bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of psychiatric inpatient satisfaction: A systematic review of self-reported instruments
Authors: Boyer L. , Baumstarck-Barrau K. , Cano N. , Zendjidjian X. , Belzeaux R. , Limousin S. , Magalon D. , Samuelian J.-C. , Lancon C. , Auquier P.
Published: August 2009

Background

There is a growing concern about satisfaction with inpatient psychiatric services. There are currently numerous satisfaction instruments available to psychiatric inpatients, but little guidance on which among them to select.

Aims

To provide an overview of the psychometric properties and the content of satisfaction instruments available to psychiatric inpatients.

Methods

Systematic searches of Medline database to identify inpatient satisfaction questionnaires. Assessment of the instruments according to relevant psychometric properties.

Results

Fifteen satisfaction instruments were identified. The target population differed according to the instrument. Methods used to generate items were heterogeneous. These instruments were based on a mixed approach including patients’ points of view, expert opinions, and literature reviews, causing the content of questionnaires to vary. Reliability and validity were not systematically tested.

Conclusion

The validation of a common inpatient satisfaction instrument is a major challenge. Recommendations for the future development of satisfaction instruments may include: item generation based exclusively on the patient's point of view; a validation process on a large and representative population; and an instrument combining generic (core questionnaire) and specific (additional modules) approaches.
The unbearable lightness of membership: Bulgaria and Romania after the 2007 EU
Authors: Andreev Svetlozar A.
Published: August 2009

This paper focuses on the current political and socio-economic situation in the two most recent EU member states, Bulgaria and Romania. Overall, the post-accession period in both countries has been comparable to that in the East-Central European members that had joined the Union on 1 May 2004. However, there have been some significant differences in the postaccession path of Bulgaria and Romania, which set them apart from the rest of the EU-10, as well as among themselves. For instance, the problem of corruption has been a particularly salient theme for the political elites of both countries and it led to the paralysis of the cabinet in Romania during the first year of its membership and to the rise of powerful populist alternatives in Bulgaria. What has probably been even more distinguishing in the cases of Bulgaria and Romania is their apparent inability to swiftly deal with the political and social challenges emerging after accession, as well as to adequately respond to the process of Europeanization. The main reason for this has been the unfinished political and socioeconomic transformation of both countries, accompanied by the consolidation of certain ‘reserve domains’, occupied by the former secret services and semi-mafia structures.
Superinfection of fiveWolbachiain the alnus ambrosia beetle,Xylosandrus germanus(Blandford) (Coleoptera: Curuculionidae)
Authors: Kawasaki Y. , Ito M. , Miura K. , Kajimura H.
Published: August 2009

Wolbachiabacteria are among the most common endosymbionts in insects. InWolbachiaresearch, theWolbachiasurface protein (wsp) gene has been used as a phylogenetic tool, but relationships inferred by single-locus analysis can be unreliable because of the extensive genome recombination amongWolbachiastrains. Therefore, a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) method forWolbachia, which relies upon a set of five conserved genes, is recommended. In this study, we examined whether the alnus ambrosia beetle,Xylosandrus germanus(Blandford), is infected withWolbachiausingwspand MLST genes.Wolbachiawas detected from all tested specimens ofX. germanus(n=120) bywspamplification. Five distinct sequences (i.e. five alleles) forwspwere found, and labeled aswXge1–5. MLST analysis and molecular phylogeny of concatenated sequences of MLST genes identifiedwXge3 andwXge5 as closely-related strains. The detection rate ofwXge4 andwXge1 was 100% and 63.3%, respectively;wXge2,wXge3 andwXge5 were detected from less than 15% of specimens. We performed mitochondrial haplotype analyses that identified three genetic types ofX. germanus, i.e. Clades A, B and C.WspalleleswXge1,wXge2 andwXge4 were detected in all clade A beetles;wXge2 allele was absent from Clades B and C. We concluded that (i) fivewspalleles were found fromX. germanus, (ii) use of MLST genes, rather than thewspgene, are more suited to constructWolbachiaphylogenies and (iii)wspalleleswXge2 andwXge3/wXge5 would infect clade A and clade B/C ofX. germanus, respectively.
Jewish Traveling Cultures and the Competing Visions of Modernity
Authors: Roemer Nils
Published: August 2009

During the nineteenth century, Jews in the German lands received, in exchange for their religious, cultural, and political transformation, civic liberties. Viewing the national as the realm of cultural interaction, production, and contestation has underlined the tortuous and conflicted process of German Jews' integration. Yet, at the dawn of modernity, Jewish communities in Germany grew out of temporal and spatial networks that the emerging nation-state absorbed only in a very limited fashion. As Stuart Hall has observed, for diasporic communities, memories about the past homeland and the interaction between overlapping communities continued to have a decisive impact upon their formation and maintenance. Indeed, the still largely unexplored German Jewish traveling culture acquired a new importance during the first decades of the twentieth century and formed a cultural practice that involved transcending cultural, political, and national boundaries.
“Dummes Geld”: Money, Grain, and the Occupation of Romania in WWI
Authors: Hamlin David
Published: August 2009

Romania entered World War I at a difficult moment for the Central Powers. The offensive against Verdun had been an extraordinarily bloody stalemate, one that sapped the officer corps' confidence in the leadership of General Erich von Falkenhayn. In June, Russia launched its great Brusilov offensive, pushing Austria-Hungary to the verge of capitulation. Soon thereafter, the British offensive against the Somme, itself a blood-soaked disaster, nonetheless revealed an astounding Entente advantage in war material. The first part of 1916 had not been kind to the armies of the Dual Alliance.
A numerical study of laterally strained wall-bounded turbulence
Authors: COLEMAN G. N. , FEDOROV D. , SPALART P. R. , KIM J.
Published: August 2009

Direct numerical simulation (DNS) is used to study the effects of mean lateral divergence and convergence on wall-bounded turbulence, by applying uniform irrotational temporal deformations to a plane-channel domain. This extends a series of studies of similar deformations. Fast and slow straining fields are considered, leading to a matrix of four cases, all corresponding to zero-pressure-gradient (ZPG) flows along the centreplane in ducts with constant rectangular cross-sectional area but varying aspect ratio. The results are used to address basic physical and modelling questions, and create a database that allows detailed yet straightforward testing of turbulence models. Initial tests of three representative one-point models reveal meaningful differences. The extra-strain effects introduced by the matrix of fast and slow divergence and convergence are documented, separating the direct effects of the strain from the indirect ones that alter the shear rate and change the distance from the wall. Some findings are predictable, and none contradict experimental findings. Others require more thought, notably an asymmetry between the effect of convergence and divergence on the peak turbulence kinetic energy.
Fungus–benzimidazole interactions: a prerequisite to deploying egg-parasitic fungi Paecilomyces lilacinus and Verticillium chlamydosporium as biocontrol agents against fascioliasis and amphistomiasis in ruminant livestock
Authors: Singh R.K. , Sanyal P.K. , Patel N.K. , Sarkar A.K. , Santra A.K. , Pal S. , Mandal S.C.
Published: August 2009

In vitro trials investigating the effects of albendazole and triclabendazole anthelmintics on the growth profiles of the egg-parasitic fungi Paecilomyces lilacinus and Verticillium chlamydosporium were undertaken. In addition, in vivo trials were conducted in goats fed on millet grain cultures of each fungus and administered albendazole and triclabendazole anthelmintics. In vitro growth revealed V. chlamydosporium to be more sensitive to albendazole compared to P. lilacinus. In contrast, triclabendazole had the least inhibitory effect on in vitro growth of both P. lilacinus and V. chlamydosporium. Similar to albendazole, growth of P. lilacinus was more vigorous at 0.5 ppm concentration of triclabendazole. Efforts to re-isolate these egg-parasitic fungi from faeces of goats fed on fungal millet grain cultures before and following single intraruminal administration of albendazole and triclabendazole showed that P. lilacinus was not able to be re-isolated from the faeces at any sampling period. In contrast, V. chlamydosporium was able to be re-isolated from the faeces at all of the sampling periods except for the samples taken at 8–18 h and 18–24 h after administration of albendazole and triclabendazole, respectively. Lack of fungal activity at these times coincided with peak plasma availability of anthelmintics and suggests faecal levels of drugs were also high at these times and impacted negatively on fungal viability.
Rubber Strategy for Post-War Malaya, 1945 – 48
Authors: Rudner Martin
Published: August 2009

Rubber, derived from the latex of the tree Heva brasiliensis, has from the First World War been the economic mainstay of the Malayan peninsula. Not only has rubber constituted Malaya's leading economic sector, but from 1914 down to the outbreak of war in Southeast Asia (with the two marginal exceptions of 1939 and 1941) Malaya was the world's largest single supplier of natural rubber. The revival of Malayan rubber was therefore of prime significance not only for the economic rehabilitation of Malaya but also for the global recovery of rubber consuming industries.
The Origin of Modern Official State Ideology in Thailand
Authors: Murashima Eiji
Published: August 2009

Thailand is a non-Western country where a firm state ideology based on national political traditions has been developed to counter the influx of Western liberalism. The official state ideology is clearly set forth in Article 45 of the present constitution, which states that “No person shall exercise his constitutional rights and liberties in a manner adversely affecting the Nation, Religion, King and Constitution.” That is to say, every Thai must be loyal to these four institutions. Moreover, the government maintains a steady output of pamphlets and other publications to imbue this ideology into the minds of the Thai people. “Nation” in this ideology is closely associated with “Religion” and “King”, both of which are fundamental elements in the traditional Thai Buddhist theory of kingship. According to this theory, the king, regarded as elected by a gathering of all the people, should reign justly as a protector on whom the people can rely, and should be guided by the restraints of the moral law of Buddhism. Accordingly, the concept of “nation” in this ideology is different from that in Western liberal nationalism.
Urban Java during the Depression
Authors: Ingleson John
Published: August 2009

The depression devastated export crop earnings from the Netherlands Indies, with consequent severe effects on a colonial economy dependent on them. For many Indonesians in the towns and cities of Java the depression was a time of difficulty but not a disaster — wage cuts, worsened conditions, slower promotions and reduced opportunities for their children may have been partially compensated by a decline in the cost-of-living. Many others, though, lost their jobs and were forced to take lower paid work or eke out a living as best they could with casual or day-wage work wherever they could get it. Some gave up on the cities for the time being and returned to their villages of origin where they were supported by family and relatives.
Living Standards and the Distribution of Income in Colonial Indonesia: A Review of the Evidence
Authors: Booth Anne
Published: August 2009

One of the most widely held views about Indonesia, and especially Java, in the nineteenth century was that such economic growth as occurred did not benefit the mass of the indigenous population, whose living standards almost certainly declined. Many scholars have drawn attention to the evidence that per capita rice production fell after 1880 as proof that living standards were definitely falling in the last two decades of the century, while others have not hesitated to draw the bolder conclusion that living standards declined almost continually after 1800:

One theme stands out most prominently in Javanese society during this time: the theme of involution and reaction…. Despite the promises of the changing colonial policies to further the individual welfare of the Javanese, conspicuously little was done in this regard. Instead the Javanese farmer became gradually more impoverished throughout the whole of the nineteenth century, with a particularly severe drop in living standards in the second half of the liberal period (1885–1900).
South Vietnam: The Symbolic Nature of Election Campaign Appeals
Authors: Silverman Jerry M.
Published: August 2009

In a previous study, an attempt was made to determine the extent to which South Vietnamese provincial elites represent a transition or “bridge” between the national elites and the rural values of the majority population by comparing data on the social, educational, political and occupational backgrounds among political leaders and elites supportive of the GVN from both the national and provincial levels. In that study, the conclusion was that a comparison of social background statistics in isolation may be seriously misleading. Western-educated urban elites at the provincial level who are aware of and empathisize with traditional rural concerns can serve as a transitional cultural and political bridge. Indeed a fairly recent study of constituency influence on United States' congressmen indicated that a representative's perceptions of the attitudes held by the enfranchised population of his district was the intervening variable accounting for his electoral behavior as measured by his voting on roll calls. Thus, in the United States, “;;constituency influence is not provided by candidate recruitment but by elite cognitions.”
The Evolution of Australia's Defence Policy in relation to Malaysia-Singapore, 1964–1971
Authors: McDougall Derek
Published: August 2009

Australia's defence commitment in Malaysia-Singapore is of long standing. In the 1920's and 1930's non-Labour governments in particular had seen the Singapore base as the linchpin of Australian security. Despite Singapore's failure to play this role during World War II, the Malaysian area continued to play an important role in Australian defence thinking in the post-1945 period. Australia began participating in the ANZAM arrangement in 1949, and subsequently committed forces in the campaign against the Malayan Communists. As early as May 1950 the Menzies Government decided to send a squadron of Dakota aircraft to Malaya. In April 1955 this commitment was considerably enlarged to include an infantry battalion, a fighter wing of two squadrons and a bomber wing of one squadron, as well as a permanent naval force of either two destroyers or two frigates. This commitment has provided the basis of the Australian military presence in the area ever since Australia “associated” herself with the Anglo-Malayan Defence Agreement in 1959, and the extension of this agreement to Malaysia in 1963. Australia adopted a cautious policy during the period of confrontation and, for fear of antagonising Indonesia unduly, did not finally make combat forces available for service in East Malaysia until February 1965. This article is concerned primarily with developments which have affected the Australian defence presence in Malaysia-Singapore since the Wilson Government took office in the United Kingdom in October 1964. It examines the Australian reaction to the march of events in Britaín which culminated in the decision to withdraw British forces from Malaysia-Singapore by the end of 1971, and the attempt by Australia to redefine her role in the light of the new situation.
“The Difference between Mecca and Digul” by Moh. Amanoe: An Introduction and Annotated Translation
Authors: van der Veur Paul W.
Published: August 2009

Bedane Mekah karo Digoelis the title of a series of four articles which appeared in June-July 1930. They were written by someone signing himselfHomo Sumand were published in the Javanese newspaperSwara-Oemoem, mouthpiece of Dr. Soetomo'sIndonesische Studieclub.
Major General William Dobbie and the Defence of Malaya, 1935–38
Authors: Chung Ong Chit
Published: August 2009

The Singapore naval base, first conceived in 1919 and endorsed by the British Cabinet in 1921, was the cornerstone of British strategic plan in the Far East. Dubbed as the Singapore strategy, the plan entailed the building of a secure naval base in Singapore. As Britain could not afford to station a separate fleet in the Far East, the main British fleet would sail to the Far East and operate from Singapore in the event of a crisis.
Economic Growth, Development Planning and Policy Alternatives in Medan, Indonesia
Authors: Leinbach Thomas R.
Published: August 2009

Rapid urban growth, in spite of some limited success in controlling population expansion, will likely continue over the next two decades in much of the developing world. Growing evidence suggests that this surge of urbanization poses significant problems for urban development and management as well as for national economic progress in general. Despite relatively strong economies and development programmes this trend is quite conspicuous in Southeast Asia where policy concerns about resource allocation, informal sector development, fiscal capacity and urban services delivery have emerged.
The British and the First Japanese Move into Indo-China
Authors: Tarling Nicholas
Published: August 2009

The French move into what they came to call Indo-China began, as the Hong Kong Register was to put it, with motives hostile to British power. Pre-revolutionary France had indeed seen such a move as a means of contesting Britain's supremacy in Asia: placing themselves between the growing empire in India and the growing trade with China, the French could embarrass their European rivals. But establishing themselves in Vietnam was easier said than done. The limited help they were able to afford Gia-long reaped them no great reward, and his successor, Minh-mang, even turned against the Catholic missionaries whom he saw as sources of subversion of his Confucian-style reunification. Continued anti-Catholic activity on the part of his successor was to give Napoleon III an excuse to intervene in the 1850s. But by then, as the Register noted, the old rivalry with the British had died out. The British had sought to open up trade with Vietnam, but, both before and after their victory over neighbouring China, the Vietnamese had refused to accept a commercial treaty. The British thus did not oppose the more forceful attempt the French made to open up Vietnam. Their only concern was lest the French should trench upon the territory of Laos and Cambodia, and thus undermine the independence of Siam, which the British saw as an outwork of their empire in Burma and Malaya. There was indeed a crisis over Laos, and thus over Siam, in 1893, but the French and the British came to terms in 1896. Their agreement in Southeast Asia was consolidated by their agreement in Europe, which the apprehension of Germany promoted.
New Buddhist Movements in Thailand: An ‘Individualistic Revolution’, Reform and Political Dissonance
Authors: Taylor J.L.
Published: August 2009

Throughout Thai history there have been religious ascetics credited with the ability of precognition (mii yaan) as a result of accumulated virtues and meditation abilities. One such religious figure, perhaps the most widely acknowledged “saint” in modern times, was Phra Ajaan Man Phuurithatto (1870–1949). Of particular interest to this paper is the recorded prediction made by this ascetic monk shortly before his death, documented by a former disciple Phra Aajaan Wiriyang, that there would be a proliferation of self-proclaimed meditation masters and pupils and fragmentation into urban-based “cults” or religious movements (yaek pen kok pen lao).
The Litany of “The World's Beginning”: A Hindu-Javanese Purification Text
Authors: Smith-Hefner Nancy J.
Published: August 2009

Tengger Javanese are an ethnic Javanese people who live in the rugged uplands surrounding Mount Bromo in eastern Java. Tengger are unique among modern Javanese in that they alone trace their religious traditions back to a non-Islamic, Hindu-Javanese priesthood thought to date from the time of the last of Java's great Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms (the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries). Specialists of Java's ancient Hindu traditions, however, have generally concluded that liturgical manuscripts from the Tengger region can tell us little about Old Javanese religion. The eminent Dutch historian Th. G. Th. Pigeaud writes that the people who preserved the religious texts among the Tengger never belonged to the class of cultured ecclesiastics so prominent in Hindu-Javanese times. Many of the Tengger manuscripts in museum collections are written in a rustic and non-standard,budhascript, and do not contain any learned Sanskrit slokas or other easily identifiable references to classical Hindu-Javanese traditions. These facts led Pigeaud to speculate that the Tengger population had always formed a separate community, only superficially influenced by Hindu tradition, and primarily involved in the worship of Mount Bromo, the volcano located at the centre of the region.
Sarawak Malay Attitudes Towards Education During the Period of Brooke Rule, 1841–1946
Authors: Gin Ooi Keat
Published: August 2009

A government's education policy reflects its attitudes towards the people it rules. The response of the people towards this education policy in turn is determined by their needs.

The Brooke Rajahs ruled Sarawak for slightly more than a century, a personal rule characterized by strong adherence to the principle that the cultures of the local inhabitants should be respected and accepted as essentially natural. There was little interference with the customs and traditions of the people and only gradual change took place under this paternalistic totalitarian administration.
Reform Symbolism of a Thai Middle–Class Sect: The Growth and Appeal of the Thammakai Movement
Authors: Zehner Edwin
Published: August 2009

The Thammakai movement in Thailand has won increasing attention over the past decade for its popularity, for the devotion of its supporters and the size of their contributions, and for its links with influential individuals in the Thai government, army, and business communities. This suburban monastery's ability to draw a congregation of 50,000 participants each year for its most publicized annual religious observance is perhaps unprecedented in Thai ecclesiastical history. Thammakai leaders see themselves heading a key Buddhist reform movement to improve the lives of their followers, to strengthen the religion, and to bring prosperity to the nation. But Thammakai's detractors criticize the meditation method around which the movement has been built, deplore the movement's expenditure rates and fund-raising techniques, charge that it uses hypnotic mind-control methods over its followers, and criticize its increasingly acquisitive tendencies. Thai observers of all persuasions have noted Thammakai's skilful use of positive national and religious symbols in its public relations, its abilities in organizing students and young urban professionals to work for organizational goals, and its skill at staging visually and emotionally appealing public displays.
Redefining Criminality: Gambling and Financial Expediency in the Colonial Philippines, 1764–1898
Authors: Bankoff Greg
Published: August 2009

“This consuming cancer”, wrote Governor-General Camba of gambling in the preamble to an edict dated 7 March 1838, “that destroys the fortune of many families, encourages sloth, hinders the sources of public wealth, perverts good faith, corrupts the people's morals and leads them to degradation and misery. Unfortunately the vice has spread prolifically in this rich soil”. Spanish authorities held gambling to be both morally reprehensible and economically detrimental, yet official recognition was extended to an activity that could not be eradicated and from which the colonial state derived considerable financial benefit. The definition of criminality in respect to gambling, therefore, became dependent on the inability of the state to enforce its own regulations and the exigencies of financial demands. This article will examine the popularity of cockfighting and other forms of gambling in the Philippines, the extent of official ambivalence towards these sports, and the motives behind colonial policy. In the process, Gusfield's concept of the “moral passage”, whereby once tolerated behaviour is redefined as deviant and treated as criminal, will be shown to have application in reverse. Gambling was progressively legalized during the late 18th and 19th centuries as the state profited from such activities.
Causes of Import Penetration from the Pacific Basin Newly Industrializing Countries into the United States
Authors: Paik Won K.
Published: August 2009

With the emergence of “new Protectionism” and the resurrection of international political economy as a legitimate field of international relations, international trade and trade relations have, once again, become the focal points of political science inquiries. Given its varied intellectual attractions, the central theme of international trade remains constant: What are the causes of trade relations? Specifically, what factors determine a flow of commodities from country A to country B? There are basically two major types of answers to this question.
Winston Churchill and the Singapore Naval Base, 1924–1929
Authors: Hamill Ian
Published: August 2009

Sir Winston Churchill's doctor has recalled the “stupefying” effect which the fall of Singapore on 15 February 1942 had upon his patient. Britain's wartime leader, Lord Moran suggests, knew that the surrender was “something more than a reverse. I think he wondered if it were a portent”. The spectre of one of the worst defeats in British military history was to return to haunt Churchill in later years. His torment was, perhaps, not solely portentous but also recollective for in the years 1924–29 Churchill himself, while serving in Stanley Baldwin's second government, had played the major role in delaying the building and defence of the Singapore naval base and in disparaging its associated strategy.
Predictors Relating to Implementation of Family Planning Policy in the Philippines
Authors: Klobus-Edwards Patricia , Ballweg John A.
Published: August 2009

During the past two decades, developing countries, recognizing the need to control rapid population growth, have relied heavily upon family planning programmes established under both public and private auspices. By 1973, approximately 28 per cent of the developing countries in the world had official population reduction policies, and 26 per cent of these countries provided support to private family planning programmes.
Southeast Asian Hua-Ch'iao in Chinese History-Writing
Authors: Gungwu Wang
Published: August 2009

The number of scholarly books and articles on the Chinese in Southeast Asia has increased so rapidly during this century that it would be useful to examine some of the trends in writing and put the results into some historical perspective. For example, there have been the early writings by Chinese in China and by various colonial officials of the region; then came writings by Southeast Asian Chinese themselves, whether in Chinese or in some local or colonial language; and more recently, the work of specialist scholars trained in social science disciplines, including the work of local scholars whether of Chinese descent or not. There is scope for a full-scale study of the whole range of historical works and it is hoped that the study will be attempted soon. This essay is a preliminary outline and focuses on writings in Chinese, especially those which help to mark some important turning-points both in the history of the Chinese communities and in the writing of history itself.
Sino-Malay Conflicts in Malaya, 1945–1946: Communist Vendetta and Islamic Resistance
Authors: Kheng Cheah Boon
Published: August 2009

The Japanese occupation (1941–45) in Malaya enabled the predominantly Chinese Malayan Communist Party (MCP) to increase its political influence during and after the war. As it was the only effective political organization actively engaged in anti-Japanese insurgency, it attracted widespread support among the Chinese who suffered greatly from the hostility of the Japanese. The MCP succeeded, therefore, in establishing a strong politico-military resistance movement led by the Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army (MFAJA), in the midst of the Chinese community. There was, however, considerably less support for the MCP from the Malay and Indian communities because their cooperation with the Japanese was clearly better and greater than that of the Chinese. None the less, because of its sizeable guerrilla forces operating during the Japanese occupation, the MCP thus became a major political force in post-war Malaya.
The Kuomintang Movement in Malaya and Singapore, 1912–1925
Authors: Yong C.F. , McKenna R.B.
Published: August 2009

The history of the Kuomintang (KMT) movement in both Malaya and Singapore during the pre-war years has remained largely under-explored since the appearance of Png Poh-seng's article on that topic twenty years ago. Its history deserves a deeper study as it would throw light not only on the China-oriented politics among the Chinese in these two territories but also on the causes and the rationale of the British authorities to contain and ban it. As the Colonial Office and Foreign Office records have now been made accessible to researchers, it is feasible and urgent that such a study be undertaken in a more systematic and analytical manner.
The Chinese Minority and Sino-Indonesian Diplomatic Normalization
Authors: Suryadinata Leo
Published: August 2009

This paper attempts to analyse Sino-Indonesian relations and the problems as perceived by Indonesian ruling and counter-elites, as well as the place of the Chinese minority in the issue of such a normalization. Pro- and anti-normalization groups are identified and two Presidential Decrees — one granting citizenship certificates and the other granting “mass naturalization” to ethnic Chinese — are analysed in the context of normalization. Possible outcomes will also be discussed.
The Treaty Port Connection: An Essay
Authors: Godley Michael R.
Published: August 2009

Overseas Chinese played a special role in China's entry into the modern age. Volumes have appeared to discuss the competition between revolutionaries and reformers, and this author has written of the late Ch'ing regime's own efforts to enlist leading members of the Nanyang merchant class. But this essay intends to shy away from the historian's conventional concern for factional politics. Despite the long-standing conviction that 1911 constituted a watershed and the equally worn shibboleth which tells us that the contribution from abroad was largely a function of factional allegiance, the Southeast Asian Chinese who took part in changing China should also be remembered for the perspectives they shared. This is because all the groups are part of a movement greater than China. Not only should their legacy to China be viewed from a far broader perspective but, also, their place in Southeast Asian history.
Malay Local History: An Introduction
Authors: Milner A. C.
Published: August 2009

The following two articles were originally contributions to a conference panel on “Malay local history: varieties of Malay experience”. The panel was concerned with the way Malay culture has been “localized” in different situations. The concept of “localization”, as discussed by Professor O. W. Wolters, refers to the process by which an imported culture tends to be “fractured and restated and therefore drained of original significance”.
Ideological Adaptation on a Malay Frontier
Authors: Drakard Jane
Published: August 2009

A number of recent studies concerned with Malay history and culture reflect heightened scholarly awareness of cultural unity and structural similarities in the area we know as the “Malay world”. There remains, however, much to be learnt about the boundaries of this world and, in particular, what happens to Malay political and cultural forms at meeting points between Malay and other cultures. In some instances such interaction has led to an absorption of Malay cultural identity by those living on the fringes of Malay kingdoms. A feature often associated with the Malay world is the ease with which it seems to have been possible for those of non-Malay background to adopt Malay language and customs and thus to “become Malay”. This paper, however, will describe a frontier situation where Malay culture itself appears to have been adapted to accommodate local circumstances. It is a situation which assists us to answer the question: to what extent is the concept of a “Malay World” helpful to our understanding of Malay societies?
Looking East, Looking West: The International Political Attitudes of Malaysia's Successor Generation, 1971–81
Authors: Howell Llewellyn D.
Published: August 2009

There are many elements in analyses of why multinational cooperative organization efforts such as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) succeed or fail. The outward manifestations of success include increased economic interdependence, larger numbers of economic, political, and security agreements, more frequent consultations among leaders, and more numerous instances of joint action in the international political and security domains. Observers and students of Southeast Asian politics may follow such events in the news media or in scholarly publications by other students.
Vietnamese Cinema: First Views
Authors: Charlot John
Published: August 2009

Vietnamese cinema has only recently become known outside of the East Bloc countries. The first public showing of a Vietnamese feature film in the United States was that ofWhen the Tenth Month Comesat the 1985 Hawai'i International Film Festival in Honolulu. At the 1987 Festival, a consortium of American film institutions was formed with Nguyen Thu, General Director of the Vietnam Cinema Department, to organize the Vietnam Film Project — the first attempt to introduce an entire new film industry to America. The purpose of this article is to provide a brief description of Vietnamese cinema along with an appreciation of its major characteristics and themes. I base my views on my two visits to the Vietnam Cinema Department in Hanoi — for one week in 1987 and two in 1988 — on behalf of the Hawai'i International Film Festival. During those visits, I was able to view a large number of documentaries and feature films and to discuss Vietnamese cinema with a number of department staff members. I was able to obtain more interviews during the visits of Vietnamese to the Hawai'i International Film Festival in Honolulu. This article cannot claim to be an adequate introduction to the history of Vietnamese cinema, a task I hope will be undertaken with the aid of my informants and the sources I list as completely as possible.
Continuity and Change in the Itinerary of the Malay Novelist, Shahnon Ahmad
Authors: Metzger Laurent
Published: August 2009

Among the numerous Malay writers of our time Shahnon Ahmad stands as one of the most famous. Several points can be mentioned in that respect. First, he has published fourteen novels in twenty-five years apart from dozens of short stories. One of his novels, Ranjau Sepanjang Jalan (translated into English under the title “No harvest but a thorn”) is a household name in Malaysia as it has been for years a textbook for secondary school children. He has been awarded numerous literary distinctions such as Hadiah Sastera for his novel Srengenge (the sun) in 1973, Hadiah Pejuang Sastera (Prize for Literary Fighters) in 1976 and, finally in 1982, he was awarded the most prestigious literary award in Malaysia, i.e. Anugerah Sasterawan Negara which is the Writer Laureate Award and he was among the very first Malaysians to receive it. His most famous novel, Ranjau Sepanjang Jalan has been translated into several languages such as English, French, Dutch, Russian, Japanese and Danish. Dozens of articles have been written about him not only by Malaysian critics but also by foreigners. Finally several theses have been written on Shahnon Ahmad. So it appears that this writer is probably the most talked about author in Malaysia at present.
Cries over Spilled Holy Water: “Complex” Responses to a Traditional Thai Religious Practice
Authors: Olson Grant A.
Published: August 2009

Casual observers of Thai Buddhism may see the monkhood or sangha as a rather homogeneous group. Slightly varying shades of saffron-coloured robes walk the streets and village lanes on morning alms-rounds, and then retreat to their respective temples. The news only rarely mentions debates between religious figures or doctrinal differences; instead, high-ranking monks often appear opening shops or banks, or christening new navy ships or jet airliners for Thai international. If only viewed from this level, everything appears as if it is “business as usual”. If, however, we peel back the ochre veneer covering sangha affairs, many people might be surprised by what lies beneath. If the casual observer becomes more curious and persistent in his inquiries, a number of ongoing issues and a certain amount of disagreement come to light.
The Commutation of Suai from Northeast Siam in the Middle of the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Koizumi Junko
Published: August 2009

The main characteristic of the Thai economy in the early Rattanakosin period, especially the extent of the development of overseas trade and its effect on the domestic economy and the peasantry in particular, has become one of the points of interest among scholars of Thai history in the past decade. This paper attempts to reconsider this question by examining the existing documents on suai (head tax in kind) sent from northeast Siam to Bangkok between the 1830s and the 1860s. The region canvassed here includes areas on both sides of the Mekong valley, i.e. the Eastern Lao provinces (huamuang lao fai tawan-k) and the Forest Khmer provinces (huamuiang khamen padong).
Banana Money: Consequences of the Demonetization of Wartime Japanese Currency in British Malaya
Authors: Kratoska Paul H.
Published: August 2009

Japanese forces attacked Malaya late in 1941 and, by 15 February 1942, had occupied the entire peninsula as well as Singapore. Among other changes, the Japanese regime introduced a new currency. Pre-war British currency remained legal tender but rapidly vanished from the open market, and by 1943 the economy operated on Japanese currency, commonly referred to as “banana” money because the ten-dollar note featured a banana plant. By the end of the occupation, the buying power of this currency had deteriorated dramatically, and the country experienced massive inflation as large quantities of money were printed and put into circulation.
Selayar and the Green Gold: The Development of the Coconut Trade on an Indonesian Island (1820–1950)
Authors: Heersink Christiaan G.
Published: August 2009

In the colonial period many Europeans considered coconuts a lazy man's crop. For the Indonesian population, however, they were a profitable form of cultivation, especially from the 1880s when the European oil and fats industry increasingly started to use copra, the dried kernel of the coconut, as a raw material for the production of soap and later also for margarine. Around one-third of world copra exports originated in the Netherlands Indies (Table 1), and copra was especially important for the economy of East Indonesia, where in 1939 it constituted 80 per cent of the total volume and 60 per cent of the total value of exports. In some parts of Indonesia copra even received the nickname of “green gold”. European involvement in coconut cultivation and the coconut trade nonetheless was limited. In the first half of this century, coconut growing was dominated by the indigenous population, which accounted for 94 per cent of Indonesian production, while Chinese merchants dominated the intermediate trade in copra.
Dutch Expansion in the Indonesian Archipelago Around 1900 and the Imperialism Debate
Authors: Locher-Scholten Elsbeth
Published: August 2009

Few works on modern imperialism (1880–1914) include Dutch political and military behaviour in the Indonesian archipelago. Theories concerning colonial expansion in this period have been based almost exclusively on the activities of the big powers, scrambling for new territories in Africa. The small country of the Netherlands, expanding its colonial frontiers within its nominal sphere of interest, did not arouse much interest, the less so as its history and sources are not easily accessible due to an internationally little known language.
The Singapore Council of Women and the Women's Movement
Authors: Chew Phyllis Ghim Lian
Published: August 2009

The greater part of the historical literature concerning Southeast Asia says little about women because, following the western tradition, writers have concentrated on those individuals associated with decision making and power, areas where men have featured predominantly. Although women have contributed significantly to social and political movements, they have been neglected in historical accounts and often, their contribution has been excluded altogether. Even studies dealing specifically with legislation involving women's rights in Singapore such as the Women's Charter, have given insufficient attention to the part played by women in laying much of the preliminary groundwork.
From the Mountains and the Interiors: A Quarter of a Century of Research among Fourth World Peoples in Southeast Asia (With Special Reference to Northern Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia)
Authors: Walker Anthony R.
Published: August 2009

Twenty-five years ago, in 1970, when the first volume of theJournal of South-East Asian Studiesmade its appearance, I was living in a rather remote mountain village in Phrao district, northern Thailand, about to complete a four-year field project with the Lahu Nyi. I was one of close to a dozen social and cultural anthropologists, at various stages in their professional careers from Ph.D. candidates (such as myself) to seasoned professionals (like the late Bill Geddes), at work among Thailand's so-called “northern hill tribes”. The small expatriate community in the charming Chiang Mai of those days readily joked about “the anthropologist behind every bush in the northern hills”. In fact there were good reasons for this heavy concentration of anthropological research at that time. The 1960s were perhaps the halcyon days for social and cultural anthropology in the Western academy; naturally this happy situation was reflected in the numbers of doctoral candidates proceeding to the field. Moreover, within the mainland Southeast Asia of that time, only Thailand provided academic researchers with relatively easy and more-or-less safe access to its mountain peoples.
Toward a More Comprehensive Analysis of Philippine Politics: Beyond the Patron-Client, Factional Framework
Authors: Kerkvliet Benedict J. Tria
Published: August 2009

Thirty years ago, a theory of Philippine politics emerged that until now remains the most influential among academics and is widely adopted by journalists, diplomats and other observers of the Philippines. Its argument, in brief, is that Philippine politics revolves around interpersonal relationships — especially familial and patron-client ones — and factions composed of personal alliances. I refer to this as the patron-client, factional frameworkpcf, for short). It deserves to be influential; after all, patron-client and other personal relations are indeed significant in Philippine political life. These are also important features in many other countries; hence, thepcfframework developed for Philippine studies has contributed as well to comparative political studies.
Bandits, Banditry and Landscapes of Crime in the Nineteenth-Century Philippines
Authors: Bankoff Greg
Published: August 2009

With few exceptions, commentators agree that bandits were a major socio-economic phenomenon of the nineteenth-century Philippines. Historians and contemporary observers are united in lamenting the deplorable state to which the countryside was reduced by their depredations. Bandits infested the roads and rivers, ravaged fields and farms, sacked towns, pillaged churches and set light to houses in an orgy of murder, robbery and rapine in which there was “hardly an evil deed that their rash boldness [did] not perform”. Modern historiography has usually been content to interpret such crimes as either being indicative of social tensions within a society or as representing “a basic social activity with its own internal logic and historical development”. Only superficial attention has been paid to the environment within which these crimes were committed, historians merely noting that such and such an offence was committed in an urban or rural setting.
The Colonial Heritage of Human Rights in Indonesia: The Case of the Vote for Women, 1916–41
Authors: Locher-Scholten Elsbeth
Published: August 2009

Globalization, the worldwide web of economic and cultural communications with its unifying and integrative tendencies, has done more than deeply affect the political economy (liberal markets) and the cultural patterns (mass consumption) of our time. It has also internationalized the debate on moral principles and ethical practices concerning human behaviour. Already the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the first statement on the issue by the United Nations, has claimed universal validity as a “common standard of achievement”.
“Iron Claws on Malaya”: The Historiography of the Malayan Emergency
Authors: Hack Karl
Published: August 2009

This article addresses the historiography of the Malayan Emergency (1948–60). It does so by challenging two archetypal works on the conflict: those of Anthony Short and Richard Stubbs. These argue the Emergency was locked in stalemate as late as 1951. By then, a “population control” approach had been implemented — the so-called Briggs Plan for resettling 500,000 Chinese squatters. The predominantly Chinese nature of the Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA) had also ensured that most Malays — who constituted nearly half the 1950 population of five million — opposed the revolt. The several thousand strong Communist-led guerrillas thus laboured under severe limitations.
Japan through Vietnamese Eyes (1905–1945)
Authors: My-Van Tran
Published: August 2009

Vietnamese resistance to French rule dates back to the mid-nineteenth century, but the first decade of the twentieth century heralded a new chapter in the long history of anti-colonialism in Vietnam. It began with the fervent reformist efforts of a group of nationalist scholars trained and brought up in traditional ways, whose Movement for Modernisation (Phong Trao Duy Tan) was greatly influenced by the rise of Japan in the eastern hemisphere, especially following Japan's victory in the Russo-Japanese war (1904–1905). Japan became a source of inspiration and began to be perceived as a model, a stimulant and even as a possible saviour of Vietnam.