bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some dermatoglyphic features of Australian aboriginals from Mornington Island
Authors: Loesch Danuta
Published: February 2006

Topologically significant dermatoglyphic patterns on palms and fingers have been analyzed in a sample of 118 Lardiil and 37 Kaiadilt males and females living on Mornington Island. The purpose of this analysis has been to demonstrate the applications of the topological classification in comparative studies and to point out some general developmental problems which have emerged from dermatoglyphic study of distant populations. The results are presented in the form of distributions of total pattern types on palms and on a set of five or 10 fingers, frequencies of pattern elements, and mean pattern intensities on different palmar areas and on individual fingers, and of intercorrelations between different patterns and different fingers. Moreover, finger ridge counts have been analyzed with respect to bilateral asymmetry. A sample of Australian aboriginals is compared with 300 individuals of British origin of corresponding sex and with some data on Polish family and twin samples.

The results indicate that pattern intensity is considerably increased on fingers II, III, and IV and somewhat decreased on palms, mainly on account of much lowered frequency of some hypothenar patterns, while the patterns on the radial border of the palm are increased, a deviation being more pronounced in the females. The intercorrelations between fingers for pattern intensity and ridge counts are lowered. A possible relationship of these findings to peculiarities in the morphological structure of the hand in the aboriginals, as distinguished from that of the white Europeans, is discussed. Moreover, a lack of sexual dimorphism in finger ridge count and a high proportion of ridge dissociation in this sample indicates the need for cytogenetical investigation, especially towards peculiarities of the X chromosome, but other possible causes for these deviations should also be considered.
Volume and composition of hand sweat of white and black men and women in desert walks
Authors: Dill D. B. , Yousef M. K. , Goldman A. , Hillyard S. D. , Davis T. P.
Published: February 2006

Many investigators have sought, but failed to find, ethnic differences in the number and regional distribution of active sweat glands. In this study measurements have been made of sweat secreted on one hand and also on the whole body of Whites and Blacks walking in desert heat. Whites numbered 31 men and 27 women, ages 30 to 88 years; there were 21 Black men and 31 Black women, ages 16 to 61 years. Each walked on three occasions for 1 hour at a rate that required an oxygen consumption of about 40% of aerobic capacity. Ambient temperature ranged from 32 to 44°C in 1979 and 1980; means were 38.4°C in 1979 and 36.7°C in 1980. There was no sweat in the gloves of many Blacks; this was true of only a few Whites. Volume of body sweat increased in both races with rate of walking; volume of hand sweat increased more in Whites than in Blacks. The Mann‐Whitney test revealed that volumes of hand sweat were significantly greater for Whites than for Blacks. It was concluded that in desert walks most Whites and few Blacks sweat freely on their hands. In samples of hand sweat, Na+, K+, and Cl− were determined. Concentrations of each ion varied widely in both races, and were unrelated to race. Concentrations of Na+ and Cl− generally are somewhat higher in hand sweat than in body sweat; concentrations of K+ are much higher. It follows that the values for concentration of Na+ and Cl− reported in Table 3 probably are somewhat higher than would have been found in body sweat, and concentrations of K+ are probably much higher.
Subnasal alveolar morphology and the systematic position of Sivapithecus
Authors: Ward Steven C. , Kimbel William H.
Published: February 2006

Recent collecting in the Potwar Plateau of Pakistan has produced several new maxillae attributable to Sivapithecus. Since the subnasal region is preserved in most of these specimens, comparisons with early Miocene hominoid and Pliocene hominid maxillae become possible. On the basis of these comparisons, it has become clear that subnasal/premaxillary morphology distinguishes Asian and African hominoids. Ramapithecus and Sivapithecus share with Pongo an “Asian” subnasal pattern. The Proconsul species from the early Miocene of western Kenya and Australopithecus afarensis from the Hadar Formation of Ethiopia present two subsets of an “African” subnasal pattern. We think it likely that Ramapithecus and Sivapithecus represent a lineage that postdates the last common ancestor of African and Asian hominoids.
Alveolar dehiscences and fenestrae in dried south African Negro mandibles
Authors: Tal Haim
Published: February 2006

The buccal and lingual roots of 1077 teeth from 100 mandibles of South African Negroes were examined for the presence of dehiscences and fenestrae. All specimens were obtained from cadavers of known sex, tribe, and stated age; 10.5% of teeth were affected. Canines and first premolars were the most common teeth associated with dehiscences and fenestrae. Dehiscences occurred more commonly than fenestrae (1:0.49). The defects were found exclusively in the buccal plate of the alveolar process.
Longitudinal trends in subcutaneous fat thickness during adolescence
Authors: Cronk Christine E. , Roche Alex F. , Kent Ralph , Eichorn Dorothy , McCammon Robert W.
Published: February 2006

Longitudinal principal components (LPC) analysis is used to summarize adolescent trends in subcutaneous fat thickness at three sites (biceps, suprailiac, and abdominal). For each site, component 1 (C1) represents fatness level, and component 2 (C2) represents an increase followed by a decrease (fat wave) in fatness. Components 3–5 (retained for girls only) represent more complicated patterns of change (multiple increases and decreases). Correlations among scores for C1 for each site and among scores for C2 for each site indicate a high correspondence of fatness level and the magnitude of the fat wave. Associations between components and other indicators of maturity are apparent, indicating that serial fat patterns are controlled to some degree by influences affecting other pubescent events. Continuity between childhood fatness levels and adolescent patterns of fatness are relatively weak. Continuity between adolescent and adulthood fatness is somewhat greater.
Dental size traits within families: Path analysis for first molar and lateral incisor
Authors: Potter Rosario H. Yap , Rice John P. , Dahlberg Albert A. , Dahlberg Thelma
Published: February 2006

Previous works on the inheritance of dental traits have traditionally followed Fisher's model for family data under the assumption that phenotypic similarity between relatives is due solely to genetic factors. This study uses recent causal models that incorporate the contribution of nonrandom environmental sources of variation to familial resemblance on dental size. Path analysis was applied to observed interclass and intraclass correlations of sex‐specific parent‐offspring and sib pairs in 293 Pima Indian families from the southwest United States. The mesiodistal dimension of an early‐forming and stable tooth (first molar) was contrasted with a late‐forming and variable tooth (upper lateral incisor) for genetic and familial environmental components of variation. Parameters were estimated according to the XTAU models of Rice et al. (1980) and linear constraints placed upon the parameters were tested. The proportion of variance accounted for by genetic and environmental transmissible factors is estimated to be 52% for the first molar and 35% for the lateral incisor. Neither X‐linkage nor sex‐specific environmental effects are required to explain the transmission of dental size. Nontransmissible environmental effects that account for sibling correlations are detectable. Furthermore, sex differences are found in correlated sibling environments for the lateral incisor but not the first molar, to explain in part male‐female differences in the distributions of the upper lateral incisor size.
The mandibular corpus of female primates: Taxonomic, dietary, and allometric correlates of interspecific variations in size and shape
Authors: Smith Richard J.
Published: February 2006

Measurements were taken on skulls of 253 adult female anthropoid primates from 32 species, in order to determine patterns and possible causes for variation among species in the cross‐sectional size and shape of the mandibular corpus under M1.

When all 32 species are considered as a group, there is a tendency for corpus shape to become more robust with increasing body size. However, this does not hold for colobines or cercopithecines evaluated separately. When diets are classified into the general categories of folivory or frugivory, neither size‐adjusted measurements of mandibular corpus breadth and height, nor estimates of the second moments of inertia or the polar moment of inertia of the mandibular cross section, show any relationship to dietary variation among species. Species reported to include hard nuts in their diets have larger mandibular cross sections than other species, and the size of the corpus is significantly correlated with size of the dentition and molar enamel thickness.

A biomechanical model taking into account frictional effects of tooth‐to‐tooth contact indicates that mandibular corpus robusticity may not be related to a large horizontal component of force during mastication.
Mortality of pregnant females in Arikara villages: Osteological evidence
Authors: Owsley Douglas W. , Bradtmiller Bruce
Published: February 2006

High infant mortality and high mortality for late adolescent and young adult females suggest that obstetrical hazards may be one explanation for differences in male and female mortality curves. This possiblity is investigated in Arikara skeletal series by determining the frequency of females who died with fetal remains in utero. Two females (0.9%) were so identified. Examination of the females and the fetal remains do not provide evidence that stress of childbearing was the cause of death in these cases.
A craniofacial growth maturity gradient for males and females between 4 and 16 years of age
Authors: Buschang Peter H. , Baume Robert M. , Nass G. Gisela
Published: February 2006

Differential growth of the craniofacial complex implies variation in ontogenetic patterns of development. This investigation quantifies the relative maturity—as defined by percent adult status—of nine cephalometric dimensions and stature. Analysis is based on 663 lateral cephalograms from a mixed longitudinal sample of 26 males and 25 females between 4 and 16 years of age. Graphic comparison of maturity status across the age range shows that variation is intergraded between the neural and somatic growth maturity patterns, as described by head height and stature, respectively. The maturity gradient moves from head height through anterior cranial base, posterior cranial base and maxillary length, upper facial height, corpus length, and ramus height to stature. After 9 years of age ramus height is less mature than stature. Anterior maxillary and mandibular heights diminish during transitional dentition and thereafter exhibit maturity patterns that compare to corpus length. Although females are consistently more mature than males, the gradient of variation between dimensions is sex independent.
Intertribal gene flow between the Ye'cuana and Yanomama: Genetic analysis of an admixed village
Authors: Long Jeffrey C. , Smouse Peter E.
Published: February 2006

Genetic exchange with a neighboring village of Ye'cuana Indians had introduced two alleles, Dia and ACPa, into the Yanomama Indian village of Borabuk. After several generations, these alleles had reached frequencies of 0.08 and 0.10, respectively. These frequencies are puzzling because they are higher in Borabuk than in the Ye'cuana village from which they were derived. Single allele estimates of ancestral proportions obtained from either of these traits are biologically unrealistic and suggest that admixture is not a good explanation for genetic variation in Borabuk. Nevertheless, multiallelic admixture models are seen to produce credible estimates of ancestral proportions and to explain a large amount of allele frequency variation in Borabuk. When these results are compared with expectations derived from a formal pedigree analysis, good agreement is seen. Comparison of single allele estimates of ancestral proportions obtained from alleles at 11 loci, with multiallelic estimates obtained from the same 11 loci and with the pedigree‐derived estimates, demonstrates the superiority of the multiallelic approach.
HLA types of mummified Eskimo bodies from the 15th century
Authors: Hansen H. E. , Gürtler H.
Published: February 2006

In 1978 the bodies of eight Eskimos were discovered in two tombs among the rocks at Qilakitsoq in the Umanak District on the west coast of Greenland. By C14 analysis at the Danish National Museum the burial was dated around A.D. 1460. The climatic conditions have been favorable for the preservation of the bodies, which were freeze‐dried by nature to almost the consistency of wood. With skin and muscle tissue from the thigh, a human leukocyte antigen (HLA) type determination was carried out by means of a microabsorption method developed in this laboratory on spleen tissue from recently deceased persons (Hansen and Gürtler, 1979, 1982). The aim of the HLA determinations of these mummies was to reveal possible family relationships, and to see whether the HLA antigens found would be typical for nowliving Eskimo populations. The results indicate that two families were buried, one in each of the two tombs.
Formation of the permanent dentition in Arikara Indians: Timing differences that affect dental age assessments
Authors: Owsley Douglas W. , Jantz Richard L.
Published: February 2006

This report concerns one problem encountered with application of American white dental formation standards to age assessment of sub‐adults of archaeological context. Dental ages for eight mandibular permanent teeth and maxillary central and lateral incisors of Arikara Indian immature skeletons were determined according to degree of crown or root mineralization. Ages assigned to the various teeth of the same individual were compared. They showed similarities as well as patterned differences. First premolar, second premolar, and mandibular incisor ages closely approximated one another. In relation to this complex, dental ages for maxillary incisors and mandibular second molars were older by 0.5 to 1.1 years. Developmental ages assigned to individuals on the basis of third molars showed relative advancement by more than 2 years. The systematic occurrence of these observations reflects more than just individual variability; it shows the presence of population differences in tooth‐formation timing. Timing differences complicate assessment of dental ages needed for growth or demographic studies.
Aging in the musculoskeletal system of rhesus monkeys: I. Passive joint excursion
Authors: DeRousseau C. Jean , Rawlins Richard G. , Denlinger Janet L.
Published: February 2006

In order to describe ontogenetic change in the musculoskeletal system of rhesus monkeys, 126 Macaca mulatta from Cayo Santiago, ranging in age from 7 months to 21 years, were examined under anesthesia. Passive joint excursions were measured at the wrist, elbow, shoulder, hip, and knee. Mean ranges of excursion at these joints differed significantly between age groups and by sex. The potential for most movements appeared to decrease approximately 25° over the first two decades of the macaque life span, and males generally showed less potential for movement than females in all age groups. These results are similar to those obtained for humans and are consistent with patterns of positional behavior, trauma, and osteoarthritis observed in this rhesus monkey population. Thus, to fully describe the locomotor strategy of rhesus monkeys, age‐ and sex‐related variation in locomotor anatomy and functional capacity must be considered.
Dental morphology and odontometry of the Tibetan immigrants
Authors: Sharma J. C.
Published: February 2006

Dental features such as size, shape, cusp number and groove pattern, deflecting wrinkle, protostylid, form and size of dental arch and occlusion pattern, as well as crown diameters of maxillary and mandibular dentition of the Tibetan immigrants in India are described. Sex differences in various measurements are also noted. Overall reduction in size, presence of hypodontia of the third molar, and absence of Carabelli's trait are a distinct progressive/evolutionary trend in the Tibetan dentition, while presence of a shovel‐shaped lingual surface of central and lateral incisors is a retrogressive/primitive condition. In some of the dental features Tibetans resemble Cauca‐soid and modern populations, in certain others they resemble other Mongoloid populations, and in still other features they resemble aboriginal populations and fossil hominids.
The Bacon Chow study: Genetic analysis of physical growth in assessment of energy–protein malnutrition
Authors: Mueller William H. , Pollitt Ernesto
Published: February 2006

Estimates of the prevalence of energy–protein malnutrition almost universally employ physical growth measurements. In this study we focus on this disease and the role of body size of relatives as mediators of responses in individuals to one type of nutrition intervention: supplementation of pregnant and lactating women. In this study, initiated by Dr. Bacon Chow and others in 1967, during gestation of a first infant a mother was untreated, while during the lactation of the first infant and the gestation and lactation of a second infant she was treated with either a calorie supplement or a placebo. Supplement–placebo group differences were sought in sibling and mother–child correlations in growth from birth to 30 months, in order to assess the role of heredity as a mediator of supplement effects.

There were 108 pairs of siblings whose mothers had received a high‐calorie–high‐protein supplement as described above and 105 pairs of siblings whose mothers had received a placebo. Among the latter, sibling correlations for most measurements are statistically significant at birth, and of the same magnitude seen in previous studies (∼0.5), while among supplemented siblings, birth correlations are unusually low and often insignificant. The sibling correlations in Rohrer's index (wt/L3) differed the most between groups (p < 0.01). Group differences in the sibling correlation tended to disappear over the first 2.5 years of life. Correlations between mothers and their second children in subscapular skinfold tended to be higher in the supplemented than in the placebo group, birth to 30 months. Inbothsupplement groups mother–second child correlations for body weight were higher than mother–first child correlations, suggesting the occurrence of secular changes in the environment unconnected with the treatment. The results suggest that: (1) genetic analysis of components of anthropometric variation may be a more sensitive method than the more conventional comparison of group means in detecting supplement effects; and (2) infant relative weight (Rohrer index), particularly the addition of subcutaneous fat, may be more affected by maternal supplementation than growth in weight or length alone.
Cultural and biological inheritance of plasma lipids
Authors: Rao D. C. , Williams W. R. , McGue M. , Morton N. E. , Gulbrandsen C. L. , Rhoads G. G. , Kagan A. , Laskarzewski P. , Glueck C. J. , Russell J. M.
Published: February 2006

A path analytic model for the analysis of nuclear family data is described and used to analyze the results of two major studies of cholesterol (CH) and triglyceride (TG), the Honolulu Heart Study (HHS) of Japanese–Americans and the Cincinnati Lipid Research Clinic (LRC) study of Caucasians. The studies were first analyzed separately to assess evidence for genetic and cultural transmission, marital resemblance, and maternal environmental effects for the two plasma lipids, and then simultaneously to identify the nature and sources of any between‐study‐heterogeneity. There were significant sources of heterogeneity between the two studies for CH (only marital environmental resemblance and nontransmitted sibling environmental resemblance) and for TG (only non‐transmitted sibling environmental resemblance). The two studies were homogeneous with respect to the magnitude of genetic and cultural effects; for CH genetic heritability was estimated as h2 = .594 ± .041 while cultural heritability was estimated as c2 = .035 ± .008, and for TG the two heritabilities were estimated as h2 = .259 ± .034 and c2 = .108 ± .014. An additional bivariate analysis of the association between the two lipids revealed that all phenotypic resemblance could be explained in terms of an association of non‐transmitted residual environments with little evidence for a genetic association. The relevance of these results for an understanding of the genetic epidemiology of plasma lipids is discussed.
Genetic analysis of manic‐depressive Illness
Authors: O'Rourke D. H. , McGuffin P. , Reich T.
Published: February 2006

Two threshold models, a single locus model, and two combined models are fitted to data on familial incidence of bipolar affective disorder in 194 nuclear families ascertained through a bipolar proband. The relative fit of alternative tramsmission models is tested by a likelihood ratio chi‐square with the degrees of freedom defined by the difference in the number of parameters estimated by each model. All parameters are estimated by the method of maximum likelihood. The simplest threshold model, permitting only a single background familial correlatiron, is found to provide a statistically poorer fit than any of the alternative models, and may be rejected as a model for the etiology of bipolar affective disorder. The four remaining models are statistically indistinguishable. It is suggested, however, that the involvement of a major locus in the etiology of this disorder deserves further scrutiny since any of the models incorporating a major locus, with or without a multifactorial background, are consistently associated with greater likelihoods than the complex threshold model.

It is also noted that diagnostic criteria are critical in the analysis. In the present study, relatives of probands are considered affected if a diagnosis of bipolar or unipolar affective disorder is present. When only bipolar relatives are considered affected, none of the transmission models may be rejected. Finally, the results of these analyses are found to be independent of the ascertainment parameter.
Social selection and evolution of human diseases
Authors: Yokoyama Shozo
Published: February 2006

Disease incidences in human populations depend on etiology of the disease, the fitness of individuals, and demographic changes of the population. The fitness of an individual is determined not only by the disease but also by other factors such as cultural and social reaction to the disorder and demographic changes of the population. Social selection studies the effect of the social behavior on the incidence of a trait.

In studies of Huntington's disease, it has been shown that the fitness of the normal sibling of an affected individual is reduced as much as that of the affected individual himself or herself. A similar social effect has been observed for mental retardation. Thus, even if an individual has a normal genotype, mate finding and fertility may be changed considerably by the presence of affected family members. At the present time, the way in which genetic variabilities are maintained is poorly understood even for clearcut genetic diseases. Studies of social selection indicate that such information should be acquired by considering both the nature of the disease and its social effect.
The human histocompatibility system: Anthropological considerations
Authors: Thomson Glenys
Published: February 2006

The human histocompatibility system (HLA) is a linked complex of genes on human chromosome 6. Many of the loci in this region are highly polymorphic. This endows the system with unique differentiating powers, both in terms of the population genetics of the reconstruction of evolutionary trees to assess biological divergences (or affinities) in human populations, and in terms of detecting the genetic component of the many diseases which show an association with certain variants (alleles) of the HLA system.

Different racial groups often exhibit different HLA disease associations; that is, a different allele is associated with the disease in different populations, although in some cases the same allele is associated with the disease in all populations. The classical example of this latter situation is the association of B27 with ankylosing spondylitis. This disease will be used as an example to illustrate how population observations allow inferences to be made regarding the evolutionary histories of the HLA‐associated diseases, as well as the genetic mechanisms of the diseases.
Genetic and sociocultural components of high blood pressure
Authors: Ward R. H.
Published: February 2006

The cardiovascular diseases exert widely differing contributions to the total burden of mortality and morbidity in extant human populations. To a large extent these differences are a reflection of the variable distribution of specific antecedent risk factors. For one such risk factor, blood pressure, there is considerable variability in its distribution between different ethnic groups, especially between traditional and nontraditional societies. Intensive epidemiological studies in Western societies, together with a number of cross‐cultural comparisons, suggest that the major determinants of high blood pressure are likely to be a constellation of sociocultural factors, with genetic determination being limited to the interaction between genotype and environment.

Studies of populations in sociocultural transition offer an unique opportunity to identify the relative influence of specific sociocultural factors on the rate of change of blood pressure. In addition, when the study of such populations is placed in a quasi‐experimental context, genetic‐environmental interactions may also be detected. This strategy is illustrated by a study of the changing blood pressure distribution in Tokelauan migrants.

Such an approach requires the initial definition of a response variable which measures change in blood pressure as a consequence of migration. The response variable, which identifies the relative influence of concomitants such as weight, age, and obesity, can then be subjected to genetic analysis. In the Tokelau case, blood pressure response tends to be positive in migrants but negative in non‐migrants. Further statistical analysis indicates that there is a small proportion of high responders in both populations and that these cluster in families in the migrant population. However, estimates of the transmission parameter suggest that sociocultural transmission, rather than Mendelian segregation, is responsible. To date there is little evidence that genetic‐environmental interactions have had any impact on the development of hypertension in this migrant population.
Cerumen phenotype and epithelial dysplasia in nipple aspirates of breast fluid
Authors: Petrakis Nicholas L.
Published: February 2006

The relationship between presence of dysplastic epithelial cells in nipple aspirates of breast fluid and wet or dry cerumen phenotype was studied in 1,150 white and Asian American women. A statistically significant greater proportion of premenopausal white women of wet cerumen phenotype, compared to women of the dry cerumen type, was found to have cytologic dysplasia (relative risk 6.5 [1.8–22.3]). The effect was not observed in postmenopausal women. The finding offers new support for our hypothesis that an apocrine genetic factor affecting breast gland secretion may influence exposure of the breast epithelium to potential carcinogenic substances of exogenous or endogenous origin.
Genetic and anthropologic factors in gluten‐sensitive enteropathy
Authors: Strober Warren
Published: February 2006

Gluten‐sensitive enteropathy (GSE), a disease characterized by intestinal villous atrophy and malabsorption, is due to a sensitivity to wheat protein, gliadin, and probably has its basis in an underlying immunologic defect. GSE has a genetic basis in that some 70–80% of north American and northern European patients bear the HLA‐B8 histocompatibility type and about 90% bear the HLA‐DRw3 histocompatibility type. These histocompatibility types are both increased because they are in linkage disequilibrium in normal populations. This suggests that HLA‐B8 and HLA‐DRw3 genes are in linkage disequilibrium with a GSE disease gene, accounting for the association of the disease with certain histocompatibility antigens.

A gene coding for a lymphoid surface antigen has been identified which is not HLA‐linked. This gene is distributed at a low frequency in the general population; it has been proposed that both the HLA and non‐HLA genes important to GSE code for different domains of the single surface receptor molecule that somehow predisposes to a heightened immune reaction to gliadin, thus causing the disease.

GSE is most prevalent where HLA‐B8 occurs at the highest frequency in the general population and is not seen in populations where HLA‐B8 is not found. One explanation for this is that the gene complex containing HLA‐B8 (and HLA‐DRw3) evolved in response to infectious agents: Individuals bearing this complex were capable of more vigorous antibody response. However, such individuals were also more likely to be hypersensitive to wheat protein; as wheat became domesticated these individuals may have been at a disadvantage. It is only in regions such as northern Europe where wheat domestication occurred relatively late that one finds both a high frequency of HLA‐B8 and a high incidence of GSE.
Population distribution in North and Central America of PGM1 and Gc subtypes as determined by isoelectric focusing (IEF)
Authors: Dykes Dale D. , Crawford M. H. , Polesky H. F.
Published: February 2006

Gc subtypes of 20 North and Central American populations and PCM1 subtypes in 11 populations were analyzed to identify interpopulation variation of the respective gene frequencies for common alleles. A total of 23,304 phenotypings were done. Absolute heterozygosity levels (D) generally increased twofold when phenotyping by isoelectric focusing was compared with conventional electrophoresis. Graphic representation of the Gc subtypes and multivariate analysis to identify genetic affinities of the populations under study reveal genetic clusters consistent with major historical and geographical groupings of man.
HLA antigen frequency in the Koya tribe of Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Papiha S. S. , Wentzel J. , Roberts D. F. , Rao Y. Subba , Habibullah C. M.
Published: February 2006

The frequencies of HLA‐A, ‐B, and ‐C antigens were studied in a tribal population of Koya from Andhra Pradesh in southern India. No other well‐defined tribal population has been studied with which the present results may be compared. However, the HLA profile of Koya showed distinct differences from the general HLA distribution in India in the frequency of a large number of antigens both at the A and B loci. This study indicates the distinctiveness of this tribal population and suggests the potential importance of the study of HLA frequencies in tribal groups of India.
The measurement of form and variation in form: An application of three‐dimensional quantitative morphology by finite‐element methods
Authors: Cheverud James , Lewis Jack L. , Bachrach William , Lew William D.
Published: February 2006

D'Arcy Thompson developed a method of coordinates which allowed for a geometrical presentation of form and form change. While his grid transformations have received much attention, little work in the geometry of form and form change has occurred since. We present a three‐dimensional nonhomogeneous finite‐element scaling method which allows for the mathematical and geometrical measurement of form change in addition to the graphical representation of these deformations as D'Arcy Thompson grids. This allows a reconciliation between geometrical and statistical methods for analyzing form. The method involves quantification of the transformation of one form into another in three dimensions without special registration and contains algorithms for obtaining a mean form. The method is applied to an analysis of variation in cranial form among adult male rhesus macaques from the Cayo Santiago skeletal collection. Variation was greatest in the superior‐inferior direction, followed by the anterior‐posterior and medial‐lateral directions. The upper facial region is particularly variable. An analysis of allometry relative to local size variation shows that the larger any particular region is, the relatively greater its height, narrower its width, and shorter its length. An analysis of allometry relative to overall size showed that the upper face is positively allometric, the occipital region is strongly negatively allometric, and the other regions are isometric. After within‐group variation is characterized, as described here, between‐group studies, such as growth series and phylogenetic series, can be performed.
Cortical bone growth and dietary stress among subadults from Nubia's Batn el Hajar
Authors: Hummert James R.
Published: February 2006

Cortical bone growth is analyzed for 174 children from a Medieval Christian population at Kulubnarti in the Batn el Hajar of Sudanese Nubia (550–1450 AD). Using the tibia as a representative long bone, total subperiosteal area, cortical area, medullary area, and percent cortical area at midshaft were calculated. While growth in total and cortical areas, as well as in length, appear to be fairly well maintained, percent cortical area reveals unusual growth patterns which reflect excessive endosteal resorption.

Compared to the relative reduction in bone mass which has been observed in malnourished living children, as well as with previously reported evidence for stress in the Kulubnarti population, the present data support an interpretation of nutritionally related stress and of no major diachronic dietary change.
The capitate of Australopithecus afarensis and A. africanus
Authors: McHenry Henry M.
Published: February 2006

The capitates of Australopithecus afarensis (AL 288‐lw and AL 333–40) and A. africanus (TM 1526) have the identical combination of modern pongid, modern hominid, and unique characteristics. These traits include the combination of a length that is proximodistally shortened (Homo sapiens‐like), a facet for the second metacarpal that is distolaterally facing (unique), the reduced styloid process on the third metacarpal (pongidlike), a dorsally placed trapezoid facet (pongidlike), mediolaterally constricted metacarpal III facet (pongidlike), a prominent palmar beak (pongidlike), a single elongated facet for the second metacarpal (H. sapiens‐like), a waisted neck (pongidlike), and a reduced amount of “cupping” in the third metacarpal facet (H. sapiens‐like).

In overall shape the bones are more like H. sapiens than other extant hominids, although they are uniquely different. The two A. afarensis capitates provide no evidence that there are two postcranial morphotypes at Hadar. Available evidence shows that A. afarensis and A. africanus are strikingly similar postcranially. The morphological differences between the capitate of Australopithecus and H. sapiens may relate to the retention of climbing ability and an absence of certain grip capabilities in these early hominids.
Assessment of race from the pelvis
Authors: Işcan M. Yaşar
Published: February 2006

Racial assessment of human postcranial skeletal remains has been a major concern for forensic and skeletal anthropologists. Materials (N = 400) of the present study are from the Terry Collection and consist of 100 black and white American pelves of both sex with known age and race. Measurements were taken from the articulated pelves. Results of discriminant function analysis indicate classificatory accuracy may be as high as 88%. Transverse pelvic breadth contributes more to the function than biiliac breadth and antero‐posterior height. The females are more easily assessed racially than males. Although a highly reliable classification is produced, the results of the study should be employed with caution, as samples were of questionable nutritional status and of low socioeconomic class.
Genetic differentiation in Dogrib Indians: Serum protein and erythrocyte enzyme variation
Authors: Szathmary Emoke J. E. , Ferrell R. E. , Gershowitz H.
Published: February 2006

Fourteen polymorphic and 24 monomorphic serum protein and erythrocyte enzyme systems were studied in Dogrib Indians living in three villages in the Northwest Territories of Canada. New information on the subtypes of Gc is provided, as is the description of a new variant at the galactose‐1‐phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT) locus. Maximum European admixture in the Dogrib is 8.7%. Contingency chi‐square analysis indicates significant genetic differentiation among the villages. Nei's (1973) GST = .0083 ± .0022 over 36 systems, including blood groups. This compares favorably with GST obtained for three Macushi subdivisions, but appears to exceed that observed among the Xavante Indians of South America.
Age changes in dental arch dimensions of Australian Aboriginals
Authors: Brown Tasman , Abbott Amanda H. , Burgess Vivian B.
Published: February 2006

Breadths and depths of the dental arches were measured from standardized photographs of serial casts of Australian Aboriginals enrolled in a longitudinal growth study. The data were obtained from 1161 sets of casts representing 111 boys and 86 girls ranging in age from 6 to 19 years. Age changes in the arch dimensions conformed to previously described patterns in Caucasian children, namely, an increase in breadth and a decrease in depth. Corresponding dimensions and dimensional changes in the maxilla and mandible were strongly correlated, but breadth and depth changes were relatively independent. The disparity in size between arches increased with age, particularly in the breadth dimension of boys. Marked disparity in arch breadths characterizes an occlusal feature of this population that has been termed alternate intercuspation.
A critique of some regression adjustments used in allometric size “correction” in numerical taxonomy
Authors: Hartman Steve E.
Published: February 2006

Residuals from an allometric regression line fitted in log–log space between linear measurements and a size variable are frequently used in numerical taxonomy as “size‐adjusted” variables. Two forms that these residuals can take are: (1) log observed – log expected and (2) following conversion back to original scale, (observed – expected)/expected. Clustering and ordination procedures are used to demonstrate that summaries of morphometric affinities can be influenced by choice of residual. The discrepancy is predicted to be greater when some objects of study have predominantly positive or negative residuals. This situation may be more likely when many variables are functionally related. An argument is made for use of log residuals. Among the many other size “corrections” employed in multivariate morphometrics are those of Corruccini (1972,1975a, 1978). These are examined and are shown to give undesirable results.
The allometry of relative cusp size in hominoid mandibular molars
Authors: Hills M. , Graham S. H. , Wood B. A.
Published: February 2006

The crown area (MCBA) and cusp areas of mandibular molars of Homo sapiens (M1 = 131; M2 = 71), Gorilla (M1 = 25) and Pongo (M1 = 24) were studied to determine whether the relative size of the mesial and distal cusps are related to overall crown size. Allometric trends were assessed by examining the correlation between relative cusp areas and MCBA and by calculating the slope of the regression line of log cusp area and log MCBA. With the exception of the metaconid in the Homo sapiens M2s, the results of the intraspecific analyses provide little evidence of an allometric trend for relative reduction of the mesial cusps with increasing crown size. None of the samples provide consistent or reliable evidence of such a trend for the protoconid, nor do the M1 samples provide evidence for such a trend for the metaconid. The evidence from the distal cusps is also mixed: positive allometry for the entoconid for the Homo sapiens M2s and for the hypoconulid for the Homo sapiens M1s, with no departure from isometry in either Gorilla or Pongo. The interspecific data provide no evidence of any trend for the mesial cusps to decrease or the distal cusps to increase in importance in larger teeth.

If one accepts the proposition that the static allometric trends observed in this study are reasonable analogues for any allometric relationships within, or between, fossil hominid taxa, then the evidence presented above does not support the hypothesis that the reduction of the trigonid, which is observed in the “robust” australopithecines, is an allometric phenomenon.
Structured exploratory data analysis (SEDA) of finger ridge‐count inheritance: II. Association arrays in parent‐offspring and sib‐sib pairs
Authors: Karlin Samuel , Williams Paul T. , Chakraborty Ranajit , Mathew Susan
Published: February 2006

Familial similarity of the dermatoglyphic trait values of finger ridge‐count scores and pattern intensity index is examined for 125 nuclear families from the Velanadu Brahmin population of Southern India by the method of association arrays. This methodology assesses parent‐offspring and sibship similarity through a collection of measures of dependence that is sensitive to a variety of nonlinear trends and stochastic relationships between trait values. The method is used in conjunction with various weights to determine the relationship between family size and the level and form of dependence. These analyses reveal that siblings are most strongly associated for ridge‐counts of the middle digit and less associated for the thumb and fifth digit ridge‐counts. Further, sibship similarity for ridge‐counts increases with family size for the thumb and fifth digit but remains relatively constant over all family sizes for the middle finger. Family size effects are also observed for total ridge‐counts of the left hand, right hand, and both hands combined, and for the pattern intensity index. These effects of family size may be due to the most pronounced changes occurring in the amniotic environment between the first and second pregnancy, which are most strongly manifested in the sibship associations of smaller families.
Electron microprobe analysis of elemental distribution in excavated human femurs
Authors: Lambert Joseph B. , Simpson Sharon Vlasak , Buikstra Jane E. , Hanson Douglas
Published: February 2006

Elemental distributions have been determined for femur cross sections of eight individuals from the Gibson and Ledders Woodland sites. The analyses were obtained by x‐ray fluorescence with a scanning electron microscope. Movement of an element from soil to bone should give rise to inhomogeneous distributions within the bone. We found that the distributions of zinc, strontium, and lead are homogeneous throughout the femur. In contrast, iron, aluminum, potassium, and manganese show clear buildup along the outer surface of the femur and sometimes along the inner (endosteal) surface, as the result of postmortem enrichment. The buildup penetrates 10–400 μm into the femur. The major elements calcium and sodium show homogeneous distributions, but considerable material could be lost by leaching (10–15%) without causing a palpable effect on the electron maps. Magnesium shows buildup on the outer edge of some samples. These results suggest that diagenetic contamination may exclude Fe, Al, K, Mn, and probably Mg from use as indicators of ancient data. The homogeneous distributions of Zn, Sr, and Pb suggest that these elements are not altered appreciably and may serve as useful dietary indicators.
Climate and the evolution of brachycephalization
Authors: Beals Kenneth L. , Smith Courtland L. , Dodd Stephen M.
Published: February 2006

Significant associations of cranial shape for 82 ethnic groups and seven climate variables are described. Variation among current populations is partially attributed to cold adaptation throughout the Pleistocene. Application of data files tabulated by the authors is described for a number of problems. Temporal distribution of 115 specimens indicates a geometric trend (CI = 76.7 – 1.96 log time × 103). Cranial indices are summarized within alternative taxonomic models and between climatic ecotypes. Evidence supports the hypothesis of cold adaptation among “Classic” Neandertals. Limitations of the thermodynamic model are discussed. It is probable that a decrease of the cranial index occurs from the Middle to Upper Paleolithic. During the Holocene, the index increases under all climatic conditions.
Secular change in growth of native children and adolescents at high altitude Huancayo, Peru (3,280 meters)
Authors: Gonzales Gustavo F. , Valera Jose , Rodriguez Luis , Vega Amalia , Guerra‐Garcia Roger
Published: February 2006

Stature and weight of native children, adolescents, and adults at Huancayo, Peru (3,280 meters), were measured in 1977, 1978, and 1982 and compared with mean statures and weights reported in previous studies. The data indicate that in Huancayo there has been a secular increment in child stature, sitting height, and weight from 1937 to 1978–1982. The observed changes in stature are related to a proportionally greater increment in leg length relative to trunk length. It is concluded that the observed secular increase in body size reflects changes in the standard of living and a greater influx of nonnative populations, which are usually characterized by greater stature than natives.
Ontogenetic and interspecific organ weight allometry in Old World monkeys
Authors: Larson Susan G.
Published: February 2006

The importance of allometry as an analytic tool is well recognized in the literature of primate morphology. However, a number of recent studies have illustrated how interpretive difficulties can arise when researchers confound different types of allometric data. Such confusion is due less to carelessness than to uncertainty about how different types of allometry are related. The present study examines the relationship between two types—ontogenetic and interspecific allometry–in the case of organ weight scaling in six species of Old World monkeys. Accepting the interpretation of interspecific allometry as a reflection of functional scaling constraints, the results of this analysis indicate how ontogenetic patterns have been modified in different‐sized species to maintain compliance with these constraints. Specifically, for the heart and lungs it appears that vertical transpositions of individual species' ontogenies are dictated by isometric interspecific allometry, while in the case of the kidneys and liver, the relation of negative allometry across species entails alteration of the relative growth coefficients of the individual species. While these conclusions can at present only be applied to organ weight scaling, the approach of examining interspecific patterns in light of developmental differences between species should prove very helpful in our efforts to understand the phenomena of size and scaling.