bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Amino Acid Interleaved Layered Double Hydroxides as Promising Hybrid Materials for AA2024 Corrosion Inhibition
Authors: Stimpfling Thomas , Vialat Pierre , Hintze‐Bruening Horst , Keil Patrick , Shkirskiy Viacheslav , Volovitch Polina , Ogle Kevin , Leroux Fabrice
Published: January 2016

Various α‐amino acid (αAA) molecules were screened for their ability to retard the corrosion of AA2024 aluminum alloy substrate. The αAAs screened were L‐arginine (L‐Arg), L‐asparagine (L‐Asn), L‐cysteine (L‐Cys), L‐cystine, L‐histidine (L‐His), L‐methionine (L‐Met), L‐phenylalanine (L‐Phe), L‐serine (L‐ser), L‐tryptophan (L‐Trp), and L‐tyrosine (L‐Tyr). From their performances compared with that of the reference additives chromate and 2‐mercaptobenzothiazolate (MBT), L‐Cys and L‐Phe were selected, and their layered double hydroxide (LDH) interleaved derivatives were further scrutinized. Different LDH phases, namely, LiAl2, Mg2Al, MgZnAl, and Zn2Al, were tested as hosts for the inhibitor αAA substances, and the materials were characterized by XRD, FTIR spectroscopy, and SEM. The efficiencies and durable performances of the hybrid materials as an anticorrosion agents for aluminum alloy 2024 (AA2024) were demonstrated through direct current (DC) polarization measurements, and the evolution of the polarization resistance was recorded. The mechanism of inhibition focused on the most promising hybrid material LDH/L‐Cys and was tentatively explained as anion exchange and dissolution of the inorganic framework at the cathodic and anodic corrosion zones, respectively, with the particular occurrence of Cu‐rich intermetallic zones. The obtained results evidence that the LDH/L‐CYS assembly embedded in the polymer coating retards the corrosion process of the AA2024 substrate after a prolonged immersion time.
Catalytic Oxidative Coupling of Primary Amines under Air: A Flexible Route to Benzimidazole Derivatives
Authors: Nguyen Khac Minh Huy , Largeron Martine
Published: January 2016

Benzimidazoles are of fundamental importance in chemistry and biology, and the development of efficient, environmentally benign methods for their preparation remains a key challenge for organic chemists. In a biomimetic approach inspired by copper amine oxidases, we disclose herein the scope and factors influencing the success of the cooperative action of CuBr2 as electron‐transfer mediator and a topaquinone‐like substrate‐selective catalyst in the oxidative cyclocondensation of primary amines with o‐aminoanilines. This one‐pot atom‐economic multistep process, which works under green conditions with ambient air as the terminal oxidant, low loadings of catalyst, and equimolar amounts of commercially available amine substrates, is particularly suitable for the preparation of 1,2‐disubstituted benzimidazoles. Furthermore, it allows the functionalization of nonactivated primary aliphatic amines, which are known to be challenging substrates for non‐enzymatic catalytic aerobic systems.
Rapid determination of nucleotides in infant formula by means of nano‐liquid chromatography
Authors: Mateos‐Vivas María , Fanali Salvatore , Rodríguez‐Gonzalo Encarnacíon , Carabias‐Martínez Rita , Aturki Zeineb
Published: January 2016

A rapid method for the quantification of five ribonucleotides 5′‐ monophophates (adenosine, cytidine, guanosine, inosine, uridine, 5′‐monophosphate), in infant formula, has been proposed using nano‐LC. To separate the studied compounds, capillary columns packed with different C18‐based stationary phases were investigated. All the columns tested were laboratory prepared. The experiments were performed in ion‐pairing RP chromatographic mode using tetrabutylammonium hydroxide as ion‐pairing reagent. The method was developed using a core‐shell XB‐C18 capillary column with a mobile phase consisting of 5% v/v methanol and 95% v/v 100 mM ammonium formate, pH 8, containing 20 mM tetrabutylammonium hydroxide. All compounds were baseline resolved in less than 5 min with a flow rate of 500 nL/min in isocratic elution mode. Nucleotides were detected at 260 nm. Analytical validation parameters were evaluated. The RSD values for intraday and interday repeatability for retention time and peak area were <2.4 and 4.2%, respectively. The method linearity was good (R2 < 0.9995) for the studied compounds. LOD and limit of quantitation were 0.25 and 0.50 μg/mL, respectively. The method was applied to the determination of nucleotides in infant formula, subjected to a centrifugal ultrafiltration process, prior their analysis. The amounts found were in agreement to the labeled contents.
Recent Progress in Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of Non‐Precious Metal Catalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Dombrovskis J. K. , Palmqvist A. E. C.
Published: January 2016

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is usually catalyzed by precious metals. As the kinetics of the reaction are sluggish comparatively large amounts of precious metal are needed to achieve satisfactory reaction rates. This results in high cost of technologies utilizing the ORR, like low temperature fuel cells. Recent years have seen tremendous research efforts in the development of non‐precious metal catalysts (NPMCs) with a wide range of newly developed materials resulting in improved catalyst materials, an increased understanding of the ORR mechanism on NPMC materials and better knowledge of the active site structure. Here we summarize the developments from 2011 and onwards with a special focus on carbon‐based NPMCs developed for use in acid environments. We include explicit comparisons of PEMFC measurement results in all referenced studies and detailed information on the physical characterization methods used in various publications.
Evaluation of the Dependency and Intensity of the Virtual Water Trade in Korea
Authors: Lee Sang‐Hyun , Yoo Seung‐Hwan , Choi Jin‐Yong , Shin Ankook
Published: January 2016

Trading in crops can be regarded as the primary source of water demand in terms of virtual water trade, and the main importers would have to consider the trading in crops from a water management perspective. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the dependency and intensity of the virtual water trade in Korea. The virtual water trade values of 41 crops were quantified from 2006 to 2010. About 9.5% of global blue water trade was captured by Korea through maize trade. In addition, we evaluated the water dependency and trade intensity of the virtual water trade. Water dependency was evaluated by examining the proportions of external to internal water footprints. Korea exhibited the highest water dependency of 99%, followed by maize and pulse crops. Virtual water trade intensity indicates the importance of trading partners. The results show that the USA and China have been the most important trading partners, and the trade intensity with Romania, Ukraine and Australia has increased from 2006 to 2010. These results, such as water dependency and trade intensity of virtual water trade, should be useful indices for sustainable crop trade and water management in Korea. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
“Seeing It From a Different Light”
Authors: Smith Blaine E. , Dalton Bridget
Published: January 2016

Although research emphasizes the importance of reflection for productive learning, much of this work has focused on writing as the preferred mode. The goal of this study was to examine how two adolescent composers reflected on their multimodal visions and processes through multimodal means—in particular, how the students remixed research‐provided screen capture video, class observation video, and their multimodal products to each create a composer's cut video reflection. A multimodal matrix analytic approach was employed by integrating analyses of students’ composing processes, products, and perspectives to derive themes. Findings revealed that the students uniquely remixed modes and media to create their composer's cut videos. They leveraged the affordances of video, image, text, and sound to represent their creative process and artistic identities. Students gained new insights into their process and who they were as multimodal designers and recommended composer's cut as a useful tool for personal reflection and social media sharing.
LICHEM: A QM/MM program for simulations with multipolar and polarizable force fields
Authors: Kratz Eric G. , Walker Alice R. , Lagardère Louis , Lipparini Filippo , Piquemal Jean‐Philip , Andrés Cisneros G.
Published: January 2016

We introduce an initial implementation of the LICHEM software package. LICHEM can interface with Gaussian, PSI4, NWChem, TINKER, and TINKER–HP to enable QM/MM calculations using multipolar/polarizable force fields. LICHEM extracts forces and energies from unmodified QM and MM software packages to perform geometry optimizations, single‐point energy calculations, or Monte Carlo simulations. When the QM and MM regions are connected by covalent bonds, the pseudo‐bond approach is employed to smoothly transition between the QM region and the polarizable force field. A series of water clusters and small peptides have been employed to test our initial implementation. The results obtained from these test systems show the capabilities of the new software and highlight the importance of including explicit polarization. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The impact of neoadjuvant therapy for gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma on postoperative morbidity and mortality
Authors: Fuentes Eva , Ahmad Rima , Hong Theodore S. , Clark Jeffrey W. , Kwak Eunice L. , Rattner David W. , Mullen John T.
Published: January 2016

Background and Objectives

We sought to study the impact of neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) on postoperative complications following surgical resection of adenocarcinomas of the stomach and gastroesophageal junction (GEJ).

Methods

We compared the postoperative outcomes of 308 patients undergoing a surgery‐first approach and 145 patients undergoing NAT followed by curative‐intent surgery for adenocarcinomas of the stomach and GEJ from 1995–2014.

Results

Patients receiving NAT were more likely to be younger, have tumors of the GEJ, to undergo esophagogastrectomy and D2 lymphadenectomy, and to have more advanced stage disease than patients undergoing surgery first. There were no differences in overall 30‐day morbidity or mortality rates between the groups, yet patients undergoing surgery first were more likely to have higher‐grade complications than those undergoing NAT. Age >65 years, higher ASA score, concomitant splenectomy, more advanced tumor stage, and year of surgery were independent risk factors for postoperative morbidity, but receipt of NAT was not an independent predictor of postoperative morbidity.

Conclusions

Despite having more advanced disease and undergoing higher‐risk surgical procedures, patients with adenocarcinomas of the stomach or GEJ who receive NAT prior to surgery are no more likely to suffer postoperative complications than patients treated with a surgery‐first approach. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;113:560–564. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Poly(p‐phenylene) with Poly(ethylene glycol) Chains and Amino Groups as a Functional Platform for Controlled Drug Release and Radiotherapy
Authors: Guler Bahar , Akbulut Huseyin , Barlas Firat Baris , Geyik Caner , Demirkol Dilek Odaci , Senisik Ahmet Murat , Arican Halil Armagan , Coskunol Hakan , Timur Suna , Yagci Yusuf
Published: January 2016

Conventional cancer treatments such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or combination of these two result in side effects, which lower the quality of life of the patients. To overcome problems with these methods, altering the drug properties by conjugating them to carrier polymers has emerged. Such polymeric carriers also hold the potential to make tumor cells more sensitive to radiation therapy. Herein, poly(p‐phenylene) (PPP) polymer with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains and primary amino groups (PPP‐NH2‐g‐PEG) is synthesized and conjugated with anticancer drug Doxorubicin (DOX). pH dependent drug release experiments are performed at pH 5.3 and pH 7.4, respectively. Cell viability studies on human cervix adenocarcinoma cells show that lower doses of DOX inhibit cell proliferation when conjugated with nontoxic doses of PPP‐NH2‐g‐PEG polymer. Additionally, PPP‐NH2‐g‐PEG/Cys/DOX bioconjugate significantly increases radiosensitive properties of DOX. It is possible to use lower doses of DOX when conjugated to PPP‐NH2‐g‐PEG in combination with radiotherapy.

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Next‐generation sequencing identifies novel CACNA1A gene mutations in episodic ataxia type 2
Authors: Maksemous Neven , Roy Bishakha , Smith Robert A. , Griffiths Lyn R.
Published: January 2016

Episodic Ataxia type 2 (EA2) is a rare autosomal dominantly inherited neurological disorder characterized by recurrent disabling imbalance, vertigo, and episodes of ataxia lasting minutes to hours. EA2 is caused most often by loss of function mutations of the calcium channel gene CACNA1A. In addition to EA2, mutations in CACNA1A are responsible for two other allelic disorders: familial hemiplegic migraine type 1 (FHM1) and spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6). Herein, we have utilized next‐generation sequencing (NGS) to screen the coding sequence, exon‐intron boundaries, and Untranslated Regions (UTRs) of five genes where mutation is known to produce symptoms related to EA2, including CACNA1A. We performed this screening in a group of 31 unrelated patients with EA2 symptoms. Both novel and known mutations were detected through NGS technology, and confirmed through Sanger sequencing. Genetic testing showed in total 15 mutation bearing patients (48%), of which nine were novel mutations (6 missense and 3 small frameshift deletion mutations) and six known mutations (4 missense and 2 nonsense).These results demonstrate the efficiency of our NGS‐panel for detecting known and novel mutations for EA2 in the CACNA1A gene, also identifying a novel missense mutation in ATP1A2 which is not a normal target for EA2 screening.
Optimization of electrode structure for flip‐chip HVLED via two‐level metallization
Authors: Cai Yuefei , Zou Xinbo , Chong Wing Cheung , Lau Kei May
Published: January 2016

In this article, we demonstrated an optimized electrode structure for high voltage LED (HVLED) using a two‐level metallization technique. The first‐level metallization is to form interdigitated p and n electrodes with narrow metal fingers. After passivation, a second‐level reflective metallization was deposited to form a continuous reflector. Comparing the performance of HVLEDs with bar shape electrode, square shape electrode, and n finger interposed electrode, the HVLEDs with interdigitated p and n finger electrodes show better current uniformity, higher light output power (LOP) and larger wall plug efficiency (WPE). The LOP of such single HVLED chip with 8 sub LED cells on pattern sapphire substrate sample reaches 500 mW at 100 mA current injection. Using flip‐chip bonding technique to connect four such chips serially, LOP can reach 2 W at 100 mA drive current. The high brightness HVLED with optimized electrodes enables flexible driver designs for solid state lighting and other applications.
Partially printed resistive memory cells on rigid and flexible substrates
Authors: Schwarz Christian , Kaiser Michael , Jacob Selma F. , Schindler Christina
Published: January 2016

The fabrication and characterization of resistive memory cells based on a silver/silicon oxide stack with a printed polymer electrode is described. Memory cells were fabricated on standard silicon wafers as well as on flexible polymer foils. The partially printed cells showed low switching voltages and currents. Together with the possibility of multi‐level data storage even on flexible substrates, the potential for low power, high density, and printed cheap memory cells is demonstrated.

Memristor with printed electrode and its current–voltage characteristic.
The March 1972 northwest Greenland windstorm: evidence of downslope winds associated with a trapped lee wave
Authors: Moore G. W. K.
Published: January 2016

In March 1972, a severe windstorm buffeted Thule Air Force Base in northwest Greenland with sustained surface winds in excess of 30 m s−1 and gusts exceeding 90 m s−1 – one of the highest surface wind speeds ever directly observed. The high winds were associated with an extratropical cyclone that propagated into the region from the Labrador Sea. It has been argued that katabatic flow off the nearby ice cap contributed to the high winds during the event. Here we use surface and radiosonde data from the region along with an operational analysis as well as both conventional and ‘surface data’ reanalyses to examine the conditions in the region during the windstorm. We find that during the event there was southeasterly flow in the region suggesting that katabatic flow, which would have resulted in easterly or northeasterly flow, was not a significant contributor to the high winds observed at Thule. Rather, we find that the environmental conditions immediately prior to the event were conducive to the excitation of a trapped lee wave forced by the flow over the topographic ridge upwind of Thule. Radiosonde data during the event is consistent with this interpretation and suggests that downslope winds associated with this trapped lee wave were responsible for the observed high winds. Evidence is also presented that corner jets excited by the coastal topography also occur in the region and one such jet contributed to the high wind speeds during this event.
Sea turtle nesting patterns in Florida vis‐à‐vis satellite‐derived measures of artificial lighting
Authors: Weishampel Zachary A. , Cheng Wan‐Hwa , Weishampel John F.
Published: January 2016

Light pollution contributes to the degradation and reduction of habitat for wildlife. Nocturnally nesting and hatching sea turtle species are particularly sensitive to artificial light near nesting beaches. At local scales (0.01–0.1 km), artificial light has been experimentally shown to deter nesting females and disorient hatchlings. This study used satellite‐based remote sensing to assess broad scale (~1–100s km) effects of artificial light on nesting patterns of loggerhead (Caretta caretta), leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) and green turtles (Chelonia mydas) along the Florida coastline. Annual artificial nightlight data from 1992 to 2012 acquired by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) were compared to an extensive nesting dataset for 368, ~1 km beach segments from this same 21‐year period. Relationships between nest densities and artificial lighting were derived using simultaneous autoregressive models to adjust for the presence of spatial autocorrelation. Though coastal urbanization increased in Florida during this period, nearly two‐thirds of the surveyed beaches exhibited decreasing light levels (N = 249); only a small fraction of the beaches showed significant increases (N = 52). Nest densities for all three sea turtle species were negatively influenced by artificial light at neighborhood scales (<100 km); however, only loggerhead and green turtle nest densities were influenced by artificial light levels at the individual beach scale (~1 km). Satellite monitoring shows promise for light management of extensive or remote areas. As the spectral, spatial, and temporal resolutions of the satellite data are coarse, ground measurements are suggested to confirm that artificial light levels on beaches during the nesting season correspond to the annual nightlight measures.
Cyclic fatigue resistance, torsional resistance, and metallurgical characteristics of V taper 2 and V taper 2H rotary NiTi files
Authors: Chang S. W. , Shim K. S. , Kim Y. C. , Jee K. K. , Zhu Q. , Perinpanayagam H. , Kum K. Y.
Published: January 2016

The aim of this study was to compare the cyclic fatigue resistance, torsional resistance, and metallurgical characteristics of conventional NiTi wire (V taper 2, V2) and CM wire (V taper 2H, V2H)‐based files. Cyclic fatigue and torsional resistance of V2 and V2H were investigated by measuring the number of cycles to fracture, maximum torque at fracture, and maximum angle at fracture. The typical patterns of fatigue and torsional fractures were investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The metallurgical characteristics were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) from −100 °C to 100 °C. The austenite finishing temperature (Af) of each instrument was also measured. The microstructures of the instruments were investigated by a transmission electron microscope (TEM) along with selected area diffraction pattern analysis. The results were statistically analyzed by Mann–Whitney U‐test (p = 0.05). V2H showed significantly higher cyclic fatigue resistance and torsional resistance than V2. SEM images of the fractured surfaces showed typical patterns of fatigue and torsional fracture. The DSC analysis of V2 showed one small peak in both the heating and cooling curves. The Af of V2 was −0.32 °C. V2H showed two remarkable peaks in the heating curve and one remarkable peak in the cooling curve. The Af of V2H was 33.25 °C. The TEM analysis showed that both V2 and V2H are mainly composed of austenite. In conclusion, V2H showed higher cyclic fatigue resistance and torsional resistance than V2. The superior properties of V2H could be attributed to the annealing effect and possibly the martensite phase. SCANNING 38:564–570, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Real‐time surveillance for abnormal events: the case of influenza outbreaks
Authors: Rao Yao , McCabe Brendan
Published: January 2016

This paper introduces a method of surveillance using deviations from probabilistic forecasts. Realised observations are compared with probabilistic forecasts, and the “deviation” metric is based on low probability events. If an alert is declared, the algorithm continues to monitor until an all‐clear is announced. Specifically, this article addresses the problem of syndromic surveillance for influenza (flu) with the intention of detecting outbreaks, due to new strains of viruses, over and above the normal seasonal pattern. The syndrome is hospital admissions for flu‐like illness, and hence, the data are low counts. In accordance with the count properties of the observations, an integer‐valued autoregressive process is used to model flu occurrences. Monte Carlo evidence suggests the method works well in stylised but somewhat realistic situations. An application to real flu data indicates that the ideas may have promise. The model estimated on a short run of training data did not declare false alarms when used with new observations deemed in control, ex post. The model easily detected the 2009 H1N1 outbreak. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Einfluss der Therapie auf das Krebsrisiko bei rheumatoider Arthritis
Authors: Waldner M. J. , Strangfeld A. , Aringer M.
Published: January 2016

Die erhöhte Inzidenz bestimmter Tumorarten im Rahmen chronischer Entzündungen und Infektionen einerseits und das erhöhte Tumorrisiko unter Immunsuppression andererseits verdeutlichen die vielseitige und komplexe Beeinflussung der Tumorpathogenese durch das Immunsystem. Daher ist gut vorstellbar, dass immunmodulatorische Therapien neben der Grunderkrankung auch das Malignomrisiko beeinflussen. Arbeiten aus der Grundlagenforschung identifizierten verschiedene immunologische Signalwege, die für die Tumorentstehung bzw. Tumorabwehr relevant sind. Diese Übersichtsarbeit stellt aktuelles Wissen über Effekte des Immunsystems auf die Krebsentstehung dar und versucht, soweit dies möglich ist, das Krebsrisiko unter den vorhandenen Therapieoptionen zu konkretisieren.
The morphology of the mandibular coronoid process does not indicate that Canis lupus chanco is the progenitor to dogs
Authors: Janssens Luc , Miller Rebecca , Van Dongen Stefan
Published: January 2016

The domestication of wolves is currently under debate. Where, when and from which wolf sub-species dogs originated are being investigated both by osteoarchaeologists and geneticists. While DNA research is rapidly becoming more active and popular, morphological methods have been the gold standard in the past. But even today morphological details are routinely employed to discern archaeological wolves from dogs. One such morphological similarity between Canis lupus chanco and dogs was published in 1977 by Olsen and Olsen. This concerns the “turned back” anatomy of the dorsal part of the vertical ramus of the mandible that was claimed to be specific to domestic dogs and Chinese wolves C. lupus chanco, and “absent from other canids”. Based on this characteristic, C. lupus chanco was said to be the progenitor of Asian and American dogs, and this specific morphology has been continuously used as an argument to assign archaeological specimens, including non-Asian and non-American, to the dog clade. We challenged this statement by examining 384 dog skulls of 72 breeds and 60 skulls of four wolf sub-species. Only 20 % of dog mandibles and 80 % of C. lupus chanco showed the specific anatomy. In addition, 12 % of Canis lupus pallipes mandibles showed the “turned back” morphology. It can be concluded that the shape of the coronoid process of the mandible cannot be used as a morphological trait to determine whether a specimen belongs to a dog or as an argument in favour of chanco as the progenitor to dogs.
A Low‐Protein, High‐Carbohydrate Diet Stimulates Thermogenesis in the Brown Adipose Tissue of Rats via ATF‐2
Authors: de França Suélem A. , dos Santos Maísa P. , Przygodda Franciele , Garófalo Maria Antonieta R. , Kettelhut Isis C. , Magalhães Diego A. , Bezerra Kalinne S. , Colodel Edson M. , Flouris Andreas D. , Andrade Cláudia M. B. , Kawashita Nair H.
Published: January 2016

The aim of this study was to evaluate thermogenesis in the interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) of rats submitted to low‐protein, high‐carbohydrate (LPHC) diet and the involvement of adrenergic stimulation in this process. Male rats (~100 g) were submitted to LPHC (6 %‐protein; 74 %‐carbohydrate) or control (C; 17 %‐protein; 63 %‐carbohydrate) isocaloric diets for 15 days. The IBAT temperature was evaluated in the rats before and after the administration of noradrenaline (NA) (20 µg 100 g b w−1 min−1). The expression levels of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and other proteins involved in the regulation of UCP1 expression were determined by Western blot (Student's t test, P ≤ 0.05). The LPHC diet promoted a 1.1 °C increase in the basal temperature of IBAT when compared with the basal temperature in the IBAT of the C group. NA administration promoted a 0.3 °C increase in basal temperature in the IBAT of the C rats and a 0.5 °C increase in the IBAT of the LPHC group. The level of UCP1 increased 60 % in the IBAT of LPHC‐fed rats, and among the proteins involved in its expression, such as β3‐AR and α1‐AR, there was a 40 % increase in the levels of p38‐MAPK and a 30 % decrease in CREB when compared to the C rats. The higher sympathetic flux to IBAT, which is a consequence of the administration of the LPHC diet to rats, activates thermogenesis and increases the expression of UCP1 in the tissue. Our results suggest that the increase in UCP1 content may occur via p38 MAPK and ATF2.
Statistical points and pitfalls - series - introduction
Authors: Leppink Jimmie , Winston Kal , O’Sullivan Patricia
Published: January 2016

None
Shedding light on the dark side of identity: Introduction to the special issue
Authors: Crocetti Elisabetta , Beyers Wim , Çok Figen
Published: January 2016

The aim of this special issue is to shed light in the dark side of identity formation in adolescence and emerging adulthood, that is, to provide some understanding in what exactly can go wrong in identity development. After summarizing the recent developments in identity development literature, in this introduction the main findings of all thirteen empirical papers are summarized into three overarching themes: (1) lack of identity integration as a risk factor, (2) reconsideration of commitment as a sign of identity uncertainty, and (3) ruminative exploration as another risk factor undermining healthy identity development. Finally, given that all papers in this special issue are based on conference presentations at the 14th Biennial Conference of the European Association for Research on Adolescence (EARA), some more information on that conference is included in this introduction.
Novel diagnostic cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for pathologic subtypes of frontotemporal dementia identified by proteomics
Authors: Teunissen Charlotte E. , Elias Naura , Koel‐Simmelink Marleen J.A. , Durieux‐Lu Sisi , Malekzadeh Arjan , Pham Thang V. , Piersma Sander R. , Beccari Tommaso , Meeter Lieke H.H. , Dopper Elise G.P. , van Swieten John C. , Jimenez Connie R. , Pijnenburg Yolande A.L.
Published: January 2016

Introduction

Reliable cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers enabling identification of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and its pathologic subtypes are lacking.

Methods

Unbiased high‐resolution mass spectrometry–based proteomics was applied on CSF of FTD patients with TAR DNA‐binding protein 43 (TDP‐43, FTD‐TDP, n = 12) or tau pathology (FTD‐tau, n = 8), and individuals with subjective memory complaints (SMC, n = 10). Validation was performed by applying enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or enzymatic assays, when available, in a larger cohort (FTLD‐TDP, n = 21, FTLD‐tau, n = 10, SMC, n = 23) and in Alzheimer's disease (n = 20), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB, n = 20), and vascular dementia (VaD, n = 18).

Results

Of 1914 identified CSF proteins, 56 proteins were differentially regulated (fold change >1.2, P < .05) between the different patient groups: either between the two pathologic subtypes (10 proteins), or between at least one of these FTD subtypes and SMC (47 proteins). We confirmed the differential expression of YKL‐40 by ELISA in a partly independent cohort. Furthermore, enzyme activity of catalase was decreased in FTD subtypes compared with SMC. Further validation in a larger cohort showed that the level of YKL‐40 was twofold increased in both FTD pathologic subtypes compared with SMC and that the levels in FTLD‐tau were higher compared to Alzheimer's dementia (AD), DLB, and VaD patients. Clinical validation furthermore showed that the catalase enzyme activity was decreased in the FTD subtypes compared to SMC, AD and DLB.

Discussion

We identified promising CSF biomarkers for both FTD differential diagnosis and pathologic subtyping. YKL‐40 and catalase enzyme activity should be validated further in similar pathology defined patient cohorts for their use for FTD diagnosis or treatment development.
Regulating side by side: The role of hybrid organisations in transnational environmental sustainability
Authors: Ewert Christian , Maggetti Martino
Published: January 2016

We have witnessed a rise of hybrid regulators in transnational governance, and the regimes they form have grown in number, complexity, and importance. They are directly involved in rule making, provide crucial information, and conduct supportive tasks, such as arbitration, certification, or mobilisation, to other rule makers. In our paper, we examine the complex organisational ecology in the transnational governance regime of environmental sustainability, including public, commercial, and civil-society interests. Specifically, we investigate the relationship between the level of hybridisation of regulatory bodies and their degree of specialisation. The analysis of a medium number of cases shows that highly hybridised bodies tend to endorse a bundling role whereas weakly hybridised organisations mostly function as focussing bodies specialising in a very limited number of regulatory tasks. These insights help to understand the evolution of regulatory governance while pointing out the advantages and limitations of this form of transnational governance for the management of complex and interdependent issues such as sustainability.
Cooperative or competitive? Private regulators and public supervisors in the post-crisis European financial services landscape
Authors: Cherednychenko Olha O
Published: January 2016

This article explores the interplay between private regulators and public supervisors within principles-based regulation and meta-regulation in the post-crisis European retail financial services landscape. It shows that the way in which the compliance with such regulatory frameworks is supervised and enforced may determine the type of relationship between private regulators and public supervisors — cooperative or competitive — that prevails at a specific moment in time. While there is evidence of both cooperation and competition between the two in the post-crisis era, a predominantly competitive relationship between private regulators and public watchdogs may severely undermine the practical importance of co-governance arrangements. A significant degree of cooperation between private regulators and public supervisors is key to ensuring their effectiveness. Public supervision and enforcement must therefore be responsive to the peculiarities of co-governance arrangement.
Determinants of Outcome in Hospitalized Patients With Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infection: Results From National Surveillance in Canada, 2008-2012
Authors: Simor Andrew E. , Pelude Linda , Golding George , Fernandes Rachel , Bryce Elizabeth , Frenette Charles , Gravel Denise , Katz Kevin , McGeer Allison , Mulvey Michael R. , Smith Stephanie , Weiss Karl ,   the Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program
Published: January 2016

BACKGROUND

Bloodstream infection (BSI) due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the incidence of MRSA BSI in Canadian hospitals and to identify variables associated with increased mortality.

METHODS

Prospective surveillance for MRSA BSI conducted in 53 Canadian hospitals from January 1, 2008, through December 31, 2012. Thirty-day all-cause mortality was determined, and logistic regression analysis was used to identify variables associated with mortality.

RESULTS

A total of 1,753 patients with MRSA BSI were identified (incidence, 0.45 per 1,000 admissions). The most common sites presumed to be the source of infection were skin/soft tissue (26.6%) and an intravascular catheter (22.0%). The most common spa types causing MRSA BSI were t002 (USA100/800; 55%) and t008 (USA300; 29%). Thirty-day all-cause mortality was 23.8%. Mortality was associated with increasing age (odds ratio, 1.03 per year [95% CI, 1.02–1.04]), the presence of pleuropulmonary infection (2.3 [1.4–3.7]), transfer to an intensive care unit (3.2 [2.1–5.0]), and failure to receive appropriate antimicrobial therapy within 24 hours of MRSA identification (3.2 [2.1–5.0]); a skin/soft-tissue source of BSI was associated with decreased mortality (0.5 [0.3–0.9]). MRSA genotype and reduced susceptibility to vancomycin were not associated with risk of death.

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides additional insight into the relative impact of various host and microbial factors associated with mortality in patients with MRSA BSI. The results emphasize the importance of ensuring timely receipt of appropriate antimicrobial agents to reduce the risk of an adverse outcome.

Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2016;37(4):390–397
Routine Surveillance Versus Independent Assessment by an Outcome Adjudication Committee in Assessing Patients for Sternal Surgical Site Infections After Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Mertz Dominik , Whitlock Richard , Kokoszka Alicia Y. , Smith Stephanie W. , Carignan Alex , Rehan Muhammad , Jaffer Iqbal H. , Alsagheir Ali , Loeb Mark
Published: January 2016

Based on a cohort of 966 patients, routine surveillance data were not sufficiently accurate for use in clinical trials investigating surgical site infections. Surveillance data can only be used if adequate 90-day follow-up is provided and if cases identified by surveillance are independently reviewed by a blinded outcome adjudication committee.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:600–602
The XXL Survey XIV. AAOmega Redshifts for the Southern XXL Field
Authors: Lidman C. , Ardila F. , Owers M. , Adami C. , Chiappetti L. , Civano F. , Elyiv A. , Finet F. , Fotopoulou S. , Goulding A. , Koulouridis E. , Melnyk O. , Menanteau F. , Pacaud F. , Pierre M. , Plionis M. , Surdej J. , Sadibekova T.
Published: January 2016

We present a catalogue containing the redshifts of 3 660 X-ray selected targets in the XXL southern field. The redshifts were obtained with the AAOmega spectrograph and 2dF fibre positioner on the Anglo-Australian Telescope. The catalogue contains 1 515 broad line AGN, 528 stars, and redshifts for 41 out of the 49 brightest X-ray selected clusters in the XXL southern field.
Properties of Dwarf Stars in Cygnus OB2
Authors: Maryeva Olga , Parfenov S. Yu. , Yushkin M. V. , Shapovalova A. S. , Gorda S. Yu.
Published: January 2016

We present the results of investigation of five stars, originally classified as dwarfs, belonging to Cyg OB2 association, their stellar, and wind properties. Using both tlusty and cmfgen codes, we derived effective temperatures, surface gravities, chemical abundances, mass-loss rates, and projected rotation velocities. Due to the fact that distance to the stars is well known, we were able to estimate their luminosities. Using evolutionary models, we estimated the ages of these sample stars and find that lower mass ones—MT282 and MT343—belong to older population of the association. Their ages are greater than 10 Myr. The ages of three other stars—MT317, MT299, MT259—are between 4 and 6 Myr.
Evaluation of native plant flower characteristics for conservation biological control ofPrays oleae
Authors: Nave A. , Gonçalves F. , Crespí A.L. , Campos M. , Torres L.
Published: January 2016

Several studies have shown that manipulating flowering weeds within an agroecosystem can have an important role in pest control by natural enemies, by providing them nectar and pollen, which are significant sources of nutrition for adults. The aim of this study was to assess if the olive moth,Prays oleae(Bernard, 1788) (Lepidoptera: Praydidae), and five of its main natural enemies, the parasitoid speciesChelonus elaeaphilusSilvestri (Hymenoptera: Braconidae),Apanteles xanthostigma(Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae),Ageniaspis fuscicollis(Dalman) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) andElasmus flabellatus(Fonscolombe) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), as well as the predatorChrysoperla carnea(Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), can theoretically access the nectar from 21 flowering weeds that naturally occur in olive groves. Thus, the architecture of the flowers as well as the mouthpart structure and/or the head and thorax width of the pest and its enemies were analyzed. The results suggested that all beneficial insects were able to reach nectar of the plant species from Apiaceae family, i.e.Conopodium majus(Gouan) Loret,Daucus carotaL. andFoeniculum vulgareMill., as well asAsparagus acutifoliusL.,Echium plantagineumL.,Capsella bursa-pastoris(L.) Medik.,Raphanus raphanistrumL.,Lonicera hispanicaBoiss. et Reut.,Silene gallicaL.,Spergula arvensisL.,Hypericum perforatumL.,Calamintha baeticaBoiss. et Reut,Malva neglectaWallr. andLinaria saxatilis(L.) Chaz.P. oleaewas not able to access nectar from five plant species, namely:Andryala integrifoliaL.,Chondrilla junceaL.,Dittrichia viscosa(L.) Greuter,Sonchus asper(L.) Hill andLavandula stoechasL.
Functional diversity of staphylinid beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) in maize fields: testing the possible effect of genetically modified, insect resistant maize
Authors: Svobodová Z. , Skoková Habuštová O. , Boháč J. , Sehnal F.
Published: January 2016

Staphylinid beetles are recommended bioindicators for the pre-market environmental risk assessment of genetically modified (GM) insect protected maize expressing the Cry3Bb1 toxin. Our multiannual study is a unique European analysis of a staphylinid community within a 14 ha maize field. GM maize, its near-isogenic hybrid (with or without insecticide treatment), and two other reference hybrids were each grown in five 0.5 ha plots. The opportunity for exposure to Cry toxin from plant residues ploughed into the soil was shown by the presence of saprophagous dipteran larvae that are common prey of predatory staphylinid species and hosts of the parasitoid species. 2587 individuals belonging to 77 staphylinid species were sampled using pitfall traps.Lesteva longoelytrata(31%),Oxypoda acuminata(12%),Aloconota sulcifrons(8%) andAnotylus rugosus(7%) were the most abundant beetles in the field. Bionomics, food specialization, temperature requirements and size group were assigned for 25 most common species. These traits determine the occurrence of staphylinid beetles in the field, the food sources they could utilize and thus also their likely contact with the Cry3Bb1 toxin. Statistical analysis of activity abundance, Rao indices and multivariate analysis of distribution of particular categories of functional traits in the field showed negligible effects of the experimental treatments, including the GM maize, upon the staphylinid community. Staphylinid beetles represent a considerably diverse part of epigeic field fauna with wide food specialization; these features render them suitable for the assessment of environmental safety of GM insect protected maize. However, the availability of prey and the presence of particular staphylinid species and their abundance are highly variable; this complicates the interpretation of the results.
The life cycle ofGregarina cuneatain the midgut ofTribolium castaneumand the effects of parasitism on the development of insects
Authors: Gigliolli A.A.S. , Julio A.H.F. , Conte H.
Published: January 2016

Tribolium castaneumHerbst 1797 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), an important pest of stored grains and byproducts, is naturally infected byGregarina cuneataStein 1848 (Apicomplexa: Gregarinidae). Changes in the life cycle of insects caused by the parasite development in the midgut were studied. Trophozoites, gamonts (solitary and associated), and gametocysts were present in the midgut of the insects. In young trophozoites, the apical region differentiated into an epimerite that firmly attached the parasite to the host epithelial cells. With maturation, trophozoites developed in gamonts that were associated with the initiation of sexual reproduction in the cell cycle, culminating in the formation of the spherical gametocyst. Morpho-functional analyses indicated that gregarines absorb nutrients from infected cells and can occlude the midgut as they develop. Consequently, nutritional depletion may interfere with the host's physiology, causing decreased growth, delayed development, and high mortality rates of the parasitized insects. These results suggestG. cuneatacould be an important biological agent for controllingT. castaneumin integrated pest management programs.
Differential Equations Driven byΠ-Rough Paths
Authors: Gyurkó Lajos Gergely
Published: January 2016

This paper revisits the concept of rough paths of inhomogeneous degree of smoothness (geometricΠ-rough paths in our terminology) sketched by Lyons in 1998. Although geometricΠ-rough paths can be treated asp-rough paths for a sufficiently largep, and the theory of integration of Lipγone-forms (γ>p–1) along geometricp-rough paths applies, we prove the existence of integrals of one-forms under weaker conditions. Moreover, we consider differential equations driven by geometricΠ-rough paths and give sufficient conditions for existence and uniqueness of solution.
Calicophoron daubneyiandFasciola hepatica: characteristics of natural and experimental co-infections of these digeneans in the snailLymnaea glabra
Authors: Vignoles P. , Titi A. , Mekroud A. , Rondelaud D. , Dreyfuss G.
Published: January 2016

A retrospective study on differentLymnaea glabrasamples collected from central France between 1993 and 2010 was carried out to determine the prevalence of natural co-infections withCalicophoron daubneyiandFasciola hepatica, and to specify the composition of redial burdens. Experimental infections ofL. glabraperformed during the same period of time were also analysed to study metacercarial production of each digenean in co-infected snails. Controls were naturally or experimentally co-infectedGalba truncatula. In natural co-infections, prevalence was 0.7% inL. glabra(186/25,128) and 0.4% inG. truncatula(137/31,345). Low redial burdens were found in these snails, withF. hepaticarediae significantly more numerous inL. glabrathan inG. truncatula(7.5 per snail instead of 5.2). In contrast, the total numbers ofC. daubneyirediae in both lymnaeids were close to each other (4.3 and 3.0 rediae, respectively). In experimentally co-infected groups, prevalence was greater inG. truncatulathan in the other lymnaeid (6.3% instead of 3.0%). Significantly shorter patent periods and lower metacercarial production for each digenean were noted inL. glabrathan inG. truncatula.However, in both lymnaeids, the two types of cercariae were released during the same shedding waves and several peaks during the patent period were synchronous. In spite of a greater shell height forL. glabra, metacercarial production of both digeneans in co-infected snails was lower than that inG. truncatula, thus indicating a still incomplete adaptation between these FrenchL. glabraand both parasites.
Epistaxis management: current understanding amongst junior doctors
Authors: Fox R , Nash R , Liu Z-W , Singh A
Published: January 2016

Background:

Epistaxis is a common and potentially life-threatening emergency. This survey assesses understanding and confidence in epistaxis management amongst current junior doctors.

Method:

A cross-sectional study was conducted of foundation year one and two doctors based at three National Health Service trusts within a single region of the UK, assessing basic understanding and procedural confidence.

Results:

A total of 111 foundation doctors completed this survey. The average duration of undergraduate exposure to otolaryngology was 8.1 days. Forty-one per cent of respondents stated that they would apply pressure to the nasal bones to control epistaxis. Seventy-five per cent lacked confidence in their ability to manage epistaxis. Those with two weeks or more of undergraduate exposure to otolaryngology were more confident than those with one week or less of exposure (p < 0.0001).

Conclusion:

Junior doctors lack understanding and confidence in epistaxis management, with patient safety implications. Confidence is associated with the duration of undergraduate exposure to otolaryngology. A minimum emergency safe competency should be a priority during foundation training if not achieved in UK medical schools.
The preliminary assessment of abundance and composition of marine beach debris in the northern Persian Gulf, Bandar Abbas City, Iran
Authors: Sarafraz Jaleh , Rajabizadeh Mahdi , Kamrani Ehsan
Published: January 2016

Marine debris is a major challenge threatening ocean and coastal environment with no easy solution in coming years. The problem is totally manmade and extendeds to coastal areas around the world. The accumulation of marine debris is largely due to lack of awareness and environmental education among the public reinforced with mismanagement of municipal litter in coastal cities. Iran has about 2415 km of coastlines in the north and south of the country that suffer severely from a marine debris problem. Despite the great scale of the problem that leads to the shutdown of some beaches to beachgoers, there are no documented data on the abundance, composition and sources of marine debris dispersed on beaches. With the cooperation of marine biology student volunteers, we surveyed beaches at two scales, 100 m and 1 km searching for litter in varying ranges. The results revealed that the most common items are made of plastic/polystyrene. Tourism and recreational activities are responsible for more than 90% of litter production on the study beach. Fisheries and aquaculture are the second source of most abundant marine litter found on the beach with considerable distance from tourism activities. We conclude that lack of education about the consequences of marine litter is the main reason for marine debris at the study beach. Another reason is related to rapid construction of coastal areas and development of coastal cities with no proper infrastructure to manage municipal littering.