bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
XII.—Solution of the Equationzez=a
Authors: Wright E. M.
Published: October 2014

Synopsis

The roots of the equationzez=aare of importance in several theories. Various authors have studied certain of their properties over more than a century. Here we solve the equation, in the sense that we define the sequence {Zn} of roots and, except for a small, finite number of values ofn, find a rapidly convergent series forZn. The terms in this series are alternately real and purely imaginary and so the series is very convenient for calculation. For the few remaining roots, we give practicable methods of numerical calculation and supply an auxiliary table.

The main results of this article have been announced without proof or details in Wright 1959.
The social legitimacy of international organisations: Interest representation, institutional performance, and confidence extrapolation in the United Nations
Authors: DELLMUTH LISA MARIA , TALLBERG JONAS
Published: October 2014

Social legitimacy is central to the effectiveness of international organisations (IOs). Yet, so far, we have little systematic knowledge about what drives citizens to support or oppose IOs. In this article, we isolate and assess three alternative explanations of social legitimacy in global governance, privileging interest representation, institutional performance, and confidence extrapolation. We test these theories in a multilevel analysis of citizen confidence in the United Nations (UN) using World Values Survey and European Values Study data, supplemented by contextual measures. The results grant support to the arguments that institutional performance and confidence extrapolation shape popular confidence in the UN, while offering little support for the explanation of interest representation. These findings challenge the predominant understanding that more democratic procedures lead to greater social legitimacy for IOs. Instead, the UN case suggests that the social legitimacy of IOs is based primarily on the organisations' capacity to deliver, as well as on citizens' general confidence in political institutions, which IOs may have little to do with and can do little to change.
ARAIM Integrity Support Message Parameter Validation by Online Ground Monitoring
Authors: Khanafseh Samer , Joerger Mathieu , Chan Fang-Cheng , Pervan Boris
Published: October 2014

In this paper we introduce a ground monitoring architecture to validate the Integrity Support Message (ISM) parameters to be used by aircraft for Advanced Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (ARAIM). This work focuses on two critical ISM parameters: Psat, which designates the prior probabilities of satellite faults, and bmax, which is a range domain bound on small faults that may occur at probabilities higher than Psat. We show that the choices of bmax and Psat are not independent. The paper first establishes the relationship between bmax, Psat, Time to Integrity Alert (TIA) and constellation service provider performance commitments. We then provide an example ground monitor design that detects inter-frequency bias faults and code-carrier divergence faults. We show that the performance of the monitor can be used to validate specific bmax and Psat values for ARAIM.
The Search for MH370
Authors: Ashton Chris , Shuster Bruce Alan , Colledge Gary , Dickinson Mark
Published: October 2014

At 17:22 UTC on 7th March 2014 Malaysian Airlines flight MH370 carrying 239 passengers and crew from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing lost contact with Air Traffic Control and was subsequently reported missing. Over the following days an extensive air and sea search was made around the last reported location of the aircraft in the Gulf of Thailand without success. Subsequent analysis of signals transmitted by the aircraft's satellite communications terminal to Inmarsat's 3F1 Indian Ocean Region satellite indicated that the aircraft continued to fly for several hours after loss of contact, resulting in the search moving to the southern Indian Ocean. This paper presents an analysis of the satellite signals that resulted in the change of search area.
Population status and nest success of the Critically Endangered Mariana CrowCorvus kubaryion Rota, Northern Mariana Islands
Authors: ZARONES LAINIE , SUSSMAN ADRIENNE , MORTON JOHN M. , PLENTOVICH SHELDON , FAEGRE SARAH , AGUON CELESTINO , AMAR ARJUN , HA RENEE ROBINETTE
Published: October 2014

The Mariana CrowCorvus kubaryiis a Critically Endangered species found only on the island of Rota, Northern Mariana Islands. It was extirpated from the neighbouring island of Guam by the introduced brown tree snakeBoiga irregularisand the Rota population has been in decline since at least 1995. We identified only 60 pairs present on Rota in 2007 compared with an estimated 117 pairs in 1998, a decline of nearly 50% in nine years. The decline may be linked to proximity to human activities, though more data are needed. We monitored 204 crow nests between the 1996 and 2009 breeding seasons. Crows initiate clutches between August and April. The overall estimate of nest success was 25.7% (n= 204). On average 49% of pairs produced at least one fledgling per season. The mean number of fledglings per pair per year is 0.66. Mean clutch size was 2.6 (n= 82), mean number of nestlings was 1.4 (n= 106), and mean number of fledglings per nest was 1.3 (n= 68). Daily survival rates declined in later years, and increased during the nest cycle. The number of pairs with successful nests did not change during the study period, nor did the number of fledglings per pair. Predation appeared to be the primary cause of nest failure. The breeding season lasted around nine months and pairs re-nested after failure. Predation of adults and juveniles by cats, combined with possible inbreeding depression, habitat disturbance and human persecution appear to be the cause of decline of the Mariana Crow. We strongly recommend a programme of invasive predator control, habitat maintenance, and captive rearing to ensure the species’ survival.
Chiasmatic and achiasmatic inverted meiosis of plants with holocentric chromosomes
Authors: Cabral Gabriela , Marques André , Schubert Veit , Pedrosa-Harand Andrea , Schlögelhofer Peter
Published: October 2014

Meiosis is a specialized cell division in sexually reproducing organisms before gamete formation. Following DNA replication, the canonical sequence in species with monocentric chromosomes is characterized by reductional segregation of homologous chromosomes during the first and equational segregation of sister chromatids during the second meiotic division. Species with holocentric chromosomes employ specific adaptations to ensure regular disjunction during meiosis. Here we present the analysis of two closely related plant species with holocentric chromosomes that display an inversion of the canonical meiotic sequence, with the equational division preceding the reductional. In-depth analysis of the meiotic divisions of Rhynchospora pubera and R. tenuis reveals that during meiosis I sister chromatids are bi-oriented, display amphitelic attachment to the spindle and are subsequently separated. During prophase II, chromatids are connected by thin chromatin threads that appear instrumental for the regular disjunction of homologous non-sister chromatids in meiosis II.
Extremely stretchable thermosensitive hydrogels by introducing slide-ring polyrotaxane cross-linkers and ionic groups into the polymer network
Authors: Bin Imran Abu , Esaki Kenta , Gotoh Hiroaki , Seki Takahiro , Ito Kohzo , Sakai Yasuhiro , Takeoka Yukikazu
Published: October 2014

Stimuli-sensitive hydrogels changing their volumes and shapes in response to various stimulations have potential applications in multiple fields. However, these hydrogels have not yet been commercialized due to some problems that need to be overcome. One of the most significant problems is that conventional stimuli-sensitive hydrogels are usually brittle. Here we prepare extremely stretchable thermosensitive hydrogels with good toughness by using polyrotaxane derivatives composed of α-cyclodextrin and polyethylene glycol as cross-linkers and introducing ionic groups into the polymer network. The ionic groups help the polyrotaxane cross-linkers to become well extended in the polymer network. The resulting hydrogels are surprisingly stretchable and tough because the cross-linked α-cyclodextrin molecules can move along the polyethylene glycol chains. In addition, the polyrotaxane cross-linkers can be used with a variety of vinyl monomers; the mechanical properties of the wide variety of polymer gels can be improved by using these cross-linkers.
Predicting High‐Throughput Screening Results With Scalable Literature‐Based Discovery Methods
Authors: Cohen T , Widdows D , Stephan C , Zinner R , Kim J , Rindflesch T , Davies P
Published: October 2014

The identification of new therapeutic uses for existing agents has been proposed as a means to mitigate the escalating cost of drug development. A common approach to such repurposing involves screening libraries of agents for activities against cell lines. In silico methods using knowledge from the biomedical literature have been proposed to constrain the costs of screening by identifying agents that are likely to be effective a priori. However, results obtained with these methods are seldom evaluated empirically. Conversely, screening experiments have been criticized for their inability to reveal the biological basis of their results. In this paper, we evaluate the ability of a scalable literature‐based approach, discovery‐by‐analogy, to identify a small number of active agents within a large library screened for activity against prostate cancer cells. The methods used permit retrieval of the knowledge used to infer their predictions, providing a plausible biological basis for predicted activity.

CPT Pharmacometrics Syst. Pharmacol. (2014) 3, e140; doi:10.1038/psp.2014.37; published online 08 October 2014
Synthesis of a novel cross-linker doubles as a functional monomer for preparing a water compatible molecularly imprinted polymer
Authors: Zhang Xiao , Shen Feng , Zhang Zhe , Xing Yue , Ren Xueqin
Published: October 2014

A new bifunctional monomer acting as both a cross-linker and a functional monomer was synthesized and applied in the preparation of water-compatible naproxen sodium imprinted polymers.
An electrochemical sensor for honokiol based on a glassy carbon electrode modified with MoS2/graphene nanohybrid film
Authors: Zhao Xiaojuan , Xia Xiaohong , Yu Shengjiao , Wang Chunming
Published: October 2014

An electrochemical sensor for the sensitive determination of honokiol was successfully constructed based on MoS2/graphene nanohybrid.
Development and validation of an UPLC-MS/MS method for quantitative analysis of OTX015 in human plasma samples
Authors: Odore Elodie , Lokiec François , Weill Sophie , Noel J. Kay , Herait Patrice , Bekradda Mohamed , Riveiro Maria Eugenia , Rezaï Keyvan
Published: October 2014

Development and validation of a rapid and robust UPLC-MS/MS method for quantification of a novel bromodomain inhibitor, OTX015 and its application to a pharmacokinetic study.
Activation of oxygen evolving perovskites for oxygen reduction by functionalization with Fe–Nx/C groups
Authors: Rincón Rosalba A. , Masa Justus , Mehrpour Sara , Tietz Frank , Schuhmann Wolfgang
Published: October 2014

A novel approach for integrating low-cost oxygen evolving and oxygen reducing electrocatalysts, and obtaining high-performing bifunctional composite materials for use in alkaline media.
Tandem-reduction of DMF with silanes via necklace-type transition over Pt(0) nanoparticles: deciphering the dual Si–H effect as an extension of steric effects
Authors: Taori Vijay P. , Buchmeiser Michael R.
Published: October 2014

The mechanism of the reduction of dimethylformamide to N(CH3)3 by the action of silanes and a heterogeneous Pt-catalyst is presented.
3D hierarchical ZnOHF nanostructures: synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic properties
Authors: Wang Miao , Sun Tongming , Shi Yujun , Jiang Guoqing , Tang Yanfeng
Published: October 2014

Hierarchical nanoflake-assembled ZnOHF nanoflowers have been synthesized via a hydrothermal route by using (NH4)2SiF6 as fluoride source.
Random strain effects in optical and EPR spectra of electron-nuclear excitations in CaWO4:Ho3+ single crystals
Authors: Shakurov G. S. , Chukalina E. P. , Popova M. N. , Malkin B. Z. , Tkachuk A. M.
Published: October 2014

Random lattice deformations in activated crystals are quantified by widths of the distribution function estimated from a comparison of the simulated and measured spectral envelopes.
The first investigation of the synthetic mechanism and lithium intercalation chemistry of Li9Fe3(P2O7)3(PO4)2/C as cathode material for lithium ion batteries
Authors: Gao He , Zhang Sen , Deng Chao
Published: October 2014

Li9Fe3(P2O7)3(PO4)2 with mixed-polyanion groups is introduced as a novel cathode material for Li-ion batteries.
Multi-commuted flow system for cadmium determination in natural water by cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry
Authors: Silva Laiana O. B. , Portugal Lindomar A. , Palacio Edwin , Ferrer Laura , Cerdà Víctor , Ferreira Sergio L. C.
Published: October 2014

MSFIA-CV-AAS system setup for cadmium determination.
Molecular insights of protein contour recognition with ligand pharmacophoric sites through combinatorial library design and MD simulation in validating HTLV-1 PR inhibitors
Authors: Selvaraj Chandrabose , Omer Ankur , Singh Poonam , Singh Sanjeev Kumar
Published: October 2014

The domino effect illustrates that libraries of purvalanol-A are attuned to fill the allosteric binding site of HTLV-1 PR through molecular recognition and shows proper binding of ligand pharmacophoric features in receptor contours.
Synthesis and evaluation of phenoxymethylbenzamide analogues as anti-trypanosomal agents
Authors: Manos-Turvey Alexandra , Watson Emma E. , Sykes Melissa L. , Jones Amy J. , Baell Jonathan B. , Kaiser Marcel , Avery Vicky M. , Payne Richard J.
Published: October 2014

The synthesis of a compound library based on a high throughput screening hit led to the discovery of several potent anti-trypanosomal agents.
Linker-free grafting of fluorinated polymeric cross-linked network bilayers for durable reduction of ice adhesion
Authors: Sojoudi Hossein , McKinley Gareth H. , Gleason Karen K.
Published: October 2014

A mechanically-robust bilayer consisting of a dense polymer base layer that is highly cross-linked and then capped with a covalently-attached thin fluorine-rich top layer reduces the strength of ice adhesion six-fold.
The dynamics of zinc sites in proteins: electronic basis for coordination sphere expansion at structural sites
Authors: Daniel A. Gerard , Farrell Nicholas P.
Published: October 2014

Through electronic and structural models, the factors influencing coordination sphere expansion of structural zinc in proteins are discussed.
Preparation of novel magnetic and fluorescent CS–Fe3O4@CdSeS nanoparticles for simultaneous removal and optical determination of trace copper ions
Authors: Xie Chengli , Xiao Ling , Peng Shanzhi , Shi Xiaowen
Published: October 2014

Simultaneous removal and detection of copper ions by CS–Fe3O4@CdSeS is achieved with high saturation adsorption capacity and high sensitivity.
Remote conformational control of a molecular switch via methylation and deprotonation
Authors: Knipe Peter C. , Jones Ian M. , Thompson Sam , Hamilton Andrew D.
Published: October 2014

Methylation and deprotonation at remote sites of a diphenylacetylene-based molecular switch exert global conformational changes through subtle tuning of a hydrogen-bonding network.
Large area defrosting windows based on electrothermal heating of highly conducting and transmitting Ag wire mesh
Authors: Kiruthika S. , Gupta Ritu , Kulkarni Giridhar U.
Published: October 2014

Low power electrothermal heating behavior of junctionless transparent Ag mesh is explored for large area defrosting application.
Towards applications in catalysis: investigation on photocatalytic activities of a derivative family of the Keplerate type molybdenum–oxide based polyoxometalates
Authors: Zhou Yunshan , Qin Libo , Yu Chao , Xiong Tian , Zhang Lijuan , Ahmad Waqar , Han Hao
Published: October 2014

The photocatalytic potential of a derivative family of the unique Keplerate type nanoporous Mo–O based polyoxometalates has been evaluated.
Aminated chlorinated polyvinylchloride nanofiber mat-supported palladium heterogeneous catalysts: preparation, characterization and applications
Authors: Shao Linjun , Qi Chenze , Zhang Xian-Man
Published: October 2014

A novel and efficient heterogeneous catalyst has been developed by immobilization of palladium on the chlorinated polyvinylchloride nanofiber mats.
Thorough investigation of varying template combinations on SAPO-34 synthesis, catalytic activity and stability in the methanol conversion to light olefin
Authors: Sedighi Mehdi , Bahrami Hussein , Towfighi Darian Jafar
Published: October 2014

Crystals of SAPO-34 molecular sieves were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions by using tetraethylammonium hydroxide, morpholine and a mixture of them as structure-directing agents.
Action spectrum experiment for the measurement of incoherent photon upconversion efficiency under sun-like excitation
Authors: MacQueen Rowan W. , Cheng Yuen Yap , Danos Andrew N. , Lips Klaus , Schmidt Timothy W.
Published: October 2014

A dual beam experiment accurately determines the efficiency of red-to-yellow upconversion under one-sun conditions.
Investigation of synthesis, crystal structure and third-order NLO properties of a new stilbazolium derivative crystal: a promising material for nonlinear optical devices
Authors: Senthil K. , Kalainathan S. , Kumar A. Ruban , Aravindan P. G.
Published: October 2014

A new organic stilbazolium derivative crystal 2-[2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-vinyl]-1-methyl-pyridinium naphthalene-2-sulfonate dehydrate (C25H23NO5S·2H2O) (VSNS) was synthesized successfully.
Selective approach to thioesters and thioethers via sp3 C–H activation of methylarenes
Authors: Feng J. , Lu G.-P. , Cai C.
Published: October 2014

Novel CDC approaches for the synthesis of thioesters and thioethers was developed via sp3 C–H activation of methylarenes and subsequent functionalization.
TiO2 nano crystallites catalyzed water mediated microwave assisted regioselective three component domino hydrolysis/aldol condensation/Michael addition reaction of 3-(1,5-dioxo-1,5-diphenylpentan-3-yl)quinolin-2(1H)-one
Authors: Ubba Eethamukkala , Nawaz Khan Fazlur-Rahman , Jeong Euh Duck , Chung Eun Hyuk
Published: October 2014

Microwave supported, water intervened, nano crystalline TiO2 catalyzed synthesis of 3-(1,5-dioxo-1,5-diphenylpentan-3-yl)quinolin-2(1H)-ones, is described.
Fe3O4nanoparticles and ultrasound assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction of lead(ii) for its microsampling flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination in food and environmental samples
Authors: Habila M. A. , Alothman Z. A. , Soylak M.
Published: October 2014

A method for the isolation of lead from aqueous samples as a Chicago sky blue 6B chelate, based on the combination of Fe3O4nanoparticles and ultrasound assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (NPU-DLLME) prior to flame atomic absorption spectrometry, was developed.
ITQ-54: a multi-dimensional extra-large pore zeolite with 20 × 14 × 12-ring channels
Authors: Jiang Jiuxing , Yun Yifeng , Zou Xiaodong , Jorda Jose Luis , Corma Avelino
Published: October 2014

A silicogermanate zeolite with straight intersecting 20 × 14 × 12-ring channels has been synthesized and its structure has been solved using the rotation electron diffraction method.
Improved digestibility of β-lactoglobulin by pulsed light processing: a dilatational and shear study
Authors: del Castillo-Santaella Teresa , Sanmartín Esther , Cabrerizo-Vílchez Miguel Angel , Arboleya Juan Carlos , Maldonado-Valderrama Julia
Published: October 2014

Modifying the protein conformation appears to improve the digestibility of proteins in the battle against allergies.
Development of a solvent-free hydrogen storage and release system based on semi-solid-state ammonia borane (AB) fuel: high gravimetric capacity and feasibility for practical application
Authors: Kim Sung-Kwan , Hong Sung-Ahn , Son Ho-Jin , Han Won-Sik , Yoon Chang Won , Nam Suk Woo , Kang Sang Ook
Published: October 2014

New pellet-type semi-solid hydrogen storage material exhibits a high-performance dehydrogenation with a high gravimetric capacity of 10.01 mat. wt%.
UV-induced improvement in ZnO thin film conductivity: a new in situ approach
Authors: Vai Alex T. , Kuznetsov Vladimir L. , Dilworth Jonathan R. , Edwards Peter P.
Published: October 2014

A new in situ approach for treating polycrystalline zinc oxide thin film transparent conductors with UV light under a slightly reducing nitrogen atmosphere results in a long-lasting improvement in electrical properties and provides insights into the mechanisms that limit electronic conductivity in these materials.
Enhanced optical limiting and carrier dynamics in metal oxide-hydrogen exfoliated graphene hybrids
Authors: Anand Benoy , Kaniyoor Adarsh , Swain Debasis , Baby Tessy Theres , Venugopal Rao S. , Sankara Sai S. Siva , Ramaprabhu Sundara , Philip Reji
Published: October 2014

Enhancing the nonlinear absorption in hydrogen exfoliated graphene using metal oxide nanoparticle functionalization.
Differential dual‐hop relaying under user mobility
Authors: Avendi M.R. , Nguyen Ha H.
Published: October 2014

This study studies dual‐hop amplify‐and‐forward relaying system employing differential encoding and decoding over time‐varying Rayleigh‐fading channels. First, the convectional ‘two‐symbol’ differential detection (CDD) is theoretically analysed in terms of the bit error rate. The obtained analysis clearly shows that performance of two‐symbol differential detection severely degrades in fast‐fading channels and reaches an irreducible error floor at high signal‐to‐noise ratio region. To overcome the error floor experienced with fast‐fading, a practical suboptimal ‘multiple‐symbol’ detection (MSD) is designed and its performance is theoretically analysed. The analyses of CDD and MSD are verified and illustrated with simulation results under different fading scenarios. Specifically, the obtained results show that the proposed MSD can significantly improve the system performance in fast‐fading channels.
Helium atom in an external electric field: Exact diagonalization
Authors: Antsygina T. N. , Chishko K. A.
Published: October 2014

An exact diagonalization method is applied to solve the quantum-mechanical problem of spinless helium atom in an external electric field of arbitrary magnitude. The basis set for two-electron problem is built from different pair combinations ψnalama(αra)ψnblbmb(αrb) of orthonormalized single-particle hydrogen-like wave functions ψnml(r) belonging to any possibly bound states of the individual a- and b-electrons in the Coulomb central field renormalized by the scale parameter α > 0. Within the selected basis the matrix elements of the total Hamiltonian allows an exact analytical representation in the form of finite numerical sums. The diagonalization procedure is performed by Jacobi algorithm for N × N square Hermitian matrix built on the basis of dimension N = 25. The systematics and the numerical values of the low-lying energy levels at zero field are in good agreement with known experimental data. The field dependences of low-lying levels (Stark effect) and polarizability in the ground state of helium atom are presented. It is shown that even extremely high external fields lead only to shifting or splitting of existing low levels, without disturbance of their systematics. Typically, no new low-energy excitation can be created under external electric field of moderate intensity. Radical reconstruction in spectrum of individual helium atoms can be expected in condensed helium phases where each atom is deeply affected by interaction fields from neighbors. This result should be taken into account at interpretation of electrodynamic experiments on superfluid helium.
Thermal decomposition pathways for 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (FOX-7)
Authors: Booth Ryan S. , Butler Laurie J.
Published: October 2014

In this study, we computationally investigate the initial and subsequent steps in the chemical mechanism for the gas-phase thermal decomposition of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (FOX-7). We determine the key exothermic step in the gas-phase thermal decomposition of FOX-7 and explore the similarities and differences between FOX-7 and other geminal dinitro energetic materials. The calculations reveal a mechanism for NO loss involving a 3-member cyclic intermediate, rather than a nitro-nitrite isomerization, that occurs in the radical intermediates formed throughout the decomposition mechanism.
An (e, 2e + ion) study of low-energy electron-impact ionization and fragmentation of tetrahydrofuran with high mass and energy resolutions
Authors: Ren Xueguang , Pflüger Thomas , Weyland Marvin , Baek Woon Yoon , Rabus Hans , Ullrich Joachim , Dorn Alexander
Published: October 2014

We study the low-energy (E0 = 26 eV) electron-impact induced ionization and fragmentation of tetrahydrofuran using a reaction microscope. All three final-state charged particles, i.e., two outgoing electrons and one fragment ion, are detected in triple coincidence such that the momentum vectors and, consequently, the kinetic energies for charged reaction products are determined. The ionic fragments are clearly identified in the experiment with a mass resolution of 1 amu. The fragmentation pathways of tetrahydrofuran are investigated by measuring the ion kinetic energy spectra and the binding energy spectra where an energy resolution of 1.5 eV has been achieved using the recently developed photoemission electron source. Here, we will discuss the fragmentation reactions for the cations C4H8O+, C4H7O+, C2H3O+, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\rm C}_{3}{\rm H}_6^+$\end{document}C3H6+, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\rm C}_{3}{\rm H}_5^+$\end{document}C3H5+, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\rm C}_{3}{\rm H}_3^+$\end{document}C3H3+, CH3O+, CHO+, and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\rm C}_{2}{\rm H}_3^+$\end{document}C2H3+.
Kinetic simulations and reduced modeling of longitudinal sideband instabilities in non-linear electron plasma waves
Authors: Brunner S. , Berger R. L. , Cohen B. I. , Hausammann L. , Valeo E. J.
Published: October 2014

Kinetic Vlasov simulations of one-dimensional finite amplitude Electron Plasma Waves are performed in a multi-wavelength long system. A systematic study of the most unstable linear sideband mode, in particular its growth rate γ and quasi- wavenumber δk, is carried out by scanning the amplitude and wavenumber of the initial wave. Simulation results are successfully compared against numerical and analytical solutions to the reduced model by Kruer et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 23, 838 (1969)] for the Trapped Particle Instability (TPI). A model recently suggested by Dodin et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 215006 (2013)], which in addition to the TPI accounts for the so-called Negative Mass Instability because of a more detailed representation of the trapped particle dynamics, is also studied and compared with simulations.
Magnetic flux creep in HTSC and Anderson-Kim theory (Review Article)
Authors: Lykov A. N.
Published: October 2014

Theoretical results and experimental data on flux creep in high-temperature superconductors (HTSC) are analyzed in this review paper. When reviewing experimental work, the main attention is paid to the most striking experimental results which have had a major impact on the study of flux creep in HTSC. On the other hand, the analysis of theoretical results is focused on the studies which explain the features of flux creep by introducing modifications to the Anderson-Kim (AK) theory, i.e., on the studies that have not received sufficient attention earlier. However, it turned out that the modified AK theory could explain a number of features of flux creep in HTSC: the scaling behavior of current-voltage curves in HTSC, the finite rate of flux creep at ultralow temperatures, the logarithmic dependence of the effective pinning potential on the transport current and its decrease with temperature. The harmonic potential field which is used in this approach makes it possible to solve accurately both the problem of viscous vortex motion and the problem of thermally activated flux creep in this magnetic field. Moreover, the energy distribution of pinning potential and the interaction of vortices with each other are also taken into account in the approach. Thus, the modification of the AK theory consists, essentially, in its refinement and achieving a more realistic approximation.
Decay dynamics of α,β-carboxylic methyl esters (CH3OCOCH:CHR) in the lower-lying excited states—Resonance Raman and complete active space self-consistent field calculation study
Authors: Ouyang Bing , Xue Jia-Dan , Zheng Xuming , Xie Bin-Bin , Fang Wei-Hai
Published: October 2014

The photophysics of two α,β-carboxylic methyl esters after excitation to the light absorbing S2(ππ*) state were studied by using the resonance Raman spectroscopy and complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) method calculations. The vibrational spectra were assigned on the basis of the experimental measurements and the B3LYP/6-31G(d) computations, as well as the normal mode analysis. The A-band resonance Raman spectra of methyl 2,4-pentadienoate (M24PDA) and methyl trans cronoate (MTCA) were measured to probe the structural dynamics in Franck-Condon region. CASSCF calculations were done to obtain the minimal excitation energies and geometric structures of the lower-lying singlet and triplet excited states, and the curve-crossing points. It was revealed that the short-time structural dynamics of M24PDA was dominated by the Cα=Cβ–C4=C5 stretch coordinate, while that of MTCA was mostly along the Cα=Cβ and the C=O stretch motion. Comparison of the structural dynamics of M24PDA and MTCA with that of 3-methyl-3-pentene-2-one (3M3P2O) indicated that the structural dynamics of MTCA is similar to that of 3M3P2O but different than that of M24PDA in that the variation of the Raman intensity ratios for ν7/ν8, (ν7+ν8)/2ν8, (ν7+2ν8)/3ν8, (ν7+3ν8)/4ν8 of MTCA is similar to that of 3M3P2O but different from that of M24PDA. It is found that the substitution of methyl group in the α′-position of α,β-enones by methoxyl group does not substantially affect the short-time structural dynamics, while the substitution of vinyl group in the β-position changes significantly the short-time structural dynamics and the subsequent decay processes. A detailed decay mechanism is proposed. Two sub-processes which consider the reconjugation and the subsequent charge-transfer reaction of O=C–Cα=Cβ chromophore were postulated to describe the variation of short-time structural dynamics with the different substitution.
Processes of (Xe2D)*-excimer complex formation in ternary solid Kr-Xe-D2 solutions
Authors: Belov A. G. , Bludov M. A.
Published: October 2014

The article presents study results of VUV and UV cathodoluminescence spectra, of solid ternary Kr-Xe-D2 solutions, and Xe-D2, Kr-D2, Xe-Kr solid binary cryoalloys. The object of study is the dependence of the spectral band intensity distribution, on the concentration of impurities, and the dosage dependence of luminescence. All emission bands were identified. It is demonstrated that the formation of emitting states is caused by a transfer of energy through the system of its own electron excitation matrices. An emission from (Xe2D)* complexes is observed, if Xe is present in ternary solid solutions. It is shown that the process of forming (Xe2D)*-complexes has multiple steps, and includes the formation of an intermediate [XeD2]* non-stable state at the first stage, the nonradiative decay of which leads to the dissociation of the admixture molecular deuterium. It is suggested that the formation of [XeD2]* complexes occurs due to the high proton affinity of Xe, and its negative affinity to the electron in the D2 molecule, as a result of which, the intermediate complex acquires the features of a charge-transfer complex.
The universality of the magnetization irreversibility line of metglasses and superconductors
Authors: Sirenko V. A. , Eremenko V. V.
Published: October 2014

An analysis of the experimental data of the temperature dependence of metallic glass and superconductor magnetization. A common feature is the irreversibility of magnetization: below a certain temperature T*, under fixed field strength, magnetization varies during cooling within (MFC), and outside (MZFC) of a magnetic field. It is demonstrated that for all samples, the line T*(H) is universal, and corresponds to the theoretical dependence of de Almeida-Thouless (T* ∼ H2/3) in all studied ranges of magnetic fields.
Orientation and surface activity of Janus particles at fluid-fluid interfaces
Authors: Gao Hui-Min , Lu Zhong-Yuan , Liu Hong , Sun Zhao-Yan , An Li-Jia
Published: October 2014

We study the influence of shape of Janus particles on their orientation and surface activity at fluid-fluid interfaces via molecular dynamics simulations. The Janus particles are characterized by two regions with different wettability divided along their major axes. Three types of Janus particles are considered: Janus spheres, Janus rods, and Janus disks. We find that Janus spheres and Janus rods prefer one orientation at the interface, regardless of the surface property. In contrast, Janus disks can adopt one of two orientations when adhered to a fluid-fluid interface: one orientation corresponds to the equilibrium state and the other is a kinetically trapped metastable state. The orientation of Janus disks strongly depends on the disk characteristics, such as their size, aspect ratio, and surface property. Furthermore, we find that changes in the shape of Janus particles strongly influence the interfacial tension at the fluid-fluid interface. According to the time evolution of the interfacial tension, the adsorption of Janus particles is characterized by three adsorption stages based on different surface activities and adsorption kinetics depending on the particle shape.
Characterization of electron-beam recorded microdomain patterns on the nonpolar surface of LiNbO3 crystal by nondestructive methods
Authors: Kokhanchik L. S. , Gainutdinov R. V. , Mishina E. D. , Lavrov S. D. , Volk T. R.
Published: October 2014

We report on characterization of the electron-beam fabricated planar domain gratings on the nonpolar (Y-) surface of LiNbO3 crystals performed with the use of AFM and confocal second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy. The dependence of domain formation on the irradiation conditions was investigated. The relation of domain thicknesses to the electron penetration depth is experimentally proved. In particular, the possibility of controlling the thickness of planar domains by varying acceleration electron-beam voltages is demonstrated. The observed specificity of SHG is analyzed in the framework of the Kleinman-Boyd theory [G. D. Boyd and D. A. Kleinman, J. Appl. Phys. 39, 3597 (1968)] and Uesu approach [Kaneshiro et al., J. Appl. Phys. 104, 054112 (2008); Kaneshiro et al., J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 27, 888 (2010)] extended in our case to reflection geometry. The calculations performed predict the dependence of SHG conversion efficiency η on the domain thickness, which is in a qualitative agreement with the experiment. It is shown that planar domains on top of the nonpolar surface always enhance the value of η as compared with the bare surface.
The linear optical and magneto-optical susceptibilities and geometric effects of nine La@C82 (C82) crystal isomers
Authors: Rostampour E.
Published: October 2014

Using the extended Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model in conjunction with the local field method and Ewald method, we have calculated the linear susceptibility χ for nine different La@C82 (C82) crystal isomers. Our numerical calculation results indicate that the spectral shapes of the susceptibilities tensor of the La@C82 (C82) crystal turn out to be determined mainly by the geometrical distributions of the pentagons in the fullerene and endohedral structures.
Light field moment imaging with the ptychographic iterative engine
Authors: Jiang Zhilong , Pan Xinchen , Liu Cheng , Wang Ling , Zhu Jianqiang
Published: October 2014

The recently developed Light Field Moment Imaging (LMI) is adopted to show the stereoscopic structure of the sample studied in Coherent Diffractive Imaging (CDI), where 3D image were always generated with complicated experimental procedure such as the rotation of the sample and time-consuming computation. The animation of large view angle can be generated with LMI very quickly, and the 3D structure of sample can be shown vividly. This method can find many applications for the coherent diffraction imaging with x-ray and electron beams, where a glimpse of the hierarchical structure required and the quick and simple 3D view of object is sufficient. The feasibility of this method is demonstrated theoretically and experimentally with a recently developed CDI method called Ptychographic Iterative Engine.
Adaptive center determination for effective suppression of ring artifacts in tomography images
Authors: Jha D. , Sørensen H. O. , Dobberschütz S. , Feidenhans'l R. , Stipp S. L. S.
Published: October 2014

Ring artifacts on tomogram slices hinder image interpretation. They are caused by minor variation in the response from individual elements in a two dimensional (2D) X-ray detector. Polar space decreases the suppression complexity by transforming the rings on the tomogram slice to linear stripes. However, it requires that the center of rings lie at the origin of polar transformation. If this is not the case, all methods employing polar space become ineffective. We developed a method based on Gaussian localization of the ring center in Hough parameter space to assign the origin for the polar transformation. Thus, obtained linear stripes can be effectively suppressed by already existing methods. This effectively suppresses ring artifacts in the data from a variety of experimental setups, sample types and also handles tomograms that are previously cropped. This approach functions automatically, avoids the need for assumptions and preserves fine details, all critical for synchrotron based nanometer resolution tomography.
Potential environmental effects of pack stock on meadow ecosystems of the Sierra Nevada, USA
Authors: Ostoja Steven M. , Brooks Matthew L. , Moore Peggy E. , Berlow Eric L. , Blank Robert , Roche Jim , Chase Jen , Haultain Sylvia
Published: October 2014

Pack and saddle stock, including, but not limited to domesticated horses, mules, and burros, are used to support commercial, private and administrative activities in the Sierra Nevada. The use of pack stock has become a contentious and litigious issue for land management agencies in the region inter alia due to concerns over effects on the environment. The potential environmental effects of pack stock on Sierra Nevada meadow ecosystems are reviewed and it is concluded that the use of pack stock has the potential to influence the following: (1) water nutrient dynamics, sedimentation, temperature, and microbial pathogen content; (2) soil chemistry, nutrient cycling, soil compaction and hydrology; (3) plant individuals, populations and community dynamics, non-native invasive species, and encroachment of woody species; and (4) wildlife individuals, populations and communities. It is considered from currently available information that management objectives of pack stock should include the following: minimise bare ground, maximise plant cover, maintain species composition of native plants, minimise trampling, especially on wet soils and stream banks, and minimise direct urination and defecation by pack stock into water. However, incomplete documentation of patterns of pack stock use and limited past research limits current understanding of the effects of pack stock, especially their effects on water, soils and wildlife. To improve management of pack stock in this region, research is needed on linking measurable monitoring variables (e.g. plant cover) with environmental relevancy (e.g. soil erosion processes, wildlife habitat use), and identifying specific environmental thresholds of degradation along gradients of pack stock use in Sierra Nevada meadows.
Suppression of antigen-specific adaptive immunity by IL-37 via induction of tolerogenic dendritic cells
Authors: Luo Yuchun , Cai Xiangna , Liu Sucai , Wang Sen , Nold-Petry Claudia A. , Nold Marcel F. , Bufler Philip , Norris David , Dinarello Charles A. , Fujita Mayumi
Published: October 2014

Significance

The skin develops antigen-specific immune response, called “allergic contact dermatitis” in humans and “contact hypersensitivity” (CHS) in mice. IL-1 family member IL-37 expression in transgenic mice (IL-37tg) inhibits innate immune responses. In this study we show that DCs from IL-37tg mice exhibit diminished CHS response to an antigen-specific exposure. Although DCs from IL-37tg mice maintain migratory capacity to lymph nodes, they fail to activate T cells effectively; instead, they promote generation of T regulatory cells, a characteristic of semimature DCs that dampen adaptive immune response. Thus, IL-37 emerges as an inhibitor of adaptive immunity.
Differences in Hospital-Associated Multidrug-Resistant Organisms and Clostridium difficile Rates Using 2-Day versus 3-Day Definitions
Authors: Gombosev Adrijana , Fouad Salah E. , Cui Eric , Cao Chenghua , Terpstra Leah , Avery Taliser R. , Kim Diane , Meyers Hildy , Cheung Michele , Huang Susan S.
Published: October 2014

We surveyed infection prevention programs in 16 hospitals for hospital-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant enterococci, extended-spectrum β-lactamase, and multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter acquisition, as well as hospital-associated MRSA bacteremia and Clostridium difficile infection based on defining events as occurring >2 days versus >3 days after admission. The former resulted in significantly higher median rates, ranging from 6.76% to 45.07% higher

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;35(11):1417–1420
DupliPHY-Web: a web server for DupliPHY and DupliPHY-ML
Authors: Ames Ryan M. , Lovell Simon C.
Published: October 2014

Summary : Gene duplication and loss are important processes in the evolution of gene families. Moreover, growth of families by duplication and retention is an important mechanism by which organisms gain new functions. Therefore the ability to infer the evolutionary histories of families is an important step in understanding the evolution of function. We have recently developed DupliPHY, a software tool to infer gene family histories using parsimony and maximum likelihood. Here, we present DupliPHY-Web a web server for DupliPHY that implements additional maximum likelihood functionality and provides users an intuitive interface to run DupliPHY.

Availability and implementation : DupliPHY-Web is available at www.bioinf.manchester.ac.uk/dupliphy/

Contact : ryan.ames@manchester.ac.uk

Supplementary information : Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Habituation to an acoustic harassment device (AHD) by killer whales depredating demersal longlines
Authors: Tixier Paul , Gasco Nicolas , Duhamel Guy , Guinet Christophe
Published: October 2014

Acoustic harassment devices (AHDs) have been increasingly implemented in various fisheries that suffer significant losses caused by odontocete depredation. However, the efficacy of AHDs to deter odontocetes from fishing gear remains poorly investigated. To determine the effectiveness of AHDs in deterring depredation, we experimentally tested a high amplitude device (195 dB re 1 μPa 6.5 kHz 1 m from the source) from a Patagonian toothfish Dissostichus elegenoides longliner operating off the Crozet Islands, while it was subjected to heavy depredation by killer whales Orcinus orca. This species usually depredates longlines within a 10- to 300-m range from the vessel, as they only have access to fishing gear during hauling. We expected this distance to increase in response to the acoustic disturbance created by the AHD. The distances of 29 killer whales from the vessel (n = 1812 records) were collected during phases of AHD activation and phases during which the AHD was turned off. Two multiexposed killer whale social units fled over 700 m away from the vessel when first exposed to the AHD. However, they remained within a 10- to 300-m range and depredated longlines again past the third and seventh exposures, respectively, showing an insignificant behavioural response to further activations of the AHD. When tested through generalized linear mixed models, the effect of AHD activation was only significant when killer whales were first exposed to the device. However, the effect disappeared after successive exposures suggesting that killer whales became habituated to the AHD and may sustain potentially harmful hearing disturbance to access the resource made available by longliners. In addition to raising significant conservation concerns, this rapid return of initial depredation behaviour strongly suggests that AHDs are ineffective at deterring depredating killer whales, and that fisheries should favour the use of other mitigation techniques when facing repeated depredation by this species.
Whole Genome Sequencing of a Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Pseudo-Outbreak in a Professional Football Team
Authors: Anderson Deverick J. , Harris Simon R. , Godofsky Eliot , Toriscelli Todd , Rude Thomas H. , Elder Kevin , Sexton Daniel J. , Pellman Elliot J. , Mayer Thom , Fowler Vance G. , Peacock Sharon J.
Published: October 2014

Two American football players on the same team were diagnosed with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) skin and soft tissue infections on the same day. Our investigation, including whole genome sequencing, confirmed that players did not transmit MRSA to one another nor did they acquire the MRSA from a single source within the training facility.
Intellectual Property Rights and the Politics of Food
Authors: Srinivas Krishna Ravi
Published: October 2014

The legal status of plant genetic resources has been subject to numerous international agreements and laws over the centuries. The “common heritage of mankind” approach enabled free access but proved unworkable because of conflicts over intellectual property rights. The Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) recognized sovereign rights of nations over genetic resources within their territory. The Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights Agreement under auspices of the World Trade Organization mandated intellectual property protection for plant varieties, but synchronizing such rights has proved problematic. Many developing countries have enacted sui generis regimes to comply with TRIPS requirements. The International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants Convention provides models that have changed over time. With the advent of agricultural biotechnology and availability of intellectual property rights for plant components, patents relating to plant genetic resources have increased. As plant genetic resources are subject to many overlapping treaties, the regime governing them is becoming more complex, resulting in inconsistencies and disputes. While the rights of plant breeders and the private seed industry are well protected in formal agreements, the rights of farmers, who have nurtured diversity in plant genetic resources, developed varieties of crops with different traits, and contributed to exchange and conservation of plant genetic resources, are left to the discretion of nation-states. Farmers’ rights are mentioned in many international legal instruments, but no binding treaty or convention mandates protecting and promoting the rights of working farmers.