bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The poetics and politics of polyphony
Authors: Aston Judith , Odorico Stefano
Published: August 2021

This article stems from a panel we jointly convened at the i-Docs 2018 Symposium, where we presented a series of provocations with a view to generating a new theoretical framework for i-docs. These provocations were inspired by all aspects of Mikhail Bakthin’s concept of polyphony, from both a theoretical and a practical point of view. This article presents these provocations and reflects further on them. A number of key issues are documented, expanded and commented upon, as a potential framework for further research, including multiplicity, the chronotope, dialogism and interaction. We propose that these lead to new ways of approaching complexity. With the aim of using juxtaposition, nonlinearity and layering to break down binaries, the article demonstrates how complexity can be embraced and, crucially, how the simplicity within it can be revealed. In other words, a key proposition here is that we should accept and celebrate complexity as the natural order of things, without needing to deny simplicity. By investigating several theoretical aspects of Bakthin’s wider idea of polyphony, this article identifies some areas for potential development and offers input for further research, particularly in relation to the concepts of heteroglossia, carnival and aesthetics
Histoire(s) de l’art
Authors: O’Dwyer Jules
Published: August 2021

Over the last twenty years, Vincent Dieutre has established himself as a unique voice in French experimental cinema. In this article, I examine the curatorial logic of Dieutre’s queer cinema through a close reading of Leçons de ténèbres (1999)—a multilayered essay film that simultaneously depicts the filmmaker’s protracted breakup with his ailing partner, a journey from the Netherlands through to Southern Italy, and an intersensory meditation on Caravaggist aesthetics. While Dieutre’s work is commonly characterised by long and languorous travelling shots, I argue that his interest lies not only in mapping vast stretches of space, but in excavating layers of time. In Leçons de ténèbres, processes of archival reconfiguration are achieved through modes of curation; the shifting relation between word and image subtly recalibrates the relation between the past and present. Drawing on Brian Glavey’s recent account of queer ekphrasis, as well as a broader context of verbal visual relations in gay culture, I explore the ways in which Dieutre’s curatorial methods allows us to rethink relations between sexuality, temporality and aesthetics.
The life cycle of Transparent
Authors: Wyatt Justin
Published: August 2021

The queerness of the series Transparent (2014–2019), both textually and extratextually,
offers a paradigm for understanding just how flexible and revolutionary digital TV can be.
Queerness becomes a mechanism freeing both the television text and the business practices
supporting it. The result is a radically reformed life cycle for both the television text and the
attendant commercial structures. Launched in 2014 from Amazon Studios, Jill Soloway’s
Transparent suggests that narrative ruptures in the life cycle are as significant as the technological
or business shifts. Unlike the traditional US broadcast/cable model, the economics of the show
merely reflect Amazon Prime’s desire to be both a means of delivery and an original content
provider. In this way, original series add value to the company and hopefully the stock price.
Business practice, methods and revenue are reformed, allowing for television “product” that need
not adhere to the traditional models of commercial television. Narratively, the radical way through
which Soloway connects the two disparate stories in Season Two requires viewers to set aside
their expectations on cause and effect in television storytelling. Time, space, and causation are
also altered within Soloway’s text. Certainly, there are specific links in terms of the characters’
lineage, but the creators of Transparent also seemingly want us to consider “life cycle” in a much
different and queerer way than is usual for television programming.
Bullet-time in Simulation City
Authors: Laist Randy 
Published: August 2021

The writers and directors of The Matrix famously claimed Jean Baudrillard as a source of inspiration for their movie, going as far as to feature a copy of Baudrillard’s signature book, Simulacra and Simulation, as a prominent prop in one of the movie’s first scenes. Baudrillard, however, explicitly disowned The Matrix as a representation of his worldview. When we follow the story of The Matrix from the perspective of the protagonist Neo, as the story compels us to do, we encounter a dualistic, Platonic division between reality and illusion which, as Baudrillard rightly observes, annuls the implosive dynamic that is the heart of the hyperreal condition. On the other hand, when we consider The Matrix from the perspective of its audience, the citizens of the “real 1999” (as opposed to the simulacral 1999 generated by the Matrix), we find late-century American culture refracted back to us as the kind of world that lends itself to “neural-interactive simulation.” By performing a reading of The Matrix that emphasizes its reference to its contemporary historical moment, we can identify a sense in which the film authentically captures a Baudrillardian variety of space-time.
Revisiting the past as a means of validation
Authors: Boitani Giacomo
Published: August 2021

Many commedia all’italiana filmmakers have acknowledged the neorealist mode of production as a source of inspiration for their practice of pursuing social criticism in realistic and satirical comedies between 1958 and 1977. The detractors of the genre, however, have accused the commedia filmmakers of “diluting” the neorealist engagement to a simple description of the habits of Italians during the Economic Miracle, a description which threatened to encourage, through the casting of popular stars, the cynical attitude it sought to satirise. In this article, I shall discuss how two commedia all’italiana directors, namely Dino Risi and Ettore Scola, produced two significant commedie, respectively Una vita difficile (1961) and C’eravamo tanto amati (1974), which bridged the Resistance setting, associated with neorealism,and the Economic Miracle setting of most commedie all’italiana in order to reaffirm their neorealist roots, thus revisiting the past as a response to the critical underestimation from which their cinematic practice suffered.
From history to haecceity
Authors: Wortel Elise 
Published: August 2021

This article investigates the transformation of history into haecceities that allow us to grasp history through a nonlinear, cinematic sensation of pure past. Here, cinema merges classical knowledge of historical facts with the lived reality of the unrecorded past. Experiments with spatial reframings of the past in The Lady and the Duke, The King's Daughters, The White Ribbon and Coco Before Chanel are discussed to create nonlinear sensations of duration that link with Deleuze and Guattari's notions of affect and haecceity, which transform history into cinematic sets of speed, movement, and texture. Furthermore, the article analyses how the traditionally linear narrative of history is transposed into the abstract sensation of time through haecceity as pure past, where time and space come together to put the sensory quality of memory to the fore. Shifting the perspective from the linear account of history to the multilinear effects of affect and haecceity this analysis challenges the cultural hegemony of representation that favours a homogeneous image of thought. Focussing on the material and performative quality of the film image, the article analyses the spatiotemporal relations that create an analytical perception through the senses.
Making nothing happen
Authors: Backman-Rogers Anna 
Published: August 2021

This article draws from Gilles Deleuze’s interpretation of the Nietzschean concept of “the eternal return” in order to read Jim Jarmusch’s film Broken Flowers as being not merely a study in duration, apathy and reactive nihilism, but also a film which, through its formal repetitive structure, also offers pathways to transformation and affirmation. As such, I argue that the central protagonist, Don Johnston undergoes a subtle yet crucial change in the course of the film from a state of ressentiment to affirmation and becoming. I also characterise the film as an absurdist quest or road movie.
Beneath sci-fi sound
Authors: Johnston Nessa
Published: August 2021

Primer is a very low budget science-fiction film that deals with the subject of time travel; however, it looks and sounds quite distinctively different from other films associated with the genre. While Hollywood blockbuster sci-fi relies on “sound spectacle” as a key attraction, in contrast Primer sounds “lo-fi” and screen-centred, mixed to two channel stereo rather than the now industry-standard 5.1 surround sound. Although this is partly a consequence of the economics of its production, the aesthetic approach to the soundtrack is what makes Primer formally distinctive. Including a brief exploration of the role of sound design in science-fiction cinema more broadly, I analyse aspects of Primer’s soundtrack and sound-image relations to demonstrate how the soundplays around with time rather than space, substituting the spatial playfulness of big-budget Hollywood sci-fi blockbuster sound with temporal playfulness, in keeping with its time-travel theme. I argue that Primer’s aesthetic approach to the soundtrack is “anti-spectacle”, working with its mise-en-scène to emphasise the mundane and everyday instead of the fantastical, in an attempt to lend credibility and “realism” to its time-travel conceit. Finally, with reference to scholarship on American independent cinema, I will demonstrate how Primer’s stylistic approach to the soundtrack is configured as a marketable identifier of its “indie”-ness.
Image versus imagination
Authors: Witt-Jauch Martina
Published: August 2021

While the 1962 French science fiction film La Jetée presents a straightforward narrative premise, it nonetheless details the story of a man who “becomes a human projectile to be pro-jeté through time,” as Paul Sandro claims. Incriminating the audience in a theatre of cruelty, the film moves through the past and future via the mental time-travel of the protagonist in a series of stills, which appear independent from the consciousness of the agent. In the course of events, the protagonist builds a cognitive map out of this chaotic sequence of memories that allows him to then create new spaces of thought. The first mention of the “theatre of cruelty” by Antonin Artaud in 1935, considered pain and terror to be the most important elements of any kind of play or film. The protagonist's situation of constantly chasing his own ghost and restoring his memory corresponds to these conditions and thus opens up new venues of considering cruelty, and in extension trauma, as an important third element in Chris Marker's film. His film La Jetée created a filmic embodiment of this interplay in both the redemptive yet productive powers of memory and the cyclical notion of time as it manifests itself in the mind of the protagonist and viewer.
Anima animus
Authors: Murphy Ian
Published: August 2021

This essay explores Jennifer Jason Leigh’s portrayal of the young prostitute Tralala in Last Exit to Brooklyn (Uli Edel, 1989) as a case study in performance style that can be usefully understood as bisexual. Drawing firstly upon Joan Riviere’s concept of womanliness as a masquerade, it examines how Tralala’s feminine performativity masks a confused, neurotic and androgynous gender identity and a raging bid for phallic power. As played by Leigh, Tralala’s snarling speech and undulating swagger evokes the wounded rage, rebellion and alienation of 1950s Method “bad boy” stars such as Marlon Brando, James Dean and Montgomery Clift, and the result is a performance style that oscillates freely between male and female subjectivities. Reading the male Method stars in terms of alternative masculinities that transgress the social order, the article argues that Tralala’s essential masochism is fuelled by a similar disavowal of her biological gender. In this regard, she demonstrates a desire to annihilate the self that has less to do with standard screen representations of female masochism than with the explosive psychic processes of classic Method masculinity.
Interstices and impurities in the cinema
Authors: Dalle Vacche Angela
Published: August 2021

Through a close analysis of Alain Resnais’s Mon Oncle d’Amerique (1980), Angela Dalle Vacche argues that the French filmmaker interrogates the “humanity” of humans through art, science, and religion in the light of Andre Bazin’s film theory. On the scientific side, Resnais’s film clarifies Bazin’s modified Darwinian scheme about the history of the cinema. As far as the religious aspect is concerned, for Bazin and Resnais, the cinema is an illusionistic perpetual motion machine that aligns projection with a pseudo-resurrection of those who were in front of the camera. Finally, in contrast to all the arts and media that precede and follow the cinema, the references to interwoven textiles in Mon Oncle d’Amerique validate Bazin’s claim that cinema is not characterised by medium specificity.
Picturing a golden age
Authors: Marsh Pauline
Published: August 2021

In two Australian coming-of-age feature films, Australian Rules and September, the central young characters hold idyllic notions about friendship and equality that prove to be the keys to transformative on-screen behaviours. Intimate intersubjectivity, deployed in the close relationships between the indigenous and nonindigenous protagonists, generates multiple questions about the value of normalised adult interculturalism. I suggest that the most pointed significance of these films lies in the compromises that the young adults make. As they reach the inevitable moral crisis that awaits them on the cusp of adulthood, despite pressures to abandon their childhood friendships they instead sustain their utopian (golden) visions of the future.
Ma, mu and the interstice
Authors: Daly Roy
Published: August 2021

This article focuses on the centrality of the interstice to the underlying form of three of Jim Jarmusch’s films, namely, Stranger Than Paradise (1984), Dead Man (1995) and The Limits of Control (2009). It posits that the specificity of this form can be better understood by underlining its relation to aspects of Far Eastern form. The analysis focuses on the aforementioned films as they represent the most fully-fledged examples of this overriding aesthetic and its focus on interstitial space. The article asserts that a consistent aesthetic sensibility pervades the work of Jarmusch and that, by exploring the significance of the Japanese concepts of mu and ma, the atmospheric and formal qualities of this filmmaker’s work can be elucidated. Particular emphasis is paid to the specific articulation of time and space and it is argued that the films achieve a meditative form due to the manner in which they foreground the interstice, transience, temporality and subjectivity.
“Cinema, Alone”/Multiple “Cinemas”
Authors: Bellour Raymond
Published: August 2021

This lecture was presented as part of a series of twenty-five conferences on cinema and the arts held between 2001–2002 at the Collège d’Histoire de l’Art Cinématographique, Cinémathèque française. It was first published in French, as “Le Cinéma seul/Multiples ‘cinémas’”. Le Septième Art. Le cinéma parmi les arts. Ed. Jacques Aumont. Paris: Léo Scheer, 2003, 257–80. Print. Some elements of the essay have since been integrated in the introductory chapter of La Querelle des dispositifs. Cinéma – expositions, installations, coll. “Trafic”. Paris: P.O.L, 2012. Print.
"A taste in pictures"
Authors: Condon Denis
Published: August 2021

Institutional cinema did not arrive fully formed to the city of Cork, Ireland, but was constituted there in the 1910s through the actions of picture-house proprietors, city councillors, clergy and the many ordinary people who make up the audience. Although this transformation in the city's popular culture formed part of the internationally occurring 'second birth' of cinema after 1910, cinema became an institution in Cork by integrating into the local culture defined by Cork's unique institutional constellation. An account of the processes involved in the institutionalisation of cinema in Cork illuminates the growth of audiences and venues, how other entertainments were altered or displaced, and both local and regional conditions that encouraged, regulated and offered resistance to the new medium.
"The greatest film of the fascist era"
Authors: Ercole Pierluigi , Young Gwenda
Published: August 2021

During the Fascist era in Italy, the state-controlled L'Unione Cinematografica Educativa produced newsreels and documentaries promoting the regime's achievements. By the 1930s, LUCE's films were screened to Italian immigrant audiences abroad in order to engage spectators already sympathetic or potentially allied to the Fascist agenda. In this article, I discuss the distribution and reception in Britain of Camicia nera (1933), a film produced by LUCE to mark the tenth anniversary of Mussolini's rise to power and often referred to as "the film of the Decennial". Employing records retrieved from state archives and contemporary British sources from the period of the film's release, I revisit the history of one of the most important official films of the Fascist era and offer a new perspective on the dynamics and actual applications of Italian propaganda operations abroad during the 1930s.
The politics of independence
Authors: Krämer Peter
Published: August 2021

This article draws, among other things, on press clippings files and scripts found in various archives to reconstruct the complex production history, the marketing and the critical reception of the nuclear thriller The China Syndrome (1979). It shows that with this project, several politically motivated filmmakers, most notably Jane Fonda, who starred in the film and whose company IPC Films produced it, managed to inject their antinuclear stance into Hollywood entertainment. Helped by the accident at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant two weeks into the film’s release, The China Syndrome gained a high profile in public debates about nuclear energy in the U.S. Jane Fonda, together with her then husband Tom Hayden, a founding member of the 1960s “New Left” who had entered mainstream politics in the California Democratic Party by the late 1970s, complemented her involvement in the film with activities aimed at grass roots mobilisation against nuclear power.
Dark fragments
Authors: Murphy Jill
Published: August 2021

The short film La ricotta (Pier Paolo Pasolini, 1963) tells the story of Stracci, an extra working on a film of the life of Christ, which is presented in part via tableaux vivants of Mannerist paintings. Pasolini’s film is replete with formal, stylistic and narrative binaries. In this article, I examine a particularly emphatic binary in the film in the form of the abstract, ethereal corporeality of the Mannerist paintings versus the raw and bawdy corporeality of Stracci. I show that through the reenactment of the paintings and their literal embodiment, Pasolini creates a rapprochement and, ultimately, a reversal between the divine forms created by the Mannerists and Stracci’s unremitting immanence, which, I argue, is allied to the carnivalesque and the cinematic body of Charlie Chaplin’s Little Tramp. I examine how Pasolini gradually deposes the Mannerists, and thus the art-historical excesses and erotic compulsion he feels towards the crucifixion, substituting in their place the corporeal form of Stracci in all its baseness and profanity.
Reconsidering the body genre
Authors: Andrews David
Published: August 2021

Body genres represent ideal candidates for biocultural theorisation due to their almost universal effects on audiences. However, not all body genres can be interpreted at the formal level through a direct application of biological ideas; some require an indirect approach that emphasises cultural information as much as biological information. The article pursues this thesis by applying an understanding of heterosexual rape drawn from evolutionary psychology to the motifs of sexual coercion that structure two body genres: rape-revenge and postfeminist softcore. The biocultural approach may be applied in a direct way to rape-revenge, which has often been deemed offensive despite its critiques of male sexual coercion. This direct analysis may then be used as the foundation for a more indirect analysis of postfeminist softcore, a genre that stylises rape to remain inoffensive to women but in the process sacrifices its ability to critique the male aggression predicted by feminists and evolutionists alike.
The work of an invisible body
Authors: Donaldson Lucy Fife
Published: August 2021

On-screen bodies are central to our engagement with film. As sensory film theory seeks to remind us, this engagement is sensuous and embodied: our physicality forms sympathetic, kinetic and empathetic responses to the bodies we see and hear. We see a body jump, run and crash and in response we tense, twitch and flinch. But whose effort are we responding to? The character’s? The actor’s? This article explores the contribution of an invisible body in shaping our responsiveness to on-screen effort, that of the foley artist. Foley artists recreate a range of sounds made by the body, including footsteps, breath, face punches, falls, and the sound clothing makes as actors walk or run. Foley is a functional element of the filmmaking process, yet accounts of foley work note the creativity involved in these performances, which add to characterisation and expressivity. Drawing on detailed analysis of sequences in Cabaret (Bob Fosse, 1972) and Die Hard (John McTiernan, 1988) which foreground exertion and kinetic movement through dance and physical action, this article considers the affective contribution of foley to the physical work depicted on-screen. In doing so, I seek to highlight the extent to which foley constitutes an expressive performance that furthers our sensuous perception and appreciation of film.
Beyond the human body: Claire Denis's ecologies
Authors: McMahon Laura
Published: August 2021

This article explores the work of Claire Denis beyond the focus on the human body through which it is commonly read. Addressing Beau Travail (1999) and The Intruder (2004), I examine an ecological impulse that manifests itself through a nonanthropocentric detailing of the coexistence of body and landscape, and a nonhierarchical attentiveness to the distributed agencies of humans, animals and things. I draw here in particular on Gilles Deleuze’s notion of the crystal-image and on Jean-Luc Nancy’s thinking of ecotechnics, as elaborated in his essay on The Intruder (a film inspired by Nancy’s autobiographical essay, L’Intrus). In Beau Travail, Deleuzian crystals of time draw attention to the nonhuman histories of the landscape. In The Intruder, this crystalline structure persists, reactivating traces of nonhuman pasts, while a focus on canine gestures and responses signals nonhuman perceptual worlds in the present. Deleuze’s “Desert Islands”, another text that shapes The Intruder, offers a further way of reading the film’s attentiveness to the nonhuman—an attentiveness that extends, as Nancy suggests, to a consideration of environmental crisis.
Rolling amnesia and the omnivorous now
Authors: Husbands Lilly
Published: August 2021

Throughout his career, New York-based experimental filmmaker and animator Jeff Scher has created animated works that are in dialogue with the diary film tradition in avant-garde cinema. Scher uses his distinctive single-frame rotoscope and collage animation technique to investigate the selective nature of memory and to celebrate the moments that constitute everyday life. Scher’s animated trilogy, You Won’t Remember This (2007), You Won’t Remember This Either (2009), and You Might Remember This (2011), depicts a series of everyday moments in the early childhoods of his two sons Buster and Oscar. The trilogy is centred on the mnemonic phenomenon that is referred to in developmental and cognitive psychology as childhood amnesia, which has presented problems for the philosophy of memory since John Locke first investigated the roles of memory and consciousness in the constitution of the identity of the self. Scher’s three portraits invite spectators to reflect on the mnemonic imbalance that is specific to this particular temporal situation—where the parent is able to remember what the child will ultimately forget—in both a distilled and heightened way. This paper investigates the ways in which the rotoscope collage technique employed by Scher in the You Won’t Remember This trilogy not only endows the works with a special capacity to emphasise the universal nature of childhood amnesia but also, conversely, resembles the phenomenological experience of remembering itself.
“Gas Her”
Authors: Hurley Marian 
Published: August 2021

The notion of identification in visual media that require user participation is problematic. When images become clickable and navigable, then the viewer is no longer a viewer but a participant in the unfolding of the narrative. Theories of visual representation and cinematic spectatorship cannot fully account for modes of interactive spectatorship because the more the viewer is kinesthetically implicated into the formation and progression of moving images, the more the interactive action moves towards the literal realm. In this article, I explore emerging forms of interactive spectatorship through Stanton Audemars’s controversial Stockholm: An Exploration of True Love (2008), and connect those to a broader critical history of the sociological aspects of cinema. Stockholm: An Exploration of True Love challenges the boundaries of a voyeuristic subjectivity that is free of the tension associated with acting out desires elicited by the images on the screen, by inviting the viewer to become complicit in the virtual performance of sadomasochistic acts. An exploration of the processes of conditioning and reorienting spectatorship in interactive films can offer profound insights into the pedagogical potential of interactivity, especially through examples that push the boundaries of both interactivity and cinematic representation.
Produktrückruf - Produktbeobachtung – Gefahrenabwehr – Haftung – Regress – Versicherung
Authors: Moritz Wendelin
Published: August 2021

Konflikte beim Rückruf fehlerhafter Produkte - Wie weit reicht die Pflicht zur Beobachtung bereits in Verkehr gebrachter Produkte? - Welche Schritte muss ein Endhersteller setzen, wenn sich sein Produkt als fehlerhaft herausstellt? - Kann er sich am Zulieferer des fehlerhaften Bauteils schadlos halten? Besteht Versicherungsdeckung? Dieses Handbuch greift die wichtigsten Fragen und Antworten zur Gefahrenabwendung, Haftung und Versicherungsabdeckung bei Produktrückrufen auf: Denn wenn sich ein bereits in Verkehr gebrachtes Produkt nachträglich als gefährlich herausstellt, dann ist der Hersteller angehalten, die davon ausgehende Gefahr abzuwenden. Dabei stellt sich insbesondere die Frage, ob eine Warnung ausreicht oder der Hersteller das Produkt zurückrufen und den Produktfehler kostenlos beheben muss. Das Werk gibt einen Überblick über die Grundlagen und den Umfang der Produktbeobachtungspflichten von Hersteller, Importeur und Händler und erörtert die allgemeine Produzentenhaftung. Ein eigenes Kapitel beschäftigt sich mit dem Verhältnis zwischen Endhersteller und Zulieferer eines fehlerhaften Bauteils. Außerdem wird beleuchtet unter welchen Voraussetzungen der betroffene Hersteller mit einer Versicherungsdeckung rechnen kann. Für wen? Das Handbuch richtet sich an Schadenabteilungen in Versicherungsunternehmen, an Rechtsabteilungen in Industrieunternehmen, die regelmäßig von Produktrückrufen betroffen sind, sowie an Rechtsanwält*innen und Richter*innen.
A Marketable Leadership Strategy in Service Business; Case Study at KBIHU Nurul Haramain Kraksaan Probolinggo
Authors: Rifa'i Moh. , Saad Mukhlisin , Hasanah Lutfiyatul , Aisyah Rasyidah Nur
Published: August 2021

Realizing marketable guidance in pilgrimage leadership is not easy to put into practice. It takes a leadership strategy that has positive implications for each congregation that he leads so that it has an impact on increasing the volume of pilgrims every year. This research used a qualitative approach, with a descriptive type. The research data source was obtained from KBIHU Nurul Haramain by purposive sampling and snowball sampling model. The data collection technique was carried out by using observation, interviews, and documentation. While the technical data analysis was by collecting data, reducing data, and drawing conclusions. The validity of the data used a triangulation model. The research results explained that the marketable leadership strategies carried out by the kyai, are: service strategies that are easy to understand by implementing Hajj exercises or rituals 12 times in 1 year and in collaboration, the Hajj practice directly led by Kyai and professionals, direct guidance from home to the holy lands of Makkah and Medina, arranging rituals scheduled as needed the knowledge systematically. Strategies of figures that appear in the Kyai consist of namely friendly service, and excellent facilitation for the congregation from in the country to the holy land.
Formulasi dan Landasan Legalitas Teori Hajah dalam Hukum Islam Perspektif Ahmad Ibn â€˜Abd al-Rahman Ibn Nasir al-Rashid
Authors: Aspandi  , Muawanah
Published: August 2021

The formulation of the theory of hajah in Islamic law has basically gained a place as a methodology in the study of Islamic law. However, this theory of hajah has not received much response from Muslim thinkers and some are still questioning its legality basis. Specifically, this research outlines the formulation of Muslim thinkers' perspectives and their legality basis through library research. With a philosophical approach to the proposal of al-fiqh, this study describes the ideas, terminology, formulation and legality of hajah as one of the methodologies in Islamic law. This research yielded findings; Hujjahan hajah as the basis for the application of Islamic law relies on the sources and general arguments of the verses that show difficulties for everyone and beyond the capacity of the conditions in general. The formulation of hajah from the perspective of Muslim thinkers has various types based on their classification. This is because hajah is not only one kind or one kind.
Implementasi Program Intensive Course (IC) di Pondok Pesantren Pada Masa Pandemi
Authors: Nanda Laudria , Salsabilla Aliza , Akmalia Frida
Published: August 2021

This study aims to determine the implementation of the Intensive Course (IC) program in Islamic boarding schools to identify the challenges, strengths, and weaknesses faced in its execution. The method in this research uses qualitative research exploration. Three data collection techniques were used: in-depth interviews through a semi-structured list of questions developed by related literature, observation, and documentation. The results of this study describe the implementation of the IC program during the pandemic. The challenges in its implementation consist of students, teaching materials, and a relatively short time, the advantages and disadvantages of the learning program. This study only describes one Islamic boarding school in Kediri, namely the Syarif Hidayatullah Islamic Boarding School. These results are helpful as an overview of IC during a pandemic and a reference for future research. This study provides evidence-based research information, especially on its implementation at the Syarif Hidayatullah Islamic boarding school.
THE PERSPECTIVE OF SLA PRINCIPLES OF MATERIALS ANALYSIS ON A THEMATIC ENGLISH TEXTBOOK FOR SIXTH-GRADE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
Authors: Nida Camalia Fatih
Published: August 2021

This study attempts to explain the materials of the thematic English textbook entitled “Grow with English” for sixth grade by reflecting the SLA principles. Therefore, it could be useful as a preliminary step before conducting a textbook evaluation. This article used a qualitative research method with the focus of content analysis. The writer derived the results by responding to the materials analysis proposed by Littlejohn (2011) regarding three main questions (1) what is the learner expected to do?, (2) who with? and (3) with what content?. Each question depicted certain criteria that elaborate the elements of those three questions to outline coursebook materials. Moreover, to complete the analytical of textbook task-based analysis, the writer used the concept of ten SLA principles as suggested by Ellis (2005). The results showed that game-based tasks and consciousness-raising tasks are effective in supporting L2 acquisition since they derived both explicit and implicit knowledge. This study is limited on the scope that only focuses on a preliminary stage before conducting an in-use evaluation. The findings of this study could be a consideration and reference for EFL teachers, creators of English coursebook materials, and English coursebook policymakers, especially in Indonesia to put more attention on the importance of SLA principles in the textbook’s materials that can support students’ L2 acquisition.
Approaches To Optimization For Movable Shading Systems:a Review Of Optimization Methods And Tools
Authors: Keskinel Yesim , Ilal Mustafa Emre
Published: August 2021

Studies show that movable shading systems have lots of benefits for building performance. Minimizing energy consumption and maximizing daylight usage are natural expectations when using these systems. To find optimal solutions for these systems, different methods have been used. Today, optimization methods are used to solve this problem. In the literature, there are few studies about optimization of movable shading systems. This paper aims to identify different movable shading systems, optimization types, and computational optimization tools that are used. Research findings and future projections based on the reviewed papers are summarized.
Monochromatic Leds For Vision Improvement in Foggy Roads
Authors: Bhattacharjee Shovakar , De Arnab , Saha Arijit , Mazumdar Saswati
Published: August 2021

In India, foggy weather creates poor visibility, and this leads to several accidents and slows down normal traffic speed, which may lead to adverse effect on the economy of the country. The probable solution is the use of monochromatic light with other artificial vision system to increase the visibility for the drivers in these foggy areas. There are various kinds of monochromatic lights available in the market. In this study, it has been tried to find out the best working monochromatic LEDs for this particular application. In this study, two types of monochromatic radiation were compared (amber light with 600 nm and green light with 545 nm) with and without the camera-display setup (artificial visual system) for finding out best working system in the foggy area for increasing the visibility. The experiment shows that amber light monochromatic radiation with 600 nm works better for identification of objects. The amber light can be used in front of a car to illuminate the front environment in the foggy weather and increase the visibility. It has been observed that green light monochromatic radiation with 545 nm works better for identification of the source from a very long distance. It has been proposed to install both of these lights with amber and green monochromatic radiation in vehicles to reduce accidents in foggy weather.
Introduction To The New Energy Efficient Class for Road Lighting In Indian Context
Authors: Chakraborty Suddhasatwa , Mazumdar Saswati
Published: August 2021

The assessment of energy consumption in the field of road lighting is different from other lighting applications. In this paper, a newly developed parameter is introduced for the proper assessment of energy efficiency for lighting design of Indian road. The basis of the proposed normalized power density parameter and the effects of few governing factors on it have been also discussed in detail. Those factors are governing measured and calculated based on the road lighting in Indian scenario. A new classification for energy efficient road lighting in Indian road has been introduced. This new proposed classification will help to determine whether a road lighting system is energy efficient or not.
Effects Of Spectral Tuning Of White Light on Attention Level And Sleep Quality
Authors: Hou Dandan , Lin Yandan , Lu Yan , Luo Ming Ronnier
Published: August 2021

Non-image-forming lighting effects reveal the multiple circadian influences of light on human behaviours. A psychophysical experiment was conducted in two sessions (morning and afternoon) for 60 days. The experiment was designed to explore the influence of different circadian lighting by spectral tuning with controlled CCT and illuminance on attention level, brain activity, and sleep quality by measuring PVSAT, EEG, and PSQI, respectively, by 20 participants. The results showed that the white lighting of high circadian stimulus level and high melanopic irradiance significantly enhances the attention level, brain activity, and sleep quality compared to low circadian stimulus level.
ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN PHYSICAL LOAD AND CARDIAC BIOELECTRIC ACTIVITY IN RESIDENTS OF THE EUROPEAN NORTH OF RUSSIA
Authors: Irzhak L. I. , Dudnikova E. A. , Parshukova A. N. , Popova O. N. , Gudkov A. B.
Published: August 2021

Introduction: The leading role in studying adaptation processes is assigned to the analysis of the cardiovascular system activity, myocardial function and its electrical activity, both at rest and during physical load. At the same time, it is important to search for new indicators that characterize the dynamics of the adaptation process. Aim: To study associations between physical activity and the interval-amplitude bioelectric characteristics of the myocardium in residents of the European North of Russia. Methods: Electrocardiograms (ECG) were recorded in 19 healthy female students from Syktyvkar, who were not involved in sports activities. The ECG was recorded at rest and 5 minutes after physical load on a cycle ergometer (1 watt per 1 kg of body weight). Intervalamplitude electrical properties of the myocardium were analyzed on ECG. All the examined were divided into 3 groups depending on resting heart rate. Altogether, 570 cardiac cycles were used for the analysis. Results: The RR interval was 0.95 ± 0.07 s (at low frequency) and 0.63 ± 0.04 s (at high frequency) before physical load and decreased to 0.40 ± 0.03 s and 0.38 ± 0.02 s (p < 0.001) after physical load. Depolarization (RT interval) lasted 0.52 ± 0.02 s (at low frequency) and 0.46 ± 0.01 s (at high frequency) before physical load. After physical load there was a decrease to 0.38 ± 0.03 s at low frequencies and up to 0.36 ± 0.02 s at high frequency (p < 0.001). RD amplitudes before physical load were 1.47 ± 0.10 mV and 1.50 ± 0.12 mV, after physical load 1.16 ± 0.16 mV and 1.1 ± 0.17 mV (at low frequency and high frequency): average decrease by 20% (p < 0.001). Variability of RD amplitudes before and after physical load wais ±0.50 mV. Repolarization (TR segment) before physical load was 0.43 ± 0.07 s (at low frequency) and 0.17 ± 0.04 s (at high frequency F). After physical load it decreased to 0.02 ± 0.01 s (at low frequency and high frequency) (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The decrease in the duration of the PP, RT and TR segments after the load depends on their initial value before the load.
FETAL HYPOXIA AS A CAUSE OF UNVAFOURABLE PREGNANCY OUTCOMES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF ASSESSMENT METHODS
Authors: Makarovskaia E. A. , Baranov A. N. , Istomina N. G. , Revaco P. P.
Published: August 2021

Hypoxia is one of the most frequent and serious types of stress for the human body. Hypoxia during pregnancy has adverse effects on fetal that may have implications not only for antenatal, but also postnatal period and even adulthood. Hypoxia usually occurs due to the placental insufficiency - a process in which there is a progressive decrease of the placental functions, when the transfer of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus through the placenta decreases, which leads to hypoxia and acidosis. Subsequent fetal hypoxemia stimulates the suppression of metabolic responses to preserve available nutrients, resulting in fetal growth restriction. This article presents an overview of modern scientific literature considering an etiology and pathophysiology of fetal hypoxia. Special attention is paid on the methods of evaluating fetal hypoxia in obstetric practice, such as Doppler, measuring lactate from fetal scalp blood testing, CTG monitoring, detection of RNA caused by hypoxia in maternal blood, measurement of the pH of the umbilical cord vessels, ECG-STan, fetal pulsoximetry. A new parameter for assessing the condition of the fetus, called the "non-reassuring fetal status" was observed, and the diagnostic criteria were described thoroughly. This systematic review presents a qualitative analysis of diagnostic methods and predictors of the outcome of pregnancies with acute and progressive fetal hypoxia. The study includes full-text publications in Russian and English on the methods of assessing the state of fetal hypoxia during pregnancy and childbirth, as well as their validity. In total, 548 sources were identified in PubMed, SCOPUS and eLIBRARY.RU databases. After screening, 53 articles were selected and included in the qualitative synthesis.
Enfoque Basado en Competencias, El. Primeras aproximaciones desde Ciencias Básicas.
Authors: Juanto Susana , Cappello Viviana , Prodanoff Fabiana , Zerbino Lia
Published: August 2021

En este trabajo se trata de relacionar los orígenes del Enfoque Basado en Competencias (EBC), la construcción del concepto de competencias,  el sustento que brinda este enfoque a los cambios propiciados por el CONFEDI, y la relación entre competencias y resultados de aprendizaje. Se  discuten los cambios observados en los procesos de enseñanza y de aprendizaje en experiencias realizadas en el Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de FRLP, UTN.
Is dental autotransplantation underestimated and underused by Syrian dentists?
Authors: Al-Khanati Nuraldeen Maher , Beit Zafin Kara
Published: August 2021

Dental autotransplantation (DAT) is a surgical procedure in which a donor's tooth is extracted and transplanted from one site to another in the same person. This treatment modality has received considerable attention worldwide in recent years due to its potential advantages over implants. A survey-based study evaluated dentists’ attitudes towards and practice of DAT in Damascus, Syria from September to December 2020. We asked respondents whether they considered this treatment modality when developing treatment plans and whether they view it viable. Only 73 of the 258 respondents (28.3%) stated that they considered DAT as a treatment option. Additionally, 153 respondents (59.3%) either did not view DAT as a viable treatment option or did not know whether it is viable. DAT was underestimated and underused among Syrian dentists. Given this gap in real-world knowledge and practice, academic dental institutions in Syria should place a greater focus on emerging evidence-based knowledge and protocols regarding this treatment option.
Editorial: Human Rights at the Heart of Energy Justice
Authors: Heffron Raphael J
Published: August 2021

Energy justice has grown significantly across all disciplines involved in energy research. Here an energy justice circle is advanced where the relationship with energy justice and human rights across the energy lifecycle is explored. It is clear that at the heart of energy justice from a practical perspective is the protection of human rights. That is what energy justice and the application of the forms of justice – procedural, distributive, restorative, recognition and cosmopolitan - that provide its basis can achieve.
Three Stages of Justice in the Fossil Fuel Industries
Authors: Hazrati Mohammad
Published: August 2021

The importance of assessing energy industries through a justice framework has widely become recognised in recent years. Creating and using the energy justice framework by different scholars is a manifestation of this recognition. Much of the scholars' attention is, however, currently being applied to the energy justice framework on the renewable energy industry and attempting to design a ‘perfect’ and ‘just’ energy system. This author believes, as set out in this article, that a theory of justice must address and reduce injustices in any circumstances, rather than aiming only at the characterisation of so-called ‘perfect justice’. Over-emphasising on a zero-carbon future and overlooking the present reality means that we accept many other injustices that are associated with fossil fuels until the time when we can dispose of fossil fuels, which are ‘future-uncertainty’. In this article, the author, by analysing current data and information regarding the production of oil and gas and its consumption and reserves, as well as different scenarios towards the future of energy, argues that the dominant position of fossil fuels is not going to change anytime soon. Based on this reality, and recognising what are considered to be some inherently unjust features of the oil and gas industry, the author proposes three complementary stages for justice in the oil and gas industry; a perfect and just energy system that has zero-carbon and is decentralised is the final stage. The second stage is fair energy transitions, which emphasises a ‘just transition’ towards that desired future. The first stage, however, which is often overlooked, is applying the energy justice framework in the oil and gas industry to identify any injustices that can be reduced or limited.
Holding Operators in the Nigerian Petroleum Industry to a Higher Environmental Standard
Authors: Morocco-Clarke Ayodele
Published: August 2021

The oil industry drives the Nigerian economy as oil can be credited for most of Nigeria's foreign earnings. The exploration and production activities by operators in the Nigerian oil industry have for numerous decades resulted massive pollution of land, water and air within the jurisdiction of Nigeria and consequently there have been bitter complaints about the degradation of the environment. Though there are scores of legislations, regulations and policies governing the oil industry, it is clear that the multinational oil companies operating in Nigeria do not conduct their operations on the high levels they do in developed countries. However, the problem does not basically lie with the issue of ‘sub-standard’ legislations, but with the fact that the legislations in place are not routinely and uniformly enforced by the regulatory authorities and are often not complied with by the oil companies. This paper examines the twin problems of enforcement and compliance and tries to find a path out of the regulatory quagmire in Nigeria.