bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Reversible Data Hiding Method Using a Proportional Relation between Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Embedding Capacity on Convolutional Neural Network
Authors: Bae Yong-Yeol , Cho Dae-Jea , Jung Ki-Hyun
Published: July 2024

In the rapidly evolving fields of artificial intelligence and various industries, the secure processing and management of massive data have become paramount. This paper introduces an innovative reversible data hiding (RDH) method that leverages a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-based predictor to generate a predicted image from a given cover image. The secret data are ingeniously embedded within the differences in pixel values between the cover and predicted images. Our experimental analysis reveals a notable reduction in image distortion with increasing secret data size, showcasing the method’s potential for diverse applications. The unique aspect of our approach lies in the proportional relation between the Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Embedding Capacity, highlighting its efficacy and efficiency in reversible data hiding.
The Collection and Compilation of Small Group Data for Scenario Setting of Simulations and Experiments
Authors: Xu Yi , Zhou Ying
Published: July 2024

The influence of small groups in evacuation cannot be ignored. However, the current simulations and experimental studies have oversimplified the settings of small groups and evacuation scenarios. A significant disparity exists between the findings of existing studies and real-world scenarios. This paper compiled data on the number and size of small groups and the location of small group members in built environments. Subsequently, a scenario with intricate functions and shapes was established, and finally, these data was employed in agent-based simulations. The data encompassed 50 small groups comprising a total of 111 members. These groups, ranging from 2 to 4 members each, exhibited spatial separations between members spanning from 1 m to 23 m. Simulation outcomes indicated a detrimental effect of small groups on overall evacuation. A significant and positive correlation was observed between the distance separating small group members and the escalation in evacuation time, total jam time, and evacuation distance. The data provides a foundation for configuring initial scenarios in small group evacuation experiments and simulations. The simulation results can provide a basis for hospital safety evacuation management.
A Novel Method of Time-Varying Formation Control Based on a Directed Graph for Multiple Autonomous Underwater Vehicles
Authors: Shao Gang , Wan Lei , Xu Huixi
Published: July 2024

Currently, autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are facing various challenges, rendering multiple-AUV (multi-AUV) formation control a pivotal research direction. The issues surrounding formation control for a multi-AUV system to establish time-varying formations must be investigated. This paper discusses the formation protocol of multi-AUV systems in order to establish the defined time-varying formations. First, when these systems establish formations, the speed of each AUV can be equivalent. After that, consensus-based methods are used to solve the time-varying formation-control problem. The necessary and sufficient process of multi-AUV in achieving time-varying formations is proved. Furthermore, the formula for the time-varying formation center function is provided. Further, we present a protocol law for multi-AUVs to establish time-varying formations. Finally, the theoretical results of a simulation are presented, which validate the formation protocol.
Analysis of the Dimensional and Shape Accuracy and Repeatability of Models Produced in the Process of Additive Extrusion of Thermoplastic Polymers Using Fused Filament Fabrication Technology
Authors: Zaborniak Małgorzata , Bremek Michał , Budzik Grzegorz , Kluczyński Janusz
Published: July 2024

To achieve high precision and repeatability of prototyped models, work is carried out to improve existing solutions and thus expand the areas of application of 3D printers. Ways to increase the efficiency of 3D printing are being sought. The subject of the work concerns the analysis of dimensional and shape accuracy and repeatability of samples produced by a technology based on layered extrusion of thermoplastic polymers using FFF—fused filament fabrication technology. The key parameter for assessing the quality of parts is the property most expected by 3D printer users regarding the accuracy of dimensions of manufactured prototypes. As part of the research, conclusions were drawn regarding the precision of the samples as original patterns. The dimensional accuracy in the x, y, and z axes of the 3D printer was determined in terms of the design of the 3D printer’s actuator system. Three-dimensional maps of deviations of the pattern surface were used in relation to the nominal 3D CAD model to test the accuracy. The analytical results obtained during the research work, together with the graphs of the normal distribution probability function, indicate a high repeatability for each of the axes, and the highest repeatability was for the z-axis. The dimensions in the remaining axes were within the assumed tolerance of 0.1 mm, except for the two extreme dimensions, which were caused by a different method of heat dissipation, proving the influence of the arrangement of samples on the working platform.
Enhancing Historical Extended Reality Experiences: Prompt Engineering Strategies for AI-Generated Dialogue
Authors: Kouzelis Lazaros Rafail , Spantidi Ourania
Published: July 2024

Extended reality offers unique ways to create mediated spaces that enhance and help popularize experiences across several domains, including entertainment, creativity, and culture. There are still issues that hinder the widespread adoption of the medium, such as the over-reliance on scripted sequences, generalized approaches, and curated asset production. Artificial intelligence can be used to, in part, alleviate these issues, but this comes with its own set of challenges, such as factual inaccuracy or hallucinations. We delve into prompt engineering methods for the GPT API, enhancing context understanding to enable more realistic performances in historical event recreations. Specifically, we experiment with the Great Fire of Smyrna in 1922 as our historical context, situating the AI agent in the middle of chaos as a resident that has been affected by the event. Our experiments demonstrate that refined prompt engineering techniques significantly reduce factual inaccuracies and enhance the emotional resonance of AI-generated dialogues, which can lead to more immersive and engaging XR experiences. Our experiments indicate that AI can effectively support historical recreations by providing dynamic and contextually appropriate interactions.
Concrete Gas Permeability: Implications for Hydrogen Storage Applications
Authors: Abreu Araujo Luana , Rebolledo Ramos Nuria , Torres Martín Julio Emilio , Chinchón-Payá Servando , Sánchez Montero Javier , Lample Carreras Rosa Maria , Vera-Agullo Jose , Jimenez-Vicaria Jose David
Published: July 2024

Concrete is widely utilized across various industries as a containment material. One essential property related to its performance is permeability, which determines its ability to allow the passage of gases or liquids through its pores and capillaries and even the transmission of aggressive agents. This study focused on investigating the permeability of gases with varying atomic weights and molecular volumes, such as helium, nitrogen, oxygen, and argon, to pass through concrete. The primary objective was to determine the significance of variation in permeability and to evaluate and differentiate their behavior. To achieve this, concrete test specimens were employed, and factors such as cold joint impact, gas pressure, and specimen saturation levels were considered. Throughout the study, changes in weight, specimen humidity, resistivity, and ultrasonic pulse velocity were monitored. The findings suggested that within concrete, the variation in permeability for these gases is negligible. By utilizing the acquired data, the present study estimated the permeability of hydrogen through mathematical models based on gas pressure and concrete thickness. These insights contribute to a deeper comprehension of concrete gas permeability and its potential impact on improving hydrogen containment.
Assessing Multi-Scale Atmospheric Circulation Patterns for Improvements in Sub-Seasonal Precipitation Predictability in the Northern Great Plains
Authors: Carrillo Carlos M. , Muñoz-Arriola Francisco
Published: July 2024

This study leverages the relationships between the Great Plains low-level jet (GP-LLJ) and the circumglobal teleconnection (CGT) to assess the enhancement of 30-day rainfall forecast in the Northern Great Plains (NGP). The assessment of 30-day simulated precipitation using the Climate Forecast System (CFS) is contrasted with the North American Regional Reanalysis, searching for sources of precipitation predictability associated with extended wet and drought events. We analyze the 30-day sources of precipitation predictability using (1) the characterization of dominant statistical modes of variability of 900 mb winds associated with the GP-LLJ, (2) the large-scale atmospheric patterns based on 200 mb geopotential height (HGT), and (3) the use of GP-LLJ and CGT conditional probability distributions using a continuous correlation threshold approach to identify when and where the forecast of NGP precipitation occurs. Two factors contributing to the predictability of precipitation in the NGP are documented. We found that the association between GP-LLJ and CGT occurs at two different scales—the interdiurnal and the sub-seasonal, respectively. The CFS reforecast suggests that the ability to forecast sub-seasonal precipitation improves in response to the enhanced simulation of the GP-LLJ and CGT. Using these modes of climate variability could improve predictive frameworks for water resources management, governance, and water supply for agriculture.
Pilot Study on the Production of Negative Oxygen Ions Based on Lower Voltage Ionization Method and Application in Air Purification
Authors: Weng Haotian , Zhang Yaozhong , Huang Xiaolu , Liu Xuan , Tang Yunhui , Yuan Hewei , Xu Yang , Li Kun , Zhang Yafei
Published: July 2024

In the current highly industrialized living environment, air quality has become an increasing public health concern. Natural environments like forests have excellent air quality due to high concentrations of negative oxygen ions originating from low-voltage ionization, without harmful ozone. Traditional negative oxygen ion generators require high voltage for corona discharge to produce ions. However, high voltage can increase electron collisions and excitations, leading to more dissociation and recombination of oxygen molecules and consequently higher ozone production. To address the challenge of generating negative oxygen ions without accompanying ozone production, this study designed and constructed a low-voltage negative oxygen ion generator based on nanometer-tip carbon fiber electrodes. The advantage of this device lies in the high curvature radius of carbon fibers, which provides high local electric field strength. This allows for efficient production of negative oxygen ions at low operating voltages without generating ozone. Experiments demonstrated that the device can efficiently generate negative oxygen ions at a working voltage as low as 2.16 kV, 28% lower than the lowest voltage reported in similar studies. The purification device manufactured in this study had a total decay constant for PM2.5 purification of 0.8967 min−1 within five minutes, compared to a natural decay constant of only 0.0438 min−1, resulting in a calculated Clean Air Delivery Rate (CADR) of 0.1535 m3/min. Within half an hour, concentrations of PM2.5, PM1, PM10, formaldehyde, and TVOC were reduced by 99.09%, 99.40%, 99.37%, 94.39%, and 99.35%, respectively, demonstrating good decay constants and CADR. These findings confirm its effectiveness in improving indoor air quality, highlighting its significant application value in air purification.
Deciphering East Atlantic Low-Pressure System Formations: Exploring the Nexus of Tropical Jet Streams and Active Monsoon Phases
Authors: Kumar Vinay , Sahu Dipak K. , Simonsen Katelyn , Gonzalez Sabrina
Published: July 2024

The formation of low-pressure systems (LPSs) over the eastern Atlantic Ocean, near the coast of West Africa, is an exceptional meteorological/climatological feature that can lead to the development of hurricanes. The upper level diffluence induced by the Tropical Easterly Jet (TEJ) plays a crucial role in the formation of LPSs over the eastern Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of West Africa. However, the exact influence of the enhanced TEJ and diffluence in relation to cyclogenesis remains unclear. An active precipitation period over the Indian subcontinent and Africa induces an intensification of the TEJ, African Easterly Jet, and the bifurcation of diffluence off the coast of Africa. Over the past five years (2019–2023), a delayed correlation has been observed between the formation of LPSs over the eastern Atlantic Ocean (7.5° N–20° N, 15° W–41° W), the TEJ over the Indian subcontinent (approximately 2 to 3 days), and the AEJ over Africa (approximately 1 day). This correlation is further linked to the bifurcation of diffluence at the 200 mb level.
Deep Learning for High-Speed Lightning Footage—A Semantic Segmentation Network Comparison
Authors: Cross Tyson , Smit Jason R. , Schumann Carina , Warner Tom A. , Hunt Hugh G. P.
Published: July 2024

We present a novel deep learning approach to a unique image processing application: high-speed (>1000 fps) video footage of lightning. High-speed cameras enable us to observe lightning with microsecond resolution, characterizing key processes previously analyzed manually. We evaluate different semantic segmentation networks (DeepLab3+, SegNet, FCN8s, U-Net, and AlexNet) and provide a detailed explanation of the image processing methods for this unique imagery. Our system architecture includes an input image processing stage, a segmentation network stage, and a sequence classification stage. The ground-truth data consists of high-speed videos of lightning filmed in South Africa, totaling 48,381 labeled frames. DeepLab3+ performed the best (93–95% accuracy), followed by SegNet (92–95% accuracy) and FCN8s (89–90% accuracy). AlexNet and U-Net achieved below 80% accuracy. Full sequence classification was 48.1% and stroke classification was 74.1%, due to the linear dependence on the segmentation. We recommend utilizing exposure metadata to improve noise misclassifications and extending CNNs to use tapped gates with temporal memory. This work introduces a novel deep learning application to lightning imagery and is one of the first studies on high-speed video footage using deep learning.
Comparison of Left Ventricular Function Derived from Subject-Specific Inverse Finite Element Modeling Based on 3D ECHO and Magnetic Resonance Images
Authors: Fan Lei , Choy Jenny S. , Cai Chenghan , Teague Shawn D. , Guccione Julius , Lee Lik Chuan , Kassab Ghassan S.
Published: July 2024

Three-dimensional echocardiography (3D ECHO) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging are frequently used in patients and animals to evaluate heart functions. Inverse finite element (FE) modeling is increasingly applied to MR images to quantify left ventricular (LV) function and estimate myocardial contractility and other cardiac biomarkers. It remains unclear, however, as to whether myocardial contractility derived from the inverse FE model based on 3D ECHO images is comparable to that derived from MR images. To address this issue, we developed a subject-specific inverse FE model based on 3D ECHO and MR images acquired from seven healthy swine models to investigate if there are differences in myocardial contractility and LV geometrical features derived using these two imaging modalities. We showed that end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes derived from 3D ECHO images are comparable to those derived from MR images (R2=0.805 and 0.969, respectively). As a result, ejection fraction from 3D ECHO and MR images are linearly correlated (R2=0.977) with the limit of agreement (LOA) ranging from −17.95% to 45.89%. Using an inverse FE modeling to fit pressure and volume waveforms in subject-specific LV geometry reconstructed from 3D ECHO and MR images, we found that myocardial contractility derived from these two imaging modalities are linearly correlated with an R2 value of 0.989, a gradient of 0.895, and LOA ranging from −6.11% to 36.66%. This finding supports using 3D ECHO images in image-based inverse FE modeling to estimate myocardial contractility.
Dual Attention-Based 3D U-Net Liver Segmentation Algorithm on CT Images
Authors: Zhang Benyue , Qiu Shi , Liang Ting
Published: July 2024

The liver is a vital organ in the human body, and CT images can intuitively display its morphology. Physicians rely on liver CT images to observe its anatomical structure and areas of pathology, providing evidence for clinical diagnosis and treatment planning. To assist physicians in making accurate judgments, artificial intelligence techniques are adopted. Addressing the limitations of existing methods in liver CT image segmentation, such as weak contextual analysis and semantic information loss, we propose a novel Dual Attention-Based 3D U-Net liver segmentation algorithm on CT images. The innovations of our approach are summarized as follows: (1) We improve the 3D U-Net network by introducing residual connections to better capture multi-scale information and alleviate semantic information loss. (2) We propose the DA-Block encoder structure to enhance feature extraction capability. (3) We introduce the CBAM module into skip connections to optimize feature transmission in the encoder, reducing semantic gaps and achieving accurate liver segmentation. To validate the effectiveness of the algorithm, experiments were conducted on the LiTS dataset. The results showed that the Dice coefficient and HD95 index for liver images were 92.56% and 28.09 mm, respectively, representing an improvement of 0.84% and a reduction of 2.45 mm compared to 3D Res-UNet.
Automatic Annotation Diagnostic Framework for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma via Pathology–Fidelity GAN and Prior-Driven Classification
Authors: Zeng Siqi , Li Xinwei , Liu Yiqing , Huang Qiang , He Yonghong
Published: July 2024

Non-keratinizing carcinoma is the most common subtype of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Its poorly differentiated tumor cells and complex microenvironment present challenges to pathological diagnosis. AI-based pathological models have demonstrated potential in diagnosing NPC, but the reliance on costly manual annotation hinders development. To address the challenges, this paper proposes a deep learning-based framework for diagnosing NPC without manual annotation. The framework includes a novel unpaired generative network and a prior-driven image classification system. With pathology–fidelity constraints, the generative network achieves accurate digital staining from H&E to EBER images. The classification system leverages staining specificity and pathological prior knowledge to annotate training data automatically and to classify images for NPC diagnosis. This work used 232 cases for study. The experimental results show that the classification system reached a 99.59% accuracy in classifying EBER images, which closely matched the diagnostic results of pathologists. Utilizing PF-GAN as the backbone of the framework, the system attained a specificity of 0.8826 in generating EBER images, markedly outperforming that of other GANs (0.6137, 0.5815). Furthermore, the F1-Score of the framework for patch level diagnosis was 0.9143, exceeding those of fully supervised models (0.9103, 0.8777). To further validate its clinical efficacy, the framework was compared with experienced pathologists at the WSI level, showing comparable NPC diagnosis performance. This low-cost and precise diagnostic framework optimizes the early pathological diagnosis method for NPC and provides an innovative strategic direction for AI-based cancer diagnosis.
ZmDST44 Gene Is a Positive Regulator in Plant Drought Stress Tolerance
Authors: Chai Wenbo , Li Hongtao , Xu Hanyuan , Zhu Qing , Li Shufen , Yuan Chao , Ji Wei , Wang Jun , Sheng Lei
Published: July 2024

Improving drought tolerance in plants is essential for increasing crop yields under water-limited conditions. In this study, we investigated the functional role of the maize gene ZmDST44, which is targeted by the miRNA ZmmiR139. Our results indicate that ZmmiR139 regulates ZmDST44 by cleaving its mRNA, as confirmed by inverse expression patterns and 5′-RACE analysis. Overexpression of ZmDST44 in Arabidopsis, rice, and maize resulted in significant enhancements in drought tolerance. Transgenic plants exhibited reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, increased proline accumulation, and upregulation of drought-responsive genes compared to wild-type plants. Transgenic Arabidopsis and rice showed improved drought resistance and higher post-drought recovery rates, and transgenic maize displayed lower sensitivity to drought stress. These findings suggest that ZmDST44 acts as a positive regulator of drought tolerance across different plant species and holds promise for developing drought-resistant crops through genetic engineering.
Assessment of the Ferroptosis Regulators: Glutathione Peroxidase 4, Acyl-Coenzyme A Synthetase Long-Chain Family Member 4, and Transferrin Receptor 1 in Patient-Derived Endometriosis Tissue
Authors: Mielke Cabello Lidia A. , Meresman Gabriela , Darici Dogus , Carnovale Noelia , Heitkötter Birthe , Schulte Miriam , Espinoza-Sánchez Nancy A. , Le Quang-Khoi , Kiesel Ludwig , Schäfer Sebastian D. , Götte Martin
Published: July 2024

Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of non-apoptotic cell death, plays a pivotal role in various diseases and is gaining considerable attention in the realm of endometriosis. Considering the classical pathomechanism theories, we hypothesized that ferroptosis, potentially driven by increased iron content at ectopic sites, may contribute to the progression of endometriosis. This retrospective case–control study provides a comprehensive immunohistochemical assessment of the expression and tissue distribution of established ferroptosis markers: GPX4, ACSL4, and TfR1 in endometriosis patients. The case group consisted of 38 women with laparoscopically and histologically confirmed endometriosis and the control group consisted of 18 women with other gynecological conditions. Our study revealed a significant downregulation of GPX4 in stromal cells of endometriosis patients (M = 59.7% ± 42.4 versus 90.0% ± 17.5 in the control group, t (54) = −2.90, p = 0.005). This finding aligned with slightly, but not significantly, higher iron levels detected in the blood of endometriosis patients, using hemoglobin as an indirect predictor (Hb 12.8 (12.2–13.5) g/dL versus 12.5 (12.2–13.4) g/dL in the control group; t (54) = −0.897, p = 0.374). Interestingly, there was no concurrent upregulation of TfR1 (M = 0.7 ± 1.2 versus 0.2 ± 0.4 for EM, t (54) = 2.552, p = 0.014), responsible for iron uptake into cells. Our empirical findings provide support for the involvement of ferroptosis in the context of endometriosis. However, variances in expression patterns within stromal and epithelial cellular subsets call for further in-depth investigations.
Readers of RNA Modification in Cancer and Their Anticancer Inhibitors
Authors: Li Fengli , Li Wenjin
Published: July 2024

Cancer treatment has always been a challenge for humanity. The inadequacies of current technologies underscore the limitations of our efforts against this disease. Nevertheless, the advent of targeted therapy has introduced a promising avenue, furnishing us with more efficacious tools. Consequently, researchers have turned their attention toward epigenetics, offering a novel perspective in this realm. The investigation of epigenetics has brought RNA readers to the forefront, as they play pivotal roles in recognizing and regulating RNA functions. Recently, the development of inhibitors targeting these RNA readers has emerged as a focal point in research and holds promise for further strides in targeted therapy. In this review, we comprehensively summarize various types of inhibitors targeting RNA readers, including non-coding RNA (ncRNA) inhibitors, small-molecule inhibitors, and other potential inhibitors. We systematically elucidate their mechanisms in suppressing cancer progression by inhibiting readers, aiming to present inhibitors of readers at the current stage and provide more insights into the development of anticancer drugs.
Early Cerebral Microvasculature Impairment and Increased Body Mass Index in Patients with Psoriasis
Authors: Piec Katarzyna , Marek-Józefowicz Luiza , Nadolska Katarzyna , Lemanowicz Adam , Serafin Zbigniew , Kozera Grzegorz
Published: July 2024

Psoriasis induces systemic atherosclerosis, but its impact on cerebrovascular function remains unclear. However, stroke prevention must be considered in psoriasis, as it is commonly comorbid with classic cardiovascular risk factors. Thus, the aim of the study is to assess cerebral microvasculature function and its confounders in patients with psoriasis. The study protocol included cerebral autoregulation assessment with measurements of vasomotor reactivity reserve (VMRr) on the middle cerebral arteries with the use of a Transcranial Doppler (TCD) in 50 patients with psoriasis without cerebrovascular events (46; 21–74 years) and 26 healthy controls (41; 29–58 years). Analyses of VMRr relationships with the psoriasis course, comorbidities, inflammatory markers and intima–media thickness (IMT) were performed. The study showed that VMRr was lower (64% vs. 76%, p = 0.001), and the IMT was higher (0.65 vs. 0.52 mm, p = 0.001) in patients compared to controls. The patients were also characterized by a higher body mass index (BMI) and a higher level of Il-6 than the controls (29.14 vs. 25.76 kg/m2, p = 0.004 and 585 vs. 204 pg/mL, p < 0.001, respectively), but only BMI was independently impacting VMRr reduction (p = 0.02). In conclusion, early cerebral microvasculature dysfunction may occur in patients with psoriasis, and its extent is associated with an increase in BMI. Thus, body mass reduction should be strongly recommended for stroke prophylaxis in patients with psoriasis.
A Comparative Analysis of Enamel Surface Roughness Following Various Interproximal Reduction Techniques: An Examination Using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Serbanoiu Dan-Cosmin , Vartolomei Aurel-Claudiu , Ghiga Dana-Valentina , Moldovan Marioara , Sarosi Codruta , Petean Ioan , Boileau Marie-Jose , Pacurar Mariana
Published: July 2024

Interproximal enamel reduction (IER) is a minimally invasive therapeutic procedure commonly used in orthodontics to address both functional and aesthetic issues. Its mechanical effects on enamel surfaces induce the formation of grooves, furrows, scratches, depressions, and valleys. The aim of this study was to assess the enamel surface roughness resulting after the application of currently available methods for interproximal reduction. Ninety freshly extracted human teeth were divided into six groups and subjected to the stripping procedure, using a different method for each group (diamond burs, abrasive strips of 90 μm, 60 μm, 40 μm, 15 μm, and abrasive discs). A single individual performed stripping according to the manufacturer’s recommendations, involving interproximal reduction on one tooth’s proximal face and leaving the other side untreated. Qualitative and quantitative assessment of the enamel surfaces was carried out using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), obtaining 2D and volumetric 3D images of the enamel surface microstructure and nanostructure. The study found that diamond burs and abrasive strips of 60 μm and 90 μm increased enamel roughness due to intense de-structuring effects, while the 40 μm polisher had a gentler effect and 15 μm abrasive strips and polishing discs preserved enamel surface quality and removed natural wear traces.
The Utilization of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses in Stroke Guidelines
Authors: Ghozy Sherief , Kobeissi Hassan , Amoukhteh Melika , Kadirvel Ramanathan , Brinjikji Waleed , Rabinstein Alejandro A. , Carpenter Christopher R. , Kallmes David F.
Published: July 2024

Background: Stroke guideline statements are important references for clinicians due to the rapidly evolving nature of treatments. Guideline statements should be informed by up-to-date systematic reviews (SRs) and meta-analyses (MAs) because they provide the highest level of evidence. To investigate the utilization of SRs/MAs in stroke management guidelines, we conducted a literature review of guidelines and extracted relevant information regarding SRs/MAs. Methods: A literature review was conducted in PubMed with supplementation using the Trip medical database with the term “stroke” as the target population, followed by using the filter “guidelines”. We extracted the number of included SRs/MAs, the years of publication, the country of origin, and other characteristics of interest. Descriptive statistics were generated using the R software version 4.2.1. Results: We included 27 guideline statements. The median number of overall SRs or MAs within the guidelines was 4.0 (interquartile range [IQR] = 2–9). For MAs only, the median number included in the guidelines was 3.0 (IQR = 2.0–5.5). Canadian guidelines had the oldest citations, with a median gap of 12.0 (IQR = 5.2–18.0) years for the oldest citation, followed by European (median = 12; IQR = 9.5–13.5) and US (median = 10.0; IQR = 5.2–16) guidelines. Conclusions: Stroke guideline writing groups and issuing bodies should devote greater effort to the inclusion of up-to-date SRs/MAs in their guideline statements so that clinicians can reference recent data with the highest level of evidence.
Maximizing Participation in Olfactory Training in a Sample with Post-COVID-19 Olfactory Loss
Authors: Delgado-Lima Alice Helena , Bouhaben Jaime , Delgado-Losada María Luisa
Published: July 2024

Purpose: This study aims to highlight the feasibility of an olfactory training program entirely monitored through online media in COVID-19 patients. Methods: Classic olfactory training was performed with a sample with olfactory loss due COVID-19 (n = 11). Participants were engaged on a weekly video call in order to improve adherence and collect information regarding the number of correct answers and the individuals’ perception of olfactory function. The olfactory status after training was compared to two groups, one composed of participants who contracted COVID-19 but did not report olfactory loss (n = 11) and a sample composed of healthy participants (n = 11). Results: The experimental group showed improvements throughout the training period (TDI score on week 0 was 20.3 (5.6) and 24.6 (4.3) for week 12, and on week 24 was 25.4 (6.2) (F = 5.115, df = 2, 20, p = 0.016), and post hoc tests showed that participants significantly improved their TDI score in W12 compared to W0 (SMD = 0.869, p = 0.041) and in W24 compared to W0 (SMD = 0.859, p = 0.041). The experimental group showed lower scores when compared with both groups, and the no OT COVID-19 group showed lower scores than the healthy control group, even though they did not report olfactory alterations. Conclusions: Findings suggest that the strategies applied to improve adherence were successful since 100% of the sample completed the training adherence, offering a valuable framework for future olfactory training studies.
Critical Evaluation of the Contract Selection Process Used in the Construction Industry of Kuwait
Authors: Almutairi Abdulaziz , Fox Andrew , Braimah Nuhu
Published: July 2024

The paper investigates and assesses the contract selection procedure used in Kuwait’s construction sector. The ideas and insights of engineers involved in significant Kuwaiti construction projects will be extensively considered. In the Kuwaiti building sector, various ways of choosing the contract form will be discussed. In order to gather pertinent data about the country’s primary construction projects, questionnaires will be used. This methodology ensures a first-hand account of the challenges and preferences within the industry. This data will be analyzed to determine the best ways to enhance the current system utilized for Kuwaiti building contracts for the choice of contract forms and payment terms that could benefit from the inclusion of measures to guarantee those types of task delivery systems and payment terms in the country’s future construction projects. This paper explores the typical contract types and payment mechanisms used in Kuwait, drawing on a thorough analysis of current literature, governmental regulations, and business practices. The Standard Forms of Contract, which offer fixed-priced payments, have become the most popular option. However, when used for extensive and technically challenging projects, this contract form’s simplicity presents difficulties. Additionally, the existing system encourages contract awards based on the lowest tender, which raises questions regarding appropriateness and proportionality. The study suggests an arsenal of criteria for improving the deal selection process, with an emphasis on diverse terms of payment inside the task delivery system, in order to allay these worries. It highlights the need for a more comprehensive approach for deal selection that takes project complexity, financial constraints, and long-term project interest into account. The proposed criteria additionally include adaptability to project complexity, ensuring flexibility for challenges in large projects. Financial considerations, aligning with budgetary requirements, are crucial. The emphasis is on long-term project success, and finding a balance between simplicity and adaptability in contracts is key. These comprehensive criteria aim to improve decision-making in selecting standard contract forms for construction projects, addressing challenges in large, technically demanding endeavors in Kuwait. This research contributes to the field by introducing a novel set of criteria for contract selection, tailored to the Kuwaiti construction context. The study’s originality lies in its approach to addressing the challenges posed by current practices and its focus on refining the system for future projects. Additionally, the study employs a rigorous questionnaire survey to extract firsthand insights from industry professionals, ensuring a robust and contextually relevant exploration of the contract selection landscape in Kuwait’s construction sector.
Novel Thienopyrimidine-Hydrazinyl Compounds Induce DRP1-Mediated Non-Apoptotic Cell Death in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Malla Saloni , Nyinawabera Angelique , Neupane Rabin , Pathak Rajiv , Lee Donghyun , Abou-Dahech Mariam , Kumari Shikha , Sinha Suman , Tang Yuan , Ray Aniruddha , Ashby Charles R. , Yang Mary Qu , Babu R. Jayachandra , Tiwari Amit K.
Published: July 2024

Apoptosis induction with taxanes or anthracyclines is the primary therapy for TNBC. Cancer cells can develop resistance to anticancer drugs, causing them to recur and metastasize. Therefore, non-apoptotic cell death inducers could be a potential treatment to circumvent apoptotic drug resistance. In this study, we discovered two novel compounds, TPH104c and TPH104m, which induced non-apoptotic cell death in TNBC cells. These lead compounds were 15- to 30-fold more selective in TNBC cell lines and significantly decreased the proliferation of TNBC cells compared to that of normal mammary epithelial cell lines. TPH104c and TPH104m induced a unique type of non-apoptotic cell death, characterized by the absence of cellular shrinkage and the absence of nuclear fragmentation and apoptotic blebs. Although TPH104c and TPH104m induced the loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential, TPH104c- and TPH104m-induced cell death did not increase the levels of cytochrome c and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and caspase activation, and cell death was not rescued by incubating cells with the pan-caspase inhibitor, carbobenzoxy-valyl-alanyl-aspartyl-[O-methyl]-fluoromethylketone (Z-VAD-FMK). Furthermore, TPH104c and TPH104m significantly downregulated the expression of the mitochondrial fission protein, DRP1, and their levels determined their cytotoxic efficacy. Overall, TPH104c and TPH104m induced non-apoptotic cell death, and further determination of their cell death mechanisms will aid in the development of new potent and efficacious anticancer drugs to treat TNBC.
Defensins: Exploring Their Opposing Roles in Colorectal Cancer Progression
Authors: Sabit Hussein , Pawlik Timothy M. , Abdel-Ghany Shaimaa , Arneth Borros
Published: July 2024

Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents a significant global healthcare burden, with a particularly concerning rising incidence among younger adults. This trend may highlight potential links between diet, gut microbiome, and CRC risk. Novel therapeutic options have been increasingly based on the understanding of molecular mechanisms and pathways. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, a crucial cell growth regulator, offers a promising target for CRC therapy. mTOR, a key component within this pathway, controls cell growth, survival, and metabolism. Understanding the specific roles of defensins, particularly human β-Defensin 1 (HBD-1), in CRC is crucial. HBD-1 exhibits potent antimicrobial activity and may influence CRC development. Deciphering defensin expression patterns in CRC holds the promise of improved understanding of tumorigenesis, which may pave the way for improved diagnostics and therapies. This article reviews recent advances in understanding regarding how HBD-1 influences CRC initiation and progression, highlighting the molecular mechanisms by which it impacts CRC. Further, we describe the interaction between defensins and mTOR pathway in CRC.
Valorization of Dextrose from Cassava Starch and Sugarcane Vinasse as Polyhydroxyalkanoates by Submerged Cultures of Cupriavidus necator: A Physicochemical–Biotechnological Approach
Authors: Dorado Isabel , Pineda Laura , Ascencio-Galván Martha L. , López-Agudelo Víctor A. , Caicedo Julio C. , Gómez-Ríos David , Ramírez-Malule Howard
Published: July 2024

The production of polyhydroxyalkanoates using submerged cultures of Cupriavidus necator DSM 428 was evaluated using low-cost substrates from agroindustry: (i) dextrose from cassava starch and (ii) a mixture of sugarcane vinasse from the bioethanol industry and dextrose from cassava starch. The effects of vinasse composition (2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 25, 50, and 75% v/v) and the use of raw and activated carbon-pre-treated vinasse were assessed. The results indicate that cultivations using only cassava starch dextrose reached 4.33 g/L of biomass as the dry cell weight and a poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) production of 47.1%. Raw vinasse proportions of 25, 50, and 75% in the culture medium resulted in total inhibition. Vinasse treated at the same ratios led to biomass production in the range 1.7–4.44 g/L. The higher PHB production scenario was obtained in a medium containing dextrose and treated vinasse (7.5%), yielding 5.9 g/L of biomass and 51% of PHB accumulation. The produced PHB was characterized by XRD and FTIR for an analysis of crystalline structure and chemical functional groups, respectively. EDS was employed for a semi-quantitative analysis of the chemical composition, and SEM was used to analyze the morphology of the microgranules. The results of DSC and TGA analyses demonstrated the thermal stability of the obtained PHB.
Physical Activity Participation among Children and Youth with Mental Health Symptoms: Clinician Perspectives
Authors: Crichton Madeline , Vu Julie , Fenesi Barbara
Published: July 2024

Background/Objectives: Physical activity supports mental health and well-being in children and youth. However, there are significant barriers to physical activity participation among individuals impacted by mental health disorders. This study investigates these barriers through the perspective of mental health clinicians who support children and youth. Methods: Fourteen mental health clinicians, including registered professional psychologists, psychotherapists, and social workers, were interviewed in a semi-structured format. Qualitative content analysis was performed to identify key themes, including both barriers and facilitators to physical activity. Results: Content analysis revealed that clinicians perceive both internal and external barriers and facilitators to their clients’ participation in physical activity. Barriers included intrapersonal factors, such as the presence of depression, anxiety, or eating disorder symptoms; lack of motivation; and negative self-talk, as well as factors related to the influence of caregivers, financial limitations, screen time use, environmental and cultural factors, and lack of time. Facilitators included enjoyment of physical activity, knowledge about the benefits of physical activity, and caregiver participation. Conclusions: Mental health clinicians demonstrated clear knowledge about the barriers to and facilitators of their clients’ participation in physical activity. These findings provide valuable insights that can be used to support children and youth experiencing mental health difficulty to access the beneficial effects of physical activity.
Examining Caregiver- and Family-Level Psychosocial Influences on Child Oral Health Behavioral Outcomes in Racially and Economically Minoritized Urban Families
Authors: Weinstein Sally M. , Lee Helen H. , Dziak John J. , Berbaum Michael L. , Zhang Tong , Avenetti David , Sandoval Anna , Martin Molly A.
Published: July 2024

Objectives: Understanding the pathways linking caregiver- and family-level psychosocial factors and child oral health behaviors is critical for addressing oral health disparities. The current study examined the associations between caregiver psychosocial functioning and family chaos and child toothbrushing behaviors in children at high risk for poor oral health outcomes. Methods: Data were drawn from the baseline wave of the CO-OP Chicago Cohort Study (U01DE030067), a longitudinal study on child/caregiver dyads exploring oral health behaviors and caries development in young children (N = 296 dyads; child mean age = 5.36, SD = 1.03; caregiver mean age = 33.8 years, SD = 6.70; caregiver race = 43% Black; caregiver ethnicity = 55% Latinx). The oral health behavioral outcomes included child toothbrushing frequency, child plaque levels, and caregiver assistance with child toothbrushing. The data included demographics; caregiver depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, social functioning, social support, and resilience; and family-level household chaos. Results: Multiple regression models indicated that greater household chaos was significantly related to lower caregiver assistance with child toothbrushing (p = 0.0075). Additionally, caregiver anxiety and PTSD symptoms as well as number of children in the home significantly predicted higher levels of household chaos (p < 0.01). Notably, 18% of caregivers reported clinically significant PTSD. The relationships between caregiver-level psychosocial factors and child oral health behaviors were not significant. Conclusions: The results suggest household chaos may play an important role in child oral health behaviors and highlight the importance of investigating family-level factors for understanding and addressing child oral health risk.
Pediatric Cardio-Oncology: Screening, Risk Stratification, and Prevention of Cardiotoxicity Associated with Anthracyclines
Authors: Liu Xiaomeng , Ge Shuping , Zhang Aijun
Published: July 2024

Anthracyclines have significantly improved the survival of children with malignant tumors, but the associated cardiotoxicity, an effect now under the purview of pediatric cardio-oncology, due to its cumulative and irreversible effects on the heart, limits their clinical application. A systematic screening and risk stratification approach provides the opportunity for early identification and intervention to mitigate, reverse, or prevent myocardial injury, remodeling, and dysfunction associated with anthracyclines. This review summarizes the risk factors, surveillance indexes, and preventive strategies of anthracycline-related cardiotoxicity to improve the safety and efficacy of anthracyclines.
Microstructures and Corrosion Behaviors of Non-Equiatomic Al0.32CrFeTi0.73(Ni1.50−xMox)(x = 0, 0.23) High-Entropy Alloy Coatings Prepared by the High-Velocity Oxygen Fuel Method
Authors: Shu Xiaoyong , Wang Hao , Zhao Jianping
Published: July 2024

The non-equiatomic Al0.32CrFeTi0.73(Ni1.50−xMox) (x = 0, 0.23) high-entropy alloy (HEA) coatings were prepared by the high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) method. The microstructures and corrosion behaviors of the HVOF-prepared coatings were investigated. The corrosion behaviors were characterized by polarization, EIS and Mott-Schottky tests under a 3.5 wt.% sodium chloride aqueous solution open to air at room temperature. The Al0.32CrFeTi0.73Ni1.50 coating is a simple BCC single-phase solid solution structure compared with the corresponding poly-phase composite bulk. The structure of the Al0.32CrFeTi0.73Ni1.27Mo0.23 coating, combined with the introduction of the Mo element, means that the (Cr,Mo)-rich sigma phase precipitates out of the BCC solid solution matrix phase, thus forming Cr-depleted regions around the sigma phases. The solid solution of large atomic-size Mo element causes the lattice expansion of the BCC solid solution matrix phase. Micro-hole and micro-crack defects are formed on the surface of both coatings. The growth of both coatings’ passivation films is spontaneous. Both passivation films are stable and Cr2O3-rich, P-type, single-layer structures. The Al0.32CrFeTi0.73Ni1.50 coating has better corrosion resistance and much less pitting susceptibility than the corresponding bulk. The corrosion type of the Mo-free coating is mainly pitting, occurring in the coating’s surface defects. The Al0.32CrFeTi0.73Ni1.27Mo0.23 coating with the introduction of Mo element increases pitting susceptibility and deteriorates corrosion resistance compared with the Mo-free Al0.32CrFeTi0.73Ni1.50 coating. The corrosion type of the Mo-bearing coating is mainly pitting, occurring in the coating’s surface defects and Cr-depleted regions.