bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Barriers to gaining support: a prospect of entrepreneurial activity of family and non-family firms in Poland
Authors: Domańska Ada , Zajkowski Robert
Published: March 2022

Research background: This paper explores the approach that focuses on entrepreneurial activities suppressed by restraining forces or different barriers. We investigated a particular type of obstacles reported by entrepreneurs, i.e., those which prevented their gaining access to support instruments. This paper delved into the specificity of family businesses and explained why perceptions of access to support could differ between family and non-family firms.
Purpose of the article: This paper seeks to identify the differences between family and non-family businesses in terms of their perceptions of different barriers that hinder access to support instruments.
Methods: The main research processes were based on logistic regression models with a dependent variable: 0 for a non-family firm and 1 for a family firm.  As dependent variables 13 barriers to the access of public support instruments were adopted. The study was conducted on a sample of 386 Polish business entities.
Findings & value added: The results confirmed the existence of differences between family and non-family businesses in perceptions of barriers towards gaining support in entrepreneurial endeavours. Obstacles, such as overly-complex bureaucratic procedures and requirements, lack of access to information disseminated by business support institutions, and complicated support settlement procedures, were perceived as far less crucial by family businesses than non-family businesses. Family businesses demonstrated a lower propensity to use real property as collateral for transactions. Additionally, family businesses with financial resources that overlap with their own familial resources declared that they found it easier to make their own contributions to satisfy the requirements for support programmes or services. This paper makes several novel and significant contributions to the field. First, we add to existing research focusing exclusively on family entrepreneurial activity by drawing a comparison between family and non-family firms in terms of the perceived barriers towards gaining support. Second, we address different types of barriers. Our findings provide further evidence that different types of businesses perceive certain types of barriers differently. Third, we extend current knowledge on family businesses study in Poland.
Multiobjective optimization of fluphenazine nanocomposite formulation using NSGA-II method
Authors: Abu Sharar Ahmed Adnan , Ramadan Saleem Z. , Hussein-Al-Ali Samer Hasan
Published: March 2022

The World Health Organization (WHO, 2019) reports that schizophrenia affects approximately 20 million people worldwide, and the annual number of new cases is estimated at 1.5%/10,000 people. As a result, there is a demand for making the relevant medicines work better. Using a fluphenazine (FZN) drug delivery system that has been optimized using nanoparticles (NPs) technology is an important alternative treatment option for noncompliant patients with schizophrenia. Compared to the conventional delivery system, the NPs delivery system provides a controlled-release treatment, minimizes drug levels reaching the blood, and has fewer side effects as well. As a result of using the NPs delivery system, patients can obtain the benefits of reduced daily dosing and improved compliance. In this context, this study was performed to develop a mathematical model for FZN to optimize its nanocomposite delivery system using a mixture-process DoE and multiobjective optimization (MOO) approaches. The influences of NPs input fabrication parameters [i.e., FZN percentage, chitosan (CS) percentage, sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) percentage, and pH] were investigated by mixture-designed experiments and analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA); subsequently, based on the results of the analysis, three regression models were built for size, zeta potential (ZP), and drug loading efficiency (LE%); and thereafter, these models were validated using 26 experiments with three replicates. The MOO approach was employed using a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) to provide the optimal fitness value of each objective function by minimizing NPs size, maximizing ZP, and maximizing LE%. Test of hypotheses showed no statistical differences between the average observed values and the corresponding predicted values calculated by the regression models (126.6 nm, 18.7 mV, and 91.6%, respectively). As there is no benchmark available for the optimal NPs input fabrication parameters in the literature, the optimized formulation was further characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), polydispersity index (PdI), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Those tests indicated that FZN was successfully encapsulated into the final nanocomposite. Furthermore, an in-vitro drug release study was carried out and showed that at least 5 days would be needed for FZN to be fully released from its nanocomposite in a sustained-release pattern. The nanocomposite could serve as a model for the controlled and extended delivery of many drugs.
Facebook and the Surveillance Assemblage: Policing Black Lives Matter Activists & Suppressing Dissent
Authors: Nurik Chloé Lynn
Published: March 2022

This article outlines the “social media surveillance assemblage” (Trottier 2011: 63) on Facebook, including its deployment against social activists. In particular, it traces intersecting, dynamic, and opaque data flows among Facebook, third parties, and law enforcement that undermine Black Lives Matter activists and suppress social dissent in the United States. Sources of data include interviews with academics, lawyers, and researchers as well as an in-depth examination of platform policies, Freedom of Information Act requests/lawsuits, and news articles. Theories of the surveillance assemblage (Trottier 2011), the surveillance-industrial complex (Hayes 2012), and surveillance capitalism (Zuboff 2015, 2019) frame the interviews and documents, demonstrating the multi-faceted nature of social media surveillance. Providing an interdisciplinary focus, this article engages with the fields of private policing, surveillance studies, and social movements literature. The article’s empirical data contribute to the existing literature by stressing the role of third parties and providing insights into the nontransparent system of surveillance on social media.
Smart Pandemic Surveillance?: A Neo-Materialist Analysis of the “Monitora Covid-19” Application in Brazil
Authors: Lemos André , Firmino Rodrigo Jose , Marques Daniel , Matos Eurico , Lopes Catarina
Published: March 2022

This article discusses smart surveillance based on the particular case of the Brazilian mobile app Monitora Covid-19 from the perspective of issues related to personal-data protection. Brazil is today one of the epicenters of the pandemic. The application under analysis is the tip of a wide network of data monitoring and medical assistance formed by public and private institutions. Based on a neo-materialist analysis of this network, this article discusses the use of surveillance technologies and data during the period of the pandemic; describes and comments on visible, discursive, and hidden materialities; and indicates the main issues of the application in the use and protection of users’ personal data. In conclusion, it indicates some of the application’s flaws in relation to personal-data protection. More broadly, it reinforces the need for the creation of publicly controlled regulatory bodies for smart surveillance systems that are able to oversee the application of (public and private) technologies with ethical assurances and public control.
Potential value of pleth variability index in intraoperative fluid management of geriatric surgical patients
Authors: ORHON ERGÜN Meliha , ZENGİN Seniyye , BİLGİLİ Beliz , UMUROĞLU Tümay
Published: March 2022

BACKGROUND: This study was designed to determine the effects of PVI-guided monitoring on the optimal intravascular volume replacement during hip and knee arthroplasty in geriatric patients, and whether using PVI could reduce blood transfusion and vasopressor requirements.

METHODS: One-hundred geriatric patients who underwent elective hip and knee arthroplasty were included, assigned to either PVI group (volume replacement was PVI guided) or to a control group (volume replacement was based on traditional methods). Perioperative hemodynamic parameters, infusion rate of crystalloids, colloids, blood/blood products, ephedrine hydrochloride requirements and perioperative urine outputs were recorded.

RESULTS: Crystalloid infusion rate was higher (9.5 vs. 6.8 ml/kg/h, p
Theoretical Study of Suspension System for Two-Dimensional Model of the Vehicle and its Effects on limiting speed and Driver Comfort
Authors: Kasim Salim Y. , Abdulsattar Saif M.
Published: March 2022

Vibration in cars is undesirable because it causes discomfort to passengers, and can also lead to fatigue and failure of some parts of the vehicle. Therefore, the study and analysis of comments movements cart embedded in ever to research vehicles since the invention. And associated vibration cart passenger comfort, safety and stability of the vehicle. The researchers analyzed several vibration of vehicles by looking at different models, such as quarter wagon model ,and Half Car Model and full vehicle model with different types of excitement experienced by the vehicle and intended here excitement is a set of external forces arising from the terrain. This research includes a half vehicle linear model , written for four degrees of freedom plus one (4 +1 DOF) after addition degree of freedom which is driver / passenger seat system becomes a five degrees of freedom, also the vehicle body is assumed as a rigid body and taking into account the Bounce and Pitch. The system governing equations of motion are formulated by using the finite element method (FEM). A Fortran language computer program has been established for this purpose and used in the process covering (Simulation) and stand on the performance evaluation and analysis riding cart at the design stage and stand on the impact driver way through a study on the subject and the quality of the driver's seat, Two criterion of standards of comfort has been used, such as standard rate of absorbed energy (Average Absorbed Power) to be the norm over the driver comfort or not. And the comfort factor which is the vertical acceleration root mean square is used as an indication for the ride comfort. In factthe driver is the most important link in the process of using vehicles because the decision-maker and dominant direct the movement of vehicle.
Suitability Evaluation of Wells Water for Various Uses for the Confined Region Between Tigris and Lower-Zab Rivers
Authors: Saleh Rodhan A. , Ghadban Eidan E. , Abdulwahed Abdulrazaq K. , Faris Mohammad A.
Published: March 2022

In this study, 68 wells were selected from different locations for the area located between Tigris river and Lower Zab river, and its suburbs south of Makhmor Mount. A series of chemical and physical tests were carried out for the groundwater of each well, where the calcium , total hardness (T.H)., total dissolved soled (T.D.S)., Electrical conductivity (EC), pH, Turbidity, Alkaline were examined..Results were compared and evaluated with the limits permitted by the Iraqi standards for drinking water and with the specifications of industrial and agricultural consumption. The results showed the disqualification of most of these wells for drinking purposes because the high content of salt and high hardness, where exceed the limits of Iraqi standards for drinking water except one well. Also, the results show that 36 wells were suitable for irrigation and agriculture with taking precautions to proportion of salts, while 32 wells were not well within the specifications of irrigation water. The industrial consumption has been found that all wells were not identical to the specifications used in the food industry.
CARA MUDAH PAHAMI PENGADAAN TANAH UNTUK PEMBANGUNAN MELALUI KONSEP 3 IN 1 IN THE LAND ACQUISITION / HOW TO EASILY UNDERSTAND LAND PROCUREMENT FOR DEVELOPMENT USING 3 IN 1 IN THE LAND ACQUISITION CONCEPT
Authors: MULIAWAN JAROT WIDYA
Published: March 2022

Pada setiap kegiatan pembangunan, ketersediaan tanah untuk lahan pembangunan sering menjadi kendala. Kendala dihadapi karena tanah merupakan sumber daya alam yang bersifat terbatas, terutama tanah negara juga sudah sangat terbatas persediaannya. Untuk menyediakan lahan tersebut maka perlu dilakukan pengadaan. Pengadaan tanah adalah kegiatan menyediakan tanah dengan cara memberi ganti kerugian yang layak dan adil kepada pihak yang berhak. Pengadaan tanah didasarkan atas adanya kepentingan umum yaitu kepentingan bangsa, negara, dan masyarakat yang harus diwujudkan oleh pemerintah dan digunakan sebesar-besarnya untuk kemakmuran rakyat. Salah satu permasalahan yang sering terjadi dalam pengadaan tanah karena  kurangnya pemahaman instansi terkait dan juga masyarakat dalam memahami mekanisme dan prinsip-prinsip Pengadaan Tanah untuk Pembangunan bagi Kepentingan Umum tersebut. Pengadaan tanah dapat dipahami melalui konsep 3 in 1 in the Land Acquisition untuk mempermudah kegiatan Pengadaan Tanah Bagi Pembangunan untuk Kepentingan Umum. Konsep 3 in 1 in the Land Acquisition merupakan kegiatan perolehan tanah dari awal sampai akhir atau dari hulu ke hilir yang akhirnya bermuara pada tiga titik yaitu titik start yaitu aspek perizinan (penetapan lokasi), titik decision yaitu aspek penguasaan tanah (pelepasan hak) dan titik product yaitu aspek sertifikasi tanah.In every development activity, the availability of land for development land is often an obstacle. Constraints are faced because land is a limited natural resource, especially state land which has very limited supply. To provide the land, it is necessary to procure. Land acquisition is an activity to provide land by giving reasonable and fair compensation to the rightful parties. Land acquisition is based on the existence of public interests, namely the interests of the nation, state, and society which must be realized by the government and used as much as possible for the prosperity of the people. One of the problems that often occurs in land acquisition is due to a lack of understanding of the relevant agencies and the community in understanding the mechanism and principles of Land Acquisition for Development in the Public Interest. Land acquisition can be understood through the 3 in 1 concept in the Land Acquisition to facilitate Land Acquisition activities for Development in the Public Interest. The 3 in 1 concept in the Land Acqusition is land acquisition activities from beginning to end or from upstream to downstream which ultimately leads to three points, namely the starting point, namely the licensing aspect (location determination), the decision point, namely the land tenure aspect (release of rights) and point product, namely the aspect of land certification.
ANALISIS PENERAPAN DISKRESI DALAM PENGISIAN JABATAN WAKIL GUBERNUR PROVINSI KEPULAUAN RIAU DIHUBUNGKAN DENGAN UU PILKADA JO UU ADMINISTRASI PEMERINTAHAN / ANALYSIS OF THE APPLICATION OF DISCRETION IN FILLING IN THE POSITION DEPUTY GOVERNOR OF RIAU ISLANDS PROVINCE IS LINKED TO THE REGIONAL ELECTION ACT AND GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATION ACT
Authors: SUCIPTA PERY REHENDRA
Published: March 2022

Provinsi Kepulauan Riau menghadapi persoalan ketika terjadinya kekosongan jabatan wakil gubernur dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan. Hal ini berdampak pada tidak berjalannya secara efektif roda pemerintahan dalam rangka demokratisasi dan percepatan pembangunan di daerah. Sementara regulasi yang secara khusus (peraturan pemerintah) yang mengatur tentang tata cara pengusulan dan pengangkatan calon Wakil Gubernur belum diterbitkan, sebagaimana amanat Pasal 176 Ayat (5) UU Pilkada. Dengan pendekatan Yuridis Normatif dalam penelitian ini, penulis mengkaji tentang bagaimanakah keberlakuan Pasal 176 UU Pilkada sebelum diterbitkannya Peraturan Pemerintah dan apakah mekanisme Diskresi yang dikenal dalam Hukum Administrasi Negara dapat di terapkan dalam pengisian jabatan Wakil Gubernur Provinsi Kepulauan Riau. Hasil pada penelitian ini adalah: Pertama, Pasal 176 UU Pilkada tidak dapat diberlakukan karena belum diterbitkannya peraturan pemerintah sebagaimana perintah dari Pasal 176 ayat (5) UU Pilkada. Kedua, mekanisme Diskresi seharusnya dapat di terapkan dalam pengisian jabatan Wakil Gubernur Provinsi Kepulauan Riau. Pertimbangan karena sejalan dengan tujuan penggunaan diskresi diantaranya untuk melancarkan penyelenggaraan pemerintahan, mengisi kekosongan hukum dan memberikan kepastian hukum.The province of Riau Islands face the problem when the occurrence of the vacancy the post of deputy governor in the administration of government. This has an impact on not progressed effectively the wheels of government in order to democratize and acceleration of development in the area. While the regulation specifically (government regulation) which regulates the procedures of proposal and appointment of candidates for the Deputy Governor has not been published, as mandated by Article 176 Paragraph (5) of the Election ACT. With Normative Juridical approach in this study, the authors examine on how the applicability of Article 176 of the Law Elections before the issuance of Government Regulation and whether the mechanism of Discretion that is known in Administrative Law can apply in filling the post of Deputy Governor of Riau Islands Province.The results in this study are: First, Article 176 of the Law on Elections cannot be applied because it has not been the issuance of government regulation as the command of Article 176 paragraph (5) of the Election ACT. Second, the mechanism of Discretion should be applied in the filling of the post of Deputy Governor of Riau Islands Province. Consideration because it is in line with the purpose of the use of discretion among them to launch the organization of the government, filling the void of law and provide legal certainty.
DISKRESI DAN TANGGUNG JAWAB PEJABAT PEMERINTAHAN MENURUT UNDANG-UNDANG ADMINISTRASI PEMERINTAHAN / DISCRETION AND RESPONSBILITY OF GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS BASED ON LAW OF STATE ADMINISTRATION
Authors: ENDANG M. IKBAR ANDI
Published: March 2022

Berdasarkan prinsip negara hukum dan prinsip kedaulatan rakyat, segala bentuk keputusan dan/atau tindakan administrasi pemerintahan (diskresi) harus berdasarkan atas hukum dan kedaulatan rakyat yang merupakan refleksi dari Pancasila sebagai ideologi negara. Sedangkan pada keadaan dewasa ini,  pemerintahan memiliki kebijakan agar tidak ada upaya kriminalisasi terhadap kebijakan (diskresi) dalam penyelenggaraan proyek strategis nasional karena dapat menghambat proses kemajuan pembangunan nasional. Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2014 Tentang Administrasi Pemerintahan (UUAP) lahir untuk mengisi kekosongan hukum yang menjadi dasar perlindungan terhadap pengambilan keputusan dan/atau tindakan (diskresi) dari badan dan/atau pejabat pemerintahan dan untuk mencegah penyalahgunaan wewenang dalam penggunaan diskresi itu sendiri. Oleh karenanya  UUAP mengatur dikresi dengan ruang lingkupnya, persyaratan, prosedur penggunaan dan akibat hukum serta pertanggung jawabannya.Based on state of law and sovereignty of the people principles, all forms of decisions and/or actions for state administrations (discretions) must be based on the law and sovereignty of the people which are reflections of Five Principles (Pancasila) as the state ideology. Currently, the government has a policy to prevent criminalization of policies (discretions) in conducting national strategic projects because it can inhibit national development advancement processes. Law number 30 in 2014 concerning State Administration (UUAP) was born to meet a legal standing as the protection for decision making and/or action (discretion) from state institutions and/or government officials and to prevent authority abuse in using the discretion itself. Therefore, UUAP regulates discretion along with its environments, requirements, procedures of uses, legal effects, and its person in charge.
PENGUJIAN ADMINISTRASI TERHADAP PROSES DISKUALIFIKASI PETAHANA DALAM PENCALONAN PEMILIHAN KEPALA DAERAH / ADMINISTRATION EXAMINATION ON THE PROCESS OF DISQUALIFICATION OF INCUMBENT IN THE REGISTRATION OF LOCAL ELECTIONS
Authors: MAWARDI IRVAN
Published: March 2022

Asas pelaksanaan pilkada harus mampu melindungi hak hukum dari pihak-pihak yang berkepentingan dalam pemilihan terutama dalam hal terjadi perselisihan. Salah satu sengketa yang muncul adalah proses diskualifikasi petahana yang diduga melakukan pelanggaran dalam pemilu. Proses sengketa diskualifikasi kepada petahana masih ada berbagai masalah dan pendapat tentang norma-norma yang berlaku. Masalah-masalah ini termasuk bagaimana memeriksa tuduhan pelanggaran yang dilakukan oleh petahana; bagaimana keputusan KPU memproses pemeriksaan tentang diskualifikasi petahana. Oleh karena itu perlu dikaji secara mendalam pola dan pemeriksaan yang bertujuan untuk memberikan keadilan dan kepastian hukum penyelesaian sengketa pilkada.The principle of the implementation of the local election must be able to protect the legal rights of the parties concerned in the election especially in the event of a dispute. One of the disputes that arose was the process of disqualification of the incumbent who allegedly committed violations in the elections. Disputes disqualification process to the incumbent there are still various problems and opinions on the prevailing norms. These issues include how to examination allegations of violations committed by the Incumbent; how the KPU decisions process examination about incumbent disqualification. Therefore need to be studied in depth pattern and examination which aims to give justice and certainty of law of dispute resolution of regional head election.
Modifikasi Hukum oleh Mahkamah Agung Melalui Pengaturan Upaya Adminitratif dalam Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 6 Tahun 2018
Authors: Sudarsono Sudarsono , Ariyani Retno , Rahman Agus Abdur
Published: March 2022

Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 6 Tahun 2018 tentang Pedoman Penyelesaian Sengketa Administrasi Pemerintahan Setelah Menempuh Upaya Administratif (Perma 6/2018) telah mengubah prosedur penyelesaian sengketa Administrasi Pemerintahan, dimana sebelum adanya Perma 6/2018 tersebut Upaya Administratif merupakan syarat mengajukan gugatan ke Peradilan TUN hanya diwajibkan apabila telah ditentukan oleh aturan dasarnya. Namun sejakadanya Perma 6/2018 maka Upaya Administratif menjadi syarat yang mutlak harus dipenuhi terlebih dahulu oleh warga masyarakat sebelum mengajukan gugatan ke Peradilan TUN. Dengan adanya kewajiban menempuh upaya administratif sebelum mengajukan gugatan, maka badan/pejabat pemerintahan harus siap menghadapi semakin banyaknya permohonan Upaya Administratif yang diajukan warga masyarakat yang merasa dirugikan oleh suatu Keputusan/Tindakan Administrasi Pemerintahan. Dengan demikian, Perma 6/2018 merupakan peraturan yang bersifat modifikasi, yang mengubah norma hukum yang berlaku dan/atau mengubah hubungan-hubungan sosial sebelumnya. Untuk itu, perlu dilakukan penelitian hukum dengan isu utama berupa modifikasi hukum yang dilakukan oleh Mahkamah Agung melalui pengaturan upaya administratif dalam Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 6 Tahun 2018. Hasil penelitian ini antara lain perlunya mendorong efektivitas Upaya administratif sebagai mekanisme penyelesai utama dalam penyelesaian sengketa antara warga masyarakat dengan pemerintah agar terwujud kerukunan dan harmoni. Untuk itu, badan/pejabat pemerintahan agar segera membuat pengaturan tentang upaya administratif, yang setidaknya meliputi dua hal: (1) badan/pejabat yang berwenang menyelesaikan upaya administratif, dan (2) hukum acara penyelesaian upaya administratifnya.
One-Step Introduction of Two Substituents onto 7-Oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-one Derivatives via Radical Phenylselanyl-Group Transfer Reactions
Authors: Renaud Philippe , Vionnet Jean-Paul
Published: March 2022

Radical-mediated phenylselanyl-group transfer reactions have been used to introduce simultaneously substituents at the C(6)-endo- and C(5)-exo-positions of 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-one derivatives. The key steps are a radical addition to a silyl ketene acetal and the cyclization of a 1-alkoxy-substituted ester radical.
Vinyloge Porphyrine für Chemie und Medizin: Superaromaten, Intensivstfarbstoffe, Infrarotsensoren, Photosensibilisatoren
Authors: Franck Burchard
Published: March 2022

No Abstract.
Novel Perylene Derivatives as Highly Photostable Fluorescent Dyes
Authors: Langhals Heinz
Published: March 2022

Perylene-3,4-dicarboxylic imides are prepared by a new decarboxylizing condensation with moderately sterically hindered primary amines. Perylene-3,4-dicarboxylic anhydride is prepared via a saponification reaction of the dicarboximide and is a starting material for a number of
new types of chromophores. A second route to novel perylene derivatives is a partial hydrolysis of perylene dyes and a condensation with diamines. The dyes thus obtained are orange to red fluorescing in solution.
Effectiveness of a Warm-up Program with Dynamic Stretching in Preventing Sports Injuries
Authors: Sudo Yuta , Kubo Kazuki , Shinohara Toshihiko , Nakagawa Kazumasa
Published: March 2022

Objectives: This study aimed to conduct a warm-up (W-up) program incorporating movement preparation (MP) and clarify its effect on sports injury prevention.Methods: The subjects of the study were 55 first- to third-year students (age: 15.9 ± 1.0 years, height: 168.5 ± 5.2 cm, weight: 57.4 ± 5.3 kg) belonging to a high school boys' soccer team. The first two months were the control period (CP), and the next two months were the intervention period (IP). The CP was a conventional W-up and the IP was a W-up with MP. The effects of each W-up were compared in terms of the incidence of sports injuries and disabilities during both periods and the incidence of sports injuries and disabilities by cause. Other measurements were compared for a total of seven items, including flexibility, balance, and performance.Results: During the IP, the incidence of sports injuries during practice and the incidence of non-contact sports injuries were reduced, whereas flexibility, balance, and performance improved.Conclusions: W-up incorporating MP showed improvement in flexibility and related balance, which may have led to the reduction of sports injuries.
Changes Observed in the 6-minute Walk Test in Response to Exercise-based Cardiac Rehabilitation
Authors: Wicks John R. , Turner Grant T. , Leslie Sharon L. , Jayasinghe Rohan
Published: March 2022

Objectives: The six-minute walk test (6MWT) is widely used in exercise based cardiac rehabilitation (EBCR) for assessment of functional capacity. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of structured exercise in an EBCR program on 6MWT change and to determine the significance of age, gender, body mass index (BMI), pathology and exercise attendance on influencing this outcome.Methods: Data from a single centre 6-week (twice weekly exercise and education of one-hour duration) exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation program were analysed. Between 2006 and 2019, 2524 patients (males 1923, females 601, mean age 63.5 ± 11.2 years) with cardiovascular disease completed a pre and post 6MWT. Analysis included the effect of age, gender, pathology, BMI and exercise attendance on 6MWT outcome.Results: The group mean improvement in the 6MWT was 21.8% (pre 6MWT 432 ± 83, post 6MWT 527 ± 102 metres). The age-related improvement showed that both males and females achieved a post 6MWT results equivalent to the pre 6MWT result of patients two decades younger with improvement in the 6MWT unrelated to exercise attendance.Conclusions: The 6MWT provides simple safe method for assessment of functional capacity in an out-of-hospital environment being suitable for all ages. The post EBCR 6MWT results showed a group mean improvement in excess of 20% for both sexes. The decline per decade in 6MWT distance is less than 20 metres up to the sixth decade with a more marked decline from the sixth to the eighth decade, the decline being approximately 40-metres for both sexes in the eighth decade.
Inactivation kinetics of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium NCTC 12023
in Chokanan mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit juice by aqueous ozone
treatment
Authors: Supian N.A.M. , Shah N.N.A.K. , Shamsudin R. , Sulaiman A.
Published: March 2022

Food processing industries worldwide focus on maintaining and enhancing food quality
and security, particularly microbial food safety, to fulfil customer requirements. This
study examined the efficacy of aqueous ozone on the inactivation of Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium NCTC 12023 in Chokanan mango juice (MJ) diluted with distilled
water (DW) ratios (100MJ:0DW, 75MJ:25DW, and 50MJ:50DW). The inoculated MJ
samples were treated at 10, 20, 30, and 40 mins with ozone doses 0.33, 0.67, 1.00, and
1.33 mg/mL. The results showed that the Bx values and mango pulp presence in the
various MJ samples interfered with the S. enterica ser. Typhimurium disinfection activity
by ozone. The S. enterica ser. Typhimurium inactivation and the survival curves’
concavity are more reliably measured in the kinetic Weibull model. Validation of the
Weibull model produced coefficient determination (R
2
) of 0.94–0.99, RSME of 0.1 to 0.4,
bias and accuracy factor of 0.7 to 1.4, and shape parameter p<1. A fast inactivation rate
for 5-log reduction of S. enterica ser. Typhimurium was observed in 50MJ:50DW sample
(24.82 mins, 0.82 mg/mL) and in 75MJ:25DW sample (28.39 mins, 0.95 mg/mL),
respectively. However, in the 100MJ:0DW sample, the 5-log reduction was achieved at
36.39 min with an ozone dose of 1.20 mg/mL. Nevertheless, this study’s ozone dose range
from 0.33 mg/mL to 1.33 mg/mL with a treatment time of 10 to 40 mins has proven to
lower and achieved a 5-log reduction of S. enterica ser. Typhimurium in all MJ samples
It Takes a Village to Raise a Child: School, Family, and Community Involvement in High Schools in Jamaica.
Authors:   , McPherson Marisa
Published: March 2022

Research indicates that schools that involve the family and community in a mutual and collaborative relationship are generally more successful. This relationship is endorsed by all stakeholders as a launchpad to boost the academic performance of children, increase school retention, motivate students, and strengthen families and communities. However, despite the compelling case for school, family, and community involvement, there is relatively little empirical evidence documenting its merits (practice and subsequent outcomes) in developing countries including Jamaica.

A qualitative case study of four Jamaican high schools was employed to document the merits of school, family, and community involvement, and data was collected using interviews, observations, and document reviews. Epstein’s Theory of Overlapping Spheres of Influence and six typologies of school, family, and community involvement helped guide the research to facilitate the comparison of the ways in which schools that have been ranked high and low- performing by the National Education Inspectorate, Jamaica involve the family and community. The research looked at the strategies schools used, the possible outcomes of this involvement, and the challenges faced. The study offers a revised theoretical framework of Epstein’s model applicable to the Jamaican context and, potentially, to similar developing countries.

Key findings reveal that both high and low-performing schools experience challenges in involving the families and communities, but the high-performing schools are intentional and make school, family, and community involvement a priority. The high-performing schools have strong leadership, and their involvement programmes are multidimensional and linked to particular areas of engagement. These schools exude an atmosphere of positivity and commitment to the process; they are student-focussed; they build relationships, collaborate, and form partnerships with stakeholders; and family and community involvement is a school-wide initiative. This led the schools to experience the greatest overlap with the family and community based on Epstein’s theory. In addition, this study shows that leadership is crucial to the success of a school, family, and community involvement programme. Therefore, it is proposed that leadership be embedded at the centre of Epstein’s model.

This research provides some benchmarks for further similar studies in Jamaican or international school settings, especially in developing countries, and provides critical information for families, teachers, policymakers, and school officials attempting to design and implement family and community involvement initiatives. The study also identifies key implications for further research, policy, and practice for education policy planners.

 Keywords: school, family and community involvement, school and family involvement, school and community involvement, low-performing schools, high-performing schools, high school, Jamaica.
Efficiency of Financial Ratios in Predicting Stock Price Trends of Listed Banks at Nairobi Securities Exchange
Authors: Jallow Mamadou Alieu , Abiodun Nafiu Lukman , Weke Patrick , Aidara Cherif Ahmat Tidiane
Published: March 2022

In this paper, we examined financial ratios and their effects in predicting stock price trends of listed banks at Nairobi Securities Exchange for the period 2019. Valuation and Profitability ratios are used to measure the value of firms and to investigate whether financial ratios have an effect on Stock Prices of the firms or not. This is investigated using multiple linear regression analysis step-wise method with P/E ratio, P/CF ratio, P/S ratio, P/B ratio, Return on Equity and Dividend Yield as the independent variables and stock prices of the firms as the dependent variables. The results of this study show that all the six financial ratios have a significant effect on stock prices. Besides, price-to-earning ratio, price-to-cash flow ratio, price-to-book ratio and return on equity have a higher correlation with stock price of the firms than other ratios. On the basis of these findings, the study concludes that I & M Holdings limited qualifies to perform better as an undervalue company in the year 2019 and companies need to pay more attention on financial ratios, and that there is increasing need for a more credible and comprehensive disclosure of financial ratios in the annual reports of firms.
Make me dictator and I will save humankind
Authors: DE VITA Laurenc L.
Published: March 2022

Aim: Humankind finds itself in a dire situation. Solutions have been put forth, but none has made a significant impact on carbon release or resources depletion.  I add my proposal, the literary device of the dictator, to those who feel there is some possible remedy for our predicament.

Design / Research methods: This paper is part of a larger project which uses micro- and macro-sociology and cliodynamics, archaeology, evolutionary biology, and dissipative systems theory to describe both our global system, and its implications for our species.   I briefly critique three other approaches regarding their likelihood of success.

Conclusions / findings: The self-organized dissipative system drives population, population density, and the exploitation and depletion of natural resources.  The system is the interface between humans and the environment.   It is unlikely any approach which is not 1. dramatic, 2. inclusive, and 3. determinedly focused on disarming the global system will prevent the complete depletion of the natural world, and the continued mass extinction.

Originality / value of the article:  The paper challenges commonly held assumptions regarding the system and human participation in it.  The paper should be of interest to anyone concerned about humankind. 

Implications of the research (if applicable): The paper has strong implications for policy.  It describes how perpetuating ideas like “sustainable growth” can only ensure the collapse of the global system, and perhaps the collapse of the natural systems as well.  The consequence of applying the research would be desperate, frighteningly objective, but will allow, perhaps, Homo to continue.   

Limitations of the research  (if applicable): Future research could focus on re-interpreting data gathered by previous paradigms.  Cliodynamics provides insight into the future by considering complex relationships.  The limitations to the implications of the research lie in the fact that it is difficult for some to distinguish between “humankind” and the system.
Can Cryptocurrencies be the Future of Money? The Role of Democracy
Authors: KARAN Mehmet
Published: March 2022

The purpose of this article is to evaluate if cryptocurrencies that have robust technology and anonymous features can be the money of the future. In this study, the transition phases of paper money, which started to be used at the beginning of the 17th century, to bank money, then banknotes and fiat money were examined. By pointing out that the fiat money system has developed within the conditions of humanity's search for democracy and freedom. It has been stated that fiat money can only be successful in democratic systems where institutions operate freely, and therefore fiat money is an instrument of democracy. It has been concluded that the authoritarian tendencies, which have started in the world since the 21st century due to nationalism, migration, and climate change, are an important factor in the widespread use of cryptocurrencies. It has been concluded that the spread of cryptocurrencies is directly dependent on the democratic practices of countries and if authoritarianism rises, the use of cryptocurrencies will inevitably be more.
الأدوات القانونية للتصدي لجائحة فيروس كورونا المستجد (كوفيد-19) في دولة قطر
Authors: السيد حسن عبد الرحيم بوهاشم
Published: March 2022

اجتاح فيروس كورونا المستجد (كوفيد-19) العالم بأسره، مما اعتبرته منظمة الصحة العالمية وباءً عالميًا، تداعت له كافة دول العالم؛ ومنها دولة قطر، تصديًا لمخاطرة، وحدًّا من آثاره. كان من أبرز ما اتخذته دولة قطر إصدار قرار تنظيم اللجنة العليا لإدارة الأزمات، وتعديل بعض أحكام المرسوم بقانون رقم (17) لسنة 1990 بشأن الوقاية من الأمراض المعدية. وفي المقابل تضمن الدستور بعض الأدوات التي كان بالإمكان اللجوء إليها للتصدي لهذا الوباء؛ كإعلان الأحكام العرفية، وإصدار لوائح ضبط مستقلة؛ غير أن الدولة لم تتجه إليهما. تمثلت إشكالية الدراسة في البحث عن مدى شرعية وملاءمة الإطار القانوني المنظم للتدابير المتخذة لمواجهة جائحة كورونا المستجد(كوفيد-19). هذه الإشكالية تحاول الإجابة عن العديد من الأسئلة المهمة؛ شملت البحث في مدى وجود اللجنة العليا لإدارة الأزمات في ظل غياب قرار إنشائها، والبحث في مدى جواز أن تتضمن القرارات الصادرة من مجلس الوزراء، ومن وزارة الصحة، أو غيرها، قواعد تجريمية، ومدى جواز عدم نشر هذه القرارات في الجريدة الرسمية. كما أثارت هذه الدراسة أيضًا إشكالية تنفيذ لوائح الضبط، ومدى جواز إعلان الأحكام العرفية في ظل عدم تفعيل مواد الدستور الخاصة بمجلس الشورى المنتخب. تبنّى الباحث في دراسته المنهجين؛ التحليلي، والمقارن، واستشهد بالتشريع، وأحكام القضاء، ورأي الفقه في كلٍّ من الكويت، ومصر؛ بغية إبراز بعض أوجه اختلافهما مع القانون القطري، والاستناد على ذلك عند التحليل واستخلاص النتائج.
أحكام مسؤولية الدولة عن الأعمال المخالفة دوليًا في ظرف الجائحة
Authors: الحبابي فيصل بن مسفر
Published: March 2022

تحكم العلاقاتِ بين الدول مجموعةٌ من الالتزامات المنبثقة عن قواعد القانون الدولي، سواءٌ أكانت عرفًا دوليًا أم معاهدات. ينبغي احترام الدول لها والوفاء بها. وعندما تخالف تلك الدول التزاماتها الدولية؛ فقد يترتب عليها مسؤولية قانونية؛ شريطة استيفائها لعدد من الشروط. وتكون المسؤولية الدولية عند صدور فعل مخالف دوليًا عن دولة، يلحق ضررًا بدولة أخرى؛ مما يترتب عليه تعويض الأخيرة عن الضرر الذي أصابها. واجتاحت العالم جائحة (كوفيد-19)؛ مما أدى إلى تبني قوانين الطوارئ في الدول، قيدت بعض حقوق الإنسان التي كفلها القانون الدولي، وأوقفت العمل بالتزامات تعاقدية وقانونية منبثقة عن اتفاقيات أبرمتها الدول فيما بينها. مما أثار التساؤل حول موقف القانون الدولي من ذلك، ومدى مخالفة الإجراءات المتخذة لمكافحة الجائحة لقواعد القانون الدولي. تراجع الدراسة أحكام المسؤولية الدولية كأحد الموضوعات الرئيسة للقانون الدولي، وتعنى بوضع القواعد؛ لتحديد ما إذا كانت دولة ما قد خالفت التزاماتها وفقًا للقانون الدولي، والآثار المترتبة على ذلك، وإذا ما كان للدولة أعذار عند مخالفة التزاماتها الدولية، منها جائحة (كوفيد-19)؛ كظرف نافٍ للمسؤولية الدولية.
حالة الطوارئ وحماية حقوق الإنسان - مواجهة جائحة كورونا
Authors: قاعود علاء
Published: March 2022

أثارت الأوضاع غير المسبوقة لجائحة كورونا الكثير من اللغط حول ما إذا كانت قواعد القانون الدولي لحقوق الإنسان بشأن التعامل مع الأزمات ما زالت ملائمة أم لا. وتتناول هذه الورقة القواعد ذات الصلة في العهد الدولي الخاص بالحقوق المدنية والسياسية، موضحة أن العهد أجاز للدول فرض قيود على بعض الحقوق في الأوضاع العادية، كما أجاز لها أن تنتقص من بعض الحقوق في حالات الطوارئ، وذلك بالطبع وفق ضمانات يجب الالتزام بها. وأوضحت الورقة أن العهد يتيح للدول اتخاذ ما يلزم من تدابير لمواجهة حالات الطوارئ، وفي نفس الوقت يكفل احترام الحقوق والحريات وضمان عدم اتخاذ إعلان حالة الطوارئ؛ سندًا للعصف بالحقوق والحريات، كما أنه يحقق التوازن المطلوب بين مختلف الحقوق والحريات؛ حيث يجيز فرض قيود على بعضها في الأحوال العادية، وهو ما قد يكون كافيًا في معظم الأوضاع والأزمات على نحو يصبح معه من غير المبرر فرض حالة الطوارئ. وأكدت الورقة على أهمية النظر إلى حالة الطوارئ كوضعية مؤقته ضمن مثلث حقوق الإنسان والديمقراطية وسيادة القانون. وعرضت لبعض المبادئ العامة الواردة في العهد، موضحة الحقوق والحريات التي لا يجوز الانتقاص من تمتع الأفراد بها في حالات الطوارئ والمبادئ التي على الدول أن تتقيد بها فيما تتخذه من تدابير في حالات الطوارئ.
التأمين الإلكتروني ضد المخاطر السيبرانية: المشكلات القانونية والحلول المقترحة – دراسة في القانون القطري والمقارن
Authors: إسماعيل محمد سعيد
Published: March 2022

تواجه الشركات التجارية اليوم تحديات كبيرة في الحفاظ على سياسة الخصوصية، وحماية البيانات، وأمن المعلومات. وإدراكًا لهذه التهديدات؛ تدخلت شركات التأمين، وقدمت منتجًا جديدًا نسبيًا، وهو التأمين السيبراني، أو ما يُطلق عليه بالتأمين الإلكتروني، ويمثل هذا التأمين استجابة لمطالب الشركات؛ بالدفاع عنها، والتخفيف من الأضرار الناتجة عن الهجمات الإلكترونية لإحداث خرق البيانات وانتهاك الخصوصية. يهدف هذا البحث إلى دراسة المشكلات القانونية للتأمين الإلكتروني ضد المخاطر السيبرانية، في الوقت الذي تزداد فيه الهجمات الإلكترونية، ويزيد بالمقابل الطلب على التأمين الإلكتروني في ظل الظروف الاستثنائية لجائحة (كوفيد-19). وتشير النتائج إلى ضرورة تنظيم الإطار القانوني لعقد التأمين الإلكتروني في التشريعات الوطنية.
مدى عدالة حق الاستئثار في الدواء في ظل جائحة (كوفيد-19) المستجد في ضوء الاتفاقيات الدولية والقانون القطري
Authors: زين الدين صلاح
Published: March 2022

أسدى التقدم العلمي والتقني خدمة جليلة للإنسانية جمعاء، وأسهم في تعاون الدول، وفي تداخل المجتمعات البشرية بصورة لم يسبق لها مثيل، حتى أصبح العالم الكبير مجرد «قرية» صغيرة، تنتشر فيها الأحداث بسرعة فائقة، ذلك أن تَعرُّض بعض المجتمعات البشرية لبعض الأزمات الجسيمة التي تُثير بعض التحديات السلبية، يَمس مصالح مجتمعات ودول أخرى. وتُعد جائحة (كوفيد-19) المستجد خير دليل على ذلك. وغير خاف، أن الآثار السلبية لهذه الجائحة، قد أصابت جُل المجتمعات البشرية في أنحاء المعمورة في مناح عديدة، وبخاصة الصحية منها. ولقد ألهبت هذه الجائحة السباق بين الشركات الدوائية الدولية في السعي الحثيث من أجل السبق في تسجيل براءات اختراع استثنائية للوصول إلى المطعوم الذي يكسر ظهر هذه الجائحة، ويوقف فتكها بالمجتمعات البشرية. هذا البحث، محاولة متواضعة لإعادة النظر في تقييم حق الاستئثار في براءات اختراع الدواء في ظل هذه الجائحة، للوقوف على مدى عدالة هذا الحق المحمي في الاتفاقيات الدولية والقوانين الوطنية، ومن ثم البحث عن أفكار أو حلول قانونية تُسهم في التخفيف من آثار هذا الحق الاستئثاري لشركات الدواء العملاقة، نظرًا للعبء الثقيل الذي يلقيه على الصحة العامة لدى كثير من الدول التي تعجز عن توفير المطعوم للمصابين بهذا الفايروس بأسعار مناسبة، بعيدًا عن رغبات شركات الدواء المنتجة له والساعية إلى تحقيق أعلى درجات الربح المالي من تمتلك براءات اختراع بشأن هذه الجائحة.
GALO FOLKSONGS: A STUDY OF YAAN AND KABEN
Authors: Doye Eli
Published: March 2022

The Galo tribe has a rich storehouse of folksongs which are continued orally from generations to generations. Both Yaan and Kaben are two important and popular folksongs which are often sung on important occasions like childbirth, marriage, festivals, etc. Due to lack of written script, the continuity and preservation of these folksongs for posterity is a major concern for the tribe. Moreover, research, documentation, and preservation of these forms of folk culture are very limited and still at an emerging stage. This study uses anthropological methods to collect data from the primary source and the data were collected from the field using two ethnographic qualitative research methods such as in-depth individual interviews and participant observation. Yaan and Kaben are two popular Galo folksongs, and they are commonly on various occasions. In fact, these folksongs are mandatorily sung during different marriage stages and situations. As a result, they are important components of Galo marriage. Without them, a Galo marriage ceremony is considered incomplete and deficient one. Nevertheless, a few Galo Christians organized the marriage ceremonies without them in recent times. This is one of the instances of change noticed in Galo marriages in present time. One of the important findings is that despite having different regional settlements and dialectal variations these folksongs show no changes till now. There is no change in their articulation and presentations. It continues to retain its pristine essence even in the modern times.
POSITIONING OF WOMEN IN ADVERTISEMENTS: ECONOMICS OF TRANSFORMATION
Authors: Kumari Archana
Published: March 2022

In Indian society, across the regions women are changing, becoming confident, decisive, taking a lead and consequently Indian advertisements have also changed the way of positioning women and their issues. Where in 1984, the female protagonist of Surf advertisement, famously remembered as Lalita Ji, was projected as dedicated housewife, in 90’s the advertisement of Nirma Washing Powder also projected the female characters as housewives washing clothes or Sangeeta Bijlani as displaying her beautiful and clean dresses as a beauty icon, in 2011, same Nirma Washing Powder showed an ambulance advertisement in which the female characters push the ambulance out of mud in front of the uncomfortable people standing around the ambulance. The tagline used was same as used in 90’s ‘Hema, Rekha, Jaya aur Sushma, sabki pasand nirma’ but where the previous one just depicted women in the stereotyped roles of housewives and beauty symbols, latter one depicted them as confident, self-reliant, and decisive women with leadership quality. This is in contrary to much research on gender in the media which blames advertisements for showing women stereotypes. This compels to examine the factors behind new positioning of women and their issues in today’s advertisement which could be social, financial, and ideological and so on. However most significant and reasonable of all these factors seems to be financial factors keeping in mind the increasing number of employed women who are free to spend their money and thus proving to be strong prospective consumers. This paper tries to explore and examine all such financial factors behind positioning women and their issues in modern day advertisements.
Avaliação da trajetória intersetorial do Programa de educação alimentar e nutricional em escolas públicas – PEDUCA
Authors: Ximenes Helena Maria de Albuquerque , Mello Ana Paula de Queiroz , Gussi Alcides , Damasceno Nágila Raquel T.
Published: March 2022

A educação alimentar e nutricional como estratégia para prevenção e manejo de doenças faz parte dos principais programas e políticas públicas para a obesidade e morbidades associadas. Com base nesse p