bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Race, Neighborhood Context, and Strategies to Avoid Victimization Among Female Probationers and Parolees
Authors: Cobbina Jennifer E. , Morash Merry , Kashy Deborah A. , Smith Sandi W.
Published: July 2014

An established body of literature shows that females have higher levels of fear than males. Research suggests that women typically resort to rather constraining behavioral actions that limit their participation in public life. However, it is unclear whether the strategies women use to avoid victimization are tied to community context, especially for high-risk populations, such as women offenders. We build from insights of previous research by examining what strategies female probationers and parolees use to avoid victimization and their perception of how effective such strategies are in keeping them safe, whether the subjective and objective measures of neighborhood context is related to women’s strategies and whether the strategies used to avoid victimization vary by race and economic status.
“I Never Saw Him Play but We Were the Best of Friends for Years”
Authors: Medcalf Richard , Griggs Gerald
Published: July 2014

Football management games have long been a successful computer game genre combining the worlds of passionate and opinionated football fans and gamers obsessed with overachievements in quasi-reality environments. These types of games propel the consumer into a newfound intertextual “reality.” It is here that feelings of identification are played out and where pseudosocial relationships begin to develop. This article charts such relationships, as they are explicated online in the form of online blogs. Through analysing the content of Championship Manager/Football Manager blogs, data show how game players speak frequently of pseudosocial relationships, characterised in this case study by emotions of loyalty and friendship. Many have nostalgic tales from past achievements and bonds with individual players that bridge the many iterations of the game over the past 15 years. This study highlights experiences, as cited by bloggers, which transcends physical and virtual realities.
Acute Surgical Abdomen
Authors: AL-Mane Nader , AL-Mane Faisal , Abdalla Zein , McDonnell Joe
Published: July 2014

Background. Pulmonary embolism is a common and potentially lethal condition. Most patients who die from massive pulmonary embolism do so within the first few hours of the event. The clinical manifestations of pulmonary embolism are nonspecific, which makes the diagnosis difficult. Case Report. We present a case of massive pulmonary embolism presenting as an acute surgical abdomen that underwent exploratory laparotomy and made a complete recovery. Why should an emergency physician be aware of this? Emergency department physicians should be aware that massive pulmonary embolism could present as an acute surgical abdomen in young healthy individuals.
Controlled atom transfer radical polymerization of MMA onto the surface of high-density functionalized graphene oxide
Authors: Kumar Mukesh , Chung Jin Suk , Hur Seung Hyun
Published: July 2014

We report on the grafting of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) onto the surface of high-density functionalized graphene oxides (GO) through controlled radical polymerization (CRP). To increase the density of surface grafting, GO was first diazotized (DGO), followed by esterification with 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide, which resulted in an atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiator-functionalized DGO-Br. The functionalized DGO-Br was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman, and XRD patterns. PMMA chains were then grafted onto the DGO-Br surface through a ‘grafting from’ technique using ATRP. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) results revealed that polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) follows CRP. Thermal studies show that the resulting graphene-PMMA nanocomposites have higher thermal stability and glass transition temperatures (T
g) than those of pristine PMMA.
Low-temperature growth of highly crystalline β-Ga2O3 nanowires by solid-source chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Han Ning , Wang Fengyun , Yang Zaixing , Yip SenPo , Dong Guofa , Lin Hao , Fang Ming , Hung TakFu , Ho Johnny C
Published: July 2014

Growing Ga2O3 dielectric materials at a moderately low temperature is important for the further development of high-mobility III-V semiconductor-based nanoelectronics. Here, β-Ga2O3 nanowires are successfully synthesized at a relatively low temperature of 610°C by solid-source chemical vapor deposition employing GaAs powders as the source material, which is in a distinct contrast to the typical synthesis temperature of above 1,000°C as reported by other methods. In this work, the prepared β-Ga2O3 nanowires are mainly composed of Ga and O elements with an atomic ratio of approximately 2:3. Importantly, they are highly crystalline in the monoclinic structure with varied growth orientations in low-index planes. The bandgap of the β-Ga2O3 nanowires is determined to be 251 nm (approximately 4.94 eV), in good accordance with the literature. Also, electrical characterization reveals that the individual nanowire has a resistivity of up to 8.5 × 107 Ω cm, when fabricated in the configuration of parallel arrays, further indicating the promise of growing these highly insulating Ga2O3 materials in this III-V nanowire-compatible growth condition.

PACS

77.55.D; 61.46.Km; 78.40.Fy
Interferon regulatory factor 5 genetic variants are associated with cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: García-Bermúdez Mercedes , López-Mejías Raquel , Genre Fernanda , Castañeda Santos , Llorca Javier , González-Juanatey Carlos , Corrales Alfonso , Ubilla Begoña , Miranda-Filloy José A , Pina Trinitario , Gómez-Vaquero Carmen , Rodríguez-Rodríguez Luis , Fernández-Gutiérrez Benjamín , Balsa Alejandro , Pascual-Salcedo Dora , López-Longo Francisco J , Carreira Patricia , Blanco Ricardo , Martín Javier , González-Gay Miguel A
Published: July 2014

Introduction

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex polygenic inflammatory disease associated with accelerated atherosclerosis and increased cardiovascular (CV) disease risk. Interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) is a regulator of type I interferon induction. Recently, researchers have described an association between multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the IRF5 gene and some rheumatic disorders. In this study, we aimed to evaluate whether three different haplotype blocks within the IRF5 locus which have been shown to alter the protein function are involved in the risk of CV events occurring in Spanish RA patients.

Methods

Three IRF5 polymorphisms (rs2004640, rs2070197 and rs10954213) representative of each haplotype group were genotyped by performing TaqMan assays using a 7900HT Fast Real-Time PCR System with tissue from a total of 2,137 Spanish patients diagnosed with RA. Among them, 390 (18.2%) had experienced CV events. The relationship of IRF5 genotypes and haplotypes to CV events was tested using Cox regression.

Results

Male sex, age at RA diagnosis and most traditional risk factors (hypertension, dyslipidemia and smoking habit) were associated with increased risk for CV events in the RA population. Interestingly, a protective effect of both IRF5 rs2004640 GG and IRF5 rs10954213 GG genotypes against the risk for CV events after adjusting the results for sex, age at RA diagnosis and traditional CV disease risk factors was observed (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.38 to 0.92, P = 0.02; and HR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.36 to 0.95, P = 0.03, respectively). Moreover, we detected a protective effect of the GTG haplotype against the risk for CV events after adjusting the results for potential confounding factors (HR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.56 to 0.93, P = 0.012).

Conclusions

Our results reveal that IRF5 gene variants are associated with risk of CV events in patients with RA.
Inflammatory expression profiles in monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and relationship with atherosclerosis
Authors: Korman Benjamin D , Huang Chiang-Ching , Skamra Carly , Wu Peggy , Koessler Renee , Yao David , Huang Qi Quan , Pearce William , Sutton-Tyrrell Kim , Kondos George , Edmundowicz Daniel , Pope Richard , Ramsey-Goldman Rosalind
Published: July 2014

Introduction

Our objectives were to examine mononuclear cell gene expression profiles in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and healthy controls and to compare subsets with and without atherosclerosis to determine which genes’ expression is related to atherosclerosis in SLE.

Methods

Monocytes were obtained from 20 patients with SLE and 16 healthy controls and were in vitro-differentiated into macrophages. Subjects also underwent laboratory and imaging studies to evaluate for subclinical atherosclerosis. Whole-genome RNA expression microarray was performed, and gene expression was examined.

Results

Gene expression profiling was used to identify gene signatures that differentiated patients from controls and individuals with and without atherosclerosis. In monocytes, 9 out of 20 patients with SLE had an interferon-inducible signature compared with 2 out of 16 controls. By looking at gene expression during monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation, we identified pathways which were differentially regulated between SLE and controls and identified signatures based on relevant intracellular signaling molecules which could differentiate SLE patients with atherosclerosis from controls. Among patients with SLE, we used a previously defined 344-gene atherosclerosis signature in monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation to identify patient subgroups with and without atherosclerosis. Interestingly, this signature further classified patients on the basis of the presence of SLE disease activity and cardiovascular risk factors.

Conclusions

Many genes were differentially regulated during monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation in SLE patients compared with controls. The expression of these genes in mononuclear cells is important in the pathogenesis of SLE, and molecular profiling using gene expression can help stratify SLE patients who may be at risk for development of atherosclerosis.
Variability of linezolid concentrations after standard dosing in critically ill patients: a prospective observational study
Authors: Zoller Michael , Maier Barbara , Hornuss Cyrill , Neugebauer Christina , Döbbeler Gundula , Nagel Dorothea , Holdt Lesca Miriam , Bruegel Mathias , Weig Thomas , Grabein Béatrice , Frey Lorenz , Teupser Daniel , Vogeser Michael , Zander Johannes
Published: July 2014

Introduction

Severe infections in intensive care patients show high morbidity and mortality rates. Linezolid is an antimicrobial drug frequently used in critically ill patients. Recent data indicates that there might be high variability of linezolid serum concentrations in intensive care patients receiving standard doses. This study was aimed to evaluate whether standard dosing of linezolid leads to therapeutic serum concentrations in critically ill patients.

Methods

In this prospective observational study, 30 critically ill adult patients with suspected infections received standard dosing of 600 mg linezolid intravenously twice a day. Over 4 days, multiple serum samples were obtained from each patient, in order to determine the linezolid concentrations by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.

Results

A high variability of serum linezolid concentrations was observed (range of area under the linezolid concentration time curve over 24 hours (AUC24) 50.1 to 453.9 mg/L, median 143.3 mg*h/L; range of trough concentrations (Cmin) < 0.13 to 14.49 mg/L, median 2.06 mg/L). Furthermore, potentially subtherapeutic linezolid concentrations over 24 hours and at single time points (defined according to the literature as AUC24 < 200 mg*h/L and Cmin < 2 mg/L) were observed for 63% and 50% of the patients, respectively. Finally, potentially toxic levels (defined as AUC24 > 400 mg*h/L and Cmin > 10 mg/L) were observed for 7 of the patients.

Conclusions

A high variability of linezolid serum concentrations with a substantial percentage of potentially subtherapeutic levels was observed in intensive care patients. The findings suggest that therapeutic drug monitoring of linezolid might be helpful for adequate dosing of linezolid in critically ill patients.

Trial registration

Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01793012. Registered 24 January 2013.
Bringing the MMFF force field to the RDKit: implementation and validation
Authors: Tosco Paolo , Stiefl Nikolaus , Landrum Gregory
Published: July 2014

A general purpose force field such as MMFF94/MMFF94s, which can properly deal with a wide range of diverse structures, is very valuable in the context of a cheminformatics toolkit. Herein we present an open-source implementation of this force field within the RDKit. The new MMFF functionality can be accessed through a C++/C#/Python/Java application programming interface (API) developed along the lines of the one already available for UFF in the RDKit. Our implementation was fully validated against the official validation suite provided by the MMFF authors. All energies and gradients were correctly computed; moreover, atom type and force constants were correctly assigned for 3D molecules built from SMILES strings. To provide full flexibility, the available API provides direct access to include/exclude individual terms from the MMFF energy expression and to carry out constrained geometry optimizations. The availability of a MMFF-capable molecular mechanics engine coupled with the rest of the RDKit functionality and covered by the BSD license is appealing to researchers operating in both academia and industry.
Design of Fullerene-Free Electron-Acceptor Materials Containing Perylenediimide Units for Solution-Processed Organic Electronic Devices
Authors: Aoyagi Koutarou , Shoji Yu , Otsubo Saika , Kawauchi Susumu , Ueda Mitsuru , Matsumoto Hidetoshi , Higashihara Tomoya
Published: July 2014

Organic electron-accepting materials with light absorbance and wide absorption bands are sorely needed as alternatives to fullerene derivatives for organic electronics, in particular for organic photovoltaic (OPV) applications. In the present study, we have designed and synthesized a series of novel donor–acceptor–donor (D–A–D) electron-accepting molecules based on perylenediimide (PDI) and oligothiophene units, that is, PDI-alkoxy, PDI-Th, PDI-BiTh, and PDI-TerTh. The optical and electrochemical properties of the obtained PDI derivatives and performances of organic field-effect transistor (OFET) and OPV devices based on PDI derivatives were investigated. The PDI derivatives showed a higher light absorption intensity and wider absorption region than those of [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM). The highest electron mobility (2.33 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1) was shown using an OFET device based on PDI-BiTh, and the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 5.2 × 10−2% was given by the OPV device based on the PDI-BiTh acceptor. The device performances demonstrated that PDI derivatives with a D–A–D architecture are potentially useful for solution-processed organic electronics.
Syntheses of Highly Distorted meso-Trifluoromethyl-substituted β-Octaalkylporphyrins
Authors: Suzuki Masaaki , Ishii Shuto , Hoshino Tyuji , Neya Saburo
Published: July 2014

Treatment of 5,5′-dicarboxy-3,3′,4,4′-tetraalkyl-2,2′-dipyrromethanes with trifluoroacetic acid and subsequent oxidation resulted in formation of meso-trifluoromethyl-substituted β-octaalkylporphyrins. The structural characterizations and the spectroscopic measurements revealed their distorted conformations and red-shifted absorption bands depending on the steric bulkiness. Moreover, the corresponding Ni complexes were easily afforded and exhibited enhanced nonplanarities.
Stability of Lipid-membrane-incorporated Azobenzene and Pyrenes in Water
Authors: Ikeda Atsushi , Hida Tomohiro , Nakano Toshiyuki , Hino Shodai , Nobusawa Kazuyuki , Akiyama Motofusa , Sugikawa Kouta
Published: July 2014

Small hydrophobic planar π-conjugated molecules such as azobenzene or pyrene do not need chemical modifications to exhibit affinity toward the lipid membranes. Liposomes incorporating these molecules are stable in aqueous solution for up to 1 month.
Comparison of phenothrin mousse, phenothrin lotion, and wet-combing for treatment of head louse infestation in the UK: a pragmatic randomised, controlled, assessor blind trial
Authors: Burgess Ian F.
Published: July 2014

In this investigation of effectiveness of an alternative pediculicide dosage form, we recruited 228 children and 50 adult participants from Bedfordshire, UK, to a randomised, controlled, assessor blind trial comparing two insecticide products with mechanical removal of lice as a control group.  Participants using insecticide were treated with either the investigative 0.5% phenothrin mousse, for 30 minutes, or 0.2% phenothrin lotion, for 2 hours as the reference product.  Both treatments were applied only once, followed by shampoo washing.  Those treated by wet-combing with conditioner were combed 4 times over 12 days.  Parents/carers carried out the treatments to mimic normal consumer use.  The outcome measure was the absence of lice, 14 days after treatment for the insecticides, and up to 14 days after completion of combing.  Intention to treat analysis of the outcomes for 275 participants showed success for phenothrin mousse in 21/105 (20.0%), in 23/107 (21.5%) for phenothrin lotion, and in 12/63 (19.1%) for wet-combing.  People receiving mousse were 1.07 (95% CI, 0.63 to 1.81) times more likely to still have lice after treatment compared with those treated with lotion. The group of participants who received the wet combing treatment were 1.13 (95% CI, 0.61 to 2.11) times more likely to still have lice after the treatment.  None of the treatments was significantly (p < 0.05) more effective than any other. This study was carried out in an area where moderate resistance to phenothrin was demonstrated after the study by using a bioassay.  Analysis of post treatment assessments found that failure of insecticides to kill louse eggs had influenced the outcome.
How would seven-day elective care look for junior doctors?
Authors: Moreton Adam , Cowdery Nicola
Published: July 2014

Seven-day working is an extremely topical and much-debated subject. The findings of Sir Bruce Keogh's Seven Days a Week Forum ( NHS England, 2013 ) were published last year and subsequently widely reported in the medical and popular press. Organisational and workforce development considerations were outlined and included rota and shift planning for junior and senior doctors, along with the need to establish the right balance between training and service provision. Unfortunately, how such complex changes in working patterns would be implemented remains unclear. This article details three potential options from the trainee perspective and how they will impact on doctor-to-patient ratios throughout the week.
Using a health equality framework to raise wellbeing
Authors: Moulster Gwen , Iorizzo Jane
Published: July 2014

LEARNING DISABILITIES

Health inequalities affect patients’ lives and outcomes. Gwen Moulster and Jane Iorizzo explain how using a simple framework can improve patient wellbeing
Research roundup: July 2014
Authors: Seal Joanne , Condon Louise , Brook Judy
Published: July 2014

In this section, a range of brief synopses of recently published articles that may be of interest to health visitors is presented. The aim of this roundup is to provide an overview, rather than a detailed summary, of the research papers selected. Should you wish to look at any of the papers in more detail, a full reference is provided.
From the roof top into the mine
Authors: Abraham Ayisha
Published: July 2014

This article focuses on two of my films: Through the Dark Mine (Abraham, Film Tales, Bangalore, 2013) about the Kolar Gold Field Mines (1864–2001), and I Saw a God Dance (Abraham, Film Tales, Bangalore, 2012) – a short documentary film about the charismatic dancer Ram Gopal (1912–2003). The title of the article, ‘From the roof top into the mine’, reflects my attempt to juxtapose these two ostensibly different films, crafted out of found-footage, in order to see how they work side by side, metaphorically and historically. Both films illustrate mid twentieth-century modes of living and inform on the century’s modern and industrial practices such as film, dance and industrial gold mining. Working with and writing about the found footage used in making these two films represents in my opinion a form of archaeology of marginal practices in film. My composite films share a particular geographical area, and I have edited them as to create a visual path to experiencing the interiors of a gold mine and the intricate intimacy of the dancing form proposed by an exceptionally talented and beautiful gay performer. In writing this article, which is structured as a free-style essay, I developed new perspectives on my initial interpretations of the original visual material, and also on the formal concerns surrounding the structure and aesthetics of experiential and experimental film.
Allosteric regulation of rhomboid intramembrane proteolysis
Authors: Arutyunova Elena , Panwar Pankaj , Skiba Pauline M , Gale Nicola , Mak Michelle W , Lemieux M Joanne
Published: July 2014

Proteolysis within the lipid bilayer is poorly understood, in particular the regulation of substrate cleavage. Rhomboids are a family of ubiquitous intramembrane serine proteases that harbour a buried active site and are known to cleave transmembrane substrates with broad specificity. In vitro gel and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)‐based kinetic assays were developed to analyse cleavage of the transmembrane substrate psTatA (TatA from Providencia stuartii). We demonstrate significant differences in catalytic efficiency (kcat/K0.5) values for transmembrane substrate psTatA (TatA from Providencia stuartii) cleavage for three rhomboids: AarA from P. stuartii, ecGlpG from Escherichia coli and hiGlpG from Haemophilus influenzae demonstrating that rhomboids specifically recognize this substrate. Furthermore, binding of psTatA occurs with positive cooperativity. Competitive binding studies reveal an exosite‐mediated mode of substrate binding, indicating allostery plays a role in substrate catalysis. We reveal that exosite formation is dependent on the oligomeric state of rhomboids, and when dimers are dissociated, allosteric substrate activation is not observed. We present a novel mechanism for specific substrate cleavage involving several dynamic processes including positive cooperativity and homotropic allostery for this interesting class of intramembrane proteases.
Molecular pathogenesis of Spondylocheirodysplastic Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome caused by mutant ZIP13 proteins
Authors: Bin Bum‐Ho , Hojyo Shintaro , Hosaka Toshiaki , Bhin Jinhyuk , Kano Hiroki , Miyai Tomohiro , Ikeda Mariko , Kimura‐Someya Tomomi , Shirouzu Mikako , Cho Eun‐Gyung , Fukue Kazuhisa , Kambe Taiho , Ohashi Wakana , Kim Kyu‐Han , Seo Juyeon , Choi Dong‐Hwa , Nam Yeon‐Ju , Hwang Daehee , Fukunaka Ayako , Fujitani Yoshio , Yokoyama Shigeyuki , Superti‐Furga Andrea , Ikegawa Shiro , Lee Tae Ryong , Fukada Toshiyuki
Published: July 2014

The zinc transporter protein ZIP13 plays critical roles in bone, tooth, and connective tissue development, and its dysfunction is responsible for the spondylocheirodysplastic form of Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome (SCD‐EDS, OMIM 612350). Here, we report the molecular pathogenic mechanism of SCD‐EDS caused by two different mutant ZIP13 proteins found in human patients: ZIP13G64D, in which Gly at amino acid position 64 is replaced by Asp, and ZIP13ΔFLA, which contains a deletion of Phe‐Leu‐Ala. We demonstrated that both the ZIP13G64D and ZIP13ΔFLA protein levels are decreased by degradation via the valosin‐containing protein (VCP)‐linked ubiquitin proteasome pathway. The inhibition of degradation pathways rescued the protein expression levels, resulting in improved intracellular Zn homeostasis. Our findings uncover the pathogenic mechanisms elicited by mutant ZIP13 proteins. Further elucidation of these degradation processes may lead to novel therapeutic targets for SCD‐EDS.
Effect of the Interaction between Recanalization and Collateral Circulation on Functional Outcome in Acute Ischaemic Stroke
Authors: Mangiafico Salvatore , Saia Valentina , Nencini Patrizia , Romani Ilaria , Palumbo Vanessa , Pracucci Giovanni , Consoli Arturo , Rosi Andrea , Renieri Leonardo , Nappini Sergio , Limbucci Nicola , Inzitari Domenico , Gensini Gian Franco
Published: July 2014

Identification of patients with acute ischaemic stroke who could most benefit from arterial recanalization after endovascular treatment remains an unsettled issue. Although several classifications of collateral circulation have been proposed, the clinical role of collaterals is still debated. We evaluated the effect of the collateral circulation in relation to recanalization as a predictor of clinical outcome.

Data were prospectively collected from 103 patients consecutively treated for proximal middle cerebral or internal carotid artery occlusion. The collateral circulation was evaluated with a novel semiquantitative-qualitative score, the Careggi collateral score (CCS), in six grades. Both CCS and recanalization grades (TICI) were analysed in relation to clinical outcome. A statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of interaction between recanalization and collateral circulation on clinical outcome.

Out of the 103 patients, 37 (36.3%) had poor collaterals, and 65 (63.7%) had good collaterals. Patients with good collaterals had lower basal National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), more distal occlusion, smaller lesions at 24h CT scan and better functional outcome. After multivariate analysis, the interaction between recanalization and collateral grades was significantly stronger as a predictor of good outcome (OR 6.87, 95% CI 2.11–22.31) or death (OR 4.66, 95% CI 1.48–14.73) compared to the effect of the single variables.

Collaterals showed an effect of interaction with the recanalization grade in determining a favourable clinical outcome. Assessment of the collateral circulation might help predict clinical results after recanalization in patients undergoing endovascular treatment for acute ischaemic stroke.
Endovascular Treatment of a Ruptured Flow Aneurysm of the Heubner Artery as Part of a Moyamoya Collateral Network in a Young Patient with an Occluded Middle Cerebral Artery
Authors: Bechan Ratna S , Van Rooij Willem Jan
Published: July 2014

A young woman with an occluded middle cerebral artery presented with a ruptured flow aneurysm distal on a Heubner artery as part of a moyamoya collateral network. Leptomeningeal collateral supply was tested by occlusion of the A1 origin of the Heubner artery. This test occlusion demonstrated ample collateral leptomeningeal supply over the hemispheres to the M2. Subsequently, the Heubner artery harbouring the aneurysm could be safely proximally occluded with coils.
Analysis of PHA-1 Reveals a Limited Role in Pharyngeal Development and Novel Functions in Other Tissues
Authors: Kuzmanov Aleksandra , Yochem John , Fay David S
Published: July 2014

PHA-1 encodes a cytoplasmic protein that is required for embryonic morphogenesis and attachment of the foregut (pharynx) to the mouth (buccal capsule). Previous reports have in some cases suggested that PHA-1 is essential for the differentiation of most or all pharyngeal cell types. By performing mosaic analysis with a recently acquired pha-1 null mutation (tm3671), we found that PHA-1 is not required within most or all pharyngeal cells for their proper specification, differentiation, or function. Rather, our evidence suggests that PHA-1 acts in the arcade or anterior epithelial cells of the pharynx to promote attachment of the pharynx to the future buccal capsule. In addition, PHA-1 appears to be required in the epidermis for embryonic morphogenesis, in the excretory system for osmoregulation, and in the somatic gonad for normal ovulation and fertility. PHA-1 activity is also required within at least a subset of intestinal cells for viability. To better understand the role of PHA-1 in the epidermis, we analyzed several apical junction markers in pha-1(tm3671) homozygous embryos. PHA-1 regulates the expression of several components of two apical junction complexes including AJM-1–DLG-1/discs large complex and the classical cadherin–catenin complex, which may account for the role of PHA-1 in embryonic morphogenesis.
A atual situação da braquiterapia de alta taxa de dose em colo do útero realizada no Brasil
Authors: Silva Rogério Matias Vidal da , Pinezi Juliana Castro Dourado , Macedo Luiz Eduardo Andrade , Souza Divanízia do Nascimento
Published: July 2014

Objetivo: Avaliar a situação atual da braquiterapia de alta taxa dose (BATD) realizada no Brasil para neoplasias do colo uterino, no que diz respeito aos aparelhos, métodos de planejamento, prescrições, fracionamentos e avaliações de dose nos órgãos de risco. Materiais e Métodos: Foi elaborado um questionário contendo questões de múltipla escolha, o qual, entre os meses de março de 2012 e maio de 2013, foi enviado a 89 instituições hospitalares de todo o Brasil que possuem equipamento de BATD. Resultados: Sessenta e um serviços responderam o questionário. Todas as regiões do País experimentaram aumento acentuado no número de serviços que oferecem BATD entre os anos de 2001 e 2013. Quanto aos planejamentos, apesar de 91% dos centros afirmarem que possuem softwares capazes de suportar planejamento tridimensional, o aparelho de raios X convencional foi apontado por 92% dos entrevistados como ferramenta de aquisição de imagens na rotina. Aproximadamente 35% dos entrevistados afirmaram que as sessões de braquiterapia são realizadas após a teleterapia. O esquema de quatro inserções de 7 Gy foi apontado como o mais praticado. Conclusão: Neste estudo percebeu-se que há dificuldade dos profissionais ao acesso às ferramentas de aquisição de imagens adjuvantes aos planejamentos tridimensionais, como tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética.
Soroprevalência e fatores associados ao Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV) e sífilis em presidiários do Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil
Authors: Albuquerque Ana Cecília Cavalcanti de , Silva Débora Maria da , Rabelo Deyse Caroline Cabral , Lucena Waldenia Agny Torres de , Lima Paloma Cássia Silva de , Coelho Maria Rosângela Cunha Duarte , Tiago Guilherme Gustavo de Brito
Published: July 2014

Os detentos apresentam maior vulnerabilidade ao HIV e outras Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis (IST) devido a fatores de risco como: compartilhamento de seringas e sexo desprotegido. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar a soroprevalência e fatores de risco para o HIV-1/2 e sífilis entre presidiários do sexo masculino em Caruaru, Pernambuco, Brasil. Foi realizado um corte transversal no período de maio a julho de 2011, no qual 1097 detentos de uma penitenciária de Caruaru foram avaliados, por meio de entrevista e coleta de amostra de sangue para realização dos testes. A prevalência de infecção pelo HIV foi de 1,19% e de sífilis 3,92%. A associação com a infecção pelo HIV mostrou-se estatisticamente significante com uso de drogas injetáveis, homossexualismo e condição de transfusão (p < 0,05). Em relação à soropositividade para sífilis, fatores relacionados à vida sexual mostraram-se estatisticamente significante (p < 0,05). A população carcerária constitui um grupo de alto risco para as doenças pesquisadas. As taxas de prevalência aqui identificadas indicam a necessidade de implantação de programas de prevenção para que as mesmas não venham a se disseminar no âmbito desta população.
Adequação do processo de assistência pré-natal segundo critérios do Programa de Humanização do Pré-natal e Nascimento e da Organização Mundial de Saúde
Authors: Polgliane Rúbia Bastos Soares , Leal Maria do Carmo , Amorim Maria Helena Costa , Zandonade Eliana , Santos Neto Edson Theodoro dos
Published: July 2014

O objetivo do artigo é avaliar a adequação do processo da assistência pré-natal prestada às usuárias do Sistema Único de Saúde do município de Vitória, ES, segundo os critérios estabelecidos pelo Programa de Humanização do Pré-natal e Nascimento (PHPN) e pela Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS). Retiraram-se as informações sobre o acompanhamento pré-natal de 360 cartões de gestantes que se internaram em maternidades públicas do município por ocasião do parto. As informações foram coletadas, processadas e submetidas à análise estatística descritiva pelos cálculos das frequências absolutas e relativas e intervalos de confiança. Nenhuma gestante teve um processo de assistência pré-natal totalmente adequado aos critérios da OMS, e menos de 5% das gestantes realizaram o pré-natal em consonância ao PHPN. Das gestantes, 44,7% não iniciaram o pré-natal até o 4º mês. Em relação à realização de procedimentos técnicos nas consultas destacaram-se a aferição de peso (95,0%) e de pressão arterial (95,6%) maternos. Os resultados sugerem uma revisão do número de consultas de pré-natal e a adoção de estratégias para o cumprimento dos critérios mínimos que devem ser realizados durante o acompanhamento pré-natal nos serviços de saúde pública.
Avaliação da acessibilidade ao Centro de Especialidades Odontológicas de abrangência macrorregional de Sobral, Ceará, Brasil
Authors: Pinto Vicente de Paulo Teixeira , Teixeira Alrieta Henrique , Santos Paulo Roberto , Araújo Maria Walderez Andrade de , Moreira Mário Áureo Gomes , Saraiva Sérgio Ricardo Moura
Published: July 2014

O Centro de Especialidades Odontológicas Regional de Sobral (CEO-R), no Ceará, possui características que o tornam único: tem abrangência regional, é administrado por um Consórcio intermunicipal de Saúde (totalizando 24 municípios) e funciona juntamente com o Curso de Odontologia da Universidade Federal do Ceará - Campus Sobral, congregando no mesmo espaço serviço e academia. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a acessibilidade à atenção especializada nesta região após a implantação do CEO-R Sobral. Foi realizado um estudo exploratoìrio-descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa, por meio da coleta e análise de dados secundários de oferta e utilização desse serviço, além da aplicação de entrevista semiestruturada aos Coordenadores de Saúde Bucal dos 24 municiìpios consorciados. Os resultados evidenciaram que o CEO-R está preparado para atender à demanda. Contudo, foram encontradas barreiras geográficas, financeiras e organizacionais que explicam as baixas taxas de aproveitamento de marcação de consultas e de utilização do serviço e a alta taxa de faltosos, causando um importante impacto financeiro para os municípios consorciados.
Prevalência e fatores associados à violência sofrida em mulheres encarceradas por tráfico de drogas no Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil: um estudo transversal
Authors: Ferreira Valquíria Pereira , Silva Maria Arleide da , Noronha Neto Carlos , Falbo Neto Gilliatt Hanois , Chaves Cynthia Vasconcelos , Bello Rodrigo Pereira
Published: July 2014

Este estudo objetivou estimar a prevalência e os fatores associados à violência sofrida nos 24 meses anteriores ao encarceramento de mulheres por tráfico de drogas em Colônia Penal Feminina no Estado de Pernambuco. Realizou-se um estudo de corte transversal incluindo 290 mulheres com 18 ou mais anos de idade e com até doze meses de encarceramento no período da coleta de dados. Utilizou-se como instrumento um questionário pesquisando variáveis socioeconômicas e demográficas e características da violência e do tráfico de drogas. Todas as participantes assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. A associação e a intensidade entre as variáveis de exposição e resposta foram determinadas pelo teste qui-quadrado e valores (p < 0,05) considerados estatisticamente significantes. O estudo mostrou que 71,4% das mulheres eram jovens; 78,9% não brancas; 85,8% solteiras com filhos; 83,3% tinham baixa escolaridade e 72,6% recebiam renda inferior ao salário mínimo. Usaram drogas ilícitas 47,3% e desenvolveram algum papel no tráfico de drogas 67,5%. Prevalências elevadas para algum tipo de violência sofrida foram observadas na população estudada e o companheiro foi identificado como perpetrador mais frequente (44,1%), sugerindo maior atenção das autoridades nas ações de prevenção desses agravos.
Aleitamento materno em crianças de 0 a 59 meses no Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil, segundo o peso ao nascer
Authors: Caminha Maria de Fátima Costa , Azevedo Pedro Tadeu Álvares Costa Caminha de , Sampaio Bernardo Barbosa , Acioly Victor Montenegro Cavalcanti de , Belo Marcela Patrícia Macêdo , Lira Pedro Israel Cabral de , Batista Filho Malaquias
Published: July 2014

Objetivou-se descrever e analisar a prática do aleitamento materno em crianças menores de cinco anos no estado de Pernambuco, em 2006, segundo o peso ao nascer. Estudo transversal, com amostra de 1.595 crianças. Utilizou-se o teste chi-quadrado de Pearson para analisar associações bivariadas e a regressão de Poisson para o ajustamento de modelo multivariado dos fatores condicionantes ao aleitamento exclusivo > 4 meses, segundo o peso ao nascer. Verificou-se que a realização do pré-natal e o número de consultas beneficiaram as crianças que nasceram com peso > 2.500g, quando comparadas aos casos com peso < 2.500g (baixo peso ao nascer - BPN). Não houve diferença estatística nas classificações do aleitamento materno, segundo o peso ao nascer. As variáveis anos de estudo formal e tipo de parto apresentaram-se associadas ao grupo de BPN, enquanto que para as crianças com peso > 2.500g foram detectadas associações com as variáveis renda per capita, espaço geográfico, orientação sobre aleitamento materno no pré-natal e sexo das crianças. O grupo de crianças BPN não foi favorecido quanto às recomendações referentes ao aleitamento materno, bem como foram diferentes os resultados das relações das variáveis que permaneceram nos dois grupos representando os modelos finais de análises multivariadas.
Variáveis de impacto na queda da mortalidade infantil no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, no período de 1998 a 2008
Authors: Lourenço Eloisio do Carmo , Guerra Luciane Miranda , Tuon Rogerio Antonio , Vidal e Silva Sandra Maria Cunha , Ambrosano Glaucia Maria Bovi , Corrente José Eduardo , Cortellazzi Karine Laura , Vazquez Fabiana de Lima , Meneghim Marcelo de Castro , Pereira Antonio Carlos
Published: July 2014

Trata-se de estudo ecológico analítico, retrospectivo, composto pelos 645 municípios do Estado de São Paulo, cujo objetivo foi verificar a relação entre variáveis socioeconômicas, demográficas e modelo de atenção, em relação ao coeficiente de mortalidade infantil, no período de 1998 a 2008. Foi calculada a proporção de variação média anual para cada indicador por estrato de cobertura. A mortalidade infantil foi analisada segundo modelo de medidas repetidas no tempo, ajustado para as variáveis de correção: população do município, proporção de PSF implantado, proporção de PACS implantado, PIB per capita e IPRS (índice paulista de responsabilidade social). A análise foi realizada por modelos lineares generalizados, considerando a distribuição gama. Comparações múltiplas foram realizadas pela razão de verossimilhança com distribuição aproximada qui-quadrado, considerando-se nível de significância de 5%. Houve diminuição da mortalidade infantil no decorrer dos anos (p < 0,05), não havendo diferença significativa de 2004 a 2008 (p > 0,05). A proporção de PSF implantado (p < 0,0001) e o PIB per capita (p < 0,0001) foram significativos no modelo. A queda da mortalidade infantil no período analisado foi influenciada pelo crescimento do PIB per capita e pelo modelo Saúde da Família.
Designing and delivering ‘The Cube' mixed-use building in Birmingham, UK
Authors: Brumpton Stuart , Trujillo David , Walker Simon
Published: July 2014

‘The Cube' is an iconic new mixed-used building in the Mailbox development in central Birmingham, UK. Its competition-winning design provided a pragmatic approach to maximising the use of the site but also required a number of complex engineering details to be resolved. This required collaboration between all parties at all stages of the project, making full use of an integrated site office. This paper provides an overview of the project, then describes in greater detail the challenges associated with two of the more complex areas – the large basement construction, containing one of the biggest automated car parking systems in the UK, and the open, irregularly patterned facade structure.
Building information modelling – business enabler or technology red herring?
Authors: Glanville Neville
Published: July 2014

The UK government's decision to mandate building information modelling (BIM) for public-sector works by 2016 makes sense but misinformation is rife. Neville Glanville of Bentley Systems dispels some of the myths and explains how to realise true BIM.
Branched nanostructures for photoelectrochemical water splitting
Authors: Mao Yuanbing
Published: July 2014

Innovations in photoelectrode architecture can continuously increase surface area, enhance light absorption and improve charge transport, and thereby increase overall power conversion efficiency. In the past, nanostructures of varying complexities, from one-dimensional nanotubes, nanowires and nanorods, to two-dimensional films and nanonets, and three-dimensional (3-D) porous structures, were reported with superior performance. In this article, recent efforts and progresses on solar electrochemical water splitting by branched 3-D nanostructured materials were reviewed. Along with branched homogeneous nanostructures, recent successes were also summarised in advancing the field by branched heterogeneous nanostructures, including coupling narrow-bandgap semiconductors to wide-bandgap semiconductors and plasmonic metal/semiconductor-composited photoelectrodes, which make it possible to achieve combined functionalities not observed with single-component materials. To sum, these novel branched nanostructures represent a new generation of photoelectrodes for high-efficiency solar energy harvesting and conversion to clean chemical fuels and hold bright potential for a wide range of practical applications in renewable energy.
Long‐Term Stability of Contour Augmentation in the Esthetic Zone: Histologic and Histomorphometric Evaluation of 12 Human Biopsies 14 to 80 Months After Augmentation
Authors: Jensen Simon S. , Bosshardt Dieter D. , Gruber Reinhard , Buser Daniel
Published: July 2014

Background: Contour augmentation around early‐placed implants (Type 2 placement) using autogenous bone chips combined with deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) and a collagen barrier membrane has been documented to predictably provide esthetically satisfactory clinical outcomes. In addition, recent data from cone beam computed tomography studies have shown the augmented volume to be stable long‐term. However, no human histologic data are available to document the tissue reactions to this bone augmentation procedure.

Methods: Over an 8‐year period, 12 biopsies were harvested 14 to 80 months after implant placement with simultaneous contour augmentation in 10 patients. The biopsies were subjected to histologic and histomorphometric analysis.

Results: The biopsies consisted of 32.0% ± 9.6% DBBM particles and 40.6% ± 14.6% mature bone. 70.3% ± 14.5% of the DBBM particle surfaces were covered with bone. On the remaining surface, multinucleated giant cells with varying intensity of tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase staining were regularly present. No signs of inflammation were visible, and no tendency toward a decreasing volume fraction of DBBM over time was observed.

Conclusions: The present study confirms previous findings that osseointegrated DBBM particles do not tend to undergo substitution over time. This low substitution rate may be the reason behind the clinically and radiographically documented long‐term stability of contour augmentation using a combination of autogenous bone chips, DBBM particles, and a collagen membrane.
Transitions, Realignments, and Focus Shifts: Possibilities for Biopsychosocial Care in the Electronic Health Record Era
Authors: Raddock Michael L. , Lawson Peter J. , Smith Samantha
Published: July 2014

The healthcare system in the United States is currently evolving in response to a diverse range of inter-related economic and political pressures. In this article, we discuss three important macro-level transitions (volume to value, clinician-centric to patient-centered care, and individual to population) and their implications for the practice of medicine, health information technology (HIT), and clinical training. Specifically, challenges and opportunities for advancing the use of the biopsychosocial model in clinical practice and teaching in this new, electronic health record (EHR) era of medicine are highlighted. While much work needs to be done to leverage the potential of EHR/HIT systems, their potential to improve population health and patient experience while controlling the costs of care is great. As primary care clinicians and behavioral scientists navigating this changing healthcare landscape, we should continue to strive to deliver high-quality, patient-centered care. Insisting that future generations of EHR/HIT systems support a biopsychosocial approach is part of this mission.
Technique in Medicine and its Implications for the Biopsychosocial Model
Authors: Gibes Joseph P.
Published: July 2014

One of the challenges of integrating the biopsychosocial model into medical teaching and practice is the effect of technique on medicine. Relying heavily on the thought of Jacques Ellul, this article defines technique as the systematic application of machine principles to all domains of life, and the evaluation and adjustment of all human activity according to the criterion of efficiency. The article then considers the tension between technique and the biopsychosocial model of medicine, and explores ways to offset the problems technique causes while preserving the good that technique achieves, with particular reference to the teaching of family medicine residents.
The Unique Contribution of Behavioral Scientists to Medical Education: The Top Ten Competencies
Authors: Sternlieb Jeffrey L.
Published: July 2014

Understandably, the focus of most physicians is primarily on the biomedical—What is this disease or injury? Behavioral scientists from various disciplines in medical education generally have a broader approach—Who is this person with these symptoms and what is their story? Since behavioral scientists are often alone among U.S. residency faculty, physicians may fail to recognize the value of their approach to medical resident training. This review identifies and describes the top areas of expertise that behavioral scientists bring to medical education and how their training prepares them to think differently than other medical educators. In the course of identifying each competency, this review will emphasize the ways in which their skills and techniques are the origin of subtle impact in their teaching encounters, explore ways of targeting that impact, and discuss examples of this impact.
Teaching Office-Based Couples Counseling Skills: Enhancing Residents Professional and Personal Relationship Skills
Authors: Stern Patricia J. , Carlton Janice C.
Published: July 2014

Effective communication skills are essential for: 1) developing therapeutic physician-patient relationships; 2) negotiating within healthcare teams; and 3) maintaining meaningful personal relationships. This article describes a behavioral science seminar designed to teach residents the fundamentals of couple dynamics and familiarize them with a variety of tools for enhancing communication skills. The seminar consists of a didactic portion, a review of learning materials and instructional DVD, and group discussion. Learning objectives include: a) recognizing the developmental stages of relationships; b) identifying potential communication barriers; and c) use of communication skills tools in three contexts including patient care, healthcare teams, and personal relationships. The seminar is conducted for third-year residents on an annual basis; concepts and materials are reinforced throughout all 3 years of training.