bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Primary peripheral pulmonary adenoid cystic carcinoma: Report of a case diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology
Authors: Chon Soon‐Ho , Park Yong Wook , Oh Young‐Ha , Shinn Sung Ho
Published: July 2010

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) arising from anatomic sites other than the salivary gland is rare and those occurring in the lung are extremely rare. When arising from the lung, the tumor generally arises from extrapulmonary bronchi, originating from bronchial glands. Primary ACC of the lung located peripherally within lung parenchyme is an even rarer event. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of primary peripheral pulmonary ACC preoperatively diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). We report a case of primary peripheral ACC of the anterior segment of the right upper lobe in a 46‐year‐old woman diagnosed by FNAC and a brief review of the literature. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011;39:283–287. © 2010 Wiley–Liss, Inc.
Cytopathologic features of secondary peripheral ameloblastic carcinoma: A case report
Authors: Fujita Shuichi , Anami Masanobu , Satoh Noriko , Yamashita Hiromi , Asahina Izumi , Ikeda Tohru , Hayashi Tomayoshi
Published: July 2010

Peripheral ameloblastic carcinoma is an extremely rare odontogenic tumor derived from the remnants of dental lamina and/or mucosal epithelium of the oral mucosa. We present a case of secondary peripheral ameloblastic carcinoma of the mandibular gingiva. The patient was a 71‐year‐old man with gingival swelling and persistent bleeding. Exfoliative cytology revealed cohesive clusters composed of basaloid cells with nuclear atypia and various forms of keratinized cells of dysplastic squamous appearance. Some cell groups had a peripheral palisade. Histology of the biopsy and surgically removed specimens revealed characteristic features resembling squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and benign follicles of ameloblastoma. These neoplastic structures, as well as proliferation and elongation of the mucosal epithelium, comprised an extensive network. The varied cytopathologic findings may be related to proliferation and transformation of basal cells of the mucosal epithelium toward ameloblastic carcinoma and variable squamous differentiation. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011;39:354–358. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oxidized high‐density lipoprotein enhances inflammatory activity in rat mesangial cells
Authors: Zhang Miao , Gao Xiang , Wu Jianxiang , Liu Dongmei , Cai Houan , Fu Lili , Mei Changlin
Published: July 2010

Aims

Inflammation is a mechanism of glomerular damage in chronic glomerulopathies, in which dyslipidaemia plays an important role. Unlike native high‐density lipoprotein (HDL), oxidized HDL is thought to be an adverse factor in chronic ischaemic disease and may increase the production of inflammatory cytokines in atheromatous plaques and plasma, but the effect of oxidized HDL on mesangial cells remains unclear.

Methods

Intracellular reactive oxygen species level was measured. The inflammatory and proapoptotic effects of oxidized HDL were detected in rat mesangial cells by measuring levels of tumour necrosis factor‐α, regulated upon activation, normal T‐cell expressed and secreted, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1, CXC chemokine ligand‐1 and early apoptosis. The expression of mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) (p38/MAPK, extracellular‐regulated kinase/MAPK and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase/MAPK), nuclear factor‐κB activity and lipoprotein scavenger receptors (CD36, low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐1 and scavenger receptor BI) were also detected.

Results

Oxidized HDL enhanced reactive oxygen species production and upregulated expression of proinflammatory factors, including tumour necrosis factor‐α, regulated upon activation, normal T‐cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 and CXC chemokine ligand‐1 by rat mesangial cells dose in a dependent fashion. Incubation with oxidized HDL also increased rat mesangial cells apoptosis in a dose‐dependent manner. These effects partly depended on scavenger receptors CD36 and low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐1, but not scavenger receptor BI. In addition, co‐culture with oxidized HDL activated P38/MAPK, extracellular‐regulated kinase (ERK)/MAPK and nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB).

Conclusions

The results of the present study suggest that oxidized HDL enhanced proinflammatory properties in mesangial cells partly via CD36 and low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐1. MAPK and nuclear factor‐κB pathways were involved in the process. The ability of oxidized HDL to negatively influence mesangial cell biology may represent an important mechanism of chronic kidney disease. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generation of mice with a conditional null allele for Wntless
Authors: Carpenter April C. , Rao Sujata , Wells James M. , Campbell Kenneth , Lang Richard A.
Published: July 2010

The Wnt‐signaling pathway is necessary in a variety of developmental processes and has been implicated in numerous pathologies. Wntless (Wls) binds to Wnt proteins and facilitates Wnt sorting and secretion. Conventional deletion of Wls results in early fetal lethality due to defects in body axis establishment. To gain insight into the function of Wls in later stages of development, we have generated a conditional null allele. Homozygous germline deletion of Wls confirmed prenatal lethality and failure of embryonic axis formation. Deletion of Wls using Wnt1‐cre phenocopied Wnt1 null abnormalities in the midbrain and hindbrain. In addition, conditional deletion of Wls in pancreatic precursor cells resulted in pancreatic hypoplasia similar to that previously observed after conditional β‐catenin deletion. This Wls conditional null allele will be valuable in detecting novel Wnt functions in development and disease. genesis 48:554–558, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The changing attitude towards liability for damage to the environment under european community law
Authors: Faulks John
Published: July 2010

The question of responsibility for and determining who takes action on behalf of the environment forms the foundation of environmental law. As the EC develops new legislation for environmental liability, John Faulks discusses the background to EC environmental law and outlines the far reaching implications of changing the emphasis of legal responsibility for environmental damage.
Field science, the environment and non‐governmental organisations
Authors: Walker Brian W.
Published: July 2010

In this wide ranging article, Brian Walker examines the role of the field scientist from a number of different perspectives and within the framework of the non‐governmental organisation. He suggests that both the field scientist and the NGO are important catalysts for change, arguing that independence from government is a vital characteristic of the NGO if their operations are to remain at their most effective.

If we are to tackle effectively those questions which now sit at the top of the political and economic agenda ‐ soil erosion, global warming, ozone depletion, the degradation of the oceans, the loss of tropical forests and biodiversity generally ‐ then we must turn, and can only turn, to the cinderellas of science, the field scientists.

Remote sensing satellite technology needs to be rigorously balanced by verification on the ground ‐ what the Americans call “ground truthing”. This requires field scientists and their supporting staff to labour on the ground within the discipline of their own skills, but more importantly as members of interdisciplinary teams, so as to correct misinformation from satellite photography and, indeed, to push knowledge beyond the reach of remote sensing imagery.

This year 3,500 people will support the 133 Principal Investigators who will lead the Earthwatch science research teams across some 45 countries. The volunteer's cash contribution is calculated so that in the aggregate for that project the field scientist receives one hundred percent of his/her budget as well as a one hundred percent labour force.
Environmental policy in a rural area
Authors: Bailey Peter
Published: July 2010

Environmental problems face all Local Authorities, however in this sphere environmental degradation is normally associated with urban areas. Rural areas are often perceived as safe and clean, green and pleasant places to live and work. However, protecting a relatively unspoilt environment is as important as improving a degraded one, while every locality contributes to environmental issues with a wider horizon. It is within this context that Peter Bailey sets out the stages of environmental policy formulation in a rural area.
Developments in environmental policy at the european level ‐ a government view
Authors: Trippier David
Published: July 2010

In a speech offered at the First Annual European Environment Conference, David Trippier, the UK Minister for Environment and Countryside sets out the UK Government's view of environmental policy developments at the European level. He charts the evolving relationship between national and Community objectives, the extending array and influence of EC environmental policies, and the environmental challenge facing Central and Eastern Europe.
Life cycle assessment:A tool for solving environmental problems?
Authors: Charlton Carol , Howell Belinda
Published: July 2010

The Life Cycle Analysis of products, processes or entire industries has the potential to offer detailed factual information with which negative environmental effects can be reduced or eliminated. Carol Charlton and Belinda Howell discuss the processes and potential of LCA and the obstacles to its wider acceptance.
Devising a coherent company environmental communications strategy
Authors: Tuppen Chris
Published: July 2010

Improving corporate environmental performance is a vital aspect of comprehensive environmental protection. However, communicating environmental commitment to a firm's stakeholders can be a complex task as Chris Tuppen discusses.
An economic incentive approach to regulating the throw away society
Authors: Turner R. Kerry
Published: July 2010

As the waste stream continues to increase while availabile waste disposal routes decline, the need for efficient waste management becomes ever more apparent. In the search for the least‐cost solution, Kerry Turner discusses the relative merits of economic incentives in waste management and their adoption throughout Euope.
National environmental policies and the european community: The case of italy
Authors: Iiberatore Angela
Published: July 2010

Under the principle of subsidiarity, the agreed objectives of EC environmental policy are implemented at the national level. As the realm of EC environmental policy extends and efforts are made to improve its implementation, Angela Liberatore discusses the development of environmental policy in Italy, the effect of advances in EC environmental policy, and the relationship between local, national and EC tiers of administration.
Setting priorities for action in environmental audits
Authors: Papps Ivy
Published: July 2010

The environmental audit is becoming an established management tool for use within an environmental management system. Following on from Steve Cook's article on the theory and practice of environmental auditing in Volume 1 Part 1 of European Environment. Ivy Papps develops a formal framework for prioritising action after the environmental audit through an assessment of the benefits, costs and risks of environmental management.
Environmental poucy in Denmark: Strategies for the 1990's
Authors: Clement Keith
Published: July 2010

Environmental policy has a long tradition of international cooperation, although while some countries encourage progressive environmental policies and others do not, the fear of international environmental policies falling to the lowest common denominator is a reality. Keith Clement discusses the efforts of Denmark to further the progression of European environmental policy, and finds that the environment, as with the economy, is an issue high on the public and political agenda.
EC civil liability proposals and the environmental responsiveness of industry
Authors: Simmons Peter
Published: July 2010

The EC is considering a proposal to adopt a policy of strict liability for damage to the environment. Such a policy would open the way for the costs of environmental damage being passed back to the party that causes the impact regardless of fault. Peter Simmons discusses the influence that the EC proposals could have on European industry, notably in relation to the spread of risk management techniques and the adoption of the precautionary principle.
Local authorities and sustainable development
Authors: Bosworth Tony
Published: July 2010

Agenda 21 ‐ the comprehensive policy document that followed the UNCED Conference ‐ places particular emphasis on local authorities in the promotion of global sustainability. Tony Bosworth summarises the demands that Agenda 21 places on local authorities and discusses the ways in which local government can further sustainability, paying special attention to the role of the planning system.
Enterprise, economics and the environment in eastern europe
Authors: Murphy Timothy
Published: July 2010

In the first of two articles in this issue on economics and environmental development in Central and Eastern Europe, Timothy Murphy discusses the role that Western financial and technical support can play in integrating environmental conditions into economic development in the region and the role that the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development is playing in this process.
Climate change and the insurance industry
Authors: Leggett Jeremy
Published: July 2010

While the debate continues regarding the effects of global warming, consensus has been reached that the causes of climate change are in place. As policy makers talk about possible responses, the insurance industry has been hit by a succession of significant catastrophes from storms and floods. Jeremy Leggett outlines current thought on global warming, and suggests that the insurance industry could create a framework to limit both global warming and the losses that it faces as a result of climate change.
Promoting sustainable development: Environmental incentives in Denmark and the Netherlands
Authors: Clement Keith
Published: July 2010

Although command and control environmental regulation continues to form the foundation of environmental policy, the status of market‐based mechanisms in promoting sustainable development is growing. Keith Clement reviews the growth of economic instruments in environmental policy throughout the EC, and focuses on the schemes applied in Denmark and the Netherlands, two of the leading advocates of economic instruments in environmental policy.
Plastics in municipal solid waste: The Italian system of recycling
Authors: Giordano Nicolò
Published: July 2010

The issue of waste management and the recovery of packaging wastes from the waste stream is currently high on the policy agenda for the EC and for many of the governments of the member states. Nicoloò Giordano outlines Italian policy and experience in the collection, separation and recycling of packaging waste, focusing particularly on the industrial initiatives established to encourage the recycling of plastics.
Critical loads, the new sulphur protocol, and european energy policy
Authors: Sweet Jim
Published: July 2010

Despite the critical role that the acidification protocols have played in the development of international environmental agreements, they have recently been overshadowed by the desire to reach agreement on climate change emissions. Nevertheless, as Jim Sweet discusses, a Second Sulphur Protocol is currently under negotiation and will be agreed on the basis of critical deposition loads for European habitats.
Towards the low‐output economy: The future that the delors white paper tries not to face
Authors: Fleming David
Published: July 2010

Contrary to its intention, the European Commission's White Paper Growth, Competitiveness and Employment opens up a new debate on the possibility that Europe may have to learn to live with even higher and sustained levels of unemployment. It proposes a strategy for halving unemployment by creating 15 million new jobs by the year 2000, but the measures it suggests, particularly in the area of demand stimulation, are quite speculative and the plan may not succeed. One, but only one, of the potential constraints on growth could be the need to protect the environment, as the rise in output outstrips advances in eco‐efficiency. The precautionary principle would therefore suggest that Europe should make contingency plans for policy in the event of a continued rise in unemployment. These plans should be brought together in a new policy framework: the Low Output Economy. Two central principles of the Low Output Economy are discussed, which could be the starting point for a model of sustainable development without growth.
Addressing mobile sources of air pollution in Poland: Emerging trends and policy options
Authors: Anderson Glen
Published: July 2010

In the brief transition to a market economy, Poland has experienced rapid growth in the number of private automobiles that has contributed to increasing mobile source emissions and urban congestion. Current projections indicate that the number of vehicles per capita will be comparable to many countries in Western Europe by 2010. Poland has recently adopted a number of measures to address simultaneously mobile source pollution and harmonise with the environmental directives of the European Union. Key measures adopted to date include reductions in the lead content of leaded fuels, incentives for greater use of unleaded fuel, reductions in sulphur content of fuels and requirements for catalytic converters to begin in 1995. Additional measures such as higher fuel and vehicle taxes and policies to limit vehicle access in city centres will be needed in the next decade.
Environmental tax reform: The Swedish experience
Authors: Sterner Thomas
Published: July 2010

In the 1980s the Swedish tax system was in severe trouble. With large segments of the population paying 80% marginal tax rates it became a priority issue for government to reduce tax levels on income but without incurring too large a budget deficit. In this context and as part of a general tax reform (the main focus of which was to reduce marginal taxes and broaden the tax base) environmental taxes had a special chance of gaining acceptance and taxes on energy and transport were increased heavily around 1991. The following year industry succeeded in repealing a number of the increased taxes on energy. This reform was however, financed by further increasing the energy taxes for the household and transport sectors. This increase was designed so as to safeguard the competitivity of Swedish industry without reducing energy tax revenues.

Generally it appears that the energy tax and the carbon tax are successful as revenue raisers while their environmental effect will only be seen in the long run (and furthermore only if other countries follow suit since the environmental problems such as the greenhouse effect are truly global in character). On the other hand such taxes as on sulphur and the tax differentiation on leaded fuel, as well as the tax differentiation between different qualities of diesel and fuel oil, have been very successful in an environmental sense, but have ‐ for the same reason ‐ not given any substantial revenue contributions. The differentiation between industrial and other consumers has had at least one unfortunate side‐effect: that of creating a considerable disparity between industrial and other consumers' prices for some energy carriers. This type of price wedge always creates undesirable incentives for tax evasion.
Non‐Oxido Mixed‐Valence MnII6MnIII4 Cluster with Benzoate, Triethanolamine and Phosphonate Bridging Ligands (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 20/2010)
Authors: Dendrinou‐Samara Catherine , Muryn Christopher A. , Tuna Floriana , Winpenny Richard E. P.
Published: July 2010

The cover picture shows a mixed‐valence {Mn10} cage, which can be regarded as an analogue of 24‐metallacrown‐10. The cage is a host for three potassium ions and crystallises as a cation; benzoate anions link the cages into a 1D polymer within the crystal. Details are discussed in the article by C. Dendrinou‐Samara, R. E. P. Winpenny et al. on p. 3097 ff. The authors thank Mrs. A. Samara for the artwork of the cover picture.
Thione Esters as Substrates for the Stereoselective Alkylation of Model Compounds of Nonactic Acids
Authors: Loiseau François , Kholod Inga , Neier Reinhard
Published: July 2010

The naturally occurring macrotetrolide antibiotic nonactin is used in ammonium ion selective electrodes. To increase the lifetime of nonactin in the semipermeable membrane of these sensors we have developed methods for the introduction of hydrophobic side‐chains. Simple model compounds for nonactic acid such as 5 and 7 were synthesised. Maintaining the cis arrangement of the substituents in the 2,5‐disubstituted tetrahydrofurans proved to be difficult. Three different routes were studied. The enolates obtained by treatment with NaHMDS or KHMDS could be alkylated with benzyl or allyl iodide as electrophiles. Under these conditions a cis/trans isomerisation of the substituents on the tetrahydrofuran ring occurred. A multistep methodology was developed as a synthetic alternative. The sequence consisted of a selective retro‐Michael reaction, a 5‐exo‐tet iodocyclisation and a radical substitution. The products obtained by the two methodologies could be correlated, and thereby a tentative assignment of the relative configurations could be achieved. In the third route the thione ester 18 was deprotonated with tBuOK. At temperatures below –78 °C, the enolate maintained the cis configuration of the substituents at the tetrahydrofuran ring. The alkylated product 12 could be isolated with a satisfactory cis/trans ratio of 85:15. The model compound 12 could be successfully transformed into more hydrophobic derivatives by using either the Heck coupling or the cross‐coupling metathesis transformation.
Application of Primary Allylamines from Morita–Baylis–Hillman Adducts: Cyanogen Azide Mediated Synthesis of Substituted 5‐Aminotetrazoles and Their Attempted Transformation into Tetrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidinones
Authors: Nag Somnath , Bhowmik Subhendu , Gauniyal Harsh M. , Batra Sanjay
Published: July 2010

A general protocol for the synthesis of substituted 5‐aminotetrazoles by treating cyanogen azide with primary allylamines afforded either by SN2 or SN2′ reactions of Morita–Baylis–Hillman acetates of acrylate has been developed. The base‐promoted intramolecular cyclizations of these tetrazoles afford highly substituted 2‐azidopyrimidin‐4(3H)‐ones instead of the expected tetrazolopyrimidinone due to azide–tetrazole tautomerism. Nevertheless it has been discovered that substituted tetrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidin‐7(4H)‐ones could be isolated in pure form from a methanolic solution of the respective 2‐azidopyrimidin‐4(3H)‐ones through crystallization. The structure of tetrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidin‐7(4H)‐one was unambiguously assigned by X‐ray crystallography. The existence of azide–tetrazole tautomerism in this class of compounds has been supported through NMR spectroscopic studies.
Efficient Copper‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reaction of Alkynes with Aryl Iodides
Authors: Lin Che‐Hung , Wang Yu‐Jen , Lee Chin‐Fa
Published: July 2010

A copper‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reaction of alkynes with aryl iodides is described. The system tolerates a broad range of functional groups and enables the use of sterically demanding substrates with only 1.0–2.5 mol‐% of Cu2O and 1.0–2.5 mol‐% of xantphos as the catalyst.
When compensation guides inferences: Indirect and implicit measures of the compensation effect
Authors: Kervyn Nicolas , Yzerbyt Vincent Y. , Judd Charles M.
Published: July 2010

Research has found the dimensions of warmth and competence to be subject to a negative relation when two targets are compared, a phenomenon which has been called the compensation effect. However, all the available empirical evidence rests on direct traits ratings. The aim of the present work is to test whether compensation is merely a response strategy or whether it has larger implications. In two experiments, we show that the compensation effect is also obtained on indirect measures that rely on attribution theory (Experiment 1) and on implicit measures derived from the Linguistic Category Model (Experiment 2). Results are discussed in terms of the importance of the compensation effect and its consequences on the interpretation of newly acquired information about social targets. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of schooling and literacy on linguistic abstraction: The role of holistic vs. analytic processing styles
Authors: Klein Olivier , Ventura Paulo , Fernandes Tânia , Marques Leonel Garcia , Licata Laurent , Semin Gün R.
Published: July 2010

Schooling in a Western cultural environment has been shown to promote context‐free (analytic) at the expense of context‐dependent (holistic) processing. In the present study, we examined whether these differences in processing styles also induce a tendency to use more abstract (i.e., dispositional) language when describing human behaviors. Portuguese literate, illiterate, and ex‐illiterates were asked to freely describe behaviors presented visually. Using the linguistic category model, we found that literates relied on more abstract descriptions than ex‐illiterates and illiterates. This effect of schooling was strongly associated with their relative superiority on an analytic (vs. holistic) task. These findings suggest that schooling influences the elaboration of social information. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When groups are wrong and deviants are right
Authors: Chan Marc K. H. , Louis Winnifred R. , Jetten Jolanda
Published: July 2010

How do group members respond when their group wrongfully punishes a group member? In two experiments, participants were presented with an ingroup member who argued for group change on moral (Experiment 1, N = 73) or scientific grounds (Experiment 2, N = 94). Despite being right, the member was treated as deviant by the group. We manipulated whether the group retained its former opinion or adopted the deviant's position, and whether the deviant's punishment was ongoing or whether the deviant was reinstated. We tested opposing predictions about how these group actions would affect group members' negativity towards the deviant. Both studies showed that negativity towards the deviant was highest when the group opinion was unchanged and the deviant was not reinstated. Further, opinion change or reintegration defused negativity towards the deviant. Implications of groups rejecting or embracing change, and their effects on the evaluation of wrongfully accused deviants are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microelectrophoresis platform for fast serial analysis of single cells
Authors: Jiang Dechen , Sims Christopher E. , Allbritton Nancy L.
Published: July 2010

A capillary‐based microelectrophoresis platform for fast serial analysis of single cells is described. In this system, the capillary remains fixed and a two‐channel flow system is used to rapidly switch the buffer surrounding the capillary inlet from a physiological buffer to an electrophoretic buffer. Single cells are retained in the physiologic buffer channel utilizing an array of cell microwells patterned into the channel floor. The defined addresses of the cells on the array enable the sequential delivery of individual cells to the inlet of the capillary, where a focused laser pulse lyses the cell. The cell chamber is moved along a preordained route so that the inlet of the capillary is located in the electrophoresis buffer for separation and the physiological buffer during cell sampling. The throughput of the current system is limited by peak overlap between successive samples. Key characterizations of this system including the fluid flow rates, the cell array dimensions, and laser energies were performed. To demonstrate this system, 28 cells loaded with Oregon green and fluorescein were serially analyzed in under 16 min, a rate of 1.8 cells/min.
Performance analysis of FFH/MFSK receivers with noise‐normalisation combining over Nakagami‐mfading channels with partial‐band jamming
Authors: Zhou Zhiqiang , Li Shaoqian , Cheng Yufan
Published: July 2010

The performance of a fast frequency‐hoppedM‐ary orthogonal frequency‐shift‐keying (FFH/MFSK) receiver with noise‐normalisation combining over Nakagami‐mfading channels with partial‐band noise jamming and additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) is analysed. Instead of numerical integration, a closed‐form error probability expression is obtained. The analytical results validate the simulation results. It is shown that there is an optimum diversity order and the corresponding best‐case performance is investigated. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new fossil species of Polypodium (Polypodiaceae) from the Oligocene of northern Bohemia (Czech Republic)
Authors: Kvacek Z.
Published: July 2010

A new fossil representative of Polypodium L. emend. CHING (Polypodiaceae s.str.) was recovered in the Early Oligocene diatomite shales of the Ceske stredohori Mountains, North Bohemia (localities Bechlejovice, Holy Kluk hill). Polypodium radonii sp. nova is characterised on the basis of fragmentary fronds, which have simple pinnatifid laminas, entire pinnae, free, anadromously branched venation, solitary broadly elliptic superficial sori and monolete spores in situ of the Polypodiisporites bock‐witzensis type. This terrestrial (? to epiphytic or epilithic) fern was associated with vegetation of subtropical Mixed Mesophytic (Holy Kluk) and warm temperate Deciduous Broad‐leaved (Bechlejovice) forest types. Actual taxonomy of extant Polypodiaceae s.str. as well as the Tertiary records of this fern group within the Holarctis are reviewed.
Identification of TAR models using recursive estimation
Authors: Bermejo Miguel Ángel , Peña Daniel , Sánchez Ismael
Published: July 2010

This paper proposes an automatic procedure to identify threshold autoregressive models and specify the values of thresholds. The proposed procedure is based on the time‐varying estimation of the parameters using an arranged autoregression. The proposed method not only allows for the automatic identification of the thresholds, but also has a superior identification performance than the competitors. The performance of the proposed procedure is illustrated using Monte Carlo experiments and real data. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relationship between cognition and awareness of deficit in mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Tremont Geoffrey , Alosco Michael L.
Published: July 2010

Objective

Although anosognosia is common in Alzheimer's disease (AD), limited research has investigated awareness among patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The current study examined cognitive performance differences between MCI patients who were aware or unaware of their deficits.

Methods

Participants were 65 patients who underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation and diagnosed with MCI according to Petersen's criteria. Participants were divided into groups based on clinician rating of awareness (aware n = 30 or unaware n = 35), which was determined following interview with the patient and family member. Neuropsychological measures were converted into z‐scores based on sample mean and standard deviation and averaged across cognitive domains. Frontal behavioral ratings were also collected.

Results

No significant differences were found between awareness groups for age, education, gender, or MMSE score. Individuals rated as unaware performed significantly worse in the learning domain and a trend for worse performance on the Dementia Rating Scale –II total score than those rated as aware. None of the other cognitive or behavioral domains differed between the groups. Clinician and informant ratings of anosognosia were only modestly correlated, and we found an unexpected pattern of relationships between informant ratings and cognitive performance.

Conclusions

Awareness deficits are common in MCI patients. Our results argue against the most common etiologic hypotheses in AD (i.e., executive and right hemisphere) and suggest that severity of encoding deficits underlie anosognosia in MCI. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal regimes in a large upland salmon river: a simple model to identify the influence of landscape controls and climate change on maximum temperatures
Authors: Hrachowitz Markus , Soulsby C. , Imholt C. , Malcolm I. A. , Tetzlaff D.
Published: July 2010

Temperature observations at 25 sites in the 2000 km2Dee catchment in NE Scotland were used, in conjunction with geographic information system (GIS) analysis, to identify dominant landscape controls on mean monthly maximum stream temperatures. Maximum winter stream temperatures are mainly controlled by elevation, catchment area and hill shading, whereas the maximum temperatures in summer are driven by more complex interactions, which include the influence of riparian forest cover and distance to coast. Multiple linear regression was used to estimate the catchment‐wide distribution of mean weekly maximum stream temperatures for the hottest week of the 2‐year observation period. The results suggested the streams most sensitive to high temperatures are small upland streams at exposed locations without any forest cover and relatively far inland, while lowland streams with riparian forest cover at locations closer to the coast exhibit a moderated thermal regime. Under current conditions, all streams provide a suitable thermal habitat for both, Atlantic salmon and brown trout. Using two climate change scenarios assuming 2·5 and 4 °C air temperature increases, respectively, temperature‐sensitive zones of the stream network were identified, which could potentially have an adverse effect on the thermal habitat of Atlantic salmon and brown trout. Analysis showed that the extension of riparian forests into headwater streams has the potential to moderate changes in temperature under climate change. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Frequency analyses of annual extreme rainfall series from 5 min to 24 h
Authors: Haktanir Tefaruk , Cobaner Murat , Kisi Ozgur
Published: July 2010

The parameter estimation methods of (1) moments, (2) maximum‐likelihood, (3) probability‐weighted moments (PWM) and (4) self‐determined PWM are applied to the probability distributions of Gumbel, general extreme values, three‐parameter log‐normal (LN3), Pearson‐3 and log‐Pearson‐3. The special method of computing parameters so as to make the sample skewness coefficient zero is also applied to LN3, and hence, altogether 21 candidate distributions resulted. The parameters of these distributions are computed first by original sample series of 14 successive‐duration annual extreme rainfalls recorded at a rain‐gauging station. Next, the parameters are scaled by first‐degree semi‐log or log‐log polynomial regressions versus rainfall durations from 5 to 1440 min (24 h). Those distributions satisfying the divergence criterion for frequency curves are selected as potential distributions, whose better‐fit ones are determined by a conjunctive evaluation of three goodness‐of‐fit tests. Frequency tables, frequency curves and intensity–duration–frequency curves are the outcome. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of fat, animal protein and some vitamin consumption in breast cancer: A case control study in Southern France
Authors: Gerber Mariette , Cenée Sylvie
Published: July 2010

The role of the consumption of fat, animal protein and vitamins on breast‐cancer risk was investigated in a hospital‐based case‐control study of 924 patients (409 cases and 515 controls) in Montpellier (France). A dietary history questionnaire, administered by interview, comprising 55 key food items as well as beverage consumption, and including food frequencies and portion sizes, was used to measure the intake of total fat and its constituents, animal protein, retinol, β‐carotene, vitamin E and alcohol consumption. The questionnaire also elicited information on relevant medical history and personal characteristics. All food items which showed significantly elevated odds ratio (high‐fat cheese, desserts and chocolate and processed pork meat) in a multivariate analysis contained a high proportion of animal fat. This is reflected in the nutrient analysis, which showed a significant linear trend as well as an elevated odds ratio for the highest fertile of consumption of total fat [OR3 = 1.6 (1.1–2.2)], animal fat [OR3 = 1.6 (1.1–2.2)], saturated fat [OR3 = 1.9 (1.3–2.6)] and mono‐unsaturated fat [OR3 = 1.7 (1.2–2.5)]. For post‐menopausal women, there is a particularly strong association with saturated fat [OR3 = 3.3 (1.4–7.8)] in a multivariate analysis including all other significant nutrients. There is no evidence of an increase of risk with the intake of animal protein and no evidence of risk reduction with increased consumption of vegetables, β‐carotene or vitamin E. Along with some recent studies, our results give support to the hypothesis that dietary fat is a risk factor in breast carcinogenesis.
Community lifestyle characteristics and incidence of Hodgkin's disease in young people
Authors: Alexander Freda E. , Ricketts T. James , McKinney Patricia A. , Cartwright Ray A.
Published: July 2010

Risk of Hodgkin's disease (HD) in young adults has frequently been associated with limited access to social contact in childhood and related correlates of childhood social class. In addition, case clustering has sometimes been associated with influxes of population into relatively isolated communities. To investigate this further, disease incidence rates for HD at ages 0 to 24 from a specialist tumour registry have been regressed against relevant electoral ward characteristics derived from routine census and Ordnance Survey data for England and Wales. Proximity to built‐up areas and higher socioeconomic status (SES) emerge as significant risk factors. The relative risks are 1.21 (95% CI: 1.01–1.46) for high SES wards and 1.29 (1.05–1.58) for “inner zone” wards. No association of disease risk with distance travelled to work was apparent. Regions farther from built‐up areas have a lower overall incidence and a shift, particularly for males, of the age distribution towards older ages. The distribution resembles the intermediate pattern for HD reported from European rural areas of low SES but never previously for high SES. Isolated areas also show an increased intensity of spatial clustering (29% of cases being classified as clustered). These findings have implications for the Mate host response' model which suggest a viral aetiology for Hodgkin's disease in young people and provide a basis for future analytical studies.
Trends in thyroid cancer incidence in Sweden, 1958–1981, by histopathologic type
Authors: Pettersson Bo , Adami Hans‐Olov , Wilander Erik , Coleman Michel P.
Published: July 2010

Time trends in the incidence of malignant neoplasms of the thyroid were examined for Sweden for the period 1958–81, 5, 838 cases being studied. Autopsy‐diagnosed cases were excluded. Mean annual changes in the age‐standardized rates over this period were 1.9% and 1.2% for women and men, respectively, for all thyroid carcinomas combined; 4.9% and 2.1 % for papillary carcinoma; 0.9% and 2.1 % for follicular carcinoma; and − 1.0% and −2.1 % for anaplastic carcinoma. Age, period and cohort models were fitted. There was a progressive increase in papillary cancer incidence for cohorts born since 1919. This increase cannot be satisfactorily explained as an artefact of trends in classification, and probably reflects a real increase in incidence. A less marked increase was seen for follicular cancer, and there was a decline for cohorts born since 1939. While the risk of papillary and anaplastic carcinoma was lower in iodine‐deficient areas, follicular cancer risk was twice as high in these areas, for men only. There was a steady decline of anaplastic cancer in both sexes after 1965, largely attributable to a decline in cohorts born since 1924.
Salivary and serum IgA antibodies to the epstein—barr virus glycoprotein gp340: incidence and potential for virus neutralization
Authors: Yao Q. Y. , Rowe M. , Morgan A. J. , Sam C. K. , Prasad U. , Dang H. , Zeng Y. , Rickinson A. B.
Published: July 2010

Human antibody responses to the Epstein—Barr virus (EBV) glycoprotein gp340 have been measured using purified preparations of the native molecule as the substrate in ELISAs. This glycoprotein is the dominant component of the EBV envelope and a major target for the virus—neutralizing antibody response. Healthy virus carriers (both Caucasian and Chinese) regularly show detectable anti—gp340 IgG in serum and, unexpectedly, 21–30% of these individuals are also serum anti—gp340 IgA positive. Chinese patients with the EBV—genome—positive malignancy nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) show elevated serum IgA antibodies to gp340 but, given the background of responses amongst healthy virus carriers, anti—gp340 IgA titres are a poorer diagnostic indicator of NPC than serum IgA antibodies detectable by immunofluorescence against the multicomponent EBV early antigen (EA). Salivary IgA antibody responses to gp340 are potentially important as a means of neutralizing orally—transmitted virus. We detected salivary IgA (but not IgG) to gp340 in a minority (12–19%) of healthy virus carriers and in a higher proportion (49%) of NPC patients. Even saliva samples chosen for their relatively high anti—gp340 IgA titres showed only weak neutralizing activity against transforming EBV preparations whether from B95.8 cell culture supernatant or from the throat washing of an infectious mononucleosis patient. We conclude that in healthy virus carriers, salivary IgA responses to gp340 are unlikely to provide effective local immunity against re—infection with a second EBV strain.
Clonality and methylation status of the epstein‐barr virus (EBV) genomes in IN V7W‐infected EBV‐carrying chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cell lines
Authors: Lewin Nongnit , Minarovits Janos , Weber Günther , Ehlin‐Henriksson Barbro , Wen Tao , Mellstedt Håkan , Klein George , Klein Eva
Published: July 2010

Directly growing Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV)‐carrying cell lines were established from a chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patient (PG) on repeated occasions. The lines carried the same ring chromosome 15 as the leukemia cells in vivo and were similarly trisomic for chromosome 12. They all showed the same JH rearrangement, indicating that they had arisen from the same B‐cell progenitor. They also had the same single EBV‐terminal repeat (TR), indicating that they had been generated by a single EBV infection event. It may be surmised that a single CLL cell had been infected by EBV in vivo and established itself subsequently as a subclone within the CLL population. This subpopulation persists in vivo but does not appear to expand with time. After explantation, it transforms into lymphoblastoid cells and proliferates selectively as immortalized lines. The leukemia‐representative CLL lines were phenotypically indistinguishable from the B95–8 virus‐transformed normal diploid cells of the patient, established in parallel by in vitro infection. They grew as typical LCL clusters and expressed the same B‐cell activation markers. The methylation status of EBV‐DNA was different in the CLL lines and the B95–8‐virus‐transformed LCLs. When Hpall‐and Mspl‐ digested DNA was probed with BamHI C, E, H and W fragments, the CLL lines showed a mixture of methylated and unmethylated restriction fragments as in certain EBV‐carrying Burkitt lymphoma (BL) lines. In contrast, the EBV‐DNA of B95–8 virus‐transformed normal diploid cells was completely unmethylated, as in other LCLs.
The CMF‐regimen. Toxicity patterns following stepwise combinations of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and fluorouracil
Authors: De Brulin Ernst A. , Driessen Oscar M.J. , Hermans Jo
Published: July 2010

The contribution of the agents used in the CMF regimen, i.e., cyclophosphamide (CY), methotrexate (MTX) and fluo‐rouracil (FUra), to the development of toxicity was determined in tumor‐bearing WAG/Rij rats. Data from untreated (U) rats were compared with data from rats treated with single‐agent therapy (C‐, M‐ and F‐treatment groups), with data from double‐agent therapy (CM‐, MF‐ and CF‐treatment groups) and with data from the triple combination: the CMF‐treatment group. Doses of agents of interest were the same in all treatment groups. The sequence of administration was (I) CY; (2) MTX and (3) FUra which is similar to clinical treatment with CMF. Systemic levels of CY, MTX and FUra were comparable to those found in patients treated according to the CMF regimen. Toxicity was evaluated by body‐weight changes, water and food consumption, white blood cell (WBC) and platelet cell (Pts) counts. With the exception of WBC and Pts nadirs, estimated toxicity parameters reflected toxicity over the whole treatment period of 14 days. The toxicity was generally mild and well tolerated, with one fatality in the M‐treatment group. CY was the main contributor to toxicity; it caused both myelotoxicity and gastro‐intestinal toxicity. The contribution of FUra was judged to be negligible. MTX + FUra did not increase host toxicity in a synergistic or even an additional fashion. The absence of addition or synergism of toxic side‐effects can be explained both by site‐specific interactions at the pharmacodynamic level and by interactions at the pharmacokinetic level.
Flow cytometric analysis of the expression of 9A3 antigen, E‐cadherin and EGF receptor in TMK‐1 stomach cancer cells
Authors: Fukuyama Ryuichi , Minoshima Shinsei , Ochiai Atsushi , Tahara Eiichi , Shimizu Nobuyoshi
Published: July 2010

We have previously produced a monoclonal antibody (MAb) against TMK‐I cells, a poorly differentiated stomach‐cancer cell line, and designated the antigen as 9A3. Immunohisto‐chemical analysis of various tumor tissues revealed that the expression of 9A3 antigen is specific for human adenocarcinoma. In the present study, we analyzed the expression patterns of 9A3 antigen on TMK‐1 cells and compared them with the expression patterns of E‐cadherin and epidermal‐growth‐factor (EGF) receptors, using immunofluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry. The flow cytometric analysis revealed that the TMK‐I cell population consists of 9A3‐positive cells and 9A3‐negative cells. The isolated 9A3‐negative cell population generates 9A3‐positive cells as they divide, whereas the isolated 9A3‐positive cell population does not generate 9A3‐negative cells. The 9A3‐positive cells grow as tight colonies, whereas the 9A3‐negative cells form loose colonies in soft agar culture. E‐cadherin was expressed only in die 9A3‐positive TMK‐I cells and not in the 9A3‐negative cells. In contrast, EGF receptor was expressed in both cell populations. The 9A3 antigen was localized mainly at the cell‐cell adhesion sites where E‐cadherin was apparently condensed.