bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Microphysical Bulk Formulation Based on Scaling Normalization of the Particle Size Distribution. Part II: Data Assimilation into Physical Processes
Authors: Laroche Stéphane , Szyrmer Wanda , Zawadzki Isztar
Published: January 2006

Microphysical schemes based on the scaling normalization of the particle size distribution (PSD) are cast into a variational data assimilation method to assess their ability to retrieve the precipitation structure and humidity from moments of the PSD that can be derived from radar- and ground-based disdrometer measurements. The sedimentation and evaporation, which are the main processes below the cloud base, are examined. Various identical twin experiments are presented in the context of a column time-dependent model used to simulate the passage of precipitating cells over a short period of time. The relative humidity profile is assumed constant. The feedback of the microphysical processes on the thermodynamic fields is ignored. Observations are generated from a three-moment scheme having the zeroth, third, and sixth moments of the PSD as prognostic variables. The model is discretized in terms of the logarithms of the predictive moments, which render the adjustment of the model variables easier to the observations. An upper bound for the characteristic diameter for the sixth moment is however necessary to prevent numerical instabilities from developing during the data assimilation process.

The tangent linear model of the three-moment scheme reproduces well the difference between two nonlinear integrations over the assimilation window (8 min), which validates the use of its adjoint in the minimization of the cost function that measures the misfit between observations and corresponding model variables. A weak smoothness penalty function should be added to the cost function when noisy observations are assimilated.

When all the predicted moments are observed and assimilated, the minimization converges very well, even with 40% observation error. In this case, the reflectivity factor, which is related to the sixth moment, can be retrieved with 0.2-dB accuracy. When only the sixth moment is observed, the total number of concentration (related to the zeroth moment) cannot be recovered. However, the constant relative humidity can be obtained with 1% accuracy. When simpler one-moment and two-moment schemes are used to retrieve the precipitation structure from the observed sixth moment, the model error strongly projects on the nonobserved moments of the PSD.
Experimental Studies of Droplet Evaporation Kinetics: Validation of Models for Binary and Ternary Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Xue Huiwen , Moyle Alfred M. , Magee Nathan , Harrington Jerry Y. , Lamb Dennis
Published: January 2006

Experiments were conducted with an electrodynamic levitation system to study the kinetics of droplet evaporation under chemically rich conditions. Single solution droplets of known composition (HNO3/H2O or H2SO4/HNO3/H2O) were introduced into an environmentally controlled cubic levitation cell. The gaseous environment was set intentionally out of equilibrium with the droplet properties, thus permitting the HNO3 mass accommodation coefficient to be determined. Measurements were performed at room temperature and various pressures (200–1000 hPa). Droplet sizes (initial radii in the range 12–26 μm) were measured versus time to high precision (±0.03 μm) via Mie scattering and compared with sizes computed by different models for mass and heat transfer in the transition regime. The best agreement between the theoretical calculations and experimental results was obtained for an HNO3 mass accommodation coefficient of 0.11 ± 0.03 at atmospheric pressure, 0.17 ± 0.05 at 500 hPa, and 0.33 ± 0.08 at 200 hPa. The determination of the mass accommodation coefficient was not sensitive to the transport model used. The results show that droplet evaporation is strongly limited by HNO3 and occurs in two stages, one characterized by rapid H2O mass transfer and the other by HNO3 mass transfer. The presence of a nonvolatile solute (SO2−4) affects the activities of the volatile components (HNO3 and H2O) and prevents complete evaporation of the solution droplets. These findings validate recent attempts to include the effects of soluble trace gases in cloud models, as long as suitable model parameters are used.
Investigating Validity Evidence for the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised Questionnaire
Authors: Fairchild Amanda J. , Finney Sara J.
Published: January 2006

The current study gathered internal structural validity and external criterion validity evidence for the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised Questionnaire (ECR-R) scores. Specifically, confirmatory factor analysis of the data provided general support for the hypothesized two-factor model, and hypothesized relationships with external criteria were substantiated. However, minor model misfit and low communalities ( R2) suggested that some items may represent extraneous constructs. Further avenues of study regarding the functioning of the instrument are provided.
A Confirmatory Examination of the Factor Structure of the Multidimensional Aptitude Battery
Authors: Gignac Gilles E.
Published: January 2006

Although some research has examined the factorial nature of the Multidimensional Aptitude Battery (MAB), none has tested hypotheses relevant to both oblique and orthogonal models via confirmatory factor analysis. Thus, in this investigation, a series of models was tested, which compared the model fit of both oblique/higher order models against a completely orthogonal first-order factor model (i.e., nested factor model). Based on a sample of 3,121 individuals, the intersubscale covariation within the MAB was demonstrated to be captured most accurately by a nested factor model, which consisted of a first-order general factor, a first-order Verbal Intelligence factor, and a first-order Performance Intelligence factor. There was also evidence to suggest that Arithmetic did not share any variance with any Verbal Intelligence factor, independently of the general factor. The results are discussed in light of the advantages of modeling factors as completely first-order, orthogonal models in the area of intelligence research, for the purposes of archiving satisfactory model fit, as well as obtaining less ambiguous associations between intelligence factors and external criteria.
Application of Multidimensional Item Response Theory Models to Longitudinal Data
Authors: te Marvelde Janneke M. , Glas Cees A. W. , Van Landeghem Georges , Van Damme Jan
Published: January 2006

The application of multidimensional item response theory (IRT) models to longitudinal educational surveys where students are repeatedly measured is discussed and exemplified. A marginal maximum likelihood (MML) method to estimate the parameters of a multidimensional generalized partial credit model for repeated measures is presented. It is shown that model fit can be evaluated using Lagrange multiplier tests. Two tests are presented: the first aims at evaluation of the fit of the item response functions and the second at the constancy of the item location parameters over time points. The outcome of the latter test is compared with an analysis using scatter plots and linear regression. An analysis of data from a school effectiveness study in Flanders (Belgium) is presented as an example of the application of these methods. In the example, it is evaluated whether the concepts “academic self-concept,” “well-being at school,” and “attentiveness in the classroom” were constant during the secondary school period.
Population Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of a Class IC Antiarrhythmic, Pilsicainide, in Patients With Cardiac Arrhythmias
Authors: Ogawa Ryuichi , Kishi Ryoji , Mihara Kiyoshi , Takahashi Harumi , Takagi Akihiko , Matsumoto Naoki , Masuhara Keisou , Nakazawa Kiyoshi , Miyake Fumihiko , Kobayashi Shinichi , Echizen Hirotoshi
Published: January 2006

Population pharmacokinetics (PK) of a sodium channel—blocking antiarrhythmic, pilsicainide, was studied using the nonlinear mixed‐effects modeling technique in 91 patients with cardiac arrhythmias (80 suspected Brugada syndrome [BrS] and 11 with atrial fibrillation) who received an intravenous infusion of 10 mg of the drug. Population pharmacodynamic (PD) analysis was also performed using an effect compartment model. PD responses were assessed by changes in electrocardiogram (ECG) pattern (BrS‐like elevation of ST‐segment) and conduction parameters. The final PK model showed that gender (values were 50% lower in women than in men) and creatinine clearance were significant (P < .01) covariates of weight‐normalized systemic clearance of pilsicainide. Patients who showed a BrS‐like ECG pattern after the drug administration also showed a significantly (P < .01) greater prolongation in His‐Purkinje conduction compared to the remaining patients. In conclusion, female gender, renal dysfunction, and the drug‐induced BrS‐like ECG morphology may be associated with augmented ECG responses to pilsicainide.
Celebrity Stalking, Homicide, and Suicide
Authors: Schlesinger Louis B.
Published: January 2006

Despite the high-profile nature of many celebrity stalking cases, little is known about the offenders and even less is known about those who kill their celebrity victims. The case of an obsessed fan who attempted to kill a rock star and then committed suicide is presented. By analyzing his detailed diary, both insight into the motivational dynamics of this type of stalker and delineation of several warning signs, which help differentiate an enthusiastic fan from one who harbors a potentially dangerous obsession, is gained.
Is Money Laundering a True Problem in China?
Authors: Ping He
Published: January 2006

Money laundering was stipulated as an offense by Chinese criminal law more than 10 years ago. However, the judicial situation is such that no one has yet been prosecuted for it. This article describes the phenomena that are closely related to money laundering, namely the current situation of the predicate offences and other factors conducive to money laundering such as corruption, underground bank shops, and shell companies. Based on these facts, the article infers that money laundering is a real problem in China. Then it explores the reasons why case examples of money laundering are not available. Finally, this article presents some of the factors necessary in the investigation of money laundering.
Classic Strain Theory and Gender
Authors: Özbay Özden , Özcan Yusuf Ziya
Published: January 2006

A test of classic strain theory on gender in relation to assault, school delinquency, and public disturbance is investigated in high schools in Ankara, the capital of Turkey. Data for the study, including class variables, involve a two-stage stratified cluster sample of high school students. The findings show that various strain and class measures do not appear to be associated consistently with delinquency and gender, except for perceived blocked opportunity for females. The effects of strain and class variables on delinquent acts are similar for both genders, except for the middle social class of males. The most striking finding is that social class is associated positively with juvenile delinquency: Lower-class youth are less likely to commit assault, school delinquency, and public disturbance.
Diversion From Youth Courts in Five Asia Pacific Jurisdictions
Authors: Lo T. Wing , Maxwell Gabrielle M. , Wong Dennis S. W.
Published: January 2006

Since the 1970s, there has been a trend to move away from punitive and retributive approaches to reintegrative practices. This article provides an account of how young offenders in five Asia Pacific jurisdictions are diverted from being prosecuted in the youth courts and of to where they are diverted. The five cases demonstrate that diversionary measures in the Australasian jurisdictions tend to be more restorative in their practices than are those in Chinese-dominated jurisdictions, which adopt welfare responses. It is concluded that although there is some progress in the areas of decarceration and delegalization, the diversion goals of decategorization and deprofessionalization in Chinese-dominated jurisdictions have yet to be achieved. Such diversionary strategies carry the risk that many more young people committing minor offences may be subject to more intrusive measures and disguised social control in the name of diversion, welfare, or the prevention of future offending.
Parental Leave Statutes and Maternal Return to Work After Childbirth in the United States
Authors: Hofferth Sandra L. , Curtin Sally C.
Published: January 2006

This article examines whether the passage of the 1993 Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) altered mothers' postpartum employment continuity, job retention, andwages. Data were drawn from the 1984-1997waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Women who had a child post-FMLA returned to work more quickly and were more likely to return to the same job. However, except for those who remained with the same employer, wages in the 2 years after birth declined. The results suggest that the FMLA increased employment and retention but reduced wages in the short term as mothers traded earnings for job flexibility.
Tracing the Path of Research in Organizations and Work
Authors: Cappelli Peter
Published: January 2006

The new Oxford Handbook of Work and Organization reminds us of the importance that organizations have on work and workplace outcomes. Its exhaustive coverage of research on these topics also makes clear that research relating organizations and work are in short supply and suggests some promising areas for future studies.
Managing Work and Family
Authors: Parcel Toby L.
Published: January 2006

Dual-earner families in the United States and Europe struggle to balance the demands of work and family. These three books document these conflicts and, at times, propose solutions. They use quantitative and qualitative data to illuminate the demands and policies that should or could provide needed supports. They also inform theories relevant to work and family that are contemporary and more traditional. Data come from the United States, Great Britain, and Spain, thus adding a welcome comparative element to the evidence and perspectives in this area of scholarship.
Rules and Actions: Determinants of Peer Group and Staff Actions in Group-Based Microcredit Programs in the United States
Authors: Hung Chi-kan Richard
Published: January 2006

This article examines the variety of program features and their impact on staff and participant behavior in peer group lending programs in the United States. The results show that program rules are consistent with the mission of these programs to enhance the access to business credit by creating opportunities and incentives for peer group members to engage in screening, monitoring, and enforcement functions of loan officers. Both peer groups and program staff performed important functions. Overall, program rules had tangible and intended effects on staff and peer group behavior. Program staff consistently performed as the program structure dictated. Program rules had differential impact on peer group actions. Peer screening appeared to be more random but had positive spillover effect on monitoring and enforcement. Peer monitoring was most responsive to program rules. Active peer enforcement followed peer screening and monitoring. More attention needs to focus on systematically encouraging peer group screening.
Services Exports and the States: Measuring the Potential
Authors: Miloslavsky Eli , Shatz Howard J.
Published: January 2006

States within the United States have long promoted goods exports to help their businesses and improve their economies. In contrast, promotion of services exports remains relatively unexplored, although the value of promoting services exports is potentially large. In 1995, services trade entered international discipline with the General Agreement on Trade in Services. In 2004, services trade made up more than one fifth of all U.S. trade. The United States routinely has a surplus in services trade. One barrier to state promotion of services exports has been the difficulty of measuring state services exports. This article discusses the potential of services trade for the states, reviews efforts to measure subnational services exports, and introduces a new method to estimate state-level services exports. This method can help state development officials better understand statewide economic trends, design programs, and approach federal policy makers about gaining advantages from future trade liberalization efforts.
The Importance of Child Care in Economic Development: A Comparative Analysis of Regional Economic Linkage
Authors: Warner Mildred , Liu Zhilin
Published: January 2006

Regional economic developers typically use input-output modeling to compare the linkage effects of different targets for economic development policy. Using input-output models for all 50 states in the United States, the authors compare child care linkage effects to economy-wide averages and median multiplier values for agriculture, manufacturing, and services. Multiplier analysis shows that child care linkage effects are similar to these more typical targets for economic development policy and provides one more reason why child care should be included as part of economic development policy.
Families Discovering Asthma in Their High-Risk Infants and Toddlers With Severe Persistent Disease
Authors: Koenig Karel
Published: January 2006

Interpretive phenomenology was used to discover the earliest experiences of families of children younger than 4 years hospitalized for severe persistent asthma. The children who were African American or Latino and living in poverty were at highest risk of morbidity and mortality. Three families with distinctly varied responses to early symptoms were chosen from an investigation of 11 families for this study. Each gave three home interviews and participated in home observations. All families experienced life-changing responses to their children's distressed breathing. All had experienced asthma in themselves or others that shaped their beliefs and management patterns. Family experiences prior to and following diagnosis are discussed. Findings suggest that understanding these experiences and respecting families' earliest responses will help clarify established family management patterns for severe asthma in infants and toddlers and will enhance the ability of providers to guide the care of these families and children.
Family Identity
Authors: Byrd Marcia Marie , Garwick Ann Williams
Published: January 2006

The purpose of this interpretive descriptive study was to describe how eight Black-White couples with school-aged children constructed their interracial family identity through developmental transitions and interpreted race to their children. Within and across-case data analytic strategies were used to identify commonalities and variations in how Black men and White women in couple relationships formed their family identities over time. Coming together was the core theme described by the Black-White couples as they negotiated the process of forming a family identity. Four major tasks in the construction of interracial family identity emerged: (a) understanding and resolving family of origin chaos and turmoil, (b) transcending Black-White racial history, (c) articulating the interracial family's racial standpoint, and (d) explaining race to biracial children across the developmental stages. The findings guide family nurses in promoting family identity formation as a component of family health within the nurse-family partnership with Black-White mixed-race families.
Formative Research in School and Community-Based Health Programs and Studies: “State of the Art” and the TAAG Approach
Authors: Gittelsohn Joel , Steckler Allan , Johnson Carolyn C. , Pratt Charlotte , Grieser Mira , Pickrel Julie , Stone Elaine J. , Conway Terry , Coombs Derek , Staten Lisa K.
Published: January 2006

Formative research uses qualitative and quantitative methods to provide information for researchers to plan intervention programs. Gaps in the formative research literature include how to define goals, implementation plans, and research questions; select methods; analyze data; and develop interventions. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute funded the Trial of Activity for Adolescent Girls (TAAG), a randomized, multicenter field trial, to reduce the decline in physical activity in adolescent girls. The goals of the TAAG formative research are to (a) describe study communities and schools, (b) help design the trial’s interventions, (c) develop effective recruitment and retention strategies, and (d) design evaluation instruments. To meet these goals, a variety of methods, including telephone interviews, surveys and checklists, semistructured interviews, and focus group discussions, are employed. The purpose, method of development, and analyses are explained for each method.
A Typology of Middle School Girls: Audience Segmentation Related to Physical Activity
Authors: Staten Lisa K. , Birnbaum Amanda S. , Jobe Jared B. , Elder John P.
Published: January 2006

The Trial of Activity for Adolescent Girls (TAAG) combines social ecological and social marketing approaches to promote girls’ participation in physical activity programs implemented at 18 middle schools throughout the United States. Key to the TAAG approach is targeting materials to a variety of audience segments. TAAG segments are individuals who share one or more common characteristic that is expected to correlate with physical activity. Thirteen focus groups with seventh and eighth grade girls were conducted to identify and characterize segments. Potential messages and channels of communication were discussed for each segment. Based on participant responses, six primary segments were identified: athletic, preppy, quiet, rebel, smart, and tough. The focus group information was used to develop targeted promotional tools to appeal to a diversity of girls. Using audience segmentation for targeting persuasive communication is potentially useful for intervention programs but may be sensitive; therefore, ethical issues must be critically examined.
Aesthetics and Professionalism of Virtual Servicescapes
Authors: Vilnai-Yavetz Iris , Rafaeli Anat
Published: January 2006

The authors document the effects of the aesthetics and professionalism of virtual servicescapes on customer feelings of pleasantness, satisfaction, and approach toward service interactions. Data were collected using an experimental manipulation of the physical setting (the servicescape) viewed by customers during a service interaction in a virtual (remote) service situation. Participants interacted with the service provider and reported their reactions through a specially developed interactive program. Experimental conditions varied in the aesthetics and professionalism of the virtual servicescape in which the employee was seated and viewed. Aesthetics were found to influence feelings of pleasantness, satisfaction, and approach toward a service interaction. In this experimental manipulation, professionalism was found to influence satisfaction but not feelings of pleasantness or approach toward a service interaction. However, perceptions of professionalism did influence these variables. Also as predicted, feelings of pleasantness mediated the relationship between aesthetics and satisfaction and between aesthetics and approach toward a service interaction, but not the relationship between professionalism and these variables. The implications of the findings for research and practice are discussed.
Managing Voice-to-Voice Encounters
Authors: Whiting Anita , Donthu Naveen
Published: January 2006

Voice-to-voice (V2V) encounters are interactions that occur between the company and the customer via a telephone. One critical aspect of the V2V encounter is the waiting time that occurs before the customer talks with a service employee. This article investigates two perception management techniques: information cues and music. In particular, estimated wait times, number in the queue, presence of music, and music valence are all investigated. The main findings are that playing of music, especially music that the customer likes, reduces the perception of waiting time and increases satisfaction. Information cues were not found to affect perception of the wait or satisfaction.
Customer Self-Efficacy and Response to Service
Authors: McKee Daryl , Simmers Christina S. , Licata Jane
Published: January 2006

The customers’ role is significant in the delivery and consumption of many types of services. This study examines customers’ beliefs about their ability to participate in a service (service use self-efficacy) and its effect on response to service. A theoretical model is proposed that explains how self-efficacy affects customers’ perceptions of service value and complaint intentions (“voice”). These factors, in turn, predict exit intentions and positive word of mouth. The model is tested on a sample of 444 members of a group insurance plan. The results of a structural equation model confirm the hypothesized relationships. The findings suggest that service managers should take steps to increase customer service use self-efficacy, such as providing training with feedback, vicarious experiences (e.g., print or video portrayals of successful service experiences), verbal persuasion (e.g., “You can do this”-type coaching), and a low-stress environment. It is also important to develop varied opportunities for customer comments.
Portuguese Football
Authors: Barros Carlos Pestana
Published: January 2006

In this article, the author characterizes the financial crisis in Portuguese football on the basis of data published by Deloitte and Touche in its annual reports on the financial ramifications of the sport in Portugal. A strategy to be applied to the case, with a view to improving the clubs' financial management, is presented.
Surface clustering of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 induced by long Homer proteins
Authors: Kammermeier Paul J
Published: January 2006

Background

Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) regulate neuronal excitability and synaptic strength. The group I mGluRs, mGluR1 and 5, are widespread in the brain and localize to post-synaptic sites. The Homer protein family regulates group I mGluR function and distribution. Constitutively expressed 'long' Homer proteins (Homer 1b, 1c, 2 and 3) induce dendritic localization of group I mGluRs and receptor clustering, either internally or on the plasma membrane. Short Homer proteins (Homer 1a, Ania-3) exhibit regulated expression and act as dominant negatives, producing effects on mGluR distribution and function that oppose those of the long Homer proteins.

There remains some controversy over whether long Homer proteins induce receptor internalization by inducing retention in the endoplasmic reticulum, or induce mGluR clustering on the plasma membrane. Further, an exhaustive study of the effects of each long Homer isoform on mGluR distribution has not been published.

Results

The distribution of a GFP-tagged group I mGluR, mGluR1-GFP, was examined in the absence of Homer proteins and in the presence of several Homer isoforms expressed in sympathetic neurons from the rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) using total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF-M) and confocal microscopy. Quantitative analysis of mGluR1-GFP fluorescence using TIRF-M revealed that expression of each long Homer isoform tested (Homer 1b, 1c, 2b and 3) induced a significant degree of surface clustering. Using confocal imaging, Homer-induced mGluR clusters were observed intra-cellularly as well as on the plasma membrane. Further, in approximately 40% of neurons co-expressing mGluR1-GFP and Homer 1b, intracellular inclusions were observed, but plasma membrane clusters were also documented in some Homer 1b coexpressing cells.

Conclusion

All long Homer proteins examined (Homer 1b, 1c, 2b and 3) induced a significant degree of mGluR1-GFP clustering on the plasma membrane compared to cells expressing mGluR1-GFP alone. Clusters induced by long Homers appeared on the plasma membrane and intracellularly, suggesting that clusters form prior to plasma membrane insertion and/or persist after internalization. Finally, while Homer 1b induced surface clustering of mGluR1 in some cells, under some conditions intracellular retention may occur.
Chronic exposure to MDMA (Ecstasy) elicits behavioral sensitization in rats but fails to induce cross-sensitization to other psychostimulants
Authors: Modi Gunjan M , Yang Pamela B , Swann Alan C , Dafny Nachum
Published: January 2006

Background

The recreational use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) among adolescents and young adults has become increasingly prevalent in recent years. While evidence suggests that the long-term consequences of MDMA use include neurodegeneration to serotonergic and, possibly, dopaminergic pathways, little is known about susceptibility, such as behavioral sensitization, to MDMA.

Methods

The objectives of this study were to examine the dose-response characteristics of acute and chronic MDMA administration in rats and to determine whether MDMA elicits behavioral sensitization and whether it cross-sensitizes with amphetamine and methylphenidate. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three MDMA dosage groups (2.5 mg/kg, 5.0 mg/kg, and 10.0 mg/kg) and a saline control group (N = 9/group). All three MDMA groups were treated for six consecutive days, followed by a 5-day washout, and subsequently re-challenged with their respective doses of MDMA (day 13). Rats were then given an additional 25-day washout period, and re-challenged (day 38) with similar MDMA doses as before followed by either 0.6 mg/kg amphetamine or 2.5 mg/kg methylphenidate on the next day (day 39). Open-field locomotor activity was recorded using a computerized automated activity monitoring system.

Results

Acute injection of 2.5 mg/kg MDMA showed no significant difference in locomotor activity from rats given saline (control group), while animals receiving acute 5.0 mg/kg or 10.0 mg/kg MDMA showed significant increases in locomotor activity. Rats treated chronically with 5.0 mg/kg and 10.0 mg/kg MDMA doses exhibited an augmented response, i.e., behavioral sensitization, on experimental day 13 in at least one locomotor index. On experimental day 38, all three MDMA groups demonstrated sensitization to MDMA in at least one locomotor index. Amphetamine and methylphenidate administration to MDMA-sensitized animals did not elicit any significant change in locomotor activity compared to control animals.

Conclusion

MDMA sensitized to its own locomotor activating effects but did not elicit any cross-sensitization with amphetamine or methylphenidate.
From Acceptance to Rejection: Food Contamination in the Classroom
Authors: Rajecki D. W.
Published: January 2006

This demonstration allows to experience and measure a shift from food acceptance to food rejection, based on the phenomenon of contamination sensitivity to disgusting substances. Students rate the desirability of a snack, which is then progressively contaminated by contact with, human residues. Repeated measurements, show progressive contamination. The students' ratings reveal quick and statistically reliable shifts from accepting (Liking) to rejecting (disliking) the snack. This exercise generates meaningful data sets and is recommended for several courses.
Psychosexual Pursuit: Enhancing Learning of Theoretical Psychoanalytic Constructs
Authors: Carlson Janet F.
Published: January 2006

In order to facilitate the learning of theoretical principles associated with the psychoanalytic perspective on personality, I devised a board game called Psychosexual Pursuit. The game is especially useful in classrooms with student teams competing against each other to complete their psychosexual development while retaining considerable psychic energy to invest in adult concerns. Rules governing play and special advantages of this learning experience are discussed, and the game board is reproduced.
The Mushroom Curriculum: Using Natural History to Teach Psychology
Authors: Sommer Robert
Published: January 2006

As part of a freshman seminar program, I taught a course on The Psychology of Mushrooms using a natural history approach. The seminar provided an opportunity to proceed from concrete experience to general principles of perception, learning, social, and abnormal psychology. Aspects of the course most valued by students were the field trip and the informality of sessions held in my home.
An Intuitive Approach to Teaching Analysis of Variance
Authors: Johnson David E.
Published: January 2006

A significant number of students in introductory statistics courses may function at Piaget's concrete operational level of thought. These students may find it difficult to understand the complex correlations and interactions between variables that typify many statistical procedures. A technique for introducing analysis of variance (ANOVA) in a concrete fashion is presented. This technique leads students to an intuitive understanding of the concepts of between- and within-groups variance and their relationship to each other.
Creating the Multiple Personality: An Experiential Demonstration for an Undergraduate Abnormal Psychology Class
Authors: Rabinowitz Fredric E.
Published: January 2006

The social psychological aspects of the multiple personality disorder were demonstrated to an Abnormal Psychology class through the use of role-playing procedures. Three student volunteers played the part of an accused serial killer, and the teacher played the part of a court-appointed clinician to reenact the conditions that might encourage the manifestation of a multiple personality. Following procedures that resembled the interviewing techniques and context of the Hillside Strangler murder case, volunteers acknowledged the presence of more than one personality. The pedagogical and ethical implications of creating the multiple personality in the classroom are discussed.
Introductory Psychology from the Standpoint of the Consumer
Authors: Zanich Mary Lou , Grover David E.
Published: January 2006

Psychology and other majors were surveyed before and after completing an introductory psychology course to determine their interest in topics traditionally covered in such a course. No substantial difference between the two groups was observed. In addition, interest levels did not change significantly as a result of the course experience. Students were most interested in topics relating to their immediate individual needs (e.g., interpersonal relationships) and least interested in the “hard science” aspects of psychology. Results are compared to a similar survey taken 50 years ago. Implications for course content and organization are discussed.
The Microcomputer as an Academic Advising Tool
Authors: Appleby Drew C.
Published: January 2006

This article describes a microcomputer application that facilitates the academic advising process by making students more responsible for their academic futures. It also has beneficial effects on computer literacy, student recruitment, career and graduate school planning, early mentoring, and the quality of letters of recommendation and resumes.
High School and College Psychology: Two Different Worlds
Authors: Griggs Richard A. , Jackson Sherri L. , Meyer Merle E.
Published: January 2006

More than 300 public high schools were surveyed about psychology classes, with approximately 60% of the schools responding. The faculty for these courses are invariably in social studies departments, have little undergraduate or graduate coursework in psychology, and generally are not aware of the APA high school psychology program. The one-semester course emphasizes personality and developmental psychology and, to a lesser extent, social psychology, learning, and health. This personality–developmental focus and the resulting lack of student preparation for the more science-oriented college course is attributed to the limited training of the high school instructors, their job environment, and their goals for the course.
Student Belief and Involvement in the Paranormal and Performance in Introductory Psychology
Authors: Messer Wayne S. , Griggs Richard A.
Published: January 2006

Student belief and. involvement in 10 paranormal phenomena were assessed via questionnaire. Prevalence of belief was extensive, with over 99% of the sample expressing belief in at least one phenomenon. Personal involvement was less prevalent but substantial. Over 65% indicated personal involvement in at least one phenomenon. In addition, men who believed in ESP/psycho-kinesis and firewalking and women who felt they had personally experienced precognition during dreams had significantly lower course grades than their skeptical and uninvolved counterparts, even when the effect of SAT score was removed. In light of these findings, we discuss the introductory psychology instructor's role in combating unfounded beliefs and fostering critical thinking skills.
Learning about Writing, Thinking about Teaching
Authors: McGovern Thomas V. , Hogshead Deborah L.
Published: January 2006

A student's story and our participation on a general education renewal project prompted us to learn more about writing. In the process, we discovered the writing activities developed by psychologists, the strategies for assessing writing used by colleagues in other disciplines, and the means used by departments and universities to develop effective writing programs. The theme of this article is that learning about writing led us to think more about our teaching and about how our students learn.
A Strategy for Improving Literature Reviews in Psychology Courses
Authors: Poe Retta E.
Published: January 2006

A teaching intervention to help undergraduates learn to write literature review papers is described.
Two Psychologists' Experiences with Journals
Authors: Jolley Janina M. , Mitchell Mark L.
Published: January 2006

Journals can be powerful teaching tools. However, as we learned during our first few years of using them, journals should not be blindly imported into psychology classes from composition classes. Instead, modifications should be made to accommodate the differences between the psychology professor's goals and the composition teacher's goals. After consulting the psychological literature and 3 years of tinkering, we found two modifications that seem to encourage students to think critically about the facts and ideas presented in psychology classes.
Samuel Butler's Erewhon as Social Psychology
Authors: Osborn Don R.
Published: January 2006

Samuel Butler's (1872/1983) utopian novel, Erewhon, was used in a social psychology class to demonstrate the universality of social psychological insights and to provide a literary dimension to the course. Erewhon provides numerous examples of five social psychological principles: (a) the relation of physical attractiveness to interpersonal attraction and judgments, (b) the human drive for interpersonal agreement, (c) the drive for congruence in values and behavior, (d) the importance of values in understanding actions, and (e) attribution theory. Student evaluations indicate that Erewhon can be successfully used as a supplementary reading to increase the liberal arts value of a social psychology course.
Sidney Slug: A Computer Simulation for Teaching Shaping without an Animal Laboratory
Authors: Acker Loren E. , Goldwater Bram C. , Agnew Judy L.
Published: January 2006

Establishing or maintaining animal learning laboratory facilities for providing hands-on instructional experiences in behavior shaping is fraught with staffing, space, and other budgetary problems, as well as negative community attitudes concerning the use of laboratory animals. A microcomputer program was created to simulate the behavior of a computerized “animal” so that students could learn and practice the shaping of behavior. Mathematical algorithms were written to allow the “animal” to show gradual improvements in directional movements after appropriate shaping by the student. A graphic tutorial and a provision for online feedback and prompting during shaping were used for individualizing instruction for the students' changing skills. Students were able to shape successfully and rated the laboratory simulation highly.
Nonsexist Language: Successes, Neologisms, and Barbarisms
Authors: Buck Jane L.
Published: January 2006

This article examines a number of attempts by students and professors to eliminate sexist language in their writing. I evaluated nonsexist substitutions on the basis of etymological accuracy and linguistic esthetics. Nonsexist substitutions for some difficult sexist words are suggested.
Tracing the Cognitive Revolution through a Literature Search
Authors: Hassebrock Frank
Published: January 2006

Using a literature search, undergraduates in a cognitive psychology course examine the tables of contents in volumes of selected journals published during the last 4 decades. Students judge whether each article's topic and terminology represent a behavioral or cognitive framework. This assignment is used to: (a) compare how topics of learning and memory are approached from behavioral versus cognitive frameworks, (b) demonstrate the historical and dynamic nature of conceptual frameworks in psychology, and (c) introduce concepts and research topics in contemporary cognitive psychology.
Applied Sources for Teachers of Multivariate Statistics
Authors: Katz Barry M. , Tomazic Terry J.
Published: January 2006

We describe a course in applied multivariate statistics for psychology graduate students, review appropriate resource materials, and list research articles that illustrate these statistical techniques.
Division Two as a Source of Professional Growth and Development
Authors: Matthews Janet R.
Published: January 2006

This article summarizes some of the ways participation in APA's Division Two may promote professional growth and development. Division Two activities are grouped under three broad headings: Teaching of Psychology (ToP), convention attendance, and divisional governance. ToP is addressed from the perspectives of reading, reviewing, and submitting. Convention activities are considered as a source of continuing education and network building. Divisional governance is mentioned as a source of professional growth and network building.
Value of a Developmental Perspective in Teaching the Psychology of Women
Authors: Paludi Michele A.
Published: January 2006

A developmental psychology approach to teaching the psychology of women course in order to deal with conservative attitudes toward women's roles is suggested. Examples of discussion topics, exam questions, and exercises are provided. Special emphasis is placed on students using a “life review” of their gender-role socialization (i.e., examining past experiences to help them resolve, reorganize, and reintegrate the course content).
Teaching Current Advances in Psychology: Student and Instructor Advantages
Authors: Osberg Timothy M.
Published: January 2006

A course, Current Advances in Psychology, is described. Students read and discuss recent articles from journals, such as American Psychologist and Psychological Bulletin. In addition, videotapes depicting recent advances in psychology are shown. Students benefit by reading important journal articles and participating in an active learning process, wherein research is examined carefully and critically. Instructors benefit by reading current psychological literature and kicking the lecture habit.
Grades for Men and Women in College Courses Taught by Women
Authors: Brooks Charles I. , Mercincavage Janet E.
Published: January 2006

In a previous report (Brooks, 1987), women were found to receive higher grades than men in introductory statistics courses taught by a man. Our study extends this finding to courses in accounting and mathematics and to courses taught by women.
In-Class Poster Sessions
Authors: Baird Brian N.
Published: January 2006

In-class poster sessions offer an attractive alternative to traditional term paper assignments. Poster sessions are suitable for classes of all sizes, promote collaborative learning, encourage creativity and independent thought, develop research and communication skills, and ease the grading burden on instructors. This article describes the logistics of conducting poster sessions and discusses their possible uses. When asked to compare poster sessions with traditional term papers, 100% of the students responding preferred the poster session.
Psychologists and High School Science Fairs: Some Ethical and Professional Concerns
Authors: Johnson David E.
Published: January 2006

This article describes my experience as an administrator of a regional high school science fair. Problems associated with non-compliance of guidelines for the use of animal and human subjects are discussed. Suggestions are given for the involvement of psychologists in high school science fairs.
Teaching Hypothesis Testing by Debunking a Demonstration of Telepathy
Authors: Bates John A.
Published: January 2006

Introductory psychology students were told that their instructor had telepathic powers. The instructor demonstrated these “psychic” abilities by transmitting various images into the minds of the students and a confederate. Students generated alternative hypotheses to account for the phenomena and designed methods to test their hypotheses. This article describes the methods used to perform the psychic acts and outlines the structure of the hypothesis-testing activity. By allowing students to experience firsthand the importance of the rules of science, this instructional method may encourage greater scientific skepticism than dose the direct teaching of the falseness of pseudoscientific claims.
Evaluating Responsibilities of the Department Chairperson
Authors: Korn James H. , Munz David C.
Published: January 2006

We describe an instrument and process for evaluating responsibilities of the department chairperson. The instrument is based on Knight and Holen s (1985) study that related responsibilities to two dimensions of effective leadership—initiating structure and consideration.
The Collaborative Honors Project in Psychology: Enhancing Student and Faculty Development
Authors: Dunn Dana S. , Toedter Lori J.
Published: January 2006

A collaborative honors project in psychology, in contrast to the traditional approach, allows more than one student and more than one faculty adviser to investigate a broad range of research issues. We discuss the advantages and demands of collaborative research and review our experience with one such project.
The APA Centennial and Teaching History of Psychology
Authors: Ware Mark E. , Benjamin Ludy T.
Published: January 2006

The purpose of this annotated bibliography is to stimulate interest in and promote scholarly activity about teaching history of psychology. We organized 56 articles into three categories: projects, perspectives, and evaluations. This literature on teaching history of psychology is a source of valuable reference material for teachers and scholars. The most glaring need is for thorough evaluative research.
What Undergraduates Want to Know about Homosexuality
Authors: McCord David M. , Herzog Harold A.
Published: January 2006

Few subjects covered in psychology courses arouse as much intense feeling as the issue of homosexuality. Students in three different undergraduate courses were asked to submit their questions about homosexuality prior to a panel discussion presented by representatives of a local gay rights organization. A total of 280 questions were collected. They fell into 13 categories, shedding light on the primary questions and concerns students have about this important issue.
Using Summary Statistics as Data in ANOVA: A SYSTAT Macro
Authors: Walsh John F.
Published: January 2006

In laboratory and classroom assignments, students are asked to review research findings. Often the data available include only the means, standard deviations, and number of subjects. A SYSTAT macro is given that generates sufficient information from the data available to compute an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc analyses.