bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cerebrospinal angiostrongyliasis in five captive tamarins (Sanguinus spp)
Authors: CARLISLE MS , PROCIV P. , GRENNAN J. , PASS MA , CAMPBELL GL , MUDIE A.
Published: March 2008

Four cotton‐top tamarins (Sanguinus oedipus oedipus) and one emperor tamarin (S imperator subgrisescens) housed in a zoo became depressed, anorexic, paraparetic and eventually paralysed. The animals died within 5 days to 18 months of the appearance of clinical signs. Histological examination showed nonsuppurative and eosinophilic meningoencephalitis, and metastrongyle nematode larvae were found within subarachnoid spaces of all animals and within the spinal cord of one. Intact larvae with features consistent with Angiostrongylus cantonensis were recovered from the brain of one animal. This parasite is the classical cause of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis in many parts of the world and the diagnosis can be strongly suspected on clinical grounds. In endemic areas like south‐east Queensland, protection of captive animals against infection with A cantonensisi s a difficult balance between providing a stimulating, natural setting and eliminating potentially infectious definitive, intermediate and paratenic hosts… This is the first report of cerebrospinal angiostrongyliasis in tamarins and nonhuman primates in Australia.
Investigation of osteochondrosis in grazing beef cattle
Authors: HILL BD , SUTTON RH , THOMPSON H.
Published: March 2008

Severe lameness attributed to osteochondrosis is described in an extensively managed Brahman herd grazing on improved native pasture. Clinical signs were observed in five animals, three of which were necropsied. The most prominent lesions were in the elbow and stifle joints. There was multiple fissuring and ulceration of thickened articular cartilage with numerous osteochondral bodies present in the joint spaces. All affected animals were entire males sharing a common ancestral sire. Inheritance and gender were suspected to be contributing factors in the development of the disease.
Descriptive epidemiological study on culling and deaths in eight dairy herds
Authors: STEVENSON MA , LEAN IJ
Published: March 2008

Objectives To describe the production and reproduction characteristics of the population under investigation and to compare them with the target population of non‐seasonally calving dairy herds, to describe the pattern of culling with respect to length of productive life and length of time after calving, and to identify stages of the production cycle that are associated with increased risk of culling from the dairy herd.

Design A longitudinal population study of eight non‐seasonally calving dairy herds in the Camden district of New South Wales.

Results The production and reproduction characteristics of this population were broadly similar to herds participating in the New South Wales Agriculture Dairy Herd Improvement scheme. In agreement with recent surveys, risk of culling increased with increased parity. This was accounted for specifically by increased risk of culling for calving disorders, reproductive tract lesions, and disorders of the udder. Risk of culling for failure to conceive appeared to remain constant throughout productive life. The overall risks for culling were greatest during the first 9 days after calving and 300 days after calving.

Conclusion Reducing the incidence of calving‐associated disorders, attention to reproductive management and control of herd mastitis offer opportunities to reduce involuntary culling rates in this population.
Survey of predation by domestic cats
Authors: ROBERTSON ID
Published: March 2008

Objectives To calculate the proportion of house cats which were observed by their owners to have caught prey and to describe the characteristics of these cats.

Design and procedure A telephone questionnaire was administered to a randomly selected population of 458 cat owners in metropolitan Perth. Specific questions were asked about demographic characteristics, habits and diets of the cats, and whether the owners had observed their cats catch prey in the 12 month period preceding the survey.

Results The owners of 36% of 644 cats had observed their cats with prey in the 12 month period preceding the survey. Cats which spent more time outside, were neutered, cross‐bred, originated from households with only one or two cats or were not fed meat were significantly more likely to be observed to predate. The body condition and diet (other than feeding meat) of cats did not influence the reported frequency of predation.

Conclusion Although cats are only one factor involved in the reduction in the numbers and diversity of Australian wildlife, restriction of the outside activities of cats is likely to diminish predation, particularly in areas close to native vegetation.
Chronic gypsum fertiliser ingestion as a significant contributor to a multifactorial cattle mortality
Authors: BOURKE CA , OTTAWAY SJ
Published: March 2008

Objective To assess the validity of claims that heavy metal contamination from an open‐cut mine caused the death of 226 cattle on a nearby farm over a period of 18 months, and to investigate other possible contributing factors.

Procedure A retrospective assessment of previous investigations combinded with additional chemical analyses.

Results Extensive chemical analyses produced no evidence of heavy metal contamination associated with the mine. Analysis of bones indicated exposure to fluoride in greater than normal amounts. The main source of fluoride seems to have been gypsum that was included in a feed supplement and also ingested from fertiliser dumps on paddocks. The gypsum itself may have contributed significantly to the ill health. Other factors probably affected some classes of animals, notably the young calves.

Conclusions What originally seemed to be a disease problem of single aetiology probably was an expression of interacting multifactorial causes. This investigation has highlighted the potential toxicity of gypsum to livestock and the need for further studies to establish its basis.
Bluetongue virus serotypes 1 and 3 infection in Poll Dorset sheep
Authors: HAMBLIN C. , SALT JS , GRAHAM SD , HOPWOOD K. , WADE‐EVANS AM
Published: March 2008

Objective To study the clinical signs following bluetongue virus serotypes 1 and 3 infection in Poll Dorset sheep.

Design A clinical and pathological study.

Procedure Twenty Poll Dorset sheep were inoculated with bluetongue virus serotypes 1 or 3, each inoculum having a different passage history. The sheep were examined daily and their clinical appearance and rectal temperatures recorded. Heparinised and non‐heparinised blood samples were taken at intervals for virological and serological study. Gross pathological findings were recorded for several sheep at necropsy and tissue samples were collected from three sheep for virological studies.

Results All inoculated sheep developed clinical disease. The clinical signs and gross pathological changes varied considerably but were consistent with damage to the vascular endothelial system. There was a decline in the titres of infectious bluetongue virus and of antigen in tissues collected between 7 and 12 days after infection.

Conclusions The severity of disease was related to the speed of onset and duration of pyrexia and not the development or titre of viraemia. Generally, those animals with sensitive mouths, depression, coronitis, recumbency and reluctance to move were the most debilitated. Whole blood was the most reliable source of infectious virus from acutely and chronically infected and convalescent animals. However, tissue samples particularly spleen, collected from dead or killed animals suffering from either peracute or acute forms of disease were most appropriate for the rapid confirmation of a clinical diagnosis.
Progressive tetraparesis and laryngeal paralysis in a young Rottweiler with neuronal vacuolation and axonal degeneration: an Australian case
Authors: EGER CE , HUXTABLE CRR , CHESTER ZC , SUMMERS BA
Published: March 2008

A 5‐month‐old female Rottweiler dog was diagnosed to have a neurodegenerative disease that has been recently report ed in Rottweilers from North America and Europe. The dog was presented with progressive signs of ataxia, tetraparesis and inspiratory stridor. The clinical investigation included analysis of CSF, radiography, myelography and electrophysiolog‐ical testing. No evidence of vertebral malformation or inflammatory CNS disease was identified. Bilateral laryngeal paraly sis was identified in the lightly anaesthetised dog. Electromyography showed abnormal spontaneous activity from the intrin sic musculature of the larynx. At necropsy there were no gross abnormalities of the nervous system but there was atrophy of the dorsal cricoarytenoid muscles of the larynx. There were widespread histological abnormalities throughout the ner vous system including neuronal vacuolation, spongiform changes in the neuropil and axonal degeneration which was most prominent in the spinal cord. These clinical and pathological findings are consistent with the diagnosis of a new neurode‐generative disease reported from North America and Europe. This diagnosis is of particular significance in Australia where transmissible spongiform encephalopathies have not been identified.
A severity score for spontaneous canine acute pancreatitis
Authors: RUAUX CG , ATWELL RB
Published: March 2008

Objective To derive a severity score for spontaneous canine acute pancreatitis applicable to general practice.

Design Cohort study of canine pancreatitis cases.

Procedure Cases (n = 68) of spontaneous canine acute pancreatitis presented to general practitioners were identified among accessions to Veterinary Pathology Services Brisbane. The primary veterinarian was surveyed by telephone to ascertain the outcome of each case. Scores were assigned for extent of hyperamylasaemia, hyperlipasaemia and number of organ systems other than the pancreas compromised. The probability of mortality with each score of each analyte was calculated. The strength of interaction between scores for each analyte and mortality rate was assessed by chi‐square analysis where appropriate. Relationships between the organ system score, other physiological variables and likelihood of euthanasia were analysed.

Results Scores derived mathematically from analysis of enzyme activities had poor abilities to predict mortality. The score based upon the number of organ systems compromised showed good ability to predict mortality and the interaction between the organ system score and mortality rate was significant by chi‐square analysis (P < 0.01). Distribution of data within the amylase and lipase scores was not compatible with chi‐square analysis.

Conclusion Assessment of severity of spontaneous canine acute pancreatitis using pancreatic enzyme activities is potentially inaccurate. The use of a severity score based upon organ system compromise was more accurate in determining the likelihood of mortality in spontaneous canine acute pancreatitis. This is compatible with the hypothesis that severe canine acute pancreatitis is a multiple organ failure syndrome.
Use of clomipramine in the treatment of anxiety‐related and obsessive‐compulsive disorders in cats
Authors: SEKSEL K. , LINDEMAN MJ
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and tolerance of a treatment protocol for anxiety‐related and obsessive‐compulsive disorders in cats.

DesignA study was undertaken to assess the clinical response in cats diagnosed with anxiety‐related or obsessive‐compulsive disorders to a treatment regimen that included clomipramine and behaviour modification.

ProcedureThe study group of 11 cats was acquired through referral. A detailed behavioural and clinical history was obtained. Presenting signs were urine spraying in seven cases, overgrooming in three and excessive vocalisation in one. Clomipramine was administered orally once daily. The mean starting dose was 0.4 mg/kg. If necessary, the dose was adjusted according to the clinical response of each cat. A behaviour modification program was designed and the owner instructed on its implementation. Cats were to continue on medication for at least 1 month after clinical signs disappeared, then medication withdrawal was to be attempted by decreasing the clomipramine dose progressively at weekly intervals while the behaviour modification program continued.

ResultsIn all cases the presenting clinical sign was largely improved or disappeared. One cat was removed from the study by the owner. Four cats became lethargic at higher doses, but this resolved when the clomipramine dose was reduced. The average maintenance dosage was 0.3 mg/kg once daily. Clomipramine withdrawal was attempted in two cases: the behaviour returned in one case and the medication was reinstated at 0.3 mg/kg twice daily.

ConclusionClomipramine was effective in controlling the signs of anxiety‐related and obsessive‐compulsive disorders in 10 of 10 assessable cases when used in combination with behaviour modification. Clomipramine was well tolerated.
Efficacy of ivermectin in a controlled‐release capsule for the control of breech strike in sheep
Authors: RUGG D. , THOMPSON D. , GOGOLEWSKI RP , ALLERTON GR , BARRICK RA , EAGLESON JS
Published: March 2008

Objective To investigate the efficacy of ivermectin in an intraruminal controlled‐release capsule (CRC) against blowfly strike.

Design Pen and field trials with controls.

Animals Pen studies: Two breech strike trials involving 60 Romney and 60 Merino sheep. One body strike trial using 100 Merino sheep.

Field trials: Eight trials in New Zealand used 1000 Romney and Romney‐cross sheep. Fifty Merino lambs in one trial in Australia.

Procedure Pen studies: Sheep were allocated to two equal groups. One was not treated, the other sheep received a CRC that delivered ivermectin at 20 μg/kg/day for 100 days. In the breech strike trials, each animal was given an oral laxative 2 days before exposure to adult Lucilia cuprina. In the body‐strike trial, the sheep sheep were kept wet to increase susceptibility prior to the release of blowflies.

Field trials: Fifty or 200 sheep allocated to equal groups of nontreated or treated with the CRC and grazed at pasture exposed to natural blowfly challenge.

Results Pen studies: Breech strikes developed in 24 of 60 controls but in none of 60 CRC‐treated sheep. There was a 35% reduction in the number of CRC‐treated sheep struck on the body.

Field trials: The average number of breech strikes in CRC‐treated sheep was reduced by 86% (P < 0.001). The number of body strikes in the treated groups was a reduced by 27% (P < 0.05).

Conclusion The ivermectin CRC is a useful aid in controlling breech strike, but provides only moderate reduction in the incidence of body strike.
Effect of acute haemorrhage on QRS amplitude of the lead II canine electrocardiogram
Authors: TORRE PK DELLA , ZAKI S. , GOVENDIR M. , CHURCH DB , MALIK R.
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo examine the effect of acute haemorrhage on the QRS amplitude of the canine lead II surface electrocardiograph (ECG).

DesignTen adult racing Greyhounds were tranquilised, anaesthetised, positioned in right lateral recumbency and connected to recording electrodes of an ECG unit. Baseline six‐lead ECG traces were recorded, and further traces were obtained after one unit (460 mL) of blood, and then a second unit, were collected from the femoral artery.

ResultsThere was a consistent and progressive reduction in amplitude of the QRS complex in all leads during acute haemorrhage. QRS amplitude in lead II after removal of two units of blood averaged 74% of the baseline voltage, with individual values of 61 to 91% (P < 0.0001). There were even greater reductions in QRS amplitudes in lead aVL during haemorrhage. In three additional dogs, reductions in QRS voltages were shown to be accompanied by reductions in end‐diastolic left ventricular internal dimensions measured echocardiographically. Furthermore, the effects of haemorrhage on the QRS amplitude and echocardiographic measurements were reversed when circulating blood volume was restored by re‐infusion of blood removed previously.

ConclusionAcute haemorrhage corresponding to an approximately one‐third reduction in blood volume caused a substantial reduction in QRS voltage of the surface ECG. It is postulated that this resulted from diminished ventricular distension as a consequence of reduced venous return. A similar mechanism may account for the small‐amplitude ECG complexes associated with pericardial effusion, severe dehydration and hypovolaemia.
Vitamin D doses for alpacas(Lama pacos)
Authors: JUDSON GJ , FEAKES A.
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo assess the effectiveness of cholecalciferol (D3) doses for maintaining adequate vitamin D status in crias and adult female alpacas at pasture.

Design A field experiment during winter and early spring in a herd on a farm in South Australia.

Animals and procedureCrias, usually less than 6 months of age and female alpacas, aged 2 to 6 years, were given a single subcutaneous dose of 0, 1000 or 2000 IU D3/ kg body weight. Plasma concentrations of 25‐hydroxycholecalcif‐erol (25‐OH D3), phosphorus, calcium and vitamins A and E and alkaline phosphatase activity were measured at intervals over a period of 16 weeks after treatment.

ResultsCrias not given a vitamin D supplement had reduced growth rate during winter and one animal showed clinical signs of rickets. Vitamin D treatment had no effect on the body weight of mature females. Vitamin D supplements increased the 25‐OH D3and phosphorus concentrations in plasma of both crias and adult females; alkaline phosphatase activity was not affected by treatment.

ConclusionIt is suggested that for alpacas in southern Australia a subcutaneous dose of 1000 IU D3/kg body weight to crias in late autumn and again in mid winter and to adult females in mid winter should prevent vitamin D inadequacy.
Plasma cortisol concentrations in normal dogs given hydrocortisone sodium succinate
Authors: CHURCH DB , LAMB WA , EMSLIE DR
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects on plasma cortisol concentration of a continuous infusion of a readily available steroid with equipotent glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid effects.

Procedure Plasma cortisol concentrations were measured before and regularly after hydrocortisone sodium succinate was administered as a continuous intravenous infusion over 6 h at 0.32 and 0.65 mg kg‐1h‐1to 12 healthy dogs weighing 12 to 22 kg.

ResultsThe infusion at both dose rates produced significant and stable increases in plasma cortisol concentrations. The plateau concentrations produced by the large and small doeses were respectively above and below plasma cortisol concentrations likely to provide adequate glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid activity in stressed dogs with significantly decreased adrenal function.

ConclusionThis paper presents information regarding the changes in plasma cortisol concentrations in 12 normal dogs given an hydrocortisone sodium succinate infusion at two dose rates. The marked and continuous increase in plasma cortisol concentrations suggests a continuous HSS infusion may be a possible alternative to desoxycorticosterone acetate and dexamethasone in the treatment of acute adrenal dysfunction.
Management of perianal fistulae in five dogs using azathioprine and metronidazole prior to surgery
Authors: TISDALL PLC , HUNT GB , BECK JA , MALIK R.
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo evaluate combination therapy with azathioprine and metronidazole in German Shepherd Dogs with perianal fistulae.

DesignProspective study

ProcedureFive dogs (31.5 to 36.0 kg) with perianal fistulae were treated with azathioprine (50 mg per dog orally every 24 h) and metronidazole (400 mg per dog orally every 24 h). Patients were re‐evaluated at 2 week intervals by inspection, palpation, photographs of the perineal region and assessment of white blood cell counts where possible. Treatment was continued until improvement in lesions reached a plateau. Surgical excision of residual fistulae and anal sac remnants was then performed, with medical therapy continued for an additional 3 to 6 weeks.

ResultSigns attributable to anal irritation were reduced or eliminated in all dogs within 2 weeks, although visible healing of lesions progressed more slowly. Ulcerated lesions reduced in surface area and depth, and some fistulae healed completely. Non‐healing areas were usually associated with anal sac rupture or chronic fibrosis. Visible improvement typically reached a plateau 4 to 6 weeks after commencing treatment. Immunosuppressive therapy continued for 5 to 24 weeks before surgical intervention to remove anal sacs (four dogs) and/or residual fistulae (five dogs). All dogs remain disease free 7 to 10 months postoperatively. No important complications of treatment were encountered.

ConclusionAzathioprine with metronidazole effectively reduced perianal irritation, and the severity and extent of lesions prior to surgery. Treatment was economical even in large dogs and associated with few untoward sequelae. The combined use of immunosuppressive and antimicrobial therapy followed by surgery minimised potential morbidity associated with aggressive use of either medical of surgical treatment alone.
Content and distribution of macro‐ and micro‐elements in the body of pasture‐fed young horses
Authors: GRACE ND , PEARCE SG , FIRTH EC , FENNESSY PF
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine the content and distribution of Na, K, Ca, P, Mg, S, Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn in the body of pasture‐fed young horses and then use a factorial model to calculate the dietary mineral requirements for growth.

Procedure Twenty‐one foals were killed at about 150 days of age and the organs, soft tissues, skin and bones and a sample of muscle were dissected out and weighed. The mineral concentrations of elements in all soft tissues and bones were measured by inductively coupled emission spectrometry. The total mineral element composition associated with a tissue was determined from the weight of tissue and its mineral element concentration.

Results Expressed as a percent of total body mineral elements, muscle contained 20% Na, 78% K, 32% Mg, 62% Cu, 36% Mn and 57% Zn, bone contained 47% Na, 99% Ca, 81% P, 62% Mg, 30% Mn and 28% Zn while the organs accounted for a smaller percentage ranging from 0.06% for Ca to 26% for Fe. In liver Cu accounted for 9.2% of total body Cu. Each kilogram of empty body weight was associated with 1.0 g Na, 2.5 g K, 17.1 g Ca, 10.1 g P, 0.4 g Mg, 1.1 mg Cu, 0.39 mg Mn, 52.5 mg Fe and 21.4 mg Zn.

Conclusion The mineral element content of body weight gain is a component usedin the factorial model to determine dietary mineral element requirements for growth. The calculated dietary mineral requirements, expressed per kg dry matter, for a 200 kg horse gaining 1.0 kg/day were 1.0 g Na, 2.1 g K, 4.6 g Ca, 3.5 g P, 0.7 g Mg, 4.5 mg Cu and 25 mg Zn.
Evaluation of a polyurethane jugular catheter in cats placed using a modified Seldinger technique
Authors: MARTIN GJW , RAND JS
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo describe and evaluate the placement of a new design of polyurethane jugular catheter in cats using a modification of the technique of Seldinger. The maintenance and use of these catheters for repeated blood sampling over several days in healthy and diabetic cats is reported.

ProcedureThirty polyurethane jugular catheters were placed in 10 clinically healthy cats and 10 cats with diabetes mellitus using the modified Seldinger technique. Catheters were placed while the cats were under general anaesthesia.

ResultsThe catheters remained in place for a range of 2 to 14 days (median 5 days) with no major complications. In all cats patency of the catheters was maintained until removal. All cats examined had patent jugular veins when assessed 4 or more weeks after the catheters were removed.

ConclusionsThese polyurethane jugular catheters, when placed by a modified Seldinger technique, are effective and safe in cats, and jugular patency returns after the catheters are removed.
Equine castration: review of anatomy, approaches, techniques and complications in normal, cryptorchid and monorchid horses
Authors: SEARLE D , DART AJ , DART CM , HODGSON DR
Published: March 2008

Complications associated with equine castration are the most common cause of malpractice claims against equine practitioners in North America. An understanding of the embryological development and surgical anatomy is essential to differentiate abnormal from normal structures and to minimise complications. Castration of the normal horse can be performed using sedation and regional anaesthesia while the horse is standing, or under general anaesthesia when it is recumbent. Castration of cryptorchid horses is best performed under general anaesthesia at a surgical facility. Techniques for castration include open, closed and half‐closed techniques. Failure of left and right testicles to descend occurs with nearly equal frequency, however, the left testicle is found in the abdomen in 75% of cryptorchid horses compared to 42% of right testicles. Bilateral cryptorchid and monorchid horses are uncommon. Surgical approaches described for the castration of cryptorchid horses include an inguinal approach with or without retrieval of the scrotal ligament, a parainguinal approach, or less commonly a suprapubic paramedian or flank approach. Laparoscopic castration of cryptorchid horses has recently been described but the technique has limited application in practice at this time. A definitive diagnosis of monorchidism can only be made after surgical exploration of the abdomen, removal of the normal testis and hormonal testing. Hormonal assays reported to be useful include analysis of basal plasma or serum testosterone or oestrone sulphate concentrations, testosterone concentrations following hCG stimulation, and faecal oestrone sulphate concentrations. Reported complications of castration include postoperative swelling, excessive haemorrhage, eventration, funiculitis, peritonitis, hydrocele, penile damage and continued stallion‐like behaviour.
Immunophenotypic and histological characterisation of 109 cases of feline lymphosarcoma
Authors: GABOR LJ , CANFIELD PJ , MALIK R
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine and analyse the immunophenotype and histological appearance of naturally occurring cases of lymphosarcoma in Australian cats.

Design A prospective multi‐institutional study of naturally occurring feline lymphosarcoma.

Methods One hundred and eighteen cats were referred for diagnosis and/or management of suspected lymphosarcoma. Tissue samples for histopathological analysis and immunophenotyping were collected as biopsies or at necropsy from 109 cases. Histological classification of the neoplasms followed the Working Formulation Classification System. Four multi‐species cross‐reactive antibodies were used to classify tumours as having a B or T cell phenotype.

Results Seventy‐six (70%) cases were B cell tumours and 28 (26%) were T cell tumours. The remaining 5 (4%) specimens failed to stain with the four antibodies. Histologically, 11 (10%) cases were classified as low‐grade, 72 (66%) were medium‐grade and 26 (24%) were high‐grade tumours. There were no significant associations between age and either histological grade or immunophenotype. Mediastinal and leukaemic cases were significantly more likely to be T cell tumours (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively).

Conclusions In contrast to previously documented studies in the cat, the majority of cases of lymphosarcoma were of B cell phenotype and intermediate histological grade. Based on our data, the histological phenotype of lymphosarcoma is unlikely to predict immunotype, nor are cases of certain immunotypes likely to be of specific histological subtype. Considered in relation to previous reports, the findings suggest that epidemiological factors operating in these cats to produce lymphosarcoma may be different to those operating in North American and UK cat populations.
Long‐lasting prevention against blowfly strike using the insect growth regulator dicyclanil
Authors: BOWEN FL , FISARA P , JUNQUERA P , KEEVERS DT , MAHONEY RH , SCHMID HR
Published: March 2008

Objective To assess a ready‐to‐use formulation of dicyclanil to prevent blowfly strike on Merino sheep under Australian conditions.

Design Randomised clinical trials conducted in an environment house and in the field.

Procedure Two environment house trials were used to measure the protection against flystrike provided by a jetting or a ready‐to‐use 5% spray‐on formulation of dicyclanil over 22 and 31 weeks respectively. Oviposition and strikes we re recorded weekly for each sheep. In two field trials the occurrence of strike in Merino sheep treated off‐shears or in long wool with dicyclanil or with cyromazine was compared for up to 38 weeks after treatment. Efficacy was assessed by calculating the cumulative percentage of sheep struck.

Results Under environment house conditions, sheep jetted with dicyclanil at 1.50, 0.75 and 0.30 g per sheep developed 0, 8 and 9 strikes respectively during the 22 weeks of the trial, whereas there were 358 strikes present in the placebo group. Sheep sprayed with dicyclanil at 2.25, 1.50 and 0.75 g per sheep developed 5, 11 and 29 strikes respectively between weeks 15 and 31 after treatment, whereas there were 185 strikes present in the untreated controls. In field trials the cumulative percentage of sheep struck reached 1% between weeks 12 to 13 after sheep had been treated with cyromazine. Sheep treated with dicyclanil reached the 1% limit at week 21 after treatment.

Conclusion Under Aus tralian field conditions, a ready‐to‐use 5% spray‐on formulation of dicyclanil applied off‐shears or to long wool protected Merino sheep from blowfly strike for a period of at least 20 weeks.
Nonsurgical management of type II fractures of the distal phalanx in 48 Standardbred horses
Authors: O'SULLIVAN CB , DART AJ , MALIKIDES N , RAWLINSON RJ , HUTCHINS DR , HODGSON DR
Published: March 2008

Objective To evaluate nonsurgical management of type II fractures of the distal phalanx in Standardbred horses.

Design Retrospective study of 48 affected horses.

Results Most fractures occurred on the lateral palmar process of the left forelimb or the medial palmar process of the right forelimb; 81% of horses were considered sound enough to return to training and 63% raced. Of those returning to racing, 41% competed in > 10 races, 37% in 2 to 10 races and 22% in only 1 race. There was no difference in performance before and after fracture. Twenty‐four of 25 horses had a bar shoe fitted for > 50% of the treatment phase. Of those horses returning to training without a bar shoe, 89% refractured at the same site. Sixty percent of horses returning to training with a bar shoe raced successfully. The total convalescent time, the time rested in a box and the time spelled in a paddock were similar for horses returning to racing and those that did not. The age of the horse had no effect on the ability to return to racing.

Conclusion The prognosis for type II fractures of the distal phalanx is guarded. It is advisable to fit a bar shoe on the horse during convalescence. Horses returning to training and racing with a bar shoe appear less likely to refracture the distal phalanx. Those horses that return to racing can perform at a level similar to that prior to fracture.
Surgical correction of temporomandibular joint ankylosis in two cats
Authors: OKUMURA M. , KADOSAWA T. , FUJINAGA T.
Published: March 2008

Two cats with temporomandibular joint ankylosis were examined. Difficulty in opening the mouth and malocclusion were associated with trauma and fracture around the zygomatic arch and the condyle of the mandible after an automobile accident. Unilateral condylectomy or aggressive caudal mandibulectomy was performed to improve quality of life. Excision arthroplasty of the temporomandibular joint improved mandibular function and appearance. Some mal‐occlusion remained but had no clinical significance.
Mortality of sheep exported by sea: evidence of similarity by farm group and of regional differences
Authors: HIGGS ARB , NORRIS RT , LOVE RA , NORMAN GJ
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo determine whether mortality of sheep exported by sea is similar for sheep from the same farm exported in different years or is associated with the region of origin.

DesignMortalities were monitored in farm groups of sheep exported from the southwest of Western Australia under normal commercial conditions.

ProcedureMortalities were monitored on commercial shipments from 1985 to 1996. For each consignment, the mortality rate was assigned its percentile ranking within the month and year of loading of the ship. A mortality rate was high if its percentile ranking was above a selected cut‐off value. Five cut‐off values were used in separate analyses. The spatial distribution of farms with high mortality was compared between and within zones of rainfall and length of pasture‐growing season.

ResultsA total of 479 groups of sheep from 405 farms was monitored. Mortality rates ranged from nil to 28.2%. Half of all deaths were from 14.2% of the consignments. There was a significant association (P < 0.05) between the category of mortality (high or low) in the first and second years of monitoring for four of the five cut‐off values. The spatial analyses indicated that there were more high‐mortality groups, and the average mortality was higher, in the zones of higher rainfall and longer pasture‐growing season (P < 0.001).

ConclusionMortality data can be used to identify regions and groups of sheep that are at risk of suffering high death rates when exported by sea.
Tail docking and beliefs about the practice in the Victorian dairy industry
Authors: BARNETT JL , COLEMAN GJ , HEMSWORTH PH , NEWMAN EA , FEWINGS‐HALL S. , ZIINI C.
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine the occurrence of tail docking and beliefs about the practice in the Victorian dairy industry.

Design Survey responses were analysed using chi‐square tests and by correlation and regression analyses to determine associations between husbandry practices and beliefs and to identify possible predictive variables in relation to docking.

Procedure A survey of the occurrence of docking and beliefs about the practice was conducted in 1997 using face‐to‐face interviews of 313 respondents at 234 Victorian dairy farms.

Results On average, 35% of dairy farms routinely docked cattle. The practice varied from 11 to 63% in different regions and 12% of stud farms docked their cows. Rubber rings were used on 75% of farms and the average age of the cow at docking was 18 months. Twenty‐two percent of cows were docked at a level above the top of the udder and 54% were docked level with the top of the udder. Respondents that docked believed that milking was finished quicker, the risks of leptospirosis for the operator and mastitis for the cow were reduced, the cows were easier to handle, fly numbers were reduced and milk quality was improved. There was a general belief that intact tails could cause significant discomfort to the operator and that docking resulted in acute but not chronic pain.

Conclusions Docking is an entrenched practice in the Victorian dairy industry. Those farmers who docked generally believed that it was a highly desirable farming practice with particular benefits for the operator.
Ulceration and stricture of the right dorsal colon after phenylbutazone administration in four horses
Authors: HOUGH ME , STEEL CM , BOLTON JR , YOVICH JV
Published: March 2008

Four cases of ulceration and stricture of the right dorsal colon were encountered. Ulceration of the right dorsal colon is generally associated with nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) toxicosis but there are few reports of stricture following ulceration. All four horses had recent phenylbutazone use: three had been given doses well in excess of the recommended dose and in one the dose was marginally above those recommended but was combined with administration of other NSAIDs. All four horses presented with intermittent low‐grade colic, weight loss and ventral oedema. Diarrhoea was also seen in three of them. All had hypoproteinaemia due to severe hypoalbuminaemia, and hyperfibrinogenaemia. Hypoalbuminaemia was less severe in one horse and this horse was successfully managed medically. Two cases were definitively diagnosed at exploratory celiotomy and two at necropsy. Exploratory celiotomy was performed in two horses: one was euthanased at surgery and one was managed successfully with medical treatment and remained normal 1 year after surgery. Medical management included feeding of a low‐roughage pelleted ration, corn oil, psyllium mucilloid, and discontinuation of NSAID administration.
Cytology and histopathology of canine leproid granuloma syndrome
Authors: CHARLES J. , MARTIN P. , WIGNEY DI , MALIK R. , LOVE DN
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo describe the histopathology of canine leproid granuloma syndrome.

DesignHistological examination of biopsy specimens taken from dogs with leproid granuloma syndrome. Biopsies were acquired from four veterinary pathology practices after initial examination showed acid‐fast bacilli or lesions suggestive of a mycobacterial aetiology. Tissue from 30 cases formed part of a retrospective survey while a further 7 cases were obtained prospectively.

ProcedureTissue samples were fixed in formalin and paraffin embedded. Sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin and Ziehl‐Neelsen stains. Slides were evaluated for the type of inflammatory response and the number of bacteria. In a few cases smears made from crush preparations and needle aspirates were stained with DiffQuik and acid‐fast stains.

ResultsThe common cytological feature seen in DiffQuik stained smears was numerous, often spindle‐shaped, macrophages with variable numbers of lymphocytes and plasma cells and lower numbers of neutrophils. Usually few to moderate numbers of medium length bacilli were detected within macrophages or extracellularly. Histologically, lesions were chiefly pyogranulomatous within the subcutis and dermis. Pyogranulomas were composed chiefly of epithelioid macrophages and neutrophils but plasma cells and small lymphocytes were scattered throughout the lesions in which giant cells were seen. Lesions were pyogranulomatous in 36 cases and granulomatous with small suppurative foci in one. The numbers of acid‐fast bacilli present were very low to low in 22 cases, moderate in 6 and regionally numerous to numerous in 9. Bacteria were pleomorphic, ranging from long, slender filaments in parallel sheaves to short and variably‐beaded bacilli or highly beaded to coccoid organisms. The morphology was more uniform in DiffQuik stained smears than in fixed tissue sections.

ConclusionThe pathology of canine leproid granuloma syndrome is highly uniform and is suggestive of saprophytic mycobacterial involvement. The morphological diversity of acid‐fast bacilli probably results from differences in staining characteristics rather than indicating different species ofMycobacterium.While approximately half of the cases had only few organisms present, the veterinary practitioner using a Romanovsky stain such as DiffQuik on aspirated material might expect to obtain a rapid diagnosis in many cases. This would allow differentiation of the syndrome from neoplastic and other diseases of the skin and direct appropriate treatment at the initial presentation.
Presence of cervical vertebral malformation in Dobermann puppies and the effects of diet and growth rate
Authors: BURBIDGE HM , PFEIFFER DU , GUILFORD WG
Published: March 2008

Objective To investigate the relationship between diet, growth rate and the presence of caudal cervical malformation in Doberman puppies.

Design A prospective study of 15 Dobermann puppies from three unrelated litters, aged from 0 to 16 weeks.

Procedure The growth rate in terms of body weight gain and increase in ulna length were measured weekly for all puppies. In addition the nutritional quality of the diets was assessed. Radiographs of the cervical spine were taken at 6 and between 12 and 16 weeks of age and examined for the presence of caudal cervical vertebral malformation. A mixed model for repeated measures data was used to investigate the relationship between the growth rate of the puppies and the fixed effects age, dam, diet, gender and presence of caudal cervical malformation.

Results Five of the puppies had changes consistent with caudal cervical malformation. The diets fed were either balanced or transiently deficient in protein, calcium, phosphorus and/or magnesium. There was no significant association between growth rate and the variables dam, gender and the presence of caudal cervical vertebral malformation. There was no significant association between diet and increase in ulna length, but a trend existed between body weight gain and the feeding of a balanced diet (P = 0.0672).

Conclusion Caudal cervical vertebral changes can be detected radiographically as early as 6 weeks of age in some Dobermann puppies. A balanced diet and growth rate are not significant factors in its initial development.
Campylobacterspecies in cats and dogs in South Australia
Authors: BAKER J , BARTON MD , LANSER J
Published: March 2008

BackgroundCampylobacter enteritis was the most frequently notified infectious disease in Australia in 1996 andCampylobacterspecies have been associated with extra‐intestinal infections such as purulent arthritis and Guillian‐Barré syndrome. Dogs and cats are known to carry campylobacteria and contact with household pets have been implicated as possible sources of human infection.

Objective

To provide information on the species of campylobacter carried by cats and dogs in South Australia.

Methods

Faecal samples were collected from stray and owned cats and dogs and feral cats. Campylobacter‐like organisms were isolated using selective media and filtration methods. They were then characterised by biochemical tests, antibiotic resistance and growth patterns under various conditions. Husbandry factors that could have influenced the carriage rates were examined both as single variables and in a multivariate logistic regression.

Results

Campylobacter upsaliensisandC jejuniwere found in 11% and 4% of cats, respectively, whereas 34% dogs carriedC upsaliensis, 7%C jejuniand 2%C coli.Intensive housing and open drains were found to be significant risk factors and increased the carriage rate by 2 and 2.6 times, respectively.

Conclusion

Dogs and cats are a potential reservoir for human enteric infections with campylobacters.
Atrioventricular valvular insufficiency and congestive heart failure in a carpet python
Authors: RISHNIW M , CARMEL BP
Published: March 2008

Right atrioventricular valve insufficiency and bilateral congestive heart failure were identified in a carpet python (Morelia spilota variegata) with the aid of colour Doppler echocardiography, electrocardiography and radiography. The snake failed to respond to diuretic therapy and was euthanased. Based on this case, it appears that bilateral congestive failure is feasible in univentricular animals with lesions restricted to one side of the heart. Loop diuretic therapy may be inappropriate in non‐crocodilian reptiles because reptiles lack a loop of Henle.
Haematology of foetal sheep
Authors: ALSALAMI MT , FILIPPICH LJ
Published: March 2008

Objective To describe the ontogeny of blood cells throughout foetal development in sheep.

Design

A haematological study on blood and bone marrow from 42 sheep foetuses aged between 19 days gestation and full term.

Procedure

Virgin Merino ewes were mated and the developing foetuses removed surgically at different stages of gestation. Blood and bone marrow samples were collected, stained for cytological examination or processed for electron microscopy. Blood samples were also examined haematologically. Foetuses were incubated with 3H‐thymidine and autoradiographed.

Results

During the first 4 weeks of development primitive erythroblast constituted the majority of the circulating blood cells. Definitive erythroid cells, originating in the liver, first appeared in the blood at around 27 days gestation and entirely replaced the primitive erythroblasts by 50 days gestation. Leukocyte numbers, especially lymphocyte count, increased rapidly after 49 days gestation. Erythropoiesis predominated in the marrow of all foetuses older than 70 days. In bone marrow, myelopoiesis was the major activity and lymphopoiesis was not significant.

Conclusions

Red blood cell numbers and haemoglobin content progressively increases during foetal development. Primitive erythroblasts are not the precursors of the definitive erythroblasts. There are no significant differences in morphological features or maturation sequence between hepatic and bone marrow erythroblasts. Myelopoiesis is a major activity of bone marrow rather than of foetal liver.
Histopathology and immunohistochemistry of bats infected by Australian bat lyssavirus
Authors: HOOPER PT , FRASER GC , FOSTER RA , STORIE GJ
Published: March 2008

Objective To describe the lesions and distribution of viral antigens in bats infected by Australian bat lyssavirus.

Design

A retrospective histopathological and immunohistochemical study of bats naturally infected with the virus.

Procedure

Tissues from 37 infected bats were examined. Nineteen flying foxes (fruit bats) and two insectivorous bats were examined in detail. Brains of another 16 flying foxes were poorly fixed and were examined less fully.

Result

Lesions varied considerably between individuals and, where present, were mostly those of nonsuppurative meningoencephalomyelitis and ganglioneuritis similar to lesions seen in rabies and rabies‐like diseases. The number of cells with intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (Negri bodies) was variable; none were seen in some bats. Intracytoplasmic vacuolation of neurons was a common finding. Lesions occurred throughout the central nervous system but were most frequent and severe in the hippocampus, thalamus and midbrain, and medulla oblongata and pons. Indirect immunoperoxidase tests for lyssavirus antigen reactions varied in intensity and distribution, but also occurred mostly in the hippocampus, thalamus and midbrain, and medulla oblongata and pons. In peripheral tissues, reactions were seen in autonomic ganglia, in nerve plexuses of the gastrointestinal tract, in nervous tissues within muscles and immediately adjacent to individual muscle fibres, in an adrenal medulla, and in epithelial tissues in one of eight salivary glands examined.

Conclusion

The main lesion in Australian bat lyssavirus infection is nonsuppurative inflammation similar to that seen in rabies and other rabies‐like diseases, except that the number of Negri bodies is more variable. Reactions to immunoperoxidase tests for lyssavirus vary in intensity and distribution and may occur in both central and peripheral nervous systems. These reactions do not always occur in the salivary glands, even if brain infection is present.
Effects of phenobarbitone on serum biochemical tests in dogs
Authors: FOSTER SF , CHURCH DB , WATSON ADJ
Published: March 2008

ObjectivesTo investigate effects of phenobarbitone on serum activities of alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and gamma‐glutamyl transferase and concentrations of bilirubin, albumin, cholesterol and total protein in dogs.

AnimalsTen crossbreed experimental dogs and 10 client‐owned dogs of mixed breeds treated chronically with phenobarbitone to control seizures.

ProceduresExperimental dogs were allocated to treatment (6 mg/kg oral phenobarbitone, n = 6) and control (no treatment, n = 4) groups in which serum biochemical tests were performed at intervals during a 3‐month period. Biochemical tests were performed once on the 10 epileptic dogs.

ResultsPhenobarbitone caused increased serum alkaline phosphatase activity but did not affect gammaglutamyl transferase activity or bilirubin, cholesterol, albumin and total protein concentrations. Phenobarbitone had minimal effect on alanine aminotransferase activity.

ConclusionsIndividual dogs treated with phenobarbitone may have small increases in serum alanine aminotransferase activity and variable increases in alkaline phosphatase activity but are unlikely to have alterations in gamma‐glutamyl transferase activity or bilirubin, cholesterol, albumin or total protein concentrations.