bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Membrane Structure Obtained in an Experimental Evolution Process
Authors: Dávila María J. , Mayer Christian
Published: January 2022

Recently, an evolution experiment was carried out in a cyclic process, which involved periodic vesicle formation in combination with peptide and vesicle selection. As an outcome, an octapeptide (KSPFPFAA) was identified which rapidly integrated into the vesicle membrane and, according to its significant accumulation, is obviously connected to a particular advantage of the corresponding functionalized vesicle. Here we report a molecular dynamics study of the structural details of the functionalized vesicle membrane, which was a product of this evolution process and is connected to several survival mechanisms. In order to elucidate the particular advantage of this structure, we performed all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to examine structural changes and interactions of the peptide (KSPFPFAA) with the given octadecanoic acid/octadecylamine (1:1) bilayer under acidic conditions. The calculations clearly demonstrate the specific interactions between the peptide and the membrane and reveal the mechanisms leading to the improved vesicle survival.
Biomarker Potential of Vimentin in Oral Cancers
Authors: Mogre Saie , Makani Vidhi , Pradhan Swapnita , Devre Pallavi , More Shyam , Vaidya Milind , Dmello Crismita
Published: January 2022

Oral carcinogenesis is a multistep process. As much as 5% to 85% of oral tumors can develop from potentially malignant disorders (PMD). Although the oral cavity is accessible for visual examination, the ability of current clinical or histological methods to predict the lesions that can progress to malignancy is limited. Thus, developing biological markers that will serve as an adjunct to histodiagnosis has become essential. Our previous studies comprehensively demonstrated that aberrant vimentin expression in oral premalignant lesions correlates to the degree of malignancy. Likewise, overwhelming research from various groups show a substantial contribution of vimentin in oral cancer progression. In this review, we have described studies on vimentin in oral cancers, to make a compelling case for vimentin as a prognostic biomarker.
The Mediating Role of the Gut Microbiota in the Physical Growth of Children
Authors: Durda-Masny Magdalena , Ciomborowska-Basheer Joanna , Makałowska Izabela , Szwed Anita
Published: January 2022

Gut microbiota succession overlaps with intensive growth in infancy and early childhood. The multitude of functions performed by intestinal microbes, including participation in metabolic, hormonal, and immune pathways, makes the gut bacterial community an important player in cross-talk between intestinal processes and growth. Long-term disturbances in the colonization pattern may affect the growth trajectory, resulting in stunting or wasting. In this review, we summarize the evidence on the mediating role of gut microbiota in the mechanisms controlling the growth of children.
Asthma and COVID-19 Associations: Focus on IgE-Related Immune Pathology
Authors: Wang Chung-Jen , Cheng Shih-Lung , Kuo Sow-Hsong
Published: January 2022

Management of patients with asthma during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a concern, especially since asthma predisposes patients to respiratory problems. Interestingly, asthma characterized by type 2 inflammation, also known as T-helper type 2-high endotype, displays a cellular and molecular profile that may confer protective effects against COVID-19. The results of experimental and clinical studies have established the actions of immunoglobulin E (IgE) in inducing airway hyperreactivity and weakening an interferon-mediated antiviral response following respiratory viral infection. Robust evidence supports the beneficial effect of the anti-IgE biologic treatment omalizumab on reducing respiratory virus-induced asthma exacerbations and reducing the frequency, duration, and severity of respiratory viral illness in patients with asthma. Indeed, accumulating reports of patients with severe asthma treated with omalizumab during the pandemic have reassuringly shown that continuing omalizumab treatment during COVID-19 is safe, and in fact may help prevent the severe course of COVID-19. Accordingly, guidance issued by the Global Initiative for Asthma recommends that all patients with asthma continue taking their prescribed asthma medications, including biologic therapy, during the COVID-19 pandemic. The impact of biologic treatments on patients with asthma and COVID-19 will be better understood as more evidence emerges.
Plant-Derived Recombinant Vaccines against Zoonotic Viruses
Authors: Zahmanova Gergana , Takova Katerina , Valkova Rumyana , Toneva Valentina , Minkov Ivan , Andonov Anton , Lukov Georgi L.
Published: January 2022

Emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases cause serious illness with billions of cases, and millions of deaths. The most effective way to restrict the spread of zoonotic viruses among humans and animals and prevent disease is vaccination. Recombinant proteins produced in plants offer an alternative approach for the development of safe, effective, inexpensive candidate vaccines. Current strategies are focused on the production of highly immunogenic structural proteins, which mimic the organizations of the native virion but lack the viral genetic material. These include chimeric viral peptides, subunit virus proteins, and virus-like particles (VLPs). The latter, with their ability to self-assemble and thus resemble the form of virus particles, are gaining traction among plant-based candidate vaccines against many infectious diseases. In this review, we summarized the main zoonotic diseases and followed the progress in using plant expression systems for the production of recombinant proteins and VLPs used in the development of plant-based vaccines against zoonotic viruses.
Neutrophils in Extravascular Body Fluids: Cytological-Energy Analysis Enables Rapid, Reliable and Inexpensive Detection of Purulent Inflammation and Tissue Damage
Authors: Kelbich Petr , Vachata Petr , Maly Vilem , Novotny Tomas , Spicka Jan , Matuchova Inka , Radovnicky Tomas , Stanek Ivan , Kubalik Jan , Karpjuk Ondrej , Smisko Frantisek , Hanuljakova Eva , Krejsek Jan
Published: January 2022

The simultaneous cytological and metabolic investigation of various extravascular body fluids (EBFs) provides clinically relevant information about the type and intensity of the immune response in particular organ systems. The oxidative burst of professional phagocytes with the concomitant production of reactive oxygen species consumes a large amount of oxygen and is the cause of switch to the development of anaerobic metabolism. We assessed the relationships between percentages of neutrophils, aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, and tissue damage via the determination of aspartate aminotransferase catalytic activities (AST) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), pleural effusions (PE), abdominal effusions (AE), and synovial fluids (SF). EBFs with 0.0–20.0% neutrophils: 83.0% aerobic and 1.3% strongly anaerobic cases with median of AST = 13.8 IU/L in CSF; 68.0% aerobic and 9.0% strongly anaerobic cases with median of AST = 20.4 IU/L in PE; 77.5% aerobic and 10.5% strongly anaerobic cases with median of AST = 18.0 IU/L in AE; 64.1% aerobic and 7.7% strongly anaerobic cases with median of AST = 13.8 IU/L in SF. EBFs with 80.0–100.0% neutrophils: 4.2% aerobic and 73.7% strongly anaerobic cases with median of AST = 19.2 IU/L in CSF; 7.4% aerobic and 77.3% strongly anaerobic cases with median of AST = 145.2 IU/L in PE; 11.8% aerobic and 73.7% strongly anaerobic cases with median of AST = 61.8 IU/L in AE; 25.5% aerobic and 38.2% strongly anaerobic cases with median of AST = 37.2 IU/L in SF. The significant presence of neutrophils, concomitant strong anaerobic metabolism, and elevated AST in various EBFs are reliable signs of damaging purulent inflammation.
Quasi-Static and Fatigue Properties of Thermoset Sandwiches with 3D Continuous Fibre Reinforced Polyurethane Foam Core
Authors: Schäfer Kay , Nestler Daisy , Kroll Lothar
Published: January 2022

Innovative materials for substituting metals are required to reduce the mass of moving components. This decreases the CO2 emissions of overall systems. A thermoset sandwich for high mechanical properties and thermal insulation is presented in this paper. It has an innovative 3D continuous reinforced core, which allows the optimisation of the substance exploitation by wide-ranging possibilities of fibre orientation. This was demonstrated with three sandwich variants. The reference had no core reinforcement and the other two were reinforced with different spacer fabrics. The process chain for the manufacturing consists of Structural Reaction Injection Moulding (SRIM) and Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Moulding (VARTM). Significant increases in absolute as well as specific characteristic values were demonstrated by the reinforcement in a compression and bending test. It was also shown that quasi-static characteristic values under fatigue loading are maintained to a greater extent with the core reinforcement. The sandwich material was applied as a floor assembly for a snow groomer. The design was tailor-made for the mechanical, thermal and acoustic requirements. This proved the transferability of the process chain for manufacturing samples to the production of large-volume components with complex geometry.
Effect of Different Ultrasonic Power on the Properties of RHA Steel Welded Joints
Authors: Yin Peng , Xu Chunguang , Pan Qinxue , Zhang Wenjun , Jiang Xiaowei
Published: January 2022

Based on the changes of microhardness, tensile strength, and impact resistance caused by the difference of macroscopic morphology and microstructure of welded joints, this paper studied the effect of different ultrasonic power on the properties of welded joints during the welding of homogeneous armor steel. It is experimentally found that the macroscopic morphology of those joints is very different. Compared with conventional welding, ultrasonic welding can increase the weld depth and the width of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) on either side of the weld. However, only the ultrasonic wave at an appropriate power level can increase the weld width. In addition, appropriate ultrasonic power can significantly improve the grain state of the weld. With the increase of ultrasonic power, the grain size in HAZ will decrease. The microhardness of the weld will first increase and then decrease, while the microhardness of the HAZ will increase. This is basically consistent with the changing trend of impact resistance. An ultrasonic wave can also increase the tensile strength of a welded joint up to 802 MPa, 12.4% higher than that in conventional welding. However, a high-power ultrasonic wave will bring down the tensile strength. This study provides guidance for the selection of ultrasonic-assisted regulation power to achieve the different properties of homogeneous armor steel joints.
Geometry, Structure and Surface Quality of a Maraging Steel Milling Cutter Printed by Direct Metal Laser Melting
Authors: Skrzyniarz Michal , Nowakowski Lukasz , Blasiak Slawomir
Published: January 2022

This article considers the use of additive manufacturing to produce cutting tools for various machining operations, especially turning, milling, and drilling. The right geometry and material of the tool as well as coatings applied on cutting edges are crucial as they improve the life and performance of the tool. The study described here focused on a four-flute end mill made of maraging steel 1.2709 using a Concept Laser M2 Cusing Direct Metal Laser Melting (DMLM) machine. Before the printed tool was first used, it was examined to determine its dimensional and geometric accuracy, surface roughness, and surface structure. The measurement data showed that the tool required machining, e.g., grinding, to improve its geometry because the total runout of the shank and the cutting edge radius were too high, amounting to 120 μm and 217 μm, respectively. The cutting edges were sharpened to obtain a fully functional cutting tool ready to perform milling operations. The study aimed to check the dimensional and geometric accuracy of the 3D printed milling cutter and determine the optimal machining allowance for its finishing.
Charge Transport Characteristics of Molecular Electronic Junctions Studied by Transition Voltage Spectroscopy
Authors: Kim Youngsang , Im Kyungjin , Song Hyunwook
Published: January 2022

The field of molecular electronics is prompted by tremendous opportunities for using a single-molecule and molecular monolayers as active components in integrated circuits. Until now, a wide range of molecular devices exhibiting characteristic functions, such as diodes, transistors, switches, and memory, have been demonstrated. However, a full understanding of the crucial factors that affect charge transport through molecular electronic junctions should yet be accomplished. Remarkably, recent advances in transition voltage spectroscopy (TVS) elucidate that it can provide key quantities for probing the transport characteristics of the junctions, including, for example, the position of the frontier molecular orbital energy relative to the electrode Fermi level and the strength of the molecule–electrode interactions. These parameters are known to be highly associated with charge transport behaviors in molecular systems and can then be used in the design of molecule-based devices with rationally tuned electronic properties. This article highlights the fundamental principle of TVS and then demonstrates its major applications to study the charge transport properties of molecular electronic junctions.
Influence of Anodizing Stages on the Preload Force of Implant–Abutment Screws and Their Benefits Regarding the Concept of Immediate Implant Placement—An In Vitro Study
Authors: Rathe Florian , Weigl Paul , Wasiak Jan , Ratka Christoph , Zipprich Holger
Published: January 2022

The tightening torque applied to a screw in a provisional restoration immediately after implant placement in a fresh extraction socket is often too low to gain sufficient preload force. Therefore, abutment screw loosening is a common complication. The aim of this study was to investigate whether it is possible to increase the preload force of a given tightening torque by anodizing parts of the implant–abutment complex. In test group 1 (TG1), only the abutment screw was anodized, in four different stages, whereas in test group 2 (TG2), the abutment and the threaded sleeve were anodized in four anodizing stages (TG2a–TG2d). The control group (CG) consisted of non-anodized components. The results were tested for normal distribution, and the components were subsequently parametrically analyzed using a linear model. Both test groups showed higher preload forces compared to the non-anodized control group. The CG obtained an average preload force of 390 N at a tightening torque of 35 Ncm. Comparable values were already obtained at a tightening torque of 20 to 30 Ncm in TG1c/D and TG2b/d. It can be concluded that anodization of abutment screws and components is an effective measure to increase the preload force of the abutment screws by a given tightening torque.
Thermo-Electro-Mechanical Simulation of Electro-Active Composites
Authors: Kanan Anas , Vasilev Aleksandr , Breitkopf Cornelia , Kaliske Michael
Published: January 2022

In this contribution, a computational thermo-electro-mechanical framework is considered, to simulate coupling between the mechanical, electrical and thermal fields, in nonhomogeneous electro-active materials. A thermo-electro-mechanical material model and a mixed Q1P0 finite element framework are described and used for the simulations. Finite element simulations of the response of heterogeneous structures consisting of a soft matrix and a stiff incluison are considered. The behavior of the composite material is studied for varying initial temperatures, different volume fractions and various aspect ratios of the inclusion. For some of the examples, the response of the structure beyond a limit point of electro-mechanical instability is traced. Regarding the soft matrix of the composite, thermal properties of silicone rubber at normal conditions have been obtained by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The material parameters obtained by MD simulations are used within the finite element simulations.
Effects of Moisture on NH3 Capture Using Activated Carbon and Acidic Porous Polymer Modified by Impregnation with H3PO4: Sorbent Material Characterized by Synchrotron XRPD and FT-IR
Authors: Hsieh Chu-Chin , Tsai Jyong-Sian , Chang Jen-Ray
Published: January 2022

The performances of reactive adsorbents, H3PO4/C (activated carbon) and H3PO4/A (Amberlyst 35), in removing NH3 from a waste-gas stream were investigated using a breakthrough column. Accelerated aging tests investigated the effects of the water content on the performance of the adsorbents. Results of breakthrough tests show that the adsorption capacity greatly decreased with the drying time of H3PO4/C preparation. Synchrotron XRPD indicated increased amorphous phosphorus species formation with drying time. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms results further suggested that the evaporation of water accommodated in macropores decreases adsorption capacity besides the formation of the amorphous species. Introducing water moisture to the NH3 stream increases the adsorption capacity concomitant with the conversion of some NH4H2PO4 to (NH4)2HPO4. Due to the larger pore of cylindrical type and more hydrophilic for acidic porous polymer support, as opposed to slit-type for the activated carbon, the adsorption capacity of H3PO4/A is about 3.4 times that of H3PO4/C. XRPD results suggested that NH3 reacts with aqueous H3PO4 to form NH4H2PO4, and no significant macropore-water evaporation was observed when acidic porous polymer support was used, as evidenced by N2 isotherms characterizing used H3PO4/A.
Comparison of Microstructure, Texture, and Mechanical Properties of TZ61 and AZ61 Mg Alloys Processed by Differential Speed Rolling
Authors: Majchrowicz Kamil , Adamczyk-Cieślak Bogusława , Chromiński Witold , Jóźwik Paweł , Pakieła Zbigniew
Published: January 2022

In this work, the comparison of microstructure, texture, and mechanical properties of the newly developed TZ61 (Mg-6Sn-1Zn) alloy with the commercially available AZ61 (Mg-6Al-1Zn) has been presented. Both analyzed Mg alloys were processed by conventional symmetric and asymmetric rolling (i.e., Differential Speed Rolling—DSR). The microstructure and texture were examined by EBSD and XRD, whereas the mechanical behavior was investigated by uniaxial tensile tests. DSR processing led to more effective grain refinement of both TZ61 and AZ61 sheets. However, a high fraction of Mg2Sn phase precipitates in the TZ61 sheets hindered grain growth what resulted in their smaller grain size as compared to AZ61 sheets. DSR processing lowered also the basal texture intensity in the TZ61 and AZ61 sheets. A unique basal poles splitting was observed for the as-rolled TZ61 alloy, while AZ61 alloy exhibited a typical single-peak basal texture. Finally, the reduced grain size and weakened basal texture by DSR processing caused increase of plasticity of the annealed TZ61 and AZ61 sheets. Nevertheless, the annealed AZ61 sheets showed higher uniform elongation and strength (as compared to TZ61 ones), which has been attributed to their significantly lower texture intensity and greater ability to strain hardening.
The Performance of Graphene-Enhanced THz Grating: Impact of the Gold Layer Imperfectness
Authors: Lamberti Patrizia , La Mura Monica , Tucci Vincenzo , Nkyalu Erick , Khan Ali , Yakovleva Marina , Valynets Nadzeya , Paddubskaya Alesia , Saushin Aleksandr , Vanyukov Viatcheslav , Baah Marian , Urbanowicz Andrzej , Svirko Yuri , Kuzhir Polina
Published: January 2022

We report the performance of a graphene-enhanced THz grating fabricated by depositing a gold layer on the femtosecond micromachined SiO2 substrate. The morphology of the gold plated patterned substrate was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), while the quality of the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) graphene was evaluated by Raman spectroscopy. The electromagnetic (EM) response of the metasurface comprising the graphene sheet and the gold plated substrate was studied by THz time domain spectroscopy in the 100 GHz–1 THz frequency range. We employed the finite elements method (FEM) to model the metasurface EM response by adjusting the ac conductivity of the gold layer covering the patterned SiO2 substrate to reproduce the measured transmission/reflection spectra. The results of the numerical simulation reveal the impact of the imperfectness of the gold layer on the performance of the THz metasurface. The experimental results are well described in terms of the Drude–Smith model of metal conductivity that takes into account the anisotropic scattering of the carriers in thin metal films.
The Effect of Temperature, Rest Periods and Ageing on the Response of Bituminous Materials in Fatigue Tests: Considerations and Proposals on Analytical Dimensioning Models
Authors: Pérez-Jiménez Félix E. , Miró Rodrigo , Botella Ramón , López-Montero Teresa , Martínez Adriana H.
Published: January 2022

One of the basic assumptions of analytical dimensioning models of asphalt pavements is failure due to fatigue cracking of the bituminous layers. Furthermore, it is considered that the damaging effects of different traffic loads are linear and cumulative, per Miner’s law. However, the analysis carried out on the effect of temperature, rest periods, and ageing of the bituminous materials questions considering fatigue failure as the only and main assumption for the calculation of the pavement life. Ageing of the pavement asphalt layers results in stiffening and transverse cracking. Consequently, these asphalt layers are no longer of infinite extent in the horizontal direction and their response resembles that of a slab. The application of this last calculation assumption provides pavement sections more in line with those used in Spain in the Catalogue of Structural Sections, which is based on experience gained from the real behavior of those sections. The calculation based on the fatigue laws results in undersized structures. This paper shows the results of a strain sweep test implemented at the UPC Roads Laboratory, which was used to analyse all the aforementioned effects and to propose a calculation procedure for heavy traffic pavements considering transverse cracking of the asphalt layers.
Effect of V Content and Heat Input on HAZ Softening of Deep-Sea Pipeline Steel
Authors: Li Ba , Liu Qingyou , Jia Shujun , Ren Yi , Yang Ping
Published: January 2022

In this paper, the welding thermal cycle process of deep-sea pipeline steel was investigated by welding thermal simulation. The microstructure evolution, crystallology and second-phase precipitation behavior of the soft zone of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) were characterized and analyzed by combining scanning electron microscopy, electron back-scattered diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and hardness testing. The results show that HAZ softening appeared in the fine-grained zone with a peak temperature of 900–1000 °C for deep-sea pipeline steel, the base metal microstructure of which was the polygonal ferrite and acicular ferrite. Using V microalloying and low welding heat input could effectively decrease the softening of the HAZ fine-grained region, which was achieved by reducing the effective grain size, increasing the proportion of the dislocation substructures, and precipitating the nanoscale second-phase particles.
Influence of Bond Characterization on Load-Mean Strain and Tension Stiffening Behavior of Concrete Elements Reinforced with Embedded FRP Reinforcement
Authors: Baena Marta , Barris Cristina , Perera Ricardo , Torres Lluís
Published: January 2022

Based on the characterization of the bond between Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) bars and concrete, the structural behavior of cracked Glass-FRP (GFRP)-Reinforced Concrete (RC) tensile elements is studied in this paper. Simulations in which different bond-slip laws between both materials (FRP reinforcement and concrete) were used to analyze the effect of GFRP bar bond performance on the load transfer process and how it affects the load-mean strain curve, the distribution of reinforcement strain, the distribution of slip between reinforcement and concrete, and the tension stiffening effect. Additionally, a parametric study on the effect of materials (concrete grade, modulus of elasticity of the reinforcing bar, surface configuration, and reinforcement ratio) on the load-mean strain curve and the tension stiffening effect was also performed. Results from a previous experimental program, in combination with additional results obtained from Finite Element Analysis (FEA), were used to demonstrate the accuracy of the model to correctly predict the global (load-mean strain curve) and local (distribution of strains between cracks) structural behavior of the GFRP RC tensile elements.
Structural, Electronic, and Physical Properties of a New Layered Cr-Based Oxyarsenide Sr2Cr2AsO3
Authors: Lin Yi-Qiang , Jiang Hao , Li Hua-Xun , Song Shi-Jie , Wu Si-Qi , Ren Zhi , Cao Guang-Han
Published: January 2022

We report synthesis, crystal structure, and physical properties of Sr2Cr2AsO3. The new compound crystallizes in a Sr2GaO3CuS-type structure with two distinct Cr sites, Cr(1) in the perovskite-like block layers of “Sr3Cr2O6” and Cr(2) in the ThCr2Si2-type layers of “SrCr2As2”. An inter-block-layer charge transfer is explicitly evidenced, which dopes electrons in the CrO2 planes and simultaneously dopes holes into the CrAs layers. Measurements of electrical resistivity, magnetization, and specific heat, in combination with density-functional theoretical calculations, indicate that the title material is an antiferromagnetic metal. The Cr(2) magnetic moments in the CrAs layers order at 420 K, while the Cr(1) spins in the CrO2 planes show quasi-two-dimensional magnetism with long-range ordering below 80 K. Both Néel temperatures are significantly reduced, compared with those of the cousin material Sr2Cr3As2O2, probably due to the intrinsic charge-carrier doping. Complex re-entrant magnetic transitions with a huge magnetic hysteresis were observed at low temperatures.
Identification of Vibration Modes and Wave Propagation of Operational Rails by Multipoint Hammering and Reciprocity Theorem
Authors: Matsuoka Kodai , Kajihara Kazuhiro , Tanaka Hirofumi
Published: January 2022

Vertical bending vibration modes and rail wave propagation, including the damping characteristics, are the factors that cause rail corrugation. However, the ability to identify actual railways has been limited because of the huge number of sensors required for field tests. In this study, a novel and field-applicable method for identifying rail vibration modes and wave propagation characteristics is developed by multipoint hammering and the reciprocity theorem instead of multipoint measuring. Additionally, the proposed method is applied to an actual rail with a direct fastening track system on a bridge that has corrugation with a wavelength of approximately 0.04 m. As a result, the wavelength (wavenumber)-, group velocity-, and distance damping (attenuation) frequency relationship of the wave propagation is clarified in addition to the rail frequencies and mode shapes up to approximately 1500 Hz, including the pinned-pinned mode. Finally, the identified wavelength-frequency relationships and the measured rail irregularity can empirically demonstrate that the generated corrugation on the rail is produced by wave interference on the two axles in the bogie.
Hygric Behavior of Viticulture By-Product Composites for Building Insulation
Authors: Badouard Céline , Maalouf Chadi , Bliard Christophe , Polidori Guillaume , Bogard Fabien
Published: January 2022

One possible approach to reducing the environmental impacts associated with the building sector is the development and use of bio-based building materials. The objective of this study is to determine the water properties of bio-based insulation materials, derived from winegrowing co-products, which promote energy efficiency. The water performance of these new bio-based materials is based on the measurement of the moisture buffer value, the sorption isotherm, and the water vapor permeability. Four by-products are analyzed: stalks, grape pomace, crushed stalks, and skins; they are combined with a potato starch binder. The performance of these composites is compared to two other bio-based composites (hemp/starch and beet pulp/starch). The stalk/starch composite can be classified as a hygroscopic and breathable material with excellent moisture retention capacity.
Effect of ‘Q’ Ratio on Texture Evolution of Ti-3Al-2.5V Alloy Tube during Rolling
Authors: Yang Qi , Hui Songxiao , Ye Wenjun , Xu Zhe , Dai Chun , Lin Yuan
Published: January 2022

Ti-3Al-2.5V alloy was usually the α phase of HCP structure at room temperature which had obvious anisotropy. During tube rolling, α grain would be influenced by stress-strain state, deformation amount, ‘Q’ ratio to result the preferred orientation and formed texture. In order to obtain radial texture tube by rolling and improve the service quality of tube in the pipeline system, Φ25 mm Ti-3Al-2.5V alloy tubes was selected as billet for the experiment, and four kinds of tubes with outer diameter of Φ16mm was produced by single pass cold rolling with ‘Q’ ratios ranging from 0.65 to 2.0. The effect of ‘Q’ ratio on the texture of Ti-3Al-2.5V tube was studied. The result indicted that the initial texture of the tube is radial-circumferential equally distributed, and the radial basal texture enhances gradually with increasing ‘Q’ ratio. Since the angle between the C-axis of grain and the radial axis of RD decreases, the C-axis of grain distributes to the radial direction, and the more grain orientation from {112X} pyramidal to {0001} basal plane. The different ‘Q’ ratio would lead to different strain along the radial direction, circumferential direction, axial direction, thus affected the crystal orientation and distribution during tube rolling deformation. When ‘Q’ > 1, the tube mainly produced radial basal texture. By comparison with ‘Q’ < 1, the tube mainly produced circumferential basal texture. As a result, when the initial texture of the tube is radial-circumferential equally distributed, the ideal radial texture of the tube can be obtained by choosing rolling process with ‘Q’ > 2.0.
On a Harry–Dym-Type Hierarchy: Trigonal Curve and Quasi-Periodic Solutions
Authors: Feng Qi , Wu Lihua
Published: January 2022

Resorting to the characteristic polynomial of Lax matrix for a Harry–Dym-type hierarchy, we define a trigonal curve, on which appropriate vector-valued Baker–Akhiezer function and meromorphic function are introduced. With the help of the theory of trigonal curve and three kinds of Abelian differentials, we obtain the explicit Riemann theta function representations of the meromorphic function, from which we obtain the quasi-periodic solutions for the entire Harry–Dym-type hierarchy.
Induction of Defense Gene Expression and the Resistance of Date Palm to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Albedinis in Response to Alginate Extracted from Bifurcaria bifurcata
Authors: Bouissil Soukaina , Guérin Claire , Roche Jane , Dubessay Pascal , El Alaoui-Talibi Zainab , Pierre Guillaume , Michaud Philippe , Mouzeyar Said , Delattre Cédric , El Modafar Cherkaoui
Published: January 2022

In many African countries, the Bayoud is a common disease spread involving the fungus Fusarium oxusporum f. sp. albedinis (Foa). The induction of plant natural defenses through the use of seaweed polysaccharides to help plants against pathogens is currently a biological and ecological approach that is gaining more and more importance. In the present study, we used alginate, a natural polysaccharide extracted from a brown algae Bifurcaria bifurcata, to activate date palm defenses, which involve phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), a key enzyme of phenylpropanoid metabolism. The results obtained showed that at low concentration (1 g·L−1), alginate stimulated PAL activity in date palm roots 5 times more compared to the negative control (water-treated) after 24 h following treatment and 2.5 times more compared to the laminarin used as a positive stimulator of plant natural defenses (positive control of induction). Using qRT-PCR, the expression of a selection of genes involved in three different levels of defense mechanisms known to be involved in response to biotic stresses were investigated. The results showed that, generally, the PAL gene tested and the genes encoding enzymes involved in early oxidative events (SOD and LOX) were overexpressed in the alginate-treated plants compared to their levels in the positive and negative controls. POD and PR protein genes selected encoding β-(1,3)-glucanases and chitinases in this study did not show any significant difference between treatments; suggesting that other genes encoding POD and PR proteins that were not selected may be involved. After 17 weeks following the inoculation of the plants with the pathogen Foa, treatment with alginate reduced the mortality rate by up to 80% compared to the rate in control plants (non-elicited) and plants pretreated with laminarin, which agrees with the induction of defense gene expression and the stimulation of natural defenses in date palm with alginate after 24 h. These results open promising prospects for the use of alginate in agriculture as an inducer that triggers immunity of plants against telluric pathogens in general and of date palm against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis in particular.
Seaweed Extracts: A Promising Source of Antibiofilm Agents with Distinct Mechanisms of Action against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Rima Maya , Trognon Jeanne , Latapie Laure , Chbani Asma , Roques Christine , El Garah Fatima
Published: January 2022

The organization of bacteria in biofilms is one of the adaptive resistance mechanisms providing increased protection against conventional treatments. Thus, the search for new antibiofilm agents for medical purposes, especially of natural origin, is currently the object of much attention. The objective of the study presented here was to explore the potential of extracts derived from three seaweeds: the green Ulva lactuca, the brown Stypocaulon scoparium, and the red Pterocladiella capillacea, in terms of their antibiofilm activity against P. aeruginosa. After preparation of extracts by successive maceration in various solvents, their antibiofilm activity was evaluated on biofilm formation and on mature biofilms. Their inhibition and eradication abilities were determined using two complementary methods: crystal violet staining and quantification of adherent bacteria. The effect of active extracts on biofilm morphology was also investigated by epifluorescence microscopy. Results revealed a promising antibiofilm activity of two extracts (cyclohexane and ethyl acetate) derived from the green alga by exhibiting a distinct mechanism of action, which was supported by microscopic analyses. The ethyl acetate extract was further explored for its interaction with tobramycin and colistin. Interestingly, this extract showed a promising synergistic effect with tobramycin. First analyses of the chemical composition of extracts by GC–MS allowed for the identification of several molecules. Their implication in the interesting antibiofilm activity is discussed. These findings suggest the ability of the green alga U. lactuca to offer a promising source of bioactive candidates that could have both a preventive and a curative effect in the treatment of biofilms.
Fat Is Consistently Present within the Plantar Muscular Space of the Human Foot—An Anatomical Study
Authors: Tomlinson Joanna , Klima Stefan , Poilliot Amélie , Zwirner Johann , Hammer Niels
Published: January 2022

Background and Objectives: The foot comprises of active contractile and passive connective tissue components, which help maintain stability and facilitate movement during gait. The role of age- or pathology-related degeneration and the presence of fat within muscles in foot function and pain remains unclear. The existence of fat has to date not been quantified or compared between individuals according to age, sex, side or subregion. Materials and Methods: 18 cadaveric feet (mean age 79 years) were sectioned sagittally and photographed bilaterally. Fat in the plantar muscular space of the foot (PMSF) was quantified through the previously validated manual fat quantification method, which involved observing photographs of each section and identifying regions using OsiriX. Fat volume and percentage was calculated using a modified Cavalieri’s method. Results: All feet had fat located within the PMSF, averaging 25.8% (range, 16.5–39.4%) of the total PMSF volume. The presence of fat was further confirmed with plastination and confocal microscopy. Conclusions: These findings suggest that fat within the PMSF is a consistent but highly variable finding in elderly cohorts. Fat within the foot muscles may need to be considered a norm when comparing healthy and non-healthy subjects, and for therapeutic interventions to the foot. Further work is required to understand in detail the morphological and mechanical presence of fat in the foot, and compare these findings with pathological cohorts, such as sarcopenia. Additionally, future work should investigate if fat may compensate for the degeneration of the intrinsic muscles of the foot, with implications for both the use of orthotics and pain management.
Left Atrial Strain as a Predictor of Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction in Patients with Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Miljković Tatjana , Ilić Aleksandra , Milovančev Aleksandra , Bjelobrk Marija , Stefanović Maja , Stojšić-Milosavljević Anastazija , Tadić Snežana , Golubović Miodrag , Popov Tanja , Petrović Milovan
Published: January 2022

Background and Objectives: There is emerging evidence of the usefulness of left atrial strain (LAS) in the assessment of diastolic dysfunction (DD). In this study we assess the sensitivity and specificity of LAS, to determine cut-off values and their association to DD with increased left atrial pressure (LAP) in patients with well-treated arterial hypertension. Materials and Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study on 180 subjects with well-treated arterial hypertension. All patients underwent transthoracic echocardiography. Patients were divided into two groups: a group without increased LAP and/or DD and a group with increased LAP DD. Results: In multivariate logistic regression, LAS proved to be the strongest statistically significant predictor of DD with increased LAP (OR 0.834, p < 0.0005), with AUC 0.885 and a set cut-off value of 24.27% with high sensitivity of 78.9% and specificity of 84.6%. The set cut-off for LAS > 24.27% was significantly highly prevalent in the group of DD with increased LAP 78.9% when compared to the group without increased LAP 15.4%, p < 0.0001. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that LAS could be a useful and highly sensitive and specific marker in the evaluation of DD. There is the potential for using LAS in everyday practice as a standard parameter in diastolic function assessment.
Desalination Characteristics of Cellulose Acetate FO Membrane Incorporated with ZIF-8 Nanoparticles
Authors: Li Tong , Wang Yuhong , Wang Xinyan , Cheng Caixia , Zhang Kaifeng , Yang Jie , Han Guangshuo , Wang Zhongpeng , Wang Xiuju , Wang Liguo
Published: January 2022

Forward osmosis membranes have a wide range of applications in the field of water treatment. However, the application of seawater desalination is restricted, so the research of forward osmosis membranes for seawater desalination poses new challenges. In this study, zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) was synthesized by a mechanical stirring method, and its crystal structure, surface morphology, functional group characteristics, thermochemical stability, pore size distribution and specific surface area were analyzed. The cellulose acetate (CA)/ZIF-8 mixed matrix forward osmosis membrane was prepared by using the synthesized ZIF-8 as a modified additive. The effects of the additive ZIF-8 content, coagulation bath temperature, mixing temperature and heat treatment temperature on the properties of the CA/ZIF-8 forward osmosis membrane were systematically studied, and the causes were analyzed to determine the best membrane preparation parameters. The structure of the CA membrane and CA/ZIF-8 mixed matrix forward osmosis membranes prepared under the optimal conditions were characterized by Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), contact angle and Atomic force microscope (AFM). Finally, the properties of the HTI membrane (Membrane manufactured by Hydration Technology Innovations Inc.), CA forward osmosis membrane and CA/ZIF-8 mixed matrix forward osmosis membrane were compared under laboratory conditions. For the CA membrane, the water flux and reverse salt flux reached 48.85 L·m−2·h−1 and 3.4 g·m−2·h−1, respectively. The reverse salt flux and water flux of the CA/ZIF-8 membrane are 2.84 g·m−2·h−1 and 50.14 L·m−2·h−1, respectively. ZIF-8 has a promising application in seawater desalination.
Physical-Chemical and Structural Stability of Poly(3HB-co-3HV)/(ligno-)cellulosic Fibre-Based Biocomposites over Successive Dishwashing Cycles
Authors: Doineau Estelle , Rol Fleur , Gontard Nathalie , Angellier-Coussy Hélène
Published: January 2022

In order to lengthen the life cycle of packaging materials, it is essential to study their potential for reuse. This has been never carried out for emerging bio-based and biodegradable materials such as PHBV/(ligno-)cellulosic fibre-based biocomposite materials. This work therefore highlights the impact of successive dishwashing cycles on the physical-chemical and structural stability of such materials. Several parameters were considered to assess this stability, such as the visual aspect and colour, the microstructure, the thermal and tensile properties, and the overall migration in food liquid simulants. The effect of fibre composition, morphology, and content was investigated by selecting three types of commercial (ligno-)cellulosic fibres and two filler contents (20 and 40 wt%). A great potential for reuse of PHBV films was highlighted by their high stability after up to at least 50 dishwashing cycles. However, the addition of (ligno-)cellulosic fillers negatively impacts the stability of PHBV-based materials, especially due to the hygroscopic behaviour of (ligno-)cellulosic fillers and the heterogenous microstructure of biocomposites, with at best up to 10 possible dishwashing cycles for ultra-pure cellulose. In conclusion, reuse including dishwashing steps can be considered for neat PHBV materials, while this should be prohibited for PHBV/(ligno-)cellulosic fibre-based biocomposite materials.
Chronopotentiometric Evaluation of Ionization Degree and Dissociation Constant of Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquid [C6Meim][NTf2] in Polymeric Plasticized Membranes
Authors: Pokhvishcheva Nadezhda V. , Gigiadze Elizaveta K. , Kalinichev Andrey V. , Ievlev Alexandr V. , Tyutyukin Konstantin V. , Peshkova Maria A.
Published: January 2022

Ionic liquids (ILs) have a wide variety of applications in modern electrochemistry due to their unique electrolytic properties. In particular, they are promising candidates as dopants for polymeric membranes in potentiometric sensors and liquid-junction free reference electrodes. However, the effective use of ILs requires a comprehensive understanding of their electrolytic behavior in the polymeric phase. We report here the exploration of the electrolytic and diffusion properties of IL 1-hexyl-3-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amide ([C6Meim][NTf2]) in a poly(vinyl chloride) matrix. Chronopotentiometry is utilized to determine the concentration of charge carriers, ionic diffusion coefficients and apparent dissociation constant of [C6Meim][NTf2] in PVC membranes plasticized with a mixture of [C6Meim][NTf2] and bis(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate (DOS) over a wide range of IL concentrations. The diffusion properties of [C6Meim][NTf2] are confirmed by NMR-diffusometry. The non-monotonic electrolytic behavior of the IL in PVC-DOS matrix is described for the first time. A maximum ionization degree and diffusion coefficient is observed at 30 wt.% of IL in the plasticizing mixture. Thus, it is shown that by varying the flexible parameter of the IL to plasticizer ratio in the polymeric phase one can tune the electrolytic and transport properties of sensing PVC membranes.
Transgenerational Transcriptomic and DNA Methylome Profiling of Mouse Fetal Testicular Germline and Somatic Cells after Exposure of Pregnant Mothers to Tributyltin, a Potent Obesogen
Authors: Shioda Keiko , Odajima Junko , Blumberg Bruce , Shioda Toshi
Published: January 2022

Obesogens such as tributyltin (TBT) are xenobiotic compounds that promote obesity, in part by distorting the normal balance of lipid metabolism. The obesogenic effects of TBT can be observed in directly exposed (F1 and F2 generations) and also subsequent generations (F3 and beyond) that were never exposed. To address the effects of TBT exposure on germ cells, we exposed pregnant transgenic OG2 mouse dams (F0), which specifically express EGFP in germline cells, to an environmentally relevant dose of TBT or DMSO throughout gestation through drinking water. When fed with a high-fat diet, F3 male offspring of TBT-exposed F0 dams (TBT-F3) accumulated much more body fat than did DMSO-F3 males. TBT-F3 males also lost more body fluid and lean compositions than did DMSO-F3 males. Expression of genes involved in transcriptional regulation or mesenchymal differentiation was up-regulated in somatic cells of TBT-F1 (but not TBT-F3) E18.5 fetal testes, and promoter-associated CpG islands were hyper-methylated in TBT-F1 somatic cells. Global mRNA expression of protein-coding genes in F1 or F3 fetal testicular cells was unaffected by F0 exposure to TBT; however, expression of a subset of endogenous retroviruses was significantly affected in F1 and F3. We infer that TBT may directly target testicular somatic cells in F1 testes to irreversibly affect epigenetic suppression of endogenous retroviruses in both germline and somatic cells.
Algal Lipids as Modulators of Skin Disease: A Critical Review
Authors: Conde Tiago , Lopes Diana , Łuczaj Wojciech , Neves Bruno , Pinto Bruno , Maurício Tatiana , Domingues Pedro , Skrzydlewska Elżbieta , Domingues M. Rosário
Published: January 2022

The prevalence of inflammatory skin diseases continues to increase with a high incidence in children and adults. These diseases are triggered by environmental factors, such as UV radiation, certain chemical compounds, infectious agents, and in some cases, people with a genetic predisposition. The pathophysiology of inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis or atopic dermatitis, but also of skin cancers, is the result of the activation of inflammation-related metabolic pathways and the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines observed in in vitro and in vivo studies. Inflammatory skin diseases are also associated with oxidative stress, overproduction of ROS, and impaired antioxidant defense, which affects the metabolism of immune cells and skin cells (keratinocytes and fibroblasts) in systemic and skin disorders. Lipids from algae have been scarcely applied to modulate skin diseases, but they are well known antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. They have shown scavenging activities and can modulate redox homeostasis enzymes. They can also downmodulate key inflammatory signaling pathways and transcription factors such as NF-κB, decreasing the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. Thus, the exploitation of algae lipids as therapeutical agents for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases is highly attractive, being critically reviewed in the present work.