bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
KOMBAT: Knowledgebase of Microbes’ Battling Agents for Therapeutics
Authors: Bhargav Anasuya , Gupta Srijanee , Seth Surabhi , James Sweety , Fatima Firdaus , Chaurasia Pratibha , Ramachandran Srinivasan
Published: October 2021

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the top 10 threats affecting global health. AMR defeats the effective prevention and treatment of infections caused by microbial pathogens including bacteria, parasites, viruses and fungi (WHO). Microbial pathogens have natural tendency to evolve and mutate over time resulting in AMR strains. The set of genes involved in antibiotic resistance also termed as “antibiotic resistance genes” (ARGs) spread through species by lateral gene transfer thereby causing global dissemination. While this biological mechanism is prevalent in the spread of AMR, human methods also augment through various mechanisms such as over prescription, incomplete treatment, environmental waste etc. A considerable portion of scientific community is engrossed in AMR related work trying to discover novel therapeutic solutions for tackling resistant pathogens. Comprehensive inspection of the literature shows that diverse therapeutic strategies have evolved over recent years. Collectively, these therapeutic strategies include novel small molecules, newly identified antimicrobial peptides, bacteriophages, phytochemicals, nanocomposites, novel phototherapy against bacteria, fungi and virus. In this work we have developed a comprehensive knowledgebase by collecting alternative antimicrobial therapeutic strategies from literature data. We have used subjective approach for datamining new strategies resulting in broad coverage of entities and subsequently add objective data like entity name, potency, safety information etc. The extracted data was organized KOMBAT (Knowledgebase Of Microbes’ Battling Agents for Therapeutics). A lot of these data are tested against AMR pathogens. We envision that this database will be noteworthy for developing future therapeutics against resistant pathogens. The database can be accessed through http://kombat.igib.res.in/.
An Advax-adjuvanted Inactivated Cell-culture Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine Induces Broadly Neutralising Anti-flavivirus Antibodies and T-cell Immunity and Provides Single Dose Protection
Authors: Komiya Tomoyoshi , Honda-Okubo Yoshikazu , Baldwin Jeremy , Petrovsky Nikolai
Published: October 2021

ccJE+Advax is an inactivated cell culture Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine formulated with Advax™, a novel polysaccharide adjuvant based on delta inulin. This vaccine has previously shown promise in murine and equine studies and the current study sought to better understand its mechanism of action and assess the feasibility of single dose vaccine protection. Mice immunised with ccJE-Advax had higher serum neutralisation titres than those immunised with ccJE alone or with alum adjuvant. ccJE+Advax induced extraordinarily broad cross-neutralising antibodies against multiple flaviviruses including West Nile virus (WNV), Murray Valley Encephalitis Virus (MVEV), St Louis Encephalitis virus (SLE) and Dengue-1 and -2 viruses. Notably, the DENV-2 cross-neutralising antibodies from ccJE+Advax immunised mice uniquely had no DENV-2 antibody dependent enhancement (ADE) activity, by contrast to high ADE activity seen with DENV-1 cross-reactive antibodies induced by mbJE or ccJE alone or with alum adjuvant. JEV-stimulated splenocytes from ccJE+Advax immunised mice showed increased IL-17 and IFN-γ production, consistent with a mixed Th1 and Th17 response, whereas ccJE-alum was associated with production of mainly Th2 cytokines. There is an ongoing lack of human vaccines against particular flaviviruses, including WNV, SLE and MVEV. Given its ability to provide single-dose JEV protection as well as to induce broadly neutralising antibodies free of ADE activity, ccJE+Advax vaccine could be highly useful in all situations where rapid protection is desirable but ADE needs to be avoided, e.g. during a local outbreak or for use in travellers or the military requiring rapid travel to JEV endemic regions.
INSIGHTS ON THE INFLUENCE OF PHYLOGENETIC ON THE RELATIVE GROWTH USING Atherinella brasiliensis AS A TOOL
Authors: BOT NETO Renato Luiz , CARVALHO Barbara Maichak de , SCHWARZ JÚNIOR Roberto , SPACH Henry Louis
Published: October 2021

The lengthí weight relationships (LWR) are important tools for ichthyology, they are useful to demonstrate the environmental influence on growth. In this study we estimate the LWR of the Atherinella brasiliensis in the shallow areas of the São Francisco river estuary and compare the growth of this specie in different environments of the Brazilian coast. Specimens of Brazilian silverside (A. brasiliensis, n = 3483), between 2.1 and 13.6 cm in length, were caught in the shallow areas of the São Francisco River estuary between May 2017 and April 2018. The length-weight ratio of the species was represented by the equation y=0.0047x3.0913. Frequency distribution indicates that the species is present in the shallow areas of the São Francisco River estuary in all its ontogenetic stages and apparently reproduces throughout the year with constant input of recruits into the population. Von Bertalanffyââ‚¬â„¢s growth model and longevity were adjusted to reach asymptotic length (LâË†Å¾) of 14.7 cm, growth coefficient (K) of 0.91 year-1 and longevity (A95) of 3.25 years. The analysis of variance revealed differences for the maximum total length. However, the differences found between the present study and data available in the literature appear to be caused by environmental and methodological differences.
PARASITE DIVERSITY OF Hoplosternum littorale FROM THE TIETí­Å -BATALHA RIVER BASIN, SOUTHEASTERN BRAZIL
Authors: PELEGRINI Larissa Sbeghen , VIEIRA Diego Henrique Mirandola Dias , LEITE Lucas Aparecido Rosa , GIÃO Thayana , AZEVEDO Rodney Kozlowiski de , ABDALLAH Vanessa Doro
Published: October 2021

A total of 53 tamboatás, Hoplosternum littorale, from the Batalha River, São Paulo, southeastern Brazil, were examined between February 2014 to December 2016. Seventeen species of parasites were identified, and 961 specimens were collected . The richness of each community varied from one to seven species of parasites per fish. The metacercariae of Diplostomum lunaschiae showed higher prevalence and mean abundance, being the core species. Gyrodactylus sp. obtained a higher mean intensity value. Aporocotylidae gen. sp. showed a significant negative correlation between its abundance and the standard host weight and length, while Spiroxys sp. showed a significant negative correlation between its abundance and the host weight. Batalha River has importance as a maintainer of local biodiversity with a relevant contribution to the knowledge of freshwater biodiversity in the State of São Paulo. Gyrodactylidae gen. sp., A. mordax, Aporocotylidae gen. sp., D. lunaschiae, Diplostomidae gen. sp. 1, Contracaecum sp., D. renale, Porrocaecum sp., Pseudocapillaria sp. 1, Pseudocapillaria sp. 2, S. contortus, Oligobdella sp., and L. cyprinacea are parasites mentioned for the first time in H. littorale. Aporocotylidae gen. sp., Gyrodactylidae gen. sp., and Oligobdella sp. are new species  in process of taxonomic description by the authors of the present study.
Optimization of Liposomal Encapsulation Efficiency
Authors: Joyce Christine , Mountain Deidre
Published: October 2021

Introduction: My project was a continuation of the Vascular Research Lab’s (VRL) ongoing research at the University of Tennessee Medical Center Knoxville (UTMCK) aimed at optimizing liposomal encapsulation efficiency of small interfering RNA (siRNA) which can be used to silence genes to prevent a variety of disease pathologies. Methods: Assay siRNA loading capacity of liposomes based on lipid concentration Development of a method for liposome purification: HPLC & HiTRAP Column Results & Conclusion: siRNA loading capacity Higher lipid:siRNA resulted in increased encapsulation efficiency HPLC – did not work as expected HiTRAP Column – currently being optimized to be used as part of standard operating procedures
Buku Panduan Penggunaan Aplikasi Phet Untuk SMP
Authors:   Eni Setiyoningrum, Sartika Septi Budi
Published: October 2021

Puji syukur kehadirat Alloh SWT, atas segala karunia dan petunjuk-Nya lah buku Panduan Penggunaan Aplikasi PhET telah diselesaikan tanpa halangan suatu apapun. Penulis berterima kasih kepada: 1. Dr. Hidayatulloh, M.Si., Rektor UMSIDA yang selalu memberikan dukungan moril dalam memfasilitasi dosen membuat karya ilmiah. 2. Dr. Sigit Hermawan, SE., M.Si., CiQaR., Direktur Direktorat Riset dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat UMSIDA yang telah mendukung program kegiatan abdimas dosen di lingkungan UMSIDA sekaligus penghargaan yang terbesar kepada kami sebagai Tim Pengabdi Terbaik Tahun 2020. 3. Dr. Akhtim Wahyuni, M.Ag., Dekan Fakultas Psikologi dan Ilmu Pendidikan yang telah memberikan dukungan dalam pengembangan karya ilmiah dosen. 4. Noly Shofiyah, M.Pd., M.Sc., Kaprodi Pendidikan IPA Fakultas Psikologi dan Ilmu Pendidikan Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo. 5. Rekan-rekan sejawat dan mahasiswa prodi Pendidikan IPA yang turut serta dalam penyempurnaan buku panduan ini. 6. Pihak-pihak yang tidak bisa kami sebutkan satu-persatu yang turut membantu dalam penyelesaian buku panduan ini. Besar harapan penulis untuk kritik dan saran bagi para pembaca demi kesempurnaan buku panduan ini.
Rekrutmen & Seleksi antara Nepotisme dan Profesional
Authors: Hermawan Sigit
Published: October 2021

Segala puji bagi Allah SWT yang senantiasa memberikan kenikmatan, baik nikmat sehat maupun nikmat kepada penulis. Kini tiba saatnya penulis mengucap alhamdulillah atas selesainya buku pertama yang diciptakan dengan judul “Rekrutmen dan seleksi:antara nepotisme dan profesional”. Dalam penyusunan buku ini, penulis seringkali mendapati sebuah masalah. Terkadang, penulis juga khawatir akankah buku ini bisa diterima oleh pembaca atau tidak. Buku ini terbit bukan hanya penulis saja yang berperan, ada banyak pihak yang turut membantu setiap saat. Dukungan itu diberikan kapanpun, apalagi ketika penulis hendak menyerah. Pihak-pihak tersebut menjadi penyemangat penulis untuk menyelesaikan buku ini. Untuk itu penulis memberikan ucapan terimakasih kepada kedua orang tua, rekan sesama penulis, editor maupun pihak penerbit buku, karena mereka menjadi pihak yang memiliki andil besar dalam buku ini. Penulis mempercayai, kesempurnaan hanyalah milik Allah SWT semata. Kekurangan yang ada pada buku ini, harap untuk dimaklumi. Penulis berusaha untuk memberikan yang terbaik guna membuat pembaca nyaman ketika membaca buku ini. Oleh karena itu, penulis memohon maaf atas segala kekurangan dan kesalahan baik disengaja maupun tidak disengaja. Semoga pembaca bisa mendapatkan manfaat dari adanya buku ini dan terimakasih, selamat membaca.
Modul Aplikasi Alat Tes Bimbingan Dan Konseling
Authors:   Yayuk Fauziyah, Fahyuni Eni Fariyatul ,   Ida Rindaningsih
Published: October 2021

Puji syukur kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, sehingga Modul Aplikasi Alat Tes Bimbingan Dan Konseling ini dapat disusun dengan baik meskipun perlu penyempurnaan lebih lanjut. Modul Aplikasi Alat Tes Bimbingan Dan Konseling ini sebagai pegangan Mahasiswa S1 & S2 konsentrasi bidang Pendidikan di Fakultas Agama Islam, Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo. Modul Aplikasi Alat Tes Bimbingan Dan Konseling sangat dibutuhkan dalam memetakan potensi masing-masing individu dalam rangka merancang strategi belajar efektif siswa yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan karakteristik yang dimilikinya. Dengan selesainya penulisan buku ajar ini penulis mengucapkan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah memberikan bahan-bahan tulisan baik langsung maupun tidak langsung.
Modul Laboratorium Individual Tes Grafis Dan Wartegg
Authors: Nastiti Dwi
Published: October 2021

Alhamdulillah, puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT. Karena dengan rahmatnya, modul laboratorium Tes Grafis dan Wartegg ini bisa terselesaikan. Penyusunan modul ini bertujuan sebagai media mahasiswa untuk berlatih meningkatkan kemampuan dalam memahami Tes Grafis dan Wartegg . Modul ini disusun untuk melengkapi bahan ajar dosen dalam mengampu mata kuliah Tes Grafis dan Wartegg. Modul ini berisi tentang, alat tes Grafis Draw A Person (DAP), Tree Test (BAUM), House Tree Person Test (HTP), DAN Test Wartegg. Kami harapkan modul ini bermanfaat dalam meningkatkan kualitas kegiatan belajar di Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo.
Buku Ajar Pasca Panen dan Pengolahan Sayuran Daun
Authors:   Rima Azara, Saidi Ida Agustini ,   Evi Yanti
Published: October 2021

Puji syukur kepada Allah Yang Maha Esa, sehingga Buku Ajar Pasca Panen dan Pengolahan Sayuran Daun ini dapat disusun dengan baik meskipun perlu penyempurnaan lebih lanjut. Buku Ajar Pasca Panen dan Pengolahan Sayuran Daun ini dikhususkan untuk pegangan Mahasiswa Teknologi Pangan Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo. Mata kuliah prasyarat yang harus diselesaikan sebelum mengambil mata kuliah ini adalah: Pengantar Teknologi Pertanian Pengetahuan Bahan Indonesia kaya dengan komoditas hasil pertanian khususnya hasil hortikultura seperti aneka ragam buah-buahan dan sayuran. Berbeda dengan produk komersial buah-buahan, produk komersial olahan sayur, terutama sayuran daun hampir boleh dikatakan tidak ada. Sayuran umumnya masih diperdagangkan dalam bentuk segar. Teknologi pengolahan yang diterapkan masih secara minimalis dan sifatnya sangat terbatas. Disisi lain komoditi hortikultura masih melakukan pernafasan setelah panen sehingga apabila selesai dipanen tidak ditangani dengan baik akan segera rusak. Kerusakan ini terjadi akibat pengaruh fisik, kimiawi, mikrobiologi, dan fisiologis. Sehingga perlu penanganan pasca panen dan pengolahan yang tepat untuk memperpanjang umur simpan dari sayuran daun.Penulisan buku ajar Pasca Panen dan Pengolahan Sayuran Daun ini ditulis dalam 7 BAB yang berisi:Bab 1 PendahuluanDalam bab 1 ini dijelaskan secara umum tentang pasca panen dan sifat dari sayuran yang mudah rusak. Fungsi pasca panen dan pengolahan sayuran daun juga dijelaskan dalam bab ini.Bab 2 Jenis-Jenis Sayuran Daun Dalam bab 2 ini dijelaskan berbagai macam jenis sayuran seperti bayam, daun katuk, sawi, kangkung, daun kelor, kubis, dan lain lain. Masing-masing dari jenis sayuran tersebut dijelaskan tentang taksonominya, sifat dari tanaman secara umum, serta kandungan gizi dan manfaatnya bagi kesehatan.
A Practical Approach to Manage Top-Hole Collision Risk in Crowded Fixed Platform: Implementation in Offshore East Kalimantan
Authors: Feizal Aulia Hamdani , Pribadi Made Allan , Riambomo Eka Pambudi , Durachman Ridwan
Published: October 2021

The requirement of drilling in very close proximity to adjacent wells in surface hole section has been common as field become more crowded. This is true especially in offshore mature field where the last wells are drilled on a dense platform. In Santan Field, East Kalimantan, conductor pipes were driven between the existing wells since sidetrack or platform extension options were not available at the time while there are still opportunity for infill and step out wells.

This situation introduces challenges on well construction in term of collision avoidance since the spacing between the wells are tight from surface point. The distance between slots is as low 1 meter from center-to-center, and 0.64 meter between wall-to-wall. Directional works was also required at shallow depth to kick of the well as per trajectory requirement.

The risk of unplanned intersections with adjacent well can lead to financial loss, personnel safety as well as environmental issue. A comprehensive risk assessment were conducted during the planning phase as the safety of drilling operation has been one of the main concerns. Mitigations plan were then formulated with the objectives to manage the negative consequences to acceptable level.

During the planning phase, detail anti-collision procedure was executed to evaluate the collision risk. On the field, several activities were carried out on adjacent wells prior to rig move in as mitigations measure: 1) Rig less resurvey, 2) Well integrity inspection, and 3) Well barrier placement. While drilling, following strategies were performed: 1) GWD utilization, 2) Monitoring on subject and adjacent wells, and 3) Collision-tolerant drilling bit application

The all-surface hole were drilled safely without any HSE or reliability issue. No major indications of well collision were observed. However, the drilling time took bit longer than usual performance due to drilling controlled manner for anti-collision precautions.

This paper explain how well collision mitigations was implemented in Santan Field, East Kalimantan, which can be a reference for further drilling as a successful case of top-hole drilling on a dense fixed platform. The method is expected to gain economic value, which is notably beneficial in mature field.
First Application of Micro Coiled Tubing in Indonesia at Offshore Mahakam
Authors: Marindha Rantoe , Kurniawati Pratika Siamsyah , Pancawisna Gerardus , Hidayat Reyhan , Dahnil Gitani Tsalitsah , Umar Khalid , Rahman Risal , Alfarisy Nasrulloh , Marsudiono Eko , Chhin Clement
Published: October 2021

In order to answer the future challenges associated with offshore logistics, minimalist platform and job simplicity, smaller footprint of coiled tubing set is required for pumping job.

Although coiled tubing (CT) is one of the most efficient deployment method for multiple wellsite operations and various objectives. Often it is difficult to capture all the benefits of its application in some offshore wells. Limited crane capacity and deck space at the platform often provide challenges to efficiently execute a CT operation. Minimalist and crowded platforms may not allow conducive condition to set up a conventional CT system.

As part of continuous improvement in Well Intervention, smaller size of CT called Micro CT is deployed to unload the completion fluid using nitrogen pumping. This is to provide sufficient drawdown prior to clean up or perforation jobs.

Micro CT is a small coiled tubing typically with 1" outside diameter and 10,000 ft length. It is approximately half the weight and a third smaller compared to the conventional CT. The start-up project of 1st Micro CT job in Indonesia is commenced with unloading Job in Bekapai and South Mahakam wells. Five (5) unloading job are successfully performed within allocated time frame and budget. There were no major safety issues recorded. Total of 60% cost saving was generated from the reduced mobilization trips of supply boat while 40% cost saving is from improved diesel consumption efficiency. From operational aspect, less annular friction can be achieved and led save up to 35% in N2 consumption. Moreover, it saves10 – 20% rig up time in comparison to conventional CT. On top of that, those 5 unloading jobs was completed with liquid unloading efficiency of more than 70% from the target.

This paper will elaborate the experience of an Asset Operator in deploying 1st Micro CT application safely and will discuss in detail some of the measurable milestone achievement from the project.
Safeguarding CO2 Storage by Restoring Well Integrity Using Leakage Rate Modeling LRM along Wellbore in Depleted Gas Fields Offshore Sarawak
Authors: Patil Parimal A. , Chidambaram Prasanna , Ebining Amir M Syafeeq B. , Tiwari Pankaj K. , Picha Mahesh S. , Abdul Hakim Hazlan , Das Debasis P. , B A Hamid Khaidhir , Tewari Raj Deo
Published: October 2021

Ensuring long-term integrity of existing plugged and abandoned (P&A) and active wells that penetrated the selected CO2 storage reservoir is the key to reduce leakage risks along the wellpath for long-term containment sustainability. Restoring the well integrity, when required, will safeguard CO2 containment for decades. Well integrity is often defined as the ability to contain fluids with minimum to nil leakage throughout the project lifecycle. With a view to develop depleted gas fields as CO2 storage sites in offshore Sarawak, it is vital to determine the complexity involved in restoring the integrity of these P&A wells as well as the development wells. Leakage Rate Modeling (LRM) was performed to identify and evaluate the associated risks for designing the remedial action plan to safeguard CO2 storage site.

The P&A wells in the identified depleted gas fields were drilled 35–45 years ago and were not designed to withstand high CO2 concentration downhole conditions. Corrosive-Resistant Alloy (CRA) tubulars and CO2 resistant cement were not used during well construction and downhole pressure and temperature conditions may have further degraded the material strength and elevated the corrosion susceptibility. As a proof of concept, single well was selected to assess the loss of containment along the wellbore and to determine the complexity in resorting the well integrity, multiple scenarios were considered in LRM and composite structure and barrier parameters were assigned to estimate possible leakage pathways. Detailed numerical models were simulated for estimating leakage from reservoir to the surface through possible leakage pathways. Risks were identified and remedial action plan was designed for restoring well integrity. Post remedial plan covers Marine CO2 dispersion modeling to design comprehensive monitoring and mitigation plan for potential CO2 leakage in the marine environment.

This study summarizes the unique challenge associated with estimating well integrity and re-entering existing P&A wells. Leakage rate modeling along these wells involves uncertainties but when carried out with realistic parameters, it can be used as a predicting tool to determine the nature and complexity of leakage. Integrating with site survey results for any indication of gas bubbling, decision can be made to restoring the well integrity. The paper outlines the detail strategic options to safeguard CO2 storage by restoring well integrity using LRM and integrating with marine CO2 dispersion modeling. Assessing well integrity of P&A wells on individual basis, risk is assessed and identified. Proper remedial actions are proposed accordingly. Quantification of all the uncertainties involved needs to be conducted that may affect long-term security of CO2 storage site.
Improvement of Rheological and Filtration Properties of Water-Based Drilling Fluids Using Bentonite-Hydrothermal Carbon Nanocomposites Under the Ultra-High Temperature and High Pressure Conditions
Authors: Zhong Hanyi , Guan Ying , Qiu Zhengsong , Feng Jie , Liu Wenlei , Wan Yuan , Zhang Yubin
Published: October 2021

With the depletion of the conventional shallow oil/gas reservoirs and the increasing demand for oil and gas, deep drilling become more and more essential to extract the oil/gas from deep formations. However, deep drilling faces many complex challenges. One of the complexities is the degradation of polymers and flocculation of bentonite particles, leading to hardly control the rheological and filtration properties of water-based drilling fluids, especially under ultra-high temperature and high pressure (HTHP) conditions. Therefore, an experimental investigation is performed to study how bentonite-hydrothermal carbon nanocomposites will influence the rheological and filtration properties of water-based drilling fluids under ultra-HTHP conditions.

Bentonite-hydrothermal carbon nanocomposites are proposed as non-polymer additives to solve the ultra-HTHP challenge in water-based drilling fluid. The nanocomposites are synthesized by facile hydrothermal reaction, in which biomass starch and sodium bentonite are used as the precursor and template, respectively. In this study, the effect of the nanocomposites on the rheology and filtration properties of water-based drilling fluid are investigated before and after hot rolling at 220 °C and 240 °C.

The structure characterization indicates that carbon nanospheres can successfully deposit on the bentonite surface after hydrothermal reaction and finally form as nanocomposites. The elemental carbon content, zeta potential and particle size distribution of the nanocomposites could be adjusted according to the reaction conditions. After thermal aging at 220 °C and 240 °C, addition of nanocomposites can improve the rheological properties significantly where a stable and minor change of rheological properties is observed, which is desirable for ultra-HTHP drilling. Regarding filtration control, after adding 1.0 wt% nanocomposite materials, the filtration loss is reduced by 41% and 44% respectively after aging at 220 °C and 240 °C, which is better than the conventional natural materials that lose their function in this case. The identification of microstructure shows that the hydrothermal reaction endows nanocomposites with a unique surface morphology and an improved surface charge density. The interaction between nanocomposites and bentonite particles forms a rigid connection network, which is the main mechanism to facilitate effective rheology and filtration control under ultra-HTHP conditions.

The green and facile synthetic routes and environmentally friendly features of the nanocomposites, coupled with the excellent performance in ultra-HTHP rheology and filtration control, indicate that the nanocomposites have a high promise for water-based drilling fluid in ultra-HTHP drilling. Moreover, it provides a new way to design high performance additives with high temperature stability.
Designing the Maximum Permissible Production Cost of Oil and Gas Project Using Control Chart Analysis
Authors: Abdul Azizurrofi Ahmad , Setya Buana Yosef
Published: October 2021

During the period of 2005 to 2020, the oil prices reached the highest level in 2008 (99.67 US$/bbl) and the lowest level in 2020 (39.16 US$/bbl). The fluctuation in oil prices will affect the expenditures for both investment and production in oil and gas projects. Based on this condition, the standardization of the costs of investment and production is needed to help the government and contractor in estimating the costs needed in an oil and gas project.

As of December 2018, 471 projects (POD) have been approved by the government of Indonesia. All of them are projects that produce oil (oil projects) and gas (gas projects). In these projects, details of operating (Production) costs are included in the economic evaluation.

For the purpose of this paper, Indonesia was divided into 2 areas (Onshore and Offshore). Each of the areas had 2 different types of projects (oil project and gas project). Then, to collect the data related to the cost of production and reserves, the maximum cost of production per BOE was calculated and produced using the Control Chart Analysis method. Lastly, the result was distributed to those aforementioned areas.

Based on the evaluation and analysis of the cost of production from 273 oil and gas projects in Indonesia, oil and gas projects in Indonesia are economically acceptable as the maximum cost of production (US$ per BOE) is still far below the oil price (~65 US$/BBL). The following is the estimated Maximum Cost of Production generated in Indonesia: Onshore – Oil Projects (28.00 US$/BOE), Onshore - Gas Projects (12.27 US$/BOE), Offshore - Oil Projects (21.20 US$/BOE), Offshore - Gas Projects (15.95 US$/BOE).

Finally, this paper will show how to produce the maximum cost of productions per BOE using control chart analysis. This paper is expected to provide references (method) for the government of Indonesia in giving approval to the cost of production proposed by contractors. In addition, this paper may provide contractors with a quick look at oil and gas industry in Indonesia, especially those who plan to invest in Indonesia. It may also help them create their petroleum exploration and exploitation strategy in Indonesia if they take this information into consideration, which will benefit both the government and contractors.
Energy Transition in Oil and Gas Companies: A Case Study in the Colombian Hydrocarbons Sector
Authors: Plazas Niño Fernando Antonio
Published: October 2021

The conjunction between energy transition and oil and gas companies sets a significative question related to the role that these companies should play to respond to the gradual but continuous change in the worldwide energy system and the challenge of migrating from a fossil fuel-based structure to a green energy-driven economy with zero emissions of greenhouse gases. In this context, this paper enables to illustrate the main actions and strategies implemented by oil and gas companies to address the energy transition through a case study involving the most important Colombian company in the sector. Likewise, the work spotlights the relevance of implementing policies aimed at the transformation of oil and gas companies into integrated energy companies. Finally, an analysis framework is proposed to study the performance of oil and gas companies in the area of energy transition as a contribution for future research.
A Case Study on Field F Multiphase Flow Meter: How is it Better than a Conventional Test Separator?
Authors: Chang Li Si Claire , Johing Fedawin , Wong Yoon Chiang , Mohd Fauzi Nur Melatee Binti , Mohamad Ahmad Muzakkir Bin , Chiew Kwang Chian , Chaw Kit Teng
Published: October 2021

Multiphase flow meters (MPFM) have been known save costs for new installations, are compact and as effective as a test separator. Field "F" is a green field with 2 wells and has been producing since 2018 from the same reservoir. The test facilities consist of an MPFM, and F flows to a hub called Field "G". Towards Q2 of 2019, there was a significant increase in production rates from both wells without any changes to surface choke size and without enhancement jobs performed. Added to that, reservoir pressure showed steady depletion. Daily production allocation for F showed lower than usual reconciliation factor when combined with G hub production. This suboptimal allocation raised doubts about the MPFM well test readings which launched a full investigation into the accuracy of the meter.

From the offshore remote monitoring system, the first suspect was the increased inlet pressure causing parameters to be out of the MPFM operating envelope range. However, after further checking, there were other pressing issues such as faulty transmitter, and low range sensors. As these issues were being dealt with amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, the process to fix the meter was longer than usual. Rectification involved troubleshooting the MPFM post performing Multi Rate Tests, back allocation check to hub production and PROSPER/GAP model matching to check on the credibility of the well tests. These efforts were made due to budget cuts, as there was no advantage to bring onboard an entire well test package (separator) to test the F wells.

Post several rectifications, the liquid, gas and oil rates were within 10% difference from allocation meter back allocation and PROSPER model calculation. Reconciliation factor for field G has also increased to normal range of 0.92 to 0.95. However, the rectification also showed a significant drop in metered rates, proving that the MPFM was indeed generating incorrect well tests since Q2 2019. The drop was higher than 30% in gross production rates which lead to a better understanding of the reservoir, and corrections to be made to dynamic models for any future development projects. This hence proves that even with the similar reservoir properties in both wells, the MPFM well tests still require vigorous checking and should not be treated in the same way as a test separator.

This paper will describe the efforts by surface and subsurface faculties to ensure the quality of well tests from the MPFM. For future projects considering the MPFM installation, best to frequently quality check the MPFM well test figures with a test separator. However, if that option is not feasible, the efforts in this paper can act as a guide for the field.
A Novel Self-Photodegradation Drilling Fluids Under Near-Infrared Light Irradiation with Preferable Wellbore Stability
Authors: Jin Jiafeng , Lv Kaihe , Sun Jinsheng , Bai Yingrui , Liu Jingping , Wang Jintang , Huang Xianbin
Published: October 2021

The ever-mounting drilling operations of the petroleum industry has been accompanied by tremendous wasted drilling fluid, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in which pose a huge threat to the health of human and ecosystem. Varying approaches have been proposed to remediate the damage caused by wasted drilling fluid, among which photocatalysis has been one of the most promising approaches for organic contaminants removal. The latest investigation shows that Bi2WO6 decorated on hydrophobic CNT can remove up to 80 % organic contaminant within a short time, exhibiting a preferable photocatalytic performance. Moreover, this hydrophobic CNT can play a vital role in stabilizing the wellbore due to its excellent water repellent. The objective of the study was to find out the effect of Bi2WO6 modified hydrophobic CNT on the PAHs photodegradation and wellbore stability in the process of drilling.

Bi2WO6 as a near-infrared driven photocatalyst has attracted worldwide attention due to its preferable oxygen vacancy and quantum efficiency. However, the application of Bi2WO6 was impeded by the low migration efficiency of photo-generated carriers. The combination of Bi2WO6 and composite with good conductivity has been an effective method to resolve this problem. The instability of wellbore caused by shale hydration during oil and gas drilling operations also brings a huge challenge. In this study, a photocatalyst with wellbore stabilization capacity is achieved by hydrophobic CNT modified via Bi2WO6 sheet with nano-size. The fluid loss and wettability property were measured to evaluate the wellbore stabilization capacity of this novel agent. Meanwhile, photodegradation experiments and pathway analysis were conducted to evaluate the effect of photodegradation by Bi2WO6/CNT on the organic contaminants.

Data of photodegradation indicated that the PAHs can be degraded up to 80% after treated by Bi2WO6/CNT, the migration efficiency of photogenerated carriers improved significantly. A slight decrease in fluid loss and distinctive increase in viscosity can be observed after treated with 0.3% Bi2WO6/CNT solution. The results of the rheology test verified that the photocatalyst has little effect on the rheological properties of drilling fluid. The result of SEM indicated that this novel Bi2WO6/CNT composite with a bombax structure can absorb preferentially organic contaminants, which is good at in-situ photodegradation and prevention of water invasion.

To sum up, PAHs in wasted drilling fluids can be photodegraded by the novel Bi2WO6 nano-sheet modified CNT, and the stability of wellbore can also be significantly enhanced due to wettability alteration.
Application of Collision-Tolerant Rock Bit with Special Heel Technology for Crowded Offshore Platform Drilling Environment - First Implementation in Asia Pacific
Authors: Grimes Robert E. , Drew Jake , Feizal Aulia Hamdani , Riambomo Eka Pambudi , Durachman Ridwan
Published: October 2021

Santan is a mature gas field in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, where infill wells are being drilled to increase production rates. A crowded offshore platform in the Santan Field increases well trajectory complexity and presents a heightened risk of wellbore collision issues. The high number of wells on this directional pad in the shallow water drilling environment results in densely populated existing conductor pipe. Thorough drilling assessments and anti-collision directional drilling mitigation practices are key to successfully executing safe and reliable drilling operations.

To further mitigate the likelihood of a well control situation resulting from a collision with a neighboring conductor or casing, a 17.5 in. IADC Classification 115 Steel Tooth (ST) rolling cone bit with special heel technology was utilized in the Santan field. This is the first time this technology has been applied in Asia Pacific. The ST bit employs continuous disk shaped heel rows on all three cones rather than conventional ST chisel shaped heel row teeth which have multiple sharp cutting edges. The special disk heel rows are designed to deflect off casing in the event of a collision in order to minimize damage to conductor or casing.

The use of the special disk heel technology bit has yielded positive results to date. The bits have successfully and safely drilled in a critical zone where the center-to-center distance between slots was as low as 1m. The drilling performance and well trajectory targets were achieved. Reduced drilling parameters were used as per anti-collision and lost circulation practices, however, the overall rate of penetration (ROP) and directional behavior with the special disk heel bit was similar to conventional ST bits used in offset wells without collision risks. Turn and build rates of up to 4.8°/100 ft were achieved on a bent motor bottomhole assembly, while the average distance to the plan at the end of the section was only 10.59 ft. A series of laboratory casing collision tests was conducted during the development of the special disk heel bit which demonstrated a 75-80% reduction in casing collision damage as compared to a conventional IADC 115 ST bit. Overall, this technology minimizes the detrimental effects should a collision occur, without sacrificing ROP or steerability performance.

The special disk heel ST bit has proven to cause significantly less damage to casing from a collision event than any other bit type – ST, tungsten carbide insert (TCI), or PDC bits, while still providing excellent ROP and steerability in soft formation, shallow water applications. This technology allows operators to more confidently place additional wellbores in crowded offshore template environments for greater field development from a single platform.
An Innovative Solution for Production Enhancement Using Expandable Casing Patch Technology
Authors: Sharma Hemant K. , Al-Mulhim Abdulrahman. K. , Ahmed Danish , Gaby Mohamed
Published: October 2021

E&P operators are looking at innovative solutions to control water production in horizontal oil well producers, to maximize their assets’ value. The operators are putting greater emphasis on maximizing oil production from the existing assets instead of performing sidetrack or drilling new wells. Completing wells with equalizer completions; inflow control device (ICD) separated by openhole packers is one such solution.

Two kinds of equalizers are used for entry of wellbore fluids; Active ICDs and Passive ICDs. For wells completed with Active ICDs, a shifting tool can be used to close the water producing ICDs. However, for wells completed with passive ICDs, plugs with cement can be used, which will isolate the section below, leaving much of the oil behind. For wells in which the heel or the middle section starts to produce water, there was no solution, but to live with it or re-sidetrack the well.

Recently, a new technology of expandable steel technology has been selected, and specifically customized for ICDs isolation purposes. The patch is corrosion resistant alloy (CRA) material, which was selected to cope with the harsh corrosive environment. Pipe geometry had to be adjusted to enable "Patch thru Patch" capacity. Despite the tight restrictions of the well, the use of this technology allowed to keep enough clearance after installation to pass another Patch thru later on, if required.

Prior to performing the isolation of the ICD, production logs of the horizontal section were carried out to analyze the production and locate precisely the high-water producing zones. Three (3) Patches were successfully deployed rigless using smart coiled tubing. The real time monitoring enabled accurate positioning and smooth down hole pressure control.

Post patch installation, wellbore path remained clear, enabling production from the bottom zone. The well performance improved with substantial reduction in water production and consequent incremental increase in the oil production. Isolating the dominating water contributing ICDs, contributed to increase the oil contribution from the other ICDs. This was confirmed by another production log performed post patch installation. This was the first installation of Xpandable Steel Patch across ICD's worldwide.

This paper will highlight the technology and its application, solution selection process and the operational deployment of the Xpandable Steel Patch including real-time monitoring capabilities of instrumented Coil tubing (CT) which can be leveraged to accurately install the patches.
Designing a Robust Surfactant Based SP Formulation in High Clay Containing Low Permeability Indonesian Field
Authors: Bachtiar Andi , Octaviani Octaviani , Fauzi Iqbal , Roy Sayak , Company Roberto , Brunet-Errard Lena , Mascle Matthieu
Published: October 2021

Indonesian oil and gas reserves have been depleting since 2000 with no major addition of new oil reserves. Therefore, it is imperative to increase national oil production by optimizing the mature fields through the implementation of successful EOR technology. Out of this approach, a comprehensive study has been carried out on the targeted field by exploring the potential of surfactant-polymer (SP) flooding. This article describes the formulation design, optimization, and lessons learned leading up to a successful and robust chemical EOR formulation designing for a low permeability and high clay (>20% clay) containing Indonesian oil field.

The detailed workflow consists of analysis of fluid and rock characterization, tailor-made SP formulation designing, optimization and coreflood validation as presented in previous papers (Bazin, 2010). A series of surfactant formulation were designed and screened synthetically through a validated High Throughput Screening (HTS) methodology using a robotic platform combined with microfluidic tools for ultra-low interfacial tension (IFT), solubility, compatibility with brine and polymer. Rock mineralogy has played an important role due to heterogeneity and very high (>20%) clay content. Surfactants retention through adsorption on reservoir rocks was the main constraint to achieve high performance and economical chemical EOR for the targeted field. Specific strategies by optimizing the surfactant formulation and by injecting adsorption inhibitor thus needed to be deployed to mitigate high surfactant retention.

The detailed laboratory screening experiments conclude that the designed robust SP formulation is able to induce ultra-low IFT, excellent solubility and compatibility at the injection water salinity. The dynamic coreflood experiment using reservoir rock shows high incremental oil recovery (>60% ROIP) in short SP slug injection.

As expected from the nature of rock, adsorption was the main challenge encountered during the course of this study, which resulted in a very promising oil recovery in economically realistic conditions.
First Successful Channel Fracturing Job, in the Middle East, Across Darcy-Permeability Sandstone Formation in Challenging Preperforated Liner Disposal Well Proves to be the Optimum Solution for Enhancing Injectivity
Authors: Fawwaz Abdullah A. , Al-Obaid Rashid H. , Kurniadi Stevanus Dwi , Khan Abdul Muqtadir , Al Jalal Ziad , Zaouali Zouhir
Published: October 2021

Produced water is a byproduct of the production cycle that often creates problems for handling and disposal. In Khafji Joint Operation (KJO), thousands of BWPD were being produced every day and disposed of by pumping the water back into the A formation. This formation is sandstone and has a permeability range over one Darcy. To improve the economics of this project, KJO set an injection target rate of 30,000 B/D per well at a maximum of 1,500-psi wellhead injection pressure due to surface facility constraints. Several completion and stimulation methods were selected to enhance the injectivity rate of these disposal wells.

A pilot project was conducted to understand the best methods for injector well development. The well was drilled slanted across the reservoir to increase the reservoir contact area. Openhole and preperforated liners with different upper completion tubing sizes (i.e., 5-in. and 7-in. tubing) were compared to set the baseline of injectivity. Coiled tubing matrix acidizing and hydraulic fracturing were performed in this pilot well to enhance the injectivity. In each different methodology, a series of injection and surveillance tools was deployed to quantify the results.

Upon completion with the 5-in. tubing, the pilot well could not achieve the target injectivity rate without well stimulation. An improvement after acid stimulation via coiled tubing was observed, although it was not able to achieve the injectivity target. Completing the well with 7-in tubing improved the injectivity rate slightly, but the injection pressure was still relatively high. Finally, and despite the combination of all challenges in this well, the first channel fracturing in a preperforated injector well in the Middle East was successfully performed. The post-fracturing evaluation shows that channel fracturing is the optimal stimulation method, increasing the injectivity index in this well ninefold compared to matrix acidizing. These results suggest that the implementation of effective fracturing design and operations improves the economics of the project. The results also demonstrate the importance of surveillance activities and their analysis to guide the technical decision and technology deployment.

To overcome the challenges, a clear and robust workflow and solution execution and surveillance methods were developed. The pilot project illustrates the importance of having the right data to guide decisions and a rigorous QA/QC approach before, during, and after fracturing to achieve successful delivery.
Vaca Muerta: An Emerging Shale Petroleum Reservoir
Authors: Abd Karim Rahimah Binti , Aguilera Roberto
Published: October 2021

Argentina is ranked second globally in terms of technically recoverable shale gas, and fourth in shale oil (EIA 2015). The most prolific shale is the Vaca Muerta formation. The objective of this paper is to present geological and reservoir characterization, drilling and production strategies, as well as historical performance and economics of Vaca Muerta. The word petroleum as used in this paper includes oil, natural gas, and natural gas liquids.

This paper describes natural fractures and their impact on hydrocarbon productivity. The successful commercial production from this unconventional resource has been driven by many factors, including regional geology, availability of advanced technology such as horizontal drilling and multi-stage hydraulic fracturing, as well as domestic and regional hydrocarbon demand (Sierra 2016). Vaca Muerta itself is very unique with multiple hydrocarbon windows from east to west, ranging from dry gas to wet gas, to light oil and black oil.

The productivity of Vaca Muerta is benchmarked to some of the best US shale plays such as the Eagle Ford and the Marcellus. Vaca Muerta contains 1202 Tcf of risked gas in-place and 270 billion barrels of risked oil in-place. It is estimated that 308 Tcf and 16 billion barrels of these resources are technically recoverable (EIA 2015). To date, the total number of horizontal wells exceeds 600, mostly drilled in the black oil window (Secretaria de Energia de Argentina 2020; Wood Mackenzie 2020b). Dubbed the ‘golden goose’ of Argentina, the last decade has seen rapid exploration and development activities. The Argentina state oil company (YPF) leads the development in this region together with its partners. In 2019, production from Vaca Muerta reached 90,000 bbl/d of oil and 1180 MMcf/d of gas, contributing 21% of Argentina's total production (Secretaria de Energia de Argentina 2020; Wood Mackenzie 2020b). YPF predicted these rates would increase by 150% in 2022 (Rassenfoss 2018). Part of this increase will be contributed by La Amarga Chica block, where YPF and its partner, PETRONAS approved their 30-year master development plan in late 2018 to deliver 54,000 boe/d by 2022 (Zborowski 2019). This production increase has obviously been delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The novelty of this paper is integration of geological and reservoir characterization, drilling and production strategies, as well as historical performance and economics of Vaca Muerta. It is concluded that oil and gas potential in the Vaca Muerta shale is significant and rivals the potential of some of the shales widely developed in the Unites States and Canada.