bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental study on waterflooding development of low-amplitude reservoir with big bottom water
Authors: Li Yanlai , Tan Jie , Mou Songru , Liu Chunyan , Yang Dongdong
Published: September 2021

For offshore reservoirs with a big bottom water range, the water cut rises quickly and soon enters the ultra-high water cut stage. After entering the ultra-high water cut stage, due to the influence of offshore production facilities, there are few potential tapping measures, so it is urgent to explore the feasibility study of artificial water injection development. The quasi-three-dimensional and two-dimensional displacement experiments are designed using the experimental similarity criteria according to the actual reservoir parameters. Several experimental schemes are designed, fluid physical properties, interlayer distribution, and development mode according to the actual reservoir physical properties. Through the visualization of experimental equipment, the bottom water reservoir is visually stimulated. The displacement and sweep law of natural water drive and artificial water injection in bottom water reservoir with or without an interlayer, different viscosity, and different well spacing is analyzed. The following conclusions are obtained: (1) For reservoirs with a viscosity of 150 cp. The recovery factor after water injection is slightly higher than before water injection. However, the recovery factor is lower than that without injection production. The reason is that the increment of injection conversion is limited to reduce one production well after injection conversion. (2) For reservoirs with a viscosity of 30 cp. The recovery factor after injection is 39.8%, which is slightly higher than 38.9% without injection. (3) For reservoirs with a viscosity of 150 cp. In the case of the interlayer. The recovery factor after injection is 30.7%, which is significantly higher than 24.8% without injection. (4) After the well spacing of the low-viscosity reservoir is reduced, the recovery factor reaches 46.1%, which is higher than 38.9% of the non-infill scheme. After the infill well in a low-viscosity reservoir is transferred to injection, the recovery factor is 45.6%, which has little change compared with non-injection, and most of the cumulative production fluid is water. The feasibility and effect of water flooding in a strong bottom water reservoir are demonstrated. This study provides the basis for the proposal of production well injection conversion and the adjustment of production parameters in the highest water cut stage of a big bottom water reservoir.
Peculiarities of Tertiary petroleum systems evolution under prograding shelf environment on the continental margin of the East Siberian Sea
Authors: Mustaev R. N. , Lavrenova E. A. , Kerimov V. Yu. , Mamedov R. A.
Published: September 2021

The upper part of the sedimentary cover within the East Siberian Sea shelf comprises Cenozoic clinoform deposits, which accumulated in passive continental margin settings. In the Eastern Arctic, the productivity of clinoform deposits has been proved on the Alaska North Slope and in the Beaufort–Mackenzie Basin. Considering that Cenozoic clinoform deposits are widely represented in the Russian part of the Eastern Arctic, they undoubtedly attract considerable interest from the standpoint of hydrocarbons prospecting. However, despite increasingly closer attention to this interval of the sedimentary section, it is still poorly understood due to its complicated geology. The lack of drilled wells in the region imposes a considerable limitation on an understanding of sedimentary basins development. In this situation, geophysical data become the primary source of information for building geologic models in the Russian sector of the Eastern Arctic. An assessment of hypothetical Cenozoic petroleum systems of the East Siberian Sea is the main objective of this paper. It is to be said research performed under high uncertainty of input data. The results obtained from basin analysis and numerical modeling indicate the possibility that an active petroleum system may exist in the Cenozoic sedimentary wedge of the East Siberian Sea. The outlook for the clinoform complex largely depends on the source rock maturity, i.e., higher prospects should be expected in areas where the prograding wedge has maximum thickness. Considering all factors (reservoir quality prediction, proximity to a hydrocarbon kitchen, timing), the Eocene–Oligocene part of the sedimentary section appears to offer the greatest promise within the study area. Here, predominantly oil accumulations may be expected at a depth of 2.5–3.5 km below sea bottom.
Geochemical investigation of hydrocarbon generation potential of coal from Raniganj Basin, India
Authors: Panwar D. S. , Chaurasia Ram Chandra , Saxena V. K. , Singh A. K. , Akanksha
Published: September 2021

Methane content in a coal seam is a necessary parameter for evaluating coal bed gas, and it poses an environmental risk to underground coal mining activities. Keeping in pace with comprehensive studies of coal bed gas, 12 coal samples were selected from the Sitarampur block of Raniganj Coalfield for analysis. The Petrographic examination illustrated that significant values of reactive macerals present in samples demonstrate that organic matter is dominated by the prominent source of aromatic hydrocarbons with a minor proportion of aliphatic hydrocarbon, which falls in the region of (Type III) kerogen, confirms the suitability for the potential of hydrocarbon generation. “A” factor (aliphatic/aromatic bands) and “C” factor (carbonyl/carboxyl bands) value concluded that the sample has the lowest aromaticity and the highest hydrocarbon-generating potential, which was also validated by the Van Krevelen diagram. The Van Krevelen diagram plots between the H/C and O/C ratio indicate that coal samples lie in the type III kerogen, and bituminous coal (gas prone zone) is present in the block, which is confirmed by the cross-plot between desorbed and total gas (cc/g). The in situ gas content values are high enough to produce methane from coal beds. The overall study concludes that the Sitarampur block from Raniganj Coalfield is suitable for hydrocarbon generation and extraction.
The role of a changing Arctic Ocean and climate for the biogeochemical cycling of dimethyl sulphide and carbon monoxide
Authors: Campen Hanna I. , Arévalo-Martínez Damian L. , Artioli Yuri , Brown Ian J. , Kitidis Vassilis , Lessin Gennadi , Rees Andrew P. , Bange Hermann W.
Published: September 2021

Dimethyl sulphide (DMS) and carbon monoxide (CO) are climate-relevant trace gases that play key roles in the radiative budget of the Arctic atmosphere. Under global warming, Arctic sea ice retreats at an unprecedented rate, altering light penetration and biological communities, and potentially affect DMS and CO cycling in the Arctic Ocean. This could have socio-economic implications in and beyond the Arctic region. However, little is known about CO production pathways and emissions in this region and the future development of DMS and CO cycling. Here we summarize the current understanding and assess potential future changes of DMS and CO cycling in relation to changes in sea ice coverage, light penetration, bacterial and microalgal communities, pH and physical properties. We suggest that production of DMS and CO might increase with ice melting, increasing light availability and shifting phytoplankton community. Among others, policy measures should facilitate large-scale process studies, coordinated long term observations and modelling efforts to improve our current understanding of the cycling and emissions of DMS and CO in the Arctic Ocean and of global consequences.
Surjectivity of the asymptotic Borel map in Carleman–Roumieu ultraholomorphic classes defined by regular sequences
Authors: Jiménez-Garrido Javier , Sanz Javier , Schindl Gerhard
Published: September 2021

We study the surjectivity of, and the existence of right inverses for, the asymptotic Borel map in Carleman–Roumieu ultraholomorphic classes defined by regular sequences in the sense of E. M. Dyn’kin. We extend previous results by J. Schmets and M. Valdivia, by V. Thilliez, and by the authors, and show the prominent role played by an index, associated with the sequence, that was introduced by V. Thilliez. The techniques involve regular variation, integral transforms and characterization results of A. Debrouwere in a half-plane, stemming from his study of the surjectivity of the moment mapping in general Gelfand–Shilov spaces.
Medical Student Experience and Outcomes, as Well as Preceptor Experience, with Rapid Conversion of a Preclinical Medical School Course to a Remote-Based Learning Format in the Setting of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Grand David , Schuster Victor L. , Pullman James M. , Golestaneh Ladan , Raff Amanda C.
Published: September 2021

Objectives

To assess student outcomes and experiences, as well as preceptor experiences, after emergently converting a preclinical medical school renal course to a remote setting during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods

First-year medical student examination scores and responses to Likert-scale questions on end-of-course evaluations from the 2018–2019 (traditional) and 2019–2020 (remote) academic years were compared. Free-text responses from students and preceptors were analyzed using a qualitative summative approach to extract major themes in perceptions of remote learning.

Results

Mean student scores on course examinations did not significantly differ between the traditional and remote settings (p = 0.23 and 0.84 respectively). Quantitative analysis of student evaluations revealed no significant difference across all items in mean Likert-scale responses. Student and preceptor free-text responses identified course leader engagement and responsiveness as essential to the success of remote-based learning. Optimal group size and online etiquette are areas that require attention.

Conclusions

Despite rapid conversion of a preclinical medical school renal course to a remote-based format in the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic, student scores and evaluations remain positive and largely unchanged.
Analysis of public opinion evolution of COVID-19 based on LDA-ARMA hybrid model
Authors: Zhuang Muni , Li Yong , Tan Xu , Xing Lining , Lu Xin
Published: September 2021

The aim of this study was to explore a method for developing an emotional evolution classification model for large-scale online public opinion of events such as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), in order to guide government departments to adopt differentiated forms of emergency management and to correctly guide online public opinion for severely afflicted areas such as Wuhan and those afflicted elsewhere in China. We propose the LDA-ARMA deep neural network for dynamic presentation and fine-grained categorization of a public opinion events. This was applied to a huge quantity of online public opinion texts in a complicated setting and integrated the proposed sentiment measurement algorithm. To begin, the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) was employed to extract information about the topic of comments. The autoregressive moving average model (ARMA) was then utilized to perform multidimensional sentiment analysis and evolution prediction on large-scale textual data related to COVID-19 published by netizens from Wuhan and other countries on Sina Weibo. The results show that Wuhan netizens paid more attention to the development of the situation, treatment measures, and policies related to COVID-19 than other issues, and were under greater emotional pressure, whereas netizens in the rest of the country paid more attention to the overall COVID-19 prevention and control, and were more positive and optimistic with the assistance of the government and NGOs. The average error in predicting public opinion sentiment was less than 5.64%, demonstrating that this approach may be effectively applied to the analysis of large-scale online public sentiment evolution.
Vascular Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Homeostasis, Regeneration, and Aging
Authors: Ramalingam Pradeep , Butler Jason M. , Poulos Michael G.
Published: September 2021

Purpose of Review

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) sit at the top of the hierarchy that meets the daily burden of blood production. HSC maintenance relies on extrinsic cues from the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment to balance stem cell self-renewal and cell fate decisions. In this brief review, we will highlight the studies and model systems that define the centralized role of BM vascular endothelium in modulating HSC activity in health and stress.

Recent Findings

The BM microenvironment is composed of a diverse array of intimately associated vascular and perivascular cell types. Recent dynamic imaging studies, coupled with single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and functional readouts, have advanced our understanding of the HSC-supportive cell types and their cooperative mechanisms that govern stem cell fate during homeostasis, regeneration, and aging. These findings have established complex and discrete vascular microenvironments within the BM that express overlapping and unique paracrine signals that modulate HSC fate.

Summary

Understanding the spatial and reciprocal HSC-niche interactions and the molecular mechanisms that govern HSC activity in the BM vascular microenvironment will be integral in developing therapies aimed at ameliorating hematological disease and supporting healthy hematopoietic output.
The view of technological innovation in coal industry under the vision of carbon neutralization
Authors: Li Quansheng
Published: September 2021

This paper analyzed the current situation and development trends of energy consumption and carbon emissions, and the current situation and development trend of coal consumption in China. In the context of recently established carbon peak and carbon neutralization targets, this paper put forward the main problems associated with the green and low-carbon development and utilization of coal. Five key technological innovation directions in mining were proposed, including green coal development, intelligent and efficient mining, low-carbon utilization and conversion of coal, energy conservation and emission reduction, carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS). Focusing on the above technological innovation directions, it is suggested to carry out three basic theories, including the theory of green efficient intelligent mining, clean and low-carbon utilization and transformation of coal, and CCUS. Meanwhile, it is proposed to develop 12 key technologies, including green coal mining and ecological environment protection, efficient coal mining and intelligent mine construction, key technologies and equipment for efficient coal processing, underground coal gasification and mining, ultra-high parameter and ultra-supercritical power generation technology, intelligent and flexible coal-fired power generation technology, new power cycle coal-fired power generation technology, the development of coal-based special fuels, coal-based bulk and specialty chemicals, energy conservation and consumption reduction, large-scale and low-cost carbon capture, CO2utilization and storage. Finally, necessary measures from the governmental perspective were also proposed.
Real Nano “Light Vaccine” Will Benefit to COVID-19 Pandemic Control
Authors: Yang Jianshe
Published: September 2021

This highlight presents a recent technique of “Light Vaccine” for COVID-19 pandemic control. Though this technique has the germicidal advantage to SARS-CoV-2, its shortcomings will limit the wide and in-depth application. We make a perspective of real nano light vaccine, which will play an important role in the prevention and control of COVID-19. Briefly, This flow chart described the MWCNT was fabricated with strong acid and base conditional mixture in order to achieve the p-WCNT (chemical process); then modified with RNA layse and receptor binding domain (RBD) by covalent conjugation and physical absorption to get f-WCNT (functionalization); thereafter, f-WCNT was used in the multi-cell culture system interacting with SARS-CoV-2 to identify the special affinity of f-WCNT to ACE2 labeled alveolar type II cells and the inhibition capacity to SARS-CoV-2. This design, is different from the so called “light vaccine”, has the real function to against SARS-CoV-2 by local cellular temperature-rising through photothermal conversion under the near infrared (NIR) light irradiation, according to the physical and chemical nature of carbon nanotubes, and initiates the immune response consequently.
Are women more generous than men? A meta-analysis
Authors: Bilén David , Dreber Anna , Johannesson Magnus
Published: September 2021

We perform a meta analysis of gender differences in the standard windfall gains dictator game (DG) by collecting raw data from 53 studies with 117 conditions, giving us 15,016 unique individual observations. We find that women on average give 4 percentage points more than men (Cohen’s <mml:math xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mnf="http://cambridge.org/core/manifest" xmlns:cup="http://contentservices.cambridge.org" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:m="http://cambridge.org/core/metadata" xmlns:core="http://cambridge.org/core" xmlns:c="http://cambridge.org/core/content">d=0.16), and that this difference decreases to <mml:math xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mnf="http://cambridge.org/core/manifest" xmlns:cup="http://contentservices.cambridge.org" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:m="http://cambridge.org/core/metadata" xmlns:core="http://cambridge.org/core" xmlns:c="http://cambridge.org/core/content">3.1% points (Cohen’s <mml:math xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mnf="http://cambridge.org/core/manifest" xmlns:cup="http://contentservices.cambridge.org" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:m="http://cambridge.org/core/metadata" xmlns:core="http://cambridge.org/core" xmlns:c="http://cambridge.org/core/content">d=0.13) if we exclude studies where dictators can only give all or nothing. The gender difference is larger if the recipient in the DG is a charity, compared to the standard DG with an anonymous individual as the recipient (a 10.9 versus a <mml:math xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mnf="http://cambridge.org/core/manifest" xmlns:cup="http://contentservices.cambridge.org" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:m="http://cambridge.org/core/metadata" xmlns:core="http://cambridge.org/core" xmlns:c="http://cambridge.org/core/content">2.3% points gender difference). These effect sizes imply that many individual studies on gender differences are underpowered; the median power in our sample of standard DG studies is only <mml:math xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mnf="http://cambridge.org/core/manifest" xmlns:cup="http://contentservices.cambridge.org" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:m="http://cambridge.org/core/metadata" xmlns:core="http://cambridge.org/core" xmlns:c="http://cambridge.org/core/content">9% to detect the meta-analytic gender difference at the <mml:math xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mnf="http://cambridge.org/core/manifest" xmlns:cup="http://contentservices.cambridge.org" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:m="http://cambridge.org/core/metadata" xmlns:core="http://cambridge.org/core" xmlns:c="http://cambridge.org/core/content">5% significance level. Moving forward on this topic, sample sizes should thus be substantially larger than what has been the norm in the past.
Identification of token contracts on Ethereum: standard compliance and beyond
Authors: Di Angelo Monika , Salzer Gernot
Published: September 2021

Next to cryptocurrencies, tokens are a widespread application area of blockchains. Tokens are digital assets implemented as small programs on a blockchain. Being programmable makes them versatile and an innovative means for various purposes. Tokens can be used as investment, as a local currency in a decentralized application, or as a tool for building an ecosystem or a community. A high-level categorization of tokens differentiates between payment, security, and utility tokens. In most jurisdictions, security tokens are regulated, and hence, the distinction is of relevance. In this work, we discuss the identification of tokens on Ethereum, the most widely used token platform. The programs on Ethereum are called smart contracts, which—for the sake of interoperability—may provide standardized interfaces. In our approach, we evaluate the publicly available transaction data by first reconstructing interfaces in the low-level code of the smart contracts. Then, we not only check the compliance of a smart contract with an established interface standard for tokens, but also aim at identifying tokens that are not fully compliant. Thus, we discuss various heuristics for token identification in combination with possible definitions of a token. More specifically, we propose indicators for tokens and evaluate them on a large set of token and non-token contracts. Finally, we present first steps toward an automated classification of tokens regarding their purpose.
The Paradigm Shift of Political Science from Being “Change-oriented” to “Governance-oriented:” A Perspective on History of Political Science
Authors: Yang Guangbin
Published: September 2021

The history of political philosophy serves as a valuable resource for the current research paradigms in political science. In comparative terms, the paradigm of Western research is essentially “change-oriented” and tends to shift constantly with its evolving thoughts. Due to the influence of bourgeois revolutions around the world, contemporary politics has transpired as the synopsis of governance of the established order. As the “governing strategies” of the established order encounter multiple social crises, the Marxist political science or Marxism has emerged as the naturally preferred alternative research paradigm. During the Cold War period, such governing strategies were adopted as universal values in Western political science, effectuating the prediction of “the end of the history.” After the launch of the reform and opening-up campaign, “change-oriented” liberal democracy became an instrumental paradigm for Chinese political science. However, as the contemporary world order disfavored this paradigm, Chinese scholars shifted their research focus to developing an independent discourse power in democracy and governance, as well as prioritizing state governance as their primary research paradigm and methodology. Thus, political science is expected to resume its common sense nearly after a century of political chaos.
A Feasibility and Pilot Randomised Dismantling Trial of the Efficacy of Self-As-Context During Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
Authors: Stockton Daniel , Kellett Stephen , Wilkinson Nic , Hague Jen , Bliss Paul , Heaver Mike , Devine Angela
Published: September 2021

The comparative clinical utility of the components of the psychological flexibility model of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) have not been equally evaluated. This study therefore conducted a feasibility and pilot two-arm dismantling trial by quarantining the self-as-context component. Sixteen participants were randomised to either 8 sessions of protocol-based ACT (Full-ACT) or 8 sessions of protocol-based ACT minus self-as-context (ACT-SAC). Process measures (flexibility and decentring) were taken at start of treatment, end of treatment, and at 6-week follow-up. Clinical outcome measures (functioning, anxiety, and depression) were collected on a session-by-session basis. Randomisation was well tolerated, all measures were completed, both interventions were competently delivered, and one adverse effect occurred in the full-ACT arm. Ten participants attended all 8 sessions creating a dropout rate of 37.50%. Clinical change appeared linear in both treatments and that treatment gains were maintained. Findings suggest that a full trial is possible and sample size calculations and methodological improvements are provided for this.
Robotomorphy
Authors: Sætra Henrik Skaug
Published: September 2021

Humans and gods alike have since the dawn of time created objects in their own image. From clay figures and wooden toys—some granted life in myths and movies but also dead representations of their creators—to modern-day robots that mimic their creators in more than appearance. These objects tell the story of how we perceive ourselves, and in this article, I examine how they also change us. Robotomorphy describes what occurs when we project the characteristics and capabilities of robots onto ourselves, to make sense of the complicated and mysterious beings that we are. Machines are, after all, relatively comprehensible and help dispel the discomfort associated with complex human concepts such as consciousness, free will, the soul, etc. I then argue that using robots as the mirror image by which we understand ourselves entails an unfortunate reductionism. When robots become the blueprint for humanity, they simultaneously become benchmarks and ideals to live up to, and suddenly the things we make are no longer representations of ourselves, but we of them. This gives rise to a recursive process in which the mirror mirrors itself and influences both the trajectory for machine development and human self-perception.
Over 50,000 Metagenomically Assembled Draft Genomes for the Human Oral Microbiome Reveal New Taxa
Authors: Zhu Jie , Tian Liu , Chen Peishan , Han Mo , Song Liju , Tong Xin , Sun Xiaohuan , Yang Fangming , Lin Zhipeng , Liu Xing , Liu Chuan , Wang Xiaohan , Lin Yuxiang , Cai Kaiye , Hou Yong , Xu Xun , Yang Huanming , Wang Jian , Kristiansen Karsten , Xiao Liang , Zhang Tao , Jia Huijue , Jie Zhuye
Published: September 2021

The oral cavity of each person is home to hundreds of bacterial species. While taxa for oral diseases have been studied using culture-based characterization as well as amplicon sequencing, metagenomic and genomic information remains scarce compared to the fecal microbiome. Here, using metagenomic shotgun data for 3346 oral metagenomic samples together with 808 published samples, we obtain 56,213 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), and more than 64% of the 3589 species-level genome bins (SGBs) contain no publicly available genomes. The resulting genome collection is representative of samples around the world and contains many genomes from candidate phyla radiation (CPR) that lack monoculture. Also, it enables the discovery of new taxa such as a genus Candidatus Bgiplasma within the family Acholeplasmataceae. Large-scale metagenomic data from massive samples also allow the assembly of strains from important oral taxa such as Porphyromonas and Neisseria. The oral microbes encode genes that could potentially metabolize drugs. Apart from these findings, a strongly male-enriched Campylobacter species was identified. Oral samples would be more user-friendly collected than fecal samples and have the potential for disease diagnosis. Thus, these data lay down a genomic framework for future inquiries of the human oral microbiome.
GAPIT Version 3: Boosting Power and Accuracy for Genomic Association and Prediction
Authors: Wang Jiabo , Zhang Zhiwu
Published: September 2021

Genome-wide association study (GWAS) and genomic prediction/selection (GP/GS) are the two essential enterprises in genomic research. Due to the great magnitude and complexity of genomic and phenotypic data, analytical methods and their associated software packages are frequently advanced. GAPIT is a widely-used genomic association and prediction integrated tool as an R package. The first version was released to the public in 2012 with the implementation of the general linear model (GLM), mixed linear model (MLM), compressed MLM (CMLM), and genomic best linear unbiased prediction (gBLUP). The second version was released in 2016 with several new implementations, including enriched CMLM (ECMLM) and settlement of MLMs under progressively exclusive relationship (SUPER). All the GWAS methods are based on the single-locus test. For the first time, in the current release of GAPIT, version 3 implemented three multi-locus test methods, including multiple loci mixed model (MLMM), fixed and random model circulating probability unification (FarmCPU), and Bayesian-information and linkage-disequilibrium iteratively nested keyway (BLINK). Additionally, two GP/GS methods were implemented based on CMLM (named compressed BLUP; cBLUP) and SUPER (named SUPER BLUP; sBLUP). These new implementations not only boost statistical power for GWAS and prediction accuracy for GP/GS, but also improve computing speed and increase the capacity to analyze big genomic data. Here, we document the current upgrade of GAPIT by describing the selection of the recently developed methods, their implementations, and potential impact. All documents, including source code, user manual, demo data, and tutorials, are freely available at the GAPIT website (http://zzlab.net/GAPIT).
Aerodynamics for Engineers
Authors: Bertin John J. , Cummings Russell M.
Published: September 2021

Now reissued by Cambridge University Press, this sixth edition covers the fundamentals of aerodynamics using clear explanations and real-world examples. Aerodynamics concept boxes throughout showcase real-world applications, chapter objectives provide readers with a better understanding of the goal of each chapter and highlight the key 'take-home' concepts, and example problems aid understanding of how to apply core concepts. Coverage also includes the importance of aerodynamics to aircraft performance, applications of potential flow theory to aerodynamics, high-lift military airfoils, subsonic compressible transformations, and the distinguishing characteristics of hypersonic flow. Supported online by a solutions manual for instructors, MATLAB® files for example problems, and lecture slides for most chapters, this is an ideal textbook for undergraduates taking introductory courses in aerodynamics, and for graduates taking preparatory courses in aerodynamics before progressing to more advanced study.
Magic in the Middle Ages
Authors: Kieckhefer Richard
Published: September 2021

How was magic practiced in medieval times? How did it relate to the diverse beliefs and practices that characterized this fascinating period? This much revised and expanded new edition of Magic in the Middle Ages surveys the growth and development of magic in medieval Europe. It takes into account the extensive new developments in the history of medieval magic in recent years, featuring new material on angel magic, the archaeology of magic, and the magical efficacy of words and imagination. Richard Kieckhefer shows how magic represents a crossroads in medieval life and culture, examining its relationship and relevance to religion, science, philosophy, art, literature, and politics. In surveying the different types of magic that were used, the kinds of people who practiced magic, and the reasoning behind their beliefs, Kieckhefer shows how magic served as a point of contact between the popular and elite classes, how the reality of magical beliefs is reflected in the fiction of medieval literature, and how the persecution of magic and witchcraft led to changes in the law.
The Falls of Rome
Authors: Salzman Michele Renee
Published: September 2021

Over the course of the fourth through seventh centuries, Rome witnessed a succession of five significant political and military crises, including the Sack of Rome, the Vandal occupation, and the demise of the Senate. Historians have traditionally considered these crises as defining events, and thus critical to our understanding of the 'decline and fall of Rome.' In this volume, Michele Renee Salzman offers a fresh interpretation of the tumultuous events that occurred in Rome during Late Antiquity. Focusing on the resilience of successive generations of Roman men and women and their ability to reconstitute their city and society, Salzman demonstrates the central role that senatorial aristocracy played, and the limited influence of the papacy during this period. Her provocative study provides a new explanation for the longevity of Rome and its ability, not merely to survive, but even to thrive over the last three centuries of the Western Roman Empire.
Hydrothermal Cooling as a Requirement for Short Storage of Silicic Magmas
Authors: Kelly Liam J. , Gualda Guilherme A. R. , Gravley Darren M. , Dempsey David E.
Published: September 2021

Large (>50 km3) magma bodies that contribute to caldera‐forming eruptions in the Taupō Volcanic Zone (TVZ), New Zealand have shown evidence for crystallization and storage on the order of decades to centuries prior to eruption. We compare various conductive and convective heat extraction models to determine which is more likely to enable the heat loss required for short magma storage. We conclude that purely conductive models only account for heat loss on millennial or longer timescales. We also show that convective hydrothermal systems with heat output of 1,000 MW in magnitude are required for decadal heat extraction from a large, contiguous magma body; yet, heat output similar to present‐day conditions would be suitable for cooling magma distributed as a patchwork of smaller magma bodies. This study shows the potential connection with heat flow at the surface and the presence of a magma body, providing future directions for monitoring restless calderas in environments with a wealth of hydrothermal activity like the TVZ.
Characteristics of Foreshocks Revealed by an Earthquake Forecasting Method Based on Precursory Swarm Activity
Authors: Hirose F. , Tamaribuchi K. , Maeda K.
Published: September 2021

We have developed an empirical earthquake forecast method, Maeda's method, based on the statistical features of precursory seismic swarm activity, that is foreshocks, which sometimes appear before a mainshock, and issuing an alert of a mainshock occurrence within a certain period of time. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of earthquake forecast of Maeda's method by applying it to seismicity under various tectonic environments of Japan such as regions characterized by interplate seismic activity, a tectonic fault line (concentrated deformation zone), and an island arc area of seismic and volcanic activity. As a result, we confirmed that Maeda's method yielded generally higher scores than a forecast model based on a stationary space‐time epidemic‐type aftershock sequence (ETAS) model. We also found that foreshocks detected along the Japan Trench were distributed along the edges of low‐velocity anomalies and among areas with background swarms related to slow slip events (SSEs). The foreshocks may have been caused by a heterogeneous stress distribution associated with the existence of a plate‐bending axis and a subducted seamount. Foreshocks off Iwate prefecture, in particular, were excited by periodic SSEs. In an inland tectonic zone and an island arc, swarm activity associated with magmatic or fluid activity related to low‐velocity anomalies tended to be followed by a mainshock. Maeda's method is a simple and efficient counting‐number‐based earthquake forecast model and may capture characteristics of foreshocks that reflect a physical phenomenon, such as a nucleation process involving precursory slip, which the stationary ETAS model is not able to represent.
Hypocenter Hotspots Illuminated Using a New Cross‐Correlation‐Based Hypocenter and Centroid Relocation Method
Authors: Chang Ta‐Wei , Ide Satoshi
Published: September 2021

Accurate earthquake locations are important for understanding earthquake processes. Recent advances in earthquake relocation methods have resulted in relative centroid locations with smaller uncertainties using cross‐correlation‐based methods. However, relative hypocenter locations, which are traditionally determined using the onset times of event waveforms, generally possess larger uncertainties than that of the centroids. Here, we develop a new cross‐correlation‐based relative hypocenter relocation method based on the network correlation coefficient method, whereby we incorporate an additional step to search for a suitable window to cross‐correlate the event waveform onsets. We then perform a joint inversion on the obtained relative hypocenter and centroid locations to directly compare their relative locations under a unified coordinate. We apply this method to three regions where repeating earthquakes have been detected, and reveal both the repetitive rupture of similar centroids by these repeating events and newly illuminated hypocenter hotspots that serve as the onset region of earthquakes that grow into different but selective magnitudes. Our joint analysis of hypocenter and centroid locations enables quick estimations of rupture propagation directions without the need to perform slip inversion analyses. We estimate the location uncertainties via bootstrapping, with the 95% confidence intervals yielding sub‐100 m horizontal uncertainties in both the centroid and hypocenter locations with the best station coverage and event availability. These results point to limited but existing correspondence between the hypocenter and centroid locations and the earthquake magnitudes, as well as complexity in the hypocenter distributions, even within repeating earthquake sequences whose rupture areas largely overlap.
Complex Migration of Tremor Near Cholame, CA, Resolved by Seismic Array Analysis
Authors: Inbal A. , Thomas A. M. , Newton T. , Bürgmann R.
Published: September 2021

Tectonic tremor observed along the Cholame and Parkfield sections of the San Andreas Fault has previously been associated with transient slip beneath the seismogenic zone. To study tremor and associated Low Frequency Earthquakes (LFEs), we deployed three dense near‐fault seismic arrays for a period of 3 months in 2018. In early August 2018, the arrays recorded a strong 4‐day‐long deep transient that nucleated in Cholame and propagated toward the northwest. The initiation area is characterized by tremor that persists throughout the transient, while adjacent fault portions located to the northwest host more intermittent tremor. From the rate and location of tremor and LFEs, we infer a deep slip transient, whose along‐strike propagation velocity is ∼8 km/day. Secondary tremor fronts are observed to travel ahead of the main slow slip front at speeds that are times faster. These rapid migrations propagate in slow slip events (SSE) slip‐parallel direction, and are sometimes observed to back‐propagate into previously ruptured segments. High‐resolution images of secondary fronts obtained by using near‐fault borehole stations indicate the active tremor band takes the shape of a narrow strain pulse that is bounded from above by the lower edge of the seismogenic zone. We estimate the stress drops associated with the secondary slip fronts are of the order of a few kPa. Frequency‐dependent analysis suggests the tremor signal is coherent at frequencies as high as 16 Hz, and that the spatial distribution of high‐ and low‐frequency tremor radiators is sometimes complementary.
Chemical Tomography in a Fresh Wildland Fire Plume: A Large Eddy Simulation (LES) Study
Authors: Wang Siyuan , Coggon Matthew M. , Gkatzelis Georgios I. , Warneke Carsten , Bourgeois Ilann , Ryerson Thomas , Peischl Jeff , Veres Patrick R. , Neuman J. Andrew , Hair Johnathan , Shingler Taylor , Fenn Marta , Diskin Glenn , Huey L. Greg , Lee Young Ro , Apel Eric C. , Hornbrook Rebecca S. , Hills Alan J. , Hall Samuel R. , Ullmann Kirk , Bela Megan M. , Trainer Michael K. , Kumar Rajesh , Orlando John J. , Flocke Frank M. , Emmons Louisa K.
Published: September 2021

Wildland fires involve complicated processes that are challenging to represent in chemical transport models. Recent airborne measurements reveal remarkable chemical tomography in fresh wildland fire plumes, which remain yet to be fully explored using models. Here, we present a high‐resolution large eddy simulation model coupled to chemistry to study the chemical evolution in fresh wildland fire plume. The model is configured for a large fire heavily sampled during the Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality field campaign, and a variety of airborne measurements are used to evaluate the chemical heterogeneity revealed by the model. We show that the model captures the observed cross‐transect variations of a number of compounds quite well, including ozone (O3), nitrous acid (HONO), and peroxyacetyl nitrate. The combined observational and modeling results suggest that the top and edges of fresh plume drive the photochemistry, while dark chemistry is also present but in the lower part of the plume. The model spatial resolution is shown to be very important as it may shift the chemical regime, leading to biases in O3 and NOx chemistry. Based on findings in this work, we speculate that the impact of small fires on air quality may be largely underestimated in models with coarse spatial resolutions.
Interoception and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between interoception and BMI
Authors: Robinson Eric , Foote Georgia , Smith Jemma , Higgs Suzanne , Jones Andrew
Published: September 2021

Background

Interoception refers to the processes by which we sense, interpret and integrate signals originating from within the body. Deficits in interoception have been linked to higher BMI and may contribute to weight gain. However, there have been conflicting findings and it is not clear how higher BMI is associated with different facets of interoception, such as interoceptive accuracy (the ability to detect internal signals) and sensibility (the tendency to attend to internal signals).

Methods

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that measured interoception and BMI. We examined relationships between interoception and BMI in children and adults separately and as a function of interoceptive facet and measure. In sensitivity analyses, we tested for evidence of publication bias and whether the results were consistent when studies with a high risk of bias were excluded.

Results

A total of 87 articles were eligible for inclusion. In adults (121 effects, 10,425 participants), there was cross-sectional evidence of higher BMI being associated with overall deficits in interoception (r = −0.054, 95% CI: −0.084 to −0.025) and this was consistent across sensitivity analyses. There was no statistically significant evidence of moderation by interoceptive facet or measure, although there was some variability in effect size estimates based on interoceptive facet and measures. A smaller meta-analysis limited to studies that compared participants with normal weight vs. overweight/obesity indicated poorer interoception in participants with overweight/obesity (SMD = −0.39, 95% CI −0.60 to −0.18).

Conclusions

In cross-sectional studies, deficits in interoception are associated with higher BMI. However, it remains unclear whether deficits in interoception contribute to or are a consequence of weight gain and obesity.
Proteomic traits vary across taxa in a coastal Antarctic phytoplankton bloom
Authors: McCain J Scott P , Allen Andrew E , Bertrand Erin M
Published: September 2021

Production and use of proteins is under strong selection in microbes, but it is unclear how proteome-level traits relate to ecological strategies. We identified and quantified proteomic traits of eukaryotic microbes and bacteria through an Antarctic phytoplankton bloom using in situ metaproteomics. Different taxa, rather than different environmental conditions, formed distinct clusters based on their ribosomal and photosynthetic proteomic proportions, and we propose that these characteristics relate to ecological differences. We defined and used a proteomic proxy for regulatory cost, which showed that SAR11 had the lowest regulatory cost of any taxa we observed at our summertime Southern Ocean study site. Haptophytes had lower regulatory cost than diatoms, which may underpin haptophyte-to-diatom bloom progression in the Ross Sea. We were able to make these proteomic trait inferences by assessing various sources of bias in metaproteomics, providing practical recommendations for researchers in the field. We have quantified several proteomic traits (ribosomal and photosynthetic proteomic proportions, regulatory cost) in eukaryotic and bacterial taxa, which can then be incorporated into trait-based models of microbial communities that reflect resource allocation strategies.
Emerging imaging methods to study whole-brain function in rodent models
Authors: Markicevic Marija , Savvateev Iurii , Grimm Christina , Zerbi Valerio
Published: September 2021

In the past decade, the idea that single populations of neurons support cognition and behavior has gradually given way to the realization that connectivity matters and that complex behavior results from interactions between remote yet anatomically connected areas that form specialized networks. In parallel, innovation in brain imaging techniques has led to the availability of a broad set of imaging tools to characterize the functional organization of complex networks. However, each of these tools poses significant technical challenges and faces limitations, which require careful consideration of their underlying anatomical, physiological, and physical specificity. In this review, we focus on emerging methods for measuring spontaneous or evoked activity in the brain. We discuss methods that can measure large-scale brain activity (directly or indirectly) with a relatively high temporal resolution, from milliseconds to seconds. We further focus on methods designed for studying the mammalian brain in preclinical models, specifically in mice and rats. This field has seen a great deal of innovation in recent years, facilitated by concomitant innovation in gene-editing techniques and the possibility of more invasive recordings. This review aims to give an overview of currently available preclinical imaging methods and an outlook on future developments. This information is suitable for educational purposes and for assisting scientists in choosing the appropriate method for their own research question.
The link between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and obesity-related traits: genetic and prenatal explanations
Authors: Karhunen Ville , Bond Tom A. , Zuber Verena , Hurtig Tuula , Moilanen Irma , Järvelin Marjo-Riitta , Evangelou Marina , Rodriguez Alina
Published: September 2021

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often co-occurs with obesity, however, the potential causality between the traits remains unclear. We examined both genetic and prenatal evidence for causality using Mendelian Randomisation (MR) and polygenic risk scores (PRS). We conducted bi-directional MR on ADHD liability and six obesity-related traits using summary statistics from the largest available meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies. We also examined the shared genetic aetiology between ADHD symptoms (inattention and hyperactivity) and body mass index (BMI) by PRS association analysis using longitudinal data from Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (NFBC1986, n = 2984). Lastly, we examined the impact of the prenatal environment by association analysis of maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and offspring ADHD symptoms, adjusted for PRS of both traits, in NFBC1986 dataset. Through MR analyses, we found evidence for bidirectional causality between ADHD liability and obesity-related traits. PRS association analyses showed evidence for genetic overlap between ADHD symptoms and BMI. We found no evidence for a difference between inattention and hyperactivity symptoms, suggesting that neither symptom subtype is driving the association. We found evidence for association between maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and offspring ADHD symptoms after adjusting for both BMI and ADHD PRS (association p-value = 0.027 for inattention, p = 0.008 for hyperactivity). These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the co-occurrence between ADHD and obesity has both genetic and prenatal environmental origins.