bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Supplementary Figure S2 from Autocrine 17-β-Estradiol/Estrogen Receptor-α Loop Determines the Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Anobile Dario P. , Salaroglio Iris C. , Tabbò Fabrizio , La Vecchia Sofia , Akman Muhlis , Napoli Francesca , Bungaro Maristella , Benso Federica , Aldieri Elisabetta , Bironzo Paolo , Kopecka Joanna , Passiglia Francesco , Righi Luisella , Novello Silvia , Scagliotti Giorgio V. , Riganti Chiara
Published: June 2023

Immunohistochemical characterization of PD-L1 and ERα in non-small cell lung cancer samples.
a. Representative immunohistochemical images of one NSCLC patient classified as PD-L1low (tumor proportion score, TPS: 60%) and one NSCLC patient classified as PD-L1high (TPS: 90%), according to the internal scale used in our prospective study (see Results section for details). Bar: 20 µm. b. Representative immunohistochemical images of ERα and phospho(Ser118)ERα from one NSCLC patient classified as ERαlow (Histo-score, Hscore: 30 for cytosolic ERα, 90 for nuclear ERα) and one NSCLC patient classified as ERαhigh (Hscore: 270 for cytosolic ERα, 240 for nuclear ERα) in our prospective study. One ER+ (score:3+) and one ER- (0+) breast cancer are included as positive and negative control, respectively. Arrow: normal breast tissue as internal control. Bar: 20 µm. c. Expression of ERα-target genes CXCL12, IGFBP4 and ABCA3, measured by RT-PCR (technical triplicates), in samples from 6 NSCLC classified as ERαlow and in 6 NSCLC classified as ERαhigh according to ERα mRNA and protein levels. The same genes were assessed in an ER+ and in an ER-breast cancer, chosen as positive or negative controls, respectively. The mean relative expression of each gene in ERαlow tumors was considered 1. Data are means+SD (n=6). ***p<0.001: ERα high NSCLC tumors versus ERα low NSCLC tumors; °°°p<0.001: ER+breast cancer versus ERα low NSCLC tumors.
Supplementary Figure S14 from Autocrine 17-β-Estradiol/Estrogen Receptor-α Loop Determines the Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Anobile Dario P. , Salaroglio Iris C. , Tabbò Fabrizio , La Vecchia Sofia , Akman Muhlis , Napoli Francesca , Bungaro Maristella , Benso Federica , Aldieri Elisabetta , Bironzo Paolo , Kopecka Joanna , Passiglia Francesco , Righi Luisella , Novello Silvia , Scagliotti Giorgio V. , Riganti Chiara
Published: June 2023

Effects of letrozole on the efficacy of chemo-immuno-therapy in non-small cell lung cancer xenografts.
1×106 female-derived ERα lowNCI-H1385 cells and ERα highNCI-H1975 cells, male-derived ERα lowA549 cells and ERα highNCI-H1650 cells were implanted subcutaneously (s.c.) in Hu-CD34+NSG mice. When tumors reached the volume of 100 mm3, mice (n= 5/group) were randomized in the following groups: 1) Vehicle group, treated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 100 µl saline solution (days 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 after randomization); 2) cisplatin (PT) group, treated with 2 mg/kg intravenously (i.v.) (days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35); 3) cisplatin + pembrolizumab (PT+Pemb) group, treated with 2 mg/kg cisplatin i.v. (days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35) and 10 mg/kg i.p. of 100 µl saline solution of pembrolizumab (day 1) followed by 5 mg/kg i.p. (days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35); 4) cisplatin + pembrolizumab + letrozole (PT+Pemb+Letr) group, treated with 2 mg/kg cisplatin i.v. (days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35), 10 mg/kg i.p. of 100 µl saline solution of pembrolizumab (day 1) followed by 5 mg/kg i.p. (days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35) and 1 mg/kg per os of 100 µl saline solution of letrozole daily (days 1-35). Tumor growth was monitored daily with a caliper. Mice were euthanized on day 40. Data are mean volumes+SD. **p<0.01, ***p<0.001: treatments group versus Vehicle group (day 40); °°°p<0.001: PT+Pemb+Letr group versus Pemb+Letr group (day 40; ANOVA).
Supplementary Figure S11 from Autocrine 17-β-Estradiol/Estrogen Receptor-α Loop Determines the Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Anobile Dario P. , Salaroglio Iris C. , Tabbò Fabrizio , La Vecchia Sofia , Akman Muhlis , Napoli Francesca , Bungaro Maristella , Benso Federica , Aldieri Elisabetta , Bironzo Paolo , Kopecka Joanna , Passiglia Francesco , Righi Luisella , Novello Silvia , Scagliotti Giorgio V. , Riganti Chiara
Published: June 2023

Activity of ERβ on CD274/PD-L1 promoter.
Chromatin immunoprecipitation of ERE1 and ERE2 regions from CD274/PD-L1 promoter, using an anti-ERα or an anti-ERβ antibody, followed by RT-PCR (technical triplicates) of the precipitated products, in ERα highNCI-H1975 cells, grown 24 h in fresh medium (Ctrl) or in medium containing 10 nM fluvestrant (Fulv), an ERα inhibitor, or 10 nM letrozole (Letr), an aromatase inhibitor. Data are means+SD (n=3). **p<0.01, ***p<0.001: treated cells versus Ctrl cells; °°°p<0.001: anti-ERβ versus anti-ERα.
Supplementary Figure S10 from Autocrine 17-β-Estradiol/Estrogen Receptor-α Loop Determines the Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Anobile Dario P. , Salaroglio Iris C. , Tabbò Fabrizio , La Vecchia Sofia , Akman Muhlis , Napoli Francesca , Bungaro Maristella , Benso Federica , Aldieri Elisabetta , Bironzo Paolo , Kopecka Joanna , Passiglia Francesco , Righi Luisella , Novello Silvia , Scagliotti Giorgio V. , Riganti Chiara
Published: June 2023

Dose-dependent effects of fulvestrant and letrozole.
ERα highNCI-H1975 cells were grown 24 h in fresh medium (Ctrl) or in medium containing 0.1, 1, 10 nM fluvestrant (Fulv, panel a), an ERα inhibitor, or 0.1, 1, 10 nM letrozole (Letr, panel b), an aromatase inhibitor. As read-out assays, the expression of ERα-target gene CXCL12 was measured by RT-PCR in triplicate (panel a), the amount of 17-β-estradiol was measured by ELISA (technical duplicate, panel b). The relative expression in Ctrl cells was considered 1. Data are means+SD (n=3, biological replicates). *p<0.05, ***p<0.001: treated cells versus Ctrl cells (ANOVA).
Supplementary Figure S1 from Autocrine 17-β-Estradiol/Estrogen Receptor-α Loop Determines the Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Anobile Dario P. , Salaroglio Iris C. , Tabbò Fabrizio , La Vecchia Sofia , Akman Muhlis , Napoli Francesca , Bungaro Maristella , Benso Federica , Aldieri Elisabetta , Bironzo Paolo , Kopecka Joanna , Passiglia Francesco , Righi Luisella , Novello Silvia , Scagliotti Giorgio V. , Riganti Chiara
Published: June 2023

Outcome of non-small cell lung cancer patients, disaggregated according to gender, PD-L1 and ERα levels. Best response (PD: progressive disease; PR: partial response; SD: stable disease) after 6 months from the beginning of pembrolizumab treatment as first-line monotherapy, PFS and OS (Kapan-Meier and log-rank test) were analyzed in 35 NSCLC patients (15 females; 20 males). a-c. Female (F) and male (M) patients were stratified in CD274/PD-L1low and CD274/PD-L1high, according to the median value of the CD274/PD-L1mRNA, measured by RT-PCR in the tumor samples (technical triplicates). d-f. F and M patients were stratified in ESR1/ERαlow and ESR1/ERαhigh, according to the median value of the ESR1/ERα mRNA, measured by RT-PCR in the tumor samples (technical triplicates).
Data from Targeting BET Proteins Downregulates miR-33a To Promote Synergy with PIM Inhibitors in CMML
Authors: Letson Christopher T. , Balasis Maria E. , Newman Hannah , Binder Moritz , Vedder Alexis , Kinose Fumi , Ball Markus , Kruer Traci , Quintana Ariel , Lasho Terra L. , Finke Christy M. , Almada Luciana L. , Grants Jennifer M. , Zhang Guolin , Fernandez-Zapico Martin E. , Gaspar-Maia Alexandre , Lancet Jeffrey , Komrokji Rami , Haura Eric , Sallman David A. , Reuther Gary W. , Karsan Aly , Rix Uwe , Patnaik Mrinal M. , Padron Eric
Published: June 2023

AbstractPurpose:
Preclinical studies in myeloid neoplasms have demonstrated efficacy of bromodomain and extra-terminal protein inhibitors (BETi). However, BETi demonstrates poor single-agent activity in clinical trials. Several studies suggest that combination with other anticancer inhibitors may enhance the efficacy of BETi.
Experimental Design:
To nominate BETi combination therapies for myeloid neoplasms, we used a chemical screen with therapies currently in clinical cancer development and validated this screen using a panel of myeloid cell line, heterotopic cell line models, and patient-derived xenograft models of disease. We used standard protein and RNA assays to determine the mechanism responsible for synergy in our disease models.
Results:
We identified PIM inhibitors (PIMi) as therapeutically synergistic with BETi in myeloid leukemia models. Mechanistically, we show that PIM kinase is increased after BETi treatment, and that PIM kinase upregulation is sufficient to induce persistence to BETi and sensitize cells to PIMi. Furthermore, we demonstrate that miR-33a downregulation is the underlying mechanism driving PIM1 upregulation. We also show that GM-CSF hypersensitivity, a hallmark of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), represents a molecular signature for sensitivity to combination therapy.
Conclusions:
Inhibition of PIM kinases is a potential novel strategy for overcoming BETi persistence in myeloid neoplasms. Our data support further clinical investigation of this combination.
Supplemental Table S4 from Cost-effectiveness of p16/Ki-67 Dual-Stained Cytology Reflex Following Co-testing with hrHPV Genotyping for Cervical Cancer Screening
Authors: Harper Diane M. , Anderson Rye J. , Baker Ed , Yu Tiffany M.
Published: June 2023

Supplemental Table S4 shows the top five most influential inputs based on the one-way sensitivity analyses on each of the mean change in costs, QALYs, and life-years with the addition of DS reflex to common co-testing screening strategies
Supplementary Table 2 from A Mendelian Randomization Analysis of 55 Genetically Predicted Metabolic Traits with Breast Cancer Survival Outcomes in the Pathways Study
Authors: Fiorica Peter N. , Sheng Haiyang , Zhu Qianqian , Roh Janise M. , Laurent Cecile A. , Ergas Isaac J. , Delmerico Jennifer , Kwan Marilyn L. , Kushi Lawrence H. , Ambrosone Christine B. , Yao Song
Published: June 2023

Statistically-significant findings from analysis of 2,696 White individuals
Supplementary Table 1 from A Mendelian Randomization Analysis of 55 Genetically Predicted Metabolic Traits with Breast Cancer Survival Outcomes in the Pathways Study
Authors: Fiorica Peter N. , Sheng Haiyang , Zhu Qianqian , Roh Janise M. , Laurent Cecile A. , Ergas Isaac J. , Delmerico Jennifer , Kwan Marilyn L. , Kushi Lawrence H. , Ambrosone Christine B. , Yao Song
Published: June 2023

Polygenic score models pulled from the polygenic score catalog
FIGURE 3 from A Mendelian Randomization Analysis of 55 Genetically Predicted Metabolic Traits with Breast Cancer Survival Outcomes in the Pathways Study
Authors: Fiorica Peter N. , Sheng Haiyang , Zhu Qianqian , Roh Janise M. , Laurent Cecile A. , Ergas Isaac J. , Delmerico Jennifer , Kwan Marilyn L. , Kushi Lawrence H. , Ambrosone Christine B. , Yao Song
Published: June 2023

Seven forest plots depict the HRs in the ER+ group for nominally significant (P < 0.05) survival outcome associations with PGS for seven different traits: CVD (A), coronary heart disease (B), serum albumin (C), C-reactive protein (D), SHBG (E), total serum protein (F), and hypertension (G). Each point on the plot represents a test between the PGS-tertile and breast cancer–related survival outcome. Green represents tertile 1. Violet represents tertile 2. Blue represents tertile 3. The y-axis shows the survival outcome, and the x-axis represents the HR. Horizontal lines represent 95% CIs from the Wald test. Associations with P < 0.05, but HR CIs overlapping with one were removed from the plots.
FIGURE 2 from A Mendelian Randomization Analysis of 55 Genetically Predicted Metabolic Traits with Breast Cancer Survival Outcomes in the Pathways Study
Authors: Fiorica Peter N. , Sheng Haiyang , Zhu Qianqian , Roh Janise M. , Laurent Cecile A. , Ergas Isaac J. , Delmerico Jennifer , Kwan Marilyn L. , Kushi Lawrence H. , Ambrosone Christine B. , Yao Song
Published: June 2023

Three forest plots depict the HRs for nominally significant (P < 0.05) survival outcome associations with PGS for three different traits: CVD (A), serum cystatin C (B), and hypertension (C). Each point on the plot represents a test between the PGS-tertile and breast cancer-related survival outcome. Green represents tertile 1. Violet represents tertile 2. Blue represents tertile 3. The y-axis shows the survival outcome, and the x-axis represents the HR. Horizontal lines represent 95% CIs from the Cox regression. Associations with P < 0.05 and HR CIs overlapping with one were removed from the plots.
The Effect of Sales Growth and Profitability on Company Value with Debt Policy as Moderating Variables
Authors: Situngkir Jangasih , Mukti Aloysius Harry , Christiningrum M.F
Published: June 2023

Financial ratio have several function for strategic decision making. Several ratio such as profitability or sales growth are the most important for capital market signal. This Research aims to examine the effect of sales growth and profitability with debt policy as the moderating variable on the value of the manufacturing industry sub-sector of the consumer goods industry listed on the Indonesia stock exchange in 2018-2020. With a total sample of 165 companies. The research methodology is quantitative with multiple linear regression testing with SPSS V23 data processing tools.  Based on the result of model 1 testing, the result showed that sales growth had no effect on firm value, and profitability has a positive effect on firm value. The result of model 2 testing, the resulting research shows that sales growth has a positive effect on firm value, Profitability has a positive effect on firm value, debt policy does not moderate the effect of sales growth on firm value and debt policy does not moderate the effect of profitability on firm value.
Accountability Analysis of Village Fun Management and Village Development to Allocation of Village Funds
Authors: Wafa Moh. Ali , Anniswati Rosyida Isnaini , Iyatus Sholikha Istifak
Published: June 2023

This study aims to determine and describe the Accountability of Village Fund Management and Village Development in the Allocation of Village Funds Mrutuk, Widang District, Tuban Regency which includes (1) Planning, (2) Implementation, (3) accountability. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method. The technique used in collecting data through interviews and direct observation of the object. This research shows that at the planning, implementation, accountability, and development stages, the telash is in accordance with the applicable procedures and the management has been carried out in an accountable manner. The results of this study indicate that the management of Village Finance in general is that the management of Village Finance has achieved accountability. In addition, there is still a need for intensive village assistance from the local government in helping villages to realize village financial management accountability.
Level of Awareness on the Impact of Climate Change on the Socioeconomic Life of a Coastal Community in San Salvador Island, Masinloc, Zambales
Authors: Vizcarra Myra Liza O.
Published: June 2023

The researcher’s interest in their well-being led her to study the level of awareness of the impact of climate change on the socioeconomic life of the coastal communities in San Salvador Island. This study is a descriptive type of research. A descriptive study gives a picture and describes the different aspects concerning a situation to obtain knowledge of nature, states, and development. This current study was conducted at San Salvador Island. It is an island barangay in Masinloc, Zambales, in northwest Luzon. It is an island barangay in Masinloc, Zambales, in northwest Luzon. A 127-hectare fish sanctuary and a nearby Taklobo or Giant Clam Farm are usual attractions to diving enthusiasts. Encourage planting mangroves in the vicinity of the island as part of the extension service of the campus. Conduct a follow-up study on fishermen’s vulnerability, resiliency, and mitigation practices. They are considered priority barangay in the Climate Change Awareness joint project of the PRMSU-Masinloc LDRRMP and CENRO-Masinloc to enhance the fishermen’s awareness and adaptation. Support from the local government unit by having a store filled with more goods and over-the-counter medicines, especially during rainy seasons. May have a routine check by a professional doctor before rainy seasons. Probable additional livelihood to augment needs, particularly during the rainy season.
As cavernas como tema interdisciplinar na formação de professores da educação básica no Vale do Ribeira
Authors: Menin Daniel De Stefano , Bacci Denise de La Corte
Published: June 2023

O presente artigo teve por objetivo analisar um curso de formação continuada ministrado em 2022 para professores da educação básica da rede pública do Vale do Ribeira, no estado de São Paulo, com abordagem do patrimônio espeleológico local e utilizando metodologias participativas para o ensino e aprendizagem. Os dados foram coletados por meio de formulários, de materiais elaborados pelos professores ao longo do curso e de portfólios individuais, considerando a relação das suas práticas pedagógicas com as cavernas, a interdisciplinaridade nos processos pedagógicos e as possibilidades de inserção desse tema no currículo escolar. A pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa, seguindo os pressupostos da análise documental. Como conclusões, destacam-se as aprendizagens sobre temas específicos da espeleologia, a troca de saberes escolares e acadêmicos, o desenvolvimento de projetos escolares paralelamente ao curso e o envolvimento das escolas com o patrimônio natural local. Sobre a interdisciplinaridade, ainda há muitas dificuldades quanto à sua abordagem nos projetos, tendo os professores indicado vários problemas. O tema das cavernas contempla as habilidades da Base Nacional Comum Curricular (BNCC) e do Currículo Paulista em várias áreas do conhecimento, mostrando que pode ser incluído no currículo escolar de várias maneiras e em todos os níveis da educação básica.
Internet Versus Noninternet Participation in a Decentralized Clinical Trial: Lessons From the ADAPTABLE Study
Authors: Shen Rebecca , Mulder Hillary , Wruck Lisa , Weissler E. Hope , Robertson Holly R. , Sharlow Amber G. , Kripalani Sunil , Muñoz Daniel , Effron Mark B. , Gupta Kamal , Girotra Saket , Whittle Jeff , Benziger Catherine P. , VanWormer Jeffrey J. , Polonsky Tamar S. , Rothman Russell L. , Harrington Robert A. , Hernandez Adrian F. , Jones W. Schuyler
Published: June 2023

Background

Internet‐based participation has the potential to enhance pragmatic and decentralized trials, where representative study populations and generalizability to clinical practice are key. We aimed to study the differences between internet and noninternet/telephone participants in a large remote, pragmatic trial.

Methods and Results

In a subanalysis of the ADAPTABLE (Aspirin Dosing: A Patient‐Centric Trial Assessing Benefits and Long‐Term Effectiveness) study, we compared internet participants with those who opted for noninternet participation. Study process measures examined included participant characteristics at consent, study medication adherence, and study retention. The clinical outcome examined was a composite of all‐cause mortality, hospitalization for myocardial infarction, or hospitalization for stroke. Noninternet participants were older (mean 69.4 versus 67.4 years), more likely to be female (38.9% versus 30.2%), more likely to be Black (27.3% versus 6.0%) or Hispanic (11.1% versus 2.0%), and had a higher number of comorbid conditions. The composite clinical outcome was more than twice as high in noninternet participants. The hazard of nonadherence to the assigned aspirin dosage was 46% higher in noninternet participants than internet participants.

Conclusions

Noninternet participants differed from internet participants in notable demographic characteristics while having poorer baseline health. Over the course of ADAPTABLE, they also had worse clinical outcomes and greater likelihood of study drug nonadherence. These results suggest that trials focused on internet participation select for younger, healthier participants with a higher proportion of traditionally overrepresented patients. Allowing noninternet participation enhances diversity; however, additional steps may be needed to promote study retention and study medication adherence.

Registration Information

clinicaltrials.gov
. Identifier: NCT02697916.
Sex‐Specific Impact of Body Weight on Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Incidence in Individuals With and Without Ideal Cardiovascular Health
Authors: Paulin Audrey , Manikpurage Hasanga D. , Després Jean‐Pierre , Thériault Sébastien , Arsenault Benoit J.
Published: June 2023

Background

The impact of an elevated body mass index (BMI) on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk in individuals who are metabolically healthy is debated. We investigated the respective contributions of BMI as well as lifestyle and cardiometabolic risk factors combined to ASCVD incidence in 319 866 UK Biobank participants.

Methods and Results

We developed a cardiovascular health score (CVHS) based on 4 lifestyle and 6 cardiometabolic parameters. The impact of the CVHS on incident ASCVD (15 699 events) alone and in BMI and waist‐to‐hip ratio categories was assessed using Cox proportional hazards in women and men separately. In participants with a high CVHS (8–10), those with a BMI ≥35.0 kg/m
2
had a nonsignificantly higher ASCVD risk (hazard ratio [HR],  1.20 [95% CI, 0.84–1.70];
P
=0.32) compared with those with a BMI of 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m
2
. In participants with a BMI of 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m
2
, those with a lower CVHS (0–2) had a higher ASCVD risk (HR, 4.06 [95% CI, 3.23–5.10];
P
<0.001) compared with those with a higher CVHS (8–10). When we used the waist‐to‐hip ratio instead of the BMI, a dose–response relationship between the waist‐to‐hip ratio and ASCVD risk was obtained in healthier participants. Results were similar in women compared with men.

Conclusions

In women and men in the UK Biobank, the relationship between the BMI and ASCVD incidence in healthy individuals was inconsistent, whereas cardiovascular risk factors strongly predicted ASCVD incidence in all BMI categories. Assessing lifestyle and cardiometabolic risk factors as well as body fat distribution indices may help identify individuals at high ASCVD risk, regardless of body weight.
Transparency Helps Reveal When Language Models Learn Meaning
Authors: Wu Zhaofeng , Merrill William , Peng Hao , Beltagy Iz , Smith Noah A.
Published: June 2023

Many current NLP systems are built from language models trained to optimize unsupervised objectives on large amounts of raw text. Under what conditions might such a procedure acquire meaning? Our systematic experiments with synthetic data reveal that, with languages where all expressions have context-independent denotations (i.e., languages with strong transparency), both autoregressive and masked language models successfully learn to emulate semantic relations between expressions. However, when denotations are changed to be context-dependent with the language otherwise unmodified, this ability degrades. Turning to natural language, our experiments with a specific phenomenon—referential opacity—add to the growing body of evidence that current language models do not represent natural language semantics well. We show this failure relates to the context-dependent nature of natural language form-meaning mappings.
Statistical Characteristics of Droplets Formed due to the “Bag Breakup” Fragmentation Event at the Interface between Water and High-Speed Air Flow
Authors: Troitskaya Yuliya , Kandaurov Alexander , Zotova Anna , Korsukova Evgenia V. , Sergeev Daniil
Published: June 2023

Recent studies indicate that the dominant mechanism for generating sprays in hurricane winds is a “bag breakup” fragmentation. This fragmentation process is typically characterized by inflation and consequent bursting of short-lived objects, referred to as “bags” (sail-like pieces of water film surrounded by a rim). Both the number of spray droplets and their size distribution substantially affect the air–sea heat and momentum exchange. Due to a lack of experimental data, the early spray generation function (SGF) for the bag breakup mechanism was based on the assumed similarity with resembling processes. Here we present experimental results for the case with a single isolated bag breakup fragmentation event. These experiments revealed several differences from similar fragmentation events that control the droplet sizes, such as secondary disintegration of droplets in gaseous flows and bursting of bubbles. In contrast to the bubble bursting, the film thickness of the bag canopy is not constant but is random with lognormal distribution. Additionally, its average value does not depend on the canopy radius but is determined by the wind speed. The lognormal size distribution of the canopy droplets is observed in conjunction with the established mechanism of liquid film fragmentation. The rim fragmentation results in two types of droplets, and their size distribution has been found to be lognormal distribution. The constructed SGF is verified by comparing it with experimental data from the literature. The perspectives of transferring the results from laboratory to field environment have also been discussed.

Significance Statement

The “bag breakup” fragmentation is the dominant mechanism for generating spray in hurricane winds. The number and the sizes of the spray droplets substantially affect the heat transport from the ocean to the atmosphere and, thereby, the development of hurricanes. This paper presents experimental data and analysis that demonstrate how droplet formation occurs during bag breakup fragmentation. It also shows analysis of the quantity and size of droplets formed during a single fragmentation event. This work demonstrates how obtained experimental results can be applied to real field conditions in the context of hurricane prediction models.
Fenugreek Seed Extract Regulates Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell Angiogenesis and Proliferation via the PI3K/Akt/Cyclin D1 Pathway
Authors: Safarpour Samaneh , Mirzavi Farshad , Rahmani Farzad , Forouzanfar Fatemeh , Sadeghnia Hamid Reza , Mashkani Baratali , Hamidi Alamdari Daryoush , Soukhtanloo Mohammad
Published: June 2023

The significance of angiogenesis in tumour progression has been widely documented. Hence, the identification of anti-angiogenic agents with fewer common side effects would be valuable in cancer therapy. In this study, we evaluated the anti-angiogenic and anti-proliferative effects of a hydro-alcoholic extract of fenugreek seed (HAEF) on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were treated with various concentrations of HAEF and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value was estimated by using the MTT assay. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and matrix metalloproteinase enzyme (MMP-2 and MMP-9) gene expression profiles were evaluated by using quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). Moreover, MMP activities and PI3K, Akt and cyclin D1 protein expression levels were evaluated by gel zymography and Western blotting, respectively. HAEF reduced HUVEC viability, with an IC50 value of 200 μg/ml. The qRT-PCR results demonstrated that treatment with HAEF markedly reduced MMP-2/MMP-9, VEGF and bFGF gene expression, as compared to the control group. We also found that MMP-2/MMP-9 enzyme activity and PI3K/Akt/cyclin D1 protein expression were notably decreased in cells treated with HAEF. Our results suggest that HAEF can potentially inhibit angiogenesis, and also affect cellular proliferation by targeting the PI3K/Akt/cyclin D1 pathway. Thus, fenugreek seed extract merits further investigation as a source of compounds with anti-cancer properties.
‘You Realise We’re Not the Only Ones Stuck Living Like This’: Comparative Learning, International Partnerships and Civil Society Peace Education in Conflict-Affected Societies
Authors: Kim Dong Jin , Mitchell David
Published: June 2023

One of the capacities of civil society in peace processes is the promotion of peace-oriented attitudes among citizens through peace education. This article investigates how civil society peace education may be enhanced through collaboration with counterparts in another conflict arena. The article begins by discussing the potential and pitfalls of the comparison of peace/conflict contexts. The empirical findings are based on interviews and focus groups with peace educators in Northern Ireland and South Korea who have engaged in dialogue and partnerships with each other, and they indicate perceived benefits and impact of both the comparative learning to the personnel and the partnership to the organisations. The discussion sets out an ideal model of the peace educative impacts of comparative learning and encounter. Overall, the findings show how local-to-local engagements between peace processes can support the civil society contribution to peacebuilding.
Risky Driver Identification Using Beta Regression Based on Naturalistic Driving Data
Authors: Zhang Shile , Abdel-Aty Mohamed
Published: June 2023

Naturalistic driving data are widely used to investigate factors related to road safety. Crashes and near-crashes can be regarded as the critical events on the road. The existing studies typically modeled crash and near-crash events at the trip level. However, individual drivers may have different risk levels, and other factors such as distraction can also play a role. This study uses variables automatically derived from naturalistic driving data. Driver distraction is detected from videos using facial landmarks. Based on the collected variables, a beta regression model is developed to identify the significant variables affecting drivers’ risk levels. It is found that the average acceleration rate, number of hard accelerations, driver distraction, and age are significant variables. The findings from this study can be used to identify risky drivers and improve the design of automated vehicles by eliminating human errors and risky driving patterns. Moreover, advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) can be promoted to alert drivers to risky driving behaviors. The proposed model is also easy to implement in real driving conditions as most of the variables can be extracted automatically. Relevant agencies can also use the model to identify risky drivers and provide proactive customized education programs.
Impacts of High-Speed Rail on Regional Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis of the Moderated Mediation Effects
Authors: Li Mingzhen , Li Hongchang
Published: June 2023

Transportation infrastructure is crucial for economic growth. Nonetheless, conclusions from empirical investigations concerning the impacts of high-speed rail (HSR) on regional economic growth exhibit inconsistency and are even controversial. In this work, we incorporate the HSR variable into the traditional Dixit–Stiglitz–Krugman (DSK) model, and establish both a structural equation model (SEM) and a threshold model to verify the nonlinear and volatile relationship between HSR development and regional economic growth. The main conclusions are as follows: The opening of HSR (HSR_O), the service intensity of HSR (HSR_S), and the time-cumulative effect of HSR (HSR_T) all have a positive impact on regional economic growth through market size, with labor and capital stock acting as moderating variables. Only under the condition that the regional capital stock exceeds 141.90 million yuan (US$20.56 million), 122.24 million yuan (US$17.71 million), and 128.70 million yuan (US$18.65 million), respectively, will HSR_O, HSR_S, and HSR_T have a favorable effect on regional economic growth. However, the varying influence on regional economic growth is minimally related to labor stock. Finally, directions for further research, and policy implications of the development of HSR for regional planners and local authorities are proposed.
Evaluation of a Thiol-Detection Test to Assess Tooth Brushing Efficacy in Dogs
Authors: Enlund Karolina Brunius , Rahunen Nadja , Thelander Sofia , Olsén Lena
Published: June 2023

Periodontal disease affects more than 80% of dogs over 3 years of age, making it the most common disease in dogs seen in veterinary clinics. Gingivitis, the early-stage of periodontal disease, may be reversible with tooth brushing. Thiol, a sulfuric compound, has previously been shown to correlate with the degree of periodontal disease. In this study, a thiol-detection test was used to investigate daily tooth brushing efficacy in dogs. Twenty-two beagle dogs were subjected to daily tooth brushing for 2 weeks. Gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), calculus index (CI) and thiol were assessed before treatment (day 1), after 1 week (day 7), after last treatment (day 14), and 2 weeks after treatment finished (day 29). Degree of stress was also assessed using a fear, anxiety and stress (FAS) scale. Both 7 and 14 days of daily tooth brushing showed an improvement in oral health. Thiol decreased significantly and GI and PI improved significantly after 1 and 2 weeks of brushing. No significant improvement in CI was shown. After an additional 2 weeks without brushing, GI and PI had returned to baseline levels. Stress levels decreased from day 1 to day 14. This study suggests that a thiol-detection test can be used to assess tooth brushing efficacy. Tooth brushing has a positive effect on the oral health in dogs as soon as 7 days after commencement.
A Bourdieusian Exploration of Ethnic Inequalities at Work: The Case of the Nigerian Banking Sector
Authors: Umeh Chidozie , Cornelius Nelarine , Wallace James
Published: June 2023

This article draws on Pierre Bourdieu’s critical sociology to explore the socio-political processes through which social resources or capital are sought and ethnic inequalities negotiated, legitimated and enforced in a postcolonial work context. Applying Bourdieusian analysis to data from interviews and vignettes in the Nigerian banking sector, the constructs ‘ethnicised identity’ and ‘symbolic identity’ are developed to show how employees across ethnic divides and work hierarchies use symbolic ethnic markers to negotiate benefits and enforce control as a status-independent capital. Realising diversity management goals in multiethnic workplaces may, therefore, require refocusing initiatives from racial to ethnic inequalities and, consequently, from inter-group inequalities (ethnic membership) to intra-group discriminations (ethnic affiliation). This research suggests that a more nuanced, contextually sensitive perspective is necessary to address workplace inequalities linked to ethnic diversity in organisations with indigenous multiethnicities.
Environmental Economics: The Meaning of an ‘Objective’ Policy Science
Authors: Deblonde Marian K.
Published: June 2023

Environmental economics is a policy science. Environmental economists, however, find that their policy recommendations are often neglected by political officials. Some of them react to this neglect by reproaching public authorities with lack of efficiency: this so-called inefficiency is considered to be a manifestation of government failure. Others propose a redefinition of environmental economics in order to make it fit better with actual political objectives. After briefly outlining the case for an economic paradigm that differs from conventional (i.e. neo-classical welfare) environmental economics, I argue that an alternative paradigm demands a different interpretation of economic ‘objectivity’. I claim that economic ‘objectivity’ ultimately comes down to a non-neutral common consent within a particular community of economic scientists. This interpretation leaves room for a multiplicity of ‘objective’, but non-neutral economic theories. The fact that the inevitable value ideas underlying a particular theory cannot be made fully transparent, urges us to accept a different conception of the theory's political relevance. Environmental economic theory should be considered not so much a provider of political ‘instruments’, as of scientific ‘insights’. It should not simply be considered a theory that responds to actual political objectives, but one that inspires political objectives. These two latter suggestions of mine are only preliminary recommendations, which require further conceptual analysis.
Green Economics
Authors: Pearce David
Published: June 2023

Economists assume that people are fundamentally greedy, though not exclusively so. If environmental improvement is to be achieved, it will require policies that use selfishness rather than opposing it. Such policies are to be found in the basics of green economics in which market signals are modified by environmental taxes and tradeable pollution certificates to ‘decouple’ the economic growth process from its environmental impact. Green economic policies avoid the infringements of human liberties implied in ever stronger ‘command and control’ measures.
Aesthetic Disillusionment: Environment, Ethics, Art
Authors: Foster Cheryl
Published: June 2023

What happens when an object you take to be beautiful or aesthetically pleasing, no longer appears beautiful or pleasing when you learn something new about it? I am assuming a situation in which there is no direct change in the perceptual features of the object, and that what you learn is not the location of some new surface property but rather a bit of non-perceptual information. I classify episodes of dampened appreciation under the heading ‘aesthetic disillusionment’, and in this paper I explore the relationship between such episodes and the broader issue of ethical constraints on aesthetic activity and appreciation. Does it make sense to say that one should not, or ought not, take pleasure in certain objects or events? I think it does – but in a very particular, almost ecological way. The subsequent discussion focuses on ethical constraints as they operate on the aesthetic appreciation of objects and events within the natural environment.
The Common Heritage: What Heritage? Common to Whom?
Authors: Porritt Jonathon
Published: June 2023

Global commons are natural goods which transcend national boundaries. A brief glance at management of oceans and terrestrial commons is succeeded by fuller discussion of rainforests, over which nations claim property rights, yet which perform global services. Leasing out could effect a desirable transfer of funds from North to South. Sustainable development requires these or other large incentives towards environmental protection in developing countries, but land and institutional reform are crucial to success. In conclusion, the anthropocentric ethic implicit in all such solutions is contrasted with the ecocentric one which may be necessary to preserve the biosphere in the future.
The Fiduciary Duty of Corporate Directors to Protect the Environment for Future Generations
Authors: Saxe Dianne
Published: June 2023

The ‘business judgement rule’ requires corporate directors only to act with honesty and reasonable care in the interest of shareholders. A stronger ‘fiduciary’ duty is required where one party requires protection from another. This paper argues that where corporations take risks with the environment, directors are fiduciaries. Stakeholders are in that case the general public, future generations and other species, which have not voluntarily accepted risk and cannot limit liability. Recognition of fiduciary duty in such cases is consistent with recent trends in the law of equity. It would require all economic activities to move from open to closed (sustainable) systems.
Sylvan, Fox and Deep Ecology: A View from the Continental Shelf
Authors: Attfield Robin
Published: June 2023

Both Richard Sylvan's trenchant critique of Deep Ecology and Warwick Fox's illuminating reinterpretation and defence are presented and appraised. Besides throwing light on the nature and the prospects of the defence of Deep Ecology and of its diverse axiological, epistemological and metaphysical strands, the appraisal discloses the range of normative positions open to those who reject anthropocentrism, of which Deep Ecology is no more than one (and, if Fox's account of its nature is right, may not be one at all). A position intermediate between Deep Ecology and anthropocentrism is advocated, which has been called by Wayne Sumner “middle-depth environmentalism – a kind of continental shelf between the shallow and deep extremes”.
On Economization and Ecologization as Civilizing Processes
Authors: Schmidt C.
Published: June 2023

In this article the meaning and main phases of ‘economization’ as a civilizing process are outlined. It is argued that ‘ecologization’ of the current political-economic regime can in a certain sense be regarded as a continuation of this development. Due attention is given to social conditions which may be favourable or impedimental to an ecologization of ‘the economy’. It is pleaded that environmental policies should used the so-called trickle-down effect to their advantage.
Economics, Sustainable Growth, and Community
Authors: Parker Kelly
Published: June 2023

Sustainable growth is emerging as a normative concept in recent work in economics and environmental philosophy. This paper examines several kinds of growth, seeking to identify a sustainable form which could be adopted as normative for human society.

The conceptions of growth expressed in standard economic theory, in the writings of John Dewey, and in population biology, each suggest particular accounts of how the lives of individuals and communities ought to be lived. I argue that, while absolute sustainablity is not possible, the latter two conceptions together suggest a regulative ideal of sustainable growth which is acceptable at the social level, and which encourages the development of genuine community.
Species Equality and the Foundations of Moral Theory
Authors: Anderson James C.
Published: June 2023

The paper discusses various concepts of ‘species equality’ and ‘species superiority’ and the assumptions concerning intrinsic value on which they depend. I investigate what philosophers from the traditional deontological (Taylor and Lombardi) and utilitarian (Singer and Attfield) perspectives have meant by their claims for species equality. I attempt to provide a framework of intrinsic values that justifies one sense in which members of a species can be said to be superior to members of another species.
Involuntary Simplicity: Changing Dysfunctional Habits of Consumption
Authors: Claxton Guy
Published: June 2023

Why is it so difficult for ‘voluntary simplicity’ to become truly voluntary? It is suggested that an important distinction has to be made between beliefs which are ‘espoused’ and those which are ‘embodied’. Certain crucial systems of embodied beliefs constitute traps, in the sense that they set, invisibly, a person's motivational agenda, and bias perception against their own detection. This analysis makes it clear why certain popular forms of campaigning and education are ineffective; and suggests that some methodologies of self-transformation associated with spiritual traditions such as Buddhism may have much to offer the environmental movement.
Against Grand Theory in Environmental Ethics
Authors: Paden Roger
Published: June 2023

Environmental ethics has been strongly influenced by biological ideas. This essay traces a number of these influences. Unfortunately, environmental ethicists have tended to produce moral theories on a grand scale. This tendency is criticized. It is argued that environmental ethicists should allow the ecological conception of the complexity of biological communities to influence their conception of the moral community. If this were to happen, it is argued, they would have to turn away from grand theories to ‘theories of the middle range’ while adopting a more ‘empirical’ approach to moral philosophy.
Pantheism, Ethics and Ecology
Authors: Levine Michael P.
Published: June 2023

Pantheism is a metaphysical and religious position. Broadly defined it is the view that (1) “God is everything and everything is God … the world is either identical with God or in some way a self-expression of his nature” (H.P. Owen). Similarly, it is the view that (2) everything that exists constitutes a ‘unity’ and this all-inclusive unity is in some sense divine (A. MacIntyre).1 I begin with an account of what the pantheist's ethical position is formally likely to be (e.g. objectivist etc.). I then discuss the relationship between pantheism and ecology in the context of the search for the metaphysical and ethical foundations for an ecological ethic. It is claimed that it is no accident that pantheism is often looked to for such foundations.
Environmental Valuation: Some Problems of Wrong Questions and Misleading Answers1
Authors: Knetsch Jack L.
Published: June 2023

Contingent valuation of people's willingness to pay has rapidly become the method of choice to value all manner of environmental damages. The correct measure is, however, the sum people require to compensate them for such losses, an amount which will normally be far larger than their willingness to pay. And on present evidence, responses to contingent valuation questions are not likely to represent any measure of economic values. The results of these valuation practices will, therefore, bias environmental policies and distort incentives.
Value, Metaphysics, and Anthropocentrism
Authors: Morito Bruce
Published: June 2023

The lack of metaphysical grounding of environmental values, and impatience towards the enterprise of seeking such grounding, result in a superficial and wrongheaded view of anthropocentrism. Anthropocentrism is best understood as a limiting condition, a point from which we can begin to reformulate an understanding of ourselves, our values, and our relation to the environment. It is not principally a starting point for the existence of values, as is assumed under traditional theories of anthropocentrism.

To demonstrate and elaborate on this position, the paper focuses on environmental values and how we traditionally assume them to be formed and legitimated. A critique of the analyses of two prominent figures in the field of environmental ethics, Bryan Norton and Eugene Hargrove, serves as the backdrop against which an alternative view is formed. This alternative is metaphysically grounded in an ecologically informed analysis of valuational activity. Against the tradition, the argument establishes two main points: 1) that attempts to ground environmental values on human preferences, agreements, traditions, or culturally driven commitments are liable to legitimate contrary values; and 2) that an ecologically driven analysis of values shows that valuations of the environment are not fundamentally conferred onto it by human beings.

Positively, the paper attempts to show that our inclusion as members of the ecological community makes our valuational activity an integral and transformational element within more comprehensive ecological processes. As such, our moral commitment to the environment must be radically reshaped in order adequately to incorporate this renewed understanding.
Education, the Interpretive Agenda of Science, and the Obligation of Scientists to Promote this Agenda
Authors: Fox Warwick
Published: June 2023

This paper presents an argument that emphasises the following points: (1) the importance of public education; (2) the essential difficulty facing all involved in public education that is aimed at sustaining a biologically and culturally rich world; (3) the recognition of science as having both a technical agenda and an interpretive agenda; (4) the scientific interpretation of the universe: an evolutionary and ecological world-view; and (5) the importance of the interpretive agenda of science for public education and the obligation of scientists to promote this agenda.