bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INtroducing Tension into the Workplace
Authors: Darr Asaf
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines the two main aggravating factors that introduce ethnonational–religious conflict into the workplace and strain relations among members of different groups. The first is the occurrence of violent events that are motivated by the ethnonational struggle, such as Palestinian-Arab suicide bombings or Israeli military operations in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. The chapter compares the particular impact of such events on the daily work routine of ethnically mixed work teams in the three research settings studied—the production, health, and high-tech sectors in Israel. The second trigger, which is typical of the health sector and service work, is when patients or clients express offensive and racist views toward minority group staff members. The chapter demonstrates how the frequency and severity of such racist comments increase during periods of violence. While Palestinian-Arab physicians tend to brush off patients' insults by referring to their suffering and to the physician's ethical obligation to treat everyone, they do expect their Jewish colleagues and managers to react and confront the offending party.
Religion at Work
Authors: Darr Asaf
Published: January 2024

This chapter describes how the workplace celebration of religious and national holidays and memorial days are important markers of Palestinian-Arab and Jewish identity and provide a striking example of the intertwining of ethnicity, nationality, and religion. It explains how work organizations are immersed in the broader sociocultural context and how they choose which holidays to celebrate at work, and which holidays they tend to ignore. The chapter also discusses how holidays serve as an occasion for a public display of cultural, national, and religious identity, and how ignoring certain holidays affects minority group members' sense of belonging to their employing organization. For obvious reasons, the holidays and memorial days of the hegemonic group in Israeli society, the Jews, are most likely to be celebrated at work, but the question remains to what extent the holidays of other ethnonational-religious groups are marked. The chapter then offers a comparative examination of how the broader ethnonational and interreligious conflict is reflected in the celebration of holidays and memorial days in the workplace.
Discussion and Conclusions
Authors: Darr Asaf
Published: January 2024

This concluding chapter offers an overview of the main findings of the book and their theoretical implications. The findings support the general claim that broader tensions permeating the workplace and workers' grassroots coping strategies are an important dimension of any study of war-torn countries and regions. Indeed, the fierce ethnonational conflict between Palestinian Arabs and Jews in Israel has strong manifestations in the workplace. On the job, members of rival ethnonational and religious groups work side by side, depend on one another, and cooperate. Sometimes, they must serve hostile and even racist clients or patients. The antagonism generated by violent events outside their workplace often percolates into their work environment and threatens the coexistence, social ties, and cooperation required by the local division of labor among members of mixed work teams. The long-standing and often bloody Jewish–Palestinian conflict is a glaring example of such ethnonational rivalry, compounded by religious sentiments, which also appears, in various degrees and forms, in many other countries and regions.
Diagnosing Delinquency, 1930–60
Authors: Scribner Campbell F.
Published: January 2024

This chapter discusses the inadequacy of the antivadalism policies. It details the impact of economic depression on school children and its rising correlation with school property destruction. Policymakers were unable to control vandalism simply because experts were unable to define it or to imagine a counterfactual in which a different research paradigm yielded radically different policies. The chapter provides an overview of the common approaches to prevention and restitution during the mid-twentieth century, which is contextualized within broader theories of juvenile delinquency. It then considers sociological theories of destruction since juvenile delinquency moved away from ascriptions of innate depravity or a physiological propensity for crime.
Books and Boredom
Authors: Scribner Campbell F.
Published: January 2024

This chapter raises an argument against distinctions between performative and authentic expressions of boredom. It explains how popular culture routinely associates boredom with creativity. However, philosophers of boredom have elaborated on the implications of boredom for cognition, freedom, and selfhood but have rarely connected it to the maturation of children. The chapter looks into how textbooks became the backbone of the curriculum of the nineteenth century. It explains that, in correlation with boredom, schoolbooks became sites of emotional immersion and intellectual striving, prompting students to reach outward and inward while simultaneously encouraging forms of growth incidental to the book's didactic purpose.
There Will Always Be a Father
Authors: Gilmore Leigh
Published: January 2024

This chapter looks into how Mikal Gilmore's 1994 autobiographical narrative featured the interplay between kinship and culture. Shot in the Heart tests the limits of storytelling when the narrative is indissoluble from a story about family, secrets, lies, and violence. Gilmore structures his narrative task as a combination of autobiography, biography, and family history while showcasing how trauma ruptures the boundaries of the autonomous autobiographical “I.” The chapter cites that biography, and autobiography, work to give voice to the dead, even as the dead place limits on the relationship. It mentions how temporality is structured through permanent simultaneity for some survivors of trauma.
There Will Always Be a Mother
Authors: Gilmore Leigh
Published: January 2024

This chapter explores Jamaica Kincaid's autobiographical novels Annie John (1986) and Lucy (1990). It cites that both novels aim to liken England's colonization of Antigua to a mother–daughter relationship. Jamaica Kincaid's ongoing self-representational project is saturated with death imagery or with the sentiments of memento mori. Thus, Kincaid's work illustrates that the limits of seriality and their association in (self-) representations of life and death combine to illuminate how a key figure emerges in the autobiographical scene. The chapter also looks into the limits of the child's perspective on love, death, sex, history, and individuation through the series of autobiographical novels.
Without Names
Authors: Gilmore Leigh
Published: January 2024

This chapter provides an overview of Jeanette Winterson's Written on the Body as a limit-case focused on sexed and gendered self-representation. The autobiography presents certain expectations about how and whether a lesbian author writes a lesbian text. However, Winterson rejects autobiography as the narrative account of a woman's subjection. The chapter describes Winterson's text as being in implicit dialogue with autobiography to highlight the way certain rhetorical conventions and cultural references or situations catalyze the expectations generated by autobiography. It also considers reading self-representation and trauma in sequences provides a trace of correlation between self-representational projects and the genre they rework.
The Knowing Subject and an Alternative Jurisprudence of Trauma
Authors: Gilmore Leigh
Published: January 2024

This concluding chapter explains that limit-cases constitute an alternative jurisdiction for self-representation. Limit-cases offer an alternative form of jurisprudence about trauma and the self that is in the process of being forgotten even as it emerges. Writers relocate the grounds of judgment, install there a knowing subject rather than a sovereign or representative self, and produce an alternative jurisprudence concerning trauma, identity, and forms they take. Moreover, by intensifying, multiplying, and maximizing the paradoxes within representativity, limit-cases yield new forms of knowledge about several critical issues that impinge on self-representation and trauma. The chapter also considers the ethics of self-representational projects.
Prophets, True and False
Authors: Miller William Cook
Published: January 2024

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the Enthusiast, a term which refers to those religious practitioners who formed sectarian communities, practiced ecstatic forms of devotion, or otherwise attracted charges of religious fanaticism or charlatanry. The Enthusiast character—as a general type to which a huge variety of radical prophets could be reduced—initially allowed for the navigation of a seismic event: the decoupling of individual soul from professional vocation. However, the Enthusiast soon afforded writers more than a simple caricature of the demonic madness of the vocational free agent. It allowed for the indirect exploration of heterodox religious ideas. The chapter then considers the concept of enthusiasm, before identifying two types of discernment devices: gate devices and character devices. It also introduces the three phases of the Enthusiast: the Mere Enthusiast, the True Enthusiast, and the Universal Enthusiast.
The Mere Enthusiast
Authors: Miller William Cook
Published: January 2024

This chapter discusses the Mere Enthusiast, which is embodied in representations of individuals like Martin Luther and John of Leiden, as well as related types such as the “Anabaptist” and the “Puritan.” It identifies one particular fear as paramount in the formation of the Mere Enthusiast. This figure responded to a perception that certain erratic members of the clergy as well as bold upstarts from the working classes were empowering a generation of rabble to abandon their trades in favor of new callings as prophets and prophet-kings. In other words, some self-anointed false-prophetic leadership was rousing some definition of unauthorized laity to exercise spiritual powers reserved to some definition of legitimate clergy, in particular the power to interpret the gospel and hence the power to save souls as well as to legitimate sublunary authority. A second key ingredient further characterized the Mere Enthusiast. These representations literally demonized this wayward prophetic leadership, showing the apparently ordinary internal conflicts of Christendom in a cosmic mirror: as bearing the burden of the contest of God and Satan. To this end, writers summoned a range of what they would have considered to be Satanic associations in emblematizing the Mere Enthusiast.
The Double Life of the Compound Enthusiast
Authors: Miller William Cook
Published: January 2024

This chapter evaluates the reception and transformation of the Compound Enthusiast character device in the 1660s and 1970s. During these decades, Henry More's books enjoyed enormous influence. At the same time, the conversation about enthusiasm he had helped to shape began to take on a life of its own—or, more precisely, began to follow two quite divergent paths. The first path—the orthodox path—largely continued More's strategy of prophetic contrast, seeking out and condemning specimens of the melancholic False Enthusiast in order to rescue the true prophetic spark from representative vulgar maniacs and charlatans. This approach tended to appeal to defenders of Anglican hierarchy and class order. The second path—the heterodox path—sought to continue More's positive theological project of mapping the individual soul onto the cosmos while at the same time resisting the cooperation of this project with the demonization of the Enthusiast. Such arguments tended to manifest in an intellectualized strain of Quakerism that sought to shore up the doctrine of immediate revelation through a synthesis of Neoplatonism, Christian Cabbalism, and practical testimonials of the Friends themselves. The chapter then looks at Nathaniel Ingelo's Bentivolio and Urania (1660); the writings of Lilias Skene; and the unpublished memoirs of Franciscus Mercurius van Helmont.
John Locke’s Enthusiasts
Authors: Miller William Cook
Published: January 2024

This chapter focuses on John Locke's approach to enthusiasm. From the start, he considered revelation as dependent upon reason and rejected as enthusiastic any account that would grant revelation an authority independent of reason. Beneath Locke's consistency of approach to enthusiasm, however, one observes in his writings a shift in the understanding of the Enthusiast as a figure. The Enthusiast, in Locke's hands, splits the difference between its familiar guise as a humoral demoniac or devout mad person and a new guise as an all-too-common human type: the abuser of reason and language, passionately convinced by some real or purported private experience that they alone know the truth. The bifurcation in Locke's conception of the Enthusiast solidified over time. However, one finds its seeds in his first mature attempts to define enthusiasm, in his 1680s correspondence with Lady Damaris Masham, daughter of the Cambridge Platonist Ralph Cudworth, and its flowering in the 1689 Essay Concerning Human Understanding and its 1700 expansion. Locke's approach to the Enthusiast culminates in his last major writing project, the Paraphrase of the Epistles of St. Paul. Ultimately, his bifurcation of the Enthusiast into rare and common varieties laid the groundwork for an important evolution of the figuration of the Enthusiast in early eighteenth-century Britain, the pivot to what can be called the Universal Enthusiast.
The Celebration and Condemnation of the Universal Enthusiast
Authors: Miller William Cook
Published: January 2024

This chapter assesses the character of the Universal Enthusiast. In the hands of Anthony Ashley-Cooper, the Third Earl of Shaftesbury, the discourse of enthusiasm ceased to decide between claimants to prophetic authority and shifted to determining whether one's own character might be judged daimonic (guided to higher dignity by admirable sociable internal models) or demonic (drawn downward by abyssal inner others). In considering critiques of Shaftesbury's thought, the chapter focuses on his keenest critic, Mary Astell. For Astell, Shaftesbury's universalization of enthusiasm cooperated with the silent elevation of a class of witty gentlemen like him able to play the Enthusiast while escaping accountability by either God or the wider public. The chapter then looks at Shaftesbury's The Adept Ladys (1703) and A Letter concerning Enthusiasm (1707), as well as Astell's Bart'lemy fair; or, an enquiry after wit (1709). Ultimately, in the confrontation of Shaftesbury and Astell, one witnesses a new rift opening up in the story of the Enthusiast: not between the true and false prophet but between those (like Astell) who insisted upon retaining the distinction between true and false prophecy and those (like Shaftesbury) who eroded, undermined, and made fun of this distinction.
Jonathan Swift’s Enthusiastic Personae
Authors: Miller William Cook
Published: January 2024

This chapter addresses Jonathan Swift's approach to the character of the Enthusiast. For Swift, as for Mary Astell, enthusiasm was not merely a malady associated with sectarian fanaticism. It was further and more deeply associated with the Wits of the world and their favored philosophy: Epicurean materialism. Like Henry More, Swift saw the bedrock error of enthusiasm to be the substitution of a part of creation for the Creator. Like John Locke, he understood this error to ramify as a sort of forced spiritual solipsism for two—a determination to make other minds recognize the unique deific character of one's own mind. But where More, Locke, and Astell approached these problems directly and discursively, Swift handles them most effectively when he is at his most ironic, slippery, and enigmatic. The chapter then presents a comparison of Swift's best-known satires: Modest Proposal (1729) and Argument against Abolishing Christianity (written 1708, published 1711). It also looks at Swift's most polemical eviscerations of enthusiasm: A Tale of a Tub (1704), his early satirical allegory of Christian history, and the brilliantly engineered literary hoax known as The Bickerstaff Papers (1708). Finally, the chapter considers the texts that more clearly show Swift's True Enthusiast voice, focusing on his pseudo-doggerel poem “Verses on the Death of Dr. Swift.”
Neighborhoods as Markets
Authors: Mallach Alan , Swanstrom Todd
Published: January 2024

This chapter covers the pervasive role of the housing market in neighborhood change. When more people choose to live in a neighborhood, the area's real estate market becomes stronger. However, higher housing costs can undermine the social fabric that gives a neighborhood its vitality, triggering changes that may reduce rather than improve residents' quality of life. The chapter considers how market factors operate within and central to the larger neighborhood feedback system. while featuring a figure of extending the model of neighborhood change, the chapter highlights information flows as a critical element in the feedback system since people's perceptions of the neighborhood are driven by the information they have on neighborhood conditions.
The Crisis of the Urban Middle Neighborhood
Authors: Mallach Alan , Swanstrom Todd
Published: January 2024

This chapter details the decline of the traditional middle neighborhoods, particularly the Black middle neighborhoods that largely emerged in the 1960s and 1970s. The continuing survival of middle neighborhoods is key to giving the American middle class the chance to live in a good neighborhood. Middle neighborhoods tend to contain a more diverse economic mix than wealthy and poor neighborhoods which are more likely to preserve the weak bridging social ties. Moreover, middle neighborhoods provide a particular opportunity for immigrants, whose presence can add vitality and entrepreneurial energy to a city. The chapter considers the forces threatening middle neighborhoods, such as the housing stock, location, and loss of homeowners.
Neither Believer Nor Infidel
Authors: Cook Jonathan A.
Published: January 2024

Shedding new light on both classic and lesser-known works in the Melville canon with particular attention to the author's literary use of the Bible, this book examines the debate between religious skepticism and Christian faith that infused Herman Melville's writings following Moby-Dick. The book focuses on the decisive role of faith and doubt in Melville's writings following his mid-career turn to shorter fiction, and still later to poetry, as a result of the commercial failures of Moby-Dick and Pierre. Nathaniel Hawthorne claimed that Melville “can neither believe nor be comfortable in his unbelief,” a remark that encapsulates an essential truth about Melville's attitude to Christianity. Like many of his Victorian contemporaries, Melville spent his literary career poised between an intellectual rejection of Christian dogma and an emotional attachment to the consolations of non-dogmatic Christian faith. Accompanying this ambivalence was a lifelong devotion to the text of the King James Bible as both moral sourcebook and literary template. Following a biographical overview of skeptical influences and manifestations in Melville's early life and career, the book examines the evidence of religious doubt and belief in Bartleby, the Scrivener, Cock-a-Doodle-Doo!, The Encantadas, Israel Potter, Battle-Pieces, Timoleon, and Billy Budd. Accessible for both the general reader and the scholar, the book clarifies the ambiguities of Melville's pervasive use of religion in his fiction and poetry. In analyzing Melville's persistent oscillation between metaphysical rebellion and attenuated belief, the book elucidates both well-known and under-appreciated works.
The Making of a Skeptic
Authors: Cook Jonathan A.
Published: January 2024

This chapter traces the development of Herman Melville's religious faith and ensuing disenchantment with Christianity. In his reading, correspondence, journals, and recorded remarks in the later 1840s and throughout the 1850s, Melville was preoccupied with recurrent doubts regarding Christianity, repeatedly examining its truth claims in the light of skeptical inquiry. Indeed, salient indications of religious and philosophical skepticism pervade Moby-Dick (1851). Yet it should be noted that despite his disenchantment with Christianity during his early literary career, Melville did not stop using the Bible as a template for his literary imagination, as he had done throughout his career as a writer. Rejecting its dogmatic elements as obsolete, Melville nevertheless turned to Christian scripture as a sourcebook of narrative design and moral instruction, thereby forming one of the deep structures of his fiction and poetry.
The Genealogy of Melville’s Female Job
Authors: Cook Jonathan A.
Published: January 2024

This chapter evaluates how Herman Melville's interest in the story of Agatha Hatch Robertson, whose last name he changed to “Robinson” in his letters to Nathaniel Hawthorne, is significant because it evokes a larger literary tradition of exemplary female suffering based on the model of the biblical Job. Developed in the Middle Ages in accordance with the traditional Christian interpretation of the figure of Job as exhibiting a disciplinary model of patience in distress, this tradition is perhaps best known in late medieval stories of the “patient Griselda,” who acts as a model of uncomplaining submission to the cruel testing and pretended abandonment by her aristocratic husband. The chapter examines the genealogy of the female Job figure that descends from the heroine of Geoffrey Chaucer's Clerk's Tale in The Canterbury Tales to the testing of the silent wife of Hawthorne's “Wakefield” (1835). It then considers the story of feminine forbearance that Melville discovered in the marital history of Agatha Robertson. Finally, the chapter looks at Melville's use of this female character type exhibiting extraordinary endurance of spirit in his story of Hunilla in “Norfolk Isle and the Chola Widow” in “The Encantadas,” the series of sketches first appearing in Putnam's Monthly Magazine in 1854 and then forming part of The Piazza Tales (1856).
Revolutionary Skepticism in Israel Potter
Authors: Cook Jonathan A.
Published: January 2024

This chapter focuses on Herman Melville's Israel Potter, a historical narrative first serialized in Putnam's magazine from July 1854 to March 1855, at which time it was also published in book form. In Israel Potter, Melville adapts the teachings of Ecclesiastes to a variety of purposes, ringing the changes on the theme of “vanity” to show that America's Revolutionary founding was not the mythically providential event that it was widely conceived to be, while also undercutting the Founders' ideal of the United States as a democratic society under the protection of a beneficent and just god. Melville's philosophical endorsement of the wisdom of Ecclesiastes was in keeping with his decisive turn toward religious skepticism during his career as a novelist. For the book of Ecclesiastes is a well-known anomaly in the Old Testament canon, posing a direct challenge to the idea of a personal and providential God of Israel and emphasizing the futility or “vanity” that characterizes human endeavors. Ultimately, the philosophical message of Ecclesiastes largely frames Melville's narrative of Israel Potter's career.
Reconstructing the Catholic West
Authors: Cossen William S.
Published: January 2024

This chapter explores the Catholic role in the federal government's attempts following the Civil War to conclude its decades-long conquest of the continental United States. During Reconstruction, the constitutional right of free exercise of religion was under assault so a state church was built. Religious despotism brought disgrace to the US government and operated in open contradiction to every American principle. The chapter explains that Catholic missionaries took any chance to regale Americans back East with accounts of their victories over their Protestant rivals. It mentions the intellectual groundwork for US Catholic imperialism that would reach its apex in the aftermath of the Spanish–American and Philippine–American wars.
Toward Tri-Faith America
Authors: Cossen William S.
Published: January 2024

This chapter details the politics of anti-Catholicism. Catholics fought for decades to take their place in the halls of American power, which were subsequently successful in the early twentieth century. The resurgence of anti-Catholicism received a boost following the revival of the Ku Klux Klan. However, Catholics struck back against the anti-Catholic resurgence by building on the examples set by their coreligionist forebears in their battles with Protestants. The chapter then looks into how Catholics used the election to keep alive their challenge to Protestant power, which previews the forging of a tri-faith public sphere after World War II.
The Periphery before Perestroika
Authors: Scarborough Isaac McKean
Published: January 2024

This chapter looks into a glimpse of Dushanbe at the height of its pre-perestroika stability in 1985. It details the economic and social development of the Tajik SSR in line with the Communist Party of Tajikistan and the republican government. By the 1980s, the Vakhshstroi project, a giant irrigation and agricultural project in the Tajik SSR, successfully grew the Tajik economy and bound it tightly to the rest of the Soviet superstructure. However, Tajikistan's growing economy hid many structural imbalances and growing inequalities under its calm surface of societal aplomb. The chapter explains that the multitude of financial ties connecting the Tajik SSR to Moscow kept the republic stable.
Moscow Promotes Perestroika
Authors: Scarborough Isaac McKean
Published: January 2024

This chapter discusses the promotion of perestroika in Moscow. In Mikhail Gorbachev's Soviet Union, the reform program of perestroika and its marketizing elements were chosen as a result of alignment between political ambition, academic economics, and popular belief. A combination of political will, academic models, and partial public support gave the form and final push for the implementation of perestroika. The chapter also considers the concrete legal changes that constituted Gorbachev's attempt to remake the Soviet economy and society to align with efficient market models. It elaborates on the theoretical and social foundation of the perestroika passed by Gorbachev and the Soviet government.
Slouching towards Independence
Authors: Scarborough Isaac McKean
Published: January 2024

This chapter discusses the struggle of Tajikistan to achieve independence. Regardless of the political divide, people acknowledged that Tajikistan's future remained tied to Moscow. Despite its independence in January 1992, the leaders of Tajikistan had little to no idea how to proceed. The chapter explains the struggles of independence while handling the issues of having a collapsed economy, an empty budget, and an increasingly unruly social order. It also explains Rahmon Nabiev's struggles in establishing a government, while referencing the implementation of Tajikistan's foreign policy and disintegrating social order. However, the government of independent Tajikistan under Nabiev seemed unable to shake its passivity, acting as though independence was somehow temporary or intangible.
War
Authors: Scarborough Isaac McKean
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines how Moscow swooped in to address the growing conflict in Tajikistan. The stalemate of the Tajik civil war rapidly crumbled after Russia decided to choose a side in the conflict. The chapter details the violent collapse of the Soviet Union. Moscow's politicians continued to assert their authority to resolve the republic's internal conflicts. Despite declaring independence and sovereignty, Tajikistan politicians continuously appealed to Russia for support and acceded to Moscow's choices, whether through acceptance or violence. Thus, Tajikistani politicians continued to bow to the authority of Moscow even after nearly a year since the collapse of the USSR.
Amman
Authors: Sukarieh Mayssoun
Published: January 2024

This chapter highlights the key role played by “incubator” or “pilot” cities, which serve as being an initial point of entry for rolling out, exploring, and testing ideas, policies, and practices on the ground before being introduced to other cities and countries in the region. It analyses the way in which Amman, Jordan played the incubator or pilot role in the spread of ideas about youth and youth development in the Middle East. It also details how American, European, and international organizations first introduced their new youth development, leadership, participation, and entrepreneurship programs and policies with Jordanian youth. The chapter talks about individuals from around the Arab world that would come to Amman to be trained in youth projects by observing and participating in classrooms and workshops. It considers the particular confluence of factors that made Amman of geopolitical strategic importance for the United States.
Conclusion
Authors: Sukarieh Mayssoun
Published: January 2024

This chapter considers the spread of the youth development complex in the Middle East region in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. It offers an interpretation of the immediate events and aftermath of the Arab Spring uprisings in 2010, arguing that these uprisings give important evidence of some of the key limitations of the projects of the global youth development complex in the Middle East and North Africa. The chapter also examines the relevance of a case study for understanding how certain ideas become globally and regionally dominant within the Arab world itself. The chapter describes the Arab youth development project, which stands out for being a particularly focused and intentional project of spreading ideas globally and for being undertaken in an especially geopolitically charged and conflictual environment. It also reviews the key actors and differential roles played by global and gateway cities.
Holy Sobriety in Modern Russia
Authors: Herrlinger Page
Published: January 2024

Since 1894, tens of thousands of Russians have found hope and faith through the teachings and prayers of the charismatic lay preacher and healer, Brother Ioann Churikov (1861–1933). Inspired by Churikov's deep piety, “miraculous” healing ability, and scripture-based philosophy known as holy sobriety, the “trezvenniki”—or “sober ones”—reclaimed their lives from the effects of alcoholism, unemployment, domestic abuse, and illness. This book examines the lived religious experience and official repression of this primarily working-class community over the span of Russia's tumultuous twentieth century, crossing over—and challenging—the traditional divide between religious and secular studies of Russia and the Soviet Union, and highlighting previously unseen patterns of change and continuity between Russia's tsarist and socialist pasts. This grassroots faith community makes an ideal case study through which to explore patterns of spiritual searching and religious toleration under both tsarist and Soviet rule, providing a deeper context for today's discussions about the relationship between Russian Orthodoxy and national identity. The book is a story of resilience, reinvention, and resistance. Its analysis seeks to understand these unorthodox believers as active agents exercising their perceived right to live according to their beliefs, both as individuals and as a community.
Introduction
Authors: Herrlinger Page
Published: January 2024

This chapter provides a background on the evolution of “Brother Ioann” Churikov's community of faith, reconstructing and exploring the experiences of Brother Ioann and his followers over the course of Russia's tumultuous twentieth century. It examines Brother Ioann's identity as a charismatic spiritual leader and healer. It also analyzes the alternative community and culture the trezvenniki created on the basis of holy sobriety, a simple yet powerful philosophy of life grounded in ascetic living, hard work, and Scripture. The chapter discusses societies and regimes that held the sober community at the margins, including the logic and consequences of their repressive practices. It highlights previously unseen connections between lived Orthodoxy and lived socialism.
An Extraordinary Man on a Sober Mission
Authors: Herrlinger Page
Published: January 2024

This chapter recalls “Brother Ioann” Churikov's incarcerations by Orthodox authorities, which had not lessened his desire to bring Scripture to Moscow's spiritually needy. It talks about Brother Ioann's mission that underwent a period of impressive growth from 1901 to 1910, expanding in both nature and scope. It also details Brother Ioann's mission to spread “holy sobriety” that became associated with a distinct set of rituals and a new way of life. The chapter mentions Churikov's unfaltering devotion to his followers and endless reserve of energy that had a lot to do with the success of his efforts and the willingness of the trezvenniki to testify publicly and enthusiastically to his healing abilities and positive influence on their lives. It points out how Brother Ioann consciously avoided any form of social or political activism and explicitly counseled his followers to stay away from revolutionary unrest.
Sober Sisters
Authors: Herrlinger Page
Published: January 2024

This chapter mentions Maria Pavlovna Spiridonova, who threw her troubles at “Brother Ioann” Churikov's feet as she suffered from diabetes and the effects of a slowly dying marriage. The chapter points out how women were more likely to seek out Brother Ioann for prayers and guidance, outnumbering men among his followers by a ratio of approximately two to one. It also explores the significance of women to Brother Ioann's outreach to the people of St. Petersburg as they took on the responsibility of connecting their family members or neighbors with him. The chapter discusses women who struggled with drinking problems and are observed to be more commonly the victims of drunkards. It considers the case of Maria Spiridonova as both a reminder of the universality of Brother Ioann's appeal and of the diversity of the sober community.
Not in Good Faith
Authors: Herrlinger Page
Published: January 2024

This chapter discusses Dmitrii Ivanovich Bogoliubov, a Petersburg diocesan missionary who addressed “Brother Ioann” Churikov in a series of articles for the clerical journal Prikhodskii sviashchennik. The chapter details how Bogoliubov urged his colleagues to approach Churikov's example as an opportunity for self-reflection instead of excising him from the Orthodox community. It also mentions that clerical calls to silence Brother Ioann's reputation strengthened after 1905, although some clergy embraced pastoral work and encouraged lay involvement in missionary efforts. The chapter traces the years following the 1905 law on religious toleration, wherein the Church found its influence challenged by a spectacular proliferation of popular evangelical and charismatic figures and unprecedented challenges from within the Orthodox community. It considers the Ioannity as the most well-known challengers to Orthodox norms and church authority.
The Soviet State’s Campaign against the Trezvenniki, 1924–1933
Authors: Herrlinger Page
Published: January 2024

This chapter talks about the trezvenniki during the first decade of Soviet rule and how they occupied a fairly secure and marginal space in Soviet society, especially during the period of greater cultural pluralism associated with the New Economic Policy (NEP). The chapter details how the trezvenniki were periodically harassed by local officials and the bezbozhnik press, although their reputation as sober and productive laborers kept them safe from overt repression. It also highlights “Brother Ioann” Churikov's preaching of obedience to Soviet authorities and occasional allusion to the common ground between socialism and trezvennichestvo. The chapter explores the loyalty of trezvenniki to the October Revolution by hanging red stars on official holidays and displaying portraits of Vladimir Lenin next to images of Brother Ioann and Jesus Christ. It explains the holy sobriety that formed the basis of a shared vision that Brother Ioann's follower believed to be in sync with socialism's fundamental values.
British to the Core
Authors: Blair James J. A.
Published: January 2024

This chapter traces how Falkland Islanders and their trustees have sought to salvage the British Empire with defense forces and by extracting natural resources. The chapter considers the Falkland Islands as a former British Crown Colony that is handled as an ongoing special and particular colonial case in international law. It takes an anthropological approach to geopolitics and explores how the settlers of the Falklands have constructed themselves as natives through everyday forms of environmental governance. The chapter argues that the Falkland Islanders have formed a settler colonial protectorate by claiming self-determination and consenting to British sovereignty. It discusses how the settler colonial protectorate has empowered the Falkland Islanders to own land, control territory, extract resources, conserve the environment, and, ultimately, to salvage the last bits of the British Empire from the tide of decolonization.
Grounding Offshore Oil
Authors: Blair James J. A.
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines how Falkland Islanders have used infrastructure as a means of resolving the temporal paradox between retrospective peoplehood built on a shared past and prospective personhood constituted in an uncertain future of oil production. It pays particular attention to the construction of the aptly named Noble Frontier temporary dock facility as it relates to mired plans for a permanent deepwater port. It also examines shifting debates over the engineering design of the Sea Lion drill site. The chapter throws new light onto petro-capitalism and settler colonialism, which tends to emphasize durable structures over infrastructural events. It provides an ethnographic account of the operations of oil companies in the frontier phase of exploration drilling in the remote geopolitical hot spot of the Falklands/Malvinas.
Unsettled Claims
Authors: Blair James J. A.
Published: January 2024

This chapter traces how settlers have asserted indigeneity in dynamic relation with the South Atlantic environment and explores how Falkland Islanders and their trustees try to salvage empire through resource management. The chapter examines geopolitical aspects of the sovereignty dispute in ethnographic detail, relating the politics of energy and environmental science to the history of empire and international law. It also describes how settlers of the Falkland Islands have constructed themselves as natives in attempts to salvage resources from the wreckage of the British Empire in the South Atlantic. The chapter talks about the contention of claims over the emergent cattle frontier that led Buenos Aires to lose its young colony before the Argentine Republic had expanded to conquer Patagonia. It illustrates the formation of a settler colonial protectorate that would become central to the Falkland Islanders' postwar extractive economic boom.
Introduction
Authors: Malaia Kateryna
Published: January 2024

This chapter shows how chaotic transformations followed clear spatial and cultural principles and were strictly characteristic of the post-Soviet condition. It covers apartment dwellers wherein domestic change was among the ways of gaining a new post-Soviet identity and the newly redefined social success. It also describes urban apartment homes during perestroika and the first post-Soviet decades. The chapter addresses how a dwelling transforms along with and under the pressure of historical upheaval and how a dwelling helps in understanding large-scale changes that may be difficult to comprehend. The chapter focuses on the lived experiences that materialized through everyday space transformations and continuities that took place in the years leading to the collapse of the USSR and after.
Sleeping
Authors: Malaia Kateryna
Published: January 2024

This chapter claims that the roots of demand for apartment remodeling rested deep in Soviet reality and that the basis for supply of remodeling services began while the Soviet system was still standing. The chapter analyzes the everyday practice of sleeping and the ways in which this practice transformed between the beginning of perestroika in 1985 and the second post-Soviet decade. It also breaks down the category of privacy present in every study of domestic space in order to locate the distinct peculiarities of Soviet and post-Soviet sleep. The chapter points out how a designated bedroom in the Soviet Union was a rarity rather than a rule, unlike in the United States, where the number of delineated spaces in a home is measured by the number of “bedrooms.” It talks about residents of Soviet apartments who slept in multifunctional spaces with standards for acceptable sleep arrangements quite different from those found in American homes of the same era.
Eating
Authors: Malaia Kateryna
Published: January 2024

This chapter highlights the importance of kitchens to clandestine political and cultural life in the Soviet Union between the 1950s and 1990s. It describes the habit of Soviet urbanites of socializing and holding political and philosophical discussions in their kitchens. It also details how discussions in the kitchen became a general societal norm by the 1980s after the trend first started in intelligentsia circles in the 1960s. The chapter talks about the spatial practices of domestic eating and cooking by directing attention to how the practices took place in the late Soviet home and how they transformed along the lines of political change. It looks at the spatial qualities of the small Soviet kitchens, the complex choreographies necessary to navigate cooking, eating, and gathering in tight spaces, and the ways in which apartment remodeling and layout changes shaped the spatial dynamic of food in the 1990s.
Cleaning
Authors: Malaia Kateryna
Published: January 2024

This chapter addresses the spaces of hygiene, such as bathrooms, water closets, and kitchens, in late-Soviet and post-Soviet apartments. It examines the discrepancy between the late-Soviet institutional programming of homes, the aspirations of professional architects, and the desires of homeowners when it came to spaces of hygiene. It also explores the invisibility of the bathroom in the Soviet world of images and its powerful entry into visual culture, art practices, and socioeconomic anecdotes of the first post-Soviet decade. The chapter suggests the shift of the post-Soviet bathrooms from the realm of utilitarian auxiliary spaces of an apartment into the status of representational spaces. It reviews the troubles of the communal apartment residents with hygiene.
Socializing
Authors: Malaia Kateryna
Published: January 2024

This chapter talks about the changes in domestic socialization that took place alongside the collapse of the USSR. It outlines the spaces of socialization in the late- and post-Soviet apartment, the semiprivate or semi-public spaces that surrounded it, and the limits of control exerted by the state and the residents onto their extended homes. It also covers the urban apartment and expands to the apartment building hallway and its courtyard. The chapter tracks the shifts in social life from the kitchen to a room, from a living room to the hallway stairs and the courtyard, and back again. It addresses the surprising resilience of modest multifamily urban housing, which is particularly important now as housing is once again becoming a central social and political issue, even in economically leading societies.
A knowledge graph embedding model based attention mechanism for enhanced node information integration
Authors: Liu Ying , Wang Peng , Yang Di , Qiu Ningjia
Published: January 2024

The purpose of knowledge embedding is to extract entities and relations from the knowledge graph into low-dimensional dense vectors, in order to be applied to downstream tasks, such as connection prediction and intelligent classification. Existing knowledge embedding methods still have many limitations, such as the contradiction between the vast amount of data and limited computing power, and the challenge of effectively representing rare entities. This article proposed a knowledge embedding learning model, which incorporates a graph attention mechanism to integrate key node information. It can effectively aggregate key information from the global graph structure, shield redundant information, and represent rare nodes in the knowledge base independently of its own structure. We introduce a relation update layer to further update the relation based on the results of entity training. The experiment shows that our method matches or surpasses the performance of other baseline models in link prediction on the FB15K-237 dataset. The metric Hits@1 has increased by 10.9% compared to the second-ranked baseline model. In addition, we conducted further analysis on rare nodes with fewer neighborhoods, confirming that our model can embed rare nodes more accurately than the baseline models.
Vegetation restoration improved aggregation stability and aggregated-associated carbon preservation in the karst areas of Guizhou Province, southwest China
Authors: Yang Hui , Long Hui , Li Xuemei , Luo Xiulong , Liao Yuanhang , Wang Changmin , Cai Hua , Shu Yingge
Published: January 2024

Background

The change in the soil carbon bank is closely related to the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and the vegetation litter input can change the soil organic carbon content. However, due to various factors, such as soil type, climate, and plant species, the effects of vegetation restoration on the soil vary. Currently, research on aggregate-associated carbon has focused on single vegetation and soil surface layers, and the changes in soil aggregate stability and carbon sequestration under different vegetation restoration modes and in deeper soil layers remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the differences and relationships between stability and the carbon preservation capacity (CPC) under different vegetation restoration modes and to clarify the main influencing factors of aggregate carbon preservation.

Methods

Grassland (GL), shrubland (SL), woodland (WL), and garden plots (GP) were sampled, and they were compared with farmland (FL) as the control. Soil samples of 0–40 cm were collected. The soil aggregate distribution, aggregate-associated organic carbon concentration, CPC, and stability indicators, including the mean weight diameter (MWD), fractal dimension (D), soil erodibility (K), and geometric mean diameter (GMD), were measured.

Results

The results showed that at 0–40 cm, vegetation restoration significantly increased the >2 mm aggregate proportions, aggregate stability, soil organic carbon (SOC) content, CPC, and soil erosion resistance. The >2 mm fractions of the GL and SL were at a significantly greater proportion at 0–40 cm than that of the other vegetation types but the CPC was only significantly different between 0 and 10 cm when compared with the other vegetation types (P < 0.05). The >2 mm aggregates showed a significant positive correlation with the CPC, MWD, and GMD (P < 0.01), and there was a significant negative correlation with the D and K (P < 0.05). The SOC and CPC of all the vegetation types were mainly distributed in the 0.25–2 mm and <0.25 mm aggregate fractions. The MWD, GMD, SOC, and CPC all gradually decreased with increasing soil depth. Overall, the effects of vegetation recovery on soil carbon sequestration and soil stability were related to vegetation type, aggregate particle size, and soil depth, and the GL and SL restoration patterns may be more suitable in this study area. Therefore, to improve the soil quality and the sequestration of organic carbon and reduce soil erosion, the protection of vegetation should be strengthened and the policy of returning farmland to forest should be prioritized.