bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Emergence and Nature of Arab Infiltration into Israel
Authors: Morris Benny
Published: November 2023

The 1948 war left in its wake not only a refugee problem but also an infiltration problem. Each year between 1949 and 1956, thousands of Palestinian Arabs illegally crossed the border into Israel from Jordan’s West Bank, the Egyptian-controlled Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula, Lebanon, and Syria. In 1952, when the marauding peaked, there had been, according to the IDF, some 16,000 cases of infiltration-over 11,000 along the Jordanian-Israeli border alone, and some 5,000 along the frontier with Egypt. Israel police figures show a gradual drop after 1952, to ‘7,018’ in 1953, ‘4,638’ in 1954, ‘4,351’ in 1955, and ‘2,786’ in the first four months of 1956. No doubt, many infiltrations went completely unnoticed and unrecorded.
Sea Hunters Of Indonesia
Authors: Barnes R H
Published: November 2023

Sea Hunters of Indonesia is a comprehensive study of the coastal community of Lamalera, whose traditional ways of life make it unique. One is an unusual kind of sea-fishing: the hunting of whales, porpoises, and giant manta rays. The other is the production, by the women of the community, of remarkable fine dyed textiles. Recently these traditions have come under intense pressure from external economic influences, and the people of Lamalera are starting to move into modern occupations. The community, famous for the beauty of its setting as well as for its crafts, is now a major tourist attraction, and it may now survive only as part of the tourist industry. At this crucial point in the history of the region, R. H. Barnes offers a richly detailed and beautifully illustrated picture of the culture and economy of Lamalera, the fruit of many years' study. He records all aspects of life in Lamalera, and places it in the broader context of the past, present, and future of Indonesia as a whole.
Rational Fools and Co-operation in a Poor Hydraulic Economy
Authors: Bardhan Pranab
Published: November 2023

In the poorest parts of the world, in many ways water is destiny. In South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa—the two regions where mass poverty in the world is geographically concentrated—the life of most peasants continues to be a precarious gamble on the rains (apart from the relentless fact that their children die by the millions from unsafe drinking water and largely water-borne diseases). A controlled supply of water is crucial for agriculture in these areas, which are marked by generally low and highly variable rainfall and by flood-proneness in areas of high rainfall. In 1853, when Marx and Engels first discussed, in correspondence, the problems of ‘Asiatic’ societies, they immediately agreed on the particular importance of public irrigation in these societies, necessitated by what they called ‘climatic and territorial conditions’. Even though their emphasis on the idea of the centralized hydraulic state (particularly its subsequent extension by Witt-fogel 1957 in a drastic form) was somewhat misplaced, it was a valuable insight which gave rise to a large anthropological literature on the relationship between irrigation and social and political organization. In this paper, however, we shall keep our focus on the economic-institutional aspects; also, while there are major problems with the management of the main canal systems and with the structure and practices of the irrigation bureaucracy, we shall concentrate instead on the local community-level issues of co-operation which have often been cited as the key to substantially improving the e)listing levels of utilization of potential in irrigation and flood control.
Primary Education and Economic Development in China and India: Overview and Two Case Studies
Authors: Dreze Jean , Saran Mrinalini
Published: November 2023

A recent article in China Daily quotes Vice-Premier Zhu Rongji as saying that ‘the introduction of a market economy does not mean making intellectuals hawk in the streets’. The context, which refers inter alia to the well-known story of a ‘leading Beijing professor who was selling dumplings in the street’, helps us to understand this somewhat mysterious statement. The concern of the Vice-Premier is with recent reports of disquieting trends in China’s education sector, including the fact that, owing to the failure of the government to guarantee salary payments, many teachers have to ‘scrape about for the basic necessities of life’. These trends may seem surprising, given the extremely rapid growth of the Chinese economy since the reform process was initiated in 1978. But the connections between economic organization and social achievements are far from simple, and some of them can be easily overlooked when dazzling rates of economic growth capture most of the attention. This paper explores some of these connections, with reference to primary c in China as well as in India.
The Beveridge Report: Its Origins and Outcomes
Authors: Abel-Smith Brian
Published: November 2023

In the middle of the Second World War, during the period when Britain was left alone to fight Hitler’s Germany, the Beveridge Report was published. It was seen by many throughout the world as the dawning of a new age to replace the prewar horrors of mass unemployment, inability to afford health care and poverty in sickness, widowhood and old age. The language was confident and grandiloquent The plan for social security is put forward as part of a general programme of social policy.
Organizational Participation
Authors: Heller Frank , Pusić Eugen , Strauss George , Wilpert Bernhard
Published: November 2023

Team-working, partnership, quality circles, works councils, industrial democracy, empowerment - are they distinct and innovative arrangements or is it a case of new wine in old bottles? In the post war period we have seen numerous forms of organizational participation sometimes as experiments, sometimes as negotiated expediency, and sometimes as hype. Different ideas have emerged from different parts of the world, in different industries, at different times with different objectives. In this book four experienced international analysts take the longer view and look at the changing forms of - and changing debates around - orgnaizational participation. The review an extensive literature of experiments and practical experiences through a critical evaluation of the available data to reach balanced conclusions about the importance and utility of this concept for organizations now and in the future.
Institutional Change, Cultural Transformation, and Economic Regeneration: Myths and Realities from Europe’s Old Industrial Areas
Authors: Hudson Ray
Published: November 2023

The last three decades or so, but especially the last ten to fifteen years, have been a period of continuing decline and deindustrialization in most of those areas that were the original birthplaces of industrial capitalism in western Europe. For many years prior to this, these were locations of not only national but also global significance as centres of capitalist production, associated with a range of industries such as coalmining, chemicals, and metal production and transformation. These old industrial areas were characterized by the employment of waged labour, in big plants owned by big mining and manufacturing companies; associated with this, there was typically a strong gender division of labour between male waged work outside the home and female unwaged domestic labour within it.
The Bank of England during the Long Eighteenth Century, 1694–1820
Authors: Bowen H V
Published: November 2023

The Bank of England during the eighteenth century was not a central bank in the modern sense. By the end of that century the Bank had acquired some of the features of a central bank as now understood, but the Bank had neither been established, nor consciously developed, with central banking functions in mind. Instead, the Bank followed two separate, though overlapping, lines of development which, in their different ways, drew it close to the realm of modern central banking. On the one hand, the Bank became banker to the state and manager of the national debt, while on the other it became, in a commercial sense, one of the City of London’s major financial institutions. Such was the hesitant nature of both developments that the characteristics of central banking only emerged slowly as the Bank began to gain the capacity to act as lender of last resort and regulator of financial activity within the economy at large.
The Bank of England in its International Setting, 1918–1972
Authors: Cottrell P L
Published: November 2023

Unlike many of its peers, the Bank of England is an international central bank, an aspect of its corporate character which has deep historical roots. Developments arising from Britain being the first industrial nation made the pound sterling an international currency from at least the decades following Waterloo, with the consequence that, for much of its history, the Bank has operated within a world environment.
Derivatives—A Growing Threat To The International Financial System
Authors: Kelly Ruth
Published: November 2023

On 4 February 1994, the world’s financial markets were thrown into a frenzy. When the US Federal Reserve raised short-term interest rates—the first tightening for five years—the shock waves emanated across the industrialized world. A month later, the market was still nervous. The final straw was the announcement that the Bundesbank’s key measure of money supply, M3, had grown by a freak 20 per cent in one month. The reaction was swift and brutal. On the trading floor of Liffe, the London futures2 exchange, dealers were overwhelmed by orders. Prices crashed. By midmorning, the London clearing houses responsible for settling futures trades, had called for members to put up £500 million of fresh collateral to cover their position—the largest call in the market’s history. On that same day, trading on Liffe hit an all-time high of £300 billion—roughly equivalent to half of the UK’s annual gross domestic product. Although the panic later subsided, all bets on further cuts in UK base rates were off. It was a near miss. Some analysts were predicting that further fallout in the bond market would trigger a rise in interest rates.
The Dynamic Aspect of Product Development Capabilities:An International Comparison in the Automobile Industry
Authors: Fujimoto Takahiro
Published: November 2023

This chapter describes and analyses how some of the Japanese auto-makers achieved distinctive capabilities of new product development by the 1980s, how the Western makers made efforts to catch up with the effective Japanese firms by systematically adopting some of their practices, and how the Japanese makers tried to respond to the new competitive challenges in the first half of the 1990s. Thus, the focus of the chapter is the dynamic process of competition through capability building in product development. The evolutionary processes of creating, maintaining, transferring, overusing, and renewing capabilities in product development will be explored.
Ireland: From Inward to Outward Policies
Authors: O’Malley Eoin
Published: November 2023

Under the Act of Union of 1800, all of Ireland was an integral part of the United Kingdom (UK) throughout the nineteenth century and it remained so until the independent Irish Free State (later the Republic of Ireland) was established in the early 1920s. Northern Ireland continued as part of the UK. This chapter deals with the industrial policies of the independent Irish state since 1922. Although there was little scope for Ireland to take independent action on matters of industrial policy prior to that time, it will be useful to start with a few brief remarks about the situation of Irish industry before the 1920s.
Technology-Intensive SMEs: Policies Supporting the Management of Growing Technological Complexity
Authors: Kuhlmann Stefan , Reger Guido
Published: November 2023

Current trends in technological change—growing complexity and proximity to the science base; increasing interdependence between different areas of technology—pose a significant challenge to technology-intensive small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Western European countries. This chapter examines these issues by taking a close look at the mechanical engineering sector and the software industry as examples of ‘technology-intensive’ sectors in which SMEs dominate. It becomes apparent that technology-intensive SMEs can absorb these new developments only to a limited extent. This creates some serious problems for current technology policy measures implemented by European countries as well as by the European Union (EU). Future technology policy concepts have to take into account the changed nature of technological innovation processes: in particular technology-intensive SMEs need more integrated technology policy approaches.
Firm, Family, and Community: Managerial and Household Strategies 1n the Staffordshire Potteries in the Mid-Nineteenth Century
Authors: Dupree Marguerite
Published: November 2023

Writing in 1953 with reference to the brewing industry in the eighteenth century, Peter Mathias pointed to the importance of studying businessmen within their family and social context.

Economic pressures worked through this social structure, and while all responded to the purely economic pressures the reactions were tempered in different ways by the various family groupings of the entrepreneur-capitalists. To ignore this social situation—to see the business man only in his role as entrepreneur or capitalist, and to divorce business history from the genealogical tables of the business men—is to deny an important reality.
Risk, Capital, and Credit on Tyneside, circa 1690-1780
Authors: Ellis Joyce
Published: November 2023

The question of capital supply for productive investment on the eve of the Industrial Revolution has attracted much attention from historians who regarded it as one of the most crucial determinants of economic expansion. As a result of their investigations, it came to be generally accepted that the English economy before the 1760s was generally well endowed with capital: England was, after all, the richest country in Christendom and the economy generated a surplus in peacetime. There was therefore no possibility that an overall shortage of capital in relation to demand could have threatened the process of economic growth. However, there remained the question of whether the counters wealth was filtering through to the entrepreneurs who needed it and, it could be argued that, since there was little overlap between the groups who required most of the capital and those receiving most of the surplus, acute local shortages could well have held back the development of trade and industry.
Costa Rica: Social Development and Heterodox Adjustment
Authors: Garnier Leonardo , Grynspan Rebeca , Hidalgo Roberto , Monge Guillermo , Trejos Juan Diego
Published: November 2023

How has a small country like Costa Rica, with an economy that fits the model of peripheral capitalism, been able to attain social indicators that are closer to that of an industrialized country, despite being a lower-middle income country This is the main question addressed in this chapter.
Making Manufacturing Lean in the Italian Automobile Industry: The Trajectory of Fiat
Authors: Camuffo Arnaldo , Volpato Giuseppe
Published: November 2023

The objective of this chapter is analysing the strategic and organizational evolution of Fiat Auto. During the 1980s Fiat’s strategy consisted in a refinement of the traditional manufacturing model based on a few extraordinarily successful products, the production efficiency provided by process automation technology, the work flexibility granted by an industrial relations strategy based on managerial unilateralism and concession bargaining, and the prevalent concentration in the domestic market (Dealessandri and Magnabosco 1987; Locke and Negrelli 1989; Kochan et al. 1990).
The Governance of Interfirm Relations in Britain and GermanySocietal or Dominance Effects?
Authors: Lane Christel
Published: November 2023

Increased intensity of international competition and rapid technological change have rendered new types of supplier relations, based on the blue¬ print of Japanese obligational contracting, a panacea for beleaguered European businesses. An analysis of supplier relations in two traditional industries in Britain and Germany, based on recent empirical work, will show that a concentration on such new, supposedly universal business struc¬tures and techniques leads to a very superficial understanding of interfirm relations. To achieve a more adequate understanding of the governance of supplier relations in different national contexts one has to start from a con¬ sideration of societal effects and, only in a second step, consider to what extent and how global economic pressures and dominance effects interact with societal effects (Smith and Meiksins 1995).
Compromise Solutions:A, Japanese Multinational Comes to the UK1
Authors: Sharpe Diana Rosemary
Published: November 2023

A number of recent studies examine the ways in which internationalizing organizations ‘ evolving management practices in foreign subsidiaries are shaped by the local environments in which they operate (see for example Hibino in this volume, Botti 1995; Kristensen 1994; and Graham 1993). Kristensen (1996 and in this volume) suggests that whilst global pressures may provide similar challenges to organizations in different countries, how organizations deal with them depends on the social and institutional frame¬ works in which they developed and operate. Detailed case-studies provide a means to examine such events through in-depth studies (see for example Burawoy 1979; Gottfried and Graham 1993; Kleinberg 1994; Delbridge 1995; Botti 1995) of the processes taking place in specific contexts.
Policies For Competitiveness
Authors: Miyajima Hideaki , Kikkawa Takeo , Hiking Takashi
Published: November 2023

All over the world proactive public policy in business is now under siege. Economists and policy-makers claim that the era of `Big Government' is over. However, nobody denies the fact that government has historically played a critical role in modern economic development. Given the profound changes of public policy agendas, this is an appropriate time to review the dynamic interaction between government policies and industrial developments from an international and historical perspective. Focusing on the so-called `Golden Age of Capitalism' the 1950s and 1960s and studying prime-mover countries (the US and the UK), followers (Germany, France, and Italy), and latecomers (Japan and Korea), Competing Policies for Competitiveness addresses the crucial questions to be asked; what appropriate roles should government be assigned, and which government actions are useful public policy and which represent unnecessary and harmful intervention? The book also attempts to utilize the Japanese case as an analytical reference against which experiences of other economies are examined.
Government and Business in Japan’s General-Purpose Computer Industry
Authors: Nakamura Kiyoshi
Published: November 2023

During the computer world’s roughly forty-year span—from its birth in the first half of the 1950s until the end of the 1980s when the opportunity for growth was lost—Japanese makers Fujitsu, Hitachi, and the Nippon Electric Company (NEC) were virtually alone in their tenacious pursuit of the computer giant IBM. The three Japanese makers eroded IBM’s market share and subsequently acquired competitive strength internationally.
New Technology and Jobs*
Authors: Pianta Mario
Published: November 2023

The growing literature on innovation has only recently addressed the issue of the employment impact of technological change. With unemployment reaching 18 million in the European Union and 35 million in OECD countries, this is a much needed development Important changes in both innovation and employment patterns have emerged in the 1990s and new research and policy questions have to be addressed.
The Team as a Sponge: How the nature of the task affects the behaviour and mental life of a team
Authors: Cardona Francesca
Published: November 2023

In my capacity as organizational consultant to a number of teams in the helping professions, I am constantly struck by the fact that similar individuals or groups can behave in extremely diverse ways when working with different client groups. I describe in this chapter four teams working respectively with chronically mentally ill patients, young people who take drugs, abused children, and adolescents. Their contexts, organizational frameworks, and structures are different, but in each case the flavour of what it is like to work with their client groups comes straight to the centre of the consultancy relationship. There are no screens that can hide the team’s experience, if one is prepared to see it. The core of their task is laid bare in front of the consultant.
Understanding the Nature and Importance of Low-growth Demographic Regimes
Authors: Wilson Chris
Published: November 2023

The single most significant fact of historical demography is the low long-run rate of growth of the human population. The nature of the low-growth regimes which characterize most of human history forms a crucial basis for the correct interpreta tion of historical demographic data. This chapter briefly reviews the evidence for the assertion of the generality of low growth and assesses the combinations of mortality and fertility that produced it in various historical populations in Asia and Europe. It then goes on to examine the nature of some of the social, economic and cultural systems which interacted with the demographic factors to produce low-growth regimes. Methodological and substantive advances made in the historical demography of European populations are used to illustrate the potential that exists for similar research in Asia.
Entrepreneurship Before and After Schumpeter
Authors: Blaug Mark
Published: November 2023

Capitalism is usually defined as an economic system in which the means of production are privately held. But private ownership of the means of production may involve a number of separate functions: the provision of financial capital, the employment and co-ordination of the factors of production, the management and administration of the entire enterprise, and the ultimate power of making strategic decisions about investment. The existence of capital markets and the invention of the principle of limited liability makes it possible completely to separate the supply of financial capital from all the other functions. Likewise, the hiring of inputs and the functions of routine management and administration can be almost completely delegated to salaried employees. That leaves the power of making the fundamental decisions to invest or not to invest, to enter a new market or to leave an old one, etcetera, as the only function that cannot be hived off: a businessman need not be a “capitalist” or “manager” but he must be a decision-maker, whether he liked it or not. It is his function and this function alone that deserves the title of “entrepreneurship”.
Social Movements and Interest Groups as Triggers for Organizational Learning
Authors: Kadtler Jurgen
Published: November 2023

Deutsch (1963) once defined power as ‘the ability to afford not to learn’ (p. nr), adding that making use of this ability might be a risky option: ‘When carried to its extremes, such narrow power becomes blind, and the person or organization becomes insensitive to the present, and is driven, like a bullet or torpedo, wholly by the past’ (Deutsch 1963: nr). This chapter deals with situations in which this power is questioned by collective actors from outside.
The Role of Time in Organizational Learning
Authors: Weber Christiana , Antal Ariane Berthoin
Published: November 2023

Time is an omnipresent component of social life and generally represents one of the most fundamental concepts of the world as people experience it (Wendorff 1989). Nevertheless, a review of the literature suggests that a wide range of writers in philosophy, natural sciences, mathematics, economics, the social sciences, and history have avoided producing a clear and unambiguous definition of time. Instead, specific aspects of time have been explored (Hassard 1996), questions about time have been studied from different research angles and disciplinary perspectives (McGrath and Rotchford 1983), and metaphors have been used to describe time (Schoeller 1998). Generally speaking, time is universal (Bieri 1972), relational, and multidimensional.
A Theory of Organizational Knowledge Creation: Understanding the Dynamic Process of Creating Knowledge
Authors: Nonaka lkujiro , Toyama Ryoko , Byosiere Philippe
Published: November 2023

In recent years many researchers have argued that knowledge and the capability to create and utilize it are the most important sources of a firm’s sustainable competitive advantage (Cyert, Kumar, and Williams 1993; Drucker 1993; Nonaka 1990, 1991, 1994; Nonaka and Takeuchi 1995; Quinn 1992; Sveiby 1997; Teece, Pisano, and Shuen 1997; Toffler 1990; Winter 1987). In a world where markets, products, technologies, competitors, regulations, and even entire societies change very rapidly, continuous innovation and knowledge that enables such innovation have become important sources of sustainable competitive advantage.
Learning in Multinationals
Authors: Macharzina Klaus , Oesterle Michael-Jorg , Brodel Dietmar
Published: November 2023

Research in the field of international business has provided a rich and diverse picture of the factors underlying and shaping the internationalization of business operations. Among the analyzed determinants, or ‘drivers’, of cross-border operations, knowledge and organizational learning have long attracted the attention of scholars from diverse schools of thought, such as the theory of the multinational firm (e.g. Buckley and Casson 1976; Caves 1971; Hymer 1976) and the behavioral theory of the multinational firm (e.g. Aharoni 1966; Johanson and Vahlne 1977). The creation of knowledge-related advantages through the synergistic expansion of organizational-knowledge bases across borders has also become a focus of international strategy research and research on organizational behavior (e.g. Bartlett and Ghoshal 1989; Gupta and Govindarajan 1991; Porter 1990).
Introduction: From Control to Drift
Authors: Ciborra Claudio U , Hanseth Ole
Published: November 2023

The reader will find in this book a set of alternative views on the role and dynamics of global information infrastructures deployed within the corporate context of large multinationals. By alternative views we mean that the reader is presented with both empirical material and scholarly interpretations that diverge, at times substantially, from the current wisdom contained in the management and informationsystems literature. Certainly, there has been a designed, intentional element in the way the book has been written; but there has also been an element of crafting interpretations and theoretical conclusions along the way, as the empirical evidence came pouring in from the field studies.
The Past and Future Role of the European Court of Justice in the Protection of Human Rights
Authors: Witte Bruno De
Published: November 2023

The question of the role of the European Court of Justice in protecting human rights within the Community legal order is an evergreen of EC legal studies. It is dealt with by all the textbooks on EC law and has also been analysed in a large number of special doctrinal studies. There is no need to repeat here what has so often been written before. In the light of the overall perspective of the present research project, the emphasis will rather be on a critical evaluation of the European Court’s performance in this field so far (Part II), on an examination of the new perspectives opened up by the likely entry into force of the EC and EU Treaty revisions agreed in Amsterdam (Part III), and on a discussion of possible proposals for change so as to improve the protection of human rights in the European Union legal order (Part IV). Those Parts will be preceded by a recapitulation of the evolution so far (Part I); again, the intention of that first Part is not to march along well-trodden paths but to offer an aidememoire which may help the reader through the rest of this chapter.
Fault and Strict Liability for Harm in Tort Law
Authors: Cane Peter
Published: November 2023

In Cambridge Water Company v Eastern Counties Leather plc’ the House of Lords, led by our amicus, held that ‘foreseeability of harm of the relevant type’ is a prerequisite of liability under the rule in Rylands v Fletcher as it is in private nuisance; but also that the rule in Rylands v Fletcher is ‘one of strict liability in the sense that the defendant may be held liable not withstanding that he has exercised all due care to prevent the escape occurring’. This decision raises in acute form the question of the relationship between strict liability and fault-based liability in tort law. This question is made all the more topical in the context of the rule in Rylands v Fletcher by the decision of the High Court of Australia in Burnie Port Authority v General Jones Pty Ltd that the rule ought to be subsumed under general principles of liability for negligence.
Regulatory Competition in the EU System: Labour
Authors: Bercusson Brian
Published: November 2023

In their introduction to a collection of essays on International Regulatory Competition and Coordination, the editors identify three ‘primary and interrelated concerns … in debates about global regulation’: First comes the question of how institutions emerge and evolve in mediating the dynamic of the global marketplace. Secondly, there is a functional policy concern-the problem of the appropriate level for public governance of economic activities. This has long been a question within federal systems, and is now posed at the international level. Thirdly, there is a problem of democratic deficit. This stems from a perception that internalized economic activities are no longer subject to control or facilitation by national governments acting alone, while international structures are institutionally underdeveloped. (Bratton et al. 1996: 2)
Total Hip Replacement—Navigation Technique
Authors: Jaramaz Branislav , Digioia III Anthony M
Published: November 2023

Consistently achieving correct alignment of implant components in Total Hip Replacement (THR) is still one of the main challenges orthopaedic surgeons face today. Clinical problems that stem from the lack of correct component alignment include reduced safe range of motion, implant impingement, dislocation, and accelerated wear.
ACL reconstruction—preoperative model system
Authors: Picard F , Moody James E , DiGioia III Anthony M , Martinek Vladimir , Fu Freddie H , Rytel Michael J , Nikou Constantinos , LaBarca Richard , Jaramaz Branislav
Published: November 2023

Outcome following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is highly dependent on surgical technique, specifically tunnel placement in the tibial and femur. Important in positioning the ACL graft, proper tunnel placement along with proper graft tension results in improved long-term outcome after the surgical procedure.1,2 It also minimizes complications such as graft failure and diminished range of knee motion.3,4 Unfortunately, proper placement of tunnels remains difficult with current arthroscopic techniques.
Human Context
Authors: Brennan James , Moynihan Clare
Published: November 2023

In some parts of the West, 50% of patients with cancer can now be cured of their disease and cancer specialists increasingly view at least some forms of cancer as being long-term or ‘chronic’ illnesses. Over the past few decades, the depiction of cancer as an incurable, painful, and wasting disease has had to be redrawn in the light of huge strides that have been made in the medical treatment of this disease. There may never be a single magic bullet, but clinical science is finding more and more ammunition. Clinicians are increasingly confident about the future of cancer treatments, and the scientific and medical community probably deserves more recognition than it gets for this real progress. But for most people cancer remains a very frightening disease, one that is still equated with death. There is also nothing pleasant about modern cancer treatments, and everyone knows it.
Further developments in decision analytic models for economic evaluation
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Claxton Karl , Sculpher Mark
Published: November 2023

As a framework for economic evaluation, decision analysis needs adequately to reflect the key features of the natural history of a disease and the impact of alternative programmes and interventions. Models are, however, simplifications of reality and will always approximate these phenomena. In short, to be ‘fit for purpose’ for decision making, decision models need to strike a balance between realism and flexibility in terms of computation and data requirements. Chapter 2 described the two basic types of decision model that predominate in economic evaluation: the decision tree and the Markov model. These models can be used for a wide range of decision problems. In some circumstances, however, their structural assumptions are clearly at odds with the theory and/or evidence associated with a particular disease or technology. In such cases, it may be appropriate to develop the models further in one or more key respects.
Making decision models probabilistic
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Claxton Karl , Sculpher Mark
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we describe how models can be made probabilistic in order to capture parameter uncertainty. In particular, we review in detail how analysts should choose distributions for parameters, arguing that the choice of distribution is far from arbitrary, and that there are in fact only a small number of candidate distributions for each type of parameter and that the method of estimation will usually determine the appropriate distributional choice. Before this review, however, consideration is given to the rationale for making decision models probabilistic, in particular the role of uncertainty in the decision process. There then follows a discussion of the different types of uncertainty, which focuses on the important distinction between variability, heterogeneity and uncertainty.
Core service components—acute care
Authors: Shah Ajit , Bhatkal Shirish
Published: November 2023

Old age psychiatry is recognized as an important sub-speciality of psychiatry and in some countries, like the United Kingdom (UK), it enjoys specialty status. The core components of an acute old age psychiatry service are described here.
Privacy-related Rights and their Social Value*
Authors: Feldman David
Published: November 2023

This Chapter explores the notion of privacy and rights related to it, arguing that privacy is important for social reasons as much as individualistic ones. It suggests that the social ends which privacy serves affect the development of and justifications for privacy-related rights. Discussion of the European Convention on Human Rights (hereafter ‘ECHR’) and domestic law on surveillance will illustrate the importance of distinguishing between(a) the meaning, existence, and potential value of privacy as a social phenomenon in particular settings, (b) the subsequent recognition by positive social morality of rights which safeguard privacy, (c) the protection of privacy-related rights by positive law, and the choices which must be made between using constitutional, statutory, common law, or regulatory standards and mechanisms as most appropriate to protect them in various circumstances, and (d) the implications all this has for enforcement procedures.Proponents of fundamental, privacy-related rights face two main problems. First, privacy is not universally regarded as fundamentally important. Some conceptions of privacy are incompatible with some forms of social and political organization, and so cannot be used as a basis for claims to fundamental, human rights. We have to provide a model of privacy which can justify a society in recognizing right-claims which appear to entail the subordination of communal interests to those of individuals. The next section will therefore advance a model of privacy which grows out of social structures, and will consider what sort of rights are appropriate to protect privacy.
The Regulation of Product Quality in the Public Utilities
Authors: Rovizzi Laura , Thompson David
Published: November 2023

The privatization of publicly owned utilities in the UK—in telecoms, gas, electricity, water, and airports—has prompted extensive analysis and debate on the appropriate methods for regulating residual market power (see, for example, Vickers and Yarrow 1988). Whilst it is a familiar proposition of economic theory that an unregulated monopolist can usually be expected to distort both prices and product quality from efficient levels, the methods of regulation adopted in the UK were initially focused upon pricing decisions. The now familiar RPI—X control (see Littlechild 1983) placed a regulatory ceiling on the amount by which the enterprise could increase its prices over a specified period of time, typically five years, providing profit incentives for the enterprise to reduce relative costs (see Beesley and Littlechild 1989 for a discussion). However, in the case of the first two UK utilities to be privatized—telecoms and gas—no direct provision was made for the regulation of quality. Subsequent concerns with quality performance have led both to the introduction of quality regulation for these enterprises and to the inclusion of provisions relating to quality in the regulatory controls established for the later privatizations of water and electricity. More recently, in November 1991, the government introduced new legislation—the Competition and Utility Regulators Bill—which aimed to further strengthen quality regulation.
Vertical Quasi Intergration
Authors: Blois K J
Published: November 2023

The recent financial problems of Rolls-Royce Ltd., have acted as an effective reminder of the extensive interdependence of business organizations within the British economy. The fact that, if Rolls-Royce had ceased to trade, then a large number of supplying organizations would have found themselves in severe financial difficulties is a reminder that, although these suppliers are legal entities separate from Rolls-Royce, such organizations are extensively dependent on and inter-related with Rolls-Royce. This situation is not peculiar to Rolls-Royce or even to the aero-engine industry, for there are many firms whose financial collapse would seem likely to result in the failure, or at least severe disruption, of a large number of supplying firms and the financial difficulties of Upper Clyde Shipbuilders Ltd. provide another illustration of this.
The Two-Edged Nature of Technological Change:Employment and Unemployment
Authors: Freeman Christopher
Published: November 2023

Interest in the role played by ICTs in shaping employment patterns grew during the 1980s and 1990s because the dramatic spread of ICTs coincided with rising underlying levels of unemployment in developed economies. An important context for understanding this role is provided by economic analyses of general long-term techno-economic forces and a number of approaches specific to ICTs developed since the 1950s.
Partner and Form Selection
Authors: Child John , Faulkner David
Published: November 2023

Richardson (1972) in an early article on the importance of cooperation in the organization of industry emphasizes that a major reason for its growing importance is the increasingly specialized nature of needs. Whereas, he suggests, it can safely be left to a market to coordinate supply and demand when large numbers of relatively undifferentiated products are bought and sold by large numbers of economic agents, this is not the case when small numbers of buyers and sellers deal in highly differentiated products. In such cases both buyers and sellers need to match their production and purchasing plans, and this sets the scene for cooperation. As Adam Smith and Alfred Chandler might have agreed, the ‘visible hand’ replaces the ‘invisible hand’. A further need for cooperation comes about in Richardson’s view when an economic agent seeks in Ryle’s concept (1949: ch. 2) ‘knowledge how’ as opposed to merely ‘knowledge that’. ‘Knowledge how’ is difficult to communicate through the relationship-less mechanism of the market.
IS Evaluation A Process for Bringing Together Benefits, Costs, and Risks
Authors: Farbey Barbara , Land, Frank , Targett David
Published: November 2023

Investment in information technology (IT) and associated information systems (IS) in the UK is substantial. Fifty-eight of the top 150 companies spend more than 2 per cent of turnover on IT and 96 more than 1 per cent (Spikes Cavell, 1996). In 1995/6 central government spending in the UK was of the order of £2.3lbn (Taylor, 1996). Statistics from other countries reveal massive IT expenditure throughout the industrialised world. At the same time IT spending is under pressure from the perception of a ‘productivity paradox’. At firm, industry, and economy level the relationship between IT spending and return in the form of greater productivity and shareholder value is seriously questioned (for example, Love man, 1994). However, these findings are much debated (for example, Brynjolfsson, 1993) and a number of reasons why purely statistical findings could be misleading have been suggested, one of which is that inadequate evaluation practices have resulted in poor selection and management of projects.
Why Do Firms Differ, and How Does It Matter?
Authors: Nelson Richard R
Published: November 2023

To get at that question from an economist’s perspective, one needs to start with a broad understanding of what economic activity is all about, and what constitutes good economic performance or poor. For several reasons, neoclassical theory, which provides the current conventional wisdom on these matters for economists, militates against paying attention to firm differences as an important variable affecting economic performance.
Spectacle Pageantry, And Early Tudor Policy
Authors: Anglo Sydney
Published: November 2023

Sydney Anglo discusses every English royal entry, festival, disguising, masque, and tournament from the accession of Henry VII to the coronation celebrations of Elizabeth I. Based principally on primary sources, his study is analytical rather than descriptive. In 1969, when this book first appeared, the serious study of Renaissance court festivals and civic pageantry was in its infancy and - although the subject has since burgeoned - the volume of publications relevant to the early Tudors was modest and largely confined to matters of detail. In this new edition Professor Anglo discusses material published since 1969 in a preface where, as far as possible, the material is arranged according to the chronological and thematic order of the book. The original pagination and notes which have regularly been cited by scholars has thereby been retained. A bibliography of works cited in the text has been added to facilitate the work of a new generation of students.
The Management of Technological Innovation
Authors: Dodgson Mark , Gann David , Salter Ammon
Published: November 2023

The management of technological innovation (MTI) is one of the most important challenges facing businesses today. Innovation has become the fundamental driver of competitiveness for firms of all sizes in virtually all business sectors and nations. The first edition of this book has become one of the most popular texts for students of innovation and technology management. This new edition sees David Gann and Ammon Salter join Mark Dodgson as authors, drawing on their combined experience of 60 years of researching and teaching MTI. It combines the most relevant theoretical analysis with contemporary and historical empirical evidence to provide a comprehensive, yet concise and readable, guide to the challenges of MTI. By explaining the innovation process the book reveals the broad scope of MTI and its importance for company survival, growth and sustainability. It describes how MTI has to be managed strategically and how this is successfully achieved by formulating and implementing strategy and delivering value. Chapters provide frameworks, tools and techniques, and case studies on managing: innovation strategy, communities, and networks, R&D, design and new product and service development, operations and production, and commercialization. Based on robust analysis, the book provides a wide range of empirical evidence from a huge diversity of case studies, with around fifty case studies newly written for this edition. It analyses MTI in all parts of the world, in companies large and small, and in services, manufacturing, and resource-based business sectors. This new edition has been fully revised and updated to reflect the latest teaching and research, and to ensure its continuing relevance to the contemporary world of MTI. It will be an important resource for academics, students, and managers throughout the world, is a recommended text for students of innovation and technology management at postgraduate and undergraduate level, and is particularly valuable for MBA courses.
Familial Offences
Authors: Laws Eleanor , Lees Patricia
Published: November 2023

Before the passing of the Punishment of Incest Act (PIA) 1908, incest was punishable in England and Ireland only by proceedings in the ecclesiastical courts. The 1908 Act created the offence of incest, which covered sexual intercourse with an immediate blood relative or half-sibling. It included offences by males upon females and females permitting with their consent a male blood-relative to have sexual relations with them.

Offences under the SOA 1956 had the same parameters. Again the all-important factor was blood relationships. Section 10(1) provided for it to be an offence for a man to have sexual intercourse with a woman whom he knew to be his granddaughter, daughter, sister, or mother.
Power and Experience: Emancipation through Guided Leadership Narratives
Authors: Kayes Anna B
Published: November 2023

One goal of management education is to help students organize experience in meaningful ways. Scholars have suggested that organizational storytelling (Klein 1998), the use of experiential-based simulations (Kayes et al. 2004; Kayes, Kayes, and Kolb 2005), reflective exercises, myth analysis (Gabriel 2000), and the use of metaphor (Morgan 1997; Kayes and Kayes 2003) all provide noteworthy methods that promote the use of experiential learning in the context of management education. But although these methods may encourage learning, they may not allow students to explore the complexities of organizational power that have an impact on learning. Also, they may not focus on how students can articulate and actively reconfigure their individual experiences of power. In this chapter I argue that when students of management engage in conversation, their experiences of power actually become transformed and, through a social process of conversation, take on new meaning.
Poverty Eradication and Human Rights
Authors: Sengupta Arjun
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we examine the proposition that ‘poverty is a violation of human rights’, which has been put forward by UNESCO and some other human rights activists to mobilize international public opinion in the fight against poverty. It will hopefully lead to the adoption of an international strategy aimed at the abolition of poverty, in the same way as describing slavery as gross violation of human rights could have led to the abolition of slavery (UNESCO 2003). Whether this proposition can effectively galvanize people and policymakers throughout the world will depend on the interplay of political forces as well as the stage of economic development in different countries.