bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variants of HSPA1A in Combination with Plasma Hsp70 and Anti-Hsp70 Antibody Levels Associated with Higher Risk of Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Zhang Xiaomin , Tanguay Robert M. , He Mei’an , Deng Qifei , Miao Xiaoping , Zhou Li , Wu Tangchun
Published: August 2011

Objectives: It was the aim of our study to investigate whether polymorphisms of HSP70 have an affect on antigen and antibody levels in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients and normal controls, and the possible joint effect of variants and antigen and antibody levels on the risk of ACS. Methods: Three single nucleotide polymorphisms of HSPA1A and HSPA1L were evaluated in 520 ACS patients and 520 age- and sex-matched controls. Plasma extracellular Hsp70 (eHsp70) and anti-Hsp70 antibody levels were determined using ELISA. Results: Individuals with +190G/C (rs1043618) CC genotype in HSPA1A had higher levels of eHsp70 in controls and lower levels of anti-Hsp70 body in ACS, compared with +190G/C GG carriers. Significantly increased ACS risks of 2.93 and 3.53 fold were found in subjects with the +190G/C CC genotype and high eHsp70 levels or low anti-Hsp70 antibody levels, respectively. The highest risk of ACS was found in subjects with +190G/C CC genotypes, high eHsp70 and low anti-Hsp70 antibody levels compared with those in the reference group (OR = 7.57, 95% CI 3.04–18.87). Conclusions: The +190G/C polymorphism of HSPA1A may contribute to influence eHsp70 levels in controls and anti-Hsp70 antibody levels in ACS, and the +190G/C genotypes, eHsp70 and anti-Hsp70 antibody levels may have a joint effect on the risk of ACS.
Probe Depth Matters in Dermal Microdialysis Sampling of Benzoic Acid after Topical Application: An ex vivo Study in Human Skin
Authors: Holmgaard R. , Benfeldt E. , Bangsgaard N. , Sorensen J.A. , Brosen K. , Nielsen F. , Nielsen J.B.
Published: August 2011

Microdialysis (MD) in the skin – dermal microdialysis (DMD) – is a unique technique for sampling of topically as well as systemically administered drugs at the site of action, e.g. sampling of dermatological drug concentrations in the dermis. Debate has concerned the existence of a correlation between the depth of the sampling device – the probe – in the dermis and the amount of drug sampled following topical drug administration. This study evaluates the relation between probe depth and drug sampling using dermal DMD sampling ex vivo in human skin. We used superficial (<1 mm), intermediate (1–2 mm) and deep (>2 mm) positioning of the linear MD probe in the dermis of human abdominal skin, followed by topical application of 4 mg/ml of benzoic acid (BA) in skin chambers overlying the probes. Dialysate was sampled every hour for 12 h and analysed for BA content by high-performance liquid chromatography. Probe depth was measured by 20-MHz ultrasound scanning. The area under the time-versus-concentration curve (AUC) describes the drug exposure in the tissue during the experiment and is a relevant parameter to compare for the 3 dermal probe depths investigated. The AUC0–12 were: superficial probes: 3,335 ± 1,094 µg·h/ml (mean ± SD); intermediate probes: 2,178 ± 1,068 µg·h/ml, and deep probes: 1,159 ± 306 µg·h/ml. AUC0–12 sampled by the superficial probes was significantly higher than that of samples from the intermediate and deeply positioned probes (p value <0.05). There was a significant inverse correlation between probe depth and AUC0–12 sampled by the same probe (p value <0.001, r2 value = 0.5). The mean extrapolated lag-times (±SD) for the superficial probes were 0.8 ± 0.1 h, for the intermediate probes 1.7 ± 0.5 h, and for the deep probes 2.7 ± 0.5 h, which were all significantly different from each other (p value <0.05). In conclusion, this paper demonstrates that there is an inverse relationship between the depth of the probe in the dermis and the amount of drug sampled following topical penetration ex vivo. The result is of relevance to the in vivo situation, and it can be predicted that the differences in sampling at different probe depths will have a more significant impact in the beginning of a study or in studies of short duration. Based on this study it can be recommended that studies of topical drug penetration using DMD sampling should include measurements of probe depth and that efforts should be made to minimize probe depth variability.
Land Tenure, Land Reform and the Qalad System in Ethiopia, 1941–1974
Authors: Gebeyehu Temesgen
Published: August 2011

Ethiopia has been both enriched and burdened by its past, including its land tenure system. ‘Land to the Tiller’ was one of the main factors for the decline and fall of the imperial period, the reign of Emperor Haile-Sellase (1941–1974). This study is essentially based on archival materials from the Wolde-Mesqel Research Center at the Institute of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa University. I consulted material from the Center that deal with the subject of this article. The article examines the essential features and elements of land reform, land tenure and the qalad system (land measurement) in Ethiopia. It also tries to analyze the factors that made land measurement and land reform complex and difficult during Imperial Ethiopia. The findings suggest that most of the available literature on the government of Haile-Sellase’s land tenure system lacks a sense of critical scholarship, and needs to be more comprehensive and balanced in its judgements and interpretations. It has no depth or objectivity and seems to have been written for political consumption. This article concludes by giving a comparative and contrastive analysis of some of the existing literature on land tenure, reform and measurement, using the archival materials of the Research Center.
Upper secondary school students’ perceptions of teacher socialization practices and reports of school adjustment
Authors: Studsrød Ingunn , Bru Edvin
Published: August 2011

Lack of adjustment or school failure is of concern to educators, child welfare workers, educational, and school psychologists as well as parents, but there are few studies on this aspect of education, especially among late adolescents. Furthermore, there is a lack of research on teachers as socialization agents as an independent variable in adolescents’ school adjustment. The present study was conducted to explore how upper secondary school students’ perceptions of teacher socialization practices were related to motivation for continued education, school alienation, intention to quit school, truancy, and class absence. The sample consisted of Norwegian adolescents aged 15- to 18-years-old ( n = 564) in vocational and general educational courses from one upper secondary school. Perceptions of teacher socialization practices accounted for unique variances in school adjustment. Of the teacher socialization variables, academic support best explained variances in school adjustment. The findings suggest that the associations between teachers as socializing agents and motivation for continued education were relatively strong, but the other associations were relatively modest. The limitations and implications of this study are discussed.
A contemporary story of school psychology
Authors: Annan Jean , Priestley Anna
Published: August 2011

A review of recent school psychology publications was conducted to discover the espoused theory of contemporary school psychology, as distinct from school psychology practice. We considered that identification of the espoused theory of school psychology, the story of school psychology, would support professional reflection and the identification of factors that mediate theory and practice. To distinguish the espoused story of school psychology from practice we considered what school psychologists said about professional practice, rather than what they did or said they did. The findings suggested that contemporary school psychology endorses practices that are relevant to and effective in a rapidly changing world. The profession has built on strong foundations to construct models of practice that consider, value, and benefit from the multiplicity of an increasingly globally-connected community. Recurrent themes were identified that, together, formed an espoused story. This story of contemporary school psychology comprised recognition of the interactive context of child development, ecological analysis, multi-systemic approaches to practice, inclusion, and respect for diversity, positive psychology and evidence-based, theoretically driven practice.
Influence of Intranasal Epinephrine and Lidocaine Spray on Olfactory Function Tests in Healthy Human Subjects
Authors: Jung Yong Gi , Ha Seung Yong , Eun Young‐Gyu , Kim Myung‐Gu
Published: August 2011

Objective

Although topical decongestants and anesthetics are widely used in preparation for nasal endoscopy, no controlled trials have evaluated the effects of these agents on olfaction.

Study Design

Randomized double‐blinded controlled trial.

Setting

Tertiary referral hospital.

Materials and Methods

The authors recruited 72 healthy subjects and randomly assigned them to 1 of 4 groups (control, phenylephrine group, lidocaine group, and both agents). After baseline tests with the Korean version of Sniffin’ Stick Test II (KVSS II), topical agents were applied to each nostril. Fifteen minutes later, repeat tests were carried out. Pre‐ and postspray results of the olfactory tests were compared, and the differences among groups were analyzed.

Results

The mean ± SD prespray KVSS II score of the study group was 30.2 ± 3.8, and there were no statistically significant differences among the study groups (P =. 353). Mean ± SD pre‐ and postspray KVSS II scores were 29.0 ± 3.5 and 30.7 ± 3.7 (P =. 128) in the control group, 30.6 ± 3.6 and 31.7 ± 3.3 (P =. 262) in the phenylephrine group, and 31.4 ± 3.6 and 32.1 ± 3.1 (P =. 557) in the lidocaine group, respectively. In the phenylephrine and epinephrine spray group, the mean ± SD pre‐ and postspray scores were 29.9 ± 4.4 and 31.3 ± 3.7 (P =. 071), respectively.

Conclusions

Neither topical intranasal phenylephrine nor lidocaine use affected the results of the olfactory test, even when the agents were used in combination.
Oxymetazoline Ototoxicity in a Chinchilla Animal Model
Authors: Daniel Sam J. , Akinpelu Olubunmi V. , Sahmkow Sofia , Funnell W. Robert J. , Akache Fadi
Published: August 2011

Objective

To investigate possible ototoxic effects of a one‐time application of oxymetazoline drops in a chinchilla animal model with tympanostomy tubes.

Study Design

A prospective, controlled animal study.

Setting

The Research Institute of the Montreal’s Children Hospital, McGill University Health Centre.

Subjects and Methods

Ventilation tubes were inserted in both ears of 12 animals. One ear was randomly assigned to receive oxymetazoline drops (0.5 mL). The contralateral ear did not receive any drops, serving as a control ear.

Outcome Measures

Distortion product otoacoustic emissions were measured bilaterally for a wide range of frequencies (between 1 and 16 kHz) before and 1 day after the application of oxymetazoline in the experimental ears. Two months later, the animals were sacrificed and all cochleae were dissected out and processed for scanning electron microscopy.

Results

In this established chinchilla animal model, the measured distortion product otoacoustic emission amplitudes and the morphological appearance on scanning electron microscopy were similar for both control and experimental ears.

Conclusion

Oxymetazoline did not cause ototoxicity in a chinchilla animal model 2 months after a single application via a tympanostomy tube.
Building Web 2.0 enterprises: A study of small and medium enterprises in the United States
Authors: Kim Hee Dae , Lee In , Lee Choong Kwon
Published: August 2011

Web 2.0 is one of the most rapidly growing web applications; to understand such technologies and related management practices adopted by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the USA, this study reviews major Web 2.0 technologies, presents a conceptual model of Web 2.0 applications, and analyzes SME Web 2.0 usage. In the conceptual model, Web 2.0 applications were organized around three major application categories: social networking, information sharing, and collaboration. User space was classified into three interaction spaces: business-to-employee-to-employee space, business-to-employee-to-consumer space, and business-to-employee-to-business space. To analyze the Web 2.0 practices of one hundred US SMEs, data were collected from the websites of the 50 ‘best SMEs’ to work for in America in 2009 and from the websites of a further 50 SMEs randomly chosen from manta.com , an online source of SMEs. For statistical analyses, t-tests were conducted. While most of the 50 ‘best SMEs’ adopted Web 2.0 to some degree, the analysis shows that the other SMEs need to increase their efforts to improve their performances, to connect with consumers and to remain competitive.
Growth Factor and Catabolic Cytokine Concentrations Are Influenced by the Cellular Composition of Platelet-Rich Plasma
Authors: Sundman Emily A. , Cole Brian J. , Fortier Lisa A.
Published: August 2011

Background: Previous studies of bioactive molecules in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) have documented growth factor concentrations that promote tissue healing. However, the effects of leukocytes and inflammatory molecules in PRP have not been defined.

Hypothesis: The hypothesis for this study was that the concentration of growth factors and catabolic cytokines would be dependent on the cellular composition of PRP.

Study Design: Controlled laboratory study.

Methods: Platelet-rich plasma was made from 11 human volunteers using 2 commercial systems: Arthrex ACP (Autologous Conditioned Plasma) Double Syringe System (PRP-1), which concentrates platelets and minimizes leukocytes, and Biomet GPS III Mini Platelet Concentrate System (PRP-2), which concentrates both platelets and leukocytes. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), platelet-derived growth factor–AB (PDGF-AB), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results: The PRP-1 system consisted of concentrated platelets (1.99×) and diminished leukocytes (0.13×) compared with blood, while PRP-2 contained concentrated platelets (4.69×) and leukocytes (4.26×) compared with blood. Growth factors were significantly increased in PRP-2 compared with PRP-1 (TGF-β1: PRP-2 = 89 ng/mL, PRP-1 = 20 ng/mL, P < .05; PDGF-AB: PRP-2 = 22 ng/mL, PRP-1 = 6.4 ng/mL, P < .05). The PRP-1 system did not have a higher concentration of PDGF-AB compared with whole blood. Catabolic cytokines were significantly increased in PRP-2 compared with PRP-1 (MMP-9: PRP-2 = 222 ng/mL, PRP-1 = 40 ng/mL, P < .05; IL-1β: PRP-2 = 3.67 pg/mL, PRP-1 = 0.31 pg/mL, P < .05). Significant, positive correlations were found between TGF-β1 and platelets ( r2 = .75, P < .001), PDGF-AB and platelets ( r2 = .60, P < .001), MMP-9 and neutrophils ( r2 = .37, P < .001), IL-1β and neutrophils ( r2 = .73, P < .001), and IL-1β and monocytes ( r2 = .75, P < .001).

Conclusion: Growth factor and catabolic cytokine concentrations were influenced by the cellular composition of PRP. Platelets increased anabolic signaling and, in contrast, leukocytes increased catabolic signaling molecules. Platelet-rich plasma products should be analyzed for content of platelets and leukocytes as both can influence the biologic effects of PRP.

Clinical Relevance: Depending on the clinical application, preparations of PRP should be considered based on their ability to concentrate platelets and leukocytes with sensitivity to pathologic conditions that will benefit most from increased platelet or reduced leukocyte concentration.
Modeling void formation and unsaturated flow in liquid composite molding processes: a survey and review
Authors: Chung Hae Park  , Woo Lee
Published: August 2011

In this study, we present a review of the modeling of void formation and unsaturated flow in liquid composite molding processes. We examine modeling efforts considering all the mechanisms involved such as void formation and transport, bubble compression, and gas dissolution. In particular, the capillary number is identified as a key parameter for void formation and transport. Numerical simulation studies are reviewed, and a state-of-the-art is presented. The influence of microvoids on the global resin flow is also investigated. To model the unsaturated flow more accurately, we suggest considering the surface tension or capillary pressure, variation in permeability in terms of saturation and fiber displacement, as well as tow saturation. From this investigation, the apparent permeability and pressure profile in saturated and unsaturated flows are compared.
Multiplexed FBG and etched fiber sensors for process and health monitoring of 2-&3-D RTM components
Authors: Keulen Casey J. , Yildiz Mehmet , Suleman Afzal
Published: August 2011

This paper presents research being conducted on the use of a combination of fiber optic sensors for process and health monitoring of resin transfer molded (RTM) composite structures. A laboratory scale RTM apparatus has been designed and built with the capability of visually monitoring the resin filling process and embedding fiber optic sensors into the composite. Fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) and etched fiber sensors (EFS) have been multiplexed and embedded in quasi-2-D panels and 3-D hollow semicircular structures using a novel ingress/egress technique for the purpose of both process and structural health monitoring. The objective of this work is to demonstrate the simultaneous usage of FBGs and etched fiber sensors on a single optical fiber for resin flow monitoring and strain monitoring throughout the life of the composite. Three specimens are presented: one quasi-2D panel with two FBGs and three etched fiber sensors, one semicircular tube with two etched fiber sensors and one semicircular tube with two FBGs. Etched fiber sensors have been correlated with visual inspection to detect the presence of resin. Specimens with embedded FBG sensors have been tested in a tensile test machine to characterize the FBGs for strain monitoring.
Effects of types of fillers and filler loading on the properties of silicone rubber composites
Authors: Kong S.M. , Mariatti M. , Busfield J.J.C.
Published: August 2011

In this study, the effects of loading levels of nano BN, nano SN and synthetic ND particles on the thermal and mechanical properties of silicone rubber were investigated. Nanoparticle-filled silicone rubber composites were prepared by cast molding process. In general, incorporation of thermally conductive nanoparticles to the silicone rubber matrix improved the thermal conductivity of the composites. BN particles have the most pronounced effect on the thermal conductivity in comparison to SN and ND particles at any given loading level. TGA studies revealed that the thermal stability of the SN/silicone rubber system increased as the filler loading level increased; however, BN and ND facilitated the thermal degradation of the silicone rubber nanocomposites. For tensile test, it is observed that the addition of nanoparticles generally increased the tensile strength of silicone rubber composites compared to the neat silicone rubber. However, for BN system, the tensile strength of the composites decreased when more than 1.5 vol.% of BN is loaded in the system. The reduction was caused by the existence of voids and agglomerations in the BN/silicone rubber system. In general, tensile modulus and strain at break of nanocomposites increased with the incorporation of nanoparticles into silicone rubber matrix.
Nanosil strengthening of PMMA composite panels
Authors: Singh D , Kumar A , Rai KN
Published: August 2011

This paper presents the results of strength evaluation of poly methyl-methacrylate (PMMA) composite panels, bonded with polymeric adhesives containing nano silica (called ‘nanosil’ onward) particulates. Vertical weight drop and gas pressure propelled projectile impact methods were used in evaluating mechanical integrity of the transparent PMMA composite panels. Panels pressed with nanosil dispersed styrene–acrylonitrile (SAN) adhesives exhibited maximum impact tolerance with adequate optical transmission. The relation between projectile impact energy E (joules) and the panel thickness N (where N is the number of PMMA sheets in each panel) follows a linear relation of the type: E =  pN2 +  qN +  r, with p, q, r as constants. This finding generalizes the nature of the relation between impact resistance and panel thickness behavior. Change in impact damage mode has also been verified.
Flow-valve modelling and wheel-slip control for an automotive hydraulic anti-lock braking system
Authors: Liu Z-Y , Jing H-H , Chen H
Published: August 2011

Flow-valve modelling and wheel-slip control are investigated for an automotive hydraulic braking system which uses flow valves to supply brake fluid into the wheel cylinder and on/off valves to exhaust the brake fluid. First, the model of the flow valve is built using an experiment method, since its mechanism is difficult to analyse. Furthermore, because of the intrinsic difference between the two distinct valves, a special control problem is raised concerning how to realize wheel-slip control by using a unified strategy. Considering the essential characteristics of the two valves, a hybrid control approach, which contains an ordinary, continuous, state feedback function and a supervisory logic rule, is explored. Then, one feasible solution is obtained based on Lyapunov theory in the Filippov framework, so that the convergence of the control system is strictly guaranteed in theory. The controller has few tuning parameters and it is simple to tune. Illustrative hardware-in-the-loop simulation tests are carried out. The results show that both braking efficiency and ride quality are achieved, even if there are errors in the actuator control as well as in estimation of vehicle speed.
Simulation of the gas-assisted injection moulding process using a viscoelastic extension to the Cross-WLF viscosity model
Authors: Olley P , Mulvaney-Johnson L , Coates P D
Published: August 2011

An approximation to the viscoelastic Maxwell model is developed and combined with a Cross-WLF shear- and temperature-dependent model as a means of introducing aspects of viscoelasticity into the Cross-WLF model at a low computational cost. The main objective of the model is to simulate the gas-assisted injection moulding (GAIM) process with the aspect of a material's strain history included. It is shown that the model gives a transient and steady response comparable to the Doi–Edwards viscoelastic model in constant rate shear and uniaxial deformations, and follows WLF temperature dependence. The model is implemented in a three-dimensional finite element code using the ‘pseudo-concentration’ method to model the polymer and gas phases. The ordinary Cross-WLF model had demonstrated a consistent under-prediction of residual wall thickness (RWT) measurements in comparison to experimental results. It is shown that the viscoelastic extension to the Cross-WLF model gives a marked increase in RWT and exhibits aspects of stress relaxation and history dependence. The model is tested against variations of other process control parameters. It is shown that the simulation gives the correct qualitative response for all control parameters assessed, with quantitative prediction within a factor of 2.
Getting on With Life
Authors: Weitzner Eleanor , Surca Susan , Wiese Sarah , Dion Andrea , Roussos Zoe , Renwick Rebecca , Yoshida Karen
Published: August 2011

Currently, the dominant cultural beliefs toward disability are negative, and the existing literature is limited with respect to examining how people are using and/or viewing their disabilities positively. The purpose of this study was to identify how individuals living with a spinal cord injury (SCI) viewed and/or used their disability positively, and what contextual influences facilitated this positive approach. This study was a secondary analysis of qualitative data from a larger study. The findings revealed three levels at which disability was viewed and/or used positively by people with SCI: self, peers, and disability community. In addition, several aspects of the participants’ situations were found to facilitate this positive view and/or use of disability: personality, spirituality, support systems, and acceptance of one’s disability. The findings reveal that individuals with SCI are viewing and/or using their disabilities positively in many different ways. This study has significant implications for the direction of future research and for health care professionals who need to increase their advocacy and facilitating roles.
The Communication Orientation Model
Authors: Swaab Roderick I. , Galinsky Adam D. , Medvec Victoria , Diermeier Daniel A.
Published: August 2011

Two quantitative meta-analyses examined how the presence of visual channels, vocal channels, and synchronicity influences the quality of outcomes in negotiations and group decision making. A qualitative review of the literature found that the effects of communication channels vary widely and that existing theories do not sufficiently account for these contradictory findings. To parsimoniously encompass the full range of existing data, the authors created the communication orientation model, which proposes that the impact of communication channels is shaped by communicators’ orientations to cooperate or not. Two meta-analyses—conducted separately for negotiations and decision making—provide strong support for this model. Overall, the presence of communication channels (a) increased the achievement of high-quality outcomes for communicators with a neutral orientation, (b) did not affect the outcomes for communicators with a cooperative orientation, but (c) hurt communicators’ outcomes with a noncooperative orientation. Tests of cross-cultural differences in each meta-analysis further supported the model: for those with a neutral orientation, the beneficial effects of communication channels were weaker within East Asian cultures (i.e., Interdependent and therefore more predisposed towards cooperation) than within Western cultures (i.e., Independent).
The use of surveillance cameras in a Riyadh shopping mall: Protecting profits or protecting morality?
Authors: Alhadar Ibrahim , McCahill Michael
Published: August 2011

The rise of mass private property means that people increasingly spend their time in publicly accessible spaces controlled by private interests. Unlike public policing, which is reactive and morally toned, the policing that takes place in mass private property tends to be proactive and instrumental and utilizes new surveillance technologies (such as surveillance cameras) not to punish deviants, but to create and sustain the flow of profit. However, much of the literature on this topic has focused on the emergence of private policing in western industrial societies. In contrast, this study draws upon interviews and observational research conducted in the surveillance camera control room of a shopping mall in Riyadh (the capital City of Saudi Arabia) to show how private policing and the use of new surveillance technologies are shaped by existing social relations and cultural traditions. In this setting we argue that new surveillance technologies are used not only to protect profit, but to protect public morality. We discuss the significance of our empirical findings for broader theoretical debates on surveillance, gender and resistance.
Surveillance and violence from afar: The politics of drones and liminal security-scapes
Authors: Wall Tyler , Monahan Torin
Published: August 2011

As surveillance and military devices, drones—or ‘unmanned aerial vehicles’—offer a prism for theorizing the technological politics of warfare and governance. This prism reveals some violent articulations of US imperialism and nationalism, the dehumanizing translation of bodies into ‘targets’ for remote monitoring and destruction, and the insidious application of militarized systems and rationalities to domestic territories and populations. In this article, we analyze the deployment of drones within warzones in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Pakistan and borderzones and urban areas in the USA. What we call ‘the drone stare’ is a type of surveillance that abstracts people from contexts, thereby reducing variation, difference, and noise that may impede action or introduce moral ambiguity. Through these processes, drones further normalize the ongoing subjugation of those marked as Other.
The role of the radiology department during the London bombings, 7 July 2005: Lessons learnt and strategy in 2011
Authors: Dilks Philip , Power Niall
Published: August 2011

In the modern age, any major hospital needs to be prepared for a major incident and the radiology department plays a vital role in managing severely injured patients in an efficient manner in this setting. With this in mind, this article describes the impact of the London bombings of 7 July 2005 on the radiology department of the Royal London Hospital in East London. We will describe some of the underlying principles and concepts in major incident management, how the major incident was managed, the lessons learnt from our performance and changes to policies and protocols that have been initiated in response to these lessons.
Premixed mixture ignition in the end-gas region (PREMIER) combustion in a natural gas dual-fuel engine: operating range and exhaust emissions
Authors: Azimov U , Tomita E , Kawahara N , Harada Y
Published: August 2011

This paper is concerned with engine experiments and spectroscopic analysis of premixed mixture ignition in the end-gas region (PREMIER) combustion in a pilot fuel ignited, natural gas dual-fuel engine. The results reveal the characteristics and operating parameters that induce and affect this combustion mode. The PREMIER combustion is followed by natural gas flame propagation. Pilot-injected diesel fuel ignites the natural gas/air mixture, and the flame propagates before the natural gas/air mixture is autoignited in the end-gas region. This combustion cycle differs from a knocking cycle in terms of combustion and emission characteristics. The PREMIER combustion can be controlled by pilot fuel injection timing, the equivalence ratio, and the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rate, and can be used as an effective method for high load extension on a dual-fuel engine. An analysis of the relationship between the maximum in-cylinder pressure and its crank angle (CA) is used to compare combustion dynamics during conventional, PREMIER, and knocking combustion. In PREMIER combustion, the heat release gradually transforms from the slower first-stage flame rate to the faster second-stage rate. During PREMIER combustion, the maximum indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and thermal efficiency increase by about 25 per cent compared with those of conventional combustion, and low carbon monoxide (CO) and total hydrocarbon (HC) emissions can be achieved. However, nitrogen oxide (NO x) emissions increase. Spectroscopic analysis shows that the intensity of the OH* emissions in the end-gas region increases as the combustion mode transforms from conventional to PREMIER to knocking. In all three modes, emission fluctuations above 650 nm can be observed in the end-gas region. These emissions are attributed to the luminosity from soot particles formed during the concurrent diesel fuel combustion.
No necessary tradeoff: Context, life course, and social networks in the identity formation of second-generation Nigerians in the USA
Authors: Balogun Oluwakemi M.
Published: August 2011

Based on 25 semi-structured interviews, this article examines the racial, ethnic and national identities of second-generation Nigerian immigrants from the San Francisco Bay Area. I elaborate on the segmented-assimilation literature that considers economic circumstances to be a key determinant in identity formation. I show that participants form highly fluid identities throughout the life cycle, pinpointing factors that often get overlooked or de-emphasized in the second-generation incorporation literature such as youth co-ethnic community access, the college integrative experience and transnational social connections, particularly in adulthood. This article extends the black immigration literature that contends that ethnic identity is primarily used as a means of distancing from ‘downwardly mobile’ African-Americans. My findings highlight that respondents embrace a black racial identity that is neither oppositional nor associated with a downward trajectory, lending empirical support for the ‘minority cultures of mobility’ thesis that the minority middle classes share a culture of upward mobility.
Relationship between −344T/C polymorphism in the aldosterone synthase gene and atrial fibrillation in patients with essential hypertension
Authors: Sun Xiaojian , Yang Jun , Hou Xiaofei , Li Jun , Shi Yu , Jing Yanyan
Published: August 2011

Introduction: Aldosterone plays an important role in the pathogenesis of non-familial atrial fibrillation (AF). We tested the hypothesis that the −344T/C polymorphism in the aldosterone synthase gene may be associated with non-familial AF in Chinese patients with hypertension.

Materials and methods: We performed a 1:1 paired case–control study in 310 cases of hypertension with AF and same number matched controls. The −344T/C polymorphism was determined with polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism.

Results: The distribution of the CYP11B2 genotypes (TT, TC and CC) was 41.9%, 50.6%, and 7.4% in AF patients, which was not different from controls (48.4%, 44.5%, and 7.1%, χ2 = 2.675, p = 0.263). The difference between the C allele (32.3% vs. 29.4%) was also not significant between two groups (χ2 = 1.661, p = 0.197). Logistic regression analysis showed that LAD and LVEDD (both p < 0.001), rather than the C allele of the CYP11B2 gene ( p= 0.107) were significant predictors for AF. The LAD of C allele carriers is significantly larger than that of non-C allele carriers ( p = 0.009).

Conclusions: Our results indicate that the −344T/C polymorphism in the aldostrone synthase gene is not associated with AF but it might be associated with atrial remodelling in hypertensives.
Association of angiotensin II type 1-receptor gene polymorphisms with the risk of developing hypertension in Mexican individuals
Authors: Martínez-Rodríguez Nancy , Posadas-Romero Carlos , Cardoso Guillermo , Pérez-Rodríguez José Manuel , Pérez-Hernández Nonanzit , Vallejo Maite , Vargas-Alarcón Gilberto
Published: August 2011

Introduction: Hypertension is a complex disease in which a significant interaction between genetic and environmental factors takes place. The renin–angiotensin system plays an important role regulating blood pressure to maintain homeostasis and vascular tone. In the present work, the role of angiotensin II type 1-receptor (AGTR1) gene polymorphisms as susceptibility markers for hypertension was evaluated.

Materials and methods: Five polymorphisms in the AGTR1 gene were genotyped by 5′ exonuclease TaqMan genotyping assays in 239 hypertensive and 371 non-hypertensive individuals.

Results: A similar distribution of rs275651, rs275652, rs275653, and rs5183 polymorphisms was observed in both studied groups. Different distribution of rs5182 genotypes was observed between the studied groups ( p = 0.016). According to the co-dominant model, individuals with rs5182 CC genotype have a 1.83-fold increased risk of developing hypertension ( p = 0.009). Polymorphisms were distributed in two blocks: block 1 included the rs275651, rs275652, and rs275653 polymorphisms, whereas block 2 included the rs5183 and rs5182 polymorphisms. Individuals with hypertension showed increased frequency of ‘ CA’ haplotype of block 2 when compared to non-hypertensive individuals ( p = 0.015, odds ratio = 1.33).

Conclusion: The results suggest that the rs5182 gene polymorphism could be involved in the risk of developing hypertension in Mexican individuals.
Global finance as an action research domain: Testing the boundaries
Authors: Waddell Steve
Published: August 2011

Conducting action research with large global systems presents particular challenges. A major one is the need to easily and succinctly present complexity in a way that is meaningful for stakeholders and supports developing their connections to take effective joint action. The Global Finance Initiative (GFI) explored the use of three different visual mapping methodologies to help address this challenge. These are associated with social network analysis methodologies. But of course other issues with a global action research project also are significant. Identifying participants requires selecting from billions of people who are stakeholders. Additionally, this project also explored the role of action researchers as initiators of change, rather than ones invited into a change arena. To address some of these challenges, this article draws from the GFI experience and proposes an eight-step methodology.
Mechanical Loading of Articular Cartilage Reduces IL-1-Induced Enzyme Expression
Authors: Torzilli P. A. , Bhargava M. , Chen C. T.
Published: August 2011

Objective:

Exposure of articular cartilage to interleukin-1 (IL-1) results in increased synthesis of matrix degrading enzymes. Previously mechanical load applied together with IL-1 stimulation was found to reduce aggrecan cleavage by ADAMTS-4 and 5 and MMP-1, -3, -9, and -13 and reduce proteoglycan loss from the extracellular matrix. To further delineate the inhibition mechanism the gene expression of ADAMTS-4 and 5; MMP-1, -3, -9, and -13; and TIMP-1, -2, and -3 were measured.

Design:

Mature bovine articular cartilage was stimulated with a 0.5 MPa compressive stress and 10 ng/ml of IL-1α for 3 days and then allowed to recover without stimulation for 1 additional day. The media was assayed for proteoglycan content on a daily basis, while chondrocyte gene expression (mRNA) was measured during stimulation and 1 day of recovery.

Results:

Mechanical load alone did not change the gene expression for ADAMTS, MMP, or TIMP. IL-1 caused an increase in gene expression for all enzymes after 1 day of stimulation while not affecting the TIMP levels. Load applied together with IL-1 decreased the expression levels of ADAMTS-4 and -5 and MMP-1 and -3 and increased TIMP-3 expression.

Conclusions:

A mechanical load appears to modify cartilage degradation by IL-1 at the cellular level by reducing mRNA.
Stress and Relaxation in Relation to Personality
Authors: Sharma Harish Kumar
Published: August 2011

Relaxation plays a significant role in facing stress. The aim of the present study is to see whether personality patterns determine an individual’s ability to relax. As a reaction to stress, coping is the best way to handle stress, which requires rational and conscious thinking. Does this ability to relax anyway facilitate coping reactions? A study was conducted on 100 college students. Results revealed that extraverts relax easily than introverts. In addition, if intelligence level is average or above average, relaxation does play a role in facilitating coping reactions. It suggests that in designing techniques of stress management, the personality and intelligence level must be taken into consideration to make techniques effective.
Characterizations of the solution sets of pseudoinvex programs and variational inequalities
Authors: Liu Caiping , Yang Xinmin , Lee Heungwing
Published: August 2011

A new concept of nondifferentiable pseudoinvex functions is introduced. Based on the basic properties of this class of pseudoinvex functions, several new and simple characterizations of the solution sets for nondifferentiable pseudoinvex programs are given. Our results are extension and improvement of some results obtained by Mangasarian (Oper. Res. Lett., 7, 21-26, 1988), Jeyakumar and Yang (J. Optim. Theory Appl., 87, 747-755, 1995), Ansari et al. (Riv. Mat. Sci. Econ. Soc., 22, 31-39, 1999), Yang (J. Optim. Theory Appl., 140, 537-542, 2009). The concepts of Stampacchia-type variational-like inequalities and Minty-type variational-like inequalities, defined by upper Dini directional derivative, are introduced. The relationships between the variational-like inequalities and the nondifferentiable pseudoinvex optimization problems are established. And, the characterizations of the solution sets for the Stampacchia-type variational-like inequalities and Minty-type variational-like inequalities are derived.
Ploidy influences cellular responses to gross chromosomal rearrangements in saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Jung Paul P , Fritsch Emilie S , Blugeon Corinne , Souciet Jean-Luc , Potier Serge , Lemoine Sophie , Schacherer Joseph , de Montigny Jacky
Published: August 2011

Background

Gross chromosomal rearrangements (GCRs) such as aneuploidy are key factors in genome evolution as well as being common features of human cancer. Their role in tumour initiation and progression has not yet been completely elucidated and the effects of additional chromosomes in cancer cells are still unknown. Most previous studies in which Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been used as a model for cancer cells have been carried out in the haploid context. To obtain new insights on the role of ploidy, the cellular effects of GCRs were compared between the haploid and diploid contexts.

Results

A total number of 21 haploid and diploid S. cerevisiae strains carrying various types of GCRs (aneuploidies, nonreciprocal translocations, segmental duplications and deletions) were studied with a view to determining the effects of ploidy on the cellular responses. Differences in colony and cell morphology as well as in the growth rates were observed between mutant and parental strains. These results suggest that cells are impaired physiologically in both contexts. We also investigated the variation in genomic expression in all the mutants. We observed that gene expression was significantly altered. The data obtained here clearly show that genes involved in energy metabolism, especially in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, are up-regulated in all these mutants. However, the genes involved in the composition of the ribosome or in RNA processing are down-regulated in diploids but up-regulated in haploids. Over-expression of genes involved in the regulation of the proteasome was found to occur only in haploid mutants.

Conclusion

The present comparisons between the cellular responses of strains carrying GCRs in different ploidy contexts bring to light two main findings. First, GCRs induce a general stress response in all studied mutants, regardless of their ploidy. Secondly, the ploidy context plays a crucial role in maintaining the stoichiometric balance of the proteins: the translation rates decrease in diploid strains, whereas the excess protein synthesized is degraded in haploids by proteasome activity.
Role of inducible nitric oxide synthase pathway on methotrexate-induced intestinal mucositis in rodents
Authors: Leitão Renata FC , Brito Gerly AC , Oriá Reinaldo B , Braga-Neto Manuel B , Bellaguarda Emmanuelle AL , Silva Johann V , Gomes Antoniella S , Lima-Júnior Roberto CP , Siqueira Francisco JWS , Freire Rosemeyre S , Vale Mariana L , Ribeiro Ronaldo A
Published: August 2011

Background

Methotrexate treatment has been associated to intestinal epithelial damage. Studies have suggested an important role of nitric oxide in such injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of nitric oxide (NO), specifically iNOS on the pathogenesis of methotrexate (MTX)-induced intestinal mucositis.

Methods

Intestinal mucositis was carried out by three subcutaneous MTX injections (2.5 mg/kg) in Wistar rats and in inducible nitric oxide synthase knock-out (iNOS-/-) and wild-type (iNOS+/+) mice. Rats were treated intraperitoneally with the NOS inhibitors aminoguanidine (AG; 10 mg/Kg) or L-NAME (20 mg/Kg), one hour before MTX injection and daily until sacrifice, on the fifth day. The jejunum was harvested to investigate the expression of Ki67, iNOS and nitrotyrosine by immunohistochemistry and cell death by TUNEL. The neutrophil activity by myeloperoxidase (MPO) assay was performed in the three small intestine segments.

Results

AG and L-NAME significantly reduced villus and crypt damages, inflammatory alterations, cell death, MPO activity, and nitrotyrosine immunostaining due to MTX challenge. The treatment with AG, but not L-NAME, prevented the inhibitory effect of MTX on cell proliferation. MTX induced increased expression of iNOS detected by immunohistochemistry. MTX did not cause significant inflammation in the iNOS-/-mice.

Conclusion

These results suggest an important role of NO, via activation of iNOS, in the pathogenesis of intestinal mucositis.
Non-nosocomial healthcare-associated infective endocarditis in Taiwan: an underrecognized disease with poor outcome
Authors: Wu Kuan-Sheng , Lee Susan Shin-Jung , Tsai Hung-Chin , Wann Shue-Ren , Chen Jui-Kuang , Sy Cheng-Len , Wang Yung-Hsin , Tseng Yu-Ting , Chen Yao-Shen
Published: August 2011

Background

Non-nosocomial healthcare-associated infective endocarditis (NNHCA-IE) is a new category of IE of increasing importance. This study described the clinical and microbiological characteristics and outcome of NNHCA-IE in Taiwan.

Methods

A retrospective study was conducted of all patients with IE admitted to the Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital in Kaohsiung, Taiwan over a five-year period from July 2004 to July 2009. The clinical and microbiological features of NNHCA-IE were compared to those of community-acquired and nosocomial IE. Predictors for in-hospital death were determined.

Results

Two-hundred episodes of confirmed IE occurred during the study period. These included 148 (74%) community-acquired, 30 (15%) non-nosocomial healthcare-associated, and 22 (11%) nosocomial healthcare-associated IE. Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequent pathogen. Patients with NNHCA-IE compared to community-acquired IE, were older (median age, 67 vs. 44, years, p < 0.001), had more MRSA (43.3% vs. 9.5%, p < 0.001), more comorbidity conditions (median Charlson comorbidity index [interquartile range], 4[2-6] vs. 0[0-1], p < 0.001), a higher in-hospital mortality (50.0% vs. 17.6%, p < 0.001) and were less frequently recognized by clinicians on admission (16.7% vs. 47.7%, p = 0.002). The overall in-hospital mortality rate for all patients with IE was 25%. Shock was the strongest risk factor for in-hospital death (odds ratio 7.8, 95% confidence interval 2.4-25.2, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

NNHCA-IE is underrecognized and carries a high mortality rate. Early recognition is crucial to provide optimal management and improve outcome.