bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acquiring Capabilities Within a Prototype Warfare
Mindset
Authors: Horning Matthew A.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Prototype Warfare represents a paradigm shift in how the US Department of Defense
(DoD) executes acquisition of defense systems in a manner that is significantly
faster than traditional acquisition. The idea was initially presented in a
whitepaper entitled “Mission Engineering and Prototype Warfare:
Operationalizing Technology Faster to Stay Ahead of the Threat” that was
introduced in at GVSETS 2018. This paper organizes prototype warfare into three
classes of systems, each with their own acquisition path toward putting
Prototype Warfare on the battlefield. These approaches do not come without
risks, issues, and downfalls, but a renaissance in traditional acquisition
processes do not come risk free either. By rethinking how we determine
operational needs, engineer new systems, and place systems in service, there are
opportunities to provide radically new capabilities to the hands of the
warfighter on timescales measured in weeks or months, not years.

Citation: M. Horning, “Acquiring Capabilities Within a
Prototype Warfare Mindset”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle
Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi,
MI, Aug. 13-15, 2019.
AUTOMATING THE VISUAL NARRATIVE: DYNAMIC ADORNMENTS AND LEGENDS
Authors: Vinarcik Michael J.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The Department of Defense’s Digital Engineering Strategy (adopted in June
2018) has five goals:

1

Formalize the development, integration, and use of models to inform
enterprise and program decision making

2

Provide an enduring, authoritative source of truth

3

Incorporate technological innovation to improve the engineering
practice

4

Establish a supporting infrastructure and environment to perform
activities, collaborate, and communicate across
stakeholders

5

Transform the culture and workforce to adopt and support digital
engineering across the life cycle.1

For this strategy to succeed, stakeholders must willingly participate in the
cultural transformation and use system models as they are intended: as living,
dynamic, integrated sources of information that communicate intent with rigor
and clarity. Moving from disjointed documents and air-gapped information sources
to a single source of truth is important. However, the explosive growth in
system complexity is causing a new, unwanted emergent behavior:

In an information-rich world, the wealth of information means a dearth of
something else: a scarcity of whatever it is that information consumes.
What information consumes is rather obvious: it consumes the attention
of its recipients. Hence a wealth of information creates a poverty of
attention and a need to allocate that attention efficiently among the
overabundance of information sources that might consume it.2

Because stakeholders are becoming overwhelmed with information from multiple
sources, effective system modeling cannot solely focus on the creation of
competently executed, integrated system models. It must also facilitate the
creation of visualizations and derived products that allow stakeholders to
efficiently identify and consume relevant information.

Citation: M. Vinarcik, “Automating the Visual Narrative:
Dynamic Adornments and Legends,” In Proceedings of the Ground
Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS),
NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 13-15, 2019.
TITANIUM ROAD WHEELS: A COST-EFFECTIVE LOW-RISK ALTERNATIVE FOR LEGACY AND NEXT GENERATION COMBAT VEHICLES
Authors: Paytan Ronnen , Mazor Ronen
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The U.S. Army identified the use of advanced materials in next generation combat
vehicles design as a focal technology area of interest and urged industry to
develop replacements that realize weight, sustainment, and cost savings. An
initial life cycle analysis suggests that using Titanium road wheels as an
alternative to legacy road wheels could cut 555.6 lbs. and reduce cost by
$39,760.00 per each M-1 tank over a life cycle of 8,000 mi, resulting with
$71.72 savings per each pound reduced. Secondary side-effects of the weight
reduction achieved by the Titanium road wheels include improvements such as fuel
economy, mobility, transportability, and risk-reduction in the inclusion of
emerging metal matrix composite technologies in next generation combat vehicles.
The paper recommends conducting field evaluation and considering the application
of Titanium road wheels in the M-1/M-88, M-109, AMPV, MPF, OMFV, DLP/FDL, and
RCV (H) platforms

Citation: R. Paytan, R. Mazor, “Titanium Road wheels: A
Cost-Effective Low-Risk Alternative for Legacy and Next Generation Combat
Vehicles”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems
Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug.
13-15, 2019.
SILICON CARBIDE HIGH TEMPERATURE AND HIGH POWER DENSITY INVERTER DESIGN
Authors: Soles Alexander , Adams Matthew
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Silicon carbide (SiC) semiconductor devices have demonstrated promise in
increasing power density by offering reduced continuous and switching losses
compared to traditional silicon (Si) semiconductors. SiC can also withstand
higher temperatures than Si devices. This presents an opportunity to achieve
higher power density for vehicle inverters by using SiC. In this work, we
describe the design and testing of a prototype SiC three-phase inverter that can
achieve higher temperatures and power density than any off-the-shelf offerings,
while fitting in a package roughly the size of a shoebox. This will enable
future ground vehicle platforms to deliver greater power without needing to
increase space claim or vehicle-level cooling compared to traditional Si
inverters, enabling greater capabilities for a given platform to support future
Warfighter capabilities (such as directed energy weapons, silent mobility, high
power radar/communications/jamming on-the-move, and vehicle to grid power).
Prior work completed with silicon based switching devices did not package into
the combat platform without displacing other equipment or soldiers. Using the
SiC space-claim, additional displacement is not required. Therefore, the
development of SiC technology into a package for high temperature and high power
electronics is critical to enabling the future of electrified vehicles.

Citation: A. Soles, M. Adams, “Silicon Carbide High
Temperature and High Power Density Inverter Design”, In
Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology
Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 13-15, 2019.
AN OVERVIEW OF THE NEXT-GENERATION NATO REFERENCE MOBILITY MODEL
(NG-NRMM) COOPERATIVE DEMONSTRATION OF TECHNOLOGY (CDT)
Authors: Gorsich David , Gerth Richard , Bradley Scott , Letherwood Michael
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM) is a simulation tool aimed at predicting
the capability of a vehicle to move over specified terrains. NRMM was developed
and validated by the U.S. Army in the 1960s and ‘70s, and has been
revised and updated through the years. Although NRMM has proven to be of great
practical utility to the NATO forces, it exhibits several inherent limitations
when compared to modern modeling tools. A NATO Research Task Group (RTG)
committee was formed to develop a Next-Generation NATO Reference Mobility Model
(NG-NRMM). In September 2018, a 3-day NATO Cooperative Demonstration of
Technology (CDT) event took place at the Michigan Technical University /
Keweenaw Research Center (MTU/KRC) in Northern Michigan to showcase the
committee’s work and the key differences between legacy and next
generation mobility prediction software. This paper summarizes the CDT event and
actions performed, describes the value added, identifies gaps, and outlines a
path forward to address many of those gaps now that the four year effort has
concluded.

Citation: Dr. David Gorsich, Dr. Richard Gerth, Scott Bradley,
Michael Letherwood, “An Overview of the Next-Generation NATO Reference
Mobility Model (NG-NRMM) Cooperative Demonstration of Technology (CDT)”,
In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology
Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 13-15, 2019.
THE DATA USED IN THE NEXT GENERATION NATO REFERENCE MOBILITY MODEL
COOPERATIVE DEMONSTRATION OF TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Gerth Richard , Bradley Scott , Letherwood Michael , Gorsich David
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The Ground Vehicle Systems Center (GVSC) led a NATO Cooperative Demonstration of
Technology (CDT) effort to demonstrate and validate the Next Generation NATO
Reference Mobility Model (NG-NRMM). The effort was to create complex and simple
terramechanics simulation models of a 12 ton wheeled vehicle traversing actual
terrain and compare the results to physical tests. An overview [1] detailed research [2] and validation results [3]
are described elsewhere. One aspect of the project was to make the all the data
available to the research community to use for further research in off-road
mobility and autonomy. All of the data/information mentioned in this paper is
Distribution Statement A – Unclassified – Distribution Unlimited
and can be downloaded at ftp://ng-nrmm:thread$panel@nrmm.mtukrc.org for
use.

Citation: Dr. Richard Gerth, Scott Bradley, Michael Letherwood, Dr.
David Gorsich, “The Data Used in the Next Generation NATO Reference
Mobility Model Cooperative Demonstration of Technology”, In
Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology
Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 13-15, 2019.
Rapid Capture of Topography for Mobility and Situation
Awareness
Authors: Dobson Richard J. , Buller William T. , Bradley Scott A.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

To address the need for rapid capture of terrain profiles, and changes in
terrain, researchers from Michigan Tech demonstrated a UAS collection system,
during a live exercise, supported by the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization’s (NATO) Science and Technology Organization (STO). The UAS
collection system was deployed to provide high resolution topography (resolution
less than 1 cm) with a terrain collection rate greater than 1 meter per second
and results were processed within minutes. The resulting topography is of
sufficient quality to demonstrate that the technique can be applied to update
mobility models, as well as the detection of traverse by ground vehicles.
MATURATION AND TRANSITION OF ENERGY ABSORBING DAMPERS
Authors: Mathis J. , Grimm M. , Mullin S. , Burguess V.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Southwest Research Institute® (SwRI®),
under contract to US Army CCDC-GVSC, went through an extensive design, analysis,
manufacturing, and testing project for the development of energy absorbing
dampers and lightweight floor systems to provide protection to the warfighter
inside vehicles that are exposed to underbelly blasts or similar threats. The
dampers have been designed to remain locked during a wide variety of road
vibration and shock loads, but to release and absorb energy through elongation,
providing protection to occupants when the blast threats are encountered. This
range of input criteria was challenging to satisfy in a passive system that is
lightweight, relatively inexpensive, easy to install, and effective over a wide
range of blast loads and occupant weights (5% through 95%). The
SwRI work concentrated on designing two subsystem sizes – the individual
dampers themselves in component tests, and ½ scale coupon level tests
that include the dampers, floor systems, and attachment hardware. Working
directly with SwRI, CCDC-GVSC integrated component level damper designs into
full vehicle scale test articles. Full-scale vibration and durability testing
was conducted at CCDC-GVSC’s PS&T facilities on their MEVT test
fixture and subsequent live fire blast testing. These test programs and the
results achieved are described in the paper.

Citation: J. Mathis, M. Grimm, S. Mullin, V. Burguess
“Maturation and Transition of Energy Absorbing Dampers”, In
Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology
Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 13-15, 2019.
Rigorous Accelerated Approach to Thermomechanical Processing Optimization for New Ballistic Protection Alloys
Authors: Lillo Thomas , Chu Henry , Anderson Jeffrey , Walleser Jason , Burguess Victor
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The armor research and development community needs a more cost-effective,
science-based approach to accelerate development of new alloys (and alloys never
intended for ballistic protection) for armor applications, especially
lightweight armor applications. Currently, the development and deployment of new
armor alloys is based on an expert-based, trial-and-error process, which is both
time-consuming and costly. This work demonstrates a systematic research approach
to accelerate optimization of the thermomechanical processing (TMP) pathway,
yielding optimal microstructure and maximum ballistic performance.
Proof-of-principle is being performed on titanium alloy, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, and
utilizes the Hydrawedge® unit of the Gleeble 3800 System (a
servo-hydraulic thermomechanical testing device) to quickly evaluate mechanical
properties and simulate rolling schedules on small samples. Resulting mechanical
property and microstructure data are utilized in an artificial intelligence (AI)
based response surface methodology (RSM) to identify
processing-microstructure-property relationships and develop thermomechanical
schedules which are applied to a few larger plates for ballistic testing. This
systematic process may reduce the number of TMP schedule permutations by more
than 90%. Results to date on Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al and AF9628 will be presented to
demonstrate the approach.

Citation: T. Lillo, H. Chu, J. Anderson, J. Walleser, V. Burguess,
“Rigorous Accelerated Approach to Thermomechanical
Processing Optimization for New Ballistic Protection
Alloys”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems
Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug.
13-15, 2019.
SYSTEMATIC DEVELOPMENT OF FRAMEWORK FOR VALIDATION AND PERFORMANCE QUANTIFICATION OF ADDITIVELY MANUFACTURED REPLACEMENT PARTS FOR STRUCTURAL STEEL APPLICATIONS
Authors: Gallmeyer Thomas G , Dahal Jinesh , Kappes Branden B , Stebner Aaron P , Thyagarajan Ravi S , Miranda Juan A , Pilchak Adam , Nuechterlein Jacob
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Timely part procurement is vital to the maintenance and performance of deployed
military equipment. Yet, logistical hurdles can delay this process, which can
compromise efficiency and mission success for the warfighter. Point-of-need part
procurement through additive manufacturing (AM) is a means to circumvent these
logistical challenges. An Integrated Computational Materials Engineering
framework is presented as a means to validate and quantify the performance of AM
replacement parts. Statistical modeling using a random forest network and finite
element modeling were to inform the build design. Validation was performed by
testing coupons extracted from each legacy replacement parts, as well as the new
additively manufactured replacement parts through monotonic tensile and combined
tension-torsion fatigue testing. Destructive full hinge assembly tests were also
performed as part of the experimental characterization. Lastly, the collected
experimental results were used to iterate on the part design to showcase the
advantages AM offers for meeting new service requirements.

Citation: T.G. Gallmeyer, J. Dahal, B.B. Kappes, A.P. Stebner, R.S.
Thyagarajan, J.A. Miranda, A. Pilchak, J. Nuechterlein, “Systematic
Development of Framework for Validation and Performance Quantification of
Additively Manufactured (AM) Replacement Parts for Structural Steel
Applications”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems
Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug.
13-15, 2019.
Optimization of Nano-Enhanced Elastomeric Adhesives through Combined
Experimental and Computational Methods
Authors: Tzelepis Demetrios A. , Hart Robert
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Additions of both carbon fiber (CF) and carbon nano-tubes (CNTs) as
reinforcements to polyurea (PUr) based adhesives are computationally
investigated. Both CF and CNTs show an increase in stiffness. The effect of CF
reinforcements on the PUr is more pronounced than the CNT’s but this due
to CNT loading being dramatically lower. On percent basis the CNT effect on
strength was greater than the CF. Increasing hard segment content of PUr also
had a positive effect on the joint strength, but a negative effect on the shear
joint displacement. Finally the addition of CF reinforcements moved the
performance of a PUr formulation from a Group IV adhesive into the Group III
category. This paper illustrates the potential for commonly available
reinforcements to be used to tailor the strength elongation characteristic of a
PUr adhesive system.

Citation: Demetrios A. Tzelepis, Robert Hart, “Optimization
of Nano-Enhanced Elastomeric Adhesives Through Combined Experimental and
Computational Methods, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems
Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug.
13-15, 2019.
STRUCTURAL REPAIR FOR STRYKER HH STEEL BODY PANELS USING COLD
SPRAY
Authors: Champagne Victor K. , Widener Christian A. , Nardi Aaron T. , Ferguson Gehn D.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Corrosion damage to military ground vehicles costs the U.S. Army around $1.6B per
year. A large part of that cost is related to keeping vehicles like the Stryker
at their full fighting capability. Corrosion damage has been a common finding on
Stryker vehicles and even light corrosion damage, which often reaches 10% of the
body thickness or more, can degrade its armor protection rating and require
replacement. Recently, cold spray deposition has been shown to be capable of
restoring the full ballistic resistance of corrosion damaged high hard steel
armor panels. These repairs can be done on-vehicle in depot facilities, using
mobile high-pressure cold spray systems. This repair capability can reduce the
number of entire side, roof, and floor panels that need to be cut out and
re-welded in, which is the only currently approved repair operation for
corrosion damage that exceeds allowable depths.

Citation: V.K. Champagne, C.A. Widener, A.T. Nardi, G.D. Ferguson,
“Structural Repair for Stryker HH Steel Body Panels Using Cold
Spray”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering
and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 13-15,
2019.
IMPROVE LIP SEAL PERFORMANCE AND INCREASE SAND RESISTANCE WITH A
LOW-COST GRAPHITE SHAFT COATING
Authors: Suman Andrew , Silvey Tom , Smith Zachary
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Lip seals are vital components that serve two primary purposes – keep
liquids/lubricants in and keep sand/contaminants out. An additional task is to
confine pressure. Test study results indicate that self-polishing Additive
Abradable Graphite Coatings (AAGC’s) will protect sealed rotating
components from sand, and extend lubricant maintenance interval on gearboxes,
PTO’s, and the like.

Citation: A. Andrew Suman, “Improve Lip Seal Performance and
Increase Sand Resistance With A Low Cost Graphite Shaft Coating”, In
Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology
Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 13-15, 2019.
ALGORITHM FOR POINT CLOUD OCCLUSION MAPPING ON AN AUTONOMOUS GROUND VEHICLE
Authors: Bybee Taylor C. , Ferrin Jeffrey L.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

For safe navigation through an environment, autonomous ground vehicles rely on
sensory inputs such as cameras, LiDAR, and radar for detection and
classification of obstacles and impassable terrain. These sensors provide data
representing 3D space surrounding the vehicle. Often this data is obscured by
dust, precipitation, objects, or terrain, producing gaps in the sensor field of
view. These gaps, or occlusions, can indicate the presence of obstacles,
negative obstacles, or rough terrain. Because sensors receive no data in these
occlusions, sensor data provides no explicit information about what might be
found in the occluded areas. To provide the navigation system with a more
complete model of the environment, information about the occlusions must be
inferred from sensor data. In this paper we show a probabilistic method for
mapping point cloud occlusions in real-time and how knowledge of these
occlusions can be integrated into an autonomous vehicle obstacle detection and
avoidance system.
INTEGRATION OF THE AUTONOMOUS MOBILITY APPLIQUÉ SYSTEM INTO
THE ROBOTIC TECHNOLOGY KERNEL
Authors: Pirozzo David , Hecker Joshua P. , Dickinson Alan , Schulteis Tim , Ratowski Jeff , Theisen Bernard
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDC) Ground Vehicle Systems
Center (GVSC) has been managing and developing a variety of autonomous systems
throughout its existence. Two of the most important from the past decade include
the Autonomous Mobility Appliqué System (AMAS) developed by Lockheed
Martin Corporation (LMC) and the Robotic Technology Kernel (RTK) developed by
GVSC in collaboration with DCS Corp and Southwest Research Institute (SwRI).
Rather than continuing to develop and maintain two separate autonomous software
systems, GVSC has decided to integrate any capabilities that were unique to AMAS
into RTK and devote efforts to developing RTK going forward. The goal of
integrating AMAS into RTK is to leverage the best features of each system. The
process of this integration involves multiple steps. This paper describes the
historical and current efforts involved in the integration of AMAS into RTK.

Citation: D. Pirozzo, J.P. Hecker, A. Dickinson, T. Schulteis, J.
Ratowski, and B. Theisen, “Integration of the Autonomous Mobility
Appliqué System into the Robotic Technology Kernel”, In
Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology
Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 13-15, 2019.
EVOLVING THE ROBOTIC TECHNOLOGY KERNEL TO EXPAND FUTURE FORCE
AUTONOMOUS GROUND VEHICLE CAPABILITIES
Authors: Cymerman Joseph , Yim Sang , Larkin Dominic , Pegues Kathryn , Gengler Wyatt , Norman Samuel , Maxwell Zachary , Gasparri Nicholas , Pollin Mary , Calderon Clement , Angle Jeremy , Collier Jaylen
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

This paper presents the conceptual design, development, and implementation of the
Robotic Technology Kernel (RTK) in a Polaris GEM e2 by the United States
Military Academy's autonomy research team. RTK is the autonomous software suite
of the U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Ground Vehicles Systems
Center and to this point has primarily been used within off-road environments.
The research team's primary objectives were to verify RTK's platform-agnostic
characteristic by implementing the control software on a small, low-speed
electric vehicle and augmenting the software to provide the additional
capability of operating within an established infrastructure rule set.

Citation: J. Cymerman, S. Yim, D. Larkin, K. Pegues, W. Gengler, S.
Norman, Z. Maxwell, N. Gasparri, M. Pollin, C. Calderon, J. Angle, J. Collier,
“Evolving the Robotic Technology Kernal to Expand Future Force
Autonomous Ground Vehicle Capabilities,” In Proceedings of the
Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium
(GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 13-15, 2019.
Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) in Controlled and Real-World Environments: Testing and Results
Authors: Ward Jacob , Smith Patrick , Pierce Dan , Bevly David , Richardson Paul , Lakshmanan Sridhar , Argyris Athanasios , Smyth Brandon , Adam Cristian , Heim Scott
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The transportation industry annually travels more than 6 times as many miles as
passenger vehicles [1]. The fuel cost
associated with this represents 38% of the total marginal operating cost for
this industry [8]. As a result,
industry’s interest in applications of autonomy have grown. One
application of this technology is Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC)
using Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC). Auburn University outfitted
four class 8 vehicles, two Peterbilt 579’s and two M915’s, with
a basic hardware suite, and software library to enable level 1 autonomy. These
algorithms were tested in controlled environments, such as the American Center
for Mobility (ACM), and on public roads, such as highway 280 in Alabama, and
Interstates 275/696 in Michigan. This paper reviews the results of these
real-world tests and discusses the anomalies and failures that occurred during
testing.

Citation: Jacob Ward, Patrick Smith, Dan Pierce, David Bevly, Paul
Richardson, Sridhar Lakshmanan, Athanasios Argyris, Brandon Smyth, Cristian
Adam, Scott Heim “Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) in
Controlled and Real-World Environments: Testing and Results”, In
Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology
Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 13-15, 2019.
AUTOMATIC TERRAIN DETECTION
Authors: Subert David , Diepen Andrew , Hubert Kevin
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

GS Engineering has developed technology to advance the sensory perception of
autonomous systems. The Automatic Terrain Detection System (ATDS) is a
technology that provides real time terrain detection. Vehicles deployed with
ATDS have been able to yield improved mobility, automation of systems, and
reduced fuel consumption. ATDS has been integrated into the MK23 MTVR, M1151
HMMWV for the ONR Predictive Adaptive Mobility (PAM) program, and into the
Autonomous Ground Re-supply (AGR) by-wire kit for the Oshkosh Defense Palletized
Load System (PLS). The ATDS is built upon proven sensors running integrated
processing to replace or enhance existing vehicle systems.

Citation: D. Subert, A. Diepen, K. Hubert, “Automatic
Terrain Detection”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems
Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug.
13-15, 2019.
FUEL FILTER EFFICIENCY EVALUATION WITH CYCLIC FLOW AND MECHANICAL VIBRATION
Authors: Hollingsworth Larry , Wostarek Peter , Exposito Christian
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Fuel filters used to remove particulates from liquids are evaluated by
OEM’s and filter manufacturers using standardized test protocols that
specify simplified conditions that aid in laboratory reproducibility. These test
results do not always translate into actual filter performance in application.
In military vehicles that experience frequent demands for rapid acceleration and
deceleration and extreme vibration, the importance of evaluating fluid
filtration performance with these parameters as inputs is significant. This
paper discusses an investigation of the performance sensitivity of a diesel
particulate filter to structural vibration properties and flow rate fluctuation.
After determination of this sensitivity to dynamic inputs, a new test protocol
was developed for evaluating competitive fuel filters. The cyclic flow and
mechanical vibration inputs for the new protocol were selected to be
representative of those that would be seen in a heavy duty diesel application.
Finally, six competitive heavy duty diesel filter models were compared using a
traditional filter efficiency measurement procedure and the newly developed
protocol. The performance of the competitive filters using the traditional
protocol suggested that most of the filters were nearly identical, whereas the
new protocol yielded performance differences that demonstrated clear advantages
of specific filters in terms of filter efficiency under dynamic conditions.

Citation: L. Hollingsworth, P. Wostarek, C. Exposito, “Fuel
Filter Efficiency Evaluation with Cyclic Flow and Mechanical Vibration”,
In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology
Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 13-15, 2019.
An Enhanced Optical Sensor Instrumentation System to Improve the
Survivability of Armored Vehicles
Authors: Burke James P. , Roe Jeffrey , Henke Steven F. , Walker Bradley P. , Koons William A.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The Optical Warhead Lethality Sensor Suite (OWLSS) was designed specifically for
tracking dense, fast fragment fields generated in warhead arena testing. OWLSS
is an optimized hardware/software solution for measuring correlated properties
of detonating warhead fragment distributions. The OWLSS automated track
algorithm returns time-dependent 3D position, velocity, size, aerodynamic drag,
and mass estimates for each fragment tracked. These data products fill a
significant gap in our ability to characterize munitions for weapon
effectiveness modeling. Furthermore, the system is modular and can be
reconfigured for many tracking applications. In this paper, we present an
overview of legacy arena measurement techniques, an overview of the OWLSS
optical tracking approach, and we discuss how OWLSS can be employed to collect
test data needed to improve the survivability of armored vehicles.

Citation: J. P. Burke, Jr, J. Roe, S. F. Henke, B. P. Walker, W.
Koons, “An Enhanced Optical Sensor Instrumentation System to Improve the
Survivability of Armored Vehicles”, In Proceedings of the Ground
Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS),
NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 11-13, 2020.
HISTORICAL TRENDS AND PARAMETER RELATIONSHIPS IN THE DESIGN OF ARMORED FIGHTING VEHICLES
Authors: Sapunkov Oleg B.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The classic trinity of armored fighting vehicle design is the tradeoff between
Armament, Armor, and Mobility. In a practical design, all three cannot be
simultaneously maximized, so engineers must determine the proper balance between
these capabilities, which would offer optimal combat performance, taking into
account the limitations of industrial mass production. This study explores
trends in the historical evolution of combat vehicles, from their initial
appearance on the battlefields of World War 1 to the modern era. Additionally,
this study also examines the basic physical limitations of combat vehicle design
as a whole, by presenting fundamental performance limits that are universal to
all classes of combat vehicles. This analysis is used to identify key areas of
research that would be of significant benefit to the development of future
combat vehicles.

Citation: O. Sapunkov, “Historical Trends and Parameter
Relationships in the Design of Armored Fighting Vehicles”, in
Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology
Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 11-13, 2020.
BALLISTIC VALIDATION TEST STATISTICS AND CONFIDENCE LEVELS
Authors: Eridon James , Mishler Scott
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Ballistic validation testing typically involves firing multiple shots at a
nominal velocity and ensuring the target stops every round with only partial
penetrations, no completes. This testing is specified as a consequence of the
binary nature of the test, and the need to meet a particular probability of
penetration at a specified velocity with a certain confidence level. This legacy
process has significant shortcomings owing to both the test procedures involved
as well as the nature of the statistical interpretation of the results. This
paper describes an alternative test and analysis procedure that produces the
required level of performance and confidence information at a specified
velocity, as well as the confidence over a wide range of other velocities and
performance levels. In addition, this procedure eliminates many of the
shortcomings associated with the legacy “no penetration” test
protocol, and requires no more shots at the target.

Citation: J. Eridon, S. Mishler, “Ballistic Validation Test
Statistics and Confidence Levels”, In Proceedings of the Ground
Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS),
NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 11-13, 2020.
SIMULATION OF GROUND VEHICLE MOBILITY EVALUATION WITH
MERCURY
Authors: Brendle Jacob , Woten Jacob , Boyle Sara , Mange Jeremy , Skorupa Thomas
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Mobility is a crucial vehicle requirement for the Army, as it needs to ensure
that soldiers to not become immobilized in conflict. The Army currently pays
thousands of dollars annually in order to obtain licenses for commercial
software to analyze vehicle mobility. The High Performance Computing
Modernization Program (HPCMP) Computational Research and Engineering Acquisition
Tools and Environments for Ground Vehicles (CREATE™-GV) Mercury attempts
to provide the Army with a high-fidelity tool that can analyze mobility at the
same level as commercial software, while being owned and developed by the
government. By providing a government owned mobility software, Mercury
eliminates licensing fees and allows development of the software to be focused
on military applications and what the Army needs. Mercury can continuously
evolve to meet the Army’s future goals and requirements.

Mercury currently is capable of modeling many vehicle subsystems in order to
provide very robust vehicle models. These vehicle models can then be run through
an assortment of mobility tests that the Army runs its vehicles through in the
physical world. By modeling high-fidelity vehicles within Mercury first, the
Army can easily test new concepts for vehicles before spending funds on building
a physical prototype. This study will provide an overview of Mercury as well as
an example of a vehicle modelled and ran through Mercury.
A COMPUTATIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR SCALE-BRIDGING IN MULTI-SCALE OFF-ROAD MOBILITY SIMULATIONS
Authors: Ruan Yeefeng , Jayakumar Paramsothy , Leiter Kenneth , Knap Jaroslaw
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The mobility performance of off-road vehicles involves the interaction between
the vehicle tires and soil that requires more advanced and robust simulation
methods to accurately model [4]. The
finite element method (FEM) [6][7][8][9] can be a good approach
to compute deformations of the tire and soil, but analytical constitutive models
of soil used in FEM typically lack accuracy, for example in problems involving
large deformations. Discrete element method (DEM) [12][13][14] is a more accurate approach to capture
the soil constitutive features, but for the simulations of a large ground
vehicle traversing over deformable terrain, the current DEM methods require
modeling of soil particles at a size too large to be real, and the simulation
times are prohibitively large. It is proposed in this work to develop a
multi-scale FEM-DEM deformable terrain model for physics-based off-road mobility
simulation to facilitate a cross-scale understanding of granular material
behavior that benefits from the strengths of both FEM and DEM methods. In this
article, a hierarchical multi-scale (HMS) computational framework is used to
develop a hybrid parallel computational model for off-road mobility tire-soil
interaction problems on high performance computer (HPC) systems. The HMS
computational multi-scale framework for scale-bridging was first proposed and
developed by Knap et al [1] at CCDC US
Army Research Laboratory. The HMS framework is capable of fully asynchronous
operation to enable seamless combination of sub-models into highly dynamic
hierarchies to form a multi-scale model and has been successfully used to
develop many multi-scale applications. In this work, the HMS framework is
utilized to develop a multi-scale model of tire-soil interaction consisting of
an FEM upper-scale model and DEM lower-scale model. The simulation results
demonstrate the proposed FEM-DEM multi-scale method with HMS framework to be
fast, accurate and robust for tire-soil interaction mobility simulations.
MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITY AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE SIMULATION LIBRARY
Authors: Hudson Christopher R. , Goodin Christopher , Miller Zach , Wheeler Warren , Carruth Daniel W.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Simulation is a critical step in the development of autonomous systems. This
paper outlines the development and use of a dynamically linked library for the
Mississippi State University Autonomous Vehicle Simulator (MAVS). The MAVS is a
library of simulation tools designed to allow for real-time, high performance,
ray traced simulation capabilities for off-road autonomous vehicles. It includes
features such as automated off-road terrain generation, automatic data labeling
for camera and LIDAR, and swappable vehicle dynamics models. Many machine
learning tools today leverage Python for development. To use these tools and
provide an easy to use interface, Python bindings were developed for the MAVS.
The need for these bindings and their implementation is described.

Citation: C. Hudson, C. Goodin, Z. Miller, W. Wheeler, D. Carruth,
“Mississippi State University Autonomous Vehicle Simulation
Library”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems
Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug.
11-13, 2020.
Using A Gaming Engine for Autonomous Vehicle Modeling and
Simulation
Authors: Brabbs John , Haynes Benjamin , Stanko Thomas
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Autonomous vehicles provide a unique challenge for simulation to effectively and
performantly model due to their system level complexity and the inclusion of
autonomy software. This environment is made even more challenging when looking
at the interactions of humans in-the-loop with the vehicles and autonomy
software and also how to include more simulation in the testing process for
Autonomous Vehicles. With the use of a software framework built from a
Commercial off the Shelf (COTS) game engine the Ground Vehicle Systems
Laboratory demonstrated the feasibility of real-time human, software and
hardware in the loop testing of autonomous systems. This approach facilitated
the execution of two major events which are described herein.

Citation: John Brabbs, Benjamin Haynes, Thomas Stanko,
“Using A Gaming Engine for Autonomous Vehicle Modeling and
Simulation”, In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems
Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug.
11-13, 2020.
USING A MODEL-BASED APPROACH FOR TEST AND EVALUATION
Authors: Dunning Retonya , Matteson Whit , Wise Richard , Sharpe Jennifer
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this paper is to describe a methodology for applying Model-Based
Systems Engineering (MBSE) practices to Test and Evaluation (T&E) practices.
The Georgia Tech Research Institute GTRI has developed a process which includes
using MBSE tooling & modeling languages, automatic test case generation
based on modeling, and requirements coverage thereof. This paper describes the
developed process and the benefits that it brings to T&E practices.

Citation: R. Dunning, W. Matteson, R. Wise, J. Sharpe,
“Using a Model-based Approach for Test and Evaluation”, In
Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology
Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 11-13, 2020.
ADVANCED REQUIREMENTS INTEGRATION & EXPLORATION SYSTEM (ARIES)
FOR ACQUISITION PROGRAMS
Authors: Dessanti Alexander I. , Anderson Dennis J. , Henry Stephen M. , Pierson Adam J. , Agusti Rachel S. , Zabat Michael A.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Acquisition programs typically develop a set of system requirements early in
their lifecycle, which then become the standard against which future designs are
evaluated. It is critical that these requirements be set at appropriate levels.
Requirement sets that are not simultaneously achievable are a relatively common
problem in military acquisition programs and often are not recognized until
significant investment has already been made – sometimes even leading to
program cancellation. The Advanced Requirements Integration & Exploration
System (ARIES) is designed to aid program stakeholders in understanding the
requirements trade space for a system and facilitate the identification of an
achievable set of requirements. This paper presents the ARIES methodology,
describes the analytic capability, and discusses its application.

Citation: A.I. Dessanti, D.J. Anderson, S.M. Henry, A.J. Pierson,
R.S. Agusti, M.A. Zabat, “Advanced Requirements Integration &
Exploration System (ARIES) for Acquisition Programs”, In
Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology
Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 11-13, 2020.
Maximizing Commercial-off-the-Shelf (COTS) Technology in Army
Acquisition: The impact of Army-unique requirements on Program Executive Office
(PEO) Combat Support and Combat Sustainment Support’s (CS&CSS)
ability to field “best value” COTS in the future
Authors: Tromley Erin , Schihl Peter , Dusenbury James , Keusch Joseph , Kler Timothy , Banks Thomas , Patel Rakesh
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

PEO CS&CSS and CCDC GVSC, in partnership with Industry partners, are working
to ensure the next generation of power generation sets and tactical wheeled
vehicle systems maximize the usage of COTS, are compatible with Industry
Standards, are supportable, and have growth potential to meet the needs of our
Soldiers. Increasing regulations on emissions worldwide will impact commercial
availability of high sulfur fuel / Jet Propulsion (JP)-8 compatible engines. It
is recommended that the Army relook its regulation for JP-8 as the single fuel
on the battlefield, in comparison to the potential cost of modifying COTS
powertrains or procuring military unique engines in the next generation of
tactical wheeled vehicles and power generation sets. The Army will realize
additional performance with the ability to procure modern commercial powertrain
technology, including potential improvements in power density and fuel
efficiency. The Army should also consider operational requirements that may
allow for vehicle electrification, hydrogen fuel cell technology and hybrid
solutions for specific applications. Lastly, requirements best practices must be
followed by the combat and materiel developer to ensure that the Army is able to
take advantage of the latest in commercial technology at the lowest cost to
provide the best value solution to meet Warfighter needs.
Secure Wireless Communication supporting Vehicle-to-Vehicle and
Vehicle-to-EUD for Mounted and Dismounted Connectivity
Authors: Gregory David , Nelson Jeff
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The goal of Secure Wireless Communications is to provide controlled access to
classified or controlled unclassified information (CUI) over
any RF transport in the field – between
vehicles and end users alike. Secure – yet simplified – system
deployment, node integration, managed accessibility, network situational
awareness, and configuration management are all essential for
maintainability.

Citation: D. Jedynak, C. Kawasaki, D. Gregory, “Managing
Next Generation Open Standard Vehicle Electronics Architectures”, In
Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology
Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 13-15, 2019.
HIDDEN VULNERABILITIES: OPERATIONAL TECHNOLOGY CYBERSECURITY
SHORTFALLS
Authors: Correnti James , Lospinoso Josh , Weigand Michael , Kramer Kara
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The Department of Defense (DoD) lacks a unified cybersecurity solution to
provides intrusion prevention and detection capabilities to existing weapons
platforms, empowering crews, maintainers, and commanders to achieve
understanding and inform confidence in the cyber health and status of their
systems. In October 2018, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) reported
that DoD weapons systems are highly vulnerable to cyber-attacks. We have
identified several major inherent vulnerabilities and likely attack vectors for
existing weapon systems. Our Technical White Paper will outline the changing
threat landscape for operational technology (OT), the vulnerabilities in the
cyber-physical systems and shortfalls in addressing these vulnerabilities, and
our analysis on critical capabilities necessary to secure military OT.

Citation: J. Correnti, J. Lospinoso, M. Weigand, K. Kramer,
“Hidden Vulnerabilities: Operational Technology Cybersecurity
Shortfalls,” In Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems
Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug.
13-15, 2019.
Performance Impacts from the seL4 Hypervisor
Authors: Millwood Jesse , VanVossen Robert , Elliott Leonard
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Hypervisor technologies are often presented as offering a high degree of
separation at the cost of performance. Is this too expensive for embedded
systems? The cost of performance has been shrinking year after year as new
advancements in virtualization technologies are baked into processors. When a
hypervisor couples hardware assisted virtualization with device emulation, it
makes current systems portable, future proof, and extends the life of legacy
systems.

seL4 is a perfect fit for the high assurance embedded hypervisor space. The open
source seL4 microkernel is the first formally verified microkernel built with
security and performance in mind. The mathematical proof of seL4 provides
unprecedented assurance at the lowest, most critical software level.

This paper investigates the overheads associated with using seL4 as a hypervisor
on ARM and x86 platforms, providing synthetic and real-world benchmarking
methodology and results.

Citation: J. Millwood, R. VanVossen, L. Elliott,
“Performance Impacts from the seL4 Hypervisor”, In
Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology
Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 13-15, 2020.
Dynamic Task Allocation and Understanding of Situation Awareness
Under Different Levels of Autonomy in Closed-Hatch Military
Vehicles
Authors: Cossitt Jessie E. , Hudson Christopher R. , Carruth Daniel W. , Bethel Cindy L.
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

There is a need to better understand how operators and autonomous vehicle control
systems can work together in order to provide the best-case scenario for
utilization of autonomous capabilities in military missions to reduce crew sizes
and thus reduce labor costs. The goal of this research is to determine how
different levels of autonomous capabilities in vehicles affect the
operator’s situational awareness, cognitive load, and ability to respond
to road events while also responding to other auditory and visual tasks.
Understanding these interactions is a crucial step to eventually determining the
best way to allocate tasks to crew members in missions where crew size has been
reduced due to the utilization of autonomous vehicles.

Citation: J. E. Cossitt, C. R. Hudson, D. W. Carruth, C. L. Bethel,
“Dynamic Task Allocation and Understanding of Situation Awareness Under
Different Levels of Autonomy in Closed-Hatch Military Vehicles”, In
Proceedings of the Ground Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology
Symposium (GVSETS), NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 11-13, 2020.
An Open Data Architecture for Ground Vehicle Data-driven Autonomy
Development and Validation
Authors: Boulet Michael , DeWeese Tate , Bird Andrew , Kreiter Ryan , Cheung Calvin
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Modern autonomy development relies on stored data to train and validate the
performance of algorithms and models. However, the community developing
autonomous ground vehicles for national defense lacks readily available datasets
that adequately cover the landscape of anticipated operating environments. We
propose the development of an open architecture and supporting infrastructure
enabling scalable and effective collection, storage, processing, and reuse of
the U.S. Army’s autonomous ground vehicle data across numerous
stakeholders and programs. This paper presents the proposed
architecture’s requirements, use cases, and a preliminary design. We
also show results of an initial prototype implementation performing a query task
on existing ground vehicle sensor data.

Citation: M. Boulet, T. DeWeese, A. Bird, R. Kreiter, C. Cheung,
“An Open Data Architecture for Ground Vehicle Data-driven Autonomy
Development and Validation”, In Proceedings of the Ground
Vehicle Systems Engineering and Technology Symposium (GVSETS),
NDIA, Novi, MI, Aug. 13-15, 2020.