bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Renaissance Problems in Calvin's Theology1
Authors: Trinkaus Charles
Published: April 2006

Professor Roy W. Battenhouse has recently presented us with a most stimulating and perceptive essay on “The Doctrine of Man in Calvin and in Renaissance Platonism.” In it he argued that the general mode of Calvin's thought about the states of man—innocent, fallen, and saved—conformed to the pattern of Renaissance neoplatonist ideas of the different levels of human existence. Although the specific conclusions and content of Calvin's thinking (e.g., predestination and the denial of free will) were on their face diametrically opposed to those of Pico della Mirandola and Ficino,

Calvin's rejection of humanism for theology, and of reason for revelation, seems to have been a rejection more often of conclusions than of basic definitions and assumptions… . Calvin's doctrine of man may have a subterranean dependence on the very Renaissance optimism and rationalism which Calvin sought to reprove and chasten.
The Study of the Hebrew Bible in Sixteenth-Century Italy1
Authors: Rosenthal Frank
Published: April 2006

When one thinks of the vast scholarship in the Christian world that has developed during the last four hundred years in the field of Semitic languages and culture, one may feel that it is highly proper to speak of a Hebrew Renaissance along with the Latin and Greek Renaissance. This term may not be taken to imply a very sudden awakening of interest and establishment of critical apparatus; it is nearer to the Latin revival than to the Greek, since Hebrew—though not so much on the surface as Latin—had been known to Christian scholars and studied by them, even if not in a formal grammatical sense, throughout the preceding centuries. Now however, men will work on the biblical and Hebrew materials with the objective freedom of intellectual inquiry and with an historical and philological exactitude hitherto unknown.
European Vernacular Works in Latin Translation
Authors: Grant W. Leonard
Published: April 2006

This essay is no more than a first attempt at a tentative exploration of an astonishingly wide topic. Every reader will be able to detect omissions and inadequacies for himself, but I hope that in a study such as the present no apology will be required.

A number of years ago, quite by accident, I ran across Latin translations of Niccolò Machiavelli's Historie fiorentine (Florence, 1537) and Discorsi ([Rome], 1531). Later on, I was able to examine a large number of such Latin versions of European vernacular works in the Bodleian Library and the British Museum. I hope eventually to be able to treat the topic in full; in the meantime, the following sketch will give some idea, however inadequate, of how much and what sort of material one can expect to find.
Coins from the neighbourhood of a Roman mine in Southern Spain
Authors: Hill G. F. , Sandars H. W.
Published: April 2006

In the heart of the Sierra Morena, and at some twelve kilometres as the crow flies to the north-west of the modern town of La Carolina, in the province of Jaen, a silver-lead mine is at present being successfully worked by an English company. But the English company would not be working it to-day, nor would they be doing so successfully, were it not for the fact that the Romans had been there before them and that the Roman miners had left indications on the surface that pointed to extensive workings below, and had not exhausted the riches which kindly Nature had stored in the vein which they exploited. That the Romans must have worked the mine which is known in our times as “el Centenillo” during a long period is principally evidenced by the extent of their underground operations, which attained the astonishing depth of 210 metres (690 feet) from surface, while in length they exceeded a thousand metres (3,280 feet) and gradually narrowed down in depth until, for some reason that will never be known and which it would be imprudent to guess at, the “old men” abandoned the mine. They worked on the best part of the lode which, in all probability, resembled other lodes in the district in being richer in silver near the surface. The Romans must, however, have been principally working the mine for lead when they determined to leave it, as their lowest workings were in a highly mineralised zone which was very good for galena but relatively poor in silver; although, as a matter of fact, the mineral, even at the depth of 325 metres (1,066 feet) which has been attained to-day, carries more silver than the other silver-lead mines of the district. (The galena contains about 82 per cent, of lead and yields about 20 ounces of silver to the ton.)
Roman London
Authors: Haverfield F.
Published: April 2006

Roman London illustrates in more than one way the worst features of English archaeological study. There has been no want of interest in the subject. In England, indeed, Roman archaeology has throughout received a fuller share of general public interest than in any other country. Thanks to our classical system, nearly everyone has read a little Caesar and, it may be, some Tacitus, and though he has forgotten nine-tenths of it, he generally deems himself fitted to enquire into the history of the Roman empire. People who in every other country would give no heed to archaeology at all are in England extremely interested, and it has always been thought right and proper that they should be interested. Unfortunately, it has also been thought needless to do more than to be interested.
Trajan on the Quinquennium Neronis
Authors: Anderson J. G. C.
Published: April 2006

English scholars, loyal in their homage to Trajan's sound common sense in all matters of administration, never weary of quoting and approving, though not always without reserve, a verdict which that emperor is said to have passed on the first five years of Nero's principate. Abroad this verdict seems to have received comparatively little attention, but in England it is so constantly repeated in histories, large and small, and in reviews, long and short, that it has obtained the currency of a proverb, and its truth has almost become an article of faith. Trajan, we are told, often declared that the first five years of Nero's rule far excelled the government of all other emperors. There is a notable unanimity in the form of the statement.
The Mormon Tithing House: A Frontier Business Institution
Authors: Arrington Leonard J.
Published: April 2006

A heal tithing office or bishop's storehouse was found in every Mormon settlement of the Mountain West during the nineteenth century. Besides functioning as collector of revenue for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the tithing house played a major role in the economic life of the community. It served as communal receiving and disbursing agency, warehouse, weighing station, livestock corral, general store, telegraph office, employment exchange and social security bureau. These functions carried it into banking, the fixing of official prices, and bulk selling. Thus the history of this institution shows, in a much different setting, counterparts of many procedures and problems open regarded as distinctly modern.
A Review of Edmund Gosse's “From Shakespeare To Pope.”
Authors: Shepherd Henry E.
Published: April 2006

To the student of English literature from a merely popular point of
view, this work of Mr. Gosse's, cannot fail to commend itself. Its mode of
treatment is pleasing— the style is lucid, the narrative is lightened by the
judicious introduction of biographical sketches and entertaining
reminiscences. Despite its many agreeable features, it lacks both the depth
and breadth of philosophic or scientific investigation, and the critical
student of our literary evolution, will lay it aside, with a mingled feeling
of disappointment and regret. The volume contains a series of lectures
delivered before the Lowell Institute, and the Johns Hopkins University,
during the. season of 1884 and 1885. The restraints that are naturally
imposed by the presence of popular audiences, will no doubt serve in some
measure to account for the superficial manner of dealing with the subject,
which is a distinctive characteristic of the work.
The Social Context of Statute of Labourers Enforcement
Authors: Poos L. R.
Published: April 2006

Historians' impressions of the position of agricultural servants and wage labourers within the medieval English rural society and economy remain as imprecise as the picture which most contemporary documents provide. Research to date on medieval agricultural labourers has concentrated upon estate workers within the seigneurial economy, primarily because manorial accounts provide fairly detailed information about famuli or estate labourers employed by particular manors, their terms of employment, and the remuneration they received. But the role of servants and labourers employed on tenant holdings by medieval villagers, and their importance for non-agricultural production within rural communities, are still extremely uncertain. They appeared fleetingly if at all in manorial documentation, which seldom had reason to be concerned with them as such, while another source which historians have used to approach the problem, nominative polltax returns furnishing household or occupational information, poses serious difficulties of interpretation.
On Rhythm in Rumanian Folk Dance
Authors: Proca-Ciortea Vera
Published: April 2006

The dance is undoubtedly one of the most powerful and beautiful expressions of the Rumanian people. Its present-day forms are the product of an evolution during which it was subject to diverse influences (both internal and external) and shaped by the spiritual needs of its creators. While part of the whole realm of folk creation, the dance is in itself a most complex phenomenon. Consequently, it has for quite some time been regarded as an independent genre, and little study has been devoted to its relationship with other folkloristic elements.
Remarks on the Big Arġūl
Authors: Elsner Jürgen
Published: April 2006

The limited amount of information on the arġūl, often based on secondhand reports or museum exhibits, that has been available to scholars in the past accounts no doubt for many an inadmissible generalization. But European musicologists, accustomed to the relatively high degree of unity and centralization characteristic of the composed music of the West, have also tended to forget that local autonomy is a typical trait of most folk cultures, including Egyptian folk music.
‘Flow Like a Waterfall’: The Metaphors of Kaluli Musical Theory
Authors: Feld Steven
Published: April 2006

Relations between language and music have traditionally been addressed
at two distinct levels of discourse. One is phenomenal and often taxonomic,
addressing the boundaries of speech and song, prosody and intonation, text
and tune, paralanguage and vocables, sprechgesang
and sprechstimme, and motivation toward signifier
or signified. The other level is analytical and sometimes abstract,
addressing the adaptation of phonological and syntactic linguistic models to
features of musical structure (a review and critique is Feld 1974).
Musik und Sprache in Intermodaler Ästhetischer Kommunikation
Authors: Stockmann Doris
Published: April 2006

Wenn man über Musik in intermodaler ästhetischer Kommunikation sprechen
will, so gehört Sprache (in all ihren aus
musikologischer Sicht wichtigen Aspekten) unbedingt zum Thema: nicht nur,
weil Musik und Sprache auf einem gemeinsamen materiellen
Substrat (modulierten Schallwellen) basieren, nicht nur,
weil sie mit demselben Sinnesorgan aufgenommen
bzw. analysiert werden und mit dem gleichen physiologischen
Erzeugungsapparat hervorgebracht werden können (Ohr und
menschliche Stimme), auch nicht nur, weil sie in älteren (vormenschlichen)
Kommunikationssystemen mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit gemeinsame
Wurzeln haben und weil beide zu ihrer Herausbildung und
Ausformung die Entwicklung des beziehenden (relativen)
Hörens benötigen, sondern vor allem, weil sie—aufgrund
dieser Gemeinsamkeiten—in der Geschichte ihrer Existenz zahlreiche
Kontaktzonen und Beziehungen ausbildeten, auf vielfältige Weise ‘Symbiosen’
eingingen und sich dabei gegenseitig beeinflußten und veränderten.
Survivals of Turkish Characteristics in Romanian Musica
Lautareasca
Authors: Garfias Robert
Published: April 2006

Turkish political influence in Romania from the 16th Century until 1881
is well documented. Historical records also provide numerous references to
Turkish music in Romania, which together with certain survivals in the form
of instruments and musical forms serve to delineate the broader outlines of
the potential area of influence of Turkish music on certain Romanian musical
practices. In this presentation I shall attempt to gather together some of
the surviving historical evidence for Turkish influence in Romania and
subsequently to describe some previously undocumented surviving musical
practices.
Toward a Universal Music Sound-Writing for Musicology
Authors: Seeger Charles
Published: April 2006

Six years ago I reported upon an attempt to graph instantaneously a single melodic line in such a manner as to permit ready correlation with the auditory sense, without employment of costly and time-consuming photographic apparatus, film development and printmaking, their mathematical interpretation and hand-written graph. The trial was conducted in my son's radar-telescopic laboratory at Cornell University in 1949, where an assembly of separate units, currently used in his observations that happened to be available for a scant two hours one Sunday morning, was wired together. Of the three sources of input—voice, guitar and whistling—the limited filter and smoothing systems at hand gave a readable graph of the last mentioned only.
Recent Developments in the Folk Song of Hunedoara
Authors: Lloyd A. L.
Published: April 2006

Folk song is too protean an affair to put into any tidy pattern of musical history. Yet even the most conservative popular traditions are liable to growth and change; and if the growth is slow, the change when it comes may be far-reaching and even violent. Hitherto it has been difficult to describe any stage in the evolution of folk song with scientific accuracy, for as a rule we lack a truly precise record of what existed before. But in this connection, a group of workers from the Rumanian Folklore Institute recently completed a survey of unusual scope and importance. Five specialists—musical, literary and choreographic—under the leadership of Miss Emilia Comisel, made a series of expeditions to the Padureni district of Hunedoara in south-western Transylvania.
Valeurs ethiques et spirituelles en musique
Authors: Daniélou Alain
Published: April 2006

Nous vivons dans un âge qui se flatte d'extrême spécialisation. Chaque science tend à devenir une science en soi, indépendante des autres sciences, ce qui fait que les divers aspects de notre pensée, de nos efforts, de nos intérêts sont facilement divergents et sans coordination. Les arts comme les sciences deviennent une recherche abstraite. lis veulent se developper à l'état pur, en vase clos, en dehors de toute convention et souvent de tout contexte psychologique ou humain.

La musique joue-t-elle dans notre vie un rôle moral et spirituel? Annoblit-elle notre vie et nos sentiments ? embellit-elle notre existence ? Ces conceptions utilitaires nous surprennent un peu et nous font rire. Elles semblent refléter une mentalité d'un autre âge. Elles font penser aux preoccupations des magiciens, à l'art des guérisseurs.
Acculturation and Musical Tradition
Authors: List George
Published: April 2006

The recent rapid development of the means of communication and the concomitant pervading influence of Western technology upon non-Western cultures has produced musical as well as economic and social change. The world's societies are now in flux and their musical traditions cannot but be affected.

In this paper no attempt will be made to discuss in any depth the acculturative process as exhibited by any one culture. It is rather my purpose to survey the scope of the changes occurring and to suggest a loose classification of the forms the changes are assuming.
Traditional Elements as a Creative Source for Composition
Authors: Mayuzumi Toshiro
Published: April 2006

In general, it can be said the Oriental has a deeper sensitivity to delicate timbres than has the Occidental. In the folk and traditional music of Japan there are innumerable exquisite combinations of timbre which make it possible to achieve delicate forms of musical expression without the help of other musical elements such as melody, rhythm, harmony and counterpoint.

In Japan's primitive conception of aesthetics, music was closely related to nature. We can find many examples wherein the actual sounds of nature have been sublimated to musical expression. This is especially true in the field of theatrical music.
La musique Israélienne contemporaine et les traditions ethniques
Authors: Boskovitch A. Urijah
Published: April 2006

La musique israélienne savante contemporaine a ceci de remarquable qu'elle se crée sans une évolution artistisque préalable. A défaut d'un passé de créations musicales marquant une continuité historique, elle se crée en se rattachant aux traditions musicales de la liturgie ou à la tradition séculaire juive orientale, elle aussi puisant aux sources liturgiques traditionelles. Ces traditions musicales sont orales, leur fixation en notation occidentale moderne et leur étude analytique et comparative ne commençant qu'au début du siècle, notamment par A. Tzvi Idelsohn. Une étude plus critique au niveau de l'ethnomusicologie contemporaine bien qu'inaugurée par le Prof. Lachmann et le Dr. Gerson Kiwi est loin d'être achevée.
Remarks on Hindemith's Contrapuntal Technique
Authors: Tischler Hans
Published: April 2006

There are two basic approaches to counterpoint, one based on consonance, the other on independent melodic-rhythmic progressions. As a conservative, Hindemith employs counterpoint in the first sense only, yet uses dissonant counterpoint, the dissonance being the result of (1) non-traditional chords, (2) an extended application of non-harmonic notes, (3) certain melodic tehniques, and (4) polytonality.

These approaches were illustrated by examples from his Ludus tonalis. Under (1) the use of three-seven, four-seven, and five-seven chords was discussed. All of these and their inversions are employed not only as structural harmonies, but also often as the result of non-harmonic notes, and they lead to frequent parallel sevenths. As to (2), non-harmonic notes serve to bring about dissonance clashes between parts. They are freely used, but their function remains always clear; often their resolutions are delayed to provoke further clashes. They also serve to counteract the romantic effect of chromaticism.
Relations of Spanish Folk Song to the Gregorian Chant*
Authors: Anglès Higini
Published: April 2006

The sacred chant of Rome, apart from its liturgical value, is of importance to musicology. In it there lives on as a substratum the remembrance of popular traditional songs. Also from Roman Chant there came the development of polyphonic music and the art of instrumental variation in Europe. In addition, it was the origin of a great number of vernacular religious chants associated with the different Christian creeds. I consider, therefore, that I am justified in claiming that the liturgical chant of the Roman Church represents a musical repertory of the highest order which can be regarded as an artistic patrimony not only of the Christian Church but of all mankind

The central corpus of the Roman Chant—known since the ninth century as “Gregorian Chant”—was already in existence during the eighth and ninth centuries. In it there are to be found reminiscences of eastern and western song of the most remote epochs: musical elements of the most ancient cultures which would have been lost for ever, had not Pontifical Rome recollected them and conserved them in its liturgy.
The Hasidic Nigun—Ethos and Melos of a Folk Liturgy
Authors: Avenary Hanoch
Published: April 2006

Hasidism, the last of the Jewish mystical movements, created a characteristic wordless vocal melody which is called in Hebrew nigun. These nigunim are often used as an extension of the existing liturgy, and serve as a prelude or postlude to the traditional prayers; there may even be devotional gatherings during which only these nigunim are heard.

Hasidism originated in Eastern Europe about 1750. It spread quickly over the Jewish diaspora in the Slavic countries, and is still alive in many communities such as Jerusalem, Safad, London, New York and elsewhere. It is the latest, but not the sole mystical movement that attracted masses of the people. Disastrous persecutions were often followed by a withdrawal of the Jews into an inner life beyond grim reality.
Traditions of Biblical Cantillation and Ekphonetics1
Authors: Levi Leo
Published: April 2006

In early Talmudic texts we already find a discussion about “Western versus Eastern” oral traditions of Bible reading. These refer to the so-called Palestinian (“Western”) Massora and to the Babylonian (“Eastern”). The two traditions merged later to form the very complicated “Tiberian” Massora, which seems to be more a sophisticated notation or a system of syntactical-rhetoric way of punctuation (perhaps also meant to reconstruct or revitalize a dying folk-tradition, in the ninth-tenth century), rather than a living tradition of chant. Three or four main types of Biblical cantillation have survived until today in the form of oral synagogal traditions, more or less connected with the written “Tiberian” signs, which appear in all Hebrew printed Bible texts. They show broad stylistic and modal differences, parallel to those between “Western” and “Eastern” modern music: diatonic (or tetrachordal) systems versus microtonal (or “maqamic”) ones, syllabic versus melismatic trends, etc.
Hebrew Recitative-Types in Hungary
Authors: Szabolcsi Bence
Published: April 2006

The paper was introduced by a short historical survey of Jewry in Hungary from Roman times until 1944, when a great part of the Jews was displaced and annihilated. Attention was called to three aspects of their musical traditions.

(1)

Their liturgical service representing a local fusion of the Ashkenazic rite of Eastern Middle Europe, which since the middle of the nineteenth century was supplanted by the so-called Sulzerian Viennese reform-liturgy.

(2)

The family ceremonies in which Jewry preserved many more original traits, fairly rich local variants, peculiar lection- and blessing-types, archaic-primitive ditties, tritonic and pentatonic patterns and also a signal- or fanfare-like intonation, connected with certain public functions.

(3)

The secular melodies which were influenced by Eastern European and also by Hungarian folk songs and dance melodies; in this respect they remind one of analogous phenomena in the cultural history of the Spanish, Italian and German Jews.
The Notation for Continuous Gradual Change of Pitch
Authors: Lin Ehr
Published: April 2006

The purpose of this paper is to show the most convenient system of notation of continuous gradual change of pitch (CGC) within the possibilities of our present five-line staff of musical notation. Fig. I shows the three most characteristic types of CGC:

Type A: The increase of pitch per unit of time is constant.

Type B: The increase of pitch per unit of time increases.

Type C: The increase of pitch per unit of time decreases.

Of these, type A appears to be less frequently used than the other two.
The Hammered Dulcimer in Ellis County, Kansas
Authors: Sackett S. J.
Published: April 2006

The principal immigrant group in Ellis County, Kansas, is the so-called German-Russians. In 1763 Catherine the Great of Russia issued a manifesto designed to stimulate German colonization in the Volga region. By 1768 these people had founded 104 colonies along the banks of the Volga and Karaman rivers. Those who later emigrated to Ellis County came from nineteen of these villages. The first group of emigrants came to Topeka in 1875, and immigration to the United States ended in 1878.

As they had done in Russia, the German-Russian people retained their customs and traditions in their new environment. They continued speaking German, and by no means all learned English; even today among the third generation there are a few who speak German more fluently than English. A recent collection has brought together more than a hundred of their folk songs.
Noah in British and American Folksong
Authors: Utley Francis Lee
Published: April 2006

This paper began as the somewhat casual assembly of songs about Noah as a consequence of a much more extended survey of Aarne-Thompson Tale Type 825, The Devil in the Ark, and other folk expansions of the Flood story. Close work with the songs has shown a totally unexpected result far beyond that of the theme chosen. A book has evolved which promises to provide a new, or at least intensified, method for attacking the long-neglected problem of classification and analysis of the non-narrative folk song.

The centre of interest is some forty English and American folk-song entities, a few of them narrative, but the great bulk lyrical, with all the inferable fluidity of that adjective. Such a thematic approach also has discovered some fifteen or more literary versions, including such names as Chesterton, Kipling, Kenneth Grahame, and the Freemason tradition, and an equal number of non-English songs: Sorbian and Ukrainian, German and Swedish, French, Latin, and a sixteenth-century macaronic poem.
The Repertoire of a Traditional Gaelic Singer in the Outer Hebrides: With Reference to Versions of Her Songs Known in Canada
Authors: Collinson Francis
Published: April 2006

From the early years of this century, the islands of the Hebrides have provided us, through the work of a very small number of collectors, with a stream of folk songs of great beauty and interest.

Now, from the small island of Vatersay at the southern end of the island chain, comes a find as exciting as any yet discovered, in the form of over 460 songs, many of them not previously known to us, from the lips of a single singer, by name Nan Mackinnon or, to give her her Gaelic patronymic, Nan Eachainn Fhionnlaigh. Credit for the initial discovery in 1952 of this treasure-hoard must go to Donald Macpherson of Barra. Further work of recording, transcription and documentation of her repertoire has fallen to me and to my colleague James Ross, formerly of the School of Scottish Studies. Much of the importance of the find lies in the fact that these songs are the direct inheritance of an older island community, that of the Isle of Mingulay, now uninhabited.
Folk and Primitive Music in Canada*
Authors: Sargent Margaret
Published: April 2006

Within her three and a half million square miles, Canada possesses an infinity of primitive and folk music. To facilitate future research on it, widely scattered materials have been centralised here under the headings: (1) historical summary, (2) the part played in this field by the National Museum, and (3) bibliography.
The Scales of Some Central Australian Songs
Authors: Caughie Catherine
Published: April 2006

The Central Australian aborigines make remarkable use of slight pitch alterations in their singing. It was this feature of their music which prompted me to make a more accurate and detailed study of the scales used in the songs I have already transcribed from T. G. H. Strehlow's collection of recordings.

The method used to determine the accurate frequency of all notes was as follows. An audio oscillator type A57321 was warmed, then plugged through a speaker alongside which another speaker reproduced the required notes from the recording. (The speed of the turntable was checked before use.) Each note of the chosen verse was taken separately and repeated until the note produced by the oscillator corresponded to it. Here some error could occur, as it was impossible to have the two notes sounding together for any length of time. It was therefore necessary to sound one and immediately follow it by the other.
The Concept of Yugoslav Folk Music in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Petrović Radmila
Published: April 2006

At one of the great world crossroads, between the East and the West, six Slav ethnic groups live together in the Federal Republic of Yugoslovia, with its six constituent republics. In recent centuries various foreign powers have crossed swords over this territory, leaving behind imprints of their cultures and civilizations. The conquerers generally settled in the larger population centres, and their cultural influence in these centres was much stronger than in the villages where the greater part of the Yugoslav population lived. Thus the Yugoslav villager was in such areas able to retain more of his traditional cultural forms, such as folk music, song, dance and instruments.
Factorial Analysis of the Song as an Approach to the Formation of a Unitary Field Theory
Authors: Seeger Charles
Published: April 2006

In comparison with the most admired scholarly disciplines of the twentieth century Western World, musicology has only tardily formed concepts of its total field, or universe, and of its lowest common denominator. And these concepts, such as they are, have not yet made a dent upon the “excessive historicism” still entrenched in academic fortresses. Meanwhile, the natural and social sciences have advanced from positions of main reliance upon analytical techniques to bold syntheses of universal proportions, while in musicology, even mention of synthesis is not quite respectable. It should not be, but probably is, necessary to point out that except within a universal conceptual frame and in terms of a lowest common denominator, analysis is harzardous.
L'evolution d'un chanson grecque
Authors: Baud-Bovy Samuel
Published: April 2006

Lorsque l'avion n'avait pas encore aboli les distances, le Grec qui quittait Athènes pour Vienne ou Paris disait se rendre “en Europe,” soulignant ainsi à bon droit que la Grèce, quoique appartenant géographiquement à l'Europe, participe aussi d'une autre culture, orientale ou tout au moins méditerraneenne.

Nous avons montré ailleurs que la mélodie-type des strophes de distiques rimés était commune à la Grèce et à l'Occident (Baud-Bovy, 1956).

Les chansons narratives nous offrent un autre exemple de cette communauté de répertoire. Leur strophe ne comporte plus quatre sections comme celle des distiques, mais trois sections, correspondant chacune à un hémistiche du vers populaire par excellence des Grecs modernes, le vers dit “politique,” un “grand vers” à césure.
Les types melodiques tchérémisses
Authors: Vikár Lászlo
Published: April 2006

Les Tchérémisses font partie des petits peuples peu connus de l'Union Soviétique. Ils sont à peine au nombre de 500.000. Ils vivent en majorité au nord du grand coude de la Volga de Kazan à l'intérieur de la République Autonome Mari (Tchérémisse). Mais nous trouvons un groupe à 500 kms. plus à l'Est encore, à la rencontre des fleuves Bïelaïa et Kama, sur le territoire de la Bachkirie d'aujourd'hui. Leur langue est classée parmi les langues finno-ougriennes du sud. Les Tchérémisses sont done ainsi apparentés aux Finnois et, au delà de plusieurs petits peuples, aux Hongrois, aussi. Mais en plus des rapports linguistiques, l'analogie peut aussi etre démontrée dans la musique. C'est d'abord Béla Bartók qui dénonca ce fait au début des années 1920, puis, plus tard Zoltán Kodály exposa en détail la relation tchérémisse-hongroise. L'étude de la musique tchérémisse est depuis lors une partie organique de notre musicologie.
Survivals of Pre-Hispanic Music in New Mexico
Authors: Yurchenco Henrietta
Published: April 2006

When the Spaniards arrived in Mexico, early in the sixteenth century, they found high cultures among the Aztecs of the Valley of Mexico and the Mayas of Yucatan. From the vivid accounts of their chroniclers we know that music played an important role in government, civic affairs and religion. At the awesome sacrifices of countless captives before the images of war-gods, thousands of dancers and singers would perform to the accompaniment of percussion instruments, flutes and trumpets. There were the upright, unbraced drum, huehetl, the sacred two-toned wooden slit-drum, teponaztli, bone and stone scrapers, rattles and scraped turtle shells, shell trumpet and tubular trumpets, double, triple and quadruple whistle flutes (the only melodic instruments) and ocarinas of all shapes and sizes. Young people, trained in special schools, were employed by the Aztec priests and nobles to compose music for these occasions and to serve as court musicians. Though the Spanish soldiers and priests who witnessed the Aztec ceremonials were horrified by the brutality and bloodshed (particularly when they saw their own men led to the sacrificial altar) they also reported on the beauty and skill of the musicians and dancers.
Über die Totenklage im deutschen Sprachraum
Authors: Suppan Wolfgang
Published: April 2006

Die Umsiedlungen im Gefolge des Zweiten Weltkrieges haben die wichtigste Quelle für die Kenntnis des älteren deutschen Volksliedes fast zur Gänze verschüttet. Ich meine jene Melodien, die seit den achtziger Jahren des vorigen Jahrhunderts in deutschen Sprachinseln Süd- und Osteuropas aufgezeichnet werden konnten (Suppan, 1962-63). Heute sind nur noch wenige ergänzende Einzelstücke von ähnlichem Wert und Alter aufzulesen. Von einem solchen Relikt, das die beiden Freiburger Volkskundler J. Künzig und W. Werner 1961 in Süddeutschland auf Tonband festhalten konnten und in dankenswerter Weise dem Referenten zur Verfügung stellten, soll hier die Rede sein: es handelt sich um das Fragment einer siebenbürgisch-sächsischen Totenklage, die der ältesten Schicht zugehört, die bisher in diesem Raum erfasst werden konnte.
Wichtige archaische Funde in den Alpen*
Authors: Vodušek Valens
Published: April 2006

Im Mai, 1962, arbeitete eine gemischte italienisch-jugoslawische ethnomusikologische Expedition in Resia, einem isolierten Alpental in den westjulischen Alpen, das auf der italienischen Seite der jugoslawisch-italienischen Staatsgrenze liegt. An der Expedition nahmen teil: Prof. Giorgio Nataletti vom Centro Nazionale Studi di Musica Popolare aus Rom und eine Gruppe aus dem Institut für Ethnomusikologie, Ljubljana. Die Bewohner von Resia, etwa 3000 an der Zahl, sprechen einen archaischen slowenischen Dialekt. Auch ihre Musikkultur ist ausgesprochen archaisch; ein grosser Teil da von ist zweifellos alter als alles, was bis jetzt im Alpengebeit bekannt wurde. Ihre Kultur ist eine Hirtenkultur mit Merkmalen einer halbnomadischen Lebensweise. Die beiden genannten Institute planen, sobald wie moglich eine gemeinsame Publikation über Resia herauszugeben.
Zur Vokalmusik der südalbanischen Çamen
Authors: Stockmann Doris
Published: April 2006

The Chams, numerically the smallest group of the three Shküpterian tribes in southern Albania, live in villages far apart from one another, on the coast of the Ionian and Adriatic seas. In 1944 they left West Epirus and were settled between Sarandë and Durrës. Whereas the Tosks and Labs sing almost all types of song in more than one part, and in a specific kind of three- or four-part polyphony including a drone, the Chams exhibit different types of part-singing, among others a peculiar technique intermediate between solo and part-song. Furthermore, in choral songs, strictly solo-singing plays an important part. The tonal structures used by the Chams display a colourful variety not found among the Tosks, who incline to pentatonic structures. The types of rhythm used by the Chams, and their style of delivery, range from a free-moving style, as found among the Tosks, to a controlled and fixed giusto-style, as found among the Labs. An analysis of the vocal style of the Chams should be useful as an aid to understanding southern-Albanian folk song.
Part-Singing in Bulgarian Folk Music*
Authors: Kaufman Nikolay
Published: April 2006

Over a large area of south-western Bulgaria, songs are mostly two-part. The first voice sings the melody; the second voice is smooth or slightly more florid, mostly on the tonic and adjacent degrees of the scale. This area can be divided into four regions, differentiated by the styles of singing in two-part songs: Pirina region, the region to the centre of western Bulgaria, and the Velingrad and Ihktiman Pazardjik regions. Each of these regions shows a different structure of two-part songs. The differences lie in harmonic and rhythmic structure, and in the range of the second voice.

The most widespread style is that of the Pirina region, characterized by the comparative restriction of the second voice.

Typical of the Velingrad region are the songs with a vigorously moving second part, ranging mainly between the first, third and fourth degrees of the scale and the leading note. Typical of the Ikhtiman region (the smallest of the four) are two-part songs with an elaborately ornamented second part woven round the melody and reaching the tonic a little before the first voice.
Der heutige Stand der ungarischen Volkstanzforschung
Authors: Pesovár Ernő
Published: April 2006

Die ungarische Volkstanzforschung unserer Tage ist die organische Fortsetzung jener am Anfang des Jahrhunderts begonnenen Forschungsarbeit, deren erste bedeutende Zusammenfassung das Werk Marian Réthei Prikkels: A magyarság táncai (Die Tänze des Ungartums), Budapest, 1924, ist. Sein unvergängliches Verdienst ist die Erschliessung des äusserst bedeutsamen historischen Quellenmaterials und der Entwurf der Konturen eines umfassenden Bildes. Seine Mängel zeigen sich in erster Linie darin, dass das neuere Tanz- und Tanzmusikmaterial unerschlossen blieb. Um die Beseitigung dieser Mangelhaftigkeit machte sich Sándor Gönyey als erster verdient; er machte die ersten Schritte zur zeitgemässen Fixierung des lebendigen Volkstanzes, als er sich in seiner Sammelarbeit ab 1926 eines Kinoapparates bediente. Die Ergebnisse der Sammlungen Sándor Gönyey und die Tanz- und Tanzmusikforschungen von László Lajtha werden in ihrem gemeinsamen Aufsatz, im Tanzkapitel des IV. Bandes A magyarság Néprajza (Ungarische Ethnographie), 1937, zusammengefasst.
Über den vokalen und instrumentalen vortrag der ungarischen Volksweisen
Authors: Kiss Lajos
Published: April 2006

In der Musikfolklore erscheinen die Melodien entweder vokal oder instrumental. Diese beiden Stile setzen selbst bei derselben Melodie zweierlei Vortragsarten voraus. Beide Arten werden von den technischen Gegebenheiten der Interpretationsmittel, der menschlichen Stimme bzw. des betreffenden Instruments determiniert.

Im gesungenen Vortrag sind die Töne länger ausgehalten, enger miteinander verbunden. Ihr Rhythmus wird in den meisten Fällen durch die Prosodie der Sprache beeinflusst, im Parlando-Vortrzg sogar bestimmt. Die Prosodie des Textes hat selbst im Falle eines festen Tempo giusto-Vortrages ihre Einwirkung auf den musikalischen Rhythmus. Die vorkommenden Verzierungen sind von zweierlei Art. Erstens findet man mit der Melodie eng verbundene, ihren integralen Teil bildende Melismen, die die Melodielinie verzieren, ohne das Wesen der Melodie besonders zu beeinflussen.
The Dvotelnik, a Macedonian Folk Instrument
Authors: Hadžimanov Vasil
Published: April 2006

The dvotelnik is a widespread instrument in Macedonia (Yugoslavia), to be found in the west (Prilepsko, Gostivarsko, Kičevsko), in the east (Berovsko, Kratovsko, Kumanovsko), and in Tikveško and Skopsko. Dvotelnik is the Slav name; to the Turkish minority it is ikitetti, meaning ‘with two strings,’ and the Slav name is a part translation of the Turkish. The instrument is a hemi-pyriform long-lute with metal frets and two metal strings, played with a plectrum. Formerly strings were made of sheep gut, and frets of gut or string. Both carvel-built and carved monoxylic resonators are to be found, but the latter are commoner and preferred (as in Turkey) because of their superior resonance and resistance to damp. For monoxylic bodies a number of woods are in use: sycamore (Acer pseudo-platanus), pear, sweet-chestnut and, above all, mulberry. Figs. A, B, Plate II, show the roughly shaped belly (meše) and the subsequent hollowing with a hand-adze; the carver is Pesho Bakalov. This is also the method of making the monoxylic type of belly practised in Turkey today. In Macedonia (as in Turkey) half of a pear-shaped gourd may also be used as a resonator, with the Slav name of leika. In general, body and neck are made of different woods, so as to reduce the effects of warping.
Georgian Folk Polyphony
Authors: Emsheimer Ernst
Published: April 2006

Musical history research and ethnomusicology have hitherto usually been treated as separate fields. One of the reasons for this is doubtless the search for a way in which the material to be dealt with should be presented. Historical research has, as we know, to do with a body of musical fact which has been handed down through the medium of notation and therefore exists in a more or less concrete form. Non-European music and European folk music, on the other hand, are exclusively dependent upon oral tradition. To begin with, the latter does not, as Robert Lachmann once very aptly expressed it, exist for us at all. Materials must first be made indirectly tangible for us through special means, that is to say, they must be translated through recording and transcription out of the sphere of oral tradition into that of written notation. This is certainly one of the chief reasons why musical history research and ethnomusicology have hitherto gone different ways, each with its own independent aims, complexes of problems and methods.
Tiwanaku Settlement System: The Integration of Nested Hierarchies in the Lower Tiwanaku Valley
Authors: Albarracin-Jordan Juan
Published: April 2006

This study reports on changing settlement patterns in the lower Tiwanaku Valley during the Formative (1500 B. C.-A. D. 100), Classic (A. D. 400-800), and Postclassic (A. D. 800-1100) periods. Based on the association of agricultural features with these site distributions, as well as the consideration of ethnohistoric and ethnographic information, it is argued that fundamental principles of the political and economic organization of the Aymara ayllus and markas can be inferred from the archaeological evidence. It also is suggested that Tiwanaku articulated local elites through mechanisms of reciprocity and common ideological denominators rather than through direct intervention and control of local sociopolitical hierarchies.
Corporate Groups and Domestic Activities at Teotihuacan
Authors: Manzanilla Linda
Published: April 2006

This article compares domestic subsistence, craft production, and ritual at several excavated apartment compounds in Teotihuacan, Mexico. A new methodological approach for studying activity areas was tested in a multifamily compound at Oztoyahualco 15B:N6W3 with the purpose of obtaining information on specific activities attributable to particular households. This approach combines the identification and mapping of chemical compounds in stucco floors with pollen, phytolith, botanical, and faunal analyses. Together with the distribution of particular types of artifacts, ritual objects, and debris, these data permit an evaluation of the corporate character of certain activities.
Transport Costs, Consumer Demand, and Patterns of Intraregional Exchange: A Perspective on Commodity Production and Distribution from Northern Belize
Authors: Santone Lenore
Published: April 2006

Este artículo intenta definir áreas de consumo primarias y periféricas formales que se producían en Colha, en vista de las opciones de transporte y demanda del consumidor. Por medio de un modelo de presencia/ausencia, se examinan conjuntos líticos de 29 sitios del Preclásico Tardío y el Clásico Tardío en el norte de Belice buscando evidencia de variación en la demanda del consumidor según los periodos y según la proximidad a las vías acuáticas naturales. Durante el Preclásico Tardío, la más grande diversidad de herramientas formales ocurrió en los sitios que se sitúan al noroeste de Colha. Durante el Clásico Tardío la demanda por la herramientas formales de Colha se manifiesta en un mayor número de sitios que se sitúan a una distancia más grande y en todas direcciones del centro de producción. La comparación de la distribución de herramientas formales de pedernal, basada ya sea en el transporte terrestre o acuático, parece indicar que el uso de las vías acuáticas internas o marítimas (costeñas) se incrementó significativamente el tamaño del sistema de intercambio local. Los resultados de este estudio ilustran el significado de las rutas naturales de transporte como recursos explotables y en el desarrollo del sistema de intercambio local.
Exchange Implications of Obsidian Source Analysis from the Lower Rio Verde Valley, Oaxaca, Mexico
Authors: Joyce Arthur A. , Elam J. Michael , Glascock Michael D. , Neff Hector , Winter Marcus
Published: April 2006

This article considers the results of instrumental neutron-activation analyses of 61 obsidian artifacts recovered from excavations at four archaeological sites in the lower Río Verde valley on the Pacific coast of Oaxaca, Mexico. Determinations of source locations of these artifacts permit the examination of changes in obsidian exchange patterns spanning the late Middle Formative to the Classic period. The results show that through most of this period the importation of obsidian into the lower Verde region was dominated by sources in the Basin of Mexico and Michoacan. The data allow us to evaluate previous models of interregional relations during the Formative and Classic periods, including interaction with the highland centers of Monte Albán and Teotihuacán.
Expedient Shell Tools from the Northern West Indies
Authors: O'Day Sharyn Jones , Keegan William F.
Published: April 2006

Our work in the Bahamas, Turks and Caicos, Haiti, and Jamaica has revealed significant patterning in apparently unretouched molluscan shell objects. In the present paper we conclude that repetitive patterns in shell breakage, especially of queen conch (Strombus gigas), reflect the specific manufacture of forms for use as expedient tools. Expedient tools exhibit only primary modification in which a portion of the source material is removed and shaped, but there is no specific evidence for the preparation of a work edge. Alternatively, expedient tools may display no modification of the raw material except that produced through use. We hypothesize that through controlled breakage large S. gigas and other mollusk shells were modified to create numerous smaller pieces for everyday domestic activities. The key factor here is human intent. Experiments clearly demonstrate that controlled breakage of adult shells produces predictable fragments. Among these are forms that occurred in prehistoric sites throughout the West Indies; many of these forms also exhibit signs of use wear. This type of regional comparison and analysis is important for all archaeologists who work in coastal settings. It is only through such general studies that the sample size is sufficient to facilitate a more complete reconstruction of the aboriginal tool kit.
Early Formative Platforms at Paso de la Amada, Chiapas, Mexico
Authors: Lesure Richard G.
Published: April 2006

Recent excavations have revealed Early Formative platforms at the site of Paso de la Amada on the coast of Chiapas, Mexico. Platforms supported large, perishable structures up to 22 m long. These structures were not arranged in plaza groups or ceremonial precincts, but were scattered across the site. One of their functions may have been to control or integrate social units within the village, such as neighborhoods or lineages. It remains uncertain, however, whether these large buildings were residences for high-status families or public buildings shared by neighborhood members. From 1400 to 1250 B.C. a number of contemporary platforms probably served similar functions at the site, each in a separate segment of the community. Increasingly, however, these functions were centralized at a single large structure (Mound 6). This centralization persisted until 1100 B.C., when Mound 6 was abandoned and segmental social units emerged once again.