bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drivers and projections of global surface temperature anomalies at the local scale
Authors: Benz Susanne A , Davis Steven J , Burney Jennifer A
Published: May 2021

More than half of the world’s population now lives in urban areas, and trends in rural-to-urban migration are expected to continue through the end of the century. Although cities create efficiencies that drive innovation and economic growth, they also alter the local surface energy balance, resulting in urban temperatures that can differ dramatically from surrounding areas. Here we introduce a global 1 km resolution data set of seasonal and diurnal anomalies in urban surface temperatures relative to their rural surroundings. We then use satellite-observable parameters in a simple model informed by the surface energy balance to understand the dominant drivers of present urban heating, the heat-related impacts of projected future urbanization, and the potential for policies to mitigate those damages. At present, urban populations live in areas with daytime surface summer temperatures that are 3.21 ∘C (−3.97, 9.24, 5th–95th percentiles) warmer than surrounding rural areas. If the structure of cities remains largely unchanged, city growth is projected to result in additional daytime summer surface temperature heat anomalies of 0.19 ∘C (−0.01, 0.47) in 2100—in addition to warming due to climate change. This is projected to raise the urban population living under extreme surface temperatures by approximately 20% compared to current distributions. However we also find a significant potential for mitigation: 82% of all urban areas have below average vegetation and/or surface albedo. Optimizing these would reduce urban daytime summer surface temperatures for the affected populations by an average of −0.81 ∘C (−2.55, −0.05).
Empirical assessment of equity and justice in climate adaptation literature: a systematic map
Authors: Coggins Shaugn , Berrang-Ford Lea , Hyams Keith , Satyal Poshendra , Ford James , Paavola Jouni , Arotoma-Rojas Ingrid , Harper Sherilee
Published: May 2021

The normative concepts of equity and justice are rising narratives within global climate change discourse. Despite growing considerations of climate equity and justice within the adaptation literature, the extent to which adaptation research has worked to empirically assess and operationalize concepts of equity and justice in practice remains unclear. We employ a systematic mapping approach to examine how equity and justice are defined and understood within empirical climate change adaptation research, and how extensively they are being assessed within adaptation literature. Structuring our work using a conceptual approach focusing on distributional, recognition, procedural, and capability approaches to justice, we document and review articles that included empirical assessments from searches performed in Web of Science™, Scopus®, and Google Scholar™ databases. Our results highlight that greater attention in the literature is given to certain aspects of justice (e.g. distributive and procedural justice concerns) on certain topics such as climate policy and adaptation finance. Most of the included papers scored highly according to our criteria on their empirical assessment of equity and justice. The lowest scores were found for the methodological rigor of assessments. We find limited research on empirical equity and justice assessment and call for a multiscale and holistic approach to justice to address this research gap.
Fermionic systems for quantum information people
Authors: Szalay Szilárd , Zimborás Zoltán , Máté Mihály , Barcza Gergely , Schilling Christian , Legeza Örs
Published: May 2021

The operator algebra of fermionic modes is isomorphic to that of qubits, the difference between them is twofold: the embedding of subalgebras corresponding to mode subsets and multiqubit subsystems on the one hand, and the parity superselection in the fermionic case on the other. We discuss these two fundamental differences extensively, and illustrate these through the Jordan–Wigner representation in a coherent, self-contained, pedagogical way, from the point of view of quantum information theory. Our perspective leads us to develop useful new tools for the treatment of fermionic systems, such as the fermionic (quasi-)tensor product, fermionic canonical embedding, fermionic partial trace, fermionic products of maps and fermionic embeddings of maps. We formulate these by direct, easily applicable formulas, without mode permutations, for arbitrary partitionings of the modes. It is also shown that fermionic reduced states can be calculated by the fermionic partial trace, containing the proper phase factors. We also consider variants of the notions of fermionic mode correlation and entanglement, which can be endowed with the usual, local operation based motivation, if the parity superselection rule is imposed. We also elucidate some other fundamental points, related to joint map extensions, which make the parity superselection inevitable in the description of fermionic systems.
The Movement of Salts in Saline-Sodic Soils Leached by Enriched Water with Combinations of Phosphogypsum and Humic Acids
Authors: Aftan W. A. A. , Al-Hadethi A. A. H.
Published: May 2021

A laboratory experiment was conducted on saline-sodic soil taken from the 0-30 cm surface layer of clay loam from the farm of a college of agriculture/Anbar university. Sixteen combinations of humic acids (HA1, HA2, HA3, HA4) and phosphogypsum (G1, G2, G3, and G4) at a concentration of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 gm l−1 for both were used. In addition to two treatments for comparison, commercial clean salt (CS) and Euphrates water. Eighteen polyethylene columns were used, with a length of 60 cm and an inner diameter of 7.1 cm. After the columns were filled with the soil, the columns were washed with enriched water with combinations of humic acids and phosphogypsum. The combinations were mixed with Euphrates water. Washing of column continued until three porous volumes had passed. The results showed that the value of accumulation salts (gm l−1) and the concentrations of sodium, calcium, and magnesium (mmol l−1) increased with the increase in pore volume passing through. The movement of salts and sodium concentrations increased with the increase of phosphogypsum with the increase in the level of humic acid in combination, as the highest value of salts and washed sodium reached 4921.98 gm l−1 and 38794.53 mmol l−1 respectively, in HA4G4 combination, compared to HA1G1, which reached 2436.64 gm l−1 and 20596.27 mmol l−1 respectively. While the calcium and magnesium concentrations increased with the increase of phosphate gypsum and decreased with the increase in the level of humic acid in combination. The combination AH1G4 gave the highest concentrations of 10158.04 and 3577.27 (mmol l−1), compared to HA4G4, which reached 6867.60 gm l−1 and 2473.01 mmol l−1, respectively. The water washing treatments and the salinity treatment (CS) gave the lowest amount of salts and concentrations of sodium, calcium, and magnesium compared to all combinations. The diffusion equation is the best for describing the kinetics of the release of the sodium adsorption rate in the soil over time, as it gave the highest rate of determination coefficient (R2) (which was 0.985 and the lowest standard error) (SEe), which reached 55.439. With an increase in the level of addition of humic acids.
The Impact of Forward Tractor Speed and Depth of Ploughing in Some Soil Physical Properties
Authors: Kakahy A. N. N. , Alshamary W. F. A. , Kakei A. A.
Published: May 2021

An experiment was carried out at the Agricultural Research and Experiments Station in the Sayyada Region of the College of Agriculture - University of Kirkuk, in order to study the effect of forward tractor speed and depth of ploughing in some technical indicators and physical properties of soil in Loam soils in 2019. Two factors were studied, depths of ploughing (4.63 and 6.30 cm) and the practical speed of the tractor (1.72 and 2.86 km hour-1) and their effect on some of the studied technical indicators, including the practical and theoretical field capacity, the slide percentage, the percentage of porosity, the volume of disturbed soil, the soil particles with less than 5 cm in diameter (5 cm m-2) and practical productivity. The experiment was carried out using the factorial experiment method according to The Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. The second speed of the tractor and the second ploughing depth exceeded in achieving the highest rate in practical field capacity of (0.28 and 0.34 ha h-1) and theoretical field capacity (0.41 and 0.49 ha h-1), respectively, and in giving the highest volume of the disturbed soil that were (184.48 and 244.753 m3 h-1) and practical productivity (0.33 and 0.39 ha h-1), respectively. While the lowest rate was in the percentage of slide of the first speed and the depth of the first ploughing (7.56 And 6.31%), respectively.The interference between the second tractor speed and the second ploughing depth was superior in achieving the highest rate in the practical and theoretical field capacity of (0.35 and 0.50 ha h-2) and the highest volume of the disturbed soil and practical productivity reached (254.02 m3 h-2 and 0.40 ha. h-2), respectively. The interference between the tractor first speed and the first ploughing depth exceeded the achievement of the lowest rate in the percentage of slide (3.36%).
Effect of Vermicompost and Vermicompost tea on the Growth and Yield of Broccoli and Some Soil Properties
Authors: Alkobaisy J. S. , Abdel Ghani E. T. , Mutlag N. A. , Lafi A. Sh. A.
Published: May 2021

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of the use of Vermicompost and Vermicompost tea on the growth and yield of broccoli and some soil properties The field experiment was formed In Saqlawiyah sub-district - Anbar–Iraq on 10 October 2019.The experiment lasted approximately three months. In situ analysis and measurements of plant and soil were carried out at the site of the experiment, and also in the laboratories of the Agricultural Research Center, Soil Research Department in Abu Gharib. The treatments consisted of (T1 soil only, T2 DAP chemical fertilization only (according to fertilizer recommendation) 240 kg DAP.ha -1,T3 = 8.ton ha -1 Vermicompost mixed with soil + half the recommendation of 120 kg DAP. ha-1,T4 = 16 tons. ha-1 Vermicompost mixed with soil + 120 kg DAP. ha-1T5 = Vermicompost tea spray on the plant + 120 kg DAP. ha-1 ,T6 = 8 tons. ha-1 Vermicompost mixed with soil + Vermicompost tea sprays on the plant + 120 kg ha-1 DAP.. The plant traits were; plant height (cm), the total number of leaves (leaf. plant -1), the leaf area (dcm2.plant -1), vegetative dry weight (g. plant -1), dry weight of rhizosphere (g.plant-1), the weight of the main flower (gm) which were (52.8, 42.4, 98.6, 190.2, and 865.8), respectively, as well as the percentage of protein%, fat%, N%, P%, and K% that reached (23.37, 2.81, 3.74, 0.79, and 2.93) successively.concluded from this study that the treatment of Vermicompost with Vermicomposting tea combined with half of the fertilizer recommendation enhanced growth and yield of Broccoli plant and some soil properties.
Estimate of Available Soil Water and The Physical Condition of Soil for Different Use Soils
Authors: Aljibury A. F. H. A. , Hassan H. M. , Kareem H. A.
Published: May 2021

Three sites of different soils have been identified. The soil of the first site is planted with a field crop (wheat plant), the soil of the second site planted with a horticultural crop (Loquat plant) and the soil of the third site (uncultivated) in Dhuluiya district of Salah al-Din Governorate. Many laboratory tests were conducted, represented by measuring : Moisture tensile, bulk density, texture, total porosity, gravimetric and volumetric humidity, electrical conductivity EC, degree of soil interaction PH, organic matter OM, estimation of bicarbonate and carbonate and after obtaining the data were treated with several mathematical programs: RETC, SAWcal in order to find several indications Physics such as PAW100, PAW330, and soil physical quality index (S), and the following results were obtained: The decrease in the bulk density values of the soil of the third site (not cultivated), as it reached 1.43, 1.29 and 1.23 g / cm3 compared to the soil of the first site (wheat) 1.55, 1.58 and 1.61 g / cm 3 and the soil of the second site (Loquat), which reached 1.6 And 1.6 and 1.6 g / cm3 due to the high clay content in the third site, which leads to a decrease in bulk density. The water holding capacity of soil, represented by the values of ready soil water at 1 bar and 0.3 bar, was higher in the soil of the third site compared to the first and second sites, due to the high values of water conductivity in the soil of the first site. The high values of the water conductivity in the soil of the third site (not cultivated), as it reached 0.015037, 0.015872 and 0.021653 cm / min compared to the soil of the first site (wheat), as it reached 0.008577, 0.007209 and 0.004241 cm / min, and the soil of the second site (Loquat) It was 0.003955, 0.00507, and 0.006741 cm / min. The physical quality of the soil obtained through the previous indicators showing that the soil of the first site (wheat) possesses a (good) physical quality, then the soil of the second site (Loquat) possesses a (good) physical quality as well while the soil of the third site (not cultivated) possesses (very good) physical quality
Characterization of Quality Indices for Some Soils of The Middle Euphrates Plain By Adopting Morphophysiochemical Criteria
Authors: Alrawi N. Sh. , Alrawi M. K.
Published: May 2021

The aim of this study is to determine Soil quality standards that can be used to develop a better soil quality index that can be relied upon for future evaluation.Three different methods which varied criteria were used to choose soil quality index for some soils of the middle Euphrates plain. (parent material, slope, texture, gravel and stones, drainage condition and soil depth ) used a criteria to explain morphological soil quality index . physical soil quality used a criteria (structure, texture and consist) ; while chemical quality used (EC, lime, Ph and % organic matter) and, Results showed physical soil quality index varied between (0.47-0.79) with rang 0.32 ; and the series varied within class at rang 0.11. Morphology soil quality index varied between (1.29- 1.61) at rang 0.32 and soil series varied at 0.16. Soil chemical quality index varied at rang 1.20-1.59 and the soil series varied at rang 0.10 within class. Soil series distributed between high quality to low quality.
Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid Culture Filtrates is a Lucrative Source for Weed Control
Authors: Theer R. M. , Alheeti A. A. , Alfalahi A. O.
Published: May 2021

The mycoherbicides have been recognized as an effective approach for weed control as being eco-friendly, low cost, and of long-lasting. This research was carried out to evaluate the herbicidal effect of Macrophomina phaseolina, the causal of sesame charcoal rot. The fungal culture was extracted with water and the extract toxicity was evaluated by seed germination, detached leaf, and whole plant bioassays on several weed species of Iraq (Cynanchum actum, Malva parviflora, Sorghum halepense, Lolium rgidum, and Silybum marianum). The results revealed that the extract of the fungal culture was significantly inhibited the germination of the examined weeds seeds by more than 86.7 %. The detached leaf bioassay also indicated that the culture extract was of potent toxic effect to all examined weed species, regardless their types (broad or narrow and mono or dicotyledonous). The phytotoxicity symptoms appeared on the detached leaves were as tissue and chlorophyll disintegration, yellowing, necrosis, and death. The same toxic symptoms were also recorded on the whole plant bioassay in vivo but the weed species of the narrow leaves however, showed significantly much less effect. The phytotoxicity on the examined weed species ranged from 66 to 83%. Moreover, the fungal culture extract was also found to be of potent toxic effect to milk thistle (Silybum marianum) despite the application method as foliar spraying or root immersing with 100% and 20% of the extract respectively. The results of this research showed for the first time the effect of M. phaseolina culture filtrates as a potent herbicide potential on different weed species.
Cadmium Removal with Mutant Brevibacillus Agri C15 Cdr Entrapped in Calcium Alginate Gel: a New Process
Authors: Jebril N. , Boden R. , Braungardt C.
Published: May 2021

With large-scale mining and industrial use of cadmium (Cd), contamination with this metal increased steadily, concerns due to its toxicity and potential damage to the environment and human health have led to the introduction of legislation that regulates acceptable environmental concentrations in different contexts. Therefore, many treatment methods for water and soils have been developed to limit the concentration of Cd in the environment and comply with regulations. In this study, a small laboratory bench-scale column reactor was constructed, optimised, and used to evaluate the removal of Cd from artificial groundwater (AGW) with mutant Brevibacillus agri C15 CdR and its wild type B. agri C15 entrapped in calcium alginate beads at different Cd concentrations. The morphological properties of the beads were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and the location of Cd adsorbed in the beads was detected using a dithizone histochemical method. The experimental results showed that the mutant had significantly higher removal rates than its wild type B. agri C15 (9 and 5 nmol per day per gram of biomass, respectively) due to the presence of the Cd-dithizone complexes on the bead containing the mutant, compared with the less presence of these complexes on the beads containing the wild type. In conclusion, a new process was developed that achieved higher Cd removal rate from AGW by the mutant B. agri C15 CdR. In addition, an alternative detection method of Cd (Cd-dithizone complexes) was introduced that showed that Cd was distributed throughout the Cd-loaded beads.
Evaluation of Volatile Organic Compounds from Broccoli Plants Infested with Myzus persicae and Parasitoids Aphidius colemani Attraction
Authors: Ahmed Q. , Agarwal M. , Alsabte A. , Aljuboory A.B. , Ren Y.
Published: May 2021

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from uninfested and infested broccoli plant samples with green peach aphid Myzus persicae were investigated by headspace solid microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Overall, 25 compounds were identified in uninfested and infested broccoli plants. The HS-SPME combined with GC-MS analysis of the volatiles described the differences between the infested and uninfested broccoli plant samples. Based on peak area from the GC-MS analysis, the VOCs from infested broccoli were significantly greater than that from uninfested broccoli, such as D-limonene, Undecane, 3,4-dimethyl-, Heptane, alpha-Pinene, Oxalic acid, Citronellol, Tridecane, n-Decanoic acid, Cyclopentane, pentyl- and n-Hexadecanoic acid compared with volatiles released from uninfested broccoli. The results of Y-tube olfactometer showed that Myzus persicae were significantly attracted by the VOCs released from infested broccoli plants, more than uninfested plants or clean air. The percentage of aphid choice was 70% towards infested broccoli, and 10% were attracted to the clean air choice and uninfested plants. With the comparison between clean air and uninfested plants, the aphids were attracted by 84% for broccoli, while 7% were attracted towards clean air. Comparing between infested and uninfested, the aphid attracted by 26.6% for infested broccoli, versus 30% for uninfested broccoli. The preferences of Aphidus colemani to the infested, uninfested plants with M. persicae and compared with clean air were measured. The results indicated that parasitoids could discriminate the infested broccoli and significantly respond to the plant odour and attractive by 100% for the parasitoid towards infested broccoli plants.
Evaluation Yield of Okra with Associated Traits Using Analysis Correlation and Path
Authors: Al-Juboori A. W. A.
Published: May 2021

The study was conducted at the fields of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening, College of Agriculture Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad. During the spring 2017. All the recommended practices were followed during experimentation. The experimental material consisted four Genotype it is Batraa, Btera, Mosulle, and local selection. The experiment was applied in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The objectives of Study were to estimate the some genetic parameters and path coefficient for some traits Okra, The results of statistical analysis for these genotypes were highly significant differences for all traits except the traits number of leaves, the number of main branches, the number of nodes before the first flower and Fruit length. Genetic analysis showed that the genetic variation for all traits was more than environment, High value of heritability was for yield per plant (95.4%) highly significant genotypic, phenotypic and environmental correlation between fruit number and plant yield (0.998, 0.990 and 0.905) respectively. The result of path coefficient the number of fruit had the highest positive direct effect (0.8551) followed by fruit width, fruit weight and plant high (0.0446, 0.0260 and 0.0106) respectively. It can be conclude the possibility of using the traits fruit weight yield per plant as criteria for selection to improve the yield of Okra.
Effect of Foliar Spray of Seaweed (Alga300) and Licorice Extracts on Growth, Yield and Fruit Quality of Pomegranate Trees Punica Granatum L. Cv.Salimi
Authors: Hussein S. A. , Noori A. M. , Lateef M. A. , Ismael Ch. Ra..
Published: May 2021

This study was conducted in a private-orchard in the Kumptler village of Kirkuk / Iraq during the growing season of (2019), to study the effect of foliar spraying with seaweed extract (Alga300) in three concentrations (0, 5, 10) mg.L1 and licorice extract in three concentrations (0, 5, 10) g.L −1 in some growth traits and yield for pomegranate trees, cv.Salimi. The factorial experiment within randomize complete block design was used. The results obtained can be summarized to the fact that foliar spraying pomegranate trees with a concentration of 10 mg.L−1 of seaweed extract represented by Alga300 led to a significant increase in most of the study characteristics (average length of vegetative growth, leaf area, average size and weight of fruit, average number of fruits, TSS% and total yield/tree) while the spray was superior to the concentration of 5 mg.L1 of Alga300 in the relative chlorophyll content and leaf dry matter which reached (45.91 CCI ،64.10 %) Respectively. The foliar spray with a concentration of 10g.L1 of licorice extract was significantly higher in all studied parameters (average length of vegetative growth, leaf area, chlorophyll content in leaves, percentage of dry matter in leaves, average fruit size and weight, average number of fruits and TSS% and total yield/tree) which reached (25.57 cm, 7.01 cm2, 44.57 CCI, 62.93%, 202.33 cm3, 396.55 g, 112.79 62 fruit.tree−1, 14.34%, 16.37 kmtree−1). Respectively.
Evaluation of The Biological Response of Neem (Azadirachta Indica) Spraying With Proline, and Addition of Mycorrhizal Fungi
Authors: Al Shaheen M. A. , Al-Shaheen M. R. , Mahmood S. A.
Published: May 2021

This study was conducted using plastic pots of 15 kg pot capacity for the 2019 agricultural season in a private nursery in Ramadi city / Al-Anbar governorate, with the aim of studying the effect of nano-organic fertilizer and proline acid on some vegetative growth characteristics of Neem trees (Azadirachta indica). Field experiment included three proline concentrations were (0, 50 and 100) mg.L−1 and three concentrations levels of Mycorrhizae were 0, 2 and 4 g per pot contains 15 kg of soil. Data averages were compared by using the Lowest Significant Difference (L.S.D) at a probability level of 0.05. The overlap between the study factors led to a clear increase in all the studied traits and the trees that were treated with the study factors outperformed them.
The Biological Response of the Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni to Bio-Enriched and Nano Amino Acids
Authors: Al-shaheen M.R. , Zakaria Z. , Al-Shaheen M. R.
Published: May 2021

A field experiment carried out in the wooden canopy - Department of Horticulture and Gardening Engineering - College of Agriculture - University of Anbar to testing the response of Stevia rebaudiana bertoni to spraying with - Bio-Enriched and nano Proline, Where three levels of Nano- Bio-Enriched (0mg, 50mg and 100mg) were used, three levels of nano Proline were used (0mg, 100mg and 200mg). The results were recorded showed that the treatments were sprayed with the Nano- Bio-Enriched (100mg) were significantly superior with the highest ratios of the stem’s diameter (ml), Number of branches per plant and Chlorophyll content in the leaves.
Phytochemicals Analysis in Watercress (Nasturtium Officinale) Plant Extracts
Authors: Faizy H. S. , Esmail L. S. , Mahdi H. S.
Published: May 2021

Nasturtium officinaleis a wild edible species ofNasturtiumgenus that has a great concern of medicinal plant specialist. Traditionally, it was offering rural and local people food security and medicines. Nowadays, these plants become more attractive and interested due to their polyphenol level and antioxidant activities. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate some phytochemicals of aerial portion of this plant including (reducing sugar, carbohydrates, flavonoids, saponin, glycosides, steroids and phenolic compounds) and the effect of altitudes on the total content of phenolic compound and flavonoids.The results showed thatN. Officinalein all three villages were enriched with steroids, reducing sugar, phenolic compound, glycosides and flavonoids. However, the study was recorded the absence of existing saponin in the three places. Furthermore, the study result highlighted that the high content of phenolic compound (gallic acid= 0.60mg 100g−1) and flavonoids (qurcen=5.39mg 100g−1) were achieved from the high altitude compared to the low altitudes phenolic compound (gallic acid= 0.39 mg 100g−1) and flavonoids compound (qurcen= 2.93 mg 100g1). Thus, the evidence of this study shown that watercress can enhance natural medicines for human being.
HPLC-UV Analysis and Antioxidant Activities of Phenolic Compounds from Bark of Tamarix articulata vahl Shrubs Grown in Mosul Province.
Authors: Dawood N.A. S. , Al-Daody A. C. , Al-Takay T. K.
Published: May 2021

Analytical trial was carried out to investigate phenolic compounds of Tamarix articulata (vahl.) Karst shrubs were extracted from dry powdered bark with different solvents: Ethyl acetate; Industrial methylated spirits (IMS) and distilled water, and their antioxidant activity were assayed via in vitro radical scavenging activity using DPPH assay. HPLC analysis showed that there were at least 6 remarkable phenolic compounds identified of bark, which included: (Apigenin, Caffeic acid, Chlorogenic acid, kaempferol, Quercetin and Rutin). Furthermore, both of crude extracts IMS and distilled water was better than crude ethyl acetate extract for extracting the bioactive compounds particularly the number and concentration of phenolic compounds identified in bark. The crude extract of IMS achieved the highest total concentration of 0.471 (mg g−1), followed by the crude extract for hot water was 0.226 (mg g−1) and the lowest crude extract for ethyl acetate was 0.031 (mg g−1). However, all the phenolic compounds separated from the crude extracts were free radical inhibitors of DPPH but both the IMS crude extract and ethyl acetate at the same concentration of 200 (µ ml−1), and at rates of (96.7% and 96) (%), respectively, were significantly superior, on the phenolic compounds separated from the aqueous crude extract. Additionally, it’s superior on the standard sample.
Effect of Acridine Orange in Promoting Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Fragaria Ananassa Duch Under Salinity Stress in Vitro
Authors: Sekhi Y. S. , Hamad R. M. , Neamah S. I.
Published: May 2021

This experimental were conducted out at plant tissue culture lab., Center of Desert studies to test the effect of four concentrations of Acridine Orange viz., 0, 10, 50 and 100mM L−1 under four levels of salinity viz., 0, 30, 60 and 90 mM NaCl L−1 on some phenological traits including: leaves number, branches number, plant length and fresh weight. Membrane stability index and electrolytic leakage also were in vitro measured. The experiment was factorial and arranged in a complete randomized design (CRD) with five replicates. Results revealed that 50 mML−1 of Acridine orange gave highest leaves number of 14.67 leaves explant−1, branches number of 3.75 branches explants−1, plant length of 1.48cm and fresh weight of 0.71g. whereas, 10 mM L−1 membrane stability index of 76.63. Furthermore, 30 mML−1 possesses highest leaves number of 11.75 leaves explants−1, branches number of 2.83 branch explant−1, plant length of 1.29cm and fresh weight of 0.58g. The highest level of salinity (90 mM) gave highest of electrolyte of 69.07.It could concluded that 50 m mol l−1 of acridine orange was the best concentration to promote growth of strawberry in vitro. Moreover, Plantlets were more tolerant to 30 m mol L−1 of Nacl in vitro.
Response of Date Palms Cv. Zahdi to Foliar Spray with Urea and Seaweed Extract
Authors: Murad H. J. , Al-Dulaimy A. F. Z.
Published: May 2021

This study was conducted in one of the private palm groves in Anbar governorate, Heet city, Al-Furat district during the 2019-2020 growing season on date palm trees (Zahdi cultivar), to study the effect spraying urea at a concentration (0, 1 and 2 g L−1) and seaweed algae extract at a concentration (0, 2 and 4 ml L−1). Twenty-seven of 20-year-old trees were selected. A factorial experiment was carried out in randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) included 9 treatments and 3 replications. The results showed that urea treatments especially 2 g L−1 have the best yield traits (fruit weight, cluster weight, yield and reducing sugars in fruits which reached (9.62 g, 13.62 kg, 163.2 kg tree−1 and 54.07%), respectively. As to 1g L−1 urea gave the highest volume of fruits which is (6.43 cm3). Whereas the urea has no significant effect on the nitrate content in fruits . On the other hand, the spraying with 4 ml L−1 of seaweed extract has significant effect on volume of fruits and reducing sugars that reached to the highest values of (6.21 cm3 and 53.86%), respectively. While the concentration of 2 ml L−1 revealed the highest cluster weight of (13.21kg and total yield of 132.1kg tree−1). Furthermore, it reduced nitrate content of fruit to the minimum level of (30.95 mg L−1).
Effect of Foliar Application of Sitofex, Potassium and Arginine on Vegetative Growth of “Zaghinia” Apricot Trees
Authors: Medan R. A. , Al-Douri E. F. S.
Published: May 2021

The experiment was carried out at the Agricultural Research and Experiments Station in Al-Sayada site of the College of Agriculture / University of Kirkuk / Republic of Iraq, during the 2020 growing season, on six-year-old “Zaghinia” apricot trees to study the effect of foliar spraying with three concentrations of Sitofex growth regulator (0 and 7.5 and 15 mg L−1), two concentrations of potassium sulfate (0 and 3000 mg L−1) and three concentrations of amino acid (Arginine) (0, 250 and 500 mg L−1). The spraying was carried out a week after the full blooming stage, followed by two sprays with an interval of three weeks. The results indicated that spraying with 15 mg L−1 of Sitofex or spraying with 3000 mg L−1 of potassium sulfate led to a significant increase in all the studied characteristics (length and diameter of shoots, leaf area, total chlorophyll content and dry weight of leaves). As for spraying with amino acid “Arginine”, the foliar spray of 500 mg L−1 treatment gave a significant increase in the length and diameter of shoots, leaf area and its total chlorophyll content. Bilateral and triple interference treatments had a significant effect on most of the studied characteristics.
Effect of Spraying with Nutrition Solution and Organic Fertilizer in Some Vegetative Growth Characteristics of Peach Seedlings Cv. Red June.
Authors: Saeed S. S. , Hamad A. H.
Published: May 2021

This study was conducted in Iraq / Baghdad Al-Yusufiya for the season 2019 to study the effect of spraying with Nutrition Solution and organic Fertilizer in some vegetative growth characteristics of peach seedlings. The nutrient spray (F) was used with four concentrations (F0) 0, (F1) 1.5, (F2) 3, (F3) 4.5ml.l−1 and organic fertilizer spraying (B) with four concentrations (B0) 0, (B1) 3, (B2) 4, (B3) 5 ml.l−1. The results showed that F3 recorded the higher value of plant height, leaves area, chlorophyll content, nitrogen(%), phosphorus(%), potassium(%), and carbohydrate, nitrogen and C/N ratio which gave 34.86 cm, 3819 cm2, 256.4 mg.100g−1fresh weight, 1.73%, 0.53%, 2.74%, 2.73%, 28.34% and 10.35% respectively. likewise, spraying, treatment (B3) exceeded the rate of increase in plant height, leaves area, chlorophyll content, nitrogen(%), phosphorus(%), potassium(%), carbohydrates, nitrogen and C/N ratio was 32.06 cm, 34.10 cm2, 254.5 mg.100g−1fresh weight, 1.52%, 0.45%, 2.10%, 2.52%, 23.12% and 9.08% respectively. As for the interaction between the studied factors (F3B3) achieved the highest value in plant height leaves area chlorophyll content, nitrogen(%), phosphorus(%), potassium(%),carbohydrates and nitrogen which gave 37.31 cm, 43.72 cm2,277.4 mg.100g−1fresh weight, 1.87% 0.58%, 2.99%, 2.88% and 29.56% respectively.
Effect of ground addition and foliar spraying of bio -fertilizer on some vegetative growth characteristics of local lemon (Citrus lemon L.) Saplings
Authors: Shukr M. M. A. , Al Shaheen M. A.
Published: May 2021

This study was carried out in the lath house of the Department of Biology -College of Education for Pure Sciences – University of Anbar, during the autumn season (2020) with the aim of studying the effect of soil fertilization and foliar application of (Bio health) bio fertilizer on some of the vegetative growth characteristics of local lemon saplings. A factorial experiment with two-factors experiment was carried out according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD), included 16 treatments, with four replicates, the first factor (A) was the soil fertilization with at four concentrations of 0, 2, 4 and 6 g.L-1, the second factor (B) was foliar application with at four concentrations 0, 1, 2 and 3 g.L-1, the results showed the superiority of the treatment of soil fertilization with a concentration of 6 g.L-1 and the foliar application of 3 g.L-1, and the interaction between them was significant in the characteristics of scion diameter, leaves content of relative chlorophyll, leaf area and leaves area, as for the treatment, Foliar application with a concentration of 2 g.L-1 and 3 g.L-1 showed a significant increase in the characteristic of plat height and rootstock diameter respectively, while the interaction between soil fertilization and foliar application of 2 g.L-1 showed the best result in the characteristic of plant height, while the interaction between the soil fertilization treatments 1 g.L-1 and foliar application at a concentration of 2 g.L-1 showed the best diameter of rootstock.
Evaluation of the response of five varieties of potato plant (Solanum tuberosum L.) For saline stress under the conditions of Basra
Authors: Al-Obaidi R. H. , Abelwaheed A. H.
Published: May 2021

A field experiment was conducted at al-Faris agricultural testing station during the autumn season of 2019-2020, which is located in Zubair district, which is located approximately 25 km southwest of Basra governorate in sandy loam soil, with the aim of assessing the response of five varieties of potato plant (V1,V2, V3, V4, V5 )for different levels of saline stress( S1= 1.5, S2= 3.5, S3= 5.5, S4= 7.5) d S / m The study was done as a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replicates (R.C.B.D), 60 experimental units resulting from( five varieties and four saline levels) * 3 repeaters. It was noted from the results that V1 * S1 is significant effect in most of the qualities studied if it gives the highest rates for each of the following qualities,weight of tuber g . plant-¹, Number of tubers/plants, the yield of one plant g and the total yield of a ton. donem-¹ and its rates were as follows (85.92 g.plant-¹, 6.35 tubers. Plant-¹,546.10 g, 5.34 tons. donem-¹ ) . (V3, V4)* S4 gave the lowest rates for most trained qualities, and the plants of the V1, V2 gave the high rate of the percentage of dry matter in tubers and the percentage of starch %.
Studying the Effect of Different Fertilizers Types and Methods of Application on Nodulation, Growth and Yield of Some Chickpea Varieties Under Rainfed Conditions
Authors: Omer Fathi. A. , Tahir Dilsher. Sh. , How P.
Published: May 2021

This experiment was conducted in Sharya-Duhok area, Iraqi Kurdistan region under rainfed conditions during the season of 2018-2019 to study the nodulation status, growth and yield performance of two local varieties of chickpea (Shamy and Marakshy) in relation to three different fertilizers types and methods of application i.e. bio fertilizer (Corabac G) and seed priming in super phosphate 2% and Diammonium phosphate (DAP) in addition to control treatment. The experiment was designed by Randomized complete block design with four replications. The results clearly showed significant reduction in both number and dry weight of nodules per plant in fertilizer treatment as compared to untreated (control treatment), except seed priming in super phosphate 2% as it significantly enhanced the nodule dry weight displaying non responding of chickpea to soil fertilization in regards of nodules development. However the final seedyield was not significant in the study, but its highly correlated to the above ground biomass (r =0.74**) and number of seeds per plant (r = 0.33*); Shamy variety of chickpea was superior in number of branches, number of pods and seeds per plant, while the Marakshy variety was superior in the plant height, height of lowest pod, and weight of seeds. Regarding fertilizers treatments effects, both seed priming in super phosphate and DAP fertilizer treatments were significantly surpassed in number of branches, pods and seeds per plant. Shamy variety performed better in number of branches and seeds per plant with DAP fertilizer, while Marakshy produced the same traits better in seed priming treatment. Bio-fertilizer (Corabac G) was inferior in most of the studied traits of chickpea. Accordingly, the obtained results conclude that the nodulation in chickpea not respond to the soil application of fertilizers, while positively to seed treatment (priming). The results also suggest both method of fertilization (DAP and seed priming) for improving yield related componets, but Corabac G bio fertilizer is not recommended under similar conditions.
Response Growth and Yield Traits of Faba Bean Genotype to Foliar Feeding with Triplex Amino Biostimulator
Authors: Sarhan I. A.
Published: May 2021

A field experiment was carried out in the winter season 2019-2020, in the Nuaimiya region of Fallujah city – Al -Anbar Governorate. The aim of the experiment was to study the response of growth and yield traits of faba bean to foliar feeding with Triplex amino biostimulator. The experiment was applied by using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) according to the arrangement of the split-plot with three replicates. The main plots included three genotypes from the remnants (American, Dutch and Italian), While the sub plots included four concentrations of Triplex amino biostimulator (0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5) g L−1. The Dutch genotype recorded the highest average for each of the number of branches in the plant (8. 84branch.plant−1), leaf area (3289.2 cm2). Plant−1, number of pods per plant (19.25 pods. Plant−1), number of seeds per pod (4.56 seed.pod−1) and seed yield (4.263t.h−1), While the American genotype gave the highest average for plant height (106.70 cm) and 100 seed weight (114.5 g.) The biostimulant significantly effect on all growth and yield traits, the concentration 7.5 g. L−1 gave the highest average for each of Plant height (113.29 cm), number of branches per plant (9.88 branch. plant−1 ), leaf area(3637.9 cm2). Plant−1, number of pods per plant (22.06) pods, number of seeds per pod (4.48 seed.pod−1, weight of 100 seeds (125.2g) and seed yield (4,342 t.h−1). The interaction between the Dutch genotype and concentration 7.5 g. L−1 of the bio stimulant was given the highest average for the number of branches per plant, leaf area, number of pods per plant, and number of seeds per pod.
Impact of Storage Conditions on Seed Vigor and Viability of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum) seeds
Authors: Hamed M. A.
Published: May 2021

This experiment was conducted under different storage conditions in the Department of Field Crops, College of Agriculture, University of Anbar in 2019. The objective was to study the effects of storage conditions in seed vigor, viability and field emergence of bread wheat cultivars; Buhooth-22, Adana and Buhooth-158. Seeds were stored for six months under, 5 Cº, 25Cº, sludge house, and open ceiling frame. Seeds stored at 5Cº gave higher values in germination (98.67%), field emergence (93.33%) and coleoptile length (13.99cm). However, there values were not significantly different from those stored at room temperature which gave higher value than the storage method, in radical length, and seedling dry weight. The cultivars were different in all studied traits. Buhooth-158 gave the best values for germination%, radical and coleoptile lengths, seedling dry weight germination vigor, and field emergence. It could be concluded that bread wheat genotypes and methods of storage have significant impact on seed vigor and other related traits.
Genetic Analysis for Combining Ability and the Gene Action in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Using Half Diallel Cross
Authors: Hammadi H. J. , Faiath S. E. , Azzam M. R.
Published: May 2021

A field experiment was carried out in the right side of the Euphrates in Ramadi city Anbar province - Iraq, used in the research six pure varieties of Sun flower. These items introduced one-way half diallel in the 2018 spring season to produce 15 single crosses. The seeds of the parents and their hybrid were planted in the fall season 2018 in the design of R.C.B.D with three replicates. To estimate the effects of GCA, SCA and the gene action and some genetic parameters in the sun flower. The results showed that there were significant differences between the hybrids and its parents in all studied traits. Note that the GCA and SCA variation on the union was highly significant for all studied traits. It was found that the parent (5) is the best parent in terms of GCA in the individual plant yield, gave an effect of (8.83) while the hybrid (3 × 4) is the best hybrid in the effect of SCA for the weight of 1000 seeds and the individual plant yield, (28.84 and 28.46) respectively. While the highest value of the heterosis in the trait of the individual plant yield of the hybrid (4 × 6) gave a value of (57.29%). The GCA variance to SCA was less than one for all studied traits except plant height indicating that there is a dominance gene action controls heredity of traits. This was reflected in the increase in the degree of dominance of one for most of the studied traits. The percentage of inheritance in the broad sense ranged from (97.74%) for the individual plant status to (99.81%) for the number of seeds per disc, this is due to the high genetic variation and low environmental variability. The highest value of genetic improvement was given to the number of seeds disk with a value of 249.15. The new combinations can be used in the production of individual hybrids with high specific combining ability to produce high yields because most of their traits were controlled by the dominance gene.
Role of Nitroglycerine Injection in Japanese Quail Coturnix japonica in Some Blood Parameters
Authors: Al-Bayar M. A. , Farhan S. M. , Saed Z. J. M.
Published: May 2021

This study aimed to evaluate injection of Japanese quail females Countrix japonica with nitro-glycerine (NTG) in blood cells and blood plasma biochemical parameters. In this study 72 females of Japanese quail (45days age) used divided into three groups, three replicates for each one 8 females. Females injected subcutaneous once a week by 0.5 ml of NTG solution by dissolving 500 and 1000 mg of NTG per 100 ml sesame oil for Group1 (G1) and Group2 (G2) respectively while Group0 (G0) left without injection (as a control group). Blood collected from vascular one time every three weeks. Results showed a significant increasing (P≤0.05) in RBC count mean for G2 group compared with other treatments, while there is no significant differences in other blood cells parameters and no significant differences in blood plasma Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentrations for all groups compared with control.
Growth response, nutrient digestibility and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed dried kitchen waste meal as a partial replacement for corn
Authors: Sani U M , Al-Jugifi W I , Jaber B T , Asker A S , Sulaiman G B , Khadir A A , Adamu J.L. , Saeed O A
Published: May 2021

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dry kitchen waste meal (KW) as a partial replacement for maize on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. A total 160 broiler chicks were used for the study. The broiler chicks were randomly assigned to four dietary treatment groups T1, T2, T3 and T4 of 40 birds of each treatment with 10 birds per replicate in a completely randomized design (CRD). The study was lasted for six weeks. Four experimental diets were formulated with KW replacing maize at levels of 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% representing T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively for both starter and finisher diets. The results showed that daily and total feed intake showed significant difference among treatment groups. Broilers fed 20% KW showed highest average daily feed intake while those fed 30% KW recorded the least. Nutrients digestibility parameters such as ash and crude fiber were significantly different across treatments. Therefore, KW can replace up to 20% of maize in broilers diet without any negative effect on feed intake and will be suitable for feeding chickens.
PCR-Based Detection of Aflatoxogenic Strains of Aspergillus flavus Isolated from Poultry Feed
Authors: Alkhursan R. N. , Abbas B. A. , Khudor M. H.
Published: May 2021

Twenty five isolates of A. flavus were detected by UV light (365nm) and ammonia vapor procedures. Aflatoxigenic A. flavus on Coconut Agar Medium (CAM) colored the reverse of glass petri dish with blue –green under UV light and produce a pink to red color by exposure to ammonia vapor. The detection by fluorescent blue revealed that 13 (52%) of isolates were aflatoxigenic by produce fluorescent color under UV (365nm) light, and also 13 (52%) of isolates were aflatoxigenic (positive) by ammonia vapor test. The molecular assessment was done on 25 isolates of A. flavus by using aflR gene primers. Five isolates of aflatoxigenic A. flavus positive identified isolates by PCR were randomly selected to sequence and analyze by basic local alignment search tool analysis (BLAST) to confirm the aflatoxigenic strains. Five isolates were positive and confirmed approximately compatible (99%-100%) homology with other A. flavus strains on NCBI.