bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical Analysis of the Characteristic Chemical Timescale of a C2H4/O2 Non-Premixed Rotating Detonation Engine
Authors: Nejaamtheen Mohammed Niyasdeen , Sung Bu-Kyeng , Choi Jeong-Yeol
Published: February 2025

A three-dimensional numerical investigation using ethylene–oxygen was conducted to examine the characteristics of detonation waves in a non-premixed rotating detonation engine (RDE) across three equivalence ratio conditions: fuel-lean, stoichiometric, and fuel-rich. The study aims to identify the distinct timescales associated with detonation wave propagation within the combustor and to analyze their impact on detonation wave behavior, emphasizing the influence of equivalence ratio and injector behavior on detonation wave characteristics. The results indicate that the wave behavior varies with mixture concentration, with the ethylene injector demonstrating greater stiffness compared to the oxygen injector. In lean mixtures, characterized by excess oxidizer, waves exhibit less intensity and slower progression toward equilibrium, resulting in prolonged reaction times. Rich mixtures, with excess fuel, also show a delayed approach to equilibrium and an extended chemical reaction timescale. In contrast, the near-stoichiometric mixture achieves efficient combustion with the highest thermicity, rapidly reaching equilibrium and exhibiting the shortest chemical reaction timescale. Overall, the induction timescale is generally 2–3 times longer than its respective chemical reaction timescale, while the equilibrium timescale spans a broad range, reflecting the complex, rapid dynamics inherent in these chemical processes. This study identifies the role of the characteristic chemical timescale in influencing the progression of pre-detonation deflagration in practical RDEs. Prolonged induction times in non-ideal conditions, such as those arising from equivalence ratio variations, promote incomplete reactions, thereby contributing to pre-detonation phenomena and advancing our understanding of the underlying flow physics.
Long-Term Dietary Consumption of Grapes Alters Phenotypic Expression in Skeletal Muscle of Aged Male and Female Mice
Authors: Dave Asim , Park Eun-Jung , Piya Sumi , Pezzuto John M.
Published: February 2025

(1) Background: Nutrigenomics investigates how diet influences gene expression and how genetic variation impacts dietary responses. Grapes, rich in phytochemicals, exhibit potential disease-preventive properties through nutrigenomic mechanisms rather than direct chemical interactions. This study aimed to explore the modulation of gene expression in muscle tissue resulting from long-term grape consumption. (2) Methods: A mouse model was employed to assess gene expression in the skeletal muscles of males and females fed a grape-enriched diet versus a bland diet over 2.5 years. Heatmaps and principal component analyses were performed to identify patterns, and pathway analyses using KEGG, GO, and Reactome were conducted. (3) Results: Significant sex-specific gene expression changes were observed, with female phenotypes showing greater alterations and converging toward male-like characteristics. Twenty-five differentially expressed genes associated with muscle health were identified. Up-regulated genes such as Ahsg, Alb, Apoa1, and Arg1, and down-regulated genes including Camp, Lcn2, and Irf4, suggest improved muscle function. (4) Conclusions: Long-term grape consumption appears to enhance female muscle traits toward a male-like phenotype, potentially indicating broader health benefits. Further studies and clinical trials are needed to confirm human applicability and the physiological implications of these findings. Nonetheless, this research underscores the role of nutrigenomics in understanding dietary influences on gene expression and sex-specific responses.
Book Review: Laurin, M. The Advent of PhyloCode: The Continuing Evolution of Biological Nomenclature; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA; Abingdon, UK, 2024; ISBN: 978-0-367-55288-6 (hbk), 978-0-367-55210-7 (pbk), 978-1-003-09282-7 (ebk)
Authors: Carlson Sandra J.
Published: February 2025

Birds are dinosaurs! Elementary school children will eagerly share this exciting bit of news with us these days [...]
Obtaining and Characterizing Poly(Acid Acrylic–co-Acrylamide) Hydrogels Reinforced with Cellulose Nanocrystals from Acacia farnesiana L. Willd (Huizache)
Authors: Navarro-Hermosillo Alejandra B. , Landázuri-Gómez Gabriel , Soltero-Martínez J. Félix Armando , Gallardo-Sánchez Manuel Alberto , Cortes-Ortega Jorge Alberto , López-López Carmen , Vargas-Radillo J. Jesus , Torres-Rendón José Guillermo , Canché-Escamilla Gonzalo , García-Enriquez Salvador , Macias-Balleza Emma Rebeca
Published: February 2025

In this work, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were obtained from the wood of Acacia farnesiana L. Willd (Huizache) via acid hydrolysis; then, they were used to reinforce polyacrylic acid–co-acrylamide (AAc/AAm) hydrogels synthesized in a solution process via in situ free radical photopolymerization. The nanomaterials were characterized using atomic force microscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and the residual charge on the CNCs; the nanohydrogels were characterized using infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, swelling kinetics, and Young’s modulus. Soluble-grade cellulose presented 94.6% α-cellulose, 0.5% β-cellulose, and 2.7% γ-cellulose, as well as a viscosity of 8.25 cp and a degree of polymerization (DP) of 706. The CNCs averaged 180 nm in length and 20 nm in width. In the nanohydrogels, it was observed that the swelling kinetic behavior followed the Schott kinetic model, at times lower than 500 h; after that, it became linear. The results show that the hydrogel swelling capacity depended on the crosslinking agent and CNC concentration, as well as the CNC chemical and morphological properties, rather than the CNC source. The hydrogels with CNCs exhibited a decreased swelling degree compared to the hydrogels without CNCs. Young’s modulus increased with CNC presence and depended on the concentration and characteristics of the CNC as a crosslinking agent.
Preventive Pathways for Healthy Ageing: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Masini Alice , Cherasco Niccolò , Conti Andrea , Pighini Irlanda , Barone-Adesi Francesco , Panella Massimiliano
Published: February 2025

Background: The world’s population is not only growing but also ageing, and healthcare systems should adapt to the needs of an ageing population. Until now, there has been no clear definition of a preventive pathway with the aim of improving lifestyles and promoting healthy and active ageing. The present systematic review aims to provide evidence to support the development of effective ways of delivering preventive pathways for healthy ageing. Methods: Several databases were searched, i.e., MEDLINE, COCHRANE, CINAHL, and PsycINFO, by using specific inclusion criteria, such as elderly population (i.e., subjects aged 65 years and older), preventive interventions for healthy ageing, studies with or without control groups, and effectiveness and methodological structure of the prevention pathway. The risk of bias was assessed by using the Joanna Briggs Institute and mixed methods appraisal tools. Results: A total of 9998 studies were identified after the removal of duplicates, and after screening title, abstracts, and full text, 14 studies were finally included. All the prevention pathways described are based on physical activity (PA) programmes, dietary interventions, and cognitive and mental health. The professional figures involved in the pathways were experts in prevention and health promotion, like family and community nurses, kinesiologists, and experts in stress management. The majority of the preventive pathways were implemented in primary care and community settings. Conclusions: Our systematic review provides evidence for developing an effective preventive healthy ageing pathway through tailored PA, diet, and cognitive health interventions. This co-designed approach should involve a multidisciplinary expert team and be implemented in primary care and community settings to improve psycho-physical health and longevity.
Neighborhood Vulnerability and the Consumer Food Environment in an Urban Area
Authors: Craveiro Cecilia , Lopes Mariana , Freitas Patricia , Lopes Aline
Published: February 2025

The consumer food environment is an important medium for understanding complex interactions regarding food consumption, health outcomes and social vulnerability. We aimed to analyze the diversity, variety and quality of natural and ultra-processed foods in a Brazilian metropolis. We performed a cross-sectional study, analyzing food stores within a buffer (1600 m) area around 18 randomly selected Health Promotion Program units. We used descriptive analyses and regression models, adjusted by the area’s population, to examine associations of consumer food environment variables with the health vulnerability (HVI) of the territory and store type. Low HVI areas had higher fruits and vegetables variety adequacy and better quality, when compared to medium and high/very high HVI areas (p-value < 0.001 and p-value = 0.001). Supermarkets in low HVI areas had almost twice the prevalence of adequate vegetable variety (65.2% vs. 33.3% in high/very high HVI areas, p-value = 0.005). Adjusted by population, areas with high/very high HVI had lower odds of adequate fruit variety when compared to low HVI areas (OR = 0.06; CI 95% = 0.01–0.44; p-value = 0.006). Although consumer preference is important in food acquisition, disparities in quality, diversity and variety within the consumer food environment could lead to difficulties in access to healthy options for vulnerable populations.
An Update on Neuroaging on Earth and in Spaceflight
Authors: Kuznetsov Nik V. , Statsenko Yauhen , Ljubisavljevic Milos
Published: February 2025

Over 400 articles on the pathophysiology of brain aging, neuroaging, and neurodegeneration were reviewed, with a focus on epigenetic mechanisms and numerous non-coding RNAs. In particular, this review the accent is on microRNAs, the discovery of whose pivotal role in gene regulation was recognized by the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Aging is not a gradual process that can be easily modeled and described. Instead, multiple temporal processes occur during aging, and they can lead to mosaic changes that are not uniform in pace. The rate of change depends on a combination of external and internal factors and can be boosted in accelerated aging. The rate can decrease in decelerated aging due to individual structural and functional reserves created by cognitive, physical training, or pharmacological interventions. Neuroaging can be caused by genetic changes, epigenetic modifications, oxidative stress, inflammation, lifestyle, and environmental factors, which are especially noticeable in space environments where adaptive changes can trigger aging-like processes. Numerous candidate molecular biomarkers specific to neuroaging need to be validated to develop diagnostics and countermeasures.
Genetic and Clinical Features of Schimke Immuno-Osseous Dysplasia: Single-Centre Retrospective Study of 21 Unrelated Paediatric Patients over a Period of 20 Years
Authors: Milovanova Anastasiia , Ananin Petr , Vashurina Tatiana , Zrobok Olga , Dmitrienko Svetlana , Ryaposova Alla , Tsygina Elena , Pushkov Alexander , Zhanin Ilya , Chudakova Daria , Asanov Aliy , Shchagina Olga , Polyakov Aleksander , Fisenko Andrey , Savostyanov Kirill , Tsygin Alexey
Published: February 2025

Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia (SIOD) is a hereditary autosomal-recessive multi-system disorder with early mortality. It has variable clinical presentations, mainly characterised by disproportional short stature, steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome, spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, and T-cell immunodeficiency. In the majority of cases, SIOD is caused by pathogenic sequence variants (PSVs) in the SMARCAL1 gene that encodes protein involved in chromatin remodelling. SIOD is an ultra-rare condition, with an incidence of ~1 per 1–3 million live births; data on its genetic and clinical features are scarce. We conducted a retrospective study of 21 paediatric patients with SIOD diagnosed in our centre during the years 2003–2023. The most common extra-renal clinical features were short stature, osseous dysplasia, multiple stigmas, and leukopenia. Proteinuria of varying severity was observed in 16 cases. The five-year overall survival rate (OS) was 89% (95% CI 77–100%), and the ten-year OS was 10%. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) revealed the following PSVs in SMARCAL1 in 19 patients: c.355_500del, c.2542G>T, c.2290C>T, c.2562del, c.2533_2534del, c.1582A>C, c.1933C>T, c.1010T>C, c.1736C>T, c.2070dup, c.2551A>T, c.2149_2150dup, c.939delC, and c.1451T>A; the most common was c.2542G>T, resulting in premature translation termination (p.E848*), and it was found in 14 patients either in a homozygous (four patients) or compound-heterozygous (10 patients) state. According to microsatellite analysis, it is a “founder mutation” in Russia.
Machine Learning-Aided Optimization of In Vitro Tetraploid Induction in Cannabis
Authors: Jafari Marzieh , Paul Nathan , Hesami Mohsen , Jones Andrew Maxwell Phineas
Published: February 2025

Polyploidy, characterized by an increase in the number of whole sets of chromosomes in an organism, offers a promising avenue for cannabis improvement. Polyploid cannabis plants often exhibit altered morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics with a number of potential benefits compared to their diploid counterparts. The optimization of polyploidy induction, such as the level of antimitotic agents and exposure duration, is essential for successful polyploidization to maximize survival and tetraploid rates while minimizing the number of chimeric mixoploids. In this study, three classification-based machine learning algorithms—probabilistic neural network (PNN), support vector classification (SVC), and k-nearest neighbors (KNNs)—were used to model ploidy levels based on oryzalin concentration and exposure time. The results indicated that PNN outperformed both KNNs and SVC. Subsequently, PNN was combined with a genetic algorithm (GA) to optimize oryzalin concentration and exposure time to maximize tetraploid induction rates. The PNN-GA results predicted that the optimal conditions were a concentration of 32.98 µM of oryzalin for 17.92 h. A validation study testing these conditions confirmed the accuracy of the PNN-GA model, resulting in 93.75% tetraploid induction, with the remaining 6.25% identified as mixoploids. Additionally, the evaluation of morphological traits showed that tetraploid plants were more vigorous and had larger leaf sizes compared to diploid or mixoploid plants in vitro.
Re-Emergence of Bacteriophages and Their Products as Antibacterial Agents: An Overview
Authors: Kalia Vipin Chandra , Patel Sanjay K. S. , Gong Chunjie , Lee Jung-Kul
Published: February 2025

Microbes possess diverse genetic and metabolic traits that help them withstand adverse conditions. Microbial pathogens cause significant economic losses and around 7.7 million human deaths annually. While antibiotics have historically been a lifesaving treatment, their effectiveness is declining due to antibiotic-resistant strains, prompting the exploration of bacterial predation as an alternative. Bacteriophages (BPhs) have reemerged as antibacterial agents, offering advantages over antibiotics, such as (i) high specificity, (ii) self-replication, and (iii) strong killing capacity. This review explores BPh- and enzyme-based antibacterial strategies for infectious disease treatment, discussing phage–antibiotic synergy, the risks of BPh resistance, and the role of quorum sensing in BPh therapy.
Selection of Reference Genes for Normalization of Gene Expression After Exposure of Human Endothelial and Epithelial Cells to Hypoxia
Authors: Hannemann Juliane , Schmidt-Hutten Lena , Hannemann Jannik , Kleinsang Fiona , Böger Rainer
Published: February 2025

The selection of a stably expressed reference gene is a critical step for the quantitation of gene expression by qRT-PCR. We tested the stability of expression of nine putative reference genes in normoxia and hypoxia in four different human cell types: coronary (HCAECs) and pulmonary endothelial cells (HPAECs), EA.hy926 endothelial cells, and A549 alveolar epithelial cells. Cells were cultured in normoxic and hypoxic conditions for up to 72 h. Total RNA was isolated and used for qRT-PCR. Stability of expression was assessed by calculating the coefficient of variation of the cycle threshold (Ct CV) by pairwise comparison of ΔCt values, and by the NormFinder algorithm. A final rank was calculated for each gene. Finally, we analyzed VEGFA expression by using GAPDH or the optimal candidate reference gene found in this study. Gene expression was variable between cell lines and experimental conditions. The most stable reference gene across all cell lines was TBP, followed by RPLP1 and RPL13A. VEGFA expression was significantly upregulated by 4-fold in hypoxia when using TBP as reference, whilst this result was insignificant when GAPDH was used. The selection of a stably expressed reference gene is a critical step for the generation of reliable and reproducible data in gene expression studies. The most appropriate reference gene may vary in different cell lines and experimental conditions; it should be chosen individually for each experimental set-up.
Application of an Integrated Single-Cell and Three-Dimensional Spheroid Culture Platform for Investigating Drug Resistance Heterogeneity and Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in Lung Cancer Subclones
Authors: Chen Shin-Hu , Yu Jian-Hong , Lin Yu-Chun , Chang Yi-Ming , Liu Nien-Tzu , Chen Su-Feng
Published: February 2025

Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, largely due to its heterogeneity and intrinsic drug resistance. Malignant pleural effusions (MPEs) provide diverse tumor cell populations ideal for studying these complexities. Although chemotherapy and targeted therapies can be initially effective, subpopulations of cancer cells with phenotypic plasticity often survive treatment, eventually developing resistance. Here, we integrated single-cell isolation and three-dimensional (3D) spheroid culture to dissect subclonal heterogeneity and drug responses, aiming to inform precision medicine approaches. Using A549 lung cancer cells, we established a cisplatin-resistant line and isolated three resistant subclones (Holoclone, Meroclone, Paraclone) via single-cell sorting. In 3D spheroids, Docetaxel and Alimta displayed higher IC50 values than in 2D cultures, suggesting that 3D models better reflect clinical dosing. Additionally, MPE-derived Holoclone and Paraclone subclones exhibited distinct sensitivities to Giotrif and Capmatinib, revealing their heterogeneous drug responses. Molecular analyses confirmed elevated ABCB1, ABCG2, cancer stem cell (CSC) markers (OCT4, SOX2, CD44, CD133), and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers (E-cadherin downregulation, increased Vimentin, N-cadherin, Twist) in resistant subclones, correlating with enhanced migration and invasion. This integrated approach clarifies the interplay between heterogeneity, CSC/EMT phenotypes, and drug resistance, providing a valuable tool for predicting therapeutic responses and guiding personalized, combination-based lung cancer treatments.
It Takes a Village of Chromatin Remodelers to Regulate rDNA Expression
Authors: Levesque Mathieu G. , Picketts David J.
Published: February 2025

Ribosome biogenesis is one of the most fundamental and energetically demanding cellular processes. In humans, the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) repeats span a large region of DNA and comprise 200 to 600 copies of a ~43 kb unit spread over five different chromosomes. Control over ribosome biogenesis is closely tied to the regulation of the chromatin environment of this large genomic region. The proportion of rDNA loci which are active or silent is altered depending on the proliferative or metabolic state of the cell. Repeat silencing is driven by epigenetic changes culminating in a repressive heterochromatin environment. One group of proteins facilitating these epigenetic changes in response to growth or metabolic demands are ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling protein complexes that use ATP hydrolysis to reposition nucleosomes. Indeed, some chromatin remodelers are known to have indispensable roles in regulating the chromatin environment of rDNA. In this review, we highlight these proteins and their complexes and describe their mechanistic roles at rDNA. We also introduce the developmental disorders arising from the dysfunction of these proteins and discuss how the consequent dysregulation of rDNA loci may be reflected in the phenotypes observed.
Microbiota and Inflammatory Markers: A Review of Their Interplay, Clinical Implications, and Metabolic Disorders
Authors: Peña-Durán Emiliano , García-Galindo Jesús Jonathan , López-Murillo Luis Daniel , Huerta-Huerta Alfredo , Balleza-Alejandri Luis Ricardo , Beltrán-Ramírez Alberto , Anaya-Ambriz Elsa Janneth , Suárez-Rico Daniel Osmar
Published: February 2025

The human microbiota, a complex ecosystem of microorganisms, plays a pivotal role in regulating host immunity and metabolism. This review investigates the interplay between microbiota and inflammatory markers, emphasizing their impact on metabolic and autoimmune disorders. Key inflammatory biomarkers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), lipopolysaccharides (LPS), zonulin (ZO-1), and netrin-1 (Ntn1), are discussed in the context of intestinal barrier integrity and chronic inflammation. Dysbiosis, characterized by alterations in microbial composition and function, directly modulates the levels and activity of these biomarkers, exacerbating inflammatory responses and compromising epithelial barriers. The disruption of microbiota is further correlated with increased intestinal permeability and chronic inflammation, serving as a precursor to conditions like type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Additionally, this review examines therapeutic strategies, including probiotics and prebiotics, designed to restore microbial balance, mitigate inflammation, and enhance metabolic homeostasis. Emerging evidence positions microbiota-targeted interventions as critical components in the advancement of precision medicine, offering promising avenues for diagnosing and treating inflammatory and metabolic disorders.
Corneal Allogenic Intrastromal Ring Segments: A Literature Review
Authors: Levy Issac , Mukhija Ritika , Nanavaty Mayank A.
Published: February 2025

Background: Corneal allogenic intrastromal ring segments (CAIRSs) offer a novel, biocompatible alternative to synthetic intracorneal ring segments (ICRSs). This review aims to evaluate the clinical outcomes of CAIRS. Methods: Inclusion criteria were studies with a minimum of 20 eyes and six months of follow up. The primary outcome measure was uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA). The secondary outcomes were a change in corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), spherical equivalent (SE), mean keratometry (K-mean), maximum keratometry (K-max), K1, K2, and pachymetry. Results: The primary outcome UDVA improved from 0.83 ± 0.15 to 0.40 ± 0.08 logMAR (p = 0.01), while CDVA improved from 0.52 ± 0.22 to 0.19 ± 0.09 logMAR (p = 0.01). K-max decreased from 57.8 ± 1.09 D to 53.57 ± 2.66 D (p < 0.01), and K-mean reduced from 49.27 ± 0.28 D to 45.30 ± 1.46 D (p < 0.01). An average of 84.92% ± 11.4% of eyes had an improvement in UDVA. No major complications or significant visual acuity deterioration were reported. Conclusions: CAIRSs serve as an alternative to synthetic ICRSs and even corneal transplantation in some cases. They represent a safe, effective, and biocompatible promising advancement in corneal ectasia management to improve visual acuity and corneal topography with minimal complications.
Testosterone Replacement Therapy Is Not Associated with Greater Revision Rates in Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
Authors: Parmar Romir P. , Cronen Austin , Hui Clayton , Stickels Michael , Lederman Evan , Shah Anup
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) has become increasingly common, particularly for patients with symptomatic hypogonadism or individuals undergoing gender-affirming therapy. The current literature is inconclusive on the association between TRT and orthopedic surgery. This study sought to examine outcomes of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) in patients receiving TRT. Methods: A retrospective cohort of RSA patients from 2010 to 2022 was queried using the PearlDiver database. Patients were included if they underwent RSA with at least 2 years of follow-up. Patients who underwent at least 90 days of TRT prior to their surgery were matched by Charlson Comorbidity Index, age, and gender to a control cohort. Univariate analysis using chi-squared tests and Student’s t-tests were used to compare demographics outcomes between groups. Results: A total of 1906 patients were identified who used TRT within 90 days of undergoing RSA, and these patients were matched to a control cohort of 1906 patients. Patients who used TRT within 90 days did not have significantly different rates of revision RSA (12.01%) compared to those without use (11.02%) (p = 0.335). Furthermore, between the TRT group and the control group, PJI rates (1.42% vs. 1.63%; p = 0.597) and periprosthetic fracture rates (0.58% vs. 1.05%, p = 0.105) were not significantly different. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that TRT use within 90 days of RSA does not increase the rates of revision, fracture, or infection. These results can assist surgeons when evaluating patients on TRT who also may be candidates for RSA.
Early Intervention Including an Active Motor Component in Preterms with Varying Risks for Neuromotor Delay: A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis
Authors: De Bruyn Nele , Hanssen Britta , Mailleux Lisa , Van den Broeck Christine , Samijn Bieke
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Previous reviews demonstrated stronger benefits of early interventions on cognition compared to motor outcome in preterm-born infants. Potentially, motor development needs more targeted interventions, including at least an active motor component. However, there is no overview focusing on such interventions in preterm-born infants, despite the increased risk for neuromotor delays. Methods: PubMed, Embase and Web of Science were systematically searched for (quasi-)randomized controlled trials regarding early interventions in preterm-born infants, with varying risks for neuromotor delay, and trials comprising an active motor component started within the first year were included. Study data and participant characteristics were extracted. The risk of bias was assessed with the Risk of Bias 2 tool. Results: Twenty-five reports, including twenty-one unique (quasi-)RCTs, were included and categorized as either pure motor-based interventions (n = 6) or family-centered interventions (n = 19). Of the motor-based interventions, four improved motor outcomes immediately after the intervention, and one of these also did so at follow-up, compared to five and one for family-centered approaches, respectively. Only five family-centered studies assessed long-term effects beyond age five, finding no greater efficacy than standard care. Overall, large variations were present for intervention intensity, type and outcomes between the included studies. Conclusions: Although methodological heterogeneity compromised conclusions, limited effects on motor outcome, in particular long-term outcome, were identified. Including a stronger motor-focused component embedded within a family-centered approach could potentially increase the impact on motor outcome, which would be of particular interest for infants showing early signs of neuromotor delay.
Simultaneous Medullary and Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas: Personal Experience Report and Literature Review
Authors: De Falco Nadia , Agresti Massimo , De Falco Massimo , Sperlongano Pasquale , Moccia Giancarlo , Luongo Pasquale , Cece Alessio , Bove Francesco , Miele Francesco , Allaria Alfredo , Torelli Francesco , Bassi Paola , Sciarra Antonella , Avenia Stefano , Della Monica Paola , Colapietra Federica , Di Domenico Marina , Docimo Ludovico , Parmeggiani Domenico
Published: February 2025

While the frequency of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) has increased in recent decades, both due to improvements in diagnostic procedures and a real, effective percentage increase in cases, the frequency of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), however, has remained almost unchanged, representing 3–5% of thyroid cancer cases. Our experience relates to the observation of cases with the synchronous presence of PTC and MTC, also in chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, and this led us to carry out a brief review of the literature on the subject, with the aim above all of identifying the most correct postoperative therapeutic process.
Prevalence and Risk Factors for Acute Kidney Injury in COVID-19-Hospitalized Patients in Poland Across Three Pandemic Periods
Authors: Edyko Paweł , Zdunek Marta , Nowicka Maja , Kurnatowska Ilona
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious and prevalent complication of COVID-19. This study examines the prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes of AKI in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Methods: We analyzed the data of 1223 adult COVID-19 hospitalized patients from a single district hospital during three pandemic periods: 3 November 2020–31 December 2020, 17 March 2021–8 May 2021, and 4 November 2021–21 February 2022. The analysis included demographic data, comorbidities, laboratory results, chest radiographs (CT lung scans), and outcomes. Results: We found an overall AKI incidence of 29.02%. AKI patients versus non-AKI ones were significantly older (median age 76.0 vs. 71.0, p < 0.001) and had more comorbidities, especially previous renal diseases, heart failure, coronary artery disease, and hypertension; they also significantly more often used diuretics, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-Is). AKI patients more frequently presented with abnormal CT lung scans and had higher white blood cell counts, lower lymphocytes percentages, higher C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, and lower platelet counts. They more often required oxygen therapy, more days of hospitalization, and had higher mortality rates. Conclusions: Older age, comorbidities, the use of diuretics, and renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RASI) are key risk factors for AKI, which is consequently linked to a more severe disease course and poorer prognosis.
Changes in Respiratory Viruses’ Activity in Children During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review
Authors: Maglione Marco , Tipo Vincenzo , Barbieri Emiliano , Ragucci Roberta , Ciccarelli Agnese Sara , Esposito Chiara , Carangelo Ludovica , Giannattasio Antonietta
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: The impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on health was significant worldwide. The measures adopted to limit the spread of the virus had an indirect effect on the epidemiology of other infectious diseases with similar mechanisms of inter-human transmission. The present literature review analyzed the scenario of pediatric acute respiratory infections in the post-lockdown period compared to the pre-pandemic and lockdown periods. The different patterns of viruses’ outbreaks were evaluated according to the type of local COVID-19 restrictive measures and to the type of pathogen. Methods: Relevant scientific literature published between March 2020 and November 2024 was identified by means of electronic keyword searches in the PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases. Results: Worldwide implementation of non-pharmacological public health interventions aimed at limiting the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a measurable effect on the circulation of other common respiratory viruses, significantly affecting their usual seasonality. Most viruses significantly reduced their activity during the lockdown period but returned to or exceeded historical levels after discontinuation of preventive non-pharmacological measures. For many respiratory viruses, particularly respiratory syncytial virus, an off-season increase was reported. Conclusions: The non-pharmacological interventions, which effectively helped limit the COVID-19 pandemic, resulted in relevant epidemiologic changes in most common respiratory viruses. Given the different seasonality and clinical severity observed for some pathogens after lockdown, possible future off-season or more severe epidemics should be expected.
Hybrid Tool Holder by Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Dissimilar Steels: Towards Eliminating Post-Processing Heat Treatment
Authors: Deirmina Faraz , Matilainen Ville-Pekka , Lövquist Simon
Published: February 2025

The hybridization of additive manufacturing (AM) with conventional manufacturing processes in tooling applications allows the customization of the tool. Examples include weight reduction, improving the vibration-dampening properties, or directing the coolant to the critical zones through intricate conformal cooling channels aimed at extending the tool life. In this regard, metallurgical challenges like the need for a post-processing heat treatment in the AM segment to meet the thermal and mechanical properties requirements persist. Heat treatment can destroy the dimensional accuracy of the pre-manufactured heat-treated wrought segment, on which the AM part is built. In the case of dissimilar joints, heat treatment may further impact the interface properties through the ease of diffusional reactions at elevated temperatures or buildup of residual stresses at the interface due to coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch. In this communication, we report on the laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) processing of MAR 60, a weldable carbon-free maraging powder, to manufacture a hybrid tool holder for general turning applications, comprising a wrought segment in 25CrMo4 low-alloy carbon-bearing tool steel. After L-PBF process optimization and manipulation, as-built (AB) MAR 60 steel was characterized with a hardness and tensile strength of ~450 HV (44–45 HRC) and >1400 MPa, respectively, matching those of pre-manufactured wrought 25CrMo4 (i.e., 42–45 HRC and 1400 MPa). The interface was defect-free with strong metallurgical bonding, showing slight microstructural and hardness variations, with a thickness of less than 400 µm. The matching strength and high Charpy V-notch impact energy (i.e., >40 J) of AB MAR 60 eliminate the necessity of any post-manufacturing heat treatment in the hybrid tool.
Interface Effects on the Electronic and Optical Properties of Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4)/SnS2: First-Principles Studies
Authors: Qu Li-Hua , Wang Yu , Xia Si-Wen , Nie Ran , Yin Le , Zhong Chong-Gui , Zhang Sheng-Li , Zhang Jian-Min , Xie You
Published: February 2025

Heterojunctions have received much interest as a way to improve semiconductors’ electrical and optical properties. The impact of the interface on the electrical and optical properties of g-C3N4/SnS2 was explored using first-principles calculations in this study. The results show that, at the hetero-interface, a conventional type-II band forms, resulting in a lower band gap than that in the g-C3N4 and SnS2 monolayers. When there is no high barrier height, the averaged microscopic and averaged macroscopic potentials can be used to accomplish efficient carrier transformation. Furthermore, the polarization direction affects the absorption spectra. All of these discoveries have significant implications for the development of g-C3N4-based optoelectronics.
Influence of Accelerated Carbonation Conditions on the Physical Properties Improvement of Recycled Coarse Aggregate
Authors: Mehmood Nasir , Zhu Pinghua , Liu Hui , Li Haichao , Zhu Xudong
Published: February 2025

The preparation of new-generation concrete from recycled coarse aggregate (RA) is an effective way to realize the resource utilization of construction waste. However, loose and porous attached mortar leads to RA showing low-density, high-water absorption, and high crushing value. However, carbonation modification treatment can effectively improve the performance of RA. This paper studied the effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, gas pressure, and moisture content on the RA physical properties (apparent density, water absorption, crushing value, and soundness) of waste concrete. The results showed that, when the (CO2) concentration increased from 20% to 60%, the apparent density of RA after carbonation increased by 0.23–0.31%, the water absorption decreased by 0.57–0.93%, the crushing value decreased by 0.36–0.61%, and the soundness decreased by 0.47–0.85%. When the (CO2) concentration was further increased from 60% to 80%, the apparent density of RA after carbonation was increased by 0.04–0.05%, the water absorption was improved by 0.15–0.31%, the crushing value was reduced by 0.06–0.07%, and the soundness was reduced by 0.09–0.11%. During the carbonation modification process, the performance of RA was significantly enhanced when the moisture content was 3.4% and the dissolution of hydration products was accelerated. The diffusion rate of CO2 and the carbonation reaction rate decreased with the high moisture content of RA. As gas pressure increases to 0.01 MPa, the physical properties of RA change significantly, because gas pressure promotes the carbonation reaction between hydration products and CO2 in attached mortar. As the gas pressure increased to 0.5 MPa, RA’s apparent density gradually increased, while its water absorption, crushing value, and stability gradually decreased. The result improved RA’s performance. SEM images show that carbonation modification of RA under different gas pressures increases CaCO3 in attached mortar, filling the Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ), and decreasing crack width and number. Gas pressure accelerates CO2 diffusion and reaction with hydration products, resulting in narrower ITZ and dense mortar.
Antiviral Surface Coatings: From Pandemic Lessons to Visible-Light-Activated Films
Authors: Innocenzi Plinio
Published: February 2025

The increasing need for effective antiviral strategies has led to the development of innovative surface coatings to combat the transmission of viruses via fomites. The aim of this review is to critically assess the efficacy of antiviral coatings in mitigating virus transmission, particularly those activated by visible light. The alarm created by the COVID-19 pandemic, including the initial uncertainty about the mechanisms of its spread, attracted attention to fomites as a possible source of virus transmission. However, later research has shown that surface-dependent infection mechanisms need to be carefully evaluated experimentally. By briefly analyzing virus–surface interactions and their implications, this review highlights the importance of shifting to innovative solutions. In particular, visible-light-activated antiviral coatings that use reactive oxygen species such as singlet oxygen to disrupt viral components have emerged as promising options. These coatings can allow for obtaining safe, continuous, and long-term active biocidal surfaces suitable for various applications, including healthcare environments and public spaces. This review indicates that while the significance of fomite transmission is context-dependent, advances in material science provide actionable pathways for designing multifunctional, visible-light-activated antiviral coatings. These innovations align with the lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic and pave the way for sustainable, broad-spectrum antiviral solutions capable of addressing future public health challenges.
A Comprehensive Study of Cooling Rate Effects on Diffusion, Microstructural Evolution, and Characterization of Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Rahman Atiqur , Isanaka Sriram Praneeth , Liou Frank
Published: February 2025

Cooling Rate (CR) definitively influences the microstructure of metallic parts manufactured through various processes. Factors including cooling medium, surface area, thermal conductivity, and temperature control can influence both predicted and unforeseen impacts that then influence the results of mechanical properties. This comprehensive study explores the impact of CRs in diffusion, microstructural development, and the characterization of aluminum alloys and the influence of various manufacturing processes and post-process treatments, and it studies analytical models that can predict their effects. It examines a broad range of CRs encountered in diverse manufacturing methods, such as laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), directed energy deposition (DED), casting, forging, welding, and hot isostatic pressing (HIP). For example, varying CRs might result in different types of solidification and microstructural evolution in aluminum alloys, which thereby influence their mechanical properties during end use. The study further examines the effects of post-process heat treatments, including quenching, annealing, and precipitation hardening, on the microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminum alloys. It discusses numerical and analytical models, which are used to predict and optimize CRs for achieving targeted material characteristics of specific aluminum alloys. Although understanding CR and its effects is crucial, there is a lack of literature on how CR affects alloy properties. This comprehensive review aims to bridge the knowledge gap through a thorough literature review of the impact of CR on microstructure and mechanical properties.
Discrete Information Acquisition in Financial Markets
Authors: Pan Jingrui , Liu Shancun , Zhang Qiang , Yang Yaodong
Published: February 2025

We study investors’ information acquisition strategies under arbitrary and discrete sets of information precision and derive conditions for the existence of equilibria. When investors face information choice from general precision sets, despite their homogeneity, the information market can exhibit asymmetric corner equilibria, where some investors acquire low-precision information and others acquire high-precision information. Conversely, in the case of high-precision sets, there is a symmetric and unique interior equilibrium where all informed agents opt for the same precision level. Furthermore, the impact of information technologies on price informativeness is uncertain: an improvement in information quality tends to reduce price informativeness due to more investors’ free ride on prices, whereas a reduction in information costs enhances price informativeness by encouraging more investors to acquire information. Our analysis has implications on the prevailing trend of robo-advising and the herding behavior of analysts.
The Treatment of Iron-Containing Foundry Dusts with the Aim of Their Recycling and Their Effect on the Properties of Cast Iron
Authors: Fedorko Patrik , Pribulova Alena , Futas Peter , Pokusova Marcela , Petrik Jozef , Blasko Peter , Brzeziński Marcin , Łucarz Mariusz
Published: February 2025

The foundry industry is an industry with a large production of waste. One such type of waste is fine-grained to dust-like waste, depending on the stage of the foundry process in which it is generated. As part of this research, dust samples were collected from three Slovak foundries producing castings from gray iron, ductile iron, and steel. The aim of the experiments was to recycle iron from dust materials in the foundry process. Based on the chemical composition of the dust, samples with the highest iron content were selected and added to the charge of the electric induction furnace (EIF). Since it was not possible to add dust material directly into the EIF, the dust was modified by pelletizing and briquetting using three types of binders selected according to the foundries’ requirements. Pellets were prepared using dust from only one type of foundry waste and were used as part of the charge in the EIF. In the case of briquetting, different binder contents in the briquette mixture were tested to evaluate their effect on the strength and disintegration of the briquettes. Based on the foundries’ requirements that the binder had to be low-cost and that we had to not contaminate the melt (thus requiring a minimal amount), not affect the furnace operation, and not degrade the properties of the produced cast iron, briquettes with the best properties were selected and used as part of the charge for cast iron production. Samples of the cast iron produced this way were taken for chemical analysis, and specimens were prepared for tensile strength testing. The results showed that the use of briquettes, in limited amounts, did not have a negative impact on the chemical composition of the cast iron, the melting process, or its tensile strength.
Corrosion Behavior of X65 API 5L Carbon Steel Under Simulated Storage Conditions: Influence of Gas Mixtures, Redox States, and Temperature Assessed Using Electrochemical Methods for up to 100 Hours
Authors: Sano Moyeme Yendoube Charles , Betelu Stephanie , Bertrand Johan , Serrano Karine Groenen , Ignatiadis Ioannis
Published: February 2025

In the context of the deep geological disposal of high-level and intermediate-level long-lived radioactive waste in France, the Callovian–Oxfordian (Cox) clay formation has been selected as a natural barrier. Thus, understanding the corrosion phenomena between the carbon steel used (API 5L X65) for the waste lining tubes and the Cox pore water, as well as its possible future evolutions, is of great importance. A controlled laboratory experiment was conducted using robust handmade API 5L X65 carbon steel electrodes in synthetic Cox pore water under equilibrium with three distinct gas atmospheres, simulating oxic, anoxic, and sulfide-rich environments at 25 °C and 80 °C, in a batch-type electrochemical cell. The experimental methodology involved linear polarization resistance (LPR) cycles, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and Tafel extrapolation at regular intervals over a period of 70 to 100 h to elucidate corrosion mechanisms and obtain corrosion current densities. At the same time, the fluid’s key geochemical parameters (temperature, pH, and redox potential) were monitored for temporal variation. This study, with results showing high corrosion rates under the three conditions investigated at two temperatures, underscores the importance of controlling the immediate environment of the containment materials to prevent exposure to variable conditions and to ensure that corrosion remains controlled over the long term.
Nanoparticle-Based DNA Biosensor: Synthesis of Novel Manganese Nanoparticles Applied in the Development of a Sensitive Electrochemical Double-Stranded/Single-Stranded DNA Biosensor
Authors: Ozkan-Ariksoysal Dilsat , Pantelidou Elpida , Dendrinou-Samara Catherine , Girousi Stella
Published: February 2025

The development of electrochemical DNA biosensors occurred by applying different organically coated Mn-NPs such as MnCO3@OAm, MnCO3@TEG and MnO2/Mn2O3@TEG, as well as naked MnCO3 NPs (where OAm = oleylamine and TEG = tetraethylene glycol). The detection performances of PGEs were modified with different types of Mn-NPs, according to the guanine signal magnitudes obtained after double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) or single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) immobilization at these surfaces. DNA interaction studies were realized using UV-vis, circular dichroism (CD), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) techniques. In addition, a 3- to 5.4-fold increase in guanine response in the presence of dsDNA and a 2.3-fold increase in the presence of ssDNA were obtained with the developed biosensor. The increased signals in DNA immobilization at the electrode surfaces modified with Mn-NPs compared to bare PGE clearly show that the modification of Mn-NPs increases the electroactive surface area of the electrode. The detection limit (LOD) of dsDNA was calculated as 7.86 μg·L−1 using the MnO2/Mn2O3@TEG type of the Mn-NP-modified biosensor, while the detection limit of ssDNA was calculated as 3.49 μg·L−1 with the MnCO3@OAm type Mn-NP-modified biosensor. The proposed sensor was applied to a human DNA sample where the amount of dsDNA extract was found to be 0.62 ± 0.03 mg·L−1 after applying the MnO2/Mn2O3@TEG type of Mn-NP-modified biosensor.