bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hacia una mejor comprensión de la validez y confiabilidad en la investigación: apuntes desde el entorno universitario
Authors: Fernández-Bringas Teresa Cecilia , Perez-Martinot Manuel Raul , Bardales-Mendoza Olga Teodora
Published: February 2025

Este ensayo se fundamenta en observaciones y experiencias derivadas de la actividad docente que están centradas en proyectos de investigación de pre- y posgrado. En estos proyectos, las evaluaciones de validez y confiabilidad a menudo constituyen una fuente de error que conduce a la generación de información poco fiable.
La responsabilidad ética en términos de valor social y científico recae en la idónea generación de conocimiento. Por esta razón, se consideró esencial describir los conceptos y procedimientos fundamentales de los criterios de rigor que aseguran la validez y la confiabilidad de una investigación. Esto, a su vez, contribuye al conocimiento y beneficia a la sociedad.
Además, se abordan las diferencias entre la investigación cuantitativa y cualitativa en relación con la validez y la confiabilidad. Se destaca que la investigación cualitativa demanda una atención continua a lo largo de todo el proceso, lo que la convierte en un enfoque más complejo y comprometido. La existencia de diversos diseños de investigación cualitativa añade aún más complejidad a los criterios que deben emplearse.
Como responsabilidad docente, se plantea el compromiso de asegurar que los estudiantes universitarios estén plenamente conscientes del impacto de sus acciones de investigación en la generación de conocimiento veraz.
Análisis de los índices de dificultad y discriminación de las pruebas de opción múltiple: una herramienta para la evaluación formativa
Authors: Muñoz Liliana Aidee , Casas Tolentino Naolly , Pozu Franco Jamine
Published: February 2025

En un contexto donde existen la formación de competencias y el surgimiento de tecnologías de inteligencia artificial generativas, surge la interrogante sobre la efectividad de la evaluación de los aprendizajes. Entre los instrumentos de evaluación, se encuentran las pruebas de opción múltiple, y el desafío es que puedan ser un complemento para la evaluación formativa; para ello es esencial que su constructo contemple criterios de calidad. Objetivo: Determinar los índices de dificultad y discriminación de las pruebas de opción múltiple elaboradas por los docentes de diversas asignaturas del primer año de estudios universitarios. Así también que, con los resultados de su aplicación, brinden información oportuna para el seguimiento y acompañamiento de los estudiantes desde un enfoque formativo de la evaluación. Materiales y métodos: El estudio fue de enfoque cuantitativo de corte transversal descriptivo, aplicando la teoría clásica de la medición; se analizaron 140 reactivos distribuidos en 7 pruebas, las cuales se aplicaron a una muestra variada de estudiantes. Resultado: El análisis general mostró que las pruebas tuvieron un índice de dificultad (p) ideal (>=45 y <=75) con una media de 0.53 y una frecuencia de 87 (62%) reactivos en el rango de dificultad ideal, y un índice de discriminación (D) excelente (>0,34) con una media de 0.51. Sin embargo, se identificaron 12 reactivos, distribuidos en casi todas las pruebas, que no cumplían con los criterios mínimos de calidad. Conclusión: Se determinaron los indicadores de calidad de las pruebas y sus reactivos permitiendo así detectar aquellos que requieren una redefinición y aquellos que ponen de manifiesto áreas de aprendizaje en los estudiantes que necesitan ser reforzadas.
Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome: A Review of Rare Neuromuscular Disease Related to Paraneoplastic and Autoimmune
Authors: Fardhani Ichlasul Mahdi , Graciella Cindy , Rayyan Muhammad Isra Rafidin
Published: February 2025

Highlight:

LEMS is a rare neurological disease with fluctuating symptoms
Delays and misdiagnosis of LEMS disease often occur
The two main pathophysiologies of LEMS are autoimmune and paraneoplastic.

 
ABSTRACT
A rare condition known as Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) affects the neuromuscular junctions, which are the connections between muscles and nerves. Tumor-associated or autoimmune causes trigger this condition. This mechanism depends on the presence of antibodies that directly attach to voltage-gated calcium channels located on the presynaptic nerve terminals. LEMS disease is divided into non-paraneoplastic or non-tumor LEMS (NT-LEMS) and paraneoplastic LEMS (P-LEMS). NT-LEMS is believed to be caused by an autoimmune process. On the other hand, P-LEMS has an underlying tumor, and LEMS symptoms are paraneoplastic manifestations of the tumor. Clinical signs of LEMS include proximal muscle weakness, autonomic dysfunction, and decreased deep tendon reflexes. The predominant sign of LEMS is weakness of the lower extremities. The defining characteristic of LEMS is a weakness that spreads from caudal to cranial, causing oculobulbar manifestations, and from proximal to distal, potentially involving the feet and hands. The diagnosis of LEMS depends on clinical, electromyographic, and serological findings of anti-VGCC antibodies. Therefore, comprehensive oncologic screening and monitoring should promptly follow a diagnosis of LEMS. The standard approach to treating LEMS symptoms is administering drugs that improve neurotransmission, such as potassium channel blockers and amifampridine. In refractory cases, immunosuppressants or immunomodulator agents, such as a combination of prednisone and azathioprine, are used. If a tumor is detected, oncological therapy should be a priority.
Self-powered sensing for health monitoring and robotics
Authors: Liu Shu-Zheng , Guo Wen-Tao , Zhao Xin-Hua , Tang Xin-Gui , Sun Qi-Jun
Published: February 2025

Self-powered sensing technology plays a key role in autonomous and portable systems, with applications in health monitoring and robotics. These sensors, which do not rely on external power sources, offer stable, continuous data acquisition for real-time monitoring and complex interactions. For instance, triboelectric nanogenerators have enabled self-powered wearable sensors to monitor vital signs such as heart beat rate and respiration by converting body movement into electrical energy, eliminating the need for batteries. Despite their advantages, challenges remain in large-scale manufacturing, miniaturization, and multifunctional integration. Overcoming these challenges may require innovative advances in novel materials, intelligent algorithms, and multifunctional integration strategies. This perspective summarizes recent advances and existing challenges in self-powered sensing technologies for health monitoring and robotics applications, and provides an outlook on their future development.
Digitalization Directions within Financial Audit Missions
Authors:   "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Romania, TOFAN Dragos Ovidiu , AIRINEI Dinu ,   Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Romania
Published: February 2025

The current economic dynamics as well as the volatility of
the markets or of certain sectors of activity explain the
current increasingly pressing need to access complete
and updated information on the financial statements of the
analyzed organizations. The financial auditor has the
necessary expertise to respond to such a desire, but he
must rely on new tools dedicated to data processing in
order to overcome certain barriers determined by the
current information complexity. The paper captures some
of the directions of digitalization in carrying out audit
missions by revealing advantages and also challenges
specific to such innovations. Thus, concrete examples are
given, depending on the stages of the financial audit, such
as the auditor's own controls or the collection of evidence,
processes to which digitalization contributes significantly
but also a series of conditions regarding the opportunity,
ethics or legal compliance of such technologies.
INFLUÊNCIA DA TWITCH NA PUBLICIDADE: Adaptação empresarial no streaming
Authors: Almeida Cristóvão Domingos de , Santos Maria Amiden dos
Published: February 2025

Com o surgimento de novas plataformas e o avanço da internet, a publicidade precisou se adaptar para alcançar o público de forma efetiva. A plataforma Twitch se destacou nesse contexto permitindo transmissões ao vivo e interação com o público. O Itaú lançou o Player’s Bank (2022), demonstrou uma estratégia de marketing sólida, direcionado ao público gamer, e se adaptou às características desse mercado, utilizando influenciadores e linguagem adequada para conquistar os públicos. Utilizando da netnografia categorizamos em três pontos importantes para a efetividade das campanhas, credibilidade, estratégia e resultados. Constata-se que é importante reconhecer o impacto dos avanços tecnológicos nas produções de publicidades, com intuito de entender a mudança de comportamento dos consumidores.
A Proof of the Riemann Hypothesis Based on a New Expression of the Completed Zeta Function
Authors: Zhang Weicun
Published: February 2025

The Riemann Hypothesis (RH) is proved based on a new expression of the completed zeta function ξ(s)ξ(s), which was obtained through pairing the conjugate zeros ρiρi​ and ρi‾ρi​​ in the Hadamard product, with consideration of the multiplicity of zeros. That is,ξ(s)=ξ(0)∏ρ(1−sρ)=ξ(0)∏i=1∞(1−sρi)(1−sρi‾)ξ(s)=ξ(0)ρ∏​(1−sρ)=ξ(0)i=1∏∞​(1−ρi​s​)(1−ρi​​s​) =ξ(0)∏i=1∞(βi2αi2+βi2+(s−αi)2αi2+βi2)mi=ξ(0)i=1∏∞​(αi2​+βi2​βi2​​+αi2​+βi2​(s−αi​)2​)mi​where ξ(0)=12ξ(0)=21​, ρi=αi+jβiρi​=αi​+jβi​, and ρi‾=αi−jβiρi​​=αi​−jβi​, with 0<αi<10<αi​<1 and βi≠0βi​=0 as real numbers. mi≥1mi​≥1 is the multiplicity of ρiρi​, and 0<∣β1∣≤∣β2∣≤…0<∣β1​∣≤∣β2​∣≤….Then, according to the functional equation ξ(s)=ξ(1−s)ξ(s)=ξ(1−s), we have:∏i=1∞(1+(s−αi)2βi2)mi=∏i=1∞(1+(1−s−αi)2βi2)mii=1∏∞​(1+βi2​(s−αi​)2​)mi​=i=1∏∞​(1+βi2​(1−s−αi​)2​)mi​Owing to the divisibility contained in the above equation and the uniqueness of mimi​, each polynomial factor can only divide (and thereby equal) the corresponding factor on the opposite side of the equation.Thus, we obtain:(1+(s−αi)2βi2)mi=(1+(1−s−αi)2βi2)mi,i=1,2,3,…,∞(1+βi2​(s−αi​)2​)mi​=(1+βi2​(1−s−αi​)2​)mi​,i=1,2,3,…,∞This is further equivalent to:αi=12,0<∣β1∣<∣β2∣<∣β3∣<…,i=1,2,3,…,∞αi​=21​,0<∣β1​∣<∣β2​∣<∣β3​∣<…,i=1,2,3,…,∞Thus, we conclude that the Riemann Hypothesis is true.
Natural Spacetime: Describing Nature in Natural Concepts
Authors: Niemz Markolf H.
Published: February 2025

Today’s physics describes nature in “empirical concepts” (based on observation), such as coordinate space/time in special relativity (SR), curved spacetime in general relativity (GR), and wave/particle. There are coordinate-free formulations of SR/GR, but there is no absolute time in SR/GR and thus no “holistic view” (universal for all objects at the same instant in time). I show: Euclidean relativity (ER) provides a holistic view by describing nature in “natural concepts” (immanent in all objects). Proper space/time (pure distance) replace coordinate space/time. Curved worldlines in flat Euclidean spacetime (ES) replace curved spacetime. “Wavematters” (pure energy) replace wave/particle. Any object’s proper space d1, d2, d3 and its proper time τ span d1, d2, d3, d4 (ES), where d4 = cτ. The invariant is absolute, cosmic time θ. All energy moves through ES at the speed c. An observer’s view is created by orthogonally projecting ES to his proper space and to his proper time. For each object, there is a 4D vector “flow of proper time” τ. Information is lost if the 4D vector τ is ignored, as in SR/GR. ER solves the Hubble tension. Also, ER declares dark energy and non-locality obsolete. I conclude: (1) Acceleration rotates an object’s τ and curves its worldline in flat ES. (2) Information hidden in τ solves 15 mysteries. (3) Different concepts disable a unification of SR/GR and ER. Either scope is limited. We must not apply SR/GR but ER whenever τ is crucial (high-redshift supernovae, entanglement). We must not apply ER but SR/GR whenever we use empirical concepts.
Ex Situ Conservation and Ornamental Evaluation of the Endangered Amberboa moschata (Asteraceae) in Armenia
Authors: Akopian Janna , Ghukasyan Anahit , Elbakyan Araksya , Martirosyan Lora , Hovakimyan Zhanna
Published: February 2025

The article presents data on morpho-phenological, karyological, palynological, some eco-physiological and ornamental features of the Armenian flora endangered species Amberboa moschata (L.) DC. (Asteraceae). According to conducted exploration, the plants cultivated in the Yerevan Botanical Garden have satisfactory adaptive capacity, a complete development cycle, the ability to form mature seeds and self-renewal by seeds, and higher parameters of total moisture, transpiration intensity and photosynthesis compared to natural ones. The diploid cytotype has been found for the species to be 2n=32, the karyotype is asymmetric, with chromosomes, 0.77–1.91µm in size. The average pollen fertility of A. moschata is high, 96.7–96.9% in both natural and cultivated samples. A scale of ornamental properties of A. moschata has been compiled, including 15 characteristics of the plant. The total duration of plant ornamental period under cultivation is about 98 days, the maximum ornamental effect is observed during the flowering period of 68–70 days. The studied species is recommended for creating living collections in botanical gardens and utilization in ornamental gardening and landscaping as measures for its ex situ conservation. The article is illustrated with a map, original photographs and tables.
Search for Sources of Systematic Error in Astrometric Measurements of the Cosmological Constant
Authors: Overholt Michael
Published: February 2025

Among the theoretical problems with the prevailing theory of cosmology, Lambda Cold Dark Matter (λCDM), the most serious appears to be the twofold problem with the cosmological constant lambda: Dark Energy and Hubble Tension. Despite a two-decade search for systematic errors in astrometry the problems have not been resolved. This paper posits a potential source of error that may have affected astrometry related to the current and past measurements of lambda.
Expanded Spectrum and Increased Incidence of Adverse Events Linked to COVID-19 Genetic Vaccines: New Concepts on Prophylactic Immuno-Gene Therapy, Iatrogenic Orphan Disease and Platform-Inherent Challenges
Authors: Szebeni Janos
Published: February 2025

The mRNA- and DNA-based “genetic” COVID-19 vaccines can induce a broad range of adverse events (AEs), with statistics showing significant variation depending on timing and data analysis methods. Focusing only on lipid nanoparticle-enclosed mRNA (mRNA-LNP) vaccines, this review traces the evolution of statistical conclusions on AE prevalence and incidence associated with these vaccines, from initial underestimation of atypical, severe toxicities to recent claims suggesting the possible contribution of Covid-19 vaccinations to the excess deaths observed in many countries over the past few years. Among hundreds of different AEs listed in Pfizer’s pharmacovigilance survey, the present analysis categorizes the main symptoms according to organ systems, nearly all being affected. Using data from the US Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System and a global vaccination dataset, a comparison of the prevalence and incidence rates of AEs induced by genetic versus flu vaccines revealed an average 26-fold increase in AEs with genetic vaccines. The difference is especially pronounced in the case of severe ‘Brighton-listed’ AEs, which are also observed in COVID-19 and post-COVID conditions. Among these, the increases of incidence rates relative to flu vaccines, given as x-fold rises, were 1,152x, 455x, 226x, 218x, 162x, 152x; and 131x, for myocarditis, thrombosis, death, myocardial infarction, tachycardia, dyspnea, and hypertension, respectively. The review delineates the concepts that genetic vaccines can be regarded as prophylactic immuno-gene therapies, and that the chronic disabling AEs might be categorized as iatrogenic orphan diseases. It also examines the unique vaccine characteristics that could be causally related to abnormal immune responses potentially leading to adverse events and complications. These new insights may contribute to improving the safety of this platform technology and assessing the risk-benefit balance of various products.
Aging as a Loss of Goal-Directedness: An Evolutionary Simulation and Analysis Unifying Regeneration with Anatomical Rejuvenation
Authors: Pio-Lopez Léo , Hartl Benedikt , Levin Michael
Published: February 2025

Aging is an extensive biological process characterized by morphological and functional alterations in cellular and extracellular components, resulting in a systematic decline in biological functions ultimately leading to death. Although substantial advancements have been made in manipulating lifespan in model organisms like C. elegans and mice through genetic, dietary, and pharmacological means, the fundamental mechanisms driving aging in humans remain elusive and widely debated. In addition, there is no comprehensive computational platform capable of making predictions on aging in multicellular systems and integrating the multiscale competency of lifeforms. We focus on the processes that build and maintain a complex anatomy toward a specific target morphology, and propose the hypothesis that aging arises even in the absence of accumulated cellular or genetic damage, because a homeodynamic system left without any goal in anatomical morphospace will start degrading. This can occur in biological systems because evolution typically prioritizes development over morphostasis, leaving organisms with limited reinforcement of anatomical goals after development. Using an in silico model of homeostatic morphogenesis with a multiscale competency architecture and information dynamics analysis, we find: (1) Absence of Long-Term Morphostasis: Aging emerges naturally after development due to the lack of an evolved regenerative goal, rather than just specific detrimental properties of developmental programs (e.g., antagonistic pleiotropy or hyperfunction); (2) Acceleration Factors vs. Root Cause: Cellular misdifferentiation, reduced competency, communication failures, and genetic damage all accelerate aging but are not its primary cause; (3) Information Dynamics in Aging: Aging correlates with increased active information storage and transfer entropy, while spatial entropy measures distinguish two dynamics—loss of structure and morphological noise accumulation; (4) Dormant Regenerative Potential: Despite organ loss, spatial information persists in the cybernetic tissue, indicating a memory of lost structures, which can be reactivated for organ restoration through targeted regenerative information; and (5) Optimized Regeneration Strategies: Restoration is most efficient when regenerative information includes differential patterns of affected cells and their neighboring tissue, highlighting strategies for rejuvenation. These findings provide a novel perspective on aging dynamics with significant implications for longevity research and regenerative medicine.
Quantum Relativity (Impact of Energy with Space-Time 4)
Authors: Ismail Ahmed Mohamed , Mohamed Samira Ezzat
Published: February 2025

This research answers the knowledge gap regarding the explanation of the quantum jump of the electron. This scientific paper aims to complete Einstein’s research regarding general relativity and attempt to link general relativity to quantum laws.
Trustworthy AI for Whom? GenAI Detection Techniques of Trust Through Decentralized Web3 Ecosystems
Authors: Calzada Igor , Németh Géza , Al-Radhi Mohammed Salah
Published: February 2025

As generative AI (GenAI) technologies proliferate, ensuring trust and transparency in digital ecosystems becomes increasingly critical, particularly within democratic frameworks. This article examines decentralized Web3 mechanisms—blockchain, decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs), and data cooperatives—as foundational tools for enhancing trust in GenAI. These mechanisms are analyzed within the framework of the EU’s AI Act and the Draghi Report, focusing on their potential to support content authenticity, community-driven verification, and data sovereignty. Based on a systematic policy analysis, this article proposes a multi-layered framework to mitigate the risks of AI-generated misinformation. Specifically, as a result of this analysis, it identifies and evaluates seven detection techniques of trust stemming from the action research conducted in the Horizon Europe lighthouse project called Enfield: (i) federated learning for decentralized AI detection, (ii) blockchain-based provenance tracking, (iii) Zero-Knowledge Proofs for content authentication, (iv) DAOs for crowdsourced verification, (v) AI-powered digital watermarking, (vi) explainable AI (XAI) for content detection, and (vii) Privacy-Preserving Machine Learning (PPML). By leveraging these approaches, the framework strengthens AI governance through peer-to-peer (P2P) structures while addressing the socio-political challenges of AI-driven misinformation. Ultimately, this research contributes to the development of resilient democratic systems in an era of increasing technopolitical polarization.
Pyrolysis Kinetics of Herbaceous Biomass Feedstocks Using Isoconversion Methods
Authors: Oginni Oluwatosin
Published: February 2025

Pyrolysis is a major thermochemical conversion technology utilized in converting biomass to liquid fuel and bioproducts. A major process in this technology is the thermal decomposition of biomass which determines the pyrolysis products distribution. In order to optimize the distribution of these pyrolysis products, it is imperative to understand the thermal decomposition behaviors of the biomass feedstocks. The objective of this study was to investigate the thermal decomposition behaviors of Public Miscanthus and Kanlow Switchgrass using isoconversional methods. Thermogravimetric analysis was carried out by heating the biomass samples from room temperature to 700 ⁰C in an inert condition at heating rates of 5, 15, and 25 ºC/min. Three isoconversional methods (Friedman, Ozawa-Flynn-Wall, and Kissinger-Akhira-Sunrose) were used in estimating the kinetic parameters. The thermal decomposition process for the biomass samples was divided into three broad stages based on the temperature range, namely, moisture & light volatile release (< 200 ℃), devolatilization & biochar formation (200 – 400 ℃), and poly-condensation & biochar aromatization (> 400 ℃). The estimated activation energy values were influenced by the fractional conversion. There was a variation in the activation energy values estimated by the isoconversional methods, which is due to the difference in their estimation approach.
Medical Decision-Making Amid Insufficient, Unreliable or Conflicting Empirical Evidence
Authors: Tozzi Arturo
Published: February 2025

Medical decision-making relies on scientific data to ensure accurate diagnoses and effective treatments. However, in many real-world scenarios, medical data may be incomplete, unreliable or conflicting, leaving clinicians with significant uncertainty. We propose a pragmatic and structured approach to medical judgment when sufficient empirical evidence is unavailable. We build a heuristic model that integrates multiple sources of knowledge—including evidence-based medicine levels, expert consensus, individual clinical experience, logical reasoning and cognitive biases—to derive a quantifiable degree of belief in a given treatment decision. Each source is assigned a weighted value and their cumulative score determines whether a proposed medical intervention should be accepted or rejected. Unlike traditional Bayesian models, which rely on probabilistic updates, our method prioritizes pragmatic decision-making through an aggregation of both statistical and non-statistical evidence. Our approach integrates both subjective and collective knowledge, emphasizing the central role of clinical expertise and contextual factors in medical practice when evidence-based medicine is insufficient. Through a hypothetical case study on antibiotic administration, we illustrate the practical application of our model. We conclude that our heuristic belief-aggregation model, by formalizing the weighting of diverse epistemic sources—including pragmatic reasoning—enhances decision-making in ambiguous medical contexts where conventional empirical validation is unavailable.
The Effect of Sensory Integration on Neuroplasticity and Functional Recovery in Neurological Patients
Authors: Patagia Bakaraki Myrto
Published: February 2025

This study examines the impact of SI-based treatments on neuroplastic alterations and functional recovery in persons with acquired neurological disorders. We quantify cortical remodeling following organized sensory-based therapies using standardized functional evaluations and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Proprioceptive, vestibular, and tactile inputs are used in designed SI activities to integrate sensory-motor skills. Changes in sensorimotor network activation, enhancements in activities of daily living (ADLs), and general functional independence are examples of outcome measures. The function of SI in adult neurological rehabilitation has not been thoroughly investigated, despite its extensive usage in developmental disorders. In diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS), traumatic brain injury (TBI), and stroke, neuroplasticity—the brain's capacity to rearrange itself in response to experience or injury—is a crucial rehabilitation process. The objective of this research is to develop a novel method of neurological rehabilitation by fusing SI concepts with contemporary neuroscience. The results will strengthen the body of evidence supporting sensory-based therapies to promote functional neuroplasticity. Additionally, the study will give doctors a foundation for using SI in adult rehabilitation settings. This effort will demonstrate the potential of SI to enhance recovery trajectories for individuals with stroke, TBI, and MS, bridging the gap between occupational therapy and neuroscience. Long-term impacts and the integration of SI into multimodal rehabilitation programs should be the focus of future research.
Sensitive and Specific Detection of African Swine Fever Virus Variants: A Novel Quadplex Real-Time PCR Assay with Internal Control
Authors: Wang Lihua , Li Yuzhen , Zhang Xirui , Madera Rachel , Pantua Homer , Craig Aidan , Muro Nina , Li Danqin , Retallick Jamie , Ferreyra Franco Matias , Truong Quang Lam , Nguyen Lan Thi , Shi Jishu
Published: February 2025

African swine fever (ASF), a highly contagious and lethal viral disease, continues to devastate the global swine industry. The emergence of ASF virus (ASFV) variants with varying genomic deletions poses significant challenges to ASF control. This study presents a novel, sensitive, and reliable quadplex real-time PCR assay for detecting ASFV variants lacking key genes (I177L, EP402R, and MGF360-14L), either individually or in combination. The assay targets conserved regions within these genes, ensuring broad coverage of diverse ASFV genotypes. A porcine beta-actin (ACTB) internal control was incorporated to minimize false-negative results. Optimization and evaluation using spike-in tests demonstrated high sensitivity with a limit of detection (LOD) ranging from 1-10 plasmid copies or 0.1 TCID50 of ASFV isolates per reaction. No cross-reactivity was observed when testing serum samples from pigs infected with other common swine viruses. Further validation across a diverse panel of samples, comprising those from naturally ASFV-infected field pigs (n=54), experimentally ASFV-infected pigs (n=50), PBS-inoculated pigs (n=50), ASFV-free field pigs (n=100), and feral pigs (n=6), confirmed 100% specificity. This robust assay provides a valuable tool for rapid and accurate ASF surveillance and control efforts, facilitating the timely detection and mitigation of outbreaks caused by emerging ASFV variants.
Time-Impact Optimal Trajectory Planning for Wafer Handling Robotic Arms Based on Improved Snake Optimization Algorithm
Authors: Ji Yujie , Yu Jiale
Published: February 2025

To enhance the working efficiency of a wafer transport robotic arm and simultaneously alleviate the impact and vibration during the motion process, a trajectory planning approach based on an improved snake optimization (ISO) algorithm is proposed. The following improvements have been made to the snake optimization (SO) algorithm: the introduction of a Chaotic Tent Map for initializing the swarm, the use of randomly perturbed dynamic learning factors to replace fixed values, the application of a cosine annealing learning rate for self-adaptively updating individual positions, and the incorporation of Bayesian optimization for parameterization and fine-tuning of the system's selection process. Furthermore, the ISO is introduced into Cartesian space of the robotic arm to effectively address the trajectory planning issue of the single-segment start-stop S-shaped speed curve with arc transitions. The simulation results indicate that the improved S-shaped speed curve has increased by 24.1% compared with the original plan, and the mean and variance rankings of ISO algorithm have respectively improved by 60.8% and 63.4% compared with the SO algorithm. Meanwhile, this study has successfully achieved the Pareto optimal solution with time and impact as the targets based on the established MATLAB experimental simulation platform.
Ecological Grief and the Dual Process Model of Coping with Bereavement
Authors: Pihkala Panu
Published: February 2025

The Dual Process Model of Coping with Bereavement (DPM) is a well-known framework in contemporary grief research and counselling. It depicts how mourners oscillate between various tasks and reactions. There’s a need to engage more with the intense feelings of loss (Loss-Oriented tasks), but also with other things in life and other parts of the adjustment process after a loss (Restoration-Oriented tasks). This interdisciplinary article applies the framework to ecological grief and extends it to collective levels. While the DPM has been broadened to family dynamics (Stroebe and Schut 2015), many subjects of grief are even more collective and require mourning from whole communities or societies. Religious communities can be in an important role in this. The article provides a new application called the DPM-EcoSocial and discusses the various tasks named in it, which are ultimately based on grief researcher Worden’s work. The particularities of ecological grief are discussed, such as the complications caused by guilt dynamics, climate change denial, attribution differences about climate disasters, and nonfinite losses. Grief and grievance are intimately connected in ecological grief, and (religious) communities have important tasks for remembrance, mourning, and witness. The collective processes can lead to meaning reconstruction, transilience, and adversarial growth.
Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of Secretory Protein G22 on Biological Characteristics and Virulence of Streptococcus suis
Authors: Fan Shiyue , Tan Yanping , Li Zhiwei , Zhang Yanyan , Li Jinquan , Feng Ye , He Yi , Chen Xiaoling , Dong Xingxing
Published: February 2025

Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) is an important zoonotic pathogen that seriously harms the swine industry and human health. However, its pathogenic mechanisms are largely unknown, and the several virulence factors reported so far are insufficient to systematically explain its pathogenic and infectious mechanisms. In preliminary research, we identified a gene named G22 encoding a hypothetical secreted protein that may be closely associated with the high-level pathogenicity of S. suis. In this study, we constructed deletion and complementation strains of the G22 gene through homologous recombination and explored its roles in the pathogenicity and stress environment susceptibility of Streptococcus suis through in vitro and in vivo experiments. The deletion of G22 clearly influenced the typical capsular structure of SS2, and impaired the bacterium’s growth in medium containing hydrogen peroxide (showing a growth reduction of 32.98% ± 5.23% compared to the wildtype strain SC19, p < 0.001) or with a low pH (with a growth inhibition of 17.44% ± 1.9% relative to the wildtype strain SC19, p < 0.01). ΔG22 also showed reduced survival in whole blood and in RAW 264.7 macrophages (with a survival reduction of 16.44% ± 2.29% compared to the wildtype, p < 0.001). The deletion of G22 also sharply attenuated the virulence of SS2 in a mouse infection model (reducing the mortality rate by 50% ± 0.04%, p < 0.05). We also demonstrate that G22 induces the adhesion and invasion of SS2 in host cells. An RNA sequencing analysis revealed that 50 genes were differentially expressed in the ΔG22 and wild-type strains; 23 upregulated and 37 downregulated. Many of the genes are involved in carbohydrate metabolism and the synthesis of virulence-associated factors. Several genes associated with the phosphotransferase system were significantly upregulated in strain ΔG22. In summary, G22 plays a role in the morphological development and pathogenesis of the highly virulent SS2 strain SC19.
Comparison of Common Errors Made by Women During Pelvic Floor Muscle Contraction Training: Verbal Education, Digital Vaginal Palpation Training, Perineometer Training- Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Öge Duygu Sultan , Kılıç Hamzaoğlu Fatma , Doğan Hanife , Akbayrak Türkan
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of pelvic floor muscle contraction training (PFMCT) using verbal education, digital vaginal palpation (DVP), or perineometer on the common errors made during pelvic floor muscle contraction (PFMC) in women. Methods: A total of 48 women participated, and they were randomly assigned to three groups (Group I: PFMCT with verbal education, n=16; Group II: PFMCT with DVP, n=16; and Group III: PFMCT with perineometer, n=16). Participants who had not previously received PFMCT were evaluated for pelvic floor muscle strength using the Modified Oxford Scale (MOS) and pelvic floor muscle activation was assessed with electromyographic biofeedback (EMG-BF). Possible errors during pelvic floor muscle contraction (gluteal, adductor and/or abdominal muscle contractions, stop breathing ( breath holding), enhanced inhaling, and straining) were evaluated through inspection, palpation, or EMG-BF. After pre-training evaluations, all participants received training on pelvic floor. After this general training, each group received PFMCT using the specific training method for their group. After the training, the same evaluations were repeated. The sessions were conducted one-on-one and lasted for an average of one hour. Results: After the training, MOS values increased in Group II and Group III, while EMG-BF values only increased in Group II (p<0.05). The amount of incorrect movements during PFMC decreased after the training in all three groups (p<0.05). The abdominal muscle contraction value monitored by EMG-BF only decreased in Group II (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that the PFMCT applied using the DVP method was more effective in creating more accurate and stronger muscle contractions and reducing common errors when compared to pre- and post-training values. Significant differences were observed between the groups in terms of performance improvements, with Group II showing the most notable progress. These results support the potential for DVP to yield better outcomes when used in PFMT.
Polystyrene-Carbon Nanotube Composites: Interaction Mechanisms, Preparation Methods, Structure, and Rheological Properties – a Review
Authors: Yaqoob Saba , Ali Zulfiqar , Ali Sajjad , D'Amore Alberto
Published: February 2025

This review focuses on the rheological behaviour of polystyrene (PS) composites reinforced with carbon nanotubes (CNTs), providing an in-depth analysis of how CNT incorporation affects the viscosity, elasticity, and flow properties of these materials. The review covers fundamental aspects of PS and CNT structures, emphasizing their influence on the composite’s rheological properties. Key interaction mechanisms, including Van der Waals forces and covalent bonding, are discussed for their role in determining material behaviour. Various preparation methods, such as melt mixing, solution mixing, and in-situ polymerization, are evaluated based on their impact on CNT dispersion and rheological performance. The study examines critical rheological parameters such as relative and complex viscosity, shear thinning, and elasticity, supported by theoretical models and experimental findings. The review also identifies major challenges, such as achieving uniform CNT dispersion and addressing processing limitations, while offering insights into future research directions aimed at improving the rheological performance and scalability of PS/CNT composites for advanced applications.
The Binding and Effects of Boron-Containing Compounds on G-Protein Coupled Receptors
Authors: Santiago-Quintana José M. , Barquet-Nieto Alina , Das Bhaskar C. , Barrientos-López Rafael , Rosalez Melvin N. , Lopez-Mayorga Ruth M. , Soriano-Ursua Marvin Antonio
Published: February 2025

Boron-containing compounds (BCC) have emerged as potential drugs. The effects of letting act as drugs are mainly by means of action on enzymes. Moreover, no crystal structure shows binding to G-Protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), albeit if those are recognized as targets in many diseases. However, some experimental data support the effects of specific BCC on GPCRs. Objective: Updating data about the reported effects that suggest or support interactions of BCC on GPCR. Methods: Data were collected and reviewed from the National Center of Biotechnology Information, PubMed, Global Health, Embase, the Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases. Results: Some experimental reports support the interactions of BCC in several GPCRs, acting as labels, agonists, or antagonists on them. Details of interaction can be inferred by in silico and in vitro results. Albeit if not a crystal structure showing such a complex. Conclusions: The action of BCCs on GPCR is beyond a presumptive proposal. Evidence supports the interaction and actions of BCCs on GPCRs.
[18F]FDG Revisited: A New Perspective on the Temporal Dynamics of Brain Glucose Metabolism
Authors: Hahn Andreas , Falb Pia , Murgas Matej , Klug Sebastian , Reed Murray , Godbersen Godber , Ponce de Leon Magdalena , Milz Christian , Hacker Marcus , Rujescu Dan , Lanzenberger Rupert
Published: February 2025

[18F]FDG positron emission tomography (PET) is extensively utilized to assess brain glucose metabolism, typically through static images reflecting radiotracer accumulation of up to one hour. In comparison, functional PET (fPET) enables investigation of [18F]FDG dynamics occuring within seconds. However, the physiological mechanisms supporting these rapid changes in metabolism necessitate further attention to allow accurate interpretation of brain function and their clinical implications. This work highlights candidate mechanisms driving [18F]FDG signal changes at high temporal resolution, offering complementary insights to existing interpretations.At rest, metabolic demands are closely matched by glucose supply across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), regulated by glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1). During neuronal activation, both glucose transport and phosphorylation by hexokinase are elevated to meet increased energy requirements. Simulations indicate that rapid [18F]FDG signal increases are primarily driven by BBB transport (K1 and k2 in a two-tissue compartment model), with slower subsequent increases in hexokinase activity (k3). Mechanisms supporting increased BBB transport include elevated glucose concentration gradient towards the brain and changes in GLUT1 intrinsic properties, but only minor effects of blood flow. Conversely, moment-to-moment fluctuations in [18F]FDG, as investigated in molecular connectivity, reflect temporally synchronized supply via the BBB to meet metabolic demands.We emphasize that, particularly during neuronal activation, the strong coupling between BBB transport of glucose and metabolism underpin the [18F]FDG fPET signal. Considering alterations of GLUT1 and subsequent metabolism in numerous brain disorders, stimulation-induced changes of energy demands and moment-to-moment fluctuations of molecular connectivity represent a promising opportunity to investigate the underlying pathophysiological processes.
The Spatial Distribution and Driving Mechanism of Soil Organic Matter in Hilly Basin Areas Based on Genetic Algorithm Variable Combination Optimization and SHAP Interpretation
Authors: Huang He , Liu Yaolin , Liu Yanfang , Tong Zhaomin , Ren Zhouqiao , Xie Yifan
Published: February 2025

Studying the spatial variation patterns and influencing factors of soil organic matter (SOM) in hilly and basin areas is of great significance for guiding agricultural production practices. This study takes Lanxi City as an example and comprehensively considers soil formation factors such as climate, vegetation, and terrain. Based on the genetic algorithm, 47 environmental variables are combined and optimized to construct a random forest (RF) model and an improved version—a random forest model based on genetic algorithm variable combination optimization (RF-GA). At the same time, the SHAP interpretation method is used to quantitatively analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of the SOM content and further identify the main driving factors. Compared with the ordinary Kriging (OK) and random forest (RF) methods, the random forest model (RF-GA) based on genetic algorithm variable combination optimization demonstrates a significantly improved prediction accuracy (R² = 0.49; RMSE = 3.49 g·kg⁻¹), with an MAE = 3.019 and LCCC = 0.67. Among the three models, the R² of the RF-GA model increases by 87.84% and 56.29%. The model prediction results indicate that the SOM content in the study area ranges from 12.11 to 31.38 g · kg ⁻¹, showing spatial distribution characteristics of a higher content in mountainous areas and a lower content in plains. A further SHAP analysis shows that terrain, climate, and biological factors are key environmental factors affecting the spatial differentiation of the SOM, with the CNBL and DEM playing particularly significant roles. By regulating moisture, erosion deposition, vegetation distribution, and microclimate conditions, they significantly affect the spatial distribution of the SOM. In summary, the RF-GA and its interpretable prediction model constructed in this study not only effectively reveal the spatial and driving mechanisms of SOM in hilly and basin areas but also provide a solid theoretical basis and practical guidance for accurate mapping, the formulation of sustainable utilization strategies for soil resources, and ensuring national food security.
Lessons About Teaching Maths and Science That We Can Learn from the Performance of Greek Students in the Panhellenic Exams
Authors: Golegou Eirini , Peppas Kostas
Published: February 2025

The STEM fields (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) have attracted the interest of the scientific community and organisations such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), mainly because of the demand for professionals in these fields, which is expected to increase. The cultivation of scientific skills and interest in these specific fields is cultivated from the early school years, so the role of the school is important. Students' performance in the Panhellenic examinations was chosen for analysis for two reasons. Firstly, because students take these exams at the end of secondary education, which reflects the knowledge they have acquired throughout their schooling. Secondly, because their participation in the Physics and Mathematics exams is based on their own choice, we can assume that they have a special interest in these subjects. The research, through its method of analysis, contributes to understanding the level of students' knowledge and provides guidelines for its improvement.
Methodology for Assessing Spatial Perception in Martial Arts
Authors: Romanenko Vyacheslav , Cynarski Wojciech J. , Tropin Yrui , Kovalenko Yuliya , Korobeynikov Georgiy , Рiatysotska Svitlana , Mikhalsky Volodymyr , Holokha Valerii , Gaziyev Shukurjon
Published: February 2025

The study of mechanisms underlying the perception of visual information, the speed and adequacy of its processing, is of practical interest to martial artists. The study aims to develop and validate a methodology for assessing spatial perception in martial arts. It involved 57 participants practising Taekwon-Do, representing various age groups and skill levels (age: 18.6 years, SD=3.52; qualifications: 8th Gup to 1st Dan). At the first stage of the research, the newly developed “Spatial Perception” application was preliminarily tested to determine its reliability and validity. In the second stage, the specific features of spatial perception among martial artists of different ages and qualifications were examined. The findings indicate the rotation of objects provides additional information for object recognition, which reduces reaction time and the number of errors in response selection. The speed of processing dynamic visual cues reflects athlete’s psychophysiological capabilities, which are crucial during competitive bouts. Experienced martial artists possess a larger repertoire of visual samples and images, enabling them to formulate effective responses to unexpected situations during combat. Athletes at this level can maintain focus on objects and are less affected by dis-tracting visual stimuli. The results obtained may assist martial arts coaches in improving the monitoring of athletes’ functional states and optimizing training processes.
Returns to Factors of Electricity Generation
Authors: Bangviwat Athikom , Chaisinboon Orathai , Puapattanakul Apinya
Published: February 2025

The study focuses on the returns to factors of electricity production by different technologies, which can be beneficial to the promotion of electricity production in the future. Six (6) technologies employed for electricity production in Thailand, which are coal-fired, natural gas-fired, biomass, hydropower wind turbines, and solar photovoltaic power plants, are included in the study. Cash flow analysis is used as the tool to identify the distribution of the plants’ revenues to different factors of productions. Revenues received from electricity sales are paid to the required expenses, and shared among the factors of production, namely fuel costs, operation and maintenance expenses, utilities, personnel wages, taxes, interests, loans, and dividends. Power plants of different technologies require different amounts of investments and proportions factors of production. It is interesting to learn how the payments are returned to the owners of the factors of the production, which include fuel and utility suppliers, workers, owners, financial institutes (through interests and loans), government and society (through taxes), for a unit price of electricity paid by customers.