bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zum Zinkstatus neugeborener Ferkel nach suboptimaler Zinkversorgung der Sauen während der Trächtigkeit
Authors: Kirchgessner M. , Roth‐Maier Dora A. , Reithmayer Friederike , Spoerl R.
Published: August 2010

In einem Versuch mit 8 Sauen der Deutschen Landrasse, die in zwei Gruppen eingeteilt waren, wurde die Wirkung einer supoptimalen maternalen Zinkversorgung während der Gravidität auf den Zinkstatus der neugeborenen Ferkel untersucht.

Die Sauen erhielten in der Basisgruppe vom 21. Trächtigkeitstag bis zum Werfen eine suboptimale alimentäre Zinkversorgung von durchschnittlich 33,5 mg Zn/Tier und Tag, entsprechend einer Dosierung von 15 mg Zn/kg Futter. In der Zulagegruppe betrug die mittlere tägliche Aufnahme im Versuchszeitraum 224 mg Zn/Tier und Tag bzw. 103 mg Zn/kg Futter. Von 2 neugeborenen Ferkeln je Wurf, d.h. 8 Tieren jeder Gruppe, wurde der Zinkgehalt von Leber, Milz, Nieren, Femur und dem verbleibenden homogenisierten Restkörper bestimmt. Außerdem wurden die Aktivitäten der Enzyme LDH, MDH, GLDH in der Leber, der Alkalischen Phosphatase in Leber und Femur sowie der Carboxypeptidase A im Pankreas der Neugeborenen ermittelt.

Die suboptimale Zinkversorgung der Muttersauen wirkte sich bei den neugeborenen Ferkeln auf die Zinkgehalte von Leber und Femur, die zugleich die größten Zinkreservoirs im neugeborenen Organismus darstellten, deutlich negativ aus. Der Zinkstatus aller übrigen Organe war von der maternalen Zinkversorgung unabhängig. Die Aktivitätsmessungen der Enzyme ergaben nur bei der Alkalischen Phosphatase im Femur der Ferkel bei suboptimaler Zinkzulage einen signifikanten Aktivitätsabfall. Alle übrigen Enzymaktivitäten waren relativ konstant.

Der Zinkstatus neugeborener Ferkel wird demnach durch eine suboptimale Zinkversorgung der Muttertiere während der Trächtigkeit signifikant verringert. Um eine optimale foetale Entwicklung zu sichern, ist deshalb in jedem Fall eine optimale Zinkversorgung während der Gravidität zu fordern.
Comparative in vitro and in vivo evaluation of protein degradability in the rumen using soybean meal and Pruteen
Authors: Teller E. , Godeau J.‐M. , van Nevel C. J. , Demeyer D. I.
Published: August 2010

Vergleichende in vitro und in vivo Untersuchungen über die Abbaurate von Sojaschrot und Pruteen im Pansen

Die Löslichkeit von Sojaschrot und Pruteen (single‐cell‐Protein) wurde in Burroughs‐Puffer (pH = 6,5) und in einem Bicarbonat‐Phosphat‐Puffer (pH = 6,9) gemessen. Die Abbaurate im Pansen wurde in Nylonsäckchen, die im Pansen von Schafen inkubiert wurden, ermittelt. Die Ammoniakkonzentration im Panseninhalt wurde bei einer Kuh nach Ergänzung von Maissilage mit jeweils einem dieser Eiweißträger registriert. Außerdem wurden Messungen am Duodenum durchgeführt, nach Fütterung von Maissilage mit steigenden Mengen Sojaschrot oder Pruteen.

Die Löslichkeit des Stickstoffs lag bei 12,8% und 22,3% in Burroughs‐Puffer und bei 24,2% und 18,5% in Bicarbonat‐Phosphat‐Puffer jeweils für Sojaschrot und Pruteen. Die beiden letzten Ergebnisse stimmen besser mit der in sacco ermittelten Abbaurate im Pansen überein.

Die Aminosäurezusammensetzung vor Inkubation im Pansen und nach Inkubation zeigte keine wesentlichen Unterschiede hinsichtlich der Abbaurate der einzelnen Aminosäuren, abgesehen von Glycin und Tyrosin, die aber ernährungsphysiologisch eine untergeordnete Rolle spielen. Es wurden mehr essentielle Aminosäuren im Eiweiß von Pruteen als bei Sojaschrot gefunden.

Nur geringe Unterschiede konnten zwischen den beiden Eiweißträgern festgestellt werden in Bezug auf die Ammoniakkonzentration im Pansen. Der einzig nennenswerte Effekt war die verzögerte Ammoniakfreisetzung im Pansen während der ersten zwei Studen nach Fütterung bei Ersatz von Sojaschrot durch Pruteen.

Eine gewisse Tendenz zu einem höheren Proteingehalt im Duodenum wurde mit Pruteen gemessen. Wegen des hohen DAPA‐Anteiles des gefütterten single‐cell‐Proteins konnten die verschiedenen Stickstoff‐Fraktionen im Duodenum nicht genau bestimmt werden. Die Ergebnisse mit Bicarbonat‐Phosphat‐Puffer, die Resultate der in sacco Analyse und die der Ammoniakfreisetzung im Pansen lassen jedoch den Schluß zu, daß der höhere Eiweißzufluß in das Duodenum bei Fütterung von Pruteen durch eine größere Passage von unabgebautem single‐cell‐Protein im Vergleich zu Sojaprotein verursacht wurde.
After radical retropubic prostatectomy ‘insignificant’ prostate cancer has a risk of progression similar to low‐risk ‘significant’ cancer
Authors: Sengupta Shomik , Blute Michael L. , Bagniewski Stephanie M. , Inman Brant , Leibovich Bradley C. , Slezak Jeffrey M. , Myers Robert P. , Zincke Horst
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE

To assess progression and survival among patients with small‐volume, well‐differentiated, organ‐confined prostate cancer found at radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP), often defined as being ‘insignificant’, thus testing whether they are indeed ‘insignificant’.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We identified 6496 men treated for prostate cancer by RRP between 1990 and 1999, and defined ‘insignificant’ tumours as those in men having a prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level of <10 ng/mL before RRP, a cancer volume of ≤0.5 mL, a specimen Gleason of score ≤6 and stage ≤pT2. Survival was assessed using the Kaplan‐Meier method and compared using the two‐sided log‐rank test.

RESULTS

‘Insignificant’ tumours were found in 354 (5.5%) men, of whom only one had metastatic progression and none died from prostate cancer, with a median (range) follow‐up of 9.2 (0.8–15.6) years. Biochemical progression‐free survival (87% vs 85%, respectively, at 10 years, P = 0.5), systemic progression‐free survival (100% vs 99%, P = 0.3), overall survival (91% vs 88%, P = 0.16) and cancer‐specific survival (100% in each group, P = 0.32) were each similar among men with ‘insignificant’ prostate cancer and men with low‐risk (defined by Gleason score, preoperative PSA level, seminal vesicle and surgical margin status) ‘significant’ cancer. Clinical stage, biopsy Gleason score and preoperative PSA doubling time were multivariably predictive of ‘insignificant’ tumours at RRP.

CONCLUSIONS

‘Insignificant’ prostate cancer at RRP is associated with a comparable risk of biochemical progression as low‐risk ‘significant’ cancer. Although clinical predictors for ‘insignificant’ pathology can be identified, it remains to be established whether such patients can be safely managed conservatively.
The effect of male circumcision on sexual satisfaction and function, results from a randomized trial of male circumcision for human immunodeficiency virus prevention, Rakai, Uganda
Authors: Kigozi Godfrey , Watya Stephen , Polis Chelsea B. , Buwembo Denis , Kiggundu Valerian , Wawer Maria J. , Serwadda David , Nalugoda Fred , Kiwanuka Noah , Bacon Melanie C. , Ssempijja Victor , Makumbi Frederick , Gray Ronald H.
Published: August 2010

Associate Editor

Michael G. Wyllie

Editorial Board

Ian Eardley, UK

Jean Fourcroy, USA

Sidney Glina, Brazil

Julia Heiman, USA

Chris McMahon, Australia

Bob Millar, UK

Alvaro Morales, Canada

Michael Perelman, USA

Marcel Waldinger, Netherlands

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the relationship between adult male circumcision and sexual satisfaction and function in men, as observational studies on the effect of adult male circumcision on sexual satisfaction show conflicting results.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

We investigated self‐reported sexual satisfaction and function among men enrolled in a randomized trial of male circumcision for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention conducted in Rakai, Uganda. In all, 4456 sexually experienced HIV‐negative males aged 15–49 years were enrolled; 2210 were randomized to receive immediate circumcision (intervention arm) and 2246 to circumcision delayed for 24 months (control arm). Men were followed up at 6, 12 and 24 months, and information on sexual desire, satisfaction and erectile dysfunction was collected. These variables were compared between the study arms and over time within the study arms, using chi‐square or Fisher’s exact tests. The trial registration number is NCT00425984.

RESULTS

There were no differences between the study arms at enrolment and problems with sexual satisfaction and function were reported by <2% of participants in both study arms at all time points. At 6 months, no difficulty with penetration was reported by 98.6% of circumcised men and 99.4% of controls (P = 0.02), and no pain on intercourse was reported by 99.4% circumcised and 98.8% of uncircumcised men (P = 0.05). There were no differences between the study arms in penetration or dyspareunia at later visits. Sexual satisfaction increased from 98.0% at enrolment to 99.9% at 2 years among the controls (P < 0.001), but there was no trend in satisfaction among circumcised men (enrolment 98.5%, 2 years 98.4%, P = 0.8).

CONCLUSION

Adult male circumcision does not adversely affect sexual satisfaction or clinically significant function in men.
Status Epilepticus Treated by Intravenous Urea
Authors: CARTER C. H.
Published: August 2010

Of 57 patients treated for status epilepticus by intravenous urea, only three had recurrences requiring an additional infusion. The average time required for the control of status was between five and six minutes after administration was begun. Intravenous urea is a rapid, safe, and efficacious means of controlling status epilepticus. There was no mortality observed during treatment of this series with intravenous urea.

Sur 57 patients épileptiqués traités intraveineusement par ľurée, trois seulement ont eu des récidives nécessitant une infusion supplémental. La moyenne du temps nécessaire au contrôle de la situation comportait de cinq à six minutes aprés le début de ľadministration. ľurée administerée intraveineusement est un moyen rapide, sans danger et efficace pour le contrôle du status épilepticus. II n'a pas été observé de cas de mort pendant le traitement intraveineux par ľurée de cette série de malades.
Seizure Irradiation during Functional Elimination of the Thalamus by Spreading Depression in the Rat
Authors: AQUINO‐CÍAS J. , BURES J.
Published: August 2010

The effects of thalamic spreading depression on different forms of epileptic activity were studied in 42 unanaesthetized curarized rats. Afterdischarge evoked by cortical or hippocampal stimulation (1 msec, 20/sec, 5–10 sec) applied during functional elimination of thalamus are considerably shorter than those evoked under control conditions. This result is due to an interference with the mechanism of seizure generalization caused both by primary and secondary effects of thalamic spreading depression. Also early stages of epileptic activation caused by intraperitoneal injection of metrazol (100 mg/kg) are blocked by thalamic spreading depression for about 100 sec. A fully developed afterdischarge or metrazol seizure is not stopped by thalamic spreading depression, however, although the EEG patterns in different brain areas may be considerably modified. It is concluded that the thalamus plays an important role in triggering a generalized epileptic seizure, but that it is not indispensable for sustaining it.

RÉASUMÉA

Les auteurs ont eAtudieA chez 42 rats non anestheAsieAs les effets de la “spreading depression” thalamique sur diffeArents types d'activiteA eApileptique. Les post‐deAcharges provoqueAes par stimulation corticale ou hippocampique sont consideArablement raccourcies par l'eAlimination fonctionnelle du thalamus qui est eAgalement susceptible d'empeCcher pendant environ 100 sec les stades preAcoces de l'activation eApileptique provoqueAe par injection intrapeAritoneAale de cardiazol, alors qu'elle est sans effet sur une crise cardiazolique pleinement deAveloppeAe. Il peut donc eCtre admis que le thalamus joue un roCle important dans le deAclenchement des crises eApileptiques geAneAraliseAes mais qu'il n'est pas indispensable pour le maintien de ces crises.
GABA in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Children with Febrile Convulsions
Authors: Löscher Wolfgang , Rating Dietz , Siemes Hartmut
Published: August 2010

Summary: In 23 children with febrile convulsions the concentration of y‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was measured by a radioreceptor assay. The mean CSF GABA concentration of 134 (range, 73–294) pmoles/ml was significantly lower than that of 16 seizure‐free children serving as controls, who had 210 (range, 117–475) pmoles/ml. The reduction in CSF GABA levels in patients with febrile convulsions was not reflected in plasma GABA concentrations. These data provide further evidence that impairment of GABA neurotransmission may contribute to an increased seizure propensity.

La concentration de GABA dans le LCR lombaire a été determineée par radio‐récepteur essais chez 23 en‐fants présentant des convulsions fébriles. Le taux moyen de GABA dans le LCR de 134 pmoles/ml (écarts extrémes 73–294) était significativement abaissé par rapport au taux moyen de 16 enfants témoins no présentant pas de convulsions, soit 210 pmoles/ml (117–475). Cette diminution du taux du GABA dans le LCR chez les patients présentant des convulsions fébriles ne se retrouve pas au niveau du taux du GABA plasmatique. Ces faits apportent une preuve supplémental que l'altération de la GABA‐neurotransmission peut contribuer à faciliter la possibilityé de voir apparaître des crises convulsives.

Bei 23 Kindern mit Fieberkrämpfen wurde die Konzentration der GABA im lumbalen Liquor cerebro‐spinalis (CSF) mit Hilfe eines Radiorezeptor Assays gemessen. Die mittlere CSF‐GABA Konzentration von 134 (73 bis 294) pmol/ml war signifikant niedriger als die von 16 anfallsfreien Kindern, die als Kontrollen dienten; sie zeigten 210(117–475) pmol/ml. Die Ernied‐rigung der CSF‐GABA‐Spiegel bei Patienten mit Fieberkrämpfen zeigte sich nicht in den GABA‐Plasmakonzentrationen. Diese Daten vermitteln wei‐tere Hinweise auf die Beeinträchtigung der GABA‐Neurotransmission, die zu einer erhöhten Anfallsbe‐reitschaft beitragen könnten.

Se midió la concentración de GABA en el liquido cefalorraquídeo lumbar (CSF) per medio de radio receptor ensayo en 23 ninos con crisis febriles. Las concentraciones medias de GABA en el CSF fueron de 134 pmoles/ml (rango: 73–294) y significativamente inferiores a las de 16 niños libres de ataques que sir‐vieron de control: 210 pmoles/ml (rango: 117–475). La reducción de los niveles de GABA en el CSF de pacientes con convulsiones febriles no se reflejó en las concentraciones plasmáticas. Estos datos propor‐cionan evidencia adicional de que una alteración de la neurotransmisión por GABA puede contribuir a una mayor tendencia a desarrollar ataques comiciales.
Land‐Grant University‐Industry Relationships in Biotechnology: A Comparison with the Non‐Land‐Grant Research Universities1
Authors: Curry James , Kenney Martin
Published: August 2010

Abstract The results of a 1986 survey of 185 biotechnology faculty in the land‐grant colleges of agriculture are presented. Comparisons are made to a previous survey of biotechnology faculty in nonagricultural research universities. The survey investigates issues raised by industrial involvement in university biotechnology research and the impact of the new biosciences on the agricultural colleges. It was found that college of agriculture biotechnologists have more recently received their highest degrees, show more industrial involvement, and are more positive about the possible benefits of that involvement than their nonagricultural university counterparts. Industrial funding proved to be a significant exogenous variable affecting the activities and attitudes of agricultural college biotechnology faculty. Those with higher levels of industrial funding appear to have lower university productivity.
The Impact of the Rural Population Component on Homicide Rates in the United States: A County‐Level Analysis
Authors: Kowalski Gregory S. , Duffield Don
Published: August 2010

Abstract Using 3,130 U.S. counties or county equivalents, this paper provides a test of the impact of rural population on the violent crime of homicide, while controlling for the effects of other correlates. The results indicate that the traditional bond of group cohesion assumed to be associated with the rural environment and its residents continues to have an inhibiting effect on homicide for counties in the United States.
Capitalist Coordination of Agriculture: Food Processing Firms and Farming in Central Canada1
Authors: Winson Anthony
Published: August 2010

Abstract This paper is concerned with the restructuring of petty commodity producers in agriculture and, more specifically, the role of food processing firms in this process. Two mechanisms by which processors secure their agricultural supplies—corporate farming and contract farming—are examined in central Canada. Although fairly widespread, corporate farming by processors is slowly declining and is unlikely to have a major impact on petty producers. By comparison, this study indicates that, in the context of corporate consolidation, the behavior of food processors in granting production contracts to formally independent farm operators is furthering the social differentiation of the latter.
Female Labor Force Participation in Urban and Rural China1
Authors: Barrett Richard E. , Bridges William P. , Semyonov Moshe , Gao Xiaoyuan
Published: August 2010

Abstract The objective of this study is to examine female labor force participation and its determinants in rural and urban China. The sociological literature has demonstrated that participation tends to increase in urban and industrialized places where women have higher levels of education and fewer children, where more workers are engaged in service pursuits, and where family structure is less traditional. With the use of data on counties and cities (N = 2,377) from the I‐percent sample of the 1982 census of the People's Republic of China, it was found that female labor force participation is likely to rise in areas with increased agricultural employment, educational levels, proportion of female‐headed households, and higher male‐to‐female sex ratios. Both the size of the service sector and the fertility rate had negligible effects on female labor force participation. Although, on average, rural places have slightly higher levels of female labor force participation, when other variables are controlled, urban places have a higher rate of female participation. In addition, the findings suggest that market factors (i.e., education) are more likely to determine the rate of female labor force participation in urban areas; whereas demographic and social factors (i.e., sex ratio and household structure) play a more important role in explaining the female labor force participation in rural counties.
On “Methodological Monism” in Rural Sociology1
Authors: Harper Douglas
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper is a brief outline of the history of methods in rural sociology which suggests that the dominant methodological practice results from institutional arrangements and the traditions of the academic culture, as well as commitment to a scientific sociology. I note oft‐stated critiques of the positivist model relevant to rural sociology's “methodological monism,” including imprecise measurement, low levels of predictability, and a social psychological orientation. I suggest, in addition, that methodological homogeneity in rural sociology presents social life as social facts rather than social process, leads to a simplistic understanding of the interview, and separates the researcher from the experience of research. A wider methodological orientation would, I suggest, encourage the examination of a wider range of issues and encourage wider participation in a subdiscipline which, because of its particular history, has developed in isolation from mainstream sociology.
Migration of Hispanic Youth and Poverty Status: A Logit Analysis
Authors: Wilson‐Figueroa Maria , Berry E. Helen , Toney Michael B.
Published: August 2010

Abstract In 1988 the Census Bureau reported that 28.2 percent of the 20 million U.S. Hispanics lived in poverty. This research focuses on the relationship between poverty and the migration of Hispanic youth. Individual‐ and county‐level variables are incorporated into a logit analysis. An important finding is that Hispanic youth who are poor have higher ratios of migration than nonpoor Hispanic youth. Also, Hispanic youth residing in counties with higher rates of poverty are more likely to migrate than those living in more prosperous counties. However, these relationships change when multilevel interactions between individual and contextual variables are considered.
Minority Poverty in Nonmetropolitan Texas*
Authors: Saenz Rogelio , Thomas John K.
Published: August 2010

Abstract Despite a high prevalence of poverty among minorities in nonmetropolitan areas, research and policy concerns regarding poverty have continued focusing on metropolitan minorities. This study uses a model integrating individual, household, and structural factors to examine poverty among Latinos, blacks, and Anglos in nonmetropolitan and, for comparative purposes, metropolitan areas, using data from the 1985 Special Texas Census TDHS 1987. The findings show that minorities in nonmetropolitan areas tend to have the highest poverty rates. In addition, consistent as well as divergent patterns exist among the six ethnic‐resident groups with respect to the relationships among the various individual, household, and structural factors and poverty.
Contrasts and Commonalities: Hispanic and Anglo Farming in Conejos County, Colorado
Authors: Gutierrez Paul , Eckert Jerry
Published: August 2010

Abstract The San Luis Valley farming systems' project sought to identify improved technologies and better decision‐making capabilities for modest‐sized and limited‐resource farms. Characteristics of limited‐resource farms operated by Hispanic and Anglo families, which may or may not be associated with differential rates of social participation and/or institutional discrimination, were examined. To determine characteristics of client farms, data were collected and stratified on farm resources, farm operations, goal hierarchies, and operational management strategies. Hispanic and Anglo farmers differed significantly in several respects. Key among these differences were crop and livestock enterprise mixes and the importance of off‐farm income to households. For many farming parameters, farm size, age of farmer, and full‐time/part‐time characteristics overshadowed ethnicity as a determinant of decision‐making. However, an important subset of the farm population is composed of Hispanic farmers who operate below median farm acreage on a part‐time basis and for whom few technological developments or assistance programs are specifically designed or delivered.
The Persistence of the Black Farmer: The Contemporary Relevance of the Lenin‐Chayanov Debate1
Authors: Schulman Michael D. , Newman Barbara A.
Published: August 2010

Abstract Previous empirical studies of black farmers have identified socioeconomic and demographic variables as important to their success and survival. The theories of Lenin and Chayanov also highlight the role of demographic and socioeconomic factors in the differentiation of the peasantry. Panel data from a survey of black small‐scale farm operators in the North Carolina Piedmont are used to test hypotheses based upon the Lenin‐Chayanov debate. A multivariate analysis shows that black farmers who survived owned tobacco quota, had more on‐farm household labor, had smaller households, and had higher gross farm incomes than those who left agriculture. These results point to the need to synthesize Lenin's macro‐level focus on class formation and Chayanov's micro‐level focus on enterprise formation in order to understand smallholder persistence. Over the five‐year period studied, approximately 50 percent of the original respondents were no longer actively operating farms indicating that the future of the black smallholder remains precarious.
Agricultural Exports, Food Production, and Food Security in Latin America1
Authors: Gacitua Estanislao A. , Bello Rosario
Published: August 2010

Abstract This study assesses the impact of agricultural, export‐oriented policies on food consumption through a time‐series, cross‐sectional regression model. The results of this study lead to three basic conclusions.

First, there is a significant negative relationship between agricultural export promotion and food consumption. Economic growth and increasing agricultural exports earnings do not necessarily increase food security. Second, protein consumption per capita constitutes a more sensitive indicator of changes in food consumption and a proxy for the distributional dimension of the food consumption problem. Third, alternative policies should incorporate agricultural export into a broader agroindustrial development strategy aimed at achieving food security both by increasing income and by food production.
Recent Trends in Metropolitan‐Nonmetropolitan Fertility1
Authors: Fuguitt Glenn V. , Beale Calvin L. , Reibel Michael
Published: August 2010

Abstract Although decline and convergence in metropolitan (metro) and nonmetropolitan (nonmetro) fertility levels are longterm trends, a detailed analysis of the period since 1970 shows a pattern of exceptions and conditions which underscore the need for giving continued attention to differences by residence. There was a divergence of metropolitan and nonmetropolitan fertility rates in the 1970–1980 decade, but the renewed convergence since 1980 has made an important contribution to the turnaround reversal of metropolitan‐nonmetropolitan population change. This recent rate convergence is not a simple coming together of the age‐specific rates, but the balancing of changes in opposite directions for younger and older women. Metro‐nonmetro differences widened in favor of nonmetro for women 20–24 years of age and in favor of metro for women over 30 years of age. The apparent catching up of postponed first and second births is found primarily among metropolitan women over 30 years of age.
From an Agrarian to an Environmental, Food, and Natural Resource Base for Agricultural Policy: Some Reflections on the Case of the EC
Authors: Bonanno Alessandro
Published: August 2010

Abstract The agriculture of the European Community (EC) has experienced significant changes in the last decade. From a situation of deficiency in agricultural and food production, the twelve‐nation community has shifted to a situation of food overproduction. This change has also been characterized by a rapid decrease in the agricultural labor force and a decrease of its importance in the employment structure which has manifested itself in fewer, more efficient farms. This alteration of structural conditions has led to the emergence of a new set of agricultural issues. This article discusses these changes by underscoring the decline of agrarian‐based issues and the emergence of environmental, food, and natural resource‐based issues. It is maintained that EC agricultural policies have been instrumental in both the resolution of agrarian‐based issues and in the creation of new problems embodied in the environmental, food, and natural resource‐based policies. The combination of the demise of agrarian‐based policies and the emergence of environmental, food, and natural resource‐based policies is also employed as a theoretical perspective from which the evolution of the agricultural sector in the EC can be interpreted.
Agrarianism in American Society
Authors: Dalecki Michael G. , Coughenour C. Milton
Published: August 2010

Abstract Sociological studies indicate that adherence to the tenets of agrarianism is still widespread in American society. But efforts to identify the structural roots of agrarianism have been only partially successful in that only a small portion of the variation in support of agrarianism can be explained thereby. The multidimensionality of agrarian beliefs and the linkages with underlying values prevalent in American society are explored with data drawn from a national sample of adults. Results indicate that tenets of the agrarian creed are widely endorsed by the American public as a whole. Moreover, beliefs are organized in the form of attitudinal (factor) dimensions corresponding to four of the five tenets of agrarianism identified by Flinn and Johnson (1974): family farm, agrarian fundamentalism, yeomanship (independence), and farm life style. The analysis of scale scores for the first three dimensions indicates that each expresses a different social ethic that is revealed in the unique configuration of American values to which it is significantly related.
Farm Structure and the Economic Well‐Being of Nonmetropolitan Counties
Authors: Barnes Donna , Blevins Audie
Published: August 2010

Abstract The Goldschmidt thesis (1947, 1978) maintains that increasing farm size in the United States has undermined the well‐being of rural communities. Recent studies have cast doubt on this, however. We analyze data for nonmetropolitan counties in the United States, and also incorporate indicators of the nonfarm economic sector into our analysis so that we can explore the net effect of farm structure on well‐being. In addition, we distinguish nonmetropolitan counties by their level of farm dependency. Our study fails to support the Goldschmidt thesis.
Political Beliefs in an Era of Economic Decline: Farmers' Attitudes Toward State Economic Intervention, Trade, and Food Security1
Authors: Lobao Linda M. , Thomas Pamela
Published: August 2010

Abstract The effects of the economy on political attitudes is a longstanding sociological issue that is receiving renewed attention in the face of recent U.S. economic downturns. While the impacts of the farm crisis on financial and household well‐being of farm operators have been addressed by a number of studies, few have explored its political outcomes. Four perspectives that consider how economic forces translate into political beliefs are outlined, two reflecting objective economic position (class location and financial pressure) and two indicating subjective appraisals (feelings of economic uncertainty and subjective deprivation). Data from a sample of Ohio farm operators for 1987 are used to analyze how the perspectives are related to progressive beliefs about farming, the domestic nonfarm economy, and third‐world food production. Indicators of objective economic position and subjective appraisals have relatively limited impact on farmers' political attitudes. Of these indicators, subjective appraisals were more closely related to attitudes. In addition, operators' stances on farm political issues also affect their views on domestic nonfarm and third‐world policy agendas. Implications were found for studies of farmers' political attitudes as well as for broader sociological theory regarding the development of progressive attitudes during periods of economic decline.
Public Opposition to Genetic Engineering1
Authors: Hoban Thomas , Woodrum Eric , Czaja Ronald
Published: August 2010

Abstract The extent and sources of public opposition to the use of genetic engineering in agricultural production are examined through data from telephone interviews with 220 farmers and 332 nonfarmers living in eight North Carolina counties. A model suggesting that public opposition to genetic engineering is influenced by demographic characteristics mediated by three intervening variables (awareness of genetic engineering, faith in government and industry, and moral objection to genetic engineering) is analyzed. Moral objection is the strongest predictor of opposition. Opposition is also related to lower awareness and less faith in institutions. Women are more likely to oppose genetic engineering than men. Implications of findings are noted.
Earnings Inequality in the Nonmetropolitan United States: 1967–19901
Authors: Tolbert Charles M. , Lyson Thomas A.
Published: August 2010

Abstract Nonmetropolitan (nonmetro) inequality patterns are contrasted with those of metropolitan (metro) areas to assess the utility of neoclassical and restructuring theoretical frameworks. Inequality measures are constructed from March Current Population Surveys for the years 1968–1991. Results indicate that inequality is greater in nonmetro areas than in metro areas. Results of decomposition procedures suggest that the observed inequality is due to a mix of neoclassical and restructuring factors that account for more inequality in metro than nonmetro areas. National policies must take account of metro/nonmetro differences in patterns and sources of inequality.
Community Attachment Among Leaders in Five Rural Communities1
Authors: O'Brien David J. , Hassinger Edward W.
Published: August 2010

Abstract The relationship between the different ways leaders may relate to rural communities and their ability to relate to extracommunity individuals and organizations is examined. Drawing from the insights of Merton (1957) into local and cosmopolitan influentials and a newer literature on community attachment, two dimensions of attachment to the local community are identified. A survey of 75 leaders in five midwestern rural communities provides evidence that sociodemographic and social‐network characteristics of leaders have different relationships to the two dimensions. Implications of the findings for understanding the effectiveness of leadership in rural communities are discussed.
Crime in Nonmetropolitan America: A National Accounting of Trends, Incidence Rates, and Idiosyncratic Vulnerabilities1
Authors: Bachman Ronet
Published: August 2010

Abstract The prevalence and nature of crime in rural America have been given relatively little research attention. An overview of the trends, incidence rates, and particular vulnerabilities nonmetropolitan (nonmetro) residents have to criminal victimization compared with their metropolitan (metro) counterparts are provided through data from the National Crime Victimization Survey. Results indicate that victimization rates for all locations generally have been declining since the peak rates witnessed in the mid‐ 1970s, with residents of metro central cities being the most susceptible to victimization, followed by other metro and nonmetro residents, respectively. Certain subgroups of nonmetro residents, however, are as susceptible as their counterparts in metro areas who reside outside central cities to particular types of victimization. Implications for policy are discussed.
The Renewal of Population Loss in the Nonmetropolitan Great Plains
Authors: Albrecht Don E.
Published: August 2010

Abstract An analysis of population trends in 293 nonmetropolitan Great Plains counties from 1950 to 1990 reveals that the population turnaround of the 1970s has indeed ended. During the 1980s, 84 percent of these nonmetropolitan counties had total population declines, a proportion greater than any other decade studied. A majority of counties had natural population increase, but such increases were offset by net outmigration as 96 percent of the counties had such losses during the 1980s. The influence of the independent variables on population change shifted from decade to decade. The most important variable in producing positive population trends was the ability of the county to attract retirement migrants.
Still Going: Recent Debates on the Goldschmidt Hypothesis1
Authors: Lobao Linda M. , Schulman Michael D. , Swanson Louis E.
Published: August 2010

Abstract The literature on the Goldschmidt (1978a) hypothesis has passed through distinct stages. This article is a commentary on the present status of the literature and particularly on a recent article by Barnes and Blevins (1992). Our arguments draw in large part from our previous work. Researchers in the 1970s and early 1980s were concerned mainly with replicating Goldschmidt's work. However, these studies had a number of methodological and conceptual limitations that limited closure on the debate. A new generation of research from the mid‐1980s onward was premised upon addressing the limitations, including the need to incorporate indicators of nonfarm economic structure, to take spatial or geographic features into account, and to adequately conceptualize farm structure. Barnes and Blevins (1992) disregard these inroads, evident in that their article repeats earlier arguments, offers solutions to problems addressed a decade earlier, and is vulnerable to its own methodological problems. To move inquiry forward, new directions for studies concerned with the broader issues raised by Goldschmidt are suggested.
The Production Function, Crop Diversity, and the Debate Between Conventional and Sustainable Agriculture1
Authors: Lyson Thomas A. , Welsh Rick
Published: August 2010

Abstract Organizational assumptions embedded in the production function of neoclassical economics have served to structure production agriculture in the United States for the past 100 years. The narrow focus of the production function on the inputs of land, labor, capital, and management and the use of on‐farm profitability as the primary definition of sustainability have come under attack from sustainable agriculturalists, who argue that the social and environmental consequences of production are as important as the economic outcomes. Using diversity of crops harvested as an indicator of sustainability, the production function is operationalized to inform the debate between the conventional, neoclassical model of production and the alternative, sustainable model. Census of agriculture data from 1978, 1982, and 1987 are used in both cross‐sectional and temporal models. Results show that increases in expenditures for equipment and machinery, prevalence of corporate farms, higher rates of tenancy, and the prevalence of large farms are associated with lower levels of diversity at the county level. Conversely, higher levels of diversity are found in counties with greater farm labor expenses, where there are more medium‐size farms, and where farmers are more likely to farm full‐time.
The Land Question: Are There Answers?1
Authors: Wunderlich Gene
Published: August 2010

“The land question” as posed by Henry George a century ago was answered with a call for land reform, a change in the ownership and control of land. In present‐day, market‐oriented America the land question is answered with widely available land information for market and policy decisions. Information generated by the Agricultural Economics and Land Ownership Survey (AELOS) of the Census of Agriculture is a footing for analyzing land ownership, land transfers, property taxes, and other issues of land policy. In this paper the issues of ownership distribution and the distributive effects of taxation are defined with AELOS data. The AELOS shows that the distribution of land ownership is concentrated and shows that large landowners pay real property tax rates at less than half the rate of small landowners. Changes in land ownership, transfer, and taxation argue for repeating the AELOS in 1998. A case is presented for replacing the Census of Agriculture with a Census of Land in 2003.
Ownership and Control of Farmland: Landlord‐Tenant Relations in Wisconsin1
Authors: Gilbert Jess , Beckley Thomas M.
Published: August 2010

This paper addresses the ownership and control of farmland, presents a conceptual model of landed property, and uses it to examine landlord‐tenant relations in Wisconsin. A profile of farmland owners is constructed using survey data from two agricultural counties. Particular attention is paid to who controls farm management decisions on rented land. Results suggest that tenants enjoy much latitude in managing rented land and that relations between landlords and tenants seem satisfactory to both parties.
Nonmetropolitan Poor Children and Reliance on Public Assistance1
Authors: Jensen Leif , Eggebeen David J.
Published: August 2010

Abstract This research documents trends from 1970 through 1990 in the utilization and ameliorative effects of public assistance among poor children in nonmetropolitan (nonmetro) and metropolitan (metro) America. Results indicate that the families of nonmetro poor children rely more heavily on parental earnings and less so on public assistance when compared to their metro counterparts; that there was a sharp rise over the period in reliance on public assistance, especially among nonmetro children, and a corresponding decline in reliance on earnings; that the ability of public assistance to ameliorate child poverty is modest; and that while the ameliorative effects are always greater in metro than nonmetro areas, this disparity declined over the 1980s owing partially to improvement in nonmetro areas.
Community Attachment and Depression Among Residents in Two Rural Midwestern Communities1
Authors: O'Brien David J. , Hassinger Edward W. , Dershem Larry
Published: August 2010

Abstract The relationship between community attachment and depression is examined in a sample survey (N = 295) in two midwestern rural towns and their surrounding open‐country areas. When community attachment, a variable through which a rural resident's social integration into the local community affects mental health, was low, higher levels of symptoms of depression were observed. The economic viability of the local community was found to have a relationship to mean depression scores in the towns but not in the open‐country areas.
Digging Deeper: Mining‐Dependent Regions in Historical Perspective1
Authors: Freudenburg William R. , Frickel Scott
Published: August 2010

Abstract The implications of natural resource extraction for local economic development have become the subject of sharply conflicting expectations, with long‐term outcomes predicted to range from regional economic growth and development to “progressive underdevelopment.” These differences in longer‐term expectations cannot be satisfactorily resolved through the use of cross‐sectional or short‐term data. In addition, existing theories tend to be stated in universalistic terms that discourage rather than facilitate the examination of differences across cases. These points are illustrated through a case‐study examination of what has been called the first mining boom in the United States, involving lead mines in the Upper Mississippi Valley during the first half of the 19th century. The developmental consequences of this mining boom appear neither to have been as favorable as predicted by the most enthusiastic proponents of extraction nor as negative as those predicted by the harshest critics. Instead, outcomes appear to have reflected intersecting configurations of physical resource characteristics, the organizational form/scale of extractive activities, the historical period in question, and the nature of relationships among competing resource uses and users.
Small Business Success Among Men‐ and Women‐Owned Firms in Rural Areas1
Authors: Tigges Leann M. , Green Gary P.
Published: August 2010

Abstract Rural women have difficulty finding good jobs. Ownership of small businesses offers an alternative but the sales and income of women‐owned firms are significantly lower than those of men‐owned firms. Compared with men, women owners are more likely to operate smaller and newer businesses; however, these differences do not completely account for the gap in gross sales between men‐ and women‐owned businesses. The strongest influences on business success are firm size, corporate status, and industrial sector. Though significant, the owner's gender is less important than these organizational characteristics. The factors influencing success of small businesses generally are the same for men‐ and women‐owned businesses. More research on business networks and the start‐up phase of small businesses is necessary for a better understanding of the sources of gender differences in success.
Changing Linkages Between Work and Poverty in Rural America1
Authors: Lichter Daniel T. , Johnston Gail M. , McLaughlin Diane K.
Published: August 2010

Abstract The changing relationship between work and poverty in non‐metropolitan (nonmetro) America is documented using data from the 1980 and 1990 March supplements of the Current Population Survey. Specifically, this paper assesses changing differentials in the proportion of poor people who are working; documents the rapid rise in poverty among nonmetro and metropolitan (metro) workers during the 1979—1989 period, especially among young adults and females; and provides evidence of growing inequality between metro and nonmetro workers, a pattern that cannot be explained by differences in work attachment, human capital, or job characteristics. The results imply that poverty is a persistent if not increasingly harsh reality for workers in rural America.
Poverty and Social Context in Remote Rural Communities1
Authors: Duncan Cynthia M. , Lamborghini Nita
Published: August 2010

Abstract Many urban analysts studying poor inner city communities argue that social isolation in poor neighborhoods perpetuates poverty. This paper extends analysis of social context to rural areas, comparing a chronically poor coal‐dependent Appalachian community with a more diverse, resource‐rich community in northern New England. The Appalachian community has more limited job opportunities and over time the scarcity of jobs in a volatile coal economy generated a divided social context. In contrast, the community in northern New England offers both more opportunities for work and has a stable, working middle class that invests in and uses public goods; the poor are not deliberately segregated. These differences in communities' socioeconomic context are reflected in poor women's experiences and aspirations.
Agricultural Journalists' Assessments of Print Coverage of Agricultural News1
Authors: Reisner Ann , Walter Gerry
Published: August 2010

Abstract Critics of agricultural news claim farm media and mass media coverage of agriculture is systematically distorted, a condition that could seriously affect the agricultural information system. A national survey used agricultural journalists as expert judges to assess how well three types of print journalists cover agricultural news. Their assessments indicated that mass media reporters who do not regularly cover agricultural news tend to write agriculture stories that are superficial and stereotyped but not biased toward agricultural interests. Farm magazine writers' stories are not superficial or stereotyped, but writers are uncritical of agriculture, biased toward agroindustry, and overlook important social and environmental issues. Newspaper farm beat reporters are closer to farm magazine writers in not trivializing agriculture and closer to general newspaper reporters in avoiding close ties with industry. Both farmers and public thus receive biased and fragmented reporting that may polarize their views on current agricultural issues. Even if reporters are aware of critical shortcomings in their coverage, improvement may require reduction in structural constraints on story choice.
The Struggle for Housing in Rural Venezuela: Ideology, Practice, and Power1
Authors: Rakowski Cathy A.
Published: August 2010

Abstract Little is known about the struggle for housing in rural areas or whether rural housing standards and aspirations resemble those of urban areas. This article, based on field research in Venezuela, analyzes housing ideology as expressed in public policy and housing programs, and in interviews with and actions of rural leaders, employers, government officials, and citizens. Competing housing ideologies co‐exist but one—the cement‐block house—dominates; although international and urban in origin, the cement‐block model is diffused through rural housing agencies and political agendas. Housing practices are neither consistent with nor weaken the dominant ideology; and some aspects of rural housing conflicts are similar to those in urban settings. These findings support the need for further research to better understand the conditions under which rural and urban housing issues differ.