bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An optimized YOLO‐based object detection model for crop harvesting system
Authors: Junos Mohamad Haniff , Mohd Khairuddin Anis Salwa , Thannirmalai Subbiah , Dahari Mahidzal
Published: March 2021

The adoption of automated crop harvesting system based on machine vision may improve productivity and optimize the operational cost. The scope of this study is to obtain visual information at the plantation which is crucial in developing an intelligent automated crop harvesting system. This paper aims to develop an automatic detection system with high accuracy performance, low computational cost and lightweight model. Considering the advantages of YOLOv3 tiny, an optimized YOLOv3 tiny network namely YOLO‐P is proposed to detect and localize three objects at palm oil plantation which include fresh fruit bunch, grabber and palm tree under various environment conditions. The proposed YOLO‐P model incorporated lightweight backbone based on densely connected neural network, multi‐scale detection architecture and optimized anchor box size. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed YOLO‐P model achieved good mean average precision and F1 score of 98.68% and 0.97 respectively. Besides, the proposed model performed faster training process and generated lightweight model of 76 MB. The proposed model was also tested to identify fresh fruit bunch of various maturities with accuracy of 98.91%. The comprehensive experimental results show that the proposed YOLO‐P model can effectively perform robust and accurate detection at the palm oil plantation.
Local dew-point temperature, water vapor pressure, and millimeter-wavelength opacity at the Sierra Negra volcano
Authors: Mendoza-Torres J. E. , Colín-Beltrán E. , Ferrusca D. , Contreras R. J.
Published: March 2021

Aims. Some astronomical facilities are in operation at the Sierra Negra volcano (SNV), at ∼4.5 km over the sea level (o.s.l.) in Mexico. We asses whether it is possible to estimate the opacity for millimeter-wavelength observations based on the meteorological parameters at the site. A criterion for allowing astronomical observations at SNV depends on the atmospheric opacity at 225 GHz, which has to be τ225 ≤ 0.30 Nepers. The correlation of the opacity at SNV, measured with a radiometer at 225 GHz, τ225, with the local dew point temperature, TDP, the water vapor pressure, PH2O and the water vapor content (WVC) at SNV is studied with the aim to determine whether these parameters can be used to estimate the opacity at similar high-altitude locations for astronomical observations at millimeter wavelengths.

Methods. We used radiosonde data taken in various decades in Mexico City (MX) and Veracruz City (VR) to compute the WVC in 0.5 km altitude (h) intervals from 0 km for VR and from 2.0 km for MX to 9.5 km o.s.l. to study the altitude profile WVC(h) at SNV by interpolating data of MX and VR. We also fit exponential functions to observed WVC (WVCobs(h)), obtaining a fit WVC (WVCftd(h)). The WVCobs(h) and WVCftd(h) were integrated, from lower limits of hlow = 2.5–5.5 km to the upper limit of 9.5 km as a measure of the input of WVCobs(h ≥ hlow) to the precipitable water vapor.

Results. The largest differences between WVCobs and WVCftd values occur at low altitudes. The input of WVCobs(h) to the precitpitable water vapor for h ≥ 4.5 km ranges from 15% to 29%. At 4.5–5.0 km, the input is between 4% and 8%. This means that it is about a third of the WVC (h ≥ 4.5 km). The input above our limit (from 9.5–30.0 km) is estimated with WVCftd(h) and is found to be lower than 1%. The correlation of τ225 with TDP, PH2O, and WVCSNV takes values between 0.6 and 0.8. A functional relation is proposed based on simultaneous data taken in 2013–2015, according to which it is possible to estimate the opacity with the TDP, PH2O, or WVCSNV at the site.

Conclusions. With local meteorological parameters, it is possible to know whether the opacity meets the condition τ225 ≤ 0.30 Nepers, with an uncertainty of ±0.16 Nepers. The uncertainty is low for low opacities and increases with increasing opacity.
The heuristically-based generalized perturbation theory
Authors: Gandini Augusto
Published: March 2021

The generalized perturbation method is described relevant to ratios of bi-linear functionals of the real and adjoint neutron fluxes of critical multiplying systems. Simple linear analysis for optimization and sensitivity studies are then feasible relative to spectrum and space-dependent quantities, such as Doppler and coolant void reactivity effects in fast reactors.
Anomalous Nernst effect in Pr0.5Sr0.5CoO3
Authors: Ghosh A. , Chanda A. , Mahendiran R.
Published: March 2021

We report the anomalous Nernst effect (ANE) in polycrystalline metallic perovskite Pr0.5Sr0.5CoO3. The transverse Seebeck coefficient (Sxy) was measured at selected temperatures for magnetic fields up to H = 50 kOe and also as a function of temperature at two selected magnetic fields (H = 2 and 10 kOe). While Sxy increases linearly with H above the Curie temperature (TC ∼ 229 K), it changes non-linearly at low fields in the ferromagnetic state and exhibits hysteresis similar to magnetization. Linear extrapolation of the high field Sxy vs H graph to zero field gives Sxy = 0.46 µV/K at 175 K. It is found that the manganite counterpart Pr0.5Sr0.5MnO3 having a similar hole content exhibits much smaller Sxy than Pr0.5Sr0.5CoO3 in a field of 2 kOe. Our analysis suggests that the ANE in this sample is most likely due to asymmetric skew scattering of charge carriers.
Identification of DNA bases using nanopores created in finite-size nanoribbons from graphene, phosphorene, and silicene
Authors: Henry Matthew B. , Tumbapo Mukesh , Tayo Benjamin O.
Published: March 2021

Graphene’s success for nanopore deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing has shown that it is possible to explore other potential single-atom and few-atom thick layers of elemental 2D materials beyond graphene (e.g., phosphorene and silicene) and also that these materials can exhibit fascinating and technologically useful properties for DNA base detection that are superior to those of graphene. Using density functional theory (DFT), we study the interaction of DNA bases with nanopores created in finite-size nanoribbons from graphene, phosphorene, and silicene. Due to the small size of DNA bases, the bases interact with only a small section of the nanoribbon; hence, using a finite-size model is appropriate for capturing the interaction of bases and 2D membrane materials. Furthermore, by using a finite-size model, our system is approximated as a molecular system, which does not require a periodic DFT calculation. We observe that binding energies of DNA bases using nanopores from phosphorene and silicene are similar and generally smaller compared to those from graphene. This shows that minimal sticking of DNA bases to the pore is expected for phosphorene and silicene devices. Furthermore, nanopores from phosphorene and silicene show a characteristic change in the density of states for each base. The bandgaps of phosphorene and silicene are significantly altered due to interaction with DNA bases compared to those of graphene. Our findings show that phosphorene and silicene are promising alternatives to graphene for DNA base detection using advanced detection principles such as transverse tunneling current measurement.
Intense east coast lows and associated rainfall in eastern Australia
Authors: Pepler Acacia , Dowdy Andrew
Published: March 2021

East coast lows (ECLs) are low pressure systems that occur near the east coast of Australia. But not all lows cause the same level of impact, and a small proportion of ECLs are responsible for more than half of all days with widespread rainfall above 50 mm in this region. In this study, we combine analyses of cyclones at both the surface and 500 hPa levels to assess the locations of cyclones responsible for widespread heavy rainfall on the east coast. We found that the majority of days with widespread totals above 100 mm on the east coast occur when a low at 500 hPa over inland southeast Australia coincides with a surface low located more directly over the east coast. Such events occur on about 15 days per year but are responsible for more than 50% of days with widespread heavy rainfall on the eastern seaboard of Australia. We also found that extreme rainfall was most likely when both the surface and upper cyclones were very strong, when measured using the maximum Laplacian of pressure/height. The seasonal frequency of cyclones at the surface and 500 hPa were found to be only weakly correlated with each other and often had opposing relationships (albeit weak in magnitude) with both global climate drivers and indices of local circulation variability. Trends in cyclone frequency were weak over the period 1979–2019, but there was a small decline in the frequency of deep cyclone days, which was statistically significant in some parts of the southeast. Understanding which ECLs are associated with heavy rainfall will help us to better identify how future climate change will influence ECL impacts.
A retrospective review of cutaneous vascular lesions referred to a teledermatology clinic
Authors: Choi Amy , Oakley Amanda
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Most cutaneous vascular lesions are benign and do not require treatment. Many are referred to specialist dermatologists from primary care. AIM This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of cutaneous vascular lesions and the reasons for their referral from primary care. METHODS Lesions diagnosed as cutaneous vascular abnormalities or dermatoses were retrospectively selected from a database of patients attending the Waikato Virtual Lesion Clinic. Demographic data, diagnosis and clinic outcome were recorded for each imaged lesion. Primary care referrals were reviewed to determine the reasons for referral. RESULTS In total, 229 referrals for vascular lesions were received between January 2010 and February 2019. Patient ages ranged from 6 to 95 years and 64.2% of patients were female. Nearly half the lesions (47.2%) were located on the head and neck; 64.1% had a dermatological diagnosis of a vascular tumour and 18.7% had a malformation. The most common reason for referral was pigmentation (45.7%) and bleeding was least common (8.2%). No diagnosis was given in 34.2% of referrals and less than one-quarter had a correct diagnosis. Malignancy was suspected in 40.2% of referrals; however, the dermatologists found that 95.2% of patients did not require further treatment. Half of excisions (n = 2) were for bleeding and all were histologically benign. DISCUSSION Diagnostic uncertainty and suspected malignancy commonly result in referral of benign cutaneous vascular lesions to public dermatology services. This study highlights the usefulness of teledermatology in the timely access of specialist input, minimising the need for intervention or excision.
Perfect Match Genomic Landscape strategy: Refinement and customization of reference genomes
Authors: Palacios-Flores Kim , García-Sotelo Jair , Castillo Alejandra , Uribe Carina , Morales Lucía , Boege Margareta , Dávila Guillermo , Flores Margarita , Palacios Rafael
Published: March 2021

Significance

The accuracy of the nucleotide sequence of genomes is of utmost importance. The Perfect Match Genomic Landscape (PMGL) is a precise, sensitive, and nonstatistical strategy to detect genome variation. We used this strategy to refine reference genomes from microorganisms belonging to the three domains of life. Our studies show as well that the PMGL can be useful to detect variants in pathogen agents during a pandemic, and to isolate mutations generated during any desired stage of experimental evolution studies. We propose that the PMGL strategy could be the final step in the refinement of any haploid genome, independently of the methodology and algorithms used for its assembly.
Morphological complexity and rated writing proficiency
Authors: de la Torre García Nuria , Ainciburu María Cecilia , Buyse Kris
Published: March 2021

Linguistic complexity measures are used to describe second language (L2) performance and assess levels of
proficiency and development. Although morphology is considered crucial in L2 acquisition, morphological complexity has been
relatively neglected, hindering comprehensive views of grammatical complexity in L2. This article presents an application of a
recently proposed metric of morphological diversity, the Morphological Complexity Index (MCI), in an L2 Spanish corpus of 113
essays classified into four proficiency levels by expert evaluators. The aim of the study is to investigate the relationships of
MCI with subjectively rated proficiency and with other four quantitative measures of L2 complexity. Results indicate that
morphological complexity, as measured by MCI, does not vary significantly across proficiency levels in this corpus. The MCI shows
significant correlations with lexical but not with syntactic complexity measures. Findings are interpreted in the light of the
characteristics of the corpus and the acquisition of the Spanish verbal system.
Intra-specific variation of thermal performance, skin reflectance and body size partially co-vary with climate in a lizard
Authors: Aguado Sara , Clusella-Trullas Susana
Published: March 2021

Thermal adaptation theory posits that variation of thermal traits such as those affecting thermal budgets and the performance of ectotherms should be associated with climate gradients. Under a simple scenario, thermal traits should also co-vary to shape optimal thermal phenotypes under a particular climate. However, geographical variation and covariation of thermal traits can result from other sources of selection and a wide range of other mechanisms. Here, we explore variation and covariation of skin reflectance (melanization), body size and thermal performance traits among three populations of the lizard Cordylus cordylus, a species endemic to South Africa. We also examine relationships between skin reflectance and substrate reflectance, body size and crevice size to test alternative hypotheses. We found partial support for predictions of thermal adaptation to climate regimes for body size, melanization and chill-coma recovery time. Darker lizards also performed optimally at higher temperatures than lighter coloured lizards but there was limited individual covariation between morphological and performance traits. Despite partial support for thermal adaptation, the complex interactions between sex and body size and between substrate reflectance and size underlying skin reflectance emphasized the importance of testing multiple hypotheses when exploring drivers of thermal trait variation within species.
CWOA: Hybrid Approach for Task Scheduling in Cloud Environment
Authors: Pradeep K , Ali L Javid , Gobalakrishnan N , Raman C J , Manikandan N
Published: March 2021

A cloud computing system typically comprises of a huge number of interconnected servers that are organized in a datacentre. Such servers dynamically cater to the on-demand requests put forward by the clients seeking solutions to their applications through an interface. The scheduling activity concerned with scientific applications is designated under the NP hard problem category since they make use of heterogeneous resources of dynamic capabilities. Recently cloud computing researchers had developed numerous meta-heuristic approaches for providing solutions to the challenges arising in the task scheduling activities. Scheduling of tasks poses a major concern in cloud computing environment. This decreases the efficiency of the system considerably, if not handled properly. Hence, an improvised task scheduling algorithm that enhances the performance of the cloud is needed. There are two factors that affect the cloud environment: service quality and energy usage. To increase the performance in above suggested factors (memory, makespan and energy efficiency), an efficient hybridized algorithm, obtained by integrating the Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA) and Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), called the CWOA had been proposed in this work. The performance of our proposed CWOA algorithm had been compared with Ant Colony Optimization, CSA and WOA and it was found to produce an improvement of 5.62%, 4.36% and 2.27% with respect to makespan, 16.36%, 19.19% and 13.13% with respect to memory utilization and 19.08%, 19.34% and 16.75% with respect to energy consumption parameters, respectively. Comprehensive results have been tabulated in the result section of this article.
The Ambivalence of Disposable Time: The Source and Remedy of the National Difficulties At Two Hundred
Authors: Walker Tom
Published: March 2021

Published in 1821, The Source and Remedy of the National Difficulties was an important influence on Marx’s analysis of ‘disposable time’ in a section of his Grundrisse notebooks known as the ‘fragment on machines.’ That analysis has inspired rethinking of Marx’s mature work by authors ranging from Raniero Panzieri, Antonio Negri, and Paolo Virno to Moishe Postone, yet those re-evaluations do not account for the contribution of the 1821 pamphlet. This article examines the neglect of the pamphlet and offers suggestions about what could be gained by attention to this foundational text.
The year in basic vascular biology research: from mechanoreceptors and neutrophil extracellular traps to smartphone data and omics
Authors: Evans Paul , Wojta Johann , Hoefer Imo E , Waltenberger Johannes , Guzik Tomasz , Badimon Lina , Weber Christian
Published: March 2021

2020 has been an extraordinary year. The emergence of COVID-19 has driven urgent research in pulmonary and cardiovascular science and other fields. It has also shaped the way that we work with many experimental laboratories shutting down for several months, while bioinformatics approaches and other large data projects have gained prominence. Despite these setbacks, vascular biology research is stronger than ever. On behalf of the European Society of Cardiology Council for Basic Cardiovascular Science (ESC CBCS), here we review some of the vascular biology research highlights for 2020. This review is not exhaustive and there are many outstanding vascular biology publications that we were unable to cite due to page limits. Notwithstanding this, we have provided a snapshot of vascular biology research excellence in 2020 and identify topics that are in the ascendency and likely to gain prominence in coming years.
Low-rank approximations of nonseparable panel models
Authors: Fernández-Val Iván , Freeman Hugo , Weidner Martin
Published: March 2021

We provide estimation methods for nonseparable panel models based on low-rank factor structure approximations. The factor structures are estimated by matrix-completion methods to deal with the computational challenges of principal component analysis in the presence of missing data. We show that the resulting estimators are consistent in large panels, but suffer from approximation and shrinkage biases. We correct these biases using matching and difference-in-differences approaches. Numerical examples and an empirical application to the effect of election day registration on voter turnout in the US illustrate the properties and usefulness of our methods.
Early Warning Systems as a Component of Integrated Pest Management to Prevent the Introduction of Exotic Pests
Authors: Noar Roslyn D , Jahant-Miller Chelsea J , Emerine Sherrie , Hallberg Rosemary
Published: March 2021

When introduced to novel habitats, invasive alien plant pests have the potential to reduce fitness or cause aesthetic damage to naïve plant hosts, or to cause widespread mortality in both native and cultivated plant populations. Once established, the cost of mitigation, eradication, and damage and losses from invasive alien plant pests often exceeds the cost of preventing introductions from occurring. National plant protection organizations (NPPOs) have therefore implemented trade restrictions and regulations to minimize the introduction of alien plant pest species. To be effective, NPPOs must stay informed about pest species that may pose a threat to natural or agricultural systems. Early warning systems such as PestLens, the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization Reporting Service, and others collect relevant and current plant pest information and disseminate it to NPPOs, thereby facilitating informed regulatory decision-making. Herein, we describe the processes and goals of some of the existing plant pest early warning systems and how these systems may be used.
Intracranial complications after surgical removal of nasal polyps
Authors: Nowacka Agnieszka , Śniegocki Maciej , Smuczyński Wojciech , Woźniak-Dąbrowska Kamila
Published: March 2021

Acute otitis media can be caused by viruses (nonsuppurative inflammation) and bacteria (suppurative inflammation). The suppurative inflammation is a risk factor for endocranial complications, including subdural empyema burdened with a high mortality. The authors present a clinical case of a 67-year-old man treated by surgery for a subdural empyema in the course of the acute suppurative otitis media.
The gender pay gap: what can we learn from Northern Ireland?
Authors: Jones Melanie , Kaya Ezgi
Published: March 2021

Northern Ireland (NI) forms an important outlier to the established international pattern of a pronounced gender pay gap (GPG) in favour of men. Using contemporary data from the Quarterly Labour Force Survey we provide a comprehensive analysis of the GPG in NI and make comparisons to the rest of the UK. Despite the relatively common institutional and policy context, the GPG in NI is found to be far smaller than in the rest of the UK. This can largely be attributed to the superior productivity-related characteristics of women relative to men in NI, which partially offset the influence of gender differences in the returns to these characteristics. Our analysis highlights the importance of occupation—both in terms of occupational allocation and the returns to occupations—in explaining the cross-country differential. This is reinforced by the impact of lower earnings inequality in NI.
The Paradox of Pearl Harbor
Authors: Casey Steven
Published: March 2021

The attack on Pearl Harbor united a country that had been reluctant to get fully and formally involved in World War II, but it also prodded many Americans to focus on defeating Japan, despite the Roosevelt administration’s determination to adopt a Germany-first strategy. This was the first paradox of Pearl Harbor, but it was largely resolved by a second one: while the very fact of the Japanese attack made the nation desperate for as much information as possible, its nature and outcome pushed officials toward their first major act of concealment. With the navy clamping down hard on details, a shroud quickly enveloped the Pacific War.
The Return
Authors: Casey Steven
Published: March 2021

MacArthur finally returned to the Philippines in October 1944, accompanied by fifty-eight correspondents—the largest number to join a Pacific invasion at that stage of the war. Initially, the campaign to retake the island of Luzon did not go well, but a combination of MacArthur’s optimistic communiqués and a major naval victory in the Battle of Leyte Gulf ensured that his return contributed to Roosevelt’s reelection victory a month later. After the invasion of Leyte in January 1945 led first to the liberation of the camps containing Bataan death march survivors and then to the bloody slaughter during the battle for Manila, the home front’s animosity toward Japan hardened.
Using Storyboards
Authors: Kelly Brine
Published: March 2021

Chapter 2 describes storyboards and their role in filmmaking. Storyboards portray a film’s essential visual storytelling as it will ultimately appear on the screen prior to anything being shot. This is “shooting the film on paper.” Storyboards are used during preproduction for creating a visual storytelling plan, developing stunt sequences and visual effects, budgeting, and scheduling. During the production phase storyboards help with communication among the crew. For reasons of efficiency the shooting order of scenes is very different from the story order and can seem random. Storyboards help keep a director focused on a story’s sequence of events throughout production. Storyboard design and notation are described, including aspect ratios, indicating entrances and exits, animating action over several frames, the use of arrows, indicating camera movement, showing dialogue, adding descriptive text, and the numbering of scenes and shots. Several sample storyboards are shown.
Compressing, Expanding, and Ending Scenes
Authors: Kelly Brine
Published: March 2021

Chapter 9 describes and illustrates several shooting and editing techniques for compressing or expanding time within a scene, as well as techniques for ending scenes. A movie usually tells a story that takes place over days, months, or years. Compressing a story into an hour or two of screen time requires techniques that move time ahead in ways that seem natural to viewers. Most of a film’s acceleration of time occurs between scenes, but time within a scene is often compressed even though it seems continuous. Some of the time manipulation techniques that are examined are transitions, jump cuts, cutaways, cross-cutting scenes with parallel action, repeating action, and slow motion.
The App Scavenger Hunt
Authors: Greher Gena R. , Marshall Savannah H.
Published: March 2021

The chapter focuses on projects designed to enhance student engagement with, and exploration of, mobile devices. Helping preservice teachers manage the often steep learning curve that goes hand in hand with connecting theory to practice is but one aspect of music teacher preparation. For the methods student and university professor alike, staying abreast of the current PK-12 school population’s musical needs poses unique conditions for curriculum development. Learning how to use technology while working with a diverse range of students presents challenges for all who are involved in teaching music with technology. The App Scavenger Hunt is an introductory project intended to foster collaboration by exploring the variety of apps available for later projects such as spontaneous musical jam sessions, group composition, and the (re)creation of cover tunes. These musicking experiences, in conjunction with field experiences in music methods classes, aided university students’ embrace of the potential for creative music making with mobile technology.
Introduction
Authors: Baron Naomi S.
Published: March 2021

It was war.

Not what you would expect from normally mild-mannered educational researchers and teachers of young children. But that’s what it was called at the time: the reading wars. The bone of contention was whether it’s better to teach kids to read using a sound-based (“phonics”) approach or to focus on meaning (“whole language”). Jeanne ...
What Are You Reading?
Authors: Baron Naomi S.
Published: March 2021

Chapter 2 begins by considering the different genres of text, particularly narrative (typically fiction) versus informational. It goes on to compare trade sales for print, eBooks, and audio with what’s happening in education, where cost is a major driver towards adoption of commercial digital materials, along with open educational resources (OERs). We also introduce issues around testing and the ways readers move through digital text by paging or scrolling. The chapter then raises the critical question of how much our success in reading on a particular platform (print, screen, or audio) is shaped by the technology itself and how much by the mindset we bring to using it. The issue of technology versus mindset is explored in depth in later chapters.
The Prehistory of Jazz
Authors: Gioia Ted
Published: March 2021

This chapter explores the cultural and musical context for the birth of jazz. It examines the styles of music that influenced the early evolution of the music, including ragtime, blues, spirituals, and work songs. It also includes thumbnail sketches of the leading performers in these idioms, including Scott Joplin, Bessie Smith, Robert Johnson, and others. The chapter also describes the social context for early jazz, with special focus on African American culture in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Jazz without Boundaries
Authors: Gioia Ted
Published: March 2021

This chapter looks at the spread of jazz—both geographically and institutionally. Almost from the start, jazz seemed destined to travel beyond its birthplace in New Orleans, but the pace of that expansion has accelerated in recent decades. Europe, which once looked to the United States for jazz role models, is increasingly self-sufficient, and other regions are also developing strong, homegrown jazz scenes. At the same time, jazz has broken down other barriers, entering schools and universities, and enjoying the support of influential nonprofit organizations such as Jazz at Lincoln Center. This shift has led to the rise of a new generation of musicians who have learned their craft in formal jazz education programs, and in many instances also teach at them, but also operate with fluency in the world of commercial music and popular culture. Artists discussed in this chapter include Brad Mehldau, Regina Carter, Esbjörn Svensson (and his band e.s.t.), and Joshua Redman.
Jazz Resurgent
Authors: Gioia Ted
Published: March 2021

At the dawn of the twenty-first century, many pundits announced the “death of jazz,” yet recent years have shown the exact opposite trend. Jazz has returned to popular culture, whether one looks to rising stars such as Kamasi Washington and Shabaka Hutchings, or to popular artists (Lady Gaga, Kendrick Lamar) who draw heavily on jazz influences. At the same time, jazz started showing up in hit movies such as La La Land, Green Book, and Whiplash, where it was mythologized as a touchstone of musical excellence and artistry. All these trends served to reinvigorate a jazz tradition that many had written off as moribund, creating a powerful convergence of historic styles and new commercial styles. This chapter also explores the jazz vocal scene of recent decades, and its contribution to this broadening of the genre’s appeal. Other artists discussed include Robert Glasper, Esperanza Spalding, and Bobby McFerrin. The chapter concludes with an assessment of jazz’s relationship with the emerging technologies of the digital age.
Social Ecology of Police Resilience
Authors: Ghazinour and Mehdi , Rostami Arian
Published: March 2021

Research shows that police work is one of the most stressful professions in the world, and police officers typically suffer a variety of physiological, psychological, and behavioral effects and symptoms. Thus, constant exposure to stressful situations requires resilient police officers. Legislation, social support, organizational factors, and individual resources all play different roles in maintaining resilience among police officers. The aim of this chapter is to contribute to a multisystemic ecological theory of police resilience. By applying this analytical approach, the authors illustrate how systems on different levels interact with each other reciprocally. They conclude that resilience is necessary for officers to have the capacity to act authoritatively in uncertain situations. The use of multisystemic social-ecological theory provides a deeper understanding of the processes that contribute to positive development in professionally stressful contexts.
What Does It Take for Early Relationships to Remain Secure in the Face of Adversity?
Authors: Berástegui Ana , Pitillas Carlos
Published: March 2021

Attachment relationships as bipersonal, dynamic systems of interaction and meaning-making, can be understood as a resilient mechanism, a level of resilience in itself. A resilient early attachment relationship may facilitate resilience across development and interact with other factors to promote healthier, more resilient societies at different ecological levels. In this chapter, first, the concept of attachment resilience and its constituent factors are developed within the framework of resilience literature. Second, the ecological nature of attachment resilience is posited, and a set of four principles for the ecological study and enhancement of attachment resilience is presented and applied to a case study. Finally, a discussion of the implications of these ideas for interventions with families is developed.
A Socioecological Developmental Systems Approach for the Study of Human Resilience
Authors: Schoon Ingrid
Published: March 2021

This chapter introduces a socioecological developmental systems approach for the study of human resilience, conceptualizing the multiple contextual influences (ranging from the micro-to the macro context and including the ecosystem), and their interactions with individual functioning over time. It is argued that resilience is a multi-level, dynamic and relational process where individual and context mutually constitute each other through processes of co-regulation. The chapter gives a broad definition of key concepts, such as risk and adaptation, and describes developmental and resilience processes using examples from research on the transition from dependent childhood to independent adulthood.
Toward a Multisystemic Resilience Framework for Migrant Youth
Authors: Wu Qiaobing , Ou Ying
Published: March 2021

This chapter proposes an integrative framework to understand the resilience of youth in the context of migration. It first refines the concept of resilience and provides a definition particularly for this population—a process toward positive adaptation and development despite the challenging environmental changes and life transitions that occur during migration. Considering that this process is influenced by various factors embedded in multiple systems, the authors propose a Multisystemic Resilience Framework for migrant youth that uses the photosynthesis of green plants as an analogy to demonstrate in a leaf-shaped figure the dynamic process of resilience shaped by three interactive systems: intrapersonal microsystem, interpersonal mesosystem, and institutional macrosystem. Migrant youths are positioned as active agents in the center who mobilize resources from and facilitate interactions across multiple systems. The chapter concludes by illustrating the complex interplay between systems in the framework and discussing potential implications for research, policy, and practice.
Thinking Systemically About Transitional Justice, Legal Systems, and Resilience
Authors: Clark Janine Natalya
Published: March 2021

Transitional justice refers to the set of judicial and non-judicial processes that societies may use to deal with legacies of past human rights abuses and atrocities. While the field is rapidly expanding, to date there are almost no systematic analyses of transitional justice within a resilience framework, or vice versa. The purpose of this chapter is to address that gap and to demonstrate why resilience is highly relevant for transitional justice theory and practice. It argues that resilience thinking can enhance the impact of transitional justice on the ground, by contributing to the development of more ecological approaches to dealing with the past that locate individuals within their broader social environments. The chapter also reflects on the conceptual and empirical utility of resilience as a concept that opens up a space for analyzing the wider societal and systemic impact of legal systems more generally.
Patterns for Achieving Resilience in Engineered and Organizational Systems
Authors: Jackson Scott , Hailey Victoria , Willett Keith D. , Ferris Timothy , Specking Eric A.
Published: March 2021

This chapter examines how human-created systems in civil and organizational domains maintain their required capability to function effectively in the face of adversity and identifies the factors that enable these systems to remain resilient. Typical civil systems include power grid systems and transportation systems, such as aircraft. Organizational systems include enterprises and governments. Adversities include natural disasters and terrorist attacks. A recurring pattern in all domains is the ability to anticipate and prepare for adversity. Another recurring pattern is the ability for the system to adapt to the adversity. Some resilient systems can withstand adversity and then degrade gracefully to a satisfactory state, return to a prior state, or change to some new state. Both domains utilize a set of techniques to achieve resilience. These recurring patterns are common to both domains and are essential to the resilience of diverse systems.
Adaptive Management of Ecosystem Services for Multisystemic Resilience
Authors: Hogan Katharine F. E. , Nash Kirsty L. , Bennett Elena
Published: March 2021

Globally, ecosystems provide the equivalent of trillions of dollars every year in the form ecosystem services. These include provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services. People are dependent on ecosystem services, yet their sustainability is at risk due to increasingly rapid global change that impacts the resilience of social-ecological systems at multiple scales. In this chapter, the authors outline the concepts and theory of multisystemic social-ecological resilience. They discuss management principles that embrace cycles of change in social-ecological systems and work with these systems toward sustainability rather than pushing for increased efficiency and stability, which tends to undermine resilience across systems and scales. They explore adaptive management as a framework that supports improved understanding and management of ecosystem services for resilience in light of global change, outlining key topics for questions of research and practice.
Introduction
Authors: Magnuson Doug , Jansson Mikael , Benoit Cecilia
Published: March 2021

Chapter 1 includes a description of the challenges faced by street-involved youth and the context in which they live, and it introduces the idea that street-involved youth experience a unique type of emerging adulthood. These youth are adult-like at an age when education, work, and services assume that they should be dependent and so adult services are denied them because they are too young. Teenagers who successfully live independently and who do not or cannot return to families are a challenge for current social policy and practices. The consequence is that these emerging adults who are street-involved struggle longer than necessary, and this struggle exemplifies the instability and precariousness of late-modern emerging adulthood.
Self-Focus
Authors: Magnuson Doug , Jansson Mikael , Benoit Cecilia
Published: March 2021

In Chapter 4, accounts of street-involved youth about their separation from guardians are described. These stories show that how and why these youth separate or are separated from guardians affect their unusual experiences of self-focus, emerging adulthood, and experiences on the street. The youth’s explanations for leaving guardians included the desire to grow up, the need to escape intolerable conditions at home, and the urge for freedom. On the other hand, much like other emerging adults, in this period street-involved youth were “freed” of the routines of school and family life.
Self-Focus
Authors: Magnuson Doug , Jansson Mikael , Benoit Cecilia
Published: March 2021

In Chapter 5, the early months and years in the lives of street-involved youth are examined in light of Arnett’s suggestion that emerging adults’ self-focus is associated with less influence by social institutions, including family, education, and the job market and employment. In the absence of daily life with family, attending school, and working a straight job, street-involved youth’s preoccupations were often centered on creating a “fresh start” and learning to cope with the hardships of street life, the highs and lows of using drugs, and informal and experiential learning about everyday life.
Feeding and Nutrition of Crustacean Larvae
Authors: Jeffs Andrew , O’Rorke Richard
Published: March 2021

Among the Crustacea, there is an enormous diversity of species, range of sizes and body morphologies, habitats, lifestyles, and life cycles, which include a remarkable range of larval development pathways. Despite this divergence, there are commonalities in their larval nutrition. The majority of crustaceans have free-living larvae that will feed on live prey. Their feeding is typically opportunistic, with their behavior often directed toward ensuring they encounter suitable prey. Larval prey are usually proportionally smaller than their body size, with some notable exceptions. Consequently, modes of feeding in larval crustaceans include bacterivory, detritivory, herbivory of unicellular phytoplankton, the omnivory of a mix of phytoplankton and metazoan prey, and carnivory. Frequently, the diet of crustacean larvae changes markedly through their developmental stages as the size and feeding capabilities of the larvae increase. The articulated appendages and alimentary tracts of crustacean larvae show a remarkable range of morphologies, enabling the capture and processing of different food sources. A wide range of digestive enzymes are typically used to break down ingested food because of the limited capacity of the gut for physical processing, which is common among many larvae. The absorption of a wide range of nutrients makes use of the metabolic flexibility of crustaceans for using a variety of nutritional substrates and for converting biomolecules, as well as storing and redeploying nutritional resources. Regardless, some dietary nutrients, such as sterols, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, and some minerals are essential dietary requirements. Much of our in-depth knowledge of larval nutrition in crustaceans comes from larger and commercially important crustaceans, especially crab, lobster, and shrimp species. A better understanding of the diversity of larval feeding and nutrition among crustaceans is required among a wider range of species, especially for those crustaceans that play major roles in many of our marine ecosystems.
The Displacement of Indigenous Oral History
Authors: Mahuika Nēpia
Published: March 2021

This chapter examines the evolution of oral history and oral tradition as two separate fields of study with their own associations, journals, theories, and definitions. It considers how these fields have been viewed and engaged with by indigenous writers, with a particular emphasis on scholarship out of Aotearoa New Zealand. Oral history and oral tradition have often been considered the same, but over the past century have been presented as two distinctively different fields with their own theories, methods, and emphases. This chapter surveys the seminal writing and definitions popularized in oral history and tradition, which include the idea of oral history as a methodology and interview practice and oral traditions as predominantly the study of ballads and folk songs. It explores some of the arguments about the orality or textuality of oral sources, and the differing focus oral traditionalists and oral historians have proposed in their evolving theories and politics.
The Politics of Power in Indigenous Oral History
Authors: Mahuika Nēpia
Published: March 2021

Oral history has often been politically styled a “democratic tool” apt in amplifying the voices of the previously silenced. This chapter unpacks these underlying political approaches and definitions in oral history and tradition, and compares and contrasts these with an indigenous perspective on the politics at work within oral history as a field. The chapter explores how the politics of indigenous oral history are always concerned with an assertion of self-determination that is intimately connected to expressions of tribal identity. Examples, such as a tribal indigenous political reading of gender, are used to demonstrate the wider impact of the “Politics of Power” and the ways indigenous oral histories are driven and emboldened by the need to survive, resist, and decolonize our past and present.
The Indigenous Truth of Oral History
Authors: Mahuika Nēpia
Published: March 2021

“Oral History in Indigenous Articulation” is the concluding chapter of the book. In summary, it highlights how existing oral history theory, politics, methods, and ethics may be largely different, but are not without some resonance to indigenous perspectives. It suggests a decolonizing approach to oral history rather than a simplistic democratizing politics. This chapter emphasizes the importance of rethinking oral history and tradition with the inclusion of indigenous knowledges regarding the form of oral sources, culturally relevant and appropriate methods, theories, and ethics. Finally, it challenges oral historians and oral traditionalists to rethink the underlying concepts of oral sources and methods by including indigenous perspectives and definitions of orality, history, and tradition.
Oogenesis in Crustaceans: Ultrastructural Aspects and Selected Regulating Factors
Authors: Jaglarz Mariusz K. , Bilinski Szczepan M.
Published: March 2021

This chapter explores ultrastructural aspects of crustacean oogenesis. It focuses on various cellular processes associated with female germline development in selected crustacean groups. Oogenesis in crustaceans comprises four stages: proliferation of germline cells, previtellogenesis, vitellogenesis, and formation of egg coverings. The greater part of oogenesis occurs in the ovary. In Crustacea, two structurally and functionally distinct types of ovary are recognized: panoistic and meroistic. In panoistic ovaries, all germline cells differentiate into oocytes, and this type of ovarian organization occurs in a great majority of crustaceans, including Malacostraca. In contrast, in the meroistic ovaries, oogonial cells are connected by intercellular bridges and form characteristic linear cysts. Within each cyst, only one cell becomes an oocyte, and the remaining cells differentiate into nurse cells. Meroistic ovaries are typical for Branchiopoda and Ostracoda: Podocopida. Ultrastructural studies reveal that the nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles of the oocyte are highly synthetically active in the panoistic ovary, whereas in the meroistic type, oocyte development is supported, to some extent, by accompanying nurse cells. During previtellogenesis, oocytes accumulate large numbers of various organelles, e.g. ribosomes, mitochondria, and cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum. The oocyte cytoplasm also contains characteristic disc-shaped bodies and cortical granules. A comparative analysis of the proteinaceous yolk formation in different crustaceans reveals two distinct types of vitellogenesis (autosynthesis and heterosynthesis), and indicates that a mixed type prevails in these arthropods. In most crustacean species, germline cells associate with somatic follicle cells that may fulfill several functions during oogenesis.
Introduction
Authors: Nichols Christopher McKnight , Preston Andrew
Published: March 2021

This introductory chapter provides an overview of grand strategy. Grand strategy is best understood as a holistic and interconnected system of power, encompassing all aspects of society in pursuit of international goals “based on the calculated relationship of means to ends.” It is not simply about winning wars or attaining specific foreign-policy objectives, important as these priorities are; it is not only an answer to the question of what power is meant to achieve. Grand strategy is also about creating a durable peace that follows a war and then maintaining the stability of that peace long after the war has faded into a distant memory. It is—for the United States especially, with its global ambitions, widespread commitments, and enormous capabilities in all forms of power—about trying to shape world conditions so as to ensure the protection of national security and the flourishing of national values. The chapter then studies the grand strategies of George W. Bush and Barack Obama. Ultimately, this book argues for the relevance and usefulness of grand strategy, and builds on the concept of strategic culture.