bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interference of Silverleaf Nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium) on Spanish Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea)1
Authors: Hackett N. M. , Murray D. S. , Weeks D. L.
Published: April 2010

Interference of silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.) with Pronto spanish peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) was evaluated from 1981 through 1983 in a natural occurring weed population. Treatments consisted of weed-free maintenance or weed interference for 0, 4, 8, 12 weeks and for the full season. Silverleaf nightshade stems were counted as a measure of weed regrowth in treatments maintained weed free for 0, 4, and 8 weeks. Contamination of the harvested in-shell peanuts by silverleaf nightshade berries was determined by counting the number of berries passing through the peanut combine. In-shell peanut yields were reduced by an average of 17% when silverleaf nightshade was allowed to interfere with the crop for 4 weeks. Further yield reductions of 53, 66, and 66% were observed in treatments where interference occurred for 8 and 12 weeks and for the full-season, respectively. Regression analysis conducted on yield data of individual years predicts that each week of weed-free maintenance after crop emergence results in an average of 33 to 38 kg/ha yield increase above the unweeded control. Conversely, analyses of yield data averaged over all years indicated that for each week of weed interference there would be approximately a 103 kg/ha decrease in in-shell yield compared to the weed-free control. When yield data were converted to percent of yield of weed-free controls, there was no interaction among years. Regression analysis of the converted data predicts that for each week of weed-free maintenance after crop emergence there would be a 3.7% yield increase compared to the unweeded control and that for each week of weed interference there would be a corresponding yield loss of 4.5%. Silverleaf nightshade stem counts per plot were reduced an average of 18 and 36 percent for treatments maintained weed free for 4 and 8 weeks, respectively. In 1982 analysis of fruit contamination indicated a significant difference between full-season interference and weed-free maintenance for 4 or more weeks. Differences in fruit contamination between 4, 8, and 12 weeks of weed-free maintenance were not significant. In the second year no differences in fruit contamination were observed between the weedy check and the other treatments; however, fruit production after 4 weeks of weed-free maintenance was significantly higher than after 8 and 12 weeks of weed-free maintenance. Peanut quality, disregarding contamination by silverleaf nightshade berries, was not affected by weed interference.
Selection Indices for Simultaneous Selection for Pod Yield and Leafspot Resistance in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)1
Authors: Iroume R. N. , Knauft D. A.
Published: April 2010

The objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of index selection for pod yield and leafspot resistance, causal organisms Cercospora arachidicola Hori and Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. and Curt.) Deighton, in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Eleven crosses were evaluated in the S1 and S2 generations under natural disease pressure for pod yield and disease reaction. Leafspot severity was measured by leaf necrotic area and defoliation. Variances for each trait and covariances between traits were estimated by progeny analysis. Economic weights assigned to the different characters were derived as the ratio of the pod yield for a genotype to the theoretical pod yield gain from leafspot resistance. Indices were constructed and their efficiency both as predictor of the breeding value and relative to individual selection for either trait was evaluated. Index selection for increased pod yield and reduced leafspot susceptibility was between 87% and 100% as efficient as direct selection for either trait. Combining several leafspot severity readings with pod yield did not improve the efficiency of the index. Fourteen to 17% of the breeding value of the population was accounted for by the traits combined in various indices. This indicated that there is potential for improvement of these indices.
Calcium, Nitrogen, and Rhizobium Effects on Arachis Hypogaea L. Valencia C
Authors: Taylor Robert G. , Moshrefi Karim
Published: April 2010

Nutritional needs of numerous plants (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars have been extensively examined, especially responses to N fertilizer, Ca availability in the soil solution, and the use of rhizobium soil inoculum. The nutritional effects of these three factors and their interactions on particular processes at various stages of growth and development of the plant were examined. Three levels of Ca and four N treatments were tested in a greenhouse on two sets of the Valencia C peanut cultivar, one receiving a soil inoculum and the other did not. Nutritional and soil inoculum treatment effects on primary stalk length, flower production, peg and pod development, and nodulation occurrence were statistically examined.

Calcium and N were found to strongly, and independently, influence plant nodulation. Soil inoculation had no influence on flowering, peg or pod production. However, both Ca and N independently influenced these processes. Synergism between Ca and N appeared to influence peg development but not pod development. Additionally, the presence of rhizobium inoculum did not increase pod development. The presence of rhizobium soil inoculum which promoted nodule formation, was not closely related to fruit production but was related to the growth of the aerial portion of the plant.
Effect of Pod Maturity and Plant Age on Pod and Seed Size Distributions of Florunner Peanuts
Authors: Williams E. Jay , Ware Glenn O. , Lai Jia-Yee , Drexler J. Stanley
Published: April 2010

Florunner peanut pods (Arachis hypogaea L.) were sampled at nine weekly intervals from 92 to 148 days after planting (DAP) in crop year 1979. The fresh pods were divided into six maturity categories according to the color and structure of the mesocarp. After drying, individual pods and seed for each maturity class and date were sized over a series of screen slots conforming to official grade standards. The cumulative distribution function (CDF) for the logistic distribution was used to quantify the cumulative percentage by weight of pods and seed which rode a designated screen. The parameters of the logistic CDF were regressed separately by maturity class as functions of plant age. These relationships provide a mathematical approach for a better understanding of the influence of pod maturity and plant age on pod and seed sizes.
Effects of Modification of the Plant Canopy Environment on Sclerotinia Blight of Peanut
Authors: Dow R. L. , Powell N. L. , Porter D. M.
Published: April 2010

The development of Sclerotinia blight, caused by Sclerotinia minor Jagger under various environmental conditions, was studied in field plots of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). The peanut plant canopy was modified to produce desired environmental parameters. The modifications included the thinning of canopy foliage to allow air circulation that would decrease canopy humidity and the addition of water-filled troughs under an unthinned canopy that would increase humidity. Canopy relative humidity and soil moisture under the canopy was decreased by canopy thinning. Following infection by S. minor, the number of infection foci and disease development was reduced in the thinned canopy; however, thinning also reduced pod yield. Disease development was not increased, nor was yield affected by the addition of the water-filled troughs which increased humidity levels in the canopy. Soil moisture and canopy light interception were important variables in multiple linear regression models for the disease severity index and longest lesion length in the thinned and unthinned-trough plots.
Heterosis and Combining Ability Studies and Relationship Among Fruit and Seed Characters in Peanut1
Authors: Dwivedi S. L. , Thendapani K. , Nigam S. N.
Published: April 2010

F1 progenies from an 8 × 8 full diallel cross were studied for the inheritance of fruit yield and fruit and seed characters which are important in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) quality breeding. Substantial genetic variaton was observed for most characters among parents and crosses. Presence of significant heterotic crosses for several characters was an indication of genetic diversity present among the parental lines. Whereas fruit and seed traits were controlled largely by additive genetic effects and fruits/plant and fruit weight/plant by nonadditive genetic effects, for shelling percentage both were equally important. Estimates of general combining ability (gca) for ICGV 86564 was best for various fruit and seed traits. Other genotypes with good gca were ICG 2379 and ICG 3043 for fruit weight/plant and ICGV 87123 for shelling percentage. ICG 4906, ICG 7360, and ICGV 86564 showed significant maternal effects for various traits. Significant maternal interaction effect was evident for more than six traits in six crosses. A positive association among fruit and seed traits, and of fruit weight/plant with fruit number and with fruit/seed length and width should result in progenies with larger fruit/seed size coupled with increased yields.
Effects of Cleaning Peanuts on Insect Damage, Insect Population Growth and Insecticide Efficacy1
Authors: Arthuf Frank H.
Published: April 2010

Farmers stock peanuts were either cleaned by removing foreign material and reducing loose-shell kernels (LSK) or left uncleaned before being treated with insecticides, stored, and artificially infested with several stored peanut insect pest species. The uncleaned peanuts contained only 2.8% foreign material. After 8 and 10 months the percentage of insect-damaged cracked pod kernels was 1.7 to 3.4 X greater in cleaned treated peanuts than in uncleaned treated peanuts, and there was a direct inverse relationship between the number of LSK and the percentage of damaged cracked pod kernels. After 8 and 10 months, the percentage of damaged cracked pod kernels in each class of peanuts, cleaned and uncleaned, was 1.6-5.7 X greater in peanuts treated with 52 ppm malathion than in peanuts treated with either 25 ppm chlorpyrifos-methyl or 25 ppm chlorpyrifos-methyl + 4 ppm methoprene. A significant difference in insect populations between cleaned and uncleaned peanuts occurred in untreated peanuts after two months, when almond moth and Indianmeal moth populations were greater in uncleaned peanuts. Thus, even a small amount of foreign material may provide a hospitable habitat for insect population growth. There were no significant differences in either insect damage or insect populations between chlorpyrifos-methyl and chlorpyrifos-methyl + methoprene.
Parasitism of Rust, Early and Late Leafspot Pathogens of Peanut by Verticillium Lecanii
Authors: Subrahmanyam P. , Reddy P. M. , McDonald D.
Published: April 2010

Verticillium lecanii was found parasitizing rust, early and late leafspot pathogens of peanut in the glasshouse at ICRISAT Center and in fanners' fields in the Indian States of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. In inoculation experiments, there was a significant reduction in the extent of rust and late leafspot development on peanut leaves inoculated with V. lecanii. Receptivity and percentage leaf area damage of rust and late leafspot were reduced when inoculated with V. lecanii. The potential use of V. lecanii in biological control of rust and leafspot diseases of peanut is discussed.
Evaluation of Ammonium Bicarbonate for Control of Soilborne Peanut Pathogens
Authors: Brenneman T. B. , Csinos A. S. , Phipps P. M.
Published: April 2010

Ammonium bicarbonate was evaluated for efficacy against southern stem rot and Sclerotinia blight of peanut in Georgia and Virginia, respectively. In vitro studies indicated the material provided little inhibition of mycelial growth by Sclerotinia minor and Sclerotium rolfsii, and negligible inhibition of mycelial growth of Rhizoctonia solani AG-4. However, ammonium bicarbonate did effectively inhibit formation of sclerotia by S. rolfsii in vitro. In the field, it was phytotoxic when applied as a granule or as a foliar spray and in general was not effective in controlling disease or increasing pod yield.
A Note on the Effect of Soil Reaction and Zinc Concentration on Peanut Tissue Zinc1
Authors: Cox F. R.
Published: April 2010

Zinc uptake by peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) is affected by both soil pH and extractable Zn concentration, but the combined effect of these two factors is not well defined. An experiment with lime rates was conducted using NC7 peanuts that showed an exponential decrease in leaf Zn as the soil pH increased from 4.3 to 6.1. The decrease was very rapid when the soil was more acid, and less rapid as acidity decreased. Plant Zn was also shown to increase quadratically with increasing soil Zn with a data set from Georgia. These two relationships were combined, assuming no interaction exists, to be able to predict peanut tissue Zn as a function of both soil pH and extractable Zn with either the Mehlich-1 or Mehlich-3 solutions. Equations are presented that conform closely with currently assumed values of critical deficient and toxic concentrations in the tissue and soil for peanuts. These should be especially helpful in predicting potential toxicities over a range of pH and soil Zn levels.
Nontarget Effects of Soil-Applied Chlorpyrifos on Defoliating Pests and Arthropod Predators in Peanut1
Authors: Funderburk J. E. , Braxton L. B. , Lynch R. E.
Published: April 2010

Studies determined the effects of granular chlorpyrifos on densities of nontarget arthropods in peanuts. A portion of several commercial fields was treated during the early pod stage of peanut growth in 1987 and 1988; then, densities of defoliating pests and arthropod predators were estimated weekly. Populations of Helicoverpa spp. were significantly increased in 1987 by chlorpyrifos application, but were not significantly affected in 1988. Densities of the velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner, were low on most sample dates. On dates when densities were great, populations were directly suppressed by chlorpyrifos application. Densities of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), were always low, and were not affected by chlorpyrifos application. Arthropod predators sampled included the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren; spiders (Aranaea: Araneidae); ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae); earwigs (Dermaptera: Labiduridae); damsel bugs (Hemiptera: Nabidae); and bigeyed bugs (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae). Densities of spiders were significantly decreased by chlorpyrifos application. The other predators were not significantly affected. These results demonstrate that chlorpyrifos application results in nontarget effects on defoliating pest populations. Treated fields should be scouted regularly, because such fields may have an increased potential for outbreaks of some defoliating pests.
A Morphological Appraisal of Wild Species in Section Arachis of Peanuts1
Authors: Stalker H. T.
Published: April 2010

The cultivated peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., is a member of section Arachis nom. nud. along with its tetraploid progenitor, A. monticola Krap. et Rig., four validly described diploid species, eight diploid species whose names have never been validly published, and a large collection of taxa discovered since 1975. Systematic relationships and possible species circumscriptors are assessed in section Arachis by means of numerical taxonomy. Seventy-three accessions were grown in the field and three randomly selected specimens of each accession were evaluated. Numerical techniques in the form of cluster and principal components analyses were used on 56 characters, including 20 reproductive, 30 vegetative, and six created variables. Most variation was observed for leaflet size and shape, followed by branching habits and flower size. Although grouping of accessions did not always conform to expectations based on published species descriptions, general relationships among taxa are evident from the analyses. A total of 20 to 25 species will likely exist in section Arachis based on the observed variability.
Effects of Two Cropping and Two Tillage Systems and Pesticides on Peanut Pest Management1
Authors: Minton N. A. , Csinos A. S. , Lynch R. E. , Brenneman T. B.
Published: April 2010

In one or more years of a 3-year study, white mold (Sclerotium rolfsii) and Rhizoctonia limb rot (Rhizoctonia solani) damaged peanuts less in a wheat-peanut than in the fallow-peanut cropping system, but velvetbean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis) damage was less in the fallow-peanut. Thrips (Frankliniella fusca) and Rhizoctonia limb rot damage was less in minimum tillage than in conventional tillage but root-knot nematode (Melodogyne arenaria) damage was less in conventional tillage. Aldicarb reduced root-knot and lesion nematode (Pratylenchus brachyurus), thrips, and potato leafhopper (Empoascafabae) damage, but increased numbers of three cornered alfalfa hoppers (Spissistilus festinus) and velvetbean caterpillar damage. Flutolanil reduced white mold and Rhizocotonia limb rot damage. There was a high negative correlation (P=0.0001) of number of white mold loci with yield (r=-0.70). Rhizoctonia limb rot, gall and lesion indices and number of lesion nematodes in the soil were also negatively correlated with yield, but at low levels. Cropping systems did not affect peanut yields; however, tillage systems and nematicide/insecticide and fungicide treatments had major effects. Mean yield in conventional-tillage plots were greater than in minimum-tillage plots for the control and each chemical treatment. Mean yields were 11.1%, 55.9%, and 77.3% greater than control of aldicarb, flutolanil, and aldicarb plus flutolanil treatments, respectively, across cropping systems, tillage systems, and years.
Effect of Four Phenolic Compounds on Yield, Yield Characteristics and Oil Production of Two Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Cultivars1
Authors: Singh Parmil , Parmar Usha , Malik C. P. , Grewal Manjit K. , Bhatia D. S.
Published: April 2010

In the recent years phenolics have gained importance as PGR(s) [plant growth regulators]. To study their effect on pod development in peanut, four phenolic compounds (H-acid, 1,2,4-acid, resorcinol, and RD-Brown) were used in a field experiment with two foliar spray applications of 100 and 200 ug/mL at 35 and 50 days after planting. A randomized block design was used separately for two cultivars (C-501 and M-37 with three replications for each treatment. All treatments resulted in increased oil content and yield (kg/ha) of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). H -acid at 100 ug/mL was the most effective treatment for enhancing number of pods per plant, shelling percentage, yield (kg/ha) and oil percentage in C-501. While H-acid at 100 ug/mL gave the highest increase in number of pods/plant and oil percentage, resorcinol induced the highest yield per hectare and total oil content in M-37. The effect of phenolic compounds on these peanut parameters was independent of their structural configuration.
Control of Texas Panicum (Panicum texanum) and Southern Crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris) in Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) with Postemergence Herbicides1
Authors: Grichar W. James
Published: April 2010

Clethodim, cycloxydim, haloxyfop, fluazifop-P, fenoxaprop, and quizalofop were applied early or late postemergence to Texas panicum (Panicum texanum Buckl.) and southern crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel.) in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). Clethodim at 0.11 and 0.14 kg/ha, cycloxydim at 0.11 and 0.17, and fluazifop-P at 0.17 and 0.21 kg/ha provided excellent Texas panicum control. Fluazifop-P provided erratic southern crabgrass control, while clethodim, cycloxydim, haloxyfop, fenoxaprop at 0.22 kg/ha, and quizalofop at 0.14 kg/ha provided excellent southern crabgrass control. Yields of peanuts were usually higher following early postemergence application, thus indicating the timing of application is important in improving yields.
Unbalanced Airflow Effects On Multi-Trailer Peanut Dryers1
Authors: Baker K. D. , Cundiff J. S. , Wright F. S. , Vaughan D. H.
Published: April 2010

Airflow rates through each plenum port of 71 peanut dryers were measured in situ and ranged from 5 to 15 m3/min/m3. Dryers with one fan, or two fans in tandem, and with four or more plenum ports had lower airflow rates through the two ports closest to the fan(s) than through the other ports unless there was a V-shaped baffle in the plenum. Airflow rates were nearly equal in dryers with baffles. Simulation results for curing peanuts from 25 to 10% moisture content predicted a reduction in curing time from 61 to 46 h as airflow rate increased from 5 to 10 m3/min/m3. Little reduction in curing time resulted from increasing airflow rates above 10 m3/min/m3. Electrical energy consumption increased from 17 to 246 kWh/trailer and LP-gas consumption increased from 135 to 274 L./trailer as airflow rate increased from 5 to 15 m3/min/m3. Installing a baffle in a dryer to balance the airflow rates to individual drying trailers resulted in seasonal curing time and energy savings ranging from 0.5% to 3.5% for dryers with average airflow deviations. Economic return from installing a baffle in a dryer should pay for the cost of installation in one to three years.
Growth, Development, Yield, and Seed Quality of Florunner Peanut Affected by Late Leaf Spot1
Authors: Bourgeois G. , Boote K. J. , Berger R. D.
Published: April 2010

Late leaf spot, induced by Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. & Curt.) Deighton, causes serious yield losses of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in the southeastern United States. A two-year study was conducted to observe progress of late leaf spot and to evaluate subsequent effects of late leaf spot on accumulation of dry matter, leaf area index (LAI), and pod production of Florunner peanut in fungicide-treated and non-treated plots. Disease severity, which is an expression of both disease-induced defoliation and necrotic leaf area, was used as an indicator of disease progression in the field. The leaf dry weight, LAI, and the dry weight of the total biomass were significantly different at 93 days after planting (DAP) in 1986, and at 78 DAP in 1987 between fungicide-treated and non-treated plots. Late leaf spot reduced the potential yield (harvested and dropped pods) of Florunner peanut by 37% in 1986 and 46% in 1987. In non-treated plots, the abscission of pods was initiated later but progressed faster in 1986 than in 1987. The predictions of pod yield with the measures of healthy leaf area duration (HAD) and healthy area absorption (HAA) were adequate for fungicide-treated plots where pod losses were minimal. However, HAD and HAA were inadequate for predicting pod yield of a peanut crop severely infected by late leaf spot, primarily because this predictive approach does not account for losses of dropped pods.
Effects of Tillage Systems on Southern Blight and Pod Yields of Five Runner Peanut Genotypes
Authors: Grichar W. James , Smith Olin D.
Published: April 2010

Four runner-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars, moderately resistant to Pythium myriotylum pod rot and/or southern blight (Sclerotium rolfsii), and Florunner were compared under full-tillage, minimum-tillage, and no-tillage cultural systems from 1985 to 1987. Disease, yield, and grade evaluation were made to ascertain if the soilborne disease resistance would be beneficial to peanut production under minimum-tillage systems. Averaged over genotypes, yield was 500 kg/ha more with full-than no-tillage. In one of three years, Florunner yielded less than the highest yielding cultivar. Neither pod rot nor southern blight was a major deterrent to minimum-tillage production. Genotype differences in number of southern blight infection sites, over tillage systems, occurred in two years but the relative disease incidence was inconsistent among cultivars over years. More pod discoloration occurred in Florunner than in all other cultivars in two of three years. Percent sound mature kernels (SMK) + percent sound-split kernels (SS) averaged 3.6% less for the no-tillage than for the full-tillage system, and in all years the grade for Florunner was as good or better than for all other cultivars. A significant genotype x tillage system interaction was apparent for SMK + SS. TX835820 and TX835841 grades were significantly lower with no-tillage systems while other cultivars produced no significant changes in grade.
Lack of Monocarpic Senescence in Florunner Peanut
Authors: Kvien C. K. , Ozias-Akins P.
Published: April 2010

Essential to understanding any plant is basic knowledge of its life cycle. This investigation was designed to determine if the Florunner cultivar of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an annual or perennial from a strictly botanical standpoint. In order to investigate this aspect of the life cycle, it was necessary to determine if signs of monocarpic senescence were evident at the end of the customary growing season, and to determine how long Florunner specimens would live when disease, temperature and water were not permitted to become fatally stressful. To monitor for signs of senescence, shoot growth and N content were measured until the best harvest date (146 days after planting, DAP). Carbon assimilation and distribution, flower and fruit development also were determined at the best harvest date. No signs of monocarpic senescence were noted. Shoot N concentration was found to initially decline and then level off to a steady state of 28 mg N g-1 of tissue. At harvest, proportions of recently assimilated carbon were measured in root, shoot and fruit tissue. In the longevity portion of the experiment, individual Florunner plants were field-grown for 1158 days under protection from disease and cold injury. At 1158 DAP, the plants still showed no sign of senescence. Fruit of all maturity classes were present on every plant from 90 DAP until the experiment ended (1158 DAP). Throughout the experiment, most of the plant's assimilate appeared to go into fruit production. Tissue samples examined throughout the experiment showed considerable secondary phloem and xylem in older shoot and root tissue. Cork, derived from the phellogen, formed around older portions of the stem and root. Growth of xylem, phloem and phellogen were similar to other perennial herbaceous dicots.
Effect of Placement and Rate of PCNB and PCNB + Ethoprop On The Control Of Southern Stem Rot Of Peanut1
Authors: Hagan A. K. , Weeks J. R. , Bowen K.
Published: April 2010

Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) 10G and PCNB + ethoprop 10–3G applied on 10-cm (narrow) and 25-cm (wide) band widths, respectively, were evaluated for the control of southern stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii) and impact on yield of peanut. On-farm evaluations with PCNB were done in 1988 to 1990, while PCNB + ethoprop and diniconazole 25W were tested in 1989 and 1990. Narrow band width (10-cm) applications of the 5.6 kg a.i./ha rate of PCNB significantly reduced disease and increased yield all three years compared to the control; the 11.2 kg a.i./ha rate applied on the wide band width (25-cm) reduced stem rot incidence two of three years. The narrow and wide band width applications of PCNB + ethoprop at 5.6 + 1.7 kg a.i./ha and 11.2 + 3.3 kg a.i./ha resulted in reduced southern stem rot incidence and higher yields than the control. Disease control and yield response with PCNB + ethoprop were similar to those in plots treated with PCNB on the narrow and wide band widths. Diniconazole 25W, which was broadcast twice at 0.28 kg a.i./ha in 1989 and 1990, gave better disease control and higher yields than PCNB and PCNB + ethoprop only one of two years.
The Thermal Time Concept as a Selection Criterion for Earliness in Peanut1
Authors: Rao M. J. Vasudeva , Nigam S. N. , Huda A. K. S.
Published: April 2010

Breeding early-maturing cultivars is an important objective of many peanut breeding programs in the world. Most programs use subjective maturity determination methods in selection for earliness. This paper describes a procedure developed at ICRISAT to select early-maturing, high-yielding peanut cultivars based on thermal time accumulation by the crop. In this procedure, cultivars were harvested when the crop was exposed to a predetermined cumulative thermal time (CTT), and selections were made for high yield with acceptable levels of maturity-related traits in a no-stress environment. The predetermined CTT values used in selection for early-maturity represented a 20-day shorter crop duration than for the medium-maturing lines. Based on a 13-year meteorological record, the two predetermined CTTs, (1240 and 1470 °Cd (degree-days) equate to 75- and 90-day durations, respectively, at ICRISAT Center, Patancheru, India in the rainy season (mid June to mid October). It is expected that this procedure could prove useful in peanut breeding to select for earliness.
Variability Associated with Chemically Testing Screened Farmers Stock Peanuts For Aflatoxin1
Authors: Whitaker T. B. , Dorner J. W. , Dowell F. E. , Giesbrecht F. G.
Published: April 2010

Forty farmers stock lots of runner peanuts suspected of containing aflatoxin were identified by the Federal State Inspection Service using the visual Aspergillus flavus method. A 227-kg portion was removed from each of the 40 lots. Each 227-kg portion was screened over a belt screening device with 0.953-cm (24/64 inch) spacing to remove loose shelled kernels, foreign material, and small pods. Each screened portion was divided into ten 9.5-kg samples. Each sample was shelled, all kernels in the sample were comminuted in the Federal State subsampling mill, and the aflatoxin in duplicate 356-g subsamples per sample was extracted and quantified using HPLC methods. The total variability among the 10 aflatoxin test results was determined for each lot. The total variability was partitioned into sampling, subsampling, and analytical variability components for each lot. All variance components were shown to be functions of the aflatoxin concentration. Using regression techniques the functional relationship for each variance components and aflatoxin concentration was developed. The total variance associated with a 9.5-kg sample, 356-g subsample, and HPLC quantification when testing a screened farmers stock lot at 20 ppb is 295.2 and the CV is 89.5%.
Interaction of Tillage and Cultivars in Peanut Production Systems1
Authors: Grichar W. James , Smith Olin D.
Published: April 2010

Two Spanish peanut cultivars (SN 55–437 and Tamnut 74), two Spanish germplasm lines (TxAG-4 and TxAG-5) with partial resistance to Pythium myriotylum and Sclerotinia minor, and one early maturing runner-type cultivar (Langley) were compared for three years under nonirrigated conventional-tilled, reduced-tilled, and no-tilled culture. Yield, percentage sound mature kernels + sound splits (SMK+SS), and southern blight disease comparisons were made to ascertain if certain cultivars or genotypes would be beneficial to peanut production under reduced-tilled systems. Tillage x genotype interactions were not statistically different. When the yields and percentage SMK+SS for no-tilled entries were averaged, it was found that they were lower than the other tillage systems one out of the three years. Neither southern blight nor pod disease, caused by Sclerotium rolfsii, were yield-limiting factors in any of the production systems. However, genotypic differences were apparent for yield and percentage SMK+SS; TxAG-4 was consistently among the best yield performers, while the yield of SN 55–437 was consistently low. Tamnut 74 and TxAG-4 produced lower percentage SMK+SS than the other entries in two of the three years of the test.
Water Quality Impacts Associated With Peanut Culture in the Southern Plains1
Authors: Smith S. J. , Sharpley A. N. , Coleman G. A. , Webb B. B.
Published: April 2010

Water quality information associated with peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) culture is limited, but needed from both environmental and agronomic standpoints. In this study, we consider surface and ground water quality characteristics involved with conventional till (viz, moldboard plow) culture of irrigated peanuts. During a 3- and a 6-year study, sediment and associated nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) discharge in surface water runoff were measured from two similarly managed peanut watersheds in southwestern Oklahoma. Mean annual discharge from the Cobb fine sandy loam soil (Udic Haplustalf with 2% slope) was approximately 20 Mg ha-1 sediment, 18 kg ha-1 total N, and 5 kg ha-1 total P. Annual soluble N and P losses in surface water runoff tended to be small (< 1 kg ha-1). Even so, concentrations of soluble P in runoff frequently exceeded recommended eutrophication guidelines. Successful prediction of soluble P, particulate P, and particulate N losses was achieved using appropriate kinetic desorption and enrichment ratio techniques. Concentrations of N and P in the watersheds' ground waters posed no particular water quality problems. Sampling for pesticides associated with peanut culture was made during the middle and at the end of the study, but none were detected in surface or ground waters. Overall, additional attention should be directed to reducing soil erosion. This may be done by judicious use of cover crops, and/or reduced tillage practices.
Microsomal Polypeptide Comparisons Between High and Normal Oleic Acid Isogenic Peanut Lines Using Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis1
Authors: Wheeler R. A. , Smith Rex L. , Knauft D. A.
Published: April 2010

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. subsp. fastigiata var. vulgaris) developing seed microsomal polypeptides of the high oleic acid variant (F435) and its presumed isogenic, normal line (78-1339) were compared using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. A pair of 20 kDa polypeptides focusing at pH 6.8 and 7.3 was present in all of the polypeptide profiles from both isolines regardless of maturity or genotype except for (F435) at stage 1 maturity. The stage 1 (F435) profile contained, instead, an 18 kDa polypeptide pair focusing at about pH 9.3. Based on correlation evidence, we postulate that the 20 kDa polypeptides could be components of the $DT12-desaturase complex. The 18 kDa polypeptides appeared to be associated with lower desaturase activity, reduced linoleic acid and increased oleic acid seed content. Since the 18 kDa polypeptides focusing at pH 9.3 are not found at later stages, they are probably under developmental control. Changes in the developing seed polypeptides of the microsomal fraction over the four maturities are also reported.
Diversity of Phylogenetic Information According to the Locus and the Taxonomic Level: An Example from a Parasitic Mesostigmatid Mite Genus
Authors: Roy Lise , Dowling Ashley P. G. , Chauve Claude Marie , Buronfosse Thierry
Published: April 2010

Molecular markers for cladistic analyses may perform differently according to the taxonomic group considered and the historical level under investigation. Here we evaluate the phylogenetic potential of five different markers for resolving evolutionary relationships within the ectoparasitic genus Dermanyssus at the species level, and their ability to address questions about the evolution of specialization. COI provided 9–18% divergence between species (up to 9% within species), 16S rRNA 10–16% (up to 4% within species), ITS1 and 2 2–9% (up to 1% within species) and Tropomyosin intron n 8–20% (up to 6% within species). EF-1a revealed different non-orthologous copies withinindividuals of Dermanyssus and Ornithonyssus. Tropomyosin intron n was shown containing consistent phylogenetic signal at the specific level within Dermanyssus and represents a promising marker for future prospects in phylogenetics of Acari. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the generalist condition is apomorphic and D. gallinae mightrepresent a complex of hybridized lineages. The split into hirsutus-group and gallinae-group in Dermanyssus does not seem to be appropriate based upon these results and D. longipes appears to be composed of two different entities.
Computational Study of Ferrocene-Based Molecular Frameworks with 2,5-Diethynylpyridine as a Chemical Bridge
Authors: Ding Feizhi , Chen Shaowei , Wang Haobin
Published: April 2010

A computational study was carried out to examine the electronic and optical properties of the experimentally proposed ferrocene-based molecular diode that used 2,5-diethynylpyridine as a bridging unit. Density functional theory, time-dependent density functional theory, and constrained density functional theory were applied to investigate various aspects of the underlying electron transfer mechanism. The results not only advance our understanding of the experimental observations, but also demonstrate the usefulness of computational approaches for the design of new electronic materials.
Gene Expression, Bacteria Viability and Survivability Following Spray Drying of Mycobacterium smegmatis
Authors: Lauten Elizabeth Hunter , Pulliam Brian L. , DeRousse Jessica , Bhatta Deen , Edwards David A.
Published: April 2010

We find that Mycobacterium smegmatis survives spray drying and retains cell viability in accelerated temperature stress (40 °C) conditions with a success rate that increases with increasing thermal, osmotic, and nutrient-restriction stresses applied to the mycobacterium prior to spray drying. M.smegmatis that are spray dried during log growth phase, where they suffer little or no nutrient-reduction stress, survive for less than 7 days in the dry powder state at accelerated temperature stress conditions, whereas M. smegmatis that are spray dried during stationary phase, where cells do suffer nutrient reduction, survive for up to 14 days. M. smegmatis that are spray dried from stationary phase, subjected to accelerated temperature stress conditions, regrown to stationary phase, spray dried again, and resubmitted to this same process four consecutive times, display, on the fourth spray drying iteration, an approximate ten-fold increase in stability during accelerated temperature stress testing, surviving up to 105 days. Microarray tests revealed significant differences in genetic expression of M. smegmatis between log phase and stationary phase conditions, between naïve (non spray-dried) and multiply cycled dried M. smegmatis (in log and stationary phase), and between M. smegmatis in the dry powder state following a single spray drying operation and after four consecutive spray drying operations. These differences, and other phenotypical differences, point to the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway as a probable pathway contributing to bacteria survival in the spray-dried state and suggests strategies for spray drying that may lead to significantly greater room-temperature stability of mycobacteria, including mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), the current TB vaccine.
A Multiwell Electrochemical Biosensor for Real-Time Monitoring of the Behavioural Changes of Cells in Vitro
Authors: Adlam Daman J. , Woolley David E.
Published: April 2010

We report the development of a multiwell biosensor for detecting changes in the electrochemical open circuit potential (OCP) generated by viable human cells in vitro. The instrument features eight culture wells; each containing three gold sensors around a common silver/silver chloride reference electrode, prepared using screen-printed conductive inks. The potential applications of the device were demonstrated by monitoring rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts (RSF) and HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells in response to chemical and biological treatments. This technology could provide an alternative to conventional end-point assays used in the fields of chemotherapy, toxicology and drug discovery.
Chinese Leisure Tourists: Perceptions and Satisfaction with Australia
Authors: Wang Ying , Davidson Michael C. G.
Published: April 2010

Since the mid-1990s there has been a dramatic increase in the number of Chinese visitors to Australia, making China a significant inbound market. This study sought to ascertain how Chinese visitors' perception of Australia changed as a result of their visit. It also examined Chinese
visitors' satisfaction across a range of tourism experiences. Research data was collected from 380 Chinese visitors and it was found that “food,” “shopping,” and “tour itinerary” were areas where Australia underperformed on satisfaction. A gap between pre-
and posttrip perceptions was detected and it was found that meeting visitors expectation of quality, variety, and accessibility-related aspects was particularly important in achieving greater satisfaction. The research findings offer Australian tourism operators and marketers an insight into
the Chinese visitor's trip experience and satisfaction.
Book Reviews
Authors: McKinney Mark , MacLeod Catriona
Published: April 2010

Michel Porret, ed., Objectif bulles: Bande dessinée et histoire [‘Destination Balloons: Comics and History’]

Philippe Delisle, Bande dessinée franco-belge et imaginaire colonial: Des Années 1930 aux années 1980 [‘Franco-Belgian bande dessinée and the Colonial Imaginary: From 1930 to the 1980s’]
Hot-Extruded Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mg-Al-Sn Alloys
Authors: Kim Young Mo , Park Soon Sub , Park Seul Ki , Son Hyeon Taek , Lee Jae Seol
Published: April 2010

The microstructure of as-cast Mg-xAl-2Sn alloys consists of an α-Mg matrix, a Mg17Al12 eutectic phase and a Mg2Sn phase. In as-cast alloys, the Mg17Al12 eutectic phase was located at along grain boundaries. The eutectic phase of the extruded alloys was elongated in the extrusion direction and crushed into fine particles because of deformation during hot extrusion, and the grain size was refined with an increased Al content. The maximum values of the yield strength and tensile strength were 240 MPa and 300 MPa at 9 wt.% containing Al element, respectively.
Comparison of Functional Properties of Thin Layers on Titanium and Cobalt Implant Alloys
Authors: Grądzka-Dahlke Małgorzata
Published: April 2010

The development of arthroplastics places high demands on the materials used for load-bearing elements of orthopedic implants. The most common of implant materials are titanium and cobalt alloys due to their excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility. Titanium alloys have desirable properties, such as relatively low modulus, good fatigue strength, formability, machinability, superior corrosion resistance and so are frequently used for long-term implants. However, poor wear resistance limits their application for tribological systems of artificial joints. Research on improvement of titanium alloys tribological properties have been undertaken, mainly by using thin coatings. The TiN-layers are reported to be most promising in biomedical applications such. Many authors stress that application of TiN layer improve wear resistance of titanium implant alloys.
Presented work is focused on comparison of effect of TiN coating on properties of TiAlV and CoCrMo implant alloys. The structure, microhardness, corrosion resistance as well as tribological properties were analysed. The research did not confirmed the good properties of titanium alloy with TiN coating. The results show that matrix metal hardness definitely affects the efficiency of TiN layers.
Influence on Olive Leaves (Olea Europaea, var. Serrana) Antioxidant Extraction Kinetics of Ultrasound Assisted Drying
Authors: Cárcel J.A. , Nogueira Regina Isabel , Rosselló Carmen , Mariano E.S. , Blasco M. , Mulet A.
Published: April 2010

The olive crop has a great importance in the economy of Spain. Every year during the pruning of the olive trees a significant quantity of leaves are cut and discarded. It is known that these leaves constitute a source of antioxidant compounds and its processing would provide an added value to this raw material. Antioxidant compounds may be damaged when drying, the previous process to extraction. Thus, the goal of this work was to study the influence of the high intensity ultrasound applied during the drying of olive leaves on the kinetic of extraction of antioxidants compounds. From the parameters identified from Naik model, it can be concluded that the application of high intensity ultrasound during drying reduced the antioxidant activity of extracts at the equilibrium but increased the initial extraction kinetic compared to conventional hot air drying. This last aspect could have high interest to the antioxidant extraction from an industrial scale point of view.
Alloying Effects on the Hydrogen Diffusivity during Hydrogen Permeation through Nb-Based Hydrogen Permeable Membranes
Authors: Yukawa Hiroshi , Zhang G.X. , Morinaga Masahiko , Nambu Tomonori , Matsumoto Yoshihisa
Published: April 2010

The hydrogen solubility and the hydrogen permeability have been measured for Nb-based alloys in order to investigate the alloying effects on the hydrogen diffusivity during hydrogen permeation. The hydrogen diffusion coefficient during hydrogen permeation is estimated from a linear relationship between the normalized hydrogen flux, , and the difference of hydrogen concentration, C, between the inlet and the outlet sides of the membrane. It is found that the hydrogen diffusion coefficient during the hydrogen permeation is increased by alloying ruthenium or tungsten into niobium. On the other hand, the activation energy for hydrogen diffusion in pure niobium under the practical permeation condition is much higher than the reported values measured for dilute hydrogen solid solutions. It is interesting that the activation energy for hydrogen diffusion decreases by the addition of ruthenium or tungsten into niobium.
Automated Burner and Biogas Register for Sewage Treatment Mini Stations
Authors: Godoy Junior E. , Marcelino M.A. , Silveira J.L. , Camargo J.R. , Correa R.C. , Henrique L.N.
Published: April 2010

This paper aimed to develop a system of an automated biogas burner which records the amount of biogas burnt by a biogas low flow system. The biogas produced in miniSST (mini station of sewage treatment), biodigestors on a rural and residential, where there is a low production of biogas doesn`t economically justify its energy, it is only a case of an anaerobic waste treatment. The registration system of burnt biogas correctly calibrated may be homologated to obtain carbon credits. In these systems, of anaerobic waste treatment, due to the low flow of biogas discharged into the atmosphere includes methane it has a destructive potential 21 times greater than the CO2.The system developed was analyzed and the effects of the disposed gas produced by the burner converting it in CO2 proved to show less environmental impact. The automated system used in the small sewage treatment plants was almost insignificant when analyzed separately but when taken into consideration several systems working together there was a considerable positive environmental impact.
Evolution of Interdiffused Gaussian-Shape Nanolayer in Au-Si(111) System at Ambient Condition
Authors: Bal J.K. , Hazra S.
Published: April 2010

Evolution of interdiffused Gaussian-shape nanolayer of Au-Si, formed due to diffusion of Au into Si(111) substrate at ambient conditions, depends strongly on the Si surface pretreatment/passivation conditions. Negligible diffusion in the Au-OSi(111) sample, confirms the strong barrier action of the oxide-layer against diffusion, while large diffusion in the Au-HSi(111) sample compared to that in the Au-BrSi(111) sample suggests that the H-passivated Si(111) surface is more stable. This nature of the Au-Si(111) system is qualitatively similar to that of the Au-Si(001) system but it differs quantitatively. The size, electronegativity and bond-energy of the passivating elements and the number of dangling bonds on the Si surface influence the instability of the Si surface. This instability, parameterized by growth-time of oxide layer alone, can be utilized to tune the amount of diffusion into the sub-surface Si region. The distribution of growth-time and fractional passivated area, which are related to the improper Si surface passivation, are against such control and needs perfection.