bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of floating treatment wetland coverage ratio and operating parameters on nitrogen removal: toward design optimization
Authors: Abi Hanna R. , Borne K. E. , Andrès Y. , Gerente C.
Published: March 2024

Floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) have the potential to improve the quality of wastewater discharges, yet design basics are unavailable to size these systems. This study investigates the effect of FTWs' coverage ratio and hydraulic retention time on agri-food wastewater treatment. This was studied in a pilot-scale experiment comprising four lagoons (6.5 m3 each) fed with real effluent from an existing tertiary treatment lagoon. An evaluation of FTW of different sizes (L24, L48, and L72 representing 24, 48, and 72% of pilot lagoons surface areas) and a control, L0 (without FTW), was performed over 16 months. Overall, L72 and L48 moderately improved total nitrogen (TN) mass removal compared to L0 (p < 0.05), while L24 exhibited similar TN mass removal (p = 0.196). The highest improvement was observed for L72, exhibiting up to 55% (mean of 13%) greater N mass removal than the control. The net increase in TN removal by FTWs was mainly related to denitrification, promoted by decreasing dissolved oxygen for increasing FTW coverage ratio. Residence time, temperature, and dissolved oxygen were the main parameters driving TN removal by FTWs. Retrofitting existing lagoons with FTW can facilitate N retrieval through plant harvesting, thereby reducing N remobilization from sediment (common in conventional lagoons).
Application of CuFeLDH–NCNT in ultrasound-assisted-Fenton-like process for removing ciprofloxacin from aqueous solutions
Authors: Jia Xiaoning , Wu Tong , Zhao Xia , Huang Jing , He Haixin , Wang Chunxiang
Published: March 2024

In this study, the mesoporous material NCNT was prepared by treating carbon nanotubes (CNT) with hydrazine and subsequently loaded with Cu-Fe layered double hydroxide (CuFeLDH) to create a multiphase catalyst (CuFeLDH-NCNT). Its application as a multiphase catalyst was investigated in an ultrasound-assisted Fenton process for ciprofloxacin (CIP) degradation in aqueous solution. In addition, the impacts of catalyst dosage, ultrasonic power, H2O2 dosage, and beginning pH on CIP removal efficiency were carefully evaluated to maximize the removal efficiency of CIP. The findings indicated that the elimination rate of the initial CIP concentration of 20 mg/L surpassed 94.66% after a mere 100 min, while the TOC degradation rate was 70.4%. The high removal rate was due to the synergistic action between the nanoparticles, H2O2, and ultrasonography. The degradation intermediates of CIP were examined, and putative degradation pathways and mechanisms were postulated.
Anabolic Androgenic Steroids: A Review
Authors: Rohilla Siya , Sharma Prerna , Kamboj Sweta , Dhankhar Sanchit , Garg Nitika , Chauhan Samrat , Rani Nidhi
Published: March 2024

A lot of athletes, bodybuilders, and those who want to look better in general use AAS (anabolic androgenic steroids) to achieve their goals. These
steroids can be found in nature or synthesised in a lab. These substances are attempts to mimic the anabolic (muscle-building) and androgenic
(masculinizing) properties of testosterone. Steroids like testosterone, methandienone, Nandrolone Decanoate (ND), and methenolone are only a
few examples of AAS that are commonly abused. Initially exclusive to professional bodybuilders, these substances are increasingly being tried out
by amateur and professional athletes alike. The anabolic properties of AAS have led to their usage in medicine for the treatment of conditions like
chronic renal disease and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Despite being banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency, anabolic steroid
(AAS) use is estimated to be between 1% and 3% among the general population of the United States (WADA). Their negative effects on several
organs, including the cardiovascular and reproductive systems, have aroused concerns. Therefore, there are serious health risks linked with the
inappropriate use of AAS. More education is needed for both the general public and medical professionals on how to recognise symptoms,
administer effective care, and prevent AAS-related disorders. The goal of this study is to examine the current state of our understanding regarding
the functioning of AAS and their associated deleterious consequences.
The Benzene-induced Hepatic Cytochrome P450 2E1 Expression and Activity
are Reduced by Quercetin Administration in Mice
Authors: Amir-Ata Jambour-Shabestary , Mohammad-Reza Vardast , Malekinejad Hassan
Published: March 2024

Background:

Benzene as an environmental and industrial agent induces adverse effects that are
mainly metabolism-dependent.

Objectives:

Effects of Quercetin (QCN) on Benzene (BNZ)-induced changes in the hepatic Cytochrome P450
2E1 expression and activity were investigated.

Methods:

Thirty-six adult male mice were divided into 6 groups (n = 6) and nominated as control, BNZ (exposed
to BNZ: 30 ppm), QCN (received QCN: 50 mg/kg, orally), and the fourth, fifth and sixth groups were
exposed to 30 ppm BNZ and received 10, 50 and 100 mg/kg QCN respectively, for 28 days. The microsomal
subcellular fraction was isolated from the liver samples and the activity of CYP 2E1 was measured based on
the hydroxylation rate of 4-nitrophenol. The hepatic activity of myeloperoxidase also was assessed. Total antioxidant
capacity and nitric oxide contents of the liver were determined. Expression changes of CYP 2E1 at
the mRNA level were examined by qPCR technique.

Results:

QCN lowered significantly (p < 0.05) the BNZ-increased hepatic nitric oxide levels and restored the
BNZ-reduced antioxidant capacity. The BNZ-elevated activity of myeloperoxidase was declined in QCN-received
mice. QCN downregulated the expression and activity of hepatic CYP 2E1 in BNZ-exposed animals.

Conclusion:

Our results suggest that QCN could be a novel hepatoprotective compound for BNZ-induced hepatotoxicities,
which is attributed to its capability in the down-regulation of CYP 2E1 expression and activity.
Current and Emerging Pharmacological Therapies for Cushing's Disease
Authors: Divaris Efstathios , Kostopoulos Georgios , Efstathiadou Zoe A.
Published: March 2024

Cushing’s Disease (CD), hypercortisolism due to pituitary ACTH secreting neuroendocrine neoplasm,
is associated with increased morbidity and, if untreated, mortality in about half of the affected individuals.
Consequently, the timely initiation of effective treatment is mandatory. Neurosurgery is the first line and
the only potentially curative treatment; however, 30% of patients will have persistent disease post-surgery. Furthermore,
a small percentage of those initially controlled will develop hypercortisolism during long-term follow-
up. Therefore, patients with persistent or recurrent disease, as well as those considered non-eligible for
surgery, will need a second-line therapeutic approach, i.e., pharmacotherapy. Radiation therapy is reserved as
a third-line therapeutic option due to its slower onset of action and its unfavorable profile regarding complications.
During the past few years, the understanding of molecular mechanisms implicated in the physiology of
the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis has evolved, and new therapeutic targets for CD have emerged. In the
present review, currently available treatments, compounds currently tested in ongoing clinical trials, and interesting,
potentially new targets emerging from unraveling molecular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology
of Cushing’s disease are discussed.
Microfluidics-mediated Liposomal Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy:
Recent Developments on Advanced Devices and Technologies
Authors: Naghib Seyed Morteza , Mohammad-Jafari Kave
Published: March 2024

Liposomes, spherical particles with phospholipid double layers, have been extensively
studied over the years as a means of drug administration. Conventional manufacturing techniques
like thin-film hydration and extrusion have limitations in controlling liposome size and distribution.
Microfluidics enables superior tuning of parameters during the self-assembly of liposomes,
producing uniform populations. This review summarizes microfluidic methods for engineering liposomes,
including hydrodynamic flow focusing, jetting, micro mixing, and double emulsions.
The precise control over size and lamellarity afforded by microfluidics has advantages for cancer
therapy. Liposomes created through microfluidics and designed to encapsulate chemotherapy
drugs have exhibited several advantageous properties in cancer treatment. They showcase enhanced
permeability and retention effects, allowing them to accumulate specifically in tumor tissues
passively. This passive targeting of tumors results in improved drug delivery and efficacy
while reducing systemic toxicity. Promising results have been observed in pancreatic, lung, breast,
and ovarian cancer models, making them a potential breakthrough in cancer therapy. Surface-modified
liposomes, like antibodies or carbohydrates, also achieve active targeting. Overall, microfluidic
fabrication improves reproducibility and scalability compared to traditional methods
while maintaining drug loading and biological efficacy. Microfluidics-engineered liposomal formulations
hold significant potential to overcome challenges in nanomedicine-based cancer treatment.
Predicting the Pharmacological Targets of Astragalus membranaceus against Hypertensive Nephropathy
Authors: Zhang Ningxin , Guan Chen , Xu Lingyu , Liu Zengying , Li Chenyu , Bu Quandong , Shen Xuefei , Xu Yan
Published: March 2024

Objective:

Hypertension is one of the main causes of chronic kidney disease. Astragalus
membranaceus (AM), an important traditional Chinese medicine for treating hypertensive nephropathy,
has a complex composition that makes it challenging to explore its mechanism of action and
limits its clinical application. This study aims to investigate the underlying mechanism of AM in
treating hypertensive nephropathy.

Methods:

We retrieved all the compound data of AM from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems
Pharmacology database and screened out the active compounds and their target proteins. Then,
a network of candidate compounds and target compounds of AM was constructed using Cytoscape
software. Furthermore, hypertensive nephropathy-related genes from the DisGeNET and GeneCards
databases were intersected with AM target proteins and hypertensive nephropathy-related genes to
determine the potential targets of AM in treating hypertensive nephropathy. Finally, after performing
Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment
analyses, we conducted molecular docking to verify the interaction between the main active ingredients
of AM and the core targets.

Results:

A total of 87 effective components of AM were obtained from the Traditional Chinese Medicine
Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) database. According to the network of active compounds and
their target proteins, 18 of the 20 effective compounds in AM could act on 210 proteins. Taking the
intersection of 274 hypertensive nephropathy-related genes and AM target proteins, 49 potential
targets of AM in treating hypertensive nephropathy were identified. Using the median degree value,
we determined 25 core targets of AM in treating hypertensive nephropathy. GO enrichment analysis
showed that the biological processes of AM on hypertensive nephropathy mainly focused on the
inflammatory response, hypoxia response, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and cell migration. KEGG
pathway enrichment analysis mainly involved cancer pathways, the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway
in diabetic complications, blood flow shear stress, and atherosclerosis. Molecular docking results
showed that quercetin, kaempferol, and 7-O-methylisomucronulatol had strong binding activity with
several target proteins and may exert protective effects by stabilizing the interaction between molecules
through the intermolecular forces of hydrogen bonds.

Conclusion:

This study reveals the targets of AM in treating hypertensive nephropathy using network
pharmacology and molecular docking, providing new clues for developing novel drugs for
hypertensive nephropathy and basic research development.
Group 5 Pulmonary Hypertension: Multiple Systemic Diseases, Multiple
Mechanisms of Pulmonary Hypertension, and Multiple Management
Challenges
Authors: Barnett Christopher , Brusca Samuel B. , Kolaitis Nicholas , De Marco Teresa
Published: March 2024

:

Group 5 pulmonary hypertension (PH) with unclear and/or multifactorial mechanisms
includes a wide variety of conditions associated with PH, and the mechanisms by which PH develops
vary dramatically depending on the underlying condition. Indeed, in many group 5 conditions,
such as sarcoidosis, multiple distinct drivers of PH are present concurrently in a single patient,
with the predominant factor depending on the predisposing disease phenotype. For this reason,
thorough diagnostic evaluation to most accurately phenotype every patient with group 5 PH is essential.
Treatment of these patients should begin by fully characterizing and optimizing the management
of their underlying disease, often in conjunction with disease experts. Initial targets of
PH treatment include identifying and correcting factors that worsen PH, such as volume overload
and hypoxemia, as well as a complete PH evaluation, searching for other undiagnosed causes of
PH (e.g., congenital heart disease or chronic thromboembolic disease). Data to guide treatment
with therapies specific to pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are inadequate for any specific
recommendations, and adverse effects in group 5 patients are common. If these therapies are considered,
evaluation by a multidisciplinary team that includes a PH specialist is recommended. Factors
in the selection of PAH therapies should include consideration of the dominant physiologic
features of the underlying disease, the severity of hemodynamic and right ventricular abnormalities,
the risk of adverse drug effects, and any known contraindications to PAH-specific medications
based on the underlying condition. Vigilant monitoring following initiation of PAH-specific
therapy is critical, as the clinical effects are hard to predict, and untoward events, such as uncovering
pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, may occur. Collaborative care by a multidisciplinary team
of experts is key to the management of this challenging patient population.
Promising Phytoconstituents in Diabetes-related Wounds: Mechanistic Insights and Implications
Authors: Sultana Arjina , Borgohain Ranadeep , Rayaji Ashwini , Saha Dipankar , Kumar Das Bhrigu
Published: March 2024

Background:

The onset of diabetes mellitus (DM), a metabolic disorder characterized
by high blood glucose levels and disrupted glucose metabolism, results in 20% of people with
diabetes suffering from diabetes-related wounds worldwide. A minor wound, such as a cut or
abrasion, can lead to infections and complications in diabetic patients. We must understand the
mechanism/s contributing to this delayed wound healing to develop effective prevention strategies.
The potential benefits of bioactive phytochemicals for diabetic wound healing have been
reported in numerous studies.

Method:

A bioactive compound may have multiple actions, including antioxidants, antiinflammatory,
antimicrobial, and angiogenesis. Compounds derived from these plants have
shown promising results in wound healing, inflammation reduction, collagen synthesis, and neovascularization
improvement.

Results:

Consequently, this review provides an update to our understanding of how phytoconstituents
promote wound healing in diabetics. A thorough literature review was conducted on diabetes,
wound healing, and phytoconstituents for this study. Only English publications until June
2023 were included in the search, which used multiple search engines and the main keywords.
Summing up, phytochemical-based interventions might improve the quality of life for diabetics
by improving wound healing.

Conclusion:

However, to fully understand the efficacy and safety of these phytochemicals in
managing diabetic wounds, more research and clinical trials are needed.
Diabetes and its Complications: Role of Luteolin, A Wonder Chemical from the Natural Source
Authors: Pradhan Gandhar , Kulkarni Yogesh A.
Published: March 2024

:

Flavonoids have been reported to be vital in treating various chronic disorders. Luteolin
(3′,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone) is a flavonoid present in a variety of plant sources such as celery,
green pepper, olive oil, peppermint, thyme, rosemary, oregano, etc. It has been reported to
have various pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic,
anti-Alzheimer, antimicrobial, etc. Many scientific studies have been carried out on luteolin
for its possible effects on diabetes and its associated complications. The present review
focuses on the role of luteolin in diabetes mellitus and the associated complications. The antidiabetic
impact of luteolin is linked with the increased expression of PPARγ and GLUT. Various
in vitro and in vivo studies have been performed to explore the effects of luteolin on diabetic
complications, and it has shown a significant impact in the management of the same.
Qatar's Silent Epidemic: A Comprehensive Meta-analysis on the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Aqel Sarah , Ahmad Jamil , Syaj Sebawe , Daoud Majd N. , Araiqat Bashar
Published: March 2024

Background:

Metabolic syndrome comprises various conditions like abdominal obesity,
insulin resistance, elevated triglyceride levels, reduced HDL, and high blood pressure,
which pose significant health challenges globally. It's imperative to determine its prevalence in
specific populations to formulate effective preventive measures.

Objective:

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the prevalence of metabolic
syndrome in the Qatari population.

Methods:

Using the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search was executed on PubMed until July
2023 with keywords "Metabolic syndrome" and "Qatar." Eligibility criteria included human
subjects, studies assessing metabolic syndrome components, and research conducted in Qatar or
on Qatari subjects. The quality of the studies was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale
(NOS). Pooled prevalence rates were calculated using the inverse variance weighting metaanalysis.

Results:

Out of 237 studies, 14 met our inclusion criteria, with a combined sample size of 14,772
from the Qatari population. The overall pooled prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 26%. The
ATP III and IDF criteria exhibited significant differences in prevalence rates, with the IDF criteria
showing a higher prevalence. Age ≥ 40 years demonstrated a higher prevalence compared to
the younger group. Studies post-2018 reported a decreasing trend in metabolic syndrome prevalence.

Conclusion:

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the Qatari population is comparable to
rates in the Middle East. The study underscores the need for tailored interventions and strategies,
especially targeting the older age group. Continuous research and monitoring are essential to
track and understand the disease's progression in Qatar.
Systematic Review of the Association of the Hospital Frailty Risk Score with Mortality in Patients with Cerebrovascular and Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Sokhal Balamrit Singh , Menon Sowmya Prasanna Kumar , Willes Charles , Corp Nadia , Matetić Andrija , Mallen Christian , Mamas Mamas
Published: March 2024

Background::

There is limited systematic data on the association between the Hospital Frailty Risk Score (HFRS) and characteristics and mortality in patients with cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease (CVD). This systematic review aimed to summarise the use of the HFRS in describing the prevalence of frailty in patients with CVD, the clinical characteristics of patients with CVD, and the association between frailty on the likelihood of mortality in patients with CVD.

Methods::

A systematic literature search for observational studies using terms related to CVD, cerebrovascular disease, and the HFRS was conducted using 6 databases in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Studies were appraised using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS).

Results::

Seventeen observational studies were included, all rated ‘good’ quality according to the NOS. One study investigated 5 different CVD cohorts (atrial fibrillation (AF), heart failure (HF), hypotension, hypertension, and chronic ischemic heart disease), 1 study investigated 2 different CVD cohorts (AF and acute myocardial infarction (AMI)), 6 studies investigated HF, 3 studies investigated AMI, 4 studies investigated stroke, 1 study investigated AF, and 1 study investigated cardiac arrest. Increasing frailty risk category was associated with increased age, female sex, and non-white racial group across all CVD. Increasing frailty risk category is also associated with increased length of hospital stay, total costs, and increased odds of 30-day all-cause mortality across all CVD.

Conclusions::

The HFRS is an efficient and effective tool for stratifying frailty in patients with CVD and predicting adverse health outcomes.
Aldosterone Effect on Cardiac Structure and Function
Authors: Al-Hashedi Ekhlas Mahmoud , Abdu Fuad A.
Published: March 2024

Background:

Cardiac remodelling could be a key mechanism in aldosteronemediated
cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Experimental and clinical evidence has
demonstrated that aldosterone causes cardiac structural remodelling and dysfunction by its profibrotic
and pro-hypertrophic effects, which result mainly from the direct effects on myocardial
collagen deposition, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Clinical studies have investigated the
aldosterone effects on the heart in different clinical conditions, including general population, essential
hypertension, primary aldosteronism, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation. Robust findings
indicate that aldosterone or the activation of the cardiac mineralocorticoid receptor can cause
damage to myocardial tissue by mechanisms independent of the blood pressure, leading to tissue
hypertrophy, fibrosis, and dysfunction.

Conclusion:

Aldosterone-mediated cardiovascular morbidity and mortality mainly result from
cardiac structural and functional alterations. In different clinical settings, aldosterone can induce
cardiac structural remodelling and dysfunction via several pathological mechanisms, including
cardiac fibrosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Aldosterone antagonists could effectively
decrease or reverse the detrimental aldosterone-mediated changes in the heart.
Hepatic Pecoma versus Hepatocellular Carcinoma In The Noncirrhotic Liver on
Gd-EOB-DTPA-Enhanced MRI: A Diagnostic Challenge
Authors: Ma Ruixia , Feng Shi-Ting , Meicheng-Chen  , Wang Jifei , Dong Zhi , Zhou Xiaoqi
Published: March 2024

Aim::

Hepatic perivascular epithelioid cell tumors (PEComa) often mimic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients without cirrhosis. This study
aimed to develop a nomogram using imaging characteristics on Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI and to distinguish PEComa from HCC in a noncirrhotic
liver.

Methods::

Forty patients with non-cirrhotic Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) were included in our study. A multivariate logistic
regression model was used to select significant variables to distinguish PEComa from HCC. A nomogram was developed based on the regression
model. The performance of the nomogram was assessed with respect to the ROC curve and calibration curve. Decision curve analysis (DCA) was
performed to evaluate the clinical usefulness of the nomogram.

Results::

Two significant predictors were identified: the appearance of an early draining vein and the T1D value of tumors. The ROC curve showed that the
area under the curve (AUC) of the model to predict the risk of PEComa was 0.91 (95% CI: 0.80~1) and showed that the model had high specificity
(92.3%) and sensitivity (88.9%). The nomogram incorporating these two predictors showed favorable calibration, which was validated using 1000
resampling procedures, and the corrected C-index of this model was 0.90. Furthermore, DCA analysis showed that the model had clinical
practicability.

Conclusion::

In conclusion, the nomogram model showed favorable predictive accuracy for distinguishing PEComa from HCC in non-cirrhotic patients and may
aid in clinical decision-making.
Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) System in Opportunistic Screening and
Diagnostic Population in a Middle-income Nation
Authors: Hamid Marlina Tanty Ramli , Mumin Nazimah AB , Hamid Shamsiah Abdul , Rahmat Kartini
Published: March 2024

Objective::

This study evaluates the effectiveness of artificial intelligence (AI) in mammography in a diverse population from a middle-income nation and
compares it to traditional methods.

Methods::

A retrospective study was conducted on 543 mammograms of 467 Malays, 48 Chinese, and 28 Indians in a middle-income nation. Three breast
radiologists interpreted the examinations independently in two reading sessions (with and without AI support). Breast density and BI-RADS
categories were assessed, comparing the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV)
results.

Results::

Of 543 mammograms, 69.2% had lesions detected. Biopsies were performed on 25%(n=136), with 66(48.5%) benign and 70(51.5%) malignant.
Substantial agreement in density assessment between the radiologist and AI software (κ =0.606, p < 0.001) and the BI-RADS category with and
without AI (κ =0.74, p < 0.001). The performance of the AI software was comparable to the traditional methods. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV,
and NPV or radiologists alone, radiologist + AI, and AI alone were 81.9%,90.4%,56.0%, and 97.1%; 81.0%, 93.1%,55.5%, and 97.0%; and
90.0%,76.5%,36.2%, and 98.1%, respectively. AI software enhances the accuracy of lesion diagnosis and reduces unnecessary biopsies,
particularly for BI-RADS 4 lesions. The AI software results for synthetic were almost similar to the original 2D mammography, with AUC of
0.925 and 0.871, respectively.

Conclusion::

AI software may assist in the accurate diagnosis of breast lesions, enhancing the efficiency of breast lesion diagnosis in a mixed population of
opportunistic screening and diagnostic patients.

Key Messages::

• The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in mammography for population-based breast cancer screening has been validated in high-income nations,
with reported improved diagnostic performance. Our study evaluated the usage of an AI tool in an opportunistic screening setting in a multi-ethnic
and middle-income nation.
• The application of AI in mammography enhances diagnostic accuracy, potentially leading to reduced unnecessary biopsies.
• AI integration into the workflow did not disrupt the performance of trained breast radiologists, as there is a substantial inter-reader agreement for
BI-RADS category assessment and breast density.
Microwave Imaging: Locating Bone Fractures using Patch Antenna of ISM
Band
Authors: Sheela John Bosco Joselin Jeya , Banu Jahangeer Gul Shaira , Natarajan Duraichi , Murugavel Logeshwaran , Balasubramanian Jeyapoornima
Published: March 2024

Background:

The human skeletal system relies heavily on the integrity of bones, which provide structural support and safeguard vital organs. Accurate detection
is paramount for effective diagnosis. Conventional methods for identifying fractures manually are not only time-consuming but also susceptible to
errors.

Methods:

The proposed methodology hinges on a patch antenna operating at 2.4 GHz and a bone phantom housing a simulated fracture, where the antenna is
scanned. The collected signals are then processed with Delay-and-Sum (DAS), and Delay-Multiply-and-Sum (DMAS) reconstruction algorithms.
The resulting images offer visual insights into the location of fractures.

Results:

Through experimentation, the efficacy of the images varies considerably in terms of their capacity for noise and artifact suppression. While DAS
exhibits reasonable effectiveness, it suppresses noise and artifacts comprehensively. In contrast, DMAS offers clearer and more precise images of
bone fractures.

Conclusion:

In summary, the research introduces a cost-effective and non-invasive strategy for detecting bone fractures. By involving a patch antenna at 2.4
GHz, along with image reconstruction algorithms like DMAS and DAS, one can effectively visualize the location of bone fractures. The
experimental results highlight the superiority of DMAS over DAS in terms of contrast resolution, making it a highly promising avenue for fracture
detection.
Mediterranean Lifestyle: More Than a Diet, A Way of Living (and Thriving)
Authors: Kushkestani Mehdi , Moghadassi Mahsa , Sidossis Labros
Published: March 2024

:

Although the Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) may appear simple and locally inspired
based on the provided definitions, mounting evidence reveals that adopting a dietary pattern
aligned with MedDiet principles can yield numerous health benefits. Also, the MedDiet stands
as the gold standard in preventive medicine, so it is not a simplistic diet centered around specific
ingredients or cooking methods; instead, it emerges from a distinctive way of life (lifestyle) inherent
to the Mediterranean region. This lifestyle encapsulates essential components of a balanced
diet and life, including frugality and moderation in food consumption, the utilization of
seasonal and traditional products, a focus on locally sourced, eco-friendly, and biodiverse items,
personal engagement in culinary preparation, the emphasis on conviviality and social activities
during meal consumption, regular engagement in physical activity, adequate hydration, and sufficient
rest. In this review, we will establish the interconnections and links between the various
aspects of the Mediterranean diet, how these pillars reflect the Mediterranean region's distinctive
lifestyle, and how each element is a necessary part of the others. Finally, the seamless integration
of social involvement, sufficient rest, regular physical exercise, and diet will be explored
to provide a holistic view of the Mediterranean lifestyle and its inherent harmony.
A Promising Breakthrough: The Potential of VORASIDENIB in the Treatment
of Low-grade Glioma
Authors: Bombino Alice , Magnani Marcello , Conti Alfredo
Published: March 2024

Introduction::

Gliomas are common malignant brain tumors characterized by diffuse brain infiltration. World Health Organization grade II and grade III diffuse
gliomas are considered lower-grade gliomas (LGGs) and have isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations. LGGs are challenging due to their
infiltrative nature, making them capable of progressing into higher-grade malignancies. Vorasidenib is a novel therapeutic agent targeting mutant
IDH1/2, sparking interest in the field.

Mechanism of Action::

Vorasidenib inhibits mutant IDH1/2 through a unique mechanism, reducing the production of the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG). This
alteration affects key enzymes and DNA methylation, impacting tumor growth and invasion.

Preclinical Evidence::

Preclinical studies show vorasidenib's efficacy in inhibiting mutant IDH1/2 and 2-HG production in glioma models. It suppresses tumor growth,
making it a potential treatment option.

Clinical Evidence::

Early clinical trials demonstrate vorasidenib's clinical activity in non-enhancing gliomas. It reduces 2-hydroxyglutarate levels and tumor cell
proliferation, with an objective response rate and prolonged progression-free survival. The drug's safety profile is favorable.

Challenges and Future Directions::

Challenges include identifying predictive biomarkers and optimizing sequencing or combinations with existing therapies. Further research is
needed to establish long-term effectiveness, evaluate side effects, and explore combinations with immunotherapy.

Conclusion::

orasidenib significantly advances LGG treatment, targeting a prevalent mutation and slowing tumor growth. Promising preclinical and clinical
evidence and manageable side effects suggest its potential impact on LGG management. However, more research, including large trials, is needed
to confirm its efficacy and role in treatment.
Advances in Nanoparticulate Therapeutics for Acute Lung Injury: Addressing Unmet Clinical Needs through Targeted Therapy and Controlled Delivery of Drug
Authors: Sadhu Piyushkumar , Kumari Mamta , Rajput Hemraj Singh , Patel Vipul P. , Rathod Falguni , Shah Nirmal , Seth Avinash Kumar
Published: March 2024

Background:

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a life-threatening condition characterized by
severe invasion of inflammatory cells, lung edema, and the development of intestinal fibrosis. The
activation of proinflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-6, and others results in the development
of several risk factors for ALI. It has been observed that no viable therapies for lung injuries exist.
Therefore, there is a significant need for healthcare requirements. However, few effective nonpharmacological
and pharmacological treatments are available, which may have assisted doctors
in reducing the likelihood of illness development. Still, not much progress has been made in illness
management.

Objectives:

This review aimed to briefly discuss pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches
for treating ALI.

Methods:

Nowadays, drug delivery and illness diagnosis are the most advanced areas of modern
nanotechnology research, particularly concerning the lungs. So, we focused on various novel approaches,
viz., organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, metal nanoparticles, and bio nanoparticles,
that combat ALI and improve lung functions. This review discussed many studies and
the advancement of different nanomaterials as novel drug carriers in the lungs that can influence
the immune system, suppressing proinflammatory cytokines and improving lung functions.

Results:

Another aspect of studying nanotechnology is the release kinetics of nanoparticles and
safety when administered to a targeted tissue.

Conclusion:

The higher uptake of nanomaterials and, thus, the drugs is another advancement in
nanotechnology. Herein, we explored different approaches to improving and curing acute lung injury.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids: A Review
Authors: Panda Biswajit
Published: March 2024

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) belong to a structurally varied class of natural products
that have garnered significant attention due to their intriguing chemical properties and broad
range of biological activities. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the
synthesis and biological activity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. An in-depth exploration of the
various synthetic methodologies employed in the construction of these complex molecules,
including classical and modern synthetic approaches, is presented in this review. Moreover, the
potential therapeutic applications of these alkaloids are discussed, emphasizing their promising
role in drug discovery and development. By synthesizing the current knowledge, this paper aims
to facilitate further research in the field and inspire the discovery of novel bioactive compounds
with therapeutic potential.
The Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of N-((1H-benzimidazol-2-
yl)methyl)-2-substituted-3H- benzimidazol-5-amine Derivatives
Authors: Pathare Balasaheb , Bansode Tanaji
Published: March 2024

The increasing commonality of multi-drug-resistant bacteria as well as fungi is the
motive for the development of new active antimicrobial agents. Heterocyclic compounds are
major contributors in medical chemistry and are also found in biomolecules like vitamins,
enzymes, natural products, etc. Benzimidazole is one of the nitrogens-containing heterocyclic
compounds. Derivatives of benzimidazole have been found active against various bacterial
diseases. Benzimidazole derivatives containing two benzimidazole rings also showed various
pharmacological activities. In view of these, we aim to synthesize a new series of benzimidazole
derivatives, N-((1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)methyl)-2-substituted-3H- benzimidazol-5-amine (6a–f)
by the reaction of substituted 5-aminobenzimidazol derivatives with 2-chloromethyl
benzimidazole and study their predicted bioactivity and actual antibacterial activity. To confirm
the structures of the synthesized compounds, spectroscopic techniques like IR, 1H NMR,13C
NMR and mass spectra were used. Initially, predicted bioactivity was studied using
Molinspiration software. Among the synthesized compounds (6a-f), compounds 6a, 6d, 6e, and
6f showed good predicted activity. Then all the synthesized compounds 6a–f were screened for
their antibacterial activity against E. coli (NCIM-2931), S. aureus (NCIM-2079), K.
pnuemoniae (NCIM-2719) and P. aeruginosa (NCIM-2053) bacterial strains using the Ditchplate
and Well Diffusion Method. Among them, compound 6f was found to be active against all
used bacterial strains.

Objectives:

Synthesis and study of antimicrobial activity of benzimidazole derivatives.

Methods:

Simple, known laboratory methods are used for the synthesis of all new
benzimidazole derivatives (6a-f). Predicted bioactivity was studied using Molinspiration
software. The antibacterial activity of synthesized derivatives was studied against E. coli
(NCIM-2931), S. aureus (NCIM-2079), K. pnuemoniae (NCIM-2719) and P. aeruginosa
(NCIM-2053) bacterial strains using Ditch-plate and Well diffusion methods.

Results:

We successfully synthesized new bis-benzimidazole derivatives using simple
laboratory methods and studied their antimicrobial activity. Among the synthesized derivatives,
N-((1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)methyl)-2-(pyridin-3-yl)-3H-benzimidazol-5-amine (6f) showed
good activity against used bacterial strains.

Conclusion:

In this paper, we report the synthesis of novel and biological activity benzimidazole derivatives
by a simple and efficient method. The carried out predicted bioactivity as well as actual bioactivity was
reported, and it was observed that predicted bioactivity and actual antibacterial activity showed similar
results. The incorporation of a pyridine ring in a benzimidazole derivative increased bioactivity.
An Updated Review on the Alarming Epidemic of the Monkeypox Virus
Authors: Singh Neelam , Alam Md Sabir , Bharti Charu , Kumar Nitin , Jayant Shalini , Reetu  , Sharma Aayush
Published: March 2024

:

After the COVID-19 pandemic, the world has been vulnerable due to another virus called
monkeypox. Monkeypox is a very uncommon zoonotic infectious condition that occurs in both human
and non-human primates with similar clinical characteristics as smallpox along with remarkable
epidemic potential because of the increasing existence of human outbursts in recent scenarios. The
increasing number of cases of this virus is developing curiosity among the people, hence scientists
are aiming to become aware of various pathological characteristics and management of this virus
before it becomes an epidemic. Currently, the monkeypox outbreak is a trending headline and has
increased as an alarming tone after continuous upcoming cases. Previous studies revealed that the
first human suspected case was found on September 1, 1970, when a 9-month-old baby was admitted
to the Basankusu Hospital in the Democratic Republic of Congo. It is hard to distinguish monkeypox
from the smallpox virus therefore, laboratory testing is the technique of disease identification and
monitoring. Various new approaches and vaccines are being positioned for the prevention and clinical
management of monkeypox through the entanglement of metallic and organic nanocarriers.
However, more researchers suggested that virology and ecology of the virus in endemic areas is essential
to recognize and avoid further worldwide occurrence of this virus. On behalf of an exhaustive
literature survey, We are providing a rationalizing overview of monkeypox in the context of its present
global outbreak, as well as its symptoms, prevention, treatment, assessment, and clinical studies.
Secondary Metabolite Production through Elicitation: Biotic, Abiotic, MeJA, PGRs and Stress Signaling in Improving Compounds in Select Medicinal Plants
Authors: Maqsood Mehpara , Mujib A. , Khusrau Mir , Kaloo Zahoor A.
Published: March 2024

Plants in addition to primary metabolites produce secondary metabolites
which are of immense pharmaceutical importance and other industrial uses. Secondary
metabolites are produced due to the stress experienced by plants in response to external
triggers/agents like elicitors. Elicitation involves two types of elicitors namely biotic
and abiotic. Elicitors have a vital role in plant tissue culture as these improve secondary
metabolite content in cultures. Other culture conditions including volume and types of
medium, duration, etc., also affect the yield of alkaloids. Extensive research has been
carried out for the enhanced level of alkaloids in in vitro cultured plants. Various
common elicitors used in media are methyl jasmonate (MeJA), yeast extract (YE),
fungal extract, ions from various salts like CdCl2, heavy metal ions, and ionic, nonionic
radiations, etc. The fungal cell wall components oligosaccharides and peptides have
also been used as elicitors for the induction/enhancement of secondary metabolites in
plant cell/organ cultures. The influence of sample representation of biotic and abiotic
elicitors, i.e., YE, Aspergillus flavus, MeJA, CdCl2 , CaCl2, has been discussed taking a
few medicinals and oil yielding plants from authors’ laboratory. A direct link of stress
with elicitors including plant growth regulators (PGRs) has been established showing
over accumulation of proline, protein, SOD, APX and other antioxidant enzyme
activity with increased levels of elicitation. Increasing demand forces researchers to
conduct further investigation in this area for the production of phyto-compounds and
even for viable commercial exploitation.
Production of Secondary Metabolites from Endangered and Commercially Important Medicinal Plants Through Cell and Tissue Culture Technology
Authors: Karabulut Fadime , Yaseen Mir Mohammad , Kamili Azra N.
Published: March 2024

Pharmaceuticals such as alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, saponins,
monoterpenes, flavonoids and amino acids are now being produced using plant cell
culture technologies. The standardization of plant metabolite processing technologies
using in vitro cultures assists in the understanding of their biosynthesis and
accumulation biology. The development of metabolites in plant cell cultures is affected
by a number of factors, including physical, chemical, nutritional and genetic factors.
The controlled production of plant metabolites in cell cultures is a viable alternative not
only for reducing pressure on the natural habitats of plant species but also for providing
year-round conditions for metabolite production. Exposure of cultured cells to biotic
and abiotic elicitors increased the production of plant metabolites. Hairy root induction
has recently been discovered to be effective in the production of metabolites
synthesized in various parts of plants.
The Contemporary Facts Towards In Vitro Production of the Plant-derived Medicinal Metabolites
Authors: Nandini Boregowda , Mawale Kiran S. , Giridhar Parvatam
Published: March 2024

Plants are active biochemical factories of a vast group of secondary
metabolites (SMs) and these SMs are indeed a basic source of various commercial
pharmaceutical drugs. From the prehistoric time, plants have been used for therapeutic
resolutions. Medicinal and aromatic plants are the biogenic pond of diverse forms of
SMs, which results in their overexploitation. There is an increasing need for the natural
phytochemicals from plants for sustainable and economical value forces their mass
production through in vitro plant tissue culture (PTC) methods. A vast quantity of
medicinal plants and their metabolites have been developed by in vitro culture
techniques in a small time period related to conventional methods. In vitro plant cell
cultures assist in a potential role in the commercial production of SMs. The novel
prime practices of in vitro techniques facilitate transgenic cultures and enlighten the
understanding lane of regulation and expression of biosynthetic pathways. SMs have
composite chemical alignment and are created in response to different forms of stress
to accomplish various physiological tasks in the plant host system. They are immensely
utilized in pharmaceutical industries, dietary supplements, cosmetics, fragrances, dyes,
flavors, etc. SMs are also termed specialised metabolites, secondary products, toxins or
natural products; these are basically organic compounds produced by plants and are not
directly involved in the growth and development of the plant. Instead, they usually
intervene with ecological interactions and conceivably produce selective support for
the plant host by increasing its survivability or productivity. Few SMs are specific for a
narrow set of plant species within a phylogenetic group. SMs habitually play a vital
role in the defense systems of plants against herbivory and other interspecies defences.
Human beings uses SMs mainly for medicines, pigments, flavourings and recreational
drugs. Prolonged use of these SMs in several industrial areas still needs to be focused
to enhance the fabrication by using in vitro PTC practices and optimizing their largescale fabrication using bioreactors. The present book chapter intends to highlight the
rationale of the in vitro production of SMs from medicinal plants and their progress in
the modern epoch for the mass production facts toward the step of commercial and
economical forte.
Investment Cooperation of the EAEU Countries and Latin America in Modern Conditions
Authors: Kuzmina V. M. , Pykhtin A. I.
Published: March 2024

The relevance of the study is related to the trend of the states of the "global" South towards a polycentric world, accompanied by an independent foreign economic course.

   The EAEU is interested in expanding cooperation with Latin American countries.

   The purpose is to conduct a comparative analysis of the macroeconomic indicators of the EAEU and LAC countries and FDI destinations based on statistical data.

   Objectives: to analyze the current state of macroeconomic indicators of the integration associations of the EAEU and LAC in order to identify identical development indicators; to characterize the country and sectoral directions of FDI of the EAEU countries in the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean in comparison with similar investments of the countries of the "collective" West and the United States.

   Methodology. Investment cooperation is analyzed within the framework of the theory of structural functionalism (Parsons) using macroeconomic indicators of foreign trade cooperation based on UNCTAD statistics on world investments, data from the central banks of Bolivia, Brazil, statistical agencies CEPAL and the Bank of Russia.

   Results. It has been proved that investment flows between the EAEU and LAC have developed unevenly, and the volume of investments has fluctuated significantly. This trend reflects the general stagnation of the EAEU's investment activity in Latin America outside the commodity sectors. The leading sector attracting investment is the software and IT services sector in LAC.

   Conclusions. There is a trend towards an increase in the volume of trade turnover between the regions of the EAEU and the LAC, but investment cooperation between the countries is slowed down due to the logistical inaccessibility of the region, the insufficient development of the port infrastructure of the LAC, the lack of interbank relations, and insufficient state support in the LAC.