bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New 16Sr subgroups and distinct single nucleotide polymorphism lineages among grapevine Bois noir phytoplasma populations
Authors: Quaglino F. , Zhao Y. , Bianco P.A. , Wei W. , Casati P. , Durante G. , Davis R.E.
Published: February 2009

Bois noir (BN) is an insect‐transmitted grapevine yellows disease caused by phytoplasmas belonging to the stolbur subgroup 16SrXII‐A. In Italy, increasing prevalence of stolbur phytoplasma strains in vineyards suggests progressive spread of the disease and potential for heavy impacts on the wine industry. In this study, we investigated the genetic diversity of stolbur phytoplasma strains in BN phytoplasma populations. Nucleotide sequences of16S rRNAgenes from stolbur phytoplasma strains affecting vineyards in the Lombardy region of Italy and stolbur phytoplasma 16S rDNA sequences retrieved from GenBank were subjected to virtual restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Calculation of virtual restriction similarity coefficients revealed the presence of new subgroups in group 16SrXII (stolbur phytoplasma group). Representative strains of confirmed new subgroups 16SrXII‐F (XII‐F) and XII‐G and tentative new subgroups XII‐A1 through XII‐A19, XII‐H, XII‐I, and XII‐J as well as known subgroup XII‐A were from grapevines; strains representing three additional tentative new subgroups (XII‐K, XII‐L and XII‐M) were from other plant hosts. Nucleotide sequence alignments identified no less than nine genetically distinct 16S rDNA single nucleotide polymorphism lineages from grapevine, indicating a high degree of genetic heterogeneity within BN phytoplasma populations. The findings open new opportunities for in‐depth studies of the distribution of grapevine‐associated 16SrXII phytoplasma strains in weeds, insect vector populations and grapevines from vineyards located in different geographic areas.
Enhanced proliferation and efficient transmission of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus by adult Diaphorina citri after acquisition feeding in the nymphal stage
Authors: Inoue H. , Ohnishi J. , Ito T. , Tomimura K. , Miyata S. , Iwanami T. , Ashihara W.
Published: February 2009

We carried out a quantitative detection of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, the bacterium associated with the disease of huanglongbing, in the vector psyllid Diaphorina citri by using a TaqMan real‐time PCR assay. The concentration of the bacterium was monitored at 5‐day intervals for a period of 20 days after psyllids were exposed as fifth instar nymphs or adults to a Ca. L. asiaticus‐infected plant for an acquisition access period of 24 h. When adults fed on Ca. L. asiaticus‐infected plant, the concentration of the bacterium did not increase significantly and the pathogen was not transmitted to any citrus seedlings. In contrast, when psyllids fed on infected plant as nymphs, the concentration of the pathogen significantly increased by 25‐, 360‐ and 130‐fold from the initial acquisition day to 10, 15 and 20 days, respectively. Additionally, the pathogen was successfully transmitted to 67% of citrus seedlings by emerging adults. Our data suggested that multiplication of the bacterium into the psyllids is essential for an efficient transmission and show that it is difficult for adults to transmit the pathogen unless they acquire it as nymphs.
Modified Gravity and the origin of inertia
Authors: Moffat J. W. , Toth V. T.
Published: February 2009

Modified gravity theory is known to violate Birkhoff's theorem. We explore a key consequence of this violation, the effect of distant matter in the Universe on the motion of test particles. We find that when a particle is accelerated, a force is experienced that is proportional to the particle's mass and acceleration and acts in the direction opposite to that of the acceleration. We identify this force with inertia. At very low accelerations, our inertial law deviates slightly from that of Newton, yielding a testable prediction that may be verified with relatively simple experiments. Our conclusions apply to all gravity theories that reduce to a Yukawa-like force in the weak-field approximation.
Isolation and characterization of 11 microsatellite loci from the black fly, Simulium negativum (Diptera: Simuliidae)
Authors: SPIRONELLO MIKE , RIZVI LEENA , CURRIE DOUGLAS C. , DAVY CHRISTINA M. , MURPHY ROBERT W.
Published: February 2009

Eleven polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated and developed from the black fly, Simulium negativum, a member of the Simulium arcticum sibling species complex. The observed heterozygosity of the 11 loci ranged from 0.03 to 0.83. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 8 to 19. Significant linkage disequilibria were encountered only for the primer pairs BF7‐1 with BF7‐5 and BF6‐32 with BF7‐16. Presumably, these microsatellite loci can be used to study genetic structure within the entire S. arcticum complex.
Clinical etiological classification of scoliosis: report of 1289 cases
Authors: Qiu Yong , Zhu Feng , Wang Bin , Yu Yang , Zhu Ze‐zhang , Qian Bang‐ping , Zhu Li‐hua
Published: February 2009

Objective:  With the development of diagnostic techniques and in‐depth understanding of lateral curvature of the spine (scoliosis), it is possible to differentiate idiopathic scoliosis from other forms with various known etiologies. The present study was to analyze data collected at the authors' center according to the current etiological spectrum and classification of scoliosis.

Methods:  One thousand, two hundred and eighty‐nine consecutive patients with different forms of structural scoliosis were reviewed. The average age at first visit was 18 years, ranging from 4 months to 79 years. Corrective surgery was performed on patients aged from 9 to 28 years; their clinical data were retrieved for independent statistical analyses, and further compared with those obtained from the whole group.

Results:  The prevalence of non‐idiopathic scoliosis was 25.3% in the whole series, but it increased to 34% in the surgical group aged from 9 to 28 years. Thirty‐nine percent of patients with congenital scoliosis presented at least one developmental spinal cord malformation.

Conclusion:  The current study has shown that the etiological distribution of scoliosis has changed a lot from what was true decades ago. Developmental malformation related to scoliosis is one of the risk factors for neurological complications during corrective surgery, so it is important to make an accurate diagnosis and take appropriate prophylactic measures to avoid relative neurological complications.
Simultaneous combined anterior and posterior surgery for severe thoracolumbar fracture dislocations
Authors: Xia Qun , Xu Bao‐shan , Zhang Ji‐dong , Miao Jun , Li Jian‐guang , Zhang Xiao‐lin , Zhou Jing
Published: February 2009

Objective:  To analyze the clinical results of simultaneously combined anterior and posterior surgery for severe thoracolumbar fracture dislocations, and to clarify the surgical indications for these high‐energy injuries.

Methods:  Thirty‐four patients with severe thoracolumbar fracture dislocations were managed with simultaneously combined anterior and posterior surgery. The injured segments included the following: T11 (2 patients), T12 (5), L1 (1), L2 (8), L3 (5), L4 (2) and L4 and L5 (1). When classified according to the Magerl Classification, the breakdown was as follows: 12 A3 injuries, 2 B1, 2 B2, 12 C1 injuries, 4 C2, and 2 C3. Clinical data, including operative procedures, neurological changes, postoperative CT scans and sequential radiographs, was collected and analyzed. Thirty‐two patients were followed up for an average of 13 months (range, 6–60).

Results:  Operative time ranged from 180 to 320 min with a mean of 230 min. Intraoperative blood loss ranged from 900 to 2400 ml with a mean of 1200 ml. According to the classification of the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA), neurological status improved at least 1 grade in all of the 24 patients who had an incomplete paralysis preoperatively. Satisfactory decompressions, reductions and reconstructions were obtained and well maintained in all patients at all intervals of follow‐up.

Conclusion:  For severe thoracolumbar fracture dislocations that cannot be effectively treated with either an anterior or posterior approach alone, simultaneously combined anterior and posterior surgery is a reliable method that can achieve a sufficient decompression, reduction and reconstruction.
Clinical result of structural augmentation with cannulated bone screws for the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head
Authors: Yang Shu‐hua , Fu De‐hao , Yang Cao , Li Jin , Xu Wei‐hua , Ye Shu‐nan , Wu Xing‐huo , Liu Xian‐zhe
Published: February 2009

Objective:  To evaluate the results of treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head by structural augmentation through a routine core decompression procedure combined with insertion of cannulated bone screws incorporating autogenous bone graft and biomaterial containing decalcified bone matrix.

Methods:  From February 2002 to February 2005, 31 patients (33 hips) with femoral head necrosis were treated in our hospital using insertion of cannulated bone screws incorporating autogenous bone graft. There were 18 men and 13 women with an average age of 37 years (range, 27–49). The Steinberg classification was stage I for 20 hips (61%) and stage II for 13 hips (39%). Clinical and radiographic evaluations were performed on all patients. The patient's satisfaction was also assessed.

Results:  All 31 patients (33 hips) were retrospectively studied after a mean follow‐up of 38 months (range, 18–48). The average Harris hip score was 76 before surgery and 91 at the final follow‐up. All patients stated that they were satisfied and had significantly reduced pain. According to the Harris hip score system, 21 cases were excellent, 8 good and 2 fair. No complications, such as wound infection, subtrochanteric fracture, neuropathy and deep vein thrombosis, were found.

Conclusion:  Structural augmentation using the insertion of cannulated bone screws incorporating autogenous bone graft is an effective option for Steinberg I–II stages of femoral head necrosis. Further study is needed to confirm mid‐ and long‐term results.
Association of calmodulin1 gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to adolescent idiopathic scoliosis
Authors: Zhao Dong , Qiu Gui‐xing , Wang Yi‐peng , Zhang Jian‐guo , Shen Jian‐xiong , Wu Zhi‐hong , Wang Hai
Published: February 2009

Objective:  To investigate whether: (i) rs12885713 (−16C > T) and rs5871 polymorphisms in the Calmodulin1 (CALM1) gene are predisposing factors for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS); and (ii) different single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) correlate with different subtypes of AIS.

Methods:  A total of 100 AIS patients with Cobb angle above 30° were recruited for this study together with 100 healthy controls. Curve pattern, Cobb angle, and Risser sign were recorded. Two polymorphic loci, rs12885713 (−16C > T) and rs5871 loci, of the CALM1 gene were analyzed. All patients were grouped according to the Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) classification, the apical location of the major curve, and the Cobb angle.

Results:  There was a statistically significant difference in the distribution of rs12885713 site polymorphism (P = 0.034) between PUMC type II (double curve) patients and controls, in the distribution of rs12885713 site polymorphism (P = 0.009) between lumbar curve cases and controls and in the distribution of rs5871 site polymorphism (P = 0.035) between thoracic curve patients and controls.

Conclusion:  Different subtypes of AIS might be related to different SNP. The susceptibility of PUMC type II (double curve) AIS and lumbar curve might be related to CALM1 rs12885713 site polymorphism, while rs5871 site polymorphism might be a risk indicator for thoracic curve cases.
Single‐bundle posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with remnant preservation: lateral versus medial‐sided augmentation technique
Authors: Zhao Jin‐zhong , Huang‐Fu Xiao‐qiao , He Yao‐hua , Yang Xing‐guang
Published: February 2009

Objective:  To compare the results of lateral versus medial‐sided augmentation techniques in single‐bundle posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction with remnant preservation.

Methods:  Forty‐two cases of isolated chronic PCL ruptures were reconstructed in a single‐bundle manner with remnant preservation. The patients were randomly separated into two groups: in the medial‐sided augmentation (MSA) group the graft passed through the medial side of the remnant and in the lateral‐sided augmentation (LSA) group it passed through the lateral side.

Results:  Nineteen patients in the MSA group and 17 in the LSA group were followed up for a minimum of 2 years. At the final follow‐up, the average side‐to‐side differences in posterior laxity were 1.6 ± 1.2 mm and 1.5 ± 1.3 mm respectively in the MSA and LSA groups. According to the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scale, patient numbers graded as normal, nearly normal and abnormal were 14 (73.7%), 4 (21.1%), and 1 (5.3%) in the MSA group, and 13 (76.5%), 3 (17.6%), and 1 (5.9%) in the LSA group. The IKDC subjective scores were 93.1 ± 3.8 and 92.6 ± 4.1, the Lysholm scores were 95.0 ± 4.6 and 93.7 ± 4.2, and the Tegner scores were 5.4 ± 0.9 and 5.6 ± 0.7 respectively in the MSA and LSA groups. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences between the MSA and the LSA group regarding all subjective and objective results.

Conclusion:  In single‐bundle PCL reconstruction with remnant preservation, similar subjective and objective results can be obtained with MSA and LSA techniques.
Predicting the response to 48‐week combination therapy with peginterferon α‐2b plus ribavirin from the estimated HCV RNA load index after negative serum change in genotype 1b hepatitis C patients
Authors: Tsuji Keiji , Kawakami Yoshiiku , Aimitsu Shiomi , Kohno Hiroshi , Aisaka Yasuyuki , Kimura Shigeru , Nagata Shinji , Ohgoshi Hiroaki , Kitamoto Mikiya , Hidaka Tohru , Kawakami Hiroiku , Nakanishi Toshio , Chayama Kazuaki
Published: February 2009

Aim:  We estimated viral dynamics after serum hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA became negative and assessed the relation between the estimated viral load at the end of treatment (EVE) index and the response to the combination therapy with peginterferon α‐2b plus ribavirin.

Methods:  Patients with chronic HCV, genotype 1b, and a high viral load were treated with this combination therapy for 48 weeks, and serum HCV RNA was measured frequently during the treatment period. In the patients showing an end‐of‐treatment response (ETR), the viral load profile from the start of treatment until serum HCV RNA became negative was expressed by an approximate curve. Then the EVE index was calculated by using the expression obtained from the curve, and differences between the sustained virologic response (SVR) and relapse groups were investigated. Results: The SVR rate increased as the EVE index became lower, and the EVE index was significantly lower in the SVR group than in the relapse group. The SVR rate was higher for those in whom the EVE index was below the cut‐off point.

Conclusion:  Prediction of SVR and relapse from the EVE index is more useful than prediction from viral dynamics at the time when HCV RNA becomes negative or when HCV RNA shows a decrease of 2‐log or more.
Clinical characteristics of drug‐induced liver injury in the elderly
Authors: Onji Masahiro , Fujioka Shin‐ichi , Takeuchi Yasuto , Takaki Toshiyuki , Osawa Toshiya , Yamamoto Kazuhide , Itoshima Tatsuya
Published: February 2009

Aim:  The average age of Japanese patients with drug‐induced liver injury (DILI) is expected to rise as the population ages. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical characteristics of DILI in elderly Japanese subjects.

Methods:  A total of 142 hospitalized patients with DILI were divided into three groups by age (Group A, < 65 years; Group B, 65–74 years; Group C, ≥ 75 years). Patients were examined retrospectively with regard to the number of concomitant drugs, duration of drug intake until onset of DILI, clinical types of DILI, treatment, prognosis, and scores on the diagnostic scale described by Digestive Disease Week, Japan 2004.

Results:  Patients in Group C used more concomitant drugs (P = 0.0019) compared with patients in Group A. The elderly had a higher frequency of unclear duration of drug intake (P = 0.0020), were more likely to experience cholestatic type DILI (P = 0.033), and underwent more intensive treatment for DILI (P = 0.011). There were fewer cases diagnosed as a “high possibility” of DILI in Group C compared with Group A (P = 0.030) and Group B (P = 0.013). In cases diagnosed as “possible” or “low possibility” of DILI, unclear duration of drug intake was more frequently observed in the elderly (P = 0.0027).

Conclusion:  Elderly patients with DILI show different clinical features than younger patients with DILI. These features should be taken into account in the diagnosis and treatment of DILI in the elderly.
Changes in hepatic gene expression in dogs with experimentally induced nutritional iron deficiency
Authors: Fry Michael M. , Kirk Claudia A. , Liggett Jason L. , Daniel Gregory B. , Baek Seung Joon , Gouffon Julia S. , Chimakurthy Pradeep M. , Rekapalli Bhanu
Published: February 2009

Background and Objective: We investigated hepatic gene expression in dogs with experimentally induced nutritional iron deficiency (ID). Our hypothesis was that ID would result in decreased hepcidin gene expression, and possibly in altered expression of other genes associated with iron metabolism.

Methods: Liver biopsies were collected from each of 3 dogs before induction of ID, at the point of maximal ID, and after resolution of ID. Using Affymetrix microarray technology and analytical tools specifically designed for microarray data, we identified genes that had at least a 2‐fold change in expression in response to ID. Four genes were selected for further analysis by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT‐PCR).

Results: Dogs with ID had markedly decreased expression of the hepcidin gene (mean decrease of 40‐fold for one probe and >100‐fold for another probe) and increased expression of the transferrin receptor gene (mean increase of >7‐fold). There was also mildly decreased expression of the “similar to calreticulin” gene and a gene of unknown function. Results of RT‐PCR analysis were consistent with microarray findings.

Conclusion: Changes in hepcidin and transferrin receptor gene expression were consistent with the known biology of iron metabolism. The decrease in expression of a gene identified as “similar to calreticulin,” while not statistically significant, was consistent with the findings of other investigators that suggest iron plays a role in calreticulin expression.
Time–course monitoring of serum amyloid A in a cat with pancreatitis
Authors: Tamamoto Takashi , Ohno Koichi , Ohmi Aki , Seki Izumi , Tsujimoto Hajime
Published: February 2009

Abstract: Time‐course changes in the concentration of serum amyloid A (SAA), a major acute phase protein, were measured in a cat with pancreatitis over an 831‐day period and compared with changes in WBC count and feline trypsin‐like immunoreactivity (fTLI). SAA concentration was increased at the onset of the disease and gradually decreased over 5 days of treatment with an improvement in the clinical condition. In contrast, fTLI concentration and WBC count were not increased at the onset of the disease but increased gradually during the 5 days of treatment. Long‐term monitoring from days 68 to 831 revealed a good correlation between SAA concentration and the reoccurrence of clinical signs in the cat; however, WBC count did not increase even with the exacerbation of disease. These findings suggest that the SAA concentration may be a useful marker for evaluating response to treatment and disease exacerbation in feline pancreatitis.
Canine complete blood counts: a comparison of four in‐office instruments with the ADVIA 120 and manual differential counts
Authors: Welles Elizabeth G. , Hall Amy S. , Carpenter D. Mark
Published: February 2009

Background: With more use of bench‐top in‐office hematology analyzers, the accuracy of reported values is increasingly important. Instruments use varied methods for cell counting and differentiation, and blood smears may not always be examined.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare canine CBC results using 4 bench‐top instruments (Hemavet 950, Heska CBC‐Diff, IDEXX LaserCyte, and IDEXX VetAutoread) with ADVIA 120 and manual leukocyte counts.

Methods: EDTA‐anticoagulated canine blood samples (n=100) were analyzed on each instrument. Manual differentials were based on 100‐cell counts. Linear regression, difference plots, paired t‐tests, and estimation of diagnostic equivalence were used to analyze results.

Results: Correlations of HCT, WBC, and platelet counts were very good to excellent between all in‐office instruments and the ADVIA 120, but results varied in accuracy (comparability). Hemavet 950 and Heska CBC‐Diff results compared best with ADVIA results and manual leukocyte differentials. HCT and platelet counts on the IDEXX VetAutoread compared well with those from the ADVIA. Except for neutrophil counts, leukocyte differentials from all instruments compared poorly with ADVIA and manual counts. Reticulocyte counts on the LaserCyte and VetAutoread compared poorly with those from the ADVIA.

Conclusions: The Hemavet 950 and Heska CBC‐Diff performed best of the 4 analyzers we compared. HCT, WBC, and platelet counts on the LaserCyte had minimally sufficient comparability for diagnostic use. Except for neutrophils (granulocytes), leukocyte differential counts were unreliable on all in‐office analyzers. Instruments with a 5‐part leukocyte differential provided no added benefit over a 3‐part differential. Assessment of erythrocyte regeneration on the LaserCyte and VetAutoread was unreliable compared with the ADVIA 120.
Serum acute phase protein concentrations in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism with and without concurrent inflammatory conditions
Authors: Caldin Marco , Tasca Silvia , Carli Erika , Bianchini Silvia , Furlanello Tommaso , Martinez‐Subiela Silvia , Cerón Jose J
Published: February 2009

Background:Acute phase proteins (APPs) are promising markers of inflammation in dogs, because they are more sensitive than WBC counts in detecting clinical and subclinical inflammation. Endogenous corticosteroids can mask an acute phase response and make it more difficult to identify underlying inflammatory disease.

Objective:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the acute phase protein response in dogs with spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) with and without concurrent inflammatory conditions.

Methods:Serum concentrations of C‐reactive protein (CRP), haptoglobin (Hp), fibrinogen, and albumin were measured in 44 healthy adult dogs and 39 dogs with HAC; the HAC group was further divided into dogs with and without concurrent infection/inflammation. A fourth group of dogs with severe sepsis and without HAC was compared with the dogs with HAC and severe sepsis.

Results:Dogs with uncomplicated HAC had significantly higher Hp and fibrinogen concentrations compared with healthy control dogs (P<.001). Dogs with HAC and severe inflammatory disease also had significantly higher CRP and lower albumin concentrations than control dogs and dogs with HAC without concurrent inflammation. Dogs with sepsis but without HAC had significantly higher CRP concentrations than dogs with HAC and sepsis.

Conclusions:Dogs with HAC had increases in the moderate APPs (Hp and fibrinogen), and no significant changes in CRP and albumin compared with healthy dogs. Although concurrent HAC appeared to blunt the CRP response in dogs with sepsis, increased serum CRP concentration in dogs with HAC is likely indicative of severe concurrent inflammation.
Platelet aggregation responses in clinically healthy adult llamas
Authors: Gilbert Rosanne M. , Bird Karyn E. , Kutzler Michelle A.
Published: February 2009

Background:Limited information exists regarding hemostasis in camelids despite the importance of platelet function testing in the accurate identification of platelet disorders. As further importation of llamas to North America is restricted, variability in breeding stock will continue to decrease, potentially leading to an increase in heritable bleeding disorders.

Objective:The objective of this study was to measure platelet aggregation responses in clinically healthy llamas and provide baseline data to which abnormal platelet function may be compared in the future.

Methods:Blood samples were collected from 39 healthy adult llamas, citrated, and centrifuged to produce platelet‐rich plasma (PRP). Within 4 hours of the blood draw, 20 μL of each agonist reagent were added to 180 μL of PRP. Final concentrations of agonists were 2 × 10−5 M ADP, 0.19 mg collagen/mL PRP, 1 × 10−4 M epinephrine, and 500 μg arachidonic acid/mL PRP.

Results:Llama platelets were most responsive to ADP and collagen, with a maximum percent aggregation (mean±SD) of 71.3±18.6% and 55.8±19% and aggregation rates of 9.5±3.9 and 6.7±3.7 cm/min, respectively. Llama platelet aggregation in response to epinephrine and arachidonic acid was minimal to absent.

Conclusions:This study is the first of its kind to establish baseline values for platelet aggregation in healthy adult llamas.
Reliability-Based Design Using Simulation for Aluminum Elements
Authors: Brahimi Malek , Berri Sidi , Lopez Joel
Published: February 2009

Studies of reliability in current practice indicate that reliability based on conventional methods requires a nonlinear transformation to a set of normal distributions, which effectively changes the shape of limit state function. In this paper, the general formulation of safety for aluminum elements and the associated methods of analysis are reviewed. Direct simulation is used to find the probability of failure. It is concluded that direct simulations of safety of aluminum elements of Pr (probability of failure) by failure counting is a good method to achieve acceptable safety factors.
Design and Development of a Foot Controlled Mobility Device
Authors: Gosain Divya , Jyoti Divya , Asiwal Divya , Singh Shankar , Maheshwari Sachin , Agarwal Sachin Kumar
Published: February 2009

In the recent years, the focus of ever-progressing scientific and technological advancements is continuously drifting towards the rehabilitation engineering. The development in the field of “mobility aid” has led to research, which has transformed conventional manual attendant-style wheelchairs to electric-powered wheelchairs with improved control through joysticks, sensors and micro-controllers. Consumers with limited mobility (pain in legs, permanent injury etc.) and elderly users, who cannot independently operate a powered wheelchair due to their hands impairment, have to rely upon third-party assistance during transfers to secure their wheelchair. Most ‘Mobility Assistance Equipment’ manufacturers for the orthopaedically handicapped individuals have not been able to adequately address such problems. With mobility being a key factor in all aspects of human life, this project proposes a design to allow hands impaired people, who cannot walk to orient themselves in, and navigate through, complex environments with the help of foot controlled wheel chair. This paper presents design and development of a battery-powered wheelchair that will be operated by foot controls, based upon the need assessments of such consumers. The Electronic System is a basic speed control circuit designed and provides for four motion configurations — reverse, stop, slow, and fast.
The Effects of Cold Work and Heat Treatment on the Properties of Nitinol Wire
Authors: Drexel Masao , Selvaduray Guna , Pelton Alan
Published: February 2009

Shape memory and superelastic capabilities coupled with good biocompatibility give Nitinol the ability to provide functionality seldom possible with traditional engineering alloys. In this study the effect of heat treatments of 300 ∼ 550°C for 2 ∼ 180 minutes on Ti-50.8%Ni (at.%) wire of 30% and 50% cold work was investigated. Transformational and mechanical properties were characterized through the bend and free recovery (BFR) method and tensile testing. Thermally activated precipitation and annealing processes occurred. Annealing processes tended to increase the slope and the total strain recovery of the BFR plots. Two TTT diagrams were constructed illustrating the trends in the Austenite Finish Temperature (Af) of the wires. A maximum precipitation rate occurred at approximately 450°C. Precipitation strengthening was evident in both 30% and 50% cold-worked wires. However, only in the former did an increase in UTS occur. Recrystallization began at approximately 450°C for both wires.
Design and Fabrication of Square Hole Drill Machine
Authors: Heer Gurpreet Singh
Published: February 2009

Hole serves various purposes in any machine element. These holes may be round, square, rectangular or any other shape depending on the requirement. For round holes, the machines are available in the market. But for square or any other type of holes, the Methods presently used are broaching, electrode-discharge machine (E.D.M.), electro-chemical machine. These are very expensive and require special tools or machines.
Nanotechnology Based Cancer Therapies
Authors: Mojarrad Mehran
Published: February 2009

By all accounts cancer remains the leading cause of death for humans of age less than 85 years old. This is partly because of the fact that there has been success in addressing other competing diseases such as cardiovascular leading to an overall drop in the rate of such disease where as after four decades of research success in cancer therapy remains limited. This places a greater demand on developing new therapies to treat cancer. With recent advances in nanotechnology field as applied in medicine there are new opportunities to detect, more effectively target and treat cancer and monitor the therapy while minimizing the damage to normal tissues and cells.
Noise Power Spectra and Low Contrast Resolution in Multiplanar Reformations
Authors: Boedeker Kirsten , Mather Rich
Published: February 2009

Low contrast imaging is of vital clinical importance and thus an important aspect of CT image quality. For example, soft plaque imaging, ground glass lung opacities, and soft tissue differentiation all depend upon excellent low contrast resolution. A primary factor in determining low contrast resolution is noise.
Quantitative Assessment of Penetration Depth in Clinical Ultrasound Systems
Authors: Marinozzi Franco , Bini Fabiano , Patane` Federico , Piras Daniele
Published: February 2009

Most of the recent studies for image uniformity assessment involve signal to noise ratio (SNR) analysis computed over various combinations of mean grey level and variance [1–2] to quantify the speckle contrast and hence the depth of penetration (DOP). Speckle is auto correlated in time but not in space. Electronic noise always present at the bottom of the image, instead, is uncorrelated both in time and space. The extension of the area in which only the speckle is visible, gives an estimate of the penetration depth. The correlation coefficient of two subsequently acquired frames can be computed to quantify image uniformity where depth at which the correlation coefficient falls below a fixed threshold is defined as penetration depth.
eDisc: The First Artificial Spinal Disc With Integral Force-Sensing Microelectronics
Authors: Cole Christopher P. , Navarro Richard R.
Published: February 2009

Theken Disc, LLC has developed an artificial spinal disc with an integrated microelectronics module to reduce post operative complications and speed return to work and function. During the first few months after implantation, it is very important to limit patient activity to prevent disc migration or dislodgement. The force monitoring capability provides realtime or stored data to assess patient’s ability to return to work. The microelectronics module monitors any dynamic high-load events that may take place, and immediately warns the patient of the high load by sending a wireless signal to a belt-worn audible alert unit.
Controlled and Programmable Drug Delivery Using a Self-Powered MEMS Device
Authors: Divetia Asheesh , Yoshimura Nolan , Li Guann-Pynn , Kuppermann Baruch D. , Bachman Mark
Published: February 2009

Controlled and targeted drug delivery systems have gained a lot of interest as they offer numerous benefits such as precise dosing, reduced side-effects and increased patient compliance. We have designed a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) drug delivery device that is capable of releasing drugs in a controlled and programmable manner. This self-powered device does not require any external stimulation or control to achieve pulsatile release of drugs. The device consists of multiple reservoirs containing the drug embedded together with a water-swellable polymer. The swelling of the polymer upon contact with water and the resulting pressure generated is used as an actuation mechanism to release drugs from each reservoir. The programmable release of the drug from the device is achieved by controlling the diffusion rate of water from the surrounding environment into each reservoir. The drug is released from the reservoir when the swellable polymer absorbs water from the environment and generates enough pressure to break an overlying rupturable membrane. We have demonstrated that controlled and pulsatile drug delivery can be achieved using this delivery device, without any external power or control.
Enhancing SVT Discrimination in Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators Using MEMS Accelerometers
Authors: Boyer Richard B. , Chiruvolu Pramode , Jose Arun , Liu Joshua , Sifuentes Adam , Connolly Allison , Crocker Britni , Stempriewica Peter
Published: February 2009

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) accounts for over 325,000 deaths in the United States per year. Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs), about 100,000 of which are implanted each year, are used to diagnose and treat cardiac arrhythmias in patients that are at risk for sudden cardiac death due to ventricular fibrillation. Upon detection of an arrhythmia, the ICD has several treatment options, all of which deliver varied amounts of electric current to the myocardium. Detection of ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) prompts the ICD to administer high-energy defibrillation shocks, which can exceed 30J. The current method for sensing arrhythmias is the use of electrodes implanted in the myocardium which are capable of detecting electric potentials. The extensively studied algorithms that analyze electrogram sensor data have allowed ICD’s to achieve a 0% false negative rate for detection of fibrillation. The drawback, however, is the high false positive rate of over 22%. False positives result in inappropriate shocks which have detrimental effects on patient health and quality of life [1].
Steerable Guidewire With Eyes for Image-Guided Intervention in the Upper Urinary Tract
Authors: Yoon W. Jong , Reinhall Per G. , Seibel Eric J.
Published: February 2009

Active steering at the distal tip can reduce stress on the flexible ureteroscope (FU) shaft by eliminating the internal angulation wires while also minimizing tissue trauma. A multi-segmented SMA wire actuator has been designed to produce smooth graded motion of the ultrathin scanning fiber endoscope (SFE). A steerable SFE distal tip (1-axis) is demonstrated using a three-step graded bending motion with a multi-tapped shape memory alloy (SMA) wire, power transistor switches, and binary parallel communication. The experimental bending radius and angle of the fabricated active tip (2-mm OD) is measured as 45-mm and 50°, respectively. Using nominal 4% strain of a 125-μm SMA wire, the experimental values are compared to the model predictions using a multi-link planar manipulator. A guidewire with eyes and active tip bending mechanism constitutes the new SFE, which is expected to reduce the procedural time and complications, eliminate X-ray guidance, and provide more space for adjunctive instrumentation, along with having better performance and possibly lower cost than FU.
A Cost-Effective Upper Extremity Prosthesis Design
Authors: Chen Steven , Pau Vanessa , Shar Theresa , Tiaden Stephanie , Wong Anthony
Published: February 2009

Upper extremity prostheses are a scarce necessity in less developed countries due to the lack of medical facilities, economic resources, and prevalent warfare. Prostheses have become a growing need as fifty-thousand amputations occur annually, with the current market being focused primarily on lower extremities. Leg prostheses have received much more attention and success than their upper extremity counterparts, due to their lower complexity that also yields lower cost. Prosthetic legs only need to fulfill basic motions such as walking and running, as opposed to the more complicated hands that encompass 22 degrees of motion. In less developed countries with few medical facilities, amputees need to travel long distances to find treatment. The objective is to design an affordable and easily assembled body-powered, below-elbow prosthetic device for adults that provides basic arm function and can be widely distributed in developing countries. Therefore, cost, availability, functionality, and simplicity are the primary considerations of the design.
Development of a Rehabilitation Instrument for Prevent Contracture of Ankle
Authors: Sato Rika , Saga Norihiko , Saito Naoki , Chonan Seiji
Published: February 2009

It is called contracture that a joint’s range of motion is restricted. Range of motion exercise is effective to prevent contracture. However, if range of motion exercise by the physiotherapist is performed, a range of motion will improve, but if time not to exercise is long, contracture will decrease again. Then, a rehabilitation instrument for passive range-of-motion exercise which can use after exercise by the physiotherapist is required. A CPM for a knee is developed as such an instrument, and it is also used for an ankle. But, most of instrument used motors to get a high power. So, those are heavy and large size. Installation and movement of instruments at facilities are difficult, and it is also difficult to use freely at home.
Development of an Arm Support System Using an Artificial Muscle Actuator and Gas Spring
Authors: Saga Norihiko , Saito Naoki , Chonan Seiji
Published: February 2009

It is expected that by the years 2025 ours will becomes a super-aged society because people’s lifetimes will be extend by advances in medical treatment, and consequentry the number of the disabled and elderly people with the sicknesses and disabilities will increases. Therefore, the development of devices that promote an independent lifestyle for disabled and elderly people is the disired achievement. Herein, our aims is to develope an operable support device for the arm in which the artificial muscle actuator and gas spring assists in producing power according to the degree of an individuals muscle power.
A Design Based Materials Study for a Wearable Muscle Stretching Device Aimed at Patients With Spasticity
Authors: Bailey-Van Kuren Michael , Hamilton Carter , Rivera Eduardo
Published: February 2009

The efficacy of robotic systems in rehabilitation is well established. Many of these systems are fixed equipment that requires the user to visit a facility for treatment. Furthermore, current treatment options for pediatric patients with spastic dyplagia include manual stretching of the muscle groups and serial casting in conjunction with Botox injections. The goal of this work is to develop a dynamic orthotic to stretch the muscles of the lower calf. A subsystem of this project is the development of wearable sensor system to detect spasticity and control the system actuators. A system of thin film sensors embedded into a novel composite structure is proposed. In order to develop a dynamic orthotic to stretch the muscles of the lower calf, a subsystem of this project is the development of wearable sensor system embedded into a novel composite structure [1, 2, 3].
A Microdroplet System for Biochemical Applications
Authors: Wu Liang L. , Xu Wei , Bachman Mark , Li Guann-Pynn
Published: February 2009

Microfluidic droplet systems have shown great promise and numerous advantages in the recent development of high throughput chemical and biochemical assays. With precise metering and manipulation of reagents at small scale, various applications such as protein crystallization [1], nanoparticle synthesis [2], physiological fluids diagnostics [3] and etc. have employed such systems and achieved success.
Characteristic Motion Signatures Derived From the Theken eDisc Under Multi-Axial Loading
Authors: Price James P. , Rich Brian E. , Cole Christopher P. , Navarro Richard R.
Published: February 2009

The motions and loads experienced by the human spine are complex and have been the subject of much study over the years. The emerging field of intervertebral disc arthroplasty offers products that must function within this complex loading environment over long periods of time. So called “first generation” intervertebral disc designs accomplish this through one or more articulating surfaces. Second generation artificial discs attempt to mimic the multi-axial disc motion and stiffness exhibited by the natural human disc. The eDisc not only provides this type of viscoelastic motion, but also provides the first capability to sense loads and motions to improve patient outcomes.
Chronic, Wide-Field Optical Imaging of Blood Flow Dynamics
Authors: Choi Bernard , Jia Wangcun , Kelly Kristen M. , Channual Jennifer , Lotfi Justin
Published: February 2009

Noninvasive blood flow characterization is essential to assess the health status of biological tissue and to evaluate the efficacy of therapies which target the microvasculature. Optimization of laser therapy for disfiguring vascular birthmarks is one specific clinical application. Current treatment protocols involve the use of high-power pulsed laser irradiation with parameters selected to induce selective photocoagulation of the targeted blood vessels. Protocol design is based largely on results from numerical modeling studies, which have predictive capability of the laser light distribution within the skin and subsequent photothermal response leading towards selective photocoagulation. However, the biological response of the microvasculature to therapeutic laser intervention remains a poorly-researched field. We hypothesize that the acute photothermal response of the microvasculature is a poor predictor of the chronic response, due to vascular remodeling processes which are not included in current modeling studies. To test this hypothesis, we employ an optical imaging method to assess blood flow dynamics in response to therapeutic intervention.
Evaluation of a Patient-Mounted, Remote Needle Guidance and Insertion System for CT-Guided, Percutaneous Lung Biopsies
Authors: Walsh Conor James , Hanumara Nevan , Slocum Alexander , Gupta Rajiv , Shepard Jo-Anne
Published: February 2009

Computed tomography (CT) guided percutaneous lung biopsies are conducted to retrieve samples of suspected cancerous tissue for diagnosis. This paper details the design and development of Robopsy™, an economical, patient-mounted, tele-robotic, radiolucent, needle guidance and insertion system which facilitates faster more accurate lesion targeting.
An Assessment of Compression Screws in Cadaver Foot and Ankle Specimens
Authors: Pfeiffer Ferris M. , Shurnas Paul S. , Abernathie Dennis L. , Ronan James A.
Published: February 2009

It has been well supported in the literature that using compression screws is the preferred method to achieve fixation of an arthrodesis [1, 2]. Indications for isolated subtalar arthrodesis include trauma, arthritis, talocalcaneal coalition, adult acquired flatfoot, posterior tibial tendon dysfunction, and Charcot neuroarthropathy [3, 4]. With the increase in bone screw shapes and designs, there is a desire to achieve the best compression generated by a type of screw so as to promote excellent bone healing and outcome for the patient; this will also allow the stability of the construct achieved by the screw and its placement to be determined. As indicated by Wheeler, et. al. [5] screw choice, compression, stability and loading can be very important when it comes to healing of fractures in small bones.
An Evaluation of the Stryker 90D Pedicle Screw for Use as a Revision Screw
Authors: Pfeiffer Ferris M. , Abernathie Dennis L.
Published: February 2009

The success of a spinal fusion is often judged by the amount of relative motion between vertebrae following surgery. Proper fusion is aided by fixation instrumentation as well as bone growth subsequent to surgery. In order to allow for proper fusion it is necessary for instrumentation to properly fix the vertebrae until sufficient bone growth has occurred. In many cases pedicle screws are used to provide posterior support. It is the purpose of posterior instrumentation to increase the rate of fusion [1]. However, due to deterioration in the holding capacity of the posterior instrumentation; the quality of the fixed joint can begin to degrade. If this deterioration is significant enough it requires removal or revision of the fixation instrumentation.
Development of a Device for Normalization of a Hyperactive Gag Reflex Response
Authors: Bailey-Van Kuren Michael , Scarborough Donna R.
Published: February 2009

This research aims at developing a new device for normalization of a hyperactive gag reflex response. The gag reflex protects the airway against the entrance of unwanted material. Individuals with a hyperactive gag reflex response exhibit either a forceful motor response which may include vomiting or trigger the gag reflex in the anterior 2/3 of the oral cavity or non-oral body parts (3).
An Optical Fiber Biosensor for Monitoring Drug Delivery
Authors: Rahman Anisur , Eze Reginald , Kumar Sunil
Published: February 2009

An optical fiber biosensor has been presented for monitoring drug delivery inside the body in real time. Over the decades several optical techniques have been realized to monitor drug delivery, however, those are not that much efficient as the one presented here. In this paper, a new micromachined optical fiber biosensor has been demonstrated with both theoretical and numerical models. The detailed fabrication processes have been outlined in a multimode optical fiber which is based on MEMS fabrication. The sensor is designed by following the basic principle of Fabry-Perot interferometer. The optical biosensor presented here could be able to detect and monitor the drug delivery in real time and it could also potentially be used in the area of microfluidics, nano research and other biomedical applications.
Point of Care Tuberculosis Diagnostics in Developing World
Authors: Botrous Maria , Dheda Shehreen , Liu Karen , Sreedharan Aswathi , Velasco Kristine
Published: February 2009

The aim of this project is to develop a cost effective point of care (POC) microfluidic diagnostic device to detect the presence of active tuberculosis (TB) in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) co-infected individuals in developing countries. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 8.8 million people develop new cases of active TB each year in addition to the many millions of untreated existing cases. Current TB diagnostic tests are less accurate in detecting active TB in HIV co-infected individuals. Hence, the development of a fast, affordable, portable and handheld device to accurately detect active TB is necessary. As there are different stages of TB infection, it is important to detect the presence and progress of the infection. Our device design utilizes a serological assay in a microfluidic device, incorporating protein antigen microarrays spotted onto nitrocellulose, to detect TB at various stages of the disease. Features of the design include a microfilter to separate serum from the blood sample to be used, a passive pump to ensure uniform continuous flow, and an immunosensor to detect and analyze results.