bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Possibility of the regression of atherosclerosis through the prevention of endothelial senescence by the regulation of nitric oxide and free radical scavengers
Authors: Hayashi Toshio , Iguchi Akihisa
Published: January 2010

In the elderly, atherosclerotic diseases such as stroke and myocardial infarction occupy a major part of their causes of death and care. The elderly always have atherosclerosis in their aorta and other arteries and are exposed to risk of attacks. It is the elderly who should receive its safe, harmless and advanced treatment. Advanced stage of atherosclerosis in the elderly is progressed by complicated risk factors such as dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus and specific risk factors for the elderly, aging (and menopause). Treatment of atherosclerotic disease may need special ones targeted for the elderly. Recent studies reported that frequencies of dyslipidemia were not decreased in the older oldest. In the elderly, impaired glucose tolerance occurrs and it progresses atherosclerosis. Endothelial dysfunction like impairment of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability also progresses atherosclerosis. Although we tried to regress the high cholesterol diet‐induced atherosclerosis in rabbit aorta with a normal diet with or without statin, regression could not be achieved. NO targeting gene therapy (adenovirus endothelial nitric oxide synthase [eNOS] gene vector) regressed 20% of atherosclerotic lesions through reduction of lipid contents, however, a more integrated strategy is important for complete regression. We paid attention to NO bioavailability and developed two ways of increasing it in atherosclerosis: citrulline therapy and arginase II inhibition by estrogen. Further, we found a close relation between atherosclerosis and endothelial senescence and that NO can prevent it, especially in a diabetic model. Taken together, regression of atherosclerosis can be achieved by not only regulation of various risk factors but regulation of the cross‐talk of NO and free radicals.
Evaluation of local fatigue strength in spot weld by small specimen
Authors: NAKAYAMA E. , FUKUMOTO M. , MIYAHARA M. , OKAMURA K. , FUJIMOTO H. , FUKUI K. , KITAMURA T.
Published: January 2010

It has been reported that high strength steel sheet cannot improve fatigue strength of components with a spot weld. The purpose of this study is to discuss the dominant factors on the fatigue strength of spot weld in order to clarify the reasons. A new fatigue testing technique is developed for a small specimen with a total length of less than 3 mm, and the local fatigue strength of heat‐affected zone (HAZ), which is the crack initiation site in the joint, in a mild steel sheet (270MPa‐grade) and a high strength steel sheet (590MPa‐grade) are evaluated by this technique. The fatigue strength of HAZ is almost equal in both steels although the tensile strength of the 590MPa steel is higher than that of the mild steel. The stress in the tensile‐shear spot‐welded joint under cyclic loading and the residual stress by the spot‐welding are evaluated by finite element analyses. The residual stress is tensile in both steels. However, the plastic deformation takes place in the joint of the mild steel and this releases the residual stress. On the other hand, the stress in the 590MPa steel is elastic and the residual stress decreases the allowable alternating stress. The stress under the condition of the experimental fatigue limit of the joint considering the residual stress coincides well with the fatigue limit diagram of HAZ, which means that the fatigue limit of the joint is determined by the fatigue limit of HAZ and the residual stress.
TIVA, TCI, and pediatrics: where are we and where are we going?
Authors: LERMAN JERROLD
Published: January 2010

The current role of TIVA in children is limited because of hardware limitations, and pharmacokinetic and monitoring issues. Nonetheless, the role of TIVA in children has been increasing in the past decade, in part because of surgical and medical indications. If TIVA is to become more widely used, it must be easy and simple to set up, without serious drawbacks and without added risks. Currently, many drugs destined for use with TIVA in children are off‐label, and their pharmacology is poorly understood. Such off‐label designations must be resolved if TIVA is to become more widely used. At the same time, many institutions have a limited number of infusion pumps, which creates a serious bottleneck and restriction on the use of TIVA.. If a true TIVA technique is used, i.v. access must be established before induction of anesthesia, which will require a means to establish i.v. access painlessly, e.g., using a topical local anesthetic. This is not a common practice in a number of jurisdictions but must be introduced if TIVA is to expand in its scope in children. Currently, I believe that we deliver a ‘partial’ TIVA technique in which TIVA occasionally follows an inhalational induction but in the future when the current obstacles have been resolved, I believe that we will be able practice a true TIVA technique ubiquitously in children.
Lymph node dissection during robotic‐assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy: comparison of lymph node yield and clinical outcomes when including common iliac nodes with standard template dissection
Authors: Katz Darren J. , Yee David S. , Godoy Guilherme , Nogueira Lucas , Chong Kian Tai , Coleman Jonathan A.
Published: January 2010

Study Type – Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4

OBJECTIVE

To compare the perioperative outcomes of standard pelvic to full‐template lymph node (LN) dissection (LND) during robotic‐assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The study included 94 patients undergoing RALP with LND between January 2007 and August 2008, by one surgeon. In February 2008 the LND template was modified to include common iliac and medial hypogastric LNs. Clinical and pathological patient characteristics were analysed, including total number of retrieved and positive LNs in each area of dissection, operative duration and complications.

RESULTS

Of the 94 patients, 62 underwent standard LND (group 1) and 32 underwent full‐template pelvic LND (group 2). The median (mean) number of LNs retrieved in groups 1 and 2 were 12 (13.3) and 17.5 (21.4), respectively. Of the five patients with positive LNs (5%), four were in group 2 (13%); two of these patients had positive LNs in the common iliac dissection, and for one of these patients it was the sole site of involvement. Deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism or transient neuropraxia occurred in six patients (five in group 1 and one in group 2). The median additional operative time for resection of common and internal LNs was 25 min.

CONCLUSIONS

LN yield increased and additional sites of LN metastases were identified during full‐template pelvic LND during RALP. This modification was not associated with an increased rate of complications. Derived benefits of including additional nodal dissection and the effect on staging accuracy remain to be determined.
Long‐term oncological outcome after post‐chemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection in men with metastatic nonseminomatous germ cell tumour
Authors: Fléchon Aude , Tavernier Emmanuelle , Boyle Helen , Meeus Pierre , Rivoire Michel , Droz Jean‐Pierre
Published: January 2010

Study Type – Prognosis (case series) Level of Evidence 4

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether conformity to standard recommendations of retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) after chemotherapy for testicular and primary retroperitoneal nonseminomatous germ cell tumours (NSGCT) and completeness of surgical excision have an effect on oncological outcome.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

This was a retrospective study of patients with testicular and primary retroperitoneal NSGCT, with initial involvement of RPLNs, treated between June 1992 and December 2002 in one institution. We reviewed the clinical, surgical and histological charts of 151 such patients who had a RPLND after first‐line platinum‐based chemotherapy. The recommendations used to define conformity to RPLND standards were: the indication based on initial and residual lymph node size, shrinkage, extension of dissection and completeness of resection.

RESULTS

RPLND conformed to standard recommendations in 70 of the 151 (46%) patients. Conformity was complete for the surgeon who operated on 48 patients and was 26% of the others. Fifteen patients (10%) relapsed in the retroperitoneum, 14 of whom had initial lymph nodes of ≥5 cm. Two patients (3%) relapsed in the group of 70 patients with conformed and complete RPLND, vs 13 (16%) in the 81 with conformed but incomplete resection or with non‐conformed and complete or incomplete RPLND. After a median (range) follow‐up of 77 (1.3–186.5) months 132 patients were alive with no evidence of disease, 18 died and one was alive with progressive disease. The limitations of this study were the relatively few patients and that it was retrospective.

CONCLUSION

There was conformity of RLNPD to the recommendations, and completeness of resection, in half of the patients operated; this might have an effect on oncological outcome. Our data suggest that patients should be treated in tertiary centres.
Levels of evidence ratings in the urological literature: an assessment of interobserver agreement
Authors: Turpen Ryan M. , Fesperman Susan F. , Sultan Shahnaz , Borawski Kristy M. , Norris Regina D. , Klink Joseph , Sur Roger L. , Breau Rodney H. , Krupski Tracey L. , Dahm Philipp
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE

To determine to what extent urologists with no specific training agree upon level of evidence (LoE) ratings of studies published in the urological literature, as LoE are commonly referenced as a measure of evidence quality.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In all, 86 clinical research studies published in four major urology journals were reviewed. Each article was independently reviewed by eight reviewers using a standardized data abstraction form. Articles were assessed for type of study (therapy, prognosis, diagnosis or economic) and LoE (I, II, III or IV). Reviewers received only written instructions and no formal training in the application of this classification system.

RESULTS

Of the 86 articles, 69% related to therapy, 16% to prognosis, and 15% to diagnosis. Eight studies (9%) provided Level I evidence, 18 studies (21%) Level II, 14 studies (16%) Level III and 46 studies (54%) Level IV evidence. The intraclass correlation coefficient (95% confidence interval) based on all reviewers (eight reviewers) was 0.67 (0.59–0.74; P= 0.001) for the type of study and 0.55 (0.48–0.64; P= 0.001) for the LoE. In an analysis limited to a subset of studies in which all reviewers agreed upon the type of study question (n= 40) the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.79 (0.70–0.86; P= 0.001).

CONCLUSION

In the present study there was a low interobserver agreement for LoE ratings by urologists with no specific training. These findings suggest caution in the interpretation of LoE ratings and emphasize the importance of specific training for individuals that are charged with quality of evidence determinations.
Organ‐preserving neodymium‐yttrium‐aluminium‐garnet laser therapy for penile carcinoma: a long‐term follow‐up
Authors: Schlenker Boris , Tilki Derya , Seitz Michael , Bader Markus J. , Reich Oliver , Schneede Peter , Hungerhuber Edwin , Stief Christian G. , Gratzke Christian
Published: January 2010

Study Type – Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4

OBJECTIVE

To retrospectively analyse the long‐term follow‐up of 54 patients treated with organ‐preserving laser therapy for penile carcinoma, as such therapy provides excellent cosmetic and functional results, but recurrence rates are high, which might impair the oncological outcome and worsen tumour‐related survival.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Between 1979 and 2008, 54 patients with penile carcinoma were treated with the neodymium‐doped yttrium‐aluminium‐garnet (Nd:YAG) laser at our institution; 11 were classified as having carcinoma in situ (Tis), 39 as T1 and four as T2.

RESULTS

There was local recurrence in 16 patients (42%); the mean (range) time to local recurrence was 53 (9–132) months. In half the patients the time to local recurrence was >53 months, with the latest recurrence at 132 months after initial therapy of primary tumour. There was no statistically significant difference in recurrence rates with Tis or invasive penile carcinoma. In lymph‐node‐negative patients at initial presentation, there were no newly developed positive lymph nodes during the follow‐up.

CONCLUSIONS

Organ‐preserving laser therapy showed a relatively high recurrence rate in patients with a long‐term follow up, but the oncological outcome and survival were not compromised by local recurrence. Therefore, laser therapy appears to be appropriate for treating premalignant lesions and early stages of penile carcinoma. Patients should be informed about the potential for late recurrence.
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 expression status provides independent prognostic information in patients with urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder
Authors: Bolenz Christian , Shariat Shahrokh F. , Karakiewicz Pierre I. , Ashfaq Raheela , Ho Richard , Sagalowsky Arthur I. , Lotan Yair
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE

To test whether the expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER‐2) is of prognostic value in a contemporary cohort of patients with urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder (UCB).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Tissue microarrays of 198 patients were constructed and immunohistochemical stainings were performed on the primary tumours and on lymphatic nodal metastases. All patients were treated with radical cystectomy (RC) and regional lymphadenectomy for UCB. HER‐2 expression was assessed using continuous HER‐2 expression scores (ranging from 0.1 to 3.9) generated using an automated cellular imaging system. Scores of ≥1.0 in at least 10% of tumour cells were regarded as HER‐2 positive. We correlated HER‐2 scores with pathological and clinical variables, including disease recurrence and cancer‐specific mortality.

RESULTS

Of 198 patients undergoing RC with lymphadenectomy, there was HER‐2 positivity in 55 primary tumours (27.8%) compared with 44.2% of the evaluable positive lymph nodes (P < 0.001). HER‐2 positivity was significantly associated with the presence of lymphovascular invasion (LVI; P= 0.026). With a median (range) follow‐up of 35.4 (1.3–176.1) months, 101 patients (51.0%) had UCB recurrence and 82 patients (41.4%) died from the disease. In multivariable analyses that adjusted for the effects of pathological tumour stage, grade, LVI, lymph node metastasis and adjuvant chemotherapy, HER‐2 positive patients were at increased risk for both UCB recurrence (hazard ratio [HR] 1.955, P= 0.003) and UCB‐specific mortality (HR 2.066, P= 0.004) compared with patients with negative HER‐2 expression.

CONCLUSION

A positive HER‐2 status is associated with aggressive UCB and provides independent prognostic information for UCB recurrence and mortality. Assessment of HER‐2 status can be used to identify patients at high risk of disease progression who may benefit from adjuvant HER‐2‐targeted mono‐ or combined therapy after RC.
[18F]‐fluorocholine positron‐emission/computed tomography for lymph node staging of patients with prostate cancer: preliminary results of a prospective study
Authors: Poulsen Mads H. , Bouchelouche Kirsten , Gerke Oke , Petersen Henrik , Svolgaard Birgitte , Marcussen Niels , Svolgaard Niels , Ögren Mattias , Vach Werner , Høilund‐Carlsen Poul F. , Geertsen Ulla , Walter Steen
Published: January 2010

Study Type – Diagnostic (case series) Level of Evidence 4

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate prospectively [18F]‐fluorocholine positron‐emission/computed tomography (FCH PET/CT) for lymph node staging of prostate cancer before intended curative therapy, and to determine whether imaging 15 or 60 min after radiotracer injection is preferable.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In all, 25 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer (Gleason score >6, and/or a prostate‐specific antigen level of >10 ng/mL, and/or T3 cancer) were scanned before lymphadenectomy. Each patient was assessed twice with imaging, at 15 and 60 min after the injection with FCH. Images were compared with the results of histopathological examination of the surgically removed lymph nodes. Maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax) at 15 and 60 min were also compared.

RESULTS

Histopathologically, metastases were present in removed lymph nodes from three patients. FCH PET/CT showed a high radiotracer uptake in four patients, the former three and a fourth. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of FCH PET/CT for patient based lymph node staging of prostate cancer were 100%, 95%, 75% and 100%, respectively; the corresponding 95% confidence intervals were 29.2–100%, 77.2–99.9%, 19.4–99.4% and 83.9–100%, respectively. Values of SUVmax at early and late imaging were not significantly different.

CONCLUSIONS

This small series supports the use of FCH PET/CT as a tool for lymph node staging of patients with prostate cancer. Values of SUVmax at early and late imaging did not differ. However, larger prospective studies are needed to validate these findings.
‘Hearts on their sleeves’: the use of systemic biofeedback in school settings
Authors: McHugh Brenda , Dawson Neil , Scrafton Anthony , Asen Eia
Published: January 2010

This article describes how a biofeedback device is used to ‘externalize’ internal physiological states. Heart rate monitors, emitting audible signals when a specific threshold is reached, are fitted to children and members of the family. This can help all those present to make connections between problematic behaviours and internal states of emotional/physical arousal. Devices may be worn for up to twenty‐four hours and computer graph printouts of fluctuating heart rates can assist in contextualizing problematic interactions, particularly if other family members are also fitted with heart rate monitors. In this way biofeedback becomes ‘systemic’ as people are alerted to the interconnectedness of each others’ states. Participants are not only helped to identify stressors leading to heightened states of emotional arousal and resulting ‘out‐of‐control’ behaviours, but also to find ways of employing (self‐)calming strategies. This article outlines the application of systemic biofeedback in school settings with children at risk of exclusion. With the help of these biofeedback devices pupils begin to manage themselves in situations which would previously have resulted in stressed, angry or violent behaviours.
Targeting expression of a fungal ferulic acid esterase to the apoplast, endoplasmic reticulum or golgi can disrupt feruloylation of the growing cell wall and increase the biodegradability of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea)
Authors: Buanafina Marcia M. de O. , Langdon Tim , Hauck Barbara , Dalton Sue , Timms‐Taravella Emma , Morris Phillip
Published: January 2010

In the cell walls of grasses, ferulic acid is esterified to arabinoxylans and undergoes oxidative reactions to form ferulates dimers, trimers and oligomers. Feruloylation of arabinoxylan is considered important not only because it leads to cross‐linked xylans but also because ferulates may act as a nucleating site for the formation of lignin and hence link arabinoxylans to lignin by forming a lignin–ferulate–arabinoxylan complex. Such cross‐linking is among the main factors inhibiting the release of fermentable carbohydrates from grasses either for ruminant nutrition or for biofuel production. We have found that significant reductions in the levels of monomeric and dimeric phenolics can be achieved in the growing cell walls during plant development in leaves of Festuca arundinacea by constitutive intracellular targeted expression of Aspergillus niger ferulic acid esterase (FAEA). We propose that this occurred by directly disrupting ester bonds linking phenolics to cell wall polysaccharides by apoplast targeting or by preventing excessive feruloylation of cell wall carbohydrates prior to their incorporation into the cell wall, by targeting to the Golgi membrane system. Plants with lower cell wall ferulate levels, which showed increased digestibility and increased rates of cellulase‐mediated release of fermentable sugars, were identified. Targeting FAE to the Golgi was found to be more effective than targeting to the ER, which supports the current theories of the Golgi as the site of feruloylation of arabinoxylans. It is concluded that targeting FAEA expression to the Golgi or apoplast is likely to be an effective strategy for improving wall digestibility in grass species used for fodder or cellulosic ethanol production.
Through‐the‐Cycle Ratings Versus Point‐in‐Time Ratings and Implications of the Mapping Between Both Rating Types
Authors: Topp Rebekka , Perl Robert
Published: January 2010

The two philosophies of ratings, one that includes cyclical effects and the other that doesn't, are mirrored by the two different rating types commonly known as point‐in‐time (pit) and through‐the‐cycle (ttc). Point‐in‐time ratings try to evaluate the current situation of a customer by taking into account both cyclical and permanent effects. In contrast, through the‐cycle ratings focus mainly on the permanent component of default risk and are nearly independent from cyclical changes in the creditworthiness of a customer. In this paper we give a review of the characteristics of both rating types and examine whether these properties can actually be observed in practice. In this context we present the results of an analysis of Standard& Poor's rating data, which show that the ratings, though being through‐the‐cycle, still vary in accordance with the business cycle. Another concern of this paper is the wide spread practice to map ‘external’ through‐the‐cycle ratings to ‘internal’ point‐in‐time ratings, with the purpose to enrich or validate a financial institution's internal rating database. We show that in doing so financial institutions severely misspecify customers' risk profiles and under‐ or overestimate costs in connection with credit pricing or capitalization. We confirm our theoretical considerations by calculating pricing quantities when using one or the other rating information.
Using Ecological Function to Develop Recovery Criteria for Depleted Species: Sea Otters and Kelp Forests in the Aleutian Archipelago
Authors: ESTES JAMES A. , TINKER M. TIM , BODKIN JAMES L.
Published: January 2010

Abstract:  Recovery criteria for depleted species or populations normally are based on demographic measures, the goal being to maintain enough individuals over a sufficiently large area to assure a socially tolerable risk of future extinction. Such demographically based recovery criteria may be insufficient to restore the functional roles of strongly interacting species. We explored the idea of developing a recovery criterion for sea otters (Enhydra lutris) in the Aleutian archipelago on the basis of their keystone role in kelp forest ecosystems. We surveyed sea otters and rocky reef habitats at 34 island‐time combinations. The system nearly always existed in either a kelp‐dominated or deforested phase state, which was predictable from sea otter density. We used a resampling analysis of these data to show that the phase state at any particular island can be determined at 95% probability of correct classification with information from as few as six sites. When sea otter population status (and thus the phase state of the kelp forest) was allowed to vary randomly among islands, just 15 islands had to be sampled to estimate the true proportion that were kelp dominated (within 10%) with 90% confidence. We conclude that kelp forest phase state is a more appropriate, sensitive, and cost‐effective measure of sea otter recovery than the more traditional demographically based metrics, and we suggest that similar approaches have broad potential utility in establishing recovery criteria for depleted populations of other functionally important species.
In Vivo Assessment of a New Method of Pulsatile Perfusion Based on a Centrifugal Pump
Authors: Herreros Jesús , Ubilla Matías , Berjano Enrique J. , Vila–Nuñez Juan E. , Páramo José A. , Sola Josu , Mercé Salvador
Published: January 2010

The aim of this study was to assess platelet dysfunction and damage to organs after extracorporeal circulation using a pump based on a new method that adds a pulsatile flow to the continuous flow provided by a centrifugal pump. The continuous component of the total flow (2–3 L/min) is created by a Bio‐Pump centrifugal pump, while the pulsatile component is created by the pulsating of an inner membrane pneumatically controlled by an intra‐aortic counterpulsation balloon console (systolic volume of 37.5 mL in an asynchronous way with a frequency of 60 bpm). Six pigs were subjected to a partial cardiopulmonary bypass lasting 180 min and were sacrificed 60 min after extracorporeal circulation was suspended. The hematological study included the measurement of hematocrit, hemoglobin, leukocytes, and platelet function. The new pump did not significantly alter either platelet count or platelet function. In contrast, hematocrit and hemoglobin were significantly reduced during extracorporeal circulation (approximately 5% P = 0.011, and 2 g/dL P = 0.01, respectively). The leukocyte count during extracorporeal circulation showed a tendency to decrease, but this was not significant. In general, the short‐term use of the new pump (4 h) did not cause any serious morphological damage to the heart, lung, kidney, or liver. The results suggest that the hemodynamic performance of the new pump is similar to a conventional centrifugal pump and could therefore be appropriate for use in extracorporeal circulation.
Genetic testing in the epilepsies—Report of the ILAE Genetics Commission
Authors: Ottman Ruth , Hirose Shinichi , Jain Satish , Lerche Holger , Lopes‐Cendes Iscia , Noebels Jeffrey L. , Serratosa José , Zara Federico , Scheffer Ingrid E.
Published: January 2010

In this report, the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) Genetics Commission discusses essential issues to be considered with regard to clinical genetic testing in the epilepsies. Genetic research on the epilepsies has led to the identification of more than 20 genes with a major effect on susceptibility to idiopathic epilepsies. The most important potential clinical application of these discoveries is genetic testing: the use of genetic information, either to clarify the diagnosis in people already known or suspected to have epilepsy (diagnostic testing), or to predict onset of epilepsy in people at risk because of a family history (predictive testing). Although genetic testing has many potential benefits, it also has potential harms, and assessment of these potential benefits and harms in particular situations is complex. Moreover, many treating clinicians are unfamiliar with the types of tests available, how to access them, how to decide whether they should be offered, and what measures should be used to maximize benefit and minimize harm to their patients. Because the field is moving rapidly, with new information emerging practically every day, we present a framework for considering the clinical utility of genetic testing that can be applied to many different syndromes and clinical contexts. Given the current state of knowledge, genetic testing has high clinical utility in few clinical contexts, but in some of these it carries implications for daily clinical practice.
Justice for All? A Cross‐Time Analysis of Toxics Release Inventory Facility Location
Authors: Campbell Heather E. , Peck Laura R. , Tschudi Michael K.
Published: January 2010

This paper contributes to the environmental justice literature by addressing several outstanding issues in a single study. Using a cross‐time data set that allows us to control for the prevalent “chicken‐and‐egg” or “which‐came‐first” problem, we analyze the relative importance of poverty and race/ethnicity in an analysis that includes economic costs, potential legal costs, and potential collective action. Because the most appropriate functional form is not obvious, we use several methods, including Tobit, Poisson, and ordinary least squares, on different forms of the dependent variable. In every case, controlling for the population present at the time of disamenity location and controlling the other factors mentioned, we find evidence of disproportionate collocation based on race/ethnicity, but not on poverty alone. We also find that the potential for collective action decreases the likelihood of receipt of the studied disamenities.
Public Opinion, Risk Assessment, and Biotechnology: Lessons from Attitudes toward Genetically Modified Foods in the European Union
Authors: Legge Jr. Jerome S. , Durant Robert F.
Published: January 2010

Proponents of biotechnology argue that citizens' opposition to innovations such as genetically modified (GM) foods is rooted in emotionalism, media and nongovernmental organizations' distortions of good science, and scientific ignorance. Critics charge that this “risk management discursive” is too reductionist, exaggerates scientific capacity, inappropriately privileges scientific values over social and political values, and inaccurately captures how citizens evaluate biotechnology. This article uses ordered logit analysis applied to the responses of Europeans to a 2005 Eurobarometer survey to test the validity of these competing perspectives in the area of GM foods. Our analysis supports the arguments of those calling for the inclusion of broader discursive social, political, and cultural elements in deliberations over GM foods. Analysis also shows that citizens are less emotional in evaluating GM foods than proponents claim and supports this “new politics of knowledge” perspective, but citizens also cling more tightly to hopes that science can resolve debates with objective analysis.
Public Lands Policy and Economic Trends in Gateway Communities
Authors: Kurtz Rick S.
Published: January 2010

From the mid‐1960s through 1980, major policy changes were adopted as a result of federal and state public lands protection statutes. This article analyzes the impact these policy changes have had upon the economies of gateway communities, a subject of limited discussion in the scholarly literature. One conclusion is that gateway community economies have become less dependent on resources extraction. This analysis finds that several factors––beyond policy change––have influenced the shift away from resources extraction. Likewise, there is the question over what economic mainstays have stepped in to fill the resources extraction void? For many gateway communities, it appears that the answer has been recreational tourism. The implications of this economic shift within gateway communities are explored.
Suicidal Shotgun Wound Employing a Shotgun Barrel, a Shotgun Shell, and a BB*
Authors: Linert Brian , Regnier Janis , Doyle Barrett W. , Prahlow Joseph A.
Published: January 2010

Abstract:  A vast majority of firearms‐related suicides involve the conventional use of a properly functioning, intact firearm. Occasionally, forensic investigators encounter a case wherein the firearm suicide victim employs some form of unconventional use of a weapon, or utilizes an unusual weapon type. In this case report, the authors present an unusual case in which a man committed suicide by using a shotgun shell, a shotgun barrel (separate from the rest of the gun), and a BB. Some confusion as to the cause and manner of death was present during the initial scene investigation. Examination at autopsy revealed the cause of death to be a shotgun wound of the chest and prompted further scene investigation. Therefore, this case serves as another example of the importance of cooperation between scene investigators and forensic pathologists when investigating a death. A review of suicidal firearm cases using unconventional means and/or firearms is presented.
Pilot Study of Automated Bullet Signature Identification Based on Topography Measurements and Correlations*†
Authors: Chu Wei , Song John , Vorburger Theodore , Yen James , Ballou Susan , Bachrach Benjamin
Published: January 2010

Abstract:  A procedure for automated bullet signature identification is described based on topography measurements using confocal microscopy and correlation calculation. Automated search and retrieval systems are widely used for comparison of firearms evidence. In this study, 48 bullets fired from six different barrel manufacturers are classified into different groups based on the width class characteristic for each land engraved area of the bullets. Then the cross‐correlation function is applied both for automatic selection of the effective correlation area, and for the extraction of a 2D bullet profile signature. Based on the cross‐correlation maximum values, a list of top ranking candidates against a ballistics signature database of bullets fired from the same model firearm is developed. The correlation results show a 9.3% higher accuracy rate compared with a currently used commercial system based on optical reflection. This suggests that correlation results can be improved using the sequence of methods described here.
Postmortem Blood Concentrations of R‐ and S‐Enantiomers of Methadone and EDDP in Drug Users: Influence of Co‐Medication and P‐glycoprotein Genotype
Authors: Buchard Anders , Linnet Kristian , Johansen Sys Stybe , Munkholm Julie , Fregerslev Michael , Morling Niels
Published: January 2010

Abstract:  We investigated toxicological and pharmacogenetic factors that could influence methadone toxicity using postmortem samples. R‐ and S‐methadone were measured in femoral blood from 90 postmortem cases, mainly drug users. The R‐enantiomer concentrations significantly exceeded that of the S‐enantiomers (Wilcoxon’s test, p < 0.001). The samples were divided into four groups according to other drugs detected (methadone only, methadone and strong analgesics, methadone and benzodiazepines, or methadone and other drugs). There was no significant difference in any of the R‐methadone/total methadone ratios among the four groups. The median R/S ratio was 1.38, which tends to be higher than that reported for the plasma of living subjects. In addition, we investigated whether small nucleotide polymorphisms in the MDR1 gene that encode the drug transporter P‐glycoprotein were associated with the concentrations of R‐ and S‐methadone and its metabolite 2‐ethylidene‐1,5‐dimethyl‐3,3‐diphenylpyrrolidine. No significant association was detected.
The effect of sertindole on QTD and TPTE
Authors: Nielsen J. , Andersen M. P. , Graff C. , Kanters J. K. , Hardahl T. , Dybbro J. , Struijk J. J. , Meyer J. M. , Toft E.
Published: January 2010

Nielsen J, Andersen MP, Graff C, Kanters JK, Hardahl T, Dybbro J, Struijk JJ, Meyer JM, Toft E. The effect of sertindole on QTD and TPTE.

Objective:  Recent research suggests that other surrogate markers than QTc, including QTc dispersion and Tpeak‐Tend, may better correlate with cardiac arrhythmia risk. While sertindole significantly prolongs the QTc interval, the effects on other markers of arrhythmia risk, such as QTc dispersion and Tpeak‐Tend are unknown.

Method:  Digital 12‐lead ECG was recorded at baseline and at steady‐state in 37 patients switched to sertindole. ECG was analysed for Fridericia‐corrected QT duration (QTcF), QT dispersion and Tpeak‐Tend.

Results:  From a baseline QTcF of 407 ± 22 ms, mean QTcF prolongation during sertindole treatment was 20 ± 23 ms, P < 0.01. No effect on QTc dispersion was found (−1 ± 11 ms; P = 0.41). No increased duration of the Tpeak‐Tend interval from baseline was found (+7 ± 21 ms; P = 0.05).

Conclusion:  These findings might be related to the absence of confirmed Torsade de Pointes (TdP) cases related to sertindole exposure, despite sertindole’s QTc prolonging effects.
Linalool – a significant contact sensitizer after air exposure
Authors: Christensson Johanna Bråred , Matura Mihály , Gruvberger Birgitta , Bruze Magnus , Karlberg Ann‐Therese
Published: January 2010

Background: Linalool is a widely used fragrance terpene. Pure linalool is not allergenic or a very weak allergen, but autoxidizes on air exposure and the oxidation products can cause contact allergy. Oxidized (ox.) linalool has previously been patch tested at a concentration of 2.0% in petrolatum (pet.) in 1511 patients, and 1.3% positive patch test reactions were observed.

Objective: To investigate the optimal patch test concentration for detection of contact allergy to ox. linalool.

Methods: Four concentrations of ox. linalool (2.0%, 4.0%, 6.0%, 11.0% pet.) were tested in 3418 consecutive dermatitis patients.

Results: Ox. linalool 2.0%, 4.0%, 6.0%, and 11.0% pet. detected positive patch test reactions in 0.83%, 3.2%, 5.3%, and 7.2% of the tested patients, respectively. The doubtful reactions increased with rising concentrations but relatively less, giving 5.1%, 6.4%, and 7.3% doubtful reactions, respectively, for ox. linalool 4.0%, 6.0%, and 11.0% pet. Few irritative reactions were seen.

Conclusions: Raising the patch test concentration for ox. linalool gave a better detection of contact allergy, as many as 5–7% positive patch test reactions were detected. We suggest a patch test concentration of ox. linalool 6.0% pet. for future patch testing, giving a dose per unit area of 2.4 mg/cm2 when 20 mg test substance is tested in small Finn Chambers®.
Effect of products derived from hydrolysis of wheat and flaxseed non starch polysaccharides by carbohydrase enzymes on net absorption in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (K88) challenged piglet jejunal segments
Authors: KIARIE Elijah G. , SLOMINSKI Bogdan A. , NYACHOTI Charles M.
Published: January 2010

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infection results in fluid and electrolyte losses in the small intestine. We investigated the effect of non‐starch polysaccharides (NSP) hydrolysis products of wheat middlings (WM) and flaxseed (FS) on net absorption of fluid and solutes during ETEC challenge. Products were generated by incubating WM and FS with a blend of carbohydrase enzymes to produce 2 products: 80% ethanol‐soluble (ES) and 80% ethanol‐insoluble (EI) which were studied in 2 experiments in which 2 factors were investigated: products (EI vs. ES) and time of ETEC challenge (before vs. after perfusion). Pairs of small‐intestine segments, one non‐challenged and the other ETEC‐challenged were perfused with products for 7.5 h. ETEC reduced fluid absorption by more than 380 µL/cm2 in saline (control) perfused segments, whereas this reduction was significantly (P < 0.05) less for the WM and FS products. Interaction (P > 0.05) between product and time of challenge was not observed. For WM, products effects on ETEC‐challenged segments were such that perfusion of ES resulted in higher total solute (measured as osmolality) absorption than EI (138 vs. 103 µOsmol/cm2). In conclusion, hydrolysis products from WM and FS were beneficial in maintaining fluid balance during ETEC challenge, suggesting potential in controlling ETEC induced diarrhea in piglets.
An Educational Strategy for Teaching Standardized Nursing Languages
Authors: Farren Arlene T.
Published: January 2010

PURPOSE.  The aim of this paper is to describe an educational strategy for teaching standardized nursing languages (SNL) used in both the classroom and clinical components of a psychiatric–mental health nursing course at the associate degree level.

DATA SOURCES.  Data included a review of the relevant literature, teaching experiences, and faculty and student experiences.

DATA SYNTHESIS.  Enhancing associate degree student nurses' competency regarding diagnosis and interventions is essential to influence positive health outcomes. Use of diagnostic, outcome, and intervention classifications for learning nursing care promotes critical thinking, individualization of nursing care, and students' fluency with SNL. One possible teaching strategy to assist students to learn and use SNL was implemented through the use of a faculty‐developed Student Nurse Documentation Packet.

CONCLUSIONS.  The educational strategy provided students opportunities to enhance their experience with the SNL to plan and document care of individuals experiencing psychiatric–mental health problems.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING.  The educational strategy used in this program was judged to be successful. Research is needed to provide empirical evidence of the efficacy of this pedagogical strategy for increasing knowledge and enhancing students' competency.
Phenological resistance of grapes to the green June beetle, an obligate fruit‐eating scarab
Authors: Hammons D.L. , Kurtural S.K. , Potter D.A.
Published: January 2010

Changes in fruit characteristics associated with ripening increase the vulnerability of crops to insect depredation, making it difficult for growers to protect cultivated fruits from pest injury close to harvest. This study evaluated phenological resistance, the use of cultivars that ripen before or after peak pest activity, for reducing injury to grapes (Vitis spp.) by the green June beetle (GJB) (Cotinis nitida), an obligate feeder on soft, ripe fruits. Accumulation of sugars, softening of berry skins and recruitment of GJB feeding aggregations were monitored on replicated vines of early‐, mid‐ and late‐season ripening cultivars that require from 85 to 125 growing days from bloom to harvest. GJB flight peaked in late July and early August coinciding with later stages of veraison of early‐season ripening cultivars which recruited numerous GJB feeding aggregations resulting in >95% crop loss. Small (1–2 weeks) phenological differences between mid‐season ripening cultivars and peak GJB flight translated to marked differences in injury, whereas cultivars that ripened in mid‐August or later, after GJB flight had waned, sustained little or no damage. Trapping experiments confirmed that the tougher berries and low sugar content of less‐ripe fruit clusters inhibited beetle feeding and induction of yeast‐mediated volatiles responsible for GJB host‐location. Implications of these findings for sustainable or organic management of GJB and other near‐harvest fruit pests are discussed.
Elaboration of Simplified Vinca Alkaloids and Phomopsin Hybrids
Authors: Ngo Quoc Anh , Roussi Fanny , Thoret Sylviane , Guéritte Françoise
Published: January 2010

Nine simplified vinca alkaloids and phomospin A hybrids, in which vindoline moiety has been replaced by a simpler scaffold, have been elaborated to evaluate their activity on the inhibition of tubulin polymerization. This article deals with the synthesis of various simplified vinca alkaloids, using a stereoselective coupling of catharantine with reactive aromatic compounds and methanol as well as their subsequent condensation with a large peptide chain mimicking those of phomopsin A. Biological evaluation and molecular modeling studies are also reported.
Select Acetophenones Modulate Flagellar Motility in Chlamydomonas
Authors: Evans Shakila K. , Pearce Austin A. , Ibezim Prudence K. , Primm Todd P. , Gaillard Anne R.
Published: January 2010

Acetophenones were screened for activity against positive phototaxis of Chlamydomonas cells, a process that requires co‐ordinated flagellar motility. The structure–activity relationships of a series of acetophenones are reported, including acetophenones that affect flagellar motility and cell viability. Notably, 4‐methoxyacetophenone, 3,4‐dimethoxyacetophenone, and 4‐hydroxyacetophenone induced negative phototaxis in Chlamydomonas, suggesting interference with activity of flagellar proteins and control of flagellar dominance.
Trust but verify? Voluntary regulation programs in the nonprofit sector
Authors: Prakash Aseem , Gugerty Mary Kay
Published: January 2010

In this article we examine how information problems can cause agency slippages and lead to governance failures in nonprofit organizations. Drawing on the principal–agent literature, we provide a theoretical account of an institutional mechanism, namely, voluntary regulation programs, to mitigate such slippages. These programs seek to impose obligations on their participants regarding internal governance and use of resources. By joining these programs, nonprofit organizations seek to differentiate themselves from nonparticipants and signal to their principals that they are deploying resources as per the organizational mandate. If principals are assured that agency slippages are lower in program participants, they might be more likely to provide the participants with resources to deliver goods and services to their target populations. However, regulatory programs for nonprofit organizations are of variable quality and, in some cases, could be designed to obscure rather than reveal information. We outline an analytical framework to differentiate the credible clubs from the “charity washes.” A focus on the institutional architecture of these programs can help to predict their efficacy in reducing agency problems.
High Blood Pressure in Children: Clinical and Health Policy Implications
Authors: Falkner Bonita , Lurbe Empar , Schaefer Franz
Published: January 2010

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich).

Hypertension is a global problem, affecting both developed and developing nations. In addition to being a major cause of morbidity and mortality, hypertension places a heavy burden on health care systems, families, and society as a whole. Despite evidence of an increasing prevalence of hypertension among youth, the consequences of early onset are poorly established and often overlooked. Childhood hypertension is often asymptomatic and easily missed, even by health professionals. Target organ damage is detectable in children and adolescents, however, and hypertension continues into adulthood. Additional strategies to improve cardiovascular health among children and adolescents are needed, including methods to achieve healthy lifestyles at home and in school, improved systems for diagnosis, and research on mechanisms and timing of interventions. The burden of hypertension in the young will continue to grow unless it is given the attention it deserves by policy makers, health care providers, schools, parents, and society. This report aims to increase awareness of the problem of hypertension in childhood. Recent reports on prevalence and target organ injury are discussed and health policy initiatives to improve blood pressure control are proposed.
Left Ventricular Geometric Abnormality Screening in Hypertensive Patients Using a Hand‐Carried Ultrasound Device
Authors: Perez‐Avraham Galit , Kobal Sergio L. , Etzion Ohad , Novack Victor , Wolak Talya , Liel‐Cohen Noah , Paran Esther
Published: January 2010

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2010;12:181–186. ©2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The authors assessed the validity of a hand‐carried cardiac ultrasound device operated by an internal medicine resident for left ventricular geometric abnormalities (LVGAs) in mild hypertensive patients. LVGAs were diagnosed when at least one of the following was present: left ventricular mass index exceeding 125 g/m2 and 110 g/m2 for men and women, respectively; intraventricular septum thickness ≥10 mm; posterior wall thickness ≥10 mm; and left ventricular end‐diastolic diameter ≥5.3 mm. For validation, a cardiologist performed standard echocardiography in all patients. A total of 85 patients completed both echocardiographic studies. LVGAs were diagnosed in 19 (22.4%) cases, 18 of which were confirmed by standard echocardiography. Standard echocardiography did not detect any case of LVGA among the hand‐carried cardiac ultrasonography LVGA‐negative patients. The sensitivity and specificity of the resident’s examination were 100% and 98.78%, respectively. Agreement between the two studies was 99% (κ 0.97, 95% confidence interval). Hand‐carried cardiac ultrasonography may be used as a screening tool for LVGA in hypertensive patients.