bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Features of speech in German and US-American mother–toddler dyads during toy play and book-reading
Authors: DOERING Elena , SCHLUTER Kevin , SUCHODOLETZ Antje von
Published: September 2019

Previous research indicates that features of speech during mother–toddler interactions are dependent on the situational context. In this study, we explored language samples of 69 mother–toddler dyads collected during standardized toy play and book-reading situations across two countries, Germany and the United States (US). The results showed that features of speech differed across situational contexts. However, situational differences were mostly found among the sample from the US but not from Germany. Few significant associations between mothers’ and toddlers’ language variables were found. Findings are discussed with regard to variations in language across situations and countries.
Understanding the Non-medical Costs of Healthcare: Evidence from Inpatient Care for Older People in China
Authors: Yang Wei
Published: September 2019

Non-medical costs, including costs associated with carers, travel, food and accommodation for family members who care for older people during their medical visits, can constitute a substantial part of total healthcare costs, especially for older people. Using data from the 2015 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey, this study examines the effects of such non-medical costs on catastrophic health payments and health payment-induced poverty among older people in China. Results indicate that non-medical costs account for approximately 18 per cent of total inpatient costs. The percentage is highest for those in the lowest economic brackets. Rural populations are more likely than urban populations to incur catastrophic health payments and suffer from health payment-induced poverty. Non-medical costs increase the chances of older people incurring catastrophic health payments and suffering from health payment-induced poverty. These findings suggest that policymakers should look to develop new policies that facilitate reimbursement of non-medical costs, particularly for the rural population.
Parental reactions, distress, and sense of coherence after prenatal versus postnatal diagnosis of complex congenital heart disease
Authors: Bratt Ewa-Lena , Järvholm Stina , Ekman-Joelsson Britt-Marie , Johannsmeyer Antje , Carlsson Sven-Åke , Mattsson Lars-Åke , Mellander Mats
Published: September 2019

Introduction:

A diagnosis of congenital heart disease (CHD) in offspring triggers psychological distress in parents. Results of previous studies have been inconsistent regarding the psychological impact of a prenatal versus a postnatal diagnosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the time of diagnosis on levels of parental distress.

Methods:

Pregnant women and their partners with a fetus diagnosed with complex CHD, parents of children with postnatally diagnosed CHD, and pregnant women and their partners with uncomplicated pregnancies were invited to participate. Data were collected during pregnancy and 2–6 months after delivery using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, sense of coherence, life satisfaction, and Dyadic Adjustment Scale.

Results:

During pregnancy, the prenatal group scored lower sense of coherence compared to controls (p=0.044). Postnatally the prenatal group scored lower on sense of coherence compared to the postnatal group and controls (p=0.001; p=0.001). Postnatally, the prenatal and postnatal groups had higher levels of anxiety compared to controls (p=0.025; p=0.0003). Life satisfaction was lower in the prenatal group compared to that in the postnatal group and in controls (p=0.000; p=0.0004).

Conclusion:

Parents with a prenatal diagnosis of CHD in offspring report a low sense of coherence already during pregnancy which decreased further at follow-up. The same group reported a lower satisfaction with life compared to parents of a child with postnatal diagnosis of CHD and parents of a healthy child. This motivates further efforts to improve counselling and support during pregnancy and for parents after a prenatal diagnosis.
Labors of Attention: The Parish Novel, Parochialism, and George Eliot's Endearing Parsons
Authors: Ling Jessica
Published: September 2019

Tenure, the Anglican practice of residing and ministering within the small bounds of a parish, became the basis for a surprisingly wide range of Victorian novels. Its plot, which begins with the clergyman's arrival in a parish and ends with his leave-taking or death, echoes throughout the work of Gaskell, Oliphant, Trollope, and Eliot, but its origins and most condensed form lie in a minor, midcentury genre that I call the parish novel. In taking the parameters of tenure—its duration and its modest ambit—as their own, parish novels turned reading into a form of pastoral labor: a close, laborious, yet seemingly unproductive attention that simultaneously suffused everyday life with latent meaning and rendered such meaning a function of residence. The following essay traces the rise and fall of this genre against Anglicanism's reorientation from a set of beliefs to a formal activity whose goals aligned closely with the work of reading. Unlike earlier religious narratives, the parish novel offers a model of reading in which spiritual meaning is secured neither by a sense of providence nor by religious allegory but by the sustained exercise of faith.
Onset of Appearance and Potential Significance of Telocytes in the Developing Fetal Lung
Authors: Awad Mahmoud , Gaber Wafaa , Ibrahim Dalia
Published: September 2019

CD34, vimentin, and vascular endothelial growth factor immunohistochemical analysis and electron microscopic tools were employed to record the initial appearance of telocytes (TCs) and stage-by-stage variations in TC localizations in the developing rabbit lung. TCs could not be identified in the primitive embryonic lung until day 18 of gestation. In the pseudoglandular lung, CD34+TCs had been recorded under the cartilage of the main bronchus, in the wall of large-sized pulmonary vessels and large epithelial tubes. In the canalicular phase, TCs could be demonstrated in the smooth muscle layer of the bronchioles including the terminal ones. The strength of CD34 immunoreactive signals had been amplified by age until the day of parturition. Ultrastructurally, TCs consisted of a tiny body and exceptionally long telopodes (Tps). The Tp consisted of alternating thin segments (podomers) and dilated ones (podoms). The Tp sometimes branched with a dichotomous pattern. TCs interconnected in a network either by homocellular junctions with neighboring TCs or by heterocellular junctions with smooth muscle cells and alveolar cells. Collectively, early detection of TCs in pulmonary vessels suggests a potential role for TCs in their angiogenesis. For the lung tissue, TCs seem to be involved in the regulation of lung histogenesis.
A review of knowledge discovery process in control and mitigation of avian influenza
Authors: Yousefi Naghani Samira , Dara Rozita , Poljak Zvonimir , Sharif Shayan
Published: September 2019

In the last several decades, avian influenza virus has caused numerous outbreaks around the world. These outbreaks pose a significant threat to the poultry industry and also to public health. When an avian influenza (AI) outbreak occurs, it is critical to make informed decisions about the potential risks, impact, and control measures. To this end, many modeling approaches have been proposed to acquire knowledge from different sources of data and perspectives to enhance decision making. Although some of these approaches have shown to be effective, they do not follow the process of knowledge discovery in databases (KDD). KDD is an iterative process, consisting of five steps, that aims at extracting unknown and useful information from the data. The present review attempts to survey AI modeling methods in the context of KDD process. We first divide the modeling techniques used in AI into two main categories: data-intensive modeling and small-data modeling. We then investigate the existing gaps in the literature and suggest several potential directions and techniques for future studies. Overall, this review provides insights into the control of AI in terms of the risk of introduction and spread of the virus.
Prospects for predictive modeling of transition cow diseases
Authors: Wisnieski Lauren , Norby Bo , Pierce Steven J. , Becker Tyler , Sordillo Lorraine M.
Published: September 2019

Transition cow diseases can negatively impact animal welfare and reduce dairy herd profitability. Transition cow disease incidence has remained relatively stable over time despite monitoring and management efforts aimed to reduce the risk of developing diseases. Dairy cattle disease risk is monitored by assessing multiple factors, including certain biomarker test results, health records, feed intake, body condition score, and milk production. However, these factors, which are used to make herd management decisions, are often reviewed separately without considering the correlation between them. In addition, the biomarkers that are currently used for monitoring may not be representative of the complex physiological changes that occur during the transition period. Predictive modeling, which uses data to predict future or current outcomes, is a method that can be used to combine the most predictive variables and their interactions efficiently. The use of an effective predictive model with relevant predictors for transition cow diseases will result in better targeted interventions, and therefore lower disease incidence. This review will discuss predictive modeling methods and candidate variables in the context of transition cow diseases. The next step is to investigate novel biomarkers and statistical methods that are best suited for the prediction of transition cow diseases.
Lawyers and law graduates in parliaments as a consequence of SMD electoral systems: a comparison of Japan, South Korea, and Germany
Authors: Joshi Devin K.
Published: September 2019

This study addresses the question of why so many of the world's legislators are lawyers or law graduates. Drawing from previous studies on lawyer-legislators and electoral systems, it develops the argument that ‘first-pass-the-post’ single-member district electoral systems presume a principal-agent logic of representation and are therefore conducive to political parties selecting representatives with either occupational experience or educational training in the field of law. By contrast, proportional representation (PR) elections presume a microcosm model of representation incentivizing parties to select candidates representing diverse demographic and occupational backgrounds. This conjecture is tested by examining legislator backgrounds in three large parliaments with mixed electoral systems: Germany, Japan, and South Korea. As expected, single-member plurality elections are linked to a greater share of lawyers and law graduates in parliaments compared to those elected via PR even after controlling for several alternative explanations.
Population genetics analyses of North-East Indian indigenous rice landraces revealed divergent history and alternate origin of aroma in aus group
Authors: Chakraborty Debarati , Ray Avik
Published: September 2019

The rice-based agriculture of the Indian subcontinent has been interwoven in the rich socio-cultural fabric of the country. Of which, bio-culturally diverse North-Eastern states nurture thousands of landraces with poorly tapped agronomic traits. In the present study, 27 standard microsatellite data from 171 rice landraces from six states were analysed to understand their genetic diversity and population structure. Further, combining with a global dataset, we determined subpopulation identity using both model-based and multivariate analyses to uncover their history. We found moderate to high genetic diversity and high differentiation [standardized G”ST = 0.57]. The AMOVA partitioned overall variance into within population (75%) and among population (25%). The landraces from six states remained at various degrees of differentiation (pairwise FST = 0.09–0.41). We have detected a preponderance of aus-type in a majority of aromatic landraces. Rests were japonica and admixed with a little representation of indica. The presence of aromatic aus probably implied assimilation into local culture from the primary aus growing region of Bangladesh and India. Likewise, the arrival of japonica may stem from the exchange of goods among neighbouring dynasties via Southern and Southwestern Silk routes. The shared ancestry may reflect a merger of two ancient cultures. Our analyses also uncovered the existence of aus-type short and medium grain aromatic rice predicting an origin of aroma in aus subpopulation. Collectively, it demonstrated the diversity and divergent history of the rice landraces have been shaped by various socio-cultural interactions operative over time and space.
Celebrity Humanitarianism: Using Tropes of Engagement to Understand North/South Relations
Authors: Richey Lisa Ann , Brockington Dan
Published: September 2019

Celebrity humanitarianism has been transformed in its scope, scale, and organization in the last thirty years. Its flourishing has generated considerable academic interest from a wide variety of disciplines that share two characteristics. First, these studies are—unusually—well connected, which means that different disciplines have not tended to develop their own separate literatures, but learn from each other’s approaches. This makes it useful and important to identify ways different disciplinary approaches can complement each other. Second, most of this attention has focused on politics of celebrity humanitarianism in the global North. Yet focusing also on the South and on North/South relations will move the field forward. We argue that celebrity humanitarianism must be interpreted through the broader systems of which it is a part. We offer a heuristic typology of celebrity humanitarianism that continues to bridge between different disciplines and which identifies ways in which political science can complement existing studies. We also use this typology to refocus work on the politics of celebrity humanitarian relations away from merely Northern politics. This approach allows us to identify what sorts of politics and political solutions are being advocated by current forms of celebrity humanitarianism.
Gender and Democratic Attitudes: Do Women and Men Prioritize Different Democratic Institutions?
Authors: Hansen Michael A. , Goenaga Agustín
Published: September 2019

Using the 2012 European Social Survey (ESS), this article provides the first comparative analysis of how conceptions of democracy differ between men and women in 29 countries, and how this relates to their overall satisfaction with and support for democracy. Women tend to consider less important those aspects of democracy that privilege male resources and power, such as representative institutions, political parties, and the media. Instead, women assign more importance to those aspects of democracy that are less prone to reproduce gender inequalities, such as those related to direct participation (i.e., referenda), public justification of government decisions, and the protection of social rights. These differences are small in size but are comparable to the effects of other individual-level characteristics such as income or education. Finally, gendered differences in conceptions of democracy are not associated with different levels of democratic support. Men and women are most supportive of democracy where they are able to develop differentiated views about which aspects of democracy are most important for them.
Biogeography of N2 Fixation Influenced by the Western Boundary Current Intrusion in the South China Sea
Authors: Lu Yangyang , Wen Zuozhu , Shi Dalin , Lin Wenfang , Bonnet Sophie , Dai Minhan , Kao Shuh‐Ji
Published: September 2019

The N2 fixation and primary production rates were measured simultaneously using 15N2 and 13C incubation assays in the northern South China Sea influenced by the Kuroshio intrusion (KI) seasonally. The degree of KI (KI index, range from 0 to 1) was assessed by applying an isopycnal mixing model. The water column integrated N2 fixation and primary production for stations with KI index larger than 0.5 were 463 ± 260 μmol N·m−2·day−1 and 62 ± 19 mmol C·m−2·day−1, respectively, significantly higher than those for stations with KI index lower than 0.5 (50 ± 10 μmol N·m−2·day−1 and 28 ± 10 mmol C·m−2·day−1, respectively). Trichodesmium was the dominant diazotroph at stations with KI index larger than 0.5, with 2 orders of magnitude higher nifH gene abundance than that at stations with KI index lower than 0.5. However, the highest N2 fixation rates were found in waters with moderate KI index around 0.6, suggesting that frontal zone mixing might stimulate N2 fixation. Our results demonstrated that diazotrophs (mainly Trichodesmium) were tightly associated with the KI, which modulated the biogeographic distribution of N2 fixers. In summary, we found the transportation of Trichodesmium by KI, then, we quantified the fraction of KI and N2 fixation rates in the northern South China Sea. The results suggested that KI generated a new biogeographic regime which could significantly influence the carbon and nitrogen cycles far away from the main stream.
Long‐Term Variations in Nearshore Wave Climate and Littoral Drift at Ganpatipule Coast, Eastern Arabian Sea and its Link to Pacific Climate Variability
Authors: George Jesbin , Kumar V. Sanil
Published: September 2019

Nearshore wave characteristics and its variations at Ganpatipule coast, eastern Arabian Sea, for the past 4 decades (1979–2016) have been examined. The study is based on European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Re‐Analysis‐Interim wave data at ~50 m water depth and the nearshore wave parameters estimated using the numerical model Simulating WAves Nearshore, executed from the Delft3D dashboard considering shallow water wave propagation, wave setup, and breaking. The littoral drift is estimated based on bulk transport formula of the Coastal Engineering Research Centre with the input from the hydrodynamic module. The model shows good agreement with wave rider buoy measured wave parameters at 14‐m water depth. Anomalies of breaker height, period, and direction vary in the range of −0.35–0.4 m, −0.80–1 s, and − 16 to 12°, respectively during the study period. A detailed analysis of monthly variations of breaker height along the study region suggests a significant increasing trend during the Asian summer monsoon, whereas a decreasing trend is identified during the nonmonsoon period. The study region accounts for a northerly net transport of 3.9 × 105 m3 yr−1 with a significant increasing trend of 1,840 m3 yr−1. The strong wind field region along the central Arabian Sea (65–70°E and 15–20°N) gives a strengthened positive correlation (r > 0.7) with the littoral drift. Impacts of Pacific climate variability on interannual and decadal timescales are observed in the littoral drift rates.
Convergence of Terrestrial Dissolved Organic Matter Composition and the Role of Microbial Buffering in Aquatic Ecosystems
Authors: Harfmann Jennifer L. , Guillemette François , Kaiser Karl , Spencer Robert G. M. , Chuang Chia‐Ying , Hernes Peter J.
Published: September 2019

Substantial changes in vegetation are expected as global climatic patterns shift, altering terrestrial sources of dissolved organic matter (DOM) entering rivers and streams. Since differences in the chemical composition of plant litters are reflected in the DOM that is leached, changes in riparian vegetation can directly influence the bioavailability of DOM to local aquatic microbial communities. We assessed the degradation dynamics and optical compositional changes of DOM from a variety of vascular plant leachates through microbial and coupled photochemical‐microbial degradation pathways. Initial decay rates ranged from 0.029 ± 0.011 day−1 (microbial, mixed wetland) to 0.73 ± 0.62 day−1 (photochemical‐microbial, mixed grasses), and all decay rates decreased to below 0.05 day−1 after 1 week, converging below 0.029 day−1 after 2 weeks. Overall, we found a decrease in leachate optical diversity under microbial and photochemical‐microbial degradations, corresponding to a decrease in degraded leachate sample dispersion using principal component analysis. We show that despite initial variability across DOM leachates, successive degradation promotes kinetic and optical convergence such that, in aquatic environments with long residence times, terrestrial DOM source and composition are much less important on exported DOM composition than historically thought. In these systems, DOM compositional convergence may act as a natural buffer to provide stability of aquatic DOM cycling in the face of future landscape changes.
Stratospheric Initial Condition for Skillful Surface Prediction in the ECMWF Model
Authors: Choi Jung , Son Seok‐Woo
Published: September 2019

The subseasonal‐to‐seasonal prediction of boreal‐winter sea‐level pressure (SLP) is investigated by examining 19‐year reforecast data sets from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts ensemble prediction system. Based on a pattern anomaly correlation coefficient of 0.6, the model reliably predicted the extratropical SLP anomalies with a maximum forecast lead time of 9.8 days. This prediction skill, however, varies significantly from one forecast to another. The forecasts with relatively high skills and those with low skills exhibit significant zonal Wavenumber 1 patterns in the stratospheric initial conditions with an opposite sign. The high‐skill forecasts present a relatively weak westward Wavenumber 1 phase tilt with height compared with the low‐skill forecasts, dampening an upward wave propagation in the stratosphere. This result suggests that not only the zonal mean but also the zonally asymmetric stratospheric conditions play an important role in extended surface prediction by modulating vertical wave propagation or wave reflection.
Energy Transport by Whistler Waves Around Dipolarizing Flux Bundles
Authors: Zhang Xu , Angelopoulos V. , Artemyev A.V. , Liu Jiang
Published: September 2019

During whistler wave excitation, electron energy is transferred from electrons to waves. There is little observational evidence that such a process operates effectively in the magnetotail, however. Using a large observational database from the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms mission, we investigate whistler wave excitation within and around dipolarizing flux bundles (DFBs), critical energy transporters in the magnetotail, and the evacuation of perpendicular electron energy by whistler wave Poynting flux. We find that perpendicular anisotropy of suprathermal (~10 keV) electrons is the major free energy source for whistler wave excitation near DFBs. During earthward transport of electrons by DFBs, 3.7% of the suprathermal electron energy flux is evacuated in the form of whistler wave Poynting flux. This suggests that whistler waves play an important role in electron thermodynamics in the magnetotail by significantly modifying the otherwise adiabatically shaped electron distributions.
Tracking Pyrometeors With Meteorological Radar Using Unsupervised Machine Learning
Authors: McCarthy N. F. , Guyot A. , Protat A. , Dowdy A. J. , McGowan H.
Published: September 2019

Pyrometeors are the large (>2 mm) debris lofted above wildfires that are composed of the by‐products of combustion of the fuels. One speciation of pyrometeor is firebrands, which are burning debris that lead to ignitions ahead of the surface fire and can be the dominant mechanism of fire spread and structure loss. Pyrometeors are observed by meteorological radar. To date, there have been no investigations into identification of pyrometeor speciation with radar. Here we present an unsupervised machine learning method (Gaussian mixture model) to classify pyrometeor modes using X‐band radar data. The coherent features of the mode of pyrometeor identified most likely to transport firebrands were tracked in time and space. The radar classification and tracking method shows that wildfires do produce signatures in radar returns that could be used for spot fire risk prediction. In wildfires, different types of debris (known as pyrometeors) are lofted in the smoke plumes and transported downwind. Some types of pyrometeors may, when in the air, still be burning and capable of starting new wildfires. Here we investigate the potential for meteorological radar to classify different types of pyrometeors and to track them to determine their potential for starting new fires downwind of the main fire front.
Dynamic Fine‐Scale Sea Icescape Shapes Adult Emperor Penguin Foraging Habitat in East Antarctica
Authors: Labrousse Sara , Fraser Alexander D. , Sumner Michael , Tamura Takeshi , Pinaud David , Wienecke Barbara , Kirkwood Roger , Ropert‐Coudert Yan , Reisinger Ryan , Jonsen Ian , Porter‐Smith Rick , Barbraud Christophe , Bost Charles‐André , Ji Rubao , Jenouvrier Stéphanie
Published: September 2019

The emperor penguin, an iconic species threatened by projected sea ice loss in Antarctica, has long been considered to forage at the fast ice edge, presumably relying on large/yearly persistent polynyas as their main foraging habitat during the breeding season. Using newly developed fine‐scale sea icescape data and historical penguin tracking data, this study for the first time suggests the importance of less recognized small openings, including cracks, flaw leads and ephemeral short‐term polynyas, as foraging habitats for emperor penguins. The tracking data retrieved from 47 emperor penguins in two different colonies in East Antarctica suggest that those penguins spent 23% of their time in ephemeral polynyas and did not use the large/yearly persistent, well‐studied polynyas, even if they occur much more regularly with predictable locations. These findings challenge our previous understanding of emperor penguin breeding habitats, highlighting the need for incorporating fine‐scale seascape features when assessing the population persistence in a rapidly changing polar environment.
Deep Low‐Frequency Earthquakes Beneath the Hakone Volcano, Central Japan, and their Relation to Volcanic Activity
Authors: Yukutake Y. , Abe Y. , Doke R.
Published: September 2019

Deep low‐frequency earthquakes (DLFEs) are ubiquitous seismic activities in the deep parts of volcanoes. Owing to the low signal‐to‐noise ratio, the seismic activities of DLFEs have not been characterized in detail; particularly, the linkage between DLFEs and shallow volcanic activity has not been understood sufficiently. In this study, numerous DLFEs have been successfully detected beneath the Hakone volcano, central Japan, by cross‐correlating a template to the continuous seismic signals. The resulting seismic catalog reveals that DLFEs are activated prior to notable earthquake swarms in the shallow part of a volcano and to the crustal expansion caused by a pressure source at a depth of 7 km. Results indicate that the activation of DLFEs reflects the feeding of magmatic fluid from depth. The subsequent increment in the magmatic‐fluid pressure triggers shallow volcanic activities.
A 3‐D Shear Velocity Model of the Crust and Uppermost Mantle Beneath Alaska Including Apparent Radial Anisotropy
Authors: Feng Lili , Ritzwoller Michael H.
Published: September 2019

This paper presents a model of the 3‐D shear velocity structure of the crust and uppermost mantle beneath Alaska and its surroundings on a ~50‐km grid, including crustal and mantle radial anisotropy, based on seismic data recorded at more than 500 broadband stations. The model derives from a Bayesian Monte Carlo inversion of Rayleigh wave group and phase speeds and Love wave phase speeds determined from ambient noise and earthquake data. Prominent features resolved in the model include the following: (1) Apparent crustal radial anisotropy is strongest across the parts of central and northern Alaska that were subjected to significant extension during the Cretaceous. This is consistent with crustal anisotropy being caused by deformationally aligned middle to lower crustal sheet silicates (micas) with shallowly dipping foliation planes beneath extensional domains. (2) Crustal thickness estimates are similar to those from receiver functions by Miller and Moresi (2018, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220180222). (3) Very thick lithosphere underlies Arctic‐Alaska, with high shear wave speeds that extend at least to 120‐km depth, which may challenge rotational transport models for the evolution of the region. (4) Subducting lithosphere beneath Alaska is resolved, including what we call the “Barren Islands slab anomaly,” an “aseismic slab edge” north of the Denali Volcanic Gap, the “Wrangellia slab anomaly,” and Yakutat lithosphere subducting seaward of the Wrangell volcanic field. (5) The geometry of the Alaskan subduction zone generally agrees with the slab model Alaska_3D 1.0 of Jadamec and Billen (2010, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09053) except for the Yakutat “slab shoulder region,” which is newly imaged in our model.
Novel, Repeated Surveys Reveal New Insights on Sediment Flux Through a Narrow Strait, Bohai, China
Authors: Wu Xiao , Wu Hui , Wang Houjie , Bi Naishuang , Duan Haiqin , Wang Chenghao , Bian Changwei , Xu Jingping
Published: September 2019

Straits are both a choke point and passage through which material and energy are exchanged between two adjoining water bodies. Understanding the mechanisms that drive these exchanges therefore is vital to quantifying the water and sediment budgets in regional and global oceans. Here we present a study in which a novel, phase‐averaging method was employed to better estimate the net‐suspended sediment fluxes through the entire Bohai Strait, the only passage for the massive Yellow River‐delivered sediment to leave the enclosed Bohai Sea for the open Yellow Sea. In winter, the transport through the strait was nearly barotropic in waters well mixed by the energetic winter monsoons. The transport became primarily baroclinic (opposite directions between upper and lower layers) in spring due to stratification, especially in the southern part of the strait. Intermittent but frequent southerly winds in northerly dominated winters were responsible for a net westward sediment transport into the Bohai Sea, a finding contrary to a status quo view. Hence, previous studies in which these intermittent southerly wind busts were not included are believed to have overestimated the sediments export from the Bohai Sea.
Spatially Disaggregating Satellite Land Surface Temperature With a Nonlinear Model Across Agricultural Areas
Authors: Liu Kai , Wang Shudong , Li Xueke , Wu Taixia
Published: September 2019

Accurate remotely sensed land surface temperature (LST) is a promising tool for predicting surface evapotranspiration (ET). The spatial resolution of commonly existing daily satellite products (i.e., Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer [MODIS] LST) is ~1 km, which remains relatively low for used in estimating ET. This paper developed a model that disaggregates ~1‐km spatial resolution MODIS‐derived LST data to fine spatial resolutions of 250 m. The proposed model was achieved by using a spatial and temporal nonlinear strategy that contains the predictor variables of the Bowen ratio, the photochemical reflectance index, and the normalized difference vegetation index. The proposed disaggregation model was assessed mainly at two agriculture sites, including the Heihe River Basin in China and the Walnut Creek Watershed in the United States, during the growing seasons. The assessment procedure was conducted at both the field scale and the image scale in terms of disaggregated LST and ET. The statistical results demonstrated that the proposed model produced 250‐m LST and ET that matched better with the observed values and achieved more accurate LST and ET relative to other reference ones. Our study shows that surface moisture status and vegetation physiological dynamic are important factors in improving the LST disaggregation over the agriculture region. The results of this study have the potential to improve water resource management and sustainable water use.
Topography Modulates Effects of Nitrogen Deposition on Asymbiotic N2 Fixation in Soil but not Litter or Moss in a Secondary Karst Forest
Authors: Wang Zhenchuan , Li Dejun , Zheng Mianhai , Chen Hao , Sun Xibin , Wang Kelin
Published: September 2019

Evidence shows that nitrogen (N) addition may suppress or have no significant effect on asymbiotic N2 fixation (ANF) in soil, litter, or moss. However, the mechanisms underlying the differential responses of ANF to N addition are not well understood. The main objectives of the current study were to assess how ANF in soil, litter, and moss responds to N addition and whether topography modulates the responses of ANF in soil, litter, or moss to N addition. We conducted an N addition experiment at two topographic positions, that is, valley and slope of a secondary karst forest in southwest China. Three N addition treatments, that is, control (0 kg N·ha−1·year−1), moderate N addition (N50, 50 kg N·ha−1·year−1), and high N addition (N100, 100 kg N·ha−1·year−1) were included. Nitrogen addition had no significant effect on moss ANF at both topographic positions. Soil ANF was lower by 17.1% in the N100 plots relative to the control in the valley but was not significantly altered by N addition on the slope. In contrast, litter ANF was suppressed by N addition at both topographic positions by 77.9% to 87.4%. Our findings suggest that topography may modulate the responses of ANF to N addition, but the modulation effects likely differ among different ecosystem compartments.
Momentum Transport in Shallow Cumulus Clouds and Its Parameterization by Higher‐Order Closure
Authors: Larson Vincent E. , Domke Steffen , Griffin Brian M.
Published: September 2019

It is challenging to parameterize subgrid vertical momentum fluxes in marine shallow cumulus layers that contain a jet in the profile of horizontal wind. In a large‐eddy simulation of such a layer, it is found that the momentum flux in the direction of strongest wind magnitude has a three‐layer structure. The lowest layer, from the ocean surface up to the jet maximum, has downgradient momentum flux. The middle layer, from the jet maximum up to an altitude several hundred meters above, has upgradient (i.e., countergradient) momentum flux because of transport of low‐magnitude momentum upward through the jet maximum. In the upper layer, the layer‐average momentum flux is weak. The budget of momentum flux shows that in the middle and upper layers, both the buoyancy production term and turbulent advection (i.e., third‐order flux‐of‐flux) terms are important.

To parameterize the profile of momentum flux in a single‐column model, the momentum flux is prognosed in this study. The buoyancy production and flux‐of‐flux terms are parameterized by integrating them over a subgrid probability density function with an assumed normal‐mixture shape. The resulting parameterized fluxes and mean‐wind profiles are demonstrated to be comparable to those produced in large‐eddy simulations, both for two marine shallow cumulus cases with upgradient fluxes and for a continental cumulus case and two stratocumulus cases with downgradient fluxes. In the two marine shallow cumulus cases, the parameterization is able to capture the upgradient momentum flux above the jet maximum and the weak momentum fluxes aloft.
Metadherin enhances vulnerability of cancer cells to ferroptosis
Authors: Bi Jianling , Yang Shujie , Li Long , Dai Qun , Borcherding Nicholas , Wagner Brett A. , Buettner Garry R. , Spitz Douglas R. , Leslie Kimberly K. , Zhang Jun , Meng Xiangbing
Published: September 2019

Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent, non-apoptotic form of regulated cell death driven by lipid hydroperoxides within biological membranes. Although therapy-resistant mesenchymal-high cancers are particularly vulnerable to ferroptosis inducers, especially phospholipid glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) inhibitors, the underlying mechanism is yet to be deciphered. As such, the full application of GPx4 inhibitors in cancer therapy remains challenging. Here we demonstrate that metadherin (MTDH) confers a therapy-resistant mesenchymal-high cell state and enhanced sensitivity to inducers of ferroptosis. Mechanistically, MTDH inhibited GPx4, as well as the solute carrier family 3 member 2 (SLC3A2, a system Xc− heterodimerization partner), at both the messenger RNA and protein levels. Our metabolomic studies demonstrated that MTDH reduced intracellular cysteine, but increased glutamate levels, ultimately decreasing levels of glutathione and setting the stage for increased vulnerability to ferroptosis. Finally, we observed an enhanced antitumor effect when we combined various ferroptosis inducers both in vitro and in vivo; the level of MTDH correlated with the ferroptotic effect. We have demonstrated for the first time that MTDH enhances the vulnerability of cancer cells to ferroptosis and may serve as a therapeutic biomarker for future ferroptosis-centered cancer therapy.
C/EBPα deficiency in podocytes aggravates podocyte senescence and kidney injury in aging mice
Authors: Zhang Liwen , Zhou Fangfang , Yu Xialian , Zhu Yufei , Zhou Ying , Liu Jian , Liu Yunzi , Ma Qingyang , Zhang Yuchao , Wang Weiming , Chen Nan
Published: September 2019

Kidney aging leads to an increased incidence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the elderly, and aging is a complex biological process controlled by signaling pathways and transcription factors. Podocyte senescence plays a central role in injury resulting from kidney aging. Here, we demonstrated the critical role of C/EBPα in podocyte senescence and kidney aging by generating a genetically modified mouse model of chronological aging in which C/EBPα was selectively deleted in podocytes and by overexpressing C/EBPα in cultured podocytes, in which premature senescence was induced by treatment with adriamycin. Moreover, we illuminated the mechanisms by which podocyte senescence causes tubular impairment by stimulating HK-2 cells with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and chloroquine. Our findings suggest that C/EBPα knockout in podocytes aggravates podocyte senescence through the AMPK/mTOR pathway, leading to glomerulosclerosis, and that subsequent albuminuria exacerbates the epithelial–mesenchymal transdifferentiation of senescent tubular cells by suppressing autophagy. These observations highlight the importance of C/EBPα as a new potential target in kidney aging.
Stakeholders’ perspectives on the post-mortem use of genetic and health-related data for research: a systematic review
Authors: Bak Marieke A. R. , Ploem M. Corrette , Ateşyürek Hakan , Blom Marieke T. , Tan Hanno L. , Willems Dick L.
Published: September 2019

The majority of biobank policies and consent forms do not address post-mortem use of data for medical research, thus causing uncertainty after research participants’ death. This systematic review identifies studies examining stakeholders’ perspectives on this issue. We conducted a search in MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE and Web of Science. Findings were categorised in two themes: (1) views on the use of data for medical research after participants’ death, and (2) perspectives regarding the post-mortem return of individual genetic research results. An important subtheme was the appropriate authority and degree of control over posthumous use of data. The sixteen included studies all focused on genetic data and used quantitative and qualitative methods to survey perspectives of research participants, family members, researchers and Institutional Review Board members. Acceptability of post-mortem use of data for medical research was high among research participants and their relatives. Most stakeholders thought participants should be informed about post-mortem research uses during initial consent. Between lay persons and professionals, disagreement exists about whether relatives should receive actionable genetic findings, and whether the deceased’s previous preferences can be overridden. We conclude that regulations and ethical guidance should leave room for post-mortem use of personal data for research, provided that informed consent procedures are transparent on this issue, including the return of individual research findings to relatives. Future research is needed to explore underlying causes for differences in views, as well as ethical and legal issues on the appropriate level of control by deceased research participants (while alive) and their relatives.
Non-Gaussian noise spectroscopy with a superconducting qubit sensor
Authors: Sung Youngkyu , Beaudoin Félix , Norris Leigh M. , Yan Fei , Kim David K. , Qiu Jack Y. , von Lüpke Uwe , Yoder Jonilyn L. , Orlando Terry P. , Gustavsson Simon , Viola Lorenza , Oliver William D.
Published: September 2019

Accurate characterization of the noise influencing a quantum system of interest has far-reaching implications across quantum science, ranging from microscopic modeling of decoherence dynamics to noise-optimized quantum control. While the assumption that noise obeys Gaussian statistics is commonly employed, noise is generically non-Gaussian in nature. In particular, the Gaussian approximation breaks down whenever a qubit is strongly coupled to discrete noise sources or has a non-linear response to the environmental degrees of freedom. Thus, in order to both scrutinize the applicability of the Gaussian assumption and capture distinctive non-Gaussian signatures, a tool for characterizing non-Gaussian noise is essential. Here, we experimentally validate a quantum control protocol which, in addition to the spectrum, reconstructs the leading higher-order spectrum of engineered non-Gaussian dephasing noise using a superconducting qubit as a sensor. This first experimental demonstration of non-Gaussian noise spectroscopy represents a major step toward demonstrating a complete spectral estimation toolbox for quantum devices.
Polar and phase domain walls with conducting interfacial states in a Weyl semimetal MoTe2
Authors: Huang Fei-Ting , Joon Lim Seong , Singh Sobhit , Kim Jinwoong , Zhang Lunyong , Kim Jae-Wook , Chu Ming-Wen , Rabe Karin M. , Vanderbilt David , Cheong Sang-Wook
Published: September 2019

Much of the dramatic growth in research on topological materials has focused on topologically protected surface states. While the domain walls of topological materials such as Weyl semimetals with broken inversion or time-reversal symmetry can provide a hunting ground for exploring topological interfacial states, such investigations have received little attention to date. Here, utilizing in-situ cryogenic transmission electron microscopy combined with first-principles calculations, we discover intriguing domain-wall structures in MoTe2, both between polar variants of the low-temperature(T) Weyl phase, and between this and the high-T higher-order topological phase. We demonstrate how polar domain walls can be manipulated with electron beams and show that phase domain walls tend to form superlattice-like structures along the c axis. Scanning tunneling microscopy indicates a possible signature of a conducting hinge state at phase domain walls. Our results open avenues for investigating topological interfacial states and unveiling multifunctional aspects of domain walls in topological materials.
Identification of proteins and miRNAs that specifically bind an mRNA in vivo
Authors: Theil Kathrin , Imami Koshi , Rajewsky Nikolaus
Published: September 2019

Understanding regulation of an mRNA requires knowledge of its regulators. However, methods for reliable de-novo identification of proteins binding to a particular RNA are scarce and were thus far only successfully applied to abundant noncoding RNAs in cell culture. Here, we present vIPR, an RNA-protein crosslink, RNA pulldown, and shotgun proteomics approach to identify proteins bound to selected mRNAs inC. elegans. Applying vIPR to the germline-specific transcriptgld-1led to enrichment of known and novel interactors. By comparing enrichment upongld-1andlin-41pulldown, we demonstrate that vIPR recovers both common and specific RNA-binding proteins, and we validate DAZ-1 as a specificgld-1regulator. Finally, combining vIPR with small RNA sequencing, we recover known and biologically important transcript-specific miRNA interactions, and we identifymiR-84as a specific interactor of thegld-1transcript. We envision that vIPR will provide a platform for investigating RNA in vivo regulation in diverse biological systems.
Membrane adsorbers with ultrahigh metal-organic framework loading for high flux separations
Authors: Wang Hang , Zhao Shuang , Liu Yi , Yao Ruxin , Wang Xiaoqi , Cao Yuhua , Ma Dou , Zou Mingchu , Cao Anyuan , Feng Xiao , Wang Bo
Published: September 2019

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with high porosity and designable functionality make it possible to access the merits of high permeability and selectivity. However, scalable fabrication methods to produce mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) with good flexibility and ultrahigh MOF loading are urgently needed yet largely unmet. Herein, we report a thermally induced phase separation-hot pressing (TIPS-HoP) strategy to roll-to-roll produce 10 distinct MOF-membranes (loadings up to 86 wt%). Ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene interweaving the MOF particles contributes to their mechanical strength. Rejections (99%) of organic dyes with a water flux of 125.7 L m–2 h–1 bar–1 under cross-flow filtration mode. The micron-sized channels between the MOF particles translate into fast water permeation, while the porous MOFs reject solutes through rapid adsorption. This strategy paves ways for developing high-performance membrane adsorbers for crucial separation processes. As a proof-of-concept, the abilities of the membrane adsorbers for separating racemates and proteins have been demonstrated.
Surface acoustic wave photonic devices in silicon on insulator
Authors: Munk Dvir , Katzman Moshe , Hen Mirit , Priel Maayan , Feldberg Moshe , Sharabani Tali , Levy Shahar , Bergman Arik , Zadok Avi
Published: September 2019

Opto-mechanical interactions in planar photonic integrated circuits draw great interest in basic research and applications. However, opto-mechanics is practically absent in the most technologically significant photonics platform: silicon on insulator. Previous demonstrations required the under-etching and suspension of silicon structures. Here we present surface acoustic wave-photonic devices in silicon on insulator, up to 8 GHz frequency. Surface waves are launched through absorption of modulated pump light in metallic gratings and thermo-elastic expansion. The surface waves are detected through photo-elastic modulation of an optical probe in standard race-track resonators. Devices do not involve piezo-electric actuation, suspension of waveguides or hybrid material integration. Wavelength conversion of incident microwave signals and acoustic true time delays up to 40 ns are demonstrated on-chip. Lastly, discrete-time microwave-photonic filters with up to six taps and 20 MHz-wide passbands are realized using acoustic delays. The concept is suitable for integrated microwave-photonics signal processing.