bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Areal Diffusion versus Genetic Inheritance: An African Perspective
Authors: Dimmendaal Gerrit J
Published: November 2023

The genetic classification of African languages has a long and partially turbulent history. Whereas our understanding of specific linguistic areas on the continent has improved considerably over the past decades, the increased knowledge in most cases has resulted in comfirmation of hypotheses on their genetic links as formulated by Greenberg (1963). The four major language families according to this classification are Afroasiatic, Khoisan, Niger-Congo, and Nilo-Saharan. Only a few groups have been subject to genetic reclassification over time, as a result of improved documentation.1 The internal classification, on the other hand, and the integrity of larger subgroups as proposed by Greenberg and others, have been subject to extensive debates. In at least one case (discussed below), that of the Kwa and Benue-Congo languages, investigators came to realize that at an earlier stage of their scientific investigation areal diffusion had come to be mixed up with genetic inheritance.
The changing prevalence of autism through history
Authors: Baron-Cohen Simon
Published: November 2023

30 years ago, autism was rare (4 in 10,000). Today it is common (1 in 100)., The categorical view of autism has been replaced by the spectrum view. A direct consequence of this has been to open the clinic door to the ‘milder’ cases of autism spectrum conditions who also needed to be recognized because they were suffering in childhood, and who were either not diagnosed at all, or who were perhaps diagnosed in other ways., It is a welcome development that increased diagnosis, mostly due to better recognition, means more people potentially may now get their special needs met., Although the world is beginning to become more autism-friendly, many individuals and their families continue to suffer through insufficient support.
Other People
Authors: Brennan James , Moynihan Clare
Published: November 2023

In the face of any crisis, it is often the people we know who exert the greatest influence over how we get through it. In fact, it would be no exaggeration to say that every person’s experience of cancer is decisively shaped by the people they know: their family, friends, colleagues, and acquaintances, as well as the people they come to know, such as healthcare staff and other patients. There are also, of course, broader social and economic conditions which affect how people interpret and respond to their illness and these are explored in Chapter 4. But this chapter looks at the contribution of people closest to the patient, what is academically referred to as social support. Social support is critical to how people manage their particular cancer and adjust to its implications.
A Control Theory of the Job Stress Process
Authors: Spector Paul E
Published: November 2023

Control has served a central role in many theories of job stress, as well as other areas of organizational research (Ganster and Fusilier, 1989). It has been implicated as a potential cause of both physical health and psychological well-being (e.g., Evans and Carrere, 1991; Ganster and Fusilier, 1989). A more complex moderator role has also been suggested in the control/ demands model (Karasek, 1979), whereby control buffers the negative effects of job stressors. Although the relation of control with health and well-being has been well established (see Ganster and Fusilier, 1989; Spector, 1986), the moderator role has not received consistent support. Furthermore, in much of the job stress literature, the exact mechanisms by which control affects people has not been completely delineated. It is the purpose of this chapter to help clarify these issues by presenting a model of the job stress process that includes control as a central variable.
Stressors, Innovation, and Personal Initiative
Authors: Fay Doris , Sonnentag Sabine , Frese Michael
Published: November 2023

This chapter will focus on the relationship between stressors, innovation, and personal initiative. Both innovation and initiative are theoretically and practically important concepts. Personal initiative can be conceptualized to be part of the general research area of contextual performance (Organ, 1997), which has received much attention due to .its relevance for organizational effectiveness and improvement of production procedures or services (Frese et al.,1997; Podsak off and Mackenzie, 1997). Likewise, with increasing global competition the pressure to innovate is becoming stronger. Research on stressors has consistently proved their negative effects on health, performance, and satisfaction (Kahn and Byosiere, 1991; Zapf et al., 1996).
The Theory of Preventive Stress Management in Organizations
Authors: Quick Jonathan D , Quick James Campbell , Nelson Debra L
Published: November 2023

The theory of preventive stress management in organizations begins with the translation and integration of concepts from public health and preventive medicine. These concepts are then overlaid on to an organizational stress process framework, from which the theory is derived. This chapter is organized into four major sections addressing specific aspects of the theory of preventive stress management in organizations. The first section describes the theory, beginning with the preventive medicine model. Concepts from this model are superimposed on to the stress process in organizations framework, thus effecting the preventive stress management model. This section also includes two sets of testable hypotheses, which form the core of the theory, and research related to each set of hypotheses. In the second section, diagnostic, prevention, and stress management implications of the theory are discussed, including surveillance indicators added to the original model. The third section presents idiographic research from two organizations: ICI-Zeneca Pharmaceuticals and the United States Air Force. The fourth section discusses the implications of the theory for future research. The conclusion discusses Sisyphus, dynamic self-reliance, and the relationship of theory, beliefs, and observations.
Analysing Studies With Missing Data
Authors: Fairclough Diane L
Published: November 2023

Missing data are inevitable in any longitudinal study; over an extended period of time patients will potentially experience morbidity or mortality due to disease or its treatment. As described in Revicki ‘s chapter (3.2), missing data may be unrelated to the patient ‘s quality of life (QoL) and result from administrative problems such as staff forgetting to give the forms to the patient during a very busy time. Other reasons are directly related to the patient ‘s quality of life, such as the patient being unable to complete the questionnaire because of severe toxicity or death. Because QoL is assessed based on patient report, generally in the form of a multiitem questionnaire, there are two main types of missing data.
Meaningful Differences
Authors: Osoba David , King Madeleine
Published: November 2023

The ultimate goal of health care is to improve, restore or preserve functioning and well-being related to health, that is, health-related quality of life (HRQoL). All health care endeavors, regardless of setting, are aimed directly or indirectly at achieving this goal. Whether immunizing against infectious diseases, screening for cancer, setting a broken bone, rehabilitating muscle strength after surgery, providing curative chemotherapy, or treating pain and dehydration in a palliative care setting, the intention is to restore an individual ‘s previous level of functioning or preserve wellbeing, if restoration to the former level is not possible.
Evaluation of service delivery
Authors: Macdonald Alastair
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I will question the nature of service evaluation in general, review two other approaches to evaluation of service delivery- clinical audit and routine clinical outcomes measurement (RCOM) then describe the latter in detail as it applies to old age psychiatry services. The lessons learnt from the literature and 6 years of RCOM in an old age psychiatry service are described. In every professional group and every specialty there is a minority who do research. Most observers have some idea of what this entails from the bland descriptions in papers. There is a much smaller minority who claim to be able to evaluate services sometimes from outside the specialty.
Oxygen, the breath of life or oxygen, the first toxic oxidizing air pollutant
Authors: Gutteridge John M C , Halliwell Barry
Published: November 2023

The element oxygen (chemical symbol 0) exists in air as a ‘ double’ molecule, two atoms being joined together to give O2 (dioxygen). Oxygen was first isolated and characterized between 1772 and 1774 by the individual skills of three great European scientists— Scheele, Priestley, and Lavoisier. Oxygen appeared in significant amounts in the Earth’s atmosphere some 2.5 × 109 years ago, and geological evidence suggests that this was due to the photosynthetic activity of certain microorganisms, the blue-green algae. As they split water to obtain their essential requirement for hydrogen atoms, blue-greens released tonnes of oxygen into the atmosphere, creating perhaps the worst case of environmental pollution ever recorded on this planet.
An Anthology of Psychiatric Ethics
Authors: Green Stephen A , Bloch Sidney
Published: November 2023

For over two decades, Bloch et al’s Psychiatric Ethics has been the leading text on ethical issues in psychiatry and mental health. This anthology will serve as an invaluable companion volume, providing ready access to foundational writings, previously published articles and excerpts of book chapters of significance to psychiatric ethics.
Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Eckert Thomas , Zgaljardic Dennis , Eidelberg David
Published: November 2023

Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a relatively common neurological disorder with a prevalence rate of 1–3% in people over the age of 65 years. Given the increasing age of our population, it is expected that the prevalence of PD in the general population will rise steadily over time. The clinical syndrome of parkinsonism is characterized by the existence of at least two of the following symptoms: bradykinesia, rigidity, or tremor. Although clinical signs of parkinsonism can be observed in conditions such as multiple system atrophy (MSA), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), as well as medication-induced syndromes, it is most commonly observed in patients with classical PD. Neuropathologically, PD is characterized by neurodegeneration of dopamine-containing neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). However, the onset of parkinsonian symptoms manifests only after histopathologically advanced stages have been reached. In addition to SNc neurodegeneration, another hallmark of postmortem diagnosis in presymptomatic and symptomatic stages of PD is the development of specific eosinophilic inclusion bodies (i.e. Lewy bodies). Lewy bodies contain an aggregated form of the normal presynaptic protein, a-synuclein. The occurrence of Lewy bodies in postmortem investigation is not solely confined to PD, as they are present in other syndromes such as MSA and Hallervorden–Spatz disease. However, the pattern and distribution of Lewy bodies in such syndromes differ from PD.
Cancer biotherapy
Authors: Young Annie , Rowett Lewis , Kerr David
Published: November 2023

Recent advances in biology and immunology have opened up new horizons in both our understanding of cancer as a disease, and the potential for cancer therapy. These major developments mean that chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery are no longer the only options. Biotherapy, or biological therapy, is now regarded as the fourth treatment modality for patients with cancer. It utilises the great increase in our knowledge of molecular biology, cell biology and immunology to achieve tumour control. New biological agents are currently being used to treat cancer, such as monoclonal antibodies and vaccine therapies to stimulate the body's immune system to attack cancer cells. Biotherapy may be targeted to act specifically on cancer cells. Drugs such as monoclonal antibodies can be designed to recognize and find a particular type of cancer cell, attach itself to them, and destroy them. Naturally occuring biological molecules such as cytokines are also used, and the manipulation of normal biological mechanisms to control or inhibit tumour growth is another key feature of biotherapy. Edited by a team with perspectives in pharmacology, oncology and nursing, and with contributions from experts in the various areas of biotherapy, this book serves as an introduction to the subject. It includes the principles behind biological therapy, with discussion of the impact on the future of the fight against cancer. It has a strong clinical focus, describing the relevant biology and immunology while highlighting clinical relevance and treatment issues.
Wealth and Welfare
Authors: Daunton Martin
Published: November 2023

Martin Daunton provides a clear and balanced view of the continuities and changes that occurred in the economic history of Britain from the Great Exhibition of 1851 to the Festival of Britain in 1951. In 1851, Britain was the dominant economic power in an increasingly global economy. The First World War marked a turning point, as globalisation went into reverse and Britain shifted to ‘insular capitalism’. Rather than emphasizing the decline of the British economy, this book stresses modernity and the growth of new patterns of consumption in areas such as the service sector and the leisure industry.
From Welfare to Work? Social Security and Unemployment
Authors: Lundy Laura
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on a dilemma which is as old as welfare itself-how to ensure that the provision of relief by the state docs not remove the incentive for the recipient of assistance to find or retain employment. The New Poor Law provides an illustration of what is perhaps the crudest weapon in the arsenal of measures which might be employed to achieve this objective, that is to make the relief conditional upon institutionalised work.
British Airways: A Turn-Around Anticipating Privatization
Authors: Green Richard , Vogelsang Ingo
Published: November 2023

Privatization has often been advocated as a means of improving the efficiency of state-owned companies. Government ownership is alleged to provide few incentives towards efficiency, compared to the disciplines which private ownership will impose. The large number of profitable privatized companies which had made significant losses under state ownership provides prima-facie evidence for this view. Almost all of them became profitable while they were still in the public sector, however, which makes the link between privatization and efficiency harder to discern. Did the companies become profitable under state ownership independently of the prospect of privatization, which only became possible once they were profitable, or did the prospect of privatization at last give the companies the incentives they needed? British Airways (BA) provides a good example of this puzzle-in 1980/1, the state-owned carrier made an operating loss of £95 million, and was widely regarded as badly overmanned and inefficient.
Competitive Tendering and Efficiency: The Case of Refuse Collection
Authors: Domberger S , Meadowcroft S A , Thompson D J
Published: November 2023

Attempts to promote efficiency in the provision of local authority services through competitive tendering are viewed as a significant element of the Government’s privatization policy. Not surprisingly, those who are opposed to the principle of privatization have been vociferous in their criticisms of the policy, claiming to have uncovered evidence of widespread failure and falling standards among private contractors (TUC 1984).
Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity with Estimates of the Variance of United Kingdom Inflation
Authors: Engle Robert F
Published: November 2023

Traditional econometric models assume a constant one-period forecast variance. To generalize this implausible assumption, a new class of stochastic processes called autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic (ARCH) processes are introduced in this paper. These are mean zero, serially uncorrelated processes with nonconstant variances conditional on the past, but constant unconditional variances. For such processes, the recent past gives information about the one-period fore cast variance. A regression model is then introduced with disturbances following an ARCH process. Maximum likelihood estimators are described and a simple scoring iteration formulated. Ordinary least squares maintains its optimality properties in this set-up, but maximum likelihood is more efficient. The relative efficiency is calculated and can be infinite. To test whether the disturbances follow an ARCH process, the Lagrange multiplier procedure is employed. The test is based simply on the autocorrelation of the squared OLS residuals.
Measuring and Testing the Impact of News on Volatility
Authors: Engle Robert F , Ng Victor K
Published: November 2023

This paper defines the news impact curve which measures how new information is incorporated into volatility estimates. Various new and existing ARCH models including a partially nonparametric one are compared and estimated with daily Japanese stock return data. New diagnostic tests are presented which emphasize the asymmetry of the volatility response to news. Our results suggest that the model by Glosten, Jagannathan, and Runkle is the best parametric model. The EGARCH also can capture most of the asymmetry; however, there is evidence that the variability of the conditional variance implied by the EGARCH is too high.
Stationarity and Persistence in the GARCH(l,1) Model
Authors: Nelson Daniel B
Published: November 2023

This paper establishes necessary and sufficient conditions for the stationarity and ergodicity of the GARCH (l,l) process. As a special case, it is shown that the IGARCH(l,1) process with no drift converges almost surely to zero, while IGARCH(l,1) with a positive drift is strictly stationary and ergodic. We examine the persistence of shocks to conditional variance in the GARCH(l,l) model, and show that whether these shocks ‘persist’ or not depends crucially on the definition of persistence. We also develop necessary and sufficient conditions for the finiteness of absolute moments of any (including fractional) order.
ARCH Models as Diffusion Approximations
Authors: Nelson Daniel B
Published: November 2023

This paper investigates the convergence of stochastic difference equations (e.g. ARCH) to stochastic differential equations as the length of the discrete time intervals between observations goes to zero. These results are applied to the GARCH(l,1) model of Bollerslev (1986) and to the AR(l) Exponential ARCH model of Nelson (1989). In their continuous time limits, the conditional variance processes in these models have stationary distributions that are inverted gamma and lognormal, respectively. In addition, a class of diffusion approximations based on the Exponential ARCH model is developed.
Asset Pricing with a FACTOR-ARCH Covariance Structure: Empirical Estimates for Treasury Bills
Authors: Engle Robert F , Ng, Victor K , Rothschild Michael
Published: November 2023

In this paper we suggest using the FACTOR-ARCH model as a parsimonious structure for the conditional covariance matrix of asset excess returns. This structure allows us to study the dynamic relationship between asset risk premia and volatilities in a multivariate system. One and two FACTOR-ARCH models are successfully applied to pricing of Treasury bills. The results show stability over time, pass a variety of diagnostic tests, and compare favorably with previous empirical findings.
Forecasting Volatility and Option Prices of the S&P 500 Index
Authors: Noh Jaesun , Engle, Robert F , Kane Alex
Published: November 2023

Models using implied volatility derived from observed option prices are commonly employed to forecast future option prices. The ARCH model proposed by Engle, however, models the dynamic behavior in volatility, forecasting future volatility using only an asset’s return series. We assess the performance of these two volatility prediction models for S&P 500 index options over the April 1986 to December 1991 period.
Implied ARCH Models from Options Prices
Authors: Engle Robert F , Mustafa Chowdhury
Published: November 2023

This paper estimates the implied stochastic process of the volatility of an asset from the prices of options written on the asset. The Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model is used to parameterize the process. Then the GARCH model implied by the option market is estimated by a generalized simulation minimization method from option price data. The persistence of volatility shocks implied by options on the Standard & Poor’s 500 is found to be similar to that estimated from historical data on the index itself. However, the implied persistence after the meltdown in 19 October 1987 was much weaker. We use post 19 October 1987 data on the cash-market prices to verify the correctness of the option-markets’ use of the less persistent model. The measurement, ex ante, of volatility of financial asset returns is extremely important to almost all participants in the market. There are two commonly used methods of measurement. The first, or direct, method is to compute from the data on market returns some statistic, such as the standard deviation, and from it make inferences about the future volatility. The second, or indirect, method is to use the market prices of contingent claims to back out the implied volatility. Here the task is to use the theoretical pricing function, relating the price of a contingent claim to the volatility of the underlying asset, and solve it for the implied volatility given by the market price of the derivative asset.
Innovation in Public Service Delivery
Authors: Taylor John , Bellamy Christine , Raab Charles , Dutton William H , Peltu Malcolm
Published: November 2023

The public sector led many private enterprises during the 1960s in the use of computers for supporting basic administrative functions, including management information systems, payroll processing, and accounting applications. Subsequently, governments have tended to fall behind private industry, particularly in Electronic Service Delivery (ESD) systems that give direct access to information and services—a situation captured in a comment from the US Vice President Al Gore (1993d): ‘When it comes to information technology, horror stories abound in both the public and private sectors. In some cases, the federal government is woefully behind the times, unable to use even the most basic technology to conduct its business.
Researching MIS
Authors: Lee Allen s.
Published: November 2023

An answer to the question, ‘What constitutes “researching MIS”?,’ depends on what we mean by ‘MIS’ in the first place. And what we mean by ‘MIS’ is, in turn, a non-trivial matter because its empirical referent is itself always in a state of change. MIS begins where computer science ends (Lee, 1991a). Computer scientists deserve accolades for developing and delivering ever more advanced forms of information technology: hardware technology; software techno logy; and network technology.
Research on Information Systems Development in Scandinavia Unity in Plurality
Authors: Checkland Peter
Published: November 2023

Scandinavia has had disproportionate significance in the evolution of in formation systems (IS) as an academic discipline. One characteristic of the ‘Scandinavian’ IS development (ISD) approaches is a surprising plurality in theories, research approaches, topics, and outcomes which is unparalleled by any area of similar size and population. This chapter reviews and compares eight ISD approaches, which in one way or another can be regarded as ‘Scandinavian’ due to their origin, approach, or scope, and summarises their major contributions.
Strategy-Making in the Information Age
Authors: Earl Michael J
Published: November 2023

Most scholars might agree that we are by now well on our way through the transition from an industrial economy to an information economy. The convergence of computing, telecommunications, and software is not only enabling new forms of competition and organisation to evolve, but the digital convergence of various states of information-data, text, voice, graphics, audio, and video-is also spawning new business opportunities and new ways of communicating. Only the most reclusive Luddite could argue that business and economic activity today is untouched by information technology.
The Cultural Context of Information Management
Authors: Tricker Robert I
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we consider some of the diverse fields and alternative perceptual viewpoints that are embraced by the notion of MIS and add the cultural dimension. Three principal arguments are advanced. First, that what is needed is not so much a unifying theory or framework for MIS, but answers to some fundamental questions. This is not the time for testable hypotheses and a pervasive scientific paradigm, it is argued, but for perceptual pluralism which can offer relevant insights, knowledge, and experience. Second, the study of management information systems has become the study of information management. The successful application of IT is less of a challenge than the effective use of information.
The Management of Technological Innovation
Authors: Dodgson Mark
Published: November 2023

The Management of Technological Innovation (MTI) is one of the most important challenges facing contemporary businesses. With technological innovation becoming the fundamental driver of competitiveness for firms in a variety of business sectors, it is essential that the tools and techniques, and the strategies of MTI are well understood. This book analyses the management of technological innovation by focusing both on the specific and general tasks that managers need to perform. It examines the specific issues of managing new product development, and operations and production management. It also considers the general issues of managing the complexity and systemic nature of technology, and the knowledge and learning needed in innovative firms. It argues that detailed attention needs to be paid to the broad contextual changes occurring in industry, management, and the innovation process, and to the continuing and profound changes brought about by globalization. Mark Dodgson uses a variety of forms of analysis ranging from simple tools and techniques to theoretical models. Throughout the book a number of case studies are used to illustrate key themes, and a series of 'brief notes' are used to analyse particular issues. This very contemporary text will be an important resource for academics, students, and managers throughout the world.
A Resource-Based View of the Firm
Authors: Wernerfelt Birger
Published: November 2023

For the firm, resources and products are two sides of the same coin. Most products require the services of several resources and most resources can be used in several products. By specifying the size of the firm’s activity in different product markets, it is possible to infer the minimum necessary resource commitments. Conversely, by specifying a resource profile for a firm, it is possible to find the optimal product-market activities.
Strategic Factor Markets: Expectations, Luck, and Business Strategy
Authors: Barney Jay B
Published: November 2023

Research on corporate growth through acquisitions and mergers suggests the existence of markets for buying and selling companies (Porter 1980, p. 350; Schall 1972; Mossin 1973; Copeland and Weston 1979). Most empirical evidence seems to suggest that these markets are reasonably competitive. That is, the price an acquiring firm will generally have to pay to acquire a firm in these markets is approximately equal to the discounted present value of the acquired firm (Mandelkar 1974; Halpern 1973; Ellert 1976). Indeed, if above normal returns accrue to anyone in markets for companies, research seems to suggest that they will most likely go to the stockholders of the acquired, rather than the acquiring firms (Porter 1980, p. 352; Ellert 1976).
The Core Competence of the Corporation
Authors: Prahalad C K , Hamel Gary
Published: November 2023

The most powerful way to prevail in global competition is still invisible to many companies. During the 1980s, top executives were judged on their ability to restructure, declutter and delayer their corporations. In the 1990s, they’ll be judged on their ability to identify; cultivate, and exploit the core competencies that make growth possible-indeed, they’ll have to rethink the concept of the corporation itself.
Resources and Strategy: Problems, Open Issues, and Ways Ahead
Authors: Foss Nicolai J
Published: November 2023

In the introductory chapter to this Reader, I claimed-following Montgomery (1995)-that the emergence of the resource-based perspective (RBP) warrants optimism on behalf of the strategy field in both the practical as well as the academic dimension. This claim may be supported by pointing to a number of circumstances.
Leadership, Membership, Organization
Authors: Stogdill R M
Published: November 2023

The present paper is concerned with a point of view regarding the relation of leadership to group organization. It represents one attempt within the Ohio State Leadership Studies staff to clarify and systematize certain aspects of the leadership problem. Such clarification appears to be necessary as a preliminary step towards the development of an integrated programme of research on leadership problems in formal organizations. The pioneering work of Lewin (1940), Moreno (1934), and their followers has resulted in marked progress in the development of methods for studying leadership as a phenomenon of groups. However, comparable progress remains to be made in the development of methods for the study of leadership as an aspect of organization. Several factors appear to have operated as barriers to the development of scientific theory and method in this area. One is the lack of an adequate definition of leadership. A second is the fact that, in much of the literature on leadership, the terms ‘group ‘ and ‘organization ‘ are used interchangeably or are defined in exactly the same terms. A third derives from two opposed theoretical approaches represented, on the one hand, by those theories of organization in which the leader is conceived as a symbol of authority or as an embodiment of superior personal traits, and, on the other hand, by a type of group-oriented theory in which leadership appears to be regarded as a manifestation of social pathology.
Situational Control and a Dynamic Theory of Leadership
Authors: Fiedler Fred E
Published: November 2023

Although empirical studies of leadership behaviour and performance became a serious concern of social scientists some fifty years ago, we are just now beginning to understand the structure of the leader-situation interaction and the dynamics of the leadership process. By dynamics, we mean here how the leader and organization interact, and how group performance is affected by a change in the leader ‘s personality or experience, or by the changes in the organization which occur almost continuously in the course of time. An insight into these interactions is essential if we are more fully to understand and improve organizational performance. This study presents an integration of some key concepts which may enable us to develop a dynamic theory of leadership that takes into account the ever changing leader-organization interaction.
Organizing, Leadership, and Skilful Process
Authors: Hosking Dian Marie
Published: November 2023

The terms ‘leader ‘ and ‘leadership ‘ are much used, but poorly understood; there is little agreement on their proper meaning, whilst at the same time, many-if not most-expect leadership to be of significance in relation to group and organizational performance. In the pages that follow, definitions of these terms will be developed in ways which permit a truly social-psychological perspective. A model is outlined in which the concepts of leadership and organization are integrated using the concept of skill. The model is intended to be sensitizing, to facilitate the appreciation and analysis of leadership and organization whenever, wherever, and however they appear.
Science–Industry Links and the Labour Markets for Ph.D.s
Authors: Lanciano-Morandat Caroline , Nohara Hiroatsu
Published: November 2023

In order to How between academia and industry, knowledge and competences must tÅ on a tangible form: scientific articles, data, patents, technical objects, computer programs, trainees, engineers, post-docs, etc. Although it is the task of the scientific community to formalize or codify knowledge (David and Foray 1995), some knowledge remains tacit: a part of the new knowledge generated remains embodied in human actors in the form of competences. Since knowledge is fundamentally ‘sticky’ (von Hippel 1988) and tacit knowledge is context-dependent, it cannot easily be separated from the contexts or individuals that generated it.
Linguistic Side Effects
Authors: Shan Chung-Chieh
Published: November 2023

This paper relates cases of apparent non-compositionality in natural languages to those in programming languages. It is shaped like an hourglass: I begin in §4.1 with an approach to the syntax–semantics interface that helps us build compositional semantic theories. That approach is to draw an analogy between computational side effects in programming languages and what I term by analogy linguistic side effects in natural languages.
The Non-Concealed Nature of Free Relatives: Implications for Connectivity in Specificational Sentences
Authors: Caponigro Ivano , Heller Daphna
Published: November 2023

Connectivity is the name for the effect that elements within the pre-and the post-copular phrases in specificational sentences behave as if they were in a c-command configuration, although they are not. This effect is found with a range of syntactic and semantic phenomena, which are therefore referred to as connectivity effects. Examples of connectivity effects are the distribution of anaphors and negative polarity items, the availability of opaque readings and binding relations, and Case and agreement markings. The existence of these effects poses a real challenge to direct compositionality, because a direct compositional analysis of connectivity requires abandoning well-established analyses of these phenomena that are all based on c-command and instead developing new analyses that do not rely on such a notion.
Connectivity in a Unified Analysis of Specificational Subjects and Concealed Questions
Authors: Romero Maribel
Published: November 2023

Connectivity, found in a number of constructions involving typically a trace of movement or gap, is the effect by which a constituent behaves grammatically as if it occupied not its surface position but the position of the gap. The phenomenon is central to the debate between defendants of Direct Compositionality—where the semantics is read off the “visible”, surface syntax—and the defendants of the so-called Logical Form (LF)— according to which semantics is computed on an abstract syntactic representation, LF, obtained after applying some transformations to the surface syntax.
Two Reconstruction Puzzles
Authors: Sharvit Yael
Published: November 2023

This paper is concerned with the “low” reading of (1) (which has a superlative relative clause) and the “low” reading of (2) (a which-interrogative). The longest book John said Tolstoy had written was Anna Karenina.
Role of cognitive simulations in healthcare
Authors: Satish Usha , Krishnamurthy Satish
Published: November 2023

“High-quality learning is impossible in the absence of high-quality patient care; likewise, high-quality patient care is impossible without high-quality learning. Attention to both is needed.” Leach and Philibret, 2006. A number of constituencies are becoming increasingly interested in measuring the performance of physicians in their day-to-day clinical practices, especially since the Institute of Medicine’s report suggested that the quality of care may often be less than optimal(1). Purchasers of healthcare services, for instance, are concerned about the effects of suboptimal care on workforce productivity, and seek to maximize the quality of care provided. Consumers of care also want to be able to identify high-quality physicians and institutions but lack the effective means to do so. Although some groups have measured and reported quality of care for individual medical groups and physicians, these efforts have been limited(2). Both patients and healthcare purchasers desire more effective means of identifying excellent clinicians, and a number of organizations have begun discussing and implementing plans for assessing the performance of individual clinicians and the settings in which they choose to practice.
Grammars in Contact A Cross-Linguistic Perspective
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y
Published: November 2023

Languages can resemble each other in categories, constructions, and meanings, and in the actual forms used to express them.1 Categories can be similar because they are universal—for instance, every language has some way of asking a question or framing a command. Occasionally, two languages share a form by pure coincidence. In both Dyirbal, an Australian language from North Queensland, and Jarawara, an Arawa´ language from Southern Amazonia, bari means ‘axe’. Both Goemai (Angas-Goemai subgroup of Chadic, Afroasiatic: Birgit Hellwig, p.c.) and Manambu (Ndu family, New Guinea) happen to use a:s for ‘dog’. Similarities due to universal properties of a language are of interest for universal grammar, while chance coincidences are no more than curious facts. What these two kinds of similarities have in common is that they tell us nothing about the history of languages or their speakers. In this volume we focus on two other types of similarities: those due to genetic inheritance and those due to areal contact.
William Shakespeare
Authors: Holland Peter
Published: November 2023

Classical mechanics, one of the oldest branches of science, has undergone a long evolution, developing hand in hand with many areas of mathematics, including calculus, differential geometry, and the theory of Lie groups and Lie algebras. The modern formulations of Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics, in the coordinate-free language of differential geometry, are elegant and general. They provide a unifying framework for many seemingly disparate physical systems, such as n-particle systems, rigid bodies, fluids and other continua, and electromagnetic and quantum systems. Geometric Mechanics and Symmetry is a friendly and fast-paced introduction to the geometric approach to classical mechanics, suitable for a one-or two-semester course for beginning graduate students or advanced undergraduates. It fills a gap between traditional classical mechanics texts and advanced modern mathematical treatments of the subject. After a summary of the necessary elements of calculus on smooth manifolds and basic Lie group theory, the main body of the text considers how symmetry reduction of Hamilton’s principle allows one to derive and analyze the Euler-Poincaré equations for dynamics on Lie groups. Additional topics deal with rigid and pseudo-rigid bodies, the heavy top, shallow water waves, geophysical fluid dynamics and computational anatomy. The text ends with a discussion of the semidirect-product Euler-Poincaré reduction theorem for ideal fluid dynamics. A variety of examples and figures illustrate the material, while the many exercises, both solved and unsolved, make the book a valuable class text.
Introduction
Authors: Nikolaeva Irina
Published: November 2023

The notion of finiteness originates in the grammatical tradition of late antiquity. The term ‘finite’ adopted in European linguistics goes back to the Latin finitus, the perfective participle of the verb finio ‘ finish, limit, set bounds to, determine’. One of the meanings of finitus is ‘de finite’ or ‘deter- mined’ in the sense ‘referring to a particular person’ (Sauter et al. 1968: 705). The term was first applied to personal pronouns (pronomina finita ) and then to verbs expressing person and number. The system of verbal forms was accordingly divided into two classes: verba finita, i.e. forms de fined or determined by person and number, and verba in finita, i.e. personally undetermined forms.
Finiteness in non-transformational syntactic frameworks
Authors: Sells Peter
Published: November 2023

I will discuss some aspects of the treatment of finiteness in its various facets given in (1) in the non-transformational theories of Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) and Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG).1 Due to the way that syntactic information is represented in these approaches, it can be stated at the outset that finiteness is considered to really be a property of a clause. From this starting point, my purpose here is to show what other aspects of clausal structure or interpretation may express or interact with finiteness.
Constructional Economy and nonfinite independent clauses
Authors: Nikolaeva Irina
Published: November 2023

As nonfiniteness is commonly thought to correlate with the dependent status of the clause, most research on finiteness has concentrated on subordination. Some studies explicitly claim that a main/independent clause must be finite (Hornstein 1990: 146) and/or that the major function of nonfiniteness is signalling syntactic and semantic embedding (Givón 1990; Anderson 1997; 2001: 9; Cristofaro, Chapter 4 above). Yet it is also known that certain independent clauses exhibit reduction in tense/agreement morphology and the absence of a prototypical subject, both of which are crucially implicated in ensuring nonfiniteness.
Integrating Experiential Learning Through ‘Live’ Projects A Psychodynamic Account
Authors: Hyde Paula
Published: November 2023

Recent critiques of management education programmes have suggested that they are failing to develop appropriate technical and personal skills in their graduates, thus failing to prepare them for organizational life (Mintzberg 2004; Gabriel 2005; Whitley 1984). It has been suggested that radical changes are needed to programme content and modes of delivery to address these criticisms and to better prepare management graduates of the future. Whilst this view is not held universally, several writers have suggested means by which students may be better prepared.
Duties to Fulfill the Human Rights of the Poor
Authors: Gewirth Alan
Published: November 2023

Many human beings still live in conditions of severe poverty, with insufficient and uncertain access to food, water, clothing, shelter, basic health care, and elementary education. What may they expect from those better off ? Few would deny that the more affuent should do something to help the poor. But most well-to-do persons understand this ‘should’ in a weak sense. They see such aid as beyond the call of duty, as supererogatory or, at best, as provided pursuant to an ‘imperfect duty’ of charity, humanity, or solidarity, which leaves it to donors’ discretion as to how much they give and to whom.
Enforcing Economic and Social Human Rights
Authors: Guariglia Osvaldo
Published: November 2023

The various international covenants and declarations on human rights include two kinds of rights, which are usually described as ‘civil and political rights’, on one hand, and ‘economic and social rights’, on the other. Typical of the former is the statement in Article 3 of the UDHR, which asserts ‘Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person’. An example of the latter is Article 25, according to which, ‘Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well being of himself and of his family, including, food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age, etc.’ (see also Article 11 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights).
Contours of the World Economy, 1–2030 AD
Authors: Maddison Angus
Published: November 2023

This book seeks to identify the forces which explain how and why some parts of the world have grown rich and others have lagged behind. Encompassing 2000 years of history, part 1 begins with the Roman Empire and explores the key factors that have influenced economic development in Africa, Asia, the Americas and Europe. Part 2 covers the development of macroeconomic tools of analysis from the 17th century to the present. Part 3 looks to the future and considers what the shape of the world economy might be in 2030. Combining both the close quantitative analysis for which Professor Maddison is famous with a more qualitative approach that takes into account the complexity of the forces at work, this book provides students and all interested readers with a totally fascinating overview of world economic history. Professor Maddison has the unique ability to synthesise vast amounts of information into a clear narrative flow that entertains as well as informs, making this text an invaluable resource for all students and scholars, and anyone interested in trying to understand why some parts of the World are so much richer than others.
Political arithmeticians and historical demographers: the pioneers of macro-measurement
Authors: Maddison Angus
Published: November 2023

Macro-economic analysis began with William Petty’s aggregate accounts of property and labour income, population, labour input, and capital stock for England and Wales in Verbum Sapienti (1665). Petty (1623–87) had an incredible range of activities—intellectual entrepreneur, physician, social engineer, inventor, confidante of kings, pioneer of macro-economic measurement—an exemplar of a new kind of cosmopolitan western intellectual, one of the finest examples of the English enlightenment.
The world economy in 2030
Authors: Maddison Angus
Published: November 2023

Futurology is a more speculative business than history. Hard evidence is lacking and we have to project trends from the past which seem plausible but may well be reversed by unforeseeable events. However, there has been such a striking divergence in the pace and pattern of growth in different regions of the world in the past 30 years, that it is worth considering the changes which seem likely in the next quarter century. I have therefore constructed a scenario showing the likely structure of the world economy in 2030.
Facilitating Innovation through the Measurement and Management of Intangibles
Authors: Hendry Chris , Selim Georges , Citron David , Holtham Clive , Brown James , Holden Jo , Courtney Nigel , Oehlcke Fatma
Published: November 2023

It is widely accepted today that growth in the economy is driven primarily by the ability of companies to exploit their intangible assets, meaning their non-physical and non-financial resources. Teece (1998) attributes this shift to increased liberalization and the efficiency of product markets, which have eliminated many traditional advantages that contribute to and focus on cost leadership. Because physical assets, such as advanced technology, can be readily traded and modern communications and transportation have reduced the advantages of such assets as location, firms are forced to create advantage from their ‘difficult to imitate intangible assets’ (Barney 1991)—that is, from their people, how they are organized, and how they work together.