bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of Fluvio-Lacustrine Systems in the Young Glacial Area in Poland Based on the Research in the Valleys of the Rivers Wierzyca and WDA
Authors: Błaszkiewicz Mirosław
Published: September 2010

Development of Fluvio-Lacustrine Systems in the Young Glacial Area in Poland Based on the Research in the Valleys of the Rivers Wierzyca and WDA

Both rivers presented in the article, the Wierzyca River and the Wda River, flow along typical polygenic valleys in young glacial areas. Their valleys include a number of postglacial basins, mainly subglacial channels connected by gap sections. The course of fluvial processes in postglacial basins was determined by the Late Glacial melting and the development of lakes. In Holocene, on the lacustrine and delta deposits, which were filling up the lake basins, wide meander zones with meandering river beds developed. In Late Glacial erosive processes dominated at the gap sections, which ended up with the development of slide meanders. Since the beginning of Holocene, lateral erosion has been dominant due to stabilization of the river bed. This has lead to the widening of the floodplain. Despite this, along the major course of both valleys the width of the floodplains is insufficient for free development of river channels. This is the case of constrained meandering.
Evaluating the Parsęta Basin Communes' Tourist Space Using the Selected Quantification Methods
Authors: Domin Dominik , Kwiatkowski Grzegorz , Chodkowska-Miszczuk Justyna
Published: September 2010

Evaluating the Parsęta Basin Communes' Tourist Space Using the Selected Quantification Methods

Identifying differences in the factors determining tourism development in an area is crucial to utilising its natural, economic and socio-cultural resources that enable sustainable development of the tourist function. This article sets out to present and estimate factors underlying tourism development in the context of various quantification methods and the comparisons of their results. The phenomenon selected for the research is evaluated using tools such as a synthetic measure Gołembski (2002) (based on weights assigned to particular features) and two synthetic measures Perkal (z-scores) (1953) and Zioło (1985).
Flood Management Strategies in Frequent and Small Scale Events: Lessons Learned from Amarante (Portugal)
Authors: Tedim Fantina , Carvalho Salete
Published: September 2010

Flood Management Strategies in Frequent and Small Scale Events: Lessons Learned from Amarante (Portugal)

The 2000/2001 winter was exceptionally rainy in Portugal and between November 2000 and March 2001 several floods occurred. In this period some localities registered the highest floods of the last hundred years. One example is the town of Amarante, in the north of Portugal, that has been affected by several flood events during the time frame previously mentioned. There is no reference of these episodes in the international disaster databases (e.g. Em-data, Darmouth Flood Observatory) because it is a very small scale event, and no fatalities were recorded. However, it is a recurrent situation with considerable direct and indirect damages which affects a small part of the cultural heritage centre which is also an important touristic and commercial area.

The objective of this paper is to understand the characteristics of flood risk in Amarante which is a product of the hazard and the vulnerability of exposed elements (e.g. people, environment and structures) in order to improve flood disaster management efficiency.

The paper is organized into two parts. On the first one we add new data to the previous knowledge through the identification of flood episodes in two time periods, between 1937 and 1955 and from 1985 to 2001. Each event was characterized according to several parameters (e.g. flood peak, water height, flooding area, duration, and flow velocity) and classified into six levels according to flood magnitude (water height), flooded area (extension) and potential impacts (damages). This approach improves hazard knowledge and systematizes emergency response procedures. It can improve the communication, not only between the different civil protection agents, but also between them and the citizens during the emergency. It can also be useful for assurance companies' policy.

The second part is focused on the management of the March 21st 2001 flood which was the most severe in Amarante's history at least in the last hundred years. Understanding the damages and the impacts of flood on livelihoods, the emergency procedures, as well as the articulation between people and civil protection agents are fundamental to increase the efficiency of flood risk management strategies and the determination of appropriate protection levels.
Simulation of Fatigue Crack Growth in Integrally Stiffened Panels Under the Constant Amplitude and Spectrum Loadin
Authors: Augustin Petr
Published: September 2010

Simulation of Fatigue Crack Growth in Integrally Stiffened Panels Under the Constant Amplitude and Spectrum Loadin

The paper describes methodology of numerical simulation of fatigue crack growth and its application on integrally stiffened panels made of 2024-T351 aluminium alloy using high speed cutting technique. Presented approach for crack growth simulation starts by the calculation of stress intensity factor function from finite element results obtained using MSC. Patran/Nastran. Subsequent crack growth analysis is done in NASGRO and uses description of crack growth rates either by the Forman-Newman-de Koning relationship or by the table lookup form. Three crack growth models were applied for spectrum loading: non-interaction, Willenborg and Strip Yield model. Relatively large experimental program comprising both the constant amplitude and spectrum tests on integral panels and CCT specimens was undertaken at the Institute of Aerospace Engineering laboratory in order to acquire crack growth rate data and enable verification of simulations. First analyses and verification tests of panels were performed under the constant amplitude loading. For predictions of crack growth using the spectrum loading a load sequence representing service loading of the transport airplane wing was prepared. Applied load spectrum was measured on B737 airplane within the joint FAA/NASA collection program. The load sequence is composed of 10 flight types with different severity analogous to the standardized load sequence TWIST. Before application on the stiffened panels a calculation of crack growth under the spectrum loading was performed for simple CCT specimen geometry. The paper finally presents comparison of simulations of fatigue crack propagation in two-stringer stiffened panel under the spectrum loading with verification test carried out in the IAE lab. The work was performed within the scope of the 6th Framework Programme project DaToN - Innovative Fatigue and Damage Tolerance Methods for the Application of New Structural Concepts.
In-Service Flaw Detection and Quantification in the Composite Structures of Aircraft
Authors: Dragan Krzysztof , Synaszko Piotr
Published: September 2010

In-Service Flaw Detection and Quantification in the Composite Structures of Aircraft

Taking into consideration the increased usage of composites for aircraft structures there is a necessity for gathering information about structural integrity of such components. During the manufacturing of composites as well as during in service and maintenance procedures there is a possibility for damage occurrence. There is a large number of failure modes which can happen in such structures. These failure modes affect structural integrity and durability. In this work modern approach for detection of composites damage detection such as: delaminations, disbonds, foreign object inclusion and core damage has been presented. This detection is possible with the use of advanced P-C aided Non Destructive Testing methods. In the article nondestructive testing results for the composite vertical tail skins on MiG-29 aircraft will be delivered as well as some results of F-16 horizontal stabilizer and W-3 helicopter main rotor blades. Moreover some results of the composite honeycomb and sandwich structures will be presented based on the materials used in the construction of gliders and small aircraft. Factors affecting structural integrity and durability of the composites will be highlighted as well as necessity of the inspection with the use of modern NDT techniques. At the end some effort with Structural Health Monitoring connected with possibility of condition monitoring of composites will be presented.
Analysing Micromechanisms of Initiation and Propagation of Short Fatigue Cracks from Rivet Holes in the Aluminums Sheets
Authors: Kocańda Dorota , Hutsaylyuk Volodymyr
Published: September 2010

Analysing Micromechanisms of Initiation and Propagation of Short Fatigue Cracks from Rivet Holes in the Aluminums Sheets

Researched initiation and propagation of short surfaces fatigue cracks out of open in double-sided botch laminated sheet of aviation aluminum alloy 2024-T3 at stable amplitude one-sided bend (R=0.1). Research of the initial stage of development of cracks is realized by use of a SEM microscope, and it allowed to set the place of origin of crack and mikromechanisms of fracture of aluminum sheets, and also type of front of crack. Established a large enough scatter of velocity of propagation in the area of development of short cracks, which for a sheet from this alloy, with a thickness of 3 mm, reaches 0.5 mm. On the basis of fractografy researches modified model of analytical description of propagation of short fatigue crack is proposed.
The Effect of a Complex Stress State on Fatigue Crack Propagation and the Orientation of the Cracking Plane in VT3-1 Aeronautical Titanium Alloy
Authors: Kocańda Dorota , Mierzyński Janusz
Published: September 2010

The Effect of a Complex Stress State on Fatigue Crack Propagation and the Orientation of the Cracking Plane in VT3-1 Aeronautical Titanium Alloy

The subject of the paper is the investigations of fatigue crack imitation and propagation in notched specimens made of the VT3-1 aeronautical russian titanium alloy under combined bending - torsion loading. The presence of short cracks was revealed at various ratios of bending to torsion. Experimental courses of short and long crack growth rates have been proved by the SEM and TEM micrographs which illustrated the changes in the mechanism of cracking in the examined specimens. The attempt was undertaken in order to explain partly brittle fracture that was observed in the range of fatigue short crack growth in the VT3-1 titanium alloy specimens. The results of the study of atmospheric hydrogen absorption capability and its ability for penetration inside the faces of nucleated and propagated microcracks in the surface layer allowed for suggestion that the cleavage mechanism of fracture found in the regime of short crack growth in the VT3-1 titanium alloy specimens was induced by hydrogen.
Using JAIN SLEE as an Interaction and Policy Manager for Enabler-based Services in Next Generation Networks
Authors: Tsietsi Mosiuoa , Terzoli Alfredo , Wells George
Published: September 2010

Using JAIN SLEE as an Interaction and Policy Manager for Enabler-based Services in Next Generation Networks

The IP Multimedia Subsystem is a telecommunications framework with a standard architecture for the provision of services. While the services themselves have not been standardised, standards do exist for basic technologies that can be re-used and aggregated in order to construct more complex services. These elements are called service capabilities by the 3GPP and service enablers by the OMA, both of which are reputable standards bodies in this area. In order to provide re-usability, there is a need to manage access to the service capabilities. Also, in order to build complex services, there is a further need to be able to manage and coordinate the interactions that occur between service capabilities. The 3GPP and the OMA have separately defined network entities that are responsible for handling aspects of these requirements, and are known as a service capability interaction manager (SCIM) and a policy enforcer respectively. However, the internal structure of the SCIM and the policy enforcer have not been standardised by the relevant bodies. In addition, as the SCIM and the policy enforcer have been defined through complementary yet separate processes, there is an opportunity to unify efforts from both bodies. This paper builds on work and standards defined by the bodies, and proposes the design of an interaction manager with features borrowed from both the SCIM and the policy enforcer. To help validate the design, we have identified a platform known as JAIN SLEE which we believe conforms to the model proposed, and we discuss how JAIN SLEE can be used to implement our ideas.
Route Availability Model for Inter-working Multi-hop Wireless Networks
Authors: Salami Oladayo , Bagula Antoine , Chan H.
Published: September 2010

Route Availability Model for Inter-working Multi-hop Wireless Networks

In order to link a source-destination node pair in inter-working multi-hop wireless networks, links or routes must first be available. It is only after establishing the availability of links and routes between nodes that factors which affect connectivity e.g. interference can be considered. Connectivity in multi-hop wireless networks has been studied. However, the studies focused on network connectivity in ad-hoc networks. Since the next generation of wireless networks will be inter-working, an understanding of connectivity as it applies to such networks is needed. Specifically, this paper emphasizes that an analysis of route connectivity rather than network connectivity is needed for inter-working multi-hop wireless networks. With a focus on route connectivity, a route availability model for inter-working multi-hop wireless networks is presented.
High Altitude Platform — Future of Infrastructure
Authors: Malinowski Andrzej , Zieliński Ryszard
Published: September 2010

High Altitude Platform — Future of Infrastructure

High Altitude Platform (HAP) concept and idea is presented in the article. Characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of HAPs are described. There is also the comparison available between HAPs and existing telecommunication infrastructure (terrestrial and satellite). Selected examples of the possible limitation and technological restrictions of HAP based systems are presented in the article.
Resource and Task Allocation Algorithm for WAN-based Distributed Computing Environment
Authors: Markowski Marcin
Published: September 2010

Resource and Task Allocation Algorithm for WAN-based Distributed Computing Environment

In the paper an approximate algorithm for optimizing of distributed computing WAN network is proposed. Distributed computing systems become the common tools in different kind of business, science and even entertainment. In order to minimize processing time of data and utilize spare resources available on remote systems, many companies and institutions decide to build and maintain own wide area networks (WAN) for ensuring reliable and secure distributed processing of data. Design of WANs in concerned with solving different optimization problems, like routing assignment, capacities of channel selection, resource (i.e. servers, management centre) allocation. Due to peculiar structure of wide area networks and nature of protocols, proper optimization methods and algorithms should be constructed for WAN-based distributed computing systems. In the paper the model of the distributed environment, built on WAN infrastructure is presented. Then, the optimization problem for routing assignment, channel capacities assignment and grid management center (data repository) allocation is formulated. Finally, an approximate algorithm is presented for formulated problem. Proposed algorithm, observations and conclusions should effect in improving of distributed computing systems design.
Why Women Wear What They Wear
Authors: Woodward Sophie
Published: September 2010

Each morning we establish an image and an identity for ourselves through the simple act of getting dressed. Why Women Wear What They Wear presents an intimate ethnography of clothing choice. The book uses real women's lives and clothing decisions - observed and discussed at the moment of getting dressed - to illustrate theories of clothing, the body and identity. Woodward pieces together what women actually think about clothing, dress and the body in a world where popular media and culture presents an increasingly extreme and distorted view of femininity and the ideal body. Immediately accessible to all those who have stood in front of a mirror and wondered 'does this make me look fat?', 'is this skirt really me?' or 'does this jacket match?', Why Women Wear What They Wear provides students of anthropology and fashion with a fresh perspective on the social issues and constraints we are all consciously or unconsciously negotiating when we get dressed.
Fashion-ology
Authors: Kawamura Yuniya
Published: September 2010

This book provides a concise and much-needed introduction to the sociology of fashion. Most studies of fashion do not make a clear distinction between clothing and fashion. Kawamura argues that clothing is a tangible material product whereas fashion is a symbolic cultural product. She debunks the myth of the genius designer and explains, provocatively, that fashion is not about clothes but is a belief. There is an institutional structure, ignored by many fashion theorists, that has shaped and produced the fashion phenomenon. Kawamura further shows how the structural nature of the fashion system works to legitimize designers creativity and can make them successful. Newer fashion cities, such as Milan and New York, are the product of the fashion system that originated in Paris. Without that systemic structure, fashion culture would not exist. Fashion-ology provides a big picture approach that focuses on the social process behind fashion and its perpetuation.
Goth
Authors: Hodkinson Paul
Published: September 2010

Goths represent one of the most arresting, distinctive and enduring subcultures of recent times. The dedication of those involved to a lifestyle which, from the outside, may appear dark and sinister, has spawned reactions ranging from admiration to alarm. Until now, no one has conducted a full-scale ethnographic study of this fascinating subcultural group. Based on extensive research by an ‘insider’, this is the first. Immersing us in the potent mix of identities, practices and values that make up the goth scene, the author takes us behind the faade of the goth mystique. From dress and musical tastes to social habits and the use of the internet, Hodkinson details the inner workings of this intriguing group. Defying postmodern theories that claim media and commerce break down substantive cultural groupings, Hodkinson shows how both have been used by goths to retain, and even strengthen, their group identity.Hodkinson provides a comprehensive reworking of subcultural theory, making a key contribution to the disciplines of sociology, cultural studies, youth studies, media studies, and popular music studies. Readable and accessible, this groundbreaking book presents a unique chance to engage with a contemporary, spectacular culture.
Mallarmé on Fashion
Authors: Furbank P. N. , Cain A. M.
Published: September 2010

In the later months of 1874, the great French poet, Stephane Mallarme, undertook a highly idiosyncratic project - the publication of a fashion magazine (La Derniere Mode) that he almost single-handedly wrote and edited. Using a variety of feminine and masculine pseudonyms to theorize about the concept of fashion and to report and advise on womens clothing, popular vacation destinations, home furnishings and entertainment, Mallarme created a spectacularly original work that lies somewhere between Baudelaires seminal treatment of fashion in his essay on modernity, The Painter of Modern Life, and The Fashion System, Barthes brilliant semiology of clothing in the latter twentieth century. But the distinguishing feature of Mallarms magazine, and what differentiates it from the writing of Baudelaire and Barthes, is that it explores the nature of fashion from the inside. It is a genuine fashion magazine aspiring to lead fashion, though at the same time, by ingenious and appealing ironies, subtly satirizing this whole genre of writing. Various theories have been entertained about the work in the past, such as its being a prose poem, or alternatively a hoax or a mere money-making venture, but the present translators, in their commentary, argue that such guesses are hopelessly off the mark. Complete with the original artwork and a contextualizing introduction and commentary, Furbank and Cains definitive translation of one of French literatures greatest puzzles and surprises represents a major contribution to students, critics, theoreticians, and intellectual historians alike.
Second-Hand Cultures
Authors: Gregson Nicky , Crewe Louise
Published: September 2010

‘Antique’, ‘vintage’, ‘previously owned’, ‘gently used’, ‘cast-off – the world of second hand encompasses as many attitudes as there are names for it. The popular perception is that second- hand shops are largely full of junk, yet the rise of vintage fashion and the increasing desire for consumer individuality show that second hand shopping is also very much about style. Drawing on six years of original research, Second-Hand Cultures explores what happens when the often contradictory motivations behind style and survival strategies are brought together. What does second hand buying and selling tell us about the state of contemporary consumption? How do items that begin life as new get recycled and reclaimed? How do second hand goods challenge the future of retail consumption and what do the unique shopping environments in which they are found tell us about the social relations of exchange? Answering these questions and many more, this book fills a major gap in consumption studies. Gregson and Crewe argue that second hand cultures are critical to any understanding of how consumption is actually practised. Following the life stories of goods as they travel into and through second hand sites, the authors look at the work of traders as well as consumers investments in second hand merchandise including gifting and collecting as well as rituals of personalization and possession. Through its revealing investigation into the practices and customs that make up these unconventional retail worlds, this much-needed study carefully unpacks the persuasive allure of the previously owned.
Veil
Authors: Guindi Fadwa El
Published: September 2010

Shortlisted for the Katharine Briggs Folklore Award 2000. In the 1970s, often to the consternation of parents and siblings, certain progressive young Arab women voluntarily donned the veil. The movement, which rapidly expanded and continues to gather momentum, has sparked controversy within Islamic culture, as well as reactions ranging from perplexity to outrage from those outside it. Western feminist commentators have been particularly vociferous in decrying the veil, which they glibly interpret as a concrete manifestation of patriarchal oppression. However, most Western observers fail to realize that veiling, which has a long and complex history, has been embraced by many Arab women as both an affirmation of cultural identity and a strident feminist statement. Not only does the veil de-marginalize women in society, but it also represents an expression of liberation from colonial legacies. In short, contemporary veiling is more often than not about resistance. By voluntarily removing themselves from the male gaze, these women assert their allegiance to a rich and varied tradition, and at the same time preserve their sexual identity. Beyond this, however, the veil also communicates exclusivity of rank and nuances in social status and social relations that provide telling insights into how Arab culture is constituted. Further, as the author clearly demonstrates, veiling is intimately connected with notions of the self, the body and community, as well as with the cultural construction of identity, privacy and space. This provocative book draws on extensive original fieldwork, anthropology, history and original Islamic sources to challenge the simplistic assumption that veiling is largely about modesty and seclusion, honor and shame.
Wearing Ideology
Authors: McVeigh Brian J.
Published: September 2010

Uniforms are not unique to Japan, but their popularity there suggests important linkages: material culture, politico-economic projects, bodily management, and the construction of subjectivity are all connected to the wearing of uniforms. This book examines what the donning of uniforms says about cultural psychology and the expression of economic nationalism in Japan. Conformity in dress is especially apparent amongst students, who are required to wear uniforms by most schools. Drawing on concrete examples, the author focuses particularly on student uniforms, which are key socializing objects in Japan's politico-economic order, but also examines ‘office ladies' (secretaries), ‘salary men' (white collar workers), service personnel, and housewives, who wear a type of uniformed dress. Arguing that uniforms can be viewed as material markers of a life cycle managed by powerful politico-economic institutions, he also shows that resistance to official state projects is expressed by ‘anti-uniforming' modes of self
Railroad Ballast Evaluation Using Ground-Penetrating Radar
Authors: Leng Zhen , Al-Qadi Imad L.
Published: September 2010

Ballast fouling in the railroad substructure is detrimental to the effectiveness of the railroad track and its structural capacity. The early detection of ballast fouling is of utmost importance to the safety of the rail system and its life-cycle cost-effectiveness. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR), a nondestructive evaluation tool, has shown its potential as a means of assessing the condition of the railroad substructure rapidly, effectively, and continuously. However, an unknown ballast dielectric constant and an unclear interface between clean and fouled ballast limit the accuracy of GPR assessment. In the present study, controlled laboratory testing was conducted to measure accurately the dielectric constants of two common ballast types, granite and limestone, under various fouling and moisture conditions. In addition, a time–frequency method, short-time Fourier transform (STFT), was used to demonstrate graphically the frequency energy variation with the depth of the ballast under various conditions. This method indirectly reflects the ballast fouling condition. To validate the effectiveness of STFT for ballast fouling assessment, field GPR data from the Orin Subdivision in Wyoming were analyzed with the STFT technique and laboratory-measured dielectric constants. Comparison of the ground truth data and GPR measurements proved that the STFT method is effective and that its results are reasonably accurate when it is used to locate fouling and trapped water within ballast, especially when the laboratory-predicted ballast dielectric constants are used in the analysis.
Safety and feasibility of intraarterial eptifibatide as a revascularization tool in acute ischemic stroke
Authors: Memon Muhammad Zeeshan , Natarajan Sabareesh K. , Sharma Jitendra , Mathews Marlon S. , Snyder Kenneth V. , Siddiqui Adnan H. , Hopkins L. Nelson , Levy Elad I.
Published: September 2010

Object

Experience with the use of platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb–IIIa inhibitor eptifibatide in patients with ischemic stroke is limited. The authors report the off-label use of intraarterial eptifibatide during endovascular ischemic stroke revascularization procedures for reocclusion after documented recanalization or formed fresh thrombi in distal vessels that were inaccessible to endovascular devices.

Methods

Patients who received intraarterial eptifibatide were identified from a prospectively collected database of patients in whom endovascular revascularization for acute ischemic stroke was attempted between 2005 and 2008. Data were analyzed retrospectively. The intraarterial eptifibatide dose was a single-bolus dose of 180 μg/kg body weight. Primary outcome measures were angiographic recanalization (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Grade 2 or 3), symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage rate, overall mortality rate, and favorable 3-month modified Rankin Scale score (≤ 2).

Results

The study included 35 patients (mean age 62 years, range 18–85 years). The median presenting National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was 13. Two patients received intravenous tissue plasminogen activator before endovascular therapy. The median time from symptom onset to therapy initiation was 230 minutes (range 90–1370 minutes). Twelve patients (34%) received intraarterial tissue plasminogen activator without mechanical measures. Mechanical revascularization measures used were Merci retriever in 19 (54%), Penumbra device in 1 (3%), balloon angioplasty in 15 (43%), and stent placement in 22 (63%) patients. The mean dose of intraarterial eptifibatide was 11.6 mg (range 5–16.6 mg). Partial-to-complete recanalization (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Grade 2 or 3) was achieved in 27 patients (77%). Postprocedure intracranial hemorrhage occurred in 13 patients (37%), causing symptoms in 5 (14%). In the 5 symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage cases, all patients but one presented more than 8 hours after symptom onset and all received intraarterial recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. The median discharge National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was 7 (range 0–17). At 3 months postprocedure, 21 patients (60%) had a modified Rankin Scale score ≤ 2, and 8 patients (23%) had died.

Conclusions

Adjunctive intraarterial eptifibatide is a feasible option for salvage of reocclusion and thrombolysis of distal inaccessible thrombi during endovascular stroke revascularization. Its safety and efficacy need to be studied further in larger, multicenter, controlled studies.
VALUE STABILITY IN LOCAL REAL ESTATE MARKETS
Authors: Kauko Tom
Published: September 2010

Whenever real estate investments are considered in a more sustainable development framework, the issue is about finding the appropriate criteria of physical, social and economic sustainability. While this topic has business and social policy relevance, academic work on defining the relevant indicators is yet speculative, due to a shortage of standard definitions and relevant data. The general concept of economic sustainability of the property market comprises a variety of more particular measures. In order to design a valid methodology for assessment purposes, in this study a property value stability trend is determined for specific residential areas. This indicator is composed of property sales prices and the quality level of the existing stock in a given area. The findings from a selected demonstration of the development of price‐to‐quality ratios in an urban context have implications for further research as well as for practice.

Santruka

Intensyvejant pasaulines klimato kaitos darbotvarkei, investicijos i nekilnojamaji turta daugelyje miesto teritoriju jau traktuojamos atsižvelgiant i darnesne pletros sistema. Keliamas klausimas del fizines, socialines ir ekonomines investiciju darnos. Galimybe statyti naujus pastatus arba atnaujinti senus, šios veiklos igyvendinimo galimybes ir būtinybe priklauso nuo miesto rajono ir nuo paties miesto pobūdžio, nuo institucines sarangos ten, kur investuojama. Be to, svarbi būstuose gyvenančiu žmoniu gyvenimo kokybe ir ju kasdiene gyvenamoji aplinka. Nors ši tema aktuali verslui ir socialinei politikai, mokslinis darbas nustatant aktualius ekonominius, fizinius ir socialinius vertinimo kriterijus tebera spekuliatyvus, kai trūksta standartiniu apibrežimu ir reikiamu duomenu. Šiame straipsnyje aptariami keli būdingi klausimai ir siūlomos kelios perspektyvios veiklos kryptys su netiesioginiais siūlymais kurti tyrimu metodika, taip pat praktines kryptys.
PUBLIC-PRIVATE-PEOPLE PARTNERSHIP AS A WAY TO REDUCE CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS FROM RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Kuronen Matti , Junnila Seppo , Majamaa Wisa , Niiranen Ilkka
Published: September 2010

This paper examines the possibility of Public‐Private‐People partnership (4P) model as a way to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from residential developments. The case project focuses on the energy system design as a part of urban planning. Based on the case experiences, the paper presents a 4P framework for low‐carbon residential development systems. The theoretical model was tested in one specific case project, Nupurinkartano. The major findings were that the 4P framework is a relevant tool for decreasing carbon emissions when planning a new development; the applied solution delivered an energy system design that could reduce the CO2 emissions of the development by 75%. Based on literature this paper suggests that a new development should be viewed as one system instead of several different subsystems. The paper concludes by suggesting that 4P offers an alternative approach for urban planning, specifically energy system planning, and it can deliver significant improvements in carbon efficiency. Santruka Šiame darbe nagrinejama galimybe viešojo ir privataus sektoriu bei žmoniu partnerystes (angl. Public‐Pri‐vate‐People Partnership ‐ 4P) modeli taikyti kaip būda mažinti anglies dvideginio emisijas gyvenamuosiuose rajonuose. Pasirinktame projekte daugiausia demesio skiriama energetikos sistemos projektavimui, kuris yra miestu planavimo dalis. Remiantis atvejo patirtimi, darbe pristatoma 4P struktūra, skirta mažai anglies dvideginio išmetančioms gyvenamuju rajonu sistemoms. Teorinis modelis išmegintas pasirinkus konkretu projekta Nupurinkartano rajone. Padaryta išvada, kad, planuojant nauja rajona, 4P struktūra — tinkama priemone mažinti anglies dvideginio emisijas. Pritaikius ši sprendima buvo parengtas energetikos sistemos projektas, CO2 emisijas rajone galintis sumažinti 75 proc. Remiantis literatūros šaltiniais šiame darbe teigiama, kad nauja rajona reiketu traktuoti kaip viena sistema, o ne kelis skirtingus posistemius. Darbas baigiamas teigiant, kad 4P — tai alternatyvus miestu, ypač energetikos sistemu, planavimo būdas, galintis suteikti galimybiu veiksmingai mažinti anglies dvideginio emisijas.
POST‐TSUNAMI RECONSTRUCTION IN SRI LANKA: ASSESSING THE ECONOMIC IMPACT
Authors: Ruddock Les , Amaratunga Dilanthi , Wanigaratne Nadeeshani , Palliyaguru Roshani
Published: September 2010

The “construction output shock” that was generated by the massive reconstruction programmes after the Indian Ocean tsunami in Sri Lanka spread through the economic system and was reflected in economic indicators due to the multiple linkages that the construction industry has with other economic sectors. On the ground, it was observed that the prices of construction materials, labour and plant rose suddenly in the affected regions making the reconstruction effort more costly. This paper considers the responses of major economic and construction indicators to the construction shock due to post‐tsunami reconstruction and the amount of time needed before they returned to an equilibrium state. Empirical results indicate that the construction output shock had a significant impact on material, labour and equipment price indices in the short run but other indicators showed only a very marginal response indicating that the remoteness of the disaster would have delayed the propagation.

Santruka

Del didžiuliu atstatymo programu, prasidejusiu Šri Lankoje po cunamio Indijos vandenyne, atsirades statybu šokas apeme ekonomine sistema ir padare poveiki ekonominiams rodikliams, nes statybos pramone turi daugybe sasaju su kitais ūkio sektoriais. Pastebeta, kad nukentejusiuose regionuose statybiniu medžiagu, darbo ir irangos kainos staiga išaugo, o atstatomoji veikla pabrango. Šiame straipsnyje nagrinejama, kaip pagrindiniai ekonominiai ir statybos rodikliai reaguoja i statybu šoka, patirta del atstatomuju darbu po cunamio, kiek laiko reikia, kad rodikliai grižtu i pusiausvyros būkle. Iš empiriniu rezultatu matyti, kad trumpuoju laikotarpiu statybu apimties šokas gerokai paveike medžiagu, darbo ir irangos kainu rodiklius, bet kiti rodikliai kito labai nedaug, vadinasi, nelaimes atokumo atveju rodikliu sklaida būtu buvusi sulaikyta.
A LOCATION VALUE RESPONSE SURFACE MODEL FOR MASS APPRAISING: AN “ITERATIVE” LOCATION ADJUSTMENT FACTOR IN BARI, ITALY
Authors: d’Amato Maurizio
Published: September 2010

The work is focused on a new model of mass appraising including location variable. A location adjustment factor derived from a mathematical iteration was compared to the location adjustment factor based on geostatistical techniques. The work compares three different linear MRA models. The first one uses the location blind linear MRA. The second integrates the linear MRA with a location adjustment factor calculated using spatial interpolation. The second alternative is an application of Location Value Response Surface Models (O'Connor, 1982). It represents the first application of these models for mass appraising in Italy. The third approach introduces the Iterative Location Adjustment Factor. This is a factor which measure the influence of location derived from a mathematical iteration. Empirical results seem to prove the validity of Iterative Location Adjustment Factors in specific context with few observations. Santruka Darbe nagrinejamas naujas masinio turto vertinimo modelis, apimantis geografines padeties kintamaji. Iteraciniu būdu apskaičiuotas geografines padeties korekcijos veiksnys palygintas su geografines padeties korekcijos veiksniu, gautu taikant geostatistinius metodus. darbe lyginami trys skirtingi tiesiniai mrA modeliai. Pirmajame naudojamas geografines padeties nevertinantis tiesinis MRA. Antrajame tiesinis MRA sujungiamas su geografines padeties korekcijos veiksniu, apskaičiuotu pasitelkus erdvine interpoliacija. Antrojoje alternatyvoje pritaikomi geografines padeties vertes stebimojo paviršiaus (angl. Location Value Response Surface) modeliai (O'Connor 1982). Italijoje šie modeliai masiniam turto vertinimui naudojami pirma karta. Trečiojoje alternatyvoje taikomas iteracinis geografines padeties korekcijos veiksnys. Jis ivertina geografines padeties itaka, nustatyta iteraciniu būdu. Empiriniai rezultatai, regis, irodo iteraciniu geografines padeties korekcijos veiksniu pagristuma konkrečiame kontekste, kai stebejimu yra mažai.
WEALTH TRANSFER IN FORWARD PROPERTY MARKETS
Authors: Leung Barbara Y. P.
Published: September 2010

The principal‐agent problem arising from asymmetric information in presales of uncompleted properties in forward property markets has been well‐recognized. Since buyers are not able to inspect the uncompleted properties when they make the purchases, developers may hide information about the negative aspects of the properties or over‐state the quality in order to generate an extra profit in the presales on top of the equilibrium value as if the properties were sold in the spot market. In this regard, the study adapted a forward‐spot property repeat sales pricing model to explore the pricing of presale properties compared to that of spot properties in which the principal‐agent problem does not exist. The findings suggest that developers were able to impose a wealth transfer from the buyers in pricing presale properties taking the advantage of asymmetric information embedded in forward property markets. Santruka Nekilnojamojo turto (NT) agento problema, kuria sukelia neproporcinga informacija iš anksto parduodant nebaigta statyti nekilnojamaji turta išankstiniu NT sandoriu rinkose (angl. forward property markets), yra gerai žinoma. Kadangi pirkejai negali apžiūreti nebaigto statyti nekilnojamojo turto, vystytojai gali nuslepti informacija apie neigiamus nekilnojamojo turto dalykus arba perdeti kokybe, tuo siekdami pasipelnyti iš išankstinio pardavimo papildomai prie likutines vertes, lyg nekilnojamasis turtas būtu parduodamas neatideliotinu atsiskaitymu rinkoje (angl. spot market). Šiuo atžvilgiu tyrime taikytas išankstiniais sandoriais ir neatideliotinais atsiskaitymais pagristo kartotinio NT pardavimo kainodaros modelis, siekiant iš anksto parduodamo NT kainodara išnagrineti lyginant su neatideliotinu atsiskaitymu rinkoje parduodamu NT, kai agento problemos nera. Išvados rodo, kad vystytojai turejo galimybe pirkejams primesti turto perskirstyma paimdami iš ju daugiau, kai iš anksto parduodama nekilnojamaji turta ikainodavo naudodamiesi neproporcinga informacija, būdinga išankstiniu NT sandoriu rinkoms.
THE MODEL OF FORMING COMPETITIVE STRATEGY OF AN ENTERPRISE UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF OLIGOPOLIC MARKET
Authors: Ginevičius Romualdas , Krivka Algirdas , Šimkūnaitė Jolita
Published: September 2010

The article presents the original and scientifically brand new model of forming the integrated competitive strategy of an enterprise under the conditions of oligopolic market, followed by the cases of empirical application. The integrated competitive strategy of oligopolic enterprise is considered to be the concerted set of partial (detailed) competitive strategies targeting the certain elements of internal and external environment of an enterprise, determining its strategic position and influencing performance. The complex assessment of the estimated impact of partial competitive strategies on performance criteria is implemented (multicriteria evaluation methods are applied) in order to indicate the detailed strategies, having the highest potential influence on enterprise performance (to be selected to form the integrated competitive strategy), and to determine their scales (weights in the structure of the integrated strategy). The results of empirical application of the model are proposed to be employed to set up long-term goals and choose the main directions of business strategy of an enterprise, to distribute financial, human and other resources for strategic actions to be designed and implemented. Santrauka Straipsnyje skelbiamas originalus, moksliniu požiūriu naujas imones integruotosios konkurencines strategijos formavimo oligopolineje rinkoje modelis ir jo empirinio pritaikymo pavyzdys. Oligopolines imones integruotoji konkurencine strategija modelyje suprantama kaip suderintas rinkinys daliniu (detaliuju) konkurenciniu strategiju, nukreiptu i imones vidines ir išorines aplinkos veiksnius, turinčius itakos imones strateginei pozicijai ir veiklos rezultatams. Taikant modeli, atliekamas tiriamuju imoniu pasirinktu daliniu konkurenciniu strategiju lauktino poveikio veiklos detaliesiems rodikliams kiekybinis vertinimas (pasitelkiant daugiakriterio vertinimo metodus) ‐ palyginamas taikytinu strateginiu alternatyvu lauktinas poveikis finansiniam imones rezultatui, nustatant pranašiausias dalines strategijas (sudarysiančias integruotaja konkurencine strategija) ir ju taikymo masta (svori integruotojoje strategijoje). Modelio pritaikymo rezultatai naudotini priimant sprendimus del oligopolines imones konkurencines strategijos sudarymo, skirstant finansinius, žmogiškuosius ir kitus išteklius strateginiams veiksmams formuoti ir igyvendinti.
OVERVIEW AND COMPARISON OF PROFIT SHARING IN DIFFERENT BUSINESS COLLABORATION FORMS
Authors: Stein Harald David , Ginevičius Romualdas
Published: September 2010

Growing international business has brought a variety of collaborative business structures. In the paper the problem of profit sharing is analyzed for diverse business collaboration forms. It is the purpose to give an overview of the main influence factors of profit sharing. The overview is limited to the most common collaboration forms: multinational company, franchise system, joint venture and cluster. It is shown that the factors that mostly influence the profit sharing are the input balance of every member, which is expressed as the aggregate of profit (financial benefit) and the technology (intangible benefit). Finally, the different business collaboration forms are compared. Santrauka Augantis tarptautinis verslas praplete verslo struktūru bendradarbiavimo ivairove. Analizuojama pelno pasidalijimo problema skirtingoms bendradarbiavimo versle formoms. Vienas iš tikslu ‐ pateikti pagrindiniu pelno paskirstyma lemiančiu veiksniu apžvalga. Šia apžvalga dažniausiai riboja pasitaikančios bendradarbiavimo formos: tarptautine imone, franšizes sistema, bendroji imone ir klasteris. Pastebeta, kad labiausiai pelno pasidalijima lemia šie veiksniai: sanaudu balansas kiekvienai narei, kuris išreiškiamas kaip agreguotas pelnas (finansine nauda), ir technologijos (neapčiuopiama nauda). Palygintos skirtingos bendradarbiavimo formos.
INFLUENCE OF ETHNOCENTRISM ON CONSUMERS’ INTENTION TO BUY DOMESTICALLY PRODUCED GOODS: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY IN NORTH CYPRUS
Authors: Nadiri Halil , Tümer Mustafa
Published: September 2010

Globalisation has resulted in businesses extending their market coverage to include international markets, which has provided customers with an ever‐expanding choice of domestic and foreign purchase options. It has thus become critical for marketers to ascertain the perceptions and attitudes of consumers regarding their acceptance of foreign products. The most commonly used instrument for this purpose is the ‘Consumer Ethnocentric Tendencies Scale’ ('CETSCALE') (Shimp and Sharma 1987), which has been validated in several developed economies, but which has not been applied and validated in many developing economies. The present study addresses this gap by applying ‘CETSCALE’ among 484 consumers in the developing market of North Cyprus. The study confirms the scale's validity and reliability in the setting of North Cyprus. Consumers’ ethnocentrism is shown to be positively related to intention to purchase domestically produced goods. The study also analyses the relationships between certain demographic characteristics and consumers’ ethnocentrism. The results, managerial implications, and limitations of the study are discussed in detail. Santrauka Globalizacija versle pasireiške tuo, kad išplete rinku apimtis, itraukdama ir tarptautines rinkas, o tai suteike galimybe pirkejams pasirinkti didesni vidaus ir užsienio prekiu asortimenta. Todel pardavejams labai svarbu išsiaiškinti vartotoju suvokima ir požiūri i užsienio produkcija. Šiam tikslui dažniausiai naudojama priemone ‐ vartotojo etnocentrines tendencijos skale (CETSCALE) (Shimp, Sharma 1987), kuri buvo patvirtinta keliose išsivysčiusios ekonomikos šalyse, tačiau ši priemone nera naudojama ir patvirtinta besivystančiose šalyse. Pateikiamas tyrimas atkreipia demesi i šia taikymo CETSCALE tarp 484 vartotoju besivystančiose Šiaures Kipro rinkose spraga. Tyrimas parodo skales tinkamuma ir patikimuma tyrimams atlikti Šiaures Kipre. Buvo nustatyta, kad tarp pirkejo etnocentrizmo ir noro pirkti šalyje pagamintas prekes yra teigiamas ryšys. straipsnyje analizuojamas ryšys tarp tam tikru demografiniu charakteristiku ir pirkeju etnocentrizmo. Detaliai aptarti gauti tyrimo rezultatai, ju reikšme valdymui ir tyrimo ribotumas.