of historical vehicles. The aim of this project is to develop an objective, human-independent method. This will help museum personnel to make decisions regarding the reactivation of historical vehicle engines using measurements and data analysis rather than merely personal experience. Herein, we present the results of the first phase of the ACUME_HV project, which was focused on the development of a protocol for the use of AE during cold tests.
Laboratory measurement system for pre-corroded sensors devoted to metallic artwork monitoring
Authors: Faifer Marco , Goidanich Sara , Laurano Christian , Petiti Chiara , Toscani Sergio , Zanoni Michele
Published: April 2021

The monitoring of environmental corrosivity around works of cultural heritage is a key task in the field of both active and preventive conservation. In the case of metallic artworks, this task can be performed by means of coupons or sensors realised with the same materials as the artworks to be conserved. In this work, a measurement system for the development and testing of sensors for atmospheric corrosivity monitoring is presented. The metrological features of the measurement system operated in conjunction with a developed sensor are analysed. The sensor allows for considering the different corrosion behaviours due to the presence of corrosion layers on the object to be preserved. The first developed sensors are made of pre-corroded copper and their resistance is measured. The developed system allows for monitoring thickness loss of over 3 nm in the temperature range of 23 °C – 39 °C. The performed analysis demonstrated that the system presents an efficient laboratory setup for the development and characterisation of sensors for atmospheric corrosivity monitoring.

 
Raman investigation of corrosion products on Roman copper-based artefacts
Authors: Es Sebar Leila , Iannucci Leonardo , Goren Yuval , Fabian Peter , Angelini Emma , Grassini Sabrina
Published: April 2021

This paper illustrates a case study related to the characterisation of corrosion products present on recently excavated artefacts. The archaeological findings, from the Rakafot 54 site (Beer-Sheva, Israel), consist of 23 coins and a pendant, all dating back to the Roman period. Raman spectroscopy was used to identify the corrosion products that compose the patina covering the objects. To facilitate and support their identification, spectra were then processed using principal components analysis. This chemometric technique allowed the identification of two main compounds, classified as atacamite and clinoatacamite, which formed the main components of the patinas. The results of this investigation can help in assessing the conservation state of artefacts and defining the correct restoration strategy.
Characterisation of corrosion products on copper-based artefacts: potential of MA-XRF measurementsties of MA-XRF measurement
Authors: Di Francia Elisabetta , Grassini Sabrina , Gigante Giovanni Ettore , Ridolfi Stefano , Barcellos Lins Sergio Augusto
Published: April 2021

The use of macro-X-ray fluorescence (MA-XRF) scanners is now widespread in cultural heritage applications. However, its use for the characterisation of metallic works of art is still limited. In this study, a novel portable MA-XRF scanner prototype was tested on artificially corroded copper samples to assess its analytical capabilities on corroded metals, yielding information on the spatial distribution of the corrosion products grown on the metal’s surface. A multi-analytical approach was used to thoroughly characterise the copper samples and compare the obtained results to verify the reliability of the MA-XRF data. The prototype was able to obtain distribution maps of different elements, such as sulphur and chlorine, which can be directly correlated to different corrosion products. With the use of imaging filtering techniques, it was possible to investigate the stratification of the corrosion product layers and observe gradients in the distribution of certain elements.
Influences of groove-type casing treatment on the tip leakage flow behaviour in linear compressor cascades at different tip clearances: influence of single groove at mid-chord
Authors: Kaneko Masanao
Published: April 2021

In this study, the influences of the single groove installed at the mid-chord – which is known to have a large expansion effect on the stable operating flow range of low-speed axial compressors – on the flow behaviour and the loss generation in a linear compressor cascade were investigated numerically at different tip clearances. Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations of the incompressible flow in the test cascade were performed, with the computed results clarifying the following remarkable phenomena, which are common to both small and large tip-clearance cases. The single groove locally weakens the tip leakage flow by the decrease in the blade loading and the streaming of the flow near the blade pressure side into the groove, consequently reducing the distance between the tip leakage vortex and the blade suction surface. Meanwhile, although the groove decreases the loss due to the tip leakage vortex generated from the blade leading edge, the loss generation in the entire cascade passage is almost the same as that in the cascade without the groove due to the additional loss generation resulting from the presence of the groove.
Modelling and simulations for signal loss evaluation during sampling phase for thermoluminescence authenticity tests
Authors: Gueli Anna Maria , Pace Martina , Pasquale Stefania , Politi Giuseppe , Stella Giuseppe , Trigona Carlo
Published: April 2021

In authenticity tests using the thermoluminescence (TL) method, the sampling phase is fundamental to collecting an appropriate amount of powder for analysis. The powder is usually obtained by drilling in hidden and pertinently selected areas of an artefact. During the drilling, a local temperature increase can occur, and, because thermoluminescence emission is dependent on the heating rate, the authenticity test result could be invalidated due to underestimation of the signal intensity. In this work, the percentage of signal intensity loss is investigated through the combination of a dynamic electro-mechanical model and a typical TL glow curve simulation. After first modelling the drilling procedure to estimate the maximum temperature reached, the optimal parameters that should be used during the sampling phase are checked by simulations together with an evaluation of the correlated signal losses.
In-situ multi-analytical study of ongoing corrosion processes on bronze artworks exposed outdoor
Authors: Es Sebar Leila , Iannucci Leonardo , Gori Caterina , Re Alessandro , Parvis Marco , Angelini Emma , Grassini Sabrina
Published: April 2021

This paper presents a long-term in-situ campaign to monitor contemporary bronze statuary exposed outdoors. The case study relates to the characterisation of three sculptures belonging to the Gori Art Collection, located in the Fattoria di Celle: ‘Cavaliere’ and ‘Miracolo – Composizione’ by Marino Marini and ‘Due forme o due ombre n°2’ by Luciano Minguzzi. The overall conservation state of the sculptures was investigated by means of a multi-analytical and non-invasive approach, involving different techniques. Three-dimensional photogrammetry was performed to fully document the artworks. The chemical and microstructural features of the corrosion patinas were then characterised through X-ray fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy. In addition, the stability and the protective effectiveness of the corrosion products were assessed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Thanks to the combined use of these specific techniques, the information extracted through the different analyses could be correlated with each other and with the exposure conditions. The different corrosion products were identified as being primarily copper sulphates and phosphates, and they were correlated with the different microclimate conditions related to their location on the statues. The information gathered from the presented multi-analytical approach represents the fundamental knowledge required to develop a tailored conservation project to assure the long-lasting preservation of these artworks.
Non-destructive pole-figure measurements on workshop-made silver reference model of archaic objects
Authors: Sepsi Máté , Benke Márton , Mertinger Valéria
Published: April 2021

Based on the knowledge of crystallographic texture, the parameters of the metal-forming heat treatment of metallic objects can be reconstructed well when conventional technologies (e.g. rolling, deep drawing, etc.) are applied. The characterisation of texture has been possible only by using destructive techniques, apart from neutron diffraction. Recently, a non-destructive texture measurement method has been developed for centreless diffractometers, providing a new dimension to the examination of archaic objects. In the present study, two types of Stresstech G3R centreless diffractometer were used with this new method, which proved it to be applicable to both the tabletop and robotic arm-assisted versions of the diffractometer. Although the texture of archaic objects can be revealed using this method, the production of these objects cannot be directly deduced from the results, since their manufacturing steps are not identical to the metal-forming operations applied today. In this study, workshop-made silver reference samples were produced with the help of three silversmiths. Wrinkling, metal spinning and intermediate annealing were applied to the rolled silver sheet with the aim of making real-sized silver cups. The workshop-made reference cups were then subjected to non-destructive texture examinations. The results reveal the textures developed during the conventional manufacturing steps of silver cups. The obtained information greatly assists future research in understanding the pole figures of archaic objects and the reconstruction of their manufacturing technology.
Identification of patients as a safety in providing medical care (practical experience)
Authors:   Regional Clinical Hospital № 2, Potylitsyn A. V. , Beniova S. N. ,   Regional Clinical Hospital № 2, Gorelova I. S. ,   Regional Clinical Hospital № 2, Kiku P. F. ,   Regional Clinical Hospital № 2
Published: April 2021

Patient safety is one of the priorities in medical care. The leading place in it is occupied by “correct patient identification”. According to research by experts from the World Health Organization (WHO), “misidentification of a patient is the cause of many errors.” The purpose of this work is to assess the implementation of a patient identification system using bracelets in a multidisciplinary hospital. The main idea of the project is based on the use of personal identifiers, made in the form of a disposable white bracelet worn on the patient’s arm, as well as the use of color-coded bracelets (red, yellow, red-yellow), which allows identifying patients at risk of developing life-threatening conditions: high risk falling of the patient and the presence of an allergological history. The introduction of identification bracelets with patient data and a barcode on them increased the percentage of identification performance increased from 67% to 89%. After the introduction of the system of prevention of falls and color identification by bracelets, the number of falls of patients decreased by more than 4 times. Successful integration of the automatic identification system into the workflow of a multidisciplinary hospital significantly reduces the influence of the human factor on the number of medical errors and related preventable consequences for patient health.
Evaluation of automated feature extraction algorithms using high-resolution satellite imagery across a rural-urban gradient in two unique cities in developing countries
Authors: Griffin Andrew , Griffin Sean , Lasko Kristofer , Maloney Megan , Blundell S. , Collins Michael , Wayant Nicole
Published: April 2021

Feature extraction algorithms are routinely leveraged to extract building footprints and road networks into vector format. When used in conjunction with high resolution remotely sensed imagery, machine learning enables the automation of such feature extraction workflows. However, many of the feature extraction algorithms currently available have not been thoroughly evaluated in a scientific manner within complex terrain such as the cities of developing countries. This report details the performance of three automated feature extraction (AFE) datasets: Ecopia, Tier 1, and Tier 2, at extracting building footprints and roads from high resolution satellite imagery as compared to manual digitization of the same areas. To avoid environmental bias, this assessment was done in two different regions of the world: Maracay, Venezuela and Niamey, Niger. High, medium, and low urban density sites are compared between regions. We quantify the accuracy of the data and time needed to correct the three AFE datasets against hand digitized reference data across ninety tiles in each city, selected by stratified random sampling. Within each tile, the reference data was compared against the three AFE datasets, both before and after analyst editing, using the accuracy assessment metrics of Intersection over Union and F1 Score for buildings and roads, as well as Average Path Length Similarity (APLS) to measure road network connectivity. It was found that of the three AFE tested, the Ecopia data most frequently outperformed the other AFE in accuracy and reduced the time needed for editing.
Micro-terrain and canopy feature extraction by breakline and differencing analysis of gridded elevation models : identifying terrain model discontinuities with application to off-road mobility modeling
Authors: Blundell S.
Published: April 2021

Elevation models derived from high-resolution airborne lidar scanners provide an added dimension for identification and extraction of micro-terrain features characterized by topographic discontinuities or breaklines. Gridded digital surface models created from first-return lidar pulses are often combined with lidar-derived bare-earth models to extract vegetation features by model differencing. However, vegetative canopy can also be extracted from the digital surface model alone through breakline analysis by taking advantage of the fine-scale changes in slope that are detectable in high-resolution elevation models of canopy. The identification and mapping of canopy cover and micro-terrain features in areas of sparse vegetation is demonstrated with an elevation model for a region of western Montana, using algorithms for breaklines, elevation differencing, slope, terrain ruggedness, and breakline gradient direction. These algorithms were created at the U.S. Army Engineer Research Center – Geospatial Research Laboratory (ERDC-GRL) and can be accessed through an in-house tool constructed in the ENVI/IDL environment. After breakline processing, products from these algorithms are brought into a Geographic Information System as analytical layers and applied to a mobility routing model, demonstrating the effect of breaklines as obstacles in the calculation of optimal, off-road routes. Elevation model breakline analysis can serve as significant added value to micro-terrain feature and canopy mapping, obstacle identification, and route planning.
O conceito de gestão social e a democracia regressiva no Brasil após 2016
Authors: Teixeira Marco Antônio Carvalho , Guilherme Tenorio Fernando
Published: April 2021

Desde a Constituição de 1988 que o postulado da democracia representativa no Brasil não era o mote exclusivo para uma participação cidadã que ocorreria a cada período eleitoral, a fim de eleger representantes nas diferentes instâncias legislativas de governo – federal, estadual e municipal. Embora a partir de então a soberania popular pudesse ser exercida de forma direta e/ou participativa em interação com as diferentes instâncias legislativas e executivas e os órgãos do aparato burocrático nos diversos níveis de governo, em 2016 o contexto institucional brasileiro foi alterado sob uma perspectiva que faz dormitar os preceitos constitucionais de 1988, deixando em suspenso a possibilidade de práticas gerenciais democráticas. O presente texto, apesar de sincrônico, tem como objetivo central contextualizar o surgimento do conceito de gestão social no Brasil e verificar até que ponto o momento brasileiro pode apoiar ou impedir a prática de uma gestão comprometida com a sociedade.
Implementação e Trabalhadores de Linha de Frente na Medida Socioeducativa de Liberdade Assistida
Authors: Sotero Erick de Moura , Lotta Gabriela Spanghero
Published: April 2021

O trabalhador de linha de frente é descrito na literatura como o conjunto de atores diretamente responsáveis pelas atividades essenciais dos órgãos públicos, ocupando dessa forma uma posição de interface entre o Estado e o cidadão, o que os coloca como um ator com grande influência. O presente artigo analisa a atuação dos técnicos de referência na medida socioeducativa de liberdade assistida no Município de São Paulo, buscamos compreender, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas e o método de vinhetas, quais os fatores que influenciam a improvisação pragmática (adaptação entre as regras e as circunstâncias na implementação) e do uso da agência (habilidade de formar julgamentos) na atuação desses atores.
Construção de capacidades político-relacionais para coordenação federativa no Programa Água para Todos: análise na perspectiva institucionalista
Authors: Ramagem Ricardo Dias , Gomes Ricardo Corrêa
Published: April 2021

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar as diferenças de trajetórias na construção de capacidades relacionais existentes nas duas principais organizações parceiras na execução do Programa Água para Todos, e sua relação no arranjo institucional para a coordenação federativa sob a ótica do neoinstitucionalismo histórico. O Ministério da Integração Nacional (MI) e o Ministério do Desenvolvimento Social e Combate à Fome (MDS), pertencentes a setores de políticas públicas diferentes (o de infraestrutura e o social) tiveram trajetórias de construção de capacidades relacionais diversas, conforme se depreende da formação dos respectivos arranjos institucionais de coordenação federativa e na relação com a sociedade. Ao contrário do MI, ocorreu mudança institucional na política social a cargo do MDS, tendo como momento crítico a institucionalização do SUAS com mecanismos de coordenação federativa e fluxo contínuo de recursos. Ocorreu policy feedback positivo e de aprendizado na relação federativa e com a sociedade civil.
Satellite Imaging of Global Urbanicity relates to Brain and Behavior in Young People
Authors: Schumann Gunter , XU JIAYUAN , Liu Xiaoxuan , Ing Alex , LI QIAOJUN , Qin Wen , Guo Lining , Huang Conghong , Chen Jingliang , Wang Meiyun , Geng Zuojun , Zhu Wenzhen , Zhang Bing , Liao Weihua , Qiu Shijun , Zhang Hui , Xu Xiaojun , Yu Yongqiang , Gao Bo , Han Tong , Cui Guang-Bin , Chen Feng , Xian Junfang , Li Jiance , Zhang Jing , Zuo Xi-Nian , Wang Dawei , Shen Wen , Miao Yanwei , Yuan Fei , Lui Su , Zhang Xiaochu , Xu Kai , Zhang Long Jiang , Ye Zhaoxiang , Banaschewski Tobias , Barker Gareth , Bokde Arun , Quinlan Erin , Flor Herta , Grigis Antoine , Garavan Hugh , Gowland Penny , Heinz Andreas , Brühl Rüdiger , Martinot Jean-Luc , Artiges Eric , Nees Frauke , Orfanos Dimitri Papadopoulos , Lemaitre Herve , Paus Tomas , Poustka Luise , Hohmann Sarah , Fröhner Juliane , Smolka Michael , Walter Henrik , Whelan Robert , Goldblatt Ran , Patrick Kevin , Calhoun Vince , Lijun Mulin , Liang Meng , Gong Peng , Barker Edward , Clinton Nicholas , Yu Le , Yu Chunshui , Luo Qiang , Liu Huaigui , Chu Congying , Liu Feng , Consortium IMAGEN , Consortium CHIMGEN
Published: April 2021

Urbanicity is a growing environmental challenge for mental-health. While the impact of urban life on brain and behavior might be distinct in different sociocultural conditions and geographies, there might exist features shared between regions. To investigate correlations of urbanicity with brain structure and function, neuropsychology and mental illness symptoms in young people from China and Europe, we developed a remote-sensing satellite-measure termed ‘UrbanSat’ quantifying population-density, a general measure of urbanicity. UrbanSat is correlated with brain volume, surface area and brain-network-connectivity in the medial prefrontal cortex and cerebellum, which mediate its effect on perspective-taking and depression- symptoms. Susceptibility to high population-density is greatest during childhood for the cerebellum and from childhood to adolescence for the prefrontal cortex. As UrbanSat can be generalized to different geographies, it will enable assessing the impact of urbanicity on mental illness and resilience globally, especially in young people where prevention and early interventions are most effective.
A Feasibility Randomised Control Trial of Vitrectomy Plus Standard Care Intravitreal Ranibizumab or Aflibercept Injections versus Standard Care Intravitreal Ranibizumab or Aflibercept injections Alone In Patients With Centre Involving Diabetic Macular Edema
Authors: Laidlaw Alistair , Hammond Chris , Maguire Matthew James
Published: April 2021

Background: Most studies indicate that vitrectomy delivers sustained improvements in macular thickness. Evidence on whether acuity is improved is inconsistent. In the presence of traction vitrectomy is thought to be visually effective. In the absence of traction vitrectomy was usually performed as rescue therapy when repeated laser treatments had failed and visual improvement may not have been possible. Studies where vitrectomy was performed early in the disease showed visual benefit. All these data also predate the current gold standard anti VEGF therapy for DME and SD OCT imaging of the vitreo retinal interface. We hypothesise that adding a vitrectomy and internal limiting membrane peel to standard care intravitreal Anti-VEGF injections in the management of CIDME will result in: improved or comparable visual outcomes, fewer anti-VEGF injections and reduced costs. Methodology: VIDEO is a pragmatic stratified, single-masked, randomised, multi centre, controlled, feasibility trial with 12 months follow up. Stratification will be based in the presence or absence of OCT evident vitreomacular traction or epiretinal membrane. The primary outcome is Distance best corrected visual acuity. Secondary outcomes are Number of injections, Rate of completed follow, Rate of recruitment, Central macular thickness on OCT, Area under the curve of CMT, Area under curve of BCVA, Rate of loss of 15 or more letters from baseline, Rate of Rescue therapy, Rate of cataract surgery, Rate of complications. Recruitment target is 100 patients with 1:1 randomisation to the treatment arm (vitrectomy + standard care) or control arm (standard care) with 12 month follow up. Standard care is treat and extend intravitreal anti-VEGF injections. Main inclusion criteria: -Patient over 18 years of age -Patient has capacity to give informed consent -Patient has not previously been enrolled in this study in regards to their other eye - Symptomatic visual loss attributable to diabetic macular oedema for less than one year -Patient has a formal diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus -Patient has an HbA1c test (a blood test that looks at long term diabetic control) performed within the past 2 months. Ophthalmic criteria: -Symptomatic visual loss attributable to DMO for less than one year. -Best corrected visual acuity of better than 35 ETDRS letters on formal testing -Central macular thickness greater than 350 microns. Discussion: Outcomes should inform the effect size with which to inform the design of a definitive randomised control trial ISRCTN Registry ISRCTN59902040 18.12.20 retrospectively registered http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN59902040
Repeatability of i.Profiler for Measuring Wavefront Aberrations in Healthy Eyes
Authors: Liao Xuan , Wang Mei-Jie , Tan Qing-Qing , Lan Chang-Jun
Published: April 2021

Purpose
To evaluate the repeatability of wavefront aberration measurements and the correlation between corneal aberration and pupil size in normal eyes using a wavefront-based autorefractor (i.ProfilerPlus; Carl Zeiss Vision, Germany).
Methods
A prospective cross-sectional study. Wavefront aberrations, including SA (Z40), coma (Z3 − 1, Z31), trefoil (Z3 − 3, Z33) and total higher-order aberrations (tHOA), were measured at different pupil diameters. The repeatability was evaluated using one-way ANOVA method, and statistical indicators including within-subject standard deviation (Sw), test-retest repeatability (TRT), and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). The correlations between corneal aberrations and pupil sizes were evaluated by Pearson correlation analysis.
Results
A total of 96 healthy young volunteers were enrolled. Corneal and ocular higher-order aberrations (HOA) measured by i.Profiler showed Sw<0.01µm, TRT < 0.10µm, ICC > 0.90. There was a linear positive correlation between the corneal HOA and pupil size. The correlation coefficient between SA and tHOA was the largest (r = 0.996, P < 0.001).
Conclusions
The measurements of wavefront aberrations by i.Profiler are highly repeatable. Corneal HOA is significantly dependent on pupil size. SA is the most influential aberration for visual quality.
The magnitude, diversity, and distribution of the economic costs of invasive terrestrial invertebrates worldwide
Authors: RENAULT David , ANGULO Elena , Cuthbert Ross , HAUBROCK Phillip J. , CAPINHA César , KRAMER Andrew M. , COURCHAMP Franck
Published: April 2021

Invasive species are a major driver of global biodiversity loss, hampering conservation efforts and disrupting ecosystem functions and services. While accumulating evidence has documented ecological impacts of invasive species across major geographic regions, habitat types and taxonomic groups, appraisals for economic costs have remained relatively sparse. This has hindered effective cost-benefit analyses that inform expenditure on management interventions to prevent, control, and eradicate invasive species. Terrestrial invertebrates are a particularly pervasive and damaging group of invaders, with many species compromising primary economic sectors such as agriculture and health. The present study provides synthesised quantifications of economic costs caused by invasive terrestrial invertebrates on the global scale and across a range of descriptors, using the InvaCost database. Invasive terrestrial invertebrates reportedly cost the global economy US$ 1.26 trillion over the investigated period (1960–2020), mostly due to invasive insects (> 90%). Overall, costs were not equally distributed geographically, with North America (76%) reporting the greatest costs, with far lower costs reported in Europe (4%) Asia (4%), Africa (3%), South America (2%), and Oceania (1%). These costs mostly resulted from direct resource damages and losses (76%), particularly to agriculture and forestry; relatively little (4%) was invested in management. A minority of monetary costs was directly observed (43%), but costs were mostly sourced from highly reliable estimates (58%). Economic costs displayed an increasing trend with time, with an average annual cost of US$ 20.67 billion since 1960, but reporting lags reduced costs in recent years. The massive global economic costs of terrestrial invertebrates require urgent consideration and investment by policymakers and managers, in order to prevent and remediate the economic and ecological impacts of these and other invasive species groups.
Endophytic Tumour Area: A New Morphometric Marker That Predicts the Outcome of Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy
Authors: JOSE FERNANDEZ DOCAMPO , Carla Abeijón Piñeiro , Javier Lojo Romero , Andres Rodriguez Alonso , Jessica Molinos Mayo , Jorge Rey Rey , Teresa Mosquera Seoane , Natalia Da Cruz Soage , Laura Iglesias Fresco
Published: April 2021

Aims:To determine morphometric and clinical variables associated with ischaemia time (IT) and complications in laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN).Material and methods:Retrospective observational cohort study of 210 patients treated with LPN between 2006-2019.The new morphometric variables that we proposed, were: total tumour area (TTA), line of contact (LC), endophytic tumour area (ETA), exophytic tumour area (XTA). Central tendency and dispersion measures were calculated.Patients were divided into two groups according to IT (IT<15min(n=99) and IT≥15min(n=111)), for the purpose of statistical analysis. Univariate analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test, and multivariate logistic regression analysis to identify variables associated with IT and complications, and COR curves and their area under curve (AUC) of ETA to predict IT and complications.Results:Mean age was 66.62±13.33 years (28-90).There was correlation between IT and ETA (B: 0.09; p<0.001), and correlation between IT and experience (B: -0.07; p<0.001).Variables that significantly modified IT, were between others: ETA (p<0.001) or LC (p=0.001). ETA (p=0.037) and LC (p=0.044), were associated with the occurrence of complications.The multivariate analysis to predict IT, showed that experience (p<0.01) and ETA (p=0.001) independently predicted IT; a second multivariate analysis to predict global complications, showed that AC (p=0.005), and TTA (p=0.024) independently predicted global complications. A third multivariate analysis to predict major complications (Clavien >=III), showed that experience (p=0.021), TTA (p=0.037), and Charlson (p=0.039), predicted major complications.The COR AUC of ETA was 0.730 to predict IT; 0.616 to predict overall complications, and 0.678 to predict major complications.ConclusionsETA and surgical experience are independent variables associated with IT in LPN.CL and TTA are independently associated with overall complications. TTA, Charlson index, and experience independently predict major complications.
Phylogenetic and diversity analyses revealed that leek yellow stripe virus population consists of two types: S and N
Authors: Santosa Adyatma Irawan , Zelyüt Filiz Randa , Ertunç Filiz
Published: April 2021

Leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV, Potyvirus), a pathogen affecting Allium spp. worldwide, has been suspected to consist of two types: S and N, based on genetic and host species differences. In this study, phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses were performed to P1 and CP regions of genome of global LYSV isolates to clarify the variation among members of S-type and N-type. Constructed phylogenetic trees clearly divided isolates into S-type and N-type, with N-type was further split into L and N groups, according to hosts. Significant nucleotide (nt) and amino acids (aa) sequence variation were observed on full ORF, P1, HC-Pro, P3, VPg coding regions. The dN/dS values of P1 and CP confirmed that both genes are under strong negative selection pressure. Neutrality tests on Eastern Asian isolates argued that ancestor of current LYSV isolates may had evolved with garlic while they were in Asia before spread to other world regions through garlic propagative materials. The genetic differentiation and gene flow analysis showed that there was very frequent gene flow from S-type to L and N groups and these phylogroups differentiated from each other over time. Host differences, substantial nt and aa variation, inconsistent serological test results, and phylogenetic and diversity analyses results highly suggested that LYSV can be separated into two types: S and N.
Factors Associated with Sleep Disturbances in Women Undergoing Treatment for Early-Stage Breast Cancer
Authors: Grayson Susan Caroline , Sereika Susan , Harpel Caroline , Diego Emilia , Steiman Jennifer G , McAuliffe Priscilla F , Wesmiller Susan W
Published: April 2021

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to examine factors associated with sleep disturbance in women receiving adjuvant therapy for breast cancer. MethodsThis study employed a cross-sectional design using data collected at 3-months post-surgery from an ongoing longitudinal parent study. Adjuvant treatment groups included chemotherapy, radiation, aromatase inhibitor, and no adjuvant treatment. Symptoms were measured using the patient self-report measures. ResultsThe sample included 156 women diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer. There were significant differences in levels of reported sleep disturbance between treatment groups (p=0.049), with significantly higher levels of sleep disturbances in those receiving radiation compared to those receiving no adjuvant treatment (p=0.038) and in those receiving chemotherapy and those receiving no adjuvant treatment (p=0.027). Increased sleep disturbance was found to be a significant predictor for increased pain severity, nausea severity, anxiety, depressive symptoms, fatigue, decreased physical function, and decreased ability to participate in social roles and activities. Co-occurring symptoms with sleep disturbance differed between adjuvant treatment groups. Sleep disturbance was also associated with younger age (p=0.008). Conclusions﻿Patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiation for breast cancer report higher levels of sleep disturbance than those not receiving adjuvant therapy. Sleep disturbance is associated with other symptoms experienced by patients with cancer and thus requires continual assessment and future research into effective interventions.
RBP II (Rapid Bioassessment Protocol II) as a tool to assess the sediment and water quality in a treated textile effluent receiving stream ecosystem.
Authors: Wijeyaratne Dimuthu , Liyanage Uditha Prabhath
Published: April 2021

Macrobenthos are important bioindicators of organic and nutrient pollution. The present study used the macrobenthos based rapid bioassessment protocol (RBP II) to study the effects of treated textile effluent input into a natural stream ecosystem. Three reference sites and three sites with point source inputs from a textile effluent treatment plant were selected. The physical and chemical parameters and the abundance and diversity of macrobenthos at each site were assessed during the rainy and dry seasons of 2020. Although the water quality parameters at the point source inputs did not exceed the standard textile effluent discharge limits, a significant difference in the microbenthic community composition was observed at the effluent discharge receiving sites. The dominant macrobenthos in the ecosystem (Baetis sp., Leptophlebia sp and Tubifex sp.) showed significant correlations with Pb, Cu, Cr and Cd concentrations of the water and sediments. The Shannon-Weiner diversity index, family biotic index, EPT Index and EPT/C ratio which are used in rapid bioassessment protocol indicated significantly strong correlations with the water and sediment quality parameters and reflected their suitability to be used as a tool of biological measurements in the textile effluent receiving aquatic ecosystems.
Divergent projections of the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus mediate the selection of reactive and proactive defensive behaviors
Authors: Penzo Mario , Ma Jun , du Hoffmann Johann , Kindel Morgan , Beas B. Sofia , Chudasama Yogita
Published: April 2021

The appropriate selection of reactive and proactive defensive behaviors amid fearful situations is essential for survival. Studies in both rodents and primates have shown that reactive defensive responses depend on the activity of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) whereas proactive ones primarily rely on the nucleus accumbens (NAc). However, the mechanisms underlying flexible switching between CeA-driven (reactive) and NAc-driven (proactive) defensive responses, remain unknown. Here, using a behavioral task in which mice must trade a reactive defensive strategy (i.e. freezing) for an instrumental one (i.e. active avoidance) to avoid punishment, we discovered that the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) mediates the selection of defensive behaviors through its interaction with the CeA and the NAc. In vivo calcium imaging using fiber photometry showed that unlike the PVT–CeA pathway which drives conditioned freezing responses, the PVT–NAc pathway is inhibited during freezing and instead signals active avoidance events. In addition, optogenetic manipulations of these circuits revealed that activity in the PVT–CeA or PVT–NAc pathway biases behavior toward the selection of reactive or proactive defensive responses, respectively. Our collective findings provide direct evidence that the PVT, a structure increasingly considered as a potential site for guiding behavioral decisions amid motivational conflicts, mediates flexible switching between opposing defensive behaviors.
Improving Bereavement Outcomes in Zimbabwe: Results of a Feasibility Cluster Trial of the 9-Cell Bereavement Tool
Authors: Mutedzi Barbara , Nkhoma Kennedy , Langhaug Lisa , Hunt Jennifer , Harding Richard
Published: April 2021

ContextDespite high mortality rates from both communicable and non-communicable diseases, bereavement studies are under-researched in African countries. The 9-cell bereavement tool was designed to assist individuals to reflect on their feelings in bereavement, and identify resources in families and communities to manage bereavement. This study aimed to determine the feasibility of implementing the 9-cell bereavement tool and recruitment to experimental evaluation. Methods: A feasibility cluster randomized trial with embedded qualitative interviews was conducted in two comparable neighborhoods in Chitungwiza, Zimbabwe. Community leaders identified potential community lay bereavement supporters (interventionists). Each recruited 2-3 recently bereaved community members (trial participants). Following baseline data collection, the communities were randomly allocated to intervention or wait-list control. Self-administered questionnaires were completed at T0 (month 0), T1(3 months) and T2 (6 months). Grief, mental health and social support were assessed. Focus group discussions with selected interventionists described training impact and intervention processes. Quantitative and qualitative analysis were performed. ResultsObjectives were achieved as follows(i) feasibility of recruitment and retention (ii) feasibility of implementing the intervention (iii) determining contamination(iv) completeness of data(v) participants’ views on intervention and mechanisms(vi) estimating potential effect size (vii) determining whether full trial warranted. In line with the aim of the study, the processes of the randomized cluster trial were possible. We successfully conducted the randomized control trial of the 9-cell bereavement tool and successfully recruited study participants. In addition, the 9-cell intervention allowed interventionists to share and learn from their grieving process. All of the above was conducted within the intended timeframe of 3 weeks, with an over recruitment of 112% of interventionists and 43% more trial participants. This means we were able to recruit at least 75% of the suggested sample size; and to retain at least 75% of the trial participants for the total duration of the study. Conclusion The processes of the randomized controlled trial were possible. The 9-cell bereavement intervention was delivered and process data assessed. The study was funded through the BuildCARE fund from the Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative Care, Policy and Rehabilitation Protocol Registration: http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN16484746.Protocol Publication: https://pilotfeasibilitystudies.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40814-019-0450-5
Global and temporal state of the human gut microbiome in health and disease
Authors: Shoaie Saeed , Lee Sunjae , Almeida Mathieu , Bidkhori Gholamreza , Pons Nicolas , Onate Florian , Chatelier Emmanuelle , Begum Neelu , Proffitt Ceri , Rosário Dorinês , Vaga Stefania , Park Junseok , von Feilitzen Kalle , Johansson Fredric , Meslier Victoria , Harzandi Azadeh , Etienne-Mesmin Lucie , Edwards Lindsey , Lombard Vincent , Gauthier Franck , Steves Claire , Gomez-Cabrero David , Henrissat Bernard , Lee Doheon , Shawcross Debbie , Blanquet-Diot Stéphanie , Proctor Gordon , Engstrand Lars , Mardinoglu Adil , Nielsen Jens , Ehrlich Stanislav , Uhlen Mathias
Published: April 2021

The role of gut microbiota in humans is of great interest, and metagenomics provided the possibilities for extensively analysing bacterial diversity in health and disease. Here we explored the human gut microbiome samples across 19 countries, performing compositional, functional and integrative analysis. To complement these data and analyse the stability of the microbiome, we followed 86 healthy Swedish individuals over one year, with four sampling times and extensive clinical phenotyping. The integrative analysis of temporal microbiome changes shows the existence of two types of species with a tendency to vary in abundance with time, here called outflow and inflow species. Importantly, the former tends to be enriched in disease, while the latter is enriched in health. We suggest that the decrease of disease-associated outflow and the increase of health-associated inflow species with time may be a fundamental albeit previously unrecognized aspect of the homeostasis maintenance in a healthy microbiome.