bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the MAPK Gene Family and PbrMAPK13 Response to Hormone and Temperature Stresses via Different Expression Pattern in Pyrus ×bretschneideri Pollen
Authors: Jiao Jin , Liu Xing , Wu Juyou , Xu Guohua , Zhang Shaoling
Published: June 2017

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are universal signal-transduction modules, but the available information is limited in pear (Pyrus). In this study, 87 MAPK genes were identified from five Rosaceae species: chinese white pear (Pyrus ×bretschneideri cv. Dangshansuli), peach (Prunus persica), apple (Malus domestica), strawberry (Fragaria vesca), and plum (Prunus mume), 23 of which came from chinese white pear, designated as PbrMAPK. Based on the phylogenetic analysis and the architectures of conserved protein motifs of these gene sequences, MAPK family genes of five Rosaceae species were classified into two primary types (I and II) or four groups (Classes A–D). We have indicated that both segment and tandem duplications significantly contributed to the expansion of the MAPK family in Rosaceae by analysis of genomic evolution. In chinese white pear pollen, the expression analysis revealed that all PbrMAPKs could respond to temperature stresses (high/low temperature) and phytohormones, except PbrMAPK8 and PbrMAPK19 that displayed lower expressions, which suggested that PbrMAPKs play pivotal roles in signal-transduction pathways. In addition, we determined that PbrMAPK13 is located in the nucleus and plasma membranes. The lengths of pollen tubes became shorter when PbrMAPK13 was silenced by antisense oligonucleotide transfection. Our results provided an evolutionary foundation and functional characterization for MAPK gene families in chinese white pear and other plant species so as to elucidate their biological roles.
Development of RNA-Seq SSR Markers and Application to Genetic Relationship Analysis among Sea Buckthorn Germplasm
Authors: Li He , Ruan Cheng-Jiang , Wang Li , Ding Jian , Tian Xing-Jun
Published: June 2017

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) is an ecologically and economically valuable species that has been widely cultivated as a new berry crop rich in nutritional and medicinal compounds. RNA Sequencing (RNA-Seq) simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were developed to evaluate the genetic relationships among 91 plants of 31 cultivars from two subspecies, mongolica and sinensis, as well as intraspecific hybrids between them. A total of 7540 RNA-Seq SSRs were identified as potential molecular markers, in which AG/CT (27.57%) was the most abundant unit type. AT/AT (9.93%), and AAG/CTT (11.95%) are the other main repeat motifs. A total of 110 primer pairs were randomly selected for validation of amplification. Seventeen SSR loci, located in genes encoding metabolic processes and cellulose synthases, were identified to be polymorphic among different sea buckthorn cultivars. These SSR loci generated 48 alleles, ranging from 2 to 5 per locus. Cluster analysis based on the proportion of shared alleles and unweighted pair group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA) algorithm divided all the genotypes into two main groups, with all of the ssp. sinensis cultivars (native to China) and hybrids in one group and ssp. mongolica cultivars (introduced from Russia) in the other group, which was in good agreement with their taxonomic classification. The RNA-Seq SSRs developed in this study have a potential use in the conservation of sea buckthorn germplasm and marker-assisted breeding (MAB).
MdMYB4, an R2R3-Type MYB Transcription Factor, Plays a Crucial Role in Cold and Salt Stress in Apple Calli
Authors: Wu Ruigang , Wang Yi , Wu Ting , Xu Xuefeng , Han Zhenhai
Published: June 2017

MYB (v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homologs) transcription factors (TFs) are involved in diverse physiological processes, including cell shape determination, cell differentiation, and secondary metabolism, as well as abiotic stress response. In the present study, MdMYB4, an R2R3-MYB protein that is a homolog of Arabidopsis thaliana MYB4, was identified and characterized. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) expression analysis demonstrated that MdMYB4 is extensively expressed in various apple (Malus domestica) tissues and that its expression is induced by cold, osmotic, and salt stress. An MdMYB4-GFP fusion protein was localized in the nucleus of transformed onion (Allium cepa) epidermal cells and had a certain transcriptional activation activity by yeast one-hybrid assay. Overexpression of the MdMYB4 gene remarkably enhanced the tolerance of stably transgenic apple calli to severe salt and cold stress, and both the relative conductivity and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation of transgenic calli under salt and cold stress were significantly lower than in the wild type control. Taken together, these results suggest that MdMYB4 may play a positive regulatory role in both cold and salt stress responses.
Phenolic Accumulation in Hybrid Primrose and Pigment Distribution in Different Flower Segments
Authors: Schmitzer Valentina , Mikulic-Petkovsek Maja , Stampar Franci , Cunja Vlasta
Published: June 2017

Detailed anthocyanin and flavonol profiles were investigated in three flower segments of four different hybrid primrose (Primula ×polyantha) cultivars, and individual compounds were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/mass spectrometry system. Chlorophyll a and b and total carotenoids were evaluated spectrophotometrically in the corolla tube (CT), and distal and proximal flower segments, and the color of each segment was assessed with a colorimeter. Chlorophyll b predominated over chlorophyll a in all flower segments, and the highest total chlorophyll levels were found in the CTs. Sixteen different anthocyanins (glycosides of cyanidin, delphinidin, peonidin, petunidin, malvidin, and rosinidin) were identified in red, pink, and blue flower extracts. Distal segments of the red hybrid and proximal segments of the pink hybrid accumulated highest levels of total anthocyanins, and no red pigments were detected in yellow-flowered hybrid primrose. Six groups of flavonols (40 individual compounds in total) were detected in different flower segments of four hybrid primrose cultivars. Yellow primrose was characterized by the greatest diversity of flavonols as it contained four isorhamnetin, five kaempferol, six laricitrin, three myricetin, six quercetin, and six syringetin glycosides. On the other hand, the smallest variety of flavonols was detected in pink hybrids. Total phenolic content (TPC) was lowest in the CT (yellow > red > pink), significantly higher in the proximal flower segment (yellow > red > pink), and highest in the distal part of the primrose petal (yellow > pink > red).
Genetic Diversity and Association Study of Aromatics in Grapevine
Authors: Yang Xiaoxu , Guo Yinshan , Zhu Junchi , Niu Zaozhu , Shi Guangli , Liu Zhendong , Li Kun , Guo Xiuwu
Published: June 2017

Monoterpenoid metabolism and aroma compounds are influenced by genetic characteristics. Linalool, α-terpineol, nerol, and geraniol are primary monoterpenoids that have previously been studied in grape (Vitis vinifera) berries. Previous studies were restricted by the lack of relevant studies investigating population structure and the regulatory mechanism underlying monoterpenoid synthesis. In this study, a total of 1133 alleles were amplified, with each locus having on average 6.06 alleles. We also assessed the genetic variability among the genotypes based on 187 microsatellite primer pairs amplified in 96 grape genotypes. The results of the phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the grapevine accessions grouped into five genetic clusters that largely coincided with the recognized species classification and the result of principal coordinates analysis (PCoA). The molecular characterization of these accessions provides insight into genetic diversity, population structure, and linkage disequilibrium (LD) in grapevines. A total of 51 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected that were significantly associated with linalool, α-terpineol, nerol, and geraniol. We found that Deoxyxylulose phosphate synthase (DXS) was located in the region UDV060 on linkage group (LG) 5, whereas Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) and Hydroxymethylbutenyl diphosphate reductase (HDR) were located in the VLG19-I-1 and VLG3-A-1 regions, respectively. These novel QTLs will potentially assist in the screening of aroma compounds in grapevines.
Comparing Nondestructive Sampling Techniques for Predicting Forage Mass in Alfalfa–Tall Wheatgrass Pasture
Authors: Baxter Lisa L. , West Charles P. , Brown C. Philip , Green Paul E.
Published: June 2017

Core Ideas

To compare five nondestructive sampling techniques for predicting forage mass.

Procedures: pasture ruler, rising plate meter, ImageJ, PowerPoint photo point count, and normalized difference vegetation index.

PowerPoint model was the best option if restricted to one sampling procedure.

Combined (Height + ImageJ) model was the best option for predicting forage mass.

These measurements require simple equipment, are adaptable, and can be automated.

Producers rely on subjective visual assessments to estimate forage mass in their pastures, which often are inaccurate and lead to poor stocking decisions. The objective of this trial was to compare five nondestructive sampling techniques for predicting forage mass in three alfalfa–tall wheatgrass [Medicago sativa L.; Thinopyrum ponticum (Host) Beauv.] pastures in the southern High Plains. Procedures included canopy height measured with a pasture ruler and rising plate meter (RPM), percentage of green pixels from ImageJ analyses, percentage of green points from photo point count in PowerPoint, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Height and RPM were linearly regressed on measured forage mass while the remaining were linearly regressed on the natural log of measured forage mass. Considering their limitations, stepwise regression was used to find the best combination of digital and physical procedure (Height + ImageJ) that reduced model error. Calibration models were then applied to external data to determine predictive ability of each procedure. The PowerPoint model was the best, most precise option if restricted to a single sampling procedure, whereas the combined model possessed the superior combination of high R2 and low model error. The combined and PowerPoint models possessed the highest R2pred, but the combined model would be more applicable since it did not saturate when measured forage mass exceeded 1200 kg DM ha−1. The use of ImageJ with canopy height measurements for forage mass prediction requires simple equipment, lends itself to automation, and is adaptable to various forage systems.
Grass‐Legume Seed Mass Ratios and Nitrogen Rates Affect Forage Accumulation, Nutritive Value, and Profitability
Authors: Adjesiwor Albert T. , Islam M. Anowarul , Zheljazkov Valtcho D. , Ritten John P. , Garcia y Garcia Axel
Published: June 2017

Grass‐legume mixtures are considered viable alternatives to nitrogen (N)‐fertilized grass pastures, but there is a dearth of information on effects of seed mass ratios on productivity and economic returns. We evaluated the effects of grass‐legume seed mass ratios and N fertilizer rates on forage accumulation, nutritive value, and profitability. There were 15 treatments arranged in randomized complete blocks with four replicates. The treatments included four species (meadow bromegrass [Bromus biebersteiniiRoem. & Schult] and three legumes—alfalfa [Medicago sativaL.], sainfoin [Onobrychis viciifoliaScop.], and birdsfoot trefoil [Lotus corniculatusL.]), various seed mass ratios (100:0, 50:50, 70:30, 50:25:25, and 50:16.7:16.7:16.7), and three rates of N (0, 56, and 112 kg N ha−1) applied only to meadow bromegrass monocultures. The 2‐yr average annual forage accumulation of meadow bromegrass receiving 112 kg N ha−1was 6.89 Mg ha−1yr−1, which was similar to the 30% alfalfa + 70% meadow bromegrass, 30% birdsfoot trefoil + 70% meadow bromegrass, 25% alfalfa + 25% birdsfoot trefoil + 50% meadow bromegrass, and 50:16.7:16.7:16.7 mixture treatments. Mixtures had greater nutritive value than N‐fertilized meadow bromegrass. All treatments except 100% sainfoin and 50% sainfoin + 50% meadow bromegrass treatments were profitable. On the basis of forage accumulation, nutritive value, and profitability, the 30% alfalfa + 70% meadow bromegrass and 30% birdsfoot trefoil + 70% meadow bromegrass seed mass ratios are simple mixtures that may be viable alternatives to 100% alfalfa and N‐fertilized meadow bromegrass monocultures.
Physiological Mechanism of Chlorophyll Breakdown for Leaves under Complete Submergence in Rice
Authors: Sone Chiharu , Sakagami Jun‐Ichi
Published: June 2017

Submergence‐tolerant rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars, including FR13A, retain green leaves for a longer duration than susceptible lines during submergence and exhibit prompt readaptation to the aerial environment after desubmergence. This study clarified the physiological mechanism responsible through the chlorophyll breakdown and photodamage in submerged rice leaves, as indicated by decrease in the maximal quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm). The ethylene‐releasing agent ethephon was used to evaluate the effect of ethylene on chlorophyll breakdown and plant growth. FR13A (submergence‐tolerant) and IR72442‐6B‐3‐2‐1‐1 (submergence‐susceptible), either treated with ethephon for 3 d before submergence or untreated, were submerged for 14 d. During submergence, the chlorophyll contents and Fv/Fm in the upper fully expanded leaf (fifth leaf) decreased earlier in IR72442 than in FR13A. The ethephon treatment accelerated the reduction of the Fv/Fm in the submerged fifth leaf of FR13A during submergence and inhibited recovery after desubmergence. The ethephon treatment reduced shoot biomass accumulation during and after submergence but had no effect on underwater shoot elongation in either cultivar. Therefore, photodamage was inhibited and high chlorophyll content was maintained in the submergence‐tolerant cultivar during submergence. The negative effects of ethylene in response to ethephon may be mediated by other mechanisms and not by an increase in shoot elongation.
Herbage Accumulation and Organic Reserves of Palisadegrass in Response to Grazing Management based on Canopy Targets
Authors: Pedreira Carlos G. S. , Silva Valdson J. , Pedreira Bruno C. , Sollenberger Lynn E.
Published: June 2017

Improved grazing management can increase the output of many tropical forage–livestock systems. Adjusted grazing management techniques have been proposed for producers that are willing to exploit the growth potential of available forage resources. The objective of this research was to describe and explain variations in herbage accumulation dynamics and organic reserves of cultivar Xaraés palisadegrass [Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf syn. Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R.D. Webster] under three grazing managements during spring and summer growing seasons of 2 yr. Pastures were grazed every 28 d (28‐d) or at intervals defined by two levels of pre‐graze canopy light interception (LI). These LI‐based treatments are referred to as “target grazing” (TG) at 95% LI and “delayed grazing” (DG) at ≥ 97.5% LI. Pastures managed using TG and 28‐d showed a similar herbage accumulation rate (HAR) (112 kg DM ha–1 d–1) (P > 0.05), both lesser than DG (141 kg DM ha–1 d–1). Although TG and 28‐d showed similar daily HAR, stem proportion in the stubble was more variable for 28‐d over the growing season. Stem proportion in the stubble was greater for DG (43.8%) and 28‐d (40.4%) than for TG (34.2%). The TG management showed greater total non‐structural carbohydrate (TNC) pools in roots (238 g m–2) than DG (136 g m–2) and 28‐d (199 g m–2), suggesting less dependency of organic reserves. The TG was optimal strategy for intensive grazing management of Xaraés palisadegrass pastures.
Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping of Agronomic and Yield Traits in Two Grain Sorghum Biparental Families
Authors: Boyles Richard E. , Pfeiffer Brian K. , Cooper Elizabeth A. , Zielinski Kelsey J. , Myers Matthew T. , Rooney William L. , Kresovich Stephen
Published: June 2017

The animal industry is a major sector of agriculture in the southeastern United States, but a large deficit exists in regional feed grains needed to support the industry. An increase in production of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], a water‐ and nutrient‐use‐efficient cereal, on marginal lands could lead to an alternative crop option for growers and reduce the current grain deficit. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping of grain yield components in two sorghum biparental recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations was performed to better understand the genetic basis of grain yield and characterize these traits in a marginal environment. A more robust knowledge of the genetics underlying these complex traits could provide insights into molecular breeding strategies that aim to increase genetic gain. Specific yield traits investigated were grain number per primary panicle (GNP), 1000‐grain weight (TGW), and grain yield per primary panicle (YPP). Two‐year phenotyping in the South Carolina coastal plain revealed greater than threefold variation for both GNP and YPP, whereas TGW variation was just above twofold in both RIL families. There were 16 total yield trait QTL identified across both populations. Of the 16, eight QTL colocated with previously published QTL for yield‐related traits, including a QTL on chromosome 1 that was significant for all three grain yield components. A novel QTL for TGW was identified on chromosome 5 that explained >21% of the phenotypic variance observed in one RIL population. This QTL and the seven additional novel QTL identified in this study provide new targets for grain yield improvement in sorghum.
Can Biomass Yield of Switchgrass be Increased without Increasing Nitrogen Requirements?
Authors: Jakubowski Andrew R. , Jackson Randall D. , Casler Michael D.
Published: June 2017

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) has been identified as a cellulosic bioenergy feedstock crop partly because of its potential to produce high biomass yields on marginal lands. Many breeding programs are focused on increasing biomass yields to improve the economic viability of the crop. However, increasing biomass yields without selecting for reduced biomass nitrogen (N) concentration will result in substantial increases in N removal at harvest. Our objectives were (i) to determine the current trajectory of biomass yield and N removal from breeding programs, (ii) to estimate the reduction in the rate of genetic gain for biomass yield when N concentration was incorporated into a breeding program, and (iii) to estimate the effects reduced N concentration might have on biofuel quality. Biomass yield and N concentration had a negative genetic correlation (−0.43), but a 50% increase in biomass yield likely will result in a 37% increase in N removal with direct selection for biomass yield. We estimated that incorporating the goal of reducing N concentration into a breeding program would result in a 225% greater reduction in N concentration while achieving 74% of the biomass yield gains achieved with direct selection for biomass yield only. Reducing N concentration in biomass was predicted to improve quality for use of biomass in a combustion system and to have minimal effects on quality in an ethanol conversion system. We conclude that simultaneous selection for increased biomass yield and reduced N concentration is both a worthy and feasible objective for switchgrass breeding programs that should improve the likelihood that improved yields from breeding are not undermined by increased N requirements.
Assessing the impacts of climate change on water resources in the Srepok watershed, Central Highland of Vietnam
Authors: Huyen Nguyen Thi , Tu Le Hoang , Tram Vo Ngoc Quynh , Minh Duong Ngoc , Liem Nguyen Duy , Loi Nguyen Kim
Published: June 2017

The Srepok watershed in the Central Highland of Vietnam plays an important role in the economic development of the region. Any harmful effects of climate change on natural resources may cause difficulties for social and economic development in this area. The present study aims to predict and evaluate changes of water resources in the Srepok watershed under the impact of climate change scenarios by using the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model. The study used observed weather data from 1990 to 2010 for the first period and climate change scenarios A1B and A2 from 2011 to 2039 for the second period and from 2040 to 2069 for the third period. According to the climate change scenarios of the studied watershed, future minimum and maximum daily average temperature will rise in all climate change scenarios and the amount of annual precipitation will fall in scenario A1B and go up in scenario A2. Based on the simulation results, the annual water discharge in scenario A1B decreased by 11.1% and 1.2% during the second and third periods, respectively, compared with the first. In scenario A2, annual water discharge increased by 2.4% during the second period but decreased by 1.8% during the third period.
Prevalence and direct costs of emergency department visits and hospitalizations for selected diseases that can be transmitted by water, United States
Authors: Adam E. A. , Collier S. A. , Fullerton K. E. , Gargano J. W. , Beach M. J.
Published: June 2017

National emergency department (ED) visit prevalence and costs for selected diseases that can be transmitted by water were estimated using large healthcare databases (acute otitis externa, campylobacteriosis, cryptosporidiosis, Escherichia coli infection, free-living ameba infection, giardiasis, hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection, Legionnaires’ disease, nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infection, Pseudomonas-related pneumonia or septicemia, salmonellosis, shigellosis, and vibriosis or cholera). An estimated 477,000 annual ED visits (95% CI: 459,000–494,000) were documented, with 21% (n = 101,000, 95% CI: 97,000–105,000) resulting in immediate hospital admission. The remaining 376,000 annual treat-and-release ED visits (95% CI: 361,000–390,000) resulted in $194 million in annual direct costs. Most treat-and-release ED visits (97%) and costs ($178 million/year) were associated with acute otitis externa. HAV ($5.5 million), NTM ($2.3 million), and salmonellosis ($2.2 million) were associated with next highest total costs. Cryptosporidiosis ($2,035), campylobacteriosis ($1,783), and NTM ($1,709) had the highest mean costs per treat-and-release ED visit. Overall, the annual hospitalization and treat-and-release ED visit costs associated with the selected diseases totaled $3.8 billion. As most of these diseases are not solely transmitted by water, an attribution process is needed as a next step to determine the proportion of these visits and costs attributable to waterborne transmission.
Rozwój zdolności sądzenia czy rozumowania? Wokół pytania o fundamenty kompetencji etyczno-moralnych
Authors: Horowski Jarosław
Published: June 2017

Kategoria „kompetencja” jest wykorzystywana od stosunkowo niedawnego czasu, gdyż dopiero od końca XX wieku, do formułowania teleologii wychowania moralnego. Mimo popularności tego pojęcia jest ono nieostre – zmienia sens wraz ze zmianą teorii filozoficznej, w ramach której jest definiowane. W artykule próbuję ująć kompetencje etyczno-moralne w kontekście neotomistycznej filozofii moralnej. Analizy mają trzy etapy. W pierwszym dookreślam miejsce kategorii kompetencji w namyśle nad rozwojem moralnym i jego wsparciem w wychowaniu, zestawiając kategorię kompetencji z charakterystyczną dla myśli tomistycznej kategorią cnoty moralnej, a dokładniej z podstawową cnotą rozumu – roztropnością. Efektem analiz jest postulat odróżnienia kompetencji etycznych od kompetencji moralnych. W drugim punkcie udzielam odpowiedzi na tytułowe pytanie o istotę kompetencji etyczno-moralnych, wskazując najpierw, jakie znaczenie dla zdobywania wiedzy etyczno-moralnej ma wydawanie sądów, a jakie rozumowanie. W ostatnim punkcie zastanawiam się nad możliwymi deformacjami w rozwoju owych kompetencji, skupiając się na konsekwencjach oderwania rozumowania od sądzenia, co stanowi domenę racjonalistycznej kultury Zachodu, w której szczególnie cenione jest rozumowanie.
Krytyka kształcenia moralno-etycznego jako pozytywny moment wychowania człowieka w humanistycznej koncepcji Bogdana Suchodolskiego
Authors: Sztylka Andrzej
Published: June 2017

W wydanej w 1936 roku książce Wychowanie moralno-społeczne Bogdan Suchodolski poddaje głębokiej krytyce ideę i praktykę tradycyjnie prowadzonego wychowania w zakresie moralności. Rozwój społeczno-moralny dotyczy całej osobowości człowieka, która wzrasta i zmienia się przez całe życie. W związku z tym jej kształcenie ani nie może ograniczać się do jakiegoś „czasu nauki” w odróżnieniu od „czasu życia”, ani nie odbywa się w oderwaniu od przemian otoczenia jednostki, zarówno w wymiarze bliskim, jak i odległym. W tym kontekście Suchodolski wykazuje nieprzydatność kształcenia przygotowującego, podkreślając znaczenie wychowania uczestniczącego i reformującego. Tak więc wychowanie społeczno-moralne polegać winno na takim kształceniu osobowości, aby potrafiła ona osiągać samodzielność w samowychowaniu i poprzez rozwój umiejętności życia wewnętrznego, społecznego i kulturalnego. Odbywa się to nie intelektualistycznie, lecz integralnie, na mocy przewyższania poziomu dotychczasowego rozwoju przez miłość i twórczość w budowaniu wspólnoty. Decyduje o tym charakter pracy jednostki, prowadzący do wewnętrznego rozwoju osobowości i uspołeczniającego uczestnictwa w otaczającej rzeczywistości.
Przedsięwzięcia proekologiczne w poradnictwie zawodowym. Na przykładzie programów oferowanych przez NFOŚiGW
Authors: Klementowska Aneta
Published: June 2017

Z uwagi na zagrożenia wynikające z zanieczyszczenia środowiska naturalnego, które odczuwane są obecnie, a jeszcze bardziej dadzą o sobie znać w przyszłości, zasadne jest informowanie społeczeństwa, na różnych szczeblach działalności, o konieczności (oraz możliwościach) dbania o naszą planetę. W artykule poruszono stosunkowo nowe zagadnienie wdrożenia w poradnictwie zawodowym działań o charakterze proekologicznym. Z uwagi na zamienne stosowanie w języku potocznym pewnych kluczowych (z punktu widzenia niniejszego opracowania) pojęć, w pierwszej części dokonano wyjaśnień terminologicznych, w drugiej zaś zaprezentowano przykładowe przedsięwzięcia proekologiczne, które można podjąć w ramach działań poradniczych – w artykule skoncentrowano się na programach oferowanych przez Narodowy Fundusz Ochrony Środowiska i Gospodarki Wodnej.
Animatorzy lokalni jako nowa ścieżka rozwoju zawodowego nauczycieli przyrodników
Authors: Potyrała Katarzyna , Tuszyńska Ligia
Published: June 2017

Pedagogiczne refleksje nad konstruowaniem i wspólną negocjacją świata przez jednostki na podstawie doświadczenia i relacji społecznych są istotnym elementem włączania i rozwijania idei pedagogiki partycypacyjnej (Naumiuk 2014, s. 25). W tym celu należy odejść od modelu kształcenia skoncentrowanego na podziale ról na nauczyciela (tego, który naucza) i ucznia (tego, który jest uczony) oraz na ekspertów i nowicjuszy. Punktem wyjścia powinna być aktywność obu stron w procesie zdobywania i pogłębiania wiedzy, a dopiero potem dzielenie się wiedzą, budowanie sieci osób aktywnych i wspólne działania (Potyrała 2016, s. 276). Przyroda jest znakomitym laboratorium i miejscem badań, a obserwacja i obcowanie z nią podpowiadają nam, jak zdobywać wiedzę, pracować w grupie, chronić przyrodę i zachowywać się w jej środowisku (Korwin-Szymanowska i in. 2015, s. 9–36). Celem artykułu jest ukazanie możliwości poszerzenia oferty edukacyjnej w zakresie rozwoju zawodowego nauczycieli przyrody oraz przedstawienie teoretycznych założeń nowych tendencji edukacyjnych wraz z propozycjami ich wdrożenia do praktyki akademickiej.
Speech production, music therapy and celebral palsy
Authors: Kantor Jiří , Dzidová Lenka
Published: June 2017

This paper deals with the analysis of music therapy interventions focused on the development of speech production in individuals with cerebral palsy (CP). The paper summarizes the results of theoretical analysis of the development of communication for persons with CP from the perspective of special education, speech therapy and music therapy intervention. The research methodology was based on qualitative design with a combination of content analysis and interpretive approach to case studies. The aim of the research was to determine the relationship between the level of speech production of people with CP and goals of music therapy intervention, its methods and procedures and musical materials used in music therapy practice. The research sample consisted of 10 individuals with CP and different levels of speech production. Data collection was based on an in-depth case analysis of available data from documents, video and audio recordings, music therapy products and interviews with music therapists. The research results have identified four stages of music therapy intervention (pre-verbal, semantic, phonological and stadium of complex linguistic phenomena). In each stage typical goals, methods and tools were described.
Socjodemograficzne zróżnicowanie preferencji aksjologicznych wychowanków placówek resocjalizacyjnych i uczniów szkół publicznych
Authors: Kupiec Hubert
Published: June 2017

Prowadzenie badań nad światem wartości młodego pokolenia uzasadnione jest ich funkcją w motywacyjno-regulacyjnej strukturze osobowości oraz znaczeniem w określaniu własnej tożsamości przez człowieka, zwłaszcza kiedy współczesna cywilizacja nasycona jest coraz częściej wieloma zagrożeniami aksjologicznymi, które stanowią istotny katalizator procesu demoralizacji. Celem przeprowadzonych badań ankietowych z zastosowaniem kwestionariusza SWS (Skali Wartości Schelerowskich) było rozpoznanie wartości preferowanych przez młodzież w wieku od 14 do 19 lat przebywającej w izolacji (286 wychowanków placówek resocjalizacyjnych) oraz uczęszczającej do szkół w warunkach wolnościowych (410 uczniów). Uzyskane wyniki ujawniły, że hierarchia wartości obu porównywanych grup różni się pod względem preferencji niektórych kategorii, ale obie odbiegają znacznie od uzasadnionej przez Maxa Schelera jako idealna. Stwierdzono również, że orientacja aksjologiczna dorastającej młodzieży bardziej zróżnicowana jest ze względu na płeć niż wiek oraz długość pobytu w placówce resocjalizacyjnej.
Między odrzuceniem a akceptacją – w stronę komunikacji inkluzyjnej
Authors: Tempczyk-Nagórka Żaneta
Published: June 2017

Komunikacja jako kluczowy element prowadzenia procesu edukacyjnego, wychowawczego, socjalizacyjnego i resocjalizacyjnego powinna również nabrać szczególnego wymiaru w odniesieniu do idei inkluzji społecznej. W oparciu o różne koncepcje teoretyczne z zakresu psychologii komunikacji oraz komunikacji terapeutycznej zostanie podjęta próba określenia komunikacji inkluzyjnej jako formy dialogu skutecznie wspierającego proces edukacji włączającej. Po przedstawieniu znaczenia komunikacji w rozwoju człowieka zostaną przeanalizowane cechy i elementy charakterystyczne dla komunikacji wykluczającej, utrudniającej jednostce prawidłowy rozwój i uczestnictwo w różnych formach aktywności społecznej. Przeciwwagę dla tego procesu stanowi komunikacja inkluzyjna, cechująca się przejrzystością, otwartością, empatią i wspieraniem rozwoju wychowanka. Przykładem metody porozumiewania się, która może być wykorzystywana w komunikacji inkluzyjnej, jest Porozumienie Bez Przemocy, opracowane przez Marshalla Rosenebrga.
Wizerunek społeczny macierzyństwa kobiet z niepełnosprawnością
Authors: Wałachowska Magdalena
Published: June 2017

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie macierzyństwa jako roli społecznej kobiety z niepełnosprawnością. Na wstępie zdefiniowano pojęcie roli społecznej, relacji społecznej, systemu społecznego oraz opisano mechanizm wzorowania kulturowego. Pierwsza część artykułu dotyczy macierzyństwa jako fundamentalnej roli społecznej kobiety. Przedstawione jest ono w perspektywie historycznej oraz tendencji ponowoczesnych przy równoczesnym nawiązaniu do potrzeb i powinności kojarzonych społecznie z tą rolą. W części drugiej poruszono kwestię wizerunku społecznego macierzyństwa kobiet z niepełnosprawnością. W trzeciej natomiast opisano bariery fizyczne, psychiczne, kulturowe i infrastrukturalne utrudniające podjęcie decyzji o macierzyństwie przez kobiety niepełnosprawne. Podsumowanie stanowią argumenty świadczące o pozytywnym znaczeniu rehabilitacyjnym obecności rodziny i macierzyństwa w życiu kobiet z niepełnosprawnością.
Zawodowe uwarunkowania zadowolenia z pracy wśród nauczycieli
Authors: Lisowska Elżbieta
Published: June 2017

Praca stanowi podstawową formę aktywności człowieka, a zadowolenie odczuwane z jej realizacji staje się źródłem satysfakcji życiowej. Jest to szczególnie ważne w przypadku pracy nauczyciela. Badania pokazują, że im wyższe jest zadowolenie z pracy nauczycieli, tym niższe są wskaźniki wypalenia zawodowego. W artykule przedstawiono zagadnienie dotyczące zawodowych uwarunkowań zadowolenia z pracy nauczycieli – kobiet i mężczyzn w trzech etapach stażu zawodowego: adaptacji zawodowej – od roku do pięciu lat stażu; stabilizacji zawodowej – od sześciu do 20 lat stażu; eksperckim – od 21 do 35 lat stażu. Sprawdzono, czy płeć i staż pracy determinują poziom zadowolenia z pracy i poziom zadowolenia z życia wśród badanych nauczycieli. Pokazano także współzależności między zadowoleniem z pracy a zadowoleniem z życia nauczycieli – kobiet i mężczyzn w wyróżnionych okresach stażu pracy.
Acontecimientos históricos de la política exterior de Estados Unidos hacia Colombia antes del Plan Colombia 1998
Authors: Monroy Hernándeza María Catalina
Published: June 2017

Se expone una detallada interpretación de los acontecimientos históricos que precedieron la formulación del Plan Colombia desde una perspectiva del método histórico para el análisis de una política exterior. La temática no tendría relevancia sin las siguientes dos consideraciones: primero, la indagación histórica es el paso inicial, pues posibilita la comprensión de los hechos que acontecieron al proceso de toma de decisiones, pieza fundamental del análisis; segundo, más allá de una descripción histórica, el objetivo consiste en consolidar una línea de tiempo que permita comprender ¿qué motivó la acción exterior de Estados Unidos? Lo anterior se da gracias a la revisión de fuentes primarias, secundarias, archivos históricos, entrevistas, discursos y prensa, a partir del método cualitativo en Relaciones Internacionales, empleando el rastreo a nivel micro-histórico encaminado a comprender un proceso de toma de decisión, previa definición de un estudio de caso. Los hallazgos de la investigación suscitan dos conclusiones principales: primero, la existencia de una estrategia de nación “fuerte” versus nación “débil” en procesos de negociación y concertación de políticas exteriores. Segundo, el Plan Colombia no se originó en Colombia y tampoco fue iniciativa del Presidente Andrés Pastrana como respuesta a la “guerra contra las drogas”. El Plan Colombia fue una estratégica política exterior de Estados Unidos en su esfuerzo por evitar el colapso de la democracia colombiana, mediante la cual se puso a prueba la estrategia de state-building reconocida hoy como un exitoso modelo a nivel internacional.
Reseña: Historias de empresarias innovadoras en Colombia
Authors: Godoy Estrella Enit
Published: June 2017

Este libro es el resultado de un proyecto de investigación financiado por Colciencias, que fue realizado por docentes investigadores del grupo de Estudios Contemporáneos en Contabilidad, Gestión y Organizaciones, de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas de la Universidad Militar Nueva Granada. El resultado del estudio se manifiesta en dieciséis historias tomadas de una muestra poblacional de 60 empresarias, de seis ciudades principales de Colombia: Bogotá, Barranquilla, Bucaramanga, Cali, Medellín y Armenia. Aquí los autores resaltan el papel de las mujeres en la sociedad, y cómo contribuyen en la economía y la innovación; ellas, a pesar de ser esposas y madres, deben ser polifacéticas si entran en el mundo del emprendimiento.
Rastreo de facciones como herramienta interactiva y detección del estado de ánimo del usuario
Authors: Uribe-Quevedo Alvaro , Dos Reis Silas Alves
Published: June 2017

El rostro humano es uno de los canales de comunicación que permiten identificar de forma voluntaria o involuntaria información de los estados emocionales del usuario, como lo son el miedo, la rabia, la felicidad o la alegría. Las expresiones faciales han sido objeto de estudio desde antes de que la visión por computador fuese un área de interés; sin embargo, los avances recientes de la visión artificial han renovado el interés por el seguimiento digital de facciones del rostro humano para detectar los estados emocionales del usuario. En la actualidad las técnicas más comunes de seguimiento facial utilizan imágenes 2D y mapas de profundidad, pero debido a la masificación de interfaces de usuario 3D y gracias al auge de los videojuegos, es posible contar con sensores que realizan captura de movimiento con diferentes finalidades y prestaciones. En este proyecto desarrollamos una aplicación para la detección de expresiones faciales relacionadas con la incomodidad, en un escenario de trabajo frente al computador. Su objetivo es validar las expresiones del rostro, utilizando sensores de detección de visión artificial a partir de la forma tridimensional del rostro. Para validar los resultados realizamos un análisis comparativo utilizando sensores comerciales para valorar su potencial en el contexto de conservación y prevención de la salud ocupacional.
Modernidad hispana en las ciencias militares en Colombia
Authors: Esquivel Triana Ricardo
Published: June 2017

A Colombia llegó la vanguardia del saber militar entre los siglos XV a XVIII. Los precursores de este saber fueron los españoles que defendían los confines de su Imperio. Se incluyen allí Fernández de Córdoba, Pedro Navarro y los mismos Tercios españoles. Tan rica experiencia se volcó en la profusión de tratados militares, donde se incluyen autores como Diego de Salazar y el Marqués de Marcenado. Este conjunto dará lugar a un humanismo militar pues también los militares aparecen entre los fundadores de las Reales Academias de Historia, de la Lengua y de Matemáticas, entre otras. El mismo saber militar que sirvió a la eficiencia logística del primer Imperio global, incentivando la creación de escuelas y cuerpos especializados de artillería, de ingenieros militares y de ingenieros de marina. De allí derivaron las academias militares de formación de oficiales. En suma las vanguardias del desarrollo de las matemáticas, la cartografía y otros campos científico-tecnológicos del período.
The Military in American Politics
Authors: Shafer Byron E. , La Raja Raymond J.
Published: June 2017

This issue of The Forum is focused on the military in American politics. It begins by reprinting the classic overview piece from Samuel Huntington. Damon Colletta then unpacks the state of our attention since Huntington, while John Griswold follows the evolution of Huntington’s organizing focus, the National Guard. Irving Louis Horowitz considers many of these same issues in light of the current role of the U.S. in the wider world. Beth Bailey introduces the biggest piece of civilmilitary involvement, in the form of the volunteer (and predecessor conscription) armed forces. Donald Downs raises the aspect of this politics that most closely touches the university, through ROTC. Lilly Goren considers the aspect that often absorbs the greatest number of congressmen, involving base closings. Matthew Holden and Gene Giannotta think about further, fresh ways to study civil-military relations, most especially between Presidents and their generals. And Jason Dempsey and Bradley Cooper introduce the newest program aimed at a crucial aspect of the military in American life, through “Joining Forces”, the military families initiative. Three book reviews close this issue of the journal: Kenneth Mayer on Jason K. Dempsey, Our Army: Soldiers, Politics, and American Civil-Military Relations; David Parker on David R. Mayhew, Partisan Balance: Why Political Parties Don’t Kill the U.S. Constitutional System; and Frances Lee on Gregory Koger, Filibustering: A Political History of Obstruction in the House and Senate.
Comparative Observations on the Burden of Proof for Criminal Defences
Authors: Ho Hock Lai
Published: June 2017

This essay analyses the decisions of the United States Supreme Court on the allocation of the burden of proof in relation to criminal defences. The Court seems generally comfortable about letting the accused carry the persuasive burden of proving excuses and justifications. It is seemingly different in those other common law countries where the so-called golden thread proclaimed by the House of Lords in Woolmington v DPP holds sway, and where it is accepted as a general rule that the prosecution must disprove beyond reasonable doubt any defence that has been put in issue. This essay explores and tries to explain this difference. The divergence is explicable as a matter of legal history, but at the bottom of it are arguably a conceptual dispute on the offence-defence distinction and competing visions of politics that bear on the theory of the criminal trial.
The Fourth Amendment's Exclusionary Rule: Blurring the Line Between Rule and Exception
Authors: Heffernan Liz
Published: June 2017

The admissibility of unlawfully obtained evidence in criminal proceedings has generated controversy throughout the common law world. In the United States, there has been renewed debate in recent years over the propriety of the judicially-created exclusionary rule as a remedy for violations of the Fourth Amendment guarantee against unreasonable searches and seizures. When defining the scope and purpose of the rule, the US Supreme Court has placed ever increasing emphasis on the likely deterrent effect which suppressing evidence will exert on law enforcement. This article explores the consequent restriction of the exclusionary rule evinced in the contemporary case law including United States v Herring in which the Supreme Court expanded the scope of the so-called "good faith" exception. In conclusion it offers reflection from the perspective of another common law country, Ireland, where the exclusion of unconstitutionally obtained evidence has been the subject of debate.
Competition, Imitation, and R&D Productivity in a Growth Model with Industry-Specific Patent Protection
Authors: Mosel Malte
Published: June 2017

Recent empirical studies suggest a need for a flexible patent regime responding to industry differences. In practice, industry-specific modifications of patent length already exist but lack theoretical foundation. This paper intends to make up for this neglect by scrutinizing in what direction industry characteristics influence optimal patent length. It is found that patents ought to be shorter, the more intense competition, the higher R&D productivity, and the more intricate reverse engineering in an industry are. Unlike similar Schumpeterian growth models, this model assumes Cournot competition and introduces an empirically substantiated measure of industry differences in the ability to catch up with a technological leader. It is found that for most empirically plausible cases the familiar inverted-U relation between patent length and growth carries over to the Cournot set-up.
The Law and Economics of Enhancing Cartel Enforcement: Using Information From Non-Cartel Investigations to Prosecute Cartels
Authors: Ghosal Vivek
Published: June 2017

I present the following proposal: information revealed during non-cartel investigations by competition law enforcement authorities, such as evaluation of mergers and acquisitions (M&As) or investigation of monopolization (dominance) conduct, should be directly used to investigate and prosecute cartels. Currently, in several jurisdictions, information acquired in, for example, an M&As investigation typically cannot be directly used for a cartel case due to the underlying statutes and the legal and administrative procedures that govern information use. Reviewing the management and corporate strategy literature, I note that M&As form a vital part of firms’ core business strategy, with the longer-run strategic aspects being more important. These longer-run strategies could be jeopardized if the firms were engaging in collusion, as the likelihood of detection and prosecution would increase under the proposed rule change, which would punish bad (collusive) behavior. I argue that irrespective of exactly how many cartels are actually prosecuted via this channel, the proposal has the likelihood of creating a meaningful deterrent effect. I also discuss the potential downsides related to Type 1 errors and administrative costs. Overall, I argue that the proposed rule change could increase the efficiency and effectiveness of cartel enforcement, and open an additional front in the fight against hardcore cartels that operate within jurisdictions as well as internationally.
New Perspectives on Entrepreneurship Research
Authors: Mishra Chandra S. , Zachary Ramona K.
Published: June 2017

During the one hundred years since Joseph A. Schumpeter published his first book, Theorie, in 1911, researchers from all disciplines have been inspired to examine the role and action of the entrepreneur. Henceforth, the entirety of Schumpeter’s works shaped entrepreneurship research. In this Inaugural Issue of Entrepreneurship Research Journal (ERJ) titled, New Perspectives on Entrepreneurship Research, editors Chandra S. Mishra, Office Depot Eminent Scholar Chair at Florida Atlantic University, and Ramona K. Zachary, Academic Director of the Lawrence N. Field Programs and the Peter S. Jonas Distinguished Professor of Entrepreneurship at Baruch College, mark the beginning of a new era and dedicate this issue to Schumpeter’s pivotal and paramount contributions. In the lead article, The Future of Entrepreneurship Research: Calling All Researchers, the editors first offer insights and new perspectives about entrepreneurship research as well as the positioning and role of the ERJ in future entrepreneurship research. Next, a short article exhibiting a revitalized and expanded view of Schumpeter’s original theory of entrepreneurship and his optimism about the survival of capitalism based the entrepreneur’s key role is offered. This issue also advances an editorial by William J. Baumol, the Harold Price Professor of Entrepreneurship and Academic Director of the Berkley Center for Entrepreneurship and Innovation in the Stern School of Business at New York University, that introduces researchers to his new and seminal microtheory of innovative entrepreneurship. This is followed by three competitive research articles encompassing respectively: 1) a new evolutionary perspective of entrepreneurship, 2) the utilization of comprehensive research designs and multi-level data collection methods, and 3) a conceptual reexamination of the dynamic interactions among entrepreneurs, modes of organizing and opportunity.