bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isolation and identification of 2‐pentenylfurans in the reversion flavor of soybean oil
Authors: Chang Stephen S. , Shen Guo‐Hui , Tang Jian , Jin Qi Zhang , Shi Huang , Carlin James T. , Ho Chi‐Tang
Published: August 2007

The volatile flavor compounds in a reverted soybean oil with a peroxide number of 6.0 meq/kg were isolated by semicontinuous countercurrent vacuum steam distillation. Based upon the gas Chromatographic retention times and mass spectra of the four synthesized 2‐pentenylfurans, it was found that cis‐ and trans‐2‐(l‐pentenyl)furans and a mixture of cis‐ and trans‐2‐(2‐pentenyl)‐furans are present in reverted soybean oil. At least the greater portion of 2‐(2‐pentenyl)furans identified was cis‐isomer. These compounds may contribute to the reversion flavor of soybean oil.
Effect of the presence of sulfur during the hydrogenation of canola oil
Authors: de Man J. M. , Pogorzelska E. , de Man L.
Published: August 2007

Sulfur was added to refined and bleached canola oil before hydrogenation in the form of allyl isothiocyanate and the effects on hydrogenation rate and fatty acid composition were determined. The effect was more pronounced under selective conditions (200 C and 7 psi) than under nonselective conditions (160 C and 44 psi). Sulfur added at the level of 3 mg/kg under selective conditions stopped the hydrogenation at an iodine value (IV) of 81, with 5 mg/kg at IV 88. Under nonselective conditions, there was a decrease in reaction rate, but even with 10 mg/kg added S, the reaction could be made to reach IV 70. The amount of S bound to the commercial nickel catalyst was determined and in all cases was less than the amount that was bound to Raney nickel. Relatively more sulfur was bound at lower temperature (longer time) and higher pressure. Addition of 3 mg/kg of S or more resulted in considerably higher formation of trans isomers.
Dialkyldimethylammonium halides as wood preservatives
Authors: Preston A. F.
Published: August 2007

Laboratory decay tests using brown, white and soft rot fungi on wood treated with a series of dialkyldimethylammonium halides show that maximum fungitoxicity is exhibited by compounds with alkyl chains of 10 and 12 carbon atoms. Both the cation and the anion appear to influence effectiveness with bromide salts showing greater activity values than chloride analogs. The anion presumably influences effectiveness through distribution, fixation, and availability of the compounds rather than directly by changes in fungitoxicity. Monobromination of one of the alkyl chains caused a decrease in fungitoxicity, though the alkyl chain length‐fungitoxicity relationship was the same as for the unsubstituted series of compounds. Addition of certain copper or organic biocides to alkylammonium compound formulations increased activity, particularly against soft rot. While this result is a significant advance, the complex relationships involved in such formulations will demand considerable further research in respect of efficacy, fixation, leaching, treatability, and environmental aspects before such a product could be commercialized.
Mutagen formation in deep‐fat fried foods as a function of frying conditions
Authors: Taylor S. L. , Berg C. M. , Shoptaugh N. H. , Traisman E.
Published: August 2007

Deep‐fat fried foods possess low levels of mutagenic activity, and severely abusive frying conditions must be employed to obtain appreciable levels of mutagenic activity. With French fried potatoes, either excessively long frying times (35‐40 min) or abnormally high frying temperatures (above 410 F or 210 C) were necessary to generate appreciable levels of mutagenic activity (> 2.5 times the spontaneous mutation rate). Repetitive frying of 45 batches of French fried potatoes or onion rings in the same batch of shortening elicited no increase in mutagen formation. Repetitive frying of fish fillets in the same batch of shortening resulted in the generation of appreciable levels of mutagen(s) in both the acidic and basic methylene chloride extracts. Increased mutagenic activity was noted by the 7th batch. Fish fillets obtained from a local restaurant at selected intervals during a one‐week period of use of a particular batch of frying oil contained much lower levels of mutagenic activity.
Difficulties in physical refining of olive oil, due to presence of triterpene ‘oleanolic acid’
Authors: Severge A.
Published: August 2007

Oleanolic acid was found to be responsible for the turbidity frequently observed in physically refined olive oil. General procedures for eliminating this problem and improving the final quality have been discussed. Special attention was given to optimizing the operating parameters of the deodorizer and keeping the rest of the physical refining process constant.
Experimental technique for kinetic study of hydrogenation of fatty acid methyl esters in vapor phase
Authors: Lidefelt J. ‐O.
Published: August 2007

A new approach to kinetic studies of fat hydrogenation is discussed. An experimental setup is described in detail. An example of reactor performance in hydrogenation of fatty acid methyl esters is given. aPresent address: AB Karlshamns Oljefabriker, S‐292 00 Karlshamn, Sweden. Notation: c, outlet concentration, mol/m3; co, inlet concentration, mol/m3: cb, concentration in bulk fluid, mol/m3; cs concentration at catalyst surface, mol/m3; d,pore diameter, m; De, effective diffusivity, m2/s; E, activation energy of reaction, J/mol; h, heat transfer coefficient, J/m2 s K; ΔH, heat of reaction, J/mol; kc, mass transfer coefficient, m/s; p, partial pressure, Pa; po, saturated vapor pressure, Pa; qf, total flow to reactor, m3/s; qrec, recycle flow, m3/s; R, observed reaction rate per unit particle volume, mol/s m3; Rg, gas constant, J/mol K; r, observed reaction rate per unit mass of catalyst, mol/kg s; rp particle radius, m; Tb, temperature of gas in bulk flow, K; Ts, temperature of gas at catalyst surface, K;‐v, molar volume, m3/mol; V, volume of catalyst bed, m3; W, catalyst mass, kg. Greek symbols: σ, surface tension, N/m; λe, effective thermal conductivity of catalyst particle, J/m s K.
Adsorption equilibrium constants of methyl oleate and methyl linoleate in vapor phase on supported copper and nickel catalysts
Authors: Lidefelt J. ‐O.
Published: August 2007

Adsorption equilibrium constants for methyl oleate and methyl linoleate in vapor phase on supported copper and nickel catalysts have been determined using the technique of pulse gas chromatography. The results are discussed in relation to selectivity in fat hydrogenation. Notation: A, column cross‐section, m2 ; an,bn, nth Fourier coefficients; c, concentration of adsorbate in bulk flow, mol/m3 ; c* = c/ ∫0∞ cdt, normalized concentration of adsorbate in bulk flow; Ci, concentration of adsorbate in catalyst pores, mol/m3 ; ca, concentration of adsorbate on catalyst surface, mol/kg; cTOT, active area of catalyst as measured by hydrogen adsorption, mol/kg; De, effective diffusion coefficient of adsorbate in catalyst, m2/s; Dea, axial dispersion coefficient based on void cross‐section, m2/s; hn, nth coefficient in Hermite polynomial expansion; Hn nth Hermite polynomial; ΔHA, adsorption enthalpy, kJ/mol; ΔHvap, heat of vaporization, kJ/moll; ka, adsorption rate constant, m3/kgs;KA, adsorption equilibrium constant, m3/kg; K0, preexponential factor defined in Eqn. 8, m3/kg; kf, mass transfer coefficient, m/s; L, bed length, m; q, flow rate, m3/s; R, particle radius, m; Rg, gas constant; t, time, s; T, temperature, K; TF, period of Fourier expansion, s; u = q/A, linear velocity, m/s; z, length coordinate in packed column, m. Greek symbols: δ(t), Dirac delta function; ∈B, void fraction of bed; ∈‐p, particle void fraction, ρrp, particle density, kg/m3 ; ξ, radial coordinate in particle, m; μ1, first absolute moment, μ2, second central moment.
Determination of arsenic in glycerine by hydride generation atomic absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Ullman A. H.
Published: August 2007

A rapid method for the determination of arsenic in glycerine is described. The glycerine sample is diluted and any arsenic present reacted with sodium borohydride and hydrochloric acid to give arsine gas. The evolved arsine is quantitated by atomic absorption spectroscopy in a quartz tube positioned in the flame of a commercial instrument. The method is faster than the colorimetric arsine method recommended by the United States Pharmacopeia and has a precision of 4.4% (RSD) at the 50 µg level (equal to 1.25 µg As/g glycerine).
The binding of free calcium ions in aqueous solution using chelating agents, phosphates and poly(acrylic acid)
Authors: Changa D. M.
Published: August 2007

Organic chelating agents, phosphates, and polyelectrolytes were studied to determine their calcium ion binding power (CBP) and binding mechanism. A calcium ion electrode was used to measure the equilibrium calcium ion concentrations from which stability constants were calculated. Except for EDTA and NTA, the binding power did not correspond to the formation of complexes with a simple stoichiometry. In most cases, more than one equilibrium is involved. Increase in the level of binding agent decreased CBP, especially for those agents which formed complexes with low stability constants. CBP calculated on the basis of weight should be used to measure the relative cost effectiveness of commercial calcium binding agents. At an amount lower than required to form stable stoichiometric complexes, poly(acrylic acid) had a higher CBP than traditional organic chelating agents. The electrostatic effect accounts for the excellent CBP of poly(acrylic acid) at low concentrations. To get maximum efficiency in detergent and water treatment applications, use of low levels is recommended. aPresent address: The Clorox Co. Technical Center, Pleasanton, CA 94566.
Gas chromatographic equivalent chain lengths of isomeric methyl octadecenoates and octadecynoates
Authors: Scholfield C. R. , Dutton H. J.
Published: August 2007

Equivalent chain lengths (ECL) have been determined for methylcis‐5‐, 6‐, 8‐, 9‐, 10‐, 11‐, 12‐, 15‐;trans‐2‐, 3‐, 5‐, 6‐, 8‐, 9‐, 10‐, 11‐, 12‐, 15‐; and 17‐octadecenoates and for methyl 5‐, 6‐, 8‐, 9‐, 10‐, 11‐, 12‐ and 15‐octadecynoates on diethylene glycol succinate, polyphenyl ether and 100% β‐cyanoethylmethylsiloxane capillary columns. Although the levels of ECL values differed, the patterns were similar for the different substrates. For methyl octadecenoates, except for 2‐isomers, ECL generally increased with distance of double bond from the ester group but changed little from the 6 to the 10 position. Differences were smaller among isomerictrans esters than amongcis. In methyl octadecynoates there was a greater and more regular increase of ECL occurred as the triple bond moved away from the ester group.
Aflatoxins in cottonseed hulls
Authors: Whitten M. E.
Published: August 2007

Previous studies indicate that aflatoxins were found in laboratory‐prepared hulls from cottonseed which contained aflatoxins. However, no aflatoxins were found in hulls commercially processed from cottonseed containing aflatoxins, crops of 1964 and 1965, which were analyzed in our laboratory. Some lots of hulls prepared from contaminated cottonseed in our laboratory, simulating commercial conditions, were found to contain small but measurable quantities of aflatoxins. In normal oil mill operation the linters content of the seed is reduced 80% to 90% before dehulling. In the laboratory operation, small quantities of fine meats containing aflatoxins may have been trapped in linters on the hulls, resulting in a positive test for aflatoxins. It may be concluded that commercial hulls processed from cottonseed with moderate aflatoxin contamination will contain little or no aflatoxins.
Use of gas liquid chromatography for monitoring the fatty acid composition of canadian rapeseed
Authors: Daun J. K. , Mazur P. B. , Marek C. J.
Published: August 2007

Since 1972, Canadian rapeseed has been changing from high erucic acid types to low erucic acid types. In 1970, the Canadian Grain Commission instituted a program to monitor the fatty acid composition of rapeseed at the farm level, in railway carlot shipments and in export cargo shipments. Initially, in order to process up to 20,000 samples per year, a combined extraction and methylation procedure was developed in which methyl esters were analyzed within 5 min by manual injection on a nonpolar column. Since conversion to low erucic acid rapeseed types has been completed, other details of fatty acid composition have received more attention. In the system presently used, the rapeseed oil methyl esters are analyzed on a mixedphase column which gives good resolution of all of the major fatty acids. Through the use of a microcomputer‐controlled autosampler, 50 samples can be analyzed per day. Reports are generated giving complete fatty acid composition as well as estimates of iodine value and saponification value.
Providing lubricity in food fat systems
Authors: Bessler Terry R. , Orthoefer Frank T.
Published: August 2007

Lubricity, in particular mouthfeel, is an important factor in production of vegetable oil bases for food product formulations. Certain functional characteristics are necessary for good texture at various temperatures. These characteristics are dependent on degree of unsaturation, fatty acid distribution, and degree of geometrical isomerization during processing. Proper selectivity and activity of hydrogenation catalysts used in hardening of the oils are essential. Sufficient solid fat content must be balanced by necessary oxid ative stability. Products discussed include salad oils and their formulations in pourable and spoonable salad dressings, mayonnaises, frying oils, imitation dairy products, margarines and bakery shortenings. Past, present and future industry technology will be evaluated for each type of food fat product. Customer needs have greatly affected the course of research in this area.
Automatic karl fischer titration of moisture in sunflower seed
Authors: Robertson James A. , Windham W. R.
Published: August 2007

An automatic Karl Fischer (KF) titrator of the motor‐driven buret type was applied to the determination of moisture in sunflower seed. A study of the effect of sample size on KF moisture analysis showed a significant decrease in moisture content with increase in sample size from 1 to 5 g. In the moisture range of 5.5–10.5%, a sample size of 3–4 g gave moisture values closest to those obtained by the AOCS official oven method for sunflower seed. Comparison of KF moisture analysis with oven methods on 6 samples with moisture contents ranging from 5.4 to 12.7% showed that KF moisture values were not significantly different from air oven and vacuum oven methods. The mean standard deviation of KF determinations of whole sunflower seed was 0.11% moisture content, whereas for forced draft oven moistures, the mean standard deviation was 0.05%. KF moisture values generally were slightly lower than the air oven moisture values. Using KF and vacuum oven methods to measure moisture contents, sunflower seed were found to lose 0.6% moisture from a sample containing 8.9% moisture when grinding the sample with Hyflo Super Cel as in the AOCS official method.
Fatty acids: Part 25.1 chemical transformations of C18 furanoid fatty esters
Authors: Jie M. S. F. lie ken , Sinha S. , Ahmad F.
Published: August 2007

Synthetic and natural C18 furanoid fatty esters were successfully converted to the corresponding furanoid alcohols, aldehydes, halides, ethers, acetates, mesylates, and chain extended by two carbon atoms in high yield to the corresponding C20 furanoid ester homologues. Acid hydrolysis of the furanoid esters furnished dioxostearate derivatives, which were cyclized with ammonium carbonate or ammonia in titanium chloride and with phosphorus pentasulfide to pyrrole and thiophene ester derivatives, respectively.
Fatty acids: Part 26.1 partial synthesis of C18 mono‐and dimethyl furanoid fatty esters
Authors: Jie M. S. F. Lie Ken , Ahmad F.
Published: August 2007

Dimethylene interrupted dioxo derivatives of 10, 13‐epoxy‐11‐methylocadeca‐10, 12‐dienoate (from latex) and 9 (10), 12 (13)‐epoxyoctadeca‐9 (10), 11 (12)‐dienoates (from linoleate) were successfully methylated at the methylene carbons located between the two oxo groups using methyl iodide and KOH in DMSO. The resulting dimethyldioxo derivatives were cyclodehydrated to furnish methyl 10, 13‐epoxy‐11, 12‐dimethyloctadeca‐10, 12‐dienoate and a mixture of methyl 9(10), 12(13)‐epoxy‐10(11), 11(12)‐dimethyl‐octadeca‐9(10), 11(12)‐dienoate. Similarly, methylation at C‐11 of methyl 12‐oxo‐octadec‐as‐9‐enoate (from methyl ricinoleate) gave methyl 9, 12‐epoxy, 11‐methyloctadeca‐9, 11‐dienoate on cyclodehydration.
Fatty acid composition of the fat in selected food items with emphasis on trans components1
Authors: Enig M. G. , Pallansch LA. , Sampugna J. , Keeney M.
Published: August 2007

The fat in 220 samples from 35 food types has been analyzed for component fatty acids by gas liquid chromatography on a 15‐m capillary column coated with SP‐2340. The methodology permitted the determination of trans‐octadecenoic fatty acids in the food samples. For food types in which the majority of samples containedtrans fatty acids, the range (weight percent of methyl esters) of this class of acids arranged by fat content of the food types was: high fat levels (>70% fat) — animal and dairy fats, 0.3–6.6%, stick margarines, 15.9–31.0%, tub margarines, 6.8–17.6%, and vegetable shortenings, 8.7–35.4%; moderately high fat levels (40–70% fat) —diet margarines, 11.3–13.3%; moderate fat levels (10–40% fat) — breading mixes and fried crusts, 8.1–32.7%, cakes, candies and frostings, 3.2–33.2%, cream substitutes, 0.4–11.5%, cookies, 2.5–34.2%, crackers, 1.9–29.0%, pastries and pastry crusts, 0.6–31.2%, corn and mixed grain snack chips, 0.4–30.4%; low fat levels (<10% fat) ‐ breads and rolls, 0.2–23.6%, pretzels, 10.8–29.2%, and puddings, 28.4‐35.1%. The majority of samples in the following food types did not containtrans fatty acids, except in cases where the label indicated partial hydrogenation of the oil: mayonnaises and salad dressings, salad and cooking oils and potato chips. For samples in these three food types which containedtrans fatty acids, the range was 0.2‐23.2%. None of the peanut butters or pizza crusts analyzed containedtrans fatty acids.
Participation of cyclopropenoid fatty acids in the tortelli‐Jaffe reaction with bromine
Authors: Hensarling T. P. , Jacks T. J.
Published: August 2007

The Tortelli‐Jaffe reaction of ditertiary double bonds with bromine in the presence of formic acid occurred with cyclopropenoid fatty acid‐containing oils after prior bromination of other alkenes in the oil. The blue‐colored (650 nm) cyclopropene‐bromine complex appeared a basis for colorimetrically assaying cyclopropenoid fatty acids in vegetable oil.
Analysis of cationic and amphoteric surfactants: IV. structural analysis of the amphoteric surfactants obtained by the reaction of 1‐(2‐Hydroxyethyl)‐2‐alkyl‐2‐imidazoline with ethyl acrylate
Authors: Takano Satoshi , Tsuji Kazuro
Published: August 2007

Structural analysis of amphoteric surfactants obtained by the reaction of l‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐2‐alkyl‐2‐imidazoline (HEAI) with ethyl acrylate or β‐propiolactone has been investigated. These amphoteric surfactants were hydrolyzed under aqueous alkaline media, followed by acid hydrolysis to afford fatty acids and diamine derivatives. By the analysis of the resulting fatty acids, it has been found that ethyl acrylate adds to the carbon atom alpha to an imidazoline ring in the absence of solvent. On the other hand, the resulting diamine derivatives were identified by the isolation and their syntheses, and were quantitatively analyzed by gas chromatography. Based upon the results of their analyses, it has been demonstrated that the reaction products can be divided into three types. In addition, on reaction of HEAI with β‐propiolactone, it was found that quaternization at the nitrogen atom of 3‐position occurred selectively.
Uses of digital computers in theoretical analytical chemistry II. Simulation of the passage of a compound through a countercurrent distribution apparatus
Authors: Roland Eddy C. , Showell John S.
Published: August 2007

The progress of a compound through a countercurrent distribution apparatus has been followed theoretically by use of a digital computer. The computer avoids the usual assumption that all the tubes in the apparatus are alike. Instead, it deals with individual volumes and cutoff levels and allows time variation of solvent input rate. This gives a more realistic theoretical model and also makes it possible to test the properties of new designs of equipment before construction.
A semiautomated procedure for the determination of serum cholesterol using the abell‐kendall method
Authors: Eavenson Eloise , Grier O. T. , Cisson J. G. , Witter R. F.
Published: August 2007

A semiautomated method for the measurement of serum total cholesterol, based on the Abell‐Kendall procedure, is described by which 100 to 140 samples may be analyzed in duplicate per day. The method was made possible by the development of a Liebermann color reagent which is stable for 8 hr. Mechanized pipetting units are used to measure all reagents and the 0.1 ml samples of serum. One analyst can analyze 60 samples in duplicate per day. Determinations are carried out on an assembly line basis so that 2 analysts can analyze more than twice as many samples as can one analyst. Representative data collected over a period of 2 years for the analysis of routine samples showed that the standard deviation for duplicates, randomized over 6‐day periods, ranged from 2.7 to 3.0 mg% after repeating the analysis of the 6 to 8% of samples whose duplicates differed by more than 9 mg%.
Radiation effects on triglyceride
Authors: Fukada Eiichi , Masuzawa Mitsunobu
Published: August 2007

High energy electron beam irradiations up to 900 mrads were given to tristearin and triolein. Differential thermal analysis and x‐ray diffraction measurements revealed that the degree of crystallinity decreased with radiation dose after an initial small rise and that the unstable forms in crystal modification were increasingly stabilized. Measurements of intrinsic viscosity and gel fraction for solutions of tristearin and triolein showed that the gel formation took place at about 700 and 350 mrads, respectively. The number of unsaturated bonds determined by iodine absorption increased with radiation dose in tristearin but decreased in triolein.
Objective fluorometric measurement of alfatoxins on TLC plates
Authors: Pons Walter A. , Robertson James A. , Goldblatt Leo A.
Published: August 2007

Measurement of the solid state fluorescence of aflatoxins on silica gel‐coated TLC plates on a densitometer equipped for fluorescence measurements showed a linear relationship between peak areas and concentration over a range of at least 2 to 105ȕ10蜢4 ॖg of aflatoxins per spot. Response of individual aflatoxins was in order of B2>G2>B1>G1. Aflatoxins can be measured with a precision of ŷ2舑4%.
Micelle formation in mixtures of nonionic and cationic detergents
Authors: Schick M. J.
Published: August 2007

The effect of a homologous series of polyoxyethylene n‐dodecanols on the critical micelle concentration (cmc) of mixtures with n‐dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (DTAB) and of polyoxyethylene n‐hexadecanols on the cmc of mixtures with n‐hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) has been studied in terms of the composition of the mixtures. The cmc of the nonionic component of the mixed micelles is approximately one hundredth of that of the cationic component. Only a gradual increase in the cmc values of the mixed micelles above the values of the nonionic components was observed in the composition range of 0舑75 mole % or 0舑90 mole %, respectively, of cationic detergent. This is followed by an abrupt transition to the high cmc values of the cationic component. This abrupt transition is considerably reduced by addition of NaBr. It is postulated that in the absence of added electrolyte the degree of ionic repulsion of the cationic component in mixed micelles is markedly decreased as the proportion of nonionic component reaches a threshold range of 25 or 10 mole %, respectively. Swamping of charges reduces ionic repulsion in NaBr solutions and, consequently, the abrupt transition in the cmc vs. composition curves is reduced.
The mechanism of β‐ Carotene adsorption on activated montmorillonite
Authors: Sarier Nihal , Guler Cetin
Published: August 2007

Abstracts

The variations in the structure of mineral during adsorption have been examined comparing the results of X‐ray diffraction (XRD), differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermogravimetry (TG) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy of the acid activated montmorillonite clay mineral before and after adsorption of β‐carotene. Based on the results, it was concluded that β‐carotene attaches to the clay surface in the form of carbonium ions either by forming hydrogen bonds with Brönsted sites or by forming coordination bonds with Lewis sites of the activated clay mineral.
Rapid analysis of vegetable oil flavor quality by dynamic headspace capillary gas chromatography
Authors: Raghavan S. K. , Reeder S. K. , Khayat A.
Published: August 2007

Abstracts

A rapid capillary gas Chromatographic headspace technique using a multiple purge and trap system was developed and applied for the determination of vegetable oil flavor quality. Oil volatiles were purged at 150°C for 20 min, collected over a Tenax trap and subsequently desorbed and reconcentrated in a series of two smaller traps. From the gas Chromatographic profile, three compounds, t‐2‐heptenal, t‐2‐octenal and t,t‐2, 4‐decadienal were selected for computation of the flavor score of individual oil samples. Analysis of the flavor quality of soybean oil by this technique demonstrated a very good correlation to the traditional sensory evaluation procedure. Good correlation was also observed for the flavor evaluation of corn oils. Precision, based on multiple analyses of known standard aldehydes, was shown to be better than 6%. The degree of Chromatographic efficiency obtained by this multiple concentration technique permitted the use of a short 25‐min Chromatographic run in the resolution of these aldehydes of interest. This approach reduced the overall analysis time of existing instrumental oil flavor techniques significantly.
Fixed‐ Bed continuous hydrogenation of soybean oil with palladium‐ Polymer supported catalysts
Authors: Heldal J. A. , Moulton K. J. , Fronkel E. N.
Published: August 2007

Abstracts

To compare a continuous hydrogenation system with batch hydrogenation, soybean oil was treated with Pd and Ni catalysts in a fixed‐bed system under conditions that gave trickle flow. The influence of processing variables such as space velocity, pressure, temperature and hydrogen flow on the selectivity, specific isomerization and the activity was investigated. Both the Pd and Ni catalysts gave significantly lower specific isomerization(trans isomer per drop in Iodine Value) when compared to reported values for batch hydrogenation with similar type catalysts. The linolenate and linoleate selectivities were also significantly lower. Heterogenized homogeneous Pd‐on‐polystyrene catalyst gave lower specific isomerization formation and higher selectivity than carbon‐supported Pd catalyst at same conditions. This work indicates that Pd‐on‐styrene, Pd‐on‐carbon and extruded Ni catalysts, in fixed‐bed continuous hydrogenation can produce soybean oil of desirable composition after further optimization.
Synthesis of toughened elastomer from vernonia galamensis seed oil
Authors: Afolabi Oladapo A. , Aluko Mobolaji E. , Wang Gino C. , Anderson Winston A. , Ayorinde Folahan O.
Published: August 2007

Abstracts

This paper examines the synthesis of a toughened elastomer fromVernonia galamensis seed oil by reacting vernonia oil with vernonia oil‐derived suberic acid (octanedioic acid), and cross‐linking the pre‐polymer in the immediate presence of cross‐linked polystyrene preparedin situ. The paper also demonstrates that the progress of reaction can be followed by monitoring the generation of hydroxyl groups using infrared spectroscopy. Analysis of some crystalline material on the cooler parts of the reaction vessels revealed the presence of component fatty acids of vernonia oil. Transmission electron microscopy characterization of the synthesized toughened elastomer suggests that vernonia oil‐suberic acid polyester and polystyrene polymer are interpenetrating.
Some synergistic properties of N‐ Alkyl‐ 2‐ pyrrolidones, a New class of surfactants 1
Authors: Zhu Zhen Huo , Yang David , Rosen Milton J.
Published: August 2007

Abstracts

N‐Alkylpyrrolidones, a new class of commercial surfactants, interact synergistically with anionic surfactants. Mixtures of the N‐2‐ethylhexyl‐(C2,6P), N‐octyl‐(C8P), N‐decyl‐(ClOP), and N‐dodecyl‐(C12P) pyrrolidones with commercial linear sodium alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS) were investigated. Measurements of the molecular interaction parameters,βa, and βM, for mixed monolayer formation and mixed micelle formation, respectively, in these mixtures indicated that the first three compounds show synergism in surface tension reduction efficiency and all four compounds show synergism in surface tension reduction effectiveness, when mixed in the proper proportions with LAS. This was confirmed experimentally. The N‐alkylpyrrolidone‐LAS mixtures also exhibit synergism in Ross‐Miles foaming and in Draves (skein) wetting.
The total degumming process
Authors: Dijkstra Albert J. , Van Opstal Martin
Published: August 2007

Abstracts

A novel degumming process is described that is applicable to both undegummed and water‐degummed oils. Such totally degummed oils have residual iron contents below 0.2 ppm Fe and residual phosphorus contents that average below 5 ppm P. Therefore, they can be physically refined to yield a stable refined oil while using the same level of bleaching earth commonly used for alkali refined oils prior to deodorization. They can also be alkali refined with reduced oil loss to yield a soapstock that only requires slight acidification for fatty acid recovery, and thus avoids the strongly polluting soap splitting process. The total degumming process involes dispersing a non‐toxic acid such as phosphoric acid or citric acid into the oil, allowing a contact time, and then mixing a base such as caustic soda or sodium silicate into the acid‐in‐oil emulsion. This keeps the degree of neutralization low enough to avoid forming soaps, because that would lead to increased oil loss. Subsequently, the oil is passed to a centrifugal separator where most of the gums are removed from the oil stream to yield a gum phase with minimal oil content. The oil stream is then passed to a second centrifugal separator to remove all remaining gums to yield a dilute gum phase which is recycled.

Washing and drying or in‐line alkali refining complete the process. After the adoption of the total degumming process, in comparison with the classical alkali refining process, an overall yield improvement of approximately 0.5% has been realized. It did not matter whether the totally degummed oil was subsequently alkali refined, bleached and deodorized, or bleached and physically refined.
Studies on mixed surfactant systems: Effect of some anionic surfactants on the cloud point of poly(nona‐)oxyethylated nonylphenol
Authors: Sharma K. D. , Gupta Sudha , Suri S. K. , Randhawa H. S.
Published: August 2007

Abstracts

The effect of some common anionic surfactants, namely LABS‐Na, AOS‐Na, SLS, SLES, di‐octyl sulphosuccinate and sodium soaps of coconut, palm and rice bran oils on the cloud point of poly(nona‐)oxyethylene nonylphenol has been determined. It is observed that sodium soaps have a larger effect on the cloud point than do anionic surfactants containing sulphate/sulphonate head groups. The influence on cloud point was found to decrease with an increase in hydrophobic chain length.
Raw materials handling and controls
Authors: Gustafson E. H.
Published: August 2007

This presentation discusses some of the commonly used methods for handling raw materials prior to processing and the controls necessary to limit deterioration of raw materials in storage. Reference is made to properties of major oil‐bearing raw materials and specific care needed in both storage and handling. Examples of typical handling and storage facilities are given.
Mechanical extraction
Authors: Bredeson D. K.
Published: August 2007

The mechanical screw press was the principal means of extracting vegetable oilseeds in the United States from the 1930s through the 1940s and 1950s. Then the utilization of solvent extraction cut drastically into their use for full extraction, but created a great demand for screw presses for prepressing of high oil content seeds for solvent extraction. However, use of the screw press for full extraction has been increasing over the years in the less developed countries, and is the main modern machine utilized for some products such as palm fruit. Today ever larger and more efficient machines are being developed for full extraction and pre‐pressing of vegetable oilseeds and fruits.
Energy conservation in oil refining
Authors: Brooks B. F.
Published: August 2007

An industrial energy manager can conserve energy in a number of ways. He can turn off energy loads, turn down energy intensity, install more energy efficient equipment, insulate tanks and pipe lines, recover and reuse energy, convert batch processes into continuous processes, or optimize the efficiency of converting fuel energy into a distributable medium (i.e., steam) if he knows where, why, and how much energy his plant is now using. A detailed energy audit of the plant conducted by a qualified energy consultant will identify conservation opportunities. If the energy manager can't find a qualified consultant that he can afford, there is something he can do. By establishing a set of simple ground rules to go along with his knowledge of plant operation plus an operator's spec book, he can calculate an energy audit from his desk. This paper tells how one energy manager did just this for a fats and oils plant.
Principles and catalysts for hydrogenation of fats and oils
Authors: Allen R. R.
Published: August 2007

Hydrogenation of vegetable oils has been practiced since the discovery by Normann some 75 years ago and is the major chemical process in the fat and oil industry. Hydrogenation changes a liquid oil to a semisolid fat which has more utility and better flavor stability. The reaction is not a simple saturation of double bonds with hydrogen, but is an extremely complex series of reactions that result in a myriad of products. By control of the reaction conditions, pressure, temperature, agitation, and catalyst type and concentration, the desired product may be obtained. The use of new equipment and methods has produced some understanding of the hydrogenation reactions. This knowledge has allowed the production of better, more consistent products designed for use by the consumer.
Oxidation and antioxidants in fat and oil processing
Authors: Sherwin E. R.
Published: August 2007

The roles of oxidation and antioxidants in the various major processing steps in producing edible fats and oils are reviewed, including the basic nature of the oxidation problem, the function of phenolic antioxidants in overcoming it, and a listing of antioxidants currently available. In addition, some important considerations in achieving best results with antioxidants, whether added during processing or to the finished fat or oil, are emphasized.
Finished oil handling and storage
Authors: Erickson D. R.
Published: August 2007

A finished oil is defined as that fat or oil product ready for use alone or as an ingredient without further processing. It represents the culmination, and carries the costs, of all the processing steps required to present it for use in its final desired form. The goal of finished oil handling and storage is to maintain the quality obtained through previous processing. Possible effects on quality through exposure to air, moisture, light, storage temperature, storage times, type of container, and physical movement of product are discussed. Also included will be a discussion of bulk handling of edible oil products.
Margarine and margarine oil, formulation and control
Authors: Wiedermann Lars H.
Published: August 2007

The formulation and control of margarine and margarine oils is based primarily on an understanding of the relationships between specific physical measurements and the compositions of the oils blends and their components, and secondarily, on an appreciation of processing effects, Desirable solids‐to‐liquid ratios are achieved by blending and hydrogenation control. Oils are chosen for their peculiar crystal habit resulting from conditions of processing both as oils, for components, and as a finished margarine product. This presentation identifies the underlying principles directly responsible for (a) proper formulation and control to achieve desirable finished product characteristics, (b) for choosing proper testing methods and (c) for developing adequate in‐process controls.
Shortening formulation and control
Authors: Thomas Alexander E.
Published: August 2007

Shortening provides a significant and increasing proportion of total fat in the diet. Functional and nutritional requirements have contributed significantly to the evolution of formulation and unit processing technology required to produce such products. Evolution of these changes and the effect on shortening requirements are reviewed. Basic structural considerations as well as practical processing characteristics are elucidated. Finally, the effect of such changes on the quality control of shortening manufacture is considered.
Antimicrobial properties of some fatty ester‐amides
Authors: Bailey A. V. , Boudreaux G. J. , Sumrell G. , Novak A. F.
Published: August 2007

Twenty‐seven fatty acid derivatives having both the amide and ester functions were screened for antimicrobial activity against a gram‐positive bacterium,Staphylococcus aureus; a gram‐negative bacterium,Escherichia coli; a mold, eitherAspergillus flavus orA. species; and a yeast, eitherCandida albicans orTorula species. All of the compounds effectively inhibited at least one of the organisms, and 19 of them were inhibitory against 3 or more. These 27 compounds were derivatives of diethanolamine or of N‐methylethanolamine. The amide acyl moieties included the lauroyl, palmitoyl, oleoyl, erucoyl, benzoyl, andp‐toluoyl groupings. The ester moieties included the lauroyl, palmitoyl, oleoyl, erucoyl, trimethylacetyl, benzoyl,p‐toluoyl, and furoyl groupings. The activity exhibited by many of these materials suggests that they may have potential utility as biostatic additives in commercial products.
Bio-nanopatterning of Surfaces
Authors: Mendes Paula M , Yeung Chun L , Preece Jon A
Published: August 2007

Bio-nanopatterning of surfaces is a very active interdisciplinary field of research at the interface between biotechnology and nanotechnology. Precise patterning of biomolecules on surfaces with nanometre resolution has great potential in many medical and biological applications ranging from molecular diagnostics to advanced platforms for fundamental studies of molecular and cell biology. Bio-nanopatterning technology has advanced at a rapid pace in the last few years with a variety of patterning methodologies being developed for immobilising biomolecules such as DNA, peptides, proteins and viruses at the nanoscale on a broad range of substrates. In this review, the status of research and development are described, with particular focus on the recent advances on the use of nanolithographic techniques as tools for biomolecule immobilisation at the nanoscale. Present strengths and weaknesses, as well future challenges on the different nanolithographic bio-nanopatterning approaches are discussed.
\( C^{1} \)-regularity of the Aronsson equation in \( R^{2} \)
Authors: Wang Changyou , Yu Yifeng
Published: August 2007

For a nonnegative, uniformly convex

H \in C^{2}(\mathbf{R}^{2})

with

H(0) = 0

, if

u \in C(\Omega )

,

\Omega \subset \mathbf{R}^{2}

, is a viscosity solution of the Aronsson equation (1.7), then

u \in C^{1}(\Omega )

. This generalizes the

C^{1}

-regularity theorem on infinity harmonic functions in

\mathbf{R}^{2}

by Savin [O. Savin,

C^{1}

-regularity for infinity harmonic functions in dimensions two, Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal. 176 (3) (2005) 351–361] to the Aronsson equation.

Si

H \in C^{2}(\mathbf{R}^{2})

est une fonction uniformément convexe telle que

H(0) = 0

, et si

u \in C(\Omega ),\Omega \subset \mathbf{R}^{2}

, est une solution de viscosité de l'équation d'Aronsson (1.7), alors

u \in C^{1}(\Omega )

. Ceci généralise à l'équation d'Aronsson le théorème de

C^{1}

-régularité de Savin [O. Savin,

C^{1}

-regularity for infinity harmonic functions in dimensions two, Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal. 176 (3) (2005) 351–361] pour les fonctions

∞

-harmoniques dans

\mathbf{R}^{2}

.
Delayed Post-Traumatic Midcarpal Dislocation
Authors: HAWKEN R. M. A. , FULLILOVE S. M.
Published: August 2007

We report a case of delayed post-traumatic volar midcarpal dislocation in a 39 year-old woman. The dislocation was a gradual process starting from the time of injury. Initial X-rays showed a normal midcarpal joint. By 6 weeks, lunocapitate subluxation was apparent radiologically and by the 18 week X-ray, midcarpal dislocation had occurred. This type of wrist injury has not been previously reported. Because of advanced degenerative changes in the lunocapitate joint, a partial wrist fusion was performed with a successful outcome.
Trans-Triquetral Dorsal Perilunate Fracture Dislocation
Authors: LEUNG Y. F. , IP S. P. S. , WONG A. , IP W. Y.
Published: August 2007

A rare case of trans-triquetral dorsal perilunate dislocation is described. It differs from the Mayfield and Johnson theory of progressive perilunar instability in greater arc injuries which states that the injury passes from the radial to the ulnar carpal bones and soft tissues in stages. This injury supports the concept of a reverse greater arc injury from ulnar to radial being possible with the radial carpal bones being spared in some cases.
Serumn-3 long-chain PUFA differ by sex and age in a population-based survey of New Zealand adolescents and adults
Authors: Crowe Francesca L. , Murray Skeaff C. , Green Timothy J. , Gray Andrew R.
Published: August 2007

A higher proportion ofn-3 long-chain PUFA in tissue lipids has been associated with a lower risk of CVD and some cancers. Diet is an important predictor ofn-3 long-chain PUFA composition; however, the importance of non-dietary factors such as sex and age is unclear. We measured the proportion ofn-3 long-chain PUFA in serum phospholipid, cholesterol ester and TAG of 2793 New Zealanders 15 years or older who participated in the 1997 National Nutrition Survey to determine differences by sex and age. Women had lower proportions of EPA and docosapentaenoic acid in phospholipid, by 0·07 (P = 0·004) and 0·10 (P < 0·001) mol%, respectively, and a higher proportion of DHA by 0·16 mol% (P = 0·001) compared with men. Intake of fish fat did not differ between men and women. There was a positive association between age and the proportion of EPA and DHA in phospholipid (P < 0·001). The sex differences in EPA and DHA were similar at all ages. Similar sex and age differences in serum cholesterol estern-3 long-chain PUFA were found; only age differences were found in serum TAG. Sex and age differences inn-3 long-chain PUFA occur in the general population. Men and women may need to be considered separately when examining the association between disease risk and biomarkers ofn-3 fatty acids.
Functional effects of eggs, naturally enriched with conjugated linoleic acid, on the blood lipid profile, development of atherosclerosis and composition of atherosclerotic plaque in apolipoprotein E and low-density lipoprotein receptor double-knockout mice (apoE/LDLR− / − )
Authors: Franczyk-Żarów Magdalena , Kostogrys Renata B. , Szymczyk Beata , Jawień Jacek , Gajda Mariusz , Cichocki Tadeusz , Wojnar Leszek , Chlopicki Stefan , Pisulewski Paweł M.
Published: August 2007

The objective of this study was to evaluate potential anti-atherogenic properties of hen eggs enriched naturally with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers (cis-9,trans-11 andtrans-10,cis-12). Eighteen apoE and LDL receptor double-knockout mice (apoE/LDLR− / − ), at the age of 4 months with pre-established atherosclerosis, were randomly assigned to three experimental groups (n6) and fed AIN-93G-based diets for the next 2 months. The experimental diets were: AIN-93G+ CLA-free egg-yolk powder (control); AIN-93G+ CLA-free egg-yolk powder +0·1 % CLA (CLA-supplemented eggs); and AIN-93G+ CLA-enriched egg-yolk powder, providing 0·1 % CLA (CLA-enriched eggs). For assessment of anti-atherogenic properties of CLA-enriched or CLA-supplemented eggs the following criteria were used: (1) serum lipid profile; (2) development of atherosclerosis; and (3) composition of atherosclerotic plaque. CLA-enriched eggs, compared with CLA-supplemented eggs, reduced significantly (P < 0·05) total plasma cholesterol in the mice. At the same time, both CLA-supplemented eggs and CLA-enriched eggs tended to decrease the size of atherosclerotic plaque in aortic roots of mice. Most importantly, atherosclerotic plaques of mice fed CLA-enriched eggs showed significantly (P < 0·05) reduced number of atherogenic macrophages and increased area occupied by smooth muscle cells in atherosclerotic lesions. In conclusion, CLA-enriched eggs exerted an anti-inflammatory effect more effectively than CLA-supplemented eggs. This anti-inflammatory effect can be considered their major functional claim that warrants further exploitation.
Co-supplementation of healthy women with fish oil and evening primrose oil increases plasma docosahexaenoic acid, γ-linolenic acid and dihomo-γ-linolenic acid levels without reducing arachidonic acid concentrations
Authors: Geppert Julia , Demmelmair Hans , Hornstra Gerard , Koletzko Berthold
Published: August 2007

Fish oil supplementation during pregnancy not only improves maternal and neonatal DHA status, but often reduces γ-linolenic acid (GLA), dihomo-GLA (DGLA), and arachidonic acid (ARA) levels also, which may compromise foetal and infant development. The present study investigated the effects of a fish oil/evening primrose oil (FSO/EPO) blend (456 mg DHA/d and 353 mg GLA/d) compared to a placebo (mixture of habitual dietary fatty acids) on the plasma fatty acid (FA) composition in two groups of twenty non-pregnant women using a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel design. FA were quantified in plasma total lipids, phospholipids, cholesterol esters, and TAG at weeks 0, 4, 6 and 8. After 8 weeks of intervention, percentage changes from baseline values of plasma total lipid FA were significantly different between FSO/EPO and placebo for GLA (+49·9 %v. +2·1 %, means), DGLA (+13·8 %v. +0·7 %) and DHA (+59·6 %v. +5·5 %), while there was no significant difference for ARA ( − 2·2 %v. − 5·9 %). FA changes were largely comparable between plasma lipid fractions. In both groups three subjects reported mild adverse effects. As compared with placebo, FSO/EPO supplementation did not result in any physiologically relevant changes of safety parameters (blood cell count, liver enzymes). In women of childbearing age the tested FSO/EPO blend was well tolerated and appears safe. It increases plasma GLA, DGLA, and DHA levels without impairing ARA status. These data provide a basis for testing this FSO/EPO blend in pregnant women for its effects on maternal and neonatal FA status and infant development.