bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Species Comparison of Postnatal Development of the Female Reproductive System
Authors: Laffan Susan B. , Posobiec Lorraine M. , Uhl Jenny E. , Vidal Justin D.
Published: December 2017

The postnatal development of the female reproductive system in laboratory animals and humans is reviewed. To enable a meaningful species comparison of the developing female reproductive system, common definitions of developmental processes were established with a focus made on aspects that are similar across species. A species comparison of the key endocrine, morphologic, and functional (onset of ovarian cycles and ability to reproduce) features of postnatal development of the female reproductive system is provided for human, nonhuman primate, dog, rat, and also mouse, minipig, and rabbit where possible. Species differences in the timing and control of female sexual maturation are highlighted.

Additionally, a species comparison of the type and timing of female reproductive ovarian cycles was compiled. Human development provided the frame of reference, and then other common laboratory species were compared. The comparison has inherent challenges because the processes involved and sequence of events can differ greatly across species. Broad strokes were taken to assign a particular average age to an event and are to be used with caution. Methods of evaluation of postnatal female reproductive development in laboratory animals are discussed. Lastly, control rodent data from one of the author's laboratory on vaginal opening, first estrus, estrous cyclicity, and the histopathology involved with the developing female rat and mouse are presented. The information provided in this review is intended to be a resource for the design and interpretation of juvenile animal toxicity testing and ultimately, the relevance of the data to characterize potential risks for women and girls. Birth Defects Research 110:163–189, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Designing an Autonomous Integrated Downstream Sequence From a Batch Separation Process − An Industrial Case Study
Authors: Löfgren Anton , Andersson Niklas , Sellberg Anton , Nilsson Bernt , Löfgren Magnus , Wood Susanne
Published: December 2017

This work is a proof of concept of how a sequence of industrial batch separation steps together are used to form an integrated autonomous downstream process. The sequence in this case study consisted of an anion chromatography step, virus inactivation and finally a hydrophobic chromatography step. Moving from batch to integrated separation minimizes hold‐up times, storage tanks, and required equipment. The conversion from batch to integrated mode is achieved by extracting operating points and separation data from batch chromatograms. The integrated separation process is realized on an ÄKTA Pure controlled by an open research software called Orbit, making it possible to operate complex process configurations including multiple steps. The results from this case study is the principle and method of the steps taken to automation, achieving a more continuous and efficient downstream process.
Smart Metal‐Organic Frameworks (MOFs): Switching Gas Permeation through MOF Membranes by External Stimuli
Authors: Knebel Alexander , Zhou Chen , Huang Aisheng , Zhang Jian , Kustov Leonid , Caro Juergen
Published: December 2017

The switching of gas permeation and adsorption on polymers, zeolites, and metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) by external stimuli like temperature, pressure, light, and electric fields is discussed. Especially MOFs as soft porous crystals are suitable candidates for switching gas transport. If the linker of a MOF contains a cis‐trans switchable azo moiety, switching of the trans state into the cis state reduces gas transport through a MOF membrane. On the other hand, MOFs with dipolar or ionic components can be switched upon polarization with an electric field into polymorphs of the starting MOF. A ZIF‐8 membrane can be switched into a polymorph with a rather stiff lattice, which sharpens the molecular sieving effect of the membrane, and, as an example, the propene/propane selectivity increases.
Experimental investigation on two‐phase flow maldistribution in parallel minichannels with U‐type configuration
Authors: Madanan Umesh , Nayak Rajlakshmi , Chatterjee Dhiman , Das Sarit K.
Published: December 2017

Two‐phase flow in parallel minichannels finds a number of applications. Maldistribution between parallel channels reduces both the thermal and fluid‐dynamic performances. To reduce the maldistribution effect, it is important to have information about the phase split in individual channels. The present study brings out the effects of various parameters like the channel diameter, number of channels, two‐phase flow regimes, and void fraction on the flow split in two‐phase flow inside a system of parallel channels for a U‐type configuration. Experiments are carried out with the plug and slug regimes typical to minichannel flows. High speed photography is used for flow visualization and the pressure drop values in individual channels are measured with a differential pressure transmitter to quantify maldistribution. The time averaged void fraction is found using an image processing technique. A counterintuitive non‐monotonous distribution of the void fraction in the channels brings out the fact that in two‐phase flow splitting, the relative distribution of the two phases does not depend on pressure drop alone. Flow configuration and the two‐phase flow regime in the header play a key role. An analysis with the existing separated flow model modified for minichannels reveals that although it is possible to estimate the orders of magnitude with respect to splitting, better splitting models still need to be developed. An empirical correlation for variation of the normalized pressure drop in the parallel minichannels, as a function of dimensionless distance along the header, is developed for each of the investigated flow regimes.
Increased temperature disrupts chemical communication in some species but not others: The importance of local adaptation and distribution
Authors: Iglesias‐Carrasco Maider , Head Megan L. , Martín José , Cabido Carlos
Published: December 2017

Environmental conditions experienced by a species during its evolutionary history may shape the signals it uses for communication. Consequently, rapid environmental changes may lead to less effective signals, which interfere with communication between individuals, altering life history traits such as predator detection and mate searching. Increased temperature can reduce the efficacy of scent marks released by male lizards, but the extent to which this negative effect is related to specific biological traits and evolutionary histories across species and populations have not been explored. We experimentally tested how increased temperature affects the efficacy of chemical signals of high‐ and low‐altitude populations of three lizard species that differ in their ecological requirements and altitudinal distributions. We tested the behavioral chemosensory responses of males from each species and population to male scent marks that had been incubated at one of two temperatures (cold 16°C or hot 20°C). In high‐altitude populations of a mountain species (Iberolacerta monticola), the efficacy of chemical signals (i.e., latency time and number of tongue flicks) was lower after scent marks had been exposed to a hot temperature. The temperature that scent marks were incubated at did not affect the efficacy of chemical signals in a ubiquitous species (Podarcis muralis) or another mountain species (I. bonalli). Our results suggest that specific ecological traits arising through local adaptation to restricted distributions may be important in determining species vulnerability to climatic change.
Direct Evidence of a Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Diluted “Molybdenum‐Copper” Molecular Compounds
Authors: Bridonneau Nathalie , Quatremare Pierre , von Bardeleben Hans Jurgen , Cantin Jean‐Louis , Pillet Sébastien , Bendeif El‐Eulmi , Marvaud Valérie
Published: December 2017

For the first time, direct evidence of a photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer has been found in the “molybdenum‐copper“ family of cyanide complexes that corresponds to a [MoIV–CuII]→[MoV–CuI] transition. The design and synthesis of a diluted molecular system, [Mo(Zn(1–x)Cux)2‐tren] (x = 0, ε, 1, 5 and 10 %, , with ε corresponding to ppm ratio), viewed as new model compounds, have allowed good characterization of the metastable states involved in the process and provided evidence for two different mechanisms. By using squid magnetometry, EPR spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction, the results of this study have confirmed not only the photoinduced electron transfer, but also supports the light‐induced excited spin state trapping effect centred on the molybdenum, thought to be due to the presence of a high‐spin state (S = 1). This article provides a better understanding of the photomagnetic behaviour in Mo‐Cu complexes and reveals the importance of orbital overlap to differentiate the two effects.
Surveillance for hepatobiliary cancers in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis
Authors: Ali Ahmad Hassan , Tabibian James H. , Nasser‐Ghodsi Navine , Lennon Ryan J. , DeLeon Thomas , Borad Mitesh J. , Hilscher Moira , Silveira Marina G. , Carey Elizabeth J. , Lindor Keith D.
Published: December 2017

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a risk factor for cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) and gallbladder carcinoma (GBCa). Surveillance for GBCa is recommended, but the clinical utility of surveillance for other hepatobiliary cancers (HBCa) in PSC, namely CCA and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), remains unclear. We aimed to determine whether surveillance is associated with better survival after diagnosis of HBCa in patients with PSC. Medical records of PSC patients seen at the Mayo Clinic Rochester from 1995 to 2015 were reviewed. Patients were included if they had ≥1 year of follow‐up and developed HBCa. Patients were categorized according to their surveillance status (abdominal imaging, carbohydrate antigen 19‐9, and alpha‐fetoprotein). The primary endpoints were HBCa recurrence, HBCa‐related death, and all‐cause mortality. Overall survival was assessed by the Kaplan‐Meier survival method; HBCa‐related survival was assessed using competing risk regression. Tests of significance were two‐tailed, and a P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. From 1995 to 2015, a total of 79 of 830 PSC patients were diagnosed with HBCa. Cumulative follow‐up was 712 and 283 person‐years pre‐ and post‐HBCa diagnosis, respectively. Seventy‐eight percent of patients (54/79) developed CCA, 21% (17/79) HCC, 6% (5/79) GBCa, 3% (2/79) both CCA and HCC, and 1% (1/79) both HCC and GBCa. Fifty‐one percent (40/79) were under HBCa surveillance, and 49% (39/79) were not. Patients in the surveillance group had significantly higher 5‐year overall survival (68% versus 20%, respectively; P < 0.001) and significantly lower 5‐year probability of experiencing an HBCa‐related adverse event (32% versus 75%, respectively; P < 0.001) compared with the no‐surveillance group. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that HBCa surveillance significantly improves outcomes, including survival, in patients with PSC. (Hepatology 2018;67:2338‐2351).
Correlating Boron–Hydrogen Stretching Frequencies with Boron–Hydrogen Bond Lengths in Closoboranes: An Approach Using DFT Calculations
Authors: Hagemann Hans , Sharma Manish , Sethio Daniel , Lawson Daku Latévi Max
Published: December 2017

Using harmonic and anharmonic DFT calculations, we have established a general correlation between B–H stretching frequencies and B–H bond lengths valid for the closoboranes (x = 6 – 12), substituted closoboranes B12H12 – (with X = F, Cl, Br and n = 1 – 3 and 9 – 12) and the carboranes and , suggesting that this correlation is also applicable to other similar species. It appears that the average B–H stretching frequency observed around 2500 cm−1 shift by about −100 cm−1 if the average B–H bond length increases by 1 pm. In contrast to , the B–H bond in closoboranes is practically covalent and the correlation evidenced between its stretching frequency and its length proves to be similar to the one observed for the C–H bond.
Randomized cross‐over trial comparing the diagnosis of gestational diabetes by oral glucose tolerance test and a designed breakfast glucose profile
Authors: Marais Colin , Hall David R. , van Wyk Lourentia , Conradie Magda
Published: December 2017

Objective

To compare a glucose test based on a standardized, designed breakfast to the 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), comparing venous and capillary glucose values for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

Methods

The present prospective, randomized, cross‐over trial enrolled patients at high risk of developing GDM who were attending the High‐Risk Antenatal Clinic of Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, between March 1 and December 31, 2015. Patients were randomized to initial testing with either the OGTT or a designed breakfast glucose profile (DBGP) glucose test before the alternate test was performed 1 week later; no dietary or other interventions were applied in the intervening period. Venous and capillary fasting and 2‐hour glucose values were measured and were compared between the OGTT and DBGP, and between OGTT and laboratory venous samples.

Results

There were 51 patients included in the study. The fasting and 2‐hour capillary glucose values from the OGTT correlated significantly with the laboratory venous samples (P<0.001 at both time intervals). The 2‐hour capillary glucose values from the DBGP demonstrated a satisfactory correlation with those from the OGTT (P<0.001).

Conclusions

The DBGP provided a sufficiently accurate alternate test for the diagnosis of GDM; it warrants further investigation.
Relationship between glenoid deformity and gait characteristics in a rat model of neonatal brachial plexus injury
Authors: Hennen Kelsey , Crouch Dustin L. , Hutchinson Ian D. , Li Zhongyu , Saul Katherine
Published: December 2017

Neonatal brachial plexus injury (NBPI) results in substantial postural and functional impairments associated with underlying muscular and osseous deformities. We examined the relationship between glenoid deformity severity and gait in a rat model of NBPI, an established model for studying the in vivo pathomechanics of NBPI. At 8 weeks post‐operatively, we monitored the gait of 24 rat pups who exhibited varying degrees of glenoid deformity following unilateral brachial plexus neurectomy and chemodenervation interventions administered 5 days postnatal. Five basic stride and stance metrics were calculated for the impaired forelimbs over four consecutive gait cycles. Bilateral differences in glenoid version (ΔGAv) and inclination (ΔGAi) angles were computed from data for the same rats as reported in a previous study. A linear regression model was generated for each deformity‐gait pair to identify significant relationships between the two. ΔGAv was not significantly correlated with any gait measurements, while ΔGAi significantly correlated with all five gait measurements. Specifically, ΔGAi was significantly positively correlated with stride length (R2 = 0.38, p = 0.001) and stance factor (R2 = 0.45, p < 0.001), and significantly negatively correlated with stance width (R2 = 0.24, p = 0.016), swing/stance ratio (R2 = 0.17, p = 0.046), and stride frequency (R2 = 0.33, p = 0.003). Rats with declined glenoids exhibited the most altered gait. Clinical significance: Our findings link musculoskeletal changes and functional outcomes in an NBPI rat model. Thus, gait analysis is a potentially useful, non‐invasive, quantitative way to investigate the effects of injury and deformity on limb function in the NBPI rat model. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:1991–1997, 2018.
Design of Optimized Reaction Conditions for the Efficient Living Anionic Polymerization of Cyclopropane‐1,1‐Dicarboxylates
Authors: Benlahouès Antoine , Brissault Blandine , Boileau Sylvie , Penelle Jacques
Published: December 2017

A reinvestigation of the experimental parameters used when polymerizing anionically a cyclopropane‐1,1‐dicarboxylate indicates that several key steps have to be considered, but that other steps—including some routinely used up to now—although not harmful, are nevertheless useless. A robust protocol is thus designed whose implementation allows us to routinely control the polymerization of di‐n‐propyl cyclopropane‐1,1‐dicarboxylate, used as a model monomer for the entire family of cyclopropyl monomers geminally activated by two ester groups. Degrees of polymerization of up to 200 can be routinely obtained, with polydispersity indexes lower than 1.05. In some cases, a small shoulder can be identified in the size exclusion chromatography (SEC) chromatogram, although not systematically. The close proximity between the two distributions affects the polydispersity index only marginally (Mw/Mn still in the 1.01–1.05 range), and highly resolutive SEC columns are needed in order to identify the issue. Finally, attempts to use organic superbases other than tBuP4 have failed thus far.
Investigation of Cryptococcus neoformans magnesium transporters reveals important role of vacuolar magnesium transporter in regulating fungal virulence factors
Authors: Suo Chen‐Hao , Ma Lan‐Jing , Li Hai‐Long , Sun Jian‐Fang , Li Chao , Lin Ming‐Hui , Sun Tian‐Shu , Du Wei , Li Yan‐Jian , Gao Xin‐Di , Meng Yang , Sai Si‐Xiang , Ding Chen
Published: December 2017

Cryptococcus neoformans is an important opportunistic fungal pathogen in humans. Recent studies have demonstrated that metals are critical factors for the regulation of fungal virulence in hosts. In this study, we systemically investigated the function of C. neoformans magnesium transporters in controlling the intracellular Mg balance and virulence‐associated factors. We identified three Mg transporters in C. neoformans: Mgt1, Mgt2, and Mgt3. While we could not detect a Mg2+‐related growth phenotype in mgt1 and mgt3 knockout strains, a GAL7p‐Mgt2 strain showed significant Mg‐dependent growth defects in the presence of glucose. Further analysis demonstrated that MGT2 is a homolog of MNR2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is localized to the vacuolar membrane and participates in intracellular Mg transport. Interestingly, a transcriptome analysis showed that Mgt2 influenced the expression of 19 genes, which were independent of Mg2+. We showed that melanin synthesis in C. neoformans required Mg2+ and Mgt2, and that capsule production was negatively regulated by Mg2+ and Mgt2. Repressing the expression of MGT2‐induced capsule, which resulted in an increased fungal burden in the lungs. Cumulatively, this study sets the stage for further evaluation of the important role of Mg homeostasis in the regulation of melanin and capsule in C. neoformans.
Pharmacokinetics of the cannabinoid receptor ligand [18F]MK‐9470 in the rat brain – Evaluation of models using microPET
Authors: Miederer Isabelle , Buchholz Hans‐Georg , Kronfeld Andrea , Maus Stephan , Weyer‐Elberich Veronika , Mildenberger Philipp , Lutz Beat , Schreckenberger Mathias
Published: December 2017

Purpose

The positron emission tomography ligand [18F]MK‐9470 is an inverse agonist that binds reversibly and with high affinity to the cannabinoid type 1 receptor. Due to its slow brain kinetics, care is required in the definition of its dissociation rates from the receptor. The goal of this study was to investigate pharmacokinetic analysis methods using an arterial input function.

Methods

Five Sprague‐Dawley rats received injections of 13 to 25 MBq of [18F]MK‐9470 and were scanned over a period of 90 min. Arterial blood samples were collected throughout the scan. Data were analyzed using four different compartmental models: a reversible one‐tissue model, reversible two tissue models with and without parameter constraints and an irreversible two‐tissue model. The outcome values were goodness of fit measures (Akaike information criterion; standard error), pharmacokinetic modeling parameters (volume of distribution; irreversible uptake constant) and intersubject variability.

Results

Goodness of fit measures indicated that the experimental data are more adequately described by a two‐tissue model than a one‐tissue model. Differences in mean Akaike information criterion values between all two‐tissue models were < 5%. Mean standard errors of model parameters were lowest for the irreversible model (range: 1% to 6%). The irreversible model delivered plausible results for all animals that were less variable compared to results of the other two‐tissue models.

Conclusions

A reversible two‐tissue model may not deliver stable results for all animals and regions within a 90‐min microPET study protocol. Stable parameters for all animals and regions are obtained when an irreversible model is used. If the acquisition time of the experiment is limited, an irreversible model provides a consistent distribution of composite outcome parameters, suggesting its suitability for use in future studies.
Spatial response of synthetic microDiamond and diode detectors measured with kilovoltage synchrotron radiation
Authors: Butler Duncan J. , Beveridge Toby , Lehmann Joerg , Oliver Christopher P. , Stevenson Andrew W. , Livingstone Jayde
Published: December 2017

Purpose

To map the spatial response of four solid‐state radiation detectors of types commonly used for radiotherapy dosimetry.

Methods

PTW model 60016 Diode P, 60017 Diode E, 60018 Diode SRS, and 60019 microDiamond detectors were radiographed using a high resolution conventional X‐ray system. Their spatial response was then investigated using a 0.1 mm diameter beam of 95 keV average energy photons generated by a synchrotron. The detectors were scanned through the beam while their signal was recorded as a function of position, to map the response. These 2D response maps were created in both the end‐on and side‐on orientations.

Results

The results show the location and size of the active region. End‐on, the active area was determined to be centrally located and within 0.2 mm of the manufacturer's specified diameter. The active areas of the 60016 Diode P, 60017 Diode E, 60018 Diode SRS detectors are uniform to within approximately 5%. The 60019 microDiamond showed local variations up to 30%. The extra‐cameral signal in the microDiamond was calculated from the side‐on scan to be approximately 8% of the signal from the active element.

Conclusions

The spatial response of four solid‐state detectors has been measured. The technique yielded information about the location and uniformity of the active area, and the extra‐cameral signal, for the beam quality used.
Adhesion Energies of 2D Graphene and MoS2 to Silicon and Metal Substrates
Authors: Torres Jorge , Zhu Yisi , Liu Pei , Lim Seong Chu , Yun Minhee
Published: December 2017

In this paper, results for the adhesion energy of graphene and MoS2 to silicon based and metal substrates using the intercalation of nanoparticles method are presented. In this method, nanoparticles are dispersed onto the substrates before transferring the 2D material onto the substrate. This causes a blister to form, the width and height of which can be measured by AFM. Using a simple model then allows for the adhesion energy to be found. The substrates tested are SiO2, Si­3N4, gold, and platinum. Gold is found to have the highest adhesion energy per area of 7687.10 and 1207.26 mJ m−2 for graphene and MoS2 respectively.
A phase transition in the evolution of bootstrap percolation processes on preferential attachment graphs
Authors: Amin Abdullah Mohammed , Fountoulakis Nikolaos
Published: December 2017

The theme of this paper is the analysis of bootstrap percolation processes on random graphs generated by preferential attachment. This is a class of infection processes where vertices have two states: they are either infected or susceptible. At each round every susceptible vertex which has at least infected neighbours becomes infected and remains so forever. Assume that initially vertices are randomly infected, where is the total number of vertices of the graph. Suppose also that , where is the average degree. We determine a critical function such that when , complete infection occurs with high probability as , but when , then with high probability the process evolves only for a bounded number of rounds and the final set of infected vertices is asymptotically equal to .
Geometry of the uniform infinite half‐planar quadrangulation
Authors: Caraceni Alessandra , Curien Nicolas
Published: December 2017

We give a new construction of the uniform infinite half‐planar quadrangulation with a general boundary (or UIHPQ), analogous to the construction of the UIPQ presented by Chassaing and Durhuus, which allows us to perform a detailed study of its geometry. We show that the process of distances to the root vertex read along the boundary contour of the UIHPQ evolves as a particularly simple Markov chain and converges to a pair of independent Bessel processes of dimension 5 in the scaling limit. We study the “pencil” of infinite geodesics issued from the root vertex as reported by Curien, Ménard, and Miermont and prove that it induces a decomposition of the UIHPQ into 3 independent submaps. We are also able to prove that balls of large radius around the root are on average 7/9 times as large as those in the UIPQ, both in the UIHPQ and in the UIHPQ with a simple boundary; this fact we use in a companion paper to study self‐avoiding walks on large quadrangulations.
Cooking Methods Altered the Microstructure and Digestibility of the Potato
Authors: Tian Jinhu , Chen Shiguo , Chen Jianchu , Liu Donghong , Ye Xingqian
Published: December 2017

In order to investigate the microstructure and digestibility changes of the potato processed with different cooking methods, potatoes are cooked by boiling, deep‐fat frying, or Chinese stir frying. The microstructure changes and starch digestibility of the cooked potato are observed using scanning electron microscopy as well as a simulated gastro‐small intestinal in vitro digestion model. Portions of cooked potatoes are also served to human to study the digestion of potatoes in vivo. Results indicated that the cooked potatoes were minimally hydrolyzed in a simulated stomach while increased significantly during the small intestinal simulation. The equilibrium starch hydrolysis is 82.21% (boiling), 68.19% (stir‐frying), and 53.45% (frying), respectively. The starch granules swells and connects with each other after boiling, whereas mud‐like surfaces are observed after stir‐frying and oil‐immersed and compact surfaces are observed after frying. In vivo study indicates that the fried and stir‐fried potato showed a lower glycemic index (GI) than that of the boiled potatoes, which are 74 ± 6, 69 ± 5, and 103 ± 6, respectively. Our results indicates that the digestibility of potato may be influenced by the modification/destruction of the microstructures during domestic cooking; Chinese stir‐frying could be suggested as an alternative cooking method to slow down its digestibility.
A coupled thermo‐mechanical inelastic analysis approach for reinforced concrete flexural members during fire
Authors: Lakhani Hitesh , Sharma Akanshu , Hofmann Jan
Published: December 2017

A practical approach to evaluate the complete load–deflection–time response of reinforced concrete (RC) flexural members under fire is presented. The proposed approach is extendable for performance evaluation of RC structures at all three levels of complexity, namely member level, sub‐assembly level, and the structural level. The approach involves three main steps: (a) transient heat transfer analysis to evaluate the temperature distribution across the critical section; (b) determination of moment–curvature characteristics for the critical sections using temperature‐dependent constitutive laws for concrete and steel; and (c) nonlinear static analysis to obtain load–deflection plots of the member at regular intervals of the fire exposure. The series of load–deflection plots for different exposure durations are then used to obtain the deflection–time plots for the applied load level. The important issue of considering the initial stiffness of fire‐affected beams taking into account the material degradation and thermal damage has been addressed in a simple yet rational manner. The presented approach does not consider the phenomenon of thermal spalling (explosive) and is applicable for cases where thermal spalling can be neglected. The approach is straightforward and easy to implement as only simple tools available to structural design engineers/design offices are required.
Large bipolaron density at organic semiconductor/electrode interfaces
Authors: Dhanker Rijul , Gray Christopher L. , Mukhopadhyay Sukrit , Nunez Sean , Cheng Chiao-Yu , Sokolov Anatoliy N. , Giebink Noel C.
Published: December 2017

Bipolaron states, in which two electrons or two holes occupy a single molecule or conjugated polymer segment, are typically considered to be negligible in organic semiconductor devices due to Coulomb repulsion between the two charges. Here we use charge modulation spectroscopy to reveal a bipolaron sheet density >1010 cm−2 at the interface between an indium tin oxide anode and the common small molecule organic semiconductor N,N′-Bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N′-diphenylbenzidine. We find that the magnetocurrent response of hole-only devices correlates closely with changes in the bipolaron concentration, supporting the bipolaron model of unipolar organic magnetoresistance and suggesting that it may be more of an interface than a bulk phenomenon. These results are understood on the basis of a quantitative interface energy level alignment model, which indicates that bipolarons are generally expected to be significant near contacts in the Fermi level pinning regime and thus may be more prevalent in organic electronic devices than previously thought.
Curvelet analysis of breast masses on dynamic magnetic resonance mammography
Authors: Nirouei Mahyar , Pouladian Majid , Abdolmaleki Parviz , Akhlaghpoor Shahram
Published: December 2017

This study is devoted to extracting significant texture features from dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE‐MRI) of the breast using curvelet features and to classify breast masses into malignant and benign using the calculated features. The authors utilised the first generation of curvelet transform in the interpretation of breast tumours on DCE‐MRI. The analysis is performed after injecting 23 patients with a contrast agent and 23 mass lesions were extracted from these patients. Then, 288 statistical parameters were extracted by calculating the mean and variance of the curvelet coefficients of tumour texture in sub‐band images. Due to a large number of extracted features and the presence of redundant and inter‐correlated descriptors, they used a combination of genetic algorithm (GA) and Pearson's correlation for feature selection and a three‐layer artificial neural network (ANN) for classification of malignant and benign breast lesions. The GA‐ANN model has yielded a good diagnostic accuracy (96%), sensitivity (92%) and specificity (100%). Also, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.955. The curvelet transform was able to effectively quantify the distribution of contrast agent in tumour texture, which is different in malignant and benign tumours.
Fast intra bit rate transcoding for HEVC screen content coding
Authors: Zhang Lian , Li Mingjuan , Zhang Hao
Published: December 2017

This study presents an efficient fast bit rate transcoding method for high‐efficiency video coding (HEVC) screen content coding (SCC). It utilises the correlation between the current coding unit (CU) and the corresponding decoded CU to skip the normal intra mode or intra block copy mode. Furthermore, quantisation parameter values are also incorporated into the algorithm for better performance. In addition, a fast scheme is designed to skip partial prediction unit modes to accelerate the entire transcoding process. Experimental results show that, compared with the original HEVC SCC reference software (SCM‐3.0), the proposed fast intra transcoding algorithms achieve 45.09% transcoding time reduction with only 1.78% Bjotegaard delta bit rate increment for the all‐intra case.
Lessons from the past: isotopes of an endangered rail as indicators of underlying change to tidal marsh habitats
Authors: Merritt Angela M , Casazza Michael L , Overton Cory T , Takekawa John Y , Hahn Thomas P , Hull Joshua M
Published: December 2017

Introduction:
Tidal marsh systems along the Pacific coast of the United States have experienced substantial stress and loss of area and ecosystem function, which we examined by using the endangered California Ridgway’s Rail,
Rallus obsoletus obsoletus
(‘rail’) as an indicator of its tidal marsh habitat in the San Francisco Estuary. We organized a collection of historical (1885-1940) and modern (2005-2014) rail feathers and analyzed the feather isotope means for delta carbon (δ
13
C), sulfur (δ
34
S), and nitrogen (δ
15
N) by region and time period.

Outcomes:
Feather isotopes represented the primary foraging habitat during historical then modern time periods. Neither individual nor regional rail feather isotopes suggested freshwater or terrestrial foraging by the rail. Three regions with both historic and modern feather isotopes revealed non-uniform spatial shifts in isotope levels consistent with a marine based food web and significant δ
15
N enrichment.

Discussion:
Our results supported the rail’s status as a generalist forager and obligate tidal marsh species throughout the historic record. The variable isoscape trends generated from feather isotope means illustrated a modern loss of the isotopic homogeneity between regions of historical tidal marsh, which correlated with spatially-explicit habitat alterations such as increasing biological invasions and sewage effluent over time.

Conclusion:
These findings have reinforced the importance of tidal marsh conservation in the face of ongoing underlying changes to these important ecosystems.
Apple, BT Residual Activity, 1993
Authors: Biddinger David J. , Hull Larry A.
Published: December 2017

Various formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis and an organophosphate standard Penncap M 2F were applied to 5 tree plots consisting of 5 year old ‘Yorking’ trees planted 20 × 30 ft apart. Sprays were applied on 13 Jul with a John Bean sprayer equipped with a handgun to thoroughly wet the trees. Approximately 3 gal of spray were applied per replicate tree (200 gal/A). During the season, regular maintenance fungicides of Penncozeb 80WP, Nova 40WP, and Captan 50WP were applied to all plots. Maintenance insecticides were applied on 15 Apr for aphid control (Lorsban 4E 0.5 pt/100 gal) and on 19 May, 2 & 16 Jun (Imidan 50WP 0.75 lb/100 gal) for codling moth control. The effectiveness of compounds was evaluated from leaves with residues that had been weathered 0, 3, 6 and 10 days after application. At each evaluation date, 12 spur leaves were picked from each replicate tree (60 leaves/treatment). A single 2 cm leaf disk was punched from each leaf and 3 disks were placed into each of four 50 mm × 10 mm tight fitting plastic petri dishes which represented each replicate tree. Five neonate TABM larvae were added to each petri dish using a camel’s hair brush. Mortality was evaluated after 7 d at 70°F, 16:8 D:L. These TABM larvae were from a laboratory colony that originated from field collected material in 1991 and which had been reared on semisynthetic lima bean diet and infused with approximately 50% field collected material every other generation. Larvae were considered dead if they did not move when probed. Changes in effectiveness of each compound as residues aged were evaluated by transforming data with Abbott’s formula to correct for control mortality. Differences between evaluation times for each treatment were also evaluated.
Use of Furadan 4F for Striped Cucumber Beetle Control in Spring Cucurbits, 1993
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Cucumbers were planted on 10 Jun at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a 25 ft row bordered on each side by an untreated guard row, with 5 ft row spacing. Plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Furadan 4F treatments were applied with a single nozzle boom backpack sprayer in furrow immediately prior to planting. Foliar sprays were applied on the dates indicated in the table in 45 gal water/acre at 40 psi. A single nozzle boom was used for the first spray, and a three nozzle boom for subsequent sprays after the vines had begun to run. Evaluation criteria consisted of insect counts on 6 feet of row, and ratings of percent defoliation and bacterial wilt. The entire 25 ft row of each plot was harvested on 21, 26, and 30 Jul, and 3 Aug. SCB was the dominant insect species present, with low numbers of squash bugs and spotted cucumber beetle also present.
Onion Maggot Control, 1992
Authors: Davis M. , Pett W. , Grafius E.
Published: December 2017

Onions were planted at the Brink Farm near Grant, MI on 11 May. Seeds were planted in single rows with a vee-belt seeder with a 1 inch wide shoe. Plots were 20 ft long and were replicated four times with a randomized complete block arrangement. Treatments consisted of sand pelleted seed except for the conventional seed, which was unpelleted. All pelleted treatments except the pelleted seed control also included Progrow (Vitavax + Thiram) in the pellet. On 9 Jun, 100-plant sections (or total plant stand if less than 100 plants) were marked out in each replicate (block). Total plant stand and numbers of injured plants were recorded on 16, 23, 30 Jun, 7 and 16 Jul and 25 Aug. On 25 Aug all plants were cut open and inspected for onion maggot damage. Percent data were arc sine square root transformed before analysis of variance.
Foliar Sprays to Control Insects on Peppers, 1993
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Peppers were transplanted on 28 May at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a double 25 ft row, bordered on each side by an untreated guard row, with 3 ft spacing between rows. Plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized, complete block design. Sprays were applied weekly, beginning 28 Jul. All market-sized fruit from both rows of each plot was harvested on 17 Aug, 14 Sep and 6 Oct and checked for insect damage. A total of 9 spray applications were made. Spray applications were made using a 3 hollow cone nozzle boom backpack sprayer delivering 60 gal water/acre at 40 psi. In addition to the fruit harvest, evaluation criteria consisted of aphid counts by species on 10 randomly picked leaves/plot.
Apple, Insecticide Evaluations, 1993
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Warren J. R. , Kilmer S. W.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were applied to 10 year old ‘Ida Red’ apple trees on MM III rootstocks. Five three row plots were randomly selected and one was assigned to each treatment. The two outside rows served as guard rows. Data were collected from four or five replicate trees randomly selected from the middle rows in each plot. Treatments were applied with a power take off driven FMC (model 252S) sprayer calibrated to deliver 50 gpa (76.62 liters/ha.), a 6x concentration for this orchard. Treatments were applied on 27 Apr, 21 May and 6 Jul. Other insecticide sprays included a delayed dormant spray of superior oil (60 sec.) applied to the control and the Lannate + Guthion plots on 8 Apr. Guthion 35W (2 lb./A) was added to all sprays (including the 6 Jul treatment) on the NTN33893 plot on and after 18 Jun. Other materials used for orchard maintenance are given later in a table. Insect predators were sampled in a three minute visual count per tree. RAA & AA (complex of AA & SA) were counted as number of infested terminals in 10/replicate, or number of infested water sprouts in 10/replicate, or number in 10 terminals/replicate on which the terminal leaf was infested. Tentiform leafminer and WALH data indicate the number of leaf mines or leafhoppers/leaf present when ten leaves/replicate were examined. Mite data were generated using the Henderson McBurnie method of brushing 20-leaf samples from each replicate. Mites and eggs were counted with a binocular microscope. Data were transformed to either log 10x +1 or square root X + .5 for analysis.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control on Potatoes with In-Furrow Treatments, 1993
Authors: Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee , McShane Nancy
Published: December 2017

‘Kennebec’ potatoes were planted in 20 foot rows on 13 Apr, ’93. Plots consisted of a single treatment row. The distance between rows was 64 inches and the distance between plants within the row was 10 inches. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk "A" loamy sand. Initial furrow H20 treatments were applied to the seed at the rate of 20/gal per acre with a small sprinkle can. Furadan layby treatments were applied at a rate of 20/gal per acre on 9 Jun. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle adults, larvae and egg mass/10 plants and the % defoliation were recorded. Defoliation categories were assigned using a pretransformed defoliation rating scale, based on dividing 90° into 13 steps corresponding to arcsin transformation values (Little & Hill 1978). Yields were taken on 22 Jul from 20-ft. of row.
Fury Dosage Trial for Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1993
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Miller Jennifer , Holder Bobby
Published: December 2017

The trial was established at the Northwest Experiment Station to compare Fury 1.5E with standard pyrethroids. This was a dry land trial and was planted on 18 May using B-size seed. Plot size was 4—40) inch rows 25 ft in length. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design and replicated 4 times. All treatments were foliar and were applied in approximately 20 gpa water. Applications were made on 9, 22 Jul and 4 Aug using a hand held CO2 sprayer at 40 psi pressure. Late blight control application using Rid-O-Mil 2E were applied by airplane on 5 and 15 Aug. The center 2 rows of each plot were harvested and total production recorded.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1993
Authors: Sirota J. M. , Grafius E. , Bommarito M. , Eliason E. , Scriber B.
Published: December 2017

Seven insecticides were tested at the MSU Montcalm Research Farm in Entrican, MI. Potatoes were planted 12 inches apart with a 34 inch row spacing on 6 May. Plots 45 feet long by three rows wide were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Plots were separated by at least 6 feet of bare ground. The Admire in-furrow treatment was applied with spray bottles on 6 May. Foliar treatments were applied on 23, 30 Jun/2 and 7 Jul using a tractor-mounted sprayer at 30 gal/acre and 45 psi. Light rain interrupted spraying on 30 Jun; remaining treatments were applied on 2 Jul AC303.630 at 5 gal/acre was applied with a CO2 sprayer with a 3-nozzle hand-held boom. Two plots of Cryolite received additional sprays on 4 and 12 Aug. These plots were removed from yield analysis, but were included in analysis of beetle numbers. Two randomly selected plants from the middle row of each plot were sampled for CPB on 28 Jun, 6 and 12 Jul. An outer row was sampled in 5 plots because the middle row had few plants. A visual defoliation assessment was done on 6 and 12 Jul. Potatoes were harvested on 14 Sep, separated by size and weighed.
Potato Insect Control, 1992
Authors: Slocombe A. C. , Ferro D. N.
Published: December 2017

Potatoes were planted on 1 May in South Deerfield, Massachusetts. Fertilizer (600 lbs 10N:10P:10K/ acre) was banded into the furrow at planting. Soil type was a fine sandy loam with a pH of 5.6. Manzate (fungicide) was applied at 1 lb. Al/acre on 1 Jul. CPB densities on 4 Jun were 1.2 adults, 50 eggs, 0.3 early instars per plant, and CPB densities on 15 Jun were 3.3 adults, 167 eggs, 6 early instars and 1.7 late instars per plant. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot consisted of two 30 ft. rows with a 6 ft. fallow area between plots. Treatments were applied with CO2-pressurized sprayers at 40 psi, delivering 70 gal/acre. Novodor and Foil OF were applied on 5 (first hatch), 15 (30% hatch) and 22 (50% hatch and 4th instar observed) Jun. All other applications were made on 15, 22, and 29 Jun. For second generation larvae, percentage egg hatch was based on flagging 10 egg masses at the beginning of the ovipositional period, using the percentage hatch based on these eggs. For second generation, Novodor and Foil OF were applied on 6 (first hatch), 8 (30% hatch) and 10 (50% hatch) Jul. All other treatments were applied on 13 (observed 3rd instars) and 24 Jul.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control with Foliar Sprays, 1993
Authors: Whalen J. , Spellman M.
Published: December 2017

Potatoes were planted on 11 May near Middletown, DE. Four row plots, 25 ft long on 36 inch centers were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a CO2- pressurized ATV 4-wheeled sprayer delivering 40 gal/acre at 40 psi. Plots receiving Stalker were treated on 7, 22, and 29 Jun; 20 and 27 Jul. The plot receiving the low rate of Stalker (0.10 lb AI) received an additional treatment on 6 Jul. The Novodor treatments were applied on 22 and 29 Jun; 6, 13, 20 and 27 Jul. CPB defoliation ratings were taken 13 and 29 Jul. Defoliation injury ratings of 1-5 were indexed as follows: (1) 1-20%; (2) 21-30%; (3) 31-50%; (4) 51-80%; (5) 81-100%. CPB evaluation criteria consisted of visual counts of adults, small larvae (first and second instar) and large larvae (third and fourth instar). Plots were harvested and yield recorded (cwt/acre) on 17 Aug.
Squash Vine Borer Control, 1992
Authors: Boucher J. , Adams R. , Nixon G.
Published: December 2017

‘Early Prolific Straightneck’ squash was direct seeded 27 May, in Storrs, Connecticut. Weed control consisted of the stale-seed-bed technique, using paraquat as a pre-plant spray, supplemented by hand and mechanical cultivation. Plots consisted of 12 plants in a single, 24 ft long row, with two ft between plants. An unsprayed guard-row separated each plot. Rows were spaced four ft apart. Six treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments consisted of an unsprayed control and applications of Ambush, Asana, Methoxychlor, Rotenone, and Thiodan on 10, 17 and 23 Jul, and 2 Aug. Plots were either sprayed from the top and sides with a CO2 backpack sprayer at 30 psi with 40 gallons of water per acre or treated with a hand-cranked duster. Fruits from five plants per plot were harvested, counted and weighed every two to four days from 14 Jul through 1 Sep. These five plants were dissected on 2 Sep and SVB larvae were counted.
Control of Immature Sweetpotato Whitefly (SPWF) and Tomato Pinworm (TPW) in Staked Tomato, Spring, 1993
Authors: Stansly P. A. , Conner J. M.
Published: December 2017

Cultural practices, experimental design, application methods and dates are given in report 123E. Whitefly nymphs, pupae and tomato pinworm larvae were evaluated from one trifoliate randomly sampled from each row in each plot giving 9 leaflets per plot. The trifoliate was taken from the 5th, 6th or 7th leaf from the top, at highest position pupal exuviae were observed. All whitefly stages were counted which appeared in a 1 cm2 arena placed in 4 positions on the leaf, 2 on either side of the midvein. Numbers of tomato pinworm larvae were counted from the entire trifoliate. Six plants per row (18 per plot) were harvested and picked clean on 24 May. Fruit was graded for size, weight, damage and marketability. Marketable tomatoes were kept in paper sacks in the laboratory to evaluate for irregular ripening.