bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Percutaneous Liver Biopsy in Hemophiliac Children With Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection
Authors: Schwarz Kathleen B , Zellos Aglaia , Stamato Lisette , Boitnott John , Perlman Elizabeth , Chong Sonny , Casella James F
Published: March 2009

Objective:

To develop a protocol for safe performance of percutaneous liver biopsies in children with deficiency of factor VIII (n = 12) or IX (n = 2) and chronic hepatitis C virus infection.

Patients and Methods:

Liver biopsies were performed after administration of factor VIII or IX, before and 24 weeks after cessation of antiviral therapy. To define the optimal means of providing replacement therapy, 10 children were enrolled in a randomized crossover design study of bolus versus continuous factor VIII for performance of the liver biopsy. For the crossover study, all of the patients were given a loading dose of 50 ± 5 IU recombinant factor (rF)VIII/kg; a minimum of factor VIII activity of ≥80% 30 to 60 minutes following factor VIII infusion was required for liver biopsy. For the bolus protocol, rFVIII 25 to 50 IU/kg was given 6, 14, 24, 36, 48, and 60 hours after completion of the loading dose. For the continuous protocol, rFVIII was given 3 to 4 IU/kg per hour for 48 hours, followed by a bolus of 25 IU/kg at 60 hours. In patients with factor IX deficiency, a loading dose of 100 IU/kg was followed by a bolus of 50 IU/kg at 3, 15, 27, and 48 hours after the loading dose.

Results:

Twenty liver biopsies were performed in children with factor VIII deficiency without major complications. One of the 3 biopsies in the patients with factor IX deficiency was complicated by a hemoperitoneum. Midazolam and fentanyl were used in the first 8 patients. However, postbiopsy pain, presumably secondary to hematoma in 2 patients and hemoperitoneum in 1, prompted us to use ultrasound to locate a suitable biopsy site and to change to propofol; this allowed us to better immobilize the liver, to minimize postbiopsy bleeding. The subsequent 15 biopsies were well tolerated without postbiopsy pain or other complication.

Conclusions:

Percutaneous liver biopsy in children with factor VIII deficiency can be safely performed using either bolus or continuous infusion of recombinant factor VIII. A brief general anesthetic and ultrasound guidance are recommended.
Direct Evidence of Mast Cell Participation in Acute Acid‐induced Esophageal Inflammation in Mice
Authors: Morganstern Jeffrey A , Wang Ming‐Yu , Wershil Barry K
Published: March 2009

Objectives:

Mast cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of esophagitis resulting from gastroesophageal acid reflux, but their precise role has been difficult to define. We proposed to directly examine the contribution of mast cells to neutrophil infiltration in a mouse model of acid‐induced esophageal injury.

Materials and Methods:

Normal and mast cell–deficient (Kit) mice underwent either a surgical procedure to induce acute acid reflux injury of the esophagus or sham surgery. Neutrophil infiltration in the esophagus was determined by morphometrical quantification. To further delineate the involvement of mast cells, acid‐induced esophageal injury was elicited in mast cell–deficient mice that had undergone mast cell reconstitution by bone marrow transplantation.

Results:

Normal mice exhibited significant neutrophil infiltration into the esophagus as a result of acid‐induced injury. The neutrophil accumulation was significantly diminished in mast cell–deficient mice. However, the neutrophil infiltration that resulted from acid‐induced injury in mast cell–reconstituted Kit mice was similar to that seen in normal mice.

Conclusions:

Our findings provide direct evidence that mast cells participate in the recruitment of neutrophils during acid‐induced esophageal injury in mice.
Using the New World Health Organisation Growth Standards: Differences From 3 Countries
Authors: Fenn Bridget , Penny Mary E
Published: March 2009

Objective:

To compare differences in child nutritional status and the prevalence of wasting, stunting, and underweight between the new World Health Organization (WHO) standards based on healthy optimally fed children from different cultures and the international National Centre for Health Statistics (NCHS)/WHO references using empirical data from the first round of a longitudinal panel study.

Materials and Methods:

Three cross‐sectional data sets from the Young Lives longitudinal study were analysed from India (Andhra Pradesh state), Peru, and Vietnam. Around 2000, children between 6 and 17.9 months old from each country were weighed and measured. Mean z scores for weight‐for‐length, weight‐for‐age, and length‐for‐age—and the prevalence of wasting, stunting, and underweight—were calculated using the new WHO growth standards and compared with the results calculated using NCHS/WHO references.

Results:

Compared with the NCHS reference, the mean weight‐for‐length and weight‐for‐age z scores for all countries were higher, and the mean length‐for‐age z scores were similar, using the WHO standards. The mean z score for weight‐for‐age was closer to zero, compared with NCHS, in all 3 countries, indicating that the WHO standard curves better reflect the pattern of ponderal growth in these populations. Using WHO standards, wasting was more prevalent in India and Peru but less prevalent in Vietnam. In all 3 countries a higher proportion of children were stunted and fewer children classified as underweight.

Conclusions:

Using the new WHO standards resulted in differences in mean z scores for weight‐for‐length and weight‐for‐age and changes in the prevalence of wasting, stunting, and underweight. The direction and magnitude of difference are not consistent.
Deamidated Gliadin Peptides Form Epitopes That Transglutaminase Antibodies Recognize
Authors: Korponay‐Szabó Ilma R , Vecsei Zsófia , Király Róbert , Dahlbom Ingrid , Chirdo Fernando , Nemes Éva , Fésüs László , Mäki Markku
Published: March 2009

Objective:

Deamidated gliadin peptides are efficient antigens in diagnostic tests for celiac disease, and results correlate better with transglutaminase 2–based assays than those with native gliadin. We investigated whether deamidated gliadin antigens are structurally similar to transglutaminase 2 or could mimic transglutaminase epitopes.

Patients and Methods:

Serum samples from 74 celiac and 65 control patients, and 13 different transglutaminase 2–specific monoclonal mouse antibodies were investigated for their binding to commercially available deamidated gliadin peptides using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, competition studies, and molecular modelling.

Results:

The enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay with deamidated gliadin peptides had 100% sensitivity and 98.5% specificity in patients. Deamidated gliadin epitopes also were recognized by 3 transglutaminase‐specific monoclonal antibodies, and antibodies affinity‐purified with deamidated gliadin peptides from celiac patient sera reacted with transglutaminase but did not show endomysial binding. The binding of the monoclonal antibodies to deamidated gliadin was inhibited dose dependently by full‐length recombinant human transglutaminase, its fragments containing the binding sites of these monoclonal antibodies, or by celiac patient antibodies. Deamidated gliadin peptides decreased the binding of transglutaminase‐specific monoclonal antibodies to transglutaminase. Three different cross‐reacting transglutaminase epitopes were found, of which 2 are located in the C‐terminal domain and 1 is conformational. The binding of celiac serum samples to deamidated gliadin peptides could not be abolished by transglutaminase or by any of the transglutaminase‐specific monoclonals, indicating that celiac sera also contain additional antibodies to gliadin epitopes different from transglutaminase.

Conclusions:

Certain deamidated gliadin–derived peptides and transglutaminase 2 epitopes have similar 3‐dimensional appearance. This homology may contribute to the induction of transglutaminase autoantibodies by molecular mimicry.
MERIT40 facilitates BRCA1 localization and DNA damage repair
Authors: Feng Lin , Huang Jun , Chen Junjie
Published: March 2009

The product of breast cancer susceptibility gene 1, BRCA1, plays pivotal roles in the maintenance of genomic integrity. Mounting evidence indicates that BRCA1 associates with many proteins or protein complexes to regulate diverse processes important for the cellular response to DNA damage. One of these complexes, which mediates the accumulation of BRCA1 at sites of DNA breaks, involves the ubiquitin-binding motif (UIM)-containing protein RAP80, a coiled-coil domain protein CCDC98/Abraxas, and a deubiquitinating enzyme BRCC36. Here we describe the characterization of a novel component of this complex, MERIT40 (Mediator of Rap80 Interactions and Targeting 40 kd), which together with an adaptor protein BRE/BRCC45, enforces the BRCA1-dependent DNA damage response. MERIT40 is assembled into this RAP80/CCDC98-containing complex via its direct interaction with BRE/BRCC45. Importantly, MERIT40 regulates BRCA1 retention at DNA breaks and checkpoint function primarily via a role in maintaining the stability of BRE and this five-subunit protein complex at sites of DNA damage. Together, our study reveals that a stable complex containing MERIT40 acts early in DNA damage response and regulates damage-dependent BRCA1 localization.
Inactivation of p53 and Pten promotes invasive bladder cancer
Authors: Puzio-Kuter Anna M. , Castillo-Martin Mireia , Kinkade Carolyn W. , Wang Xi , Shen Tian Huai , Matos Tulio , Shen Michael M. , Cordon-Cardo Carlos , Abate-Shen Cory
Published: March 2009

Although bladder cancer represents a serious health problem worldwide, relevant mouse models for investigating disease progression or therapeutic targets have been lacking. We show that combined deletion of p53 and Pten in bladder epithelium leads to invasive cancer in a novel mouse model. Inactivation of p53 and PTEN promotes tumorigenesis in human bladder cells and is correlated with poor survival in human tumors. Furthermore, the synergistic effects of p53 and Pten deletion are mediated by deregulation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, consistent with the ability of rapamycin to block bladder tumorigenesis in preclinical studies. Our integrated analyses of mouse and human bladder cancer provide a rationale for investigating mTOR inhibition for treatment of patients with invasive disease.
Mapping of quantitative trait loci affecting behaviour in swine
Authors: Reiner G. , Köhler F. , Berge T. , Fischer R. , Hübner‐Weitz K. , Scholl J. , Willems H.
Published: March 2009

Behavioural indices in vertebrates are under genetic control at least to some extent. In spite of significant behavioural problems in farm animals, information on the genetic background of behaviour is sparse. The aim of this study was to map QTL for behavioural indices in swine under healthy conditions and after infection withSarcocystis miescheriana, as behaviour can be significantly influenced by disease.This well‐described parasite model subsequently leads to acute (day 14 p.i.), subclinical (day 28 p.i.) and chronic disease (day 42 p.i.), allowing the study and comparison of the behaviour of pigs under four different states of health or disease. The study was based on a well‐described Pietrain/Meishan F2family that has recently allowed the detection of QTL for disease resistance. We have mapped six genome‐wide significant and 24 chromosome‐wide significant QTL for six behavioural indices in swine. Six of these QTL (i.e. 20% of total QTL) showed effects on behavioural traits of the healthy pigs (day 0). Some of them (QTL on SSC11 and 18) lost influence on behavioural activities during disease, while the effects of others (QTL on SSC5, SSC8) partly remained during the whole experiment, although with different effects on the distinct behavioural indices. The disease model has been of high relevance to detect effects of gene loci on behavioural indices. Considering the importance of segregating alleles and environmental conditions that allow the identification of the phenotype, we conclude that there are indeed QTL with interesting effects on behavioural indices in swine.
Another Case of Haemolytic Transfusion Reaction due to Incompatibility without Demonstrable Antibodies
Authors: Heistö Helge , Myhre Kåre , Börresen Wilhelm , Vogt Else , Heier Anna‐Margrethe
Published: March 2009

A haemolytic transfusion reaction is reported in which no incompatibility was demonstrable in vitro. The determination of the survival time of 51Cr‐tagged red cells from several donors showed markedly different disappearance rates. A specificity of the incompatibility was therefore suspected.

Une réaction hémolytique est décrite dans laquelle aucune incompatibilité n'a pu être mise en évidence in vitro. La détermination du temps de survie des érythrocytes marqués au Cr 51 provenant de nombrew donneurs a permis de constater des différences très marquées dans les taux de disparition des érythrocytes. Ceci laisse suspecter une spécificité de l'incompatibilité.

Es wird uber eine hämolytische Transfusionsreaktion berichtet, bei welcher in vitro keine Inkompatibilität festgestellt werden konnte. 51Cr‐markierte Erythrozyten verschiedener Spender wiesen stark unterschiedliche Überlebenszeiten im Empfängerorganismus auf. Es wurde deshalb eine Spezifität der Inkompatibilität vermutet.
Value of Adenine, Various Nucleosides, and Ouabain in Maintenance of Integrity of Red Blood Cells Under Blood Bank Conditions1
Authors: Odake K. , Bishop C. , Warner W. , Ambrus J. L.
Published: March 2009

Summary.The effects of adenine and various nucleosides on adenine nucleotide metabolism in red cells, as well as on other factors related to the storability of blood were compared during six weeks of storage under blood bank conditions. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and total adenine nucleotides were maintained at higher levels, and higher ratios of ATP to adenine diphosphate were observed, in blood containing citrate‐phosphate‐dextrose (CPD) solution than in blood containing acid‐citrate‐dextrose (ACD) solution. Higher levels of ATP and total adenine nucleotides were maintained in blood containing ACD together with both adenine and inosine than in blood containing ACD alone or together with only one of the two purines. ACD‐adenine was more effective in maintaining adenine nucleotides than was ACD‐inosine. Addition of uridine did not have any effect on adenine nucleotides in red cells. ATP and total adenine nucleotides were maintained at higher levels in CPD‐adenine than in CPD alone. The effect of CPD‐inosine or CPD‐adenine‐inosine was not investigated. ACD‐inosine caused a marked increase in plasma lactate, and inhibited glucose utilization, during storage. An increase in plasma inorganic phosphate was delayed by the addition of inosine, and this effect was augmented by adenine and guanosine. There were no findings suggestive of a beneficial effect of these additives on active cation transport, osmotic fragility, hemolysis, or the deterioration of blood cell morphology. Ouabain, an inhibitor of ATPase, had little effect on red cell nucleotide patterns or on other biochemical or morphological criteria for blood storage, possibly because of the low activity of ATPase at 4°C.
HL‐A Antigens in Hodgkin's Disease and Other Lymphomas
Authors: Sybesma J. Ph. H. B. , Borst‐Eilers Els , Holtzer J. D. , Moes Mieke , Pielage Els , Planque B. A. de
Published: March 2009

Abstract.35 patients with Hodgkin's disease, 13 patients with other lymphomas and 26 control subjects have been typed for 8 HL‐A antigens.

The frequency of HL‐A8 and HL‐A7 was higher among the patients with Hodgkin's disease and other lymphomas than among control subjects. In contrast to findings reported by others we did not find any difference in HL‐A5 frequency between patients with Hodgkin's disease and control subjects.
Anti‐β‐Lipoprotein Activity of Human Monoclonal Immunoglobulins
Authors: Riesen W. , Noseda G. , Bütler R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Human sera containing monoclonal immunoglobulins were screened for antibody‐like activity against lipoproteins by immunodiffusion tests and the passive hemagglutination of low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) coated red cells. Weak positive reactions with human LDL were observed in about 10% of fresh sera. All sera reacted with the patient's own LDL and did not display any specificity against the 8 iso‐antigens of the Ag‐system. No reaction with human high‐density lipoproteins (HDL) and with LDL of animals could be detected. In the case of IgA and IgG myeloma proteins the binding activity was due to the M‐component. The Fab fragment obtained after enzymatic digestion of myeloma IgG with papain could be shown to be the reactive part of the immunoglobulin molecule. The described antibody‐like activity was associated with hypolipidemia.
The Lu(a‐b‐) Syndrome and an Apparent Upset of P1 Inheritance
Authors: Contreras Marcela , Tippett Patricia
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The inhibitor gene responsible for the dominant form of Lu(a‐b‐), called In(Lu), which also inhibits Aua, i and P1, was the cause of an apparent upset in the rules of inheritance of the P system. The same Sardinian kindred also shows In(Lu)to be genetically independent of the P and Yt loci.
C3, GBG, Orosomucoid and Haptoglobin Polymorphisms Improved Staining Methods1
Authors: Tulchin N. , Ornstein L. , Weiner P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. C3, GBG, and orosomucoid polymorphisms were electrophoresed in a high‐voltage agarose method which permitted the typing of 15–20 samples. The increased sensitivity of the dye Coommassie blue was used to stain the protein, and yielded higher resolution than amido black.

The typing of haptoglobin samples, was facilitated by devising a method which utilizes the peroxidase activity of the haptoglobin‐hemoglobin complex with 0‐tolidine and hydrogen peroxide as substrates and 4‐chloro‐1‐naphthol as coupler.
Acid Elution of Blood Group Antibodies from Intact Erythrocytes
Authors: Rekvig Ole Petter , Hannestad Kristian
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Human IgM and IgG antibodies against blood group antigens (A, B, D, C, c, E, e, Fya, K), autoantibodies and mouse IgM and IgG antibodies against sheep erythrocytes have been eluted from intact human and sheep red cells by glycine‐HC1 buffer, pH 3.0. The yield of human antibodies was higher with acid than with heat and ether elution, and the contamination of hemoglobin in the eluate was negligible. The acid elution method is very simple and rapid and, therefore, highly suitable for experimental as well as routine immuno‐hematological work.
Buffy Coat and Cell Separator Granulocyte Concentrates
Authors: Hughes Andrew , Addison I.E. , Al‐Hadithy H. , Brozović B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Buffy coat granulocyte concentrates were prepared manually from single fresh whole blood donations after centrifugation. The erythrocyte, granulocyte and platelet numbers in these concentrates were compared to cell numbers in concentrates obtained by mechanical leukapheresis using intermittent flow centrifugation. Buffy coats contained approximately half the number of granulocytes and three times the number of erythrocytes per unit volume than cell separator concentrates. There was no difference in platelet numbers. Thus to give a therapeutic dose of granulocytes equivalent to that obtained by cell separation, 2–3 times greater volume of buffy coat concentrates would be required.

In vitro granulocyte function, as measured by migration, phagocytosis, and Candida killing was also compared in buffy coat and cell separator concentrates. The only difference found was reduced Candida killing in the buffy coat granulocytes.

The possible clinical use of buffy coat concentrates, as a source of granulocytes, is discussed.
Partial Separation of Blood Clotting Factors, Albumin, and IgG by Continuous Free Film Electrophoresis
Authors: Austen D.E.G. , Cartwright T. , Dickerson C.H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Blood plasma and factor VIII concentrate have been fractionated by continuous free film electrophoresis in an apparatus which was designed to overcome the problems of overheating usually inherent in this technique. Results show that complete separation of plasma proteins is unlikely to be obtained by a single passage through this apparatus. However, a useful degree of fractionation may be obtained with certain proteins, for example fibrinogen and IgG.

It should be possible to concentrate blood clotting factors if the electrophoresis is used in combination with a conventional separation procedure such as adsorption on aluminium hydroxide. The advantage of the electrophoretic technique is that it is a continuous process using the minimum of extraneous chemicals. The disadvantage is that it introduces a 40‐fold dilution into the fractionation.
Non‐Centrifugal Plasma Collection Using Cross‐Flow Membrane Plasmapheresis
Authors: Heal J.M. , Bailey G. , Helphingstine C. , Thiem P.A. , Leddy J.P. , Buchholz D.H. , Nusbacher J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A prototype of a cross‐flow membrane plasmapheresis system was tested for its safety and efficacy in normal donors. 550 ml of plasma can be harvested in less than 1 h. The procedure appears to be safe for the donor. No significant alterations in donor hematological, coagulation, or biochemical values were obtained after the procedure compared to the predonation levels. Changes in the classical and alternate complement pathways were studied serially by analysis of functional hemolytic titers, C3 and C4 levels, and C3 and factor B cleavage products. No firm evidence of complement activation by the polysulfone filtration cell membrane was found.
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Antibody in Male Homosexuals: A Source for CMV Immune Globulin
Authors: Ikram H. , Prince A.M. , Baker L.N.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Male homosexuals have been found to have an extraordinarily high prevalence, and high titers, of antibodies to cytomegalovirus (CMV), as determined by complement‐fixation and passive hemagglutination tests. These findings support other data suggesting that CMV may be sexually transmitted. The high titers of CMV antibody found in this population suggest that the homosexual population may be a valuable source of plasma for preparations of CMV immune globulins. CMV immune globulins may be useful in passive immunoprophylaxis or immunotherapy in immunosuppressed patients.
The Sdx Antigen and Antibody: Biochemical Studies on the Inhibitory Property of Human Urine
Authors: Bass L.S. , Rao A.H. , Goldstein J. , Marsh W.L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Anti‐Sdx is an IgM complement‐binding autoantibody that defines a red cell antigen which is independent of I, i, Sp1(Pr) and Gd. Hemagglutination by the antibody is unusually sensitive to variation in pH, salt, or other charged molecular species. The antibody is inhibited by urine from Sd(a+) persons, but inhibition is a nonspecific effect caused by charged molecules. No specific Sdx substance could be demonstrated, and Sdx antigen does not appear to be directly associated with the Sid blood group. In view of these findings we propose that this antibody should be renamed anti‐Rx.
A Technique for the Concentration of Nucleated Bone Marrow Cells for in vitro Manipulation or Cryopreservation Using the IBM 2991 Blood Cell Processor
Authors: Gilmore M. J. M. L. , Prentice H. G. , Corringham R.E. , Blacklock H.A. , Hoffbrand A. V.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 27 bone marrow aspirates were processed on the IBM 2991 Blood Cell Processor to achieve a reduction in volume (>80%) and in red blood cell contamination (>75%), without loss (<20%) of nucleated cells. The procedure was used to concentrate nucleated bone marrow cells either prior to cryopreservation for subsequent autologous transplantation, or prior to incubation with a murine monoclonal antibody (OKT3) for allogeneic transplantation. We conclude that the procedures used for the concentration, cryopreservation, thawing and infusion do not adversely affect the viability of cells as assessed by in vitro culture (CFU‐GM). Of the marrows processed, 12 have been reinfused and resulted in successful engraftment.
Distribution of Antigenic Determinants on Human IgA1
Authors: Biewenga Jeike , Oliemans J. , Daus F. , de Lange Gerda , van Eede P. , van Leeuwen F. , van Loghem Erna
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The distribution of antigenic determinants on human IgA was studied with fragments and mutants of IgA1. F(abc)2 and Fabc, lacking the CH3 domain, F(ab′)2 and Fab′, lacking the CH2 and CH3 domain, Fab that further lacks most of the hinge region, and Fc fragments were included in our investigations. Antibodies specific for the CH3 domain of IgA1 were found in antisera raised against an α1‐HCD protein and in anti‐Fcα antisera. The antisera detected different antigenic determinants on CH3 as was shown by inhibition with sera from nonhuman primates. An anti‐Fc5μ antiserum detected a determinant on Fc common to IgA and IgM. The serum of an IgA‐deficient individual reacted with a determinant on CH2 of four‐chain molecules only. A subclass‐specific anti‐Fabc antiserum detected a determinant which needed interaction of CH2 and CH1 or the hinge region. Anti‐Fab antisera reacted with class or subclass specific determinants on CH1. The isoal‐lotype nA2m(2) is probably located on CH1. Its expression requires two α‐chains stabilized in a conformation attributed to by CH2.
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia: Serological Behavior of Platelet Antibodies
Authors: Ribera Anna , Martin‐Vega Carmen , Massuet Lluis , Argelagués Enric , Tornos Carmen , Triginer José
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The study of the specificity of platelet autoantibodies has made it possible to expand our knowledge about the immune characterization of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. We report on a study of eluates obtained from 10 patients' platelets with autoimmune thrombocytopenia. They were tested with platelets obtained from healthy donors (Zw a + and Zw a ‐) and with type I Glanzmann platelets. Our results, as those reported by van Leeuwen et al. in 1982, suggest that the autoantibodies recognize one or more antigenic markers probably carried by glycoproteins IIb and IIIa.
Perturbations of Granulocyte Counts Induced by Procedural, Chemical and Physiological Events Occurring during Filtration Leukapheresis in Rats
Authors: Roy A.J. , Bank H.L. , Howard W.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. During filtration leukapheresis a factor(s) is produced, released or extracted into rat blood which causes a transient granulocytosis in pheresed animals and in recipients of homologous plasma from these animals. To identify which factors contribute to this granulocytosis, the procedural steps involved in filtration leukapheresis as well as a number of chemical agents which are potentially extracted from of produced by the procedure, were tested for their ability to stimulate granulocytosis. Procedural steps tested included the depth of anesthesia, effect of the anticoagulant and possible interactions of blood cells with the plastic tubing in the system (sham‐pheresis). Chemical agents tested included common mediators of inflammation and proteinases released by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), extracts of nylon fibers and Tygon tubing, nylon monomers and solvents used in the manufacture of nylon, oxidized and decomplemented plasma and lysates of PMNs or microorganisms. Our findings demonstrate that several of these agents contribute to the granulocytosis seen during filtration leukapheresis of rats.
An Integrated Liquid‐Frozen Blood Banking System1
Authors: Valeri C.R. , Sims K.L. , Bates J.F. , Reichman D. , Lindberg J.R. , Wilson A. C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Frozen red cells have been field‐tested at the Mobile Fleet Hospital deployed at 29 Palms, Calif., and at Bridgeport, Calif., and at the PACOM Blood Program Office, Okinawa, Japan, to evaluate the feasibility of using these products to support the US Navy and Marines in combat areas.

We studied both nonrejuvenated and rejuvenated cryopreserved red cell concentrates. Red cells stored at 4°C in CPD or CPDA‐1 for 3–6 days (nonrejuvenated), and red cells stored at 4°C in CPD for 22–26 days or in CPDA‐1 for 36–38 days before biochemical modification (rejuvenated), were frozen with 40% w/v glycerol at ‐80°C. A multiple‐bag collection system with a 600 or 800 ml primary bag was used for blood collection, and the primary bag was used for processing from preparation of the red cell concentrate through prewash dilution. The thawed red cells were washed with 1.5 liters of a sodium chloride‐glucose‐phosphate solution.

As part of this feasibility study, frozen red cells were shipped by air in dry ice (‐79 °C), and previously frozen washed red cells were shipped in wet ice (4°C). In vitro red cell recovery values were at least 90%. After postwash storage at 4°C for as long as 3 days, the red cells had 24‐hour posttransfusion survivals of at least 70%, normal or slightly impaired oxygen transport function, and minimal hemolysis.
A Rare Rh Haplotype Producing Cw and c, and D and e in a German Family
Authors: Giannetti Manuela , Stadle Edith , Rittner C. , Lomas Christine , Tippett Patricia
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An example of the rare Rh gene complex CwcDe was deduced from an apparent mother‐child exclusion. Fortunate segregation in a 3‐generation family shows the rare gene complex produces D and e as well as Cw and c antigen.
Immunochemical Characterization of a Monoclonal Anti‐LebBlood Grouping Reagent
Authors: Messeter L. , Brodin T. , Chester M.A. , Karlsson K.‐A. , Zopf D. , Lundblad A.
Published: March 2009

A haemagglutinating monoclonal anti‐LebLantibody has been obtained from a mouse‐mouse hybridoma after immunization with the Leb‐active oligosaccharide lacto‐N‐difucohexaose I, coupled to edestin. Of 13 other antibodies obtained, one was able to agglutinate enzyme‐treated erythrocytes of all ABO groups and three more were considered to be anti‐LebHhaemagglutinins. The remaining nine antibodies did not agglutinate red cells. The specificity of the stronger of the anti‐LebLhaemagglutinins was examined by studying its binding to a number of glycoconjugates and oligosaccharides.
Platelet Preservation in Large Containers1
Authors: Kakaiya Ram M. , Katz Alfred J.
Published: March 2009

The influence of the size of the container on platelet concentrate storage at 20–24°C was examined. Baseline studies were obtained with 50 platelet concentrates in 300‐ml PL‐146 plastic containers. Experimental studies included 6 platelet concentrates each in 300‐, 600‐ and 2,000‐ml containers made of PL‐146 plastic. Platelet count, total platelets, pO2, pCO2, pH, glucose consumption, lactate production, platelet morphology and recovery by platelets to osmotic stress were monitored during storage.

During storage, the best pH and morphology values were observed with 2,000‐ml containers. The lowest glucose consumption and lactate production were also associated with the 2,000‐ml containers. Intermediate improvement in these parameters was noted in 600‐ml containers. Recovery from osmotic stress was better in 2,000‐ and 600‐ml containers as compared to 300‐ml containers. In addition, characteristic changes in pO2 and pCO2 during storage suggest that improved platelet preservation in larger containers is due to improved gas exchange conditions obtained with increased surface area available for gas exchange.
Evidence of Autonomous Red Cell Expression of Xga Antigen in Human Bone Marrow Transplantation
Authors: Sparkes Robert S. , Crist Michol , Sparkes Maryellen C.
Published: March 2009

Human bone marrow transplant chimeras afford the opportunity to determine whether a red blood cell antigen is autonomously controlled. Evaluation of an Xg(a‐) recipient and an Xg(a+) recipient, each transplanted with bone marrow of donors of opposite Xga types, shows that the Xga antigen is of the donor type following transplantation. This indicates that the Xga antigen is controlled by the red blood cell, and confirms earlier studies in natural chimeras.
Weak D Antigen Testing Using the Groupamatic System
Authors: Glackin K.C. , Sherwood W.C. , Hoppe P.A. , McIntyre K.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Reliable detection of the weak D (Du) antigen has been a problem for the Groupamatic typing equipment. Using several anti‐D sera of known concentration and Du red cells, dose‐response curves produced by the Groupamatic revealed variation in the ability to detect the Du antigen by commercial anti‐D reagents. Variation in the reactivity of the Du antigen among Du‐positive donors was noted. Studies were conducted to determine optimal conditions for the Groupamatic to detect the weakest Du cells. When these conditions were applied to the retesting, 28 cell samples previously found falsely negative by a number of blood centers were accurately detected.
Evaluation of an Enzyme‐Linked Antiglobulin Test for the Detection of Red Cell Antibodies
Authors: Lown J.A.G. , Davis R.E. , Kelly A. , Ban A.L. , Gibson D.L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An enzyme‐linked antiglobulin test (ELAT) using low ionic strength saline for the initial red cell sensitisation phase, and alkaline phosphatase conjugated antiglobulin (AP‐AHG), has been compared with a conventional low ionic strength antiglobulin test in testing 222 red cell antibodies of various specificities. A wide variation in absorbance values was observed at all levels of haemagglutination strength. Relatively higher absorbance values were obtained with anti‐K compared with the agglutination gradings. Haemolysis was eliminated by modifying the substrate buffer used for diluting the AP‐AHG, since fixation of red cells prior to sensitisation significantly reduced the sensitivity of the ELAT. Five commercial AP‐AHG reagents compared in tests with D, Fya, K and Jka antibodies varied markedly in performance, some being unsatisfactory. The ELAT can be effectively used for antibody detection as well as quantitative determinations but requires automation to realise its full potential.
Leukapheresis in a Patient with Sézary Syndrome
Authors: Decaro J.H. , Novoa J.E. , de Anda G. , Galaschi D. , Rodriguez A. , de Bellis R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A patient with Sézary syndrome refractory to cytotoxic agents underwent leukapheresis on the Aminco continuous flow centrifuge. Five procedures were performed over a 15‐day period. A total of 6.9 × 109 cells were removed. The patient's skin lesions and lymphadenopathy regressed.

Repeated removal of the buffy coat by leukapheresis has not resulted in thrombocytopenia. It is concluded that cytapheresis may be effective in this clinical condition even when the peripheral leukocyte count is normal.
A Single‐Step Method for the Isolation of Antithrombin III1,2
Authors: Wickerhauser Milan , Williams Craigenne
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A single‐step method is described for the isolation of a highly purified antithrombin III (AT III) concentrate at a recovery of over 30% using affinity chromatography on heparin‐Sepharose (HS). The polyethylene glycol precipitation step frequently employed in the preparation of AT III concentrates for clinical use has been eliminated and purification is accomplished entirely by optimizing the salt concentration in the HS washing buffer to enhance the desorption of impurities prior to elution of AT III. Pasteurization of the AT III concentrate in the presence of 0.5 M sodium citrate to minimize the risk of hepatitis decreases the recovery by about 20% and induces changes in the patterns obtained by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by crossed immunoelectrophoresis in heparinized agarose gel.
Assessment of Methods for Cytomegalovirus Antibody Testing of Blood Donations
Authors: Chung A. , Chang W. , Leung M.K. , Ofosu F.A. , Moore B.P.L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. As part of a programme to establish a panel of individuals with high titres of anticytomegalovirus (CMV) IgG for the production of CMV Ig, the CMV serostatus of 139 normal blood donors was determined by indirect haemagglutination assay, enzyme immunoassay, and complement fixation. The indirect haemagglutination assay was the most accurate and convenient method for the detection of CMV antibody negative donations. Plasma for production of hyperimmune CMV IgG could best be selected by an IgG‐specific enzyme immunoassay procedure.
Metabolism of Guanosine in Human Erythrocytes
Authors: Ericson Åke , Niklasson Frank , De Verdier Carl‐Henric
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The metabolism of guanosine in human erythrocytes has been studied in two different experimental systems – direct incubation and dialysis incubation – the latter allowing continuous addition and removal of substances. Intra‐ and extracellular purine compounds were analyzed using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). At 37°C, a normal pH (7.4) and a favorably high concentration of inorganic phosphate, guanine nucleotides were synthesized at a substance rate of about 0.17 mmol · h‐1 (calculated per liter erythrocytes) when guanosine was kept at a concentration of 25 μmol · I‐1. At a higher guanosine concentration the rate of synthesis increased only moderately. Erythrocytes loaded with guanylates lost these nucleotides at a rate of 0.023 mmol · h‐1 at a normal phosphate concentration and somewhat slowlier at a higher phosphate concentration. The metabolism kept the guanylates in an equilibrium that was similar to the equilibrium between the adenylates.
Evaluation of Flatbed Reciprocal Motion Agitators for Resuspension of Stored Platelet Concentrates
Authors: Snyder Edward L. , Ferri Patricia , Brown Richard , Gallup Peggy , Roberts Stanley
Published: March 2009

Abstract. We studied the storage characteristics of platelet concentrates prepared in polyolefin (PL‐732) and thin‐film polyvinyl chloride (CLX) plastic bags and stored on a newly designed flatbed reciprocal motion agitator with a 1.5 inch (3.8 cm) lateral movement and an oscillation frequency of 70 cycles/min. We also studied the ability of this device to resuspend the platelet button formed after preparative centrifugation. Results showed that platelet concentrates stored on the 1.5‐inch shaker had storage characteristics equivalent to those reported for the conventional 70 cycles/min, 1‐inch (2.5‐cm) lateral movement flatbed shaker. Due to a more rapid acceleration and deceleration rate, however, the 1.5‐inch shaker resuspended the platelet button formed after preparative centrifugation much more efficiently than did the less dynamic 1‐inch shaker. Furthermore, with either agitator, platelet aggregates in the CLX bag were more readily resuspended than were aggregates in the PL‐732 bag due in part to differences in plastic bag wall elasticity.
Detection of Combined ABH and Lewis Glycosphingolipids in Sera of H‐Deficient Donors
Authors: Bernoco M. , Danilovs J. , Terasaki P. I. , Cartron J. P. , Mollicone R. , Pendu J. Le , Oriol R.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The sera of H‐normal, H‐weak and H‐deficient individuals transferred the same amounts of ABH and Lewis antigens to lymphocytes in culture, confirming that the circulating ABH and Lewis antigens detected by lymphocytotoxicity are independent of the H‐h system. These antigens were, as expected, under the control of the secretor and Lewis systems in the same way as exocrine secretions. These results suggest that both circulating ABH and Lewis glycosphingolipids and exocrine ABH and Lewis glycoproteins can be synthesized by the same tissues.
A Microtiter Modification of Granulocyte Immunofluorescence1
Authors: Press C. , Kline W. E. , Clay M. E. , McCullough J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The granulocyte immunofluorescence test (GIFT) is valuable for detecting allogeneic and autologous granulocyte antibodies. However, the original tube technique (macro GIFT) requires 50–100 μl of serum and 106 granulocytes with time‐consuming washing steps which cause cell loss. We report a modification (micro GIFT) using microtiter trays which requires only 20 μl of serum and 2 times 105 granulocytes. The modified method conserves reagents, reduces the time required for washing by 67%, decreases cell loss in washing by 74%, reduces the volume of conjugate required by 67%, and compares favorably with the macro GIFT in accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity.
The Second Example of Anti‐K22 and a Family Genetically Informative for K and K22
Authors: Manny N. , Levene C. , Harel N. , Schneiderman S. , Simon A. , Daniels G.L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The second example of anti‐K22 was found, like the first, in an Iranian Jew living in Israel. The consanguineous parents of the propositus were both K+k+, and investigation of the family suggested that K22 is controlled by the Kell locus; K travelling with K22 and k with K‐22.
Concentration of Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells from Human Bone Marrow by a New Type of Blood Component Separator
Authors: Figdor C.G. , de Witte T. , Raymakers R. , Haanen C. , Bont W.S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new type of blood component separator (BCS) was used for the isolation of hematopoietic progenitor cells from human bone marrow aspirates. The BCS was filled with 100–150 ml bone marrow and centrifuged to prepare a buffy coat. This buffy coat was isolated in 10–15% of the original bone marrow volume and contained 64 ± 8% of the nucleated cells (NC). Morphological examination revealed that the buffy coat was highly enriched for myeloblasts, promyelocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes, whereas the contamination with granulocytes was reduced to 46 ± 8% of the granulocytes initially present in the bone marrow suspension. In addition the contamination with red blood cells (RBC) was very low; the buffy coat contained only 6 ± 2% of the RBC. Furthermore it was demonstrated by means of colony assays that the buffy coat was highly enriched for hematopoietic progenitor cells. It contained 91 ± 6% of the granulocyte/monocyte progenitor cells (CFU‐GM) and 87 ± 9% of the erythroid progenitor cells (BFU‐E). These results are comparable to those obtained with continuous or semicontinuous blood cell processors. The advantages of the BCS is that it is a simple and inexpensive apparatus which fits in a normal blood bank centrifuge. It permits efficient preparation and isolation of a buffy coat from human bone marrow without substantial loss of hematopoietic progenitor cells.
Prevalence of Antibodies to Lymphadenophahy‐AIDS Virus in French Haemophiliacs
Authors: Aymard J.P. , Janot C. , Chermann J.C. , Montagnier L. , Briquel M.E. , Legras B. , Alexandre P. , Streiff F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 49 French haemophiliacs (haemophilia A: 41 patients; haemophilia B: 8 patients) were serologically testes for lymphadenopathy — AIDS virus antibodies: 10 patients (20.4%) were seropositive including 9 (21.9%) with haemophilia A and 1 (12.5%) with haemophilia B. Among haemophiliacs A, seropositive patients received significantly larger amounts of factor VIII concentrate during the 2 years preceding the study.
Quantitative Differential Agglutination Method Using the Coulter Counter to Measure Survival of Compatible but Identifiable Red Blood Cells1
Authors: Valeri C.R. , Landrock R.D. , Pivacek L.E. , Gray A.D. , Fink J.G. , Szymanski I.O.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The method described here using a centrifuge and Coulter Cell Counter for the quantitative differential agglutination of human red cells uses commercial anti‐A and anti‐B antisera for the ABO system, and for the Rh system a commercial anti‐D serum, a low ionic strength solution and an anti‐human IgG antiserum. We compared this Coulter Counter method with the Technicon AutoAnalyzer method which utilizes bromelin and polyvinyl pyrrolidone, and anti‐A, anti‐B and anti‐CD antisera, and found this new method to be the simpler of the two. The nonagglutinable count with the Coulter Counter was 1.07% for A1 red cells, 2.26% for A2 red cells, 1.06% for B red cells, and 1.78% for Rh‐positive red cells, results similar to those seen with the Technicon AutoAnalyzer.

Results with the Coulter Counter method were consistently accurate whether the ACD red cells were studied on the day of collection, after 10 days of 4 °C storage, or after 4 °C storage for up to 6 days followed by cryopreservation with 40% (w/v) glycerol at–80 °C, thawing and washing.

In this study, red cell samples obtained from recipients who had received compatible but identifiable donor red cells were frozen with 40% glycerol and stored at–80 °C for 10 months, thawed and washed. Survival measurements on these washed previously frozen red cells were similar to the values in liquid‐stored red cells.
Isolation of Mononuclear Leukocytes in a Plastic Bag System Using Ficoll‐Hypaque1
Authors: Carciero R. , Valeri C. R.
Published: March 2009

Mononuclear cells, present in bone marrow and peripheral blood, have been isolated from red cells and granulocytes using a ficoll‐hypaque density centrifugation process. Cells isolated by this process which uses centrifuge tubes may become contaminated. In 19 studies in our laboratory we used Ficoll‐Hypaque treatment to isolate mononuclear cells from cellular residues obtained during plateletpheresis using a modified 600‐ml polyvinylchloride (PL‐146) plastic bag with the Haemonetics blood processor V‐50 or the Fenwal CS‐3000 blood processor. The 600‐ml PVC plastic bag was modified by sealing its vertical edges using radio frequency to form a narrow bag with a volume of approximately 200 ml. A 125‐volume of diluted apheresis cellular residue was collected, and the mononuclear cells were isolated as follows: the diluted cellular residue was layered onto 75 ml of Ficoll‐Hypaque with a specific gravity of 1.077 and was centrifuged at 260 g for 30 min at 22°C. The supernatant plasma was removed. The mononuclear cell layer was transferred to a sterile 600‐ml transfer bag, and the cells were washed with saline. Of the 4.24d±0.9 times 109 mononuclear cells applied to the gradient, approximately 3.73±0.8times109 cells were recovered. The recovered cells consisted of 77.3±8% lymphocytes, 19.0±7% monocytes, and 3.6±3% granulocytes. There was no significant difference in tissue culture growth in the CFU‐GEMM assay of mononuclear cells whether the plastic tube or the plastic bag system was used. Aerobic bacteriologic cultures were negative. The PL‐146 plastic bag system used in this study proved to be a significant aid in isolating mononuclear cells from plateletpheresis residue.
Intravenous Immunoglobulins: Pharmacological Aspects and Therapeutic Use
Authors: Hässig A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract.The requirements for a present‐day IVIG preparation are outlined. These are mainly: fully preserved activities of the recognition and effector functions of the IgG molecule, a normal subclass distribution, and a normal half‐life after infusion.

The therapeutic uses of IVIG preparations are discussed as follows: (1) Antibody substitution in cases of generalized or partial antibody deficiency in immune‐compromised patients. These include the following diseases: hypogamma‐globulinemia (congenital and aquired, including the neonates); drug‐induced and viral immunosuppression. (2) Antibody substitution in cases of selective antibody deficiency in otherwise immune‐competent patients. These include acute cases of consumptive antibody deficiencies of the Jarisch‐Herxheimer reaction type; in particular, chronic inflammations which apparently involve ineffective immune responses in which the organism is unable to build up sufficient amounts of antibodies with the required partial specificity, which is indispensable for overcoming the disease. (3) Modulation of the immune system by Ig‐Ig interactions (mainly idiotype‐anti‐idiotype interactions) and Ig‐Fc‐receptor interactions, as it is known from the RES blockade during IVIG treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.