bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Socioeconomic status, stature, and obesity in women: 20‐year trends in urban Colombia
Authors: Olszowy Kathryn M. , Dufour Darna L. , Bender Richard L. , Bekelman Traci A. , Reina Julio C.
Published: April 2012

Objectives:

Ongoing social and economic changes in developing countries are associated with increases in body size, and most notably increases in the prevalence of obesity. The social patterning of these changes in terms of socioeconomic status (SES) is not well documented. The aim of this study was to assess the changes in stature, body mass index (BMI) and fatness in adult women in urban Cali, Colombia between 1988–1989 and 2007–2008.

Methods:

We compared the results of anthropometric surveys completed in 1988–1989 and 2007–2008 of nonpregnant, nonlactating women, 18–44 years of age. Samples in both studies were stratified by SES. We calculated age‐standardized prevalence rates to assess time trends in obesity. Body fatness was assessed by skinfold thicknesses.

Results:

Stature increased in all SES groups and remained positively associated with SES. BMI increased only in the lower SES group, from 24.4 to 25.9 kg/m2 and remained negatively associated with SES. The age‐standardized prevalence of obesity increased from 7.9 to 17.0% in the lower SES group, but only from 4.5 to 8.2% in the middle SES group, and was unchanged in the upper SES group. Body fatness increased in all SES groups, but only in the upper body.

Conclusion:

The increased stature in all SES groups is indicative of general improvements in socioeconomic conditions. The increased prevalence of obesity in the lower SES groups is in keeping with the findings in other middle‐income developing countries. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Physical strength, fighting ability, and aggressiveness in adolescents
Authors: Muñoz‐Reyes José Antonio , Gil‐Burmann Carlos , Fink Bernhard , Turiegano Enrique
Published: April 2012

Objectives:

Recent research suggests that evolutionary selection pressures have shaped mental mechanisms to be able to assess one's own and other's physical strength, fighting ability, and aggressiveness. According to the recalibrational theory, anger may be linked to fighting ability and serve as a bargaining mechanism to improve welfare obtained in social conflict. We hypothesized that late adolescent men (but not mid‐adolescent men or women) use this mechanism, as it would be particularly adaptive for them to avoid potential costs from direct conflict in male competition.

Methods:

The present study investigated the relationship between fighting ability (estimated from handgrip strength [HGS], a measure of upper body strength, and self‐reported fighting ability) and aggressiveness (physical and nonphysical) in 288 Spanish adolescents aged 14–18 years.

Results:

Our results indicated a positive relationship between self‐perceived fighting ability and HGS in both sexes during adolescence. There was no association between fighting ability and aggressiveness in late adolescent women (17–18 years). For men, there was a positive relationship between fighting ability and physical aggression, but the strength of this relationship decreased with age. Additionally, for men, there was a positive relationship between fighting ability and anger but only in late adolescence, and thus arguing that for adolescent men aggression strategies shift from physical to nonphysical as they age.

Conclusions:

With reference to the recalibrational theory of anger, our results suggest that the sex‐ and age‐dependent associations between fighting ability and physical and nonphysical aggression indicate divergent adaptive skills between sexes, which are driven by intrasexual competition. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Umwandlung von Methanol in Kohlenwasserstoffe: Wie Zeolith‐Hohlräume und Porengröße die Produktselektivität bestimmen
Authors: Olsbye Unni , Svelle Stian , Bjørgen Morten , Beato Pablo , Janssens Ton V. W. , Joensen Finn , Bordiga Silvia , Lillerud Karl Petter
Published: April 2012

Flüssige Kohlenwasserstoffe nehmen aufgrund ihrer hohen Energiedichte und guten Transportfähigkeit eine Schlüsselrolle in der globalen Energieversorgung ein. Eine vergleichbare Bedeutung haben niedere Alkene wie Ethylen und Propylen in der Produktion von Verbrauchsgütern. In einer Gesellschaft der Nach‐Erdöl‐Zeit wird die Produktion von Kraftstoffen und Alkenen auf alternative Quellen wie Biomasse, Kohle, Erdgas und CO2 angewiesen sein. Die Umwandlung von Methanol in Kohlenwasserstoffe, bekannt als Methanol‐to‐ Hydrocarbons(MTH)‐Reaktion, könnte eine zentrale Rolle auf diesem Weg einnehmen, weil je nach Wahl des Katalysators und der Reaktionsbedingungen gezielt Benzin (Methanol‐to‐Gasoline, MTG) oder Alkene (Methanol‐to‐Olefins, MTO) hergestellt werden können. Dieser Aufsatz beschreibt eine Reihe von industriellen MTH‐Projekten, die in den letzten Jahren realisiert wurden, sowie den aktuellen Stand der Grundlagenforschung zur Synthese und Anwendung von mikroporösen Materialien für die gezielte Veränderung von Selektivität und Lebensdauer der Katalysatoren.
Design and Synthesis of New Biprivileged Molecular Scaffolds: Indolo‐Fused Benzodiazepinyl/quinoxalinyl benzimidazoles
Authors: Barve Indrajeet J. , Chen Chan‐Yu , Salunke Deepak B. , Chung Wen‐Sheng , Sun Chung‐Ming
Published: April 2012

The present article describes the design and synthesis of new biprivileged molecular scaffolds with diverse structural features. Commercially available, simple heterocyclic building blocks such as 4‐fluoro‐3‐nitrobenzoic acid, 2‐chloro‐3‐nitrobenzoic acid, and indoline were utilized for the synthesis of the novel heterocycles. Pictet–Spengler‐type condensation was used as a key step to construct tetracyclic indolo‐benzodiazepines and indolo‐quinoxalines linked with substituted benzimidazoles. Analysis of single crystals of representative compounds showed that these molecular skeletons have the potential to present various substituents with distinct three‐dimensional orientations.
Familial Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease caused by a 320.6‐kb Xq22.2 duplication and the pathological findings of a male fetus
Authors: Kitsiou‐Tzeli Sophia , Konstantinidou Anastasia , Sofocleous Christalena , Kosma Konstantina , Syrmou Areti , Giannikou Krinio , Sifakis Stavros , Makrythanasis Periklis , Tzetis Maria
Published: April 2012

BACKGROUND

Pelizaeus‐Merzbacher disease (PMD) is a recessive, X‐linked leukoencephalopathy attributed to impaired myelination during central nervous system development, caused by defects in the proteolipid protein 1 (PLP1) gene. PMD presents clinical variability, ranging from the severe connatal form to the classic form.

CASES

We report the clinical and molecular findings of two affected males, three carrier females, and an aborted male fetus with familial PMD. The two male probands presented with severe PMD phenotype and intellectual disability. High‐resolution oligonucleotide‐based array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) identified an Xq22.2 duplication of 320.6 kb (102641391‐102961998, hg18), including the PLP1 gene and surrounding chromosomal region. Postmortem examination of the aborted fetus at 25 weeks' gestation showed focal subcortical white matter degeneration, focal gliosis, and cerebellar atrophy.

CONCLUSIONS

Genotype‐phenotype correlation is provided. In the connatal form of PMD, leukodystrophy and cerebellar atrophy can occur antenatally and be established at 25 weeks' gestation. The observation of degenerative brain lesions occurring before the onset of subcortical myelination suggests that the PLP1 gene has a more complex role in human brain development, exceeding its structural function in myelin formation. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Highly luminescent CdTe/CdS/ZnO core/shell/shell quantum dots fabricated using an aqueous strategy
Authors: Zhimin Yuan  , Wang Jianrong , Yang Ping
Published: April 2012

To create core/shell/shell quantum dots (QDs) with high stability against a harmful chemical environment, CdTe/CdS QDs were coated with a ZnO shell in an aqueous solution. An interfaced CdS layer sandwiched between a CdTe core and ZnO shell provided relaxation of the strain at the core/shell interface since lattice parameters of CdS are intermediate between those of CdTe and ZnO. The photoluminescence (PL) peak wavelength of the core/shell/shell QDs was shifted from 569 to 615 nm by adjusting the size of CdTe cores and thickness of CdS and ZnO shells, along with the highest PL quantum yield of the core/shell/shell QDs reaching 80%, which implies promising applications in the field of biomedical labeling. Due to the decrease of surface defects, it was observed that PL lifetimes significantly increased at room temperature as follows: 29.6 34.2, and 47.5 ns for CdTe (537 nm), CdTe/CdS (555 nm) and CdTe/CdS/ZnO (581 nm) QDs, respectively. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of liver transplantation outcomes from adult split liver and circulatory death donors
Authors: Mallik M , Callaghan C J , Hope M , Gibbs P , Davies S , Gimson A E , Griffiths W J , Pettigrew G J
Published: April 2012

Background

Adult whole-organ donation after circulatory death (DCD) and ‘split’ extended right lobe donation after brain death (ERL-DBD) liver transplants are considered marginal, but direct comparison of outcomes has rarely been performed. Such a comparison may rationalize the use of DCD livers, which varies widely between UK centres.

Methods

Outcomes for adult ERL-DBD livers and ‘controlled’ DCD liver transplantations performed at the Cambridge Transplant Centre between January 2004 and December 2010 were compared retrospectively.

Results

None of the 32 patients in the DCD cohort suffered early graft failure, compared with five of 17 in the ERL-DBD cohort. Reasons for graft failure were hepatic artery thrombosis (3), progressive cholestasis (1) and small-for-size syndrome (1). Early allograft dysfunction occurred in a further five patients in each group. In the DCD group, ischaemic cholangiopathy developed in six patients, resulting in graft failure within the first year in two; the others remained stable. The incidence of biliary anastomotic complications was similar in both groups. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis confirmed superior graft survival in the DCD liver group (93 per cent at 3 years versus 71 per cent in the ERL-DBD cohort; P = 0·047), comparable to that of contemporaneous whole DBD liver transplants (93 per cent at 3 years). Patient survival was similar in all groups.

Conclusion

Graft outcomes of DCD liver transplants were better than those of ERL-DBD liver transplants. Redefining DCD liver criteria and refining donor–recipient selection for ERL-DBD transplants should be further explored.
Paclitaxel‐coated balloon with bare‐metal stenting in patients with chronic total occlusions in native coronary arteries
Authors: Wöhrle Jochen , Werner Gerald S.
Published: April 2012

Objectives

We sought to evaluate the efficacy and safety of paclitaxel‐coated balloon plus bare‐metal stenting (BMS) in chronic total occlusions (CTOs).

Background

Drug‐eluting stent implantation after recanalization of CTOs is limited by the occurrence of restenosis and risk for late stent thromboses.

Methods

In this prospective, bicenter trial we treated 48 patients after successful chronic total occlusion (CTO) recanalization in a native coronary artery with paclitaxel‐coated balloon plus BMS. Patients were matched according to stent length, reference diameter, and diabetes mellitus with 48 patients treated with Taxus stent implantation. Dual antiplatelet therapy was prescribed for 6 months. Angiographic (clinical) follow‐up was obtained after 6 (12) months. Primary endpoint was in‐stent late lumen loss.

Results

There was no difference in patient baseline characteristics or procedural results. Stent length was 59.7 ± 32.4 mm (16–151 mm) for paclitaxel‐coated balloon plus BMS versus 56.2 ± 25.9 mm (16–132 mm) for Taxus stent. Late loss was statistically not different within the stent with 0.64 ± 0.69 mm versus 0.43 ± 0.64 mm (difference 0.20 mm, 95% confidence interval −0.07 to 0.47, P = 0.14) and at the occlusion site with 0.33 ± 0.69 mm versus 0.26 ± 0.70 mm, respectively. Restenosis rate was 27.7% compared with 20.8% (P = 0.44) and the combined clinical endpoint (cardiac death, myocardial infarction attributed to the target vessel, target lesion revascularization) was 14.6% versus 18.8% (P = 0.58), respectively.

Conclusions

In conclusion, for patients with complex CTOs in native coronary arteries the use of paclitaxel‐coated balloon after bare‐metal stenting was associated with similar clinical results and a nonsignificantly higher in‐stent late loss compared with a matched population with paclitaxel‐eluting stent implantation (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00670436). © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Left ventricular end‐diastolic pressure as an independent predictor of outcome during balloon aortic valvuloplasty
Authors: Cubeddu Roberto J. , Don Creighton W. , Horvath Sofia A. , Gupta Pritha P. , Cruz‐Gonzalez Ignacio , Witzke Christian , Inglessis Ignacio , Palacios Igor F.
Published: April 2012

Objectives

In this study, we examined the predictive value of the left ventricular end‐diastolic pressure (LVEDP) in patients undergoing balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV).

Background

The LVEDP is a useful indicator of hemodynamic status in patients with severe aortic stenosis. In BAV, decompensated heart failure is associated with worse outcomes.

Methods

We identified all consecutive patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis who underwent retrograde BAV at the Massachusetts General Hospital from 2004 to 2008. Patients were stratified and compared according to their baseline LVEDP into ≤15 mm Hg, 16–20 mm Hg, 21–25 mm Hg, and ≥26 mm Hg. Procedural and in‐hospital outcomes and adverse events were compared. Multivariate logistic regression was used for the adjusted analysis.

Results

A total of 111 patients with a mean age of 83±11 years underwent BAV. Of these, the LVEDP was ≤15 mm Hg in 29 (26%), 16–20 mm Hg in 41 (37%), 21–25 mm Hg in 16 (14%), and ≥26 mm Hg in 25 (23%) patients. Baseline characteristics were similar among the four groups. Noticeably, patients with high LVEDP levels had significantly higher rates of the combined endpoint of in‐hospital death, myocardial infarction (MI), cardiopulmonary arrest, and tamponade was P = 0.02. Periprocedural MI was more common among those with higher LVEDP (16% vs. 2.3%; P = 0.04). Multivariate analysis revealed LVEDP (OR 1.08, for each mm Hg increase in pressure, 95 % CI 1.02–1.14), small LV chamber size, and New York Heart Association class as independent predictors of adverse outcomes.

Conclusions

The LVEDP is an important independent predictor of poor in‐hospital outcome during BAV. In these patients, the immediate hemodynamic status may be more important than the baseline left ventricular systolic function. Hemodynamic optimization before or during BAV should be considered and may be beneficial. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In‐hospital and one year outcomes with drug‐eluting versus bare metal stents in large native coronary arteries: A report from the evaluation of drug‐eluting stents and ischemic events registry
Authors: Gordon Paul C. , Cohen David J. , Kleiman Neal S. , Montgomery Jay A. , Semder Christopher A. , Kennedy Kevin F. , Keyes Michelle J. , Piana Robert N. ,   on behalf of the EVENT Investigators
Published: April 2012

Objectives

We sought to compare the clinical outcomes after perctuaneous coronary revascularization of large coronary arteries using drug‐eluting (DES) or bare‐metal (BMS) stents.

Background

In de novo native coronary lesions with reference diameters of 2.5–3.5 mm, DES reduce target lesion revascularization (TLR) with no increase in death or myocardial infarction (MI). The relative efficacy of DES in larger coronary artery lesions is less certain.

Methods

From the prospective Evaluation of Drug‐Eluting Stents and Ischemic Events registry, we identified patients undergoing stenting of de novo lesions in native coronary arteries 3.5–5.0 mm in diameter (n = 1,485). In‐hospital and 1‐year clinical outcomes were compared for BMS (n = 282) and DES (n = 1,203) patients, using propensity stratification to adjust for differences in potential confounding factors.

Results

Most patient characteristics were similar for the two groups, but BMS patients were more likely to have been treated in the setting of ST elevation MI, whereas DES patients had more bifurcation lesions, smaller vessels, and longer total stent lengths. In risk‐adjusted analyses, the composite endpoint of 1‐year death, MI or TLR was similar for BMS and DES (standardized rate: 11.9% vs. 8.5%, P = 0.10). DES was associated with a 62% reduction in the risk of TLR, although the absolute difference in event rates was small (standardized rates 4.6% vs. 1.8%, P = 0.016).

Conclusions

Among relatively unselected patients undergoing PCI of large native coronary arteries, use of DES was associated with a modest reduction in rates of TLR, with a neutral effect on other ischemic endpoints. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biocatalyzed Regio‐ and Chemoselective Ester Cleavage: Synthesis of Bioactive Molecules
Authors: Barbayianni Efrosini , Kokotos George
Published: April 2012

Biocatalysis is one of the greenest technologies for the synthesis of bioactive molecules, for which the presence of various functional groups requires selective protection or deprotection processes. The effective combination of protecting group techniques often results in additional chemical synthetic steps. At this point, enzymes can prove very valuable, as they help to circumvent several reaction steps, owing to the selectivity they show for a particular group. Specifically, carboxylic acid and alcohol functionalities, as well as esters, are of high importance for the biological properties of certain molecules. Esters are enzyme‐labile moieties, a characteristic that many drugs activity is based on. Ester cleavage is also required for synthesis, where beyond any doubt, the majority of reactions and conditions must be highly selective. This review aims to highlight a number of examples in the literature relative to regio‐ and chemoselective biocatalytic deprotection processes of the carboxyl and hydroxyl moieties, used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, bioactive molecules, and drug precursors.
On the Mechanism of Lewis Acid Catalyzed Glucose Transformations in Ionic Liquids
Authors: Pidko Evgeny A. , Degirmenci Volkan , Hensen Emiel J. M.
Published: April 2012

A complementary computational and experimental study of the reactivity of Lewis acidic CrCl2, CuCl2 and FeCl2 catalysts towards glucose activation in dialkylimidazolium chloride ionic liquids is performed. The selective dehydration of glucose to 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) proceeds through the intermediate formation of fructose. Although chromium(II) and copper(II) chlorides are able to dehydrate fructose with high HMF selectivity, reasonable HMF yields from glucose are only obtained with CrCl2 as the catalyst. Glucose conversion by CuCl2 is not selective, while FeCl2 catalyst does not activate sugar molecules. These differences in reactivity are rationalized on the basis of in situ X‐ray absorption spectroscopy measurements and the results of density functional theory calculations. The reactivity in glucose dehydration and HMF selectivity are determined by the behavior of the ionic liquid‐mediated Lewis acid catalysts towards the initial activation of the sugar molecules. The formation of a coordination complex between the Lewis acidic Cr2+ center and glucose directs glucose transformation into fructose. For Cu2+ the direct coordination of sugar to the copper(II) chloride complex is unfavorable. Glucose deprotonation by a mobile Cl− ligand in the CuCl42− complex initiates the nonselective conversion. In the course of the reaction the Cu2+ ions are reduced to Cu+. Both paths are prohibited for the FeCl2 catalyst.
Application of Laser‐Backscattering Instruments for In Situ Monitoring of Crystallization Processes – A Review
Authors: Heinrich J. , Ulrich J.
Published: April 2012

Laser‐backscattering instruments, such as the focused beam reflectance measurement or threefold dynamical optical reflectance measurement, are promising tools to aid crystallization process development, allowing an in situ, real‐time, and nondestructive measurement of particle size distributions. Besides the instrument principles, in detail geometrical and optical models are discussed which deconvolute the recorded chord length distribution. Emphasis is thereby laid on the influence of the suspension density on instrument recordings. The application of laser‐backscattering devices for determination of kinetic constants is discussed and future directions and perspectives are given.
Analysis of Liquid Jet Breakup in One‐ and Two‐Phase Flows
Authors: Ochowiak M. , Broniarz‐Press L. , Rozanska S.
Published: April 2012

The phenomenon of breakup of a jet into drops has been applied mainly to separation technologies in the chemical, pharmaceutical, and metallurgical industries. The paper deals with the experimental analysis directed at the breakup of polymer solutions flowing through an orifice nozzle. The analysis of the breakup and atomization of a liquid jet by a high‐speed gas jet is presented. Additionally, non‐Newtonian effects on the breakup of the liquid jet into drops were studied using the microphotography method. In the experiments, various aqueous solutions of polyacrylamide were used. The polymer solutions studied were power‐law fluids. Analysis of the photographs of the jet breakup showed that the length of the jets depends on the liquid and gas flow rates and on the concentration of the polymer used. High‐molecular‐weight polymers added to a solvent lead to changes in the rheological properties of the liquid and the breakup length of the jet.
Nucleation Kinetics of the γ‐Polymorph of DL‐Methionine
Authors: Wantha L. , Flood A. E.
Published: April 2012

The heterogeneous nucleation kinetics of γ‐DL‐methionine (γ‐DL‐met) in aqueous solution was measured using direct determination of the rate of nucleation based on measurements of particle (crystal) counts appearing in a microdroplet as a function of nucleation time. The nucleation rates increase with increasing temperature when the supersaturation ratio is used as a measure of the driving force, but the dependence is less clear when the nucleation rates are plotted against the absolute supersaturation. The nucleation rates were found to exponentially increase with respect to the supersaturation ratio of DL‐met. The measured nucleation kinetics follow trends expected from the classical nucleation theory (CNT), allowing approximate interfacial energies to be estimated by fitting the measured data to the CNT. The predicted interfacial energies and nucleation rates are consistent with results of similar species given in the literature.
Electronic Structure Analysis of the Oxygen‐Activation Mechanism by FeII‐ and α‐Ketoglutarate (αKG)‐Dependent Dioxygenases
Authors: Ye Shengfa , Riplinger Christoph , Hansen Andreas , Krebs Carsten , Bollinger J. Martin , Neese Frank
Published: April 2012

α‐Ketoglutarate (αKG)‐dependent nonheme iron enzymes utilize a high‐spin (HS) ferrous center to couple the activation of oxygen to the decarboxylation of the cosubstrate αKG to yield succinate and CO2, and to generate a high‐valent ferryl species that then acts as an oxidant to functionalize the target CH bond. Herein a detailed analysis of the electronic‐structure changes that occur in the oxygen activation by this enzyme was performed. The rate‐limiting step, which is identical on the septet and quintet surfaces, is the nucleophilic attack of the distal O atom of the O2 adduct on the carbonyl group in αKG through a bicyclic transition state (5, 7TS1). Due to the different electronic structures in 5, 7TS1, the decay of 7TS1 leads to a ferric oxyl species, which undergoes a rapid intersystem crossing to form the ferryl intermediate. By contrast, a HS ferrous center ligated by a peroxosuccinate is obtained on the quintet surface following 5TS1. Thus, additional two single‐electron transfer steps are required to afford the same FeIV–oxo species. However, the triplet reaction channel is catalytically irrelevant. The biological role of αKG played in the oxygen‐activation reaction is dual. The αKG LUMO (CO π*) serves as an electron acceptor for the nucleophilic attack of the superoxide monoanion. On the other hand, the αKG HOMO (C1C2 σ) provides the second and third electrons for the further reduction of the superoxide. In addition to density functional theory, high‐level ab initio calculations have been used to calculate the accurate energies of the critical points on the alternative potential‐energy surfaces. Overall, the results delivered by the ab initio calculations are largely parallel to those obtained with the B3LYP density functional, thus lending credence to our conclusions.
Unraveling the Mechanism of the Photodeprotection Reaction of 8‐Bromo‐ and 8‐Chloro‐7‐hydroxyquinoline Caged Acetates
Authors: Ma Jiani , Rea Adam C. , An Huiying , Ma Chensheng , Guan Xiangguo , Li Ming‐De , Su Tao , Yeung Chi Shun , Harris Kyle T. , Zhu Yue , Nganga Jameil L. , Fedoryak Olesya D. , Dore Timothy M. , Phillips David Lee
Published: April 2012

Photoremovable protecting groups (PPGs) when conjugated to biological effectors forming “caged compounds” are a powerful means to regulate the action of physiologically active messengers in vivo through 1‐photon excitation (1PE) and 2‐photon excitation (2PE). Understanding the photodeprotection mechanism is important for their physiological use. We compared the quantum efficiencies and product outcomes in different solvent and pH conditions for the photolysis reactions of (8‐chloro‐7‐hydroxyquinolin‐2‐yl)methyl acetate (CHQ‐OAc) and (8‐bromo‐7‐hydroxyquinolin‐2‐yl)methyl acetate (BHQ‐OAc), representatives of the quinoline class of phototriggers for biological use, and conducted nanosecond time‐resolved spectroscopic studies using transient emission (ns‐EM), transient absorption (ns‐TA), transient resonance Raman (ns‐TR2), and time‐resolved resonance Raman (ns‐TR3) spectroscopies. The results indicate differences in the photochemical mechanisms and product outcomes, and reveal that the triplet excited state is most likely on the pathway to the product and that dehalogenation competes with release of acetate from BHQ‐OAc, but not CHQ‐OAc. A high fluorescence quantum yield and a more efficient excited‐state proton transfer (ESPT) in CHQ‐OAc compared to BHQ‐OAc explain the lower quantum efficiency of CHQ‐OAc relative to BHQ‐OAc.
Mechanistic Origin of Antagonist Effects of Usual Anionic Bases (OH−, CO32−) as Modulated by their Countercations (Na+, Cs+, K+) in Palladium‐Catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura Reactions
Authors: Amatore Christian , Jutand Anny , Le Duc Gaëtan
Published: April 2012

The mechanism of the reaction of trans‐ArPdBrL2 (Ar=p‐Z‐C6H4, Z=CN, H; L=PPh3) with Ar′B(OH)2 (Ar′=p‐Z′‐C6H4, Z′=H, CN, MeO), which is a key step in the Suzuki–Miyaura process, has been established in N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) with two bases, acetate (nBu4NOAc) or carbonate (Cs2CO3) and compared with that of hydroxide (nBu4NOH), reported in our previous work. As anionic bases are inevitably introduced with a countercation M+ (e.g., M+OH−), the role of cations in the transmetalation/reductive elimination has been first investigated. Cations M+ (Na+, Cs+, K+) are not innocent since they induce an unexpected decelerating effect in the transmetalation via their complexation to the OH ligand in the reactive ArPd(OH)L2, partly inhibiting its transmetalation with Ar′B(OH)2. A decreasing reactivity order is observed when M+ is associated with OH−: nBu4N+> K+> Cs+> Na+. Acetates lead to the formation of trans‐ArPd(OAc)L2, which does not undergo transmetalation with Ar′B(OH)2. This explains why acetates are not used as bases in Suzuki–Miyaura reactions that involve Ar′B(OH)2. Carbonates (Cs2CO3) give rise to slower reactions than those performed from nBu4NOH at the same concentration, even if the reactions are accelerated in the presence of water due to the generation of OH−. The mechanism of the reaction with carbonates is then similar to that established for nBu4NOH, involving ArPd(OH)L2 in the transmetalation with Ar′B(OH)2. Due to the low concentration of OH− generated from CO32− in water, both transmetalation and reductive elimination result slower than those performed from nBu4NOH at equal concentrations as Cs2CO3. Therefore, the overall reactivity is finely tuned by the concentration of the common base OH− and the ratio [OH−]/[Ar′B(OH)2]. Hence, the anionic base (pure OH− or OH− generated from CO32−) associated with its countercation (Na+, Cs+, K+) plays four antagonist kinetic roles: acceleration of the transmetalation by formation of the reactive ArPd(OH)L2, acceleration of the reductive elimination, deceleration of the transmetalation by formation of unreactive Ar′B(OH)3− and by complexation of ArPd(OH)L2 by M+.
Factors Controlling the Diffusion of Ions in Ionic Liquids
Authors: Tsuzuki Seiji
Published: April 2012

The development of ionic liquids with low viscosity and high ionic conductivity is important for many applications of ionic liquids, such as their use as electrolytes for electronic devices. The transport properties depend on the motion of ions in ionic liquids. The viscosity becomes low and the ionic conductivity becomes high as the diffusion of ions becomes fast. Therefore the elucidation of the factors controlling the diffusion of ions is needed for developing new ionic liquids. In this Minireview we discuss the factors controlling the diffusion of ions in ionic liquids (size of ion; shape of ion; magnitude of interaction between cation and anion; conformational flexibility; molecular mass of ion; mixture of solute; and the effects of nanostructures in ionic liquids). We emphasize the importance of the use of computational methods (molecular dynamic simulations and quantum mechanical calculations) combined with experimental measurements for elucidating the factors controlling the diffusion of ions in ionic liquids.
Spectroscopy and Structure of LnIII Complexes with Sulfonylamidophosphate‐Type Ligands as Sensitizers of Visible and Near‐Infrared Luminescence
Authors: Gawryszewska Paula , Moroz Olesia V. , Trush Victor A. , Amirkhanov Vladimir M. , Lis Tadeusz , Sobczyk Marcin , Siczek Miłosz
Published: April 2012

Lanthanide complexes with sulfonylamidophosphate‐type ligands: dibenzyl(phenylsulfonyl)amidophosphate (HSB) and di(4‐methylphenyl)‐phenylsulfonyl‐amidophosphate (HSK) have been synthesized and show promise as new sensitizers of visible and near‐infrared luminescence. They constitute a new part of coordination chemistry for this type of ligand, creating simultaneously a new class of lanthanide complexes with π‐conjugated ligands possessing the structural fragment SO2NHP(O). Two series of stable lanthanide complexes Na[Ln(SB)4] (1Ln) and Na[Ln(SK)4] (2Ln), where Ln=NdIII, EuIII, GdIII, TbIII, ErIII, YbIII, were characterized by X‐ray structure analysis. The IR, absorption, emission, and excitation spectra at 293, 77, and 4 K, as well as luminescence decay times and emission quantum yields were used to characterize the complexes in the solid state. The relation between the crystal structure and its spectroscopic properties is also discussed. The influence of the π–π stacking interactions and a ligand‐to‐metal charge transfer state on ligand‐to‐metal energy transfer efficiency was demonstrated and discussed. Crystal‐field lines determined from absorption and fluorescence spectra of 2Nd were used in computational analysis employing free‐ion operators, one‐electron crystal‐field operators, and two‐particle correlation crystal‐field operators. The performed analysis enabled the determination of the Hamiltonian parameters and an unambiguous assignment of 85 crystal‐field levels of NdIII ion with a mean error of 12.0 cm−1.
Comparison between power line communication multipath model and coaxial cable interferometer theory
Authors: Vitor Ulysses R. C. , de Melo M. T.
Published: April 2012

The authors have studied a new method to find parameters of broadband power line communication channel model. Lossless power line communication channel model is compared with classical interferometers approach to develop this model. The authors also used coaxial cables to simulate a multipath channel, because it can behave like a lossless power line communication channel. Thus, measurements were carried out with a network analyzer to findSparameters. The modeling parameters, for the multipath model were found after using MATLAB software and classical interferometers approach. Then, theoretical and experimental results are presented and compared. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrochemiluminescence of Dendritic Magnetic Quantum Dots Nanostructure and Its Quenching by Gold Nanoparticles for Cancer Cells Assay
Authors: Jie Guifen , Yuan Jinxin , Huang Tingyu , Zhao Yanbin
Published: April 2012

A novel dendritic CdS‐ZnS‐Quantum Dots (QDs) nanocomposite with intense electrochemiluminescence (ECL) and excellent magnetism was prepared, which was applied to the cancer cells assay based on ECL quenching of QDs by gold nanoparticles (NPs). DNA conjugation, gold NPs linking and sensing target cells can be directly performed on the magnetic nanocomposites, which is more rapid, convenient, and has better reproducibility than the conventional methods. So far, this is the first report on magnetic electrochemiluminescent QDs nanocomposites for cell detection based on ECL quenching, which opens a new approach for developing multifunctional QDs nanocomposite for ECL assays of cancer cells.
Dioctylamine‐Sulfonamide‐Modified Carbon Nanoparticles as High Surface Area Substrates for Coenzyme Q10Lipid Electrochemistry
Authors: Lawrence Katherine , Watkins John D. , James Tony D. , Taylor James E. , Bull Steven D. , Nelson Geoffrey W. , Foord John S. , Long Yi‐Tao , Marken Frank
Published: April 2012

Dioctylaminesulfonamide‐modified carbon nanoparticles are characterised and employed as high surface area substrate for (i) coenzyme Q10 and (ii) 1,2‐dimyristoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (or DMPC) ‐ Q10 redox processes. The carbon nanoparticles provide a highly hydrophobic substrate with ca. 25 Fg−1 capacitance when bare. Q10 or DMPC‐Q10 immobilised onto the carbon nanoparticles lower the capacitance, but give rise to well‐defined pH‐dependent voltammetric responses. The DMPC‐Q10 deposit shows similar characteristics to those of Q10, but with better reproducibility and higher sensitivity. Both redox systems, Q10 and DMPC‐Q10, are sensitive to the Na+ concentration in the electrolyte and mechanistic implications are discussed.
Petrogenesis and geotectonic setting of early Svecofennian arc cumulates in the Roslagen area, east‐central Sweden
Authors: Johansson Åke , Andersson ULF B. , Hålenius Ulf
Published: April 2012

Several intrusions of ultrabasic to basic composition occur in the Roslagen area of east‐central Sweden in close spatial and temporal association with the surrounding 1.90–1.87 Ga old early orogenic Svecofennian granitoids. An imprecise Sm‐Nd WR errorchron yields an age of 1895 ± 71 Ma. In spite of the penetrative deformation in the granitoids, the basic–ultrabasic rocks mostly appear undeformed and largely preserve magmatic textures with plagioclase, olivine (in some rock types), orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene, and amphibole as major constituents. The plagioclase is typically very anorthitic (ca. An90).

The Roslagen intrusions range in composition from primitive to evolved (Mg# 80 to 49) but contain only 40–50 wt% SiO2. Many samples are highly elevated in Al2O3 (up to 30 wt%), CaO (up to 16 wt%) and Sr (up to 800 ppm), with strongly positive Eu and Sr anomalies, in line with being plagioclase cumulates. Although masked by cumulus effects, the relative trace element contents indicate a volcanic arc signature. The initial Nd isotope composition is homogeneously ‘mildly depleted’, with εNd of +0.3 to +1.1, and the initial Sr isotope composition ‘mildly enriched’, with εSr of +8 to +15.

Non‐cumulus rocks with small Eu and Sr anomalies can be used to deduce the composition of the parental magma. This LILE‐ and LREE‐enriched and HFSE‐depleted high‐alumina basalt magma, with Mg# of ca. 50–60 and Ca# of ca. 80, most likely formed by partial melting of mantle material, enriched by fluids in a subduction environment, at 1.9 Ga. The cumulate rocks apparently crystallized from a somewhat more evolved water‐rich magma with Mg# of ca. 40. Crystallization was followed by the development of late‐magmatic to post‐magmatic coronas between olivine and plagioclase in the presence of H2O‐rich fluids. The subduction‐related setting would make these intrusions Palaeoproterozoic counterparts of Alaskan‐type ultramafic intrusions, but they differ from those in being plagioclase enriched, possibly reflecting different levels of exposure. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hematological malignancies and pregnancy: Treat or no treat during first trimester
Authors: Avilés Agustin , Neri Natividad , Nambo María‐Jesús
Published: April 2012

Treatment of hematological malignancies (HM) during pregnancy remain unsolved, although the use of chemotherapy during second and third trimester has been accepted because of the low rate of toxicities, the use of cytotoxic drugs during first trimester is generally forbidden. Most of the concerns are related to congenital abnormalities and development, but long‐term follow‐up of these children are not available. From 1975 to 2008, we diagnosed and treated 15,750 cases of HM, and 143 female patients were pregnant during this time that were treated with combined chemotherapy. In our study, we present the long‐term follow‐up (the median follow‐up was 22.4 years with a range of 3.8–32.0 years) of 54 newborns, whose mothers received chemotherapy during the first trimester of pregnancy with an intent‐to‐cure HM. Physical and neurological development were carefully assessed, and cardiac and chromosomal studies were performed until the age of 20 years to evaluate late toxicities. The obstetrical development of pregnancy was normal, chemotherapy was used at doses and schedules used in normal patients. Low‐weight birth was the most frequent finding. No congenital abnormalities were detected. Physical, psychological and neurological developments were normal. Education and academic degree were according to the economical and social factors. Cardiac function and chromosomal examination were normal. No neoplasm or acute leukemia has been observed in these children. Forty‐three mothers are alive and disease‐free and can be considered cured. The use of cytotoxic drugs during the first trimester to treat HM seems to be beneficial to both the mother and fetus, and chemotherapy during the first trimester can be considered if the cure of the patient is the goal.
WHEN GROUNDWATER TAKES OVER: LINKING 40 YEARS OF AGRICULTURAL AND GROUNDWATER DYNAMICS IN A LARGE‐SCALE IRRIGATION SCHEME IN MOROCCO
Authors: Kuper Marcel , Hammani Ali , Chohin Anne , Garin Patrice , Saaf Mohamed
Published: April 2012

When large‐scale irrigation schemes were created, establishing viable, and closely supervised, medium‐sized family farms was considered essential to reap the benefits of state investments. This centralized development model was progressively dismantled, especially as farmers installed private tubewells relying less on surface water. Our aim is to analyse development pathways of family farms in the Tadla irrigation scheme (Morocco). Results showed that pathways were linked to groundwater access, but also to (informal) land markets, and off‐farm revenues. Groundwater enabled farmers to overcome reductions in surface water, and diversify crops. This concerned mainly the 36% large and medium‐sized farms. Such farmers also managed to increase their cropped area through land markets, as renting in land, and producing market crops, require capital. Groundwater showed limited redistributive capacities, as only 20% of small‐scale farmers obtained direct access. Farmers' off‐farm revenues sustained livelihoods, especially in dry years, but were generally not reinvested in agriculture. Over the past 40 years, groundwater has been mainly mobilized from phreatic aquifers, recharged by rainfall and surface irrigation. Their use seems sustainable, but farmers are exploring deeper aquifers while the administration encourages conversion to micro‐irrigation, thus reducing aquifer recharge and complicating the future of the groundwater economy. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A VALIDATION STUDY OF THE ITALIAN VERSION OF THE RESILIENCE SCALE FOR ADOLESCENTS (READ)
Authors: Stratta Paolo , Riccardi Ilaria , Di Cosimo Alessandra , Cavicchio Alessandra , Struglia Francesca , Daneluzzo Enrico , Capanna Cristina , Rossi Alessandro
Published: April 2012

The validity of the Italian version of the 28‐items Resilience Scale for Adolescents (READ) was examined. A sample of 472 senior high school students between 18 and 20 years of age were used for this purpose. Reliability and validity were investigated by means of Cronbach's alpha, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis. The results supported the construct validity of the five factors of the scale, which yielded acceptable psychometric properties. The findings conclude that the READ is a valid measure assessing relevant resilience factors, thereby serving as a valuable tool in resilience and risk‐factor research in adolescence.
THE PERSONAL POLITICS OF DISASTER: NARRATIVES OF SURVIVORS OF A SOUTH AFRICAN SHANTY TOWN FIRE
Authors: Stewart Jackie , Swartz Leslie , Ward Catherine
Published: April 2012

Despite the fact that natural disasters occur more commonly in low and middle income countries than in wealthier countries, we know relatively little about how these disasters are experienced in such contexts. South Africa presents an especially telling example in which it is clear that natural events are affected profoundly by sociopolitical factors, including the spatial design of the apartheid city. We report here on interviews with twenty survivors of the biggest shanty town fire in the history of Cape Town, South Africa. The narratives of participants demonstrate that in order to understand the human cost of such disasters it is as important to understand the politics of the precursors of the disaster as well as what occurred subsequent to the disaster. The South African case, like that of Hurricane Katrina, underscores the fact that disaster, far from being an acute event which happens to individuals, is better understood as part of a far longer sociopolitical process affecting individuals, groups, and, indeed, societies.
Perioperative considerations in patients with adrenal tumors
Authors: Phitayakorn Roy , McHenry Christopher R.
Published: April 2012

In this article the pre‐operative, intraoperative, and post‐operative management of patients with pheochromocytoma, aldosterone‐producing adenoma, cortisol‐producing tumors, and adrenal cortical carcinoma are reviewed. A detailed plan for pre‐operative assessment and medical optimization is discussed. The potential intraoperative and post‐operative complications that occur in patients with an adrenal tumor are reviewed with emphasis on recognition, treatment and prevention. Recommendations for anesthetic management, intraoperative and post‐operative monitoring, blood pressure management, laboratory analysis and medication adjustments are presented. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 106:604–610. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Small-for-size syndrome after living donor liver transplantation: Successful treatment with a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
Authors: Xiao Li , Li Fuqiang , Wei Bo , Li Bo , Tang Cheng Wei
Published: April 2012

Small-for-size syndrome (SFSS) is a serious complication after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) that can disrupt liver regeneration and result in hepatic dysfunction. Until now, the treatment options for SFSS after LDLT have been very limited. Here we describe a patient with SFSS after LDLT who was successfully treated with a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). A 56-year-old man who had undergone adult-to-adult LDLT because of decompensated liver cirrhosis started displaying signs of acute jaundice and ascites within 72 hours of the operation. The patient was diagnosed with SFSS, and because he had already undergone splenectomy before the transplant, partial splenic embolization was not feasible. Consequently, the TIPS procedure was chosen in an attempt to reduce portal hyperperfusion. After the procedure, the patient's symptoms were gradually ameliorated and were eventually resolved. In conclusion, when partial splenic embolization is not feasible, TIPS placement may be a feasible option for the treatment of SFSS after LDLT. Liver Transpl, 2012. © 2012 AASLD.
Sectorial Stieltjes functions and their realizations by L‐systems with a Schrödinger operator
Authors: Belyi Sergey
Published: April 2012

We consider classes of sectorial Stieltjes functions. It is shown that a function belonging to these classes can be realized as the impedance function of a singular L‐system with a sectorial state‐space operator. We provide an additional condition on a given function from this class so that the state‐space operator of the realizing L‐system is α‐sectorial with the exact angle of sectoriality α. Then these results are applied to L‐systems based upon a non‐self‐adjoint Schrödinger operator.
A posteriori error estimation for a defect correction method applied to conduction convection problems
Authors: Zhang Yunzhang , Hou Yanren , Du Conghui
Published: April 2012

We present a posteriori error estimate for a defect correction method for approximating solutions of the stationary conduction convection problems in two dimension. The defect correction method is aiming at small viscosity ν. A reliable a posteriori error estimation is derived for the defect correction method. Finally, two numerical examples validate our theoretical results. The first example is a problem with known solution and the second example is a physical model of square cavity stationary flow. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 2013
A decoupling method with different subdomain time steps for the nonstationary stokes–darcy model
Authors: Shan Li , Zheng Haibiao , Layton William J.
Published: April 2012

This report analyzes a multirate, decoupling algorithm, which allows different time steps in the fluid region and the porous region for the nonstationary Stokes–Darcy problem. The method presented requires only one, uncoupled Stokes and Darcy subphysics and subdomain solve per time step. Under a time step restriction of the form △t ≤ C (physical parameters) we prove stability and convergence of the method. Numerical tests are given to show the convergence result and demonstrate the computational efficiency of the partitioned method. They also show that in the expected case of greater fluid velocities in the free‐flow region than in the porous media region, allowing smaller time steps in the subregion with the faster velocities increases both accuracy and efficiency. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2013