bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigating the impacts of climate induced migration on food security in the Sudano-Sahelian geographical region of Nigeria.
Authors: Maiwada A.S. , Aremu J.K.
Published: January 2025

As a complex and multifaceted phenomena, human migration has shaped and reshaped human societies and history across all regions. The drivers of human migration are diverse and interconnected, usually influenced by a combination of factors. Environmental factors are increasingly recognized as significant drivers of human migration as climate stressors like droughts, floods and extreme weather events continue to render areas uninhabitable or unsuitable for agriculture, pushing people out for better living conditions. This research aimed to investigate the impacts of climatic migration on food security in the Sudano-Sahelian region of Nigeria (Katsina and Jigawa). A Key Informant Interview (KII) was conducted using a structured questionnaire to 385 respondents in order to assess the relationship between climate induced-migration and food security in the study area. The results revealed that, about 90% (n=346) of the respondents are aware of climate variability. Climate induced migrations in the study area affects food security through reduced labor force (50%), loss of farming communities (37%) and resource competition (11%). About 36% (n=140) of the respondents believed that to mitigate climate induced migration effects on food security, investments in climate smart/resilient agriculture and irrigation systems should be employed while 27% (n=104) chose enhancing social safety nets and livelihood diversification. Overall, the relationship rating between climate induced migration and food security revealed that, about 40% (n=153) believed that the relationship is moderately negative while 136 respondents (35%) believed that the relationship is strongly negative, meaning that climate induced migration worsens the food security situation in the area. The study establishes an intricate relationship between climate induced migration and food insecurity with far-reaching implications, including heightened household hunger and food insecurity and decreased agricultural productivity and resilience. It is recommended that the government should intervene through supports in small-scale agriculture and smart agriculture to encourage local food production in order to increase food availability and access.
Effect of hybrid filler loading on some physicomechanical properties of waste polypropylene
Authors: Ibrahim M. , Faruruwa M.D. , Mohammed Y. , Garba M.
Published: January 2025

This research work studied the potential of utilizing waste Polypropylene (wPP), Date Seeds Particles (DSP), and Clay Particles (CP) to fabricate a hybrid composite material of different hybrid filler loading combination. Compounding and Compression molding techniques where used to fabricate twelve samples with matrix/filler loading ratio of 90:10 that is 90 percent matrix (wPP) and 10 percent hybrid fillers (DSP/C) to give a 100 percent hybrid composite material except for the control sample which is 100 percent matrix. The 10 percent loading was distributed between DSP and CP by varying the loading from 0/10 DSP/CP and 10/0 DSP/CP that is as DSP is increasing the CP is decreasing in the first case and opposite in the second case. The research work also investigated some physical and mechanical and properties of the hybrid composites. For Physical properties, density and water absorption test were carried out, the result have shown that most of the composite have higher density than the control with 0.69g/cm3 except the last two composite with 0.68 and 0.67g/cm3. The highest density value was observed on the composite of 0DSP/10CP with 1.28g/cm3.as the value continue to decrease progressively with increase in the DSP and decrease in CP. For water absorption capacity, the control (0DSP/0CP) and composite of 0DSP/10CP have shown 0.0% water absorption capacity. Within the composite, the water absorption is increasing progressively with increase in DSP and decreasing the CP as the composite of 10DSP/0CP absorbed much water with 0.54%. For tensile strength and elongation at break, the control sample displayed a higher result over composites with 25.9Mpa, 45.2% respectively. While for the tensile modulus, flexural modulus, and hardness, the composite of 10DSP/0CP displayed a highest result of 1.8Gpa and 89Hv respectively and the values are increasing with increase in DSP and decreasing the CP. The study validates that the balanced filler combination (such as 4DSP/6CP or 6DSP/4CP) can provide a synergic effect, improving both mechanical and physical properties.
Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites among school children in Ngurore, Yola South LGA., Adamawa State, Nigeria
Authors: Gambo Umar Aisha , Godly Chessed , Ogundipe Olayinka I. , Garba Halima J. , Onyia Emmanuel C. , Philips Vandi
Published: January 2025

Gastrointestinal parasites are those types of intestinal parasites, which infect the lumen and lining tissue of the lumen of the small and large intestines. Around 1.5 billion people suffer from soil-transmitted helminths, above 267 million preschool children, and over 568 million school-age children reside in gastrointestinal helminths prevailing areas. These infections are regarded as serious public health problem, as they cause iron deficiency anemia, growth retardation in children and other physical and mental health problems. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence and intensity of Gastrointestinal parasites among school children in Ngurore community, Yola - South LGA. Data for this study was collected from 5 primary schools in Yola South Local Government Area. The result show that Wuro Yanka Primary School had the highest prevalence infection with 58(44.6%), followed by Ngurore Central Primary School 15(9.3%), Alfurqan Academy 9(22.5%), Abaifa International Academy 4(10.0%) and Sharp Brain 3(6.0%) had the least prevalence of infection. Hookworms have the highest prevalence 47 (12.3%) followed by Ascaris lumbricoides 23 (6.0%), Trichuris trichiura 7 (1.8%), Entamoeba coli 6 (1.6%), Giardia lamblia, Stongyloides stercoralis 2 (0.5%) and Enterobius vermicularis 2 (0.5%). Socioeconomic disparities, such as access to good education, clean water and sanitation facilities, may contribute to variations in infection rates among different age groups. Children from lower socioeconomic classes may face greater challenges in accessing clean water, and sanitation, thereby increasing their susceptibility to parasitic infection.
Therapeutic potentials of Acarbose and Protocatechuic acid in streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats
Authors: Abdulazeez Azeemat Titilola , Abdulsalam Sekinat Bukola , Yusuf Zaharadeen Muhammad
Published: January 2025

Diabetes mellitus is a global health concern due to its escalating prevalence. The use of acarbose as a sole treatment for diabetes cannot treat oxidative stress which occur during chronic hyperglycaemia. However, Protocatechuic acid (PCA), a natural phenolic compound, can help reduce oxidative stress linked to type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to assess the effects of Acarbose and Protocatechuic acid on diabetic rats induced with streptozotocin, to evaluate their combined potential in treating diabetes. Forty rats were divided into five groups, each with eight rats. Group 1 was the normal control group, while Groups II to V were the treatment groups. Diabetes was induced in the treatment groups using a 50 mg/kg dose of streptozotocin injected into the abdomen. Group II, the diabetic group, received only distilled water. Group III was given acarbose (25 mg/kg), Group IV received PCA (100 mg/kg), and Group V was treated with a combination of acarbose (25 mg/kg) and PCA (100 mg/kg). Treatment lasted 14 days, with regular measurements of blood glucose levels and rat weights. On the 15th day, the rats were sacrificed and blood samples were taken for biochemical analysis. Results shows significant (p < 0.05) decrease in (body weight, Hepatic glucose, insulin, specific activity of some glucose metabolizing enzymes, HDL-cholesterol, also, significant (p < 0.05) increase in (Fasting blood glucose, Cholesterol, Triglyceride level) in STZ-induced rats when compared to normal control. After treatments with acarbose and protocatechuic acid in treatment groups, resulted in significant (p < 0.05) increase in (body weight, Hepatic glucose, insulin, specific activity of some glucose metabolizing enzymes, HDL-cholesterol and significant (p < 0.05) decrease in (Fasting blood glucose, Cholesterol, Triglyceride level) when compare to diabetic control and the increment is comparable to normal. It is therefore, concluded that acarbose and protocatechuic acid treatment of diabetic rats may have improved or enhanced pancreatic islet regeneration, increasing insulin secretion while inhibiting oxidative damage associated with diabetics, leading to an improvement in the management of diabetes.
Toxicological evaluations of the shoot extracts of Achyranthes aspera Linn
Authors: Mankilik Mary Matawal , Paul Joel , Mhya Daniel Hassan , Luka Carrol Domkat , Longdet Ishaya Yohanna
Published: January 2025

Achyranthes aspera Linn, a medicinal plant from the Amaranthaceae family, is commonly used in Nigeria to treat various illnesses, including malaria. Many people use medicinal plants as an alternative to traditional medicine. However, some plants may contain harmful chemicals that can have serious side effects on the body. This study investigated the effects of an aqueous shoot extract of Achyranthes aspera Linn on healthy female albino mice in terms of acute toxicity. The methods employed in this study encompassed various procedures including plant collection, authentication of Achyranthes aspera shoots and plant extraction using analytical grade chemicals. Swiss albino mice were acquired and grouped per protocol as experimental animals. Acute toxicity assessments, blood biochemical /haematological assays, histological examination, and statistical analysis were performed. The results showed that the LD50 of the extract was found to be greater than 5000mg/kg body weight, and no deaths occurred during the study. Additionally, there were no abnormalities in the mice's haematological parameters. Interestingly, the mice treated with the extract showed statistically significant lower levels of serum Alanine transaminase compared to the control group with a p-value less than 0.05. The plant's crude extract has been shown to induce some minor liver and kidney damage. The study indicates that Achyranthes aspera Linn could be a safe herbal medicine with minimal adverse effects on both liver and kidney tissues.
Toxicity evaluation of aqueous extract of Vigna subterranea seeds in male wistar rats
Authors: Oweh Oghenetega T. , Patrick Ophelia Y. , Ciroma Fatima L. , Guga Mponan D. , Yama Eboetse O. , Nurudeen Quadri O.
Published: January 2025

There has been a surge in the consumption of herbal medicines raising the needs for toxicological studies. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of the administration of aqueous extract of Vigna subterranea seeds on wistar rats as it relates to its liver and kidney functioning indices. Male wistar rats of good health condition, weighing 170.43 ± 4.67 g were divided into four groups(A-D) at random, each consisting of seven rats, and were administered distilled water, 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg of the extract, orally and respectively. Serum was collected at the conclusion of the experimentation, for use in biochemical tests. When compared to the control group, the concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total protein, albumin, globulin, total, and direct bilirubin were notsignificantly (p>0.05) changed after the extract was administered at all dose. With a dose of 100 mg/kg, there was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in serum creatinine concentration but a significant (p<0.05) rise in the concentrations of urea and uric acid in kidney function indices. When compared to the control group, the concentration of potassium and sodium ions in the serum did not change significantly (p<0.05) at any of the extract's dosages. The study findings revealed that the plant has no discernible harmful effects on the liver, pointing to a typical rate of biotransformation. Furthermore, concentrations of the uric acid and urea from the animals showed that the extract should be used cautiously if taken over an extended length of time, since the study found that the extract may have some adverse effects on the kidney.
Prevalence and risk factors for multidrug-resistant Salmonella in poultry houses in parts of Nasarawa Town, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
Authors: Aliyu Yakubu , Adegba Justina Ananga , Hassan Fatima Abdullahi , Ladidi Maryam Abdulkarim , Oyibinga Adah Ruth
Published: January 2025

Salmonella is a significant zoonotic bacterium with implications for public health. This study investigated the prevalence and associated risk factors for Salmonella in poultry houses located in Nasarawa town, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. A total of sixty samples, including hand swabs from poultry handlers, surface swabs from the poultry pen, egg shells, feed, and faecal droppings, were analyzed for the presence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella using standard microbiological techniques. A structured questionnaire was administered to identify risk factors linked to the occurrence of Salmonella in these poultry houses. Chi-square statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between the identified risk factors and the occurrence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella. The overall prevalence of Salmonella was found to be 21.7% (13 out of 60 samples). A significant statistical relationship (p = 0.031) was determined between the occurrence of Salmonella and the various sample types analysed. Additionally, a statistically significant association (p= 0.014) was observed between the presence of rodents in the pens, lack of footbath disinfection, source of drinking water, and the presence of other livestock, with the occurrence of Salmonella in the poultry houses. All 13 Salmonella isolates displayed complete (100%) resistance to ampicillin, augmentin, and chloramphenicol. This research provides foundational data on the risk factors contributing to the prevalence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella in poultry houses within parts of Nasarawa, Nigeria. The alarming level of antibiotic resistance seen in the Salmonella isolates poses a significant public health threat.
Impact of inaccurate laboratory test result on the spread of infectious disease: Mathematical modelling approach
Authors: Shamaki Timothy A. , Mutah Wadai
Published: January 2025

This study examines the impact of diagnostic inaccuracies on the transmission dynamics of infectious diseases using an extended SEIR model. By incorporating compartments for false-positive and falsenegative cases, the model simulates the effects of faulty testing, no testing, and varying testing rates on disease progression. Simulations reveal that while no testing results in rapid disease spread, introducing a 10% testing rate significantly reduces infections but generates substantial diagnostic errors—1.8 million false positives and 600,000 false negatives within 40 days. These findings underscore the critical role of accurate testing in mitigating false negatives, reducing undetected transmission, and optimizing public health interventions. The model bridges the gap between theoretical epidemiology and practical disease management, offering actionable insights for enhancing testing strategies to improve epidemic control.
Antibacterial activity of Tamarindus indica leaf extract against Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp.
Authors: Aminu Aminu Hamza , Ahmad Sadiya Iya , Umar Fatima Jummai , Adamu Aliyu
Published: January 2025

Plants are naturally endowed with the intrinsic ability to produce many chemical compounds, which defend against bacteria, fungi, insects and larger animals. Humans harness these chemical compounds from various plants and use them as traditional remedies for many infectious and non-infectious diseases. One of such plants is Tamarindus indica (Tamarind), which is a tropical tree that is commonly grown in Africa. The phytochemicals of this plant have been extracted by many studies, and have been demonstrated to have antidiarrheal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. In this study, we extracted phytochemicals from the leaves of T. indica and tested their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. The antibacterial susceptibility test of the extract revealed substantial zones of inhibition around agar wells containing different concentrations of the extract, indicating positive antibacterial activity against the test organisms. The results obtained here could play a vital role in the identification and development of druggable compounds for the treatment of bacterial infections.
The role of bromelain as a natural remedy in reducing post-exercise muscle soreness
Authors: Olatunde Kolawole , Oweh Oghenetega T. , Adim Chisom C.
Published: January 2025

Bromelain, an enzyme gotten from pineapples has stirred interest for its ability to reduce muscular pains and slow down delayed onset muscles soreness (DOMS) which occurs after working out or while having exercising routines among athletes and physically active individuals. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of bromelain in attenuating exercise induced-pain, modulating C-reactive proteins and IL-6 levels, stiffness and enhancing recovery. The study involves 30 participants grouped into the experimental and control groups. The intensity of pain was measured by using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain severity at 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours after exercising. Highsensitivity C-reactive protein and IL-6 content of the blood samples were estimated while survey and physical performance tests were used to assess muscle stiffness, strength, and flexibility. The data showed that the differences in the pain intensity between the experimental and the control group were highly significant for all the time intervals: P < 0.001 whilst the reduction of CRP and IL-6 in the experimental group compared to the control was significantly different (p<0.01) by 72 hours. Additionally, participants in the experimental group responded more quickly to improvements in muscle stiffness, strength and flexibility and general recovery. The experimental outcome corroborates the promise of utilizing bromelain as a potential replacement for synthetic recovery enhancement agents, and a successful means of preventing muscular damage associated with exercise, and enhancing recuperation pathways.
Harnessing deep learning algorithms for early plant disease detection: A comparative study and evaluation between SSD (Mobilenet_v2 and Mobilenet_v3) and CNN model
Authors: Nwaneto C.B. , Yinka-Banjo C.
Published: January 2025

Recognizing the important need for efficient plant disease detection in agriculture, this research evaluates and compares the  performance of three distinct deep learning models: Mobilenet_V2, Mobilenet_V3, and a custombuilt CNN model. As traditional methods  fall short in addressing the evolving challenges of crop health management, the study aims to discover the most effective model for  accurate disease identification. Leveraging a dataset encompassing 20,639 images across 15 directories representing various plant  diseases, the models undergo rigorous training and evaluation. Results reveal the CNN_model as the superior performer with a remarkable test accuracy of 94.48%, outshining Mobilenet_V2 and Mobilenet_V3. The comparative analysis sheds light on the strengths  and weaknesses of each model, providing valuable insights for the agricultural community. This research not only advances the  understanding of deep learning applications in precision agriculture but also lays the foundation for future innovations in sustainable  crop management.
Proximate, mineral composition, and physicochemical properties of two flavoured ice creams within Benin City Metropolis, Nigeria
Authors: Ovonramwen O.B. , Okojie E.I.
Published: January 2025

This research work covers the purchase of strawberry and vanilla-flavoured ice cream sourced locally from two different ice creamery outlets within the Benin Metropolis, Edo State, Nigeria. This involves the determination of the proximate composition (crude protein,  crude fat, ash content, crude fibre, moisture, and carbohydrates obtained by difference) and the mineral composition (potassium,  magnesium, calcium, molybdenum, iron, zinc, sodium, and copper) using the standard method. The physiochemical properties of both  ice cream samples (temperature, pH, total solids, and sugar content) were carried out using the standard method. The (66.90 and 57.80%), (12.10 and 11.80%), (4.07 and 3.99%), (2.50 and 2.20%), (1.01 and 1.10%), and (13.41 and 23.11%) as in moisture contents, crude  lipid, crude protein, crude fibre, ash content, and carbohydrate, respectively, were obtained for strawberry and vanilla flavour ice cream.  Copper, zinc, iron, magnesium, calcium, sodium, and potassium were (0.23 and 0.24 mg/L), (1.27 and 1.28 mg/L), (2.20 and 2.22 mg/L),  (0.49 and 0.50 mg/L), (2.90 and 2.90 mg/L), (3.66 and 3.67 mg/L), and (3.37 and 3.36 mg/L), respectively. The calorie contribution from carbohydrate and protein was lower, while it was higher in fat. The micronutrient ratio was within the expected range except for K/Na,  Ca/Mg, and Ca/protein. The trace elements Zn, Cu, and Fe contributed the highest percentage of micronutrients needed to meet the daily  requirement for proper functioning and development of a healthy body. Hence, it is recommended to be safe for consumption if  taken cautiously and in moderation.
Hydrogeophysical exploration and groundwater quality assessment of Obada Oko, Ogun State, Nigeria
Authors: Makinde V. , Ganiyu S.A. , Bada B.S. , Ganiyu S.A. , Ifeyemi O.A. , Odutayo J.O.
Published: January 2025

Water is one of the prime necessities of life for the survival of man and a host of other living things. Access to potable water supply over  the years has been difficult in developing countries leading to high rates of water borne diseases, hence the need to assess the  hydrogeological potential of Obada-Oko in Ewekoro Local Government Area of Ogun State. The study investigated aquifer distribution  and locations of possible sites where boreholes and hand-dug wells could be drilled for potable and uncontaminated groundwater  supply. The study area falls within a transition zone between sedimentary and basement complex rocks of southwestern Nigeria. Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) and 2-Dimensional Electrical Resistivity Tomography (2D ERT) surveys were carried out using Schlumberger and  Wenner arrays respectively. Resistivity data were acquired using Campus Tigre resistivity meter at twelve VES points and six 2D traverses  of lengths varying from 100 to 150 m. The resistivity data obtained from 2D ERT were inverted using RES2DINV software while IPI2WIN  and WinResist software were used for VES data interpretation. A maximum of five geoelectric layers namely: topsoil, clayey soil, clayey  sand, sandy soil, weathered/fractured and fresh basement were delineated beneath the traverses. The weathered and fractured layers  had resistivity varying from 20 to 690 Ωm and thickness varying from 12 to 27 m. The 2D ERT models showed three layers: top layer,  weathered layer and fresh basement. The topsoil thickness varies from 1 to 10 m while fractured/fresh basement layer thickness vary  between 6 and 13 m. The maximum depth of penetration of 2D ERT and VES were 13 m and 31 m respectively. Productive hand-dug wells/boreholes could be sited on traverses 2, 3 and 6; VES points 6 and 12 were suspected to have high groundwater potential. Though  the longitudinal conductance values revealed protective capacity rating to be mostly within poor category, which made the aquifer  system highly vulnerable to contamination. Physical and chemical results of analyzed water samples fell within permissible limit of World  Health Organization (WHO) and Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) limit for drinking purposes. Piper trilinear diagram interpretation showed calcium and chloride to be the dominant cation and anion respectively. Groundwater potential tends to  be high in five locations in the study area with suitable aquiferous media for groundwater extraction.
Evaluation of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta stem ethanol extract in animal models
Authors: Nwikwe D.C. , Raji Z.I. , Balogun E.A.
Published: January 2025

Although herbal medicines are less potent compared to synthetic drugs in some cases, but are still considered less toxic less side effects.   Cryptolepis sanguinolenta stem ethanol extract (CSSE) is a reportedly potent antimalarial plant with dearth of data on the safety  and efficacy on the brain and heart of animals. This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of CSSE in animal models. Thirty albino rats  were randomly distributed into five groups (n=6). Group A=distilled water (control), Groups B-E=250, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg body  weight extract, respectively, for 21 days. Phytochemicals and biochemical analyses were performed using standard method. Total protein  (TP), direct bilirubin (DB), total bilirubin (TB), alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate  +   transaminase (AST) were evaluated in liver.  Na+ -K+ -ATPase, Ca2+ -Mg2+ -ATPase, and AST were evaluated in heart. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and  nitric oxide (NO) were evaluated in brain. Lipid profiles, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and  glutathione Stransferase (GST) were evaluated in serum as well. The results revealed that CSSE contained alkaloids, glycosides, steroids,  terpenoids and proteins at 35.11, 9.80, 52.35, 22.61 and 30.32 mg/100g, respectively. CSSE significantly increased (p<0.05) liver TB and AST,  heart AST, and MDA and GST, while total cholesterol and AChE was reduced. However, no significant difference (p>0.05) was  observed in triglycerides, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, TP, DB, liver ALT, Na+ -K+ -ATPase, Ca2+ -Mg2+ -ATPase, BChE, NO, SOD and  CAT in the subjects. CSSE also kept histo-architecture of the subjects intact. Hence, CSSE induced mild alterations in biochemical  parameters and tissues of the subjects without an observable damage, hence relatively safe for consumption.
Parasitic contamination of circulating Nigerian currency in Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
Authors: Akeredolu A.B. , Salawu S.A. , Balogun T.H. , Adeleke A.A. , Odetayo T.F .
Published: January 2025

This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and level of contamination of Naira notes in circulation in Ile Ife, Osun State,  Nigeria. Nine hundred and sixty (960) Naira notes comprising all denominations were collected randomly from commercial bus drivers,  point of sales (POS) operators, bread sellers and open market traders between October 2023 and March 2024. The parasite egg/cysts  were recovered using a standard parasitological procedure. Two hundred and thirty-seven (237) Naira notes harboured one or more  parasites giving an overall prevalence of 24.7%. Ten parasites were recovered which include Ascaris lumbricoides (14.1%) Taenia spp  (7.8%), Enterobius vermicularis (5.9%), Entamoeba histolytica (3.4%), Trichuris trichiura (0.6%), Ancylostoma duodenale (5.0%), Giardia  lamblia (1.3%), Fasciola hepatica (1.6%), Entamoeba coli (4.7%) and Balantidium coli (0.6%). The highest prevalence of contamination was  recorded in N100 notes (60.0%) followed by N200 Naira notes (26.7%) while the joint lowest contamination rate of 10% was recorded in  N10 Naira and N20 Naira notes respectively. Old notes were more contaminated (29.8%) than the newly redesigned notes (4.6%) and  higher parasitic contamination was recorded among paper notes (27.7%) than the polymers (18%). Mutilated Naira notes were more  contaminated (85.7%) than very dirty ones (50%). Based on the source of currency, Naira notes collected from commercial drivers had the  highest contamination (38.8%). Statistical associations were recorded between parasitic contamination of currency and currency  denomination, currency type, source of currency note, and physical condition of Naira note (P˂0.05) except among currency materials  where a nonsignificant association was recorded (P˃0.05). This study has revealed that currency notes in circulation in IleIfe, are  contaminated with a variety of parasites that pose a significant risk to public health and it is essential to promote good personal hygiene  practices, such as washing hands regularly, especially after using the toilet and handling currency notes.
Simultaneous detection of multiple counterfeit banknotes using Raman spectroscopy: A case study of ₦500 and ₦1000 notes
Authors: Ahmed M.K. , Ali M.H.
Published: January 2025

A bundle of ₦500 and ₦1000 notes were analyzed using Raman spectroscopy to simultaneously detect and localize multiple counterfeit  notes mixed with genuine ones in the bundle. The research applied machine learning techniques, specifically Multiview non-negative  matrix factorization (Mv-NMF) and 2D correlation analysis, to detect and assess the spectral similarity between the bundle contents and a  reference genuine note, identifying individual spectra as either genuine or counterfeit. Furthermore, an approach was provided for the spatial localization of each sample bank note within a bundle, offering a detailed visualization of all banknotes in the bundle  simultaneously. This research showcases the potential of Raman spectroscopy in molecular forensic analysis of a bundle for detecting  and identifying the spectral signatures of multiple bank notes with a single banknote's security features, offering a viable alternative to  existing individual banknote analysis and detection methods. The research may also be applicable to any security documents with a  unique substrate paper that can be bundled together. Our findings offer significant benefits to financial authorities, legal institutions, and  intelligence organizations around the world for the smart identification of multiple counterfeited notes.
Clinical antihypertensive efficacy and safety of Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) leaf: a systematic review
Authors: David Shalkur , Dapar Maxwell Patrick , Jimam Nanloh Samuel
Published: January 2025

In low- and medium-income countries (LMICs) where access to medicines is challenging, hypertension prevalence is increasing, justifying the need to integrate traditional herbal medicines like Moringa oleifera into mainstream clinical practice. This review examines clinical studies in literature, starting from 2011, on the efficacy and safety of Moringa oleifera in hypertension treatment. Outcomes including effects on blood pressure, other cardiovascular risks, blood biochemistry, and adverse drug events were extracted from the articles. The quality of evidence was assessed with the risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions (ROBINS-1) tool. A total of 295 articles were identified, of which 16 were included for review. All but one were non-randomised studies. Regarding clinical efficacy, three articles, (n=131) showed that in normotensive patients, Moringa treatment has an acute BP-lowering effect butrepeated doses failed to demonstrate a BP-lowering effect (3 articles, n=82). In hypertensive populations (3 articles, n=112) Moringa supplementation had BP-lowering effects. In terms of clinical safety (2 articles, n=66) there are non-significant changes in blood biochemistry including alanine aminotransferase, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen in normotensive patients. Regarding treatment tolerability, there was no incidence of adverse events (2 articles, n=209) while others reported minor gastrointestinal upset and changes in appetite and sleep patterns (2 articles, n=103). Limited literature using non-randomised trial designs shows that Moringa oleifera leaf supplementation lowers blood pressure in persons with hypertension. Moringa oleifera leaf appears safe in normotensive patients.
Strategic cost Management Practices and Organizational Performance: A study of Selected Manufacturing Firms in Nigeria
Authors: Umemezilem Uzoka , Okuwa Okoh
Published: January 2025

There has been a lot of transformation in the manufacturing industry.. Therefore, the use of traditional cost management system such as standard costing and predetermined overhead allocation system in the Nigerian manufacturing industry has proven to be ineffective in product costing, cost management, and decision making. As a result of these developments, it has become necessary to employ more refined product costing techniques of strategic cost management. Some of the strategic cost management methods are Activities Base costing, Target Costing, Life Cycle Costing, Balance Scorecard and Total Quality Management. The implementation of the Strategic Cost Management System has led to improved product costing analysis and decision making, production efficiency, and improved firm performance and market competitiveness. This study examines the effect of strategic cost management practices on organizational performance of Nigerian manufacturing firms. The study was guided by two research questions and two hypotheses. The survey design was used in the study. The population of study was 70 staff or respondents drawn from Guiness Nigeria Plc, Cocoa-cola Nigeria Plc, Nigerian Breweries Plc and Delta Glass Plc with a sample size of 60 using the Taro Yamena’s formula Data analysis and stated hypothesis were tested using Kruskal Wallis one way analysis of variance by rank. The findings revealed that strategic cost management practices positively cost impact on the organizational performance of the manufacturing firms under study. In light of this result of study, it is recommended that manufacturing firms still using the traditional costing methods should consider implementing the strategic cost management techniques to enhance their performance and competitiveness.
A Re-appraisal of Fiscal Federalism and Success of Awka North Local Government Council: The Shenanigan, Imbroglio and Solutions.
Authors: Chukwuemeka Emma , Iloanya Kenneth , Abba Ugoo
Published: January 2025

The suggestion for unified system of local government was enshrined in 1976 local government reform. by the military junta. By the reform the local government among other things was granted fiscal autonomy to ensure that grassroots development is fostered. But this has never been achieved. The shenanigan has resulted to serious imbroglio and poor performance of the local government councils especially Awka North Local Government Coucil. The study adopted descriptive research design. Data collected were presented in tables and hypotheses were tested usingchi square non-parametric statistics. The results of this study revealed that the caretaker committee system practiced by Anambra State government over the years has impeded the performance of Awka North Local Government Council. Also fiscal imbalance has affected the performance of Awka North Local Government Council as well. Based on the findings, the researchers recommended as follows: That the government of Anambra State should henceforth discontinue the use of care committee system to run local government administration. Also, funds meant for the local government should be released to it without the attachment of strings.
Effects of sprouted sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) diets fortified with exogenous enzymes on egg production in Red and White Amberlink layers
Authors: Muavha N.R. , Fushai F.
Published: January 2025

The aim was to evaluate the effects on egg production of feeding raw versus sprouted sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)–soybean (Glycine max) oil cake diets fortified with exogenous enzymes to red and white Amberlink layers (16 w in production). Birds were stocked at three birds per cage in an open house. The 6-w experiment was conducted in a randomized 3 (diets) × 2 (enzymes) × 2 (strains) factorial design replicated six times. A commercial late lay product was the positive control for iso-nutrient, sprouted, and raw sorghum-based soybean test diets. Duplicates of all diets were fortified with 500 g/tonne of a multi-enzyme cocktail. Raw sorghum resulted in low feed intake. High laying rates were attained in red layers on the enzyme-fortified commercial diet, white Amberlink layers on the same diet without enzymes, and in both strains on the enzyme-fortified, sprouted sorghum diet. Raw sorghum without enzymes resulted in low laying rates across strains. The laying rate and feed conversion decreased: commercial feed >sprouted sorghum >raw sorghum. Enzymes reduced egg weight in red layers on the sprouted sorghum diet, with an opposite effect in white layers on the commercial diet. Compared to the standard diet, the sorghum diets reduced feed intake and egg production and increased the feed conversion ratio, with better relative egg output (95%) on the sprouted, compared to the raw (85%), sorghum diet. Treatment interactions on the laying rate (strain × diet × enzyme), and egg size (strain × enzyme) suggest that the potency of exogenous enzymes depends on the layer strain and diet.
The response of growing pigs to dietary protein
Authors: Pennicott C.G. , Gous R.M.
Published: January 2025

The response of growing pigs to a range of dietary protein contents was both simulated and measured over a 12-w period from 74 d of age. Six dietary protein concentrations of 0.7 to 1.2-times the TOPIGS recommended levels were used during four growth phases. Amino acid balance remained the same throughout. Responses were simulated using an established growth model. A total of 264 TOPIGS TN60 boars and 264 gilts were reared separately in 48 pens (11 pigs per pen) in a trial conducted at Baynesfield Estate, South Africa. Growth rate and feed intake were simulated and measured weekly, and cold carcass weight (CCW) and P2 were both simulated and measured on each individual. Weight gain increased with dietary protein in boars both in silico and in vivo, whereas gains on all but the lowest protein diet remained constant in silico. A small increment in gain was measured in the trial as protein content increased. Simulated feed intakes were constant in gilts on the four highest protein contents, increasing on the two lowest contents. In boars, intake increased as protein content decreased. No marked trends in feed intake were observed. CCW decreased exponentially as protein content decreased. Margin over feed cost peaked at a higher protein content in boars than in gilts and was influenced to the same extent both in silico and in vitro by changes in the cost of protein-containing ingredients. Uniformity in body weight within treatments increased linearly with dietary protein content.
Short communication: Impact of rest intervals and habituation on electro-ejaculated semen quality in merino-type rams
Authors: O’Neill H.A. , Scholtz J. , Kruger L.P. , Maqhashu A. , Ganswindt A.
Published: January 2025

This study evaluated the effects of habituation and electro-ejaculation techniques on semen quality in merino-type rams in South Africa, aiming to refine the electro-ejaculation method to improve semen quality. Parameters assessed included semen volume, sperm motility, sperm viability, sperm concentration, sperm viscosity, sperm consistency, and sperm abnormalities. Forty mature (six- to eighttooth) merino-type rams, approximately two and a half to four years old, were randomly assigned to four groups: habituated with a 3-second rest (H3) (n = 10), non-habituated with a 3-second rest (N3) (n = 10), habituated with a 10-second rest (H10) (n = 10), and non-habituated with a 10-second rest (N10) (n = 10). Each group underwent a two-week habituation period to human presence before electroejaculation using a commercial device. Analysed semen samples showed no significant differences in semen volume (0.93–1.28 mL), sperm motility (75.2%–83.1%), sperm viability (73.1%–85.5%), sperm concentration score (3.45–3.83), sperm viscosity score (3.5–4.00), or sperm consistency score (3.5– 4.0). However, the H3 group had a higher percentage of sperm abnormalities (12.3%) compared to the N3 (6.11%) and H10 (6.7%) groups, indicating that a shorter rest interval may negatively impact semen quality. The study concludes that extending the rest interval to ten seconds can enhance semen parameters.
Potential benefits of early-life supplementation of feed additives on the growth and health of lambs
Authors: Paksoy Y. , Koluman Darcan N. , Göncü S.
Published: January 2025

Neonatal mortality in small ruminant production is a significant economic challenge for farmers, requiring techniques to improve survival rates among newborn lambs. This study focused on mitigating neonatal lamb mortality and enhancing growth rates under semi-intensive farming conditions in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. The study used 320 sheep of two breed types, Awassi and Awassi × Chios (F1) cross-breeds, with each breed type divided into an experimental and a control group. Lambs received immediate umbilical cord care and were subjected to a birth protocol. The experimental groups received an oral feed additive daily from birth until five days of age and from weaning until three days after weaning. This additive aimed to improve the health of the intestinal microbiome and immune function, and included electrolytes and vitamins. The reproductive performances of the ewes and the growth and mortality rates of the lambs were monitored. The study found significant impacts of both genotype and the feed additive on newborn lamb viability. In addition, the weaning weights of lambs of both genotypes improved with the use of the feed additive. The study concludes that administering the recommended feed additive during critical periods from birth to weaning reduces mortality rates and positively influences the growth and development of newborn lambs.
The identification of Campylobacter contamination in chicken meat sold for human consumption in the Eşme district using nested PCR
Authors: Bilici E.
Published: January 2025

The Eşme district was chosen for this study based on food safety concerns in the area. Campylobacter spp. are the most prevalent bacteria responsible for food-borne bacterial diseases globally and are present in significant amounts in fowl gut flora. There are few effective methods for identifying Campylobacter in environmental samples, making it challenging to identify the cause of Campylobacter infections on chicken farms. Research on methods of identifying Campylobacter infections is therefore needed, particularly in areas where livestock husbandry is the main source of income. Due to the low bacterial concentration in samples and the possibility of uncultivable or fatally damaged bacterial stages, Campylobacter is difficult to identify in environmental samples using standard culture techniques. Furthermore, sensitivity is reduced because of the use of selective media. In this study, a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method using hippuricase and 16S rRNA primers was employed to identify Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in 55 chicken meat samples from the Eşme district. The sensitivity, specificity, and utility of PCR for detecting C. jejuni and C. coli in samples are examined.
Effects of heat stress on the physiological responses and vaginal microbiome of Hanwoo cows
Authors: Um K-H. , Cho S-R. , Kang S-S. , Kim U-H. , Won J-I. , Jin S. , Park M. , Moon S-J. , Jang G-S. , Shokrollahi B. , Baek Y-C. , Jang S-S.
Published: January 2025

Temperature increases due to climate change induce heat stress in livestock, resulting in economic losses for farmers. This study investigated the physiological responses of Hanwoo cattle to heat stress, and the effects of heat stress on the vaginal microbiome. Four cows (mean weight: 380.3 ± 37.5 kg, parity: 2.5 ± 1.0) were allocated to two groups: heat stress (temperature-humidity index (THI) 86: 33 °C, 70% humidity) and no heat stress (THI 67: 20 °C, 60% humidity). The cows were exposed to these conditions for 15 days, and the study was repeated twice with the same cohort of animals, ensuring that each cow was exposed to both thermal conditions in a crossover manner. The study revealed that feed intake was lower, while water intake, rumen temperature, rectal temperature, and respiration rate were higher in THI 86 than in THI 67 cows. The blood cortisol, glucose, and cholesterol concentrations, and the inverse Simpson index of the vaginal microbiome, were lower in THI 86 cows, while certain microorganisms (for example, Tenericutes) were more abundant in THI 86 than in THI 67 cows. The increase in blood oestradiol concentration during oestrus was 2.8× lower, and the duration of oestrus was shorter by 41 hours in the THI 86 than in the THI 67 cows. Blood progesterone concentrations increased after ovulation in THI 67 cows and during oestrus in THI 86 cows. In THI 86 cows, the increase in blood luteinising hormone secretion and ovulation were delayed by 10 hours and 11 hours, respectively. We concluded that heat stress raises the body temperature of Hanwoo cows, causes changes in endocrine hormones and metabolic physiology, reduces the microbial diversity in the vagina, and negatively affects the oestrus cycle.
Effects of the dietary supplementation of a native probiotic on the blood metabolites, gut parameters, and meat quality of growing lambs
Authors: Naseem C. , Rabbani I. , Rashid M.A. , Yousaf M.S. , Imran M. , Anjum A. , Badar I.H. , Rehman H.
Published: January 2025

This study aimed to compare the efficacy of a native probiotic (indigenously produced Saccharomyces cerevisiae) with that of commercial S. cerevisiae in terms of the effects on blood metabolites, gut histology, the expression of genes related to the ruminal epithelium, ruminal electrophysiology, and meat quality in lambs. Thirty male Lohi lambs were allocated to three dietary treatments for three weeks (N = 10/treatment): the control (C; basal diet without supplementation); commercial yeast (CY; basal diet supplemented with 1 g/animal/day commercial S. cerevisiae); and indigenous yeast (IY; basal diet supplemented with 1 g/animal/day indigenous S. cerevisiae). The results showed that dietary supplementation of CY or IY significantly decreased plasma glucose and cholesterol, while jejunal villus height and ruminal papillae length and density increased significantly compared to the C lambs. Ruminal insulin-like growth factor-2 and monocarboxylate transporter-1 expression were higher in both IY and CY, which corresponded to a significantly increased short-circuit current (IY > CY). Regarding the meat parameters, pH18 h, water-holding capacity, and cooking loss were lower, while drip loss and redness were significantly higher in the supplemented groups. This study suggests that supplementation with IY produces beneficial effects in growing lambs. Supplementation with IY is a promising approach, and the use of native feed additives in animal farming should be further explored.