bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Gazit Ofer
Published: May 2024

The conclusion ties together the three main themes of the book: the meaning of jazz to migrant musicians, the place of migrants within the New York scene, and the ways these two inform musical practices, attitudes, and ways of listening in contemporary jazz. It begins by considering the optimism brought forth by the institutional recognition that migrant jazz musicians have received over the past decade and the disillusionment caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. It moves on the consider the role of movement in creating a sense of belonging among migrant musicians, and how new spaces are constituted through this physical, social, and musical movement. It concludes by showing how the study of migrant jazz musicians in New York can offer new insights into migrant music performance and reception through the notions of musical borders and ethnic listening.
Introduction
Authors: Bardon Adrian
Published: May 2024

It’s not so easy to specify just what you are asking when you are asking, “What is time?” In ordinary discourse, we employ temporal terms like “past,” “present,” and “future” without thinking much about what they mean. In describing the natural world, scientists tend to presume an understanding of temporal concepts like duration, succession, or the earlier-later relation. To formulate sensible questions about time we need to look at the temporal concepts we take for granted in both colloquial and scientific discourse. This book concerns the philosophy of time. One might well wonder how a philosophical approach to time is different from a scientific, psychological, sociological, literary, or other approach to the subject. Answering this question requires that we briefly examine what philosophy is.
Does Time Pass?
Authors: Bardon Adrian
Published: May 2024

Classically, the definitive property of time is that it passes, or flows. Alternatively, if we are uncomfortable with talking about time as though it is a thing with properties of its own, we may still want to think in terms of events in time as becoming, proceeding, or passing away. Either way, there is a sense of passage, be it the passage of time or the passage of events. Passage is intimately bound up with the notion of a real past, present, and future, since the passage of time is the change that occurs as events go from being future to being present to being past. Is this essential characteristic of time, or events in time, real?
The Persistent Projection of Passage
Authors: Bardon Adrian
Published: May 2024

Despite it all, many would continue to insist that there just must be something to the idea of the passage of time. The sense of an inexorable movement of and through time seems like an obvious and ineliminable aspect of our lived experience. It’s not enough just to point out deficiencies in the dynamic theory of time. The static theorist needs to explain how and why just about all of us have been getting it so wrong. It is still possible to find a few scholars who claim to know that time really flows by virtue of a direct experience of that flow. Well, if there were such an experience, this would constitute direct empirical evidence for the passage of time. But do we really sense the passage of time?
The Direction of Time
Authors: Bardon Adrian
Published: May 2024

If the dynamic theory of time is wrong, then the future isn’t coming, the present isn’t passing, and the past hasn’t passed. But then why does it seem that time has a direction—that there is a difference between earlier (backward in time) and later (forward in time)? Could the difference between earlier and later also be just a subjective matter? The static theory agrees with the dynamic theory in treating time as a real dimension with a fixed direction: Some events are really earlier than others, some concurrent, and some later. But in a static block universe, what does it mean to say that time has a direction? Does the direction of time emerge from something more fundamental? Could the direction of time, like the passage of time, be just another product of psychological projection?
Epilogue
Authors: Bardon Adrian
Published: May 2024

The conclusions we have reached about time do not mean we should (or even can) abandon our ordinary ways of thinking about time, given that our experience of time is inherent to perceptual and emotional awareness. Still, one shouldn’t go quite so far as to conclude that our ongoing inquiry into the nature of time is totally off-track. The scientific study of nature truly improves our grasp of time, even if it doesn’t decide the issue as to whether we are supposed to take the present seriously. Further, where you have a scientific research program, as we do in the case of the scientific investigation of spacetime, perception, and human psychology, there is need for philosophical reflection on their motivation, meaning, and results.
Introduction
Authors: Jack Max
Published: May 2024

Rapidly proliferating across football stadia throughout Europe in the early 2000s, ultra has developed into a transnational subculture and a social movement built around the fans’ stylistic coordination of crowd action—that which is intended as a form of support for their respective teams on the field. Exploring ultras’ all-encompassing lifestyles dedicated to cultivating heightened sensory environments, atmosphere is conceptualized in the text as an affective terrain of socialization and public address that serves as a collective process of imagining and implementing social alternatives to the isolating effects of neoliberal capitalism. The chapter charts the myriad conflicting strategies of various state apparatuses that aim to mold ultra subjectivity and affect in public space, forming a mutually constitutive interrelationship between hardcore fans and the state that radicalizes and isolates them further.
Salvaging Fandom
Authors: Jack Max
Published: May 2024

Through an exploration of the fan scene at EHC Dynamo, this chapter examines the ultra group Black Corner and their strategic response to the commercialization of professional hockey in Germany as the team administration, its investors, and the league looked for new ways to transform the sport into a leisure event designed to maximize profit. In direct opposition to the ways in which identity is increasingly commodified, sold, and consumed, ultra is an attempt at separating fandom from consumption by re-defining subjectivity through a radical dedication to “participatory performance” in the stadium. The ultras’ coordination of crowd action and cultivation of atmosphere attempted to enact an idealized vision that the fan scene is the hockey club despite what they also knew—EHC Dynamo Berlin is a for-profit company owned by Anschutz Entertainment Group.
Becoming Ultra
Authors: Jack Max
Published: May 2024

Shifting attention to Dublin, Ireland, this chapter contextualizes the development of ultra fandom at Shamrock Rovers as a response to the ways that the globalization of capital has made social and economic precarity a consistent feature of professional football. In Dublin, this precarity was instigated by the club’s previous owner, Louis Kilcoyne, who sold the team’s stadium at Milltown to housing developers. After that, the club was constantly on the financial brink, which correlated with poor performances on the pitch and constant fears over the club’s potential insolvency. This ongoing experience became a defining source of trauma that was woven into the historical narrative of the club and passed down to the younger generation of fans. In 2002, a newly formed group calling themselves the SRFC Ultras dramatically boosted the atmosphere at the depths of the club’s financial and emotional despair, shifting the mood at the club.
Alienation and Dissent
Authors: Jack Max
Published: May 2024

Through an examination of ultras’ disruptive claims to public space, Chapter 4 outlines the response of Irish ultras to capitalist strategies of global marketing that have popularized televised football from the United Kingdom in the Republic of Ireland. The globalization of the most competitive football leagues around the world in Ireland has atrophied spectatorship and fandom in local contexts such as the League of Ireland (LOI), making live football a niche practice and an ideal site for alternative forms of cultural production. This perceived marginality, however, has also radicalized the subjectivities of football fans that continue to hold onto traditional ideologies of support (i.e., attending all matches/that the fans are the club). At Shamrock Rovers, support in the stadium in the ultra style became its own method of asserting the tangibility of local community and real Irishness amid the broad cultural changes oriented toward the consumption of televised football.
Affective Governance
Authors: Jack Max
Published: May 2024

In response to the ultras’ inflammatory activities in and around the stadium space, this chapter explores the ways in which numerous governing bodies influenced the social life of the hardcore fans at FC Union Berlin. The management of the ultras’ affective labor reflects complicated, overlapping, and sometimes contradictory strategies of governance that aim to establish security, predictability, social accessibility, and customer compliance—all essential components of the modern sporting event. By investigating the variety of strategies taken by various governing bodies, this chapter challenges the notion that the management of the ultras’ activities is solely motivated by public safety or the prevention of violence but rather is intended to produce scenarios that the state is already equipped to manage. In so doing, affective governance produces The Deviant in the public imaginary and further radicalizes the ideologies and worldviews of the ultras in the process.
Until the Last Breath
Authors: Jack Max
Published: May 2024

Ultra aims to subvert and protest the commercializing logics that structure professional sport with the full awareness that there is no possibility of a return to any kind of “traditional” spectating experience that emphasizes local community cohesion. Alienated from the commercial prerogatives of professional sport, ultras’ cultivation of atmosphere lies at the heart of their friction with sports’ governing bodies, the media, and the state. While the crowd is often perceived as regressive and even fascistic from a liberal perspective, this conclusion makes the case that ultras attempt to adjudicate difference and harbor democratic ideals of collective determination through an affective politic of sociality in the stadium. Crowd action can thusly serve as a completely different method in which to enact democratic principles—rife with new social possibilities, conflicts, and discrepant power dynamics.
Ὁὑμέτεροςσυνθεράπων
Authors: Smolin Nathan Israel
Published: May 2024

In Chapter 1, Constantine’s association with Christianity is analyzed in rational terms, as a response to the crisis of legitimacy in the Late Roman Empire and his own status as a usurper. Constantine’s relationship with Christian bishops, it is argued, should be seen as a collaboration between two formerly adversarial groups based on mutual benefits to both. Crucial to this relationship was the development of an Imperial-episcopal judicial system (section 1.3) aimed at punishing heterodox and immoral bishops and so aiding the stability of Church and Empire. This system was developed in an ad hoc, unplanned manner through Constantine’s personal interventions and interactions with bishops, and was radically transformed by his increasing assertion of a personal divine mandate and charismatic ability to discern guilt and innocence. These claims, it is argued, can be understood only in theological terms.
Τῆςβασιλείαςἡσυμφωνία
Authors: Smolin Nathan Israel
Published: May 2024

Chapter 3 argues that the reign of Constantine’s successor Constantius II is best understood in light of his attempts to continue Constantine’s political theology and system of legitimacy. Section 3.1 discusses Constantius’ reception in contemporary and later sources, and its distorting impact on his place in history. Section 3.2 argues that Constantine’s late theological-political system directly caused the succession crisis leading to the “massacre of the princes”; section 3.3 explores Constantius’ alliance with Eusebian clerics in the East as an attempt to cement continuity with his father and so legitimate his position. Finally, the complex, violent relationship among the three sons of Constantine, which closely parallels the period’s theological and episcopal conflicts, is explored in section 3.4. Through political and ecclesiastical means, Constantius asserted a clear chain of command grounded in the imitation of God and Constantine and therefore his own primacy within the new Imperial college. Constantine’s brothers, meanwhile, sought to advance their own positions by sponsoring more egalitarian theologies and using dissident bishops as tools to legitimize civil war.
ὉαἰωνίοςΣεβαστός
Authors: Smolin Nathan Israel
Published: May 2024

Chapter 4 continues the narrative of Constantius’ reign following his brothers’ deaths. In section 4.1, the religiously charged campaign against the usurper Magnentius is explored. Section 4.2 discusses the person and theology of Athanasius of Alexandria, targeted with increasing directness by Constantius after this campaign. Section 4.3 narrates the forceful efforts of the new sole Augustus to purge religious dissent in both East and West and the theological justifications for this campaign. Section 4.4 discusses the increasing array of theological factions during this period and Constantius’ innovative efforts to respond to them. This led, it is argued in section 4.5, to the unprecedented attempt, at and after the Councils of Ariminum and Seleucia, to overrule large majorities of bishops and impose permanent theological unity from above. These efforts were met by overwhelming episcopal opposition and were brought to a sudden close by the usurpation of Julian and Constantius’ death.
Introduction
Authors: Toal Gerard
Published: May 2024

This introductory chapter explores the concept of geopolitics, which is correlated with the clash between Earth system dynamics and the world power structures that humans have built into and upon the planet. It starts with the threat posed by the island-building of China in the South China Sea. The island-building raises several questions concerning territorial formation and modernity. According to strategists, China’s practices in the South China Sea are a challenge to US dominance in the Pacific and, more generally, to the rules of a liberal international order. The chapter mentions how the hasty land construction resulted in destroyed fragile coral ecosystems, increasing storm intensity, and rising ocean temperatures, sea levels, and acidity levels.
Grounding Geopolitics
Authors: Toal Gerard
Published: May 2024

This chapter provides an overview of the life and work of Halford Mackinder. It argues that geopolitics began as an imperial way of thinking that was geo-ecologically conscious. It was grounded in accounts of how environmental endowments and factors shaped international politics, which was conceived as a “struggle for existence” among great powers. Mackinder believed that the British Empire needed to efficiently arrange the spaces it controlled worldwide to maintain its rank as a world power. This involved them growing food for Britain. Britain also needed to keep a racial hierarchy that had white people at the top. Mackinder believed that a whole superstructure of state strength, missionary ideals, and technological innovation rests on geo-ecological foundations. The chapter argues Mackinder’s flawed ideas reveal the racial and geo-ecological foundations of geopolitics.
Punishment Beyond Borders
Authors: Durmuşoğlu Linet R. , van Prooijen Jan-Willem , Wagner Wolfgang
Published: May 2024

In contrast to domestic societies, second-party punishment—that is, punitive action by the victim of a transgression or a party close to the victim—remains a common practice in international politics. This chapter discusses two experimental studies that examined citizens’ responses to second- and institutional third-party punishment in international and interpersonal relations in order to learn about the public legitimacy of punitive force in international relations. It was found that citizens consider the delegation of punishment to a third party more legitimate than second-party punishment not only in the context of the nation-state but also internationally. Even so, the difference in support between second- and third-party punishment is more pronounced at the individual level than at the international level. Confidence in punitive institutions appears to be an important factor in citizens’ support for punishment across settings.
Why Sanctioning?
Authors: Onderco Michal
Published: May 2024

The mainstream international relations scholarship on sanctions overwhelmingly concludes that if the success of sanctions is measured by the change of the target’s behavior, then sanctions do not work. But if sanctions “do not work,” why are they increasingly popular? This chapter seeks to answer this question with the help of interdisciplinary scholarship on punishment, with the goal of connecting the political science insights on sanctions with broader scholarship on punishment. The practice of sanctioning countries reflects three contributions of the punitive lens on international politics: It shows which norms are at the core of international order (and deserve to be protected by the punitive responses), it demonstrates structures of power and authority (and the right to sanctions), and it shows where the potential for cooperation is in international politics.
Supporting the Punishment of Atrocity Crimes
Authors: Christensen Mikkel Jarle
Published: May 2024

This chapter contributes a critical analysis of elites active in the field of atrocity crimes justice. It demonstrates how the support of punishment as the core technology to deal with perpetrators of these crimes is rooted in a broad coalition of elites who work in the field of international criminal justice. However, the analysis also shows how this coalition of elites is populated by a narrow group of well-educated, mostly male professionals who have been trained in and have most of their professional ties to the Global North. This can affect the ways in which punishment is understood, interpreted, and implemented in this field, including where its institutions and organizations direct their gaze and legal technologies. Ultimately, this can impact the way in which international criminal justice develops as well as the perceived legitimacy of its project to end impunity for atrocity crimes.
Introduction to the Economics of Cooperation
Authors: Madden Kirsten , Persky Joseph
Published: May 2024

In the 19th century the theorists of the British cooperative movement built an alternative to classical political economy. They called it a social science. The present volume describes, often restates, and in places, reconstructs their thought. We consider cooperative theorists from Robert Owen to G. D. H. Cole. Most all of them explore the interactions of an enlarged self-interest with a rich set of institutions: communal property, self-governance, voluntarism, and equality. To realize their vision, the cooperative theorists propose a range of radical new systems: cooperative villages, cooperative stores, and guild workshops. They argue that the new cooperative mode will yield material superabundance, happiness, and human development for all. Fundamental to the stability of their cooperative systems is the claim of a powerful social psychological feedback mechanism. Experiencing the attractive outcomes of superabundance, happiness, and human development reinforces and strengthens individuals’ enlarged self-interest and institutional commitments.
To Owen’s Left
Authors: Madden Kirsten , Persky Joseph
Published: May 2024

Owen’s new social science resonates with a range of followers. The most notable theorists in this group are the Benthamite philosopher William Thompson, and feminist coauthor Anna Doyle Wheeler. They posit that while self-interest drives human beings, institutions determine whether that drive translates into selfishness or the pursuit of wellbeing for the larger community. Thompson and Wheeler insist that the following principled institutions are key: equality, voluntarism, and security. Under such institutions the cooperative commonwealth generates unprecedented superabundance and an expansion of happiness which in turn feedback and support the energy of the community. We call this mutual reinforcement the Thompson-Wheeler theorem. Gender equality is a key component of equality. As pioneering feminists, Thompson and Wheeler argue that gender equality is necessary for the achievement of the greatest good and that cooperations is necessary for gender equality.
Profit Sharing
Authors: Madden Kirsten , Persky Joseph
Published: May 2024

In its weak form, the argument for profit sharing offers a reform to lessen the conflict between capital and labor. In its strong form it offers an alternative transition mechanism to the cooperative commonwealth. Starting with Charles Babbage, advocates emphasize its ability to raise productivity. Some, like Sedley Taylor and William Thornton, argue that profit sharing is most appropriate to labor-intensive industries. Several advocates, most notably William Stanley Jevons, insist that decision-making not be shared with workers. Alfred Marshall, however, argues that profit sharing can be seen as an important step toward true cooperation. He also offers suggestive theoretical insights on the implicit profit sharing in more traditional firms.
Introduction
Authors: Mastro Oriana Skylar
Published: May 2024

This introductory chapter lays out the main puzzle under examination: How has China tried to build power and influence over the past thirty years? What factors have determined the strategies Beijing has pursued? This chapter presents the conventional wisdom behind power accumulation in international politics and advances a new explanation for China’s rise—the “upstart” strategy. The chapter describes the empirical evidence that will be used to examine the viability of this argument. It then situates this study within the broader literature on rising powers and great power competition, and provides a road map for the remaining chapters ahead.
Emulation and Exploitation in Chinese Military Strategy
Authors: Mastro Oriana Skylar
Published: May 2024

This chapter examines how China managed to build a military befitting a great power without provoking the United States to strangle its modernization efforts early on. Empirically, this chapter focuses on China’s attempts to emulate the United States in pursuing the ability to fight wars in the information age, pursuing “legitimate” military activities like humanitarian or peacekeeping missions, and participating in arms control regimes. It also covers one case of failed emulation—China’s aircraft carrier program. Furthermore, this chapter discusses how China targets US military vulnerabilities with its anti-access and area denial (A2/AD) strategy.
Emulation and Exploitation in Chinese Economic Policy
Authors: Mastro Oriana Skylar
Published: May 2024

How has China used economic tools to attract other countries and cultivate leverage? This chapter looks at the first and second components of China’s upstart strategy—emulation and the exploitation of gaps—to show how China has built and exercised economic power. China emulated the US approach in pursuing economic power through free trade. China also exploited gaps in its search for preferential trade arrangements, gaining power positions in international economic institutions and expanding its market share in the developing world. China has also taken the US approach of using economic sanctions to shape the policies of other countries, but it does so via distinctive methods that exploit the vulnerabilities and gaps in the system. The chapter also includes a case study of largely failed emulation: China’s attempt to internationalize the renminbi to undermine the dominance of the US dollar.
American News in the 21st Century
Authors: Oates Sarah , Ramsay Gordon Neil
Published: May 2024

Chapter 2 explores the vulnerabilities of the American media system to propaganda through a discussion of media norms, laws, ownership, and journalistic standards. America has a virtually unique media system, in that there is almost no state funding of the mass media and relatively little regulation. As a result, media remain particularly wedded to traditional corporate structures that are vulnerable to economic pressures in the digital age. While the commercial basis of the U.S. media has traditionally been seen as healthy for American journalists by most analysts, newsmaking had been under significant financial pressure for decades. Some outlets, such as Fox News, have come to favor sensation and commentary over hard news to attract and engage audiences. It is against this background that Russian propaganda has found an environment in which to flourish, especially as Trump spent much of his term in office attacking the media as an institution as well as through his constant reliance on falsehoods that were covered as news.
Conclusions
Authors: Oates Sarah , Ramsay Gordon Neil
Published: May 2024

Chapter 7 offers conclusions to show how to disentangle the threads of Russian disinformation from the crowded media system in the United States. By defining Russian strategic narratives and deploying automated coding seeded by human insight, the analysis codes and tracks how Russian messages migrate through Western media systems. President Donald Trump was a pivot around which both Russian disinformation and far-right news were oriented in the United States. Although their communicative aims are different, Fox News, RT, and Sputnik have echoed each other through the crises in U.S. democracy in the 2020 election and its aftermath. While nascent Russian strategic narratives about the war in Ukraine have found a fainter echo in U.S. news, there is worrying evidence that elite U.S. newspapers amplify Russian propaganda narratives about NATO.
Introduction
Authors: Boffone Trevor
Published: May 2024

The book’s introduction begins with an overview of how musical theatre performers and fans began making TikTok videos of them performing the iconic opening choreography to “I Hope I Get It” from A Chorus Line in spring 2020. As theatres across the world remained dark because of the COVID-19 pandemic, musical theatre lovers took to TikTok as a site to perform their love of musicals, stay connected and build community. The story of the A Chorus Line TikTok phenomenon serves as an entry-point into a conversation about how musical theatre is thriving on TikTok. As TikTok has grown in international importance, so too has the myriad ways that TikTok intersects with musical theatre fan communities. The introduction continues with an overview of the TikTok platform as well as the relationship between social media and musical theatre.
Marketing Musicals the TikTok Way
Authors: Boffone Trevor
Published: May 2024

This chapter explores Beetlejuice. The musical’s journey from critical failure to commercial success is closely tied to its rise and perseverance as a TikTok commodity. Indeed, as the musical opened to lukewarm reviews and a tepid box-office advance, a legion of digital musical theatre fans began engaging with the musical’s dramaturgy on TikTok, facilitating the musical’s rise to the top of the app’s For You Page, creating a robust body of Beetlejuice afterlives, and, ultimately, rendering the musical’s Broadway production a commercial success. Beetlejuice as a case study facilitates a discussion of how fans can claim agency through TikTok, even holding the power to make a musical turn a profit and perhaps become a long-running show. As such, this chapter unpacks the relationship among digital fan performances, the dramaturgical world of a musical on TikTok, and the thing that makes Broadway tick—turning a profit.
Interlude
Authors: Boffone Trevor
Published: May 2024

The second interlude explores how the dance call for The Muny’s summer 2022 production of Legally Blonde went viral. The dance call become a micro trend among musical theatre fans on TikTok. It eventually spilled over into Facebook and Twitter and became the talk of the theatre community. The Legally Blonde dance call’s unexpected virality speaks to how video dance auditions align with TikTok’s dance-challenge culture. As such, The Muny dance call blurred lines between TikTok challenges and actual auditions, with many dancers even commenting that they weren’t sure if they were actually auditioning for the production (spoiler alert: they weren’t).
Interlude
Authors: Boffone Trevor
Published: May 2024

Interlude Three shifts the focus to another role-playing culture—cosplay, or the fan practice of dressing in character costumes. This interlude explores how the Mamma Mia! fandom uses TikTok as a virtual playground to display their love for all things ABBA. As a silly place to cosplay, TikTok is a virtual answer to traditional cosplay sites like Comic-Con (or, in the case of musical theatre, BroadwayCon). Accordingly, TikTok expands the breadth of opportunities that musical theatre fans have to cosplay. Via TikTokian cosplay, musical lovers can imagine themselves as their favorite musical characters.
Language and Community
Authors: Sarti Laury
Published: May 2024

This chapter studies the use of Greek in the west and the role of Latin in the east to explore the role of language in shaping medieval identities and the relations between the Frankish and the Byzantine world. It argues that in the west, interest in Greek was mainly intellectual and used to explore religious scripture. Communication with the Byzantines was important at the court, where Greek was taught orally. Although Latin had come out of use in the Byzantine east, it remained a defining feature of imperial Romanness: despite Greek having become the common language, Latin was defined as the “language of the Romans” until the tenth century. While Latin thus retained some of its significance as a reference to Roman and imperial identity in the east, Greek was only marginally related to the Roman imperial legacy in the west.
Orthodoxy and the oikumene
Authors: Sarti Laury
Published: May 2024

This chapter studies the role of the Church, the significance of Christian belief, and doctrinal controversy as a factor characterizing the relationship between east and west. The sources focus on religious disputes, a topic that also dominates modern scholarship, mainly concerned with the gradual divergence and alienation. This chapter argues that the basis of these medieval controversies was a strong desire for religious consensus and unity. It was the pretension to uniformity, inherent to Christian belief, that was likely to cause dissent, as the aspired orthodoxy was fragile, entailing that even details could cause discord. The Byzantines and the Franks considered themselves united by a shared Christian world and its Church until the ninth century. East and west still met on eye level when discussing questions of faith and the often-claimed allegation of a largely overextended Frankish world confronted with the sophistication of Byzantine eruditeness is not supported by the evidence.
Roman Cultural Heritage
Authors: Sarti Laury
Published: May 2024

The chapter shows that late Roman and Byzantine features were virtually ubiquitous, at least among the Frankish elite. They were not mere appropriations and copies introduced as alien features but belonged to the western culture inside which they evolved. The analysis therewith confirms the authenticity of Roman elements in the Frankish culture, which did not rely on poor imitations of superior ancient and eastern models or “originals” but adopted, adapted, and advanced preexisting and current examples and concepts to serve western ideas and needs. Roman culture thus remained a living feature evolving in exchange and in consideration of the Roman heritage and the Byzantine present. The first section focuses on cultural elements related to politics and the exertion of power, followed by a discussion of aspects of Roman culture in the early medieval material heritage and a final section on nonmaterial aspects of Roman culture.
Conclusion
Authors: Sarti Laury
Published: May 2024

The conclusion of this study discusses the implications of the research on the Franks’ relationship with the Roman world. It challenges modern concepts and argues that the Franks, despite their distinctiveness, continued to belong to the Roman world. The connection of the Carolingians to the Byzantines on political and cultural levels is emphasized, challenging conventional scholarship. The study urges a nuanced understanding of terms like “Roman” or references to “imitation” and highlights the complexities of historical realities often oversimplified by existing paradigms. The Franks, emerging from within the Roman empire, maintained a multifaceted identity that incorporated elements of Roman heritage and Christian identity. The chapter concludes that the association of the Franks with the Roman world persisted until the gradual dissociation, marked by periods of alienation and silence, possibly culminating between the late ninth and early tenth centuries. The study therewith promotes a historical approach devoid of anachronistic concepts and calls for a reevaluation of the evidence from an early medieval perspective.
Neuropsychological Evaluation
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 20 provides details about the components of a neuropsychological evaluation. Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is a cognitive disorder, and careful and thorough testing of thinking skills is necessary for diagnosing MCI. A neuropsychological evaluation provides this thorough cognitive testing, and examines whether performance is typical—that is, within expectations—by comparing the individual’s test scores to data from a group of other people of a similar age and educational background. This chapter describes what kinds of questions the neuropsychologist will ask and provides information about each kind of thinking skill examined. A diagram to show how a person with MCI might perform on the thinking skills tested is provided.
Making Change for the Better
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 28 provides practical advice to motivate people to make change for the better by helping them evaluate the personal costs and the personal benefits of change. Doing this type of evaluation can help you feel more confident in the path you choose going forward. It can also help you with sticking to your decision when you find making a positive change to be a challenge. The idea of self-efficacy, which is your belief in your ability to do something, is explored. Also reviewed is evidence that people with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) are capable of learning new things and of developing good memory habits that can benefit their everyday memory function. In other words, people with MCI are capable of making positive change to benefit their brain health and wellbeing.
Planning for Current and Future Support Needs
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 30 describes the importance of making the most of where you live. The place you choose to live can help you live well with mild cognitive impairment. Aging in place refers to the home environment that best allows you to live as independently as possible. It also has a lot to do with personal preference and values. This chapter explores different options related to staying put or moving, and what types of supports are available in different living situations to support the idea of aging in place. There are health benefits associated with planning for the future. Older adults who feel prepared for the future also have a brighter mood and feel more able to cope with health problems that come their way.
Making Sense of the Diet Buzz
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 35 explains that there is no single wonder food, vitamin, or mineral. It’s not helpful to focus on a particular food; rather, it is important to get a variety of nutrients. Having nutrient-rich foods benefits health because some nutrients work to prevent cell damage. Brightly colored fruits and vegetables have the most nutrients. Omega-3 fatty acids in our diet can prevent heart disease by lowering cholesterol. The types of fats we eat are very important. Saturated fat will raise our bad cholesterol, which can cause a narrowing of blood vessels and arteries. Transfats, a type of saturated fat found in a lot of processed foods and fast foods, are especially bad because they raise our bad cholesterol and lower our good cholesterol. The differences between good and bad fats are described, along with evidence showing that older adults who eat more fruits and vegetables do better on tests of learning and memory and have reduced risk of dementia.
How to Achieve Healthy Eating Habits
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 36 aims to provide practical advice on how to keep a healthy diet. The chapter reviews food guide recommendations and helps you learn how to check if you are getting the right balance between protein, fruits and vegetables, grains, and dairy or dairy substitutes. Drinking enough fluids is emphasized as important for health, and ideas to help get enough fluids into your body throughout the day are provided. Grocery shopping tips and information about how to identify healthy foods that are low in salt and sugar and high in vitamins and minerals are also included in the chapter.
Education, social work, and anti-capitalism
Authors: Sawatsky Alexander W.
Published: May 2024

A challenge for social work is how to teach this discipline in the first place. As social work emerges from a body of knowledge along with requisite degrees, it must confront ideas about pedagogy. If social work claims to be on the side of those oppressed, how do you teach in a way that does not replicate the same in the classroom? This is a similar conundrum that anarchism has faced. After all, if authority is rejected, what role does a teacher play? This chapter explores critical pedagogy along with attempts by anarchism to resolve a seeming paradox in education. While this chapter focuses on teaching social work, it has further application for students, as one role for social work is that of educating or providing education in the helping profession. This is a timely topic given the concerns of the neoliberal impact on education and the rise of uncritical right-wing populism.
Reason-Giving Uses of Arguments, Invitations to Inference, and Rational Persuasion
Authors: McKeon Matthew W.
Published: May 2024

What is required in order for a reason-giving use of an argument to persuade an addressee to accept its conclusion? This chapter distinguishes between direct and indirect persuasion. (I) An addressee R is directly persuaded by S’s reason-giving use of an argument to believe its conclusion only if R believes S’s inference claim. (II) An addressee R is indirectly persuaded by S’s reason-giving use of an argument to believe its conclusion only if R believes the argument provides at least one reason, perhaps among others, R has to believe the conclusion, but R doesn’t accept the associated inference claim. The chapter generates a rationale for (I) using the idea that one’s inference is expressed by an argument used as an invitation to inference only if one infers the conclusion from the premises because one accepts the associated inference claim. Distinguishing between direct and indirect persuasion enhances the plausibility of (II).
Reason-Giving Uses of Arguments, Intellectual Honesty, and Intellectual Integrity
Authors: McKeon Matthew W.
Published: May 2024

This chapter considers two questions. When are your reason-giving uses of argument intellectually honesty? When do they have intellectual integrity? The chapter’s responses draw on essential facets of the reason-giving uses of arguments discussed in earlier chapters. The response to the first question runs as follows. Your reason-giving use of an argument is intellectually honest only if you are being truthful in stating your argument. Drawing on Williams, the chapter argues that if you are truthful in stating your argument, then you believe what you claim and you have taken care to ensure the accuracy of what you claim. The response to the second question is that your intellectually honest reason-giving use of an argument displays intellectual integrity only if the premises you advance are reasons that sustain your believing the conclusion as a manifestation of your intellectual autonomy, i.e., as a manifestation of your properly thinking for yourself.
Setting the Stage
Authors: Malkin Irad , Blok Josine
Published: May 2024

Part III examines how the drawing of lots was applied to polis governance, and this chapter sets the stage for this inquiry. After a sketch of the use of the lot in democratic Athens, the first section outlines the relevant source material and the methodological issues this evidence entails. The next section gives an overview of the uses of the lot for various aspects of polis governance. Poleis adopted the traditional applications of the lot, which were examined in Parts I and II, for similar purposes in a polis context: for divination, selection, distribution, procedure, and military command. The third section of the chapter prepares the inquiry into the drawing of lots for the polis offices. Although arguably the most famous practice, it differs in some important respects from the other applications of the lot. Traditionally, polis offices were assigned along the lines of social distinction and therefore based on inequality, in contrast to the equality involved in the uses of the lot. Assigning polis office by lot was an innovation both in the lot’s uses and the political domain. The following chapters investigate how this innovation came about and how it came to be accepted in some poleis but not in others.
Conclusions and Implications
Authors: Malkin Irad
Published: May 2024

The conclusions refer to the first two parts and offer some general observations. Drawing lots served equality and fairness, expressed in distribution, procedure, selection, and mixture. Its salient features—randomness and unpredictability—guaranteed equal chances; Greeks often preferred equal outcomes too. A direct line leads fromisomoiria in the Iliad and the Odyssey to isonomia and democracy: from equal, concrete portions (booty, land, etc.) to equal, abstract portions of the law. Since Homer, we observed equal distribution of booty by lot combined with a significant role for the community. The gods also distribute their realms by lot. Their role in drawing lots existed on a spectrum from explicit divination (lot oracles) to a general invocation. Drawing lots defines, exclusively, the contours of the group or community, whether small (brothers sharing an inheritance by lot, with no primogeniture) or large (sharing portions of sacrificial meat or settlers founding a new polis). Archaic colonization, responsible for at least 30 percent of all Greek poleis, was limited to Greeks, thus enhancing the Small World effect of quickly sharing commonalities of mindset, conventions, and practice over vast geographical horizons. Conquered land was considered “empty” and available for distributing by lot equal kleroi. Even in imaginary accounts, Greeks could not conceive of any alternative. Settlers expected “equal and fair terms” concretely expressed in the First Lots that signified sharing in the polis and conforming to the ideal of “one man–one oikos–one kleros.” However, there was no cap on wealth, and elites in colonies—based rather on wealth than descent—would soon appear. A salient feature of ancient Greek history is the contrasting pulls of the elite, the top-down vector, and the egalitarian one. The drawing of lots was a concrete expression of the latter.
Sustained Cooperation, Fairness Problems, and Irrigation Systems
Authors: Pokharel Atul
Published: May 2024

This chapter provides an overview of the book’s argument by highlighting the key elements. It first emphasizes the necessity of collective action to human survival and underscores a distinction between initial cooperation and sustaining cooperation once it has been achieved. It then introduces the irrigation cases in the context of decentralization policy pursued by development organizations and highlights Elinor Ostrom’s “Design Principles for Long Enduring CPR Resources” as a very influential set of ideas for achieving successful collective action. Finally, it explains how the rest of the book engages in conversation with that school of thought and summarizes the main argument centered on the fairness problem.
Perceptions of Fairness
Authors: Pokharel Atul
Published: May 2024

The third chapter uses interviews to empirically develop an idea of fairness. It argues that people reduce their commitment to cooperation when they perceive the system of cooperation to be unfair. It explains how the level of cooperation among members of a group is directly visible through the functioning of the shared canal, and through changes to the institutions that accompany successful cooperation. Using this insight, it argues that interviews with canal users provide a better understanding of why individual irrigators reduce their level of cooperation. It shows that they do so when they perceive the outcomes of the cooperative institutions to be unfair. It introduces the term unfairness aversion to refer to this tendency. It next highlights some of the elements of this multidimensional perception that are incompatible with existing frameworks. It ends with a question: What type of framework can accurately incorporate the complexity of actual perceptions of fairness?
Effective Altruism and the Human Mind
Authors: Schubert Stefan , Caviola Lucius
Published: May 2024

Effective Altruism and the Human Mind explains why people often don’t choose the most effective strategies to help others and shows what can be done to change that. Many people are looking to make the world a better place, for instance, through donations or volunteering. But even though some strategies for doing good (e.g., some charities) are much more effective than the alternatives, most people’s efforts aren’t directed toward those effective strategies. Part I seeks to explain why that is, building on decades of psychological research. It’s shown that most people think that do-gooding should be guided by subjective preferences rather than by objective metrics of effectiveness. Since they often prefer less effective strategies (e.g., many prefer causes they have a personal connection with even if they’re less effective), this attitude reduces the effectiveness of their help. Moreover, most people lack knowledge about how to do good effectively, reducing their effectiveness further. Part II, in turn, discusses how we can address these issues and increase the effectiveness of people’s help. It covers both targeted informational, nudging, and incentivization techniques, on the one hand, and fundamental value change, on the other. The book ends with a discussion of how to implement effective altruism in practice, in a way that’s informed by psychological research.