bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pro patriotis : 'Country', 'Countrymen' and Local Solidarities in Late Medieval England
Authors: Holford M. L
Published: January 2007

'Country' was one of the most important concepts through which values concerning locality were articulated in late medieval England. One's country, usually the area in which one was born, was strongly associated with feelings of loyalty and obligation. These loyalties potentially encompassed all of those originating in one's country – one's 'countrymen' – simply on the basis of shared locality. Like the 'imagined communities' of nationalism, such loyalties could span considerable geographical and social distances. They seem to have been particularly powerful, however, in situations of geographical mobility and displacement, and when the countries concerned were not extensive.
An Analysis of the Impact of Federated Search Products on Library Instruction Using the ACRL Standards
Authors: Cox Christopher
Published: January 2007

Federated search products are becoming more and more prevalent in academic libraries. What are the implications of this phenomenon for instruction librarians? An analysis of federated search products using the "Information Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education" and a thorough review of the literature offer insight concerning whether these tools will have an impact on student information literacy and, in turn, what we emphasize in the classroom.
Electronic Book Usage: A Survey at the University of Denver
Authors: Levine-Clark Michael
Published: January 2007

In the spring of 2005, the University of Denver's Penrose Library conducted a survey of its users to determine their degree of awareness of electronic books, how and why they use them, and their level of satisfaction with the format. It is clear from vendor-supplied usage statistics that electronic books are used, but it is not clear how or why they are used. The survey addressed electronic books in general and netLibrary specifically. Survey results show that e-books are used by about half of the campus community. Of these users, most utilize them only occasionally. These e-book users like the convenience of being able to access materials from home and the ability to search within the text. Most respondents read only small portions of e-books, suggesting perhaps that print volumes are a better alternative for immersion in the text. Most respondents (over 60 percent) indicate a preference for print books over electronic, but an even larger number (over 80 percent) indicate a degree of flexibility between the two formats. Respondents are generally pleased with the e-book format.
What Hath She Wrought? Woman's Rights and the Nineteenth-Century Lyceum
Authors: Ray Angela G
Published: January 2007

Proposing an agenda for future scholarship meshing nineteenth-century popular media and social reform, this essay offers a historical foundation for studies of the relationships between the midcentury lyceum lecture circuit and the organized movement for woman's rights. Although lectures or debates about woman's rights constituted a small proportion of lyceum offerings, advocates considered the lyceum a significant medium for their public advocacy. Conventions of popular, commercial lecturing meant that reformist rhetoric produced in lyceum venues mixed discourses of assimilation and transformation.
Coolidge and Reagan: The Rhetorical Influence of Silent Cal on the Great Communicator
Authors: Shogan Colleen J.
Published: January 2007

While other scholars have observed the influence of Calvin Coolidge on Ronald Reagan's rhetoric, the connection between them has not been comprehensively explored. Based upon interviews with Reagan White House staffers and speechwriters, I argue that Coolidge and Reagan shared a common ideological message, which served as the basis for modern conservatism. Often without engaging in explicitly partisan rhetoric, Reagan's principled speech served an important party-building function.
Breeches of Decorum: The Figure of a Barbarian in Montaigne and Addison
Authors: Mackenzie Scott R
Published: January 2007

This essay proceeds from the suggestion that Joseph Addison alludes to Michel de Montaigne's "Des Cannibales" in Spectator 50, when Mr. Spectator relates the
visit to London of "four Indian kings." Addison adapts Montaigne's playful
allegory of barbarism and civilization in service of his own project of
constructing a discursive model of civic society, ultimately consigning
Montaigne himself to the category of the barbaric in order to re-establish the
distinction, which the "lively old Gascon" has mischievously undermined with the
jest about breeches that concludes his essay. Montaigne implies that if
civilization is reducible to its signs, then the civilized, decorous body that
breeches signify is civilized precisely because the breeches displace— replace
as well as conceal—it, and what breeches conceal may equally be the body of a
barbarian. Indeed, the naked body must, according to the categorical limits
established here, be barbaric. Breeches therefore are not just the sign of
civilized decorum, they are its very substance. Addison's solution is to
restabilize, by rhetorical means, the constitutive oppositions that Montaigne's
breeches jest undoes. The figural logic that underpins the clothing tropes is
metonymic in the first instance; breeches are associated with civilization and
with masculinity. In Lockean linguistics the relationship between words and
ideas/things is always metonymic contiguity. The relation between civilized man
and barbarian, on the other hand, is comparative and hence metaphoric. In spite
of his strenuously avowed mistrust of language that takes on the autonomous
qualities of ideas or things, Addison is willing to locate what Locke calls
"natural correspondence and connection" in relationships that are primarily and
essentially metaphoric; constitutive oppositions that establish necessary
difference rather than resemblance, but are nonetheless metaphoric in the first
instance.
Post-war Iconographies: Wandering Women in Brecht, Duras, Kluge
Authors: Rupprecht Caroline
Published: January 2007

This article addresses the question of new beginnings in Western Europe after 1945. If the mother-child relationship is analogous to that between the male artist and his creation, the crisis of representation after World War II suggests infertile grounds for (re)production. Adorno's paradigmatic statement from this period, that 'writing poetry after Ausschwitz is barbaric,' makes it seem as if art itself had become impossible. However, writers and filmmakers of the post-war avant-garde did address the question of how to create narrative in the aftermath of fascism and the Holocaust. This question, as the article demonstrates, manifests itself in the depiction of actual or expecting mothers, who wander through territories in which they have no home. The texts under discussion — Bertolt Brecht's 1945 play, Der kaukasische Kreidekreis, Marguerite Duras' 1966 experimental novel, Le vice-consul, and Alexander Kluge's 1965 Autorenfilm, Abschied von Gestern — feature images of itinerant pregnant or maternal figures. Each is framed by the perspectives of a male storyteller, novelist, or filmmaker, who are engaged in the attempt to tell their stories. While these female figures are assigned by their narrators to carry the burden of the "future" — in the form of a child — they also do not have a place to go. Designed to signify the success or failure of new beginnings, directly and in terms of their ability to support the narrative, they are invested with allegorical significance and thus draw attention to the act of narration itself. They thereby represent, as the article maintains, the difficulties of historiography in a Europe that continues to be haunted by the telling of its own past.
More Wonderful Youths and Maidens
Authors: Hall N. John
Published: January 2007

"More Wonderful Youths and Maidens": This article has fun with the reviews of the author's two biographies, Trollope: A Biography (Oxford, 1991) and Max Beerbohm: A Kind of a Life (Yale, 2002). It offers graphic instances of the opposing responses that professional reviewers had to each book and attempts to show in an evenhanded way (the negative and positive remarks being given exactly equal time for disparagement or praise) just what a crapshoot the whole business of book reviewing can be. The element of luck in the critical reception of a work is especially to the fore when the book under review is a biography. The admittedly limited and anecdotal evidence offered here reminds one that a reviewer's liking or distaste for a subjectâin this case Trollope and Beerbohmâcan influence the tone and indeed message of a review, quite independently of the reviewer's judgment on the biographer's handling of his task. The articleßor at least half of itâis humbling to the author but may provide some entertainment for the disinterested reader.
Marianne Moore Instructs Her Biographer: "Relentless accuracy" versus "the haggish, uncompanionable drawl of certitude"
Authors: Leavell Linda
Published: January 2007

"Marianne Moore Instructs Her Biographer: 'Relentless accuracy' versus 'the haggish, uncompanionable drawl of certitude'" : Relationships with literary executors can be troublesome for biographers of recently deceased subjects, but deceased subjects themselves also have ways of granting and withholding permission. Marianne Moore's published and unpublished writing reveals that she enjoyed biography, that she respected biographers, and that she believed "one's life has taught one something, and it is arrogant to think it might not teach others something." This essay argues that, like most forms of narrative, biography at its best is art. Whether the details are drawn from fact, as in biography, or from imagination, as in fiction, does matter, but not as much as the narrative that gives them shape. Before embarking upon a biography of Moore, this author educated herself by analyzing various approaches to biography, by reading certain postmodern novelists, and by discussing the genre with colleagues. But the person who taught her the most about how to approach this biography was Marianne Moore herself. Moore's own poetics took shape in the early twentieth century just as a significant aesthetic shift was taking place: from making to selecting. Synthetic cubism, the readymade, and straight photography simultaneously emphasized the artistic process of selection. Moore's own poetry, likewise, emphasizes selection of facts and an imaginative arrangement of them. To see with "relentless accuracy," according to Moore, is not a matter of detachment and "the haggish, uncompanionable drawl of certitude." Rather, both artists and scientists must "narrow the choice" and "strive for precision." "Relentless accuracy" demands artistic imagination and "a reverence for mystery." And it demands what Moore reluctantly calls love—not love "in the mistaken sense of greed" but love that regards its object with a mind "intrinsically and actively ample," "incapable of the shut door in any direction."
Writing on the Margins of Biography
Authors: Stout Janis P
Published: January 2007

Writing on the Margins of Biography": From a perspective of praxis, the various defining margins of biography—where it adjoins, variously, literary criticism, fiction, and autobiography—appear far from clear. Certainly criticism is no longer so sundered from biography as it was in the days of the New Criticism. Stanley Fish claims, indeed, that critical reading is never separable from biography. As one who added archival biographical research to an early career of "pure" critical reading, I find the combination enriching. Yet it is also perilous. Work pursued along this particular border is always in danger of being mislabeled. More importantly, working at an uncertain border also means that methodological problems abound. The use of letters is fraught with interpretive uncertainties, and biographical writing, by engaging the personal, raises the risk of approaching one's subject with an overdetermined thesis. Yet another peril is the risk of giving offense to friends of one's subject—a danger somewhat like that incurred by those who write on the fictional margins of biography. Discomfiting the nearest and dearest when writing about a living or recently deceased subject is perhaps an inevitability of reportage and honest interpretation, but may indicate, as well, the novelistic nature of biographical writing. But biographical writing also borders upon autobiography—implicitly always, but at times even explicitly, if the biocritical process entail direct experience. This means opening the scholarly project to all the uncertainties that personal reflection always entails, including the sense of exposure. But then, writing is inherently personal. We are always present in what we write and are always exposing ourselves in our words. Criticism that uses biographical information shades into biography, which shades into autobiography, which shades into fiction.
The Politics of Politics; or, How the Atomic Bomb Didn't Interest Gertrude Stein and Emily Dickinson
Authors: Wineapple Brenda
Published: January 2007

"The Politics of Politics; or, How the Atomic Bomb Didn't Interest Gertrude Stein and Emily Dickinson": This essay discusses modernism's derogation of biographical criticism and biography and the subsequent occlusion of Gertrude Stein and other writers, namely Emily Dickinson, as political beings living in a time and place and the myopic consequences of such occlusion when we read their work.
Persona, Elegy, and Desire
Authors: Mounsey Chris
Published: January 2007

The paper explores a theory of persona expounded by John Clendon in 1710. We see that the theory depicts an eighteenth-century understanding that people had multiple and discontinuous personae, some of which may be public and others private. The same idea is noted in the elegy as William Shenstone theorizes it. As an example, the paper concludes with a reading of William Mason's and Thomas Gray's elegaic poetry, suggesting that Robert Lloyd and George Colman's satires demonstrate that one of Mason's and Gray's personae shows same-sex desire for each other.
The Promiscuity of Print: John Clare's "Don Juan" and the Culture of Romantic Celebrity
Authors: Goldsmith Jason N
Published: January 2007

This essay offers a new reading of John Clare's "Don Juan," a hard-hitting and deliberately vulgar denunciation of English society and letters. In his extended Byronic performance, Clare harnesses Byron's famed sexual appetite and strong Romantic irony to dramatic effect, defiantly redeploying the machinery of literary celebrity that had produced him as "The Northamptonshire Peasant Poet." Tracing Clare's imaginative and textual investments in prostitutes and boxers, figures located at the margins of London's criminal underworld, I show how the compulsive misogyny of "Don Juan" and its obscene sexual punning form part of a concerted, if not entirely coherent, response to a culture increasingly organized by the spectacle of celebrity.
The "Community" of John Clare's Helpston
Authors: Houghton Sarah
Published: January 2007

This article explores John Clare's sense of "community" with respect to the village environment in which he lived in Helpston. Through comparison with William Wordsworth, it examines the extraordinary cohesion of the community that Clare often represents in his verse, distinguishing the ways in which knowledge of the ideal is transmitted through rituals, including festivities and storytelling, and considering the peculiarities of Clare's memory. The article concludes by discussing the relevance of the "ideal" model and by noting Clare's representation of its decline.
Pater and the Genealogy of Hardy's Modernity
Authors: Natarajan Uttara
Published: January 2007

This essay will show that Thomas Hardy's formulation of modernity in The Return of the Native draws substantially on Walter Pater, even as it remains, in so doing, peculiarly his own. Both Hardy's narrator and Clym Yeobright exemplify a Wordsworthian identity or consciousness that owes less to William Wordsworth's self-representations than it does to Pater's essay "On Wordsworth" (1874), published only a few years prior to The Return of the Native. In depicting the outside or physical form of modernity, Hardy draws on another of Pater's celebrated modern personae, "Lady Lisa," of Studies in the History of the Renaissance (1873).
Hardy, Shaftesbury, and Aesthetic Education
Authors: Potolsky Matthew
Published: January 2007

This essay traces the influence of Victorian debates about aesthetic education in Thomas Hardy's 1890 short story "Barbara of the House of Grebe." Hardy's story, loosely based on an anecdote about the grandson of the eighteenth-century aesthetic theorist Anthony Ashley Cooper, third Earl of Shaftesbury, concerns the uses of art for the education of character. Against the claims for moral transformation made by Victorian educational reformers such as Matthew Arnold and John Ruskin, Hardy suggests that art can easily become a tool for subordinating students rather than a means of fashioning free and autonomous individuals.
Risk, Finance and North Carolina's Post-Industrial Future
Authors: Graves William , Woodey Christopher
Published: January 2007

While innovation is generally seen as the engine of modern economic development, geographers have paid scant attention to the role of finance as an element of the innovation infrastructure. This study explores the availability of venture capital (a type of finance vital to the creation of modern firms) in North Carolina. The data reveal that North Carolina receives below average amounts of venture capital investment despite its remarkable success in creating human capital and transferring research from universities into firms (best exemplified by the Research Triangle Park). The scarcity of venture capital has forced the state to continue to rely on branch-plant facilities for economic development, a situation that compounds the capital shortage by extracting locally earned profits from the state's economy.
Modeling Spatial Knowledge of Cities in South Carolina
Authors: Lloyd Robert (Robert E.)
Published: January 2007

A number of studies of spatial knowledge have asked people to recall lists of city names. These studies have used the frequency of a city on lists from a reference location as a surrogate measure of the knowledge acquired for that city by the typical person living at that location. Previous studies done with children in Sweden and college students in the United States found acquired knowledge related to the gravity model variables of population and distance. This study considered knowledge acquired for cities in South Carolina from three locations in the state. A number of formal models were used to predict acquired knowledge of cities and consider the effects of gravity model variables, a spatial competition variable, and the respondent's home location on variation in knowledge. Results demonstrated that a neural network model accounted for more variance than other models. Population and distance were found to be the most important variables explaining spatial knowledge.
The Uses of Richard III : from Robert Cecil to Richard Nixon
Authors: Aune M. G
Published: January 2007

This article examines the figure and function of Richard as a 'tool for political commentary' from the early modern period to the 20th Century. Aune begins by analysing a sample of early modern vernacular works, which negatively links the character to Robert Cecil. An over-arching theme is identified: Francis Bacon's notion of physical and moral goodness being intertwined. Aune proposes that this is embodied by the play as a whole as time goes on. Largely, history plays resist innovation, unlike tragedies and comedies and Richard III appeared to have stagnated. However in the 20 th Century, interpretations of the character, like those of John Laurie and Laurence Olivier, began to invoke references to Hitler and Mussolini, reflecting the rise of fascism in continental Europe. Aune then turns to 1970s U.S.A., discussing Al Pacino's Richard, and how the character was used to engage with political events, such as Richard Nixon's re-election. Upon his resignation however, the connection was severed. Nonetheless, the character Richard has transcended the historical figure, embodying new rhizomatic connections to 20 th Century fascist dictators when presented to a postwar audience.
Twelfth Night: A Guide to the Play (review)
Authors: Tassi Marguerite A.
Published: January 2007

This essay discusses how shame in William Shakespeare's Twelfth Night is developed in moments of outright mutual recognition between two entities-early modern playgoers and drama. I suggest that spectators did more than merely respond to shame in Twelfth Night; as seminal collaborators in theatrical culture, they expressly produced and perpetuated the passion. Put differently, Renaissance theatergoers participated in the exchange of feeling between stage and world by mutually co-creating both the passion's conditions for production as well as its dissemination. Further, spectators to Shakespeare's comedy might have assisted the drama in shame cultivation only to, perhaps surprisingly, reject the play's affective demand for it. As I explain, the characters portrayed on stage in Twelfth Night were unruly entities characterized by humoral excess and distemper. Through interaction with these stage figures and their temperaments, playgoers likely felt a heightened-and, I submit, shameful-awareness of their own affective susceptibility. Put out by the play's scathing insistence that they embodied the same impassioned intemperance as its emotionally unkempt characters, playgoers created and engaged shame only to refuse to bear full witness to that passion. In Twelfth Night, we see a unique emotional transaction in which early modern audiences cultivated performed passion to then overtly disregard-affectively disavow-the emotional demands made of them by Shakespearean comedy.
Jewish Women Survivors in the Displaced Persons Camps of Occupied Germany: Transmitters of the Past, Caretakers of the Present, and Builders of the Future
Authors: Feinstein Margarete Myers
Published: January 2007

During the years 1945 to 1950, nearly 300,000 Holocaust survivors passed through the displaced persons camps in Germany. Within the confines of the DP camps, the survivors began to rebuild Jewish communal life and to work toward a future in Palestine. This "surviving remnant" of European Jewry understood itself to be the inheritors of a great tradition as well as the key to the Jewish future. Many Jewish women sought to achieve community goals through their traditional, feminine roles of mothers, teachers, and needleworkers. The often traditional nature of women's activities has tended to obscure their significance, yet the DP camps were a most non-traditional environment. There, women's reproductive and childrearing roles, cultural endeavors, economic and political pursuits were essential to the normalization and revival of Jewish communal life after the Holocaust.
False Nostalgia and Cultural Amnesia: The City of Tel Aviv in Israeli Cinema of the 1990s
Authors: Munk Yael
Published: January 2007

This article deals with the cinematic representation of the city of Tel-Aviv in the last decade, beginning with the end of the first Intifadah in the late 1980s and ending with the outburst of the second Intifadah in 2000. The emergence of new identities in this seemingly peaceful decade—due to the very large wave of immigration of Jews from the former Soviet Union and the emergence of post-Zionist ideology—created the ground for a new form of contestation, characterized by passivity and oblivion. The purpose of this article is to analyze the cinematic gaze through which the city is reflected, using three major strategies—heterotopia, simulacra, and amnesia.
Transmitting Ashkenaz
Authors: Hadda Janet
Published: January 2007

What constitutes successful literary transmission of the culture and spirit of pre-Shoah Ashkenaz? This article suggests four criteria. Such works: 1) must not contradict what was possible in Jewish life in Ashkenaz, even if the work itself employs magical realism or surrealism; 2) must understand and accept the central role of time in Jewish life—the Jewish calendar, life-cycle events, and history itself, even if it may deny the movement of history; 3) must be aware of the values and customs that underlay Jewish life in Ashkenaz, even if it flouts them; 4) must recognize the clash of cultures within Ashkenaz, even if that clash is not manifested in the work itself.
Globalizing Local Knowledge: Social Science Research on Southeast Asia, 1970-2000
Authors: Gerke Solvay , Evers Hans-Dieter
Published: January 2007

New knowledge is produced at great speed and fed into a global epistemic machinery of data banks, publications, and think tanks. In reverse, global knowledge is absorbed and used locally. Locally produced knowledge is on the increase as society moves towards a knowledge society. Social science research adds to knowledge of societies. If it is locally produced, it can be interpreted as reflexive modernization in so far as it provides paradigms for an interpretation of social processes and structures. This article traces the development of social science research on Southeast Asia and its increasing localization. A model is developed to summarize the output of interpretative schemes and published documents. Statistical data on the global absorption of locally produced knowledge are used to measure the extent of the move towards a knowledge society. Singapore, Brunei, Malaysia, and the Philippines have relatively high local social science output, whereas Indonesia, Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar, and Laos have low output rates. We diagnose four different paths from 1970 to 2000: Indonesia shows a stable high level of dependence, Malaysia and the Philippines are increasing local output but also increasing dependence, whereas Singapore is increasing output with decreasing dependence on global social science knowledge.
Women, Nation, and the Ambivalence of Subversive Identification along the Thai-Burmese Border
Authors: Leungaramsri. Pinkaew
Published: January 2007

This article focuses on the making of Shan nationalism as a subversive identification against the Burmese regime and its gender ambivalence. By employing a feminist critique of nationalism, it explores the relationship between women and nation within the movement for political independence among the Shan people. The article examines the way in which the imagined Shan nation has become a gender construct and is negotiated and contested by Shan women. Through the experiences of the displacement of Shan women exiles, the tension between the master and marginal narratives about the nation has become crucial to how women (re)construct their transnational identities. As women's voices are far from homogeneous and coherent, multiple and divergent experiences characterize the distinctive ways in which Shan women have come to terms with their ambivalent identities.
I Sing the Body Prosthetic
Authors: Bingle Gwen
Published: January 2007

"I Sing the Body Prosthetic" is a review of "Leben mit Ersatzteilen" [Living with spare parts], an exhibition on prosthetics conceived of and designed at the Deutsches Museum in Munich, Germany. It was shown there between May 2004 and December 2005 before migrating to the Medical Historical Museum of the Charité in Berlin where it will reside until February 2007. The author first discusses the general museological options chosen to present a thematic and chronological history of enhancement, with sections on the eye, the ear, teeth and jaws, internal organs, limbs and joints, and tissue engineering. By providing a more specific analysis of the exhibition concepts underlying the visual and auditive units, she then concentrates on the question of what it actually means to live with spare parts.
Gegna: Coastal Mooring in Crusader Valencia
Authors: Burns Robert Ignatius
Published: January 2007

King Jaume the Conqueror promoted post-crusade technology in reorganizing his conquest of the thirteenth-century kingdom of Valencia along the Mediterranean coast. The massive use of paper inaugurated by his archives—Europe's "Paper Revolution"—recorded among his franchises a maritime docking machine called a gegnum, deployed along the Valencian beaches. The term does not yield its mysteries to exhaustive linguistic parsing or to reconstruction of its actual operations, once so common. What does gegnum mean in any language? What can be gleaned from archival descriptions? Can previous Muslim usage offer bicultural enlightenment? Colleagues, especially Professor Paul E. Chevedden, contribute to the debate and propose theories.
Many Bodies, Many Voices: Performing Androgyny in Fiona Shaw and Deborah Warner's Richard II
Authors: Klett Elizabeth
Published: January 2007

This paper analyzes Deborah Warner's controversial 1995–1996 production of Richard II for London's National Theatre, with Irish actress Fiona Shaw in the title role. It explores how the voices of the director and her leading actress, of the highly divided popular press, and of Shakespeare and performance critics have created the many different bodies of Shaw's performance. Her Richard becomes, through these conflicting discourses, a "stereotypical girlie," a homosexual male, an adolescent boy, and a figure entirely devoid of gender identity. The article adds another voice to this mix, arguing that Shaw was androgynous, embodying a wide spectrum of gender identities and challenging the masculine / feminine binary. It insists on the importance of gender to the production, showing how Warner and Shaw asked the audience to read the actor's body as a dynamic dramatic text. The production also created a queer reading of Richard's relationship with Bolingbroke, intervening in the critical and performance tradition to present an androgynous alternative.
The Search for America's Soul: Theatre in the Jazz Age
Authors: Savran David
Published: January 2007

During the 1920s jazz was by far the most important and controversial form of cultural production in the United States. It was also decisive in separating an emergent literary theatre, which disdained jazz for its alleged social and moral depravity, and musical comedy and vaudeville, which not only embraced jazz but became crucial arenas for its development and dissemination. By analyzing early Gershwin musicals, this essay argues that musical comedy, by ingeniously mixing highbrow and lowbrow, became a privileged site in which the debates about the social, cultural, racial, and ethnic status of jazz were both thematized and enacted.
Borderland Children: Reflections on Narratives of Abjection
Authors: Wilkie-Stibbs Christine
Published: January 2007

Wilkie-Stibbs examines five paradigm texts of Children's Literature: Thursday's Child, Holes, The Tulip Touch, The Upstairs Room, and Squib. She juxtaposes the texts with quasi-fictional and real life narrative emerging from diverse ideologies, histories, and cultures. She identifies the spatio-temporal positioning of the child's body as the type of borderland that is the condition of abjection in the Kristevan definition. The arguments are set against a backdrop of newly radicalized expressions of "otherness" legitimized by recent political/legislative policies located in a clearly articulated binary logic. She identifies "borderlanders" as the archetypes of ambivalence and the locus of discriminatory power.
Long-Term Health Outcomes Associated with Detectable Troponin I Concentrations
Authors: Kavsak Peter A , Newman Alice M , Lustig Viliam , MacRae Andrew R , Palomaki Glenn E , Ko Dennis T , Tu Jack V , Jaffe Allan S
Published: January 2007

Background: Recent data suggest that older men with detectable cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentrations that remain below the 99th percentile concentration cutoff are at increased risk for subsequent cardiovascular events. We designed this study to extend this observation by examining risk prediction in both men and women presenting to an emergency department with chest discomfort.

Methods: We obtained data for all-cause mortality and hospital discharges associated with either acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or congestive heart failure (CHF) for up to 8 years after the initial presentation in 448 patients who originally presented in 1996 with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). We performed retrospective analysis for cTnI (AccuTnI™; Beckman Coulter) in frozen plasma samples based on the patients’ reported time from onset of symptoms. Peak cTnI concentration was used for risk assessment.

Results: Patients with cTnI concentrations ≥0.02 μg/L (i.e., limit of detection), including those whose peak values remained below the 99th percentile (0.04 μg/L), were at greater risk for death and AMI/CHF readmissions at 2, 5, and 8 years of follow-up compared with those with peak cTnI <0.02 μg/L. All results were statistically significant (P <0.05) except for death within 2 years among patients with normal but detectable cTnI (0.02 to 0.03 μg/L), relative to the group with values <0.02 μg/L. Kaplan–Meier analyses indicated that both men and women with cTnI ≥0.02 μg/L had worse outcomes (P <0.001).

Conclusion: Both men and women who present with possible ACS with detectable cTnI concentrations that remain below the 99th percentile are at a greater risk for future adverse events.
A Meta-Analysis of Human Embryonic Stem Cells Transcriptome Integrated into a Web-Based Expression Atlas
Authors: Assou Said , Le Carrour Tanguy , Tondeur Sylvie , Ström Susanne , Gabelle Audrey , Marty Sophie , Nadal Laure , Pantesco Véronique , Réme Thierry , Hugnot Jean-Philippe , Gasca Stéphan , Hovatta Outi , Hamamah Samir , Klein Bernard , De Vos John
Published: January 2007

Microarray technology provides a unique opportunity to examine gene expression patterns in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). We performed a meta-analysis of 38 original studies reporting on the transcriptome of hESCs. We determined that 1,076 genes were found to be overexpressed in hESCs by at least three studies when compared to differentiated cell types, thus composing a “consensus hESC gene list.” Only one gene was reported by all studies: the homeodomain transcription factor POU5F1/OCT3/4. The list comprised other genes critical for pluripotency such as the transcription factors NANOG and SOX2, and the growth factors TDGF1/CRIPTO and Galanin. We show that CD24 and SEMA6A, two cell surface protein-coding genes from the top of the consensus hESC gene list, display a strong and specific membrane protein expression on hESCs. Moreover, CD24 labeling permits the purification by flow cytometry of hESCs cocultured on human fibroblasts. The consensus hESC gene list also included the FZD7 WNT receptor, the G protein-coupled receptor GPR19, and the HELLS helicase, which could play an important role in hESCs biology. Conversely, we identified 783 genes downregulated in hESCs and reported in at least three studies. This “consensus differentiation gene list” included the IL6ST/GP130 LIF receptor. We created an online hESC expression atlas, http://amazonia.montp.inserm.fr, to provide an easy access to this public transcriptome dataset. Expression histograms comparing hESCs to a broad collection of fetal and adult tissues can be retrieved with this web tool for more than 15,000 genes.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Daily Events and Mood State Among Individuals Living With HIV: Examination of the Within-Persons Approach to Data Collection Using Daily Diary Methodology
Authors: Janda Louis H. , Markowski Edward , Derlega Valerian J. , Nezlek John , McCain Nancy
Published: January 2007

Studies examining the link between stressful events and coping with HIV have relied on a between-persons approach focusing on how individuals differ on some characteristics. Although the between-subjects approach has yielded important information, our goal was to use a within-persons approach, making repeated measurements of the same persons over many days, to examine the impact of changing circumstances on the mood states of those with HIV. A second goal was to determine if asking participants to report their daily experiences via a computerized interactive voice system is a viable way to collect such information. This study collected a variety of trait measures for seven HIV patients and subsequently used a computerized telephone system to collect information regarding daily events and mood states over 21 consecutive days. Several daily measures, including self-esteem, optimism, and positive social interactions were significantly related to daily mood states. Trait measures, with the exception of symptom distress, were ineffective in predicting variations in daily mood states. It was concluded that a computerized telephone system is a viable means of collecting information from HIV patients on a daily basis and within-persons methodology may provide useful information about daily events affecting mood states beyond that generated by a between-persons approach.
Suppression of Neoplastic Transformation in vitro by Low Doses of Low Let Radiation
Authors: Redpath J. Leslie
Published: January 2007

A major concern of exposure to low doses of radiation is the risk of cancer induction. Epidemiologic data are rarely powerful enough to accurately discriminate this risk at doses <10 cGy. In order to gain insight into events at these low doses, laboratory-based studies of relevant endpoints are required. One such endpoint is radiation-induced neoplastic transformation in vitro. Such studies can provide quantitative dose-response data, as well as insights into underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. Data are presented that indicate that low doses of low LET radiation can suppress neoplastic transformation in vitro to levels below that seen spontaneously. Mechanisms involved include both the death of a subpopulation of cells prone to spontaneous neoplastic transformation and the induction of DNA repair. The relative contributions of these mechanisms is dose-dependent. The relevance of these observations to radiation risk estimation is discussed.
Comparing the Promotion of European Identity at Three ‘European Schools’: An Analysis of Teachers' Perceptions
Authors: Savvides Nicola
Published: January 2007

This article presents some preliminary findings from a project funded by the Economic and Social Research Council that is investigating how the ‘European School’ ethos of developing a European identity amongst its pupils is being pursued. The project involves a multiple case study of three European Schools (Brussels I [Belgium], Culham [United Kingdom] and Alicante [Spain]) to identify the steps being taken and the conditions in place that are seen to contribute towards this ethos. The study's research proposal was published in an earlier issue of this journal and this article follows on from that by presenting some of the research findings to date. The findings presented here are from one dimension of the project, namely that of teachers' interpretations of and attitudes towards the European identity ethos and their attempts to implement it through their teaching. The findings are based on an analysis of interviews conducted with history, geography and English language teachers in the English language sections of the three schools. Analysis of this sample of interviews was conducted in order to discover some of the key themes that are arising in relation to the study's research questions across the three schools.
Collective Reflection on a Public Lesson in a Mathematics Teaching Research Group
Authors: Han Xue
Published: January 2007

This study explored how teachers' collective reflection within one community of practice – a teaching research group consisting of Chinese mathematics teachers – might have enabled or constrained teacher learning. Close examination of the specific interactions within one group meeting provided the focus for the present investigation. Using a narrative discourse analytical approach, this study examined the potential learning opportunities created or foreclosed by the community through unfolding several key episodes. It indicated that further research on specific interactions transpiring within a teachers' community can contribute to understanding the complex relations between teachers' communities of practice and improvement of teaching practice.
Modeling hydrodynamics of gas–liquid airlift reactor
Authors: Talvy Samuel , Cockx Arnaud , Liné Alain
Published: January 2007

This article deals with the physical modeling and numerical simulation of two‐phase bubbly flow in an airlift internal loop reactor. The objective is to show the ability of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to correctly simulate hydrodynamics and axial dispersion in such a bubbly reactor. The modeling of two‐phase bubbly flow is based on the so‐called two‐fluid model derived from Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes equations in two‐phase flow. From the local perspective, CFD leads to the distributions of phases, interfacial area, and velocity field in the whole volume of the airlift. Numerical simulations are discussed after comparison with experimental data. Sensitivity analysis is then presented to highlight the main parameters that must be taken into account in two‐fluid modeling, especially in terms of interfacial transfer of momentum and turbulence. Once local hydrodynamics has been discussed and validated, the axial dispersion is then addressed. The axial dispersion coefficient is estimated from simulation of transport equation of salt concentration. Given the time evolution of the concentration, measured by a “numerical” probe located in computed airlift reactor, it is possible to numerically estimate the axial dispersion in the airlift, in the same way as in the experiments. The axial dispersion coefficient determined after simulation is compared with the experimental one and the ability of CFD to simulate mixing time and axial dispersion is shown. In addition, a physical analysis of axial dispersion is proposed. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Optimal design of an integrated fermentation process for lactic acid production
Authors: Lin Hsun‐Tung , Wang Feng‐Sheng
Published: January 2007

In this work, we considered a multistage integrated continuous fermentation process for producing lactic acid. Each stage consists of a mixing tank, a bioreactor, a cell‐recycle unit, and an extractor. A generalized mathematical model was formulated to express the integrated process. We have compared the overall productivity and conversion of the integrated process with those of two simplified processes. From the design equations, three processes have an identical overall conversion. However, the proposed process has the greatest overall productivity. A specific kinetic model for lactic production was applied to the integrated process to formulate it as a flexible or fuzzy optimization problem to find the maximum overall productivity and conversion with interval residual and supplied glucose constraints. Four optimization problems were considered to determine the optimal stages, operating conditions, and design variables. If the decision variables excluded the working volume ratio and flow rate ratio in the optimization problem, four stages were required to yield the maximum overall productivity and near complete overall conversion. However, if both operation variables were considered as the decision variables in the optimization problem, three stages were sufficient to achieve the identical overall productivity. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Aminocarbonyloxymethyl Ester Prodrugs of Flufenamic Acid and Diclofenac: Suppressing the Rearrangement Pathway in Aqueous Media
Authors: Ribeiro Lina , Silva Nuno , Iley Jim , Rautio Jarkko , Järvinen Tomi , Mota‐Filipe Hélder , Moreira Rui , Mendes Eduarda
Published: January 2007

Aminocarbonyloxymethyl ester prodrugs are known to undergo rearrangement in aqueous solutions to form the corresponding N‐acylamine side product via an O → N intramolecular acyl transfer from the carbamate conjugate base. Novel aminocarbonyloxymethyl esters of diclofenac and flufenamic acid containing amino acid amide carriers were synthesized and evaluated as potential prodrugs displaying less ability to undergo rearrangement. These compounds were prepared in reasonable yield by a four‐step synthetic method that uses the appropriate N‐Boc‐protected amino acid N‐hydroxysuccinimide ester and secondary amine and chloromethyl chloroformate as key reactants. Their reactivity in pH 7.4 buffer and 80% human plasma at 37°C was assessed by RP‐HPLC. The aminocarbonyloxymethyl esters containing a secondary carbamate group derived from amino acids such as glycine or phenylalanine were hydrolyzed quantitatively to the parent drug both in non‐enzymatic and enzymatic conditions, with no rearrangement product being detected. The oral bioavailability in rats was determined for selected diclofenac derivatives. These derivatives displayed a bioavailability of 25 to 68% relative to that of diclofenac, probably due to their poor aqueous solubility and lipophilicity. These results suggest that further optimization of aminocarbonyloxymethyl esters as potential prodrugs for non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs require the use of amino acid carriers with ionizable groups to improve aqueous solubility.
Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Some 3‐(4‐Methylphenyl)‐2‐substituted amino‐3H‐quinazolin‐4‐ones as Analgesic and Anti‐inflammatory Agents
Authors: Alagarsamy Veerachamy , Shankar Durairaj , Murugan Muthuvel , Siddiqui Anees Ahmed , Rajesh Ramadoss
Published: January 2007

A variety of 3‐(4‐methyl phenyl)‐2‐substituted amino‐3H‐quinazolin‐4‐ones were synthesized by reacting the amino group of 2‐hydrazino‐3‐(4‐methyl phenyl)‐3H‐quinazolin‐4‐one with a variety of aldehydes and ketones. The starting material 2‐hydrazino‐3‐(4‐methyl phenyl)‐3H‐quinazolin‐4‐one was synthesized from 4‐methyl aniline. The title compounds were investigated for analgesic, anti‐inflammatory, and ulcerogenic index activities. While the test compounds exhibited significant activity, compounds A1, A2, and A3 showed more potent analgesic activity and the compound A3 showed more potent anti‐inflammatory activity when compared to the reference standard diclofenac sodium. Interestingly, the test compounds showed only mild ulcerogenic potential when compared to aspirin.
Dynamic expression of the basic helix‐loop‐helix transcription factor neuroD in the rod and cone photoreceptor lineages in the retina of the embryonic and larval zebrafish
Authors: Ochocinska Malgorzata J. , Hitchcock Peter F.
Published: January 2007

NeuroD is a basic helix‐loop‐helix (bHLH) transcription factor critical for determining neuronal cell fate and regulating withdrawal from the cell cycle. We showed previously that, in goldfish,neuroDis expressed in the rod photoreceptor lineage, and we inferred thatneuroDis also expressed in a subset of amacrine cells and nascent cone photoreceptors. Here we extended that study by examining the temporal and spatial expression pattern ofneuroDin the embryonic and larval zebrafish and by identifying the cell types that express this gene.NeuroDexpression in the developing zebrafish retina is dynamic, spanning early retinogenesis and the maturation of cone photoreceptors. In early retinogenesisneuroDexpression expands from a small patch in the ventronasal retina, through the remaining retinal neuroepithelium. As retinogenesis progresses,neuroDexpression becomes restricted to amacrine cells, immature cones, and cells of rod and cone lineages. This expression achieves an adult pattern by 96 hours postfertilization (hpf), whereupon the temporal pattern ofneuroDexpression in central retina is spatially recapitulated at the germinative margin. The cellular pattern of expression suggests that neuroD regulates aspects of rod and cone genesis, but through separate cellular lineages. Furthermore,neuroDis coexpressed with the cone‐rod‐homeobox transcription factor (Crx) in putative cone progenitors and nascent cone photoreceptors, suggesting that, in the zebrafish retina, as in other vertebrate retinas, similar genetic cascades regulate photoreceptor genesis and maturation. J. Comp. Neurol. 501:1–12, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.