bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Applying competition‐based learning to agile software engineering
Authors: Çulha Davut
Published: January 2016

Software engineering means applying engineering principles to software development. In the same way, agile software engineering means applying agile approaches to software engineering. Software engineering courses try to teach software development life cycle using project‐based approaches. Also, they endeavor to include real life issues of software engineering to the courses. Moreover, they struggle to teach teamwork in software development because it is a requirement of the real life software development. In robotics education, competition‐based learning is efficiently used for years. Competitions can be organized in teams and real‐world issues can be simulated with them. In this work, a competition‐based learning approach is applied in an agile software engineering course to increase the efficiency of teaching software engineering, and the results of the approach are presented. Real‐world issues of agile software development are simulated using competition‐based setting. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 24:382–387, 2016; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21716
Review consent decree for guidance on assistance animals on campus
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: January 2016

A recently announced consent decree in United States v. University of Nebraska at Kearney, 940 F. Supp. 2d 974 (D. Neb. 2013), could provide guidance to campus officials about policies and procedures to put into place with regard to assistance animals.
Did time aid end up helping student‐athlete to skirt disciplinary action?
Authors: Gelpi Aileen
Published: January 2016

The Iowa State University Office of Judicial Affairs charged student‐athlete Yempabou Palo with sexual assault and sexual harassment of a female student in September 2012.
A review of hair product use on breast cancer risk in African American women
Authors: Stiel Laura , Adkins‐Jackson Paris B. , Clark Phyllis , Mitchell Eudora , Montgomery Susanne
Published: January 2016

The incidence rate of breast cancer for African American women has recently converged with that of non‐Hispanic White women in the United States, although African Americans have a higher mortality rate due to this disease. Although most research exploring health disparities associated with this phenomenon has focused on differences between women based on biology and behavior, both the academic and lay communities have begun to explore the potential role of environmental exposure to estrogen and endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). This study reviews the current state of the science associating one such means of exposure, hair products containing EDCs, with breast cancer risk in African American women. We found a growing body of evidence linking: (1) environmental estrogen and EDC exposures to breast cancer risk, (2) the presence of such chemicals in personal care products, including hair products, and (3) the use of certain hair products with potential breast cancer risk in African Americans. At the same time, there is also increasing concern in the lay community about this risk. These results indicate the need for additional research, and the opportunity to benefit from strategic partnerships in community‐collaborative approaches in order to better understand the potential “cost of beauty.”
Cancer stem cells: a metastasizing menace!
Authors: Bandhavkar Saurabh
Published: January 2016

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and is estimated to be a reason of death of more than 18 billion people in the coming 5 years. Progress has been made in diagnosis and treatment of cancer; however, a sound understanding of the underlying cell biology still remains an unsolved mystery. Current treatments include a combination of radiation, surgery, and/or chemotherapy. However, these treatments are not a complete cure, aimed simply at shrinking the tumor and in majority of cases, there is a relapse of tumor. Several evidences suggest the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) or tumor‐initiating stem‐like cells, a small population of cells present in the tumor, capable of self‐renewal and generation of differentiated progeny. The presence of these CSCs can be attributed to the failure of cancer treatments as these cells are believed to exhibit therapy resistance. As a result, increasing attention has been given to CSC research to resolve the therapeutic problems related to cancer. Progress in this field of research has led to the development of novel strategies to treat several malignancies and has become a hot topic of discussion. In this review, we will briefly focus on the main characteristics, therapeutic implications, and perspectives of CSCs in cancer therapy.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)‐Targeted, Galectin‐Mediated Retrograde Transport by Using a HaloTag Carrier Protein
Authors: Son Sang‐Hyun , Seko Akira , Daikoku Shusaku , Fujikawa Kohki , Suzuki Katsuhiko , Ito Yukishige , Kanie Osamu
Published: January 2016

Investigations into metabolic processes within the cell have often relied on genetic methods such as forced expression and knockout or knockdown techniques. An alternative approach would be introducing a molecule into the desired location inside the cell. To translocate compounds from outside cells into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), we constructed a delivery carrier protein. This comprised N‐terminal galectin‐1 for cell‐surface binding (G1), a protease cleavable sequence (ps), a HaloTag domain for attaching exogenous compounds (Halo), and a C‐terminal KDEL sequence for ER retention. Fluorescently labeled G1‐ps‐Halo‐KDEL passed through the Golgi apparatus and reached the ER. By using Man9GlcNAc2‐BODIPY as a cargo compound, the carrier protein was also delivered into the ER with concomitant processing of mannose to Man5,6, by the ER‐resident α1,2‐mannosidase. G1‐ps‐Halo‐KDEL might serve as a new type of delivery carrier protein to direct compounds into the ER.
Versatility of the free jejunum flap in vaginal reconstruction
Authors: Bistoni Giovanni , Alamouti Reza , Martinez Alcaide Sonia , Matute Tobias Luis Javier , Blanco Gonzalez Francisco Javier , Mallent Añon José
Published: January 2016

Key Clinical Message

Vaginal reconstruction represents a very difficult challenge. Free jejunal flaps can be easily molded and adapted to solve complex cases restoring the width, length, and consistency of the “new” vagina without compromising the external genitalia and improving the lubrication while preserving sensation to clitoris.
Effects of Anion Substitution in (Mo,V)5O14 on Catalytic Performance in Selective Propene Oxidation to Acrolein
Authors: Kühn S. , Weber D. , Lerch M. , Ressler T.
Published: January 2016

Molybdenum‐based mixed oxides represent well‐known model catalysts for the selective oxidation of light alkenes. Here, the anion lattice of (Mo,V)5O14 was for the first time modified by substituting oxygen ions with nitrogen ions. Investigations by XRD analysis, X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, and FTIR spectroscopy revealed that the incorporation of nitrogen in the structure of Mo5O14 proceeded without changing the average valence of metal centers. Additionally, impedance spectroscopy confirmed the formation of oxygen vacancies. Significant changes in conductivities remained after the removal of nitrogen. Temperature‐programmed reduction measurements were performed to investigate oxygen mobility. The enhanced reducibility of oxide nitrides correlated with the increased conductivity. Catalytic performance in selective propene oxidation was determined by online mass spectrometry und gas chromatography at different temperatures. Selectivity towards acrolein increased with increasing conductivity whereas the formation of total oxidation products COx decreased.
Fabrication of Fe3O4‐l‐dopa‐CuII/SnIV@Micro‐Mesoporous‐SiO2 Catalyst Applied to Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation Reaction
Authors: Huo Hongfei , Wu Li , Ma Jianxin , Yang Honglei , Zhang Le , Yang Yuanyuan , Li Shuwen , Li Rong
Published: January 2016

A Magnetic mFe3O4‐l‐dopa‐CuII/SnIV@micro‐mesoporous‐SiO2 catalyst was successfully prepared. The catalyst exhibits high and stable catalytic activity for the Baeyer–Villiger oxidation reaction with air as oxidant. Furthermore, the selectivity can reach nearly 100 %. Meanwhile the catalyst can be easily separated by an external magnet and reused at least up to five cycles without any notable loss in catalytic activity. In addition, the effect of Sn and Cu on the oxidation of cyclohexanone is discussed.
Three‐Dimensionally Extended Host Electrodes for Biosensor Applications
Authors: Lo Yu‐Chun , Lee Kuan‐Ting , Liang Yi‐Ching , Liu Dai‐Ming , Matsushita Nobuhiro , Ikoma Toshiyuki , Lu Shih‐Yuan
Published: January 2016

A new concept of three‐dimensionally extended host electrodes is proposed with the fabrication and applications of fluorine‐doped tin oxide (FTO) nanorod array based host electrodes as an example. The FTO nanorod arrays were grown on top of commercial FTO glass through a vapor–liquid–solid process by using Au nanocrystals as the anisotropic growth catalyst, tin powders as the precursor, and NH4F as the fluorine source. This three‐dimensionally extended FTO nanostructure was then decorated with Pt nanocrystals, using a polyol method, to serve as a non‐enzymatic sensing electrode for H2O2. These FTO nanorods not only offer greatly enlarged sensing areas and fast charge transport channels, but also significantly enhance the hydrophilicity of the electrode, all of which are beneficial for the electrochemical sensing of aqueous samples. A two order of magnitude improvement in sensitivity toward H2O2 over the plain commercial FTO glass was achieved, reaching a high sensitivity value of 543 mA M−1 cm2.
Thiazole Orange Dimers in DNA: Fluorescent Base Substitutions with Hybridization Readout
Authors: Berndl Sina , Dimitrov Stoichko D. , Menacher Florian , Fiebig Torsten , Wagenknecht Hans‐Achim
Published: January 2016

By using (S)‐2‐amino‐1,3‐propanediol as a linker, thiazole orange (TO) was incorporated in a dimeric form into DNA. The green fluorescence (λ=530 nm) of the intrastrand TO dimer is quenched, whereas the interstrand TO dimer shows a characteristic redshifted orange emission (λ=585 nm). Steady‐state optical spectroscopic methods reveal that the TO dimer fluorescence is independent of the sequential base contexts. Time‐resolved pump–probe measurements and excitation spectra reveal the coexistence of conformations, including mainly stacked TO dimers and partially unstacked ones, which yield exciton and excimer contributions to the fluorescence, respectively. The helicity of the DNA framework distorts the excitonic coupling. In particular, the interstrand TO dimer could be regarded as an excitonically interacting base pair with fluorescence readout for DNA hybridization. Finally, the use of this fluorescent readout was representatively demonstrated in molecular beacons.
Homo‐ and Heterodinuclear Ir and Rh Imine‐functionalized Protic NHC Complexes: Synthetic, Structural Studies, and Tautomerization/Metallotropism Insights
Authors: He Fan , Wesolek Marcel , Danopoulos Andreas A. , Braunstein Pierre
Published: January 2016

The influence of the potentially chelating imino group of imine‐functionalized Ir and Rh imidazole complexes on the formation of functionalized protic N‐heterocyclic carbene (pNHC) complexes by tautomerization/metallotropism sequences was investigated. Chloride abstraction in [Ir(cod)Cl{C3H3N2(DippN=CMe)‐κN3}] (1 a) (cod=1,5‐cyclooctadiene, Dipp=2,6‐diisopropylphenyl) with TlPF6 gave [Ir(cod){C3H3N2(DippN=CMe)‐κ2(C2,Nimine)}]+[PF6]− (3 a+[PF6]−). Plausible mechanisms for the tautomerization of complex 1 a to 3 a+[PF6]− involving C2−H bond activation either in 1 a or in [Ir(cod){C3H3N2(DippN=CMe)‐κN3}2]+[PF6]− (6 a+[PF6]−) were postulated. Addition of PR3 to complex 3 a+[PF6]− afforded the eighteen‐valence‐electron complexes [Ir(cod)(PR3){C3H3N2(DippN=CMe)‐κ2(C2,Nimine)}]+[PF6]− (7 a+[PF6]− (R=Ph) and 7 b+[PF6]− (R=Me)). In contrast to Ir, chloride abstraction from [Rh(cod)Cl{C3H3N2(DippN=CMe)‐κN3}] (1 b) at room temperature afforded [Rh(cod){C3H3N2(DippN=CMe)‐κN3}2]+[PF6]− (6 b+[PF6]−) and [Rh(cod){C3H3N2(DippN=CMe)‐κ2(C2,Nimine)}]+[PF6]− (3 b+[PF6]−) (minor); the reaction yielded exclusively the latter product in toluene at 110 °C. Double metallation of the azole ring (at both the C2 and the N3 atom) was also achieved: [Ir2(cod)2Cl{μ‐C3H2N2(DippN=CMe)‐κ2(C2,Nimine),κN3}] (10) and the heterodinuclear complex [IrRh(cod)2Cl{μ‐C3H2N2(DippN=CMe)‐κ2(C2,Nimine),κN3}] (12) were fully characterized. The structures of complexes 1 b, 3 b+[PF6]−, 6 a+[PF6]−, 7 a+[PF6]−, [Ir(cod){C3HN2(DippN=CMe)(DippN=CH)(Me)‐κ2(N3,Nimine)}]+[PF6]− (9+[PF6]−), 10⋅ Et2O⋅toluene, [Ir2(CO)4Cl{μ‐C3H2N2(DippN=CMe)‐κ2(C2,Nimine),κN3}] (11), and 12⋅2 THF were determined by X‐ray diffraction.
Design and Sensing Properties of a Self‐Assembled Supramolecular Oligomer
Authors: Bähring Steffen , Martín‐Gomis Luis , Olsen Gunnar , Nielsen Kent A. , Kim Dong Sub , Duedal Troels , Sastre‐Santos Ángela , Jeppesen Jan O. , Sessler Jonathan L.
Published: January 2016

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Jonathan L. Sessler at the University of Texas at Austin. The image depicts the controlled self‐assembly of electron‐rich and electron‐deficient components to create a stimulus responsive oligomeric ensemble that functions as a sensor system for nitroaromatic explosives. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201503701.
The Influence of Substituent Orientation on the Photovoltaic Performance of Phthalocyanine‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Tejerina Lara , Martínez‐Díaz M. Victoria , Nazeeruddin Mohammad Khaja , Torres Tomas
Published: January 2016

Phthalocyanines (Pcs) are used as sensitizers in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) because of their stability and intense absorption in the red and near‐IR regions. Impressive progress has been made in photovoltaic efficiencies by introduction of bulky peripheral substituents to help suppress macrocycle aggregation. To reach benchmark efficiencies reported for other related dyes, new designs need to be explored. Single carboxy‐ZnPc regioisomers substituted at the non‐peripheral positions by rigid aryl groups have now been studied, which has shed light on the influence of steric hindrance and/or orientation of the substituent around the anchoring group on the photovoltaic response. The regioisomer bearing the aryl group far away from the anchoring group produces a more effective sensitization of the TiO2 films and higher short‐circuit photocurrent density (Jsc). Taking advantage of the good photovoltaic performance in the near‐IR region of this ZnPc, it was combined with another appropriate dye for panchromatic sensitization of the mesoporous photoelectrode and an increase of the overall device efficiency.
Methanol carboxylation over zirconium dioxide: Effect of catalyst phase composition on its acid‐base spectrum and direction of catalytic transformations
Authors: Kochkin Yuri N. , Vlasenko Nina V. , Struzhko Vira L. , Puziy Alexander M. , Strizhak Peter E.
Published: January 2016

The effect of ZrO2calcination temperature on its structure and acid‐base characteristics was investigated to elucidate their relation to catalytic behaviour in methanol carboxylation. Varying the calcination temperature causes changes in ZrO2phase composition and acid‐base characteristics. The base properties of ZrO2play a prominent role in dimethyl carbonate synthesis. Strong base sites (ECO2 > 78 kJ/mol) are needed to activate СО2. Tetragonal modification of zirconium dioxide has a higher basicity than the monoclinic. Thus, the greater the contribution of t‐ZrO2in the catalyst, the greater its ability to activate СО2and therefore result in higher catalytic activity for methanol carboxylation. DMC selectivity was determined by the ratio of catalyst base site to acid site concentration.
A Simple Tiered Methodology for the Determination of Ambient Air Quality Guidelines
Authors: Pirard Catherine , Brouhon Jean‐Marc , Fourmeaux Annick , Charlier Corinne
Published: January 2016

Within the scope of the renewal of industrial operating permits in Belgium, the Walloon Agency for Air and Climate needed air quality criteria for a wide range of toxics. Due to the plethora of different existing values for some compounds or the total lack for others, the development of a simple methodology was required to provide both quality and intervention criteria, corresponding respectively to a chemical concentration for which no adverse health effects are expected for a lifetime exposure, and the chemical concentration in air associated with a risk for human health deemed significant. The tiered methodology developed here allows the selection of air guidelines from available databases, and proposes, if needed, approaches based on well‐proven procedures to derive air quality guidelines from occupational exposure limits, drinking water guidelines, tolerable daily intakes, or as a last resort acute lethal toxicity data if nothing else is available. If this method has been successfully applied to more than 550 compounds, all values produced should be validated according to the purpose of the guidelines, the technical feasibility of achieving the threshold produced, and the specificity of the environment conditions and the targeted population. Moreover, the criteria obtained from non‐air‐related data should be critically examined and handled with caution.
Differentiating Between Pollutants Build‐Up on Roads and Roofs: Significance of Roofs as a Stormwater Pollutant Source
Authors: Liu An , Miguntanna Nadeeka S. , Miguntanna Nandika P. , Egodawatta Prasanna , Goonetilleke Ashantha
Published: January 2016

Impervious surfaces in an urban catchment are primary stormwater pollutant contributing areas. Appropriate treatment of stormwater runoff from these impervious surfaces is essential to safeguard the urban water environment. While urban roads have received significant research attention in this regard, roofs have not been well investigated. Key pollutant processes such as build‐up on roads and roofs can be different due to the different surface characteristics. This entails different treatment strategies being needed for road and roofs. The research study characterized roof pollutants build‐up by differentiating with road surfaces. It was noted that pollutants are more highly concentrated on particles and particularly finer particles in the case of roof surfaces, compared to road surfaces. Additionally, pollutants built‐up on roof surfaces tend to be relatively more variable from one day to another in terms of pollutant loads. These results highlight the significance of roofs as a stormwater pollutant source and the important need for a specific stormwater treatment strategy rather than the application of a combined approach for treating stormwater runoff from both, roads and roofs.
Clinical performance of the Food and Drug Administration–Approved high‐risk HPV test for the detection of high‐grade cervicovaginal lesions
Authors: Zhou Haijun , Mody Roxanne R. , Luna Eric , Armylagos Donna , Xu Jiaqiong , Schwartz Mary R. , Mody Dina R. , Ge Yimin
Published: January 2016

BACKGROUND

In recent years, high‐risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) testing for triaging atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance and cotesting with cytology have been implemented in clinical practice. However, clinical data for primary screening with human papillomavirus (HPV) testing alone are currently lacking.

METHODS

This study retrospectively reviewed the correlation of cytology, histology, and hrHPV testing through the use of a cytology laboratory quality assurance database with 130,648 Papanicolaou (Pap) tests interpreted at Houston BioReference Laboratories and Houston Methodist Hospital between March 1, 2013 and June 30, 2014. Among the 47,499 patients who had undergone cytology‐HPV cotesting, 1654 underwent follow‐up biopsies.

RESULTS

The sensitivities of the hrHPV and Pap tests were 80.8% and 81.2%, respectively, for detecting any type of cervicovaginal dysplasia and 91.3% and 90.9%, respectively, for high‐grade cervicovaginal lesions. For biopsy‐confirmed high‐grade cervicovaginal lesions (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2+, adenocarcinoma in situ, or carcinoma; n = 253), the false‐negative rates for hrHPV and Pap tests were 8.7% and 9.1%, respectively. The false‐negative rate for cytology‐hrHPV cotesting was only 1.2%.

CONCLUSIONS

In clinical practice, the hrHPV test alone is not significantly superior to the Pap test as a primary screening method for cervicovaginal lesions. The false‐negative rate of the hrHPV test in detecting biopsy‐confirmed high‐grade cervicovaginal lesions is comparable to the rate of the Pap test. Women with cytology and hrHPV cotesting, however, have a significantly lower false‐negative rate than those undergoing either test alone. Currently, cytology‐HPV cotesting remains the best strategy for detecting high‐grade cervicovaginal lesions. Cancer Cytopathol 2016;124:317–23. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Regional expression and ultrastructural localization of EphA7 in the hippocampus and cerebellum of adult rat
Authors: Amegandjin Clara A. , Jammow Wafaa , Laforest Sylvie , Riad Mustapha , Baharnoori Moogeh , Badeaux Frédérique , DesGroseillers Luc , Murai Keith K. , Pasquale Elena B. , Drolet Guy , Doucet Guy
Published: January 2016

EphA7 is expressed in the adult central nervous system (CNS), where its roles are yet poorly defined. We mapped its distribution using in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) combined with light (LM) and electron microscopy (EM) in adult rat and mouse brain. The strongest ISH signal was in the hippocampal pyramidal and granule cell layers. Moderate levels were detected in habenula, striatum, amygdala, the cingulate, piriform and entorhinal cortex, and in cerebellum, notably the Purkinje cell layer. The IHC signal distribution was consistent with ISH results, with transport of the protein to processes, as exemplified in the hippocampal neuropil layers and weakly stained pyramidal cell layers. In contrast, in the cerebellum, the Purkinje cell bodies were the most strongly immunolabeled elements. EM localized the cell surface‐expression of EphA7 essentially in postsynaptic densities (PSDs) of dendritic spines and shafts, and on some astrocytic leaflets, in both hippocampus and cerebellum. Perikaryal and dendritic labeling was mostly intracellular, associated with the synthetic and trafficking machineries. Immunopositive vesicles were also observed in axons and axon terminals. Quantitative analysis in EM showed significant differences in the frequency of labeled elements between regions. Notably, labeled dendrites were ∼3–5 times less frequent in cerebellum than in hippocampus, but they were individually endowed with ∼10–40 times higher frequencies of PSDs, on their shafts and spines. The cell surface localization of EphA7, being preferentially in PSDs, and in perisynaptic astrocytic leaflets, provides morphologic evidence that EphA7 plays key roles in adult CNS synaptic maintenance, plasticity, or function. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:2462–2478, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Graphene@Nanoporous Nickel Cathode for Li−O2 Batteries
Authors: Guo Xianwei , Han Jiuhui , Liu Pan , Ito Yoshikazu , Hirata Akihiko , Chen Mingwei
Published: January 2016

Li−O2 batteries are a promising electrochemical energy‐storage system with a sufficient energy density for all electric vehicles, with a one‐charge driving distance comparable to conventional petrol cars. However, the practical implementations of Li−O2 batteries face many scientific and technological challenges. Among these is the development of high‐performance cathode materials that can provide high capacity, low charge/discharge overpotentials and stable cycling stability. Here, we report a nanoporous Ni cathode covered by N‐doped graphene and self‐grown catalyst for rechargeable Li−O2 batteries. The novel hybrid cathode shows relatively low charge/discharge overpotentials, high volumetric capacity and long cycling lifetime, which may pave a new way for practical implementation of economic nanoporous metals as binder‐free cathodes for high‐performance Li−O2 batteries.
Fabrication of a High‐Quality, Porous, Surface‐Confined Covalent Organic Framework on a Reactive Metal Surface
Authors: Larrea Christian R. , Baddeley Christopher J.
Published: January 2016

A major goal of heterogeneous catalysis is to optimize catalytic selectivity. Selectivity is often limited by the fact that most heterogeneous catalysts possess sites with a range of reactivities, resulting in the formation of unwanted by‐products. The construction of surface‐confined covalent organic frameworks (sCOFs) on catalytically active surfaces is a desirable strategy, as pores can be tailored to operate as catalytic nanoreactors. Direct modification of reactive surfaces is impractical, because the strong molecule–surface interaction precludes monomer diffusion and formation of extended architectures. Herein, we describe a protocol for the formation of a high‐quality sCOF on a Pd‐rich surface by first fabricating a porous sCOF through Ullmann coupling on a Au‐rich bimetallic surface on Pd(111). Once the sCOF has formed, thermal processing induces a Pd‐rich surface while preserving the integrity of the sCOF architecture, as evidenced by scanning tunneling microscopy and titration of Pd sites through CO adsorption.
Polyoxometalate Complexes as Precursors to Vanadium‐Doped Molybdenum or Tungsten Oxide Thin Films by Means of Aerosol‐Assisted Chemical Vapour Deposition
Authors: Ponja Sapna D. , Sathasivam Sanjayan , Davies Hywel O. , Parkin Ivan P. , Carmalt Claire J.
Published: January 2016

Aerosol‐assisted chemical vapour deposition of substituted polyoxometalates H4[PMo11VO40], H7[PMo8V4O40], [nBu4N]4[PVW11O40] and [nBu4N]5[PV2W10O40] resulted in the formation of vanadium‐doped metal oxide thin films. Depositions were carried out at 550 °C in methanol or acetonitrile for the POMs that contained molybdenum or tungsten, respectively. The as‐deposited films were X‐ray amorphous and relatively non‐adherent. However, on annealing in air at 600 °C, decolourised translucent films that were more mechanically robust were obtained. Films deposited from H4[PMo11VO40] and H7[PMo8V4O40] consisted of V‐doped MoO3 in the orthorhombic phase and films from [nBu4N]4[PVW11O40] and [nBu4N]5[PV2W10O40] comprised of monoclinic V‐doped WO3. All films were fully characterised by using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and UV/Vis spectroscopy.
Stress‐induced changes in abundance differ among obligate and facultative endosymbionts of the soybean aphid
Authors: Enders Laramy S. , Miller Nicholas J.
Published: January 2016

Bacterial endosymbionts can drive evolutionary novelty by conferring adaptive benefits under adverse environmental conditions. Among aphid species there is growing evidence that symbionts influence tolerance to various forms of stress. However, the extent to which stress inflicted on the aphid host has cascading effects on symbiont community dynamics remains poorly understood. Here we simultaneously quantified the effect of host‐plant induced and xenobiotic stress on soybean aphid (Aphis glycines) fitness and relative abundance of its three bacterial symbionts. Exposure to soybean defensive stress (Rag1 gene) and a neurotoxic insecticide (thiamethoxam) substantially reduced aphid composite fitness (survival × reproduction) by 74 ± 10% and 92 ± 2%, respectively, which in turn induced distinctive changes in the endosymbiont microbiota. When challenged by host‐plant defenses a 1.4‐fold reduction in abundance of the obligate symbiont Buchnera was observed across four aphid clonal lines. Among facultative symbionts of Rag1‐stressed aphids, Wolbachia abundance increased twofold and Arsenophonus decreased 1.5‐fold. A similar pattern was observed under xenobiotic stress, with Buchnera and Arsenophonus titers decreasing (1.3‐fold) and Wolbachia increasing (1.5‐fold). Furthermore, variation in aphid virulence to Rag1 was positively correlated with changes in Arsenophonus titers, but not Wolbachia or Buchnera. A single Arsenophonus multi‐locus genotype was found among aphid clonal lines, indicating strain diversity is not primarily responsible for correlated host‐symbiont stress levels. Overall, our results demonstrate the nature of aphid symbioses can significantly affect the outcome of interactions under stress and suggests general changes in the microbiome can occur across multiple stress types.
Condition dependence of male and female reproductive success: insights from a simultaneous hermaphrodite
Authors: Janicke Tim , Chapuis Elodie
Published: January 2016

Sexually selected traits are predicted to show condition dependence by capturing the genetic quality of its bearer. In separate‐sexed organisms, this will ultimately translate into condition dependence of reproductive success of the sex that experiences sexual selection, which is typically the male. Such condition dependence of reproductive success is predicted to be higher in males than females under conditions promoting intense sexual selection. For simultaneous hermaphrodites, however, sex allocation theory predicts that individuals in poor condition channel relatively more resources into the male sex function at the expense of the female function. Thus, male reproductive success is expected to be less condition dependent than female reproductive success. We subjected individuals of the simultaneously hermaphroditic snail Physa acuta to two feeding treatments to test for condition dependence of male and female reproductive success under varying levels of male–male competition. Condition dependence was found for female, but not for male, reproductive success, meaning that selection on condition is relatively stronger through the female sex function. This effect was consistent over both male–male competition treatments. Decomposition of male and female reproductive performance revealed that individuals in poor condition copulated more in their male role, indicating an increased male allocation to mate acquisition. These findings suggest that sex‐specific condition dependence of reproductive success is at least partially driven by condition‐dependent sex allocation. We discuss the implications of condition‐dependent sex allocation for the evolution of sexually selected traits in simultaneous hermaphrodites.
Bacterial characterization of Beijing drinking water by flow cytometry and MiSeq sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene
Authors: Liu Tingting , Kong Weiwen , Chen Nan , Zhu Jing , Wang Jingqi , He Xiaoqing , Jin Yi
Published: January 2016

Flow cytometry (FCM) and 16S rRNA gene sequencing data are commonly used to monitor and characterize microbial differences in drinking water distribution systems. In this study, to assess microbial differences in drinking water distribution systems, 12 water samples from different sources water (groundwater, GW; surface water, SW) were analyzed by FCM, heterotrophic plate count (HPC), and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. FCM intact cell concentrations varied from 2.2 × 103 cells/mL to 1.6 × 104 cells/mL in the network. Characteristics of each water sample were also observed by FCM fluorescence fingerprint analysis. 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that Proteobacteria (76.9–42.3%) or Cyanobacteria (42.0–3.1%) was most abundant among samples. Proteobacteria were abundant in samples containing chlorine, indicating resistance to disinfection. Interestingly, Mycobacterium, Corynebacterium, and Pseudomonas, were detected in drinking water distribution systems. There was no evidence that these microorganisms represented a health concern through water consumption by the general population. However, they provided a health risk for special crowd, such as the elderly or infants, patients with burns and immune‐compromised people exposed by drinking. The combined use of FCM to detect total bacteria concentrations and sequencing to determine the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria resulted in the quantitative evaluation of drinking water distribution systems. Knowledge regarding the concentration of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria will be particularly useful for epidemiological studies.
Modelling the effect of riparian vegetation restoration on sediment transport in a human‐impacted Brazilian catchment
Authors: Monteiro José A. F. , Kamali Bahareh , Srinivasan Raghavan , Abbaspour Karim , Gücker Björn
Published: January 2016

Soil erosion threatens both soil and water resources and has increased globally because of the removal of natural vegetation and the intensification of existing agriculture. Brazil is privileged by a large proportion of natural vegetation and abundant freshwater. Recently, modifications of the Brazilian Forest Act (BFA) have been approved, which offer landowners that had committed illegal riparian deforestation in the past amnesty from reforestation, and further reductions of riparian protected areas are currently discussed. Here, we used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool to simulate river discharge and sediment exports in a typical human‐impacted Brazilian catchment, the Rio das Mortes catchment. By restoring the riparian vegetation according to the BFA and ignoring amnesties to land owners, the current annual sediment export of the catchment of 0·830 t ha−1 was reduced by 29·4% according to our model. Further, simulated reforestation twice the size demanded by the BFA resulted in a 31·4% reduction of the current sediment export. However, reforestation of a 5‐m homogeneous riparian corridor only, as currently discussed in the Federal Brazilian State of São Paulo, reduced sediment exports by only 23·8%, not considering expected additional erosion due to deforestation outside the simulated reforested 5‐m corridor. Our study is the first catchment‐wide assessment of the role of riparian vegetation in preventing soil erosion in Brazil. Its results support intensive reforestation efforts of the riparian zone and point to substantial negative effects of further reductions of the protected riparian corridor width and amnesties from reforestation to land owners. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deciphering CD137 (4‐1BB) signaling in T‐cell costimulation for translation into successful cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Sanchez‐Paulete Alfonso R. , Labiano Sara , Rodriguez‐Ruiz Maria E. , Azpilikueta Arantza , Etxeberria Iñaki , Bolaños Elixabet , Lang Valérie , Rodriguez Manuel , Aznar M. Angela , Jure‐Kunkel Maria , Melero Ignacio
Published: January 2016

CD137 (4‐1BB, TNF‐receptor superfamily 9) is a surface glycoprotein of the TNFR family which can be induced on a variety of leukocyte subsets. On T and NK cells, CD137 is expressed following activation and, if ligated by its natural ligand (CD137L), conveys polyubiquitination‐mediated signals via TNF receptor associated factor 2 that inhibit apoptosis, while enhancing proliferation and effector functions. CD137 thus behaves as a bona fide inducible costimulatory molecule. These functional properties of CD137 can be exploited in cancer immunotherapy by systemic administration of agonist monoclonal antibodies, which increase anticancer CTLs and enhance NK‐cell‐mediated antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity. Reportedly, anti‐CD137 mAb and adoptive T‐cell therapy strongly synergize, since (i) CD137 expression can be used to select the T cells endowed with the best activities against the tumor, (ii) costimulation of the lymphocyte cultures to be used in adoptive T‐cell therapy can be done with CD137 agonist antibodies or CD137L, and (iii) synergistic effects upon coadministration of T cells and antibodies are readily observed in mouse models. Furthermore, the signaling cytoplasmic tail of CD137 is a key component of anti‐CD19 chimeric antigen receptors that are used to redirect T cells against leukemia and lymphoma in the clinic. Ongoing phase II clinical trials with agonist antibodies and the presence of CD137 sequence in these successful chimeric antigen receptors highlight the importance of CD137 in oncoimmunology.
Synthesis and Characterization of Methyl–Palladium and –Platinum Complexes Supported by N,O‐ and N,S‐Donor Ligands
Authors: Ruiz Plaza Daniel , Alvarado‐Monzón José C. , Andreu de Riquer Gabriel A. , González‐García Gerardo , Höpfl Herbert , de León‐Rodríguez Luis Manuel , López Jorge A.
Published: January 2016

The methylpalladium and ‐platinum complexes [Pd(AcNac)(PMe3)CH3], [Pd(SacNac)(PMe3)CH3], and [Pt(SacNac)(PMe3)CH3] have been prepared from protonation reactions between AcNac [H3CC(O)CHC(NAr)CH3; Ar = 2,6‐iPr‐C6H3 = Dipp (L1); Ar = 2,4,6‐MeC6H2 = Mes (L2)] or SacNac [H3CC(S)CHC(NAr)CH3; Ar = 2,6‐iPr‐C6H3 = Dipp (L3); Ar = 2,4,6‐MeC6H2 = Mes (L4)] ligands and dimethyl–metal complexes of the composition [M(L′)Me2] (M = Pd, L′ = tmeda = N,N,N′N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine; M = Pt, L′ = cod = 1,5‐cyclooctadiene) and PMe3 in acetonitrile. Only one isomer was formed in each case and X‐ray crystallographic analysis showed that the PMe3 co‐ligand is found in the cis position with respect to the sulfur or oxygen atom in all complexes.
Hydrophilic Fe3O4@C for High‐­Capacity Adsorption of 2,4‐Dichloro­phenol
Authors: Wang Lingzhi , Gan Kaifeng , Lu Deli , Zhang Jinlong
Published: January 2016

A core–shell‐structured magnetic Fe3O4@C composite has been prepared from Fe3O4@RF (RF = resorcinol‐formaldehyde) through pyrolysis at 600 °C under a N2 atmosphere. The resultant products were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), powder X‐ray powder diffraction (PXRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The Fe3O4@C composite has excellent particle monodispersity, a uniform particle diameter of ca. 200 nm, a magnetic saturation of 41.2 emu g–1, and a high specific surface area of 247.3 m2 g–1 owing to the existence of a bimodal micro‐macroporous system. Moreover, the carbon shell is graphitized but has good hydrophilicity, which is attributed to the existence of remnant oxygen‐containing groups. When applied as an adsorbent for the removal of 2,4‐dichlorophenol from water, Fe3O4@C shows a good dispersivity (0.2 g L–1) and an average maximum adsorption capacity of 131.83 mg g–1 with a fluctuation of less than 17 % over a wide pH range from 1 to 11 and can be quickly recovered within 30 s by the application of an external magnetic field (800 G). The adsorption performance of Fe3O4@C is revealed to be attributed to π–π electron donor–acceptor interactions between the electron‐rich conjugated aromatic groups of Fe3O4@C and electron‐deficient 2,4‐dichlorophenol. The high adsorption capacity and facile magnetic separation performance make our hydrophilic Fe3O4@C an ideal adsorbent for the removal of 2,4‐dichlorophenol from wastewater.
Preparation, First Structure Analysis, and Magnetism of the Long‐Known Nickel Benzoate Trihydrate – A Linear Ni···Ni···Ni Polymer and Its Parallels with the Active Site of Urease
Authors: Vráblová Anna , Falvello Larry R. , Campo Javier , Miklovič Jozef , Boča Roman , Černák Juraj , Tomás Milagros
Published: January 2016

Nickel benzoate trihydrate (1) has been prepared in single‐crystalline form by the reaction of nickel carbonate with benzoic acid in boiling aqueous solution. Its crystal structure comprises positively charged [Ni(Bz)(H2O)2]nn+ chains, benzoate anions, and one independent water molecule of solvation. The hexacoordinate NiII centers in the chains are triply bridged by one syn‐syn carboxylato and two aqua bridges, and adjacent chains are linked by O–H···O hydrogen bonds [O···O distances are in the range 2.647(3)–2.684(3) Å] through solvate water molecules and benzoate anions. Thermal analysis revealed that 1 is stable up to 100 °C; further heating led to full dehydration accompanied by an additional decomposition reaction, as characterized by IR analysis of the intermediates. The geometrical features of the Ni centers have been compared with similar features at the active sites of urease. The effective magnetic moment per formula unit µeff has a value of 3.17µB at room temperature and upon cooling reaches a maximum value of 12.39µB at T = 4.6 K, which indicates ferromagnetic coupling between the nearest NiII atoms [3.0671(1) Å] within the chains; at lower temperatures this is counteracted by zero‐field splitting.
Antioxidant capacity of essential oil spice extracts versus ground spices and addition of antioxidants in Bulgarian type dry‐fermented sausages
Authors: Dragoev Stefan G. , Balev Dessislav K. , St. Nenov Nenko , Vassilev Kiril P. , Vlahova‐Vangelova Dessislava B.
Published: January 2016

The dry‐fermented sausages are under high risk of microbial cross‐contamination and physical impurities come from ground spices because they are not subjected to heat treatment. So, the objective of this study was to investigate the replacement of 3 g/kg ground black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), and cumin (Cuminum cyminum) with their aliquots of tetrafluoroethane extracts on oxidation stability in dry‐fermented sausages. The influence of 0.2 g/kg added antioxidants: Dihydroquercetin from Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) extract, or butylated hydroxytoluene on the antioxidant activity was studied too. For this purpose the acid value (AV), conjugated dienes and trienes, peroxide value (POV), TBARS, and fatty acid composition of Bulgarian‐type dry‐fermented sausages sudjuk Sadowski, were determined. The replacement of ground black pepper and cumin with tetrafluoroethane essential oil extracts in sudjuk effectively decrease the rate of lipolysis and lipid oxidation during processing and 30 days storage at 0–4°C. In comparison with control samples the AV was reduced by more than 38%, POV with 50.8%, conjugated dienes with 8.82%, conjugated trienes with 39.3%, and TBARS with approximately 39%. A strong linear correlation between TBARS and POV (R2 > 0.94); AV and POV (R2 > 0.89), and AV and TBARS (R2 > 0.83) was obtained.

Practical applications: The black pepper and cumin tetrafluoroethane essential oil extracts or addition of 0.02% of natural antioxidants, such as dihydroquercetin and rosemary powder extract can be used in the composition of the Bulgarian type dry‐fermented sausages such as sudjuk. They show strong antioxidant capacity with beneficial effect on lipolytical changes and lipid oxidation stability during 30 days vacuum storage at 0–4°C. In general, results suggest that black pepper and cumin tetrafluoroethane essential oil extracts with the combination of dihydroquercetin or rosemary powder extract can be successfully applied to protect dry‐fermented sausages from lipid oxidation.

Sample C, dry‐fermented sausages prepared with ground spices; sample E, dry‐fermented sausages prepared with tetrafluoroethane spices extracts; sample B, dry‐fermented sausages prepared with ground spices and 0.2 g/kg BHT; sample R, dry‐fermented sausages prepared with ground spices and 0.2 g/kg rosemary extract; sample T, dry‐fermented sausages prepared with ground spices and 0.2 g/kg dihydroquercetin.
Mono‐ and Difluorination of Benz­ylic Carbon Atoms
Authors: Koperniku Ana , Liu Hongqiang , Hurley Paul B.
Published: January 2016

This microreview is divided into four parts: introduction, benzylic monofluorination, benzylic difluorination and summary. Each procedure (base‐mediated, transition‐metal‐catalyzed, radical‐initiated benzylic fluorination) is described for the cases of both electrophilic and nucleophilic fluorine sources, with the exception of radical‐initiated benzylic difluorination, which is described only in the case of electrophilic fluorine in the literature. Moreover, specifically for radical‐initiated fluorination, the procedures are further classified according to the nature of the radical initiators used.
A Concise Total Synthesis of the Stereoisomers of (–)‐Pochonicine
Authors: Salunke Rahul Vilas , Ramesh Namakkal G.
Published: January 2016

A concise total synthesis of the four stereoisomers of (–)‐pochonicine was undertaken. The key steps of the synthesis involved chemoselective debenzylation of the primary benzyloxy group and an unprecedented Na–Hg‐mediated concomitant N‐detosylative intramolecular epoxide ring‐opening reaction. Notably, additional steps for the protection of other functional groups were not required. Glycosidase inhibition studies revealed that these compounds are inhibitors of β‐N‐acetylglucosaminidase with IC50 values in the sub‐millimolar range.
Copper‐Assisted Synthesis of 2‐Hydroxyphenyl‐1,2‐diones from Phenols and 2‐Oxoaldehydes
Authors: Battini Narsaiah , Battula Satyanarayana , Ahmed Qazi Naveed
Published: January 2016

An efficient copper(II)‐catalyzed protocol for the ortho‐functionalization of phenols was developed. A wide variety of 2‐oxoaldehydes and phenols were tolerated, and the corresponding 2‐hydroxyphenyl‐1,2‐diones were afforded in appreciable yields.
Room‐Temperature Alkynylation of Phosphine Oxides with Copper Acetylides: Practical Synthesis of Alkynylphosphine Oxides
Authors: Gérard Phidéline , Veillard Romain , Alayrac Carole , Gaumont Annie‐Claude , Evano Gwilherm
Published: January 2016

An efficient procedure for the synthesis of alkynylphosphine oxides based on the oxidative alkynylation of secondary phosphine oxides with copper acetylides was developed. Activation with molecular oxygen in the presence of either a mixture of 1,2‐dimethylimidazole and triethylamine or N‐methylimidazole alone enabled the formal umpolung of the poorly nucleophilic copper acetylides, which were coupled with phosphine oxides under remarkably mild conditions. Notable features of this procedure are the availability of the starting materials, its user‐friendliness, and its mild conditions, which allow the synthesis of complex alkynylphosphine oxides.
Synthesis and Configurations of (–)‐Furospongin‐1 and (+)‐Dihydrofuro­spongin‐2
Authors: Tan Dong‐Xing , Xu Ze‐Jun , Chen Hui‐Jun , Wu Yikang , You Jun
Published: January 2016

The long‐known furanoterpenes furospongin‐1 and dihydrofurospongin‐2 were synthesized for the first time using a chiral‐pool‐based route in an effort to secure the previous configurational assignments. The key C‐11 stereogenic centre was taken from D‐mannose, and the C‐13 alkyl centre was installed exploiting the chirality of mannose. Due to deprotonation and/or enolization of the building blocks used, introduction of the furan moieties was problematic, and so some reactions had to be avoided. The trisubstituted alkene was most satisfactorily constructed using a Julia–Kocienski olefination in 1,2‐dimethoxyethane, with the best (E)/(Z) ratio achieved using a secondary sulfone. The synthetic samples not only provided the first unequivocal piece of evidence for the C‐13 configuration of both natural products, but also confirmed the absolute configuration at C‐11 of furospongin‐1.
Cu/Pd‐Catalyzed Cascade Reactions of Cyclic Diaryliodoniums and Alkynes – Access to Fluorenes with Conjugate Enynes/Dienes
Authors: Liu Zhenquan , Luo Bingling , Liu Xiaomin , Hu Yumim , Wu Baojian , Huang Peng , Wen Shijun
Published: January 2016

Unlike the widely studied linear diaryliodoniums as electrophilic arylating reagents, cyclic diaryliodoniums have the potential to initiate dual arylations with atom and step economy. In our current work, cascade reactions of cyclic diaryliodoniums and two equivalent alkynes have been successfully achieved under mild conditions, catalyzed by CuI/PdCl2(PPh3)2. The transformation could also be realized in a stepwise way with two different alkynes or with one alkyne and one alkene. The reaction enables a rapid access to a variety of complex fluorenes containing conjugate enyne and diene fragments.