bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in Continental Freshwater Discharge from 1948 to 2004
Authors: Dai Aiguo , Qian Taotao , Trenberth Kevin E. , Milliman John D.
Published: December 2008

A new dataset of historical monthly streamflow at the farthest downstream stations for the world’s 925 largest ocean-reaching rivers has been created for community use. Available new gauge records are added to a network of gauges that covers ∼80 × 106 km2 or ∼80% of global ocean-draining land areas and accounts for about 73% of global total runoff. For most of the large rivers, the record for 1948–2004 is fairly complete. Data gaps in the records are filled through linear regression using streamflow simulated by a land surface model [Community Land Model, version 3 (CLM3)] forced with observed precipitation and other atmospheric forcings that are significantly (and often strongly) correlated with the observed streamflow for most rivers. Compared with previous studies, the new dataset has improved homogeneity and enables more reliable assessments of decadal and long-term changes in continental freshwater discharge into the oceans. The model-simulated runoff ratio over drainage areas with and without gauge records is used to estimate the contribution from the areas not monitored by the gauges in deriving the total discharge into the global oceans.

Results reveal large variations in yearly streamflow for most of the world’s large rivers and for continental discharge, but only about one-third of the top 200 rivers (including the Congo, Mississippi, Yenisey, Paraná, Ganges, Columbia, Uruguay, and Niger) show statistically significant trends during 1948–2004, with the rivers having downward trends (45) outnumbering those with upward trends (19). The interannual variations are correlated with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events for discharge into the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and global ocean as a whole. For ocean basins other than the Arctic, and for the global ocean as a whole, the discharge data show small or downward trends, which are statistically significant for the Pacific (−9.4 km3 yr−1). Precipitation is a major driver for the discharge trends and large interannual-to-decadal variations. Comparisons with the CLM3 simulation suggest that direct human influence on annual streamflow is likely small compared with climatic forcing during 1948–2004 for most of the world’s major rivers. For the Arctic drainage areas, upward trends in streamflow are not accompanied by increasing precipitation, especially over Siberia, based on available data, although recent surface warming and associated downward trends in snow cover and soil ice content over the northern high latitudes contribute to increased runoff in these regions. The results are qualitatively consistent with climate model projections but contradict an earlier report of increasing continental runoff during the recent decades based on limited records.
Temporal Variability in the Expression of the Arctic Oscillation in the North Pacific
Authors: Zhao Hongxu , Moore G. W. K.
Published: December 2008

Although the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) have been identified as important modes of climate variability during the Northern Hemisphere (NH) winter, whether the AO or the NAO is more fundamental to the description of this variability, especially in the North Pacific, is still an open question. An important contributor to this uncertainty is the lack of knowledge of the low-frequency linkages between the North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans. This paper explores the linkage between the two oceanic basins on interdecadal time scales using the sea level pressure (SLP) field during the twentieth century. In particular, it is shown that the winter mean SLP in the North Pacific was positively correlated with the sign of the NAO during the periods of 1925–50 and 1980–98, which resulted in the classical AO pattern being the dominant mode in the NH. In contrast, during the period of 1951–79, the winter mean SLP in the two basins was decoupled, resulting in a dominant mode that more closely resembled the NAO. Using paleoclimate reconstructions, it is also shown that this interdecadal variability in the North Pacific climate began around 1850, which is nominally considered to be the end of the Little Ice Age.
Reduced Near-Surface Thermal Inversions in 2005–06 in the Southeastern Arabian Sea (Lakshadweep Sea)*
Authors: Nisha K. , Rao Suryachandra A. , Gopalakrishna V. V. , Rao R. R. , Girishkumar M. S. , Pankajakshan T. , Ravichandran M. , Rajesh S. , Girish K. , Johnson Z. , Anuradha M. , Gavaskar S. S. M. , Suneel V. , Krishna S. M.
Published: December 2008

Repeat XBT transects made at near-fortnightly intervals in the Lakshadweep Sea (southeastern Arabian Sea) and ocean data assimilation products are examined to describe the year-to-year variability in the observed near-surface thermal inversions during the winter seasons of 2002–06. Despite the existence of a large low-salinity water intrusion into the Lakshadweep Sea, there was an unusually lower number of near-surface thermal inversions during the winter 2005/06 compared to the other winters. The possible causative mechanisms are examined. During the summer monsoon of 2005 and the following winter season, unusually heavy rainfall occurred over the southwestern Bay of Bengal and the Lakshadweep Sea compared to other years in the study. Furthermore, during the winter of 2005, both the East India Coastal Current and the Winter Monsoon Current were stronger compared to the other years, transporting larger quantities of low salinity waters from the Bay of Bengal into the Lakshadweep Sea where a relatively cooler near-surface thermal regime persisted owing to prolonged upwelling until November 2005. In addition, the observed local surface wind field was relatively stronger, and the net surface heat gain to the ocean was weaker over the Lakshadweep Sea during the postmonsoon season of 2005. Thus, in winter 2005/06, the combination of prolonged upwelling and stronger surface wind field resulting in anomalous net surface heat loss caused weaker secondary warming of the near-surface waters in the Lakshadweep Sea. This led to a weaker horizontal sea surface temperature (SST) gradient between the Lakshadweep Sea and the intruding Bay of Bengal waters and, hence, a reduced number of thermal inversions compared to other winters despite the presence of stronger vertical haline stratification.
Formation of a Diurnal Thermocline in the Ocean Mixed Layer Simulated by LES
Authors: Noh Yign , Goh Gahyun , Raasch Siegfried , Gryschka Micha
Published: December 2008

The formation of a diurnal thermocline in the ocean mixed layer under a stabilizing buoyancy flux was simulated successfully by large-eddy simulation, reproducing various features consistent with observation. The analysis of the simulation result revealed that the formation of a diurnal thermocline passes through two different phases: the formation of a thermocline (formation stage) and increasing thickness of the thermocline thereafter (growth stage). Turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) flux dominates TKE production within the mixed layer, but turbulence maintained by shear production at the thermocline causes stratification below the mixed layer. In addition, once the thermocline is formed, both the gradient and flux Richardson numbers maintain constant values at the thermocline. It was also found that a diurnal thermocline cannot be formed in the absence of both wave breaking and Langmuir circulation. Furthermore, the effects of stratification on turbulence were investigated based on the time series of various physical variables of turbulence at the diurnal thermocline and within the mixed layer, and the mechanism for diurnal thermocline formation is discussed.
Comparison of Model Forecast Skill of Sea Level Pressure along the East and West Coasts of the United States
Authors: Wedam Garrett B. , McMurdie Lynn A. , Mass Clifford F.
Published: December 2008

Despite recent advances in numerical weather prediction, major errors in short-range forecasts still occur. To gain insight into the origin and nature of model forecast errors, error frequencies and magnitudes need to be documented for different models and different regions. This study examines errors in sea level pressure for four operational forecast models at observation sites along the east and west coasts of the United States for three 5-month cold seasons. Considering several metrics of forecast accuracy, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) model outperformed the other models, while the North American Mesoscale (NAM) model was least skillful. Sea level pressure errors on the West Coast are greater than those on the East Coast. The operational switch from the Eta to the Weather Research and Forecasting Nonhydrostatic Mesoscale Model (WRF-NMM) at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) did not improve forecasts of sea level pressure. The results also suggest that the accuracy of the Canadian Meteorological Centre’s Global Environmental Mesoscale model (CMC-GEM) improved between the first and second cold seasons, that the ECMWF experienced improvement on both coasts during the 3-yr period, and that the NCEP Global Forecast System (GFS) improved during the third cold season on the West Coast.
Psychosocial Aspects of White Middle-Class Identities
Authors: Reay Diane
Published: December 2008

This article draws on qualitative in-depth interviews with 63 white middle-class families whose children attend inner London comprehensives.The white middle classes, as they are inscribed in policy discourses, best fit the ideal of the democratic citizen — individualistic, rational, responsible, participatory, the active chooser. Yet, narratives of white middle-class choice reveal both powerful defences and the power of the affective. Sublimated in the psyche of the majority white middle classes who avoid inner-city comprehensives and the more inclusive parents in this ESRC-funded research project are multifaceted and differing responses to the classed and ethnic `other'. This article examines frequently overlooked anxieties, conflicts, desires and tensions within middle-class identities generated by education choice policies. However, the main focus is white middle-class relationships to their classed and ethnic `other', and the part played by the psychosocial in white middle-class identities and identifications within predominantly working-class, multi-ethnic schooling.
The Consumption of Counterfeit Goods
Authors: Rutter Jason , Bryce Jo
Published: December 2008

Social science, policy and popular discourse around counterfeiting regularly position consumers of counterfeit goods as part of a technological elite or as motivated by anti-capitalist or anti-corporate positions. In order to explore this construction and highlight its associated limitations, this article presents quantitative data collected through postal and web-based questionnaires looking at the frequency, location and motivations for the purchase of counterfeit leisure items for consumers in the United Kingdom.The article suggests that the purchase and consumption of counterfeit goods is commonplace across a broader variety of age, gender and socio-economic status categories than often assumed.The study also highlights the value of viewing the consumption of counterfeit goods as social and situated, occurring within existing social networks and familiar locations, and as closely related to other consumption practices.
Mapping a Process of Negotiated Identity Among Incarcerated Male Juvenile Offenders
Authors: Abrams Laura S. , Hyun Anna
Published: December 2008

Building on theories of youth identity transitions, this study maps a process of negotiated identity among incarcerated young men. Data are drawn from ethnographic study of three juvenile correctional institutions and longitudinal semistructured interviews with facility residents. Cross-case analysis of 10 cases that finds youth offenders adapted to the correctional world either with ease or difficulty depending on their professed criminal identifications and their ability to locate a sense of personal power within the institution. Youth also employed a set of strategies to contend with treatment discourses challenging them to reexamine their prior selves and envision alternative future identity possibilities. These strategies shape three identified patterns of identity transition: “self synthesis,” “situational self-transformation,” and “self-preservation.” The findings highlight youths' efforts to retain a positive view of the self in response to challenges to professed identities and reveal various styles of identity transitions occurring in involuntary institutional contexts.
`To Put Oneself into the other Fellow's Place': John Herz, the Security Dilemma and the Nuclear Age
Authors: Wheeler Nicholas J.
Published: December 2008

It is well known in the literature on security dilemma theorising that John Herz coined the concept in the early 1950s, with Herbert Butterfield developing a very similar concept at the same time. What is less well appreciated is that Butterfield powerfully argued in his 1951 book History and Human Relations that there was no prospect of state leaders and diplomats overcoming the dynamics of mutual suspicion and distrust that created what he had chosen to call a condition of `Hobbesian fear'. Herz parted company with Butterfield on this fundamental question, considering that two adversaries could come to appreciate that what they perceived as the other's hostile behaviour was a defensive response to their own actions. This article revisits this fundamental question that divided the pioneer theorists of the security dilemma as to whether better mutual understanding between potential rivals might be the key to mitigating fear-based hostility. The article discusses this question in relation to Herz's ideas about surviving the nuclear age, and shows how he believed that knowledge of the security dilemma was critical if the superpowers were to mitigate their security competition. Having examined how far the end of the Cold War supports Herz's position, the article concludes by showing how Herz became increasingly disillusioned that the United States was capable of acting to mitigate the security dilemma in the post-Cold War world.
Navigating the `Absolute Novum': John H. Herz's Political Realism and Political Idealism
Authors: Booth Ken
Published: December 2008

This article situates John Herz's work within the perennial debate about realism and idealism, and the issue of whether and how the two sets of ideas can be reconciled. The variety of `realist' and `idealist' concepts and conceptualisations within Herz's work, and his attempt to combine them in an approach he called `Realist Liberalism', reveals the inadequacy of the addiction of many teachers and researchers in academic international relations to stick unhelpful labels on theorists (such as `Realist') who advance complex and sometimes apparently contradictory intellectual positions. Placing Herz's work alongside other theorists who have grappled with the relationships between realism and idealism — notably Carr and Rawls — the article argues for categorising ideas and not individuals. More importantly, a case is made for the continuing validity of seeking to comprehend IR in terms of the interplay of idealism and realism, and for greater recognition of Herz's contribution to it.
Enhancing Community Safety and Security Through Understanding Interagency Collaboration in Cyber-Terrorism Exercises
Authors: Solansky Stephanie T. , Beck Tammy E.
Published: December 2008

The threat of terrorism is at the forefront of security issues in the society. Terrorism must be dealt with through collaboration of multiple types and levels of agencies. Public sector interagency collaboration is explored through collective mind and beliefs of collaboration necessity in terrorism situations. It is found that the presence of a collective mind increases the likelihood that public sector representatives recognize and form beliefs that collaboration is necessary. It is also found that aggregates of representatives were more likely to actually collaborate with one another in addressing these cyber-terrorism threats when more shared the belief of collaboration necessity.
Industry Hiring Patterns of Older Workers
Authors: Adler Geri , Hilber Don
Published: December 2008

The decision to remain in the workforce or fully retire is typically made between the ages of 55 and 64 and is predicated on many factors, including the availability of suitable jobs. The authors explored the extent to which members of this age group are being hired by different industries and developed a model isolating what types of factors best determine relative hiring rates: those specific to an industry, a labor market, the older worker age group, or some combination thereof. The authors estimate a low rate of new hiring for older workers aged 55 to 64 years, with low turnover and net outflows but substantial variability among industries. The findings additionally suggest that current national industry job growth and pay differentials among older new hires, existing older workers, and other new hires have the greatest bearing on how much these net flows vary by industry within states. Implications for older workers, their prospective employers, and policy makers are discussed.
Earnings Losses of Older Displaced Workers
Authors: Couch Kenneth A. , Jolly Nicholas A. , Placzek Dana W.
Published: December 2008

This article provides detailed estimates of earnings losses of older workers (aged 40 years and older) who experience mass layoffs relative to a continuously employed comparison group. The analysis made use of information from the unemployment insurance system for the state of Connecticut. These administrative records contain payroll information for virtually all workers in the state and, relative to previous research on the basis of survey data, contain many more instances of workers displaced because of mass layoffs. These data provided the basis for detailed, disaggregated estimates by age, gender, and industry of employment. The estimates indicated that earnings losses associated with displacement rose sharply with age and were larger for those subsequently reemployed in different industry sectors. These findings are consistent with the idea that earnings decline following displacement due to losses of firm-specific human capital. Earnings reductions were larger for men than women but were proportionately very similar.
Protein supplementation may enhance the spontaneous recovery of neurological alterations in patients with ischaemic stroke
Authors: Aquilani Roberto , Scocchi Marco , Iadarola Paolo , Franciscone Piero , Verri Manuela , Boschi Federica , Pasini Evasio , Viglio Simona
Published: December 2008

Objective: To determine whether protein supplementation could enhance neurological recovery in subacute patients with ischaemic stroke.

Design: Alimentation-independent patients with ischaemic stroke were randomly allocated to either 21 days of protein supplementation (protein-supplemented group; n=20) or to a spontaneous diet only (control group; n=21) in order to investigate the recovery of neurological changes (measured using the National Institute of Health (NIH) Stroke Scale).

Setting: Tertiary care rehabilitation in Italy.

Participants: Forty-two patients (27 male and 15 female; 66.4 ± 11 years) 16 ±2 days after the acute event.

Intervention: Supplementation with a hyperproteic nutritional formula (10% protein).

Main outcome measures: NIH Stroke Scale and protein intake.

Results: At admission to rehabilitation, both groups of patients were homogeneous for demographic, clinical and functional characteristics. After 21 days from the start of the protocol, the NIH Stroke Scale was found to be enhanced in the group with supplemental proteins (-4.4 ± 1.5 score versus -3 ± 1.4 of control group; P<0.01). When expressed as difference (▵) between baseline and 21 days, the NIH Stroke Scale correlated negatively with change in protein intake (g/day) (r=-0.50, P= 0.001) and positively with change in carbohydrate/protein ratio (r=+0.40, P=0.01)

Conclusions: Protein supplementation may enhance neurological recovery in subacute patients with ischaemic stroke.
Functional outcome of hip disarticulation and hemipelvectomy: a cross-sectional national descriptive study in the Netherlands
Authors: Yari Parwin , Dijkstra Pieter U , Geertzen Jan HB
Published: December 2008

Objective: To describe characteristics of hip disarticulation and hemipelvectomy amputees, to assess their level of activities, participation and experienced limitations in mobility and to describe the amputation-related problems.

Design: A cross-sectional study.

Setting: Patients were mainly recruited via orthopaedic workshops in the Netherlands.

Subjects: Forty-six patients with an acquired unilateral hip disarticulation or hemipelvectomy at least one year post amputation.

Main outcome measures: Sickness Impact Profile 68 (SIP 68) to assess the level of activity and participation and the questionnaire Rising and Sitting Down, Walking and Climbing Stairs to assess perceived limitations in mobility.

Results: The 46 patients (31 with hip disarticulation and 15 with hemipelvectomy) had a mean age of 55.8 years (SD 12.1). In 78% of cases the reason for amputation was a tumour. Mean SIP 68 was low, 10.5 (SD 6.9). Hip disarticulation amputees had significantly poorer emotional stability than the hemipelvectomy amputees (P = 0.04). All amputees experienced considerable limitations in their mobility according to the Rising and Sitting Down, Walking and Climbing Stairs scores.

Conclusions: Hip disarticulation and hemipelvectomy amputees have a relatively high level of activity and participation (SIP scores) but at the same time experience limitations in walking, rising and sitting down and climbing stairs.
The effect of additional strengthening of hip abductor and lateral rotator muscles in patellofemoral pain syndrome: a randomized controlled pilot study
Authors: Nakagawa Theresa Helissa , Muniz Thiago Batista , Baldon Rodrigo de Marche , Dias Maciel Carlos , de Menezes Reiff Rodrigo Bezerra , Serrão Fábio Viadanna
Published: December 2008

Objectives: To study the effect of additional strengthening of hip abductor and lateral rotator muscles in a strengthening quadriceps exercise rehabilitation programme for patients with the patellofemoral pain syndrome.

Design: Randomized controlled pilot trial.

Setting: Clinical setting with home programme.

Participants: Fourteen patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.

Intervention: The subjects were randomly assigned to the intervention group (strengthening of quadriceps plus strengthening of hip abductor and lateral rotator muscles) or to the control group (strengthening of quadriceps). Both groups participated in a six-week home exercise protocol.

Main outcome measures: The perceived pain symptoms, isokinetic eccentric knee extensor, hip abductor and lateral rotator torques and the gluteus medius electromyographic activity were assessed before and after treatment. Parametric and non-parametric tests were used to compare the groups before and after treatment with α=0.05.

Results: Only the intervention group improved perceived pain symptoms during functional activities (P=0.02—0.04) and also increased their gluteus medius electromyographic activity during isometric voluntary contraction (P=0.03). Eccentric knee extensors torque increased in both groups (P=0.04 and P=0.02). There was no statistically significant difference in the hip muscles torque in either group.

Conclusion: Supplementation of strengthening of hip abductor and lateral rotator muscles in a strengthening quadriceps exercise programme provided additional benefits with respect to the perceived pain symptoms during functional activities in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome after six weeks of treatment.
The displacements of the `shadow line'
Authors: Sinapi Michèle
Published: December 2008

The term `clandestine' has grown prevalent over the two last decades as a way of describing illegal immigration, which looks more and more like an irrepressible process in the context of an anomic mondialization. The word carries the idea both of a disseminated and Janus-headed presence. In French, it is linked to the political history of European societies during the 19th and 20th centuries. This article attempts to analyze the semantic shifts that have occurred with respect to this period of history. It revisits the first time the word was used in France in its present-day sense: this was in 1938, in the decrees issued by the Daladier government.
The connected migrant: an epistemological manifesto
Authors: Diminescu Dana
Published: December 2008

Current trends in thinking on contemporary migration (in particular, theories on transnational networks) agree that today's migrants are the actors of a culture of bonds, which they themselves have founded and which they maintain even as they move about. Formerly a latent feature but typical of all groups on the move, this culture of bonds became visible and highly dynamic once migrants began massively to use modern information and communication technologies (ICT). It is more and more common for migrants to maintain remote relations typical of relations of proximity and to activate them on a daily basis. The paradigmatic figure of the uprooted migrant is yielding to another figure: the connected migrant.
The concept of migration and clandestinity in the Chinese culture
Authors: Caira Mara
Published: December 2008

In Chinese culture and history, the notion of migration is related to state authority. Voluntary mobility was and is looked down on and discouraged. Separation from, and enlarging of, the motherland are linked. Today Chinese internal migration flows in two channels: legal and illegal. Ethnic features and family ties are also relevant to the Chinese notion of migration.
`Clandestins' et `makwerekwere' dans l'Afrique du Sud post-apartheid: production de catégories, pratiques administratives et xénophobie
Authors: Wa Kabwe-Segatti Aurelia
Published: December 2008

Fondé sur des recherches menées depuis une décennie en Afrique du Sud, cet article fait le point sur la situation actuelle des migrants irréguliers. En dépit d'un cadre juridique progressiste et d'élites politiques éclairées, la politique migratoire post-apartheid a continuellement produit des effectifs importants de migrants irréguliers que les régularisations et un nouveau régime d'asile ne sont pas parvenus à protéger. L'absence d'instruments migratoires adaptés aux besoins des mouvements de main-d'œuvre régionaux et les clivages entre élites politiques et certains groupes de la population ont durablement empêché la mise en œuvre de politiques plus innovantes.
La migration transnationale — logique individuelle dans l'espace national: l'exemple des transmigrants subsahariens à l'épreuve de l'externalisation de la gestion des flux migratoires au Maroc
Authors: Alioua Mehdi
Published: December 2008

Nous décrivons ici la vie sociale des milliers de transmigrants subsahariens qui, faisant face à la frontiérisation de l'UE, réussissent, malgré les répressions qu'ils subissent mais à un coût humain exorbitant, à s'organiser afin de circuler sur les routes africaines à la recherche d'une vie meilleure, en implantant dans les étapes où ils s'installent de véritables relais migratoires. Puis nous présentons quelques incidences sociopolitiques que de telles politiques transnationales anti-migrants redessinant les frontière Sud de l'Europe et de tels mouvements migratoires tentant de les contourner, supposent dans cette phase de mondialisation.
Neutralizing Potential and Self-Reported Digital Piracy
Authors: Morris Robert G. , Higgins George E.
Published: December 2008

This study explores retrospective (self-reported) and prospective (willingness to engage) participation in digital piracy via a multitheoretical approach relying on self-control, social learning, microanomie, and techniques of neutralization. Using more complete measures of digital piracy than in previous studies (illegal music, software, and movie downloading), data were collected from undergraduate students from multiple universities ( n = 585). Modest support was found for neutralization theory when controlling for other theoretical variables. Modest support was also established for social learning theory. It is clear that there is an underexplored cross-theoretical dynamic in explaining self-reported piracy and willingness to engage in digital piracy. Suggestions for policy and future research are presented and limitations are accounted for.
Knowledge and the discourse of labour process transformation: nurses and the case of NHS Direct for England
Authors: Smith Chris , Valsecchi Raffaella , Mueller Frank , Gabe Jonathan
Published: December 2008

This article draws on fieldwork conducted with nurses in two sites of NHS Direct, the English tele-nursing service.Theoretically it has two objectives. Firstly to examine a group of professional workers in order to show how the discourse of work transformation associated with the call centre paradigm interacts in a non-mass, non-commercial public sector setting where workers remain attached to their occupational identity and institutional community which mediate call centre values and rationalities. In relation to this objective, the article shows how call centre values inform NHS Direct but do not produce the same outcomes as in commercial settings. Secondly, the article establishes that nurses, as knowledgeable actors, can control, manipulate and create knowledge, without having their autonomy subordinated to the clinical software they are required to use.The article contributes to the labour process approach of call centre working and debates on knowledge management in the workplace.
The next division of labour: work skills in Australian and Indian call centres
Authors: Russell Bob , Thite Mohan
Published: December 2008

Using a comparative work force survey of Australian and Indian call centre workers, the question of whether the outsourcing of info-service work portends a new division of labour is addressed. Evidence is presented that the work conducted in both Australian and Indian call centres is semi-skilled in nature. Work in India is managed more tightly but also offers greater variety, while in terms of required skills call centre employment is comparable to that which is conducted `in-house' in Australia.The differences that exist are mainly to be found in the labour forces that perform the work. Labour force profiles in business process outsourcing give rise to contradictions that are specific to the Indian context.
Have stethoscope, will travel: contingent employment among physician health care providers in the United States
Authors: Alonzo Angelo A. , Simon Arthur B.
Published: December 2008

The goal of this study was to describe locum tenens physicians in the context of contingent, nonstandard employment in the US. The target population for this study was 1662 physicians who accepted at least one locum tenens assignment. Response rate for the 50-item questionnaire was 47 percent. One third of respondents considered a locum tenens practice pattern permanent. Female physicians were younger and disproportionately represented in primary care specialism; 64 percent used locum income as sole source of support and were motivated by a need for flexible scheduling. Male locum physicians were older, weighted toward the sub-specialisms and motivated to practice part-time. Overall, locum physicians were satisfied with contingent work. Shifts towards part-time employment among women and a desire for flexibility are changing the nature of physician employment. Locum physicians, as`gold collar' contingent workers are very different from contingent workers in manufacturing and service sectors of the economy.
Disease, Wilderness Warfare, and Imperial Relations: The Battle for Quebec, 1759—1760
Authors: Charters Erica M.
Published: December 2008

During the siege at Quebec, 1759—60, which followed the battle on the Plains of Abraham, high rates of disease contributed to the British defeat by French forces in April 1760. While historians have not previously discussed military medical preventative measures, a detailed examination of the siege demonstrates sophisticated attempts to adapt to a foreign environment and its disease, as well as how disease contributed to the development of American provincial and British antagonism and perceptions of difference.
Reconstructing `Front' and `Home': Gendered Experiences and Memories of the German Wars against Napoleon — A Case Study
Authors: Hagemann Karen
Published: December 2008

The article analyses gendered experiences and memories of the German wars against Napoleon by focusing on the port city of Hamburg, the second largest German town, which was occupied by the French army between 1806 and 1814. The case study centres on the `ego-documents' of the renowned bookseller, publisher, and patriot Friedrich Perthes (1770—1843) and his family. The article shows that these first `modern' wars involved civilians — men and women alike — in new ways. The discursively constructed lines between `front' and `home' were blurred, and male and female war experiences were closely intertwined. After the wars, female war experiences were suppressed in collective memory. A wartime gender order was reconstructed in retrospect that distinguished clearly between front and home, and emphasized male heroism and patriotism. This helped to reinforce the gender hierarchy and thereby the postwar social order.
With the Devil in Titoland: A Wehrmacht Anti-Partisan Division in Bosnia-Herzegovina, 1943
Authors: Shepherd Ben
Published: December 2008

This article contributes to greater understanding of the forces that shaped the prosecution of Wehrmacht anti-partisan warfare at the level of divisions in the field. The article explains the approach to anti-partisan warfare of the divisional command of the 369th Infantry Division and compares it with the approach of other divisional commands which operated in the same region of Yugoslavia during early 1943. In doing so, it highlights the particular importance of the troops' level of fighting power, and of the formative life experiences of divisional commanders during the First World War, in shaping conduct.
Attitudes Toward Postmenopausal Long-Term Hormone Therapy
Authors: Kolip Petra , Hoefling-Engels Nicole , Schmacke Norbert
Published: December 2008

In this article we address the question of why postmenopausal women undergo hormone therapy. Thirty-five women aged 46 to 75 years living in Bremen (Germany) and taking postmenopausal hormones for at least 12 months were interviewed. Following Fritz Schütze, the interviews were analyzed according to a reconstructive analytical procedure. Five different types of users were identified. They differed from each other in terms of their reasons for using hormones, their expectations of this type of therapy, and their personal habits and circumstances, including an integrity-preserving attitude, a performance-oriented attitude, a searching attitude, a faith-in-medicine attitude, and a benefit-generalizing attitude. The interviews show that there is a need for target-oriented counseling, taking into account the individual attitudes toward menopause and postmenopausal hormone therapy.
An Other Identity
Authors: Atkinson-Baldwyn Lesley
Published: December 2008

In this piece the author explores the role and impact of her changing identity in the context of study on a doctoral program. The author has a business background which proves a contrast to the experiences she encounters. The doctorate is a taught program incorporating structured modules for the first 2 years followed by a research thesis. The text illustrates the different, often opposing, environments and encapsulates many of the issues faced by the author.
Visual Narrative Research Methods as Performance in Industrial Design Education
Authors: Campbell Laurel H. , McDonagh Deana
Published: December 2008

This article discusses teaching empathic research methodology as performance. The authors describe their collaboration in an activity to help undergraduate industrial design students learn empathy for others when designing products for use by diverse or underrepresented people. The authors propose that an industrial design curriculum would benefit from such an arts-based performative research model as described. Visual images are included for the purpose of sharing the learning process with the reader. This article seeks to make connections between visual narratives, performative pedagogy and methodology, and spirituality and empathy, thus providing a unique contribution to industrial design education.
Peering Through the Crack & Good-Bye to All that
Authors: Lester Roushanzamir Elli
Published: December 2008

Social relationships are enacted and remembered through interpersonal relationships and replayed through the media as the author uses a defining personal experience, that of her son's drug addiction, to rethink, analyze, and resituate herself in the world. The result draws attention to the messy juxtaposition of social structures and policies with personal loss, grief, anger, and episodes of joy and courage. Crack, whether drug, fissure, gibe, highlights remembered fragments which allow the author to tell her stories in ways other than those originally considered. As those personal stories are interwoven with public moments such as school desegregation and changes in telecommunications and popular culture, a social commentary is offered that defamiliarizes the familiar, evokes rather than represents, and therefore offers the reader entry into the narrative, the cultural critique.
I Don't Know How to Start Talking About It
Authors: Koelsch Lori E. , Knudson Roger M.
Published: December 2008

This article presents five poems constructed from interviews conducted with five women about their sexual experiences as college students, as well as one poem written by the first author about her own experience. Young women were asked about confusing, problematic, and shameful sexual experiences. The Listening/Reading Guide, a feminist method, was used to identify segments of each interview that were then arranged in poetic form. Poetry was used as an evocative means to present information that does not have a traditional narrative structure. These poems are structured to convey the difficulties inherent in understanding and talking about these experiences. Current discourses of sexual assault and recovery are insufficient for understanding and meaning making in these cases.
Their Words, Actions, and Meaning
Authors: Mutua Kombo Eddah
Published: December 2008

In this reflective account of a researcher's experience in Rwanda, the author examines how being at the place where violence occurred revealed how Rwandan women construct and name their reality in postgenocide era. The author discusses the questions people asked her in Rwanda and those she asked herself upon her return to the United States, which provide insights on how to share her experiences with others. The purpose in writing this article is to create a dialogue that brings together women's narratives and the author's opinions and positions to offer new ways to understand and give meaning to Rwandan women's experiences of genocide. The article concludes by reiterating the significance of acknowledging different ways of knowing those being studied and the ways how those who conduct the study understand themselves as researchers in that context. Names of the actual women who shared their stories have been changed to assure confidentiality.
Locating Community in Women's Experiences of Trauma, Recovery, and Empowerment
Authors: Burns Jager Kathleen , Carolan Marsha T.
Published: December 2008

Feminist interpretive methods informed our understanding of the role of the community and family-based services in women's trauma and recovery. Amy's story illustrates how trustworthy community relationships have a role in healing past experiences of isolation and points to the need for community supports to understand their power and responsibility to facilitate women's individual and family empowerment.
Empowering Bystanders to Prevent Campus Violence Against Women
Authors: Potter Sharyn J. , Moynihan Mary M. , Stapleton Jane G. , Banyard Victoria L.
Published: December 2008

Researchers at a midsized public northeastern university evaluated the efficacy of a poster campaign to determine if students increase their knowledge of prosocial bystander behaviors and willingness to intervene in instances of sexual violence after viewing a series of campaign posters where student actors model appropriate bystander behaviors. During the last week of the campaign, undergraduates were invited to participate in a Web survey. The results of this preliminary evaluation indicate promising variation in the awareness of students who reported seeing the campaign compared to those who did not.
Mentoring novice teachers: developing a community of practice
Authors: Blair Deborah V.
Published: December 2008

Mentoring new teachers is critical to music education, not only for purposes of retention and attrition, but also to provide the support they need to become reflective practitioners. Researchers consistently report that novice music teachers share feelings of being overwhelmed by the duties and responsibilities of teaching. In 2004—05, a local school district (USA) employed five novice elementary general music teachers. Through the district, I offered a professional development program to these teachers to provide mentoring during the entire school year. With their consent, this program was used to collect data reflective of their experiences throughout the year, exploring the nature of their lived experience and, emergently, the growth of a community of practice. Data included the email correspondence of all participants, each teacher's end-of-year reflective journal, a personal log reflecting my perspective and an audio-recorded group discussion conducted at the end of the school year. Two key issues arose during the year that profoundly affected the professional self-confidence of these novice teachers: their struggles with classroom management, and issues that arose during their experiences with the district's process of teacher evaluation. Within the context of these common problems, the teachers seemed to value the meetings as an opportunity to give and receive support in a safe, collegial environment, in which all those present understood the parameters of their unique jobs and cared about each other as individuals and music educators. What began as a group of individuals emerged as a community of practice.
Capitalizing on community music: a case study of the manifestation of social capital in a community choir
Authors: Langston Thomas W. , Barrett Margaret S.
Published: December 2008

There is an extensive literature on social capital and its generation and use in communities, but less is known about the ways in which social capital is manifested in community music settings. The literature suggests that social capital is evidenced through a range of `indicators', including trust, community and civic involvement, and networks. This article reports the findings of a research project that examined the manifestation of social capital in a community choir in regional Tasmania. The study employed multiple data-generation methods including survey, field notes, and artefact-elicited, semi-structured interviews in a qualitative interpretive case study design. An analysis of narrative approach was used to interrogate data generated with the 27 members (the Tutti) of the `Milton' Community Choir, and to identify those social capital indicators present. Through analyses of these data, findings suggest that the social capital indicators identified in the literature, specifically those of shared norms and values, trust, civic and community involvement, networks, knowledge resources, and contact with families and friends are present in the community choir. Further, a previously unemphasized social capital indicator, that of fellowship, is identified as a key component in fostering group cohesion and social capital development in the community choir.
Compositions of elementary recorder students created under various conditions of task structure
Authors: Smith Janice
Published: December 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of various levels of researcher-imposed task structure on the compositional products of elementary school recorder students. Twelve recorder students aged nine to 10 years each completed six composition tasks. Audio tapes of their compositions were given to four musicians who followed a Q sorting procedure to place the compositions in a rank order of recorder musicality. The total length of time spent on each task and the percentage of process stage time spent by the child for each task was compared with the type of task. The results suggest there is a relationship between the type of task and the musicality of the resulting compositional products. Pieces with the least amount of structure often were lowest ranked. The poem task led to compositions of higher musicality. The amount of time children spent on each of the tasks was not significantly different and was not a factor in creating works of higher musicality. Data from post-compositional interviews indicated that different children preferred different types of task structure.
Second Chair: an autoethnodrama
Authors: Saldaña Johnny
Published: December 2008

Second Chair, an autoethnodramatic one-man play, explores the reminiscences by an older adult of his high school band years and his quest to become first chair clarinetist through an epiphanic challenge. The play is a metaphor for the feelings of lesser status experienced by the marginalized individual in a competitive mainstream society. The full play script is included, accompanied with the author's reflections on the development and performance of the piece, and its implications for narrative inquiry.
Depth and Space in Sleep: Intimacy, Touch and the Body in Japanese Co-sleeping Rituals
Authors: Tahhan Diana Adis
Published: December 2008

s This article centres on an empirically based phenomenological analysis of how children are put to sleep in Japanese nurseries. Drawing on interviews and participant-observations conducted at a daycare centre in north-east Japan, this article explores the cultural and social meanings attached to co-sleeping. It explores the process through which co-sleeping becomes a manifestation of intimacy, and emphasizes the sensuous and embodied experience of sleep between teacher and child. Examining alternative theories of embodiment, this article helps to extend our understanding of experiences of co-sleeping from finite separate bodies, to a sensuous experience and space that is all-encompassing and inclusive of more than just the body (non-Cartesian).
Hospital—school liaison: perspectives of health and education professionals supporting children with renal transplants
Authors: Poursanidou Konstantina , Garner Philip , Watson Alan
Published: December 2008

This article explores collaboration between health and education staff as a key aspect of educational provision for children with chronic medical conditions, drawing upon material from interviews with eight health professionals (paediatric nephrologists and specialist renal nurses) and 11 mainstream schoolteachers involved in the care and schooling of children with renal transplants. Notwithstanding the apparent existence of good practice, a complex interplay of attitudinal, institutional and wider political and economic factors is identified that is likely to undermine the effectiveness of collaboration between health and education professionals. The importance of hospital—school liaison — that is, of a proactive, preventative and hence systematic and strategic nature — is highlighted. Such findings have a particular relevance for policy and practice in the context of the current Every Child Matters agenda, and are likely to have wider applicability to the education of chronically-ill children at large.