bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SOLUTION OF THE MPC PROBLEM IN TERMS OF THE SZ.-NAGY–FOIAŞ DILATION THEORY
Authors: GÓMEZ-CUBILLO F.
Published: March 2008

Motivated by physical problems, Misra, Prigogine and Courbage (MPC) studied the following problem: given a one-parameter unitary group {Ut} on a separable Hilbert space [Formula: see text], find a Hilbert space [Formula: see text], a contraction semigroup {Wt} on [Formula: see text] and an injective operator [Formula: see text] with dense range which intertwines the actions of {Ut} and {Wt} (ΛWt= UtΛ). More precisely, they studied the case where [Formula: see text] is an L2-space over a probability space and both {Ut} and {Wt} are Markovian (i.e. positivity and identity preserving). MPC gave a sufficient condition for the existence of a solution of the above problem, the existence of a time operator associated to {Ut}. In this paper we prove that, using the Sz.-Nagy–Foiaş dilation theory, it is possible to give a constructive characterization of all the solutions of the MPC problem in the general context. This criterium allows one to construct a solution of the MPC problem for which no time operator exists. When specialized to L2-spaces and Markovian {Ut} and {Wt}, the present criterium is applied to address the so-called inverse problem of Statistical Mechanics, namely to characterize the intrinsically random dynamics {Ut}.
NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADED CIRCULAR PLATES UNDER DIFFERENT LOADS AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Authors: GUNES RECEP , REDDY J. N.
Published: March 2008

Geometrically nonlinear analysis of functionally graded circular plates subjected to mechanical and thermal loads is carried out in this paper. The Green–Lagrange strain tensor in its entirety is used in the analysis. The locally effective material properties are evaluated using homogenization method which is based on the Mori–Tanaka scheme. In the case of thermally loaded plates, the temperature variation through the thickness is determined by solving a steady-state heat transfer (i.e. energy) equation. As an example, a functionally gradient material circular plate composed of zirconium and aluminum is used and results are presented in graphical form.
LINGUISTIC NETWORK CONFIGURATIONS: MANAGEMENT OF INNOVATION IN DESIGN-INTENSIVE FIRMS
Authors: DELL'ERA CLAUDIO , MARCHESI ALESSIO , VERGANTI ROBERTO
Published: March 2008

In today's business and academic arenas, design is more and more viewed as an important strategic resource. In fact, over the last couple of years, we have seen a real explosion in business and research literature that see scholars and companies alike trying to continuously link design to innovation and business strategy. With this paper, our intent is to understand how companies can take better advantage of this strategic resource, and in particular develop a set of organisational guidelines that can support them in this quest. To accomplish this, we analysed the innovation processes of a set of leading design driven companies in the furniture industry to identify how they develop product innovations. What we found is that they adopt particular practices and innovation approaches by collaborating with a series of interpreters; moreover they structure themselves in what we have defined as linguistic network that can vary according to specific configurations. The focus of this paper is therefore on defining and making explicit the characteristics of the linguistic network able to improve a company's capabilities to access diffused knowledge about socio-cultural models and increase the "exposure" toward context evolutions.
Influence of Oceanic Boundary Conditions in Simulations of Antarctic Climate and Surface Mass Balance Change during the Coming Century
Authors: Krinner Gerhard , Guicherd Bérangère , Ox Katia , Genthon Christophe , Magand Olivier
Published: March 2008

This article reports on high-resolution (60 km) atmospheric general circulation model simulations of the Antarctic climate for the periods 1981–2000 and 2081–2100. The analysis focuses on the surface mass balance change, one of the components of the total ice sheet mass balance, and its impact on global eustatic sea level. Contrary to previous simulations, in which the authors directly used sea surface boundary conditions produced by a coupled ocean–atmosphere model for the last decades of both centuries, an anomaly method was applied here in which the present-day simulations use observed sea surface conditions, while the simulations for the end of the twenty-first century use the change in sea surface conditions taken from the coupled simulations superimposed on the present-day observations. It is shown that the use of observed oceanic boundary conditions clearly improves the simulation of the present-day Antarctic climate, compared to model runs using boundary conditions from a coupled climate model. Moreover, although the spatial patterns of the simulated climate change are similar, the two methods yield significantly different estimates of the amplitude of the future climate and surface mass balance change over the Antarctic continent. These differences are of similar magnitude as the intermodel dispersion in the current Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) exercise: selecting a method for generating boundary conditions for a high-resolution model may be just as important as selecting the climate model itself. Using the anomaly method, the simulated mean surface mass balance change over the grounded ice sheet from 1981–2000 to 2081–2100 is 43-mm water equivalent per year, corresponding to a eustatic sea level decrease of 1.5 mm yr−1. A further result of this work is that future continental-mean surface mass balance changes are dominated by the coastal regions, and that high-resolution models, which better resolve coastal processes, tend to predict stronger precipitation changes than models with lower spatial resolution.
Variability of the Oceanic Mixed Layer, 1960–2004
Authors: Carton James A. , Grodsky Semyon A. , Liu Hailong
Published: March 2008

A new monthly uniformly gridded analysis of mixed layer properties based on the World Ocean Atlas 2005 global ocean dataset is used to examine interannual and longer changes in mixed layer properties during the 45-yr period 1960–2004. The analysis reveals substantial variability in the winter–spring depth of the mixed layer in the subtropics and midlatitudes. In the North Pacific an empirical orthogonal function analysis shows a pattern of mixed layer depth variability peaking in the central subtropics. This pattern occurs coincident with intensification of local surface winds and may be responsible for the SST changes associated with the Pacific decadal oscillation. Years with deep winter–spring mixed layers coincide with years in which winter–spring SST is low. In the North Atlantic a pattern of winter–spring mixed layer depth variability occurs that is not so obviously connected to local changes in winds or SST, suggesting that other processes such as advection are more important. Interestingly, at decadal periods the winter–spring mixed layers of both basins show trends, deepening by 10–40 m over the 45-yr period of this analysis. The long-term mixed layer deepening is even stronger (50–100 m) in the North Atlantic subpolar gyre. At tropical latitudes the boreal winter mixed layer varies in phase with the Southern Oscillation index, deepening in the eastern Pacific and shallowing in the western Pacific and eastern Indian Oceans during El Niños. In boreal summer the mixed layer in the Arabian Sea region of the western Indian Ocean varies in response to changes in the strength of the southwest monsoon.
Combined Effects of the Southern Oscillation Index and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation on a Stochastic Daily Precipitation Model*
Authors: Woolhiser David A.
Published: March 2008

The combined effects of the Southern Oscillation index (SOI) and the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) on a second-order Markov chain mixed exponential daily precipitation model were determined for 15 stations in Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, and Washington. The linkage between these monthly indices and daily precipitation was investigated by perturbing logits of Markov chain transition probabilities and the mean of the mixed exponential distribution by linear functions of a time-lagged SOI and concurrent PDO. The combination of linear coefficients and lags that resulted in the maximum log-likelihood functions was identified, and the Akaike information criterion (AIC) was used to determine the best model. The SOI effect was consistent with previous studies in that negative SOI (El Niño) leads to more frequent precipitation and greater amounts of precipitation given a wet day in Nevada and the Southwest, with the opposite effect in the northwest. SOI and PDO interactions were most significant for the Nevada stations where a positive PDO increases both the probability of a wet day for three transition probabilities and also increases the mean of wet-day precipitation. The PDO had little effect for the monsoonal (Arizona and New Mexico) stations except for Hobbs, New Mexico, where a positive PDO would increase the mean depth on a wet day. The Washington stations showed an increase in the frequency and mean depth of precipitation given a positive SOI, but PDO had little effect. Identification of combined SOI–PDO effects allows more realistic simulations of daily precipitation and provides insight into the reliability of short records.
Interannual Variability of Tropical Cyclones in the Australian Region: Role of Large-Scale Environment
Authors: Ramsay Hamish A. , Leslie Lance M. , Lamb Peter J. , Richman Michael B. , Leplastrier Mark
Published: March 2008

This study investigates the role of large-scale environmental factors, notably sea surface temperature (SST), low-level relative vorticity, and deep-tropospheric vertical wind shear, in the interannual variability of November–April tropical cyclone (TC) activity in the Australian region. Extensive correlation analyses were carried out between TC frequency and intensity and the aforementioned large-scale parameters, using TC data for 1970–2006 from the official Australian TC dataset. Large correlations were found between the seasonal number of TCs and SST in the Niño-3.4 and Niño-4 regions. These correlations were greatest (−0.73) during August–October, immediately preceding the Australian TC season. The correlations remain almost unchanged for the July–September period and therefore can be viewed as potential seasonal predictors of the forthcoming TC season. In contrast, only weak correlations (<+0.37) were found with the local SST in the region north of Australia where many TCs originate; these were reduced almost to zero when the ENSO component of the SST was removed by partial correlation analysis. The annual frequency of TCs was found to be strongly correlated with 850-hPa relative vorticity and vertical shear of the zonal wind over the main genesis areas of the Australian region. Furthermore, correlations between the Niño SST and these two atmospheric parameters exhibited a strong link between the Australian region and the Niño-3.4 SST. A principal component analysis of the SST dataset revealed two main modes of Pacific Ocean SST variability that match very closely with the basinwide patterns of correlations between SST and TC frequencies. Finally, it is shown that the correlations can be increased markedly (e.g., from −0.73 to −0.80 for the August–October period) by a weighted combination of SST time series from weakly correlated regions.
A Compact Lightweight Aerosol Spectrometer Probe (CLASP)
Authors: Hill Martin K. , Brooks Barbara J. , Norris Sarah J. , Smith Michael H. , Brooks Ian M. , de Leeuw Gerrit
Published: March 2008

The Compact Lightweight Aerosol Spectrometer Probe (CLASP) is an optical particle spectrometer capable of measuring size-resolved particle concentrations in 16 user-defined size bins spanning diameters in the range 0.24 < D < 18.5 μm at a rate of 10 Hz. The combination of its compact nature and lightweight and robust build allows for deployment in environments and locations where the use of the larger, heavier, more traditional instrumentation would prove awkward or impossible. The high temporal resolution means it is particularly suited to direct measurements of aerosol fluxes via the eddy covariance technique. CLASP has been through an extended evolutionary development. This has resulted in an instrument whose performance characteristics are well established.
The Clearing House and Its Role in Community Social Work
Authors: Jones Douglas
Published: March 2008

This three-part series gives a descriptive account of an experimental Family Centre in the role of a clearing house for family and personal problems and needs.

Part 1 shows the beginning of its work as a diagnostic unit and its development into a full-scale family casework service, starting from the presentation by a family of a debt problem which may range from £50 to as much as £1,000. In Part II the theme continues with some examples of the intense nature of the work carried out by some voluntary workers and the all important part played by young people in the field of fact-finding. The practical training of social administra tion students is considered together with a description of a project carried out by students, which brought them into contact with a number of specialists in various fields and with other people in the community. In Part III two aspects of community work concerned with relationships and the promotion of a new service are given, with a brief analysis showing the similarities and differences between them.

The first part follows below; the second and third parts will be published in subsequent numbers of the Journal.
Abortion attitudes and discrepant behaviour: some theoretical issues
Authors: Bracken Michael B.
Published: March 2008

Three broad conceptions of attitude formation and structure: conditioning and reinforcement; incentives and conflict : and cognitive consistency; are the basis for an examination of our attitudes toward induced abortion. The discrepancy between stated attitudes toward abortion and observed behaviour is viewed from the perspective of the same three theoretical positions. Also discussed are the variations of abortion decision-making and post-abortal sequelae pre dicted by the three theories. The theoretical issues, and implications from them, are discussed throughout the paper at both the individual and the societal level.
Bathroom gas water heaters and the risk of carbon monoxide poisoning
Authors: Simpson Donald , Calnan Michael W.
Published: March 2008

A number of cases of carbon monoxide poisoning accidents in bathrooms indicated the need to investigate the performance of the bathroom gas water heater and the behaviour of the bathroom user. This paper describes an exploratory study of these aspects in North-East Bristol involving members of the Health Education Council's Medical Research Division and staff of the South Western Gas Board. The results indicate that in the representative sample of 66 heaters a concentration of 1 % or more of carbon monoxide could be detected in the flue gases of 13% of the cases, and 12% produced toxic room atmospheres, i.e. CO ≥500 ppm. Prolonged exposure to these concentra tions of carbon monoxide in the atmosphere represent a danger to the bathroom user.

The awareness of the bathroom user of the dangers asso ciated with gas water heaters in bathrooms, which are implicit in the recommendations laid down by the Gas Board for safe behaviour, is discussed. Results suggest that over one third of the users have a poor understanding of the relevant dangers.
A Study of Attitudes Toward Teaching as a Vocation
Authors: Langston Roderick G.
Published: March 2008

We all know that the most baffling problem facing the American educational system today centers about how to meet the steadily expanding need for qualified elementary-school teachers. To increase the supply enough to meet the need we must have an enormous increase in the number of acceptable candidates for teacher education. Our efforts to "recruit" trainees have not met with success. Why? Roderick G. Langston, President, Eastern Oregon College at La Grande, reports the findings of a most interesting and revealing inquiry conducted under his direction. He also points the way to further much-needed research.
Current Practices and Problems in Student Teaching
Authors: Hahn Walter
Published: March 2008

Probably no phase of the many and varied teacher-education programs in progress across the nation is now subject to more critical scrutiny than is student teaching. Mr. Hahn, of the College of Education, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, conducted the study here reported under the supervision of N. Blaine Win ters, Director of Teacher Personnel and School-Community Relations, Utah State Department of Public Instruction, Salt Lake City.
Cooperative Study of Teacher Education in Minnesota
Authors: Doane Kenneth R.
Published: March 2008

Mr. Doane, Head of the Department of Education at Hamline University, St. Paul, Minnesota, describes a recent co operative effort to state clearly the com petencies to be developed and the learn ings to be achieved in the preparation of secondary-school teachers.
A Survey of Opinion Concerning Adequacy of Certification Requirements in Ohio
Authors: Albrecht Walter A.
Published: March 2008

Do certificate requirements dictate the preservice preparation of teachers of the special subjects? Administrators, teachers, and college freshmen expressed their opin ions in an Ohio study reported here by Mr. Albrecht, College of Education, The Ohio State University.
The Campus School—What Are Its Functions?
Authors: Bucklen Harry E.
Published: March 2008

Like many other factors in the evolution of teacher education, the "campus school" has varied tremendously, from institution to institution, in its importance and in the interpretation of its role in the over-all program. Mr. Bucklen, of State Teachers College, Bemidji, Minnesota, presents here his view of recent trends and some of the most challenging unsolved problems.
Fifth Year of Teacher Education in Indiana
Authors: Wyatt Robert H.
Published: March 2008

With an increasing number of states mandating the campletion of a fifth year of preparation after initial teaching service, and the impact of salary differ entials for an additional year of prepara tion, interest in such programs is becom ing universal.

"Fifth Year of Teacher Education in Indiana" is significant because it presents not the viewpoints of a technician in teacher education, but the viewpoints of the products of teacher education—the teachers. Mr. Wyatt is Executive Sec retary of the Indiana State Teachers Association. The article is an abstract of the keynote address delivered before the opening session of a statewide con ference on the subject, held on the cam pus of Ball State Teachers College, July 16-18, 1952. The conference, involving representatives from the colleges, private and public, and every segment of the teaching profession, was devoted to the cooperative planning of fifth-year pro grams for the teachers of Indiana.
Basic Agreements in Teacher Education
Authors: Woodring Paul
Published: March 2008

Of all the recent attempts to attack, defend, explain, or expose teacher educa tion, this article by Paul Woodring seems to us to be one of the best. Basing his analysis upon a statement of the "classic thesis" in education and its antithesis, the author concludes that "neither the thesis nor its antithesis provides an an swer to our educational problems today." Without claiming to provide the needed synthesis, he concludes by stating nine principles upon which he believes it is possible to reach agreement.
Weaknesses In International Exchange Programs
Authors: Dresden Katharine
Published: March 2008

We hear much about international exchange programs in education and the aid they give in broadening the un derstanding of both American teachers abroad and foreign teachers visiting in this country. There are, however, cer tain weaknesses or impracticalities in these programs which should be elimi nated. In this article Miss Dresden, Ful bright Lecturer from the United States to Pakistan, points out these weaknesses and offers six recommendations for the improvement of international exchange programs.
Certification and Professional Performance
Authors: Bush Robert N.
Published: March 2008

In June 1959 the National Education Association granted funds for a special project to be sponsored by the National Commission on Teacher Education and Professional Standards. In scope, the New Horizons Project encompasses the same areas of responsi bility as those with which the Commission was charged at the time of its creation-re cruitment and selection of students, teacher education programs, accreditation, certifica tion, and the advancement of professional standards. In each of these areas, a national committee, with representation from all segments of the profession, has been at work for almost one year. The central purpose of each committee, and of the project as a whole, is to develop a rationale in support of the principle of autonomy for the profession and to define policies and action programs directed toward new and enlarged goals.

The following paper is presented as an interim report of the Committee on Certification and Professional Performance of School Personnel. Although all of the ideas included here have been under consideration by the total Committee, not all of them have been approved. This statement must, therefore, be regarded as tentative. Its purpose, as a working paper for the San Diego Conference, is to provoke discussion.-EDITORS.
Progress in Teacher Education— The Claremont Plan
Authors: Polos Nicholas C.
Published: March 2008

Administrators of this pilot program seek ways of altering the teacher-pupil ratio without reducing the quality of education.
Student Teaching: A Hard Look
Authors: Hazelton Paul
Published: March 2008

Because the preparation of teachers is education with a particular end in view, it must always contend with a clamor for more practicality—but practicality is not necessarily the same thing as realism.
Semantics and Logic for Education Students
Authors: Eason Elmer
Published: March 2008

IF teachers are in command of the criteria used to accredit content in the subjects they teach, they are likely to be in a better position to assist students to improve their critical thinking.
The 1979 NCATE Standards: Implications for Teacher Education Programs
Authors: Fritschel A.L.
Published: March 2008

In May 1977, the National Council for Accredita tion of Teacher Education (NCATE) adopted revisions to the standards which will become effective on January 1, 1979. Prior to the adoption of the new NCATE con stitution in 1973, AACTE had the responsibility for re vising standards. The 1970 revision of standards was largely the work of the AACTE committee on stan dards. However, under the new constitution, the NCATE's committee on standards is charged with the responsibility for recommending changes in the stan dards. In the present case, the committee made a series of proposals. According to the NCATE constitution, there must be a waiting period between presentation and adoption of changes in standards. During this period, constituent organizations and member institu tions had the opportunity to react. One public meeting was held at which NCATE constituent members ap peared. An AACTE task force on accreditation pre pared reactions to the proposed changes, many of which were adopted by the NCATE committee on standards. The committee's final recommendations were adopted by the council in May 1977. According to the NCATE constitution, there must be an 18 month period before implementation, so the standards will apply to institutions being visited after January 1, 1979.

This paper will discuss the revised standards with emphasis on changes from the present standards. Im plications for institutions as they prepare for NCATE visits will also be considered. In many cases, the changes are merely clarifications of existing standards. However, as will be seen, there are some significant and substantial changes. In the final section we raise some fundamental questions about the application of the standards.
Pilot Project Shows Definite Link Between Pre-, In-service Education
Authors: Kilgore Alvah M.
Published: March 2008

Because cooperating teachers influence student teachers, this project "was developed to test whether instruction in models of teaching given to cooperating teachers would make a difference in the behaviors of student teachers." It did that and more, as teachers requested more such programs and student teachers, and demonstrated the models to peers.
Teacher Efficacy: A Motivational Paradigm for Effective Teacher Education
Authors: Ashton Patricia
Published: March 2008

A powerful paradigm for teacher educa tion can be developed on the basis of the construct of teacher efficacy. Ashton as serts that no other teacher characteris tic has demonstrated such a consistent relationship to student achievement. A teacher education program that has as its aim the development of teacher effi cacy, and which includes the essential components of a motivation change pro gram, should develop teachers who possess the motivation essential for ef fective classroom performance.
Toward a Model to Guide Inquiry in Preservice Teacher Education
Authors: Cruickshank Donald R.
Published: March 2008

The absence of a model to guide sys tematic inquiry in teacher education, the author asserts, prevents sustained study in the field. Cruickshank outlines an inquiry model and describes its com ponent parts, which include the follow ing: (a) teacher educators, (b) teacher education students, (c) the contexts of teacher education, (d) the content of the teacher education curriculum, and (e) the instruction in and organization for teacher education. Careful study in each of these areas, he argues, can produce a more substantial professional culture. Furthermore the evolution of a valid inquiry model should enable the emergence of a discipline of teacher education.
Learning to Teach: An Emerging Direction in Research on Preservice Teacher Education
Authors: Doyle Walter
Published: March 2008

Doyle provides an overview of the research on learning to teach. He describes how theoretical characteristics of the professional curriculum often con flict with survival needs of prospective and practicing teachers. He further discusses voids in the induction and inservice research literature and notes emerging research directions.
Policy and Practice Issues in Preservice Teacher Education: The California Experience
Authors: Marsh David D.
Published: March 2008

In this article the author first traces changes occurring over the past two decades in the California legislature's conception of teacher education. He then describes the legislature's response to the state's current needs for improved bilingual education, for recruiting teachers in critical subject matter areas, and for recruiting teachers with strong academic preparation. Implications of the legislative response for teacher selection, induction, and inservice, as well as for revised university-school rela tionships, are then noted. In the final section, implications for preservice policy and research are identified.
NCATE and Interstate Certification: A Status Report
Authors: Raths James , Zych Chet , Wojtaszek-Healy Madonna
Published: March 2008

Does NCATE accreditation foster the transfer of teacher certification from one state to another? Raths and his col leagues argue that the answer is "no." Indeed, with but one exception, graduates of institutions in states with out reciprocity agreements would not be denied certification in other states solely on the basis that their preparing institu tion lacked NCATE accreditation. Fur thermore, as individual states add more specialized requirements, such as examinations, it appears that the likeli hood that NCATE accreditation will play an increased role in achieving certifica tion for prospective teachers is signific antly reduced.
Who's Teaching the Social Foundations Courses?
Authors: Shea Christine M. , Henry Carol A.
Published: March 2008

Shea and Henry compiled nationwide data to create a profile of the profes sional preparation patterns of personnel teaching social foundations of educa tion courses in American colleges and universities. The results of the survey provide documentation for the difficul ties facing foundations faculties and departments. The authors make three recommendations for improving the quality of social foundations program ming and instruction.
Differences in Entry Characteristics of Elementary and Secondary Teacher Candidates
Authors: Book Cassandra L. , Freeman Donald J.
Published: March 2008

Comparisons of entry-level elementary and secondary educa tion majors at a large midwestern university revealed important differences in academic backgrounds, prior teaching experi ences, career plans, and professional expectations. The findings of the Book and Freeman study have clear implications for teacher education coursework and should be useful in making program development decisions.
A Performance-based Cooperating Teacher Report
Authors: Phelps Le Adelle , Schmitz Charles D. , Wade Deborah Lee
Published: March 2008

Phelps, Schmitz, and Wade evaluated the adequacy and effec tiveness of a performance-based student teacher evaluation format and process. The form used to assess student perfor mance included behavioral descriptors for each skill observed and a specific statement of performance expectations. Results indicated the presence of both a significant leniency error and a significant halo effect in the summative assessments made by cooperating teachers of student teacher performance.
The Professors and the Reporis: A Time to Act
Authors: Ducharme Edward R.
Published: March 2008

The author suggests that this period of "second-wave" reform reports provides an excellent opportunity for teacher education faculties to work anew on five long-held goals: (a) improving liberal arts education; (b) strengthening the quality of teacher candidates; (c) achiev ing stronger collaboration with lower schools; (d) clarifying the role of educa tion faculty; and (e) strengthening graduate teacher education. Strategies for addressing each goal are suggested and barriers to goal achievement are explored.
Preservice Socialization for Teacher Career Ladders
Authors: Hart Ann Weaver , Adams Golden V.
Published: March 2008

Socialization processes substantially af fect the development of work behaviors, attitudes, and institutional norms. The cur rent efforts to develop career ladders for teachers may suffer serious setbacks if appropriate socialization processes for teacher preservice training and induc tion are not planned carefully. Hart and Adams examine the efforts of a preser vice teaching experience in which two student teachers are paired with a single cooperating teacher. The model pro posed and the study reported empha size the importance of the mentoring and peer review processes to teacher development.
Programming for Leadership
Authors: Singletary Ted J.
Published: March 2008

The reforms for teacher preparation often include calls for increased content and more in-depth instruction in the use of computers. The exact nature of com puter literacy for teachers is still being debated. But the development of rudi mentary programming skills during pre service and inservice programs would appear to have substantial personal, educational, and professional benefits for teachers. Singletary argues for the inclusion of programming skills as part of the effort to reform the teacher educa tion curriculum.
Innovation in Teacher Education: The Evolution of a Program
Authors: McCaleb Joseph L. , Borko Hilda , Arends Richard A. , Garner Ruth , Mauro Linda
Published: March 2008

Successful innovation in teacher educa tion depends upon resolving issues regarding four interrelated themes: identity, non-passivity, control, and cur riculum. The authors' examination of the first year and a half of an innovative mas ters-level program explores the specific development ofthese themes. For exam ple, faculty and prospective teachers began to establish an identity with teach ing and teacher education rather than with subject specializations. McCaleb and his colleagues discuss their institu tional progress on the radical changes needed in teacher education.
The Challenge of Electronic Technologies for Colleges of Education
Authors: AACTE Task Force on Technology
Published: March 2008

The AACTE Task Force on Technology describes the challenge of providing teachers and teacher educators with the requisite knowledge needed in elec tronic information and communication technologies. Members describe 10 crit ical considerations needed in order to respond to technological advance ments ; they outline suggestions to help SCDEs plan for the future and to assess present programming efforts; and they highlight selected resourcesthat may be useful in understanding the state-of- the-art in computer and electronic technology.
A Design for the Professional Development of Teacher Leaders
Authors: Zimpher Nancy L.
Published: March 2008

Zimpher describes a teacher leader pro gram that has been developed between a state university and a local school dis trict. She outlines the benefits ofteacher leadership programs and creates a schemata for teacher leader program ming. The first schematic level focuses on professional development phases for teachers. The second level provides definition for several domains of knowl edge that are critical to the preparation of teachers for leadership roles includ ing : teacher needs assessment; inter personal and adult development; class room processes and school effective ness ; instructional supervision; and in quiry.
A Full Year Internship: An Example of School- University Collaboration
Authors: Corcoran Ellen , Andrew Michael
Published: March 2008

In the thirteen years of experience with a five-year program at the University of New Hampshire, the authors have found that most students progress in a predict able pattern through five areas of con cern during an internship. Knowledge of these five areas (Immersion, Adjust ment, Expansion, Analysis, and Autono my) has allowed them to plan an inte grated curriculum, combining the interns' experience with appropriate supervision and a supportive seminar.
Expert-Novice Differences in Perceiving and Processing Visual Classroom Information
Authors: Carter Kathy , Cushing Katherine , Sabers Donna , Stein Pamela , Berliner David
Published: March 2008

Findings from a study designed to examine differences in ex pert and novice teachers' information processing are pre sented. Specifically, results are described which suggest differ ences in the ways expert, novice, and "postulant" teachers perceive, understand, monitor, and process visual information in classrooms. Expert, novice, and postulant subjects were asked to view a series of slides taken in science and mathema tics classrooms and to discuss their perceptions about and reactions to visual stimuli. Subjects were asked to respond to structured interview questions both orally and in writing; the responses were recorded and transcribed for analysis. Protocols and written responses were analyzed through a multi-step, itera tive process designed to determine patterns, trends, and differ ences in both kind and quantity of responses. Results suggested that experts, novices, and postulants differed with respect to their abilities to perceive and interpret classroom information. Experts appeared better able to weigh the import of one piece of visual information against another, to form connections among pieces of information, and to represent management and instructional situations into meaningful problem units. In general, experts appeared to possess comparatively richer schemata for ascribing meaning to visual classroom information.
A Comparative Analysis of Achievement in Arts and Science Courses by Teacher Education and Non-teacher Education Graduates
Authors: Matczynski Thomas J. , Siler Earl R. , McLaughlin Mary Levin , Smith John W. R.
Published: March 2008

The authors compare teacher education graduates with non- teacher education graduates on the basis of achievement in arts and sciences courses. The study was conducted at Clarion University. Findings substantiate that teacher education graduates achieve as well (or in some cases better) than their non-teacher education counterparts on two separate academic measures: (a) GPA in the general education programs and (b) GPA in arts and sciences courses in the secondary education major.
A Survey of Teacher Education Topics in Doctoral Programs
Authors: Glennon Rowell C.
Published: March 2008

A survey of 153 doctoral-granting institu tions revealed that among 129 (84%) re sponding, only 26 doctoral programs exist in which teacher education is iden tified as a separate academic program. Some agreement exists on teacher education topics required within those 26 programs. Rowell identifies those to pics and discusses the implications of separate doctoral programs for those in volved in teacher education.
Care and Nurturance in Teaching: A Case Study
Authors: McCall Ava L.
Published: March 2008

Caring for and nurturing children's de velopment are traditional activities of women; such activities also serve pro gressive educational goals. Using field studies methodology, a study of one woman's preservice experiences reveals the ways she cares for and nurtures chil dren through curriculum modification and teaching and indicates how her practices could, if taken to a larger scale, disrupt the prevailing social order of classrooms.
Trends in Teacher Preparation
Authors: Cruickshank Donald R. , Cruz Josué
Published: March 2008

What are the current trends in teacher education? Cruickshank and Cruz use Teacher Education Reports to identify the issues, problems, and proposals that have had or will have significant impact on teacher preparation practices. The in stitutional winners and losers and the political anomalies of the recent reform rhetoric are identified and discussed by the authors.
Understanding the Teaching Perspectives of First-Year Teachers
Authors: Kilgore Karen , Ross Dorene , Zbikowski John
Published: March 2008

The effect of school context on first-year teachers' reflective judgment was investigated. Six begin ning teachers were asked to describe a problem that they had encountered in their first year of teaching and their attempted solutions. Their descriptions were analyzed to determine the teachers' level of reflective judgment. Analysis of interviews with the teachers revealed that the teachers who exhibited more mature reflection worked in schools with supportive colleagues and administrators who valued teacher decision making and gave teachers autonomy to experiment with curriculum and instructional strategies.
Teacher Education for Effective Science Instruction — A Social Cognitive Perspective
Authors: Czerniak Charlene , Chiarelott Leigh
Published: March 2008

Science education suffers from teachers' inadequate preparation and negative attitudes. Social cognitive theory offers teacher educators a model for understanding the reasons for inadequate science instruction and for developing teacher education practices that can overcome the obstacles to effective science instruction. Research showing the relationship between teachers' self-efficacy, anxiety, and teaching effectiveness is reviewed. Teacher education strategies that increase self-efficacy, lower anxiety, and increase teacher effectiveness are described, and problems in science education in need of further study are discussed.
Challenging Prospective Teachers' Beliefs During Early Field Experience: A Quixotic Undertaking?
Authors: McDiarmid G. Williamson
Published: March 2008

Field experiences are rarely designed to challenge prospective teachers' underlying beliefs about teaching and learning. In the experience described here, teacher education students are deliber ately brought face-to-face with their assumptions through encounters with negative numbers, third-graders, and an unconventional teacher. Although the students appear to reconsider their beliefs, such changes may be superficial and short-lived.
Multiple Perspectives on the Classroom Performance of Certified and Uncertified Teachers
Authors: Clarridge Pamela Brown
Published: March 2008

Despite the increasingly widespread practice of alternative certification, only a few researchers have investigated the relationship between pedagogical training and teachers' classroom perform ance. In this study, the classroom performance of novice, advanced beginner, and expert teachers was compared from the perspectives of subject matter knowledge and delivery, educational con noisseurship, nonverbal behavior, and systematic observation. Teachers without pedagogical train ing were less able than those with training to keep students on task, to provide appropriate feed back, to assess student performance, and were less effective in subject matter delivery. These findings raise questions about the practice of alternative and emergency certification.
Constraints on the Professional Service of Education Faculty
Authors: Lawson Hal A.
Published: March 2008

Increases in external services performed by faculty are integral to the reform agendas for K-12 schools and departments, colleges, and schools of education. Calling for increased external serv ice and collaboration, however, will not by itself achieve this intended outcome. First, we need to understand the constraints that limit faculty service. These constraints include (a) the accom modation of education faculty to the perceived norms of faculty in colleges of arts and sciences, (b) the idealized, dominant model for professional education programs, (c) the quest for prestige, (d) the recruitment, preparation, orientations, and actions of education faculty, (e) tenure, pro motion, and reward systems, and (f) the missions, structure, and resources of education depart ments and colleges. Changed appropriately, these factors that constrain service may help to foster it. The implications of these factors are explored in light of the diversity among education faculty and their colleges and universities.
Global Perspectives for Teachers : An Urgent Priority
Authors: Tucker Jan L. , Cistone Peter J.
Published: March 2008

Discussion of global issues became prominent in the '60s and '70s when changes in human culture began to have effects that transcended national and regional boundaries. Hampered by contro versy and indirection, global perspectives in teacher education programs have been slow to develop, but recent world events have created support for education in global perspectives. Many educators and policymakers now agree that schools need to educate students in the issues of global interdependence. Some of the concepts in educational reform, however, such as "cul tural literacy," risk fragmenting global information into narrowly defined subjects or distorting it with chauvinism. A global perspective is more than courses on world geography and world history; it requires a holistic approach that gives students an understanding of themselves and their relationship to the world community. The article closes with a discussion of some of the changes necessary to develop a richer global curriculum.
Reinventing Student Teaching
Authors: Cochran-Smith Marilyn
Published: March 2008

Innovative student teaching programs have proliferated during the last decade. The author distinguishes among reinvented student teaching programs by examining their underlying as sumptions about knowledge, power, and language in teaching and the various ways these are played out in school-university relationships and explores three contrasting school-university relationships—consonance, critical dissonance, and collaborative resonance—identifying the underlying assumptions of each and examining how problems are defined, goals established, and social and organizational structures for student teaching created. It is argued that collaborative resonance has unique potential to provide students with rich opportunities to learn to teach. This argument is illustrated with a description of the structures and effects of one innovative pro gram, Project START, based on resonance and designed to foster intellectual growth and com mitment to reform in both students and cooperating teachers.
The Teacher as Decision Maker Program
Authors: Bennett Christine
Published: March 2008

This paper describes research and program development of a graduate teacher education program that provides middle/secondary school certification as well as a master's degree. The program's theoretical framework integrates pedagogical schemata, professional knowledge, the matic teacher education, and teaching perspectives. Autobiographical interviews, concept map ping, reflective journals, videotaped classroom observations, and stimulated recall interviews are used as tools for research and instruction. A theoretical sample of six students is selected from each cohort for in-depth study and follow-up during their first 3 years of novice teaching. Re search on the first two cohorts indicates that students' initial conceptions of teaching were associ ated with teaching behaviors during the first year of novice teaching. Four stages of development in students' pedagogical knowledge schemata were identified as students move through the 12- month program, and a major cognitive restructuring occurred during the practicum school expe rience prior to student teaching. Career-change individuals developed schematic conceptions of teaching that integrated work schemata developed in previous careers with pedagogical sche mata developed in the Teacher as Decision Maker Program.
Hallmark Events: An Evaluation of a Strategic Response to Seasonality in the Travel Market
Authors: Ritchie J.R. Brent , Beliveau Donald
Published: March 2008

Cyclical demand in the leisure, recreation, and travel markets is a major factor contributing to low productivity and low returns on investment among the suppliers of goods and services to these markets. One strategic response to "the seasonality problem," which has had varying degrees of success in different regions, is termed the Hallmark Event. Such events, built around a major theme, serve to focus tourism and recreational planning on a particular period of the year. The present research provides both an in-depth, cross-sectional study of one such activity (The Quebec Winter Carnaval) as well as a longi tudinal analysis of the event's evolution over its 20-year history. Finally, the social and economic implications of the findings are discussed with a view to aiding persons interested in developing such events.
Benefit Bundle Analysis: An Empirical Study of International Travelers
Authors: Goodrich Jonathan N.
Published: March 2008

This article analyzes touristic benefits sought by a group of American Express international travelers from their vacation visits to nine tourist-attracting regions in and outside the United States—Florida, California, Mexico, Hawaii, the Bahamas, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Barbados. Marketing implications of the results are discussed.
Transportation Prices and Tourism: A Case Study
Authors: Roueche Leonard
Published: March 2008

This article describes a case study of visitors to Vancouver Island during the summer of 1976, when there was an increase in ferry fares and a decline in visitation. Controversy raged as to the cause of this decline in visitation-ferry rate increase or other external factors. Data were compiled and analyzed through regression analysis to produce a backcast of what would have happened to visitation if fares had remained constant.
Family Vacation Decision-Making
Authors: Jenkins Roger L.
Published: March 2008

Understanding the family vacation decision-making process is important to everyone in tourism related industries—travel agents, governments, and private business. This article describes a study conducted on Columbus, Ohio, husband-and-wife teams to determine subdecision areas of the vacation decision process, each family member's influence in these subdecision areas, and criteria that they felt important in making these subdecisions.