bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The absence of cryptic self‐incompatibility in Clarkia unguiculata (Onagraceae)
Authors: Travers Steven E. , Mazer Susan J.
Published: April 2006

Many species exhibit reduced siring success of self‐relative to outcross‐pollen donors. This can be attributed either to postfertilization abortion of selfed ovules or to cryptic self‐incompatibility (CSI). CSI is a form of self‐incompatibility whereby the advantage to outcross pollen is expressed only following pollinations where there is gametophytic competition between self and outcross pollen. Under the definition of CSI, this differential success is due to the superior prefertilization performance (pollen germination rate and pollen tube growth rate) of outcross pollen relative to self pollen. Although CSI has been demonstrated in several plant species, no studies have assessed among‐population variation in the expression of CSI. We conducted a greenhouse study on Clarkia unguiculata (an annual species with a mixed‐mating system) to detect CSI, and we compare our observations to previous reports of CSI in C. gracilis and another population of C. unguiculata. In contrast to these previous studies of CSI in Clarkia, we used genetic rather than phenotypic markers to measure the relative performance of selfed vs. outcross pollen. In this study, we measured the intensity of CSI in C. unguiculata from a large population in southern California and we determined whether the magnitude of pollen competition (manipulated by controlling the number of pollen grains deposited on a stigma) influenced the outcome of competition between self and outcross pollen. In contrast to previous investigations of Clarkia, we found no evidence for CSI. The mean number of seeds sired per fruit did not differ between self and outcross pollen following either single‐donor or mixed pollinations. In addition, the relative success of selfed vs. outcross pollen was independent of the magnitude of pollen competition. These results suggest that: (1) one of the few nonheterostylous species previously thought to be cryptically self‐incompatible is completely self‐compatible (at least in the population studied here) or (2) phenotypic markers may be problematic for the detection of CSI.
A phylogeny of the flowering plant family Apiaceae based on chloroplast DNA rpl16 and rpoC1 intron sequences: towards a suprageneric classification of subfamily Apioideae
Authors: Downie Stephen R. , Katz‐Downie Deborah S. , Watson Mark F.
Published: April 2006

The higher level relationships within Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) subfamily Apioideae are controversial, with no widely acceptable modern classification available. Comparative sequencing of the intron in chloroplast ribosomal protein gene rpl16 was carried out in order to examine evolutionary relationships among 119 species (99 genera) of subfamily Apioideae and 28 species from Apiaceae subfamilies Saniculoideae and Hydrocotyloideae, and putatively allied families Araliaceae and Pittosporaceae. Phylogenetic analyses of these intron sequences alone, or in conjunction with plastid rpoC1 intron sequences for a subset of the taxa, using maximum parsimony and neighbor‐joining methods, reveal a pattern of relationships within Apioideae consistent with previously published chloroplast DNA and nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS based phylogenies. Based on consensus of relationship, seven major lineages within the subfamily are recognized at the tribal level. These are referred to as tribes Heteromorpheae M. F. Watson & S. R. Downie Trib. Nov., Bupleureae Spreng. (1820), Oenantheae Dumort. (1827), Pleurospermeae M. F. Watson & S. R. Downie Trib. Nov., Smyrnieae Spreng. (1820), Aciphylleae M. F. Watson & S. R. Downie Trib. Nov., and Scandiceae Spreng. (1820). Scandiceae comprises subtribes Daucinae Dumort. (1827), Scandicinae Tausch (1834), and Torilidinae Dumort. (1827). Rpl16 intron sequences provide valuable characters for inferring high‐level relationships within Apiaceae but, like the rpoC1 intron, are insufficient to resolve relationships among closely related taxa.
Structure and development of the pitchers from the carnivorous plantNepenthes alata (Nepenthaceae)
Authors: Owen T. Page , Lennon Kristen A.
Published: April 2006

The pitchers of the tropical carnivorous plant Nepenthes alata are highly specialized organs for the attraction and capture of insects and absorption of nutrients from them. This study examined the structure and development of these pitchers, with particular focus on the nectaries and digestive glands. Immature pitchers developed at the tips of tendrils and were tightly sealed by a lid structure that opened during the end of pitcher elongation. Opened pitchers exposed a ridged peristome containing large nectaries. Like other members of the genus, a thick coating of epicuticular waxy scales covered the upper one‐third of the pitcher. Scattered within this zone were cells resembling a stomatal complex with a protruding ridge. Cross sections showed that this ridge was formed by asymmetric divisions of the epidermal cells and lacked an underlying pore. The basal region of the trap had large multicellular glands that developed from single epidermal cells. These glands were closely associated with underlying vascular traces and provided a mechanism for supplying fluid to closed immature pitchers.
The effect of geographic range and dichogamy on genetic variability and population genetic structure in Tricyrtis section Flavae (Liliaceae)
Authors: Maki Masayuki , Morita Hiroko , Oiki Syuji , Takahashi Hiroshi
Published: April 2006

Populations of each of the four species of Tricyrtis sect. Flavae were sampled using enzyme electrophoresis to examine the effect of geographic range and dichogamy on the genetic diversity of the species. The most widespread species, T. nana, had the lowest level of genetic diversity at both the population and the species level. The depauperate genetic diversity at the population level of T. nana appears to result from the high self‐fertilization of the species. The low genetic diversity at the species level of T. nana probably resulted from the bottleneck effect during the speciation process in which this species diverged from the progenitor species, T. flava. Genetic differentiation among populations was high in both adichogamous T. nana and protandrous T. flava. High self‐fertilization in T. nana and the colonizing nature of T. flava are likely the main factors causing the differentiated population genetic structure. In contrast to a previous study on chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) variation in Tricyrtis sect. Flavae, T. nana was most closely related to T. flava, which corresponds to the morphological resemblance of both species.
A Single Research Community: Not Yet
Authors: Ransel David L.
Published: April 2006

A forum on Boris Mironov's Russian and English editions ofThe Social History of Imperial Russia, 1700-1917(2000) offers the comments of four scholars on different aspects of Mironov's work. David L. Ransel introduces the forum with a consideration of whether Russian and western historical scholarship has been or should be converging, and he reviews the Russian-language response to Mironov's book. William G. Wagner discusses Mironov's key conclusions: that the imperial period was marked by the development of a more individualistic personality, the democratic nuclear family, civil society, and a state order based on the rule of law. He questions, however, the validity of the modernization paradigm as an adequate tool for analyzing these developments. Willard Sunderland comments on the use of the concept of empire in Mironov's book, calling attention to the assertion that imperial Russia was a “normal” European state and that it was not a “true colonial state.” The focus of the book, he argues, remains Russian society within the space of the empire, not the society of the empire as a whole. Steven L. Hoch considers Mironov's chapter on demographic processes, criticizing the use of demographic theory and its application to problems such as fertility and mortality. He also argues that Mironov accepts too uncritically the utility of the statistical data at hand. Boris Mironov responds to Wagnar, Sunderland, and Hoch in turn.
Empire in Boris Mironov's Sotsial´naia istoriia Rossii
Authors: Sunderland Willard
Published: April 2006

A forum on Boris Mironov's Russian and English editions of The Social History of Imperial Russia, 1700-1917 (2000) offers the comments of four scholars on different aspects of Mironov's work. David L. Ransel introduces the forum with a consideration of whether Russian and western historical scholarship has been or should be converging, and he reviews the Russian-language response to Mironov's book. William G. Wagner discusses Mironov's key conclusions: that the imperial period was marked by the development of a more individualistic personality, the democratic nuclear family, civil society, and a state order based on the rule of law. He questions, however, the validity of the modernization paradigm as an adequate tool for analyzing these developments. Willard Sunderland comments on the use of the concept of empire in Mironov's book, calling attention to the assertion that imperial Russia was a “normal” European state and that it was not a “true colonial state.” The focus of the book, he argues, remains Russian society within the space of the empire, not the society of the empire as a whole. Steven L. Hoch considers Mironov's chapter on demographic processes, criticizing the use of demographic theory and its application to problems such as fertility and mortality. He also argues that Mironov accepts too uncritically the utility of the statistical data at hand. Boris Mironov responds to Wagnar, Sunderland, and Hoch in turn.
The “Polishness” of Production: Factory Politics and the Reinvention of Working-Class National and Political Identities in Russian Poland's Textile Industry, 1880-1910
Authors: Crago Laura A.
Published: April 2006

While the development of nineteenth-century Polish nationalism has received considerable scholarly attention, it has almost always focused on how the intelligentsia became the standard-bearers of Polish national consciousness. As a result, we know very little about how other members of Polish society constructed national identities. This is particularly perplexing when it comes to studying Russian Poland's workers, for there was no dearth of Polish nationalist activity among these workers. National demands articulated by Łodź's Polish workers during strikes in 1892, for example, inspired a group of social democrats to abandon internationalism and instead create the Polish Socialist Party (PPS). During the revolution of 1905, nationalism once again assumed an important place in both working-class protest and organization. Workers played a prominent role in the Polish school strikes. They also supported and sustained a uniquely Polish phenomena—a nationalist working-class political party, the National Union of Workers (NZR). Although the NZR and its constituent trade unions could be found within every industry within Russian Poland, the organization gained its greatest foothold within the textile industry. Moreover, it was within the textile industry in 1906 where bitter debates between nationalist and socialist workers erupted in violence after a disgruntled weaver from the Social Democratic Party of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (SDKPiL) concluded a political argument with an NZR coworker by gunning him down in the street.
Race without the Practice of Racial Politics
Authors: Hirsch Francine
Published: April 2006

Eric D. Weitz argues that the Soviet Union promoted the development of national institutions and consciousness and explicidy rejected the ideology of race. Yet traces of racial politics crept into Soviet nationalities policies, especially between 1937 and 1953. In the Stalin period particular populations were endowed with immutable traits that every member of the group possessed and that were passed from one generation to the next. Recent scholarship, he suggests, has been resistant to drawing out the racial elements in the Stalinist purges of certain nationalities. Francine Hirsch challenges Weitz’s argument, arguing that the Soviet regime had a developed concept of “race,” but did not practice what contemporaries thought of as “racial politics.” Hirsch argues that while the Nazi regime attempted to enact social change by racial means, the Soviet regime aspired to build socialism dirough die manipulation of mass (national and class) consciousness. She contends that it is imperative to analyze the conceptual categories that both regimes used in order to undertake a true comparative analysis. Weiner proposes that Soviet population politics constandy fluctuated between sociological and biological categorization. Although the Soviets often came close to adapting bioracial principles and practices, at no point did they let human heredity become a defining feature of political schemes. Race in the Soviet world applied mainly to concerns for the health of population groups. Despite the capacity to conduct genocidal campaigns and operate death camps, the Soviets never sought the physical extermination of entire groups nor did they stop celebrating the multiethnicity of tiieir polity. The radicalization of state violence in the postwar era was triggered by die nature and role of the war in the Soviet world, the alleged conduct of those who failed to rise to the occasion, and the endemic unstable and unassimilated borderlands, and not by die genetic makeup of the internal enemies. Alaina Lemon’s contribution suggests that scholars seek racialized concepts by treating discourse as situated practice, rather than by separating discourse from practice. This allows consideration of the ways people use language not only to name categories but also to point to social relationships (such as “race”) with or without explicidy naming them as such. Doing so, however, is admittedly more difficult when die only available evidence of past discursive practices are printed texts or interviews. In conclusion, Weitz responds to these critics.
The Mobilization of 1914 and the Question of the Russian Nation: A Reexamination
Authors: Sanborn Josh
Published: April 2006

Sir George Buchanan, Great Britain's ambassador to Russia during World War I, published his widely read memoirs in 1923. In those pages, he provided an influential account of the response of the Russian people to Germany's declaration of war:

During those wonderful early August days Russia seemed to have been completely transformed. The German Ambassador had predicted that the declaration of war would provoke a revolution. He had even declined to listen to a friend who had advised him, on the eve of his departure, to send his collection of art to the Hermitage for safe keeping, as the Hermitage would, he foretold, be one of the first buildings to be sacked. Unfortunately for him, the only act of mob violence throughout the whole Russian Empire was the wholesale looting of the German Embassy on August 4. Instead of provoking a revolution, the war forged a new bond between Sovereign and people. The workmen proclaimed a truce to strikes, and the various political parties laid aside their grievances.
How It Was Sung in Odessa: At the Intersection of Russian and Yiddish Folk Culture
Authors: Rothstein Robert A.
Published: April 2006

Odessa has played a significant role in Russian and Yiddish folklore and popular culture. Although the city has changed with the times, the Odessa variant of the Russian language and the Russian and Yiddish songs created in and about Odessa are the lasting product of a unique brand of multiculturalism. The Russian of Odessa shows die influence of Yiddish and Ukrainian in grammar, lexicon, and phraseology, and Odessa folk humor reflects Jewish sensibilities. Odessa Yiddish is permeated with Russianisms. The repertoire of Russian and Yiddish songs about Odessa reveals the mixed character of die respective languages. The songs portray a unique city: one tfiat is more impressive than Vienna or Paris; one that embodies progress and the carefree life but is also dangerous. These songs deal with various aspects of the Jewish experience but also with the life of the underworld, employing the stylistic conventions of the so-called blatnaia pesnia.
Mira de Amescua's ‘Octavas al Príncipe de Gales’
Authors: Reynolds John J.
Published: April 2006

In 1960 the noted Spanish bibliographer Don José Simón Díaz reprinted a number of Mira de Amescua's uncollected poems under the title ‘Textos dispersos’ (Revista de Literatura, XVIII, 169-180). Not included in that group is Mira's little-known homage to the Prince of Wales on the occasion of the latter's visit to Madrid in 1623. Emilio Cotarelo y Mori, in his still fundamental Mira de Amescua y su teatro: Estudio biográfico y crítico (Madrid, 1931), was able to describe this work only as follows: ‘En el Índice de la Biblioteca que fue del señor Marqués de Jerez de los Caballeros constan unas Octavas al Príncipe de Gales, por el Doctor Mira de Amescua. Quizá se trate de las compuestas por él con Alarcón y otros poetas’ (p. 32, n. 1).
The Earliest Verse of the New World
Authors: Kaiser Leo M.
Published: April 2006

No one seems yet to have appreciated that what is the earliest Latin verse of the New World is also its earliest extant verse by any visitor from the Old World. Furthermore, no one has paid any attention to the very poems themselves.

The poet was Alessandro Geraldini (ca. 1455-1524), Italian humanist, diplomat, and churchman. A native of Umbria, Geraldini went to school in Italy, but later left for Spain with his older brother, Antonio, the two bringing with them, like their famous contemporaries Peter Martyr and Marineus Siculus, the influence of the new learning of the Renaissance. At the age of twenty-one, Alessandro served under Ferdinand and Isabella as the Castilians defeated the Portuguese at Toro. He became cupbearer to Isabella, and traveled with Antonio, when the latter was secretary to John II of Aragon, on visits to Francis II, Duke of Brittany, and to Edward IV of England.
Members of Francesco Patrizi's Family Appearing in His Letters and Epigrams
Authors: Smith Leslie F.
Published: April 2006

It is hard to believe that Francesco Patrizi of Siena (1413-94) stopped writing letters when, after he was ejected from his governorship of Foligno (1461-64), he reluctantly, one imagines, took up residence in his diocese of Gaeta. His letters, after he left Foligno, do not seem to have been preserved, so that, as I have pointed out in a previous article, his Epigrams are the most fertile and practically the only source for his activities in the last thirty years of his life.

His Letters, all from the Foligno period, deal overwhelmingly with his duties as Papal Governor, which he seems to have fulfilled most faithfully, but there are enough private letters mingled with them to throw light on the lives of his own family and those of some friends. The present article will be limited to his family.
Music in the Myth of Venice
Authors: Rosand Ellen
Published: April 2006

Historians have long been fascinated by the ‘myth of Venice’: the phenomenon of a single state acquiring and sustaining a reputation, often at obvious variance with reality, that would serve not only the propaganda goals of the state itself but even as an influential political model for others. Although there are several aspects to this myth, they all focus on the perfection of the Venetian Republic, its uniqueness andvirtù.The official epithet,la Serenissima,epitomized the image of this splendid city, founded miraculously upon the waters, unwalled yet unconquered for more than a millennium, remarkably undisturbed by internal strife. Petrarch's wellknown panegyric expresses a generally held view of Venice: ‘a city rich in gold but richer in renown, mighty in works but mightier in virtue, founded on solid marble but established on the more solid foundations of civic concord, surrounded by the salty waves but secure through her saltier councils.’
Ben Jonson and the Uses of Architecture
Authors: Paster Gail Kern
Published: April 2006

The terms of Jonson's quarrel with Inigo Jones about the rival claims of poet and architect have been clear ever since D. J. Gordon's discussion of the matter in 1949. The problem, as Professor Gordon explains, was far more significant than a temperamental clash between two ambitious artists vying for royal favor. Unfortunately, while they could probably agree about the inevitably intellectual origins of all artistic invention and about the important distinctions to be made between invention and expression, they could not help but come into conflict over the relative importance of poetry, on the one hand, and architecture, on the other. A passage from Vives translated in The Discoveries (160-167) indicates that Jonson knew and probably endorsed those divisions between the liberal and mechanical arts which placed architecture in the inferior group.
Ascham's Toxophilus and the Rules of Art
Authors: Wilson K. J.
Published: April 2006

Roger Ascham's dialogue Toxophilus is a book made of books. Ascham himself indicated the importance of classical sources to his ‘schole of shootinge’ by providing an apparatus of marginal references in Toxophilus. In its substance his dialogue of expert knowledge envisioned the old learning, drawing upon its forms in a new imaginative style. It is remarkable that for his use and conception of classical learning Ascham always had a model. He admired the great teachers Cheke and Sturm, and his writing abounds in judgments and appreciations of other classical scholars of his time. But his model for his relation to the literary past was Cicero. I do not mean Cicero the master orator but Cicero the student of the ancient Greeks.
Humanism, Religion, Society: Concepts and Motivations of Some Recent Studies
Authors: Trinkaus Charles
Published: April 2006

The following essay will address itself both to the content and the motivation of Renaissance historiography in the last decade and will be confined primarily to the work that has been done in the English language. History, as other scholarly disciplines, tends always to look inward at its own work and the publications within its particular national and language boundaries. But at the same time more inventive minds within the discipline constantly feel a dissatisfaction with provincialisms of various sorts and seek to open their thinking and their work to wider influences. Yet this may happen very slowly. For example the famous essay of Lucien Febvre, ‘Une question mal posée,’ first appeared in 1929 (Revue historique, 161), found an Italian counterpart in Delio Cantimori's Prospettive di storia ereticale italiana of 1960, and was cited for its parallels with Pre-Reformation German piety in Berndt Moellers’ ‘Frommigkeit in Deutschland um 1500’ of 1965.
Variations On a Theme: The Family of Love in Renaissance England
Authors: Moss Jean Dietz
Published: April 2006

The Family of Love has become a subject of burgeoning interest in recent years among scholars concerned with various aspects of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century life. Frances Yates has suggested that the secret society may have been active in the spread of occult ideas on the Continent, and Jan van Dorsten has pointed out the linkage between intellectual circles in the Low Countries and England. The branch of Familism which flourished in England for more than a hundred years, apparently far outlasting the Continental variety, has stirred the interest of students of English history as well. Keith Thomas believes Familists propagated alchemical knowledge in England, while Christopher Hill finds they contributed to the development of radical thought of the English Revolution.
Some Notes on the Contents of Guarino's Library
Authors: Thomson Ian
Published: April 2006

This article has two purposes: first, to correct the common misconception that Guarino da Verona (1374-1460) brought more than fifty Greek codices with him from Constantinople to Italy in 1408; second, to discuss his collection of Platonica.

Nowhere in Guarino's own writings nor, so far as I know, in those of any of his humanist contemporaries is there mention of his having returned to Italy with a large collection of Greek manuscripts. The story first appears in the brief biography of Manuel Chrysoloras which Pontico Virunio wrote for inclusion in his edition of Chrysoloras' Erotemata at Reggio Emilia in 1501. Virunio says that Guarino on his way home from Constantinople, where he had studied under Chrysoloras, had two chests of Greek codices, but one was lost overboard, and this caused him to go gray overnight.
Music in Italy on the Brink of the Baroque
Authors: Hanning Barbara Russano
Published: April 2006

In choosing this title to address the topic of style change in music in the late sixteenth century, my intention is to suggest the apparent suddenness with which the early Baroque style appeared on the musical scene around the turn of the century. Furthermore, in its evocation of the dramatic, the title is suited to a style that burst on the scene in the new, essentially dramatic forms of monody (or solo song) and opera. If one observes the prospect from the brink of such a precipitous style change, however, one's retrospective view is complicated by entangled paths leading from various corners of the Renaissance landscape roughly to their convergence at the spot on which the viewer stands, at the entry into the Baroque. The purpose of this paper is not to chart new paths but to explore and describe some of those which have already been well traveled by music historians and others in search of explanations of style change. Certain signposts beckon more intriguingly than others—madrigal, monody, linguistics, mannerism—and these will mark the principal routes of our investigation.
Mantuan and Religious Pastoral: Unprinted Versions of His Ninth and Tenth Eclogues
Authors: Piepho Lee
Published: April 2006

In the dedicatory letter to the first printed edition of his Adulescentia, Baptista Mantuanus (“Mantuan” in England since the Renaissance) asks all readers holding manuscript copies of the earlier, unprinted version of his collection to destroy them—a request in effect so discouraging that, despite publication in the twentieth century of several important works by Mantuan, no manuscript copies of early versions of his eclogues have ever come to light. We are therefore indebted to Paul Oskar Kristeller for recording six manuscripts—five in Italian libraries and one at the Bodleian Library, Oxford—containing copies of what I have discovered to be early versions of Mantuan's ninth and tenth eclogues. Examination of these manuscript copies reveals new information as to the date and circumstances of composition and initial publication of the two eclogues.
Marsilio Ficino: Lecturer at the Studio fiorentino
Authors: Davies Jonathan
Published: April 2006

Following the death of Marsilio Ficino on i October 1499 the Ufficiali dello Studio discussed whether they should attend his funeral in view of Ficino's ties with the Studio fiorentino, the University of Florence. These ties dated back to at least 1451 when Ficino was a student of logic at the Studio. He continued to study philosophy and medicine there throughout the 1450s, acquiring a good knowledge of Aristotle and Averroes. Ficino was still described as a student of philosophy in 1462. In 1466 he was amongst the witnesses to a doctorate granted by the Studio. Even though no more has been known of the ties between the young Ficino and the Studio, there has long been a debate over whether he taught there. This debate can now be settled. New documentary evidence proves that he was hired by the Ufficiali to lecture on philosophy in 1466.
Written on the Leaves: Rabelais and the Sibylline Tradition
Authors: Weinberg Florence M.
Published: April 2006

The episode of the Sibylle de Panzoust, most often brushed aside as merely farcical, scatological and obscene, remaiijs to be examined seriously and at length. My reading of the sibylline episode will begin by placing the Sibylle in the context of Rabelais' general treatment of women; I shall attempt to determine her place among all the other means of divining the future; further, I shall examine the attitudes of the Pantagruelistes (Epistémon, Pantagruel, Panurge) towards her before the consultation, and, of course, thoroughly investigate the consultation itself.
Allusive and Elusive Meanings: Reading Ariosto's Vergilian Ending
Authors: Sitterson Joseph C.
Published: April 2006

Whatever the poem's ambiguities, theOrlando Furioso'sending has always seemed allusively unproblematic: in the words of Ariosto's sixteenth-century English translator, Sir John Harington, “in the death of Rodomont, to shew himself a perfect imitator of Virgill, [Ariosto] endeth just as Virgil ends his Aeneads with the death of Turnus.”

He sank his blade in fury in Turnus’ chest.

Then all the body slackened in death's chill,

And with a groan for that indignity

His spirit fled into the gloom below.

(Aeneid 12.950-52)
Renaissance Concepts of Shame and Pocaterra'sDialoghi Delia Vergogna
Authors: Gundersheimer Werner L.
Published: April 2006

Persons of authority in early modern Europe—whether parents, preachers or princes—knew well that among the resources available to them for controlling behavior and maintaining hierarchies, there was always shame. Humankind, to its woe, had experienced shame in the Garden of Eden. Noah had been shamed by his nakedness, Sarah by her barrenness, Jacob by his effeminate body, Potiphar's wife through her brazen advances. Hesiod had introduced two sorts of shame: the right kind, derived from modesty; and the wrong kind, produced by poverty. These instances, and many others from ancient and medieval sources, lay at hand for easy use by Renaissance moralists, and who is not a moralist? Applying their own imaginative skills to techniques and rituals of humiliation, medieval and early modern people devised such innovations as thepitture infamanti, the dunce cap, the stocks, the charivari, the yellow badge.
Woman's Capacity to Create: The Unusual Case of Sofonisba Anguissola*
Authors: Jacobs Fredrika H.
Published: April 2006

Among the more than 160uomitti valentiwhose lives and works are included in the second edition of Giorgio Vasari'sLe vite de’ più eccellentipittori, scultori et architettori, 1568, are several women: Properzia De’ Rossi (c. 1490-1530), Suor Plautilla Nelli (1532-1587/88), Lucrezia Quistelli, who was “taught by Alessandro Allori,” Sofonisba Anguissola (c. 1532-1625), and her sisters Lucia (c. 1540-c. 1565) and Europa (1542/43-78). Although De' Rossi was the only one of these women distinguished by her own vita, it was Sofonisba Anguissola who accrued the greatest amount of literary adulation during her lifetime (fig. 1). If contemporaneous sources are to be believed, this acclaim may be attributed to her excellence as a portrait painter.
An Exemplary Humanist Hybrid: Vasari's “Fraude” with Reference to Bronzino's “Sphinx”
Authors: Moffitt John F.
Published: April 2006

In an article recently published in this journal, I argued that a certain, often discussed, hybrid encountered in Bronzino's wellknown painting depictingThe Exposure of Luxury(ca. 1545, National Gallery, London; also known asVenus, Cupid, Folly, and Time)was actually intended to represent a “sphinx” [fig. 1]. Whatever its proper designation, this is the bizarre figure that may be espied lurking in darkness (as much metaphorical as physical), just as she/it was placed in the middle ground of the far right side of Bronzino's carefully contrived composition [fig. 2]. This darkly crouching creature was situated by the ingenious painter behind the brightly illuminated figure of a nude and joyfulputtotossing roses, so making it literally hidden(occulta).
Switzerland, International Law and World War II
Authors: Vagts Detlev F.
Published: April 2006

The recent sudden upsurge of interest in Swiss behavior during and after World War II seems to call for a brief review of the international law issues that were relevant to that country’s decisions. Many of them, in particular the law of neutrals, have become obsolete and are obviously not understood by many commentators. Of course, to reach a judgment that the behavior of Switzerland was compatible with the rules of international law then in effect does not dispose of issues of humanity and morality. But it does contribute to explaining Swiss behavior, particularly since the Government in Bern was quite legalistic in its approach to the questions of the time.
European Communities restrictions on imports of beef treated with hormones—nontariff trade barriers—control of food additives—scientific basis for restrictions—WTO dispute settlement mechanisms—scope of review
Authors: Oxman Bernard H. , Wirth David A.
Published: April 2006

European Communities—Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products. WTO Doc. WT/DS26/AB/R & WT/DS48/AB/R.

World Trade Organization Appellate Body, January 16, 1998.

This report of the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization (WTO) is both the most recent development in a long-running trade battle between the United States and the European Communities and the first dispute to be addressed under a new Uruguay Round agreement concerning food safety measures.
Endless Sacks: Soldiers’ Desire in Tamburlaine*
Authors: Shepard Alan
Published: April 2006

Christopher Marlowe's two-partTamburlaine the Great(published 1590) captures all of the spirit and something of the scope of legendary violence the historical Tamerlane levied against his enemies. In the course of ten acts Tamburlaine's armies roll over several nations and cultures, leaving thousands of civilians enslaved or worse. Marlowe's graphic representation of the trail of blood and brutality is itself notorious.

In the interest of founding his own legend as the hypermasculine “Generall of the world” (1:5.1.451), Tamburlaine practices virtual genocide against his enemies and ethnocide against their cities, religions, and ways of life. By no means does he work alone. The soldier-males who serve in his armies eagerly follow his lead.
The Rhetoric of Supplication: Prayer Theory in Seventeenth-Century England
Authors: Garrett Cynthia
Published: April 2006

Although Manuals Offering detailed instructions in private prayer are both a distinctive and highly popular form of post-Reformation English literature, relatively little critical attention has been paid to these texts, either by literary critics or historians of religion. Surveys of English devotional literature, such as Helen White's Tudor Books of Private Devotion and English Devotional Literature 1600-1640 and C.J. Stranks's Anglican Devotion, describe the more prominent of these prayer manuals, but no critical study of this large body of literature yet exists. The reasons for this critical neglect are several. As Sam D. Gill's essay on prayer in the recently published Encyclopedia of Religion suggests, the study of prayer itself is still “undeveloped and naive” (2.489).
Shouting Down Abraham: How Sixteenth Century Huguenot Women Found Their Voice
Authors: Randall Catharine
Published: April 2006

Il fit sa confession de foi avouant

qu'il avoit beaucoup reçu et peu profité.

Et comme on lui répondait qu'il avoit fidèlement employé son talent:

“Eh! qu'y a-t-il du mien?” s'écria-t-il.

“ne dites pas moi, mais Dieu par moi.”

— Philippe Du Plessis Mornay, on his deathbed, 1623

The strange case of French Calvinist women writers poses one of the more puzzling questions that scholars face in their efforts to reanimate the lost or silenced voices of early modern women. The pool of possibilities for the examination of these Huguenot writers is paltry, due to many factors, all of which obstruct a clear hearing of their voices. Admittedly, since women writers are relatively rare in sixteenth-century Calvinism, there is an inevitable temptation to stretch meager evidence too far.
Erasmus as Hero, or Heretic? Spanish Humanism and the Valladolid Assembly of 1527*
Authors: Homza Lu Ann
Published: April 2006

In the summer of 1527, the Spanish Inquisition summoned some thirty-three of Iberia's most prominent theologians to the Castilian city of Valladolid in order to judge a variety of suspicious passages culled from Erasmus's works. The theologians met, argued, and disbanded without ever reaching a decision on the orthodoxy of the excerpts or even debating the whole inventory under review, for when plague struck the area in early August, Inquisitor General Alonso Manrique sent them home and never reconvened them. The place of the Valladolid assembly in the scholarly record is nearly minimal, for if a few academics have detailed Erasmus's response to it, no one has sufficiently explored its implications for Spanish history. The reason for such neglect lies not only in the conference's failure to pronounce, but in the modern argument that diagrams it in terms of Erasmus's impact on sixteenth-century Spanish culture.
A Paradigm Lost? Response to Anna Krylova
Authors: Zelnik Reginald E.
Published: April 2006

Anna Krylova questions whether the spontaneity-consciousness paradigm, the standard interpretive approach toward Bolshevik thought in the field of Soviet studies, offers an exhaustive account of Bolshevik discourse. To do that she examines the centrality of V I. Lenin'sWhat Is to BeDone?(1902) in Bolshevik thought and points to the 1905 revolution as the formative event in the Bolshevik conception of the worker. Krylova introduces an overlooked Bolshevik notion of “class instinct”(klassovyiinstinkt, klassovoe chut'ie)and argues that the notion of “class instinct” centrally informed the Bolshevik vision of the worker, structuring her article as a dialogue between scholars of Soviet history and their historical subjects. In the conclusion, she suggests the consequences that such a broadened notion of the Bolshevik conception of proletarian identity—beyond the spontaneity-consciousness paradigm—has for interpretations of Bolshevik and Stalinist culture. In “A Paradigm Lost?” his response to Krylova's essay, Reginald E. Zelnik welcomes Krylova's “class instinct” thesis as a fresh enrichment of and supplement to the spontaneity-consciousness paradigm, but, he argues, if we place this language in its early historical context, we cannot avoid the conclusion that with or without the introduction of “instinct,” Lenin and the Bolsheviks still had to face the same kind of contradictions in their conceptualization of the role of workers in the revolutionary movement. The revolutionary value of particular consciousness or particular instinct still had to be judged in accordance with an external point of reference, the nature of which remained and remains elusive. Igal Halfin, in his response, “Between Instinct and Mind: The Bolshevik View of the Proletarian Self,” argues that the Bolshevik notion of the self indeed deserves careful scrutiny. Focusing on how the official Soviet language characterized the interaction between workers’ bodies and workers’ souls, Halfin argues that the synthesis of the affective and the cerebral was key to this construction of the New Man in the 1920s and 1930s.
Soviet and Russian Blockbusters: A Question of Genre?
Authors: Beumers Birgit
Published: April 2006

In this introduction, Birgit Beumers explains the concept of the blockbuster, examining its emergence within the context of political upheavals in Soviet history. She then discusses the relation of the blockbuster to the question of genre and defines the blockbuster as a genre film, which follows certain conventions and thereby cradles the spectator in a (false) security. Beumers closes with a chronological survey of popular Soviet films that provides the context for the remaining articles in this forum.
Purpose and Purposes in the Study of Art
Authors: Ashton Mark
Published: April 2006

The objective of this working paper is to clarify the discussion of certain problems in the study of art. It examines the cognitive process by which an individual understands a work of art and finds there a guide to the relationships between characteristics of works of art, such as novelty, and responses to art, such as delight; between disputed activities in the study of art, such as history and criticism, and in the study of history, such as generalization and unique explanation; and between scholarly constructs, such as style, and the goal of understanding.
Some Observations on James Wyatt's Gothic Style 1790-1797
Authors: Frew John
Published: April 2006

Although James Wyatt's importance as the first post-Renaissance architect of national stature to specialize in the Gothic style has long been recognized, the underlying seriousness of his experiments has frequently been questioned. An examination of his activities during the relatively short period 1790-1797 makes it possible to understand his intentions with a greater degree of precision. The significance of his cathedral and church restorations (which provided the architect with valuable first-hand contact with medieval architectural antiquities) is confirmed and attention is also drawn to his awareness of contemporary advances in antiquarian research. In particular it is demonstrated that by 1794 Wyatt was familiar with the period's most authoritative published analysis on medieval architecture, the "architectural" section of James Bentham's History of Ely Cathedral. His assimilation of this source effectively confounded contemporary criticism that his Gothic experiments were conceived of in terms of ignorance of the medieval tradition.
Northgate Regional Shopping Center-Paradigm from the Provinces
Authors: Clausen Meredith L.
Published: April 2006

One of the most dramatic events in the post-World War II period, of profound urban as well as architectural significance, was the rise of the big regional shopping center. The regional, differing from prewar community shopping centers in both size and function, was a hotly debated topic among architects and city planners in the late 1940s. Several of these new, experimental, gargantuan centers, 50 to 150 acres in size with stores and services numbering 100 or more, were in the planning stage across the country at the time. The urban-dimensioned problems that architects and planners faced, however, were formidable. Few were professionally equipped to handle them. The postwar period was marked by a boom in the retail industry: population was increasing, private incomes were rising, and the demand for consumer goods, long capped by the Depression and then by the war, soared. Meanwhile, as use of the private car became commonplace and high-speed freeway systems expanded, vast numbers of people moved to the suburbs. The situation was ripe for the emergence of the large-scale suburban retail center. These highly competitive, multimillion-dollar projects were, however, wholly financed by private investment, and the financial risks were enormous. It was a highly experimental period, with architects and developers following each other closely. The Northgate Shopping Center, located just outside Seattle and finished in 1950, was the first of the regional type to open. Designed by architect John Graham, its progress was monitored carefully by other shopping center planners and developers across the country, in particular, by William Wurster, Welton Becket, and Victor Gruen. Architecturally undistinguished, hence slighted by the architectural community, Northgate was financially highly successful. Graham's concept of a narrow pedestrian mall lined with a dense array of stores and services surrounded by easily accessible parking, attesting his thorough understanding of merchandising as well as architectural and planning problems, proved, in the last analysis, paradigmatic.
Orwell's "Nineteen Eighty-Four" and Etienne Louis Boullée's Drafts of 1784
Authors: Vogt Adolf Max , Donnell Radka , Bendiner Kenneth
Published: April 2006

E. L. Boullée's predilection for monumental dimensions and his admiration for Newton's momentous definition of the mathematical basis of the form of the universe brought on a new stage in the interrelation of cosmology and architecture. Combining the new gigantic leap in scale with an architectural use of the mathematically pure geometric forms of the sphere and the pyramid, Boullée both echoed Palladio's injunction that our "piccioli tempii" ought to resemble the great one of the universe, and prefigured the totalitarian disregard for human scale and the individual human being. Thus, Boullée "landscaped" two centuries ago the emotional setting of Orwell's "1984." He also revealed the threat of an "unexamined" submission of the forces of representation, and of architecture, to the inhuman dictates of a totally mathematical science.
Architecture and Situation: A Study of the Architectural Writings of Robert Morris
Authors: Leatherbarrow David
Published: April 2006

There is, perhaps, no better 18th-century literary source for understanding the intention behind the design and construction of early-18th-century English landscape garden buildings than the theory of Robert Morris. In this article Morris's writings on "situation" are examined as they relate to and clarify the design and siting of buildings in country settings and landscape gardens. Although writers such as Wittkower and Lovejoy found neoclassical buildings and informal gardens to be formal opposites, Morris conceived them to be interrelated and reciprocal manifestations of what writers before and after him called the "genius of the place." The buildings in Lord Burlington's garden at Chiswick and Alexander Pope's garden at Twickenham predate Morris's writings, but they can be seen to exemplify the principles he elaborated. Although Morris's interpretation of "situation" differed greatly from earlier theories of the "site" of the building, it is an indication of his desire to preserve the substance-if not the form-of the classical tradition.
Frank Lloyd Wright, Vertical Space, and the Chicago School's Quest for Light
Authors: Clausen Meredith L.
Published: April 2006

Throughout his career, top-lit vertical spaces played a prominent role in Wright's work, in his domestic as well as civic and commercial buildings. Their source lies in late-19th-century tall office buildings, where the need for natural light was crucial. The quest for light as a major motivating factor in the development of Chicago School architecture, the solution of the glazed light court and Wright's familiarity with it, and the paramount importance of these impressive light-filled spaces in his work well after they had outlived their original function, are all factors long overlooked by historians.
Thomas Jefferson and the University of Virginia: Planning the Academic Village
Authors: Woods Mary N.
Published: April 2006

Thomas Jefferson's arrangement of buildings around an open lawn at the University of Virginia represents an innovative approach to collegiate planning. Yet it is not this plan but the individual structures that have dominated architectural discussions of the university. While prototypes for the latter have been meticulously researched, the origins of the university plan have remained relatively unexplored. Focusing on the University of Virginia as an institutional building type, this study relates its plan to hospital and school designs available to Jefferson through either his library or professional contacts. It reveals his appreciation of the university as a self-contained community-the academic village-and his sensitivity to the effect of the architectural arrangement on education, discipline, health, and morale.