bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The metabolic sensor PASK is a histone 3 kinase that also regulates H3K4 methylation by associating with H3K4 MLL2 methyltransferase complex
Authors: Karakkat Jimsheena V , Kaimala Suneesh , Sreedharan Sreejisha P , Jayaprakash Princy , Adeghate Ernest A , Ansari Suraiya A , Guccione Ernesto , Mensah-Brown Eric P K , Starling Emerald Bright
Published: September 2019

The metabolic sensor Per-Arnt-Sim (Pas) domain-containing serine/threonine kinase (PASK) is expressed predominantly in the cytoplasm of different cell types, although a small percentage is also expressed in the nucleus. Herein, we show that the nuclear PASK associates with the mammalian H3K4 MLL2 methyltransferase complex and enhances H3K4 di- and tri-methylation. We also show that PASK is a histone kinase that phosphorylates H3 at T3, T6, S10 and T11. Taken together, these results suggest that PASK regulates two different H3 tail modifications involving H3K4 methylation and H3 phosphorylation. Using muscle satellite cell differentiation and functional analysis after loss or gain of Pask expression using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, we provide evidence that some of the regulatory functions of PASK during development and differentiation may occur through the regulation of these histone modifications.
Stage-specific combinations of opposing poly(A) modifying enzymes guide gene expression during early oogenesis
Authors: Nousch Marco , Yeroslaviz Assa , Eckmann Christian R
Published: September 2019

RNA-modifying enzymes targeting mRNA poly(A) tails are universal regulators of post-transcriptional gene expression programs. Current data suggest that an RNA-binding protein (RBP) directed tug-of-war between tail shortening and re-elongating enzymes operates in the cytoplasm to repress or activate specific mRNA targets. While this concept is widely accepted, it was primarily described in the final meiotic stages of frog oogenesis and relies molecularly on a single class of RBPs, i.e. CPEBs, the deadenylase PARN and cytoplasmic poly(A) polymerase GLD-2. Using the spatial and temporal resolution of female gametogenesis in the nematode C. elegans, we determined the distinct roles of known deadenylases throughout germ cell development and discovered that the Ccr4–Not complex is the main antagonist to GLD-2-mediated mRNA regulation. We find that the Ccr4–Not/GLD-2 balance is critical for essentially all steps of oocyte production and reiteratively employed by various classes of RBPs. Interestingly, its two deadenylase subunits appear to affect mRNAs stage specifically: while a Caf1/GLD-2 antagonism regulates mRNA abundance during all stages of oocyte production, a Ccr4/GLD-2 antagonism regulates oogenesis in an mRNA abundance independent manner. Our combined data suggests that the Ccr4–Not complex represents the evolutionarily conserved molecular opponent to GLD-2 providing an antagonistic framework of gene-specific poly(A)-tail regulation.
Recurrent glioblastoma versus late posttreatment changes: diagnostic accuracy of O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine positron emission tomography (18F-FET PET)
Authors: Bashir Asma , Mathilde Jacobsen Sofie , Mølby Henriksen Otto , Broholm Helle , Urup Thomas , Grunnet Kirsten , Andrée Larsen Vibeke , Møller Søren , Skjøth-Rasmussen Jane , Skovgaard Poulsen Hans , Law Ian
Published: September 2019

Background

Diagnostic accuracy in previous studies of O-(2-[18F]-fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (18F-FET) PET in patients with suspected recurrent glioma may be influenced by prolonged dynamic PET acquisitions, heterogeneous populations, different non–standard-of-care therapies, and PET scans performed at different time points post radiotherapy. We investigated the diagnostic accuracy of a 20-minute 18F-FET PET scan in MRI-suspected recurrent glioblastoma 6 months after standard radiotherapy and its ability to prognosticate overall survival (OS).

Methods

In total, 146 glioblastoma patients with 168 18F-FET PET scans were reviewed retrospectively. Patients with MRI responses to bevacizumab or undergoing re-irradiation or immunotherapy after 18F-FET PET were excluded. Maximum and mean tumor-to-background ratios (TBRmax, TBRmean) and biological tumor volume (BTV) were recorded and verified by histopathology or clinical/radiological follow-up. Thresholds of 18F-FET parameters were determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Prognostic factors were investigated in Cox proportional hazards models.

Results

Surgery was performed after 104 18F-FET PET scans, while clinical/radiological surveillance was used following 64, identifying 152 glioblastoma recurrences and 16 posttreatment changes. ROC analysis yielded thresholds of 2.0 for TBRmax, 1.8 for TBRmean, and 0.55 cm3 for BTV in differentiating recurrent glioblastoma from posttreatment changes with the best performance of TBRmax (sensitivity 99%, specificity 94%; P < 0.0001) followed by BTV (sensitivity 98%, specificity 94%; P < 0.0001). Using these thresholds, 166 18F-FET PET scans were correctly classified. Increasing BTV was associated with shorter OS (P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

A 20-minute 18F-FET PET scan is a powerful tool to distinguish posttreatment changes from recurrent glioblastoma 6-month postradiotherapy, and predicts OS.
Physical capacity of New South Wales ambulance paramedics
Authors: Hunter J R , Macquarrie A J , Sheridan S C
Published: September 2019

Background

Paramedics are among the most frequently injured health professionals in Australia. A lack of physical capacity may contribute to injury risk in this occupational population.

Aims

This study sought to describe and compare the physical fitness of male and female paramedics across age groups to ascertain differences in physical capacity.

Methods

A group of regional Australian paramedics (n = 140; 78 males; mean ± SD 37.4 ± 9.9 years; body mass index 28.1 ± 4.9 kg/m2) underwent a fitness assessment. Measures included upper, lower and core-body muscular strength and flexibility. Outcomes were compared between genders and across age groups using two-way between-groups analysis of variance.

Results

Male paramedics had greater upper body strength (P < 0.05; push-ups) mean (95% CI): 22.6 (19.4–25.9) versus 18.7 (15.2–22.3); similar lower body strength (single-leg wall squat): 39.0 (32.6–45.3) s versus 36.7 (27.1–46.3) s; greater core strength (P < 0.05; prone plank hold): 87.9 (77.6–98.3) s versus 73.8 (63.7–83.8) s; similar upper body flexibility (back scratch): −4.0 (−6.7 to −1.3) cm versus −0.3 (−2.2 to 1.7) cm; and similar lower body flexibility (sit and reach): 20.4 (18.2–22.6) cm versus 26.1 (23.5–28.7) cm to female paramedics. Core, upper and lower body strength all decreased with age (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Core, upper and lower body strength and upper body flexibility were poorer for older compared to younger regional paramedics in New South Wales, Australia. Future research should investigate whether these outcomes are associated with occupational injury risk. This information would assist in the design of injury prevention interventions for paramedics such as tailored workplace exercise programs.
Research and teaching activity in UK occupational physicians
Authors: Lalloo D , Demou E , Pahl N , Macdonald E B
Published: September 2019

Background

For all doctors, including occupational physicians (OPs), research and teaching are considered core requirements of medical education and continuing professional development. Academic skills are also vital to evidence-based practice and advancement of occupational health (OH) as a specialty. In recent years, attention has focussed on the declining UK OH academic base and the research– practice gap, and increased practitioner participation in research is encouraged.

Aims

To establish a baseline of research and teaching activity among UK OPs, identify related barriers and inform strategies to overcome them.

Methods

An online survey including specific career profile questions derived from consensus following expert panel discussions. It formed part of a larger Delphi study on UK OH research priorities.

Results

We received 213 responses, about 18% of 1207 practising UK OPs. Of these, 162 (76%) undertook research at some career-point, of which 44 (27%) were currently research-active. Similarly, 154 (72%) undertook teaching at some career-point, of which 99 (64%) were currently teaching-active. Of those who had never undertaken research (n = 51) or teaching (n = 59), 40 and 42% were interested in doing so, respectively. Key barriers were lack of time and opportunity, the former particularly for respondents practising in industry, where ‘commercial’ demands take priority, rather than healthcare.

Conclusions

This study establishes a benchmark of academic activity among UK OPs and identifies related barriers. These ‘target’ barriers can shape research funding priorities and education to increase participation and develop the UK OH academic base.
Vitamin D and Acute Respiratory Infections—The PODA Trial
Authors: Aloia John F , Islam Shahidul , Mikhail Mageda
Published: September 2019

Background

There is considerable heterogeneity in clinical trials examining the role of vitamin D in the prevention of acute respiratory infections (ARIs).

Methods

The primary aim of the Physical Performance, Osteoporosis, and Vitamin D in Older African-American Women (PODA) trial was the prevention of bone loss and decline in physical performance. A questionnaire about ARIs was administered every 3 months for 3 years to 260 black American women in a double-blind randomized clinical trial that had a placebo group and a vitamin D supplementation group. The serum 25(OH)D level was maintained >30 ng/mL in the vitamin D group.

Results

Serum 25(OH)D was maintained >30 ng/mL in 90% of the active group, whereas levels approximated those associated with the recommended dietary allowance (20 ng/mL) in the placebo group. There was no difference in occurrence of ARIs in the treatment group vs the placebo group. ARIs were not related to total or free 25(OH)D, which were measured at baseline and annually for 36 months.

Conclusions

Vitamin D supplementation sufficient to maintain serum 25(OH)D >30 ng/mL does not prevent ARIs in older African American women.

ClinicalTrials.gov Registration Number

NCT01153568.
Left Ventricular Assist Device Infections and the Potential Role for Dalbavancin: A Case Report
Authors: Howard-Anderson Jessica , Pouch Stephanie M , Sexton Mary Elizabeth , Mehta Aneesh K , Smith Andrew L , Lyon George M , Friedman-Moraco Rachel
Published: September 2019

Left ventricular assist device infections (LVADIs) are common but challenging to treat, often requiring prolonged courses of intravenous antibiotics. Dalbavancin could have a role in treating patients with chronic LVADIs given its less frequent dosing requirements. Here, we illustrate a case in which dalbavancin was used as suppressive therapy for an LVADI for greater than 7 months.
Ethical Issues Working with Vulnerable Populations
Authors: Araiza Isabel
Published: September 2019

To engage ethically with vulnerable populations requires an investment of time and energy. Public scholars must examine critically what they think they know about the population with which they wish to work; they must also interrogate their relationship with the members of the community and remain committed to working collaboratively with all those involved. They must ensure that their project upholds the principles of justice, beneficence, and respect for the individual. They should draft an ethical protocol that outlines the way the group will address issues that emerge. They should also develop a process that can be used when unanticipated issues arise. Public scholars must be aware of the structural forces that challenge their ability to engage ethically with vulnerable populations. Those forces include institutional expectations/demands that scholars produce products that positively affect the image of the institution, the ways in which agencies and funders can exert influence on the direction of a project, and how broader cultural scripts may affect the way broader audiences evaluate the public scholarship project.
Generating Publicity and Engaging with the Media to Promote Academic Research
Authors: Ryan Mark David
Published: September 2019

This chapter provides insight into ways for academics and researchers to generate media coverage for their research and communicate knowledge to the public through mainstream print, online, radio, and television media. Despite growing scholarly interest in social media and public scholarship, public engagement through mainstream media remains a prestigious form of outreach that can result in significant public exposure. While there has been recent scholarly discussion of types of academic media engagement and public intellectualism in an increasingly democratized digital media landscape, little attention has been paid to practical approaches to generating media publicity for research from an academic’s perspective. This chapter draws on the author’s experience of media engagement as an Australian film scholar with a specific focus on the importance of media releases and processes involved in working with different media. The chapter frames aspects of the public intellectual, discusses planning for media engagement, and offers approaches to publicizing research outcomes.
Composing an Undivided Life as an Activist/Scholar
Authors: Goodson Adria D.
Published: September 2019

This chapter illustrates the core methodological challenges and ultimate benefits of constructing engaged social movement theory through examining the design and implementation of the Prime Movers program, a philanthropic fellowship supporting social movement leaders in the United States. Through building on the work of the Boston College Media Research and Action Project, an entity that bridged the work of scholars and activists, the author integrated theory and practice and co-constructed knowledge by bridging social movement theory and activism. Milan’s methodological framework is used to explore the questions of relevance, accountability, power, and risk in doing this work. It concludes with recommendations for the activist/scholar who seeks to bridge distinctive worlds, especially academia to activism, in order to ensure that knowledge and practices are shared in multidirectional ways so that the creation of knowledge is democratized and therefore more valuable to the society.
For the Sake of Humanity
Authors: Sternberg Wendy L.
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores the conjoined artistic and scientific space with research on cross-cultural collaborative arts used for public health messaging. The author explores the complexities of the investigator’s role, methods, and outcome reliability and critically examines issues of context, language, subcultures, and agency to gain a fuller appreciation of inclusion and to frame it as a vital contributor to both public health analysis and transformation. Looking at not only funding paradigms, but also process and product as part of the research equation, the author advocates for a hybrid model of quantitative and qualitative evaluation and emphasizes the need to gather longer-term data to fully access and influence the public health landscape. The chapter closes with a set of provocative questions that invite readers to imagine and work together on a global scale to create sustainable public health solutions for the greater good of the entire human family.
Academics Writing for a Broader Public Audience
Authors: Vannini Phillip , Abbott Sarah
Published: September 2019

Despite continued appeals by funding bodies, universities, and academy-based professional organizations to engage in knowledge mobilization, few academic researchers have made convincing and sustained efforts to dismantle the existing dominant power architecture that orders and organizes professional merit hierarchies along the lines of publication prestige (as indicated by the reputation of publishers) rather than on the basis of readership size or publication impact. The authors encourage more academics to write for a broader public audience. After highlighting a few common reasons why so much academic writing fails to engage readers beyond specialist audiences, the authors turn to the stories of five academic writers whose books have reached hundreds of thousands of people. These five books were selected because they were published within the last 10 years, were widely read, and were based in a qualitative, ethnographic research approach. Because they wished to reflect on the unique conditions shaping work within institutions of higher education, the authors excluded journalists and professional writers and included only university faculty. The authors interviewed these five authors, asking them about their writing styles, their publication-related experiences, and the production and distribution processes of their work.
Grant Writing as a Creative Process
Authors: Gorsevski Ellen , Magsamen-Conrad Kate , Hanasono Lisa
Published: September 2019

This chapter emphasizes creativity as an important, but often forgotten, methodological aspect of grant writing as a rhetorical genre. Sharing knowledge of three experienced grant writers in communication, the co-authors reflect on the role of creativity in developing and sustaining fundable grants, and on larger research prospects and implications of inspiration, which span careers in knowledge-based sectors. The authors provide helpful context and proven strategies to support the grant writing process. Literature on grant writing in the humanities and social sciences points to innovative grant writing as a productive approach or method of doing public scholarship. Creativity often sets apart winnable, funded grant projects from projects that are less impressive to funders in real-world settings. Counterintuitively to higher education’s increasing bureaucratization, lofty, aspirational artistry is central to successful grants development, particularly writing persuasive grant narratives. Grants entail creative problem solving to address pressing issues and remediate urgent challenges across multidisciplinary fields.
Projections and Hazards of Future Extreme Heat
Authors: Raymond Colin , Coumou Dim , Foreman Tim , King Andrew , Kornhuber Kai , Lesk Corey , Mora Camilo , Perkins-Kirkpatrick Sarah , Russo Simone , Vijverberg Sem
Published: September 2019

This chapter surveys how the state of knowledge about the physical processes that cause extreme heat and the societal factors that determine its impacts can be used to better predict these aspects of future climate change. Covering global projections; event attribution; atmospheric dynamics; regional and local effects; and impacts on health, agriculture, and the economy, this chapter aims to provide a guide to the rapidly growing body of literature on extreme heat and its impacts, as well as to highlight where there remain significant areas in need of further research.
Revolutionizing Mental Health with Social Media
Authors: De Choudhury Munmun
Published: September 2019

Social media platforms have emerged as rich repositories of information relating to people’s activities, emotions, and linguistic expression. This chapter highlights how these data may be harnessed to reason about human mental and psychological well-being. It also discusses the emergent role of social media in providing a platform of self-disclosure and support to distressed and vulnerable communities. It reflects on how this new line of research bears potential for informing the design of timely and tailored interventions, provisions for improved personal and societal well-being assessment, privacy and ethical considerations, and the challenges and opportunities of the increasing ubiquity of social media.
Can Artificial Entities Assert?
Authors: Freiman Ori , Miller Boaz
Published: September 2019

There is an existing debate regarding the view that technological instruments, devices, or machines can assert or testify. A standard view in epistemology is that only humans can testify. However, the notion of quasi-testimony acknowledges that technological devices can assert or testify under some conditions, without denying that humans and machines are not the same. Indeed, there are four relevant differences between humans and instruments. First, unlike humans, machine assertion is not imaginative or playful. Second, machine assertion is prescripted and context restricted. As such, computers currently cannot easily switch contexts or make meaningful relevant assertions in contexts for which they were not programmed. Third, while both humans and computers make errors, they do so in different ways. Computers are very sensitive to small errors in input, which may cause them to make big errors in output. Moreover, automatic error control is based on finding irregularities in data without trying to establish whether they make sense. Fourth, testimony is produced by a human with moral worth, while quasi-testimony is not. Ultimately, the notion of quasi-testimony can serve as a bridge between different philosophical fields that deal with instruments and testimony as sources of knowledge, allowing them to converse and agree on a shared description of reality, while maintaining their distinct conceptions and ontological commitments about knowledge, humans, and nonhumans.
The Literati and the Dao
Authors: Lash Scott
Published: September 2019

This chapter develops the argument that China is a civilizational state and follows a trajectory different from that of the Western nation-state. Weber is correct in selecting features of Chinese culture and social and political structure that stand in contrast to Western forms of rationalization: the role of magic, the particularism of guilds, the absence of the Western polis and Roman law, and the universalism demanded of Christianity in contrast to the religions of southeast Asia. Following Sheldon Pollock’s The Language of the Gods in the World of Men, the nature of language itself differentiates Latin in the West, Sanskrit in south and southeast Asia, and Chinese analogical language in China. Language, or langue-pensée, has a determining effect on stratification and configurations of power, especially in the development of the vernacularization of language as a precondition for the nation-state. China, in contrast to India and the West, resisted vernacularization. It is as if the West had kept to the Latin of the Holy Roman Empire. The nature of Chinese language therefore is intrinsic to the civilization and imperial state in China to this day.
Future Directions in Research and Treatment of Emotion Dysregulation
Authors: Beauchaine Theodore P. , Hahn Hunter , Crowell Sheila E.
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses themes that emerged while editing the Oxford Handbook of Emotion Dysregulation and outlines directions for future research. Although the term emotion dysregulation has at times been used amorphously in the literature, most authors now define the phenomenon as experiences and expressions of emotion that interfere with situationally appropriate, goal-directed behavior. Situational embedding of emotion dysregulation is important given very different expectations of appropriate emotional expression across contexts and cultures. Despite emerging consensus regarding emotion dysregulation as a construct, several challenges lie ahead. Major tasks for the field are to (1) abandon implicit notions of emotion dysregulation in favor of formally operationalized definitions, such as that provided earlier; (2) maintain a clear distinction between emotion dysregulation versus mood dysregulation; (3) map transdiagnostic features of emotion dysregulation across functional domains of behavior such as those instantiated in the Research Domain Criteria matrix and, where appropriate, syndromes in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; (4) further develop prevention and treatment programs that systematically target emotion dysregulation across development; and (5) extend emotion dysregulation research to stigmatized groups in an effort to identify mechanisms of mental health disparities. Chapters in this volume address these issues and advance the science of emotion dysregulation in new and exciting ways.
Latinx Pop Cultural Studies Hoy!
Authors: Aldama Frederick Luis
Published: September 2019

Despite Latinxs being the largest growing demographic in the United States, their experiences and identities continue to be underrepresented and misrepresented in the mainstream pop cultural imaginary. However, for all the negative stereotypes and restrictive ways that the mainstream boxes in Latinxs, Latinx musicians, writers, artists, comic book creators, and performers actively metabolize all cultural phenomena to clear positive spaces of empowerment and to make new perception, thought, and feeling about Latinx identities and experiences. In film, one sees Latinx actors in mainstream and Latinx films, playing Latinx-identified characters. It’s important to understand, though, that Latinxs today consume all variety of cultural phenomena. For corporate America, therefore, the Latinx demographic represents a huge buying demographic. Viewed with cynical and skeptical eyes, the increased representation of Latinxs in the entertainment industry is a result of this push to capture the Latinx consumer market. Within this schema, Latinx actors are rarely cast as the protagonists. As such, there is an active metabolizing and critical redeployment of these narratives as well as the fashioning of entirely new cultural phenomena. Latinx filmmakers are working in the realist, motion-photographic mode to push back and clear new spaces for Latinx subjectivities and experiences; they are also innovating in the pop cultural space of music videos. Some Latinx creators use the Internet to convey the richly layered aspects of being Latinx. Meanwhile, relative low production costs in areas such as music and comic books have led to a tremendous outpouring of Latinx pop cultural creation in these areas.
Student Privacy and the Law in the Internet Age
Authors: Plunkett Leah , Gasser Urs , Cortesi Sandra
Published: September 2019

New types of digital technologies and new ways of using them are heavily impacting young people’s learning environments and creating intense pressure points on the “pre-digital” framework of student privacy. This chapter offers a high-level mapping of the federal legal landscape in the United States created by the “big three” federal privacy statutes—the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA), the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA), and the Protection of Pupil Rights Amendment (PPRA)—in the context of student privacy and the ongoing digital transformation of formal learning environments (“schools”). Fissures are emerging around key student privacy issues such as: what are the key data privacy risk factors as digital technologies are adopted in learning environments; which decision makers are best positioned to determine whether, when, why, and with whom students’ data should be shared outside the school environment; what types of data may be unregulated by privacy law and what additional safeguards might be required; and what role privacy law and ethics serve as we seek to bolster related values, such as equity, agency, and autonomy, to support youth and their pathways. These and similar intersections at which the current federal legal framework is ambiguous or inadequate pose challenges for key stakeholders. This chapter proposes that a “blended” governance approach, which draws from technology-based, market-based, and human-centered privacy protection and empowerment mechanisms and seeks to bolster legal safeguards that need to be strengthen in parallel, offers an essential toolkit to find creative, nimble, and effective multistakeholder solutions.
Universal Pre-Kindergarten
Authors: Gomez-Velez Natalie
Published: September 2019

At the turn of the twenty-first century, public universal pre-kindergarten (UPK) gained momentum across the United States as a widely popular public policy goal. More recently, however, implementing high-quality UPK has been hampered by federal disengagement from the issue, fiscal constraints, and conflicting state policy approaches. This chapter examines the growth of UPK as an important policy goal on the federal and state levels; the impact of the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) and a new presidential administration on federal policy disengagement from the issue; and varying degrees of state fiscal support and state and local policy approaches in thwarting the full realization of UPK’s promise. This examination notes the urgent need for a policy focus on the equitable delivery of high-quality programs if UPK is to improve future educational outcomes and help close opportunity gaps. Universal access will not achieve pre-kindergarten’s benefits without high-quality programming. If universal pre-kindergarten’s promise is to be achieved, the federal and state governments must work in tandem to ensure that all children, starting with those most in need of early education, have access to high-quality, age-appropriate UPK. Because ESSA limits federal policy prescriptions, advocacy must focus on the state level, using evidence-based lessons from research and experience.
Voter Mobilization in Intimate Networks
Authors: Foos Florian , de Rooij Eline A.
Published: September 2019

Political scientists have long observed that interactions within intimate networks such as the household are correlated with higher and concordant turnout behavior. However, it is unclear whether these correlations arise due to social influence, selection, or a shared context, and, if the first, whether it is indeed the intimacy of networks that moderates social influence. This article locates the study of voter mobilization in intimate networks within the context of partisan campaigns and presents examples of studies that apply different strategies to identify social influence between family members, friends, and neighbors. Looking to future advances, the article emphasizes design-based approaches, the collection of detailed covariate data on network characteristics, and collaborations with partner organizations to experimentally test theories of indirect voter mobilization.
Scriptural Battlefields
Authors: Cañizares-Esguerra Jorge , Masters Adrian
Published: September 2019

Scholars have barely begun to explore the role of the Old Testament in the history of the Spanish New World. And yet this text was central for the Empire’s legal thought, playing a role in its legislation, adjudication, and understandings of group status. Institutions like the Council of the Indies, the Inquisition, and the monarchy itself invited countless parallels to ancient Hebrew justice. Scripture influenced how subjects understood and valued imperial space as well as theories about Paradise or King Solomon’s mines of Ophir. Scripture shaped debates about the nature of the New World past, the legitimacy of the conquest, and the questions of mining, taxation, and other major issues. In the world of privilege and status, conquerors and pessimists could depict the New World and its peoples as the antithesis of Israel and the Israelites, while activists, patriots, and women flipped the script with aplomb. In the readings of Indians, American-born Spaniards, nuns, and others, the correct interpretation of the Old Testament justified a new social order where these groups’ supposed demerits were in reality their virtues. Indeed, vassals and royal officials’ interpretations of the Old Testament are as diverse as the Spanish Empire itself. Scripture even outlasted the Empire. As republicans defeated royalists in the nineteenth century, divergent readings of the book, variously supporting the Israelite monarchy or the Hebrew republic, had their day on the battlefield itself.
Changing Capital Market Structure and Regulatory Challenges
Authors: Mattli Walter , Kellerman Miles
Published: September 2019

Advances in telecommunication technology in the nineteenth century encouraged greater centralization of liquidity on single, dominant exchanges in most major industrialized countries. Electronic trading, in contrast, has precipitated increased market fragmentation, creating a host of new regulatory dilemmas. In an attempt to understand this phenomenon, this chapter proposes a two-stage process of market structural development in response to electronic trading. This process is then examined in equities and foreign exchange markets. Despite significant differences between these two asset classes, they have exhibited a remarkably similar pattern of disintermediation followed by reintermediation. This analysis is followed by a survey of recent regulatory approaches to mitigate the negative externalities associated with electronic trading. It concludes with a brief discussion on the future of market fragmentation and centralization in global capital markets.
Michel Foucault,Discipline and Punish
Authors: Luxon Nancy
Published: September 2019

Published in 1975, Michel Foucault’s Discipline and Punish has profoundly affected how we think about power and hierarchy broadly speaking, as well as their specific effects on incarceration. If the text initially influenced debates on moral autonomy, political agency, and historicist methodologies for political theorizing, its influence has since widened. The following article (1) briefly presents the argument in Discipline and Punish, and its implications for rethinking power and hierarchy; (2) considers its reception in light of debates around agency, autonomy, and political activity; and (3) finishes by tracing Discipline’s implications for work on subjectivity and subject-formation, incarceration and poverty governance, feminist theory and intersectionality, and inquiry into colonialism and its legacies.
James Scott, Seeing Like a State
Authors: King Loren
Published: September 2019

States see the world in a particular way, simplifying their domains to better rule them. By the early twentieth century, these ordering imperatives coincided with progressive ideals grounded in hopes that scientific and technological progress could shape the world for good. That conceit—that we should use the formidable power of the state to forge grand rational schemes for human improvement—blinded planners to the critical importance of local, cumulative, practical knowledge. This is Scott’s core thesis in Seeing Like a State, which he supports with a rich (if selective) body of evidence. If we defend Scott’s book as political theory, then we might worry that he has simply rediscovered skeptical themes (specifically, worries about coercive power and rational planning) long-evident in counter-enlightenment, anarchist, libertarian, and postcolonial thought. These worries, while reasonable, should not obscure the great value of Scott’s book as grounded political theory: there are lessons here, both methodological and substantive, for political theory.
Thinking about Satire
Authors: Marshall Ashley
Published: September 2019

What did eighteenth-century writers and critics have to say about satire? The relevant primary material is voluminous, including Dryden’s Discourse, Pope’s Epilogue to the Satires, essays and sermons on ridicule, authorial prefaces, and passing strictures upon particular satires. The commentary is often occasional, subjective, and partisan, usually either focusing on single works or operating in the realm of abstraction. Satire was a contentious subject for many readers and writers. It produced anxiety, because of its socio-moral consequences and because of the uncertainties of the form. No consensus existed in the realms of definition, terminology, objective, method, or target. Contemporary attitudes towards satire were decidedly mixed; few in the eighteenth century would consider satire the achievement of the age. But 1660–1745 was the aetas mirabilis of English satire, marked by rich debates about ethics and efficacy, about the aesthetics and humanity of humorous judgement—and a time of satiric production that is, quantitatively and qualitatively, astonishing.
The Female Wits
Authors: van Hensbergen Claudine
Published: September 2019

Taking as its focus the satirical play The Female Wits: or, the Triumvirate of Poets at Rehearsal (1696) this chapter reconstructs the satirical milieu around female dramatists at the turn of the eighteenth century. The leading playwright Susannah Centlivre repeatedly claimed that female dramatists only found success where they obscured their gender, with discriminatory attitudes laying them open to ‘the carping Malice of the Vulgar World’. This chapter explores the extent to which this was true, examining whether we should read The Female Wits as a misogynistic silencing of women playwrights, or rather as a work that speaks to their commercial popularity. By contextualizing this analysis through the writings of Centlivre and her contemporaries Delarivier Manley, Mary Pix, and Catharine Trotter, as well as considering their treatment in the stage reform debates, the chapter argues that scholars may have overestimated the power of satire to curtail the careers of female dramatists.
Epigram and Spontaneous Wit
Authors: Loveman Kate
Published: September 2019

This chapter investigates epigrams in order to recover elusive practices that widely affected the composition and interpretation of satire in the long eighteenth century. Restoration courtiers were credited with the production of spontaneous satirical epigrams. However, epigrammatic composition was far from being an elite practice: satirical epigrams circulated via oral transmission, in manuscript, in print, and as graffiti. Epigrammatic graffiti and rhyming games offered people from a range of stations opportunities to encounter and compose verses, in the process teaching ways to appreciate inventive rhyme and diction in poetry. Such widespread activities influenced the transmission and reception of works by noted satirists including the Earl of Rochester, Samuel Butler, and Jonathan Swift. These ephemeral practices of wit had a profound influence on the literary history of the period and their effects can be seen in editions of Restoration satire today.
Ridicule as a Tool for Discovering Truth
Authors: Klein Lawrence E.
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores eighteenth-century discussion of the nature, power, import, and uses of ridicule. While many assented to the role of ridicule in flagging defects of character and social or moral practice, the use of ridicule in relation to the establishment of truth was more controversial. The proposition that ridicule could serve as a ‘test of truth’ arose at the beginning of the century in comments by the 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury about ‘enthusiasm’. Once raised, the topic sparked discussion for decades. Initially, the attack on Shaftesbury arose in the context of the politics of religion, in which churchmen emphasized the connection between ridicule and irreligion. As partisan and religious politics calmed in the second half of the century, ridicule came to be situated in enlightened discussion of human communicative capacities and the parameters of taste.
Alexander Pope and the Philosophical Horace
Authors: Haugen Kristine Louise
Published: September 2019

Alexander Pope’s moralizing satires belong to the Augustan style of free translation. But in one crucial respect, Pope acted more like the Latin continental commentators through whom many English readers approached Horace. He studied Horace for concealed philosophical meanings; he often detected danger, especially in Horace’s Epicurean philosophy of pleasure; and through contradiction, misdirection, or silence, Pope guided readers towards a more suitable moral or a seemingly innocuous understanding of what Horace said. This intellectual and supremely ambitious Pope is not the genteel, easily confused poet we know from the scholarship of the middle twentieth century. He does resemble the driven and often duplicitous Pope described by Victorian scholars. Meanwhile, earlier English translators for more than a century had been keenly alive to Horace’s philosophy of pleasure. Pope’s innovation was to intervene even more fully and decisively than earlier humanists or translators as he masked, reversed, or banalized Horace’s ideas.
Romance, Satire, and the Exploitation of Disorder
Authors: Lamb Jonathan
Published: September 2019

This chapter follows Swift’s hint that our best ideas are inevitably adjacent to, or productive of, the worst: goodness is girdled by corruption, wit by madness, novelty by repetition. In satire this state of affairs is a cause for alarm, indignation, and reproof; in romance it is proof of glory excessive to all norms. The potential frenzy of the satirist is controlled by irony; the moral and historical disorder of romance is tempered by ritual and mannerism. How is the novel, the inheritor of these two traditions of fiction, to accommodate such extreme alternatives, given that its mission is to render probable the lives of ordinary people possessed of usual portions of intelligence and virtue? The answer is to reassert the importance of Cervantes to the development of the comic novel, where the elliptical tension between a bright idea and its reverse is sustained by anarchic oscillations between too much and too little.
The Idea of Mary as ‘Sister’ in Carmelite Mariology
Authors: Alban Kevin J.
Published: September 2019

The emphasis on the central importance of the idea of Mary as Theotokos with its profound Christological, ecclesiological, and soteriological implications, has perhaps resulted in the relative neglect of the idea of Mary as ‘sister’. The force of calling Mary ‘sister’ is very significant for a clear understanding of the reality of human salvation and it is not simply a reminder that Mary was human and gives an example to humanity, but that the flesh she gave to the Logos is the reason why humanity is truly redeemed. Mary is the nexus or fulcrum upon which human salvation hinges. Over the centuries the only group in the western Church to give much attention to Mary as sister has been the Carmelite Order.
Mary as Cultural Symbol in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Herringer Carol Engelhardt
Published: September 2019

In the nineteenth century the Virgin Mary, traditionally the most important woman in the Roman Catholic Church, also became a dynamic negative cultural symbol for Protestants, an ambivalent figure for Anglicans, and an empowering symbol for some feminists. Her role as cultural symbol was the result of the confluence of religious and secular factors, including increased Marian devotion in the Roman Catholic Church, a growing Roman Catholic population in Protestant-dominated countries, the development of Anglo-Catholicism, and the ascendancy of the feminine ideal. Paying particular attention to recent and classic treatments of nineteenth-century Marian devotion in its cultural context, this chapter shows that understanding the competing views of the Virgin Mary is essential to understanding the intersection of religion and secular culture, particularly in relation to gender.
Mary and Multi-Faith Pilgrimages
Authors: Albera Dionigi
Published: September 2019

This chapter focuses on the role of Mary as a bridge between faiths in the field of devotional practices. The attraction of Mary for non-Christian pilgrims is particularly pronounced in the direction of Muslims. The Marian devotion is indeed particularly well implanted in the Islamic tradition, in which sacred texts sanction it. The web of inter-faith intermingling among Christians and Muslims under the umbrella of Mary is particularly thick and ancient in the Mediterranean region, where many sources show long-standing forms of sharing. Since the Middle Ages, Christians and Muslims have jointly worshipped a huge number of Marian shrines. Some of these sites have experienced an uninterrupted continuity until today; others have decayed, but have given way to new sanctuaries that are still able to attract a miscellaneous mass of worshipers of different religious affiliations.
The Papacy and Maria Regina Imagery in Roman Churches between the Sixth and Twelfth Centuries
Authors: Rubery Eileen
Published: September 2019

A small subgroup of sixth–twelfth century Marian images in Rome portray Mary in be-gemmed garments characteristic of a Byzantine empress rather than a modest virgin. Such images may have developed from a fresco of Mary in imperial regalia in the St Maria Antiqua complex, situated close to the Palatine and occupied by Narses the Eunuch and his army in the sixth century. Some of these images have been confused with Coronation of the Virgin iconography. Most were commissioned by popes who initially suffered, but subsequently overcame, challenges to their status. The chapter suggests this iconography became popular amongst these popes because it drew attention to unique papal links with the Byzantine Court, where the papacy negotiated with the emperor over final decisions on Christian Doctrine. Perhaps surprisingly, given this iconography probably developed via eastern influences no images of Mary dressed in this way survive in the East.
Mary in Medieval Hispanic Literatures
Authors: Twomey Lesley K.
Published: September 2019

The chapter presents a discussion of three key questions on this subject. It addresses the presence of Spain’s three cultures in Marian literature. It looks at the question of how Passion literature develops in the Christmas cycle of poems and plays as well as the converse position of the Christmas sorrows in the sorrows tradition. It also examines the role of the court in Marian poetry and drama, both in the earliest poems and miracles and in the later fifteenth century. Fifteenth-century songbooks are an important repository of plays, versified lives of Christ, joys poems, and popular hymns. Songbooks include Mary’s praises, a related tradition to the joys.
Mary and the Gospel Narratives
Authors: Maunder Chris
Published: September 2019

This first chapter in the book lays foundations for later chapters which cite New Testament references to Mary. The passages which include Mary are summarized, along with interpretations by patristic theologians that led to Marian doctrines in East and West. The views of contemporary writers are also discussed. The gospels are analysed independently, revealing a development from a brief and rather minimal mention of Mary in Mark’s Gospel to greater emphasis in Matthew, Luke, and John. Those familiar with the Western traditions of Mary may be surprised to learn that, while a tradition of a first resurrection appearance of Christ to Mary originating in the gospels was posited in the West but then rejected, it was accepted by some important theologians in the East. It follows that there is an argument for Mary’s presence in sight of the cross being recorded not only in John, but in all four gospels.
Original Holiness
Authors: Boss Sarah Jane
Published: September 2019

The nineteenth century saw an upsurge in Marian devotion and Mariological enquiry in Western Europe. Of particular note is the Bull of Pope Pius IX, Ineffabilis Deus (1854), which defines the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception as an article of Catholic faith. Developments of this kind may be seen partly as an example of the Catholic Church’s reaction against increasing secularization. However, methodologically, Marian theology was part of the tendency towards a more historical approach to theology, with greater emphasis on the participation of the ordinary faithful in the articulation of doctrine. Attention is drawn to the importance of the tradition in which Mary is identified with the Old Testament figure of Wisdom, and the relevance of this for the understanding of Mary’s pre-election as the Mother of God, immaculately conceived. Finally, there is discussion of some of the nineteenth century’s most prominent Mariological thinkers, such as Newman and Scheeben.