bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coverage of Onion Foliage as a Requirement for Control of Onion Thrips on Onions, 1984
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T. , North R. C.
Published: March 2022

Four ground and 1 aerial application were evaluated for coverage of onion plants. Potted onion plants, with 6 leaves each, were used as indicators of the coverage by the various pieces of application equipment. These plants were placed within the rows of commerieal fields and replaced onion plants which were removed. Five potted onion plants per field were placed in a diagonal pattern encompassing 5 adjacent double-rows approximately 50 ft in length. Placing the onion plants along this diagonal helped to reduce any variation along the spray boom, as well as any variation which might have occurred as the boom traveled through the sprayed area. The area within the field which contained the potted plants was marked with flags for the benefit of the applicator and the application was observed to be certain that it was made over the test area. Fluorescent dye, at the rate of 300 g/acre, was added to the water of each piece of application equipment. All applications were made on 9 Aug, and the plants were returned to the laboratory the same day. All leaves were then examined under an ultraviolet light and rated for fluorescent dye deposition (coverage) according to a scale of 1 (sparse) to 10 (nearly solid). Separate ratings were made for the top half and bottom half of each leaf as well as the base of the plant, i.e. where the foliage leaves join the bulb. The entire leaf rating which is also listed is simply the average of the bottom and top halves.
Reduction of Onion Thrips in Transplanted Onion
Authors: Straub Richard W.
Published: March 2022

Transplants were set in the field 8 May, in organic muck soil in Pine Island, NY. Treatments were arranged in 1-row plots 40 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Foliar insecticide sprays were applied over the tops of plants with a CO2 pressurized back-pack sprayer dispensing 33 gal/acre @ 37 psi, @ 2 mph. A single application was made 17 Jul after a pre-treatment thrips infestation count, and evaluated at 2 day and 6 day posttreatnient intervals. Evaluations consisted of harvesting 5 random plants/treatment-replicate, dissecting plants, and the 5 youngest leaves were examined under binocular microscope for the number of live adult and nymphal thrips. Thrips reduction was determined by the formula provided in table. At the 2 day posttreatnient count, a number of thrips (ca. 60%) had drowned due to heavy rainfall the day after application, necessitating correction of the data for check mortality—which was done for both sampling intervals by a formula given in table.
European Corn Borer Control in Bell Peppers, 1984
Authors: Kauffman W. C. , Kennedy G. G.
Published: March 2022

Pepper plants were transplanted 8 Jun at the NCSU Central Crops Research Station at Clayton, NC. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with 4 replications (= blocks) and 4 treatments. Each plot consisted of 20 plants in a 20-ft row with 10 ft between plots within rows and 7 ft between rows and was artificially infested with 25 ECB egg masses on 1 Aug. Insecticides were applied on 4, 11, and 17 Aug with a 3-nozzle (D-3, 25 core) back-pack sprayer delivering 30 gal/acre at 50 psi. ECB damage was assessed by splitting and examining each fruit in a plot for the presence of an ECB larva.
Thrips Control on Sweet Peppers, 1984
Authors: Muruvanda Devaiah A. , Beardsley John W.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were replicated 4 times, in 3 rows, 6.10-m long by 4.57-m wide plots in a randomized complete block design. Seedlings were transplanted 0.30 m apart within rows, on 13 Jim ’84. Sprays were applied by hand using a ‘Maruyama Power Sprayer, with a single nozzle which was operated at 100 psi to deliver 100 gal/acre. Sprays were applied 31 Jul, 7, 14, 20 and 28 Aug. Thrips counts were made 24 Jul, 2, 10, 16 and 22 Aug. Populations of thrips were recorded by examining 15 randomly-selected leaves (third fully expanded leaf from tip) per plot. Prior to counting, thrips were fixed in place by application of an aerosol hairspray over both surfaces of sampled leaves. Population counts of thrips were transformed Y + 0.5 before analysis. Data were presented in the original scale.
Systemic Insecticides to Control the Colorado Potato Beetle in Potatoes, 1984
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M.
Published: March 2022

Potato seed pieces were planted in a Sassafras sandy loam field on 10 Apr, ’84. Plots were 20 ft long and 3 ft wide arranged in a randomized complete block experimental design with 4 replications. Granular treatments were applied in a 6-inch band with a hand shaker; liquid treatments were applied with a sprinkler can in a 6-inch band as a drench application (300 gal/acre). In-furrow (IF) treatments were applied just prior to seeding and topdress (TD) treatments were appled on 10 May (cracking) as a 4-inch band over the top of the row and lightly incorporated. Colorado potato beetle (CPB) larvae were counted on 19 Jun and 5 Jul; % plant defoliation was recorded on 26 Jun, 5 and 9 Jul. Plots were harvested on 1 Aug and tubers were examined for cutworm and wireworm damage. Plots were irrigated when moisture was below normal.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control Soil Insecticide Trial, 1984
Authors: Graustein Mark R.
Published: March 2022

Plots were established on the grounds of the University of Delaware Experiment Station near Georgetown DE on 2 May. Each plot consisted of 1 row 7.62m long separated by a check row 0.9m apart. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design in which treatments were replicated 4 times. The check rows served as a reservoir for the CPB. The seed furrows were opened with a commercial planter, and the seed pieces were placed in the furrow by hand. Oxamyl and Furadan were applied in furrow using a single row Noble applicator and the furrows were then closed. At plant emergence (25 May) Temik was applied as a sidedress in the cultivation furrow and covered using a hoe. Weed control, fertilization, and other cutural practices were the same as those normally used in commercial production.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control, Alabama, 1984
Authors: Harper J. D. , Kouskolekas C. A. , Hollingsworth M. H.
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted in 44-inch rows 14 Apr, ’84 at the North Alabama Horticulture Substation, Cullman. Plots of 3 rows by 20 ft were established on 24 May. All applications were made with a CO2 pressurized hand pump sprayer fitted with 1 hollow-cone nozzle and operating at 60 psi. A total of 33 gal of finished spray/acre was applied by spraying each row 3 times—once over the top and once into each side. All plots receiving the fungus Beauveria hassiana (ABG 6112) were treated at dusk on 24, 31 May, and 7 Jun. All chemical treatments were applied early the following morning, or ca. 12 h later. Pre-spray counts of CPB adults and larvae were made by shaking 3.3 row-ft of plants over a shake cloth and counting the dislodged insects. Ten samples taken randomly from over the entire experimental field yielded a mean population of 13.2 +/- 6.1 larvae per row-ft of potato foliage. The majority of larvae were in the 2nd and 3rd instars at this date and few adults were present. Population estimates were made weekly for 3 wk by counting the larvae visible on the plants while walking along 20 ft of the center row. Only larvae were counted on 31 May and 7 Jun, but adults and larvae were present and were counted on 14 Jun. Potatoes were dug on 16 Jul. Yield from 20 ft of the center row of each plot was recorded as weight of sound potatoes. All population data were transformed with a log transformation and subjected to analysis of variance.
Control of Leafminer on Tomato, 1984
Authors: Muruvanda Devaiah A. , Beardsley John W.
Published: March 2022

Field plots were located at the University of Hawaii Experiment Station, Waimanalo, HI. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Three-row plots, 1.21 m apart and 6.09 m long were planted at 0.6-m spacing between plants on 18 Nov ’83. Treatments were applied by hand using a Mariiyama Power Sprayer’, with a single nozzle, which was operated at 100 psi to deliver 100 gal/acre. Treatments were applied 10 Feb, 6 Mar and 2 Apr ’84. The number of active mines were counted on the first trifoliate (terminal 3 leaflets) from the third fully expanded leaf. Twenty-five trifoliates randomly selected per plot were used. Counts were made 8 Feb, 23 Feb, 14 Mar and 12 Apr ’84. Twenty-one days after collecting, the emerged adult leafminers and parasites were counted.
Alfalfa Weevil Control in First Cutting, 1984
Authors: Klostermeyer Lyle E. , Evans Reid
Published: March 2022

Experimental insecticides were evaluated in a second-year alfalfa field at the Middle Tennessee Experiment Station, Spring Hill, TN. Furadan and Imidan were included as standards. Treatments, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design, were applied on 6 Apr to plots 18 X 20 ft at the rate of 25 gal/acre at 30 psi with a CO2-powered boom sprayer mounted on bicycle wheels. Five pendulum sweeps were taken with a 15-inch diam insect net in each plot prior to treatment on 13, 17 and 24 Apr and 1 and 10 May. Pretreatment means were 38.8 alfalfa weevil larvae (AWL) per 5 sweeps. Weather conditions for the 7-day period after treatment were: Avg maximum (65.9°F) and minimum (46°F) with 0.30 inches of rain. Total rainfall from treatment to harvest was 15.7 inches. A 5-ft strip was harvested from the middle of each plot on 11 May. Subsamples were dried tor dry weight determination.
Alfalfa Insect Contbol, Minnesota, 1984
Authors: Stucker D. S. , Radcliffe E. B.
Published: March 2022

Experiments were conducted at the Rosemount Agricultural Experiment station on the third regrowth of third year ‘Agate’ alfalfa. Plots were 52 ft x 52 ft in size replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Spray treatments were applied with a tractor-drawn boom sprayer on 9 Aug in 33 gal/acre at 300 psi. Samples were taken 1 day posttreatment, 3 days posttreatment, 7 days posttreatment, 14 days posttreatment, and 20 days posttreatment using a 15-inch diam sweep-net and taking 20 pendulum sweeps per plot.
Threecornered Alfalfa Hopper Control on Alfalfa in Louisiana, 1984
Authors: Wilson Howard K. , Quisenberry Sharron S.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted on a 1-year-old stand of alfalfa near Bunkie, LA. Treatments were applied during the vegetative growth stage when alfalfa was ca. 33.3 cm tall. Plots were 4.6 by 9.1 m and arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were made on 13 Sep between 3:30 and 7:30 PM. Sprays were applied with a CO2 backpack sprayer calibrated to 19.7 gpa and 38 psi, using 8002 flat-fan nozzles on a 2-m boom. Air and spray water temperatures during treatment were ca. 36°C and 26°C, respectively. Approximately 13.8 cm of rain fell on days 9 and 10 post-treatment. Samples were obtained by taking 10 pendulum-sweeps with a 38-cm diam sweep net on each sampling date. Sample dates were pretreatment, and 3, 7 and 14 days posttreatment. Each sample was bagged and frozen for later counting.
Chemigation for Corn Borer Control, 1984
Authors: Buschman L. L. , Dick G. L.
Published: March 2022

Test was conducted at the Garden City Experiment Station in Finney County, Kansas, in a 130-acre circle of corn. Most of the sprinklers on the 1275-ft system were shut off so that only the sprinklers between 2 towers were operating during the test. Four concentric areas under the outside 5 towers were utilized, each ring served as a replication. The treatments were applied to the outside ring (Rep A) and the third ring (Rep C) with Sennerger, model 4006 #10-14, impact sprinklers operating at 52 psi and to the second and fourth rings (Reps B and D) with Wilson Irrigation Corp, Spray I #7090, low pressure sprinklers operating at 20 psi below a Senninger model 32811 pressure regulators. Plots covered 0.82, 0.73, 0.65, and 0.56 acre in reps A, B, C, and D, respectively. The sprinkler system was calibrated to move 9.6 ft/min and delivered 0.25, 0.34, 0.30, and 0.41 inches of water in reps A through D, respectively. Seven corn borer treatments and a check were assigned in a RCB design. Chemicals were injected at the pivot with a Pulsafeeder Hydracone R 1 diaphram metering pump. The chemicals were diluted with water and/or oil to a constant volume so that the injection rate was constant within each replication. The timing of the treatments was based on the Kansas State University corn borer model and the presence of corn borer eggs in the field. Egg counts were low, averaging about one egg mass per 10 plants, and about 50% of them were hatched. Analysis of black light-trap catches at the Experiment Station indicated that the European corn borer flight peaked on 7 Aug with the major flight occurring between 1 and 14 Aug. Spider mites (mostly Banks grass mites) were counted on the leaves on one side of three or four plants in each plot. Corn borer evaluations were made by dissecting 20 corn plants in each plot (5 consecutive plants in 4 areas near the center of each plot).
Foliar Insecticides for Stalk Borer, 1984
Authors: Foster David E. , Wintersteen Wendy K.
Published: March 2022

The efficacy of selected foliar insecticides for the control of stalk borer Papaipema nebris (Guenee) were tested near Hale, Jones Co, Iowa. Plots were planted to no-till corn on 7 May. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Plots were H rows (on 76-cm centers) by 20 m. Treatments were applied using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer equipped with 11004 Tee Jet nozzles, delivering 20 gal/acre. A preemergence herbicide program (Dual-2.0, Atrazine-3.0 lb (AI)/acre) was applied to the entire study area on 16 May, after planting but before the crop emerged. On the same date, all stalk borer treatments involving an insecticide-paraquat tank-mix were applied. Remaining stalk borer treatments with the exception of UCSF 40, were applied on 21 May, when corn was in the late spike to early first leaf stage. UCSF 40 was applied on 22 May. Stand counts were made on 25 May and plots were evaluated on 7 Jun. Evaluations were made by determining the number of stalk borer infested plants per 17.4 ft from the center of each of the 2 middle rows in each plot. Missing plants along with those exhibiting stalk borer damage (e.g., foliar feeding, dead heart or wilting) were deemed to be infested.
Second Generation European Corn Borer Insecticide Efficacy Trials, Wamego, Ks, 1984
Authors: Gibb Timothy J. , Higgins Randall A.
Published: March 2022

Fifty-six plots of dryland corn, each 4 rows wide by 40 ft (30-inch spacing), were established. The 14 treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized block design on 2 dates. Spray dates were 19 Jul (after adult emergence was underway) and 30 Jul (near the peak of oviposition). Sprays were applied in water (20 gpa at 40 psi) with a manually propelled, high-clearance, bicycle-wheeled applicator. Three spray nozzles (hollow-cone, no. 6X, Spraying Systems Co) were used per row. One nozzle sprayed from above the row and the other 2 (one on each side of the row) were located on 15-inch drops and directed to treat the ear zone. The granular product, Counter 15G, was applied as a 9-inch over the row band with electrically-driven Noble applicators (modified by Almaco, Nevada, IA) which were mounted on the sprayer frame. On 1 Sep the stalks of 20 plants per plot, selected from the 2 middle rows, were split from soil level to tassel and evidence of infestation by second generation borers recorded on a plant-by-plant basis. Tunnels (no. per 20 plants) and borers/borer-infested stalk were recorded.
Field Corn, Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1984
Authors: Levine Eli
Published: March 2022

Soil insecticides to control corn rootworm larvae were evaluated at two locations in IL. Corn was planted in 30-inch rows on 8 May in a fall plowed, spring disked field at Champaign and on 16 May in a spring disked field at Bloomington. Both fields were planted late the previous spring and had very high corn rootworm beetle populations that summer and contained numerous corn rootworm eggs that fall (ca. 14 and 13 million eggs/acre for the Champaign and Bloomington fields, respectively). Pioneer 3732 variety field corn was planted at Champaign and Funks G-4646 variety field corn was planted at Bloomington. Each insecticide treatment consisted of a single 50-ft row arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications per treatment. Granular insecticides were applied in a 7-inch band over the row 1 day after planting with Noble metering units attached to a bicycle-wheeled applicator equipped with drag chains. Lorsban 50W was applied in a 14-inch band over the row one day after planting with a CO2 sprayer equipped with a 1 nozzle wand (8002 even flat fan nozzle, 3.0 ft/s, 20 psi, 10 gal water/acre based on a row width of 40 inches). The Lorsban spray was incorporated into the soil with a hand cultivator immediately after application. Root systems were evaluated for rootworm damage in mid-Jul by digging and washing 20 plants from each treatment (5 roots per row by four reps) and examining the roots for rootworm feeding damage. The standard Iowa 1 to 6 damage rating scale (1, little or no damage and 6, three or more nodes of roots destroyed) was used to measure damage.
European Corn Borer First Brood Control, 1984
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Hynson Teresa P.
Published: March 2022

Six insecticidal treatments were examined to determine efficacy on first brood European corn borer in field corn. Materials were applied either as foliar sprays on 4 Jun or grandular applications (5-inch band) on 1 Jun ’84. Sprays were applied using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer at 32 psi that delivered 33.7 gal/acre of finished formulation. Grandular formulations were applied with a Candy grandular applicator that placed the material in a 5-inch band directed at the whirl of the corn plant. Plots were 4 rows, 25 ft long, with 3-foot alleys and separated by one border row. A complete randomized block experimental design was used with 4 replications in ‘Pioneer 3535’ field corn.grown on the Bobby Yeatman farm in Richmond County, VA. Individual plots were evaluated periodically by examining all plants in 25 ft of row for the presence of borer larvae. After tasseling was complete, plant heights were obtained by measuring 3 plant.s in each plot. Yields were obtained by harvesting one of the center rows.
Control of Two-Spotted Spider Mitel With Comite, Johnstown, Co, 1984
Authors: Peairs Frank B.
Published: March 2022

Three adjacent fields of corn (5, 7 and 17 acres) were divided and 0.5 of each was treated aerially with Coniite + nonemulsifiable soy oil + water and the other 0.5 was treated with Comite in water. The aircraft was a Weatherlv 620 with a 46 ft wingspan and a 43 ft boom. All work was 2 gpa applied with D-6 nozzles at 35 psi, 112 mph, and a 60 ft swath. Treatments were applied 24 Jul ’84 when the crop was within 7-10 days of tasseling. The fields were furrow irrigated. All 3 had been planted to corn the previous year and had been treated at planting time with Counter 15G to control western corn rootworms. Four ear leaves were marked in each plot and one mite colony (ca. 1 sq inch) was marked on each marked leaf. The mites in the colony were counted at the time of application and the mites within the same area were counted at each subsequent sample date.
Second Generation European Corn Borer, Hand Plots, Laird, Co, 1984
Authors: Peairs Frank B. , Pilcher Stanley D.
Published: March 2022

Plots were two 50-foot rows separated by a single buffer row. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Liquid treatments were applied on 15 Aug with a CO2 sprayer calibrated to deliver 22 gal/acre through 2 nozzles on a 30 inch boom. Granular treatments were applied through a hand-held 7 inch spreader. Treatments were evaluated on 12 Sep by dissecting 10 plants/plot and counting live larvae. The field was center pivot irrigated and had received Lorsban 4E 0.75 lb (AI)/acre on 25 May for control of alfalfa webworm and Lorsban 4E 1.00 lb (AI)/acre on 5 Jul for control of first generation European corn borers.
Western Bean Cutworm Aerial Control, Joes, Co, 1984
Authors: Pilcher Stanley D. , Peairs Frank B.
Published: March 2022

Plots were three 75-ft swaths. Treatments were applied on 2 Aug with an Air Tractor Model 301 aircraft with a 45.8-ft wingspan, 34.35-ft boom, D-2 nozzles, 287 psi, and 125 mph airspeed. Treatments were evaluated on 30 Aug by counting the number of larvae in 50 ears/plot.
Apple, Early Season Insecticide Evaluation Test, 1984
Authors: Hull L. A. , Beers E. H.
Published: March 2022

The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 8 insecticide treatments and a control replicated 5 times. Plots consisted of 4 trees, 1 each of the cultivars York Imperial, Delicious, Golden Delicious, and Rome Beauty. Experimental sprays were applied with a Myers Mity Mist airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 50 gpa. Spray dates coorresponded to the following phenological stages (cv. Golden Delicious): Half-inch green-18 Apr; Pink-4 May; Petal fall-24 May. A regular fungicide schedule (Cyprex, Benlate, Bayleton, Captan, Zineb, Manzate, Rubigan) was maintained throughout the season. Effect of treatments on WALH was evaluated by counting nymphs on 25 leaves/tree (cv. York Imperial). ERM populations were evaluated by making several counts on random samples of 25 leaves/tree (cv. York Imperial), 125 leaves/treatment. Effectiveness of sprays for RAA was evaluated by examining the entire tree (cvs. Rome Beauty and York Imperial) and determining the number of infested leaves and the number of injured apples/tree. A leaf was considered infested if it contained 1 or more live aphids or showed visible signs of curling. Pest pressure was moderate.
Field Corn, Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1981
Authors: Spike B. P. , Tollefson J. J.
Published: March 2022

Planting-time insecticides for seedcorn maggot control were tested at the Johnston farm, 1 mile south of Ames, Iowa. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Seed furrows 25 ft long with 40-inch spacing were opened 10 May. A meat and bonemeal bait was applied to the furrow at a rate of 1.5 qt/30 ft and was watered 10 May and 14 May to maintain a moist condition. On 21 May corn was handplanted and insecticides were applied as treated seeds or as granular treatments. Granular insecticides were applied in the furrow, as a 7 or 2-inch band over the furrow (T-band) or as a band after furrow closure using Noble metering units mounted on a bicycle applicator. Granules were incorporated by raking.
Chemical Control of Boll Weevils in Alabama, 1984
Authors: Graham L. C. , Gaylor M. J. , Fleischer S. J. , Nightengale S. P.
Published: March 2022

A field evaluation of insecticides to control boll weevil was conducted on sandy loam soil at the Plant Breeding Unit of Auburn University, Tallassee, AL. Cotton was planted on 23 Apr in 40 inch rows. Four replicates of 8 treatments were applied in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 9 rows x 75 ft with 25-ft alleys between blocks. Insecticides were applied with a high-clearance sprayer at the rate of 11.5 gal spray per acre (3.5 mph, 50 psi, 2 Teejet™ TX6 80° nozzles/row). Plots were treated for weevils on 19 and 24 Jul, and 7, 10, 15, 20, and 27 Aug. The ca. 5-day spray interval was interrupted from 24 Jul to 7 Aug due to wet weather. Plots were oversprayed on the same dates with Bolstar to suppress bollworms. Damage was estimated by examining 25 squares collected at random from the middle 3 rows of each plot.
Insecticide Combinations for Heliothis Spp. Control, 1984
Authors: Graham L. C. , Gaylor M. J. , Fleischer S. J. , Nightengale S. P.
Published: March 2022

A field evaluation of insecticides and insecticide combinations for Heliothis spp. control was conducted on sandy loam soil at the Plant Breeding Unit of Auburn University, Tallassee, AL. Cotton was planted 23 Apr in 40-inch rows. Nemacure 3E was applied at planting at a rate of 0.76 lb (AI)/acre. Four replicates of 9 treatments were included in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 9 rows x 75 ft with 25-ft alleys between blocks. Insecticides were applied with a high clearance sprayer at a rate of 11.5 gpa (3.5 mph, 60 psi, 2 Teejet™ TX6 80° nozzles/row). Plots were treated for Heliothis spp. control on 19, 24, and 27 Jul, and 7, 10, 15, 27, and 31 Aug. Plots were oversprayed with Guthion (0.25-0.5 lb (AI)/acre) on the same days except for 31 Aug. An additional cover spray was applied on 11 Sept, ’84. Plots were not sprayed from 27 Jul to 7 Aug due to wet weather. Heliothis spp. damage was estimated by examining 25 randomly selected plant terminals from the middle 3 rows of each plot. Yield data was taken by mechanically picking 2 of 3 middle rows from each plot.
Control of June Beetles in Pasture, 1984
Authors: Klein M. G. , Moyseenko J. J.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted in a pasture in Todd, NC (Watauga Co.). There was no measurable thatch, soil contained 12.7% organic matter. Air temperature at treatment time (28 Sep ’83) was 64°F. Soil temperature at treatment time was 54°F at 4 inches. The larvae were third instars. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Individual plots were 18 X 20 ft. The granular materials were applied with a cyclone rotary broadcast spreader. Licjuid applications were made using a John Bean centrifugal pump sprayer with three 11005 Teejet nozzles mounted on a boom, operating at full throttle with a 100 ml per second spray rate, at 100 gal water per acre. Two days after treatment 0.28 inches rain occurred. Surviving larvae were sampled 226 davs after treatment bv cutting five 7 x 6 x 3-inch deep plugs into each 18 x 20 ft block.
Control of Grasshoppers on Range, Akron, Co, 1984
Authors: Pilcher Stanley D. , Peairs Frank B.
Published: March 2022

Plots were 2 swaths in width, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were made on 12 Jul ‘84, with a Peiper PA25 aircraft fitted with Hutchison wings and 23 T-Jet Hollow cone #8–45 core nozzles calibrated to apply 1 gal/acre at 28 psi. Grasshopper counts were made with standard USDA survey techniques.
Evaluation of Insecticides to Control Sorghum Midge in South Texas, 1984
Authors: Cartwright B. , Royer T. , Fernandez D.
Published: March 2022

Fourteen insecticides treatments were compared in 4-row by 50-ft plots of grain sorghum planted 30 Mar, ‘84 at the TAMU-Hoblitzelle Farm near Mercedes, TX. Each insecticide and rate was tested on 2 timing regimes: 3 and 6-day schedules. Plots were arranged in a split-plot design with treatments as main plots and timing as sub-plots. Applications were initiated when 15% of the panicles were in bloom and continued on schedide until 90% had completed bloom. This resulted in 4 total sprays being applied at 3-day intervals: (5, 8, 11 and 14 Jun) and 2 sprays applied at 6-day intervals (5 and 11 Jun). All treatments except the Pydrin ULV were applied with a CO2-powered sprayer in 5 gal water/ac using a four-row (1 TX4 nozzle/row) tractor-mounted boom. The Pydrin ULV was applied in cottonseed oil at 1 qt/ac with electrically powered controlled droplet applicators (Micro-Max). Because of an equipment failure, the CDA oil application was initiated 3 days later than all other treatments. Efficacy of the insecticides was evaluated by measuring yield and rating heads for damage using a scale of 1-10, based on the % seeds damaged in each panicle. A border of 4 rows or 13 ft was sprayed along all sides of the test area except the northern edge to minimize edge effects caused by migrating midges. An unsprayed single row border was maintained between each plot to even the distribution of midges. The number of Orius spp. were counted on 10 panicles/plot in certain treatments. Entire plots (4 row X 50 ft) were machine harvested and weighed. To monitor midge pressure, daily counts of adult midges were made in the untreated plots. Midge populations in the untreated check ranged from 1.1-45/panicle during blooming period.
Efficacy of Oil Formulations Containing Synthetic Pyrethroid Insecticides for Control of the Sugarcane Borer (Scb), Large-Plot Field Trial, 1983
Authors: Hensley S. D. , White W. H. , Pollet D. K.
Published: March 2022

Foliar sprays containing synthetic pyrethroid insecticides or Azodrin were applied from an ultra-light aircraft flown on 30 ft (5-row) swath widths to a field of sugarcane located near Vacherie, LA, for control of season-long SCB infestations. The synthetic pyrethroids were applied in refined soybean oil at a rate of 0.5 gal of finished formulation/acre/application. Azodrin was applied in water at a finished formulation rate of 1 gal/acre. A randomized complete block experimental design was employed with insecticide treatments and the untreated control replicated 4 times. Indiyidual plots ranged from 2.0 to 2.8 acres in size; each plot consisted of a contiguous block of sugarcane surrounded by ditchbanks and headlands. The first application of insecticides was made alter sugarcane internodes were visible above ground and when 5% of the stalks harbored young 1st to 3rd stage larvae in leafsheaths. Applications were repeated when that level of infestation was found again in Azodrin-treated plots. However, weekly monitoring of SCB populations was terminated 15 Sep when SCB damage is considered to no longer pose a threat to the LA sugarcane crop. Three insecticide applications were required to restrict SCB infestations below the economic threshold of crop damage; application dates were 7 Jul, 9 Aug and 7 Sep. The efficacy of insecticide treatments was determined 4-5 Oct by comparing the percentages of internodes bored (damaged) in treated plots to that found in untreated plots. Five (10-stalk) samples randomly selected in each plot were scanned for external signs of internode penetration by SCB larvae.
Sugarcane Borer Control, Effects on Non-Target Arthropods, Large Plot Field Trial, 1983
Authors: Reagan T. E. , Flynn J. L. , Ali A. D. , Rester D. C.
Published: March 2022

Insecticide sprays were applied 3 times to sugarcane fields located at Dugas-Leblanc Sugars near Paincourtville, LA, to evaluate full-season control of SCB infestations. Treatments were assigned to individual plots (ca. 1.5 ha each) according to a randomized complete block design with 4 replications consisting of varieties CP 72-356 (3 reps) and CP 72-370 (1 rep). All spray concentrates were applied by aircraft on a 22-m swath and all but 1 used water as a carrier at a rate of 18.8 1 finished formulation/ha/application (2 gal/acre). The exception was a low volume treatment using extra refined soybean oil with 7.0% emulsifier (emulsifier not used for first application) at 2.3 1 finished formulation/ha/application (1 qt/acre). Water mixed treatments were applied at 25 psi (nozzles down and 45° back). The oil mixed treatment (first application) was applied at 65 psi (nozzles down and 30° forward) and the subsequent applications at 50 psi (nozzles down and 45° back). The number and size of nozzles, the density (drops/cm2), and size (µ) of droplets for the water mixed sprays were 29, 8046, 23.5, and 250, respectively. These values for the first oil mixed application were 19, 8002, 26.8, and 142; and for the subsequent oil mixed applications were 22, 8003E, 18, and 180, respectively. Insecticide applications were initiated on 12 Jul, when sugarcane internodes were visible above ground and at least 5% of the stalks harbored 1st to 3rd stage larvae in the leafsheaths. A second application to all treatments was made on 4 Aug when that threshold level of infestation again was found in plots treated with Guthion. The third application, however, was made 1 wk after the Guthion threshold was exceeded (6 Sep), as infestations in most pyrethroid treated plots were below 5%. Efficacy of insecticide treatments was determined on 26 Oct (just prior to crop harvest) by examining 50 stalks from each treated and untreated plot for the presence of SCB entrance and exit holes. Non-target arthropods were continuously monitored in all treatments throughout the study using pitfall traps (pint jars filled with 150 ml of 70% methanol and 25 ml of mineral oil) embedded on the row and covered by a 22 cm dia disc supported by a tripod 3 cm above the jar and soil surface. Two traps were situated centrally 22 m apart in each plot and changed biweekly from 7 Jul to 23 Sep.
Chemical Control of the Sunflower Moth on Sunflower, 1983
Authors: DePew L. J.
Published: March 2022

This field test was conducted on sunflower planted at the Kans. Br. Agric. Exp. Stn., Garden City, KS. Nine treatments and an untreated check were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot was 4 rows wide (76.2 cm row spacing) and 12.19 m long with 1.52-m alleys separating replicates. Insecticides were applied using a compressed air, backpack sprayer which delivered ca. 145 liter/ha at 1.4 kg/cm2 through a 3-nozzle boom. Sprays were applied directly to the sunflower heads on 21 and 26 Jul when plants were in the 30% and 100% bloom stage, respectively. A third application was planned 5 days later, but no adult moths were present at that time. Treatments were evaluated on 9 Aug by dissecting 6 heads from the center 2 rows of each plot and recording the number of larvae. Rainfall from the initial application to posttreatment evaluation measured 0.25 cm.
Control of Green Peach Aphids with Side-Dress Applications of Temik, 1984
Authors: Lampert E. P.
Published: March 2022

On 4 May tobacco was transplanted into plots 30 ft (17 plants) x 15 ft (4 rows–42 inches on center) in a field of Norfolk and Appling loamy sand soil at the Central Crops Research Station, Clayton, NC. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete-block design with 3 reps. On 7 Jun treatments were applied with a Noble granular applicator mounted on a John Deere Hi-Cycle 600. The granule dispersing fan on each hopper was replaced with a 2 inch dia hose which extended to the soil surface. This resulted in a narrow band adjacent to the plant. Within 1 h after application, all treatments were incorporated with a rotary tiller and ridged. Once a week, the topmost 6-inch leaf on 5 consecutive plants in both center rows were examined; all green peach aphids were counted and recorded. All plants in both center rows were also counted and examined for aphid colonies. Prior to analysis of variance, the proportion of aphid colonized plants were subjected to the arcsin-square root transformation.
Cereal Leaf Beetle and Aphid Control in Wheat, 1984
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Kling Carl E.
Published: March 2022

Seven insecticidal treatments were evaluated to determine their efficacy in controlling cereal leaf beetle larvae and aphids in soft red winter wheat. Foliar insecticides were applied on 8 May on ‘Feland’ wheat at the Joe Hicks farm near Warsaw, VA. A randomized block design was utilized with 4 replications. Individual plots were 15 by 6 ft spaced 2 ft apart. Spray concentrate was applied with a CO2 air sprayer at 32 psi that delivered 30 gal of finished formula per acre. Flat fan. Tee Jet AL8004, nozzles were used. The efficacy of individual insecticide treatments was determined 1, 6, 9, 14, and 16 days after application by inspecting whole plants for the presence of live larvae and aphids per 10 culms including the grain heads. Yield estimates were obtained from 30 ft of row collected from the 2 center rows of each plot. Yields were adjusted to 13% moisture.
Aphid and Virus Control in Winter Wheat, Washington, 1983-84
Authors: Pike Keith S.
Published: March 2022

Two trials were conducted on winter wheat planted 7 Sep ‘83 at the Washington State University, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Prosser, WA. One trial consisted of 5 insecticides (granular systemics) applied at planting with the seed as in-furrow treatments; the other consisted of 8 insecticides applied 14 Oct ‘83 (early tillering stage of growth) as foliar sprays. The latter treatments were applied with a compressed air plot sprayer mounted on a bicycle-wheeled carriage, calibrated to deliver 49 gpa at 40 psi. Plots in each trial were 4 rows (12 inches between rows) 17 ft in length, replicated 6 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were planted using a tractor-mounted, 4 row belt-cone Almaco grain drill with double disc openers. Aphid control was determined on the basis of berlese funnel aphid extractions (6 plants/plot/posttreatment sample). Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) was rated visually on 13 Jun ‘84 using a 1-6 scale, where 1 = no virus symptoms; 6 = severe symptoms. Plots were harvested with a Hege combine on 24 Jul ‘84.
Balsam Twig Aphid Control, 1981
Authors: Nappen Paul B. , Hain Fred P.
Published: March 2022

A study was conducted in April, 1981 to determine the efficacy of insecticidal soap for Balsam Twig Aphid control. Two locations in Ashe County, NC and 1 location in Waynesville, NC were selected as test sites. At each site, 100 Fraser fir trees were sprayed with Safer’s Insecticidal Soap (1.5 oz/gal) using a Solo backpack mist blower. A second block of 100 trees was left as a control. Twenty, 15-cm twig samples were taken from the center of each block before treatment and 1, 2 and 4 wk after treatment. The samples were analyzed for Balsam Twig Aphid eggs and motiles.
Nantucket Pine Tip Moth Control, 1982
Authors: Nappen Paul B. , Hain Fred P.
Published: March 2022

A plot in Wake County, N.C. was divided into 5 blocks of approximately 50 trees per block. The trees were Virginia pines averaging 4 years of age and heavily infested with Nantucket pine tip moth. Two blocks were sprayed with Dimilin on June 11, 1982 using a UNICO No. 141U hand pump sprayer. Two other blocks were sprayed in the same manner on June 11 and again on June 17, 1982. The remaining block was left untreated. The number of infested terminal buds in each plot was counted before and after treatment. An analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range test were used to determine significant treatment differences.
Apple, San Jose Scale Penncap Comparison, 1984
Authors: Pfeiffer D. G. , Ponton L. F. , Varn M. , Boucher J.
Published: March 2022

Penncap Malone and in various combinations were evaluated in an orchard at Tyro, VA. Four, single-tree replicates per treatment were used in a completely randomized design. Crawlers appeared 31 May. Sprays were applied 4 Jun and 11 Jun. Applications were made with a truck-mounted Swanson sprayer with a handgun attachment. Scale populations were assessed by counting scale-infested fruit after crawlers had settled (8 Aug) and again on 4 Sep. Fifty fruit per tree were evaluated. Mite populations were sampled on 8 Aug using 20-leaf samples and a leaf-brushing machine.
Birch, Evaluation of Soil-Applied Systemic Insecticides for Control of Fall Webworm Caterpillars and Japanese Beetle Adults, Wayne Co., Oh, 1984
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Trees (6.4-8.9 cm dbh) growing in an experimental birch planting and infested with at least 1 webworm nest were chosen for evaluating soil-applied Standak and Di-Syston for control of fall webworm and Japanese beetles. Soil from the base of each tree to its dripline was cultivated prior to and following application of insecticides. Standak treatments were applied with a sprinkling can at the rate of ca. 545 ml of water/m2 of soil surface. Di-Syston granules were applied in salt shaker fashion to the treatment area, raked-in, and then watered as above. All treatments were applied to 4 single-tree replicates on 31 Jul, 5 days after a 3 cm rainfall, so soil moisture was adequate for movement and uptake of systemic insecticides. During the first and second weeks after application, 4.75 and 3.4 cm of rain fell, respectively, on the experimental area. There was no rain during the third week. Treatment effects were evaluated weekly by observing webs for presence of living fall webworm larvae and for evidence of web expansion. A terminal lateral twig was removed from each treated tree and placed in a 1 liter fonda cup with 5 Japanese beetle adults in the laboratory at weekly intervals for 3 wk after application. Living and dead beetles were counted 48 h after caging.
Spring Control of White Grubs on a Long Island Golf Course, 1984
Authors: Baker P. B.
Published: March 2022

Three insecticides were applied to a rough in Hempstead, LI, NY on 23 Apr for control of a mixed population Oriental/Japanese grubs. The rough consisted of annual bluegrass (40%), perennial bluegrass (40%), and bentgrass (20%). The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Individual plots were 10 ft x 10 ft. Thatch accumulation was ca 0.5 inch compressed between the fingers. Granular materials were applied with a precalibrated Gandy 2.5 spreader. Liquid materials were premeasured in the laboratory and applied with 3 gal of water through a watering can. All liquid applications were made in 2 directions within each plot. At treatment time the following environmental and soil conditions existed: air temperature, 53°F; soil temperature (1 inch), 49°F; soil type, sandy loam; soil pH, 4.4; soil moisture, 1.65 (w/ d); and it was raining. It rained 0.2 inches in the 24 h posttreatment. Posttreatment counts were taken 36 days later (29 May) by cutting a 1 x 10-ft strip lengthwise through each plot with a mechanical soil cutter (2.25 inch) and examining the sod and underlying soil for grubs. Species identifications were determined in the laboratory. Three ft2 samples were taken from each replicate, and mean surviving grubs determined per ft2.
Control of Japanese Beetle in Golf Course Fairway, 1984
Authors: Klein M. G. , Moyseenko J. J.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted on the left side of #14 fairway at Hinckley Hills Golf Course in Hinckley, OH (Medina Co.). Since we were looking for complete control of the larvae, the test consisted of Oftanol applied once (19 Apr), and diazinon applied 1, 2, or 3 times. Thatch accumulation was 0.75 to 1.25 inches, and air temperature at treatment time was 50°F on 19 Apr, 63°F on 2 May, and 51°F on 15 May. The larvae were third instars. The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replicates. Individual plots were 10 x 12 ft. The granular material was applied with a cyclone rotary broadcast spreader. Liquid applications were made using a John Bean centrifugal pump sprayer with three 11005 Teejet nozzles mounted on a boom, operating at full throttle with a 100 ml per second spray rate, at 100 gal water per acre. Rain (0.65 inches) occurred 3 days after first treatment, 1.64 inches 1 day after second treatment and 0.3 inches 4 days after third treatment. Surviving larvae were sampled 29 days after the last treatment (55 days after the first treatment) by cutting five 7 X 7 x 3-inch-deep plugs into each 10 x 12 ft plot.
Phytotoxicity on Carnation with Fmc 54800, California, 1984
Authors: Robb K. L. , Parrella M. P.
Published: March 2022

Two formulations of FMC 54800, 2E and 10WP, were evaluated for phytotoxicity on carnation. Seven weekly applications of FMC 54800, at IX, 2X and 4X the recommended rate of 0.125 lb ai/100 gal, were made to commercially grown carnations located in Encinitas, Calif., beginning 1 Aug. The test was replicasted 4 times and each replicate consisted of 10-row-ft per variety. Applications were made with a 2.5 gpm Arimitsu sprayer @ 250 psi.
Control of Twospotted Spider Mites on Chrysanthemum, California, 1984
Authors: Robb K. L. , Virzi J. K. , Parrella M. P.
Published: March 2022

Materials were applied to commercially grown 12-wk-old potted chrysanthemum plants using a 1-gal B&G sprayer, with a 5003 Spray Systems nozzle, @ 60 psi, on 24 Aug (temp = 28°C). The test was replicated 4 times, with one 8-inch pot per replicate. Four leaves were removed per pot per evaluation and run through a mite brushing machine. All motile mite stages were counted under a dissecting microscope on the day of application, and 3, 8, and 12 days.
Control of Elm Bark Beetle on American Elm, Bioassay Tests, Cuyahoga, Co., Ohio, 1983
Authors: Barger Jack H.
Published: March 2022

In Shaker Heights, Ohio, the crowns of street-lawn American elms, Ulmus americana L., (avg 64.0 cm in dbh; 20.1 m in height) were sprayed at bud break with candidate insecticides for evaluation as alternatives to the standard methoxychlor emulsion used to control twig-crotch feeding by the smaller European elm bark beetle. Treatments included 4 insecticides at 2 concentrations and methoxychlor at 1 concentration. Each treatment was applied to 3 single tree replicates. Sevin 4-Oil was mixed in diesel fuel; all others in water. A John Bean 300G Rotomist mist blower equipped with 3 DC-5 nozzles with no. 45 cores was used. Each tree received an average of 24.6 liters of finished spray except methoxychlor-treated trees averaged 9.5 liters. When trees were sprayed on 5 May, the ambient temperature was 2-10°C, the sky was clear, and the wind was 0-5 kph. Between treatment and bioassay, the mean temperature was 20.6°C and the total rainfall was 37.9 cm. At 16 wks postspray, 10 twigs were collected for bioassay from each of 12 sectors (3 vertical levels and 4 quadrants) in each tree crown. Twigs from each vertical level were combined for bioassay. Bioassays were made by confining 1-day old adult beetles on twigs in small cages. The mean percentage of beetles that failed to penetrate the twig xylem, after feeding for 24 h at 30 ± 1°C and 92 ± 2% RH, was used as a measure of treatment effectiveness.
Elm Bark Beetle Mortality From Weathered Insecticide Residues on Twigs, 1979
Authors: Brown Leland R. , Willis Mark A. , Eads Clark O.
Published: March 2022

On Sep 11 ‘78 three vigorous trees on this campus were thorough-coverage sprayed to drip with Pydrin, Sevin and Imidan, respectively, using a power sprayer and handgun. A fourth tree was selected as an untreated check. Trunk diam 12 inches above ground averaged 4.3 inches. Sprays were buffered to pH 6.0. At a given interval after spraying each tree 5.5 by 3 inch twigs at breast height were collected in each of four 0.5-pint Mason jars with screened lids. On each of 4 successive days a jar was infested with 20 female beetles and mortality determined after 24 h. Data from each jar represented 1 of 4 treatment replicates for that weathering date. Data of each date were subjected to a 2-way ANOVA. Two inches of rain fell during the experiment and there were many days in excess of 100°F and some days of heavy winds.
Boxleaf Euonymus, Euonymus Scale Control Using Trunk Paints, 1984
Authors: Williams Michael L. , Sheffer Barbara J. , Miller Gary L.
Published: March 2022

Paint-on treatments were compared to foliar application of Cygon 2E for control of euonymus scale. Sixteen 1-1.5-ft-tall boxleaf euonymus, heavily infested with euonymus scale, were selected for treatment. Test plants were growing in a pine bark media in 2-gal black plastic pots. Cygon 2E was applied as a paint-on band treatment to the trunk of the plant at the rate of 1 inch band per inch of trunk diameter. The material was applied with a sponge paint brush by dipping the brush in full strength Cygon 2E and painting the appropriate size band of insecticide around the trunk of the plant. To test for phytotoxicity, an additional group of plants were treated at twice the test rate. Foliar sprays were applied to runoff using compressed air sprayers. Care was taken to spray the underside of the foliage to provide optimum contact of the insecticide with target pests. Four replicates (plants) were used per treatment. Treatments were applied 11 Nov ‘83. Efficacy of the treatments was evaluated 19 Mar ‘84, by examining 100 adult female euonymus scales per replicate and scoring them as living if normally colored and full bodied or dead if discolored and shriveled or dried.