bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transblepharoplasty Approach to Sequestered Disease of the Lateral Frontal Sinus with Ophthalmologic Manifestations
Authors: Knipe Thomas A. , Gandhi Parag D. , Fleming James C. , Chandra Rakesh K.
Published: January 2007

Background

Sequestered disease within the lateral extent of the frontal sinus that has eroded into the orbit through the frontal sinus floor may be difficult to address with standard ESS techniques. We describe an approach to this problem using a transblepharoplasty incision concealed in the upper eyelid crease.

Methods

Five consecutive patients with lateral frontal sinus disease involving the orbit were treated with combined ESS/transblepharoplasty approach. This used an upper lid incision and elevation of a myocutaneous flap. The preexisting dehiscence in the sinus floor was exposed, permitting extraction of fungal debris and marsupialization of the mucocele. Frontal sinusotomy was performed via combined above/below technique

Results

The study group included 5 patients with mean age of 50 years. Two patients had post-traumatic mucopyocele, two had allergic fungal sinusitis, and one exhibited both entities. All patients had signs of ophthalmopathy: proptosis with increased IOP (5/5), gaze restriction (5/5), and decrease in visual acuity (2/5). Ophthalmologic symptoms improved postoperatively in 5/5, but 2 patients eventually required revision endoscopic surgery. No complications occurred, and incision healing was excellent in all patients.

Conclusion

In patients with sequestered disease of the lateral frontal sinus and ophthalmologic manifestations, the transblepharoplasty approach in combination with ESS affords excellent access while preserving cosmesis.
Impact of Depression on Disease-Specific Symptoms and Quality of Life in Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Brandsted Rebecca , Sindwani Raj
Published: January 2007

Background

Depression is associated with increased symptom burden in the setting of chronic medical conditions. Studies investigating the influence of depression on the symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) are lacking. The purpose of this project was to establish the prevalence of depression in patients with CRS and to explore the impact of this disorder on disease-specific symptoms and general quality of life (QOL) in the preoperative and postoperative setting.

Methods

We reviewed the records of 320 consecutive patients presenting with sinonasal symptoms to our specialty sinus clinic. Patients with CRS were evaluated by nasal endoscopy, CT imaging, and validated questionnaires including the Chronic Sinusitis Survey and SF-8 Health Survey, a QOL measurement. Findings in CRS patients with depression were compared with a matched-control group of CRS patients without depression before and after endoscopic sinus surgery.

Results

Overall, 26% of patients presenting with sinonasal symptoms had a diagnosis of depression. After evaluation including CT imaging, 33% of the initial population was diagnosed with CRS. The prevalence of depression in these CRS patients was 25%. Disease-specific symptoms were similar between groups; however, depressed CRS patients reported significantly worse pain and energy level and difficulty with daily activities (p < 0.050) when compared with a control group of CRS patients without depression. Postoperatively, nondepressed patients showed a marked improvement in disease-specific as well as general QOL scores (p < 0.050), whereas depressed patients did not.

Conclusion

CRS patients with and without depression have similarly poor disease-specific symptoms. However, depressed CRS patients have poorer disease-specific and overall QOL outcomes after sinus surgery.
Rhinologic Manifestations of Ectodermal Dysplasia
Authors: Mehta Umang , Brunworth Joseph , Lewis Richard Alan , Sindwani Raj
Published: January 2007

Background

The Ectodermal Dysplasias (ED) are a group of uncommon genetic disorders characterized by deficient development of tissues derived from ectoderm and mesoderm. Abnormalities of the respiratory epithelium prevent normal mucociliary function. We explored the prevalence and severity of sinonasal features in affected individuals.

Methods

Thirty-four subjects with ED were evaluated. A focused history and thorough nasal examination including flexible nasopharyngoscopy were performed. Patients and caregivers rated the severity of rhinologic symptoms with a standard scale. Standardized smell tests were also performed.

Results

The study included 21 males and 13 females whose mean age was 18.8 years (range, 4 months to 85 years). The majority (79%) had Hypohydrotic ED. Nearly half of the individuals evaluated reported moderate to severe nasal obstruction. Allergic symptoms were present in 44% of individuals whereas 41% had a history of sinusitis. Nasal concretions were significantly more troublesome in those aged 15 and under (p = 0.028). Eighteen percent had undergone sinonasal surgery. On examination, normal intranasal structures were identifiable in all patients. However, dry mucosae, prominent crusts, and concretions were found in most (79%). A deviated nasal septum was present in 23% of individuals and a saddle nose deformity in 18. Smell tests were normal for age in all subjects.

Conclusion

Rhinologic issues are prevalent and problematic in individuals with ED. Management should focus on humidification, nasal debridement, and tailored therapy for allergic rhinitis and sinusitis. Increased awareness of the sinonasal concerns in ED will facilitate diagnosis and improve the care of these patients.
New Bone Formation in Unilateral Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Cho Seok Hyun , Kim Su Young , Lee Keun Young , Lee Hyun Chang
Published: January 2007

Background

Computed tomography (CT) frequently shows abnormal bone thickening in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. The sinus bone may be not in a static state, and remodeling occurs in response to chronic inflammation.

Methods

Ostiomeatal unit CT scans were reviewed in 29 patients with unilateral rhinosinusitis (URS) undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery. We defined new bone formation (NBF) as a remarkable bone thickening or hyperostosis of the intrinsic sinus walls in comparison with the normal side. Bony CT scores of sinus walls were expressed by the Hounsfield unit (HU) and soft tissue CT scores were measured by the Lund-Mackay system.

Results

Almost all of the NBF was located at the maxillary and anterior ethmoid sinuses (83.7%), and it was significantly increased in patients with higher Lund-Mackay scores (p = 0.043). The HU values were significantly different between NBF and non-NBF contralateral sides (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

The HU may be helpful to diagnose and quantify the bone remodeling in URS.
Endoscopic Anatomy of the Parasellar Region
Authors: Bassim Marc K. , Senior Brent A.
Published: January 2007

Background

The aim of this study was to describe the endoscopic anatomy of the cavernous sinus and adjoining parasellar regions and their relationships to the sphenoid sinus.

Methods

An endoscopic transnasal transsphenoidal approach to the pituitary gland and posterior skull base was performed on three fresh frozen cadaver heads (six sides). Neural and vascular anatomic landmarks of the cavernous sinus and parasellar regions were identified and correlated with sphenoid surface anatomy.

Results

The posterior wall of the sphenoid sinus presents several surface landmarks allowing the identification of the sella, carotid artery, and optic nerve. Identification of the optic-carotid recess allows reflection of the internal carotid artery medially and access to the cavernous sinus. Further lateral dissection allows for easy identification of the oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, and abducens nerves. The ophthalmic artery then can be followed from its origin on the internal carotid artery coursing anteriorly into the orbit. The optic chiasm also can be easily identified superiorly. Posteriorly, careful dissection allows access to the basilar artery along the clivus.

Conclusion

As endoscopic surgeons continue to expand their procedures to involve areas of the skull base outside the paranasal sinuses, knowledge of the endoscopic anatomy of the sella, parasellar, and adjacent areas is paramount. Critical landmarks are readily evident in the sphenoid sinus providing good access to neural and vascular structures of this region of the skull base.
Sinonasal Epithelial Cell Expression of Toll-Like Receptor 9 is Decreased in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Polyps
Authors: Ramanathan Murray , Lee Won-Kyung , Dubin Marc G. , Lin Sandra , Spannhake Ernst W. , Lane Andrew P.
Published: January 2007

Background

Innate immune recognition of pathogens by sinonasal epithelial cells may play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Previous studies have indicated that toll-like receptor (TLR) mRNA is present in sinonasal mucosa, and levels of TLR9 expression are decreased in recalcitrant CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). However, the cellular source and function of TLR9 in the sinonasal epithelium is not known. In this study, primary epithelial cell cultures were analyzed from control subjects and CRSwNP patients to determine the presence and function of TLR9 protein.

Methods

Primary epithelial cell cultures were established from 5 controls and 10 CRSwNP patients undergoing sinus surgery. Flow cytometry was used to confirm purity of epithelial cells and to assess expression of TLR9 protein. Epithelial cells were stimulated with TLR9 agonist, and mRNA was analyzed by real-time PCR for expression of human β-defensin (HBD) 2 and interleukin (IL)-8.

Results

Flow cytometry showed TLR9 protein in 100% of epithelial cells from controls and CRSwNP patients. The level of expression was 50% lower in CRS patients than in controls. Stimulation of epithelial cells with TLR9 agonist produced a 1.5- to 9-fold increase in HBD-2 and IL-8 mRNA expression.

Conclusion

Functional TLR9 protein is expressed by normal and diseased sinonasal epithelial cells. The level of TLR9 expression is decreased in CRSwNP patients, consistent with the previous finding of decreased TLR9 mRNA in whole sinonasal tissue. These findings suggest that impaired innate immune responses to pathogens via TLR9 on sinonasal epithelial cells may represent a critical mechanism in chronic inflammatory sinus disease.
Immunolocalization of Dendritic Cells and Pattern Recognition Receptors in Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Rampey Andrew M. , Lathers Deanne M.R. , Woodworth Bradford A. , Schlosser Rodney J.
Published: January 2007

Background

Dendritic cell (DC) activation and antigen presentation to T cells are critical to innate and adaptive immunity. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are known to bind pathogen-associated molecular patterns in addition to sinonasally secreted surfactant proteins (SP) such as SP-A and SP-D. TLR binding is known to activate DCs. Based on these observations, we sought to establish the presence, in sinonasal mucosa, of DC and the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), CD14, TLR2, and TLR4.

Methods

Sinonasal biopsy specimens were taken from patients with eosinophilic nonatopic nasal polyposis (n = 4), allergic fungal sinusitis (n = 1), and nondiseased patients undergoing cerebrospinal fluid leak repair or pituitary tumor resection (n = 2). Tissue samples were stained immunohistochemically for PRR (CD14, TLR2, and TLR4), mature DC marker (CD208), iDC marker (CD209), or isotype controls.

Results

Immature and mature DC were immunolocalized to the subepithelial stroma and ciliated epithelial surface, respectively. Diffuse staining of CD14 was observed throughout the stroma with additional staining in the ciliated epithelium. The TLR markers showed no staining in the ciliated epithelium. TLR2 primarily localized in stroma immediately deep to the ciliated epithelial surface. TLR4 immunolocalized to submucosal seromucinous gland ductal epithelium. Data from nondiseased patients were mixed, with one patient showing minimal staining of any of the tested cellular markers.

Conclusion

This study indicates progressive DC activation and emigration of mature antigen-presenting cells from the epithelial surfaces of sinonasal mucosa. The presence of TLR known to bind SP-A and SP-D suggests a link between SP expression and immune response in sinonasal mucosa.
Structure of Masera's Septal Olfactory Organ in Cat (Felis silvestris f. catus) - Light Microscopy in Selected Stages of Ontogeny
Authors: Kociánová I. , Gorošová A. , Tichý F. , Čížek P. , Machálka M.
Published: January 2007

The septal organ /SO/ (Masera's organ /MO/) is a chemoreceptor presently considered one of three types of olfactory organs (along with the principal olfactory region and vomeronasal organ). Notwithstanding the septal organ having been first described by Rodolfo Masera in 1943, little is known of the properties of sensory neurons or of its functional significance in chemoreception. Until now the septal organ has been described only in laboratory rodents and some marsupials. This work refers to its existence in the domestic cat (Felis silvestris f. catus). The septal organ can be identified at the end of embryonic period - 27 or 28 days of ontogenesis in cats (the 6th developmental stage of Štěrba) - coincident with formation of the principal olfactory region in nasal cavity. At 45 days of ontogenesis (the 9th developmental stage of Štěrba), this septal olfactory organ is of circular or oval shape, 120 μm in diameter, in ventral part of septum nasi, lying caudally to the opening of ductus incisivus. The structure of the epithelium of septal olfactory organ is clearly distinct from the respiratory epithelium of the nasal cavity. It varies in thickness, cellular composition, as well as free surface appearance, and even lack the typical structure of sensory epithelium, in this developmental period. Nerve bundles and glandular acini are lacking in the lamina propria mucosae of the septal organ and in the adjacent tissues. Glands appear as the single non-luminized cords of epithelia extending from the surface. The adjacent respiratory epithelium contains numerous goblet cells.
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide and Renal Haemodynamics in Newborn Calves
Authors: Dratwa A.
Published: January 2007

The study was aimed to provide information on the dynamics of changes in the concentration of ANP in blood plasma of calves during the first seven days of their life and to find any association between blood plasma ANP concentration and effective renal blood (ERBF) and plasma flow (ERPF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The experiment was carried out on 10 clinically healthy Black and White calves during the first seven days of postnatal life. The concentration of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in blood plasma was determined with radioimmunoassay. The kidney function was assessed by clearance methods, using para-aminohippuric acid and inulin. The blood plasma ANP concentration increased with age. On the first day the mean concentration of ANP was 5.72 ± 1.34 pmol/l, on the 7th day it was 14.34 ± 2.09 pmol/l. The ERBF and ERPF during the first week of life showed variations, mean ERBF ranging within 280.22 ± 10.30 ml/min/m2 (1st day) and 338.25 ± 13.72 ml/min/m2 (7th day) and ERPF ranging between 179.77 ± 8.27 ml/min/m2 (1st day) and 245.22 ± 9.86 ml/min/m2 (7th day). The mean GFR on the first day was 35.68 ± 2.10 ml/min/m2 and significantly (p < 0.01) increased on the second day 49.97 ± 1.76 ml/min/m2, subsequently GFR remained on a stabile level average 51.06 ml/min/m2. The studies showed no correlations between plasma ANP concentration and ERPF (ERBF) and GFR. These data indicate that in calves during the first seven days of postnatal life endogenous ANP did not change the effective renal blood (plasma) flow and glomerular filtration rate.
Zinc and Copper Status of Beef Cattle in the Šumava Region, Czech Republic
Authors: Slavík P. , Illek J. , Zelený T.
Published: January 2007

The aim of the study was to ascertain copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) status in beef cattle in different stages of production pastured in a mountainous area with known soil deficiency of Zn and Cu. Data from seven beef herds (n = 100) were evaluated, each time for two production stages (cows in late pregnancy and heifers). Serum levels of zinc and copper were measured. Mean concentrations of Zn and Cu were 16.34+/-3.52 μmol l-1 and 11.17 +/-3.27 μmol l-1, respectively. Mean values measured in the heifers (n = 50) were 16.3 +/-3.58 μmol l-1 for zinc and 11.65 +/-3.32 μmol l-1 for copper. In the cows in late pregnancy (n = 50), serum concentrations of Zn and Cu were 16.37 +/- 3.46 μmol l-1 and 10.68 +/-3.07 μmol l-1, respectively. Neither for copper (p < 0.59) nor for zinc (p < 0.99) significant differences were demonstrated between cows in late pregnancy and heifers. Moreover, analysis of their feed revealed that the content of these minerals was half of the recommended levels. Therefore, to achieve an adequate zinc status, both cattle categories pastured in this area should have access to mineral licks.
Nutritional Composition of Seeds of the Genus Lupinus
Authors: Straková E. , Suchý P. , Večerek V. , Šerman V. , Mas N. , Jůzl M.
Published: January 2007

The aim of this study was to determine and evaluate the chemical composition of the seeds of the genus Lupinus and soybeans. The chemical analyses were carried out in frequently grown lupin varieties in Europe (AMIGA, ANDA, ATU, BORUTA, BUTAN, DIETA, JUNO, KARO, PRIMA, ROSE, SONET and WATT) and two locally grown varieties of soybeans (KORADA and VISION). The contents of individual substances in analysed lupin seeds showed large differences in chemical composition of individual lupin varieties (crude protein: 317.06 - 458.86 g kg-1; lipids: 52.15 - 125.76 g kg-1; fibre: 101.21 - 154.23 g kg-1; non-nitrogenous extractive substances: 285.94 - 436.47 g kg-1; starch: 41.31 - 102.65 g kg-1; organic matter: 951.75 - 966.24 g kg-1; ash: 33.76 - 48.25 g kg-1; calcium: 2.29 - 5.10 g kg-1; phosphorus: 4.62 - 8.04 g kg-1; magnesium: 1.36 - 2.51 g kg-1; acid detergent fibre: 133.13 - 209.25 g kg-1). Lupin seeds were characterized by high contents of crude protein; in some varieties they significantly exceeded the content of crude protein in soybeans. In contrast to lupine seeds, soybeans contained a significantly higher content of lipids and lower content of fibre including acid detergent fibre. In lupin seeds, a negative correlation coefficient was found between the crude protein and BNLV content (r = -0.93) and between crude protein and starch content (r = -0.79). A positive correlation (r = 0.76) was found between the starch and BNLV content in lupin seeds. The results of the study provide information not only for growers regarding the choice of individual lupin varieties, but also for breeders who intend to use lupin seeds as suitable components for feed rations and mixtures.
Testing of Two Varieties of Lupin Seeds as Substitutes for Soya Extracted Meal in Vegetable Diets Designed for Young Broilers
Authors: Suchý P. , Straková E. , Večerek V. , Šerman V. , Mas N.
Published: January 2007

The main aim of this experiment was to verify the suitability of two Polish varieties of dehulled lupin seed (the low-protein SONET variety and the high-protein JUNO variety) as protein components to replace 50% of soya extract meal in feeding mixtures designed for the feeding of young broilers. The results of this experiment demonstrate that suitable treatment of lupin seed (dehulling) may significantly increase its nutritional value. Dehulling provides a product (core) in which the level of nitrogen-containing substances is by 27% higher than that in the original seed, providing an important protein component to be added in feeding mixtures for chickens. The experiment has also shown that production performance depends on the particular Lupinus variety used. Chickens fed on the JUNO variety seed (Group E1) reached a live weight of 2.332 kg on Day 40, which is comparable with the control group of chickens (2.337 kg; Group C). However, chickens in Group E2 fed on the SONET variety seed had a conclusively lower average weight (2.280 kg) (P < 0.05). Feed consumption per kg of weight gain at this level of average live weight was as follows: 1.89 kg (Group C), 1.85 kg (Group E1), and 1.93 kg (Group E2). The results confirm the suitability of dehulled lupin seed as a substitute for soya extract meal. When designing the composition of feeding mixtures one has to know the exact nutritional composition of the particular lupin variety. One important finding from a nutritional point of view is that the seed of the Lupinus genus is a major source of the amino acid arginine, which is often deficient in the feeding mixtures.
Heavy Metals in Brown Bears from the Central European Carpathians
Authors: Čelechovská O. , Literák I. , Ondruš S. , Pospíšil Z.
Published: January 2007

The aim of the present study was to assess heavy metal load in the brown bear (Ursus arctos) living in the central European Carpathians. Between 2002 and 2004, fifteen bears were examined to evaluate the distribution of cadmium, lead, mercury and copper in the animals' muscles (diaphragm), spleen, liver and kidney. The highest content of cadmium, lead and mercury was found in the kidney (17.4 ± 5.2 mg kg-1, 1.16 ± 0.39 mg kg-1, 0.39 ± 0.25 mg kg-1), whereas the lowest content of the metals was observed in the muscles (0.017 ± 0.009 mg kg-1, 0.299 ± 0.308 mg kg-1, 0.013 ± 0.011 mg kg-1). Second highest concentration of cadmium, lead and mercury was detected in the liver (0.83 ± 0.24 mg kg-1, 0.99 ± 0.61 mg kg-1, 0.11 ± 0.05 mg kg-1). Copper distributions and concentrations in bear tissues were as follows (in descending order): liver (23.9 ± 6.7 mg kg-1), > kidneys (9.0 ± 3.3 mg kg-1), > muscles (1.9 ± 1.6 mg kg-1) and > spleen (1.0 ± 0.2 mg kg-1). As compared with heavy metal load observed in bear tissues between 1988 and 1990, the concentration of cadmium in the muscles and liver was significantly lower (p < 0.01). On the contrary, mercury values were significantly higher in the liver (p < 0.05), kidney and muscle (p < 0.01). Lead and copper tissue concentrations did not change substantially.
Influence of Mastitis on Milk Yield in Holstein Cows
Authors: Kocak O.
Published: January 2007

The objectives of the current study were to investigate the incidence of mastitis in a private dairy herd and the effect of the disease on the lactation milk yield (LMY), and on the daily average of the weekly milk yield (DMY). Only cows with no disease and cows with mastitis were included in the analyses. Mixed model procedures were used to analyse the DMY. Incidence of mastitis in the herd was 26.22%. The incidences of first, second and third parity groups were 19.94%, 33.74% and 40.74%, respectively. Daily milk losses because of mastitis varied between 0.76 kg/d and 4.56 kg/d. The total milk loss was 600.87 kg for cows that became mastitic in the first six weeks of lactation and was 503.86 kg for cows that became mastitic after the sixth week of lactation. The milk losses of cows that contracted mastitis after the sixth week of lactation, began three weeks before the diagnosis. The mastitic cows failed to reach their healthy levels of milk yield during the rest of the lactation. The results indicate that weekly lactation records are useful in early detection of mastitis.
Therapeutic Effects of Enrofloxacin in Mastitis-metritis-agalactia Syndrome: A Review
Authors: Valenčak Z. , Štukelj M. , Ščuka L.
Published: January 2007

The efficacy of enrofloxacin in the mastitis-metritis-agalactia (MMA)-syndrome was inspected by necessary clinical trials and by using a meta-analysis or systematic review. Numerous aetiologies or pathophysiologies can be involved in the MMA-syndrome. Fever, anorexia, vulva discharge and mastitis are the basic changes but the growth rate and survival of the litter are the main problem of MMA. Our survey included 6 studies, of which four were entered in the meta-analysis itself; two studies dealt with the susceptibility profile of bacteria to enrofloxacin. As evident from the meta-analysis, enrofloxacin was effective in the treatment of the MMA-syndrome in pigs. Out of all studies, the results were statistically significant (p < 0.05) in three of them, whereas the overall result of metaanalysis indicates a high efficacy of enrofloxacin (p = 0.002) in treatment of the MMA syndrome. In total, there were not more than 0.3% of less susceptible and non-resistant strains out of all surveyed strains E. coli (n = 295) within MMA-sydrome and the MIC value for E. coli ranged between 0.03 and 0.06 μg/ml. The high efficacy of enrofloxacin in the MMA-syndrome therapy has been confirmed by meta-analysis and systematic review.
Effect of an Acute Iron Overdose on PMN Cells Chemiluminescence and Indices of Inner Environment in a Swine Model
Authors: Svoboda M. , Lojek A. , Polášková J. , Ficek R. , Hiemer J. , Drábek J.
Published: January 2007

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of an acute iron dextran administration on polymorphonuclear cells chemiluminescence and indices of inner environment in piglets. Piglets in the experimental group (n = 16) were given 2000 mg (20 ml) Fe3+ in the form of iron dextran i.m. Piglets in the control group (n = 13) were given the same amount of physiological saline. Blood was taken before administration, and 1, 4 and 24 hours after. Iron application resulted in a ten times higher concentration of iron in blood plasma in the experimental group. No differences in spontaneous, PMA- and OZP-stimulated chemiluminescence were recorded between the two groups. The increased activities of CK, AST and LDH are indicative of a muscle injury at the injection site. No changes indicating liver or kidney injury were reported. Our study provides evidence of a good safety of iron dextran after parenteral administration.
Influence of Porcine Housing Density on Species Diversity and Number of Airborne Microorganisms at Fattening Facilities
Authors: Pavičić Ž. , Balenović T. , Valpotić H. , Tofant A. , Popović M. , Balenović M. , Matković K. , Valpotić I.
Published: January 2007

Microbiological composition of air, as a factor of ambient conditions in animal facilities can significantly influence performance, health and animal welfare in the swine production. The aim of this investigation was to determine, by monitoring primary microclimatic conditions, the possible association of the number of fattening pigs per unit of housing space with species diversity and number of airborne microorganisms. The research was conducted at a fattening and finishing facility of 450 m2 (equipped with 44 pens designed for 10 animals each) with low-pressure ventilation in three different trials. The first trial was conducted during the autumn-winter period with the capacity of 440 animals (0.7 m2 of pen area per fattening pig), the second trial was conducted during the winter-spring period with 356 animals (0.8 m2 of pen area per fattening pig), and the third trial was conducted during the spring-summer period with 312 animals (1.0 m2 of pen area per fattening pig). The air samples for isolation of fungi and mesophilic, haemolytic, and coliform bacteria were taken and microclimatic conditions were monitored during each trial at the same consecutive weekly periods. According to the data obtained from all trials, the total number of bacteria and fungi did not exceed 104 and 103 CFU per m3, respectively. The most numerous were gram-positive bacteria, followed by gram-negative bacteria and fungi. The total number of airborne microorganisms correlates significantly (at p < 0.05) with porcine housing density. These data may be useful for the assessment of housing density at fattening facilities that will not compromise swine health and welfare regarding the microbiological air quality, and thus may contribute to the implementation of optimal rearing conditions in large-scale animal producing units.
Clinical and Histopathological Evaluation of Terbinafine Treatment in Cats Experimentally Infected with Microsporum canis
Authors: Kotnik T. , Černe M.
Published: January 2007

The efficacy of terbinafine hydrochloride (Lamisil©, Novartis) in the treatment of 27 M. canis infected cats was followed. Treatment was started on the 17th day post inoculation (p.i.), when successful experimental infection was proved. Nine cats were treated with low-dose terbinafine 10-20 mg/kg QD (LD group), nine cats were treated with high-dose terbinafine 30-40 mg/kg QD (HD group) and nine were left untreated as a control group (C group). The efficacy of the treatment was evaluated using Wood's lamp examination, fungal culture and histopathology. All cats were positive 14 days p.i. Sixty days p.i. 8 cats from the LD group, 9 from the C group and 2 cats from the HD group had fungi in the tissue. Ninety days p.i. the HD group was free of fungi in the skin and other tests became negative on the 120th day p.i. Statistically significant differences were found between the HD group and both of the other groups (p < 0.005) on 60th and the 90th day p.i. Experimental infection with M. canis yielded an inflammatory reaction of a mononuclear and neutrophil type in the cat skin. Hyperplastic interstitial dermatitis was a predominant tissue reaction although other types were also present during the study.
Fexofenadine Treatment of Atopic Dogs: Preliminary Clinical Results
Authors: Plevnik A. , Kotnik T. , Kobal S.
Published: January 2007

The purpose of our study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of the antihistamine fexofenadine versus methylprednisolone in dogs with atopic dermatitis. Eight dogs were included in the study and randomly allocated to two groups of four animals. The first group (F) received oral fexofenadine and the second group (M) received methylprednisolone. Over a period of 6 weeks, we evaluated the CADESI (Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent Severity Index) score and the pruritus score and made measurements of biochemical blood indicators (AP, ALT, AST, urea, creatinine) on three occasions. The study results did not reveal any statistically significant differences compared to baseline in AST, ALT, AP, urea and creatinine values in any of the treated groups and at any of the time points during the treatment (p > 0.112). The mean CADESI values and the severity of pruritus were reduced by more than 50% in both groups during the treatment course. There were no statistically significant differences between group M and group F. A statistically significant difference compared to the baseline was found in the reduction of the CADESI score in group F in the sixth week of treatment (p = 0.011). There was also a significant reduction compared to the baseline in the severity of pruritus ingroup M in the third (p = 0.004) and sixth week of treatment (p = 0.022). Our results indicate the possible use of fexofenadine in the treatment of atopic dermatitis in dogs, as it was demonstrated safe and effective in comparison with methylprednisolone.
Clinical Symptoms and Histological Changes in Poecilia reticulata following Gamma-Ray Irradiation
Authors: Beňová K. , Cigánková V. , Falis M. , Šmajda B.
Published: January 2007

Lethality, food intake, clinical symptoms and terminal histological changes were followed after gamma-irradiation with doses of 10, 20, 30, 35 and 40 Gy in guppy, Poecilia reticulata. Clinical symptoms, food intake and longevity were also monitored in the progeny of fish irradiated with a dose of 10 Gy. In the first days after irradiation timidity and lethargy were observed. After doses of 30, 35 and 40 Gy, these symptoms were accompanied with anorexia. The most prominent clinical symptoms observed were emaciation, hampered breathing, exophthalmia and haemorrhages. Histological findings corresponded with these symptoms. In the fish irradiated with 10 or 20 Gy the progeny survived, after a dose of 30 Gy the progeny died within 24 hours after birth and after doses of 35 and 40 Gy dead progeny was born. The survival data provide an estimate of LD50/30 equal to 29 Gy. Higher relative mortality and more severe clinical symptoms were observed in females. The progeny of irradiated parent fish grew and survived for 3 months maximum.
Nitrite Intoxication of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) at Different Water Temperatures
Authors: Kroupová H. , Máchová J. , Piačková V. , Flajšhans M. , Svobodová Z. , Poleszczuk G.
Published: January 2007

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) were exposed to nitrite (1.45 mmol l-1 NO2-) for 48 hours at 14 °C and 20 °C, in order to investigate the mechanism of nitrite poisoning at these water temperatures. The effect of nitrite exposure on fish was assessed on selected haematological and biochemical indicators of the blood. Moreover, nitrite accumulation in the blood, liver and muscle was measured. Nitrite exposure produced high levels of methaemoglobin (88.2 ± 3.3% and 92.9 ± 6.1%) at both water temperatures compared with controls (0.3 ± 0.6% and 2.6 ± 3.0%). High fish mortality occurred in experimental groups (30% and 51%) compared with controls (0%). Nitrite exposure also resulted in an accumulation of nitrite in the fish body. The highest nitrite levels developed in the blood plasma, followed by the liver and muscle, respectively. Carp concentrated nitrite in the blood plasma and tissues to markedly higher levels at higher temperature (20 °C). The plasma nitrite concentrations (10.5 ± 1.9 mmol l-1) were in this case more than 7 times higher than the environmental one. At lower temperature (14 °C), plasma nitrite concentration reached 5.0 ± 1.5 mmol l-1. In either event, plasma K+ levels increased and Cl- levels and osmolality remained unchanged. Plasma Na+ levels slightly decreased at the higher temperature. Nitriteexposed fish showed lower haematocrit values (PCV) at both experimental temperatures compared with controls. At 20 °C, the blood haematocrit decrease (0.20 ± 0.02 l l-1) was accompanied by a low erythrocyte count (1.05 ± 0.12 1012 l-1) and by a low haemoglobin level (51 ± 11 g l-1). At the lower temperature (14 °C), the haematocrit decrease (0.25 ± 0.02 l l-1) was caused by a low mean corpuscular volume (167 ± 27 fl). No significant changes were observed in the mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), or selected erythrocyte dimensions (major axis, minor axis and aspect ratio).
Effects of Oxytetracycline Containing Feed on Pond Ecosystem and Health of Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)
Authors: Svobodová Z. , Sudová E. , Nepejchalová L. , Červinka S. , Vykusová B. , Modrá H. , Kolářová J.
Published: January 2007

The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of medicated feed, Rupin Special gran. ad us. vet. with oxytetracyclini chloridum as active ingredient (5 g kg-1 feed), on physical and chemical characteristics of a pond ecosystem and the health of carp of two age groups in a pilot operation. The medicated feed was administered in 8 doses (15 g kg-1 live weight). In the study, temperature, oxygen concentration, pH, microbiological, hydrobiological and hydrochemical variables of pond water were monitored. The fish health assessment was based on clinical, pathological-morphological and haematological examinations of 80 individuals in total. The examinations were made before, during, immediately after and 15 days after the administration of medicated feed. No effects on water quality were found. An important histological change after the application of 8 doses was the loss of haematopoietic tissue from the spleen, and dystrophic changes in the renal duct epithelium. A decrease in leukocyte and lymphocyte counts and in total blood plasma protein concentrations (P < 0.05) were observed already after the 3rd dose of Rupin Special. It follows from the results of the study that Rupin Special should be used in only 4 (exceptionally 6) doses, compared to the originally recommended 8 doses.
Total Mercury and Methylmercury Contamination in Fish from Sites along the Elbe River
Authors: Maršálek P. , Svobodová Z. , Randák T.
Published: January 2007

The aim of the study was to evaluate total mercury Hg and methylmercury MeHg contamination in muscle tissues of fish collected in 2002 from the Labe (Elbe) river at sites upstream of Pardubice and downstream of Pardubice and Hřensko, and in 2004 from the Labe river upstream and downstream of the Spolana factory in Neratovice, and from the Vltava river downstream of Lenora. Eighty eight fish of the following species were sampled: bream (Abramis brama L.), perch (Perca fluviatilis L.), chub (Leuciscus cephalus L.) and barbel (Barbus barbus L.). Total mercury content in chub, perch and bream was in the range of 0.05 - 1.96 mg kg-1 w.w., 0. 09 - 1.46 mg kg-1 w.w. and 0.35 - 0.82 mg kg-1 w.w., respectively. Methylmercury content in chub, perch and bream was in the range of 0.04 - 2.11 mg kg-1 w.w., 0.1 - 1.73 mg kg-1 w.w. and 0.371 - 0.650 mg kg-1 w.w., respectively. Significant correlation (p < 0.05) was found between contents of THg and MeHg and both the weight and the age of fish. Significant differences (p < 0.05) between THg and MeHg contents were found between individual sites. In 2002, for example, the most contaminated fish were found downstream of Pardubice, followed by fish from upstream of Pardubice and from Hřensko. In 2004, fish from downstream and upstream of the Spolana factory in Neratovice were more contaminated than fish from the Vltava river downstream of Lenora. The methylmercury-tototal mercury ratio in muscle tissue was close to 1.0.
Brominated Flame Retardants in the Environment: their Sources and Effects (A Review)
Authors: Mikula P. , Svobodová Z.
Published: January 2007

Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are organic substances frequently used in many industries. The most important group within BFRs are polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Because they persist in the environment, accumulate in food chains and have toxic effects, they are a potential health risk both for animals and humans. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers may disrupt processes of hormonal regulation in living organisms by reducing thyroxine concentrations in the plasma of the exposed individuals. In vitro studies have demonstrated the ability of these substances to bind to estrogen and androgen receptors. Tests on rodents have also demonstrated neurotoxicity of some of the PBDEs. Although industrial use of PBDEs is now regulated to a large extent, PBDEs have already been detected in areas with no apparent industrial load, e.g. in Greenland. This article presents an overview of BFRs-related issues with a particular emphasis on PBDEs, describes toxic effects of those substances and their metabolism in living organisms, and discusses issues related to the incidence of PBDEs in the environment.
Effect of Bacillus cereus Enzymes on Milk Quality following Ultra High Temperature Processing
Authors: Janštová B. , Dračková M. , Vorlová L.
Published: January 2007

Using a model case of contamination of long-life semi-skimmed milk with the spores of six B. cereus strains, isolated from the farm environment and raw milk, proteolysis was monitored by measuring changes in protein content by infra-red spectroscopy; free tyrosine was measured by the Lowry method according to Juffs, and the reduction in casein fractions by SDS-PAGE. Lipolysis was monitored by the dilution extractive method. At a storage temperature of 4 °C for 4 months no enzyme processes were observed, whereas at a storage temperature of 24 °C a marked enzyme activity was found during maximum 3 weeks as well as sensory changes of UHT milk. After three weeks of storage, a reduction in protein content from 34.55 g l-1 milk to 29.46 ± 2.00 g l-1 milk, and a reduction in the free tyrosine from 0.65 to 2.13 ± 0.28 mg ml-1 was found, as well as increased molar contents of free fatty acids (FFA) from 41.97 to 1617.22 ± 68.17 mmol kg-1 milk fat. After six days of storage, α-casein, β-casein and κ-casein dropped to 69 ± 10%, 56 ± 16% and 43 ± 10%, respectively. Majority of changes in UHT milk depended on the B. cereus strain used, initial microbial counts and the method of heat inactivation of spores.
Efficiency of Sanitary Treatment in Poultry Breeding and Poultry Meat Processing Plant
Authors: Kašková A. , Ondrašovičová O. , Sokol J. , Vargová M. , Šmirjaková S. , Ondrašovič M. , Chovanec M.
Published: January 2007

The aim of this study was to observe the effectiveness of disinfection on a broiler farm and in a plant processing the poultry from this farm. The broiler farm was disinfected with a preparation based on peracetic acid while a preparation based on quarternary ammonium salt was used in the processing plant. We evaluated swabs taken from surfaces, which come into contact with broilers and broiler meat. Results of the swabs taken by standard microbiological swabbing method were evaluated with results of the swabs taken by the ATP-bioluminescence method. The microbiological examination included total counts of microorganisms, coliform count and moulds. When using the standard plate counts method on the broiler farm we found that the plate counts in 0% of swabs were < 1, in 12% of swabs ranged between 1 - 100 CFU while in 88% of swabs reached > 100 CFU. In the processing plant, out of 22% of swabs < 1 CFU were recovered, in 36% of swabs plate counts ranged between 1 - 100 CFU and in 42% of swabs plate counts reached > 100. The bioluminescence method was applied only in the processing plant where < 100, 100 - 300 and > 300 RLU were measured in 80, 10 and 10% of swabs, resp. Our observations and results allowed us to conclude that the disinfectants tested appeared suitable for the respective premises and the ATP bioluminescence method could be use as a as a suitable complement for detection of cleanliness of individual surfaces.
Influence of Travel Distance and the Season upon Transport-induced Mortality in Fattened Cattle
Authors: Malena M. , Voslářová E. , Tomanová P. , Lepková R. , Bedáňová I. , Večerek V.
Published: January 2007

Animal welfare during the transport of fattened cattle has a significant effect on the likelihood of mortality or poor meat quality. The number of animals that died during transport to a slaughterhouse or briefly after being delivered to a slaughterhouse may serve as an indicator of animal welfare during transport. The aim of this study was to determine the mortality in fattened cattle resulting from transport to a slaughterhouse, and to examine the effect of both travel distance and the season of the year on the mortality rate in fattened cattle during transport. The mortality rate in fattened cattle during transport to a slaughterhouse that were monitored in the Czech Republic in the period of 1997 - 2004 was 0.007% ± 0.003%. However, it varied significantly (p < 0.05, r = 0.90) with the travel distance to a slaughterhouse, ranging from 0.004% ± 0.002% at a travel distance up to 50 km to 0.024% ± 0.027% at a travel distance over 300 km. The season of the year also had a significant impact on the mortality rate in transported fattened cattle. In general, the highest mortality rate was observed in summer months (particularly in July and August) and winter months (particularly in January and February). Correlation (r = 0.68) was proved (p < 0.01) between the mortality rate in fattened cattle and ambient temperature. The results indicate relatively low sensitivity of fattened cattle to stress during transport, which was reflected in transport-induced mortality. The increasing travel distance and the transport of cattle in summer or winter months resulted in an increase in transport-induced mortality rates.
Effect of Calf Diseases on Mortality during Transport for Slaughter
Authors: Večerek V. , Šímová V. , Malena M. , Voslářová E. , Malena M.
Published: January 2007

The aim of this study was to determine the general effect of calf diseases on the mortality rate in connection with a journey distance and, furthermore, to determine the tendency of development in this field. During the period of 1997 - 2004 inspectors of the State Veterinary Administration in the Czech Republic recorded the number of healthy calves transported for standard slaughter and numbers of calves that died in connection with this transport; furthermore, they recorded numbers of diseased calves transported for emergency slaughter and numbers of calves that died in connection with this transport. The calf mortality rate in connection with transport for standard slaughter and in connection with transport for emergency slaughter was 0.026% (29/113144) and 3.266% (2260/69207), respectively. The mortality rate during transport for emergency slaughter is considerably higher, an expression in the form of a ratio index is 127.4. The total number of calf deaths during transport for slaughter significantly increased (p < 0.01) due to calf diseases. The effect of the journey distance on calf mortality in connection with transport was manifested as follows: during transport up to 50 km the recorded mortality rate was 0.019% for standard slaughter and 3.029% for an emergency one. In case of a longer journey distance, up to 200 km, a higher mortality rate was detected, namely 0.110% for standard slaughter and 5.177% for an emergency one. Due to diseases the number of calf deaths during transport up to 50, 100 and 200 km significantly increased (p < 0.01). A long-term tendency concerning increase or decrease of calf disease effect on the mortality rate in calves during transport for slaughter depending on individual years of the period monitored was not proved. Calf disease significantly decreases calf welfare during their transport for slaughter and considerably increases number of calves that died in connection with transport for slaughter.
Electrophysiological Recordings from Neonatal Neocortical Brain Slices
Authors: Daw Michael , Isaac John
Published: January 2007

Many brain processes and the expression of many neuronal proteins are developmentally regulated; therefore, studying cellular and molecular processes in tissue from very young animals is vital to understanding the development of the brain. Working on tissue from very young animals (first postnatal week) presents a number of specific problems. This unit describes techniques to overcome these problems to produce in vitro slices from neonatal rodents and to reliably achieve high‐quality patch‐clamp recordings from neurons in neonatal brain slices.
Assays for Cyclic Nucleotide‐Specific Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) in the Central Nervous System (PDE1, PDE2, PDE4, and PDE10)
Authors: Deng Chengjun , Wang Daguang , Bugaj‐Gaweda Bozena , De Vivo Michael
Published: January 2007

Since the identification of phosphodiesterase activity in brain tissue more than 40 years ago, 11 distinct gene families have been identified, differing with respect to localization, regulation, affinity for cAMP and cGMP, and distinct functions within cells. PDEs 1, 2, 4, and 10 are currently of special interest to CNS pharmacology because of their high expression in specific areas of the brain and the behavioral effects of inhibitors of these enzymes in rodents. Efficient high‐throughput PDE enzyme assays are essential for PDE‐targeted drug discovery, and this unit details two types of assays. The first method is relatively inexpensive and is based on separating radiolabeled cNMPs from degradation products on alumina columns. The second method is fluorescence‐based; it is fast and better accommodates high‐throughput screening, but is more expensive. Although these methods have successfully been used for PDEs 1, 2, 4 and 10, they could be readily adapted to other PDEs.
Synthesis of Ribonucleosides by Condensation Using Trimethylsilyl Triflate
Authors: Vorbrüggen Helmut , Lagoja Irene M. , Herdewijn Piet
Published: January 2007

This unit describes, in detail, the optimized condition for the synthesis of nucleosides making use of the trimethysilyl triflate–mediated silyl‐Hilbert‐Johnson synthesis. This unit focuses on the mechanistic understanding of this universal and conveniently applicable method.