bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Substantive Provisions of the East Asian Trilateral Investment Agreement and their Implications
Authors: Choi Won-Mog
Published: April 2019

The Korea–China–Japan Investment Promotion, Facilitation and Protection Agreement is the first treaty in the economic field that binds the three Northeast Asian countries together under a single legal instrument. The existence of effective dispute settlement procedures under the treaty will contribute to the creation of a favourable investment climate in the host country. Nevertheless, there have been fears about frivolous or vexatious claims that could inhibit legitimate regulatory actions by governments. How to compose an investment chapter of the Korea–China–Japan FTA that is being negotiated is a pressing demand for all in the region. Any pertinent answers to such a quest require a thorough comparison of the benefits and drawbacks of any development of relevant rules and governance. In the end, a quest for better international investment governance in Northeast Asia in the future requires sound evaluation of lessons from the past and present.
China Moves the G20 towards an International Investment Framework and Investment Facilitation
Authors: Sauvant Karl P
Published: April 2019

China, as the President of the G20 in 2016, has had an opportunity to advance the discussion of these issues. The country has taken a special interest in international investment, judging from the decision to create the G20’s Trade and Investment Working Group. This reflects both the role of FDI in China’s own development and especially its recent rise as an important outward investor. This chapter discusses the emergence of China as an outward investor, embedded in the rise of emerging markets as home countries of multinational enterprises (MNEs). The chapter also contains an analysis of some policy issues related to the rise of FDI from emerging markets. A brief discussion of issues central to the future of the international investment law and policy regime follows, including the adoption of non-binding principles outlining the architecture of a comprehensive framework on international investment. The chapter finally focuses on a concrete proposal for a sustainable investment facilitation programme that could be launched as a follow-up of the discussions initiated under China’s leadership.
Investment Treaty Arbitration in Asia
Authors: Hodgson Matthew , Bryan Adam
Published: April 2019

This chapter seeks to explore China’s approach to bilateral investment treaties and uses this to help consider its possible future strategy. In particular, the chapter considers the interaction of the growth and nature of China’s inward- and outward-bound foreign direct investment, with the protections provided in the BITs and the identity of counterparty states. As enthusiasm for investment treaties in the West stands at a crossroads—in the face of public antipathy in Europe to the draft TTIP treaty, and hostility from the Trump administration to investment treaties in general—there is maybe an opportunity for China to demonstrate leadership and cooperation to regional and global economic partners. This chapter first maps the evolution of the protections provided in China’s investment treaties, from the rudimentary protections in the early generation investment treaties to the wider-scale coverage in the more recent investment treaties. The chapter also reflects upon the extent to which China has succeeded in protecting its outbound investment, and the counter-balance of the protections granted to inbound investment. It considers (the relatively few) cases that have been brought under Chinese investment treaties and performs a statistical analysis of the protection of Chinese foreign direct investment stocks, by reference to competitor economies. Finally, this chapter looks at where China may focus its attentions next, particularly in the context of the Trump administration in the US and China’s investment priorities.
What Graeco-Roman Grammar Was About
Authors: Matthews P. H.
Published: April 2019

This book explains how the grammarians of the Graeco-Roman world perceived the nature and structure of the languages they taught. The volume focuses primarily on the early centuries AD, a time when the Roman Empire was at its peak; in this period, a grammarian not only had a secure place in the ancient system of education, but could take for granted an established technical understanding of language. By delineating what that ancient model of grammar was, the book highlights both those aspects that have persisted to this day and seem reassuringly familiar, such as ‘parts of speech’, as well as those aspects that are wholly dissimilar to our present understanding of grammar and language.
Units
Authors: Matthews P. H.
Published: April 2019

This chapter examines units. The unit, called a ‘letter’ or an ‘element’, was in principle the smallest of articulated ‘vocal sound’, and the smallest in a hierarchy. In the light of their phonetic values, letters were divided into two main classes. Vowels are those ‘produced on their own’, and forming ‘on their own’ a syllable. Consonants were letters that form a syllable only in conjunction with a vowel. The next largest unit was the syllable. The syllable is defined as ‘a grouping of letters or the utterance of a single vowel which can have a temporal value’. Meanwhile, the largest unit of all was what people now call a ‘sentence’: in Greek a logos and in Latin an oratio or ‘utterance’.
Speaking correctly
Authors: Matthews P. H.
Published: April 2019

This chapter discusses correct speech. The criteria for correctness were as Quintilian had described them: in particular those of, in Latin, ratio or regularity and of usage. They could conflict; and that of regularity attracted the ridicule of Sextus Empiricus. One concept of ‘correct Greek’ lay, as he put it, in respect for usage, which could be determined by observation of ordinary conversation. Another, however, was dissociated from ‘the usage common to us’ and appeared to proceed ‘according to grammatical analogy’. The chapter then looks at the types of error in utterances. A ‘barbarism’ was a single part of an utterance that was ‘in error in ordinary discourse’. A different ‘vice’, however, arises from ‘the weaving together of parts of an utterance contrary to a rule of grammar’. This was called a soloecismus: in English, that is, a ‘solecism’.
The Kingdom of Priam
Authors: Ellis-Evans Aneurin
Published: April 2019

This book is a regional history of Lesbos and the Troad from the seventh century BC to the first century AD which examines the extent to which this geographical region became politically, economically, and culturally integrated over this extended timeframe. The case studies in each chapter examine the various human and geographical factors which promoted regional integration, but also consider the political and identity-based considerations which limited integration and curtailed co-operation in particular areas. It is argued that this produced a situation in which an economically well-integrated region nevertheless remained politically fragmented and was only capable of unified action at moments of crisis. The book is split into two halves, with the first examining both the human and geographical factors which contributed to regional integration in the Troad and the politics of this process and the second examining the insular identity of Lesbos, the extent to which it was integrated into the mainland, and the consequences of this integration for the internal dynamic of the island. Cross-cutting these regional dynamics are the various imperial systems (Persian, Athenian, Macedonian, Attalid, Roman) which ruled this region and shaped its internal dynamics both through direct interventions in regional politics and through the pressures and incentives which these imperial systems created for local communities.
The Mytilenaian Peraia and the Aktaian Cities
Authors: Ellis-Evans Aneurin
Published: April 2019

This chapter explores the relationship between Lesbos and Anatolia by examining Mytilene’s relationship with communities in the coastal Troad and Aiolis before and after Athens confiscated its mainland territorial possessions (the peraia) in 427 BC. It is argued that Mytilene, like many other Aegean islands with peraiai, actively suppressed polis status in these off-island territories in the Troad and Aiolis so as to extract greater profit from them. This provides another example of an unequal form of regional integration to complement that which was discussed in Chapter 3, and also helps explain how Mytilene was in a position to attempt to dominate all of Lesbos through an enforced synoikism in 428. A reconsideration of the evidence of the Athenian tribute assessment decrees from 425/4 and 422/1 suggests that, by contrast with how the Mytilenaians had treated these communities, the Athenian Empire actively encouraged them to become poleis so as to disrupt any future attempt by the rebellious Mytilenaians to reconstitute the peraia. While the political relationship between Mytilene and the mainland was therefore very different post-427, numismatic evidence shows that it still maintained a vibrant commercial network on the mainland. Mytilene’s relationship with the mainland therefore did not end in 427 but rather transformed.
The Hellenistic Koinon of the Lesbians
Authors: Ellis-Evans Aneurin
Published: April 2019

This chapter considers what kind of collective identity was fostered by the insular location of the Lesbian cities. It is usually assumed that the cities of Lesbos were particularly inclined to cooperate with one another because of their insular geography, and as a result the treaty refounding the Lesbian koinon from c.200 BC should be interpreted as evidence that the island’s cities were headed for political unification. Here it is instead argued that the cities of Lesbos kept the level of cooperation between themselves at a bare minimum and usually viewed Lesbian identity as something to compete over and claim exclusive ownership of rather than as a rationale for political cooperation. A reassessment of the treaty of the refounded koinon suggests that it attests a much more limited level of intra-island cooperation than has previously been assumed. Insofar as this is nevertheless a greater level of cooperation than we see in earlier and later periods, this reflects the dangerous and uncertain political context which engulfed many Greek cities in the immediate aftermath of the collapse of Ptolemaic hegemony in the Aegean in the 200s BC.
Introduction
Authors: Cosker-Rowland Rach
Published: April 2019

This chapter introduces the buck-passing account of value and explains the structure of this book in which the account is motivated, defended, and extended. The buck-passing account analyses value in terms of reasons for pro-attitudes. This chapter explains the notion of a reason for a pro-attitude and its component parts, as well as the types of goodness and value that the buck-passing account is an account of. It then sketches several motivations for accepting the buck-passing account rather than its two competitors: the value-first account of reasons for pro-attitudes and the no-priority view. This chapter further clarifies how various distinctions in value can be made according to the buck-passing account and explores whether the buck-passing account is a metaphysical or conceptual thesis. This chapter maps out the structure of the first two parts of the book and explains how the buck-passing account will be extended to provide a reasons-first account of morality, fittingness, ought, and all of practical normativity in the third part of the book.
The Value-First Account and the Unity of the Normative
Authors: Cosker-Rowland Rach
Published: April 2019

The Value-First Account (VFA) analyses reasons for pro-attitudes in terms of goodness or value. This chapter makes an argument against VFA. It argues that epistemic reasons for belief should not be analysed in terms of value. But it argues that if epistemic reasons should not be analysed in terms of value but reasons for pro-attitudes should be analysed in terms of value, then epistemic reasons for belief cannot be instances of the very same relation as reasons for pro-attitudes. And this chapter argues that we should hold that epistemic reasons for belief are instances of the very same relation as practical reasons. So, we should reject VFA because it is inconsistent with the way in which epistemic normativity relates to practical normativity.
Too Little Value?
Authors: Cosker-Rowland Rach
Published: April 2019

According to the Buck-Passing Account (BPA), for X to be good is for there to be reasons for everyone to have pro-attitudes in response to X. Suppose that there are birds that are in a great amount of pleasure in a world where there are no past, present, or future rational agents. There are no reasons for any agents to have pro-attitudes towards the birds’ pleasure, so BPA entails that their pleasure is not valuable, but it is valuable. So, BPA produces too little value. This is a problem for BPA and fitting-attitude accounts of value that has been raised and discussed by Krister Bykvist, Jonathan Dancy, and Andrew Reisner. This chapter motivates and defends two responses to this too little value problem: 1. The trans-world reasons response, according to which the birds’ pleasure is valuable because there are reasons for beings in other worlds to have pro-attitudes towards it; 2. The counterfactual response, according to which the birds’ pleasure is valuable because there would be reasons for agents to have pro-attitudes towards it if they were around.
One Hundred Patents That Shaped the Modern World
Authors: Segal David
Published: April 2019

The Internet has allowed people to access information that previously was difficult to obtain. It is important to know the information is true and accurate and does not represent ‘fake news’ or alternative facts. Patents describe inventions and contain accurate information, as patents are examined and their accuracy can be challenged. This book shows how patents and the inventions they describe have shaped the modern world, that is the world in the twenty-first century. Patent documents that date from the mid-nineteenth century to the present time are used in the text and the subject matter covers many technical areas: for example, Morse code, the diode, triode, transistors, television, frozen foods, ring-pulls for soft drink cans, board games such as Monopoly, gene editing, metamaterials, MRI, computerised tomography, insulin and monoclonal antibodies such as Herceptin. Up to a page of text is used for each entry and the text is backed up by drawings from patent documents. Patent numbers are included to allow interested readers to trace the documents. Inventions described in the patents are placed in a historical perspective. For example, the role of the cavity magnetron and radar are described in the context of the Second World War, whereas the diode is discussed in the development of broadcasting at the beginning of the twentieth century. Entries cover examples from life sciences, engineering and physical sciences in the modern world.
Inventions That Shaped the Modern World
Authors: Segal David
Published: April 2019

This entry describes the development of Morse code by Samuel Morse. It gives a background to Samuel Morse’s life. Also it describes the development of the electric telegraph on land and later using undersea cables. The significance of using gutta percha as electrical insulation for the undersea cables is described. The entry highlights that Morse code is, in fact, an early form of binary code. The entry describes the difference between gutta percha and natural rubber.
Coda
Authors: Trudell Scott A.
Published: April 2019

Literary scholars are always on the lookout for autonomous domains of imaginative writing. Lukas Erne’s influential book Shakespeare as Literary Dramatist, for instance, conceives of the “artistic ambition” of Shakespeare’s later career in terms of print, portraying Shakespeare as “an active participant in the theater’s gradual emancipation from an existence that is confined to the stage.”...
Conditional Acceptance
Authors: Magidor Ofra
Published: April 2019

What is the correct semantics for indicative conditionals, and under what circumstances should agents accept a conditional claim? This paper presents a new case which has important implications for attempts to address these questions. The case involves an utterance of a certain indicative conditional in a particular context. It is shown that at least three prominent theories of conditionals (the material conditional view, the suppositional view, and Stalnaker’s view) predict that you ought to assign a high credence to the conditional in this case, but, it is argued, this prediction is incorrect. Finally, the paper discusses what conclusions we can draw from this case, both on the semantics of conditionals and on the epistemology of inference on the basis of suppositions more generally.
Truth
Authors: Rumfitt Ian
Published: April 2019

P. F. Strawson explained truth, as it applies to statements, by saying: ‘one who makes a statement or assertion makes a true statement if and only if things are as, in making the statement, he states them to be’. This explanation differs from others in taking a statement’s having a content (i.e. its saying that things are thus-and-so) to be a presupposition of an attribution of truth to it. This paper shows how this feature opens the way to a distinctive solution to the Liar Paradox and to a foundation for the axiomatic theories of truth now favoured by many logicians.
Navigating between Refugee Protection and State Sovereignty
Authors: Reichel Ellen
Published: April 2019

The chapter reconstructs major changes in the ways in which the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has been legitimated over the past four decades. First, we observe a strengthening of individuals and their rights as reference points of the organization’s activities. Second, managerial norms such as efficiency and accountability have gained relevance in the representation of UNHCR as a ‘good international organization’. While the first normative change attests to the rise of people-centred legitimacy standards, the second provides further evidence for the increasing importance of procedural expectations which international organizations are asked to fulfil. Somewhat paradoxically, then, the turn towards ‘results-based management’ implies that the legitimacy of UNHCR is measured just as much by how it works as it is measured by the outcomes it produces.
Developing Creativity-Enabling Skills
Authors: Hill Juniper
Published: April 2019

This chapter examines six skill sets for enabling creativity that are important across multiple music cultures: physical technique, aural skills, vocabulary and memory facility, syntax tools, decision-making skills, and self-assessment skills. The extent to which musicians develop and are able to employ these skills correlates with their learning experiences. Social environment, values, and belief systems shape different learning approaches. The natures of human memory and oral culture further interact to facilitate creativity-enabling skill development. Valuable insights are drawn from the experiences of classical, jazz, and traditional musicians in South Africa, Finland, and the United States. Formal and informal music education, authoritarian and learner-directed teaching, emphasis on obedience and student agency, and reliance on notation and playing by ear all have long-term consequences for creative development.
Accessing the Opportunity, Permission, and Authority to Become Creative
Authors: Hill Juniper
Published: April 2019

This chapter examines how and why individuals are granted or denied access to opportunities, permission, and authority to develop and to work as creative music makers. Musicians’ access to these enablers is affected by numerous power dynamics within their communities and societies. Learning opportunities are restricted by social inequalities at multiple levels. Systematic racial and economic oppression stemming from apartheid, colonialism, and neoliberalism leads to unequal access to resources. Gatekeepers, educators, and learners themselves can internalize prejudices and perceptions about limited potential. Professional opportunities are influenced by commercial pressures and by socialist and neoliberal governmental policies. Musical communities further allow or prohibit certain styles and practices according to their moral values, ethnocultural identities, and political agendas. Communities may also grant or deny degrees of creative authority to individuals according to their social status. The chapter discusses strategies for addressing internalized mores, the policing of idiomatic boundaries, and prejudice in assessment and curriculum.
Introduction
Authors: Patel Bimal N. , Nagar Ranita
Published: April 2019

The Introduction discusses the problems in the path of development and the need for the analysis of interdisciplinary approaches and perspectives to the sustainable development agenda and debates in India and abroad. The debate on sustainable development is particularly charged in the context of developing countries because the agreements formed at the international forums are far from being implemented fully in developing countries due to the fact that social, economic, and political problems are rampant there and this concern remains the central focus in this book. It also points out the gap among current policy and sustainable development.
RIO+20 to Sustainable Development Goals
Authors: Gori Saira
Published: April 2019

This chapter focusses on the development of the concept of Sustainable development. It discusses the efforts of UNDP to achieve the MDGs in the past years and the challenge to achieve the new goals rightly called as Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The chapter throws light on the same aspects with a better elucidation. The quantum of implementation of millennium development goals (MDGs) in India can be an immense learning lesson that can be incorporated into the design and implementation of the SDGs to build upon the unfinished MDG agenda. It stresses upon the urgent need to strengthen the economic policies with people having focused plan and to eliminate inequalities in the distribution of economic resources. After Rio+20, there is a remarkable convergence of vision underlying the priorities for the proposed SDGs and those of the new Government in India. SDGs propose to end poverty and deprivation in all forms, leaving no one behind, while making development economically, socially, and environmentally sustainable.
Sustainable Development and Marine Environment
Authors: Patel Bimal N.
Published: April 2019

The principle of sustainable development is closely connected to the marine environment. It is accepted as a fundamental principle which has to be taken into consideration while carrying out the activities relating to the development of marine environment and other associated activities. This concept is inevitable for balancing developmental activities and conservation of the marine resources. In the era of globalization, this principle has become more relevant for the technological advancement, infrastructure, welfare of the sea man, fishing communities and biodiversity. The instrumental provisions and policies adopted at international and national level require full adherence with the result that principle of sustainable development is fully implemented in the area of marine resources.
Nehru’s Role Conception
Authors: Singh Zorawar Daulet
Published: April 2019

This chapter reconstructs Nehru’s role conception by engaging in an analysis of his public and private writings and speeches as well as those of his core advisor Krishna Menon. Nehru’s regional role conception of India as a peacemaker, it is argued, was shaped by three core inter-related beliefs: internationalism centred on Asia, rejection of the balance of power concept, expression of an alternative concept of indivisible security called the peace area, and a mode of statecraft that favoured persuasion and accommodation rather than coercion or force in inter-state relations.
War or Peace in the Subcontinent? 1950
Authors: Singh Zorawar Daulet
Published: April 2019

The first East Bengal crisis is perhaps the only time during the 1950s where India came close to an armed confrontation with an immediate neighbour. What makes this crisis even more interesting is that Nehru’s foreign policy authority at the apex was contested by powerful political rivals led by Vallabhbhai Patel who fiercely competed with the Prime Minister in shaping India’s strategy towards Pakistani intransigence on the question of atrocities against Hindus in East Bengal and the sudden exodus of refugees into India. More broadly, the 1950 crisis also reflects a historical pattern in India’s Pakistan policy: the tussle between the idea of strategic restraint and the impulse to employ coercive means to persuade Pakistani leaders to take Indian interests seriously.
Pakistan’s Dien Bien Phu, 1971
Authors: Singh Zorawar Daulet
Published: April 2019

The 1971 East Bengal crisis was one of the most destabilizing events in the subcontinent since the partition of India in 1947. While this case at first glance suggests an over-scrutinized event, in terms of careful archival-based foreign policy analysis it is actually less so. Our understanding of Indira Gandhi’s real motives still remain obscure and revisiting the early and middle stages of the crisis might reveal some clues because the fundamental ingredients of India’s strategy were actually laid quite early on. Indeed, this chapter questions some of the most influential accounts of India’s statecraft in 1971.
Examples of Alternative Legal Systems in India
Authors: Singh Mahendra Pal , Kumar Niraj
Published: April 2019

There are systems of law within the Indian jurisdiction that either do not rely on the state legal system at all or rely on it only partially. These include systems of religious personal law, tribal customary law, and other similar indigenous mechanisms of administering justice and settling disputes. The formal definition of law in India, along with constitutional provisions which guarantee religious and cultural freedom and allow for modes of self-governance, accommodates different legal systems with indigenous or traditional roots. Moreover, local and village bodies such as traditional or caste councils operate in independent India as well, further questioning the rhetoric of uniform law in India.
Introduction
Authors: Allen Douglas
Published: April 2019

This chapter provides an introduction to the book. The first section analyzes how the title, Gandhi After 9/11: Creative Nonviolence and Sustainability, reveals the purpose and structure of the book and examines whether Gandhi is irrelevant today. It talks about the prominence of those that Gandhi classifies as “modern Indians,” who identify with the worldview and values of Western “Modern Civilization”. The chapter outlines the author’s own approach to Gandhi as a major inspiration who provided him with many, but not all, of the answers when addressing personal, existential, psychological, economic, political, environmental, and other contemporary issues. This is followed by a delineation of seven major topics revealing Gandhi’s extreme contemporary relevance: morality, nonviolence, truth, egalitarianism, democracy, the need for transformative action, and the need for a radical paradigm shift.
Is Gandhi’s Approach to Technology Irrelevant in the Modern Age of Technology?
Authors: Allen Douglas
Published: April 2019

Gandhi’s most important work on technology, Hind Swaraj, seems hopelessly ignorant, anti-modern, and anti-technology. This essay focuses on Gandhi’s perplexing writings on technology, maintaining that Gandhi’s critiques and alternatives are very significant today, but only if we are creatively selective in appropriating, reformulating, and reapplying what remains insightful. It presents a detailed analysis of Hind Swaraj and technology and Gandhi’s debates with Nehru, Tagore, and others. This essay then considers Gandhi’s positions on “modern civilization,” true civilization, and technology, and the future significance of Gandhi’s approach to technology. Included are contributions from Herbert Marcuse and other twentieth-century scholars and formulations of contemporary crises such as climate change and growing inequality with the concentration of wealth and power in the hands of the power elite. We consider the insights of a dynamic, contextually relevant Gandhian position on the appropriate role of technology in addressing such personal existential and global crises.
The Legal Right to Security of Person
Authors: Powell Rhonda
Published: April 2019

There is no agreed meaning ascribed to the legal right to security of person, even though it is an internationally recognized human right and a term found in legislation and political dialogue around the world. Most jurisdictions have left the courts to interpret the meaning of the right to security of person. In turn, courts have taken remarkably different approaches to determining which interests should be protected by the right to security of person in their jurisdictional context. Chapter 1 analyses the meaning that courts have given to the right as it appears in the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and the South African Bill of Rights. It is argued that a deeper theoretical analysis is needed to identify the common core of the right.
The Relational Concept of Security
Authors: Powell Rhonda
Published: April 2019

Chapter 3 puts forward an original conceptual analysis of security. It argues that security is a relational concept. To understand any discussion of security, one must hold certain pieces of information, including (a) security for whom (an agent); (b) security of what (a value or interest); (c) security against what (a threat or risk); and (d) security by whom (a provider of protection). It is argued that the concept of security is silent about the level at which it is applied (international, national, group, individual); silent about the interest or value to be secured; silent about the type of threats and risks which are relevant; and silent about who should provide the protection and how. It is therefore context-sensitive. It follows that contextual discussions of security rely upon a combination of political theory and policy decisions to determine which interests or values should be preserved or promoted, against which risks and threats, how, and by whom. This makes security an adaptable concept and helps to explain why it has come to be used in so many different senses and such diverse fields.
Southern Baptists and Evangelical Dissent
Authors: Leonard Bill J.
Published: April 2019

This chapter surveys the history of the Southern Baptist Convention (SBC) from its origins out of the slavery controversy in 1845, through various approaches to social and religious dissent that evolved within varying subgroups of America’s largest Protestant denomination. Particular attention is given to the nature of Southern Baptists’ understanding of evangelicalism, their own denominational approaches to and differences about that that subject, and the varying relationships that the SBC has developed or avoided with other Evangelicals in the US.
Introduction
Authors: Liveley Genevieve
Published: April 2019

This chapter argues that a more joined-up appreciation of the genealogical relationships so widely argued to exist between ancient and modern theories of narrative helps us to better understand both. It explores the ways in which literary theory both shapes and is shaped by its canon. Aristotle’s decision to take tragedy as his touchstone and to extend its poetics to explain all other kinds of (mimetic) poetry will have produced a very different model than if he had chosen Aristophanes’ absurdist comedy or Sappho’s lyric poetry instead. Twentieth-century narratology would have produced a very different set of theories if it had chosen Roman rhetoric or Hellenistic poetics as its starting point. In choosing Plato and Aristotle as its foundational touchstones, modern narratology is similarly moulded by these parts of its canon, its own structures patterned by those exhibited in its objects of study.
Aristotle
Authors: Liveley Genevieve
Published: April 2019

Aristotle is frequently posited as the founder of modern narratology, and the Poetics is widely cited as narratology’s first, foundational work of narrative theory and criticism. This chapter examines Aristotle’s precepts on a range of key narratological features, ranging from actants and audiences, katharsis and character, ethics and episodes—and, above all, his identification of the primacy of plot or muthos as the organizing principle that configures the stuff of story into narrative discourse. It sees the Poetics as developing a broadly rhetorical model of narrative, concerned principally with the communication and cognition processes associated with storytelling. It also explores the extent to which Aristotle’s theory of narrative needs to be understood as responding to Plato’s Republic and considers the potential of Aristotle’s major exoteric works, On Poets and Homeric Problems, as aids to negotiating some of the vagaries of the Poetics.
Poststructuralism
Authors: Liveley Genevieve
Published: April 2019

This chapter argues that the willingness of the poststructuralist narratologists (particularly Chatman, Lanser, Brooks, and de Lauretis) to look beyond the confines of twentieth-century linguistics and semiotics for their critical concepts and models re-energizes narratology’s relationship with ancient poetics. At the same time, the poststructuralist drive to push beyond the established boundaries of narratology and into a much wider domain of narrative ‘texts’—looking outside the narrow field of literary narrative into media such as film, music, and visual culture—rediscovers Aristotle’s Poetics and the anticipation of cross-medial narrative theory found there.
Addendum to predicting the $K^0\Lambda$ photoproduction observables by using the multipoles approach
Authors: Mart T
Published: April 2019

We present an addendum to our previous paper to improve the performance of the proposed isobar model in describing the $\gamma + n\to K^0+\Lambda$ reaction observables. Since two new data sets have become available for this reaction channel that show sizable discrepancies, i.e. the CLAS and MAMI data, we propose three different models, M1, M2, and M3, obtained from including the CLAS, MAMI, and both data sets, respectively, in the fitting database. The new models can nicely describe the $\gamma+p\to K^++\Lambda$ observables, as in the case of the previous model, but significantly improve the agreement with the new $\gamma + n\to K^0+\Lambda$ cross section data. The extracted resonance properties in the present models can be well constrained within the current Particle Data Group estimates. The different contributions of the background and resonance terms in the previous and present calculations are thoroughly discussed. A brief discussion on the problem of data discrepancy is also presented.
Evaluation of Floral Cuts on Eriophyid Mite Retention on Knock Out and Multiflora Rose Cuttings
Authors: Solo Katherine M. , Collins Sara B. , Schneider Liesel G. , Hajimorad M. R. , Hale Frank A. , Wilkerson John B. , Windham Alan S. , Windham Mark T.
Published: April 2019

Current eriophyid mite quantification techniques require transportation of the Rosa spp. cuttings to the laboratory. It is thought that the change in xylem hydraulic conductance within the cut cane could trigger the mites to abandon their host, owing to the changes to the microenvironments that these mites are inhabiting. An experiment was conducted to determine the necessity of floral cuts (reducing stem embolisms by an additional cut underwater) for the retention of eriophyid mites during transit. Four groups of plants (rose rosette virus (RRV)-free Knock Out roses, RRV-infected Knock Out roses, RRV-free multiflora roses, and RRV-infected multiflora roses) were evaluated at different time intervals (0.5, 2, 4, 8, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h postharvest) to assess mite populations on each plant (number of mites per gram of tissue). Cut type (floral or dry cut) and rose species were found not to have a significant effect on the number of mites per gram of tissue found, indicating that floral cuts are not needed for accurately estimating eriophyid mite populations. Rose cuttings infected with RRV were found to have an average of 46 times more mites per gram in comparison with RRV-free cuttings.
PI-2 Comparison of type-specific HPV detection in urine and vulvo- vaginal samples from adeolescent girls in Jos, Nigeria
Authors: Dashe Nanma , Nimzing Lohya , Egah Daniel , Adebamowo Sally , Adebamowo Clement
Published: April 2019

Objective:

To compare self-collected vulvo-vaginal swab and first void urine for the detection of HPV among adolescent girls in Jos.

Methods:

We randomly recruited 205 girls, age 9–20 years from 10 public and private high schools in Jos, Nigeria. After informed consent and assent, each participant self-collected vulvo-vaginal samples and first-void urine which were tested using SPF10-DEIA/LiPA25. Data were analyzed using STATA14.

Results:

The mean (SD) age of participants was 14.9 (2.3) years. We detected anyHPV in 13.2% of vulvo-vaginal and 21.0% of urine samples. 7.8% and 11.2% of vulvo-vaginal swab and urine had hrHPV respectively. The commonest hrHPV types in vulvo-vaginal swab were 52 (3.9%), 51 (2.4%) and 18 (1.5%), and in urine were 52 (6.8%), HPV 18 (5.4%) and HPV 51 (2.9%). Approximately 10% and 14% of vulvo-vaginal samples and urine samples had single infections; and 3.4% and 7.3% had multiple infections respectively. Multiple hrHPV infection was detected in 2.9% of vulvo-vaginal swab and 5.9% of urine samples. Of the 27 vulvo-vaginal swabs and 43 urine samples positive for anyHPV, in only 10 (37.0%) instances were both vulvo-vaginal and urine samples positive for anyHPV. There was poor concordance between the urine and vulvo-vaginal samples for anyHPV (κ = 0.15, P = 0.03).

Conclusions:

The poor concordance suggests that first-void urinary HPV is not a suitable proxy for vulvo-vaginal HPV infection in this population.
The Opioid Debate—PRO
Authors: Krane Elliot J.
Published: April 2019

The increase in opioid-related deaths in the United States (and other countries) has prompted a national debate in medicine about the appropriateness of opioids for the treatment of acute and chronic pain, and specifically in children, if medical opioid use causes or increases the risk of opioid use disorder (OUD) later in life. Some in the medical community and in government advocate withholding opioids from children after an arbitrary number of days of treatment, regardless of diagnosis. Here, I argue that opioid experimentation and misuse is no more common in children and adolescents today than 2 or 3 decades ago, that there is no compelling evidence that appropriate medical use of opioids leads to OUD, and that the epidemic of inadequately treated pain in children remains the more compelling issue.
The Role of Neuraxial Opioids in Pediatric Practice
Authors: Berger Ardin S. , Goldschneider Kenneth R.
Published: April 2019

Neuraxial-spinal and epidural-administration of opioids can be an effective method for controlling pain for children in a number of clinical settings. Understanding the basic pharmacologic and logistical concepts will make it easier for pediatricians to advocate for their patients, and support patients and families when circumstances suggest that neuraxial opioid treatment is appropriate. This review article summarizes the basic concepts of pharmacology, drug choice, side effects, and complications as well as situations in which neuraxial opioids are appropriate in children.
The Mediating Effect of Pain Catastrophizing on PTSD Symptoms and Pain Outcome
Authors: Gilliam Wesley P. , Craner Julia R. , Schumann Matthew E. , Gascho Keith
Published: April 2019

Objective:

Coprevalence of chronic pain and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) negatively impacts the course of both disorders. Patients diagnosed with both conditions report greater pain, affective distress, and disability when compared with those with either chronic pain or PTSD alone. While the prevalence and complexity of the comorbidity is widely acknowledged, there is a dearth of research examining potential mechanism variables that might account for the relationship between chronic pain and PTSD. The current study utilizes a series of mediation analyses to examine if pain catastrophizing mediates the relationship between PTSD symptomatology and chronic pain outcome.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 203 treatment-seeking participants admitted to a 3-week interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation program completed a battery of psychometrically validated measures of pain severity, pain interference, pain catastrophizing, depressive symptoms, and PTSD symptoms at program admission.

Results:

A series of multiple parallel mediation analyses revealed that pain catastrophizing fully mediated the relationships between PTSD symptoms and pain outcome (ie, pain severity and pain interference) above and beyond the influence of depressive symptoms.

Discussion:

Results suggest that pain catastrophizing may represent an important cognitive mechanism through which PTSD symptoms influence the experience of chronic pain. Psychosocial treatment approaches that directly target tendency to catastrophize in response to pain may hold the potential to have salutary effects on both chronic pain and PTSD.
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms are Associated With Incident Chronic Back Pain
Authors: Suri Pradeep , Boyko Edward J. , Smith Nicholas L. , Jarvik Jeffrey G. , Jarvik Gail P. , Williams Frances M.K. , Williams Rhonda , Haselkorn Jodie , Goldberg Jack
Published: April 2019

Study Design.

A longitudinal cotwin control study of the Vietnam Era Twin Registry.

Objective.

The aim of this study was to examine the association of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms with incident chronic back pain (CBP), while controlling for genetic factors and early family environment.

Summary of Background Data.

It is unknown whether PTSD symptoms are associated with an increased incidence of CBP.

Methods.

In 2010 to 2012, a baseline survey was undertaken as part of a large-scale study of PTSD. Study participants completed the PTSD Symptom Checklist (PCL) and a self-report measure of CBP. In 2015 to 2017, a follow-up survey was sent to all 171 monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs (342 individuals) where both cotwins had no history of CBP at baseline, but only one cotwin in the pair met criteria for having current PTSD symptoms (one twin with PCL <30 and the cotwin with PCL ≥30). No other inclusion/exclusion criteria were applied. CBP at 5-year follow-up was defined as back pain of duration ≥3 months in the low back or mid/upper back. Covariates included age, race, education, income, Veterans Affairs health care use, disability compensation, smoking, body mass index, and depression. Statistical analysis estimated the cumulative incidence of CBP according to baseline PTSD symptoms. Risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated in matched-pair cotwin control analyses adjusting for familial factors.

Results.

Among 227 males completing 5-year follow-up, including 91 MZ twin pairs, the mean age was 62 years. Five-year incidence of CBP in those without and with baseline PTSD symptoms was 40% and 60%, respectively. Baseline PTSD symptoms were significantly associated with incident CBP in crude and multivariable-adjusted within-pair analyses (RR 1.6, 95% CI 1.2–2.1; P = 0.002).

Conclusion.

PTSD symptoms were associated with an increased incidence of CBP, without confounding by genetic factors or early family environment. PTSD symptoms may be a modifiable risk factor for prevention of CBP.

Level of Evidence: 3
The Restrictive IV Fluid Trial in Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock (RIFTS): A Randomized Pilot Study*
Authors: Corl Keith A. , Prodromou Michael , Merchant Roland C. , Gareen Ilana , Marks Sarah , Banerjee Debasree , Amass Timothy , Abbasi Adeel , Delcompare Cesar , Palmisciano Amy , Aliotta Jason , Jay Gregory , Levy Mitchell M.
Published: April 2019

Objectives:

It is unclear if a low- or high-volume IV fluid resuscitation strategy is better for patients with severe sepsis and septic shock.

Design:

Prospective randomized controlled trial.

Setting:

Two adult acute care hospitals within a single academic system.

Patients:

Patients with severe sepsis and septic shock admitted from the emergency department to the ICU from November 2016 to February 2018.

Interventions:

Patients were randomly assigned to a restrictive IV fluid resuscitation strategy (≤ 60 mL/kg of IV fluid) or usual care for the first 72 hours of care.

Measurements and Main Results:

We enrolled 109 patients, of whom 55 were assigned to the restrictive resuscitation group and 54 to the usual care group. The restrictive group received significantly less resuscitative IV fluid than the usual care group (47.1 vs 61.1 mL/kg; p = 0.01) over 72 hours. By 30 days, there were 12 deaths (21.8%) in the restrictive group and 12 deaths (22.2%) in the usual care group (odds ratio, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.41–2.53). There were no differences between groups in the rate of new organ failure, hospital or ICU length of stay, or serious adverse events.

Conclusions:

This pilot study demonstrates that a restrictive resuscitation strategy can successfully reduce the amount of IV fluid administered to patients with severe sepsis and septic shock compared with usual care. Although limited by the sample size, we observed no increase in mortality, organ failure, or adverse events. These findings further support that a restrictive IV fluid strategy should be explored in a larger multicenter trial.
Significance of Friction and Shear in the Prevention of Contemporary Hospital-acquired Pressure Ulcers
Authors: Cabrejo Raysa , Ndon Sifon , Saberski Ean , Chuang Carolyn , Hsia Henry C.
Published: April 2019

Background:

Hospital-acquired pressure ulcers (HAPUs) are largely preventable yet still common occurrences in hospitals. The purpose of the current study is to determine how data from the electronic medical record can be used to better understand and predict HAPU formation over the course of a hospital admission.

Methods:

A case-control study on HAPUs was performed over an 8-month period at Yale New Haven Hospital. A Cox regression analysis model analyzed the impact of multiple factors on HAPU development including friction and shear, among other Braden score components. A receiver operating characteristic curve was calculated to determine the sensitivity and specificity of changes in these factors in predicting HAPU development.

Results:

On a sample of 8,790 admissions, HAPU incidence was 4.2% over the study period (6.3% per annum). The average hospital day for HAPU development was day 15.6 (± 19.3). The Cox regression analysis demonstrated that the volatility of the friction and shear component of Braden scores had a risk ratio of 28.6 (P < 0.01; CI, 14.5–56.4). Volatility in the friction and shear component was the most predictive factor with a high receiver operating characteristic curve area of 0.865 (CI, 0.847–0.882).

Conclusions:

Volatility of the friction and shear component of Braden scores appears to be the most significant factor preceding HAPU development at Yale New Haven Hospital. Efforts to place more focus on identifying and reducing volatility of this factor may help decrease HAPU risk for future patients.