bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of a new anaerobic-aerobic sequencing batch reactor system to enhance biological phosphorus removal
Authors: Danesh Shahnaz , Oleszkiewicz Jan A.
Published: May 2018

A two-stage anaerobic-aerobic sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system (PAF-SBR) was developed to enhance biological phosphorus removal in the sequencing batch reactors. The system performance was evaluated against a conventional SBR system in parallel lab-scale reactors at room temperature, using the degritted raw wastewater as the feed. The SRT for the anaerobic SBR which is named PAF (Primary Acid Fermenter) was 12 days, and for both the BNR reactors was 10 days. All reactors were run at 3 cycles per day.

A significant difference (P=0.01) was observed between the performances of the two systems. The Ortho-P concentration in the effluent from the PAF-SBR was mostly below 0.5 mg/L while in the conventional SBR was generally above 1.5 mg/L. Lack of availability of carbon (mean VFA/PSol.=1.1) and long anoxic/anaerobic period were the major causes of inefficient removal of phosphorus in the conventional SBR system. The use of anaerobic stage however increased the mean VFA/PSol. to 11.3 which enhanced Bio-P removal in the PAF-SBR system. Prefermentation also improved the sludge consistency and settleability in the following SBR unit.

The results indicated that by using the perfermentation step, the anoxic/anaerobic period in the BNR-SBR could be controlled and reduced to less than 50 minutes, which would reduce the total cycle time from 8 hr to 6 hr.
Development of the intermittent cyclic process for simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal
Authors: Hamamoto Y. , Tabata S. , Okubo Y.
Published: May 2018

Technology to simultaneously remove nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater by carrying out aerobic and anaerobic operations in a single reactor has been developed by the authors. The Intermittent Cyclic Process can be used with two reactors, operating at opposite stages, to receive and treat influent on an uninterrupted basis. Research has been carried out in the: laboratory; pilot plant; and in a 540 m3 full scale wastewater plant. Experiments with aeration time ratios (aeration time to total cycle time) from 0.125 to 1 have been made, and 0.125 yielded the best nitrogen and phosphorus removal results in the laboratory study. In the pilot plant average nitrogen and phosphorus removal rates of 86% and 82% were achieved. In over three years of operation, the full-scale plant realized rates of 87% and 74% respectively. Performance has further improved with our recently developed controller which uses “fuzzy logic” to automatically determine optimal mixing and aeration periods. Measurements of DO, pH, ORP, and reactor water level are constantly relayed to the fuzzy controller. Average nitrogen and phosphorus removal rates in the full-scale plant were 96% and 93%. The study demonstrates that the fuzzy controller is practical and enhances nitrogen and phosphorus removal.
Anaerobic pretreatment improves single sequencing batch reactor treatment of landfill leachates
Authors: Zaloum R. , Abbott M.
Published: May 2018

The objectives of the study were to compare the actual lagoon treatment of raw leachate at a landfill site with an alternative employing a single basin sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The SBR treating the anaerobic lagoon effluent is the best option. The stricter suspended solids limits can be met most of the time at steady state but are consistently exceeded during unsteady state conditions. BOD, COD and nutrients residual concentrations where within the stricter new proposed regulations in Québec, Canada. In this study, the raw leachate SBR could not meet the COD and SS removal requirements of the proposed regulation.
Nightsoil treatment plant converted into a sequencing batch reactor to improve removal of pollutants and nutrients
Authors: Choi E. , Oa S.-W. , Lee J.-J.
Published: May 2018

An existing 2 stage aerobic nightsoil treatment plant (25m3/d capacity) was converted (modified) from a conventional continuous flow system to a single stage SBR unit for nutrient removal. 10 months study indicated organic and nutrient removal drastically improved. Heat released from decomposition of high strength influent kept liquid temperature above 15 °C for a complete nitrification even during winter period. Nutrient removal efficiencies were found to be greatly affected by pH changes due to denitrification and nitrification. Increased pH due to denitrification stimulated chemical precipitation as struvite and hydroxyapatite. In contrast, decreased pH in aerobic stage due to nitrification dissolved the previously formed precipitates resulting in increased of PO4-P. Sludge fractionation indicated phosphorus was removed about 42 % chemically and about 36 % biologically. Piping changes and timer installations were the major capital investments in this modification, but energy savings were estimated to be about 40 to 53 %. Additional savings in O&M could be expected from the improved effluent quality.
Sequencing batch reactors with continuous inflow for small communities in rural areas in Bavaria
Authors: Schleypen P. , Michel I. , Siewert H. E.
Published: May 2018

For over two years, special investigations and practical experiences were evaluated at small wastewater treatment plants with SBR-technology in rural areas in Bavaria. The plants are designed for advanced wastewater treatment with extended aeration. Plants of this type are suitable for small treatment plants, which have to cope with stringent treatment requirements and little available land. The machinery and controlling equipment are constructed with highly sophisticated technology. The constant cycles with time fixed process phases have been proved to be sufficient, but the phases should be optimized and adapted individually to an empirically analysed load line for each plant. The composition of the biocenosis was stable and efficient. The amount of filamentous bacteria was not high. The biocenosis of the ciliated protozoa was dominated by free-swimming species. Plants with two reactors and cycle durations of 10 hours should have a buffer tank in front of the reactors in order to equalize the loading of each reactor. A polishing pond should always be built before discharge into the receiving body of water. The investment costs are comparatively low, but the current energy consumption is higher than in activated treatment plants with continuous operation. Although the automatically controlled process requires little continuous assistance, skilled operators are needed for operation, maintenance and manual control.
Driving towards sustainability
Authors: Minano Dennis
Published: May 2018

I wish here to present an overview of the challenges that we in General Motors and the automotive industry see,and then describe what we believe may become our solutions. As Chief Environmental Officer of General Motors, I focus on water issues, and the entire scope of global sustainable development. Therefore, I'd like to share our perspective on environmental and sustainability issues. First,we recognize the impact of global growth, both the benefits and the concerns it raises. But, we also believe our vision, our values and our constructive work in this area should demonstrate that we hold ourselves accountable for our performance – accountable to our shareholders, employees and the communities where we are located worldwide.
Water from (waste)water – the dependable water resource (The 2001 Stockholm Water Prize Laureate Lecture)
Authors: Asano Takashi
Published: May 2018

Water reclamation and reuse provides a unique and viable opportunity to augment traditional water supplies. As a multi-disciplined and important element of water resources development and management, water reuse can help to close the loop between water supply and wastewater disposal. Effective water reuse requires integration of water and reclaimed water supply functions. The successful development of this dependable water resource depends upon close examination and synthesis of elements from infrastructure and facilities planning, wastewater treatment plant siting, treatment process reliability, economic and financial analyses, and water utility management.

In this paper, fundamental concepts of water reuse are discussed including definitions, historical developments, the role of water recycling in the hydrologic cycle, categories of water reuse, water quality criteria and regulatory requirements, and technological innovations for the safe use of reclaimed water. The paper emphasizes the integration of this alternative water supply into water resources planning, and the emergence of modern water reclamation and reuse practices from wastewater to reclaimed water to repurified water.
Global water dynamics: issues for the 21st century
Authors: Simonovic Slobodan P.
Published: May 2018

The WorldWater system dynamics model has been developed for modeling the global world water balance and capturing the dynamic character of the main variables affecting water availability and use in the future. Despite not being a novel approach, system dynamics offers a new way of addressing complex systems. WorldWater simulations are clearly demonstrating the strong feedback relation between water availability and different aspects of world development. Results of numerous simulations are contradictory to the assumption made by many global modelers that water is not an issue on the global scale. Two major observations can be made from early simulations: (a) the use of clean water for dilution and transport of wastewater, if not dealt with in other ways, imposes a major stress on the global world water balance; and (b) water use by different sectors is demonstrating quite different dynamics than predicted by classical forecasting tools and other water-models. Inherent linkages between water quantity and quality sectors with food, industry, persistent pollution, technology, and non-renewable resources sectors of the model create shoot and collapse behavior in water use dynamics. This paper discusses a number of different water-related scenarios and their implications on the global water balance. In particular, two extreme scenarios (business as usual – named “Chaos”, and unlimited desalination – named “Ocean”) are presented in the paper. Based on the conclusions derived from these two extreme cases a set of more moderate and realistic scenarios (named “Conservation”) is proposed and their consequences on the global water balance are evaluated.
Detecting climate-related trends in streamflow data
Authors: Pilon Paul J. , Yue Sheng
Published: May 2018

This paper reviews the results of a number of studies that have investigated streamflow data for the existence of trend. These studies provide evidence that trends in various, but not all, streamflow regimes are occurring at rates that are higher than one might attribute to chance alone. Results of different studies using different approaches were compared and were shown, at times, to have dramatic differences. These differences might potentially be due to pre-conditioning of data prior to trend detection in attempts to minimize the impacts of serial correlation on testing procedures. It was also evident that patterns of trend can vary over small spatial scales and that a relatively high-density network is required to effectively comprehend trend and how it might be altering across an area. A global network of streamflow sites representing pristine or stable conditions is needed to assess patterns of change. Selection criteria for sites within such a network are provided, and it is highlighted that local knowledge is required to perform this selection.
Water policy differences between a western democracy and a country in economic transition
Authors: Valdas Adamkus H.E.
Published: May 2018

Where environmental policy is concerned Western democracies and transition economies share more similarities than differences. Sound environmental policies require substantial investment. Public-private cooperation can play a major role in the search for solutions, but politicians, environmentalists and academics must act vigorously to ensure that big business does not acquire a final say in the implementation of environmental policy. Lithuania as a transition economy faces major environmental challenges, but international collaboration, including working with the European Union and cross-border cooperation with neighbouring states, is bringing good results. A major unifying factor for the Baltic Sea states is the continuing struggle to purify and protect the Baltic Sea.
Workshop 2 (synthesis): driving forces and incentives for change towards sustainable water development
Authors: Takahashi K. , de los Angeles M. , Kuylenstierna J.
Published: May 2018

Water is a key resource in attaining sustainability – in social and economic development as well as in the long-term carrying capacity of the planet's life support systems, but consensus on the meaning and priority of these terms is still needed. Amongst the key points identified for water professionals: it is necessary to challenge compartmentalisation in water policy and management; water management strategies must focus clearly on the interdependence of the environment and socio-economic development; water professionals have a key role but must package the information and insight they can provide in a way that is attractive to intended recipients such as policy makers.
Introducing ecological sanitation: some lessons from a small town pilot project in Mozambique
Authors: Breslin Edward D.
Published: May 2018

The paper explores the development of ecological sanitation (EcoSan) within the small-town context of Lichinga, Niassa Province, Mozambique. The paper looks at how ESTAMOS (a Mozambican NGO) and WaterAid introduced EcoSan in Lichinga, how families and communities have responded to EcoSan, and key lessons learned during the process to date that could be relevant to others within and beyond Mozambique.
The use of modelling and reuse techniques in the development of water management systems in basins with limited water resources
Authors: Gabbrielli E.
Published: May 2018

Drawing on experiences in New South Wales from 1950 to 1980 in modeling and re-use techniques in the development of desalination technology and its application in fresh water production for potable use, the paper describes how Australia realized its responsibilities in developing participative and sustainable approaches to land use and water resources management. An analysis of the lessons from the operation of the Bayswater zero-discharge power station significantly contributed to the debate on sustainable approaches, highlighting that no management policy of a water basin can be implemented without a model based on reliable data from all sectors (including the environment), and no management model can be implemented without the participation of all stakeholders. These ideals were reflected in the conception and establishment of the Murray-Darling Basin Commission. The Commission succeeded in bringing together all major stakeholders in this huge basin, though it took more than 15 years to do so. While widely recognized as one of the most advanced and successful experiences in integrated management of a drainage basin, it has still not achieved the reversal of many unsustainable agricultural practices, giving a clear indication of the difficulties and time required for producing sustainable solutions.
Effective subsidies in developing countries
Authors: Kelman J.
Published: May 2018

During the last decades, significant subsidies have been allocated to government-owned water and sewerage enterprises in developing countries. However, water and sewerage coverage is still far from desirable and the poor are particularly affected by the shortage of these services. The truth is that a considerable part of these subsidies have been used up to build huge infrastructure works that would make some construction firms happy, while often decreasing the service costs for the richer. The costs associated of delivering water and sanitation services to the poor are significantly higher, as they often live in slums or irregular urban developments without urban infrastructure. It is possible, and desirable, to improve government's effectiveness through the use of appropriate economic incentives. The Brazilian River Basin Pollution Abatement Program, based on the “output-based aid” concept, is a good example of how this can be achieved. The Program is a success story that shows that the quality of expenditures on sanitation can be considerably improved if governments of developing countries refrain from contracting sanitation infrastructure works and start paying for results, not for promises.
The global change of continental aquatic systems: dominant impacts of human activities
Authors: Meybeck M.
Published: May 2018

Continental aquatic systems, particularly rivers, are exposed to major changes due to human pressures. Some changes are voluntary such as flow regulation and the fragmentation of river courses, both due to damming, or the water consumption particularly in dry regions, which results in a partial to complete dry-up of some rivers (neo-arheism). Other changes result from indirect impacts of other human activities, and include: sediment unbalance of river systems, chemical contamination, acidification, eutrophication, thermal unbalance, radioactive contamination, microbial contamination, and aquatic species introduction/invasion. These changes can be regarded as syndromes which have now reached a global amplitude, even in less populated regions, as the result of damning, mining and of long-range atmospheric pollution, thus defining a new era, the Anthropocene, where continental aquatic systems are no longer controlled by earth systems processes but by human activities. Each region of the globe has developed specific patterns of syndromes trajectories that can be reconstructed from historical analysis and through environmental archives. These trajectories reveal multiple types of human responses to aquatic environmental issues (e.g. water quality), usually lasting 10 to 50 years for the successful ones. The reactions of the earth system to such major changes of fluxes (water, energy, nutrients, carbon, pollutants) via the continental waterscape, the land-ocean interactions, the water bodies-atmosphere interactions, are likely to take place over a longer time scale (100-1,000 years) yet are poorly addressed by scientists and not considered in Integrated Water Management, particularly as concerns the coastal zone.
What role for law in achieving transboundary drainage basin security? - the development and testing of the Legal Assessment Model (LAM) for transboundary watercourse states
Authors: Wouters P.K. ,   IWLRI KAR team
Published: May 2018

The beneficial use of the world's transboundary waters raises difficult issues for drainage basin security on most parts of the globe. International law provides that each transboundary watercourse State is entitled to, and obliged to ensure, an “equitable and reasonable use” of these shared waters. The IWLRI developed and tested a Legal Assessment Model (LAM) through the work of interdisciplinary teams working in three different transboundary situations - China (upstream), Mozambique (downstream) and Palestine (shared groundwater). The LAM provides a tool for transboundary watercourse States to use in the preparation of their national water strategy for use at the national and international levels. The model should now be tested at the basin level, with a view to assisting to accomplish the peaceful and rational use of transboundary waters in line with the governing rule of international law and thereby to facilitate the overall policy objective of drainage basin security.
Workshop 2a (synthesis): linking drainage basin management to local action plans and policy
Authors: Biswas A. , Creighton C. , Söderbaum P. , Tropp H.
Published: May 2018

The complexity of linking drainage basin management to local action plans and policy has been largely underestimated by the water profession. Water management issues may be similar between areas but solutions are not universal - they must be specific to each local context. A particular problem is that a drainage basin is likely to cover a number of administrative and/or political boundaries.
Relevance and application of the EU Water Directive in terms of Spain's National Hydrological Plan
Authors: Embid A. , Gurrea F.
Published: May 2018

The National Hydrological Plan Act was passed after the publishing of Community Directive 2000/60/EC. Officially, the Act has taken the existence of the Directive into account, but its handling of the regulation of the Ebro transfer ignores fundamental issues of the Directive, in that it does not envisage the principle of cost recovery, does not clearly determine the uses to which the transferred waters will be put, and it is not orientated towards sustainable development. Furthermore, Spanish public contract law is not in line with Community Law, and this may have repercussions in the practical aspect of possible European subsidies for carrying out the transfer.
Workshop 3 (synthesis): climate variability, water systems and management options
Authors: Cosgrove W. , Connor R. , Kuylenstierna J.
Published: May 2018

Addressing climate variability now will better prepare us for future impacts of climate change. Sustained, multi-stakeholder dialogue at local through national levels is an approach that will reach the widest audience, helped by tools that illustrate vulnerability such as the Climate Vulnerability Index. Integrated water resources management deals with managing for variability and change and is therefore highly appropriate for dealing with climate impacts.
Workshop 4 (synthesis): securing food production under climate variability - exploring the options
Authors: Rahman A. , Björklund G.
Published: May 2018

Climate variabilities may result in different types of dry spells, droughts or flood situations, having harmful effects on agricultural productivity and food security. Long-term trends in climate variabilities and climate extremes may be a consequence of an on-going climate change and would thus result in a more permanent change in the pre-conditions for food production. The presentations and discussion during the workshop concentrated on some different measures to be taken in addressing these kind of situations and in particularly on the adverse effects of dry spells, droughts and to some extent also floods. The different areas presented were examples from Bangladesh, the Indus river and delta region, examples from India (Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh), Israel, Sri Lanka and Uzbekistan.
Workshop 6 (synthesis): monitoring, understanding and managing waste fluxes within a drainage basin
Authors: Odendaal P. , Fallenius U.-B.
Published: May 2018

Waste is produced in a number of activities and transported within the drainage basin by natural as well as man-made processes. The pollution of water courses, i.e. rivers, lakes, coastal areas and other waterbodies, tends to negatively influence both use of the water and aquatic life. Tools are needed in order to decide on how to minimise the negative effects of waste fluxes, supported by appropriate monitoring procedures.
Workshop 8 (synthesis): managing urban development and industrial growth from a drainage basin perspective
Authors: Milburn A. , Blomqvist A.
Published: May 2018

Urban development and industrial growth give rise to the two problems of insidious and growing pollution, and an over-exploitation of water resources. To solve these problems, various solutions have been promoted, such as multi-stakeholder dialogues, establishment of river basin committees, strong regulation, compensation for water-exporting basins and convincing politicians and the public of the need for change.
Report on a panel debate on agricultural subsidies from a water perspective
Authors: Kuylenstierna J.
Published: May 2018

The relationships between subsidies, trade and water issues and poverty are complex. If trade barriers and subsidies were removed by the developed countries, it is likely that opportunities for the developing countries would improve - not just for increased trade but also for improved livelihood opportunities.
Развивающая модель содержания обучения в общем образовании
Authors: Фоменко Владимир Трофимович , Абакумова Ирина Владимировна , Тельнова Ольга Витальевна
Published: May 2018

The authors of the article proceed from the assumption that pupils’ development is a global goal of school education and development is a condition of human life. Hence, the content of education or learning in a narrow sense is a substance saturating pupils’ development. The authors’ model of the content fixes attention on its components providing development. The material of events, organizing ideas and concepts, modes of activity, problems, emotional and imaginative component, senses of human being, a child’s life world are among them.
Методологические и практические аспекты проведения деловых игр в высших учебных заведениях
Authors: Щетинина Дарья Павловна
Published: May 2018

Use of business games in the education process is one of the most actual directions of the increase of effectiveness of educational activity in any direction, and especially professions connected with working with people: personnel management, psychology, pedagogics, etc.The author of the article focuses on the urgency, some features of business games, and their adaptation within the limits of the curriculum of institutes of higher education and brings forward concrete exercises at various stages of carrying out business games, the business game “Effective Presentation of Young Specialists in the Labour Market”.
Ценностная оценка современными призывниками основных категорий бытия
Authors: Звездина Галина Павловна , Приймак Елена Николаевна
Published: May 2018

In the article the authors touch upon the urgency of studying the value and sense sphere of modern draftees. Features of socialization of the modern youth living in conditions of society’s global transformation are shown. They bring forward results of the empirical study of the relation of draftees to the main categories of being, service in armed forces, their understanding of value bases of military activities and their role in the modern world. They distinguish and describe features of draftees’ value relation to such categories as patriotism, courage, debt, directly related to military service.
Морально-нравственная рефлексия как фактор гармоничного личностного развития
Authors: Прокофьева Наталья Владимировна
Published: May 2018

The article deals with the study of the phenomenon of moral and ethical reflection as the integrated characteristic of personality reflecting the value and sense guidelines which influence features of personal development. The author argues the urgency of this problem in the context of deficiencies of a modern social structure and the necessity of the increase of the modern adult’s active, responsible, autonomous position in choosing the internal value and sense content and self-realization questions. In the empirical part of the article they discuss results of the final stage of dissertation research and outline prospects of the development of further scientific work.
Влияние психологической помощи на эффективность профессионального становления начинающих преподавателей высшей школы
Authors: Шведенко Юлия Вячеславовна
Published: May 2018

The article deals with the results of the research focused on revealing groups of teachers of the institute of higher education depending on the specificity of their professional development at the stage of occupational adjustment. They have surveyed 176 teachers of institutes of higher education of Stavropol, carrying out their pedagogical activity at the stage of occupational adjustment (length of service was from 0 to 5 years). The author has established that during professional development at the initial stage of entry into profession teachers of the higher school may belong to one of four clusters: well-adjusted, adjusted, relatively adjusted, and adjusted in a complicated manner. The author argues the necessity of organization of psychological assistance to teachers of the higher school at the stage of occupational adjustment as a necessary condition of overcoming risk factors which is confirmed by the experimental data.
Настоящее и будущее российских общественных пространств
Authors: Лагодина Елена Владимировна
Published: May 2018

The article deals with the main problems of Russian cities, a place of public spaces in the fabric of the modern city. The present state of public places and the present-day problems concerning both local specificity and global trends are analyzed. The author makes an attempt to reveal characteristics of a successful and attended public place and to define necessary factors for achievement of this effect and a group of persons concerned.
Теория смысла и смыслообразования как методологическая cоставляющая концепции информационной безопасности для детей и подростков
Authors: Абакумова Ирина Владимировна , Слинько Анна Евгеньевна
Published: May 2018

The authors argue that the modern theory of sense and sense-creation should be an essential component of the methodology of the conception of information security of children and teenagers, as it is in the context of this theory the mechanisms of forming values at certain stages of age development are fully revealed and described.
Идеология ответственности или стратегия формирования антитеррористической идеологии как личностной ценности
Authors: Брижак Зинаида Игоревна , Абакумова Ирина Владимировна
Published: May 2018

The authors proceed on the assumption that responsibility is an integral personality trait which is shown in conscious, initiative, independent, and socially positive behaviour. Responsibility is important in all spheres of personal and social life as a whole. At the same time the absence of the thoroughly elaborated general theory of responsibility greatly complicates its study. A special part of the study of responsibility concerns its ideological orientation. How should responsibility be formed as a responsibility of ideological counteraction to violence? This is the matter of the article.
Оценка эффективности деятельности системы противодействия идеологии терроризма в молодежной среде
Authors: Гриднева Светлана Валерьевна , Тащёва Анна Ивановна
Published: May 2018

In the article the authors state the content and principles of the program of studying the efficiency estimation of the activity of institutes of higher education, research centers, mass media and the Internet as components of the system of counteraction to the ideology of terrorism in youth environment (SCIT). In 2011 they have carried out a monitoring in three regions of the Russian Federation: Rostov and Tomsk regions, the Chechen republic. The authors describe the procedure of the humanitarian-sense examination of the empirical material, methods, methodological tools and results of the monitoring of the modern life’s current problem.The sample was simple, non-repeated, and random. The sample included 1968 people (representatives of marginal population groups who openly negate the policy of the state and the society or are estranged from it). The regional indication was a criterion for dividing the sample on equal groups according to the size and socio-demographic characteristics. Each regional sample was divided into equal groups according to sex. Research methods: monographic, questionnaire, focus groups, testing, quantity and quality estimation, and statistical processing of the results.
Развитие креативности у специалистов по противодействию терроризму и ликвидации последствий террористических актов
Authors: Дикая Людмила Александровна
Published: May 2018

The article substantiates the necessity of development of creativity among experts in counteraction to terrorism and elimination of the consequences of acts of terrorism. The author demonstrates the role of psychophysiological technologies in development of a creative potential. The author describes the technique of carrying out an alpha-biofeedback training for development of creativity among experts. 22 correspondence students of Southern Federal University (SFedU) and South-Russian Humanitarian Institute (SRHI) aged 35–44 were examinees in the research. They were former special detachment fighters who took part in elimination of consequences of acts of terrorism (special operations soldiers, snipers, shot-firers, sappers). The examinees have been divided into 2 groups: a control group (11 persons) and an experimental group (11 persons).On the basis of the carried-out comparative analysis the author demonstrates the efficiency of the alpha-biofeedback training in solving non-standard problems of the professional activity of officers of special operations forces. The author draws a conclusion that after training in self-regulation of the alpha rhythm EEG by means of biofeedback training the level of creativity has been increases and situational anxiety has been decreased among the officers of special operations forces working within anti-terrorist activity.
Мотивационно-смысловая основа участия молодежи в добровольческой деятельности
Authors: Левшина Анастасия Андреевна
Published: May 2018

The article is concerned with the analysis of European researches of the sense-motivation sphere of young people participating in a volunteer activity. The author brings forward her study of the sense-motivation sphere of young people. 160 young people (96 girls and 64 young men) aged 14–30 took part in the study. They were representatives of political, volunteer, religious youth public organizations, authors of their own volunteer projects, and also students of the Southern Federal University (SFedU) who have not been involved in such activities.When drawing conclusions of the carried-out analysis of the diagnostics’ results, the author states that they have succeeded in putting into practice a hypothetical assumption that it is possible to reveal life-sense strategies of young people which differ in a degree of their involvement in public activities. They have also formed symptom complexes foreach of the distinguished types of personality which make it possible to define features of young people and subsequently develop methods of social-psychological support for each type of organizations.
Электропроводность монокристаллов FeIn-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=-Se-=SUB=-4-=/SUB=- на переменном токе
Authors: Нифтиев Н.Н. , Мамедов Ф.М. , Гусейнов В.И. , Курбанов С.Ш.
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe results obtained in a study of the frequency and temperature dependences of the ac electrical conductivity of FeIn_2Se_4 single crystals are presented. It is found that the law σ ~ f ^ S (0.1 ≤ S ≤ 1.0) is obeyed for electrical conductivity in the 295–375 K temperature range at frequencies of 2 × 10^4–10^6 Hz. It shown that the frequency dependence of the conductivity in an FeIn_2Se_4 single crystal can be accounted for in terms of the multiplet model, and, consequently, the conductivity in these single crystals is characterized by the band-hopping mechanism.
Вклад кластеров железа в магнитные свойства сплавов Pb-=SUB=-1-y-=/SUB=-Fe-=SUB=-y-=/SUB=-Te
Authors: Скипетров Е.П. , Соловьев А.А. , Слынько В.Е.
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe field dependences of the magnetization (temperatures T = 2.0–70 K, magnetic fields B ≤ 7.5 T) of the samples from a single-crystalline Pb_1 – y Fe_ y Te ingot ( y = 0.02) grown by the Bridgman method are studied. It is established that the sample magnetization contains several major contributions such as the paramagnetism of iron ions, diamagnetism of the crystal lattice, and the contributions of charge carriers and clusters of iron atoms. The field dependences of the paramagnetic contribution of iron ions and the contribution of clusters of iron atoms are approximated by theoretical dependences based on the Brillouin and Langevin functions, respectively. The average concentrations and magnetic moment of clusters as well as the total magnetic momentum of clusters in the volume unit in the samples upon increasing the impurity concentration along the ingot are determined.
Структура мессбауэровских спектров примесных атомов -=SUP=-119m-=/SUP=-Sn в халькогенидах свинца в условиях радиоактивного равновесия изотопов -=SUP=-119m-=/SUP=-Te/-=SUP=-119-=/SUP=-Sn
Authors: Теруков Е.И. , Марченко А.В. , Серегин П.П. , Жуков Н.Н.
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe method of Mössbauer emission spectroscopy with ^119 m Te and ^119Sb parent isotopes in the radioactive-equilibrium state is used to obtain information on the localization and valence state of ^119 m Sn daughter atoms formed from the ^119Sb and ^119 m Te parent atoms at cation and anion sites of the lattice of PbSe and PbTe lead chalcogenides.
Анализ особенностей кристаллической структуры НЕМТ-гетероструктур GaN/Al-=SUB=-0.32-=/SUB=-Ga-=SUB=-0.68-=/SUB=-N по данным рентгеновской дифрактометрии методом Вильямсона-Холла
Authors: Пушкарeв С.С. , Грехов М.М. , Зенченко Н.В.
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe fitting of θ/2θ and ω peaks in X-ray diffraction curves is shown to be most accurate in the case of using an inverse fourth-degree polynomial or probability density function with Student’s distribution (Pearson type VII function). These functions describe well both the highest-intensity central part of the experimental peak and its low-intensity broadened base caused by X-ray diffuse scattering. The mean microdeformation ε and mean vertical domain size D are determined by the Williamson–Hall method for layers of GaN (ε ≈ 0.00006, D ≈ 200 nm) and Al_0.32Ga_0.68N (ε = 0.0032 ± 0.0005, D = 24 ± 7 nm). The D value obtained for the Al_0.32Ga_0.68N layer is most likely to result from the nominal thickness of this layer, which is 11 nm.
Гетероструктуры одночастотных и двухчастотных квантово-каскадных лазеров
Authors: Бабичев А.В. , Курочкин А.С. , Колодезный Е.С. , Филимонов А.В. , Усикова А.А. , Неведомский В.Н. , Гладышев А.Г. , Карачинский Л.Я. , Новиков И.И. , Егоров А.Ю. , Денисов Д.В.
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe results of development of the basic structure and technological conditions of growing heterostructures for single- and dual-frequency quantum-cascade lasers are reported. The heterostructure for a dual-frequency quantum-cascade laser includes cascades emitting at wavelengths of 9.6 and 7.6 μm. On the basis of the suggested heterostructure, it is possible to develop a quantum-cascade laser operating at a difference frequency of 8 THz. The heterostructures for the quantum-cascade laser are grown using molecularbeam epitaxy. The methods of X-ray diffraction and emission electron microscopy are used to study the structural properties of the fabricated heterostructures. Good agreement between the specified and realized thicknesses of the epitaxial layers and a high uniformity of the chemical composition and thicknesses of the epitaxial layers over the area of the heterostructure is demonstrated. A stripe-structured quantum-cascade laser is fabricated; its generation at a wavelength of 9.6 μm is demonstrated.
Влияние дегидрирования графана на его механические и электронные свойства
Authors: Опенов Л.А. , Подливаев А.И.
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe effect of the desorption of hydrogen on the mechanical characteristics and electronic structure of the armchair conformation of graphane is studied in the context of the nonorthogonal tight-binding model. It is shown that the mechanical stiffness and the Poisson ratio nonmonotonically depend on the hydrogen content and take minimum values at a hydrogen vacancy content of ~50% and ~30%, respectively. As hydrogen is desorbed, the characteristic peaks of the phonon density of states are rapidly reduced. In the initial stage of desorption, local energy levels are formed in the band gap. As the number of hydrogen vacancies is increased, these levels form an impurity band, in which the Fermi level is located.
О возможности распространения уединенной электромагнитной волны в биграфене
Authors: Кухарь Е.И. , Крючков С.В. , Ионкина Е.С.
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe possibility of the propagation of a solitary electromagnetic wave in bigraphene, between the layers of which a potential difference is applied, is studied. The condition is found under which the formation of such a wave is possible. The dependence of the solitary-wave shape on the potential difference between graphene layers is studied. As possible solitary-wave identification, the electric charge carried away by the wave in the direction of its propagation is calculated.
Туннельный ток во встречных диодах Шоттки, образованных контактами между вырожденным GaN n-типа и металлом
Authors: Майборода И.О. , Грищенко Ю.В. , Езубченко И.С. , Соколов И.С. , Черных И.А. , Андреев А.А. , Занавескин М.Л.
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe nonlinear behavior of the I – V characteristics of symmetric contacts between a metal and degenerate n -GaN, which form oppositely connected Schottky diodes, is investigated at free-carrier densities from 1.5 × 10^19 to 2.0 × 10^20 cm^–3 in GaN. It is demonstrated that, at an electron density of 2.0 × 10^20 cm^–3, the conductivity between metal (chromium) and GaN is implemented via electron tunneling and the resistivity of the Cr–GaN contact is 0.05 Ω mm. A method for determining the parameters of potential barriers from the I – V characteristics of symmetric opposite contacts is developed. The effect of pronounced nonuniformity of the current density and voltage distributions over the contact area at low contact resistivity is taken into account. The potential-barrier height for Cr– n ^+-GaN contacts is found to be 0.47 ± 0.04 eV.
Влияние степени нитридизации сапфира и обогащения алюминием зародышевого слоя на структурные свойства слоев AlN
Authors: Малин Т.В. , Милахин Д.С. , Мансуров В.Г. , Галицын Ю.Г. , Кожухов А.С. , Ратников В.В. , Смирнов А.Н. , Давыдов В.Ю. , Журавлeв К.С.
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe effect of atomic aluminum deposited onto sapphire substrates with different nitridation levels on the quality of AlN layers grown by ammonia molecular-beam epitaxy is investigated. The nitridation of sapphire with the formation of ~1 monolayer of AlN is shown to ensure the growth of layers with a smoother surface and better crystal quality than in the case of the formation of a nitrided AlN layer with a thickness of ~2 monolayers. It is demonstrated that the change in the duration of exposure of nitrided substrates to the atomic aluminum flux does not significantly affect the parameters of subsequent AlN layers.
Влияние импульсного гамма-нейтронного облучения на фоточувствительность фотодиодов на базе Si с наноостровками GeSi и эпитаксиальными слоями Ge
Authors: Иванова М.М. , Качемцев А.Н. , Михайлов А.Н. , Филатов Д.О. , Горшков А.П. , Волкова Н.С. , Чалков В.Ю. , Шенгуров В.Г.
Published: May 2018

AbstractA comparative study of the effect of pulsed γ-neutron irradiation on the photosensitivity spectra of Si p – n photodiodes with active layers based on self-assembled GeSi nanoisland arrays and Ge epitaxial layers is performed. The irradiation of photodiodes with GeSi nanoislands is found to not lead to photosensitivity degradation in the spectral region of interband optical absorption in nanoislands (wavelength range of 1.1–1.7 μm). At the same time, a steady decrease in the intrinsic photosensitivity of Si and the photosensitivity of photodiodes based on Ge epitaxial layers with an increase in irradiation dose is observed. This effect is attributed to the accumulation of radiation-induced defects in the Si matrix and deep in Ge epitaxial layers, respectively.
Лазерно-индуцированная модификация поверхности тонких пленок Ge-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=-Sb-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=-Te-=SUB=-5-=/SUB=-: фазовые изменения и формирование периодических структур
Authors: Яковлев С.А. , Анкудинов А.В. , Воробьев Ю.В. , Воронов М.М. , Козюхин С.А. , Мелех Б.Т. , Певцов А.Б.
Published: May 2018

AbstractSubmicron periodic lattices are formed at the surface of phase-change-memory film materials based on the complex chalcogenide Ge_2Sb_2Te_5 when exposed to nanosecond laser pulses. The geometric characteristics and structural properties of laser-induced lattices are studied by optical and atomic-force microscopies and Raman spectroscopy. It is shown that, at appropriately chosen parameters of exposure to laser radiation, it is possible to implement periodic modulation of the refractive index in the structures formed. Modulation is due to the postexposure solidification of grating ridges and valleys in different phase states, whose dielectric constants widely differ from each other. In the vicinity of the maxima of the wavy structure, the amorphous state is mainly formed, whereas in the region of minima, the Ge_2Sb_2Te_5 structure corresponds mainly to the crystalline phase.
Изменение проводимости полианилиновых нанотрубок в процессе их формирования
Authors: Капралова В.М. , Сапурина И.Ю. , Сударь Н.Т.
Published: May 2018

AbstractIt is shown that the method for the growth of conducting polyaniline nanotubes, based on the direct polymerization of aniline on the surface of channels in track membranes, can be used to produce nanotubes with a given conductivity. An island-type film with a channel resistance of ~10^19 Ω is formed during the initial stage of polymerization (up to 2 min). As the polymerization duration increases to 3 min, the channel resistance falls by more than 10 orders of magnitude. This is attributed to the formation of a continuous film on the channel surface, i.e., a nanotube is formed. With the polymerization duration increasing further, the channel (nanotube) resistance gradually decreases to ~10^19 Ω at 10 min. The conductivity of polyaniline during the formation of a hollow nanotube is estimated to be 0.01–0.04 S/cm. If the nanotube is completely filled with polyaniline, the conductivity increases to ~0.2 S/cm.
Анизотропия термического расширения поликристаллического сплава системы Ni-Mn-Ga, подвергнутого пластической деформации ковкой
Authors: Мусабиров И.И. , Сафаров И.М. , Галеев Р.М. , Гайсин Р.А. , Коледов В.В. , Мулюков Р.Р.
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe formation of a sharp crystallographic texture in a Ni–Mn–Ga Heusler alloy by the multiple isothermal forging has been studied. An analysis of the thermal expansion near the martensitic transformation temperatures in the as-cast and forged states of the alloy shows that the thermomechanical treatment leads to an increase in the anisotropy of the sample geometric size changing during the phase transformation, which favors an increase in the functional characteristics of the alloy. The structural studies show that the alloy structure after multiple isothermal forging has the bimodal distribution of grain sizes. The formation of the bimodal structure by forging is assumed to make it possible to enhance the stability of the functional properties of the alloy during repeated cycles of the phase transformation.
Размерные зависимости магнитных свойств сверхпроводящих наноструктур свинца в пористом стекле
Authors: Михайлин Н.Ю. , Шамшур Д.В. , Парфеньев Р.В. , Козуб В.И. , Гальперин Ю.М. , Кумзеров Ю.А. , Фокин А.В.
Published: May 2018

AbstractSuperconducting structures Pb–PG formed by filling a porous glass matrix with the lead from melt under pressure have been investigated. Samples with characteristic pore structure diameters of d ≈ 7, 3, and 2 nm have been studied. It has been found that the critical temperature of the superconducting transition in the samples under study is similar to the corresponding value T _ c ≈ 7.2 K for bulk lead. At the same time, it has been observed that the critical magnetic field of the nanocomposites, which attains H _ c ( T = 0 K) ≈ 165 kOe for Pb–PG (3 nm), exceeds several times the value H _ c (0) = 803 Oe for bulk lead. The low-temperature magnetic- field dependences of magnetic moment M ( H ) contain quasi-periodic flux jumps, which vanish with a decrease in the lead nanostructure diameter. A qualitative model of the observed effects is considered.