bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Goldmann tonometry versus the Tono‐Pen XL for intraocular pressure measurement: an evaluation of the potential impact on clinical decision making in glaucoma
Authors: Carrim Zia I. , Lavy Tim E.
Published: October 2009

Aim:  To assess the validity of the Tono‐Pen XL as an alternative to the Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT) for the measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with ocular hypertension (OHT) and glaucoma.

Methods:  Over a 3 month period, patients with OHT or glaucoma attending a general clinic had IOP measurements taken using the Tono‐Pen XL and the GAT. Tono‐Pen measurements were taken by suitably trained nursing staff, while Goldmann tonometry was performed by the examining ophthalmologist.

Results:  There were 124 eyes of 62 patients in this study. Overall, mean IOP was 18.3 ± 4.8 mmHg using GAT and 18.8 ± 5.5 mmHg using the Tono‐Pen. Using the Bland–Altman method, the upper and lower limits of agreement between the two devices were +10.6mmHg and −9.6 mmHg, respectively. Significant over‐ and under‐estimates of IOP were noted in 10 (16%) patients.

Conclusion:  Our findings suggest that the Tono‐Pen XL cannot be used as a substitute for GAT in the management of patients with glaucoma or OHT.
Effect of seasonal variation in host‐plant quality on the rice leaf bug, Trigonotylus caelestialium
Authors: Shintani Yoshinori
Published: October 2009

The rice leaf bug, Trigonotylus caelestialium (Kirkaldy) (Heteroptera: Miridae), is an important insect pest, causing pecky‐rice damage in Japan. This bug has a multivoltine life cycle and feeds on various species of the Poaceae. The phenology of the host‐plants differs between species and the plant quality of a single host species may change with the seasons. The fitness of the bug may be affected by these seasonal changes in host‐plant quality. In the current study, the effects of such quality changes on adult and nymphal performance were examined using a population of bugs collected in Joetsu, Niigata, Japan. Rearing of newly emerged adults collected from spring to autumn from Italian rye grass, Lolium multiflorum Lam., and southern crabgrass, Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.), showed that body size and performance of adults differed between collection seasons and plant species, indicating that nymphal conditions including host‐plant quality have crucial effects on their fitness. Rearing nymphs from hatching to adult emergence on various field‐collected grasses under laboratory conditions showed that the performance of nymphs depends on the plant species and varies greatly with the season, within a given species. In general, nymphs performed more poorly on most of the plants collected late in the season, but they performed well on some plants unavailable early in the season. Therefore, in T. caelestialium, seasonal and spatial variations are important factors that affect fitness of nymphs and adults, and this suggests that oviposition of diapause eggs in summer is an adaptation to deteriorating food conditions.
Growth and development of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab‐susceptible and Cry1Ab‐resistant sugarcane borer on diet and conventional maize plants
Authors: Wu Xiaoyi , Huang Fangneng , Leonard B. Rogers , Ghimire Mukti
Published: October 2009

The sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is a dominant maize borer pest and a major target of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)‐maize in Louisiana and the Gulf Coast area of Texas (USA). Growth and development of D. saccharalis on non‐toxic diet, diet treated with three low concentrations (0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 μg g−1) of Cry1Ab toxin, and on non‐Bt maize plants were compared for five insect genotypes: a Bt‐susceptible strain (BT‐SS), a Cry1Ab‐resistant strain (BT‐RR), a back‐crossed and re‐selected resistant strain (BT‐R’R’), and two F1 progeny of the BT‐SS and BT‐R’R’ strains. Fitness of the five genotypes was examined by infesting neonates on diet with/without Cry1Ab toxin in the laboratory and on intact non‐Bt maize plants in the greenhouse. Biological parameters measured were neonate‐to‐pupa development time and pupation rate, larval survival, larval and pupal weight, and sex ratio. Larvae of BT‐SS and BT‐R’R’ on non‐toxic diet and non‐Bt maize plants grew normally and there were no significant differences between the two strains in all measured parameters, suggesting a lack‐of‐fitness cost of the Cry1Ab resistance in D. saccharalis. Except for the development time on non‐Bt diet, all other parameters on both non‐Bt diet and non‐Bt maize plants were similar among the five genotypes. Larval development of BT‐SS was significantly affected on diet treated with Cry1Ab toxin at 0.05 and 0.1 μg g−1, whereas the effect to BT‐RR and BT‐R’R’ was not significant. Pupal weight and sex ratio reared on Cry1Ab‐diet were similar and there were no significant differences among the five genotypes. Neonate‐to‐pupation rate decreased as Cry1Ab concentrations increased but the decrease was more significant for BT‐SS than for the other four genotypes. The lack‐of‐fitness costs of Bt resistance in D. saccharalis imply a greater challenge in managing Bt resistance for this maize borer species.
Tarsal taste sensilla of the autumn gum moth, Mnesampela privata: morphology and electrophysiological activity
Authors: Calas Delphine , Marion‐Poll Frédéric , Steinbauer Martin J.
Published: October 2009

Mnesampela privata Guenée (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae) is a native Australian geometrid that conducts considerable host assessment prior to ovipositing on its host plants, which belong to the genus Eucalyptus. The leaves of some of their hosts are covered with a particularly thick and waxy cuticle and we have shown that epicuticular waxes influence the oviposition preferences of females. This necessitates that M. privata has evolved specific chemosensory organs to assess the identity and perhaps even the quality of its hosts. In this work, we examined the morphology of tarsal taste sensilla and the sensitivity of their sensory neurones to a range of primary metabolites possibly influential on host assessment and oviposition. The ventral surface of the fifth tarsomere of females bear two parallel rows of up to eight sensilla, each loosely aligned with two parallel rows of five spines. Salts, sugars, and amino acids elicited phasi‐tonic multicellular neuronal responses of variable magnitude and form. Two pairs of sensilla are closely apposed to the most distal spine in each row; the sensory neurones associated with these sensilla exhibited notably larger responses to alanine and serine compared with those of all other sensilla. The arrangement of the taste sensilla in close proximity to prominent tarsal spines is unique and could represent an adaptation that enables them to penetrate the wax layer and be brought into contact with primary metabolites present closer to the leaf surface.
Characteristics of 2000 patients who visited a halitosis clinic
Authors: Quirynen Marc , Dadamio Jesica , Van den Velde Sandra , De Smit Menke , Dekeyser Christel , Van Tornout Marie , Vandekerckhove Betty
Published: October 2009

Aims: The aim of this paper was to analyse the aetiology and characteristics of 2000 patients who visited a multidisciplinary bad breath clinic in Leuven, Belgium and to correlate organoleptic ratings with portable device measurements.

Materials and Methods: The characteristics and aetiology of breath malodour of two thousand consecutive patients who visited a halitosis consultation were explored by means of a standard questionnaire and a clinical examination, including organoleptic scores provided by a trained and calibrated judge, and a portable bad breath detector (Halimeter®).

Results: Most patients came without referral and had complaints for several years (mean: 7 years, SD: 8 years). For 76% of the patients, an oral cause was found [tongue coating (43%), gingivitis/periodontitis (11%) or a combination of the two (18%)]. Pseudo‐halitosis/halitophobia was diagnosed in 16% of the cases; and ear, nose and throat/extra‐oral causes were found in 4% of the patients. Most patients had an organoleptic score <3 and a Halimeter® value <240 p.p.b.

Conclusions: Even though it was observed that halitosis has a predominantly oral origin, a multidisciplinary approach remains necessary to identify ear, nose and throat or extra‐oral pathologies and/or pseudo‐halitosis/halitophobia.
Melatonin exists in porcine follicular fluid and improves in vitro maturation and parthenogenetic development of porcine oocytes
Authors: Shi Jian‐Min , Tian Xiu‐Zhi , Zhou Guang‐Bin , Wang Liang , Gao Chao , Zhu Shi‐En , Zeng Shen‐Ming , Tian Jian‐Hui , Liu Guo‐Shi
Published: October 2009

Abstract:  This study focused on the effect of melatonin on in vitro maturation of porcine oocytes and their parthenogenetic embryonic development. Melatonin was measured in porcine follicular fluid of follicles of different sizes in the same ovary. Melatonin exists in follicular fluid, and the concentration is approximately 10−11 m. Its concentration decreased as the diameter of follicle increased, which suggests an effect of melatonin on oocyte maturation. Therefore, immature oocytes were cultured in vitro in maturation medium supplemented with melatonin (10−11, 10−9, 10−7, 10−5 and 10−3 m) or without melatonin. The oocytes at maturation stage were collected and activated. The parthenogenetic embryos were cultured and observed in medium supplemented with or without melatonin. Fresh immature oocytes without melatonin treatment were used as control. When only maturation medium was supplemented with 10−9 m melatonin, the cleavage rate, blastocyst rate and the cell number of blastocyst (70 ± 4.5%, 28 ± 2.4% and 50 ± 6.5%) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of controls; when only culture medium was supplemented with melatonin, the highest cleavage rate, blastocyst rate and the cell number of blastocyst was observed at 10−7 m melatonin, which were significantly higher than that of controls (P < 0.05). The best results (cleavage rates 79 ± 8.4%, blastocyst rates 35 ± 6.7%) were obtained when both the maturation and culture medium were supplemented with 10−9 m melatonin respectively (P < 0.05). In conclusion, exogenous melatonin at the proper concentration may improve the in vitro maturation of porcine oocytes and their parthenogenetic embryonic development. Further research is needed to identify the effect of melatonin on in vitro and in vivo oocyte maturation and embryo development in porcine.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: A High Dose of Intravenous Immunoglobulin Increases CD94 Expression on Natural Killer Cells in Women with Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion
Authors: Shimada Shigeki , Takeda Masamitsu , Nishihira Jun , Kaneuchi Masanori , Sakuragi Noriaki , Minakami Hisanori , Yamada Hideto
Published: October 2009

Problem  A high dose of intravenous immunoglobulin (HIVIg) therapy is effective in various diseases such as autoimmune diseases, and also is expected to have efficacy in recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). The aim of this study was to understand immunological mechanisms of this therapy.

Method of study  By flowcytometric analyses, we examined phenotypic changes of a variety of immunological cells including natural killer (NK) cells, cytotoxic T cells, regulatory T cells and macrophages in peripheral blood of RSA women with HIVIg therapy (n = 8).

Results  Expression percentages of inhibitory CD94 on NK cells significantly (P = 0.01) increased after the therapy (58.8 ± 21.4% versus 71.0 ± 17.6%).

Conclusion  Mechanisms of possible efficacy of HIVIg therapy for RSA may include enhancement of CD94 expression and subsequent suppression of NK cell cytotoxicity.
Impact of the surgeon's experience on the postoperative outcome – a retrospective analysis of non‐melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck region
Authors: Felcht Moritz , Faulhaber Jörg , Linder Anna Sophie Maria , Goerdt Sergij , Koenen Wolfgang
Published: October 2009

Background: Treatment of choice for non‐melanoma skin cancers is surgical excision. No study has analyzed the impact of the dermatologic surgeon's experience on the postoperative outcome.

Patients and Methods: In a single center, retrospective study, 196 cases of non‐melanoma skin cancer of the head and neck treated with micrographically‐controlled surgery were categorized with regard to type of tumor, location, size of defect, number of stages, complications, recurrence rate and cosmetic result. These data were analyzed in respect of the surgeon's experience (dermatology attendings [AT], senior residents with experience in dermatosurgery [SR], junior residents with less experience in dermatosurgery [JR]).

Results: AT and SR excised tumors in toto at roughly the same rate (AT: 42/75; SR: 59/104), JR less frequently (3/6). The patients graded 97 % of the scars as very good to satisfactory. The grading of smaller defects (< 4 cm2) was not influenced by the surgeon's experience. Larger defects were graded equally in the two groups AT and SR. The complication rate was similar in all three groups, even though larger defects were treated by the attendings (AT).

Conclusions: Micrographically‐controlled surgery followed by plastic reconstruction is the treatment of choice for non‐melanoma skin tumors of the head and neck area. Cosmetic results are excellent. Minor procedures can be performed by residents during their training; larger defects require more experience in dermatosurgery.
Transcutaneous bilirubinometry reduces the need for blood sampling in neonates with visible jaundice
Authors: Mishra S , Chawla D , Agarwal R , Deorari AK , Paul VK , Bhutani VK
Published: October 2009

Objectives:  We determined usefulness of transcutaneous bilirubinometry to decrease the need for blood sampling to assay serum total bilirubin (STB) in the management of jaundiced healthy Indian neonates.

Methods:  Newborns, ≥35 weeks’ gestation, with clinical evidence of jaundice were enrolled in an institutional approved randomized clinical trial. The severity of hyperbilirubinaemia was determined by two non‐invasive methods: i) protocol‐based visual assessment of bilirubin (VaB) and ii) transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) determination (BiliCheck®). By a random allocation, either method was used to decide the need for blood sampling, which was defined to be present if assessed STB by allocated method exceeded 80% of hour‐specific threshold values for phototherapy (2004 AAP Guidelines).

Results:  A total of 617 neonates were randomized to either TcB (n = 314) or VaB (n = 303) groups with comparable gestation, birth weight and postnatal age. Need for blood sampling to assay STB was 34% lower (95% CI: 10% to 51%) in the TcB group compared with VaB group (17.5% vs 26.4% assessments; risk difference: −8.9%, 95% CI: −2.4% to −15.4%; p = 0.008).

Conclusion:  Routine use of transcutaneous bilirubinometry compared with systematic visual assessment of bilirubin significantly reduced the need for blood sampling to assay STB in jaundiced term and late‐preterm neonates. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00653874)
Enuresis in hyperthyroidism: a temporary lack of central control mechanism leads to nocturnal enuresis
Authors: Meir J , Roessner D , Eggert P
Published: October 2009

We report on a 9‐year‐old boy who suffered from hyperthyroidism and a new appearance of enuresis. Bedwetting ceased and prepulse inhibition (PPI) – measured as a parameter of central control – increased during the course of therapy.

Conclusion:  The increase in PPI is an indication that enuresis in hyperthyroidism could be as a result of a temporary loss of central control on brainstem reflexes. The case conveys new insights into the correlation between thyroid hormones and micturition patterns and the aetiology of enuresis.
Helmet‐delivered continuous positive airway pressure with heliox in respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis
Authors: Mayordomo‐Colunga J , Medina A , Rey C , Concha A , Los Arcos M , Menéndez S
Published: October 2009

Aim:  The objective of this study was to check the feasibility and efficacy of helmet‐delivered heliox‐continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in infants with bronchiolitis.

Methods:  Children <3 months of age diagnosed with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis and recurrent apnoeas or a venous PCO2 >55 mmHg or a transcutaneous oxygen saturation <92% in room air were eligible for inclusion in the study. CPAP was delivered by a noninvasive ventilator connected to a heliox port. The interface was a helmet.

Results:  Eight consecutive infants fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Apnoeas were present in six children before respiratory support was started; they disappeared in five of them. Two infants had to be changed to pressure support noninvasive ventilation, and one of them required intubation. No side effects were recorded.

Conclusion:  We propose a relatively new device to deliver heliox‐CPAP in small infants with bronchiolitis. Although this is just a descriptive study with a short sample, this system seems to be feasible and effective.
New Approaches to the Work of Robert Herrick
Authors: Connolly Ruth
Published: October 2009

The new edition of Robert Herrick’s works Hesperides and His Noble Numbers will enable readers to study the poems he circulated in manuscript alongside printed versions of the same poems. As scholarly work continues on the intersection of print and scribal culture in the 17th century in general and in relation to Stuart lyric poetry in particular, there is increasing interest in examining how the technologies of manuscript and print affect the composition of poetry. Herrick is one of first poets personally to gather and rework his verses for print but does so having spent three decades circulating his poems exclusively in manuscript. An analysis both of individual poems and of his entire printed collection reveal that Herrick’s revisions and the order and structure of his book are heavily influenced by the scribal method of serial composition and by 17th‐century readers’ habits of compiling poetry into verse miscellanies. Both discoveries challenge the tendency to consider Herrick’s printed versions as invariably representing his final intention for his poetry and suggest that Hesperides as a whole work should be read as participating in the trend for compiling verse miscellanies in both manuscript and print between the 1620s and 1650s.
DERRIDA'S RIGHT TO PHILOSOPHY, THEN AND NOW
Authors: Willinsky John
Published: October 2009

Abstract

In this essay, a tribute to Jacques Derrida's educational efforts at expanding access to current work in philosophy, John Willinsky examines his efforts as both a public right and an element of academic freedom that bear on the open access movement today. Willinsky covers Derrida's extension and outreach work with the Groupe de Recherches pour l’Enseignement de la Philosophie in the 1970s and a decade later with Collège International de Philosophie that provided public access to ongoing and leading‐edge philosophical work, as well as supporting the teaching of philosophy in the schools. Willinsky also relates Derrida's dedicated, practical educational work, his historical analysis of Descartes's decision to write in French, and more recent initiatives that are using Internet technologies to increase public and educational access to published scholarly work in the humanities in a very similar spirit.
ON THE POVERTY OF PHILOSOPHY: THE METAPHYSICS OF MCLAREN'S “REVOLUTIONARY CRITICAL PEDAGOGY”
Authors: Ellison Scott
Published: October 2009

Abstract

In this essay, Scott Ellison examines a line of critical thought in educational theory that has unapologetically sought transcendence in the face contemporary social and political conditions. Under the banner of critical pedagogy, Peter McLaren sees this current period of globalization as representing a worldwide historical crisis requiring a revolutionary struggle that, in turn, is dependent upon a revitalization of critical pedagogy as the necessary tool for overcoming global relations of domination. Armed with Marxist theory and politics, McLaren seeks to use classrooms as social locations for fostering class struggle and global revolution. However, seeking to transcend today's globalized social processes and structures presents unique challenges that McLaren fails to overcome. He is a victim of the utopic turn. In this essay, Ellison offers a sympathetic reading and critique of McLaren's most recent theoretical work; undertakes a modest and preliminary recovery of Marxian theory and method; and concludes by briefly exploring the applicability and utility of this recovery for educational practices in this historical moment.
RECONSTRUCTING DEWEYAN PRAGMATISM: A REVIEW ESSAY
Authors: Neubert Stefan
Published: October 2009

Abstract

In this essay Stefan Neubert argues that John Dewey was a philosopher of reconstruction and that the best use we can make of him today is to reconstruct his work in and for our own contexts. Neubert distinguishes three necessary and equally important components of the overall project of reconstructing Deweyan pragmatism: first, to make strong and productive use of the tradition; second, to establish new theoretical links in order to develop new conceptual tools; and third, to reconsider implications of Deweyan pragmatism with a view toward new articulations of human life experience. Neubert then discusses three recent publications in the field of Dewey scholarship—Larry Hickman's Pragmatism as Post‐Postmodernism, Inna Semetsky's Deleuze, Education and Becoming, and David Granger's John Dewey, Robert Pirsig, and the Art of Living—as examples illustrating the importance of each component. During the course of this discussion, Neubert develops some conclusions about the complexity inherent in the comprehensive task of reconstructing Dewey's philosophy today.
A Developmental Model for Teen‐age Parent Education
Authors: Catrone Constance , Sadler Lois Siebert
Published: October 2009

This paper presents the experience of the authors in designing and teaching a parenting class for adolescent parents who have returned to the high school setting after having had a child. In the case of many teen‐age parents the developmental tasks of adolescence may conflict with parental demands and responsibilities. These potential conflicts form the framework for important curriculum design issues. A detailed discussion relates the salient developmental characteristics of adolescence and early parenthood to the use of specific classroom strategies such as role play, biographical scripts, family diagrams, developmental charts and classroom debates.
How Much Stimulant Medication is Appropriate For Hyperactive School Children?
Authors: Brown Ronald T. , Slimmer Lynda W. , Wynne Martha Ellen
Published: October 2009

This research tested the hypothesis that a relatively modest dose of stimulant medication would produce optimal effects on cognitive and impulse control performance when compared to three other dosage levels in hyperactive school children. The efficacy of the medication was measured using a school‐like visual search and matching task tapping concentration and impulse control that previously has been shown to be sensitive to stimulant drug effects. Task performance was found to be optimal at the predicted dose level, supporting the original hypothesis. The importance of school health personnel involvement in the adjusting of dosage levels of stimulant medication was stressed. A role for school health personnel in facilitating communication between physicians and teachers was suggested.
Changes in Children's School Performance as a Result of Education for Family Management of Asthma
Authors: Clark Noreen M. , Feldman Charles H. , Evans David , Wasilewski Yvonne , Levison Moshe J.
Published: October 2009

This paper describes the impact of an asthma self‐management program for parents and children on the school performance and adjustment of children with asthma. Program participants were predominantly low income, minority families enrolled in four pediatric outpatient clinics. The educational content of the program was based on a needs assessment of the participants and recommendations of medical consultants. Parents and children participated separately in group sessions that focused on the development of self‐management skills and problem solving. The program was organized into six themes including “how to help your child (yourself) do well in school.” The program was evaluated with an experimental research design and yielded significant school related benefits. Children participating in the program maintained better grades. Math, reading and science grades were higher relative to control group children in the year following the program. Within a subgroup of children who received care from private practitioners, program children exhibited better social adjustment to school than did control group children.
Alcohol and Other Drug Use and Automobile Safety: A Survey of Boston‐Area Teen‐agers
Authors: Wechsler Henry , Rohman Mary , Kotch Jamie B. , Idelson Roberta K.
Published: October 2009

To provide educators with information regarding students' behaviors and beliefs about drinking, drug use and driving, the authors surveyed a stratified random sample of approximately 2,000 seventh and 10th graders in the Boston area in the spring of 1982. The focus of the present paper is on those students who might be most at risk for operating a motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol or marijuana. Therefore, the analysis presented here is limited to 623 students who were 16 years of age or older at the time of the survey.

About half of the students in this age group used alcohol (63%) or marijuana (44%) and as many as 18% had used other illicit drugs during the 1982 school year. While most current drinkers (72%) drank not more than three times a month, nearly half (46%) of the current marijuana users smoked at least once a week.

A substantial proportion of students combined drug and/or alcohol use with driving. Between 43% and 50% had been a passenger with a driver who was under the influence of alcohol or marijuana at least once since the beginning of the school year. Many students did not appear to be aware of the dangers involved in driving under the influence of alcohol or marijuana and about one out of four believed they could use alcohol and other drugs responsibly.

Both students' behaviors and beliefs regarding drinking, drug use and driving were significantly related to the extent of their involvement with alcohol and other drugs. Frequent marijuana users, heavier drinkers and students who used drugs other than alcohol or marijuana were more likely than other students to combine drug use and driving and believe that these activities could be combined safely. The data suggest that the entire constellation of risk‐taking and drug‐using behaviors should be addressed in educational programs and that information on the effects of other drugs (both alone and in combination with alcohol) on driving ability should be emphasized.
Student Accidents in Hawaii's Public Schools
Authors: Taketa Sachiko
Published: October 2009

A survey of the student accident report forms was conducted in Hawaii public schools. Review of the data gathered during one school year revealed that the intermediate grade level had the highest number of school accidents with males, in a 2.1:1 ratio, more involved in accidents than females. Although no deaths occurred, there were a significant number of school accidents and school days lost to warrant the need for safety education. The accident report forms were reviewed and data summarized by the school nurses working within the schools. Because the information provided in the accident report forms was so varied, it was not possible to make a recommendation as to any specific restriction of activities. However, the survey revealed a need to strengthen the criteria for reporting accidents.
A Survey of Elementary School Health Education in West Virginia
Authors: Folio Sam B. , Elliott G. Douglas , Baker Sheldon , Hott Sharon
Published: October 2009

The Elementary School Health Education Survey was conducted to determine the health knowledge, health practices, and awareness of the consequences of health behavior of selected elementary school students in West Virginia. An 80‐item, multiple‐choice inventory was developed to collect student data, and a questionnaire‐checklist was employed for each classroom teacher whose students participated in the survey. The survey involved 1,441 students from 85 classrooms in 35 schools. The results indicated a need for mandated health instruction as part of the elementary school curriculum and a need for graduate course work in Health Education for elementary school teachers.
Factors Related to the Health Knowledge and Health Behavior of Disadvantaged Black Youth
Authors: Riggs Richard S. , Noland Melody Powers
Published: October 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between various factors and the health knowledge and health behavior of disadvantaged black youth. Disadvantaged black male and female youths, age 12 to 17, were surveyed regarding their health knowledge, health locus of control, and health practices. Results of the data analyses using an ANOVA revealed significant differences for scores on the health knowledge test due to sex, age, and health locus of control. Females had higher test means than males, older students had higher knowledge scores than did younger students, and internally‐oriented students had higher knowledge scores than did externally‐oriented students. No significant interaction was found. An ANOVA on behavior scores revealed a sex by locus of control interaction. Male externals had much lower behavior scores than female externals. A significant interaction also was found between age and health locus of control. Older externals had significantly higher behavior scores than younger externals. Implications for health educators and nurse educators are discussed.
Utilization of General Case Programming for Teaching Health Education Behaviors to Students with Severe Handicaps
Authors: Pancsofar Ernest L. , Schafer Sharon , Blackwell Robert , Gavron Susan
Published: October 2009

Students with severe handicaps are acquiring safety behaviors through the implementation of systematic instruction. Absent from this instruction is the inclusion of generalization strategies. Included in this article is a procedure for selecting representative teaching examples to promote optimal generalization. This procedure is referred to as general case programming. The steps of this strategy are delineated using an example of applying an adhesive bandage to a cut.
Counseling Approaches Used With Emotionally Handicapped Children
Authors: Evans Susan S. , Evans William H. , Mercer Cecil D.
Published: October 2009

Children identified with emotional handicaps manifest a variety of educational and behavioral problems. This paper presents the major counseling techniques that may be used with these children. Basic goals and methods of each approach, applicability for emotionally handicapped students, and training necessary for the practitioner also are discussed.
Evaluation of the School Nurse Achievement Program: A Follow‐up Survey of School Nurses
Authors: Goodwin Laura D. , Igoe Judith B. , Smith Ann N.
Published: October 2009

The University of Colorado School Nurse Achievement Program (SNAP) is a national continuing education program for school nurses who want to increase and improve the services they provide to disabled students. In this article, the results of one of the evaluation studies conducted on SNAP — a six‐month follow‐up survey of graduates — are reported. Generally, the results indicated high perceived effectiveness of SNAP in terms of increasing school nurses' knowledge and skills related to working with disabled students. These findings should be of value to readers interested in SNAP, in particular, as well as to those interested in the role of the school nurse with disabled students.
School Nurses: Improve the Reception and Sharpen the Image
Authors: Seidenberg Arlene
Published: October 2009

Many educators and community members misunderstand the present‐day school nurses. These nurses' roles encompass a much broader range of health‐related activities than did their predecessors' roles. Continued education and professional autonomy have enabled school nurses to direct their attention to primary and secondary prevention and to the maintenance of health. By utilizing a systems approach, school nurses can plan strategies that promote visibility and clarify their images. The outcome could result in better understanding and cooperation between the nurses and other school personnel, resulting in an ultimate benefit to children. The organization of a city school district's health service program and the functions of some of its team members are described. Pertinent statistics regarding the district and the nurses working within it are provided. Examples are given of typical school nurses experiences and responsibilities. Numerous suggestions are made for establishing networks with those persons having formal and informal power in order to achieve visibility and credibility. Some of the suggestions include participation at parent association meetings, presidents' council, teacher‐faculty meetings, community council meetings and spreading the message via school and local newspapers.
Alcohol Attitudes and Beliefs Related to Actual Alcohol Experience in a Fifth‐Grade Cohort
Authors: McDermott Robert J. , Clark‐Alexander Barbara J. , Westhoff Wayne W. , Eaton Danice K.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Despite a gradual overall decrease in alcohol consumption in the United States, alcohol remains the most widely used and abused drug in society. This study assessed lifetime and recent alcohol use in a cohort of fifth graders, and examined attitudes and beliefs held by these youth concerning alcohol. An instrument addressing alcohol use, other substance use, and other health‐related problem behaviors was completed by 813 fifth graders in a west central Florida school district. Among respondents, 48.9% had “ever tried” alcohol, and 17.9% had consumed alcohol in the past 30 days (active drinkers). Significant differences in alcohol‐related attitudes and beliefs were found according to current drinking status, gender, and race/ethnicity. Possible reasons for these differential findings are presented, and implications for prevention and intervention are discussed.
Preventing Eating and Body Image Problems in Children and Adolescents Using the Health Promoting Schools Framework
Authors: O'Dea Jennifer , Maloney Danielle
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This paper outlines the Health Promoting Schools Framework and how it may be implemented in schools for preventing eating and body image problems. Discussion focuses on the efficacy of preventive school‐based strategies, and on the safest and most successful interventions. The Framework encompasses three major areas of intervention in the school and community: 1) School curriculum, teaching, and learning; 2) School ethos, environment, and organization; and 3) School‐community partnerships and services. Suggested strategies for implementing the Framework are outlined. A case study of how a girls high school adapted the new approach for dealing with the problem of eating and body image problems is presented.
An In‐School CD‐ROM Asthma Education Program
Authors: Yawn Barbara P. , Algatt‐Bergstrom Pamela J. , Yawn Roy A. , Wollan Peter , Greco Mark , Gleason Marie , Markson Leona
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Computer‐based education in schools is not novel. However, only a few computer games have been introduced into school‐based health education programs. This study describes inclusion of an asthma education space adventure game into fourth‐grade classrooms. Using the game improved asthma knowledge in the intervention classes. Children in the active participation classroom gained significantly more asthma knowledge over the observation period compared to the classroom that did not play the computer game. Knowledge gained was retained over a four‐week period and the addition of physician‐led talks appeared to add little to the knowledge gained. “Air Academy:TM The Quest for Airtopia” is an easy and successful tool for elementary grade asthma‐related health education in schools.
Social and Emotional Learning: A Framework for Promoting Mental Health and Reducing Risk Behavior in Children and Youth
Authors: Payton John W. , Wardlaw Dana M. , Graczyk Patricia A. , Bloodworth Michelle R. , Tompsett Carolyn J. , Weissberg Roger P.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Many programs have been developed to help schools enhance students' health and reduce the prevalence of drug use, violence, and high‐risk sexual behaviors. How should educators choose among these? This article describes selection criteria based on theory, research, and best educational practice that identify key social and emotional learning (SEL) competencies and program features. The SEL competencies for students include 17 skills and attitudes organized into four groups: awareness of self and others; positive attitudes and values; responsible decision making; and social interaction skills. The 11 program features critical to the success of school‐based SEL programs emphasize curriculum design, coordination with larger systems, educator preparation and support, and program evaluation. Developed by the Collaborative to Advance Social and Emotional Learning (CASEL), the SEL framework can be used to guide selection of research‐based prevention programs that address health, substance abuse, violence prevention, sexuality, character, and social skills.
Effective School‐Based Mental Health Interventions: Advancing the Social Skills Training Paradigm
Authors: Evans Steven W. , Axelrod Jennifer L. , Sapia Jennifer L.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Psychotherapeutic interventions with children have not been as successful in practice as laboratory studies suggest. Two weaknesses frequently cited include the failure of treatment gains to generalize to other times and settings and the lack of individualization. Although social skills interventions have inherent appeal and appear appropriate to address many of the social and emotional problems encountered by children and youth, they have not demonstrated effectiveness despite their widespread use. This article outlines four steps to improve social skills interventions that take advantage of the unique environments of schools and increase the likelihood that social skills interventions can achieve individualization and generalization.
A Model for Mapping Linkages Between Health and Education Agencies to Improve School Health
Authors: Leger Lawrence St. , Nutbeam Don
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Efforts to develop effective and sustainable school health programs evolved in sophistication the past 20 years through research and practical experience. This paper reviews these developments, arguing they were significantly driven by public health priorities, and have not adequately accounted for educational perspectives and priorities. To better understand the differences in perspective, a model is presented which illustrates linkages between different school‐based inputs and strategies, and long‐term health and educational outcomes. The model describes similarities and differences between the two perspectives. A significant coincidence exists in factors that determine educational attainment and improved health outcomes for students. A more holistic and integrated approach to school health is emerging, and at these interfaces our implementation and research efforts for the 21st century should be concentrated.
Health, Medicine, and Food Messages in Television Commercials During 1992 and 1998
Authors: Byrd‐Bredbenner Carol , Grasso Darlene
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: The potential effects of television advertisements on knowledge, attitudes, and behavior have generated considerable concern. Part of this concern arises from the overall exposure of children to this medium. By the time they graduate from high school, the time devoted to watching television will exceed the hours spent in school. Hence, health professionals should recognize the disproportionate role of television as an informational and attitudinal source for children. The potential impact of television advertisements, particularly those promoting health‐related products such as medications and foods, coupled with the changing nature of television points to this medium as an important candidate for examination. The purpose of this study was to content analyze and compare advertisements broadcast in 1992 and 1998 to create a description of the health information conveyed in top‐rated, prime time network television advertisements and to determine the congruence of this information with current health recommendations.
Recent Trends in Participation in Physical Education Among US High School Students
Authors: Lowry Richard , Wechsler Howell , Kann Laura , Collins Janet
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: To examine recent trends in physical education (PE) enrollment, daily attendance in PE, and being physically active in PE among high school students in the United States, this study analyzed data from the 1991, 1993, 1995, and 1997 national school‐based Youth Risk Behavior Surveys (n=55,734). Logistic regression analyses were conducted to test for significant linear time trends among the total student population and demographic subgroups (gender, race/ethnicity, and grade). Although PE enrollment in the total student population did not change from 1991 (48.9%) to 1997 (48.8%), the prevalence of students who attended PE daily, and the prevalence of students who were physically active >20 minutes in an average PE class both decreased significantly among nearly all demographic subgroups. The prevalence of students who were physically active >20 minutes in daily PE classes decreased from 34.2% in 1991 to 21.7% in 1997 (p<0.001). To reverse current trends, high schools should implement daily PE classes that emphasize participation in lifelong health‐related physical activity for all students.
Health‐Risk Behaviors Among Middle School Students In A Large Majority‐Minority School District
Authors: Fetro Joyce V. , Coyle Karin K. , Pham Phong
Published: October 2009

Since 1991, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has administered the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) biennially to representative samples of high school students. YRBS results indicate that health‐risk behaviors often developed during middle school years. To date, few state and local education agencies have administered the YRBS‐Middle School. This study measured prevalence of health‐risk behaviors among middle school students in a large, majority‐minority school district (n=1,783). Results indicated that young adolescents (ages 11–14) are engaging in multiple health‐risk behaviors. For example, 24.4% seriously considered committing suicide in the previous year, 53.3% had been in a physical fight, 50.2% ever drank alcohol, 17.9% ever used marijuana, and 13.4% had already had sex. Such behaviors potentially could lead to serious consequences related to their educational achievement and overall health status. Health‐related policy and program applications are discussed.
A School‐Community Partnership for At‐Risk Students in Pennsylvania
Authors: McMahon Beth , Browning Susan , Rose‐Colley Mary
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This four‐year, school‐community health improvement project addressed fragmentation and under‐utilization of services of an at risk population in a county in central Pennsylvania. A population profile was developed that included demographic, attitudinal, and behavioral information as well as information related to liabilities and assets that affect resiliency and decrease or increase the likelihood of academic success. The profile was used in the planning and implementation of risk‐reduction strategies that promote a healthy family and, in turn, a healthy community. More than 50 local, state, and national organizations as well as individuals volunteered or provided services at each school. The project produced a 22% increase in parental involvement in school activities; a 15% increase in parental involvement in educational sessions; a 22% increase in volunteers within the school; and a 75% decrease in truancy. (J Sch Health. 2001;71(2):53‐55)
Pilot‐Testing a Cancer Education Curriculum for Grades K‐6
Authors: Schonfeld David J. , Bases Hugh , Quackenbush Marcia , Mayne Susan , Morra Marion , Cicchetti Domenic
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Risk behaviors established during childhood including tobacco use, sunning, and eating habits contribute to most adult cancers. This project pilot‐tested a developmentally appropriate cancer prevention curriculum for grades K‐6, using a treatment group only design with pretesting and posttesting using a standardized, semistructured interview and involving 67 students (77% of eligible students) attending mixed grade classes. A seven‐unit curriculum based on cognitive development, social cognitive, and social influence theories was taught by classroom teachers. Students showed a significant (p<.0001) gain in conceptual understanding for causality and prevention of cancer; the gain for causality of cancer was comparable to the baseline difference between kindergarten and the highest (5–6) grade. Significant gains in factual knowledge and decreases in misconceptions about casual contact also were documented. A developmentally based elementary school cancer prevention curriculum can enhance young children's conceptual understanding and factual knowledge of common contributors to adult cancers.
Factors Related to the Eating Habits of Students in Grades 9–12
Authors: Young Elizabeth M. , Fors Stuart W.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This study examined the influence of demographic characteristics and selected family factors on consumption of a healthy breakfast and lunch and consumption of fruits and vegetables among adolescents. A cross‐sectional survey was completed by a representative sample (n=3,155) of students from all high schools in a suburban county near Atlanta, Georgia. Students consuming healthy breakfasts, healthy lunches, and more fruits and vegetables were more likely to be White or Asian (lunch/fruits and vegetables only), better able to communicate with parents or guardians on serious issues, closely monitored by their parents, living with one or both parents, spending less time at home without adults, perceiving themselves at about the right weight or underweight (lunch/breakfast only), male (lunch/breakfast only), and in 9th or 10th grade (breakfast only). These results suggest family factors should be considered in the development and implementation of nutrition interventions.
Autism and the School Nurse
Authors: Cade Mary , Tidwell Sarah
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Until recently, treatment for children with autism involved housing them in hospitals for the developmentally disabled. Today more slates are returning children with autism to their home communities, and more parents are choosing or are being required to keep their children with autism in their homes. Laws were developed to ensure that children with autism receive some form of education, often through the local school system. School nurses, who may not have experience working with children with autism, may feel uncertain about how to provide support for the child with autism. Approximately 300,000 persons in the United States have autism or display autistic behaviors. About one‐third are under age 21. People with autism come from all socioeconomic classes. Males are four times more likely to be affected by autism than females. People with autism can be expected to live a normal lifespan. (J Sch Health. 2001;71(3):96–100)