bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early skin graft necrosis delimitation by postoperative laser speckle analysis
Authors: Pinho André , Brinca Ana , Vieira Ricardo
Published: February 2023

Necrosis complicates up to 60% of skin grafts, but its extension might take several weeks to become fully established. Physical examination has poor accuracy in its early prediction. Laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) is a noncontact, in vivo, validated technology for the study of microcirculation of skin grafts. We sought to assess, in humans, if it is possible (with LSCI) to predict on day (D) 14 the extension of skin graft necrosis on D28.
Ten consecutive adult patients who underwent skin malignancy excision on the face (n=3), scalp (n=2), forearm (n=2), pretibial region (n=2) or plantar surface (n=1) and skin graft closure were included. Skin graft perfusion was assessed with LSCI on D14, and hypoperfused regions were highlighted. Clinical pictures of skin grafts on D28 were evaluated, and established necrotic regions were delimited. Then, we assessed whether hypoperfused regions identified on D14 overlapped, in location and size, with those regions of established clinical necrosis on D28.
Graft necrosis extension on D28 ranged from 0.5-21% on the face, 12-48% on the scalp, 0-15% on the forearm, 31-45% on the leg and 15% on the plantar surface. Approximately 89% (17 out of 19) of individual hypoperfused regions identified on D14 were also present on D28. The median extent of necrosis on D28 was 21% of the graft area, while on D14, hypoperfused regions corresponded to 23% (p=0.23).
We demonstrated that it is possible to predict and delimitate necrotic regions of skin grafts in a relatively early stage by LSCI. On D28, they extensively overlapped with the LSCI hypoperfused regions on D14. Therefore, we can identify the subset of patients at high risk of graft necrosis and anticipate the need for prolonged medical and wound care.
DEVELOPMENT OF CUSTOMER-ORIENTED MARKETING STRATEGY
Authors: Redka Valeriia , Ponomarenko Ihor
Published: February 2023

Marketing strategy is an integral component of the successful business activity of a modern enterprise in any field of economic activity. The work presents the results of research into the need for a client-oriented marketing strategy for business. The purpose of the work is to study the important stages of creating a client-oriented marketing strategy for an enterprise. The main stages of market segmentation and its key characteristics have been identified. Considered opportunities to provide customers with the best service, differentiation, and positioning of the enterprise on the market. The authors prove that a marketing program should consist of the following stages: creating a product, forming its price, making decisions about the features of product production (ensuring availability for potential customers), and convincing customers of the advantages of this product. The authors emphasize that each brand should promote a unique offer that will provide different characteristics from similar or identical products of the competitor. The key to building long-term relationships with customers is creating increased consumer value and satisfying customer needs, customer satisfaction leads to repeat purchases. At the same time, in most cases, the value can be tangible, but not really. The authors highlight the main principles of segmentation, which will ensure an increase in its effectiveness, in particular, measurability, materiality, difference, suitability, specialization. Positioning strategies and concepts of marketing management at the enterprise are systematized in the work. The article notes that an important category is "customer lifetime value", as the value of all purchases he could make during a significant period of his life. The authors have emphasized that the main principle of a client-oriented strategy is to put the client's needs, wishes, and requirements first, and to offer goods and services that fully meet the client's expectations.
APPLICATION OF TECHNICAL ANALYSIS FOR CRYPTOCURRENCY MARKET RESEARCH
Authors: Tarasov Valerii
Published: February 2023

The article is to research the possibilities and prospects of using graphical technical analysis for forecasting the movement of asset prices by an Internet trader using the example of Bitcoin (BTC – BitCoin). The theoretical and methodological aspects of cryptocurrency technical analysis in the conditions of modern financial markets were analyzed. A comparative analysis of short- and medium-term technical analysis strategies in Internet trading was carried out. Cryptocurrency-applied technical analysis was used to determine current trends of the Bitcoin growth cycle. The research methods included comparative analysis, and graphical and analytical methods of technical analysis such as the method of observing price movement, capitalization analysis, pattern identification, support/resistance levels identification, indicators use and comparison, and bars analysis (Japanese candles). Cryptocurrency analysis used the Traidingview platform data from BINANCE, BITSTAMP and CRYPTOCAP exchanges. Considering the example of the analysis of the medium-term agreement with patterns and indicators of the BTC instrument, the most likely movement of the asset price is calculated in several stages. In the first stage, the classification of analysis tools and the possibility of applying several of them were investigated. The second stage involved analyzing the difference and risk of using different time frames for investment and finding rational ways of applying the available information to analyze the subsequent deal. In the third stage, a comparative analysis of the transaction with the BTC instrument was carried out, and the likely movement of the cryptocurrency price was determined. Based on the research, the only possible scenario for the behavior of the BTC instrument has been developed, namely: a drop in price and accumulation in the further bearish market. It is substantiated that the best option for analysis is the collection of all available information from the chart and its further analytical summation to obtain the most likely trend of the instrument's movement, as well as the analysis of the speculative value of the deal. The considered approaches to the technical analysis of the Bitcoin cycle create a scientifically based practical tool for Internet trading.
Pedigree selection in two Egyptian cotton crosses for some traits
Authors: El- Seidy El-Sayed , Abdel-Hafez Abdel-Aziz , Rashwan Emad El- Deen , Darwesh Ashraf , Abdel-Hafez Aml
Published: February 2023

One cycle of direct Pedigree selection was performed with selection intensity 5 % to improve productivity with accepTable fiber quality of the two Egyptian cotton ( G. barbadense L.) cross combinations. Comparing mean performance of F2 with those of F3 generation revealed increased mean values for all traits with advanced generations from F2 to F3, indicating accumulation of increasing alleles. The phenotypic variance for all traits was highly significant through F2 and F3 generations. Heritability estimates in broad sense improved considerably for all traits from F2 to advanced F3 generations. The genotypic correlation between three earliness characters was highly significant negative with most yield traits in F2 pop. I. While genotypic correlation between the previous earliness traits with yield traits in F3 generation was positively non-significant except for lint percentage that was highly significant positive. Genotypic correlation was highly significant positive among most yield and yield component traits in both generations, which helps pedigree selection to achieve high fast genetic advance. The data of the genotypic correlation among studied characters in F2 and F3 generations in population II showed highly significant negative genotypic correlation between earliness traits in F2 generation, changed to highly significant positive in F3 generation after applying pedigree selection. The genotypic correlation between most yield characters and fiber properties showed highly significant positive correlation in population II in both generations. The superior ten families in F3 generation in both populations ranked on high yield, yield components and fiber quality showed higher means than that of F2, F3, better parent and check in most yield characters
Evaluation of the ColiMast™ Test for Detection of Coliform Mastitis in Dairy Cattle
Authors: Gawrylash Sally , Leslie Ken , Archambault Marie , Bashiri Anna
Published: February 2023

Since the distribution of pathogens causing clinical mastitis varies widely among dairy herds, a rapid and accurate method of determining the type of pathogen involved would be useful. The ColiMast™ test consists of selective growth media in a vial. After incubation, a color change indicates the presence of coliform organisms. This research evaluated characteristics of the ColiMast TM test for detecting coliform organisms in clinical mastitis milk samples and as a diagnostic aid in a mastitis treatment decision-making protocol.
Seroprevalence of an Endometriotropic Bovine Herpes Virus-4 in a Georgia Dairy
Authors: Pence Mel , Frazier Kendall S. , Baldwin Charles A. , West Joe , Bernard John , Liggett Alan , Miller Debra , Hines Murray E. , Styer Eloise
Published: February 2023

The University of Georgia Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory has now confirmed more than 60 cases of suppurative, ulcerative endometritis associated with Bovine Herpesvirus-4 (BHV-4) in postparturient dairy cows. These cases have a clinical pattern of metritis that occurs 3 to 28 days postpartum. Beginning at 3 to 7 days postpartum, the uterus is characterized by necrotic, ulcerated endometrial mucosa with only mild inflammation in the lamina propria and submucosa. Over the ensuing 21 days, the ulcers become confluent/diffuse and epithelium is replaced by fibrinonecrotic, suppurative mats resulting in severe bacterial pyometra by day 24, usually involving Arcanobacterium pyogenes or Escherichia coli. In addition to the gross pathology, histopathologic evidence demonstrates viral inclusion bodies and virus detection techniques yield positive results for BHV-4.3 Before 1999, BHV-4-associated endometritis had rarely been recognized in the United States,4 but a syndrome of epizootic metritis similar in timing, course and outcome attributed to BHV-4 was reported in Europe in the 1980s.1,2,6 Significant seroconversion to BHV-4 occurs in affected herds. The viral sequence of this endometriotropic strain of BHV-4 differs from the BHV-4 strain that is associated with mild respiratory disease (DN599).3 Herds affected by this endometriotropic strain of BHV-4 have experienced high morbidity and mortality rates.3 One endemic dairy herd had a period mortality rate of 70% due to BHV-4- associated metritis (7 of 10 dead in one two-week interval). Due to concurrent or subsequent bacterial metritis associated with this viral infection, large economic losses are incurred from death, delayed breeding and infertility, discarded milk from antibiotic therapy, and decreased milk production from systemic effects of the metritis. Similar reports from other diagnostic laboratories indicate BHV-4 appears to be an emerging cause of endometritis in cattle throughout the southern and midwestern United States.
Determining Relevant Competencies for National Veterinary Food Animal Curricula
Authors: Miller Robert B. , Cowart Ross P. , Hardin Laura E.
Published: February 2023

Most veterinary colleges in the US have not traditionally sought the help of practitioners to aid in curriculum development. Veterinary faculty are removed by time and distance from private practice and the rapidly changing animal agriculture industry. The logic behind this project was that expert practitioners could define and describe their job more accurately than anyone else. The objectives of this study were to: 1) have practitioners identify and validate the entry-level knowledge requirements and skills (competencies) needed by new veterinary graduates as they enter food animal practice and 2) disseminate the findings to national and international veterinary colleges so this information is available to improve and modernize veterinary food animal curricula throughout the US and the world.
Population Approach to Assess Antimicrobial Resistance in Commensal Coliforms of Feedlot Cattle
Authors: Epperson W. B. , Pritchard R. H. , Gates C. E.
Published: February 2023

The objective of this study was to determine the magnitude and duration of apparent antimicrobial resistance in commensal fecal coliforms using a population-based approach in feedlot cattle.
Avoiding Disasters with Freestall Design
Authors: Cook Nigel B. , Nordlund Ken
Published: February 2023

Mistakes in freestall design are commonplace, and a matter of inches can make the difference between a satisfactory stall design and a herd disaster. A systematic way of assessing a freestall from a cow's perspective is required to accurately identify the problem and provide a least-cost solution.
Effect of Left Displacement of Abomasum Corrected by Toggle Pin Suture on Lactation, Reproduction and Health of Holstein Dairy Cows
Authors: Raizman E. A. , Santos J. E. P.
Published: February 2023

This study evaluated the effect of left displacement of the abomasum (LDA) corrected by toggle pin suture (TPS) on lactation performance, reproduction and health in Holstein dairy cows in a commercial dairy farm.
Assessing the Associations among Facility Design and Management Practices and Antimicrobial Drug Use in Ontario Free-Stall Dairy Herds
Authors: Léger D. , Kelton D. , Lissemore K. , Reid-Smith R. , Martin S. W. , Anderson N.
Published: February 2023

This study describes drug use in lactating cattle on Ontario free-stall dairy farms and investigates factors specifically associated with antimicrobial drug use.
Forages, Fiber and the Rumen
Authors: Allen Mike
Published: February 2023

The goal of formulating diets for carbohydrates is to provide low fill, highly fermentable diets that result in consistant ruminal fermentation over time.

Forage fiber content of diets limit feed intake of high producing cows.

Rapidly fermented starch sources can decrease feed intake and efficiency of microbial protein production.

Forages with highly digestible NDF with a high ruminal turnover rate are most valuable for high producing cows.

Consideration of carbohydrate digestion characteristics when formulating diets is important to maximize energy intake and microbial protein production.
Physiology and Pathophysiology of Pain
Authors: Muir W. W.
Published: February 2023

The production of pain and the biological responses to it are part of a highly integrated system which helps animals to react, respond and protect themselves from their environment, The pain system includes sensors, neural pathways and processing centers that are responsible for detecting transmitting and actualizing the animals biological and behavioral responses to noxious events. The development of peripheral sensitization, central sensitization and permanent alterations in the way animals process painful events are just some of the ways that animals protect themselves from their environment. Understanding the physiological and pathophysiological processes responsible for pain is essential to rational pain therapy.
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Testing Options
Authors: Slenning Barrett D.
Published: February 2023

A review of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) dynamics is followed by a review of test efficiency measures. BVDV diagnostic challeneges are then discussed with attention to its pathogenesis during pregnancy and fetal effects. Economic decision theory methods are then applied to evaluate BVDV testing efficiencies and outcomes given certain herd BVDV characteristics.
Veterinary Consulting Opportunities Utilizing the Beef PEP Approach
Authors: Wikse Steven E. , Holland Patricia S.
Published: February 2023

Veterinary/county extension agent teams of the Texas Beef Partnership in Extension Program supported by faculty members from Texas A&M University provide consultation services to six beef cow/calf study herds that subsequently improved their profitability by reducing the cost of producing a hundred-weight of calf. There were six steps to the process: 1) select a herd with a high potential to improve profits, 2) identify opportunities for changes in ranch management practices that will result in improved profitability, 3) develop a ranch management plan, 4) implement the ranch management plan, 5) monitor production and economic outcomes and 6) revise and update the herd plan. Standardized Performance Analysis (SPA) of the study herds’ production levels and economic outcomes was involved in nearly every step and was the foundation of the project. The knowledge base of veterinary practitioners on beef herd health and production coupled with their ongoing contact and high rapport with producers make them the best choice for leadership of successful consultation teams for beef cow/calf operations.
Field Microbiology for Feedlot Cattle
Authors: Griffin Dee , Shuck Karan
Published: February 2023

Bacteriology is a useful diagnostic and treatment regimen management tool. The perceived difficulty, complexity and expense cause many veterinary practitioners to avoid diagnostic microbiology in their office laboratory. In reality, targeting diagnostic microbiology to the disease affecting animals in specific production management systems decreases the complexity needed to provide useful microbiology information. It also simplifies the interpretation of culture and bacteriological test results. This paper presents a simple diagnostic microbiology system targeted at feeder cattle that can augment production management consulting services. Supply sources, maximizing supply shelf-life, and building an inexpensive culture incubator is included.
Geographical Difference in Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 in Finished Beef Cattle
Authors: Dewell G. A. , Ransom J. R. , McCurdy K. , Belk K. E. , Sofos J. N. , Smith G. C. , Salman M. D.
Published: February 2023

As part of a larger study to measure the feedlot pen prevalence effects of Escherichia coli O157 on carcass contamination, 15 pens of cattle were sampled from 12 different feedlots in three states. Thirty fresh pen floor samples were collected prior to slaughter. Other variables included sex, days on feed, weight, number, pen condition and feedlot geographic location. Fecal samples underwent standard enrichment, immunomagnetic separation and isolation procedures for E. coli 0157.
Efficacy of Ceftiofur Crystalline Free Acid Administered in the Posterior Aspect of the ear for Treatment of Bovine Respiratory Disease when a Retreatment Moratorium is Imposed
Authors: Hibbard B. , Robb E. J. , Meyer J. A. , Bryson W. L. , Dame K. J. , Lucas M. J. , Bechtol D. T. , Johnson E. G. , Wray M. I.
Published: February 2023

The objective of this three-location study was to evaluate the initial and durable cure rates, and to determine the duration of therapy, for ceftiofur crystalline free acid sterile suspension (CCFA-SS) for treatment of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) when a 3, 5 or 7-day retreatment moratorium was imposed. This study tested the hypothesis that retreatment during the period of effective plasma concentrations of ceftiofur may not improve treatment success rates.
Antimicrobial Resistance of Enteric E. coli in Beef Cattle Treated with Antibiotics
Authors: Huston Carla L. , Bailey R. Hartford , Best Timothy F. , Huston John E. , Evans Richard R.
Published: February 2023

It is crucial to the future of animal agriculture that veterinarians and livestock producers understand how to treat food animals in an intensive environment, while preventing or reducing the development of antimicrobial resistant bacteria. However, little is known about the actual development and transmission of antibiotic resistant organisms within or among groups of animals. In addition, little is known about the persistence of resistant organisms or their potential impact on the food production industry. The objective of this study was to characterize the development and dissemination of antimicrobial- resistant organisms in beef cattle treated with antibiotics.
Cryptosporidium and Giardia species
Authors: Gow Sheryl , Waldner Cheryl , Wagner Brent
Published: February 2023

The protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium species and Giardia species are commonly found in cattle feces and can present important risks to human health, with especially serious consequences when immunocompromised individuals become infected. The purpose of this study was to examine the infection prevalence of Cryptospordium species and Giardia species in cow-calf herds at calving, and to determine risk factors associated with infection.
Influences on Early Fetal Loss in Dairy Cattle
Authors: Moore Dale A. , Overton Michael W. , Truscott Marla L. , Chebel Ricardo , BonDurant Robert H.
Published: February 2023

Early fetal loss in dairy cattle is a major factor contributing to repeat breeding. If the average fertilization rate in cattle is 85-95% and the incidence of repeat breeders is 56-72% of the herd, then embryonic or early fetal loss (EFL) accounts for 15-25% wastage. It was the purpose of this project to evaluate the effects that changes in body condition score (BCS) and breeding a potentially pregnant cow have on EFL during two periods: between 24-28 days after artificial insemination (AI), and between 28-42 days after AI.
Long-term Persistence of Genetic Types of Mastitis-causing Staphylococcus aureus on Three Dairy Herds
Authors: Lyman R. , George C. , Kloos W. , Spooner C. , Anderson K.
Published: February 2023

Staphylococcus aureus remains a significant cause of mastitis in the dairy industry. It has been recommended that control of S. aureus mastitis be focused on the specific genetic types of S. aureus that most commonly cause the mastitis. Genetic types can be defined using molecular techniques, including pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). There have been comparatively few studies looking at within-herd persistence over time of S. aureus genetic types as causes of mastitis. Most have dealt with very few isolates or comparatively short periods of time. The objective of this investigation was to examine PFGE band patterns (EPs) from bovine mastitis-causing S. aureus isolates from three related herds over the course of 15 years to determine if any patterns persisted long-term.
Field Evaluation of a Mycoplasma bovis Bacterin in Young Dairy Calves
Authors: Maunsell Fiona , Donovan Art , Risco Carlos , Brown Mary , Hernandez Jorge , Lanhart Shelly , Bray David
Published: February 2023

The objective of this field trial was to determine the efficacy of a commercially produced Mycoplasma bovis (Mb) bacterin for the prevention of Mb-associated disease (respiratory disease, otitis media, arthritis) and mortality in dairy calves from birth to 90. days of age. Additional objectives were to compare vaccinated and placebo-treated calves with respect to 1) weight gain from birth to 90 days of age, 2) rates of nasal colonization by Mb and 3) Mb-specific serum immunoglobulin concentrations.
Demonstration of the Efficacy of a New Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona Antigen in Combination with Campylobacter fetus - Leptospira serovars canicola, hardjo, icterohaemorrhagiae and grippotyphosa by Challenge in Young Cattle
Authors: Conlon Jennifer , Gallo Guillermo , Penka Daniel , Bolin Carole
Published: February 2023

This study was conducted to demonstrate the protection afforded by a vaccine containing a new L. interrogans serovar pomona antigen using an experimental challenge model in cattle.
Decreased Fecal Shedding of Salmonella Newport through Vaccination
Authors: Emery Daryll , Straub Darren , Sandstrom James , Slinden Larry , Burkhardt Doug
Published: February 2023

Foodborne enteric pathogens, such as Salmonella and Escherichia coli, have met with increased scrutiny by consumers, the food industry and government regulatory agencies. One of the primary food safety initiatives today is to prevent the spread of bacterial enteric pathogens from the farm to the table. Controlling these pathogens at the farm level is one of many strategies being pursued to ensure the safety of our food supply. One such approach in reducing consumer health risks associated with Salmonella and E. coli has focused on preventing intestinal colonization and fecal shedding of these pathogens in meat producing animals. Unfortunately, other than for improving general hygiene and reducing oral-fecal transmission, the control of these pathogens has met with limited success, leaving the producer vulnerable and often bewildered as to "what to do". The following study evaluates the use of a novel vaccine composition to prevent intestinal colonization of Salmonella in a controlled Salmonella Newport challenge in calves.
Comparison of the γ-Interferon ELISA and the Skin Test for the Detection of Sub-clinical Johne's Disease in Cattle
Authors: Robbe-Austerman Suelee , Stabel Judy , O'Conner Annette , Thoen Charles , Martin Barb
Published: February 2023

The diagnosis of Johne's disease in cattle can be difficult. Cattle are often infected for years before they begin shedding Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in their feces or mount a detectable humoral immune response. Current diagnostic tests, serology and fecal culture, are effective diagnostic tests to detect animals in advanced stages of disease, but fail to reliably detect infection in young replacement animals.

However, it is thought that the majority of animals elicit a detectable cell mediated immune (CMI) response before fecal shedding occurs, and a detectable humoral immune response after fecal shedding. Therefore, it is important to evaluate CMI diagnostic tests as potential tools to use in the detection of subclinical infection, especially in replacement populations. There are two common methods for evaluating the CMI response to M. paratuberculosis, skin testing and the γ-interferon (IFN-γ) test.

In the past, skin testing has not been viewed favorably in the literature. This may be in part due to the use of a gold standard (either fecal/tissue culture) to determine Johne's-positive status of individual animals. If the CMI response occurs before lesions are detected or organisms are at high enough concentrations to culture, then the skin test would be viewed as lacking specificity. In addition, no studies are published that carefully evaluate the skin test in known negative populations.

Although the IFN-γ has worked well in research settings, field studies must be done to evaluate the usefulness of this test in production settings. Experience and research with the skin test and IFN-γ ELISA for the detection of Mycobacterium bovis has shown there is high agreement between the two tests. Therefore, our objectives in this study were to evaluate the agreement between the IFN-γ and skin test for the detection of Johne's disease, and to see if these tests detect the disease status of young animal populations.
Preweaning Health and Performance of Minnesota Dairy Calves Fed Either Pasteurized Waste Milk or a Traditional Milk Replacer Feeding Program
Authors: Godden Sandra , Feirtag Joellen , Green Lorissa , Wells Scott , Fetrow John
Published: February 2023

A great deal of interest has developed in adopting commercial pasteurization systems for feeding waste milk on commercial dairies and heifer growing operations. Some considerations in adopting this technology include economics, infectious disease control, and calf health and performance. The objective of this study was to describe preweaning morbidity, mortality and growth rates in calves fed either pasteurized waste milk or a traditional 20:20 milk replacer feeding program between birth and weaning
Comparison of Cow and Bulk Tank Cultures for Streptococcus agalactiae in Two Herds in Iran
Authors: Bolourchi M. , Kasravi R.
Published: February 2023

Due to the obligate nature of Streptococcus agalactiae, its presence in bulk tank milk (BTM) is the exclusive result of shedding of bacteria from infected quarters. Consequently, BTM has a very high specificity, but a low sensitivity for identifying S. agalactiae at the herd level when using traditional milk culture techniques. The objective of this study was to determine the association of the bulk tank culture results with the results of the corresponding cow milk cultures for S. agalactiae in two dairy herds in Iran.
Effect of 'Blitz' Treatment of Streptococcus agalactiae with Ceftiofur Sodium on Bulk Tank Somatic Cell Count and Test-day Milk Yield in a Dairy Herd in Iran
Authors: Kasravi R. , Bolourchi M.
Published: February 2023

Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae) continues to be one of the major causes of subclinical mastitis in dairy cows and a considerable source of economic loss for the industry, including Iranian dairy herds. High mammary tissue and milk concentrations of ceftiofur following intramammary administration have been previously demonstrated. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of ceftiofur sodium as a therapeutic for blitz treatment of S. agalactiae on bulk tank somatic cell count (BTSCC) and milk yield of infected cattle in a large dairy herd in Iran.
Epidemic of Mycoplasma Mastitis in a Colorado Dairy Herd Following Expansion from 350 to 2,500 Milking Cows
Authors: Hirst H. , Garry F. , Wenz J.
Published: February 2023

Over the past two decades, dairies in the WesternUnited States (US) have been expanding by purchasing cattle from various sources within the country.1 During year 2001, cow numbers in the West increased by 72,000 head, while the dairy cow population in the rest of the country declined by a total of 163,000 head.2 The National Animal health Monitoring System (NAHMS) study conducted in 1996 reported that 44% of operations brought cattle onto their dairies during 1995. Among herds with 200 or more milk cows, 65% of herds brought cattle onto the dairy from an outside source.3 Avoidance of severe losses from introduction and spread of disease requires biosecurity practices at multiple checkpoints, plus a plan for handling problems that occur. The objective of this herd report was to describe an epidemic of Mycoplasma (Myco) mastitis in a recently expanded Colorado dairy herd and to analyze reasons for the outbreak.
Distribution of Mycobacterium avium Paratuberculosis in the Environment Surrounding Minnesota Dairy Farms
Authors: Raizman E. A. , Wells S. J. , Bentley D. C. , Olsen K. E.
Published: February 2023

Paratuberculosis, or Johne's disease, is a chronic and progressive intestinal disease in ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). The usual route of infection is fecal-oral, with young cattle becoming infected by exposure to infected adults or their environment. The disease becomes manifest in adulthood and results in economic losses due to premature culling, reduced milk production and loss of body weight in cattle sold for slaughter. The bacterium survives for months in extreme environmental conditions. The objectives of this study were to characterize the distribution of MAP in the environment of Minnesota dairy farms and to assess the association between infected dairy herds and their environments.
Chronic Wasting Disease and Animal Agriculture
Authors: Williams Elizabeth S.
Published: February 2023

Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a member of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), is only known to naturally affect mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer (O. uirginianus), and Rocky Mountain elk (Ceruus elaphus nelsoni). It has been recognized in an endemic focus along the front range of the Rocky Mountains in northern Colorado and in the hills of southeastern Wyoming for more than 30 years. Since 1996, CWD has been identified in free-ranging and farmed cervids in 15 western and midwestern states and Canadian provinces and elk imported to Korea from Canada. Surveillance for a TSE in cattle sympatric with deer and elk with CWD began in the early 1990s and has been ongoing since then. Experiments to determine host range of CWD in livestock began in the 1980s. Since that time cattle, domestic sheep and domestic goats have been exposed to the CWD agent by various means. All of these species are susceptible to CWD by intracerebral inoculation but, to date, CWD has not been found to affect traditional domestic livestock species when exposed by natural routes. Chronic wasting disease is of concern in farmed elk and white-tailed deer. Control of this disease in the cervid industries is based in state, provincial, and federal regulations. Surveillance of domestic livestock for TSEs in parallel with surveillance for CWD in farmed and free-ranging cervids will need to be continued into the foreseeable future.
The Veterinary Antimicrobial Decision Support (VADS) System
Authors: Apley Mike
Published: February 2023

This update summarizes progress specifically related to pharmacokinetic dataset categorization and clinical trial literature evaluation as well as challenges encountered in content development. The number of reference datasets available for regimen construction are constantly changing due to new data additions, but currently approximately 164 cattle datasets and 47 swine datasets are the basis for pharmacokinetic projections. Additional datasets are undergoing analysis for small ruminants and poultry. Pharmacokinetic datasets are categorized by animal species, age and health status as well as drug, drug form and injection site. Clinical trial literature is also being accumulated, evaluated and prepared for presentation on the VADS System website. As of the writing of this proceedings article, the VADS System development group is focusing on completing modeling of pharmacokinetic data and entering output on the website in the form of antimicrobial drug regimens combined with pathogen susceptibility profiles. The site is being constructed for ease of long-term maintenance in the form of modification of analysis techniques, addition of new data, and quality assurance of both data entry and data analysis. Data sources and analytical protocols are presented so as to be completely transparent to the user.
Drug Piracy I: Legitimate Pharmacy Compounding, Pioneer and Generic Drugs and Registered Products, and Medical Devices?
Authors: Bertone Joseph J.
Published: February 2023

Veterinarians are often unclear on the differentiation and the clinical ramifications of the use of pioneer and generic drugs and registered products, medical devices, and pharmacy-compounded products. In addition, what are the laws that revolve around these issues?
Drug Piracy II: Quality, Efficacy and Safety Issues Related to Drug-Pirated Products
Authors: Bertone Joseph J.
Published: February 2023

Veterinarians have enjoyed a remarkably positive reputation with the public. However, the use of pirated drugs has put that good reputation dangerously at risk. These drugs may be less expensive, but they also are of poor quality, highly variable in nature, and of unknowable content or stability. It follows, then, that use of pirated drugs removes the essential information in clinical pharmacology and application of therapeutics - i.e., what have you administered to the patient? With pirated drugs, neither you nor the pirate know what you have administered. Use of pirated drugs is, by definition, substandard veterinary care.
When the Lab Reports Come Back, "Abortion: Cause Undetermined" - What Next?
Authors: Schlafer Donald H.
Published: February 2023

How frustrating and how far too common it is that after a "full" work-up of a case of bovine abortion one ends up with a final report saying, "Abortion: Cause Undetermined". Unfortunately, we frequently think of abortions as the outcome of in utero microbial infections and that submission of samples to a lab should result in determination of cause. In most labs, testing normally will consist of bacterial, viral or fungal culture, serology and gross and histopathology to scrutinize fetal and maternal tissues for clues of cause for the abortion. Endocrinology, toxicology or genetic testing of submitted samples are rarely done and, too frequently, thorough medical examinations of the dam or herdmates are lacking.

Solutions for complex clinical problems usually involve a "team effort" approach and failures can result anywhere along this chain. In practical terms laboratory testing is not perfect and our ability to clinically investigate many aspects of pregnancy is limited, if not impossible!

When reports come back with no cause determined, the question, "what next?" quickly becomes "what are we missing?"

Lists of differential diagnoses for non-infectious causes tend to be shorter, less clear-cut, and less often considered than differentials for infectious bovine abortion. We must, however, also include the possibility that some abortions are caused by infectious agents which are missed. This paper addresses non-infectious conditions that potentially could account for some of the missed, or cause-unknown abortions. Six subject areas are discussed.• Failure to detect infectious causes.• Conditions that disrupt essential supporting endocrine systems.• Unrecognized endometrial or cervical diseases.• Direct or indirect effects of toxic compounds.• Underlying genetic abnormalities.• Potential immune-mediated conditions.
Diagnosis of Infectious Causes of Bovine Abortion
Authors: Anderson Mark
Published: February 2023

Identifying the cause for a client's herd abortion problem is often a challenge for both practitioners and veterinary diagnostic laboratories. Our success can be improved with an investigation that involves evaluation of the herd situation coupled with thorough, systematic sampling and accurate interpretation of laboratory results. The material to be presented is intended to provide information on sampling for abortion diagnosis and some of the test procedures available at most diagnostic laboratories. Bovine abortion surveys reveal that most of the identified causes are attributed to a moderate number of infectious agents. The specific types of infectious abortion identified in different regions may vary, presumably due to climate, production types, management practices and geographic factors. Also, the type of sampling and diagnostic procedures performed may influence the types of abortions identified. Some causes of abortion have declined in prevalence with improved control measures and, with new knowledge and diagnostic procedures, causes such as Neospora infection have emerged as significant causes of abortion. The diagnostic features of some of the most significant infectious causes of bovine abortion identified by veterinary diagnostic laboratories in the United States will be discussed.
Urolithiasis in Small Ruminants
Authors: Pugh D. G. , Waldridge Bryan M.
Published: February 2023

Urinary calculi result from mineral deposits in the urinary tract and are associated with dietary intake of excessive calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, oxalates and/or silicates. The feeding of diets with high concentrations of cereal grains (feedlot lambs, pet goats, etc) may predispose to this condition.
Urogenital Surgery, Including Mastectomy
Authors: Anderson David E.
Published: February 2023

Veterinarians are often called upon to manage urogenital emergencies in small ruminants and camelids. Mastectomy, c-section and urethral obstruction are among the most common of these procedures and will be discussed.
Orthopaedic Injuries in Small Ruminants
Authors: Anderson David E.
Published: February 2023

A wide variety of orthopedic injuries are seen in sheep, goats and camelids. Long lone fractures and infectious arthritis are most common and will be emphasized herein.
Maedi-Visna (Ovine Progressive Pneumonia) Management Strategies
Authors: Knight Anthony P.
Published: February 2023

Maedi-visna (ovine progressive pneumonia) is a lentivirus-induced lymphoid-proliferative disease syndrome of sheep characterized by chronic progressive pneumonia, encephalopathy, swollen joints causing lameness, and indurative lymphocytic mastitis. The primary mode of transmission is via the colostrum from infected ewes and to a lesser extent by management conditions that favor close proximity of sheep to one another. Seroprevalence to range from 19-97%, according to North American and European serological surveys of sheep.

Affected sheep typically show progressive weight loss, and dyspnea due to lymphocytic infiltration of the lungs. Neurological signs leading to paralysis, swollen joints causing lameness, and palpably hard, unproductive udders or "hard bag" may occur concurrently or separately in affected sheep. Once infected with the ovine lentivirus, antibodies are produced to the virus that do not confer resistance to the disease, which is ultimately fatal. Definitive diagnosis of maedi-visna can be made from the clinical signs, histopathology, and AGID and/or the ELISA tests that detect the presence of circulating antibody. The ELISA test has greater sensitivity and specificity than the AGID test.

Maedi-visna is best managed by eradicating the virus. Eradication strategies include removing new born lambs at birth from their infected dams before they can suckle colostrum, and then raising them in isolation. Serological testing of all sheep over three years of age and culling infected animals and their progeny will reduce seroprevalence in the flock. Repeated annual testing is required until the herd has at least two negative herd tests.
Neospora caninum Seroprevalence in Iowa Feedlots and its Association with Morbidity, Mortality, Production Parameters and Carcass Traits
Authors: Schmidt P. L. , O'Connor A. M.
Published: February 2023

Since first recognized in 1984 and described as a cause of bovine abortion in 1989, N. caninum has emerged as a leading cause of abortion in cattle worldwide. Traditionally, the economic impact of Neospora infection on beef productivity has been thought to be limited to the costs of abortion and increased culling. However, recent studies of Texas-based feedlot cattle described an association between the presence of N. caninum antibodies and reduced average daily gain, live body weight and hot carcass weight at slaughter. Seropositive feedlot steers, while exhibiting similar morbidity and mortality rates as seronegative steers, also demonstrated higher treatment costs if sick compared to seronegative sick calves. The purpose of this study was to test the null hypothesis that N. caninum seropositive Iowa feedlot cattle had similar morbidity rates, mortality rates, treatment costs, production parameters and carcass traits compared to seronegative cohorts. We also examined the hypothesis that the occurrence of chronic disease was equal between Neospora caninum serologically positive and negative animals.
Efficacy of a Fusobacterium necrophorum-Arcanobacterium pyogenes Bacterin-Toxoid as an Aid in the Prevention of Liver Abscesses in Cattle
Authors: Jones G. , Jayappa H. , Hunsaker B. , Sweeney D. , Rapp-Gabrielson V. , Wasmoen T. , Nagaraja T. G. , Swingle S. , Branine M.
Published: February 2023

Condemnation of bovine livers because of liver abscesses causes a substantial economic loss to meat packers. Fusobacterium necrophorum and Arcano-bacterium pyogenes are believed to act synergistically to cause liver abscesses in cattle on high energy diets. A leukotoxin and a hemolysin have been shown to be important virulence factors of F. necrophorum and A pyogenes, respectively. The lysis of neutrophils and macrophages by the leukotoxin is thought to lead to the release of reactive oxygen radicals and cytolytic enzymes that damage the hepatic cells. The studies reported herein were done to test the efficacy of single-dose, bivalent F. necrophorum-A. pyogenes bacterin-toxoid to aid in the reduction of liver abscess incidence and severity under field conditions and natural challenge.
Penetration of Ceftiofur into Sterile versus Mannheimia Haemolytica-Infected Tissue Chambers in Beef Calves after Subcutaneous Administration of Ceftiofur Crystalline Free Acid Sterile Suspension in the Ear Pinna
Authors: Washburn K. E. , Johnson R. , Clarke C. R. , Anderson K. , Lucas M. , Bryson W. , Robinson J. , Dame K. , Hubbard V. , Callahan K. , Robb E.
Published: February 2023

Ceftiofur is a third-generation cephalosporin approved in the US for the treatment of bovine respiratory disease in beef and dairy cattle. Ceftiofur crystalline free acid sterile suspension (CCFA-SS) is a single administration product developed as an extension to the ceftiofur product line. The efficacy of a single dose of CCFA-SS administered subcutaneously in the neck was established in several clinical field studies. However, this route of administration was not acceptable for registration because of extended residues at the injection site. Consequently, the middle third of the posterior aspect of the ear pinna was selected as an alternative site of administration, and pilot studies were conducted to investigate the duration of efficacy resulting from a high concentration formulation. These studies indicated that administration of3.0 mg CE/lb (6.6 mg CE/kg) was efficacious, suggesting that therapeutic concentrations of ceftiofur and its active metabolite, desfuroylceftiofur, were maintained in interstitial fluids at sites of infection for prolonged periods. Bacterial infections of soft tissues, such as the lung, cause interstitial fluid composition changes which may affect the distribution of antibacterials or their in vitro activity in the target tissue. Evaluation of drug concentrations in intersitial fluid poses significant sampling difficulties; however, several studies have employed perforated tissue chambers implanted subcutaneously to characterize interstitial fluid drug concentrations in cattle.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the plasma and tissue chamber fluid pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur and desfuroylceftiofur after subcutaneous administration of CCFA-SS in the ear pinnae of healthy feedlot calves, and to compare the penetration of ceftiofur and related metabolites into sterile versus Mannheimia haemolyica infected tissue chambers.
Efficiency of Converting Nutrient Dry Matter to Milk in Holstein Herds
Authors: Britt J. S. , Thomas R. C. , Speer N. C. , Hall M. B.
Published: February 2023

Production of milk from feed dry matter intake (DMI), called dairy or feed efficiency, is not commonly measured in dairy herds as is feed conversion to weight gain in swine, beef and poultry; however, it has relevance to conversion of purchased input to saleable product and proportion of dietary nutrients excreted. The purpose of this study was to identify some readily measured factors that affect dairy efficiency.
Treatment Decisions and Clinical Mastitis Cure Rates Monitoring Using DHIA SCC Data
Authors: Lago A. , Rhoda D. , Cook N. B.
Published: February 2023

Somatic cell count (SCC) cure reflects both bacteriological cure and resolution of tissue inflammation. Farmers receive premiums and penalties related to the sale of somatic cells in fluid milk, thus SCC cure has some advantages over other monitors of treatment success or failure. Although pathogen specific patterns of SCC change during clinical mastitis have been well described (de Haas et al, 2002), use of SCC cure in commercial herds has been poorly documented.

The objective of this paper was to report on the use of a method to assess clinical mastitis cure using SCC in monthly tested Dairy Herd Improvement Association (DHIA) recorded dairy herds with records of clinical mastitis events.
Using Indices of Cow Comfort to Predict Stall Use and Lameness
Authors: Cook N. B. , Bennett T. B. , Nordlund K. V.
Published: February 2023

The objective of this study was to measure several indices of cow comfort for one 24- hour period in the high-group pens of a selection of Wisconsin dairy herds using either sand or rubber-crumb-mattress surface free stalls, and to determine the most appropriate time of day for measurement in terms of their ability to predict cow behavior and lameness prevalence.