bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Aftermath of Fieldwork in Afghanistan: Personal Politics
Authors: Shalinsky Audrey C.
Published: November 2004

After fieldwork in northern Afghanistan in 1976–77,1 returned to the United States to write my dissertation. My period of readjustment and culture shock was exacerbated by news of the 1978 Marxist coup in Afghanistan. Letters from my best informant and friend in Afghanistan after the revolution conveyed hidden meaning about the situation. Eventually, I decided to help his family, with whom I lived in the field, come to the United States. Here I analyze the letters from Afghanistan, the family's refugee situation in Pakistan during our correspondence, and their current adjustment to life in the United States. I argue that personal, moral, and political responsibilities toward informants are intertwined and that these continue to unfold long after fieldwork.
Creativity, Conflict, and Power in Tuareg Spirit Possession
Authors: Rasmussen Susan J.
Published: November 2004

It is now recognized that spirit possession and a work of art share common properties. Yet few analyses stop to consider the transformative effects of possession artistry in diverse contexts, extending beyond the immediate ritual process: while visiting, in leisure, gossip, courtship, and festival settings, where local residents in effect re‐create possession in commentary about its music, singing, and dancing in terms of aesthetic competence as well as curing efficacy. I analyze the synaesthetic interplay of visual and oral messages in possession enactment that center on the musical sound of exorcism and the silence of trance, and connect them to power relationships between persons involved in critical discourse about possession. The goal is to delineate interrelationships between local notions of possession artistry—not in the sense of Western high culture, but rather as a cultural system and basis for the perception and practice of aesthetics—and to look at the assertion or suppression of social power among the Kel Ewey Tuareg of Niger, West Africa.
Sharing the Dream
Authors: Goulet Jean‐Guy A.
Published: November 2004

Robin Ridington. Little Bit Know Something: Stories in. Language of Anthropology. Iowa City: Iowa University Press, 1990. xvii. 281 pp. $27.50 (cloth), $9.95 (paper).
Myth Teller Tells All
Authors: Southall Aidan W.
Published: November 2004

Miles Richardson. Cry Lonesome and Other Accounts of the Anthropologist's Project. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990. + 177 pp. $39.50 (cloth); $12.95 (paper).
Postmodern Experimental Moment
Authors: Southall Aidan W.
Published: November 2004

Paul J. Benson. ed. Conversations in Anthropology: Anthropology and Literature. Introduction by Edward M. Bruner. Journal of the Steward Anthropological Society, vol. 17 nos. 1–2,1987–88. Urbana, IL: Steward Anthropological Society, 1990. vi. 323 pp. $12.00 (paper).
The Self Theorized
Authors: Muratorio Blanca
Published: November 2004

Judith Okely and Helen Callaway. eds. Anthropology and Autobiography. ASA Monographs 29. London and New York: Routledge, 1992. xiv. 252 pp.
Amazonia: From Myth to History
Authors: Weismantel Mary
Published: November 2004

Blanca Muratorio The Life and Times of Grandfather Alonso: Culture and History in the Upper Amazon. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1991. 295 pp.

Eduardo Viveiros de Castro From the Enemy's Point of View: Humanity and Divinity in an Amazonian Society. Catherine V. Howard, trans. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992, 428 pp.
Making Little Angels
Authors: Schweitzer Mary
Published: November 2004

Nancy Scheper‐Hughes Death without Weeping: The Violence of Everyday Life in Brazil. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992. xii. 614 pp.
The Perils of Ethnographic Collecting
Authors: Broyles Julie A.
Published: November 2004

Richard Price Sally Price Equatoria New York: Routledge, Chapman and Hall, 1992. 295 pp.
The Bori and I: Reflections of a Mature Anthropologist
Authors: Salamone Frank A.
Published: November 2004

On one or two occasions in the field, I have felt in the presence of some sort of power or phenomenon that I could not readily explain—or explain away. In my published papers, especially in my early years, I tended to gloss over these incidents, assuming the appropriate professorial distance from them. As I aged in the profession, I occasionally talked about these events in a half‐joking manner, probing my colleagues somewhat indirectly to discern whether they, too, had experienced something beyond the ordinary in the midst of their work. Many, it seems, had. Their stories varied from the truly incomprehensible to the somewhat charming. The former, I admit, I still view with more than a modicum of skepticism. The latter intrigue me, and I, at least, wish them to be true. My own brush with the unusual falls into the category of things I wish to be true.
Tiananmen Square: The Rhetorical Power of a Woman and a Man
Authors: Zhang Yuehong
Published: November 2004

Much has been said about the Chinese students' protest and the occupation of Tiananmen Square in 1989. A considerable number of scholarly works on the significance and influence of the event have been produced in different areas of study including history, political sciences, international relations, sinology, anthropology, literary criticism, and so forth.1 Some of these studies pay attention to the symbolic dimension of the student movement and give detailed analysis of important symbols such as the statue Goddess of Democracy. This article, based on direct observation of those events and on indirect material, deals with two of the major symbols of the movement, the statue Goddess of Democracy erected in Tiananmen Square during the protest, and a youth standing in the way of a column of tanks near Tiananmen Square during the crackdown. Because of the striking nature of both of these symbols, their influence has extended far beyond their spatial and temporal existence.
A Life History of Cultural Fusion
Authors: Anderson E. N.
Published: November 2004

Marguerite Schenkhuizen. Memoirs of an lndo Woman: Twentieth‐Century Life in the East Indies and Abroad. Monographs in International Studies, Southeast Series, 92. Lizelot Stout van Balgooy, ed. and trans. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1993. xviii. 286 pp.
Pinching the Crocodile's Tongue: Affinity and the Anxieties of Influence in Fieldwork
Authors: Lambek Michael
Published: November 2004

This article is about my relationship with Dr. Emmanuel Tehindrazanarivelo, Malagasy‐Canadian friend, colleague, teacher, informant, and possibly the most cosmopolitan person I know. At one time he was to have been coauthor; as I will describe, things shifted so that his article is written in response to mine. I recount how my current fieldwork in the town and hinterland ofMahajanga in northwest Madagascar began quite literally with our chance meeting in Toronto, and I reflect on the ambiguity of ethnographic relations constituted "at home."
Street Cuts: Splices from Project Notebooks and Other Indelible Impressions
Authors: Edberg Mark
Published: November 2004

A bottle rolls, its gritty, peripatetic screech stopping only when it becomes marooned on the cement base of a lamppost. An intimate of the street, the bottle knowingly points across the empty parking lot to the square of dirt on the other side where, underneath a tree, the daily card game takes its usual languid course. The tall man sitting on a plastic milk carton holder scratches his head and rubs his suspenders with his thumbs, possibly thinking about his next move, or just thinking about what somebody said. The card players pay little attention to the Dutchman mobile home parked in the lot with "Neighborhood Mobile Action Project (sponsored by the U.S. Public Health Service)" imprinted in nondescript letters on the side.
"Motherhood Is Powerful": Embodied Knowledge from Evolving Field‐Based Experiences
Authors: Sutton Constance R.
Published: November 2004

My experience of learning that "motherhood can be powerful" began with my first field research in Barbados (1956 and 1957‐58) when I was married but childless and went to the field by myself. The lesson was further elaborated when I gave birth to my son David in 1963 and later during subsequent research in the Caribbean and with the Yoruba of Nigeria (1976, 1977,1978‐79). 1 went to Nigeria as an older wife and mother but without my husband and child, except for a one month visit from David. Finally, my visits to the Greek island ofKalymnos in 1992 and 1993, where David was then doing his doctoral research with his wife and baby son, dramatically shifted and further extended my experience of family life as it grew more and more intertwined with anthropology. Thus my story is about how family life and anthropology reciprocally informed each other in the unfolding of my life—in the field and at home.
Death on the Move: Landscape and Violence on the Highlands Highway, Papua New Guinea
Authors: Stewart Pamela J. , Strathern Andrew
Published: November 2004

A journey along the Highlands Highway from Mount Hagen in the center of the Highlands of Papua New Guinea to the port town of hoe on the northern coast provides an occasion for three streams of awareness: ethnographic locales associated with anthropological work; stories of past journeys, and their dangers, undertaken by our New Guinea companions; and an experience of present danger in the form of an armed holdup. The narrative holds these three streams together in counterpoint until the destination is reached, and the juxtaposition of themes mirrors the complexities of contemporary situations in Papua New Guinea, mingled with traces of anthropology's past.
Telling a life: Race, Memory, and Historical Consciousness
Authors: Brown Karen McCarthy
Published: November 2004

This article is a story, a complex one about African and African American religions interacting, a story about history described in the book and inscribed on the body. In the midst of this narrative, I want to reflect on the process by which experience becomes memory; memory becomes narrative; narratives are collected to form text; and text becomes, in one moment, an event in the academic world significantly distanced from author and subject and, in the next moment, a reflexive tool used by author and subject alike to decipher past experiences, reconfigure memory, and reconstruct the self More specifically, my essay deals with the reverberations occasioned by the 1991 publication of Mama Lola: A Vodou Priestess in Brooklyn in Mama Lola's life and in mine, as well as in our relationship with one another.
Jelly, Slush, and Red Mists: Poetics of Amorphous Substances in Serbian Jeremiads of the 1990s
Authors: Zivkovic Marko
Published: November 2004

Mud, jelly, mist, and other amorphous substances were often used as tropes by people in Serbia when they tried to describe the confusion of their everyday experience during the 1990s. I try to provide a wider context for this "poetics of opacity" by tracing amorphous substances through different contexts in which they are figuratively used in "stories Serbs tell themselves (and others) about themselves." Thus, as a background to jeremiads that bewail the messiness of Milosevic's Serbia in terms of jelly, slush, and red mists, I first unpack the "argument of images" that combines mud and Gypsies in Serbian films as ambivalent self‐presentation oriented toward dominant European "geopolitical imaginings," and then explore amorphous substances as metaphors for the sense of in‐betweenness that often characterize peripheries like Serbia.
Next Exit—African Global Village
Authors: Stoller Paul
Published: November 2004

Next Exit—African Global Village. Charles Piot. Remotely Global: Village Modernity in West Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. xiii. 220 pp.
Vulnerability and Violation in the New Ethnography
Authors: Tedlock Barbara
Published: November 2004

Vulnerability and Violation in the New Ethnography. Carolyn Ellis and Arthur Bochner. eds. Composing Ethnography: Alternative Forms of Qualitative Writing. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira, 1998.400 pp.
Myth as Ideology and Scholarship as Myth with Footnotes
Authors: Crandall David P.
Published: November 2004

Myth as Ideology and Scholarship as Myth with Footnotes. Bruce Lincoln. Theorizing Myth: Narrative, Ideology, and Scholarship. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. xv. 298 pp.
Taipei Is Cold Tonight, or Finding Fate in Taiwanese Karaokes
Authors: Hatfield Donald J.
Published: November 2004

Drawing on the contradictions between the lyrical modes of karaoke and the situation of karaoke performance, this article examines the role of colonial nostalgia and the vernacular concept of fate in contemporary Taiwan. Stressing that colonial nostalgia is a formal property of karaoke lyrics and performance, I attend to the relationship of karaoke to the problem of finding truth in human voices, particularly as a complication of urban life.
Performance Studies in/for the 21st Century
Authors: Schechner Richard
Published: November 2004

Reflecting on some of the most important work in performance studies of the last century, this article looks forward to the next. In the spirit of Vic and Edie Turner, it asks not only how this intellectual history is relevant to the academy, but also to the wider world—in particular the tragic events of September 11, 2001.
“We Talk to You Because We Love You”: Learning from Elders at Culture Camp
Authors: Fienup‐Riordan Ann
Published: November 2004

This article explores the activities of the Calista Elders Council (CEC) an example of “culturalism,” that is, the process of self‐conscious, deliberate use of identity, culture, and heritage in the struggle for recognition of a distinctive Yup'ik way of life. Culture camp in southwestern Alaska provides a modern means for the traditional end of training young people to be good listeners and, in their turn, become speakers truth. The emphasis on talk remains, reflecting an indigenous view of how young people should learn and elders should teach. Grandparents, even more than parents, were an important source of moral instruction in the past. Contemporary village children spend much less time in the presence of elders. Through CEC activities, some elders seek to reclaim that space and make their voices heard.

Elders at camp presented instruction in group settings, based on their own personal experience: “I tell what I know.” They made no claims to completeness or to imparting the one true faith. Their sense of their own culture was neither essentialist nor bounded, and the emphasis was not on presenting a unified, homogeneous, systematic view, as in some instances of cultural revival and renewal. During evening sessions elders engaged in serious moral discourse. They talked about not only what young people needed to know but how they were expected to learn it. Like the grandmother we honor here, they were teaching nothing less than how to learn.
A Sense of Presence
Authors: Turner Rory P. B.
Published: November 2004

This article contains reflections on presence in the life and work of Edie Turner
A Nobel Controversy
Authors: Harms Daniel
Published: November 2004

David Stoll Rigoberta Menchú and the Story of All Poor Guatemalans. Boulder: Westview Press, 1999. xix. 336 pp.
“Without Deer There Is No Culture, Nothing”
Authors: King Alexander D.
Published: November 2004

This article presents the pragmatics of reindeer herding by Chukchi and Koryak people in northern Kamchatka, Russia, to convey a sense of the importance of herding as a symbolic resource. A detailed description of brief visits to a reindeer herd in Kamchatka uncovers the power of reindeer as a symbol for indigenous people and indigenous culture in this area. I use a first‐person, subjective ethnography and include some of the challenges I met in the field and my attempts to overcome them. The title quotes a reindeer herder impressing upon me the importance of his work for his people.

Reindeer are connected to human beings in a totalizing manner. Reindeer are simultaneously index, icon, and symbol of human social organization, economic activity, spiritual practice, material culture—in short, “our culture,” as I was told by many people in Kamchatka.
Silicon Valley Light
Authors: Croissant Jennifer
Published: November 2004

June Anne English‐Lueck. Cultures@SiliconValley. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2002. viii. 202 pp.
Africa Reclaiming Herself
Authors: Robotham Donald
Published: November 2004

Achille Mbembe On the Postcolony. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001. vi. 274 pp.
Weapon Technology, Prey Size Selection, and Hunting Methods in Modern Hunter‐Gatherers: Implications for Hunting in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic
Authors: Churchill Steven E.
Published: November 2004

The ethnographic and ethnohistoric literature on a global sample of 96 recent hunting peoples was surveyed to explore the relationships between weapons, prey body‐size, and terrestrial hunting techniques. Findings include: (1) an association between the use of hand‐delivered spears, large‐bodied prey, and hunting techniques dependent on physiographic features and specific terrain types; (2) less dependence on terrain features in hunting with atlatl‐propelled darts, and; (3) use of the bow and arrow without regard to prey size or terrain features. Findings also suggest that technologically aided hunting of medium‐to‐large game before the development of long‐distance projectile weaponry involved a narrow range of strategies and limitations of prey choice. The effective exploitation of a wide range of terrestrial mammals characteristic of modern humans occurred after the advent of efficient projectile weapons.
Applied Skeletochronology: The Horse as Human Prey During the Pleniglacial in Southwestern France
Authors: Burke Ariane
Published: November 2004

A model for the appositional growth of dental cement in the horse, based on a control sample of recent horse teeth, is applied to the microscopic analysis under transmitted light of petrographic thin‐sections of fossil horse specimens from 12 prehistoric sites in southwestern France. This sample is restricted chronologically to the Pleniglacial period (18,000 to 14,000 BP) in order to maintain strict control of environmental variables. The archaeological results of the study include the assessment of the seasonal importance of horse as a human resource during the Pteniglacial, as well as the role of this species in what has been described as a reindeer‐based human economy. They also contribute data on season of occupation for the archaeological sites studied, with implications for models of regional seasonal population movements in southwestern France.
Mousterian Technology as Adaptive Response: A Case Study
Authors: Kuhn Steven L.
Published: November 2004

Research on Mousterian assemblages from west‐central Italy reveals one way that variation in patterns of stone tool manufacture and use may reflect changes in hominid foraging behavior, land use, and mobility. In these cases, frequent movement and wide‐ranging foraging, associated with evidence for scavenging of large game, appears to be linked to the production and extensive resharpening of relatively large tool blanks and possibly to greater evidence for artifact transport. More intensive and prolonged occupations, marked by the introduction of entire carcasses of hunted animals into cave sites, are associated with less intensive reduction of tools and greater reliance on immediately available raw materials.
Early Upper Paleolithic Approaches to Bone and Antler Projectile Technology
Authors: Knecht Heidi
Published: November 2004

Results of a study of Early Upper Paleolithic bone and antler projectile points indicate that different strategies of design, manufacture, and performance of projectile technology were emphasized throughout the Early Upper Paleolithic. An integrated analysis of morphology and wear, as well as experimentation in the production and use of various Early Upper Paleolithic projectile technologies has demonstrated that, while there is change through time in Early Upper Paleolithic projectile technology, there are considerable similarities among contemporaneous approaches to organic projectile technology. Moreover, while Aurignacian organic projectile technology was the same throughout western Europe, Gravettian organic projectile point design varied among regions.
Upper Paleolithic Hunting Tactics and Weapons in Western Europe
Authors: Straus Lawrence Guy
Published: November 2004

There is extensive evidence of subsistence intensification by Upper Paleolithic people in Europe, particularly based on the records from Spain, France, Belgium, and Germany. In addition to diversifying their subsistence base wherever and whenever possible, Upper Paleolithic hunters made efficient use of landforms and developed new types of weapon‐delivery systems to procure large numbers of herd game. In so doing, they seem to have preferentially chosen to inhabit regions with significant hills and valleys. This allowed them to channel game movements and to hinder or trap herds, thereby facilitating mass kills. Specific physical features (rivers, cliffs, gorges, box canyons, blind valleys, etc.) were of proven use especially to late Upper Paleolithic hunters in their planned, scheduled mass kills of such species as horse, reindeer, red deer, bison, and ibex. The most dynamic component of Upper Paleolithic technologies was weaponry. New types of weapon tips, shafts, hafts, and propulsion devices were developed at an everaccelerating rate throughout the Upper Paleolithic and into the Mesolithic, between at least 35,000–40,000 BP and ca. 7000 BP.
Heterarchy and the Analysis of Complex Societies
Authors: Crumley Carole L.
Published: November 2004

Archeologists' dissatisfaction with Service's band‐tribe‐chiefdom‐state model of sociocultural complexity has resulted in the epistemological reexamination of hierarchy, the exploration of heterarchy, and the historical and contextual flux between them. This calculus of power relations within and between polities aids understanding of how power shifts occur and under what conditions various power distributions constitute stable and unstable configurations. Power relations, while predicated on systems of values, leave physical evidence when their importance is ranked and reranked by individuals, groups, and organizations as conditions change. The hierarchy‐heterarchy relation offers a new approach to the study of agency, conflict, and cooperation.
Incorporating Heterarchy into Theory on Socio‐political Development: The Case from Southeast Asia
Authors: White Joyce C.
Published: November 2004

As archeological research in mainland Southeast Asia progresses beyond the pioneering stage, the emerging data pose a number of challenges to theories of socio‐political development. Attempts to apply models assuming nested, conical, hierarchical progressions derivative from the band‐tribe‐chiefdom‐state continuum often seem inadequate and somehow unable to account for the significant socio‐political dynamics that are increasingly evident from the data. This chapter proposes that a shift in modeling the region's socio‐political trajectory away from a stepprogression, hierarchical approach toward a dynamic, heterarchical approach will advance understanding of this region's distinctive social development and will contribute to broadening and refining theory on the formation of states and the development of social complexity.
A Heterarchical Approach to Lowland Maya Socioeconomies
Authors: Potter Daniel R. , King Eleanor M.
Published: November 2004

Study of Maya economy has traditionally been dominated by hierarchical or vertical models, in which societal elites were thought to have had significant impact in the organization of production and exchange. We propose that evidence for strong elite regulation of lowland economy is lacking. Both inter‐site and intra‐site patterns better support the likelihood that many aspects of lowland economy were probably self‐organized and not regulated by a centralized controlling group or groups. It is proposed that the spatial structure of important lowland resources played a significant role in Maya socioeconomic systems. While at one time tropical forests were viewed as homogenous and spatially redundant, more recent perspectives emphasize local mosaic or patchy zonation of important biotic and abiotic resources. Intensive craft production and non‐centralized regional exchange of large quantities of economic goods were elements within a self‐organizing system influenced more by resource structure than hierarchical elite regulation. In our view, the concept of heterarchy represents a better way of understanding Maya economy, as it avoids the a priori assumption that complexity must take a tiered hierarchical form. Throughout this chapter, the heterarchical perspective is used to view the character of lowland Maya centers, the hubs of elite control, from an economic standpoint.
Stone Cities, Green Cities
Authors: Graham Elizabeth
Published: November 2004

Is there a particular character to the forms of urbanism that arose in the humid tropics?“Yes” in the sense that there are conditions common to the humid tropics globally that are not characteristic of temperate Europe. How environmental factors structure urban form and function is another question, but the key relationship on which to focus in an environmental approach to urbanism is that between the individual and the environment, and not between a culture or society as a system and the environment. At another level, one could argue that there is no such thing as tropical urbanism. The relationships that constitute ecological processes are the same throughout the biosphere, and it is only the outcome of these processes that is different in the tropics. Likewise, the “rules” of the development of complexity, associated with urbanism everywhere, are about power relationships and hierarchy more than setting or conditions. In addition to these themes, I reconsider the conditions for Maya urbanism, and I suggest a range of alternative relationships that can inform urban processes and outcomes.
Chapter 1. Siting, Sighting, and Citing the Dead
Authors: Charles Douglas K. , Buikstra Jane E.
Published: November 2004

From the Middle Archaic through Mississippian periods of the prehistoric American Midwest (ca. 7000–700 B.P.), the specific location, form, and intensity of funerary activity varied through time, but always within a limited, yet evolving, range of alternatives. This material record can be understood as resulting from the interaction of traditional (i.e., meaningful) symbolic systems, the agency of the participants, and specific (i.e., historical) social, economic, and political contexts. In particular, we examine the shifting emphasis on mortuary ritual versus ancestor cult and how this is manifested in terms of the location and form of burial mounds and cemeteries.
Chapter 2. Collective Burials and Community Memories: Interpreting the Placement of the Dead in the Southeastern and Mid‐Atlantic United States with Reference to Ethnographic Cases from Indonesia
Authors: Hutchinson Dale L. , Aragon Lorraine V.
Published: November 2004

Burial, the ritual interment of the dead, is guided by cultural ideas and traditions concerning the “afterlife” and continued relationships of the living with ancestors. Mortuary rituals of several stages woven into lengthy ritual cycles are often practiced by societies in which kinship is the principal means of social organization and the sponsorship of feasts advances kin group status. We compare ethnographic examples from Indonesia with archaeological examples from the southeastern and Mid‐Atlantic United States in order to reconsider some interpretations concerning the meaning of different burial formats and what they indicate about social stratification and religious ritual. Archaeologists should keep in mind that excavated burial formats are only a “snapshot” that may represent an intermediate moment in the mortuary process or “death cycle” rather than a final conclusion. These cycles are what keep the spaces and places of death in motion rather than fixed and final. Spaces of death also warrant more recognition for their often shifting claims about the status of the bereaved, rather than only the status of the deceased. By examining mortuary processes from several areas in Indonesia, where ethnographically documented death rituals are designed to move the recently deceased and their living descendants into a better afterlife location or status, we suggest further possibilities for interpreting Native American mortuary spaces used by people for whom death likely was more a process than a single event.
Chapter 3. Houses and Ancestors, Altars and Relics: Mortuary Patterns at Teotihuacan, Central Mexico
Authors: Manzanilla Linda
Published: November 2004

This chapter reviews the mortuary program at Teotihuacan, one of the largest prehispanic cities in Mesoamerica during the Classic Period (ca. A.D. 150–750). Three different types of practices are identified: (1) domestic funerary rites and ancestors' care; (2) special individuals and relic care; and (3) human sacrifices. In terms of the first practice—which is the most common at Teotihuacan—the location, type of container, position, funerary goods, and funerary rites are examined. With respect to the second practice, mortuary bundles and human relics are considered. The problem of human sacrifice along its distinct parameters (sacrificial victims related to the main pyramidal structures; decapitation; defleshing and dismemberment; heart extraction) is treated in the third section.
Going Microlithic: A Levantine Perspective on the Adoption of Microlithic Technologies
Authors: Neeley Michael P.
Published: November 2004

The shift to microlithic technologies is a widespread phenomenon over much of the globe during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene. The occurrence of microliths in diverse geographical and temporal settings is a testament to their versatility and importance as a solution to the problems of survival. Using a perspective based on evolutionary theory, the adoption of microliths in the Levant is viewed from both a long‐term, regional perspective involving resource procurement and a short‐term, site‐centered perspective focusing on mobility strategies. The results suggest that microliths are correlated with changes in forager behavior associated with resource procurement and mobility and that an evolutionary framework is useful for addressing this process.
Globalization and South Korea's Middle Class
Authors: Collins Samuel Gerald
Published: November 2004

Making Capitalism: The Social and Cultural Construction of a South Korean Conglomerate Janelli, Roger L., and Dawnhee Yim. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1993.

In Pursuit of Status: The Making of South Korea's “New” Urban Middle Class Denise Potrzeba Lett. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Planning Goals and Urban Realities: Post‐Disaster Reconstruction in a Third World City
Authors: Oliver‐Smith Anthony , Goldman Roberta E.
Published: November 2004

Spontaneous urban growth frequently occurs in the absence of, or in spite of, urban planning. Following a disaster, should a city be rebuilt on the model of the pre‐disaster city, or should time be invested to design and construct a "better" city? Divergent images of the urban environment result from class origins, ethnicity, and other differentiating factors between planners and recipients, as well as among the recipient population in general. Tracing both the planning process and the reconstruction of the city of Yungay, Peru, over 13‐year period, this study concludes that the new city reflects the traditional patterns of social stratification more than it manifests any intended innovative urban design, [planning, disaster, reconstruction, urban design]
The Language of Resistance: Rhetorical Tactics and Symbols of Popular Protest in Germany
Authors: Linke Uli
Published: November 2004

Popular protests in postwar germany are sparked by a wide range of environmental concerns, which have become known collectively as "green" issues. While the overt focus of these protests is directed against urban and technological expansion, the symbolic discourse of the "green" movement constitutes a form of resistance, a way of reacting rhetorically to an increasing bureaucratization of expressive culture. My research reveals that the diverse metaphors of protest draw on both romantic and nationalist perceptions of the city. [Germany, urban protest movements, political language, symbolic discourse, nationalism]
Conflicts over Use Values in an Urban Canadian Housing Cooperative
Authors: Cooper Matthew , Rodman Margaret
Published: November 2004

CONFLICT BETWEEN THE EXCHANGE and use values of land often is argued to be the chief determinant of the social construction of urban space. When exchange value considerations are not an issue, however, conflicts over use values help reveal the importance of social, cultural, and personal dimensions. Conflicts over landscaping and budget planning in a nonprofit Canadian housing cooperative show the interaction of such factors with people's structural positions in the housing market. People use housing, including conflict over housing, to try to articulate certain social, cultural, and individual needs, [housing, cooperatives, urban space, use values, conflict]
A Fishery in Transition: The Impact of Urbanization on Florida's Spiny Lobster Fishery
Authors: Johnson Jeffrey C. , Orbach Michael K.
Published: November 2004

COMMERCIAL FISHERMEN HAVE BEEN characterized as a homogeneous collection of economically conservative, staunchly independent individuals living in relatively rural, highly integrated communities along the coast. Several factors are presently affecting these traditional communities, changing their character and changing commercial fishing itself. These include consequences of urbanization such as the institution of zoning ordinances, increasing population densities, real estate development, and the growth of tourism and recreation. The attraction of coastal areas for retirees and others seeking a better lifestyle lead to the "gentrification" of commercial fishing. These trends affect the commercial spiny lobster fishermen of Monroe County, Florida (the Florida Keys), [social networks, urbanization, leisure and tourism, commercial fishing, social stratification]
Planning and Implementation in the Informal SectorEvidence from Oaxaca, Mexico
Authors: Winter Mary , Morris Earl W. , Murphy Arthur D.
Published: November 2004

Case Studies of Women in the informal sector in the city of Oaxaca, Mexico, lead to the idea that individuals in the informal sector utilize planning strategies appropriate to their situation. Regulative, goal‐centered, or morphostatic planning strategies—strategies focused on maintaining the system in its current state of equilibrium—are appropriate when a market has been developed and the desire is to maintain it under current conditions. Generative, resource‐ centered or morphogenic planning strategies—strategies that promote change in the current equilibrium—are used when markets are being developed, or when there are changes in the environment that require adjustment or adaptation, [women, planning, Oaxaca, Mexico]
Generative Influences on Regulative PlanningSquatter Clearance in Hong Kong
Authors: Smart Alan
Published: November 2004

The Distinction between regulative planning based on power and generative planning based on information is examined through a case study of squatter clearance in Hong Kong. Rather than treating the two styles of planning as distinct and separate, the case material suggests the need to examine political processes that can produce generative influences on regulative planning interventions. The clearance of squatters without the provision of rehousing was transformed into the large‐scale squatter resettlement program through resistance, and subsequent clearance policies have also been modified through protest and individual adaptation. [Hong Kong, planning, housing]
The Place of the Central City in China's Economic Reform: From Hierarchy to Network
Authors: Sounger Dorothy J.
Published: November 2004

Literature in Political Anthropology suggests that cities can be into two alternative models in accord with their chief functions: (1) industrially geared, production‐oriented municipalities that rest within vertically constructed, administratively demarcated, and managed hierarchies of power; and (2) urban places that are focused on commercial interchange aimed at filling consumption needs, and mat find their spheres of activity best articulated within what are principally horizontally interconnected webs populated by similar localities or supralocal institutions governed by market relations. Since 1980, China has been attempting to reorient large, centrally located cities away from their exclusive concern with production and to free mem from hierarchical relations. Despite reforms granting financial authority to cities, expanding their ability to form ties with their hinterlands and within their greater economic regions, the continuing power of the provinces has sharply limited ability of cities to break free of the vertically structured power relationships that have bound them for decades, [hierarchy, network, economic region, hinterland, administrative relationships]
Participatory Research and Grassroots Development: A Case Study from Harlem
Authors: Freidenberg Judith
Published: November 2004

This artical documents an anthropologist's experiences in an applied research and development project with elderly minorities in the inner city. How, and to what extent, is collaboration between the anthropologist, professional colleagues, funding agencies, informants, and community groups conducive to grassroots development within the context of the political economy in which the program is being developed? Focusing on the natural history of the project, this study illustrates some of the complexities involved. The implications for participatory research, planned social change, and styles of community development emerge from an understanding of the project as a social process, [participatory research, grassroots development, planned social change]
Exercising Managerial Prerogatives: The Findings of Four Field Studies
Authors: Fortado Bruce
Published: November 2004

Competitive pressures in the 1980s instigated a wave of managerial initiatives designed to cut costs, loosen work rules, and tighten discipline. Because previous field research on the day‐to‐day give‐and‐take between management and labor was done in an era in which unions were the moving force, a void exists in the literature. Described here are four field studies on managers exercising their prerogatives between formal collective‐bargaining negotiations. These patterns of behavior are compared to the adversarial and cooperative models that prevail in the fields of industrial relations and organization behavior. Rather than resembling either one model or the other, these case studies reflect a continuum of behavior. Since many people in the academic and managerial communities define "cooperative" and "adversarial" strategies somewhat differently, further research in mis area seems warranted, [management prerogatives, discipline, grievance procedure, fractional bargaining, negotiation]
Waterfront Revitalization in Postindustrial Port Cities of North America
Authors: Sieber R. Timothy
Published: November 2004

SURPRISINGLY SIMILAR DEVELOPMENTS in planning, land use, and cultural life are evident in "revitalized" waterfronts in many port cities throughout North America. This article presents a cultural theory of waterfront redevelopment, viewing the process as a characteristic response of similarly situated postindustrial port cities to international economic restructuring, technological obsolescence of port facilities, and corporatization. Major themes in revitalized waterfronts—environmentalism, history and heritage, and tourism and festival —serve to connect newcomer elite groups to a changing urban environment, by reconceptualizing the relationship of the city toward nature, the past, and work, [port cities, urban renewal, waterfronts, postindustrialism]
Social Networks and Urban Neighborhoods in New York City
Authors: Kadushin Charles , Jones Delmos J.
Published: November 2004

THIS ARTICLE INVESTIGATES the relationship between social networks and neighborhoods in New York City. It examines the consequences of connected or dispersed social‐network support for people of different incomes and races in New York, in terms of their views of their neighborhoods as desirable places to live. Using data from 7 937 New Yorkers studied by the City University of New York‐New York City Survey of 1988, it shows that: contrary to what some literature on social support might suggest, social networks that are neighborhoodoriented and localized networks benefit rich New Yorkers more than poor ones; wealthier and white New Yorkers like their neighborhoods better, regardless of the nature of their social networks; and native blacks, regardless of other factors, like their neighborhoods less. In a limited way, localized networks lead to an increased regard for one's neighborhood, but they cannot erase the negative effects of adverse social and economic conditions in many New York neighborhoods, [social networks, neighborhoods, social and economic conditions, social support]
Community without Organizations
Authors: Markowitz Fran
Published: November 2004

OVER 300,000 SOVIET JEWS immigrated to the West during the 1970s. Unlike virtually all other immigrant groups, Soviet Jewish emigres have not established viable voluntary organizations. This absence of formal organizations should not be understood as the result of an inability to organize. Rather, it must be interpreted in sociosymbolic terms, as a response to former Soviet citizens' strong valuation of informal self‐help, rooted in their desire to deinstitutionalize their daily lives, [community, Soviet emigres, immigrant organizations, urban anthropology]
Revising the Politicized Landscape Nowa Huta, 1949‐1957
Authors: Lebow Katherine A.
Published: November 2004

Using New Theories of state‐society relations under Communism, this article focuses on changes made to Nowa Huta's street and settlement names in 1957 as a result of de‐Stalinization, and on opinions expressed by town residents in anticipation of these changes in a public opinion survey. These events may be viewed as a dialogue between rulers and ruled, in which toponymy serves as a symbolic medium for the projection of conflicting visions of Poland's past and future. [Poland, Nowa Huta, place names, new towns, public opinion]
Historic Preservation and the Cultural Politics of the American Downtown
Authors: Deckha Nityanand
Published: November 2004

M.Christine Boyer, The City of Collective Memory: Its Historical Imagery and Architectural Entertainments. Cambridge, MA, London: MIT Press, 1998 [1994].

Dolores Hayden, The Power of Place: Urban Landscapes as Public History. Cambridge, MA, London: MIT Press, 1996 [1995].

Sharon Zukin, The Cultures of Cities. Oxford: Blackwell, 1995.
An Early Starovoytova Urban Anthropology Work
Authors: Sidorov Dmitri
Published: November 2004

Etnicheskaia gruppa. sovremennom sovetskom gorode: sotsiologicheskie ocherki [The Ethnic Group in the Contemporary Soviet City: Sociological Essays (in Russian)].Galina Vasil'evna Starovoytova. Leningrad: Nauka Publishers, 1987.175 pp.
Harmonizing the Nation: Women's Voices and Development in Zimbabwean Cinema
Authors: Lund Giuliana
Published: November 2004

THE LAST DECADE witnessed the birth of Zimbabwean cinema, long delayed by colonialism, revolution, and scarcity. Today's feature films, which rely on international donors, promote development and gender equity. Despite their dependence on foreign funds and technologies, these films challenge the hegemony of Hollywood and engage with local values, contributing to the emerging national culture of Zimbabwe. The new cinema emphasizes the agency of the oppressed, particularly women, and strives to give voice in a popular medium to those silenced by patriarchal, authoritarian, and neocolonial interests. [Africa, Zimbabwe, Film, Women, Development]

Neria (Zimbabwe, 1991, English, 103 min.) Production House: Media for Development Trust Director: Godwin Maruru

Flame (Zimbabwe, 1996, English, 85 min.) Production House: Black &White Film Co. Director: Ingrid Sinclair

Everyone's Child (Zimbabwe, 1996, English, 85 min.) Production House: Media for Development Trust Director: Tsitsi Dangarembga
Participating in the Global: Transnational Social Networks and Urban Anthropology
Authors: Smart Alan
Published: November 2004

Hong Kong completed its transition from lesser‐developed country status through incorporating parts of China as its economic hinterland. It has done this in large part through the extension of social networks connecting Hong Kong people with residents of China. These are people with whom they shared pre‐existing social connections or labels of shared identity that could support the interactions that developed. In becoming a global financial center, Hong Kong has constructed a transnational urban region that includes relatively poor parts of Guangdong province, and large numbers of migrants into new factory towns from even poorer parts of China.
Global Exposure: Secondhand Clothing from the West and the Urban‐Rural Interface in Zambia
Authors: Hansen Karen Tranberg
Published: November 2004

Consumption Offers A compelling angle for reconsidering the urban in ongoing transformations both of livelihoods in Zambia's capital Lusaka and of urban‐rural relations. The paper draws on research into the commercial export of secondhand clothing from North America and Northwestern Europe with particular attention to the consumption practices this trade has fuelled in Zambia since the late 1980s. The popular consumption circuit that has emerged around the secondhand clothing trade is replacing conventional rural‐urban distinctions with notions of us/them, and rich/poor countries as Zambians construe meanings about themselves and the West through clothing consumption.
Paras, Palaces, Pathogens: frameworks for the growth of Calcutta, 1800–1850
Authors: Archer John
Published: November 2004

THE HISTORICAL FABRIC OF CALCUTTA incorporates both the perspective of indigenous knowledges and practices, as well as successive regimes of “improvements” that British colonial authorities sought to introduce in the period 1798‐1850. In the face of these diverse interests the urban fabric served as a crurial medium for the negotiation of difference. Portions of the indigenous population selectively adapted their budding designs and social practices to British conventions, while protecting other patterns and practices in efforts both to accommodate and to maintain difference. [Colonial cities, urban planning, hygiene, India, Calcutta]
Our Group Has a Life of Its Own: an affective fellowship of older gay men in New York City
Authors: Shokeid Moshe
Published: November 2004

The expansion of gay and lesbian institutions in recent years has brought with it the development of organizations specializing in the needs of older lesbians and gay men. The paper reports on one particular SAGE (Senior Action in Gay Environment) group for men whose weekly meetings were observed in New York City over a period of nine months. It offers an opportunity to explore the strategies for social accommodation among older gay men in urban centers, the forces that draw strangers together and the dynamics that promote their sociability. That type of voluntary association is being defined as "affective fellowship." Exploration of these phenomena situates our work within the discourse of the changing meaning of the stranger in the modern era most profoundly introduced by Simmel and more recently by Giddens, with his inquiry into the transformation of intimacy. [Gay culture, aging, intimacy, sexuality, New York City)