bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immigrant and Refugee Youth
Authors: Balkin Richard S. , Winburn Amanda , Schmit Erika L. , Mendoza Samantha M
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses foreign-born youth and the unique driving forces that lead these youth to making the journey to the United States. Some minors make a voluntary journey due to professional or educational ambition or family connection, while others, including refugees and asylum seekers, migrate in search of humanitarian refuge from violence or abuse. Unaccompanied immigrant minors (UIMs) represent a complex service population because of their unique needs. Case study examples highlight some of the increased risks and traumas that undocumented youth often face: trafficking, post-migration struggles, and barriers to youth engaging in mental health practice. The authors identified useful approaches and a framework which are especially helpful when working with immigrant or refugee youth. They include useful definitions of legal statuses and cultural implications for each group, along with suggestions for increasing resilience in immigrant or refugee youth, their families, and the communities in which they reside.
Stress, Depression, and Suicide
Authors: Balkin Richard S. , Winburn Amanda , Schmit Erika L. , Mendoza Samantha M
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses stress, depression, and suicide in youth populations. Childhood and adolescence are a time of many changes. During this transition, youth may experience stressors that, when left unaddressed, can create mental health symptoms such as depression. Furthermore, in crisis cases, depression is a risk factor for suicidality in youth. This chapter explores how each of these elements may impact one another. While younger populations do have a lower rate, suicide is the second leading cause of death in children and adolescents aged 10–17. This chapter reviews risk factors, protective factors, precipitating factors, and warning signs of suicide. The author also considers the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide and how to work with suicidality from prevention to postvention.
Bullying and Violence
Authors: Balkin Richard S. , Winburn Amanda , Schmit Erika L. , Mendoza Samantha M
Published: May 2023

This chapter addresses violent behaviors and their implications for adolescents. Exposure to these behaviors, such as bullying, can certainly hinder academic and social development. Bullying is now documented as the most common form of school violence and, through technology, bullying has evolved into a complex psychological and social cruelty no longer confined to school buildings or playgrounds. While bullying is a much more heavily discussed, debated, and researched topic than in previous decades, and despite increased discussion and education on the negative impact of bullying, children and adolescents still experience bullying at the same or increased rates as those from previous generations. This chapter explores many of the topics that add to the complexity of bullying. Mental health, conflict resolution, coping skills, prevention, and interventions will be discussed.
Putting It All Together
Authors: Balkin Richard S. , Winburn Amanda , Schmit Erika L. , Mendoza Samantha M
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on mental health promotion, prevention, and intervention when working with youth in school and community settings. The author emphasizes the importance of developing positive mental health through expanding services, promoting prevention activities, and the addition of intervention in mental health disorders. The chapter provides an overview of risk and protective factors as well as characteristics of successful programs and interventions. Despite knowing what successful programs do, the multifaceted nature of youth problems requires complex solutions. Hence, change occurs slowly and in small increments. A key to creating lasting change for youth lies in collaboration across systems. Universities are uniquely suited to provide leadership in this area due to their resources and personnel who have the skills to develop creative and scholarly programs and pursue collaborative partnerships and external funding opportunities.
Creative Health for Pianists
Authors: de Alcantara Pedro
Published: May 2023

Creative Health for Pianists is a practical method for musicians of all abilities. It proposes a new way of thinking about the piano, emphasizing your frame of mind and your innate capacity to respond creatively to a musical and technical stimulus. Short musical snippets that encapsulate one or more aspects of piano playing are thoroughly presented and explained, then developed through tweaks, variations, and compositions of ever-increasing complexity. Musical materials are designed to give you space and time to think about how you want to play the piano. Sound, vibration, touch, and phrasing can then become integrated into a healthy totality. Every chapter contains materials suited to a complete beginner. Paradoxically, the same materials may be helpful to accomplished pianists interested in a new entry point into the labyrinth of music. The method is supported by a dedicated website with forty-eight pedagogical clips. All materials are original, and presented here for the first time.
The Way of War
Authors: Pearce Scott
Published: May 2023

Chapter 7 looks at major events in the early career of Shegui, also known as Emperor Daowu, the first monarch of Northern Wei (r. 386–409): how beginning in 386—barely past boyhood—he reconstructed and profoundly reorganized his family’s enterprise, which had in the previous decade collapsed under the force of invasion and the death of his grandfather, Shiyijian; how with development of his cavalry army and the ability to feed it, Shegui became a threat to a *Taghbach (Ch. Tuoba) rival, the Murong, another *Serbi (Ch. Xianbei) dynasty that had taken the Yellow River plains; and how the Khaghan led a dramatic defense against concerted Murong attacks on the *Taghbach heartland. At chapter end, discussion will turn to how in 396 Shegui turned the tables, leading his army of horsemen down onto the Yellow River plains to oust the Murong from the territories they had won not long before.
The Wolf Lord
Authors: Pearce Scott
Published: May 2023

As described in Chapter 12, the Wei emperor Taiwu (r. 426–451)—known among his men by the Inner Asian appellation Böri Beg, or “Wolf Lord”—led these troops forth to complete the conquests of the territories in and around the Yellow River plains. Over several decades the holdouts—mainly polities of Tibetan or Inner Asian origin—were one by one destroyed. At that point, the Wolf Lord led an army said—no doubt with hyperbole—to have numbered 1 million men south to confront his last major rival in East Asia, the rich, Yangtze-based empire of Jiankang. In the winter of 451 he arrived on the north bank of the river, where from a great tent perched up on a hill he could look across it at his enemies’ capital. But the effort went no further; the Wei monarch then pulled up his tent stakes to return to Pingcheng. And there he would soon after meet his own end.
Downfall of a Theatre State
Authors: Pearce Scott
Published: May 2023

In the last chapter, we see the fall of Northern Wei. The essential issue here was separation of the court from the military, the most significant part of which remained up in the frontier highlands, in the Six Garrisons. After decades of power struggle within the court, Empress Dowager Ling, Madam Hu (d. 528), emerged to control it as regent for her son (forced suicide of the heir’s mother having finally ended). Things went well at first. Drawing on the vast tax wealth brought in from the farming population through Equal Fields, the empress dowager helped build a Buddhist paradise in the new capital of Luoyang. In 523, however, the Six Garrisons collapsed, many of the men rising in mutiny. Abandoning their frontier posts, the troops began to pour down into the Chinese interior. Five years later, one of the leaders of those mutineers and refugees, Erzhu Rong, came to Luoyang. Calling Empress Dowager Ling up to his camp on the Yellow River, he listened impatiently to her words, then had her thrown into the waters to drown.
Summing Up; Looking Ahead
Authors: Pearce Scott
Published: May 2023

This concluding chapter recapitulates the two underlying issues encountered in the study of the empire of the *Taghbach (Ch. Tuoba). The first such issue is that Northern Wei was the first major example of a new kind of empire in East Asia, the “conquest dynasty,” regimes of Inner Asian origin that took control of territories inhabited for the most part by Chinese. This would be repeated again and again for the next 1,500 years. The second is historiographical: that this dynasty was renamed and reimagined to fit into the Chinese textual tradition, and in this way is presented in the texts that are our only received written sources for the dynasty’s history. The main purpose of this book is, however, to see the people who created this dynasty in and of themselves, to the extent that this is possible within the limitations of our historical sources. Thus this chapter also briefly summarizes the story of the *Taghbach, beginning with emergence of the khaghan Liwei on the Inner Asian frontier in the mid-third century, and ending with the drowning of Madam Hu in the Yellow River, almost 300 years later. In this process, they changed their name and nature repeatedly. What remained consistent, however, was that their power rested ultimately on cavalry armies, filled with loyal men of Inner Asian origin. When that had ended, the dynasty ended as well.
I Have Many Sick Hearts
Authors: Brockmeier Jens , Medved Maria I.
Published: May 2023

We live in cultural worlds abounding with stories of health and sickness and many shades in between. This chapter makes the case that it often is difficult, if not impossible, to clearly distinguish between illness narratives and narratives that tell how illness is interwoven with life and its challenges. Whatever else illness is, it is always interwoven with people’s personal experiences, evaluations, and emotions. It is endowed with meaning and sense making that cannot be distinguished from the significance illness has within a given culture. Drawing on resources from narrative psychology, narrative medicine, cultural psychology, cultural anthropology, and critical health studies, the authors elaborate this point in studying the stories told to them in interviews with Canadian Indigenous women who, living on reserve, suffer from heart disease. In particular they look at one multilayered narrative that gives a drastic example of the well-known cultural hybridity of life lived on indigenous reserve within a settler culture.
What Constitutes Mad Behavior?
Authors: Karlén Malin Hildebrand
Published: May 2023

The history of psychiatric diagnoses is characterized by both stability and change: stability, since some social behaviors are continuously included in symptoms of psychiatric diagnoses, and change, since others vary in such diagnostic inclusion and are only sometimes perceived as signs of madness. In the beginning of the nineteenth century, a medical framework replaced the Christian view of madness in Sweden, as in many other European countries. In the present chapter, social behaviors incorporated in diagnoses in 1821 are compared to those incorporated in diagnoses used in 1980 (DSM-III), exemplifying the changing emphasis among the biopsychosocial perspectives used to explain and understand mental disorders. These patterns of stability and change are considered within the grand narrative of mental disorders through diagnoses. The author discusses the practical implications of these changes over time, focusing especially on addictive behaviors and sexuality. Reasons for such stability and changes are discussed, as well as potential ramifications for psychiatric praxis today.
How to Narrate a Healthy Life
Authors: Hatavara Mari
Published: May 2023

This chapter follows findings in narrative medicine studies, where a need for a shift of focus from story content to the act and context of storytelling has been identified. For mental well-being, ways of storytelling seem more important than the “what” of the story. This chapter proposes an interdisciplinary combination of literary studies inspired by the narratological analysis of discursive voice and the investigation of narrative positioning, which originates in psychology. The analysis of interviews of two elderly persons focuses on how the narrators discursively and evaluatively relate their narrating self to their former self and what kind of positionings they use in their life storying. The two examples showcase two very different ways of narrating. Most importantly, the analysis of the different ways the storytellers narrate their lives points towards very different conclusions concerning the mental well-being of the two interviewees than what might be expected from the content of the interviews.
Memory Is a Strange Thing
Authors: Singer Christoph
Published: May 2023

This chapter reads the science-fiction film Arrival (2016) by Denis Villeneuve as a trauma narrative and shows how it foregrounds some of the pitfalls inherent in telling and listening to trauma narratives. The film can be said to subvert normative notions of what a narrative is and can be. This chapter addresses how Arrival and “Story of Your Life” (1998), Ted Chiang’s short story on which the film is based, represent and communicate the trauma of child loss by creating a sense of nonlinearity in a linear medium. The film defamiliarizes and deconstructs key elements of narrative such as genre, plot structures, causality, and chronology. The focus is therefore on the connection between temporality and trauma. More importantly, this particular focus highlights various, often implicit, readerly expectations when it comes to approaching narrative texts in general.
Prophecy, Madness, and Holy War in Early Modern Europe
Authors: Penman Leigh T.I.
Published: May 2023

This book documents the political and religious turmoil of seventeenth century Europe by exploring the life and doctrines of the German barber-surgeon turned prophet, Ludwig Friedrich Gifftheil (1595–1661). Inspired by family tragedy and theosophical religious writings, between 1624 and 1661 Gifftheil stalked Europe’s battlefields, petitioning kings, princes, and emperors to end the warfare endemic on the continent. Convinced that all conflict was prompted by ‘false prophets’—by which Gifftheil meant the clergy of Europe’s Christian confessions—he pleaded with rulers to abjure the counsel of their advisors and institute instead a godly peace. When this approach proved fruitless, Gifftheil reinvented himself by taking up his sword as ‘God’s warrior.’ Thereby he embarked on a quest to recruit an army of the righteous to wage holy war and establish peace with the blade of his sword. This work examines the growth and fallout of Gifftheil’s mission and its reception among Europe’s religious dissenters—including figures such as Abraham von Franckenberg and Quirinus Kuhlmann—as well as the results of his strivings in European political circles. Gifftheil’s story reveals an alternative transnational history of religious and political dissent in the seventeenth century. It casts new light on the place of prophecy and madness in the negotiation of religious authority, the origins of the theosophical current, and the stranger apocalyptic impulses at the roots of Pietism and missionary Christianity.
An Unknown Prophet
Authors: Penman Leigh T.I.
Published: May 2023

This chapter introduces Gifftheil and his story by means of his transformational encounter with Lucas Osiander in a Tübingen church in 1634, which establishes that Gifftheil’s story is rooted not only in the religious wars of the period, but also in the history of his own family. After contextualizing the study in recent literature on lay prophecy, the European theosophical current (especially the work of Antoine Faivre), and the history of madness, it evaluates the relative merits of approaches to biographical history. A survey of the existing historiography concerning Gifftheil is provided, which demonstrates that the prevailing view has been church historical, and many of the preconceptions about him have been in error. By contrast, the present work returns to the copious printed and manuscript sources, located in libraries across the world, to construct a focussed biographical study of Gifftheil.
The End of Days
Authors: Penman Leigh T.I.
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines the final phase of Gifftheil’s life, which he lived out mostly in Amsterdam, and poses the question: with most of Europe at peace, what place was there for a warrior sent by God? In Amsterdam, Gifftheil collected books and practiced medicine. After the outbreak of the Anglo-Dutch war in 1652, Gifftheil believed his prophecies had been confirmed, but his increasing militarism alienated more followers, like Christian Hoburg. In 1655 a series of accidents left Gifftheil near crippled, putting an end to his ambitions to lead a holy army. Nevertheless, his standard was carried forward by several new arrivals in Amsterdam, most especially Friedrich Breckling. The circumstances of Gifftheil’s final trip to England in 1659 and 1660 are related, during which he warned England against the Restoration, as well as his decline into old age and irrelevance in Amsterdam.
The Historical and Legal Context of Pay Communication
Authors: Bamberger Peter
Published: May 2023

This chapter begins with a historical analysis of the role of information asymmetry in employment relations in general and compensation and benefits specifically. The analysis explores how rewards management has changed over the decades and how these changes provide a framework for understanding the recent emergence of pay communication as a critical issue in employment relations. The chapter uses this historical backdrop to identify some of the factors underlying the emergence of pay communication and employee pay knowledge as critical aspects of rewards management, as well as the recent surge of regulatory action aimed at promoting the adoption of more transparent pay practices in many countries throughout the world. The chapter concludes with a review of these legislative efforts and a discussion of some of the main types of regulatory interventions that have recently been adopted or that are under current consideration.
Societal-Level Implications of Pay Transparency
Authors: Bamberger Peter
Published: May 2023

Regulatory efforts aimed at encouraging pay transparency and facilitating employee knowledge ultimately strive to achieve broad social goals such as reducing information asymmetries and barriers to labor mobility and addressing gender and racial pay disparities. The focus of this chapter is therefore on the degree to which broad-scale pay transparency interventions achieve such goals. In addition, the chapter examines the potential unintended negative consequences that such interventions may have on societal-level outcomes. Specifically, after first presenting a quick review of the various regulatory initiatives adopted by governments throughout the world, this chapter reviews the evidence regarding the impact of such interventions on four main sets of outcomes, namely the gender pay gap, labor productivity, inequality, and employee well-being.
The Bioethics of Space Exploration
Authors: Szocik Konrad
Published: May 2023

Human exploration of space contains many ethical challenges. Future long-term space missions will generate specific problems and place new demands on humanity. One of them is the concept of human enhancement, primarily through gene editing, for the implementation of long-term space missions. This book hypothesizes that large-scale application of human enhancement may be necessary to enable space exploration and exploitation. The book discusses the many arguments for and against human genetic modification for space missions. It also considers the most controversial type of modification, germline gene editing, and presents many arguments in favor of applying even radical and considered controversial forms of human enhancements today. The book shows that the environment of future space missions is a unique and different ethical environment from Earth’s and requires a modified bioethical approach. The bioethics of space missions should be syncretic, issue-driven, and highly dependent on the purpose of space missions. The book points out the importance of discussing future scenarios of human development. Space bioethics is presented as part of futures studies. The book considers futures of humanity in space that are possible, probable, preferable, but also dystopian. The aim of these considerations is to prevent the development of these worst-case scenarios. The book suggests that we should look to the development of biomedicine with greater optimism and hope. Human enhancement via gene editing for space missions is presented as a pragmatic tool rooted in the principle of well-being.
Is the Bioethics of Space Missions Different from Bioethics on Earth?
Authors: Szocik Konrad
Published: May 2023

Space bioethics is different from bioethics related to biomedical problems considered on Earth. This chapter examines the areas and contexts that account for these differences. One of the differences is a different understanding of human enhancement, primarily in terms of its purpose and justification. The space mission environment is a new and different moral ecology from Earth’s. The space mission environment challenges some of the moral principles and rules, such as the principle of autonomy and the rule of informed consent, but at the same time places stronger demands on the application of other principles, such as the principle of beneficence, among others. Space bioethics resembles military ethics in many respects, but there are also important differences. The most important is that military ethics is focused on decisions concerning life and death. It seems that the differences between space bioethics and bioethics concerning earthly problems are quantitative rather than qualitative, and the main challenge remains the ability to appropriately weigh methods and balance principles and rules.
Moral Bioenhancement in Long-Term Space Missions
Authors: Szocik Konrad
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses perhaps the most controversial form of human enhancement due to target and goal of modification, moral bioenhancement. Moral bioenhancement is considered something almost forbidden, as well as by many critics to be superfluous, leaving aside the possibility of its medical feasibility. This chapter shows why arguments critical of moral bioenhancement often lack justification. It also shows that the specifics of long-term space missions introduce a particularly strong justification for considering the concept of moral bioenhancement. The chapter discusses bioethical challenges around the applicability of moral bioenhancement to scientific, commercial, and space colonization missions. It points out that moral bioenhancement can only be applied in specific circumstances and only for a mission understood as space colonization. It emphasizes, however, that the main difficulties in applying moral bioenhancement are logistical rather than moral, but that ignoring these logistical challenges can lead to serious moral problems.
Space Bioethics, Population Ethics, and Space Colonization
Authors: Szocik Konrad
Published: May 2023

The concept of space colonization is often considered in the context of an argument for saving humanity from total extinction. As such, it is therefore the type of space mission that receives the strongest moral justification. However, it is worth considering whether, somewhat paradoxically, it is worth undertaking such an extraordinary task. This chapter considers possible scenarios in which saving humanity through space colonization has no special justification. This chapter discusses the risk known in population ethics as the repugnant conclusion, as well as the life barely worth living, which may justify the assumptions of antinatalist philosophy. This chapter points out that ultimately, the idea of space colonization understood as saving our species can hardly be defended, but it requires guaranteeing a high enough quality of life in space, which may require applying a program of universal human enhancement, including GGE.
Epilogue: The World Empires Made
Authors: Suh Chris
Published: May 2023

The Epilogue examines how the end of World War II precipitated global decolonization, yet the United States continued to maintain its hierarchical relationship with Asia during the Cold War. It explains that, after defeating Japan, the United States emerged as the supreme power in the Pacific by combining counterinsurgency campaigns to suppress radical nationalists with various measures to secure Asian elites as allies in their war against communism. Progressive Era American policies had a lasting influence. The Cold War “modernization” and “nation-building” projects in anti-communist Asian countries were in effect extensions of “civilizing missions.” The Cold War repeal of exclusionary immigration laws legislated against Asians did not exactly signal the end of anti-Asian racism. Rather, it demonstrated that the US government was willing to admit a small number of nonwhite immigrants if they arrived from its geopolitical partner, just as it did during the Progressive Era.
Women and the Politics of Education in Third Republic France
Authors: Clark Linda L.
Published: May 2023

In Third Republic France (1870–1940) the directrice of a normal school for training women teachers was the most important woman representative of public primary education in each department. Her role was central to the republican educational project designed to bolster the establishment of a stable democracy after the Franco-Prussian War. The laicization of public education figured prominently in republican efforts to combat the old alliance of “throne and altar” favoring monarchy and religious instruction in public schools. Although laymen taught most boys in public schools by 1870, many nuns staffed separate girls’ public schools. Thus an 1879 law mandated new normal schools to train lay teachers for France and Algeria. This study of 313 normal school directrices between 1879 and 1940, an important group of professional women not previously studied, explores challenges they faced and their responses. Often the target of political hostility, they defended republican schooling as they interacted with local notables and authorities. In an educational system divided by social class as well as by gender, they trained teachers for “children of the people” attending free primary schools, separate from the elite and less numerous secondary schools. Directrices were expected to be role models for women teachers and to emphasize women’s duties as wives and mothers. Yet their careers exemplified an alternative to domesticity at a time of much debate about women’s appropriate roles. Eventually some pushed against the boundaries of prevailing gender norms as they also joined professional, philanthropic, and feminist associations.
Training Future Teachers
Authors: Clark Linda L.
Published: May 2023

The role of directrices inside normal schools is the focus of this chapter. Their duties were pedagogical and administrative. They were expected to guide a school’s professors and to monitor and influence students’ behavior. Ideally the normal school’s atmosphere should be familial and the directrice’s role akin to that of a mother. Inspectors and rectors who monitored normal schools provided both criticism and praise, recognizing the directrice as the most important woman representative of public primary education in a department. Directrices taught courses in psychology, pedagogy, and moral instruction. In their schools and in publications they advised future teachers on professional conduct and emphasized that teachers should support the Republic and its policy of laïcité and religious toleration. Students’ reactions to their directrices and to experiences in normal schools varied, but many long retained positive memories, sometimes calling directrices the most important influence on their lives.
Directing Normal Schools in Petites Patries
Authors: Clark Linda L.
Published: May 2023

The personnel of normal schools in regions with distinct local particularities, such as the Catholic West or colonial Algeria, had to deal with special issues of language and culture. This chapter examines the experiences of normal school directrices in Brittany and Vendée and in Algeria, which lagged behind many departments in literacy statistics and educational achievement. Political controversies linked to religion in Morbihan and Côtes-du-Nord affected normal schools and their directrices. In the three Algerian departments women sent from France to staff normal schools frequently departed as soon as possible. On the other hand, the first directrices born in Algeria—Louise Sahuc and Félicie Muraccioli—each led schools for more than twenty years in departments of Alger and Constantine. Unlike the men’s normal school near Alger, the three women’s normal schools did not enrol young Muslim women before 1914, and fewer Muslim girls than boys were schooled.
Approaches to Feminism
Authors: Clark Linda L.
Published: May 2023

The French feminist argument, articulated by the Conseil National des Femmes Françaises (CNFF) and Union Française pour le Suffrage des Femmes (UFSF), that gaining legal equality and the vote would enable women to help relieve the suffering of the poor and disadvantaged appealed to women in primary education committed to serving “the people” and their children. The campaign of women primary schoolteachers in the Fédération Féministe Universitaire to obtain the same pay as male colleagues also influenced many women educators, spurring consideration of reasons why women did not receive equal pay for equal work. Normal school directrices, like most women educators, did not challenge the belief that women had distinctive roles as wives and mothers. Yet many became convinced that differences in gender roles did not justify legal and political inequality. By 1914 at least twenty-five directrices had joined the UFSF.
Self-Employment and Independence
Authors: González Ricoy Iñigo
Published: May 2023

Self-employment merits protection and promotion, we often hear, because it confers independence from a boss. But what, if anything, is wrong with having a boss? On one of the two views that this chapter inspects, being under the power of a boss is objectionable as such, no matter how suitably checked this power may be, for it undermines workers’ agency. On a second view, which republican theorists favor, what is objectionable is subjection not to the power of bosses as such but to their arbitrary, uncontrolled power. The first view is unconvincing, this chapter argues, as it entails (implausibly) that being under the power of others in realms like the family or the state is likewise objectionable as such. And although the second view yields compelling reasons for self-employment, it only does so when employers’ power is not suitably checked. When it is, such reasons are easily outweighed by competing considerations, like those stemming from the further forms of dependence—on suppliers and purchasers—that self-employment may prompt.
Hobby Lobby and the Moral Structure of the Employee-Employer Relationship
Authors: Silver David
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines the “Hobby Lobby case” to explore how to structure the employee-employer relationship in an egalitarian manner. The Hobby Lobby company sought and received an exemption from a legal mandate to provide its employees with insurance coverage for contraceptive services on the grounds that it forced its shareholders to be complicit in an activity that they found morally reprehensible. This chapter argues that the company should not have been granted this exemption because (a) it is up to the democratic process to determine how much we can ask people to contribute to the ability of others to develop and exercise their powers of self-governance, (b) the democratic process had already determined that employers must support the self-governance of their employees by providing them with contraceptive care coverage, and (c) it had thus defined a zone of employee self-sovereignty which is outside the realm of moral concern to their employers.
Introduction
Authors: Sachs Miranda
Published: May 2023

The Introduction sets up the central tension in the history of childhood during the Third Republic. Through the passage of child labor laws, the creation of a juvenile justice system, and the expansion of primary education, the Republic defined childhood as a distinct stage of life. It established these policies to promote the development of working-class children. And yet, even by the mid-twentieth century, only a small fraction of French youths attended secondary school. This chapter emphasizes the importance of age as a conceptual framework for exploring this tension. It then traces the longer history of childhood in nineteenth-century France. It engages with the challenges of defining childhood and of accessing young people’s voices. It concludes by providing an overview of educational policy in the Third Republic and by introducing Paris as a setting for this history.
Child Labor Legislation and the Regulation of Age
Authors: Sachs Miranda
Published: May 2023

In 1874, the Republic passed a child labor law, which was its first piece of social welfare legislation. In 1892, and again in 1900, it passed subsequent laws that set limits on young people’s participation in the workforce. As Chapter 1 shows, these laws represented a turning point. They were the Republic’s first attempts to define childhood as a standardized, uniform stage of life. They made age precise and numeric. In passing these laws, republican legislators shifted the power to demarcate stages within childhood from parents to state actors. But this version of childhood came into conflict with the expectations parents, employers, and even young workers had for young people’s participation in the workforce. Individuals from each of these groups found ways to negotiate or contest these laws. In doing so, they articulated their own versions of childhood.
Attitudes Toward Women in Government
Authors: Thomas Melanee , Mahéo Valérie-Anne , Bogiaris Guillaume
Published: May 2023

The experiments reveal some differences across provinces regarding candidate gender’s effect on evaluations, particularly to be a minister, since in Alberta the woman receives a more favorable evaluation, and in Quebec the man does. Overall, however, party has a larger effect than gender, via party issue ownership and a strong party in-group effect, and young adults in both provinces view women as capable for diverse posts and in stereotypically masculine policy areas. Broad acceptance of women as leaders is incongruent with the relatively low level of incorporation of women into high-profile ministerial and party leader posts in national politics, although at the time of the experiment Alberta did have a woman premier and parity cabinet, and Quebec had recently had a woman premier and women in powerful provincial cabinet posts. Women’s acceptance as leaders also fits with the large role social welfare policy plays in Canadian national and provincial politics.
Party over Gender
Authors: Dhima Kostanca , Piscopo Jennifer M.
Published: May 2023

In both California and Texas, young adults generally do not evaluate male candidates more favorably than female candidates; however, some gender stereotypes are apparent in certain policy areas. In the Texas sample the man is evaluated more favorably for security and infrastructure policy, both stereotypically masculine, while in California women are viewed as capable for masculine policies. The more favorable evaluation of the man for security especially indicates traditional leadership templates because the man and women candidates’ speeches presented the exact same discussion of security policy. Party mattered in both experiments, with significantly more favorable evaluations when the candidate was from the participant’s party. The more traditional leadership template in Texas is consistent with the state’s emphasis on self-defense. Broad acceptance of women in the California sample fits with the Democratic leanings of that sample and the greater number of high-profile women politicians from that state.
Neuroethics
Authors: May Joshua
Published: May 2023

Is free will an illusion? Is addiction a brain disease? Can neuroscience be trusted to read the minds of criminals and consumers? Neuroethics answers these and other ethical questions raised by brain science through captivating cases, philosophical analysis, and scientific evidence. The book covers core topics such as free will, addiction, mental illness, brain manipulation, moral enhancement, brain images as legal evidence, the reliability of moral intuitions, and even misconduct in neuroscience. By soberly scrutinizing the science and avoiding alarmist reactions, a “nuanced neuroethics” is developed that reconceives human agency as less conscious and reliable but more diverse and flexible than we ordinarily think. A central lesson for medicine, law, ethics, cognitive science, and public policy is that disordered and neurotypical minds are more alike than they are unalike.
Ethics Meets Neuroscience
Authors: May Joshua
Published: May 2023

What is neuroethics? This chapter begins with the case of a sex offender who developed deviant desires following brain surgery. Should he be held fully accountable for criminal activity that resulted from his treatment for epilepsy? The case illustrates one kind of issue that lies at the intersection of ethics and neuroscience. A preview of subsequent chapters demonstrates the breadth of neuroethics. The book’s main aim is to provide a unified take on this burgeoning field, with serious attention paid to both the philosophical issues and scientific evidence. So the chapter ends with an appendix describing some basic philosophical and neurobiological concepts necessary for navigating neuroethics.
Motivated Reasoning
Authors: May Joshua
Published: May 2023

Is human reasoning bound to be biased by our values? Split-brain patients are prone to make up explanations to justify peculiar behavior, but so do neurotypical individuals, including neuroscientists. Confabulation, rationalization, and other forms of motivated reasoning can make anyone biased in their collection or assessment of evidence. We are quite the opposite of Lady Justice, whose blindfold represents objectivity. Even neuroscientists are motivated to acquire profit, promote pet theories, and secure jobs for their lab members. And these goals can lead researchers to oversell their findings, ignore methodological problems, and rationalize questionable research practices. Nonetheless, there is reason to be optimistic about human reasoning and its ability to produce scientific knowledge through a marketplace of competing ideas and evidence.
Brain Reading
Authors: May Joshua
Published: May 2023

Should we trust brain science to read the minds of criminals and consumers? Concerns about justice, privacy, and the health of society might make one deeply suspicious of using neuroscience in such contexts, but such alarmism is unwarranted. Concerns about neuromarketing are often based on overinflated claims about the power of brain imaging to uncover our deepest desires. In contrast, some neuroscientific technologies do provide useful evidence in the law, or at least as useful as the evidence we already permit (an argument from parity). The benefits are modest, but this also limits the damage brain reading can do. Moreover, the meager benefits can be amplified when combined with other tools we already have in our legal toolbelts. The chapter begins with a case in which a man on death row is exonerated partly on the basis of his brain activity.
Storytellers
Authors: Link Nathan
Published: May 2023

The final chapter pivots from process of “decoding” the stories of Handel’s operas to examining the roles of opera’s many storytellers (including singers, orchestral musicians, librettists, directors, and the composer) and the relationships exhibited among these many expresses voices during performance. Drawing on accounts from operagoers of Handel’s day, the chapter reconstructs hypothetical audience perceptions of these expressive entities during performance, considering moments at which their respective voices seem most likely to have emerged to the fore. After exploring the manifold voices of operatic representation from the standpoint of their separateness, the chapter concludes by considering the possibility of a representational convergence of these forces, asking whether a figure akin to the implied author posited by some literary critics might emerge, temporarily, through their combined contributions. As a case study, the chapter investigates the significance of arias about nightingales, creatures that carried then (and carry still) highly charged symbolic and mythical resonance.
From Loafers to Labor Heroes
Authors: Kang Xiaofei
Published: May 2023

Chapter 3 examines how Mao’s mass line principle defined the campaign methods to bring “parasitic” shamans into the larger production force. The Party resorted to public trials, mass confessions, small-group criticism, and other means of public shaming to rehabilitate shamans. Local officials followed the official rhetoric to confront shamans and their ritual power at the grassroots level. Party propaganda further promoted a “new labor perspective” to establish labor heroes and heroines as new gender ideals in rural society. By all accounts, the Party extended the newly developed mechanism of intra-Party thought reform to a rural populace. Nonetheless, a traditional ritual culture of repentance, communal compacts, and official exorcism, as well as Confucian articulations of family and kinship, also shaped the actual operation of the mass line politics. For the purpose of establishing its hegemonic authority, the CCP navigated between the old and the new in order to effect moral and affective changes in rural society.
Conclusion
Authors: Kang Xiaofei
Published: May 2023

Chapter 9 concludes the book by discussing the historical, comparative, and contemporary significance of bringing religion and gender into the discussion of Maoist revolutionary politics. From Yan’an to Beijing, the subliminal yet ingenious use of religion and gender rhetoric fundamentally shaped the CCP’s mass mobilization. The chapter further points out the ramifications of the anti-superstition campaign’s rhetoric, methods, and stories for the Maoist PRC. The White-Haired Girl’s archetypal storyline of salvation justified the Party’s civilizing mission among China’s ethnic nationalities and paved the way for the Cult of Mao. Moreover, the chapter discusses how the Chinese revolution’s battle with ghosts and demons differed from the one against the Church and God in Soviet antireligious discourse. Finally, the revolution’s tenacious connections with China’s old cultural system underpin the Maoist legacies that sustain the current regime. The market economy may have dissolved the old rhetoric of class struggle, but the saga does continue for the CCP.
Moral and Immoral Whiteness in Immigration Politics
Authors: Matos Yalidy
Published: May 2023

Chapter 1 focuses on the framework of moral and immoral whiteness to make three interrelated arguments about whites’ attitudes on immigration. Grounding the book’s theory in the history of immigration in the United States, the chapter argues first that whiteness structures immigration and second that immigration attitudes are moral choices. Since whiteness is about an understanding of race and power and thus moral culpability, whites’ political attitudes and behavior should be understood through this lens. The final aspect of the chapter’s argument is that whites’ moral norms, the values, beliefs, and roles that dictate ingroup behavior, are intimately connected to whites’ socialization and in turn their political and psychological predispositions. The chapter argues that predispositions, individual-level traits that mitigate communication and information that people encounter and the extent to which the information is received, are byproducts of socialization.
Play, Performativity, and the Production of a Pup Identity in the United States
Authors: Matchett Robert M. , Berkowitz Dana
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores the processes by which those involved in the pup subculture construct and negotiate their pup identities and create and maintain pup communities increasingly through social media and messaging apps. It draws on data collected from 30 in-depth, semi-structured interviews collected in the spring of 2020 through summer 2020, to better understand pup play in the context of the United States. The results showed that pups used social networking to learn about the subculture, acquire inspiration for their pup identities, and forge digital communities across the globe. In addition, drawing on theories of performativity and identity work, the authors demonstrate how pups engage in a multidimensional identity-building process to access headspace and cultivate their pup identity.
Dominance, Submission, and Intersectionality
Authors: Sexsmith Sinclair
Published: May 2023

The shorthand for consensual authority exchange relationships is usually “power dynamics,” but the use of the word “power” is often challenged because it implies that someone “gives up” power, and someone else “gets” or “takes” power. In truth, when authority exchange relationships are smoothly working, everyone feels solid their own power. Studying personal empowerment, interpersonal “power dynamics,” and the institutionalized disempowerment structures, this is a personal essay that explores what it is to be a dominant in a relationship, feel into my personal empowerment, and be aware of my intersectional identities of queer, feminist, nonbinary, transmasculine, and anti-racist, in the transformative justice communities.
From Pain to Healing
Authors: Rubinsky Valerie , Cooke-Jackson Angela , Rodriguez Alejandre
Published: May 2023

Previous research on those who practice BDSM has identified many processes associated with its potential to heal or harm. Members of the community who engage in various forms of trauma play who have themselves experienced sexual trauma can find the space empowering. This chapter explores the specific BDSM communication practices identified as aiding in the process of sexual assault recovery. Using qualitative survey research, the present chapter identifies both specific communication practices like boundary-setting and safe words, as well as general communication processes like listening and feeling heard, that contribute to a sense of safety in play spaces. Findings include (1) safety and control as elements of BDSM that enable recovery, (2) the centrality of communication to BDSM, and (3) performing and reclaiming spaces of trauma as communication tools embedded in kinky communities.