bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Map Art
Authors: Wood Denis
Published: June 2014

Artists make maps. Inspired by maps made by the Surrealists, by the Situationists, by Pop Artists, and especially by Conceptualists of every stripe, artists in increasing numbers have taken up the map as an expressive medium. In an age less and less enamored of traditional forms of representation – and increasingly critical – maps have numerous attractions for artists. Beyond their formal continuities, maps and paintings are both communicative, that is, constructs intended to affect behavior. As the energy of painting has been dispersed over the past half century into earth art, conceptual art, installation art, performance art, video art, cyber art, and so on, it has dispersed the map as a subject along with it. The irresistible tug maps exert on artists arises from the map’s mask of neutral objectivity, from its mask of unauthored dispassion. Artists either strip this mask off the map, or fail to put one on. In either case artists simultaneously point to the mask worn by the map, while they enter unmasked into the very discourse of the map. In so doing map artists are erasing the line cartographers have tried to draw between their form of graphic communication (maps) and others (drawings, paintings, and so on). In this way map artists are reclaiming the map as a discourse function for people in general. The flourishing of map art signals the imminent demise of the map as a privileged form of communication. The map is dead! Long live the map!
Non-Photorealistic Rendering and Terrain Representation
Authors: Kennelly Patrick J. , Kimerling A. Jon
Published: June 2014

In recent years, a branch of computer graphics termed non-photorealistic rendering (NPR) has defined its own niche in the computer graphics community. While photorealistic rendering attempts to render virtual objects into images that cannot be distinguished from a photograph, NPR looks at techniques designed to achieve other ends. Its goals can be as diverse as imitating an artistic style, mimicking a look comparable to images created with specific reproduction techniques, or adding highlights and details to images. In doing so, NPR has overlapped the study of cartography concerned with representing terrain in two ways. First, NPR has formulated several techniques that are similar or identical to antecedent terrain rendering techniques including inclined contours and hachures. Second, NPR efforts to highlight or add information in renderings often focus on the use of innovative and meaningful combinations of visual variables such as orientation and color. Such efforts are similar to recent terrain rendering research focused on methods to symbolize disparate areas of slope and aspect on shaded terrain representations. We compare these fields of study in an effort to increase awareness and foster collaboration between researchers with similar interests.
Color Design for the Color Vision Impaired
Authors: Jenny Bernhard , Kelso Nathaniel Vaughn
Published: June 2014

Eight percent of men are affected by color vision impairment – they have difficulties distinguishing between colors and thus confuse certain colors that the majority of people see readily. Designers of maps and information graphics cannot disregard the needs of this relatively large group of media consumers. This article discusses the most common forms of color vision impairment, and introduces Color Oracle, a new software tool that assists the designer in verifying color schemes. Color Oracle filters maps and graphics in real-time and efficiently integrates with existing digital workflows. The paper also discusses color combinations and alternative visual variables for map symbology that those with color vision impairments can distinguish unambiguously. The presented techniques help the cartographer produce maps that are easy to read for those with color vision impairments and can still look good for those with normal color vision.
Investigating Geospatial Holograms for Special Weapons and Tactics Teams
Authors: Fuhrmann Sven , Smith Nevada J. , Holzbach Mark , Nichols Terry
Published: June 2014

Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) teams rely heavily on collecting and applying geospatial intelligence. Traditional two-dimensional mapping products might limit or hinder successful operations by not showing important three-dimensional information of the terrain and its natural and/or human-built objects. Geospatial holograms are able to display these three dimensional spatial features to users without requiring special eyewear or using complex viewing technologies. A point light source is all that is required to make the imagery visible. Before introducing geospatial holograms into the SWAT domain, where lives are at potential risk, a series of usefulness, acceptance, and usability tests need to be performed. One of the key geospatial hologram design requirements identified for SWAT incidents was support for effective route planning and wayfinding. This paper will report about a first pilot study that investigated and compared wayfinding performance of SWAT teams using both traditional 2D imagery and geospatial holograms. Our initial research indicates that geospatial holograms could enhance SWAT operations, especially in multi-story environments. In the pilot study geospatial holograms were positively reviewed by SWAT team members and were described as a technology that should be further explored.
Asymmetrical Learning of Locations on Maps: Implicit Learning, Prior Knowledge and Sex Differences
Authors: Patton David L. , Lloyd Robert Earl
Published: June 2014

Women have been reported to have an advantage for the memory of unique objects in space while men have been reported to have an advantage on tests of knowledge of geographic information. The current research considers how prior knowledge and asymmetrical learning processes might be related to this apparent contradiction in the literature concerning spatial cognition. Asymmetrical brains allow us to encode map locations as both categorical and coordinate information. Categorical information is expressed verbally, for instance, “City A is located in the northwest quadrant of the map,” and is easier to learn but not very precise. Coordinate information is more precise but takes longer to learn. Prior knowledge of locations may result in subjects relying more on coordinate information.Human subject testing was used to examine differences in performance when women and men learned and recalled city locations on maps. Learning was achieved through the use of a repeated search task. Results indicated that subjects implicitly learned the locations of cities during the search task. The distribution of the cities on the maps and whether the cities were known or novel affected performance. The evidence supports the assertion that men may have a greater interest in geographic information, and the additional attention they devote to such information allows them to utilize prior knowledge and gives them an advantage when processing well-known places. The evidence also supports the assertion that women may generally have an advantage learning novel maps because they tend to encode more categorical information, and this information is useful for remembering general locations and can be learned faster.
The Impotence of Maps, or Deconstructing the Deconstruction of their Construction
Authors: Strebe Daan
Published: June 2014

As mapmakers we are invested in the importance of our craft. We bemoan the tragic stateof geographic and map literacy, and advocate better education. Names like Robinson,Harley, and Wood have asserted the great power of maps. Are we guilty of seeing everythingas a nail because we make hammers? In this rhetorical presentation, I argue forhumility in our endeavor, recognizing that many people simply do not need maps. Theymeet their wayfinding needs using other efficient, utilitarian skills and devices. Could weimprove our map designs for those who do use maps by disregarding the (non-)needs ofthose who do not?
Some examples of quasiisometries of nilpotent Lie groups
Authors: Xie Xiangdong
Published: June 2014

We construct quasiisometries of nilpotent Lie groups.
In particular, for any simply connected nilpotent Lie group
N, we construct quasiisometries from N to itself that is
not at finite distance from any map that is a composition
of left translations and automorphisms. We also construct bi-Lipschitz maps of the Heisenberg groups that send vertical lines to curves that are not vertical lines.
Developing checklists to prevent diagnostic error in Emergency Room settings
Authors: Graber Mark L. , Sorensen Asta V. , Biswas Jon , Modi Varsha , Wackett Andrew , Johnson Scott , Lenfestey Nancy , Meyer Ashley N.D. , Singh Hardeep
Published: June 2014

Background: Checklists have been shown to improve performance of complex, error-prone processes. To develop a checklist with potential to reduce the likelihood of diagnostic error for patients presenting to the Emergency Room (ER) with undiagnosed conditions.

Methods: Participants included 15 staff ER physicians working in two large academic centers. A rapid cycle design and evaluation process was used to develop a general checklist for high-risk situations vulnerable to diagnostic error. Physicians used the general checklists and a set of symptom-specific checklists for a period of 2 months. We conducted a mixed methods evaluation that included interviews regarding user perceptions and quantitative assessment of resource utilization before and after checklist use.

Results: A general checklist was developed iteratively by obtaining feedback from users and subject matter experts, and was trialed along with a set of specific checklists in the ER. Both the general and the symptom-specific checklists were judged to be helpful, with a slight preference for using symptom-specific lists. Checklist use commonly prompted consideration of additional diagnostic possibilities, changed the working diagnosis in approximately 10% of cases, and anecdotally was thought to be helpful in avoiding diagnostic errors. Checklist use was prompted by a variety of different factors, not just diagnostic uncertainty. None of the physicians used the checklists in collaboration with the patient, despite being encouraged to do so. Checklist use did not prompt large changes in test ordering or consultation.

Conclusions: In the ER setting, checklists for diagnosis are helpful in considering additional diagnostic possibilities, thus having potential to prevent diagnostic errors. Inconsistent usage and using the checklists privately, instead of with the patient, are factors that may detract from obtaining maximum benefit. Further research is needed to optimize checklists for use in the ER, determine how to increase usage, to evaluate the impact of checklist utilization on error rates and patient outcomes, to determine how checklist usage affects test ordering and consultation, and to compare checklists generally with other approaches to reduce diagnostic error.
Thrombophilia testing in pregnancy: should we agree to disagree?
Authors: Lopes Laudelino , Jacob George P.
Published: June 2014

The value of testing for inherited thrombophilia in pregnancy has been debated in literature with regard to its utility in preventing adverse obstetrical outcomes or identifying women at risk for it. In this commentary, an evidence based approach is used to investigate the strength of association between thrombophilias and recurrent pregnancy loss and stillbirth. Several studies and meta-analyses have shown that there is only a weak association with recurrent pregnancy loss. However, many of these studies were underpowered, and there was significant heterogeneity-issues that are addressed in this paper. The evidence for association with stillbirth is lacking, but the few studies that are available seem to suggest a stronger correlation than for recurrent pregnancy loss. Further, the benefit of treating thrombophilias with anticoagulation in order to prevent these outcomes is discussed. While there is a lack of evidence looking at whether anticoagulation prevents stillbirth, there is strong evidence to show that anticoagulation does not prevent recurrent pregnancy loss. Finally, guidelines put out by various obstetrical and hematological societies regarding this topic are summarized.
Using the Snare System to Cross the Acute-Angled Vertebrobasilar Junction in Treating Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Aneurysm with the Stent-Assisted Method via a Retrograde Approach
Authors: Shin Hee Sup , Ryu Chang-Woo , Koh Jun Seok , Lee Seung Hwan
Published: June 2014

Retrograde stenting via the contralateral vertebral artery (VA) is a safe and effective treatment for posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) aneurysm.

Many methods, including tip shaping and the looping technique, have been attempted as ways to cross the vertebrobasilar (VB) junction. Here, we introduce an alternative method using a Snare system to overcome the acute-angled VB junction after repeated failures using other techniques.

The Snare system was navigated to the proximal basilar artery via the ipsilateral VA. A guide-wire was introduced in the contralateral VA and gently advanced to the basilar artery in order to pass through the loop of the Snare system. Following this, the Snare system caught the guide-wire and it was very carefully pulled down to the ipsilateral VA crossing the VB junction.

We suggest this technique as a method to cross the acute-angled VB junction after failure of all other attempts to overcome this challenge.
Prospective evaluation of long-term safety of dual-release hydrocortisone replacement administered once daily in patients with adrenal insufficiency
Authors: Nilsson A G , Marelli C , Fitts D , Bergthorsdottir R , Burman P , Dahlqvist P , Ekman B , Engström B Edén , Olsson T , Ragnarsson O , Ryberg M , Wahlberg J , Lennernäs H , Skrtic S , Johannsson G
Published: June 2014

Objective

The objective was to assess the long-term safety profile of dual-release hydrocortisone (DR-HC) in patients with adrenal insufficiency (AI).

Design

Randomised, open-label, crossover trial of DR-HC or thrice-daily hydrocortisone for 3 months each (stage 1) followed by two consecutive, prospective, open-label studies of DR-HC for 6 months (stage 2) and 18 months (stage 3) at five university clinics in Sweden.

Methods

Sixty-four adults with primary AI started stage 1, and an additional 16 entered stage 3. Patients received DR-HC 20–40 mg once daily and hydrocortisone 20–40 mg divided into three daily doses (stage 1 only). Main outcome measures were adverse events (AEs) and intercurrent illness (self-reported hydrocortisone use during illness).

Results

In stage 1, patients had a median 1.5 (range, 1–9) intercurrent illness events with DR-HC and 1.0 (1–8) with thrice-daily hydrocortisone. AEs during stage 1 were not related to the cortisol exposure-time profile. The percentage of patients with one or more AEs during stage 1 (73.4% with DR-HC; 65.6% with thrice-daily hydrocortisone) decreased during stage 2, when all patients received DR-HC (51% in the first 3 months; 54% in the second 3 months). In stages 1–3 combined, 19 patients experienced 27 serious AEs, equating to 18.6 serious AEs/100 patient-years of DR-HC exposure.

Conclusions

This long-term prospective trial is the first to document the safety of DR-HC in patients with primary AI and demonstrates that such treatment is well tolerated during 24 consecutive months of therapy.
Support Vector Machine Classification of Single Walled Carbon Nanotube Growth Parameters
Authors: Westing N. , Clark J. , Hooper D. , Nikolaev P. , Maruyama B.
Published: June 2014

Selective single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) growth is a challenging problem, limiting their use in a wide variety of applications. Significant degrees of freedom in these experiments may lead to synthesis of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), which are less preferred. Thus, a method for constraining the synthesis results to only SWNTs is desired. A machine learning based approach for selectively growing SWNTs using a laser-induced chemical vapor deposition growth system is introduced. This approach models the complex relationships between the associated synthesis parameters to predict SWNT growth. The parameters under consideration include argon, ethylene, hydrogen and carbon dioxide partial pressures, growth temperature, and water vapor concentration. The catalyst consists of 10 nm of alumina and 1 nm of nickel deposited onto 10 µm diameter silicon pillars with a height of 10 µm. Determination of SWNT growth is performed through in-situ Raman spectroscopy using a 532 nm excitation laser. A total of 121 experiments are used to train a SWNT vs. MWNT classifier with a resulting model accuracy of 94.21%. The classifier model is applied to a range of simulated inputs, and the subset of these inputs that meet a >90% probability of SWNT growth are investigated further. The simulated inputs consist of 531,201,645 unique growth parameter combinations spanning the entire parameter space. A reduced dataset of 449,117 growth parameter combinations define 90% probability of SWNT growth according to the model. Randomly selected input parameters from this reduced dataset were tested experimentally, resulting in SWNT growth for all performed experiments validating the classifier model. This approach maps input growth conditions to SWNT growth selectivity using a limited set of experimental data and allows for further investigation into SWNT growth rates and chiral dependencies.
Methods for Dispersion of Carbon Nanotubes in Water and Common Solvents
Authors: Kharisov Boris I. , Kharissova Oxana V. , Méndez Ubaldo Ortiz
Published: June 2014

Contemporary methods for dispersion of carbon nanotubes in water and non-aqueous media are discussed. Main attention is paid to ultrasonic, plasma techniques and other physical techniques, as well as to the use of surfactants, functionalizing and debundling agents of distinct nature (elemental substances, metal and organic salts, mineral and organic acids, oxides, inorganic and organic peroxides, organic sulfonates, polymers, dyes, natural products, biomolecules, and coordination compounds).
Efficacy of Growth Factor in Promoting Early Osseointegration
Authors: Al-Hezaimi Khalid , Nevins Myron , Kim Soo-Woo , Fateh Ardavan , Kim David M.
Published: June 2014

A preclinical study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of 2 different topical formulations of recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-BB (rhPDGF-BB) to promote early osseointegration and enhanced bone-to-implant contact (BIC) for dental implants placed in an edentulous ridge. Six female beagle dogs were divided into 3 groups. The control group included 4 implants with no coating; test group A included 10 implants with commercially available rhPDGF-BB formulation coating; and second test group B included 10 implants with prototype viscous rhPDGF-BB coating. Three dogs were sacrificed at 3 weeks (12 implants) and the remaining 3 dogs at 6 weeks after implant placement (12 implants). The specimens were retrieved for histological evaluation, and revealed an uneventful healing of all implants without any sign of an inflammatory response at the different time intervals. Furthermore, the bone was in very close contact with the implants' surfaces with no evidence of intervening fibrous tissue layers. At 3 weeks, new bone formation between most implant threads on rhPDGF-BB coated implants was evident, whereas in the control group only a thin and sparse amount of new bone was noted. At 6 weeks, the commercially available rhPDGF-BB formulation coated implant group (Group A) showed more trabecular bone and higher BIC compared to the other 2 groups. Histologically, the results in this study showed that use of conventionally available rhPDGF-BB formulation as the implant surface treatment may accelerate the process of osseointegration and enhance BIC.
Computer-Aided Mandibular Reconstruction With Vascularized Iliac Crest Bone Flap and Simultaneous Implant Surgery
Authors: Modabber Ali , Möhlhenrich Stephan Christian , Ayoub Nassim , Hajji Mohammad , Raith Stefan , Reich Sven , Steiner Timm , Ghassemi Alireza , Hölzle Frank
Published: June 2014

The intention of oral rehabilitation in patients with mandibular defects is an early prosthetic treatment with maximum possible functionality and high accuracy. The present study describes a new computer-aided technique for mandibular reconstruction using a free vascularized iliac flap and simultaneous insertion of dental implants into the flap while it is still pedicled at the donor site. Based on preoperative computerized tomography data of the facial skeleton and the iliac crest donor site, a surgical guide transferred the virtual plan including information on the transplant dimensions and shape as well as the position of the dental implants into real-time surgery. Using postoperative computerized tomography scans, the actual situation were compared with the preoperative simulation. A mean difference of 0.75 mm (SD ± 0.72) for the flap shape and 0.70 mm (SD ± 0.44) for the implant position analysis was determined. A calculation of the closest point distance showed a surface deviation of <2 mm for the shape analysis in 93.3% of the values and <1 mm for implant position in 75.2% of the values. The mean angular deviation was 3.65°. Virtual surgical planning is a suitable method for mandibular reconstruction with vascularized iliac crest flaps and simultaneous implant surgery. It can be used to restore the anatomy of the mandible with a high accuracy and can help to shorten subsequent dental rehabilitation.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities and soil aggregation as affected by cultivation of various crops during the sugarcane fallow period
Authors: Truber Priscila Viviane , Fernandes Carolina
Published: June 2014

Management systems involving crop rotation, ground cover species and reduced soil tillage can improve the soil physical and biological properties and reduce degradation. The primary purpose of this study was to assess the effect of various crops grown during the sugarcane fallow period on the production of glomalin and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in two Latosols, as well as their influence on soil aggregation. The experiment was conducted on an eutroferric Red Latosol with high-clay texture (680 g clay kg-1) and an acric Red Latosol with clayey texture (440 g kg-1 clay) in Jaboticabal (São Paulo State, Brazil). A randomized block design involving five blocks and four crops [soybean (S), soybean/fallow/soybean (SFS), soybean/millet/soybean (SMS) and soybean/sunn hemp/soybean (SHS)] was used to this end. Soil samples for analysis were collected in June 2011. No significant differences in total glomalin production were detected between the soils after the different crops. However, total external mycelium length was greater in the soils under SMS and SHS. Also, there were differences in easily extractable glomalin, total glomalin and aggregate stability, which were all greater in the eutroferric Red Latosol than in the acric Red Latosol. None of the cover crops planted in the fallow period of sugarcane improved aggregate stability in either Latosol.
Comunidade de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares: diversidade, composição e glomalina em área revegetada com sesbânia
Authors: Silva Cristiane Figueira da , Araújo Jean Luiz Simões de , Silva Eliane Maria Ribeiro da , Pereira Marcos Gervasio , Schiavo Jolimar Antonio , Freitas Marta Simone Mendonça de , Saggin-Junior Orivaldo José , Martins Marco Antônio
Published: June 2014

A composição de comunidades e diversidade de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs) pode ser influenciada por diversos fatores como o clima, a biota do solo e as plantas hospedeiras. Este estudo objetivou avaliar a influência da revegetação de uma cava de extração de argila com Sesbania virgata (SV) em plantios puro e consorciado com Eucalyptus camaldulensis (EC) e Acacia mangium (AM), na composição e diversidade de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs), bem como na quantidade da proteína do solo relacionada à glomalina (PSRG). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados com quatro tratamentos (plantio puro de SV - 100SV; consórcio de SV + EC - 50SV:50EC; consórcio de SV + AM - 50SV:50AM; e área degradada com vegetação espontânea - ADVE), com três repetições. A revegetação da cava de extração de argila com SV, em plantios puro ou consorciado, reduziu a abundância de esporos e a dominância de espécies (Índice de Simpson - IDS) e aumentou a riqueza de espécies de FMAs e o índice de diversidade de Shannon e Wiener. Além disso, aumentou a quantidade de proteína do solo relacionada à glomalina, quando comparada a área degradada com vegetação espontânea.
Evaluation of physical quality indices of a soil under a seasonal semideciduous forest
Authors: Oliveira Thalita Campos , Silva Laura Fernanda Simões da , Cooper Miguel
Published: June 2014

The concept of soil quality is currently the subject of great discussion due to the interaction of soil with the environment (soil-plant-atmosphere) and practices of human intervention. However, concepts of soil quality relate quality to agricultural productivity, but assessment of soil quality in an agronomic context may be different from its assessment in natural areas. The aim of this study was to assess physical quality indices, the S index, soil aeration capacity (ACt/Pt), and water storage capacity (FC/Pt) of the soil from a permanent plot in the Caetetus Ecological Reserve (Galia, São Paulo, Brazil) under a seasonal semideciduous forest and compare them with the reference values for soil physical quality found in the literature. Water retention curves were used for that purpose. The S values found were higher than the proposed limit for soil physical quality (0.035). The A and E horizons showed the highest values because their sandy texture leads to a high slope of the water retention curve. The B horizons showed the lowest S values because their natural density leads to a lower slope of the water retention curve. The values found for ACt/Pt and FC/Pt were higher and lower than the idealized limits. The values obtained from these indices under natural vegetation can provide reference values for soils with similar properties that undergo changes due to anthropic activities. All the indices evaluated were effective in differentiating the effects of soil horizons in the natural hydro-physical functioning of the soils under study.
Methane fluxes from waterlogged and drained Histosols of highland areas
Authors: Rachwal Marcos Fernando Glück , Zanatta Josiléia Acordi , Dieckow Jeferson , Denega Genuir Luis , Curcio Gustavo Ribas , Bayer Cimélio
Published: June 2014

Soil can be either source or sink of methane (CH4), depending on the balance between methanogenesis and methanotrophy, which are determined by pedological, climatic and management factors. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of drainage of a highland Haplic Histosol on CH4 fluxes. Field research was carried out in Ponta Grossa (Paraná, Brazil) based on the measurement of CH4 fluxes by the static chamber method in natural and drained Histosol, over one year (17 sampling events). The natural Histosol showed net CH4 eflux, with rates varying from 238 µg m-2 h-1 CH4, in cool/cold periods, to 2,850 µg m-2 h-1 CH4, in warm/hot periods, resulting a cumulative emission of 116 kg ha-1 yr-1 CH4. In the opposite, the drained Histosol showed net influx of CH4 (-39 to -146 µg m-2 h-1), which resulted in a net consumption of 9 kg ha-1 yr-1 CH4. The main driving factors of CH4 consumption in the drained soil were the lowering of the water-table (on average -57 cm, vs -7 cm in natural soil) and the lower water content in the 0-10 cm layer (average of 5.5 kg kg-1, vs 9.9 kg kg-1 in natural soil). Although waterlogged Histosols of highland areas are regarded as CH4 sources, they fulfill fundamental functions in the ecosystem, such as the accumulation of organic carbon (581 Mg ha-1 C to a depth of 1 m) and water (8.6 million L ha-1 = 860 mm to a depth of 1 m). For this reason, these soils must not be drained as an alternative to mitigate CH4 emission, but effectively preserved.
Variability of soil fertility properties in areas planted to sugarcane in the State of Goias, Brazil
Authors: Cardoso José Avelino , Lacerda Marilusa Pinto Coelho , Rein Thomaz Adolpho , Santos Junior João de Deus Gomes dos , Figueiredo Cícero Célio de
Published: June 2014

Soil sampling should provide an accurate representation of a given area so that recommendations for amendments of soil acidity, fertilization and soil conservation may be drafted to increase yield and improve the use of inputs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the variability of soil fertility properties of Oxisols in areas planted to sugarcane in the State of Goias, Brazil. Two areas of approximately 8,100 m² each were selected, representing two fields of the Goiasa sugarcane mill in Goiatuba. The sugarcane crop had a row spacing of 1.5 m and subsamples were taken from 49 points in the row and 49 between the row with a Dutch auger at depths of 0.0-0.2 and 0.2-0.4 m, for a total of 196 subsamples for each area. The samples were individually subjected to chemical analyses of soil fertility (pH in CaCl2, potential acidity, organic matter, P, K, Ca and Mg) and particle size analysis. The number of subsamples required to compose a sample within the acceptable ranges of error of 5, 10, 20 and 40 % of each property were computed from the coefficients of variation and the Student t-value for 95 % confidence. The soil properties under analysis exhibited different variabilities: high (P and K), medium (potential acidity, Ca and Mg) and low (pH, organic matter and clay content). Most of the properties analyzed showed an error of less than 20 % for a group of 20 subsamples, except for P and K, which were capable of showing an error greater than 40 % around the mean. The extreme variability in phosphorus, particularly at the depth of 0.2-0.4 m, attributed to banded application of high rates of P fertilizers at planting, places limitations on assessment of its availability due to the high number of subsamples required for a composite sample.
Produção e qualidade de rosas em razão de doses de boro aplicadas no substrato
Authors: Zanão Júnior Luiz Antônio , Carvalho-Zanão Maristela Pereira , Fontes Renildes Lúcio Ferreira , Grossi José Antônio Saraiva
Published: June 2014

Muitos trabalhos têm demonstrado os efeitos da aplicação do boro (B) em variadas culturas; entretanto, poucos registros demonstram seus efeitos na produção de rosas. Objetivou-se com este experimento avaliar os efeitos de doses de B na produção e qualidade de rosas (Rosa hybrida cv. Shiny Terrazza®) em vaso. Os tratamentos foram cinco doses de B (0, 1, 4, 8 e 16 mg kg-1), aplicadas no substrato, em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com cinco repetições. Foram avaliados: número de flores por planta; número de folhas por haste floral; produção de matéria seca de raízes, folhas e flores; altura da planta; número de dias para o florescimento; comprimento do botão floral; e diâmetro e longevidade floral. Além disso, foram determinados os teores foliares de clorofila total e B e os sintomas de toxidez desse elemento. Verificou-se efeito significativo das doses de B na maioria das variáveis avaliadas, excetuando-se a altura das plantas, o número de flores por planta, a longevidade floral e a produção de matéria seca de raízes. O teor foliar de B aumentou linearmente em função das doses desse elemento. Houve incremento na produção e qualidade das flores com a aplicação do B, com redução do número de dias para o florescimento. Foram verificados sintomas de toxidez causado pelo B a partir da dose de 4 mg kg-1. Esses sintomas foram caracterizados por manchas do tipo encharcamento, iniciando nas margens do limbo foliar, com essas evoluindo para clorose e posterior necrose; na maior dose ocorreu queda de folhas. Essa queda foi responsável pela diminuição do número de folhas por haste no final do ciclo, a partir da dose de 8 mg kg-1 de B. As plantas com sintomas de toxidez apresentaram teores foliares de B acima de 200 mg kg-1, enquanto as sadias (controle), de 65 a 89 mg kg-1.
Estimativa da infiltração de água no solo na escala de bacia hidrográfica
Authors: Barros Cláudia Alessandra Peixoto de , Minella Jean Paolo Gomes , Tassi Rutinéia , Dalbianco Leandro , Ottonelli Anaí Sangiovo
Published: June 2014

A variabilidade espacial das características do solo torna a estimativa da infiltração de água altamente dependente da escala de análise. Muitos trabalhos necessitam de informações da dinâmica da infiltração para descrever o mecanismo de outros processos associados à água, aos sedimentos ou aos solutos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi utilizar duas estratégias metodológicas para a estimativa da infiltração na escala de bacia. Os parâmetros de dois modelos de infiltração foram ajustados a um conjunto de dados coletados durante dois anos de monitoramento, em 77 eventos de chuva-vazão ocorridos sob diferentes condições de uso e manejo do solo numa bacia hidrográfica rural de 1,2 km². Os resultados dos ajustes para os dois modelos de infiltração na escala de bacia foram comparados com aqueles obtidos para dois métodos pontuais de estimativa da infiltração. Com o conjunto de dados do monitoramento, foi possível definir um modelo de infiltração para a bacia monitorada. Além disso, os resultados indicaram que a comparação realizada entre os valores dos modelos com os pontuais são fortemente dependentes da escala de análise; isto é, as medidas pontuais revelaram valores médios de taxa de infiltração alta para a bacia em estudo. Todavia, observações no campo indicaram baixa infiltração, principalmente nas áreas saturadas onde condicionam o escoamento superficial nessa bacia, ao contrário dos resultados pelos modelos de estimativa, que apresentaram menor ordem de magnitude dos valores estimados de infiltração, em razão, entre outros, da maior incorporação dos fatores controladores do processo em seu método.
Soil uses during the sugarcane fallow period: influence on soil chemical and physical properties and on sugarcane productivity
Authors: Silva Roniram Pereira da , Fernandes Carolina
Published: June 2014

The planting of diversified crops during the sugarcane fallow period can improve the chemical and physical properties and increase the production potential of the soil for the next sugarcane cycle. The primary purpose of this study was to assess the influence of various soil uses during the sugarcane fallow period on soil chemical and physical properties and productivity after the first sugarcane harvest. The experiment was conducted in two areas located in Jaboticabal, São Paulo State, Brazil (21º 14' 05'' S, 48º 17' 09'' W) with two different soil types, namely: an eutroferric Red Latosol (RLe) with high-clay texture (clay content = 680 g kg-1) and an acric Red Latosol (RLa) with clayey texture (clay content = 440 g kg-1). A randomized block design with five replications and four treatments (crop sequences) was used. The crop sequences during the sugarcane fallow period were soybean/millet/soybean, soybean/sunn hemp/soybean, soybean/fallow/soybean, and soybean. Soil use was found not to affect chemical properties and sugarcane productivity of RLe or RLa. The soybean/millet/soybean sequence improved aggregation in the acric Latosol.
Identificação de fontes de produção de sedimentos em uma bacia hidrográfica de encosta
Authors: Miguel Pablo , Dalmolin Ricardo Simão Diniz , Pedron Fabrício de Araújo , Moura-Bueno Jean Michel , Tiecher Tales
Published: June 2014

O uso do solo fora de sua aptidão agrícola é o que norteia a degradação dos recursos naturais por meio das atividades antrópicas. As atividades agropecuárias estão entre as que mais perturbam o meio ambiente, expondo o solo à ação dos processos erosivos e acelerando a transferência de sedimentos aos corpos de água. Nos últimos anos, o método fingerprinting para identificação de fontes de sedimentos tem sido utilizado com sucesso no mundo, porém, trabalhos dessa natureza realizados no Brasil ainda estão em caráter incipiente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a proporção de contribuição das principais fontes de produção de sedimentos de uma bacia hidrográfica de encosta, onde predominam solos rasos e agricultura menos intensiva no sistema familiar. Essa bacia está localizada na região central do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, tendo por ocupação do solo predominante áreas de floresta nativa seguida das de campo nativo, capoeira, lavouras anuais e, em menor expressão, silvicultura (eucalipto) e área urbanizada. Para a identificação das fontes, foi utilizado o método fingerprinting, que compara os solos de diferentes fontes, e os sedimentos, que são encontrados em suspensão no canal de drenagem, usando elementos traçadores. As maiores contribuições na produção de sedimentos são provenientes da erosão superficial do solo. Para o primeiro período de monitoramento, foi identificada uma produção relativa de sedimentos de 60 % das estradas, para o ponto T2; de 100 % da malha, para o T3; e de 77 % da malha, para o T4. Para o segundo período de monitoramento, as estradas contribuíram relativamente com 81 % do sedimento em suspensão no ponto T2 e com 76 %, no T3. Já no ponto T4, a maior contribuição foi da malha com 82 %. O método se apresentou sensível em detectar mudanças na contribuição de cada fonte em razão das características apresentadas por cada uma delas, para o tipo de bacia hidrográfica estudada.
Uso do solo e propriedades físico-mecânicas de Latossolo Vermelho
Authors: Ortigara Cícero , Koppe Ezequiel , Luz Felipe Bonini da , Bertollo Altamir Mateus , Kaiser Douglas Rodrigo , Silva Vanderlei Rodrigues da
Published: June 2014

O preparo do solo, o tráfego de máquinas e o pisoteio animal em condições de umidade inadequada (consistência do solo no estado plástico) são alguns fatores que provocam deformações plásticas e não recuperáveis. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram determinar e avaliar as propriedades físicas e mecânicas do solo para caracterizar o estado de compactação e a capacidade de suporte de carga em três áreas com diferentes usos (pastejo rotacionado, mata nativa e preparo convencional). Foram coletadas amostras com estrutura preservada nas camadas de: 0,00-0,05; 0,05-0,10; e 0,10-0,15 m de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico. O uso do solo provocou alterações nos valores de densidade do solo (de 0,84 Mg m-3, na mata nativa, a 1,48 Mg m-3, no pastejo rotacionado), pressão de pré-consolidação (de 16,5 kPa, no preparo convencional, a 79,4 kPa, no pastejo rotacionado), índice de compressão (de 0,14, no pastejo rotacionado, a 0,77, na mata nativa), resistência à penetração (de 0,45 MPa, no preparo convencional, a 2,56 MPa, no pastejo rotacionado) e macroporosidade (de 0,35 m³ m-3, na mata nativa, a 0,03 m³ m-3, no pastejo rotacionado). O pisoteio animal intensivo em área de pastagem causou alterações na estrutura do solo, gerando níveis de compactação restritivos às plantas. As áreas de mata nativa e preparo convencional são as mais suscetíveis à compactação do solo, apresentando elevado índice de compressão e baixa pressão de pré-consolidação e densidade do solo.
Resistência tênsil de agregados e compressibilidade de um solo construído com plantas de cobertura em área de mineração de carvão em Candiota, RS
Authors: Reis Diony Alves , Lima Cláudia Liane Rodrigues de , Pauletto Eloy Antonio
Published: June 2014

A recuperação de áreas degradadas após a mineração de carvão é fundamental para a sustentabilidade do meio ambiente. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a qualidade estrutural de um solo construído sob diferentes plantas de cobertura, utilizando como referência um solo construído sem plantas de cobertura e um solo natural sob vegetação nativa à frente da mineração. Concluiu-se que as plantas de cobertura, principalmente a Tanzânia (Panicum maximum), contribuíram para melhoria da qualidade estrutural do solo construído, reduzindo a densidade do solo, promovendo a macroporosidade, a porosidade total, o teor de carbono orgânico total e do diâmetro médio dos agregados estáveis. Mais estudos precisam ser realizados enfocando a agregação, resistência tênsil de agregados e friabilidade, considerando que o método de construção interfere na qualidade estrutural desses solos.
Manejo agrícola no refúgio de vida silvestre de una: agroflorestas como uma perspectiva de conservação
Authors: Sollberg Isabel , Schiavetti Alexandre , Moraes Maria Eugenia Bruck
Published: June 2014

Este estudo investiga os tipos de manejo e o perfil socioeconômico relacionado a estes, nas propriedades rurais do Refúgio de Vida Silvestre de Una. Tem-se como pressuposto de que as agroflorestas sucessionais são as mais favoráveis para conservação do bioma Mata Atlântica, inclusive na escala de paisagem. Portanto, objetiva-se conhecer os aspectos socioeconômicos associados à adoção de um tipo de manejo e sua inserção na paisagem. Para tanto, foram realizadas entrevistas em 73 propriedades, entre janeiro e maio de 2011. Os dados sobre os agrossistemas foram classificados em tipos de manejo: convencional, tradicional, orgânico e agroflorestal. Os resultados apontaram a predominância do tipo de manejo tradicional entre as propriedades. O perfil socioeconômico encontrado é compatível com as características do tipo de manejo predominante, o tradicional. Observaram-se no manejo tradicional: maior contribuição da mão de obra familiar e menor ocorrência de fonte de renda proveniente de trabalho rural para terceiros. A capacitação para atividade agrícola foi a única característica socioeconômica que apresentou maior importância para o manejo agroflorestal. Na paisagem, os resultados apontaram para a necessidade de adequação das práticas utilizadas nos agroecossistemas tradicionais aos objetivos da conservação do bioma, pois 39% das propriedades estão a uma distância de 350 m dos fragmentos, considerada máxima para que ocorra a conectividade estrutural, e possuem esse tipo de manejo.
Extractives and energetic properties of wood and charcoal
Authors: Zanuncio Antônio José Vinha , Carvalho Amélia Guimarães , Trugilho Paulo Fernando , Monteiro Thiago Campos
Published: June 2014

Charcoal production stands out as a raw material for the production of renewable energy. To assess wood quality in energy terms, studies have focused more on the holocellulose and lignin content than on the role of extractives. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the extractive content in cold water, in dichloromethane and total on energy properties of wood and charcoal, from six trees species. The extractives were removed with different solvents to be recorded and gross calorific value of wood was determined. The wood was carbonized at 1.67°C/min heating rate until maximum of 450°C and residence time of 30 min. The extractive content was correlated with the gravimetric yield, apparent relative density, ash, volatile matter, fixed carbon and gross calorific value of charcoal. The removal of total extractives and extractives soluble in dichloromethane reduced the gross calorific value of wood of most species evaluated. The extractives removed in cold water did not correlate with the parameters of carbonization. The extractives content in dichloromethane correlated with volatile matter, fixed carbon and gross calorific value. Total extractive content correlated with gravimetric yield, apparent relative density and gross calorific value of charcoal.
Potencial energético da madeira de Eucalyptus sp. em função da idade e de diferentes materiais genéticos
Authors: Carneiro Angélica de Cássia Oliveira , Castro Ana Flávia Neves Mendes , Castro Renato Vinícius Oliveira , Santos Rosimeire Cavalcante dos , Ferreira Lumma Papaspyrou , Damásio Renato Augusto Pereira , Vital Benedito Rocha
Published: June 2014

Este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a influência da idade e de diferentes materiais genéticos de Eucalyptus sp. na produção de madeira para energia. Neste estudo, foram avaliados três clones de Eucalyptus sp., em quatro idades diferentes, aos 3, 4, 5 e 7 anos, sendo provenientes da Gerdau S/A. De cada árvore foram retirados cinco discos (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% e 100% da altura comercial do tronco), bem como determinados a densidade básica, o poder calorífico superior e a análise elementar da madeira, e, como base nesses valores, foi possível estimar a quantidade de energia m-3. Observou-se que houve efeito da idade e do material genético para a densidade básica da madeira e para o poder calorífico superior. Verificou-se ainda que a quantidade de energia m-3 aumentou com a idade, e houve diferença significativa entre os três materiais genéticos avaliados. O clone GG 680 apresentou melhor desempenho dessa variável, apresentando, aos 7 anos, 2.943 kW.h.m-³. Cabe ressaltar que a escolha do melhor material genético deve levar em consideração as características tecnológicas da madeira, bem como a sua produtividade e efetividade técnica de produção.
A empresa e seu ambiente de interação: os limites da Teoria dos Custos de Transação e o alcance da Teoria Institucionalista Evolucionária
Authors: Pereira Adriano José , Dathein Ricardo , Conceição Octávio Augusto Camargo
Published: June 2014

Este artigo analisa o significado e a importância das empresas para o desempenho das economias sob a perspectiva de duas vertentes teóricas que apresentam diferentes concepções, ainda que parcialmente complementares: a Nova Economia Institucional (NEI) eo Institucionalismo Evolucionário. Tais diferenças abrangem a compreensão do significado de "instituição" e a forma como se dão as relações dos indivíduos com as instituições e dessas entre si. Considerando a empresa como instituição e unidade de análise, a Teoria Institucionalista Evolucionária incorpora os conceitos de governança e de custos de transação à sua perspectiva analítica com ênfase em seus aspectos dinâmicos. Explicita-se, assim, o papel das empresas no desenvolvimento econômico em sua dupla condição: instituições e agentes de inovação.
A competição no mercado farmacêutico brasileiro após uma década de medicamentos genéricos: uma análise de rivalidade em um mercado regulado
Authors: Nishijima Marislei , Biasoto Jr. Geraldo , Lagroteria Eleni
Published: June 2014

O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a eficácia da regulação da Anvisasobre as condições de concorrência no segmentode medicamentos éticos do setor farmacêuticonegociados em farmácias e drogarias na última décadaDois fatos importantes norteiam o período: a regulamentação dos medicamentos genéricos de 1999 e a regulação porcontrole de preço-tetoocorrida, com mais rigor, a partir de 2003, com a criação da nova Câmara Regulatória de Medicamentos (CMED). Busca-se discutir asprincipais implicações para aconcorrência no segmento, especificamente sobre rivalidade e, em especial, sobre a condição de entrada a partir de informações do setor. A discussão é feita considerando, em paralelo, o ambiente norte-americano de regulação, e seu processo produtivo, que, diferentemente do Brasil, realiza pesquisas e desenvolve medicamentos pioneiros em larga escala. Os resultadosapontam para um aumento da concorrência no setor para o caso de medicamentos com patentes expiradas.
Simple shear tests with a varying shearing direction during cyclic shearing
Authors: Rudolph C. , Grabe J. , Albrecht I.
Published: June 2014

Tests with cyclic lateral loading on a pile have shown that the pile reacts to a change of loading direction with increasing accumulation of lateral displacements. This phenomenon is known as ‘pile drift’. To investigate this behaviour at small scale under laboratory conditions, a specifically designed simple shear apparatus with two shearing axes was developed. This paper presents the first results from tests with this apparatus. The first test series consisted of monotonic tests with different densities and cyclic tests on dense sand with varying load level and varying angle of loading ψ. The cyclic tests showed an increased accumulation of shear strain if the shearing direction varied during cyclic shearing.