bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: North Michael
Published: November 2023

According To Ezra Pound, The Christian Era Ended On October 30, 1921, R\ When James Joyce Wrote the final words of Ulysses.. Actually, Pound had proclaimed the end of the Christian era at least once before, but this time he was serious enough also to propose a new calendar, in which 1922 became year 1 of a new era.1 For better or for worse, the new calendar never saw much use outside the pages of the Little Review, in which it was first proposed; but Pound did succeed, nonetheless, in making people think of 1922 as a year in which something definitively new had happened. By helping to bring both Ulysses and The Waste Land into print, Pound had introduced to the public the two works that would constitute, in the words of Gilbert Seldes, “a complete expression of the spirit which will be ‘modern’ for the next generation.”2 Ever since, the coincidental publication of these two works in 1922 has been taken as signifying a definitive break in literary history.
Translation, Mistranslation, and the Tractatus
Authors: North Michael
Published: November 2023

For the times literary supplement,; one of the notable intellectual events of 1922 was the hundredth anniversary of the science of comparative philology. In early April the TLS commemorated the publication of Jakob Grimm’s Deutsche Grammatik, which introduced the theory of consonantal shift that came to be known as Grimm’s Law, and also took advantage of the date to review a few contemporary works on language. According to the anonymous reviewer, these betrayed “a certain barrenness in modern linguistics!’The works under review, which included Otto Jespersen’s Lan< uage, did not, in the opinion of this reviewer, count for much in comparison to the great ambitions of early philology for an all-inclusive science of language. If it had waited just a few months, however, the TL,S might have included in its survey two works that were to make the modern study of language every bit as fruitful as nineteenth-century philology, if in an entirely different way. Ludwig Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico-Pbilosophicus,, which appeared in November, began the famous “linguistic turn;’ which has made the study of language the centerpiece of contemporary philosophy, and Bronislaw Malinowski’s Argonauts of the Western Pacific, reviewed by the TLS in July, focused attention on the context of speech in a way that was to be crucial for ordinary language philosophers such as Firth and Austin. Since they are not often mentioned together, it is somewhat surprising to see how closely associated these two works were in the Cambridge of 1922.
Across the Great Divide
Authors: North Michael
Published: November 2023

One Of The Most significant cultural events of 1922 took place some time late in the year outside the Winter Garden in New York. There, Gilbert Seldes, managing editor of The Dial and frequent contributor to to Vanity Fair, among other magazines and journals, announced his new writing project to a somewhat incredulous audience of two.1 Though his first audience was skeptical, the project, published in 1924 as The Seven Live!J Arts, was a success, so much so that it is remembered even today as “the first sustained examination and defense of American popular culture.”2 It seems fairly safe to say, in fact, that before The Seven Live!J Arts, American popular culture received no such examination and defense because it was not even recognized as a possible field of criticism. Writing about the movies, vaudeville, popular music, musical comedy, newspaper columns, and the comics together in one place gave these ephemeral forms of art a collective weight that helped to counterbalance critical prejudice against them. So when Seldes announced his new book project, he was announcing the birth of “American popular culture” as a critical category, as a concept independent, to some extent, of its individual constituents.
The Turtle Mountain Reservation in North Dakota Its History as Depicted in Louise Erdrich ‘s Love Medicine and The Beet Queen
Authors: Maristuen-Rodakowski Julie
Published: November 2023

The Panic so Vividly depicted by Louise Erdrich is felt by Albertine Johnson, a fifteen-year-old who is running away from home--not an atypical situation, except that Albertine is a Native American and the home she runs away from is a reservation, one similar to the Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation in north central North Dakota. Albertine sits in a bus depot in Fargo, North Dakota, her destination, her panic partly attributable to the fact that she’s never been away from home alone. Through the depiction of the fictitious lives of multiple generations in Love Medicine and The Beet Queen, Erdrich portrays the movement from an Indian culture to American culture, with the process of assimilation culminating in one individual in particular, Albertine Johnson.
Erdrich and Dorris’s Mixed-bloods and Multiple Narratives
Authors: Owens Louis
Published: November 2023

Despite The Import A”< c E (l F N. Scott Momaday’s Pulitzer Prize for House Made of Dawn in 1969, no American Indian author has achieved such immediate and enormous success as Louise Erdrich with her first novel, Love Medicine. A best-seller, Love Medicine not only outsold any previous novel by an Indian author, but it also gathered an impressive array of critical awards, including the National Book Critics Circle Award for Fiction in 1984, the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters award for best first novel, the Virginia McCormack Scully Prize for best book of 1984 dealing with Indians or Chicanos, the American Book Award from the Before Columbus Foundation, and the LA. Times award for best novel of the year.
Celebrating Culture Love Medicine
Authors: Ruppert James
Published: November 2023

Contemporary Native American Writers have therefore a task quite different from that of other writers I’ve mentioned. In light of enormous loss, they must tell the stories of contemporary survivors while protecting and celebrating the cores of cultures left in the wake of catastrophe. Louise Erdrich, “Where I Ought to Be” Love Medicine is a dazzling, personal, intense novel of survivors, who struggle to define their own identities and fates in a world of mystery and human frailty. In her writing, Louise Erdrich attempts both to protect and celebrate this world. To effectiwly assume the roles of protector and celebrant, Erdrich must mediate between two conceptual frameworks, non-Native and Native, in order to avoid future catastrophes. She endeavors to manipulate each audience so that it will experience the novel through the paths of understanding unique to each culture, thus assuring protection and continuance of a newly appreciated and experienced Native American epistemological reality.
Opening the Text Love Medicine and the Return of the Native American Woman
Authors: Silberman Robert
Published: November 2023

Louis Fernrich ‘ s Love Medicine opens with June Kashpaw, middle-aged Chippewa woman, wasting time in the oil boom town of Williston, North Dakota, while waiting for a bus that will take her back to the reservation where she grew up. She allows herself to be picked up by a white man in a bar; after a short, unsatisfying (for her) bit of lovemaking in his pickup, she takes off, cutting across the snowy fields as a storm begins to hit. There is a narrative break and then we learn that she has frozen to death.
Interviews with Louise Erdrich and Michael Dorris
Authors: Erdrich Louise , Wong Hertha D , Dorris Michael
Published: November 2023

Dorris: Louise had two stories that were independent stories, “Scales” and “The Red Convertible.” They were published independently and then there was a contest for the Nelson Algren Award for which they solicited stories of some five thousand or so words. We got the announcement that it was due by the fifteenth of January, and this was the first of January, and we just got back from vacation, and so we started talking about it and out of that grew “The World’s Greatest Fisherman,” the opening story of the novel Love Medicine, and we sent it off and thought of all the things that were wrong with it and what we would revise when it came back, and lo and behold, it won that contest. There were thousands of entries. We said, if it’s that good maybe we ought to think about expanding this and telling that same story because there are many stories in that story, from other points of view. And that expanded to developing the characters of Nectar and Marie and Lulu and on and on.
Reading between Worlds Narrativity in the Fiction of Louise Erdrich
Authors: Rainwater Catherine
Published: November 2023

LouI serdrich in A contemporary writer of German American and Chippewa heritage. Like many literary works by Native Americans, her novels, Love Medicine (1984), The Beet Queen (1986), Tracks (1988), and The BinBo Palace (1994) reflect the ambivalence and tension marking the lives of people, much like herself, from dual cultural backgrounds. Erdrich’s novels feature Native Americans, mixed-bloods, and other culturally and socially displaced characters whose marginal status is simultaneously an advantage and a disadvantage, a source of both power and powerlessness.1 In Love Medicine, for example, Lipsha Morrissey, born with the shaman’s healing touch, grows up with both Native American and Roman Catholic religious beliefs. His knowledge of both religions is sometimes an advantage, but at other times he is merely paralyzed between contradictory systems of belief. In The Beet Queen, Wallace Pfef, marginalized as a homosexual in a small midwestern town, plays an ambivalent role as Karl Adare’s lover and as husband-and-father substitute to Karl’s wife and daughter. His liminal status is a source of both happiness and grief. In Tracks, Erdrich’s two narrators likewise struggle with liminality in their efforts to leave behind early lives in favor of others they have chosen.
Reading Louise Erdrich Love Medicine as Home Medicine
Authors: Sarris Greg
Published: November 2023

Yuur grandmother didn‘t want to be Indian,” my Auntie Violet remarked as she put down the photograph of my grandmother I had given her. She leaned forward in her chair, as if for a closer inspection, one last look at the picture, then sat back with resolve. “Nope,” she said, “that lady wanted to be white. She didn’t want to be Indian. I’m sorry to tell.”
Rose Nights, Summer Storms, Lists of Spiders and Literary Mothers
Authors: Erdrich Louise
Published: November 2023

Once Again My roses are blooming outside the window, a tough rugosa called Therese Bugnet. Their full, glowing, pink heads droop directly outside the screen, heavy with last night’s rain-their fragrance a clear, unspeakable luscious berry, sweet as thunder. The churr of wood frogs is still loud in the night. Clouds darken in the north. Storms hammer down from Quebec. The sky crackles, a cellophane sheath crumpled suddenly overhead. Gnats, bloodsucking, hairline loving, bite raw welts into our napes. On the outermost petal of the farthest blossom, I spy something black, large, and velvet. A huge spider made of plush. It is an opulent thing, its legs thick and curved, its eyes blue glowing spots. There’s a screen between the two of us. Still, I am startled when it jumps. It moves with such mechanical and purposeful energy. Blossom to blossom, stuffing aphids into its jaws with thick limbs, mandibles clashing, it hunts.
Chronology of Events in Love Medicine
Authors: Beidler Peter G , Barton Gay
Published: November 2023

The Order oF Events in Love Medicine at first seems confusing. Although Erdrich often gives dates along with the titles to the various stories, and though after the first one, these stories are presented in chronological order, many of them include references to earlier incidents whose dates are unspecified. Thus, in the following summary we have rearranged the novel’s most important events and presented them in chronological order. The dates are taken either from the chapter heads or from internal evidence. Where we have guessed at a date we include a parenthetical indicator (?) of the uncertainty. Dates that are uncertain in Love Medicine but are revealed in another novel (without contradicting Love Medicine) are supplied in square brackets [1919]. Readers may also be confused by the fact that in the expanded (1993) edition of Love Medicine Erdrich has not only added new material but changed some of the old. In the first edition, for example, Eli and Nector are twins, while in the expanded edition Eli is said to be Rushes Bear’s “y0ungest son” (IM, 101). That fact is in turn contradicted by information in Tracks, where Nector, born about 1908, is said to be the “younger brother” (Tr, 39) of Eli, who is born around 1898.
Introduction
Authors: Selby Martha Ann
Published: November 2023

This book has been organized so that it may be read in a number of different ways, for there are as many ways to read poems as there are readers of poetry. Ideally, I would prefer that my readers read the entire book from start to finish. But if you are the sort of reader who prefers to experience a poem for the first time on your very own terms, then I advise you to stop here and turn immediately to my translations. Or if you are a reader who is interested in poetry from only one of the three traditions represented within these pages, you can match the appropriate essay with the poems that it discusses. However, I have written and organized this book with a specific goal in mind. The essays contained in part 1 are to serve as a guide to the poems in part 2, with the hope that readers can develop an approximate sense of what it may have been like to have heard them or read them as connoisseurs. The poems themselves have been orga¬ nized according to a “conversational” convention that is accepted by readers and writers in all three languages. Each poem is keyed by text and source language, and I encourage my readers to “appreciate” these poems in ways that are the most consonant with their individ¬ ual readerly habits and aesthetic sensibilities.
Reading the Sanskrit Amarufataka
Authors: Selby Martha Ann
Published: November 2023

When foregrounded against the diverse categories of Sanskrit literary genres, it becomes apparent that the Amarusataka represents a part of a distinct movement away from the traditional mythic materials and categories that earlier Sanskrit poets and dramatists, such as Kalidasa, drew upon. As V. Raghavan, Siegfried Lienhard, and others have pointed out, the Amarusataka “is really a continuation in Sanskrit of the Prakrit tradition of love poetry begun in Hala’s Ga ā thasā ptasat ī with the exception of a few interpolated poems by other authors, it is the first anthology of short erotic poems in Sanskrit.”
Reading the Prakrit Gathas
Authors: Selby Martha Ann
Published: November 2023

According to most accounts, the Gathasaptasatl is the oldest extant anthology of poetry from South Asia containing our very earliest examples of secular verse.1 The language of this anthology, Maharastrf Prakrit, is classified by linguists as one of the Middle Indo-Aryan languages, all of which (except for Apabhramsa) are included under the generic name Prakrit. The Middle Indo-Aryan category includes dialects from inscriptions dating from the third century b.c.e. through the fourth century c.E., as well as certain literary languages.
The Advice of Older Women to Their Young Friends "Love's Ways Are Like This as Curled os the Tendrils of New Cucumber"
Authors: Selby Martha Ann
Published: November 2023

The nineteen poems in this chapter depict responses made by girlfriends to the requests, complaints, and concerns expressed by the young women in the preceding section. The narrative in this section unfolds with an older confidante’s address to a guileless heroine, marking the moment at which the older, more experienced woman notices the stirrings of love manifested by her younger friend’s gestures and glances. Poems 8.2-8.7 are composed on a theme that was quite popular with the poets of all three traditions, that of an older confidante dispensing words of wisdom and encouragement to her young friend Poem 8.4, a Prakrit gatha, is a sample "script" provided by the confidante to the heroine in order to instruct her; readers will see enactments of this ploy in later sections, ripened into mature arguments between unhappy men and women. In poems 8.8-8.12, the confidante chides the heroine when she has taken her anger and pouting a bit too far. The Amarufataka verse in this group-numbered 8.8, 8.10, and 8.11-are particularly fine examples of a popular context in which a confidante advises a particular type of heroine found in Sanskrit and Prakrit convention, the abhisarika, a woman who is preparing herself for a secret meeting with her lover under the cover of darkness. The stunning simile in poem 8.14, a Prakrit gatha, serves to praise the heroine's fair complexion as well as to encourage the young women in her romantic endeavors. In poems 8.16-8.19, the older confidante again dispenses sage advice. The Prakrit gathain this group, numbered 8.16, 8.17, and 8.19, are observations that the confidante makes to a group of her own peers, to a young pregnant wife, and to a new bride, respectively. Poem 8.18, a longer Tamil narrative poem from Narrinai, records the words of a confidante to a heroine in the palai landscape of abject separation.
Women Speak to Their Lovers "Who Can Show Somebody the Workings of the Heart by Tearing It in Two?"
Authors: Selby Martha Ann
Published: November 2023

The eighteen poems in this chapter are all from the Prakrit anthology Gathasaptafati: they all are direct addresses from women to their lovers. The Prakrit language (especially the Prakrit of this anthology, Mahara.Hri) was regularly used by poets and dramatists to represent the manner in which women and children speak-it is softer and spoken in indistinct murmuring tones-but is also chosen to express the thoughts and artifices of women embroiled in illicit affairs because it is a language that promotes ambiguity and multiple interpretations. It is used as a vehicle to represent feminine wit and indirection of speech. This section opens with two poems in which the heroine directly expresses her jealousy and envy to her lover. Poems 12.3-12.7 record women’s words as they quarrel and complain to their men; the commentators place poem 12.4 in the mouth of a married woman who is expressing her disgust for her own husband to her lover. Poems 12.8 and 12.9 are spoken by clever heroines as they drop hints to potential lovers. Poem 12.10 is quite unusual (compare it to poem 7.15). Commentator Gangadharabhana writes that these are the words of a woman who is “commenting on the passionate nature of women in general, in order to steal away her lover’s heart.” Poems 12.11 and 12.12 serve as indirect indications to the man that favorite trysting spots have been wrecked; the latter poem is the address of an unfaithful wife to her lover. Poem 12.13 is spoken by a sexually experienced heroine to her clumsy lover, and poem 12.14 is obviously an early Prakrit model for some of the poems on a similar thems found in later Sanskrit collections. Please see chapter 5 for interpretations for poems 12.15-12.18, which, according to Gangadharabhatta, are spoken by the women to her lover in flagrante delicto to help him "last longer."
The Voices of Other Women "Like Water Boiled, Then Cooled,Love's Taste Goes Flat"
Authors: Selby Martha Ann
Published: November 2023

This book ends with a group of eight poems, all of them spoken by the “other women” in the love triangles that have been so well described in many of the previous chapters. The designation “other woman” includes all kinds of women, actually: lovers, concubines, courtesans, prostitutes, and elderly madams. The first three poems in this series, all of them from the Prakrit Gathasaptaf ati, are spoken by old bawds. In poem 18.1, an elderly whore teases a young lover about his habitual trips to the riverbank for trysts. Poem 18.4, from the Tamil anthology Ainkur.unur.u, is spoken by a parattai, literally “another woman,” to her confidante “within earshot of the wife’s companions,” according to U. Ve. Caminataiyar's gloss. In poem 18.5, a love-weary courtesan speaks in eloquent despair to her procuress, and in poem 18.6, a Prakritgatha, the other woman, using the ruse of addressing a honey flower bush, suggests an ideal meeting place to her lover. According to the commentators, poem 18.7 is an address made by an "unchaste" woman to her own heart. Poem 18.8, however, is the most achingly poignant of the lot-a bitter, lonely boast made by the other woman to her lover's companions as his wife gives birth to a boy.
The Beginnings of Miscegenation of the Whites and Blacks*
Authors: Woodson Carter G
Published: November 2023

Although science has uprooted the theory, a number of writers are loath to give up the contention that the white race is superior to others, as it is still hoped that the Caucasian race may be preserved in its purity, especially so far as it means miscegenation with the blacks. But there are others who express doubt that the integrity of the dominant race has been maintained.1 Scholars have for centuries differed as to the composition of the mixed breed stock constituting the Mediterranean race and especially about that in Egypt and the Barbary States. In that part of the dark continent many inhabitants have certain characteristics which are more Caucasian than negroid and have achieved more than investigators have been willing to consider the civilization of the Negro. It is clear, however, that although the people of northern Africa cannot be classed as Negroes, being bounded on the south by the masses of African blacks, they have so generally mixed their blood with that of the blacks that in many parts they are no nearer to any white stock than the Negroes of the United States. This miscegenation, to be sure, increased toward the south into central Africa, but it has extended also to the north and east into Asia and Europe. Traces of Negro blood have been found in the Malay States, India and Polynesia. In the Arabian Peninsula it has been so extensive as to constitute a large group there called the Arabised Negroes. But most significant of all has been the invasion of Europe by persons of African blood. Professor Sergi leads one to conclude that the ancient Pelasgii were of African origin or probably the descendants of the race which settled northern Africa and southern Europe, and are therefore due credit for the achievements of the early Greek and Italian civilizations.
Terms from the Oxford English Dictionary
Authors: Kaplan Sidney
Published: November 2023

1864 (title) Miscegenation: The Theory of the Blending of the Races, applied to the American White Man and Negro. Reprinted from the New York Edition. 1878 Stanley Dark Cont. I. 44 By this process of miscegenation, the Arabs are already rapidly losing their rich colour.
American Literary Tradition and the Negro *
Authors: Locke Alain
Published: November 2023

I doubt if there exists any more valuable record for the study of the social history of the Negro in America than the nai’ve reflection of American social attitudes and their changes in the literary treatment of Negro life and character. More sensitively, and more truly than the conscious conventions of journalism and pub lic debate, do these relatively unconscious values trace the fundamental attitudes of the American mind. Indeed, very often public professions are at utter variance with actual social practices, and in the matter of the Negro this variance is notably paradoxical. The statement that the North loves the Negro and dislikes Negroes, while the South hates the Negro but loves Negroes, is a crude generalization of the paradox, with just enough truth in it, however, to give us an interesting cue for further analysis. What this essay attempts must necessarily be a cursory preliminary survey: detailed intensive study of American social attitudes toward the Negro, using the changes of the literary tradition as clues, must be seriously undertaken later. For a cursory survey, a tracing of the attitude toward the Negro as reflected in American letters gives us seven stages or phases, supplying not only an interesting cycle of shifts in public taste and interest, but a rather significant curve for social history. And more interesting perhaps than the attitudes themselves are the underlying issues and reactions of class attitudes and relationships which have been basically responsible for these attitudes. Moreover, instead of a single fixed attitude, sectionally divided and opposed, as the popular presumption goes, it will be seen that American attitudes toward the Negro have changed radically and often, with dramatic turns and with a curious reversal of role between the North and the South according to the class consciousness and interests dominant at any given time. With allowances for generalization, so far as literature records it, Negro life has run a gamut of seven notes,-heroics, sentiment, melodrama, comedy, farce, problem-discussion and a:sthetic interest-as, in their respective turns, strangeness, domestic familiarity, moral controversy, pity, hatred, bewilderment, and curiosity, have dominated the public mind.
The Tragic Mulatto Theme in Six Works of Langston Hughes *
Authors: Davis Arthur P
Published: November 2023

The Weary Blues (1925), the first publication of Langston Hughes contained a provocative twelve-line poem entitled “Cross,” which dealt with the tragic mulatto theme. Two years later when Mr. Hughes brought out Fine Clothes to the Jew (1927), he included another poem on racial intermixture which he named “Mulatto.” During the summer of 1928 when Hughes was working with the Hedgerow Theatre at Moylan Rose Valley, Pennsylvania, he completed a full length drama on the tragic mulatto theme, which he also called Mulatto. This play was produced on Broadway in 1935 where it ran for a full year, followed by an eight month’s tour across the nation. From the play, the poet composed a short story, “Father and Son,” which though written later than the play, appeared in The Ways of White Folks (1934), a year before the drama was produced. Returning once more to the theme, Hughes in 1949 reworked the play Mulatto into an opera, The Barrier, the music for which was written by the modern composer Jan Meyerowitz. The opera was first produced at Columbia University in 1950. And finally in 1952, Hughes published another short story on the tragic mulatto theme en titled “African Morning.” This sketch appears in Laughing to Keep from Crying, a second collection of short stories. In short, for over a quarter of a century, the author has been concerned with this theme; returning to it again and again, he has presented the thesis in four different genres, in treatments varying in length from a twelve-line poem to a full-length Broadway play.
Othello in America: The Drama of Racial Intermarriage *
Authors: Edelstein Tilden G
Published: November 2023

A recent historian of nineteenth-century race relations claims that pre-Victorian Americans so feared racial intermarriage and amalgamation that they “found it difficult to sit through a performance of Othello.” Given the history of American race relations such difficulty hardly seems surprising. Paradoxically, despite its racial and sexual elements, Othello has been one of the most frequently performed Shakespearean plays in a nation that has watched more Shakespeare than it has the works of any other playwright. Shakespeare encompassed art, culture, and the wisdom of Western civilization; and for American actors and audiences Othello’s volatile racial, sexual, and class themes provided drama surpassing the dimensions of the stage. Engrossing drama, exemplified by Othello, communicates symbolically, simultaneously presenting the recognizably concrete event with verbal and physical images transcending material reality. Two centuries of American Othello perform ances dramatized some of this country’s racial reality and its racial fantasies.
Victims of Likeness: Quadroons and Octoroons in Southern Fiction *
Authors: Arbery Glenn Cannon
Published: November 2023

At certain junctures since the mid-nineteenth century, American fiction about the antebellum South has explored the relations between the races, especially in matters of equality, by dwelling with fascination and perplexity on the enigmatic figure of the quadroon or the octoroon. The words themselves, now rather arcane, are liable to evoke the image of “a face like a tragic magnolia, the eternal female, the eternal Who-suffers”-Faulkner’s description of Charles Hon’s mistress in Absalom, Absalom! Derived from the Spanish cuarteron, “quadroon” denoted a person one-fourth black, that is, with one Negro grandparent; an “octoroon”-a word coined in this country-was one-eighth black, the child of a quadroon and a white parent. To the extent that full equality under the law was simply a matter of being white, it would seem that the more white ancestry a person had, the closer to full equality he would have come. But there was a kind of logical problem in this approximation: the numerator and the denominator of the octoroon’s white ancestry could never be equal, never quite resolve into a simple one. Unequal in himself, he could never be fully equal to others. The slave system therefore ig nored the mathematics of parentage-except insofar as the white blood increased the value of the slave-and treated virtually any fractional admixture of Negro blood (as little as one sixty-fourth) as dominant and decisive in the determination of race. The octoroon, who might look no different from a white man or woman and who might be educated in the same way, was no closer to real equality than a full Negro.
American Theriomorphia: The Presence of Mulatez in Cirilo Villaverde and Beyond *
Authors: Gonzalez Eduardo
Published: November 2023

Several years ago I traveled on Greyhound from New England to Indiana to attend a rite of passage. Besides the necessary clothes, a toothbrush, and Fredric Jameson’s The Prison House of Language, the only heavy piece I carried was my freshly typed dissertation bound in black. The driver (he was brown) who assumed command in Philadelphia, and who was to steer our transient lives only up to Toledo, was asked a question regarding St. Louis as a point of passage along someone’s trip to California. Thrice he stood firm and rather unhelpful in answering: “Lady, this goes to Toledo and points West!” Obviously, he was neither Hermes the Psychopomp nor an imperial agent; his map was defined by his salary, as mine was by the vague anxieties that litter the academic realm. It must have been beyond Toledo that I fell asleep resting my head on the shoulder of a massive brown woman; when I got up at Indianapolis, she told me not to forget my hat. A few years later this same appendage-bought at an army surplus store prompted some revelers to call me “rabbi” as I left an elevator at a Holiday Inn in wintry Syracuse, where I had gone to read a paper on Carpentier’s “Viaje a la semilla.” If I indulge in these colorless memories it is to underscore a point about the intended meaning of beyond in my title: that it should imply being away from home but in a new home; being homeless but reasonably happy; discovering home as it may be found, as much within the old as in the new.
Black Men-White Women: A Philosophical View *
Authors: Turner William H
Published: November 2023

Any student familiar with the literature on Black and white sexual relations and intermarriage knows that such offerings have been couched in one or a coupling of the following theses: (1) that sexual freedom and racial intermarriage is for whites the most important aspect of the Black-white caste system; and conversely, for Blacks such matters were of least importance among the various forms of discrimination they had to suffer (Myrdal, 1944); or (2) that the “sanctity” of the white woman and the savage “sexuality” of the Black man made them both the envied ones of the universe (Hernton, 1965). More recently though, a new di mension of the Black male-white female relationship has come to the attention of social scientists. That aspect concerns the political ramifications of such racial/ sexual “freedom” in the wake of the so-called Black revolution in America. This paper focuses on the latter theme; that is, in spite of the classical offerings of Myrdal and Hernton, and void of the common stereotypes about the sexual potency of Black men and the omnipresence of the white woman as a sex symbol, what are some other questions we might raise, which, when clarified, might more profitably help us in understanding the present-day status of such relationships? Among these questions are: (1) What are some of the basic assumptions regarding Black male-white female relationships? (2) In what ways have the assumptions changed over the past few years? (3) Have the social responses (rejections) to Black male-white female relations become biological? and (4) What are the prospects of such relationships in light of the liberation struggle? Relative to some prior points in the history of Blacks in America, things have improved.
Lent
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo
Published: November 2023

A time of great delicacy and a subject that s also delicate, if you’re interested in going beyond doctrinal chitchat and sermons in considering it. And it’s a great pity, because Lenten customs would provide material for all sorts of articles if it were possible to publish them under the name of some free-thinker, some Lamennais or some … how should I know what name to give these courageous progressives, my contemporaries? Because I want you to know, dear readers, that I’d rather rot with the reactionaries to whose party I have the honor of belonging than work to correct doctrinal flaws at the risk of my own skin: if that’s the only way to make progress, let everyone remain as God made him and let me proceed with my usual circumspection so as not to fall into temptation in the process of writing such a perilous article.
The Provincial in Santiago
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo
Published: November 2023

The Muslim has to make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in his life and visit the Holy Places of his religion and traditions. The European painter isn’t a painter if he hasn’t visited the important cities of Italy and the landscapes of Switzerland. The antique collector, to transcend the category of hobbyist, needs to go steal something from the ruins of Athens, exhume mummies in the sepulchers of the Pharoahs, or make a journey to Peru to search for burial-grounds. The elegant citizen of Santiago who hasn’t gone to Paris to study elegance at the source, to see in real life the fashionable types who come to us here in the form of lithographs, should abandon all hope of achieving celebrity in his career. And watch out, because those who dedicate themselves to fashion rarely shine in any other endeavor.
The Liberal
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo
Published: November 2023

There are two things you can brag about mercilessly without fear of offending God with a lie, or aggravating modesty by exposing yourself as a fool: the first is being honorable, the second is being liberal. It’s understood that no one is going to deceive anyone about these two points. Anyone who says he’s more honorable than Z lies: such is the challenge every son of a neighbor makes to everyone he meets. Anyone who says he’s more liberal than Z, lies twicey replies the administration to the opposition and the opposition to the administration at every run- in they have in the newspapers and gazettes. So honorableness and liberal ideas are like everything else we all have and which we enjoy without taking them from anyone else: the air, the wind, the vacuum, and other attributes common to the honorable and liberal human species.
The History of Crime Films
Authors: Rafter Nicole
Published: November 2023

Crime films feed our apparently insatiable hunger for stories about crimes, investigations, trials, and punishment. From almost the first moment of moviemaking, film writers and directors realized that nothing pleases audiences more than deception, mayhem, and underdog characters who refuse to be trampled by institutions and laws. The plots of crime films may draw on actual historical events, reproducing celebrated cases while simultaneously fashioning out of the past new heroes for the present. More frequently, crime film plots are fictions that draw on general attitudes toward crime, victims, law, and punishment prevalent at the time of their making. Whatever the basis of their stories, crime films reflect the power relations of the context in which they are made—attitudes toward gender, ethnicity, race, and class relations, opinions about fairness and justice, and beliefs about the optimal relationship of state to individual. Examining the history of crime films helps explain why different types of crime films flourish at different points in time. By locating movies at some distance, in the sociohistorical contexts in which they were produced, film history enables us to see more clearly movies’ underlying ideological assumptions about American society.
Cop Films
Authors: Rafter Nicole
Published: November 2023

In The Great Cop Pictures, James Robert Parish writes that the main preoccupation of this genre is the “understanding of American law enforcers.”1 This statement has a patriotic ring, but it is at best a halftruth. Cop films do indeed focus on the nature of police work, but there are larger and subtler types of social definition at work in these movies, which are also concerned with distinguishing the realities of policing from its ideals, with defining the ideal man, and with projecting the ideal role of the police in a democratic society.
Courtroom Films
Authors: Rafter Nicole
Published: November 2023

It used to be easy to define courtroom films: They were dramas in which the main character was a heroic lawyer who solved the mystery and settled other dilemmas in the course of a trial. But this traditional definition has eroded. Contemporary movies, stressing activities that do not naturally occur in the courtroom, such as gun battles and sex, increasingly embed a short trial scene in a longer adventure story. Moreover, contemporary films seldom depict lawyers as heroes on the grand scale or courts as places where fundamental social and moral issues are settled.1 Law schools and legal studies programs, offering new courses in movies and law, have contributed to the evolution of the courtroom genre toward “law films.” The newer category includes movies which, like Do the Right Thing (1989), The Godfather trilogy (1972, 1974, 1990), Malcolm X (1992), and The Untouchables (1987), raise questions about the nature and functions of law while spending little or no time in a courtroom.2
Prison and Execution Films
Authors: Rafter Nicole
Published: November 2023

The prison film genre took shape during silent film days; toward the end of that period, studios were releasing one or two movies about prison life each year.1 Ranging from stories of jailbreaks and inmate reformation through melodramas about unjust convictions and hangings, these silent films created a cinematic vocabulary that was incorporated by talkies in the 1930s and that, as the 1990s success of The Shawshank Redemption demonstrates, continues to be popular today.2 Movies of this type are essentially fantasies, films that purport to reveal the brutal realities of incarceration while actually offering viewers escape from the miseries of daily life through adventure and heroism. Presenting tales in which justice is miraculously restored after long periods of harsh oppression, prison movies enable us to believe, if only briefly, in a world where long-suffering virtue is rewarded. In recent decades, a few filmmakers have begun producing movies that critique the traditional fantasy formulas or bypass them entirely, an indication that, after close to one hundred years, the prison film may be on the verge of transformation.
The Future of Crime Films
Authors: Rafter Nicole
Published: November 2023

Since the very early twentieth century, movies have dominated American popular culture. If one thinks of popular culture as the points of reference shared by members of a geographical or political unit—the images, values, histories, heroes, and myths they have in common—then this observation about the past is likely to apply in the future as well: Movies will continue to eclipse all other factors in the production of popular culture. As in the past, they will reflect popular culture, shape it, and comprise one of the major forces that unite people nationally and even internationally, giving them mutual touchstones. Crime films, while they are but one among many types of movie, are a particularly significant aspect of popular culture insofar as they give voice to ideas about right and wrong, the nature of criminality, the efficacy of courts, and the appropriateness of various forms of punishment. Unlike horror movies and romantic comedies, crime films help to forge agreement (as well as to expose differences) on issues fundamental to social health.
God and the Soul
Authors: Scheindlin Raymond P
Published: November 2023

In Chapter I we observed the turning inward of the theme of love, as the focus of the poems shifted from the national to the individual sphere. In the poems that follow, it is the soul, whether of the individual worshiper or of worshiping mankind, that stands at the center of the religious experience. The specifically Jewish element of the liturgy is either completely suppressed or drastically reduced, and the theme of love all but disappears. Yet the poems we are about to read are related to those of Chapter I in that their form derives from secular Arabic and Hebrew poems on love and wine drinking. Like them, they are short monorhymed poems in Arabic meters; like them, their language, though heavily influenced by Arabic, is very dose to that of the Bible. Like them, their form is an innovation of the Golden A e, instantly distinguishable from the liturgical poetry of earlier periods and even from the Golden Age liturgical poetry that carried on in the old vein. Not only the form but also the warmth, the intimacy, and the quiet intensity associated with secular and religious love poetry are carried over into these poems. But they are not religious ghazals; their theme sets them apart as an independent genre.
Contemporary Islam: Reformation or Revolution?
Authors: Esposito John L
Published: November 2023

Much of the reassertion of religion in politics and society has been subsumed under the term Islamic fundamentalism. Although ‘‘fundamentalism’’ is a common designation, in the press and increasingly among academics it is used in a variety of ways. For a number of reasons it tells us everything and yet, at the same time, nothing. First, all those who call for a return to foundational beliefs or the fundamentals of a religion may be called fundamentalist. In a strict sense this could include all practicing Muslims, who accept the Quran as the literal word of God and the Sunnah (example) of the Prophet Muhammad as a normative model for living.
Melville’s Typee U.S. Imperialism at Home and Abroad
Authors: Rowe John Carlos
Published: November 2023

Herman Melville’s Typee is one of the first U.S. literary texts to establish a connection between the institutions of slavery in the United States and Euro-American colonialism in Polynesia. Like other travelers to Polynesia in the first half of the nineteenth century, Melville reserves most of his criticism for the British and the French. In at least two significant ways, however, Melville turns the familiar nineteenth-century criticism of the British and the French into a critique more specifically 78 literary culture and U.S. Imperialism relevant to his white U.S. readers in the 1840s and 1850s. First, his references to Captain David Porter (1780”“1843), the U.S. naval commander who claimed the Marquesas Islands for the United States, and his general invocation of this little South Seas episode of the War of 1812 suggest that Melville wanted to use his experiences in the Marquesas for purposes that went well beyond the merely autobiographical or purely literary.
Race, Gender, and Imperialism in Stephen Crane A Monstrous Case
Authors: Rowe John Carlos
Published: November 2023

Only four paragraphs into the first chapter of Stephen Crane’s The Red Badge of Courage, the reader encounters “A negro teamster who had been dancing upon a cracker box with the hilarious encouragement of twoscore soldiers.” “Deserted” suddenly by the soldiers who “scattered into small arguing groups” to debate the news that they are about to move into battle positions, the “negro teamster” “sat mournfully down.” As several critics have pointed out, notably Ralph Ellison in his 1960 introduction to the novel, this is the only African American who appears in The Red Badge of Courage, despite the centrality of the issue of slavery in the Civil War and the presence of African-American Union soldiers fighting that war. It is indeed one of the strangest features of an American novel notable for its curious twists that Crane selected the Civil War as the setting for an otherwise dehistoricized and overtly depoliticized account of the social psychology of war.
Word against Image
Authors: O’connell Michael
Published: November 2023

There is a theologically startling moment in Erasmus’ “Paraclesis,” the introduction to his editio princeps of the Greek New Testament. In his eagerness for the “philosophy of Christ,” presented now in the original language and in his new Latin translation, Erasmus goes so far as to wonder whether the Christ portrayed in the printed gospels does not live “more effectively” than when he dwelt among men. For Christ’s contemporaries, Erasmus asserts, saw and heard less than readers may see and hear in the text Erasmus has just edited. The written gospels “bring you the living image of His holy mind and the speaking, healing, dying, rising Christ himself, and thus they render Him so fully present that you would see less if you gazed upon Him with your very eyes” (my emphasis). This startling devaluation of the actual incarnation in comparison with the textual record of it may not be a fully considered position of Erasmus. In context it seems rather an expression of the enthusiasm of presenting the first typographical edition of the Greek New Testament to Europe. But it is an illustration, and a characteristic one at that, of the intensity of Erasmus’ conviction that Christ was to be encountered most fully in the word, and not in any visual, material form.
Introduction
Authors: Lass Andrew , Quandt Richard E
Published: November 2023

In 1990, The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation initiated a program of support in Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia ( the latter two being Czechoslovakia at that time). While the initial functional objectives of the support were somewhat more limited, at present they include economics and management training; the development of market economies; support for higher education, in the form of assistance to research libraries and universities; agricultural-technology transfer; and a substantial program of short-term research fellowships for scholars in the humanities and social sciences.