bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seed dispersal of Madagascar's iconic baobab species, Adansonia grandidieri
Authors: Andriantsaralaza Seheno , Razafindratsima O. H. , Razanamaro O. H. , Ramananjato V. , Randimbiarison F. , Raoelinjanakolona N. N. , Rabarijaonina T. H. P. , Raharinomena N. , Hobimalala N. , Nantenaina R. H. , Tonos J. M. , Andriamiadana S.
Published: September 2024

Certain plant species have traits adapted for seed dispersal by megafauna, which may be absent in their current ranges. Characterizing the dispersal mechanism of such plant species can provide insights about their population dynamics and regeneration. We investigated the effectiveness of the extant fauna as seed dispersers of the Malagasy baobab, Adansonia grandidieri, which have megafaunal dispersal traits. We documented the animal species that interact with its fruits and seeds in the canopy and on the ground through direct observations, camera trapping, opportunistic search of feces with seeds, and dispersal experiments. We also estimated seed fate using a model parameterized with data obtained through experiments on seed removal and seed germination under and away from adult A. grandidieri trees. Further, we examined the impacts of seed dispersal in mitigating herbivore pressures on A. grandidieri seedling through an exclosure experiment. We did not find animals interacting with fruits in the canopy. However, we observed a native rodent species, Eliurus myoxinus, handling fruits/seeds on the ground, and found seeds in bush pig feces. Also, while the rates of germination for the dispersed A. grandidieri seeds were low, their probability of producing viable seedlings was higher than when the seeds stayed under adult trees. We also found that the seedlings of A. grandidieri had a high probability of surviving even when herbivores were present. Overall, our results provide insights into the regeneration of A. grandidieri and suggest that some extant local ground‐dwelling fauna can provide seed dispersal services to this species.

Abstract in Malagasy is available with online material.
Feasibility and effectiveness of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) in awake mice
Authors: Yu Yu‐Mei , Yao Rui , Liu Zhou‐Liang , Lu Yao , Zhu Yang‐Zi , Cao Jun‐Li
Published: September 2024

Aims

Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) is widely used to treat a variety of disorders because it is noninvasive, safe, and well tolerated by awake patients. However, long‐term and repetitive taVNS is difficult to achieve in awake mice. Therefore, developing a new taVNS method that fully mimics the method used in clinical settings and is well‐tolerated by awake mice is greatly important for generalizing research findings related to the effects of taVNS. The study aimed to develop a new taVNS device for use in awake mice and to test its reliability and effectiveness.

Methods

We demonstrated the reliability of this taVNS device through retrograde neurotropic pseudorabies virus (PRV) tracing and evaluated its effectiveness through morphological analysis. After 3 weeks of taVNS application, the open field test (OFT) and elevated plus maze (EPM) were used to evaluate anxiety‐like behaviors, and the Y‐maze test and novel object recognition test (NORT) were used to evaluate recognition memory behaviors, respectively.

Results

We found that repetitive taVNS was well tolerated by awake mice, had no effect on anxiety‐like behaviors, and significantly improved memory.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that this new taVNS device for repetitive stimulation of awake mice is safe, tolerable, and effective.
Ancillary immunohistochemistry testing for loss of p16 in melanoma: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of diagnostic accuracy studies
Authors: Chinchanikar Shruti S. , Fraga Garth R.
Published: September 2024

Background

Ancillary immunohistochemistry testing for p16 loss has been proposed as a diagnostic tool for melanoma, but its accuracy remains uncertain.

Methods

A systematic review and meta‐analysis were conducted on 26 studies involving 979 melanomas and 974 nevi.

Results

Through bivariate analysis of data across all cut‐off values, the sensitivity and specificity were calculated to be 0.55 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.38, 0.70) and 0.85 (95% CI: 0.70, 0.94), respectively. Summary estimates of diagnostic accuracy fell below recommended thresholds for effective tests, but subgroup analysis suggested that p16 loss could aid in diagnosing ambiguous lesions as melanoma in certain scenarios. However, the presence of p16 expression in these contexts does not definitively rule out melanoma. The findings were limited by underpowered exploratory study designs at risk for bias in patient selection and test interpretation.

Conclusions

While the use of p16 immunohistochemistry for detecting melanoma is not universally reliable, it may serve as a confirmatory test in differential diagnoses involving common, congenital, acral, Spitz, and deep penetrating nevi. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to validate its utility. Until then, the application of p16 immunohistochemistry in melanoma diagnosis should be regarded as experimental.
Psychometric evaluation of the Dutch version of the patient‐reported experience measure for addiction treatment (PREMAT‐NL)
Authors: Migchels Charlotte , van den Brink Wim , Zerrouk Amine , Matthys Frieda , De Ruysscher Clara , Vanderplasschen Wouter , Crunelle Cleo L.
Published: September 2024

Introduction

Patient‐centred care has become increasingly important in health care. Patient‐reported experience measures (PREM) are used to measure patient experiences in health care, but the availability of psychometrically validated PREMs is limited. The Patient Reported Experience Measure in Addiction Treatment (PREMAT) is a PREM developed with extensive service user input to assess the experiences of people in residential addiction treatment services. In this study we aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Dutch translation of the PREMAT, the PREMAT‐NL.

Methods

Ninety‐three participants completed the PREMAT‐NL approximately 45 days after starting addiction treatment as part of a naturalistic prospective multi‐centre study in Belgium. We examined the factorial structure using principal component analysis with Promax oblique rotation and assessed the internal consistencies of the subscales and total score using Cronbach's α. Additionally, we explored the relationship of PREMAT‐NL scores with demographic and clinical variables.

Results

The PREMAT‐NL had a four‐factor structure, with good internal consistencies of the subscales (Cronbach's α >0.70) and excellent internal consistency of the total score (Cronbach's α = 0.94). The PREMAT‐NL total score was negatively skewed, and four score categories were proposed based on z‐scores. PREMAT‐NL scores correlated weakly with the type of treatment centre (r = 0.21, p < 0.05) and with previously received treatment for addiction (r = −0.25, p < 0.05).

Discussion and Conclusions

Although the factor structure and thus the appropriate use of subscales need further investigation, the findings of this study support the use of the PREMAT‐NL total score as a valid and reliable PREM to evaluate residential addiction treatment services.
Therapieanpassung von Biologika bei mittelschwerer bis schwerer Plaque‐Psoriasis: eine retrospektive Erhebung aus deutschen Krankenakten (TABU)
Authors: Kirsten Natalia , Rubant Simone , Gomis‐Kleindienst Susana , Pfeiffer‐Vornkahl Heike , Augustin Matthias
Published: September 2024

Hintergrund und Zielsetzung

Flexible Dosierungsschemata für Biologika bei der Behandlung von Psoriasis sind üblich, es liegen jedoch nur wenig Daten aus der Routineversorgung in Deutschland vor. In dieser Studie wurden die Therapieanpassungen für in Deutschland häufig verordnete Biologika untersucht.

Patienten und Methodik

Es wurden Krankenakten von bis zu 100 aufeinanderfolgenden Patienten an 29 Zentren überprüft. Die Daten wurden für Erwachsene (im Alter von 18–65 Jahren) mit mittelschwerer bis schwerer Plaque‐Psoriasis extrahiert, die ≥ 36 Wochen lang mit Adalimumab, Guselkumab, Ixekizumab, Secukinumab oder Ustekinumab behandelt wurden. Der primäre Endpunkt war die Zeit bis zur ersten Therapieanpassung. Zu den sekundären Endpunkten gehörten unter anderem die Häufigkeit und die Gründe für Therapieanpassungen. Die Zeit bis zur Therapieanpassung wurde mittels Kaplan‐Meier‐Methoden ausgewertet.

Ergebnisse

Von 982 Patienten wurden 297 Therapieanpassungen bei 240 (24,4%) Patienten ermittelt. Die mittlere Zeit (Median; Interquartilsabstand) bis zur ersten Therapieanpassung (n = 223) betrug 8,4 (4,0; 2,0–12,0) Monate (Secukinumab: 14,1 [10,0; 4,0–21,0], Adalimumab: 11,0 [7,0; 3,0–14,5], Ustekinumab: 11,0 [6,0; 2,0–16,0], Ixekizumab: 5,8 [3,0; 2,0–8,5], Guselkumab: 5,1 [3,0; 2,0–7,0]). Die häufigste Art der Anpassung war die Einleitung einer oder mehrerer Begleitmedikationen (10,4% der Patienten); der häufigste Grund für eine Anpassung war eine unzureichende Wirkung auf die Haut.

Schlussfolgerungen

Therapieanpassungen von Biologika sind bei mittelschwerer bis schwerer Psoriasis häufig; flexible Dosierungsschemata würden eine optimale Behandlung unterstützen.
Nutzung und Akzeptanz von Digital Health in der Allgemeinbevölkerung und in der Dermatologie in Deutschland – eine repräsentative Umfrage
Authors: Reinders Patrick , Augustin Matthias , Otten Marina
Published: September 2024

Hintergrund und Zielsetzung

Die Nutzung und Akzeptanz digitaler Gesundheitsdienste (digital health services, DHS) in der deutschen Bevölkerung und bei Personen mit Hauterkrankungen sind unklar. Beide Aspekte wurden in dieser Studie analysiert.

Methodik

Eine repräsentative Stichprobe der deutschen Erwachsenenbevölkerung wurde mit Items zu digitalen Kompetenzen, Einstellungen, zur Nutzung und Akzeptanz von DHS standardisiert befragt. Es wurden bivariate und multivariate Analysen durchgeführt.

Ergebnisse

Von den 2101 Teilnehmern gaben 29,9% an, in den letzten 12 Monaten Hautkrankheiten gehabt zu haben. In dieser Gruppe lag die Nutzung und die Akzeptanz von DHS bei 43,6% beziehungsweise 52,3%. Beide Werte sind im Vergleich zu Teilnehmern ohne Hautkrankheiten signifikant höher (29,2%; p < 0,01 und 45,5%; p < 0,01). 18,9% der Teilnehmer mit Hauterkrankung nutzten die digitale Diagnoseunterstützung, aber nur 9,7% wendeten sie für eine Hauterkrankung an (p < 0,01). Bei allen Teilnehmern, mit und ohne Hautkrankheit, waren die am häufigsten genutzten DHS die passive Gesundheitsüberwachung (14,3%) und die Diagnoseunterstützung (11,5%), während die Telemedizin am seltensten genutzt wurde (4,7% Videokonsultation, 2,5% Store‐and‐Forward). Nutzung und Akzeptanz waren assoziiert mit jungem Alter, höherer Bildung, geringeren Datenschutzbedenken, höherer Sicherheit im Umgang mit DHS, einer Hauterkrankung und hohem Schweregrad dieser.

Schlussfolgerungen

DHS für Hautkrankheiten werden selten eingesetzt, haben aber ein hohes Potenzial.
Programa domiciliar individualizado via telessaúde para crianças com paralisia cerebral durante a pandemia de COVID‐19
Authors: Oliveira Rachel H. S. , Mancini Marisa C. , Figueiredo Priscilla R. P. , Abrahão Leonardo C. , Reis Edna A. , Gordon Andrew M. , Brandão Marina B.
Published: September 2024

Objetivo

Analisar os efeitos de um programa domiciliar individualizado via telessaúde no desempenho de objetivos funcionais de crianças e adolescentes com paralisia cerebral (PC) durante a pandemia de COVID‐19.

Método

Um estudo de intervenção prospectivo de único grupo com crianças/adolescentes com PC (n = 144; idade mediana = 92 meses [Q1 = 44.0, Q3 = 148.8]; 74 meninos, 70 meninas), representando todos os níveis do Sistema de Classificação da Função Motora Grossa (GMFCS), participaram de um programa domiciliar de 4 meses no Brasil. Equipes interdisciplinares encorajaram famílias a escolher um objetivo funcional a ser treinado. A Medida Canadense de Desempenho Ocupacional (COPM) foi usada no período pré‐intervenção (T1), pós‐intervenção (T2) e 3 meses de follow‐up (T3). As diferenças nos escores da COPM em T1, T2 e T3 foram avaliadas usando o teste de Friedman. O tamanho de efeito foi calculado usando o teste d de Cohen. Análise univariada foi incluída.

Resultado

Melhoras significativas foram observadas após a intervenção, com manutenção dos escores após 3 meses (p < 0.001; ddesempenho = 1.33; dsatisfação = 1.31). Nenhuma das variáveis testadas (habilidades das crianças, idade, nível educacional do cuidador, percepção de centrado na família e tipo de objetivo) foram significativamente relacionados às mudanças nos escores.

Interpretação

O programa domiciliar individualizado via telessaúde pode ser uma intervenção potencial, especialmente para crianças classificadas nos níveis IV e V do GMFCS. Além disso, essa intervenção forneceu uma possível solução para ajudar crianças e suas famílias no desempenho de objetivos funcionais prioritários durante o período de pandemia.
Routine beta‐blocker therapy after acute coronary syndromes: The end of an era?
Authors: Johner Nicolas , Gencer Baris , Roffi Marco
Published: September 2024

Background

Beta‐blocker therapy, a treatment burdened by side effects including fatigue, erectile dysfunction and depression, was shown to reduce mortality and cardiovascular events after acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in the pre‐coronary reperfusion era. Potential mechanisms include protection from ventricular arrhythmias, increased ischaemia threshold and prevention of left ventricular (LV) adverse remodelling. With the advent of early mechanical reperfusion and contemporary pharmacologic secondary prevention, the benefit of beta‐blockers after ACS in the absence of LV dysfunction has been challenged.

Methods

The present narrative review discusses the contemporary evidence based on searching the PubMed database and references in identified articles.

Results

Recently, the REDUCE‐AMI trial—the first adequately powered randomized trial in the reperfusion era to test beta‐blocker therapy after myocardial infarction with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)—showed no benefit on the composite of all‐cause death or myocardial infarction over a median 3.5‐year follow‐up. While the benefit of beta‐blockers in patients with reduced LVEF remains undisputed, their value in post‐ACS patients with mildly reduced systolic function (LVEF 41%–49%) has not been studied in contemporary randomized trials; in this setting, observational studies have suggested a reduction in cardiovascular events with these agents. The adequate duration of beta‐blocker therapy remains unknown, but observational data suggests that any mortality benefit may be lost beyond 1–12 months after ACS in patients with LVEF >40%.

Conclusion

We believe that there is sufficient evidence to abandon routine beta‐blocker prescription in post‐ACS patients with preserved LV systolic function.
Pesticides and pollinator brain: How do neonicotinoids affect the central nervous system of bees?
Authors: Paoli Marco , Giurfa Martin
Published: September 2024

Neonicotinoids represent over a quarter of the global pesticide market. Research on their environmental impact has revealed their adverse effect on the cognitive functions of pollinators, in particular of bees. Cognitive impairments, mostly revealed by behavioural studies, are the phenotypic expression of an alteration in the underlying neural circuits, a matter deserving greater attention. Here, we reviewed studies on the impact of field‐relevant doses of neonicotinoids on the neurophysiology and neurodevelopment of bees. In particular, we focus on their olfactory system as much knowledge has been gained on the different brain areas that participate in odour processing. Recent studies have revealed the detrimental effects of neonicotinoids at multiple levels of the olfactory system, including modulation of odorant‐induced activity in olfactory sensory neurons, diminished neural responses in the antennal lobe (the first olfactory processing centre) and abnormal development of the neural connectivity within the mushroom bodies (central neuropils involved in multisensory integration, learning and memory storage, among others). Given the importance of olfactory perception for multiple aspects of bee biology, the reported disruption of the olfactory circuit, which can occur even upon exposure to sublethal doses of neonicotinoids, has severe consequences at both individual and colony levels. Moreover, the effects reported for a multimodal structure such as the mushroom bodies indicate that neonicotinoids' impact translates to other sensory domains. Assessing the impact of field‐relevant doses of pesticides on bee neurophysiology is crucial for understanding how neonicotinoids influence their behaviour in ecological contexts and for defining effective and sustainable agricultural practices.
The Past, Present, and Future of Large‐Scale Assessment Consortia
Authors: Briggs Derek C.
Published: September 2024

This article provides a history of the two large‐scale assessment consortia that were funded in 2010 as part of the Race to the Top Competition, the Partnership for the Assessment of Readiness for College and Career (PARCC), and the Smarter‐Balanced Assessment Consortium (SBAC). I compare the goals the consortia were funded to meet between 2011 and 2015 with the assessment systems PARCC and SBAC were able to deliver. Two notable accomplishments of both consortia were the development of high‐quality summative assessments that were carefully designed to be accessible to all test‐takers. I describe factors that led many states to withdraw from consortia membership between 2011 and 2015, and which led to the effective dissolution of PARCC. I discuss lessons learned from serving on the PARCC and SBAC technical advisory committees, and make a case for the value proposition of assessment consortia in the future.
Fatigue life prediction of additively manufactured AlSi10Mg based on surface roughness and residual stress
Authors: Strauß Lea , Pang Genny A. , Löwisch Günther
Published: September 2024

Laser‐based powder bed fusion (PBF‐LB) has gained prominence in the realm of additive manufacturing of metals. This technique utilizes a laser beam to consolidate powder layers, which inherently introduces high thermal gradients and rapid cooling rates. This results in characteristic process effects, including inhomogeneities, surface roughness, anisotropy, and residual stress, which play a pivotal role in altering the fatigue properties of the manufactured components. This paper presents fatigue tests involving samples of AlSi10Mg manufactured using PBF‐LB with varying surface roughness and residual stress. An approach to predict fatigue life based on stress amplitude, residual stress, and crack size is presented, using a smooth sample as a reference. An empirical model for fatigue life prediction is developed from experimentally measured values of fatigue life, peak surface roughness, and residual stress.
Homogenization of fish assemblages in an endemic biodiversity hot spot: Evidence from 70‐year data from the Yun‐Gui Plateau, China
Authors: Shi Lei , Xiang Tao , Dong Xianghong , Xu Chi , Wang Haijun , Jeppesen Erik , Xie Ping
Published: September 2024

The combined impacts of anthropogenic activities and global climate changes threaten native fish communities. Such threats are particularly critical in biodiversity hot spot areas with many endemic species, as exemplified by the isolated Yun‐Gui Plateau, China. The risk of biotic homogenization is also expected to be high in such areas, but this risk and its underlying drivers remain poorly studied.

Here, we established a database of fish distributions and used environmental filtering for spatial clusters (n = 3759) in river basins located at Yun‐Gui Plateau. This database was based on public data sources and a comprehensive review of relevant literature (n = 481) covering the period from 1950 to 2021. We divided the plateau into nine subbasins for spatial comparison and into two periods for temporal comparison—before and after the start of rapid economic growth development in 1978.

We found: (a) a marginal increase in replacement (species exchange in different subbasins) and similarity index but a decrease in richness difference index, indicating homogenization and the loss of natural barriers across the entire plateau; (b) an increase in species richness accompanied by a discernible decline in phylogenetic diversity, also indicating homogenization; (c) the increase in species richness by species loss‐gain analyses was associated with climatic variables (temperature and precipitation), elevation and human activities in all subbasins.

Temporal and spatial comparisons indicated that homogenization of fish assemblages in the Yun‐Gui Plateau was exacerbated by climatic and anthropogenic pressures.

The observed homogenization of fish species is of great concern, and we call for systematic assessments and precautionary mitigation actions to maintain the uniqueness of biodiversity in the Yun‐Gui Plateau region.
Where the wild places are: Factors associated with people's favourite local and national wild place in the United Kingdom
Authors: Madsen Emily K. , Daniels Mike , Montgomery Clara , Stillman Namid , Homer Nick , Lambert Cristín , Hare Darragh
Published: September 2024

Protected areas globally serve as crucial sanctuaries for biodiversity, playing a pivotal role in conserving endangered species and maintaining ecological balance. In the United Kingdom (UK), 25% of land is currently designated as public protected areas and discussions are underway regarding the implementation of new protected areas, including the establishment of new National Parks in all four nations of the UK. Wild places have an important role to play in understanding and deciding where public protected areas should or could be. People form profound connections to wild places locally and nationally. We used two online surveys to gather information on the UK public's local and national favourite wild places, and the characteristics of those places which make them their top choice. Our analysis revealed that respondents preferred different wild places based on their survey group, with significant differences in the importance placed on characteristics like ‘Accessibility’, ‘Nature’ and ‘Scenery’ across local and national scales. Demographic factors, including age and settlement, had some impact, but the overall importance of characteristics like ‘Peace and Quiet’ and ‘Nature’ were consistently high across both surveys. Recognising the prevalence of favourite wild places outside of designated areas underscores the importance of engaging the different viewpoints of the public in conservation initiatives, and indicates that public support for conservation might extend beyond officially protected regions.
Hybrid meat products: the physicochemical and microstructural properties of beef meat emulsion produced with jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) flesh and bamboo (Bambusa polymorpha) shoot as meat substitutes
Authors: Bee Chi Ng , Asyrul‐Izhar Abu Bakar , Sani Muhamad Shirwan Abdullah , Ismail‐Fitry Mohammad Rashedi
Published: September 2024

Hybrid meat products are a beneficial approach to incorporating plant proteins into conventional meat formulations, taking into account current market trends that emphasise the partial decrease in animal protein content. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of using different percentages of beef meat (BM), jackfruit flesh (JF) and bamboo shoot (BS) as a meat substitute in beef meat emulsion. Emulsion with 100% BM (Control), (A) 50% JF + 50% BM, (B) 50% BS + 50% BM, (C) 50% BM + 25% JF + 25% BS, (D) 100% JF and (E) 100% BS were developed. Six formulations of meat emulsion samples were prepared and analysed in terms of physicochemical and microstructure properties. The substitution of JF and BS in meat emulsion resulted in more stable emulsion stability. The WHC and pH values showed no significant differences (P > 0.05) between samples. The samples with different percentages of JF and BS had significantly increased (P < 0.05) the moisture content and the crude fibre content, however, it significantly reduced (P < 0.05) the crude protein content. No significant difference (P > 0.05) in ash and fat content for the formulated meat emulsions from the control. One hundred per cent BS showed higher lightness (L*), yellowness (b*) and lower redness (a*) values significantly (P < 0.05) compared to the control. One hundred per cent JF and 100% BS depicted significant differences (P < 0.05) for the textural properties and gel strength compared to the control. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provided evidence for the microstructure that the higher the percentages of plant‐based ingredients, the smaller the cavities. Overall, the incorporation of 50% BM + 25% JF + 25% BS could produce the best‐suited meat substitution product.
Proliferative mechanism of benign prostatic hyperplasia by NLRP3 inflammasome through the complement pathway
Authors: Hata Junya , Matsuoka Kanako , Harigane Yuki , Yaginuma Kei , Akaihata Hidenori , Meguro Satoru , Honda‐Takinami Ruriko , Onagi Akifumi , Sato Yuichi , Ogawa Soichiro , Uemura Motohide , Kojima Yoshiyuki
Published: September 2024

Objectives

The expressions of complement component C5a and NLRP3 inflammasome and the antiproliferative effect of resveratrol in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) model rat were analyzed to clarify the BPH proliferative mechanism.

Methods

This study used the pathological stromal‐dominant BPH model rat by urogenital sinus implantation (UGS). Expression of C5a, NLRP3, Caspase‐1, IL‐1β, and IL‐18 using rat BPH tissues at 2, 3, and 8 weeks (n = 6, respectively) after UGS implantation were analyzed by qRT‐PCR, western blotting analysis, and immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis. Serum IL‐1β levels in BPH model and sham rats were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Furthermore, resveratrol, as the NLRP3 pathway inhibitor, was administered to BPH model rat to assess the antiproliferative effect on the BPH proliferative process. The proliferative effect on prostate was evaluated by Ki‐67 protein expression.

Results

The expression levels of C5a, NLRP3, Caspase‐1, IL‐1β, and IL‐18 in qRT‐PCR, western blotting, and IHC were significantly upregulated in BPH tissues compared to control prostate tissues and showed increases with time (all p < 0.05). Serum IL‐1β levels in BPH model rats had significantly increased compared to sham rats. On IHC, deposition of C5a, NLRP3, Caspase‐1, IL‐1β, and IL‐18 was abundant in stromal areas of BPH. The administration of resveratrol significantly decreased prostate weight and expressions of NLRP3, IL‐1β, IL‐18, and Ki‐67 (all p < 0.05).

Conclusions

NLRP3 inflammasome activation by complement C5a produces IL‐1β and IL‐18 through Caspase‐1 during the BPH proliferative process. NLRP3 inflammasome have the possibilities to be a therapeutic target for BPH proliferation by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway.
CCR5‐mediated homing of regulatory T cells and monocytic‐myeloid derived suppressor cells to dysfunctional endothelium contributes to early atherosclerosis
Authors: Akhtar Shamima , Sagar Komal , Roy Ambuj , Hote Milind P. , Arava Sudheer , Sharma Alpana
Published: September 2024

A disbalance between immune regulatory cells and inflammatory cells is known to drive atherosclerosis. However, the exact mechanism is not clear. Here, we investigated the homing of immune regulatory cells, mainly, regulatory T cells (Tregs) and myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) subsets in asymptomatic coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factor‐exposed young individuals (dyslipidemia [DLP] group) and stable CAD patients (CAD group). Compared with healthy controls (HCs), Tregs frequency was reduced in both DLP and CAD groups but expressed high levels of CCR5 in both groups. The frequency of monocytic‐myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (M‐MDSCs) was increased while polymorphonuclear myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (PMN‐MDSCs) were decreased in CAD patients only. Interestingly, although unchanged in frequency, M‐MDSCs of the DLP group expressed high levels of CCR5. Serum levels of chemokines (CCL5, CX3CL1, CCL26) and inflammatory cytokines (IL‐6, IL‐1β, IFN‐γ, TNF‐α) were higher in the DLP group. Stimulation with inflammatory cytokines augmented CCR5 expression in Tregs and M‐MDSCs isolated from HCs. Activated endothelial cells showed elevated levels of CX3CL1 and CCL5 in vitro. Blocking CCR5 with D‐Ala‐peptide T‐amide (DAPTA) increased Treg and M‐MDSC frequency in C57Bl6 mice fed a high‐fat diet. In accelerated atherosclerosis model, DAPTA treatment led to the formation of smooth muscle‐rich plaque with less macrophages. Thus, we show that CCR5‐CCL5 axis is instrumental in recruiting Tregs and M‐MDSCs to dysfunctional endothelium in the asymptomatic phase of atherosclerosis contributing to atherosclerosis progression. Drugs targeting CCR5 in asymptomatic and CAD risk‐factor/s‐exposed individuals might be a novel therapeutic regime to diminish atherogenesis.
A beautifully preserved comma shrimp (Pancrustacea: Peracarida) from the Plio‐Pleistocene of Japan and the fossil record of crown Cumacea
Authors: Luque Javier , Gerken Sarah
Published: September 2024

Comma shrimp, or cumaceans, are diverse benthic crustaceans, yet they are one of the groups with the poorest fossil record, hindering our understanding of the evolution of the group in deep time. Here, we describe a new species of fossil comma shrimp, Makrokylindrus itoi sp. nov., from the Plio‐Pleistocene of Japan. The singular fossil is exceptionally preserved, including details of the carapace, cuticle, and some appendages, and it represents the first known fossil of the family Diastylidae and only the fourth fossil crown group cumacean known to date. We suggest that the scarce and sparsely known fossil record of cumaceans likely reflects a lack of recognition due to their small size and unfamiliar anatomy, making fossil cumaceans easy to misidentify, be confused with crustacean larvae of unknown affinities, or be interpreted as fragments of other crustaceans (taxonomic bias), rather than a lack of fossilization potential (taphonomic bias).
‘It's Not Like a One‐Way Street’: Using Photovoice to Understand How College Students With Intellectual Disability Experience Interdependence
Authors: Hoyle Jessica N. , Warren‐Findlow Jan , Wallace Lauren , Laditka James N. , Laditka Sarah B.
Published: September 2024

Background

Many people view people with intellectual disability primarily as needing help. That perspective limits relationships and can promote discrimination. We sought to better understand social relationships among young adults with intellectual disability.

Method

Seven postsecondary students with intellectual disability participated in a photovoice study, sharing photos and stories about giving and receiving help. They participated in individual interviews, a group meeting, and a photo exhibition, and helped identify results and conclusions.

Results

Participants viewed themselves as helpers and recipients of help. Themes were: foundational importance of families; openness to being helped; personal growth through challenging experiences; and tension between wanting to help and risks of helping others. Participants wanted to raise awareness that people with disabilities can help others, educate them about disability, and contribute to research.

Conclusions

Many young adults with intellectual disability want to contribute to relationships, which are often limited by others' expectations about disability.
Negative and Positive Experiences During the COVID‐19 Pandemic in Canadians With Developmental Disabilities: A One‐Year Ontario‐Based Survey
Authors: Kassee Caroline , Jachyra Patrick , Mahalingam Vijitha , Tint Ami , Lin Hsiang‐Yuan , Ameis Stephanie H. , Di Martino Adriana , Lunsky Yona , Lai Meng‐Chuan
Published: September 2024

Purpose

Understanding the experiences of people with developmental disabilities during the initial period of COVID‐19 pandemic.

Methods

Individuals with developmental disabilities and their caregivers completed baseline and up to five follow‐up online surveys using the CRISIS‐AFAR measures, between July 2020 and September 2021. We used qualitative (thematic analysis) and quantitative (MANOVA) analytic methods.

Results

One hundred and eighteen participants (64 caregivers on individuals 6–62 years, 54 self‐reporting individuals aged 17–55 years) completed baseline survey; 46 participants (23 caregivers, 23 self‐reporting adults) completed ≥1 follow‐up. Qualitative themes included uncertainty, and negative and positive influences on behaviours and routines, daily life and mental wellness. Those experiencing positive impacts did not stably perceive so longitudinally.

Conclusions

Despite both negative and positive influences on individuals with developmental disabilities and their families, the prolonged pandemic had wide‐ranging repercussions. Emergency preparedness planning should consider the disruptive effects of public health measures on routine and support for this vulnerable population.
The Potential Effect of Periodontal Disease on the Development of Metabolic Syndrome: A 10‐Year Observational Study in a Thai Adult Cohort
Authors: Ayuthaya Benjar Issaranggun Na , Lertpimonchai Attawood , Samaranayake Lakshman , Vathesatogkit Prin , Thienpramuk Lalitsara , Wisitrasameewong Wichaya , Tamsailom Suphot
Published: September 2024

Aim

As data are sparse on the long‐term association between periodontal diseases and development of metabolic syndrome (MetS), we investigated their relationship in a Thai cohort over a 10‐year observational period.

Methods

Medical records and data on periodontal assessments of 2161 employees of the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand collected at two time points, 2003 and 2013, were used. Experienced periodontists used standard national and international criteria to define periodontitis and MetS. The impact of baseline periodontitis on subsequent MetS incidence and its components was evaluated using regression analyses.

Results

The severity and extent of periodontitis significantly predicted MetS incidence over a decade, with a higher incidence of MetS in individuals with poorer periodontal health. A single percentage increase in the periodontitis extent raised the risk of MetS incidence by 0.4% and the risk of developing individual components of MetS by 0.2%. Independent of periodontal health, age of an individual emerged as a factor impacting MetS development.

Conclusion

This study highlights the potential effect of the severity and extent of periodontitis on the increased incidence and progression of MetS. Hyperglycaemia and hypertension were the two MetS components most significantly affected by the existence of periodontitis.
Enhancement of fish protein hydrolysates for salad dressing through high shear and sterilization pre‐treatments
Authors: Moreira Thaysa F. M. , de Oliveira Anielle , Rodrigues Vanessa de C. , de Carvalho Amarilis S. , Quichaba Michely B. , Peron Ana P. , Gonçalves Odinei H. , Gozzo Angela M. , Leimann Fernanda V. , Ribeiro Ricardo P.
Published: September 2024

Thermal and mechanical treatments may affect the structure of hydrolyzed proteins, thus influencing the obtaining of peptides with improved bioactivity. In this work, tilapia muscle was treated by thermal sterilization or homogenization with ultra‐turrax (UT) and hydrolyzed with alcalase to obtain FPHs with antioxidant properties in salad dressing. To evaluate the bioactive potential of FPHs, the acetylcholinesterase inhibition assay was applied, resulting in up to 45.87% inhibition for the UT sample (60 mg/mL). Also, no cytotoxicity was detected by Allium cepa model for all FPHs. The emulsifying activity index and emulsifying stability index of FPHs indicated better emulsifying capacity in basic pH. As a proof of concept, FPHs were used as an emulsifying/antioxidant agent to prepare a salad dressing. FPHs increased the formulation's protein content, pseudoplastic behavior, color, and texture. In addition, FPHs aided the oxidative stability of salad dressing (evaluated by oil's extinction coefficient), demonstrating potential application in emulsified foods by acting on the elimination of radicals generated in lipid oxidation.

Practical applications

Fish protein hydrolysates (FPHs) offer diverse bioactive properties such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, antihypertensive, and acetylcholinesterase (associated with Alzheimer's disease) inhibitory effects. However, optimizing their technological properties poses a challenge, affecting applicability and bioactivity. Industrial processes such as thermal and mechanical treatments can alter protein structures, influencing peptide bioactivity post enzymatic hydrolysis. This study investigates the impact of substrate pre‐treatments, sterilization via thermal heating, and homogenization using a rotor‐stator system (ultra‐turrax) on FPHs' technological properties after hydrolysis with alcalase, including emulsifying capacity and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory capacity. In addition, it explores the application of pre‐treated FPHs in a real food system (French salad dressing), assessing rheological properties, texture, and oxidative stability. Such evaluations are crucial for ensuring the feasibility of industrial FPHs production and their application.
Association between dietary vitamin C intake and migraine in adults: A cross‐sectional study of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Authors: Zhao Dehua , Long Xiaoqing , Wang Jisheng
Published: September 2024

Background

Previous studies indicate that vitamin C may decrease the occurrence and intensity of migraines, but the evidence is restricted due to small sample sizes. This study aimed to determine the magnitude of the association between dietary vitamin C intake and migraine in the general population.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study utilised data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 1999 and 2004. Participants who had severe headaches or migraines in the past 3 months were classified as experiencing migraines. Dietary vitamin C intake was evaluated using the 24‐h dietary recall system. Logistic regression models, restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression and stratified analyses were employed to assess the association between dietary vitamin C intake and migraine.

Results

The study included 4101 participants, of whom 702 (17.12%) experienced migraine. The study revealed an inverse association between dietary vitamin C intake and migraine (odds ratio [OR] = 0.89, 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 0.83–0.96, p = 0.002) after adjusting for demographic covariates, lifestyle covariates, laboratory tests, physical examinations, physical activity, dietary covariates and comorbidities. When vitamin C intake was categorised, the adjusted OR (95% CI) for migraine in Q4 (highest vitamin C intake) was 0.64 (95% CI = 0.49–0.84, p = 0.001) compared to Q1 (lowest vitamin C intake). The RCS regression showed a linear inverse relationship between dietary vitamin C intake and migraine (pnon‐linearity = 0.449). The findings remained consistent, and no significant interactions were found among different groups.

Conclusions

Dietary vitamin C intake was inversely associated with migraine, and a linear negative relationship was found between vitamin C intake and migraine.
Measuring the Impact of Unconventional Monetary Policies on the U.S. Banking and Bond Markets at the Lower Bound
Authors: SPENCER PETER
Published: September 2024

The effects of credit and monetary policy shocks are analyzed using a shadow rate model of the Eurodollar (ED) and Treasury bond markets. This model uses three factors common to both markets and two spread factors that capture the term structure of the rate differential. The results show that the policy initiatives that followed the Lehman default in 2008 were much more effective in restraining risk premiums in banking markets than in the Treasury market and that, besides the shadow policy rate, the shadow ED rate is a useful indicator of the effect of default risk on the economy.
Advances and gaps in policy, practice, and research in transition for students with intellectual and developmental disabilities across four countries
Authors: Šiška Jan , Beadle‐Brown Julie , Tichá Renáta , Stancliffe Roger , Abery Brian , Káňová Šárka
Published: September 2024

The difficulties faced by youth with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs) and their families as they move into adulthood are widely documented. The aim of the paper is to explore the current situation in terms of transition processes and outcomes in four countries (the US, UK, Australia and Czech Republic) and identify commonalities and differences that help elucidate what might determine different outcomes. Two research methods—expert knowledge and rapid literature review—were combined to identify sources from which information on transition policy, processes, support practices and outcomes was extracted and synthesised. This review identified gaps in the research evidence including inadequate collection and use of data to drive policy and determine effectiveness, limited evidence‐based models or frameworks for successful transition. There was little transition research that included the voices of young people with IDD. More research is necessary to study the practices of highly successful programmes, and to explore the impact of transition programmes and disability support services on a broader range of outcomes, capturing the experiences of young people themselves and identifying factors that determine successful outcomes.
Waitlist and transplant outcomes in patients with metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease and autoimmune hepatitis
Authors: Medina‐Morales Esli , Ismail Mohamed , Goyal Ritik M. , Marenco‐Flores Ana , Saberi Behnam , Fricker Zachary , Bonder Alan , Trivedi Hirsh D.
Published: September 2024

Background and Aims

Metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), in the context of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) among liver transplantation (LT) candidates or recipients remains poorly understood. This study compares waitlist and post‐LT outcomes in patients with MASLD/AIH to MASLD and AIH alone.

Methods

Using the united network organ sharing database (2002–2022), we compared waitlist outcomes and post‐LT survival among patients with MASLD/AIH (n = 282), AIH (n = 5812), and MASLD (n = 33 331). Competing risk, Kaplan Meier estimates and Cox proportional hazard analyses were performed.

Results

MASLD/AIH group had the highest rates of encephalopathy and ascites, and highest MELD scores. MASLD/AIH patients had higher transplantation incidence (adjusted subdistribution hazard ratio [aSHR] 1.64, 95% CI 1.44–1.85; p < .001) and lower waitlist removal risk (aSHR .30, 95% CI .20–.44; p < .001) compared to MASLD alone. One‐year post‐LT survival favoured MASLD compared to AIH (patient: 92% vs. 91%, p < .001; graft: 89% vs. 88%, p < .001) and MASLD/AIH (patient: 92% vs. 90%, p = .008; graft: 89% vs. 88%, p = .023). Recipients with MASLD/AIH showed no significant difference in survival at 10‐year post‐LT compared to MASLD (patient: 63% vs. 61%, p = .68; graft 60% vs. 59%, p = .83) and AIH (patient: 63% vs. 70%, p = .07; graft: 60% vs. 64%, p = .42).

Conclusions

Our study showed that MASLD/AIH patients demonstrate higher LT incidence and lower dropout rates. Long‐term post‐LT outcomes did not significantly differ between groups. Further prospective multicenter studies are needed to validate these findings.
A sex chromosome polymorphism maintains divergent plumage phenotypes between extensively hybridizing yellowhammers (Emberiza citrinella) and pine buntings (E. leucocephalos)
Authors: Nikelski Ellen , Rubtsov Alexander S. , Irwin Darren
Published: September 2024

Under allopatric speciation, populations of a species become isolated by a geographic barrier and develop reproductive isolation through genetic differentiation. When populations meet in secondary contact, the strength of evolved reproductive barriers determines the extent of hybridization and whether the populations will continue to diverge or merge together. The yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella) and pine bunting (E. leucocephalos) are avian sister species that diverged in allopatry on either side of Eurasia during the Pleistocene glaciations. Though they differ greatly in plumage and form distinct genetic clusters in allopatry, these taxa show negligible mitochondrial DNA differentiation and hybridize extensively where they overlap in central Siberia, lending uncertainty to the state of reproductive isolation in the system. To assess the strength of reproductive barriers between taxa, we examined genomic differentiation across the system. We found that extensive admixture has occurred in sympatry, indicating that reproductive barriers between taxa are weak. We also identified a putative Z chromosome inversion region that underlies plumage variation in the system, with the ‘pine bunting’ haplotype showing dominance over the ‘yellowhammer’ haplotype. Our results suggest that yellowhammers and pine buntings are currently at a crossroads and that evolutionary forces may push this system towards either continued differentiation or population merging. However, even if these taxa merge, recombination suppression between putative chromosome Z inversion haplotypes may maintain divergent plumage phenotypes within the system. In this way, our findings highlight the important role hybridization plays in increasing the genetic and phenotypic variation as well as the evolvability of a system.
Autosomal dominant nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in one family caused by a novel AQP2 mutation
Authors: Huang Hou‐Xuan , Sullivan Monika , Zayas Borges Paola , Kennedy Sabina
Published: September 2024

A 9‐month‐old male presented with vomiting and dehydration with mild hypernatremia in the context of failure to thrive. He was later diagnosed with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) during this hospitalisation and was also found to have eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). He has since been growing well after EoE and NDI were properly managed. Molecular genetic testing revealed an unreported deletion in AQP2 which was deemed pathogenic and of autosomal dominant inheritance when correlated with his clinical findings and family history. This case report describes the clinical course of this patient in comparison to his family members and reviews current literature on autosomal dominant NDI caused by AQP2 mutations.