bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gaps and Analogies in the Legal Definition of the Lease Facility in Russia
Authors: Mikryukov Viktor A.
Published: May 2020

The study is relevant, as multi-variant rental relationships are wide-spread, requiring a seamless legal definition of the key elements of the lease design. The aim is to identify and, by analogy, comprehensively develop the legal regime of problematic and atypical leases, thus strengthening the doctrinal basis for filling legal gaps in the practice of applying civil law by analogy. Combined with special technical-legal and comparative-legal methodological tools, the article applied general logical methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparison and generalization. This research is peculiar in that the method of analogy acted simultaneously as a means, and as an object of study. Specific gaps in the legal definition of the list and properties of present and future things and their parts as admissible lease facilities were identified; a practical idea to improve the regulatory structure of the lease arrangement was formulated. The work helps to achieve greater contractual freedom and variability of economic activity, promotes the involvement of a greater number of material goods in the property turnover, at the same time helping to unlock the potential of the analogy method in the legal regulation of economic activity.
Kwaliteit en gebruik van ex ante evaluatie
Authors: Herweijer Michiel
Published: May 2020

Quality and use of ex-ante evaluation

Large government investments are regularly preceded by an ex-ante evaluation. This article examines the quality of two ex-ante studies and considers the use made by administrators and representatives of the people of these ex-ante studies. In both cases it concerned qualitatively sound ex-ante studies. In both cases, these studies also demonstrably affected the debate about these investment plans in the people’s representations. But there was no question of power-free decision making. In both cases, the representatives of the people were put under great pressure. Not only was there time pressure. The public debate came late. The use of sound ex-ante studies is not only an investment in rationality, but is also accompanied by political-strategic manoeuvring. The relevance of this article to practitioners is that it (a) contains four reasonable requirements that the representative may make of each ex-ante study offered by the executive board; (b) also shows that an ex-ante analysis on which important decisions are based should not be characterised by secret parts or by undefined assumptions and an ex-ante analysis must be transparent; and (c) demonstrates it is important as a representative to be tenacious, to keep a firm hand and not to decide before all questions have been answered and a full list of safeguards is on the table.
Het spel en de knikkers: ervaren rechtvaardigheid in vier lokale participatieprocessen
Authors: Bleijenberg Christine , Renes Reint Jan , Aarts Noëlle , Moons Jonas
Published: May 2020

The game and the marbles: experienced justice in four local participation processes

Designing and implementing participation processes that are perceived as meaningful by both municipalities and citizens requires insight into the assessment by participants. In this study the theory of experienced procedural justice is applied in the context of citizen participation. To gain insight into the importance of the outcome and the course of the process in the assessment by participants, the authors have used survey research to collect data from four different participation processes in a Dutch municipality (Delft). The results of this explorative study show that the respondents rate the participation processes in which they have participated as reasonably fair. There is a fair process effect when respondents experienced the process as fair and their confidence in the municipality increases, even if the outcome is unfavourable for them. For practitioners, this study shows that the dimensions of procedural justice, namely respect, having a voice and explanation, are guiding principles for the design and implementation of participation processes. There is still much to be achieved, especially when it comes to being given an explanation, so information about the decision-making process and accountability for the substantive choices that have been made. Finally, regular evaluation research is needed to set up participation processes that tie in with what participants think is important.
De lokale Facebookpagina als café
Authors: Bantema Willem
Published: May 2020

The local Facebook page as a café: a discussion about the existence of public places on the internet and their regulation

Mayors struggle with their role in the digital and online domain. One of the aspects they encounter is online positioning. Positioning is an important factor in public order enforcement. Mayor Femke Halsema of Amsterdam recently indicated that she is not only responsible for public order, but also for virtual public space. This contribution elaborates on online positioning and specifically on whether social media pages can be considered as public spaces. The analysis, which includes recent research in this area, shows that the definition of ‘public order and public space’ in the Dutch Municipalities Act certainly offers scope for an expansion to online places. The way in which internet users deal with data in practice does not stand in the way of this possibility. At the same time, it appears that online spaces differ from physical spaces, especially in the sense that positioning is difficult. Case law from Dutch criminal law shows that, in addition to the place, it is primarily the public reach and effect that determine whether or not it concerns a public expression. In addition to complex positioning online, there are other compelling arguments for not using the legal powers of mayors for maintaining public order on public spaces online.
Ruim baan voor de WHOA
Authors: Schreurs Ph.W.
Published: May 2020

Ruim baan voor de WHOA

Nederland loopt zijn grote achterstand op herstructureringsgebied in. De WHOA is een evenwichtig en breedgedragen wetsvoorstel waarmee bedrijven in moeilijkheden kunnen worden gered. In deze column wordt betoogd dat het instrument in de komende crisis eigenlijk niet kan worden gemist. De recent ingediende amendementen kunnen beter worden bewaard voor een volledige herziening van het insolventierecht.
The TLRs and IFNs in patients with connective tissue diseases
Authors: Paradowska-Gorycka Agnieszka , Wajda Anna , Stypińska Barbara , Walczuk Ewa , Walczyk Marcela , Felis-Giemza Anna , Nałęcz-Janik Jolanta , Poluch Aleksandra , Olesińska Marzena
Published: May 2020

Autoimmune connective tissue diseases (ACTD) are characterized
by spontaneous stimulation of the immune system and the production of autoantibodies. Some autoantibodies may create an immune complex
with DNA and/or RNA and promote tissue inflammation. Immune
complexes that contain nucleic acids can act as ligands for endosomal
Toll-like receptors (TLR), which activation induces secretion of the
type I and type III interferons. The present study aimed to determine
whether TLRs and IFNs genes could be considered as potential ACTD
biomarkers. IFN-A and IFN-G showed a relationship with a predisposition
to the development of SLE and MCTD, and IFN-B with a predisposition
to the development of SLE. The TLR7 rs5743305 T allele and
rs5743316 A allele may play a protective role against the development
of MCTD, and the TLR7 rs1731479 T allele and TLR8 rs17256081 C allele
may be predictors of MCTD development. mRNA expression of the
IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, TLR3, TLR8 and TLR7 was significantly higher in
patients with SLE compared to patients with MCTD and SSc. MCTD
patients with anti-U1-70k (+) had higher IFN-γ and lower IFN-β serum
levels than patients without this antibody. In patients with SLE, serum
levels of IFN-α and IFN-γ correlate with the concentration of complement
components, and serum levels of IFN-α with disease activity. The
study confirmed that the TLR-IFN pathway may be considered as an
important pathogenic mechanism for ACTD.
The role of the endothelium in selected diseases of the cardiovascular system
Authors: Peller Michał , Balsam Paweł , Grabowski Marcin , Opolski Grzegorz
Published: May 2020

In recent years, the role of endothelial function assessment in the recognition
of preclinical forms of cardiovascular disease has increased. At the
same time, there are tools to assess endothelial function that are fully objective
and automated, which significantly affects the ease of assessment.
It seems that they can displace the most commonly used method of measuring
endothelial function, which is dilatation of the artery in response
to ischemia. In addition to the diagnostic value, the improvement of endothelial
function may be the goal of treatment of patients with known
cardiovascular diseases. The beneficial effect of physical activity in patients
after ST segment elevation myocardial infarction on endothelial
function has been demonstrated. Patients with more severe, baseline endothelial
diffusion experienced the greatest benefits. Similarly, a positive
effect of beta-blockers on endothelial function has been demonstrated.
Other antihypertensive drugs also have this effect. Endothelial dysfunction also affects the occurrence of arrhythmias, including atrial fibrillation.
However, it has been shown that the longer duration of the arrhythmia
episode decreases the degree of endothelial dysfunction as assessed
by measuring serum biomarkers’ levels. The situation may be related to
the adaptation of the body to the occurrence of arrhythmias.
Harry Verhoeven (red.) Environmental Politics in the Middle East Hurst Publishers, 2018.
Authors: Nordenson Jon
Published: May 2020

Anmeldt av Jon Nordenson.
Colouring the Emperor: Andrea di Sansovino’s Polychrome Terracotta Relief of Galba
Authors: Kolrud Kristine
Published: May 2020

By the time of the publication of Giorgio Vasari’s Vite dei più eccellenti pittori, scultori e architettori in 1550, glazed terracotta was decidedly out of favour. Yet when the second edition of the work appeared in 1568, Vasari had acquired Andrea Sansovino’s polychrome terracotta relief of the Roman emperor Galba. Sculpted profiles of Roman emperors were popular in Florence in the second half of the fifteenth century, and marble reliefs could also be accentuated with colour, as seen in the series of reliefs by Gregorio di Lorenzo and his circle, dated to the late fifteenth- or early sixteenth century. The production of this type of portrait had dried up long before the first edition of the Vite, and Vasari’s interest in the Galba appears exceptional. The writer’s penchant for coloured stones is well-attested and went hand in hand with his approval of monochrome works, but, for the most part, he does not discuss the use of colour in sculpture in the Vite. This article considers Vasari’s treatment of colour in sculptures of the late Florentine Quattrocento, through the lens of Sansovino’s portrait.
Über die Notwendigkeit, einen Schritt nach dem anderen zu machen – auch in der sozialwissenschaftlichen Identitäts- und Einstellungsforschung. Replik auf René Wolfsteller und Jonas Rädel
Authors: Simon Mara , Foroutan Naika , Kalter Frank
Published: May 2020

In der vorigen Ausgabe des Leviathan diskutieren René Wolfsteller und Jonas Rädel unsere Studie Ost-Migrantische Analogien I. In dieser Replik klären wir einige grundlegende Missverständnisse. Wir betonen, dass die Erhebung in diesem Schritt vor allem darauf ausgerichtet ist, Analogien von Stereotypen und Abwertungsmechanismen gegenüber zwei sehr unterschiedlichen Minderheiten in der deutschen Gesellschaft zu untersuchen. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf der dominanten Perspektive der Mehrheitsgesellschaft.
Rock Physics: Recent History and Advances
Authors: Dvorkin Jack
Published: May 2020

This chapter presents the basics of rock physics, the science exploring quantitative relations between various properties (attributes) of the holistic object we call natural rock. This chapter includes several sections, starting with the history and basics; proceeding to the effects of the pore fluid on rock properties; discussing several variables that influence the elastic properties of rocks; presenting selected theories that relate the elastic properties to the porosity, mineralogy, and texture of rocks; and introducing the latest development, digital rock physics. Data examples shown here illustrate qualitative reasoning. Equations are presented as well to mathematically express the conceptual theories discussed. Most importantly, rock physics references are listed to help the reader become willing to delve deeper into the topic and start applying rock physics theories, concepts, and ideas to field data.
Editorial: paisajes mineros revalorizados
Authors: Tsiouti Andri , Rocamonde Lourido Javier , Sabaté Bel Joaquín , Pesoa Marcilla Melisa
Published: May 2020

Los paisajes de la minería son testimonios evidentes del esfuerzo del hombre por poner los recursos naturales a su servicio. Son asimismo símbolos de la cultura y de la memoria de las comunidades que los han ido transformando. Son lugares dinámicos, que se van adaptando a las necesidades de cada época. Cuando su ciclo productivo concluye, mantienen a menudo un variopinto conjunto de evidencias del pasado que contribuyen a destacar sus valores patrimoniales. En contrapartida, la notable transformación del medio y la contaminación derivada de la actividad extractiva o las duras condiciones laborales, se traducen a menudo en rechazo de estos lugares, lo que les condena al abandono y la decadencia.Sin embargo, la conciencia de los valores de las explotaciones abandonadas, por sus nexos con la cultura minera y su potencial aprovechamiento, ha despertado, en los últimos años, un creciente interés por su recuperación y puesta en valor. Esta tendencia se materializa a través de actuaciones singulares y muy heterogéneas, que van desde intervenciones mínimas de corrección de los terrenos, hasta proyectos ambiciosos de valoración del patrimonio. Al mismo tiempo, la preocupación por corregir los impactos de la contaminación impulsa algunas operaciones que ponen en riesgo las huellas de la minería.El Laboratorio Internacional de Paisajes Culturales dedica la octava edición de IDENTIDADES al patrimonio minero, para profundizar en el conocimiento de prácticas de puesta en valor de este tipo de paisajes y formar conciencia acerca del potencial de tantas explotaciones hoy abandonadas, que sufren rechazo y degradación. El presente número reúne siete contribuciones sumamente relevantes, que examinan actuaciones de interés realizadas en estos últimos años.
Identidad, cosmopolitismo y educación en las bandas de metal extremo: el caso de Finlandia
Authors: Otero Urtaza Eugenio
Published: May 2020

Music is an art that often defines the education and values of people. Extreme Metal is a controversial musical genre that at times, in some of its subgenres, has caused episodes of exceptional violence. Metalheads make up a cultural movement that is present on all continents. Metal currents are difficult to dissolve in the magma of social acceptance: they create a consciousness of transnational solidarity, of response to waste and ostentation that destroys the planet, while claiming the place in which it is lived. Extreme Metal is not an artistic fashion, it is profoundly changing the mentality of many young people who reject the social organisation of the capitalist and Christian world and try to find alternatives for the future. In this article we ask how their convictions are formed and in what way the school's teachings influence them. One of the ways of studying the phenomenon is by analysing the lyrics of the songs. Not all subgenres can be covered and three Melodic Death Metal bands from Finland have been chosen for study, especially in relation to their feelings about nature and the cosmos. It is evident that their songs are often based on classical and popular poems learned at school? by the legacy left by the great Finnish poets, and even by the literary creations of musicians for that school resonance.
Pädagogik, disciplinary institutionalization and dictatorships: on the history of a disciplinary field and its problems
Authors: Canales Serrano Antonio Francisco
Published: May 2020

This essay reflects on the questions posed by historical research regarding the institutionalization of educational sciences and Pädagogik, on the occasion of the publication of the book Education and «Pädagogik»: philosophical and historical reflections (Central, Southern and South-Eastern Europe), edited by Blanka Kudláčová and Andrej Rajský. In a first part, the essay deals with the problems of translating into English the concepts used to account for European continental cases and the dangers of misrepresenting their historical logic. A second part focuses on the discussion of the chapters of the book and defends the need to advance in a theoretical framework on the boundary between science and politics in the case of dictatorships and o allow for the experience of the former  communist countries to be included.
Lesbian and gay individual parenting desires in heteronormative contexts
Authors: Lasio Diego , Lampis Jessica , Spiga Roberta , Serri Francesco
Published: May 2020

The cultural, social and institutional barriers that LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender) individuals have to face play crucial roles in their desires and intentions to have children. However, unlike the many studies on the decision-making process in the transition to parenthood, few studies have analysed the origins of parenting desires and intentions among LGBT individuals. This study explores the desires and intentions to have children amongst a sample of childless lesbian and gay Italian individuals. A sample of 285 participants (127 women and 158 men) completed a research protocol composed of items evaluating the strength of their desire to have children, their intentions about having children and their general attitudes towards parenting. The findings revealed how, despite the persisting depth of heteronormativity in the country and the absence of legal protection for lesbian and gay parents, a large percentage of participants expressed the desire and intention to have a child. These parenting intentions would seem to be positively influenced mainly by the negative attitudes towards childlessness and by the value attributed to parenthood.
CONSTANT OF ELECTROLYTIC DISSOCIATION OF LITHIUM, SODIUM AND POTASSIUM SULPHATES IN AQUEOUS ETHANOL SOLUTIONS
Authors: Borisov Ivan M. , Nabiev Azamdzhon A. M.
Published: May 2020

Constants of electrolytic dissociation of the lithium, sodium and potassium sulphates in aqueous ethanol solutions at 25 °C were determined by conductometric method. Li2SO4, Na2SO4, K2SO4 were shown to decrease their ability to dissociation. It is generally accepted that the degree of electrolytic dissociation of electrolytes in a solution depends on the dielectric constant of the solvent. Water and ethanol differ greatly in their dielectric constant. For this reason, it is possible to prepare the solvent with different dielectric permittivity by changing the alcohol content in a mixture with water, thus, influencing the equilibrium state of the salt in solution. Therefore, in water-ethanol solutions with an increase in the alcohol content, sulfates of lithium, sodium and potassium should exhibit the properties of a weak electrolyte. In this case, the dependence of the molar conductivity on the concentration of sulfates of lithium, sodium and potassium in water-ethanol solutions will have a different appearance. Indeed, with an increase in the alcohol content in aqueous ethanol solutions, the molar conductivity decreases due to a decrease in the degree of electrolytic dissociation. With a decrease in the salt concentration in the solution, the molar electrical conductivity increases, approaching λ0, for both water and water-alcohol solutions. As it follows from the obtained data, the dependence of λ on the total concentrations of Li2SO4, Na2SO4, K2SO4) for the water solution with a high correlation coefficient is transformed into a straight line in the coordinates of the Kolraush equation since the sulfates of lithium, sodium and potassium act as strong electrolytes in the aqueous medium. For water-ethanol solutions, a high correlation coefficient in the coordinates of the equation 4λ3· C0(M2SO4)2 = КDIS · λ03 - КDIS  - λ02·λ is observed in the case of [C2H5OH]> 50% of the volume. This means that in these solutions lithium, sodium and potassium sulphates exhibit the properties of a weak electrolyte. When the alcohol content is from 10% to 40% by volume, sulfates of lithium, sodium and potassium are medium-strength electrolyte and, therefore, low correlation coefficients are characteristic of transformations in the coordinates of the equations Kohlrausch and 4λ3· C0(M2SO4)2 = КDIS · λ03 - КDIS - λ02·λ.
FEATURES OF ULTRASONIC SPLITTING OF THERMALLY EXPANDED GRAPHITE
Authors: Zhanakhova Anastasiya N. , Dyskina Bariya Sh. , Negutorov Nikolay V. , Pykhova Nadezhda V.
Published: May 2020

Thermally expanded graphite is obtained from crucible graphite by treatment with oleum in the presence of an oxidizing agent.  The obtained samples of thermally expanded graphite were subjected to ultrasonic dispersion (splitting up) in four liquid media (water, toluene, benzene, acetone). It was shown that in the process of ultrasonic dispersion (splitting), the initial thermally expanded graphite is split into plates with a thickness of several tens to hundreds of nanometers. However, the plates are not single, but are in chaotic clusters with each other. The free bonds of carbon atoms, which are located at the edges of the plates, can play an important role in chemical processes and in the adsorption of substances on the surface of particles of split graphite. It was found that a high degree of perfection of the crystal structure, which is typical of the original graphite, is retained during ultrasonic treatment as compared with mechanical splitting. The change in the specific surface of graphite samples is presented. The main increase in the specific surface of the particles during ultrasonic splitting is created by increasing the area of the surfaces formed during interplanar splitting of graphite plates. Based on the comparison of this parameter, the effect of the used liquids on the splitting process is considered. The high values of the specific surface of the samples split in benzene and toluene are explained by the low values of the surface tension. The good wettability of the graphite surface with benzene, toluene and acetone compared with water allows these liquids to penetrate deep into the pores of graphite. Due to this, maximum splitting is achieved with ultrasonic processing of the mixture. Conclusions on the choice of the optimal liquid medium for dispersing graphite are made.
MODELING OF TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES FOR ALGORITHMIZATION OF PROBLEM OF MANAGEMENT OF OIL FIELD TREATMENT FACILITIES
Authors: Karanevskaia Tatiana N. , Shumikhin Alexander G.
Published: May 2020

This article presents mathematical models and calculations of balances of technological processes used for the purposes of design and synthesis of process control algorithms in installations of oil field preparation. Representation of the process in the form of characteristic flow graph and adjacency matrix allows to demonstrate and simplify the calculation of material and thermal balances of multistage technological process. The comparison of the results of calculation of material balance obtained using a specialized modeling system and the equations of the main processes of oil preparation with the experimental data of the current installation is given on the example of the installation of preliminary discharge of formation water. The main reason for the high error of the results is the lack of flow and efficiency of the demulsifier in the models of calculation. The mathematical model of calculation of function of water cut at an exit from installation as the main indicator of quality of preparation of oil is developed. A function of water content was approximated by a second order equation and dependent variable controlling variables – the temperature, rate of the demulsifier and the residence time of the liquid in the apparatus. The flow rate and water content of the liquid is determined by the oil field and does not apply to variable control variables. According to the developed mathematical model, graphs of the dependence of water content on the norm of the demulsifier, the residence time of the liquid in the apparatus and temperature are constructed. The comparison of the results showed an adequate degree of comparability of the regime parameters obtained by the model with the experimental data of the current installation. The practical significance of the work lies in the preparation of recommendations on the parameters of the process, transmitted as input data for design and control system as tasks to operators and automatic controllers.
POLYMERIZATION OF METHYL METHACRYLATE IN PRESENCE OF INITIATING SYSTEMS BASED ON IRON COMPLEXES OF VARIOUS STRUCTURES
Authors: Pavlovskaya Marina V. , Grishin Dmitry F.
Published: May 2020

The features of the radical polymeriation of methyl methacrylate using initiating systems based on benzoyl peroxide and iron complexes with various ligand environments, including ferrocenes containing electron-donating and electron-withdrawing substituents in cyclopentadienyl rings, as well as cyclopentadienyl carbonyl-containing derivatives of iron, have been studied. The influence of the structure of iron complexes on the kinetics of the radical polymerization of methimethacrylate, as well as the molecular weight characteristics of the synthesized polymers, was estimated. It was established that, according to the effect on the methylmethacrylate polymerization rate in the presence of the initiating systems under study, the metal complexes are arranged in the series: 1,1'-dibromoferrocene, bromo (η5-cyclopentadienyl)dicarbonyl iron>1,2,3,4,5-pentaphenyl-1'-(di-tert-butylphosphino- ferrocene)>ferrocene>1-di-tert-butylphosphinoferrocene>1,1-bis-di-tert-butyl-phosphino-ferrocene> bis (η5-cyclopentadienyl) dicarbonyl iron>1–bromo-1′- diphenyl phosphino ferrocene>1-diphenylphosphino-1'-di-tert-butylphosphinoferrocene. Polymers based on polymethylmethacrylate synthesized in the presence of the studied cyclopentadienyl complexes of iron and benzoyl peroxide are capable of acting as macroinitiators in postpolymerization processes. In particular, it was found that polymethylmethacrylate synthesized with the participation of 1,1′-dibromoferrocene and bromo (η5-cyclopentadienyl) dicarbonyl iron in the presence of a peroxide initiator allows the synthesis of postpolymers. Using NMR spectroscopy, it was found that methyl methacrylate-based polymers synthesized both in the presence of the above iron complexes and its analogs obtained by traditional radical polymerization have an atactic structure. Using differential scanning calorimetry, it was shown that methyl methacrylate-based polymers obtained in the presence of cyclopentadienyl and carbonyl iron complexes have a higher glass transition temperature compared to similar polymers synthesized by radical polymerization involving only the peroxide initiator. The temperature of the onset of decomposition of these polymers remains almost unchanged.
CATALYTIC INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN-CONTAINING BASE ON COMPLEXATION OF OCTA(m-TRIFLUOROMETHYLPHENYL)PORPHYRAZINE AND HEXA(m-TRIFLUOROMETHYLPHENYL)BENZOPORPHYRASINE
Authors: Osipova Galina V. , Petrov Oleg A.
Published: May 2020

The review presents data on the complexation of octa(m-trifluoromethylphenyl)porphy-razine and hexa(m-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzoporphyrazine with zinc acetate in a system nitrogen-containing base - benzene. It was shown that the investigated porphyrazines, having pronounced acidic properties at the incyclic NH bonds, interact with n-butylamine, tret-butylamine, morpholine and piperidine in benzene with the formation of proton-transfer complexes. In these complexes, the intocyclic protons of the NH-groups associated with the oxygen atom of the dimethyl sulfoxide molecule and the intocyclic nitrogen atoms are located above and below the plane of the macrocycle. In an inert, low-polar benzene, the degree of proton transfer from acid to base is limited by the stage of the H-complex (H-associate) formation or ionic complex (ion-ion) associate. It was found that proton transfer complexes of octa(m-trifluoromethylphenyl)porphyrazine and hexa(m-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzoporphyrazine exhibit low kinetic stability. The role of this acid - base interaction in the complexation reaction of octa(m-trifluoromethylphenyl)-porphyrazine and hexa(m-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzoporphyrazine with zinc acetate is shown. High kinetic stability of zinc complexes with the investigated porphyrazines in contrast to complexes with proton transfer was revealed. Based on the analysis of kinetic data, it was found that the introduction of Zn2+ into the coordination center of octa(m-trifluoromethylphenyl)porphyrazine and hexa(m-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzoporphyrazine is preceded by the stage of interaction of porphyrazine with a nitrogen-containing base. This leads to the formation of an intermediate reactive acid-base complex that differs in composition from complexes with proton transfer of porphyrazines. It was shown that piperidine and n-butylamine exert the maximum catalytic effect on the formation of zinc complexes with the investigated porphyrazines. A decrease in the pKa of the nitrogen-containing base, as well as an increase in the spatial shielding of the nitrogen atom in the amine by alkyl substituents, counteracts the formation of an intermediate acid-base complex and, as a result, reduces the complexation rate of octa(m-trifluoromethylphenyl)porphyrazine and hexa(m-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzoporphyrazine with zinc acetate in benzene.
COMPLEX DEFLOCCULENT BASED ON SODA, LIQUID GLASS AND OXYETHYLIDENEDIPHOSPHONIC ACID IN CERAMIC CASTING TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Butman Mikhail F. , Filatova Natalya V. , Kozlovskaya Galina P.
Published: May 2020

Here are discussed some results to use oxyethylidenediphosphonic acid (OEDPA) and various additives as a deflocculant composition for controlling the rheological properties of a ceramic suspension. According to the results of determining thixotropy, it was found that a complex thinner based on soda and OEDPA is the most effective. It is desirable to replace a portion of the soda with liquid glass. By the full factorial experiment method, it was established the optimal composition of the components of the complex thinner. The proposed thinner is highly effective in a wide range of OEDPA, soda, and liquid glass concentrations. The resulting suspensions have stable, high structural–mechanical properties. A mathematical model describing the effect of the composition of the thinner on the viscosity and thixotropy of the suspension is presented. The effect of the diluent on the mechanical properties of the molded dried and fired samples was determined. The addition of OEDPA to the thinner significantly lowers the rheological parameters and the rheological properties of the suspensions approach the rheological properties of Newtonian systems. It was found that OEDPA lowers the mass buildup rate, which can be increased by lowering the moisture content in the suspension, which makes it possible to increase the post-casting and -drying density of the samples. The introduction of this additive leads to an increase in the hydrate shell around the clayey particle and an increase in the stability of the suspension, but the increase in the ζ - potential in comparison with the production additive is very small. The mechanism of action of a complex additive is proposed, including ion-exchange, complexation and chemisorption. An increase in the strength and density of dry and calcinated clay samples as well as a decrease in the shrinkage and porosity are observed. The complex additive makes it possible to optimize the technology at the stages of casting slip and to decrease the number of parts rejected during molding, drying and firing.
La participation des entités contestées aux compétitions mondiales de football organisées par la FIFA et la CONIFA : quelles conséquences sur la (non-)reconnaissance du statut d’État ?
Authors: Lodie Alexandre
Published: May 2020

À côté de la Fédération internationale de football association (FIFA) ‒ association de droit suisse chargée d’organiser les compétitions officielles de football au niveau mondial ‒ existe une autre fédération appelée Confédération des associations de football indépendantes (CONIFA). Cette dernière est une association de droit suédois qui se donne pour but d’intégrer en son sein les associations de football non affiliées à la FIFA. La constitution d’« équipes nationales » de football étant un signe symbolique fort pour l’affirmation de l’État, se pose la question de savoir si les règles d’adhésion de ces deux organisations prennent ou non en compte le caractère étatique de l’entité de rattachement des associations candidates. Le but de cette contribution sera de démontrer que si la FIFA n’intègre, par principe, que les associations de football provenant d’États reconnus, la CONIFA, quant à elle, permet l’adhésion d’entités non étatiques, dont certaines revendiquent leur indépendance en dépit d’une non-reconnaissance quasi généralisée. Les statuts de ces associations soulèvent donc des problèmes du point de vue du droit international, de nature et de degrés différents. Dans le premier cas, certaines associations ont pu adhérer à la FIFA, en dépit du statut contesté de leur État d’origine, ce qui pose de graves problèmes en termes de souveraineté, compte tenu des conséquences politiques qu’entraine une adhésion à cette organisation, considérée comme une « quasi organisation internationale ». Dans le second cas, certaines entités dont la légalité est contestable ont pu se voir attribuer le statut de membre de la CONIFA, ce qui pose non seulement la question d’une éventuelle reconnaissance implicite des entités concernées, mais également celle d’une possible violation de l’obligation de ne pas prêter aide ou assistance au maintien d’une situation violant une norme de jus cogens.
Case Note: The South China Sea Dispute and the Role of UNCLOS in the Settlement of the Dispute
Authors: Hoogeland Martijn
Published: May 2020

In the summer of 2016, the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) in the Hague ruled on a territorial dispute between the Philippines and the People’s Republic of China (PRC) over the South China Sea (SCS). In brief, the PCA found the claims of the PRC over most areas of the South China Sea illegitimate and therefore did not recognize the PRC’s claim of territoriality over these waters. In this case note, I explore the details of this PCA case, through a close analysis of the relevant case documents. I conclude the note by looking at different precedents set by this particular case. To do so, I also briefly turn attention to the relevant legal concepts of maritime law and the mechanisms for maritime dispute settlement, provided for in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). In doing so, I identify how these legal concepts come into play in this particular case and explore its possible implications on future cases of maritime dispute settlement.
Pilot Fatigue—A Study on the Effectiveness of Flight and Duty Time Regulations for Professional Pilots in Canada
Authors: David-Cooper René
Published: May 2020

In Canada, federal regulations govern the maximum time a professional pilot may fly an aircraft (flight time) and be on duty at his or her workplace (duty time). This report summarizes the findings of a study conducted in 2016-2017, which analyzed the effectiveness of flight and duty time (FDT) regulations for professional pilots in Canada. More specifically, this study was conducted to assess whether the current FDT regime adequately protects the safety of air crews and passengers onboard Canadian aircraft. This study focuses on Canadian operators conducting commercial operations under Part VII of the Canadian Aviation Regulations (CARs) as aerial work, air taxi, and commuter and airline operators. It analyzes whether federal laws adequately regulate pilot fatigue and whether there are any gaps within the CARs. Because the CARs regulate FDT differently depending on the category of operator, this study also considered potential safety trends with respect to pilot fatigue in various categories of carriers; the effects of standby duty; the risks associated with being awake for extended periods of time; and whether less experienced pilots are more vulnerable to pilot fatigue in comparison to more experienced pilots. Five key informants, who worked as professional pilots in Canada, were interviewed in the course of this study to substantiate certain hypotheses. Following these interviews, this report was produced. It focuses on five aspects of FDT regulations in order to understand their positive or adverse impact on pilot fatigue: (1) work schedules; (2) pilot remuneration; (3) fatigue and stress; (4) company safety culture and work environment; and (5) industry issues.
Accueillir les publics : une voie royale vers l’altérité
Authors: de Miribel Marielle
Published: May 2020

L’altérité est la capacité à reconnaître l’autre personne dans sa dimension unique, spécifique et inaliénable. C’est une autre personne dans sa dignité d’être humain, intrinsèquement différente de moi et sans rapport avec ma propre histoire, mes préjugés, mes croyances, mes projections plus ou moins conscientes que je fais couramment sur l’autre.

Une personne qui, par sa différence, va ouvrir ma vision du monde et élargir mes propres frontières mentales pour pouvoir l’accepter et la respecter telle qu’elle est, sans avoir aucun projet sur elle.
Exposer / s’exposer : les bibliothèques narratrices des voix inaudibles
Authors: Bats Raphaëlle
Published: May 2020

Plusieurs projets participatifs, comme les bibliothèques vivantes ou la collecte de la mémoire locale, sont des occasions pour la bibliothèque de porter la voix des plus invisibles et des plus inaudibles de nos concitoyens, et de donner de l’écho à leurs mots et récits. Or, longtemps lieux de silence, lieux de préparation aux débats démocratiques plutôt que lieux de débats, les bibliothèques n’avaient pas à prendre en compte la possibilité pour les individus de pouvoir prendre la parole. Or, les réticences à prendre la parole sont nombreuses et il ne pourra suffire de tendre le micro pour que la parole fuse. La prise de parole ne relève pas simplement d’une volonté de s’exprimer et d’une liberté de le faire.

Il convient dès lors de se demander si ces projets parviennent, dans leurs formes variées, à donner la parole aux plus inaudibles, à rendre leurs récits audibles par tous et à amorcer le travail de reconnaissance attendu, ou s’ils n’en donnent que l’illusion, renforçant par-là la méfiance des usagers envers les appels à leur participation et engagement. C’est à cette méprise sur les intentions et les effets des projets visant à faire prendre la parole aux usagers en bibliothèque que cet article veut répondre, en observant et analysant les enjeux d’outils mis en oeuvre par des bibliothécaires dans de telles situations. En analysant la spécificité de ces outils, nous montrerons que la bibliothèque, en les utilisant, si elle est loin de résoudre la difficulté initiale, offre cependant aux inaudibles des temps de réappropriation de leur propre parole, premiers pas pour pouvoir être entendus, et retrouver place dans la société et participer à sa transformation.
Breaking the Linguistic Minority Complex through Creative Writing and Self-Translation
Authors: Dagnino Arianna
Published: May 2020

Generally speaking, a minority language is “one spoken by less than 50 percent of a population in a given region, state or country” (Grenoble and Singerman, 2017, n.p.). In this article, I propose a more contextualized definition that applies to the realm of literary writing and (self-)translation. Thus, I define a minority language as any language which a bilingual or plurilingual writer perceives as not being the dominant one in the sociocultural and linguistic context in which s/he is active as an author or as a (self-)translator. Assuming this alternative definition as a point of departure, I discuss the creative and self-translational practice of the Canadian writer Antonio D’Alfonso. D’Alfonso is one of those rare plurilingual writers who feel linguistically defamiliarized, claiming that instead of having a proper mother tongue he has a mixed baggage of native Molisano dialect, French, English and Italian. Thus, he tends to write, think and (self-)translate immersed in a kind of 3D- (or even 4D-) linguistic landscape (Pivato, 2002). D’Alfonso’s self-translations from French into English and/or vice versa are testimony to the author’s experimental way of challenging the “crude subjugation” (Whyte, 2002, p. 69) of a language over another and of overcoming any minority-language complex he might have developed on his path to becoming a linguistically uprooted writer.
In Search of George Scott
Authors: Clarke Robert G.
Published: May 2020

In the first decade of the twentieth century George Scott established a motion picture firm in Toronto. He filmed the “Great Toronto Fire” of 1904, attempted to show movies on Toronto Island, and took time out to open a “theatorium” in Peterborough, Ont., in 1907. Scott worked in the budding filmmaking industry in London, England, in Europe, and in Toronto, New York, and Hollywood. He also shot film around the world: from the South Pacific, Australia, Southeast Asia, and Japan to British East Africa. He died in Los Angeles in January 1929. Scott had a motion picture career of global proportions, but he is almost entirely known only for having produced one of the first films shot in Toronto. This article traces his life before and after his time in Toronto.
Photographie et cinéma chez Henri Focillon : illustrer, sérier, diffuser et enseigner. Le renouvellement d’une discipline
Authors: Lemoine Colin
Published: May 2020

Henri Focillon is representative of a period in art history when the reproducibility of the image was established. The exponential conditions of access to images invite us to rethink art history as a theoretical discipline animated by increasingly operative scholarly analysis. Concreteness, which brings image culture into teaching and the dissemination of knowledge, has determining foundations in photography (reproduction and circulation), in “casting” – lax vehicle and figure of the double – and cinema. Thus, after founding the medieval department of the Musée des moulages in Lyon, Focillon conceived a Bureau International de Reproduction Photographique, a veritable “database” before its time. He also researched “educational” cinema, an enterprise that was symptomatic of a “life of forms,” which found in the reproducibility of images a decisive and innovative medium.
Le corps sans limites ou l’acéphalité : le personnage d’Acéphale, secret et équivoque, dans les oeuvres des artistes autour du Collège de Sociologie
Authors: Morando Camille
Published: May 2020

Acephala inflict upon the body image the sacrificial amputation of the face and the disturbing presence of a headless figure. The character Acéphale, imagined by Georges Bataille and André Masson in 1936 in Spain and personified by this headless and vigorous creature, describes the universe of confusion and savagery that surrounds them. Acéphale, the emblem of the review established by Bataille, matches up with the Collège de Sociologie's queries from 1937 to 1939, as well as with the rites of a secret society. The artists linked to the Collège de Sociologie, André Masson, Taro Okamato, and Isabelle Waldberg, question the portrayal of a headless human body. Exhibiting an acéphale enables them to question political, sexual, and social identity and to doubt the image's status and traditional iconography. These artists and writers reveal the collapse of the figuration, wishing to show the ambiguous and “headless” part of art in order to celebrate desire, the myth of absence, and the baring of the human body.
Contenido audiovisual y transmisión por Internet
Authors: Marín Antoni
Published: May 2020

La presencia del vídeo en internet es una realidad creciente. Desde una vertiente puramente tecnológica observamos cómo por una parte evolucionan la compresión y los nuevos formatos de vídeo, y por otra cómo un ancho de banda creciente facilita progresivamente la publicación de vídeo en la red. En cierto modo podemos observar como dos entornos, la web y la televisión, que se han mantenido hasta el momento actual como ámbitos diferenciados vayan interseccionando no sólo sus posibilidades tecnológicas sino también sus respectivas potencialidades de creación de contenidos.
Adaptación y creación de contenidos para Internet
Authors: Bayarri Antoni , Albi Jose Luis
Published: May 2020

La información a la que tenemos acceso a través de internet es inmensa, por lo que en este momento adquiere una gran importancia el desarrollo de websites con contenidos de rigor, calidad y utilidad con la finalidad de aumentar el interés de los visitantes por el site.
Characterization of biofilm production in different strains of Acinetobacter baumannii and the effects of chemical compounds on biofilm formation
Authors: Lin Ming-Feng , Lin Yun-You , Lan Chung-Yu
Published: May 2020

Acinetobacter baumannii, an important emerging pathogen of nosocomial infections, is known for its ability to form biofilms. Biofilm formation increases the survival rate of A. baumannii on dry surfaces and may contribute to its persistence in the hospital environment, which increases the probability of nosocomial infections and outbreaks. This study was undertaken to characterize the biofilm production of different strains of A. baumannii and the effects of chemical compounds, especially antibiotics, on biofilm formation. In this study, no statistically significant relationship was observed between the ability to form a biofilm and the antimicrobial susceptibility of the A. baumannii clinical isolates. Biofilm formation caused by A. baumannii ATCC 17978 after gene knockout of two-component regulatory system gene baeR, efflux pump genes emrA/emrB and outer membrane coding gene ompA revealed that all mutant strains had less biofilm formation than the wild-type strain, which was further supported by the images from scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The addition of amikacin, colistin, LL-37 or tannic acid decreased the biofilm formation ability of A. baumannii. In contrast, the addition of lower subinhibitory concentration tigecycline increased the biofilm formation ability of A. baumannii. Minimum biofilm eradication concentrations of amikacin, imipenem, colistin, and tigecycline were increased obviously for both wild type and multidrug resistant clinical strain A. baumannii VGH2. In conclusion, the biofilm formation ability of A. baumannii varied in different strains, involved many genes and could be influenced by many chemical compounds.