bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Evolution of Free-Space Quantum Key Distribution
Authors: Bisztray Tamas , Bacsardi Laszlo
Published: December 2020

In this paper we are looking at the milestones that were achieved in free−space quantum key distribution as well as the current state of this technology. First a brief overview introduces the technical prerequisites that will help to better understand the rest of the paper. After looking into the first successful demonstrations of short range free space QKD both indoor and outdoor, we are examining the longer range terrestrial QKD experiments. In the next step we look at some experiments that were aiming to take free space QKD to the next level by placing the sender or the receiver on moving vehicles. After the terrestrial demonstrations we focus on satellite based experiments. Finally, we explore hyper-dimensional QKD, utilising energy−time, polarization and orbital angular momentum (OAM) degrees of freedom.
Wired-Wireless Converged Passive Optical Network with 4-PAM and Multi-sub-bands FBMC
Authors: Parajuli Hum Nath , Udvary Eszter
Published: December 2020

Future 5G based passive optical networks (PON) are expected as capable of the simultaneous provision of wired and wireless services for multi-users. In this paper, for the first time, we propose and demonstrate the simultaneous delivery of wired 4-pulse amplitude modulation (4-PAM) and wireless multi-sub-bands filter bank multicarrier (FBMC) signals in one wavelength using one laser source for the future 5G PON. The 4-PAM can be used in cost-efficient intensity modulation direct detection (IM/DD) systems and it provides the double bandwidth efficiency compared to conventional on-off keying (OOK). FBMC is considered as a potential candidate for future wireless 5G due to its high suppression for out of band emissions, which allows combining multiple sub-bands with very narrow band-gaps. Using multi-sub-bands with a narrow band gap, the overall transmission capacity can be increased. In the designed system, the composite wired 4-PAM and wireless multi-sub-bands FBMC signal is generated and transmitted with intensity modulation in optical line terminal (OLT). In the optical network unit (ONU) the wired and wireless signals from the received composite signal are extracted using an electrical square band-pass filter and separately demodulated using digital signal processing techniques. The designed 4-PAM has baseband bandwidth of 4.8 GHz and multi-subbands FBMC consists of 4 sub-bands of 500 MHz each, having very narrow inter-sub-bands gap of 488.28 kHz and the aggregate bandwidth of 2.0015 GHz. The bit error rate (BER) has been evaluated for the performance analysis of the 4-PAM and multi-sub-bands FBMC for two cases (a) separate transmission and (b) composite transmission.
Demonstration of Multimode Optical Fiber Communication System using 1300 nm Directly Modulated VCSEL for Gigabit Ethernet
Authors: Huszaník Tomáš , Turán Ján , Ovseník Ľuboš
Published: December 2020

In the recent years, the optical networks have grown to unexpected dimensions. The growth of active users and growing demand for data services set high requirements to network providers. Driving forces of this growth are multimedia, cloud computing and web services which set high bandwith demand. The majority of currently deployed optical networks utilize passive or active network structure using dominantly singlemode optical fiber (SMF). SMF is believed to be the better choice over multimode optical fiber (MMF) for high speed optical fiber communication systems. And in some applications it definitely is. MMF has found use especially for short distance communication as it easily supports distances required for interconnecting building, data centres or campuses. In this paper we present a simulation model of 1000BASE-LX Ethernet with MMF using different optical modulation techniques. The aim of this article is to demonstrate possibilities of MMF based 1000BASE-LX Ethernet with directly modulated vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL).
Optoelectronic mixer with a photoconductive switch for 1550 nm wavelengths
Authors: Horváth Róbert , Roux Jean-François , Poëtte Julien , Cabon Béatrice
Published: December 2020

We demonstrate an optoelectronic mixer based on an ultrafast InGaAs photoconductive switch and its use in an innovative heterodyne detection system for Radio over Fibre transmission. The advantage of the proposed switch is its relatively flat response curve in a wide frequency range up to 67 GHz. Two mixing schemes are presented through I-Q modulated data-stream down-conversion. The data can modulate either the electrical signal or the optical signal. In case the electrical signal is modulated, a mode-locked semiconductor laser diode is used as an optical local oscillator at the self-oscillating frequency of 24.5 GHz. The InP based quantum-dash mode-locked laser emitting in the 1570 nm wavelength range is stabilized by a feedback loop and shows a low phase noise in order to increase the mixing performances of the detection apparatus. In a second experiment, the photoconductive switch is combined with a continuous wave laser to demonstrate the feasibility of down converting an optically provided data-stream with an electrical local oscillator.
A Systematic Analysis and Design of a High Gain Microstrip Antenna based on a Single EBG Layer
Authors: Naiemy Yahiea Al , Elwi Taha , Nagy Lajos , Zwick Thomas
Published: December 2020

In this paper, an Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) lens of a single layer is invented to improve the gain of a truncated slotted square patch antenna for the Wi-Fi applications. The proposed EBG lens is structured from 55 planar array. The individual unit cell is basically shaped as a couple of a split concave conductive patch. The proposed EBG struc- ture performance is tested numerically using Finite Integration Technique (FIT) formulations of CSTMWS and analytically using circuit theory. Then, the antenna performance in terms of |S11|, the boresight gain, and radiation patterns are reported and compared to the performance before introducing the EBG lens to identify the significant enhancements. The proposed EBG antenna is simulated numerically inside FIT formulations of CSTMWS time domain (TD) solver. A significant gain enhancement of 11.1 dBi at 2.45 GHz and a front to back ratio (F/B) about 22 dB are achieved after introducing the EBG lens. The antenna performance is validated using a frequency domain (FD) solver based CSTMWS formulations to obtain excellent agreements between the two invoked methods.
Overcoming the Realization Problems of Wideband Matching Circuits
Authors: Matolcsy Balázs , Zólomy Attila
Published: December 2020

During the analytical design process of wideband impedance matching major problems may arise, that might lead to non-realizable matching networks, preventing the successful impedance matching. In this paper two practical design rules and a simplified equation is presented, supporting the design of physically realizable impedance matching networks. The design rules and calculation technique introduced by this paper is summarized, and validated by microwave circuit simulation examples.
Who Remembers the People of Fireland? Reflections Inspired by Martin Gusinde’s Manuscript Remains. A Contribution to the Study of Linguistic Extermination REYIEW ARTICLE QUI SE SOIMENT DES HOMMES
Authors: Klafkowski Piotr
Published: December 2020

The text indexes the documentation left by Martin Gusinde who visited southern Chile in the 1920's and during his stay wrote a number of manuscripts on the indigenous people of Tierra del Fuego.
Cahuachi musical. Característica morfológica de las antaras Nazca
Authors: Gruszczyńska-Ziółkowska Anna
Published: December 2020

Short description:

As result of archaeological investigations in different sites attributed to the Nasca culture, numerous musical instruments have been recovered. The Cahuachi site, which spans over 24 square kilometers, was an especially important event in musical archeology. The archaeo-musicological investigations done on the material from this site reveal a great diversity of types and forms of the most common music instrument: Pan's flute. The text tries to classify this abundant material.
La ejecutoria del pleito contra don Cristóbal Vaca de Castro: anatomía de un manuscrito «peruano» del Archivo del Sacromonte
Authors: Roy Hélène
Published: December 2020

Es conocida la fi gura de Cristóbal Vaca de Castro como gobernador del Perú (1541-1544), sin embargomuy poco se sabe de sus litigios con el Consejo de Indias a su regreso a España. La documentación conservadaen el Sacromonte permite sondear los entresijos del poder metropolitano español del siglo XVIy desvelar esta parcela poco explorada de la historia. Nos enfocaremos en la ejecutoria del pleito contraVaca de Castro, siendo el documento más denso del fondo. Su análisis y la contextualización de las informacionesque contiene nos llevarán a describir todas las etapas y las implicaciones de un proceso queduró no menos de 11 años, con el fi n de afi nar nuestro conocimiento del perfi l del principal inculpado ysus relaciones con su administración
Laporan Kasus : Septo Optic Dysplasia (de Morsier Syndrome)
Authors: Sutrisno Sony
Published: December 2020

Septo optic dysplasia (SOD) adalah kelainan kongenital yang jarang ditemukan, dengan angka kejadian 1 : 10.000 kelahiran hidup. Karakteristik SOD adalah ditemukannya dua dari tiga kelainan berupa disgenesis septum struktur midline otak, disgenesis saraf optikus, dan disfungsi kelenjar pituitari. Kami melaporkan seorang pasien perempuan berusia 11 tahun datang dengan keluhan mata juling dan gangguan penglihatan. Pada pemeriksaan mata, didapatkan visus mata kanan 1/60 dan mata kiri 6/6. CT scan menunjukan hipoplasia selubung saraf optikus kanan dan  agenesis septum pelusidum. Pada pasien tidak terdapat gangguan pertumbuhan ataupun perkembangan serta tidak terdapat gangguan neurologi. Pemeriksaan radiologis memiliki peranan yang penting dalam membantu menegakkan diagnosis SOD karena baik untuk mengevaluasi struktur otak dan saraf optikus
Widma kolonializmu – nawiedzone kino Svena Augustijnena
Authors: Marzec Andrzej
Published: December 2020

Autor tekstu z perspektywy filozoficznej analizuje "Widma" Svena Augustijnena. Stara się udowodnić, że kino belgijskiego reżysera jest nawiedzone, gdyż przedstawia rzeczywistość utkaną ze śladów, które zaburzają tradycyjny podział na obecność i nieobecność. Autor badając filmowy warsztat Augustijnena oraz posługując się widmontologią Jacquesa Derridy pokazuje, w jaki sposób współczesne kino próbuje zmierzyć się z trudną i wciąż niezakończoną kolonialną historią Belgii (ludobójstwem, jakiego dokonano na terenie Konga za rządów króla Belgii Leopolda II oraz zabójstwem pierwszego premiera niepodległego Konga Patrice'a Lumumby).
Klisza w rękach bricoleura. Przemiany "Wagonu" Roberta Kuśmirowskiego
Authors: Kaniewska Paula
Published: December 2020

Punktem wyjścia artykułu jest instalacja Robera Kuśmirowskiego "Wagon". Do jej interpretacji wykorzystana zostaje koncepcja klisz Gillesa Deleuze’a, lecz istotny kontekst stanowi również postawa twórcza artysty, nieustannie rekonfigurującego swoje prace. W jej świetle dodatkowych znaczeń nabiera zarówna Wagon, jak i przywołana myśl francuskiego filozofa. Rozwijana przez Deleuze’a teoria obrazu służy zrozumieniu mechanizmów rządzących przemianami opisywanego dzieła. Zarazem stworzony przez artystę obiekt oraz kolejne jego wersje ujawniają właściwości kliszowego obrazu oraz możliwości ich wykorzystania. Opracowywany przez Kuśmirowskiego motyw – wagon towarowy – odsyła zaś do traumatycznej pamięci o drugiej wojnie światowej i roli obrazów w jej podtrzymywaniu.
Queerowy czas, queerowa przestrzeń
Authors: Jagielski Sebastian
Published: December 2020

Omówienie książki Grzegorza Stępniaka "Sztuka życia inaczej. Ustawianie queerowego czasu i przestrzeni" (Universitas, Kraków 2017).
Masses, Medicine and Race. The Biopolitics of Monstrosity in Third Reich Propaganda Films
Authors: Borowicz Jan
Published: December 2020

The author examines body politics in Nazi cinema and propaganda movies (medical short films and materials filmed in the Polish Ghettos) in terms of constructing the visual identity of a nation in opposition to the allegedly non-normative bodies of Jews and mentally ill persons. The author connects the visual material with notions of biopolitics (Foucault, Agamben, Esposito).
A FAKTOR PREDIKSI STUNTING DI KABUPATEN TANJUNG JABUNG TIMUR (STUDI WILAYAH PADA KATEGORI WILAYAH STUNTING BERAT DI PROVINSI JAMBI)
Authors: Susianti Novia
Published: December 2020

Stunting pada masa balita akan menjadi hambatan paling signifikan bagi tumbuh kembang anak dan akan menurunkan kualitas kesehatannya di masa depan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian stunting serta faktor prediksi stunting di Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Timur. Jenis penelitian adalah penelitian kuantitatif desain cross sectional, dan bagian dari penelitian determinan stunting pada wilayah dengan prevalensi berat di Provinsi Jambi. Penentuan lokasi penelitian dan sampel penelitian dilakukan secara purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan prevalensi stunting sebesar 27,9%, lebih banyak terjadi pada usia < 3 tahun, jenis kelamin perempuan dan lebih sering mengalami ISPA dibandingkan diare. Faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian stunting ditemukan adalah usia ibu, tinggi badan ibu, pola asuh makan (usia pemberian MP ASI), pola asuh kesehatan (perilaku mencuci tangan dan penimbangan balita ke posyandu) dan sanitasi (SPAL, jamban keluarga dan ketersediaan air bersih). Sedangkan faktor prediktor terkuat dalam memprediksi kejadian stunting yaitu perilaku merokok, dimana keluarga dengan anggota keluarga yang merokok meningkatkan resiko memiliki balita stunting sebesar 7 kali, yang tidak memiliki jamban sehat beresiko 5 kali, ibu atau pengasuh yang tidak mencuci tangan dalam menyiapkan makanan bagi balita beresiko 4 kali, dan balita yang sering mengalami ISPA beresiko 2,5 kali menderita stunting. Perlunya peningkatan cakupan rumah tangga bebas rokok di dalam rumah, meningkatkan konvergensi pemerintahan desa dengan pihak swasta mewujudkan gerakan Sanitasi Total Berbasis Masyarakat (STBM) dalam menciptakan jamban sehat melalui Teknologi Tepat Guna (TTG) jamban septik tank system over flow serta ketersediaan air bersih.
The Causes of al-‘Ilāl According to Al-Bazzār in his Book al-Bahru’z-Zakhār “An Applied Study”
Authors: Qadir Abdul , F. Gorashi
Published: December 2020

Critics among the traditionalists “Muhadditheen” defectify Hadith on the basis of certain reasons associated to a particular Hadith. This research work specifies the scholarly work done by the great critic, Imam Bazzar in the field of Hadith defection provided in his valuable book Musnad Al-Bazzar (Collection of Prophetic traditions).  The entire research work is divided into three main parts. The first part provides a brief introduction of the author, and his book "Musnad al-Bazzar ". The second part describes the science of Hadith Defection “ ‘Ilal”  and overview of the writings on the subject. The third part is the core part of this research work, identifying the causes of Hadith Defection “ ‘Ilal” adopted by Imam Bazzar, in addition to the illustrative examples, as well as the study of defectification in the light of rules laid down by the well-known critics and traditionalists ‘Muhadditheen’.

The Research Methodology I have adopted here is descriptive analytical approach towards methods of Hadith collection, reviewing them and extracting the cause of defect in the light of methodology adopted by Imam Bazzar.

The researcher concludes that the causes of Hadith Defection adopted by Bazzar are uniqueness, illusion, defilement, divergences in attribution, interval, Concealment and conduct.
A Scientific and comparative study of Four Schools of thoughts Regarding the Definition, Interpretation and Applied Forms of Nikāh.
Authors: Muhammad Ismail  , Mushtaq Ahmad
Published: December 2020

Nikah is a sacrosanct social contract in Islamic Sharia that brings a man and a woman into formal and lawful relationship as husband and wife and creates the institution of family to serve a number of objectives of Sharia. In view of its centrality in Islamic social life, it has attracted significant scholarly debate among scholars of the four schools of Islamic jurisprudence. However, it is not easy for ordinary readers to grasp in the finer conceptual aspects that attend the concept of Nikah, more so in view of the enormity of the scholarly works on the subject penned down by scholars of the different schools of Muslim jurisprudence. Based on the analysis of the views and explanations of some leading men of letters of various schools, this article attempts to frame a kaleidoscopic picture of the concept of Nikah in Islam, its literal meaning, and the various tricky points related to Nikah. In doing so, it compares and analyses the juridical opinions of the jurists of the four schools. As a qualitative research, it is primarily textual and critical analysis of the written and published works of the scholars on the issues being examined. It entails hermeneutics, thematic analysis and synthesis of various views in order to derive and clarify key themes and issues related to the concept of Nikah.
Islamic Law, Blasphemy and the Concept of Freedom of Speech:
Authors: Khan Amir Ullah , Sana Ullah  , Muhammad Haroon Khan
Published: December 2020

Freedom of speech and personal freedom are the natural and constitutional rights of every citizen in a society. However, the interpretation of these rights is varied from society to society according to their respective socio-cultural, politico-constitutional principles, and religious teachings. Human beings are confronted with paradox of blasphemy and freedom of speech. The misinterpretation of blasphemy and right to freedom of expression of opinion has created great stir in the circles of scholars at different periods; and also resulted in the persecution of prominent scholars and other people. This paper highlights the status of freedom of speech, and its critical evaluation in Islamic Law so as to understand its concept of blasphemy, its teachings on freedom of speech, and on personal security.
A Review of Educational Views & Pedagogical Skills of Imam Abu Yusuf (738-798)
Authors: Parveen Khan
Published: December 2020

The study is to discuss how eminent Muslim educationist and scholar, Imam Abu Yusuf incorporate educational setting with epistemological belief for the prospective teachers. The dilemma of Muslim world is the inadequacy of theoretical record of such proficient teacher and researchers. The main aim of the study is to examine Imam Abu Yusuf educational contributions, his teaching methodological implications in educational setting and his educational perspective with reference to his teacher and students.
PROPOSALS TO INCREASE THE NATIONAL EFFICIENCY OF THE FISHING INDUSTRY OF THE NORTHERN BASIN
Authors: Vasiliev Anatoliy
Published: December 2020

The factors of increasing the commercial efficiency of the fishing fleet functioning and decreasing the national economic efficiency are shown. Measures are proposed to optimize the export of fish products and increase their supply and sales in the domestic market.
STOCK ASSESSMENT AND LONG-TERM DYNAMICS OF AZOV SEA ROACH (RUSSIAN WATERS), BASED ON CMSY MODEL FOR DATA-LIMITED MODELLING IN PERIOD (1999-2019)
Authors: Zherdev Nikolay , Pyatinsky M. , Kozobrod Inna
Published: December 2020

Stock assessment of Azov sea roach Rutilus rutilus (Linnaeus, 1758) has been performed by CMSY model in period 1999-2019 by data-limited modelling in R. The current population status – in biological safe zone for stock biomass and no overfishing signals (B2019/BMSY = 1,32, F2019/FMSY = 0,53). Perhaps, current paper results can be a slightly incomplete in background that there is no relevant data about IUU fishery ever exists, which can lead to fishing mortality underestimation. Azov sea roach population continue to be in “depleted” status after river flow regulation in 1950’s. Joined continuous biomass estimates time series over whole fishing his-tory 1932–2019 showed at least 2 population collapses: in 1940’s and 1980’s years. According to model re-sults TAC (total allowed catch) should be accepted at level 516.9 t. If the recommendation is followed stock biomass will stay at safety in level 1828.1 t. Data limited modelling shows a good performance for sea roach in background of data lucking and in this reason still the best choose against cohor or surplus production models.
‘Beirut Stories’ by Ahatanhel Krymsky: For the 150th Anniversary of the Birth of the Prominent Ukrainian Orientalist
Authors: Ostash Ihor
Published: December 2020

The article deals with the scholarly contribution of the outstanding orientalist Ahatanhel Krymsky in the development of Ukrainian history, science, and literature in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The author describes the years of A. Krymsky’s life in Lebanon and the influence of the Beirut period of his life on his making as a young scientist. The author has examined his literature works created in Lebanon, particularly Beirut Stories providing insight into the life, daily routine, and interreligious relations of Beirut citizens of that time. The author analyses the significance of A. Krymsky’s works for the development of modern Ukrainian-Lebanese bilateral relations and points out events devoted to the scientist, which have been held by the Ukrainian Embassy in Beirut and Choueir.
Keywords: Ahatanhel Krymsky, oriental studies, science, Beirut Stories, Arab world.
Radiological Weapons (Excerpts from the History of Ban Talks)
Authors: Kostenko Yurii
Published: December 2020

Abstract. The article highlights the history of radiological weapons ban negotiations. In 1948, the United Nations Commission on Conventional Armaments identified radiological weapons as WMD. Since as early as the 1960s, some states have put forward proposals to ban radiological weapons at the international level as potentially threatening human lives and the environment. In 1977 to 1979, a treaty banning radiological weapons was approved on the basis of a draft developed at bilateral Soviet-American negotiations in Geneva, which could have become an important impetus for further actions in limiting the arms race. The careful preparation of the text of the future treaty by the USSR and US delegations raised expectations that its finalisation by the Disarmament Commission would not take much time. The reality, however, was far different. In December 1979, the Afghan war broke out. In response to the Soviet aggression against Afghanistan, the United States took a whole set of measures, including the refusal to continue bilateral talks on the prohibition of radiological weapons.
The author notes that control over radioactive materials was strengthened at the national level, without waiting for an international legal definition of radiological weapons. Political ambitions of a number of countries have prevented the Conference on Disarmament from achieving positive results.
The author emphasises that today nuclear terrorism is regarded by world leaders as an urgent global-scale security threat, as confirmed by the international Nuclear Security Summit in Washington, D.C. in 2016, attended by delegations from over 50 countries.
The author states that the issue of the radiological weapons prohibition remains pending.
Keywords: radiological weapons, Conference on Disarmament, Ukrainian diplomatic history, USA, Geneva, USSR.
CROSS CULTURAL COMMUNICATION IN TELL IT TO THE TRESS BY ANITA RAU BADAMI
Authors: Vyas Priyanki , Bhatt Mahesh , Joshi Jill
Published: December 2020

In the era of globalization, migration has become inevitable for progress and
sustenance. The liberalization policy of Canada towards immigration has made it
possible for a large number of Indians to settle in Canada. The writers of Diaspora
enable a reader to peep into the culture of both –the hostland and the homeland. The
study of writings of Diaspora leads towards better understanding of the opportunities,
issues and challenges of the nations and provides hint to attain progress through
harmony between the nations.
BHAKTI MOVEMENT IN INDIA AND CONTRIBUTIONS TO GUJARATI BHAKTI POETRY BY NARSINH MEHTA AND GANGASATI
Authors: Upadhyay Ami , Nimavat Dushyant
Published: December 2020

The devotional literature we find in India's regional languages is sometimes referred to
as Bhakti's literature. Since the poets from Bhakti Panth are more social and cultural,
they are more thinkers and more social than literary figures. The translation of classics
is particularly meaningful when a native language is translated into English. The
classics are introduced to the world. In contemporary Shri Aurobindo and Dilp Chitre
did, what Hsuan-tsang did for Sanskrit scripts. A. K. Ramanujan has also made a
strong flow of translation in the post-colonial literature and Bhakti has been one of
these literatures. This article explores the devotional poems of Narsinh Mehta that are
important even in the 21st century.
Simulation of Hydrogen Fuel Combustion in Neon-oxygen Circulated Compression Ignition Engine
Authors: Mat Taib Norhidayah , Abu Mansor Mohd Radzi , Wan Mahmood Wan Mohd Faizal
Published: December 2020

The elimination of NOx emissions for hydrogen combustion in the compression ignition (CI) engine is the primary concern, therefore replacing nitrogen with noble gas is one of the solutions to the eliminated the NOx emission. Current research trend focuses on oxygen-argon as the most suitable working. When using argon, external heating for intake is required for low compression ratio (CR) engines. Hence, neon is another potential solution because it has a high specific heat ratio that is as high as other noble gasses with the specific heat capacity, Cp, which is almost identical to nitrogen. This advantage pointed to neon as the best nitrogen replacement option. This paper aims to study neon-oxygen as the working gas for stabilization of the hydrogen ignition with the standard ambient intake condition. In addition, the optimum intake temperature and suitable CR was also determined from the analysis of the combustion properties. A computational analysis was performed using Converge CFD software with specific initial temperature and CR conditions base on Yanmar NF19SK engine. The study showed that the mean initial hydrogen temperature in the neon-oxygen atmosphere was lower than that of oxygen-argon. However, the initial minimum temperature needed for compression ratio 10:1 is 310 K, with a slightly unstable ignition and potential of knock. Hence, the most suitable initial temperature is at 340K. For higher CR, external heating on intake gas is no longer required; hence the engine output was increased. Neon-oxygen is available in CI engine hydrogen combustion at a higher compression ratio with no modification. Analysis of the injection parameters and control of heat loss in the neon-oxygen atmosphere is needed for hydrogen combustion strategies for this type of engine.
Some Issues of Developing the Theory of Innovation
Authors: Cherenkov Vitaliy , Marianenko Viktor , Cherenkova Natalia
Published: December 2020

The paper considers some issues connected with developing the innovation theory in Russia and abroad drawing on Russian scientific literature and textbooks. It is revealed that while understanding the need for an innovative way for the development of national economy, Russia lacks a harmonious and conventional innovation theory. The paper presents a critique of theoretical positions of a number of Russian authors concerning classification and essence of innovation, the corresponding terminological paradigm alongside the main mechanisms of innovations diffusion. We provide a comparison and corresponding generalization of our approach to diffusion mechanisms with those of foreign scientists. We note that the insufficient preparedness of many researchers in contextual understanding of both foreign terms and some notions of political economy poses significant obstacles to the development of innovation theory in Russia. We finally offer some recommendations to improve the innovation theory in Russia.
Constitutional Traditions, Institutions, Behavioral Prerequisites and Well-being of Countries
Authors: Sargsyan Hayk , Gevorgyan Ruben
Published: December 2020

Well-being of countries depend on several factors. According to new institutional economics one of the main factors of national well-being is the level of institutional development. Drawing on econometric analysis, we prove this hypothesis and show that such indicators as constitutional culture, behavioral prerequisites and perception of institutions are indispensable for the well-being of a country. The paper presents various approaches to "measuring" these indicators and issues related to this.
Product Differentiation in Two-sided Market
Authors: Borovkova Anna
Published: December 2020

In this paper we present the results of the analysis of firm behavior in two-sided market with product differentiation. Based on the developed model, we study the conditions when it is profitably for a firm to launch two versions of a product: full and test platform models. In our analysis we draw on the methods of microeconomics, industrial economics, game theory and contract theory. The main conclusions confirm the benefit from versioning strategy in a firm in case of strong indirect network effects in the market between the two groups of agents. Product versioning allows the firm to separate agents more effectively: the first group with high product and connection value and the second group that generates high network effects. We noted that product differentiation is preferable for agents from the second group.
Anti-competitive Agreements in Russian Courts
Authors: Makarov Andrey
Published: December 2020

This article presents the analysis of implementation and interpretation of antitrust legislation in Russian courts, in the field of anti-competitive agreements cases. This article proceeds from the previous research which provided the analysis of the court decision database of litigations with the Russian competition authority (the FAS) initiated in 2008-2010. In this research (which covers court cases of 2011-2015) we provide the database of 646 court decisions and examine the tendencies of applying antitrust prohibitions and legislation in courts. We show how the database structure varies from the point of view of main markets and types of agreements, taking into account the standards of proof. The analysis reveals that the Rule of reason (ROR) approach was not actually applied in courts, despite legislative possibilities. Type 1 errors risks tends to decrease, especially in public procurement cases, cases of banks and insurance companies cooperation. Requirements in the field of market analysis in decisionmaking are also increasing.
Evaluation Method of Net Present Value of Investment Project taking into account the Influence of Environmental Factors
Authors: Shageev Denis
Published: December 2020

In the complex and unpredictable environment of the XXI century, in advanced and emerging economies it is becoming increasingly important for investors to adopt new techniques that allows for the most accurate assessment of net present value (NPV) of an investment project through a risk premium or risk adjustment. The existing methods of risk assessment do not always meet the modern requirements of investors due to various limitations and shortcomings. Therefore, the article provides a new technique that allows to assess the NPV taking into account not only the negative but also the positive impact of environmental factors. Drawing on this technique, the authors propose to evaluate the influence of environmental factors using the triad of STEP-, SNW- and SWOT-analysis based on heuristic and expert technologies. It is proposed to check the agreement of the results of evaluation through the Chi-square criterion. The methodology further uses these estimates to calculate the risk premium and adjust the risk to determine the NPV.
University Students' Attitudes Towards Animal Welfare in Duhok Zoo
Authors: Meshabaz Ronak A. , Hussein Nizar J. , Al-nakshabandi Assel. A. I. , Zebari Hawar M.
Published: December 2020

Here in Kurdistan Region of Iraq, particularly in Duhok zoo, animal welfare is mostly neglected. Animals are not treated normally. As far as the author is aware, there is no study undertaken to understand the students or public attitudes toward animals in Duhok zoo. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the attitudes of the students of the University of Zakho, Faculty of Sciences, Departments of Environmental Sciences, and Biology about animal welfare concerns of Duhok Zoo. The study was undertaken at University of Zakho, Faculty of Sciences. Two hundred questionnaires were divided into the students of both Environmental Sciences and Biology Departments. The questionnaire comprised of 15 questions with 3 sections, which were: first, students identification including name, age, and sex. Second, information on animal welfare, and the last one was recording their opinions on the questionnaire. With each question, students had chosen one of the following opinions: Completely Disagree, Somewhat Disagree, Neither Disagree nor Agree, Somewhat Agree, and Completely Agree. All participants agreed to answer the questionnaire voluntarily. Results revealed that most of the students were of opinion that Duhok zoo should be improved; in addition, most of them were entirely or somewhat disagreed that Duhok zoo is acceptable in general. They had an agreement with the idea that there should be educational programs inside the zoo, and in addition, the zoo does not cover environmental needs for the most, if not all, captive animals. Students were also agreed that there should be conservation programs to conserve captive animals, especially endangered and rare species. However, almost all of the students did not want the zoo to be closed entirely. According to the findings of the students' attitudes obtained, it can be concluded that the zoological park of Duhok city has many shortages regarding the welfare of animals in dealing with their captive animals.
Preeklampsi ile komplike olmuş gebelerde 24 saatlik idrarda proteinüri değerlerinin maternal ve perinatal sonuçlar üzerine etkisi
Authors: BEHRAM Mustafa , OĞLAK Süleyman Cemil , BOLLUK Gökhan , SEZER Salim , GEDİK ÖZKÖSE Zeynep , SÜZEN ÇAYPINAR Sema , ACAR Züat , ÖLMEZ Fatma
Published: December 2020

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, 24 saatlik proteinüri (PU) düzeyinin maternal, perinatal ve fetal sonuçlar ile ilişkisinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Gereç ve Yöntem: Preeklampsi tanısıyla yatırılan hastalar (n=92) 24 saatlik idrarda PU düzeylerine göre hafif (0,3-2 g), şiddetli (2-5 g) ve masif (≥5 g) PU olarak üç gruba ayrıldı. Hastalara ait bazı tanımlayıcı ve klinik bilgiler, doğum öncesi ve sonrası kan ve idrar biyokimyası sonuçları, doğum haftası ve hastaneye yatışlarına ait bilgiler, yenidoğanlara ait doğum bilgileri hasta dosyalarından elde edildi ve PU grupları arasında karşılaştırma ve ilişki analizleri yapıldı.

Bulgular: Hafif, şiddetli ve masif PU gruplarında sırasıyla 41, 17 ve 34 hasta vardı. Hastaların doğum öncesi 24 saatlik PU miktarı ortalaması 4776,4±5616,6 mg/dL idi. Ayrıca, doğum sonrası, annelerde %20 oranında komplikasyon gelişti. Hafif ve şiddetli PU grupları arasında yaş, RDW ve hastaneye yatış ile doğum arasında geçen süre parametrelerinde anlamlı farklar bulundu ve şiddetli PU grubunda her üç parametre de daha düşüktü. Masif PU grubunda, hafif PU grubuna göre AST ve kordon kanı pH’si daha düşük; BUN, kreatinin ve beyaz küre sayısı daha yüksek idi. Şiddetli ve masif PU grupları arasında ise yalnızca kreatinin düzeyinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir yükselme gözlendi.

Sonuç: Şiddetli ve masif PU’da BUN, BK ve kreatinin seviyesi daha yüksek, kordon pH’si daha düşüktür. Böbrek fonksiyonlarını gösteren bu biyokimyasal testlerin uzun dönem maternal böbrek fonksiyonlarına etkisinin, ayrıca doğumdaki düşük kordon pH’sinin bebeklerin uzun dönem sonuçlarına etkisinin olup olmadığını belirleyebilmek için daha uzun süreli ve ileri araştırmalara ihtiyaç vardır.
Selective consumption of rodents by the Variable hawk Geranoaetus polyosoma (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae) in the Atacama Desert, northern Chile
Authors: Muñoz-Pedreros Andrés , Norambuena Heraldo , Gil Claudia , Rau Jaime
Published: December 2020

Geranoaetus polyosoma(Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) is a diurnal raptor widely distributed in South America. Although the trophic ecology of this bird has been more studied in the southern extreme of its range, little information is available on its dietary response to prey supply in desert environments. In the present study, we report on the trophic ecology ofG. polyosomain a sub-urban desert zone in northern Chile, with the following objectives: (1) to quantitatively describe its diet and (2) to determine its dietary selectivity in response to prey supply in the study area. The diet ofG. polyosomaconsisted mainly of rodents (97.2%). A greater preference (p < 0.05) was observed for the following large prey items (> 19.5 g): two native rodent species,Phyllotis xanthopygus(Waterhouse, 1837) andEligmodontia puerulus(Philippi, 1896); and two introduced rodent species:Rattus rattus(Linnaeus, 1769) andR. norvegicus(Berkenhout, 1769).
The Influence of “Loss of Attachment” on the Outcome of Anterior Cervical Fusion Procedures in Patients With Hirayama Disease
Authors: Yu Qifeng , Tang Susu , Jiang Jianyuan , Jin Xiang , Lyu Feizhou , Ma Xiaosheng , Xia Xinlei
Published: December 2020

The objective of this study was to identify the influence of the measurements of “loss of attachment” on the surgical outcome in Hirayama disease (HD). Forty-two patients with HD underwent neutral and cervical-flexion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before surgery, and the cervical-flexion MRI was repeated at the 3-month postoperative visit. The longitudinal separation range (LSR) of loss of attachment, the maximum forward-shifting (MFS) degree in the cervical cord, and the relative morphological changes of the cervical cord were measured on MRI. Additionally, all patients underwent handgrip strength (HGS) testing, the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire, and Medical Research Council scales at the 1-year postoperative visit. Postoperatively, the cervical-flexion X/Y and the LSR decreased significantly at a mean of 94.17±8.65 days (range, 75–110 days) (
P
<.01), while the cervical-flexion A/B increased (
P
<.01). Loss of attachment was resolved in fused segments in all 42 patients, but there were 7 instances of residual loss of attachment at adjacent segments. Twenty (47.6%) of the 42 patients' DASH scores decreased at the 1-year postoperative visit. According to the logistic regression analysis, both LSR and MFS were related to the surgical outcomes. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis found that area under the curve and cutoff values were 0.959 and 4.5, respectively (
P
<.05) for LSR and 0.782 and 0.215, respectively (
P
<.05) for MFS. Anterior cervical fusion procedures can effectively improve the abnormal loss of attachment and prevent further progression of HD. The LSR is an important risk factor for the prognosis, and longer fused segments may be required when the LSR is 5 segments or more. [
Orthopedics
. 2021;44(1):30–37.]
The Utility of the Energy Subtraction Method for Thoracic Spine Radiography in Clinical Practice: An Analysis of 25 Patients With Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Shimizu Takaki , Sasagawa Takeshi , Kawamura Naohiro , Masuyama Shigeru , Tachibana Naohiro , Emori Haruka , Iizuka Masaaki , Ishikura Hisatoshi , Suzuki Kenshi , Kuwabara Takeshi , Tsuchiya Hiroyuki , Kunogi Junichi
Published: December 2020

Interpretation of thoracic spine radiographs is difficult because they cannot clearly depict the vertebrae due to overlap with soft tissues. This study aimed to evaluate whether thoracic spine radiographs obtained using the energy subtraction method could improve the accuracy of a diagnosis of thoracic osteolytic lesions. The authors analyzed 300 thoracic vertebrae from 25 patients with multiple myeloma who underwent thoracic spine radiography. All patients underwent thoracic spine radiography with 2 views. Two sets of images were prepared: computed radiography images (CR images) acquired using conventional processing parameters; and processed images for specifically visualizing bone, using the energy subtraction method (ES images). The CR images (CR group) and paired CR and ES images (CR+ES group) were interpreted in parallel by 5 orthopedic surgeons. The presence of osteolytic lesions was evaluated for each of the 12 thoracic vertebrae, and the sensitivity and specificity of the method were compared with computed tomography (CT), which is considered the gold standard. Subgroup analysis was also performed based on location. Osteolytic lesions were found on CT in 28 (9.3%) vertebrae of 12 patients. The overall sensitivities and specificities of the CR and CR+ES groups were 17.2% and 54.3%, respectively, and 95.6% and 98.0%, respectively, with statistically significant differences. Subgroup analysis showed particular improvement in the sensitivity for the CR+ES group in the middle thoracic spine compared with that at other locations. Thoracic spine radiographs generated using this method may improve the accuracy of diagnosis of thoracic osteolytic lesions. [
Orthopedics
. 2021;44(1):e31–e35.]
Kitaev’s Chain Model and Majorana Zero Modes
Authors: JEON Sangjun , CHOI Kwang-Yong
Published: December 2020

A Majorana Fermion (MF), defined as a particle that is its own anti-particle, can be engineered in the form of quasi-particles appearing in condensed matter systems. Majorana zero modes (MZMs), topologically protected zero-energy states, can exist at the topological phase boundary of one- or two-dimensional systems. These MZMs follow non-Abelian statistics and can be used as a building block for fault-tolerant quantum computers. Here, we introduce the conceptual development of MZMs based on Kitaev’s chain model and give a brief history of the experimental realization of MZMs.
Dirac Magnons and Topological Energy Gaps in Honeycomb Magnets
Authors: CHUNG Jae-Ho
Published: December 2020

Fermionic Dirac particles have long been known to exist in electronic materials exhibiting linear dispersion relations within energy-momentum spectra, such as two-dimensional graphene. Recently, a bosonic version of Dirac particles was predicted to appear in the magnon excitation structures of honeycomb magnets. In this article, we review theoretical predictions of topological Dirac magnons in honeycomb ferromagnets, and their experimental observations using inelastic neutron scattering in Cr-based van der Waals materials.
Nano Infrared Spectroscopy and Imaging Techniques for Two-dimensional Materials Research
Authors: KIM Jiho
Published: December 2020

Infrared spectroscopy is a very useful method for the study of materials. Recently, nanometer-scale spectrometric technology has been developed beyond the diffraction limit of infrared light and has been used in various fields. In particular, it is useful for research on two-dimensional materials and has been applied to studies of the concentration of local charges or polaritons. In this article, the basic concepts of nano infrared spectrometric techniques and the results of several recent studies are introduced.
Atomic-level Structural and Chemical Analysis of Abrupt Boundaries Based on Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: KIM Young-Min
Published: December 2020

Abrupt boundaries like atomically defined interfaces and surfaces have attracted tremendous attention due to their notable role as a fertile source of emergent phenomena that are not present in their bulk forms. To correlate the intriguing properties of abrupt boundaries with their structure and chemistry, researchers have used multimodal microscopy combined with spectroscopy as an indispensable tool because it allows atomic site-specific structural and chemical information to be obtained at the fundamental level. Sub-angstrom microscopy, which become an established technique for materials science during the last two decades enables us to explore what really happens in the heteroboundaries between materials with ultimate precision. The available data have leapt to multidimensional structures, such as three or four-dimensional data, over a conventional two-dimensional scheme, thus enabling direct visualization of the changes in the local crystal symmetry and the chemical potential. In this, I will introduce how powerfully the recent state-of-the-art microscopy techniques often combined with simulations can be used to elucidate the structural and the chemical behaviors of nanomaterials embracing abrupt boundaries, which have often been vaguely understood based on macroscopic measurements or theoretical interpretations without direct observation.
Challenges Experienced by TVET Colleges in Producing Skilled Workforces
Authors: Makgato Moses
Published: December 2020

The post-apartheid education policies were developed to eradicate inequality of learner performance and racial composition of schools and vocational colleges. Vocationalising education is a solution for skills gap. This chapter is based on the study that focused on vocational pedagogic and didactic practices, workshop material and equipment for practical training, work-integrated learning, and integration of theory and practice in vocational subjects. The methodology of collecting data were interviews and observations. The participants of the study were seven lecturers at three TVET colleges, who were selected purposefully. The empirical results from three TVET colleges investigated showed that vocational pedagogy and practical skills training is not responding to the needs of workplaces and leads to the high unemployment of youth. There are no practical activities at the colleges; hence, there is no integration of theory and practicals in vocational subjects. This study found that the curricula offered at the TVET colleges is irrelevant and requires urgent review in order to respond to the current workplace requirements.
Four Strategies for Blended Learning in TVET
Authors: Chinengundu Tawanda
Published: December 2020

The sudden outbreak of a deadly disease called COVID-19 caused by a coronavirus shook the entire world and was declared a pandemic. This situation forced lecturers to shift to online mode of teaching. The chapter sought to determine the benefits of blended learning in TVET and establish good practices of its implementation in other countries during pandemics. The challenges in implementing blended learning were determined. Finally, four strategies for blended learning in TVET from a South African post-pandemic perspective were proposed. The systematic literature review revealed that blended learning has to be embraced as the new normal mode of teaching post-pandemic. It was established that for a smooth transition from face-to-face to online learning careful planning, preparation, adaptation, and an appropriate learning space are required. Specific interventions to integrate blended learning principles in programme design and to train TVET lecturers and students in using digital technology are a prerequisite.