bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: MacRae Graeme
Published: April 2015

This theme section seeks to keep alive important debates about the place of anthropology in the world that have been raised periodically since the 1970s, and most recently in a special issue of this journal entitled “Changing Flows in Anthropological Knowledge” (Buchowski and Dominguez 2012). The three articles in this theme section consider the place of anthropology in the university system, the building of a world anthropology, and the methodological challenges of the new conditions in which we work. All three critically address the interface and relationship between areas of changing power/knowledge and their relevance to the future of anthropology: both its place in the world and its contribution to the world.
Analysis of a Multilevel Dual Active Bridge (ML-DAB) DC-DC Converter Using Symmetric Modulation
Authors: Moonem M. , Pechacek C. , Hernandez R. , Krishnaswami H.
Published: April 2015

Dual active bridge (DAB) converters have been popular in high voltage, low and medium power DC-DC applications, as well as an intermediate high frequency link in solid state transformers. In this paper, a multilevel DAB (ML-DAB) has been proposed in which two active bridges produce two-level (2L)-5L, 5L-2L and 3L-5L voltage waveforms across the high frequency transformer. The proposed ML-DAB has the advantage of being used in high step-up/down converters, which deal with higher voltages, as compared to conventional two-level DABs. A three-level neutral point diode clamped (NPC) topology has been used in the high voltage bridge, which enables the semiconductor switches to be operated within a higher voltage range without the need for cascaded bridges or multiple two-level DAB converters. A symmetric modulation scheme, based on the least number of angular parameters rather than the duty-ratio, has been proposed for a different combination of bridge voltages. This ML-DAB is also suitable for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control in photovoltaic applications. Steady-state analysis of the converter with symmetric phase-shift modulation is presented and verified using simulation and hardware experiments.
Assaying Visual Memory in the Desert Locust
Authors: Dillen Senne , Chen Ziwei , Broeck Jozef
Published: April 2015

The involvement of associative learning cues has been demonstrated in several stages of feeding and food selection. Short neuropeptide F (sNPF), an insect neuropeptide whose effects on feeding behavior have previously been well established, may be one of the factors bridging feeding and learning behavior. Recently, it was shown in Drosophila melanogaster that the targeted reduction of Drome-sNPF transcript levels significantly reduced sugar-rewarded olfactory memory. While Drosophila mainly relies on olfactory perception in its food searching behavior, locust foraging behavior is likely to be more visually orientated. Furthermore, a feeding-dependent regulation of Schgr-sNPF transcript levels has previously been observed in the optic lobes of the locust brain, suggesting a possible involvement in visual perception of food and visual associative memory in this insect species. In this study, we describe the development of a robust and reproducible assay allowing visual associative memory to be studied in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria. Furthermore, we performed an exploratory series of experiments, studying the role of Schgr-sNPF in this complex process.
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in the Diabetic Kidney, the Good, the Bad and the Ugly
Authors: Cunard Robyn
Published: April 2015

Diabetic kidney disease is the leading worldwide cause of end stage kidney disease and a growing public health challenge. The diabetic kidney is exposed to many environmental stressors and each cell type has developed intricate signaling systems designed to restore optimal cellular function. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a homeostatic pathway that regulates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane structure and secretory function. Studies suggest that the UPR is activated in the diabetic kidney to restore normal ER function and viability. However, when the cell is continuously stressed in an environment that lies outside of its normal physiological range, then the UPR is known as the ER stress response. The UPR reduces protein synthesis, augments the ER folding capacity and downregulates mRNA expression of genes by multiple pathways. Aberrant activation of ER stress can also induce inflammation and cellular apoptosis, and modify signaling of protective processes such as autophagy and mTORC activation. The following review will discuss our current understanding of ER stress in the diabetic kidney and explore novel means of modulating ER stress and its interacting signaling cascades with the overall goal of identifying therapeutic strategies that will improve outcomes in diabetic nephropathy.
Retinoic Acid and the Development of the Endoderm
Authors: Kelly Gregory , Drysdale Thomas
Published: April 2015

Retinoic acid (RA) is an important signaling molecule in the development of the endoderm and an important molecule in protocols used to generate endodermal cell types from stem cells. In this review, we describe the RA signaling pathway and its role in the patterning and specification of the extra embryonic endoderm and different endodermal organs. The formation of endoderm is an ancient evolutionary feature and RA signaling appears to have coevolved with the vertebrate lineage. Towards that end, we describe how RA participates in many regulatory networks required for the formation of extraembryonic structures as well as the organs of the embryo proper.
Zeroing in on the Genetics of Intelligence
Authors: Arslan Ruben , Penke Lars
Published: April 2015

Despite the high heritability of intelligence in the normal range, molecular genetic studies have so far yielded many null findings. However, large samples and self-imposed stringent standards have prevented false positives and gradually narrowed down where effects can still be expected. Rare variants and mutations of large effect do not appear to play a main role beyond intellectual disability. Common variants can account for about half the heritability of intelligence and show promise that collaborative efforts will identify more causal genetic variants. Gene–gene interactions may explain some of the remainder, but are only starting to be tapped. Evolutionarily, stabilizing selection and selective (near)-neutrality are consistent with the facts known so far.
Fractional Euler-Lagrange Equations Applied to Oscillatory Systems
Authors: David Sergio , Valentim Carlos
Published: April 2015

In this paper, we applied the Riemann-Liouville approach and the fractional Euler-Lagrange equations in order to obtain the fractional nonlinear dynamic equations involving two classical physical applications: “Simple Pendulum” and the “Spring-Mass-Damper System” to both integer order calculus (IOC) and fractional order calculus (FOC) approaches. The numerical simulations were conducted and the time histories and pseudo-phase portraits presented. Both systems, the one that already had a damping behavior (Spring-Mass-Damper) and the system that did not present any sort of damping behavior (Simple Pendulum), showed signs indicating a possible better capacity of attenuation of their respective oscillation amplitudes. This implication could mean that if the selection of the order of the derivative is conveniently made, systems that need greater intensities of damping or vibrating absorbers may benefit from using fractional order in dynamics and possibly in control of the aforementioned systems. Thereafter, we believe that the results described in this paper may offer greater insights into the complex behavior of these systems, and thus instigate more research efforts in this direction.
Seaweed Polysaccharides (Laminarin and Fucoidan) as Functional Ingredients in Pork Meat: An Evaluation of Anti-Oxidative Potential, Thermal Stability and Bioaccessibility
Authors: Moroney Natasha , O'Grady Michael , Lordan Sinéad , Stanton Catherine , Kerry Joseph
Published: April 2015

The anti-oxidative potential of laminarin (L), fucoidan (F) and an L/F seaweed extract was measured using the DPPH free radical scavenging assay, in 25% pork (longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL)) homogenates (TBARS) (3 and 6 mg/mL) and in horse heart oxymyoglobin (OxyMb) (0.1 and 1 mg/mL). The DPPH activity of fresh and cooked minced LTL containing L (100 mg/g; L100), F100 and L/F100,300, and bioaccessibility post in vitro digestion (L/F300), was assessed. Theoretical cellular uptake of antioxidant compounds was measured in a transwell Caco-2 cell model. Laminarin displayed no activity and fucoidan reduced lipid oxidation but catalysed OxyMb oxidation. Fucoidan activity was lowered by cooking while the L/F extract displayed moderate thermal stability. A decrease in DPPH antioxidant activity of 44.15% and 36.63%, after 4 and 20 h respectively, indicated theoretical uptake of L/F antioxidant compounds. Results highlight the potential use of seaweed extracts as functional ingredients in pork.
Estimation of Fatigue Crack Growth Rate for 7% Nickel Steel under Room and Cryogenic Temperatures Using Damage-Coupled Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Kim Seul-Kee , Lee Chi-Seung , Kim Jeong-Hyeon , Kim Myung-Hyun , Noh Byeong-Jae , Matsumoto Toshyuki , Lee Jae-Myung
Published: April 2015

In this study, fatigue crack growth rates (FCGR) of 7% nickel steel at room and cryogenic temperatures were evaluated using damage-coupled finite element analysis (FEA). In order to perform the computational fatigue analysis effectively, methods for coupling damage to FEA are introduced and adopted. A hybrid method including the damage-coupled constitutive model and jump-in-cycles procedure was implemented into the ABAQUS user-defined material subroutine. Finally, the represented method was validated by comparing its results with the FCGR test results for 7% nickel steel under room and cryogenic temperatures. In particular, da/dN versus ∆K and the crack length versus the number of cycles were compared.
On the Effect of Pouring Temperature on Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron Solidification
Authors: Escobar Alex , Celentano Diego , Cruchaga Marcela , Schulz Bernd
Published: April 2015

This work is focused on the effect of pouring temperature on the thermal-microstructural response of an eutectic spheroidal graphite cast iron (SGCI). To this end, experiments as well as numerical simulations were carried out. Solidification tests in a wedge-like part were cast at two different pouring temperatures. Five specific locations exhibiting distinct cooling rates along the sample were chosen for temperature measurements and metallographic analysis to obtain the number and size of graphite nodules at the end of the process. The numerical simulations were performed using a multinodular-based model. Reasonably good numerical-experimental agreements were obtained for both the cooling curves and the graphite nodule counts.
Preparative Isolation and Purification of Lignans from Justicia procumbens Using High-Speed Counter-Current Chromatography in Stepwise Elution Mode
Authors: Zhou Peijuan , Luo Qijun , Ding Lijian , Fang Fang , Yuan Ye , Chen Juanjuan , Zhang Jinrong , Jin Haixiao , He Shan
Published: April 2015

Lignans, which are recognized as main constituents in Justicia procumbens, have attracted considerable attention due to their pharmacological activities, including antitumor, anti-hepatitic, cytotoxic, anti-microbial, and anti-virus properties. Preparative high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) was successfully applied to the isolation and purification of four lignans (justicidin B (1), justicidin A (2), 6'-hydroxyjusticidin C (3) and lignan J1 (4)) from J. procumbens using stepwise elution with a pair of two-phase solvent systems composed of n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water at (1.3:1:1.3:1, v/v) and (2.5:1:2.5:1, v/v). The preparative HSCCC separation was performed on 300 mg of crude sample yielding compounds 1 (19.7 mg), 2 (9.86 mg), 3 (11.26 mg), and 4 (2.54 mg) in a one-step separation, with purities over 95% as determined by HPLC. The structures of these compounds were identified by MS, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. This is the first report on the application of HSCCC to the efficient separation of lignans from J. procumbens.
Characterization of a (2R,3R)-2,3-Butanediol Dehydrogenase from Rhodococcus erythropolis WZ010
Authors: Yu Meilan , Huang Meijuan , Song Qingqing , Shao Jianzhong , Ying Xiangxian
Published: April 2015

The gene encoding a (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase from Rhodococcus erythropolis WZ010 (ReBDH) was over-expressed in Escherichia coli and the resulting recombinant ReBDH was successfully purified by Ni-affinity chromatography. The purified ReBDH in the native form was found to exist as a monomer with a calculated subunit size of 37180, belonging to the family of the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenases. The enzyme was NAD(H)-specific and its optimal activity for acetoin reduction was observed at pH 6.5 and 55 °C. The optimal pH and temperature for 2,3-butanediol oxidation were pH 10 and 45 °C, respectively. The enzyme activity was inhibited by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or metal ions Al3+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Cu2+ and Ag+, while the addition of 10% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in the reaction mixture increased the activity by 161.2%. Kinetic parameters of the enzyme showed lower Km values and higher catalytic efficiency for diacetyl and NADH in comparison to those for (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol and NAD+. The activity of acetoin reduction was 7.7 times higher than that of (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol oxidation when ReBDH was assayed at pH 7.0, suggesting that ReBDH-catalyzed reaction in vivo might favor (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol formation rather than (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol oxidation. The enzyme displayed absolute stereospecificity in the reduction of diacetyl to (2R,3R)-2,3-butanediol via (R)-acetoin, demonstrating its potential application on the synthesis of (R)-chiral alcohols.
Recent Developments of Versatile Photoinitiating Systems for Cationic Ring Opening Polymerization Operating at Any Wavelengths and under Low Light Intensity Sources
Authors: Lalevée Jacques , Mokbel Haifaa , Fouassier Jean-Pierre
Published: April 2015

Photoinitiators (PI) or photoinitiating systems (PIS) usable in light induced cationic polymerization (CP) and free radical promoted cationic polymerization (FRPCP) reactions (more specifically for cationic ring opening polymerization (ROP)) together with the involved mechanisms are briefly reviewed. The recent developments of novel two- and three-component PISs for CP and FRPCP upon exposure to low intensity blue to red lights is emphasized in details. Examples of such reactions under various experimental conditions are provided.
Experimental Demonstration of Luneburg Waveguides
Authors: Smolyaninova Vera , Lahneman David , Adams Todd , Gresock Thomas , Zander Kathryn , Jensen Christopher , Smolyaninov Igor
Published: April 2015

Transformation optics gives rise to numerous unusual optical devices, such as novel metamaterial lenses and invisibility cloaks. Very recently, Mattheakis et al. (Luneburg lens waveguide networks. J. Opt. 2012, 14, 114006) have suggested theoretical design of an optical waveguide, based on a network of Luneburg lenses, which may be useful in sensing and nonlinear optics applications. Here, we report the first experimental realization of such Luneburg waveguides. We have studied wavelength and polarization dependent performance of the waveguides.
Assessing the Impacts of Urbanization-Associated Land Use/Cover Change on Land Surface Temperature and Surface Moisture: A Case Study in the Midwestern United States
Authors: Jiang Yitong , Fu Peng , Weng Qihao
Published: April 2015

Urbanization-associated land use and land cover (LULC) changes lead to modifications of surface microclimatic and hydrological conditions, including the formation of urban heat islands and changes in surface runoff pattern. The goal of the paper is to investigate the changes of biophysical variables due to urbanization induced LULC changes in Indianapolis, USA, from 2001 to 2006. The biophysical parameters analyzed included Land Surface Temperature (LST), fractional vegetation cover, Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), impervious fractions evaporative fraction, and soil moisture. Land cover classification and changes and impervious fractions were obtained from the National Land Cover Database of 2001 and 2006. The Temperature-Vegetation Index (TVX) space was created to analyze how these satellite-derived biophysical parameters change during urbanization. The results showed that the general trend of pixel migration in response to the LULC changes was from the areas of low temperature, dense vegetation cover, and high surface moisture conditions to the areas of high temperature, sparse vegetation cover, and low surface moisture condition in the TVX space. Analyses of the T-soil moisture and T-NDWI spaces revealed similar changed patterns. The rate of change in LST, vegetation cover, and moisture varied with LULC type and percent imperviousness. Compared to conversion from cultivated to residential land, the change from forest to commercial land altered LST and moisture more intensively. Compared to the area changed from cultivated to residential, the area changed from forest to commercial altered 48% more in fractional vegetation cover, 71% more in LST, and 15% more in soil moisture Soil moisture and NDWI were both tested as measures of surface moisture in the urban areas. NDWI was proven to be a useful measure of vegetation liquid water and was more sensitive to the land cover changes comparing to soil moisture. From a change forest to commercial land, the mean soil moisture changed 17%, while the mean NDWI changed 90%.
A Survey of MAC Protocols for Cognitive Radio Body Area Networks
Authors: Bhandari Sabin , Moh Sangman
Published: April 2015

The advancement in electronics, wireless communications and integrated circuits has enabled the development of small low-power sensors and actuators that can be placed on, in or around the human body. A wireless body area network (WBAN) can be effectively used to deliver the sensory data to a central server, where it can be monitored, stored and analyzed. For more than a decade, cognitive radio (CR) technology has been widely adopted in wireless networks, as it utilizes the available spectra of licensed, as well as unlicensed bands. A cognitive radio body area network (CRBAN) is a CR-enabled WBAN. Unlike other wireless networks, CRBANs have specific requirements, such as being able to automatically sense their environments and to utilize unused, licensed spectra without interfering with licensed users, but existing protocols cannot fulfill them. In particular, the medium access control (MAC) layer plays a key role in cognitive radio functions, such as channel sensing, resource allocation, spectrum mobility and spectrum sharing. To address various application-specific requirements in CRBANs, several MAC protocols have been proposed in the literature. In this paper, we survey MAC protocols for CRBANs. We then compare the different MAC protocols with one another and discuss challenging open issues in the relevant research.
Visual Object Recognition with 3D-Aware Features in KITTI Urban Scenes
Authors: Yebes J. , Bergasa Luis , García-Garrido Miguel
Published: April 2015

Driver assistance systems and autonomous robotics rely on the deployment of several sensors for environment perception. Compared to LiDAR systems, the inexpensive vision sensors can capture the 3D scene as perceived by a driver in terms of appearance and depth cues. Indeed, providing 3D image understanding capabilities to vehicles is an essential target in order to infer scene semantics in urban environments. One of the challenges that arises from the navigation task in naturalistic urban scenarios is the detection of road participants (e.g., cyclists, pedestrians and vehicles). In this regard, this paper tackles the detection and orientation estimation of cars, pedestrians and cyclists, employing the challenging and naturalistic KITTI images. This work proposes 3D-aware features computed from stereo color images in order to capture the appearance and depth peculiarities of the objects in road scenes. The successful part-based object detector, known as DPM, is extended to learn richer models from the 2.5D data (color and disparity), while also carrying out a detailed analysis of the training pipeline. A large set of experiments evaluate the proposals, and the best performing approach is ranked on the KITTI website. Indeed, this is the first work that reports results with stereo data for the KITTI object challenge, achieving increased detection ratios for the classes car and cyclist compared to a baseline DPM.
One Health and Cyanobacteria in Freshwater Systems: Animal Illnesses and Deaths Are Sentinel Events for Human Health Risks
Authors: Hilborn Elizabeth , Beasley Val
Published: April 2015

Harmful cyanobacterial blooms have adversely impacted human and animal health for thousands of years. Recently, the health impacts of harmful cyanobacteria blooms are becoming more frequently detected and reported. However, reports of human and animal illnesses or deaths associated with harmful cyanobacteria blooms tend to be investigated and reported separately. Consequently, professionals working in human or in animal health do not always communicate findings related to these events with one another. Using the One Health concept of integration and collaboration among health disciplines, we systematically review the existing literature to discover where harmful cyanobacteria-associated animal illnesses and deaths have served as sentinel events to warn of potential human health risks. We find that illnesses or deaths among livestock, dogs and fish are all potentially useful as sentinel events for the presence of harmful cyanobacteria that may impact human health. We also describe ways to enhance the value of reports of cyanobacteria-associated illnesses and deaths in animals to protect human health. Efficient monitoring of environmental and animal health in a One Health collaborative framework can provide vital warnings of cyanobacteria-associated human health risks.
Enhancement of Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Infection by Seminal Plasma and Semen Amyloids Implicates a New Target for the Prevention of HSV Infection
Authors: Torres Lilith , Ortiz Tatiana , Tang Qiyi
Published: April 2015

Human herpesviruses cause different infectious diseases, resulting in world-wide health problems. Sexual transmission is a major route for the spread of both herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and -2. Semen plays an important role in carrying the viral particle that invades the vaginal or rectal mucosa and, thereby, initiates viral replication. Previously, we demonstrated that the amyloid fibrils semenogelin (SEM) and semen-derived enhancer of viral infection (SEVI), and seminal plasma (SP) augment cytomegalovirus infection (Tang et al., J. Virol 2013). Whether SEM or SEVI amyloids or SP could also enhance other herpesvirus infections has not been examined. In this study, we found that the two amyloids as well as SP strongly enhance both HSV-1 and -2 infections in cell culture. Along with SP, SEM and SEVI amyloids enhanced viral entry and increased infection rates by more than 10-fold, as assessed by flow cytometry assay and fluorescence microscopy. Viral replication was increased by about 50- to 100-fold. Moreover, viral growth curve assays showed that SEM and SEVI amyloids, as well as SP, sped up the kinetics of HSV replication such that the virus reached its replicative peak more quickly. The interactions of SEM, SEVI, and SP with HSVs are direct. Furthermore, we discovered that the enhancing effects of SP, SEM, and SEVI can be significantly reduced by heparin, a sulfated polysaccharide with an anionic charge. It is probable that heparin abrogates said enhancing effects by interfering with the interaction of the viral particle and the amyloids, which interaction results in the binding of the viral particles and both SEM and SEVI.
Assessment of the Impacts of Climate Change on the Water Quality of a Small Deep Reservoir in a Humid-Subtropical Climatic Region
Authors: Chang Chih-Hua , Cai Long-Yan , Lin Tsair-Fuh , Chung Chia-Ling , Van der Linden Leon , Burch Michael
Published: April 2015

Surface water quality has been identified as potentially vulnerable to climate change. This study assesses the impacts of climate change on the water quality of Hsinshan Reservoir, Taiwan, through CE-QUAL-W2 simulations. The model parameters were calibrated by field data collected during 2004–2008, and verified against observations made during 2009–2012. The projected temperature and precipitation data for the near- and long-term future were downscaled to regional and daily scales, and used to simulate the projected changes in water quality through the validated model. The simulation results were reported as probability-based cumulative distribution functions to access the impacts of climate change on water quality. The results indicated that the intensified thermal stratification caused by the rising temperature is the primary driver of water quality decline, which increases the probability of deep-layer oxygen depletion and the flux of limiting nutrients for algae growth, resulting in a higher risk of algal blooms and eutrophication. The adaptation strategies of multilevel-intake operations and increasing bottom-layer dissolved oxygen without destratification are recommended.
Pourquoi faut-il une finance durable et soutenable ?
Authors: Jeffers Esther
Published: April 2015

La finance, dans sa conception actuelle, est-elle inévitable ? Existe-t-il une alternative plus soutenable ? Et si oui, quelles en seraient les conditions ? Dans une première partie, cet article discute de l'instabilité financière, génératrice de comportements cycliques et de prises de risques qui ont abouti à une crise majeure dont les coûts s'avèrent massifs pour la société. Comprendre les causes de cette instabilité est une des conditions nécessaires afin de concevoir un autre modèle de la finance, une finance durable et responsable, c'est-à-dire utile sur le plan économique, social et environnemental. Dans une deuxième partie, nous évoquons des réformes du système bancaire et financier nécessaires pour sortir de la crise et assurer des financements à long terme, notamment pour accompagner la transition écologique. Enfin, cet article plaide pour une finance capable d'œuvrer à une meilleure prise en considération des risques environnementaux, sociaux et de gouvernance dans les décisions d'investissement et la recherche de rendements soutenables sur la durée. Classification JEL : G01, E5, D62.
La crise financière a-t-elle affecté le débat « lean » versus « clean » chez les banquiers centraux ?
Authors: Carré Emmanuel
Published: April 2015

La crise financière a-t-elle causé un changement de paradigme de politique monétaire ? En particulier, la stratégie des banques centrales en matière de stabilité financière a-t-elle changé ? Le consensus d'avant-crise des banquiers centraux sur la stratégie de lutte ex post contre l'éclatement de la bulle financière ( cleaning up the bust afterwards ) prévaut-il encore ? Désormais les banquiers centraux préfèrent-ils au contraire agir ex ante contre la montée de la bulle ( leaning against the wind ) ? L'article examine si la crise a modifié ce débat clean versus lean sur la base des méthodes de la littérature de la communication des banques centrales. Quatre-vingt-quatorze discours de membres de la Réserve fédérale américaine (Fed), de la Banque centrale européenne (BCE) et de la Banque d'Angleterre portant sur ce débat sont étudiés sur la période 2002-2012. L'analyse et le codage de ces discours apportent deux résultats majeurs. En premier lieu, le consensus sur la stratégie de clean est moins marqué qu'avant la crise dans les trois banques centrales considérées. La BCE devient clairement favorable à la stratégie opposée de lean . Cependant, en second lieu, le changement de paradigme de politique monétaire n'apparaît pas pour autant car la Fed et la Banque d'Angleterre continuent de préférer la stratégie de clean . Classification JEL : D83, E52, G01.
Sylvestre Vieuxchêne s’interroge : « À qui transmettre mon entreprise ? » (une fiction réaliste)
Authors: Gariel Sylvain , Lherbier Gauthier
Published: April 2015

Sylvestre Vieuxchênes est fatigué : que faire de l’entreprise familiale, avec un frère pressé de vendre, une sœur partie en Suède, des enfants qui ne veulent pas lui succéder, l’ISF et les droits de succession ? Une fiction réaliste, avec quelques issues.
L’eucharistie et l’urgence du mystère
Authors: Bruguès † Jean-Louis
Published: April 2015

Il est des pays où plusieurs diocèses ont choisi la récente exhortation post-synodale Sacramentum Caritatis comme document de référence pour leur réflexion annuelle. En France, elle tomba dans une épaisse indifférence. Pourtant, l’exhortation venait compléter l’impressionnant corpus relatif à l’Eucharistie que l’Eglise vient de se donner. L’exhortation cherche à répondre à une question d’apparence simple : comment donner le sens et le goût du mystère dans un contexte de sécularisation généralisée ? Quatre clés de lecture sont ici proposées : l’émerveillement devant « le pain venu du ciel », la vérité d’un amour qui se donne aux hommes et les pousse à se donner à leur tour, le resplendissement de la beauté dans la célébration du mystère pascal, enfin, la capacité de l’Eucharistie à transformer les personnes, les choix politiques et jusqu’à la création.
L’Écriture, âme de la théologie morale, dans l’encyclique Veritatis Splendor
Authors: Gonon François
Published: April 2015

L’article tente de manifester comment les trois chapitres de Veritatis splendor trouvent leur principe d’unité dans l’exercice du sens moral . L’encyclique laisse en effet reconnaître une construction procédant de l’intelligence spirituelle de l’Écriture, en particulier de la doctrine des quatre sens de l’Écriture. Plus précisément encore, l’ harmonie de l’Ancien et du Nouveau Testament telle qu’elle est exprimée dans le premier chapitre de l’encyclique à partir de la rencontre de Jésus avec le jeune homme riche, constitue le fil rouge qui traverse l’ensemble du document, le caractérise et contribue à l’unifier.
« De l’origine des espèces » : Genèse 1 et la vocation scientifique de l’homme
Authors: Sonnet Jean-Pierre
Published: April 2015

Pour les tenants de l’évolutionnisme, se référer aujourd’hui à l’enseignement de la Genèse est régresser dans une forme d’obscurantisme, incompatible avec la rationalité de l’âge moderne. Au contraire, montrent ces pages : les chapitres inauguraux de la Genèse sont un manifeste de l’intelligibilité du monde, né de la parole divine et voué à celle de l’homme, notamment dans son entreprise scientifique. Une rationalité lumineuse traverse ces textes, capables de parler à tout homme de raison — et notamment à l’homme de science contemporain.
Le sacrifice eucharistique dans la Somme de Théologie
Authors: Urfels Florent
Published: April 2015

Cet article tente une reprise critique de l’enseignement de Thomas sur le sacrifice eucharistique à partir de la IIIa pars de la Somme de Théologie . Après avoir rappelé les bases de la sacramentaire thomiste qui, dans la Somme , renoue avec la doctrine augustinienne du signum sacrum , nous nous arrêtons à la formule que Thomas énonce dans la Q. 73 : l’Eucharistie « commémore la Passion du Seigneur qui fut un véritable sacrifice, et à ce point de vue elle est appelée un sacrifice ». Mais tous les sacrements ne font-il pas mémoire de la Passion ? Thomas avait conscience de l’insuffisance de sa formule et il s’efforce de la compléter à l’aide de la catégorie de l’oblation. Faute de prendre en compte la commémoration de la Cène par l’Eucharistie, sa synthèse demeure inaboutie.
Le sacerdoce commun et la communion entre laïcs et pasteurs d’après Lumen gentium
Authors: Twizelimana Théophile
Published: April 2015

Le sacerdoce commun ou baptismal ne consiste pas d’abord en des services ecclésiaux mais dans le culte spirituel. Ce sacerdoce fonde une communion asymétrique, mais authentique, entre pasteurs et laïcs, sans séparation, sans opposition et sans confusion. Le sacerdoce ministériel et le sacerdoce baptismal coexistent dans le ministre ordonné. Quant à leur différence, elle est essentielle et n’est donc pas de degré. Le premier est ordonné au second en ce sens qu’il est à son service, mais l’inverse n’est pas concevable.
André Comte-Sponville — Luc Ferry. Spiritualité sans Dieu, leurre ou vrai chemin ?
Authors: Verlinde Joseph-Marie
Published: April 2015

Pendant des siècles, l’Occident « chrétien » désignait spontanément, par le terme « spiritualité(s) », l’ensemble des voies visant à un approfondissement de la vie dans l’Esprit (de Jésus-Christ). Depuis la critique des philosophes de la mort de Dieu, ce terme est en attente d’une nouvelle définition. Parmi les tentatives visant à préciser les contours d’une « spiritualité sans Dieu », nous avons retenu celles de deux philosophes français contemporains bien connus : André Comte-Sponville et Luc Ferry. Il n’est pas sûr cependant que leurs efforts aboutissent, puisque la spiritualité du premier culmine dans l’expérience d’un divin immanent, tandis que la proposition du second postule implicitement un fondement absolu.
« Aux archives, citoyens ! », les archives dans la cité
Authors: Magnien Agnès
Published: April 2015

Installées au cœur de Paris depuis le xii e  siècle, les Archives nationales ont cependant connu et parfois même entretenu une certaine forme de distance avec les acteurs de la cité, les citoyens. Paradoxalement, leur installation récente à Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, en banlieue parisienne dans une zone en développement, est l’occasion de tisser des liens nouveaux avec le territoire, les acteurs politiques, scientifiques, éducatifs et culturels, et de mettre en valeur et en partage le patrimoine conservé.
Hydrate Formation Tendency of Lower Tertiary Fluid (LTF) Production
Authors: Kapoor Y. , Alves I. N. , Ramachandran K. , Sum A. K. , Chen L. T. , Beni A. Naderi
Published: April 2015

The Lower Tertiary has been one of the most significant discoveries in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) oil and gas plays. On February 25th 2012 Petrobras successfully began production of the Cascade and Chinook lower tertiary fields to the first Early Production System floating production, storage and offloading (EPS FPSO) in the GOM. The purpose of implementing an EPS was a stage wise process to understand and better approach expansion with uncertainty associated with the Ultra Deep Lower Tertiary play. Limited understanding of fluid properties during design led to the precautionary approach of managing flow assurance risks particularly associated with hydrate formation. Due to the under saturated nature of the lower tertiary oil there was much speculation that hydrates that form would self-disperse and not cause a plugging tendency. As a result of not being able to clearly understand risks early in design, mitigation measures applied were considered prudent.

The purpose of the paper is to provide an interpretation of hydrate formation propensity associated with the lower tertiary fluids. Interpretation provided herein is based on recent fluid evaluations using state of the art laboratories and high pressure rheometery to understand impact on fluid behavior. The paper will discuss hydrate propensity and rheological effects of the LTF's using results obtained from experimental procedures where live oil LTF's were prepared at 40% water cut and tested in the presence of LDHI (Anti-Agglomerate) to evaluate their effectiveness in controlling hydrate formation. Findings from this work will be discussed in relation to operational mitigation measures of hydrates.

The results presented will illustrate hydrate formation propensity, impacts on fluid rheology and how this information serves purpose in determining the potential risks of hydrates when water cut becomes prominent during production. Additionally, useful insight into production system design and production operating strategies preventing hydrate blockages shall be outlined.

The paper attempts to help the reader realize hydrates associated with the Lower Tertiary Production, which is considered a major source of future production in the GOM. The information provided is ground breaking.
HoxA10 Terminates Emergency Granulopoiesis by Increasing Expression of Triad1
Authors: Wang Hao , Bei Ling , Shah Chirag A. , Hu Liping , Eklund Elizabeth A.
Published: April 2015

Expression of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Triad1 is greater in mature granulocytes than in myeloid progenitor cells. HoxA10 actives transcription of the gene encoding Triad1 (ARIH2) during myeloid differentiation, but the contribution of increased Triad1 expression to granulocyte production or function is unknown. Mice with bone marrow–specific disruption of the ARIH2 gene exhibit constitutive inflammation with tissue infiltration by granulocytes and B cells. In contrast, disruption of the HOXA10 gene in mice neither constitutively activates the innate immune response nor significantly alters steady-state granulopoiesis. This study explores the impact of HoxA10-induced Triad1 expression on emergency (stress) granulopoiesis. We found that mice with HOXA10 gene disruption exhibited an overwhelming and fatal emergency granulopoiesis response that was characterized by tissue infiltration with granulocytes, but reversed by re-expression of Triad1 in the bone marrow. We determined that HoxA9 repressed ARIH2 transcription in myeloid progenitor cells, antagonizing the effect of HoxA10 on Triad1 expression. Also, we found that differentiation-stage–specific ARIH2 transcription was regulated by the tyrosine phosphorylation states of HoxA9 and HoxA10. Our studies demonstrate a previously undescribed role for HoxA10 in terminating emergency granulopoiesis, suggesting an important contribution by Hox proteins to the innate immune response.
Characterizing the Absolute Continuity of the Convolution of Orbital Measures in a
Classical Lie Algebra
Authors: Kumar Gupta Sanjiv , Hare Kathryn
Published: April 2015

Let 𝓰 be a compact simple Lie algebra of dimension d. It is a classical result that the convolution of any d non-trivial, G-invariant, orbitalmeasures is absolutely continuous with respect to Lebesgue measure on 𝓰, and the sum of any d non-trivial orbits has non-empty interior. The number d was later reduced to the rank of the Lie algebra (or rank +1 in the case of type An). More recently, the minimal integer k = k(X) such that the k-fold convolution of the orbital measure supported on the orbit generated by X is an absolutely continuous measure was calculated for each X ∈ 𝓰.

In this paper 𝓰 is any of the classical, compact, simple Lie algebras. We characterize the tuples (X1 , . . . , XL), with Xi ∊ 𝓰, which have the property that the convolution of the L-orbital measures supported on the orbits generated by the Xi is absolutely continuous, and, equivalently, the sum of their orbits has non-empty interior. The characterization depends on the Lie type of 𝓰 and the structure of the annihilating roots of the Xi. Such a characterization was previously known only for type An.
Impact of ozone observations on the structure of a tropical cyclone using coupled atmosphere–chemistry data assimilation
Authors: Lim S. , Park S. K. , Zupanski M.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Since the air quality forecast is related to both chemistry and meteorology, the coupled atmosphere–chemistry data assimilation (DA) system is essential to air quality forecasting. Ozone (O3) plays an important role in chemical reactions and is usually assimilated in chemical DA. In tropical cyclones (TCs), O3 usually shows a lower concentration inside the eyewall and an elevated concentration around the eye, impacting atmospheric as well as chemical variables. To identify the impact of O3 observations on TC structure, including atmospheric and chemical information, we employed the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) with an ensemble-based DA algorithm – the maximum likelihood ensemble filter (MLEF). For a TC case that occurred over the East Asia, our results indicate that the ensemble forecast is reasonable, accompanied with larger background state uncertainty over the TC, and also over eastern China. Similarly, the assimilation of O3 observations impacts atmospheric and chemical variables near the TC and over eastern China. The strongest impact on air quality in the lower troposphere was over China, likely due to the pollution advection. In the vicinity of the TC, however, the strongest impact on chemical variables adjustment was at higher levels. The impact on atmospheric variables was similar in both over China and near the TC. The analysis results are validated using several measures that include the cost function, root-mean-squared error with respect to observations, and degrees of freedom for signal (DFS). All measures indicate a positive impact of DA on the analysis – the cost function and root mean square error have decreased by 16.9 and 8.87%, respectively. In particular, the DFS indicates a strong positive impact of observations in the TC area, with a weaker maximum over northeast China.
Solar geoengineering using solid aerosol in the stratosphere
Authors: Weisenstein D. K. , Keith D. W.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Solid aerosol particles have long been proposed as an alternative to sulfate aerosols for solar geoengineering. Any solid aerosol introduced into the stratosphere would be subject to coagulation with itself, producing fractal aggregates, and with the natural sulfate aerosol, producing liquid-coated solids. Solid aerosols that are coated with sulfate and/or have formed aggregates may have very different scattering properties and chemical behavior than do uncoated non-aggregated monomers. We use a two-dimensional chemical transport model to capture the dynamics of interacting solid and liquid aerosols in the stratosphere. As an example, we apply the model to the possible use of alumina and diamond particles for solar geoengineering. For 240 nm radius alumina particles, for example, an injection rate of 4 Mt yr−1 produces a global-average radiative forcing of 1.3 W m−2 and minimal self-coagulation of alumina yet almost all alumina outside the tropics is coated with sulfate. For the same radiative forcing, these solid aerosols can produce less ozone loss, less stratospheric heating, and less forward scattering than do sulfate aerosols. Our results suggest that appropriately sized alumina, diamond or similar high-index particles may have less severe technology-specific risks than do sulfate aerosols. These results, particularly the ozone response, are subject to large uncertainties due the limited data on the rate constants of reactions on the dry surfaces.
Accuracy of velocities from repeated GPS measurements
Authors: Akarsu V. , Sanli D. U. , Arslan E.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Today repeated GPS measurements are still in use, because we cannot always employ GPS permanent stations due to a variety of limitations. One area of study that uses velocities/deformation rates from repeated GPS measurements is the monitoring of crustal motion. This paper discusses the quality of the velocities derived using repeated GPS measurements for the aim of monitoring crustal motion. From a global network of International GNSS Service (IGS) stations, we processed GPS measurements repeated monthly and annually spanning nearly 15 years and estimated GPS velocities for GPS baseline components latitude, longitude and ellipsoidal height. We used web-based GIPSY for the processing. Assuming true deformation rates can only be determined from the solutions of 24 h observation sessions, we evaluated the accuracy of the deformation rates from 8 and 12 h sessions. We used statistical hypothesis testing to assess the velocities derived from short observation sessions. In addition, as an alternative control method we checked the accuracy of GPS solutions from short observation sessions against those of 24 h sessions referring to statistical criteria that measure the accuracy of regression models. Results indicate that the velocities of the vertical component are completely affected when repeated GPS measurements are used. The results also reveal that only about 30% of the 8 h solutions and about 40% of 12 h solutions for the horizontal coordinates are acceptable for velocity estimation. The situation is much worse for the vertical component in which none of the solutions from campaign measurements are acceptable for obtaining reliable deformation rates.
A new synthesis for terrestrial nitrogen inputs
Authors: Houlton B. Z. , Morford S. L.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Nitrogen (N) inputs sustain many different aspects of local soil processes, their services, and their interactions with the broader Earth system. We present a new synthesis for terrestrial N inputs that explicitly considers both rock and atmospheric sources of N. We review evidence for state-factor regulation over biological fixation, deposition, and rock-weathering inputs from local to global scales and in transient vs. steady-state landscapes. Our investigation highlights strong organism and topographic (relief) controls over all three N input pathways, with the anthropogenic factor clearly important in rising N deposition rates. In addition, the climate, parent material, and time factors are shown to influence patterns of fixation and rock-weathering inputs of N in diverse soil systems. Data reanalysis suggests that weathering of N-rich parent material could resolve several known cases of "missing N inputs" in ecosystems, and demonstrates how the inclusion of rock N sources into modern concepts can lead to a richer understanding of spatial and temporal patterns of ecosystem N availability. For example, explicit consideration of rock N inputs into classic pedogenic models (e.g., the Walker and Syers model) yields a fundamentally different expectation from the standard case: weathering of N-rich parent material could enhance N availability and facilitate terrestrial succession in developmentally young sites even in the absence of N-fixing organisms. We conclude that a state-factor framework for N complements our growing understanding multiple-source controls on phosphorus and cation availability in Earth's soil, but with significant exceptions given the lack of an N fixation analogue in all other biogeochemical cycles. Rather, non-symmetrical feedbacks among input pathways in which high N inputs via deposition or rock-weathering sources have the potential to reduce biological fixation rates mark N as fundamentally different from other nutrients. The new synthesis for terrestrial N inputs provides a novel set of research issues and opportunities in the multidisciplinary Earth system sciences, with implications for patterns of N limitation, tectonic controls over biogeochemical cycling, and carbon–nutrient–climate interactions.
USEPA's 2015 Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey
Authors: Job Charles , Barles Robert
Published: April 2015

USEPA is conducting a critical survey of water system infrastructure investment needs that will inform the allotment of each state's share of federal grants. The survey also helps the federal government and the public understand the extent of drinking water infrastructure needs that are critical to the nation's public health and economy.