bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Helper Feedback based Medium Access Control Protocol: A Reliable Co-operative MAC Scheme for MANET
Authors:   CSE Department, Sagar Institute of Reserch& Technology, RGPV, Bhopal, Newalkar Nidhi , Shukla Piyush Kumar , Silakari Sanjay
Published: January 2015

A novel multirate media access control based co-operative scheme has been proposed. It has been observed that any co-operative scheme gives a better performance only if the helper nodes selected to, relay the transmission from source to destination are reliable enough. Murad Khalid et.al has already proposed a protocol [24] where more than one helper nodes are selected to improve the reliability, so that if one fails the other can be used as a backup. But in this paper focus is on selection of reliable helpers. If a helper node has a high data rate, has successfully relayed traffic in the past and also has some minimum amount of energy left , not only for relaying traffic for others but also to conduct its own transmissions, then it acts as a suitable candidate to be chosen as a helper node. Such a co-operatives scheme enhances the throughput, reliability and overall performance of the network.Simulation has been conducted to show that the proposed scheme performs better than the.
New collections of freshwater crabs from northern Madagascar, with the description of a new species of Foza Reed & Cumberlidge, 2006 (Brachyura, Potamonautidae), and comments on their conservation status
Authors: Cumberlidge Neil , Klaus Sebastian , Meyer Kirstin S. , Koppin Jennifer C.
Published: January 2015

We report here on recent collections of freshwater crabs from Antsiranana Province, northern Madagascar. The specimens belong to three species, one of which is new to science and is described here. This raises the number of species of freshwater crabs found in Madagascar to 17. All are endemic to the island and all belong to the Afrotropical family Potamonautidae Bott, 1970. The new species, Foza manonae sp. nov., is compared to other species in this genus, and an updated key is provided. It is distinguished from the other three congeners by characters of the male first gonopod, sternum, carapace, and cheliped. The conservation status of the Malagasy freshwater crab fauna is summarized and discussed in light of the new material reported on here belonging to two other species, Madagapotamon humberti Bott, 1965 and Foza ambohitra Cumberlidge & Meyer, 2009.
Topical EMLA Cream as a Pretreatment for Facial Lacerations
Authors: Park Sung Woo , Oh Tae Suk , Choi Jong Woo , Eom Jin Sup , Hong Joon Pio , Koh Kyung S , Lee Taik Jong , Kim Eun Key
Published: January 2015

Background Topical anesthetics, such as eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA) cream, can be applied to reduce pain before minor procedure. This trial evaluated EMLA as pretreatment for facial lacerations and compared pain, discomfort and overall satisfaction.

Methods This trial included consecutive emergency department patients ≥16 years of age who presented with simple facial lacerations. At triage, lacerations were allotted to either the routine processing group or EMLA pretreatment group according to date of admission. Initially, the emergency department doctors inspected each laceration, which were dressed with saline-soaked gauze. In the pretreatment group, EMLA cream was applied during wound inspection. The plastic surgeon then completed primary closure following the local injection of an anesthetic. After the procedure, all patients were given a questionnaire assessing pain using the 10-point visual analog scale (VAS) ("no pain" to "worst pain"). All questionnaires were collected by the emergency department nurse before discharge.

Results Fifty patients were included in the routine processing group, and fifty patients were included in the EMLA pretreatment group. Median age was 39.9 years, 66% were male, and the average laceration was 2.67 cm in length. The EMLA pretreatment group reported lower pain scores in comparison with the routine processing group (2.4 vs. 4.5 on VAS, P<0.05), and lower discomfort scores during the procedure (2.0 vs. 3.3, P=0.60). Overall satisfaction was significantly higher in the EMLA pretreatment group (7.8 vs. 6.1, P<0.05).

Conclusions Pretreating facial lacerations with EMLA topical cream aids patients by reducing pain and further enhancing overall satisfaction during laceration treatment.
Medial and Lateral Canthal Reconstruction with an Orbicularis Oculi Myocutaneous Island Flap
Authors: Han Jihyeon , Kwon Sung Tack , Kim Suk Wha , Jeong Eui Cheol
Published: January 2015

Background The eyelid and canthal areas are common locations for cutaneous tumors. The medial canthus includes, among many other apparatuses, the canthal tendon and lacrimal canaliculi, and its characteristic thin and supple skin is hard to mimic and restore using tissue from other regions. Accordingly, reconstruction of the canthal area can prove challenging for surgeons. Although various methods, such as skin grafts and local flaps from adjacent regions, have been utilized for reconstructive purposes, they present known disadvantages. However, we were able to successfully reconstruct both lateral and medial canthal area defects by using orbicularis oculi myocutaneous island flaps.

Methods Our study included seven patients who underwent medial or lateral canthal region reconstruction, using orbicularis oculi myocutaneous island flaps, between 2011 and 2014, following either cutaneous tumor excision or traumatic avulsion injury.

Results Five patients had basal cell carcinoma, one had squamous cell carcinoma of the eyelid, and one had sustained a traumatic avulsion injury of the eyelid and canthal area. Entire flap loss was not observed in any patient, but one-a heavy smoker-showed partial flap loss, which healed with secondary intention and yielded acceptable results. Donor site morbidity was not observed, and all patients were satisfied with their surgical outcomes.

Conclusions The canthal regions can be successfully reconstructed with orbicularis oculi myocutaneous island flaps. These flaps offer several key advantages, including similarity in texture, color, and thickness to the recipient site and a negligible incidence of donor site morbidity.
A Pilot Study of Skin Resurfacing Using the 2,790-nm Erbium:YSGG Laser System
Authors: Rhie Jong Won , Shim Jeong Su , Choi Won Seok
Published: January 2015

Background The erbium:yttrium scandium gallium garnet (Er:YSGG) laser differs from other laser techniques by having a faster and higher cure rate. Since the Er:YSGG laser causes an appropriate proportion of ablation and coagulation, it has advantages over the conventional carbon dioxide (CO2) laser and the erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) laser, including heating tendencies and explosive vaporization. This research was conducted to explore the effects and safety of the Er:YSGG laser.

Methods Twenty patients participated in the pilot study of a resurfacing system using a 2,790-nm Er:YSGG laser. All patients received facial treatment by the 2,790-nm Er:YSGG laser system (Cutera) twice with a 4-week interval. Wrinkle reduction, reduction in pigment inhomogeneity, and improvement in tone and texture were measured.

Results Study subjects included 15 women and five men. Re-epithelization occurred in all subjects 3 to 4 days after treatment, and wrinkle reduction, reduction in pigment inhomogeneity, and improvement in tone and texture within 6 months of treatment.

Conclusions The 2,790-nm YSGG laser technique had fewer complications and was effective in the improvement of scars, pores, wrinkles, and skin tone and color with one or two treatments. We expect this method to be effective for people with acne scars, pore scars, deep wrinkles, and uneven skin texture and color.
Treatment of the Mycobacterium chelonae Infection after Fat Injection
Authors: Kim Seok-Kwun , Choi Ji-An , Kim Myung-Hoon , Kim Min-Su , Lee Keun-Cheol
Published: January 2015

For recent years, use of autologous fat injection has increased significantly in facial contouring surgery. Along with such increase in use, complications like atypical mycoplasma infection have been also on the increasing trend. The authors report two cases of Mycobacterium chelonae infection that occurred after autologous fat injection. Patients were treated as infection that resistant to common antibiotics and results were negative to routine culture and Gram staining. Acid-fast bacillus stain, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test and mycobacterial cultures were conducted for diagnosis under suspicion of atypical mycoplasma infection. Then, combination antibiotics therapy, surgical treatment, and steroid injection were performed for treatment. Both patients were diagnosed with Mycobacterium chelonae in PCR test. They were positive to mycobacterial cultures. Combination antibiotics therapy was repeated to improvement of symptom. However, they could not be free from side effects such as deformation in facial contour, scar and pigmentation even after full recovery. When chronic wound infections after autologous fat injection, we must suspect atypical or mycobacterial infection and conduct examinations for a early diagnosis and proper antibiotic therapy that is effective to the nontuberculous mycobacteria.
The Axillary Approach to Raising the Latissimus Dorsi Free Flap for Facial Re-Animation: A Descriptive Surgical Technique
Authors: Leckenby Jonathan , Butler Daniel , Grobbelaar Adriaan
Published: January 2015

The latissimus dorsi flap is popular due to the versatile nature of its applications. When used as a pedicled flap it provides a robust solution when soft tissue coverage is required following breast, thoracic and head and neck surgery. Its utilization as a free flap is extensive due to the muscle's size, constant anatomy, large caliber of the pedicle and the fact it can be used for functional muscle transfers. In facial palsy it provides the surgeon with a long neurovascular pedicle that is invaluable in situations where commonly used facial vessels are not available, in congenital cases or where previous free functional muscle transfers have been attempted, or patients where a one-stage procedure is indicated and a long nerve is required to reach the contra-lateral side. Although some facial palsy surgeons use the trans-axillary approach, an operative guide of raising the flap by this method has not been provided. A clear guide of raising the flap with the patient in the supine position is described in detail and offers the benefits of reducing the risk of potential brachial plexus injury and allows two surgical teams to work synchronously to reduce operative time.
Les stratégies de RSE locale, globale et transnationale dans l’entreprise multinationale
Authors: Pestre Florent
Published: January 2015

Cet article étudie la question opérationnelle de la construction des stratégies de RSE dans le contexte international. La réflexion théorique porte sur les caractéristiques, avantages et inconvénients des logiques locale, globale et transnationale de la RSE. L’observation s’appuie sur l’étude de cinq entreprises multinationales françaises. L’analyse processuelle des dynamiques relationnelles entre sièges et filiales permet d’identifier les différentes phases de formation et de mise en oeuvre de ces stratégies. Cet article met également en avant l’importance d’un management différencié des stratégies de RSE locale, globale et transnationale, compte tenu des spécificités inhérentes à chacune de ces logiques.
Le déploiement d’innovations inter-filiales au sein d’une multinationale1
Authors: Mahmoud-Jouini Sihem Ben , Charue-Duboc Florence
Published: January 2015

Les filiales d’une multinationale doivent concilier adaptation locale et intégration globale. Pour analyser cela, nous proposons la notion de déploiement d’innovations inter-filiales que nous définissons comme l’enchaînement des commercialisations d’une innovation par des filiales situées dans des contextes locaux différenciés, et nécessitant ainsi à chaque fois son adaptation. A partir d’une analyse longitudinale de cinq déploiements d’innovations dans une multinationale, nous mettons en évidence quatre facteurs critiques que nous relions à des dispositifs de construction et de partage de connaissances. Nous discutons ainsi le modèle théorique de transfert de connaissances de Tallmann et Chacar (2011) et en précisons les conditions de mise en oeuvre.
ASMA : Un dispositif d’Analyse Séquentielle et Multidimensionnelle des Alliances
Authors: Lehiany Benjamin , Chiambaretto Paul
Published: January 2015

L’analyse de la dynamique concurrentielle des alliances stratégiques nécessite le développement d’outils qualitatifs spécifiques. Nous proposons un dispositif d’analyse longitudinale qui intègre les trois dimensions traditionnelles de la stratégie – le marché, les structures de marché et le hors-marché – en plus d’une dimension propre aux alliances, les relations inter-marchés. Les modalités d’utilisation de l’ASMA – Analyse Séquentielle et Multidimensionnelle des Alliances – sont détaillées avant d’être appliquées dans le secteur ferroviaire européen. Par rapport aux méthodes qualitatives traditionnelles, l’ASMA permet de mettre évidence la dynamique des effets de portefeuilles d’alliances qui résultent de la multiplication des points de contacts entre partenaires et concurrents.
Impacts de l’expatriation en pays à risques sur les hiérarchies organisationnelles et sociales
Authors: Goxe François , Paris Marjolaine
Published: January 2015

Cet article montre que les managers expatriés accumulent divers capitaux lors d’une expatriation dans un pays à risques. Cependant, le développement de ces capitaux dépend notamment du pays d’origine des expatriés et de leur statut social avant l’expatriation. Les expatriés issus de pays émergents et des classes moyennes de pays développés voient leurs niveaux de capitaux augmenter plus fortement que les autres proportionnellement à leur dotation de départ, mais sont confrontés à un « plafond de verre » qui limite leur mobilité ascendante au sein de l’entreprise comme de la communauté des « managers globalisés ».
Management stratégique BoP : une modélisation à l’épreuve d’une recherche-intervention chez Nestlé Cameroun
Authors: Payaud Marielle A.
Published: January 2015

Cet article a pour objectif de tester sur le terrain la pertinence et la validité d’un framework intégré et systémique de management des stratégies BoP proposé dans des articles antérieurs.

La recherche-intervention est la méthode la plus appropriée pour valider de tels frameworks. Une recherche-intervention de deux mois a ainsi été conduite chez Nestlé-Cameroun. Après avoir explicité la définition des stratégies BoP, et synthétisé la modélisation de type dialogique (stratégie/anthropologie), l’article présente l’étude de cas via les deux usages (compréhensif et heuristique) attendus du framework, et enfin discute des apprentissages croisés obtenus: l’apport de la recherche-intervention pour Nestlé-Cameroun, l’apport de la recherche-intervention pour la modélisation.
Reliable cell cycle commitment in budding yeast is ensured by signal integration
Authors: Liu Xili , Wang Xin , Yang Xiaojing , Liu Sen , Jiang Lingli , Qu Yimiao , Hu Lufeng , Ouyang Qi , Tang Chao
Published: January 2015

Cell fate decisions are critical for life, yet little is known about how their reliability is achieved when signals are noisy and fluctuating with time. In this study, we show that in budding yeast, the decision of cell cycle commitment (Start) is determined by the time integration of its triggering signal Cln3. We further identify the Start repressor, Whi5, as the integrator. The instantaneous kinase activity of Cln3-Cdk1 is recorded over time on the phosphorylated Whi5, and the decision is made only when phosphorylated Whi5 reaches a threshold. Cells adjust the threshold by modulating Whi5 concentration in different nutrient conditions to coordinate growth and division. Our work shows that the strategy of signal integration, which was previously found in decision-making behaviors of animals, is adopted at the cellular level to reduce noise and minimize uncertainty.
Between the Darkness of Barbarism and the Light of Civilization: British Images of the Finn in the Late Eighteenth Century
Authors: Halmesvirta Anssi
Published: January 2015

This article aims to show that it was the British travellers (Coxe, Tooke, Clarke,et al.) to Finland in the late eighteenth century who discovered Finland for theBritish reading public. As they distinguished the Finns as a separate ‘race’ fromthe Russians, the Swedes, and the Lapps, they contributed to the proto-racialistimage of them that would become popular in the nineteenth century. BecauseSweden had become an important maritime trading partner (in iron ore, tar, andtimber) to the British, its eastern part, Finland, also became an interesting countryto visit en route from Stockholm to Saint Petersburg (or from Saint Petersburgto Stockholm). The travellers were astonished to realize that the Finnishpeasants had attained a higher degree of civilization than their Russian counterparts, who were still serfs, and additionally that there were in Finland bourgeois and noble people who had acquired culture and wealth. This image of the Finn as living between the civilized Swedes and ‘backward’ Russians was inherited by the Romantics from the enlightened travellers, and it penetrated later anthropological studies on the ‘races of man’.
Templet i Mälby
Authors: Mårdh Hedvig
Published: January 2015

The Temple in MälbyIn the mid 1780s the count, naval officer, and architect Carl August Ehrensvärd (1745–1800) designed the main building and surrounding gardens at Mälby estate (Gnesta, Sweden). Ehrensvärd’s close friend, the high-ranking civil servant Johan Gustaf von Carlson (1743–1801), was the owner of the estate who commissioned the project. A number of buildings were erected in the ambitiously planned landscape garden, among them a Greek temple, a full-scale reconstruction of the Temple of Theseus in Athens (today known as the Temple of Hephaestus). This temple was one of the first examples of pure neoclassical architecture in Sweden. The aim of the article is to place the temple in a contemporary philosophical, literary, and artistic context, as well as to draw some conclusions about its erection, design and social function. Because the building has long since disappeared, the source material available today includes guidebooks, sketches, letters, and research conducted in the fields of literature, art, and gender studies.
Utility of Endoscopy for Diagnosis of Barrett in a Non-Western Society: Endoscopic and Histopathologic Correlation
Authors: Ege Bahadır , Dinç Tolga , Yildiz Baris D. , Balci Zeynep , Bozkaya Hakan
Published: January 2015

Barrett esophagus is metaplastic transformation of esophageal squamous epithelium to columnar cells. A total of 1370 patients who had undergone upper endoscopy because of dyspeptic complaints were enrolled in the study. Age, sex, alcohol and smoking habits, body mass index, type and duration of symptoms (heartburn, epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting), and use of proton pump inhibitors were evaluated in all patients and recorded on standardized forms. Patients were grouped as normal esophagogastric junction, long-segment Barrett esophagus, and short-segment Barrett. Biopsies were taken from at least 6 points and examined histopathologically. Of the 1370 patients involved in the study, 748 (54.6%) were female and 622 (45.4%) were male. Mean age was 47.2 ± 15.30 years. Short-segment Barrett esophagus was detected in 16 patients, and long-segment Barrett was detected in 11 patients. Although Barrett esophagus was detected in 11 cases that were suspected to have Barrett during endoscopy, histopathology was negative in all cases that were not suspected to have Barrett. Barrett esophagus prevalence was significantly higher in people who used alcohol and tobacco and who had hiatal hernia. Although Barrett esophagus was detected in 40% of cases that were suspected to have Barrett during endoscopy, histopathology was negative in all cases that were not suspected to have Barrett. Barrett was detected in 40.7% of cases that were suspected to have Barrett during endoscopy; histopathology was negative in all cases that were not suspected to have Barrett. Senstivity of endoscopy is questionable in detection of short-segment Barrett.
Nonfunctional Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: Advances in Diagnosis, Management, and Controversies
Authors: Dumlu Ersin Gürkan , Karakoç Derya , Özdemir Arif
Published: January 2015

In this article, we aimed to review the literature on the clinics and management of nonfunctional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NPNET). Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNET) are rare tumors with a <1/100,000 incidence and constitute approximately 2 to 10% of all pancreatic tumors. Nonfunctional PNETs are difficult to detect at early stages since they have no symptoms. Except those detected accidentally during different diagnoses, the majority of PNETs are detected in the advanced stages, with symptoms related to tumor size or liver metastasis. We reviewed the studies published in the English medical literature through PubMed and summarized the clinical features and current approaches to the treatment and follow-up of the NPNET. The common imaging techniques used for the detection of tumor localization, size, locoregional, and metastatic involvement are contrasted computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, endoscopic ultrasonography, and somatostatin receptor scintigraphy. Surgical resection is the only curative treatment. However, in advanced locoregional disease and liver metastasis, interventive ablative therapies such as palliative reductive surgery, selective hepatic arterial embolization, radiofrequency ablation; and systemic therapies, such as peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, chemotherapy, somatostatin analogous therapy, interferon, VEGF inhibitor, and mTOR inhibitor may be used as symptom relieving or may improve progression-free survival and total survival. Current knowledge on NPNET shows that the treatment should be personalized considering the prognostic features and life expectancy of the patient.
Venus's major cloud feature as an equatorially trapped wave distorted by the wind
Authors: Peralta J. , Sánchez‐Lavega A. , López‐Valverde M. A. , Luz D. , Machado P.
Published: January 2015

The superrotation of the atmospheres of slowly rotating bodies is a long‐standing problem yet unsolved in atmospheric dynamics. On Venus, the most extreme case known of superrotation, this is accompanied and influenced by a recurrent planetary‐scale cloud structure, known as the Y feature. So far, no model has simultaneously reproduced its shape, temporal evolution, related wind field, nor the relation between its dynamics and the unknown UV‐absorbing aerosol that produces its dark morphology. In this paper we present an analytical model for a Kelvin‐like wave that offers an explanation of these peculiarities. Under Venus cyclostrophic conditions, this wave is equatorially and vertically trapped where zonal winds peak and extends 7 km in altitude, and its vertical wind perturbations are shown to produce upwelling of the UV absorber. The Y‐feature morphology and its 30 day evolution are reproduced as distortions of the wave structure by the Venus winds.
Inferring changes in ENSO amplitude from the variance of proxy records
Authors: Russon T. , Tudhope A. W. , Collins M. , Hegerl G. C.
Published: January 2015

One common approach to investigating past changes in El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) amplitude is through quantifying the variance of ENSO‐influenced proxy records. However, a component of the variance of all such proxies will reflect influences that are unrelated to the instrumental climatic indices from which modern ENSO amplitudes are defined. The unrelated component of proxy variance introduces a fundamental source of uncertainty to all such constraints on past ENSO amplitudes. Based on a simple parametric approach to modeling this uncertainty, we present guidelines for the magnitudes of proxy variance change required to robustly infer the following: (i) any change at all in ENSO amplitude and (ii) a change in ENSO amplitude that exceeds the plausible range of unforced variability. It is noted that more extreme changes in proxy variance are required to robustly infer decreases, as opposed to increases, in past ENSO amplitude from modern levels.
Martian surface/near‐surface water inventory: Sources, sinks, and changes with time
Authors: Carr M. H. , Head J. W.
Published: January 2015

Today, a 34 m global equivalent water layer (GEL) lies in the Martian polar‐layered deposits and shallow ground ice. During the Amazonian, 3 m was outgassed, and 31 m was lost to space and to the surface, leaving 62 m at the end of Hesperian. During the Hesperian, volcanic outgassing added 5 m, 7 m was lost, and 40 m GEL of groundwater was added to form outflow channels, leaving 24 m carryover of surface water from the Noachian into the Hesperian. The Hesperian budget is incompatible with a northern ocean during this era. These figures are for near‐surface water; substantial amounts of water may have existed as deep ground ice and groundwater. Our estimate of approximately 24 m near‐surface water in the Late Noachian is insufficient to support an ocean at that time also and favors episodic melting of an icy highlands to produce the fluvial and lacustrine features.
Intermediate‐scale plasma irregularities in the polar ionosphere inferred from GPS radio occultation
Authors: Shume E. B. , Komjathy A. , Langley R. B. , Verkhoglyadova O. , Butala M. D. , Mannucci A. J.
Published: January 2015

We report intermediate‐scale plasma irregularities in the polar ionosphere inferred from high‐resolution radio occultation (RO) measurements using GPS (Global Positioning System) to CASSIOPE (CAScade Smallsat and IOnospheric Polar Explorer) satellite radio links. The high inclination of CASSIOPE and the high rate of signal reception by the GPS Attitude, Positioning, and Profiling RO receiver on CASSIOPE enable a high‐resolution investigation of the dynamics of the polar ionosphere with unprecedented detail. Intermediate‐scale, scintillation‐producing irregularities, which correspond to 1 to 40 km scales, were inferred by applying multiscale spectral analysis on the RO phase measurements. Using our multiscale spectral analysis approach and satellite data (Polar Operational Environmental Satellites and Defense Meteorological Satellite Program), we discovered that the irregularity scales and phase scintillations have distinct features in the auroral oval and polar cap. We found that large length scales and more intense phase scintillations are prevalent in the auroral oval compared to the polar cap implying that the irregularity scales and phase scintillation characteristics are a function of the solar wind and magnetospheric forcings.
The effect of Mediterranean exchange flow on European time mean sea level
Authors: Hughes Chris W. , Bingham Rory J. , Roussenov Vassil , Williams Joanne , Woodworth Philip L.
Published: January 2015

Using a suite of ocean model simulations and a set of dedicated twin experiments, we show that the exchange flow between the Mediterranean and the North Atlantic leads to a drop in time mean European coastal sea level along the Atlantic coast north of Gibraltar. The drop is about 7 cm along the Portuguese coast and remains apparent (though reduced) as far north as the Norwegian coast. We also show that Mediterranean time and spatial mean sea level is about 9 cm lower than it would be without the exchange flow (but assuming a small supply from the Atlantic to balance evaporation). Each of these relationships makes possible an estimate of the magnitude of the exchange flow based on sea level measurements, and estimates of 0.8 and 0.91 sverdrups are made consistent with previous determinations based mainly on current measurements in the Strait of Gibraltar.
Bandwidths and amplitudes of chorus‐like banded emissions measured by the TC‐1 Double Star spacecraft
Authors: Macúšová E. , Santolík O. , Cornilleau‐Wehrlin N. , Yearby K. H.
Published: January 2015

Characteristics of banded whistler‐mode emissions are derived from a database of chorus‐like events obtained from the complete data set of the wave measurements provided by the Spatio‐Temporal Analysis of Field Fluctuation‐Digital Wave Processing (STAFF‐DWP) wave instrument on board the TC‐1 Double Star spacecraft. Our study covers the full operational period of this spacecraft (almost 4 years). Our entire data set has been collected within 30° of geomagnetic latitude at L shells between 2 and 12 and below 4 kHz. All events have been processed automatically to accurately determine their power spectral density (PSD), bandwidth, and amplitude. We found most cases of chorus‐like banded emissions at L≤10 on the dawnside and dayside. The upper band emissions (above one half of the equatorial electron cyclotron frequency) occur almost 20 times less often than the lower band, and their average amplitude is almost 3 times smaller than for the lower band. Intense upper band emissions cover smaller L shell, magnetic local time (MLT), and magnetic latitudes regions than intense lower band emissions. The intense nightside and dawnside chorus‐like banded emissions were observed at low magnetic latitudes, while the intense dayside and duskside emissions were mostly found at higher magnetic latitudes. The amplitudes of dayside lower band waves slightly increase as they propagate away from the geomagnetic equator and are smaller than chorus amplitudes on nightside and dawnside. The PSD, the amplitude of the lower band, its frequency bandwidth, and its occurrence rate significantly increase with increasing geomagnetic activity, while all these parameters for the upper band are not so strongly dependent on the geomagnetic activity.
Floating potential perturbations due to micrometeoroid impacts: Theory and application to S/WAVES data
Authors: Zaslavsky A.
Published: January 2015

In situ observation of dust grains from various origins is routinely performed by space missions equipped with radio instruments. These measurements consist in observations of voltage pulses or their spectral signature. It has for long been proposed that one of the mechanisms able to produce these pulses is the collection by the spacecraft of electric charges generated by impact ionization. Here for the first time, a complete theoretical model of how pulses are generated by charge collection is proposed. In the solar wind at 1 AU, the pulses are shown to be shaped by local plasma and photoelectron parameters. However, the situation can be different in hotter or denser plasma environments. We use the data provided by the STEREO/WAVES (S/WAVES) radio instrument onboard the twin STEREO spacecraft to validate our model. We find that the observations indeed strongly support the theory. The proposed model is an important step forward, since it makes it possible to reproduce the shape, timescales, and amplitudes of pulses generated by dust impacts in various space environments. Such a model can be used to infer the dust detection abilities of radio instruments onboard different spacecraft and can help the design of dust detection optimized radio instruments for future missions.
Tidal bore dynamics in funnel‐shaped estuaries
Authors: Bonneton P. , Bonneton N. , Parisot J.‐P. , Castelle B.
Published: January 2015

The formation and dynamics of tidal bores in funnel‐shaped estuaries is investigated from both a global tidal wave scaling analysis and new quantitative field observations. We show that tidal bore occurrence in convergent estuaries can be estimated from a dimensionless scaling parameter characterizing the relative intensity of nonlinear friction versus local inertia in the momentum equation. A detailed analysis of tidal bore formation and secondary wave structure is presented from a unique long‐term database (observations of more than 200 tides) acquired during four campaigns in the two main French tidal‐bore estuaries: the Seine and Gironde/Garonne estuaries. We describe the effect of freshwater discharge on the global tidal wave transformation at the estuarine scale and on local tidal bore occurrence in the upper estuary. Our field data suggest that the tidal bore intensity is mainly governed by the dimensionless tidal range, which characterizes the local tidal wave nonlinearity. We also show that the secondary wavefield associated with tidal bore propagating in natural estuaries differs significantly from those associated to undular bores in rectangular channels. In particular, we observe an abrupt decrease of the whelp steepness when the Froude number goes below 1.1. This secondary field transition can explain why tidal bore occurrence in worldwide estuaries is certainly underestimated.
Seasonality in future tropical lower stratospheric temperature trends
Authors: Wang Lei , Waugh Darryn W.
Published: January 2015

The seasonality of the 21st century trends in tropical lower stratospheric temperature (LST) is examined in simulations by a group of comprehensive chemistry‐climate models. In contrast to the past LST trends, there is robust seasonal dependence among ensembles of the same model. Furthermore, most models show strongest cooling around July–September and minimal cooling in February–March, which results in a weakening of the seasonality in tropical LST. Sensitivity simulations with isolated forcing reveal that greenhouse gas increases dominate the future tropical LST trend. This seasonally varying LST trend is linked to changes in the Brewer‐Dobson circulation (BDC). The BDC can influence the LST through direct dynamical heating/cooling and indirect radiative effects primarily from ozone changes due to vertical transport. The latter is found to be the main cause for the seasonality of the 21st century LST trend, while it is difficult to separate them in the past.
Electrospun Poly(3‐hexylthiophene) Nanofibers with Highly Extended and Oriented Chains Through Secondary Electric Field for High‐Performance Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Chen Jung‐Yao , Wu Hung‐Chin , Chiu Yu‐Cheng , Lin Chih‐Jung , Tung Shih‐Huang , Chen Wen‐Chang
Published: January 2015

An extra electric field is introduced below the spinneret in an electro­spinning setup for producing poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) nanofibers. The liquid jet is greatly prolonged by the additional extensional force and thinner fibers can thus be obtained. The chain conformation and orientation in fibers are probed by differential scanning calorimetry and X‐ray diffraction techniques. Under the influence of the secondary electric field, P3HT chains are extensively stretched and aligned along the fiber axis. The electrospun P3HT nanofibers are fabricated into field‐effect transistors and the charge carrier mobilities of the nanofibers with and without secondary electric field are found to be 1.54 × 10−4 and 1.62 × 10−1 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively. The dramatic enhancement of mobility by more than 1000 times is due to the effective charge transport through the delocalization of electrons along the highly extended and oriented P3HT backbones rather than the ordinary π–π stacking. In addition to P3HT, it is found that this simple method also works for poly(3‐alkylthiophene).
Experimental study of hydrodynamics and thermal behavior of a pseudo‐2D spout‐fluidized bed with liquid injection
Authors: Sutkar Vinayak S. , Deen Niels G. , Patil Amit V. , Peters Elias A.J.F. , Kuipers J.A.M. , Salikov Vitalij , Antonyuk Sergiy , Heinrich Stefan
Published: January 2015

A novel nonintrusive technique is presented to investigate hydrodynamic and thermal behavior of gas–solid spout‐fluidized beds with liquid injection, by simultaneously capturing visual and infrared images. Experiments were performed in a pseudo‐2D bed with draft plates filled with glass or γ‐alumina particles to investigate the effect of liquid injection and particle properties on the flow characteristics. For the glass particles under dry and wet conditions, time‐averaged particle velocities show similar quasi‐steady‐state behavior. However, under wet conditions, lower particle velocities were observed in both spout and annulus as compared with the dry system. Whereas, γ‐alumina particles do not show considerable variation in the particle velocities under dry and wet conditions and fluidize well at higher liquid injection rates. Additionally, for the glass particles, the particle temperature significantly decreases as compared to the γ‐alumina particles. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 1146–1159, 2015
Adsorption behavior of crystal violet from aqueous solutions with chitosan–graphite oxide modified polyurethane as an adsorbent
Authors: Qin Jiao , Qiu Fengxian , Rong Xinshan , Yan Jie , Zhao Hao , Yang Dongya
Published: January 2015

A series of chitosan (Ch)–graphite oxide (GO)‐modified polyurethane foam (PUF) materials as adsorbents were synthesized by a foaming technique. The adsorbent was characterized through IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Batch adsorption experiments of the cationic dye crystal violet (CV) were carried out as a function of the Ch–GO content (1.0–8.0 wt %), solution pH (2–10), dye concentration (100–300 mg/L), adsorbent dosage (10–60 mg/mL), and temperature (20–45°C). At a lower pH value, the surface of Ch–GO/PUF acquired positive charge by absorbing H+ ions; this resulted in a decreasing adsorption of the cationic CV dye because of electrostatic repulsion. As the pH of the aqueous system increased, the numbers of negatively charged sites increased by absorbing OH− ions, and a significantly high electrostatic attraction existed between the negatively charged surface of Ch–GO/PUF and the cationic dye (CV) molecules. This led to maximum dye adsorption. The kinetics, thermodynamics, and equilibrium of CV adsorption onto Ch–GO/PUF were investigated. The equilibrium data for CV adsorption fit the Langmuir equation, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 64.935 mg/g. The adsorption kinetics process followed the pseudo‐second‐order kinetics model. Thermodynamic parameters analysis revealed that the adsorption of CV from an aqueous solution by a Ch–GO modified PUF material was a spontaneous and endothermic process. We concluded that Ch–GO/PUF is a promising adsorbent for the removal of CV from aqueous solutions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41828.
Hydroxyl functionalized PVDF–TiO2 ultrafiltration membrane and its antifouling properties
Authors: Teow Yeit Haan , Latif Ahmad Abdul , Lim Jit Kang , Ngang Huey Ping , Susan Ling Ying , Ooi Boon Seng
Published: January 2015

In this study, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) was hydroxylized via the Fenton reaction and was used as a polymer matrix for mixed‐matrix membrane synthesis. The chemical properties of hydroxylized PVDF (PVDF–OH) polymer and pristine PVDF polymer were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Treatment of PVDF polymer with Fenton reagent led to the emergence of the OH functionality. The field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) analysis clearly indicated the improvement of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) distribution on the PVDF–OH/TiO2 mixed‐matrix membrane (MMM) surface. The antifouling properties of the neat PVDF membrane, PVDF/TiO2 MMM and PVDF–OH/TiO2 MMM were investigated. The MMM with the embedded P25 TiO2 was found to show better antifouling ability, with a considerably higher irreversible flux recovery ratio after 6 h of UV irradiation. By hydroxylizing the PVDF matrix, the TiO2 NP dispersion was improved. The PVDF–OH/TiO2 MMM combined both the superior antifouling and UV‐cleaning properties. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41844.
Preparation and characterization of flame retardant phase change materials by microencapsulated paraffin and diethyl ethylphosphonate with poly(methacrylic acid‐co‐ethyl methacrylate) shell
Authors: Qiu Xiaolin , Lu Lixin , Chen Zhenzhen
Published: January 2015

Microcapsules containing paraffin and diethyl ethylphosphonate (DEEP) flame retardant with uncrosslinked and crosslinked poly (methacrylic acid‐co‐ethyl methacrylate) (P(MAA‐co‐EMA)) shell were fabricated by suspension‐like polymerization. The surface morphologies of the microencapsulated phase change materials (microPCMs) were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The thermal properties and thermal stabilities of the microPCMs were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The flame retarding performances of the microcapsule‐treated foams were calculated by using an oxygen index instrument. The DSC results showed that the crosslinking of the polymer shell led to an increase in the melting enthalpies of the microcapsule by more than 15%. The crosslinked P(MAA‐co‐EMA) microcapsules with DEEP and without DEEP have melting enthalpies of 67.2 and 102.9 J/g, respectively. The TGA results indicated that the thermal resistant temperature of the crosslinked microcapsules with DEEP was up to 171°C, which was higher than that of its uncrosslinked counterpart by ∼20°C. The incorporation of DEEP into the microPCM increased the limiting oxygen index value of the microcapsule‐treated foams by over 5%. Thermal images showed that both microcapsule‐treated foams with and without DEEP possessed favorably temperature‐regulated properties. As a result, the microPCMs with paraffin and DEEP as core and P(MAA‐co‐EMA) as shell have good thermal energy storage and thermal regulation potentials, such as thermal‐regulated foams heat insulation materials. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41880.
An investigation on recycled PET/PP and recycled PET/PP‐EP compatibilized blends: Rheological, morphological, and mechanical properties
Authors: de Souza Adriana Martinelli Catelli , Caldeira Caren Barbosa
Published: January 2015

The effectiveness of P(E‐co‐MA‐co‐GMA) as a compatibilizer for recycled PET/PP and recycled PET/PP‐EP (polypropylene (ethylene‐propylene) heterophase copolymer) blends was investigated by means of morphological (scanning electron microscopy), rheological (small amplitude oscillatory shear), mechanical (tensile, flexural and impact tests), and thermal (differential scanning calorimetry) properties. Compatibilizer concentration ranged from 1 to 5 wt % with respect to the whole blend. All blends were obtained in a 90/10 composition using a twin screw extruder. Compatibilization effects for PETr/PP‐EP were more pronounced due to ethylene segments present in both PP‐EP and P(E‐co‐EA‐co‐GMA). PETr/PP‐EP has shown greater dispersed phase size reduction, a more solid‐like complex viscosity behavior and larger storage modulus at low frequencies in relation to PETr/PP blend. For both investigated blends, mechanical properties indicated an improvement in both elongation at break and impact strength with increasing compatibilizer content. PETr/PP‐EP blends showed improved performance for the same level of compatibilizer content. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41892.
The identification and empirical characterization of vehicular (Lagrangian) fundamental diagrams in multilane traffic flow
Authors: Jin Peter J. , Li Jia , Ran Bin
Published: January 2015

Traditional macroscopic traffic flow modeling framework adopts the spatial–temporal coordinate system to analyze traffic flow dynamics. With such modeling and analysis paradigm, complications arise for traffic flow data collected from mobile sensors such as probe vehicles equipped with mobile phones, Bluetooth, and Global Positioning System devices. The vehicle‐based measurement technologies call for new modeling thoughts that address the unique features of moving measurements and explore their full potential. In this paper, we look into the concept of vehicular fundamental diagram (VFD) and discuss its engineering implications. VFD corresponds to a conventional fundamental diagram (FD) in the kinematic wave (KW) theory that adopts space–time coordinates. Similar to the regular FD in the KW theory, VFD encapsulates all traffic flow dynamics. In this paper, to demonstrate the full potential of VFD in interpreting multilane traffic flow dynamics, we generalize the classical Edie's formula and propose a direct approach of reconstructing VFD from traffic measurements in the vehicular coordinates. A smoothing algorithm is proposed to effectively reduce the nonphysical fluctuation of traffic states calculated from multilane vehicle trajectories. As an example, we apply the proposed methodology to explore the next‐generation simulation datasets and identify the existence and forms of shock waves in different coordinate systems. Our findings provide empirical justifications and further insight for the Lagrangian traffic flow theory and models when applied in practice. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
“There is soccer but we have to watch”: the embodied consequences of rhetorics of inclusion for South African children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Bantjes Jason , Swartz Leslie , Conchar Lauren , Derman Wayne
Published: January 2015

Twenty years after the advent of democracy in South Africa (SA), there have been some successes in the achievement of greater equality, access and inclusion for many persons with disabilities. The move towards inclusive education may, however, have had unanticipated embodied consequences for people positioned discursively as included, but who in fact may in some respects be further marginalised than they had been under apartheid. We describe ethnographic research conducted in a special needs school in SA to explore the lived experiences of children with cerebral palsy and their involvement in physical activity. Our study shows how inclusive educational practices in SA have impeded involvement in sport for some children with motor impairments because of resource limitations and other historic reasons. This paper raises important questions about the role of community psychology in recognising, naming and contributing to action around injustices, which may be hard to see but which can have profound effects on the lives and bodies of those who experience exclusion. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Power boosting factor determination in impulse postfix‐OFDM‐based positioning system
Authors: Zhou Biao , Jing Changqiang , Kim Youngok
Published: January 2015

Based on recently introduced novel impulse postfix‐OFDM scheme, we proposed a joint time‐of‐arrival/angle‐of‐arrival positioning scheme, in which both channel estimation and positioning information can be realized by analyzing the channel impulse response estimated on an access point equipped with a uniform linear antenna array. However, the power boosting factor (PBF) determination of impulse postfix (IP) should be taken as an important issue, because a small PBF will result in imprecise channel estimation and deteriorate the communication quality, as well as positioning accuracy; in contrast, the huge power assignment on IP will lead to insufficient power allocated on date portion, when transmitted power is restricted, which also increases the system BER. In this paper, to obtain the optimal performance of both BER and positioning accuracy, we mathematically analyze the BER and positioning performance with increasing PBFs in the term of signal‐to‐noise ratio and confirm our assumption in the cases of quadrature phase‐shift keying and 16‐quadrature amplitude modulation, with computer simulation. The result applies that, as the PBF is increasing, the system BER is enhanced until PBF reaches 15 and starts deteriorating thereafter. According to the result, the decision criteria for determining PBF of IP should depend on practical preference of BER or positioning. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.