bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
СПОСІБ ЗАМІРУ ОСВІТЛЕНОСТІ ІЗ АВТОНОМНИМ ДЖЕРЕЛОМ ЖИВЛЕННЯ ВІД СОНЯЧНОЇ ЕНЕРГІЇ
Authors: Симонюк В.П.  , Божко К.М.  , Пташенчук В.В
Published: January 2024

Одним із основних пріоритетів при створенні мікроклімату у приміщеннях є професійний контроль рівня освітленості. Основним джерелом освітленості, звичайно, є природнє сонячне освітлення. У разі відсутності чи недостатності необхідно застосовувати додаткові джерела освітлення. Тому, контроль освітленості та автоматизована система керування параметрами освітленості, потребують особливої уваги при проектуванні та експлуатації об’єктів виробництва, обслуговування, навчання, медичних закладах тощо. Задачею, яка ставилась, було створення способу заміру освітленості самодостатнім джерелом живлення пристрою з високою точністю вимірів освітленості, зручного у користуванні при невеликій його вартості. Поставлена задача вирішується шляхом розробки, виготовлення та дослідження пристрою для вимірювання освітленості у якому ця ж освітленість використовується в якості джерела живлення. Блок живлення пристрою, включає фотоприймач, роль якого виконує модернізований мендосинський двигун, а як самодостатнє джерело живлення використовується сонячна батарея.
Affordable Housing in Albania: Challenges and Effective Strategies.
Authors: MUHAMUÇI Eneida
Published: January 2024

Affordable housing stands as a pressing global issue, influenced by political, climatic, and econom- ic shifts. This challenge is acutely felt in developing nations, and Albania, undergoing a protracted transition since 1991, is no exception. Previously, housing in Albania was government-provided, owned solely by the state. However, owning a house has become a cherished aspiration for Alba- nians, highlighting the critical shift in housing dynamics. Albania’s housing landscape has witnessed an alarming trend – the escalating cost of housing to the point where it becomes a near-impossible dream for many. As of 2023, Albania ranks third in Europe for having the most expensive apartment prices relative to income, as reported by Number, a leading global data source. This mounting housing affordability crisis isn’t isolated; it catalyses a cascade of societal, eco- nomic, and political issues in Albania. Official statistics from Instat reveal a significant decline in Albania’s population, primarily driven by the steady emigration of young people over the past five years. Simultaneously, informal construction has emerged as a means for some Albanians to secure shelter, although it comes at a significant cost to urban environments and the nation as a whole.This research paper seeks to delve into effective and beneficial policies tailored to Al- bania’s unique context, with a particular focus on Tirana, its capital. Through an in-depth case study, we scrutinize the impact and applicability of key policies. These include minimizing fees for lower-priced housing, streamlining development approval and permitting processes, identifying suitable parcels for affordable and accessible development, remediating brownfields, providing targeted tax and fee discounts, addressing neighborhood concerns, enhancing building design and resource efficiency, improving affordable transportation options, discouraging rental restric- tions, and implementing maintenance and rehabilitation programs for affordable housing. The research findings illuminate the effectiveness of these policies within the Tirana context, offer- ing insights into their potential to alleviate the housing affordability crisis.
Aspects of legal-civil legislation on the impact of housing and the real estate market in Albania and the countries of the Western Balkans
Authors: SHATKU Saimir , JANI Grejdi , MERSINI Antonela
Published: January 2024

The real estate market represents a very important sector of the economy of a legal state, which is realized by a combination of factors and objects that in combination with each other ensure the functioning of the market and affect the implementation of one of the main rights of the individual, which is the right of ownership and related property rights. If we have not created the necessary conditions for the existence of a real estate market, we can no longer talk about the protection of the fundamental rights of the individual, as well as about the free market economy in a legal state of law, which is realized through its close cooperation with the market of goods, capital, services, or even labor. According to statistics, 35% are foreing citizens who buy in our country. And 65% are Albanian citizens. The entire mechanism on which the real estate market is established and functions consists of real estate and legal assets released into civil circulation by economic entities operating in the market, as well as through various transactions undertaken by individuals with the aim of free disposal of these objects through the processes of creation, use and exchange of real estate objects in their market. Among the main aspects related to ownership and real estate, the right to housing for any indi- vidual is considered as the effective implementation of their exercise and protection from any kind of encroachment. Thus, the right to housing is enshrined as a fundamental human right in a large number of international acts, such as the European Convention on Human Rights, which is directly applicable to our own legislation.
PROBLEMS OF SUSTAINABLE AND STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING OF THE INDUSTRIAL (NON-RESIDENTIAL) SECTOR IN ALBANIA
Authors: SEMEMA Kleant , SHKODRANI Neritan
Published: January 2024

The territory of the Republic of Albania, in the lack of strategies, plans, programs and projects, as well as a result of the lack of coordination and cooperation between public authorities covering the field of economic sector planning, having no interaction between existing projects, new projects and planned ones, faces today the problem of increasing pollution and environmental threats and this development is not sustainable and is not strategic. As a result of the increasing number of polluting operators in the environment from the industrial (non-residential) sector from 2014 to 2022, the pressures on the components of the environment have been increased significantly, mainly concentrated in the north-eastern region of the territory. The main threat that comes from the industrial sector is direct discharges into the environment from separate sources in the air and from industrial discharges into water. The lack of environmental planning of the territory has made it possible that in the municipalities of the Tirana county, the highest concentration of the industrial sector is in the UB_Urban land use system, in the category A. Residential, mainly near the main road axes and near surface water sources.
Management roots back to the city walls. History, present, and future.
Authors: HYSA Xhimi , SUPARAKU Shefqet
Published: January 2024

The terms “manager” and “management” are frequently used in the daily communication. Given the universality trait of management, then every type of organization needs managers and man- agement. Principles of management have remained solid over time, and over all organization- al types. Fundamentals are fundamentals; what changes is the organizational mission, strategy, structure, and culture. The latter make the specific vocabulary of a defined organization. Thus, if principles have remained unchanged, what has changed is how managers respond to environ- mental dynamics and complexity in face of uncertainty. While technology, in one side has been showing itself as problem solver, on the other side has created new complexity conditions to deal with. This makes present and future more intriguing, while extends an invitation to managers to reflect through new lens. The importance of management is historically related to the territory. Not only, but the first organizational position where the term “manager” found a place was the city. Thus, the denomination “city manager” brings the institution of management back to the city walls. This paper makes an effort to harmonize together history, present, and future of city man- agement from an interdisciplinary perspective. It aims to reconcile the good management practic- es of the city by reviving the past as a timeframe of Chronos and Aion, exploiting the opportunities of the present from a Cairos time perspective, and imagining the future as a miscellaneous time Chronos-Aion-Cairos. This study considers the city as a viable system (i.e., a living territory) and a service system, able to survive and reproduce itself by being a service provider to its citizens. All these exchanges happen in complex feedback loops as facilitated by artificial intelligence and virtual reality. This metaverse perspective makes the case for “city-verse” and the emergent figure of “city-verse manager”.
‘Declustering’ decision-making on cultural heritage. Tirana’s historic centre during urban development
Authors:   POLIS University, MUSAJ Doriana
Published: January 2024

Tirana center was designed and used by all governments during most of its lifetime mainly as a political instrument. After decades of central controlled urbanism, the fell of the communist re- gime was accompanied with massive development mostly illegal and informal that spread all over the urban area. In 2000, when the aggressiveness of the constructions posed danger to the historic urban environment of the center of the city, the Ministry of Culture requested the designation of the Boulevard of Tirana and its surroundings as a ‘Cultural Historical Architectural Ensemble’. Since then, the borders of the zone that defined the ensemble reshaped several times. Due to consecutive decisions the Ensemble lost 53% of its area. This paper uses a comparative analysis of the cartographic documents that accompany the governmental decisions on the ensemble while cataloging the cultural monuments which transformed, reshaped or demolished due to these de- cisions. The research concludes that the legal ‘border’ instrument used to protect the ensemble is easily transformable into a political instrument which in the case of Tirana, resulted beside the loss of heritage also in the transformation and shift of the urban common.
Exploring the dialectic between permanence and change. The case of Epidamn Bulevard in Durrës.
Authors: BUKA Iden , Plyku DEMAJ Marsela , KUMARAKU Llazar
Published: January 2024

Durrës has always been considered an important city both in the region and beyond, with a stra- tegic position, as a transit or exchange gate, but also an interesting place to stay and live. The strategic position, natural but also historical, cultural and archaeological values have always given Durrës the potential to develop in the above-mentioned aspects, but also the potential to influence the development of other countries, which create relations with this city, so and the relationship with Italy has undoubtedly been mutual throughout history. Today’s “Epidamn” boulevard is a result of the interventions in the urban area of Durrës during the period of the Italian occupation at the beginning of the 20th century. However, the axis where Epidamn Boulevard is located today is also present in the earliest maps, or even in pictures from the beginning of the 20th century. This paper investigates the organizational ability of the Boulevard element to influence the mor- phology of the city of Durrës. This ability will be analyzed through a philological reading of the space of this axis, emphasizing the transformations over time and the permanence and change of architectural elements in different periods. This dialectic of permanence and growth as explored by Rossi, implies a city which not only possesses a before and an after, but which is defined by their interrelationship. The expected results are a series of diagrams that read the stability and trans- formations of this morphological axis in relation to the urban form of the city of Durrës. These diagrams will serve to raise the awareness on the form-creating abilities that the compositional element of the axis has in relation to the urban form.
The Architecture of Hospitals. Learning From the Past
Authors: JESKU Franklind
Published: January 2024

Reading architecture through resilient witnesses like hospitals or healthcare facilities offers a tool for unlocking the elemental and generative principles of architecture and how architecture builds societies and vice versa. Every social class is treated by hospitals in that specific historical time. Medicine, healthcare, and habitations are interrelated keys to exploring how this infrastructure can help to heal and the con- tribution of resilience in the architecture’s role in shaping our society and its health. In this light health is considered a human right. Consequently, hospitals influence individual behaviors in advancing human rights. This paper is part of a theoretical framework over the archetype and organization form of the hospital architec- ture. For many years, the issue of form composition in architecture has been overridden in favor of a series of studies on phenomenology or information, ignoring the fundamental issue of the disci- pline of architecture, which is precisely related to the organization of form. Nowadays, the essence of composition in architecture often dominates our profession's fundamental principles. The subject of this paper is a historical excursus of hospital and their relation to the specific context and historical period. the formal organization of hospital architecture is analyzed and studied in the functional, tectonic, and compositional plans. This research tries to find the balanced con- nections between form, function, and composition in hospital design, considering their context and history. Beyond technicalities, this study focuses on understanding how the organization of a hospital can impact the function of a hospital, healing, and well-being. The investigation starts with a historical overview: how have hospitals changed and evolved over time, and what can we learn from the most important examples of each era in the past?
A GIS-based analysis of the urban green space accessibility Case Study: Administrative Area No.6, Tirana, Albania
Authors: HAXHIU Leonora , KORANCE Franceska
Published: January 2024

Urban green spaces such as parks, recreational areas as well as urban forest represent a fundamen- tal component of urban ecosystems. In terms of urban planning, it is important to focus on the urban green spaces open to the public, especially analyzing the availability and accessibility of all urban residents to these areas. Managing and ensuring access to these green areas within urban landscapes poses distinct challenges. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have become an in- dispensable tool for researchers aiming to analyze urban green space accessibility. Albania currently lacks specific nationwide standards for green space per capita, and such stand- ards vary between countries, shaped by urban planning policies, population density, and environ- mental considerations. This study situated in Administrative Area No. 6, Tirana, Albania, compre- hensively assesses the general accessibility and deficiencies in urban green spaces. It also explores the interaction between green space density and population density within the area. Using GIS, this study aims to seek the relationship between green space accessibility, and deficien- cy of urban green spaces into the given area. The number and location of the green spaces within the area are correlated with the population density in order to analyze the accessibility to green areas based on walking distance between the access points of the green spaces and the residential areas. It also seeks to guide local decision-makers in identifying areas requiring additional green space development in new residential zones and older urban areas. Results highlight the distribution of green spaces, emphasizing disparities in accessibility and de- ficiency within the area.
Planning for disaster risk management: the perspective of Greece and Albania on envisioning resilient futures
Authors:   Leibniz Institute for Ecological Urban and Regional Planning (IOER), ZAFEIRIOU1 Varsami , ALIAJ Besnik , SKAYANNIS antoleon ,   POLIS University, Albania,   Professor, POLIS, Emeritus Professor, UTH
Published: January 2024

Climate change has (according to many) intensified natural hazards, and exacerbated natural disasters and their human and economic consequences. International organizations (United Na- tions Office for Disaster Risk Reduction- UNDRR, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change – IPCC, etc.) have established frameworks for disaster prevention, mitigation, reaction, and re- covery. At the same time, the Sustainable Development Agenda 2030 recognizes the need for Dis- aster Risk Reduction for sustainable transformation, with cities being the focal point for achieving safety, inclusiveness, resilience and sustainability on a global level (United Nations, 2015, p. 24). Governments, planners, and academics have also been concerned about the issue of resilience and especially in cities for which there have been projects, such as the exemplary one for the 100 Resilient Cities (2022). Nonetheless, the complex interrelationships between resilient and sus- tainability goals raise the question of whether the two are complementary or contrasting qualities for planning agendas (Ahern, 2011; Saunders & Becker, 2015; Grum & Grum, 2023). Scientific knowledge on disaster risk management and supporting policy discourse are therefore growing, however, losses from natural disasters worldwide increase (CRED, 2022). Different policies are implemented by different governments, but in most cases, they have a common element, an ex- post approach, since they focus on the restoration of disaster damages and rarely include planning for the future (Skayannis & Zafeiriou, 2021). This paper attempts to see the phenomenon from the perspective of two countries (Albania & Greece), to discuss the basic policies for risk management and planning applied in the cases of disasters (except earthquakes), of the two countries and to find the pros and cons of the policies applied, based on a set of criteria. These criteria are focused on: •The institutional capacities for socio-ecological and spatial resilience planning in the two coun- tries. •The level of knowledge (including the transfer of both scientific and indigenous/local knowledge transfer) of stakeholders on hazards, exposure and disaster risk. •The spatial planning practices for sustainable development and management of uncertainties for disaster risk prevention, and mitigation of future impacts. The ultimate aim of this paper will be to outline: •how do the two neighbouring countries shape their disaster risk management visions (where is the focus? on sustainability or resilience? links between them?) • the role of spatial planning in the process of “fabricating” the visions (based on the former criteria).
The influence of climate change on drought occurrences and the measures taken to alleviate drought in Albania
Authors:   POLIS University, LUSHAJ herif , GJONI Anira , KUCAJ Enkelejda ,   Polytechnic University of Tirana, Albania
Published: January 2024

Drought is an extreme weather condition marked by prolonged periods of no precipitation and dry weather. It affects the hydrological balance, soil moisture, temperature, water supply, and river flow rates. Land degradation, biodiversity loss, and significant economic sectors are negatively impacted. Despite its small size, Albania is distinguished by its separation into 13 subzones and 4 phytoclimatic zones, which exhibit noticeable variances in terms of climate indicators and ex- treme weather occurrences. The seasonality of the yearly rainfall, which falls 80% of the time between October and April, the dry summer, and human activities that harm the environment are further factors contributing to drought in Albania. Albania is one of the nations whose dry and semi-arid regions, which make up around two-thirds of its surface, are experiencing drought and the desertification process. Even on a worldwide scale, nearly one-third of the land is degrading. When compared to the 30-year average, meteorological data from Albania suggest that climate change, the phenomenon of drought, and land desertification are increasing. Therefore, in 2020, the amount of precipitation was 14.4% less at 10 meteorological stations around the nation, and the average maximum temperatures increased by +2.8°C, over the multi-year average of 1961–1990. As a result of the escalation and disastrous effects of drought, climate change is considered a “hot” topic that has attracted the attention of governments, institutions worldwide, and international organizations. This will be done through an in-depth analysis of indicators and indices of climate, hydrological and meteorological drought, exposed economic sectors, and land. Additionally, the key findings of the reduction of environmental, ecological, and agricultural drought, adaptation to climate change in relation to drought protection for the soil, and in particular for agricultural land, will be highlighted.
Peran Penyuluh Agama dalam Mencegah Politisasi Agama Menjelang Tahun Politik 2024
Authors: Solechan Achmad , Luthfi Zuhdi Muhammad , Syauqillah Muhammad
Published: January 2024

Agama merupakan satu diantara unsur kebangsaan yang menjadi perekat keharmonisan bangsa. Menjelang tahun politik 2024, berbagai pihak yang berkonstestasi dalam pemilihan legislatif maupun eksekutif berusaha melakukan berbagai upaya untuk menjadi pemenang. Salah satu upaya dalam pemenangan kontestasi tersebut adalah dengan memainkan politisasi agama. Padahal, para pakar politik telah menyepakati bahwa politisasi agama bukanlah hal yang baik bagi negara majemuk seperti Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, demi menghindari dampak negatif dari politisasi agama, sudah seharusnya berbagai pihak termasuk para penyuluh agama berusaha mencegahnya. Terbatasnya artikel dan penelitian tentang peran penyuluh agama dalam mencegah dampak negatif politisasi agama menggerakkan penulis untuk memfokuskan penelitian pada peran penyuluh agama dalam mencegah dampak negatif politisasi agama. Penelitian ini berusaha memberikan wawasan kepada para penyuluh agama tentang peran krusial mereka dalam mencegah dampak negatif politisasi agama. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskrptif. Data diambil dari studi kepustakaan dengan data primer Keputusan Bersama Menteri Agama RI dan Kepala Badan Kepegawaian Negara nomor: 574 Tahun 1999 dan Nomor: 178 Tahun 1999. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa penyuluh agama memiliki empat peran dalam pencegahan dampak negatif politisasi agama yaitu: peran informatif-edukatif, konsultatif, advokatif dan administratif.
Dakwah melalui Distribusi Zakat dan Dampaknya pada Implementasi Keagamaan Muallaf di Indonesia
Authors: Choirin Muhammad , Kurniawan Rizaludin , Saputra Arbi Dion , A'toa' Bin Mokhtar Ahmad
Published: January 2024

This study explores the level of Islamic practice for Muallaf assisted by the Zakat Management Institute (LPZ) in Indonesia, which receive zakat funds. In addition, this study will also analyse the relationship between the level of zakat distribution and the level of religious practice, with the main focus on using the allocation of zakat funds to strengthen faith and practice Islamic values. This study uses quantitative methods involving as many as 135 converts as respondents. The descriptive statistical method describes the impact of zakat distributed by LPZ to asnaf Muallaf as zakat recipients. The results of this study indicate that the level of distribution of zakat and religious practice is positively related and shows high coefficient values of 4.45 and 4.63. Then, if viewed based on the correlation between the distribution of zakat and spiritual preparation for converts, it is significantly high. Therefore, the Zakat Management Institute (LPZ) can optimise the empowerment of zakat for converts.
Kontestasi dalam Mengelola Amanah: Tata Kelola Lembaga Filantropi Perguruan Tinggi
Authors: Amelia Fauzia Amelia Fauzia , Sudarnoto Abdul Hakim Sudarnoto Abdul Hakim , Haryo Mojopahit Haryo Mojopahit , Gita Safitri Gita Safitri
Published: January 2024

Di Indonesia kontemporer, praktik filantropi (kedermawanan) Islam berkembang pesat dan masuk ke ranah perguruan tinggi. Praktik  ini berkembang dengan berbagai variasinya, sejalan dengan keterbukaan demokrasi politik dan Islamisasi setelah jatuhnya Orde Baru. Artikel ini menggali bagaimana  peta perkembangan, karakteristik, kontribusi, serta tantangan praktik filantropi Islam di lingkungan perguruan tinggi.  Melalui riset kualitatif dalam bidang ilmu Sejarah Sosial kontemporer,  artikel ini melihat fenomena kelembagaan filantropi Islam di perguruan tinggi sejalan dengan  gerakan modernisasi dan Islamisasi dan memposisikan perguruan tinggi sebagai civil society. Melalui in-depth interview, Focus Group Discussion, kajian dokumen serta observasi, kami menemukan bahwa praktik filantropi telah berkembang di banyak perguruan tinggi agama Islam dan umum, baik negeri maupun swasta terutama di Pulau Jawa. Sebanyak  51 (lima puluh satu) organisasi filantropi yang sudah berdiri di lingkungan perguruan tinggi memperlihatkan keragaman bentuk yang dipengaruhi oleh konteks komunitasnya. Praktik ini masuk melalui spirit Islamisasi dan demokratisasi yang didedikasikan tidak saja untuk penguatan institusi perguruan tinggi, tapi juga kesejahteraan dan kemanusiaan secara umum. Praktik filantropi ini semakin menguat ketika menghadapi Pandemi Covid-19. Namun demikian, kontestasi antara negara dan civil society dalam skala nasional juga terlihat dalam sekup perguruan tinggi dan menjadi salah satu tantangan bagi laju filantropi di perguruan tinggi.
Analisis Spirit Filantropi Islam Perspektif Aksiologi Max Scheler dalam Konteks Badan Amil Zakat Nasional
Authors: Budiman Arip , Busro Busro , Rasyid Ari Farizal
Published: January 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis konsep filantropi Islam dalam perspektif aksiologi Max Scheler dan bagaimana Badan Amil Zakat Nasional dapat mempraktikkan nilai-nilai filantropi Islam di Indonesia. Proses penelitian menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kepustakaan. Hasil dan pembahasan menunjukan bahwa konsep filantropi Islam dalam konteks Baznas melalui program-programnya, secara aksiologis masuk dalam kategori hirarki nilai spiritual dan religious perspektif Max Scheler. Kesimpulan yang didapat dalam penelitian adalah bahwa spirit filantropi Islam memiliki landasan yang bersifat spiritual dan religious secara aksiologis, terutama melalui implementasi program Baznas dalam penyaluran dana ziswaf. Rekomendasi untuk penelitian berikutnya yaitu diperlukan metode yang lebih elaborative untuk melakukan penelitian yang lebih terperinci mengenai strategi-strategi yang diterapkan oleh Baznas dalam mempromosikan filantropi Islam. Hal tersebut diperlukan karena penelitian ini terbatas pada satu pendekatan kualitatif saja.
Residual Force and Downdrag Impacts on Static Loading Tests and Design of CFA Piles
Authors: Fellenius Bengt
Published: January 2024

Construction of a three-storey school complex over compressible silt and silty clay followed by sand was affected by fill placement required to reach finished grade. Pile foundations were selected to mitigate excessive settlement caused by the building loads and downdrag resulting from the fill. Static loading tests on instrumented piles were performed to confirm the design. The back-analyses of the tests revealed presence of residual force and were adjusted for the final design by applying interactive response of force and movement. The analysis results showed that the initial design of the foundations was suitable. Mistakes in assessing live load and drag force, when applying the results of the static loading tests, and a misinterpretation of the building code led to the conclusion that the piles, as initially designed, would need to be substantially lengthened. Final assessment showed that lengthening was not necessary.
Axial and Lateral Load Test Performance of Steel Fin Pile
Authors: Hubler Jonathan
Published: January 2024

Steel fin piles may offer increased resistance to lateral and torsional loading; however, there is limited experimental data in the literature for steel fin pile performance. This study evaluates the performance of steel fin piles through field load testing and numerical analysis. Axial and lateral load tests were conducted on two fin piles with a diameter of 273 mm and a length of 3.73 m to evaluate their performance and compare with modeling in LPILE. The lateral tests were conducted with the load applied in two orientations, either in line with the fins or rotated 45 degrees to the fins to assess any difference in performance in the fin orientation to the direction of loading. The effect of the direction of loading compared to the fin orientation proved to be small but existent, with the fin pile displacing less from the lateral load when loaded in between the fins. Additionally, the modeled deflected shape of the fin piles in the lateral test closely matched the observed deflected shape recorded by the shape array instrumentation. The models in LPILE provided results consistent with field observations in the lateral testing, bolstering the viability of fin piles as a prospective replacement to conventional deep foundations when lateral loading governs design.
Part II: Construction and Verification of Rigid Inclusions
Authors: Smith Miriam
Published: January 2024

Thousands of structures throughout the United States are supported on rigid inclusions (RIs); however, there currently exists no industry-wide standard for the selection, design, and verification of RIs. The Rigid Inclusion Task Force of the Deep Foundations Institute (DFI) Ground Improvement Committee has strived to address these issues in a two-part commentary document. Part I describes the fundamental load transfer mechanics of RIs and discusses the state-of-the-practice for the design of RIs in the United States. This document (Part II) discusses construction and verification considerations of RIs. The results of quality issues during RI installation can be detrimental to cost, schedule, and, more importantly, system performance. It is important to select the RI installation procedures in accordance with the variability, type, and density of the soil conditions onsite. The term RI can apply to a variety of materials, but the primary focus of this paper is on cementitious, cast-in-place RIs. Construction risks may be mitigated with thoughtful pre-mobilization planning and robust quality control procedures as discussed herein.
تطور انتاج البترول في ليبيا ومستقبله
Authors: رؤف مصطفى محمد
Published: January 2024

قبل أن نبدأ الكلام في الموضوع نرى أن نذكر شيئا عن جغرافية البلاد لتساعدنا على تفهم الموضوع على الوجه الأكمل . 
أن المملكة الليبية شاسعة الأرجاء قليلة السكان في شمال افريقيا وتمتد من تونس والجزائر غربا الى حدود الجمهورية العربية المتحدة شرقا ومن البحر الأبيض المتوسط شمالا إلى النيجر وتشاد جنوبا وتقع على وجه التقريب بين خطي طول 9ْ 25ْ شرقا . 
وتبلغ مساحتها 68000 میل مربع أو ما يعادل مجموع مساحة المانيا وفرنسا والدول الاسكندنافية وهولندة أو ما يقارب من سبعة أضعاف المملكة المتحدة وتأتي ليبيا في المرتبة الثالثة من اقطار افريقيا من حيث المساحة وذلك بعد السودان والكونغو 
ويبلغ طول الخط الساحلي الليبي الممتد من تونس والجمهورية العربية المتحدة 1140میلا و تنقسم البلاد من الوجهة الجغرافية إلى ثلاثة أقسام رئيسية وهي : 
1.السهل الساحلي في الشمال .
2.المرتفعات الشمالية بما في ذلك جبال طرابلس والجبل الأخضر وتلال البطنان و در نة .
3. المناطق الصحراوية بما فيها الواحات المختلفة مثل واحة جغبوب ومراده وجالو وغدامس وغيرها . 
وسنذكر هنا نبذة عن أهمية البترول ويكفي أن نستهل الكلام في هذا الموضوع بالحديث الشريف « ابتغوا الرزق في خبايا الارض ». 
ولقد احتل البترول في السنوات الأخيرة المكانة الاولى من مصادر الطاقة الحديثة في العالم بعد أن كان الفحم هو صاحب هذه المكانة كما أصبح البترول من المواد الخام التي تقوم عليها صناعات كيماوية في غاية الأهمية بعد أن كان الفحم يمثل 66,5% من الطاقة في عام1973والبترول 20,2% انخفض الفحم الى 33,7% في سنة 1960م وارتفع البترول الى 43,1% والغاز الطبيعي من 5,8% في سنة 1937 إلى 15,1% في سنة 1960  أي أن نصيب الفحم من مجموع الطاقة المحركة في تناقص مستمر ويقابله تزايد مستمر بالنسبة لنصيب كل من البترول والغاز الطبيعي ولكن يجب أن لا يفهم من ذلك أن انتاج الفحم في تناقص بل على العكس فقد استمر أنتاجه في تزايد مضطرد كما استمر استهلاك الانسان له في تزايد أيضا و كل ما في الأمر أن حاجة الانسان لمثل هذه المصادر قد تضاعفت نتيجة للتقدم المستمر في عالم الصناعة والمواصلات كما أنه يتضح من النسب السابق الاشارة اليها تفوق البترول وغازه الطبيعي على الفحم كمصدر اول للطاقة في العالم ويرجع ذلك الى زيادة انتاجهما في السنوات الأخيرة زيادة مذهلة نظرا لتسابق الدول الكبرى على انتاجهما والتوسع الشديد في استخدامهما ويرجع تفوق البترول وغازه الطبيعي على الفحم كمصدر أول للطاقة في العالم الى الأسباب الآتية : ۱) اختراع المحرك ذو الاحتراق الداخلي وانتشار استخدامه بسرعة على نطاق واسع منذ بداية هذا القرن وذلك نظرا لتفوقه على المحرك الذي يسير بقوة  البخار.
Forecast of production indicators of the oil bank of the gas condensate reservoir in the mode of gas factor increase
Authors:   Institute for Oil and Gas of Azerbaijan Republic, Samadova G.E. , Feyzullayeva N.M. ,   Institute for Oil and Gas of Azerbaijan Republic
Published: January 2024

The operation parameters of a gas-condensate formation with the oil bank in the mode of oil displacement with water via the horizontal wells for increasing the gas factor with the technological indicators of the gas-free production rate have been compared based on the three-phase component model. Compared to the mode of gas-free production rate, a sharp increase of the oil recovery rate and cost effectiveness of production have been defined in the mode of gas factor increase.
Success of susceptibility-guided eradication of Helicobacter pylori in a region with high secondary clarithromycin and levofloxacin resistance rates
Authors: Wang Yan-Meng , Chen Mo-Ye , Chen Jing , Zhang Xin-He , Feng Yan , Han Yu-Xi , Li Yi-Ling
Published: January 2024

BACKGROUND

Resistance to clarithromycin (CLA) and levofloxacin (LFX) of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is increasing in severity, and successful eradication is essential. Presently, the eradication success rate has greatly declined, leaving a large number of patients with previous treatment histories.

AIM

To investigate secondary resistance rates, explore risk factors for antibiotic resistance, and assess the efficacy of susceptibility-guided therapy.

METHODS

We recruited 154 subjects positive for Urea Breath Test who attended The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University between July 2022 and April 2023. Participants underwent a string test after an overnight fast. The gastric juice was obtained and transferred to vials containing storage solution. Subsequently, DNA extraction and the specific DNA amplification were performed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Demographic information was also analyzed as part of the study. Based on these results, the participants were administered susceptibility-guided treatment. Efficacy was compared with that of the empiric treatment group.

RESULTS

A total of 132 individuals tested positive for the H. pylori ureA gene by qPCR technique. CLA resistance rate reached a high level of 82.6% (n = 109), LFX resistance rate was 69.7% (n = 92) and dual resistance was 62.1% (n = 82). Gastric symptoms [odds ratio (OR) = 2.782; 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 1.076-7.194; P = 0.035] and rural residence (OR = 5.152; 95%CI: 1.407-18.861; P = 0.013) were independent risk factors for secondary resistance to CLA and LFX, respectively. A total of 102 and 100 individuals received susceptibility-guided therapies and empiric treatment, respectively. The antibiotic susceptibility-guided treatment and empiric treatment groups achieved successful eradication rates of 75.5% (77/102) and 59.0% (59/411) by the intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis and 90.6% (77/85) and 70.2% (59/84) by the per-protocol (PP) analysis, respectively. The eradication rates of these two treatment strategies were significantly different in both ITT (P = 0.001) and PP (P = 0.012) analyses.

CONCLUSION

H. pylori presented high secondary resistance rates to CLA and LFX. For patients with previous treatment failures, treatments should be guided by antibiotic susceptibility tests or regional antibiotic resistance profile.
Shift in the Focus of Attention Projected onto Language and Speech
Authors:   Samara National Research University, Iliukhina Nadezhda A.
Published: January 2024

This article considers the connection between cognitive and speech activity through the prism of the concept of shifting the focus of attention. The object of the research is language and speech material that reflects the results of shifting the focus of attention within the framework of information being communicated. The study is aimed to identify and generalize such phenomena as well as analyse the mechanism bringing to the front the most important part of information in an utterance. The shift in the focus of attention, related to the cognitive sphere, projected onto language and speech results in multiform processes that are associated with units of different levels and implement the said intention. Among the most obvious linguistic projections of the shift in the focus of attention, the article describes lexical metonymy in its classical and broader sense, transfer of attribute from one component to another, changes in the lexical content of the positions of the grammatical subject and object, introduction or omission of arguments of a predicate, functional sentence perspective, converse terms, expansion of the metaphorical image as a means of conceptualizing one and the same denotative sphere, etc. Comparison of projections of the shift in the focus of attention onto units of different levels of the language system allows us to identify a general mechanism that ensures the communicative effect of bringing to the front a certain element of the content of an utterance. The general condition for this mechanism is contiguity between the elements of an utterance or the elements of a situation. At the cognitive level, the contiguity of elements is determined by their belonging to one and the same concept, in the case of the phenomena under study, primarily by belonging to the proposition as a type of concept. Based on this, a consistent multilateral variation occurs among the elements associated with the structure of an utterance: words, sentences, concepts, etc. Variation is observed in the form, semantics and denotative reference of a unit. As a result of the analysis, a conclusion was made about a strong community of completely different systemic linguistic phenomena that are associated with bringing to the front a part of an utterance; in other words, they perform one and the same cognitive function.
The Processes of Transformation of the International Arctic Region: New Geopolitical Contours
Authors:   Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Panikar Marina M.
Published: January 2024

The article attempts to analyse the international Arctic region during the period from the end of the Cold War to the present. In this timespan, the author identifies two main stages, which differ in the logic of building relations between the regional powers. Special attention is paid to the transformation of the theoretical approaches to the concept of region, characterized by a shift in emphasis from the territorial principle, which defines a region as a specific territory, to the spatial principle, based on functional features. This allows us to explain the processes that took place in the Arctic after the end of the Cold War, when a global region started to form on this territory. In addition, the article highlights the uniqueness of the Arctic due to the impact of rapid climate change on the region’s geopolitical position. The paper analyses the reasons for the change in the logic of the development of international processes in the Arctic from the idea of a global region with intensive international cooperation to confrontation. The author inclines to interpret the main reason for it through the prism of a systematic approach: as a result of the rearrangement of elements in the system of international relations due to the emergence of new poles of power, disagreements with the world hegemon arise, which leads to a redistribution of power. Another specific feature of the international relations in the Arctic is the configuration of regional players, when seven countries create a counterbalance to one Arctic power. This is clearly demonstrated through NATO’s activities in the region and the blocking of Russia’s participation in all forms of regional cooperation. The Arctic countries’ continued reluctance to collaboratе with Russia in the same way as before can also be explained by their growing state egoism.
UNVEILING THE MYSTERY OF NEURONAL SYNCHRONIZATION: HOW COORDINATED BRAIN ACTIVITY SHAPES COGNITION IN THE CONTEXT OF EDUCATION
Authors: Ach. Shobri  , Syahruddin Mahmud  , Loso Judijanto  , Rerin Maulinda  , Rezkiyah Hoesny
Published: January 2024

Neuronal synchronization, a captivating and intricate phenomenon within the realm of neuroscience, unfolds as a mesmerizing dance of coordinated firing among groups of neurons, ultimately giving rise to distinctive brain rhythms. This paper embarks on a comprehensive exploration, delving into the profound impact of neuronal synchronization on cognition, particularly within the educational landscape. The journey navigates the nexus of neuroscience and education from unraveling the fundamental mechanisms underlying this phenomenon to elucidating its far-reaching cognitive consequences and practical applications in teaching. This exploration extends beyond theoretical discussions to embrace real-world applications, with case studies and examples illustrating successful implementations of neuronal synchronization principles in educational settings. These instances serve as beacons, shedding light on how understanding and leveraging neuronal synchronization can significantly enhance the teaching and learning experience. As we peer into the future, emerging trends in neuroeducation come to the forefront. This trajectory holds promise for personalized and adaptive learning experiences dynamically shaped by the principles of neuronal synchronization. The potential benefits of inclusive education become apparent, emphasizing the importance of recognizing and accommodating the diverse cognitive profiles of learners. In essence, this paper positions neuronal synchronization not merely as a scientific concept but as a guiding principle poised to revolutionize pedagogy. The intricate interplay between neuroscience and education showcased through the lens of neuronal synchronization, beckons a future where scientific insights do not just inform teaching strategies intricately woven into the fabric of our cognitive processes. This abstract invites readers to embark on a journey that transcends disciplinary boundaries, illuminating the transformative potential that understanding neuronal synchronization holds for the evolution of education.
Pengembangan Edukasi Teknologi Melalui Game Rohani Kepada Anak-Anak Kristen Masa Kini di GKLI Sipoholon
Authors: Agustinus Gulo  , Johannes GB Panjaitan  , Remita Nian Permata Zendrato  , Eni Marlina Sihombing  , Yersi Hotmauli Berutu  , Elsina Sihombing
Published: January 2024

The purpose of this study was to develop children's ability to use technology through spiritual games. The research method used in this study is a qualitative approach method. Data collection using observation techniques and direct interviews with children and Sunday school teachers at GKLI Sipoholon. The results showed that the use of spiritual games has the potential to increase children's understanding of religious teachings and morality. The importance of developing spiritual education in the digital era demands creativity and innovation in providing learning to children. In an era of ever-evolving technology, education in the church environment requires an innovative approach. Spiritual games are defined as interactive game applications specifically designed to provide religious and moral learning experiences. Spiritual games are an interesting bridge to the world of Christian children. Through the development of technological media, especially spiritual games. Thus, the development of technology education through spiritual games at GKLI Sipoholon is a progressive step in educating and guiding Christian children today, in line with the mission of spiritual formation of the church.
Using the phospha-Michael reaction for making phosphonium phenolate zwitterions
Authors: Steiner Matthias R , Schmallegger Max , Donner Larissa , Hlina Johann A , Marschner Christoph , Baumgartner Judith , Slugovc Christian
Published: January 2024

The reactions of 2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-(diphenylphosphino)phenol and various Michael acceptors (acrylonitrile, acrylamide, methyl vinyl ketone, several acrylates, methyl vinyl sulfone) yield the respective phosphonium phenolate zwitterions at room temperature. Nine different zwitterions were synthesized and fully characterized. Zwitterions with the poor Michael acceptors methyl methacrylate and methyl crotonate formed, but could not be isolated in pure form. The solid-state structures of two phosphonium phenolate molecules were determined by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The bonding situation in the solid state together with NMR data suggests an important contribution of an ylidic resonance structure in these molecules. The phosphonium phenolates are characterized by UV–vis absorptions peaking around 360 nm and exhibit a negative solvatochromism. An analysis of the kinetics of the zwitterion formation was performed for three Michael acceptors (acrylonitrile, methyl acrylate, and acrylamide) in two different solvents (chloroform and methanol). The results revealed the proton transfer step necessary to stabilize the initially formed carbanion as the rate-determining step. A preorganization of the carbonyl bearing Michael acceptors allowed for reasonable fast direct proton transfer from the phenol in aprotic solvents. In contrast, acrylonitrile, not capable of forming a similar preorganization, is hardly reactive in chloroform solution, while in methanol the corresponding phosphonium phenolate is formed.
Healthcare professionals’ hand hygiene: perspectives of nursing student’s in patients/relatives role
Authors: Maraş Gül Bülbül , Kocaçal Elem , Bahar Arzu
Published: January 2024

Objective To validate a knowledge, attitude and practice survey on preventive measures against COVID-19 for penitentiary system staff based on environmental theory. Methods This is a methodological study developed in four stages: conceptual structure establishment; instrument elaboration; content validity by judges; and appearance assessment by the target audience. The content of each item was validated for objectivity, clarity and relevance. Survey appearance was assessed regarding objective, organization, writing style and motivation. Content validity coefficient was used to assess agreement among judges and the target audience. Data were analyzed using gross distributions, percentages, position and dispersion measures. Cronbach’s alpha index was used to analyze the consistency of judges’ and target audience’s assessments. Results Regarding content and appearance, the assessed requirements achieved agreement greater than 0.9. In consistency assessment, a Cronbach’s alpha index > 0.9 and > 0.7 was obtained for content and appearance, respectively, indicating that judges and target audiences tended to make similar assessments. Conclusion The survey presented content and appearance validity for collecting data regarding knowledge, attitude and practice regarding COVID-19 prevention for penitentiary system staff, indicating that it could contribute to health education action planning and assessment.