bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biofeedback and Self-Control of Physiological Functions: Clinical Applications
Authors: Hauri Peter P.
Published: May 2005

The parameters amenable to biofeedback learning are mentioned, including brainwaves, muscle tension, temperature, the cardiovascular system, and others. A discussion follows of the clinical application of biofeedback in the treatment of such disorders as tension headaches, neuromuscular re-education, epilepsy, “dysponesis,” cardiac arrhythmias, blood pressure and migraines. The usefulness of biofeedback has been demonstrated also in the field of psychotherapy for purposes of desensitization, treating anxious patients, encouraging specific personality changes, and indicating stress to patients.
Participation of South African Youth in the Design and Development of AIDS Photocomics
Authors: Toroyan Tamitza , Reddy Priscilla S.
Published: May 2005

In response to an increasing incidence in HIV prevalence among South Africa's youth, a group of interdisciplinary professionals have developed a series of photocomics to address issues around HIV/AIDS communication and sexually transmitted diseases. This article examines the theory behind the use of photocomics in health, and the way the stories work to influence behavior. Results from evaluation of the comics support their use as tools with which to increase information and knowledge while role modeling desirable behavior. Lastly, the article describes the participatory process by which youth were involved in the process of developing and producing the comics. This method of developing culturally relevant and appealing health media is recommended for use in future health promotion strategies that seek to transcend a narrower approach of provision of health information and work to address the social factors that influence youth's decision making.
Reproductive Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviour of Secondary School Students in Akure, Nigeria
Authors: Oladapo Margaret M. , Brieger William R.
Published: May 2005

Adolescents are subject to many life changes as their secondary sexual characteristics emerge. Contrary to parents' and society's wishes, these young people are more sexually active then previous generations and thus at greater risk of unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases, and related problems. Adolescents enrolled in school have the potential opportunity to learn ways to prevent these reproductive and sexual health problems, but there is concern whether schools are living up to this challenge. Therefore, this study was designed to learn whether adolescents in secondary school in the Ondo State capital of Akure have reproductive health education and are practicing healthy sexual behaviors. The study was based on a sample of six of the twenty-eight secondary schools in Akure that fell under the jurisdiction of the Ondo State Post-Primary Schools' Management Board. Focus was placed on pupils in the final years of both Junior Secondary School (JSS 3) and Senior Secondary School (SSS 3). Overall, 30 percent of the young people reported having sexual intercourse: 21 percent of females and 38 percent of males. Also 39 percent in SSS 3 reported having had sex compared to 21 percent in JSS 3. Forty percent of students in coeducational school compared to 19 percent in boy's school and 8 percent in girl's school had sex. Respondents averaged only 11 points on a 33-point scale of reproductive health knowledge. Students in the senior classes and those in single sex schools scored higher. The mass media was stated to be the major source of reproductive health knowledge; only one-third reported that they had actually talked with someone about their reproductive health concerns. Attitudes toward pre-marital sex were more favorable among male students, pupils in mixed sex schools and those whose parents had lower levels of education. These findings suggest not only that the schools must take a more active role in providing reproductive health education, but that this should be done in the junior secondary years before most pupils become sexually active.
Canadian First Nations Grandparents Raising Grandchildren: A Portrait in Resilience
Authors: Fuller-Thomson Esme
Published: May 2005

Between 1991 and 2001, there was a 20% increase in the number of Canadian children under 18 years old who were living with their grandparents without a parent present in the home. Recent research revealed that Canadians of First Nations origin, including North American Indians, Metis, and Inuit, were vastly over-represented among grandparents raising grandchildren in skipped generation households (households which include only grandparents and grandchildren). Using custom tabulation data from the 1996 Canadian Census, this article presents a profile of First Nations Canadian grandparents raising grandchildren in skipped generation households. Despite extremely high rates of poverty and disability, one-third of First Nations Canadian skipped generation families were raising two or more grandchildren. In comparison to other grandparent caregivers, First Nations custodial caregivers were more likely to also be caring for a senior (23%) and to spend more than 30 hours a week on childcare duties (46%) and on housework (41%). Implications for policy, practice, and research are discussed.
Early and Middle Archaic Site Distribution in Western Maine
Authors: Spiess Arthur E. , Bourque Bruce J. , Gramly R. MIchael
Published: May 2005

Recent survey and excavation projects in western Maine have greatly expanded knowledge of the distribution and frequency of recognized Early and Middle Archaic artifact types. Comparison of Maine data with those from southern New England indicate significant differences in settlement density and location, despite very similar lithic technologies. The Maine data provide convincing evidence for coastal use during Middle Archaic times and suggestive evidence for Early Archaic use of the coast as well. Occupation of both low altitude and high-altitude (over 350 m) lake and river systems, with settlement focused upon lake inlets and outlets, also occurred during both periods. Thus, altitude does not appear to be a critical variable in limiting environmental use and productivity as previous authors have implied for Massachusetts. We hypothesize that the lower number of Early Archaic points reflects lower human populations during Early Archaic times than during Middle Archaic times due to environmental constraints.
The Capture Plan—The Foundation for Preparing Winning Proposals
Authors: Battaglia Robert A.
Published: May 2005

A well prepared Capture Plan can mean the difference between winning and losing an important procurement opportunity. The plan if properly prepared, becomes a tool for use while assembling a proposal team, obtaining sufficient Bid and Proposal dollars, and during proposal preparation to ensure that all facets of the procurement are understood and included in the proposal. This article provides information regarding the content of a typical Capture Plan—from the details needed for a basic program summary to the steps required to conduct post-proposal activities.
Do Poverty Programs Alleviate Poverty? The Case of the Mexican National Solidarity Program
Authors: Laurell Asa Cristina , Wences Maria Isabel
Published: May 2005

In recent years, compensatory poverty programs have been adopted in several countries in response to the social and political effects of structural adjustment programs implemented by most Latin American and African countries. The authors analyze the Mexican National Solidarity Program “Pronasol,” often cited as an exemplary social compensation program, by inquiring into its impact on poverty. The authors first investigate the relationship between structural adjustment and the process of impoverishment, in order to establish the dynamics and magnitude of poverty in Mexico. They find that the structural adjustment program has considerably increased poverty, mainly through a sustained wage decrease and job losses. The authors next discuss whether Pronasol complies with the requisites of a program that warrants a social minimum for the poor, and whether the resource allocation complies with objective criteria of the sociogeographic distribution of poverty. The data suggest that Pronasol cannot be considered to guarantee a social minimum for the poor, given the magnitude of poverty, the scarce resources allocated, the orientation of the subprograms, and the regional distribution of funds. Nor does it qualify as a social compensation program of any importance. Finally, an alternative interpretation of Pronasol is offered in the field of legitimation and political control.
The Relationship between Religious Beliefs and Attending the Fear-Provoking Religiously Oriented Movie - “The Exorcist”
Authors: Vincenzo Joe , Hendrick Clyde , Murray Edward J.
Published: May 2005

The relationship between religious beliefs and attending the fear-provoking, religiously oriented movie “The Exorcist” was investigated. Subjects completed a Likert-type questionnaire which measured their attitudes toward various religious issues. The data showed that subjects who did not attend the movie believed more in prayer, believed less in exorcism, and attended church more than subjects who attended the movie. Furthermore, subjects who did not attend the movie scored higher on both internal and external religiosity items than subjects who did attend the movie.
Personality Characteristics of Volunteers for Thanatological Research
Authors: Mahoney John , Kyle Diane
Published: May 2005

In an investigation of volunteers for thanatological research, two hundred and thirty-seven college students were presented with the option of completing the Do-It-Yourself-Death Certificate (DIYDC) as a component of a test battery which included an omnibus personality inventory and measures of dissimulation, locus of control, anxiety and Machiavellianism. A total of seventy-five males and ninety-seven females completed the DIYDC. Completers demonstrated a tendency toward scientific interest in death, rather than morbid curiosity about it. There was no differential rate of completion as a function of gender, anxiety, dissimulation, locus of control or Machiavellianism. It was concluded that student volunteers for thanatological research constitute a reasonably representative cross section of student volunteers for general psychological research and that the usefulness of the DIYDC in death workshop settings may be reliably extended to large-sample survey research applications.
Biopsychosocial “Mapping” with Medical Students in Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry
Authors: Rosse Richard B.
Published: May 2005

This article discusses the technique and use of biopsychosocial “mapping” with medical students doing a psychiatric consultation-liaison rotation. The “mapping” exercise is a visual aid used to help the students develop a broader biopsychosocial perspective as well as help them find such biopsychosocial formulations more wieldy. The drawing up of such a “map” seems to encourage the students to direct their attention to psychosocial as well as biological issues. A brief case example is presented with an accompanying sample biopsychosocial “map.” Its usefulness as an aid in combating reductionistic thinking and in improving diagnostic formulations and treatment is discussed.
The Importance of Subject Matter Instructional Expertise in Research on the Effectiveness of Instructional Computer Programs
Authors: Cates Ward Mitchell
Published: May 2005

This article examines the importance of subject matter instructional expertise in the design of research studies on computer-based instruction. It considers the implications of shifts in instructional focus from associationism toward cognitivism and points out how difficult it is for most researchers to be experts in both computer-based instructional design and subject matter content instruction. The article suggests that researchers need to work closely with subject matter instructional experts and need to document in their presentations and research articles that they recognized and addressed the importance of subject matter instructional expertise.
Assignments with the Computer
Authors: Horn William Dennis
Published: May 2005

The current job market favors young technical writers who are skilled in the way of the computer both as a subject of writing and as a production tool. In the technical writing classroom students can be exposed to this important technology through assignments that include computerized instruction, word processing, text analysis, artificial intelligence, and communications.
A Longitudinal Study of the Impact of Village Health Education on Environmental Sanitation
Authors: Tonon Marilyn A.
Published: May 2005

Health educators working in developing nations commonly encounter administrative constraints and methodological problems which prevent rigorous program evaluation. Using a time-series design, this study followed approximately 600 families in two Guatemalan villages during a four-year period to measure the impact of community health education on seven indicators of change in environmental sanitation.

Adoption of new behavior was accompanied by widespread change in village attitudes and perceptions of health benefits. At the level of the family, change in perception was not predictive of change in behavior. A strong relationship between participation in planned educational events and the adoption of sanitation changes suggests that the formative educational strategy was responsible for stimulating change for five of seven indicators. Suggestions are made about the usefulness of the methodology, ways that private behavioral changes may be measured are discussed, and the advantages of the time-series design for health education evaluation and monitoring are noted.
Reflections of an Indian Scholar
Authors: Banerji Debabar
Published: May 2005

In India, health programs have often been imposed on the deprived poor by a syndicate of foreign agencies and the local ruling class. During the first two decades after Independence, the political setting was somewhat conducive to scientific debates on the development of health services for India's people. The scenario changed radically during the next three and a half decades, when the country's ruling class became more oppressive and foreign agencies exerted increasing pressure to impose a prefabricated and scientifically suspect agenda of health services that were even more unequal and iniquitous to the interests of the deprived. With the help of themes from some of his major works, the author reflects on his experiences of the last half-century to make a case for using scientific critiques as an instrument for resisting foreign domination.
The American Wake of Ireland: Symbolic Death Ritual
Authors: Metress Eileen
Published: May 2005

Knowledge of a group's death customs can provide insight into their social system. The wake and funeral of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Ireland have been said to provide the most dramatic revelation of community life during those times. In the early days of Irish emigration when the journey to North America was considered to be a final separation, Irish society developed an institution known as the American wake. Among other things, it provided a mechanism for ventilating the grief associated with this special type of bereavement. This article examines the similarities between the American wake and a wake for the dead and is concerned with how the emigrant wake reflected the Irish view of life and death.
A Comparison of Videotape and Teacher-Directed Instruction on Knowledge, Performance, and Assessment of Fundamental Motor Skills
Authors: Ignico Arlene A.
Published: May 2005

Although competency in qualitative assessment is a critical prerequisite for effective teaching, undergraduate programs have struggled in developing this competency. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of interactive videotape (IV) and teacher-directed (TD) instructional methods on knowledge, performance, and assessment of fundamental motor skills. Participants were thirty undergraduate students enrolled in two motor development classes taught by the same instructor. The IV group viewed twelve instructional videotapes while the TD group received training through teacher demonstrations. Both groups received a total of 450 minutes of instruction and practice. The data analyses indicated significant differences in favor of the IV group for each of the three dependent variables. Results suggest that a videotape instructional method is a time-efficient and practical strategy to enhance qualitative assessment skills of undergraduate students.
Evaluation of a Master's Program in Technical Communication—Results of a Questionnaire
Authors: Gould Jay R.
Published: May 2005

This is an expanded version of an evaluation originally given at the International Technical Communication Conference, Washington, D.C., 1976.

The questionnaire was an attempt to get in touch with as many graduates of Rensselaer's Master's Program in Technical Communication as possible and to find out their reactions to the curriculum. The questions covered such topics as present and past occupations, usefulness of the Rensselaer curriculum, recommended curriculum changes, making use of invited speakers, degree of emphasis on style and format, supplementary courses, contact with professional writers, and adoption of new techniques.
A Q-Methodological Study of the Kubler-Ross Stage Theory
Authors: Metzger Anne M.
Published: May 2005

This study investigated the correspondence between the stage changes hypothesized by the Kubler-Ross theory and the perception of the course of illness by seriously ill patients and their spouse. A thirty-six item structured Q-sort was administered on two occasions to two couples, in each the wife had a potentially terminal medical diagnosis. Participants described the patient's perception of the illness at the present time and as it had been at four other times since the diagnosis. The Q-sorts of each couple were intercorrelated and submitted to Q-factor analysis. The results supported the use of Q-methodology as a research procedure for investigations of terminal illness. Factors which emerged did not reveal the Kubler-Ross structure in the Q-sort nor was there evidence of stages. Implications for the validity of the Kubler-Ross theory were discussed.
Understanding the Connection between Cognitive Tool Use and Cognitive Processes as Used by Sixth Graders in a Problem-Based Hypermedia Learning Environment
Authors: Liu M. , Bera S. , Corliss S. B. , Svinicki M. D. , Beth A. D.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine the connection between sixth graders' cognitive tool use and the cognitive processes they engage in as they solve a complex problem in a hypermedia learning environment. The three research questions were: 1) Which cognitive tools are used for which cognitive processes? 2) Is there a relationship between the extent of students' engagement in cognitive processing and their cognitive tool use? and 3) Are there any differences in cognitive tool use and performance scores between students who are engaged in different patterns of cognitive processing? The findings showed that different cognitive tools were used for different cognitive processes, and the degree of engagement in cognitive processing was positively related to the frequency of tool use. These results indicate that there is a connection between cognitive tool use and cognitive processing. In addition, tool use patterns reflected different characteristics of the learners (information processing versus metacognition oriented). Students who were more metacognitively oriented were more consistent in their tool selection, while students who were more information processing oriented were more action oriented in performing the tasks. However, there was no difference in the diversity of tool use or the performance scores between the two groups of students.
Innovations in Dying in the Nursing Home: The Impact of Market Characteristics
Authors: Castle Nicholas G.
Published: May 2005

During the 1980s nursing homes emerged as a dominant site of death for the elderly. This may precipitate more innovative approaches to death and dying in the nursing home and may account for the recent emergence of hospice care and pain management programs in nursing homes. However, the provision of hospice care and pain management in nursing homes are trends about which we have virtually no information. As a first step in examining these phenomena we provide a descriptive analysis of nursing homes that provide hospice care or pain management programs and an analysis of the impact of market characteristics as determinants of nursing homes providing them. Our findings suggest that the provision of pain management programs and hospice care are becoming prevalent in nursing home settings and that nursing homes are quite sensitive to their market environment indicating that policy changes could encourage further increases in these service innovations in death and dying.
Utilization of Patient Meetings on an Adolescent Ward
Authors: Schowalter John E. , Lord Ruth D.
Published: May 2005

This paper reports on our three-year experience with weekly patient meetings on a newly formed pediatric ward for adolescents. The meetings are voluntary, and any topic may be discussed. Representative material is presented regarding patients' responses to food, the ward routines, interactions with the staff, and death. We have found that the group sessions offer a nonthreatening opportunity for patients to meet and get to know one another; they provide a forum where patients can combat against submitting to a passive role by actively participating in advising on ward policy and patient concerns, and they provide a built-in safety-valve in times of ward disruption due to deaths or other stresses. It is our belief that one of the major reasons for the ward's success has been the ease of patient-staff communications fostered by these meetings.
Imagery Assessment with Normal and Special Needs Children
Authors: Baron Grace , Cautela Joseph R.
Published: May 2005

Covert conditioning and other imagery-based procedures have been used to treat a variety of children's clinical problems. These procedures assume a substantial imagery repertoire in a child. An imagery assessment procedure can provide information relevant to the appropriateness of the use of imagery with a particular child. This article 1) presents a behavioral perspective on the clinical use of imagery with children; 2) offers clinical guidelines for effective assessment and clinical use of imaging skills of children; 3) outlines a component skill analysis of the behavior of imaging as required in clinical interventions; and 4) suggests future uses of an Imagery Assessment Survey in applied research.
Fundamental Demands on the Construction of a Theoretical Object of Strictly Scientific Empirical Studies of Literature
Authors: Nierlich Edmund
Published: May 2005

When we start out from the assumption that theories can never adequately represent an unknowable realm of stimulators of our senses, this implies the construction even of the objects themselves of scientific empirical theories, which is here taken to be wholly dependent on practically relevant explanatory purposes for the advancement of practical capacities only. This also means that explanatory empirical theories alone can be scientific empirical theories in a strict sense, whereas descriptive empirical theories, as implying the assumption of some fundamental substance-construct, may only be justified within science insofar as they fulfill an adequate service function of some required data acquisition. This article, being also based on the constructivist point of view that there is no independent object of knowledge at all, consists for a large part in a sketch of a sequence of object-constructs as resulting from different and successively more effective ways of making attempts at survival in the evolution of mankind and the development of its social practice. The object-construct of scientific empirical explanatory theories as the latest of them is here conceived as empirical practical quasi-action with the function of enabling new know-that for the improvement of practical capacities in various fields of our highly specified practice. As special kinds of empirical practical quasi-actions for a future fruitful construction of objects of scientific empirical explanatory theories are here proposed: process (in a narrow sense), origination of meaning, and origination of a practical action. It must be understood as a “political” decision when the author intends to develop an object-theory of scientific empirical studies of literature as that of originations of a kind of communicative cooperative practical actions.
Socio-Demographic Profile of Substance Users Seeking Treatment
Authors: Gardner Kathleen Green
Published: May 2005

This study was conducted to obtain a personality profile and a descriptive analysis of a typical substance user who is presently enrolled in a treatment center and is receiving professional help for his or her substance use at one of four participating treatment centers in a southwestern city in the United States. According to the findings, a typical substance abuser is a thirty-one year old male who is third born and has parents who are more frequently non-professional. Most respondents became involved with substance use because of peer influence and reported feeling bored/unhappy. First substance use experiences were more frequently with marijuana, although at the time of enrollment at the treatment center, alcohol, cocaine/crack, heroine, marijuana, and a combination of substances were typically used. When ranking the major problems they perceive having in their lives, respondents reported most frequently, substance use and being bored/unhappy in life. When assessing respondent's family type, a difference was found between the balanced and midrange families when considering their plans on having children. Of the substance using respondents, most were planning children in their lives and of this group, many were from extreme (low functioning) families.
Wine and Vine: The Archaeology of Urban Core to Rural Periphery Transition in Augusta, Kentucky
Authors: Granger Joseph E.
Published: May 2005

Archaeological excavations of a small stone house erected ca. 1840 and associated for part of it's history with a vineyard complex are used to examine the consequences in urban development of the growth and decline of the wine industry in Augusta, Kentucky. Transitions in urban core, semiperiphery, and rural periphery during the nineteenth century were directly related to this single industry in Augusta and are mirrored in the artifactual residuum recovered. This study demonstrates that investigation of problems of this type may be most easily understood in the micro-urban contexts of small single-industry cities.
L-DOPA in the Treatment of Negative Schizophrenic Symptoms: A Single-Subject Experimental Study
Authors: Kay Stanley R. , Opler Lewis A.
Published: May 2005

Adjunctive Sinemet (L-DOPA plus carbidopa) therapy was assessed for a neuroleptic nonresponsive schizophrenic with a longstanding negative syndrome. A twenty-seven week double-blind placebo-controlled reversal design found significant improvement specifically for negative symptoms while treated with combined haloperidol-Sinemet as compared against haloperidol-placebo. The eight-week adjunctive treatment reversed a worsening trend in attention, abstract thinking, passive withdrawal, psychomotor retardation, and a cluster of seven negative parameters, while positive symptoms were unaffected. This seemed to represent more than simple reversal of drug-induced akinesia and underscores the importance of distinguishing between positive and negative syndromes in psychopharmacological research.
Awareness and Knowledge of Alcohol Beverage Warning Labels among Homeless Persons in Cook County, Illinois
Authors: Parsons Jennifer A. , Johnson Timothy P. , Barrett Mark E.
Published: May 2005

In 1988 Congress passed the Alcohol Beverage Labeling Act, requiring that two specific health warning labels appear on all alcoholic beverage containers sold in the United States after November 1989. The following year, a random sample of 481 homeless persons interviewed in shelters, soup kitchens, drop-in centers, and single room occupancy (SRO) hotels in Cook County, Illinois were asked about their awareness and knowledge of these messages. As a group traditionally considered at high risk for alcohol abuse, the degree to which the newly-mandated warning messages have been communicated to homeless persons has important implications for the success of this public health measure. Findings revealed that age and level of alcohol consumption were each associated with label awareness and content familiarity, suggesting that alcohol beverage warning labels may be reaching homeless persons.
Cubism and the Medical School Curriculum
Authors: Wear Delese
Published: May 2005

The rationales for including the medical humanities in the medical school curriculum are well accepted; in many schools the medical humanities are well established. Yet, pedagogical questions remain, and those who teach in such programs and others like them in health care settings find themselves ill-equipped to conceptualize curricular and instructional issues unique to humanistic inquiry in medical settings. This article identifies one such conceptual framework: using cubism as a metaphor to think about the medical humanities curriculum, in this case, imaginative literature portraying death and dying. The author uses Kafka's The Metamorphosis, Tolstoy's The Death of Ivan Ilych, and Olsen's Tell Me a Riddle to illustrate how literary inquiry might enable medical students and other health care providers to think about the lives of their dying patients from multiple perspectives.
Confinement and Ego Regression: Some Consequences of Enforced Passivity
Authors: Sargent Douglas A.
Published: May 2005

This paper suggests a relationship between the enforced passivity of confinement and certain peculiarities of behavior seen among both hospitalized patients and other incarcerated groups such as prisoners. It is proposed that confinement has deleterious effects on certain ego functions. Finally, it is recommended that steps may be taken, based upon a knowledge of the psychological issues involved, which may lessen regression during confinement and facilitate return to normal mental functioning upon release from confinement.

Clinical material illustrating effects of confinement is drawn from the author's experiences as a psychiatrist in the federal prisons and juvenile courts and from observations of patients hospitalized for physical and mental disorders.
Toward Equality in Health through Social Policy
Authors: Townsend Peter
Published: May 2005

Although the 1979 report of the Royal Commission on the National Health Service upheld the public organization of a free health service in Britain, it did not provide a comprehensive review of the relationship between health experience, health goals, and health service policies. This paper examines recent data about trends in inequalities in health in Britain. For most age groups and for both sexes mortality rates of partly skilled and unskilled occupational classes worsened relative to those of professional, managerial, and administrative classes between the early 1950s and early 1970s. For some age groups in partly skilled and unskilled classes there has been little or no improvement in mortality rates; in others there has been absolute deterioration. There is further evidence of continuing marked inequalities in health. These must be explained in relation to class structure and inequalities in material—especially working-conditions of life. Action to redress inequalities in health must therefore lie as much outside the scope of the health and welfare services as within it. The implications of this observation for both health care and wider social policy are briefly discussed.
The Health Status of Women in the World-System
Authors: Dyches Hayne , Rushing Beth
Published: May 2005

The health status of women is examined within the context of a global political economy. The authors present a beginning attempt to model some key macrolevel processes linked to the health of women. In particular, a structural modeling technique known as LVPLS (or “soft modeling”) is used to empirically test one recent formulation of world-system theory. The findings give added emphasis to the importance of the larger economic forces that affect women's health.
A Conceptual Model for Culturally Appropriate Health Education Programs in Developing Countries
Authors: Airhihenbuwa Collins O.
Published: May 2005

Increasing numbers of health educators in industrial nations are showing interest in and developing health education programs for developing nations. Cultural sensitivity and appropriateness, or the lack thereof, are often cited as significant factors in program successes or failures. In this article, a conceptual model (The PEN-3 Model) that focuses on cultural appropriateness in the development of health education programs in developing countries is presented. Health educators are encouraged to use this model to ensure empowerment through promotion of positive behaviors, and to recognize and appreciate unfamiliar behaviors while attempting to modify negative behaviors.
The Stream of Consciousness: III. Adolf Grünbaum's Nowness
Authors: Natsoulas Thomas
Published: May 2005

Implicitly and later explicitly, James understood the stream of consciousness to consist of a sequence of temporally adjacent pulses of consciousness (except for time gaps when consciousness stops). Gibson claimed James's stream amounts to a stream of self-consciousness since it includes “a travelling moment of present time.” Reference to the present, according to Gibson, depends on the occurrence of an introspective kind of perceptual experience; that is, it does not occur if only straightforward perceptual experience is going on. Actually, this is not far from James's own view of the specious present, as I have explicated it. Grünbaum would add that the “occurring now” of a physical event requires that the individual have perceptual experience of the event together with a conceptualized awareness of this perceptual experience as occurring simultaneously with the conceptualized awareness of it. But, I ask, cannot perceptual experience itself intrinsically involve the attribute of nowness?
The Rise, Heyday, and Incipient Decline of Specialization: Hospitals in Denmark, 1930–1990
Authors: Vallgårda Signild
Published: May 2005

Between 1930 and 1990 Denmark's hospital sector and hospital policy underwent radical changes. In 1930 the sector was dominated by many small hospitals, with care as the central task. By 1990 the number of hospitals had almost halved, specialization had developed, and diagnostic and therapeutic procedures were hospitals' most important functions. There have been many claims that the shape of the health care sector is determined by the development of medicine. This article demonstrates that changes in other areas of society have greatly influenced the development of the Danish hospital sector. In the 1930s and 1940s, the focus was on equity and specialization; in the 1950s, on growth, rationalization, and division of labor; in the 1960s, on growth and planning; and during the last decades, on management, productivity, and cost containment. Since 1980 the specialization, growth, and political acceptability of the specialized hospital sector have decreased, a change that can be characterized as the incipient decline of the specialized hospital sector.
Death and Ritual on the Gallows: Public Executions in the Australian Penal Colonies
Authors: Sturma Michael
Published: May 2005

Of all public rituals in the nineteenth century, hanging was intended to be the most dramatic and didactic. The Australian penal colonies of New South Wales and Tasmania, as receptacles for transported British convicts during the first half of the nineteenth century, provide a rich context for examining public executions. This article explores the interplay between state, church, and judicial system in managing the death ceremony and reinforcing authority. The reactions of victims and witnesses to public executions is also explored, drawing on modern studies of death and the terminally ill. Of central concern is the role of ritual in interpreting and coping with death in the extraordinary circumstances of public hanging.
Nutrition, Development, and Foreign Aid: A Case Study of US-Directed Health Care in a Colombian Plantation Zone
Authors: Taussig Michael
Published: May 2005

Based on a case study of some aspects of Rockefeller and USAID intervention in the Cauca Valley, Colombia, this article is aimed at drawing attention to the political characteristics and inadequacies of U.S.-sponsored health care planning and research in the Third World, particularly as regards nutrition in rural regions of intensive economic development. By contrasting an historical analysis of the politicoeconomic development of agriculture and nutrition in the southern Cauca Valley with the assumptions guiding U.S. intervention in the health field there, a more complete picture of the causes of malnutrition is obtained, among which should be counted the interventions of the U.S. itself. Inter alia, other approaches to the malnutrition problem are suggested.
Citizen Participation in Health Planning in the U.S. and the U.K.: Implications for Health Education Strategies
Authors: MacRina David M. , O'Rourke Thomas W.
Published: May 2005

The role of citizen involvement in the health planning process in Great Britain and the United States makes for interesting comparisons. Within both systems, the record of citizen participation in health planning has been mixed. Both the philosophical goals and political and economic realities of the two countries have contributed to the development of markedly different systems of health care delivery and for the perceived role of the citizens within this delivery system. While previous comparisons have primarily centered on the nature of the delivery systems and potential effectiveness and cost, this study focuses upon the citizen's role in effecting meaningful health planning in both societies. Furthermore, the study relates findings to implications for developing effective health education strategies based upon these understandings.
Proletarianization or Restratification of the Medical Profession? The Case of Obstetrics
Authors: Annandale Ellen
Published: May 2005

Professional dominance, autonomy, and control have been consistently emphasized in theories of the medical profession. Recently, however, the professional hegemony that physicians have enjoyed is increasingly being questioned in the light of profound changes that are taking place in the organization of health care in the United States. Debates about the implications of the power of medicine and the means by which it is maintained are being replaced by attempts to understand professional decline. Proletarianization (McKinlay and colleagues) and restratification theory (Freidson) are two prominent and competing predictions for the future of the medical profession. Taking obstetrics as a critical case, this article considers the relative ability of these theories to elucidate the changing organization of maternity care in one state and presents a case study of patient care in one hospital. It suggests a disjuncture between obstetricians' inability to protect their interests as a corporate body and their relative ability to control the organization of everyday medical work. It is concluded that more theoretical clarity is needed on professional behaviors at the macro and micro levels.
We are All People Living with AIDS: Myths and Realities of AIDS in Brazil
Authors: Daniel Herbert
Published: May 2005

Although AIDS was expected in Brazil, no serious efforts were undertaken to prevent AIDS from taking root. Irresponsible press and media coverage highlighted the spread of AIDS within the gay community of the United States, creating an aura of immunity in Brazil to what was characterized as a “foreign” disorder. When AIDS did surface in 1983, the official response was to adopt an abstract, inappropriate, and ideological “Western” model, in which only stigmatized “others” and “minorities” were at risk of HIV infection. Brazilian health authorities subsequently downplayed the significance of the sale of contaminated blood in HIV transmission, and likewise ignored the rising rates of AIDS among Brazil's one unarguable majority group: the poor. An analysis of efforts to force the “facts” of AIDS to fit a false model's predictions leads to a clearer definition of the broader context of the Brazilian epidemic: we all are people living with AIDS, precisely because we live in this age of AIDS; it is sheer folly to discriminate against persons infected by HIV and to obstruct their participation in efforts to curtail the epidemic's spread; and the necessary response to AIDS is solidarity, not because it is poetic, but because no other response will suffice.
Innovative Approaches to HRM Training
Authors: Donovan James F.
Published: May 2005

The incorporation of behavioral science based program was in itself a major innovation from past naval training and education. Under Admiral Zumwalt, an action research project was undertaken to investigate alternative ways to more fully utilize the people potential of the Navy. The Survey Guided Development method was selected; an operational cycle for utilizing the survey data was developed; the Human Resource Management Centers and Detachments were established to provide the management services of HRM specialists; and the HRM School established at Memphis to insure a training pipeline. Due to the swiftness that pervaded the Navy's HRM program, the curriculum at the HRM School was truly dynamic and itself ever changing in response to feedback from the students and the system. The instructional methodology is the adult learning concept in a small group structure for the twelve week course. Heavy emphasis is placed on group dynamic skill building, communication skills, and data analysis/diagnosis. The school uses video playback of student activities and role play practicums extensively.
Psychiatric Consultation: Part I. A General Systems Approach
Authors: Miller Warren B.
Published: May 2005

A number of concepts fundamental to a general systems model are reviewed and illustrated. The problems and issues of psychiatric consultation in the general hospital are then discussed in the light of a general systems approach. It is argued that such a model has useful application for the consultant psychiatrist who typically concerns himself with multiple sources of data in his clinical tasks.
Antidepressants in the Medically Ill: Prediction of Benefits
Authors: Schwartz Joseph A. , Speed Nancy , Beresford Thomas P.
Published: May 2005

Although depression secondary to medical illness occurs frequently, little is known about its response to conventional antidepressant therapy. In this retrospective study of 50 patients, the authors assessed the charted therapeutic effect of antidepressants and sought to define pretreatment features associated with good outcome. Half (9/18) of the patients with a previous history of depression improved while only 22% (7/32) of the patients without a previous history of depression showed improvement in mood. Those patients meeting DSM-III criteria for major depressive disorder were no more likely to benefit from antidepressants than were patients meeting criteria for adjustment disorder with depressed mood. The authors conclude that previous history of depression should be considered when assessing risks and benefits for antidepressants for medically ill patients with depressive syndromes.
Knowledge Base Construction as a Pedagogical Activity
Authors: Wideman Herbert H. , Owston Ronald D.
Published: May 2005

This study examined cognitive processes and outcomes associated with student knowledge base development. Sixty-nine grade eight students were randomly assigned to one of three groups: a knowledge base development (KBD) group, a problem-solving software group, and a control group. Those in the KBD group received relevant instruction and then worked in small teams to develop very simple expert systems for weather prediction for about sixteen hours. Students in the software group engaged in problem-solving activities using The Factory and Super Factory; control group students completed weather instrument projects. MANOVA results for several measures of cognitive skill gain and transfer found no differences between groups. But for those students who scored higher than the grand median on a standardized pretest of abstract reasoning, there were significant main effects favoring the KBD group on a formal reasoning test and a transfer task. A qualitative analysis of students' cognitive task strategies is presented.
Projectile Point Typology and Chronology in the North Central Sierra Nevada
Authors: Rosenthal Jeffrey S.
Published: May 2005

Despite years of concerted research, no well substantiated projectile point chronology for the western slope of the central Sierra Nevada has been established. Several reasons for this have been identified, including a lack of datable contexts, stratigraphic mixing, and excessive morphological variability resulting from material constraints and regular tool resharpening. Existing projectile point typologies, while accommodating the full range of morphological variation, have proven cumbersome due to large numbers of distinct types and sub-types. Further, chronological control has relied on inferences drawn from other regions, with little local support for inferred point sequences. To address these problems, the following study employs a large assemblage of projectile points from three stratified archaeological sites in the American River watershed. Projectile points are segregated using two common measurements—neck width and proximal shoulder angle. The newly defined types are then compared to regional stratigraphic patterns, revealing a consistent sequence of dart and arrow point types spanning the middle through late Holocene.
Depression and the Reporting of Diabetes Symptoms
Authors: Lustman Patrick J. , Clouse Ray E. , Carney Robert M.
Published: May 2005

The relationship of diabetes symptoms to current mood and general metabolic control was studied. Symptoms commonly associated with poorly controlled diabetes (e.g., thirst, polyuria, weight loss) were measured in 114 patients with diabetes mellitus (type 1 = 57, type 2 = 57). Scores for these individual symptoms were correlated with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1) and depression as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). HbA1 was poorly correlated ( r < 0.2) with nine of the eleven symptoms and made a significant independent contribution only to the reporting of polyuria ( p = 0.04). In contrast, depression was moderately correlated with nine symptoms and had a significant effect on the reporting of two of three hyperglycemic symptoms, five of six hypoglycemic symptoms, and both nonspecific symptoms of poor control ( p < 0.05 for each). We conclude that many reported symptoms often attributed to diabetes are more related to depressive mood than to a conventional clinical measure of blood glucose control. Diabetes symptoms may be unreliable indicators of poor metabolic control when features suggestive of depression are present.