bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical Simulation Using a Modified Solver within OpenFOAM for Compressible Viscous Flows
Authors: Ghazanfari Valiyollah , Salehi Ali Akbar , Keshtkar Ali Reza , Shadman Mohammad Mahdi , Askari Mohammad Hossein
Published: March 2020

In this work, we attempted to develop an Implicit Coupled Density-Based (ICDB) solver using LU-SGS algorithm based on the AUSM+ up scheme in OpenFOAM. Then sonicFoam solver was modified to include viscous dissipation in order to improve its capability to capture shock wave and aerothermal variables. The details of the ICDB solver as well as key implementation details of the viscous dissipation to energy equation were introduced. Finally, two benchmark tests of hypersonic airflow over a flat plate and a 2-D cylinder were simulated to show the accuracy of ICDB solver. To verify and validate the ICDB solver, the obtained results were compared with other published experimental data. It was revealed that ICDB solver has good agreement with the experimental data. So it can be used as reference in other studies. It was also observed that ICDB solver enjoy advantages such as high resolution for contact discontinuity and low computational time. Moreover, to investigate the performance of modified sonicFoam, a case study of airflow over the prism was considered. Then the results of the modified sonicFoam were compared with the ICDB, rhoCentralFoam and sonicFoam solvers. The results showed that the modified sonicFoam solver possesses higher accuracy and lower computational time in comparison with the sonicFoam and rhoCentralFoam solvers, respectively.
Treasures from the Collections
Authors: Isaac Susan
Published: March 2020

Daniel Defoe's The History of the Devil: Ancient and modern in two parts with a description of the Devil's dwelling (1793).
Automated morphometric measurement of the retinal pigment epithelium complex and choriocapillaris using swept source OCT
Authors: Zhou Hao , Dai Yining , Gregori Giovanni , Rosenfeld Philip R. , Duncan Jacque L. , Schwartz Daniel M. , Wang Ruikang K.
Published: March 2020

We report the development of an automated method to measure morphological features of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), Bruch’s membrane (BM) and choriocapillaris (CC) using a commercially available swept source OCT (SS-OCT) system. The locations of the inner segment/outer segment (IS/OS), RPE and CC were determined by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) A-scan intensity profiles, which were used to calculate the mean IS/OS-to-RPE distance, mean RPE-to-CC distance, mean RPE-to-CC outer boundary distance, mean RPE thickness and mean CC thickness across the entire scan volume. The automated method was tested on two groups of normal subjects: younger age group (n=20, 30.3 ± 5.72 years, axial length = 24.2 ± 0.96 mm) and older age group (n=20, 80.8 ± 4.12 years, axial length = 23.5 ± 0.93 mm). The 6×6 mm macular scans were acquired from one eye of each subject. Repeatability of the measurements showed a coefficient of variance < 5% for all the cases. CC locations were confirmed qualitatively with pixel-by-pixel moving of the en face OCT/OCTA images. Relative distance and thickness maps of the RPE-BM-CC complex were generated for visualization of regional changes. We observed thinner CC, thinner RPE and increased RPE-to-CC distance in the older age group. Correlation between CC thickness and choroid thickness suggests that the CC thins with the overall thinning of the choroid. These metrics should be useful to reveal more morphological details of RPE-BM-CC complex, provide a better understanding of the CC in three dimensions, and further investigate potential functional relationships between RPE, BM and CC, and their involvement in age-related ocular diseases.
Fabrication of concave microlenses on a diamond by a spin coating process
Authors: Liang Yan , Zhu Tianfei , Xi Mengjia , Abbasi Haris Naeem , Fu Jiao , Su Rui , Song Zhiqiang , Wang Kaiyue , Wang Hongxing
Published: March 2020

In this study, to fabricate diamond concave microlenses in a simple manner, an approach that combines a spin coating process with subsequent dry etching was demonstrated. First, photolithography was used to produce cylindrical holes in the photoresist layer on the diamond surface. Then, another photoresist was spin coated to fill the holes, and the concave structures with meniscus shapes were then obtained because of centrifugal force and interfacial tension. Finally, diamond concave microlenses were formed by transferring photoresist concave structures onto a diamond substrate using a dry etching technique. The fabricated diamond microlens exhibits a low surface roughness with nanometers as well as high-quality imaging and focusing performances, which is expected to have a wider range of potential applications under harsh and special conditions.
Electrically driven, polarized, phosphor-free white semipolar (20-21) InGaN light-emitting diodes grown on semipolar bulk GaN substrate
Authors: Li Hongjian , Li Panpan , Zhang Haojun , Chow Yi Chao , Wong Matthew S. , Pinna Sergio , Klamkin Jonathan , Speck James S. , Nakamura Shuji , DenBaars Steven P.
Published: March 2020

We demonstrate a simple method to fabricate efficient, electrically driven, polarized, and phosphor-free white semipolar (20-21) InGaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs) by adopting a top blue quantum well (QW) and a bottom yellow QW directly grown on (20-21) semipolar bulk GaN substrate. At an injection current of 20 mA, the fabricated 0.1 mm2 size regular LEDs show an output power of 0.9 mW tested on wafer without any backside roughing, a forward voltage of 3.1 V and two emission peaks located at 427 and 560 nm. A high polarization ratio of 0.40 was measured in the semipolar monolithic white LEDs, making them promising candidates for backlighting sources in liquid crystal displays (LCDs). Furthermore, a 3dB modulation bandwidth of 410 MHz in visible light communication (VLC) was obtained in the micro-size LEDs (µLEDs) with a size of 20×20 µm2 and 40×40 µm2, which could overcome the limitation of slow frequency response of yellow phosphor in commercial white LEDs combing blue LEDs and yellow phosphor.
Multimodal imaging combining time-domain near-infrared optical tomography and continuous-wave fluorescence molecular tomography
Authors: Ren Wuwei , Jiang Jingjing , Costanzo Mata Aldo Di , Kalyanov Alexander , Ripoll Jorge , Lindner Scott , Charbon Edoardo , Zhang Chao , Rudin Markus , Wolf Martin
Published: March 2020

Fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) emerges as a powerful non-invasive imaging tool with the ability to resolve fluorescence signals from sources located deep in living tissues. Yet, the accuracy of FMT reconstruction depends on the deviation of the assumed optical properties from the actual values. In this work, we improved the accuracy of the initial optical properties required for FMT using a new-generation time-domain (TD) near-infrared optical tomography (NIROT) system, which effectively decouples scattering and absorption coefficients. We proposed a multimodal paradigm combining TD-NIROT and continuous-wave (CW) FMT. Both numerical simulation and experiments were performed on a heterogeneous phantom containing a fluorescent inclusion. The results demonstrate significant improvement in the FMT reconstruction by taking the NIROT-derived optical properties as prior information. The multimodal method is attractive for preclinical studies and tumor diagnostics since both functional and molecular information can be obtained.
In-situ measurement of pyrolysis and combustion gases from biomass burning using swept wavelength external cavity quantum cascade lasers
Authors: Phillips M. C. , Myers T. L. , Johnson T. J. , Weise D. R.
Published: March 2020

Broadband high-speed absorption spectroscopy using swept-wavelength external cavity quantum cascade lasers (ECQCLs) is applied to measure multiple pyrolysis and combustion gases in biomass burning experiments. Two broadly-tunable swept-ECQCL systems were used, with the first tuned over a range of 2089-2262 cm−1 (4.42–4.79 µm) to measure spectra of CO2, H2O, and CO. The second was tuned over a range of 920-1150 cm−1 (8.70–10.9 µm) to measure spectra of ammonia (NH3), ethene (C2H4), and methanol (MeOH). Absorption spectra were measured continuously at a 100 Hz rate throughout the burn process, including inhomogeneous flame regions, and analyzed to determine time-resolved gas concentrations and temperature. The results provide in-situ, dynamic information regarding gas-phase species as they are generated, close to the biomass fuel source.
Imaging through highly scattering environments using ballistic and quasi-ballistic light in a common-path Sagnac interferometer
Authors: Dykes Jesse , Nazer Zeina , Mosk Allard P. , Muskens Otto L.
Published: March 2020

The survival of time-reversal symmetry in the presence of strong multiple scattering lies at the heart of some of the most robust interference effects of light in complex media. Here, the use of time-reversed light paths for imaging in highly scattering environments is investigated. A common-path Sagnac interferometer is constructed that is able to detect objects behind a layer of strongly scattering material at up to 14 mean free paths of total attenuation length. A spatial offset between the two light paths is used to suppress non-specific scattering contributions, limiting the signal to the volume of overlap. Scaling of the specific signal intensity indicates a transition from ballistic to quasi-ballistic contributions as the scattering thickness is increased. The characteristic frequency dependence for the coherent modulation signal provides a path length dependent signature, while the spatial overlap requirement allows for short-range 3D imaging. The technique of common-path, bistatic interferometry offers a conceptually novel approach that could open new applications in diverse areas such as medical imaging, machine vision, sensors, and lidar.
Combined modulation of incident laser light by multiple surface scratches and their effects on the laser damage properties of KH2PO4 crystal
Authors: Cheng Jian , Wang Jinghe , Peng Enhong , Yang Hao , Chen Hao , Chen Mingjun , Tan Jiubin
Published: March 2020

Manufacturing-induced surface defects are deemed as a potential source, leading the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the actual KDP crystal optics to be much lower than the intrinsic one. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully recognized. We explore the combined modulation of incident laser light by multiple scratches and their effects on laser damage performance of KDP optics by modeling the light intensifications and performing a laser damage test. Under the combined modulation of multiple scratches, enhanced hot spots are generated due to the focusing effects of convex lens profiles surrounded by the neighboring scratches. The combined modulation actions are much stronger than that of a single scratch. The relative light intensities (IRs) caused by multiple scratches can reach up to two times, and the number of hot spots (IPs) are four times as large as those by a single scratch. The IRs exhibit a general, increasing tendency as the scratch density increases. But for the case of double total reflections of rear-surface scratches, the totally reflected lights are transmitted through neighboring scratches, resulting in decreasing tendency of IRs. The tested LIDTs and optical transmittances of multiple scratches present a gradual, decreasing tendency with the increase of scratch density, which agrees with the simulation results. Besides, the simulated light intensifications could well explain the locations of laser damage, which further verify the role of multiple scratches in lowering the laser damage resistance.
Modeling and analysis of the mid-spatial- frequency error characteristics and generation mechanism in sub-aperture optical polishing
Authors: Wan Songlin , Wei Chaoyang , Hong Zhi , Shao Jianda
Published: March 2020

In the field of ultra-precision manufacturing, the mid-spatial-frequency (MSF) error can severely affect the performance of the optical elements, but it is rather difficult to quantitatively predict the MSF error distribution. In this paper, the piecewise-path convolution (PPC) analysis is established to investigate the characteristic and the mechanism of the MSF error. The path type, tool influence function (TIF), feed rate, movement type, etc. are all considered mathematically in the analysis. This method can quantitatively predict the MSF error distribution. The coupling relationship among the path type, TIF and the MSF error are proved through the filtering theory. Besides, the analysis reveals the mathematical relationship between the tool movement type (orbital motion, radial runout) and the MSF error; the results show that the tool motion can also introduce non-negligible MSF error. Based on the research above, two selection formulae of path type, TIF and polishing parameters are provided for low MSF error polishing, which gives the theoretical guidance for the parameter selection in deterministic polishing. Practical experiments demonstrate the validity of the analysis results and conclusions.
Electromagnetically induced transparency in terahertz metasurface composed of meanderline and U-shaped resonators
Authors: Li Quan , Liu Shanshan , Zhang Xueqian , Wang Shuang , Chen Tai
Published: March 2020

Mimicking the quantum phenomena of electromagnetically induced transparency using metasurfaces has drawn continuous interest in recent years owing to its potential in realizing optical switching, slow-light, nonlinear enhancement, and sensing devices with much reduced working conditions. Various kinds of structures have been proposed through designing the internal coupling effect among the unit cell. In this work, we theoretically and experimentally propose a new type of coupled resonant structures composed of meanderline and U-shaped resonators in the terahertz regime, which can exhibit strong behavior of electromagnetically induced transparency. The introduction of the meanderline structure provides an effective manner for realizing electrically controlled electromagnetically induced transparency devices due to its continuous connection feature, making it convenient to serve as an integrated electrode. Such ability is verified by simulations where vanadium dioxide structures are further integrated. The proposed design opens new avenues to realize compact and tunable slow-light devices.
Superstructure microfiber grating characterized by temperature, strain, and refractive index sensing
Authors: Zhi Yanyan , Li Xin , Li Yuanpeng , Li Jie , Guan Bai-Ou
Published: March 2020

Microfiber gratings with diameters in the subwavelength scale have recently attracted much attention for developments of sensitive sensors; however, a specific structure is usually chosen for sensing one parameter according to the optical response. In this work, a superstructure microfiber grating combined with microfiber Bragg grating and long-period microfiber grating is reported for the first time. The proposed superstructure is formed by ultraviolet laser inscription and femtosecond laser scratching techniques, which simultaneously endows the unique properties of the two individual gratings. The reflection and transmission spectral characteristics differing to conventional counterparts are demonstrated. The responsivities of the two gratings to temperature, strain and refractive index are investigated, providing a possibility for simultaneous multi-parameter sensing.
One-way and near-absolute polarization insensitive near-perfect absorption by using an all-dielectric metasurface
Authors: Yildirim Deniz Umut , Ghobadi Amir , Soydan Mahmut Can , Serebryannikov Andriy E. , Ozbay Ekmel
Published: March 2020

In this Letter, we numerically propose the one-way perfect absorption of near-infrared radiation in a tunable spectral range with high transmission in the neighboring spectral ranges. This functionality is obtained by using a two-dimensional, guided-mode resonance-based grating-waveguide metasurface that acts as a frequency-selective reflector, a spacer dielectric, and an absorbing oxide layer. Within the bandwidth of the excited guided-mode resonance excited at 1.82 µm (with a full-width at half-maximum of 19 nm), we confirmed perfect absorption when light was incident from one of the two opposite directions, whereas in the other direction, perfect reflection was observed. The forward-to-backward absorption ratio reached as high as 60, while the thickness of the entire structure was on the order of the operating wavelength. In addition to the spectral tunability of the excited resonances and their bandwidths, our proposed device supports transparency windows with 65% transmission in the adjacent frequency bands. Our 2D grating is also verified to enable near-absolute insensitivity to the polarization state of incident light. Geometrical parameter modification also gives our design great tunability, as we also designed a device with a 300 nm absorption/reflection linewidth.
Macroscopic properties of high-order harmonic generation from molecular ions
Authors: Joyce T. , Jaron-Becker A.
Published: March 2020

High harmonic spectroscopy utilizes the extremely nonlinear optical process of high-order harmonic generation (HHG) to measure complex attosecond-scale dynamics within the emitting atom or molecule subject to a strong laser field. However, it can be difficult to compare theory and experiment, since the dynamics under investigation are often very sensitive to the laser intensity, which inevitably varies over the Gaussian profile of a typical laser beam. This discrepancy would usually be resolved by so-called macroscopic HHG simulations, but such methods almost always use a simplified model of the internal dynamics of the molecule, which is not necessarily applicable for high harmonic spectroscopy. In this Letter, we extend the existing framework of macroscopic HHG so that high-accuracy ab initio calculations can be used as the microscopic input. This new (to the best of our knowledge) approach is applied to a recent theoretical prediction involving the HHG spectra of open-shell molecules undergoing nonadiabatic dynamics. We demonstrate that the predicted features in the HHG spectrum unambiguously survive macroscopic response calculations, and furthermore they exhibit a nontrivial angular pattern in the far field.
Effect of polarization in evanescent wave amplification for the enhancement of scattering of nanoparticles on surfaces
Authors: Kolenov D. , Urbach H. P. , Pereira S. F.
Published: March 2020

We demonstrate the far field detection of low-contrast nanoparticles on surfaces using a technique that is based on evanescent-wave amplification due to a thin dielectric layer that is deposited on the substrate. This research builds upon earlier results where scattering enhancement of 200 nm polystyrene (PSL) particles on top of a glass substrate covered with a ≈ 20 nm InSb layer has been observed by Roy et al. [Phys. Rev. A 96, 013814 (2017)10.1103/PhysRevA.96.013814]. In this paper, the enhancement effect is analyzed using other dielectric materials with lower absorption than the previous one, resulting in a higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for particle detection. We also consider several polarizations of the incoming field, such as linear, circular, azimuthal, and radial. In our experiments, we observe that the optimum enhancement occurs when linear polarization is used. With this new scheme, PSL nanoparticles of 40 nm in diameter have been detected at a wavelength of 405 nm.
De la reforma urbana a la democratización de los gobiernos locales
Authors: Ziccardi Alicia
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: Los problemas sociales que se manifiestan en la ciudad dieron lugar a la necesidad de planificar y gestionar las ciudades. Diferentes proyectos modernizadores tuvieron como base la democratización de los gobiernos locales, cuyo análisis es el objetivo de este artículo, con especial referencia al caso mexicano.ABSTRACT: Social problems reflected in cities produce the need of urban planning. Different projects of modernization were based on local governments democratization. This is the object of this article, with special reference to mexican case.
Las narcodemocracias andinas
Authors: DabÈne Olivier
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: Los países de América Latina están afectados en diferentes aspectos por el tráfico de drogas. En especial, en los países andinos, esta actividad ha condicionado de manera decisiva el tipo de régimen democrático iniciado en algún caso en la década de 1980, como Perú o Bolivia, o el régimen colombiano. El autor califica a estos regímenes como narcodemocracias por los efectos del tráfico de drogas no sólo en el orden social y económico, que analiza de forma profunda, sino por la politización del narcotráfico. Las respuestas de las democracias han sido bien distintas en los tres casos analizados, afectando, sin embargo, en todos ellos, a la gobernabilidad de las mismas y a su legitimidad.ABSTRACT: Latin American countries are affected by narcotrafico in different aspects. Particularly, in Andean countries, this activity has deeply conditioned the type of democratic regime installed in some cases in the eighties, as Perou and Bolivia, or the colombian regimen. The author characterizes these regimes as narcodemocracias by effects of narcotrafico in them, not only in social and economic arenas, but also by the politization of narcotrafico. Responses of democracies have been very different in these cases analyzed in the article. Nevertheless, in all of them, governability and legitmity of democracy are affected.
Las Historias de un Tratado Comercial
Authors: Jaso García Sofía
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: ¿Cuáles son las razones que han favorecido un tratado de libre comercio en América del Norte? El artículo sugiere algunos de los intereses políticos y económicos inmersos en la negociacián. Como Canadá ya tiene su propio acuerdo con los Estados Unidos, su objetivo fundamental será evitar que México logre beneficios que pudieran perjudicarle. Para México, por su parte, el tratado puede ser la alternativa para recuperar el crecimiento económico, mientras que para Estados Unidos es una opción para mantener su competitividad frente a Europa y el Sudeste Asiático, y para reorientar sus relaciones con América Latina.ABSTRACT: Which are the reasons that are leading to a free-trade treaty in North America? The article suggests some economical and political interests involved in the negociation. As Canada has it's own agreement with the US, it would try to be ahead of Mexican benefits in the dkaL From Mexico's viewpoint, the treaty may be the alternative to restore economical growth, and for the US, it could be an option to mantain it's competitiveness against Europe and Southern Asia, and to reorientate it's relations with Latin America.
Notas sobre la Crisis y los Partidos Políticos en Brasil
Authors: Jerez Novara Ariel
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: En este articulo, el autor esboza los rasgos más conflictivos de la institucionalidad política en Brasil. En la actual situación de crisis estructural, los partidos políticos se ven presos de una lógica conservadora del status quo. Sin embargo, existen exepciones (PT y PSDB) que articulan sus esfuerzos renovadores con iniciativas que se dan en la sociedad civil en dirección del pacto social.ABSTRACT: In this article, the author reviews the more conflictive features of the Brasilian political institutions. Nowadays, in a position of structural crisis, the political parties are catched into a conservative logical of the status quo. However, there are exceptions (PT and PSDB) that articulate their regenerater efforts whith several iniciatives from civil entities on the way of the social contract.
Las relaciones Unión Europea - América Central
Authors: Sotillo José Ángel
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: En este artículo se presenta la evolución reciente de las relaciones entre la Unión Europea y América Central. El autor señala las razones por las cuales se pasó de una etapa de intensa relación entre ambas regiones, en los años ochenta, a una de relativo enfriamiento en los noventa. En general se pone de manifiesto una tendencia al acuerdo político y al desacuerdo en materia económica.ABSTRACT: The article analyses the recent evolution of European Union and Central America relationship. The author defines the main reasons of the change from an intense relationship between boht regions during the eihties, to a certain weakening of the links. We can find an evident trend of consensus in political matters coexisting with a dynamic of disagreement on economical questions.
Hacia una evaluación de la actuación económica y social en la transición cubana de los años noventa
Authors: Mesa-Lago Carmelo
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: En 1989, Cuba tenía la economía más colectivizada, igualitaria, dependiente del exterior y subvencionada soviéticamente, de todo el mundo socialista. El colapso de la URSS supuso una dura crisis económica en la isla en los años noventa y condujo a un proceso de reformas de mercado que se llevó a cabo de forma tímida y vacilante. Las series estadísticas se desvanecen a principios de la transición, haciendo las evaluaciones serias virtualmente imposibles. Entre 1995 y 1997 se han extraído datos importantes pero con una confianza cuestionable. Este artículo reúne y analiza todas las estadísticas disponibles al respecto con el fin de determinar la actuación socioeconómica de Cuba, centrándonos en cinco áreas cruciales: indicadores macroeconómicos, producción material, sector exterior, condiciones sociales, así como estado actual y perspectivas de la reforma.ABSTRACT: In 1989, Cuba had the most collectivized, centralized, egalitarian, externally dependent and Soviet-subsidized economy within the socialist camp. The collapse of the latter prompted a severe economic crisis in the island in the 1990s, forcing a process of market reform albeit timid and vacillating. Statistical series vanished at the beginnig of the transition, making a serious evaluation virtually impossible. In 1995-97 important data were released but their reliability are questionable. This article assembles and analyzes all available pertinent statistics in order to asses Cuba's socio-economic perfomance in 1990-97, by focusing on five crucial areas: macroeconomic indicators, physical output, externa] sector, social conditions, and status and prospecta of the reform.
La racionalidad de la gestión publica en el contexto de la reforma del Estado
Authors: Ramos Conrado
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: Analizando el caso uruguayo, Conrado Ramos trata de perfilar el nuevo papel que va a desempeñar un Estado eficiente. Centrándose en un aspecto más concreto de la reforma de la Administración Pública, el autor analiza la relación que se establece entre la nueva burocracia y la élite política, y los apoyos que los diferentes gobiernos dan al proceso de implementación de la reforma.ABSTRACT: Studying the Uruguayan case, Ramos tríes to define the role to be played by an efficient State. In one more concrete aspect of the Administration Reform, the author analyzes the relationship between the new bureaucracy and the political elites, and the supports that the different governments give to the process of implementation reform.
Los problemas de la legalidad y la legitimidad del sindicalismo colombiano: una aproximación histórica
Authors: Medina Medófilo
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: En el artículo, Medófilo Medina analiza el proceso de legitimación y deslegitimación del movimiento sindical a través de las diferentes etapas históricas, desde principios de siglo hasta la actualidad, teniendo en cuenta los diferentes factores políticos y sociales que han intervenido. En el momento actual, el autor expresa su preocupación por el "estado de interinidad legal y de legitimidad precaria" en que sigue manteniéndose al sindicalismo, a pesar de la aprobación de la Constitución de 1991, que introdujo importantes factores de democratización en el país.ABSTRACT: In this article, Medófilo Medina analyzes the legitimation and dislegitimation syndical movement process along the different historical phases, since the beginning of the twentieth century to more recent years, and taking into account political as well as social factors wich have taken place. At this moment, the author express his preocupation because "the state of interinity and precarious legitimacy" in wich is mainteining the syndicalism, in spite of the new Constitution approved in 1991 wich gave importans factors of democratization to the country.
La consolidación de la democracia en Nicaragua, fuerzas armadas y partidos políticos en una democracia frágil
Authors: González Secundino
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: En el artículo se analiza la consolidación democrática en Nicaragua, destacando el importante papel desempeñado tanto por las Fuerzas Armadas como el juego de sistemas de partidos. Para el autor, estos dos elementos se mostraron plenamente funcionales para el proceso de consolidación democrática en este país. Además, sostiene que la transición a la democracia había comenzado en Nicaragua antes del proceso electoral que culminó en 1990.ABSTRACT: The article tries to analyze the democratic consolidation in Nicaragua, underlying the important role played by the Armed Forces and the party system. By the author, both of these elements have been shown very functional to the process of democratic consolidation in this country. Therefore, he sustaines also that the transition to democracy in Nicaragua had begun before the electoral process of 1990.
Sentimientos antipartidistas en el cono sur: un estudio exploratorio
Authors: Meseguer Yebra Covadonga
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: Este ensayo tiene como objetivo analizar las actitudes hacia los partidos políticos en tres democracias en pleno proceso de consolidación de sus instituciones. Más concretamente, se trata de averiguar si los partidos políticos en Uruguay, Chile y Argentina gozan o no de aceptación entre la ciudadanía y por ende, de legitimidad para guiar ese proceso de consolidación. Mediante la construcción de un índice de sentimientos hacia los partidos se explora, por un lado, la relación entre estos sentimientos y actitudes más generales hacia el régimen político y, por otro, el posible origen histórico y sociodemográfico de esos sentimientos más o menos entusiastas. Mientras que los partidos son ampliamente aceptados en Uruguay y Argentina, lo son menos en Chile donde además el régimen democrático es más cuestionado y la apatía y desinterés ciudadana más extendidaABSTRACT: This essay analyses the attitudes towards political parties in airee democracies currently facing a process of institutional consolidation. I explore whether political parties in Uruguay, Chile and Argentina have the legitimacy to guide this process by studying their acceptance among the citizenship. I build an índex of sentiments towards political parties and I explore, first, the relationship between these sentiments and more general attitudes towards the political regime and, second, the possible historical and sociodemografic origins of more or less enthusiastic patterns. Parties are highly valued in Uruguay and Argentina and considerably less valued in Chile, where attitudes towards the political regime are also more ambivalent and political apathy more extended.
El federalismo argentino
Authors: Lerner Emilia Raquel
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: A partir del análisis de los procesos de descentralización en la República Argentina, y la configuración actual de la distribución de funciones entre distintos niveles de gobierno, la autora reflexiona sobre el significado del ajuste fiscal a nivel del gobierno nacional y el provincial. En razón de que la mayor parte de los servicios sociales son provistos por los gobiernos locales, y de la característica específica que tienen estos gastos, se concluye que los procesos de ajuste provincial son más lentos y complejos que los del gobierno nacional.ABSTRACT: Starting from the analysis of decentralization process in Argentine Republic, and the present configuration of functions distribution between different levels of government, the author make several thougts about the meaning of fiscal adjustment for national government and provinces. Because of the fact that most of the social services are provided by local governments and due to the special characteristic of these expenditures, the conclusion is that adjustment process in provinces are slower and more complex than in national government.
El movimiento zapatista ¿Una posibilidad de tránsito del autoritarismo a la democracia?
Authors: Puente Ordórica Guillermo
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: El autor sostiene que el movimiento insurgente encabezado por el Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional (EZLN), es un movimiento tradicional y moderno a la vez, tanto por su propia naturaleza como por las demandas que enarbola: democracia, justicia, libertad y dignidad indígena. El zapatismo ha tenido un impacto decisivo en México y fuera de ese país, ya que ha puesto en primer plano, la discusión de cuestiones políticas, culturales y sociales fundamentales para todas las sociedades. Sin embargo, las negociaciones entre el gobierno mexicano y el movimiento zapatista, no han desembocado en una solución definitiva a pesar de la firma, en 1996, de los Acuerdos de San Andrés. Ello, en virtud de la falta de voluntad política del gobierno, que se ha reflejado en su actitud contradictoria, pero sobre todo porque no posee la capacidad estructural para incorporar las demandas de dicho movimiento, que toca las fibras neurálgicas del sistema político mexicano, autoritario y cerrado. Empero, para el autor la asimilación del zapatismo representaría un paso definitivo en la transición política que facilitaría la construcción de una democracia genuina.ABSTRACT: The guerrilla movement leaded by the Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional (EZLN), by its own nature and the claims it has raised: democracy, justice, freedom and indigenous dignity, is at the same time a traditional and a modern movement. The zapatismo has had a big impact in Mexico and out of the country, due to the fact that it has brought to the main scene the discussion of political, cultural and social affairs central to all societies. However, the negotiations between the Mexican government and the EZLN has not produced a final solution of the conflict itself, notwithstanding the signature, in 1996, of the agreements of San Andrés. The formen due to the government's lack of political will, but mainly because the Mexican political system, still authoritarian, do not have the structural capacity to incorporate the zapatista movement's political claims. The author suggests notwithstanding, the incorporation of the zapatismo as a definitive step towards a political transition that will enable to build a genuine democratic system.
Los pueblos indígenas de la Amazonia Peruana y el uso político de los medios de comunicación
Authors: Espinosa Oscar
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: Este artículo trata sobre el uso político de los medios de comunicación (radio, televisión e Internet) por parte de los pueblos indígenas de la Amazonia Peruana. En particular, analiza la utilización que el pueblo Shipibo ha hecho de la radio en el proceso de construcción de su identidad étnica y en la creación de sus organizaciones políticas representativas; el tipo de vinculación de los pueblos Ashaninka y Aguaruna, el estado y la televisión sobre todo en la redefinición del concepto de identidad nacional en el contexto de diferentes conflictos armados, y finalmente, se presenta el uso de Internet por el pueblo Ashaninka.El objetivo principal del articulo es mostrar como el empleo de los medios de comunicación permite a las comunidades indígenas hacerse más visibles y actuar políticamente en distintos espacios públicos.ABSTRACT: This article deals with the political use of the means of communication (radio, tv, Internet) by the indigenous peoples of the Peruvian Amazonas. In particular, it analyzes the use made by the Shipibo people of the radio in the construction of their ethnic identity and the creation of representative political organization; the links among the Ashaninka and Aguaruna peoples, the state and the tv in the redefinition of the national identity in the context of armed conflicts, and finally, it presents the use of Internet by Ashaninka people.This article aims at showing that the use of mass media allows indigenous groups to become more visible and to act in different political scenarios.
Fluidez y volatilidad en la institucionalización de los sistemas de partidos (Notas metodológicas para su medición)
Authors: Artiga González Álvaro
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: En este artículo se propone la necesidad teórica de realizar una distinción entre fluidez y volatilidad en los estudios sobre institucionalización de los sistemas de partidos. Se insiste en que son dos facetas de un mismo problema pero que deben ser estudiadas separadamente. Incluso una antes que la otra. Con este objetivo, el autor propone tres índices para medir la fluidez de los sistemas de partidos: la natalidad partidista (Np), la mortalidad partidista (Mp) y la fluidez (fp) que el sistema de partidos causa en el ámbito parlamentario.En términos empíricos, esos tres índices son calculados para los casos centroamericanos entre los cuales se constata cómo es posible encontrarse con sistemas fluidos (a nivel de la «oferta») y con baja volatilidad (a nivel de «demanda»). Ello es así, justamente, porque se trata de dos problemas distintos.ABSTRACT: This article suggest the need to do the theoretical and analytical distinction between fluidity and volatility in the study of the institucionalization of party system. They are two dimensions of the same problem, but should the studied separately, or, even better, one before the other. The author develops three indexes two measurs the degree of fluidity of party systems: the party birth rate index (Np), the party death rate index (Mp) and the index of fluidity (Fp) of the parliamentary party system.These three indexes are applied to analyse the Centroamerican party system. The results show that it is possible to find a conbination of fluid systems (at the level of the offer) with low levels of volatility (at the level of the demand). This is so, precisely because the two are different issues that should be addressed separately.
De la gobernabilidad
Authors: Alcántara Sáez Manuel
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: En este artículo, el autor se ocupa de conceptualizar lo que se entiende por gobernabilidad en el ámbito del sistema político.En primer lugar, se identifican minuciosamente los factores explicativos de la gobernabilidad para los diferentes análisis de las Ciencias Sociales. Estos son agrupados en cuatro apartados, de acuerdo con su carácter de variables independientes: 1) legitimidad y eficacia del sistema político en regímenes democráticos; 2) situaciones de crisis de los sistemas políticos; 3) el problema del déficit fiscal en los países occidentales industrializados, entendido desde distintas corrientes intelectuales; 4) los problemas de gobernación propios de los países en vías de desarrollo. En segundo y último lugar, se concluye que el tema de la gobernabilidad queda enmarcado exclusivamente en el ámbito gubernamental, y que su logro depende fundamentalmente de la capacidad efectiva del gobierno para mantener la legitimidad y promover el desarrollo socioeconómico, de un modo simultáneo.ABSTRACT: In this article, the author is occupied in conceptualizing what is intended to be governability in the scope of the political system.First, explanatory factors of governability according to the different analysis of Social Sciences, are thoroughly identified.These indicators are organized into four groups, given their character of independent variables: 1)legitimacy and efficacy of the political system under democratic regimes; 2)situations of crisis of the political systems; 3)the problem of the fiscal deficit in western industrialized countries, from the point of view of different intelectual currents; 4)the problems of governance propers to developing countries.In second and final place, the author concludes that the theme of governability stays limited exclusively to the governmental scope, and that its achievement depends fundamentally on the effective capacity of government for maintaining legitimacy and promoting socioeconomic development, in a simultaneous way.
¿Ante, de, en, y? Mujeres, derechos humanos
Authors: Jelin Elizabeth
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: El trabajo integra dos planos: teórico y analítico, que confluyen en una explicación integral acerca de la condición de las mujeres, en perspectiva de lucha, democracia y desafíos. El primer plano es un recorrido por las concepciones paradigmáticas de los derechos humanos. Aquí es donde se plantea claramente la tensión entre universalismo y diferencias, la cual no puede ser resuelta sin atención a la «contextualización de los derechos en el sistema de relaciones sociales». El segundo nivel es el análisis de las luchas, logros y derechos de las mujeres latinoamericanas hasta nuestros días, con especial énfasis en el estado de cosas actual. En este último sentido, se retoman algunos temas concretos: «el derecho al propio cuerpo: los derechos reproductivos»; «la lucha por la igualdad: hacia la eliminación de todas las formas de discriminación»; «los derechos globales: paz, desarrollo y medio ambiente».ABSTRACT: The work integrates two levels: theoretic and analytic, that converge on an integral explanation about women's condition, in perspective of fight, democracy and challenges. First plane is a run across the paradigmatic conceptions of human rights. Here is when the tension between universalism and differences is stated, which can't be solved without paying attention «to putting rights in the context of the social relations system». Second level is the analysis of the fights, achievements and rights of latinamerican women until nowadays, with special emphasis on the state of things in present time. In this last sense, some concrete subjects are retaken: «the right to the self body: reproductive rights»; «the fight for equality: towards the elimination of all forms of discrimination»; «the global rights: peace, development, environment».
Chiapas: ¿revolución, guerrilla, movimiento indio o reclamación de democracia, justicia y libertad?
Authors: Pérez Herrero Pedro
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: El artículo demuestra que los asuntos de Chiapas no son: a) la causa de todos los males de México; b) un problema anacrónico, heredado del pasado (ausencia de mestizaje); c) un movimiento indio; d) un levantamiento contra la modernidad; o d) una agitación que trate de imitar la revolución de 1910; sino que representan un ejemplo dramático de la complejidad de sus tensiones internas, un hecho actual que nos descubre las contradicciones del modelo de desarrollo, del sistema político y del Estado- Nación.ABSTRACT: This article demonstrates that Chiapas affaires are not: a) the cause of all the evils in Mexico; b) an anachronistic problem inherited from the past (lack of half-breeding); c) an indian movement; d) a revolt against modernity; or e) an agitation that tries to imitate the 1910 revolution; but that represent a dramatic example of the complexity of their internal tensions, a present affaire that shows us the contradictions of the development model, the political system and the State-Nation.
Los ciclos económicos en la Argentina: del modelo primario exportador al sistema de hegemonía financiera
Authors: Ferrer Aldo
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: Aldo Ferrer trata de identificar los distintos prototipos de ciclos económicos que se dan a largo plazo en la evolución de la economía argentina. Para ello, estudia las fluctuaciones de la producción y el empleo y el ajuste de los pagos internacionales en tres períodos diferentes: el primario-exportador; el industrial sustitutivo de importaciones y el de hegemonía financiera. Ferrer concluye señalando que Argentina debe recomponer su inserción internacional y además que esta respuesta es política: la capacidad de la sociedad argentina para asumir la gobernabilidad de la economía.ABSTRACT: Aldo Ferrer tries to identify the distinct prototypes of economical long-dated cycles which exist in the evolution of the Argentinian economy. In order to this, he studies the fluctuations of production and employment and the adjustment of international payments in three different periods: the export-primary period; the import substitute industrialization process and the financial hegemony. Ferrer concludes indicating that Argentinian economy needs to recompose its international insertion and therefore, that this answer is especially political in the sense of the social capacity to assume tbe gobernability of the economy.
De "la larga agonía de la Argentina peronista" a la "reconversión menemista". Transformaciones del sistema político argentino durante la primera presidencia de Carlos Menem
Authors: Nolte Detlef
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: El artículo trata de dar cuenta de las principales transformaciones del sistema político argentino durante la primera presidencia de Carlos Menem, y de las transformaciones económicas de este gobierno. Este artículo aborda la consolidación de la demcoracia argentina para actores muy diversos: partidos políticos, sindicatos y organizaciones empresariales; el nuevo papel de las instituciones; los cambios en la política económica; el proceso de reforma constitucional, etc.ABSTRACT: The article tries to explain the main changes of the Argentinian political system during the first Presidencyof Carlos Menem, and the economical transformations of this government. This article explains the consolidation of democracy in Argentina for very different actors: political parties, trade unions and entrepeneurial interests; the new role of political institutions; changes in the economic policy; the process of constitutional reform, etc.
Argentina y la fragmentación excluyente: notas sobre el nuevo vínculo Estado—sociedad
Authors: Reppeto Fabián
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: Fabián Repetto intenta en este artículo reflexionar en torno a los cambios que América Latina ha experimentado en las dos últimas décadas. Trata de combinar el análisis de cuatro dimensiones: la apertura a la globalización económica, la transición y consolidación democrática, la reforma del Estado y la transformación de la estructura social. Aunque sus reflexiones tienen un carácter global, toma como punto de referencia el caso argentino.ABSTRACT: Fabián Repetto tries, in this article, to think about the changes that Latin America has suffered along the past two decades. He tries to combine the analysis of four dimensions: the openess toward the economical globalization, the transition and consolidation of democracy, the reform of the state and the social structure transformation. Although his reflections have a global view, he uses the Argentinian case as point of reference.
Latinobarómetro 1997: Principales resultados
Authors: Crespo Ismael
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: El latinobarómetro es quizá la encuesta de opinión pública más importante que, cada año, analiza conjuntamente la realidad latinoamericana y española y que, además, permite la comparación de indicadores entre 18 países. Lo que se nos presenta a continuación son comentarios a los principales resultados extraídos en 1997, comparados con los obtenidos el año anterior, sobre aspectos como el desarrollo político e institucional y el estado de la democracia, junto a otras valoraciones de la realidad económica; ofreciéndonos, con ello, una clara descripción de la evolución de la opinión pública en estos países. Palabras clave: Latinobarómetro, opinión pública.ABSTRACT: The "latin-barometer" is perhaps the most important public opinion survey which analysies the latinamerican and the spanish situation together each year. Moreover it allows the comparition of indicators between eighteen countries. This paper shows the main results obtained during 1997. These results are compared with wihic were obtained on 1996. It comparies issues such as the instituctional and political development and the conditios of democracy; it linked to other valuations of the economic situation. These data offer us a clear description about the evoluction of public opinion in these countries.