bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Thiodisaccharide Sulfoxides and Sulfones – Determination of the Configuration of the Sulfur Stereocentre
Authors: Colomer Juan P. , Manzano Veronica E. , Varela Oscar
Published: October 2013

The oxidation of per‐O‐acetyl S‐(1→3)‐ and S‐(1→4)‐linked thiodisaccharides containing glucose, gulose and galactose residues with an excess of m‐chloroperbenzoic acid gave the corresponding sulfoxides or sulfones. Sulfones were formed when the oxidation reaction was left for longer times. The sulfoxides were obtained as diastereomeric mixtures due to the chirality of the sulfur atom. Both diastereoisomers of the S‐(1→3)‐linked thiodisaccharide sulfoxides were isolated by column chromatography, whereas the S‐(1→4)‐linked analogues could not be separated. The absolute configuration of the sulfur stereocentre of the sulfoxides was assigned using NMR spectroscopy, taking into account the preferred conformations of the molecules, and the shielding/deshielding of proton signals caused by the anisotropy of the S=O bond and related effects. Most of the thiodisaccharide sulfoxides were successfully O‐deacetylated with MeOH/Et3N/H2O, but the sulfones underwent elimination reactions under these conditions. Therefore, the oxidation was performed on unprotected thiodisaccharides, and the corresponding sulfones were obtained in very good yields.
Stereocontrolled Total Synthesis of Sphingofungin E
Authors: Ikeuchi Kazutada , Hayashi Moemi , Yamamoto Tomohiro , Inai Makoto , Asakawa Tomohiro , Hamashima Yoshitaka , Kan Toshiyuki
Published: October 2013

We describe herein the asymmetric total synthesis of sphingofungin E, which has potent immunosuppressive activity. Key steps include asymmetric desymmetrization by bromolactonization, stereocontrolled construction of four contiguous stereogenic centers through allylic C–H oxidation and epoxide ring opening, regioselective elongation of a dialdehyde, and Hofmann rearrangement by using PhI(OCOCF3)2.
Restricting the scope of justice to justify discrimination: The role played by justice perceptions in discrimination against immigrants
Authors: Lima‐Nunes Aline , Pereira Cicero Roberto , Correia Isabel
Published: October 2013

In this research, we have analysed the role played by the scope of justice and belief in a just world (BJW) in discrimination against immigrants. In Study 1 (n = 185), we found that the relationship between prejudice and discrimination is mediated by a restricted view of the scope of justice. In addition, the results also showed that this mediation is moderated by BJW insofar as the mediation occurred in participants with a high level of BJW but not in participants with a low level of BJW. Studies 2 and 3 experimentally tested our prediction that the legitimising role played by the scope of justice is guided by a justice motive such as BJW. In both studies, the results showed a greater degree of discrimination against immigrants when a restricted scope of justice was considered but only when the BJW was made salient. In sum, these results introduced an innovation into the literature on the legitimation of social inequalities by demonstrating the relevant role played by the justice perceptions in discrimination against immigrants. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selective Determination of Zn2+ Ion in Various Environmental, Biological and Medicinal Plant Samples Using a Novel Coated Graphite Electrode
Authors: Upadhyay Anjali , Singh Ashok Kumar , Rao Bandi Koteswara , Jain A. K.
Published: October 2013

Novel Zn2+ ion‐selective PVC based coated graphite electrodes were fabricated using the ionophores N‐((1H‐indol‐3‐yl)methylene)thiazol‐2‐amine (I1), N‐((1H‐indol‐3‐yl)methyl)‐thiazol‐2‐amine (I2) and 1‐((1H‐indol‐3‐yl)methylene)urea (I3). Their potentiometric performance was examined in dependence of the addition of plasticizers and anion excluders and compared. It is found that the coated graphite electrode with the composition I1:KTpClPB:o‐NPOE:PVC=9 : 1.5 : 51 : 38.5 is the best with respect to the wide working concentration range (4.2×10−8–1.0×10−1 mol L−1), low detection limit (1.6×10−8 mol L−1) and wide pH range of 3.0–8.0. The proposed electrode was successfully applied to quantify Zn2+ in various environmental, biological and medicinal plant samples and used as indicator electrode.
Decomposition and Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide Using δ‐MnO2 Thin Film Electrode with Self‐Healing Property
Authors: Nakayama Masaharu , Sato Ayu , Yamaguchi Ryota
Published: October 2013

A thin film of δ‐type MnO2 grown cathodically has been investigated with respect to the ability toward anodic decomposition of H2O2 and durability. With polarization at less positive potentials than +0.4 V vs. Ag/AgCl, the film was dissolved exclusively as a result of reduction of Mn4+ sites in the oxide by H2O2 to soluble Mn2+. At +0.9 V, MnO2 remained unchanged and decomposed H2O2 in solution. At +0.8 V, the film was once dissolved in the initial stage; however, it was self‐healed via reoxidation of the liberated Mn2+ ions. Amperometric flow‐injection analysis of H2O2 was carried out with the δ‐MnO2 film.
Rate and Extent of Carbon Dioxide Uptake In Room Temperature Ionic Liquids: A New Approach Using Microdisc Electrode Voltammetry
Authors: Li Peilin , Henstridge Martin C , Xiong Linhongjia , Compton Richard G.
Published: October 2013

A simple method is introduced which enables the simultaneous determination of both the maximum CO2 concentration and kinetics of CO2 uptake and release by a room temperature ionic liquid. This method is based upon the analysis of chronoamperometry recorded in bulk ionic liquid at intervals during exposure to CO2 and subsequent exposure to vacuum to remove the dissolved CO2. Comparing experimental data with a numerical model reveals the rate‐limiting factors for both uptake and release of CO2.
Design of Sensitive Biocompatible Quantum‐Dots Embedded in Mesoporous Silica Microspheres for the Quantitative Immunoassay of Human Immunodeficiency Virus‐1 Antibodies
Authors: Zhou Hankun , Chen Si , Gan Ning , Li Tianhua , Cao Yuting , Jiang Qianli
Published: October 2013

A novel sandwich‐type electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunosensor was developed to enable the sensitive detection of HIV‐1 antibodies. This system incorporated mesoporous silica (mSiO2) complexed with quantum dots (QDs) and nano‐gold particles, which were assembled to enhance signal detection. Magnetic beads were used by immobilizing the secondary anti‐IgG antibody. This was first employed to capture HIV‐1 antibody (Ab) to form a Fe3O4/anti‐IgG/Ab complex. A high loading and signal‐enhanced nanocomposite (hereafter referred to as Au‐mSiO2‐CdTe) was used as a HIV‐1 antigen label. The Au‐mSiO2‐CdTe nanocomposite was conjugated with the Fe3O4/anti‐IgG/Ab complex to form an immunocomplex (hereafter referred to as Fe3O4/anti‐IgG/Ab/HIV‐1/CdTe‐mSiO2‐Au). This complex could be further separated by an external magnetic field to produce ECL signals. Due to the large specific surface area and pore volume of mSiO2, the loading of the CdTe QDs was markedly increased. Thus, the loaded QDs released a powerful chemiluminescent signal with a concordantly increased sensitivity of the immunosensor. The immunosensor was highly sensitive, and displayed a linear range of responses for HIV‐1 antibody across a dilution range of 1 : 1500 through 1 : 50 with the detection limit of 1 : 4500. The immunoassay can be a promising candidate in early diagnosis of HIV infection.
Investigation of the Electrochemical Behavior of Mesalazine on the Surface of a Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with CNT/PPY Doped by 1,5‐Naphthalenedisulfonic Acid
Authors: Shahrokhian Saeed , Hosseini Pouya , Kamalzadeh Zahra
Published: October 2013

A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified with a thin layer of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and subsequently, electrochemically deposited poly‐pyrrole. The electrochemical behavior of mesalazine was studied on the surface of the modified electrode by applying linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). The electropolymerization process and the electrochemical response toward mesalazine were investigated in the presence of different aromatic anion dopants including, benzenesulfonic acid (BSA), 1,3‐benzenedisulfonic acid (1,3‐BDSA), 1,5‐naphthalenedisulfonic acid (1,5‐NDSA) and new coccine (NC). By using 1,5‐NDSA as dopant, a significant increase (∼418 times) in the peak current of mesalazine was observed, in comparison to the bare GCE. Experimental variables such as drop size of the cast MWCNTs suspension, pH of the supporting electrolyte, accumulation conditions and the number of scans in the electropolymerization process were optimized by monitoring the LSV responses of mesalazine. Under the optimum conditions, two linear dynamic ranges of 0.01–0.1 µmol L−1 and 0.1–1.0 µmol L−1 with a detection limit of 3 nmol L−1 were resulted for the voltammetric determination of mesalazine. The prepared electrode showed high sensitivity, stability and good reproducibility for determination of mesalazine. These properties made the prepared sensor suitable for the determination of mesalazine in pharmaceutical and clinical preparations.
Minimal medium for optimal growth and lipid production of the microalgae Scenedesmus dimorphus
Authors: Welter Colin , Schwenk Jacob , Kanani Bahar , Van Blargan John , Belovich Joanne M.
Published: October 2013

The culture of Scenedesmus dimorphus at the laboratory scale has often been in standard microalgae media, such as 3N‐Basal Bold medium (3N‐BB), which contains 15 different chemicals. Given the extremely tight profit margins of large‐scale production of biofuel from microalgae, it is important to identify the minimally sufficient quantities of nutrients necessary to maximize lipid productivity. The individual and interactive effects of six groupings of the components of 3N‐BB medium on growth rate, lipid content, and total biomass yield of S. dimorphus were determined. Trace metal and vitamin concentrations were reduced to 1/6 the level of 3N‐BB medium without adversely affecting growth rates and biomass concentration, while concentrations of CaCl2 and K2HPO4/KH2PO4 were reduced to 1/10 that of 3N‐BB without adversely affecting biomass and lipid concentrations. Both lipid productivity and lipid content were maximized at the lowest NaNO3 concentration (1/10 that in 3N‐BB) and independent of MgSO4 concentration, while the interaction of these two chemicals enhanced biomass concentration. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 32: 937–945, 2013
Kinetic studies and isotherm modeling for the removal of Ni2+ and Pb2+ ions by modified activated carbon using sulfuric acid
Authors: Murugesan A. , Vidhyadevi T. , Kalaivani S.S. , Baskaralingam P. , Anuradha C.D. , Sivanesan S.
Published: October 2013

Acid Modified Activated Carbon (AMAC) was prepared by the chemical activation of corncob with 10 N sulphuric acid that can be used in Ni2+ and Pb2+ ions removal applications. The effect of adsorption experimental parameters such as the solution pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, initial metal ion concentration, and temperature studies on adsorption was investigated. The experimental data obtained from the studies on the effect of the initial metal ion concentration were fitted with Langmuir, Freundlich, and Redlich‐Peterson adsorption isotherm models, using MATLAB R2009a. Similarly, the experimental data obtained from the effect of contact time were evaluated using the pseudo‐first order, pseudo‐second order, Elovich and Intra‐particle diffusion adsorption kinetic models. Metal ions in adsorbed AMAC were characterized by FTIR, SEM, and EDX analyses to confirm the adsorption of the metal ions on their surface. The metal ion concentrations in the aqueous medium after and before adsorption were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Studies on the reuse and selectivity of the adsorbents were also carried out. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 844–854, 2014
Kinetics of ultrasonic transesterification of waste cooking oil
Authors: Elizabeth Grant Georgene , Gnaneswar Gude Veera
Published: October 2013

This study reports the kinetics of ultrasonic transesterification of waste cooking oil into fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). Direct sonication of waste cooking oil under controlled external temperatures was performed. Transesterification kinetics under the influence of direct sonication was studied using eight different individual reaction orders with respect to waste cooking oil and methanol. The results show that reaction temperature has a very small effect on the transesterification reaction under direct sonication. The reaction rate constants for different temperatures (35, 45, 55, and 65°C) are determined as: 10.642 g2 mol−2 min−1; 7.053; 7.9727; 10.971 g mol−1 min−1 respectively and the activation energy of the ultrasonic transesterification of waste cooking oil was 19,645 J mol−1 K−1. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 1051–1058, 2014
Use of cereal crops for food and fuel – characterization of a novel bioethanol coproduct for use in meat poultry diets
Authors: Burton Emily J. , Scholey Dawn V. , Williams Peter E. V.
Published: October 2013

The rising volume of bioethanol production is likely to saturate the market for the current coproduct, distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) as its high fiber content limits its use in nonruminant feed. A novel process has been developed which separates out a protein‐rich yeast fraction from the ethanol stillage which may be more suitable as a feed ingredient for nonruminants than DDGS. The aim of this study was to characterize a high protein coproduct stream from wheat bioethanol production and to examine its efficacy as a protein source in meat poultry diets. The novel material was evaluated by examining effects of dietary inclusion on both pellet quality and key nutrient parameters for broiler chickens including feed conversion efficiency, mineral availability, and digestible amino acid content. Results showed that the yeast protein concentrate appears to be a viable feed material with the potential to partially replace soya in poultry feed and could be produced in large volumes. This scale of production of sustainable protein could alleviate some of the pressures on other protein sources and mitigate the high proportion of cereal consumed through bioethanol production.
Redox Tolerance of Thin and Thick Ni/YSZ Anodes of Electrolyte‐Supported Single‐Chamber Solid Oxide Fuel Cells under Methane Oxidation Conditions
Authors: Wang Z. H. , Lü Z. , Chen K. F. , Wei B. , Zhu X. B. , Huang X. Q. , Su W. H.
Published: October 2013

Redox tolerance of 50 and 500 μm thick Ni/YSZ (yttria‐stabilized zirconia) anodes supported on YSZ electrolytes were studied under single‐chamber solid oxide fuel cell conditions. Open circuit voltage, electrochemical impedance spectra, and discharge curves of the cells were measured under different methane/oxygen ratios at 700 °C. For the cell with the thin anode, a significant degradation accompanying oscillatory behaviors was observed, whereas the cell based on the thick anode was much more stable under the same conditions. In situ local anode resistance (Rs) results indicated that the Ni/NiO redox cycling was responsible for the oscillatory behaviors, and the cell degradation was primarily caused by the Ni reoxidation. Reoxidation of the thick anode took place at a low methane/oxygen ratio, but the anode can be recovered to its original state by switching to a methane‐rich environment. On the contrary, the thin anode was unable to be regenerated after the oxidation. Microstructure damage of the anode was attributed to its irreversible degradation.
Residual Stress and Biaxial Strength in Sc2O3–CeO2–ZrO2/Y2O3–ZrO2 Layered Electrolytes
Authors: Chen Y. , Aman A. , Lugovy M. , Orlovskaya N. , Wang S. , Huang X. , Graule T. , Kuebler J.
Published: October 2013

Multi‐layered (Y2O3)0.08(ZrO2)0.92/(Sc2O3)0.1(CeO2)0.01‐(ZrO2)0.89(YSZ/SCSZ) electrolytes have been designed, so that the inner SCSZ layers provided superior ionic conductivity and the outer YSZ skin layers maintained good chemical and phase stability. Due to the mismatch of coefficients of thermal expansion between layers of different compositions, the thermal residual stresses were generated. The theoretical residual stress and strain were calculated for different thickness ratios of the electrolytes. In order to study the residual stress effect on the mechanical properties, the biaxial flexure tests of electrolytes with various layered designs were performed via a ring‐on‐ring method at room temperature and 800 °C. The maximum principal stress at the fracture indicated improved flexure strength in the electrolytes with layered designs at both temperatures. It is believed to be the result of the residual compressive stress in the outer YSZ layer. In addition, the Weibull statistics of the stress at the fracture at room temperature was studied, and the values of residual stress presented at the outer layer were well verified.
Challenges in shaft logistics in mining and tunnelling / Herausforderungen in der Schachtlogistik im Berg‐ und Tunnelbau
Authors: Dalios Christos , Hilgenberg Tobias
Published: October 2013

The article deals with the logistic challenge of supplying large quantities of construction materials underground. In this regard, the necessity and problems, which led to the development of introduction of pneumatic and hydraulic conveyance systems for construction materials in German coal mining, are described. Additionally, the various intermediate stages of development are described up to the techniques used today. The advantages and disadvantages of pneumatic conveyance of dry materials and hydraulic conveyance are described. The technology in use today is the result of a history of research and development over more than 40 years and above all the demands of the mining industry. The material is distributed below ground through a network of pipelines and intermediate stations. The various galleries and bottoms can be reached through pipe switches. The control and operation of the above‐ground system, the intermediate stations and the pipe switches is automatic and unmanned. The entire construction material supply network is controlled and monitored by the OPC server situated above ground. The data can easily be forwarded to downstream monitoring positions or connected for remote maintenance which is common practice today.

Der Beitrag behandelt die logistische Herausforderung, große Mengen Baustoff unter Tage bereit zu stellen. In diesem Zusammenhang sollen die Notwendigkeiten und Problematiken erläutert werden, die zur Entwicklung der pneumatischen und hydraulischen Baustofffördertechnik im deutschen Steinkohlenbergbau geführt haben. Ferner sollen die verschiedenen Zwischenstufen der Entwicklung dargestellt werden. Es werden die Vor‐ und Nachteile der pneumatischen Trockenbaustoffförderung sowie die der hydraulischen Förderung erläutert. Die heute angewandten Techniken sind das Ergebnis einer mehr als 40‐jährigen Geschichte der Forschung und Entwicklung und vor allem der Notwendigkeiten im Bergbau. Die Verteilung des Baustoffs unter Tage erfolgt über ein Netzwerk von Rohrleitungen und Zwischenstationen. Die verschiedenen Strecken und Sohlen sind über Rohrweichen erreichbar. Die Steuerung und der Betrieb der übertägigen Anlage, der Zwischenstation sowie der Rohrweichen erfolgt im mannlosen Automatikbetrieb. Gesteuert und überwacht wird das gesamte Baustoffversorgungsnetz von dem in der Tagesanlage positionierten OPC‐Server. Die Weitergabe der Daten an nachgeschaltete Leitwarten oder die Anbindung an eine Fernwartung sind problemlos möglich und auch gängige Praxis.
Gotthard Base Tunnel in Sedrun – Experience with the construction and operation of two shafts / Gotthard Basistunnel in Sedrun – Erfahrungen aus Bau und Betrieb von zwei Schächten
Authors: Höfle Hartmuth
Published: October 2013

The two shafts located at Gotthard Base Tunnel in Sedrun – each 800 m deep – are serving during final tunnel operation as ventilation and as supply shafts. During construction phase of the main tunnels, each 57 km in length, they have been used as access and supply shafts for the construction of the central section of the Gotthard Base Tunnel. The central lot consists of the two single lane tunnels with 9 km length each and also of the multifunction area Sedrun.

The preliminary works started in 1996 and were finished 2003 from when the first shaft was used as logistical access for the construction of the main tunnels. Until 2012 the whole operation of the tunnel construction as well as major parts of final fit out of the rail equipment has been carried out by using supply shaft 1. Shaft 2 which had been finished slightly later was mainly used as ventilation shaft and for transport of heavy and large sized equipment.

The presentation describes the construction‐technology and the requirements with regard to the needs of the construction phase.

Die beiden 800 m tiefen Schächte am Gotthard‐Basistunnel in Sedrun dienen in der Betriebszeit des Eisenbahntunnels als Zuluft‐ bzw. Abluftschacht und zur Aufnahme von Versorgungsleitungen. Für die Bauphase der beiden je 57 km langen Tunnelröhren wurden sie darüber hinaus zur Minimierung der Gesamtbauzeit als Zugangs‐ und Versorgungsschächte für den Bauabschnitt Mitte des Gotthard Basistunnels geplant und genutzt. Das Baulos Mitte umfasst die beiden Einspurtunnelröhren von je etwa 9 km Länge sowie die Multifunktionsstelle Sedrun.

Die Vorarbeiten und der Schachtbau begannen im Jahre 1996, ehe ab 2003 der erste Schacht als Ver‐ und Entsorgungsschacht für den eigentlichen Tunnelbau in Betrieb ging. Während des Zeitraums bis 2012 wurde der gesamte Baubetrieb einschließlich eines Teils des nachfolgenden Einbaus der Tunnelausrüstung im Wesentlichen über den Versorgungsschacht 1 abgewickelt. Der später abgeteufte Schacht 2 diente vornehmlich als Wetterschacht und als Transportschacht für schwere, sperrige Geräte und Ausrüstungen.

Der Beitrag beschreibt die ausgeführte Schachtbautechnik und die Anforderungen an die Ausstattung der Schächte für den Baubetrieb.
Headrace tunnel and tailrace tunnel of the Beles MPP in Ethiopia / Druckstollen und Unterwasserstollen des Wasserkraftwerks Beles in Äthiopien
Authors: Vigl Alois , Gerstner Reinhold , Bartimoccia Francesco , Cruciani Marco
Published: October 2013

The Beles Multipurpose Project, with a total installed capacity of 460 MW, is located in the Lake Tana region in the northwest of Ethiopia. The headrace system consists of the low pressure headrace tunnel and a 270 m deep vertical shaft with a power cavern at its lower end. A tailrace tunnel transports the turbine water to the Beles river where it is used again for agricultural purposes.

The entire tunnel length of the tailrace tunnel and most of the length of the headrace tunnel encountered various types of volcanic rock at an overburden between 50 and 370 m. This volcanic section of 17.5 km length was excavated by a hard rock double shield TBM and lined with an “open” segmental lining. Control of water loss and water ingress had to be achieved through the permeability characteristics of the surrounding rock, the hydrogeological conditions and by means of grouting where required.

The intake area is characterised by Quaternary lacustrine deposits over a length of about 1,600 m at an overburden up to a maximum of 120 m. For this lacustrine section, the DS‐TBM was modified to run in a semi‐EPB mode and the requirements to withstand pressurized backfilling were to be achieved by a gasket‐sealed segmental lining.

Das Wasserkraftwerk Beles, mit einer Leistung von 460 MW, befindet sich im Nordwesten Äthiopiens in der Region des Tana Sees am Ursprung des Blauen Nils. Die oberwasserseitige Triebwasserführung umfasst den Druckstollen, einen 270 m tiefen vertikalen Druckschacht und ein Kavernenkrafthaus. Daran schließt der Unterwasserstollen an, der das Triebwasser zum Fluss Beles ausleitet, wo dieses zusätzlich für landwirtschaftliche Zwecke genutzt wird.

Mit dem gesamten Unterwasserstollen sowie mit dem Großteil des Druckstollens wurden auf einer Länge von etwa 17,5 km vulkanische Gesteine durchörtert, bei Überlagerungshöhen zwischen etwa 50 und 370 m. Die vulkanischen Gesteine wurden mit Hartgesteins‐Tunnelbohrmaschinen aufgefahren und mit einer “offenen”, nicht gedichteten Fertigteilauskleidung ausgekleidet. Für die Begrenzung der Wasserzutritte und der Wasserverluste wurden soweit wie möglich die vorhandenen Gebirgseigenschaften betreffend Bergwasserdruck und Gebirgsdurchlässigkeit genutzt. Wo erforderlich wurden Gebirgsinjektionen eingesetzt, um die gewünschten Eigenschaften zu erzielen. Ein kurzer oberwasserseitiger Tunnelabschnitt im Anschluss an den Tana See durchörterte auf einer Länge von ca. 1.600 m lakustrine Sedimente bei Überlagerungshöhen bis zu 120 m. Für diesen Abschnitt wurde die Doppelschild‐TBM auf einen Semi‐Erddruckmodus umgerüstet, und es wurden gedichtete Fertigteile mit einer unter Druck eingebrachter Ringspaltverfüllung eingesetzt.
Long‐term behaviour of pressure tunnels / Langzeitverhalten von Druckstollen
Authors: Gerstner Reinhold , Netzer Elmar , Vigl Alois
Published: October 2013

The pressure tunnels of Alpine hydropower stations have been designed for a long lifetime and often give good service for long periods, making no further measures necessary except for regular maintenance. But in some pressure tunnels, damage to the lining has been discovered after some decades of use and this leads to repair works of varying extent. The article gives an overview of the damage patterns and the repairs, with serveral examples.

Die Druckstollen alpiner Wasserkraftwerke sind für eine lange Lebensdauer konzipiert und stehen in vielen Fällen über einen langen Zeitraum klaglos in Betrieb, sodass neben der regulären Instandhaltung keine weiteren Maßnahmen erforderlich sind. Bei manchen Druckstollen ist nach einer Nutzungsdauer von mehreren Jahrzehnten die Entwicklung von Schäden an der Auskleidung festzustellen, die zu Sanierungen unterschiedlichen Umfangs führen. Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die Schadensbilder und die Sanierungen, wofür mehrere Beispiele angeführt werden.
The New Semmering Base Tunnel project / Das Projekt Semmering‐Basistunnel neu
Authors: Gobiet Gerhard , Wagner Oliver K.
Published: October 2013

The successful implementation of a major infrastructure project demands not only the processing of technical questions but also the solution of numerous legal problems and the organisation of an intensive communication process. The article offers an overview of the work of the project team at the ÖBB‐Infrastruktur AG, which has been working intensively on the implementation of the New Semmering Base Tunnel project for eight years. The project has the most stringent requirements due to its project history and complexity and poses great challenges for all those involved.

Für die erfolgreiche Umsetzung eines großen Infrastrukturprojekts sind neben der Abarbeitung technischer Fragestellungen auch unzählige rechtliche Probleme zu lösen und ein intensiver Kommunikationsprozess zu betreiben. Der Beitrag gibt einen Einblick in die Arbeit des Projektteams der ÖBB‐Infrastruktur AG, das seit acht Jahren intensiv an der Umsetzung des Projekts Semmering‐Basistunnel neu arbeitet. Das Projekt weist aufgrund seiner Projekthistorie und Komplexität höchste Anforderungen auf und stellt alle Beteiligten vor immer neue Herausforderungen.
Quality control and geotechnical monitoring of SCL in urban areas in the UK – case history Crossrail contract C510 / Qualitätsüberwachung und geotechnisches Monitoring bei Anwendung der Spritzbetonbauweise (SCL) in innerstädtischen Bereichen in Großbritannien – Fallbeispiel Crossrail Los C510
Authors: Fischer Martin , Stärk Alfred , Evans Chris
Published: October 2013

The Crossrail project in London, currently the largest infrastructure project in Europe, has shifted the quality control and geotechnical monitoring of SCL tunnelling to the next level. Based on the absolute priority of health and safety the chain of control spans from contract form and design to procedures and review panels on the construction site where the management, monitoring and review of significant quantities of data is a demanding task.

Das Projekt Crossrail in London, das derzeit größte Infrastrukturprojekt Europas, hat die Standards der Qualitätsüberwachung und des geotechnischen Monitorings bei der Anwendung der Spritzbetonweise (SCL) auf die nächste Ebene gehoben. Bedingt durch die absolute Priorität von Arbeitssicherheit, erstreckt sich die Spanne der Überwachungsmaßnahmen von der Vertragsform über die Bauplanung bis hin zur Bauausführung und den Kontrollgremien auf der Baustelle, wo die Verarbeitung, Überwachung und Kontrolle erheblicher Messdatenmengen eine anspruchsvolle Aufgabe darstellen.
Cityringen – Extension of the Copenhagen Metro / Cityringen – Ausbau der Metro Kopenhagen
Authors: Rabensteiner Klaus , Notarianni Sergio
Published: October 2013

The Cityringen project will link the historic old city centre of Copenhagen with the outskirts and provide rapid and safe transport for 240,000 passengers per day. The existing Metro network will be extended with 17 new stations with average dimensions of 65 m × 20 m. Two single‐track tunnels each 15.5 km long and 5.50 m diameter will be bored by altogether four EPB‐TBMs working at the same time. In addition, three construction and ventilation shafts, a ramp structure and subsidiary structures are to be constructed.

An introduction to the project will be followed by a report of the current state of the design and construction works. Particularly worth mentioning are the extensive dewatering measures at the shafts and station structures. Another important point is the dense monitoring programme provided for the reliable control of the construction works. The various geotechnical and geodetic sensors and measuring systems are also described and also the largely automatic recording, transmission and processing of the data. We then show how an automatic tunnel information system can link high‐quality measured data with many other sources of data and information about construction progress and make it available over the Internet to ensure continuous safety of the construction works through risk management.

Das Projekt Cityringen wird den historischen Altstadtkern von Kopenhagen mit den Randbereichen verknüpfen und 240.000 Fahrgästen täglich eine rasche und sichere Fortbewegung ermöglichen. Dafür wird das bestehende Metro‐Netz um 17 Stationen mit mittleren Abmessungen von 65 m × 20 m ausgebaut. Zwei eingleisige Tunnelröhren von je 15,5 km Länge und 5,50 m Durchmesser werden mit insgesamt bis zu vier gleichzeitig eingesetzten EPB‐TBMs aufgefahren. Zusätzlich sind drei Bau‐ und Lüftungsschächte, ein Rampenbauwerk und Nebenbauwerke zu errichten.

Nach einer Projekteinführung wird über den aktuellen Stand der Planungs‐ und Bauarbeiten berichtet. Hervorzuheben sind dabei die umfangreichen Wasserhaltungsmaßnahmen im Bereich der Schächte und Stationsbauwerke. Als weiterer Schwerpunkt wird das für die verlässliche Steuerung der Bauarbeiten vorgesehene engmaschige Monitoringprogramm erläutert. Die verschiedenen geotechnischen und geodätischen Sensoren und Messsysteme werden ebenso vorgestellt wie die großteils automatische Erfassung, Übertragung und Verarbeitung der Daten. Schließlich wird gezeigt, wie mit einem integrierten Tunnelinformationssystem hochwertige Messdaten mit einer Vielzahl anderer Daten sowie Informationen zum Bauablauf verknüpft und über das Internet nutzbar gemacht werden können, um im Rahmen des Risikomanagements laufend die Sicherheit der Bauausführung zu gewährleisten.
Nano‐ and Microscale Tailoring
Authors: Emmerich Heike
Published: October 2013

Developing novel metallic materials with improved properties requires structuring at the smallest scale. Material engineers and natural scientists are combining their methods to open up new routes for innovative applications in microsystems engineering.
Prepared for Anything
Authors: Wolf Meike
Published: October 2013

From prevention to preparedness: Cultural anthropologists are re‐examining pandemics as globalised and globalising diseases. Viral infections such as SARS need to be understood in a wider context, beyond a purely medical dimension.
The End of the Forest on Top of the World
Authors: Miehe Georg , Opgenoorth Lars
Published: October 2013

In the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalayas, biogeographers are studying the highest stands of trees and forest in the northern hemisphere. Their interdisciplinary research reveals in detail the extent of the impact of human activity and climate on the natural environment.
Response‐Mode Funding
Authors: Strohschneider Peter
Published: October 2013

Reflections on DFG funding policies: The DFG funds research in response to proposals by scientists – but also through contributing strategically to the development of priority areas. In both cases, the research objectives are defined from within the research system itself.
The Earth's Protective Covering of Ice at Risk
Authors: Kaleschke Lars , Kutzbach Lars
Published: October 2013

On the surface of the Arctic Ocean floats a thin layer of sea ice that keeps heat locked into the water. Marine scientists, atmospheric researchers, geochemists and soil scientists are examining the impacts of climate change on this fragile ice. Consider this scenario: If the ice melts, the permafrost soils of Siberia and Alaska could heat up and release additional greenhouse gases.
A new type of Doppler velocity fluctuations in HF ground scatter from the polar cap
Authors: Scoular G. , Ponomarenko P. V. , St.‐Maurice J.P.
Published: October 2013

We report a new type of variations in Doppler velocity of HF ground scatter echoes from the polar cap at f∼10 mHz. Similar fluctuations from lower latitudes are usually associated with large‐scale dayside Pc3‐4 ULF waves. However, the polar cap oscillations exhibit a puzzling anisotropy in spatial coherence along and across the radar's line of sight. Furthermore, in contrast to Pc3‐4 waves, these fluctuations show no ground magnetic signatures and display a pronounced gap in power/occurrence around local noon. We hypothesize that localized, ≤100 km, auroral particle precipitations near the radar site can modulate Doppler shift of the radio waves entering the ionosphere. In the ground scatter returns, due to the geometrical spread of the rays propagating through the ionosphere to the ground, these variations would appear to have a much larger line‐of‐sight scale.
A sub‐basin scale dust plume source frequency inventory for southern Africa, 2005–2008
Authors: Vickery Kathryn J , Eckardt Frank D , Bryant Robert G
Published: October 2013

We present a dust plume source inventory for southern Africa. In order to locate and track the local, short‐lived plume events, source and frequency data have been derived from Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) thermal infrared composite data (4 km data using 8.7, 10.8, and 12.0 µm) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) visible composite data (0.25 km data utilizing 0.620 – 0.670 µm, 0.545 – 0.565 µm, and 0.459 – 0.479 µm). Between January 2005 and December 2008, a total of 328 distinct daytime dust plumes more than 10 km in length were detected. These plumes were attributed to 101 distinct point sources, consisting largely of ephemeral inland lakes, coastal pans as well as dry river valleys in Namibia, Botswana, and South Africa. These data also provided sub‐basin scale source observations for large basins such as Etosha and Makgadikgadi Pans.
Novel Tin Complexes Containing an Oximato Ligand: Synthesis, Characterization, and Computational Investigation
Authors: Thomas Raji , Nelson Joseph P. , Pardasani Ramchand T. , Pardasani Pushpa , Mukherjee Tulsi
Published: October 2013

Organotin complexes 1–6 of the general formula [SnR2L] and [(SnR3)2L] (L=phenanthrenequinone dioximato – a bidentate ligand, R=Me, Bu, and Ph) were synthesized by the reaction of the sodium salt of the ligand H2L (prepared in situ with MeONa) and SnR2Cl2/SnR3Cl in 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 molar ratios. The physical and spectral properties of the newly synthesized complexes 1–6 are described. DFT and HF Calculations were performed to confirm the proposed structures.
Synthesis of Nitrogen‐Containing Derivatives of (18α,19β)‐19‐Hydroxy‐2,3‐secooleanane‐2,3,28‐trioic Acid 28,19‐Lactone
Authors: Shernyukov Andrey V. , Mainagashev Ilya Ya. , Korchagina Dina V. , Genaev Alexander M. , Komarova Nina I. , Salakhutdinov Nariman F. , Tolstikov Genrikh A.
Published: October 2013

The object of this study is the interaction of the cyclic anhydride 2 of (18α,19β)‐19‐hydroxy‐2,3‐secooleanane‐2,3,28‐trioic acid 28,19‐lactone (1) with primary and secondary amines. It was shown that the products of steric control (the corresponding 2‐amino‐2‐oxo‐3‐oic acids=2‐amides) were formed solely upon the opening of the anhydride cycle by secondary amines (Scheme 2), whereas the interaction with primary amines yielded a mixture of isomeric amides (Scheme 10). In the latter case, the solvent provided a noticeable effect on the reaction selectivity, which was demonstrated in the case of 4‐methoxybenzylamine. The interaction between the resulting 3‐amides and oxalyl chloride yielded the corresponding cyclic imides, whereas under these conditions, 2‐amides formed spiropyrrolidinetriones (Scheme 4).
Dapholidins A – C, New Isomeric Biisoflavonoids From Daphne oleoides
Authors: Aijaz Anwar Muhammad , Yasmeen Shazia , Ferheen Sadia , Afza Nighat , Malik Abdul , Kalhoro Mahboob Ali
Published: October 2013

Three new isomeric biisoflavonoids, dapholidins A–C (1–3, resp.), have been isolated from the AcOEt‐soluble fraction of the MeOH‐soluble extract of the roots of Daphne oleoides, along with the known compounds daphwazirin (4), daphnetin 8‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (5), daphnin (6), daphneticin 4″‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (7), and 6,7‐dihydroxy‐3‐methoxy‐8‐[2‐oxo‐2H‐1‐benzopyran‐7‐(O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl)‐8‐yl]‐2H‐1‐benzopyran‐2‐one (8). The structures of the new compounds were determined by spectroscopic analyses, including 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR.
From sediment to tissue and tissue to sediment: An evaluation of statistical bioaccumulation models
Authors: Judd Nancy , Tear Lucinda , Toll John
Published: October 2013

Biota–sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) and biota–sediment accumulation regressions (BSARs) are statistical models that may be used to estimate tissue chemical concentrations from sediment chemical concentrations or vice versa. Biota–sediment accumulation factors and BSARs are used to fill tissue concentration data gaps, set sediment preliminary remediation goals (PRGs), and make projections about the effectiveness of potential sediment cleanup projects in reducing tissue chemical concentrations. We explored field-based, benthic invertebrate biota–sediment chemical concentration relationships using data from the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Mid-Continent Ecology Division (MED) BSAF database. Approximately two thirds of the 262 relationships investigated were very poor (r2 < 0.3 or p-value ≥ 0.05); for some of the biota–sediment relationships that did have a significant nonzero slope (p-value < 0.05), lipid-normalized tissue concentrations tended to decrease as the colocated organic carbon (OC)-normalized sediment concentration increased. Biota–sediment relationships were further evaluated for 3 of the 262 datasets. Biota–sediment accumulation factors, linear regressions, model II regressions, illustrative sediment PRGs, and confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for each of the three examples. These examples illustrate some basic but important statistical practices that should be followed before selecting a BSAR or BSAF or relying on these simple models of biota–sediment relationships to support consequential management decisions. These practices include the following: one should not assume that the relationship between chemical concentrations in tissue and sediment is necessarily linear, one should not assume the model intercept to be zero, and one should not place too much stock on models that are heavily influenced by one or a few high chemical concentration data points. People will continue to use statistical models of field-based biota–sediment chemical concentration relationships to support sediment investigations and remedial action decisions. However, it should not be assumed that the models will be reliable. In developing and applying BSAFs and BSARs, it is essential that best practices are followed and model limitations and uncertainties are understood, acknowledged, and quantified as much as possible. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2014;10:102–113. © 2013 SETAC
Treatment of a Debtor's Home in Insolvency: Comparative Perspectives and Potential Developments in South Africa
Authors: Steyn Lienne
Published: October 2013

A debtor's home is frequently a source of conflict between the debtor and his family members and his creditors. Treatment of forced sale of a debtor's home is not uniform. Some legal systems provide for formal, statutory ‘homestead exemptions’ the monetary limits of which are in many cases capped. In a number of jurisdictions, statutory provisions regulating, inter alia, the civil process, family law, bankruptcy law, or the recognition of human rights afford a measure of protection to the debtor and his family. This occurs either through the imposition of procedural requirements before forced sale is allowed or protecting the interest in the home or the occupational rights of a spouse or partner of the debtor against creditors' claims, or by delaying the forced sale of the home in certain circumstances. Recently, in South Africa, recognition by the courts of every person's constitutional right to have access to adequate housing has impacted upon the substantive and procedural requirements for execution against a debtor's home. However, no consideration has been given to whether realisation of an insolvent debtor's home by the trustee of an insolvent estate in terms of the Insolvency Act 24 of 1936 involves similar constitutional imperatives. Consideration of the treatment of a debtor's home, especially in the context of insolvency, in various jurisdictions may provide valuable guidance for future developments in South Africa. Copyright © 2013 INSOL International and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards adoption of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law Model Law on cross‐border insolvency in Kenya
Authors: Masoud Benhajj Shaaban
Published: October 2013

Kenyan Insolvency Bill has been in the Kenyan government website since 2010. The analysis of the Bill reveals that if it were to be passed into law, it will have significant implications for the Kenyan insolvency legal regime. The regime which is currently in use is based on the law that was inherited from the colonial administration. This review article focusses on the potential implication that the Bill is, if it were to be passed into law, likely to have for cross‐border insolvency reform and proceedings. The analysis is informed by the international insolvency benchmarks, particularly the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law Model Law on cross‐border insolvency and the emerging trends of its adoption in various countries including in sub‐Saharan Africa. Copyright © 2013 INSOL International and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
p16INK4A immunohistochemical staining and predictive value for progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1: A prospective study in China
Authors: Liao Guang‐Dong , Sellors John W. , Sun Hai‐Kui , Zhang Xun , Bao Yan‐Ping , Jeronimo Jose , Chen Wen , Zhao Fang‐Hui , Song Yan , Cao Zhi , Zhang Shao‐Kai , Xi Ming‐Rong , Qiao You‐Lin
Published: October 2013

p16INK4A is strongly expressed in tissues diagnosed as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cancer in women infected with human papillomavirus (HPV), but few prospective studies have evaluated p16INK4A as a marker for the risk of low‐grade CIN (CIN1) progression. We investigated the prevalence of p16INK4A immunostaining by CIN grade and whether overexpression of p16INK4A in CIN1 predicts future risk for high‐grade CIN in Chinese women. 6,557 Chinese women aged 30–49 years were screened from 2003 to 2005 using cytology and carcinogenic HPV test. Colposcopy was performed on women with any abnormal result. p16INK4A Immunostaining was performed on biopsies from all women with CIN1, as well as randomly selected women with normal or CIN grade 2 and worse (CIN2+) biopsies. Women with CIN1 were followed up without treatment. Colposcopy was performed on all untreated women at a 2‐year interval. The prevalence of p16INK4A staining was 2.7%, 42.7%, 75.5%, 79.6% and 100% among women with normal, CIN1, 2, 3 and cancer biopsies, respectively (p < 0.001). HPV positivity was strongly associated with p16INK4A staining [odds ratios (OR) = 12.8; 95% confidence intervals (CI): 5.2–31.6]. p16INK4A staining of CIN1 biopsies at baseline was associated with an increased risk of finding high‐grade CIN over 2 years of follow‐up (OR = 1.43; 95% CI: 0.52–3.91). The two‐year cumulative incidence of CIN2+ for p16INK4A positive women was higher at 10.71% than for p16INK4A negative women at 1.30% (crude RR = 8.25, 95% CI: 1.02–66.62). p16INK4A overexpression is strongly associated with grade of CIN and risk of progression to high‐grade CIN in women with low‐grade lesions.
Characterization of a porcine model of post‐operative pain
Authors: Castel D. , Willentz E. , Doron O. , Brenner O. , Meilin S.
Published: October 2013

Background

Management of acute pain related to surgical intervention, termed post‐operative pain or POP, continues to be a major healthcare challenge. While the rat plantar incision model provides valuable data to researchers about the mechanisms mediating POP, the development of topical and localized treatments in small animal models is limited. To help address these issues, we describe here the characterization of a large animal model of incisional pain.

Methods

Pigs underwent full‐skin incision or full‐skin and muscle incision and retraction (SMIR). Withdrawal thresholds were determined using the Von Frey test at baseline, 0.5–12 h post‐surgery and on days 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 post‐surgery. The analgesic effects of systemic morphine [0.1 or 1.0 mg/kg intramuscular (i.m.) dose] and local anaesthetic ropivacaine were studied. Spontaneous pain‐like behaviours were scored and analysed. The effects on wound healing were evaluated by gross observation and by histopathological examination.

Results

Pigs incurring SMIR demonstrated significantly increased mechanical hypersensitivity compared with pigs that underwent full‐skin incision only (p < 0.05). Maximal analgesia was achieved with morphine (1 mg/kg i.m. dose) at 0.5 h post‐treatment. Local treatment with ropivacaine was effective at increasing the withdrawal threshold to Von Frey filaments compared with saline control (p < 0.05) for a period of at least 6 h. Wounds healed normally with no signs of infection, redness or swelling.

Conclusions

We propose that the pig model of incisional pain can provide an appropriate translational model for validating new topical and localized treatments for POP in humans.