bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Habitat selection by anchovies (Clupeiformes: Engraulidae) in a tropical bay at Southeastern Brazil
Authors: Araújo Francisco G. , Silva Marcio A. , Santos Joaquim N. S. , Vasconcellos Ruan M.
Published: January 2009

Distribution of anchovies (Clupeiformes, Engraulidae) was described in the Sepetiba Bay, a coastal area of Southeastern Brazil, to assess eventual mechanisms of habitat selection. Two fish sampling programmes were accomplished; one using beach seine (1998/2000) to catch juveniles in sandy beaches, and the other, using seines (1999/2000) to catch adults in deeper bay areas. Six species representing 4 genera were recorded: Anchoa tricolor, Anchoa januaria, Anchoa lyolepis, Cetengraulis edentulus, Engraulis anchoita and Lycengraulis grossidens. Anchoa tricolor and A. januaria were the most abundant species, with the former peaking in the outer bay, while the latter peaking in the inner bay. Adults A. tricolor are target of heavy commercial fisheries in the bay during Spring-Summer, while E. anchoita, an abundant species in the continental shelf, was occasionally caught in large numbers during the Autumn. The habitat selection, by using two different bay areas, was developed by the two most abundant species, a probable mechanism to enable their coexistence.
Ecology and life history of an Amazon floodplain cichlid: the discus fish Symphysodon (Perciformes: Cichlidae)
Authors: Crampton William G. R.
Published: January 2009

The discus fishes of the genus Symphysodon are popular ornamental cichlids that occur in floodplain lakes and flooded forests of the lowland Amazon Basin. These habitats are characterized by extreme seasonal fluctuations in the availability of food, shelter and dissolved oxygen, and also the densities of predators and parasites. Most aspects of discus biology are influenced by these fluctuating conditions. This paper reports an autoecological study of the western Amazonian discus S. haraldi (until recently classified as S. aequifasciatus). This species feeds predominantly on algal periphyton, fine organic detritus, plant matter, and small aquatic invertebrates. At high water it forages alone or in small groups in flooded forests. At low water it forms large aggregations in fallen tree crowns along lake margins. Breeding occurs at the beginning of the flood season, ensuring that the progeny are well grown before the next low water period. Symphysodon haraldi is an iteroparous partial spawner, reaches reproductive maturity within a year, and undertakes parental care of its eggs and larvae. The timing of spawning events, and/or the rate of brood survival, may be influenced by fluctuations in the flood level, resulting in a non-unimodal distribution of size classes for the subsequent 1+ cohort.
Assessing diet composition of seahorses in the wild using a non destructive method: Hippocampus reidi (Teleostei: Syngnathidae) as a study-case
Authors: Castro André Luiz da Costa , Diniz Aline de Farias , Martins Ieda Zaparolli , Vendel Ana Lúcia , Oliveira Tacyana Pereira Ribeiro de , Rosa Ierecê Maria de Lucena
Published: January 2009

This paper presents the results of the first analysis of the natural diet of Hippocampus reidi, one of the most sought after seahorse species in the international aquarium trade. Its main goals were to investigate food items and prey categories consumed by the species, and to discuss feeding strategy and inter and intra-individual components of niche breadth. Data were gathered from October 2005 to September 2006 at the Mamanguape estuary, State of Paraíba, NE Brazil. Food items from seahorses anaesthetized with clove oil were obtained by using a modified version of the flushing method, and were counted and identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level. Specimens were marked and had their height, sex, life and reproductive stage recorded, and then returned to the same place where they were found for the further assessment of anaesthetization/gut flushing on seahorses. Food items were analyzed using frequency of occurrence, relative abundance, index of preponderance and prey-specific abundance using the points method. The graphic method of Amundsen et al. (1996) was used to interpret the feeding strategy and contribution to niche breadth. Nematodes and crustaceans were the most important items found, the latter item usually being the most commonly found in the gut contents of syngnathids. No significant differences in diet composition were found between reproductive stages, however, a higher proportion of large items were consumed by the larger seahorses. The feeding strategy and niche breadth analysis suggests that H. reidi has a generalist feeding strategy, with high variation between phenotypes. Our results suggest that the anaesthetization-flushing technique has the potential to be a useful tool in seahorse research.
The introduction of the African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) into Brazilian inland waters: a growing threat
Authors: Rocha Gecely Rodrigues Alves
Published: January 2009

The biology of the introduced species Clarias gariepinus in lagoa Encantada (Ilhéus, Bahia State) was studied. Samples were obtained with gillnets between May 2002 and February 2004. All individuals caught exceeded the average length at first maturity cited in literature. Males and females in maturation stages indicate that the species is already established in the lake.
Winter distribution, density and size of Mesodesma mactroides (Bivalvia, Mactracea) in Monte Hermoso beach (Argentina)
Authors: Fiori Sandra Marcela , Cazzaniga Nestor J. , Estebenet Alejandra L.
Published: January 2009

The yellow clam Mesodesma mactroides (Deshayes, 1854) is a seasonal migrant that moves in spring to the sandy upper intertidal level. In this paper we analyze the spatial distribution of density and mean shell size of the yellow clam population in Monte Hermoso beach (Argentina) in winter 1995, i.e., three months before the mass mortality occurred in November 1995. Sampling covered 32 km of beach, with a regular design of 22 transects. The major environmental gradient in the beach was determined using principal component analysis (PCA) on the correlation matrix of the environmental data (beach morphology, slope, and sand granulometry). Correlation analysis was used to assess the relationship between the score of a site (transect) on the first and second principal component, and clam mean density and mean shell size. Most of the beach seems to be habitable for clams, their spatial heterogeneity not having been explained by the measured variables since, although the first axis of the PCA has demonstrated an E-W physical gradient, clam density was not in correlation with it. Density was maximum near the piers, even though these are points with high tourist activity. It seems that non-extractive touristic activities do not affect population density but rather mean shell size, probably due to reduction of growth rates. The abundance of the winter population, as compared with the assessment done after the mass mortality of November, strongly suggests that a great part of the population was overwintering in the intertidal fringe.
Temporal variation in fish assemblage composition on a tidal flat
Authors: Spach Henry L. , Godefroid Rodrigo S. , Santos César , Schwarz Jr. Roberto , Queiroz Guilherme M. L. de
Published: January 2009

Annual variation in the fish assemblage characteristics on a tidal flat was studied in coastal Paraná, in southern Brazil. Fish were collected between August 1998 and July 1999, during the diurnal high tide and diurnal and nocturnal low tide of the syzygial (full moon) and quadrature (waning moon) tides, to characterize temporal change in assemblage composition. A total of 64,265 fish in 133 species were collected. The average number of species and individuals, biomass, species richness, diversity (mass) and equitability varied significantly over time . The dissimilarity of the assemblage was greatest in August, September and October in contrast with the period from November to January, with the lowest dissimilarity. The combined action of water temperature, salinity and wind intensity had a great influence over the structure of the fish assemblage.
Age, growth and mortality of dog snapper Lutjanus jocu (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) in the northeast coast of Brazil
Authors: Rezende Sérgio de Magalhães , Ferreira Beatrice Padovani
Published: January 2009

The age and growth of Lutjanus jocu was assessed through readings of growth marks in sagitta otoliths. From August 1996 to March 2000, fish were sampled (n=3.539) in the northeast portion of the Brazilian Exclusive Economic Zone. Sagitta otoliths were extracted from a sub sample of 216 individuals caught around the oceanic bank Sirius (03°59' s; 35°59' w) and over continental shelf from Ceará (05°03's; 36°02'w) to Bahía States (09°01's; 35°12'w). Opaque bands, presumed to be annual, were observed on whole (n= 210) and sectioned (n= 197) otoliths, showing ages from 0 to 20 and from 0 to 25 years respectively. The von Bertalanffy growth model was fit to length-at-age data resulting in the values of Li= 77.22 cm, K= 0.110 and t0= -3.73. Incremental widths from the first to twentieth opaque band on sectioned otoliths (n = 39) were used on back calculation of length-at-ages and the estimated values were Li= 71,20 cm, K= 0.112 e t0= -4.32. Otolith reading from sections is a reliable technique for aging L. jocu, which presented medium to high longevity and slow growth. Total mortality (Z) estimated by the catch curve was 0.134 corresponding to an annual survival rate of 87.5%. The natural mortality (M) estimated by the Ault et al. (1998) methodology was 0.12 for 25 years of longevity.
Organochlorine pesticides residues and PCBs in benthic organisms of the inner shelf of the São Sebastião Channel, São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Gorni Rosângela , Weber Rolf Roland
Published: January 2009

Thirty seven benthic samples of the inner shelf area of São Sebastião, Brazil, were collected between April 1994 and August 1998 and analysed for seventeen chlorinated pesticide residues and PCBs congeners. Pesticide residues and PCBs congeners levels were low (ng/g) and predominantly found in the crustacean samples. DDE was the most frequently residue with a maximum of 9,7 ng/g followed by HCHs with maximum of 17,1ng/g. As for the PCBs, the heavier congeners predominate: CB 138,153,170, 180 and 183. Maximum total PCBs was 17,4 ug/g in a crab sample. Higher levels of PCBs are related to feeding habits and local inputs of raw sewage or land runoff. Although EPA and FDA (U.S.A) below the guidelines for human consumption propose these levels, they do show that even in marine areas without intense agricultural or industrial activities these compounds are present at detectable levels.
A microcosm approach on the potential effects of the vertical mixing of water masses over the primary productivity and phytoplankton biomass in the southern Brazilian coastal region
Authors: Saldanha-Corrêa Flávia Marisa Prado , Gianesella Sônia Maria Flores
Published: January 2009

The vertical mixing between South Atlantic Central Water (SACW) and Coastal Water (CW) was simulated through microcosm experiments using the autochthonous phytoplankton community (fraction < 150 mm), without nutrient enrichments. SACW is cold (T< 18°C) and nutrient rich, while CW is warmer (T> 20°C) and oligotrophic. The phytoplankton growth potential of SACW, CW and an equivalent mixture of both (SACW+CW) was compared, under 100, 30 and 10% of sunlight, at surface seawater temperature, in winter and summer conditions. Results demonstrate the importance of SACW as a natural eutrophication agent for the mixing layer, allowing the occurrence of new production by nutrient input, and also as a biological seeder through the development of its autochthonous phytoplankton community when it reaches the euphotic zone. The time lag for phytoplankton development during winter was around 4-5 days, against 1-2 days in summer. The hypothesis of physiological differences between surface and bottom phytoplankton populations from a deep (80 m) and thermally homogeneous water column (common winter feature) was also tested through the microcosm experiments. Results obtained clearly demonstrate that bottom water presented higher phytoplankton growth potential than the surface one.
Soft-Bottom macrobenthic communities of the Vitória Bay estuarine system, South-eastern Brazil
Authors: Nalesso Rosebel C. , Joyeux Jean-Christophe , Quintana Cintia O. , Torezani Evelise , Otegui Ana Clara Paz
Published: January 2009

The present work describes and analyses the structure of the macrobenthic epi- and infaunal assemblage of the estuarine system of Vitória Bay, South-eastern Brazil, from January 1998 to June 1999. Replicated sampling at intertidal and subtidal levels was conducted quarterly at ten stations. Intertidal and subtidal sediment composition was characterised. Water physico-chemical parameters were measured in situ. A total of 10,695 individuals, belonging to 144 taxa, were collected. Molluscs, crustaceans and polychaetes were the most abundant groups. The bivalves Anomalocardia brasiliana, Mytella guyanensis and M. falcata were the most abundant species. Locally, significant discharges of residential and industrial wastewater resulted in high organic content in the sediment (up to 30%) and low dissolved oxygen concentration in the water (< 1mg.l-1). Near the two entrances of the bay, high hydrodynamic activity and coarse sand reduced the detrimental effects of raw and treated sewage inputs. Species richness (S), diversity (H') and total abundance (A) decreased from outer-bay stations (22 < S < 72; 1.99 < H' < 2.85; 320 < A < 1737) towards inner-bay stations (2 < S < 45; 0.59 < H' < 2.67; 2 < A < 1317), where salinity and dissolved oxygen were lowest and organic matter content highest.
Temporal variation of sandy beach macrofauna at two sites with distinct environmental conditions on Cassino Beach, extreme southern Brazil
Authors: Silva Pedro de Sá Rodrigues da , Neves Luciano Peyrer das , Bemvenuti Carlos Emílio
Published: January 2009

Temporal variations of the macrofauna of sandy beaches have been related to variations in the beach morphodynamics and also to the population dynamics of dominant species. The aim of this article is to describe the temporal variation of the intertidal macrofauna at two sites with distinct environmental condition on Cassino Beach, extreme southern Brazil. At each site three transect lines 50 m apart were defined perpendicular to the shore line, from which samples were collected monthly in triplicate at 4 intertidal levels (10 m apart) from June 2004 to May 2005. During winter a generally low density was observed, due to the absence of recruitments and to the mud deposition, which occurred just before sampling (in April 2004), and to low intensity stranding events. Spring witnessed a population explosion of Scolelepis gaucha, a migration of Mesodesma mactroides adults from the subtidal zone, and a strong stranding event. In the summer, recruitment of M. mactroides, Donax hanleyanus and Emerita brasiliensis was observed. Fall was characterized by low densities, except for D. hanleyanus recruitment. The macrofauna at both sites showed a striking seasonal variation in density and diversity, perhaps attributable to the recruitment of numerically dominant species and physical disturbances (stranding and mud deposition).
Gametogenesis in Madracis decactis Lyman, 1859 (Cnidaria, Scleractinia) from Ilha Grande Bay (Rio de Janeiro), southeastern Brazil
Authors: Muramatsu Daniela , Silveira Fábio Lang da
Published: January 2009

Collections were made every two months in Ilha Grande Bay, Rio de Janeiro, for 21 months (August/2004-May/2006) to study the gametogenesis of Madracis decactis Lyman, 1859. A total of 1800 polyps were examined using standard histological techniques. Madracis decactis is a hermaphroditic species whose male and female gametes develop within different mesenteries. Oogenesis begins in October, while spermatogenesis begins at the end of February, both reaching maturity at the end of April. The peak of reproductive activity occurred between February and April, when all the polyps were fertile, containing mainly stage III oocytes. Examination of fertile polyps indicated the simultaneous presence of stages I, II and III for oogenesis and I, II, III and IV for spermatogenesis. No embryos or planulae were observed in the histological sections. The gametes or planulae spawning may occur between April and May.
Formas não habituais de uso do tabaco
Authors: Viegas Carlos Alberto de Assis
Published: January 2009

Existem diferentes produtos de tabaco, preparados de formas distintas, que podem ser divididos em produtores e não produtores de fumaça quanto a sua utilização. Dentre os que produzem fumaça, além do cigarro, citamos o charuto, cachimbo e o narguilé. O tabaco que não produz fumaça pode ser encontrado em preparações para ser mascado ou para ser absorvido pela mucosa oral ou nasal. Entretanto, todas as formas de utilização do tabaco liberam nicotina para o sistema nervoso central com risco potencial confirmado para causar dependência. Além disso, não existe forma segura de consumo do tabaco, e seus usuários têm, de forma significativa, risco aumentado para adoecimento e morte prematura por enfermidades relacionadas ao uso de tabaco.
Effects of Monthly Dose and Regular Dosing of Intravenous Active Vitamin D Use on Mortality Among Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis
Authors: Peter Wendy L. St. , Li Shuling , Liu Jiannong , Gilbertson David T. , Arneson Thomas J. , Collins Allan J.
Published: January 2009

Study Objectives. To determine if apparent protective mortality benefits of intravenous active vitamin D in patients undergoing hemodialysis extend across all groups defined by dialysis duration; if higher monthly dose and dosing regularity are associated with reduced mortality; and if intravenous active vitamin D use is associated with reduced cardiovascular, infectious, and cancer‐related mortality.

Study Design. Retrospective cohort study

Data Source. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services End‐Stage Renal Disease database.

Patients. A total of 193,830 patients undergoing hemodialysis during 1999–2000, of whom 94,208 (48.6%) were taking intravenous active vitamin D in the baseline period.

Measurements and Main Results. Time‐varying Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the effects of monthly vitamin D dose and dosing regularity over 3‐month intervals on risk of all‐cause and cause‐specific death, by dialysis duration groups (< 1 yr, 1 to < 3 yrs, 3 to < 5 yrs, and ≤ 5 yrs from dialysis initiation). Models were adjusted for baseline characteristics, time‐varying hospital days, monthly epoetin alfa dose, mean hemoglobin level, and urea reduction ratio in the 3‐month intervals. Maximum follow‐up time was 5.25 years. Adjusted all‐cause mortality risk was reduced 7–17% among patients receiving vitamin D each month of the 3‐month interval, with the highest reduction among patients with shorter dialysis duration. However, regular vitamin D dosing did not show consistent benefit across dialysis duration groups for cardiovascular, infectious, cancer, or other (all deaths not attributable to cardiovascular disease, infection, or cancer) mortality.

Conclusion. Mortality benefits of intravenous vitamin D cannot be easily explained by currently proposed biologic mechanisms. Randomized controlled trials are needed to show definitively whether intravenous vitamin D can reduce all‐cause and cause‐specific mortality in patients undergoing dialysis compared with placebo.
Aliskiren: An Oral Direct Renin Inhibitor for the Treatment of Hypertension
Authors: Sanoski Cynthia A.
Published: January 2009

Aliskiren is the first member of the new class of orally active direct renin inhibitors to receive approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of hypertension. In patients with hypertension, aliskiren can be used either as monotherapy or in combination with other antihypertensive agents. By inhibiting renin, aliskiren blocks the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which subsequently results in a reduction in angiotensin II concentrations. Unlike the angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors and the angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), which reactively stimulate an increase in plasma renin activity, aliskiren suppresses the effects of renin and leads to a reduction in plasma renin activity. In clinical trials involving patients with mild‐to‐moderate hypertension, aliskiren provided antihypertensive efficacy that was comparable to that of an ARB. Combination therapy with aliskiren and an ARB may provide additional blood pressure‐lowering effects compared with the respective monotherapies with each of the agents. The results from surrogate outcome studies have also alluded to the potential for aliskiren to prevent target organ damage. Because aliskiren does not significantly affect the cytochrome P450 system, it has been associated with few drug interactions. In clinical studies, aliskiren was well tolerated, and its adverse‐effect profile was similar to that of placebo. Fatigue, headache, dizziness, diarrhea, nasopharyngitis, and back pain were the most commonly reported adverse events. Overall, aliskiren appears to be a reasonable treatment option for patients with mild‐to‐moderate hypertension who are intolerant of first‐line antihypertensive therapies. Aliskiren may also be a promising renoprotective strategy in patients with concomitant hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Its potential as a first‐line antihypertensive agent will have to be further examined once studies evaluating its effects on long‐term clinical outcomes are completed.
Validity of Menard relation in dynamic compaction operations
Authors: Ghassemi A. , Pak A. , Shahir H.
Published: January 2009

Dynamic compaction (DC) is a common soil improvement technique, used extensively worldwide. DC treatment design is usually based upon empirical relations and past experience. The common problem with all empirical relations is oversimplification of the mechanisms, and the use of parameters that are highly dependent on engineering judgement. In this paper, a developed finite-element code is used for modelling the impact behaviour of dry and moist sandy soil. The code is verified against the results of centrifuge tests. Then the validity of the popular Menard empirical relation for determination of improvement depth in DC design is investigated. The effect of initial relative density, tamper radius, number of drops, and the impact energy are studied using the developed numerical model. It was found that Menard's empirical relation yields suitable results when tamper weight and falling height are both in the ordinary ranges. However, for higher impact energies, Menard's relation overestimates the depth of improvement. The obtained results also indicate that the value of the empirical coefficient in Menard formula depends strongly on the applied energy and tamper radius. Based on this finding, a new relation for predicting the improvement depth is proposed and applied to a number of DC projects. The results show that the new relation provides better results than the old formula.
66.1: Ambient Light Control for Mobile Displays
Authors: Swinkels Stefan , Heynderickx Ingrid , Yeates David , Essers Maurice
Published: January 2009

Readability on a mobile LCD can be improved by dynamically adapting the display's intensity to the ambient illumination. A study was performed to investigate how fast to adapt the display's intensity when switching between bright and dark environments, such that people have good readability, and do not perceive display flicker.
9.3: 15‐inch AMOLED Display with SPC TFTs and a Symmetric Driving Method
Authors: Jung Sang Hoon , Lee Hong Koo , Kim Chang Yeon , Yoon Soo Young , Kim Chang Dong , Kang In Byeong
Published: January 2009

We have developed a new 15.0‐inch AMOLED display. An advanced Solid Phase Crystallization (a‐SPC) method was employed for the increase of uniformity and reliability of TFTs. A new pixel was proposed for the compensation of I×R voltage drop in power line and a symmetric driving scheme was also developed for the reduction of short term image sticking problem.
68.1: Invited Paper: Energy Transfer in Organic Phosphorescent Host‐Guest Systems
Authors: Tokito Shizuo , Tanaka Isao
Published: January 2009

We report on phosphorescence in tris(8‐hydroxyquinolinato) aluminum(III) (Alq3) and bis(2‐methyl‐8‐quinolinato)‐4‐phenylphenolate aluminum (BAlq) thin films observed by doping tris(2‐phenylpyridine)iridium (Ir(ppy)3,). We found that triplet energies of those materials are 2.0 eV and 2.2 eV, respectively. Forster and Dexter energy transfers between the host and guest molecules are discussed in detail. The efficient energy transfer through Ir(ppy)3 enable us to observe strong phosphorescence from the organic materials.
9.4: Late‐News Paper: Fast Current‐Programming Method to OLED
Authors: Shim Chang‐Hoon , Hattori Reiji
Published: January 2009

The concept of ‘negative capacitance’, which consists of a differentiation circuit, an inverting voltage amplifier and a voltage‐to‐current converter, was introduced to the driving of PMOLED to shorten the current setting time even at a small current level. This new driving circuit enabled to show an accurate gray scale with both PWM and PAM methods, and is also applicable to a current‐programmed AMOLED.
P‐3: The Future Design Impact of Large Size Color Sequential TFT‐LCD
Authors: Hwang Kwang Jo , Lim Byoung Ho , Lee Dong Hoon , Yu Sang Jeon
Published: January 2009

The Wide Full‐HD CS (Color Sequential) displays are designed about 42″ TFT‐LCD. Two‐block pixel structure was adopted as the basis for reducing transfer cross‐talk and doubling gate on time margin. The target specification of mobility was also simulated to achieve stable driving condition. Finally we performed TC (Transfer Cross‐talk) simulation in a method of 2Dimentional map.
P‐5: Spacer Technique to Fabricate pSi TFTs with 50nm Nanowire Channels
Authors: Chang Chia‐Wen , Chen Szu‐Fen , Wu Shih‐Chieh , Lin Guan‐Liang , Lei Tan‐Fu
Published: January 2009

In this work, polycrystalline silicon thin‐film transistors (poly‐Si TFTs) with 50‐nm nanowire (NW) channels fabricated without advanced photolithography by using a sidewall spacer formation technique are proposed for the first time. Because the poly gate electrode is perpendicularly across poly‐Si NW channels to form a tri‐gate‐like structure, the proposed poly‐Si NW TFT owns an outstanding gate controllability. In summary, a simple and low‐cost scheme is proposed to fabricate high‐performance poly‐Si NW TFT suitable for future display manufacturing and practical applications.
P‐8: A New Hybrid Analog‐Digital Driving Method to Improve AMOLED Lifetime
Authors: Shin Dong‐Yong , Woo Jong‐Kwan , Hong Yongtaek , Kim Suhwan , Kim Keum‐Nam , Kim Hye‐Dong
Published: January 2009

We propose a new hybrid pixel driving method that combines conventional digital driving with analog compensation for the declining electrical performance that occurs as OLEDs age. Image uniformity, and thus display lifetime, is improved by directly measuring the variation in OLED voltage at each pixel for a given OLED current level and then controlling the voltage drop across its driving TFT of an individual pixel.
P‐41: Colorimetric Characterization of High‐Dynamic‐Range LCDs
Authors: Cheng Yu‐Kuo , Shieh Han‐Ping D.
Published: January 2009

A modified model, incorporating backlight intensity, for chromatic characterization of the HDR LCD was proposed. Images, exemplifying regular and random backlight distributions, were designed to evaluate the proposed model. The results showed that chromaticity of three primaries varied with incident backlight intensity. Moreover, CIEDE2000 color differences of the proposed model ranged from 0.02 to 2.35, while those of the conventional model were greater than 3.41.
P‐46: Optimization of Subpixel Color Tiles for Mobile Displays
Authors: Xu Gang , Gille Jennifer , Gally Brian , Tung Ming‐Hau , Chui Clarence
Published: January 2009

A key issue for the optimization of subpixel color tiles for mobile displays is to maximize the image quality, often defined in terms of brightness or reflectance, and color saturation, while minimizing display power consumption. for the mirasol™ display based on MEMS technology, the RGBY quad is found to be a structure that achieves a balance between reflectance and color saturation. Simulation results based upon demonstration devices are presented with discussions about proper image quality metrics for mobile displays.
12.1: Evaluation of Electrical Insulating Properties and Flexibility of Stainless Steel Foil with Insulating Film
Authors: Yamada Noriko , Ogura Toyoshi , Kubo Yuji
Published: January 2009

When used for the substrate of next‐generation flexible display devices, stainless steel foil with insulating film exhibits better heat resistance and chemical stability than plastic films. The flexibility of stainless steel foil depends on its production process. Hard stainless steel foil without bright annealing exhibits excellent bending resistance. We formed insulating films of organically modified silicate approximately 1.5 μm in thickness on stainless steel foil by the sol‐gel process. The films had an insulating resistance as high as 1E+09 Ωcm2. Stainless steel foil coated with these films also showed a good resistance to repeated bending.
P‐242L: Late‐News Poster: Development of 13BIT Source Driver / Timing Controller Chip‐Set with RGB Individual Gamma Control and Evaluation Report on the Panel
Authors: Kano Hideki , Nosaka Takeshi , Higuchi Koji , Yusa Atsushi , Takahashi Atsushi
Published: January 2009

Well known different characteristics of Gamma at Red, Green and Blue should be compensated, individually. It is normally adjusted by Graphic Processing Unit. We developed first 13BIT (8192 Gray‐Scales) equivalent Source Driver and Timing Controller for RGB individual Gamma control within the Driving Unit. We made a Demonstration‐Set, and confirmed to achieve the real color and flexible color control.
P‐65: Optimising Polyester Films for Flexible Electronic Applications
Authors: Eveson Robert , MacDonald William A. , MacKerron Duncan , Hodgson Andrew , Adam Raymond , Rakos Karl , Rollins Keith , Rustin Robert , Looney M. Kieran , Stewart John , Asai Masato , Hashimoto Katsuyuki
Published: January 2009

DuPont Teijin Films™ (DTF) have developed engineered substrates for the flexible electronics market. Teonex ®Q65FA and Melinex® ST506/504 are biaxially oriented semi‐crystalline polyesters. for applications requiring high surface smoothness over wide area, planarised Teonex® Q65FA and Melinex® ST506 are emerging as suitable substrate materials for backplanes and frontplanes. The property set requirements for these films can be demanding as they are replacing rigid glass substrates. It is important to understand and control factors that can influence properties to achieve the optimum performance for a given flexible display application. This contribution will discuss the impact of applying a planariser coating to biaxially oriented semi‐crystalline polymers.
12.3: Defect Visualization of Atomic Layer Deposition Enabled Polymer Barriers Using Fluorescent Tags
Authors: Zhang Yadong , Miller David C. , Bertrand Jacob A. , Jen Shih‐Hui , Yang Ronggui , Dunn Martin L. , George Steven M. , Lee Y. C. , Zhang Yu‐Zhong
Published: January 2009

Nanometer thick alumina barrier coatings deposited using atomic layer deposition (ALD) can be used to enable flexible packaging to protect organic light emitting diodes (OLED) and other electronic/optoelectronic components from moisture‐and oxygen‐aided deterioration. Individual defects and cracks generated in the coating during processing, subsequent handling and application, allow the leakage of reactive species that may lead to device degradation. Therefore, novel fluorescent tags have been developed to visualize defects and damage, enabling rapid quality inspection of barrier layers. for ALD alumina coatings deposited on polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) substrates, the fluorescent taggant identified cracks ∼20nm in width and individual defects as small as ∼200nm in diameter. This novel approach, which is non‐destructive and fully compatible with the optical inspection methods that are widely used in manufacturing, is expected to have a major impact on the quality control of flexible polymer packaging of OLED and other organic components or systems.
P‐85: Fast Thermal Stress Estimation Methodology
Authors: Tai Ming‐Lang , Yeh Tung‐Kung , Chen Wei‐Jen , Huang Wei‐Lin
Published: January 2009

As we had known that conventional thermal stress estimation scheme for the components on system board will usually get the over‐predicted results inefficiently. In this paper, we will propose one fast and accurate estimation scheme. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme can get better prediction accurately and automatically.
13.1: High‐Luminance 1.8mm‐Pitch CNT‐FED for Ubiquitous Color Character Displays
Authors: Yotani Junko , Uemura Sashiro , Nagasako Takeshi , Kurachi Hiroyuki , Nakao Takehiro , Ito Masaaki , Sakurai Akira , Shimoda Hideo , Ezaki Tomotaka , Fukuda Kazuhiko , Saito Yahachi
Published: January 2009

A high‐luminance 1.8mm‐pitch CNT‐FED for color‐character‐display was developed. The display‐panel had 32×256‐color‐pixels, and the sub‐pixel size was 0.6mm×1.8mm. The display panel can provide good‐visibility when installed even in outdoor locations. The power consumption was low enough to be batter driven. The practical application is highly expected to display important message to evacuate from the disaster area, even under emergent no‐power condition in such as vending machines.
P‐99: A Backlight Based on a Laser Diode and Its Design Considerations
Authors: Inaba Yuta , Imai Keita , Fujieda Ichiro , Onishi Ikuo
Published: January 2009

We have constructed an edge‐lit backlight by using a blue‐emitting laser diode, an optical fiber and a YAG‐based phosphor. White light output was obtained from the backlight surface. We discuss some design issues and expect a high efficiency and a wide gamut for such a backlight.
P‐106: Phosphors for a White LED to Achieve an LCD with Wide Color Gamut
Authors: Igarashi T. , Kusunoki T. , Yang Y. , Higuchi M. , Kimura S.
Published: January 2009

We have developed a mobile display using wide‐color‐gamut(WCG)‐white‐LEDs. An LCD with WCG‐white‐LEDs has almost the same color gamut (103% u'v'diagram) as that with WCG‐CCFLs developed by Sony. A red‐emitting‐phosphor with the longer luminescent wavelength should be used in WCG‐white‐LED to achieve WCG, because of the emission originated from 4f‐5d transition.
P‐107 Computer‐Simulation‐Based Optical‐Efficiency Maximization for a Direct‐Type LED Backlight Unit
Authors: Han Gil‐Won , Jin Min‐Ji , Park Hee‐Jeong , Jung Soon‐Shin , Moon Jeong‐Min , Kang In‐Byeong
Published: January 2009

Distortion to the angular light distribution of LED within a LED Backlight unit can result in a decline of luminance and color uniformity. Effects of components within a LED package on angular light distribution uniformity were studied in detail by utilizing the ‘LightTools®’, a commercialized software, to derive optimal optical solution for a LED backlight unit.
P‐109: Cooling Efficiency Improvement of LCD Module by High Emissivity Surface Treating in Natural Convection Condition
Authors: Tsai Yuan‐Chi , Chen Ya‐Wen
Published: January 2009

In this paper, we discuss how to improve cooling efficiency of LCD module in natural convection. By using numerical analysis and experiments, we discover that coating high emissivity material on the back surface of LCD module can enhance cooling. After high emissivity surface treating, the temperature of key parts of LCD module reduced. We use LED to be light sources of LCD module. The lower temperature of LED, the more effective of luminance and longer life time.
P‐114: A Scanning Backlight Module for FSC‐LCD Using Tandem Light‐Guides with Micro Line‐Prism Structures
Authors: Lu Yen‐Hsing , Yao Yuan‐Jung , Hsiao Jen‐Chang , Tien Chung‐Hao
Published: January 2009

A spatially partitioned backlight system composed of tandem wedge‐shaped light‐guides with micro line‐prism arrays was developed for scanning field‐sequential‐color (FSC) LCD in large size. The light‐guides combined with LED light‐bars have been designed and fabricated to well distinguish each region and decrease the light leakage. By means of our approach, the volume of backlight system can be reduced down to 25 mm without sacrifice of the optical performance. As a result, 2750 nits average luminance subject to 50% duty cycle and 83% uniformity can be achieved. The leakages into the continuous adjacent blocks are well suppressed to 11.86%.
P‐121: Enhancement of Brightness and Uniformity by LED Backlight Using a Total Internal Reflection (TIR) Lens
Authors: Hwang Jang Hwan , Shin Dong Myoung , Gong Doo Won , Park Chang Wook , Kang Won Il , Seo Ji Hoon , Kim Young Kwan , Hyung Gun Woo
Published: January 2009

The backlight in this paper comprises a total internal reflection (TIR) lens, main light guide, LEDs, and optical films. We gained 40% brightness enhancement and 83% uniformity benefit with the backlight using TIR compared with the conventional backlight. It was found that TIR lens internally reflects the light on each TIR surface twice instead of lighting out directly and the brightness and the uniformity are improved. with this backlight using TIR lens, the bright‐line which was present in the conventional backlight was also disappeared by TIR effect occurred on the each reflection surface.
P‐140: A Modified Selective Reset‐Waveform to Minimize Wall‐Voltage Variation During Address‐Period in Full‐HD PDP
Authors: Park Hyung Dal , Park Ki‐Hyung , Choi Byung‐Tae , Tae Heung‐Sik , Hur Ming , Park Soo‐Ho , Yoo Minsun , Heo Eun Gi
Published: January 2009

This paper proposes a modified selective reset driving waveform that can lower the potential difference between the scan and address electrodes by applying the address‐bias voltage (Va‐bias) to the address electrode during the application of the rising pulse of Y‐electrode in the selective reset‐period. This address‐bias voltage (Va‐bias) plays a role in suppressing the wall‐charge accumulation on the address electrode during the selective reset‐period, thereby contributing to minimizing the wall‐voltage variation during the address‐period and as such allowing the higher voltage difference (=ΔVy) between the scan low voltage (Vsl) and the negative falling ramp voltage (Vnf) during an address‐period without any misfiring discharge. When adopting the proposed selective reset waveform, the address discharge delay time is observed to be reduced by about 120 ns.
P‐143: New Drive Waveforms for High Speed Erase Addressing
Authors: Jung Jae‐Chul , Kwon Ohyung , Syn Ho Jung , Kim Joong Kyun , Whang Ki‐Woong
Published: January 2009

We propose a new high speed driving waveform which uses a negatively biased voltage to the common electrode and an alternating ramp voltage to the scan electrode during the reset period and an erase address scheme. It showed short discharge time lag under 800nsec, wide address voltage margin over 40V and improved jitter characteristics among different color cells in a 7.5inch test panel with 50inch full HD resolution. Its fast discharge characteristics was attributed to the formation of stronger wall voltage near the middle of the gap during the reset period and the consequent bigger electric field during the scan period which was confirmed by the 3 dimensional emission observation and voltage domain analysis.
P‐147: Change of Secondary Electron Emission Properties with Micro‐Structural Evolution of MgO Film During Growth
Authors: Yu Hak Ki , Lee Jong‐Lam , Park Eung Chul , Kim Jae Sung , Ryu Jae Hwa
Published: January 2009

Preferred orientation of polycrystalline MgO film changed from (111) to (200) as the deposition rate reduced from 20Å/sec to 3Å/sec. The oxygen vacancies were easily produced at the surface of (200) plane due to low surface cohesive energy. These oxygen vacancies were acted as defect center in the band gap of MgO, resulting in the increase of secondary electron emission coefficient from 0.032 to 0.048.
P‐150: Catalyst‐Free Carbon Nanotubes Synthesized on Graphite Flakes by Thermal Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Jeng Jian‐Min , Shih Wen‐Ching , Tsai Ming‐hong , Lo Chi‐Tsung , Yang Tzung‐Han , Mo Chi‐Neng , Li Hung‐Yuan , Chiang Mei‐Tsao
Published: January 2009

In this paper, the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are synthesized on the micro graphite flakes using mixtures of C2H2 and H2 gases by thermal chemical vapor deposition. We spin the graphite solution on the silicon wafer and dry it, then synthesize the CNTs on the graphite flakes. The synthetic process is a catalyst free technique and the CNTs have no metal inside, so this is an easier technique for synthesizing the CNTs. We change the synthetic time to obtain the optimal conditions for synthesis of the CNTs. The experimental results show that the density and quality of the CNTs could be controlled significantly by the synthetic time. Besides, the field emission properties of the CNTs are also affected greatly by it. The emission current density of the CNTs is 0.5 mA/cm2 at 3 V/μm, and the turn on field is 2.3 V/μm.
P‐151: Fabrication of Nano‐Crystalline Graphite Field Emission Device by Thick‐Film Technology
Authors: Chiang Mei‐Tsao , Jeng Jian‐Min , Shih Wen‐Ching , Lo Chi‐Tsung , Yang Tzung‐Han , Mo Chi‐Neng , Li Hung‐Yuan
Published: January 2009

The purpose of this paper is to fabricate nano‐crystalline graphite (NCG) material by reactive R.F. magnetron sputtering deposition, then scrape the NCG films to create NCG powder, and finally manufacture this into NCG paste. When depositing the NCG films, the atomic hydrogen from hydrogen and methane was introduced to increase the surface roughness of the NCG films, etch the NCG films to create the NCG sheet structure. It was found that the electron field emission properties are not affected through the heat treatment process during screen‐printing. The NCG emitter patterns were manufactured successfully on cathode by printing the NCG paste. The current density of the emission site is 340.1 μA/cm2 at 11 V/μm.
P‐156: Alignment of Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals with the Substrates Processed by Plasma‐Beam
Authors: Hegde Gurumurthy , Murauski Anatoli , Chigrinov Vladimir , Kwok Hoi Sing , Yaroshchuk Oleg , Kravchuk Ruslan , Dobrovolskyy Andriy
Published: January 2009

Plasma beam procedure earlier adapted for alignment of nematic liquid crystals and reactive mesogens is successfully applied for alignment of ferroelectric liquid crystals. Highly uniform alignment of “chevron” structure (before electrical treatment) and “quazi bookshelf” structure (after electrical treatment) are realized. In the latter case, the contrast of bistable switching is larger than 350:1 for 650 nm wavelength. This makes the non‐contact plasma alignment procedure especially attractive for high contrast bistable LCD on LCOS base particularly used in PDA and E‐books. Fast switching and realization of gray scale in the plasma beam aligned FLC cells makes this technique also promising for full color displays including color TV LCD.
14.5: Invited Paper: Novel, Flexible AC Electroluminescent Lamps for Innovative Display Applications
Authors: Silver Jack , Withnall Robert , Harris Paul G. , Marsh Paul J. , Kirk Richard , Guinn Frank
Published: January 2009

Novel, flexible ACEL lamps have been developed for innovative display applications. These lamps contain a single emissive layer comprising of ACEL phosphor, a binder, ferroelectric nanoparticles and optional dye. This architecture reduces fabrication costs and enables high luminances (ca. 200 cd/m2) to be achieved at 110 V and 400 Hz.
P‐169: The Fabrication of Flexible 5″ Dual Operating LCD
Authors: Min Kwan‐Sik , Kim Sun‐Kyung , Park Sang‐Hyun , Jhun Chul Gyu , Kwon Soon‐Bum
Published: January 2009

In this paper, we introduce flexible 5″ dual operating LCD which has three permissible states of splay, π twist, and bend states with an appropriate external filed, The dual operating LCD can be operated in a memory mode as well as a dynamic mode. The fabrication process and operating characteristics of the flexible dual operating LCD are demonstrated.
P‐255L: Late‐News Poster: Precise Measurement of LC Material Parameters for Ultra‐High Resolution Full‐HD OCB‐Mode FSC‐LCD
Authors: Kishimoto Tadashi , Wako Kazuhiro , Ishinabe Takahiro , Miyashita Tetsuya , Suzuki Yoshito , Uchida Tatsuo
Published: January 2009

A highly precise measurement method of LC material parameters was proposed by application of the new driving scheme of LC and the compensation for the capacitance of alignment layer and the anchoring strength of LC cell. This new measurement method results in the development of high‐speed 6.5inch Full‐HD OCB‐mode FSC‐LCD with an ultra‐high resolution, high brightness and low power consumption.
P‐257L: Late‐News Poster: Dynamic Simulation of Pi‐Cell Liquid Crystal Displays with Transverse Field
Authors: Huang Yi , Bos Philip J. , Kim K. H. , Jang J. K. , Kim H. S.
Published: January 2009

The dynamics of a Pi‐cell device that includes flow and a fixed transverse electric field is considered for the cases of static and periodic electric fields, applied vertically to the substrate of cells. The results agree with observed dynamic behavior for the case of “impulse drive”. In particular, an explanation is given for the decrease of voltage corresponding to the bend to twist director configuration and the increase of brightness when the impulse drive is applied.
P‐192: Advanced Transflective Multi‐Domain Vertical Aligned Liquid Crystal Display (ATR‐MVA LCD) with Micro Bump Technology
Authors: Yang Syuan Ling , Yang T. C. , Chen C. M. , Chiu Ta Wei , Yen Dennis , Chen Y. W. , Lee Seok Lyul , Jiang Shih‐Chyuan Fan , Hu Chin Jen , Huang Wei Ming
Published: January 2009

We have developed a high performance but low cost advanced transflective multi‐domain vertical aligned liquid crystal display (ATR‐MVA LCD) by using micro bump technology. ATR‐MVA LCD does not need additional process of reflective mode by micro‐bump design. for example, 4.0 inches ATR‐MVA LCD's reflectance achieves 1.25% with 7% reflective aperture ratios.
P‐196: Vertically Aligned Nematic Liquid‐Crystal Display with Double‐Sided In‐Plane Switching Using Positive Liquid‐Crystal Materials
Authors: Shin Hun Ki , Yoon Tae‐Hoon , Kim Jae Chang
Published: January 2009

We propose a vertical alignment liquid crystal cell controlled by double‐Side in‐plane switching with a positive dielectric anisotropy liquid crystal material. In this structure, the pixel electrodes are interdigital electrodes which are deposited on the bottom and top substrates parallel to each other. In the voltage‐off state, the liquid crystal molecules are vertically aligned under the crossed polarizers, hence the cell appears to be dark. When the in‐plane field is applied, the liquid crystal molecules tilt down to the left and right along the field direction which is at 45° with respect to the input polarizer, giving rise to transmission of the incident light. Proposed structure shows higher transmittance and lower on‐voltage compared to the conventional vertical alignment configuration with a positive dielectric anisotropy liquid crystal. The improved electro‐optical properties are due to the stronger in‐plane field compared with the configuration having one‐Side electrode. In this device, the response time and viewing angle characteristics almost the same as the conventional structure.