bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity Enhancement of FBG-Based Strain Sensor
Authors: Li Ruiya , Chen Yiyang , Tan Yuegang , Zhou Zude , Li Tianliang , Mao Jian
Published: May 2018

A novel fiber Bragg grating (FBG)-based strain sensor with a high-sensitivity is presented in this paper. The proposed FBG-based strain sensor enhances sensitivity by pasting the FBG on a substrate with a lever structure. This typical mechanical configuration mechanically amplifies the strain of the FBG to enhance overall sensitivity. As this mechanical configuration has a high stiffness, the proposed sensor can achieve a high resonant frequency and a wide dynamic working range. The sensing principle is presented, and the corresponding theoretical model is derived and validated. Experimental results demonstrate that the developed FBG-based strain sensor achieves an enhanced strain sensitivity of 6.2 pm/με, which is consistent with the theoretical analysis result. The strain sensitivity of the developed sensor is 5.2 times of the strain sensitivity of a bare fiber Bragg grating strain sensor. The dynamic characteristics of this sensor are investigated through the finite element method (FEM) and experimental tests. The developed sensor exhibits an excellent strain-sensitivity-enhancing property in a wide frequency range. The proposed high-sensitivity FBG-based strain sensor can be used for small-amplitude micro-strain measurement in harsh industrial environments.
Entrepreneurial Leadership, Performance, and Sustainability of Micro-Enterprises in Malaysia
Authors: Al Mamun Abdullah , Ibrahim Mohamed Dahlan , Yusoff Mohd Nor Hakimin Bin , Fazal Syed Ali
Published: May 2018

This study probed into the impact of entrepreneurial leadership dimensions (i.e., responsibility, accountability, analytical thinking, and emotional intelligence) on the performance and sustainability of micro-enterprises in Kelantan, Malaysia, through the lens of resource-based view (RBV) theory. Through the implementation of a cross-sectional design, data were randomly gathered from 403 micro-entrepreneurs whose names appeared in the list of low-income households registered under “Majlis Amanah Rakyat” Kelantan and “Majlis Agama Islam Dan Adat Istiadat” Kelantan. The quantitative data were collected during structured interview sessions held between September and December 2017. The findings of the study revealed that the aspects of responsibility, accountability, and emotional intelligence exhibited significantly positive effects on micro-enterprise performance; while accountability, analytical thinking, and micro-enterprise performance displayed a significantly positive influence on sustainability among micro-enterprises owned by low-income households in Kelantan, Malaysia. The outcomes further portrayed a significant mediating effect of micro-enterprise performance on the correlations of responsibility, analytical thinking, and emotional intelligence with micro-enterprise sustainability. The outcomes of this study extend the scope of RBV theory and simultaneously enhance our understanding pertaining to leadership, performance, and sustainability interplay, particularly within the context of micro-enterprises in emerging economies. As such, it is recommended that the government of Malaysia formulate and to adopt policies that promote varied entrepreneurial-leadership-related traits among budding micro-entrepreneurs, which may not only boost sustainability performance among firms, but also encourage low-income household heads to actively engage in more entrepreneurial activities.
Policies and Predictions for a Low-Carbon Transition by 2050 in Passenger Vehicles in East Asia: Based on an Analysis Using the E3ME-FTT Model
Authors: Lam Aileen , Lee Soocheol , Mercure Jean-François , Cho Yongsung , Lin Chun-Hsu , Pollitt Hector , Chewpreecha Unnada , Billington Sophie
Published: May 2018

In this paper we apply a model of technological diffusion, Future Technology Transformations in the Transport Sector (FTT: Transport), linked to the E3ME macroeconomic model, to study possible future technological transitions in personal passenger transport in four East Asian countries. We assess how targeted policies could impact on these transitions by defining four scenarios based on policies that aim to reduce emissions from transport. For each country we find that an integrated approach of tax incentives, subsidies, regulations (fuel economy efficiency), kick-start programs and biofuel programs yield the most significant emission reductions because, when combined, they accelerate effectively the diffusion of electric vehicles in the region.
Spatially Explicit Soil Compaction Risk Assessment of Arable Soils at Regional Scale: The SaSCiA-Model
Authors: Kuhwald Michael , Dörnhöfer Katja , Oppelt Natascha , Duttmann Rainer
Published: May 2018

Soil compaction caused by field traffic is one of the main threats to agricultural landscapes. Compacted soils have a reduced hydraulic conductivity, lower plant growth and increased surface runoff resulting in numerous environmental issues such as increased nutrient leaching and flood risk. Mitigating soil compaction, therefore, is a major goal for a sustainable agriculture and environmental protection. To prevent undesirable effects of field traffic, it is essential to know where and when soil compaction may occur. This study developed a model for soil compaction risk assessment of arable soils at regional scale. A combination of (i) soil, weather, crop type and machinery information; (ii) a soil moisture model and (iii) soil compaction models forms the SaSCiA-model (Spatially explicit Soil Compaction risk Assessment). The SaSCiA-model computes daily maps of soil compaction risk and associated area statistics for varying depths at actual field conditions and for entire regions. Applications with open access data in two different study areas in northern Germany demonstrated the model’s applicability. Soil compaction risks strongly varied in space and time throughout the year. SaSCiA allows a detailed spatio-temporal analysis of soil compaction risk at the regional scale, which exceed those of currently available models. Applying SaSCiA may support farmers, stakeholders and consultants in making decision for a more sustainable agriculture.
Efficient Superpixel-Guided Interactive Image Segmentation Based on Graph Theory
Authors: Long Jianwu , Feng Xin , Zhu Xiaofei , Zhang Jianxun , Gou Guanglei
Published: May 2018

Image segmentation is a challenging task in the field of image processing and computer vision. In order to obtain an accurate segmentation performance, user interaction is always used in practical image-segmentation applications. However, a good segmentation method should not rely on much prior information. In this paper, an efficient superpixel-guided interactive image-segmentation algorithm based on graph theory is proposed. In this algorithm, we first perform the initial segmentation by using the MeanShift algorithm, then a graph is built by taking the pre-segmented regions (superpixels) as nodes, and the maximum flow–minimum cut algorithm is applied to get the superpixel-level segmentation solution. In this process, each superpixel is represented by a color histogram, and the Bhattacharyya coefficient is chosen to calculate the similarity between any two adjacent superpixels. Considering the over-segmentation problem of the MeanShift algorithm, a narrow band is constructed along the contour of objects using a morphology operator. In order to further segment the pixels around edges accurately, a graph is created again for those pixels in the narrow band and, following the maximum flow–minimum cut algorithm, the final pixel-level segmentation is completed. Extensive experimental results show that the presented algorithm obtains much more accurate segmentation results with less user interaction and less running time than the widely used GraphCut algorithm, Lazy Snapping algorithm, GrabCut algorithm and a region merging algorithm based on maximum similarity (MSRM).
Physical Simulation of Strata Failure and Its Impact on Overlying Unconsolidated Aquifer at Various Mining Depths
Authors: Xu Shuyuan , Zhang Yongbo , Shi Hong , Wang Kai , Geng Yipeng , Chen Junfeng
Published: May 2018

Underground mining severely lowers the water table and worsens the ecological environment. To determine the mechanism influencing drawdown in unconsolidated aquifers induced by deep mining combined with overburden movement, with a view to environmental protection, physical simulations for three different depths were designed to investigate and contrast deformation and fracture distribution characteristics at diverse depths after mining. The impacts on overlying unconsolidated aquifers were then analyzed by monitoring overburden movement and ground water level data, and the deformation limit was estimated. Modeling results indicated that coal mining had different impacts on the overlying unconsolidated aquifer via various mechanisms of groundwater level reduction. The aquifer outside the fractured water-conducting zone could be affected by coal mining, and the water tables dropped rapidly. The failure and the deformation features of the aquitard floor were the key to revealing the mechanism of groundwater depletion in deep mining. The effects on aquitard decreased as the distance from the working face increased. A relationship between the strata deformation and the drawdown rate was established; that is, the rate of decline of the groundwater level did not accelerate until the maximum subsidence of the aquitard floor exceeded approximately 0.9 m, or the subsidence-bending area of the aquitard floor exceeded approximately 156 m2.
Investigation of a high efficient Free Piston Linear Generator with variable Stroke and variable Compression Ratio A new Approach for Free Piston Engines
Authors: Graef Markus , Treffinger Peter , Pohl Sven-Erik , Rinderknecht Frank
Published: May 2018

Chemical energy can be converted to electricity with very high efficiencies by means of a free piston linear generator allowing a variable stroke and a variable compression ratio. Therefore online-downsizing in part-load is possible by reducing the stroke. As a result throttling, wall and friction losses are reduced. The paper describes the concept of the free piston linear generator, which is well suited for the HCCI-combustion process. It is expected that emissions and the fuel-consumption can be noticeable reduced. Calculations based on the NEDC indicate significant fuel savings for a mid-class car. Because of the non-existing mechanical coupling, cylinder cut-off can be realized very easily reducing the consumption of high power cars especially in urban drive cycles. The components linear generator and the gas spring have been built up and tested successfully. Examinations of the combustion process have begun on a fully variable electromagnetic valve-train test stand. A sophisticated adaptive control scheme is presented providing solid controls for the free-piston system. The paper describes the current status of the hardware development.
Inductive Charging of Ultracapacitor Electric Bus
Authors: Griffith Paul , Bailey J. Ronald , Simpson Dan
Published: May 2018

Many public transit agencies are exploring ways in which alternative fuels can be utilized to reduce our nation’s dependency on imported oil and to avoid the environmental impacts associated with the combustion of petroleum products. Of all the alternative fuel options, electricity is among the most desirable in terms of affordability, availability, security, and sustainability. Unfortunately, limitations in battery technology result in electric vehicle operating ranges that are much lower than those of internal combustion-powered vehicles. Although opportunity charging is one strategy for increasing the driving range of electric buses by means of a series of brief recharges during normally scheduled midday layovers, it has yet to be embraced by the transit industry, in part because of the difficulties involved in having drivers connect and disconnect the bus from the charger at regular intervals throughout the day. Roadway-mounted inductively-coupled power transfer systems effectively remove this constraint by automating the charge process, thereby obviating the need for driver intervention. Ultracapacitor energy storage systems offer advantages over battery systems for such applications.
Effect of Gear Shift and Engine Start Losses on Control Strategies for Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Authors: Ngo V. , Hofman T. , Steinbuch M. , Serrarens A.
Published: May 2018

In this paper, energetic loss models in the events of shifting gear and starting engine in a parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle equipped with an Automated Manual Transmission (AMT) will be introduced. The optimal control algorithm for the start-stop, power split and gear shift problem based on Dynamic Programming-Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle control approach is used to evaluate the effect of gear shift and engine start losses on the optimal solution. Furthermore, with preview route information available, a model predictive control algorithm is utilized to investigate the achievable fuel savings with respect to the prediction horizon. Under influence of the gear shift loss, simulation results of the prototype hybrid passenger car disclose a superior fuel efficiency property of the powershift AMT over its normal AMT counterpart. Sensitivity analysis of the traction force interruption time in a gear shift process can give a new perception on fuel economy benefit of powershift transmissions (e.g. automatic, dual clutch, powershift AMT, etc.) over a normal AMT. The study also reveals a minimum prediction length of 4s required for the design of such a realtime implementable controller to get the possible maximum fuel economy level under the impact of the engine start loss.
Worldwide Electric Powered Two Wheel Market
Authors: Jamerson Frank , Benjamin Edward
Published: May 2018

Electric Powered Two Wheeler (EPTW) market has exploded the past decade. The EPTW is mainly an electric bike today but new electric scooters are entering the market as well and will add to the EPTW product mix. China is the dominant user and producer of electric bikes, with 150 million in use, and powerful electric scooters are beginning to appear there. Europe is the second biggest user of electric bikes with over a million sold each year. North American market is tiny in comparison but there is evidence that is to change. The breaking news is that nations in other continents are beginning to explore and are starting to put EBs and ESs into the market. This bodes well that the EPTW will have a respected place in the mix of local transportation that will be affordable and sustainable. EPTW sales will eventually exceed four wheel vehicle sales worldwide. That will be a permanent shift. New versions of the EPTW, like the General Motors/Segway Electric-Network Vehicle, will appear that will enlarge product choice and increase usage. Annual EPTW sales are projected to be 130 million by 2025 and 800 million by 2100. Four Wheel EVs annual sales are projected to grow to 2.5 million by 2025 and 100 million by 2100.
Evaluation of Battery Requirements for Hybrid and Electric City Buses
Authors: Lajunen Antti
Published: May 2018

This paper presents an evaluation of battery requirements for hybrid and electric city buses. Technical specifications of recently developed lithium based batteries and vehicle simulation results are used as basis for the evaluation. The battery requirements are evaluated in terms of power and energy capacity, calendar and cycle life as well as costs. Conventional diesel, parallel and series hybrid, plug-in hybrid, and electric city bus were chosen as different bus applications. The simulation results of the diesel powered city bus were used as reference for performance requirement and a point of comparison in operation cost analysis. Simulations were carried out in four different types of driving cycles. The evaluation shows that lithium based batteries offer sufficient specific power and energy capacity meanwhile requirements for costs and cycle life durability are dependent on the bus application, the driving cycle, and the operation schedule. Especially a power intensive driving cycle can be challenging for the high energy batteries in terms of cycle life. There are also noticeable differences in performance between different battery chemistries. For plug-in hybrid and electric city buses, fast recharge capability can increase significantly the costeffectiveness in bus fleet operation. The operation cost analysis also indicates that the battery cost is more important for the plug-in hybrid and electric buses whereas the initial cost of the bus is a major factor for the charge sustaining parallel and series hybrid buses.
Efficiency Improvement of Regenerative Energy for an EV
Authors: Yabe Takuya , Akatsu Kan , Okui Nobunori , Niikuni Tetsuya , Kawai Terunao
Published: May 2018

Electric Vehicles (EVs) and various Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) have been attracting a lot of attention for environmental issues and energy crisis. One of advantages of using foregoing vehicles is charging energy by the regenerative brake. The running distance by one electric charge is increased a lot by the regenerative brake. However, the absorbed capacity of the regenerative energy is limited because of the motor capacity and the current limit of the battery. As a result not only the regenerative electric brake but also the mechanical brake must be used. This becomes serious issue in the heavy weight vehicle such as the bus and the truck, the effectiveness of EV/HEV is not obtained. To increase the regenerative energy, the large motor and the battery are requested, however, it is very difficult because of the cost and the limit of the inverter capacity. In this paper, it is verified that the regenerative energy is increased by improving a braking method, averaging the deceleration, without changing the power train system. The proposed method is experimentally evaluated by i-MiEV on the dynamo system, and increases the regenerative energy to 18%.
Quasi-Resonant Flyback DC/DC Converter Using GaN Power Transistors
Authors: Jeng S. , Peng M. , Hsu C. , Chieng W. , Shu Jet
Published: May 2018

Quasi-resonant flyback converter is realized with the aim to demonstrate the topology feasibility using the normally-on switching behaviour of the gallium nitride (GaN) power transistor. Reference converters utilize GaN and silicon-based MOSET as the switching devices to compare the electric characteristics, and power losses. Quasi-resonant technology offers reduced turn-on losses, resulting in increased efficiency and lower device temperature. The turn-on losses dominate the power losses as the switching frequency of the power supply increases. The combined advantages of gate charge and on-resistance for GaN in the 60 watt reference converter leads to improve the turn-off conduction loss. GaN based power converter provides up to 7.02% improved efficiency over silicon based MOSFETs. The converter performance improvement opens the possibility of fully exploiting the wide advantages of GaN transistors in power electronic application.
Inductive charging – simplifying the charge to enable mass adoption
Authors: Kluth Richard , Ziegner Jochen
Published: May 2018

Siemens, along with its partner BMW, recently concluded a feasibility study that focused on inductive charging of passenger electric vehicles. The objective of the study was to verify that automatic wireless charging could be accomplished with a comparable level of efficiency to today’s conductive solutions and without impact to human or vehicle safety. In its first phase, the study began with testing of a non-vehicle integrated solution. After verification of KPIs, the second phase of the study proceeded to integrate the technology into two BMW ActiveE electric vehicles. The study specifically measured power transfer efficiency with varying levels of coil to coil air gaps and misalignments between the road side and in-car coils while observing the most influential factors. Key findings of the study were that two areas merited further focus - the design of the coil system and the necessity for air gap observation. It is clear that as the automotive OEM community continues to seek inductive solutions that are smaller, lighter, more efficient, and less costly, these areas along with positioning guidance technology will be critical topics of further research. Siemens is using the results of the study to enhance their 2nd generation prototype which seeks to significantly reduce the size and weight of the inductive coils while adding in compliances and certifications to in-car safety and quality standards.
Influence of the uptake of electric vehicles on the impact on climate change of an entire future vehicle fleet, a 2020 Brussels perspective
Authors: Messagie M. , Lebeau K. , Boureima F. , Sergeant N. , Macharis C. , Van Mierlo J.
Published: May 2018

Electric vehicles have a clear benefit over conventional vehicles when it comes to the impact on climate change. Underlying paper describes how fast (or slow) the uptake of electric vehicles can change the overall performance of an entire fleet on climate change. The benefit of a large share of electric vehicles in a fleet is compared to a future fleet with energy efficient conventional vehicles (petrol and diesel). The study area is the car fleet of Brussels, Belgium. The time horizon is 2020. It is investigated how big the climate benefits can be of a potential uptake of electric vehicles in a fleet. Two different vehicle fleets of the Brussels Capital Region (BCR) are compared with a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), consisting of a ‘business as usual’ and an ‘EV uptake’ set of vehicles. Future electricity mixes, with more renewable energy, are taken into account. It is concluded that a moderate uptake of electric vehicles (as described in the paper) leads to a yearly emission reduction of 10 kton CO2 in 2020 for the Brussels Fleet compared to a reference scenario. This means that in 2020 it is possible to have a fleet in Brussels consisting of 1,8% BEV’s 1,6% PHEV’s that reduces 1,9% (or 10 kton CO2) of the yearly CO2 emissions when compared to a ‘Business as usual’ scenario.
Electric Vehicle Performance and Consumption Evaluation
Authors: El Baghdadi Mohamed , De Vroey Laurent , Coosemans Thierry , Van Mierlo Joeri , Foubert Wim , Jahn Rafael
Published: May 2018

In this article, the driving performance of two electric vehicles of the latest generation clean powertrain cars is evaluated. The vehicles under test are an electric Peugeot iOn, and an AGV electric version of the Ford Transit Connect. For different torque-speed operating conditions at wheel level, the vehicles are evaluated for their battery to wheel - electrical to mechanical - power conversion performance, with the help of chassis dynamometer testing. This generates an insight in the mapping of the consumption and efficiency value ranges for electric driving. The vehicles are also tested in real life on-road conditions, by following a pre-set representative track on public roads. Charging efficiency and consumption of auxiliaries is considered too. These tests give insight and realistic values to judge consumption, driving range and efficiency. With these results, further calculations and accurate simulations of realistic scenarios are possible
Plug-to-wheel energy balance - Results of a two years experience behind the wheel of electric vehicles
Authors: De Vroey Laurent , Jahn Rafael , El Baghdadi Mohamed , Van Mierlo Joeri
Published: May 2018

In this paper, a plug-to-wheel energy balance is made of battery electrical vehicles. The study is based on real data from a two years continuous monitoring of five Peugeot iOn cars, that was performed in Belgium since June 2011, with the financing and support of Electrabel. Different driving styles, trip profiles, type and intensity of use were observed, leading to different energy patterns. The AC/DC vehicle (slow) charge efficiency and brake energy recovering are considered, as well as battery efficiency and auxiliary consumption. In particular, seasonal impacts on battery efficiency and auxiliary consumption are taken into account. This gives valuable information that cannot be obtained from theoretical, e.g. NEDC measuring conditions. A broad range of values is obtained for the average plug-to-wheel efficiency. The resulting well-to-wheel efficiency is slightly better than the one of classical cars, but can still be significantly improved. The consumption of the auxiliaries is of particular importance in the total balance. Because of a higher impact of the auxiliary consumption, cars with a higher urban use show a globally lower plug-to-wheel efficiency. This is an important result when considering the urban trips as the primary segment for EV, and should encourage the EV manufacturers to focus on the reduction of auxiliary consumption. On a yearly basis, regenerative braking can be sufficient to compensate, and even over-compensate the plug-to-battery losses. The average battery losses are limited, even if they can be significant during the cold days.
Development of Intelligent Electric Vehicle for Study of Unmanned Autonomous Driving Algorithm
Authors: Kim In , Yang Kwan , Baek Jin , Hwang Sung-Ho
Published: May 2018

World-class automakers such as BMW, Audi, GM and even IT Company Google are giving much effort in developing unmanned autonomous vehicles. As it can be seen from IEEE report that 3 of every 4 vehicles in 2040 will be unmanned, the studies on future unmanned vehicles have become very important issues these days. This report proposes an intelligent electric vehicle, developed for unmanned autonomous driving algorithm study. This intelligent electric vehicle directly controls traditional steering device and acceleration/brake pedals through electrical signals with electronic actuators which were equipped at each component. Also, various sensors were utilized to recognize surrounding situations, obstacles, and road boundary instead of human. The obtained sensor data and vehicle state are used for performing of unmanned autonomous driving, evaluating the performance of intelligent vehicles.
Efficiency Enhancement of a New Two-Motor Hybrid System
Authors: Higuchi Naritomo , Shimada Hiroo
Published: May 2018

A new two-motor hybrid system is developed to maximize powertrain efficiency. Efficiency of the system is drastically enhanced without any driving performance sacrifices by switching driving modes from "Hybrid Drive" to "EV (Electric vehicle) Drive" or "Engine Drive" according to the driving condition, along with the application of a series hybrid based system to make full use of high flexibility of engine operating points. Basic concepts of the maximization of powertrain efficiency including an applied system configuration and control technologies are discussed in this paper. Along with this system, a high capacity Li-ion battery and an on-board charger are installed in 2014 Honda Accord Plug-In to add practical plug-in HEV capabilities. Superior fuel economy is achieved with values of 46 MPG (Miles Per Gallon) in CS (Charge Sustaining) mode, 115 MPGe (Miles Per Gallon equivalent) in CD (Charge Depleting) mode and 13miles of AER (All Electric Range). MPGe is a unit of fuel economy for the alternate fuel vehicles such as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles or electric vehicles. The ratings are calculated by converting used electric energy into equivalent amount of gasoline.
On-board Aging Estimation using Half-cell Voltage Curves for LiFePO4 Cathode-based Lithium-Ion Battery for Electric Vehicle Application
Authors: Marongiu Andrea , Sauer Dirk
Published: May 2018

The aim of this work is the design of an algorithm for on-board determination of the actual capacity of a LiFePO4 cathode-based lithium-ion battery in electric vehicle applications. The presented approach is based on the detection of the predominant aging mechanisms (in terms of loss of lithium and loss of active material in both electrodes) through the determination of the single electrode voltage curves. The information related to the characteristic length and position of the voltage plateaus which can be gathered during the battery operation can be used to obtain the actual aging state of the cells. The length of the plateaus depends on the respective position that the voltage curves of the single electrodes have in relation to each other. Relating the change of the plateau characteristics with the possible aging mechanism allows the determination of the actual battery aging state in terms of total cell capacity. The work presents a possible implementation of an algorithm for capacity determination based on the described methodology. The algorithm is validated with various differently aged LiFePO4 cells. Furthermore, the work discusses the ability of the method to detect the actual battery capacity when only part of the quasi-OCV curve is measured. Achieved accuracy and existing limitations are described and discussed in detail.
Optimization of Li-Ion batteries through modelling techniques
Authors: Smekens Jelle , Omar Noshin , Hubin Annick , Van Mierlo Joeri , Van den Bossche Peter
Published: May 2018

Battery performance and lifetime constitute a bottleneck for electric vehicles and stationary electric energy storage systems to penetrate the market. Electrochemical or physics based battery models are one of the engineering tools to enhance their performance. These models should enable us to optimize the cell design and the battery management system. In this study we evaluate the ability of the much used Porous Electrode Model (PEM) to predict the effect of changing cathode density in the overall performance of a Li-Ion cell. We conclude that the PEM is well capable of predicting battery discharge capacities for cells with changing cathode density.
Magnetic Leakage Field Study of a 7 kW Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging System
Authors: Kuerschner D. , Ombach G. , Percebon L. , Mathar S.
Published: May 2018

This paper presents a study of the magnetic leakage field of a 7 kW wireless electric vehicle charging (WEVC) system. The leakage field was measured in different test configurations and environments. Typical system parameters, such as coil offset and air gap were evaluated in order to determine their influence on the leakage field distribution. All measured results were then validated by magnetic field simulations. Based on the results of this study, a magnetic leakage field assessment method based on simulation is proposed.
Best Practices in Hydrogen Fueling and Maintenance Facilities for Transit Agencies
Authors: Sokolsky Steven , Tomic Jasna , Gallo Jean-Baptiste
Published: May 2018

CALSTART recently completed a Best Practices in Hydrogen Fueling and Maintenance Facilities for Transit Agencies publication for the Federal Transit Administration. The objective of the project was to create a high-level resource that advances the adoption of fuel cell bus technology within the transit industry. It accomplishes this by compiling a planning and decision-making tool for the best practices in developing hydrogen fueling and maintenance facilities. This comprehensive effort is the first of its kind, and provide an easily digestible – and much needed – document for managers of transit agencies across the United States.
A System-based View of the Standards and Certification Landscape for Electric Vehicles
Authors: Green James , Hartman Brent , Glowacki Peter
Published: May 2018

This paper provides an overview of the Standards applicable to electric vehicles at the vehicle and system level, including the EVSE, plugs and connectors, and battery pack. Several relevant standard documents are listed, as well as areas of emerging technology for each system. The standards development process is discussed briefly to provide insight into where stakeholders can get involved in the process. General certification requirements for each system are reviewed.
Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Standardization
Authors: Bablo Joseph
Published: May 2018

One of the most frequently asked questions that a third party safety organization is asked centers on “What standard applies to EV infrastructure products?” This paper will outline the various standardization activities for charging infrastructure for both conductive and wireless power transfer technologies. It will discuss the development status, expected publication schedules, and technology covered for various UL, SAE, and IEC standards centered on electric vehicle charging use. Further, the paper will discuss the certification aspects of these standards, such as where the standards are applicable and how certification is handled, within various global locations.
International Cooperation on Public Policies and Strategies for Hybrid & Electric Vehicles under the International Energy Agency
Authors: Miller James F. , Muntwyler Urs
Published: May 2018

The International Energy Agency (IEA) established a Technology Collaboration Program (formerly called Implementing Agreement) on “Hybrid and Electric Vehicles” in 1994. Today there are 17 member countries that participate in 12 working groups related to electric vehicles, components, deployment, infrastructure, and environmental/economic issues. The current activities and recent key results from these working groups are described.
Workload Patterns of Fast Charging Stations Along the German Autobahn
Authors: Jochem Patrick , Landes Philipp , Reuter-Oppermann Melanie , Fichtner Wolf
Published: May 2018

We analyze daily charging demand patterns of electric vehicles at DC fast charging stations along the German autobahn for an average week in 2020. For this we develop an agent based simulation tool based on current empirical mobility data. Our results show that already in 2020 about 1,000 charging processes per charging location and day might be realistic. In order to avoid long waiting times these charging locations should be equipped with about 20 charging points. A utilization rate of up to 80% makes a profitable operation of these stations highly probable. A sensitivity analysis indicates main parameters which influence the throughput of electric vehicles significantly.
Quantifying the Societal Benefits of Electric Vehicles
Authors: Malmgren Ingrid
Published: May 2018

One of the barriers facing the electric vehicle market is the incremental cost of the vehicles. However, many of the benefits of electric vehicles are not well understood and are omitted from cost-benefit analyses. These benefits relate to human health, air quality and the environment, economic growth, and grid resilience. VEIC conducted a study to identify the broad range of benefits that electric vehicles provide and, where sufficient data exists, developed estimates to quantify these benefits. Assessing the value of these benefits provides guidance for policy-makers to determine incentive and investment levels that accurately reflect the full value of electric vehicles to society.
Dans les «armoires» de Baluze : constitution, organisation et pratiques des archives épistolaires d’un savant au Grand Siècle
Authors: Boutier Jean , Bruschi Andrea
Published: May 2018

Als die königliche Bibliothek 1720, kurz nach dem Tod desGelehrten, das Archiv von Étienne Baluze erwirbt, gelangt ein Teil seiner Korrespondenz, ungefähr 2 000 Briefe, in ihre Bestände. Wenngleich seine Papiere mehrmals in einer Art und Weise, die sich nachvollziehen lässt, neugeordnet wurden, gewährt die Sammlung Baluze doch Aufschluss darüber, wie ein großerGelehrter des klassischen Zeitalters seine Korrespondenz in direktem Zusammenhang mit seinen Arbeiten nutzte. Wie in einer Verwaltung oder einer Regierungsbehörde wählt ein Gelehrter aus, er entsorgt, legt ab, bewahrt auf. Baluze richtete verschiedene Reihen für seine Korrespondenz ein, insbesondere um den Briefwechsel mit seinen bedeutenderen Partnern verfolgen zu können, fügte seine Briefe aber auch in die zahlreichen Dossiers ein, die er für jedes seiner Forschungsfelder angelegt hatte. Die Korrespondenz wird somit zu einer wichtigen Quelle historischer Anthropologie gelehrter Arbeit.
La pratique de la correspondance de Christian Gottlob Heyne (1763-1812) : annoter, administrer, archiver
Authors: Saada Anne
Published: May 2018

Pendant cinquante ans, Christian Gottlob Heyne, professeur de philologie classique à l’université de Göttingen, directeur de la bibliothèque universitaire, rédacteur du périodique savant lié à l’université et secrétaire de la société savante de la ville, fut au coeur d’une importante correspondance privée et institutionnelle. Cette contribution examine comment le savant-administrateur organisait la gestion de cette correspondance : quelle part de son temps accordait-il à ses échanges épistolaires ? quelle place matérielle leur réservait-il ? Les nombreuses traces de manipulation laissées par Heyne sur sa correspondance, des annotations aux procédures de classement, ont permis de reconstruire les opérations intellectuelles et matérielles qu’il a mises en oeuvre pour administrer le réseau académique de Göttingen. Annoter, ordonner, archiver, c’était aussi rassembler, transformer, produire et diffuser le savoir des Lumières.
À la recherche des caractères propres aux manuscrits d’auteur médiévaux latins
Authors: Bourgain Pascale
Published: May 2018

Les «manuscrits d’auteur » médiévaux peuvent être des autographes ou exemplaires contrôlés par l’auteur, avec de multiples états intermédiaires entre les premières mises par écrit et la publication. L’évolution des pratiques d’écriture transforme les conditions de réalisation d’un ouvrage environ à partir du XIIe siècle. Les étapes de la constitution d’un texte, puis de sa publication par l’auteur ou un ayant droit, expliquent à la fois la rareté et la multiplicité d’aspect des témoins subsistants. Si de fortes controverses demeurent sur le caractère de beaucoup de manuscrits d’auteur, cela tient à la différence d’approche entre les paléographes, historiens de l’écriture, pour qui l’autographie permet de relier un exemplaire écrit à un individu connu et documenté, et les critiques des textes, pour qui l’autographie a moins d’intérêt que l’aventure intellectuelle perceptible à travers l’évolution des différents états d’un texte.
Un mécène en disgrâce : l’Épître dédicatoire retrouvée de la Bibliotheca Coisliniana (1715)
Authors: Delmulle Jérémy
Published: May 2018

En publiant le catalogue des manuscrits grecs de la bibliothèque du chancelier Séguier, reçue en héritage par Henri-Charles Du Cambout, duc de Coislin et évêque de Metz, Montfaucon avait l’intention de rendre hommage au collectionneur, luimême instigateur de l’entreprise de catalogage, comme au «patron des gens de lettres » . Le Mandement, publié en 1714 par l’évêque de Metz, partiellement hostile à la bulle Unigenitus, a attiré sur ce dernier les foudres du clergé français et une condamnation du Saint-Office ; Montfaucon a, quant à lui, été prié de publier sa

Bibliotheca sans la moindre Épître dédicatoire. La redécouverte de ce texte, resté dans les papiers du bénédictin, permet de s’assurer que la décision de supprimer l’Épître était intervenue alors que celle-ci était déjà écrite et mise au net, de connaître un texte que Montfaucon destinait à la publication, mais apporte surtout des précisions éventuelles sur la position prise alors par le mauriste au sein du débat.
APPLICATION OF THE FACTOR METHOD TO THE SERVICE LIFE PREDICTION OF ETICS
Authors: MARQUES Cristina , BRITO Jorge de , SILVA Ana
Published: May 2018

This study intends to develop a methodology for service life prediction of ETICS (External Thermal Insulation Composite System), based on the factor method. The methodology adopted is based on data collected during visual inspections of buildings under current conditions of occupation and exposure, contemplating the degradation mechanisms and the characteristics of ETICS. This research can also provide a suitable tool to aid the planning, implementation and rational use of building management systems in several ways, namely: i) improvement of the materials’ performance, based on the optimization of maintenance actions, use of resources and maintenance costs; ii) selection of the best constructive solution, based on the knowledge of the evolution of degradation of ETICS, according to their characteristics; iii) analysis of the economic and environmental impacts of buildings during their life cycle, based on the knowledge of the number of replacements required during this period of time.
TIME-ON-MARKET IN CHINESE CONDOMINIUM PRESALES
Authors: ZHOU Xiaorong , ZAHIROVIC-HERBERT Velma , GIBLER Karen M.
Published: May 2018

The condominium presale market is characterized by information asymmetry between the developer and potential buyers. A condominium developer faces conflicting incentives to sell units quickly at a lower price to generate cash and sales momentum versus to hold prices high and endure longer marketing time to maximize revenues and maintain the property’s value. We examine the pattern of marketing duration for condominium units offered for presale in a large homogeneous development in Chengdu, China using a Cox proportional hazards model. Results indicate that a patient developer may extract a price premium on units. Diminishing risk to buyers is associated with shorter marketing duration. Time-on-market is also influenced by unit and building size as well as orientation. Market conditions may moderate the speed at which units are sold.
Biases in Planet Occurrence Caused by Unresolved Binaries in Transit Surveys
Authors: Bouma L. G. , Masuda Kento , Winn Joshua N.
Published: May 2018

Wide-field surveys for transiting planets, such as the NASA Kepler and TESS missions, are usually conducted without knowing which stars have binary companions. Unresolved and unrecognized binaries give rise to systematic errors in planet occurrence rates, including misclassified planets and mistakes in completeness corrections. The individual errors can have different signs, making it difficult to anticipate the net effect on inferred occurrence rates. Here, we use simplified models of signal-to-noise limited transit surveys to try and clarify the situation. We derive a formula for the apparent occurrence rate density measured by an observer who falsely assumes all stars are single. The formula depends on the binary fraction, the mass function of the secondary stars, and the true occurrence of planets around primaries, secondaries, and single stars. It also takes into account the Malmquist bias by which binaries are over-represented in flux-limited samples. Application of the formula to an idealized Kepler-like survey shows that for planets larger than 2 R
⊕, the net systematic error is of order 5%. In particular, unrecognized binaries are unlikely to be the reason for the apparent discrepancies between hot-Jupiter occurrence rates measured in different surveys. For smaller planets the errors are potentially larger: the occurrence of Earth-sized planets could be overestimated by as much as 50%. We also show that whenever high-resolution imaging reveals a transit host star to be a binary, the planet is usually more likely to orbit the primary star than the secondary star.
Scintillation-based Search for Off-pulse Radio Emission from Pulsars
Authors: Ravi Kumar , Deshpande Avinash A.
Published: May 2018

We propose a new method to detect off-pulse (unpulsed and/or continuous) emission from pulsars using the intensity modulations associated with interstellar scintillation. Our technique involves obtaining the dynamic spectra, separately for on-pulse window and off-pulse region, with time and frequency resolutions to properly sample the intensity variations due to diffractive scintillation and then estimating their mutual correlation as a measure of off-pulse emission, if any. We describe and illustrate the essential details of this technique with the help of simulations, as well as real data. We also discuss the advantages of this method over earlier approaches to detect off-pulse emission. In particular, we point out how certain nonidealities inherent to measurement setups could potentially affect estimations in earlier approaches and argue that the present technique is immune to such nonidealities. We verify both of the above situations with relevant simulations. We apply this method to the observation of PSR B0329+54 at frequencies of 730 and 810 MHz made with the Green Bank Telescope and present upper limits for the off-pulse intensity at the two frequencies. We expect this technique to pave the way for extensive investigations of off-pulse emission with the help of existing dynamic spectral data on pulsars and, of course, with more sensitive long-duration data from new observations.
Revealing the Evolution of Non-thermal Electrons in Solar Flares Using 3D Modeling
Authors: Fleishman Gregory D. , Nita Gelu M. , Kuroda Natsuha , Jia Sabina , Tong Kevin , Wen Richard R. , Zhizhuo Zhou
Published: May 2018

Understanding non-thermal particle generation, transport, and escape in solar flares requires detailed quantification of the particle evolution in the realistic 3D domain where the flare takes place. Rather surprisingly, apart from the standard flare scenario and integral characteristics of non-thermal electrons, not much is known about the actual evolution of non-thermal electrons in the 3D spatial domain. This paper attempts to begin to remedy this situation by creating sets of evolving 3D models, the synthesized emission from which matches the evolving observed emission. Here, we investigate two contrasting flares: a dense, “coronal-thick-target” flare SOL2002-04-12T17:42, that contained a single flare loop observed in both microwaves and X-rays, and a more complex flare, SOL2015-06-22T17:50, that contained at least four distinct flaring loops needed to consistently reproduce the microwave and X-ray emission. Our analysis reveals differing evolution patterns for the non-thermal electrons in the dense and tenuous loops; however, both patterns suggest that resonant wave–particle interactions with turbulence play a central role. These results offer new constraints for theory and models of the particle acceleration and transport in solar flares.
Flux Relaxation after Two Outbursts of the Magnetar SGR 1627–41 and Possible Hard X-Ray Emission
Authors: An Hongjun , Cumming Andrew , Kaspi Victoria M.
Published: May 2018

We report on the long-term flux relaxation of the magnetar SGR 1627−41 after its 2008 outburst, and evidence for hard X-ray excess measured with NuSTAR. We use new observations made with Chandra and XMM-Newton, and an archival NuSTAR observation, which add flux measurements at ∼2000 days into quiescence after the 2008 outburst. We find that the source flux has further declined since the last measurement made in 2011, ∼1000 days after the outburst in 2008. This trend is similar to the relaxation after the source’s 1998 outburst. We use crustal cooling models to reproduce the flux relaxation; if the whole surface of the star is heated in the outbursts, the modeling suggests that the 2008 outburst of SGR 1627−41 deposited energy into the inner crust and that the core temperature of SGR 1627−41 is low (T

c
≲ 108 K), as previously suggested. On the other hand, if only a small fraction of the surface is heated or the temperature in the crust reached the melting temperature, relaxation at early times requires another emission mechanism. Finally, we report on evidence for hard X-ray emission in SGR 1627−41 that follows the observational correlation suggested by Kaspi & Boydstun in magnetars.