bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EVOLUTION AND MEASUREMENT OF SPECIES DIVERSITY
Authors: Whittaker R. H.
Published: April 2006

Given a resource gradient (e.g. light intensity, prey size) in a community, species evolve to use different parts of this gradient; competition between them is thereby reduced. Species relationships in the community may be conceived in terms of a multidimensional coordinate system, the axes of which are the various resource gradients (and other aspects of species relationships to space, time, and one another in the community). This coordinate system defines a hyperspace, and the range of the space that a given species occupies is its niche hypervolume, as an abstract characterization of its intra‐community position, or niche. Species evolve toward difference in niche, and consequently toward difference in location of their hypervolumes in the niche hyperspace. Through evolutionary time additional species can fit into the community in niche hypervolumes different from those of other species, and the niche hyperspace can become increasingly complex. Its complexity relates to the community's richness in species, its alpha diversity.

Species differ in the proportions of the niche hyperspace they are able to occupy and the share of the community's resources they utilize. The share of resources utilized is expressed in species' productivities, and when species are ranked by relative productivity (or some other measurement) from most to least important, importance‐value or dominance‐diversity curves are formed. Three types of curves may represent manners in which resources are divided among species: (a) niche pre‐emption with strong dominance, expressed in a geometric series, (b) random boundaries between niches, expressed in the MacArthur distribution, and (c) determination of relative importance by many factors, so that species form a frequency distribution on a logarithmic base of importance values, a lognormal distribution. The forms of importance‐value curves do not permit strong inference about resource division, but are of interest for their expression of species relationships and bearing on measurement of diversity.
NOMENCLATURE OF CEUTHOSPORA, PYRENOPHORA AND BLENNORIA (FUNGI)
Authors: Sutton B. C.
Published: April 2006

The modern concept of Ceuthospora Fries (1825), originally described with two species, has largely been based on the two later species of Greville (1827). Fries (1832) effectively selected C. phaeocomes (Rebent. ex Fr.) Fr. as the lectotype of Ceuthospora, a generic name which is earlier than Pyrenophora Fries (1849), an obligate nomenclatural synonym. The alternative, which is to typify Ceuthospora by C. inclusa (Schmidt & Kunze ex Fr.) Fr. places the genus in the Mycelia Sterilia. It is suggested that by conserving Ceuthospora Greville (1827), lectotype species C. lauri (Greville) Greville, against Ceuthospora Fries (1825), lectotype species C. phaeocomes (Rebent. ex Fr.) Fr., the nomenclature of Pyrenophora Fries, a common genus of plant pathogens, and Ceuthospora will be stabilised according to usage extending from 1869 and 1827 respectively to the present.
LAMARCK: THE BIRTH OF BIOLOGY
Authors: Stafleu Frans A.
Published: April 2006

A review of the development of Lamarck's ideas on biological systematics with special reference to the origin and development of his concept of organic evolution. Lamarck's development towards biological systematics is traced through his early botanical and geological writings and related to the gradual change in his scientific outlook from a static and essentialist view of nature towards a dynamic and positivist concept of the life sciences as a special discipline. This development is seen against the background of the general cultural developments during the course of his life.
THE FIRST PUBLIC AUCTION OF AN AMERICAN HERBARIUM INCLUDING AN ACCOUNT OF THE FATE OF THE BALDWIN, COLLINS, AND RAFINESQUE HERBARIA )
Authors: Stuckey Ronald L.
Published: April 2006

One of the major facets in the development of botany in America during the latter part of the eighteenth and the early portion of the nineteenth century was the preparation of private pressed plant collections or herbaria. When these herbaria were no longer needed by their owners, they were either given or bequeathed to a public institution, sold privately, or auctioned publicly. The first known public auction of a private herbarium in America occurred in Philadelphia on the 3rd of June 1833. Owned by the late Zaccheus Collins, well‐known Quaker philanthropist and botanist, this herbarium included (1) plants Collins collected in New Jersey and Pennsylvania and plants from various parts of the United States obtained by exchange with his friends, (2) an extensive collection of exotic plants, and (3) the entire herbarium of the late William Baldwin. At the auction the first two parts were acquired by the executor of the estate, and the latter was purchased by Daniel Steinhauer for the Rev. Lewis David von Schweinitz. In amalgamating the Baldwin plants with his own, Schweinitz replaced the original data with a cryptic notation for each specimen, thereby creating problems for future botanists. Schweinitz's herbarium was bequeathed to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. That portion of Collins' herbarium belonging to the executor was later acquired by C. S. Rafinesque as a partial settlement of a claim Rafinesque had against the Collins estate. After Rafinesque's death, Elias Durand purchased the Rafinesque herbarium. Durand selected out Collins' plants and discarded most of Rafinesque's own plants. Collins' plants evidently formed a large part of Durand's herbarium which he gave to the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris, where it remains today as a separate collection. A summary of the numbers of taxa described from specimens in Baldwin's and Collin's herbaria as determined from major selected publications are eight described by Baldwin himself, 109 described from Baldwin's specimens by other botanists, and 103 described from specimens in Collins' herbarium by Rafinesque.
HORTUS NITIDISSIMUS
Authors: Tjaden W. L.
Published: April 2006

Like many other 18th century natural history works produced primarily for their coloured copper‐plate illustrations, this was published in instalments a few plates at a time, and the relevant text was not issued simultaneously. In consequence publication should not be quoted as consisting of three volumes, but as 188 (nominally, 190) plates published between 1750 and 1792 with text published in 1756, 1768 (? late 1767), 1772 and 1786. The dates of engraving the plates are given, where available.
BERICHT UBER DIE KARTIERUNG DER FLORA MITTELEUROPAS
Authors: Niklfeld Harald
Published: April 2006

The mapping scheme for the Flora of Central Europe forms the basis for the preparation of a distributional atlas. This atlas should contain the maps of all Central European vascular plants (Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta) based on grid units of 10′ long. × 6′ lat. The maps will cover Austria, western and central Czechoslovakia, Germany (G.D.R. and G.F.R.), Switzerland, northern Italy and northwestern Yugoslavia (north of 45° N and west of 19° 10′ E), together with some neighbouring territories.

Work on the mapping scheme was started a few years ago in most Central European countries with the help of numerous voluntary collaborators, many local working groups, and several regional centers. The current activity is characterized by international cooperation and the accumulation of data prepared for modern machine handling. A “Check list of the vascular plants of Central Europe” (Ehrendorfer & al., cf. fig. 1) and a grid system based on geographical longitudes and latidudes supply the numerically coded taxonomical and geographical reference units. The system of data handling is demonstrated in fig. 2: Records from field work as well as herbarium and literature sources are first incorporated into printed field lists (fig. 3), punch cards with text (fig. 4) or data forms (fig. 5). Records are then transferred to punched cards or magnetic tape, partly through mark‐sensing coding‐forms and mark‐sensing reader. Finally, lists of records as well as distributional maps will be available by automatic printing from tabulators and/or data plotters.

10 sample maps demonstrate the design and information value of the distributional maps for the atlas; at the same time they illustrate the considerable deficiencies in our present knowledge of actual distribution in higher plants. Everybody interested in Central European floristics and geobotany is therefore invited to participate in regional or national organizations of the mapping scheme in order to realize the project of a distributional atlas of the Central European flora.
GEOGRAPHIC ERRORS IN BONPLAND COLLECTIONS OF MELASTOMATACEAE
Authors: Wurdack J. J.
Published: April 2006

The type localities given in Bonpland's Monographia Melastomacearum are sometimes erroneous, the true collection data often being ascertainable by consultation of the holotypes in Paris, by comparison with isotypes, or from modern data on species distribution. Study of Bonpland's field books and comparison of specimens with published illustrations will often confirm the actual collection information.
CHOROLOGY, COLLECTION DATES, AND TAXONOMIC RESPONSIBILITY
Authors: Strother John L. , Smith Alan R.
Published: April 2006

Taxonomists generally recognize the value of collection dates in planning biosystematic research but do not always appreciate their usefulness in documenting migrations and introductions. A survey of several journals shows that many taxonomists fail to include collection dates in monographs and other taxonomic treatises. Correlation of collection dates for a particular taxon with dates of general botanical collecting in a particular locality has been used to document an eastward migration of ***Dyssodia tenuiloba (DC) Rob. in Texas and the introduction of Thelypteris dentata (Forssk.) E. St. John into the New World.
ANMERKUNGEN ZUR ERNEUTEN TYPISIERUNG VON ANDROSACE VITALIANA (L.) LAP. (PRIMULACEAE)
Authors: Kress A.
Published: April 2006

Androsace vitaliana (L.) Lap. (Primula vitaliana L.) has been typified differently by recent authors. The proposal to typify the name by Sesler's plate is rejected; instead the typification on the basis of the relevant specimen in the Burser herbarium is reiterated.
NACHTRAG ZUR NOMENKLATUR DER ACONITUM NAPELLUS‐GRUPPE IN EUROPA
Authors: Seitz Wolfgang
Published: April 2006

The name Aconitum divergens Pančić (1883) (see Seitz 1969) is a younger homonym for Aconitum divergens Rafinesque (1836) which is synonymous with A. uncinatum L. — a species from North America. Therefore, A. divergens Panč. must be rejected according to article 64 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN 1961). The legitimate name of A. divergens Panč. is “Aconitum pentheri Hayek (1917)” including the type subspecies “ssp. pentheri” and the new combination “ssp. burnatii (Gayer) Seitz comb. nov.”.
SOMATIC CELL HYBRIDIZATION: APPLICATION IN PLANT SYSTEMATICS
Authors: Levin Donald A.
Published: April 2006

The technique of somatic cell hybridization or the fusion of protoplasts of different plant species has reached the stage that it may be exploited by systematists for experimentally interpreting phylogenetic relationships of highly divergent lineages. The value of this technique is discussed in relation to others currently employed, and in relation to what we might expect to find at the levels of proteins, secondary products, and morphology based upon our knowledge of plant hybrids and animal hybrid cell cultures.
GRAMMOSCIADIUM AND CAROPODIUM (UMBELLIFERAE‐APIOIDEAE)
Authors: Tamamschian Sophia G. , Vinogradova Vera M.
Published: April 2006

The genus Grammosciadium as circumscribed by Boissier (1844, 1872) should not be divided by splitting of Caropodium and Stenodiptera. A review of the nomenclature of the seven species is given, followed by a key to the four sections.
GAMETOPHYTIC APOMIXIS AND EVOLUTION IN PLANTS
Authors: de Wet J. M. J. , Stalker H. T.
Published: April 2006

Apomixis is not necessary. Neither agamospermy, nor its common companion polyploidy, confer selective advantages on populations that are not equally well provided for in the diploid sexual breeding system. Yet, gametophytic apomixis is widely distributed among diverse families of flowering plants, and agamospecies are frequently as widely distributed as their most successful sexual relatives. The principal adaptive advantage of apomixis is that it can restore fertility in sexually sterile individuals. Polyploidy enhances interspecific hybridization, and it is among such hybrid complexes where apomixis is commonly encountered. Once established, apomixis contributes toward immediate fitness by fixing and reproducing advantageous genotypes. Continuous progressive evolution, however, depends on an essential equilibrium between sexual and asexual reproduction.
SYNOPSIS OF A REVISED CLASSIFICATION OF THE PORTULACACEAE
Authors: McNeill J.
Published: April 2006

Attention is drawn to the unsatisfactory nature of the suprageneric classification of the family Portulacaceae adopted in the Pflanzenfamilien. A new arrangement is proposed in which seven tribes only are recognised; two of these, the Calyptrotheceae and the Calyptrideae, are new.
INVALIDITY OF NAMES PUBLISHED IN SECRETAN'S MYCOGRAPHIE SUISSE AND SOME REMARKS ON THE PROBLEM OF PUBLICATION BY REFERENCE.
Authors: Demoulin V.
Published: April 2006

In the application of Art. 23 and 32 no valid publication can be found in Secretan's ‘Mycographie Suisse’ (1833). The total outlawing of the 591 usually forgotten new names of this work is highly satisfactory for nomenclatural stability. Some comments and proposals for modification of the code are expressed on the problem of publication by reference and incidental mention.
THE WEST INDIAN SPECIES OF GOSSYPIUM OF VON ROHR AND RAFINESQUE
Authors: Fryxell Paul A.
Published: April 2006

In the 1780's J. P. B. von Rohr (1737–1793) intensively studied the cottons of the West Indies. His observations are recorded in a book that not only is a basic source of knowledge of the cottons of the 18th century, but which also provides the descriptions used by C. S. Rafinesque as the basis for 38 names of species and varieties in Gossypium. The present paper reports observations on 52 specimens of Gossypium collected by von Rohr and preserved in the Copenhagen Museum. From these specimens, lectotypes have been chosen for 12 of the Rafinesquian names (Table 2). The remaining names (Table 1) must thereupon be typified by the published descriptions. Lectotype species are also designated for the three subgenera of Gossypium published by Rafinesque (Table 3), the earliest available names in that rank. The presence of symptoms of the bacterial blight disease, caused by Xanthomonas malva‐cearum (E. F. Smith) Dows., on two of von Rohr's specimens, is noted as perhaps the earliest known occurrence of this disease. A review of the nomenclature of the kidney cottons is appended.
G. F. SCOTT‐ELLIOT AND HIS PLANT LOCALITIES
Authors: Gledhill D.
Published: April 2006

Fewer than half of the Scott‐Elliot specimens from the northern boundary of Sierra Leone originated in Sierra Leone itself. The greater part of his itinerary, and his collecting localities, lay in the French territory of the present Republic of Guinea. In consequence, the type localities of some species based upon Scott‐Elliot specimens are properly in Guinea, and not in Sierra Leone as stated in the Flora of West Tropical Africa.
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY IN SYSTEMATICS
Authors: Zusi Richard L.
Published: April 2006

The study of functional anatomy, biological roles of features, and adaptations is not a practical starting point for establishing a classification but the concepts derived from such studies may be powerful tools in solving difficult taxonomic problems. They also serve to modify or corroborate classifications and to make them biologically meaningful. The functional approach may be used at any taxonomic level. The biological species definition provides an important base line for comparison with other categories. Functional anatomy may play a role in ranking taxa into a hierarchy through its contribution to recognition of key adaptations, adaptive radiation, parallel evolution, convergent evolution, determining the direction of evolution, and determining the most closely related group. Ultimately we may understand the hierarchy of adaptations that forms the basis for natural groupings of organisms.
ZUR SYSTEMATISCHEN STELLUNG DER HELLEBORINAE (RANUNCULACEAE) EIN VERGLEICHEND‐SEROLOGISCHER BEITRAG
Authors: Jensen Uwe
Published: April 2006

On the basis of many similarities in taxonomical characters the genera Eranthis and Helleborus are combined in the subtribe Helleborinae, Ranunculaceae. Former investigations in comparative serology indicated, that this close relationship can be dubious. This work confirms earlier findings: in serological characters Eranthis is more similar to Actaea/Cimicifuga than to Helleborus. Although Helleborus itself seems to have much in common with Eranthis, it shows unexpected strong similarities with achene‐fruited or annual members of the Ranunculaceae (Myosurus, Adonis, Consolida) too. These results cannot be caused by undifferentiated embryos in mature seeds of Eranthis. Even fully developed embryos show the same antigenic pattern until the beginning of germination. An overall revision of the subtribe Helleborinae is suggested.
ON THE USE OF HYPHAL MORPHOLOGY IN THE TAXONOMY OF SOOTY MOLD ASCOMYCETES
Authors: Reynolds Don R.
Published: April 2006

Hyphal morphology has been used by various authors to define sooty mold Ascomycete taxa and to establish pleomorphic relationships between sexually and asexually reproducing species occurring together in a naturally developed colony. Evidence is presented to indicate that the presence of hyphal ornamentation is an unreliable taxonomic character. Reports in the literature of pleomorphic relationships based on culture work are reviewed. It is concluded that experimental evidence must be obtained to support taxonomic use of hyphal morphology data taken from sooty mold colonies developed in Nature.
IV. HOW MANY ARE THE KINGDOMS OF ORGANISMS?
Authors: Leedale Gordon F.
Published: April 2006

The division of living organisms into Plantae and Animalia fails to recognise the major evolutionary discontinuity between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In addition, fungi and “plant‐animal” unicells lie uncomfortably in such a two‐kingdom system. Systems have been proposed which separate prokaryotes from eukaryotes and divide the latter into several kingdoms. These schemes share two limitations. The “low” eukaryote kingdom (Protoctista or Protista) contains phyla more closely related to phyla of the “higher” kingdoms than to other phyla in the same kingdom. Secondly, the higher kingdoms are polyphyletic to a disturbing degree.

Can one make broad classifications without these limitations? A Prokaryota/Eukaryota two‐kingdom scheme is one possibility; another is a four‐kingdom scheme in which the protistan level is absorbed into the eukaryote kingdoms; a third possibility is a system in which phylum and phylogeny units stand as monophyletic kingdoms; such a multikingdom scheme provides fruitful scope for discussion. The Prokaryota/Eukaryota and multikingdom schemes allow flexibility for incorporation of new information on relationships, but may be thought too fragmentary for practical taxonomy. If so, various four‐ or five‐kingdom schemes are available.
TRENDS IN METABOLIC SPECIALIZATION AMONG THE FUNGI
Authors: Sussman Alfred S.
Published: April 2006

The basis for, and advantages of, the use of sequence analysis of proteins are presented. Cytochrome c is used as an example and it is suggested that not enough work has been. done upon the amino acid sequences of proteins of fungi, especially cytochrome c. Other means of studying proteins and enzymes in order to acquire data useful to evolutionists who deal with fungi are discussed, including analysis of mechanisms of control of enzyme activity, electrophoretic migration and properties of enzymes such as response to activators and inhibitors, pH and temperature optima etc. Finally, micromolecules are discussed in the context of their function in the fungi, and suggestions are made as to their present and potential use in phylogenetic studies of these organisms.
I. “NUMERICAL CHEMOTAXONOMY” AND OTHER ASPECTS OF CHEMOSYSTEMATICS
Authors: Crawford Daniel J. , Dorn Robert D.
Published: April 2006

The possible sources of error resulting from the use of phenolic spot patterns in chemosystematic studies are discussed. It is argued that identification of compounds eliminates the need for making assumptions which may be erroneous. Examples are provided to demonstrate that identification of phenolics provides the basis for more meaningful interpretations of the chemical data. Two procedures are presented for carrying out studies in which the structures of the compounds may be determined. Chemical information must not be given undue weight when used in systematic studies. It is usually of greatest value when combined with other data.
TAXONOMY AND EVOLUTION OF THE SARCODINA: A RECLASSIFICATION
Authors: Jahn Theodore L. , Bovee Eugene C. , Griffith Donal L.
Published: April 2006

Sarcodinid taxonomy was previously revised by Jahn and Bovee (1965) on the basis of the two readily distinguishable methods of ameboid locomotion, respectively the contractile‐hydraulic and the active sliding systems. Pseudopodial form and structure were regarded as characters of ordinal rank. The present general summary of the classification and the status of further investigations, continues the reclassification to the family level, citing authors and dates, as well as presenting brief definitions of subclasses, orders (and superorders and suborders where applicable), families and subfamilies. New taxa proposed include the families Striamoebidae and Discamoebidae, both of Bovee and Jahn, and their type genera,StriamoebaandDiscamoebaof Bovee, andPentagoninaBovee and Jahn (nom. nov. proPentagoniaGauthier‐Lièvre and Thomas, 1958nonCozzens, 1846). The tentative phylogenetic scheme proposed by Bovee and Jahn in agreement with the symbiotic theory of eukaryotic origins is briefly outlined.
BETALAINS AND P‐TYPE SIEVE‐TUBE PLASTIDS IN PETIVERIA AND AGDESTIS (PHYTOLACCACEAE)
Authors: Behnke H.‐D. , Chang C. , Eifert Imre J. , Mabry Tom J.
Published: April 2006

The discovery of betalains and P‐type sieve‐tube plastids in Petiveria and Agdestis (Phytolaccaceae) supports the assignment of these genera to the Centrospermae.
COMMENTS ON WERESUB, MALLOCH AND PIROZYNSKI'S PROPOSAL FOR ARTICLE 59
Authors: Hawksworth D. L. , Sutton B. C.
Published: April 2006

Weresub, Malloch and Pirozynski's proposal to delete the existing third paragraph of Article 59 to make it more in accord with other parts of the Code is considered. It is concluded that this would not be in the best interests of the stability of nomenclature in the fungi and consequently recommended that it be rejected by the next International Botanical Congress.
A SYMPOSIUM ON GRASS SYSTEMATICS IN KOBE, JAPAN
Authors: Tateoka Tuguo
Published: April 2006

In October, 1967, a symposium entitled “Systematics of the family Gramineae” was held in Kôbe Japan, as a part of the 32nd Annual Meeting of the Botanical Society of Japan. Besides the introductory remarks given by the present author, the following three papers were presented: Systematic significance of underground organs of grass seedlings, by K. Hoshikawa; Amino acid pattern of grass seed and systematics, by H. Taira; Temperature responses and systematics of the Gramineae. by S. Kawanabe. All these three speakers have their own field of research outside of systematics, but they have attempted to combine the results of their investigations with systematics. The present paper aims to discuss the positions of these contributions in modern grass systematics.
A RECONSIDERATION OF THE GENUS TASMANNIA (WINTERACEAE)
Authors: Smith A. C.
Published: April 2006

New chromosome counts based on collections of Winteraceae have strengthened the conclusion, suggested by morphological and anatomical study, that the two Sections (Tasmannia and Drimys) traditionally treated in the genus Drimys J. R. & G. Forst. are very distinct and merit full generic status. Consequently Tasmannia R. Br. ex DC. is herewith reinstated and a number of required new combinations are proposed.
THE USE OF PLANT INDICATORS IN GROUND WATER SURVEYS, GEOLOGIC MAPPING, AND MINERAL PROSPECTING
Authors: Cannon Helen L.
Published: April 2006

The use of vegetation in interpreting geological phenomena is becoming an important tool in the search for ore deposits that are buried under thick soil cover or layers of unmineralized rock. Species assemblages and plant density are useful in mapping geologic strata of different chemical composition and reservoir capacity. Hidden ore deposits can be located through chemical analysis of plant tissue, by mapping the distribution of species, and by observing toxic effects caused by an excess of metals as well as signs of faulty nutrition or deranged metabolism in plants whose roots are in contact with ore.

Plant indicators of ore deposits may be species that are adapted to living exclusively on rocks or soils that supply unusual amounts of a particular element, or they may be species of wide distribution that favor mineralized ground under certain local conditions because of a change in acidity or availability of major plant constituents. Plants that are not highly tolerant of metals in an ore assemblage may exhibit toxicity symptoms or be completely absent over ore.

Geobotanical techniques of mapping indicator plant species and communities, combined with observation of changes in plant appearance can aid the geologist in prospecting for hidden ore deposits.
THE CYTOGEOGRAPHY AND RELATIONSHIPS OF THE VISCACEOUS AND EREMOLEPIDACEOUS MISTLETOES
Authors: Wiens Delbert , Barlow Bryan A.
Published: April 2006

Known chromosome numbers in the Viscaceae and Eremolepidaceae are reviewed and 73 new records added. No basic number is presently evident for either family as a whole. In the Vicaceae two fundamental chromosome groups are apparent. The first is characterized by x = 14 and is itself composed of two subgroups, one with large chromosomes (Dendrophthora‐Phoradendron), and the other with medium sized chromosomes (Arceuthobium‐Korthalsella). The second chromosome group is composed of Viscum and its close relatives which possess numbers of x = 10, 11, 12, and 13 and which have large chromosomes.

In the x = 14 group, the Dendrophthora‐Phoradendron alliance is strictly New World. The Arceuthobium‐Korthalsella alliance, however, has both Old and New World representation. Arceuthobium is present in both the Old and New Worlds and Korthalsella has an Old World and Pacific distribution. The Viscum alliance is strictly Old World.

Some infra‐generic aneuploidy is known in Viscum and Dendrophthora. Polyploidy is apparently rare, known only in Phoradendron from the Galápagos Islands and in Viscum from New Guinea and northern Australia.

A northern origin is postulated for the Viscaceae, with subsequent widespread radiation into the tropics of both the New and Old Worlds.

The Eremolepidaceae, a group of three New World genera, does not appear to be karyologically related to other mistletoe families; it is postulated they may be aerial parasites in the Santalaceae, which is primarily a family of terrestrial root parasites.
SEPTATE HOLOBASIDIA
Authors: Lowy B.
Published: April 2006

A further clarification of the author's interpretation of the problem of hetero‐versus homo‐basidiomycetes in view of the counterproposals published by P. H. B. Talbot (Taxon 17: 620–628. 1968). The author's reclassification of the heterobasidiomycetous fungi (Taxon 17: 118–127. 1968) is upheld.
THE FERN GENUS GYMNOCARPIUM NEWM. AND ITS TYPIFICATION
Authors: Morton C. V.
Published: April 2006

Gymnocarpium Newm. should not be considered an orthographic variant of Gymnocarpos, Forsk. being different etymologically and sufficiently different in spelling and pronunciation not to be confused, since the genera concerned belong to different major groups. The lectotype of Gymnocarpium must be Polypodium dryopteris L. and not G. robertianum as proposed by Holttum. Phegopteris is a legitimate name and not superfluous when published.
MATERIALS FOR A MONOGRAPH OF FREYCINETIA GAUD. X. CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF ALL BINOMIALS
Authors: Stone Benjamin C.
Published: April 2006

In 1910 Martelli published in Webbia vol. 3 an alphabetical listing of all binomials in the genus Freycinetia. This is now outdated, and many species have been described since then. Also many taxonomic changes have been made and will be made in the present writer's monographic studies. A chronological listing up to date can present in the briefest form many of the results of such work and can serve as a constant reference in subsequent numbers of the series, of which this list is the tenth. Total binomials to date: 261. Provisionally accepted species: 198 (including 10 ined., in sched.). Nomina nuda: 20. Species of other genera misplaced in Freycinetia: 2. Homonyms: 7. Illegitimate names: 6. Specific epithets originally published in other genera but pertaining to Freycinetia: 2.
THE HERBARIUM OF AYLMER BOURKE LAMBERT NOTES ON ITS ACQUISITION, DISPERSAL, AND PRESENT WHEREABOUTS
Authors: Miller Hortense S.
Published: April 2006

The herbarium of Aylmer Bourke Lambert (1761–1842), British botanist, is of interest today because of its sale at auction after his death, and the consequent obscurity of its history. However, little known facts about its scope and fate can be found in manuscript material and published references. Lambert had many opportunities for acquiring the some 50,000 specimens, many of them types, from at least 130 collectors. The herbarium was freely consulted by many writers of the time, including Robert Brown, De Candolle, Martius, George Don and David Don. At the sale it was divided into 317 lots, bought by 16 buyers. There are today at least 18 institutions in Europe and the United States where specimens originally in the herbarium are now deposited.
THE CORRECT NAME FOR THE GENUS CUSP ARIA (RUTACEAE)
Authors: Elias Thomas S.
Published: April 2006

The correct name for the woody, neotropical genus Cusparia Humboldt is Angostura Roemer & Schultes. Argument and discussion are given along with the correct citation and synonyms for the genus.
MINORITY CYTOTYPE EXCLUSION IN LOCAL PLANT POPULATIONS
Authors: Levin Donald A.
Published: April 2006

The outcome of random cross‐pollination and incomplete self‐pollination in populations of two cytotypes not capable of hybridizing is analyzed in a simple model. The reproductive success of a cytotype is frequency‐dependent, the minority being at a disadvantage because it suffers a greater proportion of ineffectual pollinations. The reproductive handicap in a given generation leads to a greater handicap in the next, the minority cytotype being rapidly excluded from the population. Self‐pollination reduces the minority disadvantage and the tempo of the exclusion process as does the immigration of minority type pollen and seeds. It is concluded that unless two cytotypes have disparate ecological requirements, a minority disadvantage will cause the local extinction of one of the cytotypes, even though they may be equally fit in all respects.
DATES IN THE RULES OF THE INTERNATIONAL CODE OF BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE
Authors: Leussink J. A.
Published: April 2006

An account is given of the obligatory dates in the Rules of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. A list indicating which dates pertain to the main taxonomic groups is added.
BOTHRIOCHLOA INTERMEDIA — A TAXONOMIC DILEMMA
Authors: de Wet J. M. J. , Harlan J. R.
Published: April 2006

The compilospecies B. intermedia (R. Br.) A. Camus introgresses in nature with B. ewar‐tiana (Domin) C. E. Hubbard, B. ischaemum (Linn.) Keng, Capillipedium parviflorum (R. Br.) Stapf, and Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf. The species that contribute towards the variability of the compilospecies are genetically isolated from each other, except across the bridging B. intermedia. Introgression is primarily in the direction of B. intermedia, and it is proposed that such hybrid derivatives be included in the compilospecies. It is suggested that the taxa Bothriochloa O. Kuntze, Capillipedium Stapf and Dichanthium Willemet be combined, with the generic name Dichanthium taking priority.
ACHLYS CALIFORNICA — (BERBERIDACEAE) — A NEW SPECIES
Authors: Fukuda Ichiro , Baker Herbert
Published: April 2006

Achlys californica, a tetraploid, distinct in morphology and ecogeographical distribution from the diploid A. triphylla is described below as a new species. The distribution of A. californica is mostly in the coastal region from northern California to southernmost British Columbia, while A. triphylla occurs predominantly in the Cascade mountain range.

In an account of the biosystematics of Achlys published in 1967 (Fukuda, 1967), cytogenetic, morphological, ecological and distributional evidence was presented that the genus may be divided into three taxa. One of these, a diploid, A. triphylla (Sm.) DC. subsp. japonica (Max.) Fukuda, is restricted to Hokkaido and northern Honshu, in Japan. Disjunct from this, on the eastern side of the Pacific Ocean, A. triphylla subsp. triphylla is found from northern California to British Columbia.

Until this study, all western North American material of Achlys has been placed in this species. However, it is now apparent that diploid and tetraploid plants occur, each with a distinctive morphology and ecogeographical distribution, as shown in Fig. 1. They merit specific distinction.

The first specimen of Achlys was collected by Archibald Menzies, at Tulalip Bay, in the southern part of Puget Sound, now in the state of Washington, on June 4, 1794. J. E. Smith gave it the name Leontice triphylla (Smith, 1812). A. P. de Candolle pointed out that Menzies' plant differed from the members of the Asiatic genus Leontice by not developing valvate flaps when the anthers dehisce. Consequently, he created a new genus Achlys for it in 1821. In fact, the genera differ by many other characters and are sometimes placed in separate subfamilies (Rendle, 1925). The type‐specimen collected by Menzies, which is in the Smith Herbarium at the Linnean Society in London, was recognized as being of the diploid species by morphology and measurement of stomatal sizes in the central leaflet (Fukuda, 1967). For this reason the tetraploid plant, which has not yet received a formal description, is treated here.
EXTRA‐TERRESTRIAL TAXA — USE OF ESPERANTO FOR DESCRIPTIONS
Authors: Lewin Ralph A.
Published: April 2006

Esperanto is proposed, instead of Latin or English, for formal descriptions of extraterrestrial taxa, if and when found.
A TAXONOMIC DATA BANK AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM FOR A SMALL HERBARIUM
Authors: Greene Dorothy M.
Published: April 2006

An account is given of the organisation of a data bank, associated with a small herbarium, consisting of an in clear card file and an in code computer file. The system is being used in the preparation of floras for Antarctic regions, phytogeographical investigations and the planning of future field work. The data bank is comparatively inexpensive to initiate and run and an estimate is provided of growth in size relative to manpower.
THE TYPE SPECIES OF BIGNONIA L.
Authors: Gentry A. H.
Published: April 2006

The type species of Bignonia has been the subject of much speculation, three different species belonging to three separate genera at various times having been proposed as generic lectotypes. This paper documents Bignonia capreolata as the proper lectotype under the provisions of the Code of Nomenclature.
CHROMOSOME PAIRING AND PHYLOGENETIC AFFINITIES
Authors: de Wet J. M. J. , Harlan J. R.
Published: April 2006

The mechanisms of chromosome pairing are poorly understood. Yet, pairing during meiotic prophase is commonly assumed to indicate homology, and absence of pairing non‐homology between parental genomes. These assumptions lead to the widely accepted belief that data on chromosome pairing in hybrids provide indisputable evidence of degree of phylogenetic affinity between the parental taxa involved. Chromosome pairing usually, but not always, is a valid source of information on relationships in diploid hybrids, but rarely if ever provides conclusive evidence on affinities when polyploid taxa are involved.
DICHLORVOS AND LINDANE AS HERBARIUM INSECTICIDES
Authors: Lellinger David B.
Published: April 2006

The highly effective insecticide dichlorvos may be harmful to humans under certain herbarium conditions, but the danger can be minimized by using it occasionally as a space treatment rather than constantly as a protectant. Lindane is less effective, more persistant and toxic, and should not be used in herbaria.
THE ROLE OF THE BOTANIC GARDEN
Authors: Thompson P. A.
Published: April 2006

Many of the functions traditionally carried out by botanic gardens have now become the responsibility of other organisations. Nevertheless, relatively few changes have occurred in the structure and activities of most botanic gardens, and special consideration needs to be given to the particular part that they should play in botanical and horticultural developments. The functions of a botanic garden may be summarily described under the headings, investigation, conservation, education and demonstration, and these headings are used as starting points for a discussion on the role of botanic gardens in general, and the ways in which different gardens might co‐ordinate their activities with each other, and with other organisations with closely related interests.
HISTORY OF BOTANY IN THE TROPICS: RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT
Authors: Richards P. W.
Published: April 2006

The development of botany in the tropics falls into four periods: (i) the age of the pioneer botanical explorers, which extended into the 19th century, (ii) the age from then to the First World War in which the plant resources of the tropics were developed mainly by colonial governments, (iii) the period between the two World Wars when improved hygiene and transport opened up new possibilities for scientific work in tropical countries and (iv) the present period which began at the end of the Second World War, in which even greater facilities for botanical research in the tropics have been accompanied by a continually accelerating destruction of the tropical biota. The present is therefore the best moment there will ever be for studying tropical botany.
ARE CATEGORIES IN DIFFERENT PHYLA COMPARABLE?
Authors: Van Valen Leigh
Published: April 2006

There are several kinds of criteria for determining whether an average family of insects is comparable to an average family of mammals. Different combinations of criteria are appropriate for different purposes and give different results. A new metataxonomic criterion is explored for all phyla of animals and plants and for various subordinate taxa. Differences in it can be caused by sampling error, different degrees of splitting, and different patterns of evolution; these causes are more or less confounded but indicate the domain of the criterion's applicability. Body weight and other factors affect the number of species in genera and families. It is not yet known to what extent boundaries between taxa correspond to real subcontinuities in properties of the organisms. We should know what characters are, or have been, important to an organism, even for angiosperms, where little research has been directed at the problem as formulated here.
THE FLAVONOIDS AND AFFINITIES OF BLENNOSPERMA AND CROCIDIUM (COMPOSITAE)
Authors: Ornduff Robert , Saleh N. A. M. , Bohm B. A.
Published: April 2006

The tribal affinities and inter‐relationships of the Californian‐Chilean Blennosperma and the western American Crocidium (Compositae) have been the subject of controversy since the mid‐nineteenth century. Most recent workers have placed Blennosperma in the Helenieae and Crocidium in the Senecioneae. Investigations of the flavonoids of these genera indicate that at the generic level both contain quercetin‐3‐o‐galactoside, (probably isomeric) quercetin‐3‐o‐glucoside, a quercetin‐3‐o‐polyglucoside, and luteolin‐7‐o‐glucoside. The first two compounds were present in all samples tested, but the other two glycosides were not. These striking biochemical similarities and the weight of morphological evidence suggest that the two genera are closely related to each other. Both should probably be placed in the Senecioneae.
TYPIFICATION OF CACHRYS LIBANOTIS L. (UMBELLIF.)
Authors: Gruenberg‐Fertig Irene , Heyn Chaia C. , Herrnstadt Ilana
Published: April 2006

C. libanotis, the type species of the monotypic Linnaean genus Cachrys, is proved to comprise 2 genera: Cachrys L. (incl. Prangos Lindl.) and Hippomarathrum Link non P.G. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb. The relevant literature and possible type specimens are discussed. A Burser specimen (with ripe fruits), seen by Linnaeus and determined by him as C. libanotis, is chosen as the best admissible lectotype. This specimen agrees with Cachrys trifida Mill. to which, therefore, the name C. libanotis has to be reinstated. As a result of this typification the generic name Cachrys L. may be retained for the taxa conventionally considered as Cachrys L. or Prangos Lindl., while Hippomarathrum Link, being a later homonym, is proposed for conservation.
SILENE PRATENSIS(RAFN) GODRON & GREN., THE CORRECT NAME FOR WHITE CAMPION OR WHITE COCKLE (SILENE ALBA(MILLER) E. H. L. KRAUSE, NOM. ILLEG.)
Authors: McNeill J. , Prentice Honor C.
Published: April 2006

Silene albaMuhl. ex Britton (1893), although considered to be an illegitimate substitution forS. nivea(Nutt.) Otth, is validly published and as a resultS. alba(Miller) E. H. L. Krause (1901), the widely used name for the weed white campion or white cockle, is illegitimate. It is shown that the correct name for this species inSileneisS. pratensis(Rafn) Godron & Gren. A new taxonomic treatment of the infraspecific variation withinS. pratensisis outlined and three new subspecific combinations proposed.
AMARYLLIS BELLADONNA L. SPECIES PLANTARUM 293, 1753
Authors: Tjaden W. L.
Published: April 2006

Fresh evidence shows that the conclusion reached by Dandy and Fosberg in Taxon 3: 231–232 (1954) on the application of Amaryllis belladonna L., is not correct. Linnaeus did not use nor did he describe the Clifford Herbarium specimen of the Cape Belladonna Lily, but relied solely on consistent literature for the Barbados Lily (Hippeastrum puniceum, syn. H. equestre) in his Hortus Cliffortianus and hence in Species Plantarum, 1753.
PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS OF TAXONOMIC DATA WITH MULTI‐STATE DISCRETE CHARACTERS
Authors: Hill M. O. , Smith A. J. E.
Published: April 2006

It is shown how principal component analysis can be extended to allow for multi‐state discrete characters as well as continuous characters. When all the characters are discrete, the proposed extension reduces to correspondence analysis. A taxonomic example is given to illustrate the method in practice. The technique allows the estimation of a taxonomic distance between objects which have been scored for multi‐state characters. However, taxonomic structure may be better inferred directly from the ordination, rather than by constructing a taxonomic distance measure.
RECLASSIFICATION OF PSILOPHYTA
Authors: Banks Harlan P.
Published: April 2006

The historical reasons for the failure to abandon the category Psilophyta until long after it had become a catchall group for unrelated taxa are reviewed. Recent advances in the understanding of the major types of early land plants are summarized in order to test the usefulness of the three Subdivisions of Tracheophyta that were proposed by Banks in 1968; Rhyniophytina, Zosterophyllophytina, Trimerophytina.
TAXONOMIC INTERPRETATIONS OF DISCONTINUITIES IN FLOWER SIZE
Authors: Rollins Reed C.
Published: April 2006

Large differences in the sizes of floral parts producing discontinuities between different individuals or between different populations of the same or closely related taxa require different taxonomic interpretations. Autopolyploidy may produce such discontinuities as in Thelypodiopsis linearifolia (Gray) Al‐Shehbaz of southern Arizona, but the single individual with large flowers cannot be considered to be another taxon. A different situation was found in populations differing from Pennellia longifolia by a large jump in the size of floral parts. In this case, there were populations of plants which were not polyploid with respect to P. longifolia and the large size differences were consistent throughout the populations. These populations are recognized as a new species which is named in honor of Dr. Rogers McVaugh who first collected it in the Sierra Madre Occidental of Durango, Mexico.
A PHOTOGRAPHIC REGISTER OF TYPE SPECIMENS
Authors: Brummitt R. K.
Published: April 2006

In a project organised by the Association pour l'Etude Taxonomique de la Flore d'Afrique Tropicale a register of type specimens of Ranunculaceae from tropical and southern Africa has been produced by assembling photographs of relevant specimens from 30 herbaria. Each photograph is documented by two names, that of the taxon under which the specimen is filed in the herbarium holding it and (where known) that of which the specimen is the type. Additional data can be read from the photographs themselves when necessary. In herbaria where types are already clearly distinguished the method proved relatively quick and involved minimal effort by curators, and the end product was found to answer most of the problems faced by botanists wishing to locate types. No follow‐up attempt to systematically go through herbaria recording type in this way is at present envisaged, but those working on plants of tropical and southern Africa are invited to submit any photographs of type specimens from this area to the AETFAT Library in Brussels where a photographic type register will be built up slowly.
CLETHRA OCCIDENTALIS (CLETHRACEAE): A RE‐EVALUATION
Authors: Duncan Thomas
Published: April 2006

A statistical analysis of variation in Clethra occidentalis sensu lato was undertaken to reexamine its limits. Methods used are t‐tests and principal component analysis. From the evidence presented, C. occidentalis is redefined to include only Jamaican populations. It is suggested that C. hondurensis be recognized and that the disposition of other Mexican and Central American populations cannot be resolved without further revisionary study of the entire C. occidentalis complex.
COMPUTER PROGRAMS FOR CONSTRUCTING POLYCLAVE KEYS FROM DATA MATRICES
Authors: Johnston Barry C.
Published: April 2006

The theory and application of polyclave keys are discussed with details of formatting and production of decks.
THE LINNAEAN SPECIES OF GOMPHRENA L. (AMARANTHACEAE)
Authors: Mears James A.
Published: April 2006

The eleven species described as Gomphrena L. by Linnaeus are identified as species of Gomphrena, Alternanthera Forsskål, Caraxeron Rafinesque (= Philoxerus auct. mult., non R. Brown) and Froelichia Moench. Alternanthera flava (L.) Mears, comb. nov., is presented. It is demonstrated that Linnaeus' attitudes about the genus Gomphrena were more closely related to inflorescence characteristics than to stamen and stigma number.
THE RIJKSHERBARIUM AT 150 YEARS
Authors: Veldkamp J.F.
Published: April 2006

A history of the founding of the Rijksherbarium, its collections, personnel, and changes, is presented.