bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dunlap, "Inherited Silence: Listening to the Land, Healing the Colonizer Mind"
Authors: Garcia Ivis
Published: September 2024

Louise Dunlap's book "Inherited Silence: Listening to the Land, Healing the Colonizer Mind" is a heartfelt exploration of the historical harm caused by colonization, with a focus on Dunlap's Californian roots. Through a blend of personal experiences and broader themes such as climate change, resource wars, and genocide, Dunlap offers insight into the trauma caused by colonization and suggests self-healing strategies for descendants. The book is split into ten chapters, each of which explores a different aspect of the issue.
In silico modeling, formulation, optimization, and in-vitro evaluation of candidone microsponges for the management of colorectal cancer
Authors: Yadav Neha , Deshmukh Rohitas
Published: September 2024

Cancer is one of the most lethal diseases of the twenty-first century. The present research aimed to screen out natural bioactive with the help of bioinformatics tools. The screened molecule (Candidone) was formulated as a microsponge and evaluated for the effective and safe treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). The Microsponges were developed using Eudragit RS 100, a pH-sensitive polymer using the quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method. A total of 9 batch formulations were prepared using 32 full factorial designs. The prepared microsponges were evaluated by various parameters such as particle size (PS), entrapment efficiency (EE), and drug release study, optimization was done by the design of an expert, which was further subjected to statistical analysis that was kinetic release mechanism, compatibility studies were performed such as fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Using factorial design 32 for the maximum possible formulation, the optimized formulation was found to be F7 in terms of better release for a longer time and with better by reducing the frequency of administration of the medication, reducing the dose, improving the patient compliances (ease of administration), by reducing the drug fluctuation level in the blood, and by enhancing the efficacy and safety of the treatment. The F7 formulation has a PS of 44.26 ± 0.84 μm, (%) EE of 76.57 ± 0.26, drug loading of 49.67% ± 0.94%, and good % CDR 94.26% ± 2.64% for an extended period of 12 hours. In addition, the candidone shows a decrease in the viability of HT 29 colon cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. The result indicated that the prepared microsponges could release the Candidone in a sustained manner and help in the management of CRC.
Impact of High-density Planting Spacing on Physiological Traits of Cocoa Grown under Coconut Trees
Authors: V Jegadeeswari. , Padmadevi K. , K. R Vijayalatha. , Mohanalaksmi M. , Kalaivani J. , Sidhdharth G.
Published: September 2024

High-density planting (HDP) maximizes land productivity. Optimizing cocoa spacing under coconut trees enhances physiological traits and yield potential. Despite cocoa's integration into coconut agroforestry, spacing's impact on cocoa physiology is unclear. Studying this influence provides insights for better planting strategies, improved crop performance, and sustainable cocoa production in agroforestry settings. The experiment was conducted at the Coconut Farm of the Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. Employing a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with eight treatments replicated three times, the study aimed to explore how different spacing levels influence physiological traits in cocoa cultivation. The treatments involved in the experiment included a double row of cocoa planted between two rows of coconut trees, with spacing configurations as follows: T1 (3m x 1.2m), T2 (3m x 2m), T3 (3m x 2.5m), and T4 (3m x 3m). Additionally, a single row of cocoa between two coconut rows was examined, with spacings represented by T5 (1.5m), T6 (2m), T7 (2.5m), and T8 (3m). Results indicated distinct patterns among spacing treatments, with significant differences observed in various physiological characteristics. Notably, T1 (3m x 1.2m) demonstrated the highest leaf area (462.71cm2) and leaf area index (4.85), while T8 (3m) exhibited the highest light interception (74.12%). Additionally, T3 (3m x 2.5m) showcased the highest chlorophyll index (40.52) in cocoa leaves. These findings underscore the importance of spacing configurations in influencing key physiological parameters in cocoa cultivation, providing valuable insights for optimizing planting practices.
Estimation of Heritability, Genetic Advance and Correlation in Bread Wheat (Triticum aesitvum L.) under Heat Stress Condition
Authors: Kumar Jayant , Yadav Vijay Kumar , Yadav R. K. , Singh Som Veer , Maurya C.L. , Kumar Ankitesh
Published: September 2024

The current study was conducted on several genotypes during crop season of Rabi 2021-2022 and 2022-2023 with the goal of to work out heritability in general and genetic advance in percentage of mean and estimate correlation coefficient among the growth and yield traits. The field experiments included 60 germplasms of bread wheat. Experimental trials were conducted in 12 environments (E1 to E12). The field experiments were laid out in Augmented Block Design (ABD). The observations on 26 physio-morphological and yield related traits were recorded in both non-stressed and heat-stressed environment. High genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were observed for plant waxiness (8.897 and 11.943) followed by leaf rolling (6.390 and 12.240). Heritability coupled with genetic advance were identified in yield per plot (g), grain yield / plant (g), plant waxiness (0-10 scale). Grain yield per plant exhibited significant positive correlation with grain length (0.712), harvest index (0.629), leaf rolling (0.4638). It exhibited significant negative correlation with plant height (-0.461) and canopy temperature depression (-0.233).
Cost Economics Study of Tomato Production under Poly House and Open Field Cultivation
Authors: Wankhede P. S. , Pachore R. A. , Deore S.B.
Published: September 2024

The studies was performed by conducting the field experiments under polyhouse and open field at the Instructional Farm of Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Dr.Annasaheb Shinde College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri during rabi seasons of 2013-14.These experiments state that the best practice found in different environmental conditions (Polyhouse and open field cultivation.) can be adopted for maximum economic returns from tomato cultivation. Polyhouse tomato cultivation was found best alternative tomato cultivation during rabi season to obtain maximum yield, net return and benefit:cost ratio. The combitation of 0.95ETc x 125 % RD (I1x F1) recorded maximum yield (437.98 tha-1) under polyhouse cultivation and (149.98 tha-1)under open field cultivation. The maximum net income was found due to T1 (0.95ETc x 125 %RD) treatment i.e. ₹ 2,95,210/- under polyhouse cultivation and in case of open field cultivation the maximum net income was found ₹ 5,527/- and benefit:cost ratio was found 3.29 under polyhouse and 1.13 under open field cultivation.
Hepatoprotective Activity of Bixa orellana Plant Extract against Hepatotoxicity in Rodent
Authors: Rashid Sadiya Binte , Oyshi Sadia Adnin , Jannat Bushratul , Shakil Md , Halder Angelina Samantha , Haider Zulqarnain
Published: September 2024

Introduction: Hepatotoxicity, or liver damage, can result from exposure to toxic substances such as medications, chemicals, alcohol, and environmental pollutants, affecting approximately 1.5 billion people worldwide. Although synthetic drugs offer therapeutic benefits, they often come with side effects. Medicinal plants may offer a viable alternative. This study examines Bixa Orellana, a plant known for its antioxidant properties, to evaluate its potential protective effects on the liver.
Methods: The study used 45 Swiss Albino rats, divided into 9 groups. Hepatotoxicity was induced using carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Group 1 was negative control group where only normal foods were given. Groups 2 to 6 were exposed to CCl4, while Groups 7 through 9 received low, medium, and high doses of Bixa Orellana extract, respectively. The treatments lasted for 42 days, after which the rats were sacrificed for analysis.
Results: Liver function tests (SGPT and SGOT) showed significant improvements, particularly with medium (600mg/kg) and high (1200mg/kg) doses of the extract. Kidney function tests revealed promising results for creatinine levels with low (300mg/kg) and medium (600mg/kg) doses, although urea levels did not change significantly. The lipid profile analysis indicated substantial benefits at high (1200mg/kg) doses, with improvements in HDL, LDL, and cholesterol levels, though triglyceride levels did not show significant changes.
Conclusion: The findings suggest that Bixa Orellana has considerable hepatoprotective effects. Further studies are needed to explore its potential as a therapeutic agent for liver protection and to develop detailed reports on its efficacy.
Integrated Management of Foliar Diseases of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) Under Natural Field Conditions
Authors: Meena Ashok Kumar , Geat Neelam , Kardam Vinay Kumar
Published: September 2024

Aims: To determine the efficacy of chemicals/bioagents against foliar diseases of mungbean.
Study Design: Randomized Block Design (Field experiments)
Place and Duration of the Study: Field experiments were conducted at Agricultural Research Station, Mandor, Jodhpur during the Kharif 2022 & Kharif 2023
Methodology: Different novel fungicides/bioagents were applied against foliar diseases of mungbean. Ten treatments viz; soil application with Trichoderma harzianum @ 5kg/ha enriched in 100 kg of FYM., seed treatment with Trichoderma harzianum @ 10g/kg seed, foliar spray of Trichoderma harzianum @ 2g/l, foliar spray of carbendazim 50% WP @ 0.1%, foliar spray of difenoconazole 25 EC @ 0.1 %, foliar spray of tebuconazole 250 EC @ 0.1%, foliar spray of tebuconazole 50% + trifloxystrobin 25% WG @ 0.1%, foliar spray of pyraclostrobin 133g/l+ epoxiconazole 50 g/l w/w SE @ 0.15%, foliar spray of azoxystrobin 18.2 % + difenoconazole 11.4 % SC @ 0.1%, and control (untreated) were taken in study. The diseases assessment was done after 10 days of spraying and percent disease incidence was calculated.  
Results: Foliar spray of tebuconazole 50% + trifloxystrobin 25% WG @ 0.1% was most effective in reducing the anthracnose PDI (19.41%) and cercospora leaf spot (18.26%) followed by foliar spray of azoxystrobin 18.2 % + difenoconazole 11.4 % SC @ 0.1% (24.36 and 21.05 %).
Conclusion: Among all the tested treatments, foliar spray of tebuconazole 50% + trifloxystrobin 25% WG @ 0.1% was most effective followed by foliar spray of azoxystrobin 18.2 % + difenoconazole 11.4 % SC @ 0.1% in managing both the diseases.
CaMKII‐mediated displacement of AIDA‐1 out of the postsynaptic density core
Authors: Dosemeci Ayse , Toy Dana , Burch Amelia , Bayer K. Ulrich , Tao‐Cheng Jung‐Hwa
Published: August 2016

Ankyrin repeat and sterile alpha motif domain‐containing protein 1B (ANKS1B, also known as AIDA‐1) is a major component of the postsynaptic density (PSD) in excitatory neurons where it concentrates at the electron‐dense core under basal conditions and moves out during activity. This study investigates the molecular mechanism underlying activity‐induced displacement of AIDA‐1. Experiments with PSD fractions from brain indicate phosphorylation of AIDA‐1 upon activation of endogenous CaMKII. Immuno‐electron microscopy studies show that treatment of hippocampal neurons with NMDA results in an ~ 30 nm shift in the median distance of the AIDA‐1 label from the postsynaptic membrane, an effect that is blocked by the CaMKII inhibitor tatCN21. CaMKII‐mediated redistribution of AIDA‐1 is similar to that observed for SynGAP. CaMKII‐mediated removal of two abundant PSD‐95‐binding proteins from the PSD core during activity is expected to initiate a molecular reorganization at the PSD.
Recurrent embedded substorms during the 19 October 1998 GEM storm
Authors: Henderson M. G.
Published: August 2016

The 18–19 October 1998 GEM (Geospace Environment Modeling) storm was associated with a long interval of remarkably steady southward interplanetary magnetic field. In this study we demonstrate that classical substorms occurred throughout the interval and that the storm appears to be composed of the typical two‐mode response consisting of a recurrent loading/unloading cycle on a timescale of approximately 2–4 h together with an episodic/bursty continuously driven component operating on a timescale of 5–15 min. The loading/unloading activity is manifested as typical poleward expanding “embedded” substorms (embedded into the auroral oval) emerging from the equatorward regions of the auroral distribution, while the continuously driven component is manifested by the episodic ejection of streamers equatorward from poleward boundary activations. The streamers subsequently produce torches and eastward drifting omega bands which likely moderate the need for substorms to occur more frequently than observed.
Observed eddy dissipation in the Agulhas Current
Authors: Braby Laura , Backeberg Björn C. , Ansorge Isabelle , Roberts Michael J. , Krug Marjolaine , Reason Chris J. C.
Published: August 2016

Analyzing eddy characteristics from a global data set of automatically tracked eddies for the Agulhas Current in combination with surface drifters as well as geostrophic currents from satellite altimeters, it is shown that eddies from the Mozambique Channel and south of Madagascar dissipate as they approach the Agulhas Current. By tracking the offshore position of the current core and its velocity at 30°S in relation to eddies, it is demonstrated that eddy dissipation occurs through a transfer of momentum, where anticyclones consistently induce positive velocity anomalies, and cyclones reduce the velocities and cause offshore meanders. Composite analyses of the anticyclonic (cyclonic) eddy‐current interaction events demonstrate that the positive (negative) velocity anomalies propagate downstream in the Agulhas Current at 44 km/d (23 km/d). Many models are unable to represent these eddy dissipation processes, affecting our understanding of the Agulhas Current.
High‐latitude ionospheric conductivity variability in three dimensions
Authors: McGranaghan Ryan , Knipp Delores J. , Matsuo Tomoko
Published: August 2016

We perform the first ever global‐scale, altitude‐dependent analysis of polar ionospheric conductivity variability using spectrally resolved in situ satellite particle measurements. With an empirical orthogonal function analysis we identify three primary modes of three‐dimensional variability related to ionospheric footprints of the quiet and disturbed geospace environment: (1) perturbation of the quasi‐permanent auroral oval, (2) differing projections of electron precipitation during southward and northward interplanetary magnetic field, and (3) a likely imprint of variation in Alfvénic Poynting flux deposition. Together, these modes account for >50% of the total conductivity variability throughout the E region ionosphere. Our results show that height‐integrated conductance and height‐dependent conductivities are distinctly different, underscoring the importance of studying the ionosphere in three dimensions. We provide the framework for future three‐dimensional global analysis of ionosphere‐magnetosphere coupling.
Sinuosity of midlatitude atmospheric flow in a warming world
Authors: Cattiaux Julien , Peings Yannick , Saint‐Martin David , Trou‐Kechout Nadege , Vavrus Stephen J.
Published: August 2016

Global warming is expected to affect midlatitude atmospheric dynamics through changes in the equator‐to‐pole temperature gradient. While the latitudinal expansion of the tropics would induce both a poleward shift and reinforcement of the westerlies, Arctic changes might counterbalance this effect. Beyond position and speed, potential changes in the flow waviness are crucial for midlatitude weather. Here we investigate such changes through an intuitive metric characterizing the flow sinuosity at 50°N. We find that despite a slight increase in recent reanalyses, the midlatitude sinuosity is projected to decrease in response to climate change according to CMIP5 simulations. Recent trends could therefore result from internal variability or different timings of tropical and polar influences. Future uncertainties are dominated by model discrepancies and partially linked to the dispersion in the equator‐to‐pole temperature gradient response. Our results support the hypothesis that a faster westerly flow is expected to be less sinuous (and vice‐versa).
Generalized magnetotail equilibria: Effects of the dipole field, thin current sheets, and magnetic flux accumulation
Authors: Sitnov M. I. , Merkin V. G.
Published: August 2016

Generalizations of the class of quasi‐1‐D solutions of the 2‐D Grad‐Shafranov equation, first considered by Schindler in 1972, are investigated. It is shown that the effect of the dipole field, treated as a perturbation, can be included into the original 1972 class solution by modification of the boundary conditions. Some of the solutions imply the formation of singularly thin current sheets. Equilibrium solutions for such sheets resolving their singular current structure on the scales comparable to the thermal ion gyroradius can be obtained assuming anisotropic and nongyrotropic plasma distributions. It is shown that one class of such equilibria with the dipole‐like boundary perturbation describes bifurcation of the near‐Earth current sheet. Another class of weakly anisotropic equilibria with thin current sheets embedded into a thicker plasma sheet helps explain the formation of thin current sheets in a relatively distant tail, where such sheets can provide ion Landau dissipation for spontaneous magnetic reconnection. The free energy for spontaneous reconnection can be provided due to accumulation of the magnetic flux at the tailward end of the closed field line region. The corresponding hump in the normal magnetic field profile Bz(x,z = 0) creates a nonzero gradient along the tail. The resulting gradient of the equatorial magnetic field pressure is shown to be balanced by the pressure gradient and the magnetic tension force due to the higher‐order correction of the latter in the asymptotic expansion of the tail equilibrium in the ratio of the characteristic tail current sheet variations across and along the tail.
Assessing
J
apanese Writing Ability
Authors: Kondo‐Brown Kimi
Published: August 2016

Adequate inferences of writing ability can only be made through performance assessments that involve actual writing (compositions, essays), not through discrete‐point testing such as in multiple‐choice tests. This entry discusses the following issues related to assessing Japanese writing performance, which have received considerable attention in recent decades: cultural influence on rhetorical organization, conceptualizing “good” writing in Japanese, assessing Japanese L1 and L2 academic writing, and validating the essay test in the Nihon Ryūgaku Shiken (the Examination for Japanese University Admission for International Students, a high‐stakes Japanese proficiency exam).
S
panish Speech Acts
Authors: Asención‐Delaney Yuly , Fernández Julieta
Published: August 2016

This overview of Spanish speech acts presents key research and findings discussing how actions are performed with Spanish. This area of Spanish pragmatics has relied on theoretical work as well as on empirical studies—such as the one represented by the Cross‐Cultural Speech Act Realization Project (CCSARP)—to analyze Spanish speech acts from different perspectives: pragmalinguistics, politeness, cognitive principles, cross‐cultural comparisons, variational pragmatics, intercultural comparisons, and interlanguage pragmatics.
Association of Musculoskeletal Joint Pain With Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Daytime Sleepiness, and Poor Sleep Quality in Men
Authors: Li Joule J. , Appleton Sarah L. , Gill Tiffany K. , Vakulin Andrew , Wittert Gary A. , Antic Nick A. , Taylor Anne W. , Adams Robert J. , Hill Catherine L.
Published: August 2016

Objective

To investigate the association of musculoskeletal pain with objectively determined obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and subjective sleep measures in a population‐based sample.

Methods

Participants were community‐dwelling men (n = 360) age ≥35 years from the Men Androgen Inflammation Lifestyle Environment and Stress (MAILES) study. Shoulder, back, hip, knee, hand, and foot pain were assessed by computer‐assisted telephone interview or self‐completed questionnaire. OSA was determined with full in‐home unattended polysomnography (Embletta X100) scored by 2007 American Academy of Sleep Medicine alternative criteria. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale assessed daytime sleepiness and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index assessed sleep quality.

Results

OSA was not associated with the presence of any joint pain (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.03 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.61–1.76]). There was no association between OSA and pain in any specific joint (shoulder, back, hip, knee, hand, or foot), nor was the number of joints in pain associated with OSA. There was, similarly, no association between pain variables and excessive daytime sleepiness, except for hand pain (OR 3.10 [95% CI 1.50–6.39]). However, pain was associated with poor sleep quality: any pain (OR 2.19 [95% CI 1.25–3.82]), shoulder pain (OR 2.16 [95% CI 1.25–3.75]), back pain (OR 2.24 [95% CI 1.41–3.55]), and foot pain (OR 2.47 [95% CI 1.43–4.26]). The number of painful joints was also associated with poor sleep quality (5–6 joints versus no joints OR 7.34 [95% CI 2.30–23.42]).

Conclusion

No association between OSA and pain or between daytime sleepiness and pain was found. Consistent with previous reports, poor sleep quality was associated with musculoskeletal pain in this population sample. The etiologic differences between OSA‐related sleep disruption and poor subjective sleep quality require further investigation.
Elucidating the Mechanism of Fatigue Crack Acceleration Following the Occurrence of an Underload
Authors: Salvati Enrico , Sui Tan , Zhang Hongjia , Lunt Alexander J. G. , Fong Kai Soon , Song Xu , Korsunsky Alexander M.
Published: August 2016

Fatigue Crack Growth Rate (FCGR) is altered by a single anomalous load exceeding cyclic maximum (Overload) or compressive load below cyclic minimum (Underload). The authors study fatigue crack acceleration due to a single compressive Underload using residual stress mapping (by synchrotron XRD) and crack closure analysis (by DIC). The relative influence and duration of these two principal causes of FCGR alteration are revealed. Validated FEA model is used for parametric analysis of the effect of baseline cyclic loading ratio and magnitude of Underload on the cyclic J‐integral.
Improvement in soil grouting by biocementation through injection method
Authors: Kakelar Mahdi Maleki , Ebrahimi Sirous , Hosseini Mohammadjavad
Published: August 2016

In order to reduce the cost of microbial‐induced carbonate precipitation, an in situ soil improvement technique, two cost‐effective methods have been developed. At first, possible replacement of costly yeast extract medium with sodium acetate for Sporosarcina pasteurii growth was evaluated. Thereafter, a sequencing batch mode of injection has been introduced. The unconfined compressive strength of 525 kPa with uniform CaCO3 distribution was obtained even for poorly graded coarse sand using the proposed injection method. According to economic considerations, by using this injection method, a substantial cost saving (53.4%) has been achieved, inducing the feasibility of biocementation technology for practical applications. Copyright © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphological Characterization of Acinar Cluster in Mouse Lung Using a Multiscale‐based Segmentation Algorithm on Synchrotron Micro‐CT Images
Authors: Xiao Luosha , Sera Toshihiro , Koshiyama Kenichiro , Wada Shigeo
Published: August 2016

Understanding the three‐dimensional morphology of pulmonary acini is essential when exploring the biomechanics of respiratory function. In this study, we characterized the morphology of individual acini and a cluster of acini stemming from the same terminal conducting airway using a quantitative approach based on the semi‐automatic segmentation of synchrotron micro‐CT images of mouse lung. The volume and surface area of five clusters of mouse acini including 50 individual acini were estimated based on the voxel and surface mesh of segmented acini at FRC. The pathway length and width were estimated for one cluster including 15 acini based on the skeleton of segmented acini. The acinar volume was 0.09 ± 0.07 mm3 (mean ± SD), and the surface area was 6.82 ± 4.49 mm2, in agreement with previous studies. The volume of the acinar clusters was 0.89 ± 0.34 mm3, and the surface area was 68.18 ± 17.66 mm2. The largest volume acinus per cluster was found in the distal region of the terminal conducting airway, and apparent respiratory bronchioles were observed only in large‐volume acini. The generation number of pathways per acinus was 8 ± 2 (range: 6–12). The pathway length at lower generations (generations 2–6) increased with the generation number in a single cluster, while did not significantly change at lower generations in some acinar groups. The pathway width increased with increasing generation numbers. Our approach characterized the quantitative morphology of pulmonary acinar clusters in mouse lung, and the results can be used in further biomechanical simulation studies. Anat Rec, 299:1424–1434, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Outcomes and satisfaction of two optional cadaveric dissection courses: A 3‐year prospective study
Authors: Pais Diogo , Casal Diogo , Mascarenhas‐Lemos Luís , Barata Pedro , Moxham Bernard J. , Goyri‐O'Neill João
Published: August 2016

Teaching time dedicated to anatomy education has been reduced at many medical schools around the world, including Nova Medical School in Lisbon, Portugal. In order to minimize the effects of this reduction, the authors introduced two optional, semester‐long cadaveric dissection courses for the first two years of the medical school curriculum. These courses were named Regional Anatomy I (RAI) and Regional Anatomy II (RAII). In RAI, students focus on dissecting the thorax, abdomen, pelvis, and perineum. In RAII, the focus shifts to the head, neck, back, and upper and lower limbs. This study prospectively analyzes students' academic achievement and perceptions within the context of these two, newly‐introduced, cadaveric dissection courses. Students' satisfaction was assessed anonymously through a questionnaire that included items regarding students' perception of the usefulness of the courses for undergraduate teaching, as well as with regards to future professional activity. For each of the three academic years studied, the final score (1 to 20) in General Anatomy (GA), RAI, and RAII was on average 14.26 ± 1.89; 16.94 ± 1.02; 17.49 ± 1.01, respectively. The mean results were lower in GA than RAI or RAII (P < 0.001). Furthermore, students who undertook these courses ranked them highly with regards to consolidating their knowledge of anatomy, preparing for other undergraduate courses, and training for future clinical practice. These survey data, combined with data on participating students' academic achievement, lend strong support to the adoption of similar courses as complementary and compulsory disciplines in a modern medical curriculum. Anat Sci Educ 10: 127–136. © 2016 American Association of Anatomists.
Kombination von Thermografieaufnahmen mit numerischen Strömungssimulationen zur Bestimmung des Volumenstroms durch Leckagen
Authors: Carrigan Svenja , Kornadt Oliver , Shklyar Inga , Andrä Heiko
Published: August 2016

Energiesparendes Bauen erfordert zusätzlich zu einem hohen Wärmeschutz der Gebäude eine hohe Luftdichtheit der Gebäudehülle. Leckagen in Außenbauteilen sind aus diesem Grund und aufgrund der Tatsache, dass sie Ursache für feuchtebedingte Bauschäden sein können, zu vermeiden bzw. zu beheben. Zur Detektion von Leckagen können Thermografiebilder verwendet werden, die bisher jedoch nur eine lokale Ortung und keine Spezifikation des Energieverlusts durch die Leckage erlauben. Ziel der hier vorgestellten Analyse war es, das Potenzial der Thermografie hinsichtlich eines einfachen, schnellen und präzisen Verfahrens zur quantitativen Bestimmung des Energieverlusts infolge der Luftströmung durch eine Leckage abzuschätzen. Dazu wurde ein Versuchsstand entwickelt und experimentelle Untersuchungen wurden durchgeführt. Diese wurden mit numerischen Strömungssimulationen verglichen, wobei eine sehr gute Übereinstimmung zwischen Experiment und Simulation festgestellt wurde. Darüber hinaus konnte gezeigt werden, dass das Thermografiebild hoch sensitiv ist bezüglich der Strömungsgeschwindigkeit und der bauphysikalischen Kenngrößen des Baustoffs, der die Leckage besitzt. Dies zeigt, dass großes Potenzial darin besteht, aus dem Thermografiebild einer durchströmten Leckage Rückschlüsse auf den Energieverlust durch die Leckage ziehen zu können.

Combining thermal imaging with computational fluid dynamics to determine the volume flow through leakages. Energy‐saving building requires in addition to a good thermal building insulation an airtight building envelope. Leakages in exterior building elements therefore have to be avoided or repaired, also in consideration of the fact that they can lead to structural damage by moisture. Thermal imaging can be used to detect leakages. However, to date only the positioning of the leakage is possible, while the energy loss through the leakage cannot be specified yet. The aim of the analysis at hand was to assess the potential of thermal imaging regarding a simple, fast and precise method to determine the quantity of the energy loss due to the air flow through a leakage. For this purpose an experimental setup was developed and experiments were conducted. Those were compared to results from computational fluid dynamics. In doing so, a very good agreement between experiment and simulation was found. Furthermore, it could be shown that the thermographic image is highly sensitive to the fluid velocity and the structural‐physical parameters of the building material which exhibits the leakage. This demonstrates great potential for drawing conclusions from a thermal image of a leakage with an air flow about the energy loss through this leakage.
Microengineered 3D cell‐laden thermoresponsive hydrogels for mimicking cell morphology and orientation in cartilage tissue engineering
Authors: Mellati Amir , Fan Chia‐Ming , Tamayol Ali , Annabi Nasim , Dai Sheng , Bi Jingxiu , Jin Bo , Xian Cory , Khademhosseini Ali , Zhang Hu
Published: August 2016

Mimicking the zonal organization of native articular cartilage, which is essential for proper tissue functions, has remained a challenge. In this study, a thermoresponsive copolymer of chitosan‐g‐poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (CS‐g‐PNIPAAm) was synthesized as a carrier of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to provide a support for their proliferation and differentiation. Microengineered three‐dimensional (3D) cell‐laden CS‐g‐PNIPAAm hydrogels with different microstripe widths were fabricated to control cellular alignment and elongation in order to mimic the superficial zone of natural cartilage. Biochemical assays showed six‐ and sevenfold increment in secretion of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and total collagen from MSCs encapsulated within the synthesized hydrogel after 28 days incubation in chondrogenic medium. Chondrogenic differentiation was also verified qualitatively by histological and immunohistochemical assessments. It was found that 75 ± 6% of cells encapsulated within 50 μm wide microstripes were aligned with an aspect ratio of 2.07 ± 0.16 at day 5, which was more organized than those observed in unpatterned constructs (12 ± 7% alignment and a shape index of 1.20 ± 0.07). The microengineered constructs mimicked the cell shape and organization in the superficial zone of cartilage whiles the unpatterned one resembled the middle zone. Our results suggest that microfabrication of 3D cell‐laden thermosensitive hydrogels is a promising platform for creating biomimetic structures leading to more successful multi‐zonal cartilage tissue engineering. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 217–231. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Heterotrophs are key contributors to nitrous oxide production in activated sludge under low C‐to‐N ratios during nitrification—Batch experiments and modeling
Authors: Domingo‐Félez Carlos , Pellicer‐Nàcher Carles , Petersen Morten S. , Jensen Marlene M. , Plósz Benedek G. , Smets Barth F.
Published: August 2016

Nitrous oxide (N2O), a by‐product of biological nitrogen removal during wastewater treatment, is produced by ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and heterotrophic denitrifying bacteria (HB). Mathematical models are used to predict N2O emissions, often including AOB as the main N2O producer. Several model structures have been proposed without consensus calibration procedures. Here, we present a new experimental design that was used to calibrate AOB‐driven N2O dynamics of a mixed culture. Even though AOB activity was favoured with respect to HB, oxygen uptake rates indicated HB activity. Hence, rigorous experimental design for calibration of autotrophic N2O production from mixed cultures is essential. The proposed N2O production pathways were examined using five alternative process models confronted with experimental data inferred. Individually, the autotrophic and heterotrophic denitrification pathway could describe the observed data. In the best‐fit model, which combined two denitrification pathways, the heterotrophic was stronger than the autotrophic contribution to N2O production. Importantly, the individual contribution of autotrophic and heterotrophic to the total N2O pool could not be unambiguously elucidated solely based on bulk N2O measurements. Data on NO would increase the practical identifiability of N2O production pathways. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 132–140. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Monitoring of adherent live cells morphology using the undecimated wavelet transform multivariate image analysis (UWT‐MIA)
Authors: Juneau Pierre‐Marc , Garnier Alain , Duchesne Carl
Published: August 2016

Cell morphology is an important macroscopic indicator of cellular physiology and is increasingly used as a mean of probing culture state in vitro. Phase contrast microscopy (PCM) is a valuable tool for observing live cells morphology over long periods of time with minimal culture artifact. Two general approaches are commonly used to analyze images: individual object segmentation and characterization by pattern recognition. Single‐cell segmentation is difficult to achieve in PCM images of adherent cells since their contour is often irregular and blurry, and the cells bundle together when the culture reaches confluence. Alternatively, pattern recognition approaches such as the undecimated wavelet transform multivariate image analysis (UWT‐MIA), allow extracting textural features from PCM images that are correlated with cellular morphology. A partial least squares (PLS) regression model built using textural features from a set of 200 ground truth images was shown to predict the distribution of cellular morphological features (major and minor axes length, orientation, and roundness) with good accuracy for most images. The PLS models were then applied on a large dataset of 631,136 images collected from live myoblast cell cultures acquired under different conditions and grown in two different culture media. The method was found sensitive to morphological changes due to cell growth (culture time) and those introduced by the use of different culture media, and was able to distinguish both sources of variations. The proposed approach is promising for application on large datasets of PCM live‐cell images to assess cellular morphology and growth kinetics in real‐time which could be beneficial for high‐throughput screening as well as automated cell culture kinetics assessment and control applications. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 141–153. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Manganese dioxide‐graphene nanocomposite film modified electrode as a sensitive voltammetric sensor of indomethacin detection
Authors: Liu Yuxia , Zhang Zhenfa , Zhang Cuizong , Huang Wei , Liang Caiyun , Peng Jinyun
Published: August 2016

Excess amount of analgesic and anti‐inflammatory drug, such as indomethacin, often leads to serious gastrointestinal complications; therefore, amount of such active compound should be regulated in commercial drugs. This study proposes an efficient analytical technique to detect indomethacin selectively. We prepared and investigated electrochemical properties of a manganese dioxide‐graphene nanocomposite film modified glassy carbon electrode (MnO2‐Gr/GCE). The behavior of the modified electrode as electrocatalyst towards indomethacin oxidation was also examined. The cyclic voltammetric results reveal that the electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of indomethacin can significantly be enhanced on the MnO2‐Gr/GCE. Indomethacin exhibited a sensitive anodic peak at about 0.90 V at MnO2‐Gr/GCE. The data obtained from differential pulse voltammetry showed that the anodic peak currents were linearly dependent on the indomethacin concentrations in the range of 1.0 × 10−7 to 2.5 × 10−5 mol/L with a detection limit of 3.2 × 10−8 mol/L (S/N = 3). Most importantly, the proposed method shows efficient and selective sensing of indomethacin in commercial pharmaceutical formulations. This is the first report of a voltammetric sensor for indomethacin using MnO2‐Gr/GCE. We believe that this new method can be commercialized for routine applications in laboratories.
Rapid and Sensitive Determination of Benzalkonium Chloride Biocide Residues in Soil Using Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry after Ultrasonically Assisted Extraction
Authors: Kang Hye In , Shin Ho Sang
Published: August 2016

The trace level determination of five benzalkonium chloride (BAC) compounds in soil was investigated using ion‐pairing liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The instrumental intensities of the target compounds were compared with four ion‐pairing reagents, and 30 mM perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHA) was selected as the best reagent. An ultrasonically assisted extraction method was developed for soil. The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: extraction solvent, 30 mM PFHA in an acetone:acetonitrile (1:1, vol/vol) mixture; pH 7; volume, 20 mL; and extraction time, 30 min. Under the established conditions, the limits of quantification ranged from 0.3 to 3.6 μg/kg, the accuracy ranged from 90.1 to 112%, and the intra‐ and interday relative standard deviations were <13% at concentrations of 10, 50, and 100 μg/kg. The developed method was used to analyze target compounds in 50 soil samples collected from 40 survey sites and 10 background sites. The total BACs were within a concentration range of 0.001–28.5 mg/kg in soil. The developed method confirms the existence of BAC residues in real soil, providing an important tool to evaluate the behavior of disinfectants in soil and can be used to study residual amounts of BACs in soil.
Diagnostic dry bone histology in human paleopathology
Authors: de Boer H.H. (Hans) , Van der Merwe A.E. (Lida)
Published: August 2016

Paleopathology is the study of trauma and disease as may be observed in ancient (human) remains. In contrast to its central role in current medical practice, microscopy plays a rather modest role in paleopathology. This is at least partially due to the differences between fresh and decomposed (i.e., skeletonized or “dry bone”) tissue samples. This review discusses these differences and describes how they affect the histological analysis of paleopathological specimens. First, we provide a summary of some general challenges related to the histological analysis of palaeopathological specimens. Second, the reader is introduced in bone tissue histology and bone tissue dynamics. The remainder of the paper is dedicated to the diagnostic value of dry bone histology. Its value and limitations are illustrated by comparing several well‐studied paleopathological cases with similar contemporary, clinical cases. This review illustrates that due to post‐mortem loss of soft tissue, a limited number of disorders display pathognomonic features during histological analysis of skeletonized human remains. In the remainder of cases, histology may help to narrow down the differential diagnosis or is diagnostically unspecific. A comprehensive, multidisciplinary diagnostic approach therefore remains essential. Clin. Anat. 29:831–843, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ionic TEMPO in Ionic Liquids: Specific Promotion of the Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols
Authors: Hirashita Tsunehisa , Nakanishi Makoto , Uchida Tomoya , Yamamoto Masakazu , Araki Shuki , Arends Isabel W. C. E. , Sheldon Roger A.
Published: August 2016

The main objective of this study was to design a recyclable TEMPO (2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidinyl‐N‐oxyl) derivative that could be used as a catalyst in an ionic liquid solvent for the aerobic oxidation of alcohols by using NaNO2 and HCl as co‐catalysts. To this end, a TEMPO derivative bearing a quaternary ammonium group, [4‐Bu2MeN‐TEMPO][PF6] (1), was prepared. It was subsequently shown that this ionic TEMPO derivative is an efficient catalyst for the aerobic oxidation of a variety of primary and secondary alcohols. It exhibits a synergistic effect with ionic liquid solvents and readily outperforms analogous oxidations in methylene chloride. Moreover, the ionic TEMPO could be recycled five times with no loss of activity.
SEISMOGENIC MECHANISM OF THE 21 JANUARY 2016 MENYUAN, QINGHAI MS6.4 EARTHQUAKE
Authors: Chao-Zhong HU , Pan‐Xin YANG , Zhi‐Min LI , Shuai‐Tang HUANG , Yan ZHAO , Dan CHEN , Ren‐Wei XIONG , Qing‐Yu CHEN
Published: August 2016

On January 21, 2016, an MS6.4 earthquake occurred in Menyuan county, Qinghai province. Field investigations suggest that the long axis of the elliptical affected area is N120°–140°E. Comparative interpretations of high resolution remote sensing images before and after the shock show more than 23 sites of landslides and collapses, which are more distributed in the north of epicenter than in the south, extending in NNW overall. As the Lenglong Ling fault (LLF) is dominated by horizontal movement from high resolution remote images and field observation, it should not be responsible for this event of pure thrusting. North of the Lenglong Ling fault, there is a fault striking in 140°, which is north‐dipping on the surface according to high resolution remote sensing, similar to the nodal plane I of focal mechanism solutions from deferent institutes. The long axis’ direction of the overall distribution of aftershocks has also a difference of 20° with LLF, while almost parallel to the fault on its north. Thus, we infer that this fault is most likely the seismogenic structure of the Menyuan earthquake. Integrating the characteristics of aftershock distribution at depth, main shock focal mechanism solutions, geometric distribution and activity of the seismogenic fault on surface, in combination with the magnetotelluric sounding and related geophysical data around the earthquake zone, a cartoon model of the seismogenic mechanism is established. We speculate this earthquake is one of the events occurring during the pushing growth process of the Tibetan Plateau blocks in NE direction following the 2008 MS7.4 and 2014 MS7.3 earthquakes in Yutian, Xinjiang.
INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT OF SHALLOW SCATTERINGS FROM SMALL‐SCALE NEAR‐SURFACE HETEROGENEITIES ON SEISMIC IMAGING: A RESOLUTION ANALYSIS BASED METHOD
Authors: Bo CHEN , Hong-Xiao NING , Xiao-Bi XIE
Published: August 2016

In land acquisition, particularly in Western China, the near surface layer is often dominated by small‐scale heterogeneities. Strong scatterings generated in this layer can seriously affect the quality of data acquisition and depth imaging. Although it has drawn wide attention from the industry and research community, there is lack of an effective way to investigate the relation between the shallow heterogeneities and the quality of the depth image. In this paper, we introduce the parameterized random velocity model to simulate the velocity heterogeneities in the shallow depth, thus statistical parameters such as the random spectra, correlation length, root mean square velocity perturbation can be used to describe the highly complicated small‐scale heterogeneities. In the meantime, we introduce the point spreading function to investigate the image quality. The point spreading function and its amplitude and phase spectra in wavenumber domain provide useful information to characterize the quality of the image. This simplifies the descriptions for both complex shallow velocity models and distortions of depth image, making it possible to create a concise relationship between the two. We further use numerical calculations to correlate statistical parameters of random models with the characteristics of point spreading functions. In this way, the relationship between shallow heterogeneities and the depth image can be quantitatively investigated. The proposed method is validated by numerical examples. The results reveal that the thickness of the random layer, the root mean square velocity perturbation, and the correlation length all apparently affect the quality of the depth image.
NUMERICAL TESTS ON CATALOG‐BASED METHODS TO ESTIMATE MAGNITUDE OF COMPLETENESS
Authors: Yi‐Lei HUANG , Shi‐Yong ZHOU , Jian-Cang ZHUANG
Published: August 2016

This study compares five methods for estimating the completeness magnitude Mc threshold of earthquake catalogs through applying them to synthetic catalogs generated from 3 different models. We have found that the Median‐based analysis of the segment slope (MBASS) method is suitable for catalogs recorded by networks whose detection capability changes rapidly with magnitude and for those with spatiotemporal heterogeneity if the amount of earthquakes is large enough. The Mc by b value stability (MBS) method is optimal in dealing with catalogs recorded by networks whose detection ability improves slowly with magnitude, but it is time‐consuming. The Maximum Curvature technique (MAXC) & Goodness‐of‐fit method (GFT) underestimate Mc and need an Mc criterion. The Mc from Entire Magnitude Range (EMR) method gives a stable and moderate Mc estimation. It is recommended when the amount of events is not large and the tolerance of missing events is relatively high. This study helps us to choose the optimal Mc estimation method in practice to cope with different earthquake catalogs and points out some potential problems caused by these methods.
SEISMIC DETECTION OF A LOW‐VELOCITY ANOMALY UNDER THE STAGNANT SLAB BENEATH THE EASTERN NORTH CHINA CRATON WITH THE P‐WAVE TRIPLICATION
Authors: Hui‐Hui CUI , Yuan-Ze ZHOU , Yao-Lin SHI , Xiao-Ran WANG , Guo-Hui LI
Published: August 2016

We study the P‐wave structure around the 660 km discontinuity (660) beneath the eastern North China Craton (NCC), using a deep earthquake occurred at the border of northeast China and Russia and recorded by the China Digital Seismograph Network (CDSN). Best‐fitting models are obtained with relative travel‐time fittings and waveform comparisons. We find that the 660 km discontinuity is depressed by 15∼20 km, atop which there is a high‐velocity layer about 115∼120 km thick with a velocity increase of 1.5%∼2.0%, which should be the stagnant slab of the Pacific plate; and below the 660, there is a local low‐velocity anomaly with a velocity drop of 0.6%∼0.9%, which is possibly related to the slab dehydration from its bottom to the top of lower mantle or the dehydration of slab fragments that have collapsed into the deep lower mantle, or probably associated with the hot material upwelling induced by the slab deep subduction and the collapsing of slab fragments.