bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Partnership for America's Cup Technology: An Overview
Authors: Gretzky James A. , Marshall John K.
Published: May 2021

A discussion is presented on the organization and operation of the Partnership for America's Cup Technology (PACT). Founded in February 1990 when individual American syndicates were unable to fund productive research and design programs, PACT's mission was to help the U.S. America's Cup Defense overcome the technical lead held by several foreign challengers in the new International America's Cup Class (IACC). PACT was to conduct cooperative technology development projects relevant to IACC yacht design to support all U.S. syndicates competing to defend the America's Cup.

PACT had four major programs: gathering site specific environmental data; testing parametric series of hulls or appendages with associated improvements in testing methods; developing Computational Fluid Dynamics tools benchmarked by suitable experiments; developing and maintaining VPP centered design evaluation software.

Since PACT was not involved in design itself, American syndicates maintained their own proprietary high level design programs. In areas where syndicates did not have comparable research programs, PACTs work was integrated into the syndicate design process and often played a role in their final designs. When PACT programs overlapped existing syndicate research, PACT provided a valuable second opinion.

Planning and conducting PACT research was a team effort involving syndicate representatives and independent researchers. Regularly scheduled meetings and formal reports were used to distribute information to the American Syndicates.
Stars and Stripes Design Program for the 1992 America's Cup
Authors: Todter Chris , Pedrick David , Calderon Alberto , Nelson Bruce , Debord Frank , Dillon Dave
Published: May 2021

The Team Dennis Conner (TDC) design program for the 1992 America's Cup is presented in an overview form. The team members are listed. The spectrum of design tools available are discussed, highlighting the usefulness and emphasis of each. The design tradeoffs will be presented in general form, including a discussion of the monoplane/multiplane appendage tradeoffs. The importance of the structural design aspects and methods will be presented. An appreciation of the full size performance feedback to the design will be covered.
Strategies for Problem Solving, Critical Analysis, and Goal Setting
Authors: Traga Philippakos Zoi A. , Wilson Hailey Mathison , Picerno Karen
Published: May 2021

Problem solving requires the application of critical reading and thinking skills and the use of relevant strategies to reach a solution. Independent learners are able to apply taught strategies across contexts and often complete challenging tasks unassisted. The purpose of this paper
is to explain how a process of analysis of assignments and evaluation can be applied in reading, writing, and with modifications in mathematics. This work draws on genre-based strategies, on oral language and dialogic pedagogy, and demonstrates how they can be applied across the curriculum
to support students’ transfer of knowledge and skills from writing instruction to responses to reading and mathematics aiding them in reflection and eventually independence. Further, the paper provides guidelines for teachers’ explanations to promote critical thinking, questioning,
and goal setting.
Learning as Peers in Practice ‐ an Obstacle or Support for Student Teachers’ Vocational Learning?
Authors: Jederud Sandra
Published: May 2021

Re-organization of practicum within Initial Teacher Education in Sweden has initiated changes of support for student teachers. This article discusses learning during practice, where student teachers are placed with peer students, and what this method of learning indicates how student teachers should learn the profession of teaching. This article examines perceived consequences when student teachers collaborate during practice within ITE. I make use of the concepts ofparticipatory perspective, where practical knowledge is learned through taking part in practice, andspectator perspective, where practical knowledge is learned through reflecting together with peers. This article illuminates how different forms of learning are experienced and valued in this part of teacher education. A case study was conducted among ITE preschool students implementing their final period of practice. Findings show that when student teachers implement practice together, perceptions are that learning through aspectator perspectiveis seen as an obstacle for learning the profession of teaching authentically.
LinkPred: a high performance library for link prediction in complex networks
Authors: Kerrache Said
Published: May 2021

The problem of determining the likelihood of the existence of a link between two nodes in a network is called link prediction. This is made possible thanks to the existence of a topological structure in most real-life networks. In other words, the topologies of networked systems such as the World Wide Web, the Internet, metabolic networks, and human society are far from random, which implies that partial observations of these networks can be used to infer information about undiscovered interactions. Significant research efforts have been invested into the development of link prediction algorithms, and some researchers have made the implementation of their methods available to the research community. These implementations, however, are often written in different languages and use different modalities of interaction with the user, which hinders their effective use. This paper introduces LinkPred, a high-performance parallel and distributed link prediction library that includes the implementation of the major link prediction algorithms available in the literature. The library can handle networks with up to millions of nodes and edges and offers a unified interface that facilitates the use and comparison of link prediction algorithms by researchers as well as practitioners.
THE EXPERIENCE OF RECEIVING A TUBERCULOSIS DIAGNOSIS: A QUALITATIVE EXPLORATION
Authors: BOLAK BORATAV Hale , Karslioglı Inal Sena , Kuey Levent
Published: May 2021

This study aimed to investigate the psycho-social experiences of individuals with a tuberculosis diagnosis and to explore processes related to stigma and coping in this context. Towards this aim, in-depth interviews were conducted with 24 adults who had received pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosis at different dispensaries in İstanbul, and who were in different stages of treatment. The data was analyzed using Thematic Analysis and the MAXQDA software. The findings were organized under 1) Psychosocial effects of receiving a tuberculosis diagnosis, 2) Coping, and 3) Factors that account for the differences in the experiences. Findings are discussed in the light of existing literature and strengths and limitations of the current study as well as recommendations for future research are presented. In line with the literature, issues related to interpersonal relationships and finances were the most salient matters that came to fore and were interwoven with accounts of stigma related experiences such as fear of infecting others, interpersonal distancing and difficulties with self-disclosure. As expected, availability of social support was an important stress buffer. That the reported responses by others were not exclusively stigmatizing, and that attempts at sympathy and care were also observed support the findings of previous research in Turkey that has found recipients of TB to be moderately stigmatized by others. Arguments are made both for the need to educate the public to reduce societal stigma, as well as for psychosocial interventions with individuals with TB diagnosis based on possible predictors of the differences in experiences with the illness.
Чистим кровь полимерной сеткой: сверхсшитый полистирол в терапии цитокиновой бури, "Природа"
Authors: Даванков В.А. , Цюрупа М.П. , Павлова Л.А. , Пастухов А.В.
Published: May 2021

Более полувека назад мы синтезировали полимер, свойства которого противоречили общепринятым канонам полимерной химии, — сверхсшитый полистирол. Несмотря на жесткую сшивку каждого звена цепи со звеньями соседних цепей, он оказался достаточно эластичным, поглощал большие количества любой жидкости, при этом заметно увеличиваясь в размерах. Сейчас сверхсшитые полистирольные сорбенты производятся тысячами тонн в год, так как нашли множество областей применения в науке и технике. Удивительным свойством жесткой ажурной сетки полимера оказалась ее полная инертность по отношению к клеткам крови и крупным белковым молекулам. Это позволило создать на базе сверхсшитых полимеров универсальные гемосорбенты, которые уже спасли сотни обреченных пациентов с общим заражением крови (сепсисом). В статье рассказывается об этапах создания этих сорбентов, оказавшихся столь востребованными в эпоху текущей пандемии короновируса.
Двухэтажное торнадо, "Природа"
Authors: Наумов И.В. , Штерн В.Н.
Published: May 2021

В ходе поисков формы потока, оптимальной для роста культуры в вихревых биореакторах, обнаружена любопытная и впечатляющая структура, имитирующая сильные вихри, наблюдаемые в атмосфере и океане, которая может быть названа «двухэтажное торнадо».
Есть ли жизнь на... Венере?, "Земля и Вселенная"
Authors: Коцюрбенко О.Р.
Published: May 2021

Среди космических объектов Солнечной системы, на которых предполагается существование каких-либо форм жизни, Венера долгое время не представляла особого интереса. Экстремально высокие температура и давление на поверхности, атмосфера, состоящая из мелкодисперсных капель серной кислоты – все это, казалось бы, делало планету абсолютно не пригодной для существования живых организмов земного типа. Однако новые данные астрофизических исследований и основанные на них теоретические разработки привели к резкому повышению значимости Венеры для астробиологов. Основной интерес для исследователей, занимающихся поиском внеземной жизни, связан с облачным слоем Венеры толщиной в 20–25 км, в котором, несмотря на довольно жесткие условия, должен выживать ряд земных микроорганизмов, относящихся к экстремофилам. В российской космической программе по исследованию Венеры, целью которой является запуск к этой планете космических аппаратов в 2028–2030 гг., планируются астробиологические эксперименты. В них предполагается обнаружить различные биомаркеры в облачном слое, чтобы попытаться ответить на вопрос: есть ли жизнь на Венере
Достижения современной астрометрии, "Земля и Вселенная"
Authors: Цветков А.С.
Published: May 2021

Астрометрия – самая древняя часть астрономии – основа астрономических наблюдений и измерений координат и времени. Главной задачей астрометрии является реализация системы отсчета – той самой инерциальной системы отсчета, о которой говорится в первом законе Ньютона. Лучшей на сегодняшний день реализацией системы отсчета на практике являются звездные каталоги, которые астрономы создавали для этой цели еще со времен античности. Работа над уточнением данных в каталогах привела к открытию прецессии и нутации земной оси, собственных движений и параллаксов звезд, орбитального движения двойных звезд. Наблюдения в радио- и оптическом диапазоне очень далеких объектов – квазаров – привели к созданию самой точной современной системы отсчета International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF). Именно к ним привязывается система GPS или ГЛОНАСС в навигаторах. XXI век с его вычислительными возможностями привел к созданию звездных каталогов невиданной мощности, содержащих свыше миллиарда объектов. Но основной прорыв, даже революцию, в астрометрии совершили космические наблюдения. Уже два космических аппарата создали звездные каталоги, точность которых фантастична и позволяет прикоснуться к решению таких задач, сама постановка которых была ранее немыслима. Обзору успехов астрометрии за последние два тысячелетия, массовым звездным каталогам и космическим астрометрическим проектам посвящена эта статья.
Будущее за электрическими судами, "Энергия: экономика, техника, экология"
Authors: Никифоров Б.В. , Романовский В.В. , Авраменко А.И.
Published: May 2021

Внастоящее время укрепляется тенденция к созданию полностью электрических автономных морских объектов, а целесообразность проектирования кораблей и судов с полным электродвижением уже практически не вызывает сомнений. Понятие “полностью электрическое судно или корабль” не имеет строгого толкования и авторами отождествляется с наличием трёх основных составляющих: всережимной системы электродвижения, мощного основного источника электроэнергии и высоконадёжного, высокоэффективного вспомогательного электропривода различных электромеханизмов с глубоким плавным регулированием во всём диапазоне и коротким реверсом электродвигателей для замены механических, гидравлических, пневматических приводов на электрические.
Entrepreneurship Development of Rural Women through Value Added Dairy Products
Authors: Dahiya Rajesh , Rani Santosh , Kaushik Sushma
Published: May 2021

The most important trend of development in agriculture is increasing diversification of rural economy. Contribution of agriculture sector to total GDP of state is 26 Percent. Whereas livestock sector is contributing around 38 percent of Agriculture GDP (at current prices). Today dairy enterprise is practiced by 70 million rural households in India. Milk products generate cash income to farmers almost on daily basis, unlike other crops. Clean milk production by adopting the appropriate practices is urgent need to boost dairy industry and to meet obligations under Food Safety and standard Act, 2006. In Haryana, livestock production is more of women oriented, so their production potential can be enhanced through technical know how and support. Keeping in mind the contribution of women, the present study was undertaken in Hisar district of Haryana. 50 rural women of self help groups of Mangali and Muklan   Villages (25 each) were selected purposively who were member of self help group from last one year, having need and interest in dairy farming and having at least two milch animals. A well planned five days training at CCSHAU Hisar, visit to dairy co-operatives, kit of mineral mixture and literature was provided to the participants.  Knowledge gap reduction was found highest for paneer preparation 87.81 percent. For all three components, training effectiveness index ranged between 74.28% to 94.66% which shows that trainees perceived the intervention very useful and well covered. Overall training effectiveness index was 80.94 %. Highest perceived feasibility Index was found for Cultural compatibility (97.33%), followed by Physical compatibility practicability (93.33), Low initial cost (90.66%), Trial ability (88.00%) and Visibility of results (86.66%). Lowest perceived feasibility index was found for Cognitive simplicity 54.66 percent.
Alleviation of Salt-Induced Adverse Effects on Gas Exchange, Photosynthetic Pigments Content and Chloroplast Ultrastructure in Gerbera Jamesonii L. by Exogenous Salicylic Acid Application
Authors: Kumara Kapila , Ampitiyawatta A. D. , Padmaperuma Adithya , Beneragama Chalinda , Ping Xia Yi
Published: May 2021

Aims: The effects of exogenously applied salicylic acid (SA) on gas exchange characteristics, photosynthetic pigments and chloroplast ultrastructure were investigated in gerbera at their reproductive stage under salt-stressed conditions.

Methodology: A pot experiment was conducted under glasshouse conditions at the Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, (30° N/120° E) between February 2008 and March 2009.Plants, pretreated with foliar applications of 0, 0.5, and 1.0 mmoldm-3 SA at the onset of flower initiation were irrigated with 100 mmoldm-3NaCl(aq) for two weeks, starting after three days from the SA pretreatment. Control did not receive either NaCl or SA.Photosynthetic rate, gas exchange, photosynthetic pigments content and chloroplast ultrastructure were investigated against treatments. All data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Generalized Linear Model (GLM) using SAS statistical software. Pearson’s correlation test was carried out to study the relationships among the parameters. The means were compared using Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT). For all the tests, P< .05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: Salt stress adversely affected the gas exchange characteristics, photosynthetic pigment contents and chloroplast ultrastructure. SA application significantly increased the net photosynthesis, stomatal conductivity, intra-cellular CO2 content and transpiration rate but decreased the stomatal limitation, compared to those of untreated salt-stressed plants. Further, the enhanced photosynthetic pigment contents and notably undamaged chloroplast ultrastructure were evident of the ameliorative effects of SA on photosynthetic system under salt stress. Of the two concentrations tested, 0.5 mmoldm-3 SA concentration seemed to have greater effect throughout the experiment showing no significant variation from control in some attributes (chlorophyll contents and chloroplast ultrastructure).

Conclusion: Responses of plants pretreated with SA spraying and significant correlation among them plausibly suggest SA-induced enhancement of photosynthetic system as another target for conferring salt tolerance in crop plants.
Genetic Characterization of Domestic Apple Varieties from Tuzla Canton, BiH
Authors: Salkić Ensar , Salkic Besim , Hercegovac Amela , Avdić Aldijana , Dorić Azra , Imširović Emir
Published: May 2021

Aims: The basic precondition for apple breeding is the genetic diversity of varieties, which implies a large number of different, positive genes that enable adaptation to different weather conditions, resistance to new diseases and pests. One of the reliable sources of genetic diversity are indigenous varieties of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Their genetic identification is the first step in a process that has as its ultimate goal the collection of genetic material. The main goal of this research is to analyze the genetic variability of five indigenous varieties of apple in Tuzla Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina in terms of contributing to the management of conservation and expansion of existing genetic resources, spreading this material through registered nurseries.

Study Design: The research included fiveautochthonous apple varieties: "Ovčji nos“ “Dobrić“, "Šarenika“, "Rančica“ and "Petrovača“.

Place and Duration of Study: Samples of young leaves were collected at the site of Donji Moranjci, City of Srebrenik,Tuzla Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina in the spring of 2019.

Methodology: In order to determine the genetic diversity of five indigenous apple varieties were genotyped ten SSR(Simple Sequence Repeats) markers.

Results: No cases of synonyms or homonyms were found within the analyzed set.The results of the study indicate a pronounced differentiation, ie all five examined varieties represent unique genotypes.

Conclusion: The examined sets of genotypes possess significant genetic variability, which is important especially when we consider that a relatively small number of samples have been analyzed.
Performance of Oak Tasar Silk Waste/ Viscose Blended Knitted Fabrics through Kawabata Evaluation System (KES) for Apparel use
Authors: Pooja . , Bains Sandeep
Published: May 2021

Tactile sense or the sense of touch has been an important aspect of the human interactions with the environment. The study of tactile sense, or the haptics, has received tremendous attentions for its potential applications. This paper introduces a novel approach for evaluating fabric sensory responses. Attempt has been made to objectively assess the oak tasar silk waste/ viscose blended knitted fabrics of two different yarn counts in order to obtain the scores on various parameters of hand. The Kawabata Evaluation System (KES) used five highly sensitive instruments that measure fabric bending, shearing, tensile and compressive stiffness, as well as the smoothness and frictional properties of a fabric surface. The instrument also gave direct value of primary hand value and total value of the fabric. It the findings of the research revealed that, 40%OTW:60%viscose blended fabric of 15 Nm yarn count depicted best results for smoothness, uniformity, tactile sensation, aesthetic appearance and total hand value.
Allelopathic Properties of Ipomoea Hildebrandtii Vatke
Authors: Gitaari Njiema , Kareru Patrick , Githua Mercy , Nyaga C. Gathu
Published: May 2021

The use of synthetic pesticides to alleviate the notorious weeds in farms has caused environmental pollution, consumption of chemicals absorbed by plants and resistance posed by the weeds putting agricultural development and ecological systems under threat. The main reason for study of allelopathic effect of the plant include; its application of observed allelopathic effects to agricultural production, reduction of inputs to chemical pesticides uses, resultant environmental pollution and for provision of fruitful method for sustainable development of agriculture and ecological systems. This study made the use of allelochemicals produced by the invasive Ipomoea hildebrandtii to provide an effective method of controlling weeds through biological control method which is environmentally friendly as compared to the conventional chemical method. Extraction was done and concentrated by rotary evaporator, pH of the soil under which the plant grew was determined. The allelopathic test was done at different concentrations in petri dishes on Phaseolus vulgaris and the characterization of the plant compounds done by Ultra Violet coupled to visible region, Fourier Transform Infra-Red, and Gas Chromatograph -Mass Spectroscopy. The leave extract was more effective in allelopathic effect on the plant than the stem extract, that means the inhibiting compounds are more concentrated in the leaves than the stem.
Pattern of Cancer in Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital
Authors: Owobu Clifford Ikhuoria , Azeke Akhator Terence , Ideiyenmin Victor Valentine , Enegbuya Orume , Owobu Adaugo Chizoma , Isoa Ehioze Matthew , Tagar Esteem , Ozah Ehiremhen , Igbe Alex Payim , Eifediyi Reuben , Odike Maxy
Published: May 2021

Aims: To reveal the pattern and trend of cancer in a predominantly rural population in Nigeria and compare the findings with those of earlier researches across the world.

Study Design: A descriptive retrospective analysis of all cancer cases seen among surgical specimens in Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital. The cancer cases are classified according to the organ/tissue involved and the data obtained were analysed using SPSS (version 25).

Place and Duration of Study: The Department of Anatomic Pathology, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Nigeria; between January 2011 and December 2020.

Results: A total of 9,058 histologic samples were reviewed out of which 1,474 (16.27%) were cancer cases. The yearly number of cancer cases increased from 85 in 2011, to 258 over the next 10-year study period. At variance with WHO 2020 GLOBOCAN worldwide estimates, the common cancer types seen in this study (both sexes combined) were prostate cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, colorectal cancer and non-melanoma skin cancer, in decreasing frequencies. The peak age of occurrence was the 7th decade while the mean age was 54.21 years, and the gender-specific mean ages for males and females were 59.92 years and 49.44 years respectively. The male to female ratio was 1:1.2 and males are more likely to be diagnosed of cancer approximately 10 years later than their female counterparts.

Conclusion: Many of the findings in this study are similar to those of previous researches across the country. It is our hope that the findings in this study would contribute to national data and be found useful in efforts to build a more inclusive and robust national system of cancer registration.
Culture-Dependent Evaluation of Microbial and Proximate Composition of Ready-to-Eat (RTE) African Salad Sold at Nkpolu-Oroworukwo Ultra-Modern Market (Mile 3, Diobu), Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
Authors: Amadi Lawrence O. , Nwankwo Christian C.
Published: May 2021

This study attempts to evaluate culture-dependent microbial and proximate composition of African salad (Abacha) sold at Nkpolu Oroworukwo (mile 3) market, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. Samples were bought from stationary vendors at market within the months of March, 2019 to March, 2021. Garnished African salad (GAS) and ungarnished African salad (UAS) samples were determined by standard microbiological techniques whereas proximate composition (PC) was analysed by the methods of Association of Official of Analytical Chemists (AOAC) Total aerobic plate counts (TAPCs), total coliform counts (TCCs) and fungal counts (FCs) of GAS were higher 4.5x104CFU/g, 5.3x104CFU/g and 1.1x104CFU/g respectively as against 3.4x104CFU/g, 3.8x104 CFU/g and 0.8x104CFU/g for UAG. Microfloral diversity were more in GAS with species such as Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella sp., Micrococcus sp.. Bacillus sp., Enterobacter sp., and Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Rhizopus sp., Fusarium sp., Mucor sp., Saccharomyces and Candida species than in UAS. Nutrient composition, energy (116.00Kcal/100g) and pH (6.4) values were higher in GAS. In contrast, only the moisture (62.52±0.53%) and carbohydrate (23.21±0.21%) contents were slightly higher in UAS than those in GAS. The study revealed that African salad’ bioburden was slightly above the microbiological standard limits of International Commission on Microbiological Specification for Foods (ICMSF) and (Public Health Laboratory Service (PHLS) for RTE foods for mesophilic aerobic bacteria (MAB)/TAPC but exceeded that for total coliforms. However, the microbes detected are likely aetiologic agents of several food borne diseases (FBDs) in human and animal pathologies. Therefore, adequate surveillance, monitoring and compliance with hygienic practices and environmental sanitary measures during processing, fortification and distribution should be enforced by regulatory agencies and stakeholders for wholesome and palatable RTE foods.
Results of a randomized double‐blind study evaluating luvadaxistat in adults with Friedreich ataxia
Authors: Wang Hao , Norton Jonathan , Xu Lin , DeMartinis Nicholas , Sen Rohini , Shah Ankit , Farmer Jennifer , Lynch David
Published: May 2021

Objectives

Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is a rare disorder with progressive neurodegeneration and cardiomyopathy. Luvadaxistat (also known as TAK‐831; NBI‐1065844), an inhibitor of the enzyme d‐amino acid oxidase, has demonstrated beneficial effects in preclinical models relevant to FRDA. This phase 2, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, parallel‐arm study evaluated the efficacy and safety of oral luvadaxistat in adults with FRDA.

Methods

Adult patients with FRDA were randomized 2:1:2 to placebo, luvadaxistat 75 mg twice daily (BID), or luvadaxistat 300 mg BID for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint changed from baseline at week 12 on the inverse of the time to complete the nine‐hole peg test (9‐HPT−1), a performance‐based measure of the function of the upper extremities and manual dexterity. Comparisons between luvadaxistat and placebo were made using a mixed model for repeated measures.

Results

Of 67 randomized patients, 63 (94%) completed the study. For the primary endpoint, there was no statistically significant difference in change from baseline on the 9‐HPT−1 (seconds−1) at week 12 between placebo (0.00029) and luvadaxistat 75 mg BID (−0.00031) or luvadaxistat 300 mg BID (−0.00059); least squares mean differences versus placebo (standard error) were −0.00054 (0.000746) for the 75 mg dose and −0.00069 (0.000616) for the 300 mg dose. Luvadaxistat was safe and well tolerated; the majority of reported adverse events were mild in intensity.

Interpretation

Luvadaxistat was safe and well tolerated in this cohort of adults with FRDA; however, it did not demonstrate efficacy as a treatment for this condition.
AXHg3P2S8 (A = Rb, Cs; X = Cl, Br): New Excellent Infrared Nonlinear Optical Materials with Mixed‐Anion Chalcohalide Groups of Trigonal Planar [HgS2X]3− and Tetrahedral [HgS3X]5−
Authors: Xing Wenhao , Tang Chunlan , Wang Naizheng , Li Chunxiao , Uykur Ece , Wu Jieyun , Lin Zheshuai , Yao Jiyong , Yin Wenlong , Kang Bin
Published: May 2021

A series of nonlinear optical (NLO) chalcohalides AXHg3P2S8 (A = Rb, Cs; X = Cl, Br), which contain various Hg‐based building units including mixed‐anion trigonal planar [HgS2X]3− and tetrahedral [HgS3X]5−, are successfully synthesized. These compounds display good water resistance, wide infrared transparent region (0.42–17 µm), high laser‐induced damage thresholds (4.5–6 × AgGaS2), and strong phase‐matchable second harmonic generation (SHG) response close to AgGaS2. The mixed‐anion chalcohalide groups serving as functional building units in NLO materials are studied for the first time and proven to be very effective. This work opens a new avenue for new NLO material design to achieve the balance between strong SHG efficiency and large bandgap.
Flowers of Apocynaceae in amber from the early Eocene of India
Authors: Singh Hukam , Judd Walter S. , Samant Bandana , Agnihotri Priya , Grimaldi David A. , Manchester Steven R.
Published: May 2021

Premise

Early Eocene ambers of the Cambay lignite in Gujarat, India, are well known for their diverse insect fauna and dispersed pollen, but the included flowers have received limited attention. The fossil record of Apocynaceae is relatively poor, and the distinctive floral characters of this family have not been recognized in the fossil record before.

Methods

Remains of tiny flowers in amber were studied by micro‐CT scanning, reflected light, and epifluorescence microscopy.

Results

Flowers of Maryendressantha succinifera gen. et. sp. n. have actinomorphic, pentamerous, tubular corollas 2.2–2.3 mm wide, and 1.7–2.1 mm deep with sinistrorse aestivation and androecia consisting of a whorl of five stamens attached by short filaments to the lower half of the corolla tube. Anthers are ovate, rounded basally and apically tapered with their connectives convergent with one another in a conical configuration. The pollen is globose, psilate, tricolporate, and very small (10–11 µm). The combined characters indicate a position within the grade known as subfamily Rauvolfioideae.

Conclusions

These fossils, as the oldest remains of Rauvolfioids, complement the fossil records of Apocynoid and Asclepioid fossil seeds from other regions, demonstrating that the Apocynaceae were well established by the early Eocene, mostly consistent with prior divergence estimates for the phylogeny of this family. Potential pollinators, also preserved in the Cambay amber, include mosquitos, gnats, small moths, and stingless bees.
The Longitudinal Early‐onset Alzheimer's Disease Study (LEADS): Framework and methodology
Authors: Apostolova Liana G. , Aisen Paul , Eloyan Ani , Fagan Anne , Fargo Keith N. , Foroud Tatiana , Gatsonis Constantine , Grinberg Lea T. , Jack Clifford R. , Kramer Joel , Koeppe Robert , Kukull Walter A. , Murray Melissa E. , Nudelman Kelly , Rumbaugh Malia , Toga Arthur , Vemuri Prashanthi , Trullinger Amy , Iaccarino Leonardo , Day Gregory S. , Graff‐Radford Neill R. , Honig Lawrence S. , Jones David T. , Masdeu Joseph , Mendez Mario , Musiek Erik , Onyike Chiadi U. , Rogalski Emily , Salloway Steve , Wolk David A. , Wingo Thomas S. , Carrillo Maria C. , Dickerson Bradford C. , Rabinovici Gil D. ,   the LEADS Consortium
Published: May 2021

Patients with early‐onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) are commonly excluded from large‐scale observational and therapeutic studies due to their young age, atypical presentation, or absence of pathogenic mutations. The goals of the Longitudinal EOAD Study (LEADS) are to (1) define the clinical, imaging, and fluid biomarker characteristics of EOAD; (2) develop sensitive cognitive and biomarker measures for future clinical and research use; and (3) establish a trial‐ready network. LEADS will follow 400 amyloid beta (Aβ)‐positive EOAD, 200 Aβ‐negative EOnonAD that meet National Institute on Aging–Alzheimer's Association (NIA‐AA) criteria for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or AD dementia, and 100 age‐matched controls. Participants will undergo clinical and cognitive assessments, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), [18F]Florbetaben and [18F]Flortaucipir positron emission tomography (PET), lumbar puncture, and blood draw for DNA, RNA, plasma, serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and post‐mortem assessment. To develop more effective AD treatments, scientists need to understand the genetic, biological, and clinical processes involved in EOAD. LEADS will develop a public resource that will enable future planning and implementation of EOAD clinical trials.
Selective localization of organophilic clay Cloisite 30B in biodegradable poly(lactic acid)/poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) blends
Authors: Pessini Paula , Daitx Tales S. , Ferreira Creusa I. , Mauler Raquel S.
Published: May 2021

The influence of selective localization of the nanoclay Cloisite 30B on the morphological, thermal and thermo‐mechanical properties of biodegradable poly(lactic acid)/poly(hydroxybutyrate) blends was evaluated in this work. For this, different compounds were obtained by adding the filler in a single phase or mixed with the two matrices simultaneously by melting processing. The simultaneous processing leads to a better dispersion of nanoparticles on the blend and generates a more homogeneous polymer interface, but the properties do not increase in relation to those that were processed in separate steps. For the blends obtained in separated steps, the polymeric domains and, consequently, the superficial tension between phases are better controlled by a nanolayer. Thus, the results obtained in this work indicate that better control of the polymeric interfaces can generate a more significant effect on the thermal and thermo‐mechanical properties of nanostructured blends than just a good dispersion of the fillers.
Between administration and research: Understanding data management practices in an institutional context
Authors: Reichmann Stefan , Klebel Thomas , Hasani‐Mavriqi Ilire , Ross‐Hellauer Tony
Published: May 2021

Research Data Management (RDM) promises to make research outputs more transparent, findable, and reproducible. Strategies to streamline data management across disciplines are of key importance. This paper presents results of an institutional survey (N = 258) at a medium‐sized Austrian university with a STEM focus, supplemented with interviews (N = 18), to give an overview of the state‐of‐play of RDM practices across faculties and disciplinary contexts. RDM services are on the rise but remain somewhat behind leading countries like the Netherlands and UK, showing only the beginnings of a culture attuned to RDM. There is considerable variation between faculties and institutes with respect to data amounts, complexity of data sets, data collection and analysis, and data archiving. Data sharing practices within fields tend to be inconsistent. RDM is predominantly regarded as an administrative task, to the detriment of considerations of good research practice. Problems with RDM fall in two categories: Generic problems transcend specific research interests, infrastructures, and departments while discipline‐specific problems need a more targeted approach. The paper extends the state‐of‐the‐art on RDM practices by combining in‐depth qualitative material with quantified, detailed data about RDM practices and needs. The findings should be of interest to any comparable research institution with a similar agenda.
Ecological responsiveness and business performance: Four scenarios of compatibility and a multi‐faceted strategies framework
Authors: Martinez Fabien
Published: May 2021

This paper investigates the link between business actors' perceptions of the compatibility between ecological responsiveness and business performance and the level of corporate commitment to address ecological issues. The dichotomy between peripheral (or symbolic) actions and embedded (or substantive) actions traditionally assumed in business research arguably reflects a limited conceptualisation of the link between ecological responsiveness and business performance. It fails to exhaustively explain how companies create, maintain, or disrupt practices that affect the natural environment. Combining insights from a conceptual framework that encompasses four scenarios of compatibility (trade‐off, ambidexterity, synergy, and symbiosis) and 50 interviews with 25 management consultants, the results show that perceptions of compatibility are associated with a valence of business responses towards either maturation strategies (accommodative, philanthropic, progressive, and consolidative) or minimalistic strategies (lackadaisical, compliance, opportunistic, and cosmetic). The findings bring greater nuance to key forms of corporate ecological responsiveness, and how business agents' interpretations play a key role in shaping a firm's activities in this domain.
Oxygen Nucleation of MoS2 Nanosheet Thin Film Supercapacitor Electrodes for Enhanced Electrochemical Energy Storage
Authors: Nee Lou Shi , Choon Heng See Melvin , Lim Sean , Sharma Neeraj , Scott Jason , Wang Da‐Wei , Amal Rose , Hau Ng Yun
Published: May 2021

A direct thin film approach to fabricate large‐surface MoS2 nanosheet thin film supercapacitors using the solution‐based diffusion of thiourea into an anodized MoO3 thin film was investigated. A dense MoS2 nanosheet thin film electrode (D‐MoS2) was obtained when the anodized MoO3 thin film was processed in a low thiourea solution concentration, whereas a highly porous MoS2 nanosheet thin film electrode (P‐MoS2) was formed at a higher thiourea solution concentration. The charge storage performances of the D‐MoS2 and P‐MoS2 thin films displayed an unusual increase in capacitance on extended cycling, leading to a capacitance as high as around 5–8 mF cm−2. X‐ray diffraction and cross‐sectional microscopy revealed the capacitance enhancements of the MoS2 supercapacitors are attributable to the nucleation of a new MoS2‐xOx phase upon cycling. For the D‐MoS2 nanosheet thin film, the formation and growth of the MoS2‐xOx phase during cycling was accompanied by a volumetric expansion of the MoS2 layer. For the P‐MoS2 thin film, the nucleation and growth of the MoS2‐xOx phase occurred in the pores of the MoS2 layer. The propagation of the MoS2‐xOx phase also shifted the charge storage process in both films from a diffusion‐limited process to a capacitive‐dominant process.
Air monitoring for synthetic cannabinoids in a UK prison: Application of personal air sampling and fixed sequential sampling with thermal desorption two‐dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Paul Richard , Smith Steve , Gent Luke , Sutherill Ryan
Published: May 2021

In recent years, there have been increasing complaints from staff working in UK prisons of secondary exposure to psychoactive drug fumes, often believed to be synthetic cannabinoids. Our pilot study aimed to provide an initial evidence base for this issue and reveal compounds of interest within indoor prison air. Here, we present a new method for the detection of synthetic cannabinoids in air and demonstrate its application in a UK prison. Air sampling was conducted using a fixed sequential sampler, alongside personal air sampling units worn by prison officers within an English prison. Air samples were collected onto thermal desorption (TD) tubes and analysed via comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC‐TOF MS). This study is the first of its kind in a prison setting, and the approach is of importance to analytical scientists, policy makers and public health employees tasked with the health and safety of prison staff. GC × GC‐TOF MS analysis was able to separate and identify a range of compounds present in the prison air samples. Analysis of the TD tubes did not reveal any synthetic cannabinoids from the fixed pump air samples or the personal pump samples worn by prison officers. Air monitoring in prisons presents a challenge of logistics and science. Fixed sequential air sampling combined with personal air monitoring devices allowed air from multiple locations within a prison to be collected, providing a comprehensive approach to evaluating the air that prison staff is exposed to during a fixed time period.
Risk of dementia in patients with atrial fibrillation: Short versus long follow‐up. A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Zuin Marco , Roncon Loris , Passaro Angelina , Bosi Cristina , Cervellati Carlo , Zuliani Giovanni
Published: May 2021

Background

No previous meta‐analyses have compared the risk of dementia, due to an underlying atrial fibrillation (AF), in the short‐term versus the long‐term period.

Aim

To perform an update meta‐analysis of studies examining the association between AF and dementia and the relative impact of follow‐up period.

Methods

Data were obtained searching MEDLINE and Scopus for all investigations published between 1 January 2000 and March 1, 2021 reporting the risk of dementia in AF patients. The following MeSH terms were used for the search: “Atrial Fibrillation” AND “Dementia” OR “Alzheimer’s disease”. From each study, the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) with the related 95% confidence interval (CI) was pooled using a random effect model.

Results

The analysis was carried out on 18 studies involving 3.559.349 subjects, of which 902.741 (25.3%) developed dementia during follow‐up. A random effect model revealed an aHR of 1.40 (95% CI: 1.27–1.54, p < 0.0001; I2 = 93.5%) for dementia in subjects with AF. Stratifying the studies according to follow‐up duration, those having a follow‐up ≥10 years showed an aHR for dementia of 1.37 (95% CI: 1.21–1.55, p < 0.0001, I2 = 96.6%), while those with a follow‐up duration <10 years has a slightly higher aHR for dementia (HR: 1.59, 95%CI: 1.51–1.67, p < 0.0001, I2 = 49%). Nine studies showed that the aHR for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in AF patients was 1.30 (95%CI: 1.12–1.51, p < 0.0001, I2 = 87.6%).

Conclusions

Evidence suggests that patients with AF have an increased risk of developing dementia and AD. The risk of dementia was slightly higher when the follow‐up was shorter than 10 years.
The significance of regional metastasis location in head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Mooney Craig P. , Clark Jonathan R. , Shannon Kerwin , Palme Carsten E. , Ebrahimi Ardalan , Gao Kan , Ch'ng Sydney , Elliott Michael , Gupta Ruta , Low Tsu‐Hui ( Hubert)
Published: May 2021

Background

Regional metastasis of head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (HNcSCC) can be seen in either parotid and/or cervical lymph nodes. The aim of this study was to assess whether there was a difference in prognosis between parotid and cervical nodal metastases.

Methods

Patients with regional metastasis from HNcSCC were identified from an institutional database. Disease‐specific (DSS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method and Cox proportional hazards models.

Results

Five hundred and thirty‐five patients were identified with median follow‐up of 26.4 months (3–255 months). Two hundred and thirty‐five patients had parotid metastasis, 96 patients had neck metastasis, and 204 patients had both. On multivariable analysis, any regional metastasis to the neck when compared to parotid alone conferred worse DSS (HR 1.8, p = 0.007) and OS (HR 1.3, p = 0.024).

Conclusion

Regional metastasis of HNcSCC to the neck confers worse outcomes compared to metastasis to the parotid alone.
Investigating the effectiveness of two therapeutic modalities in enhancing self‐esteem among female adolescents
Authors: Alguzo Naela A. , Jaradat Abdul‐Kareem M.
Published: May 2021

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Adlerian therapy (AT) and solution‐focused brief therapy (SFBT) in enhancing self‐esteem among a sample of female adolescents. The researchers used the Arabic version of Rosenberg's Self‐Esteem Scale and semi‐structured interviews as data collection tools to evaluate the effectiveness of both therapies. The study sample consisted of 60 female students in the 10th and 11th grades selected from a Jordanian government school based on their low self‐esteem scale scores. The participants were randomly divided into three equal groups: two experimental groups and one control group. One of the experimental groups received AT, while the other groups received training on SFBT, while the control group did not receive any treatment. Each experimental group met for one 50‐minute session per week for 8 weeks. The data were analysed using one‐way analysis of variance and one‐way analysis of covariance . The results showed that SFBT was significantly more effective in increasing self‐esteem than AT and no treatment. In addition, AT was found to be substantially more effective in enhancing self‐esteem than no treatment. The researchers supported these results using data collected from the experimental groups' participants through a semi‐structured interview.
Writing Machines: Formative Assessment in the Age of Big Data
Authors: Nichols T. Philip , LeBlanc Robert Jean , Slomp David
Published: May 2021

Discussions about literacy assessment can often be polarizing for teachers, school administrators, and other stakeholders. Given the diverse and often charged perspectives on assessment within both the profession and the broader public discourse, it can be difficult to engage in productive dialogue about the role that literacy assessment plays in promoting or inhibiting effective models of literacy education. This department provides perspectives, questions, and research that enables readers to better advocate for themselves and their students as they develop their own assessment programs and respond to assessment programs that are imposed on them.
Antimicrobial andself‐crosslinkingpotential of experimentally developed dioctadecyldimethyl ammonium bromide and riboflavin dentin adhesive
Authors: Daood Umer , Malik Ammar Abdullah , Ilyas Muhammad Sharjeel , Ahmed Asrar , Qasim Syed Saad B. , Banavar Spoorthi Ravi , Khan Abdul Samad , Kuan Esther Kok Sook , Bilal Sobia , Matinlinna Jukka , Seow Liang Lin
Published: May 2021

The aim of the study is to investigate a new formulation, based on dioctadecyldimethyl ammonium‐bromide (QA) and riboflavin (RF), combining antimicrobial activities and protease inhibitory properties with collagen crosslinking without interference to bonding capabilities in a rabbit model. Quaternary ammonium riboflavin (QARF) experimental adhesives modified with dioctadecyldimethyl ammonium‐bromide and riboflavin were bonded (0.5/1.0/2.0%) to rabbit dentin to investigate for pulpal‐histology, interfacial‐morphology, transmission electron microscopy, mechanical properties, collagen crosslinking, micro‐Raman analysis, antimicrobial, and anti‐protease activities. Collagen type‐I molecules were generated using molecular‐docking. Odontoblasts appeared with normal histology, were seen in controls with no inflammatory cells detected in 0.5% specimens at day 7 and mild inflammatory response at day 30. In QARF 2.0%, inflammatory cells were not detected at day 7 and 30 (p < .05). Dentinal tubules are seen with intact collagen surface in 1% specimens. Resin penetrated inside 1% adhesive specimens with few irregularly funnel‐shaped tags. Transmission electron microscopy showed thinner collagen in all specimens except 1% QARF specimens. Biofilms were influenced by QARF adhesives. Elastic moduli were significantly higher in 1.0% and 2.0% QARF adhesive specimens with a significant increase in total crosslinks. Stable amide groups with anti‐protease activity was observed in QARF groups. Charged residues were seen in the triple helix hCOL3A1, Gly489‐Gly510 after stabilisation with formulation. The 1% QARF modified adhesives improved biochemical and biomechanical properties of rabbit dentin.