bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Renin: at the heart of the mast cell
Authors: Reid Alicia C. , Silver Randi B. , Levi Roberto
Published: May 2007

Summary: Cardiac mast cells proliferate in cardiovascular diseases. In myocardial ischemia, mast cell mediators contribute to coronary vasoconstriction, arrhythmias, leukocyte recruitment, and tissue injury and repair. Arrhythmic dysfunction, coronary vasoconstriction, and contractile failure are also characteristic of cardiac anaphylaxis. In coronary atherosclerosis, mast cell mediators facilitate cholesterol accumulation and plaque destabilization. In cardiac failure, mast cell chymase causes myocyte apoptosis and fibroblast proliferation, leading to ventricular dysfunction. Chymase and tryptase also contribute to fibrosis in cardiomyopathies and myocarditis. In addition, mast cell tumor necrosis factor‐α promotes myocardial remodeling. Cardiac remodeling and hypertrophy in end‐stage hypertension are also induced by mast cell mediators and proteases. We recently discovered that cardiac mast cells contain and release renin, which initiates local angiotensin formation. Angiotensin causes coronary vasoconstriction, arrhythmias, fibrosis, apoptosis, and endothelin release, all demonstrated mechanisms of mast‐cell‐associated cardiac disease. The effects of angiotensin are further amplified by the release of norepinephrine from cardiac sympathetic nerves. Our discovery of renin in cardiac mast cells and its release in pathophysiological conditions uncovers an important new pathway in the development of mast‐cell‐associated heart diseases. Several steps in this novel pathway may constitute future therapeutic targets.
Regulation of the mast cell response to the type 1 Fcε receptor
Authors: Abramson Jakub , Pecht Israel
Published: May 2007

Summary:  The type I Fcε receptor (FcεRI) is one of the better understood members of its class and is central to the immunological activation of mast cells and basophils, the key players in immunoglobulin E (IgE)‐dependent immediate hypersensitivity. This review provides background information on several distinct regulatory mechanisms controlling this receptor’s stimulus–response coupling network. First, we review the current understanding of this network’s operation, and then we focus on the inhibitory regulatory mechanisms. In particular, we discuss the different known cytosolic molecules (e.g. kinases, phosphatases, and adapters) as well as cell membrane proteins involved in negatively regulating the FcεRI‐induced secretory responses. Knowledge of this field is developing at a fast rate, as new proteins endowed with regulatory functions are still being discovered. Our understanding of the complex networks by which these proteins exert regulation is limited. Although the scope of this review does not include addressing several important biochemical and biophysical aspects of the regulatory mechanisms, it does provide general insights into a central field in immunology.
Differential release of mast cell mediators and the pathogenesis of inflammation
Authors: Theoharides Theoharis C. , Kempuraj Duraisamy , Tagen Michael , Conti Pio , Kalogeromitros Dimitris
Published: May 2007

Summary: Mast cells are well known for their involvement in allergic and anaphylactic reactions, during which immunoglobulin E (IgE) receptor (FcɛRI) aggregation leads to exocytosis of the content of secretory granules (1000 nm), commonly known as degranulation, and secretion of multiple mediators. Recent findings implicate mast cells also in inflammatory diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, where mast cells appear to be intact by light microscopy. Mast cells can be activated by bacterial or viral antigens, cytokines, growth factors, and hormones, leading to differential release of distinct mediators without degranulation. This process appears to involvede novosynthesis of mediators, such as interleukin‐6 and vascular endothelial growth factor, with release through secretory vesicles (50 nm), similar to those in synaptic transmission. Moreover, the signal transduction steps necessary for this process appear to be largely distinct from those known in FcɛRI‐dependent degranulation. How these differential mast cell responses are controlled is still unresolved. No clinically available pharmacological agents can inhibit either degranulation or mast cell mediator release. Understanding this process could help develop mast cell inhibitors of selective mediator release with novel therapeutic applications.
Human mast cells, bacteria, and intestinal immunity
Authors: Bischoff Stephan C. , Krämer Sigrid
Published: May 2007

Summary:  Mast cells are versatile tissue regulator cells controlling major intestinal functions such as epithelial secretion, epithelial permeability, blood flow, neuroimmune interactions, and peristalsis. Most importantly, mast cells are key regulators of the integrity and function of the gastrointestinal barrier. At the same time, they can act as immunomodulatory cells by reacting to various exogenous signals from bacteria, viruses, and parasites through innate recognition receptors, such as Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) or through receptors of the specific immune system, such as immunoglobulins (Igs) bound to their cell surface. This mast cell function is enhanced by an intensive cross talk of mast cells with other cells of the innate or adaptive immune systems. Finally, mast cells act as inflammatory cells mediating diseases such as allergy, once they become dysregulated because of excess of allergen, allergen‐specific IgE and cytokines, or invading microbes. The present article focuses on the human mast cell functions in the intestine and compares the data with those derived from animal experiments. In particular, the role of bacteria and TLRs expression by mast cells for allergic reactions are discussed.
Protease–proteoglycan complexes of mouse and human mast cells and importance of their β‐tryptase–heparin complexes in inflammation and innate immunity
Authors: Stevens Richard L. , Adachi Roberto
Published: May 2007

Summary:  Approximately 50% of the weight of a mature mast cell (MC) consists of varied neutral proteases stored in the cell’s secretory granules ionically bound to serglycin proteoglycans that contain heparin and/or chondroitin sulfate E/diB chains. Mouse MCs express the exopeptidase carboxypeptidase A3 and at least 15 serine proteases [designated as mouse MC protease (mMCP) 1–11, transmembrane tryptase/tryptase γ/protease serine member S (Prss) 31, cathepsin G, granzyme B, and neuropsin/Prss19]. mMCP‐6, mMCP‐7, mMCP‐11/Prss34, and Prss31 are the four members of the chromosome 17A3.3 family of tryptases that are preferentially expressed in MCs. One of the challenges ahead is to understand why MCs express so many different protease–proteoglycan macromolecular complexes. MC‐like cells that contain tryptase–heparin complexes in their secretory granules have been identified in the Ciona intestinalis and Styela plicata urochordates that appeared approximately 500 million years ago. Because sea squirts lack B cells and T cells, it is likely that MCs and their tryptase–proteoglycan granule mediators initially appeared in lower organisms as part of their innate immune system. The conservation of MCs throughout evolution suggests that some of these protease–proteoglycan complexes are essential to our survival. In support of this conclusion, no human has been identified that lacks MCs. Moreover, transgenic mice lacking the β‐tryptase mMCP‐6 are unable to combat a Klebsiella pneumoniae infection effectively. Here we summarize the nature and function of some of the tryptase–serglycin proteoglycan complexes found in mouse and human MCs.
Multiple Roles of Auxilin and Hsc70 in Clathrin‐Mediated Endocytosis
Authors: Eisenberg Evan , Greene Lois E.
Published: May 2007

The ATP‐dependent dissociation of clathrin from clathrin‐coated vesicles (CCVs) by the molecular chaperone Hsc70 requires J‐domain cofactor proteins, either auxilin or cyclin‐G‐associated kinase (GAK). Both the nerve‐specific auxilin and the ubiquitous GAK induce CCVs to bind to Hsc70. The removal of auxilin or GAK from various organisms and cells has provided definitive evidence that Hsc70 uncoats CCVs in vivo. In addition, evidence from various studies has suggested that Hsc70 and auxilin are involved in several other key processes that occur during clathrin‐mediated endocytosis. First, Hsc70 and auxilin are required for the clathrin exchange that occurs during coated‐pit invagination and constriction; this clathrin exchange may catalyze any rearrangement of the clathrin‐coated pit (CCP) structure that is required during invagination and constriction. Second, Hsc70 and auxilin may chaperone clathrin after it dissociates from CCPs so that it does not aggregate in the cytosol. Third, auxilin and Hsc70 may be involved in the rebinding of clathrin to the plasma membrane to form new CCPs and independently appear to chaperone adaptor proteins so that they can also rebind to membranes to nucleate the formation of new CCPs. Finally, if formation of the curved clathrin coat induces membrane curvature, then Hsc70 and auxilin provide the energy for this curvature by inducing ATP‐dependent clathrin exchange and rearrangement during endocytosis and ATP‐dependent dissociation of clathrin at the end of the cycle so that it is energetically primed to rebind to the plasma membrane.
Prevalence of bacteraemia following third molar surgery
Authors: Tomás I , Pereira F , Llucián R , Poveda R , Diz P , Bagán JV
Published: May 2007

Objective:  To investigate the prevalence and aetiology of bacteraemia following third molar extractions (B‐TME), analysing the factors affecting its development.

Methods:  The study group was formed of 100 patients undergoing third molar extractions under general anaesthesia. Peripheral venous blood samples were collected at baseline, 30 s after a mandibular third molar extraction and 15 min after completing the final extraction. Samples were inoculated into BACTEC aerobic and anaerobic blood culture bottles and were processed in the BacT/Alert. Subculture and further identification of the bacteria isolated was performed using conventional microbiological techniques.

Results:  The prevalence of bacteraemia following third molar surgery was 62% at 30 s after the first dental extraction and 67% at 15 min after finishing the final extraction. The bacteria most frequently identified in the positive blood cultures were Streptococcus viridans (87.9%).

Conclusion:  In our series, the prevalence of B‐TME at 30 s after a single third molar extraction was high, principally being of streptococcal aetiology, and was independent of the oral health status and the magnitude of the surgical procedure. Positive blood cultures persisted for at least 15 min after three to four dental extractions in a higher number of patients, questioning the supposedly transient nature of bacteraemia following dental extractions.
Behavioral regulators in the brain of neonatal chicks
Authors: FURUSE Mitsuhiro
Published: May 2007

Domestic chickens are precocial and therefore have relatively well‐developed processes at hatch. As a result, neonatal chicks grow well at hatch with no parental care. The regulation of food intake in animals, including domestic birds, is complicated. Just after hatching, neonatal chicks find their food by themselves and they can control their food intake. Recently, prolactin releasing peptide and gonadotropin‐inhibitory hormone were confirmed as central orexigenic factors in the neonatal chick. Both peptides have a common structure as RFamide peptides. On the other hand, vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide, both belonging to the glucagon superfamily, were recognized as inhibitory. Broiler chicks have either a greater capability to acclimatize to novel environments, or a blunted hypothalamus‐pituitary‐adrenal axis compared with layer chicks. These differences are explained by higher melatonin concentrations in the pineal gland and other parts of the brain of broiler chicks since melatonin attenuates the stress response. Stressful behavior in chicks can be attenuated by neurotransmitters or by nutrients such as creatine, phosphatidylserine, L‐serine and (‐)‐epigallocatechin gallate. It is suggested that the regulation of behavior is somewhat specific and can be attenuated by some manipulation in neonatal chicks.
Nitric oxide in bovine corpus luteum: Possible mechanisms of action in luteolysis
Authors: KORZEKWA Anna , WOCLAWEK‐POTOCKA Izabela , OKUDA Kiyoshi , ACOSTA Tomas J. , SKARZYNSKI Dariusz J.
Published: May 2007

Although prostaglandin (PG) F2α is considered as the principal luteolytic factor, its action on the bovine corpus luteum (CL) is mediated by other intraovarian factors. Among them, nitric oxide (NO) seems to play a mandatory role in luteolysis. In this article we review the background and current status of work on possible roles of NO in the CL function, based on available information and our own experimental data. NO is produced in all three main types of bovine CL cells: steroidogenic, endothelial and immune cells. PGF2α and some luteolytic cytokines (tumor necrosis factor, interferon) increase NO production and stimulate NO synthase expression in the bovine CL. NO inhibits progesterone production, stimulates the secretion of PGF2α and leukotriene C4, reduces the number of viable luteal cells and, finally, participates in functional luteolysis. NO induces the apoptotic death of CL cells by the modulation of bcl‐2 family gene expression and the stimulation of caspase‐3 gene expression and activity. However, this simple molecule shows both luteolytic and luteotropic actions during the estrous cycle in ruminants. The aim of this overview is to present and discuss the recent findings crucial for understanding NO role in the process of CL regression in cattle.
Effects of long‐term administration of recombinant bovine somatotropin on the plasminogen–plasmin system and milk composition of crossbred Holstein cattle
Authors: CHAIYABUTR Narongsak , THAMMACHAROEN Sumpun , KOMOLVANICH Siripen , CHANPONGSANG Somchai
Published: May 2007

Experiments were performed to examine the effects of long‐term treatment with recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) on milk plasmin–plasminogen and milk composition by one injection of 500 mg of rbST in every 14 days throughout lactation in crossbred Holstein cattle. The animals receiving rbST gave a greater milk yield and rate of blood flow to the udder during early lactation than the control group. The milk lactose concentration remained constant while the milk protein concentration increased as lactation advanced in both groups. The level of milk fat in rbST‐treated animals was significantly greater than in controls in the early lactation period (P < 0.05). The milk sodium and chloride concentrations of the rbST‐treated animals significantly decreased in early lactation as compared with the control animals. The sodium : potassium ratio of the rbST‐treated animals was significantly lower than those of control animals in the early lactation (P < 0.05) and it markedly increased in late lactation. As lactation advanced, the concentration of plasmin in the milk gradually increased, while the milk plasminogen concentration significantly increased in both groups. The plasminogen : plasmin ratio decreased in the control animals while it increased in the rbST‐treated animals as lactation advanced. These findings demonstrate that rbST is involved the activity of the plasmin–plasminogen system but is not involved in maintaining tissue integrity in the mammary gland during late lactation in crossbred dairy cattle.
Shearing male lambs in the cold season improves the carcass yield without affecting fattening performance
Authors: ÇAM Mehmet Akif , OLFAZ Mustafa , GARIPOGLU Ali Vaiz
Published: May 2007

This research was carried out to determine the effects of shearing of different genotypes of male lambs (one from pure Karayaka stock and two from its crossbreed) in winter on bodyweight gain, feed consumtion, feed conversion efficiency, rectal temperature and carcass yield. A total of 21 lambs aged 8 months were allocated randomly to experimental groups according to a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement for shorn and unshorn animals. The lambs were fed grass hay (100 g/lamb/day) and commercial concentrate feed ad libitum during a 54‐day of fattening period. The lambs were shorn in the middle of the experiment (27 days after beginning the trial). The interaction between the shearing treatment × genotype of the studied parameters was found to be insignificant. The shearing process increased the rectal temperature (P < 0.01), hot carcass yield (P < 0.05) and dressing percentage (P < 0.05) and decreased the weight of the edible inner organs (P < 0.01). Some of these parameters were affected by the genotypes. It was concluded that shearing male lambs in the winter can have a beneficial effect on the hot carcass weight and dressing percentage without affecting fattening performance, and the performance of Karayaka lambs and its crossbred male lambs were similar under the conditions of the present study.
Differences of behavior, use of resources and physical conditions between dominant and subordinate hens in furnished cages
Authors: SHIMMURA Tsuyoshi , EGUCHI Yusuke , UETAKE Katsuji , TANAKA Toshio
Published: May 2007

The objective of the present study was to search for differences in the behavior, use of resources and the physical condition between dominant and subordinate birds in furnished cages. In total, 60 commercial White Leghorn layers were used. At the age of 54 weeks, these birds were divided into two groups. Each group consisted of six cages with four birds per cage and six cages with six birds per cage. The dominance hierarchy was measured, to identify the highest dominant bird and the lowest subordinate bird in the hierarchy of each furnished cage. Behavioral observations using scanning techniques at 10 min intervals were conducted on the birds at 57 and 67 weeks of age for 3 days, respectively. Their physical condition (bodyweight and claw length) was also measured. Dominant birds used the dust bath more (P < 0.1) and nest box less (P < 0.01) than subordinate birds did. The use of the nest box decreased for subordinate birds from 57 to 67 weeks of age (P < 0.05). The dominant birds performed aggression and exploring more frequently than the subordinate birds (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively). In the comfort behaviors, the dominant birds performed dust‐bathing, as well as the using the dust bath, more than subordinate birds did (P < 0.1). In their exploring behavior, including scratching and litter pecking, dominant birds performed both behaviors more frequently, as well as using the dust bath and dust‐bathing in it, than subordinate birds did (P < 0.1 and P < 0.05, respectively). Aggression decreased for dominant birds from 57 to 67 weeks of age. In contrast, eating (P < 0.1) as well as drinking (P < 0.1) and other comfort behaviors (P < 0.1) increased for subordinate birds from 57 to 67 weeks of age. There was no significant difference between dominant and subordinate birds in their physical conditions. In conclusion, dominant birds had priority to use the dust box compared with the subordinate birds in the furnished cages. Conversely, the subordinate birds stayed in the nest box more than the dominant birds did. In the furnished cages, equipping the nest box was important not only for the birds to perform nesting behavior, but also for the subordinate birds to use the facility as a refuge especially just after introduction to the cage.
Behavior, performance and physical condition of laying hens in conventional and small furnished cages
Authors: SHIMMURA Tsuyoshi , EGUCHI Yusuke , UETAKE Katsuji , TANAKA Toshio
Published: May 2007

The aim of the present study was to compare the welfare level and performance of laying hens between conventional and small furnished cages. At the age of 54 weeks, 120 White Leghorn layers were divided into four groups: four (C4) or six hens/cage in conventional cages and four or six (F6) hens/cage in furnished cages. Their behavior, number of steps taken, performance and physical condition were measured. Sham dust‐bathing was greater in conventional cages than in furnished cages (P = 0.05) and dust‐bathing, litter scratching and litter pecking were also observed in furnished cages. Other comfort behavior, moving and number of steps taken were more frequent in the four‐hen cages than in the six‐hen cages (P < 0.01, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, respectively). Though egg production and egg mass in C4 and F6 were lower than in the other groups, no significant differences were found in the other production measurements. Bodyweight gain was larger in the four‐hen cages than the six‐hen cages (P < 0.01). In conclusion, behavior was not restricted in the furnished cages, but activity and bodyweight gain were affected by group size (density) rather than cage design. Hereafter, the studies on suitable density in each cage design, using young layers, are required.
Glycolipids with nonreducing end α‐mannosyl residues that have the potential to activate invariant Vα19 NKT cells
Authors: Shimamura Michio , Huang Yi‐Ying , Okamoto Naoki , Watanabe Yutaka , Murakami Yoshiko , Kinoshita Taroh , Hirabayashi Yoshio , Murakata Chikara , Ito Yukishige , Ogawa Tomoya
Published: May 2007

We have previously demonstrated that α‐mannosyl ceramide and its derivatives promote immune responses of NK1.1+ invariant Vα19‐Jα33 T cell receptor (TCR) α+ T cells (Vα19 NKT cells). In this study, attempts were made to determine the structural requirements for natural ligands for Vα19 NKT cells. Naturally occurring and synthetic glycolipids were analyzed for their ability to stimulate the cells prepared from invariant Vα19‐Jα33 TCR transgenic mice, in which development of Vα19 NKT cells is facilitated. As a result, α‐mannosyl phosphatidylinositols such as 2,6‐di‐α‐mannosyl phosphatidylinositol and α‐mannosyl‐4α‐glucosaminyl‐6‐phosphatidylinositol (α‐Man‐GlcNH2‐PtdIns) as well as α‐mannosyl ceramide derivatives were found to activate the cells from the transgenic mouse liver, gut lamina propria and spleen in vivo and in vitro. Thus, glycolipids with nonreducing end α‐mannosyl residues are suggested to be potent antigens for Vα19 NKT cells. Next, a series of invariant Vα19‐Jα33 TCR+ hybridomas, each with variations in the sequence of the Vα‐Jα junction and the TCR β chain, were tested for responsiveness toward the α‐mannosyl glycolipids. A loose correlation between the primary structure of the TCR and the reactive glycolipids was observed. For instance, hybridomas expressing TCRs consisting of an α chain with a variation in the Vα19‐Jα33 junction and a Vβ6+β chain showed affinity towards α‐mannosyl ceramide and α‐Man‐GlcNH2‐PtdIns, whereas those expressing TCRs with an invariant Vα19‐Jα33 α chain and a Vβ8+β chain responded to 2,6‐di‐α‐mannosyl phosphatidylinositol. Thus, it is suggested that Vα19 NKT cells with microheterogeneity in the TCR structure have been generated for defense against various antigens expressing α‐mannosyl glycolipids.
Continuing Medical Education: Key Methodological Issues in Sexual Medicine Research (CME)
Authors: DeRogatis Leonard R. , Burnett Arthur L.
Published: May 2007

DeRogatis LR, and Burnett AL. Key methodological issues in sexual medicine research

The field of research in sexual medicine has grown dramatically in the past decade to a point where we now have a substantial armamentarium of pharmacologic and psychological interventions available for the treatment of sexual dysfunctions in men. Concomitantly, numerous new compounds are in advanced stages of clinical development to expand the spectrum of treatment options for women's sexual dysfunctions as well. We believe we have reached a point in our overall research agenda where it may be useful to reappraise certain aspects of our clinical research methodology. We have performed this with a view toward identifying a number of key issues that we believe represent continuing impediments to sustained growth in sexual medicine research, and we have made recommendations concerning implementing tactics and strategies that we believe will help overcome these methodological barriers to continued progress. We do not view the suggestions made here as definitive resolutions to the problems identified, but rather as progressive ideas that will enable our research to continue to move forward.
The Prevalence of Erectile Dysfunction Among Hypertensive and Prehypertensive Men Aged 25–40 Years
Authors: Heruti Rafi J. , Sharabi Yehonatan , Arbel Yaron , Shochat Tzipi , Swartzon Michael , Brenner Galit , Justo Dan
Published: May 2007

Introduction

Erectile dysfunction (ED) and hypertension (HTN) are common and associated among men aged 40–70 years. Data on the prevalence of ED among younger hypertensive and prehypertensive men are limited.

Aim

To study the prevalence of ED in a large-scale population of hypertensive and prehypertensive men aged 25–40 years.

Main Outcome Measures

ED severity, systolic blood pressures (SBPs), diastolic blood pressures (DBPs), and mean arterial blood pressures (MAPs).

Methods

Israel Defense Force personnel, aged 25 years and older, go through routine health checks at the Staff Periodic Health Examination Center (SPEC) every 3–5 years, including measuring blood pressure and completing the Sexual Health Inventory for Men (SHIM) questionnaire in order to detect HTN and ED, respectively, and assess its severity. Pre-HTN was defined as SBP 120–139 mm Hg or DBP 80–89 mm Hg. HTN was defined as SBP ≥140 mm Hg and/or DBP ≥90 mm Hg.

Results

During 2001–2004, an overall of 11,252 men, aged 25–40 years, reported to the SPEC, and 5,860 (52.1%) men filled out the SHIM questionnaire. Among responders to the SHIM questionnaire, 1,278 (21.8%) men had low scores (≤21), suggesting ED. Overall, 3021 (51.6%) men had pre-HTN and 557 (9.5%) men had HTN. The prevalence of ED was similar among men with HTN, men with pre-HTN, and men with normal blood pressure: 22.9% vs. 21.3% vs. 22.3%, respectively. In addition, SBPs, DBPs, and MAPs were not associated with the SHIM scores among all men.

Conclusion

The prevalence of ED is not increased among hypertensive and prehypertensive men compared with normotensive men aged 25–40 years. Moreover, higher blood pressures are not associated with worse erections among all men in this age group. Apparently, it takes years for HTN to cause ED.
Persistent Genital Arousal: Disordered or Normative Aspect of Female Sexual Response?
Authors: Leiblum Sandra , Seehuus Martin , Brown Candace
Published: May 2007

Introduction

Persistent genital arousal disorder (PGAD), previously known as persistent sexual arousal syndrome, is a serious and extremely distressing condition. Clinical experience suggests that there may be a subset of women who experience persistent genital arousal as a normative and not especially distressing part of their sexuality.

Aim

To determine whether there are women who report unprovoked genital arousal and view it as normative, and to identify differences between women who endorse all five features of PGAD vs. those who endorse only some of features.

Main Outcome Measures

Respondents were asked about the nature, onset, duration, and severity of their arousal, and their feelings about PGAD. Overall sexual and relationship satisfaction was assessed, as were scores on the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI).

Methods

An on-line, anonymous survey on persistent genital arousal was conducted. Of the 388 respondents, 206 women endorsed all five features of PGAD (PGAD group) and 176 endorsed some, but not all, criteria (non-PGAD group).

Results

The two groups were similar in age, relationship status, and duration. More PGAD than non-PGAD women reported current symptoms and greater symptom severity. Distress ratings were significantly greater for PGAD than non-PGAD women (7.9 vs. 4.7 on a 10-point scale). Forty-eight percent of PGAD vs. 27% of non-PGAD women reported continuous feelings of arousal. Significantly more PGAD women than non-PGAD women endorsed negative feelings about their genital arousal. Women with PGAD reported lower desire, less sexual satisfaction, greater pain, and lower overall scores on the FSFI.

Conclusion

There is a cohort of women who regularly, if intermittently, experience unprovoked and persistent genital arousal and find it mildly pleasurable. Their genital arousal differs from that of women who meet all five criteria for a diagnosis of PGAD. Possible explanations and etiologies for these differing reactions are discussed.
Women's Endorsement of Models of Female Sexual Response: The Nurses' Sexuality Study
Authors: Sand Michael , Fisher William A.
Published: May 2007

Introduction

The current Summary of Recommendations on Sexual Dysfunction in Women is conceptually grounded on a model of women's sexual function that has not been empirically tested in samples of women with and without sexual dysfunction.

Aim

The current research represents an initial effort to assess the extent to which women in a community sample endorse current theoretical models of female sexual function based upon work by Masters and Johnson, Kaplan, and Basson as accurately reflecting their own sexual experience.

Main Outcome Measures

Women's endorsement of brief descriptions of current models of female sexual function (Masters and Johnson, Kaplan, and Basson) as accurately reflecting their own sexual experience and their own levels of sexual function or dysfunction as assessed by the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI).

Methods

A random sample of 580 Registered Nurses was mailed a 58-item questionnaire which assessed women's perception of the fit of their sexual experience with current models of female sexual response and included the FSFI.

Results

In total, 133 women, of whom 111 had a current man partner, returned responses. Approximately equal proportions of women endorsed the Masters and Johnson, Kaplan, and Basson models of female sexual response as representing their own sexual experience. Women endorsing the Basson model had significantly lower FSFI domain scores than women who endorsed either the Masters and Johnson or Kaplan models.

Conclusion

These are the first data to assess the proportion of a community sample of women who endorse widely accepted models of female sexual response as representing their own sexual experience. Women in this sample were equally likely to endorse each of these different models, emphasizing the heterogeneity of women's sexual response, and highlighting the need for additional research to guide the field's acceptance and application of particular models of female sexuality in particular situations. Women's endorsement of models of female sexual response was correlated with their FSFI scores, and findings suggest that the Basson model, currently advanced by the Second International Consultation on Sexual Medicine, may best reflect women with sexual concerns (e.g., FSFI<26.55), rather than a single normative sexual response pattern.
A Comparison of NCEP-ATPIII and IDF Metabolic Syndrome Definitions with Relation to Metabolic Syndrome-Associated Sexual Dysfunction
Authors: Corona Giovanni , Mannucci Edoardo , Petrone Luisa , Schulman Claude , Balercia Giancarlo , Fisher Alessandra D. , Chiarini Valerio , Forti Gianni , Maggi Mario
Published: May 2007

Introduction

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a clustering of cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors, often associated with erectile dysfunction (ED) and hypogonadism. Recently, the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) proposed a substantial revision of the National Cholesterol Education Program–Third Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP-ATPIII) MetS criteria, essentially lowering the diagnostic cutoff values.

Aim

To investigate the associations between these two recently proposed definitions of MetS with the relative risk of arteriogenic ED and hypogonadism in a large cohort of patients with male sexual dysfunction.

Methods

A consecutive series of 1086 patients with sexual dysfunction (mean age 51.9 ± 12.8 years) was studied.

Main Outcome Measures

Several hormonal, biochemical, and instrumental (penile Doppler ultrasound) parameters were studied, along with ANDROTEST, a 12-item validated structured interview, specifically designed for the screening hypogonadism in a sexual dysfunction population. In particular, a score >8 is predictive of low testosterone (<10.4 nmol/L) with a sensitivity and specificity of about 70%.

Results

The prevalence of MetS was 32.0% and 44.7% according to NCEP-ATPIII and IDF criteria, respectively. After adjustment for confounding factors, only NCEP-ATPIII was significantly associated with dynamic prostaglandin E1-stimulated penile flow (Vpmax, B=−7.7 ± 3.8; P <0.05). Patients with MetS defined according to both criteria reported lower total and free testosterone levels, higher prevalence of hypogonadism, and higher ANDROTEST score. However, when IDF, but not NCEP-ATPIII, criteria were fulfilled, the prevalence of hypogonadism was significantly lower than that observed in patients fulfilling both criteria (15.6% vs. 34.8%, respectively; P <0.00001). Conversely, patients fulfilling NCEP-ATPIII, but not IDF, criteria did not show a significant different prevalence of hypogonadism than those positive for both sets of criteria (30.8% vs. 34.8%; P =NS).

Conclusion

In patients with ED, NCEP-ATPIII criteria seem to be a better predictor of hypogonadism and impaired penile blood flow than IDF ones.
A Rational Combination Pharmacotherapy in Men with Erectile Dysfunction Who Initially Failed to Oral Sildenafil Citrate Alone: A Pilot Study
Authors: Taneja Rajesh
Published: May 2007

Introduction

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a complex condition wherein men with minimal organic ED may develop a variable degree of psychogenic component sufficient to reduce the efficacy of medical management. A combination of trazodone with sildenafil has been used to overcome both organic as well as psychogenic components, thus improving the results of medical management.

Aim

To evaluate the efficacy of combination of trazodone with sildenafil citrate in treatment of ED in men with initial failure to sildenafil citrate alone.

Main Outcome Measures

The symptoms of ED were evaluated using the Erectile Dysfunction Intensity Scale (EDIS) before and after the treatment.

Methods

Eighteen men with ED who initially failed to respond to sildenafil citrate alone were enrolled in the study between February 2004 and December 2004. All these men were given a priming dose of trazodone for a 2-week period before giving them sildenafil citrate.

Results

Of the 18 men, 12 responded favorably to the above treatment and continued to enjoy good sexual activity while on trazodone and sildenafil. The score on EDIS improved considerably in 12 (66.7%) men, marginally in two (11.1%) men, and did not improve at all in four (22.2%) men.

Conclusions

Priming the patients with trazodone appears to be a reasonably good alternative in patients who have initial failure to oral sildenafil citrate and have been found to have no organic cause of ED. However, large double-blind studies are required to potentiate this hypothesis.
On the Productivity of Public Forests: A Stochastic Frontier Analysis of Mississippi School Trust Timber Production
Authors: Bonds Matthew H. , Hughes Danny R.
Published: May 2007

This paper presents the results of a stochastic frontier analysis on the technical efficiency of school trust timber production in Mississippi. The state of Mississippi has a 200‐year history of managing public trust lands designated to generate funds for public schools. Local school boards became the trustees of sixteenth section lands in the 1970s and have since supervised substantial increases in timber receipts. The majority of the timber management services are contracted to the Mississippi Forestry Commission (MFC)—a state agency responsible for, among other things, overseeing sixteenth section timber management. The school districts and the MFC are legally required to maximize revenue from these lands. However, school districts are also legally permitted to outsource forestry services to private vendors and do so on a regular basis by recommendation from the MFC. This paper finds that the average technical efficiency of the sixteenth section lands is 46%, and there is a positive and statistically significant increase in total timber receipts when a higher proportion of management services are outsourced.

Le présent article présente les résultats d'une analyse frontière stochastique de l'efficacité technique de la production de matières ligneuses sur les lots réservés aux écoles publiques dans l'État du Mississippi. Cet État possède deux cents ans d'histoire en gestion de terres publiques destinées au financement des écoles publiques. Les conseils scolaires locaux sont devenus les administrateurs des lots numéro 16 dans les années 1970 et gèrent depuis des augmentations substantielles de revenus tirés de la forêt. La majorité des services de gestion des matières ligneuses sont confiés à la Mississippi Forestry Commission (MFC), agence d'État chargée, entre autres, de la gestion de la matière ligneuse des lots numéro 16. Les arrondissements scolaires et la MFC sont légalement tenus de maximiser les revenus de ces lots. Les arrondissements scolaires peuvent, en vertu de la loi, confier les services forestiers à des entreprises privées, ce qu'ils font régulièrement sur recommandation de la MFC. Les résultats du présent article ont montré une efficacité technique moyenne des lots numéro 16 de 46% et une augmentation statistiquement significative et positive des revenus totaux tirés de la forêt lorsqu'une grande partie des services de gestion étaient impartis.
Landscape Clubs: Co‐existence of Genetically Modified and Organic Crops
Authors: Furtan W. H. , Güzel A. , Weseen A. S.
Published: May 2007

The possibility of increased production of genetically modified (GM) crops in agriculture accentuates the need to examine the feasibility of GM and non‐GM technologies co‐existing on a common physical landscape. Using the theory of clubs, this paper examines the possibility of co‐existence for GM and organic wheat technologies through the formation of an organic club with an endogenously determined buffer zone. Given the available data on prices, and yields, it is shown that a club can be created in which GM and organic agricultural production technologies can economically co‐exist in the same physical landscape. Specifically, co‐existence results in an increase in economic welfare over a situation where only GM technology is used but is not Pareto superior because producers in the buffer zone will incur injury. We show that organic producers in the club can compensate producers in the buffer zone and still be better off. Hence, the compensation principle holds.

La possibilité de production accrue de cultures génétiquement modifiées (GM) accentue la nécessité d'examiner la faisabilité de coexistence des technologies GM et non GM dans un même paysage agricole. À l'aide de la théorie des clubs, le présent article a examiné la possibilité de coexistence des technologies de culture de blé GM et de blé biologique en créant un club ≪biologique≫ comprenant une zone tampon déterminée de façon endogène. Compte tenu des données disponibles concernant les prix et les rendements, il est montré qu'il est possible de créer un club au sein duquel les technologies de production de cultures biologiques et GM peuvent économiquement coexister dans un même paysage naturel. Spécifiquement, la coexistence engendre une augmentation du bien‐être économique par rapport à une situation où seule la technologie GM est utilisée, mais elle n'est pas Pareto supérieure parce que les producteurs dans la zone tampon subiront des dommages. Nous montrons que les producteurs de cultures biologiques membres du club peuvent indemniser les producteurs de la zone tampon tout en demeurant en bonne position. Le principe de compensation tient donc.
Integration to Fragmentation: Post‐BSE Canadian Cattle Markets, Processing Capacity, and Cattle Prices
Authors: Rude James , Carlberg Jared , Pellow Scott
Published: May 2007

This paper examines the potential impacts of expansions to Canadian cattle slaughter capacity with varying assumptions about the ability to export live cattle to the United States. A synthetic model is calibrated to historic data and then used to gauge the impacts of changing slaughter capacity, commercial grade beef import competition, and export potential for lower quality cuts on the Canadian cattle and beef sector. Expanded slaughter capacity improves fed cattle prices, but cull prices remain below pre‐BSE levels. Reduced ability to export lower quality beef and increased import competition from commercial grade beef also further depress cattle prices.

Le présent article examine les répercussions potentielles d'une augmentation de la capacité d'abattage au Canada à l'aide de diverses hypothèses sur la capacité d'exporter des bovins vivants aux États‐Unis. Un modèle synthétique est calibré selon les données historiques et utilisé pour évaluer les répercussions qu'une modification de la capacité d'abattage, de la concurrence quant à l'importation de bœuf de qualité commerciale et de l'exportation éventuelle de coupes de viande de qualité inférieure aurait sur le secteur canadien du bœuf. Une capacité d'abattage accrue améliore les prix des bovins finis, mais les prix des animaux de réforme demeurent inférieurs aux niveaux de prix observés avant la découverte de l'ESB. La diminution de la capacité d'exporter du bœuf de qualité inférieure et l'augmentation de la concurrence pour l'importation de bœuf de qualité commerciale contribuent également à faire baisser davantage les prix des bovins.
A Little Knowledge…: Household Water Quality Investment in the Annapolis Valley
Authors: Janmaat John
Published: May 2007

A household drinking water and sewage management survey in Nova Scotia's Annapolis Valley suggests that ability to interpret water quality information (proxied by education) strongly affects behavior. Higher education reduces the likelihood of households treating drinking water, but may increase the amount of water treated by households choosing to do so. Septic maintenance may impact water quality, but evidence for jointness in treatment and maintenance choice is absent. Further, increased education weakly reduces septic maintenance. Results suggest that more information about septic source threats to drinking water may induce households to choose more water treatment and less septic maintenance. Information campaigns alone are therefore unlikely to significantly reduce septic source pollution.

Une enquête sur la gestion de l'eau potable et des eaux usées menée auprès des ménages de la vallée d'Annapolis en Nouvelle‐Écosse autorise à penser que la capacité d'interpréter l'information sur la qualité de l'eau (déterminée par la variable ≪éducation≫) influence fortement le comportement. Le fait de posséder une éducation supérieure diminue la probabilité que des ménages à traiter l'eau potable, mais peut augmenter la quantité d'eau traitée par ceux qui choisissent de le faire. L'entretien des fosses septiques peut avoir un impact sur la qualité de l'eau, mais il n'existe pas de preuve sur le choix combiné de traiter et d'entretenir. De plus, un niveau d'éducation élevé diminue faiblement le choix d'entretenir les fosses septiques. Les résultats laissent supposer que davantage d'information sur les menaces que représentent les eaux usées pour l'eau potable peut persuader les ménages à choisir davantage de traiter l'eau et à moins entretenir les fosses septiques. Il est donc peu probable que les campagnes d'information seules réussissent à faire diminuer considérablement la pollution provenant des fosses septiques.
Assessment of Lower Limb Ischemia With Measurement of Skin Perfusion Pressure in Patients on Hemodialysis
Authors: Shimazaki Masaru , Matsuki Takayuki , Yamauchi Kazuaki , Iwata Michihiro , Takahashi Hiroshi , Genda Satoshi , Ohata Junichi , Nakamura Yuichi , Inaba Yoshie , Yokouchi Satoru , Kikuiri Tsuyoshi , Ashie Takeshi
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  Measurement of skin perfusion pressure (SPP) using laser Doppler has become available for the assessment of peripheral arterial disease. We studied whether measurements of SPP can be used to identify hemodialyzed patients with peripheral arterial disease by comparing it with measurements of the ankle brachial pressure index (ABI). The ABI at rest and the SPP in the foot were measured in 59 Japanese hemodialyzed patients (118 limbs). Twenty‐one patients had diabetes mellitus. Five had intermittent claudication; however, 20 patients were accompanied by other exertional leg symptoms. The SPP could not be measured in three limbs because of involuntary movement due to previous stroke or restless leg syndrome. The SPP was correlated with the ABI. Depending upon these results of the ABI, the 114 limbs from which both the ABI and the SPP could measured were divided into three groups: (A) ABI ≥ 1.3, (B) 0.9 ≤ ABI < 1.3, and (C) ABI < 0.9. The average SPP of group C was significantly decreased among the three groups. All subjects of the three groups were divided into an extra two groups according to the presence of diabetes (non‐diabetes groups, ‐I; diabetes groups, ‐II). The average SPP of group B‐II was significantly decreased compared with those of group B‐I. The SPP measurement is a noninvasive, useful screening method for limb ischemia that can be applied to exercise tolerance limited patients. The SPP measurements are expected to be useful for the evaluation of limb ischemia in hemodialyzed patients at risk.
AST‐120, an Oral Adsorbent, Delays the Initiation of Dialysis in Patients With Chronic Kidney Diseases
Authors: Ueda Haruhiko , Shibahara Nobuhisa , Takagi Shizuko , Inoue Toru , Katsuoka Yoji
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  The effects of an oral adsorbent, AST‐120, in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients was evaluated by the 24‐month dialysis‐free rate and 50% dialysis‐free period. This study retrospectively analyzed 193 patients admitted to the Osaka Medical College Hospital between January 1994 and December 2001 because of CKD and who later started dialysis. The propensity score on multiple factors was used to match two groups of patients (AST‐120 group, n = 78; non‐AST‐120 group, n = 78). Then, the proportion of patients remaining dialysis‐free and the 50% dialysis‐free period during the 24 months after starting treatment with or without AST‐120 were analyzed. The impact of AST‐120 on the risk of dialysis initiation was also determined by multivariate analysis. There were no significant differences in the clinical background and laboratory values after matching the two groups using the propensity score. The 50% dialysis‐free period was significantly prolonged in the AST‐120 group compared to the non‐AST‐120 group for all patients analyzed, as well as for the subgroup with diabetic or non‐diabetic renal disease. When AST‐120 treatment was started at a serum creatinine level below 3 mg/dL, the dialysis‐free period was longer than 24 months in the AST‐120 group, compared with 16.2 months in the non‐AST‐120 group. The 24‐month dialysis‐free rate was higher in the AST‐120 group in every patient category. The risk of dialysis initiation was increased 3.48‐fold in patients who were not administered AST‐120. These results show that AST‐120 delays the initiation of dialysis in CKD patients. Thus, AST‐120 is an effective supplementary therapy to prevent the initiation of dialysis in CKD patients.