bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The first MAXI/SSC catalog of X-ray sources in 0.7–7.0 keV
Authors: Tomida Hiroshi , Uchida Daiki , Tsunemi Hiroshi , Imatani Ritsuko , Kimura Masashi , Nakahira Satoshi , Hanayama Takanori , Yoshidome Koshiro
Published: March 2016

We present the first source catalog of the Solid-state Slit Camera (SSC) of the Monitor of All-sky X-ray Image (MAXI) mission on the International Space Station, using the 45-month data from 2010 August to 2014 April in the 0.7–7.0 keV bands. Sources are searched for in two energy bands, 0.7–1.85 keV (soft) and 1.85–7.0 keV (hard), the limiting sensitivity of 3 and 4 mCrab are achieved, and 140 and 138 sources are detected in the soft and hard energy bands, respectively. Combining the two energy bands, 170 sources are listed in the MAXI/SSC catalog. All but 2 sources are identified with 22 galaxies including AGNs, 29 cluster of galaxies, 21 supernova remnants, 75 X-ray binaries, 8 stars, 5 isolated pulsars, and 9 non-categorized objects. Comparing the soft-band fluxes at the brightest end in our catalog with the ROSAT survey, which was performed about 20 years ago, 10% of the cataloged sources are found to have changed flux since the ROSAT era.
Association of Botryosphaeria Panicle and Shoot Blight of Pistachio with Injuries of Fruit Caused by Hemiptera Insects and Birds
Authors: Michailides Themis J. , Morgan David P.
Published: March 2016

Panicle and shoot blight of pistachio caused by species of Botryosphaeriaceae fungi remains one of the major diseases of pistachio in California, with the highest potential for crop destruction because buds and fruit clusters (panicles) are killed. Pistachio fruit can also be damaged by various insect pests. For instance, hemipteran insects are considered major pests of pistachio and can attack maturing fruit, causing necrotic areas on the fruit epicarp (epicarp lesion). Surveys in pistachio orchards showed a putative association of punctures of pistachio fruit with infection by Botryosphaeriaceae fungi, resulting in panicle and shoot blight. This study was undertaken to determine any association of Botryosphaeriaceae fungi with fruit bearing epicarp lesions and whether hemipteran insects can actively carry propagules of the pathogens to healthy fruit and cause disease. Three large insects of the order Hemiptera (Thyanta pallidovirens, Acrosternum hilare, and Leptoglossus clypealis) were used in pathogen-spread and infection experiments. The most frequently isolated species of the family Botryosphaeriaceae in pistachio, Neofusicoccum mediterraneum, was used in these transmission experiments. Significantly higher incidence of fruit infected by N. mediterraneum was recorded when pistachio clusters were sprayed with a spore suspension of N. mediterraneum and caged with the above insects than the level of infected fruit sprayed similarly with the pathogen but caged without any insects. Furthermore, increasing the number of insects caged with pistachio clusters resulted in an increase of insect feeding punctures and, subsequently, disease incidence. Similarly, increasing the number of wounds per fruit made with a needle, simulating injuries caused by the insect’s stylet, resulted in significantly higher incidence of infected fruit than for wounded fruit with fewer injured sites. In addition, bird-injured fruit were also associated with higher incidence of panicle blight than fruit not injured by birds, especially in orchards with high disease incidence. In laboratory experiments, wounding or applying fruit sap to nonwounded fruit resulted in significantly higher incidence of infected fruit than in nonwounded fruit without sap. In field experiments, wounding of fruit before or after inoculation with N. mediterraneum resulted in higher disease incidence than nonwounded and inoculated fruit. Additionally, fruit sap enhanced initial mycelial growth of N. mediterraneum. Protecting fruit clusters from injuries by hemipteran insects or birds using mesh cages significantly reduced the incidence of panicle and shoot blight. The association of wounding by hemipteran insects and birds with high incidence of infected pistachio fruit may explain partially the broad distribution of Botryosphaeria panicle and shoot blight among pistachio orchards of the central San Joaquin Valley, even in areas where inoculum sources are not nearby.
4-Phenylbutyric Acid Reveals Good Beneficial Effects on Vital Organ Function via Anti–Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Septic Rats*
Authors: Liu Liangming , Wu Huiling , Zang JiaTao , Yang Guangming , Zhu Yu , Wu Yue , Chen Xiangyun , Lan Dan , Li Tao
Published: March 2016

Objectives:

Sepsis and septic shock are the common complications in ICUs. Vital organ function disorder contributes a critical role in high mortality after severe sepsis or septic shock, in which endoplasmic reticulum stress plays an important role. Whether anti–endoplasmic reticulum stress with 4-phenylbutyric acid is beneficial to sepsis and the underlying mechanisms are not known.

Design:

Laboratory investigation.

Setting:

State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury.

Subjects:

Sprague-Dawley rats.

Interventions:

Using cecal ligation and puncture–induced septic shock rats, lipopolysaccharide-treated vascular smooth muscle cells, and cardiomyocytes, effects of 4-phenylbutyric acid on vital organ function and the relationship with endoplasmic reticulum stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress–mediated inflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress were observed.

Measurements and Main Results:

Conventional treatment, including fluid resuscitation, vasopressin, and antibiotic, only slightly improved the hemodynamic variable, such as mean arterial blood pressure and cardiac output, and slightly improved the vital organ function and the animal survival of septic shock rats. Supplementation of 4-phenylbutyric acid (5 mg/kg; anti–endoplasmic reticulum stress), especially administered at early stage, significantly improved the hemodynamic variables, vital organ function, such as liver, renal, and intestinal barrier function, and animal survival in septic shock rats. 4-Phenylbutyric acid application inhibited the endoplasmic reticulum stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress–related proteins, such as CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein in vital organs, such as heart and superior mesenteric artery after severe sepsis. Further studies showed that 4-phenylbutyric acid inhibited endoplasmic reticulum stress–mediated cytokine release, apoptosis, and oxidative stress via inhibition of nuclear factor-κB, caspase-3 and caspase-9, and increasing glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase expression, respectively.

Conclusions:

Anti–endoplasmic reticulum stress with 4-phenylbutyric acid is beneficial to septic shock. This beneficial effect of 4-phenylbutyric acid is closely related to the inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress–mediated oxidative stress, apoptosis, and cytokine release. This finding provides a potential therapeutic measure for clinical critical conditions, such as severe sepsis.
Cutaneous Manifestations of Familial Transthyretin Amyloid Polyneuropathy
Authors: Lanoue Julien , Wei Nancy , Gorevic Peter , Phelps Robert G.
Published: March 2016

Familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP) is a rare inherited autosomal dominant form of systemic amyloidosis, which classically presents with severe motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunction. Cutaneous involvement does not become clinically apparent until late stage symptomatic disease and is rarely reported in modern literature. Here, the authors review the clinical and histologic cutaneous findings of FAP previously described in the literature and report on 3 patients with unique genetic mutations (Thr60Ala and Gly6Ser; Trp41Leu; Glu89Gln) for which cutaneous involvement has not previously been described. Histologically, our patients showed variable amyloid deposition in the subcutaneous adipose tissue, papillary dermis, and dermal blood vessel walls. A review of the literature suggests cutaneous transthyretin deposition is an underrecognized feature of FAP that occurs early on in disease, even before neural involvement and related symptoms as seen in one of our patients. As such, a cutaneous punch biopsy can serve as quick, easy, and relatively noninvasive diagnostic tool in suspected cases.
Intravascular Myopericytoma of the Plantar Region: Case Report and Discussion of the Probable Origin From a Cutaneous Vascular Malformation
Authors: Agustí Jaime , Peñas Lucas , Bosch Nuria
Published: March 2016

Myopericytoma is a perivascular myoid neoplasm of skin and soft tissues characterized by numerous thin-walled blood vessels surrounded concentrically by round to spindle myoid tumor cells, which shows α-smooth muscle actin and h-caldesmon coexpression and commonly negativity for desmin. These tumors arise predominantly in extremities of adult patients with benign clinical course. Based on the architectural pattern, there are various histologic variants as classical-solid myopericytoma, hemangiopericytoma-like myopericytoma, angioleiomyoma-like myopericytoma, myofibroma-like myopericytoma, hipocelular fibroma-like myopericytoma, intravascular myopericytoma, cellular immature myopericytoma, and malignant myopericytoma. The authors report a case that fully satisfies the morphological and immunohistochemical criteria for intravascular myopericytoma, which plantar location is not previously described in the literature. In addition, the authors discuss about its possible development from a preexistent cutaneous vascular malformation.
Effects of nucleus accumbens oxytocin and its antagonist on social approach behavior
Authors: Yu Cheng J. , Zhang Shu W. , Tai Fa D.
Published: March 2016

Severe impairment of social interaction is a core symptom of numerous psychiatric disorders. Oxytocin (OT) has been shown to be involved in various aspects of social behavior related to reproduction, but little is known about its effects on nonreproductive social interaction between adults or the neuroanatomical location where OT exerts its action. Here, we examined the nucleus accumbens, a region of the brain containing high levels of the oxytocin receptor (OTR) and comprising an important node in the neural circuitry possibly related to social interaction. Behavioral effects of a local microinfusion of OT (0.1, 1, and 10 ng/side) and an oxytocin receptor antagonist (OTR-A) (1, 10, and 100 ng/side) were evaluated in naturally high social and low social female and male monogamous mandarin voles (Microtus mandarinus) using the social preference paradigm and open-field tests. The results showed that administration of 1 ng/side OT increased social preference; however, this effect was not apparent at lower or higher doses. OT did not alter anxiety-like behavior or total locomotion. Microinfusions of a selective OTR-A at 10 and 100 ng doses reduced social approach behavior; a dose of 1 ng had no effect. In conclusion, our results suggest that accumbal OT and OTR-A regulate social preferences in voles in a dose-dependent manner.
Delayed yet persistent effects of daily risperidone on activity in developing rats
Authors: Stevens Rachel M. , Gannon Matthew A. , Griffith Molly S. , Bardgett Mark E.
Published: March 2016

Early-life administration of risperidone, the most widely used antipsychotic drug in children, leads to persistently elevated locomotor activity in adult rats. This study determined whether and when elevated locomotor activity emerges during developmental risperidone administration. Developing and adult rats were administered daily injections of risperidone (1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg) or vehicle for 4 weeks beginning at postnatal days 14 and 74, respectively. Starting with the first injection and every 7 days thereafter, locomotor activity was measured immediately after the injection and 20 min before the next day’s injection. Activity was also recorded 1 week after the final injection. Risperidone markedly decreased locomotor activity in developing and adult rats immediately after injection. Within 24 h after their first injection, adult rats administered risperidone showed greater activity levels. In contrast, developing rats did not show compensatory hyperactivity until the beginning of the fourth week of risperidone administration. One week after the final risperidone injection, there was no evidence of hyperactivity in the adult rats maintained on risperidone, but developing rats administered risperidone, especially females, showed greater activity levels relative to vehicle-administered controls. In comparison with adult rats, the emergence of compensatory hyperactivity during long-term antipsychotic drug administration is delayed in developing rats, but persists after treatment cessation.
Cardiac Rehabilitation Prevents Recurrent Revascularization in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Hou Wen-Hsuan , Lai Chien-Hung , Jeng Chii , Hsu Chuan-Chih , Shih Chun-Ming , Tsai Pei-Shan
Published: March 2016

PURPOSE:

To evaluate the effects of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) provided within the first 3 months of revascularization on reducing recurrent revascularization in patients with coronary heart disease in Taiwan.

METHODS:

In this population-based cohort study, we used the claims data of 1 million beneficiaries who were randomly selected from all beneficiaries enrolled in Taiwan's National Health Insurance program from 1996 to 2000. Between 2000 and 2007, 2838 patients underwent a first-event revascularization. Of these patients, 442 (15.6%) underwent CR within the first 3 months of admission for revascularization. The remaining 84.4% (n = 2396) served as the non-CR group. All the study patients were followed-up until the end of 2008 for any recurrent revascularization. A propensity score-adjusted Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate the relative risk of recurrent revascularization associated with CR.

RESULTS:

During the 1- to 9-year follow-up, 69 patients (15.6%) in the CR group and 840 (35.1%) patients in the non-CR group experienced recurrent revascularization. The results of the propensity score-adjusted Cox proportional hazard regression analysis showed that CR was significantly associated with a reduced risk of recurrent revascularization with a hazard ratio of 0.48 (95% CI, 0.37 to −0.62).

CONCLUSIONS:

Cardiac rehabilitation within the first 3 months of revascularization is significantly associated with a reduced risk of recurrent revascularization. This preventive effect was more pronounced in men compared with other subgroups of patients.
Correlates of Exercise Self-efficacy in a Randomized Trial of Mind-Body Exercise in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure
Authors: Yeh Gloria Y. , Mu Lin , Davis Roger B. , Wayne Peter M.
Published: March 2016

PURPOSE:

Exercise self-efficacy is one of the strongest predictors of physical activity behavior. Prior literature suggests that tai chi, a mind-body exercise, may increase self-efficacy; however, this is not extensively studied. Little is known about the factors associated with development of exercise self-efficacy in a population with heart failure.

METHODS:

We utilized data from a randomized controlled trial of 12 weeks of group tai chi classes versus education in patients with chronic heart failure (n = 100). Multivariable linear regression was used to explore possible correlates of change in exercise self-efficacy in the entire sample and in the subgroup who received tai chi (n = 50). Covariates included baseline quality of life, social support, functional parameters, physical activity, serum biomarkers, sociodemographics, and clinical heart failure parameters.

RESULTS:

Baseline 6-minute walk (β=−0.0003, SE = 0.0001, P = .02) and fatigue score (β= 0.03, SE = 0.01, P = .004) were significantly associated with change in self-efficacy, with those in the lowest tertile for 6-minute walk and higher tertiles for fatigue score experiencing the greatest change. Intervention group assignment was highly significant, with self-efficacy significantly improved in the tai chi group compared to the education control over 12 weeks (β= 0.39, SE = 0.11, P < .001). In the tai chi group alone, lower baseline oxygen uptake (β=−0.05, SE = 0.01, P = .001), decreased mood (β=−0.01, SE = 0.003, P = .004), and higher catecholamine level (epinephrine β= 0.003, SE = 0.001, P = .005) were significantly associated with improvements in self-efficacy.

CONCLUSIONS:

In this exploratory analysis, our initial findings support the concept that interventions like tai chi may be beneficial in improving exercise self-efficacy, especially in patients with heart failure who are deconditioned, with lower functional status and mood.
Predicting Peak Oxygen Uptake From the 6-Minute Walk Test in Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Zapico Augusto G. , Fuentes Darío , Rojo-Tirado Miguel A. , Calderón Francisco J. , Rosenzweig Erika B. , Garofano Robert P.
Published: March 2016

PURPOSE:

To determine whether the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) is a predictor of peak oxygen uptake (

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2) in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH).

METHODS:

A total of 157 patients treated for IPAH completed a 6MWT in accordance with American Thoracic Society standards. Heart rate, pulse oximetry, and Borg rating of perceived exertion were determined at baseline and posttest. A cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) was performed on a cycle ergometer using a ramp protocol. Participants were stratified post hoc by age into 3 groups: children (n = 26), adolescents (n = 49), and adults (n = 82). Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to predict peak

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2 from the 6MWT.

RESULTS:

The regression equation generated for the children was the only model to strongly predict peak

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o
2 (r = 0.87; P < .001). Similar models for adolescent (r = 0.59; P < .001) and adult groups (r = 0.68; P < .001) did not achieve the same level of correlation.

CONCLUSION:

Six-Minute Walk Test was able to accurately predict peak

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2 in children (6-12 years) with IPAH; however, the model was weaker for predicting peak

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2 in older populations. These findings suggest that 6MWT may be as valid a test for predicting peak

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2 in children with IPAH as CPET measured peak

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o
2. In older IPAH populations, CPET is the only reliable method for the evaluation of peak

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2.
FOCAL CHOROIDAL EXCAVATION AND CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION WITH ASSOCIATED PACHYCHOROID
Authors: Ghadiali Quraish , Dansingani Kunal K. , Freund K. Bailey
Published: March 2016

Purpose:

To report a case of focal choroidal excavation and choroidal neovascularization in the setting of pachychoroid disease.

Methods:

Multimodal imaging, including fundus photography, fundus autofluorescence, enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography, indocyanine green angiography, and en face structural and angiographic optical coherence tomography.

Results:

The authors describe a 39-year-old female with moderately high myopia presenting with focal choroidal excavation and associated choroidal neovascularization. Multimodal imaging demonstrated pachychoroid features with dilated choroidal vessels surrounding the lesion. Optical coherence tomography angiography showed Type 2 neovascularization.

Conclusion:

Some cases of focal choroidal excavation and associated neovascularization may be related to structural abnormalities of the associated choroidal vasculature.
Recovery of motor imagery ability in the first year after stroke
Authors: Feenstra Wya , Tepper Marga , Boonstra Anne M. , Otten Bert , de Vries Sjoerd
Published: March 2016

The aim of this study was to examine the level and recovery of motor imagery ability (MIA) in the first year after stroke and whether the recovery of MIA is related to that of arm/hand function. Twenty-three patients with diminished arm/hand function were included. The accuracy score on the hand laterality judgment task was used to assess MIA and the Fugl-Meyer Assessment was used to evaluate the recovery of arm/hand function. The patients were assessed 3, 6, 16, 26, and 52 weeks after stroke. In the first year after stroke, the percentage of patients with moderate to good MIA improved from 78% after 3 weeks to 94% after 1 year. The recovery of MIA took place in the first 6 weeks after stroke. No correlation was found between the recovery of MIA and arm/hand function, despite the fact that the greatest improvement in both occurred in the first 6 weeks.
Characteristics of Spirituality and Religion Among Suicide Attempters
Authors: Mandhouj Olfa , Perroud Nader , Hasler Roland , Younes Nadia , Huguelet Philippe
Published: March 2016

Spirituality and religiousness are associated with a lower risk of suicide. A detailed assessment of spirituality among 88 suicide attempters hospitalized after a suicide attempt was performed. Factors associated with the recurrence of suicide attempts over 18 months were looked into. Spirituality was low among most suicide attempters in comparison with the general population. Two groups were identified: those with a high score of depression who featured “low” in spirituality and those with a more heterogeneous profile, for example, involving personality disorders, characterized by a “high” spirituality. At the follow-up, the “meaning in life” score appeared to correlate with recurrence of suicide. Clinical implications are discussed herein.
Risk Factors for Venous Thromboembolism in Pediatric Trauma Patients and Validation of a Novel Scoring System: The Risk of Clots in Kids With Trauma Score*
Authors: Yen Jennifer , Van Arendonk Kyle J. , Streiff Michael B. , McNamara LeAnn , Stewart F. Dylan , Conner Kim G. , Thompson Richard E. , Haut Elliott R. , Takemoto Clifford M.
Published: March 2016

Objectives:

Identify risk factors for venous thromboembolism and develop venous thromboembolism risk assessment models for pediatric trauma patients.

Design:

Single institution and national registry retrospective cohort studies.

Setting:

John Hopkins level 1 adult and pediatric trauma center and National Trauma Data Bank.

Patients:

Patients 21 years and younger hospitalized following traumatic injuries at John Hopkins (1987–2011). Patients 21 years and younger in the National Trauma Data Bank (2008–2010 and 2011–2012).

Interventions:

None.

Measurements and Main Results:

Clinical characteristics of Johns Hopkins patients with and without venous thromboembolism were compared, and multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent venous thromboembolism risk factors. Weighted risk assessment scoring systems were developed based on these and previously identified factors from National Trauma Data Bank patients (2008–2010); the scoring systems were validated in this cohort from Johns Hopkins and a cohort from the National Trauma Data Bank (2011–2012). Forty-nine of 17,366 pediatric trauma patients (0.28%) were diagnosed with venous thromboembolism after admission to our trauma center. After adjusting for potential confounders, venous thromboembolism was independently associated with older age, surgery, blood transfusion, higher Injury Severity Score, and lower Glasgow Coma Scale score. These and additional factors were identified in 402,329 pediatric patients from the National Trauma Data Bank from 2008 to 2010; independent risk factors from the logistic regression analysis of this National Trauma Data Bank cohort were selected and incorporated into weighted risk assessment scoring systems. Two models were developed and were cross-validated in two separate pediatric trauma cohorts: 1) 282,535 patients in the National Trauma Data Bank from 2011 to 2012 and 2) 17,366 patients from Johns Hopkins. The receiver operating curve using these models in the validation cohorts had area under the curves that ranged 90–94%.

Conclusions:

Venous thromboembolism is infrequent after trauma in pediatric patients. We developed weighted scoring systems to stratify pediatric trauma patients at risk for venous thromboembolism. These systems may have potential to guide risk-appropriate venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in children after trauma.
Predictors of Emergency Department Utilization Among Children in Vulnerable Families
Authors: Flood Colin , Sheehan Karen , Crandall Marie
Published: March 2016

Background

Preventable visits to the emergency department (ED) are estimated to represent as much as 56% of overall annual ED utilization and contribute to the high cost of health care in the United States. There are more than 25 million annual pediatric ED visits.

Objective

The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with high ED utilization among children in vulnerable families.

Methods

The Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study is a longitudinal cohort of approximately 5000 vulnerable children. Data from the 9-year follow-up survey were used in this analysis. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify correlates with high ED utilization (≥4 visits per year).

Results

2631 children were included in the analysis. In a multivariate model controlling for the child’s sex, race, household income, and insurance status, 4 variables were significant predictors of ED utilization: history of hospitalization within the last year (odds ratio [OR], 15.97; 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.64–38.41; P < 0.001), diagnosis of asthma (OR, 2.53; 95% CI, 1.17–5.44; P = 0.02), number of child’s office/clinic visits within the last year (OR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.12–1.33; P < 0.001), and number of primary caregiver ED visits within last year (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.03–1.28; P = 0.01).

Conclusions

History of hospitalization, outpatient visits, primary caregiver ED utilization, and diagnosis of asthma independently predict high ED utilization by 9-year-old children in fragile families. Augmented continuity of care, disease management, and caregiver education may reduce high ED utilization in this population.
Safety of Terbutaline for Treatment of Acute Severe Pediatric Asthma
Authors: Doymaz Sule , Schneider James
Published: March 2016

Objectives

The use of continuous intravenous terbutaline treatment in severe asthma attacks has been hampered by the lack of well-powered clinical trials where effects of such treatment are described in detail. Here, we aimed to provide a descriptive report on the largest cohort of severe pediatric asthma patients treated with terbutaline.

Methods

The study was conducted in a pediatric intensive care unit in a large metropolitan tertiary care university hospital on 124 patients receiving terbutaline infusion. To stratify the effect of, and determine any age-related differences of, terbutaline, the patients were divided into 3 age groups (0–6 years, 7–12 years, and 13–18 years). Clinical response and the potential harmful effects of terbutaline infusion were determined.

Results

There were significant reductions in systolic (varying between 86% and 93% of the baseline) and diastolic blood pressures (varying between 74% and 86% of the baseline level). However, the values returned to baseline level shortly after discontinuation of infusion. Terbutaline increased heart rates in all groups shortly after initiation (9%–13% above baseline), which returned to below baseline levels 1 hour after discontinuation. Serum potassium levels were also reduced in all patients compared to their baseline values after initiation of terbutaline infusion. However, none of the subjects required potassium replacement.

Conclusions

The results indicate that overall, terbutaline infusion was well tolerated without irreversible adverse effects of the treatment. Although hemodynamic and metabolic disturbances occurred, these were clinically easily managed and posed little risk in emergency department or pediatric intensive care unit.
A Knotted Urethral Catheter in the Emergency Department
Authors: Terentiev Victoria , Khentsinsky Ora , Dickman Eitan , Cortis Carmen , Arroyo Alexander
Published: March 2016

Inadvertent knotting of urethral catheters and enteric feeding tubes is a rare complication in pediatric patients. If a small flexible tube is used and advanced too far, upon withdrawal, the catheter may knot in the bladder. Surgical intervention for retrieval is required in most cases. We present a case of a 26-day-old female neonate who was catheterized with a 5 French enteric feeding tube, which was later removed in the emergency department with gentle traction alone. After removal, a knot was noted at the tip. It is important for emergency physicians to be aware of this complication, because this particular size feeding tube is most susceptible to kinking inside of the urinary tract.
Brief Report: HIV-1 Tropism During Primary Infections in France: 1996–2014
Authors: Raymond Stéphanie , Nicot Florence , Sauné Karine , Cazabat Michelle , Pasquier Christophe , Massip Patrice , Marchou Bruno , Delobel Pierre , Izopet Jacques
Published: March 2016

HIV-1 was mainly CCR5 tropic in recent seroconverters. We analyzed the coreceptor use in 239 primary HIV-1 infections (PHIs) between 1996 and 2014 using a validated recombinant virus phenotypic entry assay. CXCR4-using viruses were detected in 8.3%, 3.8%, and 6.1% of PHIs from 1996 to 2004, 2005 to 2009, and 2010 to 2014, respectively. The presence of CXCR4-using viruses was associated with the virological failure of antiretroviral treatment initiated during PHI (odds ratio, 7.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.1 to 56.5). The phenotypic tropism assay data show that the prevalence of X4 tropic transmitted viruses was stable in this French cohort of PHIs between 1996 and 2014.
Reduced cellular immune response in social insect lineages
Authors: López-Uribe Margarita M. , Sconiers Warren B. , Frank Steven D. , Dunn Robert R. , Tarpy David R.
Published: March 2016

Social living poses challenges for individual fitness because of the increased risk of disease transmission among conspecifics. Despite this challenge, sociality is an evolutionarily successful lifestyle, occurring in the most abundant and diverse group of organisms on earth—the social insects. Two contrasting hypotheses predict the evolutionary consequences of sociality on immune systems. The social group hypothesis posits that sociality leads to stronger individual immune systems because of the higher risk of disease transmission in social species. By contrast, the relaxed selection hypothesis proposes that social species have evolved behavioural immune defences that lower disease risk within the group, resulting in lower immunity at the individual level. We tested these hypotheses by measuring the encapsulation response in 11 eusocial and non-eusocial insect lineages. We built phylogenetic mixed linear models to investigate the effect of behaviour, colony size and body size on cellular immune response. We found a significantly negative effect of colony size on encapsulation response (Markov chain Monte Carlo generalized linear mixed model (mcmcGLMM)
p
<
0.05; phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS)
p
<
0.05). Our findings suggest that insects living in large societies may rely more on behavioural mechanisms, such as hygienic behaviours, than on immune function to reduce the risk of disease transmission among nest-mates.
Analysis of blink dynamics in patients with blepharoptosis
Authors: Mak Felix H. W. , Harker Anthony , Kwon Kyung-Ah , Edirisinghe Mohan , Rose Geoffrey E. , Murta Fabiola , Ezra Daniel G.
Published: March 2016

Owing to the rapid movements of the human upper eyelid, a high-speed camera was used to record and characterize voluntary blinking and the blink dynamics of blepharoptosis patients were compared to a control group. Twenty-six blepharoptosis patients prior to surgery and 45 control subjects were studied and the vertical height of the palpebral aperture (PA) was measured manually at 2 ms intervals during each blink cycle. The PA and blinking speed were plotted with respect to time and a predictive model was generated. The blink dynamic was analysed in closing and opening phases, and revealed a reduced speed of the initial opening phase in ptotic patients, suggesting intrinsic muscle function change in ptosis pathogenesis. The PA versus time curve for each subject was reconstructed using custom-built parameters; however, there were significant differences between the two groups. Those parameters used included the rate of closure, the delay between opening and closing, rate of initial opening, rate of slow opening (nonlinear function) and the ‘switch point’ between those two rates of opening. The model was tested against a new group of subjects and was able to discriminate ptosis patients from controls with 80% accuracy.
Restricted grouper reproductive migrations support community-based management
Authors: Waldie Peter A. , Almany Glenn R. , Sinclair-Taylor Tane H. , Hamilton Richard J. , Potuku Tapas , Priest Mark A. , Rhodes Kevin L. , Robinson Jan , Cinner Joshua E. , Berumen Michael L.
Published: March 2016

Conservation commonly requires trade-offs between social and ecological goals. For tropical small-scale fisheries, spatial scales of socially appropriate management are generally small—the median no-take locally managed marine area (LMMA) area throughout the Pacific is less than 1 km
2
. This is of particular concern for large coral reef fishes, such as many species of grouper, which migrate to aggregations to spawn. Current data suggest that the catchment areas (i.e. total area from which individuals are drawn) of such aggregations are at spatial scales that preclude effective community-based management with no-take LMMAs. We used acoustic telemetry and tag-returns to examine reproductive migrations and catchment areas of the grouper
Epinephelus fuscoguttatus
at a spawning aggregation in Papua New Guinea. Protection of the resultant catchment area of approximately 16 km
2
using a no-take LMMA is socially untenable here and throughout much of the Pacific region. However, we found that spawning migrations were skewed towards shorter distances. Consequently, expanding the current 0.2 km
2
no-take LMMA to 1–2 km
2
would protect approximately 30–50% of the spawning population throughout the non-spawning season. Contrasting with current knowledge, our results demonstrate that species with moderate reproductive migrations can be managed at scales congruous with spatially restricted management tools.
How habitat-modifying organisms structure the food web of two coastal ecosystems
Authors: van der Zee Els M. , Angelini Christine , Govers Laura L. , Christianen Marjolijn J. A. , Altieri Andrew H. , van der Reijden Karin J. , Silliman Brian R. , van de Koppel Johan , van der Geest Matthijs , van Gils Jan A. , van der Veer Henk W. , Piersma Theunis , de Ruiter Peter C. , Olff Han , van der Heide Tjisse
Published: March 2016

The diversity and structure of ecosystems has been found to depend both on trophic interactions in food webs and on other species interactions such as habitat modification and mutualism that form non-trophic interaction networks. However, quantification of the dependencies between these two main interaction networks has remained elusive. In this study, we assessed how habitat-modifying organisms affect basic food web properties by conducting in-depth empirical investigations of two ecosystems: North American temperate fringing marshes and West African tropical seagrass meadows. Results reveal that habitat-modifying species, through non-trophic facilitation rather than their trophic role, enhance species richness across multiple trophic levels, increase the number of interactions per species (link density), but decrease the realized fraction of all possible links within the food web (connectance). Compared to the trophic role of the most highly connected species, we found this non-trophic effects to be more important for species richness and of more or similar importance for link density and connectance. Our findings demonstrate that food webs can be fundamentally shaped by interactions outside the trophic network, yet intrinsic to the species participating in it. Better integration of non-trophic interactions in food web analyses may therefore strongly contribute to their explanatory and predictive capacity.
Defining individual size in the model filamentous fungus
Neurospora crassa
Authors: Ma Linda , Song Boya , Curran Thomas , Phong Nhu , Dressaire Emilie , Roper Marcus
Published: March 2016

It is challenging to apply the tenets of individuality to filamentous fungi: a fungal mycelium can contain millions of genetically diverse but totipotent nuclei, each capable of founding new mycelia. Moreover, a single mycelium can potentially stretch over kilometres, and it is unlikely that its distant parts share resources or have the same fitness. Here, we directly measure how a single mycelium of the model ascomycete
Neurospora crassa
is patterned into reproductive units (RUs), meaning subpopulations of nuclei that propagate together as spores, and function as reproductive individuals. The density of RUs is sensitive to the geometry of growth; we detected 50-fold smaller RUs when mycelia had expanding frontiers than when they were constrained to grow in one direction only. RUs fragmented further when the mycelial network was perturbed. In mycelia with expanding frontiers, RU composition was strongly influenced by the distribution of genotypes early in development. Our results provide a concept of fungal individuality that is directly connected to reproductive potential, and therefore to theories of how fungal individuals adapt and evolve over time. Our data show that the size of reproductive individuals is a dynamic and environment-dependent property, even within apparently totally connected fungal mycelia.
Controlled comparison of species- and community-level models across novel climates and communities
Authors: Maguire Kaitlin C. , Nieto-Lugilde Diego , Blois Jessica L. , Fitzpatrick Matthew C. , Williams John W. , Ferrier Simon , Lorenz David J.
Published: March 2016

Species distribution models (SDMs) assume species exist in isolation and do not influence one another's distributions, thus potentially limiting their ability to predict biodiversity patterns. Community-level models (CLMs) capitalize on species co-occurrences to fit shared environmental responses of species and communities, and therefore may result in more robust and transferable models. Here, we conduct a controlled comparison of five paired SDMs and CLMs across changing climates, using palaeoclimatic simulations and fossil-pollen records of eastern North America for the past 21 000 years. Both SDMs and CLMs performed poorly when projected to time periods that are temporally distant and climatically dissimilar from those in which they were fit; however, CLMs generally outperformed SDMs in these instances, especially when models were fit with sparse calibration datasets. Additionally, CLMs did not over-fit training data, unlike SDMs. The expected emergence of novel climates presents a major forecasting challenge for all models, but CLMs may better rise to this challenge by borrowing information from co-occurring taxa.
Host persistence or extinction from emerging infectious disease: insights from white-nose syndrome in endemic and invading regions
Authors: Hoyt Joseph R. , Langwig Kate E. , Sun Keping , Lu Guanjun , Parise Katy L. , Jiang Tinglei , Frick Winifred F. , Foster Jeffrey T. , Feng Jiang , Kilpatrick A. Marm
Published: March 2016

Predicting species' fates following the introduction of a novel pathogen is a significant and growing problem in conservation. Comparing disease dynamics between introduced and endemic regions can offer insight into which naive hosts will persist or go extinct, with disease acting as a filter on host communities. We examined four hypothesized mechanisms for host–pathogen persistence by comparing host infection patterns and environmental reservoirs for
Pseudogymnoascus destructans
(the causative agent of white-nose syndrome) in Asia, an endemic region, and North America, where the pathogen has recently invaded. Although colony sizes of bats and hibernacula temperatures were very similar, both infection prevalence and fungal loads were much lower on bats and in the environment in Asia than North America. These results indicate that transmission intensity and pathogen growth are lower in Asia, likely due to higher host resistance to pathogen growth in this endemic region, and not due to host tolerance, lower transmission due to smaller populations, or lower environmentally driven pathogen growth rate. Disease filtering also appears to be favouring initially resistant species in North America. More broadly, determining the mechanisms allowing species persistence in endemic regions can help identify species at greater risk of extinction in introduced regions, and determine the consequences for disease dynamics and host–pathogen coevolution.
Natural selection and genetic diversity in the butterflyHeliconius melpomene
Authors: Martin SH , Möst M , Palmer WJ , Salazar C , McMillan WO , Jiggins FM , Jiggins CD
Published: March 2016

A combination of selective and neutral evolutionary forces shape patterns of genetic diversity in nature. Among the insects, most previous analyses of the roles of drift and selection in shaping variation across the genome have focused on the genusDrosophila. A more complete understanding of these forces will come from analysing other taxa that differ in population demography and other aspects of biology. We have analysed diversity and signatures of selection in the neotropicalHeliconiusbutterflies using resequenced genomes from 58 wild-caught individuals ofH. melpomene, and another 21 resequenced genomes representing 11 related species. By comparing intra-specific diversity and inter-specific divergence, we estimate that 31% of amino acid substitutions betweenHeliconiusspecies are adaptive. Diversity at putatively neutral sites is negatively correlated with the local density of coding sites as well as non-synonymous substitutions, and positively correlated with recombination rate, indicating widespread linked selection. This process also manifests in significantly reduced diversity on longer chromosomes, consistent with lower recombination rates. Although hitchhiking around beneficial non-synonymous mutations has significantly shaped genetic variation inH. melpomene, evidence for strong selective sweeps is limited overall. We did however identify two regions where distinct haplotypes have swept in different populations, leading to increased population differentiation. On the whole, our study suggests that positive selection is less pervasive in these butterflies as compared to fruit flies; a fact that curiously results in very similar levels of neutral diversity in these very different insects.
Application of database-independent approach to assess the quality of OTU picking methods
Authors: Schloss Patrick D.
Published: March 2016

Assigning 16S rRNA gene sequences to operational taxonomic units (OTUs) allows microbial ecologists to overcome the inconsistencies and biases within bacterial taxonomy and provides a strategy for clustering similar sequences that do not have representatives in a reference database. I have applied the Matthew’s correlation coefficient to assess the ability of 15 reference-independent and ‐dependent clustering algorithms to assign sequences to OTUs. This metric quantifies the ability of an algorithm to reflect the relationships between sequences without the use of a reference and can be applied to any dataset or method. The most consistently robust method was the average neighbor algorithm; however, for some datasets other algorithms matched its performance.
Daughters taking over the family business
Authors: Gherardi Silvia , Perrotta Manuela
Published: March 2016

Purpose

– This paper aims to explore gender and legitimacy in family business succession.

Design/methodology/approach

– Within the theoretical framework of French pragmatic sociology, the authors conceptualise the family business as thelocuswhere two regimes of engagement are present, generating the co-presence of two orders of worth, namely the domestic and the industrial. Taking a processual approach to entrepreneuring, and using case studies of small enterprises in Italy, this paper explores the case of daughters taking over the family firms.

Findings

– The paper shows how the daughters’ perceived gender inequality in the succession process is justified and how the justification work and the production of legitimacy are accomplished, shifting from one order of worth to the other.

Originality/value

– The value of the contribution consists in pointing to how gender inequality is reproduced and justified inside the family business. The dual regime of engagement is what justifies the reproduction of a specific gender regime within the family business. Moreover, the paper adds a “gender” perspective to French pragmatist sociology.
An evolutionary algorithm approach for the constrained multi-depot vehicle routing problem
Authors: Lightner-Laws Carin , Agrawal Vikas , Lightner Constance , Wagner Neal
Published: March 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to explore a real world vehicle routing problem (VRP) that has multi-depot subcontractors with a heterogeneous fleet of vehicles that are available to pickup/deliver jobs with varying time windows and locations. Both the overall job completion time and number of drivers utilized are analyzed for the automated job allocations and manual job assignments from transportation field experts.

Design/methodology/approach

– A nested genetic algorithm (GA) is used to automate the job allocation process and minimize the overall time to deliver all jobs, while utilizing the fewest number of drivers – as a secondary objective.

Findings

– Three different real world data sets were used to compare the results of the GA vs transportation field experts’ manual assignments. The job assignments from the GA improved the overall job completion time in 100 percent (30/30) of the cases and maintained the same or fewer drivers as BS Logistics (BSL) in 47 percent (14/30) of the cases.

Originality/value

– This paper provides a novel approach to solving a real world VRP that has multiple variants. While there have been numerous models to capture a select number of these variants, the value of this nested GA lies in its ability to incorporate multiple depots, a heterogeneous fleet of vehicles as well as varying pickup times, pickup locations, delivery times and delivery locations for each job into a single model. Existing research does not provide models to collectively address all of these variants.