bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
QSMxT: Robust masking and artifact reduction for quantitative susceptibility mapping
Authors: Stewart Ashley Wilton , Robinson Simon Daniel , O’Brien Kieran , Jin Jin , Widhalm Georg , Hangel Gilbert , Walls Angela , Goodwin Jonathan , Eckstein Korbinian , Tourell Monique , Morgan Catherine , Narayanan Aswin , Barth Markus , Bollmann Steffen
Published: October 2021

Purpose

Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) estimates the spatial distribution of tissue magnetic susceptibilities from the phase of a gradient‐echo signal. QSM algorithms require a signal mask to delineate regions with reliable phase for subsequent susceptibility estimation. Existing masking techniques used in QSM have limitations that introduce artifacts, exclude anatomical detail, and rely on parameter tuning and anatomical priors that narrow their application. Here, a robust masking and reconstruction procedure is presented to overcome these limitations and enable automated QSM processing. Moreover, this method is integrated within an open‐source software framework: QSMxT.

Methods

A robust masking technique that automatically separates reliable from less reliable phase regions was developed and combined with a two‐pass reconstruction procedure that operates on the separated sources before combination, extracting more information and suppressing streaking artifacts.

Results

Compared with standard masking and reconstruction procedures, the two‐pass inversion reduces streaking artifacts caused by unreliable phase and high dynamic ranges of susceptibility sources. It is also robust across a range of acquisitions at 3 T in volunteers and phantoms, at 7 T in tumor patients, and in an in silico head phantom, with significant artifact and error reductions, greater anatomical detail, and minimal parameter tuning.

Conclusion

The two‐pass masking and reconstruction procedure separates reliable from less reliable phase regions, enabling a more accurate QSM reconstruction that mitigates artifacts, operates without anatomical priors, and requires minimal parameter tuning. The technique and its integration within QSMxT makes QSM processing more accessible and robust to streaking artifacts.
Dynamic 13C MR spectroscopy as an alternative to imaging for assessing cerebral metabolism using hyperpolarized pyruvate in humans
Authors: Ma Junjie , Pinho Marco C. , Harrison Crystal E. , Chen Jun , Sun Chenhao , Hackett Edward P. , Liticker Jeff , Ratnakar James , Reed Galen D. , Chen Albert P. , Sherry A. Dean , Malloy Craig R. , Wright Steven M. , Madden Christopher J. , Park Jae Mo
Published: October 2021

Purpose

This study is to investigate time‐resolved 13C MR spectroscopy (MRS) as an alternative to imaging for assessing pyruvate metabolism using hyperpolarized (HP) [1‐13C]pyruvate in the human brain.

Methods

Time‐resolved 13C spectra were acquired from four axial brain slices of healthy human participants (n = 4) after a bolus injection of HP [1‐13C]pyruvate. 13C MRS with low flip‐angle excitations and a multichannel 13C/1H dual‐frequency radiofrequency (RF) coil were exploited for reliable and unperturbed assessment of HP pyruvate metabolism. Slice‐wise areas under the curve (AUCs) of 13C‐metabolites were measured and kinetic analysis was performed to estimate the production rates of lactate and . Linear regression analysis between brain volumes and HP signals was performed. Region‐focused pyruvate metabolism was estimated using coil‐wise 13C reconstruction. Reproducibility of HP pyruvate exams was presented by performing two consecutive injections with a 45‐minutes interval.

Results

[1‐13C]Lactate relative to the total 13C signal (tC) was 0.21–0.24 in all slices. [13C]/tC was 0.065–0.091. Apparent conversion rate constants from pyruvate to lactate and were calculated as 0.014–0.018 s−1 and 0.0043–0.0056 s−1, respectively. Pyruvate/tC and lactate/tC were in moderate linear relationships with fractional gray matter volume within each slice. White matter presented poor linear regression fit with HP signals, and moderate correlations of the fractional cerebrospinal fluid volume with pyruvate/tC and lactate/tC were measured. Measured HP signals were comparable between two consecutive exams with HP [1‐13C]pyruvate.

Conclusions

Dynamic MRS in combination with multichannel RF coils is an affordable and reliable alternative to imaging methods in investigating cerebral metabolism using HP [1‐13C]pyruvate.
Separating spin compartments in arterial spin labeling using delays alternating with nutation for tailored excitation (DANTE) pulse: A validation study using T2‐relaxometry and application to arterial cerebral blood volume imaging
Authors: Ishida Shota , Kimura Hirohiko , Takei Naoyuki , Fujiwara Yasuhiro , Matsuda Tsuyoshi , Kanamoto Masayuki , Matta Yuki , Kosaka Nobuyuki , Kidoya Eiji
Published: October 2021

Purpose

To clarify the type of spin compartment in arterial spin labeling (ASL) that is eliminated by delays alternating with nutation for tailored excitation (DANTE) pulse using T2‐relaxometry, and to demonstrate the feasibility of arterial cerebral blood volume (CBVa) imaging using DANTE‐ASL in combination with a simplified two‐compartment model.

Method

The DANTE and T2‐preparation modules were combined into a single ASL sequence. T2 values under the application of DANTE were determined to evaluate changes in T2, along with the post‐labeling delay (PLD) and the relationship between transit time without DANTE (TTnoVS) and T2. The reference tissue T2 (T2_ref) was also obtained. Subsequently, the DANTE module was embedded into the Hadamard‐encoded ASL. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and CBVa were computed using two Hadamard‐encoding datasets (with and without DANTE) in a rest and breath‐holding (BH) task.

Results

While T2 without DANTE (T2_noVS) decreased as the PLD increased, T2 with DANTE (T2_DANTE) was equivalent to T2_ref and did not change with the PLD. Although there was a significant positive correlation between TTnoVS and T2_noVS with short PLD, T2_DANTE was not correlated with TTnoVS nor PLD. Baseline CBVa values obtained at rest were 0.64 ± 0.12, 0.64 ± 0.11, and 0.58 ± 0.15 mL/100 g for anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries, respectively. Significant CBF and CBVa elevations were observed in the BH task.

Conclusion

Microvascular compartment signals were eliminated from the total ASL signals by DANTE. CBVa can be measured using Hadamard‐encoded DANTE‐ASL in combination with a simplified two‐compartment model.
Reinnervation as measured by the motor unit size index is associated with preservation of muscle strength in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, but not all muscles reinnervate
Authors: Chan Young , Alix James J. P. , Neuwirth Christoph , Barkhaus Paul E. , Castro José , Jenkins Thomas M. , McDermott Christopher J. , Shaw Pamela J. , de Carvalho Mamede , Nandedkar Sanjeev , Stålberg Erik , Weber Markus
Published: October 2021

Introduction/Aims

The motor unit size index (MUSIX) may provide insight into reinnervation patterns in diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, it is not known whether MUSIX detects clinically relevant changes in reinnervation, or if all muscles manifest changes in MUSIX in response to reinnervation after motor unit loss.

Methods

Fifty‐seven patients with ALS were assessed at 3‐month intervals for 12 months in four centers. Muscles examined were abductor pollicis brevis, abductor digiti minimi, biceps brachii, and tibialis anterior. Results were split into two groups: muscles with increases in MUSIX and those without increases. Longitudinal changes in MUSIX, motor unit number index (MUNIX), compound muscle action potential amplitude, and Medical Research Council strength score were investigated.

Results

One hundred thirty‐three muscles were examined. Fifty‐nine percent of the muscles exhibited an increase in MUSIX during the study. Muscles with MUSIX increases lost more motor units (58% decline in MUNIX at 12 months, P < .001) than muscles that did not increase MUSIX (34.6% decline in MUNIX at 12 months, P < .001). However, longitudinal changes in muscle strength were similar. When motor unit loss was similar, the absence of a MUSIX increase was associated with a significantly greater loss of muscle strength (P = .002).

Discussion

MUSIX increases are associated with greater motor unit loss but relative preservation of muscle strength. Thus, MUSIX appears to be measuring a clinically relevant response that can provide a quantitative outcome measure of reinnervation in clinical trials. Furthermore, MUSIX suggests that reinnervation may play a major role in determining the progression of weakness.
Home‐based gait analysis as an exploratory endpoint during a multicenter phase 1 trial in limb girdle muscular dystrophy type R2 and facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy
Authors: Gidaro Teresa , Gasnier Erwan , Annoussamy Melanie , Vissing John , Attarian Shahram , Mozaffar Tahseen , Iyadurai Stanley , Wagner Kathryn R. , Vissière David , Walker Gennyne , Shukla Sanjay S. , Servais Laurent
Published: October 2021

Introduction/Aims

Limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B (LGMDR2) and facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) are genetic muscular dystrophies with an increasing number of potential therapeutic approaches. The aim of this study is to report the data of exploratory digital outcomes extracted from wearable magneto‐inertial sensors used in a non‐controlled environment for ambulant patients with FSHD and LGMDR2 in a short‐term, multicenter clinical study.

Methods

Digital outcomes (stride length, stride speed, and walk parameters in a non‐controlled environment) were used as exploratory outcomes in the open‐label study ATYR1940‐C‐004 in ambulant patients during the 3 mo of ATYR1940 treatment and 1 mo of follow‐up. Activity and gait variables were calculated from the data recorded in 30‐day sub‐periods using the sensors. For each sub‐period, activity and gait parameters were compared between FSHD and LGMDR2 patients. Change from baseline over the 4‐mo study period was assessed.

Results

Ten patients (5 FSHD, 5 LGMDR2) were ambulant and compliant for analysis. Gait parameters, but not activity variables, were significantly lower in LGMDR2 compared to FSHD patients at baseline. Longitudinal analyses showed a slight but significant decrease in stride speed at month 4 for all subjects. Activity variables such as total number of strides per day were highly variable from month to month in individual patients, and no visit effects were found for this variable.

Discussion

The present study suggests that home‐recorded stride speed constitutes a precise and sensitive outcome in ambulant patients with FSHD and LGMDR2.
Winter Habitat Selection and Efficacy of Telemetry to Aid Grass Carp Removal Efforts in a Large Reservoir
Authors: Hessler Tyler M. , Chapman Duane C. , Paukert Craig P. , Jolley Jeffrey C. , Byrne Michael E.
Published: October 2021

Grass Carp Ctenopharyngodon idella were introduced in North America to control aquatic vegetation in small, closed systems. However, when they escape into larger systems in which they can reproduce, they have the potential to cause significant declines and alterations in aquatic vegetation communities. These alterations can in turn affect native species that are dependent on aquatic vegetation. Increased captures and observations of spawning have elevated concerns about Grass Carp establishment in new locations, with particular concern for establishment in Lake Erie and its tributaries. Recent efforts using telemetered fish that co-locate with wild conspecifics, sometimes in aggregations that are susceptible to harvest, have been used successfully to control invasive Common Carp Cyprinus carpio populations. If Grass Carp aggregate in winter similarly to Common Carp, they might be susceptible to similar control or harvest methods. During the winters (December–March) of 2017–2019, we tracked 86 Grass Carp tagged with acoustic transmitters in Truman Reservoir, Missouri, to evaluate winter habitat selection and to determine the effectiveness of using tagged fish in locating and removing wild fish by comparing harvest at locations of tagged fish to harvest at control sites that we believed were suitable Grass Carp habitat. Discrete-choice models showed that Grass Carp exhibited strong selection for shallow water, as 75% of locations were in littoral habitats with depths of 3 m or less. On average, we harvested more fish at sites where tagged fish were located (3.6 fish/attempt) than at control sites (1.2 fish/attempt). Full guts in individuals that were harvested may indicate that fish were using shallow-water habitats to feed. Our results suggested that Grass Carp did not usually form large winter aggregations, and although targeting locations with tagged fish slightly increased harvest success compared to efforts without them, efforts to reduce populations via harvest may be difficult in large systems when fish are widely dispersed.
Decision making framework for foreign direct investment: Analytic hierarchy process and weighted aggregated sum product assessment integrated approach
Authors: Gupta Srikant , Jha Babita , Singh Rajesh Kumar
Published: October 2021

Foreign direct investment (FDI) plays a paramount role in economic and social growth of every country. FDI acts as a source of external capital and helps in economic growth of the host country. Making decision for FDI during uncertain business environment is a challenge for all stakeholders. Therefore, in this study, we are proposing a decision making framework for FDI. Through literature review, we have identified the factors, on which FDI depends. A process‐based, multi‐criterion, integrated hierarchical approach for deciding about FDI, has been illustrated. In this study, five sectors are considered, that is, petroleum and natural resource, retailing and e‐commerce, healthcare, information technology, and road and highways for illustrating the proposed framework. It is observed that information technology sector has got top priority for FDI followed by retailing and e‐commerce and health care sector. Findings will help in taking appropriate decision by stakeholders for FDI. Ultimately it will also help in creating employment, economic growth, and welfare of society at large in the host country.
FOXL2C134W: much ado about something!†
Authors: Fuller Peter J , Nguyen Trang , Alexiadis Maria , Chu Simon
Published: October 2021

Recent studies have suggested that the unique FOXL2C134W mutation, which is pathognomonic for adult granulosa cell tumours of the ovary, is a tumour suppressor gene. In a recent issue of The Journal of Pathology, a detailed study by Pilsworth et al seeks to rebut the proposition that the FOXL2C134W mutation, which uniquely characterises adult granulosa cell tumours of the ovary, leads to reduced transcript levels with the implication that FOXL2 is a tumour suppressor gene. The study provides compelling evidence that both wild‐type and mutant FOXL2 transcripts and protein are expressed at equivalent levels. In the context of other recent studies, one is drawn to the conclusion that FOXL2C134W is a gain‐of‐function mutation whose impact is mediated through enhanced interactions with the SMAD transcription factor complex. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Conus medullaris migration during the third trimester: A retrospective study
Authors: Sun Mengchun , Tao Benzhang , Gao Gan , Wang Hui , Shang Aijia
Published: October 2021

Objective

To explore the migration process of the conus medullaris (CM) and propose a normal range of CM levels during the third trimester.

Method

We retrospectively collected the ultrasonographic and clinical data of 588 fetuses during the third trimester. We located the CM and assigned scores. One‐way analysis of variance and linear regression analyses were used to statistically analyze CM migration. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.

Results

The CM levels were statistically different among the different gestational weeks of the third trimester. The CM level showed a linear regression correlation with the gestational weeks. On an average, the CM migrated from the top third of the L2 vertebra to the L1/2 intervertebral disc level.

Conclusion

The CM continues to migrate, from the top third of the L2 vertebra to the L1/2 intervertebral disc level, during the third trimester. The term infant could have the CM at the normal adult level at birth. At the beginning of the third trimester, a CM located above the L2/3 intervertebral disc level could be normal; the CM location at the L3 vertebra level could be physiological and needs follow‐up; and a CM presenting below the L3 vertebra level might indicate tethered cord syndrome. The fetus with a CM significantly above the L1/2 intervertebral disc level may have caudal regression syndrome.
Comparison of inhaled mannitol/dornase alfa combination and daily dornase alfa alone in children with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Ademhan Tural Dilber , Yalçın Ebru , Emiralioglu Nagehan , Ozsezen Beste , Sunman Birce , Nayir Buyuksahin Halime , Guzelkas Ismail , Dogru Deniz , Ozcelik Ugur , Kiper Nural
Published: October 2021

Objectives

Inhaled recombinant human deoxyribonuclease (dornase alfa) and osmotic agents such as inhaled mannitol are used for improving the clearance of secretions of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. We aimed to evaluate the long‐term clinical effects of adding dry powder inhaled (DPI) mannitol in subjects with CF who are taking daily dornase alfa.

Method

We conducted a retrospective case–control study on subjects with CF. The effect of DPI mannitol was assessed by comparing DPI mannitol and dornase alfa combination with daily dornase alfa alone in children with CF during a 12‐month period. The primary outcome measures of the study were absolute changes in percent predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and FEV1 z‐scores and the secondary outcomes included other spirometry indices, body mass index, frequency of pulmonary exacerbations, SPO2, and sputum microbiology.

Result

Of a total of 28 patients who committed to use DPI mannitol treatments during the study period, five had a positive challenge with DPI mannitol and two were aged over 18 years. Therefore, the mannitol treatment group consisted of 21 patients. However, the effect of DPI mannitol was analyzed using 15 patients in the mannitol treatment group who received DPI mannitol for at least 12 months, and 18 patients who only used dornase alfa constituted the control group. The median absolute change in FEV1 between baseline and the third month; and baseline and the 12th month were significantly higher in the mannitol treatment group (p = 0.038, p = 0.004, respectively). When the groups are compared with respect to absolute z‐score changes, all spirometry indices, except FVC at the end of 3 months, showed statistically significant improvements in the mannitol treatment group. Some secondary outcomes like pulmonary exacerbation frequency during the study year and median absolute body mass index z‐score changes from baseline to the end of the study showed no significant differences between the groups (p = 0.735, p = 0.161, respectively). No colonization changes were observed in the treatment group.

Conclusions

This study showed that in those patients who tolerated long‐term (12 months) treatment with DPI mannitol and dornase alfa made greater improvements in FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, FEF25–75 z‐scores than treatment with dornase alfa alone in children with CF.
Qualitative and quantitative proteomic and metaproteomic analyses of healthy human urine sediment
Authors: Xiao XiaoLian , Sun Haidan , Liu Xiaoyan , Guo Zhengguang , Zheng Shuxin , Xu Jiyu , Sun Jiameng , Lan Ying , Shao Chen , Sun Wei
Published: October 2021

Purpose

The healthy human urine sediment proteome and metaproteome are investigated, to shed light on the variations of urine sediment proteins and metaproteins associated with sex and age.

Experimental Design

Urine sediment samples are collected from 19 healthy subjects. Protein identification and quantification are performed by liquid chromatography coupled high‐resolution mass spectrometry.

Results

A total of 2736 human proteins were identified, which were primarily associated with inflammatory response and energy metabolism. For the metaproteome, 65 genera were identified that were primarily involved in translation and carbohydrate metabolic processes. The median biological coefficient variation of the proteome/metaproteome of human urine sediment was 0.5/0.72, similar to the proteome of human urine supernatant. In addition, sex and age were observed to affect the proteome and metaproteome of healthy human urine sediment.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance

The healthy human urine sediment were characterized, indicating that urine sediment might represent an alternative resource for disease research in addition to urine supernatant, but the influence of sex and age must be considered in the study design process.
Inhibition of fucoidan on breast cancer cells and potential enhancement of their sensitivity to chemotherapy by regulating autophagy
Authors: Zhang Nan , Xue Meilan , Wang Qing , Liang Hui , Yang Jia , Pei Zhongqian , Qin Kunpeng
Published: October 2021

Fucoidan is a marine‐origin sulfated polysaccharide that has gained attention for its anticancer activities. However, the inhibitory effect of fucoidan on breast cancers by regulating autophagy and its mechanism are not clear, and the chemotherapeutic sensitization of fucoidan is largely unknown. In the present study, the anticancer potential of fucoidan was revealed in MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231 cells. Additionally, we also studied the chemotherapeutic sensitization of fucoidan by combining chemotherapeutic drugs doxorubicin (ADM) and cisplatin (DDP) with fucoidan on breast cancer cells. In the two kinds of human breast cancer cells, cell viability was determined by 3‐(4,5‐dimethyl‐2‐thiazolyl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐2H‐tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Apoptosis was examined with flow cytometry. Transfection assay was used to examine autophagy flow. Western blot was used to examine the expressions of related proteins. Results suggested that fucoidan could induce autophagy and might enhance the sensitivity of breast cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. Mechanistically, fucoidan induced autophagy in breast cancer cells by down‐regulating m‐TOR/p70S6K/TFEB pathway. In conclusion, our research revealed that fucoidan could induce autophagy of breast cancer cells by mediating m‐TOR/p70S6K/TFEB pathway, thus inhibiting tumor development. Furthermore, fucoidan might enhance the sensitivity of breast cancer cells to ADM and DDP, and this enhancement was related to autophagy.
Weighted least‐squares regression with competing risks data
Authors: Choi Sangbum , Choi Taehwa , Cho Hyunsoon , Bandyopadhyay Dipankar
Published: October 2021

The semiparametric accelerated failure time (AFT) model linearly relates the logarithm of the failure time to a set of covariates, while leaving the error distribution unspecified. This model has been widely investigated in survival literature due to its simple interpretation and relationship with linear models. However, there has been much less focus on developing AFT‐type linear regression methods for analyzing competing risks data, in which patients can potentially experience one of multiple failure causes. In this article, we propose a simple least‐squares (LS) linear regression model for a cause‐specific subdistribution function, where the conventional LS equation is modified to account for data incompleteness under competing risks. The proposed estimators are shown to be consistent and asymptotically normal with consistent estimation of the variance‐covariance matrix. We further extend the proposed methodology to risk prediction and analysis under clustered competing risks scenario. Simulation studies suggest that the proposed method provides rapid and valid statistical inferences and predictions. Application of our method to two oncology datasets demonstrate its utility in routine clinical data analysis.
New methods for multiple testing in permutation inference for the general linear model
Authors: Mrkvička Tomáš , Myllymäki Mari , Kuronen Mikko , Narisetty Naveen Naidu
Published: October 2021

Permutation methods are commonly used to test the significance of regressors of interest in general linear models (GLMs) for functional (image) data sets, in particular for neuroimaging applications as they rely on mild assumptions. Permutation inference for GLMs typically consists of three parts: choosing a relevant test statistic, computing pointwise permutation tests, and applying a multiple testing correction. We propose new multiple testing methods as an alternative to the commonly used maximum value of test statistics across the image. The new methods improve power and robustness against inhomogeneity of the test statistic across its domain. The methods rely on sorting the permuted functional test statistics based on pointwise rank measures; still, they can be implemented even for large data. The performance of the methods is demonstrated through a designed simulation experiment and an example of brain imaging data. We developed the R package GET, which can be used for the computation of the proposed procedures.
Effect of Vanadium on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of M2 High‐Speed Steel Prepared by Laser Metal Direct Deposition Forming
Authors: Ke Changkai , Chen Changjun , Zhang Min
Published: October 2021

Herein, M2 high‐speed steel containing vanadium is prepared by laser metal direct deposition forming technology, and the effect of vanadium alloying on the microstructure and mechanical properties of M2 HSS is preliminarily explored. Five kinds of M2 HSS samples with different V contents are prepared on substrates of #45 steel. The macromorphology, microstructure, and phase composition of the samples are characterized and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive spectrometry, and X‐ray diffraction. The M2 HSS samples are mainly composed of martensite, residual austenite, and M2C carbides. After adding different proportions of vanadium, because vanadium is a strong carbide forming element, it is easy to combine with carbon to form MC carbide, resulting in the transformation of carbon‐poor matrix from martensite to ferrite, which makes the microhardness of the sample decrease. After alloying with 2, 4, 8, and 12 wt% V, the grain size is significantly refined due to the precipitation of MC carbides at the grain boundaries, which pinned and inhibited the growth of austenite grains. In terms of wear resistance, the amount of wear decreased by 34.41% for the M2 + 2%V sample and increased for the other V‐modified samples relative to M2 HSS. The impact toughness increased by 9.16%, 85.50%, 51.91%, and 25.19%.
Effects of Fishing on the Population of Speckled PavonCichla temensisin the Middle Negro River (Amazonas State, Brazil): A Decrease in the Size of the Trophy Fish?
Authors: Lubich Chiara , Campos Caroline , Freitas Carlos , Siqueira‐Souza Flávia
Published: October 2021

Fishing acts selectively on exploited fish stocks, catching larger individuals and altering age and size structure. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the impacts of a multi‐use fishery in regards to the size truncation of populations of Speckled PavonCichla temensis. Data collection was carried out in the middle Negro River region, where the two modalities of recreational and commercial fishing occur with greater intensity. Questionnaires were administered to fishers in order to collect information on fishing. Individual fish were captured by recreational fishers in different rivers, were measured and weighed, and were released back into their environments. Weight (g) and TL (mm) data were used to assess the size structure at different fishing intensities. Asymmetry measurements were performed, and kurtosis of the distribution curve of the population was assessed. Linear models were also performed for both fisheries. The analysis of length distribution, asymmetry, and kurtosis showed a trend toward a decrease in the mean length of Speckled Pavon in line with the increase in fishing intensity. In linear models, the average distance (km) between fishing grounds and the fleet headquarters showed a positive relationship only for recreational fishing, which indicates that with an increasing distance from the municipality, the possibility of catching larger individuals increases and, consequently, the fishing yield also increases. The number of fishers presented a negative relationship, indicating a decrease in mean size and mean yield with increasing numbers of fishers in both modalities. The model predicted that low exploitation would cause a decline in the abundance of trophy fish. The results suggest that the Speckled Pavon population of this region exhibits signs of high exploitation and that fisheries management measures should be implemented to ensure the sustainability of stocks and fisheries that have high socioeconomic importance in the region.
Prenatal diagnosis of ductal origin of distal pulmonary artery: presentation of three cases and literature review
Authors: Chen L. , Xu H. , Zhou L. , Liu C. , Xi J. , Wu Y. , Yang L. , Guo Y.
Published: October 2021

Ductal origin of distal pulmonary artery (DODPA) is a rare congenital cardiovascular anomaly, with an incidence of approximately 1 in 200 000 people. It involves the proximal interruption of one pulmonary artery branch, with the distal part arising from the base of the brachiocephalic artery, via the ipsilateral ductus arteriosus (DA) and the intrapulmonary branch of the pulmonary artery is usually intact. If timely treatment is not provided after birth, it is very likely that, due to DA closure, severe hypoplasia will occur in the lung supplied by the abnormal pulmonary artery. Hence, prenatal diagnosis of DODPA is important to enable initiation of prostaglandin treatment and early rehabilitation of the affected lung. Herein, we report three cases of fetal DODPA diagnosed via two‐dimensional (2D) ultrasonography combined with four‐dimensional (4D) spatiotemporal image correlation. We also present a literature review, and explore the ultrasonographic findings and the importance of 2D and 4D ultrasonography in obtaining an accurate prenatal diagnosis of DODPA. © 2021 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
How to Write the Introduction to a Scientific Paper?
Authors: Nundy Samiran , Kakar Atul , Bhutta Zulfiqar A.
Published: October 2021

An Introduction to a scientific paper familiarizes the reader with the background of the issue at hand. It must reflect why the issue is topical and its current importance in the vast sea of research being done globally. It lays the foundation of biomedical writing and is the first portion of an article according to the IMRAD pattern (Introduction, Methodology, Results, and Discussion) [1].
How to Add Illustrations?
Authors: Nundy Samiran , Kakar Atul , Bhutta Zulfiqar A.
Published: October 2021

Adding illustrations to a research paper makes the manuscript more readable and attractive. As compared to text-only adding visual aids like radiological images (X-rays, ultrasounds, CT, PET or MRI scans), pathological material (gross tissues, cytopathology, histopathology) using new medical tools or kits which support your diagnosis improves the comprehension and recall for the reader [1]. Illustration is also an effective way of communication both for the doctor and also for the patient [2].
How to Improve the Language and Syntax in Medical Writing?
Authors: Nundy Samiran , Kakar Atul , Bhutta Zulfiqar A.
Published: October 2021

Although India is the second-largest country in the world where the English language is spoken, we often use it incorrectly and tend to be verbose. When it comes to writing skills, we use convoluted phrases and complex words when simple ones would do. A medical paper does not need to be written in theatrical or Shakespearean English. We should express ourselves using short words and simple sentences which convey to a reader why we did the study, how we did it, what the results were and whether they are important, what is known about the subject and what your paper adds. Often, even if your article contains good science it may be rejected by Western journals because you did not state clearly what you wanted to convey. We need to improve not only our scientific endeavours but also our writing skills to be accepted for publication in the world’s best journals.
How to Write an Editorial?
Authors: Nundy Samiran , Kakar Atul , Bhutta Zulfiqar A.
Published: October 2021

An Editorial is defined as an opinion or a view of a member of the editorial board or any senior or reputed faculty written in a journal or newspaper. The statement reflects the opinion of the journal and is considered to be an option maker. If you have been asked to write an editorial it means that you are an expert on that topic. Editorials are generally solicited.
Systematic, Scoping and Narrative Reviews
Authors: Nundy Samiran , Kakar Atul , Bhutta Zulfiqar A.
Published: October 2021

A Systematic Review is an attempt to distill the essence of a large number of studies in medicine by first asking a research question and then first identifying and later synthesizing carefully chosen studies of a high quality which might provide the answers. A more precise definition is ‘a summary of the medical literature that uses explicit and reproducible methods to systematically search, critically appraise and synthesise the results of multiple primary studies related to each other by using strategies to reduce bias and random errors’ [1].
How to Present a Poster in a Conference?
Authors: Nundy Samiran , Kakar Atul , Bhutta Zulfiqar A.
Published: October 2021

Once your scientific experiment has finished you need to tell the world about its importance [1]. The usual ways are by writing a manuscript and sending it to a peer-reviewed journal, by giving a slide presentation at a conference or by the way of a poster presentation at a conference. There are usually workshops held in conferences about how to publish papers. However, little consideration is paid to how to present a good poster. This is also a common method of presenting your work, at a conference and needs to be given importance [2].
Bedside Teaching in Developing Countries
Authors: Nundy Samiran , Kakar Atul , Bhutta Zulfiqar A.
Published: October 2021

The patient’s bedside has been compared to a platform where budding doctors get an opportunity to actively engage, learn, and acquire new skills. It provides the best in-person professional environment for young medical graduates, staff physicians, and fellows to translate their theoretical knowledge into practical skills. The concept of human learning has been based on the evolution of varying theories of behaviourism, cognitivism, and constructivism [1]. Human psychology trains itself by constructive analysis of the varying experiences in day-to-day learning; in other words, exploring old information through the discovery of new information. This phenomenon has been termed as the ‘spiral learning’ by Bruner [2] a concept that is reinforced in bedside teaching. This emphasizes active participation in teaching by the mentee/learner, which is the ‘new normal’ for a didactic teaching format (Fig. 39.1). The importance of bedside teaching dates back to the fifteenth century, when Sylvius (1614–1672), a renowned French practitioner, voiced his thoughts on teaching on rounds [3]. He believed in the concept of daily teaching by asking questions about the various clinical signs and symptoms and inquiring from the students regarding their observations, thoughts, and perceptions relating to patient care. It has been shown by studies that history contributes to deriving 56% of the diagnosis [4] and a comprehensive physical examination can provide 70%.
Medical Records
Authors: Nundy Samiran , Kakar Atul , Bhutta Zulfiqar A.
Published: October 2021

The term of Medical Records is vast and vaguely defined. It encompasses, but is not necessarily limited to, the admission sheet, history sheet, progress of a patient as well as the charts of his or her vital parameters, intake–output data, medications given, referrals, and discharge summary. Medical certificates, birth certificates, Medico-legal case sheets also fall into this purview.
Clinical Drug Trials
Authors: Nundy Samiran , Kakar Atul , Bhutta Zulfiqar A.
Published: October 2021

This is a procedure to evaluate the efficiency and safety of a drug or medical device by monitoring its effects on participants. The research is usually done when a molecule is thought to be useful for treating humans. Thus any trial requires a triad of:
What Are the Types of Study Design?
Authors: Nundy Samiran , Kakar Atul , Bhutta Zulfiqar A.
Published: October 2021

The quality, reliability, dependability, and publishability of a study depend on its design. A clinical study design includes the preparation of trials, ]experiments, and observations in research involving human beings. The various types of study designs are depicted in Fig. 8.1.
Disks globally maximize the entanglement entropy in 2 + 1 dimensions
Authors: Bueno Pablo , Casini Horacio , Andino Oscar Lasso , Moreno Javier
Published: October 2021

Abstract

The entanglement entropy corresponding to a smooth region in general three-dimensional CFTs contains a constant universal term, −F ⊂ SEE. For a disk region, F|disk ≡ F0 coincides with the free energy on 𝕊3 and provides an RG-monotone for general theories. As opposed to the analogous quantity in four dimensions, the value of F generally depends in a complicated (and non-local) way on the geometry of the region and the theory under consideration. For small geometric deformations of the disk in general CFTs as well as for arbitrary regions in holographic theories, it has been argued that F is precisely minimized by disks. Here, we argue that F is globally minimized by disks with respect to arbitrary regions and for general theories. The proof makes use of the strong subadditivity of entanglement entropy and the geometric fact that one can always place an osculating circle within a given smooth entangling region. For topologically non-trivial entangling regions with nB boundaries, the general bound can be improved to F ≥ nBF0. In addition, we provide accurate approximations to F valid for general CFTs in the case of elliptic regions for arbitrary values of the eccentricity which we check against lattice calculations for free fields. We also evaluate F numerically for more general shapes in the so-called “Extensive Mutual Information model”, verifying the general bound.
Optimal monetary policy in a collateralized economy
Authors: Gorton Gary , He Ping
Published: October 2021

Collateral plays a real role in an economy. Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities (MBS/ABS) produced by the private sector are imperfect substitutes for Treasuries as collateral. The ratio of MBS/ABS to Treasuries is positively related to financial fragility because privately-produced collateral is risky. We analyze optimal central bank policy in a dynamic game between the central bank and private agents. In equilibrium, the central bank sometimes optimally triggers recessions to reduce systemic fragility.
Initial in-hospital heart rate is associated with long-term survival in patients with acute ischemic stroke
Authors: Lee Jiann-Der , Kuo Ya-Wen , Lee Chuan-Pin , Huang Yen-Chu , Lee Meng , Lee Tsong-Hai
Published: October 2021

Aims

Increased heart rate has been associated with stroke risk and outcomes. The purpose of this study was to explore the long-term prognostic value of initial in-hospital heart rate in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS).

Methods

We analyzed data from 21,655 patients with AIS enrolled (January 2010–September 2018) in the Chang Gung Research Database. Mean initial in-hospital heart rates were averaged and categorized into 10-beat-per-minute (bpm) increments. The primary and secondary outcomes were all-cause mortality and cardiovascular death. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using multivariable adjusted Cox proportional hazard models, using the heart rate < 60 bpm subgroup as the reference.

Results

The adjusted HRs for all-cause mortality were 1.23 (95% CI 1.08–1.41) for heart rate 60–69 bpm, 1.74 (95% CI 1.53–1.97) for heart rate 70–79 bpm, 2.16 (95% CI 1.89–2.46) for heart rate 80–89 bpm, and 2.83 (95% CI 2.46–3.25) for heart rate ≥ 90 bpm compared with the reference group. Likewise, heart rate ≥ 60 bpm was also associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular death (adjusted HR 1.18 [95% CI 0.95–1.46] for heart rate 60–69 bpm, 1.57 [95% CI 1.28–1.93] for heart rate 70–79 bpm, 1.98 [95% CI 1.60–2.45] for heart rate 80–89 bpm, and 2.36 [95% CI 1.89–2.95] for heart rate ≥ 90 bpm).

Conclusions

High initial in-hospital heart rate is an independent predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular death in patients with AIS.

Graphical abstract
The relevance of magnesium homeostasis in COVID-19
Authors: Trapani Valentina , Rosanoff Andrea , Baniasadi Shadi , Barbagallo Mario , Castiglioni Sara , Guerrero-Romero Fernando , Iotti Stefano , Mazur André , Micke Oliver , Pourdowlat Guitti , Scarpati Giuliana , Wolf Federica I. , Maier Jeanette A.
Published: October 2021

Purpose

In less than one and a half year, the COVID-19 pandemic has nearly brought to a collapse our health care and economic systems. The scientific research community has concentrated all possible efforts to understand the pathogenesis of this complex disease, and several groups have recently emphasized recommendations for nutritional support in COVID-19 patients. In this scoping review, we aim at encouraging a deeper appreciation of magnesium in clinical nutrition, in view of the vital role of magnesium and the numerous links between the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and magnesium-dependent functions.

Methods

By searching PubMed and Google Scholar from 1990 to date, we review existing evidence from experimental and clinical studies on the role of magnesium in chronic non-communicable diseases and infectious diseases, and we focus on recent reports of alterations of magnesium homeostasis in COVID-19 patients and their association with disease outcomes. Importantly, we conduct a census on ongoing clinical trials specifically dedicated to disclosing the role of magnesium in COVID-19.

Results

Despite many methodological limitations, existing data seem to corroborate an association between deranged magnesium homeostasis and COVID-19, and call for further and better studies to explore the prophylactic or therapeutic potential of magnesium supplementation.

Conclusion

We propose to reconsider the relevance of magnesium, frequently overlooked in clinical practice. Therefore, magnesemia should be monitored and, in case of imbalanced magnesium homeostasis, an appropriate nutritional regimen or supplementation might contribute to protect against SARS-CoV-2 infection, reduce severity of COVID-19 symptoms and facilitate the recovery after the acute phase.
Environmental awareness, environmental R&D spillovers, and privatization in a mixed duopoly
Authors: Yakita Akira , Zhang Donglin
Published: October 2021

Assuming that consumption goods are differentiated in terms of environmental friendliness in a mixed duopolistic market, we present an analysis of public firm privatization effects on the environment and social welfare. The public firm maximizes the weighted average of its profit and social welfare. The private firm maximizes its profit. Consumers are aware of the environmental friendliness of goods. We demonstrate that an increase in the degree of public firm privatization lowers its environmental R&D investment and output. The decreased public firm’s R&D in turn lowers the private firm’s R&D investment through spillovers. The reduction of R&D investment by both firms decreases the environmental friendliness of these goods. Consumers consequently decrease their consumption of these goods. Therefore, if consumers exhibit environmental friendliness, then an increased degree of privatization might be socially undesirable.
Stochastic neighbor embedding as a tool for visualizing the encoding capability of magnetic resonance fingerprinting dictionaries
Authors: Koolstra Kirsten , Börnert Peter , Lelieveldt Boudewijn P. F. , Webb Andrew , Dzyubachyk Oleh
Published: October 2021

Objective

To visualize the encoding capability of magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF) dictionaries.

Materials and methods

High-dimensional MRF dictionaries were simulated and embedded into a lower-dimensional space using t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE). The embeddings were visualized via colors as a surrogate for location in low-dimensional space. First, we illustrate this technique on three different MRF sequences. We then compare the resulting embeddings and the color-coded dictionary maps to these obtained with a singular value decomposition (SVD) dimensionality reduction technique. We validate the t-SNE approach with measures based on existing quantitative measures of encoding capability using the Euclidean distance. Finally, we use t-SNE to visualize MRF sequences resulting from an MRF sequence optimization algorithm.

Results

t-SNE was able to show clear differences between the color-coded dictionary maps of three MRF sequences. SVD showed smaller differences between different sequences. These findings were confirmed by quantitative measures of encoding. t-SNE was also able to visualize differences in encoding capability between subsequent iterations of an MRF sequence optimization algorithm.

Discussion

This visualization approach enables comparison of the encoding capability of different MRF sequences. This technique can be used as a confirmation tool in MRF sequence optimization.
From “Decent work and economic growth” to “Sustainable work and economic degrowth”: a new framework for SDG 8
Authors: Kreinin Halliki , Aigner Ernest
Published: October 2021

The sustainable Development Goal (SDGs) have successfully raised awareness and built momentum for taking collective action, while also remaining uncritical of the central causes of the environmental crises – economic growth, inequality, and overconsumption in the Global North. We analyse SDG 8 “Decent Work and Economic Growth” from the perspective of strong sustainability – as phenomena, institutions and ideologies – and find that it does not fit the criteria of strong sustainability. Based on this observation, we propose a novel framework for SDG8 in line with strong sustainability and the latest scientific research, “Sustainable Work and Economic Degrowth”, including a first proposal for new sub-goals, targets and indicators. This encompasses an integrated systems approach to achieving the SDGs’ overalls goals – a sustainable future for present and future generations. The key novel contributions of the paper include new indicators to measure societies’ dependence on economic growth, to ensure the provisioning of welfare independent of economic growth.
On the size of coset unions
Authors: Sambale Benjamin , Tǎrnǎuceanu Marius
Published: October 2021

Let $$g_1H_1,\ldots ,g_nH_n$$

g
1

H
1

,
…
,

g
n

H
n

be cosets of subgroups $$H_1,\ldots ,H_n$$

H
1

,
…
,

H
n

of a finite group G such that $$g_1H_1\cup \ldots \cup g_nH_n\ne G$$

g
1

H
1

∪
…
∪

g
n

H
n

≠
G

. We prove that $$|g_1H_1\cup \ldots \cup g_nH_n|\le \gamma _n|G|$$

|

g
1

H
1

∪
…
∪

g
n

H
n

|
≤

γ
n

|
G
|

where $$\gamma _n<1$$

γ
n

<
1

is a constant depending only on n. In special cases, we show that $$\gamma _n=(2^n-1)/2^n$$

γ
n

=

(

2
n

-
1
)

/

2
n

is the best possible constant with this property and we conjecture that this is generally true.