bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Age and Moral Foundations: A Meta-Analytic Approach
Authors: Castilla-Estévez David , Blázquez-Rincón Desirée
Published: August 2021

Several meta-analytic analyses are carried out to analyzed the relationship between age and different moral constructs based on the Moral Foundations Theory (MFT) framework. Pearson’s correlation estimates between age and any of the moral construcs were available for a total of 239 independent samples out of 122 studies. Correlation coefficients were meta-analyzed, heterogeneity was examined by searching for moderators when there were more than 30 estimates available, and a predictive model to estimate the expected correlation was proposed when several moderators showed a significant effect. The correlation between age and all the moral constructs analyzed exhibited pooled estimates of null or not relevant magnitude, ranging from –.02 to .08. The moderator analyses led to a predictive model in which participant’s mean age and ideology explained 40.80% of the total variability among the correlation between age and the Loyalty/Betrayal foundation, whereas participant’s mean age explained a significant percentage of variability (8.85 – 25.12%) for the correlations between age and the rest of moral foundations and the Individualizing group. Results show a quite stable moral matrix over the lifespan, but future research is needed for examine a possible non-linear relationship between age and moral foundations.
Transforming scholarship to co-create sustainable futures
Authors: Chabay Ilan , Renn Ortwin , van der Leeuw Sander , Droy Solène
Published: August 2021

Non-technical summary

All of humanity is facing the increasingly urgent challenge of finding pathways to the emergence of new, more sustainable patterns of living that promotes the co-evolution of natural and cultural systems. We address this challenge by proposing changes in scientific and scholarly research communities and transformations in roles, resources, actors, and institutions of scholarship (i.e., natural and social sciences, humanities, and arts), which can contribute substantially and effectively to co-designing solutions for sustainable, just, and equitable human societies.

Technical summary

The critical challenge facing humanity is the increasingly urgent need to find and implement pathways that lead humankind into a new stage of dynamic equilibrium that promotes the co-evolution of natural and cultural systems. We address this challenge for scientific and scholarly research communities and the transformations in roles, resources, actors, and institutions of scholarship (encompassing natural and social sciences, humanities, and arts), which can contribute substantially and effectively to co-designing solutions for coping with unsustainable practices and systemic risks. Our perspective builds upon a series of four workshops to identify and address global sustainability challenges at a regional scale. It is anchored in the view that nature and society are inextricably interwoven, that planetary boundaries are fundamentally societal, rather than solely environmental issues, that viable solutions to the global challenges mentioned above can be developed and most effectively implemented at a regional to local scale in conjunction with substantive changes in the education systems at all levels, and that these considerations require a complex adaptive systems approach to seeking and implementing solutions. We call for rethinking, finding creative approaches, and acting to make scholarship more capable of effectively creating just and equitable sustainable futures in diverse cultures and contexts.

Social media summary

Transforming scholarship and education to enable co-design of societal transformations to sustainable futures.
Interannual Variability of Summer Net Ecosystem CO2 Exchange in High Arctic Tundra
Authors: Braybrook Christina A. , Scott Neal A. , Treitz Paul M. , Humphreys Elyn R.
Published: August 2021

Arctic terrestrial ecosystems may be contributing to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations under amplified climate change at high‐latitudes. This research investigates how summer net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) and its component fluxes, gross primary production (GPP), and ecosystem respiration (Reco) varied over five years (2008, 2009, 2010, 2012, and 2014) at the Cape Bounty Arctic Watershed Observatory (74.92°N, 109.58°W). The eddy covariance technique was used to measure NEE and a combined light and temperature response model was used to partition NEE into GPP and Reco. Total summer NEE varied from −19.8  to 7.9 g C m−2. Despite two summers with net CO2 uptake, this tundra was likely a source of CO2 on an annual basis. In most years, growing degree days with a base 0°C (GDD0) had more predictive power than other environmental variables in random forest analyses of daily NEE. Interannual variability in total summer NEE over the five study years was also attributed to greater variability in GPP than Reco (coefficient of variation: 62% and 27%, respectively). However, total summer GDD0 significantly correlated with total summer Reco but not NEE nor GPP. Instead, summer total NEE and GPP significantly correlated with satellite‐derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), which may have exhibited carry‐over effects from one year to the next to limit the impact of current year GDD0 on total summer NEE at this tundra site.
The Origin of Late Cenozoic Magmatism in the South China Sea and Southeast Asia
Authors: Qian Shengping , Gazel Esteban , Nichols Alexander R. L. , Cheng Hao , Zhang Le , Salters Vincent J. , Li Jie , Xia Xiaoping , Zhou Huaiyang
Published: August 2021

Basaltic lavas sample recycled crustal materials from their mantle source. Constraining the location and residence time of these recycled materials in the mantle is critical to understand global mantle dynamics. In this study, we present new whole‐rock major and trace element abundances, Sr‐Nd‐Mo‐Os isotopes, water contents and He isotopes of volcanic glasses, U‐Pb ages of zircons, and compositions of melt inclusions, spinels and olivines from the South China Sea (SCS) seamounts lavas. These new data are compared with literature data from intraplate volcanism of similar age from Southeast (SE) Asia. The isotope data of late Cenozoic lavas from the SCS seamounts and SE Asia can be explained by mixing between enriched mantle 2 (EM2) and depleted mid‐ocean ridge basalt mantle components. Our data are consistent with the EM2 signature of late Cenozoic lavas derived from recycled young oceanic crust and sediments. The compositions of olivine phenocrysts indicate an olivine‐dominated (peridotitic) mantle source. There is currently no evidence for a high‐3He/4He mantle plume component beneath the SCS. Our results combined with geophysical data and plate reconstructions suggest that the late Cenozoic magmatism is related to the upwelling of instabilities from the mantle transition zone (MTZ) triggered by a stagnant slab. The SCS seamount lavas sample an enriched MTZ containing young recycled materials, consistent with regional past subduction. Our study provides additional evidence that storage and recycling of crustal materials in or near the MTZ is an important mechanism to develop global mantle heterogeneities sampled by intraplate volcanoes.
Pore Pressure Threshold and Fault Slip Potential for Induced Earthquakes in the Dallas‐Fort Worth Area of North Central Texas
Authors: Hennings P. H. , Nicot J.‐P. , Gao R. S. , DeShon H. R. , Lund Snee J.‐E. , Morris A. P. , Brudzinski M. R. , Horne E. A. , Breton C.
Published: August 2021

Earthquakes were induced in the Fort Worth Basin from 2008 through 2020 by increase in pore pressure from injection of oilfield wastewater (SWD). In this region and elsewhere, a missing link in understanding the mechanics of causation has been a lack of comprehensive models of pore pressure evolution (ΔPp) from SWD. We integrate detailed earthquake catalogs, ΔPp, and probabilistic fault slip potential (FSP) and find that faults near large‐scale SWD operations became unstable early, when ΔPp reached ∼0.31 MPa and FSP reached 0.24. Faults farther from SWD became unstable later, when FSP reached 0.17 and at much smaller ΔPp. Earthquake sequences reactivated with mean ΔPp of ∼0.05 MPa. The response of faults shows strong variability, with many remaining stable at higher ΔPp and few that became seismogenic at smaller changes. As ΔPp spread regionally, an ever‐increasing number of faults were impacted and the most sensitive became unstable.
Urbanization Magnified Nighttime Heat Waves in China
Authors: Shi Zitong , Xu Xiyan , Jia Gensuo
Published: August 2021

Nighttime heat waves have greater impacts on human society than daytime because nighttime heat waves deprive humans to recover from daytime heat and increase energy consumption for cooling. In this study, we found increased occurrence and severity of nighttime heat waves across China during 1980–2017 based on measurements from more than 2,000 meteorological stations. The nighttime heat waves have been longer lasting and occurred more often in spring and fall. Compared to rural areas, urban areas have shown enhanced frequency, intensity, and duration of nighttime heat waves. Urbanization accounted for nearly 50% of the extended duration and nearly 40% of the enhanced intensity and frequency of nighttime heat waves in urban areas relative to rural areas. Urban expansion, causing reduced evapotranspiration and weakened wind speed that normally cools the lower atmosphere by turbulent heat loss and cooled air advection, led to nighttime urban heat island, thus magnifying nighttime heat extremes.
Global Scaling of Rainfall With Dewpoint Temperature Reveals Considerable Ocean‐Land Difference
Authors: Ali Haider , Peleg Nadav , Fowler Hayley J.
Published: August 2021

Short‐duration rainfall extremes are expected to intensify with warming at around 7%/K, following the Clausius‐Clapeyron (CC) relation, causing concomitant increases in flash floods. Observed hourly rainfall extremes show consistent CC‐scaling with dewpoint temperature across all land regions. Here, we use two global climate reanalysis products (ERA5 and MERRA‐2) to examine consistency in scaling with observations, in ungauged regions and over the oceans. We find that reanalyzes underestimate observed scaling, but ERA5 provides better estimates than MERRA‐2. Scaling rates at high latitudes and midlatitudes are similar to observations, at CC, while over the tropics mixed negative‐ and super‐CC scaling rates are seen. We show underestimation of scaling rates over the tropics is related to deficiencies in simulations of extreme rainfall over orographically complex and convection dominated regions. Importantly, both reanalyzes indicate scaling rates over the ocean are substantially higher than over land, with implications for extreme weather events originating over the ocean.
Role of the Solar Minimum in the Waiting Time Distribution Throughout the Heliosphere
Authors: Nurhan Yosia I. , Johnson Jay R. , Homan Jonathan R. , Wing Simon , Aschwanden Markus J.
Published: August 2021

Many processes throughout the heliosphere such as flares, coronal mass ejections (CMEs), storms and substorms have abrupt onsets. The waiting time between these onsets provides key insights as to the underlying dynamical processes. We explore the tail of these waiting time distributions (WTDs) in the context of random processes driven by the solar magnetic activity cycle, which we approximate by a sinusoidal driver. Analytically, we find that the distribution of large waiting times of such a process approaches a power law slope of −2.5, which is primarily controlled by the conditions when the driving is minimum. We find that the asymptotic behavior of WTDs of solar flares, CMEs, geomagnetic storms, and substorms exhibit power laws that are in reasonable agreement with a sinusoidally driven nonstationary Poisson process. However, the WTD of substorms during solar minimum may be more consistent with prolonged periods of weak driving followed by abrupt increase in the rate.
Identification of a germline CSPG4 variation in a family with neurofibromatosis type 1-like phenotype
Authors: Bai Zhuanli , Qu Yiping , Shi Lin , Li Xinju , Yang Zhen , Ji Meiju , Hou Peng
Published: August 2021

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), an autosomal dominant and multisystem disorder, is generally considered to be caused by NF1 inactivation. However, there are also numerous studies showing that Neurofibromatosis type 1-like phenotype can be caused by the abnormalities in the other genes. Through targeted parallel sequencing, whole-exome sequencing, de novo genomic sequencing, and RNA isoform sequencing, we identified a germline V2097M variation in CSPG4 gene probably increased susceptibility to a NF1-like phenotype family. Besides, a series of in vitro functional studies revealed that this variant promoted cell proliferation by activating the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway via hindering ectodomain cleavage of CSPG4. Our data demonstrate that a germline variation in the CSPG4 gene might be a high risk to cause NF1-like phenotype. To our knowledge, this is the first report of mutations in the CSPG4 gene in human diseases.
Canine tumor mutational burden is correlated with TP53 mutation across tumor types and breeds
Authors: Alsaihati Burair A. , Ho Kun-Lin , Watson Joshua , Feng Yuan , Wang Tianfang , Dobbin Kevin K. , Zhao Shaying
Published: August 2021

Spontaneous canine cancers are valuable but relatively understudied and underutilized models. To enhance their usage, we reanalyze whole exome and genome sequencing data published for 684 cases of >7 common tumor types and >35 breeds, with rigorous quality control and breed validation. Our results indicate that canine tumor alteration landscape is tumor type-dependent, but likely breed-independent. Each tumor type harbors major pathway alterations also found in its human counterpart (e.g., PI3K in mammary tumor and p53 in osteosarcoma). Mammary tumor and glioma have lower tumor mutational burden (TMB) (median < 0.5 mutations per Mb), whereas oral melanoma, osteosarcoma and hemangiosarcoma have higher TMB (median ≥ 1 mutations per Mb). Across tumor types and breeds, TMB is associated with mutation ofTP53but notPIK3CA, the most mutated genes. Golden Retrievers harbor a TMB-associated and osteosarcoma-enriched mutation signature. Here, we provide a snapshot of canine mutations across major tumor types and breeds.
Simultaneous CK2/TNIK/DYRK1 inhibition by 108600 suppresses triple negative breast cancer stem cells and chemotherapy-resistant disease
Authors: Sato Katsutoshi , Padgaonkar Amol A. , Baker Stacey J. , Cosenza Stephen C. , Rechkoblit Olga , Subbaiah D. R. C. Venkata , Domingo-Domenech Josep , Bartkowski Alison , Port Elisa R. , Aggarwal Aneel K. , Ramana Reddy M. V. , Irie Hanna Y. , Reddy E. Premkumar
Published: August 2021

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains challenging because of heterogeneous responses to chemotherapy. Incomplete response is associated with a greater risk of metastatic progression. Therefore, treatments that target chemotherapy-resistant TNBC and enhance chemosensitivity would improve outcomes for these high-risk patients. Breast cancer stem cell-like cells (BCSCs) have been proposed to represent a chemotherapy-resistant subpopulation responsible for tumor initiation, progression and metastases. Targeting this population could lead to improved TNBC disease control. Here, we describe a novel multi-kinase inhibitor, 108600, that targets the TNBC BCSC population. 108600 treatment suppresses growth, colony and mammosphere forming capacity of BCSCs and induces G2M arrest and apoptosis of TNBC cells. In vivo, 108600 treatment of mice bearing triple negative tumors results in the induction of apoptosis and overcomes chemotherapy resistance. Finally, treatment with 108600 and chemotherapy suppresses growth of pre-established TNBC metastases, providing additional support for the clinical translation of this agent to clinical trials.
Non-invasive hydrodynamic imaging in plant roots at cellular resolution
Authors: Pascut Flavius C. , Couvreur Valentin , Dietrich Daniela , Leftley Nicky , Reyt Guilhem , Boursiac Yann , Calvo-Polanco Monica , Casimiro Ilda , Maurel Christophe , Salt David E. , Draye Xavier , Wells Darren M. , Bennett Malcolm J. , Webb Kevin F.
Published: August 2021

A key impediment to studying water-related mechanisms in plants is the inability to non-invasively image water fluxes in cells at high temporal and spatial resolution. Here, we report that Raman microspectroscopy, complemented by hydrodynamic modelling, can achieve this goal - monitoring hydrodynamics within living root tissues at cell- and sub-second-scale resolutions. Raman imaging of water-transporting xylem vessels in Arabidopsis thaliana mutant roots reveals faster xylem water transport in endodermal diffusion barrier mutants. Furthermore, transverse line scans across the root suggest water transported via the root xylem does not re-enter outer root tissues nor the surrounding soil when en-route to shoot tissues if endodermal diffusion barriers are intact, thereby separating ‘two water worlds’.
High-performance photonic transformers for DC voltage conversion
Authors: Zhao Bo , Assawaworrarit Sid , Santhanam Parthiban , Orenstein Meir , Fan Shanhui
Published: August 2021

Direct current (DC) converters play an essential role in electronic circuits. Conventional high-efficiency DC voltage converters, especially step-up type, rely on switching operation, where energy is periodically stored within and released from inductors and/or capacitors connected in a variety of circuit topologies. Since these energy storage components, especially inductors, are fundamentally difficult to scale down, miniaturization of switching converters proves challenging. Furthermore, the resulting switching currents produce significant electromagnetic noise. To overcome the limitations of switching converters, photonic transformers, where voltage conversion is achieved through light emission and detection processes, have been demonstrated. However, the demonstrated efficiency is significantly below that of the switching converter. Here we perform a detailed balance analysis and show that with a monolithically integrated design that enables efficient photon transport, the photonic transformer can operate with a near-unity conversion efficiency and high voltage conversion ratio. We validate the theory with a transformer constructed with off-the-shelf discrete components. Our experiment showcases near noiseless operation and a voltage conversion ratio that is significantly higher than obtained in previous photonic transformers. Our findings point to the possibility of a high-performance optical solution to miniaturizing DC power converters and improving the electromagnetic compatibility and quality of electrical power.
High performance floating self-excited sliding triboelectric nanogenerator for micro mechanical energy harvesting
Authors: Long Li , Liu Wenlin , Wang Zhao , He Wencong , Li Gui , Tang Qian , Guo Hengyu , Pu Xianjie , Liu Yike , Hu Chenguo
Published: August 2021

Non-contact triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) enabled for both high conversion efficiency and durability is appropriate to harvest random micro energy owing to the advantage of low driving force. However, the low output (<10 μC m−2) of non-contact TENG caused by the drastic charge decay limits its application. Here, we propose a floating self-excited sliding TENG (FSS-TENG) by a self-excited amplification between rotator and stator to achieve self-increased charge density, and the air breakdown model of non-contact TENG is given for a maximum charge density. The charge density up to 71.53 μC m−2 is achieved, 5.46 times as that of the traditional floating TENG. Besides, the high output enables it to continuously power small electronics at 3 m s−1 weak wind. This work provides an effective strategy to address the low output of floating sliding TENG, and can be easily adapted to capture the varied micro mechanical energies anywhere.
Classification of psychiatric symptoms using deep interaction networks: the CASPIAN-IV study
Authors: Marateb Hamid Reza , Tasdighi Zahra , Mohebian Mohammad Reza , Naghavi Azam , Hess Moritz , Motlagh Mohammad Esmaiel , Heshmat Ramin , Mansourian Marjan , Mañanas Miguel Angel , Binder Harald , Kelishadi Roya
Published: August 2021

Identifying the possible factors of psychiatric symptoms among children can reduce the risk of adverse psychosocial outcomes in adulthood. We designed a classification tool to examine the association between modifiable risk factors and psychiatric symptoms, defined based on the Persian version of the WHO-GSHS questionnaire in a developing country. Ten thousand three hundred fifty students, aged 6–18 years from all Iran provinces, participated in this study. We used feature discretization and encoding, stability selection, and regularized group method of data handling (GMDH) to classify the a priori specific factors (e.g., demographic, sleeping-time, life satisfaction, and birth-weight) to psychiatric symptoms. Self-rated health was the most critical feature. The selected modifiable factors were eating breakfast, screentime, salty snack for depression symptom, physical activity, salty snack for worriedness symptom, (abdominal) obesity, sweetened beverage, and sleep-hour for mild-to-moderate emotional symptoms. The area under the ROC curve of the GMDH was 0.75 (CI 95% 0.73–0.76) for the analyzed psychiatric symptoms using threefold cross-validation. It significantly outperformed the state-of-the-art (adjusted p < 0.05; McNemar's test). In this study, the association of psychiatric risk factors and the importance of modifiable nutrition and lifestyle factors were emphasized. However, as a cross-sectional study, no causality can be inferred.
Seasonal climate forecast can inform the European agricultural sector well in advance of harvesting
Authors: Ceglar Andrej , Toreti Andrea
Published: August 2021

Seasonal climate forecasts are a key component of sectoral climate services. Skill and reliability in predicting agro-climate indicators, co-designed with and for European wheat farmers, are here assessed. The main findings show how seasonal climate forecast provides useful information for decision-making processes in the European winter wheat-producing sector. Flowering time can be reliably predicted already at the beginning of the growing season in central and eastern Europe, thus supporting effective variety selection and timely planning of agro-management practices. The predictability of climate events relevant for winter wheat production is strongly dependent on the forecast initialization time as well as the nature of the event being predicted. Overall, regionally skillful and reliable predictions of drought events during the sensitive periods of wheat flowering and grain filling can be made already at the end of winter. On the contrary, predicting excessive wetness seems to be very challenging as no or very limited skill is estimated during the entire wheat growing season. Other approaches, e.g., linked to the use of large-scale atmospheric patterns, should be identified to enhance the predictability of those harmful events.
Record winter winds in 2020/21 drove exceptional Arctic sea ice transport
Authors: Mallett R. D. C. , Stroeve J. C. , Cornish S. B. , Crawford A. D. , Lukovich J. V. , Serreze M. C. , Barrett A. P. , Meier W. N. , Heorton H. D. B. S. , Tsamados M.
Published: August 2021

The volume of Arctic sea ice is in decline but exhibits high interannual variability, which is driven primarily by atmospheric circulation. Through analysis of satellite-derived ice products and atmospheric reanalysis data, we show that winter 2020/21 was characterised by anomalously high sea-level pressure over the central Arctic Ocean, which resulted in unprecedented anticyclonic winds over the sea ice. This atmospheric circulation pattern drove older sea ice from the central Arctic Ocean into the lower-latitude Beaufort Sea, where it is more vulnerable to melting in the coming warm season. We suggest that this unusual atmospheric circulation may potentially lead to unusually high summer losses of the Arctic’s remaining store of old ice.
A multi-channel handheld automatic spectrometer for wide range and on-site detection of okadaic acid based on specific aptamer binding
Authors: Ma Chiyu , Sun Xianyou , Kong Liubing , Wang Xinyi , Zhou Shuqi , Wei Xinwei , Kirsanov Dmitry , Legin Andrey , Wan Hao , Wang Ping
Published: August 2021

A multi-channel handheld automatic spectrometer based on spectroscopy was developed to achieve highly sensitive and on-site detection for okadaic acid, with the advantages of wide detection range, short detection time and high portability.
Skimmed milk fermented by lactic acid bacteria inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes by downregulating PPARγviaTNF-α inductionin vitro
Authors: Hyun In Kyung , Lee Ji Soo , Yoon Ji-Won , Kang Seok-Seong
Published: August 2021

The murine 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte cell line is widely used as anin vitromodel for adipogenesis because of its similarities to primary fat cells.
Polymerization-tailored polyimides as cathodes for lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Lei Sheng , Dong Yanying , Dou Yu , Zhang Xiaofang , Zhang Qing , Yang Yingkui
Published: August 2021

The sustainable development of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) urges electrode materials to be low-cost, richly sourced, environmentally benign and to have recycling capability.
Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis by phototherapy: advances and perspectives
Authors: Dong Yunxia , Cao Wei , Cao Jie
Published: August 2021

In this review, we summarized the development in the application of phototherapy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
Covalent modification of black phosphorus with alkoxy groups to improve the solubility and ambient stability
Authors: Zhao Yun , Jiang Yan , He Menglu , Jiang Gang , Zhu Xuguang , Tian Yue , Ni Zhonghai
Published: August 2021

This work develops a facile synthetic strategy to covalent modify of BP by introducing alkoxy groups as soluble side chains on the BP surface, which not only increases the solubility, but also inhibits the degradation because of the encapsulation.
Electrooxidative double C–H/C–H coupling of phenols with 3-phenylbenzothiophenes: facile access to benzothiophene derivatives
Authors: Yue Yuanyuan , Chao Junli , Wang Zhiyue , Yang Yan , Ye Yaqing , Sun Chunying , Guo Xiaohui , Liu Jianming
Published: August 2021

An efficient electrooxidative double C–H/C–H coupling of phenols with 3-phenylbenzothiophene has been furnished under external oxidant- and catalyst-free conditions. This strategy delivered highly tunable benzothiophene derivatives in good yields.
Chain-end functionalization of living helical polyisocyanides through a Pd(ii)-mediated Sonogashira coupling reaction
Authors: Xu Xun-Hui , Liu Wen-Bin , Song Xue , Zhou Li , Liu Na , Zhu Yuan-Yuan , Wu Zong-Quan
Published: August 2021

Various functional helical polymers were constructed through chain-end functionalization of living helical polyisocyanides through a Pd(ii)-mediated Sonogashira coupling reaction.
An in situ masking strategy enables radical monodecarboxylative C–C bond coupling of malonic acid derivatives
Authors: Cheng He-Li , Xie Xian-Hui , Chen Jia-Zheng , Wang Zhen , Chen Jian-Ping
Published: August 2021

An in situ masking strategy has been developed based upon the unique properties of silver catalysts to successfully achieve a radical monodecarboxylative C–C bond coupling of malonic acids with ethynylbenziodoxolone reagents.
Effect of shear flow on the hydrodynamic drag force of a spherical particle near a wall evaluated using optical tweezers and microfluidics
Authors: Geonzon Lester C. , Kobayashi Motoyoshi , Adachi Yasuhisa
Published: August 2021

The hydrodynamic drag force on a spherical particle in shear flow near-wall is investigated using optical tweezers and microfluidics.
Mode‐adaptive multifunctional control of the distributed generation‐based AC microgrid for seamless grid synchronisation
Authors: Chishti Farheen , Singh Bhim
Published: August 2021

This study presents a mode adaptive multifunctional control strategy that avoids the collapse of the microgrid due to the subsequent failure of the generation units and faulty grid. Its control allows the distributed generation‐based AC microgrid consisting of a PV panel, wind generation unit and battery energy storage to operate seamlessly during utility connected and outage operating modes. On the occurrence/clearance of the faults, the isolation/reconnection of the microgrid to the utility is ensured via static transfer switches (STSs). The change of mode occurs between the current to voltage control or vice‐versa. To ensure high‐quality power in both the modes, bias compensated normalised least mean square (BC‐NLMS) algorithm is implemented to estimate the total active current component of loads and to improve the power quality of the grid indices. Extended second order generalised integrator‐based frequency locked loop (eSOGI‐FLL) control avoids frequency and phase oscillations and provides the effective frequency and phase synchronisation. In an islanded operating mode, the enhanced proportional resonant (PR) controller along with eSOGI‐FLL regulates the load voltages. The battery energy storage facilitates uninterruptable supply to the critical loads. The efficacy of the microgrid control is illustrated by the simulated as well as experimental results.
Hierarchical guided network for low‐light image enhancement
Authors: Feng Xiaomei , Li Jinjiang , Fan Hui
Published: August 2021

Due to insufficient illumination in low‐light conditions, the brightness and contrast of the captured images are low, which affect the processing of other computer vision tasks. Low‐light enhancement is a challenging task that requires simultaneous processing of colour, brightness, contrast, artefacts and noise. To solve this problem, the authors apply the deep residual network to the low‐light enhancement task, and propose a hierarchical guided low‐light enhancement network. The key of this method is recombined hierarchical guided features through the feature aggregation module to realize low‐light enhancement. The network is based on the U‐Net network, and then hierarchically guided with the input pyramid branch in the encoding and decoding network. The input pyramid structure realizes multi‐level receptive fields and generates a hierarchical representation. The encoding and decoding structure concatenates the hierarchical features of the input pyramid and generates a set of hierarchical features. Finally, the feature aggregation module is used to fuse different features to achieve low‐light enhancement tasks. The effectiveness of the components is proved through ablation experiments. In addition, the authors are also evaluating on different data sets, and the experimental results show that the method proposed is superior to other methods in subjective and objective evaluation.
Nearly constant acceleration model for state estimation in the range‐Doppler plane
Authors: Li Keyi , Guo Zhengkun , Zhou Gongjian
Published: August 2021

The problem of motion modelling in the range‐Doppler (R‐D) plane as well as range and Doppler estimation for the Cartesian nearly constant acceleration motion, which is a common manoeuvering motion, is investigated. The temporal evolution equation is derived based on the state vector consisting of target range, Doppler and derivatives of the product of range and range rate versus time. In this way, the measurement equation of range and Doppler measurements can be maintained in a desirable linear‐Gaussian structure. Based on the non‐linear state equation and the linear measurement equation, the unscented Kalman filter is adopted to tackle the non‐linear filtering problem. The corresponding filter initialisation method is developed based on the two‐point differencing method. Explicit expressions of the initial state estimates and the initial covariance matrix are presented in analytic forms where the correlation among the state components is handled properly. The posterior Cramer–Rao lower bound (PCRLB) is provided for state estimation in the R‐D plane. Comprehensive comparisons of the proposed method against the existing R‐D state estimation methods using approximate models, Cartesian state estimator and PCRLB are carried out in simulations to demonstrate the validity and correctness of the proposed motion model and estimation method.
Fitting infrared ice spectra with genetic modelling algorithms
Authors: Rocha W. R. M. , Perotti G. , Kristensen L. E. , Jørgensen J. K.
Published: August 2021

Context.A variety of laboratory ice spectra simulating different chemical environments, ice morphologies, and thermal and energetic processing are needed in order to provide an accurate interpretation of the infrared spectra of protostars. To decipher the combination of laboratory data that best fits the observations, an automated, statistics-based computational approach is necessary.

Aims.We aim to introduce a new approach, based on evolutionary algorithms, to searching for molecules in ice mantles via spectral decomposition of infrared observational data with laboratory ice spectra.

Methods.We introduce a publicly available and open-source fitting tool calledENIIGMA(dEcompositioN of Infrared Ice features using Genetic Modelling Algorithms). The tool has dedicated Python functions to carry out continuum determination of the protostellar spectra, silicate extraction, spectral decomposition, and statistical analysis to calculate confidence intervals and quantify degeneracy. We conducted fully blind and non-blind tests with known ice samples and constructed mixtures in order to asses the code. Additionally, we performed a complete analysis of the Elias 29 spectrum and compared our findings with previous results from the literature.

Results.TheENIIGMAfitting tool can identify the correct ice samples and their fractions in all checks with known samples tested in this paper. In the cases where Gaussian noise was added to the experimental data, more robust genetic operators and more iterations became necessary. Concerning the Elias 29 spectrum, the broad spectral range between 2.5 and 20 μm was successfully decomposed after continuum determination and silicate extraction. This analysis allowed the identification of different molecules in the ice mantle, including a tentative detection of CH3CH2OH.

Conclusions.TheENIIGMAis a toolbox for spectroscopy analysis of infrared spectra that is well-timed with the launch of theJames WebbSpace Telescope. Additionally, it allows different chemical environments and irradiation fields to be explored, allowing the user to correctly interpret astronomical observations.
Interventionelle radiologische Verfahren in der Onkologie – Update 2021
Authors: Henze Jörn , Maintz David
Published: August 2021

Was ist neu?

Transarterielle Tumorembolisationen Transarterielle Tumorembolisationen wie die transarterielle Chemoembolisation (TACE) und die selektive interne Radiotherapie (SIRT) haben sich als Therapieoption bei primären und sekundären Lebertumoren etabliert und werden in onkologischen Zentren i. d. R. routinemäßig durchgeführt.

Transkutane Thermoablationen Transkutane Thermoablationen wie Radiofrequenzablation (RFA) und Mikrowellenablation (MWA) haben sich als i. d. R. kurative Therapieoptionen bei primären und sekundären Lebertumoren etabliert. Darüber hinaus werden die Verfahren zunehmend auch bei Nieren- und Lungentumoren eingesetzt.

Neue Verfahren Mit hochintensivem fokussiertem Ultraschall (HIFU) ist eine nichtinvasive Thermoablation möglich, bisher zugelassene Indikationen sind die Behandlung von Uterusmyomen, Prostatakarzinomen und Knochentumoren. Die irreversible Elektroporation (IRE) ist ein nichtthermisches Ablationsverfahren, das sich insbesondere in der Therapie von fortgeschrittenen, inoperablen Pankreaskarzinomen etabliert hat.
Update Spontanpneumothorax – primär konservativ oder sofortige chirurgische Therapie?
Authors: Hein Selina , Kappes Jutta
Published: August 2021

Was ist neu?

Stellenwert des thorakalen Ultraschalls in der Diagnostik des Pneumothorax In der Akutdiagnostik ist die thorakale Ultraschalluntersuchung in der Hand erfahrener Untersucher eine Alternative zur Röntgen-Thorax-Untersuchung, insbesondere bei Intensivpatienten, geworden. Bei unerfahrenen Untersuchern besteht jedoch die Gefahr von Fehlinterpretationen bei eingeschränkten objektivierbaren Befunddokumentationsmöglichkeiten.

Primär konservative Therapie beim mittelgroßen bis großen Pneumothorax Eine konservative Therapie ist unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen der interventionellen Therapie nicht unterlegen, was die Resorption des Pneumothorax betrifft. Darüber hinaus ist ein konservatives Therapiekonzept mit einer kürzeren Krankenhausverweildauer und weniger Komplikationen assoziiert.

Der internistische Blick auf ein chirurgisches Krankheitsbild Eine detaillierte Anamnese und eine ganzheitliche körperliche Untersuchung können Hinweise auf genetische Erkrankungen und Syndrome liefern. Die Diagnose einer genetischen Ursache erlaubt auf assoziierte Erkrankungen hin zu untersuchen und Familienmitglieder zu screenen. Darüber hinaus kann die Kenntnis der Ätiologie die Rezidivrisikoevaluation beeinflussen und eine primäroperative Therapie sinnvoll machen.
Neue Therapieoption für akute hepatische Porphyrien
Authors: Stölzel Ulrich , Schuppan Detlef
Published: August 2021

Was ist neu?

Therapie mit Givosiran Givosiran ist ein kleines synthetisches doppelsträngiges siRNA-Fragment mit 20 Basenpaaren Länge. Eine prospektive, randomisierte multizentrische Studie (Envision) zeigte erstmalig die klinische Wirksamkeit von monatlich subkutan applizierten synthetischen RNA-Molekülen („small interfering“ RNA, siRNA) zur Prävention von Attacken bei akuten hepatischen Porphyrien (AHP) 2. Die Koppelung von siRNA-Molekülen an N-Acetyl-Galaktosamin (GalNAc) und die hierdurch leberspezifische Aufnahme durch den Asialoglykoprotein-Rezeptor auf Hepatozyten sind ein Meilenstein in der Hepatologie. Dies führt zu einer hochselektiven Inhibition der Translation der bei AHP überexprimierten hepatischen Aminolävulinsäure-Synthase (ALAS1). Givosiran wurde in den USA und in Europa zur Behandlung akuter hepatischer Porphyrien zugelassen.

Fazit Der Erfolg dieser innovativen Therapie eröffnet die Möglichkeit, prinzipiell jeden Prozess auf der Ebene der hepatozytären mRNA-Translation zu hemmen. Der therapeutische Effekt der stabilisierten siRNA hält über Wochen an. Die Behandlung mit Givosiran ist aktuell jedoch sehr kostenintensiv. Aufgrund von bislang unverstandenen Veränderungen der Nierenfunktion und Aminotransferasen ist im ersten halben Jahr zudem eine monatliche Überwachung nötig.
Risikoprofil rheumatologische Basistherapie – ein Update aus dem RABBIT-Register
Authors: Albrecht Katinka , Strangfeld Anja
Published: August 2021

Was ist neu?

TNF-alpha-Inhibitoren Unter TNF-alpha-Inhibitoren (TNFi) zeigt sich kein Hinweis für ein insgesamt erhöhtes Malignomrisiko. Venöse Thromboembolien treten unter TNFi seltener auf als unter konventionellen synthetischen Disease-modifying antirheumatic Drugs (csDMARDs).

IL-6-Rezeptor-Inhibitoren Die Inzidenz von Perforationen des unteren Darmtrakts ist unter einer Behandlung mit Tocilizumab erhöht und präsentiert sich mit untypischer Symptomatik. Es gibt keinen Hinweis auf vermehrte Fazialisparesen unter Tocilizumab.

JAK-Inhibitoren Januskinase-Inhibitoren erhöhen das Risiko für das Auftreten eines Herpes zoster.

Biosimilars Originalprodukte und Biosimilars zeigen ein vergleichbares Sicherheits- und Wirksamkeitsprofil.
Neuropsychiatrische Aspekte von COVID-19 – Eine narrative
Übersicht
Authors: Rittmannsberger Hans , Barth Martin , Malik Peter , Yazdi Kurosch
Published: August 2021

Das Virus SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Type 2) und
die von ihm ausgelöste Erkrankung COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019)
können zahlreiche Organsysteme betreffen. In vorliegender Arbeit bieten
wir einen Überblick bezüglich des aktuellen Wissensstands
über die psychiatrischen Aspekte der SARS-CoV-2 Infektion.

Die Datenbanken Medline, Embase und LIVIVO wurden nach relevanter Literatur
untersucht, die letzte Abfrage erfolgte am 02.03.2021. Unterschiedliche
Stressfaktoren im Rahmen der Epidemie können zu manifesten psychischen
Erkrankungen führen. Zusätzlich besteht das Risiko psychischer
Veränderungen durch die biologischen Effekte des Virus selbst.

Beschrieben werden in unserer Arbeit psychische Symptome von an COVID-19
Erkrankten selbst sowie die psychischen Auswirkungen der Epidemie und der damit
einhergehenden sozioökonomischen und psychosozialen Stressfaktoren auch
auf nicht Erkrankte.

Bei an COVID-19 Erkrankten zeigen sich als häufigste psychiatrische
Komplikation das Auftreten von Delirien, bei hospitalisierten Patienten scheint
es zu gehäuftem Auftreten von Symptomen von Angst, Depression und
posttraumatischen Belastungsstörungen zu kommen. Es liegen auch
zahlreiche Kasuistiken über psychotische Störungen vor.
Allgemein steigert eine vorliegende psychiatrische Erkrankung (besonders eine
psychotische oder dementielle Störung) auch das Risiko einer Infektion
und eines schweren Verlaufes. Nach Ablauf einer COVID-19-Infektion ist ebenfalls
eine höhere Inzidenz von psychischen Erkrankungen zu finden, hier ist
das „Chronic Post-SARS Syndrome“ mit seinen Ausprägungen
wie Fatigue, Angst, Depression und PTSD zu nennen. Außerdem scheint der
Verlauf einer dementiellen Erkrankung durch eine Infektion mit SARS-CoV-2
negativ beeinflusst zu werden.

Ferner wird auf die Auswirkungen eingegangen, die das Bedrohungsszenario der
Epidemie und die etablierten gesellschaftlichen Schutzmaßnahmen auf die
psychische Gesundheit von Menschen mit und ohne psychische Vorerkrankungen
haben. Es zeigen sich hier in der derzeit vorliegenden Literatur hohe
Symptomwerte betreffend Angst- und depressiven Störungen sowie
posttraumatischen Belastungsstörungen, Stress, Suizidalität,
Schlafstörungen, etc. Risikofaktoren scheinen unter anderem weibliches
Geschlecht, jüngeres Alter und geringere Ressourcen sowie psychische
oder körperliche Vorerkrankungen darzustellen. Extrinsische Faktoren wie
z-B. hohes Infektionsgeschehen, große Anzahl von Todesfällen,
lange Ausgangssperren/Lockdowns, geringes Vertrauen in die Regierung und
ineffektive Maßnahmen gegen wirtschaftliche und soziale Folgen steigern
die Belastung.
lncRNA MALAT-1 Predicts Prognosis of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Zhou Aihong , Mao Kunyun , Liu Guoqiang , Li Jun , Lin Xia
Published: August 2021

Objective To evaluate the association of MALAT-1 and the prognosis of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Materials and Methods A total of 87 SLE patients and 50 healthy controls were recruited. The expression levels of MALAT-1 were measured by quantitative PCR at baseline. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed to assess the association of MALAT-1 levels with survival after adjusting for potential confounding factors.

Results The MALAT-1 levels in patients with SLE were significantly higher compared with healthy controls (p<0.01). The 10-year survival of patients with a higher MALAT-1 level was significantly lower than that of patients with a lower MALAT-1 level (HR=5.54; 95% CI: 1.49–20.55; p=0.01). Multivariate Cox regression indicated that the MALAT-1 level was significantly associated with a risk of mortality (HR=10.02, 95% CI: 1.14–88.14, p=0.04).

Conclusion The expression levels of MALAT-1 may be a promising biomarker for evaluating the prognosis of SLE patients.
High Incidence of Hyponatremia in Patients Operated for Nonsellar/Suprasellar Supratentorial Tumors—A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Venkatapura Ramesh J. , Jena Sritam S. , Christopher Rita , Bhat Dhananjaya I.
Published: August 2021

Background The incidence of hyponatremia is high in supratentorial tumors. However, most studies of supratentorial tumors have included patients with sellar/suprasellar tumors. It is common knowledge that sellar tumors have higher incidence and severity of hyponatremia. Incidence of hyponatremia is not known if we exclude sellar/suprasellar tumors. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the incidence of hyponatremia in supratentorial tumors after excluding sellar/suprasellar tumors.

Methods After institutional ethics committee approval and written informed consent, adult patients with supratentorial tumors (nonsellar/suprasellar) were recruited, and data were collected prospectively. In all patients, serum electrolytes were measured every 2 to 3 days. Hyponatremia was defined as serum sodium of <135 mEq/L. All the patients were followed up till death or discharge from the hospital.

Results A total of 61 patients’ data were analyzed. There were 31 male and 30 female patients with an average age of 44 years. There were 23 meningiomas, 36 gliomas, and 2 other tumors. Forty patients (66%) developed hyponatremia during hospital stay. There were 29 mild cases (serum sodium 131–134 mEq/L), 7 were moderate (serum sodium 126–130 mEq/L), and 4 were severe (serum sodium <126 mEq/L). Three hyponatremic meningioma patients died, of which two had mild hyponatremia and one had severe hyponatremia. Duration of hospital stay was longer in hyponatremic patients.

Conclusion The incidence of hyponatremia is high in supratentorial tumor patients after excluding sellar/suprasellar lesions. In the majority of patients, the disturbance is mild. Hyponatremic patients has a longer hospital stay and higher mortality.
Huge Sellar Plasmacytoma as Differential Diagnosis of Invasive Pituitary Adenoma: A Case Report
Authors: Filgueira-Junior J. A. , Dornelas M. H. , Barboza-Filho R. , Basílio D. B. , Valadares R. J. B. , Barbosa B. A.
Published: August 2021

Sellar plasmacytomas are rare tumors arising from plasma cells. They are often misdiagnosed as adenomas. We report the case of a 63-year-old woman with headache, cranial nerve III palsy and decreased visual acuity. Imaging revealed an extensive lesion centered on the clivus, extending to the cavernous sinus bilaterally and into the sphenoid sinus. The hormonal tests were compatible with panhypopituitarism and mild hyperprolactinemia. The first hypothesis was invasive pituitary adenoma. Partial resection was achieved, and the immunohistochemical evaluation was compatible with plasmacytoma. After a few weeks, she developed lumbar and hip pain, and the imaging confirming osteolytic lesions. The final diagnosis was multiple myeloma.
Effect of Heat and Moisture Exchange Filter on the Dead Space Ventilation in a Pediatric Patient
Authors: Bhagwat Mrunmayee , Surve Rohini M. , Patwardhan Prathamesh
Published: August 2021

The use of heat and moisture exchange filter (HMEF) has become a routine standard of care in general anesthesia (GA), more so, during the current COVID-19 pandemic times. However its routine use, especially in pediatric patients, has several issues. We report a case of increased dead space ventilation in a pediatric patient due to the presence of HMEF. Hypercapnia and its cause was instantly diagnosed with two capnography sampling lines placed at two ends of the HMEF.