bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Climate resilient development in vulnerable geographies
Authors: Favretto Nicola , Stringer Lindsay C.
Published: December 2024

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change highlights the urgent need to operationalise Climate Resilient Development Pathways (CRDP), adopting mitigation and adaptation measures to secure a safe climate, meet human needs under a changing climate and enable sustainable development. Analyses have not yet compared different vulnerable geographies to understand similarities and differences in the constraints and opportunities in operationalising CRDP. Using conventional narrative literature review, this paper assesses CRDP across some of the world’s most vulnerable geographies: highlands (mountains), drylands and islands. It asks: (1) how are climate impacts experienced across highlands, drylands and islands and (2) what types of adaptation and mitigation are being employed across these vulnerable geographies? Key steps are discussed in moving towards CRDP via multiple enabling conditions. Findings show shared impacts across geographies include impacts on ecosystems, fisheries, agriculture and water systems, livelihood failure, food insecurity, and degradation of human health, inequality, losses to economic sectors, human migration and conflict, and cascading transboundary impacts. Adaptation and mitigation actions tend to focus on promoting nature-based approaches, livelihood diversification and economic development, harnessing mixed knowledges and policy and institutional measures. Actions with potential to accelerate transitions towards CRDP should focus on the specific arenas of engagement shaping the underlying vulnerability context of each geography, including the socio-cultural context, politics, governance and institutions, the economic and financial systems, knowledge availability, and technological capabilities.
Human papillomavirus E6 alters Toll-like receptor 9 transcripts and chemotherapy responses in breast cancer cells in vitro
Authors: Parviainen Essi , Nurmenniemi Sini , Ravaioli Sara , Bravaccini Sara , Manninen Aki , Jukkola Arja , Selander Katri
Published: December 2024

Background

Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is a DNA recognizing receptor expressed also in several cancers. Decreased TLR9 expression is associated with poor prognosis in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), but the role of TLR9 in breast cancer pathophysiology is currently unclear. Regulation of TLR9 expression in breast cancer is poorly understood. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections suppress TLR9 expression in cervical cancers but the association between HPV and breast cancer has remained controversial. The aim of this study was to test if HPV16 can suppress TLR9 expression in breast cancer cells and affect cell behavior.

Methods and results

Human T-47D and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells were transduced with lentivirus encoding HPV16 E6 oncoprotein. The effects of E6 on TLR9 mRNA and protein expression, and cell proliferation, migration, invasion and sensitivity to chemotherapy were studied in vitro. Breast cancer tissue samples (n = 37) were analyzed for the presence of HPV DNA. E6 expression decreased TLR9 mRNA expression in MDA-MB-231 and T-47D cells in hypoxia. E6 expression altered breast cancer cell proliferation and made cells significantly less sensitive to the growth inhibitory effects of chemotherapeutic agents. HPV L1 gene was not detected in a small pilot cohort of clinical breast cancer specimens.

Conclusion

HPV16 may influence breast cancer cell TLR9 transcription and chemotherapy responses and could thereby affect breast cancer prognosis. These results suggest that HPV may have a previously unrecognized role in breast cancer pathophysiology and warrant further studies on the topic.
Neuroprotective Potential of Aminonaphthoquinone Derivatives Against Amyloid Beta-Induced Neuronal Cell Death Through Modulation of SIRT1 and BACE1
Authors: Apiraksattayakul Setthawut , Pingaew Ratchanok , Prachayasittikul Veda , Ruankham Waralee , Tantimongcolwat Tanawut , Prachayasittikul Virapong , Prachayasittikul Supaluk , Phopin Kamonrat
Published: December 2024

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of tau protein tangles and amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques in the central nervous system (CNS), leading to progressive neurodegeneration. Hence, the discovery of disease-modifying agents capable of delaying the progression is essential for effective management. Aminonaphthoquinone (ANQ) is an attractive pharmacophore with various biological effects. This study explores the neuroprotective potentials of ANQ derivatives (1–18) using in vitro models of AD pathology (i.e., Aβ42-induced SH-SY5Y cells). Findings demonstrated that all compounds mitigated Aβ42-induced cellular damage by preserving cell viability and morphology. Among all, four compounds (10, 12, 16, and 18) showed potent antioxidant activities as well as abilities to minimize AD-related damages (i.e. decreasing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, preserving mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), protecting membrane damage, and modulating beta-secretase 1 (BACE1) activity) with comparable protective effects to the well-known neuroprotectant, resveratrol (RSV). A molecular docking study indicated these compounds could suitably bind to sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) protein with preferable affinity. Key amino acid residues and key functional groups essential for binding interactions were revealed. Target prediction identified a list of possible AD-related targets of these compounds offering insights into their mechanisms of action and suggesting their multifunctional potentials. Additionally, in silico predictions revealed that these candidates showed favorable drug-like properties. Overall, this study highlighted the therapeutic potential of ANQ derivatives in AD treatment, emphasizing the need for further experimental validation and comprehensive investigations to fully realize their therapeutic benefits.
Analyzing industrial policy portfolios
Authors: Heinrich Carmen , Knill Christoph , Steinebach Yves
Published: December 2024

Industrial policy has regained political attention due to the challenges associated with global market integration, technological changes, and the need for sustainable transformation. However, the lack of a consistent understanding of industrial policy hampers systematic comparisons. This paper develops a novel concept of industrial policy portfolios that captures different dimensions of industrial policy outputs across countries and over time. We illustrate this approach by comparing the policy dynamics in the United States and Germany over the last four decades and show that despite similar dynamics of policy growth, the countries display pronounced variation in the areas and instruments they prioritized.
Three-Dimensional Corruption Metrics: A Proposal for Integrating Frequency, Cost, and Significance
Authors: Pozsgai-Alvarez Joseph
Published: December 2024

Despite a lack of consensus on the most effective methods for measuring corruption, a variety of initiatives have been launched over the past decade. This paper contributes to the evolving field by arguing for the integration of frequency, cost, and local significance, into a three-dimensional approach for the development of enhanced metrics. After revisiting the history of corruption measurement, each proposed dimension is discussed by reference to past initiatives and the relevant literature. While the frequency and cost of corruption are discussed based on the varying degrees of attention received over the years, I propose that “significance” represents a third and necessary dimension, capturing the moral severity of corruption within different societal contexts. Taken as a unified whole, the proposed multidimensional approach is argued to have the potential for a more accurate depiction of corruption, enhancing also the clarity and accountability of corruption metrics. By accounting for frequency, cost, and significance, three-dimensional metrics are expected to lay the groundwork for more effective policy responses and deepen our understanding of the complexities inherent in the corruption phenomenon.
Evidence-base for urban green-blue infrastructure to support insect diversity
Authors: Bowler Diana E. , Callaghan Corey T. , Felappi Jéssica F. , Mason Brittany M. , Hutchinson Robin , Kumar Prashant , Jones Laurence
Published: December 2024

Green-blue urban infrastructures potentially offer win-win benefits for people and nature in urban areas. Given increasing evidence of widespread declines of insects, as well as their ecological importance, there is a need to better understand the potential role of green-blue urban infrastructure for insect conservation. In this review, we evaluated 201 studies about the ability of green-blue infrastructure to support insect diversity. Most studies were focused on the role of local and landscape-level characteristics of green-blue infrastructure. Fewer studies explicitly compared one type of infrastructure to another, and even fewer compared insect communities between green-blue infrastructure and traditional infrastructure. Overall, the body of research highlights the importance of plant diversity and reduced intensity of management (e.g., mowing) for most insect taxon groups. While local characteristics seem to be generally more important than landscape factors, insect communities within green-blue infrastructures can also depend on their connectivity and landscape context. Some infrastructure types are generally more beneficial than others; for instance, ground-level habitats tend to support more insects than green roofs. Few studies simultaneously studied synergies or trade-offs with other services provided by green-blue infrastructure, but environmental variables, such as tree cover and plant diversity, that affect insects are likely to also affect the provision of other services such as improving thermal comfort and the well-being of people. Our review offers some initial evidence for how green-blue infrastructure could be designed for multifunctionality with insects in mind.
Distinctive adsorption and transport behaviors of short-chain versus long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids in a river sediment
Authors: Liu Na , Li Mengyan
Published: December 2024

Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) embrace perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and other concerning chemicals of different chain length and terminal moieties. PFAAs can leach from municipal wastewater facilities as point sources discharging into rivers and receiving streams. In this study, we investigated the adsorption and transport behaviors of six select PFAAs in a Hudson River (USA) sediment in both batch and mesocosm studies. The adsorption capacities single and dual solute systems followed the order: PFBA < PFHxA ≈ PFBS < PFHxS < PFOA << PFOS. Mesocosm experiment that receives a continuous point source discharge of a mixture of these six PFAAs reached equilibrium after 4 weeks of operation. Total adsorbed PFAAs in the sediment was extracted and analyzed, following PFHxS (0.85 mg, 20.4%) ≈ PFBS (0.92 mg, 21.7%) < PFOA (1.02 mg, 27.3%) ≈ PFHxA (1.04 mg, 29.8%) < PFBA (1.12 mg, 30.1%) << PFOS (1.55 mg, 39.2%). PFOS showed highest adsorption, concentrating on the surface layer. Noticeably, two short-chain PFAAs, PFBA and PFHxA, were found with high vertical mobility, partitioning into deeper sediment. Two hotspots for PFAA sediment contamination were formed near the sediment surface downstream from the point source, providing new prospects to guide PFAA sediment cleanup and monitoring.
Understanding the Drivers of CAB PrEP Uptake and Use among Women in sub-Saharan Africa to Build Demand for New PrEP Methods
Authors: Bishopp Casey , Mungai-Barris Zoe , Briedenhann Elmari , Donaldson Emily , Irungu Elizabeth , Schwartz Katie
Published: December 2024

Purpose of Review

As injectable cabotegravir for pre-exposure prophylaxis (CAB PrEP) is introduced in sub-Saharan Africa, it is important to understand how behavioral drivers may influence women’s decisions around whether or not to use it.

Recent Findings

Facilitating factors include prior familiarity with injections and the perceived efficacy of CAB PrEP, while barriers include a fear or dislike of needles and negative attitudes held by community members and influencers. Further research is needed to fully understand behavioral factors affecting African women’s CAB PrEP use.

HIV prevention policymakers, practitioners, advocates, and clients are optimistic about CAB PrEP, predicting that this long-acting method will be popular among women in sub-Saharan Africa. However, women may also face barriers to use. Knowledge of behavioral facilitators and barriers can enhance the adaptation or development of HIV prevention communication and demand generation strategies that support informed decision-making in a multi-method market.
Regional brain glucose uptake following gastric bypass surgery during normo- and hypoglycemic clamp: a pilot FDG-PET study
Authors: Fanni Giovanni , Kvernby Sofia , Radhi Sadiq , Mathioudaki Argyri , Sundbom Magnus , Haller Sven , Roman Erika , Wikström Johan , Lubberink Mark , Eriksson Jan W.
Published: December 2024

Purpose

We aimed to characterize the RYGB-induced changes in the dynamics of brain glucose uptake. We addressed heterogeneity between brain regions during experimental normo- and hypoglycemia and explored associations with anthropometric and metabolic outcomes of RYGB.

Methods

Analyses of regional brain glucose uptake were performed on 9 individuals with obesity and no diabetes, investigated with combined brain 18F-FDG-PET and fMRI during hyperinsulinemic normo- and hypoglycemic clamp, one month before and four months after RYGB. FDG clearance, reflecting glucose uptake rate, was assessed in 38 brain regions, covering all cortical areas and subcortical nuclei, during hyperinsulinemic normo- and hypoglycemia. Correlation analyses were performed to identify associations with other outcomes of RYGB.

Results

FDG uptake rate during hypoglycemia was higher than during normoglycemia in all brain regions, both before and after RYGB. Moreover, in most regions and especially in cortical areas involved in inhibitory behavioral control, FDG uptake rate tended to be reduced after surgery during normoglycemia but elevated during hypoglycemia. However, these post-surgical changes in FDG uptake rate were opposite in the hypothalamus. Thus, the hypo-to-normoglycemia FDG clearance ratio tended to increase in all brain regions following RYGB, but not in the amygdala and the hypothalamus. Changes in regional FDG uptake rate after RYGB during normoglycemia were associated with weight loss and improved systemic insulin sensitivity.

Conclusion

Using dynamic FDG-PET, we show region-specific patterns of changes in glucose utilization following RYGB. In the hypothalamus, glucose uptake during normoglycemia tended to rise after RYGB while it was reduced in cortical regions involved in behavioral control. Following RYGB, the hypothalamus and amygdala, in contrast to other regions, displayed trends of reduced glucose uptake during hypoglycemia. These pilot results highlight the brain effects of RYGB and suggest behavioral and neuroendocrine adaptations which contribute to its antidiabetic effects.
Metallurgical technology and resources mobility in the El Argar culture: An archaeometallurgical study at Laderas del Castillo (Callosa de Segura, Alicante)
Authors: Escanilla N. , Murillo-Barroso M , Soriano E. , López Padilla J. A. , Jover Maestre F. J. , Lackinger A.
Published: December 2024

Metallurgy has been defined as a pivotal activity in understanding of the development of El Argar society. Nonetheless, comprehensive studies of extractive metallurgical processes based on archaeometallurgical analyses remain lacking. This article examines the production remains found at the El Argar site of Laderas del Castillo, documented from 2150 to 1950 cal BC, including samples of slag, crucibles, copper prills and artefacts. Laderas del Castillo emerges as a key site for understanding the technology and organization of metallurgical production in the El Argar world. There are few sites with archaeometric analysis of metallurgical remains, and the present case allows for an almost complete view of the entire metallurgical chaîne opératoire in this period. Microstructural analyses of smelting remains by SEM-EDS reveal a technological tradition that mirrors the previous Copper Age one and the direct exploitation of complex arsenical copper ores with occasional copper sulphides. Despite the existence of closer mineralizations, lead isotope analyses show the exploitation of various copper resources and sources far from the settlement (Linares, the Interior of the Baetic Cordilleras and Almagrera, about 300, 200 and 140 km respectively). These active exchange networks in Laderas del Castillo reflect the same pattern found in the rest of the El Argar territory, which is based on the intensive exploitation of mineralizations in the interior of the Baetics and the Southeast of the peninsula. Some of these sources have also been observed in Copper Age metallurgy, suggesting that the mobility and exchange networks operating in the southeast during the El Argar period were rooted in earlier archaeological phases, indicating a wide and complex exchange network in the region.
Long Short Term Memory Based Traffic Prediction Using Multi-Source Data
Authors: Leinonen Matti , Al-Tachmeesschi Ahmed , Turkmen Banu , Atashi Nahid , Ruotsalainen Laura
Published: December 2024

Traffic prediction is a task where the goal is to determine the number and type of vehicles, or some other traffic related metric, at certain time point. In addition to predicting the short-term evolution of traffic, prediction can be done for estimating traffic for distant future based on the trends found in historical traffic data, which is a critical component of traffic simulators being able to spawn realistic number of vehicles under prevailing situation. Such prediction system needs to be dependent on the characteristics of the situation and not the preceding traffic flow. This work presents a deep learning based prediction pipeline that uses a Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) network to map temporal, weather and traffic accident data accurately into traffic flow to predict traffic flow over multiple timesteps from various non-traffic inputs. Traffic data can then be produced based on independent data like weather forecasts and be used for other applications. As far as we know, no previous traffic predictor combines so many input variables to predict traffic flow with vehicle type information. To make the event based traffic accident dataset compatible with time series data, a novel preprocessing step based on power law decay phenomenon is added. Quantitative experiments show that the proposed preprocessing step and optimized hyperparameters improve the accuracy of the predictor on multiple metrics compared to a model without accident information. In two established statistical evaluation metrics, Mean Absolute Error and Mean Squared Error, the improvement was over $$20 \%$$

20
%

for certain vehicle types.
Advancing all-polymer solar cells with solid additives
Authors: Ma Xiao , Fu Qiang , Chen Jinwei , Chen Xuelian , Gao Huanhuan , Jen Alex K.-Y.
Published: December 2024

All-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs) have attracted significant research attention in recent years, primarily due to their advantages of outstanding photo-thermal stability and excellent mechanical flexibility. However, all-PSCs typically exhibit complex morphologies during the film formation of blend films, primarily due to the tendency to become entangled in polymer chains, negatively impacting their fill factor (FF) and morphology stability. Therefore, the optimization of the morphology of the co-mingled heterojunction is crucial for improving device performance. Recent studies reveal that solid additives (SAs) can realize the excellent regulation of the molecular aggregation state, molecular packing, and domain size of the active layer, which not only improves the exciton dissociation, charge transport and collection process of the device but also ultimately realizes the enhancement of the device efficiency. Therefore, this review provides an in-depth insight into the different mechanisms of solid additives in all-PSCs, offering a comprehensive discussion on the research progress in optimizing the morphology and enhancing morphology stability. Finally, we present an outlook for the further structural modification strategies of solid additives towards better bulk morphology and stability of all-PSCs, paving the way for achieving excellent photo-thermal stability, superior mechanical flexibility, and high-efficiency all-PSCs.
Camera trapping of forest mammals in Bükk Mountain, Hungary
Authors: Szabó Zsófia , Gombkötő Péter , Aranyi Sándor Csaba , Patkó László , Patkó Dóra , Barta Zoltán
Published: December 2024

The link between large- and middle-sized mammals in forest habitat is understudied in Central Europe; meanwhile these animals could have important effects on their habitats. In our study, we analysed camera trapping data obtained from May 2015 to September 2021 on 29 different sites in a temperate forest at the Bükk Mountain, Hungary. We investigated the temporal activity of ungulates (red deer, roe deer, wild boar) and predators (red fox and grey wolf), together with their response to human disturbance. We calculated temporal overlap value (Δ4) and occurrence dynamics with multi-state modelling (msm). The results suggest that human activity was higher at daytime, while the mammals were more active at night. Multi-state modelling (msm) grouped animals and humans separately. Ungulates chose nighttime, when predators were also active, while they avoided daytime and human disturbance. Grey wolf were mostly co-occurred with its main food source, the red deer. Red fox overlapped the most with roe deer, suggesting that fox prey upon deer fawns. We found that human disturbance has a significant impact on the activity of forest mammals, whereas the expected avoidance of predators by ungulates does not appear to be evident. To better understand the effect of prey–predator behavioural responses in the presence of human disturbance, more field studies are needed in the region.
Creating Partisans
Authors: Poertner Mathias
Published: December 2024

Why are some new political parties successful at creating mass partisanship and engendering stable electoral support, while most fail to take root in society and disappear quickly? Creating Partisans unveils the secrets behind successful political parties, taking a deep dive into the formation and success of new political parties in Latin America. Based on extensive fieldwork and using a multi-method approach, the book explores how different mobilization strategies sway voters to support new parties. While prior studies have focused on the various types of direct appeals parties make to voters, Creating Partisans reveals that it is organizationally mediated appeals – those that engage voters through locally-based civil society organizations – that can secure electoral support more effectively and can create lasting partisan attachments. From indigenous organizations to informal sector unions, new types of societal organizations play a critical mediating role in shaping electoral outcomes and fostering long-term partisan loyalties in young democracies.
The Winter Foehn Footprint Across McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica Using a Satellite‐Derived Data Set‐AntAir v1.0
Authors: Datta R. , Katurji M. , Nielsen E. , Meyer H. , Zawar‐Reza P. , Valdes M. Lezama
Published: December 2024

Continental‐scale mosaics of satellite‐based surface brightness temperature from thermal infrared band measurements and derived near‐surface air temperatures from geostatistical modeling provide new opportunities for understanding wintertime Foehn wind warming and its potential impacts on the valley floor warming. We have detected and assessed Foehn signatures using a combined data analysis approach from previously developed and validated Antarctic‐wide near‐surface Air temperature data set (AntAir), automatic weather stations from the McMurdo Dry Valleys, and regional climate model simulations at 10 km spatial grid resolution. Self‐organizing maps and data compositing methods on regional climate model outputs provided meteorological context for the AntAir‐derived surface climate information. We conclude that AntAir is suitable for surface climatological analyses and improvements are underway to enhance the spatial resolution to sub‐kilometer grid scales. Finally, by applying a Foehn detection algorithm over 13 years, we present the spatial climatological footprints of Foehn‐induced warming across the Dry Valleys of Antarctica for the first time over the austral winters.
Long Period Seismology on Titan in the Presence of a Methane Clathrate Lid
Authors: Bryant Andrea S. , Panning Mark P. , Marusiak Angela G.
Published: December 2024

Previous 1‐D spherically symmetric seismic modeling studies have shown that in the presence of a clathrate lid on Titan significant thermal profile differences result, particularly in comparison to a pure water ice shell. In turn, these thermal differences would lead to notable changes in the waveform amplitudes and seismic phase arrival times. In this study we investigate the feasibility of using surface waves dispersion to explore the structure of Titan's ice shell. We investigate the ability to measure and observe the frequency‐dependent signals (0.003–0.100 Hz) and their utility in being able to detect existence of a methane‐clathrate lid. We find that we are unlikely to resolve the clathrate‐lid's existence using long‐period techniques, and this could be a limitation for studying very thick ice shells ( 20 km) of icy ocean worlds. We did resolve the frequency range of flexural waves transitioning to a Stoneley wave (mode) in the fundamental mode, and see a Rayleigh wave in the first overtone for a 100 km ice shell on Titan for a simulated quake.
Meteorite Sheds Light on the Moon’s Impact History
Authors: Kornei Katherine
Published: December 2024

Analysis has revealed the South Pole–Aitken basin is significantly older than other impact basins on the Moon, a finding that has implications for the evolution of the early solar system.
The Impacts of Thermospheric Circulation and Exospheric Transport on the Coupled System
Authors: Luettgen S. E. , Sutton E. K. , Thayer J. P.
Published: December 2024

The boundary between the thermosphere and exosphere is often given the simplified description of being a separation between highly collisional continuum mechanics and a collisionless domain. The realistic smooth transition through this space has historically presented a challenge to model as the assumptions used to simplify the Boltzmann equation in fluid models are invalidated at higher altitudes. A lack of rigorous modeling of the region limits the ability to understand the dynamics of light atmospheric species. This manuscript describes the dynamics present in a two‐way coupled fluid‐particle atmospheric model extending from the mesosphere through the exosphere with a smooth transition between fluid and particle domains. This model is used to examine the coupled nature of the thermosphere and exosphere using the fluid simulation TIME‐GCM and the direct simulation Monte Carlo simulation Monaco. The coupled model allows for examination of the thermosphere circulation and exosphere transport mechanisms, as well as their impacts on the distribution of hydrogen. In this analysis, upper transport regions in the exosphere are revealed and distinguished from lower transport regions during June solstice. Furthermore, coupling allows TIME‐GCM to account for effects of lateral exospheric transport of hydrogen, altering its upper boundary condition and consequentially the spatial distribution of hydrogen throughout the thermosphere. Finally, it is asserted that a self‐consistent hydrogen exobase distribution is necessary to constrain other analytical extrapolation techniques used to predict the vertical hydrogen profile in the exosphere. Plasma interactions are excluded from this study to isolate neutral dynamics.
Low‐Frequency Whistler Waves Excited by Electron Butterfly Distributions in Turbulent Reconnection Outflow
Authors: Jiang Y. C. , Chen Z. Z. , Yu J. , Wang J. , Liu X. M. , Cui J. , Cao J. B. , Ren A. J. , Ding X. L.
Published: December 2024

Whistler waves, leading to electron scattering and energy transport, are frequently observed in magnetic reconnection. High‐energy electrons produced by magnetic reconnection are expected to excite low‐frequency whistler waves. However, the study on low‐frequency whistler waves in magnetic reconnection is still quite scarce. Utilizing high‐resolution data from the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission, we provide observations of low‐frequency whistler waves in a turbulent reconnection outflow. The quasi‐antiparallel propagating whistler waves have power peaked at ∼0.1 and wave number of ∼0.43 in the plasma rest frame. It can be excited through the cyclotron resonance by the electron butterfly distributions, which can be interpreted by a model comprising the addition of electron beams hosting perpendicular anisotropy to electron isotropy distributions. The energy of resonant electrons is calculated as 1.06∼4.16 keV, the parts corresponding to lower frequency (<∼0.1) falling into suprathermal energy range. Our study can promote the understanding of generation of whistler waves in magnetic reconnection.
Manganese Cycling Driven by Fluctuating Redox Chemocline in the Ediacaran Ocean
Authors: Zhang Bin , Cao Jian , Hu Kai , Liao Zhiwei , Zhang Ruijie , Zhang Yi , Shi Chunhua , Konhauser Kurt O.
Published: December 2024

The Ediacaran Period, immediately following the Neoproterozoic Cryogenian glaciations, marked a crucial phase in the Earth's evolutionary history. The paleo‐oceanic environment helped shape the habitability, yet the links between oceanic redox state, hydrochemistry, biological activity, and elemental cycling during this time remain poorly understood. Here, we address this scientific issue based on high‐resolution geochemical data from black shale‐hosted, manganese (Mn)‐rich carbonates within the upper Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation, located on the northern margin of the Yangtze Block, South China. Multiple redox proxies indicate that while the open ocean may have been intermittently oxygenated during the late Ediacaran glaciation, the continental margin slope was characterized by redox stratified conditions with a fluctuating redox interface. These fluctuations were driven by climatic shifts. During the deposition of black shales, a relatively warm and humid climate caused a notable increase in freshwater runoff and glacial meltwater, raising water levels and lowering salinity. The influx of bioessential elements carried by terrestrial runoff promoted primary productivity. By contrast, the deposition of the Mn(II) carbonates occurred under colder, more arid conditions, with limited terrigenous nutrient input, leading to lower organic carbon production. This resulted in the deepening of the redox chemocline over the continental shelf, promoting Mn(II) oxidation and subsequent mineralization. Paleoclimate‐driven redox fluctuations were key in controlling elemental cycling during the late Ediacaran. This may offer insights into similar processes throughout Earth's history.
Photochemical and Microbial Degradation of Deadwood Leachate
Authors: Kamjunke Norbert , Herzsprung Peter , von Tümpling Wolf , Lechtenfeld Oliver J.
Published: December 2024

During the last decades, intensive forest dieback due to drought events and bark beetle infestation was globally observed leading to accumulation of deadwood. However, data on molecular composition of deadwood DOM, of its bacterial and photo‐transformation, and of the interaction of these processes are scarce. Here, we investigate the fate of DOM leached from deadwood into streams. We hypothesized that (a) bacterial degradation dominates quantitatively over photodegradation in stream water, (b) bacterial degradation is further promoted by labile and easily degradable photoproducts, and (c) DOM compositional changes reflect both the bacterial and light transformation. A leachate of spruce branches and bark in pure water was used for a degradation experiment in a 2 × 2 factorial design without and with stream bacteria and light, respectively. Dissolved organic carbon concentration did not change in dark incubation without bacteria but decreased slightly (3%) in the light. The decrease with bacteria in the dark was stronger (9%), that is, photodegradation of spruce leachate was less important than bacterial degradation (a). Photodegradation and bacterial degradation added in the light plus bacteria treatment (12%), and bacterial degradation was similar in light and dark, indicating no quantitative priming by easily available photoproducts but some qualitative modifications were detected (b). Light induced the production of mostly small and polar molecules, mainly from stream water DOM, while bacteria preferentially degraded nonpolar molecules from dead‐wood leachate (c). Our results indicate distinct transformation pathways and high microbial availability for deadwood‐derived DOM as compared to stream water DOM that may stimulate heterotrophic processes in headwater streams.
Detachment of the Subducting Slab in Ancient Subduction Zones Discerned Using Machine Learning
Authors: Ou Quan , Zheng Dongyu , Nichols Alexander R. L. , Wang Kun , Qian Sheng‐Ping , Zi Feng , Ma Anlin , Zeng Yun‐Chuan , Huang Zongying , Liao Jia , Hou Zixi
Published: December 2024

Identification of complex geochemical signatures of basalts from various tectonic settings using trace elements contents is still challenging due to uncertainties in existing classification diagrams and machine‐learning attempts. To address this, we trained a machine‐learning model using a random forest classifier on trace element concentrations of a global basalt‐dataset, categorized by types of tectonic plate boundary—destructive or constructive—at which they formed. Achieving an accuracy exceeding 98%, the model efficiently extracts the distinctive characteristics from each basalt type. When applied to the Bangong‐Nujiang suture zone in central Tibet, the model reveals that the basalts exhibited features of both boundary types prior to 108–107 Ma before transitioning to solely destructive characteristics. This transition is likely to be caused by the detachment of a descending oceanic slab, aligning with existing geological evidence. This case study highlights the promising potential of machine learning models, trained on simplified basalt types, in more accurately tracing lithospheric evolution.
Using an Isotope Enabled Mass Balance to Evaluate Existing Land Surface Models
Authors: Haagsma Marja , Finkenbiner Catherine E. , Noone David C. , Bowen Gabriel J. , Still Christopher , Fiorella Richard P. , Good Stephen P.
Published: December 2024

Land surface models (LSMs) play a crucial role in elucidating water and carbon cycles by simulating processes such as plant transpiration and evaporation from bare soil, yet calibration often relies on comparing LSM outputs of landscape total evapotranspiration (ET) and discharge with measured bulk fluxes. Discrepancies in partitioning into component fluxes predicted by various LSMs have been noted, prompting the need for improved evaluation methods. Stable water isotopes serve as effective tracers of component hydrologic fluxes, but data and model integration challenges have hindered their widespread application. Leveraging National Ecological Observation Network measurements of water isotope ratios at 16 US sites over 3 years combined with LSM‐modeled fluxes, we employed an isotope‐enabled mass balance framework to simulate ET isotope values (δET) within three operational LSMs (Mosaic, Noah, and VIC) to evaluate their partitioning. Models simulating δET values consistent with observations were deemed more reflective of water cycling in these ecosystems. Mosaic exhibited the best overall performance (Kling‐Gupta Efficiency of 0.28). For both Mosaic and Noah there were robust correlations between bare soil evaporation fraction and error (negative) as well as transpiration fraction and error (positive). We found the point at which errors are smallest (x‐intercept of the multi‐site regression) is at a higher transpiration fraction than is currently specified in the models. Which means that transpiration fraction is underestimated on average. Stable isotope tracers offer an additional tool for model evaluation and identifying areas for improvement, potentially enhancing LSM simulations and our understanding of land‐surface hydrologic processes.
DNA nanotechnology-based strategies for minimising hybridisation-dependent off-target effects in oligonucleotide therapies
Authors: Li Xiaoyu , Hu Huanhuan , Wang Hailong , Liu Jia , Jiang Wenting , Zhou Feng , Zhang Jiantao
Published: December 2024

Oligonucleotide-based targeted therapy has emerged as a breakthrough in medicine, offering treatments for various diseases. We review the hybridisation-dependent off-target effects of therapeutic oligonucleotides, and the DNA nanotechnology-based strategies designed to mitigate these interactions.
Multifunctional transparent conductive films via Langmuir–Blodgett assembly of large MXene flakes
Authors: Xue Jie , Liu Dan , Li Chuanbing , Zhu Zifu , Sun Yuxuan , Gao Xiaobo , Zheng Qingbin
Published: December 2024

Through precisely tuning the surface pressure in the Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) assembly process, multifunctional single-layer Ti3C2Tx MXene films with controlled morphologies are prepared, which are assembled from large Ti3C2Tx flakes (∼52 μm2).
Neural ordinary differential equations for predicting the temporal dynamics of a ZnO solid electrolyte FET
Authors: Gaurav Ankit , Song Xiaoyao , Manhas Sanjeev Kumar , De Souza Maria Merlyne
Published: December 2024

A neural ordinary differential equation continuous time model of a ZnO/Ta2O5 synaptic Solid Electrolyte FET, with a unique negative differential resistance in its gate current characteristics.
Gd‐doped (Pb, La)(Zr, Sn, Ti)O3 antiferroelectric ceramic dielectric materials for high power energy storage capacitor
Authors: Zhou Jian , He Chenchen , Yu Zemin , Liu Deke , Zhang Kai , Xu Ran
Published: December 2024

Lead‐based antiferroelectric materials have recently demonstrated significant potential in key components of electrical and electronic systems due to their swift charge‐discharge rates. However, achieving a combination of high energy density and ultrahigh power density poses a significant challenge for practical applications in cutting‐edge energy storage devices. Hence, the authors’ present an integrated strategy to simultaneously achieve the high energy density and ultrahigh power density in the (Pb1‐1.5xGdx)(Zr0.57Sn0.35Ti0.08)O3 ceramic through tape‐casting methods. The introduction of Gd3+ dopant at the A‐site not only effectively narrows the P‐E curve by lowering the energy barriers of the phase transitions but also reduces oxygen vacancies, refining the average grain size in the crystalline structure, which leads to obtaining the high‐density grain boundaries and enhances the dielectric breakdown strength. As a result, a high energy storage density of 4.99 J/cm3 and an ultrahigh power density of 98.51 MW/cm3 are achieved in (Pb0.94Gd0.04)(Zr0.57Sn0.35Ti0.08)O3 (PG4ZST) ceramics under their respective maximum applied field, proving the effectiveness of our integrated strategy. Excellent temperature stability from the ambient temperature to 140°C is also obtained. This study confirms that the authors’ integrated strategy provides a way to enhance the high‐performance dielectrics of lead‐based ceramics for energy storage and other related applications.
Alfvén continuum modes around an X-point with a guide field
Authors: Geeraerts M. , Afanasyev A. , Sadeghi M. , Van Doorsselaere T.
Published: December 2024

Context. Oscillations around X-points are important for the local heating of the coronal plasma by magnetic reconnection and for the generation of quasi-periodic pulsations in solar flares. The processes of phase mixing and resonant absorption are of particular interest in this context.

Aims. The aim of this paper is to find the Alfvén continuum eigenmodes around an X-point with a guide field, as these modes are particularly important for phase mixing and resonant absorption.

Methods. We studied the linear oscillations in the neighborhood of an X-point with the use of flux coordinates. Reduced equations that describe continuum oscillations were used to determine the Alfvén continuum modes both with and without a guide field in the direction normal to the X-point plane.

Results. We determined Alfvén continuum mode solutions in the form of analytical solutions for the special case without a guide field. We also derived numerical solutions in the more general case with a guide field under the assumption of pressureless plasma.
The GAPS programme at TNG
Authors: Sicilia D. , Malavolta L. , Scandariato G. , Fossati L. , Lanza A. F. , Bonomo A. S. , Borsa F. , Guilluy G. , Nascimbeni V. , Pino L. , Biassoni F. , D’Arpa M. C. , Pagano I. , Sozzetti A. , Stangret M. , Cosentino R. , Giacobbe P. , Lodi M. , Maldonado J. , Nardiello D. , Pedani M.
Published: December 2024

The neutral sodium resonance doublet (Na I D) has been detected in the upper atmosphere of several close-in gas giants, through high-resolution transmission spectroscopy. We aim to investigate whether its variability is linked to the planets’ properties, the data quality, or the accuracy of the system parameters used. Using the public code SLOPpy, we extracted the transmission spectrum in the Na I D region of ten gas giants for which a large number of HARPS-N observations are available. We modelled the absorption signals found, performing an MCMC analysis, and converted the measured absorption depth to the corresponding atmospheric height over which most sodium absorption occurs. While two targets (GJ 436 b and KELT-7 b) show no Na I D feature, we found variability in the transmission spectrum of the other targets. Three of them (HD 209458 b, WASP-80 b, and WASP-127 b) present absorption on only some nights, while in the other five targets (HD 189733 b, KELT-9 b, KELT-20 b, WASP-69 b, and WASP-76 b), a significant absorption signal is present on most of the nights analysed. Except for WASP-69 b, the measured absorption depths lead to a ratio of the two Na I D depths that is compatible with or slightly larger than one. As was expected from literature, the relative atmospheric height follows an empirical exponential trend as a function of a scaled product of the planet’s equilibrium temperature and surface gravity. We confirm the sodium detection on HD 189733 b, KELT-9 b, KELT-20 b, WASP-69 b, and WASP-76 b. The signal detected in WASP- 127 b requires further observations for definitive confirmation. We exclude a planetary origin for the signals found on HD 209458 b and WASP-80 b. The sodium absorption variability does not appear to be related to planetary properties, but rather to data quality, sub-optimal data treatment, or stellar activity.
Prenatal imaging – role of fetal MRI
Authors: Tavares de Sousa Manuela , Schönnagel Björn P. , Denecke Jonas , Herrmann Jochen
Published: December 2024

Congenital abnormalities occur in about 3 in 100 fetuses. Prenatal ultrasound is the standard technique to detect these fetal abnormalities. In Germany, three ultrasound examinations are provided in the first, second, and third trimesters, respectively. Fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used as an adjunct technique to provide further information in cases of congenital abnormalities.

A literature search was performed on PubMed focusing on publications that used fetal MRI as a secondary approach after prenatal ultrasound.

MRI is a safe imaging method that does not harm the fetus when used during pregnancy. Some publications with experts in radiology show a very clear diagnostic advantage with respect to performing MRI on fetuses with brain abnormalities, while other publications with experts in neurosonography do not find the advantage to be that evident. Both techniques are clearly user-dependent.

Fetal MRI can supplement the information obtained by fetal ultrasound and can provide additional information or exclude others. Diagnosis made by an interdisciplinary cooperation based on all available ultrasound and MRI findings is the key to optimal imaging and advice for expectant parents.
Kompetenzorientiert und transtheoretisch? Ideen und Hürden für die
psychotherapeutische Aus- und Weiterbildung
Authors: von Blanckenburg Pia , Wilhelm Marcel , Rief Winfried
Published: December 2024

Hintergrund Die Aus- und Weiterbildung von Psychotherapeut:innen erfolgt
meistens auf der Grundlage einer verfahrensspezifischen theoretischen
Ausrichtung. Dies kann jedoch den Austausch und die gemeinsame Nutzung von
Wissen und Erfahrungen einschränken. Es könnte daher hilfreich sein,
verschiedene theoretische Ansätze zu kombinieren und die psychotherapeutische
Ausbildung transtheoretisch und verfahrensübergreifend auszurichten.

Methode Der Artikel beschreibt, wie eine kompetenzorientierte
psychotherapeutische Ausbildung als Plattform für den Austausch
unterschiedlicher Therapieansätze genutzt werden könnte. Anhand eines
Praxisbeispiels aus der universitären Ausbildung werden Wege aufgezeigt,
psychotherapeutische Grundkompetenzen durch die Integration verschiedener
theoretischer Ansätze zu vermitteln. Eine transtheoretische Ausbildung erfordert
zunächst ein übergeordnetes Modell zur Fallkonzeptualisierung sowie eine klare
Definition der Interventionsziele, die nicht an ein spezifisches Verfahren
gebunden sind.

Ergebnisse Behandlungsmethoden sollten anhand ihrer transtheoretischen
Ziele klassifiziert werden, um sie leichter vergleichen und kombinieren zu
können. Dynamische Netzwerkmodelle bieten hier eine moderne Möglichkeit für die
transtheoretische Fallkonzeptualisierung. Wir stellen einen
kompetenzorientierten Ansatz zur psychotherapeutischen Ausbildung im
universitären Kontext vor und diskutieren die Herausforderungen einer
kompetenzorientierten Weiterbildung.

Schlussfolgerung Ein kompetenzorientierter Ansatz könnte dazu beitragen,
die Distanz zwischen verschiedenen psychotherapeutischen Traditionen zu
verringern. Dieser Ansatz versteht sich als Ergänzung bestehender Verfahren,
nicht als deren Ersatz. Dennoch bleiben einige Herausforderungen zu
bewältigen.
FHIR – Overdue Standard for Radiology Data Warehouses
Authors: Arnold Philipp , Pinto dos Santos Daniel , Bamberg Fabian , Kotter Elmar
Published: December 2024

In radiology, technological progress has led to an enormous increase in data volumes. To effectively use these data during diagnostics or subsequent clinical evaluations, they have to be aggregated at a central location and be meaningfully retrievable in context. Radiology data warehouses undertake this task: they integrate diverse data sources, enable patient-specific and examination-specific evaluations, and thus offer numerous benefits in patient care, education, and clinical research.

The international standard Health Level 7 (HL7) Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) is particularly suitable for the implementation of such a data warehouse. FHIR allows for easy and fast data access, supports modern web-based frontends, and offers high interoperability due to the integration of medical ontologies such as SNOMED-CT or RadLex. Furthermore, FHIR has a robust data security concept. Because of these properties, FHIR has been selected by the Medical Informatics Initiative (MII) as the data standard for the core data set and is intended to be promoted as an international standard in the European Health Data Space (EHDS).

Implementing the FHIR standard in radiology data warehouses is therefore a logical and sensible step towards data-driven medicine.