bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of Multivariate Time Series Cluster Analysis to Regional Socioeconomic Indicators of Municipalities
Authors: Gružauskas Valentas , Čalnerytė Dalia , Fyleris Tautvydas , Kriščiūnas Andrius
Published: August 2021

The socio-economic development of municipalities is defined by a set of indicators in a period of interest and can be analyzed as a multivariate time series. It is important to know which municipalities have similar socio-economic development trends when recommendations for policy makers are provided or datasets for real estate and insurance price evaluations are expanded. Usually, key indicators are derived from expert experience, however this publication implements a statistical approach to identify key trends. Unsupervised machine learning was performed by employing K-means clusterization and principal component analysis for a dataset of multivariate time series. After 100 runs, the result with minimal summing error was analyzed as the final clusterization. The dataset represented various socio-economic indicators in municipalities of Lithuania in the period from 2006 to 2018. The significant differences were noticed for the indicators of municipalities in the cluster which contained the 4 largest cities of Lithuania, and another one containing 3 districts of the 3 largest cities. A robust approach is proposed in this article, when identifying socio-economic differences between regions where real estate is allocated. For example, the evaluated distance matrix can be used for adjustment coefficients when applying the comparative method for real estate valuation.
Hindrance and Benefits to Green Building Implementation: Evidence from Benin City, Nigeria
Authors: Alohan Ernest O. , Oyetunji Abiodun Kolawole
Published: August 2021

The clamor for sustainable development and reduction of greenhouse gases led to the green concept which, in recent times, has gained significant momentum. To encourage the widespread development of green buildings, an understanding of the awareness, benefits, and hindrances for their adoption is necessary.

This is relevant now that concerns over climate change have led to an increasing global demand for sustainability within the built environment. While the discourse is still rather muted in Nigeria, this study will contribute to the ongoing effort to raise public awareness regarding green building development and the potential benefits by evaluating the opinion of professionals regarding the subject matter.

Structured questionnaires were distributed among five different professions in the built environment and information sourced includes the level/mode of awareness, benefits and bottleneck, and support for its development.

The survey results showed that 43.48% of the professionals advocated for the development of green construction in Nigeria. The benefits and bottlenecks were ranked according to their perceived importance. The study recommends public enlightenment on green education, enforcement of mandatory training, formulation and implementation of policies directed towards green building acceptability. This will help promote and protect the built environment, and reduce health hazards posed by conventional development.
e-ConSus 2020
Authors: Basu Dr. Amitava , Das Dr. Sudipta , Das Mr. Rajarshi , Maji Mr. Kajal , Shaw Mr. Shashi Kr. , Saha Dr. Nimai Chand , Paria Dr. Sayantan , Adhikari Dr. Aniruddha , Tribedi Dr. Amit
Published: August 2021

The subject Area of the Conference was interdisciplinary. Therefore, Contributors enquired and looked at the broad question of Sustainable Development (Theme of our Conference) from the point of view of Natural sciences, Social Sciences, and Literature, Culture, and Language. The latest insights have been shared on the said themes as the contributors are from diverse background area.
Endoscope-assisted microsurgical retrosigmoid approach to the lateral posterior fossa: Cadaveric model and a review of literature
Authors: Fouda Mohammed A. , Jeelani Yasser , Gokoglu Abdulkarim , Iyer Rajiv R. , Cohen Alan R.
Published: August 2021

Background:

The advancement of endoscopic techniques in the past decade has improved the surgical management of cerebellopontine angle (CPA) tumors. Endoscope-assisted microsurgery improves the ability to evaluate the extent of resection, achieve safe tumor resection and reduce the risk of surgery-related morbidity.

Methods:

In this study, we used a cadaveric model to demonstrate a step by step endoscope-assisted microsurgery of the retrosigmoid approach to the lateral posterior fossa.

Results:

Retrosigmoid craniotomies were performed on four latex-injected cadaver heads (eight CPAs). Microsurgical exposures were performed to identify neurovascular structures in each segment. 0° and 30° rigid endoscope lenses were subsequently introduced into each corridor and views were compared in this manner. The endoscopic images were compared with the standard microscopic views to determine the degree of visualization with each technique. In each case, better visualization was provided by both the 0° and 30° endoscope lenses. Endoscopic views frequently clarified neurovascular relationships in obscured anatomic regions.

Conclusion:

Endoscope-assisted microsurgery could allow better visualization of various regions of the posterior fossa. Surgical planning for posterior fossa lesions should include consideration of this combined approach.
Biological features of ductal carcinoma in situ: clinical role and basis for treatment individualization
Authors: Kolyadina Irina V. , Butrimova Anastasia S. , Poddubnaya Irina V. , Kоmetova Vlada V. , Rodionov Valery V.
Published: August 2021

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is an extremely heterogeneous disease in terms of clinical manifestations, morphological changes, and expression of biomarkers, which determine the risk of subsequent development of an invasive breast cancer (BC). Diagnosis and treatment of DCIS prevents the development of invasive tumors (which reduces the potential risk of death from BC); however, the prognostic value of local treatment depends on the biological characteristics of its. The tumor grade, presence of comedonecrosis and expression of estrogen receptors are the key prognostic factors in DCIS for the treatment tactics and prognosis. The clinical symptoms of DCIS are very scarce, the most of tumors is diagnosed by screening mammography; the typical sign of DCIS is malignant microcalcifications or changes of breast architectonic. The sensitivity of mammography, ultrasound and MRI directly depend on the biological characteristics of DCIS. Surgical treatment (breast-conserving surgery or mastectomy) significantly reduces the risk of BC death in women with DCIS G2/G3, and radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery reduce the risk of local recurrence of non-invasive and invasive BC. The choice of the local treatment (breast-conserving surgery radiation therapy vs mastectomy) depend on such factors as: tumor size, localization, clear margins, and biological characteristics of DCIS. In contrast to invasive cancers, the negative margin in DCIS is more than 2 mm from the tumor. Regional lymph node involvement in DCIS occurs in less than 1% of cases; however, microinvasion is found in analyze the surgical specimen in 15% of patients, which raises the question about regional staging. Risk factors for microinvasion in DCIS are age less than 55 years, tumor lesion size more than 4.0 cm, DCIS grade G3, and tumor palpability. Adjuvant endocrine therapy with tamoxifen significantly reduces the 10-year risk of invasive recurrence by 51%, the risk of contralateral BC by 50% and the risk of death by 40%, but only for hormone-positive DCIS. HER2 overexpression is found in DCIS significantly often (up to 40% of cases) than in invasive BC, HER2+ status correlates with DCIS high grade G3, the presence of comedonecrosis and with increased risk of relapse (both non-invasive and invasive) but is not a reason for anti-HER2 therapy. DCIS low risk and DCIS high risk have not only different morphological characteristics, but also different models of biological behavior, which must be considered in the different choice of treatment tactics.
Dye Injection Flow Visualization Around a Rotating Circular Cylinder
Authors: ÖZALP Coskun , POLAT Cemre , SAYDAM Doğan Burak , SÖYLER Mustafa
Published: August 2021

In this study, the visualization of the flow structure around a circular cylinder was investigated with dye injection experiments. The experiments were carried out in the closed-circuit open water channel in Osmaniye Korkut Ata University. Experiments have been studied on a circular cylinder at different rotational speeds. Experiments were carried out at Re = 1000 according to cylinder diameter and free stream velocity. In the study, with the increase of the rotation speed, an acceleration layer occurs between the fluid velocity in the cylinder wake in the flow direction and the flow from the circumference of the cylinder and the speed of rotation. This situation caused the complete disappearance of the vortex ruptures in the flow direction and the emergence of Kelvin Helmhotz fluctuations. As a result of the study, it is seen that the flow control is insufficient at low rotational speeds, but the flow can be controllable at high rotational speeds.
Electromagnetic Analysis of Organic Waste and Blust Furnace Slag Mixtures
Authors: BALTACIOĞLU Kaan , BAŞAR Mustafa , KARAASLAN Muharrem , ALKURT Fatih , ARIPEK Samet
Published: August 2021

In this experimental study, a composite structure was obtained by combining apple pulp wastes with slag wastes. Electromagnetic field characteristics of test samples have been determined. In the scope of the study, dry apple pulp and slag wastes were transformed into square plate form using a specially designed mold and a pressing bench with a capacity of 50 tons. The measurements were carried out in the 3-18 GHz frequency band in the microwave laboratory. In the measurements, five different measurement results were obtained: air, high quality commercial absorber, pure apple pulp, 50 g apple pulp with slag and 150 g of slag added apple pulp. The results of the measured samples were compared and interpreted with the results of air and high-quality commercial absorber material. As a result, the samples formed by pure apple pulp, 50 g slag-added sample and 150 g slag-added sample in terms of electromagnetic permeability similar results were obtained. The slag-added sample of 50 g performed better absorption in certain frequency regions than the slag-added sample of 150 g. In addition, it produces close transmission values in three samples in the 8-12 GHz X-band frequency range. In addition, considering the absorption values of the slag-added structures, it was determined that they absorb to signals 90% on average in the frequency regions of 8 GHz and above.
Effect of Build Orientation on Mechanical Behaviour and Build Time of FDM 3D-Printed PLA Parts: An Experimental Investigation
Authors: ERYILDIZ Meltem
Published: August 2021

One of the important process parameters affecting the tensile strength and build time of the part is the build orientation. Therefore, in this study, FDM 3D-printed PLA parts were fabricated at different build orientations to examine the effects of build orientation on the tensile properties and build time of material. In this regard, three build orientations and three print angles were examined. According to results, tensile strength decreased when the build orientation of the parts was aligned from flat to upright direction and 0° to 90° printing angle. For upright build orientation, 36% less tensile strength obtained than the flat ones because of the fracture mode and the loading direction. In terms of build time, build time increased as the build orientation changed from flat to upright. Therefore, the build orientation had a big impact on the tensile properties and build time of the parts produced using FDM. The findings of this study will contribute to the literature on proper build orientations and print angles.
Participator, A Participatory Urban Design Instrument
Authors: Oosterhuis Kas , Hidding Arwin
Published: August 2021

A point cloud of reference points forms the programmable basis of a new method of urban and architectural modeling. Points in space from the smallest identifiable units that are informed to communicate with each other to form complex data structures. The data are visualized as spatial voxels [3d pixels] as to represent spaces and volumes that maintain their mutual relationships under varying circumstances. The subsequent steps in the development from point cloud to the multimodal urban strategy are driven by variable local and global parameters. Step by step new and more detailed actors are introduced in the serious design game. Values feeding the voxel units may be fixed, variables based on experience, or randomly generated. The target value may be fixed or kept open. Using lines or curves and groups of points from the original large along the X, Y and Z-axes organized crystalline set of points are selected to form the shape of actual working space. The concept of radical multimodality at the level of the smallest grain requires that at each stage in the design game individual units are addressed as to adopt a unique function during a unique amount of time. Each unit may be a home, a workplace, a workshop, a shop, a lounge area, a school, a garden or just an empty voxel anytime and anywhere in the selected working space. The concept of multimodality [MANIC, K Oosterhuis, 2018] is taken to its extreme as to stimulate the development of diversity over time and in its spatial arrangement. The programmable framework for urban multimodality acknowledges the rise and shine of the new international citizen, who travels the world, lives nowhere and everywhere, inhabits places and spaces for ultrashort, shorter or longer periods of time, lives her/his life as a new nomad [New Babylon, Constant Nieuwenhuys, 1958]. The new nomad lives on her/his own or in groups of like-minded people, effectuated by setting preferences and choices being made via the ubiquitous multimodality app, which organizes the unfolding of her / his life. In the serious design game nomadic life is facilitated by real time activation of a complex set of programmable monads. Playing and further developing the design journey was executed in 4 workshop sessions with different professional stakeholders, architects, engineers, entrepreneurs and project developers.
[E]motive Architecture: strategies for a behaviour-driven Space configuration
Authors: Cambié Viola , Zanoli Carlotta
Published: August 2021

As Architect and Engineer, we used to work with the concept of Space. Struggling to find an exhaustive definition, we risk thinking about it as a framework with the same properties of the object we are going to design. Looking at the Space as an abstract background of the objects that we are going to place in it, we risk to not understand how it plays a cultural and social role in human affairs. The configurations of people can be influenced by, or influence, a configuration of space: therefore, the apparent effect of Architecture on social outcomes seems to pass through the relation of spatial layouts. Movement is by far the dominant form of space use and, following this logic, we can argue how spatial configuration can influence the pattern of movement in space. Generative design processes can be used to define the properties for a space layout that better stimulate a sense of well-being through human behavior monitoring. The potential role of generative design processes finds its maximum expression wherever a certain problem's parameters and interactions bring a level of complexity, much greater than that could be handled by human cognitive processes alone. Generative design integrates artificial intelligence by using search algorithms to achieve high-performing results. However, the emphasis on the 'automated design procedures' should not overshadow the central role of the designer's intellectual capacity, essential for the critical judgement towards the employment of algorithms, the selection of input data parameters as well as the criteria of evaluation. Architects and planners now have the chance to calibrate their designs looking at human comfort and social interaction.
Pay-as-you-go City’: New Forms of Domesticity in a Technological Society
Authors: Ameijde Jeroen van , Sentissi Zineb
Published: August 2021

Ongoing urbanization, combined with market fundamentalism as the prevailing mode of political management, is leading to the spatial and social segregation of economic classes in cities. The housing market, being driven by economic interests rather than public policy, favors inflexible forms of ownership or tenancy that are increasingly incompatible with the more diverse forms of live-work patterns and family structures occurring in the society. This paper presents a research-by-design project that explores a speculative future scenario of housing, based on current developments in digital technologies and their impact on the mobility and accessibility to services enjoyed by urban residents. It references technology platforms that underpin the 'sharing economy' or 'gig economy', such as 'pay-as-you-go' car and bike sharing programs or internet and smartphone-based services for taxis or temporary accommodation. The study explores how new forms of participation in the housing market could circumvent the current segregation of different communities across the city. It describes a speculative system of distributed residential spaces, accessible to all on a 'pay-for-time-used' basis. By offering freedom of choice across domestic functions of greater range and accessibility than found within existing housing or hotel accommodation, the system would enable opportunistic or nomadic forms of living linked to the dynamic spatio-temporal occurrences of social, cultural or economic opportunities. The research references how new forms of social networking create new challenges and opportunities to participate in communities and explores how new technologies, applied to housing, can help to find a 'sense of belonging' within the technological society.
The Affective City: Cartography of Machinic Urban Assemblages
Authors: Passia Yota , Roupas Panagiotis
Published: August 2021

While the city is generally perceived -within complexity theory and dynamic systems theory as a changing field of dense interactions that occur in a range of spatial and temporal scales, we are unable to perceive it or describe it in these terms. The main goal of our work is to redefine space - ontologically and epistemologically- in order to reveal the invisible system of its interactions. Thus, the city is represented via a connectionist model, by means of the representation of the interconnections of its various parts. The project theorizes the city as a multiplicity, a structure of spaces of possibilities while at the same time trying to establish a liaison between the city's properties, tendencies and capacities. While properties are actual and can be observed, tendencies and capacities lie in the virtual level and become actual once exercised. Their intensive cartographies map zones of varying degrees regarding the density and intensity of information that is available pointing them as the city's islands of affordances. In this framework, Hecate becomes the city's virtual map, an interactive mechanism able to decipher, map and connect the superimposed layers of significance informing the city's layout and behavior, in real time. Visualized as a network of richly interconnected nodes of varying intensities, each representing information flows between the system and the city, Hecate is introduced as a visual thinking tool to perceive them in real time.
Robotic Fabrication as Catalysts for Emergent Topologies and Traditions: Nomadic Small Pavilions and Permanent Mega Structures in Kuwait
Authors: Dashti Hussain
Published: August 2021

This paper reviews tendencies and drives for future parametric computational design and robotic fabrication/construction automation. It sheds light on the local current impact of the computational paradigm and mass-customized robotic fabrication in Kuwait. This paper is intended to answer the following two questions: Is parametric design and robotic fabrication allowing for emergent architectural topologies? Is robotic fabrication a catalyst for legitimizing change in architectural traditions at a local level? This has been experimented on two building scales. One with more ephemeral or transient nomadic pavilions, designed by the author, intended to demand our momentary attention, offering essential opportunities for research, experimentation, heuristic testing and prototyping - public delight and exposure. Though impermanent, these can even go so far as to be catalysts for positive change displaying affirmative qualities of temporal architecture. On the other hand, the author shares parametric design and robotic fabrication practices/consultation on local permanent mega structures currently under construction. Such mega buildings act as proof that geometrically complex buildings do not stay in the realm of small experimental and heuristic research only, but incorporated in large-scale complex building, branding and placing countries on the global map. Robotic fabrication and construction gives rise to new paradigms such as "zero-tolerance" building with "file-to-factory" production allowing for Ruskinian tectonics blending structures with ornamental aesthetics, similar to gothic architecture. With the profusion of robotic fabrication and construction, the author claims that change in the physical built environment is eminent. A final inquiry will be raised as a future research topic pertaining to robotic in-situ "mobility-on-demand", Artificial Intelligence, "Machine Learning", "Big Data" and "evolutionary robotics" which raises the question of what will our future mass-customized cities look like and what type of physical infrastructure is needed to facilitate mobile robotic fabrication and construction.
Re-defining the Role of Interactive Architecture in Social Relationships
Authors: Boychenko Kristina
Published: August 2021

With rapid advance of new technologies and mediated built space has shifted from a static context of functions serving users to a new participant of social relationships. Interactive abilities and computational power allow built space to become smart, dynamic, and interactive, gaining agency, able to receive information and think, perceive and learn, respond and change behavior in real time. This paper considers architectural components and users as participants of a social network and investigates their agency within this network, modes of interaction and how the components of this system influence each other. Perception of space within or outside of the building body has become a derivative of interaction between the space and the users, and therefore subject to design and programming by architects. The principal goal of this paper is to investigate the new definition of social role of interactive architecture and explain how it communicates with users, investigate the new properties it has and how does it influence users' behavior and space awareness. It reveals the importance of bi-directional communication between society and interactive environment. Interactive space works as a mirror, reflecting social and cultural context, or a double-sided mirror allowing interactive environment to observe users and decide how to act in accordance with these observations. Within the framework of this discourse, architectural components and people are treated as agents of one socio-technical network with equal rights and agency. It considers both human and non-human elements equally as actors within a network, employing the same analytical and descriptive methodology to all actors within a heterogeneous network.
Crossbreed – (Re) producing the Future
Authors: Brosilovski Yael
Published: August 2021

The subject of technological intervention has been largely debated among the world’s greatest minds. Political, theological, psychological, biological and ethical implications have all been argued for and against the ‘technological other’. Does the fact we now CAN perform certain operations and changes to the human body and society at large actually mean we SHOULD? What impact can we foresee with unlimited human intervention in nature ‘as it was intended’? How can we benefit from an era of information flow, where crossing and hybridizing-disciplines, or as I term it “crossbreeding”, become the new breeding ground for innovation? How would Architecture be affected by a future that belongs to organic, non-organic humans and anything in between? This paper will discuss these issues and take a peep into where we might be headed in the near future, so to better understand the challenges that are ahead of us.
The Agrarian City in the age of Planetary Scale Computation: Dynamic System Model and Parametric Design Model for the introduction of Vertical Farming in High Dense Urban Environments in Singapore
Authors: Aiman Tabony , Enriqueta Llabres-Valls
Published: August 2021

Current conditions related to food security lead to study alternative forms of food production in cities such as vertical urban farming in high dense urban environments. This paper discusses the development of the Innovate UK award-winning project consisting of a dynamic system model that generates a large dataset of artificial environments linked to a multi-objective optimization model of urban massing for one square kilometer of development along the coastline of Singapore. The scope of the model is to reach the highest level of self-sufficiency in relation to food consumption. The model operates, as a dynamic system constituted of different subsystems including transport, water, agriculture and energy. These systems dynamically interact among each other and with their environment, which is considered the primary source of energy and the main provider of hydrological resources. A large dataset of artificial environments is created employing a Dynamic System Modelling Software; this includes different scenarios of environmental stress such as sea level rise, population growth or changes on the demand side. Such dataset of artificial environments serves as an input for the multi-objective optimization model that employs genetic algorithms to produce a large data set of urban massing including the distribution of a range of food production technologies in relation to pre-established conditions for vertical urban agriculture and compatibility with other urban programs. Connectivity, solar radiation and visual cones are the fitness criteria against which the model has been tested. This paper assesses whether artificial environments further away from the pareto front produce populations of urban design solutions that respond to extreme environmental conditions and environmental shocks.
Reconstructing identities and the idea of Global Regionalism
Authors: angera Ali M
Published: August 2021

We live in a time of great anxiety and change; a time of shifting allegiances where the certainties upon which we have relied have simply vanished. Our once familiar political landscape is in flux; pandemics, civil rights, China, Brexit, Trump, interminable wars and nationalism, have led us to seek answers in ways that are simple and easy to understand. The fingerprints of identity politics are everywhere.
Medinas: From Vernacular to Smart Sustainable Cities and Buildings
Authors: Fadli Fodil
Published: August 2021

Cities are the most prominent agile and resilient complex systems that evolved over time and space. Many of them survived for centuries, some for more than two millennia, like the Medinas of the MENA region, and they are still thriving. They survived many natural and human-made hazards and crises not to mention fundamental cultural and economic changes. Urbanists and sociologists believe that the key to a sustainable agile city is the existence and living of a community with its inhabitants and users. When the community vanishes, and the communal societal spirit disappears, it is only a matter of time before a city begins to decline and potentially fully disappears or mutates. A gradual disintegration of various infrastructure systems and services leads to crime rise, poverty, deficient educational and health systems, and a growing social divisions and inequalities.
Al Thumama Stadium: Local and Global Architectural Reach
Authors: Hawamdeh Hani Awni
Published: August 2021

The world cup stadia have been a constant concern for the hosting countries. Many of them have become a burden on the economies of their countries, only to become white elephants after the tournaments end. Therefore, the core mission of the Supreme Committee for Delivery & Legacy in Qatar was to ensure that the World Cup Stadiums are built with a legacy and to remain functional in the long run, not just as facilities, but as cultural icons. Such efforts have promoted the exercise of stadia building in Qatar as a positive and unique experience. As a firm, we, at Arab Engineering Bureau, are honored to be part of the effort all through the making of Al Thumama Stadium, which will be discussed in this paper. Instead of a white elephant, Al Thumama Stadium is arguably a symbol of the local identity that will become part of the World Cup legacy, whilst being a state-of-the-art facility that plays a vital role in development of its surrounding neighborhood.
Where Are We Now?
Authors: Oosterhuis Kas
Published: August 2021

After 16 years of leading the Hyperbody research group as professor of practice at the TU Delft, I wanted to do something completely different and looked at the Gulf region for further educational and professional activities. I was familiar with the region, having lectured in several countries of the Middle East and eventually having realized an office building in Abu Dhabi. My practice ONL [Oosterhuis_Lenard], which I run together with my wife and business partner visual artist Ilona Lenard, proposed a number of iconic architectural proposals for hotels and office towers, and was eventually awarded some prestigious commissions for master planning projects: the redevelopment of Manhal Palace, the residence of previous ruler Sheik Zayed in Abu Dhabi. Our continuous efforts to contribute to the building market in the UAE culminated in our realized design for Mr Abdullah Al Nasser, the LIWA tower in Abu Dhabi [2014]. I Joined the Department of Architecture and Urban Planning [DAUP] at Qatar University in September 2017.
Digital Master Builders: Disruptive construction technologies
Authors: Block Philippe
Published: August 2021

The United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs estimates that by 2050 the world's population will have increased by over 2.1 billion people (UN DESA, 2019). Providing housing and infrastructure for them would essentially require building an amount equivalent to what currently exists. It is simply not possible to build in the future the way we do today. To appropriately confront the urgency of the environmental crisis, the building industry faces three immediate challenges: 1) reducing pollution, particularly embodied carbon emissions; 2) slowing the depletion of natural resources; and 3) minimizing waste production. The first challenge refers foremost to embodied emissions (De Wolf et al., 2013, 2016, 2017). The second challenge asks for a reduction in the demand of material used by the building sector, since currently 40% of global resource consumption results in the disappearance of essential virgin materials (OECD, 2018). The third challenge centers on what is wasted during and after construction. In the European Union, 25-30% of all waste produced by humans comes from construction and demolition (EC, 2018).
The Extreme Structures of our Universe
Authors: Icke Vincent
Published: August 2021

My story is a tale of extremes. Extreme artificial structures that we have built on and around planet Earth. Extreme natural structures that exist in our Universe, and extreme structures in our mind, when we try to understand how this all works. Of all the possible artificial structures, consider telescopes. The first one, invented by Johannes Lipperhey of Zeeland, was soon copied by Galileo Galilei, which dramatically changed our understanding of the Universe. The object itself did not look very dramatic, but its human impact was extreme. Currently, engineers in Chile are building the European Extremely Large Telescope, which will contain a segmented mirror with a total diameter of 39 meters. The building of this extreme instrument could more than cover the full grounds of the original Leiden Observatory, which is the oldest still operating observatory in the world.
Urbanism Beyond Cognition: On Design and Machine Learning
Authors: Bottazzi Roberto
Published: August 2021

It could be argued that the introduction of new technologies always shifts the 'epistemological horizon' of the different fields they impact. New instruments allow expanding the range of parameters defining a discipline's working methods which in turn change their very definition. Design is no exception: for instance, the promises delivered by increases in data collection capacity and early computers helped Buckminster Fuller to redefine design as a planetary activity operating over large timeframes. Today the massive data storing capacities and the improvements on machine learning algorithms to mine them represent the latest development in this long series of epistemological turns. Though little design work has been occurring in this area, there is already an implicit emphasis on efficiency, which may hinder the development of more conceptual and cultural aspects of automated design. The paper will unravel such issues by discussing the design experiments carried out in the Master in Urban Design at the Bartlett, as way to expand conversations between automation, architecture, and design. Particularly, the emphasis will be on how machine-learning algorithms open design up to spatial elements that either are beyond human perception or currently downplayed in the design process. From climate change to rapid urbanization, the speed and scale of urban transformations call for an expanded conceptual framework in which automated design processes allow us to question received classifications based on type, programme, etc., pushing the design towards more complex, fluid, open, incomplete, and embracing urban proposals.
Fundamentals of Robotic Fabrication in Architecture: Multi Materiality, Multiscale Resolution and Multimode Production
Authors: Mostafavi Sina , Moharram Mohammad Saad , Khaeez Adeeb
Published: August 2021

This paper discusses the recent advancement in architectural materialization processes. The focus is on design to robotic production systems through which the realization of more efficient building processes and building products is achieved. Introducing three prototypical case studies, the research specifically addresses some of the major fundamentals of robotic production in architecture. Considering the fact, that building systems have consisted of numerous subsystems each with varying requirements, hybridity or multi-materiality is essential in architectural design. Therefore, computation to production of efficient hybrid systems with multiple materials is tested and prototyped in a series of case studies. The introduced multilateral system is a hybrid of concrete as the structural material and expanded polystyrene as the second substance. Beyond the description about computational design, digital modeling and robotic production methods, this project highlights how through using robotic production the process of mold making and concrete casting is re-examined. The second topic is the resolution, which is about simultaneous design to production in multiple scales, ranging from micro to macro. This is elaborated and prototyped in a case study on incremental metal forming. In this project, the very micro scale manipulation of bendable thin sheets of metal results in stiffness according to the design requirements. The last subject is explained in design to robotic production of a customized table with numerous components in expanded polystyrene that will be coated in fiberglass. In this design, multimode robotic production methods are implemented according the curvature analysis. As a result, the evaluation of the efficiency of the production process is feedback to design process in which hot wire cutting is applied to single curvature surfaces, while robotic milling is only applied where needed. Providing more details about the projects, the paper will conclude with a framework on fundamentals of robotic production in architecture.
Shared Models and Open Infrastructures for the smart City Internet of Things based on the Semantic Web
Authors: Banane Mouad , Belangour Abdessalam
Published: August 2021

Contemporary cities face many challenges: energy, ecological, demographic or economic. To answer this, technological means are implemented in cities through the use of sensors and actuators. These cities are said to be smart. Currently, smart cities are operated by actors who share neither their sensor data nor access to their actuators. This situation is called vertical: each operator deploys its own sensors and actuators and has its own IT infrastructure hosting its applications. This leads to infrastructure redundancy and ad-hoc applications to oversee and control an area of the city. A trend is to move towards a so-called horizontal situation via the use of an open and shared mediation platform. Sensor data and access to the actuators are shared within this type of platform, allowing their sharing between the different actors. The costs of infrastructure and development are then reduced. This work is part of such a context of horizontalization, within an open and shared platform, in which we propose: 1) a layer of abstraction for control and supervision of the city, 2) a competition control mechanism handling conflict cases based on the RDF (Resource Description Framework) semantic Web standard, 3) a coordination mechanism promoting the reuse of actuators using ontology, 4) an implementation of our work by a proof of concept. The abstraction we propose is based on models from reactive systems. They aim to be generic and represent the invariant of the smart city: the physical elements. They allow applications to control and supervise the city. To facilitate the development of applications we standardize the interface of our models. Since these applications may have real-time constraints, especially those that have control objectives, we propose to take advantage of the distributed architecture of this type of platform. Given the sharing of the actuators, we have identified that conflicts can arise between applications. We propose a mechanism of competition control to deal with these cases of conflicts. We have also identified that a coordination mechanism must be offered to applications wishing to perform atomic control operations. Such a mechanism promotes the reuse of the actuators present in the city. Finally, we implemented our proposals around a proof of concept, including several use cases, to demonstrate our work.
Adaptive architecture, an implementation with game theory. Emotional input and pneumatically driven actuator
Authors: Blanchi Yann , Touati Corinne , Mortamais Elizabeth
Published: August 2021

In the active context of adaptive architecture, this proposal tackles the field of Human Building Interaction. Indeed, material would no longer be inert but activated by the users, programmable and equipped with memory. The information chain penetrating each component of the house forms a field of globalities. On the one hand, in line with the under development of smart materials, giving intelligence to previously passive materials, we consider the pneumatically driven actuator material as soft robot and programmable and on the other hand, we implement swarm communications with means of innovative IT elements. Since the elements of the smart material are interdependent, we consider a novel approach of modeling their interactions, using tools from the vast field of game theory. The digital information travels gradually through the physical material. In a technical point of view, first, we expect that a pneumatic cells network could be considered as a Human Building Interaction. HBI could operate using both remote and haptic information, one constituted by emotional records, the other reacting to the physical contact. We focus on the emotional implementation and the haptic inputs, within a pneumatic cells network actuator. We considered both, inhabitant emotion and kinesthetic communication as inputs and we implemented pneumatically driven actuators. The pneumatic cells network is used as a soft changing interface, a dynamic architecture that links the building with the inhabitants, an architectural apparatus that supports an active process in a changing way. A program that can be described as a multi-player game addresses the pneumatic cells network.
Design as semiosis: A design mechanism for place branding
Authors: Krasaki Eirini
Published: August 2021

The described design methodology combines parametric design, data analysis, algorithmic design and semiotics theory to systematically analyze urban reality. The analysis leads to a creation of a nebula of data which corresponds to the place of interest. The nebula of data consists of networks of semiotics spatially defined. Through the proposed methodology, semiotics are used to enhance the perception that we have for a place and create a strategy for its' branding. Space is not approached as an empty container but as a complex system that consists of material and immaterial elements. The characteristics of these elements are quantified by their context and the logics of description to which they correspond. Logics of description are constantly changing following the multiplicity and the expansion of concepts. Therefore, space is constantly redefined following the transformation of the corresponding virtual data. Considering that each framework draws up an ideology following the change of context and the logics of description, a tool (machine) for analyzing written speech is developed, combining data visualization techniques, linguistics and design methodologies to configure logics of description. Written speech is transformed into a series of networks, visualizing their ontological relationships and disregarding the factor of time. A nebula of data corresponding to the mental reality of space is formed. Following a methodological procedure, the nebula of space is transformed to a nebula of place. The nebula of place contains its' key characteristics parametrized. A selection of these characteristics is combined to create the brand of the place concerning its' context and logics of description. The before mentioned methodological tool connects people, spaces, and machines enabling the connection of spatial data to create the impression (brand) of a place.
Using the fractal dimension to generate parametric Islamic patterns
Authors: Abdelsalam Mai , Abdelsalam Hassan
Published: August 2021

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the cause for over 70% of global deaths. Various levels of healthcare delivery from home-care to tertiary care exist for patients where patients with NCDs are treated. Demand for services provided by tertiary level institutions has increased tremendously along with the growth and prevalence of chronic diseases. Few of the other reasons include co-morbidities, greater complexities of diseases, greater public expectations, higher life expectancy, an aging baby-boomer population, identification of diseases at later stages of life and deferral of care among many other complex scenarios. Globally, rising demand for healthcare services presently sets challenges of under-capacity and under-staffed healthcare infrastructure. With the advent of technology in healthcare and by providing tools in the hands of patients, a shift in healthcare delivery is evidenced towards early detection of diseases and prevention as a means of patient-care and for tackling non-communicable diseases. Evidence based delivery models tend to focus on patient experience in the course of treatment. This has consequences on the physical spaces where care is delivered, as the focus shifts from the space to the patient. This paper explores how greater demand to address prevalence of non-communicable diseases and the advent of technology can create opportunities for development of healing spaces. For patient-centric care, this would entail from inclusion of technologically driven healthcare environment within a home-care setting to improving the functional efficiencies within existing and proposed tertiary level hospitals for patient-centered care. The notion of bringing hospital (healthcare) to the patient is becoming a necessity to create a future where patients would depend less on the model of in-efficiently functioning tertiary level hospitals and a greater effort will be required towards home-settings, applying the adage 'prevention is better than cure.'
Márka és márkanév
Authors: Kovács László
Published: August 2021

Although several million brand names exist worldwide, brand names remain an underresearched area of (applied) linguistics. The main goal of the dissertation is to show how linguistic research can contribute to a better understanding and the successful management of brand names. The dissertation is separated into two main parts. In the first part brand names are analysed through the lens of various linguistic subdisciplines emphasising how brand names can be the subject of linguistic research – e.g. whether or how to translate brand names, how foreign-language displayinfluences brand perception and how sound symbolic effects are connected to brand names. The second part of the book describes the cognitive position of brand names. In order to scrutinise their mental position associations to brand names were collected. The analysis of the data shows that brand names occupy a unique position in the mental lexicon. To emphasise the importance of brands as mental constructs, two new concepts are coined: cognitive brand representation and cognitive brand name representation. The linguistic endeavour undertaken in the book is supported by two chapters that place the findings into the context of brand research. An introductory chapter shows the marketing functions of brand names, while a closing chapter points out – based on the findings – how linguistic knowledge can help create brand names and how linguistics can help enhance the efficiency of brand management techniques.
A házassági névviselés gyakorlata a 21. századi Magyarországon
Authors: Szabó T. Annamária Ulla
Published: August 2021

This study presents a survey about motivations and tendencies in the choice of married names in Hungary conducted in 2017. Informants were married women between the age of twenty and forty, who were married after the last regulation of married names passed in 2004. All the seven possible official name types are listed and studied: A) the three traditional name types (with the -né suffix); B) the two-surname versions based on compromise: double-barrelled names with the two birth names; C) the two unusual or non-typical married names such as the woman’s birth name or the woman’s first name with the husband’s family name. The paper illustrates how identity factors can influence the choice of a certain name type. The traditional name types, the two-name versions based onn compromise, and unusual or non-typical names all have a different effect, because they express the individuality and the marital status of the married woman in different ways. The study presents the different opinions and interpretations of the married informants about the motivations of their name choice. This socio-onomastic research proves that the most popular married names contain the woman’s birth name in some form as an expression of their individuality while also reflecting their changed marital status.