bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Novel Polyaniline Nanowire Arrays/Three‐Dimensional Graphene Composite for Supercapacitor
Authors: Gao Xin , Zhang Hengwei , Yue Hongyan , Yao Fei , Zhang Xiaohua , Guo Erjun , Ma Yingyi , Wang Zengze , Wang Yuanbo
Published: September 2020

It is an effective way to obtain high performance supercapacitors by increasing the surface area and conductivity of electrode materials. In this paper, three‐dimensional (3D) graphene with a small pore size, good electrical conductivity and high mechanical strength is fabricated by chemical vapor deposition using nickel nanoparticles as the template. Then, a polyaniline nanowire arrays (PANI NWAs)/3D graphene composite is fabricated by in‐situ polymerization. Due to the high conductivity and unique nano‐structure, the as‐prepared PANI NWAs/3D graphene composite exhibits an excellent capacitance of 680 F g−1 at current density of 1 A g−1. Moreover, a symmetric supercapacitor based on the PANI NWAs/3D graphene composite is assembled, and it shows an energy density of 6.43 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 0.4 kW kg−1. The assembled supercapacitor also exhibits a good cycling stability, which retains 78 % of its initial specific capacitance after 1000 cycles.
Organo‐Cascade Catalysis: Application of Merged Iminium‐Enamine Activation Technique and Related Cascade Reactivities
Authors: Mukherjee Shirshendu , Biswas Bhaskar
Published: September 2020

Iminium‐enamine catalyzed chemical reactions provide a blueprint to carry out diverse organocatalyzed cascade reactions with high selectivity and efficiency and therefore, this class of reactions holds a great promise to offer important synthetic strategies to deliver valuable and useful natural products as well as biologically potent compounds with immense significance. The applications of enamine‐iminium (EN‐IM) catalysis in organocatalytic cascade reactions become a very useful strategy in organic synthesis. This review article aims to focus on an important overview about different strategies employed in the production of value added organic products. An effort has also been made to demonstrate the applications of merged Iminium‐enamine activation techniques in proceeding organo‐cascade reactions to illuminate the advantage of atom economy and step economy in the chemical reactions.
Potentially morally injurious events and depression symptoms among a trauma‐exposed sample: Examining the roles of interpersonal needs and emotion dysregulation
Authors: Ray Travis N. , Hunsanger Jillian A. , Nagy Samantha M. , Pickett Scott M.
Published: September 2020

The current study examined a conceptual model of the association between potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs) and depression symptoms. It was hypothesized that interpersonal needs (i.e., perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness) would independently mediate the relationship between PMIEs and depression symptoms, while emotion dysregulation would moderate the associations. Individuals who experienced a traumatic event and were residing in the United States (N = 147) completed a cross‐sectional questionnaire containing measures of PMIEs, interpersonal needs, emotion dysregulation and depression symptoms. Results indicated that the indirect effect through perceived burdensomeness was significant at high levels of emotion dysregulation, whereas the indirect effect through thwarted belongingness was non‐significant. Additionally, emotion dysregulation moderated each pathway, with the exception of the direct effects from PMIEs to depression symptoms. The proposed model may be informative for researchers and clinicians interested in the association between PMIEs and depression symptoms. The results may encourage the use of emotion regulation strategies to assist patients suffering from depression symptoms, especially when exposure to a PMIE has occurred.
Redox‐Responsive Nanobiomaterials‐Based Therapeutics for Neurodegenerative Diseases
Authors: Eleftheriadou Despoina , Kesidou Despoina , Moura Francisco , Felli Eric , Song Wenhui
Published: September 2020

Redox regulation has recently been proposed as a critical intracellular mechanism affecting cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Redox homeostasis has also been implicated in a variety of degenerative neurological disorders such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. In fact, it is hypothesized that markers of oxidative stress precede pathologic lesions in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. Several therapeutic approaches have been suggested so far to improve the endogenous defense against oxidative stress and its harmful effects. Among such approaches, the use of artificial antioxidant systems has gained increased popularity as an effective strategy. Nanoscale drug delivery systems loaded with enzymes, bioinspired catalytic nanoparticles and other nanomaterials have emerged as promising candidates. The development of degradable hydrogels scaffolds with antioxidant effects could also enable scientists to positively influence cell fate. This current review summarizes nanobiomaterial‐based approaches for redox regulation and their potential applications as central nervous system neurodegenerative disease treatments.
Deep‐Level Defect in Quasi‐Vertically Oriented CuSbS2 Thin Film
Authors: Zhang Yuanfang , Huang Jialiang , Zhang Xueyun , Chin Robert Lee , Nielsen Michael P. , Rey Germain , Zeng Yiyu , Kampwerth Henner , Hameiri Ziv , Ekins-Daukes Nicholas J. , Hao Xiaojing
Published: September 2020

The anomalous optoelectronic properties of a quasi‐vertical orientated Chalcostibite CuSbS2 thin film synthesized on glass substrate are studied in detail. Two well‐separated absorption edges of CuSbS2 are identified by photothermal‐deflection spectroscopy (PDS) at 1.48 and 0.90 eV. The formation mechanism of the 0.9 eV infrared edge is found to be crystal orientation related. The properties of the 0.9 eV absorption edge are subject to detailed investigation using temperature‐dependent photoluminescence (TDPL) characterization, which attribute the origin of this phenomenon to a deep‐level defect state near the mid‐bandgap of CuSbS2.
Feature location enhancement based on source code augmentation with synonyms of terms
Authors: Saifan Ahmad A. , Obeidat Lana
Published: September 2020

In software maintenance the developers may add new feature to program, improve existing function, and remove bugs. In this case the developer should identify the location in the source code that corresponds to a specific functionality; this is known as feature location. This presents a new approach for enhancing the process of feature location using Information Retrieval (IR) and Natural Language Processing. The approach presented augments the source code with additional semantic information that was extracted and derived from the synonyms of source code terms. This approach works in a pipeline structure, starting by augmenting the source code corpus with synonyms of the original terms and ending by inferring the source code with a particular user query. More specifically, the WordNet platform is used for extracting the synonyms of terms. Moreover, the approach uses an advanced IR technique, namely the Latent Semantic Indexing, for searching and inferring the source code. The used approach was tested and evaluated on two open source systems, namely the Qt and Hippodraw. Four experiments were conducted on each system using 21 features and the results showed that enriching the source code with synonyms of terms clearly and significantly improved the process of feature location efficiently. The experimental results showed that the approach presented obtained higher levels of Recall and Precision. For that reason, it has been shown to improve the state‐of‐the‐art techniques for feature location process.
Effective automated repair of internationalization presentation failures in web applications using style similarity clustering and search‐based techniques
Authors: Mahajan Sonal , Alameer Abdulmajeed , McMinn Phil , Halfond William G. J.
Published: September 2020

Companies often employ (i18n) frameworks to provide translated text and localized media content on their websites in order to effectively communicate with a global audience. However, the varying lengths of text from different languages can cause undesired distortions in the layout of a web page. Such distortions, called Internationalization Presentation Failures (IPFs), can negatively affect the aesthetics or usability of the website. Most of the existing automated techniques developed for assisting repair of IPFs either produce fixes that are likely to significantly reduce the legibility and attractiveness of the pages or are limited to only detecting IPFs, with the actual repair itself remaining a labour intensive manual task. To address this problem, we propose a search‐based technique for automatically repairing IPFs in web applications, while ensuring a legible and attractive page. The empirical evaluation of our approach reported that our approach was able to successfully resolve 94% of the detected IPFs for 46 real‐world web pages. In a user study, participants rated the visual quality of our fixes significantly higher than the unfixed versions and also considered the repairs generated by our approach to be notably more legible and visually appealing than the repairs generated by existing techniques.
Enhancing gelation properties of dioctyl phthalate using urethane and urea‐based gelators to improve mechanical properties of polyvinylchloride
Authors: Li Xuejing , Wang Shaoyu , Wan Tong , Zhang Huan , Li Shuo , Yan Wenzhe
Published: September 2020

This study provides a new approach to promote the mechanical properties of polyvinylchloride/dioctyl phthalate (PVC/DOP) via gelators. It presented the effect of newly synthesized urethane and urea‐based gelators on the plasticizer DOP, and then prepared for PVC. 4,4′‐Diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) was reacted with lauryl alcohol (LA), stearyl alcohol (SA), and octadecylamine (OL) to prepare LML, SMS, and SMO, respectively. These gelators were self‐assembled in the common plasticizer DOP to form gels, and then PVC was blended with these gels. SMO exhibited the lowest critical gelator concentration (CGC) in DOP. FEEM observation of xerogels exhibited micro platelet morphology with various sizes. Rheological evaluation revealed that DOPgel enhanced the gelating ability of PVC. Mechanical measurement showed that gelators improved the tensile properties of PVC in the sequence of LML > SMS > SMO. Tensile modulus and the tensile strength of PVC/DOP increased by 74.6% (from 14.6 to 25.5 MPa) and 19.8% (from 13.1 to 15.7 MPa) only by adding 3% LML. These new urethane and urea‐based gelators improved the mechanical strength of PVC without reducing its toughness.
Genome editing in the yeast Nakaseomyces delphensis and description of its complete sexual cycle
Authors: Zhou Li Youfang , Boisnard Stéphanie , Enache‐Angoulvant Adela , Fairhead Cécile
Published: September 2020

The environmental yeast Nakaseomyces delphensis is, phylogenetically, the closest known species to Candida glabrata, a major fungal pathogen of humans. C. glabrata is haploid and described as asexual, while N. delphensis is also haploid, but has been described as competent for mating and meiosis. Both genomes contain homologues of all the genes necessary for sexual reproduction and also the genes for Ho‐dependent mating‐type switching, like Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We first report the construction of genetically engineered strains of N. delphensis, including by CRISPR‐Cas 9 gene editing. We also report the description of the sexual cycle of N. delphensis. We show that it undergoes Ho‐dependent mating‐type switching in culture and that deletion of the HO gene prevents such switching and allows maintenance of stable, separate, MATa and MATalpha haploid strains. Rare, genetically selected diploids can be obtained through mating of haploid strains, mutated or not for the HO gene. In contrast to HO/HO diploids, which behave as expected, Δho/Δho diploids exhibit unusual profiles in flow cytometry. Both types of diploids can produce recombined haploid cells, which grow like the original haploid‐type strain. Our experiments thus allow the genetic manipulation of N. delphensis and the reconstruction, in the laboratory, of its entire life cycle.
Communities in Fukushima and Chernobyl—Enabling and Inhibiting Factors for Recovery in Nuclear Disaster Areas
Authors: Okada Tetsuya , Cholii Serhii , Karácsonyi Dávid , Matsumoto Michimasa
Published: September 2020

This chapter provides case studies on disaster recovery in the context of community participation. It presents two cases that explore, compare and contrast the nuclear disasters in Chernobyl and Fukushima. Despite differences in the socio-economic circumstances between the Soviet Union (Soviet–Ukraine) in 1986 and Japan in 2011, the Chernobyl and Fukushima disasters provide an opportunity to discuss power relations in disaster management and the role of local communities. These large-scale nuclear disasters are amongst the most traumatic experiences for the disaster-impacted communities worldwide. This chapter discusses the implementation of relocation and resettlement measures with socio-political power relations within and between the stakeholders. The combination of these is shown to significantly affect the everyday lives of those within the communities throughout the recovery process. Along with government documentation, the interviews with evacuees, community leaders and decision-makers conducted between 2012 and 2016 form the basis of the case studies discussed in this chapter.
Migration as a Potential Heat Stress Adaptation Strategy in Australia
Authors: Zander Kerstin K. , Richerzhagen Carmen , Garnett Stephen T.
Published: September 2020

As the climate changes, natural disasters are becoming more frequent and severe. Some disasters are sudden and briefly devastating. Research shows that, in response, many people emigrate temporarily but return when the danger is past. The effect of slow-onset disasters can be equally disruptive but the economic and social impacts can last much longer. In Australia, extreme heat and the rising frequency of heat waves is a slow-onset disaster even if individual periods of hot weather are brief. This chapter investigates the impact of increasing heat stress on the intention of people living in Australia to migrate to cooler places as an adaptation strategy using an online survey of 1344 people. About 73% felt stressed by increasing heat of which 11% expressed an intention to move to cooler places in response. The more affected people had been by the heat, the more likely they were to intend to move. Tasmania was a preferred destination (20% of those intending to move), although many people (38%) were unsure where they would go. As Australia becomes hotter, heat can be expected to play a greater role in people’s mobility decisions. Knowing the source and destination of this flow of internal migrants will be critical to planning and policy-making.
Designing Resilient Cities that Work for Women, Too
Authors: Barnes Jessica L.
Published: September 2020

Urban landscapes can—and do—influence multiple aspects of our lives, including our overall quality of life and disaster resilience. Research has confirmed that some populations experience negative outcomes in disasters at least partially attributed to poorly designed urban environments; and women's and girls’ resilience in particular can be impacted by their experience of the urban landscape. In response, urban designers have an opportunity and an obligation to incorporate gender-sensitive design approaches in all of their projects to ensure the whole community has access to the benefits of urban landscapes. This chapter examines current evidence and strategies for successful urban design that supports resilience in women and the cities they occupy.
Introduction
Authors: Schachtner Christina
Published: September 2020

The introductory chapter presents the idea behind the book, its main hypotheses, its innovative approach, and a detailed description of the research methods which were used from the perspective of an understanding-interpretative paradigm.
Probing the top Yukawa coupling at the LHC via associated production of single top and Higgs
Authors: Barger Vernon , Hagiwara Kaoru , Zheng Ya-Juan
Published: September 2020

Abstract

We study Higgs boson production associated with single top or anti-top via t-channel weak boson exchange at the LHC. The process is an ideal probe of the top quark Yukawa coupling, because we can measure the relative phase of htt and hWW couplings, thanks to the significant interference between the two amplitudes. By choosing the emitted W momentum along the polar axis in the th ($$ \overline{t}h $$

t
¯

h
) rest frame, we obtain the helicity amplitudes for all the contributing subprocesses analytically, with possible CP phase of the Yukawa coupling. We study the azimuthal asymmetry between the W emission and the Wb ($$ \overline{b} $$

b
¯

) → t($$ \overline{t} $$

t
¯

) h scattering planes, as well as several t and $$ \overline{t} $$

t
¯

polarization asymmetries as a signal of CP violating phase in the htt coupling. Both the azimuthal asymmetry and the polarization perpendicular to the scattering plane are found to have the opposite sign between the top and anti-top events. We identify the origin of the sign of asymmetries, and propose the possibility of direct CP violation test in pp collisions by comparing the top and anti-top polarization at the LHC.
The association between the Revised Cardiac Risk Index and short-term mortality after hip fracture surgery
Authors: Forssten Maximilian Peter , Mohammad Ismail Ahmad , Sjolin Gabriel , Ahl Rebecka , Wretenberg Per , Borg Tomas , Mohseni Shahin
Published: September 2020

Purpose

The post-operative mortality after hip fracture surgery is high and has remained largely unchanged during the last decades. The Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI) is a tool used to evaluate the 30-day risk of, among other outcomes, post-operative mortality. The aim of this study is to determine the association between the RCRI score and post-operative mortality in patients undergoing hip fracture surgery.

Methods

Data was obtained from the national hip fracture register which was cross-referenced with patients’ electronic hospital records. All adults who underwent primary emergency hip fracture surgery in Orebro County, Sweden, between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2017, were included. Patients were divided into two cohorts: low RCRI (score = 0–1) and high RCRI (score ≥ 2). A Poisson regression model was employed to investigate the association between a high RCRI score and 30- and 90-day post-operative mortality.

Results

A total of 2443 patients, of whom 446 (18%) had a high RCRI score, were included in the current study. When adjusting for age, sex, comorbidities and type of surgery, the incidence of 30-day mortality increased by 46% in the high RCRI cohort (adj. IRR 1.46, 95% CI, 1.10–1.94, p = 0.010). Similar results were observed for 90-day mortality (adj. IRR 1.50, 95% CI, 1.21–1.84, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

The RCRI is applicable to patients that undergo surgery for traumatic hip fractures. A high RCRI score is associated with an increased incidence of both 30- and 90-day post-operative mortality. Future studies to evaluate these findings are needed.
The environment they lived in: anthropogenic changes in local and regional vegetation composition in eastern Fennoscandia during the Neolithic
Authors: Alenius Teija , Marquer Laurent , Molinari Chiara , Heikkilä Maija , Ojala Antti
Published: September 2020

Understanding about regional versus local changes in vegetation is critical in answering archaeological questions, in particular at a time when humans are assumed to have caused higher disturbances at local scales rather than regional scales; this is the case during the Neolithic. The aim of this paper is to assess the impact of Neolithic land use on regional and local vegetation dynamics, plant composition and disturbance processes (e.g. fire) in eastern Fennoscandia. We apply the Landscape Reconstruction Algorithm (LRA) to high-resolution pollen records from three lacustrine sediment cores that cover the Neolithic period. We calculate changes in vegetation composition and the rate of plant compositional change. Fire dynamics are estimated as an indicator of land use, although fire can result from both natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Our results show that during the Early Neolithic, changes were mainly driven by natural and climate-induced factors and vegetation composition and fire activity were similar at both regional and local scales. From ca. 4000 bc onwards, trends in vegetation and fire dynamics start to differ between regional and local scales. This is due to local land uses that are overshadowed at the regional scale by climate-induced factors. The use of the LOVE model in pollen analyses is therefore very useful to highlight local land uses that are not visible by using REVEALS.
Recall of advertisements after various lapses of time
Authors: Laming Donald
Published: September 2020

The recall of 90 magazine advertisements, consisting of a Brand, a Picture and a Slogan, was tested by presenting one of these components as cue and asking for the other two. The advertisements were tested in groups of ten, each group requiring a sequence of 30 test trials (10 advertisements × 3 cues). Backwards analysis of the sequences of responses—that is, starting with the last trial and comparing it successively with the responses on earlier trials—identified many responses as repetitions of previous errors, replicating many of the findings in Laming, D. On the recall of errors in recall. JSMC Brain Science, 2019, 3: 21, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333448328_On_The_Recall_Of_Errors_In_Recall. Nine different groups of advertisements were tested after various lapses of time up to 4 months. A comparison is made between the (short term) probability of repeating a previous error as a function of lag within a single test sequence and the (longer term) probability of retrieving an advertisement as a function of elapsed time. Both these empirical relationships can be characterised by reciprocal functions, but they are otherwise quite different. Extrapolation of long-term accessibility to short intervals suggests recall in the short term could be much better than it is; extrapolation of short-term accessibility to longer intervals poses the contrary problem. Even though the only relevant variable in this comparison appears to be lapse of time, there is a question whether this comparison between short and long term is truly like with like.
Accounting for directivity-induced pulse-like ground motions in building portfolio loss assessment
Authors: Gentile Roberto , Galasso Carmine
Published: September 2020

Earthquake-induced pulse-like ground motions are often observed in near-source conditions due to forward-directivity. Recent worldwide earthquakes have emphasised the severe damage potential of such pulse-like ground motions. This paper introduces a framework to quantify the impact of directivity-induced pulse-like ground motions on the direct economic losses of building portfolios. To this aim, a simulation-based probabilistic risk modelling framework is implemented for various synthetic building portfolios located either in the fault-parallel or fault-normal orientations with respect to a case-study strike–slip fault. Three low-to-mid-rise building typologies representative of distinct vulnerability classes in the Mediterranean region are considered: non-ductile moment-resisting reinforced concrete (RC) frames with masonry infills, mainly designed to only sustain gravity loads (i.e. pre-code frames); moment-resisting RC infilled frames designed considering seismic provisions for high ductility capacity (i.e. special-code frames); special-code steel moment-resisting frames. Monte Carlo-based probabilistic seismic hazard analysis is first performed, considering the relevant modifications to account for the pulse-occurrence probability and the resulting spectral amplification. Hazard curves for sites/buildings located at different distances from the fault are obtained, discussing the spatial distribution of the hazard amplification. A set of pulse-like ground motions and a set of one-to-one spectrally-equivalent ordinary records are used to perform non-linear dynamic analysis and derive fragility relationships for each considered building typology. A vulnerability model is finally built by combining the derived fragility relationships with a (building-level) damage-to-loss model. The results are presented in terms of intensity-based and expected annual loss for synthetic portfolios of different sizes and distribution of building types. It is shown that, for particularly short-period structures (e.g. infilled RC frames), the influence of near-source directivity can be reasonably neglected in the fragility derivation while kept in place in the hazard component. Overall, near-source directivity effects are significant when estimating losses of individual buildings or small portfolios located very close to a fault. Nevertheless, the impact of pulse-like ground motions on losses for larger portfolios can be considered minimal and can be neglected in most of the practical large-scale seismic risk assessment applications.
Impact of methane and black carbon mitigation on forcing and temperature: a multi-model scenario analysis
Authors: Smith Steven J , Chateau Jean , Dorheim Kalyn , Drouet Laurent , Durand-Lasserve Olivier , Fricko Oliver , Fujimori Shinichiro , Hanaoka Tatsuya , Harmsen Mathijs , Hilaire Jérôme , Keramidas Kimon , Klimont Zbigniew , Luderer Gunnar , Moura Maria Cecilia P. , Riahi Keywan , Rogelj Joeri , Sano Fuminori , van Vuuren Detlef P. , Wada Kenichi
Published: September 2020

The relatively short atmospheric lifetimes of methane (CH4) and black carbon (BC) have focused attention on the potential for reducing anthropogenic climate change by reducing Short-Lived Climate Forcer (SLCF) emissions. This paper examines radiative forcing and global mean temperature results from the Energy Modeling Forum (EMF)-30 multi-model suite of scenarios addressing CH4 and BC mitigation, the two major short-lived climate forcers. Central estimates of temperature reductions in 2040 from an idealized scenario focused on reductions in methane and black carbon emissions ranged from 0.18–0.26 °C across the nine participating models. Reductions in methane emissions drive 60% or more of these temperature reductions by 2040, although the methane impact also depends on auxiliary reductions that depend on the economic structure of the model. Climate model parameter uncertainty has a large impact on results, with SLCF reductions resulting in as much as 0.3–0.7 °C by 2040. We find that the substantial overlap between a SLCF-focused policy and a stringent and comprehensive climate policy that reduces greenhouse gas emissions means that additional SLCF emission reductions result in, at most, a small additional benefit of ~ 0.1 °C in the 2030–2040 time frame.
Deep learning-based late fusion of multimodal information for emotion classification of music video
Authors: Pandeya Yagya Raj , Lee Joonwhoan
Published: September 2020

Affective computing is an emerging area of research that aims to enable intelligent systems to recognize, feel, infer and interpret human emotions. The widely spread online and off-line music videos are one of the rich sources of human emotion analysis because it integrates the composer’s internal feeling through song lyrics, musical instruments performance and visual expression. In general, the metadata which music video customers to choose a product includes high-level semantics like emotion so that automatic emotion analysis might be necessary. In this research area, however, the lack of a labeled dataset is a major problem. Therefore, we first construct a balanced music video emotion dataset including diversity of territory, language, culture and musical instruments. We test this dataset over four unimodal and four multimodal convolutional neural networks (CNN) of music and video. First, we separately fine-tuned each pre-trained unimodal CNN and test the performance on unseen data. In addition, we train a 1-dimensional CNN-based music emotion classifier with raw waveform input. The comparative analysis of each unimodal classifier over various optimizers is made to find the best model that can be integrate into a multimodal structure. The best unimodal modality is integrated with corresponding music and video network features for multimodal classifier. The multimodal structure integrates whole music video features and makes final classification with the SoftMax classifier by a late feature fusion strategy. All possible multimodal structures are also combined into one predictive model to get the overall prediction. All the proposed multimodal structure uses cross-validation to overcome the data scarcity problem (overfitting) at the decision level. The evaluation results using various metrics show a boost in the performance of the multimodal architectures compared to each unimodal emotion classifier. The predictive model by integration of all multimodal structure achieves 88.56% in accuracy, 0.88 in f1-score, and 0.987 in area under the curve (AUC) score. The result suggests human high-level emotions are automatically well classified in the proposed CNN-based multimodal networks, even though a small amount of labeled data samples is available for training.
Gender achievement gaps: the role of social costs to trying hard in high school
Authors: Workman Joseph , Heyder Anke
Published: September 2020

In American high schools female students put greater effort into school and outperform boys on indicators of academic success. Using data from the High School Longitudinal Study of 2009, we found female students’ greater academic effort and achievement was partly explained by different social incentives to trying hard in school experienced by male and female students. Males were 1.75 times as likely to report they would be unpopular for trying hard in school and 1.50 times as likely to report they would be made fun of for trying hard in school. Social costs to trying hard in school were directly associated with less rigorous mathematics course-taking and indirectly associated with lower GPA in STEM courses through lower academic effort.
Social epistemological conception of delusion
Authors: Miyazono Kengo , Salice Alessandro
Published: September 2020

The dominant conception of delusion in psychiatry (in textbooks, research papers, diagnostic manuals, etc.) is predominantly epistemic. Delusions are almost always characterized in terms of their epistemic defects, i.e., defects with respect to evidence, reasoning, judgment, etc. However, there is an individualistic bias in the epistemic conception; the alleged epistemic defects and abnormalities in delusions relate to individualistic epistemic processes rather than social epistemic processes. We endorse the social epistemological turn in recent philosophical epistemology, and claim that a corresponding turn is needed in the study of delusions. It is a turn from the (purely) individualistic conception, which characterizes delusions only by individualistic epistemic defects and abnormalities, to the (partially) social epistemic conception, which characterizes delusions by individualistic as well as social epistemic defects and abnormalities. This paper is intended as an initial step toward such a social epistemological turn. In particular, we will develop a new model of the development of delusions according to which testimonial abnormalities, including testimonial isolation and testimonial discount, are a causal factor in the development of delusions.
Good decision vs. good results: Outcome bias in the evaluation of financial agents
Authors: König-Kersting Christian , Pollmann Monique , Potters Jan , Trautmann Stefan T.
Published: September 2020

We document outcome bias in situations where an agent makes risky financial decisions for a principal. In three experiments, we show that the principal’s evaluations and financial rewards for the agent are strongly affected by the random outcome of the risky investment. This happens despite her exact knowledge of the investment strategy, which can, therefore, be assessed independently of the outcome. The principal thus judges the same decision by the agent differently, depending on factors that the agent has no influence on. The effect of outcomes persists in a setting where principals communicate a preferred investment level. Principals are more satisfied with the agent after a random success when the agent did not follow the requested investment level, than after a failed investment that followed their explicit request.
Elderly Volunteering in Europe: The Relationship Between Volunteering and Quality of Life Depends on Volunteering Rates
Authors: Morawski Leszek , Okulicz-Kozaryn Adam , Strzelecka Marianna
Published: September 2020

This paper investigates the effect of volunteering on quality of life (QoL) in 50+ populations across European countries and Israel. We analyzed data from the Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). Using the Kendall tau-b correlation coefficients, we show that the extent of effect volunteering has on quality of life is nonlinearly related to the prevalence of volunteering in a given country. The relationship follows an inverted-U-shaped curve. In countries where volunteering is the most popular (Denmark, Switzerland, and Belgium) and in countries with the lowest rates (Poland, Greece, the Czech Republic, and Spain), the correlation between volunteering and one’s quality of life is low. The correlation is high in countries with medium levels of volunteering (Austria, Italy, and Israel). Moreover, volunteering affects more internal than external domains of QoL. These new insights extend the discussion started by Haski-Leventhal (Voluntas Int J Volunt Nonprofit Organ 20:388–404, 2009). Our study is correlational, and we do not claim causality.
Mineral composition of elements in wood-growing mushroom species collected from of two regions of Poland
Authors: Mleczek Mirosław , Gąsecka Monika , Budka Anna , Siwulski Marek , Mleczek Patrycja , Magdziak Zuzanna , Budzyńska Sylwia , Niedzielski Przemysław
Published: September 2020

The study monitored the content of 55 elements in 21 wood-growing mushroom species collected between 2013 and 2019 from Lower and Upper Silesia in Poland. Only 27 of the elements (Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, In, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, Nd, Ni, P, Pb, Pr, Pt, Rh, Sr, Ti, Tm, V, Y, Zn, and Zr) were detected in all mushroom species, while others (As, Au, B, Be, Bi, Ce, Co, Cr, Dy, Er, Eu, Ga, Gd, Ge, Hf, Ho, Ir, Li, Lu, Mo, Os, Pb, Rb, Re, Ru, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, Tb, Te, Th, Tl, Tm, U, and Yb) were below the limit of detection in the fruit bodies of at least one species. Wide ranges for major elements in the whole population of all the mushroom species were as follows: 15.4–470 (Ca), 6580–44,600 (K), 314–2150 (Mg), 38.0–319 (Na), and 1100–15,500 (P) mg kg−1 dm, respectively. The rank sum revealed that M. giganteus fruit bodies were the most enriched with all detectable elements, while A. mellea had the lowest content of the majority of elements. Mushrooms belonging to the Hymenochaetaceae family were characterized as some of the most enriched with the studied elements, while mushrooms of the Fomitopsidaceae family had the lowest content of elements. Similarities as well as differences between the obtained results and the available literature data confirm the important role of both mushroom species and the tree on which the fungus has grown.
Participation of Children Involved in the Child Protection System – Validation of the Meaningful Participation Assessment Tool (MPAT)
Authors: Middel Floor , Post Wendy , López López Mónica , Grietens Hans
Published: September 2020

Children have the right to participate in child protection investigations. Although research suggests that participation is related to positive outcomes of children in the child protection system, children’s participation is not always facilitated in practice. Therefore, it is important to validate tools that can be used to further investigate children’s participation. We examined the psychometric properties (i.e., reliability, internal validity, and external validity) of the Meaningful Participation Assessment Tool (MPAT), which measures the degree in which child protection professionals enable children’s participation in child protection investigations. The MPAT is based on the Model of Meaningful Participation (Bouma et al. 2018) and distinguishes three domains of children’s participation in child protection: 1) informing, 2) hearing, and 3) involving in decision-making. It consists of 13 items. We validated the MPAT based on data from 292 child protection cases. We concluded that the MPAT was reliable, internally valid and externally valid. The MPAT’s reliability was reflected by substantial Cohen’s Kappa coefficients ranging from .63 to .92. The Mokken scale analysis revealed a strong scale of 8 items (H = .70, Rho = .89). Items on seeing and hearing children about child protection topics seemed relatively more easy to achieve compared to items on providing children with information, which suggests that child protection workers may struggle most with informing children. Lastly, we concluded that the MPAT might be externally valid because we found higher MPAT scores for subgroups based on child protection institution, age, and gender, which was in line with our expectations.
Perspectivism in current epigenetics
Authors: Bschir Karim
Published: September 2020

Discussions about perspectivism in the current philosophical literature often focus on questions concerning perspectival modeling or the compatibility between perspectivism and realism. In this paper, I propose to extend the debate on perspectivism by taking into account the social dimension of scientific perspectives. Scientific perspectives are always adopted and advocated for by individual scientists and groups of scientists with different epistemic affinities. I describe an example of a current and ongoing controversy in the field of epigenetics in order to illustrate that diverging scientific perspectives on open scientific questions are often not fully explained by empirical underdetermination or diverging theoretical approaches alone. Opposing perspectives frequently arise from differences in systems of practice and the scientific socializations of the involved scientists, including differences in training, experimental skills, and epistemic priorities. The paper ends with a discussion of the important epistemic function of perspectives in scientific discovery. Ultimately, perspectivism is described as a valid philosophical position that explains how scientific knowledge is generated in situations of empirical underdetermination and why trust in science can be justified even in the absence of a community consensus.
Alcohol Labelling in the Global Food System: Implications of Recent Work in the Codex Committee on Food Labelling
Authors: HEPWORTH Patricia , WARD Sarah , SCHÖLIN Lisa
Published: September 2020

Occupying the dual space of psychoactive substances and food, alcohol has to date escaped the international labelling standards required of either category. Following growing consumer concern focused on ingredient and energy labelling, the issue of alcohol labelling has been brought to the Codex Committee on Food Labelling (CCFL). Russia led the development of a discussion paper on the labelling of alcohol beverages, which was debated in May 2019. The discussion paper presented five policy options, ranging from doing nothing to initiating open-ended work on a new Codex standard. The progression of alcohol labelling through the CCFL raises a number of issues for public health advocates, as placing alcohol within the scope of the Codex clearly places labelling within the food system and has the potential to side-line health labelling concerns. This paper will first describe the process leading to the consideration of alcohol labelling at the CCFL and then consider the health and advocacy implications of the different options proposed to progress the work plan.
MRSA prevalence and hospital-level antibiotic use: A retrospective study across 122 acute-care hospitals
Authors: Livorsi Daniel J. , Nair Rajeshwari , Lund Brian C. , Alexander Bruce , Beck Brice F. , Goto Michihiko , Perencevich Eli N.
Published: September 2020

We evaluated the relationship between local MRSA prevalence rates and antibiotic use across 122 VHA hospitals in 2016. Higher hospital-level MRSA prevalence was associated with significantly higher rates of antibiotic use, even after adjusting for case mix and stewardship strategies. Benchmarking anti-MRSA antibiotic use may need to adjust for MRSA prevalence.
Potential association between recurrent facial nerve palsy and migraines
Authors: Kontorinis G , Tyagi A
Published: September 2020

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the possible association between recurrent facial nerve palsy and migraines.

Method

This study was a prospective case series with a two-year follow-up at an academic, tertiary referral centre and included patients with at least four episodes of recurrent lower motor neuron facial nerve palsy. All patients underwent standardised diagnostic tests.

Results

Four patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The patients were all female with an average age at presentation of 40.75 years (range, 33–60 years) and an average age at the initial episode of 14 years (range, 12–16 years). The number of episodes varied between six and nine. All patients had at least one episode of facial nerve palsy on the contralateral side. Two patients were diagnosed and treated for migraine with aura remaining asymptomatic following prophylactic medication for migraines.

Conclusion

The results raise the possibility of an association between recurrent facial nerve palsy and migraines. Prospective studies in patients with even fewer episodes of facial nerve palsy could shed more light on this association.
Single-use lidocaine hydrochloride 5 per cent w/v and phenylephrine hydrochloride 0.5 per cent w/v topical spray; can it now be employed as a multi-use atomiser?
Authors: Jog M , Zudovaite I , O'Dwyer M , Saeed K , Singh T
Published: September 2020

Objective

This study investigated the risk of contamination of lidocaine hydrochloride 5 per cent w/v and phenylephrine hydrochloride 0.5 per cent w/v topical solution after modification of the application technique.

Methods

This paper reports a prospective basic sciences study involving 22 study samples and 1 control sample of the lidocaine hydrochloride and phenylephrine hydrochloride topical anaesthetic spray. The samples were assessed for microbiological contamination after a single use on patients using a modified application technique. The modification involves keeping the nozzle (actuator) pressed down whilst withdrawing the spray to at least 30 cm (1 ft) from the patient, before releasing the nozzle (actuator) and subsequently reapplying the spray.

Results

Three of the 23 samples confirmed bacterial growth in the bottle contents, but there was no growth in any of the samples from the pump. These bacteria are considered to be contaminants.

Conclusion

There is a potential to use the lidocaine hydrochloride 5 per cent w/v and phenylephrine hydrochloride 0.5 per cent w/v topical solution as a multi-use spray by changing the actuator between patients. This would have significant beneficial cost implications without the attendant infection control risk.
Atypical communication characteristics among clinic-referred youth with and without autism spectrum disorder: Stability and associations with clinical correlates
Authors: Kang Erin , Lerner Matthew D. , Gadow Kenneth D.
Published: September 2020

Atypical communication characteristics (ACCs), such as speech delay, odd pitch, and pragmatic difficulties, are common features of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as are the symptoms of a wide range of psychiatric disorders. Using a simple retrospective method, this study aimed to better understand the relation and stability of ACCs with a broad range of psychiatric symptoms among large, well-characterized samples of clinic-referred children and adolescents with and without ASD. Youth with ASD had higher rates and a more variable pattern of developmental change in ACCs than the non-ASD diagnostic group. Latent class analysis yielded three ACC stability subgroups within ASD: Stable ACCs, Mostly Current-Only ACCs, and Little Professors. Subgroups exhibited differences in severity of ASD symptomatology, co-occurring psychiatric symptoms, and other correlates. Our findings provide support for the clinical utility of characterizing caregiver-perceived changes in ACCs in identifying children at risk for co-occurring psychopathology and other clinically relevant variables.
Foraminiferal biostratigraphy of Brigantian-Arnsbergian limestones from eastern Scotland and Northumberland (northeast England)
Authors: CÓZAR Pedro , SOMERVILLE Ian D.
Published: September 2020

Foraminifers, calcareous algae and incertae sedis Algospongia of late Asbian to late Brigantian age in limestones from East Fife, East Lothian and Northumberland, enable the base of the late Brigantian to be recognised in all these areas. Preservation of the late Asbian and early Brigantian limestones in cyclothemic successions is generally poor. The St Monans White Limestone (St Monans, Fife), First Abden Limestone (Kirkcaldy, Fife), Middle Longcraig Limestone (East Lothian) and Lower Bath-House Wood/Middle Bath-House Wood (Northumberland) were confidently correlated by their foraminiferal assemblages. These limestones are all assigned to the top of the Assemblage 6 in northern England (Single Post Limestone). The St Monans Brecciated/St Monans Little/Charlestown Main limestones (St Monans, Fife) and the Second Abden/Seafield Tower limestones (Kirkcaldy, Fife), Upper Longcraig/Lower Skateraw limestones (East Lothian), Upper Bath-House Wood/Shotto Wood limestones and Eelwell Limestone (Northumberland) are assigned to the Assemblage 7 in northern England (Scar Limestone and Five Yard Limestone). The paired Middle/Upper Skateraw limestones (East Lothian) and the Acre Limestone (Northumberland) contain representatives of the Assemblage 8 from northern England (Three Yard Limestone). Higher up in the succession, in Northumberland, the foraminiferal assemblage in the Sandbanks Limestone can be compared with Assemblage 9 in northern England (Four Fathom Limestone). Above the Great Limestone and Little Limestone, with their characteristic Pendleian assemblages, the Sugar Sands Limestone and Corbridge Limestone contain Arnsbergian foraminiferal assemblages, typical of the Lower Felltop Limestone in northern England. The Lower Foxton Limestone is correlated with the Upper Felltop Limestone, whereas the Thornbrough Limestone in Northumberland lacks diagnostic Arnsbergian taxa.