bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Convenience and Circuity in a Short-Haul Model of Air Passenger Demand
Authors: Russon Manuel G. , Hollingshead Craig A.
Published: March 2021

The objective of this research is to advance a more precise measure of convenience in the short haul market for air transportation. In addition to flight frequency, convenience is hypothesized to be a function of travel time, degree of circuity of connecting flights, and possible competition from alternative modes of travel. This more precise measure of convenience permits separation of the effect of convenience from the distance decay effect on enplaned passengers where no such separation was made previously. The results support the conclusions of previous research, that in the short-haul market enplaned passengers are an increasing function of population densities, flight frequency, and income. Furthermore, the results indicate that enplaned passengers are an increasing function of convenience, a decreasing function of circuity, and a decreasing function of the availability of more rapid alternative modes of travel. The simultaneous measurement of quality of service and distance decay permits determination of the approximate distance, D* at which convenience gives way to the distance decay effect.
Estimating the Impact of Higher Electricity Rates on Intersectoral Prices: An Input-Output Approach
Authors: Cray Randy F.
Published: March 2021

A recent ruling by the United States Supreme Court makes it more likely than ever that the cost overruns associated with nuclear power plant construction will be passed on to consumers. The ruling of the court did not address the retail sale of electricity directly. However, an implication of the opinion is that wholesale electric price increases will be passed on to the final consumers. This paper employs an input-output framework, the RAS matrix updating technique, and an energy price model to determine the intersectoral price impact of an electric rate hike on a plains state economy. The purpose was to generate information on the process of price shock transmission throughout a regional economy and to identify the sectors most affected. Moreover, the upper limit of the price shock to the household sector also is discussed. The major findings of the paper are that the services sector is most affected by the electric rate hike and agriculture is least affected. Furthermore, the results indicate that no sector is significantly impacted. However, the cumulative result on households could be substantial and cause a reduction in their purchasing power.
Prospects for Service Sector Employment Growth in Non-Metropolitan America
Authors: Miller James P. , Bluestone Herman
Published: March 2021

This paper focuses on how successfully non-metropolitan areas can compete for service-producing industry. Data on wage and salary employment for the 1969-84 period are used to assess how well non-metropolitan areas have been keeping up with metropolitan areas in expanding service jobs. Changes in patterns of employment growth in non-metropolitan and metropolitan service industries between 1969-76and 1976-84 are described and these changes related to the growth pattern in goods producing industries. In addition, data are used to identify the types of service activities that have concentrated in non-metropolitan areas.
An Ex Post Evaluation of the Contributions of Irrigation to Regional Development in Alberta: A Case Study
Authors: Kulshreshtha Surendra N. , Russell K. Dale
Published: March 2021

The primary objective of this study was to use an input-output model in determining the ex post contributions of irrigation development in southern Alberta. Specifically, this study was designed to: estimate the contributions of irrigated agricultural production to the provincial economy of Alberta; determine the direct and indirect employment of labour resources as a result of irrigated agriculture; and estimate the effect of irrigated agriculture on the generation of government revenues.
Modeling Labor Demand in a State Econometric Model
Authors: Jerrell Max E. , Morgan James M.
Published: March 2021

This paper presents labor demand equations based on the Nadiri and Rosen (1969, 1973) theory of interrelated factor demand. These labor demand equations form a portion of a quarterly regional econometric model of the State of Arizona. Dynamic properties of the model are explored, and ex-post forecasting results of the model are compared to results obtained using a more traditional labor demand specification.
A Note on the Subregional Employment Impact of Urban Revitalization
Authors: Banai-Kashani Reza
Published: March 2021

Estimates of permanent vs. non-permanent employment ordinarily are reported in studies of the economic impact of downtown revitalization. However, still a further distinction of employment as basic vs. non-basic types is of particular interest since, at least in economic-base theory, the former is the source of additional (induced) employment change. Thus, the argument in this paper brings into the calculus of the economic impact of city revitalization the distinction of basic vs. non-basic employment and its associated concept of the multiplier impacts. But more important, cognizant of previous empirical studies attesting to the existence of the multiplier-decay hypothesis, this study accounts for the impact of the economy of the revitalizing city on its surrounding and depending subregional economies.
The Impact of Oil Price Fluctuations on the Economies of Energy Producing States: Comment
Authors: Perryman M. Ray
Published: March 2021

This paper provides a brief assessment of Hunt (1987), in which the highly simplified systems utilized in the investigation simply are not sufficiently detailed to permit a comprehensive assessment of the oil price transmission mechanism. This task can only be meaningfully accomplished through the specification and empirical determination of a very comprehensive econometric system for the relevant region.
The Impact of Coefficient Drift and Measurement Error on the Accuracy of Ratio-Correlation Population Estimates
Authors: Tayman Jeff , Schafer Edward
Published: March 2021

Temporal instability of the regression coefficients (coefficient drift) is considered by many to be the primary source of error in population estimates produced with the ratio-correlation technique. While numerous approaches have been proposed to deal with this problem, improvements in estimate accuracy have been minimal and the degree of error due to coefficient drift has not been well documented. Moreover, little attention has been given to other potential sources of error in this method. Six tests of the ratio model are developed using estimated and actual symptomatic indicators in combination with models based on the 1960-70 and 1970-80 decades. Comparisons of the six tests with 1980 census counts, for the state of Washington, show that coefficient drift has only a minor impact on estimate accuracy. Furthermore, it has considerably less influence than poorly measured symptomatic variables.
Note on Non-Survey Input-Output Models for Multicounty Regions: Comment
Authors: Bernat, Jr. G. Andrew
Published: March 2021

Mark Henry’s note in this Review shows that the use of the simple location quotient (SLQ) method of constructing regional and subregional 10 models may result in some of the subregional coefficients being larger than the corresponding regional coefficients. He asserts that this is an inconsistency that requires a correction. The proposed correction is to use the largest subregional SLQ for the regional SLQ whenever a subregional SLQ exceeds the regional SLQ (MAXSLQ). The purpose of this comment is to demonstrate that there is in fact no inconsistency in this result. The use of MAXSLQ will thus introduce additional error into the regional model.
Economic Measurement and Regional Science
Authors: Ashby Lowell D.
Published: March 2021

This presidential address discusses the issues with regards to measurement in regional science data, specifically measures of income. This address discusses the evolution of these measurement systems and statistics over time, as well as the pros and cons of each method.
Seasonality in Tourist Employment and Earnings
Authors: Schultz Ronald R. , Stronge William B.
Published: March 2021

Visitors provide economic benefits to the residents of a region in a variety of ways. Chief among these are the employment opportunities created for those who supply them with goods and services, and the increased income generated by the expenditures of. such employees. Employment created by visitors, however, is usually subject to seasonal fluctuations, and these fluctuations may reduce the net social return from public expenditures that promote and encourage the tourist industry. Thus, it is important to measure and analyze the impact of seasonality on tourist employment and earnings. This paper provides an analysis of the effect of seasonality on hotel and restaurant employees in southeast Florida.
DISTRIBUTION OF MYCOPLASMA SPP. AND UREAPLASMA SPP. AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN
Authors:   Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University-Pleven, Pleven, Bulgaria., Petrov Anton G. , Nankov Vladislav M. ,   University Research Laboratory, Medical University - Pleven, Bulgaria., Petrova Rositsa V. ,   Department of Hygiene, Medical Ecology, Professional Diseases and Disaster Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University-Pleven, Bulgaria., Gencheva Irena I. ,   Department of Clinical Immunology, Allergology and Clinical Laboratory, Faculty of Health Care, Medical University - Pleven, Bulgaria., Karcheva Milena D. ,   Department of Epidemiology, Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University - Pleven, Bulgaria.
Published: March 2021

The purpose of the present study is to determine the prevalence of genital mycoplasmas (M. genitalium, M. hominis, U. parvum, U. urealyticum) in pregnant women by molecular biological methods. Material/Methods: A prospective epidemiological study of 107 pregnant women hospitalized in the Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital-Pleven, Bulgaria, was conducted. Vaginal secretion samples were taken from all 107 pregnant women. A Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was used to detect the genomic DNA of the bacteria in pregnant women. Results: The highest is the relative share of women in the age group from 20 to 35 years - 66 (64.68%), followed by women under 20 years - 27 (25.23%) and women over 35 years - 14 (13.08%). Detection of bacterial DNA was found in 85 (79.44%) of the cases, with present Ureaplasma spp. Colonization in 42 women (39.25%). Although no statistical dependence was found on open bacteria and age groups (p-value = 0.4688), it is noteworthy that the prevalence of Mycoplasma spp. and Ureaplasma spp. as a whole in the age group from 20 to 35 years, which has the highest birth rate, is more than twice higher than the group of up to 20 years and more than five times higher compared to the group over 35 years. Conclusions: Studies on the incidence of Mycoplasma spp. and Ureaplasma spp. in pregnant women is important for controlling the pregnancy, predicting the risk of developing maternal-fetal infection and discussing the options for timely treatment.
Farmer social connectedness and market access: A case study of personal networks among emerging farmers
Authors: Scott Christian , Richardson Robert
Published: March 2021

Market access in the local food system of the American Midwest is largely predicated on key social and economic relationships. This study examines the personal networks of emerging farmers enrolled in an incubator farm training program. Drawing from social network and qualitative analysis the study findings yield insights into the relationship between social networks, market access, and financial sustainability among emerging farmers. Some farmers have highly dense support networks with many strong familial ties. Others have smaller support networks charac­terized by weaker and more sparse ties. Highly individualized farmer characteristics and aspirations are shown to greatly influence the building and maintaining of networks. Advice networks are demonstrated to affect market access, decision-making, and indicators for entrepreneurial success. Smaller advice networks of non–English speaking farmers demonstrate limited market access and access to information. This distinction is high­lighted in the discussion of policy and agricultural development programs targeted toward emerging farmers.
Estimación de Biodegradabilidad del Efluente de las aguas residuales del CIRA/UNAN-Managua según ISO 10707 y OECD 301D
Authors: Martínez Espinoza Freddy Alexander , Mendoza Arriaza Felipe Cándido
Published: March 2021

El estudio para estimar la biodegradabilidad de las aguas residuales del CIRA/UNAN-Managua, se realizó mediante la implementación del método ISO 10707 y Línea Guía de la OECD 301D, ensayos conocidos como biodegradabilidad última fácil o prueba de la botella cerrada; para ello fue necesario el desarrollo de un inóculo líquido, a partir de una alícuota proveniente del efluente de los sedimentadores secundarios de un sistema de tratamiento de origen biológico en un reactor aireado de mezcla completa; estos microorganismos permitieron biodegradar la materia orgánica del residual. La investigación contó con una inspección in situ para el reconocimiento del punto idóneo donde fueron tomadas las muestras, así como la medición del caudal; a su vez, se llevó acabo la caracterización físico-química del efluente, comparando los resultados con lo establecido en el Reglamento: Disposiciones para el Vertido de Aguas Residuales No. 21-2017 que especifica su artículo 22. La estimación del porcentaje de biodegradabilidad fue del 94,78%, obteniendo a partir de este resultado que el efluente es fácilmente biodegradable; paralelo a esto el análisis de los parámetros según los rangos máximos permisibles a caracterizar proporcionaron valores aceptables del agua residual con respecto al Reglamento.
Diseño de la asignatura Práctica laboral dirección en la ejecución de obras, Plan de estudio E, Ingeniería Civil
Authors: Abreu Medina Liana Ester , Pérez Vives Abel , Abreu Junco Carlos Luis
Published: March 2021

La república de Cuba se encuentra inmerso en el perfeccionamiento de sistemas de dirección y la necesidad de un profundo proceso de revisión de lo que se aprende y enseña. Para ello se han elaborado planes de estudios potenciando la formación de profesionales, como es la conformación del Plan de estudio E de la carrera de ingeniería civil. En dicho plan se encuentra la asignatura Práctica Laboral de Dirección de la Ejecución de Obras que requiere la apropiación integrada de los contenidos y el desarrollo de las habilidades declaradas en el modelo del profesional. Es por ello que se propone realizar el diseño curricular de dicha asignatura que ayude al desarrollo de habilidades y valores del estudiante desde dicha perspectiva. Para ello se aplicaron métodos de investigación del nivel teórico, empírico y estadístico, que permitieron constatar la factibilidad de los aportes de la investigación a dicha asignatura.
La Representación Gráfica en la carrera de Ingeniería Civil de la Universidad de Holguín, Cuba
Authors: Urbina Reynaldo María Onelia , Cuervo Urbina Rafael
Published: March 2021

La responsabilidad de la formación de habilidades profesionales en expresión gráfica en los estudiantes de ingeniería, amerita que se empleen mecanismos y formas de expresión que constituyan una herramienta fundamental de apoyo a los equipos tecnológicos interdisciplinarios con los que actúan particularmente en el campo de las construcciones. Sin embargo, los cambios ocurridos en el entorno universitario con la aplicación de nuevos planes de estudio que fueron implementándose gradualmente, la eliminación de asignaturas, la reducción de las horas lectivas y la introducción de las nuevas tecnologías de la informática y las comunicaciones, así como la no incorporación en la literatura docente de las nuevas normas cubanas aprobadas y la especificidad de las bibliografías básicas existentes, han provocado dificultades en la interpretación, representación y solución de problemas gráficos. Es por ello que se elabora el programa de la asignatura Representación Gráfica de la carrera Ingeniería Civil, que permita brindar el sistema de conocimientos para que el estudiante forme hábitos y habilidades desarrollando las formas del pensamiento lógico y la imaginación espacial con el fin de que sean capaces de elaborar y dirigir proyectos en el ejercicio de su profesión.
El aprendizaje formativo a través de las Prácticas Profesionales de los Estudiantes de Ingeniería Mecánica
Authors: Espinosa Torres Mabel Del Pilar , Sánchez Figueredo Rigoberto Pastor , Moraguez Iglesias Arabel , Carballo Peña Alberto
Published: March 2021

Esta investigación se ha llevando a cabo en la Facultad de Ingeniería de la Universidad de Holguín respaldado en dos Proyectos de Desarrollo Empresarial: con la Fábrica de Implementos Agrícolas “26 de Julio” y el Centro de Tecnología y Calidad Industrial (CTEC), ambos de la provincia de Holguín y toma como sustento el Curso #34: “Aprendizaje formativo y crecimiento personal”, dictado por la Doctora Raquel Bermúdez en Pedagogía 2005, y tiene la finalidad de analizar cómo el Aprendizaje Formativo aplicado a las Prácticas Profesionales en los estudiantes de Ingeniería Mecánica en la Universidad de Holguín, ubicados en las distintas entidades productivas del territorio, contribuyen a la formación profesional e integral de los estudiantes.
Analysis of Change Points With Bayes Factor, Thresholds, and CUSUM
Authors: Merino Lucila Muniz , Hernandez Bulmaro Juarez , Cruz Suarez Hugo A.
Published: March 2021

In this work, an analysis of change points is made with the Bayes factor, thresholds, and cumulative sum (CUSUM) statistics methods. For the analysis of change points with the Bayes factor, Poisson data were simulated; the threshold method was worked with a regression and data of the National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Informatics (INEGI) of Mexico and coronavirus were used for the CUSUM.
Superlinear Convergence of a Modified Newton's Method for Convex Optimization Problems With Constraints
Authors: RHANIZAR Bouchta
Published: March 2021

We consider the constrained optimization problem  defined by:

$$f (x^*) = \min_{x \in  X} f(x)\eqno (1)$$

where the function  f : \pmb{\mathbb{R}}^{n} → \pmb{\mathbb{R}} is convex  on a closed bounded convex set X.

To solve problem (1), most methods transform this problem into a problem without constraints, either by introducing Lagrange multipliers or a projection method.

The purpose of this paper is to give a new method to solve some constrained optimization problems, based on the definition of a descent direction and a step while remaining in the X convex domain. A convergence theorem is proven. The paper ends with some numerical examples.
Sustainable Management of Sundarbans: Stakeholder Attitudes Towards Participatory Management and Conservation of Mangrove Forests
Authors: Mondal Trishita , Bowers Wade W. , Ali Md Hossen
Published: March 2021

The Sundarbans is one of the oldest, contiguous, and systematically managed mangroves in the world. This biologically diverse ecosystem provides numerous benefits and services to local communities and the environment, however, it continues to remain under threat from population pressure, overexploitation, natural disasters and lack of practical policy regimes. This study assesses attitudes of local stakeholders towards sustainable management and conservation of mangrove forests as a means to assist planners, policy-makers, and decision-makers. A mixed-method approach was conducted to fulfill the objectives of this study. The study reveals that the people of the Sundarbans Impact Zone are highly dependent on the Sundarbans for their livelihood. Indeed, collecting resources from both aquatic and terrestrial areas is considered a traditional right. As such, people are increasingly becoming more conscious about government policy, and they want the forest to be managed sustainably. Generally, the language of governance is very strong, but many argue that implementation of policy is difficult because of competing policies, weak infrastructure, inefficiencies, illegal approaches, and corruption. Efforts should be made to develop and advance coupled human-environment (socio-ecological) systems that call for more participatory management approaches. Wider participation and ‘empowerment’ of stakeholders would improve the governance of the Sundarbans and ensure common priorities and levels of agreement on both conservation and livelihood issues.
Economic Feasibility of Electrical Power Cogeneration from Forestry Biomass in an Engineered Wood Panel Industrial Facility
Authors: Souza André Gustavo Oliveira , de Souza Barbosa Franklin , Esperancini Maura Seiko Tsutsui , Guerra Saulo Phillipe Sebastião
Published: March 2021

The use of sugarcane bagasse, straw, and chaff for electrical power generation in sugar-ethanol mills has been established; more recently, the recovery of forest biomass has been increasing in an attempt to reduce the use of fossil fuels and to increase electrical power generation focused on self-consumption. The potential for power generation in this segment is considerable, but the use of biomass in cogeneration processes depends on an attractive return on investments. This study was designed to analyze the economic feasibility of investment in thermal and electrical power generation equipment that makes it possible to use forest and logging residues and wood chips to replace the current gas-fired power generation in an engineered wood panel industry facility (Scenario 1) or investment only in thermal generation equipment (Scenario 2). Results showed that the investment to replace natural gas with forest biomass is economically viable not only for the generation of both types of energy but also for the generation of thermal energy itself. High costs of energy inputs such as natural gas and electricity for the industry explain the results, despite the requirement for high investments in cogeneration systems.
A partially randomised trial of pretomanid, moxifloxacin and pyrazinamide for pulmonary TB
Authors: Tweed C. D. , Wills G. H. , Crook A. M. , Amukoye E. , Balanag V. , Ban A. Y.L. , Bateson A. L.C. , Betteridge M. C. , Brumskine W. , Caoili J. , Chaisson R. E. , Cevik M. , Conradie F. , Dawson R. , del Parigi A. , Diacon A. , Everitt D. E. , Fabiane S.M. , Hunt R. , Ismail A. I. , Lalloo U. , Lombard L. , Louw C. , Malahleha M. , McHugh T. D. , Mendel C. M. , Mhimbira F. , Moodliar R. N. , Nduba V. , Nunn A. J. , Sabi I. , Sebe M. A. , Selepe R. A. P. , Staples S. , Swindells S. , van Niekerk C. H. , Variava E. , Spigelman M. , Gillespie S. H.
Published: March 2021

BACKGROUND: Treatment for TB is lengthy and toxic, and new regimens are needed.METHODS: Participants with pulmonary drug-susceptible TB (DS-TB) were randomised to receive: 200 mg pretomanid (Pa, PMD) daily, 400 mg moxifloxacin (M) and 1500 mg pyrazinamide (Z) for 6
months (6Pa200MZ) or 4 months (4Pa200MZ); 100 mg pretomanid daily for 4 months in the same combination (4Pa100MZ); or standard DS-TB treatment for 6 months. The primary outcome was treatment failure or relapse at 12 months post-randomisation. The non-inferiority
margin for between-group differences was 12.0%. Recruitment was paused following three deaths and not resumed.RESULTS: Respectively 4/47 (8.5%), 11/57 (19.3%), 14/52 (26.9%) and 1/53 (1.9%) DS-TB outcomes were unfavourable in patients on 6Pa200MZ, 4Pa200MZ,
4Pa100MZ and controls. There was a 6.6% (95% CI –2.2% to 15.4%) difference per protocol and 9.9% (95%CI –4.1% to 23.9%) modified intention-to-treat difference in unfavourable responses between the control and 6Pa200MZ arms. Grade 3+ adverse events affected
68/203 (33.5%) receiving experimental regimens, and 19/68 (27.9%) on control. Ten of 203 (4.9%) participants on experimental arms and 2/68 (2.9%) controls died.CONCLUSION: PaMZ regimens did not achieve non-inferiority in this under-powered trial. An ongoing evaluation of PMD remains
a priority.
Health-related quality of life associates with clinical parameters in patients with NTM pulmonary disease
Authors: Kawahara K. , Tabusadani M. , Yamane K. , Takao S. , Kuroyama Y. , Matsumura Y. , Mori K. , Ono K. , Omatsu S. , Furuuchi K. , Fujiwara K. , Morimoto K. , Kimura H. , Senjyu H.
Published: March 2021

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown a reduction in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD). However, the causes of this decline and the factors that contribute to it are unknown. This study was conducted
to analyse the association between the St George´s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) and clinical parameters, including age, disease duration, body composition, pulmonary function, chest X-ray findings, blood data and physical function.METHODS: We performed a single-centre,
cross-sectional, retrospective study of 101 patients with NTM-PD from December 2016 to October 2019. The relationship between the SGRQ scores and clinical parameters was evaluated.RESULTS: The median patient age was 67.0 years. Pulmonary function, radiological score, albumin levels,
C-reactive protein levels and incremental shuttle walk test distance (ISWD) were significantly correlated with the total and component scores on the SGRQ. Multiple regression analysis showed that the SGRQ score was significantly associated with radiological score, pulmonary function and ISWD.CONCLUSION:
This study was the first to assess the effect of clinical parameters on the SGRQ in patients with NTM-PD. HRQoL as determined using the SGRQ was associated with the radiological score, pulmonary function and ISWD in patients with NTM-PD.
Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in adult Filipino TB-HIV co-infected patients
Authors: Malabad J. C. M. , Ang C. F. , Palabrica F. A. R. , Cajucom M. A. M. , Gloriani N. G. , Villanueva S. Y. A. M. , Montoya J. C.
Published: March 2021

BACKGROUND: TB is the leading cause of death from a single infectious disease, particularly among people living with HIV (PLHIV). Molecular epidemiology provides information on prevalent genotypes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and disease transmission dynamics, which aid
in TB control. Identification of mutations that confer drug resistance is essential for the rapid diagnosis of drug-resistant TB, especially in high TB burden settings, like the Philippines.METHODS: This study aimed to determine mutations in M. tuberculosis drug resistance-conferring
genes and circulating genotypes in PLHIV. MIRU-VNTR (mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable number of tandem repeats) typing using a set of 24-loci and sequencing of drug resistance-conferring genes were performed in 22 M. tuberculosis isolates from TB-HIV co-infected patients.RESULTS:
The prevalence of resistance to any drug was 31.8%, 18.2% for isoniazid monoresistance, 4.5% for streptomycin monoresistance and 9.1% for multidrug resistance. The identified mutations in the katG, rpoB, pncA, rpsL and gyrA genes have been reported in the
literature; none was found in the inhA and embB genes. All isolates belonged to the EAI2-Manila family and were grouped into four clusters based on their phenotypic drug resistance and mutation profiles.CONCLUSION: The use of 24-loci set may be used as a more discriminatory
MIRU-VNTR typing in settings where the East African-Indian lineage is predominant, like the Philippines.
Treatment outcomes and predictive factors for multidrug-resistant TB and HIV coinfection in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil
Authors: Bhering M. , Duarte R. , Kritski A.
Published: March 2021

BACKGROUND: Brazil ranks 14th worldwide in the number of TB cases and 19th in terms of TB-HIV co-infected cases. This study aims at identifying clinical and demographic factors associated with unsuccessful treatment outcomes (loss to follow-up, treatment
failure and death) of HIV-positive patients with multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil.METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of MDR-TB cases notified from 2000 to 2016 in RJ. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to assess risk factors
associated with unsuccessful treatment in HIV-positive patients with MDR-TB.RESULTS: Among 2,269 patients, 156 (6.9%) were HIV-positive and had a higher proportion of unsuccessful treatment outcomes (52.6%) than HIV-negative cases (43.7%). All HIV-positive cases with extensively
drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) had unsuccessful treatment outcomes. Multivariate analysis shows that previous MDR-TB treatment (HR 1.97, 95% CI 1.22–3.18) and illicit drugs use (HR 1.68, 95% CI 1.01–2.78) were associated with a greater hazard of unsuccessful treatment outcomes, while
6-month culture conversion (HR 0.48, 95% CI 0.27–0.84) and use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) (HR 0.51, 95% CI 0.32–0.80) were predictors of reduced risk.CONCLUSIONS: Unsuccessful treatment was higher among HIV patients with MDR-TB than among HIV-negative patients.
Prompt initiation of ART and effective interventions are necessary to improve treatment adherence and prevent retreatment cases.
Physioprophylaxis in the cognitive and practical competences of physical education students from Poland and Belarus
Authors: Zaworski Kamil
Published: March 2021

Background: The task of physioprophylaxis is to popularize health-promoting behaviors and to shape and
maintain the fitness and endurance of people of all ages in order to prevent disability.
Aim of the study: The aim of the work is to present the diversity of cognitive and practical competences
regarding the use of physical activity in physioprophylaxis of health threats by physical education students.
The cognitive competences include: the attitudes, knowledge of the respondents, practical competences, the
frequency of AF, and other health behaviors.
Material and methods: The study administered an original questionnaire to a group of 224 physical education
students from Grodno in Belarus (B, n = 124) and Biała Podlaska in Poland (P, n = 100).
Results: Students from Belarus indicated the following as important health risk factors significantly more
often (p < 0.05) than students from Poland: smoking (B = 76.6%, P = 59%, p = 0.006), alcohol abuse (B = 75%,
P = 43%, p < 0.001) and permanent stress (B = 63.7%, P = 35%, p < 0.001). Health behaviors undertaken by
the respondents for the protection and maintenance of health are primarily related to the observance of personal
hygiene (B = 86.3%, P = 72.0%, p = 0.011), adequate sleep time (B = 62.9%, P = 45.0%, p = 0.010) and
rational nutrition (B = 58.9%, P = 52.0%, p = 0.344).
Conclusions: Assuming that the level of health competence (cognitive and practical) of the students in the
field of physical education translates to a large extent into professional competence, the education of the respondents
requires further development of the knowledge of health sciences. The curricula and standards of
physical education should be oriented towards the development of health competence
Selected elements of the work of a probation officer for family and juvenile cases
Authors: Kujan Patryk
Published: March 2021

The presented article concerns the issues related to the work of a family probation officer in relation to the history, methodology, theory and professional ethics. The subject of the discussion are selected (the most important in the author's opinion) elements of the work, and the aim is to highlight the role of the probation officer in the environment of the charges, aspects of the entrusted tasks and conditions for effective conduct of the process of rehabilitation. The article deals with issues important from both theoretical and practical perspective. It indicates specific difficulties in conducting the process of rehabilitation in the area of family probation. Necessary elements in the area of work with juveniles and family, as well as forms and methods used in the undertaken activities have been specified. Theoretical considerations are presented from the perspective of many years of experience as a probation officer. The text presents statistical data relating to the actual workload (on the example of the chosen court). It is an attempt to indicate the work culture of the probation officer, aspects of entrusted tasks and conditions for effective resocialization. It indicates the essential (subjectively) elements in the work area with juveniles and family and the multitude of forms and methods used in the actions taken by the family probation officer. Theoretical considerations are supplemented by statistics on the actual workload (on the example of a chosen court). The article may serve as an introduction to further theoretical considerations and may provide practical guidelines for the activities of probation officers.
The use of serious digital games in the peer violence prevention
Authors: Tłuściak-Deliowska Aleksandra
Published: March 2021

The topic of aggressive behavior of school children and teenagers in relation to computer games is quite popular. There is a large number of studies which show a clear relationship between the frequency of playing computer games and the preference for violent games and various aggressive behaviors. Slightly less space is devoted to the positive effect of games, its educational and preventive potential, and especially to the use of computer games in the prevention of violence. Meanwhile, for some time now, new technologies, in particular serious games, have started to be included in preventive programs. The aim of the article is to draw attention to the possible use of serious digital games in the prevention of peer violence. The subject will be the analysis of their potential, with emphasis on solutions that can be used in the prevention of peer violence, both “traditional” and electronic, and the effects that can be achieved thanks to such games. Serious games can be used to raise awareness, induce empathy, and teach strategies for coping with the experience of victimization as well as witnessing violence. This issue is of particular importance from the point of view of the contemporary education of children and youth.
Strategii eco-economice pentru cresterea sustenabilitatii in sectorul energetic. Studiu de caz: energia solara
Authors: Badea Carmen Georgiana
Published: March 2021

Guvernanta globala de mediu se afla in dilema si se confrunta cu adoptarea unor decizii dificile in conditii de incertitudine si de risc in ceea ce priveste alegerea surselor de energie pentru viitor care sa permita cresterea economica si sa evite impactul major asupra mediului. Nu trebuie sa alegem surse de energie regenerabile fara o privire de ansamblu a efectelor pozitive, dar si negative asupra societatii in general.
«Aber Liebe … ist nur eine Geschichte».
Authors: van den Berg Susanne
Published: March 2021

Inhaltlich stellt der Text zunächst die aktuelle neurobiologische und paarpsychologische Forschung zum Thema Liebesbeziehungen vor, ergänzt durch eine Übersicht der Entwicklung von Partnerschaften aus soziologischer und juristischer Perspektive. Da zwei Krankenhausserien im Mittelpunkt der Filmanalyse stehen, schließt der theoretische Teil mit einem historischen Abriss zu Serie und Krankenhausserie ab.

Im Ergebnis der Filmanalyse erlaubt die interdisziplinäre Herangehensweise eine differenziertere Darstellung und Interpretation serialer Liebesbeziehungen jenseits der bisherigen Studien und den ihnen enthaltenen, eher pauschalisierend wirkenden Beschreibungen von Romantik und Idealisierung, aber auch entgegen den in den Kulturwissenschaften verbreiteten Vorstellungen von Liebe als Phänomen im Rahmen von Zuschreibungen oder Inszenierung.

Kurz gefasst lassen sich die psychologischen und neurobiologischen Konstrukte der Verliebtheit und Bindung eingebettet in den narrativen seriellen Prozesscharakter gut einordnen, werden jedoch in Abhängigkeit von der Storyline und Filmästhetik der beiden Serien unterschiedlich konstruiert. Legt man weiterhin das psychologische Konstrukt der Paarqualität zugrunde, so lässt sich der Vorwurf der „Traumpaare und Traumhochzeiten“ nicht halten, vielmehr befinden sich die Serienpaare in desolaten, wenig wünschenswerten Verbindungen, denen es an Sicherheit, Vertrauen, Offenheit, Respekt sowie gegenseitiger Zuwendung und wesentlichen Gesprächen ganz offensichtlich mangelt. Im Ausblick werden mögliche Zuschauermotivationen und auch potentielle Auswirkungen auf die Vorstellung der Rezipienten über Paarbeziehungen reflektiert.
Von Kanonen und Spatzen
Authors: Hoppe Johanne
Published: March 2021

Nach der Besetzung Deutschlands im Jahr 1945 ordneten die Alliierten die Beschlagnahmung sämtlichen filmischen Materials an. Die Filme wurden nach einer Prüfung mit einer «A-» (unbedenklich), «B-» (Schnittauflagen) oder «C-» (Verbotsfilm) Kategorisierung versehen. Aufgrund des hohen Bedarfs kamen «A-» und «B-Filme» bald wieder in die Kinos. Die Liste der «C-Filme» enthielt zwischen 200 und 300 Titeln und wurde im Jahr 1949 an die Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle der Filmwirtschaft übergeben. 1966 übernahm die Friedrich-Wilhelm-Murnau-Stiftung mit ihrer Gründung die Auswertungsrechte. Von 1966 bis heute hat das Stiftungskuratorium die Liste der Vorbehaltsfilme nach Prüfung auf ca. 44 Filmtitel verringert. Dieser Prozess der Überprüfung dauert nach Angaben des Stiftungsvorstandes weiter an. Die Stiftung verwendet heute statt der Zuschreibung «C-Film» die Attribuierung «Unter Vorbehalt». Während nach wie vor alle Filme der FSK für eine Altersfreigabe eingereicht werden müssen, sieht die Stiftung für die Vorbehaltsfilme weitere Vorführungsvoraussetzungen vor: Vor jeder Vorführung muss ein wissenschaftlicher Vortrag zur Rahmung des Films gehalten werden. Nach der Vorführung soll das Publikum die Möglichkeit zu einer moderierten Diskussion haben. Bei Anfragen aus dem Ausland holt die Stiftung die Zustimmung des Auswärtigen Amtes ein. Eine digitale Verbreitung zu wissenschaftlichen oder didaktischen Zwecken ist nicht vorgesehen, während die Filme jedoch auf obskuren Internetseiten größtenteils verfügbar oder als DVD käuflich zu erwerben sind.

Die vorliegende Arbeit beleuchtet den historischen Diskurs um die Verbotsfilme: Welche Attribuierungen gebrauchten die Alliierten, um einen Film als «C-Film» einzustufen? Welche Zuschreibungen haben die Murnau-Stiftung bzw. die FSK übernommen und wie haben sich in der Folge innerhalb der Institutionen die Beurteilungen und Zuschreibungen geändert? Wie war der Umgang mit NS-Filmen in der DDR? Welche sonstigen Interessen – vor allem politischer und ökonomischer Natur – beeinflussen den Umgang der Rechteinhabenden mit den Filmwerken?
Spiel | Figur
Authors: Schröter Felix
Published: March 2021

Figuren sind ein zentrales Attraktionsmoment aktueller Computerspiele, doch ihre medienwissenschaftliche Erforschung ist bislang nur in Ansätzen erfolgt. Diese Arbeit schließt diese Forschungslücke, indem sie allgemeine Gestaltungsprinzipien und Wirkungsweisen von Computerspielfiguren

in figurenzentrierten Mainstreamspielen untersucht. So trägt sie im Rahmen ihrer Beschäftigung mit der Darstellung, Ontologie und Rezeption von Computerspielfiguren dazu bei, die verstreuten Forschungsbefunde zu systematisier
Electric Field-Induced Magnetization Reversal of Multiferroic Nanomagnet
Authors: Liu Jiahao , Fang Liang
Published: March 2021

Using the inverse piezoelectric effect and inverse magnetostrictive effect in a multiferroic heterojunction, an electric field is able to control the magnetization switching of a uniaxial nanomagnet. Compared with traditional spintronic devices based on magnetic field, multiferroic nanomagnet devices have the advantages of ultra-low consumption and high radiation resistance, showing great application potential in modern high-integrated circuits and military electronic systems. However, the difficulties of electric field control of complete magnetization reversal of the nanomagnet and nanomagnet arrays in a nanomagnetic logic gate still restrict the developments of multiferroic nanomagnet device. In this chapter, the uniaxial nanomagnets in multiferroic heterojunctions are mainly discussed. The two core problems of the electric field control of nanomagnets and nanomagnetic logic gate are well solved.
Plant-Based Milk Substitutes: Factors to Lead to Its Use and Benefits to Human Health
Authors: Zandona Laís , Lima Caroline , Lannes Suzana
Published: March 2021

The consumption of vegetable milk has grown in recent years. Medical reasons are some reasons for the increase in the number of consumers of this type of drink. Lactose intolerance and allergy to cow’s milk protein are the major factors that lead to this consumption in addition to the option for a healthier lifestyle, there are also consumers concerned with animal health and welfare who are adept at restrictive diets like vegetarianism and veganism. Vegetable extracts are water-soluble extracts from legumes, oilseeds, cereals, or pseudocereals that resemble bovine milk in appearance, are considered substitutes for cow’s milk due to the similar chemical composition and can also be used as substitutes for direct use or in some animal milk-based preparations. In contrast, these substitutes have different sensory characteristics, stability, and nutritional composition of cow’s milk. Plant extracts have health-beneficial compounds, phenolic compounds, unsaturated fatty acids, antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds such as phytosterols and isoflavones making plant-based milk substitutes an interesting choice.
Smart Manufacturing: Quality Control Perspectives
Authors: Evans Agolla Joseph
Published: March 2021

Quality Control (QC) is a guideline or set of procedures intended to ensure that a manufactured product or performed service adheres to a defined set of quality criteria or meets the requirements of the client or customer. Smart manufacturing is where the work is interfaced work pieces and associated tools that include logistics operations, Cyber Physical Systems, Artificial Intelligence, and Big Data Analytic tools. These form the norm of manufacturing operations to generate large amounts of data, which are used for analysis and prediction. Therefore, help to optimise the quality of manufacturing operations and manufactured products. The change in technologies have, however, altered the traditional way of manufacturing process as well as QC systems. Therefore, to address the challenge of data reliability, the sensors, actuators and instruments used at various levels of integration in the manufacturing process often operating under adverse physical conditions need to provide adequate levels of data accuracy and precision. Methodologically, the Chapter followed critical literature review on QC concepts and Industry 4.0 revolution, thereby culminating into conceptual framework of QC in Smart Manufacturing, which is the main contribution of this Chapter.
Role of Small Bowel Endoscopy in Diagnosis and Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Current Perspective
Authors: Pal Partha , Nageshwar Reddy D. , Nabi Zaheer
Published: March 2021

The evaluation of small bowel in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is mainly performed in cases with newly diagnosed or suspected Crohn’s disease (CD). The available modalities for small bowel evaluation include radiological imaging (barium meal follow through, magnetic resonance enteroclysis, computed tomography enteroclysis) and small bowel endoscopy also known as enteroscopy. The main advantage of small bowel endoscopy over radiological imaging is that it allows for obtaining biopsy specimen required for histological confirmation of the diagnosis. Various endoscopic modalities for endoscopic evaluation of small bowel include push enteroscopy and device assisted enteroscopy (DAE). Push enteroscopy allows only limited evaluation of proximal small bowel. Therefore, DAE is generally preferred over push enteroscopy for small bowel evaluation. DAE includes single balloon enteroscopy, double balloon enteroscopy, and spiral enteroscopy. The available literature suggests that there is no significant difference in the diagnostic yield among the available DAE devices. Therefore, the choice of DAE is largely dependent on the availability as well as local expertise. More recently, motorised spiral enteroscopy has been introduced. The main advantage of this novel DAE is ease of use with the possibility of evaluating the entire small bowel via per-oral route. However, the data regarding the use of motorised spiral enteroscopy is limited and comparative trials are required in future.
Natural Antioxidants to the Rescue?
Authors: Aydin Cenk , Seyidoglu Nilay
Published: March 2021

Natural antioxidant compounds have different mechanisms of treatment and prevention against various diseases due to their richest ingredients. There are several antioxidants used today, such as phytogenic ingredients, flavonoids, capsaicin, spirulina, beta-glucan, polyphenol etc. Besides the outbreak of diseases, the ability to scavenge oxidative conditions of the natural antioxidants have been notably important. Thereby, therapeutic strategies of diseases have been interested by researchers. Try to seek a kind of effects of natural antioxidants to various diseases, especially viral or pandemic diseases are being important nowadays. This chapter we’ll mention about how to viral or pandemic disease’s effects on oxidative status in both animals and humans, and what kind of phytochemical ingredients would be a positive effect on. At the same time, the latest advances about these natural antioxidant compounds and pharmaceuticals will be critically highlighted and discussed with newest literatures.
From Lean Manufacturing to Lean Construction: How Principles, Tools, and Techniques Evolved
Authors: Demirkesen Sevilay
Published: March 2021

Lean manufacturing first emerged in the automotive industry. However, low productivity and low efficiency in production are major problems for the majority of industries relying on a heavy workforce. Being one of these, the construction industry suffers from low productivity rates along with inefficient work practices. To prevent those, the industry has shifted its focus from the traditional approach to a more innovative one, which is called Lean construction. Lean construction aims to maximize value while minimizing waste. Therefore, it intends to create safer, smoother, and more efficient processes to eliminate waste. This chapter focuses on Lean construction and highlights the generic Lean tools and techniques practiced in the construction industry indicating its historical journey from Lean manufacturing. The chapter aims to raise awareness towards the efficiency of Lean methods in the construction industry with respect to practices observed in manufacturing.
The Canadian Integrated Northern Greenhouse: A Hybrid Solution for Food Security
Authors: Leroux David , Lefsrud Mark
Published: March 2021

Food security has become a prominent issue in northern Canada. Many constraints, including environmental, cultural and economic barriers to cause food insecurity in northern Canada where local food production is one proposed solution to the northern food crisis. Initiated at McGill University by the Biomass Production Laboratory, the Canadian Integrative Northern Greenhouse (CING) unit provides a completely integrative design solution that could allow northern Canadian communities to grow their own fresh and nutritious food year-round. The CING unit is a hybrid between a northern greenhouse and a growth chamber housed in a shipping container, designed to be adaptive by functioning as a typical solar greenhouse when solar light provides considerable heat and light, and as a closed growth chamber during the night and when colder, darker winter conditions prevail. The CING was designed and prototyped by McGill students since 2013. Lettuce was grown during the four-season test of the CING, the greatest yield obtained was in March 2019, where the plants grown achieved 72% of the dry mass of the plants grown in the research greenhouse. The CING relied on supplemental heating to successfully grow plants but demonstrated the potential for northern and remote applications.