bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implications of Phenomenological Grounding in the “Microscopic”: An Experiential Relativity from the Microcosmos
Authors: Strauss Michael John , Levine Shellie-Helane
Published: September 2011

The implications of phenomenological grounding in the microscopic (atomic) level of reality are discussed. In such a state the body is experienced as process within an environment organized by “infinite” time. The world-self phenomenon is experienced as coconstituted, and the feeling of individuality is replaced by the experience of intimate integration.
Effects of Restricted Verbal Instruction and Feedback on Learning Track-and-Field Demonstration Techniques
Authors: Adams Iain C.
Published: September 2011

Sections of a physical education course were taught by native Arabic speakers and by a nonArabic speaker. All of the 111 freshmen students learned sprint start, high jump, long jump, and shot put. The final examination scores on rules were comparable whether instruction was verbal or nonverbal when the examination was in Arabic.
Finger Tapping: Effects of Trials and Sessions
Authors: Gill David M. , Reddon John R. , Stefanyk William O. , Hans Harinder S.
Published: September 2011

18 normal, self-reported dextral subjects (9 men, 9 women) were assessed with a Halstead Manual Finger Tapping device, with 10 trials per hand for 10 consecutive wk. The test-retest reliability of the 10-trial average between the 10 sessions averaged .94 for men and .86 for women, for both preferred and nonpreferred hands. There were DO statistically significant effects of increases in performance over sessions or effects of fatigue over trials for either sex or hand. There were, however, significant increases over trials for men for both preferred and nonpreferred hands.
Effect of Moderate Doses of Alcohol on Simple Auditory Reaction Time in a Vigilance Setting
Authors: Gustafson Roland
Published: September 2011

An experiment was performed with 11 voluntary male subjects to test the effects of moderate doses of alcohol on simple auditory RT in a vigilance setting. Subjects were tested during a 30-min. session, during which signals were presented with an average intersignal interval of 3.75 sec. Subjects responded by pressing a microswitch held in the preferred hand. Analysis indicated that absolute means increased as a function of alcohol dose. With time-on-task alcohol produced a faster increase in RT and especially affected the longest RTs. Number of extreme long reactions (blockings) and mean duration of these reactions increased under alcohol and were directly related to time on task; alcohol produced a much faster increase in number of blockings with time on task. Results were discussed in terms of attentional processes and habituation theory. Some practical implications of the results were pointed out.
Self-Perceived Masculinity between Bearded and Nonbearded Males
Authors: Wood Douglas R.
Published: September 2011

Bern's Sex-role Inventory was administered to 60 male undergraduates divided into three groups: artificially bearded, wearing a bandanna, and control. The beard-wearers chose a significantly greater proportion of masculine adjectives than did the controls.
Relationship of Habit and Perceived Physical Ability to Exercise-Behavior
Authors: Valois Pierre , Shephard Roy J. , Godin Gaston
Published: September 2011

The contribution of habit and perceived physical ability to exercise-behavior was investigated among a random sample of 240 subjects. Subjects with strong habits and high perceived physical ability did not report being more active than other subjects. Only the main effect of habit was significant in the analyses of variance. Our results confirm the importance of habit in understanding future behavior, but they do not support the view that the personal attribute of perceived physical ability influences exercise-behavior.
Personality Characteristics of Subjects High and Low in Apprehension about Communication
Authors: Butler J. F.
Published: September 2011

Subjects who were either high or low in apprehension about communication completed the 16 PF questionnaire. An analysis of variance was utilized to compare subjects' apprehension and personality characteristics. Subjects high and low in apprehension differed significantly on seven personality factors, but highly apprehensive subjects' scores still fell within the first standard deviation for the normal United States population. Subjects low in apprehension about communication scored outside the first standard deviation on three personality factors. High apprehension then is not necessarily associated with negative personality characteristics, while low apprehension about communication is associated with several positive attributes.
Function as a Preferred Dimension among Children and Adults
Authors: Esposito Nicholas J.
Published: September 2011

Subjects' preferences for function vs form or for function vs color were tested using a method of triads. Children (16 girls, 24 boys) and adults (65 women, 17 men) showed a strong preference for function over color and adults also for function over form. Color-function concept identification was better when function was the relevant dimension. These data indicate that function can be assessed like physical dimensions, that function is more preferred than or as preferred as other dimensions by children and adults and that responses to preference tests are applicable over a wide range of dimensions and ages.
Differential Functioning on the Illingworth by Home- vs Institution-Reared 3-Month-Old Infants
Authors: Drivas Antonia , Roe Kiki V. , Roe Arnold , Karagellis Antigone
Published: September 2011

The performance on the Illingworth of 32 3-mo.-old home-reared Greek infants was compared to that of 22 infants reared in a modern institution. Home-reared infants were superior to institutional infants in every aspect of development except on Manipulations (fine motor coordination). It is speculated that the superiority of the home infants is attributed to the quality of the mother/caretaker-infant relationship.
Periodicity of Strength of Pattern in Binocular Rivalry
Authors: Sohmiya Tamotsu , Sohmiya Kazuko
Published: September 2011

The effect of suppression in binocular rivalry is divided into the effects of boundary and of region. By removing the effect of boundary from the double effects, we examined whether the strength of pattern oscillates throughout duration of suppression phase. Probabilities of appearance of the suppressed test patterns were measured immediately after the removal of the suppressing pattern at various temporal points after onset of suppression. The probabilities decrease, reach a minimum level, and then increase throughout the course of the suppression phase. Immediately after the beginning of the suppression phase, the small test pattern whose duration of suppression is short rarely appears, while the large pattern whose duration of suppression is long certainly appears. These results support our hypothesis for which the key assumption is that the strength of pattern periodically oscillates as a function of duration of observation time.
Alcohol and Vigilance Performance: Effect of Small Doses of Alcohol on Simple Visual Reaction Time
Authors: Gustafson Roland
Published: September 2011

The effects of small doses of alcohol were tested in a vigilance setting. Subjects were repeatedly tested during three 30-min. sessions. The stimulus event was a visual light located in front of subjects. The average intersignal interval was 3.75 sec., and the dependent measure was simple reaction time. Analysis indicates that alcohol produced a skewness in the RT-distribution with time on task; the longer reactions increased more than the shorter ones. Especially the extremely long reactions (blockings) increased markedly with time on task under alcohol. Results were discussed in relation to other studies reporting divergent results in similar test situations.
An Ecological Approach to Mechanisms Determining Individual Differences in Perception
Authors: Satow Aiko
Published: September 2011

In 1982 Satow proposed four hypothetical properties determining mechanisms of individual differences in perceptions; these were supported by results of a factor analysis of responses to a 58-item check list. Present work confirmed the four properties (intense sensitivity, temporal sensitivity, sensory-motor reactivity, and possible range of total stimuli), and obtained a property, preference for intense and prolonged stimuli, from a principal component analysis of data from a 60-item list given to 316 subjects. The 60-item list is a revised version of the 58-item list which asked subjects about their subjective sensitiveness and preferences for environmental sensory stimuli (visual, auditory, olfactory, and tactile). Within subjects relationships among these properties are interindependent, since for individuals correlations of factor-score estimates between pairs of these properties were near zero. This interindependence supported a model of four hypothetical types of individuals, explaining the individual differences on the grounds of the relations among the properties.
Reaction and Movement Times in Men of Different Ages: A Population Study
Authors: Era Pertti , Jokela Jukka , Heikkinen Eino
Published: September 2011

Tests of psychomotor and motor speed at different levels of complexity were studied in random samples of men aged 31 to 35, 51 to 55, and 71 to 75 yr. The study was performed as a part of a larger research project on health and functional aging. Analyses indicated significantly slower responses among older men at all levels of test complexity (maximal knee extension velocity, tapping rate, simple and choice reaction and movement times). There were marked differences both between the youngest and the middle-aged groups and between the middle-aged and the oldest groups. Within the age groups high psychomotor and motor speed were associated with a favourable functioning of certain senses (vibration sensitivity and postural balance), with a high isometric muscular force, and with a high directly assessed aerobic capacity. The most important covariants of the speed functions within the age groups were, however, cognitive performance, length of education, and perceived health.
Development of Self-Touching Behavior in Childhood
Authors: D'Alessio M. , Zazzetta A.
Published: September 2011

The present research examined the influence of sex and age on self-touching behavior in children aged 4, 5, and 6 years. Observations of 160 children (80 boys and 80 girls) in free play-settings showed that the number of gestures satisfying the need of comfort were considerably lower for older children, and the “defensive” patterns were remarkably more frequent in boys than in girls. The other kinds of movements such as self-comfort gestures, building body image and self-presentation yielded no significant difference between the sexes.
Explicit Speech-Segmentation Ability and Susceptibility to Phonological Similarity in Short-Term Retention: No Correlation
Authors: Content Alain , Morais José , Kolinsky Régine , Bertelson Paul , Alegria Jesus
Published: September 2011

Results of three earlier studies were reexamined for the presence of correlations between the “rhyme effect” and speech segmentation performance. No significant correlation was found.
Note on Nonveridical Visual Perception and Pedestrian Accidents at Night
Authors: Reinhardt-Rutland A. H.
Published: September 2011

It is sometimes supposed that increase of pedestrian conspicuity could lead to substantial reductions in pedestrian accidents at night. Available evidence is, however, not particularly encouraging. It is suggested that other factors affecting drivers' and pedestrians' perception may be involved.
Effect of Perceived Brightness on Perceived Time
Authors: Brigner Willard L.
Published: September 2011

When light intensity demarcating a 1-sec. interval was increased, there was an increase in the perceived duration of the interval. The increase in perceived duration occurred whether the light intensity was physically increased or perceptually increased through brightness enhancement.
Disabled vs Nondisabled Readers: Perceptual vs Higher-Order Processing of One vs Three Letters
Authors: Allegretti Christine L. , Puglisi J. Thomas
Published: September 2011

12 disabled and 12 nondisabled readers (mean age, 11 yr.) were compared on a letter-search task which separated perceptual processing from higher-order processing. Participants were presented a first stimulus (for 200 msec. to minimize eye movements) followed by a second stimulus immediately to estimate the amount of information initially perceived or after a 3000-msec. interval to examine information more permanently stored. Participants were required to decide whether any letter present in the first stimulus was also present in the second. Two processing loads (1 and 3 letters) were examined. Disabled readers showed more pronounced deficits when they were given very little time to process information or more information to process.
Factor Structure of Shortened Children's Embedded Figures Test for Different Age Groups
Authors: Hardy Robert C. , Eliot John , Burlingame Kenneth
Published: September 2011

240 children, 24 of each sex in Grades K to 4, were administered the entire Children's Embedded Figures Test, regardless of the failure rule. Factor loadings for items from a shortened version of the test were examined for a randomly divided sample, a sample divided by sex, a sample divided in two grade groupings, and an undivided total population. Stable factors were found for the total sample and when the sample was divided by sex. Analysis indicated that the factor analysis of the shortened form was consistent with previous analyses using the total scale.
Impressions of Hand Movements: Self-Touching and Gestures
Authors: Harrigan Jinni A. , Kues John R. , Weber Joseph G.
Published: September 2011

Two studies addressed the question of observers' impressions of physicians and patients who displayed self-touching, a behavior reported to indicate negative affect. In Study 1 self-touching was regarded as more Expressive and Warm, while control scenes were viewed as more Calm. The results of Study 2 showed that observers judged hand gestures most positively, followed by self-touching, and control scenes on Expressive, Sincere, Natural, and Warm. Control scenes were seen as most Calm. These findings confirm earlier results and represent a perspective on self-touching that has not been previously examined, the observer's viewpoint. It is the observer who tends to be most influenced by the display of self-touching. Discussion is focused on discrete and continuous self-touching, the effect of type and context of self-touching, and the need for considering other functions (i.e., serving information-processing demands) of self-touching than indicating states of anxiety, tension, or hostility.
Hemispheric Laterality for Spatial Analysis in Children with Reading Problems
Authors: Grogan Sarah
Published: September 2011

Lateralisation for tactile-spatial perception was studied in 21 10- to 15-yr.-old boys of average intelligence who were underachieving in reading and 21 matched controls. Controls showed a significant advantage at recognising shapes on a visual display when they had been actively felt with the left hand. There was no difference between left- and right-hand scores in the poor readers. This supports Witelson's (1977) finding that poor readers are less lateralised for spatial-processing than are average readers.
Reading Disability: A Hemispheric Asymmetry-Information Processing Approach
Authors: Kobus D. A. , Zino T. C. , Lewandowski L. , Sturr J. F.
Published: September 2011

A visual half-field task using a Sperling partial-report paradigm was presented to 10 reading disabled and 10 control subjects (7 to 14 yr. old). The design was very similar to that described in 1977 by Morrison, Giordani, and Nagy, examining performance of letters placed in a circular array at both the perceptual and short-term memory stage. The reading-disabled subjects performed significantly lower on letter-recognition during both the perceptual and short-term memory processing stages. A hemi-field analysis showed a left visual-field performance decrement for the reading-disabled group during the short-term memory stage. Contrary to previous findings which discount a perceptual deficit, this study indicates that such a deficit may exist and is further accentuated during the short-term memory stage by a decrement in right-hemisphere performance.
Instructional Bias: Ignoring One Side of the Classroom
Authors: Morton L. L. , McLean M. A. , Kershner John R.
Published: September 2011

A pronounced teaching bias away from the left side of the classroom (teacher's right) was observed in a time-sampling study of 19 teachers. Six male and 13 female teachers showed an instructional orientation toward the classroom right (teacher's left), and center. Teacher's relative inattention to students seated on the left of the classroom may be accounted for by teachers being conditioned to monitor students in the center and to the left, stable differences in left-right cerebral hemispheric attentional control or ease of classroom instruction.
EMG Activity of the Orbicularis Oris Superior, Orbicularis Oris Inferior, and Masseter Muscles of a Cleft-Palate Child
Authors: Olscamp Ruth , McGuire Richard A. , Rastatter Michael
Published: September 2011

The peak amplitude of EMG activity was measured from the orbicularis oris superior (OOS), orbicularis oris inferior (OOI), and masseter muscles of a cleft-palate child and compared to data obtained from a normal child. Both children evidenced similar levels of average peak EMG activity and variability of performance across the three muscles These data were interpreted to suggest that limitations in the function of the OOS, OOI, and masseter muscles do not contribute to the articulatory anomalies exhibited by the cleft-palate child.
Relationships among Anxiety, Defensiveness, Sex, Task Difficulty, and Performance on Various Neuropsychological Tasks
Authors: Buckelew Susan P. , Hannay H. Julia
Published: September 2011

The relationships between sex, personality differences, task difficulty, and the performance on neuropsychological tests were investigated. On the basis of trait anxiety and defensiveness, 120 college students were divided into three groups by coping style: high anxious, true low anxious, and repressor groups. As predicted, women obtained significantly higher scores than men on Digit Symbol and word fluency tests, while the opposite sex difference was found for Block Design and Finger Tapping tests. Performance did not vary with trait anxiety. However, on Block Design and one-word fluency test, rated by subjects as the most difficult tests, high state anxiety was associated with significantly poorer performance.
Mood and Locus of Control of a Sample of College and Professional Football Players
Authors: Daiss Suzanne , Leunes Arnold , Nation Jack
Published: September 2011

48 Division 1-A football players who concluded their careers after their college eligibility expired were compared with 12 team members who went on to play football in the National Football League. No significant differences between the two groups were found on the dimensions measured by the Profile of Mood States and on locus of control. Results are discussed in terms of Morgan's Iceberg Profile and the elite athlete.
Comparison of Psychological Androgyny within a Sample of Female College Athletes Who Participate in Sports Traditionally Appropriate and Traditionally Inappropriate for Competition by Females
Authors: Burke Kevin L.
Published: September 2011

Female participants in sports traditionally inappropriate (basketball and Softball) and traditionally appropriate (tennis and swimming) for competition by females were compared on the personality trait of psychological androgyny. 49 university female athletes were administered the Bern Sex-role Inventory anonymously. A chi-squared test and phi coefficient showed no significant difference between the categorized two sport groups on psychological androgyny. However, a t test between masculinity scores of athletes in the two sports groups showed a significant difference.
Type A-B Status, Habitual Sleep Duration, and Perceived Level of Daily Life Stress of College Students
Authors: Hicks Robert A. , Grant Fern , Chancellor Cheryl
Published: September 2011

The differences in perceived levels of average daily stress for four groups (94 college students) formed as the logical combinations of Type A-B status and habitual short- and longer-sleep were evaluated. Both the main effects for Type A-B status and habitual sleep duration were significant and these variables had an additive effect on perceived level of stress.
Perceived Movement and the Craik-O'Brien and Crovitz Illusions
Authors: Brigner Willard L.
Published: September 2011

An illusion of movement was achieved which is comparable to the Crovitz illusion of extent and the Craik-O'Brien illusion of luminance.
Body-Image Distortion and Dissatisfaction in University Students
Authors: Mable Harriett M. , Balance William D. G. , Galgan Richard J.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated body-image distortion and body-image dissatisfaction for a sample of 75 male and 75 female university students, in relation to personality variables implicated in the literature, such as sex-role orientation, self-esteem, locus of control, and depression. Women perceived their weight deviation from the norm at over 15% above their actual deviation, whereas men distorted less than 1%. In a multiple regression analysis, none of the personality measures correlated significantly with body-image distortion; however, sex of subject accounted for 25% of its variance. Body dissatisfaction was significantly associated with low self-esteem, externality, depression, and distortion. The relationship between body-image distortion and dissatisfaction, although significant, was surprisingly small Apparently, these two aspects of body-image disturbance represent quite distinct constructs.
The Imagery Questionnaire: An Investigation of its Validity
Authors: Chara Paul J. , Verplanck William S.
Published: September 2011

Research investigated from three perspectives the construct validity of one of the most frequently used imagery measures, Marks' (1973) Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire. First, the performance of six self-reported “good” and six self-reported “poor” imagers derived from 63 initial respondents to the questionnaire was compared on a test of the recall of projected slides. Second, subject idiosyncratic and interpersonal uses of the imagery rating scale were examined through a scaling of projected slides procedure and an alternate forms test-retest paradigm. Finally, interviews about the nature of each subject's imaging experiences were conducted. Data indicated a lack of support for the questionnaire's validity.
Vigilance Performance When Using Colour on Electronic Displays
Authors: Pfendler Claudius , Widdel Heino
Published: September 2011

An experiment was conducted to examine the influence of colour in CRT displays on vigilance decrement. In three independent groups, each of 8 subjects, subjects had to monitor an achromatic display, a colour display, and an achromatic display with secondary task over 150 min. The results lead to the conclusion that the use of colour in electronic displays prevents vigilance decrement in comparison to achromatic displays.
Measurement of Phenomenological Experience: Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory
Authors: Pekala Ronald J. , Steinberg Jack , Kumar V. K.
Published: September 2011

The results of two studies suggest that the Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory has adequate reliability and validity in assessing alterations in phenomenological experience associated with stimulus conditions, such as eyes open and closed, sitting quietly, and an hypnotic induction.
Flexibility of Attention and Elite Athletes' Performance in ‘Fast-Ball-Games’
Authors: Nettleton Brian
Published: September 2011

Flexibility of attention discriminated between levels of performance by bus drivers and pilots. The present pilot study investigated the extent to which flexibility of attention discriminated between levels of performance on tasks involving coincident anticipation. A group of elite performers in fast-ball-games made fewer errors after switching attention than did a group of good performers.
Afterimage Color Perception for Designers
Authors: Bagley Marian-Ortolf , Maxfield Margaret Sathre
Published: September 2011

This is a study of perception of negative afterimages. Surface color samples were viewed under Spectralight. Subjects fixated on 11 Munsell hues mounted on white cards and matched their afterimages with chips from the Munsell Book of Color. Samples were drawn from 125 participants in two groups, one practiced, the other unfamiliar with afterimage. No single afterimage or Munsell color chip was reported for any of the stimulus hues. However, most afterimage responses for nine stimulus colors fell within one Munsell hue family. Afterimages reported for the remaining two stimulus colors of purple-blue and yellow-red span two adjacent hue families. Results suggest new alternatives to traditional subtractive color complements. New afterimage opposites are provided.
Discriminability of Change in Signal Flash-Rates
Authors: Tolin Philip , Ryen Rick R.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments utilizing different psychophysical methods provided comparable estimates of the discriminability of differences in the rate of flashing of an alerting signal. In Exp. 1, a contingent-uncertainty analysis resulted in an estimated Weber ratio of < 0.07. In Exp. 2, the method of constant stimuli produced a mean Weber ratio of 0.06. Discriminability of flash rate differences was comparable for red and amber targets and for targets of ∼ 1° and 5° of visual angle.
A Neo-Whorfian Revisitation of Color Memory
Authors: Ridley Dennis R.
Published: September 2011

A neo-Whorfian viewpoint on the effects of color names on color memory was tested in two studies with 140 undergraduate subjects. The controlling conception was that stimulus shapes of objects which have characteristic colors (e.g., tomato—red) can function like labels when viewing conditions are difficult. Hypothesized effects were that recognition or reproduction of the colors of such shapes would tend toward the best typical choices for the primary color term linguistically associated with the object. Exps. 1 and 2 pitted the major hypothesis against a prediction derived from Bruner's perceptual theory that familiar shapes would induce reproduction of a color toward the average object color. Two colors, actual average object colors, and best typical instances of associated color terms were made the overlapping segments of a variable color mixer on which color matches were made. Target stimuli from the middle ranges of the overlapping color-wheel segments were tachistoscopically presented either as familiar “red” or “green” objects or as plain circular stimuli. Reproductions consistently averaged toward best instances of primary color terms “red” or “green” rather than toward average object colors. Alternative interpretations of the data are discussed.
Effects of Depression upon Reading: A Case for Distinguishing Effortful from Automatic Processes
Authors: Henderson J. Gibson
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to test the view that depression would have selective effects upon effortful but not automatic aspects of reading. Relationships were determined between 59 fifth graders' depression scores (on the Children's Depression Inventory and a teacher's rating of depression) and their performance on measures of automatic aspects of reading (word recognition and word attack skills) and effortful aspects of reading (comprehension). A stepwise multiple regression, using statistical controls for sex and mental ability, showed expected relationships of depression to over-all comprehension for the 7. teachers' ratings, but not for the inventory. As expected, relationships of depression to word recognition and word attack scores were statistically non-significant.
The Midpoint on a Five-Point Likert-Type Scale
Authors: Armstrong Robert L.
Published: September 2011

Previous studies on the points of the Likert-scale format have not addressed the question of the effect on the score resulting from the use of “neutral” or “undecided” as the midpoint of a five-point scale. The present study addressed this topic with a scale on attitude toward the school board, using 389 undergraduate and 190 graduate students in education, the latter having at least one year of teaching experience, in seven geographically separated universities in the United States. The two formats of the scale were identical (strongly agree to strongly disagree) except that one scale midpoint was designated “undecided” and the midpoint of the other scale was designated as “neutral” with “undecided” as a no-answer alternative. Analysis showed differences were negligible and little if any erosion of score appears to result.
Correlation of Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale Scores with Various other Measures Used to Screen and Identify Intellectually Gifted Students
Authors: Whorton James E. , Karnes Frances A.
Published: September 2011

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale IQs were compared with California Achievement Test scaled scores, Otis-Lennon Mental Ability Test IQs, Short-Form Test of Academic Aptitude percentiles, Raven Standard Progressive Matrices percentiles, and the Wide Range Achievement Test scaled scores for 439 intellectually gifted students. Some statistically significant relationships were observed.
Physical and Emotional Abuse and Motor Development: A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Hughes Honore M. , Di Brezzo Ro
Published: September 2011

Mothers of 212 children aged 2 to 12 yr. responded to a problem checklist. Significantly more children reported as maltreated were said to have learning difficulties than comparison children; language delays and poor motor coordination were also noted. Such children would benefit from the formal assessment and remediation of problems in motor development.
Dichotic Listening in Relation to Dysphoria, Sensation Seeking, and other Personality Characteristics
Authors: Cohen Leo , Merckelbach Harald
Published: September 2011

According to a 1983 model proposed by Levy, anxiety, dysphoria, and a critical attitude are associated with greater left- than right-hemisphere activity, while optimism and uncritical evaluations correlate with stronger right- than left-hemisphere activity. A dichotic-listening task and a set of personality questionnaires were administered to 150 students in psychology. The personality measures included Dutch versions of the Beck Depression Inventory, the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale, the Sensation-seeking Scale V and a brief MMPI. Correlations between the extent of left-hemisphere reliance as measured by a right-ear advantage score on the dichotic-listening task and the various personality measures were computed, forming a test of some aspects of Levy's (1983) model. If performance on a dichotic-listening task reflects hemispheric reliance then we found little evidence, on the whole, to support Levy's model.
Heart-Rate Changes in Response to Shifts in Interpersonal Gaze from Liked and Disliked others
Authors: Wellens A. Rodney
Published: September 2011

32 male subjects were asked a series of intimate questions by a liked or disliked male confederate who either avoided eye-contact or shifted to continuous directed gaze in the middle of an interview session. Analyses of subjects' cardiovascular responses showed a relative increase in heart-rate following eye-contact in the negative affect condition compared to a decrease in heart-rate following eye-contact in the positive affect condition. No differences in heart-rate changes were observed between positive and negative affect conditions in the no eye-contact group. Results are discussed in relation to M. Patterson and his colleagues' arousal and multistage models of exchange of nonverbal intimacy.
Negative Effect of Item Heterogeneity on Split-Half Reliability Estimates: An Empirical Demonstration
Authors: Wagner Edwin E. , Marsico Debra , Adair Holiday , Alexander Ralph A.
Published: September 2011

Two groups of items were deliberately selected from a standard psychometrically sound test so that both had the same mean value for ail the interitem correlations yet they differed in terms of the variance among the interitem correlations. The two groups were then treated as separate tests, and all possible split-half correlations were computed for each “test.” The more heterogeneous group resulted in a wider spread of split-half correlations. Furthermore, both groups of correlations showed a significant skew in the negative direction. It was concluded that an odd-even split and coefficient alpha significantly underestimate a test's true split-half reliability, as defined by the reliability coefficient generated by using the two most analogous forms of a test.
Construct Validity of the Children's Embedded Figures Test
Authors: Glynn Michael A. , Stoner Sue B.
Published: September 2011

The Children's Embedded Figures Test and the Matching Familiar Figures Test were given to 28 children ranging in age from 5 to 12 yr. ( M age = 9.3 yr.) to estimate the construct validity of the Children's Embedded Figures Test. A significant correlation of .65 between age and number of correct embedded figures and a nonsignificant correlation of .32 between number of correct embedded figures and latencies to match familiar figures were found. Implications are examined in the light of earlier findings demonstrating the convergent validity of the Children's Embedded Figures Test.
Training Cognitive Strategies Underlying Intelligent Problem Solving
Authors: Malloy Thomas E. , Mitchell Christine , Gordon Oakley E.
Published: September 2011

Cognitive strategies underlying excellent performance of intelligent people on the Raven's Progressive Matrices Test were used to develop a teaching package. 24 subjects in a Cognitive Strategies group were trained using this teaching package. An Exposure group of 17 subjects were not trained but solved all the examples of puzzles in the package. A Control group, with 13 subjects, received no intervention. Subjects were pre- and posttested on matrix solving ability and were posttested on a Piagetian multiplicative classification task. The Cognitive Strategies group showed the greatest improvement pre- to posttest, followed by the Exposure group and then the Control group. The Cognitive Strategies group was superior to both controls on the Piagetian task, indicating a broad improvement in cognitive functioning.
Reactance and Recidivism: Implications for Probation Policy and Research
Authors: Minor Kevin I.
Published: September 2011

Psychological reactance theory and the criminal justice system make opposing predictions regarding the effects of restriction of freedom on compliant behavior. This paper applies reactance theory to the problem of probation recidivism. Theoretical linkages are discussed in terms of implications for probation policy, and possibilities for empirical research are suggested.
Measurement for Warm-up Decrement
Authors: Ainscoe Mike , Hardy Lew
Published: September 2011

In response to Murray's 1982 suggestion of a standardised technique of measurement for warm-up decrement using orthogonal polynomial regression, a further modification is proposed, which places an emphasis on the analysis of performance rather than rate of change in performance scores.
Validation and Use of a School Readiness Battery in an Israeli Elementary School Integration Program
Authors: Ben-Yochanan Avraham , Katz Yaacov
Published: September 2011

A School Readiness Test Battery comprising the Information and Similarities subtests of Wechsler's preschool scale, selected elements of the Gesell Reading Readiness Test and the Minkowich Test of Arithmetic Readiness was used to screen candidates of low socioeconomic status for entry into a first-grade integration program in an Israeli elementary school. The candidates were retested at the end of first grade on a battery of tests of reading and arithmetic skills and achievement. An analysis of intercorrelations among readiness and achievement measures indicates that, the Gesell and Minkowich readiness tests administered to kindergarten children lead to superior prediction of school readiness at first grade.
Relationship between Self-Actualization and Self-Reported Health Practices
Authors: Petosa Richard A. , Cangemi Joseph P. , Baum Robert A. , Harryman M. Eugene
Published: September 2011

To compare the reported health practices of high self-actualizing individuals with those of low self-actualizing individuals, 453 students enrolled in personal hygiene classes at a large southern university completed the Personal Orientation Inventory, a measure of self-actualization. The fifty highest scorers were identified as the high self-actualizing group and the 50 lowest scorers were identified as the low self-actualizing group. The two groups were administered the Health Practices Inventory. The high self-actualizing group reported using better health practices.
Long-Term Nonhabituating Noise Stressor on Sleep Behavior of Rats
Authors: Nijssen Anton , Snel Jan
Published: September 2011

A 90-dB(A) noise of 6500 to 9500 Hz during the 12-hr. light period of a 12:12 LD-schedule disturbed the rest or sleep of male Wistar rats and did so chronically for 6 days and 26 days. Noise exposure was randomized as for length of time such that 20% of each light period was spent in noise. The noise presented in our experimental design is an adequate stressor to interfere with sleep in rats over the long term.
MMPI Profiles of Normal People Who Display Frequent Temporal-Lobe Signs
Authors: Persinger M. A.
Published: September 2011

Comparisons were made between personality (MMPI) profiles of 26 part-time university students who scored in the upper and 29 students who scored in the lower one-quarter of the range on a scale that measures temporal-lobe signs in the normal population. Compared to the reference group, the subjects who displayed mote temporal-lobe signs showed statistically significant elevations above a T score of 70 on Schizophrenia and Hypomania. There were secondary elevations on Psychasthenia and frequency scales. Similar profiles whose high-point scores display greater amplitude are typical for patients with schizotypal disorders and for many patients who have long histories of temporal lobe epilepsy. These results support the existence of a continuum of temporal-lobe lability that extends into the normal population.
Effects of Psychophysical Scaling Method, Body Test-Site, and Skin-Contactor Surface Area on Vibrotactile Magnitude Functions
Authors: Fucci Donald , Petrosino Linda , Harris Daniel , Math Elise Mc
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to focus on possible interactive effects that scaling method, body test-site, and skin-contactor surface area might have on vibrotactile magnitude functions. The psychophysical scaling methods of magnitude estimation and magnitude production were used to apply vibrotactile stimulation to the anterior midline of the tongue and the thenar eminence of the hand through the use of three skin-contactor areas (.128, .320, and 1.30 cm3). Ten subjects, ranging in age from 19 to 21 yr. ( M age = 19.8 yr.) were employed. Data obtained from the 10 subjects suggested that the suprathreshold-scaling method chosen can be a significant determinant of the findings obtained. They further suggested that the tongue and hand may respond differently to suprathreshold vibrotactile stimulation and that the effects of varying skin-contactor area may be different for the two body-sites tested.
Selected Sleep Disturbances in School Children Reported by Parents: Prevalence, Interrelationships, Behavioral Correlates and Parental Attributions
Authors: Fisher Barbara E. , Wilson Alexander E.
Published: September 2011

Epidemiological, behavioral and etiological variables related to sleep disturbances were investigated in a survey of 1695 children in Grades 1 to 12 from 11 randomly selected schools. Sleep-walking, nightmares and sleep-talking were strongly associated with each other as well as to a family history of sleep-walking. Enuresis, however, was not related to the other sleep variables. Socioeconomic status of father was weakly related to enuresis and sleep-talking but not to sleep-walking or nightmares. Gender was not related to any of the sleep disturbances. The behavioral variables, physical activity, attention, emotional excitability, and feelings easily hurt showed a small association with the sleep disturbances. Parents most frequently attributed causes of sleep-walking and nightmares to over-tiredness and over-excitement. As well, parents' comments indicated that they tend to associate specific events such as illness or more often, frightening TV content with nightmares, but not sleepwalking.
Impoverished Written Responses and Negative Features of Schizophrenia
Authors: Manschreck Theo C. , Maher Brendan A. , Ames Donna , Schneyer Margaret L.
Published: September 2011

Repetition in the written language of schizophrenics and its possible relationships to other aspects of schizophrenic disorders are not well understood. We investigated repetitiousness in written utterances, finding schizophrenic subjects to be more repetitive than affective controls and normal controls. Over-all, written repetitiousness was more strongly correlated with psychopathologic features than oral repetitiousness. As in previous work, thought-disordered schizophrenic subjects produced the most repetitive responses. Poverty of content and illogical thinking were correlated with scores for written repetition. Measures of other negative features, disturbed mental functioning and motor behavior were also associated with repetitiousness in both written and oral modes. That these negative features are linked (namely, linguistic repetitiousness, negative formal thought disorder, voluntary motor abnormalities, and deficient mental functioning) is consistent with Crow's concept of a defect syndrome (Type 2) in schizophrenia.
Preliminary Study of the Khatena-Morse Multitalent Perception Inventory
Authors: Khatena Joe , Morse David T.
Published: September 2011

The Khatena-Morse Multitalent Perception Inventory has two forms of 50 items each designed to identify leadership, music, art, and creative talent of people age 10 yr. and over. It was developed on the basis of previous research and hypotheses about these areas of talent reported and used by the first author in the construction of earlier records for assessment of talent. Most subjects can complete the inventory in 10 to 30 min. Scoring is done by counting affirmative responses; the total serves as a versatility index. Internal consistency, alternate forms, and test-retest reliability, and indices of validity indicate the inventory is promising as a brief screening device for multitalent presently defined as versatility.
Eye Movements While Viewing a Baseball Pitch
Authors: Shank Matthew D. , Haywood Kathleen M.
Published: September 2011

Information-processing theory predicts that sport performers gain information from their environment through use of a systematic pattern of eye movements/fixations. Of interest here was the visual-search pattern used in viewing an oncoming baseball pitch and whether this pattern differed for expert and novice batters. Ocular latencies were also examined during the task. Subjects were 9 varsity collegiate baseball players (expert) and 9 novice players. Each subject was shown 20 pitches on videotape, with the type of pitch (curve, fastball) and type of motion (wind-up, stretch) varied During the viewing eye movements were recorded by a photoelectric technique. Expert players fixated during wind-up on the anticipated release point and then, after a latency of about 150 msec. following release, moved their eyes to the oncoming ball. Novice batters tended to move their eyes before release or to fixate somewhere other than the release point, such as the pitcher's head. Performance differences in hitting may be partially attributable to these differences in visual search pattern. This latter finding supports the information-processing viewpoint, yet the existence of an eye-movement latency supports a direct perception perspective.
Sex Differences in Privacy Preferences
Authors: Pedersen Darhl M.
Published: September 2011

A Privacy Questionnaire was administered to 118 male and 142 female college students to determine differences in the patterns of privacy preferences between the sexes. The questionnaire contained factor scales for measuring six independent types of privacy. t-tests showed that the means for women were significantly higher than those for men in their preferences for Intimacy with Family and Intimacy with Friends. On the other hand, for Isolation the mean for men was significantly higher than that for women. There were no significant differences between the means for the two sexes on the remaining three dimensions, Reserve, Solitude, and Anonymity.
Some Attractiveness Parameters from Birth to Four Years
Authors: Horvath T. , Szmigelsky L. , Fenton L. A.
Published: September 2011

Facial drawings of infants from 2 wk. to 4 yr. varying in eye height, pupil size, and mouth shape were rated for attractiveness by 181 female and 82 male undergraduates. Stimulus age was the most influential determinant of attractiveness. None of the facial variables showed a consistent effect at all ages though eye height was influential at 1 yr. and older. Judged in the context of a substantial age range the very young seem less attractive in absolute terms and possibly less susceptible to discriminations of attractiveness.
Changes in Central Somatosensory Pathways Accompanying Reaction Movements
Authors: Nishihira Y. , Araki H. , Ishihara A.
Published: September 2011

The changes within central somatosensory pathways accompanying reaction movements were examined by subtracting the peak latency of the major response from the cervical area (14 msec.) from that of the primary cortical response (20 msec.) and also measuring the CNV which is dependent on the direction of the subject's attention and level of arousal. These parameters were measured before (at rest), during fast and slow reaction movements, and mental readiness to act. Analysis showed that the difference in N20-N14 potential latencies is the shortest during fast reaction movements and is shorter during movement tasks than during mental readiness and intention to act. Moreover, we confirmed that the CNV amplitudes are significantly higher during fast than during slow reaction movements and also that the difference in N20-N14 potential latencies decreases as the CNV amplitude increases. Accordingly, from the present results and a series of studies conducted by others, it may be concluded that not only are the changes in the central motor area confirmed by the movement-associated cerebral potentials but also those in the central somatosensory area occur prior to reaction movements.
Study of Need-Achievement Motivation among Hawaiian College Students
Authors: Schroth Marvin L. , Andrew David F.
Published: September 2011

The Work and Family Orientation Questionnaire was administered to 294 Hawaiian college students to measure need achievement. Norms were set up for both sexes on all three subscales. Men scored higher on the Competitiveness Scale whereas women had higher Work dimension scores. No differences were found on the Mastery Scale.
7 ± 2: Miller Must Have Been an Assistant Professor
Authors: Thomas Jerry R.
Published: September 2011

Miller's magical number for memory span (7 ± 2) is humorously brought to task because of its inability to predict the everyday performance of teenagers, graduate students, and full professors. Explanations are provided for the deficits in memory performance of these subgroups during lifespan development.