bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On-Chip Quantum Information Processing with Distinguishable Photons
Authors: Yard Patrick , Jones Alex E. , Paesani Stefano , Maïnos Alexandre , Bulmer Jacob F. F. , Laing Anthony
Published: April 2024

Multiphoton interference is at the heart of photonic quantum technologies. Arrays of integrated cavities can support bright sources of single photons with high purity and small footprint, but the inevitable spectral distinguishability between photons generated from nonidentical cavities is an obstacle to scaling. In principle, this problem can be alleviated by measuring photons with high timing resolution, which erases spectral information through the time-energy uncertainty relation. Here, we experimentally demonstrate that detection can be implemented with a temporal resolution sufficient to interfere photons detuned on the scales necessary for cavity-based integrated photon sources. By increasing the effective timing resolution of the system from 200 to 20 ps, we observe a 20% increase in the visibility of quantum interference between independent photons from integrated microring resonator sources that are detuned by 6.8 GHz. We go on to show how time-resolved detection of nonideal photons can be used to improve the fidelity of an entangling operation and to mitigate the reduction of computational complexity in boson sampling experiments. These results pave the way for photonic quantum information processing with many photon sources without the need for active alignment.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
X-ray beam diagnostics at the MID instrument of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility
Authors: Boesenberg Ulrike , Ansaldi Gabriele , Bartmann Alexander , Batchelor Lewis , Brausse Felix , Hallmann Jörg , Jo Wonhyuk , Kim Chan , Klein Birthe , Lobato Iker , Lu Wei , Möller Johannes , Petrov Ilia , Rodriguez-Fernandez Angel , Schmidt Andreas , Scholz Markus , Shayduk Roman , Sukharnikov Konstantin , Zozulya Alexey , Madsen Anders
Published: April 2024

The Materials Imaging and Dynamics (MID) instrument at the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility (EuXFEL) is equipped with a multipurpose diagnostic end-station (DES) at the end of the instrument. The imager unit in DES is a key tool for aligning the beam to a standard trajectory and for adjusting optical elements such as focusing lenses or the split-and-delay line. Furthermore, the DES features a bent-diamond-crystal spectrometer to disperse the spectrum of the direct beam to a line detector. This enables pulse-resolved characterization of the EuXFEL spectrum to provide X-ray energy calibration, and the spectrometer is particularly useful in commissioning special modes of the accelerator. Together with diamond-based intensity monitors, the imager and spectrometer form the DES unit which also contains a heavy-duty beamstop at the end of the MID instrument. Here, we describe the setup in detail and provide exemplary beam diagnostic results.
Assessing interprofessional and integrated care in providing sexual and reproductive health services to adolescents at primary healthcare level in Nigeria
Authors: Agwu Prince , Agu Ifunanya , Ezumah Nkoli , Mbachu Chinyere , Onwujekwe Obinna
Published: April 2024

Purpose

Sexual and reproductive health (SRH) interventions demand diverse services, encompassing medical, social and psychological care to ensure the overall wellbeing of service users. In the absence of multidisciplinary response to SRH interventions, service users could be deprived of crucial SRH services, which could undermine their safety and wellbeing. Based on this knowledge, our study was designed to map the interprofessional space in primary healthcare (PHC) facilities in Ebonyi State, Nigeria that deliver SRH services.

Design/methodology/approach

Interviews with 20 health workers and group discussions with 72 young people aged 15–24 years provided the data for the study. We analyzed data deductively, focusing on the assessments of the presence or absence of specific professionals that are typically expected to provide different aspects of SRH services.

Findings

We found conspicuous absence of laboratory diagnostic, social care, psycho-cognitive and some medical services expected of primary care. These absences necessitated unnecessary referrals, encouraged breaches in confidentiality, undermined social care and justice, increased cost of care and discouraged young clients from utilizing SRH services provided in PHCs. Our study, therefore, emphasizes the need for integrated care in the delivery of SRH services, which would involve relevant diverse professionals contributing their expertise toward comprehensive care for SRH service users.

Originality/value

The study provides human resource insights toward strengthening primary healthcare in Nigeria vis-à-vis efficient delivery of SRH services to guarantee the health security of service users.
The effect of the road rationing policy on housing prices: evidence from the odd-even policy in Jakarta
Authors: Kusumawardani Amanda Dian Widyasti , Yudhistira Muhammad Halley
Published: April 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of the Odd-Even Road Rationing Policy (RRP) on housing prices in Jakarta, Indonesia. It aims to evaluate the net effect of the RRP on housing prices.

Design/methodology/approach

The study uses the monocentric model and employs the difference-in-differences (DD) method. Annual neighborhood-level housing price data is analyzed to assess the impact of the RRP on housing prices. Additionally, propensity score matching is used to address potential biases resulting from non-random policy assignments.

Findings

The results demonstrate that houses located within the RRP-restricted area experience a decrease in price that is relative to those in the control group. The findings indicate a decrease in housing prices ranging from 7.59% to 14.7% within the RRP-restricted area. This suggests that the positive impacts resulting from the RRP have not fully compensated for the restricted accessibility experienced by individuals who have limited behavioral changes. The study also confirms the significance of commuting costs in individuals' location decisions, aligning with predictions from urban economics models.

Originality/value

This study contributes to the literature by providing insights into the effects of a RRP on housing prices. It expands understanding beyond the immediate effects on traffic conditions and air pollution, which previous studies have primarily focused on. Furthermore, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this research will be the first conducted to identify the impacts of RRP on housing prices in Indonesia.
Guardians of the vault: unmasking online threats and fortifying e-banking security, a systematic review
Authors: Ahmad Iftikhar , Khan Salim , Iqbal Shahid
Published: April 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate and analyze the adoption of digital technologies in the banking industry and its impact on the rise of digital fraudulent activities, specifically focusing on online banking frauds. This paper aims to provide insights into the current technologies implemented by banks to secure their online banking systems and explores the methods used by cybercriminals to exploit security vulnerabilities in these systems.

Design/methodology/approach

In order to understand how digital technologies in banking can be secured against online fraud, this research conducted a systematic literature review (SLR) on digital banking, online banking fraud, and security measurements. The review encompasses a variety of sources from online databases such as Emerald Insight, Google Scholar, IEEE, JSTOR, Springer and Science Direct.

Findings

The key finding of the paper is that the adoption of digital technologies in the banking industry has led to a significant increase in digital fraudulent activities, particularly in the form of online banking frauds. This paper emphasizes that these frauds have become a global concern and have evolved into an industry where cybercriminals use sophisticated tools such as phishing attacks, denial-of-service attacks, Trojan horses, malware infections, identity theft and computer viruses.

Research limitations/implications

This study relies solely on a literature review without incorporating primary data or case studies; therefore, it might miss out on the firsthand experiences and perspectives of banks and cybersecurity professionals.

Practical implications

This study emphasizes the need for banks to adopt advanced security measures to safeguard their online banking systems.

Social implications

This study underscores the importance of ongoing training and awareness programs for both bank employees and customers.

Originality/value

This study specifically addresses the adoption of digital technologies in the banking industry and its correlation with the increase in digital fraudulent activities. This focus on the intersection of technology and fraud in the banking sector is a distinctive aspect. This study conducts a SLR to examine the current technologies implemented by banks to safeguard their online banking systems. This comprehensive approach provides insights into the diverse security measures used by banks to protect against various types of cyber threats.
Program coordinators’ perspectives on implementing a transition program for newly graduated nurses: a qualitative interview study
Authors: Eklund Annika , Skyvell Nilsson Maria
Published: April 2024

Purpose

While transition programs are widely used to facilitate newly graduated nurses transition to healthcare settings, knowledge about preconditions for implementing such programs in the hospital context is scarce. The purpose of this study was to explore program coordinators’ perspectives on implementing a transition program for newly graduated nurses.

Design/methodology/approach

An explorative qualitative study using individual interviews. Total of 11 program coordinators at five acute care hospital administrations in a south-west region in Sweden. Data was subjected to thematic analysis, using NVivo software to promote coding.

Findings

The following two themes were identified from the analysis: Create a shared responsibility for introducing newly graduated nurses, and establish legitimacy of the program. The implementation process was found to be a matter of both educational content and anchoring work in the hospital organization. To clarify the what and why of implementing a transition program, where the nurses learning processes are prioritized, was foundational prerequisites for successful implementation.

Originality/value

This paper illustrates that implementing transition programs in contemporary hospital care context is a valuable but complex process that involves conflicting priorities. A program that is well integrated in the organization, in which responsibilities between different levels and roles in the hospital organization, aims and expectations on the program are clarified, is important to achieve the intentions of effective transition to practice. Joint actions need to be taken by healthcare policymakers, hospitals and ward managers, and educational institutions to support the implementation of transition programs as a long-term strategy for nurses entering hospital care.
The influence of leaders’ collectivist orientation on employees’ innovative behavior
Authors: Yang Chuan , Jin Hui , Zhang Chun
Published: April 2024

Purpose

This study investigates the relationship between leaders’ collectivist orientation and employees’ innovative behavior, as well as the mediating effects of employees’ collectivist orientation and servant leadership.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on a survey of 40 leaders and 219 employees in 12 technologically innovative enterprises in Jiangsu Province, China, a hierarchical linear modeling is used.

Findings

The results show that leaders’ collectivist orientation significantly positively affects employees’ innovative behavior. Moreover, leaders’ collectivist orientation significantly positively affects employees’ collectivist orientation/servant leadership, employees’ collectivist orientation/servant leadership significantly positively affects employees’ innovative behavior, and employees’ collectivist orientation/servant leadership partially mediates the relationship between leaders’ collectivist orientation and employees’ innovative behavior.

Originality/value

In response to the lack of research on the relationship between leadership cultural orientation and employees’ innovative behavior, this study sheds light on the effectiveness and mechanism of the influence of leaders’ collectivist orientation on employees’ innovative behavior, thus expanding and deepening the boundaries of theoretical research on leadership, culture and innovation management.
Revisiting the Macroeconomic Effects of Monetary Policy Shocks*
Authors: Doko Tchatoka Firmin , Haque Qazi
Published: April 2024

This study re‐evaluates the macroeconomic impact of monetary policy shocks in the United States using the proxy‐SVAR approach of Gertler and Karadi (American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 2015, 7, 44–76). Despite increased credit costs and the presence of the credit channel, our analysis reveals modest effects on economic activity post‐mid‐1980s. This robust finding holds across various inference methods and sample considerations. A counterfactual analysis within the framework of Bernanke, Gertler, and Gilchrist (1999, Handbook of Macroeconomics, Elsevier) suggests that a stronger response to inflation in monetary policy execution may explain the subdued impact of shocks, offering valuable insights for policy refinement and understanding the dynamics of economic activity.
Therapeutic drug monitoring in patients with inflammatory bowel disease on ustekinumab
Authors: Saleh Adam , Stading Rachel , Miroballi Natalia , Glassner Kerri , Abraham Bincy P.
Published: April 2024

Objective

Therapeutic drug monitoring is used clinically to guide anti‐tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but its use for ustekinumab (UST) remains unclear. This study aimed to determine predictive variables of UST levels.

Methods

In this retrospective cohort of patients with IBD, UST trough levels were drawn at maintenance dosing. Relationships between UST trough levels and demographics, therapy, and outcomes were analyzed. Machine‐learning models were used to infer combinatorial traits predictive of UST levels.

Results

Altogether 177 patients with IBD on UST had a mean UST trough level of 4.742 μg/mL. The injection schedule correlated significantly (P < 0.001) with UST levels. Naiveté to anti‐TNFs correlated with higher UST levels (P = 0.048). Univariate analysis revealed that higher inflammatory biomarkers significantly correlated to lower UST levels and a lower Simple Endoscopic Score to Crohn's Disease to adequate UST levels (P = 0.018). Multivariate analysis identified body mass index (BMI), previous anti‐TNF failure, and laboratory flare as predictors of UST levels with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.72. The UST cut‐off level of 5.77 μg/mL yielded a 0.79 AUROC, 80% sensitivity, and 81% specificity for predicting endoscopic remission of Crohn's disease. For the clinical remission end‐point in ulcerative colitis, UST level of 4.73 μg/mL yielded a 0.69 AUROC, 53% sensitivity, and 86% specificity.

Conclusions

Higher UST levels correlated with less disease activity. BMI was an important consideration for UST response as well. Therefore, UST dose adjustments to reach target levels may optimize response.
Immune cell‐related prognostic risk model and tumor immune environment modulation in esophageal carcinoma based on single‐cell and bulk RNA sequencing
Authors: Wen Xiao , Pu Liu , Wencheng Zhang , Tengfei Ma , Guangshun Wang
Published: April 2024

Background

Immune cells play a pivotal role in the tumor microenvironment, exerting significant influence on tumor progression and patient outcomes, but the current biomarkers are insufficient to fully capture the complex and diverse tumor immune microenvironment and the impact of immunotherapy.

Methods

The advent of single‐cell sequencing allows us to explore the tumor microenvironment at an unprecedented resolution, enabling the identification and characterization of distinct subsets of immune cells, thereby paving the way for the development of prognostic models using immune cells. Leveraging single‐cell data, our study deeply investigated the intricacies of immune microenvironment heterogeneity in esophageal carcinoma.

Results

We elucidated the composition, functionality, evolution, and intercellular communication patterns of immune cells, culminating in the construction of an independent prognostic model at the single‐cell level. Furthermore, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of disparities in immune infiltration and immune checkpoint expression between patients categorized into high‐ and low‐risk groups, which may impact patient prognosis.

Conclusion

In summary, our study harnessed multiomics data to delineate the immune profile of esophageal carcinoma patients, provide a method for leveraging molecular signatures of immune cells to identify potential biomarkers, while concurrently providing evidence for the potential benefits of immunotherapy.
Amyloid precursor protein induces reactive astrogliosis
Authors: Velezmoro Jauregui Gretsen , Vukić Dragana , Onyango Isaac G. , Arias Carlos , Novotný Jan S. , Texlová Kateřina , Wang Shanshan , Kovačovicova Kristina Locker , Polakova Natalie , Zelinkova Jana , Čarna Maria , Lacovich Valentina , Head Brian P. , Havas Daniel , Mistrik Martin , Zorec Robert , Verkhratsky Alexei , Keegan Liam , O'Connell Mary A. , Rissman Robert , Stokin Gorazd B.
Published: April 2024

Aim

Astrocytes respond to stressors by acquiring a reactive state characterized by changes in their morphology and function. Molecules underlying reactive astrogliosis, however, remain largely unknown. Given that several studies observed increase in the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) in reactive astrocytes, we here test whether APP plays a role in reactive astrogliosis.

Methods

We investigated whether APP instigates reactive astroglios by examining in vitro and in vivo the morphology and function of naive and APP‐deficient astrocytes in response to APP and well‐established stressors.

Results

Overexpression of APP in cultured astrocytes led to remodeling of the intermediate filament network, enhancement of cytokine production, and activation of cellular programs centered around the interferon (IFN) pathway, all signs of reactive astrogliosis. Conversely, APP deletion abrogated remodeling of the intermediate filament network and blunted expression of IFN‐stimulated gene products in response to lipopolysaccharide. Following traumatic brain injury (TBI), mouse reactive astrocytes also exhibited an association between APP and IFN, while APP deletion curbed the increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein observed canonically in astrocytes in response to TBI.

Conclusions

The APP thus represents a candidate molecular inducer and regulator of reactive astrogliosis. This finding has implications for understanding pathophysiology of neurodegenerative and other diseases of the nervous system characterized by reactive astrogliosis and opens potential new therapeutic avenues targeting APP and its pathways to modulate reactive astrogliosis.
Urethral cancer: a comprehensive review endorsed by the Global Society of Rare Genitourinary Tumours
Authors: García‐Perdomo Herney Andrés , Dávila‐Raigoza Angélica María , Summers Ellie , Billingham Lucinda , Necchi Andrea , Griffiths Gareth , Spiess Philippe E.
Published: April 2024

Objective

To determine the effectiveness and adverse effects of urethrectomy alone or as part of multimodal therapy (MMT).

Methods

A comprehensive search was conducted across MEDLINE (OVID), EMBASE, LILACS and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) databases, from their inception to the present date. The study cohort comprised individuals aged 16 years and older diagnosed with urethral tumours at any stage who underwent either isolated urethrectomy or urethrectomy as an integral component of MMT.

Results

Ninety‐two studies comprising 25 480 patients met the inclusion criteria. Surgical outcomes for urethral cancer vary considerably, with 5‐year overall survival (OS) ranging from 10% to 68% based on disease extent, approach, and gender. Radiotherapy (RT) alone provides 5‐year OS of approximately 40%. Combined regimens provide better outcomes compared to single modalities, including reduced recurrence and enhanced survival. However, trimodal therapy showed survival benefits only for urothelial subtypes, indicating the need to tailor management according to cancer type. MMT with neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to surgery demonstrated the most consistent survival gains.

Conclusions

The management of urethral cancer demands a nuanced, personalised approach, accounting for factors such as tumour location, sex, and tumour stage. MMT combining surgery, chemotherapy and RT has shown the ability to enhance outcomes in advanced disease. More extensive collaborative studies through specialised centres are imperative to advance evidence‐based protocols and refine treatment in order to improve survival.
Drivers of intraspecific variation in seed dispersal can differ across two species of fleshy‐fruited savanna plants
Authors: Jayanth Arpitha , Isvaran Kavita , Naniwadekar Rohit
Published: April 2024

Various factors may mediate the visitation of frugivores to fruiting plants, which can dictate the quantum of seeds removed (dispersed) away from the parent plant. Past studies have laid emphasis on species‐specific factors and environmental contexts that frugivores may use as cues to make foraging decisions and differentially visit various plant species. However, differences in plant traits (intrinsic factors) and local environmental contexts (extrinsic factors) can influence the diversity and abundance of frugivores that visit individual plants of the same species, resulting in intraspecific variation in seed dispersal. We observed individuals of two co‐fruiting plant species with morphologically similar fruits—Naringi crenulata and Ziziphus oenopolia—for 134 h and examined the influence of fruit crop size, plant height, and fruiting neighborhood on the diversity of visiting avian frugivores and quantum of fruit removal for individual plants. We found that despite their similarity in fruits and sharing of a similar set of frugivore species, the two plant species differed in how they attracted frugivores, with consequences for fruit removal rates. Fruit crop size was an important determinant of fruit removal for N. crenulata¸ while plant height led to greater visitation and fruit removal for Z. oenopolia. We discuss potential reasons for the difference in frugivore visitation and fruit removal for the two plant species. Our results support a growing body of evidence that intraspecific variation in seed dispersal is pervasive and highly context‐dependent, and describe frugivore interactions of two plant species from an understudied tropical savanna.
Landscape heterogeneity increases bird functional diversity within Neotropical vineyards
Authors: Moreno Daniele J. , Ribeiro Milton C. , Piratelli Augusto J.
Published: April 2024

Conversion of lands to agroecosystems has resulted in a decline in bird biodiversity. Analyzing functional diversity is a central tool for detecting changes in the ecological functions performed by birds in these landscapes. This paper aims to investigate the responses of bird taxonomic and functional diversity to landscape heterogeneity and native forest cover in Neotropical vineyards. We sampled 19 vineyard landscapes in southeastern Brazil. These landscapes covered a gradient of forest cover and heterogeneity resulting from various land‐uses. To assess bird diversity, we considered both taxonomic diversity and functional diversity (i.e., functional richness, evenness, and divergence). To examine the potential interactions between landscapes and bird assemblages, we employed generalized linear models (GLM). Taxonomic diversity showed no correlation with any landscape metrics. On the other hand, variation in the three metrics of functional diversity was related to landscape heterogeneity. However, in heterogeneous landscapes, these communities can be structured by limiting similarity processes. We highlight the negative impact of landscape homogenization on the ecological functions performed by birds in vineyards, while finding no significant effect on species diversity. These findings can provide valuable support for the formulation of public policies aimed at striking a balance between agricultural production and biodiversity conservation.

Abstract in Portuguese is available with online material.
Featured Cover
Authors: Yi Chun , Jiang Xi , Di Ping , Ren Shuxin , Lin Ye
Published: April 2024

The cover image is based on the Original Article The facial–coronal ridge crest alterations after single immediate implant placement and provisionalization with thin buccal plate phenotype in anterior maxilla: A radiographic case‐series study by Chun Yi DMD et al., https://doi.org/10.1111/cid.13280.

image
Accuracy of open‐sleeved vs. closed‐sleeved static computer‐assisted implant systems in immediate maxillary molar implant placement: An in vitro study
Authors: Chen Zhaozhao , Li Junying , Wei Chen Xuan , Mendonca Gustavo , Wang Hom‐Lay
Published: April 2024

Objectives

The objective of this study is (1) to compare the accuracy of an open‐sleeved static computer‐assisted implant system (sCAIS) with a closed‐sleeve sCAIS and free‐hand approach in immediate implant placement (IIP) of maxillary molar sites and (2) to investigate the influence of socket morphology on these approaches.

Materials and Methods

Ninety partially edentulous duplicated maxillary models simulating three different molar sockets (type A, B, and C based on Smith and Tarnow's classification) were investigated. Three modalities, including sCAIS with open‐sleeves, sCAIS with closed‐sleeves, and free‐hand approach, were applied separately to 30 models with 120 sockets. A customized Python script automatically measured the deviations between the virtual and actual implant positions for all 360 implants.

Results

The 3D deviations of sCAIS were significantly influenced by the socket and sleeve types. Both guided groups exhibited significantly less deviation than the free‐hand approach. Type A and C sockets resulted in better implant positions than type B socket sites. In type B sockets, the open‐sleeve group achieved significantly less deviation compared to the closed‐sleeve group, with respect to apical global (1.34 ± 0.53 vs. 1.84 ± 0.59 mm), coronal horizontal (0.68 ± 0.36 vs. 0.93 ± 0.34 mm), apical horizontal (1.21 ± 0.59 vs. 1.74 ± 0.63 mm), and angular (3.30 ± 1.41 vs. 4.41 ± 1.96°) deviations.

Conclusions

Guided implant surgery significantly reduces deviations during molar IIP compared to free‐hand procedures. Furthermore, the use of open‐sleeve sCAIS appears to be more effective in minimizing deviations in type B sockets when compared with the closed‐sleeve guided system.
Spontaneous brain activity in the hippocampal regions could characterize cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Chen Peng , Tang Guoqiang , Wang Yanglingxi , Xiong Weiming , Deng Yongbing , Fei She , Zhang Jun
Published: April 2024

Objective

This study aimed to investigate whether spontaneous brain activity can be used as a prospective indicator to identify cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD).

Methods

Resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS‐fMRI) was performed on PD patients. The cognitive level of patients was assessed by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scale. The fractional amplitude of low‐frequency fluctuation (fALFF) was applied to measure the strength of spontaneous brain activity. Correlation analysis and between‐group comparisons of fMRI data were conducted using Rest 1.8. By overlaying cognitively characterized brain regions and defining regions of interest (ROIs) based on their spatial distribution for subsequent cognitive stratification studies.

Results

A total of 58 PD patients were enrolled in this study. They were divided into three groups: normal cognition (NC) group (27 patients, average MoCA was 27.96), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) group (21 patients, average MoCA was 23.52), and severe cognitive impairment (SCI) group (10 patients, average MoCA was 17.3). It is noteworthy to mention that those within the SCI group exhibited the most advanced chronological age, with an average of 74.4 years, whereas the MCI group displayed a higher prevalence of male participants at 85.7%. It was found hippocampal regions were a stable representative brain region of cognition according to the correlation analysis between the fALFF of the whole brain and cognition, and the comparison of fALFF between different cognitive groups. The parahippocampal gyrus was the only region with statistically significant differences in fALFF among the three cognitive groups, and it was also the only brain region to identify MCI from NC, with an AUC of 0.673. The paracentral lobule, postcentral gyrus was the region that identified SCI from NC, with an AUC of 0.941. The midbrain, hippocampus, and parahippocampa gyrus was the region that identified SCI from MCI, with an AUC of 0.926.

Conclusion

The parahippocampal gyrus was the potential brain region for recognizing cognitive impairment in PD, specifically for identifying MCI. Thus, the fALFF of parahippocampal gyrus is expected to contribute to future study as a multimodal fingerprint for early warning.
Association of physical activity and sports participation with insulin resistance and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease in people with type 1 diabetes
Authors: de Vries M. , Westerink J. , Kaasjager H. A. H. , de Valk H. W. ,   the UCC‐SMART Study Group
Published: April 2024

Aim

To evaluate the association between physical activity (PA) and sports participation with insulin resistance and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in people with type 1 diabetes (T1D).

Methods

People with T1D from a secondary and tertiary care centre were included. Questionnaire‐derived PA was expressed in metabolic equivalent of task hours per week (METh/week). Insulin sensitivity was calculated with the estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR). NAFLD was assessed by transient elastography (TE). Multivariate linear and logistic regression models were conducted, adjusted for age, sex, diabetes duration and BMI.

Results

In total, 254 participants were included (men 56%, age 44 ± 14 years, diabetes duration 24 ± 14 years, median BMI 24.8 kg/m2), of which 150 participants underwent TE. Total PA (median 50.7 METh/week) was not significantly associated with insulin resistance (median eGDR 7.31 mg/kg/min) (beta −0.00, 95% CI −0.01 to 0.00) or with NAFLD (OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.99–1.01). Participating in sports was significantly associated with eGDR (beta 0.94, 95% CI 0.48–1.41) and with NAFLD (OR 0.21, 95% CI 0.08–0.56).

Conclusions

In our T1D population, we could not find any dose‐dependent association between PA, insulin resistance and NAFLD. People participating in sports had a lower degree of insulin resistance and lower odds for NAFLD.
Invasion risk of the currently cultivated alien flora in southern Africa is predicted to decline under climate change
Authors: Omer Ali , Essl Franz , Dullinger Stefan , Lenzner Bernd , García‐Rodríguez Adrián , Moser Dietmar , Fristoe Trevor , Dawson Wayne , Weigelt Patrick , Kreft Holger , Pergl Jan , Pyšek Petr , van Kleunen Mark , Wessely Johannes
Published: April 2024

Alien species can have massive impacts on native biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and human livelihoods. Assessing which species from currently cultivated alien floras may escape into the wild and naturalize is essential for efficient and proactive ecosystem management and biodiversity conservation. Climate change has already promoted the naturalization of many alien plants in temperate regions, but whether it is similar in (sub)tropical areas is insufficiently known. In this study, we used species distribution models for 1527 cultivated alien plants to evaluate current and future invasion risks across different biomes and 10 countries in southern Africa. Our results confirm that the area of suitable climate is a strong predictor of naturalization success among the cultivated alien flora. In contrast to previous findings from temperate regions, however, climatic suitability is generally predicted to decrease for potential aliens across our (sub)tropical study region. While increasingly hotter and drier conditions are likely to drive declines in suitability for potential aliens across most biomes of southern Africa, in some the number of potential invaders is predicted to increase under moderate climate change scenarios (e.g. in dry broadleaf forests and flooded grasslands). We found that climatic suitability is expected to decline less for aliens originating from continents with the tropical biome or from the Southern Hemisphere. In addition, we found that the climatically suitable area will decline less for aliens that have already naturalized in the region. While the number of potential invaders may decrease across southern Africa under future climate change, our results suggest that already naturalized aliens will continue to threaten native species and ecosystems.
Global contribution of invertebrates to forest litter decomposition
Authors: Zeng Xiaoyi , Gao Huilin , Wang Runxi , Majcher Bartosz M. , Woon Joel S. , Wenda Cheng , Eggleton Paul , Griffiths Hannah M. , Ashton Louise A.
Published: April 2024

Forest litter decomposition is an essential component of global carbon and nutrient turnover. Invertebrates play important roles in litter decomposition, but the regional pattern of their effects is poorly understood. We examined 476 case studies across 93 sites and performed a meta‐analysis to estimate regional effects of invertebrates on forest litter decomposition. We then assessed how invertebrate diversity, climate and soil pH drive regional variations in invertebrate‐mediated decomposition. We found that (1) invertebrate contributions to litter decomposition are 1.4 times higher in tropical and subtropical forests than in forests elsewhere, with an overall contribution of 31% to global forest litter decomposition; and (2) termite diversity, together with warm, humid and acidic environments in the tropics and subtropics are positively associated with forest litter decomposition by invertebrates. Our results demonstrate the significant difference in invertebrate effects on mediating forest litter decomposition among regions. We demonstrate, also, the significance of termites in driving litter mass loss in the tropics and subtropics. These results are particularly pertinent in the tropics and subtropics where climate change and human disturbance threaten invertebrate biodiversity and the ecosystem services it provides.
Prevalence of HIV drug resistance at antiretroviral treatment failure across regions of Russia
Authors: Ozhmegova Ekaterina , Lebedev Aleksey , Antonova Anastasiia , Kuznetsova Anna , Kazennova Elena , Kim Kristina , Tumanov Aleksandr , Bobkova Marina
Published: April 2024

Background

This study aimed to investigate mutations associated with, the causes of, and the conditions that contribute to HIV drug resistance (DR). This research provides crucial insights into the mechanisms through which HIV evades antiretroviral drugs and suggests strategies to counter this phenomenon. Our objective was to assess the prevalence and structure of DR in HIV‐1 across various regions in Russia and identify the primary factors influencing the development of HIV DR.

Methods

The study used nucleotide sequences from the HIV‐1 pol gene obtained from 1369 patients with a history of therapy and virological failure between 2005 and 2019 to analyze the frequency and structure of DR and the factors associated with it.

Results

The analysed HIV‐1 genotypes included viruses resistant to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs; 11.8%), non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs; 6.4%), and NRTIs + NNRTIs (31.7%). The mutations M184V/I and G190A/S/E were the most prevalent, accounting for 54.5% and 26.6%, respectively. The dominance of multiple DR persisted throughout the entire observation period. The likelihood of encountering drug‐resistant variants was increased among men, patients in the late stage of infection, and those with a viral load <30 000 RNA copies/mL. Injection drug use was not associated with DR.

Conclusion

This study has yielded new insights into HIV DR in Russia, offering valuable information to identify clinical or programmatic events warranting closer attention and support.
Noncriteria antiphospholipid antibodies in antiphospholipid syndrome
Authors: Devreese Katrien M. J.
Published: April 2024

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by thrombotic manifestations and/or obstetric complications in patients with persistently positive antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). aPL are a heterogeneous group of autoantibodies, but only lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin (aCL), and antibeta2‐glycoprotein I antibodies (aβ2GPI) IgG or IgM are included as laboratory classification criteria. Seronegative APS patients are usually defined as patients with the clinical symptoms of APS but who test negative for aPL. The negativity to classic aPL criteria does not exclude the presence of other aPL. Several noncriteria aPL have been identified. Some noncriteria aPL are well studied, such as IgA aCL and aβ2GPI, the antiphosphatidylserine‐prothrombin (aPS/PT) antibodies, and the antibodies against the domain I of beta2‐glycoprotein I (aDI), both latter groups receiving more attention for their role in thrombotic events and pregnancy complications. Other noncriteria aPL that have been studied are antibodies against annexin V, prothrombin, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, vimentin‐cardiolipin complex, anti‐protein S/protein C. Measurement of some of these noncriteria aPL (aPS/PT, aDI) is useful in the laboratory work‐out of APS in specific situations. We have to differentiate between patients who are positive for noncriteria aPL only, and patients who have both criteria and noncriteria aPL to enable us to study their role in the diagnosis or risk stratification of APS. The research on noncriteria aPL is continually developing as the clinical relevance of these antibodies is not yet fully clarified.
Epidemiology and clinical significance of carbapenemases in Australia: a narrative review
Authors: Aslan Abdullah Tarik , Paterson David L.
Published: April 2024

Carbapenemase‐producing gram‐negative bacteria (CP‐GNB) infections threaten public health with high mortality, morbidity and treatment costs. Although frequencies remain low in Australia (total number of CP‐GNB infections reported was 907 in 2022), blaIMP‐4 has established low levels of endemicity in many states. Imipenemase metallo‐β‐lactamase types alone accounted for more than half of all carbapenemases in carbapenemase‐producing Enterobacterales isolates in Australia, particularly in Enterobacter cloacae complex. New Delhi metallo‐β‐lactamase constitutes almost 25% of all carbapenemases in Australia and was identified predominantly in Escherichia coli. The OXA‐48‐like carbapenemases include almost 10% of all carbapenemases and are mainly seen in Klebsiella pneumoniae and E. coli. Although K. pneumoniae carbapenemase‐type carbapenemases are rare in Australia, some local outbreaks have occurred. Most carbapenem‐resistant (CR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains in Australia do not produce carbapenemases. Finally, OXA‐23‐like carbapenemases are overwhelmingly positive in CR‐Acinetobacter baumannii strains in Australia. Treatment of CR‐GNB infections challenges physicians. Of 10 new antibiotics active against at least some CR‐GNB infections that are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, just three are approved for use in Australia. In this context, there is still an unmet need for novel antibacterials that can be used for the treatment of CR‐GNB infections in Australia, as well as a pressing requirement for new mechanisms to ‘de‐link’ antibiotic sales from their availability. In this narrative review, we aim to overview the epidemiology and clinical significance of carbapenem resistance in Australia as it pertains to Enterobacterales, P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii.
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum 1792) adenocarcinoma investigation with various diagnostic imaging techniques
Authors: Hoitsy Márton , Hoitsy György , Gál János , Ziszisz Árisz , Tóth Tamás , Sós Endre , Sós‐Koroknai Viktória , Jakab Csaba , Petneházy Örs , Donkó Tamás , Molnár Tamás , Marosán Miklós
Published: April 2024

Diagnostic imaging techniques provide a new aspect of the ante‐mortem and post‐mortem diagnostics in fish medicine. Ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can provide more information about the internal organs and pathognomic lesions. The authors used diagnostic imaging techniques to evaluate and describe the neoplastic malformation in a 3‐year‐old female rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The fish was examined with Siemens Somatom Definition AS + CT scanner and Siemens Biograph mMR scanner. The animal was lethargic and showed anorectic signs and muscular dystrophy. During the post‐mortem investigation, histopathology and immunohistochemistry were also performed allowing us to identify the neoplasms. The results showed a large soft tissue mass in the first mid‐intestine segment, which proved to be an adenocarcinoma. This subsequently led to digestion problems and absorption disorders. Immunohistochemically, neoplastic cells of carcinoma revealed E‐cadherin and pancytokeratin positivity. This is the first study to report the use of MRI and CT for studying gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma in rainbow trout.
Intestinal strangulation in farmed Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua): Pathological changes and possible predisposing anatomical features
Authors: Skedsmo Fredrik Strebel , Løkka Guro , Chikwati Elvis , Jacobsen Julianne Valla , Espenes Arild , Kortner Trond M.
Published: April 2024

During recent years, there has been a renewed interest in establishing farming of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in Norway. However, a fatal abdominal disorder compromises animal welfare and causes economic losses. A similar problem was present during a previous attempt to establish Atlantic cod farming more than a decade ago. In this paper, we provide the first in‐depth description of this intestinal disorder, which is correctly denoted ‘strangulating obstruction’. In affected fish, part of the intestine is permanently entrapped (incarcerated) under fibrous strands in the mesentery. The entrapment interferes with blood flow and physically blocks the intestine, causing a strangulating obstruction with severe venous congestion and ischemia of the intestinal wall. Furthermore, comparison of macroscopical and histological anatomy of farmed and wild Atlantic cod is presented and risk factors associated with the anatomical differences are discussed.
Effective keloid management using a combinatorial continuous‐wave and repeat fractionated ablative CO2 laser regimen
Authors: Arellano‐Huacuja Aristides
Published: April 2024

Background

Keloids are benign proliferative scars that form as a result of dysregulated growth and collagen deposition in response to cutaneous injury. Laser therapies have emerged as promising options for the treatment of keloids, with performance varying by laser type and lesion characteristics.

Purpose

To assess the combined continuous wave and repetitive fractionated CO2 laser treatment of keloids.

Methods

A retrospective chart review of 22 cases of keloid scars treated with combined CO2 laser modes. A single session of continuous wave followed by five sessions of fractional delivery. Efficacy was assessed using the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS) and the Vancouver Scar Scale. The Numeric Rating Scale was used to assess patient satisfaction and pain.

Results

Most patients were female (77.3%) with skin type IV (72.7%), age was 24.3 ± 9.3 years, most keloids were located on the earlobe (56.5%) or arm or hand (17.4%), size ranged from 5 to 10 cm, and time since injury ranged from 3 months to 35 years. No serious adverse events were reported. At 6 months, significant improvements from baseline occurred in all characteristics, scar color (4.8 ± 2.8 to 1.9 ± 1.1), rigidity (5.0 ± 2.8 vs. 5.4 ± 2.8), thickness (5.4 ± 2.8 vs. 2.0 ± 1.1), and irregularity (5.9 ± 2.4 vs. 1.9 ± 0.9). The Vancouver scores followed a similar trend. Patient‐rated overall improvement from 37 ± 17.6 at baseline to 16.1 ± 8.5 at 6 months, and improvement in associated pain and pruritus.

Conclusion

Combination of two ablative laser delivery modes within a single laser platform provided for effective and safe keloid management and left patients highly satisfied.
Malignant transformation and subsequent leptomeningeal carcinomatosis of a gastric polyp in a dog
Authors: Didehvar Dillon S. , Lanza Matthew R. , Atherton Matthew J. , Lenz Jennifer A.
Published: April 2024

Progressive carcinogenesis of a gastric polyp with transformation to gastric adenocarcinoma and subsequent development of leptomeningeal carcinomatosis is described in an adult male Scottish terrier. Presenting clinical signs consisted of vomiting with intermittent hematemesis. Surgical biopsies over the course of 14 months documented the progression from gastric polyp to minimally invasive gastric carcinoma to invasive gastric adenocarcinoma, a pathogenesis not previously documented in veterinary oncology. The patient ultimately developed neurologic pathology and was euthanized, and necropsy evaluation identified widespread carcinomatosis with accompanying leptomeningeal metastasis. As in humans, gastric polyps in dogs rarely have malignant potential.
Utility of by‐products of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) production as feed ingredients for Pacific Whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)
Authors: Fricke Enno , Saborowski Reinhard , Slater Matthew James
Published: April 2024

Projected growth in insect production as alternative feedstuffs will yield novel by‐products that are potentially valuable for aquafeed applications. We analyzed the nutrient composition of three by‐products occurring from black soldier fly larvae production (exuvia, cocoon, imago) and the bioavailability of key nutrients for Pacific Whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Protein accounted for 317 g kg−1 in exuviae, 433 g kg−1 in cocoons, and up to 521 g kg−1 in adult flies (imagines). Considerable amounts of essential amino acids were detected in imago meal, which significantly matched the ideal dietary amino acid composition for penaeid shrimp (r2 = 0.66, p = 0.0076). Exuviae and cocoons contained moderate amounts of lipids (64–140 g kg−1), while imagines comprised 356 g kg−1 total lipid. Saturated fatty acids predominated in all insect materials (47%–83% of total fatty acids). Chitin concentration was highest in cocoons and exuviae (154 and 139 g kg−1) and low in imagines (51 g kg−1). A feeding trial with shrimp, L vannamei, revealed apparent digestibility coefficients of 20%–59% for protein, 24%–54% for energy, 25%–49% for carbon, and 27%–68% for copper. Defatting of imago meal increased the digestibility of protein, energy, and carbon by 77%, 64%, and 61%, respectively. Defatted imago meal can serve as a protein supplement for shrimp diets.