bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cattle, Ear Tag Devices and Ear Tags for Face Fly and Horn fly Control, 1982
Authors: Herald Freddie , Knapp F.W.
Published: March 2022

Eight beef cattle cow-calf herds were treated for fly control during the first 2 wk of Jun with Ectiban permethrin (0.9 g AI) ear tag tapes or Durmectostrips (8% AI cypermethrin plastic strips) attached to the shank portion of identification ear tags. Cows and calves were treated with different numbers of tapes or strips as described in the below table. Two similar herds of beef cattle were used as untreated checks. On Sep 9, 2 beef cattle cow-calf herds were tagged with either 10% bendiocarb or 10% Delnav dioxathion ear tags. Cows were tagged with Delnav tags at 2/hd and cows and calves were tagged with bendiocarb tags at 2/hd. A similar herd of beef cattle on a free choice use of a 2% malathion backrubber was used as a standard comparison. Face fly and horn fly counts were made on 10 cows in each treatment before treating and at regular post treatment intervals.
Evaluation of Candidate Chemicals as Bait Toxicants Against Imported Fire Ants in Laboratory Screening Tests, 1981
Authors: Williams David F. , Lofgren Clifford S.
Published: March 2022

All tests are conducted in 30-ml disposable plastic medicine cups. Twenty worker ants from laboratory colonies deprived of food for 14 days were collected from the inside of rearing cells containing brood (brood tenders) and placed in each test cup ca 24 h preceding start of a test. This pretreatment holding period allows time for the ants to recover from handling and to orient. Candidate chemicals are dissolved directly in once-refined soybean oil and offered to the ants on saturated cotton swabs. Preliminary tests with all chemicals are conducted at 3 concentrations (1.0, 0.1 and 0.01%). Compounds giving complete kill at the lowest concentration are tested further until the minimum concentration giving 90% or greater kill is determined. The ants are allowed to feed on the toxic bait for 24 h after which they remain without food for an additional 24 h. At the end of this time, cotton swabs saturated with soybean oil are placed in the chamber and left for the remainder of the test period. Mortality counts are made at intervals of 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 10 and 14 days following initial exposure. Each test consists of 3 replications plus a soybean oil control and a mirex standard. Room temperature is maintained at 26.7±2.2bC.
Mouse-Cuterebra Animal Systemic Insecticide Test, 1982
Authors: Drummond R.O.
Published: March 2022

White mice are infested ocularly with 5 newly hatched larvae of Cuterebra fontinella Clark. Two days later, female mice are weighed and treated orally with candidate insecticides usually formulated in Tween 20; male mice have a plastic collar placed around their necks to prevent grooming, and their bodies are dipped into 80-200 ml of an emulsion of the candidate insecticide usually formulated as an EC in xylene (66 parts), Triton X-100 (10 parts), and AI (25 parts). Highest dosages are 100 mg/kg orally and 1% dentially. Four days later, mice are killed and their bodies examined carefully for encapsulated larvae usually found in the inguinal region. Effectiveness is determined by comparing numbers of larvae in treated mice with numbers in untreated mice. Probit analysis is conducted with corrected percent-kill data.
Apple, Insecticide Tests, 1982
Authors: Pfeiffer Douglas G. , Ponton Leo F. , Darrell Eldridge M.
Published: March 2022

Materials were applied to mature Red Delicious trees with high SJS population densities in Fairfield, VA. Two applications ca 1 wk apart were directed against crawlers of both SJS generations. The spray dates were Jun 2 and 8, and Aug 9 and 18. Each treatment was represented by 4 single-tree replicates in a completely randomized design. Unsprayed buffer tree were left between sprayed trees. Applications were made with a truck-mounted hydraulic sprayer with handgun attachment. Scale populations were assessed by counting scale-infested fruit after each generation of crawlers had settled (on Jul 1 and Sep 7, respectively). Fifty fruit per tree were evaluated. Mite populations were sampled on several dates using 20-leaf samples and a leaf-brushing machine. Aphids were evaluated by counting aphid-infested shoots over a 3-min period on Jun 14.
Rabbits, Systemic Effectiveness of MK-933 Against Psoroptes, 1982
Authors: Wright F.C.
Published: March 2022

Rabbits that were infested with Psoroptes cuniculi, P. ovis, a hybrid of P. ovis x P. cuniculi, or combination of the 2 species were injected with a single subcutaneous (SC) or intramuscular injection (IM) of MK-933 (Ivermectin) at dosage levels of 50-400 ug/kg. IM injections were in the back muscle, and SC injections were in the prescapular region of the neck. All rabbits wore plastic collars to restrict grooming. Both ears of each rabbit were infested, and generally lesions were on the head also and possibly on the body of the host rabbit. The compound, MK-933, was tested as a company injectable formulation. At weekly intervals after injection, the ears of the treated rabbits were checked for live mites with an otoscope and the head and body examined for scabs and live mites. If live mites could not be found by 6 wk, the ear canals were swabbed and the swabs examined for live mites with the aid of a dissecting microscope.
Control of Blackmargined Aphids by Systemic Insecticides in Far West Texas, 1981
Authors: Stone J. D. , Fries J. N.
Published: March 2022

Five treatments were applied to 10-year-old pecans in Clint in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications for 3 trees/treatment. The material (aldicarb) was applied using an electric Gandy granule applicator attached to 4 shanks spaced at 38 cm intervals on a tool bar. The granules were distributed evenly between shanks in bands on both sides of each tree and lightly disked into the soil to about 6-8 cm below surface. On each of 25 sample dates, aphids were counted on 10 randomly-selected leaves on each tree.
Japanese Beetle: Bioassay to Evaluate Control of Selected Adultcides on Grape, 1981
Authors: Williams Roger N. , Hall Franklin R. , Ellis Michael A.
Published: March 2022

Three insecticide formulations were evaluated for field efficacy in an experimental vineyard of Delaware grapes at Wooster, OH. Rows were spaced 8 ft apart with 8 ft between vines in a row. A replicate consisted of 15 adjacent vines in a row. A single treatment was applied Jul 15. Penncap-M and Sevin 50 WP plus Target NL (Agway) were applied at 58 psi with a C0? constant pressure sprayer equipped with a TeeJet D3-25 core. These 2 compounds were applied at the rate of 50 gal water/acre. Sevin XLR was diluted with 11 parts of water and applied with the same sprayer and some tips at 38 psi at the rate of 5.5 gal water/acre. Three leaves were removed at random from the outside canopy for use in bioassay. Leaves were placed in labeled plastic bags and brought into the laboratory where they were placed in floral tubes in a 1-gal ice cream carton. Ten adult Japanese beetles, of an unknown age were placed in each carton. The carton was modified by placing a 16-mesh wire screen over the bottom and cheese cloth over the top. Each bioassay included 4 replicates. The insect holding room was maintained at 75 F with ca. 807, RH under a 16-hr photoperiod.
White Grub Control on a Home Lawn in Bucks County, Pa, 1982
Authors: Heller P. R. , Guiser S. , Shetlar D. J.
Published: March 2022

Seven insecticide treatments were applied Aug 20 to a home lawn infested with white grubs. The predominant white grub species present was Japanese beetle (70%), with the remaining species present in equal numbers (C. borealis, 15%; Phyllophaga spp, 15%). The lawn consisted of Kentucky bluegrass (25%), fescue (25%), and a wide diversity of weeds T50%). Treatment plots were 10 × 10 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. Liquid formulations were applied in 3 gal water with a hand-held sprinkling can. Granular formulations were applied with a hand held shaker, followed by watering in with 3 gal water. At treatment time, the following environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 83°F; soil temperature, 76°F; soil type, silt-loam; soil condition, moist; soil pH, 5.4; percent organic matter, 2>.5; amount of thatch, 0.06 in; and skies were partly cloudy. Post-treatment counts were made 41 days later (Sep 30). Four ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of living white grubs was recorded for each ft2 sample. An average of 17 white grubs per ft2 was recorded Aug 20 prior to treatment.
Fall Control of Japanese Beetle Larvae in Bluegrass Turf, 1982
Authors: Kennedy M. Keith , Rodencal Jeff
Published: March 2022

The experiments were conducted in the left rough of No. 3 fairway at Blackhawk Golf Course, Westerville, OH. The turf was composed of approximately 90% Kentucky bluegrass and 10% crabgrass. Mowing height was 2.5-3 in. There was no measurable thatch at this site. The predominent soil type was Alexandria-Cardington, characterized as a greyish brown, strongly acid, friable silt loam 8-12 in thick. Environmental conditions at application time were as follows: air temperature, 70 F; relative humidity, 90%; wind from the NW at 0-4 mph; overcast skies; and dry soil. Nine treatments replicated 4 times were applied to 6ft × 8 ft (1.8m × 2.4m) experimental plots arranged in a RCB design. Liquid applications were made using a CO2 pressurized sprayer with 3 8020 nozzles mounted on a 4 ft aluminum boom, operating at 25 psi with a 4 gal/1000 ft spray rate. Granular materials were applied with a 2 ft Gandy drop spreader. All treatments were irrigated with 0.25 in of water immediately after application on Sep 15. Pretreatment counts showed a range of 16-30 grubs/ft. The experimental plots were evaluated at 40 DAT (Oct 25), by randomly sinking four 7.75 in diameter cylinders (ca. 0.33 ft) into the turf to a depth of 8-10 in and counting the number of viable larvae in the plugs of soil.
Aphicide Efficacy Evaluation, California, 1982
Authors: Parrella M. P. , Robb K. L.
Published: March 2022

Seven pesticides were tested for efficacy against an aphid, Aphis sp. on chrysanthemum. There were 4 standardized 4-leaved chrysanthemum plants per material including a water check. Al I plants were heavily infested with aphids, and aphid numbers on each plant were reduced to 75 prior to pesticide application. All materials except the Ortho products were applied with a 1-gal hand sprayer at 60 psi until runoff. Post-treatment counts of all aphids per plant were made 3 and 10 days after application.
Control of the Apple-And-Thorn Skeletonizer on Crab Apple in Moscow, ID, 1982
Authors: Carpenter G. P. , Wright G. C.
Published: March 2022

Three insecticides were evaluated for control of the apple-and-thorn skeletonizer on crab apples in a completely randomized block experiment located on the University of Idaho campus. Because the trees were not uniformly infested, infested twigs were selected and the larvae found in a 1 foot segment were counted. These segments of twigs were marked and post-treatment counts made on the same sections. Because Dipel is slow to control, a second set of counts was made on this treatment. Treatments were applied with a handgun at ca 350 psi on Aug 9. Rain fell about 6.5 h after the last application.
Control of Elm Leaf Beetles on Siberian Elm, 1982
Authors: King Ed , Foltz Julie , Pinkston Ken , Price Richard
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted on a windbreak planting of Siberian elmjj, approximately 20 ft tall, located 2 mi south of Stillwater, Oklahoma. Trees were treated on Jul 26 when the temperature was 92 F and the wind velocity was 5-10 mph. A majority of the larvae were in 2nd and 3rd instar, approximately 8-12 mm long. Application equipment consisted of a Marco R-20 sprayer which delivered 1.6 gal/min at 200 psi. Trees were treated to run-off. Treatments were randomized and replicated 3 times. Larval counts were made by examining 18 in of terminal branch at 10 locations per tree.
Southern RED Mite Control on Holly, 1982:
Authors: Schultz P. B.
Published: March 2022

A row of heavily infested Japanese hollies 2-3 ft high at the VA Truck & Orn. research station were selected for treatment. Acaricides were applied Oct 19, using a1-gal BAG compressed air sprayer at 30 psi, applied to runoff. On Oct 20, 5 cuttings showing evidence of mite injury were collected from each treatment and the number of mites counted from 2 leaves per cutting (10 leaves per treatment). Temperature at time of treatment was 71 F and no rain fall occurred between application and evaluation.
Cottony Camellia Scale Control, 1982
Authors: Schultz P. B.
Published: March 2022

Scale control was evaluated in a commercial nursery in Exmore, VA by selecting infested Japanese hollies ca 3 ft tall. Insecticides were applied on May 26 using a 1 gal B & G compressed air sprayer at 30 psi, and were applied to runoff. On Jun 10, 5 cuttings were removed from each treatment and the number of crawlers per 10 leaves counted. Temperature at time of treatment was 69°F and 2.06 in of rain occurred between application and evaluation.
Acaricide Efficacy Evaluation, California, 1982
Authors: Jones V. P. , Parrella M. P.
Published: March 2022

Six acaricides were tested for efficacy against the broad mite on Impatiens. The test was set up in a randomized block design with 6 replicates. All materials were applied to runoff with a 1-gal Ran"d sprayer at 60 psi except for plant pins, which were inserted into the soil until completely covered. Counts were made by examining both surfaces of 7 leaves per plant per sampling day. The test was evaluated on the day of application, +3 days, and +10 days.
Bagworm Control on Juniper, 1982
Authors: Schultz P.B.
Published: March 2022

Bagworm control was evaluted by selecting 10 ft sections of a 200 ft row of junipers of similar size (5 ft) and infestation level. Insecticides were applied on Jun 15 using a 1 gal B & G compressed air sprayer at 30 PSI and were applied to runoff. On Jun 18 mortality was determined by collecting 4 sample branches from each treatment, and placing them in the greenhouse at 120 F for 30 min. Live larvae began moving immediately.
Phytotoxicity Evaluations with S-3206 on Ornamental Plants, Georgia, 1982:
Authors: Oetting Ronald D.
Published: March 2022

S-3206 was applied to 20 selected floricultural species grown in 11.5 cm plastic pots and 11 species grown as bedding plants in cell packs to evaluate phytotoxicity. Sprays were applied to the point of run-off utilizing a power sprayer at 80 psi. Application rates were 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 lb ai/100 gal. Floricultural plants were sprayed on Feb 5, Mar 2, 9, 16, and 23, and bedding plants were sprayed on Mar 9, 23, Apr 6, 13, and 20. Temperatures ranged from 21-28°C with RH of 73-95% at the time of the applications. Plants were grown in a 1:1 mixture of Metro Mix 300 and peat moss and maintained on raised greenhouse benches. Treatments consisted of single pots or cell units replicated 6 times. Treatments were evaluated each week on a damage rating scale of 0-3: 0 = no damage, 1 = slight, 2 = moderate, 3 - severe damage.
Phytotoxicity Evaluations with Resmethrin, 1982
Authors: Schultz P. B.
Published: March 2022

Phytotoxicity trials were conducted on 10 species of container-grown nursery stock and 15 species of field-grown nursery stock at X, 2X, and 4X rates (2,4 and 8 qt per 100 gal). Treatments were applied Aug 24 and 31 using a 1 gal B&G compressed air sprayer at 30 psi. Temperatures at time of treatments were 73°F and 63°F respectively. Evaluation for possible injury was conducted Aug 31 and Sep 8. Rainfall from Aug 24 to Sep 8 was 0.08 in.
Phytotoxicity Tests on Wandering Jews, Massachusetts, 1982:
Authors: Vittum P. J. , Mimms R. A.
Published: March 2022

'Variegata' wandering Jews were treated on Oct 14, Oct 28, and Nov 17 with 9 different insecticides. Plants were in 10-cm pots and had been trimmed so no shoot exceeded 20 cm in length. Four plants were treated for each material or rate tested, and plants were then placed randomly on a greenhouse bench. Foliar sprays were applied to run-off with a CO2 powered sprayer, delivering 38 psi. Soil drenches were applied directly to the soil at 80 ml/pot.
Greenhouse Whitefly Control on Poinsettias, Massachusetts, 1981
Authors: Vittum P. J. , Mimms R. A.
Published: March 2022

Ten insecticides were tested for efficacy against greenhouse whiteflies and for phytotoxic responses of red poinsettias. Plants were grown in 15-cm pots in Metro Mix 350 and pinched to 6 leaves Oct 6. Bracts began to show color during the first week of Nov. Each insecticide was applied with a 2-liter capacity hand pump sprayer to the upper and lower leaf surfaces of 3 plants, which were then placed randomly on benches. Applications were made at bi-weekly intervals beginning Oct 30.
DWARF Schefflera, Two-Spotted Spider Mite Control, 1982:
Authors: Stephenson J. C. , Zarko Marie L.
Published: March 2022

Fenpropathrin and Morestan were evaluated for spider mite control on dwarf schefflera. Plants were grown in an amended pine bark medium in a glass greenhouse and hand irrigated as needed. Treatments were applied Apr 26 to all leaf surfaces to run-off with hand-pumped, compressed air sprayers. At time of application ambient temperature was 80 F with a relative humidity of 55%. Four single-plant replicates were arranged in a completely randomized design. Nu-Film 17, 8 oz/100 gal water, was added as an adjuvant to all insecticide treatments. Counts were taken 1 and 7 days after application with a Llanfair Orchard leaf brushing machine.
Control of Mites and Thrips on Beans, 1982
Authors: Stoltz Robert I.
Published: March 2022

Garden beans planted at Kimberly, Idaho, May 27 for seed were sprayed Jul 28 to control mites and thrips. Materials were broadcast applied over the rows with a C02 pressurized backpack sprayer, Spraying Systems 8004 nozzles, 30 psi, and at 20 gal finished spray/acre. Plot size was 6 row? (11 ft) by 25 ft. All treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Thrips and mites were sampled on Aug 2, 9, 16, or, 5, 12, and 19 days after application, respectively. On each sampling date 10 trifoliate leaves were picked from different plants in each plot and examined for mites and thrips.
Evaluation of Insecticides to Control Turnip Aphids and Cabbage Loopers on Cabbage, 1982:
Authors: Bland Roger G.
Published: March 2022

'Tropic Globe' cabbage was transplanted on Mar 1 into single row plots 30 ft in length. Distance between rows was 8 ft and space between plants was 2 ft. Treatment plots were replicated 3 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Pesticides were applied to the upper and lower sides of the foliage using a Solo 2.5 gal, knapsack, hand-operated, compressed-air sprayer at the rate of 70 gal/acre (20-25 psi) with a fan nozzle. Treatment for turnip aphids was made Apr 26 and a treatment for turnip aphids and cabbage loopers was made on May 12.
Control of Worms and Aphids on Cabbage, 1982
Authors: Bowman James S.
Published: March 2022

A block of 'Eastern Ballhead' cabbage transplanted on Jul 7 on the Robert Wiggin Farm, Stratham, New Hampshire was utilized. Spray applications at various treatments were made on Aug 10, 17, 24, and 30, and Sep 8 to plots consisting of 20 ft rows replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized block design. Applications were made on both sides of the row using a B & G CO2 pressurized sprayer (40 psi) at a rate of 25 gal/acre. Combination treatments applied at the same time were tank mixed. Other Xombination treatments were applied separately and at alternate 7-day intervals. One treatment, Pay-Off 2.5EC at 0.04 lb ai/acre was applied on a 14-day interval. Evaluations were made by counting the number of each kind of worm on 5 plants per replicate and by foliage injury ratings on Oct 4. The categories used in rating the foliage injury ratings on Oct 4. The categories used in rating the foliage injury were: l=slight or trace holes; 2=less than 10% of leaves with feeding holes; 3=severe feeding on 25% of leaves; 4=severe feeding on 50% of leaves; 5=severe feeding on 100% of leaves. Aphid evaluations were also made on Oct 4 by determining the percentage of plants per replicate with at least one established aphid colony. Percent marketability of heads was evaluated on Oct 25.
Cabbage Maggot Control, 1982
Authors: Robbins P. S. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

The plot was planted and treated Jun 15 at our vegetable crops research farm near Geneva, NY in a Honeyoye fine sandy loam soil. Seeds were planted at 10/ft and treatments were applied using cone seeders. Germination counts were made Jul 1. The crop was then thinned to ca 1 plant every 18 in. Plots consisted of a single row, 25 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block. Insecticide applications were based on a 36-inch row width. All over-furrow sprays were applied at 50 GPA using a C02-powered sprayer mounted on a cone seeder. In-furrow liquid applications were made with a gravity system mounted on a cone seeder which delivered 50 GPA. Over-furrow treatments were applied in a band 4-inch wide using a hand-pushed Gandy applicator. The band of granules was then planted through, resulting in a slight mixing of the insecticide into the seed furrow. Injury ratings were made Sep 13 by pulling 10 roots/plot, washing them, and counting the number of tunnels present.
Control of Lepidoptera by 'Organic Garden Sprays, 1982
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T.
Published: March 2022

Cabbage was transplanted Jul 1 at the Vegetable Research Farm near Geneva, NY. Plots consisted of two 10-ft rows, each with 36-inch centers and 16-inch plant spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Treatments were applied with a Solo Backpack Sprayer operating at 15 psi and delivering 15 gal/acre, except for Rotenone which was dusted over the plants after spraying them with water. Treatments which consisted of plant or animal matter were liquified and coarsely strained before application. Applications were made on a weekly basis from Aug 17 until Oct 7. Agway sticker-spreader (2.5 ml/gal) was added to all treatments. Evaluations were made on Oct 14 by randomly selecting 3 plants/plot and rating each plant on an overall scale of injury from 0 (no injury) to 6 (severe defoliation). A rating >2 was considered not suitable for fresh market standards. Infestations were considerate moderate.
A systematic review of the effect of therapeutic drug monitoring on patient health outcomes during treatment with penicillins
Authors: Luxton Timothy , King Natalie , Wälti Christoph , Jeuken Lars , Sandoe Jonathan
Published: March 2022

Background

Dosing regimens guided by therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) may be able to improve penicillin exposure in patients, which could result in improved patient health outcomes.

Objectives

This systematic review aims to describe the impact penicillin TDM has on health outcomes, including antimicrobial resistance (AMR).

Methods

Studies measuring penicillins in patient samples that adjusted regimens according to the result, and reported health outcomes were selected. Study bias was assessed according to study type. Included study characteristics were tabulated and described by narrative synthesis.

Results

Three randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 16 cohort studies, and 9 case studies were included. No RCTs showed statistically significant improvements in health outcomes. Five cohort studies showed improvement in at least one health outcome associated with target attainment. However, there was a high risk of bias in all studies for health outcomes. One study assessed the impact of penicillin TDM on AMR and found that improved target attainment was associated with suppression of resistance. No studies found a detrimental effect of penicillin TDM.

Conclusions

There is little evidence to suggest that TDM improves health outcomes, however neither health outcomes nor impact on AMR were adequately addressed. Variations in TDM implementation meant that a meta-analysis was not suitable. Penicillin TDM needs standardization, however there is currently no clear evidence of optimal conditions. Suitably powered studies are required to resolve the ambiguity surrounding the impact of TDM on clinical outcomes, including AMR. Further, standardized protocols and concentration targets need to be identified for TDM to be implemented successfully.
Democratic Consequences of Incidental Exposure to Political Information: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Nanz Andreas , Matthes Jörg
Published: March 2022

In the last two decades, communication research dedicated substantial attention to the effects of incidental exposure (IE) to political information. In this meta-analysis, we analyzed the relationship of IE and five outcomes relevant for democracies. Including 106 distinct samples with more than 100,000 respondents, we observed positive cross-sectional relationships between IE and news use, political knowledge, political participation, expressive engagement, and political discussion. These effects shrink substantially but remain significant for panel studies. While we found a stronger relationship with knowledge for experiments compared to surveys, the relationship between IE and discussion and participation was not significant for experiments. Overall, findings suggest that IE matters, but its effects are smaller and more nuanced than previously thought. Also, the effects of IE are strongest when there is congruence between the exposure setting and the outcome setting. We discuss theoretical and methodological implications for IE research and the field at large.
An Extremely Streamlined Macronuclear Genome in the Free-Living Protozoan Fabrea salina
Authors: Zhang Bing , Hou Lina , Qi Hongli , Hou Lingling , Zhang Tiancheng , Zhao Fangqing , Miao Miao
Published: March 2022

Ciliated protists are among the oldest unicellular organisms with a heterotrophic lifestyle and share a common ancestor with Plantae. Unlike any other eukaryotes, there are two distinct nuclei in ciliates with separate germline and somatic cell functions. Here, we assembled a near-complete macronuclear genome of Fabrea salina, which belongs to one of the oldest clades of ciliates. Its extremely minimized genome (18.35 Mb) is the smallest among all free-living heterotrophic eukaryotes and exhibits typical streamlined genomic features, including high gene density, tiny introns, and shrinkage of gene paralogs. Gene families involved in hypersaline stress resistance, DNA replication proteins, and mitochondrial biogenesis are expanded, and the accumulation of phosphatidic acid may play an important role in resistance to high osmotic pressure. We further investigated the morphological and transcriptomic changes in the macronucleus during sexual reproduction and highlighted the potential contribution of macronuclear residuals to this process. We believe that the minimized genome generated in this study provides novel insights into the genome streamlining theory and will be an ideal model to study the evolution of eukaryotic heterotrophs.
A Content Analysis of Police Shared Service Agreements
Authors: Mazeika David M
Published: March 2022

New Jersey, like the nation, is home to many small police departments that may be incapable of providing the level and type of services required by 21st century policing. In total, 26 municipalities in the state contract services with a larger local department. The study provides the first systematic analysis of police shared service agreement contracts in New Jersey across seven features: services and division of services, term of contract, cost and cost adjustments, early termination, and chain of command. The goal is to highlight the frequency and range of clauses included in these documents, to identify the responsibilities of the provider and receiver, to identify features that make contracts more or less palatable for the public, and to make recommendations for those parties interested in entering or renewing a shared service contract.
Automated quantification system predicts survival in rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease
Authors: Oh Ju Hyun , Kim Grace Hyun J , Cross Gary , Barnett Joseph , Jacob Joseph , Hong Seokchan , Song Jin Woo
Published: March 2022

Objective

The prognosis of RA-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD) is difficult to predict because of the variable clinical course. This study aimed to determine the prognostic value of an automated quantification system (AQS) in RA-ILD.

Methods

We retrospectively analysed the clinical data and high-resolution CT (HRCT) images of 144 patients with RA-ILD. Quantitative lung fibrosis (QLF, sum of reticulation and traction bronchiectasis) and ILD [QILD; sum of QLF, honeycombing (QHC), and ground-glass opacity (QGG)] scores were measured using the AQS.

Results

The mean age was 61.2 years, 43.8% of the patients were male, and the 5-year mortality rate was 30.5% (median follow-up, 52.2 months). Non-survivors showed older age, higher ESR and greater AQS scores than survivors. In multivariable Cox analysis, higher QLF, QHC and QILD scores were independent prognostic factors along with older age and higher ESR. In receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis, the QLF score showed better performance in predicting 5-year mortality than the QHC and QGG scores but was similar to the QILD score. Patients with high QLF scores (≥12% of total lung volume) showed higher 5-year mortality (50% vs 17.4%, P < 0.001) than those with low QLF scores and similar survival outcome to patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Combining with clinical variables (age, ESR) further improved the performance of QLF score in predicting 5-year mortality.

Conclusion

QLF scores might be useful for predicting prognosis in patients with RA-ILD. High QLF scores differentiate a poor prognostic phenotype similar to IPF.
Impact of remission and low disease activity on health-related quality of life in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Emamikia Sharzad , Oon Shereen , Gomez Alvaro , Lindblom Julius , Borg Alexander , Enman Yvonne , Morand Eric , Grannas David , van Vollenhoven Ronald F , Nikpour Mandana , Parodis Ioannis
Published: March 2022

Objectives

To investigate the impact of remission and lupus low disease activity state (LLDAS) on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Methods

Short-Form 36 (SF-36), three-level EQ-5D (EQ-5D-3L) and Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT)-Fatigue data from the BLISS-52 (NCT00424476) and BLISS-76 (NCT00410384) trials were used. Duration in remission/LLDAS required to reach a HRQoL benefit ≥ minimal clinically important differences (MCIDs) during and post-treatment was determined using quantile regression and generalized estimating equations.

Results

Patients (n = 1684) were assessed every fourth week (15 visits). Four cumulative (β = 0.60) or four consecutive (β = 0.66) visits in remission were required to achieve a benefit ≥MCID in SF-36 physical component summary (PCS) scores, and six cumulative (β = 0.44) or five consecutive (β = 0.49) for a benefit ≥MCID in mental component summary (MCS) scores. Eight cumulative (β = 0.30 for both) or eight consecutive (β = 0.32 for both) visits in LLDAS were required for a benefit in PCS/MCS ≥MCID, respectively. For EQ-5D-3L index scores ≥MCID, six cumulative (β = 0.007) or five consecutive (β = 0.008) visits in remission were required, and eight cumulative (β = 0.005) or six consecutive (β = 0.006) visits in LLDAS. For FACIT-Fatigue scores ≥MCID, 12 cumulative (β = 0.34) or 10 consecutive (β = 0.39) visits in remission were required, and 17 cumulative (β = 0.24) or 16 consecutive (β = 0.25) visits in LLDAS.

Conclusion

Remission and LLDAS contribute to a HRQoL benefit in a time-dependent manner. Shorter time in remission than in LLDAS was required for a clinically important benefit in HRQoL, and longer time in remission for a benefit in mental compared with physical HRQoL aspects. When remission/LLDAS was sustained, the same benefit was achieved in a shorter time.
Considerations for selecting a surgical approach in Proximal Humerus Fractures
Authors: Hebert-Davies Jonah
Published: March 2022

Clinical vignette:

A 47 year old male is injured in a single car motor vehicle collision when he falls asleep at the wheel. He is unable to lift his arm after the event and is brought by EMS to the hospital. A trauma workup reveals an isolated 3 part proximal humerus fracture.
Combination Treatment by Cross-Union of the Tibia and Fibula, Autogenic Iliac Bone Grafting, Reliable Fixation and Bone Morphogenetic Proteins for the Treatment of Refractory Congenital Pseudarthrosis of the Tibia
Authors: Wu Chunxing , Zheng Guizhou , Wang Dahui , Paley Dror , Ning Bo
Published: March 2022

Background:

The treatment of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia (CPT) remains a challenge because of the difficulties of achieving and maintaining bone union, as well as complications of joint deformity and limb-length discrepancy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of cross-union of the tibia and fibula in achieving union and preventing refracture for patients with refractory CPT as a complementary approach to improve upon conventional surgical treatments.

Methods:

A retrospective study including patients with refractory CPT who attended our department between June 2014 and August 2020. Eighteen CPT patients, who had sustained refracture that required cast immobilization or secondary surgery, and were managed by pseudarthrosis resection, cross-union of the tibia and fibula, bone morphogenetic protein-2 and autogenous iliac bone grafting, were included. Clinical outcomes of the bone union rate and the frequency of refracture after performing cross-union of the tibia and fibula were assessed during the follow-up period.

Results:

The mean follow-up period was 4.3 years (range: 1.5 to 6.25 y). The mean age of the patients at surgery was 5.4 years (range: 2.6 to 10 y), and all 18 (100%) of the 18 patients had final healing at the site of pseudarthrosis. The average time spent to achieve radiologic bone union of the pseudarthrosis after operation was 2.96 months (range: 2.2 to 4.1 mo). Two (11.1%) patients had an average 2.5 cm limb-length discrepancy, none (0%) sustained refracture which needed cast immobilization or secondary surgery. Patients were all pain-free and move actively.

Conclusions:

Cross-union of the tibia and fibula is a promising complementary procedure for treating refractory CPT patients.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV—case series.
A Pilot Study of the Effects of Swimming Goggles on Meibomian Glands
Authors: Thomas De Jesus Melinda , Paugh Jerry R. , van de Pol Corina , Sasai Alan , Ridder William R. , Nguyen Andrew Loc
Published: March 2022

Objectives:

This study evaluated whether swimming goggle wear contributes to meibomian gland (MG) atrophy or functional change.

Methods:

Subjects included minimal goggle wear experience (normal subjects) and maximal goggle wear experience (competitive swimmers). Principal outcome measures were meiboscore and percent MG area remaining percent gland area remaining [PGAR]). Clinical tests included symptoms, tear meniscus height, lipid layer thickness, fluorescein tear breakup time, corneal and conjunctival staining, lower lid margin signs, gland secretion quality, Schirmer I, and meibography.

Results:

Forty-two age-matched, and sex-matched subjects completed the study (25 normal subjects and 17 goggle-wearing swimmers). Tear breakup time was significantly shorter in goggle wearers (P=0.016, Mann–Whitney U). Differences in meibography, symptoms, and other clinical dry eye workup parameters were not statistically significant (all P values >0.05). Regression analysis indicated that sex, tear breakup time, and meiboscore statistically impacted PGAR.

Conclusions:

There was no apparent difference in MG morphology and function between goggle-wearing swimmers and nongoggle-wearing control subjects in this study sample. Although swimming goggles have been documented as having adverse effects on the periorbital tissues, mechanical forces from long-term swimming goggle wear may not impact MG morphology or function. The tarsal plate likely plays a protective role for the MGs from external mechanical friction from swimming goggles.
Clinical Response to PI3K-α Inhibition in a Cohort of Children and Adults With PIK3CA-Related Overgrowth Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Raghavendran Prashant , Albers Sharon E. , Phillips James D. , Zarnegar-Lumley Sara , Borst Alexandra J.
Published: March 2022

Objective:

The goal of this report is to describe, through a series of 5 cases, the clinical response and safety of alpelisib (BYL719) use in children and adults with PIK3CA-related overgrowth spectrum (PROS) disorders at our center.

Methods:

We reviewed clinical records of 5 patients from October 2019 through September 2021 followed by the pediatric hematology and multidisciplinary vascular anomalies teams at the Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital at Vanderbilt (MCJCHV). All patients carried a clinical or genetic diagnosis of PROS and were treated with alpelisib provided by a Novartis managed access program.

Results:

We highlight improvement in reported symptoms, objective overgrowth measurements, and quality of life to varying degrees in all patients. We note dose-dependent hyperglycemia and gastrointestinal side effects in 2 of the 5 patients. No patients experienced any serious side effects.

Conclusion:

This case series reports on the real-world use of PI3K-α inhibition in the management of PROS. Ongoing clinical trials will provide efficacy and safety data as these drugs become more widely used in patients with vascular anomalies and syndromes secondary to somatic PIK3CA mutations.
Trauma and pain sensitization in youth with chronic pain
Authors: Janssen Joel , Abou-Assaly Elias , Rasic Nivez , Noel Melanie , Miller Jillian Vinall
Published: March 2022

Introduction:

Chronic pain (pain lasting ≥3 months) co-occurs with internalizing mental health issues, such as posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), at high rates in youth. The mechanisms underlying these relationships remain unclear. Posttraumatic stress symptoms, including re-experiencing (eg, intrusive memories), alterations in cognition and mood, hyperarousal, and avoidance could lead to altered neuronal processing, pain sensitization, and greater reports of pain. However, the relationships between PTSS and pain sensitization in youth with chronic pain are not known.

Methods:

Youth (n = 165) aged 10 to 18 years were recruited from outpatient multidisciplinary chronic pain programs. Symptoms of PTSS were assessed using psychometrically sound questionnaires. Youth also underwent a cold-pressor task, the most commonly used experimental pain induction technique. During this task, they reported on their expected pain, actual pain intensity, and pre- and post-state pain catastrophizing. Their pain threshold was recorded. A multivariate general linear model was used to examine the relationships between PTSS, ratings of pain intensity, state pain catastrophizing, and pain threshold, controlling for age, gender, ethnicity, anxiety, and depressive symptoms.

Results:

Higher PTSS were associated with greater pain thresholds (P = 0.03) and higher pre- and post-state pain catastrophizing (P ≤ 0.05).

Conclusions:

Individuals with higher PTSS may avoid or dissociate from pain-inducing stimuli, thus leading to higher pain thresholds. However, individuals with higher PTSS also tend to catastrophize prior to and following exposure to pain. Avoidant and pain catastrophizing behaviors may serve to perpetuate chronic pain conditions. Future research is needed to determine how PTSS are related to pain sensitization prior to the development of chronic pain in at-risk youth.
Transfer of Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy Attending Primary Health Care Services in South Africa
Authors: Odayar Jasantha , Chi Benjamin H. , Phillips Tamsin K. , Mukonda Elton , Hsiao Nei-Yuan , Lesosky Maia , Myer Landon
Published: March 2022

Background:

Patients stable on antiretroviral therapy (ART) may require transfer between health care facilities to maintain continuous care, yet data on the frequency, predictors, and virologic outcomes of transfers are limited.

Methods:

Data for all viral load (VL) testing at public sector health facilities in the Western Cape Province (2011–2018) were obtained. Participant inclusion criteria were a first VL between 2011 and 2013, age >15 years at ART initiation, and >1 VL within 5 years of ART initiation, of which ≥1 was at a primary health care facility. Two successive VLs taken at different facilities indicated a transfer. We assessed predictors of transfer using generalized estimating equations with Poisson regression and the association between transfer and subsequent VL> 1000 copies/mL using generalized mixed effects.

Results:

Overall 84,814 participants (median age at ART initiation 34 years and 68% female) were followed up for up to 4.5 years after their first VL: 34% (n = 29,056) transferred at least once, and among these, 26% transferred twice and 11% transferred thrice or more. Female sex, age <30 years, and first VL > 1000 copies/mL were independently associated with an increased rate of transfer [adjusted rate ratio 1.24, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.21 to 1.26; 1.34, 95% CI: 1.31 to 1.36; and 1.42, 95% CI: 1.38 to 1.45, respectively]. Adjusting for age, sex, and disengagement, transfer was associated with an increased relative odds of VL > 1000 copies/mL (odds ratio 1.35, 95% CI: 1.29 to 1.42).

Conclusions:

Approximately one-third of participants transferred and virologic outcomes were poor post-transfer. Stable patients who transfer may require additional support to maintain adherence.
The retirement-health puzzle: Breathe a sigh of relief at retirement?
Authors: Okamoto Shohei , Kobayashi Erika
Published: March 2022

Objectives

While the health effects of retirement have been well studied, existing findings remain inconclusive, and the mechanisms underlying the linkage between retirement and health are unclear. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of retirement on health and its potential mediators.

Methods

Using a national household survey conducted annually from 2004 to 2019 in Japan (the Japan Household Panel Survey), we evaluated the effects of retirement among Japanese men aged 50 or older on their health, in addition to other outcomes that could be attributed to health changes associated with retirement (i.e. health behaviours, psychological well-being, time use for unpaid activities, and leisure activities). As outcomes are not measured every year, we analysed 5,794–10,682 person-year observations by 975–1,469 unique individuals. To address the potential endogeneity of retirement, we adopted an instrumental variable fixed-effects approach based on policy changes in pension-eligible ages for employee pensions.

Results

We found that retirement improved psychological well-being, exercise habits, and time spent on unpaid work. The psychological benefits of retirement were no longer observed for longer durations after retirement, whereas healthy habits and unpaid activities continued. Moreover, health-related improvements after retirement occurred mostly in the higher-income group.

Discussion

Enhancement in personal quality of life owing to increased leisure time and stress reduction from work in addition to life style changes may be key to understanding the health benefits of retirement. Considering the mechanisms behind retirement–health relationships and potential heterogeneous effects is essential for healthy retirement lives when increasing the retirement age.

Highlights

In line with theories, previous studies report mixed results on effects of retirement on health.

Empirical evidence on mechanisms underlying the linkage between retirement and health is scarce.

Retirement effects on health and potential mediators are evaluated by a quasi-experimental approach.

Retirement improves psychological well-being, exercise habits, time spent on unpaid work, and satisfaction with leisure.

Health-related improvements after retirement occur mostly in the higher-income group.
Estimating the burden of foodborne gastroenteritis due to nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica, Shigella and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in China
Authors: Li Yan-Jun , Yang Yun-Fan , Zhou Yi-Jing , Zhang Rong-Hua , Liu Cheng-Wei , Liu Hong , Li Xiu-Gui , Chen Wen , Chen Yan , Wu Yong-Ning
Published: March 2022

To estimate the incidence of foodborne gastroenteritis caused by nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica, Shigella, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in China, population surveys and sentinel hospital surveillance were implemented in six provinces from July 2010 to July 2011, and a multiplier calculation model for the burden of disease was constructed. The multiplier for salmonellosis and V. parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis was estimated at 4,137 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2,320–5,663], and for shigellosis at 4,356 (95% CI 2,443–5,963). Annual incidence per 100,000 population was estimated as 245 (95% CI 138–336), 67 (95% CI 38–92), and 806 (95% CI 452–1,103) for foodborne salmonellosis, shigellosis, and V. parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis, respectively, indicating that foodborne infection caused by these three pathogens constitutes an important burden to the Chinese healthcare system. Continuous implementation of active surveillance of foodborne diseases, combined with multiplier models to estimate disease burden, makes it possible for us to better understand food safety status in China.
Dynamic model of bovine brucellosis to investigate control strategies in endemic settings
Authors: Holt H. R. , Walker M. , Beauvais W. , Kaur P. , Bedi J.S. , Mangtani P. , Sharma N.S. , Gill J.PS. , Godfroid J. , McGiven J. , Guitian J.
Published: March 2022

Brucellosis imposes substantial impacts on livestock production and public health worldwide. A stochastic, age-structured model incorporating herd demographics was developed describing within- and between-herd transmission of Brucella abortus in dairy cattle herds. The model was fitted to data from a cross-sectional study conducted in Punjab State of India and used to evaluate the effectiveness of control strategies under consideration. Based on model results, stakeholder acceptance and constraints regarding vaccine supply, vaccination of replacement calves in large farms should be prioritised. Test and removal applied at early stages of the control programme where seroprevalence is high would not constitute an effective use of resources. Critically, under current model assumptions, significant numbers of animals ‘removed’ (culled or not used for breeding) in this strategy would be removed based on false positive results. To achieve sustained reductions in brucellosis, policymakers must commit to maintaining vaccination in the long term, which may eventually reduce frequency of infection in the livestock reservoir to a low enough level for elimination to be a realistic objective. This exercise provided important insights into the control of brucellosis in India, which has the largest cattle population globally, and a general framework for evaluating control strategies in endemic settings.