bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Dopamine D4 Receptor (DRD4) Exon 3 VNTR Contributes to Adaptive Personality Differences in an Italian Small Island Population
Authors: Camperio Ciani Andrea S. , Edelman Shany , Ebstein Richard P.
Published: March 2013

The search for evolutionary forces shaping the diversity of human personality traits encouraged studies that have found that islanders are relatively closed and introverted, with little interest in the external world. The ‘personality gene flow’ hypothesis was proposed to explain the mechanism underlying this difference, suggesting that the frequency of alleles that influence islander personality traits might progressively increase in the gene pools on islands because of selective emigration of individuals not displaying these alleles. We genotyped 96 individuals from the Italian mainland and 117 from Giglio Island, whose residents were previously assessed regarding their personality traits. We genotyped three polymorphisms: the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) exon 3 repeat region, the serotonin–transporter SLC6A4 5–HTTLPR indel and the dopamine transporter SLC6A3 DAT1 3′UTR repeat region. Only the DRD4 exon 3 repeat was hypothesised to show varying allele frequencies because this polymorphism could be associated with human migration and personality traits such as extraversion, openness and novelty seeking. As predicted, no differences in allele frequencies were found for the SLC6A4 and SLC6A3 polymorphisms, whereas significant differences were observed in the frequency of the DRD4 exon 3 alleles. The DRD4.2 repeat was more common in mainlanders, as expected, whereas the DRD4.7 allele was over–represented among islanders who never emigrated. This last result contradicts the suggested association of this allele with long–distance migrations. We suggest that emigration might have caused gene flow out the island that resulted in somewhat unpredictable changes in the frequencies of specific alleles, thus influencing islander personality traits. Copyright © 2013 European Association of Personality Psychology
Portfolio Risk Management and Its Contribution to Project Portfolio Success: An Investigation of Organization, Process, and Culture
Authors: Teller Juliane
Published: March 2013

Previous research has found supporting evidence of a positive relationship between project risk management and project success, but literature on how risk management is applied to and integrated with project portfolios has been scarce. Based on a literature review, a comprehensive conceptual model is developed, which highlights the three components of portfolio risk management: organization, process, and culture. This study investigates their linkage to portfolio success, mediated through risk management quality, and, therefore, provides principles for more effective portfolio risk management. The developed framework can be used for further empirical research on the influence of portfolio risk management and its success.
Competency Training for Managing International Cooperation Engineering Projects
Authors: Ortiz-Marcos Isabel , Benita José Ramón Cobo , Aldeanueva Carlos Mataix , Colsa Ángel Uruburu
Published: March 2013

Organizations are becoming more and more aware of how important it is to strengthen the competences of their project managers. This fact acquires greater relevance in the development and international cooperation sector because of the need to have qualified professionals who can take up the challenges and address the specific demands of an ever more demanding and constantly evolving sector. This article provides the results of research that more than 100 experts in project management and administration participated in to detect which competences are the most relevant in this context.
Preparation of thermosensitive, calix[4]arene incorporated P(NIPAM‐co‐HBCalix) hydrogel as a reusable adsorbent of nickel(II) ions
Authors: Yan Fanyong , Wang Meng , Cao Donglei , Guo Shanshan , Chen Li
Published: March 2013

A calix‐conjugated thermo‐responsive hydrogel containing 15% tetra(5‐hexenyloxy)‐p‐tert‐butylcalix[4]arene (HBCalix), P(NIPAM‐co‐HBCalix), was used to remove nickel(II) ions from water. Both thermo‐sensitive properties and the Ni2+‐adsorption capabilities of the prepared P(NIPAM‐co‐HBCalix) hydrogels are investigated. Introduction of the monomer HBCalix considerably enhanced the adsorption of Ni2+ onto the hydrogel by chelation between hexenyloxy groups and metal ion. When HBCalix units capture Ni2+ and forms HBCalix/Ni2+ host–guest complexes, the lower critical solution temperature of the hydrogel shifts to a higher temperature due to both the repulsion between charged HBCali/Ni2+ groups and the osmotic pressure within the hydrogel. Adsorption studies were carried out by varying contact time, counter ion and initial concentration of Ni2+. The evaluation of adsorption properties showed that the hydrogel exhibited better correlation with Langmuir isotherm model. P(NIPAM‐co‐HBCalix) could be used repeatedly with little loss in adsorption capacity by simply changing the environmental temperature. This kind of ion‐recognition hydrogel is promising as a novel adsorption material for adsorption and separation of Ni2+ ions. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 2401–2408
Copolyesters of isosorbide, succinic acid, and isophthalic acid: Biodegradable, high Tg engineering plastics
Authors: Chatti Saber , Weidner Steffen M. , Fildier Aurelie , Kricheldorf Hans R.
Published: March 2013

Isosorbide, succinyl chloride and isophthaloyl chloride are polycondensed under various reaction conditions. The heating in bulk with or without catalysts as well in an aromatic solvent without catalyst, and polycondensation with the addition of pyridine only yield low molar mass copolyesters. However, heating in chlorobenzene with addition of SnCl2 or ZnCl2 produces satisfactory molar masses. The number average molecular weights (Mn) of most copolyesters fall into the range of 7000–15,000 Da with polydispersities (PD) in the range of 3–9. The MALDI‐TOF mass spectra almost exclusively displayed peaks of cyclics indicating that the chain growth was mainly limited by cyclization and not by side reactions, stoichiometric imbalance or incomplete conversion. The glass‐transition temperatures increased with the content of isophthalic acid from 75 to 180 °C and the thermo‐stabilities also followed this trend. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 2464–2471
Helping Her Heal‐Group: a pilot study to evaluate a group delivered educational intervention for male spouses of women with breast cancer
Authors: Jones Jennifer M. , Lewis Frances Marcus , Griffith Kristin , Cheng Terry , Secord Scott , Walton Tara , Bernstein Lori J. , Maheu Christine , Catton Pamela
Published: March 2013

Background

Distress in husbands of women with early‐stage breast cancer may be equivalent to or even higher than their wives. Husbands often struggle to help and support their wives cope with the illness and its treatment. In response, we developed a five‐session group educational counselling intervention (Helping Her Heal‐Group (HHH‐G)) for husbands of women with early‐stage breast cancer. The primary aim of the current pilot study was to determine the acceptability and feasibility of HHH‐G and to obtain a preliminary estimate of its impact on participating men's skills, self‐confidence and self care. Secondary aims were to assess the impact of the intervention on both the participating spouses' and wives' ratings of marital quality and depressed mood.

Methods

The study employed a one‐arm, pre–post‐intervention design whereby participating men (n = 54) and their wives (n = 54) independently completed measures at baseline (T0), immediately following the last session (T1) and 3 months after the last session (T2).

Results

Overall, there was very high study retention (87%). On the basis of the questionnaire data, we found significant improvements in spouses' self‐efficacy (p < 0.001) and self‐reported skills including wife support (p = 0.003) and self‐care (p < 0.001). In addition, there was a significant improvement in wives' mood scores (p = 0.003). Post‐intervention interviews support acceptability and impact of the HHH‐G intervention, and provide support for the group format of the program.

Conclusions

The feasibility and acceptability of HHH‐G was supported, and treatment outcomes suggest the potential benefits of the intervention. Phase III evaluation of HHH‐G program is warranted. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural defects and magnetic properties of gadolinium silicide nanoparticles synthesized by laser ablation technique in liquid
Authors: Tarasenka Natalie , Butsen Andrei , Pankov Vladimir , Tarasenko Nikolai
Published: March 2013

Magnetic nanoscale compounds and alloys of gadolinium are promising materials for technological and medical applications. In this paper the influence of structural defects on the properties of the binary GdSi nanopowders formed in laser ablation and post‐irradiation processes have been investigated. To obtain compound GdSi nanoparticles (NPs) we used laser ablation of a combined target consisting of Gd and Si plates tightly pressed to each other with focusing a laser beam onto the gadolinium–silicon interface. The crystalline structure, phase composition of the NPs formed were examined by SEM and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Magnetic measurements showed that the resulting NPs did not exhibit hysteresis at low temperature (6 K), which is typical to nanosized magnetic materials demonstrating superparamagnetic behavior. Magnetization increased after laser processing of the samples due to ordering in the grain structure and in the magnetic moments at the surface.

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The energies of the substitutional impurities in graphene
Authors: Sierański K. , Szatkowski J.
Published: March 2013

The properties of the substitutional impurities of the second period of the periodic table incorporated into graphene were investigated. The Green's‐functions framework and the tight‐binding method without the effect of the lattice distortion were used. We discuss the possibility of the existence of well‐defined resonant states in the valence band or the conduction band in the vicinity of the Dirac point. We conclude that in the vicinity of the Dirac point there was a possibility of a coincidence of the Fermi energy levels with impurity resonances (i.e., the Fermi level is pinned to the impurity resonance level.)
Raman scattering and disorder effect in Cu2ZnSnS4
Authors: Valakh M. Y. , Kolomys O. F. , Ponomaryov S. S. , Yukhymchuk V. O. , Babichuk I. S. , Izquierdo‐Roca V. , Saucedo E. , Perez‐Rodriguez A. , Morante J. R. , Schorr S. , Bodnar I. V.
Published: March 2013

The Raman spectra of surface regions of bulk Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) samples with different Cu and Zn cation content were obtained and the differences in the spectra are attributed to statistical disorder effects in the cation sublattice. This disorder in the Cu and Zn sublattices may initiate a change of the crystal symmetry from kesterite‐type $({I\bar 4})$ to $({I\bar 42m})$ space group. The investigated CZTS crystals grown at high temperature are characterised by the co‐existence of regions with different composition ratio of Cu/(Zn + Sn) which results in kesterite and disordered kesterite phases. The presence of a disordered phase with ${I\bar 42m}$ symmetry is reflected in the appearance of a dominant broadened A‐symmetry peak at lower frequency than the peak of the main A‐symmetry kesterite mode at 337 cm–1. We suppose that due to a small energy barrier between these phases the transition from one phase to the other can be stimulated by optical excitation of Cu2ZnSnS4. The analysis of the Raman spectra measured under different excitation conditions has allowed obtaining first (to our knowledge) experimental evidence of the existence of such optically induced structural transition in CZTS. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Multi‐peak and chromaticity‐stable top‐emitting white organic light‐emitting diodes using single blue emitter
Authors: Zhu Wenqing , Wu Xiaoliang , Sun Wenbing , Li Jiaheng , Xiong Linghao , Cao Jin
Published: March 2013

We have fabricated multi‐peak and chromaticity‐stable top‐emitting white organic light‐emitting diodes (TEWOLEDs) using single blue emitter. Besides the intrinsic emission of blue emitter, the additional emission can be well realized by simply adjusting the thickness of hole transporting layer (HTL), thus modifying the optical cavity length to obtain different resonant wavelengths. The detailed variation process for multi‐peak spectra with the increase of HTL thickness is studied, which provides a guidance for the design of microcavity TEWOLEDs.

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(© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Comparative Study of Baby Immature and Adult Shoots of Aloe Vera on UVB‐Induced Skin Photoaging in vitro
Authors: Hwang Eunson , Kim Su Hyeon , Lee Sarah , Lee Choong Hwan , Do Seon‐Gil , Kim Jinwan , Kim Sun Yeou
Published: March 2013

Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation induces photo‐damage of the skin, which in turn causes depletion of the dermal extracellular matrix and chronic alterations in skin structure. Skin wrinkle formations are associated with collagen synthesis and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression. The production of type I procollagen is regulated by transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) expression; the activation of MMP is also correlated with an increase of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6). Aloe barbadensis M. (Aloe vera) is widely used in cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. In this study, we examined whether baby aloe shoot extract (BAE, immature aloe extract), which is from the one‐month‐old shoots of Aloe vera, and adult aloe shoot extract (AE), which is from the four‐month‐old shoots of Aloe vera, have a protective effect on UVB‐induced skin photoaging in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs). The effects of BAE and AE on UVB‐induced photoaging were tested by measuring the levels of reactive oxygen species, MMP‐1, MMP‐3, IL‐6, type I procollagen, and TGF‐β1 after UVB irradiation. We found that NHDF cells treated with BAE after UVB‐irradiation suppressed MMP‐1, MMP‐3, and IL‐6 levels compared to the AE‐treated cells. Furthermore, BAE treatment elevated type I procollagen and TGF‐β1 levels. Our results suggest that BAE may potentially protect the skin from UVB‐induced damage more than AE. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Equatorward breaking Rossby waves over the North Atlantic and Mediterranean region in the ECMWF operational Ensemble Prediction System
Authors: Wiegand L. , Knippertz P.
Published: March 2013

The equatorward breaking of Rossby waves is a frequent feature of the synoptic‐scale circulation over the North Atlantic. It often creates upper‐level disturbances at low latitudes which can cause heavy precipitation in the Mediterranean region and Saharan dust outbreaks. The present study is the first to systematically explore the enormous dynamical information content of 12 years of data from the operational Ensemble Prediction System (EPS) of the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts for this particular atmospheric feature. Dynamical precursors, forecast quality and predictability are investigated using a range of verification and analysis tools based on potential vorticity (PV). The main conclusions from this work are: (i) the EPS shows an underdispersive behaviour in the subtropics during PV streamer events; (ii) there is a tendency for too weak Rossby wave breaking and therefore a northward shift of the streamers in the forecast; (iii) strong PV streamers in the medium‐range forecasts are preceded by an active wave train in the Subtropics, strongly positive PV anomalies in the Extratropics, and latent heating upstream of the PV streamer. There are no clear indications that blocking downstream is an important factor, in contrast to other studies. Analysis tools developed specifically for EPS data in this study such as ensemble correlation techniques could be applied to other atmospheric phenomena in the future.
Coupled initialization in an ocean–atmosphere tropical cyclone prediction system
Authors: Sandery Paul A. , O'Kane Terence J.
Published: March 2013

A coupled ocean–atmosphere dynamical ensemble prediction system is used to study coupled initialization and bred cyclic modes in the case of Tropical Cyclone (TC) Yasi. Ocean initial perturbations are constructed to identify the fastest‐growing nonlinear modes in the ocean response to the TC. The ensemble provides a characterization of how initial and evolving dynamical ocean perturbations influence the coupled system through surface fluxes under extreme conditions. Results show how sea‐surface temperature perturbations project into atmospheric perturbations of pressure and moisture content within the storm environment. By calculating the local bred vector dimension for ocean‐surface velocity, we show that a low‐dimensional subspace forms along the track of TC Yasi. The iterative approach to coupled initialization used in this study generates cyclic modes that are embedded on to the dynamics of regions critical to the coupled ocean–atmosphere TC dynamics. The ensemble mean forecasted sea‐surface temperature and sea‐surface height associated with the ocean response is in better agreement with observations, despite the biases the coupled model inherits from its component models. Both model and observations reveal a twin cold core structure in the ocean wake of TC Yasi.
Robotic right colectomy using the Da Vinci Single‐Site® platform: case report
Authors: Morelli Luca , Guadagni Simone , Caprili Giovanni , Candio Giulio Di , Boggi Ugo , Mosca Franco
Published: March 2013

Background

While single‐port laparoscopy for abdominal surgery is technically challenging, the Da Vinci Single‐Site® robotic surgery platform may help to overcome some of the difficulties of this rapidly evolving technique. The authors of this article present a case of single‐incision, robotic right colectomy using this device.

Methods

A 74‐year‐old female with malignant polyp of caecum was operated on with a single‐site approach using the Da Vinci Single‐Site® robotic surgery device. Resection and anastomosis were performed extra‐corporeally after undocking the robot.

Results

The procedure was successfully completed in 200 min. No surgical complications occurred during the intervention and the post‐operative stay and no conversion to laparotomy or additional trocars were required.

Conclusions

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of right colectomy using the Da Vinci Single‐Site® robotic surgery platform to be reported. The procedure is feasible and safe and its main advantages are restoration of triangulation and reduced instrument clashes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physical layer security in wireless smart grid
Authors: Wang Xin , Liang Qilian , Mu Jiasong , Wang Wei , Zhang Baoju
Published: March 2013

The smart grid system is composed of the power infrastructure and communication infrastructure and thus is characterized by the flow of electric power and information, respectively. Although there is no doubt that the wireless communication architecture will play a significant role in smart grid, the wireless network introduces additional vulnerabilities, given the scale of potential threats. Therefore, the physical layer security issue is of first priority in the study of smart grid and has already attracted substantial attention in the industry and academia. In this paper, we aimed to present a general overview of the physical layer security in wireless smart grid and cover the effective countermeasures proposed in the literature of smart grid to date. We first investigate the security challenges from malicious attacks. Specifically, two typical forms of malicious attack in smart grid, namely, jamming and bad data injecting, are studied. In addition, the related countermeasures against these malicious attacks are illustrated. Further, we analyze the state of the art of the privacy issues in smart grid. The private information and privacy concerns are introduced, and then the effective solutions to privacy security are provided. Finally, voltage regulation, a security topic that has been hardly studied in the wireless smart grid domain, is presented. We expect that the work presented here will advance the research on smart grid security. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparing predictions among competing risks models with time‐dependent covariates
Authors: Cortese Giuliana , Gerds Thomas A. , Andersen Per K.
Published: March 2013

Prediction of cumulative incidences is often a primary goal in clinical studies with several endpoints. We compare predictions among competing risks models with time‐dependent covariates. For a series of landmark time points, we study the predictive accuracy of a multi‐state regression model, where the time‐dependent covariate represents an intermediate state, and two alternative landmark approaches. At each landmark time point, the prediction performance is measured as the t‐year expected Brier score where pseudovalues are constructed in order to deal with right‐censored event times. We apply the methods to data from a bone marrow transplant study where graft versus host disease is considered a time‐dependent covariate for predicting relapse and death in remission. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chirality‐Dependent Reactivity of Individual Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Liu Bilu , Jiang Hua , Krasheninnikov Arkady V. , Nasibulin Albert G. , Ren Wencai , Liu Chang , Kauppinen Esko I. , Cheng Hui‐Ming
Published: March 2013

Electronic characteristics of a single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) strongly depend on minor variations in its atomic arrangement, specifically chirality. Therefore, precise control over nanotube chirality is highly desired for their application. Theoretically, SWCNTs with different structures have different chemical reactivities, which can be further used for their chirality selection. Here, an approach is developed to examine the relationship between the chirality of SWCNTs and their intrinsic chemical reactivity. By oxidizing individual, high‐quality, suspended SWCNTs and using the nanobeam electron diffraction technique, it is shown that the reactivity of SWCNTs to O2 is intricately related to their diameters, metallicity, and chiral angles. In particular, even minor differences in chiral angles lead to big differences in their reactivity, which concords with first‐principles calculations. Based on the experimental observations, a chirality‐dependent reactivity sequence is constructed for SWCNTs. These findings shed light on effective chiral separation of SWCNTs for their practical application in many fields.
Setting the Stage for Teaching and Learning in American Higher Education: Making the Case for Faculty Development
Authors: McKee C. William , Tew W. Mark
Published: March 2013

This chapter identifies five major shifts in American higher education that are reshaping the necessity of effective, ongoing professional development of the faculty.
Clarifying the Differences between Training, Development, and Enrichment: The Role of Institutional Belief Constructs in Creating the Purpose of Faculty Learning Initiatives
Authors: Stabile Christopher , Ritchie William F.
Published: March 2013

Many training issues arise as a matter of course at colleges and universities that are intended to bring greater efficiencies and compliance with preestablished operational guidelines. While vital, these issues are distinctively different from the issues surrounding professional development of the faculty. This chapter addresses those differences.
First trimester two‐ and four‐dimensional cardiac scan: intra‐ and interobserver agreement, comparison between methods and benefits of color Doppler technique
Authors: Tudorache S. , Cara M. , Iliescu D. G. , Novac L. , Cernea N.
Published: March 2013

Objective

To evaluate intra‐ and interobserver agreement for first‐trimester fetal cardiac structural assessment, using two‐dimensional (2D) ultrasound (2D‐US) and 4D‐US (4D spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC) technology), to compare the methods and to assess the advantages of adding color Doppler to each technique.

Methods

Digital videoclips (B‐mode and color Doppler) and 4D‐STIC volumes (gray‐scale and color Doppler) from 632 pregnancies with normal fetal hearts were acquired and stored at the time of detailed first‐trimester ultrasound examination. Later analysis on a randomized sample of 100 cases was performed, targeting 11 cardiac structures and features. We compared visualization of fetal heart parameters using 2D‐US vs 4D‐US and gray‐scale vs color Doppler imaging.

Results

STIC volumes were considered satisfactory (adequate visualization of at least 8/11 parameters) in 78% of cases and 2D‐US acquisitions in 89% of cases. The intra‐ and interobserver agreement was good for both 2D and 4D methods (kappa > 0.6), and the percentage overall agreement was very high using both methods (95%). 2D‐ and 4D‐US identification of the fetal cardiac parameters did not differ significantly. The differences between gray‐scale and color Doppler imaging were statistically significant in identifying similar key cardiac parameters, for both 2D‐ and 4D‐US (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Both 2D and 4D methods for assessing first‐trimester heart parameters are feasible and repeatable within and between observers. Color Doppler adds valuable information to both methods. Copyright © 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Partitioning a regional groundwater flow system into shallow local and deep regional flow compartments
Authors: Goderniaux Pascal , Davy Philippe , Bresciani Etienne , de Dreuzy Jean‐Raynald , Le Borgne Tanguy
Published: March 2013

Key Points

This work studies the groundwater flow structure as a function of recharge in 3D

A two‐compartment model quantifies local and regional transfers

Partitioning of recharge and volumes associated to both compartments are studied
Threshold behavior in a fissured granitic catchment in southern China: 2. Modeling and uncertainty analysis
Authors: Fu Congsheng , Chen Jianyao , Jiang Huabo , Dong Linyao
Published: March 2013

Key Points

Influence of model uncertainty on threshold
Cs3UP2S8, a Coordination Polymer Containing the Unprecedented [U=S]2+ Sulfidouranium(2+) Moiety
Authors: Neuhausen Christine , Panthöfer Martin , Tremel Wolfgang
Published: March 2013

Although terminal chalcogeno ligands are well known for the group 5 and 6 transition metals, they are highly unusual for the oxophilic group 4 metals and unknown so far for the lanthanides or actinides. Cs3UP2S8, is the first actinide compound containing a terminal M=S group. It was synthesized by reacting uranium metal, Cs2S, S, and P2S5 in a 4:1:8:3 ratio at 700 °C in an eutectic LiCl/CsCl mixture. The crystal structure was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction techniques. Cs3UP2S8 crystallizes in the rhombohedral space group R$\bar{3}$ [a = 15.5217(8) Å; c = 35.132(2) Å, V = 8305.0(8) Å3, Z = 18]. The crystal structure is based on a tetrahedral network type, wherein the uranium atoms are coordinated by a unusual sulfido moiety and thiophosphate groups in a pseudo‐tetrahedral fashion. The U=S distance of 2.635(3) Å observed in the sulfide moiety is approx. 0.2 Å shorter than the average U–S single bond length, indicating a double‐bond type character.
Shear and Rapeseed Oil Addition Affect the Crystal Polymorphic Behavior of Milk Fat
Authors: Kaufmann Niels , Kirkensgaard Jacob J. K. , Andersen Ulf , Wiking Lars
Published: March 2013

The effect of shear on the crystallization kinetics of anhydrous milk fat (AMF) and blends with 20 and 30 % w/w added rapeseed oil (RO) was studied. Pulse 1H NMR was used to follow the α to β′ polymorphic transition. The NMR method was confirmed and supported by SAXS/WAXS experiments. Samples were crystallized at 5 °C and shear of 0, 74 or 444 s−1 was applied during early crystallization, in the NMR tube. High shear rates decreased the amount of α polymorph formed and accelerated the polymorphic transition; however, shear did not affect the final solid fat content (SFC). The α to β′ transition occurred faster in the presence of RO allowing more room for the conformational changes to occur. Final SFC decreased with increasing RO content. Shear applied in 20 and 30 % blends caused the destruction of β′‐related 3L structure leaving only 2L packing. In AMF and statically crystallized samples, both 3L and 2L packing existed. Shear did not affect the amount of β crystals formed. The study shows that both shear and RO affect the polymorphic behavior of milk fat, and that 1H NMR is able to detect polymorphic transition in blends with up to 30 % w/w RO.
Persistent reservations against the premedical and medical curriculum
Authors: Prasad Vinay
Published: March 2013

None
Characteristics of responders and non-responders to risperidone monotherapy or placebo in co-occurring bipolar disorder and anxiety disorder
Authors: Seo J.S. , Jamieson K. , Cosgrove V. , Gwizdowski I.S. , Yang H. , Sheehan D.V. , McElroy S.L. , Suppes T.
Published: March 2013

Clinical characteristics predicting response and remission to psychopharmacological treatment of bipolar disorder (BD) and co-occurring anxiety disorders have been understudied. We hypothesized that non-response to risperidone or placebo in individuals with co-occurring BD and anxiety symptoms would be associated with a more severe clinical course of BD, and certain demographic variables. This study was a secondary analysis of a randomized, double-blind, parallel, 8-week study comparing risperidone monotherapy and placebo in individuals with BD plus current panic disorder, current generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), or lifetime panic disorder (n= 111) [31]. We compared clinical characteristics of responders (50% improvement on the Hamilton Anxiety Scale [HAM-A]) and non-responders as well as remitters (HAM-A < 7) and non-remitters in risperidone treatment (n= 54) and placebo (n= 57) groups. For non-responders in the risperidone group, co-occurring lifetime panic disorder was significantly more common than for non-responders in the placebo group. Apart from this, no significant differences in course of illness or demographics were found either between or across groups for patients with BD and co-occurring anxiety symptoms receiving risperidone or placebo in this acute phase study.
The self‐rated Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology for screening prenatal depression
Authors: Brunoni André R. , Benute Gláucia R.G. , Fráguas Renério , Santos Niraldo O. , Francisco Rossana P.V. , de Lucia Mara C.S. , Zugaib Marcelo
Published: March 2013

Objective

To examine whether the self‐reported version of the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS‐SR), which is used for major depression, is a reliable tool for screening and assessment of prenatal depression.

Methods

Between June 2006 and July 2008, pregnant women attending a teaching hospital in São Paulo, Brazil, completed the Portuguese version of the IDS‐SR. Trained psychologists diagnosed depression via the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders questionnaire, which is based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV.

Results

Of 543 participants, 60 (11%) were diagnosed with depression. The Cronbach α of the IDS‐SR was 0.89, and the area under the ROC curve was 0.8. The IDS‐SR cutoff score at 30 gave a sensitivity and specificity of 78% and 76%, respectively, for diagnosis of prenatal depression. Exploratory and confirmatory analyses revealed a 2‐factor structure for the IDS‐SR, characterized by symptoms of “mood/cognition” and “irritability/anxiety/pain”.

Conclusion

The IDS‐SR gave satisfactory internal consistency and accuracy for diagnosing prenatal depression, showing that it can improve early diagnosis and treatment of this condition, thereby minimizing the burden. In addition, a 2‐factor model was found to account for depressive symptomatology during pregnancy, which will be useful for developing further depression subscales specific to prenatal depression.
Reliability of manual and semi‐automated measurements of nuchal translucency by experienced operators
Authors: Pruksanusak Ninlapa , Pranpanus Savitree , Suwanrath Chitkasaem , Kor‐anantakul Ounjai , Suntharasaj Thitima , Hanprasertpong Tharangrut , Liabsuetrakul Tippawan
Published: March 2013

Objective

To compare intra‐/inter‐operator reliability of manual and semi‐automated NT measurement by experienced operators.

Methods

Images of 103 fetuses at 11 to 13 + 6 weeks were selected. Two operators performed NT measurement independently 3 times each using both manual and semi‐automated methods. Intraoperator reliability of the methods was evaluated using ICCs; interoperator reliability was assessed via correlation between the means of the 3 measurements of each operator. Agreement between the 2 methods was evaluated via Bland–Altman plot.

Results

ICCs for the manual method were 0.80 (95% CI, 0.73–0.85) for operator 1 and 0.82 (95% CI, 0.76–0.87) for operator 2; ICCs for the semi‐automated method were 0.80 (95% CI, 0.74–0.85) for operator 1 and 0.82 (95% CI, 0.76–0.86) for operator 2. Interoperator reliability for both methods was high: correlation coefficients 0.91 (95% CI, 0.87–0.94) and 0.96 (95% CI, 0.94–0.97) for manual and semi‐automated methods, respectively. Mean NT measured by manual and semi‐automated methods was 1.15 mm and 1.28 mm, respectively (P < 0.001). Agreement between the methods was good.

Conclusion

The reliability of semi‐automated NT measurements was comparable to that of the manual method. The new method was reproducible and may be used instead of the manual method in the normal range of NT.
Strengthening Information Capture in Rehabilitation Discharge Summaries: An Application of the Siebens Domain Management Model
Authors: Kim Woojae , Charchian Beny , Chang Eric Y. , Liang Li‐Jung , Dumas Armen J. , Perez Mario , Siebens Hilary C. , Kim Hyung S.
Published: March 2013

Objective

To increase relevant information capture in inpatient rehabilitation discharge summaries.

Design

In July 2008, the Siebens Domain Management Model (SDMM) was incorporated into discharge summaries. This model organizes patients' health‐related issues into 4 domains: I. Medical/Surgical Issues, II. Mental Status/Emotions/Coping, III. Physical Function, and IV. Living Environment (© Hilary C. Siebens MD 2005). Discharge summary content was measured through retrospective chart review.

Setting

An inpatient rehabilitation unit affiliated with a physical medicine and rehabilitation residency program.

Participants

Forty cases with discharge summaries: 20 traditional reports (historic controls) and 20 SDMM reports after model introduction randomly chosen from residents' final inpatient rotation week.

Methods

A documentation review form included 36 items that covered the 4 SDMM domains and assessed item presence in reports. The Global score and 4 Domain scores per each patient report were calculated to reflect the percentage of items present in the entire report and each domain, respectively. Descriptive statistics for these scores were generated and compared between traditional and SDMM reports by using a 2‐group t‐test.

Main Outcome Measurements

Global scores and Domain scores.

Results

Global scores increased from 34% to 53% of items present in traditional versus SDMM reports respectively (P < .001); Domain Scores also increased in domains I (81% to 92%, P = .047), II (9% to 47%, P < .001), III (25% to 34%, P = .062), and IV (11% to 33%, P < .001).

Conclusion

Traditional rehabilitation discharge summaries lacked information relevant to rehabilitation care. Information capture and total relevant report content increased significantly after SDMM integration into reports.
Activity stages and tectonic division in the Kuznetsk Basin, Southern Siberia
Authors: Novikov I.S. , Cherkas O.V. , Mamedov G.M. , Simonov Yu.G. , Simonova T.Yu. , Nastavko V.G.
Published: March 2013

The fault system reflected in the topography and structure of Cenozoic cover sediments in the Kuznetsk Basin is mostly recent. The positions of recent faults match those of Paleozoic and Mesozoic disjunctive dislocations only at the Kuznetsk Alatau and the Salair Range boundaries. These marginal features are associated with the greatest amplitudes of vertical movements in recent time: 80–100 m; less frequently, up to 250 m in the north and within 600 m in the south. The recent disjunctive dislocations are generally fractured zones from 300 to 2000 m in width, which were occupied by watercourses during the formation of the erosion valley system. Except for marginal recent tectonic bodies, vertical movements along the majority of recent faults do not exceed 5–10 m, reaching 30–70 m at the boundaries of recent tectonic regions and subregions. There is no reliable evidence of notable horizontal movements. For particular bodies, it is conjectured to be within 300–700 m by analogy with other regions of the Altai–Sayan folded area.

The recent fault pattern can be interpreted as a result of crushing by submeridional compression with a slight right slip. The types of recent tectonic activity are different in different areas of the depression. The smallest uplift is recorded in the north of the basin, where the elevations of the Late Cretaceous peneplain are within 300 m, being within 230–250 m in the near-Salair subregion. This points to an insignificant downwarping in this area. Vertical movements along recent faults within the region are small, and the most intense movements are at its boundary. The central region is slightly elevated with reference to the northern one, and the elevation of its planation surface is within 300–380 m. It is characterized by differentiated movements along block boundaries with amplitudes reaching 60–70 m. The maximum activity occurred in the southern region. The elevations of its Late Cretaceous peneplain vary from 400 to 600 m. This region is characterized by notable vertical movements along block boundaries in the form of straight tectonic scarps and valleys. The northern and central regions constitute the present-day Kuznetsk intermontane depression, whereas the southern region belongs to the periphery of the mountainous framing of the Kuznetsk Depression.
An experimental study of photoresist material etching by an atmospheric-pressure plasma jet with Ar/air mixed gas
Authors: WANG LIJUN , NING WENJUN , FU MINGZHENG , WU CHEN , JIA SHENLI
Published: March 2013

In this paper, electrical and optical emission spectrometer (OES) characteristics of an Ar/air atmospheric-pressure plasma jet (APPJ) based on the plasma needle and plasma pencil systems were investigated and analyzed. Electrical measurement results showed that the breakdown and working voltage of the jet increased with the increase of the ratio of air/Ar, and the emission intensity of Ar* significantly decreased. For the plasma needle, when the ratio of air/Ar reached 1, the OES characteristics of Ar/air were similar to those of air plasma, and the main excited species was N2*. For the plasma pencil, when a little air impurity was added in Ar, the emission intensities of N2* species will be significantly increased. Based on these two APPJ systems, photoresist materials were etched, etched results showed that the etched surface was easier to be oxidized with the addition of air into Ar. The etched surface was cleaner with pure Ar plasma with scanning substrate methods than that with the Ar/air mixture. Etched results of higher ratios of air/Ar plasma were similar to those of air plasma.
Reasons for Altruism
Authors: Schmidtz David
Published: March 2013

This essay considers whether acts of altruism can be rational. Rational choice, according to the standard instrumentalist model, consists of maximizing one's utility, or more precisely, maximizing one's utility subject to a budget constraint. We seek the point of highest utility lying within our limited means. The term ‘utility’ could mean a number of different things, but in recent times utility has usually been interpreted as preference satisfaction (and thus utility functions are sometimes called preference functions). To have a preference is to care, to want one alternative more than another.
Verdi's Don Carlo as Monument
Authors: Vella Francesca
Published: March 2013

When Verdi's Don Carlo made its debut at La Scala in March 1868, it was hardly the latest operatic news; since its 1867 premiere at the Paris Opéra, it had been widely performed and written about. One aspect of the debates in the Milanese and the Italian press, however, deserves special attention: the depiction of the opera as a ‘monument’. Although the work's astonishing length (compared to that of most of Verdi's previous operas) and the composer's increasing prestige as a national figure might both have been reasons for this impression of monumentality, there were clearly others. The article explores some of these reasons in relation to post-Unification urban renewal, the increasing success of la musica dell'avvenire and the beginning of a slow rediscovery of ‘ancient’ musical works. It argues that Don Carlo was thought of as a monument primarily because it was perceived as standing between the past and the future, and as such was the epitome of contemporary attitudes towards these temporal categories.
Ombudsing in Higher Education: A Contingent Model for Mediation in University Dispute Resolution Processes
Authors: Alcover Carlos-María
Published: March 2013

University and academia are, due to its nature, its structure and its inside relationships, a perfect breeding ground for the conflicts, disputes, problems, and grievances. In these settings, mediation is one of the dispute resolution mechanisms most used by University Ombudsperson. However, the special characteristics of university contexts make it necessary to consider and evaluate elements that may have a bearing on the effectiveness of the process and outcomes of the mediation. In this paper a model of contingent intervention in mediation processes articulated in three dimensions is put forward: a) level of balance or symmetry of power between the parties involved; b) the foreseeable temporal perspective of the relationship between them; and c) level of formalization of the mediation process. Based on the interaction between the three dimensions, a series of proposals will be formulated in order to design different strategies of intervention for mediation processes in university settings. Practical implications of this contingent model and future research on this topic are discussed.
The “Fashion-form” of Modern Society and its Relationship to Psychology
Authors: Fuentes Juan Bautista , Quiroga Ernesto
Published: March 2013

In this work, we present a new way of understanding psychology, which emerges as a result of relating it to the three principles of the theory of fashion of Gilles Lipovetsky: “the principle of the ephemeral,” “the principle of the marginal differentiation of individuals,” and “the principle of seduction.” We relate the first principle to the plurality of the diverse and changing “schools and systems” that have existed throughout the history of psychology. We apply the second to the figure of the psychologist, considered individually, revealing his or her leading role in the generation of the changing plurality of the systems. By means of the third principle, we point up that the diverse psychologies are forms of seduction. We conclude by stating that psychology has the form of fashion and we analyze how this form can help us to better understand it.
Characteristics of Sexual Behavior in Spanish Adolescents
Authors: Teva Inmaculada , Bermúdez Mª Paz , Buela-Casal Gualberto
Published: March 2013

The aim of this study is to describe some characteristics of the sexual behavior of adolescents in Spain and to compare these characteristics according to gender, using a cross-sectional survey. Participants were 1.279 male and female adolescents who reported having had sexual intercourse. A questionnaire about sexual behavior was applied at their high schools and during school hours. Data were collected between 2006 and 2007. Mean age at the onset of sexual intercourse was 14.8 years in males and 15.0 years in females. Males and females were different according to the type of partner at the last sexual intercourse: 63.0% of males had a steady partner compared to 90.5% of females (p<0.01). The mean number of sexual partners during the last 12 months was higher in males than in females (M= 2.1 andM= 1.5 partners, for males and females, respectively,p<0.01). 50.0% of males had sexual intercourse under the effects of drugs versus 39.3% of females (p<0.01). STD and HIV prevention programs should be designed considering the differences according to adolescents’ sex.
Gender Differences in HIV-Related Sexual Behavior among College Students from Spain and Portugal
Authors: Muñoz-Silva Alicia , Sánchez-García Manuel , Martins Ana , Nunes Cristina
Published: March 2013

Under the perspective of the Theory of Planned Behavior, the objective of this study was to know the gender differences in the variables involved in the use of effective preventive measures in sexual relations against HIV in a sample of university students from Spain and Portugal. Furthermore, it is examined whether these factors produce different predictions concerning the adoption of safe sexual behaviour for young man and women in each country. The sample consisted of 683 university students, 319 Portuguese (64% female and 36% male) from the University of Algarve and 364 Spanish students (51% female and 49% male) from the University of Huelva. Data were obtained by means of a questionnaire. The data revealed that there are gender differences which apply in both countries, highlighting that the young women have more positive attitudes, greater perceived behavioural control and intention of condom use than young men. However, they protect themselves less that their male counterparts: the percentage of females who say using condoms as a contraceptive method is less than the percentage of males, and especially with their steady partners. The results are discussed in relation to gender role norms, to have a steady partner or not, gender relations, the associated meaning to sexual relations for men and women and their implications for the design of sexual educational programmes for them.
Estimates of Self, Parental, and Partner Multiple Intelligence and their Relationship with Personality, Values, and Demographic Variables: A Study in Britain and France
Authors: Swami Viren , Furnham Adrian , Zilkha Susan
Published: March 2013

In the present study, 151 British and 151 French participants estimated their own, their parents' and their partner's overall intelligence and 13 ‘multiple intelligences.’ In accordance with previous studies, men rated themselves as higher on almost all measures of intelligence, but there were few cross-national differences. There were also important sex differences in ratings of parental and partner intelligence. Participants generally believed they were more intelligent than their parents but not their partners. Regressions indicated that participants believed verbal, logical-mathematical, and spatial intelligence to be the main predictors of intelligence. Regressions also showed that participants' Big Five personality scores (in particular, Extraversion and Openness), but not values or beliefs about intelligence and intelligences tests, were good predictors of intelligence. Results were discussed in terms of the influence of gender-role stereotypes.