bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hemin mitigates contrast‐induced nephropathy by inhibiting ferroptosis viaHO‐1/Nrf2/GPX4pathway
Authors: Gao Zhao , Zhang Ziyue , Gu Daqian , Li Yunqian , Zhang Kun , Dong Xiaoli , Liu Lingli , Zhang Jiye , Chen Jimin , Wu Duozhi , Zeng Min
Published: May 2022

Contrast‐induced nephropathy (CIN) is a common complication with adverse outcome after iodinated‐contrast injection, yet still lacking effective medication. Heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) has been reported to play an important role against renal injuries. Hemin, a HO‐1 inducer and anti‐porphyria medicine, may have a promising effect against CIN. In this study, we aim to investigate the effect of hemin on CIN model and the underlying molecular mechanisms in human proximal tubule epithelial cells (HK‐2). To mimic a common condition in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) patients, CIN was induced by intravenous iopromide in high‐fat fed diabetic rats. We found hemin, given right before iopromide, mitigated CIN with enhanced antioxidative capacity and reduced oxidative stress. HK‐2 cells insulted by iopromide demonstrated decreased cell vitality and rising reactive oxygen species (ROS), which could also be inhibited by hemin. The effects of hemin involved a key molecule in ferroptosis, glutathione peroxidase (GPX4), whose down‐expression by small interfering RNA (siRNA) reversed the effect of hemin on HK‐2 cells. Furthermore, hemin's induction of GPX4 involved HO‐1 and nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2). Either HO‐1 or Nrf2 inhibitor prevented hemin's effect on GPX4 to a comparable extent, and over‐expression of Nrf2 increased GPX4 expression. Moreover, intervention of ferroptosis inhibitor liproxstatin‐1 also alleviated CIN in vivo. Therefore, we showed hemin mitigated CIN, inhibiting oxidative stress and ferroptosis, by upregulation of GPX4 via activation of HO‐1/Nrf2. Hemin, as a clinical medicine, has a translational significance in treating CIN, and anti‐ferroptosis is a potential therapeutic strategy for CIN.
Does Reshoring Affect the Resilience and Sustainability of Supply Chain Networks? The Cases of Apple and Jaguar Land Rover
Authors: Choudhary Nishat Alam , Ramkumar M. , Schoenherr Tobias , Rana Nripendra P. , Dwivedi Yogesh K.
Published: May 2022

Extending the notion that reshoring can have a significant impact on a firm's supply network owing to the associated location decisions, we explore how reshoring influences the resilience and sustainability of a focal firm's supply network. While reshoring is triggered by aspects related to both the home (domestic) and the host (foreign) country, frequently more favourable aspects in the home country lead to the reshoring decision. To investigate these dynamics, we construct two large‐scale networks consisting of 2066 and 1283 firms, respectively, capturing the supply networks of Apple and Jaguar Land Rover. Both networks have been experiencing the reshoring of previously foreign suppliers to domestic locations. Our investigation captures the network dynamics created by this relocation of tier 1 suppliers for the overall supply chain network, that is, also for higher‐tier/sub‐tier suppliers. The results reveal, contrary to our expectations, that indirect (sub‐tier) foreign suppliers positively influence the network's resilience, with this impact, however, being negatively moderated by their degree centrality, that is, the number of ties a node possesses. In addition, existing indirect (sub‐tier) domestic suppliers do not have a significant influence on the resilience of the network. No evidence was found for the impact of reshoring on sustainability. Overall, our study contributes to the reshoring literature by delineating its influence on both the resilience and the sustainability of a focal firm's supply chain network.
Protocol for an individual patient data meta‐analysis on blood pressure targets after cardiac arrest
Authors: Skrifvars Markus B. , Ameloot Koen , Grand Johannes , Reinikainen Matti , Hästbacka Johanna , Niemelä Ville , Hassager Christian , Kjaergaard Jesper , Åneman Anders , Tiainen Marjaana , Nielsen Niklas , Ullen Susann , Dankiewicz Josef , Olsen Markus Harboe , Jørgensen Caroline Kamp , Saxena Manoj , Jakobsen Janus C.
Published: May 2022

Background

Hypotension is common after cardiac arrest (CA), and current guidelines recommend using vasopressors to target mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) higher than 65 mmHg. Pilot trials have compared higher and lower MAP targets. We will review the evidence on whether higher MAP improves outcome after cardiac arrest.

Methods

This systematic review and meta‐analysis will be conducted based on a systematic search of relevant major medical databases from their inception onwards, including MEDLINE, Embase and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), as well as clinical trial registries.

We will identify randomised controlled trials published in the English language that compare targeting a MAP higher than 65–70 mmHg in CA patients using vasopressors, inotropes and intravenous fluids. The data extraction will be performed separately by two authors (a third author will be involved in case of disagreement), followed by a bias assessment with the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool using an eight‐step procedure for assessing if thresholds for clinical significance are crossed. The outcomes will be all‐cause mortality, functional long‐term outcomes and serious adverse events. We will contact the authors of the identified trials to request individual anonymised patient data to enable individual patient data meta‐analysis, aggregate data meta‐analyses, trial sequential analyses and multivariable regression, controlling for baseline characteristics. The certainty of the evidence will be assessed by the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. We will register this systematic review with Prospero and aim to redo it when larger trials are published in the near future.

Conclusions

This protocol defines the performance of a systematic review on whether a higher MAP after cardiac arrest improves patient outcome. Repeating this systematic review including more data likely will allow for more certainty regarding the effect of the intervention and possible sub‐groups differences.
Interplay between PCOS and microbiome: The road less travelled
Authors: Batra Manya , Bhatnager Richa , Kumar Anil , Suneja Pooja , Dang Amita Suneja
Published: May 2022

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a complicated neuro‐endocrinal, reproductive, and metabolic condition. It encompasses patterns such as hyperandrogenism, recurrent cysts triggered by steroidogenic functional aberrations in the ovaries, overweight, chronic inflammation, and more. The underlying cause of this heterogeneous illness is obscure, although it is suspected to be driven by a blend of environmental and hereditary factors. In recent years, the connection between the microbiome and PCOS has been acknowledged and is thought to be involved in the genesis of the syndrome's emergence. Microbiota vary in different pathological features of PCOS, and fundamental pathways linked to their involvement in the commencement of diverse clinical presentations in PCOS open up a new avenue for its management. Prebiotic, probiotic, synbiotic, and fecal‐microbiota‐transplant, by promoting eubiosis and nullifying the effect caused by the altered microbial profile in PCOS women, can aid in management of diverse phenotypes associated with the syndrome. These microbiota‐mediated treatments improve PCOS women's metabolic, inflammatory, and hormonal profiles. However, more studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms that drive this positive effect.
Laparoscopic surgical skill evaluation with motion capture and eyeglass gaze cameras: A pilot study
Authors: Matsumoto Shiro , Kawahira Hiroshi , Oiwa Kosuke , Maeda Yoshitaka , Nozawa Akio , Lefor Alan Kawarai , Hosoya Yoshinori , Sata Naohiro
Published: May 2022

Introduction

An eyeglass gaze camera and a skeletal coordinate camera without sensors attached to the operator's body were used to monitor gaze and movement during a simulated surgical procedure. These new devices have the potential to change skill assessment for laparoscopic surgery. The suitability of these devices for skill assessment was investigated.

Material and Methods

Six medical students, six intermediate surgeons, and four experts performed suturing tasks in a dry box. The tip positions of the instruments were identified from video recordings. Performance was evaluated based on instrument movement, gaze, and skeletal coordination.

Results

Task performance time and skeletal coordinates were not significantly different among skill levels. The total movement distance of the right instrument was significantly different depending on the skill level. The SD of the gaze coordinates was significantly different depending on skill level and was less for experts. The expert's gaze stayed in a small area with little blurring.

Conclusions

The SD of gaze point coordinates correlates with laparoscopic surgical skill level. These devices may facilitate objective intraoperative skill evaluation in future studies.
Welfare worries: a preliminary, cross‐sectional study of general practice, small animal veterinarians perceptions and management of canine and feline behaviour problems
Authors: Hevern ME
Published: May 2022

Behavioural disease is one of the leading reasons for euthanasia in shelter dogs and cats. Information acquired via a survey of veterinarians (n = 59) was used to understand the way canine and feline behaviour problems are viewed and managed by nonshelter, small animal general practice veterinarians. Participants (20%, n = 12) felt that the following diseases were more of a welfare issue than behaviour problems: food sensitivity, osteoarthritis, puppy/kitten farms, skin disease, nutritional disease, parasitic disease, dental disease, obesity, in‐breeding, over‐population, neoplasia, greyhound racing, hyperthyroidism and renal disease. Behaviour problems in dogs and cats were not ranked in the top four welfare problems by 40% (n = 23) of respondents. Behaviour case follow‐up was poorer than physical health case follow‐up. Respondents (20%, n = 12) felt that veterinarians should ‘possibly’ be able to identify behaviour problems in dogs and cats, and 54% (n = 32) felt that this was ‘absolutely’ their professional responsibility. Twelve percent (n = 7) would reschedule behaviour appointments that had been booked in for them. Behaviour was more likely to be seen as a welfare issue by more experienced veterinarians and also, those with shelter experience. Half of respondents felt reluctant to discuss behaviour problems with clients because of deficiencies in behaviour knowledge. Eighty percent (n = 47) felt their education equipped them poorly or extremely poorly in dealing with behaviour problems in dogs and cats. Consideration should be given for the inclusion of adequate behavioural medicine content in veterinary medicine curriculum to allow for graduates to possess a basic level of training and competency in this discipline.
A single immunization with cellular vaccine confers dual protection against SARS‐CoV‐2 and cancer
Authors: Shimizu Kanako , Ueda Shogo , Kawamura Masami , Satoh Mikiko , Fujii Shin‐ichiro
Published: May 2022

The efficacy of current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) vaccines has been demonstrated; however, emerging evidence suggests insufficient protection in certain immunocompromised cancer patients. We previously developed a cell‐based anti‐cancer vaccine platform involving artificial adjuvant vector cells (aAVCs) capable of inducing a strong adaptive response by enhancing the innate immunity. aAVCs are target antigen‐transfected allogenic cells that simultaneously express the natural killer T‐cell ligand–CD1d complex on their surface. In the present study, we applied this system for targeting the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) spike protein (CoV‐2‐S) using CoV‐2‐S‐expressing aAVCs (aAVC‐CoV‐2) and evaluated the immune response in a murine model. A single dose of aAVC‐CoV‐2 induced a large amount of CoV‐2‐S‐specific, multifunctional CTLs in addition to CD4+ T‐cell‐dependent anti‐CoV‐2‐S‐specific Abs. CoV‐2‐S‐specific CTLs infiltrated the lung parenchyma and persisted as long‐term memory T cells. Furthermore, we immunized mice with CoV‐2‐S‐ and tumor‐associated antigen (TAA)‐co‐expressing aAVCs (aAVC‐TAA/CoV‐2) and evaluated whether the anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 and antitumor CTLs were elicited. We found that the aAVC‐TAA/CoV‐2‐S therapy exerted apparent antitumor effects and induced CoV‐2‐S‐specific CTLs. These findings suggest aAVC‐TAA/CoV‐2‐S therapy as a promising vaccine candidate for preventing COVID‐19, as well as enhancing the effectiveness of cancer therapies.
Toward continuous improvement of Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients performance reporting: Advances following 2012 consensus conference and future consensus building for 2022 consensus conference
Authors: Israni Ajay K. , Hirose Ryutaro , Segev Dorry L. , Hart Allyson , Schaffhausen Cory R. , Axelrod David A. , Kasiske Bertram L. , Snyder Jon J.
Published: May 2022

The Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR) held a consensus conference in 2012 that examined methods used by SRTR for constructing performance metrics and made recommendations on how to improve program‐specific reports. That consensus conference provided 25 recommendations categorized as follows: statistical methods, risk adjustment, and outcomes and data. During the subsequent decade, SRTR has implemented most of these recommendations; these are described in this article along with plans for another consensus conference in 2022. With the present article, SRTR aims to create transparency in the field of transplant metrics and guide discussion in the planning of the next consensus conference in 2022. The new conference will revisit the previous topics and have a broader focus to improve the metrics and information that SRTR provides. Readers can provide feedback on topics to be discussed at the next consensus conference as early as possible, by emailing srtr@srtr.org with the subject line “Task 5 Public Comment.”
Words have great power: Creating Māori concepts of disability
Authors: Opai Keri
Published: May 2022

This commentary is on the invited review by Bannink Mbazzi and Kawesa on pages 1193–1201 of this issue.
Sociocultural sensitization training for clinicians during advance care planning
Authors: Dasgupta Jayashree
Published: May 2022

This commentary is on the original article by Khalid et al. on pages 1025–1034 of this issue.
A novel investigation of eye‐gaze as an access method for children with dyskinetic cerebral palsy
Authors: Stadskleiv Kristine
Published: May 2022

This commentary is on the original article by Bekteshi et al. on pages 1402–1415 of this issue.
Global longitudinal strain by CMR improves prognostic stratification in acute myocarditis presenting with normal LVEF
Authors: Porcari Aldostefano , Merlo Marco , Baggio Chiara , Gagno Giulia , Cittar Marco , Barbati Giulia , Paldino Alessia , Castrichini Matteo , Vitrella Giancarlo , Pagnan Lorenzo , Cannatà Antonio , Andreis Alessandro , Cecere Annagrazia , Cipriani Alberto , Raafs Anne , Bromage Daniel I. , Rosmini Stefania , Scott Paul , Sado Daniel , Di Bella Gianluca , Nucifora Gaetano , Marra Martina Perazzolo , Heymans Stephane , Imazio Massimo , Sinagra Gianfranco
Published: May 2022

Background

Prognostic stratification of acute myocarditis (AM) presenting with normal left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) relies mostly on late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) characterization. Left ventricular peak global longitudinal strain (LV‐GLS) measured by feature tracking analysis might improve prognostication of AM presenting with normal LVEF.

Methods

Data of patients undergoing cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) for clinically suspected AM in seven European Centres (2013–2020) were retrospectively analysed. Patients with AM confirmed by CMR and LVEF ≥50% were included. LGE was visually characterized: localized versus. non‐localized, subepicardial versus midwall. LV‐GLS was measured by dedicated software. The primary outcome was the first occurrence of an adverse cardiovascular event (ACE) including cardiac death, life‐threatening arrhythmias, development of heart failure or of LVEF <50%.

Results

Of 389 screened patients, 256 (66%) fulfilled inclusion criteria: median age 36 years, 71% males, median LVEF 60%, median LV‐GLS ‐17.3%. CMR was performed at 4 days from hospitalization. At 27 months, 24 (9%) patients experienced ≥1 ACE (71% developed LVEF <50%). Compared to the others, they had lower median LV‐GLS values (−13.9% vs. −17.5%, p = .001). At Kaplan–Meier analysis, impaired LV‐GLS (both considered as > −20% or quartiles), non‐localized and midwall LGE were associated with ACEs. Patients with LV‐GLS ≤−20% did not experience ACEs. LV‐GLS remained associated with ACEs after adjustment for non‐localized and midwall LGE.

Conclusion

In AM presenting with LVEF ≥50%, LV‐GLS provides independent prognostic value over LGE characterization, improving risk stratification and representing a rationale for further studies of therapy in this cohort.
European Academy of Neurology 2019 ‐ 2022
Authors: Bassetti Claudio L. A.
Published: May 2022

Background

The EAN was founded in 2014 with the mission of reducing the burden of neurological disorders.

Methods

In 2019 the society defined four strategic priorities: education, science, membership, and advocacy. This paper reviews the EAN development in the last 3 years.

Results

The outbreak of COVID‐19 pandemic in 2020 had a profound impact on the entire world and triggered profound changes in the EAN including the implementation of new digital technologies.

Education

The virtual congress in 2020 was the best attended in history (43,844 registrations). The European Training Requirements for Neurology was revised. A mentorship program and a student section were created. A state‐of‐the‐art eLearning platform will be launched in 2022.

Research

To assess neurological manifestations of COVID‐19 an international registry (ENERGY) was created. Studies on the burden of neurological disorders and sleep disorders, respectively, were started. The first EAN science school took place in 2022.

Membership

The EAN includes 45,000 members and 47 national societies. New task forces were created on gender and diversity, tele‐ and general neurology.

Advocacy

In 2022 the EAN supported the adoption of the Global Action Plan on epilepsy and other neurological disorders by the WHO and the neurological community in the Ukraine. The same year the EAN launched a Brain Health Strategy promoting a non‐disease and ‐age centred, lifelong holistic approach (‘one brain, one life, one approach’).

Conclusion

The ongoing pandemic and wars demonstrate the fragility of our political and health systems and the need for people centeredness, international collaborations, solidarity, and digitalization. The EAN will continue promoting excellence in neurological care, science and education as well as brain health for all.
Geographic variation in gene flow from a genetically distinct migratory ecotype drives population genetic structure of coastal Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.)
Authors: Breistein Bjoerghild , Dahle Geir , Johansen Torild , Besnier Francois , Quintela Maria , Jorde Per Erik , Knutsen Halvor , Westgaard Jon‐Ivar , Nedreaas Kjell , Farestveit Eva , Glover Kevin Alan
Published: May 2022

Identifying how physical and biotic factors shape genetic connectivity among populations in time and space is essential to our understanding of the evolutionary trajectory as well as the management of marine species. Atlantic cod is a widespread and commercially important marine species displaying several ecotypes with different life history strategies. Using three sets of SNPs: neutral, informative, and genome‐inversion linked, we studied population genetic structure of ~2500 coastal Atlantic cod (CC) from 40 locations along Norway's 2500 km coastline, including nine fjords. We observed: (1) a genetic cline, suggesting a mechanism of isolation by distance, characterized by a declining FST between CC and North East Arctic Cod (NEAC—genetically distinct migratory ecotype) with increasing latitude, (2) that in the north, samples of CC from outer‐fjord areas were genetically more similar to NEAC than were samples of CC from their corresponding inner‐fjord areas, (3) greater population genetic differentiation among CC sampled from outer‐fjord areas along the coast, than among CC sampled from their corresponding inner‐fjord areas, (4) genetic differentiation among samples of CC from both within and among fjords. Collectively, these results permit us to draw two main conclusions. First, that differences in the relative presence of the genetically highly distinct, migratory ecotype NEAC, declining from north to south and from outer to inner fjord, plays the major role in driving population genetic structure of the Norwegian CC. Second, that there is limited connectivity between CC from different fjords. These results suggest that the current management units implemented for this species in Norway should be divided into smaller entities. Furthermore, the situation where introgression from one ecotype drives population genetic structure of another, as is the case here, may exist in other species and geographical regions, thus creating additional challenges for sustainable fisheries management.
Anin vitromodel for discovery of osteoclast specific biomarkers towards identification of racehorses at risk for catastrophic fractures
Authors: Malek Gwladys , Richard Hélène , Beauchamp Guy , Laverty Sheila
Published: May 2022

Background

Focal bone microcracks with osteoclast recruitment and bone lysis, may reduce fracture resistance in racehorses. As current imaging does not detect all horses at risk for fracture, the discovery of novel serum biomarkers of bone resorption or osteoclast activity could potentially address this unmet clinical need. The biology of equine osteoclasts on their natural substrate, equine bone, has never been studiedin vitroand may permit identification of specific biomarkers of their activity.

Objectives

(1) Establish osteoclast cultures on equine bone, (2) Measure biomarkers (tartrate resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5b [TRACP‐5b] and C‐terminal telopeptide of type I collagen [CTX‐I])in vitroand (3) Study the effects of inflammation.

Study design

In vitroexperiments.

Methods

Haematopoietic stem cells, from five equine sternal bone marrow aspirates, were differentiated into osteoclasts and cultured either alone or on equine bone slices, with or without a pro‐inflammatory stimulus (IL‐1β or LPS). CTX‐I and TRACP‐5b were immunoassayed in the media. Osteoclast numbers and bone resorption area were assessed.

Results

TRACP‐5b increased over time in osteoclast cultures without bone (p < 0.0001) and correlated with osteoclast number (r = 0.63,p < 0.001). CTX‐I and TRACP‐5b increased with time for cultures with bone (p = 0.002;p = 0.02 respectively), correlated with each other (r = 0.64,p < 0.002) and correlated with bone resorption (r = 0.85,p < 0.001;r = 0.82,p < 0.001 respectively). Inflammation had no measurable effects.

Main limitations

Specimen numbers limited.

Conclusions

Equine osteoclasts were successfully cultured on equine bone slices and their bone resorption quantified. TRACP‐5b was shown to be a biomarker of equine osteoclast number and bone resorption for the first time; CTX‐I was also confirmed to be a biomarker of equine bone resorptionin vitro. This robust equine specificin vitroassay will help the study of osteoclast biology.
FAP‐α+ immunofibroblasts in oral lichen planus promote CD4+ T‐cell infiltration via CCL5 secretion
Authors: Zhang Yuyao , Liu Kefan , Cheng Juehua , Zhou Chenyu , Zhang Mengna , Fan Yuan
Published: May 2022

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a T cell–mediated, chronic inflammatory disease. CD4+ T‐cell infiltration plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of OLP. Fibroblasts are activated under pathological conditions and perform various functions. This study was designed to explore the immune activation and biological functions of OLP fibroblasts on CD4+ T cells. We detected the expression of fibroblast activation protein‐alpha (FAP‐α) in the oral tissues of patients with OLP and healthy controls using immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, expression of FAP‐α and C‐C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) in fibroblasts isolated from oral tissues of patients with OLP and healthy controls was assayed by quantitative PCR, Western blotting and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Moreover, we assessed the effects of fibroblasts on CD4+ T‐cell proliferation, apoptosis and migration using flow cytometry and Transwell assays. We found that FAP‐α expression in the oral tissues of patients with OLP was significantly higher than that in healthy controls. FAP‐α and CCL5 expression levels were significantly upregulated in OLP fibroblasts. Moreover, OLP fibroblasts promoted CD4+ T‐cell proliferation and migration and inhibited CD4+ T cell apoptosis. In summary, our findings indicate that OLP fibroblasts are immunologically activated and induce CD4+ T‐cell infiltration in OLP.
Spatial patterns of unburned refugia in Siberian larch forests during the exceptional 2020 fire season
Authors: Talucci Anna C. , Loranty Michael M. , Alexander Heather D.
Published: May 2022

Aim

Wildfire is an essential disturbance agent that creates burn mosaics, or a patchwork of burned and unburned areas across the landscape. Unburned patches, fire refugia, serve as carbon sinks and seed sources for forest regeneration in burned areas. In the Cajander larch (Larix cajanderi Mayr.) forests of north‐eastern Siberia, an unprecedented wildfire season in 2020 and little documentation of landscape patch dynamics have resulted in research gaps about the characteristics of fire refugia in northern latitude forests, which are warming faster than other global forest ecosystems. We aim to characterize the 2010 distribution of fire refugia for these forest ecosystems and evaluate their topographic drivers.

Location

North‐eastern Siberia across the North‐east Siberian Taiga and the Cherskii‐Kolyma Mountain Tundra ecozones.

Time period

2001–2020.

Major taxa studied

Cajander larch.

Methods

We used Landsat imagery to define burned and unburned patches, and the Arctic digital elevation model to calculate topographic variables. We characterized the size and density of fire refugia. We sampled individual pixels (n = 80,000) from an image stack that included a binary burned/unburned, elevation, slope, aspect, topographic position index, ruggedness, and tree cover from 2001 to 2020. We evaluated the topographic drivers of fire refugia with boosted regression trees.

Results

We found no substantial difference in fire refugia size and density across the region. The fire refugia size averaged 7.2 ha (0.09–150,439 ha). The majority of interior burned patches exceed the potential wind dispersal distance from fire refugia. Topographic position index and terrain steepness were important predictors of fire refugia.

Main conclusions

Unprecedented wildfires in 2020 did not impact fire refugia formation. Fire refugia are strongly controlled by topographic positions such as uplands and lowlands that influence microsite hydrological conditions. Fire refugia contribute to postfire landscape heterogeneity that preserves ecosystem functions, seed sources, habitat, and carbon sinks.
New Potential Sphalerite, Chalcopyrite, Galena and Pyrite Reference Materials for Sulfur Isotope Determination by Laser Ablation‐MC‐ICP‐MS
Authors: Lv Nan , Bao Zhian , Chen Kaiyun , Zong Chunlei , Zhang Yan , Yuan Honglin
Published: May 2022

The sulfur isotope system is important in tracing a variety of geochemical processes. However, the availability of matrix‐matched reference materials for in situ sulfur isotope ratio measurement is limited. This study analysed four sulfide specimens to investigate their potential as reference materials for in situ sulfur isotope determination, including three natural sulfide minerals (sphalerite SPH‐1, chalcopyrite GC‐1 and galena NWU‐GN), and one resin preserved pyrite powder (RPPY). These four sulfides were analysed independently in four laboratories using both bulk and microbeam analysis techniques, all of which gave equivalent results within uncertainty with comparable accuracy and precision. The sulfur isotopes of these four sulfides are homogeneous based on a large number of isotope determinations by solution nebulisation multi‐collector inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (MC‐ICP‐MS) and laser ablation (LA) MC‐ICP‐MS. The mean δ34S values for SPH‐1, RPPY, GC‐1 and NWU‐GN determined by gas source isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GS‐IRMS) and solution nebulisation MC‐ICP‐MS are −7.13 ± 0.41‰ (2s), 3.66 ± 0.24‰ (2s), −0.65 ± 0.28‰ (2s), 28.21 ± 0.17‰ (2s) relative to the Vienna‐Canyon Diablo troilite (V‐CDT) reference value, respectively, and which are proposed as potential preferred values. Over 400 spot analyses performed on randomly selected fragments of each sulfide by LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS yielded highly consistent δ34S values with the preferred values. Thus, SPH‐1, GC‐1, NWU‐GN and RPPY are considered a set of candidate matrix‐matched sulfide reference materials for in situ sulfur isotope determination.
Women's formal networking: The relationship between networking activities and power
Authors: Papafilippou Vanda , Durbin Susan , Conley Hazel
Published: May 2022

This article examines the networking that takes place within formally organized internal (organization‐based) and external (industry‐based) women engineers' networks. Drawing upon 48 interviews with women engineers, across a number of industries and seniority levels, mostly in the UK, the article contributes to the scarce empirical literature examining formal women's networking in engineering, in terms of its role in individual support and collective change. By adopting Allen's (1998, 1999) definition of feminist power and shifting the focus of analysis from merely instrumental to other types of networking activities, the study contributes empirically and theoretically to understanding how internal and external women's networking has the potential to help female engineers to stay in and change the profession. Despite the critiques that formal women's networks lack power and the ability to make a positive difference for women, when feminist conceptualizations of power are adopted, women's networking within these networks can be considered to empower them in a variety of ways. Our data identifies that wider networking within external women's networks can be particularly useful as a force for change.
Training business students to use online networking for self‐development
Authors: Elenurm Tiit
Published: May 2022

This paper contributes to understanding opportunities to use social media for developing online networking skills that can be applied in entrepreneurial self‐development. Analysis of business students' changing priorities in finding and using online social networks during the years 2008–2019 demonstrated the dominance of Facebook and, more recently, Instagram, compared to LinkedIn and more specialized networks for entrepreneurs. Students involved in knowledge sharing for travelling, sports, music and online gaming have a more detailed understanding of online social media as entrepreneurial self‐development tools. Recent years demonstrated some desire to integrate online communication and joint actions in physical locations. Students need a deeper understanding of how their online communication and networking priorities can be aligned with their entrepreneurial network development and knowledge sharing priorities through social media. Our longitudinal research of student priorities in online social network use demonstrates to educators the importance of understanding the self‐development paths of students when improving their skills to use online networking. Higher education should guide students to use online media to trace new entrepreneurship opportunities, expand their contact network and prepare them to reflect critically on online information dissemination practices.
Intermittent peri‐tubal instillation of dexamethasone and ropivacaine on postoperative analgesia after percutaneous nephrolithotomy: A prospective randomized controlled trial
Authors: Ahuja Varnika , Luthra Ankur , Chauhan Rajeev , Meena Shyam C , Parmar Kalpesh
Published: May 2022

Objectives

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy and placement of nephrostomy tube are performed for renal stones >2 cm in diameter. Attempts have been made to infiltrate local anesthetics with or without adjuvants into the surgical site to reduce pain. We hypothesized that there would be a significant prolongation of the analgesic effect of local anesthetic instillation along the nephrostomy tube due to the adjuvant dexamethasone.

Methods

After ethical approval and Clinical Trials Registry ‐ India registration (CTRI/2020/03/024332), 64 American Society of Anesthesiologists classification 1 and 2 adult patients were enrolled in this randomized double‐blinded prospective study divided into Group R—received 20 mL 0.2% Ropivacaine and Group R + D—received 20 mL 0.2% Ropivacaine with dexamethasone 8 mg, injected through a multi‐lumen wound infiltration catheter.

Results

The demographic profile of patients was similar in both groups. The mean duration of analgesia was longer in Group R + D (21.3 ± 2.1 hrs) versus Group R (10 ± 1.9 hrs, P = 0.001). The mean numeric rating scale scores of Group R + D were significantly lower at all time intervals (P = 0.001). Also, the cumulative dose of ropivacaine and the total use of fentanyl postoperatively in Group R was much higher (70 ± 10.4 vs 56 ± 8.9 μg, P = 0.02). The C‐reactive protein levels were significantly lower in Group R + D (13.8 ± 1.5 vs 23.1 ± 1.2 mg/L, P = 0.001 and 16.5 ± 1.3 vs 28.5 ± 1.7 mg/L, P = 0.001, at 24 and 48 hrs, respectively).

Conclusion

We conclude that dexamethasone can be used as a suitable adjuvant to intermittent local anesthetic infiltration after percutaneous nephrolithotomy with a nephrostomy tube for the prolongation of analgesia.
Real‐world treatment patterns and clinical outcomes of Japanese patients with non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer receiving intravesical bacillus Calmette–Guérin treatment
Authors: Miyake Makito , Kikuchi Eiji , Shinozaki Kenta , Piao Yi , Hayashi Nobuya , Koto Ryo , Jinushi Masahisa , Kobayashi Takashi
Published: May 2022

Objectives

To investigate current patterns and outcomes of intravesical bacillus Calmette–Guérin treatment in Japanese patients with bladder cancer, including the proportion of patients completing induction therapy, and time to subsequent treatments.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study utilized administrative claims data from the Medical Data Vision Co., Ltd. database to identify patients with a diagnosis of bladder cancer who had received ≥1 prescription of intravesical bacillus Calmette–Guérin between April 2008 and September 2015, and had ≥1 database record dated ≥12 weeks after the initial bacillus Calmette–Guérin dose. Patients were followed until September 2018, the last date of available data, or in‐hospital death. Patients receiving six doses of bacillus Calmette–Guérin at intervals of <21 days were considered to have completed induction according to guidelines. Time from initial bacillus Calmette–Guérin dose to subsequent bladder cancer treatment after the end of treatment was defined as the recurrence‐free duration.

Results

Of 6140 patients identified (median age 73.0 years; 83.4% males), 4588 (74.7%) completed induction and 1552 (25.3%) did not. Median recurrence‐free duration was 64.4, 77.7, and 31.6 months in the overall, complete‐induction and incomplete‐induction cohorts, respectively. Corresponding 3‐year recurrence‐free rate was 56.3%, 59.0%, and 48.2% in these groups. The rate of cystectomy was approximately 6% at 5 years in all cohorts.

Conclusions

Approximately 75% of Japanese patients who undergo intravesical bacillus Calmette–Guérin treatment receive a guideline‐compliant induction regimen, but outcomes were not satisfactory, highlighting the need for more effective treatments for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer.
Damage accumulation in plasma‐sprayed zirconia under cyclic loading
Authors: Lal Devi , Ramanadham Vyshnavi , Kumar Praveen , Sampath Sanjay , Jayaram Vikram
Published: May 2022

The stiffness and hysteretic response due to mechanical and thermo‐mechanical cycling have been studied in plasma‐sprayed yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ). Mechanical cycling of free‐standing cantilevers of YSZ shows that the progressive decrease in stiffness is accompanied by monotonic increase in hysteretic energy dissipation per cycle and a permanent ratcheting displacement of ∼20 nm/cycle. Below a critical stress, it varies from coating to coating, ratcheting accompanied by a slow decrease in stiffness does not lead to failure even after ∼1000 cycles. In contrast, at higher stresses, the rates of ratcheting and decrease in stiffness increase rapidly, leading to the nucleation of macrocracks that lead to fracture failure. Prior thermal cycling of coatings on Inconel substrate up to 700°C, which induced an estimated cyclic thermal stress of ∼35 MPa, led to a pronounced reduction in stiffness and mechanical cycling life. During bending, damage accumulates in the tension side of the cantilever and the volume going through the compression cycle remains relatively undamaged.
Tensile behavior of tetragonal zirconia micro/nano‐fibers and beams in situ tested by push‐to‐pull devices
Authors: Zeng Xiao Mei , Ye Pengcheng , Tan Hui Teng , Du Zehui , Gan Chee Lip
Published: May 2022

The tensile mechanical behavior of tetragonal zirconia micro/nano‐fibers and beams was studied with push‐to‐pull (PTP) devices equipped in an in situ nanoindenter. The small‐volume ceramics generally experienced linear elastic deformation before fracture. Polycrystalline and oligocrystalline micro/nano‐fibers exhibit a tensile strength of ∼0.9–1.4 GPa, while single‐crystal beams exhibit a much higher tensile strength (∼2.1–3.2 GPa). The tensile strength of the small‐volume zirconia is found comparable to the corresponding compressive strength, which indicates the large discrepancy between the tensile and compressive strength observed in bulk zirconia becomes insignificant at micro/nano‐scales. No martensitic transformation induced shape memory strain was detected in the zirconia fibers and beams. Further variation in dopant concentration and crystal orientation was explored for single‐crystal beams and their significance in controlling the tensile strength was discussed. Our work offers a new insight into the mechanical behavior of tetragonal zirconia‐based ceramics at small scales.
Assessment of a potential bioproduct for controlling Cerotoma arcuata tingomariana (coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Authors: Quiroga-Cubides Ginna , García-Riaño Lorena , Grijalba-Bernal Erika P. , Espinel Carlos , Otálora Paola Emilia Cuartas , Guevara Elsa Judith , Gómez-Álvarez Martha Isabel , Barrera Mauricio Cruz
Published: May 2022

Aims

The leaf-feeding pest Cerotoma arcuata tingomariana (Bechyné) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) produces huge economic losses in different crops. This study aimed to produce conidia by semisolid-state fermentation and to establish the insecticidal activity of two formulation prototypes based on a native Beauveria bassiana isolate for controlling this pest.

Methods and results

A novel fabric-based semisolid-state fermentation strategy for quick and large-scale conidia production was performed and characterized. Conidia were formulated as an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and a water-dispersible granulate (WG). Afterwards, the mortality of C. a. tingomariana adults was assessed. A conidia concentration of 2.9 × 109 conidia cm−2 was obtained after 9 days-course fermentation and a yield of 33.4 g kg−1 dry-substrate.

Conclusions

The polyester fabric-based fermentation is an efficient technique for producing and collecting B. bassiana spores. Regarding LC90, the potency analysis showed that the EC was 21-fold more potent than the non-formulated conidia, and ~ 2.6-fold more potent than the WG.

Significance and impact of study

A high throughput fermentation based on polyester fabric as support for B. bassiana conidia production and subsequent formulation as an EC comprises a promising strategy for obtaining a bioproduct to control adults of C. a. tingomariana and other Chrysomelidae pests.
Evaluating hop extract concentrations found in commercial beer to inhibit Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation
Authors: Gregory Eric R. , Bakhaider Renad F. , Gomez Grace F. , Huang Ruijie , Moser Elizabeth A. S. , Gregory Richard L.
Published: May 2022

Aims

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of hop extracts with diverse β-acid concentrations on Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation.

Methods and Results

Ten different hop extracts, with α-acid concentrations similar to those found in commercial beer products and β-acid concentrations ranging from 2.6 to 8.1%, were added to distilled water to make standardized concentrations. S. mutans isolates were treated with hop extract dilutions varying from 1:2 to 1:256. The minimum inhibitory, minimum bactericidal and minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations were determined and the optical density was evaluated. Live/dead staining confirmed the bactericidal effects. Biofilm formation of several strains of S. mutans was significantly inhibited by hop extract dilutions of 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, 1:16 and 1:32. Strong negative correlations were observed between α- and β-acid concentrations of the hop extracts and S. mutans total growth and biofilm formation.

Conclusions

The use of hop extracts prepared similarly to commercial beer decreased S. mutans biofilm formation.

Significance and Impact of the Study

The inclusion of hops in the commercial beer products may provide beneficial health effects. Further studies are warranted to determine an effect in vivo on the development of dental caries.
Durable pulmonary vein isolation with diffuse posterior left atrial ablation using low‐flow, median power, short‐duration strategy
Authors: Li Dan L. , El‐Harasis Majd , Montgomery Jay A. , Richardson Travis D. , Kanagasundram Arvindh , Estrada Juan Carlos , Lean Michael , Shoemaker M. Benjamin , Saavedra Pablo J. , Touchton Steven , Patel Bindiya , Herrmann Tarrah , John Roy M. , Michaud Gregory F.
Published: May 2022

Introduction

To target posterior wall isolation (PWI) in atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation, diffuse ablation theoretically confers a lower risk of conduction recovery compared to box set. We sought to assess the safety and efficacy of diffuse PWI with low‐flow, medium‐power, and short‐duration (LF‐MPSD) ablation, and evaluate the durability of pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) and PWI among patients undergoing repeat ablations.

Methods

We retrospectively studied patients undergoing LF‐MPSD ablation for AF (PVI + diffuse PWI) between August 2017 and December 2019. Clinical characteristics were collected. Kaplan‐Meier survival analysis was performed to study AF/atrial flutter (AFL) recurrence. Ablation data were analyzed in patients who underwent a repeat AF/AFL ablation.

Results

Of the 463 patients undergoing LF‐MPSD AF ablation (PVI alone, or PVI + diffuse PWI), 137 patients had PVI + diffuse PWI. Acute PWI with complete electrocardiogram elimination was achieved in 134 (97.8%) patients. Among the 126 patients with consistent follow‐up, 38 (30.2%) patients had AF/AFL recurrence during a median duration of 14 months. Eighteen patients underwent a repeat AF/AFL ablation after PVI + diffuse PWI, and 16 (88.9%) patients had durable PVI, in contrast to 10 of 45 (23.9%) patients who had redo ablation after LF‐MPSD PVI alone. Seven patients (38.9%) had durable PWI, while 11 patients had partial electrical recovery at the posterior wall. The median percentage of area without electrical activity at the posterior wall was 70.7%. Conduction block across the posterior wall was maintained in 16 (88.9%) patients.

Conclusion

There was a high rate of PVI durability in patients undergoing diffuse PWI and PVI. Partial posterior wall electrical recovery was common but conduction block across the posterior wall was maintained in most patients.
Characteristics of successful reactive atrial‐based antitachycardia pacing in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices: History of catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation as a predictor of high treatment efficacy
Authors: Nakagomi Toshifumi , Inden Yasuya , Yanagisawa Satoshi , Suzuki Noriyuki , Tsurumi Naoki , Watanabe Ryo , Shimojo Masafumi , Okajima Takashi , Suga Kazumasa , Shibata Rei , Murohara Toyoaki
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Reactive atrial‐based antitachycardia pacing (rATP) in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) suppresses the progression of atrial fibrillation (AF) to the persistent form. However, the clinical factors associated with successful reactive atrial‐based antitachycardia pacing (rATP) treatment are unknown. This study aimed to examine the predictors of high rATP efficacy in patients with CIEDs.

Methods

The data of 101,325 rATP‐treated atrial tachyarrhythmia (AT/AF) episodes in 51 patients, obtained through remote monitoring and device interrogation, were analyzed. The study population was divided into the high and low efficacy groups based on the overall median success rate of rATP. Clinical characteristics were compared between the two groups.

Results

During a follow‐up period of 28.6 ± 8.6 months, the median success rate was 43.7% (31.5%–64.9%). The prevalence of a history of catheter ablation of AF was significantly higher in the high efficacy group than in the low efficacy group (73.0% vs. 44.0%, p = .048) and was the only independent predictor of high rATP efficacy (odds ratio, 3.45; p = .038). The rATP success rate in patients with (n = 30) and without (n = 21) a history of catheter ablation was 53.9% (40.0%–67.5%) and 36.4% (22.2%–47.7%), respectively (p = .012). The effect of rATP after ablation was more pronounced in patients with long cycle length episodes (≥75% of AT/AF sequences having a cycle length of 200–449 ms) (67.3% [46.0%–73.6%] vs. 30.6% [18.1%–60.3%], p = .027). The high efficacy group had a significantly lower incidence of AT/AF lasting ≥1, ≥7, and ≥30 days than the low efficacy group.

Conclusion

rATP combined with catheter ablation therapy is effective in suppressing AT/AF.
Posterior wall isolation in persistent atrial fibrillation feasibility, safety, durability, and efficacy
Authors: Worck René , Sørensen Samuel K. , Johannessen Arne , Ruwald Martin , Haugdal Martin , Hansen Jim
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Posterior wall isolation (PWI) added to pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is increasingly used despite limited evidence of clinical benefit. We investigated the feasibility, durability, and efficacy of index‐procedure PVI + PWI radio frequency ablation (RFA) in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation (PeAF).

Methods and Results

Twenty‐four patients with PeAF participated in the prospective PeAF‐Box study and underwent RFA with wide area circumferential ablation, roof‐ and inferior lines to achieve PVI + PWI at index procedure. Follow‐up included monitoring by an implantable cardiac monitor, esophagoscopy and mandated invasive lesion‐reassessment at 6 months. PWI was achieved at minor procedural cost in all patients following PVI. In 33% of patients a median of three ablations in the narrow zone between the center of the posterior wall (PW) and the posterior right carina was pivotal for swift achievement of PWI. At the 6‐month reassessment procedure 85% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 77%–92%) of pulmonary veins (PVs) and 46% (95% CI: 26%–67%) of PWs remained durably isolated. AF recurred in 25% and was associated with PV‐reconnection (p = .02) but not PW‐reconnection (p = .27). AF‐burden was 0% (interquartile range [IQR]: 0%–0%) overall and after recurrence 1% (IQR: 0%–7%).

Conclusion

Index procedure PVI + PWI for PeAF was feasible when recognizing that limited ablation in a PW center‐to‐right‐carina zone was required in a subset of patients. Despite limited chronic PWI durability this strategy was followed by low AF‐burden. A PVI + PWI strategy appears promising in ablation for PeAF.