bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nowe turystyczne funkcje wsi na Śląsku Opolskim w kontekście pamięci przeszłości = New tourist functions of rural areas in Opole Silesia in the context of memory of the past
Authors: Drobek Wiesław , Dawidejt-Drobek Ewa
Published: April 2020

The study presents results of empirical research of a qualitative nature. The object of analysis is one of the aspects related to the cultural dimension of tourist functions of rural areas in the Opolskie Voivodship. The aim of the study was to establish whether references to the past are incidental or relatively common and to find out which elements of historical and cultural legacy (material and non-material) are considered in the offers of accommodation for tourists and what sort of message referring to the past they bear. Material for analysis was obtained from Internet portals and websites, local and regional publications (folders, tourist guides) as well as promotional materials supplied by individual entities. The analysis comprised offers of 167 providers of accommodation services (of varied scale), available in 123 villages located in the Opolskie Voivodship. Information given in the offers, concerning past, was ordered by the authors – in relation to the reference point – to the following categories: 1) object, 2) village, 3) region, 4) other. With regard to the first category, two subsets were distinguished: a) object as an architectural structure and b) object as a site of socio-cultural dimension. In the second category, two subsets were differentiated i.e., a) history and former functions of a given village and b) traditions of the rural life. As regards the third category, the following three subsets were distinguished: a) monuments and other elements of the cultural legacy outside given village, b) culinary heritage, c) other elements of the heritage typically referred to as “regional”, “of Opole region”, “Silesian”. Within these types of references (sets and subsets) available offers were analyzed with regard to created images of the past and indicated attractiveness of a tourist’s stay, which results from the historicity of the place in material and non-material dimensions.
Rolnictwo społeczne jako nowa funkcja obszarów wiejskich z perspektywy europejskiej i polskiej = Social farming as a new function of rural areas from the Europeanand Polish perspective
Authors: Subocz Elżbieta
Published: April 2020

The subject matter being discussed in the article pertains to the idea of social farming. According to the European Economic and Social Committee, social farming is an innovative approach combining two concepts: multifunctional agriculture and social services and/or health care at the local level. Social farming provides an opportunity to improve the well-being of individuals and collective integration of people at risk of social exclusion. It creates new employment opportunities and diversification of income sources for inhabitants of rural areas. The idea of social farming has been developing for many years in countries of Western Europe, while in Poland it is still at an initial phase. The article presents objectives of social farming, implemented social services, categories of beneficiaries and forms of their support. The paper also presents case studies from selected European countries. Further part of the article is devoted to legal aspects of establishing and functioning welfare farms in Poland.
Sinapsis
Authors: Marín Antoni
Published: April 2020

Si bien web 2.0 no deja de ser una etiqueta, no hay duda en que en los últimos tiempos ha comenzado a emerger una nueva forma de ver la web en la que las aplicaciones y los usuarios son el epicentro. De este presente y las posiblidades futuro hemos charlado con los miembros de la empresa Sinapsis.
IP Cities 2006: ciudades avanzadas
Authors: Albadalejo Carlos
Published: April 2020

El pasado 17 de mayo tuvo lugar en la localidad barcelonesa de Vilanova y la Geltrú la primera reunión española de ciudades tecnológicamente avanzadas IP CITIES 2006. Este primer encuentro de ciudades pioneras en materia de telecomunicaciones sirvió como marco excepcional para la presentación del Plan Director de Infraestructuras de Telecomunicaciones de la Generalitat de Catalunya, al mismo tiempo que permitió un intercambio de ideas entre representantes de diversos proyectos europeos con el mismo objetivo: convertir localidades de tamaño medio en lo que se denominan IP Cities.
APRENDIZAGEM SIGINIFICATIVA: ANÁLISE DE MAPAS CONCEITUAIS A PARTIR DAS REPRESENTAÇÕES SOCIAIS DA RADIAÇÃO / MEANINGFUL LEARNING: ANALYSIS OF CONCEPTUAL MAPS FROM THE SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS OF RADIATION
Authors: Calheiro Lisiane Barcellos , Del Pino José Claudio , Palandi Joecir
Published: April 2020

O  trabalho apresenta resultados de uma análise de mapas mentais e conceituais, que teve por objetivo investigar as representações  sociais  compartilhadas por estudantes do ensino médio de uma escola pública sobre o tema Radiação e os possíveis indícios de aprendizagem significativa. Tal análise se deu  a  partir de mapas mentais e conceituais e  textos explicativos elaborados pelos alunos, quando da implementação de três Unidades de Ensino Potencialmente Significativas - UEPS. Os mapas  e  textos foram desenvolvidos por  estudantes em diferentes passos sequenciais das UEPS. A compreensão dessas representações pode auxiliar  no processo de aprendizagem dos conceitos de Radiação, agregando as ideias do senso comum aos conceitos científicos estudados sobre o tema. Os resultados expressam a diversidade nas representações dos estudantes no mapa mental, mesclando elementos do senso comum com elementos, mesmo que superficiais, do conhecimento científico e apresentam indícios de aprendizagem significativa ao final da implementação das três UEPS.
CONSIDERAÇÕES PRELIMINARES SOBRE CRIATIVIDADE E EDUCAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIAS E MATEMÁTICA / PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS ON CREATIVITY AND IN SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS EDUCATION
Authors: Samuel Lucius Rafael Sichonany , Harres João Batista Siqueira
Published: April 2020

Neste artigo pretendemos apresentar algumas considerações sobre as pesquisas referentes aos contextos da criatividade, assumindo as suas possibilidades de aproximação com a Educação, em especial ao Ensino de Ciências e Matemática. Partimos da discussão do amplo caráter semântico apresentado pelo termo nas diversas áreas nas quais existem investigações sobre o assunto, discutindo também algumas orientações metodológicas empregadas pelos pesquisadores do fenômeno criativo. Além disso, discutimos no trabalho certas implicações entre criatividade e educação, especificamente suas relações aos contextos das escolas, bem como os seus potenciais reflexos nas práticas docentes. Finalizamos o artigo percebendo a necessidade de pesquisas mais amplas sobre a criatividade no Ensino de Ciências e Matemática, assim como sua maior significação nas instituições educacionais.
Ultrafast Responsive Non‐Volatile Flash Photomemory via Spatially Addressable Perovskite/Block Copolymer Composite Film
Authors: Chang Yu‐Hsiang , Ku Chia‐Wei , Zhang Yi‐Hua , Wang Hsiang‐Chen , Chen Jung‐Yao
Published: April 2020

The exotic photophysical properties of organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite with long exciton lifetimes and small binding energy have appeared as promising front‐runners for next‐generation non‐volatile flash photomemory. However, the long photo‐programming time of photomemory limits its application on light‐fidelity (Li‐Fi), which requires high storage capacity and short programming times. Herein, the spatially addressable perovskite in polystyrene‐block‐poly(ethylene oxide) (PS‐b‐PEO)/perovskite composite film as an photoactive floating gate is demonstrated to elucidate the effect of morphology on the photo‐responsive characteristics of photomemory. The chelation between lead ion and PEO segment promotes the anti‐solvent functionalities of the perovskite/PS‐b‐PEO composite film, thus allowing the solution‐processable poly(3‐hexylthiophene‐2,5‐diyl) (P3HT) to act as the active channel. Through manipulating the interfacial area between perovskite and P3HT, fast photo‐induced charge transfer rate of 0.056 ns−1, high charge transfer efficiency of 89%, ON/OFF current ratio of 104, and extremely low programming time of 5 ms can be achieved. This solution‐processable and fast photo‐programmable non‐volatile flash photomemory can trigger the practical application on Li‐Fi.
Enargite Cu3PS4: A Cu–S‐Based Thermoelectric Material with a Wurtzite‐Derivative Structure
Authors: Tanimoto Takuya , Suekuni Koichiro , Tanishita Taiki , Usui Hidetomo , Tadano Terumasa , Kamei Taiga , Saito Hikaru , Nishiate Hirotaka , Lee Chul Ho , Kuroki Kazuhiko , Ohtaki Michitaka
Published: April 2020

Compound semiconductors derived from ZnS (zincblende and wurtzite) with tetrahedral framework structures have functions for various applications. Examples of such materials include Cu–S‐based materials with zincblende‐derivative structures, which have attracted attention as thermoelectric (TE) materials over the past decade. This study illuminates superior TE performance in polycrystalline samples of enargite Cu3P1−xGexS4 with a wurtzite‐derivative structure. The substitution of Ge for P dopes holes into the top of the valence band composed of Cu‐3d and S‐3p, whereby its multiband characteristic leads to a high TE power factor. Furthermore, a reduction in the grain size to 50–300 nm can effectively decrease phonon mean free paths, leading to low thermal conductivity. These features result in a dimensionless TE figure of merit ZT of 0.5 at 673 K for the x = 0.2 sample. Environmentally benign and low‐cost characteristics of the constituent elements of Cu3PS4, as well as its high‐performance thermoelectricity, make it a promising candidate for large‐scale TE applications. Furthermore, this finding extends the development field of Cu–S‐based TE materials to those with wurtzite‐derivative structures.
Comparison of therapy‐related and de novo core binding factor acute myeloid leukemia: A bone marrow pathology group study
Authors: Rogers Heesun J. , Wang Xiaoqiong , Xie Yan , Davis Adam R. , Thakral Beenu , Wang Sa A. , Borthakur Gautam , Cantu Miguel D. , Margolskee Elizabeth M. , Philip John K. S. , Sukhanova Madina , Bagg Adam , Bueso‐Ramos Carlos E. , Orazi Attilio , Arber Daniel A. , Hsi Eric D. , Hasserjian Robert P.
Published: April 2020

This multi‐institutional study retrospectively evaluated clinicopathologic and genetic characteristics in 351 patients with core‐binding‐factor acute myeloid leukemia (CBF‐AML), comprising 69 therapy‐related (t‐CBF‐AML) and 282 de novo cases. The T‐CBF‐AML patients were older, had lower WBC counts, and slightly higher hemoglobin than patients with de novo disease. Secondary cytogenetic abnormalities were more frequent in patients with de novo disease than t‐CBF‐AML (57.1% vs 41.1%, P = .026). Patients with secondary cytogenetic abnormalities had longer overall survival (OS) than those without abnormalities (median 190 vs 87 months, P = .021); trisomy 8, trisomy 22, and loss of the X or Y chromosome were associated with longer OS. In the 165 cases performed of targeted gene sequencing, pathogenic mutations were detected in 75.7% of cases, and were more frequent in de novo than in therapy‐related disease (P = .013). Mutations were found in N/KRAS (37.0%), FLT3 (27.8%), KIT (17.2%), TET2 (4.9%), and ASXL1 (3.9%). The TET2 mutations were associated with shorter OS (P = .012) while N/KRAS mutation was associated with longer OS in t(8;21) AML patients (P = .001). The KIT mutation did not show prognostic significance in this cohort. Although they received similar therapy, t‐CBF‐AML patients had shorter OS than de novo patients (median 69 vs 190 months, P = .038). In multivariate analysis of all patients, older age and absence of any secondary cytogenetic abnormalities were significant predictors of shorter OS. Among the t‐CBF‐AML subset, age and hemoglobin were significant on multivariate analysis. This study demonstrated that although de novo and t‐CBF‐AML patients share many features, t‐CBF‐AML patients have worse clinical outcome than de novo patients.
DBU‐Promoted α‐Acylation of 2‐Oxindoles through Acyl C−C Bond Cleavage: Imidazolium Salts as an Emerging Acylating Agent
Authors: Muthuvel Karthick , Karthik Shanmugam , Gandhi Thirumanavelan
Published: April 2020

We report a direct and effective metal‐free α‐acylation of 2‐oxindoles using C‐acyl imidazolium salts as an acylating agent via C(O)−C bond cleavage. The mild reaction conditions, affordable base, additive‐free and simple substrates make this methodology very attractive for easy access to 3‐alkylidene oxindoles – privilege biologically active oxindole derivatives. The wide substrate scope and gram‐scale preparation are notable features of this methodology.
Photo–thermo Catalytic Oxidation over a TiO2‐WO3‐Supported Platinum Catalyst
Authors: Kang Leilei , Liu Xiao Yan , Wang Aiqin , Li Lin , Ren Yujing , Li Xiaoyu , Pan Xiaoli , Li Yuanyuan , Zong Xu , Liu Hua , Frenkel Anatoly I. , Zhang Tao
Published: April 2020

Photo–thermo catalysis, which integrates photocatalysis on semiconductors with thermocatalysis on supported nonplasmonic metals, has emerged as an attractive approach to improve catalytic performance. However, an understanding of the mechanisms in operation is missing from both the thermo‐ and photocatalytic perspectives. Deep insights into photo–thermo catalysis are achieved via the catalytic oxidation of propane (C3H8) over a Pt/TiO2‐WO3 catalyst that severely suffers from oxygen poisoning at high O2/C3H8 ratios. After introducing UV/Vis light, the reaction temperature required to achieve 70 % conversion of C3H8 lowers to a record‐breaking 90 °C from 324 °C and the apparent activation energy drops from 130 kJ mol−1 to 11 kJ mol−1. Furthermore, the reaction order of O2 is −1.4 in dark but reverses to 0.1 under light, thereby suppressing oxygen poisoning of the Pt catalyst. An underlying mechanism is proposed based on direct evidence of the in‐situ‐captured reaction intermediates.
Fluoroalkylation of Diazo Compounds with Diverse Rfn Reagents
Authors: Wu Shuai , Song Hai‐Xia , Zhang Cheng‐Pan
Published: April 2020

Progress in the transition‐metal‐catalyzed or ‐free fluoroalkylation of diazo compounds with different types of fluoroalkyl (Rfn) transfer reagents is summarized in this review. Special attention is focused on the straightforward trifluoromethylation, gem‐difluoroolefination, trifluoromethoxylation, fluoroalkylthiolation, and trifluoromethylselenolation of diazo substrates. The mechanistic insights and the application of some of the products are also discussed in this article. We believe that this review will inspire both young and experienced chemists to further study the direct fluoroalkylation of diazo compounds as an efficient and convenient way to build complex fluorine‐containing molecules.
Ethical considerations for research conducted with human participants in languages other than English
Authors: Eaton Sarah Elaine
Published: April 2020

Considerations for conducting ethical research with human participants in languages other than English are addressed to some extent in regulatory and guiding statements for researchers, but in ways that are minimal or vague. In this article, I examine guiding documents for research ethics from four countries: the UK, Canada, Australia and the USA, with a view to analysing how the issue of research in other languages is addressed. Specific attention is paid to four key aspects of research as it relates to language. The first is informed consent. This includes a discussion of how written forms may not be the most appropriate method to ensure consent is informed. The second aspect of language is that of translation and interpretation, including budgetary implications for research. Third, the use of intermediaries such as (but not limited to) translators and local contacts is considered. Finally, considerations for knowledge mobilisation and dissemination of findings are explored. The article concludes with recommendations for researchers, graduate supervisors and research ethics boards.
Kompass im Kopf
Authors: Fleischmann Pauline , Grob Robin , Rössler Wolfgang
Published: April 2020

Erfolgreiche räumliche Orientierung ist für viele Tiere eine alltägliche Herausforderung. Cataglyphis‐Wüstenameisen sind bekannt für ihre Navigationsfähigkeiten, mit deren Hilfe sie nach langen Futtersuchläufen problemlos zum Nest zurückfinden. Wie aber nehmen naive Ameisen ihre Navigationssysteme in Betrieb? Nach mehrwöchigem Innendienst im dunklen Nest werden sie zu Sammlerinnen bei hellem Sonnenschein. Dieser Wechsel erfordert einen drastischen Wandel im Verhalten sowie neuronale Veränderungen im Gehirn. Erfahrene Ameisen orientieren sich vor allem visuell, sie nutzen einen Himmelskompass und Landmarkenpanoramen. Daher absolvieren naive Ameisen stereotype Lernläufe, um ihren Kompass zu kalibrieren und die Nestumgebung kennenzulernen. Während der Lernläufe blicken sie wiederholt zum Nesteingang zurück und prägen sich so ihren Heimweg ein. Zur Ausrichtung ihrer Blicke nutzen sie das Erdmagnetfeld als Kompassreferenz. Cataglyphis‐Ameisen besitzen hierfür einen Magnetkompass, der bislang unbekannt war.
Was Fischparasiten über ihre Umwelt preisgeben
Authors: Pietrock Michael
Published: April 2020

Parasitismus ist in der Natur weit verbreitet und wird als einer der erfolgreichsten Lebensstile angesehen. Im Gegensatz dazu führen parasitologische Themen in biologischen Lehrbüchern und Lehrplänen jedoch meist nur ein Schattendasein und adressieren vor allem human‐ und veterinärpathologische Aspekte. Gleichwohl können ökologische Auswirkungen von Parasiten sehr vielschichtig sein. In der Gewässerforschung kann die Erhebung parasitologischer Daten mit relativ kostengünstigen und einfachen (mikroskopischen) Methoden zahlreiche Zusatzinformationen liefern, so z. B. zur Biologie der Wirte, zu trophischen Interaktionen, zur Biodiversität und Qualität aquatischer Lebensräume. Kenntnisse zu den Lebenszyklen und Übertragungswegen der Schmarotzer sind jedoch erforderlich, um aus parasitologischen Daten den größtmöglichen Nutzen für die Beantwortung gewässerökologischer Fragen zu ziehen.
Warum ist Hybridsaat oft besonders ertragreich?
Authors: Kronberg Inge
Published: April 2020

Pflanzenhybride zeigen verglichen mit ihren reinerbigen Eltern oft besseres Wachstum, ausgedehntere Blütezeiten, höhere Erträge und stärkere Widerstandsfähigkeit. Dieser als Heterosis bezeichnete Effekt wird schon seit Generationen in der Landwirtschaft und Pflanzenzucht genutzt. Aber erst seit vergleichende Genom‐ und Transkriptomanalysen von Eltern und Nachkommen möglich sind, verbessert sich das Verständnis der zugrundeliegenden genetischen, biochemischen und physiologischen Ursachen. Das kann helfen, günstige Kombinationen für neue Hybridsorten vorherzusagen.
Ein Pionier der chemischen Ökologie: Zum 100. Todestag von Christian Ernst Stahl
Authors: Mithöfer Axel
Published: April 2020

Am 3. Dezember 2019 jährte sich zum 100. Mal der Todestag von Christian Ernst Stahl (1848–1919), Professor für Botanik in Jena. Ernst Stahl war wohl der erste, der konsequent Feldbeobachtungen mit Laborexperimenten verband. Er wies die Bedeutung von Sekundärmetaboliten in der pflanzlichen Verteidigung gegen herbivore Organismen nach und sah Sekundärstoffe nicht als Abfallprodukte an, sondern als evolutives Resultat des Selektionsdrucks durch Herbivorie. Obwohl er zu den Pionieren der chemischen Ökologie gehört, gerieten er und seine Arbeiten weitgehend in Vergessenheit – zu Unrecht.
Biologische Musterbildung und ihre Simulation mit der Programmiersprache Python
Authors: Kubetschek Nico
Published: April 2020

In der Natur kommt es häufig zu verschiedenen Formen von Musterbildungen. Betrachtet man zum Beispiel die Felle verschiedener Tiere wie Giraffen, Leoparden oder Zebras, so können diese über bestimmte räumliche Muster charakterisiert werden. Aber nicht nur optisch direkt sichtbare Phänomene wie die Tierfelle, sondern auch Prozesse wie die Räuber‐Beute‐Beziehung, welche über einen längeren Zeitraum die Wechselwirkung zwischen einer Räuber‐ und einer Beutepopulation beschreibt, bilden Muster bezüglich der Populationsdichte aus.
Die „Sunk Cost“‐Falle
Authors: Hauk Andrea
Published: April 2020

Fehlentscheidungen sind menschlich. Wir aber lassen in unserer neuen Serie „Management‐Fallstricke“ einmal die Tiere zu Wort kommen. In Form von Fabeln vermittelt unsere Autorin Andrea Hauk in anschaulicher Weise typische Denkfehler, die auf allen Managementebenen zu Hause sind. Vielleicht sind Sie ja selbst auch schon einmal in die eine oder andere Falle getappt?
Three‐dimensional volumetric measurement of the aortic root compared to standard two‐dimensional measurements using cardiac computed tomography
Authors: Suzuki Masataka , Mori Shumpei , Izawa Yu , Shimoyama Shinsuke , Takahashi Yu , Toh Hiroyuki , Tsuda Daisuke , Toba Takayoshi , Fujiwara Sei , Tanaka Hidekazu , Hirata Ken‐ichi , Anderson Robert H. , Tretter Justin T.
Published: April 2020

Introduction

Two‐dimensional measurements are self‐evidently limited when seeking accurately to represent the three‐dimensional complexity of the aortic root. Volumetric measurement, therefore, seems an ideal alternative for a more accurate assessment.

Materials and Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 123 individuals undergoing cardiac computed tomography. We measured the dimensions of the sinuses of Valsalva using routine multiplanar short axis imaging. Three conventional two‐dimensional methods were applied to measure the dimensions of the sinuses. These involved bisecting center of sinus‐to‐center of interleaflet triangle measures, along with center of sinus‐to‐center of sinus, and largest sinus‐to‐sinus measurements. We then quantified the volumes of the root using the volume‐rendering method.

Results

The mean dimensions of the sinuses were significantly greater when measured using the largest sinus‐to‐sinus method as opposed to center of sinus‐to‐center of interleaflet triangle and center of sinus‐to‐center of sinus methods (33.6 ± 3.6 mm vs. 31.1 ± 3.1 mm and 30.9 ± 3.3 mm, p < .0001). The mean root volume of 13.6 ± 4.2 ml showed the strongest correlation with the mean dimensions of the sinuses of Valsalva measured using the bisecting method (R2 = .8401, p < .0001).

Conclusions

By using two‐ and three‐dimensional measurements, we have provided average data for the structurally normal aortic root. The differences and correlations encountered should be noted when evaluating and following changes in the diseased root.
‘How can you be strong all the time?’ Discourses of stoicism in the first counselling session of young male clients
Authors: Martin Sam
Published: April 2020

Background

Being ‘strong and silent’ has long been a definitive masculine stereotype. However, research shows that stoicism and the strict control of feelings can contribute to grave consequences for young men who suffer with depression.

Aim

This study aims to explore stoicism in the talk of young male clients in their first counselling session.

Method

Recordings of the first counselling sessions of six male university students attending a university counselling and psychotherapy research clinic, were listened to, transcribed and analysed using a Foucauldian method of discourse analysis.

Results/Findings

Discourses of stoicism presented a number of different, often opposing, constructions. The male clients were aware of a ‘strong and silent’ masculinity and talked about a number of conflicts when coming to counselling. They were seen to negotiate with the counsellor the struggle to share and express feelings while maintaining a masculine identity. Stoicism was constructed as a useful emotional resilience but also as a dysfunctional barrier to showing caring feelings.

Conclusions

This research enhances understanding of conflicts of stoicism in counselling for practitioners working with young male clients. The findings can contribute to professional practice by helping practitioners recognise the tension for male clients opening up and expressing their feelings to a counsellor, as well as encouraging practitioners to respond in a way that opens up a dialogue about constricting masculine stereotypes.
‘It was almost like the opposite of what I needed’: A qualitative exploration of client experiences of unhelpful therapy
Authors: Bowie Christine , McLeod Julia , McLeod John
Published: April 2020

Background

The issue of unhelpful and harmful therapy outcome has received an increasing amount of attention within the research literature in recent years. However, little research exists on the client's perspective of what constitutes unhelpful therapy.

Aim

The aim of this study was to explore clients’ experiences of unhelpful therapy.

Method

Semi‐structured interviews were carried out with ten therapists who, as clients, experienced unhelpful therapy. Interview transcripts were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis.

Findings

Participants recounted therapy episodes characterised by an absence of negotiation, collaboration and care; pivotal moments when they knew that they would not return; and ongoing negative effects.

Conclusions

The findings of this study have implications for training and strategies for supporting clients who have been harmed by therapy.
Insights into the Charge Storage Mechanism of Li3VO4 Anode Materials for Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Asakura Ryo , Bolli Christoph , Novák Petr , Robert Rosa
Published: April 2020

Ball‐milled Li3VO4 (LVO) offers higher practical specific charge values and better cycle stability than the pristine, μm‐scale material due to improved electronic conductivity within the electrode. Although the theoretical specific charge of LVO is estimated to be 592 mAh g−1, its practical reversible specific charge retains 220 mAh g−1 (1.12 Li+) on long‐term cycling. At a very low rate of C/200 (=3 mA g−1), ball‐milled Li3VO4‐based anodes accomplish an almost full lithiation state of x=2.97 Li+ in Li3+xVO4. At the end of the first delithiation, the recovered LVO phase is able to only reversibly (de)lithiate about 1.8 Li+ in the following cycles. A careful investigation of the charge storage mechanism of LVO by operando X‐ray diffraction revealed that the irreversible specific charge “loss” in the first cycle is mainly associated with an irreversible structural transformation via an intermediate phase on the first lithiation of LVO that leads to clear mechanistic differences in the reaction pathways between the first lithiation and delithiation.
Nickel Cobalt Phosphite Nanorods Decorated with Carbon Nanotubes as Bifunctional Electrocatalysts in Alkaline Medium with a High Yield of Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Sathiskumar Chinnusamy , Alex Chandraraj , John Neena S.
Published: April 2020

It is highly desirable to develop an energy generation system comprising a low‐cost and earth‐abundant non‐noble metal catalyst for bifunctional electrocatalysis with good overall process performance, especially for applications in fuel cells or metal‐air batteries. In this report, we show that nickel cobalt phosphite (NiCo−Phi) decorated with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can perform as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution and oxygen reduction reactions (OER and ORR, respectively). The NiCo−Phi/CNT composite is synthesized by employing a simple, single‐step hydrothermal method. The morphology of the composite consists of nanorod bundles of NiCo−Phi decorated with CNTs. The synthesized NiCo−Phi/CNT composite exhibits enhanced electrochemical OER activity with an overpotential of 400 mV at a current density of 10 mA/cm2 and a Tafel slope value of 117 mV dec−1 in 1 M KOH, possessing high stability towards the OER for 20 h. The ORR using the same catalyst shows an onset potential of 0.75 V and a Tafel slope of 100 mV dec−1 in 0.1 M KOH with high‐yield production of H2O2 (85 %). The predominant formation of H2O2 occurs mainly through a two‐electron transfer process, as established by mass‐controlled kinetic studies and has not been observed previously in these phosphorous oxy anion‐based materials. The superior bifunctional nature of NiCo−Phi/CNT towards the OER and ORR arises from the synergistic effect of doped metal phosphites and CNTs.
In Situ Synthesis and Applications for Polyinterhalides Based on BrCl
Authors: Schmidt Benjamin , Ponath Sebastian , Hannemann Johannes , Voßnacker Patrick , Sonnenberg Karsten , Christmann Mathias , Riedel Sebastian
Published: April 2020

The use of neat BrCl in organic and inorganic chemistry is limited due to its gaseous aggregate state and especially its decomposition into Cl2 and Br2. The stabilization of BrCl in form of reactive ionic liquids via a novel in situ synthesis route shifts this equilibrium drastically to the BrCl side, which leads to safer and easier‐to‐handle interhalogenation reagents. Furthermore, the crystalline derivatives of the hitherto unknown [Cl(BrCl)2]− and [Cl(BrCl)4]− anions were synthesized and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Raman and IR spectroscopy, as well as quantum chemical calculations.
Zelkovamycin is an OXPHOS Inhibitory Member of the Argyrin Natural Product Family
Authors: Krahn Daniel , Heilmann Geronimo , Vogel Felix C. E. , Papadopoulos Chrisovalantis , Zweerink Susanne , Kaschani Farnusch , Meyer Hemmo , Roesch Alexander , Kaiser Markus
Published: April 2020

Natural products (NPs) are an important inspirational source for developing drugs and chemical probes. In 1999, the group of Ōmura reported the constitutional elucidation of zelkovamycin. Although largely unrecognized so far, this NP displays structural similarities as well as differences to the argyrin NP family, a class of peptidic NPs with promising anticancer activities and diverse mode‐of‐action at the molecular level. By a combination of structure elucidation experiments, the first total synthesis of zelkovamycin and bioassays, the zelkovamycin configuration was determined and its previously proposed molecular structure was revised. The full structure assignment proves zelkovamycin as an additional member of the argyrins with however unique OXPHOS inhibitory properties. Zelkovamycin may therefore not only serve as a new starting point for chemical inhibitors of the OXPHOS system, but also guide customized argyrin NP isolation and biosynthesis studies.
Novel Flexible Electrochemical Microreactor and its Validation by Three Model Electrosyntheses
Authors: Ziogas Athanassios , Hofmann Christian , Baranyai Sebastian , Löb Patrick , Kolb Gunther
Published: April 2020

A novel flexible electrochemical microreactor has been developed. Flexibility is reached by a modular design, suitability for a broad process parameter range including high pressure operation, and accessibility of production scale. Selected reactor aspects have been validated by applying the reactor to three different electrosyntheses: synthesis of tailor‐made mixtures of paraffins by Kolbe electrolysis, cation flow method, and synthesis of peroxodicarbonate. High conversion rates, yields, selectivities, and Faraday efficiency levels have been observed, showing precise process control.
Power‐to‐Gas: CO2 Methanation Concepts for SNG Production at the Engler‐Bunte‐Institut
Authors: Held Mathias , Schollenberger Dominik , Sauerschell Simon , Bajohr Siegfried , Kolb Thomas
Published: April 2020

Power‐to‐Gas approaches comprise different activities to store electric power in form of gaseous energy carriers like hydrogen or methane. The synthesis of SNG (substitute natural gas) and its injection into the natural gas grid allows the utilization of the well‐established infrastructure for natural gas storage, distribution and utilization without the need for further changes to the energy system. At the Engler‐Bunte‐Institut research focuses on catalytic methanation in catalytically coated metallic honeycomb reactors and in slurry bubble column reactors with the aim of evaluating alternative reactor concepts offering optimized heat transfer characteristics as well as maximizing the possibility of dynamic operation. Both concepts are attractive for small to medium scale power‐to‐gas applications. Hence, a scale‐up was performed for bothreactor concepts with the aim of implementation on commercial scale.
Keine Angst vor der Entropie
Authors: Müller‐Plathe Florian
Published: April 2020

Die rein klassisch‐thermodynamische Deutung der Entropie ist folgende: Die Änderung der Entropie eines Systems ist proportional zur relativen Änderung der thermischen Energie dieses Systems (Gleichung 3) durch reversiblen Transfer von Wärme; der Proportionalitätsfaktor ist nR. Diese Interpretation gilt in differentieller Form immer. In integraler Form gilt sie nur, wenn der Wärmetransfer isotherm verläuft (Gleichung 5).

Diese klassische‐thermodynamische Interpretation der Entropie ist konsistent mit der rein statistischen Betrachtung der Entropie und kann aus den Entropie‐Definitionen von Boltzmann (Gleichung 6) oder Gibbs (Gleichung 9) abgeleitet werden.

Bringt man die klassische und die statistische Definition der reduzierten Entropie zusammen, so erschließt sich unmittelbar, dass auch Änderungen in der Mikrozustandsverteilung von der relativen, nicht der absoluten Menge transferierter thermischer Energie bestimmt werden.

Didaktik: Im Rahmen des Chemiestudiums lässt sich mit Punkt 1 die Entropie in der klassischen Thermodynamik ohne Vorgriff auf die statistischen Definitionen interpretieren. Die Äquivalenz von klassischem und statistischem Ergebnis bietet die Möglichkeit zur späteren Auffrischung des Sachverhalts innerhalb der statistischen Thermodynamik.
Patient personality and psychotherapist reactions in individual psychotherapy setting: a systematic review
Authors: Stefana Alberto , Bulgari Viola , Youngstrom Eric A. , Dakanalis Antonios , Bordin Chiara , Hopwood Christopher J.
Published: April 2020

Despite the importance of psychotherapists' subjective experiencse working with patients with mental issues, little is known about the relationship between therapists' emotional reactions and patients' personality problems. The present study is a systematic review of quantitative research on the association between patients' personality pathology and psychotherapists' emotional, cognitive and behavioural reactions in individual psychotherapy setting. A systematic database search (from January 1980 to August 2019) supplemented by manual searches of references and citations identified seven relevant studies. Significant and consistent relationships were found between therapist reactions and specific personality traits or disorders. In general, odd and eccentric patients tend to evoke feelings of distance and disconnection; emotionally dysregulated patients tend to evoke anxiety and incompetence, and anxious and withdrawn patients tend to evoke sympathy and concern. However, the relatively small sample of studies and methodological inconsistencies across studies limit firm conclusions and suggest the need for more systematic research. Findings from this review indicate that patients who share the same personality disorder or symptoms tend to evoke specific and similar cognitive, emotional and behavioural reactions in their therapists. This suggests that therapists overall reactions toward patients may be source of valuable diagnostic information.
Performance of eight‐color dry antibody reagent in the detection of minimal residual disease in chronic lymphocytic leukemia samples
Authors: Bento Laiz , Correia Rodolfo , de Sousa Flávia , Vaz Andressa , Pedro Eduardo , Schimidell Daniela , Millan Nadila , Passaro Marilia , Barroso Rodrigo , Bacal Nydia
Published: April 2020

Background

Minimal residual disease (MRD) in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has prognostic and predictive significance. One of the approaches to detect MRD by flow cytometry (FC) is the use of dry antibody reagents such as DuraClone® RE CLB (Beckman Coulter—BC). The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the DuraClone® RE CLB in detecting MRD in CLL compared to liquid reagents.

Methods

DuraClone® RE CLB is composed by CD81FITC, ROR1PE, CD79bPC5.5, CD19PC7, CD5APC, CD43APCA750, CD20PB, and CD45KrO. For the liquid reagent assay, we used CD43FITC, ROR1PE, CD3ECD, CD5PC5.5, CD20PC7, CD79bAPC, CD19APC750, CD81 APCH7, and CD45KrO. The liquid and dry tubes were used to detect 20 MRD‐positive CLL samples. The samples were analyzed using Radar Plots Kaluza Software (BC).

Results

The statistical correlation between the liquid and dry reagents was acceptable (R2 = .9583) and no discrepancy was observed in MRD percentages. The average of the total number of acquired events in DuraClone® RE CLB was 758.583 (362.632–2.290.387), which allowed accurate sensitivity for the FC assay. The lowest MRD frequency detected by DuraClone® RE CLB was 0.01%, corresponding to a cluster with 106 events in a total of 737.030. The radar plots allowed the discrimination between normal B‐cell population and CLL cells.

Conclusion

The DuraClone® RE CLB method allowed the accurate detection of MRD in clinical and interlaboratorial CLL samples, thereby supporting the use of this method to potentially increase productivity, reduce pipetting‐associated errors and cost, and allow better standardization.
Advanced glycation end products reduce macrophage‐mediated killing of Staphylococcus aureus by ARL8 upregulation and inhibition of autolysosome formation
Authors: Xie Xiaoying , Yang Chuan , Duan Chaohui , Chen Hongxing , Zeng Tingting , Huang Songyin , Li Hongyu , Ren Meng , Lin Wei‐Jye , Yan Li
Published: April 2020

Staphylococcus aureus, a pathogen most frequently found in diabetic foot ulcer infection, was recently suggested as an intracellular pathogen. Autophagy in professional phagocytes like macrophages allows selective destruction of intracellular pathogens, and its dysfunction can increase the survival of internalized pathogens, causing infections to worsen and spread. Previous works have shown that S. aureus infections in diabetes appeared more severe and invasive, and coincided with the suppressed autophagy in dermal tissues of diabetic rat, but the exact mechanisms are unclear. Here, we demonstrated that accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) contributed to the diminished autophagy‐mediated clearance of S. aureus in the macrophages differentiated from PMA‐treated human monocytic cell line THP‐1. Importantly, infected macrophages showed increased S. aureus containing autophagosome, but the subsequent fusion of S. aureus containing autophagosome and lysosome was suppressed in AGEs‐pretreated cells, suggesting AGEs blocked the autophagic flux and enabled S. aureus survival and escape. At the molecular level, elevated lysosomal ARL8 expression in AGEs‐treated macrophages was required for AGEs‐mediated inhibition of autophagosome‐lysosome fusion. Silencing ARL8 in AGEs‐treated macrophages restored autophagic flux and increased S. aureus clearance. Our results therefore demonstrate a new mechanism, in which AGEs accelerate S. aureus immune evasion in macrophages by ARL8‐dependent suppression of autophagosome‐lysosome fusion and bactericidal capability.
Intact and middle‐down CIEF of commercial therapeutic monoclonal antibody products under non‐denaturing conditions
Authors: Schmailzl Johannes , Vorage Marcel W. , Stutz Hanno
Published: April 2020

A two‐step CIEF with chemical mobilization was developed for charge profiling of the therapeutic mAb rituximab under non‐denaturing separation conditions. CIEF of the intact mAb was combined with a middle‐down approach analyzing Fc/2 and F(ab´)2 fragments after digest with a commercial cysteine protease (IdeS). CIEF methods were optimized separately for the intact mAb and its fragments due to their divergent pIs. Best resolution was achieved by combining Pharmalyte (PL) 8–10.5 with PL 3–10 for variants of intact rituximab and of F(ab´)2 fragments, respectively, whereas PL 6.7–7.7 in combination with PL 3–10 was used for Fc/2 variants. Charge heterogeneity in Fc/2 dominates over F(ab´)2. In addition, a copy product of rituximab, and adalimumab were analyzed. Both mAbs contain additional alkaline C‐terminal lysine variants as confirmed by digest with carboxypeptidase B. The optimized CIEF methods for intact mAb and Fc/2 were tested for their potential as platform approaches for these mAbs. The CIEF method for Fc/2 was slightly adapted in this process. The pI values for major intact mAb variants were determined by adjacent pI markers resulting in 9.29 (rituximab) and 8.42 (adalimumab). In total, seven to eight charge variants could be distinguished for intact adalimumab and rituximab, respectively.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone‐Mediated In Situ Synthesis of Well‐Connected Ni3V2O8/C Nanocomposite Anode for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zheng Yan-Zhen , Yang Ningning , Qin Pengcheng , Lv Xinding , Wu Qibing , Shan Xin , Yao Yixin , Ding Haiyang , Tao Xia
Published: April 2020

A Ni3V2O8/C nanocomposite (nano‐NVO/C) is prepared using a facile solvothermal and postcalcination method, in which polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is adopted as the carbon source and simultaneously prevents the aggregation of Ni3V2O8 nanoparticles to enable in situ formation of highly dispersed Ni3V2O8 nanoparticles around amorphous C. Microstructural characterization shows that elastic amorphous C serves as filler to fill the voids within Ni3V2O8 nanoparticles, bridging the Ni3V2O8 nanoparticles, improving electron transport ability, and withstanding the crystal stress coming from Li+ insertion/extraction. As a consequence, the electrochemical performances including discharge capacity, cycling stability, and rate capacity of nano‐NVO/C are greatly enhanced, delivering a superior cycling capacity of 1284 mA h g−1 at a current density of 0.3 A g−1 after 300 cycles. Electrochemical kinetics studies show that the charge storage in nano‐NVO/C is controlled by the pseudocapacitive mechanism.
Mammal species composition reveals new insights into Earth's remaining wilderness
Authors: Belote R Travis , Faurby Søren , Brennan Angela , Carter Neil H , Dietz Matthew S , Hahn Beth , McShea William J , Gage Josh
Published: April 2020

Maps of the human footprint allow ecologists to identify the wildest lands on the planet, track their decline, and prioritize wildland conservation efforts. Other research efforts have mapped biological intactness and identified conservation priorities to protect biodiversity. However, little research has involved the use of historical references to evaluate intactness of species composition globally. We used a dataset estimating historical and current distributions of mammals to address whether the wildest places on Earth support the most intact mammal communities. Contrary to our expectations, we found that the global human footprint was not strongly correlated with mammal community intactness and uncovered surprising situations where both the human footprint and mammal species intactness were high, and other examples where both were low. Our results could be used to enhance maps and estimates of global wilderness areas by identifying wild and intact regions, while also prioritizing conservation of intact but human‐modified landscapes.
Coupling relationship between sedimentary basin and Moho morphology in the South Yellow Sea, East China
Authors: Zhang Ruoyu , Yang Fengli , Zhao Chongjin , Zhang Jianwei , Qiu Erkang
Published: April 2020

The development of the sedimentary basin in the South Yellow Sea that lies between the Chinese mainland and the Korean Peninsula well documents the tectonic evolution of eastern China. However, the Moho morphology and its relationship with the basin in this area remain poorly understood. Here we used high‐resolution 2D seismic lines and well data to map the geometry, structure, and distribution of the sedimentary basin in the South Yellow Sea. Our results suggest that the South Yellow Sea Basin can be divided into two distinct depressions and three uplifts. The depressions consist of eight depositional sags that are largely controlled by ENE‐, EW‐, and WNW‐striking normal faults. The basin depth reaches 9,500 m in the depressions, but is only <2000 m in the uplift zones. Calculated using a gravity stripping method, the Moho depth varies between 27.4 and 31.5 km. The basin is isostatically compensated and the Moho morphology approximately mirrors that of the basin basement. The Moho lows correspond to the uplift zones and Moho highs correspond to the depression zones, with exception of a sag in the Northern Depression. This exception is caused by the presence of a geological body of high velocity and high density beneath the sag. This body is likely to represent high‐pressure metamorphic rock that initially formed during the collision between the Sino‐Korean and Yangtze cratons and are currently overlain by the sedimentary basin. Based on the stretching factors and strain rates of the South Yellow Sea Basin, we propose that development of the basin was primarily driven by the subduction and retreat of the Pacific Plate since the Late Cretaceous, combined by far‐field effects from the convergence between the Indian and Eurasian plates during the Cenozoic.
Cerebellar–cortical dysconnectivity in resting‐state associated with sensorimotor tasks in schizophrenia
Authors: Kim Dae‐Jin , Moussa‐Tooks Alexandra B. , Bolbecker Amanda R. , Apthorp Deborah , Newman Sharlene D. , O'Donnell Brian F. , Hetrick William P.
Published: April 2020

Abnormalities of cerebellar function have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Since the cerebellum has afferent and efferent projections to diverse brain regions, abnormalities in cerebellar lobules could affect functional connectivity with multiple functional systems in the brain. Prior studies, however, have not examined the relationship of individual cerebellar lobules with motor and nonmotor resting‐state functional networks. We evaluated these relationships using resting‐state fMRI in 30 patients with a schizophrenia‐spectrum disorder and 37 healthy comparison participants. For connectivity analyses, the cerebellum was parcellated into 18 lobular and vermal regions, and functional connectivity of each lobule to 10 major functional networks in the cerebrum was evaluated. The relationship between functional connectivity measures and behavioral performance on sensorimotor tasks (i.e., finger‐tapping and postural sway) was also examined. We found cerebellar–cortical hyperconnectivity in schizophrenia, which was predominantly associated with Crus I, Crus II, lobule IX, and lobule X. Specifically, abnormal cerebellar connectivity was found to the cerebral ventral attention, motor, and auditory networks. This cerebellar–cortical connectivity in the resting‐state was differentially associated with sensorimotor task‐based behavioral measures in schizophrenia and healthy comparison participants—that is, dissociation with motor network and association with nonmotor network in schizophrenia. These findings suggest that functional association between individual cerebellar lobules and the ventral attentional, motor, and auditory networks is particularly affected in schizophrenia. They are also consistent with dysconnectivity models of schizophrenia suggesting cerebellar contributions to a broad range of sensorimotor and cognitive operations.