bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Forensic Handwriting Examiners' Expertise for Signature Comparison
Authors: Sita J , Found B , Rogers DK
Published: August 2015

This paper reports on the performance of forensic document examiners (FDEs) in a signature comparison task that was designed to address the issue of expertise. The opinions of FDEs regarding 150 genuine and simulated questioned signatures were compared with a control group of non-examiners' opinions.

On the question of expertise, results showed that FDEs were statistically better than the control group at accurately determining the genuineness or non-genuineness of questioned signatures. The FDE group made errors (by calling a genuine signature simulated or by calling a simulated sig-nature genuine) in 3.4% of their opinions while 19.3% of the control group's opinions were erroneous. The FDE group gave significantly more in-conclusive opinions than the control group.

Analysis of FDEs' responses showed that more correct opinions were expressed regarding simulated signatures and more inconclusive opinions were made on genuine signatures. Further, when the complexity of a signature was taken into account, FDEs made more correct opinions on high complexity signatures than on signatures of lower complexity. There was a wide range of skill amongst FDEs and no significant relationship was found between the number of years FDEs had been practicing and their correct, inconclusive and error rates.
The Behavioral and Cognitive Effects of Two Benzodiazepines Associated with Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault
Authors: Dowd SM , Strong MJ , Janicak PG , Negrusz A
Published: August 2015

Recently, sexual assaults have included the use of benzodiazepines to impair the victim. Our aim was to examine the physiological, cognitive, and behavioral effects of flunitrazepam (FN) and clonazepam (CLO). In the first study, ten healthy volunteers received a single oral dose of 2 mg of FN. Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), behavioral reports and staff observations were then collected. In the second study, ten healthy volunteers received a single oral dose of 3 mg of CLO. Vitals signs, performance on the MMSE and Digit Symbol Substitution Test, and behavioral changes were examined. FN significantly decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure 4 h post drug ingestion with diastolic remaining low at 6 h. CLO was associated with changes in temperature and decreased systolic pressure. FN affected memory and attention 4 h following ingestion. CLO affected memory and attention throughout the study (6 h), and psychomotor performance was decreased 2 h post ingestion. In both studies, subjects were disinhibited and did not perceive their own impairment.
Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault Involving Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid
Authors: Stillwell ME
Published: August 2015

The first case involving an alleged sexual assault linked to the use of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in Oklahoma is reported.A-48-year-old Caucasian woman taking amitriptyline was known to have voluntarily ingested a sports drink containing a relaxing health product. She purportedly experienced unconsciousness that persisted for approximately 4 h. The toxicological testing on urine identified GHB, amitriptyline, and nortriptyline using a capillary Hewlett-Packard 6890 gas chromatograph coupled to a Hewlett-Packard 5973 mass selective detector (MSD). The GHB concentration in urine was 26.9 µg/mL. Urine concentrations of amitriptyline and nortriptyline were not determined. The analytical method used for identifying and quantitating GHB can be applied to matters of forensic interests.
Suicide on Death Row
Authors: Lester D , Tartaro C
Published: August 2015

The suicide rate on death row for the period 1976 through 1999 was found to be high (113 per 100,000 per year), some five times higher than the suicide rate for the male population of the United States. The death row suicide rate was predicted by features of the death row population (negatively with the population on death row) and by social indicators of the society as a whole (negatively with birth and divorce rates and positively with marriage rates).
Forensic Radiology with Cross-Section Modalities: Spiral CT Evaluation of a Knife Wound to the Aorta
Authors: Thali MJ , Schwab CM , Tairi K , Dirnhofer R , Vock P
Published: August 2015

We describe the extraordinary case of a penetrating knife wound to the aorta. The localization of the tip of the knife was documented with a Computed Tomography examination and subsequent two- and three-dimensional reconstruction. Based on this case report, the utilization of computed tomography in forensic science and its potential for vizualization are discussed.
Genetic Variation at Five STR Loci (D10S2325, D13S325, D20S470, D18S51, and D19S253) in Korean Population
Authors: Shin SH , Kim NK , Hwang JH , Park SW , Kim HS , Chung KW
Published: August 2015

Allele and genotype frequencies of the five STR loci (D10S2325, D13S325, D20S470, D18S51, and D19S253) were determined. Specimens were collected from unrelated volunteer blood donors from a population of Chungnam Province in South Korea (n = 130). DNA was obtained from the blood specimens using the Wizard genomic DNA purification kit (Promega, USA) and amplified using the multiplex PCR (triplex amplification of D10S2325, D13S325, and D20S470; duplex amplification of D18S51 and D19S253). The amplified DNAs were separated by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and then visualized by the silver staining (1). Exact x2-test for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and pairwise disequilibrium were analyzed using the GDA program written by Lewis P.O. and Zaykin D (2). The chance of exclusion of combined system was 0.9986.
A Father Marries His Daughters: A Case of Incestuous Polygamy
Authors: Myers WC , Brasington SJ
Published: August 2015

Polygamy is a risk factor for incest. This case report of incest and polygamy portrays the dynamics that dominated this family's identity. The father indoctrinated and groomed his biological daughter and stepdaughter for sexual gratification in a cult-like atmosphere, and secretly married both of them. He justified his acts to the family members under the guise of religion, but he later denied allegations of polygamy and sexual contact with his daughters when confronted by the authorities. Ultimately, his parental rights were terminated in family court. The authors interviewed the primary victim and reviewed extensive evidence, including videotapes of the victims talking with detectives and also privately amongst each other. Videotape dialogue excerpts capture how these young girls individually coped with the sexual abuse and responded to becoming child wives in a polygamous family. Criminal charges ultimately were not pursued because the key witness refused to testify against her biological father.
Allele Frequencies of CODIS STR Loci in Chinese Population
Authors: Ji Q , Zhang H , Du H , Dong J , Tang J , Sheng Y , Liao J , Wang Q , Hou Y
Published: August 2015

Specimens of 100 unrelated individuals were collected from Han ethnic group in Sichuan Province of China. DNA was extracted from blood specimens using Chelex 100 method (1).
Genetic Study of 15 Important STR Loci Among Four Major Ethnic Groups of Bihar, India
Authors: Ashma R , Kashyap VK
Published: August 2015

Access of the Data Via Electronic Mail From Communicating Author Genotype studies at highly polymorphic 15 STR loci were carried out in four major ethnic groups of Bihar, the second most populous state in the northeastern part of the Indian subcontinent. The communities included in the present analysis hold a special attraction for human genetic studies because they practice a high degree of endogamy at the community level and exogamy at the sub-population level (1). All the samples used in the study were collected from Bihar only. These population groups belong to upper strata of the Hindu Religion and to date no STR study has reported on them.
Surface Sterilization of a Maggot Using Bleach Does Not Interfere with Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Crop Contents
Authors: Linville JG , Wells JD
Published: August 2015

Mitochondrial DNA analysis of a maggot crop can identify the corpse a maggot has been feeding on. Analysis of the crop could be useful in a criminal investigation if maggots are found at a suspected crime scene in the absence of a body, or if there is a question of whether a maggot used in postmortem interval estimations moved onto the corpse from another food source. Such analysis can also resolve a chain of custody dispute if it has been suggested that larval samples have been switched. When recovering DNA from a maggot crop, the analyst must be careful to avoid external contamination. We investigated the effects of three simple wash methods developed to reduce external contamination. Maggots raised on pig liver and intentionally contaminated with cow blood were washed using water, 20% bleach, or a solution containing the enzyme DNase. Only washing the maggots in 20% bleach reduced the amount of vertebrate DNA amplified from the maggots' exteriors. No wash method affected the ability to recover DNA from the maggot crops.
Distribution of Nine STR Loci Alleles Frequencies in a Chinese Population
Authors: Yu X , Hu DY , Zhang J , Tang JP , Hou YP
Published: August 2015

A total of 108 unrelated individuals were collected from Han ethnic group in Guilin City of China, DNA was extracted using Chelex method (1).
Population Data for the STR Systems D3S1358, D8S1179, D18S51, D21S11, and the Y-Chromosomal DYS385 in a Population Sample from Lower Franconia (South Germany)
Authors: Jung S , Patzelt D
Published: August 2015

Whole liquid blood was obtained from unrelated individuals. DNA extraction was performed using a salting out procedure (1). PCR was carried out for D3S1358, D8S1179, D18S51 (2), D21S11 (3), and DYS385 (4) with 5 ng of DNA each. The PCR products were separated using an ABI 310 automated sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Power of discrimination was calculated for all examined populations (5). For the autosomal STR-loci heterozygosity value (6) and chance of exclusion (7) were calculated. No significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were found in the autosomal STR systems using x2-analysis (P > 0.05). The whole dataset can be downloaded in Microsoft Excel 98 format from http://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/rechtsmedizin/populationsdaten.
Western Australian Sub-Population Data for the Thirteen AMPFlSTR® Profiler Plus™ and COfiler™ STR Loci
Authors: Bagdonavicius A , Turbett GR , Buckleton JS , Walsh SJ
Published: August 2015

Allele frequencies were determined for each of the AMPFlSTR® Profiler Plus™ and Cofiler™ STR loci from individuals representing the three major sub-populations of Western Australia, a state of Australia.
Genotype Profile for Thirteen Tetranucleotide Repeat Loci and Two Pentanucleotide Repeat Loci in Four Endogamous Tamil Population Groups of India
Authors: Sitalaximi T , Trivedi R , Kashyap VK
Published: August 2015

Blood samples were obtained by venipuncture from random individuals of the populations: Tanjore Kallar (101), Vanniyar (87), Pallar (33) and Paraiyar (21). DNA was isolated using standard phenol/chloroform procedure (1). The 13 tetranucleotide repeat loci and two pentanucleotide repeat loci were amplified using the PowerPlex® 16 system (Promega Corporation, Madison) according to manufacturer's recommendations (2). The amplified products were separated and detected using the ABI Prism™ 377 DNA Sequencer (PE Applied Biosystems, Foster City). The data were analyzed using DNATYPE program (3). The genotype frequencies of the 15 loci studied in the four endogamous Tamil populations are given in Tables 1–4. Statistical results for G-square test, exact test, observed and expected homozygosity are presented in Tables 5–8. The data are consistent with that generated on other studied Indian population groups (4–7).
Allele Frequency Distribution of Three STR Loci (D5S818, Penta D, and Penta E) in Turkish Population
Authors: Çakir AH , Çelebioğlu A
Published: August 2015

The samples were collected from unrelated individuals randomly selected from criminal cases. The DNA was extracted from bloodstains, and single hairs by Chelex 100 method (1).
Review of Asphyxia: The Physiopathology
Authors: Reay DT
Published: August 2015

This is a small paperback book that reviews the different forms of asphyxia. A third of the book's 136 pages are devoted to pathological mechanisms and autopsy findings of asphyxia. There is considerable redundancy from one section to the next. This is understandable because the pathological findings for each form of asphyxia is described, but it is repetitious and unnecessary since the pathology of the various forms of asphyxia have many features in common.
Review of: Forensic Entomology: The Utility of Arthropods in Legal Investigations
Authors: Kim KC
Published: August 2015

Insects and related arthropods are the most abundant organisms on the planet Earth and found in almost all conceivable habitats, including those associated with human inhabitation. These animals are intimately involved as major players in sustaining ecological functions and ecosystem processes. Accordingly, these arthropods are often found associated with human activities, including homicide, as we encounter them in our daily lives. Forensic entomology is the application of entomological evidence to resolving litigation (civil cases) and solving crimes, most often those of violence and death (medicocriminal cases). This book, Forensic Entomology: The Utility of Arthropods in Legal Investigations, focuses on the criminological application of entomology and provides a smorgasbord of medicocriminal entomology and associated practices prepared by leading practicing scientists in this and related disciplines. This is the first comprehensive treatise of medicolegal entomology to bring together archival and new information for forensic practitioners since publication of Smith's A Manual of Forensic Entomology (1986).
DYS19, DYS385, DYS389 (I and II), DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393 Haplotypes in a Population Sample from Catalonia (North-East Spain)
Authors: Gene M , Piqué E , Borrego N , Ortega M , Xifró A , Huguet E , Moreno P , Corbella J
Published: August 2015

Blood samples (n = 224) from healthy unrelated individuals (males) were collected. DNA was extracted by using the phenolchloroform-isoamyl alcohol method (1). Hot-start PCR triplex (Triplex I: DYS19 and DYS389 I/II; Triplex II: DYS390, DYS391 and DYS393) and singleplex (DYS392) amplifications were accomplished with fluorescein labelled primers by the method published by Gené et al. (2). The primers used were those described by Kayser et al. (3) and de Knijff et al. (4). DYS385 locus was analyzed following the method and primers described by EDNAP group (5). Genotypes were analyzed in denaturing 6% polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis, using a monochrome automated laser fluorescence sequencer. The alleles from all loci reported were typed according to the published nomenclatures and the ISFG guidelines for STR analyses. Our group have received the certify of excellence in the Y-STR Haplotyping Quality Assurance Exercise 2000–2001 (http:/www.ystr.org).
Review of: Ethics in Forensic Science: Professional Standards for the Practice of Criminalistics [A Volume in the Protocols in Forensic Science Series]
Authors: Nordby JJ
Published: August 2015

This seemingly modest tale of ethical codes, expertly woven by Peter Barnett, harks favorably to Jonathan Swift's “A Modest Proposal for Preventing the Children of Ireland from being a Burden to their Parents or Country.” Neither is modest in the relevant sense, and neither actually solves anything. With that point clearly in mind, the value of each, then, must lie elsewhere. Swift's tongue-in-cheek proposal to eliminate starvation by providing seductive menus for fricasseed children provides a remarkable exercise in satiric social commentary and argumentum ad absurdum. While Barnett wouldn't claim any such stylistic or satiric kudos, his book does represent a sustained effort to show that “the proper course of action is not always obvious, codes of ethics do not necessarily cover all contingencies, and not all professional standards are necessarily appropriate.” This might suggest to some an unintended ethical bleakness at least as dark as cannibalism itself.
Concordance Study on 15 STR Loci in Three Major Populations of Himalayan State Sikkim
Authors: Kashyap VK , Guha S , Trivedi R
Published: August 2015

Samples were collected randomly from different individuals of East District of Sikkim. Nepali (N = 110). Bhutia ( N = 75) and Lepcha (N = 48) in form of either blood or buccal swab as per cooperation of participent. Genomic DNA was extracted by using standard phenol/chloroform procedure (2). Quantitation of DNA was carried out using the Quantiblot kit (PE Applied Biosystems) and subsequent PCR amplification was performed using the Powerplex™ 16 multiplex System (Promega Coip, Madison, U.S.A.) The products were detected on a 5% denaturing polyacrylamide sequencing gel using the ABI Prism™ 377 DNA Sequencer (PE Applied Biosystems) and genotype classification was made by comparison with allelic ladders provided with the Powerplex™ 16 System.
Variability of the Pattern of Aging on the Human Skeleton: Evidence from Bone Indicators and Implications on Age at Death Estimation
Authors: Schmitt A , Murail P , Cunha E , Rougé D
Published: August 2015

Age at death assessment of adult skeletons is one of the most difficult problems in forensic and physical anthropology. Two fundamental sources of error are described: the complex variability in the process of skeletal aging and methodological bias. Taking into account these limits, we developed a new scoring system for the auricular surface of the ilium and the pubic symphysis. In order to address a large variability, we examine reference samples from Europe, North America, Africa, and Asia. Data were processed using Bayesian prediction in order to classify specimens in age range categories. Results show that combining indicators do not perform better than the auricular surface used as a single indicator. Morphological changes with aging are variable between Asian, African, and European populations, confirming the necessity to use population-specific standards. Bayesian prediction produces reliable classification and is applicable for subjects over 50 years old, a real methodological improvement.
Analysis of Pilot-Related Equipment and Archaeological Strategy in the Recovery of Aircrew Losses from the Vietnam War
Authors: Moore CE , Davis BD , Leney MD
Published: August 2015

Determining the location and distribution of cockpit and aircrew-related equipment within the wider debris field of a military aircraft crash site is an essential first step in planning and executing the recovery of missing aircrew members presumed still to be on the site. Understanding the spatial relationship of these materials improves the likelihood of finding and recovering the remains of the aircrew during the excavation of an aircraft crash site. Since the greater portion of these unaccounted for crewmembers were involved in aircraft with single-seat cockpits or cockpits with two or three seats in tandem, pre-analysis of the debris pattern may be more-or-less straightforward. Larger, multiple-personnel aircraft, on the other hand, create a potentially more complex analytical situation given the aircrew's greater freedom of movement within the aircraft. Nevertheless, the same fundamental principles apply and, indeed, have been successfully so for some time in the civilian arena. But older aircraft crash sites, i.e., those dating to World War II, Korea, or the Vietnam conflict, have been and still are undergoing taphonomic processes that progressively alter these relationships. The following will illustrate that exchange of information between the anthropologist/archaeologist and the life-support analyst is required to maximize the effectiveness of field recovery and demonstrates the relationship between the recovery of life-support equipment and human remains and the effect that aircraft type has on this relationship.
Characterization of the Caucasian Haplogroups Present in the SWGDAM Forensic mtDNA Dataset for 1771 Human Control Region Sequences
Authors: Allard MW , Miller K , Wilson M , Monson K , Budowle B
Published: August 2015

Currently, the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM) mtDNA dataset is used to infer the relative rarity of mtDNA profiles (i.e., haplotypes) obtained from evidence samples and for identification of missing persons. The Caucasian haplogroup patterns in this forensic dataset have been characterized using phylogenetic methods. The assessment reveals that the dataset is relevant and representative of U.S. and European Caucasians. The comparisons carried out were both the observation of variable sites within the control region (CR) and the selection of a subset of these sites, which partition the variation within human mtDNA control region sequences into clusters (i.e., haplogroups). The aligned sequence matrix was analyzed to determine both single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a phylogenetic context, as well as to check and standardize haplogroup designations with a focus on determining the characters that define these groups. To evaluate the dataset for forensic utility, the haplogroup identifications and frequencies were compared with those reported from other published studies.
Ballpoint Pen Inks: Characterization by Positive and Negative Ion-Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for the Forensic Examination of Writing Inks
Authors: Ng LK , Lafontaine P , Brazeau L
Published: August 2015

A method based on profiling of dye components by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI/MS) is described for the characterization of ballpoint pen inks. The method involves benzyl alcohol (30 _L) extraction of ink from paper. The extracts of ink lines 1 and 5 mm in length are used for direct ESI/MS analysis in positive and negative modes, respectively. The instrumental analysis takes 3 min. Basic and acid dyes in the inks are detected in the positive and negative modes, respectively, with each dye yielding one or two characteristic ion peaks. The mass spectrum, which is mainly a compositional signature of the dyes in the ink, was not affected by the type of paper from which the ink was extracted, or by natural ageing of the ink on document in the absence of light. However, exposure to fluorescent illumination caused dealkylation of polyalkylated basic dyes and resulted in changes in the homologous distribution of the dyes. In this study, a total of 44 blue inks, 23 black inks, and 10 red inks have been analyzed, and the mass spectra were used to establish a searchable library. ESI/MS analysis provides a simple and fast way to compare ink specimens and in combination with on-line library search permits rapid screening of inks for forensic document investigations.
Enantiomeric Separation of Methamphetamine and Related Analogs by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis: Intelligence Study in Routine Methamphetamine Seizures
Authors: Cheng WC , Lee WM , Chan MF , Tsui P , Dao KL
Published: August 2015

A method for simultaneous enantiomeric separation of ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and methamphetamine (MA) in a single run by simple capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with β-cyclodextrin as a chiral selector is described. The effects of the buffer pH, phosphate concentration, β-cyclodextrin concentration, voltage and temperature on the peak resolution were examined. Good enantiomeric resolution was attained for each analyte under our optimized conditions: 15 mM β-cyclodextrin, 300 mM NaH2PO4 at pH 2.5 with an uncoated capillary (64.5 cm × 50 m), applied potential at 20 kV and temperature at 30°C. Ultraviolet (UV) detection at a fixed wavelength (200 nm) was employed using a diode array detector. Using phentermine as an internal standard, migration times for all analytes are reproducible within 0.1% for intra-day and 0.6% for inter-day runs. Application of this method to the analysis of confiscated drugs is discussed.
Development of a 3D-based Automated Firearms Evidence Comparison System
Authors: Bachrach B
Published: August 2015

Since the early 1990's, the idea of automated systems for the comparison of microscopic firearms evidence has received considerable attention. The main objective of such systems is to enable the analysis of large amounts of evidence, therefore, transforming the comparison of firearms evidence from an evidence verification tool into a crime-fighting tool. Two such systems have been widely used in United States forensic laboratories; namely, the Integrated Ballistics Identification System (IBIS) (1) and DRUGFIRE (2). Both IBIS and DRUGFIRE have in common the fact that their characterization of a specimen is based on a two-dimensional (2D) representation of the specimen's surface.

Although these systems have provided satisfactory results in the identification of cartridge cases, their performance in the identification of bullets has not yet met firearms examiner's expectations. This project was motivated by the premise that a better characterizations of the bullet's surface should translate into better performance of automated identification systems. A three-dimensional (3D) characterization of the bullet's surface is proposed as an alternative to a 2D characterization. This paper discusses the development and preliminary results obtained with SCICLOPS™, an automated microscopic comparison system based on the use of a 3D characterization of a bullet's surface.
Evaluation of Laser Desorption Mass Spectrometry and UV Accelerated Aging of Dyes on Paper as Tools for the Evaluation of a Questioned Document
Authors: Grim DM , Siegel J , Allison J
Published: August 2015

Laser desorption mass spectrometry (LDMS) may be used for the detection and identification of dyes found in inks. Naturally-aged and artificially-aged blue and black ballpoint pen inks containing the cationic dye methyl violet were analyzed on paper. The average molecular weight of the dye sample was calculated from LD mass spectral data and plotted versus time. The resulting aging curves demonstrate that, as dye degradation increases, the average molecular weight of the dye decreases. Typical variables involved in ink aging, such as the type of paper and ink formulation, were investigated. Results show that these variables influence the rate of dye degradation. Furthermore, UV accelerated aging has been developed and tested as an alternative to thermal approaches.
Advanced Solvent-Free Application of Ninhydrin for Detection of Latent Fingerprints on Thermal Paper and Other Surfaces
Authors: Schwarz L , Frerichs I
Published: August 2015

This work presents the first known experiments of ninhydrin sublimation in vacuum to detect latent fingerprints on thermal paper. In this method, latent fingerprints become visible in rich detail without the background black staining known from the application of ninhydrin solutions to thermal paper.

The method involves hanging the thermal paper samples 15 cm above a heating source with dispersed ninhydrin crystals in a vacuum chamber.

The optimized conditions for ninhydrin sublimation are 50 mg ninhydrin, 2 to 5 mbar vacuum, and 150°C heating source temperature for 30 min. The application of this method is also successful on the new euro notes. Latent fingerprints can be developed across the transitions from paper to optical variable device (OVD).
Evaluation of Mrna Markers for the Identification of Menstrual Blood
Authors: Bauer M , Patzelt D
Published: August 2015

The detection of epithelial cells in dried bloodstains by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction is based on cell- and tissuespecific gene expression. In this paper mRNA markers suitable for the identification of menstrual blood were evaluated. RNA isolated from autopsy tissue samples including endometrium, vaginal mucosa, and blood were screened for tissue-specific expression patterns using RT-PCR with primers for hormone receptors, intermediate filaments, matrix metalloproteinases, heat shock proteins, cytokines, and growth factors. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) mRNA could be detected in endometrium but not in blood and other epithelia. This was confirmed in further studies with artificial menstrual bloodstains, indicating that the detection of MMP expression in bloodstains may serve as a forensic marker for menstrual blood.
Analysis of Artificial Fireplace Logs by High Temperature Gas Chromatography
Authors: Kuk RJ
Published: August 2015

High temperature gas chromatography is used to analyze the wax of artificial fireplace logs (firelogs). Firelogs from several different manufacturers are studied and compared. This study shows that the wax within a single firelog is homogeneous and that the wax is also uniform throughout a multi-firelog package. Different brands are shown to have different wax compositions. Firelogs of the same brand, but purchased in different locations, also have different wax compositions. With this information it may be possible to associate an unknown firelog sample to a known sample, but a definitive statement of the origin cannot be made.
Psychotropic Drugs in Developmental Mushrooms: A Case Study Review
Authors: Gross ST
Published: August 2015

Psilocyn and psilocybin can be identified in different stages of developing psilocybe mushrooms. Knowing the various stages of the mushroom development can be useful when receiving evidence from illicit mushroom growing operations. Exhibits from three separate cases were submitted to the drug analysis section of the Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension Forensic Science Laboratory. Each case contained different stages of developing mushrooms. This report describes the evidence in each case, the sample preparation, the sample analysis and the final report that was written.
Utilized Coefficient of Friction During Walking: Static Estimates Exceed Measured Values
Authors: Powers CM , Burnfield JM , Lim P , Brault JM , Flynn JE
Published: August 2015

This study compared utilized coefficient of friction (COF) measured during nonslip pedestrian gait to estimated utilized COF values calculated using anthropometric (i.e., leg length) and stride characteristic data (i.e., impact angle, step length). Twenty healthy adults walked at slow, medium, and fast speeds with kinematic and kinetic data recorded simultaneously. Estimated and measured impact angle varied with walking speed, with greater angles evident with faster speeds (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). The estimated impact angle was greater than the mea-sured impact angle (p < 0.05). Estimated and measured peak utilized COF values varied with walking speed, with higher utilized COF values evident with faster speeds (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively). Estimated utilized COF values were 86, 118, and 131% greater than measured peak utilized COF values for slow, medium, and fast speeds, respectively (p < 0.001). Higher estimated utilized COF values varied moderately with increased measured peak utilized COF values (r = 0.522; p < 0.001). These data suggest that impact angle and step length alone cannot be used to accurately assess the utilized COF on level walking surfaces.
Using Pre- and Post-Surgical Foot and Ankle Radiographs for Identification
Authors: Rich J , Tatarek NE , Powers RH , Brogdon B.G. , Lewis BJ , Dean DE
Published: August 2015

An evaluation of the effect of surgical intervention on foot and ankle radiographic comparisons was performed. In this study, 34 sets of pre-surgical (“premortem”) and post-surgical (“postmortem”) foot and ankle radiographs were retrospectively evaluated simulating a postmortem identification. In each radiographic set, the films were separated by a surgical event to reproduce the effects of an alteration in the anatomy. The radiographs included both matches and mismatches. This study also presents a numerical representation of the reliability of a radiographic match following a surgical procedure. Results indicate that surgical intervention with subsequent healing does not preclude positive identification in foot and ankle radiographic comparisons.
Effect of Temperature on Development of Liopygia (= Sarcophaga) argyrostoma (Robineau-Desvoidy) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) and Its Forensic Implications
Authors: Grassberger M , Reiter C
Published: August 2015

The temperature-dependent development of the forensically important flesh fly Liopygia (Thomsonea) argyrostoma (Robineau-Desvoidy) (= Sarcophaga argyrostoma) was studied at six constant temperature regimes in the laboratory. Total developmental time of L. argyrostoma from larviposition to adult emergence was 54.9 ± 1.45, 31.3 ± 1.1, 22.2 ± 0.67, 16.3 ± 0.54, and 14.9 ± 0.4 days (±S.D.) when reared at 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35°C, respectively. At 8°C, larval development was not completed. From linear regression of development rates of five of the six studied constant temperature regimes, it was determined that the minimum development threshold (tL) for total immature development is 7.4°C, and the overall thermal constant (K) for L. argyrostoma is 396.4 ± 19.18 (mean ± S.D.) day-degrees (DD) above the threshold.
Spontaneous Fractures in the Differential Diagnosis of Fractures in Children
Authors: Torwalt CR , Balachandra AT , Youngson C , de Nanassy J
Published: August 2015

A four-year-old male with cerebral palsy and spasticity, as a result of a non-accidental head injury sustained when he was two years old, died of pneumonia. Postmortem full body X-rays revealed fractures of varying ages of the left humerus and both femora, tibiae, and fibulae. This led to a thorough investigation of the case by the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner. Child abuse, accidents, metabolic bone disorders, other primary or secondary diseases of the bones, and pathological fractures were ruled out. The final diagnosis was spontaneous fractures secondary to osteopenia. The term spontaneous fractures is used to define fractures that occur without any known external cause, especially in cerebral palsy patients with spasticity.
The Case of Jeffrey Dahmer: Sexual Serial Homicide from a Neuropsychiatric Developmental Perspective
Authors: Silva JA , Ferrari MM , Leong GB
Published: August 2015

Sexual serial homicidal behavior has received considerable attention during the last three decades. Substantial progress has been made in the development of methods aimed at identifying and apprehending individuals who exhibit these behaviors. In spite of these advances, the origins of sexual serial killing behavior remain for the most part unknown. In this article we propose a biopsychosocial psychiatric model for understanding the origins of sexual serial homicidal behavior from both neuropsychiatric and developmental perspectives, using the case of convicted serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer as the focal point. We propose that his homicidal behavior was intrinsically associated with autistic spectrum psychopathology, specifically Asperger's disorder. The relationship of Asperger's disorder to other psychopathology and to his homicidal behavior is explored. We discuss potential implications of the proposed model for the future study of the causes of sexual serial homicidal crime.
Factors Predictive of Changes in the Legal Status of Psychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Anand VS , Ciccone JR , Kashtan I , Seger A
Published: August 2015

The objective of this study was to identify factors predictive of duration of involuntary hospitalization, i.e., factors that would predict early versus late conversion to voluntary status. Charts of 209 patients admitted involuntarily to an acute psychiatric inpatient unit were studied using a naturalistic, prospective design. Multivariate regression analysis was used to determine the effect of a number of variables in predicting duration of involuntary hospitalization. Of all variables studied, only smoking preference was found to be a statistically significant predictor of duration of involuntary hospitalization. Smokers were converted to voluntary status earlier than non-smokers. The authors concluded that clinicians may not be using commitment statutes as per recommended legal guidelines. Patients who smoke may be applying overt and covert pressure on clinicians with regard to conversion to voluntary status to gain smoking privileges.
The Use of Oral Fluid and Sweat Wipes for the Detection of Drugs of Abuse in Drivers
Authors: Samyn N , De Boeck G , Verstraete AG
Published: August 2015

Blood, urine, oral fluid (by spitting or with a Salivette®), and sweat samples (by wiping the forehead with a fleece moistened with isopropanol) were obtained from 180 drivers who failed the field sobriety tests at police roadblocks. With quantitative GC-MS, the positive predictive value of oral fluid was 98, 92, and 90% for amphetamines, cocaine, and cannabis respectively. The prevalence of opiate positives was low. The SAMHSA cut-off values for oral fluid testing at the workplace, proved their usefulness in this study. The positive predictive value of sweat wipe analysis with GC-MS was over 90% for cocaine and amphetamines and 80% for cannabis. The accuracy of Drugwipe® was assessed by comparing the electronic read-out values obtained on-site after wiping the tongue and the forehead, with the corresponding GC-MS results in plasma, oral fluid, and sweat. The accuracy was always less than 90% except for the amphetamine-group in sweat.
A Comparison of Carboxyhemoglobin Saturation Values in Postmortem Heart Blood and Peripheral Blood Specimens
Authors: Levine B , Moore KA , Titus JM , Fowler D
Published: August 2015

The following is a study conducted to determine whether there was any significant difference in carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) saturation levels between the heart blood and blood collected from a peripheral site. The average heart blood to peripheral blood COHb saturation level ratio in the 42 cases studied was 1.09. Sixty-two percent (26 of 42) of the cases had a heart blood to peripheral blood ratio between 0.9 and 1.1; 74% (31 of 42) had a ratio between 0.8 and 1.2. Eighty-three percent (35 of 42) had a ratio between 0.7 and 1.3. There were four cases where the heart blood to peripheral blood ratio was either below 0.6 or greater than 1.4. The differences between the two sites were not statistically significant.
Colchicine Poisoning Resulting from Accidental Ingestion of Meadow Saffron (Colchicum Autumnale)
Authors: Sannohe S , Makino Y , Kita T , Kuroda N , Shinozuka T
Published: August 2015

A rare case of colchicine poisoning resulting from accidental ingestion of meadow saffron (Colchicum Autumnale) is reported. The plant can frequently be found in the woods of the Northern Hemisphere (1), also in Japan. A 48-year-old male was admitted to hospital complaining of vomiting, nausea and diarrhea following ingestion of the plant and died in four days. The most striking histological findings were metaphasic mitotic figures in the mucosa of the large intestine and the liver. Colchicine was detected in the bile with high-performance liquid chromatography/ sonicspray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC/SSI-MS).
Allele Frequencies of Eight Short Tandem Repeat Loci in Three Visayas Regional Populations of the Philippines
Authors: Tabbada KA , Magno MMF , Delfin FC , Calacal GC , Tan M , C-Ferreon J , Halos SC , De Ungria MCA
Published: August 2015

The Philippine Archipelago, composed of 7,100 islands and more than 70 ethno-linguistic groups, is divided into 15 regions on the basis of geographical, cultural, and political variations. Each region is classified under three major island groups: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The National Capital Region (NCR) is situated south of Luzon, and its population genetic database has been reported (1). However, because the NCR is geographically separated by sea from the rest of the island groups, and because each island group has its own distinct cultural identity, there is a need to study and compare the genetic composition of other regional populations to that of NCR. The present study reports population data at eight short tandem repeat (STR) loci, namely HUMvWA, HUMCSF1PO, HUMTH01, HUMTPOX, HUMF13A01, HUMFES/ FPS, HUMFOLP23, and D8S306 for the Visayas. Visayas refers to the central group of islands in the Philippine Archipelago, where the major language spoken is the Visaya or Bisaya, instead of the more common Filipino (Tagalog) language. It is composed of three political regions, namely, Region VI, VII, and VIII. Blood samples were collected in Region VI (Aklan, Iloilo, n = 114), Region VII (Cebu, n = 140), and Region VIII (Leyte, n = 92) and blotted on FITZCO FTA™ cards. Genomic DNA was purified according to manufacturer's instructions (Flinder's Technology, Massachusetts). PCR amplification was performed as described previously (1). Amplified products were detected with the ALFExpress sequencer and using ALFwin and Allelelinks software (Pharmacia Biotech) using automated flourescence technology. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) and linkage equilibrium (LE) were checked by the Exact Test using the DNA View software (2). Homogeneity tests were performed using Popgene ver 1.32 (3).
Population Study of Seven Microsatellites in Alagoas—Northeastern Brazil
Authors: daSilva LAF , Pimentel BJ , de Azevedo DA , da Silva ENP , dos Santos SS
Published: August 2015

Last decade DNA profiling STR loci has become widely used for human identification in forensic science and other related fields. Data banks for STR loci have not yet been established in Alagoas population, Brazil. The aim of this study was to carry out the analysis of allele frequencies of the loci F13B, LPL, D3S1358, D18S51, D21S11, FGA and D10S2325 in Alagoas, as well as to determine other statistics parameters of forensic and paternity interest. Specimens were collected from over 153 unrelated individuals living in Alagoas region—Northeastern Brazil. DNA was obtained from peripheral blood extracted with Chelex method as previously described (1). PCR reactions were performed and analysis of the products was made by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis silver stained. Allele frequencies and others statistics parameters for forensic and paternity were determined for each locus by the Power Stats software (http://www.promega.com/techserv/apps/hmnid)—Promega Corporation, USA (2). Observed and expected heterozigosity as well as calculations for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium were performed in Arlequin 2.0 software (http://lgb.unige.ch/ arlequin) (3). None of the analyzed loci showed deviations from HWE ( p> 0.05) in the population studied. A more complete data set can be accessed at http://www.mhn.ufal.br/forense.
Allele Frequency Distribution of the STR Locus D20S161 in Indonesians, Tibetans, South African Blacks and South African Whites
Authors: Kido A , Susukida R , Oya M , Fujitani N , Kimura H , Hara M
Published: August 2015

Blood samples were collected from 105 unrelated Indonesian individuals living in Surabaya (east region of Java Island), 60 unrelated Tibetan individuals in Katmandu (capital of Nepal), 101 unrelated South African black individuals living in Cape Town (south region of South Africa) and 100 unrelated South African white individuals living in Cape Town. DNA isolation, PCR amplification, detection systems and allele nomenclature for the D20S161 locus have been described in our previous reports (1,2).
Allele Frequencies of D1S80 Locus in the Bharias, a Primitive Indian Tribal Population from Patalkot, India
Authors: Biswas R , Giroti R
Published: August 2015

“Bharias” are one of the classified primitive Indians. They are located in Chhindwara district of Madhya Pradesh, at “Patal Kot” that is situated amidst dense forests surrounded by high hills of “Satpura ranges” lies between 22°-24' and 22°-29' North latitude and 78°-43' and 78°-50' East longitude. “Patal Kot” is a bowl shaped formation on the Satpura hills surrounded on three sides by hill ridges like a straight wall thus making “Patal Kot” almost inaccessible. The total population of “Bharias” comprises of 2012 members belonging to 238 families (1).
Allele Frequencies for Two STR Loci D1S1676, D2S2735 in Chinese Population
Authors: Gao YZ , Ying BW , Hou YP , Li YB , Wu J , Zhang J , Tang JP , Yan J , Yu HL
Published: August 2015

Blood samples were collected from unrelated individuals of Chinese Han ethnic group in Chengdu of China. DNA was extracted using Chelex method (1). PCR amplification conditions can be accessed at http://www.legalmed.org/dna/d1s1676.htm. The volume of PCR reaction for each locus was 37.5 μL. The PCR products were analyzed by horizontal non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with discontinuous buffer system and visualized by silver staining (2). Data were analyzed using POWERSTATS program (3). The genotype distribution was analyzed for HardyWeinberg equilibrium according to Hou's method (4) and no deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was observed.
Review of: Advances in Forensic Taphonomy: Method, Theory, and Archaeological Perspectives
Authors: Rowe WF
Published: August 2015

This book is an extension of and supplement to the editors' previous volume, Forensic Taphonomy. It consists of a series of chapters contributed by some of the leading lights in forensic anthropology and forensic taphonomy (if this can now be considered a distinct discipline): the editors themselves, William Haglund and Marcella Sorg, Don Brothwell, Wayne Lord, Jon Nordby, William Rodriguez, Paul Sledzik, and Douglas Ubelaker. The chapters by the less-well-known contributors are uniformly excellent. The chapters are of two types: expositions of general principles and case studies. Case studies by their very nature are narrowly focused and frequently contain unique features that cannot be generalized to other investigations. However, the case studies presented in this volume are particularly apposite and illuminate more general principles.
Review of Introduction to Forensic Anthropology: A Textbook
Authors: Rowe WF
Published: August 2015

This is a very good book. In 1998 Steven Byers started to teach an undergraduate course in forensic anthropology. He quickly came to the conclusion that no suitable text for this purpose existed. While there are a number of excellent texts that have been published in this field, virtually all are directed at graduate students or experienced physical anthropologists. I can attest to the accuracy of this assessment. In the undergraduate course in forensic science that I teach I have been forced to rely on materials that I have prepared myself, supplemented by journal articles and by information available on internet websites.
Review of: Human Factors in Traffic Safety
Authors: Batterman SC
Published: August 2015

This is a new book on human factors related to traffic safety and is divided into four major parts, with chapters as follows: Part 1: The Driver consists of eight chapters: Perception and Information Processing; Driver Perception-Response Time; Where Do Drivers Look While Driving (and for How Long?); Individual Differences; Fatigue and Driving; Alcohol and Drugs; Age Differences-Drivers Old and Young; Neuropsychological, Medical and Psychiatric Disorders Affecting Motor Vehicle Operations. Part 2: The Vehicle consists of two chapters: Vehicle Design; Visibility with Motor Vehicle Headlights. Part 3: The Roadway Environment consists of four chapters: Roadway Design; Traffic Control Devices, Visibility under Roadway Lighting; Environmental Factors. Part 4: Accident Causation and Remediation consists of seven chapters: Railroad Grade Crossing Accidents, Highway Work Zones, Pedestrians and Bicyclists, Left Turn and Gap Acceptance Crashes, Single-Vehicle Accidents; Why Witnesses to Accidents Make Mistakes-The Cognitive Psychology of Human Memory; Human Factors in Traffic Accident Litigation.
Review of: Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault: A Forensic Handbook
Authors: Logan BK
Published: August 2015

A handbook should be portable, comprehensive and accessible to people on many levels, and in all respects this book succeeds. The topic of drug facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) has risen in our consciousness in the last few years, initially because of the scare propagated in the popular media about flunitrazepam (Rohypnol ®). While that drug turned out to account for only a handful of such cases, it brought attention to the larger problem of the use of alcohol and drugs to incapacitate a victim prior to sexual assault.