bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Neem (Azad/Rachtaindica A. Juss.) Seed Extract on Birch Leafminer, New York, 1986
Authors: Larew H. G. , Knodel J. J.
Published: March 2022

A 200 x 50m nursery planting of paper birches in Dansville, NY was used for experiments. Trees were 6 years old, 3-4m tall, and were planted in clumps of 3 spaced lm apart in 5 rows that ran the length of the planting. On the east and west ends of the planting, 30 trees were randomly assigned to a spray date and treatment (5 trees/treatment/spray date). Five branches (0.5m long) at breast height were sprayed on each tree. Sprays were applied with 1 1 hand-held sprayers. The upper foliar surface was sprayed to drip. Trees were sprayed with 1% neem seed extract, Metasystox-R, or water on 3 May (oviposition) and on 10 May (early instar). On 22 May all treated branches were harvested. All foliage from each branch was removed, weighed and placed on the surface of a 2.5cm layer of damp Promix-BM ™ in a plastic tray indoors (18-23°C). On 31 May, all foliage was discarded and each tray was placed in a sealed plastic bag. Adults emerged in late Jun and were counted.
Control of the Black Vine Weevil on Juniper and Euonymus Under Shadehouse Conditions, 1986
Authors: Yost Jeffrey T. , Parrella Michael P. , Williams Ross
Published: March 2022

Each treatment was applied as a drench to 3 flats of nursery stock, each containing 100 2 inch pots (1 flat of each type of juniper and 1 flat of euonymus) on 4 Feb using a Solo backpack sprayer and a conical nozzle. Ten days after application, flats were brought to the laboratory and the soil from each pot was emptied into a tray and inspected for the presence of black vine weevil larvae. Only pots containing larvae were used in the analysis; larvae present were scored dead or iJive and the percentage mortality for each treatment was calculated.
Beef Cattle Fly Control with Diflubenzuron (Vigilante tm) Bolus, 1986
Authors: Knapp F. W. , Webb J. , Cilek J. , Christensen C.
Published: March 2022

Fifty g Vigilante boluses containing 4.9g AI diflufbenzuron were evaluated for the control of horn flies and face flies under field conditions. Herds were pastured cow/calf operations located within a 40-mile radius in central Kentucky. Control herds were similar operations located within 4 miles of the treated herds. Boluses were administered to cattle with a balling gun at a rate of 1 bolus/250 kg body weight between 1 May and 15 May. Another comparison herd was tagged with Guardian (tm) ear tags during she same period and evaluated concurrently for fly control. Herds were treated as follows: 102 steers (A) treated at a rate of 1 bolus/steer; 45 cows/calves (B) treated at rate of 1.5 bolus/cow and 0.5 bolus/calf; 55 cows and 8 calves as untreated controls (conAB); 39 heifers (C) at 1 bolus/animal; 30 cows (conC) untreated; 30 cow and 12 calves at 1.5 bolus/cow and 1 eartag/calf (D); 38 cows tagged with Guardian ear tags (T) at rate of 2 tags/cow; and 30 cows untreated (conDT). The number of horn flies and face flies were counted on 10 cattle from each herd every 2 weeks. Horn flies were counted on one side of the animal; sice flies were counted on the face and head of the same animal. Fresh manure from 5 animals of each herd was collected biweekly and bioassayed utilizing newly hatched colonized horn face and house fly larvae. Twenty-five larvae were placed in 50-100 g of feces and larval mortality calculated by counting adult (mergence. Bioassays were performed on bolused cattle only.
Dairy Cattle Fly Control with Vigilante (tm) Premix, 1986
Authors: Knapp F. W. , Webb J. , Cilek J.
Published: March 2022

Holstein cattle herds were fed either Vigilante premix feedthrough or Rabon (tm) oral larvicide to evaluate their efficacy against the horn, face, and house fly. Visual counts of the above flies as well as stable flies were also made. The treatment began on 15 May and the herds were separated by a minimum distance of 10 miles. Premixes were administered daily by adding them to the mineral mix concentrate prior to adding into the total ration. Herds were treated as follows: 105 cows along with 44 calves and heifers were given 3.8% Vigilante premix at a rate of 5 mg AI/100 lb body wt. (A); 130 cows and 35 heifers were given a 7.76% Rabon oral larvicide at a rate of 70 mg AI/100 lb body wt. (B); 90 cows untreated (Control). Horn flies and stable flies were evaluated on 10 animals on a bimonthly basis. Horn flies were counted on one side of the animal and stable flies were counted on the legs of the same animal. House fly counts were taken within 1 square meter grids at 10 different locations around the cow loafing area. Normal fly control procedures included sanitation, misting, and hand spraying of resmethrin or permethrins. Fresh manure was collected from 5 animals bimonthly and bioassayed using newly hatched colonized horn fly, face fly, and house fly larvae. Twenty-five larvae were placed in 50-100 g of manure sample and the larvae mortality calculated from the number of emerged adults.
No-Choice Comparisons of 3 Fly Baits, 1986
Authors: Stafford K. C. , Collison C. H.
Published: March 2022

Alfacron sugarbait (CGA 18809) was compared with Improved Golden Malrin® fly bait containing 1.0% methomyl and True Grit Blue™ containing 1.0% Bomyl® in separate 30.5 × 30.5 × 30.5 cm aluminum collapsible cages. Three fresh baits or a sugar control (20 g each) were placed into a cage containing 50 adult house flies fed water and sugar and libitum. The study was replicated 4 times with each treatment in each cage in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to isolate any cage or replication differences. No. of dead flies were recorded at 0.5, 8, 24, and 48 h, % mortality calculated, and values transformed (arcs Vp) for analysis. Differences in mortality between the baits at each time interval were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Fisher's protected least significance difference (LSD) test. The study was repeated with bait exposed to the air for one week.
Pear, Prebloom Control of Pear Psylla with Pyrethroids, 1986
Authors: Riedl H. , Shearer P. W.
Published: March 2022

Sprays were applied dilute by handgun operating at 200 psi to 13-year-old pear trees. Test plots consisted of 4 single-tree replicates in a randomized block. Treatments were applied 19 Mar (delayed dormant). No other sprays were applied either before or after this date. Treatments were evaluated at 7- to 14-day intervals by beating tray counts of PP adults (2 trays/tree) and counts of PP nymphs on 5 spurs/tree.
Peach, Oriental Fruit Moth and Tarnished Plant BUG Control, 1986
Authors: Swift Fred C. , Herman Elizabeth J. , Starner Van
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in a 4-year old peach orchard on the varieties ‘Red Haven', ‘Crest Haven', ‘Loring', and ‘Jefferson'. Single tree plots replicated 6 times in a randomized complete block design were sprayed to runoff (ca 2 gal/tree) with a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at 300 psi. Treatments were applied at 200 degree-days (7 May) and 400 degree-days (19 May) after first OFM catch with a pheromone trap. The baseline temperature for calculating degree-days was 45° F. For disease control the entire orchard was sprayed with sulfur as needed. Sampling methods for OFM and TPB were as follows: OFM = avg no. of OFM damaged terminals/ tree; TPB = avg no. of TPB damaged fruit/100 fruit/tree.
Blueberry, Fruitworm Insecticide Test, 1986
Authors: Johnson D. T. , Mayes R. L.
Published: March 2022

A randomized complete block design in a blueberry patch near Rogers, AR was selected. Each plot was composed of 4 rows with 5 bushes in each row (20 bushes) and was replicated 3 times. Materials were applied on 9 and 19 May with a tractor-mounted “vertical boom” type sprayer at ca. 25 GPA. The grower applied Carbaryl and Mesurol on 28 May. Evaluation (3-5 Jun) consisted of examining all berries (>100 per bush) on 10 bushes in each treated and untreated plot for internal and external feeding damage.
Control of Leafhoppers in Grapes. 1986
Authors: Saunders Michael C. , Flanagan Patrick W.
Published: March 2022

These tests were conducted in 2 established Concord grape vineyards in North East, PA. Plots consisted of 3 vines in a row replicated 4 times in a randomized block designed at both study sites. Vine spacing was 9 ft between rows and 8 ft within rows. One spray was applied in each test using a small plot R&D sprayer with a single 80° LF nozzle at 30 psi. operating pressure. Spray volume was 40 gal per acre. Evaluations consisted of counting the number of leafhopper nymphs on each of 10 randomly selected damaged leaves within each plot.
Apple, Mite Control, 1985
Authors: Forsythe H. Y.
Published: March 2022

Test chemicals were applied to 8- to 20-year-old apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays using a hand gun and a hydraulic sprayer operating at 250 psi and at 300 (Test 3) to 350 gal/acre. Spray dates were 30 Apr (half-inch green, HIG), 11 May (tight cluster, TC), 16 May (pink, P), 24 May (bloom, B), 28-29 May (petal fall, PF), 7 Jun (first cover, IC), and 17 Jul and 25 Jul. The standard pesticide program consisted of Difolatan 4F (5 qt/100) on 24 Apr, Captan 80W (1 lb) on 5 dates, Cyprex 65W (0.8 lb) on 1 date, Imidan 50W (1.1 lb) on 1 date, Sevin 80W (1.25 lb) on 4 dates, and on 4 Jun there was a mixture of epsom salts (15 lb), Solubor 20W (1 lb), zinc chelate (1 lb) and Manzate 200 80W (1 lb). There were no mixtures of acaricides with other pesticides. There were 4 single-tree replications for each treatment. A randomized complete block design was used, with 3 ‘Red Delicious’ and 1 ‘Cortland’ cultivar in Test 1 and 2 ‘Red Delicious’ and 2 ‘Cortland’ cultivars in Tests 2 and 3. From each tree 25 leaves were collected at chest-height around the periphery of the tree, brought into the laboratory, and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20 and alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day. May and Jun were cool, the first half of Jul was wet (3.9 inches rain), and Aug was wetter (3.4 inches rain) and cooler than normal.
Navel Orangeworm Control on Walnut, 1986
Authors: Steenwyk R. A. Van , Barclay L. W. , Barnett W. W.
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted at the Westside Field Station at Five Points, CA. Seven treatments were replicated 8 times using a randomized complete block design. Each replicate consisted of an individual tree. Materials were applied to run-off (480 gal spray mixture per acre) with a hand-held orchard sprayer operating at 250 psi. Applications were made on 22 Aug when the walnut husks had just begun to split. Control was evaluated by inspecting 50 nuts per replicate (tree) for navel orangeworm on 4 Sep, 18 Sep and 1 Oct.
Apple, Insect and Mite Control, 1987
Authors: Forsythe H. Y.
Published: March 2022

Test materials were applied to 31-yr-old apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays using a handgun and a hydraulic sprayer operating at 250 psi at 350 gal/acre. Trees were sprayed on 9 May (prepink), 29 May (petal fall), 8 Jun (first cover), 19 Jun (second cover), 7 Jul (third cover), 21 Jul (fourth cover), 4 Aug (fifth cover), and 18 Aug (sixth cover), as noted in the table. The fungicide program consisted of Difolatan 80 Sprill (8 lb/100) on 16 Apr (quarter-inch green) and Polyram 80W (2 lb) which was mixed with each insecticide treatment at each spray date. There were 4 single-tree replications for each treatment. A randomized complete block design was used with 2 'McIntosh' and 2 'Cortland' cultivars. Except for the test trees, the orchard was not sprayed with insecticides or acaricides. On 27 Aug, about 515 apples were picked from the 4 trees of each treatment and examined on 12 Sep for external egg punctures (AM), egg-laying scars (PC), and typical feeding injuries (CM, LAW, and EAS). ERM and 2SSM were counted on dates shown in table on 25 leaves collected at chest height around the periphery of each tree. Leaves were brought into the laboratory and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20 and alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day. Aphid counts are based on 10 randomly selected vegetative terminals around each tree. The number of live aphids on the distal 4 unfurled and 1 furled leaves and on the stem included by these leaves were recorded on 26 Jun. June, July, and August were generally warmer than normal; the latter 2 months were relatively dry.
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae on Late Season Sweet Corn with Foliar Sprays, 1987
Authors: Bowman James S. , Barry Donald W.
Published: March 2022

This study used Honeymoon' sweet corn planted on the University of New Hampshire Kingman Farm, Madbury, N.H. on 6 Jul. Each plot consisted of a single 30-ft row of corn, and each treatment was replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized block design. A spray application of each treatment was made on 8 Aug to whorl stage corn to control a small population of fall armyworms feeding on the leaves. This spray was directed into the whorls using a R&D CO2-pressurized (40 psi) single-nozzle hand-held sprayer that delivered 14.4 gal/acre. When the plants reached the 10% silking stage, silk spray applications of each treatment were initiated by spraying the silk zone on each side of the row on 25 and 30 Aug and 3, 8, and 12 Sep using a spray volume of 28.8 gal/acre.
Whorl Applications to Control Fall Armyworm in Sweet Corn, 1987
Authors: Whalen J. , Breeding R.
Published: March 2022

Silver Queen' sweet corn was planted on 10 Jul near Georgetown, Del. Two row plots, 20 ft long on 30-inch centers were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a hand shaker in a 7-inch band over the whorl on 13 Aug. All plant whorls were removed from each plot, unrolled, and the number of infested plants counted.
Thrips Control in the Texas High Plains, 1986
Authors: Bender David A. , Morrison William P.
Published: March 2022

Experiments were conducted at the Texas A&M Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Lubbock, Tex. 'Stuttgarter' dry sets were planted 3 Apr into double-row beds (10-inch rows, 40-inch centers) on an Olton loam and drip-irrigated as needed. Iprodione at 1.5 lb (AI)/acre was applied on 21 and 29 May and 10 Jul. Maneb + zinc was applied at 2.4 lb (AI)/acre for control of foliar diseases including blast (Botrytis spp.). Plots were 20 ft by 4 beds wide and bordered by 1 bed of wheat. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied on 8 and 20 May, 13 and 25 Jun, and 8 Jul with CO2-powered backpack sprayer with 2 TX12 nozzles per row at 20 gal/acre and 50 psi. Efficacy was determined by counts of thrips (visual inspection) on 5 plants/plot (3 plants/plot 7 Jul and following due to increased plant size and thrips population) 1 day pretreatment and 3 days posttreatment. One adult thrips was collected from each of 5 plants/plot on each sample date for species identification.
Onion Thrips Control with Reduced Insecticide Rates and Combinations, 1987
Authors: Royer T. A. , Edelson J. V. , Cartwright B.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Weslaco, Tex. 'Texas Grano 1105 Y' onions were direct-seeded 3 Dec '86 into single-row beds (40-inch centers) on a Willacy fine sandy loam soil and furrow irrigated as needed. All plots received one application of idoprodine at 0.75 lb (AI)/acre, for control of purple blotch (Alternaria porri (Ell.) Cif.). The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications and overlaid on plots measuring 20 ft by 2 beds. The main objective was to evaluate the potential synergistic effects of several insecticide combinations for control of onion thrips. Therefore, rates of all insecticide treatments were reduced to half of their maximum labeled rate. Control could then be measured as either additive, antagonistic, or synergistic. Treatments were applied on 21 and 24 Apr as foliar sprays delivered through a CO2-powered ground sprayer at 30 gal/acre finished formulation. Adult and immature thrips were counted on 5 randomly selected plants per plot on 24 and 28 Apr. Data were subjected to analysis of variance, and treatment means were separated by Duncan's New Multiple Range Test (P = 0.05). Percent control was calculated using Henderson's (1955) formula.
Bell Pepper, Beet Armyworm Control, Hidalgo County, Tex., 1986
Authors: Royer Tom A. , Edelson J. V.
Published: March 2022

TAM Bell' green bell peppers were transplanted in September into double-row beds (10-inch rows, 40-inch beds) at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Weslaco. Soil type was Hidalgo sandy clay loam. Plots measured 25 ft by 2 rows, were bordered by a buffer row, and were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticide treatments were applied on 12 Feb through a CO2-powered boom sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre (60 psi, 4 TX-10 hollow-cone nozzles per plot, 3 mph). Three to 5 h following the treatment application, 10 second- and third-instar beet armyworm larvae were caged on each of 2 randomly selected plants within each plot. Efficacy was evaluated 4 and 8 days following each application by counting larvae that remained alive in the cage.
Wireworm Control on Potato, 1987
Authors: Lagnaoui Abdelaziz , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

Certified B-size potatoes were planted 19 May at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount. The field, a Waukegan silt loam, had been in alfalfa the previous 3 yr. Treatments were 2 rows, 110 ft long with 40-inch row spacing. Treatments were randomized in complete blocks with 6 replications. Granular insecticides were applied in furrow with a planter-mounted granular applicator. An untreated check was planted between every 2 insecticidal treatments. The plots were sprayed once, on 26 Aug, with Pydrin 2.4EC + Butacide 8E at 0.1 + 0.25 lb (AI)/acre to control Colorado potato beetle and potato leafhopper. On 28 Sept, potatoes were harvested, counted, and scored for wireworm injury. Control for each treatment was calculated as percent reduction in wireworm damage relative to the adjacent untreated control.
Control of Southern Corn Billbug in Corn, 1987
Authors: All J. N.
Published: March 2022

A small-plot field experiment was conducted to screen insecticides for control of corn seedling damage by the southern corn billbug. Corn was planted 23 Apr in a Marlboro loamy sand (85.8% sand, 9.2% silt, 5.0% clay). The soil was pH 6.6, with 1.07% organic-matter content. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with 2-row plots, 20 ft long, 30 inches wide, with 3-ft alleys, replicated 5 times. Granular formulations were applied in a 7-inch band over the row at planting time. The granules were lightly raked into the soil. On 26 May all plants in each plot were examined for damage and the presence of southern corn billbug adults. On 15 Sep all plants in 1 row of each plot were harvested for grain.
Field Corn, Larval Corn Rootworm Control, 1987
Authors: Meinke L. J. , Barnhart M. R. , Brown J. F.
Published: March 2022

Planting-time and first-cultivation soil insecticide trials were conducted at Mead, Neb. The planting-time test plot was in trap crop during 1986 and had been insecticide-free from at least 1983 to 1986. The cultivation test plot was in trap crop during 1985 (no insecticide) and had been used periodically for multiclass soil insecticide trials for at least 10 yr. The soil type was a silty clay loam. The experimental design for each test was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Each replication consisted of single-row treatments that were 35 ft long and 30 inches apart. Planting-time application equipment consisted of modified V-belt seeders mounted on a model 80 John Deere— flex planter. Preweighed amounts of insecticide granules were placed on the V-belts and directed into the seed furrow or banded over the row in front of the press wheel. Noble— granular insecticide metering units mounted on a hand-powered bicycle applicator were used to apply soil insecticides at first cultivation. Granules were banded directly over the plant whorl and then immediately incorporated by the cultivator. The planting-time test was planted 29 Apr, and the cultivation test was planted 8 May. First-cultivation treatments were applied 4 Jun. Soil moisture conditions were excellent when insecticides were applied. Initial corn rootworm egg hatch was detected 22 May. Stand counts were taken on 21 May and 15 Oct in the planting-time test. Plant evaluations were made on 21 May in the planting-time test to determine whether any insecticide treatments adversely affected corn development. Plants were considered abnormal if they were stunted or exhibited deformed growth patterns (i.e., buggy whipping). Corn rootworm feeding damage was evaluated (29 Jun, planting-time test; 9 Jul, cultivation test) by digging 5 roots from each treatment row and rating the damage by means of the Iowa 1—6 scale (1, no feeding, to 6, 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed). Lodging counts were taken on 15 Oct in the plan ting-time test. A plant was recorded as lodged if the angle between the soil
Field Corn, Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1987
Authors: Oleson J. D. , Spike B. P. , Gifford J. M. , Tollefson J. J.
Published: March 2022

Planting-time, soil insecticide test plots were established at 7 Iowa locations in 1987. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications for the root protection trials and 6 replications for the yield trials. All treatments were applied to 50-ft rows spaced 30 inches. The yield trials had double-row treatments. All other trials had single-row treatments. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble metering units that had been laboratory-calibrated to deliver material accurately at a tractor speed of 4 mph. The applicators were mounted on a 4-row John Deere Max-Emerge 7100 integral planter equipped with ripple coulters. Each row was constantly monitored to ensure that insecticide was correctly applied at all times. Drag chains were used for incorporation. Liquid insecticide formulations were applied immediately after planting with a small-plot sprayer mounted on a bicycle wheel applicator and pressurized with a CO2 canister. Liquids were applied in a 7-inch band over the row with a Teejet 8003E nozzle at 23 psi to deliver 10 gal/acre. A rake dragged lightly over the soil surface was used for incorporation. Cultivation-time insecticide applications were made with electrically driven Noble units mounted on the tool bar of a 2-row, rear-mounted cultivator. Plastic tubes directed the insecticide to both sides of the corn row directly in front of the cultivator sweeps. Liquid insecticides were applied just prior to cultivation with the small-plot bicycle sprayer. In mid July, rootworm feeding was evaluated by digging 5 roots from each treatment row and rating the damage on the Iowa 1-6 scale (1, no damage or only a few minor feeding scars; 6, 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed). Chemical phytotoxicity was checked by taking stand counts from 1/1000 acre for each treatment and measuring the height of 10 consecutive plants from each treatment. Lodging counts were taken at harvest time. A plant was considered lodged if the angle between the plant and the ground was —45 degrees or less. Yield trials were machine harvested. Roots dug from the yield trials were taken from a 15-ft area at the end of each replication. This area was not included in the harvest sample. Data were analyzed by means of analysis of variance procedures. Economic damage was observed in all tests (check root rating >3.00). No phytotoxicity was noted with any of the insecticide treatments.
Apple, Integrated Mite Control with Savey, 1987
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to small blocks of 4-tree plots in a completely randomized design consisting of 4 replicates/treatment. Each plot contained one each of the cultivars: 'Red Delicious,' 'Golden Delicious,' 'Stayman,' and 'Rome Beauty.' The sprays were applied as complete applications with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated at 50 gal/acre, driven at 2 mph. Spray dates were as follows Savey 50WP (1 Jul), Plictran 50WP (1 Jul), Plictran 50WP plus Carzol 92SP (8 Jul), and Vydate 2L (17 Jul). A routine schedule of fungicides and insecticides (Dithane M-45, Benlate, Guthion, Lannate, Zolone, and calcium chloride) was maintained throughout the experiment. Effectiveness of the treatments on ERM was evaluated by counting the mites several times during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment ('Red Delicious'). The predator S. punctum was observed by making 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the 'Red Delicious' trees.
Apple, Broad Spectrum Control with Insecticides, All-Season Test, 1987
Authors: Johnson James W.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to 12-yr-old mature trees in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Treatments were applied as dilute sprays to the point of drip with an FMC DP-20 handgun sprayer at 375 psi, using approximately 5 gal finished spray/tree. Applications of treatments were made on 13 Apr (IC), 21 Apr (2C), 29 Apr (3C), 6 May (4C), 20 May (5C), 8 Jun (6C), 23 Jun (7C), 15 Jul (8C), and 29 Jul (9C). Cover sprays of dormant oil, mancozeb, Funginex, Plictran, and Omite were applied separately to all trees. Fruit were harvested on 18 Aug. Samples consisted of 50 fruit/replicate, 150 fruit/treatment. The fruit was collected randomly from around the tree at chest height. Samples were inspected visually, and the numbers of clean and damaged fruit were recorded.
Apple and Pear, Effect of Stirrup M on Mite Control with Plictran, 1987
Authors: Riedl H. , Shearer P. W.
Published: March 2022

Stirrup M, a spray additive for miticide applications containing pheromone components of spider mites was evaluated in 2 mite control trials on apple and pear. Sprays were applied to apple on 10 Jul and pear on 8 Jul using a handgun operating at 200 psi. Both the pear and the apple orchards used Rad mature trees and were under standard spray programs. No miticides were applied prior to the tests. The experimental design and sampling was the same in both experiments. Treatments consisted of 4 single-tree replicates. Following a pretreatment count trees were blocked according to mite population level. Leaves on each tree were sampled on 3 scaffold limbs from the center to the periphery of the canopy (25 leaves/tree; 100/treatment). Leaves were processed with a mite-brushing machine.
Apple, Mite Control, Insecticide Block, Hudson Valley Lab, Highland, N.Y., 1987
Authors: Weires R. W. , Scott Lawson D.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to 8 tree plots replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. All treatments were applied dilute to runoff using a high-pressure handgun sprayer at 400 psi delivering from 3.8 to 4.2 gal spray/tree or 364 to 403 gal/acre. Trees were 23 yr old, 10 ft high, spaced 15 by 30 ft, and on M.2 rootstock. A Pounce spray was applied on 21 Apr (pink); Brigade was applied 13 May (petal fall), and 29 May (first cover); and Imidan was applied 14 and 30 Jun, 17 Jul, and 4 and 18 Aug in the first treatment. Danitol treatments were applied 21 Apr, 13 May, 14 Jun, and 4 Aug, followed by Guthion in the remaining cover sprays 29 May, 30 Jun, 17 Jul, and 18 Aug. Danitol was also applied at a high rate along with Spray oil on 13 May. This treatment was followed with Guthion applications in the remaining cover sprays commencing 6 Jun. DPX-EY059 was applied at three different rates on 21 Apr, 13 May, 14 Jun, and 4 Aug. EF-667 and EF- 667 + Lorsban were applied starting 13 May; Fenoxycarb and Guthion treatments were initiated 21 Apr, with all four treatments applied in cover sprays 29 May, 14 Jun and 30 Jun or 1 Jul, 17 Jul, and 4 and 18 Aug. Additional applications over the entire block included Difolatan 80S 15.5 lb/acre, 12 Apr; Cyprex 65W 1.5 lb/acre, 13 and 23 May; and Rubigan 1EC.7 lb/acre, 14 Jun. Naphthaleneacetic acid was applied in thinning sprays on 23 May using from 0 to 10 ppm depending on the cultivar. Mite populations were evaluated by sampling 25 leaves from one 'Red Delicious' tree/plot at biweekly intervals throughout the summer. The leaves were brought into the laboratory where they were brushed with a mite-brushing machine, and the mites and eggs were examined and counted using a binocular microscope. An early spring resulted in an early and prolonged bloom period. Rainfall was above average throughout most of the season; temperatures were generally normal for the area.
Late-Season Insect Control on Sweet Corn in Minnesota, 1989
Authors: Hutchison W. D. , Lee J. J. , Bartels D. W.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted on the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station at Rosemount in corn planted 18 Jun. Two-row plots were 25 ft long with one untreated border row between each plot and 4 ft borders at the end of each plot. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. A backpack CO2 sprayer with one flat fan (LF-3-80, 50-mesh) nozzle/row, delivering 20 gal/acre at 40 psi, was used to treat each row of the plots from tassel to ear. First fresh silks were observed 17 Aug and treatments were applied 21, 28 Aug and 5 Sep. Plots were artificially infested with about 21 neonate ECB larvae/plant on 24 Aug. All plots were hand harvested and evaluated 9 Sep by randomly selecting 15 ears/row (30/plot), husking the ears and checking for ECB and CEW larvae.
Foliar Sprays on Late Planted Corn, 1989
Authors: Whalen J. , Spellman M.
Published: March 2022

Sweet corn was planted on 3 Jul near Georgetown, DE. Single row plots, 20 ft long on 30-inch centers, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer using 2 nozzles/row delivering 52 gal/acre at 40 psi. Silk sprays were applied on 5, 8, 12, 19, 21 and 25 Sep. At harvest maturity (27 Sep), all ears from each plot were husked and evaluated for damage as “fresh market” (clean ears, no damage evident) and “processing” (evidence of tip feeding, but less than 3.6 cm tip damage). All worms found were identified, counted and recorded.
Onion Thrips Control in Minnesota, 1989
Authors: Hutchison W. D.
Published: March 2022

Onions were direct seeded 29 Apr in plots 2 rows wide (18 inches between rows) and 25 ft long near Hollandale, MN. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied with a back-pack CO2 sprayer using one flat-fan (LF-3-80, 50-mesh), nozzle/row at 40 psi and 20 gal/acre. Each material was applied 22 Aug. At the time of application ambient temperature was 80°F and wind speed was < 5 mph. All plots were evaluated 25 Aug by taking leaves (lower 8 inches) from 15 plants/plot and rinsing the leaf bases with 75% ethanol. The rinsate (with thrips) was collected and filtered through a Buchner funnel onto filter paper. Thrips of all stages were then counted under a binocular microscope at 120 × .
Foliar Sprays for Control of Colorado Potato Beetle on Potato in the Red River Valley of Minnesota and North Dakota, 1989
Authors: Lagnaoui Abdelaziz , Radcliffe Edward B. , Terlemezian Grant
Published: March 2022

Certified B-size potatoes were planted 10 May at the University of minnesota Northwest Experimental Station, Crookston, and at the Red River Valley Potato Grower’s Association Research Farm, Grand Forks, North Dakota. Experimental plots were 6 rows wide and 40 ft long with 40-inch row spacing. Treatments consisted of different sequences of insecticide applications randomized in complete blocks with 3 replications. Insecticidal sprays were applied 30 Jun, 5 Jul and 12 Jul, using a tractor-drawn boom sprayer. The sprayer at Crookston delivered 80 gal of water/acre, the one at Grand Forks delivered 26 gal of water/acre. Posttreatment counts were taken 7 d after spraying. Evaluations consisted of counts of Colorado potato beetle larvae on 10 randomly selected plants from the 3 middle rows of each plot. Defoliation ratings were taken 12 and 21 Jul. Two way analysis of variance was used to test treatment means for significant differences in Colorado potato beetle densities and percent defoliation.
Furadan At-Plant Vs Furadan Lay-By for Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1988
Authors: Noetzel David , Preston Duane
Published: March 2022

A trial was established at the Red River Valley potato growers research farm in Grand Forks, ND. Plot size was 4 rows × 30 ft in length. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block and were replicated 4 times. Granulars were applied 4 d post plant to the planting ridge and lightly incorporated. Emergence applications were made to the planting ridge when about 50% of the plants were visible, and the insecticide was lightly covered. First foliar applications were made on 22 Jun when estimated average foliation was 17%. Subsequent applications were made 29 Jun, 3 and 20 July and 15 Aug. Estimates of % defoliation were taken, averaged, transformed using ARCSINE and then compared.
Wireworm Treatments and Plant Response, 1988
Authors: Noetzel David
Published: March 2022

A wireworm control trial was established on irrigated sands near Staples, MN. Nuclear seed (V4-1 inch diam) of 2 cultivars was planted at 4-6 inch spacings in 50 ft long plots. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Insecticide was applied in the open furrow with the seed and covered with 2 to 6 inches of soil. Foliar insecticide plus fungicide was regularly applied to maintain maximum tuber increase and low virus incidence.
Armyworm Control on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Fall 1987
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

Transplants were set 3 Sep on 2.5 ft wide by 8 inch high beds of Eau Gallie fine sand covered with white polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of 10 staked plants set in a single row on 18 inch centers. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied 19, 28 Oct, 5, 12, 17, and 24 Nov with a 2.5 gal hand-held CO2 pressurized sprayer which was operated at 40 psi and delivered 115-135 gal/acre (gallonage increased as the plants grew). On 5 and 19 Nov, fruit were harvested from each plot and the numbers and weight of undamaged fruit and the numbers of fruit damaged by armyworm larvae were determined. The proportion of damaged fruit was calculated and transformed arcsine of the square root prior to analysis; however, data are presented in the original scale.
Alfalfa Weevil and Aphid Control, 1989
Authors: Doss M. , Mulder P. , Karner M. , Berberet R.
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted at 3 locations to determine efficacy of insecticides applied with ground sprayers for control of alfalfa weevil larvae using a randomized-complete block design with 3-4 replications. Treatments for Test 1 (Grady County) were applied on 31 Mar with a spray volume of 20 gal/acre. Efficacy of insecticides against blue alfalfa aphid and the alfalfa weevil was evaluated. Test 2 was located in Stephens County where treatments were applied on 28 Mar with a volume of 14 gal/acre. Treatment date and volume for Test 3 (Tillman County) were 15 Mar and 9 gal/acre, respectively. Pretreatment population levels for the weevil exceeded the economic threshold of about 1.5 larvae/stem in all tests. Efficacy of insecticides was determined from counts made by extraction of weevil larvae and blue aphids with Berlese funnels (Test 1) from stem samples taken at several intervals after spraying. Dry matter yields were estimated in Test 1 by harvesting forage from a 1 × 5 m area from each plot and drying a subsample to determine moisture content.
Potato Leafhopper Control, 1989
Authors: Hower Arthur A. , Alexander Sandy
Published: March 2022

Two tests were conducted on the Pennsylvania Agriculture Experiment Station farm at Rock Springs. Experiment A was conducted on the second alfalfa cutting and Experiment B was conducted on the third alfalfa cutting. Forty ft by 40 ft plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with an untreated check in each of the 4 replications. In Experiment A potato leafhopper densities were estimated from 20 pendulum sweeps taken randomly across each plot with a 15 inch diam insect beating net on 29 Jun. All treatments were applied as foliar spray on 30 Jun. Thereafter, leafhopper densities were sampled on 3, 6, 14, 20, 26 Jul, or 3, 6, 14, 20 and 26 days post spray. Alfalfa height at time of spraying was 4-6 inches. Sprays were applied in 20 gal of water per acre at 26 psi with a tractor-mounted sprayer equipped with a 20 ft boom with 80 degree flat fan nozzles and 50 mesh screens. Alfalfa yield was determined from two 60 ft2 swaths taken from each plot on 27 Jul. Treatments in experiment B were similarly applied. Leafhopper density was evaluated on 9 Aug before foliar spray was applied on 10 Aug. Sweep samples for leafhoppers were taken on 14, 17, 24, 31 Aug and 7 Sept, or 4, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days post spray. Alfalfa yield was determined from a 60 ft2 swath collected from each plot on 13 Sep.
Alfalfa Insect Control—3rd Crop, 1989
Authors: Hutchison W. D. , Lee J. J.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in spring-seeded alfalfa that had not been previously harvested on the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, St. Paul. Plots measuring 32 by 40 ft were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied 11 Aug with a backpack CO2 sprayer with 4 flat fan (LF-3-80, 50-mesh) nozzles mounted on a 4.75 ft boom, delivering 20 gal/acre at 35 psi. Avg ambient temperature was 82°F and windspeed was <5 mph at the time of application. All treatments were evaluated at 4, 7 and 14 DAT by taking 10 sweeps/plot with a 15-inch-diam sweep net.
Reduced Dosage for Grasshopper Control, 1988
Authors: Noetzel David , Holen Carlyle , Holder Bobby
Published: March 2022

Fifty ft by 0.25 mile plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design in 2 adjacent CRP fields. Field 1 was composed primarily of alfalfa while field 2 had about a 20% stand of sweet clover over a grass-alfalfa understory. Pretreatment grasshopper counts averaged 61 redlegged grasshoppers and 10 twostriped grasshoppers/25 sweeps. Insecticides were applied by air on 5 Aug with an Ag Cat flying at 100 mph. Insecticides were mixed to the lowest dosage and one pass used for that low dosage. Two passes were flown for the intermediate dosage and 3 passes for the high. Thus 5, 10 and 15 gal total material/acre respectively was applied. This was done to reduce down time with the plane. Two sets of 25 sweeps with a standard 15 inch diam sweep net were taken in each plot by 2 different people and counts were averaged. Percent control was based on the untreated plot (or plots) in each replicate.
Flea Beetle Control in Canola, 1988
Authors: Noetzel David , Roman Hector
Published: March 2022

A cooperative study was arranged with Sigco Research, Inc. of Breckenridge, MN. The trial was planted at Cando, ND, on 10 May using a cone type 6 row planter. Plots were 6-15 inch rows 20 ft in length arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. All insecticides except foliars were seeded with the seed. Foliars were applied on 21 May and 4 Jun using a CO2 sprayer. Total material per acre was approximately 17 gal. Soil type was a well drained silt loam. Weather conditions were very hot and dry throughout the growing season. All readings except yield were made 4 Jun. Plots were harvested on 6 Sep.
Corn Rootworm Larval Control in South Dakota, 1988
Authors: Boetel M. A. , Fuller B. W. , Walgenbach D. D.
Published: March 2022

Five granular corn rootworm insecticide studies were conducted to evaluate various application techniques, rates and formulations. Brookings, Nunda, Chamberlain, Pierre and Fort Thompson sites served as locations for these studies. The experimental design for all studies was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Individual treatment plots consisted of single rows, 15 meters in length, with 96.5 cm row spacing. Granular formulations of insecticides were applied with modified Noble metering units mounted on a specially-adapted Kinze, 4-row corn planter. The metering units were ground-driven, and all units were calibrated on the planter. Insecticide granules were applied in a 7-inch band in front of the furrow-closing wheels and incorporated by the wheels and drag chains. Furrow applications were directed immediately between the double disk furrow openers. Wilson brand 1100 was the corn variety utilized, and it was seeded at a rate of 22,100 kernels/acre at all study locations. Five roots/replication were dug from each treatment. Roots were washed, examined for rootworm feeding damage, and rated in accordance to the Iowa 1 to 6 scale. The 1988 growing season began with spring seedbeds being moderately moist at best. As the season progressed, soil moisture levels became abnormally low at most dryland study locations.
Corn Rootworm Control, 1989
Authors: Chaddha S. , Ostlie K.
Published: March 2022

Soil insecticides applied at planting were evaluated for corn rootworm control at 3 Minnesota locations. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications at each site. Plots generally measured 1 or 2 rows (30-inch centers) × 50 feet. Insecticides were applied at planting using modified Noble applicators mounted on a John Deere 7100 MaxiMerge planter on 16 May, 22 May, 26 May at Lamberton, Rosemount, and Utica, respectively. A mixed infestation of NCR and WCR naturally occurred in the continuous corn fields at Utica and Rosemount. NCR and WCR populations were low at Lamberton despite a trap crop the previous year. So 3 m of each plot at this site were artificially infested with 400 WCR eggs per row-ft on 22 May. In Jul and early Aug, five roots were dug from each plot (8/plot at Rosemount), washed and root injury rated using the Iowa 1 to 6 scale. Treatment differences were detected using ANOVA and means separated with DMRT.
First Generation European Corn Borer Control, 1988
Authors: Fuller B. W. , Boetel M. A. , Walgenbach D. D.
Published: March 2022

A corn field near Delmont, SD, was chosen for evaluating 29 European corn borer (ECB) treatments. On 5 May the crop was sown with a 38 inch row spacing. Preapplication counts indicated a uniform distribution of first-, second-, or third-instar ECB larvae in 30% of those corn stalks sampled. Treatments (2 untreated controls, 2 liquid, and 25 granular compounds) were established to evaluate their efficacy in controlling first brood ECB larvae. Granular compounds were applied on 18 Jun to single row plots (0.9 cm by 30.5 m) in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Granules were placed in the whorl of corn plants from a highboy using a pneumatic applicator powered by a 3.5 hp engine. Noble metering units were mounted on a modified chain driven apparatus which regulated the amount granular insecticide released. Liquid compounds were applied with a 3.0 gal COa backpack sprayer. Insecticide application rates were computed on a broadcast basis using a band width of 12 inches applied directly in the whorl. These rates may be different from those reported by other investigators where treatments are computed on a linear area basis (linear ft of row) to establish corn rootworm application rates. The broadcast application rates are approximately 0.33 of the rootworm application rates. At the 48th day postapplication, 20 corn stalks were randomly chosen from each plot. Plants were split vertically and examined for ECB tunnelling damage. The number and length of ECB cavities were recorded.
Insecticide/Fertilizer Application Method Trials, 1989
Authors: Reed J. P. , McCartney D. A.
Published: March 2022

Planting-time and slot injection treatment trials were conducted at Milan and South Charleston, OH. The specific soil types for the respective sites were Tuscola sandy loam and a Brookston silty clay. A randomized complete block design with 4 and 3 replicates was employed at the respective sites. Plots were 40 ft long and 2 rows wide. Corn was planted 19 May at the Milan site and 17 May at South Charleston in 30 inch rows. No planting time treatments were made at the South Charleston site. Planting time treatments were applied with Gandy metering units driven by 12 V electric motors mounted on a 2 row John Deere Max-Merge planter that applied granules ahead of the press wheel in 7-inch bands. Planting time treatments were made at 1.0 and 0.33 lb (AI)/acre. Slot injection insecticide treatments were applied at a rate of 1.0 lb (AI)/acre and 0.33 lb (AI)/acre at 500 psi, delivery rate was 20 gal/acre of finished spray. All Brace treatments were applied at 0.66 instead of 1.0 lb (AI)/ acre for planting and injection treatments. Liquid 28% N fertilizer was applied at a rate of 47 lb (AI)/acre and was used as a carrier instead of water in the non-fertilized treatments. Nozzles were spaced 5 inches off center on both sides of the row (2 rows) and injected into a 3-inch deep slot made by a fluted coulter. Injection treatments were applied 24 Jun and 6 Jul at Milan and South Charleston, respectively. Root rating according to the Iowa 1-6 rating scale was respectively done 20 and 21 Jul for South Charleston and Milan sites. Five root masses/replicate were dug and rated.
Efficacy of Insecticides Applied to Twospotted Spider Mites on Field Corn in West Central Nebraska, 1989
Authors: Seymour Ronald C. , Campbell John B.
Published: March 2022

Capture 2 EC, Lorsban 4 E, and XRD-522 were applied 27 Aug to dough stage field corn with a CO2 charged back pack sprayer at 30 psi, in a total volume of 42 gal/acre. Each treatment was applied to 10 by 24 ft plots and replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Size of naturally occurring twospotted spider mite colonies were rated on the under surface of 6 leaves starting with 3 leaves below the ear through 2 leaves above the ear. Ratings were made with a 0-6 scale where 0 equaled no mites on the leaf, 1 equaled individual mites present, 2 equaled well formed colonies ... up to 6 where mite colonies were so large that the under side of the leaf was completely covered and the leaf had died due to mite feeding. Mites were evaluated on 4 plants within each plot 1 d prior to application, 3- and 7-d post-application. Percent control was determined using Henderson’s formula which takes into account changes in the treated plots compared to changes in the check plots.
Control of European Corn Borer on Field Corn in West Central Nebraska, 1987
Authors: Seymour Ronald C. , Campbell John B.
Published: March 2022

Dipel ES and Lorsban 4 E were applied 1 Jul through a center pivot irrigation system to whorl stage field corn. Treatments were applied in a 0.5 inch irrigation in 2 replications arranged in a randomized complete block design. Ten plants from each plot were split from stalk to tassel in search of European corn borer larvae and/or cavities on 23 Jul. Pretreatment European corn borer infestation levels were moderate with an average of 52% of the plants with larvae and an average of 0.62 larvae/ infested plant. The purpose of this trial was to evaluate different rates and formulations of Dipel ES when applied by chemigation to control European corn borer larvae.
Chemical Control of the Cotton Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm in Oklahoma, 1989
Authors: Doss Mike , Price Richard , Karner Miles
Published: March 2022

The cotton cultivar Paymaster 145’ was planted on 22 Jun at the Southcentral Research Station in Chickasha, OK at a rate of 20 lb/acre. A randomized complete block design was used with plots consisting of 8 rows (40 inch spacing) 150 ft long. Twelve chemical treatments including insecticides, insecticidal combinations and insecticide surfactant mixtures were evaluated for control of Heliothis spp. larvae. Spray applications were made with a John Deere Hi-Cycle 6000 traveling at 4.5 MPH and calibrated to deliver 5 gal total mixture/acre with one no. 8 (spraying systems) cone tip nozzle/row. Applications were made on 24 and 31 Aug and 8 Sep. Irrigation was not applied during this study due to frequent rains which occurred as follows: 30 Aug, 0.10 inch; 2 Sep, 2.14 inch; 3 Sep, 0.10 inch; 10 Sep, 0.07 inch; 11 Sep, 0.38 inch; 12 Sep, 0.06 inch; 13 Sep, 2.04 inch; 14 Sep, 0.10 inch. Damage estimates were made by collecting at random 100 fruits per plot from the upper Ys of plants.