bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysentechnik: Justieren unter Extrembedingungen
Authors: Ehresnberger Christian
Published: November 2022

Richtungsabhängige physikalische Eigenschaften von Festkörpern zu bestimmen, etwa die Leitfähigkeit, ist dann schwierig, wenn Temperaturen tief und magnetische Feldstärken hoch sein müssen. Ingenieure am Helmholtz‐Zentrum Dresden‐Rossendorf haben dafür einen Probenkopf entwickelt.
Chemiegeschichte: Instrumentenglasbläser – virtuos und handwerklich
Authors: Friedrich Rainer , Gros Leo
Published: November 2022

Bis ins 19. Jahrhundert stellten Experimentatoren im Labor ihre Geräte selbst her. Laborgeräte aus Glas gab es lange nur aus Glashütten, zu kaufen in Apotheken. Bis im 20. Jahrhundert Geräte standardisiert wurden, existierte eine Vielfalt unterschiedlicher Größen, Maße und Verbindungsstücke für Destillen, Kühler oder Exsikkatoren. Viele Schritte im Glasgerätebau sind bis heute Handarbeit.
Verfahrenstechnik: Wärme, saisonal und langfristig
Authors: Schmieder Lena , Bürgmayr Harald , Winter Franz
Published: November 2022

Die TU Wien bringt mit Industrie‐ und Kooperationspartnern ein Verfahren zur Marktreife, das Energie mit reversiblen, chemischen Reaktionen speichert. Deshalb ist während der Lagerung keine Isolierung erforderlich, und viele Ladezyklen sind ohne Verluste möglich.
Der Neandertaler in uns
Authors: Groß Michael
Published: November 2022

Der Medizin‐Nobelpreis für Genomforschung an unseren vor 30 000 Jahren ausgestorbenen Verwandten mag auf den ersten Blick ironisch erscheinen. Aber er hebt hervor, dass diese anfangs exzentrisch anmutende Forschung inzwischen für die Medizin der heutigen Menschen nützlich ist.
Doktorandenseminar Nucleinsäurechemie in Bad Herrenalb
Authors: Richert Clemens
Published: November 2022

Anfang Oktober fand das sechste Doktorandenseminar der Deutschen Nucleinsäurechemiegemeinschaft (DNG) in Bad Herrenalb statt. Zu der zweitägigen Veranstaltung hatten sich 41 Teilnehmer:innen angemeldet, darunter 27 Doktorand:innen aus Arbeitsgruppen mit Nucleinsäurechemie‐Bezug. Neben vier Methodenvorträgen externer Referenten waren neun Doktorandenvorträge auf dem Programm. Dabei reichte das Themenspektrum von antiviralen Nucleosiden bis zur Cryo‐Elektronenmikroskopie von DNA‐Nanostrukturen und der industriellen Produktion von siRNAs. Sowohl nach den Vorträgen als auch an den 13 ausgestellten Postern, die zuvor in Kurzvorträgen präsentiert wurden, gab es einen regen Ideenaustausch.
Recycling: Als ich mal in Polyamid existierte
Authors: Bulmahn Maren
Published: November 2022

Ein Kohlenstoffatom erzählt von seinen Reisen durch Kunststoffanwendungen, inspiriert von der Kunststoffmesse K 2022 im Herbst in Düsseldorf. Dort war es eine Zeit lang in einem gelben Sack, denn Kreislaufwirtschaft gehörte zu den Hauptthemen der Messe.
Space‐local reduced‐order bases for accelerating reduced‐order models through sparsity
Authors: Anderson Spenser , White Cristina , Farhat Charbel
Published: November 2022

Projection‐based model order reduction (PMOR) methods based on linear or affine approximation subspaces accelerate numerical predictions by reducing the dimensionality of the underlying computational models. The state of the art of PMOR includes approximation methods based on state‐local subspaces—that is, subspaces associated with different regions of the solution manifold—and methods based on adaptive reduced‐order bases. For challenging applications such as those associated with highly nonlinear problems, such methods accelerate traditional PMOR by controlling the dimension of the reduced‐order basis (ROB) and associated projection‐based reduced‐order model (PROM). This article proposes an alternative as well as complementary approach for accelerating PMOR based on introducing sparsity into the ROB, in order to enhance the computational efficiency of the associated PROM. Specifically, the proposed approach introduces sparsity in PMOR by partitioning the computational domain rather than, or in addition to, the solution manifold, and therefore leads to the concept of a space‐local ROB. This concept is compatible with both concepts of a state‐local ROB and hyperreduction. It is demonstrated for two computational fluid dynamics problems in turbulent flow applications. Acceleration factors of the order of 1.5 relative to traditional PMOR and CPU time speedup factors of several orders of magnitude relative to high‐dimensional models are reported.
Nursing leaders' perspectives on research in specialist health services: A descriptive study
Authors: Jensen Kari Toverud , Hougaard Peter Forde , Knutstad Unni
Published: November 2022

Aim

This study is to gain insight into how nursing leaders perceive their contribution to research‐based knowledge in hospital settings.

Design

The study has a qualitative descriptive design.

Methods

Nine nursing leaders were interviewed. Data were analysed based on Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis.

Results

Three themes were developed: the primacy of management and practicalities, delegated responsibility and lack of research competence. Even though the nurse leaders wish to be professional leaders, they seem to prioritize the day‐to‐day management. The nurse facilitators have been delegated, by the nurse leaders, the responsibility for the departments and the employees’ professional development. The participants reported that neither their own leaders, the nurses, nor they themselves had the necessary knowledge or the interest in engaging in research.

Conclusion

There seems to be a lack of awareness, knowledge and priority of nursing research in nursing leadership and absence of a culture of research.
A longitudinal study on the changes in the self‐efficacy of breast cancer patients during adjuvant chemotherapy
Authors: Kuan Chiao‐Chi , Kuo Wen‐Hung , Chang Shu‐Hui , Sun Huey‐Fang
Published: November 2022

Aim

We aimed to investigate the changes in the self‐efficacy of patients with breast cancer (BC) during adjuvant chemotherapy.

Design

A longitudinal study was conducted.

Methods

One hundred thirty patients with BC who underwent postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy at a medical centre in northern Taiwan were evaluated using self‐efficacy survey tools before the first (T1), second (T2) and last (T3) cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy. The independent t‐test, Kruskal–Wallis test, one‐way analysis of variance, Pearson's correlation coefficient and generalized estimating equation were used for data analysis.

Results

The self‐efficacy measures of patients with BC were significantly higher at both T2 and T3 than at T1 (p < 0.001). Religious beliefs and changes in self‐efficacy showed a significant correlation (p = 0.04). These findings will facilitate timely interventional measures to improve self‐efficacy in patients with maladaptive behaviours, alleviate psychological distress and reduce the risk of future disease recurrence.
The COVID‐19 lockdown increased obesity disparities; will the increases in type 2 diabetes continue?
Authors: Dietz William H.
Published: November 2022

Objective

The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of the increases in pediatric obesity during the COVID‐19 lockdown with the annual increases in obesity in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).

Methods

This study compared two reports of increases in the prevalence of obesity in youth during the COVID‐19 lockdown with the annual rate of increase in obesity in NHANES.

Results

When expressed as multiples, the changes in prevalence among elementary school children observed in two population‐based surveys were 28 to 63 times greater than the annual changes in the prevalence of obesity observed in NHANES. Increases in Black and Hispanic youth were greater than those in White youth. The net impact of the COVID‐19 lockdown increased the disparities in obesity among this age group.

Conclusions

The rapid increases in obesity are likely to persist and may be associated with an increase in the prevalence of severe obesity as these children age. Furthermore, the increased susceptibility to diabetes in Hispanic and Black children, as well as the reported increase in diabetes among 0‐ to 18‐year‐old individuals during the COVID‐19 pandemic, may lead to an increased incidence of type 2 diabetes in minority youth with obesity.
Effect of different curing temperatures on the damping properties of graphene oxide‐carbon fiber/epoxy resin composites
Authors: Cai Feichao , Ma Yuqin , Xu Yi , Guo Haiyin , Xu Wei , Li Fei
Published: November 2022

In this paper, five groups of graphene oxide‐carbon fiber/epoxy resin (GO‐CF/EP) composites with different curing temperatures were prepared by the vacuum infiltration hot‐press system (VIHPS). These five groups of composites presented satisfactory macroscopic morphologies. However, the microstructure of the GO‐CF/EP composite cured at 110°C was satisfactory because there was no obvious infiltration defect. The damping properties of these composites were tested by force hummer method. When the curing temperature was 110°C, the composite had a maximum damping ratio of 0.21%, while the composite cured at 130°C had a minimum damping ratio of 0.13%, which decreased by 35.89%. In addition, when the curing temperature was higher, the damping properties of the composite were also worse than that of the composite cured at lower temperature. Because the curing temperature was different, the infiltration effect of resin in the fiber was various, and the energy dissipation ways in the composite material was different, which was reflected in the damping properties.
Preparation and aggregate structure of polyacrylonitrile and microcrystalline cellulose hygroscopic thermal composite fibers
Authors: Chen Qiushan , Qu Meijie , Wang Hai , Tang Ping , Liu Rongkun , Zhang Rui , Bin Yuezhen
Published: November 2022

Hygroscopic thermal fibers are a kind of functional material that makes use of moisture to generate heat for fabrics. In this work, composite fibers of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) with various compositions were prepared using a solution spinning method. Besides the promotion of mechanical properties of PAN by addition of cellulose reported in previous research, this study focused on the hygroscopic thermal property of blends and spun fibers of PAN and cellulose. The content of MCC in the composite fibers has a significant effect on the hygroscopic thermal property. At a temperature of 17 °C and humidity of 90%, the maximum temperature increase of composite fibers could reach 4.9 °C. The composite fibers exhibited an obvious temperature response of on–off humidity circulation during testing. The breaking strength of the composite fibers was higher than 100 MPa. The influence of addition of cellulose on morphology, especially on the crystallinity and lateral size of PAN microfibrils, and the relationship between the morphology and hygroscopic thermal property were investigated by means of wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction and small‐angle X‐ray scattering in terms of experiment and theory. A smaller lateral size of microfibril led to a better hydroscopic thermal property. The composite fibers were expected to be used in temperature regulation clothing. © 2022 Society of Industrial Chemistry.
The efficacy and feasibility of the Arizona attorney general's school‐based cyber‐safety promotion and cyberbullying prevention intervention among middle school adolescents in Oman
Authors: Damra Jalal K. , Omari Omar Al
Published: November 2022

This study aimed to evaluate the short‐term effects of the social networking safety promotion and cyberbullying prevention presentation of the Arizona attorney general's guided by the extended parallel process model (EPPM). A quasi‐experimental (a pre‐posttest) was used with two groups with random assignment to intervention. A total of 389 adolescents in seventh, eighth, and ninth grades at two public middle schools in Muscat city were involved in the study procedures and randomly divided into two groups (the experimental group (n = 186) and the waiting list group (n = 203). The risk behavior diagnostic scale, behavioral intention and attitudes scale, coping strategies with cyberbullying scale, and self‐protection behavior intentions were used. Five separate presentations (each presentation was 60 min, one presentation per week) were introduced to the adolescents in the experimental group. The results supported the efficacy of the intervention in changing adolescents' attitudes and behavioral intentions against cyberbullying and promoting their security and safety during their use of social networks. Also, the intervention has a significant effect on the four EPPM components (susceptibility, severity, self‐efficacy, and self‐efficacy responses) and the participants learned coping skills to deal with potential cyberbullying incidents).
Relationship between healthy life awareness, emotional eating, obesity awareness, and coping stress in adolescents
Authors: Evgi̇n Derya , Kılıç Kızbes Meral
Published: November 2022

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between health life awareness, emotional eating, obesity awareness, and coping with stress in adolescents. Data were collected with the “Personal Information Form,” “Healthy Life Awareness Scale,” “Obesity Awareness Scale,” “Emotional Eating Scale for Children and Adolescents,” and “Styles of Coping Stress Inventory.” The sample of the study consisted of 382 high school students. The emotional eating scores of the obese adolescents were higher than the thin ones (p < .05); obese adolescents had higher submissive approach scores (p < .05) in coping with stress compared to adolescents who are overweight. There was a positive relationship between obesity awareness and positive coping approaches (p < .05); awareness of healthy living and positive coping approaches (p < .05). An one‐unit increase in healthy living awareness causes an increase of 0.409 on obesity awareness. Considering these results, education and intervention studies are recommended for adolescents on healthy living, coping with stress, and obesity awareness.
Registration of ‘Georgia‐SP/RKN’ peanut
Authors: Brown Nino , Branch William D. , Brenneman Timothy B.
Published: November 2022

‘Georgia‐SP/RKN’ (Reg. no. CV‐151, PI 700991), is a high‐yielding, large‐seeded spanish market type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivar with high total sound mature kernel percentage, high oleic to linoleic fatty acid ratio, high level of resistance to Tomato spotted wilt virus (Family Tospoviridae, genus Orthotospovirus), and full resistance to root‐knot nematode [Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal)]. Georgia‐SP/RKN was released in 2021 by the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station and was developed and tested as GA 082549R‐2 at the University of Georgia's Coastal Plains Experiment Station at the Tifton Campus, Tifton, GA. Georgia‐SP/RKN exhibits pod yields similar to ‘Georgia‐04S’ and ‘Georgia‐17SP’, and pod yields are consistently higher than other commercially available spanish cultivars in the southeastern United States. High grade quality and the added benefit of root‐knot nematode resistance could make this high‐oleic spanish market‐type cultivar a good fit for the confectionary market.
Boost the Lead Conversion Efficiency for the Synthesis of Colloidal 2D PbS Nanosheets
Authors: MDS Weeraddana Tharaka , Roach Adam , Premathilaka Shashini M. , Tang Yiteng , Fox Jordan , Sun Liangfeng
Published: November 2022

In the synthesis of colloidal PbS nanosheets, the supernatant of the reaction solution is reused to boost the lead conversion efficiency. It doubles the conversion efficiency of the lead precursors to the PbS nanosheets. The nanosheets synthesized by reusing the supernatant have similar morphology, nearly identical thickness, and optical properties as the original ones, confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. This method reduces the toxic Pb‐containing waste during the synthesis, a step toward the green and scalable synthesis of colloidal 2D PbS nanosheets.
Corrosion‐Resistive and Low Specific Contact Resistance Ohmic Contacts to Semiconducting Diamonds Using Nanocarbon Electrodes
Authors: Mylo Valappil Sreenath , Zkria Abdelrahman , Ohmagari Shinya , Naragino Hiroshi , Kato Hiromitsu , Yoshitake Tsuyoshi
Published: November 2022

The realization of diamond‐based advanced devices is interrelated with the fabrication of practical ohmic contacts. Contrary to boron‐doped, the phosphorus‐doped diamonds with interface carbide forming Ti‐based conventional ohmic contacts find their limitation in device fabrication due to the high contact resistance. Herein, nanocarbon ohmic contacts are deposited by a coaxial arc plasma gun on semiconducting diamonds, and their composite structure which facilitates exceptional contact properties is explored. A comparative electrical characterization between nanocarbon ohmic contacts and conventional Ti‐based contacts is performed on a heavily phosphorus‐doped diamond, and they exhibited one‐order declination in specific contact resistance. In addition to the low contact resistance, an ideal ohmic electrode is preferable to have good mechanical adhesion and corrosion resistance for device applications. The contact behavior of n‐type diamond/nanocarbon against an extremely corrosive environment realized by boiling H2SO4 + HNO3solution is analyzed. The nanocarbon ohmic contacts exhibit excellent corrosion resistance and mechanical adhesion over conventional Ti‐based contacts. A similar trend is also observed for nanocarbon contacts on boron‐doped diamonds. The modest effect on the transfer length of the nanocarbon contacts with respect to acid treatment sessions indicates a tightly bonded diamond/nanocarbon interface and actively suggests their application in highly‐corrosive and harsh environments.
Saikosaponin D alleviates cancer cachexia by directly inhibiting STAT3
Authors: Chen Lin‐lin , Xia Liu‐yuan , Zhang Jun‐ping , Wang Yan , Chen Jian‐yu , Guo Cheng , Xu Wei‐heng
Published: November 2022

Cancer cachexia is a metabolic syndrome that is characterized by progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass, and effective therapeutics have yet to be developed. Saikosaponin D (SSD), a major bioactive component of Radix Bupleuri, exhibits antiinflammatory, anti‐tumor, anti‐oxidant, anti‐viral, and hepatoprotective effects. In this study, we demonstrated that SSD is a promising agent for the treatment of cancer cachexia. SSD could alleviate TCM‐induced myotube atrophy and inhibit the expression of E3 ubiquitin ligases muscle RING‐finger containing protein‐1 (MuRF1) and muscle atrophy Fbox protein (Atrogin‐1/MAFbx) in vitro. Moreover, SSD suppressed the progression of cancer cachexia, with significant improvements in the loss of body weight, gastrocnemius muscle, and tibialis anterior muscle mass in vivo. Mechanism investigations demonstrated that SSD could directly bind to STAT3 and specifically inhibit its phosphorylation as well as its transcriptional activity. Overexpression of STAT3 partially abolished the inhibitory effect of SSD on myotube atrophy, indicating that the therapeutic effect of SSD was attributed to STAT3 inhibition. These findings provide novel strategies for treatment of cancer cachexia by targeting STAT3, and SSD may be a promising drug candidate for cancer cachexia.
On the interaction between Kelvin waves at different phase speeds and the background flow
Authors: Shaaban Ahmed A. , Roundy Paul E.
Published: November 2022

Kelvin waves have been theorized to be absorbed near the critical layer, where the phase speed matches the speed of the background flow. Nevertheless, it is not clear through observations how the structure of the Kelvin waves evolves near the critical layer or in response to vertical wind shear with or without a critical layer. A novel varying‐coefficient regression technique that has been used to study evolving relationships across the seasonal cycle is used to capture how the wavelet‐filtered waves with a specific phase speed appear in different background winds or vertical shear regimes or a combination of both. Results show a relaxation of the in‐phase relationship between the zonal wind and geopotential height anomalies at slower Doppler‐shifted speeds, followed by the appearance of the Gill pattern at further reduction of the Doppler‐shifted speed, demonstrating a lack of dominant Kelvin wave signals in those conditions. We define the “observed critical layer” as the layer where the signals consistent with Kelvin waves fade away irrespective of the value of the Doppler‐shifted speed, which reduces to zero at the “theoretical critical layer.” Results show that wave structures consistent with Kelvin waves are not present at the top of layer with westerly vertical shear of the zonal wind, yet they exist during the easterly vertical shear of the zonal wind. The second part of the paper presents the dispersion equation of the Kelvin wave under vertical wind shear. The phase speed of the Kelvin wave proportionally increases with the Richardson number (and hence proportionally decreases with the vertical wind shear). The Richardson number varies with the vertical resolution of the data used, adding uncertainty to the calculated phase speed of the wave in the presence of vertical wind shear.
Another objection to the homogeneously weighted moving average control chart
Authors: Knoth Sven
Published: November 2022

It was recently demonstrated that homogeneously weighted moving average (HWMA) control charts are improper devices for an online detection of changes within a series of random variables. However, another attempt was made to bail out the concept underlying these charts. Here we want to re‐emphasize that HWMA charts are dispensable by rebutting the arguments of the latter contribution.
Dispersion‐enhanced sequential batch sampling for adaptive contour estimation
Authors: Che Yiming , Müller Juliane , Cheng Changqing
Published: November 2022

In computer simulation and optimal design, sequential batch sampling offers an appealing way to iteratively stipulate optimal sampling points based upon existing selections and efficiently construct surrogate modeling. Nonetheless, the issue of near duplicates poses tremendous quandary for sequential learning. It refers to the situation that selected critical points cluster together in each sampling batch, which are individually but not collectively informative towards the optimal design. Near duplicates severely diminish the computational efficiency as they barely contribute extra information towards update of the surrogate. To address this issue, we impose a dispersion criterion on concurrent selection of sampling points, which essentially forces a sparse distribution of critical points in each batch, and demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach in adaptive contour estimation. Specifically, we adopt Gaussian process surrogate to emulate the simulator, acquire variance reduction of the critical region from new sampling points as a dispersion criterion, and combine it with the modified expected improvement (EI) function for critical batch selection. The critical region here is the proximity of the contour of interest. This proposed approach is vindicated in numerical examples of a two‐dimensional four‐branch function, a four‐dimensional function with a disjoint contour of interest and a time‐delay dynamic system.
Enhancement of Single‐Photon Purity and Coherence of III‐Nitride Quantum Dot with Polarization‐Controlled Quasi‐Resonant Excitation
Authors: Jun Seongmoon , Choi Minho , Kim Baul , Morassi Martina , Tchernycheva Maria , Song Hyun Gyu , Yeo Hwan‐Seop , Gogneau Noëlle , Cho Yong‐Hoon
Published: November 2022

III‐Nitride semiconductor‐based quantum dots (QDs) play an essential role in solid‐state quantum light sources because of their potential for room‐temperature operation. However, undesired background emission from the surroundings deteriorates single‐photon purity. Moreover, spectral diffusion causes inhomogeneous broadening and limits the applications of QDs in quantum photonic technologies. To overcome these obstacles, it is demonstrated that directly pumping carriers to the excited state of the QD reduces the number of carriers generated in the vicinities. The polarization‐controlled quasi‐resonant excitation is applied to InGaN QDs embedded in GaN nanowire. To analyze the different excitation mechanisms, polarization‐resolved absorptions are investigated under the above‐barrier bandgap, below‐barrier bandgap, and quasi‐resonant excitation conditions. By employing polarization‐controlled quasi‐resonant excitation, the linewidth is reduced from 353 to 272 µeV, and the second‐order correlation value is improved from 0.470 to 0.231. Therefore, a greater single‐photon purity can be obtained at higher temperatures due to decreased linewidth and background emission.
Recent Progress in All‐Small‐Molecule Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Gao Huanhuan , Sun Yanna , Meng Lingxian , Han Chenyang , Wan Xiangjian , Chen Yongsheng
Published: November 2022

Active layer material plays a critical role in promoting the performance of an organic solar cell (OSC). Small‐molecule (SM) materials have the merits of well‐defined chemical structures, few batch‐to‐batch variations, facile synthesis and purification procedures, and easily tuned properties. SM‐donor and non‐fullerene acceptor (NFA) innovations have recently produced all‐small‐molecule (ASM) devices with power conversion efficiencies that exceed 17% and approach those of their polymer‐based counterparts, thereby demonstrating their great future commercialization potential. In this review, recent progress in both SM donors and NFAs to illustrate structure–property relationships and various morphology‐regulation strategies are summarized. Finally, ASM‐OSC challenges and outlook are discussed.
Pairing d‐Band Center of Metal Sites with π‐Orbital of Alkynes for Efficient Electrocatalytic Alkyne Semi‐Hydrogenation
Authors: Li Jinjin , Guo Ying , Chang Siyu , Lin Jin , Wang You , Liu Zhenpeng , Wu Yafei , Zhang Jian
Published: November 2022

Electrocatalytic alkyne semi‐hydrogenation has attracted ever‐growing attention as a promising alternative to traditional thermocatalytic hydrogenation. However, the correlation between the structure of active sites and electrocatalytic performance still remains elusive. Herein, the energy difference (∆ε) between the d‐band center of metal sites and π orbital of alkynes as a key descriptor for correlating the intrinsic electrocatalytic activity is reported. With two‐dimensional conductive metal organic frameworks as the model electrocatalysts, theoretical and experimental investigations reveal that the decreased ∆ε induces the strengthened d–π orbitals interaction, which thus enhances acetylene π‐adsorption and accelerates subsequent hydrogenation kinetics. As a result, Cu3(HITP)2 featuring the smallest ∆ε (0.10 eV) delivers the highest turnover frequency of 0.36 s−1, which is about 124 times higher than 2.9 × 10−3 s−1 for Co3(HITP)2 with the largest ∆ε of 2.71 eV. Meanwhile, Cu3(HITP)2 presents a high ethylene partial current density of −124 mA cm−2 and a large ethylene Faradaic efficiency of 99.3% at −0.9 V versus RHE. This work will spark the rapid exploration of high‐activity alkyne semi‐hydrogenation catalysts.
Redox Dyshomeostasis with Dual Stimuli‐Activatable Dihydroartemisinin Nanoparticles to Potentiate Ferroptotic Therapy of Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Wang Yingjie , Chen Fangmin , Zhou Huiling , Huang Lujia , Ye Jiayi , Liu Xiaoying , Sheng Weizhong , Gao Weidong , Yu Haijun , Wang Feng
Published: November 2022

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is highly lethal and resistant to conventional therapies, including chemo‐, radio‐, and immunotherapy. In this study, it is first determined that a combination of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) and RSL‐3 (a glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) inhibitor) markedly induced ferroptosis of PDAC tumor cells. A mechanistic study revealed that DHA can react with iron ions to generate carbon radicals and deplete intracellular glutathione, thereby cumulatively triggering the lipid peroxidation of tumor cells with RSL‐3‐mediated GPX4 inhibition. A DHA‐conjugated amphiphilic copolymer is subsequently synthesized, and intracellular acidity and oxidation dual‐responsive DHA nanoparticles are further engineered for the tumor‐specific co‐delivery of DHA and RSL‐3. The resultant nanoparticles (PDBA@RSL‐3) efficiently induce ferroptosis of tumor cells in the Panc02 tumor‐bearing immune‐deficient mouse model, and elicit T‐cell‐based antitumor immunity in the immune‐competent mouse model. The combination of PDBA@RSL‐3 nanoparticles and programmed death ligand 1 blockade therapy efficiently inhibits PDAC tumor growth in the immune‐competent mouse models. This study may provide novel insights for treatment of PDAC with ferroptosis‐based immunotherapy.
Semi‐Transparent Blade‐Coated FAPbBr3 Perovskite Solar Cells: A Scalable Low‐Temperature Manufacturing Process under Ambient Condition
Authors: Barichello Jessica , Di Girolamo Diego , Nonni Elisa , Paci Barbara , Generosi Amanda , Kim Minjin , Levtchenko Alexandra , Cacovich Stefania , Di Carlo Aldo , Matteocci Fabio
Published: November 2022

Perovskite photovoltaics (PVs) is an emerging PV technology that attracts interest thanks to an unprecedented combination of properties, including the ease of the bandgap tunability. The feasibility to deploy wide bandgap absorbers (>2.2 eV) leading to high average visible transmittance (AVT) is particularly intriguing for building‐integrated PVs, in particular for smart windows, façades, and agrivoltaics. However, research on this topic is still at the initial stage, especially concerning the development of scalable deposition techniques. Uniform coverage and morphology control of bromide perovskite film are the main issues to tackle. Herein, a systematic study on the development of FAPbBr3‐based semi‐transparent perovskite solar cell (ST‐PSC) is presented by replacing spin‐coating as the main deposition technique used for the device fabrication. To tackle this topic, the blade coating technique is employed to obtain a manufacturing flow performed at low temperature in the air environment. The results for the blade‐coated device show a power conversion efficiency of 5.8%, AVT of 52.3%, and bifacial factor of 86.5%. Moreover, scalable and uniform FAPbBr3 deposition on 300 cm2 substrates is presented for the first time. The combination of low temperature, scale‐up capability, and air processing along with promising PV performances represent a feasible platform for the future exploitation of PSC in building integrated photovoltaic.
Effect of Organic Chloride Additives on the Photovoltaic Performance of MA‐Free Cs0.1FA0.9PbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Tsiba Matondo Jadel , Zhang Yujing , Yang Yifan , Mbumba Manala Tabu , Akram Muhammad Waleed , Malouangou Maurice Davy , Bai Luyun , Guli Mina
Published: November 2022

The use of chloride additives to achieve high performance in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is extensively reported in perovskite research. However, few studies are dedicated to understanding and comparing the underlying effects of ammonium cations in organic chloride additives. Herein, the effect of ACl additives (A: ethylammonium [EA], propylammonium [PA], butylammonium [BA]), with increasing ammonium size, on the performance of MA‐free Cs0.1FA0.9PbI3 PSCs is investigated. The obtained results indicate that Cl promotes the growth of large grains, while organic cations facilitate grain favorable orientation. Moreover, it is observed that EACl evaporates during thermal annealing despite the similar ionic size of EA to that of FA, which would lead to A‐site incorporation. However, PACl and BACl remain in final films, passivating grain boundaries. Moreover, by using double BACl–EACl additive, the films show considerably increased grain dimensions, passivated grain boundaries, and longer carrier lifetime. As a result, planar PSCs based on engineered Cs0.1FA0.9PbI3 layers achieve higher power conversion efficiency of 20.98%, 20.07%, 19.64%, and 19.03% for BACl–EACl, BACl, PACl, and EACl, respectively, compared to 17.58%‐efficiency for control PSCs. Moreover, this additive‐based approach also increases moisture resistance of the Cs0.1FA0.9PbI3 films, which consequently enhances the device ambient stability.
Atomic Layer Deposited ZnO–SnO2 Electron Transport Bilayer for Wide‐Bandgap Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Su Zhaojun , Xu Dacheng , Ma Qing , Gao Kun , Zhang Cheng , Xing Chunfang , Wang Shibo , Shi Wei , Wang Xinyu , Li Kun , Hui Jingshu , Yang Xinbo
Published: November 2022

High‐quality electron transport layer (ETL) is a prerequisite for high‐performance wide‐bandgap mixed‐halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs), which is critical for efficient perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. Herein, an atomic layer deposited ZnO–SnO2 bilayer ETL for wide‐bandgap PSCs is reported, featuring a high uniformity and conformality over a large area. The ZnO–SnO2 bilayer shows a matched band alignment with wide‐bandgap perovskite for efficient electron extraction and transport, with a lower nonradiative recombination. As a result, a champion power conversion efficiency of 18.1% is achieved on the ZnO–SnO2 bilayer‐based wide‐bandgap PSCs featuring an ultrahigh open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.233 V, which is the highest value for wide‐bandgap PSCs without any surface passivation. In addition, the atomic layer deposition ZnO–SnO2 bilayer exhibits very good surface passivation and conformality on crystalline silicon surfaces, which makes it attractive to be applied for perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells with a higher Voc and textured surfaces.
Design of slender and squat reinforced concrete members with shear reinforcement
Authors: Pejatović Marko , Ruiz Miguel Fernández , Muttoni Aurelio
Published: November 2022

As proposed in several design standards for structural concrete, including Eurocode 2 (EN:1992‐1‐1:2004) and fib's Model Code 2010, the shear design of slender members with shear reinforcement can be performed by means of consistent models based on suitable stress fields. This is for instance the case of the variable‐angle truss models, where the acting shear force is equilibrated by an inclined compression field and the shear reinforcement in tension. The application of such design expressions to squat members or when gravity loads are applied on the upper chord near to the supports, has however been observed to lead to overly conservative results. This is due to the fact that a direct strut can develop in the concrete between the load and the support without the need of being suspended through shear reinforcement. In addition, this leads to a more favorable cracking state and thus to enhanced shear resistance. Despite the fact that such phenomena can be also formulated in a consistent manner with the stress field method, empirical corrections of the resistance of slender members have traditionally been adopted to design beams when significant loads act close to supports. In this paper, the benefits of designing such cases on the basis of tailored stress fields are demonstrated. Such an approach provides a smooth transition between slender and squat members and, when compared to tests, leads to a significantly lower Coefficient of Variation than empirical corrections. On that basis, simple design expressions are formulated in an effort to serve as a revision for the next generation of design codes (Model Code 2020 and 2nd generation of Eurocode 2).
Road Safety Analysis
Authors: Rizzi Matteo , Strandroth Johan
Published: November 2022

Road safety analysis can be used to understand what has been successful in the past and what needs to be changed in order to be successful to reduce severe road trauma going forward and ultimately what’s needed to achieve zero. This chapter covers some of the tools used to retrospectively evaluate real-life benefits of road safety measures and methods used to predict the combined effects of interventions in a road safety action plan as well as to estimate if they are sufficient to achieve targets near-term and long-term. Included are also a brief overview of methods to develop boundary conditions on what constitutes a Safe System for different road users. Further to that, the chapter lists some arguments for the need of high-quality mass and in-depth data to ensure confidence in the results and conclusions from road safety analysis. Finally, a few key messages are summarized.
Vision Zero in Workplaces
Authors: Zwetsloot Gerard I. J. M. , Kines Pete
Published: November 2022

Unsafe and unhealthy working conditions contribute to more than 2.3 million deaths globally each year. Vision Zero (VZ) in workplaces presents the challenge to prevent all serious accidents and work-related sickness and disease. Companies and other organizations play a key role, in the development and implementation of VZ, and are supported by international organizations such as the International Labour Organization and the International Social Security Association (ISSA). VZ in workplaces has a long history and several roots, which explain the variety in its application. It is both conceptually and practically closely associated with the development of a broad prevention culture, focusing on the safety, health, and well-being of the workforce as an integrated part of business. VZ in workplaces has developed quickly since the Seoul Declaration (2008), whereby global occupational safety and health leaders and representatives of national governments expressed their will to create a worldwide culture of prevention. In particular, the ISSA launched a global VZ strategy and campaign in 2017, which now (in 2021) runs in more than 80 countries. VZ policies and strategies for both road traffic and workplaces are overlapping and can strengthen each other, as roads are an important place of work in many jobs. The implementation of VZ in workplaces should be regarded as a commitment strategy, based on genuine commitment of both top leaders and all personnel. It is important that VZ in workplaces is understood as a vision and a long-term ambition, not as a target. Proactive leading indicators are therefore more important for VZ than lagging indicators, such as accident frequencies.
Correction to: Personalized Mastery Learning Ecosystems: Using Bloom’s Four Objects of Change to Drive Learning in Adaptive Instructional Systems
Authors: Betts Anastasia , Thai Khanh-Phuong , Gunderia Sunil
Published: November 2022

Chapter [“Personalized Mastery Learning Ecosystems: Using Bloom’s Four Objects of Change to Drive Learning in Adaptive Instructional Systems”] was previously published non-open access. It has now been changed to open access under a CC BY 4.0 license and the copyright holder updated to ‘The Author(s)’. The book has also been updated with this change
Recent Advances in Intelligent Textbooks for Better Learning
Authors: Jiang Bo , Gu Meijun , Du Ying
Published: November 2022

Intelligent textbooks are a new form of digital textbooks that provides students with intelligent learning services, such as automatic question answering, adaptive navigation support, automatic linking, and personalized recommendation. Educators are investing much effort into the conversion of their paper-based textbooks and digital textbooks into intelligent textbooks. This chapter provides a brief introduction to the development of intelligent textbooks and reviews major adaptive technologies and the usage of intelligent textbooks in the past decade. We first summarize the development of intelligent textbooks and the existing authoring platforms. Then, the key intelligent technologies used in the intelligent textbooks are reviewed, including domain modeling, student modeling, and instruction technologies. Moreover, the empirical studies conducted to evaluate intelligent textbooks are summarized. This chapter would promote understanding of the current state of the technology and platform development of intelligent textbooks.
Artificial Intelligence Innovations for Multimodal Learning, Interfaces, and Analytics
Authors: Worsley Marcelo
Published: November 2022

The twenty-first century has brought with it a growing variety of authentic and engaging learning environments. While significant portions of human learning still take place in traditional classrooms, researchers and educators have innovated several learning experiences that are embodied, project-based, inquiry-driven, collaborative, and open-ended. Furthermore, there has been greater acknowledgement of the varying timescales and contexts where meaningful learning takes place, as well as greater attention to previously underappreciated competencies like creativity, self-regulation, and collaboration. This expansion in the types, contexts, and timescales of human learning necessitate novel analytic approaches. This chapter will discuss how artificial intelligence-based tools and technologies can help researchers and practitioners navigate and enact these novel approaches to learning, while also providing a meaningful lens for student reflection and inquiry. Consequently, this chapter includes discussions of (1) technologies that provide learners with a broader set of modalities to showcase their knowledge, (2) tools that offer insights within groups of students using audio/video information, and (3) analytic techniques and interfaces for helping researchers collect and analyze different types of multimodal data across contexts. The chapter will also discuss some of the ethics surrounding these types of data and analytic approaches.
Perspectives and Metaphors of Learning: A Commentary on James Lester’s Narrative-Centered AI-Based Environments
Authors: Vivitsou Marianna
Published: November 2022

This commentary aims to discuss perspectives on narrative-centered learning and metaphors of AI-based learning environments. To this end, the commentary draws from James Lester’s keynote and an interview with a focus on the narrative element that underlies the use of AI in Learning. In both texts, Lester offers an account of the narrative-centered learning environments that he has been developing with his research group. One example of such environments is Crystal Island, an AI-based game for K-12 students learning science. Along with Crystal Island, more metaphors of learning emerge. Based on these, this chapter uses Paul Ricoeur’s narrative theory and metaphor theory to reflect on the role of characters and the narrative plot in relation to Lester’s visualization of the future of learning with AI-based technologies. In this process, new roles in AI-based learning are introduced. One such example is the role of drama manager. The drama manager is a novel metaphor in game-based learning. In addition, more conventional metaphors, such as the tutorial dialogue, are brought forward as well as technological metaphors. The multiplicity of metaphors have agency at the core, as connecting tissue. Agency, although not explicitly articulated in the keynote and the interview, is an all-encompassing metaphor in learning. As technological advancement shakes the boundaries of thinking about agency nowadays, new dynamic metaphors are needed in AI-based learning. Toward this direction, the commentary draws from new materialist and post-humanist thinkers to raise these issues and the need to take the narrative further.
Resonant leptoquark at NLO with POWHEG
Authors: Buonocore Luca , Greljo Admir , Krack Peter , Nason Paolo , Selimović Nudžeim , Tramontano Francesco , Zanderighi Giulia
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Recent progress in calculating lepton density functions inside the proton and simulating lepton showers laid the foundations for precision studies of resonant leptoquark production at hadron colliders. Direct quark-lepton fusion into a leptoquark is a novel production channel at the LHC that has the potential to probe a unique parameter space for large masses and couplings. In this work, we build the first Monte Carlo event generator for a full-fledged simulation of this process at NLO for production, followed by a subsequent decay using the POWHEG method and matching to the parton showers utilizing HERWIG. The code can handle all scalar leptoquark models with renormalisable quark-lepton interactions. We then comprehensively study the differential distributions, including higher-order effects, and assess the corresponding theoretical uncertainties. We also quantify the impact of the improved predictions on the projected (HL-)LHC sensitivities and initiate the first exploration of the potential at the FCC-hh. Our work paves the way toward performing LHC searches using this channel.
Super AKSZ construction, integral forms, and the 2-dimensional $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = (1, 1) sigma model
Authors: Hulík Ondřej , Svoboda Josef , Valach Fridrich
Published: November 2022

Abstract

We discuss a natural extension of the AKSZ construction to the case where the source is given by a supermanifold with a chosen integral form. We then focus on the special case with the target given by a Courant algebroid. In the simplest case this leads to the BV version of the super Chern-Simons theory, as developed by Grassi-Maccaferri and Cremonini-Grassi. In the case of exact Courant algebroids we derive the 2-dimensional $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= (1, 1) sigma model on the boundary, together with the Wess-Zumino term, paralleling the approach of Ševera in the bosonic case.
Interpolating geometries and the stretched dS2 horizon
Authors: Anninos Dionysios , Harris Eleanor
Published: November 2022

Abstract

We investigate dilaton-gravity models whose solutions contain a large portion of the static patch of dS2. The thermodynamic properties of these theories are considered both in the presence of a finite Dirichlet wall, as well as for asymptotically near-AdS2 boundaries. We show that under certain circumstances such geometries, including those endowed with an asymptotically near-AdS2 boundary, can be locally and even globally thermodynamically stable within particular temperature regimes. First order phase transitions reminiscent of the Hawking-Page transition are discussed. For judiciously chosen models, the near-AdS2 boundary can be viewed as a completion of the stretched cosmological dS2 horizon. We speculate on candidate microphysical models.
Comparison of the immunomodulatory potential of platinum-based anti-cancer drugs and anthracyclins on human monocyte-derived cells
Authors: Jenei Viktória , Burai Sára , Molnár Tamás , Kardos Balázs , Mácsik Rebeka , Tóth Márta , Debreceni Zsuzsanna , Bácsi Attila , Mázló Anett , Koncz Gábor
Published: November 2022

Macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) are important contributors to anti-tumor immune responses. However, these highly plastic cells are also the primary targets of tumor manipulation, which may result in the development of tumor-promoting subtypes. The effect of chemotherapeutic agents on tumor cells is an area of intense study, but little is known about their effects on innate immune cells.

We investigated the effects of four chemotherapeutic drugs (two platinum-based agents; oxaliplatin and cisplatin, and two anthracyclines; doxorubicin and epirubicin) on the differentiation, function, and viability of macrophages and DCs. Macrophages and DCs were differentiated from monocytes in the presence of these chemotherapeutic drugs and we compared their cell surface receptor expression, cytokine production, and chemotactic- and T-cell-polarizing ability.

We have shown that differentiation in the presence of anthracyclines dose-dependently increases CTLA-4 expression in DCs. Antineoplastic agent-driven differentiation strongly modified the CCL2- or CCL5-induced chemotactic activity of both macrophages and DCs. DCs differentiated in the presence of high-dose cisplatin and a low dose of epirubicin promoted regulatory T-cell development, whereas oxaliplatin at specific doses induced both DCs and macrophages to enhance cytotoxic T-cell responses. Furthermore, we found that inflammatory macrophages are more sensitive to doxorubicin-induced cell death than their counterparts.

In summary, our results confirm that chemotherapeutic agents acting on a similar basis may have different effects on the anti-tumor immune response. Treatment with optimal dose, combinations, and timing of chemotherapy may determine tumor immunity and the metastatic potential of tumors.