bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Energy Retrofit Assessment Methodologies in Buildings by European Research Projects
Authors: Arbulu Markel , Grijalba Olatz , Oregi Xabat
Published: June 2021

Energy retrofit of existing buildings is one of the main keys to achieve European Union’s decarbonising objectives defined in the European Green Deal. In order to proceed into them, European policy has been adapted and several research projects are developed. The aim of this paper is to analyse the assessment methodology of the research projects, setting up the overview of the assessed fields and the criteria followed to perform and evaluate each project. As working methodology, 18 projects have been studied, firstly characterising by the main parameters and afterwards analysing the assessment followed by each one. This analysis is decomposed into five parameters: the assessment scope, reflecting the fields covered by the project’s assessment; data source, the nature of the data; verification, use of data verification strategies; and implementation of life cycle thinking in the assessment methodology. The research shows that although the projects have their bases in the EU energetic targets they also cover a wider scope, assessing many fields and combining many sources of data. However, despite the large knowledge already defined by many projects, there is a lack of global and complete roadmap to be followed.
Positive Energy District (PED) Selected Projects Assessment, Study towards the Development of Further PEDs
Authors: Rueda Castellanos Sofia , Oregi Xabat
Published: June 2021

Positive Energy District (PED) is a relatively new concept from which many projects are planned, however, only a few cases are currently close to be materialized, therefore, in this study the PED projects in operation and in implementation process in existing districts are gathered in order to serve as a base for future PEDs. In this sense, certain points of each selected project are highlighted due to their relevance within the project development and their replicability potential. Furthermore, intending to learn from the experience of the assessed case-studies, this paper aims to understand the current situation regarding PED implementation to simplify the development of further PEDs.
What Will Be the Future of Biogas Sector?
Authors: Bumbiere Ketija , Pubule Jelena , Blumberga Dagnija
Published: June 2021

Latvia, like many other European Member States, faces major challenges in achieving climate goals within the Paris Agreement – emission reduction for 50–55 % by 2030 and net-zero emission economy by 2050. Decarbonization of the energy sector is one of the main aims and sustainable use of biogas is one of the ways to reach these targets. Although the biogas sector in Latvia is now mainly based on the production of electricity and heat in cogeneration plants, often using specially grown energy crops, and payments of the mandatory procurement component have expired, biogas plants are preparing for reconstruction for the production of biomethane with the help of European fund investments.

It means that the biogas sector is moving towards a completely different operating model, based primarily on the management of agricultural waste as a feedstock, the conversion of biogas to biomethane and it is used mainly in the transport sector, but its implementation in practical terms faces various challenges. In this context, this article offers a clear vision of the development of the biogas sector in the next decade in Latvia. It uses a sustainability SWOT analysis to clearly reflect the sector’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats.
The Properties of Nano-Gold Particles Synthesized by Ascorbic Acid With Acacia Gum and Sodium Hydroxide as Stabilizers
Authors: Ghafoor Dhelal Abdul , Yas Rana M. , Saeed Muna Ahmed
Published: June 2021

In this work, biocompatible gold nanoparticles were synthesized by reducing the chloroauric acid with ascorbic acid as a reducing agent. Colloidal gold nanoparticles were stabilized through nontoxic acacia gum sodium hydroxide .Synthesizing gold nano particle is confirmed by the change in color of chloroauric acid from yellow to ruby red and brown color depending on the stabilizers. The gold nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Visible spectrophotometer. Where the peak of the absorbance of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was observed between the wave length 526 and 535 nm. The results of zeta potential were found in rang (-19, -40 mv), AFM and TEM images show two different shapes, hexagonal and spherical and the size of gold nanoparticles between 21.5nm and  29nm.
Fluctuación poblacional de Premnobius cavipennis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) en plantaciones de balso (Ochroma pyramidale) en la zona central del litoral ecuatoriano
Authors: Averos Joselyn Briggite , Castro-Olaya Jessenia , Martínez-Chevez Malena , Guachambala-Cando Marcelino , Peñarrieta-Bravo Soraya , Chirinos-Torres Dorys , García-Cruzatty Luz
Published: June 2021

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la fluctuación poblacional de Premnobius cavipennis y el efecto de la altura de trampa en plantaciones de balso (Ochroma pyramidale) en las localidades de El Vergel, El Empalme y Guapara en Ecuador. Se usaron trampas de intercepción de vuelo con alcohol como atrayente, colocadas a uno, cuatro y ocho metros de alto. La recolecta y evaluación se realizó cada semana durante un año por localidad. Las poblaciones de P. cavipennis, fluctuaron durante el año, con máximas poblacionales en el periodo lluvioso en las tres localidades. En El Vergel se encontró mayor abundancia con 2.382 individuos, máxima poblacional en diciembre. En El Empalme se capturaron 1.263 individuos, con alzas poblacionales en enero y abril. En Guapara se registraron 525 individuos, con un pico poblacional en marzo. Los individuos de P. cavipennis se capturaron en las tres alturas de las trampas en las tres localidades. Hubo diferencias altamente significativas entre las alturas con un mayor efecto de altura de trampa en la captura de individuos a un metro, comportamiento que fue igual en las tres localidades.
The factors of interethnic tension in higher education environment (based on the materials of a sociological study in Altai State University, Barnaul)
Authors: Akhmedova Angelina Rustamovna , Bazhenova Nadezhda Anatolievna , Gorshunova Elizaveta Evgenievna , Kalinina Yuliya Aleksandrovna , Kuzhim Natalia Viktorovna , Chudova Svetlana Georgievna
Published: June 2021

The subject of this research is the factors of interethnic tension in higher education environment. The object of this research is interethnic tension in the educational environment. Detailed attention is given to socio-psychological, conflictological, and sociological approaches towards studying the interethnic tension. The author examines the manifestation of interethnic tension, namely the factors that may aggravate it in the higher education institutions. The following factors are explored: social adaptation of students in polyethnic educational environment; ethnic stereotypes; cultural differences between students belonging to various ethnic groups; biased attitude of the participants of educational process on ethnic grounds. The conclusion is made that such factors as ethnic stereotypes and cultural differences of students are present in Altai State University; the need for social adaptation of students in polyethnic educational environment and  biased attitude of the participants of educational process on ethnic ground manifest rather insignificantly, although pose a potential threat to interethnic relations in the university. The author’s special contribution consists in formulation of practical recommendations for the administrative departments of Altai State University aimed at reducing the likelihood of the emergence of interethnic tensions in the educational environment; as well as in proposal of measures to prevent the occurrence of inexplicit factors.
Akıllı Turizm ve Popüler Yataklı Vagon Seferi Olan Kentlerde Teknolojinin Turist Yoğunluğuna Etkileri
Authors: DAĞLI İbrahim , ÇELİKKAYA Süha
Published: June 2021

Bu çalışmanın amacı popüler yataklı vagon seferi olan turizm destinasyonlarında teknolojinin turizme etkisini analiz etmek ve teknoloji ile birlikte kent ve turizm literatürüne giren “Akıllı Şehir, Akıllı Turizm ve Akıllı Turizm Destinasyonu” tanımlamalarına ilişkin kavramsal bir çerçeve oluşturmaktır. Çalışmanın ampirik boyutunda teknolojinin turist sayılarına pozitif etki ettiği hipotezini test eden panel veri analizi kullanılmış ve Driscoll-Kraay standart hatalarla sabit etkiler regresyonu tahmin edilmiştir. Analiz, popüler yataklı vagon seferi olan turizm destinasyonlarında 2004-2018 yılları verileri ile yapılmıştır. Analiz sonucunda, araştırma kapsamında yer alan destinasyonlardaki turist sayıları ile teknoloji ilişkisinin anlamlı ve pozitif yönlü olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Başta internet ve sosyal medya kullanımı olmak üzere turizm sektörünün gelişen teknolojiye uyum sağlaması ile birlikte hem kavramsal boyutta hem de uygulama boyutunda önemli değişimler yaşanmıştır. Bu çalışma ile popüler yataklı vagon tren seferlerine olan ilgi ve bununla bağlantılı olarak teknolojinin etkisiyle doğu kentlerindeki turizme olan katkı ampirik olarak ortaya konulmuştur.
LEGAL CONCLUSION OF THE CASSATION COURT AS A TOOL TO ENSURE THE STABILITY AND UNITY OF JUDICIAL PRACTICE IN UKRAINE
Authors:   Supreme Court, Serdiuk Valentyn , Babii Anastasiia ,   Supreme Court, Kaydrovych Khrystyna ,   Institution of higher education «Lviv University of Business and Law», Khmyz Mariana ,   Ivan Franko National University of Lviv
Published: June 2021

The article reveals a practical issue related to the legal conclusion of the cassation court as a tool to ensure the stability and unity of judicial practice in Ukraine.
CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL BASIS FOR THE FORMATION OF THE CORPS OF PROFESSIONAL JUDGES: FOREIGN EXPERIENCE
Authors:   Lviv University of Business and Law, Hudyma Vitaliy
Published: June 2021

The article reveals the constitutional and legal foundations and features of the formation of the corps of professional judges in foreign countries. It has been established that in many countries there is an independent specialized body, whose competence is to ensure the training of candidates applying for positions of judges, for example, in France – the National School of Magistracy, Georgia – the High Council of Justice, Poland – the National Council of Judicial Procedure, Germany – a selection committee, Croatia – Council of State, United States of America – Senate Judicial Committee, Great Britain – Commission on the Appointment of Judges. It has been established that the process of training candidates applying for judicial positions should take into account the aspect of skills development provided for in the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. It has been proven that in the context of the implementation of special training for candidates applying for judicial positions, one should rely on the provisions of Recommendation Rec(2004) of the Committee of Ministers is the Council of Europe to member states on the role of the European Convention on Human Rights in university education and vocational training. It has been determined that the constitutional and legal basis for the activities of institutions conducting vocational training of candidates applying for positions of judges is determined by a special law in many countries. It was found that professional training of judges takes place in the formats of a combination of an interdisciplinary approach to training with a multidisciplinary one, the use of various practical methods for teaching, based on the requirements of European legislation, the development of a program to improve the leadership and management skills of candidates applying for positions of judges. It is proposed to take into account the experience of France, Georgia, Poland, Germany, Croatia, the United States of America, Japan, Great Britain, and other countries when forming the corps of professional judges in Ukraine.
Penerapan Business Model Canvas pada pengembangan Usaha Gula Aren: Studi Kasus Di Kabupaten Soppeng, Sulawesi Selatan
Authors: Makkarennu Makkarennu , Rahmadani Inda
Published: June 2021

Gula aren merupakan salah satu produk HHBK yang memiliki peran sangat penting dalam pengembangan HHBK di Indonesia serta dapat menunjang perekonomian masyarakat di sekitar hutan. Salah satu desa di Kabupaten Soppeng yang memiliki potensi pengembangan usaha gula aren adalah Desa Mattabulu yang berada di Kecamatan Lalabata. Berdasarkan survei di desa ini terdapat beberapa kelompok tani yang memproduksi dan menjual gula aren ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi atau menyusun strategi pemasaran pada Usaha Gula Aren di Desa Mattabulu, Kecamatan Lalabata Kabupaten Soppeng. Perumusan strategi dilakukan dengan pendekatan Business Model Canvas (BMC), melalui sembilan elemen kunci BMC yakni segmen pelanggan, proporsi  nilai, saluran, hubungan pelanggan, arus penerimaan, sumberdaya utama, aktivitas utama, kemitraan utama, dan struktur biaya. Usaha ini masih mempertahankan segmentasi pasar yang sama sejak lama, karena proses penjualannya hanya bergantung pada konsumen dan pedagang pengumpul tanpa adanya upaya untuk mendapatkan pelanggan baru seperti mempromosikan melalui media. Pilihan strategi yang tepat pada usaha gula aren ini adalah mengoptimalkan kekuatan untuk meraih sebuah peluang atau turn around, mengubah strategi dalam pengembangan usaha gula aren dimana usaha ini harus menangkap peluang pasar dengan meningkatkan nilai proporsinya dan memperluas jaringan pasar.
Peran Gaya Kepemimpinan, Budaya Organisasi dan Reward Terhadap Komitmen Kerja Karyawan
Authors: Kustiani Lilik
Published: June 2021

Employees who have a high  commitment, have a desire to defend themselves as members of the organization. Therefore, to develop an organization, various aspects must be considered that can create work commitment. This study aims to examine: 1) the influence of leadership style on work commitment, 2) the influence of organizational culture on work commitment and 3) the effect of reward on work commitment. This research is a quantitative descriptive study using multiple regression analysis. The population in this study was all employees at KOPPAS "Citra Kartini" Senggreng Sumberpucung Malang Regency with a sample using saturated sampling technique, amounting to 39 employees. The results of data analysis in this study can be concluded: 1) leadership style has a significant positive effect on employee  commitment, 2) organizational culture has a significant positive effect on employee commitment, 3) reward has a significant positive effect on employee  commitment, and 4) reward is a variable which has a dominant effect on employee  commitment
Digital Payment: Perspektif Gender dalam Pemilihan Jasa Pembayaran Digital
Authors: Iradianty Aldilla
Published: June 2021

In today's digital era buyers and sellers are using digital payment applications with non-cash payment transactions, in this transaction, there are other parties involved, namely, digital payment providers, where the digital payment provider from the buyer will continue the transaction to the financial network used by the seller. quickly, safely and cheaply, and in real-time, so that immediately the buyer and seller know whether the transaction was successful or not because they are using their smartphone devices. Gender differences, between men and women, can lead to differences in terms of spending with transactions through digital payments, therefore this study will look at whether there are differences between men and women in terms of using digital payments. The research approach used is quantitative research with the help of a questionnaire. A total of 104 users were involved in this study to be asked for information about experiences in using various payments provided by four popular digital payment providers in Indonesia, namely Gopay, Ovo, LinkAja, and Dana. For data analysis, this study uses a different test analysis for each sample, and the results show that there is no difference in the use of digital payments seen from a gender perspective.
Analisis Perbandingan Net Profit Margin dan Gross Profit Margin Pada Perusahaan Telekomunikasi Di Indonesia
Authors: Firda Inayah Firda
Published: June 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis perbandingan net profit margin dan gross profit margin. Yang menjadi obyek dalam penelitian ini adalah perusahaan Telekomunikasi di Indonsia yaitu PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia Tbk dan PT XL Axiata Tbk periode 2010-2019. Hasil penelitiannya berkesimpulan bahwa berdasarkan uji independent sample t-test net profit margin dan gross profit margin sama-sama menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan.
Effect of different cooking methods on chemical composition, nutritional values,
and sensory properties of Jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) tempe
Authors: Purwandari F.A. , Annisa E.D.N. , Rachmawati A.T. , Puspitasari D. , Wikandari R. , Seyaningsih W. , Ningrum A. , Sardjono
Published: June 2021

Having high protein content, jack bean is a promising resource for making tempe, a
traditional fermented food commonly consumed in Indonesia. The current research aimed
to investigate the effect of different cooking methods (boiling, steaming, frying, and
baking) on a chemical, nutritional, and sensory aspects of jack bean tempe. The results
showed that the highest protein content and antioxidant activity of the processed tempe
were obtained by steaming method with a value of 380.3 g/kg and 57.8%, respectively.
The steaming process could maintain protein and mineral contents as well as the
antioxidant activity. The boiled tempe had six time lower of phytic acid compared to that
of control. The baking and frying process increased five to six-fold of the fat content,
while reduced the protein content by 30%. For the sensory evaluation, the baked tempe
obtained the highest score. In conclusion, from a nutritional point of view, steaming is the
best method for cooking jack bean tempe, while in term of sensory, baking is
recommended.
Influence of extraction methods on bioactive compounds from Ngoc Linh ginseng callus
Authors: Lieu M.D. , Nguyen T.T.L. , Nguyen T.H. , Dang T.K.T. , Do D.G.
Published: June 2021

Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv or Vietnamese ginseng is a valuable medicinal herb
with high economic value in the world. In this study, three target compounds were
surveyed as polyphenols, polysaccharides, and saponins to evaluate the effects of factors
including microwave, ultrasound, enzyme amylase, and cellulase for the first time. The
results of the study showed that with different extraction conditions, the recovery
efficiency of polyphenol, polysaccharide, and saponin was also different. With the
addition of 1.2% of the enzyme amylase (v/v) in 8 hrs of incubation, the highest total
content of polyphenol and polysaccharide was obtained, equivalent to 6.48 mg GAE/g
sample and 312.48 mg Glu/g sample. While the total saponin content reached the highest
value of 4.60 mg/g sample at 4 hrs of incubation using 0.8% of cellulase enzyme (v/v).
The effect of microwave and ultrasound also showed a significant recovery efficiency for
the three analyzed compounds. But compared to the use of two enzymes (amylase,
cellulase), the efficiency was lower. The use of these extraction techniques was based on
the advantages of environmental friendliness, simple operation, lower investment costs,
and power saving. At the same time, it can improve the extraction and recovery efficiency
as well as the activity of bioactive compounds.
Chemical characteristics and organoleptic of gluten-free toddler biscuits from mung bean flour, modified cassava flour and flaxseed
Authors: Amalia L. , Setiarto R.H.B. , Nuraulia G.W. , Mariyani N.
Published: June 2021

Biscuits a type of snack that is favoured by almost all groups of people especially
children. This research was conducted to produce omega-3 gluten-free biscuits for
toddlers. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) one factor with 3 levels
of treatment. The factor was the ratio of modified cassava flour (mocaf) and flaxseed with
concentrations of 24%: 1%, 22%: 3%, and 20%: 5%. Product analysis included
organoleptic tests (sensory and hedonic quality) by semi-trained panellists, chemical tests
(proximate, crude fiber, omega-3) and total energy content. Gluten-free toddler biscuits
with the addition of mocaf and flaxseed 20%: 5% were selected products from the results
of this study. The product had a sensory quality that was dark brown, slightly scented with
a pleasant aroma, soft texture, sweet taste and overall, very good. The hedonic test results
produced an average value of 5, which is rather like all parameters. The resulting
nutritional content (w/w) on a wet basis (wb): water content 3.79%, ash 1.71%, protein
7.89%, fat 24.61%, carbohydrate 62.00%, with a total energy of 501.05 kcal/100 g, crude
fibre 1.39%, and the highest omega-3 content of 818.45 mg/100 g. Consumption of three
biscuits for toddlers (20 g) can meet the energy intake of 6.5% Recommended Dietary
Allowance (RDA), 4.5% RDA protein, 5.3% RDA carbohydrate, 9.1% RDA fat, and
omega-3 at 17.8% RDA per day. The produced toddler biscuits had a protein content of
22.5% RDA per 100 g, so they could be claimed as a high protein source
The nutritional and functional properties of noodles prepared from sorghum, mung bean and sago flours
Authors: Azkia M.N. , Wahjuningsih S.B. , Wibowo C.H.
Published: June 2021

Noodles are popular carbohydrate-rich food products generally made from wheat flour.
This study developed a new type of noodle out of local resources namely sorghum flour,
mung bean, and sago starch with the following formula variations: F1 (20:30:50), F2
(30:30:40), F3 (40:30: 30), F4 (50:30:20) and F5 (60:30:10). The nutritional and
functional property of each formula then analysed. All formulas fulfilled the daily dietary
intake recommendations, which contain approximately 9.64-11.83% protein, 0.17-0.33%
fat, 86.76-88.74% carbohydrate, with total calories of 397-399 kcal/100 g. F1 has the
highest dietary fibre content (13.16%), with 4.2% soluble dietary fibre (SDF) and 9.48%
insoluble dietary fibre (IDF). The resistant starch content of all formulas was relatively
high, between 16.35-21.57%. Based on the results of this study, sorghum flour, mung
bean and sago starch flour-based noodles can be a good source of daily nutrition which
also include functional compounds such as dietary fibre and resistant starch.
Ginger-flavoured ready-to-drink cocoa beverage formulated with high and lowfat content powder: consumer preference, properties and stability
Authors: Faiqoh K.E.N. , Muhammad D.R.A. , Praseptiangga D.
Published: June 2021

Cocoa beverage is commonly made from cacao powder combined with other ingredient
forming a suspension system. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the
fat content of cocoa powder (high and low) and the concentration of ginger powder (0-
8%) on the properties and the stability of ready-to-drink cocoa beverage applying
Completely Randomized Factorial Designs (CRFD). Moreover, the consumer perspective
about the quality attributes of cocoa drink was also surveyed to give insights on the
important parameters in the cocoa drink. The results showed that viscosity and
sedimentation were the two most important parameters determining the acceptability of
cocoa beverage. The stability of the ginger-flavoured cocoa beverage was significantly
influenced by the fat content of the raw material. The most preferred cocoa beverage was
the sample formulated with low-fat cocoa powder and 8% ginger powder. The sample had
a lightness level of 29.21, the antioxidant activity of 70.5%, total phenolic content of 9.53
mg GAE/mL cocoa beverage, total flavonoid content of 4.68 mg QE/mL cocoa beverage,
pH of 7.68, and viscosity of 18.53 cP.
Red snapper fish intake improves thyroid gland activity in the hypothyroidism rat
Authors: Herawati E. , Titisari R.S. , Husna S.A.N. , Astirin O.P. , Widiyani T. , Listyawati S.
Published: June 2021

Congenital hypothyroidism is inadequate production of thyroid hormone in infants from
birth. Treatment of hypothyroidism often involves an iodine-rich diet since iodine is a
vital precursor for thyroid hormone synthesis. Red snapper fish is a saltwater fish that
contain a high amount of iodine and other beneficial macro/micronutrients, yet no report
was found on the effect of this fish consumption on hypothyroidism. The objective of this
study was to determine the effectiveness of red snapper (Lutjanus sp.) fish on thyroid
gland activity, manifested by low FT4 level and high TSH level, two diagnostic indicators
of hypothyroidism. This study used a post-test and controlled group design. Pregnant
female rats were given propylthiouracil orally for four weeks to induce hypothyroidism in
their offspring. All hypothyroid offspring were divided into five treatment groups, i.e.,
negative control, positive control (thyroxin therapy), red snapper enriched diet at 25% and
50% dosage, also a combination of levothyroxine and red snapper. The thyroid gland
activity was detected by measuring blood serum FT4 and TSH and histological
examination of the thyroid gland using HE staining. The level of FT4 and TSH in each
treatment group were analyzed with the one-way ANOVA test. The results showed that
the group that received a 50% red snapper diet has a normal level of FT4 and TSH,
whereas the FT4 level increased two-fold; the TSH level decreased significantly. The
organization of the thyroid gland showed a remarkable change of the lumen diameter,
indicating a higher amount of hormone production by the gland.
Classification of chili powder (Capsicum annuum L.) antioxidant activity based
on near infrared spectra
Authors: Aprilia Y.I. , Khuriyati N. , Sukartiko A.C.
Published: June 2021

Testing the antioxidant activity of chili powder is often destructive; these methods are
expensive, complicated, and lengthy analysis time. Meanwhile, information on antioxidant
activity is needed by the industry to determine its quality class in rapid and uncomplicated
handling. Therefore, this study was aimed to measure the antioxidant activity of chili
powder and classify it into three quality classes, namely high, medium, and low, using
Near Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy at spectral wavelengths of 1000-2500 nm and combined
with chemometric techniques. The antioxidant activity of the sample was evaluated using
the DPPH assay. Processing of the data started with outlier detection using Hotelling's T2
,
then confirmed using leverage analysis and influence plot. The data were then processed
with Smoothing-Savitzky Golay, SNV, and De-Trending. Principal Component Analysis
(PCA) was performed for classifying the samples, which were validated with full crossvalidation. The results showed that the antioxidant activity was detected at a range of 1395
- 2390 nm. De-Trending was the best pre-treatment that successfully classified the low
and high levels of antioxidant activity with a success rate of 100% and classified a
medium level of antioxidant activity with a success rate of 96.97%.
Omega-3 fatty acid levels and sensory quality of eggs following consumption
of alpha-linolenic acid enriched diets
Authors: Kartikasari L.R. , Geier M.S. , Hughes R.J. , Bastian S.E.P. , Gibson R.A.
Published: June 2021

The aim of the study was to increase the levels of omega-3 fatty acids in eggs, mainly in
the form of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n
-3) as EPA and DHA have beneficial health effects. This study tested whether the
inclusion of a vegetable source of omega-3 (n-3) fat in the form of alpha-linolenic acid
(ALA, 18:3n-3) in the diets of laying hens (Hy-Line brown) would improve n-3 fat
accumulation, without altering the product performance or the sensory characteristics of
eggs. In this study, the ALA levels of the diets were varied from 0.3 to 6% energy (%en).
In order to optimize the conversion of ALA into n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids
(LCPUFA), grain-based diets containing a low linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) level were
chosen as a basal diet, and the level of competing substrate, LA, in the dietary treatments
was also kept constant. Results showed that increasing the levels of dietary ALA increased
all n-3 LCPUFA (EPA, DPA, and DHA) in the eggs. Importantly, diets enriched with
ALA did not impair the sensory quality of the eggs. In conclusion, brown laying hens fed
ALA enriched diets produced eggs higher in n-3 fatty acids, and met the requirement
needed for labelling as n-3 PUFA sources, which provides an alternative n-3 rich food for
consumers.
The effect of the mole ratio of ethanol solution and palm kernel oil on the
pattern of glycerides content of the level I, II and III PKO ethanolysis products
Authors: Murhadi  , Hidayati S. , Sugiharto R.
Published: June 2021

The specific purpose of this scientific article is to obtain scientific information about the
pattern composition of monoglycerides (MG), diglycerides (DG) and triglycerides (TG) in
palm kernel oil (PKO) ethanolysis products at three stages and of the mole ratios of
ethanol in ethoxy solution (ethanol 90% - NaOH 1%) to PKO (assumed as trilaurin).
Ethanolysis reactions of PKO had been carried out in three stages, as follows: Level I
ethanolysis was carried out at 60°C, at a stirring speed of 1000 rpm for 3 mins, in the
treatment of the mole ratios of ethanol in ethoxy solution (ethanol 90% - NaOH 1%) to
PKO of the 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20, resulting in ethanolysis product I and the residual
reaction I. Level II ethanolysis was ethanolysis of the residual reaction I, resulting in
ethanolysis product II and residual reaction II. Level III ethanolysis was ethanolysis of the
residual reaction II, resulting in ethanolysis product III. The mean yield of all treatments
for PKO Ethanolysis Levels I, II, and III were 12.26±0.46%, 11.20±2.61%, and
11.78±2.99% (w/w), respectively. The highest total yield of PKO ethanolysis level I, II,
and III was 41.04±9.74% (w/w) from the mole ratio treatment of 20, while the lowest
yield was 27.54±3.39%; (w/w) from the mole ratio treatment of 10. The average amount
of MG, DG, and TG from all treatments were 9.740%, 12.801%, and 2.675%,
respectively. The highest MG content was obtained from the mole ratio treatment of 20 at
Ethanolysis Level I (11.83%).
Detection of coconut (Cocos nucivera) sugar adulteration in palm (Arenga
pinnata Merrill) sugar by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy
Authors: Roosmayanti F. , Rismiwindira K. , Masithoh R.E.
Published: June 2021

Palm sugar which is also named brown sugar is powdered sugar produced from palm
extract. Due to the high price of palm sugar, its contamination of materials that are cheap
or low quality is inevitable. Usually, adulteration detection is done by conventional
methods such as HPLC, TLC, or NMR which are time-consuming and require high-priced
equipment, thus impractical for routine and large sample analysis. The aim of this research
was to detect adulteration in palm sugar using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR)
spectroscopy. The samples used in this study were palm sugar as the main ingredient and
coconut sugar as the adulterant. Two chemometric methods namely principal component
analysis (PCA) and partial least squares regression (PLSR) were used for analysis. The
absorbance data were taken at wavenumber 4000-650 cm-1
. Several concentrations of
coconut sugar as an adulterant ranging from 0 to 100% were added to palm sugar. A total
of 110 spectra of both pure and adulterated palm sugar samples were divided into two
groups, i.e. 73 samples for developing calibration model and 37 samples for developing
prediction model. The spectral obtained were pre-processed and analyzed using The
Unscrambler X version 10.4. a total of six pre-processing methods were used, i.e.,
Normalization, Standard Normal Variate (SNV), Multiplicative Scatter Correction (MSC),
and Baseline. Results showed that PCA was able to classify palm sugar based on
adulterant concentrations. PLSR calibration model with a coefficient of determination
(Rc2
) of 0.94 and root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) of 8% was obtained by
applying the MSC method. The model was able to predict coconut sugar adulteration in
palm sugar with Rp2
of 0.89 and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of
10.68%. The results confirmed the potential of FT-IR spectroscopy for detecting
adulteration in palm sugar.
The changes in the chemical and microbiological characteristics of lamtoro
(Leucaena leucocephala) tempe from Pacitan with usar inoculum during
continued fermentation
Authors: Sari A.M. , Artini D.A. , Ishartani D. , Nursiwi A. , Zaman M.Z.
Published: June 2021

In addition to soybean, Leucaena leucocephala is one of the tempe raw materials usually
used in Indonesia. These tempe is only made by peoples in a few areas in the southern part
of Java such as Wonogiri, Gunungkidul and Pacitan. For some purposes, such as cooking
ingredients, tempe is deliberately fermented longer than usual to obtain a savory taste. In a
previous study, we had studied leucaena tempe or people known as lamtoro tempe that
process in Wonogiri and reported that there had been a change in characteristic during
fermentation until over-fermented tempe. Therefore, in this research, we analyzed the
change in the chemical and microbiological characteristic of lamtoro tempe from Pacitan
during continued fermentation. This research showed that during the fermentation process,
mold, yeast, and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) persisted for up to 126 hrs of fermentation
time. The growth of yeast and mold tend to decrease while LAB continued to increase
until it reached 11 log CFU/mL. In addition, the moisture content, ash content, soluble
protein levels, pH and titrated acid increased during continued fermentation time.
Glutamic acid and aspartic acid were the highest amino acids by weight percentage. Both
amino acids have an important role in the sensory characteristics of lamtoro tempe.
Optimization studies on pre-gelatinized sweet potato starch influenced by temperature and time
Authors: Ulfa G.M. , Putri W.D.R. , Fibrianto K. , Widjanarko S.B.
Published: June 2021

Starch is a unique polysaccharide that is widely used as a thickener, filler, and gelling
agent. Indonesia is one of the largest, sweet potato producers that can be used as a source
of starch. Not much is known from the utilization of sweet potato starch because of its less
popularity compared to potato or cassava starch. Besides, sweet potato starch in its native
state has various disadvantages such as low solubility, low stability, and high retrograde
tendency. These starch limitations can be overcome by modifying the starch. Starch pregelatinization is a physical modification method carried out by heating the starch above its
gelatinization temperature. This research was aimed to optimize the temperature and time
of sweet potato starch pre-gelatinization. The response surface method (RSM) with a
central composite design (CCD) was used to create a process model. The use of 59.53°C
for 15.00 mins showed that had the most optimum characteristics in solubility, swelling
power, and water-binding capacity. SEM analysis also showed that starch had larger
starch granules and some granules had melted which shows that partial pre-gelatinization
had occurred.
The effect of Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. extract addition and cooling period
on the preference levels, chemical properties and glycemic index of Cr and Mg
fortified – parboiled rice
Authors: Yulianto W.A. , Sulistyani  , Swasono F.D.H.
Published: June 2021

Diabetic patients are commonly deficient in chromium (Cr) and magnesium (Mg) and
suffer from high blood sugar levels. Therefore, they need food with a low glycemic index
(GI), for example, parboiled rice. However, parboiled rice is commonly not favored by
consumers, particularly in Indonesia. Therefore, the aim of this research was to investigate
the methods of adding pandan leaf extract and fortificants (Cr and Mg) and the cooling
durations needed to produce parboiled rice that contains high resistant starch (RS) and
fortificants with a low GI. The results obtained indicated that the panelists level of
preference for the parboiled rice was between ‘like’ and ‘like slightly’. The lowest GI
(20.03) and the highest RS content (23.99) were found in the fortified parboiled rice that
was produced with method 1 (pandan leaf extract and fortificants soaked at 65oC for 2.5
hrs) and cooled at 2oC for 12 hrs. The rice that was preferred by the panelists had a score
of 2.60 and contained Cr of 0.06 mg/kg and Mg of 131.80 mg/kg. The Cr and Mg fortified
parboiled rice produced with method one was suitable for people with diabetes.
Space for Place
Authors:   , Childs Annabel
Published: June 2021

The consequence of homogenised place is becoming a growing concern across New Zealand’s built environment (Najafi, 2011). In a time where placelessness, sameness and architectural standardization threaten the concept of spatial identity, there is an opportunity to research further into how we can design to maintain cultural and spatial differentiation within New Zealand’s cities.

Wellington City is New Zealand’s capital, it is an old city with copious layers of topographic and environmental depth. With the harbour water and undulating terrain greatly contributing to the city’s identity, the somewhat disenfranchised population that occupy Wellingtons Streets are lacking this connection to place. This research is looking to defend the notion of a bounded place through reinterpreting our architectural identity. This research searches for continuity in the face of change, where takings from the environment’s past and present will come together to create one unified future identity.

This thesis investigates design opportunities within Wellington’s Civic square, design explorations and interventions seek to encourage and foster a rich sense of attachment to place. Architectural qualities are used as tools, with which to think through and create connections around which people actively create identities. The final design outcome aims to facilitate discussion of those qualities of public space that encourage and sustain concern for Wellington’s social identity and its contribution to a sense of place.
Space for Place
Authors: Childs Annabel
Published: June 2021

The consequence of homogenised place is becoming a growing concern across New Zealand’s built environment (Najafi, 2011). In a time where placelessness, sameness and architectural standardization threaten the concept of spatial identity, there is an opportunity to research further into how we can design to maintain cultural and spatial differentiation within New Zealand’s cities.

Wellington City is New Zealand’s capital, it is an old city with copious layers of topographic and environmental depth. With the harbour water and undulating terrain greatly contributing to the city’s identity, the somewhat disenfranchised population that occupy Wellingtons Streets are lacking this connection to place. This research is looking to defend the notion of a bounded place through reinterpreting our architectural identity. This research searches for continuity in the face of change, where takings from the environment’s past and present will come together to create one unified future identity.

This thesis investigates design opportunities within Wellington’s Civic square, design explorations and interventions seek to encourage and foster a rich sense of attachment to place. Architectural qualities are used as tools, with which to think through and create connections around which people actively create identities. The final design outcome aims to facilitate discussion of those qualities of public space that encourage and sustain concern for Wellington’s social identity and its contribution to a sense of place.
An Economic Analysis Of Sugar Sweetened Beverage Taxes - A Model With Substitutes And Complements
Authors:   , Ding Ningxin
Published: June 2021

Studies have shown that excess sugar intake is one of the potential causes of obesity and diabetes. As a result, taxing sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs) has been put forward as a possible solution. However, SSB taxes may not be effective, as consumers may switch to other untaxed drinks. In addition, there are gaps regarding (1) the socially optimal tax rate in New Zealand, (2) which tax base is the most favorable at its socially optimal level, and (3) whether taxing all beverages is superior to taxing only SSBs. Given these, this study addresses the socially optimal tax rate, taking into account substitutes and complements. It also explores the most efficient tax base, and whether beverage taxes are superior to SSB taxes.

The study starts from constructing a utility-maximization model of the optimal corrective tax, which allows substitution and complementary effects. Since the marginal harm from SSBs is included as a component of the optimal tax formula, a contingent valuation survey is conducted to estimate people’s willingness-to-pays for health risk reductions, the results of which are further used to measure the monetary value of harm associated with internalities. Moreover, cost analyses using a Markov model and the UK Prospective Diabetes Study model are applied to estimate the harm associated with externalities. Finally, effects of taxes on social welfare are modeled, the result of which can inform the question of which tax base is the most efficient, and whether beverage taxes are superior to SSB taxes or not.

Our estimate of the optimal tax rate suggests that the prices of SSBs in New Zealand should probably increase by 100% to 200%. A beverage tax by calories is the most favorable option, as it has a perfect relationship with the harmful ingredients. Whether taxing all beverages by price or by litres is superior to taxing only SSBs depends on the calories substitutes contain, and the magnitude of substitution effects. When there are strong substitution effects, and substitutes contain low energy, taxing only SSBs is better than taxing all beverages by price or by litres.
An Economic Analysis Of Sugar Sweetened Beverage Taxes - A Model With Substitutes And Complements
Authors: Ding Ningxin
Published: June 2021

Studies have shown that excess sugar intake is one of the potential causes of obesity and diabetes. As a result, taxing sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs) has been put forward as a possible solution. However, SSB taxes may not be effective, as consumers may switch to other untaxed drinks. In addition, there are gaps regarding (1) the socially optimal tax rate in New Zealand, (2) which tax base is the most favorable at its socially optimal level, and (3) whether taxing all beverages is superior to taxing only SSBs. Given these, this study addresses the socially optimal tax rate, taking into account substitutes and complements. It also explores the most efficient tax base, and whether beverage taxes are superior to SSB taxes.

The study starts from constructing a utility-maximization model of the optimal corrective tax, which allows substitution and complementary effects. Since the marginal harm from SSBs is included as a component of the optimal tax formula, a contingent valuation survey is conducted to estimate people’s willingness-to-pays for health risk reductions, the results of which are further used to measure the monetary value of harm associated with internalities. Moreover, cost analyses using a Markov model and the UK Prospective Diabetes Study model are applied to estimate the harm associated with externalities. Finally, effects of taxes on social welfare are modeled, the result of which can inform the question of which tax base is the most efficient, and whether beverage taxes are superior to SSB taxes or not.

Our estimate of the optimal tax rate suggests that the prices of SSBs in New Zealand should probably increase by 100% to 200%. A beverage tax by calories is the most favorable option, as it has a perfect relationship with the harmful ingredients. Whether taxing all beverages by price or by litres is superior to taxing only SSBs depends on the calories substitutes contain, and the magnitude of substitution effects. When there are strong substitution effects, and substitutes contain low energy, taxing only SSBs is better than taxing all beverages by price or by litres.
STRATEGI BERTAHAN HIDUP KELUARGA PEDAGANG PENGECER CAKAR DI PASAR TERONG KOTA MAKASSAR
Authors: Astria Astria , Irwansyah Idham , Mario S.M Mario
Published: June 2021

This study aims to determine the profile of socio-economic life and the strategy of family survival of the claw retailers in Pasar Terong, Makassar City. The retrieval of informants in the study was carried out by purposive sampling with 12 families of informants. In this study, researchers used observation data collection techniques, interviews and documentation. The analysis technique used is qualitative data analysis techniques, descriptive in nature (prior analysis in the field and data analysis in the field). The results showed that the profile of the socio-economic life of the claw retailers family was not yet feasible. The family survival strategies of claw retailers include active strategies (family members participate in earning a living and sell leftovers to pa'lever or pa'drop), passive strategies (making savings and saving) and network strategies (making loans and receiving assistance from the government) .
APLICACIÓN DE ÍNDICES DE CALCINACIÓN PARA INCENDIOS FORESTALES DE LA TEMPORADA 2020 EN EL ÁREA DE CONSERVACIÓN DE GUANACASTE, COSTA RICA
Authors: Masís Campos Ramón , Reyes Chaves Jonnathan , Lizano Araya Melvin
Published: June 2021

Los incendios forestales son una problemática frecuente en las áreas silvestres protegidas del Área de Conservación de Guanacaste (ACG), Costa Rica. Las bajas precipitaciones, las altas temperaturas, la dominancia de ecosistemas deciduos y vientos favorables durante la estación seca generan condiciones propicias para la propagación de los fuegos provocados por vandalismo o quemas agrícolas descontroladas. Actualmente la teledetección ofrece datos, técnicas y metodologías suficientes para el mapeo y la evaluación del impacto de los incendios en los ecosistemas protegidos. Desde el año 2015 la misión SENTINEL ofrece imágenes multiespectrales para realizar diversas aplicaciones. En el año 2020 se registraron incendios principalmente en la periferia de la ACG. Consecuentemente este estudio realizó un mapeo y evaluación de incendios por medio de la aplicación de Índices de Calcinación Normalizada.
PSICOLOGIA AMBIENTAL E SIMBOLISMO DO ESPAÇO: MAPEAMENTO AFETIVO DA RELAÇÃO DE TRABALHADORES DA POLÍTICA DE ASSISTÊNCIA SOCIAL COM SEUS LUGARES DE TRABALHO
Authors: Lima Andersson De Castro , Pacheco Fábio Pinheiro , Bomfim Zulmira Áurea Cruz
Published: June 2021

O referido artigo trata de uma investigação junto a trabalhadores da Política de Assistência Social (PAS) em um município do estado do Ceará que teve por objetivo compreender as suas relações com seus lugares de trabalho. A pesquisa sustenta-se nos arcabouços da Psicologia Ambiental transacional e na Psicologia Social de vertente Sócio-Histórica. Elegeu-se a Afetividade para elucidar aspectos de caráter físico-estrutural e simbólico das relações humano-ambientais. Utilizou-se o Instrumento Gerador de Mapas Afetivos para aferição da estima de lugar dos trabalhadores e para a análise de suas imagens afetivas. Os resultados mostram a prevalência da imagem de Contrastes potencializadores e despotencializadores relacionados às condições materiais de trabalho e às relações interpessoais. Por fim, o trabalho demonstra contribuição à gestão de políticas públicas a partir da investigação de relações humano-ambientais.