bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crosstalk between the risk of diabetes and iron status in different ethnic groups
Authors: Yang Dongyan , Kalan Mohammad Ebrahimi , Han Jian
Published: November 2023

Iron is an essential nutrient for biological metabolisms, such as hemoglobin synthesis, oxygen delivery, and enzyme activity. Both laboratory and clinical studies have evidenced that elevated iron status is associated with the abnormalities of glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and ultimate diabetes. The risk of diabetes varies in different ethnic groups. The purpose of this study is to examine the impacts of diabetic factors on the serum iron content in various race groups. Relationships between serum iron content (quartile 1<64.7 ug/dL; 64.7 ug/dL <quartile 2< 86 ug/dL; 86 ug/dL <quartile 3<111 ug/dL; quartile 4>111 ug/dL) and BMI, waist, glucose, insulin, and diabetic status were examined using data from 2012–2013 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate the association between serum glucose and insulin level and quartile of serum iron, adjusted for age, gender, BMI, anemia, blood donation, alcohol drinking, smoking, and diabetes. Stratified analyses by different race groups were also performed. All statistical analyses were performed in SAS statistical software (SAS version 9.3). Results showed an inverse association between serum glucose and iron in the non‐Hispanic black group (p<0.05). In this race group, with one unit (mg/dL) increase in glucose, the chance of serum iron increase from quartile 1 (<64.7 ug/dL) to quartile 4 (>111 ug/dL) was about 29% (p<0.05). In the non‐Hispanic white group, increasing one unit (uU/mL) of insulin resulted in a possibility of 2% increase of the serum iron level (p<0.05). BMI was associated with decreased iron content in non‐Hispanic black, but not other race groups. The increase in age was associated with higher iron content in non‐Hispanic black and white groups (p<0.05). The female had a lower iron content compared to male in all ethnic groups studied (p<0.05). The impacts of other factors, such as blood donation, smoking, and alcohol drinking, on serum iron quartiles varied in race groups. Overall, the data suggest the existence of bridges between diabetic related factors and serum iron content. Furthermore, the crosstalk between iron status and diabetes is ethnic group dependent.
The Relationship of Fulltime Family Care to Food Security in U.S‐ and Foreign‐Origin Hispanic Households
Authors: McClain Amanda C , Dickin Katherine L , Dollahite Jamie
Published: November 2023

Hispanic households in the U.S., notably Mexican‐origin, are at high risk of food insecurity related to poverty. Additionally, most foreign‐origin households have two parents but only the father works while the mother provides fulltime family care (FFC). Yet low‐income foreign‐origin, compared to U.S.‐origin, women are more inclined to regard daily food preparation as integral, illustrating important cultural capital to consider in addressing food insecurity.

The objective of this study was to understand the relationship of FFC with food security in Mexican‐origin (MO) households, as compared to U.S.‐origin Mexican (USM), foreign‐origin Hispanic (FH), and U.S.‐origin Hispanic (USH) households.

This mixed methods study included face‐to‐face interviews with 27 low‐income MO mothers in New York State, plus a large, representative dataset from the 2013 Current Population Survey (CPS) food security supplement. We iteratively coded and analyzed qualitative data thematically. Based on emergent themes, we hypothesized that 1) FFC was associated with decreased household (HFI), adult (AFI), and child food insecurity (CFI) risk among MO and FH households, but not among USM or USH households; and 2) FFC attenuated the risk of HFI, AFI, and CFI for households below 185% Federal Poverty Line (FPL; statistical moderation) among MO and FH but not among USM or USH. For the CPS data, we tested logistic regression models, adjusted for common food security predictors and survey weights.

From our qualitative data, Mexican‐origin mothers not working fulltime demonstrated less concern over household food quantity and quality, compared to mothers working fulltime or unemployed. In the CPS data, FFC was not associated with HFI, AFI, or CFI risk. But FFC moderated relationships between poverty level and HFI and AFI among MO and FH households; households >185% FPL with FFC had significantly increased risk of food insecurity, while households <185% FPL showed no difference in food insecurity risk when a member provided FFC versus not. This moderation was not seen in USM or USH households, or for CFI risk among any of the groups.

Low‐income FH households, like MO, may benefit from a fulltime care provider. Low‐income Mexican‐origin mothers retain unique cultural and life course food provisioning capital that may protect their households. Nutrition education and outreach to low‐income FH may benefit from leveraging such capacities. Still, our results indicate that FFC may not protect against the most severe food insecurity, CFI, signifying the key role of policy research and reform to address the underlying issue of poverty.

Support or Funding Information

[Funding: Research Innovation and Development Grants in Economics (RIDGE) Doctoral Dissertation Research Grant]
Individual and neighborhood factors of serum levels of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D and C‐reactive protein: Evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
Authors: Chai Weiwen , Fan Jessie X , Wen Ming
Published: November 2023

Objective

To examine whether serum levels of vitamin D (25‐hydroxyvitamin D) and inflammatory (C‐reactive protein [CRP]) markers were associated with individual and neighborhood factors using a nationally representative sample from 2001–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).

Methods

Data from the 2001–2006 waves of the continuous NHANES was merged with the 2000 census and other neighborhood data sources constructed using geographic information system (GIS). Associations between individual and neighborhood factors and serum biomarker levels were assessed using multilevel random‐intercept logistic regression models taking study design and weights into account.

Results

A total of 6649 adult participants aged 19–65 (mean age: 41.1±0.3 years) were included in the analysis. Age (P=0.0003), female sex (P<0.0001), Hispanic race/ethnicity (P=0.02), current smokers (P=0.01), body mass index (BMI, P<0.0001), and poverty/income ratio (P=0.0007) was positively associated with serum CRP levels. Non‐Hispanic black (P<0.0001) and Hispanic race/ethnicity (P<0.0001), poverty/income ratio (P=0.0002), current smoker (P=0.0002), and higher BMI (P<0.0001) were associated with lower serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels. For neighborhood factors, area crime rates were inversely associated with circulating 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels (P=0.0002). No other neighborhood factors examined in the study were associated with CRP levels.

Conclusions

Lower vitamin D levels and chronic inflammation (as indicated by CRP) may reflect the socioeconomic status at individual level such as poverty/income ratio as well as at neighborhood level such as neighborhood crime rates.

Support or Funding Information

This research was supported by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Grant R01CA140319– 01A1
100% Fruit juice and measures of glycemic control and insulin sensitivity: a meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Murphy Mary M , Barrett Erin C , Barraj Leila M
Published: November 2023

Fruit juices are nutrient dense foods providing a range of micronutrients and bioactive substances. Nutritional guidance, however, typically recommends limited consumption of fruit in the form of juice due to concerns over low fiber content and potential for overconsumption. Consumption of fruit is promoted to support health though the effects of 100% fruit juice (100% FJ) consumption on measures of glucose control are conflicting. The purpose of this study was to systematically review and quantitatively summarize results from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of 100% FJ on glycemic control and insulin sensitivity. Eligible studies were identified from a systematic review of PubMed and hand searches of reference lists from reviews and relevant papers. Using data from 17 RCTs, meta‐analyses evaluated the standardized mean difference (SMD) in fasting blood glucose (15 studies), fasting blood insulin (11 studies), and the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR, 6 studies) between the 100% FJ intervention and control groups. Analyses were first conducted using a fixed effects model. If significant heterogeneity was observed (p‐value<0.1, I2 statistic >50%), analyses were repeated assuming a random effects model. For sub‐analyses of outcomes with data from fewer than three trials, the fixed effects model was used. Statistical analyses for the meta‐analysis were completed with STATA, version 12.1. Compared to the control group, 100% FJ had no significant effect on the SMD of fasting blood glucose (−0.20, 95% CI: −0.43, 0.02, p=0.08, I2 = 68.4, random effects), fasting blood insulin (−0.07, 95% CI: −0.20, 0.06, p=0.27, I2 = 0, fixed effects), or HOMA‐IR (−0.16, 95% CI: −0.41, 0.10, p=0.22, I2 = 58.4, random effects). Statistically significant associations were detected in sub‐analyses of fasting blood glucose by type of fruit juice (berry juice), type of control product (no beverage control), geographic location of the study (Asia), and study quality (Jadad score < 4) and in sub‐analyses of HOMA‐IR by duration of intervention (2–7 weeks). In all cases the observed effect in sub‐analyses was beneficial (i.e., reduced fasting blood glucose or insulin), though the significance of these findings may be limited by the small number of trials. These findings from RCTs, which relate to markers for diabetes, are consistent with findings from some observational studies which suggest that consumption of 100% fruit juice is not associated with increased risk of diabetes. High quality studies of longer duration with glycemic control and insulin sensitivity as primary outcomes for interventions using commonly consumed juices may help to clarify the role of 100% fruit juice on markers of diabetes.

Support or Funding Information

Supported by the Juice Products Association.
The Effect of Television Viewing and Portion Size on Intake During a Meal
Authors: Rosenthal Rachel , Raynor Hollie
Published: November 2023

Objective

The purpose of the study was to investigate the independent and interactive effects of television viewing and portion size on consumption during a meal.

Methods

To test the influence of TV viewing and portion size on meal consumption in healthy weight adults, a 4X2X2 mixed factorial design was used, with a between‐subject factor of order of conditions and within‐subject factors of TV viewing (TV vs. NO TV) and portion size (SMALL vs. LARGE). Seventeen women and three men (21.6 ± 2.3 kg/m2, 22.3 ± 3.7 years), who were predominately white (80%), and non‐Hispanic (95%), were randomized to one of four orders of conditions that varied in TV viewing and portion size of food. For the TV viewing conditions, individuals viewed a 30‐minute show (Scandal), which contained no commercials or food cues (TV), or sat quietly for 30 minutes (NO TV). For the portion size conditions, participants received 500 g macaroni and cheese (998 kcal) and 150 g salad with dressing (85 kcal), providing a total of 1083 kcal (SMALL); or 1000 g macaroni and cheese (1996 kcal) and 300 g salad with dressing (170 kcal), providing a total of 2166 kcal (LARGE). Dependent variables were grams and energy consumed during the meal.

Results

Mixed factorial analyses of variance revealed a significant main effect of portion size on grams and energy consumed. Participants consumed more grams (577.9 ± 150.5 g vs. 453.1 ± 96.6 g; p<0.001) and more energy (903.9 ± 270.4 kcal vs. 734.6 ± 187.1 kcal; p<0.002) when provided a larger portion size. A significant main effect of TV viewing or interaction of TV viewing x portion size was not found.

Conclusion

Watching TV did not increase intake during a meal. Greater gram and energy intake occurred when larger portion sizes were provided. To assist with reducing intake, smaller portion sizes should be implemented in all types of eating situations.

Support or Funding Information

N/A
Liquid Calories from Sugars Do Not Increase Body Weight More than Solid Calories: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Controlled Feeding Trials
Authors: Noronha Jarvis Clyde , Choo Vivian , Mejia Sonia Blanco , Viguiliouk Effie , Jayalath Viranda , Braunstein Catherine , Kendall Cyril WC , Sievenpiper John
Published: November 2023

Objective

Although liquid calories from sugars have been shown to be more poorly compensated than solid calories in pooled analyses of acute preload trials, it is unclear whether they contribute more to weight gain over the longer term. To synthesize the evidence of the effect of liquid calories from sugars versus solid calories on body weight in controlled trials.

Methods

We searched Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library through September 21, 2015. We included controlled trials of ≥ 7 days investigating the effect of liquid calories from sugars in exchange for solid calories from various sources on body weight. Two independent reviewers extracted relevant data as well as assessed risk of bias (Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool). Data were pooled using the generic inverse variance method and expressed as mean differences (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity was assessed (Cochran Q statistic) and quantified (I2 statistic).

Results

Seven trials involving 135 participants met the eligibility criteria. The exchange of liquid calories from sugars for solid calories from various carbohydrates did not lead to significant weight gain (MD= −0.38 kg (95% CI −2.14 kg to 1.37 kg) over a median follow‐up of 6‐weeks. There was no evidence of inter‐study heterogeneity (I2 = 0%).

Limitations

The small number and short duration of the available trials are important sources of uncertainty.

Conclusion

Pooled analyses failed to show that liquid calories from sugars result in weight gain compared to solid calories from different carbohydrates. There remains a need for larger and longer high quality trials.

Support or Funding Information

Funding: The Canadian Institutes of Health Research (funding reference number, 129920) through the Canada‐wide Human Nutrition Trialists’ Network (NTN) and PSI foundation.
Pterostilbene Inhibits Mitotic Clonal Expansion and Subsequent Decreases Adipogenic Factors in 3T3‐L1
Authors: Seo Young‐Jin
Published: November 2023

Obesity is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes, cancer, and arteriosclerosis. Pterostilbene (trans‐3, 5‐dimethoxy‐4‐hydroxystilbene) is a stilbenoid and found primarily in blueberries and rehmannia glutinosa.

Recent studies have shown that stilbenoid inhibits lipid accumulation during adipogenesis. Pterostilbene also suppresses adipocyte differentiation due to attenuate the terminal differentiation markers including proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ), CCAAT‐enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα), and adipocyte protein 2 (ap2) in 3T3‐L1. However, it remains unclear whether pterostilbene modulates the mitotic clonal expansion and its involvements. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the effect of pterostilbene on mitotic clonal expansionin 3T3‐L1.

Prior to start the adipocyte differentiation, the post‐confluent cell density is required to enhance the initiation of the adipogenesis in 3T3‐L1. Since pre‐adipocyte enter the mitotic clonal expansion, C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP10) is followed by expression of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein‐β (C/EBPβ). Early adipogenic factors induce activation of late adipogenic factor such as PPARγ, C/EBPα, and ap2.

Here we founded pterostilbene represses C/EBPα expression through inhibiting C/EBPβ, and C/EBPβ is regulated by upstream factor of C/EBPβ, CHOP10. Therefore, pterostilbene inhibits lipid accumulation by regulating early and late adipogenic factor at protein levels. We confirmed that pterostilbene decreases lipid droplet in early as well as late stage. Zebrafish has been used to evaluate the effect of pterostilbene on lipid accumulation in vivo. Pterostilbene dramatically decreased the lipid accumulation in high fat diet‐induced obese zebrafish. Our results show that pterostilbene might be use for the potential of therapeutic agent.
Protective Effects of Dietary Walnuts on High Fat‐induced Hepatic Steatosis, Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Mice
Authors: Choi Youngshim , Abdelmegeed Mohamed A. , Song Byoung‐Joon
Published: November 2023

Free radicals produced during oxidation process in many tissues including the liver are known to contribute to oxidative organ damage and apoptosis. Consequently, antioxidants have become an essential part of prevention and/or amelioration of disease progression. The potential toxicities of some synthetic antioxidants have resulted in their limited usages and thus accelerated research efforts to use antioxidants from natural sources such as fruits, vegetables, and nuts. Walnuts represent dietary nuts that show significant antioxidant properties. We hypothesized that dietary walnut supplementation would ameliorate high fat diet (HFD)‐induced hepatic fat accumulation and apoptosis, at least partially, by decreased levels of oxidative/nitrative stress and HFD‐induced hepatic steatosis. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed either a regular rodent chow or HFD (45% energy‐derived) with or without walnuts (20% energy‐derived) for 6 weeks. Histological analysis revealed the accumulation of lipid droplets in the livers of HFD‐fed mice, whereas the intensity of lipid droplets accumulation was markedly decreased in the livers of mice fed HFD+walnuts (HFD+W). The amelioration of hepatic steatosis by walnuts was further confirmed by the measured levels of hepatic triglyceride. Furthermore, the addition of walnuts markedly decreased the increased levels of a well‐established oxidative stress inducer cytochrome P450‐2E1 (CYP2E1) without affecting the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which was also up‐regulated by HFD. In addition, immunoblot and immunohistochemistry analyses revealed that hepatic levels of protein nitration and lipid peroxidation, other markers of oxidative stress, were significantly decreased by the walnut supplementation compared to the mice exposed to HFD. Consistently, the HFD‐induced oxidative/nitrative stress activated the death signaling pathways such as JNK and p38 kinase. However, walnut supplementation significantly decreased the phosphorylation (activation) of both JNK and p38 kinase in the livers, compared with those in the HFD‐exposed mice, and prevented the HFD‐induced hepatic apoptosis. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that the protective effects of walnuts against HFD‐mediated hepatic steatosis and apoptosis are mediated, at least partially, by decreasing the oxidative/nitrative stress and the cell death signaling pathways in HFD‐fed mice. The beneficial effects likely result from the anti‐oxidant ingredients of walnuts or indirectly via attenuating hepatic steatosis.

Support or Funding Information

This work was supported by a grant to Youngshim Choi from the KRIBB Research Initiative Program (Korean Biomedical Scientist Fellowship Program), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Republic of Korea and the Intramural Research Program of National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.
Understanding Obesity through a Big Data Analysis
Authors: Jin Chan Yong , Yu Okkyeong
Published: November 2023

Big data analysis for the related key words mentioned on Twitter and blogs may provide a useful tool to make out social trends and public understandings for certain key words. In this point, this study attempts to make out social trends and public understandings for obesity to lead a way for prevention and treatment through a big data analysis on lifestyle diseases including obesity, high blood pressure, and diabetes on Twitter and blogs. As the result, obesity shows low attention as a lifestyle disease, compared with high blood pressure and diabetes, although it is one of the major lifestyle diseases. In conclusion, this study suggests policy making and public education on obesity to change misunderstood public understandings for prevention and treatment of obesity.
Components of the metabolic syndrome and its association with nutritional status of vitamin D in children and adolescents with obesity
Authors: Romero‐Velarde Enrique , Casillas‐Toral Erika , Fonseca‐Reyes Salvador , Aguirre‐Salas Liuba Marina
Published: November 2023

Objective

Identify the association between metabolic syndrome components and vitamin D deficiency in children and adolescents with obesity in the Hospital Civil of Guadalajara.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study in 65 obese patients aged 6 to 18 years old. Anthropometric and blood pressure measurements, and the determination of serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D, lipid profile, glucose and insulin were performed. Children with endogenous obesity, diagnosis of endocrine diseases, or consumption of drugs that alter the absorption of vitamin D were excluded. Subjects were categorized as deficient or sufficient according to serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (< or ≥ 30 ng/mL). Components of the metabolic syndrome were compared between children with or without vitamin D deficiency with Student t test. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to determine the associations among components of the metabolic syndrome and anthropometric parameters.

Results

37 boys and 28 girls with a mean age of 10.3 ± 2.2 years were included. Vitamin D deficiency was identified in 32.3% of study subjects and the metabolic syndrome was diagnosed in 53.2% of the population. The mean values of insulin (p= 0.05) and waist circumference (p= 0.06) were higher in the group with vitamin D deficiency, and systolic blood pressure was lower. Significant correlations were identified between insulin and Z score of BMI, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p< 0.05); and between waist circumference and Z score of BMI, HOMA‐IR index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

Conclusions

Vitamin D deficiency was associated with elevated insulin levels and waist circumference. It has been reported that vitamin D has direct and indirect effects on insulin release; therefore its deficit can accentuate the state of insulin resistance that occurs in obese subjects, and accelerate the development of metabolic syndrome.
Bioaccessibility and cellular uptake of carotenoids, carotenoid precursors and a‐tocopherol in biofortified golden potatoes (Solanum tuberosum)
Authors: Chitchumroonchokchai Chureeporn , Diretto Gianfranco , Giuliano Giovanni , Failla Mark L
Published: November 2023

Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) transformed to overexpress bacterial phytoene synthase and phytoene desaturase genes and Erwinia lycopene β‐cyclase gene in a tuber‐specific manner have a “golden” phenotype and contain as high as 50% of the RDA of vitamin A per 250g serving. Boiled tubers from two independent transgenic lines of golden potato (16 and 22 μg total carotenoids/g wet wt) and wild type (2 μg/g total carotenoids) were subjected to simulated oral, gastric and small intestinal phases of digestion to estimate the bioacessibility of carotenoids, phytoene, phytofluene and αTC. Retention of compounds of interest after boiling golden potato exceeded 75% with the exception of phytofluene (40%). Partitioning of total carotenoids, provitamin A carotenoids, all trans‐lutein, phytoene, phytofluene and αTC in the mixed micelle fraction was 17–20%, 16–27%, 26–38%, 20–32%, 15%, and 24%, respectively. Apical uptake of the phytochemicals from micelles generated during simulated digestion of boiled potatoes by monolayers of Caco‐2 cells was 14–21% for carotenoids, 43–45% for phytoene, 23–27% for phytofluene, and 53% for aTC after 4h incubation. Results further support the potential of “golden” potato as a staple food for improving vitamin A status of those at risk for deficiency and the bioaccessibility of carotenoid precursors.

Support or Funding Information

Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center
Dietary deprivation of each essential amino acid induces differential systemic adaptive responses in mice
Authors: Kamata Shotaro , Yamamoto Junya , Karube Katsuhito , Ohkubo Rika , Kasahara Tadashi , Ishii Isao
Published: November 2023

Research purpose

Dietary deprivation of essential amino acids (EAAs: His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Thr, Trp, and Val) in mammals is known to cause reductions in food intake and body weight. The aim of this study was to determine whether and how mice respond to deprivation of individual EAA species.

Methods and results

The complete (amino acid) diet was formulated to contain all proteinogenic amino acids that quantitatively matched the amino acids of the standard rodent dry diet CE‐2 (Japan Clea); their basic composition and calorie contents were equivalent and mice grew well on the complete diet. Deprivation of any single EAA (not non‐EAA) from the complete diet led to progressive weight loss in the order of Ile− > Val− > Thr− > Leu− > Trp− > His− > Phe− > Met− > Lys− after two weeks, which correlated with the reduction in food intake. Decreased levels of the deprived EAAs as well as increased levels of all or some of the other amino acids were detected in the serum, although these levels differed among the diets examined. Serum biochemistry identified significant increases in CPK, BUN, ALT, and AST, and decreases in glucose and triglycerides; computed tomography revealed a marked reduction in abdominal/femoral fat and muscle depots; histology identified diffuse myofiber atrophy in the rectus femoris muscle, all in that approximate order. In contrast, marker genes for amino acid response (Asns), autophagy (LC3b), and ubiquitination (Atrogin‐1) as well as amino acid transporter genes (Slc38a, Slc7a5, Slc7a1) were induced in both deprived EAA‐specific and tissue (skeletal muscle, liver, heart, kidney, and small intestine)‐specific manners. When mice were deprived of food for 12 hr and then fed the Ile− diet or the Ala− diet, decreased food intakes were evident as early as 30 min with the Ile− diet, and rapid decreases in serum Ile concentrations preceded it (~10 min).

Conclusion

Dietary deprivation of individual EAAs induced systemic adaptive responses that differed in magnitude and molecular machinery.

Support or Funding Information

JPSP KAKENHI Grant Numbers 22590292, 23117716, and 25220103
Overexpression of the Cannabinoid Receptor CB1 in Mouse Astrocytes Related to Prolonged Intake of Commercial Sweeteners
Authors: Estrada Jose Antonio , Moriyama‐Estrada Zumiko , Olin‐Carbajal Stephanie , Díaz‐Casasola Luis , Contreras Irazu
Published: November 2023

Sweeteners approved for commercial use are considered harmless. However, recent studies have shown that chronic use of these compounds may have an impact on human health. The addition of these additives to an increasing number of daily‐consumed products makes it relevant to question their effects on the human body. The cannabinoid system is recognized as a key mediator of energy homeostasis, feeding behavior and the immune response, and its effects in the central nervous system are primarily related to orexigenic effects and incentives for food intake by its action on the hypothalamus and the limbic system. Although these processes are regulated by neurons, astrocytes play a key role in the regulation of neuronal function. The objective of this project is to study the effects of dietary modifications, particularly the ingestion of commercial sweeteners, on the cannabinoid system. We supplemented adult Balb/c mice with different sweeteners in their drinking water (sucralose, sucrose and steviols) for 8 weeks. After supplementation, we obtained nervous tissue samples and analyzed the expression of the CB1 receptor on astrocytes by immunohistochemistry. Our preliminary results show increased CB1 expression by astrocytes from mice supplemented with sucralose, compared to controls without supplementation. Our results provide evidence for alterations in CB1 expression in astrocytes in the brain after continuous commercial sweetener intake, which suggest possible effects in the regulation of appetite and lipid storage in the organism, as well as implications for the development of chronic metabolic disease, such as obesity and diabetes.

Support or Funding Information

This project was partially funded by COMECyT (Consejo Mexiquense de Ciencia y Tecnologia)
Preliminary evaluation on the effects of feeds on the somatic and cardiac parameters of zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Vargas Rafael A , Vásquez Isabel Cristina , Sánchez Jesús Armando
Published: November 2023

The aim of this work was to examine the effects of diets varying amount of lipids in zebrafish (danio rerio). The diets were: for control group a commercially available tropical fish diet (normal‐fat diet) and for the experimental group the same commercially available tropical fish diet plus crude vegetable oil (high‐fat diet). Two groups of adult young zebrafish (three‐month‐old zebrafish) were fed diets containing either normal‐fat diet or high‐fat diet and were tested during sixteen months. The control group (n=10) received 15 mg per fish of normal‐fat diet; a total meal for this group was 150 mg/day. The experimental group (n=10) received a total amount of 150 mg/day of normal‐fat diet plus 40 mg of crude vegetable oil (high‐fat diet). The size and weight were measured monthly in both groups. The mortality rate was not considerably influenced by dietary fatty acid composition throughout the period evaluated. The weight was highly affected by high‐fat diet after third month. No differences in the body size were observed between groups.

Support or Funding Information

This work was supported by Research Grant from the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia. Project: 5605, budget code 120112Z0401200.
Dietary Supplementation with Montmorency Tart Cherry Prevents the Alterations in Gut Mucosal Immunity that occurs with Ovarian Hormone Deficiency
Authors: Crockett Erica Kay , Graef Jennifer L. , Ouyang Ping , Clarke Stephen L. , DeSilva Udaya , Lucas Edralin A. , Smith Brenda J.
Published: November 2023

Postmenopausal women are at risk for a number of diseases linked to dysregulation of the immune response, including autoimmune diseases, osteoporosis and certain cancers. The decline in ovarian hormones that occurs with menopause is known to alter immune cell function and activation, but few studies have examined its specific effects on the gut mucosal immune response. Moreover, foods rich in phenolic compounds may provide a means of countering the effects of ovarian hormone deficiency due to their proximity to the gut mucosa and immunomodulating properties. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the alterations in the gut immune response induced by ovarian hormone deficiency and the extent to which dietary supplementation with dried tart cherries prevents this response. Five month old C57BL/6 female mice (n=10/group) were either sham‐operated (SHAM) or ovariectomized (OVX). OVX mice were then randomly assigned to treatments consisting of either control diet (OVX; AIN‐93M) or control diet supplemented with 5% (w/w) Montmorency cherry powder (CH; Van Drunen Farms); SHAM mice received the control diet. All diets were adjusted to have similar macronutrient, fiber, calcium and phosphorus content. Body weights were monitored throughout the study. At the end of the 28 day treatment period, a dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry scan was performed to assess body composition and the spleen, thymus, cecal contents and lamina propria (LP) from the colon were isolated. Body weight, lean mass and percent fat increased in the OVX group (P< 0.05) as expected, and cherry supplementation had no effect on this response. No differences were observed in cecal content and thymus weights among the groups. The OVX group experienced an increase (P< 0.05) in spleen weight, and cherry supplementation prevented this response to some extent (OVX=CH=SHAM). Following total RNA extraction from the LP, RT‐PCR was performed to assess the relative abundance of RNA for inflammatory mediators. Gene expression of interferon (IFN)‐γ was upregulated with OVX (P<0.05), and cherry supplementation restored IFN‐γ expression to that of the SHAM group. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α tended to be increased (P=0.0526) in the OVX group compared to the SHAM group, and cherry supplementation normalized this response. Additionally, the OVX‐induced suppression (P<0.05) of interleukin (IL)‐10, an anti‐inflammatory cytokine, was restored in CH group to that of the SHAM group. These data demonstrate that in a postmenopausal animal model, ovarian hormone deficiency promotes a pro‐inflammatory environment within the lamina propria of the colon and dietary supplementation with tart cherries provides a means of countering these responses.

Support or Funding Information

Cherry Research Committee of the Cherry Marketing Institute
The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Blood Lipids in Minorities with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Exebio Joel , Ajabshir Sahar , Zarini Gustavo , Huffman Fatma
Published: November 2023

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of supplemental vitamin D intake (4000 IU/day or 6000 IU/day of vitamin D3 over a 6 month period) on blood lipids in a sample of African Americans and Hispanics with type 2 diabetes and vitamin D insufficiency (25(OH)D<30 ng/ml) living in South Florida. Subjects were recruited from two clinics and screened for vitamin D insufficiency. Ninety two participants were screened. Seventy five qualified for the intervention (n=50 for 4000 IU/day treatment and n=25 for 6000 IU/day treatment). Participants in both groups were required to take either 4000 IU or 6000 IU of Cholecalciferol per day given in the form of a pill in a single daily dose. Each participant was seen 4 times; at screening, baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. Serum vitamin D and blood lipids were measured by ELISA. Mixed model was used to compare treatment effects. Bonferroni multiple comparison test was used to detect significant changes over time. Significant changes in serum 25(OH)D levels were seen from baseline to 3 month and 6 months, respectively in both treatments (from 22.25 ± 7.19 to 37.34 ± 12.31 and 37.99 ± 13.22, P<0.05 in the 4000 IU group; from 23.74 ± 5.09 to 43.20 ± 15.94 and 40.62 ± 19.39, P<0.05 in the 6000 IU group). A significant decrease in total cholesterol (from 193.88 ± 41.03 to 180.48 ± 27.53 mg/dl, P=0.040) and triglycerides (from 201.44 ± 91.35 to 172.92 ± 76.87 mg/dl, P=0.037) was found for the 6000 IU group at 6 months. The significance was lost after adjusting for confounders. The positive effect of vitamin D supplementation on blood lipids may be mediated by other cofactors related to vitamin D metabolism.

Support or Funding Information

Funding for this research was provided through a grant from NIH/NIDDK
Elevated systolic blood pressure is associated with low serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentrations of children in the United States: NHANES 2005–2006
Authors: Moore Carolyn , Liu Yan
Published: November 2023

Although a negative association between 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations and blood pressure has been found in adults, a limited number of studies have examined the relationship in children. Therefore, the purposed of this study was to determine if serum 25(OH)D concentrations of children were correlated with blood pressured (BP) and the risk of prehypertension and hypertension. Using a nationally representative sample of children age 8–18 year from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2006 (n=2277), serum 25(OH) concentrations were compared to diastolic, systolic, and mean arterial BP. Prehypertension was defined as BP ≥ 90th to < 95th percentile and hypertension as ≥ 95th percentile by age, height and gender national BP percentiles norms for children. All statistical analyses were conducted using the Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) (version 9.4, SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC, 2010–12). The overall statistical significance was set at level of less than .05 (α <.05). Based on serum 25(OH)D levels, 7.0 ± 1.2% of the children were vitamin D deficient (<12 ng/mL) and 71.7 ± 2.4% were vitamin D sufficient (>20 ng/mL). Vitamin D deficient children had higher systolic blood pressure (111.4 ± 0.8 mmHg) than vitamin D sufficient children (106.8 ± 0.6 mmHg) (P< 0.05). Analysis of covariance (n=2277; 8–18 yr) controlling for age, gender, ethnicity, and income indicated that serum 25(OH)D concentrations were negatively associated with systolic BP (standardize β = −0.061; P = 0.02), but not associated with diastolic or mean arterial BP. Overall, a relatively small percentage of the children age 8 – 18 yr had prehypertension (10.8 ± 1.0%) or hypertension (8.4 ±1.1%). However, a higher percentage of vitamin D deficient children had prehypertension (12.6%) or hypertension (16.4%) compared to the percentage of vitamin D sufficient children with prehypertension (9.1%) or hypertension (7.4%). In conclusion, low serum 25(OH)D concentrations in children were associated with elevated systolic BP and an increased risk of prehypertension and hypertension.

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Texas Woman's University Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences
Circulating Levels of Small Nucleolar RNAs (snoRNA) Are Affected by Zinc Supplementation in Early Pubertal Females
Authors: Grider Arthur , Lewis Richard D. , Laing Emma M.
Published: November 2023

The objective of this research was to determine the effects of zinc supplementation on the levels of small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) in plasma. The subjects (early pubertal females 9 to 13y) consumed 9 mg elemental zinc (n=110) or placebo (n=102) for 4 wks. Plasma was collected from subjects at baseline and 4 wks. Following analysis by zinc atomic absorption, samples were pooled from 5 subjects exhibiting either the greatest change in plasma zinc (zinc supplemented [Zn]) or the least change in plasma zinc (placebo [P]). Total RNA from these samples ([P] baseline n=2; [P] 4wk n=2; [Zn] baseline n=2; [Zn] 4wk n=2) was isolated, and the small, non‐coding RNA in plasma was analyzed by microRNA microarray. The data (log2 expression) were separated into unsupplemented (UnS; n=6) and zinc supplemented (ZnS; n=2) groups. For each snoRNA, the UnS group exhibited a coefficient of variation ≤ 30%, and the ZnS group exhibited average expression levels ≥ 1.5‐fold higher or lower than the average of the UnS group. Seven snoRNAs were affected by Zn supplementation: SNORD13 (chromosome 2 – 1.5× decrease, chromosome 5 – 1.6× decrease, chromosome 11 – 1.7× decrease, chromosome 10 – 1.6× increase); HBII‐52 (chromosome 15 – 1.6× decrease); 14q(0) (chromosome 7 – 1.5× increase); SNORD81 (chromosome 7 – 1.6× increase). These results indicate that changes in Zn nutriture affects the circulating levels of this class of small, non‐coding RNAs involved with the post‐transcriptional maturation of ribosomal RNA. Moreover, further research will determine if they are candidates for biomarkers of Zn status.

Support or Funding Information

Georgia Agriculture Experiment Station (GEO00682) to AG; National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R03 HD54630) to RDL.
In vitro therapeutic index application in high throughput screening of the anti‐inflammatory effects of natural products evaluation in different cell lines
Authors: Mazzio Elizabeth A , Bauer David , Taka Equar , Soliman Karam F.
Published: November 2023

One thousand and four hundred crude organic extracts from natural plants, botanical chemicals were evaluated for anti‐inflammatory activity LPS treated cell lines: BV‐2 microligal cells, RAW 264.7 macrophages and C6 glioma cells. LPS is commonly used to invoke in vitro inflammation. However, studies using immortalized macrophages, microglia or astrocytoma (malignant phenotype) could result in an interfering variable when evaluating natural products which are both anti‐inflammatory and anti‐cancer (pro‐apoptotic) at similar/close concentrations. In this study, a high throuput HTP study was conducted on inflammatory parameters using an in vitro therapeutic index (iTI) = ratio of toxicity (LC50) / anti‐inflammatory potency (IC50) compared to reference controls (e.g. hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, iNOS inhibitor N6‐(1‐iminoethyl)‐L‐lysine (L‐NIL) and other OTC NSAIDs). Preliminary profiling studies showed (1) LPS activation of BV2 cells resulted > 10‐fold rise in IL‐6, MIP‐2, MIP‐1g, RANTES and nitric oxide (NO); (2) LPS activated RAW 264.7 cells generated > 10‐fold rise in sTNFR2, MCP‐1, IL‐6, GCSF, RANTES and NO (3) LPS/IFN‐g activated C6 glioma initiated >10‐fold rise in MCP‐1, CINC1, CINC2a, CINC3 and NO. Using NO2‐ production as a guideline molecule for HTP screening, the data show that of all compounds tested : the highest anti‐inflammatory differential LC50/IC50s (Ti ) with efficacy < 250μg/mL occurred in the presence of Ashwaganda, Elecampane, Feverfew, Tansy, Turmeric, Bayleaf, Rosemary, Green Tea, Yerba Santa and Centipeda Herb. Likewise, naturally derived substances with the highest anti‐inflammatory differential LC50/IC50s (Ti ) were established for cardamonin and to a lesser extent: butein, apigenin, EGCG, curcumin and quercetin. These substances had capacity to reduce NO, downregulate iNOS protein expression, significantly attenuate IL‐6 in activated RAW/BV2 cells and reduce levels of cytokine‐induced neutrophil chemoattractant CINC‐1/3, in C6 cells. These particular natural substances seem to hold therapeutic value above many others tested, with possible applications for future prevention of neuro inflammatory conditions / treatment of general inflammatory chronic disorders and possibly drug development for strategies to prevent multi‐organ damages associated with endotoxic shock.

Support or Funding Information

NIMHD Grants G12MD007582 and Grant Number 1P20 MD006738
Alveolar Lipid Accumulation in GMCSFRβ KO Mice Involves Epithelial Steatosis as well as Macrophage Lipotoxicity and is Not Associated with Altered Surfactant Lipid Synthesis
Authors: Corkill Dominic John , Hunt Alan N , Hinrichs Mary Jane , Rebellato Marlon C , Ryan Patricia , Scott Alison , Sleeman Matthew A , Postle Anthony D
Published: November 2023

In human subjects, auto‐antibodies to granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) are associated with the development of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP), a lung disease characterised by alveolar accumulation of surfactant resulting in respiratory failure and increased infection risk. GM‐CSF receptor β‐chain deficient (GMCSFRβ KO) mice develop an equivalent phenotype. Although GMCSF‐dependent defective alveolar macrophage (AM) clearance of surfactant is believed to be the underlying mechanism for this pathology, the role of surfactant lipid synthesis and catabolism is less clear. At 6, 12 and 16 weeks of age, alveolar lipid content was determined in GMCSFRβ KO and wild‐type (WT) mice following deuterium labelled choline administration and subsequent analysis of broncho‐alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue homogenates by mass spectrometry (MS). This approach permitted, for the first time, determination of the synthetic rates of alveolar lipid molecular species in vivo at 12 weeks of age. At each endpoint, lung function, gross pathology and histopathological assessment of lung tissue was performed. In GMCSFRβ KO mice there was clear development of a PAP‐like phenotype with accumulation of PAS stained material in the alveoli and significantly increased BALF surfactant recovered compared to WT mice. Histologically, alveolar proteinaceous material and perivascular inflammatory cell infiltrates were seen in the lung of KO mice only, which increased over time. Additionally, surfactant lipids were present within the alveolar epithelia. In 16 week mice, the major surfactant species, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), increased in the BALF of GMCSFRβ KO mice versus WT mice (185±19.49 vs 48±2.36 nmol in KO vs WT (mean±SEM), p<0.001). Tissue homogenate DPPC was also increased at 16 weeks (85.2± 6.39 vs 15.55±0.91 nmol in KO vs WT (mean±SEM)), p<0.001. These increases were not associated with enhanced DPPC synthesis at 12 weeks (estimated rate of synthesis 0.19 vs 0.14nmol/h/lung in WT vs KO), suggesting defective AM clearance from the lung alone is sufficient to explain this pathology. Deficiency of GM‐CSF signalling in knock‐out mice results in a PAP‐like phenotype, and we showed by MS that whole lung lipid accumulation was not due to enhanced lipid synthesis. Clinical studies using an anti‐GMCSFRα antibody (Mavrilimumab) for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis are currently underway, and further studies to determine the effect of neutralising antibodies on alveolar lipid biology will be important. Use of sensitive MS methods to quantitate lung surfactant lipid turnover will enable greater understanding of the interactions between the GM‐CSF axis and airway lipid physiology.
Reprogramming factor Oct4 is crucial for Trans differentiation of Hepatocytes to Biliary epithelial cells
Authors: Doffou Mboya , Adams George , Michalopoulos George , Bhave Vishakha
Published: November 2023

Trans differentiation of liver epithelial cells (hepatocytes and biliary cells) into each other provides a rescue mechanism in liver disease under situations where either cell compartment fails to regenerate by itself. The mechanisms underlying such trans differentiation of terminally differentiated epithelial cells are not fully elucidated. Recently we reported that adult rat liver expresses reprogramming factors Oct4, Nanog, and KLF4, and their expression is important for hepatocyte proliferation and liver regeneration. To test if reprogramming factor Oct4 plays a role in trans differentiation of hepatocytes to BECs, we used the hepatocyte organoid culture: an in vitro hepatocyte to biliary trans differentiation model. In this model, primary hepatocytes when plated on collagen coated roller bottles and cultured in presence of HGF, EGF, and dexamethasone, trans differentiate to form BECs between 6–15 days in culture. We found that Oct4 is upregulated at day 6 in this model as assessed by mRNA and protein levels suggesting its possible involvement in trans differentiation. When expression of Oct4 was blocked in hepatocytes using adenovirus containing Oct4 shRNA, there was a significant decrease in the number of biliary cells as compared to controls as assessed by biliary marker HNF1‐beta, strongly supporting the role of Oct4 in trans differentiation of hepatocyte to biliary epithelial cells. Moreover, Oct4 inhibited group shows significantly less SOX9, YAP, and Notch (also shown to be involved in trans differentiation) expression as compared to controls. Experiments to investigate mechanisms through which Oct4 might regulate trans differentiation are under way.

Support or Funding Information

Center for Chronic Disorders of Aging.

American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy New Investigator Award.