bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
When is Fantasy Proneness Associated with Distress? An Examination of Two Models
Authors: Cuper Prudence F. , Lynch Thomas R.
Published: June 2009

Fantasy prone individuals frequently turn their attention inward, focusing on a rich internal world of imaginary people or stories, vivid memories or dreams, and emotions or sensations cued by internal stimuli. While engaging in fantasy or daydreaming can often be an enjoyable pastime, some research has linked fantasy proneness to heightened psychological distress. The present study of 83 undergraduates utilized 2 models to examine the relationship between fantasy proneness and symptoms of depression, 1 mediated by an avoidant coping style and the other moderated by an external locus of control orientation. Analyses revealed that locus of control did moderate this relationship, with fantasy proneness being more strongly linked to symptoms of depression in those subjects with an external locus of control orientation. Fantasy proneness was not significantly correlated with an avoidant coping style.
Do Psychologically Autonomous Individuals Behave as if they Have Free Will?
Authors: Kunzendorf Robert G. , Connors Joelle , Arrecis Claudia , Farrington Jarrad , Carter Sherri
Published: June 2009

One-hundred research subjects completed a standardized test measuring moral autonomy, a game-theory exercise measuring belief in the predictability of decisions, a previously published scale measuring belief in free will, and a previously unpublished survey measuring the conceptual structure of evil. Greater moral autonomy was positively correlated with game-theory postulations of predictable decision-making, rather than freely willed decision-making, and was negatively correlated with a factor-analysis theme suggesting that “the nature of evil is revealed by God.” Belief in free will was positively correlated with the theme suggesting that “the nature of evil is revealed by God” and was negatively correlated with themes suggesting that “the potential for evil is within everyone,” that “the reality of others prevents harm to others,” and that “good will prevail over evil.” These results support the conclusion that morally autonomous individuals do not behave as if they have free will. Instead, they behave as if their decision-making is predictable and determined.
ApoCIII-Enriched LDL in Type 2 Diabetes Displays Altered Lipid Composition, Increased Susceptibility for Sphingomyelinase, and Increased Binding to Biglycan
Authors: Hiukka Anne , Ståhlman Marcus , Pettersson Camilla , Levin Malin , Adiels Martin , Teneberg Susanne , Leinonen Eeva S. , Hultén Lillemor Mattsson , Wiklund Olov , Orešič Matej , Olofsson Sven-Olof , Taskinen Marja-Riitta , Ekroos Kim , Borén Jan
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE

Apolipoprotein CIII (apoCIII) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but the molecular mechanisms involved are poorly understood. We investigated potential proatherogenic properties of apoCIII-containing LDL from hypertriglyceridemic patients with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

LDL was isolated from control subjects, subjects with type 2 diabetes, and apoB transgenic mice. LDL-biglycan binding was analyzed with a solid-phase assay using immunoplates coated with biglycan. Lipid composition was analyzed with mass spectrometry. Hydrolysis of LDL by sphingomyelinase was analyzed after labeling plasma LDL with [3H]sphingomyelin. ApoCIII isoforms were quantified after isoelectric focusing. Human aortic endothelial cells were incubated with desialylated apoCIII or with LDL enriched with specific apoCIII isoforms.

RESULTS

We showed that enriching LDL with apoCIII only induced a small increase in LDL-proteoglycan binding, and this effect was dependent on a functional site A in apoB100. Our findings indicated that intrinsic characteristics of the diabetic LDL other than apoCIII are responsible for further increased proteoglycan binding of diabetic LDL with high-endogenous apoCIII, and we showed alterations in the lipid composition of diabetic LDL with high apoCIII. We also demonstrated that high apoCIII increased susceptibility of LDL to hydrolysis and aggregation by sphingomyelinases. In addition, we demonstrated that sialylation of apoCIII increased with increasing apoCIII content and that sialylation of apoCIII was essential for its proinflammatory properties.

CONCLUSIONS

We have demonstrated a number of features of apoCIII-containing LDL from hypertriglyceridemic patients with type 2 diabetes that could explain the proatherogenic role of apoCIII.
Association Between Osteoprotegerin G1181C and T245G Polymorphisms and Diabetic Charcot Neuroarthropathy
Authors: Pitocco Dario , Zelano Giovanni , Gioffrè Giuseppina , Di Stasio Enrico , Zaccardi Francesco , Martini Francesca , Musella Tittania , Scavone Giuseppe , Galli Marco , Caputo Salvatore , Mancini Lorena , Ghirlanda Giovanni
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE

Charcot neuroarthropathy is a disabling complication of diabetes. Although its pathogenesis remains unknown, we suppose that genetics may play a relevant role.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We performed a case-control study with 59 subjects with diabetic Charcot neuroarthropathy (Ch group), 41 with diabetic neuropathy without Charcot neuroarthropathy (ND group), and 103 healthy control subjects (H group) to evaluate the impact of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the osteoprotegerin gene (G1181C and T245G) on the risk of Charcot neuroarthropathy.

RESULTS

Regarding the SNPs of G1181C, we found a significant linkage between the G allele and Charcot neuroarthropathy (Ch vs. ND, odds ratio [OR] 2.32 [95% CI 1.3–4.1], P = 0.006; Ch vs. H, 2.10 [1.3–3.3], P = 0.002; and ND vs. H, 0.90 [0.7–1.9], P = 0.452); similarly, we found a linkage with the G allele of T245G (Ch vs. ND, 6.25 [2.2–19.7], P < 0.001; Ch vs. H, 3.56 [1.9–6.7], P = 0.001; and ND vs. H, 0.54 [0.6–5.7], P = 0.304), supporting a protective role for the allele C and T, respectively. For this reason we investigated the frequency of the protective double homozygosis CC + TT (7% in Ch) that was significantly lower in Ch compared with H (0.18 [0.06–0.5], P = 0.002) and with ND (0.17 [0.05–0.58], P = 0.006), whereas there was no difference between H and ND (1.05 [0.43–2.0], P = 0.468). In a multivariate logistic backward regression model, only weight and the lack of CC and TT genotypes were independently associated with the presence of Charcot neuroarthropathy.

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first study that shows an association between genetic regulation of bone remodeling and Charcot neuroarthropathy.
TSH-Lowering Effect of Metformin in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Cappelli Carlo , Rotondi Mario , Pirola Ilenia , Agosti Barbara , Gandossi Elena , Valentini Umberto , De Martino Elvira , Cimino Antonio , Chiovato Luca , Agabiti-Rosei Enrico , Castellano Maurizio
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE

To assess the interplay between metformin treatment and thyroid function in type 2 diabetic patients.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

The acute and long-term effects of metformin on thyroid axis hormones were assessed in diabetic patients with primary hypothyroidism who were either untreated or treated with levothyroxine (L-T4), as well as in diabetic patients with normal thyroid function.

RESULTS

No acute changes were found in 11 patients with treated hypothyroidism. After 1 year of metformin administration, a significant thyrotropin (TSH) decrease (P < 0.001) was observed in diabetic subjects with hypothyroidism who were either treated (n = 29; from 2.37 ± 1.17 to 1.41 ± 1.21 mIU/l) or untreated (n = 18; 4.5 ± 0.37 vs. 2.93 ± 1.48) with L-T4, but not in 54 euthyroid subjects. No significant change in free T4 (FT4) was observed in any group.

CONCLUSIONS

Metformin administration influences TSH without change of FT4 in patients with type 2 diabetes and concomitant hypothyroidism. The need for reevaluation of thyroid function in these patients within 6–12 months after starting metformin is indicated.
Tubular and Glomerular Injury in Diabetes and the Impact of ACE Inhibition
Authors: Nielsen Stine E. , Sugaya Takeshi , Tarnow Lise , Lajer Maria , Schjoedt Katrine J. , Astrup Anne Sofie , Baba Tsuneharu , Parving Hans-Henrik , Rossing Peter
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE

We studied tubular and glomerular damage in type 1 diabetic patients by measuring urinary–liver fatty acid binding protein (U-LFABP) and albuminuria. Subsequently, we evaluated the effect of ACE inhibition on U-LFABP in patients with diabetic nephropathy.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We studied Caucasians with type 1 diabetes: 58 with normoalbuminuria (urinary albumin <30 mg/24 h), 45 with persistent microalbuminuria (30–300 mg/24 h), and 45 with persistent macroalbuminuria (≥300 mg/24 h). A control group consisted of 57 healthy individuals. The groups were matched by sex and duration of diabetes. In addition, U-LFABP was measured in 48 type 1 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy in a randomized crossover trial consisting of 2 months of treatment with 20, 40, and 60 mg lisinopril once daily in random order.

RESULTS

In the cross-sectional study, levels of U-LFABP were significantly higher in normoalbuminuric patients versus those in the control group (median 2.6 [interquartile range 1.3–4.1] vs. 19 [0.8–3.0] μg/g creatinine, P = 0.02) and increased with increasing levels of albuminuria (microalbuminuric group 4.2 [1.8–8.3] μg/g creatinine and nephropathy group 71.2 [8.1–123.4], P < 0.05 for all comparisons). U-LFABP correlates with the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (R2 = 0.54, P < 0.001). In the intervention study, all doses of lisinopril significantly reduced urinary albumin excretion rate and U-LFABP from baseline. The reductions in U-LFABP were 43, 46, and 40% with increasing doses of lisinopril (NS).

CONCLUSIONS

An early and progressive increase in tubulointerstitial damage as reflected by increased U-LFABP levels occurs in type 1 diabetic patients and is associated with albuminuria. Furthermore, ACE inhibition reduces the tubular and glomerular damage and dysfunction.
The transcondylar approach to extradural nonneoplastic lesions of the craniovertebral junction
Authors: Al-Mefty Ossama , Borba Luis A. B. , Aoki Nobuo , Angtuaco Edgardo , Pait T. Glenn
Published: June 2009

✓ Ventral extradural lesions at the craniovertebral junction are commonly exposed through the transoral or transmaxillary approach. The disadvantages of these approaches include: 1) difficulty in reaching laterally located lesions; 2) ineligibility of patients with an intradental distance of less than 25 mm or severe macroglossia; 3) the need for a separate procedure for stabilization and fusion; and 4) the risk of infection from transgressing a contaminated field. In this report, the authors describe the use of the transcondylar approach to extradural nonneoplastic lesions of the anterior craniovertebral junction for decompression and stabilization. Advantages of this approach include: 1) a short distance to the lesion; 2) a wide surgical envelope; 3) direct visualization of the dural sac, eliminating manipulation of the brainstem or upper spinal cord; 4) easy identification and control of the ipsilateral vertebral artery; 5) direct visualization and preservation of the lower cranial nerves; and 6) a sterile field. In addition, occipitocervical fusion and instrumentation can be performed during the same procedure. The transcondylar approach, based on anatomical studies in cadavers, was used to treat eight patients with ventral nonneoplastic lesions at the craniocervical junction. The technique and results are described.
Petroclival meningiomas: surgical experience in 109 cases
Authors: Couldwell William T. , Fukushima Takanori , Giannotta Steven L. , Weiss Martin H.
Published: June 2009

✓ The surgical removal of petroclival meningiomas has historically been associated with a high incidence of morbidity and mortality. The 109 consecutive patients included in the present retrospective study represent a combined series of tumors operated on by the four authors during a period from 1980 to 1992. The series is composed of 40 men and 69 women ranging in age from 25 to 75 years (mean 51 years). Surgical approaches to tumors in this series included simple retromastoid (60 cases), combined supra- and infratentorial petrosal (22), transtemporal (primary transsigmoid retrolabyrinthine, translabyrinthine, or transcochlear (12)), subtemporal (11), and frontotemporal transcavernous (eight). Gross-total removal was achieved in 75 patients (69%). Recurrence or progression of disease occurred in 14 patients (13%) over a 6.1-year mean follow-up period, and it was found within the cavernous sinus in 12 of these cases. Four recurrent cases demonstrated histological compatibility with malignant meningioma. Perioperative death occurred in four patients, and there were 56 significant complications in 35 other patients. Review of this series, with the attendant complications, has facilitated the authors' decision-making when considering the risk of gross-total removal in selected patients with asymptomatic cavernous sinus invasion or tumor adherent to the brainstem.
Gender-related differences in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Kongable Gail L. , Lanzino Giuseppe , Germanson Teresa P. , Truskowski Laura L. , Alves Wayne M. , Torner James C. , Kassell Neal F. , _ _
Published: June 2009

✓ Female gender is a recognized risk factor for the occurrence of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. In the present study the authors analyzed differences in admission characteristics and outcome between 578 women (64%) and 328 men (36%) who were enrolled in a recently completed clinical trial. The female-to-male ratio was nearly 2:1. The women in the study were older than the men (mean age 51.4 years vs. 47.3 years, respectively, p < 0.001). Female patients harbored aneurysms of the internal carotid artery more frequently than male patients (36.8% vs. 18.0%, p < 0.001) and more often had multiple aneurysms (32.4% vs. 17.6%, p < 0.001). On the other hand, anterior cerebral artery aneurysms were more commonly encountered in men (46.1% in men vs. 26.6% in women, p < 0.001). Other baseline prognostic factors were balanced between the gender groups. Surgery was performed equally in both sexes (98%), although the time to operation was shorter for women (mean 3.6 days for women vs. 5.3 days for men, p = 0.0002). In the placebo group, the occurrence of vasospasm was not statistically different between the two groups. Primary causes of death and disability were the same, and favorable outcome rates at 3 months were not statistically different between the genders (69.7% for women vs. 73.4% for men, p = 0.243). The odds of a favorable outcome in women versus one in men were not statistically significant either before or after adjustment for age. These observations lead the authors to suggest that although women are older and harbor more aneurysms, the 3-month outcome for women and men who experience aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is the same.
Characterization of edema by diffusion-weighted imaging in experimental traumatic brain injury
Authors: Ito Junki , Marmarou Anthony , Barzó Pál , Fatouros Panos , Corwin Frank
Published: June 2009

✓ The objective of this study was to use diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) to help detect the type of edema that develops after experimental trauma and trauma coupled with hypotension and hypoxia (THH). Reduction in the apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) is thought to represent cytotoxic edema. In a preliminary series of experiments, the infusion edema model and middle cerebral artery occlusion models were used to confirm the direction of ADC change in response to purely extracellular and cytotoxic edema, respectively. The ADCs increased (p < 0.05) in the case of extracellular edema and decreased (p < 0.001) in cytotoxic edema.

Following these initial experiments, a new impact acceleration model was used to induce traumatic brain injury. Thirty-six adult Sprague-Dawley rats were separated into four groups: sham, trauma alone, hypoxia and hypotension (HH), and THH. Following trauma, a 30-minute insult of hypoxia (PaO2of 40 mm Hg) and hypotension (mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) of 30 mm Hg) were imposed and the animals were resuscitated. The DWI was carried out at four 1-hour intervals postinjury, and MABP, intracranial pressure (ICP), cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), and cerebral blood flow (CBF) were monitored. The ADCs in the control and HH groups remained unchanged. The ADCs in the THH group rapidly decreased from a control level of 0.68 ± 0.05 × 10−3mm2/second to 0.37 ± 0.09 3 10−3mm2/second by 3 hours posttrauma (p < 0.001). In this group, the decreased CBF and CPP during secondary insult remained low despite resuscitation, with the ICP increasing to 56 6 7 mm Hg by 3 hours. In the trauma alone group, the rise in ICP reached a maximum value (28 ± 3 mm Hg) at 30 minutes with a significant and sustained increase in CBF despite a gradual decrease in CPP. The ADCs in this group were not significantly reduced. The data lead the authors to suggest that the rise in ICP following severe trauma coupled with secondary insult in this model is predominately caused by cytotoxic edema and that ischemia plays a major role in the development of brain edema after head injury.
Pott's puffy tumor: the forgotten entity
Authors: Babu Ramesh P. , Todor Roxanne , Kasoff Samuel S.
Published: June 2009

✓ Pott's puffy tumor is a subperiosteal abscess of the frontal bone associated with underlying frontal osteomyelitis. The introduction of antibiotic medications has diminished the incidence of complications of frontal sinusitis. As a result, Pott's puffy tumor has become a rarity. In this communication a case of Pott's puffy tumor secondary to antecedent frontal sinusitis in an otherwise healthy adult man is described.
A tentorial sling in microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia
Authors: Melvill Roger L. , Baxter Belinda L.
Published: June 2009

✓ The key to the successful microvascular decompression of the trigeminal nerve is the maintenance of the separation between the trigeminal nerve and the offending vessel. The authors describe a technique whereby a dural sling is fashioned from the tentorium cerebelli (the anatomy of which is briefly reviewed), which is used to suspend the vessel away from the nerve and is secured by a single hemoclip.
Microsurgical anterior cervical foraminotomy for radiculopathy: a new approach to cervical disc herniation
Authors: Jho Hae-Dong
Published: June 2009

✓ A new technique of microsurgical anterior foraminotomy was developed to improve the treatment of cervical radiculopathy. This technique provides direct anatomical decompression of the compressed nerve root by removing the compressive spondylotic spur or disc fragment. The nerve root is decompressed from its origin in the spinal cord to the point at which it passes behind the vertebral artery laterally. Because most of the disc within the intervertebral space is undisturbed, a functioning motion segment of the disc remains intact. This technique differs from that of Verbiest in that it does not directly transpose the vertebral artery. Unlike Hakuba's technique, the disc within the intervertebral disc space is not removed.
Banked fibula and the locking anterior cervical plate in anterior cervical fusions following cervical discectomy
Authors: Shapiro Scott
Published: June 2009

✓ Eighty-eight consecutive patients underwent anterior cervical discectomy (ACD) with banked fibula fusion and internal fixation using the locking cervical plate. Pathology included cervical spondylotic radiculopathy in 48, cervical spondylotic radiculomyelopathy in 30, cervical facet dislocations with associated disc herniations in six, and autologous iliac crest graft collapse pseudoarthrosis with recurrent symptoms in four patients. Operations were single-level banked fibula fusion with plating in 37, multilevel banked fibula fusion with plating in 45, and combined single-level ACD banked fibula fusion with plating and posterior fusion in six patients. The only perioperative complication was transient hoarseness. There were no transfusions, infections, neurological injuries, or deaths. The mean time in the hospital for the nontraumatic cases was 1.8 days. The mean follow up was 22 months (range 12–30 months). There has been no motion at the fused level on flexion/extension films, no kyphosis, no screw plate backout, and no banked fibula has suffered graft collapse. Following a high-speed motor vehicle accident 6 months after a multilevel fusion, one alcoholic man suffered a fractured plate with transient worsening of neck pain, and the plate has remained in place for an additional 11 months of follow-up care. Compared to 100 consecutive autologous iliac crest fusions performed by the same surgeon, there were significantly fewer graft-related complications (p < 0.001). There was a significantly greater chance of autologous iliac crest collapsing with the passage of time as compared to banked fibula. Time until return to work was shorter by 5 weeks for the plate/banked fibula group (p < 0.05). When fusion is considered following ACD, the combination of banked fibula and locking cervical plates is significantly superior to autologous iliac crest grafts.
Treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis by extensive unilateral decompression and contralateral autologous bone fusion: operative technique and results
Authors: diPierro Charles G. , Helm Gregory A. , Shaffrey Christopher I. , Chadduck James B. , Henson Scott L. , Malik Jacek M. , Szabo Thomas A. , Simmons Nathan E. , Jane John A.
Published: June 2009

✓ A new surgical technique for the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis features extensive unilateral decompression with undercutting of the spinous process and, to preserve stability, uses contralateral autologous bone fusion of the spinous processes, laminae, and facets. The operation was performed in 29 patients over a 19-month period ending in December of 1991. All individuals had been unresponsive to conservative treatment and presented with low-back pain in addition to signs and symptoms consistent with neurogenic claudication or radiculopathy. Nine had undergone previous lumbar decompressive surgery. The minimum and mean postoperative follow-up times were 2 and 2 1/2 years, respectively. The mean patient age was 64 years; only two patients were younger than 50 years of age.

Of the patients with neurogenic claudication, 69% reported complete pain relief at follow-up review. Of those with radicular symptoms, 41% had complete relief and 23% had mild residual pain that was rated 3 or less on a pain—functionality scale of 0 to 10. For the entire sample, this surgery decreased pain from 9.2 to 3.3 (p < 0.0001) on the scale. Sixty-nine percent of patients were satisfied with surgery. Low-back pain was significantly relieved in 62% of all patients (p < 0.0001). Low-back pain relief correlated negatively with number of levels decompressed (p < 0.05). To assess fusion, follow-up flexion/extension radiographs were obtained, and no motion was detected at the surgically treated levels in any patient.

The results suggest that this decompression procedure safely and successfully treats not only the radicular symptoms caused by lateral stenosis but also the neurogenic claudication symptoms associated with central stenosis. In addition, the procedure, by using contralateral autologous bone fusion along the laminae and spinous processes, can preserve stability without instrumentation.
Randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled trial of tirilazad mesylate in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a cooperative study in Europe, Australia, and New Zealand
Authors: Kassell Neal F. , Haley E. Clarke , Apperson-Hansen Carolyn , Alves Wayne M. , _ _
Published: June 2009

✓ Tirilazad mesylate, a nonglucocorticoid 21-aminosteroid, has been shown in experimental models to reduce vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and to reduce infarct size from focal cerebral ischemia. To test whether treatment with tirilazad would reduce ischemic symptoms from vasospasm and improve overall outcome in patients with ruptured aneurysms, a prospective randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled trial was conducted at 41 neurosurgical centers in Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. One thousand twenty-three patients were randomly assigned to receive 0.6, 2, or 6 mg/kg per day of intravenously administered tirilazad or a placebo containing the citrate vehicle. All patients were also treated with intravenously administered nimodipine. Patients receiving 6 mg/kg per day of tirilazad had reduced mortality (p = 0.01) and a greater frequency of good recovery on the Glasgow Outcome Scale 3 months after SAH (p = 0.01) than similar patients treated with vehicle. There was a reduction in symptomatic vasospasm in the group that received 6 mg/kg per day tirilazad; however, the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.048). The benefits of treatment with tirilazad were predominantly shown in men rather than in women. There were no material differences between the outcomes in the groups treated with 0.6 and 2 mg/kg tirilazad per day and the group treated with vehicle. Tirilazad was well tolerated at all three dose levels.

These observations suggest that tirilazad mesylate, at a dosage of 6 mg/kg per day, is safe and improves overall outcome in patients (especially in men) who have experienced an aneurysmal SAH.
Nondural-based lumbar clear cell meningioma
Authors: Holtzman Robert N. N. , Jormark Susan C.
Published: June 2009

✓ This 32-year-old man had noticed right leg pain for 4 years and developed classic right sciatica after heavy lifting, followed by episodes of buckling of both legs 1 month prior to admission. His medical history included congenital left abducens palsy. Examination revealed a right Lasègue's sign and Fajersztajn's sign with mild weakness of the right extensor hallucis longus. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 1.5 × 2.0—cm enhancing intradural lesion at the L3–4 level. Following laminectomy of L-3 and L-4 and intradural exposure, the tumor was found to be draped loosely by the roots of the cauda equina and attached to a single root without any adherence to dura. Transection of the adherent fascicles and typical microdissection of arachnoidal filaments permitted its complete removal without violation of the capsule, allowing the preservation of a large fascicle. The patient's recovery was uneventful. Postoperatively, a mild right lateral foot hypalgesia and diminution of the right ankle jerk implicated the S-1 root. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses diagnosed the specimen as a clear cell meningioma.
Ruptured aneurysm of the middle meningeal artery associated with occlusion of the posterior cerebral artery
Authors: Ushikoshi Satoshi , Houkin Kiyohiro , Itoh Fumio , Saitoh Hisatoshi , Nozaki Michimasa , Kuroda Satoshi , Abe Hiroshi
Published: June 2009

✓ The authors describe the case of a 69-year-old man with an intracerebral hemorrhage due to rupture of a nontraumatic aneurysm of the middle meningeal artery (MMA). The ipsilateral posterior cerebral artery (PCA) was occluded, and dural anastomoses developed as the main collateral pathway between the MMA and the cortical branch of the PCA, on which the aneurysm was located. It is considered that increased hemodynamic stress to the collateral pathway contributed to the formation of the aneurysm.
Schwannoma arising from the intermediate nerve and manifesting as hemifacial spasm
Authors: Kudo Akira , Suzuki Michiyasu , Kubo Naohiko , Kuroda Kiyoshi , Ogawa Akira , Iwasaki Yuzo
Published: June 2009

✓ This 35-year-old man presented with left facial spasm that had persisted for 10 months. Microvascular decompression was performed to relieve the symptom. No responsible vessel could be identified during surgery, but a small mass seeming to arise from the intermediate nerve and compressing the seventh cranial nerve was removed. The histological diagnosis was Antoni-B type schwannoma. This unique case of schwannoma arising from the intermediate nerve was recognized by means of an operative microscope, and supports the idea that portions of the seventh nerve schwannoma originate from the components of the intermediate nerve.
Recurrent ganglion cyst of the peroneal nerve: radiological and operative observations
Authors: Dubuisson Annie S. , Stevenaert Achille
Published: June 2009

✓ This 34-year-old man presented with right leg pain and foot drop of 1-month duration. The preoperative diagnosis of a 10-cm-long ganglion cyst of the peroneal nerve was achieved using ultrasonography (US), computerized tomography and, particularly magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Surgical exploration disclosed a lobulated cystic mass filled with gelatinous material, which intermingled with the nerve substance of the deep peroneal nerve. The lesion was completely resected, with the sacrifice of some electrically nonfunctioning fascicles. No connection with the knee joint was found. A good postoperative recovery of motor function was obtained. However, routine postoperative MR imaging disclosed a recurrent ganglion cyst that was slightly less extensive than the original. A careful radiological examination of the knee joint was performed, including arthrography. A communication of the cyst with the tibiofibular joint was clearly demonstrated and was meticulously closed at reoperation. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful, and a third MR image, obtained 5 months after reoperation, showed no sign of cyst recurrence. The patient remained free of symptoms 11 months postoperatively.

This case illustrates the value of US and MR in diagnostic imaging. The diagnostic efficacy of US and MR imaging in identifying and characterizing a ganglion cyst is described. Close contact between a ganglion cyst and the tibiofibular joint should raise the possibility of an existing cyst—joint communication and lead to an aggressive radiological workup and/or a surgical search for such a communication.
Long-term results of peripheral nerve stimulation for reflex sympathetic dystrophy
Authors: Hassenbusch Samuel J. , Stanton-Hicks Michael , Schoppa Derek , Walsh James G. , Covington Edward C.
Published: June 2009

✓ This prospective, consecutive series describes peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) for treatment of severe reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) or complex regional pain syndrome, in patients with symptoms entirely or mainly in the distribution of one major peripheral nerve. Plate-type electrodes were placed surgically on affected nerves and tested for 2 to 4 days. Programmable generators were implanted if 50% or more pain reduction and objective improvement in physical changes were achieved. Patients were followed for 2 to 4 years and a disinterested third-party interviewer performed final patient evaluations. Of 32 patients tested, 30 (94%) underwent permanent PNS placement. Long-term good or fair relief was experienced in 19 (63%) of 30 patients. In successfully treated patients, allodynic and spontaneous pain was reduced on a scale of 10 from 8.3 ± 0.3 preimplantation to 3.5 ± 0.4 (mean ± standard error of the mean) at latest follow up (p < 0.001). Changes in vasomotor tone and patient activity levels were markedly improved but motor weakness and trophic changes showed less improvement. Six (20%) of the 30 patients undergoing PNS placement returned to part-time or full-time work after being unemployed prestimulator implantation. Initial involvement of more than one major peripheral nerve correlated with a poor or no relief rating (p < 0.01). Operative modifications that minimize technical complications are described. This study indicates that PNS can provide good relief for RSD that is limited to the distribution of one major nerve.
A combined frontoorbital and occipital advancement technique for use in total calvarial reconstruction
Authors: Pollack Ian F. , Losken H. Wolfgang , Hurwitz Dennis J.
Published: June 2009

✓ The management of infants with bilateral coronal synostosis and resultant brachyturricephaly poses a significant therapeutic challenge. The application of total calvarial reconstruction to the treatment of this problem has represented a major recent innovation that has substantially improved the cosmetic results in this patient population. However, rigid fixation of the reconstructed calvaria is often required to maintain the correction achieved and to provide protection for the underlying brain. The requirement for extensive fixation constitutes a significant disadvantage for the use of this procedure in infants and young children. In this report, the authors describe an approach to the treatment of this problem that incorporates a series of tongue-in-groove osteotomies to provide increased stability to advancements of both the frontal and occipital regions in conjunction with cranial height reduction, while minimizing the need for metallic fixation. With this approach, the reconstructed skull is sturdy enough to resist the compressive force applied by the weight of the child's head immediately after surgery, but retains the ability to expand progressively. The authors have found the cosmetic results to be extremely gratifying. In this article they present their experience with this technique in seven children.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging of regional brain activity in patients with intracerebral arteriovenous malformations before surgical or endovascular therapy
Authors: Maldjian Joseph , Atlas Scott W. , Howard Robert S. , Greenstein Elizabeth , Alsop David , Detre John A. , Listerud John , D'Esposito Mark , Flamm Eugene S.
Published: June 2009

✓ Functional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was performed in six patients harboring proven intracerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) using a noninvasive blood oxygen level—dependent technique based on the documented discrepancy between regional increases in blood flow and oxygen utilization in response to regional brain activation. Statistical functional MR maps were generated and overlaid directly onto conventional MR images obtained at the same session. In the six patients studied, a total of 23 separate functional MR imaging activation studies were performed. Of these, two runs were discarded because of motion artifacts. All of the remaining 21 studies demonstrated activation in or near expected regions for the paradigm employed. Qualitatively reproducible regional localizations of functional activity in unexpected sites were also seen. The authors' findings indicating aberrant mapping of cortical function may be explained on the basis of the plasticity of brain function, in that the developing brain can take over function that would normally have been performed by regions of brain encompassed by the lesion. Preliminary results in this study's small number of cases also indicate that activity demonstrated within the confines of the apparent AVM nidus may help predict the development of a posttherapy deficit. The authors demonstrate that functional MR imaging can be successfully and reproducibly performed in patients with intracerebral AVMs. Notwithstanding the paucity of normative data using functional MR imaging, the authors' findings support cortical reorganization associated with these congenital lesions. Blood oxygen level—dependent MR imaging is a noninvasive method used to localize areas of eloquent cortex in patients harboring AVMs; it may prove to be of value in treatment planning.
Video endoscopic sympathectomy for palmar hyperhidrosis
Authors: Lee Kheng Hin , Hwang Peter Y. K.
Published: June 2009

✓ Palmar hyperhidrosis has been treated using a variety of medical and surgical techniques with varying degrees of success. The authors report their experience in 82 patients in whom they performed 164 sympathectomies using a video endoscope, a laparoscopic grasper, and microscissors. Patients were monitored by palm temperature electrodes. An intraoperative histological confirmation of the sympathetic chain and a temperature rise of at least 1°C after the procedure resulted in complete relief of the hyperhidrosis. All the patients were relieved of their symptoms, and 41 experienced decreased plantar hyperhidrosis as well. Compensatory hyperhidrosis in 50 patients was the only significant side effect, which improved 6 months after the surgery. Video endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy is a safe, easy, reliable, and cost-effective way to treat palmar hyperhidrosis.
Superior cervical ganglion regenerating axons through peripheral nerve grafts and reversal of behavioral deficits in hemiparkinsonian rats
Authors: Pallini Roberto , Fernandez Eduardo , Lauretti Liverana , Dell'Anna Elisabetta , Marca Frank La , Gangitano Carlo , Fà Aurora Del , Olivieri-Sangiacomo Corrado , Sbriccoli Alessandro , Rossi Gian Franco
Published: June 2009

✓ The superior cervical ganglion (SCG) has been grafted to the brain of adult rats in an attempt to reverse the parkinsonian syndrome that follows destruction of central dopamine systems. However, the main limitation to this approach is the massive cell death that occurs in the grafted SCG after direct transplantation into the brain.

In adult rats, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) was stereotactically injected into the right substantia nigra (SN). One month later, dopamine denervation was assessed using the apomorphine-induced rotational test. In rats with a positive test, an autologous peripheral nerve (PN) graft was tunneled from the right cervical region to the ipsilateral parietal cortex. One end of the PN graft was sutured to the transected postganglionic branch of the SCG and the other end was inserted into a surgically created cortical cavity. The apomorphine test was repeated at 3 days and again at 1, 3, and 5 months after surgery. The brain, SCG, and PN graft were studied under light and electron microscopy and with the tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemical and horseradish peroxidase tracing methods.

Three days after grafting, there were no significant differences on the apomorphine test as compared to the preoperative test. Conversely, 1, 3, and 5 months after grafting, the number of rotations was reduced by 69% (± 20.2), 66.6% (± 17.1), and 72.5% (± 11.3), respectively. Control rats that received a free PN graft to the brain and underwent section of the postganglionic branch of the SCG did not show significant changes on the apomorphine test after surgery. Histological examination revealed that the PN graft was mostly reinnervated by amyelinic axons of small caliber. Approximately 40% of the SCG neuronal population that normally projects to the postganglionic branch survived axotomy and regenerated the transected axons into the PN graft. Axons arising from the SCG elongated the whole length of the graft, crossed the graft—brain interface and extended into brain regions adjacent to the denervated striatum up to 2037 µm from the graft insertion site.

This work shows that the ingrowth of catecholamine-regenerating axons from the SCG to dopamine-depleted brain parenchyma significantly reduces behavioral abnormalities in hemiparkinsonian rats. This effect cannot be ascribed either to the brain cavitation or to the PN tissue placement in the brain.
Hyperosmolar blood-brain barrier disruption in baboons: an in vivo study using positron emission tomography and rubidium-82
Authors: Zünkeler Bernhard , Carson Richard E. , Olson Jeffrey , Blasberg Ronald G. , Girton Mary , Bacher John , Herscovitch Peter , Oldfield Edward H.
Published: June 2009

✓ Hyperosmolar blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption remains controversial as an adjuvant therapy to increase delivery of water-soluble compounds to extracellular space in the brain in patients with malignant brain tumors. To understand the physiological effects of BBB disruption more clearly, the authors used positron emission tomography (PET) to study the time course of BBB permeability in response to the potassium analog rubidium-82 (82Rb, halflife 75 seconds) following BBB disruption in anesthetized adult baboons. Mannitol (25%) was injected into the carotid artery and PET scans were performed before and serially at 8- to 15-minute intervals after BBB disruption. The mean influx constant (K1), a measure of permeability-surface area product, in ipsilateral, mannitol-perfused mixed gray- and white-matter brain regions was 4.9 ± 2.4 µl/min/ml (± standard deviation) at baseline and increased more than 100% (ΔK1 = 9.4 ± 5.1 µl/min/ml, 18 baboons) in brain perfused by mannitol. The effect of BBB disruption on K1 correlated directly with the total amount of mannitol administered (p < 0.005). Vascular permeability returned to baseline with a halftime of 24.0 ± 14.3 minutes. The mean brain plasma volume rose by 0.57 ± 0.34 ml/100 ml in ipsilateral perfused brain following BBB disruption. This work provides a basis for the in vivo study of permeability changes induced by BBB disruption in human brain and brain tumors.
The significance of bacteriologically positive ventriculoperitoneal shunt components in the absence of other signs of shunt infection
Authors: Steinbok Paul , Cochrane D. Douglas , Kestle John R. W.
Published: June 2009

✓ The purpose of this study was to determine the significance of “asymptomatic bacteriological shunt contamination” (ABSC), defined as a positive bacteriological culture found on a ventricular shunt component in the absence of bacteria in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture and/or clinical evidence of infection.

Of 174 ventriculoperitoneal shunt revisions, 19 cases of ABSC were identified and reviewed retrospectively. In all but one case, no antibiotic medications were instituted because of the positive bacteriological culture. The most common infecting organisms were coagulase-negative staphylococci (seven) and propionibacteria (eight). A comparison of the 19 study cases with the authors' overall shunt experience, as documented in the British Columbia's Children's Hospital shunt database for the time period of the study, lead the authors to suggest that ABSC was not of significance in causing the shunt failure at which contamination was identified and, more importantly, did not increase the risk of future shunt malfunction.

The results of this study indicate that in the absence of clinical evidence of shunt infection or a positive bacteriological culture from CSF, bacteria in a shunt component removed at revision in a child almost always represents a contaminant that may be ignored. Therefore, the authors advise that routine culture of shunt components removed at revision of a shunt is not indicated.
Risks in using siphon-reducing devices in adult patients with normal-pressure hydrocephalus: bench test investigations with Delta valves
Authors: Hassan Mahmood , Higashi Sotaro , Yamashita Junkoh
Published: June 2009

✓ To elucidate the reason for malfunction of Delta valves in patients with normal-pressure hydrocephalus, the authors applied a new concept of the bench test and simulated intracranial pressure (ICP) to measure the resultant flow with a complete shunt system. Subcutaneous pressure on the valve, valve implantation site, and postural hydrostatic differentialpressure changes were simulated in this bench test designed for adult patients with normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Subcutaneous pressure ranged within 6.4 ± 0.9 cm H2O (mean ± standard deviation) on the 7th day after the implantation of the valve in rats. A linear correlation between valve closing pressures and the external pressure was observed: gradual increase of the latter resulted in an approximately equal rise in the closing pressure. Closing pressure ranged within the physiological variation of ICP (10 ± 5 cm H2O) in the supine position. In the erect position it was higher than the physiological variation (+5 to −5 cm H2O) when the valve was placed at the level of the foramen of Monro and lower when placed at the level of the clavicle. This observation indicates that the subcutaneous pressure around the Delta valve significantly affects its closing pressure. An excessive reduction of flow or a functional obstruction occurs when the patient with a Delta valve implanted at the foramen of Monro assumes an erect posture.

The authors conclude that Delta valves are not recommended for implantation at the level of the foramen of Monro in patients with normal-pressure hydrocephalus because of the risk of underdrainage. The mastoid process or clavicle may be the alternative levels for its implantation to prevent underdrainage; however, the possibility of shunt malfunction should be kept in mind because subcutaneous pressure is variable among patients and that might affect the performance characteristics of these valves.
Longitudinal atlantoaxial dislocation with type III odontoid fracture
Authors: Przybylski Gregory J. , Welch William C.
Published: June 2009

✓ Odontoid fractures are a common traumatic upper cervical spine injury. Treatment of Type III odontoid fractures includes skeletal traction for realignment and halo vest immobilization. The authors report an unusual case of severe atlantoaxial ligamentous disruption accompanying a traumatic Type III odontoid fracture. Five pounds of skeletal traction was associated with marked neurological deterioration from unanticipated longitudinal instability. Radiographic findings were identified that were suggestive of extensive ligamentous disruption. Recommendations for individualized patient management are given in the context of related literature.
Nerve allotransplantation following severe tibial nerve injury
Authors: Mackinnon Susan E.
Published: June 2009

✓ The successful recovery of sensibility across a long peripheral nerve allograft in a 12-year-old boy who sustained a severe posterior tibial nerve injury is reported. The historical clinical experience with nerve allotransplantation is also reviewed. It is concluded that in the carefully selected patient with severe nerve injury, consideration for nerve allotransplantation can be given.
Postoperative surveillance imaging in children with cerebellar astrocytomas
Authors: Sutton Leslie N. , Cnaan Avital , Klatt Laura , Zhao H. , Zimmerman Robert , Needle Michael , Molloy Patricia , Phillips Peter
Published: June 2009

✓ The standard follow-up care for children with cerebellar astrocytomas includes regular surveillance imaging of the brain with computerized tomography or magnetic resonance. The purpose of surveillance imaging is to detect asymptomatic tumor recurrence at an early stage and permit safer reoperation. The authors evaluated the effectiveness of an intensive surveillance program for cerebellar astrocytoma and tested different models of surveillance frequency and duration to arrive at a specific recommended program.

Review of the records of 93 children with typical cerebellar astrocytomas who received follow-up care between 1975 and 1993 was performed. Immediate postoperative and surveillance images were classified as showing definite, equivocal, or no tumor based on the radiology report at the time the image was obtained. Various surveillance models were then tested for their predictive value for detecting tumor recurrence.

Seventeen (18%) of the 93 children had tumor recurrence or progression. Eleven of these tumors were asymptomatic and detected only by surveillance image. Tumor recurred in only one patient with a total resection, whereas tumor progression occurred in five of 21 patients with equivocal postoperative images and in 11 of 14 patients with residual tumor. A model in which patients with possible or definite residual tumor after surgery undergo surveillance at 12, 18, 30, 42, and 66 months, and later have one additional image, yielded optimum predictive value for recurrence and/or progression with the fewest images. Patients with tumor recurrence were satisfactorily treated, and only one patient died.

Children with totally resected cerebellar astrocytomas do not appear to benefit from routine surveillance, because the likelihood of recurrence is small. Surveillance is of benefit in those who may have subtotal resection based on the immediate postoperative imaging.