bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Response
Authors: Lynde Denise
Published: January 2021

The issue of practical theatre in an academic setting is an important one for many of the reasons Knowles cites but I lament his expression of disillusionment, disempowerment and embitterment. For me, the key to this frustration is found in the sentence where he separates the two sides of the equation with imagery on one hand and sense memories on the other. The answer, as he suggests, is obvious-an integration of the two sides, and an emphasis on process rather than product. For me as for Knowles, the two are inseparable. I think this fusion can be achieved by an active and positive stance, aggressively promoted by an academic fortress all too often inclined to close up its gates and retreat into a state of static defensiveness. Our practitioners must be invited, wooed or bribed inside to become actively engaged in the creation of their arts within the academy. Putting out our hands to them is the first step of a crucial process that hopefully will lead to a reciprocal invitation to step beyond our academic confines. The integration that Knowles cites is not only crucial for the health of our programmes and courses of study but, I believe, will also enhance and benefit our professional communities.
Pour Une Théorie Des Ensembles Flous
Authors: Féral Josette
Published: January 2021

I. Il ne peut exister de théorie scientifique et globalisante du théâtre.
André-G. Bourassa et Jean-Marc Larrue. Les Nuits de la "Main": Cent Ans de Spectacles Sur le Boulevard Saint-Laurent (1891-1991)
Authors: Rittenhouse Jonathan
Published: January 2021

Les nuits de la "Main". Cent ans de spectacles sur le boulevard Saint-Laurent (1891-1991) tackles this formidable task by enlarging it!
M. Nourbese Philip. Showing Grit: Showboating North of the 44th Parallel
Authors: Fraser Felix Fil
Published: January 2021

The best known song from the musical Show Boat, "Old Man River," has a line which everybody knows:
André Maréchal. Art Dramatique/Repères Pédagogiques: Une Suite de Fragments Dans une Brève Continuité
Authors: Saint-Jacques Diane
Published: January 2021

Hélène Beauchamp et Francine ChaÎné ont rassemblé des textes qu'André Maréchal, décédé en 1991, a publié entre 1978 et 1991. Le recueil s'ouvre sur des témoignages ou, plutôt, des hommages à André Maréchal, donnant ainsi d'emblée la couleur du projet. Des amis et collègues soulignent la fougue de cet "être d'action", "l'attention tranquille" du pédagogue passionné, l'intensité, du "météore-chercheur d'or". Les éditrices retracent la dynamique imprégnant les textes d'André Maréchal et précisent leur projet: ces "écritures ( ... ) sont des dessins, des musiques et des parfums. Nous avons choisi de laisser parler le coeur et l'amitié, de laisser entendre le chant de la mémoire" (p. 13).
Robert Lévesque. Entretiens avec Jean-Pierre Ronfard
Authors: Lavoie Bernard
Published: January 2021

C'est avec une discrétion et un respect surprenants que Robert Lévesque nous livre cette série d'entretiens sur le théâtre avec Jean-Pierre Ronfard. Lévesque, fait preuve de discernement dans l'édition de ces discussions nous transmet, sous une forme séduisante, l'essentiel de ce que le metteur en scène, auteur, comédien, directeur de troupe et professeur Ronfard lui a confié.
Herbert Whittaker. Whittaker's Theatricals
Authors: Gardner David
Published: January 2021

Despite the handsome design sketch adorning the cover, Whittaker's Theatricals is not a book about the various productions that Herbert Whittaker has designed and directed over the years. Nor is it an autobiography per se, although the strands of his professional career are threaded throughout. Whittaker is unashamedly star-struck and as the jacket announces this is "Name-dropping at its best!", an exploration of Canada's links with a parade of international stars. Written by a master conversationalist, the chapters read like a series of personality profiles for the Saturday edition, which makes Whittaker's Theatricals a natural companion-piece to Whittaker's Theatre, the 1985 compendium of critical reviews selected from the daily output of the critic emeritus of The Gazette (Montreal, 1944-49) and The Globe and Mail (Toronto, 1949-75). If the earlier book of criticism reminded one of Brooks Atkinson's summations of fifty years of New York playgoing, Whittaker's Theatricals evokes another idol, Herbert Whittaker's Montreal 'mentor' (93) Samuel Morgan-Powell, whose Memories That Live (1929) also gathered together a panoply of favourite stars.
Jason Sherman, ed. Solo
Authors: Badir Patricia
Published: January 2021

Jason Sherman's anthology of monodrama is an important collection because it commits to print and therefore to history an important form of theatrical production in Canada. In a climate where budget cuts are eating away at the fabric of alternative theatre, one increasingly viable way to continue producing has always been to stage a one-person show. Moreover, acting solo has become a medium through which performers and playwrights can act up against the clamour of the mega-musical and of mainstream repertory theatre by recharging the stage with an intimacy that has the potential to be captivating and disruptive.
Healing the Border Wound: Fronteras Americanas and the Future of Canadian Multiculturalism
Authors: Gómez Mayte
Published: January 2021

Guillermo Verdecchia's Fronteras Americanas, a very successful one-person show which premiered in Toronto in 1993, deals with two kinds of borders: those within the American continent, which result in stereotypes of the south; and those within the individual, which bring about a personal struggle to find home. In this essay I look at how Fronteras both reproduces and subverts what can be called "the ideology of Multiculturalism, " an ideology which has instituted acculturation behind a liberal discourse of integration. The negotiation between ideological compliance and challenge is found in the content of the play as well as in some of its means of production, such as venue and language. Fronteras's most powerful ideological subversion, however, is its final suggestion for a new way to imagine Canada.
The Gallimaufry and the Roots of Alternative Theatre in Vancouver
Authors: Sutherland Richard
Published: January 2021

In the late 1960s, theatre in Vancouver, like that in Toronto and other Canadian cities, underwent enormous change. As part of the social, cultural and political upheaval that characterized this era, new theatre companies, later labelled as "alternative," challenged many of the previously-held values and practices of the so-called mainstream. The importance of the alternative theatre movement in the 1970s to the development of a modem Canadian canon has been well-documented. This essay considers the roots of that movement in Vancouver as reflected by the company known simply as "The Gallimaufry."
Genre Contention at the New Play Centre
Authors: Hoffman James
Published: January 2021

Vancouver's New Play Centre, now twenty-five years old, has been continually represented in terms of theoretical uncertainty; admittedly "invisible," it has been deeply resistant to analysis. A genre criticism, as recently constituted to cope with the dynamics of genre (re)formations, is capable of responding to this uncertainty and, indeed, suppression. This article examines two major genres, playwriting and directing, their unstable relationship, and the resulting effect on theatrical practice at the Centre, a practice that had potential as metatheatrical activity but also serious limitations in its challenge to traditional theatrical modes. Certain dramaturgical assumptions, often unstated and deriving from places such as the Dominion Drama Festival, led to a reduced concept of the playwright and the production of plays that often failed to capture Vancouver's postcolonial milieu.
This Discipline Which Is Not One
Authors: Knowles Richard Paul
Published: January 2021

What is "The Place of Practical Theatre in an Academic Setting"? This question was posed to four panellists, professionals and educators, at the Festival of Original Theatre (F.O.O.T.) at the University of Toronto in February, 1994. 1 It says something significant, I think, about the state of the "discipline," if it can be called "one," that no two of the panellists spoke about precisely the same thing, and that I, at least, was unclear as to what, precisely, the topic delineated.
The Mummers Troupe, The Canada Council, And The Production Of Theatre History
Authors: Filewod Alan
Published: January 2021

A close examination of the history of the Mummers Troupe raises questions about the nature of the theatre "company" as a central but problematic signifier in the narration of Canadian theatre history. An analysis of the conflicts between the Mummers' institutional history, as recorded through its dealings with the Canada Council, and its internal history of ideological conflict and personal rivalry, suggests that the Canada Council was unable to develop a policy that could support an activist and locally engaged model of theatrical structures. Insofar as its struggle to survive within the Canada Council's terms of containment exposes deeper crises in Canadian culture, the Mummers Troupe may be the typifying expression of Canadian theatre in the 1970s.
Jacques Crête and the Atelier de Recherche Théâtrale l'Eskabel: 'À Rebours' on the Quebec Stage
Authors: Ruprecht Alvina
Published: January 2021

This article outlines the trajectory of the Theatre Research Workshop l'Eskabel (1971-1989), 1 an experimental performance group, founded by Jacques Crête. Although the company was marginalized in Quebec, its research on the relationship between corporeal performance, Catholic ritual and sexual identity was the result of a synthesis of Quebec's avant-garde, of experiments in ritual theatre during the 1960s, and of the postmodern upheaval of identity-categories. The author hopes to show how this group was in fact one of the keys to more recent movements in Quebec theatre.
Theatre As Education: A Distinctively Canadian Approach To Secondary School Drama
Authors: Lawrence O'farrell
Published: January 2021

In recent decades, drama has earned an increasingly secure place in Canadian secondary school curricula. The teaching of high school drama has been influenced by a number of national and international trends, including two British variations of process drama. Focusing on the process of developing original drama through improvisation rather than on the production of scripted plays, this method is used to promote personal development and to explore issues associated with other subject areas besides drama. Critics of process drama have objected to a perceived lack of theatre knowledge and skills in this approach. Canadian teachers, however, have found an effective means of bridging the process-product divide in a multi-level programme that begins with process drama and leads to a study of interpretative theatre production. Particularly useful is the collective creation of dramatic anthologies. This strategy parallels a collective trend in Canadian theatre history while, at the same time, drawing on the inherent educational power of theatre.
The Apex And The Base Of The Pyramid: The Context For Postwar Postsecondary Educational Theatre In Canada
Authors: John A. Hawkins
Published: January 2021

One of the main points of contention in the Canadian theatre has centred on ownership of Canadian stages. Should stages be owned by people trained in a classical approach to acting in a self-described professional training school, to do traditional plays for audiences drawn mainly from the advantaged classes of society? Or should they be owned by people whose individual social and/or political attitudes and agendas lie at the heart of their commitment to a more populist theatre? This article shows how a paradigm of bifurcated thinking came about historically and resulted in the creation in many post-secondary institutions of two kinds of programs: professional-oriented training programs reserved for a small, specialized group of students; and liberal arts theatre programs for a larger group of students possessing a wide range of talents, skills, and abilities. The open question for postsecondary theatre today is whether distinctions between these approaches to theatre are still relevant or appropriate, given the changes in the nature of the definition of professional theatre in Canada. It is critical to open an interrogation of current paradigms and practice.
Sarah Bernhardt's Visits to Canada: Dates and Repertory
Authors: Hare John , Hathorn Ramon
Published: January 2021

This article, the first comprehensive repertory of Sarah Bernhardt's numerous visits to Canada, covers the period 1880-1918. It lists the year, city, theatre of each visit as well as quotations from reviewers' columns about Bernhardt and her supporting cast. Certain ads are also included, as well as ticket prices and other miscellaneous information. An introduction comments on various implications of the contents.
Sharon Pollock: Transfiguring the Maternal
Authors: Zimmerman Cynthia
Published: January 2021

Sharon Pollock's Doc is a watershed play not only because it is her most intensely personal work to date, but also because the protagonist-daughter confronts her ambivalence on yet another front: the relationship to the maternal. After the play ends with what seems a tidy resolution, the ghost of Bob, the mother, lives on to inhabit the character of subsequent mothers: Eme in Getting it Straight and Joan in Fair Liberty's Call. The treacherous stepmother in Blood Relations and the complicit adoptive mother, Mama George, in Whiskey Six Cadenza, are supplanted by more complicated and more sympathetic maternal figures. In Doc, Pollock bravely raises ghosts from her own past. Once summoned, they bring with them new challenges.
Daddy on Trial: Sharon Pollock's New Brunswick Plays
Authors: Belliveau George
Published: January 2021

This essay examines how in Doc and Fair Liberty's Call Sharon Pollock metaphorically places the father figure on trial for social injustice against his family. In these two New Brunswick plays Pollock makes use of the memory play structure to revisit the social crimes of Ev Chalmers and George Roberts. The memory structure allows multiple characters to revisit the family wrongdoings in their attempt to understand, defend, justify, and/or accept their past actions.
A History of Dramatic Copyright and Performance Right in Canada to 1924
Authors: O'Neill Patrick B.
Published: January 2021

This paper traces the history of dramatic copyright and performance right in Canada prior to the Canadian Copyright Act of 1924. It will also show how the movement towards an international copyright agreement among England, France, and the United States impacted on the theatre in Canada and led to the widespread pirating of English, French, Belgian, and American plays by producers in Canada.
La Nuit Juste Avant les Forêts: Le Lieu Théâtral Comme Espace D'interaction
Authors: Gerson Christiane
Published: January 2021

My response as a spectator to La Nuit juste avant les forêts, presented on February 26th, 1999 in an old boarding house on Ontario Street East in Montreal, has drawn my attention to the impact the theatre venue has on the reception of a performance and most particularly on the spectator's perception. But how does one approach the interrelation among the venue, the spectator and the work presented? How does one speak about what happens to the spectator as he comes in contact with the environment implicated during the representation of a theatrical work? I propose here to study what "I' as spectator have experienced by adopting the following axis: the gaze the spectator lays on the elements that the architect, as well as the author, the conceivers and the actors have put in place to create the theatrical representation. The goal is to show the effect of the environment – considered as a physical space and as a community – on the perception of the spectator and how he acts, in his turn, on what he has retained of the representation. In order to do this, the action of the spectator will be described in terms of the passage he makes through the spaces – concrete and abstract, exterior and interior – he traverses successively to arrive at the chosen representation and to reintegrate the exterior space and his own interior intimate space after the performance.
Theatre-in-Education: Expanding the Parameters
Authors: O'Farrell Larry
Published: January 2021

Le théâtre en enseignement, ou Theatre-in-Education (TIE), qui a vu le jour au Royaume-Uni au courant des années 1960-1970, est caractérisé par des représentations professionnelles de pièces pour jeune public et par des pièces de théâtre interactives. Les paramètres de cet outil ont été appliqués au contexte canadien, de sorte à ce que des comédiens amateurs puissent faire vivre aux jeunes une expérience pédagogique et artistique et ce, dans des conditions financières et institutionnelles différentes.Nous décrirons un projet classique de TIE qui s'est déroulé au Royaume-Uni, dans le cadre duquel les jeunes participants exploraient des enjeux environnementaux à l'aide de spectacles d'une nature telle qu'ils étaient appelés à participer à l'action, en aidant notamment les personnages à prendre des décisions respectueuses de l'environnement. Nous examinerons ensuite un second projet, mené par des élèves-professeurs au Canada, dans le cadre duquel des élèves du secondaire participaient à l'examen d'un modèle improvisé servant à explorer les enjeux de l'abus d'alcool.
Dominique Lafon, dir. Le Théâtre Québécois 1975-1995 Sous la Direction de Hélène Beauchamp et Joël Beddows
Authors: O'Neill-Karch Mariel
Published: January 2021

Dans un entretien accordé à Gilbert David, André Brassard affirme qu'«un spectacle peut parler d'autre chose que ce que la pièce raconte. » Un critique aussi, comme en témoignent les vingt-trois articles qui constituent ce deuxième volume consacré au théâtre dans la série «Archives des lettres canadiennes» du Centre de recherche en civilisation canadienne-française de l'Université d'Ottawa.
Jean Faucher. Gérard Poirier: Entretiens et Jean Faucher et Anne-Marie Villeneuve. Françoise Faucher: Biographie
Authors: Lavoie Bernard
Published: January 2021

Par la publication, en 2003, d'une série d'entretiens avec Gérard Poirier, les Éditions Québec Amérique semblent vouloir développer une approche biographique de l'histoire du théâtre au Québec. En effet, en 2000, elles publiaient aussi une étude autour de la vie de Françoise Faucher. Avec l'édition d'ouvrages rétrospectifs de la carrière de gens de théâtre ayant contribué au développement de la pratique théâtrale, il se dégage une tendance éditoriale qui, malgré les déviations hagiographiques, devrait être encouragée afin de permettre aux chercheurs de nourrir la description et l'analyse de l'histoire récente du théâtre québécois. Si les deux volumes qui nous intéressent ici sont surtout anecdotiques, ils n'en représentent pas moins des documents importants pour comprendre le passage historique de la pratique théâtrale canadienne-française à la pratique québécoise. Ils nous permettent aussi de comprendre l'ampleur et la persistance de l'influence de la culture française continentale sur l'évolution du théâtre québécois. Ils révèlent, de la part de certains comédiens fidèles à une vision privilégiant la primauté du texte, une résistance à l'hégémonie de la vision du metteur en scène et un questionnement sur l'évolution, l'importance et l'influence du travail du scénographe, depuis une vingtaine d'années, sur la représentation théâtrale.
Marc Maufort and Franca Bellarsi. Citing the Other: Revisions of Marginality in Australian and English-Canadian Drama
Authors: Coates Donna
Published: January 2021

This volume, the first of a new "Dramaturgies: Texts, Cultures and Performances" series edited by Marc Maufort, has much to recommend it to students and teachers of post-colonial drama in Australia and Canada. Its twenty-two essays (ten on Australian drama, nine on Canadian, and three comparative) by a number of well-known critics are, for the most part, strongly written, with solid scholarship and clear appeal; together, they offer many important and insightful reflections, syntheses, and suggestions for additional research. (It is puzzling to me, though, that the editors have tacked on an Appendix, which features an interview with Aboriginal playwright John Harding. Their rationalization – that they are giving the last word not to critics but to playwrights – is insufficient. And why is there then no interview with a Canadian playwright?)
From the Kitchen to the Stage: The Recontextualization of Set Dancing in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
Authors: Harris Kristin
Published: January 2021

La danse carrée, une forme de danse traditionnelle à Terre-Neuve, a surtout été pratiquée dans les maisons et lors d'événements communautaires. Il s'agit d'un type de danse en voie de disparition, et un mouvement est né au sein de la communauté des arts folkloriques à St. John's qui vise à la raviver et à la perpétuer. Sur une base individuelle, le mouvement s'est concrétisé de diverses façons. Cet article portera sur les efforts déployés par Tonya Kearley, ambassadrice culturelle autoproclamée, dans le but de perpétuer la tradition de la danse carrée à Terre-Neuve. «Kearley's Dance Up» est un événement touristique dont l'objectif est d'enseigner la danse carrée à tous ceux qui s'y intéressent. Une telle approche a servi à estomper la division entre le danseur et son public, ainsi que la frontière sépare les éléments performatifs et participatifs de cette forme de danse. Ainsi, la danse carrée est investie d'une théâtralité qui diffère grandement à la fois de son contexte traditionnel et des notions classiques de performance. Cette communication se veut un examen ethnographique de l'événement, axé sur la recontextualisation de la danse carrée qui passe d'un emplacement ésotérique (la cuisine terre-neuvienne) à une situation exotérique (en tant que produit culturel), et les changements qui en découlent.
The Land of Promise: Canada, as Somerset Maugham Saw it in 1914
Authors: Lawrence Robert G.
Published: January 2021

The Land of Promise enjoyed much popularity in England and the United States between December 1913 and August 1914. The American run was scheduled to be extended to Canada in March 1914, but Canadian indignation influenced the cancellation of the tour. This paper analyzes the sources of the indignation: Somerset Maugham depicted Canadians as very uncouth, and he suggested that Canada was not the land of promise of the immigration advertisements. In 1918 Phyllis Neilson-Terry and her English company toured across Canada in this play without untoward incident.
Theatre on the Frontier: Winnipeg in the 1880s
Authors: Budnick Carol
Published: January 2021

The paper discusses the influence of the frontier environment on theatres in Winnipeg during the 1880s by looking at the suppression of variety theatres by the City Council and the role in the community of the Princess Opera House and its resident stock company.
Albert Tavernier and the Guelph Royal Opera House
Authors: Fulks Wayne
Published: January 2021

This article is a history of the buildin the Royal Opera House in Guelph, Ontario, with a discussion of its Albert Tavernier. The Opera House was built in 1894 by a group businessmen from designs by the Stratford architect, Harry J. Powell from Tavernier's Account Book, including a list of an estimate of expenses are reprinted.
The Living Soul of Man: Bertram Brooker and Expressionist Theatre
Authors: Grace Sherrill E.
Published: January 2021

In 1935 and 1936, Herman Voaden produced two expressionistic plays by Bertram Brooker, Within and The Dragon. These two plays provide interesting insight into avant-garde theatre in Canada in the thirties and reveal yet another artistic side of the versatile Brooker. Furthermore, these plays demonstrate Brooker's familiarity with contemporary European theatre and with mysticism, and they can be usefully compared with plays by Evreinov and Andreev.
Louis Riel sur Scène: L'état de la Dramaturgie Québécoise en 1886
Authors: Doucette L. E.
Published: January 2021

Historique et analyse de deux pièces consacrées à la carrière tragique de Louis Riel, publiées toutes deux à Montréal en 1886. Quoiqu'elles ne semblent pas avoir connu les honneurs de la scène, ces deux textes illustrent très bien l'état de la dramaturgie québécoise dans les années 1880.
The Interactive Documentary in Canada: Catalyst Theatre's Its About Time
Authors: Filewod Alan
Published: January 2021

Catalyst Theatre's 1982 production of It's About Time, an interactive performance for prison inmates, was a major development in political theatre in English Canada. In its theatrical techniques, the play resembled the 'theatre forum' of the Brazilian director Augusto Boal, but Catalyst's form of interventionist theatre developed independently of parallel forms elsewhere. An analysis of It's About Time compares Catalyst's techniques with Boal's more well-known model of interactive political theatre.
Herman Voaden's 'New Religion'
Authors: Wagner Anton
Published: January 2021

The current critical perception of Herman Voaden's theatre work has been blurred to a great degree by a failure to distinguish between the form and content of his dramas. This article analyses the religious/philosophic content of Voaden's works, what he himself referred to as 'my new religion', which is not merely expressed by, but directly shaped, the complex symphonic expressionist form of his playwriting and production style.
James Reaney Looks Towards a National Repertory
Authors: Reaney James
Published: January 2021

Original plays have very much proved their worth in this country, revivifying, identifying, so much so that it has been doubly unpleasant to watch the muting of our theatre movement in the last four years, and to watch, as well, the general feeling arise that something has not quite peaked as it should have. Theatrically in this country, we're not as far ahead as we should be. And, in film, opera, puppet theatre - we're in, varying ways, behind where we could be. What a surge forward Australia has made recently with its film renaissance - Breaker Morant, Picnic at Hanging Rock, The Chant of Jimmy Blacksmith. Even New Zealand has caught up with Smash Palace, while we must bear with such titles as Meatballs, The Wars, Animal House, and Porky I, Porky II. Perhaps it would be a good idea to curse our miserable aesthetic fate and turn our face to the wall?
Introduction: Les Femmes dans le Théâtre du Québec et du Canada / Women in the Theatre of Quebec and Canada
Authors: Forsyth Louise H.
Published: January 2021

This special issue is dedicated to the many women of Canada and Quebec who, from the very beginnings of this country, made a major contribution to its cultural life. Specifically, it is dedicated to the women who made, who taught how to make, or who helped to make theatre here. A glance through the volume will reveal, though, that it has been possible to speak of only a few of these women. In fact, the majority of their names and what they did will never be known - the Ursulines for whom theatre was a vital approach to education in early 17th century Quebec; the women in towns and outlying communities who looked after social activities and sustained the vital bonds by organizing shows, pageants and concerts in schools, churches and community halls; others, whether in amateur or professional theatres, in anglophone or francophone communities, who looked after the myriad details and tasks involving costumes, props, rehearsals, publicity, administration, which are so often overlooked and yet without which performances could not have taken place. I am reminded here as well of the many mothers or wives mentioned in the reminscences of those who were active in amateur theatre. It is claimed that these women had little interest in theatre, and yet for years they allowed their closets and cupboards to be raided for costumes and props, their homes invaded by actors and directors in search of rehearsal space, while they provided the nurturing and services necessary so the others could make theatre. With their own unique talents, and in a variety of ways women have been making and helping to make theatre throughout Canadian history and, no doubt, in every Canadian community.
Idéologie Féministe dans Le Temps Sauvage et c'était avant la Guerre à l'Anse à Gilles
Authors: Genuist Monique
Published: January 2021

Cet article établit un parallèle entre Le Temps sauvage d'Anne Hébert et C'était avant la guerre à l'Anse à Gilles de Marie Laberge et montre que les deux dramaturges présentent un historique du féminisme parl'intermédiaire de personnages féminins en conflit. S'élevant contre l'idéologie traditionnelle qui enfermait la femme géographiquement et mentalement, Lucie et Marianne revendiquent l'ouverture au monde et au savoir. Ces personnages sont en transition, du temps sauvage au temps de la co-naissance, du silence à la recherche d'une parole de femme.
London's Grand: An Opera House on the Michigan-Ohio-Canadian Circuit, 1881-1914
Authors: Fraser Kathleen
Published: January 2021

This article discusses the two Grand Opera Houses in London, Ontario during the period 1881 to 1914 by surveying the development of four generations of theatre buildings beginning with the early garrison theatre. The second Opera House is London's current Grand Theatre. The relationship of civic pride and business interest in the theatre, encompassing the development of theatre as a business itself, is also considered.
Jean Gascon: A Tribute
Authors: Euringer Fred
Published: January 2021

When Lewis Casson died, John Gielgud began his eulogy with the simple, moving preface: 'Herne's Oak has fallen.' Somewhere in the forest in our country, in the silence, a great tree has fallen. Jean Gascon is dead.
A Preface
Authors: Taylor John H.
Published: January 2021

First discussions regarding this review occurred in late 1970 and involved people from a number of disciplines, universities, institutions and regions. There was consensus on purpose, but we determined in addition to canvass as broad a section of 'urbanologists1 as we knew to obtain their advice and good opinion. We also sought contributors. We doubtless overlooked some, but that is more a reflection on our ignorance than on their emmi-nence. To them we offer apology and solicit future support and contributions. Among those canvassed the reaction was generally favorable. Indeed, there seemed to be need for some sort of little review and sufficient support to warrant its publication.
L’Histoire urbaine au Québec : bilan et tendances
Authors: Linteau Paul-André
Published: January 2021

Les études urbaines suscitent depuis quelques années un vif intérêt au Québec comme ailleurs. Ce mouvement touche plusieurs disciplines scientifiques. Il ne saurait être question de rendre compte ici de tous les travaux en ce domaine, nous nous en tiendrons à ceux qui ont abordé les questions urbaines dans leur perspective historique. Quant au reste, nous renvoyons le lecteur au bilan qu'avait dressé Yves Martin en 1962.
Modelación bayesiana de patrones espacio-temporales de la incidencia acumulada de COVID-19 en municipios de México
Authors: Núñez Medina Gerardo
Published: January 2021

El trabajo busca modelar la distribución de la tasa de incidencia acumulada de COVID-19 en los municipios de México a través del ajuste de tres modelos lineales generalizados (en competencia) con efectos espaciales y temporales y función de enlace Poisson. Se utilizaron datos de casos confirmados de COVID-19, reportados por la Secretaría de Salud de febrero a julio de 2020. Con el objetivo de reducir los costos computacionales asociados a la estimación de múltiples parámetros, con grandes cantidades de datos, se optó por utilizar la aproximación integrada anidada de Laplace en lenguaje R (R-INLA). Los modelos fueron evaluados a través del criterio de información Akaike (AIC), donde el mejor resultó ser el Modelo No Paramétrico de Interacción Espacio-Temporal. Los resultados permiten confirmar la presencia de importantes niveles de heterogeneidad en la distribución espacio-temporal de las tasas de incidencia de COVID-19 entre municipios de México.
Family structure, living arrangements and income inequality in Guatemala between 2000 and 2014
Authors: Espino Ilya , Hermeto Ana , Luz Luciana
Published: January 2021

This paper explores the role of changes in family structure and living arrangements on shaping income distribution in Guatemala using data from the National Survey of Living Conditions (ENCOVI, 2000 and 2014). Specifically, a 12 groups household typology including a gender dimension is proposed, which proved to be useful to illustrate the diversity of Guatemalan households, and how they have changed over these 14 years. We observe modest but relevant trends such as a decline of couples with children under 15, an increase in three-generation families, and an increase in lone-person households and single-parent families. We employ a decomposition analysis. The results suggest that distance “within-groups” matter more on income household distribution. Therefore, trends in family structure and living arrangements associated with the decline of fertility rates and aging do not seem to have contributed to changes in income inequality experienced by Guatemala from 2000 to 2014.
Review on Conventional and Novel Topical Ocular Drug Delivery System
Authors: Rozi Mohamad Faeznudin , Mohmad Sabere Awis Sukarni
Published: January 2021

Ocular drug delivery is a very challenging area for ophthalmologists and drug delivery scientists due to the structural and barrier complexity of the eye. Barriers such as different layers of cornea, sclera, conjunctival blood flow, and tear dilution limit the efficacy of drug delivery to the anterior part of the eye in addition to more barriers present to the posterior part. Due to these, scientists have designed and studied various delivery systems to increase drug delivery and treatment efficacy to the eye. Among conventional ocular drug delivery systems, ophthalmic solution or eye drop is widely used and preferred by consumers. Conventional dosage forms available in the market are emulsion, suspension, ointment and polymeric gels. Several ocular formulations such as nano-formulations, liposomes, ocular inserts, and ocular mini-tablets are also being widely studied as future treatments to improve ocular drug delivery and as an alternative to conventional drug delivery. This review intends to summarise several conventional and novel topical formulations for ocular drug delivery.
Stability of extemporaneous rifampicin prepared with X-temp® oral suspension system
Authors: Md Salim Salma Nadirah , Mohd Murshid Mohd Danial , Mohd Gazzali Amirah
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Rifampicin is a first line antituberculosis drug that is commonly used in the treatment of tuberculosis, both in adults and paediatric patients. However, there is a lack of liquid formulation for rifampicin in the market due to the small market size and the physicochemical properties of the drug itself. An innovative new mix called X-Temp® oral suspension system (OSS) has been available in the market as a choice of vehicle for extemporaneous suspension.
Aim: The aim of this study was to prepare rifampicin suspension in the X-Temp® OSS and evaluate its stability following storage at two temperatures – refrigerated (5 °C ± 3 °C) and in a stability chamber (30 °C ± 2 °C/RH 75% ± 5%).
Materials and method: This study investigates the physicochemical and microbiological stability of rifampicin formulated in X-temp® OSS. The rifampicin suspension was prepared at 25mg/ml and kept in two types of amber-coloured storage bottles. The bottles were stored in an open and close storage system at 5 oC (refrigeration) and 30 °C/75% RH (non-refrigerated) and the stability of the product was evaluated at specified time intervals.
Results: It was found that the content of rifampicin remained above 90% of the original concentration throughout the study as required by the standard references. Visual appearance, colour, odour and pH remained unchanged throughout the study period and the extemporaneous preparation was not susceptible to microbial contamination.
Conclusion: Results from this stability study confirmed that the X-temp® OSS is a suitable vehicle for the preparation of extemporaneous rifampicin liquid formulation.
Potential Nanospray Inhalation of Remdesivir and Hydroxychloroquine using Poly (lactic-co-glycolic) Acid as Fast Delivery for Covid-19 Treatment.
Authors: Taher Muhammad , Shaari Siti Syazwani , Susanti Deny
Published: January 2021

Introduction: The oral medication of remdesivir and hydroxychloroquine face several limitations in covid-19 therapy.  Despite having the first-pass metabolism, it also has a limitation in the patient who has hospitalised with a severe covid-19 infection. It is especially for a drug that is targeting the angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) receptor where the receptors are found abundantly in the lung, kidney, heart, and gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, an alternative delivery such as nanospray inhalation would provide a great benefit to those patients.
Methods: Scientific sources from Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, EBSCO, ScienceDirect, and Elsevier were accessed for publication of this review article regarding the nanospray inhalation for Covid-19.
Results: Since the main organ infected by SARS-CoV-2 is the trachea and lung, inhalation may be the best route to deliver the drug to the site of action. It is proposed that poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid to be used in the formulation.
Conclusion: Poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) is considered a suitable polymer since it is biocompatible and noncytotoxic, it is the most widely applied in drug delivery either as carrier or excipient for the optimal formulation and distribution of the drugs. Dry powder inhalation of remdesivir and hydroxychloroquine may be an alternative way to deliver the drug against Covid-19.
Experiential education as a strategy to preserve Maqasid Al-Shariah by identifying and addressing stigmatic views held by pharmacy students of patients with substance use disorders.
Authors: Mohd Taufek Nor Hidayah , Halimi Syafiqah Nadiah , Ab Rahman Norny Syafinaz , Zin Che Suraya , Che Mohamad Che Anuar , Turner Christopher John
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Stigmatising people with a history of substance use disorders (PHSUDs) is discriminatory, causes harm by hindering access to health services and promotes relapse. It jeopardises the preservation of Maqasid Al-Shariah, particularly the protection of life and well-being. Experiential education (EE) is a potential strategy to overcome stigma through direct experience with PHSUDs. This study aimed to identify stigmatised views of PHSUD's held by pharmacy students and, in accord with Maqasid Al-Shariah, the effectiveness of EE in changing those views.
Materials and methods: Interviews were conducted with seven undergraduate pharmacy students who provided care to PHSUDs through an EE programme. A semi-structured interview guide was used to explore students' perceptions on stigma. Each interview was audio-taped, transcribed verbatim and translated into English. Data were manually sorted and coded using Microsoft Excel 2016 and subjected to thematic analysis.
Results: The following themes related to stigma were identified: 1) individuals are to blame 2) moral versus biological views of addiction 3) stereotypes of unpredictability and dangerousness 4) lack of didactic education/training for pharmacy students regarding PHSUDs and 5) lack of face-to-face experiential education with PHSUDs. Less stigma and greater empathy towards PHSUDs were reported post-intervention attributable to increased knowledge about substance abuse and face-to-face interactions with PHSUDs.
Conclusion: Pharmacy students have pre-conceived stigmatic views regarding PHSUDs modifiable through experiential education. Contact by pharmacy students with stigmatised patients promotes health care without discrimination as advocated in the teaching of Islam. Future interventions to reduce stigma are required to preserve Maqasid Al-Shariah.
INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION IN THE FIELD OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION: IMPLEMENTATION AND TRENDS ESTABLISHMENT IN UKRAINE
Authors:   Donetsk National University of Economics and Trade named after Mykhailo Tugan-Baranovsky, Zaikina D.
Published: January 2021

The purpose of the work is to assess the scope of action of international environmental standards, focusing on existing gaps, including in the light of the parallel evolution of bilateral and multilateral international cooperation in the field of environmental protection. Research methods. An integrated approach is applied, including the logical generalization, collection, systematization and analysis of actual data; methods of system analysis. Results. In this article recent advances in international environmental law are summarized and provisions, concepts, analytical tools, and key issues used to achieve environmental goals are studied. The analysis was conducted by logical generalization and proved that application of international environmental law remains a topical issue both at the national and international levels. In many countries, national application is constrained by the lack of appropriate national legislation, financial resources, environmentally sound technologies and institutional capacity. National application can be improved by increasing the relevance of environmental considerations in other sectors and increasing participation of non-state actors in decision making and application. Scientific novelty consists in the author’s approach to determining the priority directions for optimizing the application of international law in the field of environmental protection, the use of regulatory combinations, economic, voluntary and informational instruments is required, while a set of policy measures is determined on the basis of available data on cost effectiveness. Practical significance is that scientific research clearly, accessibly and consistently demonstrates the imperative for complex regulatory regimes with more flexible and dynamic standards-setting processes, necessitating a pragmatic and forward-looking approach.
PRINCIPLES OF AUTOMATED DESIGN OF ELECTROMAGNETIC SCREENS ACCOUNTING SPATIAL FACTORS
Authors:   National University of Food Technologies, Kasatkina Natalia , Levchenko Larysa ,   National Technical University of Ukraine, Kyiv Polytechnic Institute named after Igor Sikorsky, Tуkhenko Oksana ,   National Aviation University
Published: January 2021

The purpose of the work is to develop the principles of designing electromagnetic screens taking into account diffraction phenomena and methodological approaches to the automation of design work. Results. The principal approaches to the design of materials and structures for shielding electromagnetic radiation are considered. It is shown that for shielding radiation with frequencies up to 1 GHz, it is necessary to take into account the diffraction phenomena at the edges of flat structures, which cause the presence of “penumbra”. A convenient mathematical apparatus for determining the size of the penumbra depending on the wavelength of incident electromagnetic radiation is provided. The need to account the reflection of electromagnetic waves from building structures, flat surfaces of technological equipment, and other objects in the design of electromagnetic screens is substantiated. The corresponding computation procedure is offered. Practical significance. The obtained functions allow modelling the propagation of radiation in the protected area and selecting the necessary parameters of the composite shielding material in the automated mode. The main parameters are the content and dispersion of the metal substance and the thickness of the material. They determine the contribution of the reflection and absorption coefficients of electromagnetic waves to the overall shielding coefficient. This makes it possible to optimize the parameters of the shielding design on the principles of reasonable sufficiency.
DETERMINATION OF PARAMETERS OF DETACHED ROCK PACKS WITH COMPENSATION VOIDS
Authors:   Public higher education institution Donetsk National Technical University, Nehrii Serhii , Nehrii Tetiana ,   Public higher education institution Donetsk National Technical University, Yefremov Ihor ,   Public higher education institution Donetsk National Technical University
Published: January 2021

Purpose: To determine the parameters of detached rock packs with compensating voids. Methodology: Analysis of technologies for the protection of development workings, based on the management of the stress-strain state of rocks around the workings, physical modeling using equivalent materials, numerical modeling by the finite element method, and methods of structural mechanics. Results: In the conditions of soft soil rocks the expediency of application of protection means based on management of a stress-strain condition in a surrounding massif and redirection of extrusion forces from a working has been substantiated. On the basis of analysis of the existing protection measures of the workings behind faces the prospects of use of protection technologies by means of construction of detached rock packs with limiting surfaces between which there are compensatory voids left, have been proved. To determine the parameters of such packs and voids between them in the conditions of soft soil rocks, a set of laboratory and numerical studies has been performed. According to their results, it has been established that to ensure the redirection of extrusion forces from the working it is necessary to build rock packs with limiting surfaces in the form of rectangular parallelepipeds with orientation of their greater side perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of production and trapezoidal prisms with their narrower orientation towards the working. Recommendations on the parameters of these structures and compensatory voids between them in the conditions of soft soil rocks have been formulated. Scientific novelty: On the basis of numerical modeling the regularities of stress distribution in rocks under detached rock packs of different shapes have been investigated, which allowed substantiating the parameters of the last and compensatory voids between them to ensure the stability of workings in the soft soil rocks. Practical significance: The expediency of application of technologies of protection of preparatory workings behind faces in the conditions of soft soil rocks by means of rock packs with limiting surfaces between which there are compensatory voids has been proved, and their parameters have been defined.