bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mathematical model to determine the surface stress acting on the tooth of gear
Authors: Hinojosa-Torres J. , Hernández-Anda J.L. , Aceves-Hernández J.M.
Published: October 2010

Surface stress on the surface contact of gear tooth calculated by the Buckingham equation constitutes the basis for The American Gear Manufacturers Association (AGMA) pitting resistance formula, which is based on a normal stress that does not cause failure since the yielding in contact problems is caused by shear stresses. An alternative expression based on the maximum-shear-stress is proposed in this paper. The new expression is obtained by using the maximum-shear-stress distribution and the Tresca failure criteria in order to know the maximum-shear-stress value and its location beneath the contact surface. Remarkable differences between the results using the proposed equation and those when the AGMA equation is applied are found.
Spectral analysis of nonlinear systems
Authors: Black Sandy , Christie David , Finlayson Neil
Published: October 2010

Two separate nonlinear differential systems are investigated in the frequency and time domains using plots generated by Mathematica. Spectral density plots are of particular interest as they can conveniently demonstrate the effect on a system of changing one of the parameters. The effects of the starting displacement on the nonlinear pendulum, and the behavior of the Lorenz system when the Rayleigh number is varied, are considered in this way.
The Chorionic Sculpture of the Eggs of Some Noctuinae (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) from Ukraine
Authors: Dolinskaya I. , Geryak Yu.
Published: October 2010

The Chorionic Sculpture of the Eggs of Some Noctuinae (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) from Ukraine

Descriptions and scanning electron microphotographs of the eggs of 10 species from 7 genera of the subfamily Noctuinae occurring in Ukraine are provided. The diagnostic characters of the genera and species are selected.
Characteristics of Sex and Age Composition of Calidris Alpine (Aves, Charadriiformes) Migrating Across Sivash
Authors: Chernichko I.
Published: October 2010

Characteristics of Sex and Age Composition ofCalidris Alpine(Aves, Charadriiformes) Migrating Across Sivash

The paper shows features of distribution based on regular captures and measurements since 1986 on two sites of Sivash (Central and Eastern), which are different in their hydrological regime and composition of forage macrozoobenthos. Shorter-billed males reliably prefer Central Sivash for storage of fat reserves at the expense of feeding on larvae of chironomids and possibly the brine shrimp. For longer-billed females it is more profitable to concentrate on Eastern Sivash, where they prefer to feed on polychaete worms. On basis of size characteristics of the captured birds and their time dynamics, the paper considers suggested terms of passage of different subspecies and populations of the Dunlin across the Azov-Black Sea coast of Ukraine. Also differences in age composition of migratory waders on different sites of Sivash are shown compared to other water bodies of the near Black Sea area.
Morphological Characteristics of Male Genitalia in Some Species of the Genus Eurytoma (Eurytomidae, Hymenoptera)
Authors: Klymenko S.
Published: October 2010

Morphological Characteristics of Male Genitalia in Some Species of the GenusEurytoma(Eurytomidae, Hymenoptera)

Based on the analysis of morphological characteristics of related species of the genusEurytoma, several groups of cryptic species poorly distinguishing by external morphology, but clearly confined to certain hosts are shown to have morphological differences of male genitalia that are highly species-specific and can be useful for identification of cryptic species of the genusEurytoma(E. rosaeNees,E. strigifronsThomson, andE. jaceaeMayr species complexes).
Cyclic AMP-specific PDEs: A promising therapeutic target for CNS repair
Authors: Ghosh Mousumi , Pearse Damien
Published: October 2010

Research to date has indicated that cAMPspecific PDEs, particularly the members of PDE4 family, play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of CNS injury and neurodegeneration by downregulating intracellular levels of cAMP in various cell types. Reduced cAMP signaling results in immune cell activation, inflammation, secondary tissue damage, scar formation and axon growth failure, ultimately leading to an exacerbation of injury, the prevention of endogenous repair and limited functional recovery. Although inhibition of cAMPspecific-PDE activity through the use of drugs like Rolipram has been shown to reverse these deficiencies and mediate neurorepair, an inability to develop selective agents and/or reduce dose-limiting side-effects associated with PDE4 inhibition has hampered their clinical translation. Recent work with more selective pharmacological inhibitors of cAMP-specific PDEs and molecular targeting approaches, along with improved understanding of the basic biology and role of PDEs in pathological processes may enable this promising therapeutic approach to advance clinically and have a similar impact on CNS injury and disease as PDE5 inhibitors have had on the treatment of sexual dysfunction.
Corpus callosum shape analysis with application to dyslexia
Authors: Casanova Manuel , El-Baz Ayman , Elnakib Ahmed , Giedd Jay , Rumsey Judith , Williams Emily , Switala Andrew
Published: October 2010

Morphometric studies of the corpus callosum suggest its involvement in a number of psychiatric conditions. In the present study we introduce a novel pattern recognition technique that offers a point-bypoint shape descriptor of the corpus callosum. The method uses arc lengths of electric field lines in order to avoid discontinuities caused by folding anatomical contours. We tested this technique by comparing the shape of the corpus callosum in a series of dyslexic men (n = 16) and age-matched controls (n = 14). The results indicate a generalized increase in size of the corpus callosum in dyslexia with a concomitant diminution at its rostral and caudal poles. The reported shape analysis and 2D-reconstruction provide information of anatomical importance that would otherwise passed unnoticed when analyzing size information alone.
Recent advances in the neurobiology of attachment behavior
Authors: Šešo-Šimić Đurđica , Sedmak Goran , Hof Patrick , Šimić Goran
Published: October 2010

In a biological sense an individual’s life is all about survival and reproduction. Beside the selection of a mate, the mutual commitment of a parent to sustain an infant through a period of dependency is amongst the most important aspects of natural selection. Here we review how the highly conserved circuitry of key midbrain and hypothalamic structures, and limbic and frontal cortical regions support these processes, and at the same time are involved in shaping the offspring’s emotional development and behavior. Many recent studies provided new findings on how attachment behavior and parental bonding is promoted and maintained through genetic and epigenetic influences on synaptic plasticity of mirror neurons and various neuropeptide systems, particularly oxytocinergic, and how these systems serve to link social cues to the brain reward system. Most of this evidence suggests that stress, early parental deprivation and lack of care during the postnatal period leads to profound and lasting changes in the attachment pattern and motivational development with consequent increased vulnerability of the mesocortical and mesolimbic dopamine-associated reward reinforcement pathways to psychosocial stressors, abuse of stimulants and psychopathology later in life.
Altered calcium currents and axonal growth in Nf1 haploinsufficient mice
Authors: Wang Yuying , Brittain Joel , Wilson Sarah , Hingtgen Cynthia , Khanna Rajesh
Published: October 2010

Mutations of the neurofibromin gene (NF1) cause neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), a disease in which learning disabilities are common. Learning deficits also are observed in mice with a heterozygous mutation of Nf1 (Nf1 +/−). Dysregulation of regulated neurotransmitter release has been observed in Nf1 +/− mice. However, the role of presynaptic voltage-gated Ca2+ channels mediating this release has not been investigated. We investigated whether Ca2+ currents and transmitter release were affected by reduced neurofibromin in Nf1 +/− mice. Hippocampal Ca2+ current density was greater in neurons from Nf1 +/− mice and a greater fraction of Ca2+ currents was activated at less depolarized potentials. In addition, release of the excitatory neurotransmitter, glutamate, was increased in neuronal cortical cultures from Nf1 +/− mice. Dendritic complexity and axonal length were also increased in neurons Nf1 +/− mice compared to wild-type neurons, linking loss of neurofibromin to developmental changes in hippocampal axonal/cytoskeletal dynamics. Collectively, these results show that altered Ca2+ channel density and transmitter release, along with increased axonal growth may account for the abnormal nervous system functioning in NF1.
Deep brain stimulation facilitates memory in a model of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Arrieta-Cruz Isabel , Pavlides Constantine , Pasinetti Giulio
Published: October 2010

Based on evidence suggesting that deep brain stimulation (DBS) may promote certain cognitive processes, we have been interested in developing DBS as a means of mitigating memory and learning impairments in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In this study we used an animal model of AD (TgCRND8 mice) to determine the effects of high-frequency stimulation (HFS) on non-amyloidogenic α-secretase activity and DBS in short-term memory. We tested our hypothesis using hippocampal slices (in vitro studies) from TgCRND8 mice to evaluate whether HFS increases α-secretase activity (non-amyloidogenic pathway) in the CA1 region. In a second set of experiments, we performed in vivo studies to evaluate whether DBS in midline thalamic region re-establishes hippocampal dependent short-term memory in TgCRND8 mice. The results showed that application of HFS to isolated hippocampal slices significantly increased synaptic plasticity in the CA1 region and promoted a 2-fold increase of non-amyloidogenic α-secretase activity, in comparison to low frequency stimulated controls from TgCRND8 mice. In the in vivo studies, DBS treatment facilitated acquisition memory in TgCRND8 mice, in comparison to their own baseline before treatment. These results provide evidence that DBS could enhance short-term memory in a mouse model of AD by increasing synaptic transmission and α-secretase activity in the CA1 region of hippocampus.
Qualitative assessment of corticosteroid cervical articular facet injection in symptomatic horses
Authors: Birmingham S. S. W. , Reed S. M. , Mattoon J. S. , Saville W. J.
Published: October 2010

Cervical stenotic myelopathy (CSM) is the most common cause of noninfectious spinal cord ataxia in horses. Intra‐articular injection of corticosteroids into the facet joints of horses with CSM may relieve clinical signs of the disease process. However, there is a paucity of literature regarding the efficacy of facet injection therapy in horses with CSM. This retrospective study describes the return to normal function or improvement in performance of horses after ultrasound‐guided cervical facet injection that had previously shown signs of ataxia, obscure lameness or neck pain, prior to injection.
Conservative management of comminuted central tarsal bone fracture and joint instability in a horse
Authors: Kearney C. , McAllister H. , Jenner F.
Published: October 2010

A comminuted fracture of the central tarsal bone, fragmentation of the fourth tarsal bone and associated joint instability was diagnosed in a 14‐year‐old Sport Horse mare who presented for investigation of acute nonweightbearing hindlimb lameness. The mare responded well to conservative management and, unlike previously reported cases of similar injuries, returned to a similar level of athletic activity.
Fibro‐osseous tumour of the fourth metacarpal bone in a horse: Clinical, radiographic and long‐term post operative findings
Authors: Pieber K. , Kuebber‐Heiss A. , Kuebber P. , Kofler J.
Published: October 2010

This case study describes a rare case of a fibro‐osseous tumour in the distal part of the fourth metacarpal bone of a 13‐year‐old horse. The tumour was surgically removed and wound healing occurred without complications. A specific diagnosis was reached by considering the clinical and histological features of the mass. However, the process was complicated by the different classification systems for this type of tumour. When classified according to the veterinary literature, ossifying fibroma is the appropriate diagnosis, whereas in human medicine this term has been replaced.
Interphalangeal Joint Lengthening Arthrodesis for the Treatment of the Flail Toe
Authors: Myerson Mark S. , Filippi Jorge
Published: October 2010

Background: Flail toe is a bothersome complication following PIP resection arthroplasty, usually as a result of excessive bone resection. Patients complain of toe instability and catching on socks or shoes. We describe a PIP joint lengthening arthrodesis using structural bone graft for treatment of this condition. Materials and Methods: The results of 13 toe lengthening arthrodesis procedures in 13 patients were reviewed. Twelve patients were available for final followup, ranging from 6 to 70 (average, 31) months. Results: Relief of instability symptoms occurred in all of the patients. The union rate was 75% (9/12 toes). Infection occurred in four patients, all treated successfully with oral antibiotics and pin removal when necessary. Two patients presented with ischemic complications in the tip of the toe which resolved spontaneously with good final results. Eleven of 12 patients were satisfied with the procedure and stated that they would do the surgery again. Conclusion: We believe toe lengthening arthrodesis is a good salvage operation for a flail toe following PIP resection arthroplasty.

Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Comparison of Standard Screw Fixation Versus Suture Button Fixation in Lisfranc Ligament Injuries
Authors: Ahmed Sonya , Bolt Becky , McBryde Angus
Published: October 2010

Background: The standard operative treatment for Lisfranc injuries is to openly reduce them and use screw fixation. Due to the current trend of applying a more physiologic fixation and decreasing the need for screw removal, a recent interest has developed in suture-button fixation. The purpose of this study was to compare the suture button technique for Lisfranc fracture fixation to the traditional interfragmentary screw fixation. Materials and Methods: Eight fresh-frozen matched paired cadavers with an average age of 50 (range, 37 to 55) years were tested. For each specimen, the distance between marked points on the base of the first metatarsal and second metatarsal was measured. The distance was then re-measured when a 600 Newton load was applied to the specimen with an intact ligament, a sectioned Lisfranc ligament, and after the fixation method. Results: Fixed loaded measurement displacements were significantly ( p < 0.00) smaller with screw fixation compared to their respective intact loaded measurements. Fixed loaded measurement displacements were significantly ( p = 0.001) smaller than the fixed unloaded measurements in the screw group when compared to the suture button group. Conclusion: In the current cadaveric model, standard interfragmentary screw fixation with a 4.0 cannulated screw had less displacement than the Arthrex Mini Tightrope in isolated Lisfranc ligament injuries. Therefore, we conclude that until more comparative studies are performed with more accurate measuring devices, open reduction and screw fixation of these injuries should continue to be the accepted treatment.
Arthroscopic-Controlled Navigation for Retrograde Drilling of Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus
Authors: Gras Florian , Marintschev Ivan , Müller Matthias , Klos Kajetan , Lindner Robert , Mückley Thomas , Hofmann Gunther O.
Published: October 2010

Background: Retrograde drilling of symptomatic osteochondral lesions (OCL) is usually controlled by fluoroscopy. Due to the limited visualization of the OCLs in the acquired images and the narrow access to the talar dome, this approach can be demanding. Several navigation procedures have been reported (2D- or 3D- fluoroscopy or intraoperative CT-based) to increase the accuracy and reduce the radiation exposure. We developed a new arthroscopic-controlled navigation procedure which is free of radiation exposure and free of a reference base rigidly fixed to the bone. 17 We hypothesized that this procedure (Fluoro-Free) is at least as precise as the standard 2D-Fluoro navigation (2D-Fluoro). Furthermore, our first clinical experiences are described and discussed. Material and Methods: Sixteen drillings per group (standard 2D-Fluoro vs. Fluoro-Free) were performed in artificial sawbones. Times for the different steps of each drilling procedure were recorded and the precision evaluated by measuring the deviation and depth of drilling. Results: The accuracy of the Fluoro-Free navigation was as precise as the standard 2D-Fluoro based navigation (axis deviation of drill tip to the target point: 1.07 ± 0.11 versus 1.14 ± 0.15 mm). Due to the simplified workflow without radiation exposure and fixation of a reference base, the Fluoro-Free procedure was significantly faster (mean procedure time per drilling: 23.7 ± 11.6 versus 165 ± 9 seconds) and easy to use. Its clinical usefulness was demonstrated during three retrograde drillings of a talar OCL in a 16-year-old patient. Conclusion: The Fluoro-Free navigation procedure is a simplified approach for retrograde drilling of OCL in the talus under arthroscopic control without radiation exposure and without the need for fixation of a dynamic reference base to the bone.

Level of Evidence: V, Expert Opinion
Panoramic Ultrasound to Measure In Vivo Tendo Achilles Strain
Authors: Stokes Oliver M. , Theobald Peter S. , Pugh Neil D. , Nokes Leonard D. M.
Published: October 2010

Background: The tendo Achilles (TA) is a tendon very susceptible to injury. Biomechanical methodologies for exploring tendon strain are limited, however, as they are typically performed in vitro or by indirectly measuring the displacement of reference markers. By using panoramic ultrasound, this study reports a novel approach to acquire direct, in vivo tendon extension data. Materials and Methods: Sonographic scans were acquired between two in vivo landmarks following a consistent pathway along the long axis of the distal TA. Ten subjects were scanned with an unloaded tendon and then when resisting a range of loads. Tendon cross-sectional area was measured following coronal scans of the TA in three subjects, allowing for calculation and plotting of stress versus strain. Coefficients of variation were also calculated to measure the reliability and robustness of the protocol. Results: Data from all ten subjects were found to fit with classic tendon force versus extension trend. The stress versus strain plot indicated that the wavy collagen fibers were fully straightened at 4% to 6% strain, which is comparable to results reported in other studies. The Young's modulus of 0.5 to 2.1 GPa also compared favorably to published data. Conclusion: Coefficients of variation indicated that the protocol was repeatable, although the technique for measuring cross-sectional area could be improved. Clinical Relevance: As the reported data is comparable to previous invasive and in vitro studies, we believe sports medicine specialists and orthopaedic surgeons can utilize panoramic ultrasound to directly measure in vivo tendon strain.
Von Willebrand Disease in Foot and Ankle Surgery
Authors: Vosseller J. Turner , Olichney John J. , Hamilton William G.
Published: October 2010

Level of Evidence: V, Expert Opinion
Limited Open Achilles Tendon Repair with Modified Ring Forceps: Technique Tip
Authors: Elton John Paul , Bluman Eric M.
Published: October 2010

Level of Evidence: V, Expert Opinion
Medial Approach to the Fibular Sesamoid
Authors: Pinto Ricardo Rodrigues , Muras Joé
Published: October 2010

Level of Evidence: V, Expert Opinion
Mini Locking Plate as “Medial Buttress” for Oblique Osteotomy for Hallux Valgus
Authors: Stamatis Emmanouil D. , Chatzikomninos Ioannis E. , Karaoglanis Georgios C.
Published: October 2010

Level of Evidence: V, Expert Opinion
Early Range of Motion After Subcutaneous Rupture of Extensor Hallux Longus Tendon Repair: A Case Report
Authors: Ogawa Takeshi , Tanaka Toshikazu , Sugaya Hisashi
Published: October 2010

Level of Evidence: V, Expert Opinion
Pre- and Postoperative Gait Analysis Following Conversion of Tibiotalocalcaneal Fusion to Total Ankle Arthroplasty
Authors: Atkinson H. D. E. , Daniels Timothy R. , Klejman Sue , Pinsker Ellie , Houck Jeff R. , Singer Syndie
Published: October 2010

Level of Evidence: V, Expert Opinion
Time-Dependent Utility in Activity and Travel Choice Behavior
Authors: Gliebe John , Kim KiHong
Published: October 2010

This study explores how an individual might view the utility of alternate courses of action throughout the day. Its novel proposition is that utility for daily activity–travel alternatives is updated rather than accumulated. As the day progresses, the utility attached to various activities is updated for reasons of need, satiation, and various idiosyncratic associations with time, such as business hours, darkness, and cultural norms. Dynamic choice models are developed for individual activity–travel patterns and it is shown how time-dependent utility may be represented. The model system is being developed for the Portland, Oregon, region as part of a new activity-based travel demand forecasting system. Dynamic components of the model include time-dependent choices of activity episodes and their duration, locations, and travel modes. Results are presented of the next-activity-choice model component, which subsumes both activity frequency and duration in its specification.
Impact of Individuals’ Immigrant Status on Household Auto Ownership
Authors: Ma Lu , Srinivasan Sivaramakrishnan
Published: October 2010

In light of projected growth in immigration of the expected differences in auto ownership behavior between immigrants and the U.S.-born population, and of the importance of accurately forecasting car ownership for transportation planning purposes, empirical research on modeling the relationships between the socioeconomic characteristics of the household (including immigrant status) and auto ownership levels is critical. The current research contributes by developing car ownership models that incorporate the immigrant characteristics (time period of entry and duration of stay) of household members. Data from 1990 and 2000 were used to develop ordered-probit models for car ownership for single-adult and couple households. For each household type, the results indicate that after several socioeconomic variables are controlled for, both the duration of stay and the time period of entry have significant impacts on the propensity for car ownership. Broadly, the findings from this study support the assimilation theory, which states that the differences in behavioral patterns between immigrants and the native-born diminish with increasing duration of stay of immigrants in a foreign land. At the same time, strong cohort effects were also found. Specifically, the more recent immigrants appear to have a greater inherent preference for car ownership and consequently might be assimilating (i.e., reaching the car ownership levels of the native-born) faster. Single-adult households also appear to assimilate faster compared with couple households.
Route Choice under the Microscope
Authors: Senk Petr
Published: October 2010

This study demonstrates a process-oriented approach to the analysis of decision making through the example of the interactive route choice problem. The core of the work consists in the design of the methodological framework, combining the psychological research method of thinking aloud for acquisition of data concerning cognitive processes generated in the course of decision making and the method of semantic content analysis for their processing and for drawing inferences. Results show that the process-oriented analysis of decision making has the potential to disclose facts hidden beyond the observed behavior. The analysis of process data obtained during laboratory experiments showed that the set of strategies applied by subjects is much more diverse than is assumed in most existing models of route choice. Subjects compared travel times on alternate routes to choose the fastest one, updated actual travel times by exploratory route switching, insisted on habitual choice of one route, anticipated choices of others to get to the minority side, and so forth. These results suggest that the diversity in observed behavior may be to some extent caused by the diversity in individual portfolios of applied choice strategies.
Effect of Variation in Household Sociodemographics, Lifestyles, and Built Environment on Travel Behavior
Authors: Rashidi Taha H. , Mohammadian Abolfazl (Kouros) , Zhang Yongping
Published: October 2010

Household and individual demographics, attributes, and dynamics have significant effects on travel behavior and the overall performance of the transportation system. This study attempts to examine the effects of household demographic changes on the travel attributes of households grouped into several homogeneous lifestyle clusters. With the use of the National Household Travel Survey 2001 data, more than 20 travel attributes including number of auto trips, trips per tour, transit usage, and average commute distance are analyzed. To investigate the impact of changing demographics on household- and individual-level travel attributes, the best-fit distributions for a large set of travel attributes are introduced. Then a detailed comparison between the resulting distributions across different lifestyles and demographics is presented.
Exploration of Time Use Utility Derived by Older Individuals from Daily Activity–Travel Patterns
Authors: Ziems Sarah Elia , Konduri Karthik C. , Sana Bhargava , Pendyala Ram M.
Published: October 2010

With the growing population of older persons around the world, much attention is being paid to designing transportation systems and built environments that meet the mobility needs and desires of this aging population. On the basis of evidence from travel surveys showing that individuals in older age brackets engage in fewer activities outside the home, there is growing concern that aging persons are increasingly at risk of experiencing social exclusion and diminished quality of life. In this study, the activity time allocation patterns of those 65 years of age and older are compared with those of other age groups to understand better the extent to which older persons may be suffering from diminished levels of satisfaction with their daily activity pattern. Using an activity-based time use utility measure, this study quantifies the amount of welfare or satisfaction that individuals derive from their activity–travel pattern. It is found that older individuals actually exhibit the highest values of time use utility of all age groups; any loss in utility due to diminished out-of-home activity engagement is more than compensated for by gains in utility accrued from the pursuit of discretionary activities at home. The finding challenges the notion that older individuals are experiencing lower levels of satisfaction from their activity patterns but point to the need to design transportation systems that cater to those with physical and mental impairments, regardless of age.
Model Event History of Car and License Availability
Authors: Bohnet Max , Gertz Carsten
Published: October 2010

Sound forecasts of car and driver's license availability are crucial for accurate estimates of future mobility trends and the development of planning strategies. Often these forecasts ignore dynamic trends and spatial influences. Cross-sectional analysis reveals that in areas with good accessibility by alternative modes, many households live with no or only one car even if they can afford a vehicle. This study focuses on that dynamic perspective by analyzing changes in car and license availability by event history models. It uses data from the German socioeconomic panel that observes the same households for up to 25 years to estimate the hazard rates of changes between different states of license and car availability. The results show a detailed picture of socioeconomic factors such as age, sex, household characteristics, and income. In addition, the impacts of accessibility on the probability of acquiring or disposing of a car are presented.
Sequential and Simultaneous Estimation of Hybrid Discrete Choice Models
Authors: Raveau Sebastián , Álvarez-Daziano Ricardo , Yáñez María Francisca , Bolduc Denis , de Dios Ortúzar Juan
Published: October 2010

The formulation of hybrid discrete choice models, including both observable alternative attributes and latent variables associated with attitudes and perceptions, has become a topic of discussion once more. To estimate models integrating both kinds of variables, two methods have been proposed: the sequential approach, in which the latent variables are built before their integration with the traditional explanatory variables in the choice model and the simultaneous approach, in which both processes are done together, albeit with a sophisticated but fairly complex treatment. Here both approaches are applied to estimate hybrid choice models by using two data sets: one from the Santiago Panel (an urban mode choice context with many alternatives) and another consisting of synthetic data. Differences between both approaches were found as well as similarities not found in earlier studies. Even when both approaches result in unbiased estimators, problems arise when valuations are obtained such as the value of time for forecasting and policy evaluation.
Built Environment and School Travel Mode Choice in Toronto, Canada
Authors: Mitra Raktim , Buliung Ron N. , Roorda Matthew J.
Published: October 2010

Walking to or from school may provide a regular source of physical activity for children and youth. To improve walking practices among this younger population, urban planners emphasize the importance of built environment interventions. Empirical understanding of the potential relationship between the built environment and active school transportation (e.g., walking) is therefore essential to the development of effective planning interventions. In the nexus of empiricism and policy, place-based differences in school transport policy and urbanization processes, which may associate with mode choice, provide the rationale for conducting local research to support local policy development. This study examines the association between the built environment and the likelihood of walking or being driven to or from school. The research also addresses differences in mode choice behavior across morning and afternoon school trips. Binomial logit models were specified to study the school travel outcomes of children aged 11 to 13 years in the city of Toronto, Canada. Distance between the residence and school had the strongest correlation with mode choice; other built environment measures had moderate associations with walking. Importantly, the built environment around a child's residence had a stronger association with mode choice than did the built environment around the school. Furthermore, the effect of the built environment was more apparent for home-to-school trips. This research provides evidence that the built environment may influence school travel mode choice, but planners and community-based organizations should exercise caution when the nature of interventions required to encourage walking among children is determined.
Disaggregated Empirical Analysis of Determinants of Urban Travel Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Authors: Barla Philippe , Miranda-Moreno Luis F. , Savard-Duquet Nikolas , Thériault Marius , Lee-Gosselin Martin
Published: October 2010

A disaggregate approach is proposed for estimating travel-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at the individual level by using an in-depth multiday activity-based survey in Quebec City, Canada. A random-effect model is then estimated to quantify the impact on emissions of individual and household socioeconomic characteristics as well as urban form and transit supply indicators. The model results are obtained in terms of total individual emissions and by trip-end activity purpose such as work, leisure, and shopping. According to the results, female respondents produced, on average, emissions that were 22% lower than those of men. Evidence of economies of scale was found within households in the production of travel GHG emissions. A couple would produce only 64% more emissions than a single person. It was found that both urban form and transit supply around the residence have a significant impact on GHG emissions, though this impact is relatively limited; this finding implies that drastic land use changes would be required to significantly cut travel emissions. For example, a 10% increase over the mean in residential or job density would lower emissions by less than 2%. This result is consistent with recent studies examining the relationship between travel and land use.
Consistent Beliefs in Extensive Form Games
Authors: Barelli Paulo
Published: October 2010

We introduce consistency of beliefs in the space of hierarchies of conditional beliefs (Battigalli and Siniscalchi) and use it to provide epistemic conditions for equilibria in finite multi-stage games with observed actions.
Size Polymorphism in Alleles of the Myoglobin Gene from Biomphalaria Mollusks
Authors: Teixeira Kádima N. , Souza Karyne N. , Vidigal Teofânia H.D.A. , Brito Cristiane A. , Santos Alexandre M.C. , Santoro Marcelo M.
Published: October 2010

Introns are common among all eukaryotes, while only a limited number of introns are found in prokaryotes. Globin and globin-like proteins are widely distributed in nature, being found even in prokaryotes and a wide range of patterns of intron-exon have been reported in several eukaryotic globin genes. Globin genes in invertebrates show considerable variation in the positions of introns; globins can be found without introns, with only one intron or with three introns in different positions. In this work we analyzed the introns in the myoglobin gene from Biomphalaria glabrata, B. straminea and B. tenagophila. In the Biomphalaria genus, the myoglobin gene has three introns; these were amplified by PCR and analyzed by PCR-RFLP. Results showed that the size (number or nucleotides) and the nucleotide sequence of the coding gene of the myoglobin are variable in the three species. We observed the presence of size polymorphisms in intron 2 and 3; this characterizes a homozygous/heterozygous profile and it indicates the existence of two alleles which are different in size in each species of Biomphalaria. This polymorphism could be explored for specific identification of Biomphalaria individuals.
Chronic Cigarette Smoking: Implications for Neurocognition and Brain Neurobiology
Authors: Durazzo Timothy C. , Meyerhoff Dieter J. , Nixon Sara Jo
Published: October 2010

Compared to the substantial volume of research on the general health consequences associated with chronic smoking, little research has been specifically devoted to the investigation of its effects on human neurobiology and neurocognition. This review summarizes the peer-reviewed literature on the neurocognitive and neurobiological implications of chronic cigarette smoking in cohorts that were not seeking treatment for substance use or psychiatric disorders. Studies that specifically assessed the neurocognitive or neurobiological (with emphasis on computed tomography and magnetic resonance-based neuroimaging studies) consequences of chronic smoking are highlighted. Chronic cigarette smoking appears to be associated with deficiencies in executive functions, cognitive flexibility, general intellectual abilities, learning and/or memory processing speed, and working memory. Chronic smoking is related to global brain atrophy and to structural and biochemical abnormalities in anterior frontal regions, subcortical nuclei and commissural white matter. Chronic smoking may also be associated with an increased risk for various forms of neurodegenerative diseases. The existing literature is limited by inconsistent accounting for potentially confounding biomedical and psychiatric conditions, focus on cross-sectional studies with middle aged and older adults and the absence of studies concurrently assessing neurocognitive, neurobiological and genetic factors in the same cohort. Consequently, the mechanisms promoting the neurocognitive and neurobiological abnormalities reported in chronic smokers are unclear. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine if the smoking-related neurobiological and neurocognitive abnormalities increase over time and/or show recovery with sustained smoking cessation.
Antioxidant Activities of Extract and Fractions from the Hypocotyls of the Mangrove Plant Kandelia candel
Authors: Wei Shu-Dong , Zhou Hai-Chao , Lin Yi-Ming
Published: October 2010

The antioxidant activities of 70% acetone extract (70% AE) from the hypocotyls of the mangrove plant Kandelia candel and its fractions of petroleum ether (PF), ethyl acetate (EF), water (WF), and the LF (WF fraction further purified through a Sephadex LH‑20 column), were investigated by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The results showed that all the extract and fractions possessed potent antioxidant activity. There was a significant linear correlation between the total phenolics concentration and the ferric reducing power or free radical scavenging activity of the extract and fractions. Among the extract and fractions, the LF fraction exhibits the best antioxidant performance. The MALDT-TOF MS and HPLC analyses revealed that the phenolic compounds associated with the antioxidant activity of the LF fraction contains a large number of procyanidins and a small amount of prodelphinidins, and the epicatechin is the main extension unit.
Application of Information—Theoretic Concepts in Chemoinformatics
Authors: Vogt Martin , Wassermann Anne Mai , Bajorath Jürgen
Published: October 2010

The use of computational methodologies for chemical database mining and molecular similarity searching or structure-activity relationship analysis has become an integral part of modern chemical and pharmaceutical research. These types of computational studies fall into the chemoinformatics spectrum and usually have large-scale character. Concepts from information theory such as Shannon entropy and Kullback-Leibler divergence have also been adopted for chemoinformatics applications. In this review, we introduce these concepts, describe their adaptations, and discuss exemplary applications of information theory to a variety of relevant problems. These include, among others, chemical feature (or descriptor) selection, database profiling, and compound recall rate predictions.
Broadband Transformation Optics Devices
Authors: Smolyaninova Vera N. , Smolyaninov Igor I. , Kildishev Alexander V. , Shalaev Vladimir M.
Published: October 2010

Recently we have suggested that two-dimensional broadband transformation optics devices based on metamaterial designs may be built using tapered waveguides. Here we review application of this principle to broadband electromagnetic cloaking, trapped rainbow, and novel microscopy devices.
Anthraquinones with Antiplasmodial Activity from the Roots of Rennellia elliptica Korth. (Rubiaceae)
Authors: Osman Che Puteh , Ismail Nor Hadiani , Ahmad Rohaya , Ahmat Norizan , Awang Khalijah , Jaafar Faridahanim Mohd
Published: October 2010

Dichloromethane root extract of Rennellia elliptica Korth. showed strong inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum growth in vitro with an IC50 value of 4.04 µg/mL. A phytochemical study of the dichloromethane root extract has led to the isolation and characterization of a new anthraquinone, 1,2-dimethoxy-6-methyl-9,10-anthraquinone (1), and ten known anthraquinones: 1-hydroxy-2-methoxy-6-methyl-9,10-anthraquinone (2), nordamnacanthal (3), 2-formyl-3-hydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone (4), damnacanthal (5), lucidin-ω-methyl ether (6), 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-9,10-anthraquinone (7), rubiadin (8), 3-hydroxy-2-methoxy-6-methyl-9,10-anthraquinone (9), rubiadin-1-methyl ether (10) and 3-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl-9,10-anthraquinone (11). Structural elucidation of all compounds was accomplished by modern spectroscopic methods, notably 1D and 2D NMR, IR, UV and HREIMS. The new anthraquinone 1, 2-formyl-3-hydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone (4) and 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-9,10-anthraquinone (7) possess strong antiplasmodial activity, with IC50 values of 1.10, 0.63 and 0.34 µM, respectively.
The Nrf2 System as a Potential Target for the Development of Indirect Antioxidants
Authors: Jung Kyeong-Ah , Kwak Mi-Kyoung
Published: October 2010

Oxidative stress causes damage to multiple cellular components such as DNA, proteins, and lipids, and is implicated in various human diseases including cancer, neurodegeneration, inflammatory diseases, and aging. In response to oxidative attack, cells have developed an antioxidant defense system to maintain cellular redox homeostasis and to protect cells from damage. The thiol-containing small molecules (e.g. glutathione), reactive oxygen species-inactivating enzymes (e.g. glutathione peroxidase), and phase 2 detoxifying enzymes (e.g. NAD(P)H: quinine oxidoreductase 1 and glutathione-S-transferases) are members of this antioxidant system. NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a CNC-bZIP transcription factor which regulates the basal and inducible expression of a wide array of antioxidant genes. Following dissociation from the cytosolic protein Keap1, a scaffolding protein which binds Nrf2 and Cul3 ubiquitin ligase for proteasome degradation, Nrf2 rapidly accumulates in the nucleus and transactivates the antioxidant response element in the promoter region of many antioxidant genes. The critical role of Nrf2 has been demonstrated by various animal studies showing that mice with a targeted disruption of the nrf2 gene are prone to develop lesions in response to environmental toxicants/carcinogens, drugs, and inflammatory insults. In this review, we discuss the role of the Nrf2 system, with particular focus on Nrf2-controlled target genes and the potential pleiotropic effects of Nrf2 activation of indirect antioxidants.
Plant Phenolics: Extraction, Analysis and Their Antioxidant and Anticancer Properties
Authors: Dai Jin , Mumper Russell J.
Published: October 2010

Phenolics are broadly distributed in the plant kingdom and are the most abundant secondary metabolites of plants. Plant polyphenols have drawn increasing attention due to their potent antioxidant properties and their marked effects in the prevention of various oxidative stress associated diseases such as cancer. In the last few years, the identification and development of phenolic compounds or extracts from different plants has become a major area of health- and medical-related research. This review provides an updated and comprehensive overview on phenolic extraction, purification, analysis and quantification as well as their antioxidant properties. Furthermore, the anticancer effects of phenolics in-vitro and in-vivo animal models are viewed, including recent human intervention studies. Finally, possible mechanisms of action involving antioxidant and pro-oxidant activity as well as interference with cellular functions are discussed.
Tetrabutylammonium Bromide Media Aza-Michael Addition of 1,2,3,6-Tetrahydrophthalimide to Symmetrical Fumaric Esters and Acrylic Esters under Solvent-Free Conditions
Authors: Imanzadeh Gholamhassan , Ahmadi Farzaneh , Zamanloo Mohammadreza , Mansoori Yagoub
Published: October 2010

The aza-Michael addition of 1,2,3,6-tetrahydrophthalimide with symmetrical fumaric esters has been performed efficiently in a solvent-free system at 100 °C and using 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) as a base in the presence of tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB). The products were obtained in good to high yields within 2.5-7.0 h. This reaction worked well on linear alkyl fumarates and was not effective with nonlinear alkyl fumarates. Although the reaction was also applicable to acrylates such as n-butyl acrylate, methacrylates and crotonates were not suitable Michael acceptors for this reaction.
Osteoporosis Prevention—A Worthy and Achievable Strategy
Authors: Morris Howard A.
Published: October 2010

This special issue of Nutrients records seven of the presentations made to the very successful meeting titled “Osteoporosis Prevention: A Workshop on Calcium, Vitamin D and other Nutritional Aspects” held in Adelaide, Australia on 5 and 6 March 2010 [1-7]. Seventy six delegates attended from across Australia and New Zealand to review the current evidence that dietary calcium intake, vitamin D status, other nutrients and exercise play a significant role in bone mineral homeostasis and act to prevent the development of osteoporosis. The Workshop promoted the concept that osteoporosis is a predictable and preventable disease and that significant benefit would be achieved to reduce the incidence of osteoporosis and the risk of fractures from nutrition and life style activities. Such an achievement will not only save considerable pain, suffering and morbidity but will also have a major financial benefit for the healthcare system for which the cost of treatment for osteoporotic fractures already amounts to billions of dollars. [...]
Block Copolymer Nanostructures for Technology
Authors: Tseng Yu-Chih , Darling Seth B.
Published: October 2010

Nanostructures generated from block copolymer self-assembly enable a variety of potential technological applications. In this article we review recent work and the current status of two major emerging applications of block copolymer (BCP) nanostructures: lithography for microelectronics and photovoltaics. We review the progress in BCP lithography in relation to the requirements of the semiconductor technology roadmap. For photovoltaic applications, we review the current status of the quest to generate ideal nanostructures using BCPs and directions for future research.
Inferring Snow Water Equivalent for a Snow-Covered Ground Reflector Using GPS Multipath Signals
Authors: Jacobson Mark D.
Published: October 2010

A nonlinear least squares fitting algorithm is used to estimate both snow depth and snow density for a snow-layer above a flat ground reflector. The product of these two quantities, snow depth and density, provides an estimate of the snow water equivalent. The input to this algorithm is a simple ray model that includes a speculary reflected signal along with a direct signal. These signals are transmitted from the global positioning system satellites at 1.57542 GHz with right-hand circularly polarization. The elevation angles of interest at the GPS receiving antenna are between 5° and 30°. The results from this nonlinear algorithm show potential for inferring snow water equivalent using GPS multipath signals.