bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells and p‐type Crystalline Silicon Wafers: A Historical Perspective
Authors: Vicari Stefani Bruno , Wright Matthew , Soeriyadi Anastasia , Chen Daniel , Kim Moonyong , Wright Brendan , Andronikov Dmitriy , Nyapshaev Ilya , Abolmasov Sergey , Wilson Gregory , Hallam Brett
Published: July 2022

The first reports of both boron–oxygen (BO)‐related light‐induced degradation (BO‐LID) and amorphous/crystalline silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cell fabrication date back to the early 1970s. However, the complete development of the “modern” SHJ structure took place well before BO defect stabilization processes were developed. Due to the susceptibility of p‐type Czochralski (Cz)‐grown silicon to BO‐LID, such wafers were deemed unsuitable for SHJ solar cells. In addition to stability issues, lower charge carrier lifetimes due to contamination and challenges with surface passivation posed barriers to the adoption of p‐type wafers in SHJ applications. Herein, these three key challenges are discussed in detail. Kinetic modeling and experimental results reveal the severe impact of BO‐LID in p‐type SHJ solar cells and provide possible explanations as to why earlier attempts using p‐type wafers might have failed. The role of gettering and advanced hydrogenation in stabilizing BO defects in SHJ solar cells is demonstrated experimentally. Finally, a summary of the effective surface recombination velocities reported in the literature for hydrogenated intrinsic amorphous silicon passivation of p‐ and n‐type crystalline silicon wafers is presented. Based on these findings, the potential of p‐type wafers to enable a next‐generation of high‐efficiency solar cells featuring carrier‐selective contacts is discussed.
Synthesizing Near‐Ultraviolet‐Absorbed Donor for Transparent Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Du Zurong , Xue Qifan , Zhang Kai , Hu Zhicheng , Zhou Zhisheng , Jing Jianhua , Shao Lin , Li Ning , Huang Fei
Published: July 2022

Wavelength‐selective transparent polymer solar cells (T‐PSCs) have huge developing potential in power‐window applications for their excellent visible transparency and high color‐rendering index. However, the main research interest of devices until now is focused on near‐infrared absorbers for both polymer donor and nonfullerene small‐molecule acceptor (NF‐SMA) due to the lack of appropriate near‐ultraviolet absorbers. Herein, the successful implementation of the T‐PSC devices based on novel kinds of near‐ultraviolet polymer donors combined with a near‐infrared NF‐SMA Y6 is reported. The reported polymer donors are “D1–D2”‐type copolymers employing fluorene and triphenylamine as the two electron‐donating units. The best‐performed one not only shows ultrawide optical bandgap (2.87 eV), leading to high average visible transmittance (AVT) of 96.8% in the thin film, but also has efficient hole mobility (about 5.0 × 10−6 cm2 V−1 s−1), well‐matched frontier molecular orbital energy levels, and good miscibility with Y6. As a result, the T‐PSC device is obtained with an AVT of 51.4% and PCE of 3.15%, along with favorable light utilization efficiency (LUE) of 1.62% and CRI of 91.6. This is the first example that uses near‐ultraviolet‐absorbed polymer donor to achieve high‐efficiency T‐PSC devices.
Electron‐Accepting PDI–Cb Interlayer for over 22% Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells with Photo‐ and Thermal Stability
Authors: Heo Jin Hyuck , Lee Sunhee , Lee Hyong Joon , Park Jin Kyoung , Lee Yeeun , Hong Seok Yeong , Han Won-Sik , Im Sang Hyuk
Published: July 2022

To investigate the synergistic effect of perylene diimide (PDI) unit and diphenyl‐o‐carboranyl (Cb) group, PDI–Cb with Cb groups at the bay positions of the PDI unit is synthesized. By introducing 3D carboranyl group into the bay position, PDI–Cb shows distorted geometry between PDI core and the adjacent phenyl ring of Cb due to the ring torsions, which can suppress the aggregation tendency. Furthermore, the proper lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of −4.12 eV may be beneficial to extract electrons from the perovskite efficiently. By introducing PDI–Cb interlayer at perovskite/C60 interface, the inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have significantly enhanced efficiency from 19.98% to 22.31% at 1 sun condition (AM1.5G 100 mW cm−2) because the PDI–Cb interlayer promotes charge extraction thanks to the electron‐accepting ability of Cb group; thereby, it reduces carrier recombination significantly. In addition, the unencapsulated inverted PSC with the PDI–Cb interlayer has good photo‐ and thermal stability because it shows 9.3% efficiency degradation after continuous 1 sun light soaking for 1000 h at 85 °C in N2 atmosphere.
Phylogenomics of the Caribbean melocacti: Cryptic species and multiple invasions
Authors: Majure Lucas C. , Barrios Duniel , Díaz Edgardo , Bacci Lucas F. , Piñeyro Yuley Encarnación
Published: July 2022

The widespread Neotropical genusMelocactusof approximately 42 currently recognized species, is most diverse in eastern Brazil and the Greater Antilles, especially Cuba. Species delimitation is notoriously problematic in the group, although this is due in part to a lack of detailed systematic studies, as well as a severely cluttered nomenclatural history. To date, no comprehensive phylogenetic hypotheses have been generated for the clade, although some population genetic and morphological studies exist. We generated the largest phylogenetic dataset ofMelocactusto date based on plastome data derived from a genome‐skimming approach for 26 taxa, which provided a framework for understanding species limits and relationships among Caribbean species. Our time‐calibrated phylogeny revealed a mid‐Pleistocene origin forMelocactus, and we resolved three major clades, a Cuban clade, a mostly South American clade, and a widespread Caribbean clade, which also included some South American taxa. Our topology recovered the Cuban clade as sister to the rest of the species, although this placement was poorly supported, and several other Cuban species are scattered throughout the rest of the tree. Biogeographic analyses suggested multiple dispersal events from South America leading to the current diversity on Cuba, as well as other parts of the Antilles. Based on our phylogenetic results, previous hypotheses of species numbers and relationships in the Caribbean generated solely on morphology have, in some cases, been greatly underestimated. Our study shows that plastome data are effective for resolving clades and species limits inMelocactus, although future work will need to include broader sampling and larger datasets to fully resolve relationships in this complicated group of cacti. We describe one new cryptic species for Cuba,Melocactus santiagoensissp. nov., and provide a new combination (Melocactus lagunaensiscomb. & stat. nov.), based on our phylogenetic results and morphological data and typify numerous names in the genus. The genusMelocactusis another striking example of the exceptional diversity that has been generated in the poorly studied, seasonally dry tropical forest of the Greater Antilles.
Caecal dysfunction following standing surgical procedures
Authors: Gough Rachel L , McGovern Kate F , Bladon Bruce M , Carmichael Lucy AJ
Published: July 2022

The aim of this study is to report cases of caecal dysfunction following surgical procedures in the standing horse. The study design is retrospective. Six client‐owned horses developed caecal dysfunction following a variety of surgical procedures undertaken in the standing sedated horse. Medical records were reviewed for caecal dysfunctions that had occurred in horses within 2 weeks of standing surgical procedures. Signalment, details of the original standing surgery and medications administered were recorded. Short‐term outcome was obtained from clinical records. Long‐term outcome was obtained by telephone questionnaire with the owner. Six horses were identified to have developed caecal dysfunction following standing surgery for tooth extraction, laparoscopic ovariectomy, laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy, fracture repair, melanoma removal and castration. Three horses were euthanised with caecal perforation at the time of diagnosis. Three underwent surgical treatment (typhlotomy, decompression and caecal bypass by ileocolostomy). All three horses were alive post‐operatively (follow‐up at 2, 12 and 24 months). Caecal dysfunction may develop following surgical procedures performed under standing sedation. Careful post‐operative monitoring and early identification of caecal dysfunction, and consequent potential need for surgical intervention, are important to optimise outcomes and minimise the risk of fatal caecal perforation occurring.
Effect of processed sweet lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) grain supplementation on growth performance and socioeconomic feasibility of Doyogena sheep in Ethiopia
Authors: Tilaye Habite , Asmare Bimrew , Meheret Fentahun , Bezabih Melkamu , Jane Wamatu
Published: July 2022

Background

The experiment evaluated the effect of supplementing sheep fed natural pasture hay withprocessed sweet lupin grain on growth performance and its economic feasibility. The finding revealed that use of steamed lupin shown to improve the nutritivevalue of the grain and sheep performance.

Methods

The experiment was carried out using 24 yearling lambs with initial body weight of 27.53 ± 2.67 kg (mean ± SD) for 126 days (21 days quarantine, 15 days of adaptation and 90 days growth trial followed by 7 days digestibility trial). The experiment was laid out in a randomised complete block design consisting of four treatments and six blocks. Treatments comprised the feeding of natural pasture hay ad libitum + concentrate mix 440 g (T1), natural pasture hay + 440 g/day roasted, coarsely ground sweet lupin grain (T2), natural pasture hay + 440 g/day sweet lupin grain soaked in water for 72 h (T3), natural pasture hay + 440 g/day steamed sweet lupin grain (T4).

Results

There was improvements in total dry matter intake and digestibility coefficients of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre in sheep supplemented with processed sweet lupin grains compared (T4) by 58.49%, 24.66%, 39.39%, 22.97% and 39.68%, respectively, over the control group. Specifically sheep supplemented with T4 had significantly higher (p < 0.001) average daily gain (by 51.04%), feed conversion efficiency (46.34%) and daily weight gain (144.78 g/day) compared to the control treatment, respectively. All processing methods resulted in favourable average daily gain and net return, thus can be employed in feeding systems depending on their availability and relative cost.

Conclusions

Supplementing sheep fed natural pasture hay with 440 g/day steamed sweet lupin grains improved growth performance and fattening economics of Doyogena sheep compared to T2 (roasted sweet lupin grain), T3 (soaked sweet lupin grain) or the control (T1).
Three‐dimensional in vitro maturation of rabbit oocytes enriched with sheep decellularized greater omentum
Authors: Fazelian‐Dehkordi Khatereh , Talaei‐Khozani Tahereh , A S. Fakhroddin Mesbah
Published: July 2022

Background

To prevent ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, in vitro maturation (IVM) allows the oocytes for infertility treatment without hormone therapy. Although many oocytes matured during IVM, some deficiencies in the culture conditions lead to inhibition of the growth and development of the cumulus cells and the oocyte nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation.

Objectives

The challenge of improving the oocyte culture conditions prompted us to use greater omentum (GOM), full of growth factors and proteins, as a rich supplement to the base culture medium.

Methods

Cumulus‐oocyte complexes were recovered from rabbits and divided into 3D and 2D conditions cultured for 12 and 24 h. In 3D cultures, the oocytes embedded in alginate containing FBS decellularized GOM. Corresponding supplements were also added in 2D conditions—maturation of the oocytes evaluated by Aceto‐Orcein, TEM, and RT‐PCR for MAP2K1 and Cdk2.

Results

DNA quantification, Hoechst, and H&E staining confirmed cell depletion from GOM, and SEM showed the preservation of ultra‐architecture after decellularization. Histochemical staining methods showed appropriate extracellular matrix preservation. ELISA assessment showed retention of VEGF content. MTT assessment indicated decellularized GOM was non‐toxic. Both Aceto‐Orcein assessment and ultra‐structure study of the oocytes showed that supplementation of 2D or 3D cultures with decellularized omentum promoted oocyte maturation. Expression of MAP2K1 and Cdk2 also increased in the presence of GOM.

Conclusions

GOM supplementation has a beneficial impact on oocyte maturation, probably due to the presence of growth factors and proteins.
Vertical Land Motion at Tide Gauges Observed by GNSS: A New GFZ-TIGA Solution
Authors: Männel Benjamin , Schöne Tilo , Bradke Markus , Schuh Harald
Published: July 2022

Long-term tide gauge records provide valuable insights to sea level variations but interpretation requires an accurate determination of associated vertical land motion. Within the Tide Gauge Benchmark Monitoring Pilot Project of the International GNSS Service dedicated reprocessing campaigns are performed for GNSS stations co-located with tide gauges. Based on 341 stations the GFZ contribution to the third TIGA reprocessing provides vertical land motion rates for 230 stations at or close to recently active tide gauges. GNSS station coordinate time series determined by using a network approach and a conventional time series analysis show mean repeatabilities of 2.9, 3.3, and 5.6 mm for north, east, and up coordinates. The derived vertical velocity pattern is analyzed but also compared to the ALTIGAPS and the ULR6a solutions showing mean differences of 0.04 mm yr−1 and −0.1 mm yr−1, respectively. By correcting tide gauge records available via PSMSL for the individual vertical station velocity including eventually velocity changes geocentric sea level changes are determined. Compared to AVISO’s multi-mission altimetric trend map a difference of −0.7 mm yr−1 is determined.
Folk Fish Names Are Condensed Forms of Traditional Knowledge: Case Study with the Vaie People of Sarawak, Malaysia
Authors: Hidayati Syafitri , Franco F. Merlin , Abdul Ghani Bibi Aminah , Giridharan Beena , Hassan Mohd Zafri
Published: July 2022

Folk names that form the backbone of folk biological classifications are coined using traditional knowledge and linguistic mechanisms. In the process, traditional knowledge on the salient characteristics of the denoted taxa gets encoded in their respective names. In this chapter, we present 132 folk names used by the Vaie community of Sarawak, Malaysia to denote the fish known to them. Based on the apparency of traditional knowledge encoded by these names, we classify them into barefaced and cryptic. We found 61 Vaie fish names encoding traditional knowledge related to ecology, morphology, quality, and utility values of the respective taxa. Of these, 21 names were found to be cryptic (metaphors—11; metonyms—10), and the rest barefaced. Cryptic names such as metonyms and metaphors often encode traditional knowledge that spans beyond the taxon denoted. Folk names encoding traditional knowledge are indicative of the larger body of traditional knowledge held by local communities.
Surgeon’s experience, sports participation and a concomitant MCL injury increase the use of patellar and quadriceps tendon grafts in primary ACL reconstruction: a nationwide registry study of 39,964 surgeries
Authors: Rizvanovic Dzan , Waldén Markus , Forssblad Magnus , Stålman Anders
Published: July 2022

Purpose

To investigate the influence of surgeon-related factors and clinic routines on autograft choice in primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR).

Methods

Data from the Swedish National Knee Ligament Registry (SNKLR), 2008–2019, were used to study autograft choice (hamstring; HT, patellar; PT, or quadriceps tendon; QT) in primary ACLR. Patient/injury characteristics (sex, age at surgery, activity at time of injury and associated injuries) and surgeon-/clinic-related factors (operating volume, caseload and graft type use) were analyzed. Surgeon/clinic volume was divided into tertiles (low-, mid- and high-volume categories). Multivariable logistic regression was performed to assess variables influencing autograft choice in 2015–2019, presented as the odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI).

Results

39,964 primary ACLRs performed by 299 knee surgeons in 91 clinics were included. Most patients received HT (93.7%), followed by PT (4.2%) and QT (2.1%) grafts. Patients were mostly operated on by high-volume (> 28 ACLRs/year) surgeons (68.1%), surgeons with a caseload of ≥ 50 ACLRs (85.1%) and surgeons with the ability to use ≥ two autograft types (85.9%) (all p < 0.001). Most patients underwent ACLR at high-volume (> 55 ACLRs/year) clinics (72.2%) and at clinics capable of using ≥ two autograft types (93.1%) (both p < 0.001). Significantly increased odds of receiving PT/QT autografts were found for ACLR by surgeons with a caseload of ≥ 50 ACLRs (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.11–1.79), but also for injury during handball (OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.02–1.67), various other pivoting sports (basketball, hockey, rugby and American football) (OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.24–2.03) and a concomitant medial collateral ligament (MCL) injury (OR 4.93, 95% CI 4.18–5.80). In contrast, female sex (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.77–0.97), injury during floorball (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.55–0.91) and ACLR by mid-volume relative to high-volume surgeons (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.53–0.73) had significantly reduced odds of receiving PT/QT autografts.

Conclusion

An HT autograft was used in the vast majority of cases, but PT/QT autografts were used more frequently by experienced surgeons. Prior research has demonstrated significant differences in autograft characteristics. For this reason, patients might benefit if surgery is performed by more experienced surgeons.

Level of evidence

Level III.
The Effect of Goal‐Directed Fluid Administration on Outcomes After Pancreatic Surgery
Authors: Siegel Julie B. , O'Leary Ryan , DeChamplain Bryce , Lancaster William P.
Published: July 2022

Background

We evaluated the effect of an Enhanced Recovery After Surgery protocol on intraoperative fluid administration and postoperative outcomes in pancreatic surgery.

Methods

Pancreatic cancer resections at our institution from 2012 to 2018 were grouped according to pre‐ or post‐protocol initiation. Preoperative characteristics and postoperative outcomes were compared with Fisher's exact test and chi‐square for categorical variables, and Mann–Whitney U test for continuous variables. Further analysis separated patients that had a Whipple from those who had distal pancreatectomy.

Results

A total of 263 patients underwent pancreatic cancer resection during the study period (169 Whipples, 84 DPs, 92 pre‐ERAS and 171 post‐ERAS). Intraoperative fluid administration significantly decreased after protocol implementation (mean 6,277 ml vs. 3870 ml, p < 0.001). This held true when separating patients that had a Whipple procedure from those that had a DP (6,929 ml vs. 4,513 ml, p < 0.001, 5,060 ml vs. 2,833 cc, p = 0.002, respectively). Intensive care unit (ICU) admission (41.3% vs. 20.5%, p < 0.001) and length of stay (9.4 vs. 8.1 days, p < 0.01) were significantly reduced after ERAS implementation for all patients and in Whipple patients alone (47.5% vs. 23.6%, p = 0.002 and 10.7 vs. 6.6 days, p = 0.004). DP patients also had significantly decreased ICU admissions (41.3% vs. 20.5%, p = 0.045). All other postoperative outcomes were not significantly different.

Conclusion

For patients undergoing pancreatic cancer resection, goal‐directed fluid management is associated with decreased intraoperative fluid administration, decreased ICU admission, and decreased length of stay without an increase in postoperative complications or readmission.
The theory of straight ticket voting
Authors: Gorelkina Olga , Grypari Ioanna , Hengel Erin
Published: July 2022

This paper explores the effects of the straight-ticket voting option (STVO) on the positions of politicians. STVO, present in some US states, allows voters to select one party for all partisan elections listed on the ballot, as opposed to filling out each office individually. We analyse the effects of STVO on policy-making by building a model of pre-election competition. STVO results in greater party loyalty of candidates, while increasing the weight of non-partisan voters’ positions in candidate selection. This induces an asymmetric effect on vote shares and implemented policies in the two-party system.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of postoperative pain and symptoms control following laser haemorrhoidoplasty versus Milligan-Morgan haemorrhoidectomy for symptomatic haemorrhoids: a new standard
Authors: Tan Varen Zhi Zheng , Peck Ern-wei , Sivarajah Sharmini S. , Tan Winson J. , Ho Leonard M. L. , Ng Jia-Lin , Chong Cheryl , Aw Darius , Mainza Franky , Foo Fung-Joon , Koh Frederick H.
Published: July 2022

Purpose

Haemorrhoidal disease (HD) plagues one in every ten people, with a plethora of surgical treatment modalities, of which laser haemorrhoidoplasty (LHP) is a relatively novel option. This systematic review and meta-analysis objectively evaluated the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of LHP compared against conventional (Milligan-Morgan) open haemorrhoidectomy (CoH).

Method

A comprehensive search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, and Google Scholar was conducted. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and comparative cohort studies (CCSs) which compared LHP against CoH were included, with postoperative pain as the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included intraoperative characteristics, short- and moderate-term outcome, and complications.

Results

A total of 12 studies (6 RCTs and 6 CCSs), with a total of 1824 patients, were analysed. LHP resulted in reduced postoperative pain for the first day (mean difference of 2.07 visual analogue scale units), week, and month. The mean dosage and duration of postoperative analgesia use was similarly lower, with a mean difference of 4.88 mg (morphine) and 2.25 days, respectively. Crucially, recurrence was equivocal (HR: 0.72, CI: 0.21–2.40) at a mean follow-up duration of 8.58 ± 9.55 months. LHP resulted in lower blood loss and was 12.74 min shorter on average. LHP’s postoperative recovery time was 9.03 days less with equivalent or decreased risk of most short- and moderate-term complications except anal thrombosis.

Conclusion

Our study suggests that LHP is more tolerable than CoH, providing patients with superior postoperative quality of life at equivalent moderate-term efficacy. These findings contribute to improved understanding of LHP and its potential at enhancing the quality of HD care.
Myeloid leukocytes’ diverse effects on cardiovascular and systemic inflammation in chronic kidney disease
Authors: Hof Alexander , Geißen Simon , Singgih Kezia , Mollenhauer Martin , Winkels Holger , Benzing Thomas , Baldus Stephan , Hoyer Friedrich Felix
Published: July 2022

Chronic kidney disease’s prevalence rises globally. Whereas dialysis treatment replaces the kidney’s filtering function and prolongs life, dreaded consequences in remote organs develop inevitably over time. Even milder reductions in kidney function not requiring replacement therapy associate with bacterial infections, cardiovascular and heart valve disease, which markedly limit prognosis in these patients. The array of complications is diverse and engages a wide gamut of cellular and molecular mechanisms. The innate immune system is profoundly and systemically altered in chronic kidney disease and, as a unifying element, partakes in many of the disease’s complications. As such, a derailed immune system fuels cardiovascular disease progression but also elevates the propensity for serious bacterial infections. Recent data further point towards a role in developing calcific aortic valve stenosis. Here, we delineate the current state of knowledge on how chronic kidney disease affects innate immunity in cardiovascular organs and on a systemic level. We review the role of circulating myeloid cells, monocytes and neutrophils, resident macrophages, dendritic cells, ligands, and cellular pathways that are activated or suppressed when renal function is chronically impaired. Finally, we discuss myeloid cells’ varying responses to uremia from a systems immunology perspective.
The changing image of the UK private landlord with the buy to let revolution
Authors: Farnood Farhad , Jones Colin
Published: July 2022

There has been a long-standing negative image associated with private landlords. Private rented housing in the UK expanded dramatically after the millennium with the wide availability of buy-to-let mortgages. New types of people were attracted to private landlordism. It was arguably an opportunity to turn the page on historic negativity. However, these landlords were often seen as ‘get-rich-quick’ speculators. Our study combines historical analysis of media items, a review of legislation and an interview survey of landlords. It addresses to what extent the image of landlords has changed, discusses the response of government regulation to the BTL revolution and how it has been conditioned by perceptions about landlords. The study finds that the buy-to-let revolution has not fundamentally changed public perceptions of landlords, and the media still portray landlords with the ‘rogue’ epithet, a seemingly inevitable part of the headline. It has coloured public and political perspectives. Interviews with landlords reveal a resignation and sanguinity about their public image, which they see as belying their contribution to society. The negative perceptions have contributed to public policy bringing a string of consumer rights for tenants and attacking speculation by increasing taxation on landlords. In addition, there is a continuing narrative of ‘rogue landlords’ that has obliged the government to take specific measures to address this perceived problem. However, the landlords’ responses suggest that perceptions alone are unlikely to deter current or future landlords. Despite the recent policy changes private landlordism is a profitable activity.
Chance theory: A separation of riskless and risky utility
Authors: Schmidt Ulrich , Zank Horst
Published: July 2022

In a temporal context, sure outcomes may yield higher utility than risky ones as they are available for the execution of plans before the resolution of uncertainty. By observing a disproportionate preference for certainty, empirical research points to a fundamental difference between riskless and risky utility. Chance Theory (CT) accounts for this difference and, in contrast to earlier approaches to separate risky and riskless utility, does not violate basic rationality principles like first-order stochastic dominance or transitivity. CT evaluates the lowest outcome of an act with the riskless utility v and the increments over that outcome, called chances, by subjective expected utility (EU) with a risky utility u. As a consequence of treating sure outcomes differently to risky ones, CT is able to explain the EU-paradoxes of Allais (Econometrica, 21(4): 503–546, 1953) that rely on the certainty effect, and also the critique to EU put forward by Rabin (Econometrica, 68(5): 1281–1292, 2000). Moreover, CT separates risk attitudes in the strong sense, captured entirely by u, from attitude towards wealth reflected solely through the curvature ofv.
Effect of basin water depth on the performance of vertical discs’ solar still—experimental investigation
Authors: Diab Mohamed Ragab , Abou-Taleb Fawzy Shaban , Essa Fadl Abdelmonem
Published: July 2022

The ability to get clean water is the most urgent birthright for human beings. The scarcity of safe drinking water is a major challenge in both developed and developing countries. Due to overpopulation, industrial revolution advancements, and agricultural evolution, this challenge has become crucially influential. Several studies on solar desalination are being conducted to create novel models that will improve the efficiency and production of these units. Because of their higher evaporation, condensing, exposure, and output rates than traditional stills, vertical distillers have lately piqued the interest of numerous academics. In this study, the scholars investigated the impact of varying water depth at the best rotating speed of discs from their earlier work (1.5 rpm) on the thermal productivity of vertical distillers. Numerous water depths (5, 8, 11, and 14 cm) were studied at 1.5 rpm to specify the best depth. The results indicated that utilizing moving discs enhanced the distillers' productivity. Besides, the peak distiller performance was obtained at 1.5 rpm and 5 cm. Furthermore, the yield of the modified single-stage vertical distiller (MSSVD) and modified double-stage vertical distiller (MDSVD) was increased by 350 and 617.4%, respectively, over the conventional tilted distiller (CTD) productivity of 2.3 L/m2 day. MSSVD and MDSVD had the highest efficacy rates of 48.4 and 77.2%. Lastly, for CTD, CVD, MSSVD, and MDSVD, the pure water cost was 0.025, 0.0477, 0.0180, and 0.0193 $/L, respectively.
Entwicklung von Unterrichtsplanungsfähigkeit im Fach Physik: Welchen Einfluss hat Professionswissen?
Authors: Riese Josef , Vogelsang Christoph , Schröder Jan , Borowski Andreas , Kulgemeyer Christoph , Reinhold Peter , Schecker Horst
Published: July 2022

Im Lehramtsstudium sollen Studierende grundlegende Fähigkeiten zur theoriegeleiteten Unterrichtsplanung erwerben. In Übereinstimmung mit Modellen zur professionellen Handlungskompetenz von Lehrkräften wird hierbei meist angenommen, dass das im Studienverlauf erworbene Professionswissen eine wesentliche Grundlage für den Aufbau von Fähigkeiten zur Unterrichtsplanung bildet. Lerngelegenheiten zur Anwendung dieses Professionswissens bieten vor allem schulpraktische Phasen im fortgeschrittenen Studienverlauf. Es wird aber ebenso angenommen, dass gerade Erfahrungen mit der Unterrichtsplanung den Aufbau von Professionswissen unterstützen. Der Zusammenhang zwischen dem Ausmaß des Professionswissens und der Entwicklung von Planungsfähigkeit ist bisher unzureichend empirisch geklärt. Eine besondere methodische Herausforderung besteht darin, Planungsfähigkeiten sowohl möglichst authentisch als auch auf standardisierte Weise zu erfassen. Zur Untersuchung des genannten Zusammenhangs wurde eine längsschnittliche Studie im Prä-Post-Design bei angehenden Physiklehrkräften (N = 68 im Längsschnitt) an vier Universitäten durchgeführt. Die Unterrichtsplanungsfähigkeit wurde mit Hilfe eines standardisierten Performanztests vor und nach dem Absolvieren eines Praxissemesters erfasst, indem als Standardsituation der Entwurf einer Unterrichtsstunde zum 3. Newton’schen Axiom unter definierten Zeitvorgaben im Praxissemester simuliert wurde. Zusätzlich wurden das fachliche, fachdidaktische und pädagogische Wissen der Studierenden mit Hilfe standardisierter Instrumente zu beiden Zeitpunkten erhoben, sowie die einschlägigen Lerngelegenheiten im Praxissemester über einen Fragebogen erfasst. Sowohl für Unterrichtsplanungsfähigkeit als auch für alle Wissensvariablen können Zuwächse im Praxissemester beobachtet werden. Cross-Lagged-Panel-Analysen zeigen, dass insbesondere die Ausprägung des fachdidaktischen und pädagogischen Wissens der Studierenden am Beginn des Praxissemesters die Entwicklung von Unterrichtsplanungsfähigkeit begünstigt.
A Systematic Review of Risk Factors Implicated in the Suicide of Police Officers
Authors: Krishnan Nishant , Steene Lisa M. B. , Lewis Michael , Marshall David , Ireland Jane L.
Published: July 2022

Suicide has long been considered as nearing ‘epidemic levels’ in law enforcement populations. Nevertheless, despite the argued scale of the problem, no review has yet systematically examined the evidence base to elucidate the risk factors or predictors implicated in the suicidal behaviours of police officers. The current review aims to do this, by considering a final sample of 20 papers that met inclusion criteria. Findings from this qualitative review revealed five superordinate risk factors (i.e., problematic substance use close to, or at the time of death; presence of depression and previous suicide attempts; differences in trauma response; exposure to excessive and prolonged job-related stress, including dissatisfaction; absence of a stable intimate relationship), which when taken in isolation each incrementally contributed to suicide risk, but when found to be comorbid, appeared to markedly increase the likelihood of completed suicide. Implications for suicide prevention, policy design, and treatment formulation are discussed, along with limitations and directions for future research.
Eosinophilic Gastritis and Eosinophilic Duodenitis
Authors: Olsson Sarah , Talley Nicholas J. , Holtmann Gerald
Published: July 2022

Purpose of review

This review provides an overview of recent developments in the field of eosinophilic gastritis (EG) and eosinophilic duodenitis (EoD) with emphasis on diagnostic criteria, the clinical manifestation and available or emerging treatments.

Recent findings

Eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases such as EG and EoD are chronic inflammatory conditions with gastrointestinal symptoms and increased density of mucosal eosinophilic cells. Recent data suggest an association between increases of duodenal eosinophils and symptoms in patients with functional dyspepsia. Eosinophil infiltrates are patchy, and counts fluctuate with seasons, diet, medications and geographic factors. Country-specific reference ranges remain to be defined. Few treatment trials explored symptomatic improvement and resolution of eosinophilic infiltration in functional dyspepsia.

Eosinophils are part of the physiologic adaptive and innate immune response. A link between EG and in particular EoD with functional dyspepsia has been observed but a causal link with symptoms remains to be established.
A gas-flow funnel system to quantify advective gas emission rates from the subsurface
Authors: Lübben Alexander , Leven Carsten
Published: July 2022

The estimation of greenhouse gas emission rates from the subsurface into the atmosphere is an important part of climate-related research activities and associated efforts concerning the global carbon cycle. For the direct quantification of gas emission rates from the subsurface to the atmosphere a large variety of gas detection and flux quantification techniques exists. With the goal of measuring advective CO2 gas exhalations circumventing limitations of available systems such as e.g. accumulation-chamber systems or eddy-flux covariance methods, we developed a simple, robust, and low-cost gas-flow funnel system. The device allows for the continuous measurement of mass flow rates with a free, unrestricted gas flow from advectively dominated gas exhalation spots. For the design of the gas-flow funnel we used custom-made, though easy-to-produce components, and sensors that are typically already available when working at such sites. Our general design can easily be applied at sites with focused, advectively driven gas exhalation like volcanic areas, shale-gas seeps, landfills, and open boreholes. For the proof-of-concept we tested the system during three field campaigns at a site with natural CO2-bound emissions associated with a geologic fault in southwestern Germany. The measurements showed to be comparable and repeatable throughout the three campaigns, and are consistent with findings from other field sites with comparable CO2 exhalations.
Single-Shot Light-Field Microscopy: An Emerging Tool for 3D Biomedical Imaging
Authors: Kim Kisoo
Published: July 2022

3D microscopy is a useful tool to visualize the detailed structures and mechanisms of biomedical specimens. In particular, biophysical phenomena such as neural activity require fast 3D volumetric imaging because fluorescence signals degrade quickly. A light-field microscope (LFM) has recently attracted attention as a high-speed volumetric imaging technique by recording 3D information in a single-snapshot. This review highlighted recent progress in LFM techniques for 3D biomedical applications. In detail, various image reconstruction algorithms according to LFM configurations are explained, and several biomedical applications such as neuron activity localization, live-cell imaging, locomotion analysis, and single-molecule visualization are introduced. We also discuss deep learning-based LFMs to enhance image resolution and reduce reconstruction artifacts.
A novel image cryptosystem using Gray code, quantum walks, and Henon map for cloud applications
Authors: Abd-El-Atty Bassem , ElAffendi Mohammed , El-Latif Ahmed A. Abd
Published: July 2022

Cloud computing plays a vital task in our daily lives, in which an enormous amount of data is stored daily on cloud storage. The highest priority for cloud data storage is guaranteeing the security of confidential data. The security of confidential data can be realised through utilising one of the cryptographic mechanisms including encryption and data hiding. With the rapid development for the realization of quantum computers, modern cryptosystems may be cracked including cloud systems. Accordingly, it is a crucial task for achieving confidentiality of data stored on cloud storage before the availability of quantum computers. Therefore, this study aims to utilise one of the quantum computational models, as a quantum-inspired system, to layout a new data confidentiality technique that can be applied in digital devices to have the capability for resisting the potential attacks from quantum and digital computers. In this paper, a new image security algorithm for real-time cloud applications using Gray code, quantum walks (QW), and Henon map is proposed. In the proposed image cryptosystem, the generated key streams from QW and Henon map is related to the plain image with high sensitivity of slight bit changes on the plain image. The outcomes based on deep analysis proves that the presented algorithm is efficient with high security for real-time application.
Standard Urotherapy for Children with Neurodevelopmental Disabilities: A Systematic Review
Authors: van Galen Maayke , Huskens Bibi , von Gontard Alexander , Didden Robert
Published: July 2022

Objectives

Standard urotherapy (SU) is regularly used as a first-line intervention for children with incontinence. It is suggested that SU is also effective for children with neurodevelopment disabilities (NDs) when altered to the specific needs of these children. The aim of the review was to answer the following research questions: (a) what was the effectiveness of SU interventions in children with ND?, (b) which procedures and protocols were utilized during SU?, (c) what was the role of parents during SU?, and (d) what was the current evidence base regarding SU and children with NDs?

Methods

Four electronic databases (i.e., Embase, PsychInfo, PubMed, Web of Science) were searched in accordance with the JBI methodology for mixed methods systematic reviews (MMRS) in the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) manual for Evidence Synthesis. The Mixed Method Appraisal Tool (MMAT) from JBI was utilized to determine the methodological quality of the studies.

Results

The search resulted in the inclusion of five articles related to SU in children with ND, indicating that research relating to SU and NDs is scarce. Results of the review indicate that SU resulted in a complete or partial positive response in 30% of the children with NDs (N = 114) based on the criteria listed by the International Children’s Continence Society (ICCS). When using criteria by the authors of the included articles, the results indicate that 59% of the children achieved full continence. Most importantly, the evidence suggests that most children showed improved symptoms (e.g., reduction in urinary/fecal accidents, schedule-dependent continence) even if full continence was not obtained.

Conclusions

The review indicated that SU could be beneficial as a first-line treatment for children with NDs. Individualizing treatment to the needs of the child, parental involvement, follow-up appointments, and adding adjuncts when SU alone is not effective seem to be beneficial for this specific population. However, research relating to this topic is scarce and therefore more research needs to be completed regarding the role of parents and effective guidelines specific to different NDs. Implications for future research are discussed.
Effects of Online Mental Health Classes on Mental Health and Stigma: a Controlled Before-After Study with 1-Month Follow-Up
Authors: Kotera Yasuhiro , Edwards Ann-Marie , Garip Gulcan , Chircop James , Aledeh Muhammad
Published: July 2022

Though the importance of mental health education has been emphasised, how learning about mental health helps the learners’ mental health remains to be evaluated. Accordingly, this study aimed to appraise the mental health effects of online mental health classes in a controlled before-after study with a 1-month follow-up. The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 and Depression Stigma Scale were completed by 16 students in a mental health class and 12 in a non-mental health class. While there was no significant difference in depression, anxiety and stress, between groups (type of class) and within groups (assessment points), the levels of stigma were significantly lower in mental health students than non-mental health students at post-semester (p = .004). Findings illustrate temporal effectiveness of mental health classes on stigma; however, continuous education is needed to maintain the effects. Educators in mental health are recommended to design a long-term plan to support learners’ mental health.
Equestrian-Related Pelvic Trauma in Women of Childbearing Age — a Review of the Experience of a National Pelvic & Acetabular Referral Centre
Authors: McCabe Patrick , Francis Ara O. , McCabe Fergus , O’Daly Brendan J. , Leonard Michael
Published: July 2022

Equestrian sport in Ireland is an extremely popular sport undertaken by many and considered by most to be a relatively safe pursuit. The aim of this study was to identify the incidence and severity of pelvic injuries in female amateur horse riders, referred to the Irish National Pelvic & Acetabular Referral Centre. The study was particularly focused on women of childbearing age, given the potentially catastrophic adverse outcomes associated with these injury patterns and the profound impact these injuries can have on both lifestyle and future childbirth. We conducted a retrospective review of all patients referred to the National Centre for Pelvic and Acetabular Trauma over a 30-month period from January 2018 through July 2020. Information was garnered from the national referral database, patient specific chart analysis and a review of images from the National Integrated Medical Imaging System (NIMIS). We identified a cohort of 16 females of childbearing age who sustained pelvic injuries while horse riding during this period. Four of these patients warranted surgical intervention, and with a minimum 6-month follow-up period, all were progressing satisfactorily. A review of the literature outlined the potential for profound adverse outcomes in young females suffering pelvic fractures, particularly in relation to genitourinary and pregnancy related complications. Caution should be exerted by all women of childbearing age engaging in recreational equine pursuits, and we would emphasise the importance of safety messaging and increased protective equipment for these athletes.
Effects of sickness absence on disability pension in two ethnolinguistic groups: register-based evidence from Finland
Authors: Klein Julia , Reini Kaarina , Saarela Jan
Published: July 2022

The Swedish-speaking ethnolinguistic minority in Finland has a health advantage over the Finnish-speaking majority in terms of lower levels of sickness allowance and disability pension receipt. We examine whether this differential has consequences within the social security system by analysing the long-term risk for disability pension after sickness allowance receipt. With longitudinal population-register data covering the period 1989–2010, we observed 110,390 individuals aged 16–40 years at baseline. Using discrete-time hazard models, we estimated how first observed receipt of sickness allowance relates to disability pension receipt in the Finnish- and Swedish-speaking groups. Receipt of sickness allowance was found to be an important predictor for future disability pension receipt, but there were no systematic differences between the two ethnolinguistic groups in this respect, and the results were highly similar for men and women. These findings suggest that the social security system in Finland is non-discriminatory and provides equal treatment of both ethnolinguistic groups despite their overall health differential.
Empirical and Philosophical Reflections on Trust
Authors: POURYOUSEFI SAREH , TALLANT JONATHAN
Published: July 2022

A dominant claim in the philosophical literature on trust is that we should stop thinking in terms of group trustworthiness or appropriate trust in groups. In this paper, we push back against this claim by arguing that philosophical work on trust would benefit from being brought into closer contact with empirical work on the nature of trust. We consider data on reactive attitudes and moral responsibility to adjudicate on different positions in the philosophical literature on trust. An implication of our argument is that the distinction between different kinds of groups—mere groups versus institutional groups—deserves more attention than is currently recognized in the philosophical literature on trust.

In the first section of the paper, we draw some basic philosophical distinctions concerning the nature and kinds of trust. In section two, we present the positions taken by Hawley (2017), who argues against trust in groups, and Faulkner (2018), who argues in favor of trust in groups. In section three, we introduce some empirical data and suggest that, albeit tentatively, this looks to undermine Hawley's position and is compatible with Faulkner's approach. We thus suggest, on the basis of the evidence that we have available, that we have reasons to prefer the position taken by Faulkner (2018) over that taken by Hawley (2017). We end by discussing some implications for distinctions between different kinds of groups relevant for future philosophical work on trust.
Commercial Advertising of Alcohol: Using Law to Challenge Public Health Regulation
Authors: O’Brien Paula , Room Robin , Anderson-Luxford Dan
Published: July 2022

In most countries, the alcohol industry enjoys considerable freedom to market its products. Where government regulation is proposed or enacted, the alcohol industry has often deployed legal arguments and used legal forums to challenge regulation. Governments considering marketing regulation must be cognizant of relevant legal constraints and be prepared to defend their policies against industry legal challenges.
Voluntary Registries: Filling the Critical Information Gap in First Response to Mental Health Crises
Authors: del Pozo Brandon , Compton Michael T.
Published: July 2022

We argue that voluntary mental health registries integrated into the 9-1-1 system, where patients and caregivers can establish a repository of this information, will help fill this information gap by enabling first responders to quickly understand the context of a call for service with a mental health component, and to make better informed decisions. Despite valid concerns about privacy, stigma, and the potential misuse of protected health information, such registries, if carefully designed and administered, can improve the health outcomes of 9-1-1 calls for service involving mental health-related crises.
Imperial Loyalties: Pluralism of Belonging, Territories, and Spaces in the 19th Century
Authors: Osterkamp Jana
Published: July 2022

The Habsburg Monarchy has often been called a “Europe en miniature.” A diversity of political territories and spaces, nations and nationalities, languages, denominations, and churches was typical throughout the 19th century. This article addresses the complexity with a fresh approach. Drawing on the new history of emotion, it combines new perspectives of territories, spaces, and loyalties in order to shed fresh light on nation building processes within the empire.