bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the disintegration of (proto-)languages
Authors: de Oliveira Paulo Murilo Castro , Sousa Adriano O. , Wichmann Søren
Published: May 2013

Do languages split into dialects and subsequently into new languages at regular rates? Does such a regular splitting rate also apply to speech communities ancestral to the world's current language families? Do linguistic phylogenies exhibit intermediate levels (“genera”) which are somehow objectively identifiable? These questions are rarely raised, much less answered. In this article we present a simple method that provides insights into all the questions, drawing upon data from a world-wide sample of languages. It will be shown that splitting rates are approximately regular even if the languages studied are proto-languages spoken at very different points in prehistory and different places in the world. Ancestors of the world's linguistic families tend to have similar life-times. An intermediate transitional level corresponding to the point where genera appear can be objectively inferred from differences among descendant languages even without previously having established the structure of the phylogenetic tree.
Birth month and longevity: birth month of victims of sudden (SCD, ≤1 h) and rapid (RCD, ≤24 h) cardiac deaths
Authors: Stoupel Eliyahu , Tamoshiunas Abdonas , Radishauskas Richardas , Abramson Evgeny , Bernotiene Gailute , Bacevichiene Migle
Published: May 2013

Background: After a publication of a study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA in 2001, we published three studies related to birth month and morbidity of patients that can affect longevity. The aim of this study is to check two groups of cardiac deaths, consisting of more than 50% of cardiovascular mortality in the industrial world, to examine this paradigm.

Methods: Patients suffering rapid cardiac death (RCD) (≤24 h) and sudden cardiac death (SCD) (≤1 h) in Lithuanian Medical Science University hospital, a tertiary 3000-bed facility, in 2000–2010 were studied. In total, 1239 RCDs and 324 SCDs were included in this study. Monthly, quarterly, trimester and half-year comparisons of the patients’ birth month population were studied.

Results: A difference in birth month distribution of the study patients was observed. For RCDs (≤24 h), the highest numbers were found for January (11.0%) and May (10.3%), whereas for the SCDs (≤1 h), April (13.3%) and January (10.5%) dominated. The least numbers were in November (SCD, 5.6%; RCD, 6.2%) and December (5.2–6.1%). Those born in the first and second quarter and first trimester were significantly more than those born in the fourth quarter (I/IV, p=0.0023; I/III, p=0.0074; II/IV, p=0.047) or trimester [I/II, p=0.09 (trend); I/III p=0.014; II/III, p=0.079 (trend)]. In another study at the same location (number of newborns n=286,963), significant correlation between monthly newborn number and month of the year was not found. Possible environmental effects related to the different monthly birth distributions of the studied group are discussed.

Conclusions: Victims of SCD and RCD are unequally distributed according to month of birth. The highest numbers were found for January and March to May. The numbers are higher for the first and second quarter and first trimester in comparison with the months at the end of the year. The lowest numbers of study patients were born in November, December and October. This is in accord with the birth months of American centenarians (100–112 years old) found by colleagues from the University of Chicago. Possible mechanisms for predisposition to SCD and RCD need further elucidation. Our findings support the paradigm linking birth month and longevity.
Conjugacy classes of small sizes in the linear and unitary
groups
Authors: Burkett Shawn T. , Nguyen Hung Ngoc
Published: May 2013

Using the classical results of G. E. Wall on
the parametrization and sizes of (conjugacy) classes of finite
classical groups, we present some gap results for the class sizes of
the general linear groups and general unitary groups as well as
their variations. In particular, we identify the classes in
of size up to and classes in of
size up to . We then apply these gap results to obtain
some bounds and limits concerning the zeta-type function encoding
the conjugacy class sizes of these groups.
Tamoxifen therapy for the management of pubertal gynecomastia: a systematic review
Authors: Lapid Oren , van Wingerden Jan J. , Perlemuter Leon
Published: May 2013

Objective: A systematic review to assess the efficacy of tamoxifen in the management of idiopathic pubertal gynecomastia.

Data sources: Searches were conducted using the databases of Medline (search engine PubMed) and Web of Science®.

Study selection: Studies reporting the use of Tamoxifen for the treatment of gynecomastia in adolescents.

Outcome measure: Resolution of gynecomastia.

Results: A total of 164 publications were found; 59 were selected for retrieval and six were included in the review. There were no randomized controlled studies; the studies found have methodological flaws but show promising results. No clinical side-effects were reported or observed.

Conclusion: Tamoxifen may be effective for the treatment of pubertal gynecomastia, and it seems safe to use. Randomized controlled studies are necessary to confirm this indication.
Trends in twin pregnancies and mode of delivery during the last 30 years: inconsistency between guidelines and clinical practice
Authors: Antsaklis Aris , Malamas Fotodotis M. , Sindos Michael
Published: May 2013

Aim: To investigate the characteristics of twin pregnancies and their mode of delivery over a 30-year period, in order to define the current trends in clinical practice regarding twin deliveries and the factors that influence these practices.

Materials and methods: A retrospective study of twin deliveries at ≥24 weeks of gestation between January 1st, 1981 and December 31, 2010. Data concerning number of twin deliveries, mode of delivery, maternal age, use of ART techniques, parity, gestational age at delivery, birth weight and Apgar scores were collected from labor ward records.

Results: Over the years there has been a statistically significant increase in the number of twin deliveries, twins after IVF, cesarean section rate, maternal age, nulliparity and a statistically significant reduction in term deliveries, mean birth weight and assisted vaginal deliveries. Maternal age, gestational age, parity and conception after IVF are factors related to the risk of performing a cesarean section.

Conclusions: Despite the lack of adequate scientific evidence concerning the optimal route of delivery in twin pregnancies it seems that over time cesarean section has become the standard of care in most of twin pregnancies. Changes in the demographic characteristics contribute among other factors to this practice.
First trimester maternal serum placental protein 13 levels in singleton vs. twin pregnancies with and without severe pre-eclampsia
Authors: Svirsky Ran , Meiri Hamutal , Herzog Ayelet , Kivity Vered , Cuckle Howard , Maymon Ron
Published: May 2013

Aims: To determine first trimester maternal serum placental protein 13 (PP13) in singletons vs. twins with and without severe preeclampsia (PE).

Methods: Serum samples were prospectively collected at 8–14 weeks of gestation. PP13 was determined by solid-phase immunoassay. Patients were recruited in community clinics throughout the country, and from the twin antenatal assessment clinic in Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel. Demographics, medical, and pregnancy history were obtained at enrollment. Pregnancy outcome was collected after delivery. PP13 was compared by the Wilcoxon rank sum test.

Results: In singletons, PP13 declined with maternal weight and was lower in in vitro fertilization. Levels were converted into multiples of the median (MoMs) accordingly. In twins, the median was 1.74 MoM (n=76) vs. 1.00 in singletons (n=676, P<0.0001). Among twins with severe PE (n=10), the median was 1.53 MoM vs. 1.74 in unaffected twins (P=0.10), and 2.26 (n=6) for mild PE (P=0.30). Among singletons with severe PE, the median was 0.44 MoM (n=26, P<0.0001), and for mild PE 0.62 (n=17, P<0.001).

Conclusion: PP13 is higher in twins than singletons, corresponding to the larger placental mass. Among singletons with severe PE, levels were significantly reduced, however, among twins, only a non-significant tendency for a reduction was recorded, and warrants further investigation in a larger series.
Rhythm and convergence between speakers of American and Indian English
Authors: Krivokapić Jelena
Published: May 2013

The study examines rhythmic convergence between speakers of American and Indian English. Previous research has shown that American English shows tendencies towards stress-timing, and Indian English has been claimed to be syllable-timed (Crystal 1994). Starting from the view that languages differ in their rhythmic tendencies, rather than that they have categorically different rhythmic properties, we examine in an acoustic study the rhythmic tendencies of the two languages, and whether these tendencies can change in the course of an interaction. The focus is on temporal properties (specifically, the duration of stressed syllables and of feet). The results show evidence of mixed rhythmic properties for both languages, with Indian English being more syllable-timed than American English. American speakers show a trend towards changes in foot duration that can be interpreted as accommodation in speech rate or as convergence towards a more syllable-timed foot duration pattern. One Indian English speaker converges in both examined properties towards a more stress-timing pattern. The results are discussed within a dynamical model of rhythmic structure (Saltzman, Nam, Krivokapić, and Goldstein 2008). It is suggested that rhythmic convergence can arise via a tuning between speakers of the prosodic interoscillator coupling function that is proposed in that model.
Facing the Challenges of Today and the Future: Ensuring Successful Outcomes for Students from Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Backgrounds
Authors: Bullock Lyndal M. , Gable Robert A. , Carrero Kelly , Lewis Calli , Collins Emerald , Zolkowski Staci , Lusk Mandy
Published: May 2013

American schools are witnessing the increasing cultural heterogeneity of our nation’s population. Educators are faced with the challenge of ensuring positive educational outcomes for all students, despite the lack of empirical understanding of how to effectively educate culturally and linguistically diverse learners. The purpose of this paper is to provide educators with examples of evidence-based practices specific to diverse learners. In addition, recommendations of resources for accessing the most current research and practices are provided
Language Study: A Necessary Part of the Internationalized Curriculum
Authors: Spitzer Lois , Cordero-Ramon Arnaldo
Published: May 2013

In an urgent effort to internationalize curricula, institutions of higher education are rethinking the role of language study. Many administrators, faculty, and staff are realizing that language study is more than merely a means of communication. More importantly, it is the key to understanding how people from diverse cultural backgrounds, especially those who are engaged in our academic institutions, interpret their cultural experiences. Three important questions will be discussed in this paper: (1) If we accept the idea that curriculum reforms should mirror the changing world, then what curricular changes are needed to promote internationalization?, (2) What role does language study play in this reformed curriculum?, and (3) If we accept a new definition of knowledge as having a language and cultural component, then how can we better prepare our students to gain multilingual and multicultural competence?
Our Common Commons: Policies for Sustaining Volunteer Energy
Authors: Brudney Jeffrey L. , Meijs Lucas C.P.M.
Published: May 2013

Brudney and Meijs (2009) conceive of volunteer energy as a social resource that constitutes the basis for (organizationally based) volunteering. They show that volunteer energy can be compared to a human-made, renewable resource that can be grown and recycled – but likewise one that is subject to misuse and misappropriation that can imperil the vitality of the resource. They explain that to a certain extent, volunteer energy is a common pool resource with free access for all volunteer-involving organizations, especially given the trend that people are less committed to one organization. As a consequence, volunteer-involving organizations must be collectively interested in making more volunteer energy available, now and in the future. As with other resources, sustaining the volunteer resource is becoming an issue. Thus, the need arises to develop an approach to the collective challenge of governing the volunteer energy commons. To this challenge we apply the design principles of Elinor Ostrom (1990) for robust governance of the common pool resource.
The Language Game of Divine Love according to Franz Rosenzweig and Karl Barth
Authors: Dober Hans Martin
Published: May 2013

Language games can be opening and narrowing. On the base of this double sense my paper compares the language game of divine love according to Franz Rosenzweig and Karl Barth. They were contemporaries not only regarding their early publications. Both discovered revelation in the face of liberal theology which regarded it as a problematic, mythological concept. However, this similarity is contradicted by difference, based in the Christological dogma which can have a tendency to narrow the common basis of the two authors’ theological language game. There is also an anachronism, brought about by Rosenzweig’s anticipation of the concept of analogy which Barth came to years later. The emphasis of my paper lies on the question how the opening function of theological language games can be promoted. In Rosenzweig’s “speaking thinking” there can be found a trace to an answer.
The thermal degradation behavior of meta- and para- hetero-amide fibers by TGA-FTIR
Authors: Sun Ning , Liang Yinxing , Xu Zhaohua , Li Heng , Shaohua Jiang , Yibiao Li
Published: May 2013

The thermal degradation behaviors of poly-p-phenylene-benzimidazole-terephthalamide (PBIA), poly-m-phenylene isophthalamide (PMIA) and poly-p-phenylene terephthalamide (PPTA) fibers are investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TGA-FTIR). The results demonstrate that PBIA fiber exhibits better thermal- and thermo-oxidative stability than that of the other two polymers. PBIA shows the highest onset degradation temperature, both in nitrogen and air. TGA-FTIR provides information on compositions of pyrolyzates and their relationship with the structures of polyamides. Analysis of the compositions and distributions of all pyrolyzates, at different temperatures, indicates that a hydrolytic mechanism plays a leading role at lower temperature, and a homolytic mechanism is dominant at higher temperature.
Considerations for the design of polymeric biodegradable products
Authors: Vieira André C. , Guedes Rui M. , Tita Volnei
Published: May 2013

Several biodegradable polymers are used in many products with short life cycles. The performance of a product is mostly conditioned by the materials selection and dimensioning. Strength, maximum strain and toughness will decrease along its degradation, and it should be enough for the predicted use. Biodegradable plastics can present short-term performances similar to conventional plastics. However, the mechanical behavior of biodegradable materials, along the degradation time, is still an unexplored subject. The maximum strength failure criteria, as a function of degradation time, have traditionally been modeled according to first order kinetics. In this work, hyperelastic constitutive models are discussed. An example of these is shown for a blend composed of poly(L-lactide) acid (PLLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL). A numerical approach using ABAQUS is presented, which can be extended to other 3D geometries. Thus, the material properties of the model proposed are automatically updated in correspondence to the degradation time, by means of a user material subroutine. The parameterization was achieved by fitting the theoretical curves with the experimental data of tensile tests made on a PLLA-PCL blend (90:10) for different degradation times. The results obtained by numerical simulations are compared to experimental data, showing a good correlation between both results.
Bildakte? How to do things with pictures
Authors: Schmitz Ulrich
Published: May 2013

Obviously, there are characteristic differences between words and pictures. In a pragmatic perspective, however, verbal and pictorial communication do function in much the same (or, to say the least, related) way. This is why Austin's and Searle's speech act theories can be applied to pictures as well. Taking a car advertising campaign as an example, this essay discusses identification, merging, direct and indirect use of pictorial speech acts
Hypercarnivory, durophagy or generalised carnivory in the Mio-Pliocene hyaenids of South Africa?
Authors: Hartstone-Rose Adam , Stynder Deano D.
Published: May 2013

Carnivorans, the members of the order Carnivora, exhibit wide dietary diversity – from overwhelmingly herbivorous species (like the giant and red pandas) to species that specialise in the consumption of flesh (like the hypercarnivorous felids). Throughout the evolution of this order, many craniodental forms have emerged and gone extinct – notably the sabretooth felids that existed until the late Pleistocene. However, one carnivoran lineage, remarkable for its extreme masticatory adaptations, persists – the bone-cracking hyaenids. Three of the four extant members of this family (Crocuta crocuta, Hyaena hyaena and Parahyaena brunnea) are among the most durophagous mammals to have ever lived. The fourth extant hyaenid – the aardwolf (Proteles cristatus) – also exhibits impressive, although wholly different, masticatory adaptations as one of the most derived mammalian insectivores. How and when did the level of durophagy evident in extant bone-cracking hyenas evolve, and how do Mio-Pliocene hyenas compare to the extant members of the order in terms of their own dietary specialisations? An examination of the premolars of the Mio-Pliocene hyaenids from Langebaanweg, South Africa suggests that modern levels of durophagy appeared relatively recently. Results from an analysis of dental radii-of-curvature and premolar intercuspid notches suggest that these hyenas were neither bone crackers nor flesh specialists, but were dietary generalists.
U-chart method for radial and 3D consolidation
Authors: Tewatia S. K. , Huat B. K. , Rath Sunanda , Tewatia K.
Published: May 2013

In an earlier study the first author and colleagues proposed a T-chart (or U-chart) to evaluate consolidation test results without plotting any compression–time data. The chart was developed for vertical consolidation from the slope of the U–√T curve, where U is the degree of consolidation and T is the time factor. A similar U-chart is developed for radial consolidation. It can be used for the determination of the coefficient of radial consolidation, corrected initial settlement and ultimate settlement without any plotting when time and settlement (both) at the beginning of load increment are known or unknown. The theory, preparation, procedure and usage of a radial U-chart are similar to the ones for the case of vertical consolidation. The use of a U-chart for coupled radial and vertical three-dimensional consolidation is also shown.
Watering the forest for the trees: an emerging priority for managing water in forest landscapes
Authors: Grant Gordon E , Tague Christina L , Allen Craig D
Published: May 2013

Widespread threats to forests resulting from drought stress are prompting a re‐evaluation of priorities for water management on forest lands. In contrast to the widely held view that forest management should emphasize providing water for downstream uses, we argue that maintaining forest health in the context of a changing climate may require focusing on the forests themselves and on strategies to reduce their vulnerability to increasing water stress. Management strategies would need to be tailored to specific landscapes but could include thinning, planting and selecting for drought‐tolerant species, irrigating, and making more water available to plants for transpiration. Hydrologic modeling reveals that specific management actions could reduce tree mortality due to drought stress. Adopting water conservation for vegetation as a priority for managing water on forested lands would represent a fundamental change in perspective and potentially involve trade‐offs with other downstream uses of water.
Collecting, transporting and storing water in karst settings of southern Italy: some lessons learned from ancient hydraulic systems
Authors: Parise M. , Marangella A. , Maranò P. , Sammarco M. , Sannicola G.
Published: May 2013

The karst landscapes of southern Italy, even though they show a lack or scarce presence of water at the surface, host a variety of ancient hydraulic works realized to collect and store water resources, to the advantage of the local settlements and for agricultural purposes as well. Ancient populations were forced to gain a deep knowledge of the territory in order to exploit the few available water resources, and developed for this aim several techniques, reaching a high level of capability to collect, transport, and distribute water, even at long distances. Many areas in southern Italy still nowadays present hydraulic works of remarkable interest and historical value, which are briefly described in the present paper, together with other features used for water storage in karst. Studying these ancient works, and safeguarding them, should be a priority aimed at educating the young generations toward a sustainable use of the water resource.
Water resource management with a combination of underground dam/qanat and site selection of suitable sites using GIS
Authors: Alaibakhsh Masoomeh , Azizi Sh. Haji , Kheirkhah Zarkesh M. M.
Published: May 2013

Subsurface dams and aqueducts have been used for many years as important sources of water in different parts of the world. Nowadays, little attention is paid to aqueducts. On the other hand, there is a great tendency for constructing and using subsurface dams in many arid and semiarid parts of the world such as Iran. A combination of these two structures was established in ancient Iran including Qanat Vazvan in Isfahan. Nowadays, new methods and techniques such as the Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing have been developed to process site selection of subsurface dams with high accuracy and in a short time. Study and research of the Qanat Vazvan structure emphasizes the idea that these two structures have been combined in a new way. Considering some main criteria and sub-criteria for subsurface dam site selection, with the existence of aqueduct, some suitable locations with a combination of aqueduct and subsurface dam in Pishkoh basin, Taft, Yazd province have been delineated. Some of the advantages of underground dams are their local use, being close to the demand sites and their capacity for gathering water in each season. These positive points when combined with reclamation of aqueducts (qanats) cause a renewable situation for qanats and their efficiency as a water resource management process. Underground dams can be built in a qanat's shaft by constructing some hatches inside the dam's wall. Hence, water can be stored during cold rainy seasons. The main and basic weaknesses of qanats can be covered through this combination. Hence, it causes a strong and optimum usage of qanat water.
How supply system design can reduce the energy footprint of rainwater supply in urban areas in Australia
Authors: Tjandraatmadja G. , Pollard C. , Sharma A. , Gardner T.
Published: May 2013

In Australia rainwater tanks are used in cities to reduce demand of mains water and increase the resilience of cities to drought. Rainwater is collected in a tank and supplied to a dwelling through a small pump. Typically the energy footprint for rainwater supply (in kWh/kL) is higher than for centralised water supply, but it can also vary markedly from dwelling to dwelling (0.4–11 kWh/kL). This study aimed to understand how the design of the rainwater supply system from the collection tank to the household can reduce the energy consumption of pumping. We examined the operation of a range of system components for rainwater supply, such as pumps, switches and pressure vessels, in a controlled residential environment (a model house) to understand their impact on the energy required for rainwater supply in urban dwellings. Results show that urban rainwater applications have flow and volume requirements which cause pumps to operate at high energy for rainwater delivery. Matching pump sizes to end use requirements and adoption of ancillary devices (pressure vessels and header tanks) have the potential to lower the energy footprint for rainwater supply. However, the energy savings can be constrained by dwelling characteristics, appliances and system design.
Removal of DOC and its fractions from surface waters of the Canadian Prairie containing high levels of DOC and hardness
Authors: Sadrnourmohamadi Mehrnaz , Goss Charles D. , Gorczyca Beata
Published: May 2013

In this paper removal of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and its fractions by chemical coagulation was studied. Raw water was collected from the Red River (Manitoba, Canada). This source water has a DOC concentration ranging from 8 to 12 mg L−1 and total hardness of about 400 mg L−1 CaCO3, which represents a typical surface water quality of the Canadian Prairie. Four coagulants were tested at different pH levels: alum, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride and titanium sulfate. Coagulation effectiveness was evaluated by removal of DOC, DOC fractions, specific UV absorbance (SUVA), and trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) of the coagulated water. The water DOC was separated into six fractions based on hydrophobicity and acid base functionality: hydrophobic acid (HPOA), hydrophobic base (HPOB), hydrophobic neutral (HPON), hydrophilic acid (HPIA), hydrophilic base (HPIB), and hydrophilic neutral (HPIN). Results showed that ferric sulfate had the highest total DOC removal of 66% while ferric chloride had the lowest DOC reduction of 54%. Although the THMFP was found to be lowered significantly with all four coagulants the ferric chloride showed the greatest THMFP reduction. Fractionation results found a significant reduction in the HPOA fraction for all coagulants with 91% for ferric chloride as the highest removal value. Poor removal of hydrophilic fractions was found for all coagulants. The result of this study showed that total DOC reduction cannot guarantee THMFP reduction and coagulation should be optimized to remove DOC fractions which form most THMs.
A brief history of water filtration/sedimentation
Authors: Mays Larry W.
Published: May 2013

For millennia the search for ‘pure’ water has been pursued by humans. Criteria for purity have become more complex, more rigid, and more quantitative over time; however, the principles, methods, and material for purifying water have remained remarkably similar from the earliest recorded information of 2000 BC. The scope of this paper is to present a brief history of water filtration and sedimentation practices for potable water management extending from the ancient times to the 19th century. It is not an exhaustive presentation, but instead presents some of the most important advances in water supply since the beginning of human's quest for pure water. M. N. Baker and M. J. Taras in 1981 presented an excellent overview of this quest, especially during the 17th to the 20th century.
Ottoman period water structures and water-related architecture: examples in Safranbolu, Turkey
Authors: Esra Bölükbaşı Ertürk A. , Şeker Dursun Zafer , Öztürk İzzet
Published: May 2013

Safranbolu is known for the abundance of its water resources. The city is a unique and historic settlement that hosts very beautiful examples of traditional Turkish architecture. The city attracts both national and international tourists. In this paper, firstly the Ottoman period water supply structures of Safranbolu are described. Incekaya Aqueduct and water transmission system, also known as the Pasha Water Supply System or Spring System are discussed. The Incekaya Aqueduct delivers drinking water from the spring at Danaköy Village to Safranbolu enabling the transfer over the Tokatlı Canyon via gravity. This aqueduct, a very historic and aesthetically pleasing water structure, was commissioned as a city asset by Ottoman Grand Vizier Izzet Mehmet Pasha in the period of 1794–98. The paper secondly discusses the pool rooms that serve as an example of the spatial usage of water features in traditional residential architecture of the Ottoman period in Safranbolu. The pool rooms were constructed either within or separate from the traditional Safranbolu mansions. Asmazlar Mansion in Safranbolu and Deligözler House in the Bağlar District have been evaluated as examples of pool rooms within the house, and two garden pools in the Bağlar and central districts are assessed as examples of outside pools, known as pavilion mansions with a garden pool.
Application of ultrasound and methanol for rapid removal of surfactant from MCM-41
Authors: Zanjanchi Mohammad , Jabariyan Shaghayegh
Published: May 2013

Ultrasound waves have been successfully applied for removing template from
the mesoporous MCM-41 molecular sieve. The method uses a 28 KHz ultrasound
irradiation in a methanol solvent for disrupting micellar aggregation of the
surfactant molecules, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, which have filled the
pores of the as-synthesized MCM-41. In 15 min sonication at moderate
temperature of 40 ?C, a majority of surfactant molecules are removed out
from powder MCM-41. The template removal rate using ultrasound irradiation
(15 min) is faster than the rate via thermal calcination and a perfect
hexagonal pore structure was obtained after the template removal using
ultrasound irradiation, according to the characterization using the X-ray
diffraction (XRD), and nitrogen adsorption analyses, while high temperatures
in calcination will cause shrinkage which is affected on the surface
properties of materials. In this procedure, the surfactant molecules are
released into methanol and can be recovered for reuse. The effectiveness of
the sonicated prepared MCM-41 as an adsorbent has been confirmed using the
adsorption reaction with Methylene Blue (MB).
Sensitive voltammetric determination of famotidine in human urine and tablet dosage forms using ultra trace graphite electrode
Authors: Yagmur Sultan , Yilmaz Selehattin , Saglikoglu Gulsen , Uslu Bengi , Sadikoglu Murat , Ozkan Sibel
Published: May 2013

In this study, direct and sensitive determination of famotidine based on its
electrochemical oxidation was investigated in spiked human urine and tablet
dosage forms. The electrochemical measurements were carried out in various
buffer solutions in the pH range of 0.88 to 12.08 at ultra trace graphite
electrode (UTGE) by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse
voltammetry (DPV) techniques. The best results were obtained for the
quantitative determination of famotidine by DPV technique in 0.5 mol L-1
H2SO4 solution (pH=0.30). In this strong acid medium, one irreversible
anodic peak was observed. The effect of pH and scan rate on the peak current
and peak potential were investigated. The diffusion-controlled nature of the
peak was established. For optimum conditions described in the experimental
section, a linear calibration curve for DPV analysis was constructed in the
famotidine concentration range 2 x 10-6 - 9 x 10-5 mol L-1. Limit of
detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 3.73 x 10-7 and
1.24 x 10-6 mol L-1 at UTGE respectively. Repeatability, precision and
accuracy of the developed technique were checked by recovery studies in
spiked urine and tablet dosage forms.
Microbial and senzory quality of raw milk cheeses from the milk vending machines
Authors: Medveďová Alžbeta , Studeničová Adriana , Valík Ľubomír , Ladislav Ondruš
Published: May 2013

Changes in microbial quality of lump cheeses manufactured from raw cows’ milk from milk vending machines were studied throughout 7 days of fermentation at 15 °C. The density of lactic acid bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and coliforms were determined, continuously. Also the pH value dynamic was analyzed at the same time intervals. All together, 8 cheeses were prepared from two different vending machines in summer and in winter. Based on the results, growth dynamic of all microorganisms as well as the pH value decrease was slower in cheeses made in winter. No significant differences were observed in the maximal counts of microorganisms related to the season. However, the counts of S. aureus exceeded the EU limit 104 CFU g-1 in 7 out of 8 cheeses, probably due to slow pH value descent. Also the Slovak Food Codex limit for E. coli maximal density of less than 104 CFU g-1 was significantly exceeded. According to sensory evaluation, cheeses prepared in winter were less tasty and their typical odour was less distinctive. Results suggest that raw milk from milk vending machines is not suitable for direct consumption without proper thermal treatment.
Current problems in the use of organic UV filters to protect skin from excessive sun exposure
Authors: Klimová Zuzana , Hojerová Jarmila , Pažoureková Silvia
Published: May 2013

The evidences of the harmful effects of skin exposure to excessive UltraViolet (UV) radiation, primarily on the development of skin cancer, have increased over the last decade. Therefore, national and international health authorities have encouraged the public to take protective sunscreens, and respectively also everyday cosmetics containing UV filters. In these products, a mixture of the UV filters, including both inorganic and organic nature, has been shown to be more effective than the individual UV filter. However, currently there are concerns about the safety and actual effectiveness of some UV filters; especially about certain UV-absorbing compounds (organic UV filters). Three cardinal problems are the most questionable. First, that certain UV filters are absorbed through the skin resulting in systemic exposure with unknown consequences. Second, that certain UV filters show the potential to be adversely endocrine disruptors. Third, that certain UV filters are partially degraded by UV radiation, what making them photounstable and unable to fulfil their basic protective function. The purpose of this article is to discuss these problems.
Bacterial cell membrane adaptation responses on stress caused with the environmental pollutants
Authors: Murínová Slavomíra , Dercová Katarína
Published: May 2013

The effect of polychlorinated biphenyls on biomass production, lipid accumulation, and on the fatty acid profile of the major membrane lipids of Alcaligenes xylosoxidans isolated from a soil long-term contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls was examined. The lowest bacterial growth was observed in the presence of biphenyl and polychlorinated biphenyls. On the other hand, the highest growth stimulation was observed in the presence polychlorinated biphenyls. Higher growth ability was observed when polychlorinated biphenyls or 3-chlorobenzoic acid were added after three days of cultivation. Higher lipid accumulation corresponded with lower growth ability. The importance of time when bacterial strain meets polychlorinated biphenyls or 3-chlorobenzoic acid should be emphasized. The addition of toxic organic compound later in stationary growth phase led to better survival and evoked lower membrane adaptation. However, polychlorinated biphenyls or 3-chlorobenzoic acid amendment at the beginning of cultivation stimulated adaptation responses as membrane saturation, cis to trans isomerisation, and branched fatty acids alteration and decreased growth ability. Palmitic acid and 17-cyclopropyl fatty acid were observed as prevalent in the bacterial membrane as well as in the total lipids.
Study on Deployment of Web Services for User Interaction in Multimedia Networks
Authors: Atanasov Ivaylo
Published: May 2013

The paper studies issues concerning the deployment of third party control on user interactions by Web Services. A mapping of Web Service interfaces onto control protocols in multimedia networks is described. Models of user interaction session are proposed. It is proved that both models expose equivalent behaviour. A use-case example is provided.
A Combined Encryption Compression Scheme Using Chaotic Maps
Authors: Prasad Bhagwati , Mishra Kunti
Published: May 2013

The intent of this paper is to propose an encryption compression scheme using multiple chaotic maps along with the concept of Galois field. This method improves the security of the encrypted data and a significant compression is also achieved. The obtained high security architectures are ideal for many real life applications such as medical images, legal documents and military and other operation
A Software System for Classification of Archaeological Artefacts Represented by 2D Plans
Authors: Hristov Valentin , Agre Gennady
Published: May 2013

The paper presents a method for representing whole and fragmented ceramic vessels depicted as two dimensional archaeological drawings. The process of construction of such a representation is described. It includes contour extraction from a vessel cross-section, splitting the contour into inner and outer profiles and converting them to tangent representation, is described. Some initial results of experiments, using the proposed representation for solving the task of identification of ancient Greek amphorae are discussed.
Estimation of Semiconductor Switching Losses under Hard Switching using Matlab/Simulink Subsystem
Authors: Ivakhno Volodymyr , Zamaruiev Volodymyr V. , Ilina Olga
Published: May 2013

The conventional tools for the system level simulation of the switch-mode power converters (for example, MATLAB/SIMILINK) allow simulating the behavior of a power converter jointly operating with the control system in a closed automatic regulation system. This simulation tools either represent semiconductor devices as ideal switches or implement the simplest models based on volt-ampere characteristics of standard types of semiconductor devices for conducting loss estimation. This fact makes direct calculation of dynamic power losses in the semiconductor devices impossible. The MATLAB/SIMILINK subsystem that calculates the average power dissipated in the power switch during turn-on and turn-off transition is proposed in this paper. The represented approach used in the subsystem estimates by the means of MATLAB/SIMILINK the values of turn-on and turn-off energies at power switch commutation instances on the base of switching current and voltage measurements and the values of commutation energies given in datasheet on power switch. The simulation results of step-down converter with IGBT and proposed subsystem in MATLAB/SIMULINK were compared with the calculation results obtained in Semisel
Two Notes to Syntaxa Names Stemmed from Polish Geobota Nical Studies
Authors: Kučera Peter
Published: May 2013

This paper comments on nomenclature of the name Piceion excelsae of Pawłowski et al. (1928), which should be preferably referred using the form “Piceion excelsae Pawłowski ex Pawłowski et al. 1928”. In the author’s opinion, the definition of Recommendation 46D in the current International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature (author citations with “ex”) needs to be revised to define alternatively the difference in contrast to Recommendation 46C (author citations with “in”): to highlight the difference at the place and time of the valid publication of the name handled. The equally aged name “Fagetalia sylvaticae Pawłowski ex Pawłowski et al. 1928” is invalidly published. The oldest validly published homonym found should be ascribed to Walas (1933).
SUPPLEMENTS TO THE ATLAS OF BUTTERFLIES (LEPIDOPTERA: RHOPALOCERA) OF SLOVENIA
Authors: Čelik Tatjana
Published: May 2013

The Atlas of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) of Slovenia (Verovnik et al. 2012) treats 179 butterfly species whose occurrence in Slovenia is confirmed, and 24 species for which only unconfirmed data exist. By the end of 2011, 212.936 distribution records by 167 contributing authors were collected for the Atlas. The Digital database of butterflies of the Jovan Hadži Institute of Biology of the Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts was not considered in the process of collecting the data for the Atlas. This database contains 30.630 distribution records for butterfly species found in Slovenia from research projects undertaken by the Institute from 1995 to date. Given that this rich data source was not included in the Atlas, I here provide a supplement to the existing Atlas, reporting 1529 new records for 140 butterfly species. These updates provide new areas or range limits for 14 species, the presence of 71 species in areas the Atlas designated as “white spots”, new information on 3 species with very limited distribution in Slovenia, and additional corroboration for distribution of 27 species that the Atlas covered.
Suitability of Centella Asiatica (Pegaga) as a Food Source for Rearing Spodoptera Litura (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under Laboratory Conditions
Authors: Javar Saeedeh , Sajap Ahmad Said , Mohamed Rozi , Hong Lau Wei
Published: May 2013

When conducting entomological research, it is necessary to have a sufficient quantity of the desired pest. One of the pests commonly used in research is Spodoptera litura. Mass rearing of herbivorous caterpillars like S. litura requires large amounts of a suitable food source. Hence, the use of an easy-to-grow host plant would be most practical and reasonable. Centella asiatica known as ‘pegaga’ grows easily, produces plenty of leaves, and is available throughout the year in Malaysia. The suitability of C. asiatica as a food source for S. litura was evaluated by studying the biology of this pest on excised C. asiatica leaves, under laboratory conditions. S. litura completed its whole life cycle in 29 to 35 days. The mean pupal weight and the average number of eggs laid by a single female were 0.341 g and 1,930 eggs, respectively. Daily monitoring of the larval development stages as well as analysis on the width of head capsules, revealed the existence of six instars during the larval stages of S. litura. The cumulative survival rate for immature developmental stages was 80%, while the stage-specific survivorship was over 90%. This study demonstrated the use of ‘pegaga’ as a suitable new food source for when rearing S. litura larvae in the laboratory.
Digital Challenges on the Norwegian Media Scene
Authors: Ottosen Rune , Krumsvik Arne H.
Published: May 2013

This article summarises findings from a research project on the digitisation of Norwegian newsrooms, analysing trends in the industry and changes in user-habits. Findings suggest that most journalists are positive about the digitisation of the newsroom but fear that cutbacks in staff will prevent them from exploiting the potential of the new technology. They also fear that too much focus on technical skills will leave less space for critical journalism. Findings also suggest a correlation between resources used to develop the online edition and the perceived ethical standards of the content. More online journalism leads to a higher degree of scepticism among the readers. There are two different justifications for using resources on the online edition. Some newspaper executives hope to use the online edition to recruit new readers to the paper edition while another group hopes to develop the breadth of market service through a portfolio of publishing platforms.
Advertising for Europe
Authors: Holtz-Bacha Christina , Johansson Bengt , Leidenberger Jacob , Maarek Philippe J. , Merkle Susanne
Published: May 2013

This study analyzes and compares party ads that were broadcast on television during the 2009 European Election campaign in France, Germany, Sweden and the UK. Even though electoral TV ads have never reached the same importance in European countries as in the US, such ads are to be regarded as an expression of the specific political culture of a country and therefore have relevance beyond election campaigns. An international comparison of ads produced for the same event is particularly suited to revealing similarities across cultures as well as national idiosyncrasies. Additionally, the present study demonstrates a methodological approach that defines a ‘sequence’ as the unit of analysis instead of the whole spot, and thus it is different from previous research on electoral advertising.
Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli species in cats and dogs from Bydgoszcz (Poland) region
Authors: Andrzejewska M. , Szczepańska B. , Klawe J.J. , Śpica D. , Chudzińska M.
Published: May 2013

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of cats and dogs as a potential reservoir of Campylobacter spp. Rectal swabs from 83 dogs and 71 cats were examined. Samples were obtained from the animals aged between 2 weeks and 24 months living in shelters, private households, farms and from veterinary clinics located in Bydgoszcz region during routine check-up.

Campylobacter spp. were isolated from 4.81% dogs and 9.86% cats, respectively. C. jejuni was predominant in this study. All strains were isolated in autumn and winter from the animals living in farms and private houses. All the animals positive for Campylobacter prevalence had access to small water basins, accidental source of food and had contact with wild birds, poultry or their feaces.

Isolates characterization revealed high prevalence of Campylobacter virulence genes-flaA, cadF and cdtB. 91% of isolated strains were susceptible to erythromycin. 81% among isolated strains were susceptible to azithromycin, 64% to tetracycline and 36% to ciprofloxacin. For 2 C. jejuni strains isolated from cats Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profiling indicated 80% homology between them.
The porcine brucellosis – evidence of the role of Yersinia enterocolitica O:9 in occurrence of false positive serological reactions
Authors: Weiner M. , Szulowski K. , Iwaniak W.
Published: May 2013

Forty four pigs with typical characteristics for false positive serological reactions (FPSR) were examined for the presence of Yersinia enterocolitica O:9. The positive reactions were observed in rose bengal test (RBT, N=23 sera), serum agglutination test (SAT, N=16), complement fixation test (CFT, N=9), indirect ELISA (i-ELISA, N=11) in first, and in RBT (N=14), SAT (N=8), CFT (N=7) and i-ELISA (N=18) in second examination, respectively. In bacteriological examination Y. enterocolitica was confirmed in 12 cases. Six of these isolates were identified with PCR as Y. enterocolitica O:9.
A Valuation of Public Spaces: Selected Research Results
Authors: Palicki Sławomir
Published: May 2013

The aim of the study is to draw attention to the fact that the value of public spaces has an interdisciplinary character, and should be viewed as such. The multifaceted function of public spaces requires a thorough recognition of their role and functioning in a city, especially from the estate management point of view. The fact that well-designed and managed public spaces have a great effect on social, cultural, market and communicative behavior, makes them an axis of urban development. The extent to which public spaces affect neighboring property markets, especially when it comes to the commercial segment, is also very important. The way in which a public space is utilized, is an incentive to search for optimal directions as to how a given property should function.

The research results presented in the present paper concern three case studies of big Polish cities - Poznań, Gdańsk and Wrocław. The research incorporated sociological survey tools (questionnaire), indepth interviews and observations.
Forensic anthropology and human identification
Authors: Lynnerup Niels
Published: May 2013

This is the full summary paper of a thesis to be defended at the University of Copenhagen, May 31st, 2013