bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feasibility of Estimating Parameters and Enhancing Reflections of Dipping Moho From Teleseismic P Wave Coda Autocorrelation
Authors: Zhou Jinju , Hu Nan , Hu Yong , Zhang Wei
Published: April 2022

Teleseismic P wave coda autocorrelation can retrieve reflections from subsurface structural boundaries, which can be used in lithospheric imaging. However, dipping structures cause difficulty in extraction of reflections and errors in depth estimation. Based on a previously proposed velocity analysis method, we formulated a method for estimating the dipping parameters and correcting the effects of dipping structures. First, we derived an arrival time formula for the PP reflection of the dipping Moho, which includes the effects of the ray parameters, dipping structures, and azimuthal distribution of available events. Second, the formula was used for move out correction and velocity analysis. Finally, by scanning the peak of the Moho energy group in the velocity spectrum, which varies with the azimuth and dip angles, a method was proposed to estimate the dipping parameters of the Moho. We referred to the scanning map as a dipping spectrum. A field data test at station NE44 revealed the prospects of the practical applications of this method. The dip angle of the Moho below the station was 3°, and exhibited an azimuth angle of 25°NE. The stacked waveform of the Moho reflection was significantly enhanced. This method was successfully applied to more stations adjacent to station NE44. Our results provide new insight on the Moho in this area, which are important for imaging and interpretation in areas that contain a dipping Moho such as plate subduction zones.
Measurements of a Dusty Density Current in the Western Sonoran Desert
Authors: Evan A. T. , Porter W. , Clemesha R. , Kuwano A. , Frouin R.
Published: April 2022

Here we present observations of a dust storm that occurred on 22 February 2020 in the northwestern Sonoran Desert. In‐situ and remotely sensed measurements and output from numerical simulations suggest that evaporative cooling from cold frontal orographic precipitation spilling over an upwind mountain range generated a density current, with dust uplift occurring as the density current traveled over the emissive desert surface. Because the density current was laden with dust, time series of vertical profiles of aerosol backscatter and extinction from a ceilometer located 25 km downwind of the initial dust emission event show a well‐developed density current structure, including an overturning frontal head with a vertical extent of 1.2 km. Ceilometer measurements and soundings suggest a density current body depth of 400–500 m exhibiting a two‐layer structure that consisted of a positively sheared and dusty lower‐level, and a negatively sheared and pristine upper level. Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability at the top of the density current cold pool generated quasi‐regular oscillations in the height of the dust and pristine‐sky interfacial layer. Ridges and troughs in the height of this interfacial layer were coupled to maxima and minima in surface wind speed and near surface dust concentrations, respectively, with peak dust concentrations located directly under the interfacial layer ridges. These results corroborate several findings from model studies of dust emission and transport by density currents, and suggest that the internal circulation of a density current modifies the timing of dust emission and the patterns of dust concentration within the current body.
Thank You to Our 2021 Reviewers
Authors: AghaKouchak Amir , Caylor Kelly , Dalin Carole , de Beurs Kirsten , Diffenbaugh Noah , Guan Dabo , Kopp Robert , Kroll Jesse , Mishra Vimal , Reed Patrick M. , Zhang Xin , Kruse Sarah , Grimm Nancy , Mari Céline , Moradkhani Hamid
Published: April 2022

We are delighted to publish the names of the 613 peer reviewers who submitted 904 reviews in 2021. We express our deep appreciation for your thoughtful comments and suggestions on manuscripts submitted to Earth's Future.
Bi‐Directional Energy Cascades in the Pacific Ocean From Equator to Subarctic Gyre
Authors: Qiu Bo , Nakano Toshiya , Chen Shuiming , Klein Patrice
Published: April 2022

Ocean circulation receives its energy input at basin scales while dissipates at microscopic mixing scale. How this energy is transferred across different lengthscales is of paramount importance for understanding the ocean circulation equilibration and variability. Advancement in high‐resolution numerical simulations in recent years has significantly improved our understanding of kinetic energy (KE) cascades from basin to kilometer scales, although observational evidence to verify the simulated processes remains limited. Using repeat ship‐board velocity measurements along 165°E across the equatorial, subtropical and subarctic Pacific Ocean, we show that the length scale separating the inverse and forward cascades, LS, falls in the 8 ∼ 300 km range and it does not scale straightforwardly with the baroclinic deformation radius. Balanced and unbalanced oceanic motions co‐exist in this range but contribute oppositely to the directional energy cascades. LS is observed to depend on the relative strengths of these motions, as well as by their interaction.
Impacts of Large‐Scale Urbanization and Irrigation on Summer Precipitation in the Mid‐Atlantic Region of the United States
Authors: Li Jianfeng , Qian Yun , Leung L. Ruby , Feng Zhe , Sarangi Chandan , Liu Ying , Yang Zhao
Published: April 2022

This study investigates how urbanization and irrigation in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains affect summer precipitation in the Mid‐Atlantic region (MAR) using convection‐permitting regional model simulations with/without urbanization or irrigation. A feature tracking algorithm is used to identify precipitation from mesoscale convective systems (MCSs), isolated deep convection (IDC), and non‐convective systems (NC). Overall, urbanization suppresses all three types of precipitation in the MAR by reducing water vapor content and convective available potential energy, while irrigation enhances IDC and NC precipitation but suppresses MCS precipitation. Examination of the MCS and IDC initiation locations indicates that irrigation suppresses MAR precipitation produced by MCSs initiated in the Great Plains and Midwest (GP) but enhances MAR precipitation from MCSs initiated locally within the region. Irrigation induces a mid‐level cyclonic circulation anomaly centering in the Southeast, hindering the eastward propagation and development of MCSs from the GP.
GBP2 facilitates the progression of glioma via regulation of KIF22/EGFR signaling
Authors: Ren Yeqing , Yang Biao , Guo Geng , Zhang Jianping , Sun Yanqi , Liu Dong , Guo Shihao , Wu Yongqiang , Wang Xiaogang , Wang Shule , Zhang Wenju , Guo Xiaolong , Li Xuepeng , Li Ren , He Jianhang , Zhou Zihan
Published: April 2022

Identifying the mechanism of glioma progression is critical for diagnosis and treatment. Although studies have shown that guanylate-binding protein 2(GBP2) has critical roles in various cancers, its function in glioma is unclear. In this work, we demonstrate that GBP2 has high expression levels in glioma tissues. In glioma cells, depletion of GBP2 impairs proliferation and migration, whereas overexpression of GBP2 enhances proliferation and migration. Regarding the mechanism, we clarify that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling is regulated by GBP2, and also demonstrate that GBP2 interacts directly with kinesin family member 22(KIF22) and regulates glioma progression through KIF22/EGFR signaling in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, our study provides new insight into glioma progression and paves the way for advances in glioma treatment.
Breast tumor microenvironment structures are associated with genomic features and clinical outcome
Authors: Danenberg Esther , Bardwell Helen , Zanotelli Vito R. T. , Provenzano Elena , Chin Suet-Feung , Rueda Oscar M. , Green Andrew , Rakha Emad , Aparicio Samuel , Ellis Ian O. , Bodenmiller Bernd , Caldas Carlos , Ali H. Raza
Published: April 2022

The functions of the tumor microenvironment (TME) are orchestrated by precise spatial organization of specialized cells, yet little is known about the multicellular structures that form within the TME. Here we systematically mapped TME structures in situ using imaging mass cytometry and multitiered spatial analysis of 693 breast tumors linked to genomic and clinical data. We identified ten recurrent TME structures that varied by vascular content, stromal quiescence versus activation, and leukocyte composition. These TME structures had distinct enrichment patterns among breast cancer subtypes, and some were associated with genomic profiles indicative of immune escape. Regulatory and dysfunctional T cells co-occurred in large ‘suppressed expansion’ structures. These structures were characterized by high cellular diversity, proliferating cells and enrichment forBRCA1andCASP8mutations and predicted poor outcome in estrogen-receptor-positive disease. The multicellular structures revealed here link conserved spatial organization to local TME function and could improve patient stratification.
Inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase from Trypanosoma brucei cleanses cytosolic pools from deaminated nucleotides
Authors: Vidal Antonio E. , Yagüe-Capilla Miriam , Martínez-Arribas Blanca , García-Caballero Daniel , Ruiz-Pérez Luis M. , González-Pacanowska Dolores
Published: April 2022

Inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatases (ITPases) are ubiquitous house-cleaning enzymes that specifically recognize deaminated purine nucleotides and catalyze their hydrolytic cleavage. In this work, we have characterized the Trypanosoma brucei ITPase ortholog (TbITPA). Recombinant TbITPA efficiently hydrolyzes (deoxy)ITP and XTP nucleotides into their respective monophosphate form. Immunolocalization analysis performed in bloodstream forms suggests that the primary role of TbITPA is the exclusion of deaminated purines from the cytosolic nucleoside triphosphate pools. Even though ITPA-knockout bloodstream parasites are viable, they are more sensitive to inhibition of IMP dehydrogenase with mycophenolic acid, likely due to an expansion of IMP, the ITP precursor. On the other hand, TbITPA can also hydrolyze the activated form of the antiviral ribavirin although in this case, the absence of ITPase activity in the cell confers protection against this nucleoside analog. This unexpected phenotype is dependant on purine availability and can be explained by the fact that ribavirin monophosphate, the reaction product generated by TbITPA, is a potent inhibitor of trypanosomal IMP dehydrogenase and GMP reductase. In summary, the present study constitutes the first report on a protozoan inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase involved in the removal of harmful deaminated nucleotides from the cytosolic pool.
Laccase-mediated synthesis of bioactive natural products and their analogues
Authors: Cardullo Nunzio , Muccilli Vera , Tringali Corrado
Published: April 2022

Laccases are green biocatalysts to synthesise compounds with therapeutic value.
Growth and characterization of a highly homogeneous Er0.12Y0.88COB crystal for nonlinear optical applications
Authors: Chen Weirong , He Xinchao , Tu Xiaoniu , Xiong Kainan , Wang Sheng , Sun Xiaomeng , Zhang Xuejie , Zheng Yanqing , Shi Erwei
Published: April 2022

Yttrium calcium oxyborate (YCOB) crystals are excellent candidate materials for nonlinear optical (NLO) applications.
Electronic polarization effects on membrane translocation of anti-cancer drugs
Authors: (Najla) Hosseini Atiyeh , Lund Mikael , Ejtehadi Mohammad Reza
Published: April 2022

Charge Switching (CS) method, introduced here, can significantly improve free energy calculation for membrane translocation considering the local electronic polarization effects.
Individual effects of atmospheric water vapor and carbon dioxide on the kinetics of the thermal decomposition of granular malachite
Authors: Aoki Yuta , Koga Nobuyoshi
Published: April 2022

The physico-chemical and physico-geometrical characteristics of the thermal decomposition of solids should be considered when interpreting the effects of atmospheric conditions on the kinetics.
Two-dimensional layered lithium lanthanum titanium oxide/graphene-like composites as electrodes for lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Gu Bo , Zhan Chenyang , Liu Bing Heng , Wang Gang , Zhang Qian , Zhang Ming , Shen Zhongrong
Published: April 2022

Layered lithium lanthanum titanate/graphene nanosheet composites with both high ionic and electrical conductivity have been developed as high-performance electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries.
A multifunctional nanoprobe based on europium(iii) complex–Fe3O4 nanoparticles for bimodal time-gated luminescence/magnetic resonance imaging of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Song Bo , Li Mengyan , Ren Junyu , Liu Qi , Wen Xinyi , Zhang Wenzhu , Yuan Jingli
Published: April 2022

A multifunctional nanoprobe for tumor-targeting time-gated luminescence and magnetic resonance imaging in vitro and in vivo.
Tunable structural and electronic properties of C4XY (X ≠ Y = H, Cl and F) monolayers by functionalization, electric field and strain engineering
Authors: Pham K. D.
Published: April 2022

In this work, we systematically investigate the electronic and mechanical properties of diamane C4X2 (X = H, Cl and F) monolayers as well as the formation of Janus functionalized X/Y-diamane C4 XY (X ≠ Y = H, Cl and F) monolayers by replacing one side of X atoms by other Y atoms.
Tuning the Ni site location of bifunctional Ni-based catalysts for improving the performance in ethylene oligomerization
Authors: Li Wanting , Zhou Cunhui , Li Wenqian , Ge Lixia , Yu Gan , Qiu Minghuang , Chen Xinqing
Published: April 2022

Effects of different Ni site location on the Ni-based catalysts were investigated in the ethylene oligomerization.
Metal-catalyzed reactions of organic nitriles and boronic acids to access diverse functionality
Authors: Dhara Hirendra Nath , Rakshit Amitava , Alam Tipu , Patel Bhisma K.
Published: April 2022

This review summarises the latest reactions of boronic acids with functionalized nitriles in the presence of transition-metal catalysts.
Synthesis of γ-hydroxy-γ-perfluoroalkyl butenolides and exocyclic double bond butanolides via regioselective allylic alkylations of MBH carbonates with 2-perfluoroalkyl-oxazol-5(2H)-ones
Authors: Zhu Bo , Zhang Tao , Yu Yongmei , Pan Dandan , Mao Haichen , Zhu Gongming , Chang Junbiao
Published: April 2022

Two series of γ-perfluoromethyl hemiketals were obtained by regiodivergent synthesis of α-selective and γ-selective allylic alkylation products. The enantioselective regiodivergent synthesis of allylic alkylation products was preliminarily realized.
Tandem-catalysis-enabled highly chemoselective deoxygenative alkynylation and alkylation of tertiary amides: a versatile entry to functionalized α-substituted amines
Authors: Wang Xiao-Gang , Ou Wei , Liu Mu-Han , Liu Zhan-Jiang , Huang Pei-Qiang
Published: April 2022

We report a unified relay catalysis strategy for the direct reductive alkynylation and reductive alkylation of tertiary amides to afford α-alkynylamines and α-branched amines.
Effectiveness of an Ultrasound Visual Biofeedback Training for Tongue Shape Assessment During Speech Sound Production
Authors: Campos Ahmed Rivera , Ristau Jyl
Published: April 2022

Purpose:

This proof-of-concept study examined the effectiveness of an ultrasound visual biofeedback (UVB) training within the Participatory Adult Teaching Strategy framework for instructing speech-language pathologists (SLPs) on the assessment of sonographic tongue configuration for remediation of speech sound errors.

Method:

This research followed a multiple-baseline, multiple-probe single-case research methodology replicated across behaviors for data collection and analysis. Two school-based SPLs with no previous knowledge or experience with UVB were recruited.

Results:

Visual analysis of data and effect size calculations using the percentage of nonoverlapping data indicated that training was highly effective in teaching SLPs skills for the assessment of sonographic tongue configuration and how to promote changes in tongue configuration for the remediation of speech sound errors.

Conclusions:

This study addressed the current gap in the literature regarding the lack of empirical evidence of UVB training for SLPs. Our findings support the exploration of evidence-based teaching strategies to train SLPs in the use of UVB for assessment of tongue configuration and remediation of speech sound errors. This can be of interest to academic programs and organizers of training opportunities through continued education units.
Strong no‐hit‐zone frequency sequence set with wide gap
Authors: Shu Qin , Liu Haiyun , Zhu Yapei , Liu Xing
Published: April 2022

For the communication systems, no‐hit‐zone (NHZ) frequency hopping sequences have good anti‐interference performance. However, the system's time delay may be out of the NHZ. In this situation, the maximum Hamming correlation is needed to be taken into consideration. When the maximum Hamming correlation of an optimal NHZ‐FHS set is minimal, the NHZ‐FHSs will be called strong NHZ‐FHSs. It is also hoped that FHSs have a wide gap property to resist the enemy's intentional interferences. In this letter, a tighter bound for optimal NHZ‐FHSs' maximum Hamming correlation is proposed and an optimal strong NHZ‐FHS set is constructed with widegap.
Acute coronary syndrome risk prediction by ensemble‐MLPs
Authors: Li Wenjian , Bai Lin , Li Yiming , Yi Zhang , Wang Jianyong , Peng Yong
Published: April 2022

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a serious cardiovascular disease. The ACS risk prediction model is of great significance during the hospitalisation of ACS patients. However, traditional machine learning methods are not effective in predicting risk events in the ACS treatment process because of sample imbalance and noise. In this letter, the multilayer perceptron (MLP) and ensemble method are combined and then ensemble‐MLPs are proposed, which has made two innovations: 1) increase the diversity of the base MLP classifier at the data level, structure level, and parameter level and 2) improve the ensemble performance by proposing a new ensemble method using f1‐score weighted average. Experiments have shown that the proposed method outperforms conventional ensemble MLP method and other traditional machine learning methods on the task of predicting risk events in the ACS treatment process.
The high energy spectrum of Proxima Centauri simultaneously observed at X-ray and FUV wavelengths
Authors: Fuhrmeister B. , Zisik A. , Schneider P. C. , Robrade J. , Schmitt J. H. H. M. , Predehl P. , Czesla S. , France K. , Muñoz A. García
Published: April 2022

The M dwarf Proxima Centauri, the Sun’s closest stellar neighbour, is known to be magnetically active and it hosts a likely Earth-like planet in its habitable zone. High-energy radiation from the host star can significantly alter planetary atmospheres in close orbits. Frequent flaring may drive radiation-induced effects such as rapid atmospheric escape and photochemical changes. Therefore, understanding the characteristics of stellar radiation by understanding the properties of the emitting plasma is of paramount importance for a proper assessment of the conditions on Proxima Centauri b and exoplanets around M dwarfs in general. This work determines the temperature structure of the coronal and transition region plasma of Proxima Centauri from simultaneous X-ray and far-ultraviolet (FUV) observations. The differential emission measure distribution (DEM) was constructed for flaring and quiescent periods by analysing optically thin X-ray and FUV emission lines. Four X-ray observations of Proxima Centauri were conducted by the LETGS instrument on board of the Chandra X-ray Observatory and four FUV observations were carried out using the STIS spectrograph on board the Hubble Space Telescope. From the X-ray light curves, we determined a variation of the quiescent count rate by a factor of two within 20% of the stellar rotation period. To obtain the DEM, 18 optically thin emission lines were analysed (12 X-ray and six FUV). The flare fluxes differ from the quiescence fluxes by factors of 4–20 (FUV) and 1–30 (X-ray). The temperature structure of the stellar corona and transition region was determined for both the quiescence and flaring state by fitting the DEM(T) with Chebyshev polynomials for a temperature range log T = 4.25–8. Compared to quiescence, the emission measure increases during flares for temperatures below 0.3 MK (FUV dominated region) and beyond 3.6 MK (X-ray dominated region). The reconstructed DEM shape provides acceptable line flux predictions compared to the measured values. Using the DEM we provide synthetic spectra at 1–1700 Å, which may be considered as representative for the high-energy irradiation of Proxima Cen b during quiescent and flare periods. In future work these values can be used for planet atmosphere calculations which will ultimately provide information about how habitable Proxima Centauri b is.
Problems of the university teaching transition to e-learning
Authors: Ginzburg Ilya , Denisova Anastasia , Ermakov Alexandr , Shurygin Nikita
Published: April 2022

The article discusses the higher educational institutions transition problems to a distance learning operation mode during the pandemic, taking into account the technical universities work specifics. The article describes the problems that have arisen as a result of e-learning mode transition, as well as some solutions to these problems. The article focuses on: the teachers’ readiness problems; the e-courses quality for technical specialities students; the teachers’ developed materials copyright; virtual learning environments to replace the laboratory stands and equipment for students in distance learning process; distance learning educational process implementation technical support problems. The described problems’ proposed solutions’ implementation can be carried out in higher educational institutions without hiring additional personnel.
Providing personnel for enterprises of high-tech industries of the Russian Federation in the field of artificial intelligence
Authors: Kozorez Dmitry , Sledkov Yuri , Busurin Vladimir , Kudryavtsev Pavel , Makarenkova Nadezhda , Dong Ting
Published: April 2022

The concept of artificial intelligence from the point of view of regulatory documents is revealed, the main areas of development of this technology are given. The current needs of the industry in highly qualified personnel in the field of artificial intelligence are considered. Technical problems are presented that can be solved with the help of artificial intelligence systems, in particular, with the use of computer vision. A generalized structure of a control system for a moving object using artificial intelligence technologies and a conditional diagram of data processing processes are given on the example of a mobile system that moves along a given trajectory. The main approaches to the training of highly qualified personnel in the field of artificial intelligence systems in leading Russian and foreign universities, as well as in the framework of specialized educational courses, are given. The connection of training in the field of artificial intelligence systems with other applied disciplines is established.
Methodological approach to the implementation of a ‘‘2+2+2’’ higher education model at a technical university
Authors: Kozorez Dmitriy , Sledkov Iurii , Korneenkova Anna , Toporova Maria , Rumakina Alena , Pushkareva Maria , Zhou Weixing
Published: April 2022

The paper provides a solution to the task of implementing a “2+2+2” model of higher education while providing the students with an opportunity to choose the direction of training starting from the third year of studies; reviews the process of developing Primary Educational Programs as a complex technical object through the application of a systematic approach; identifies the conditions and restrictions that allow avoiding the destruction of the systematic nature of education, and, therefore, the degradation of its quality; proposes the principles of applying individual educational paths for achieving the target of granting the students with an opportunity to obtain one or more qualifications.
On the main approaches to creating conditions for training personnel with higher education on an interdisciplinary basis
Authors: Kushchev Nikolai
Published: April 2022

The paper reviews the regulatory issues in the field of higher education as related to the improvement of personnel training quality based on enhancing the classification of professional educational programs in the Russian Federation. The features of the current state of higher education in Russia, the problems and possible prospects for transformations in this area, as well as the main stages of fulfilling the task of transforming the higher education professional educational programs are discussed. The liberalization of federal state educational standards of higher education and the increased independence of higher education institutions during the development of educational programs taking into account professional standards indicate the need to create an updated classification system for the Russian education. The classification system being developed should become a common one for all types of professional educational programs, including professional training programs and additional professional programs. The paper proposes new approaches to the system structure and basic classification levels of the List of specialties and areas of training, as to the establishment of the conditions for training personnel with higher education on an interdisciplinary basis, taking into account the common subject content of professional activities and providing the conditions for the existence of enlarged groups of specialties and areas of training.
Methods of adaptation of first-year students in higher education institution, as a basis for involvement in academic and student life at an early stage of education
Authors: Prokopenko Denis , Kaigorodova Vera
Published: April 2022

While studying at a higher educational institution, a student is immersed in a unique world with its own rules and laws. Training in various forms of specialization lasts from 4 to 5.5 years. During this time, the student manages to replenish his knowledge base with unique competencies and qualities that will later help to achieve successful career growth. It is obvious that getting a higher education plays a significant role in the formation of a personality, higher schools have everything necessary to test the acquired knowledge and skills. The flexibility of the curricula allows students to choose which disciplines they want to study. But before starting to function comfortably in an educational environment, students must go through adaptation. In the entire history of the existence of educational organizations, there was no higher educational institution where the student felt comfortable and cozy from the first days. This article pays special attention to the methods and forms of undergoing the adaptation period for first-year students on the example of the implementation of a number of activities taking place at the Institute No. 1 “Aviation Technology” of the Moscow Aviation Institute (National Research University).
Methodology for the formation of an individual approach in the training of targeted highly qualified specialists at the request of the aviation industry
Authors: Shavelkin Denis , Tereshonkov Vladimir
Published: April 2022

Modern higher education is a rather complex process that requires a special methodology for building the process of obtaining education by future specialists. In the aerospace industry, to simplify the process of searching for future employees of enterprises among applicants/students, a tool such as targeted training is used. At the same time, it does not guarantee the effectiveness of training a student, due to the linearity of the process of targeted learning. In addition, inertia is another important problem in targeted training. This paper presents a methodology for implementing individualization of the training of target students, which will solve the problems described above. Enterprises classify targeted queries into three vectors. The first vector covers further vocational education (FVE). It is associated with specific qualifications required by the employer and industry. The second vector is the classical scheme for preparing students. According to this scheme, training takes place according to the list of educational programs implemented by the university. But at the same time, this vector has the largest number of problems. The third vector is full-cycle training. The main aspect is the application of individualization of the learning process and individual tutoring.
The effectiveness of the augmented reality application in foreign language teaching in higher school
Authors: Simonova Oksana , Kolesnichenko Alvina
Published: April 2022

In this study paper we consider the application of the augmented reality for teaching a foreign language and its influence on the education environment throughout the world since educators are trying to find the relevant methods of teaching to better face the time challenges connected with the expansion of the computer technologies. The given paper aims at validating the idea of the effectiveness of the application of the augmented reality techniques in teaching a foreign language at the University. The survey conducted by the authors comprises 64 participants of the Rostov State Transport University of the HR Department; the scrutiny endorses the proposed hypothesis.
Professional and public accreditation for professional educational programs in the field of rocket engineering and space activities in Omsk State Technical University
Authors: Yakovlev Aleksey , Belkov Valentin
Published: April 2022

The article is devoted to the professional and public accreditation in Omsk State Technical University for bachelor’s and master’s degree programs “Rocket Systems and Astronautics”. A brief description of the university is given. The objectives of accreditation are stated. The procedure for its implementation is described. The evaluation criteria and the results of the accreditation are given. The main comments identified by experts and the strengths of educational programs are presented.
Divergent Thio/Selenolactonization of Styrene-Type Carboxylic Acids and Amides: Synthesis of Chalcogenated Isobenzofuran-1 (3H)-ones and Isochroman-1-ones
Authors: Goutham Kommuru , Zhang Jingran , Du Yunfei , Zhao Kang , Ouyang Yaxin
Published: April 2022

A divergent synthesis of isobenzofuran-1(3H)-one and 3,4-dihydroisochroman-1-one derivatives has been realized through the reaction of o-alkenyl benzoic acids/amides with PhICl2 and diphenyl disulfides/diselenides. Depending on the substitution type of the o-alkenyl benzoic acid or amide, this metal-free intramolecular oxychalcogenation approach regioselectively affords isobenzofuran-1(3H)-ones or 3,4-dihydroisochroman-1-ones through 5-exo-trig or 6-endo-trig cyclization processes, respectively.
Influencing Factors and Differences in Born Aggregometry in Specialized Hemostaseological Centers: Results of a Multicenter Laboratory Comparison
Authors: Kaiser Thorsten , Liebscher Karin , Scholz Ute , Pfrepper Christian , Netto Jeffrey , Drogies Tim , Tiebel Oliver , Knöfler Ralf , Krause Michael
Published: April 2022

Introduction Light transmission aggregometry (LTA) is regarded as the gold standard in platelet function diagnostics. However, there is a relevant degree of interlaboratory variability in practical applications.

Objective The aim of the present study was to develop a practicable laboratory comparison on LTA and to analyze differences and influencing factors in regard to standardization in five specialized hemostaseological centers.

Methods The study was performed on 30 patients in total. Each center performed LTA on blood samples from six healthy volunteers (three men and three women) using the inductors collagen (Col), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), arachidonic acid (ARA), and ristocetin. The LTA was performed three times using different methods as follows: (1) International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis recommendations with identical reagents, (2) in-house protocols and the identical reagents; and (3) in-house protocols and in-house reagents.

Results A total of 396 measurements of 30 probands were performed. Even after standardization of the protocol and using identical reagents, there were significant differences between the centers regarding the final and maximum aggregation (p = 0.002 and <0.001) and further significant differences in the maximum and final aggregation according to the wavelength of the device used to measure the LTA (PAP-8: 430 nm, APACT 4004: 740 nm [p < 0.001 each]). Using identical reagents but individual inductor concentrations and laboratory protocols also resulted in different maximum and final aggregation. The largest differences were seen with Col and ristocetin; there were significant influences from the reagents' manufacturers in the results of aggregometry for the inductor Col (p < 0.01) but not for ADP, ARA, and ristocetin.

Conclusion In this study, we proved that there are significant influences from the used aggregometers, inductors concentrations, and manufacturers. These results illustrate the challenges and importance of standardization of LTA.
Pilot Study Investigating Brain Natriuretic Peptide, Troponin, Galectin-3, and miRNA-126a-5p as Biomarkers of Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension in Neonates with Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury Receiving Therapeutic Hypothermia
Authors: Jano Eni , Vaz Michelle J. , Mally Pradeep N. , Wachtel Elena V.
Published: April 2022

Objective The objective was to evaluate the utility of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), troponin, galectin-3 (Gal-3), and microRNA (miRNA)-126a-5p as screening biomarkers for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) by comparing expression in serum of infants with hypoxic-ischemic injury that develop PPHN to those that do not.

Study Design This was a prospective, observational pilot study including neonates with hypoxic-ischemic injury undergoing therapeutic hypothermia (TH) at two regional perinatal medical centers. PPHN in this population was diagnosed clinically and confirmed by echocardiogram. Serial measurements of biomarkers were performed from 6 to 96 hours post-TH initiation in 40 patients.

Results Of 40 infants in the study, 10 (25%) developed PPHN and 30 (75%) did not. Baseline demographics and hemodynamics were similar between the groups. Patients with PPHN had a significantly higher need for vasopressors compared with patients without PPHN (70 vs. 27%, p = 0.007). Mean serum BNP and troponin levels were significantly higher in the PPHN group peaking at 12 to 24 hours and decreasing following PPHN treatment initiation. miRNA-126a-5p expression was increased in patients with PPHN compared with patients without, with statistical significance detected at 12 hours (p = 0.005) and 96 hours (p = 0.01). Mean circulating Gal-3 levels were not statistically different between the two groups; however, Gal-3 was elevated in all patients with hypoxic-ischemic injury on TH compared with healthy infants from prior studies.

Conclusion BNP and troponin are readily available, low-cost biomarkers that showed significant serial elevations in the PPHN group of the study and, thus, may have value in screening for PPHN in the setting of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Gal-3 was elevated in all patients with HIE and may be a useful biomarker of hypoxic injury in infants being evaluated for TH. Elevations in miRNA-126a-5p were not consistently seen in this study. Larger studies are required to establish an association between PPHN and these biomarkers in patients with and without HIE.

Key Points
High-Density Lipoprotein Particle Subclasses in Statin-Treated Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease Predict Long-Term Survival
Authors: Zierfuss Bernhard , Höbaus Clemens , Herz Carsten T. , Koppensteiner Renate , Stangl Herbert , Schernthaner Gerit-Holger
Published: April 2022

Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol reduction showed a strong reduction of cardiovascular (CV) event rates in CV disease. However, the residual risk of future CV events remains high, which especially extends to peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy offers a novel method for analysis of the lipoprotein spectrum. This study investigates lipoprotein subclasses using NMR spectroscopy and assesses implications for long-term survival in PAD. NMR spectroscopy was performed by Nightingale Inc., in 319 patients with stable PAD and well-controlled CV risk factors. Patients were followed-up for 10 years. During that period, 123 patients (38.5%) died, of those 68 (21.3%) were defined as CV deaths. Outcome data were analyzed by the Kaplan–Meier method and multivariable Cox-regression for lipoprotein particles. Small and medium high-density lipoprotein-particles (S-HDL-P and M-HDL-P) showed a significant inverse association with all-cause mortality in Cox-regression analyses after multivariable adjustment (S-HDL-P, hazard ratio [HR]: 0.71, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.57–0.88; M-HDL-P, HR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.58–0.90) for each increase of one standard deviation. In contrast, cholesterol-rich X-large HDL-particles (XL-HDL-P) showed a positive association with all-cause mortality (HR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.20–1.89). Only the association between XL-HDL-P and CV death sustained multivariable adjustment (HR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.10–2.02), whereas associations for S-HDL-P and M-HDL-P were attenuated (HR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.57–1.01; HR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.60–1.06). This study shows a novel association for a beneficial role of S-HDL-P and M-HDL-P but a negative association with higher cholesterol-rich XL-HDL-P for long-term outcome in well-treated patients with PAD. Thus, these results provide evidence that NMR-measured HDL particles identify patients at high CV residual risk beyond adequate lipid-lowering therapy.
Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanii) Extract on Periodontal Pathogens—An in vitro study
Authors: Panjaitan Caesary Cloudya , Widyarman Armelia Sari , Amtha Rahmi , Astoeti Tri Erri
Published: April 2022

Objective The aim of this study was to analyze the antibiofilm effectiveness of cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanii) ethanol extract against Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in vitro.

Material and Methods Phytochemical tests were done to identify the cinnamon extract active substances. Furthermore, a crystal violet biofilm assay was used to analyze biofilm detachment after treatment with different concentrations (15, 10, 7.5, 5, and 2.5%) of cinnamon. Biofilm turbidity was measured at 595-nm wavelength using a microplate reader. Additionally, MTT assay was done to analyze the toxicity level of cinnamon extract on fibroblast cells.

Statistical Analysis The obtained data were analyzed for normality using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. The differences between each group were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance statistical test, with a significance level of p <0.05.

Results The results showed that the ethanol extract of cinnamon contains active compounds of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, quinones, and terpenoids. MTT result showed the cinnamon extract to be nontoxic. The biofilm assay results showed that all cinnamon concentrations exhibited an antibiofilm effect against P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans in all incubation time compared with a negative control (p <0.05).

Conclusions Cinnamon extracts were effective in inhibiting biofilm of periodontal pathogens. Cinnamon extract might be useful as an alternative therapy for periodontal diseases. Future studies are still needed to confirm this result in vivo to analyze the efficacy of this extract as mouthwash.
Erosive Effect of Acidic Beverages and Dietary Preservatives on Extracted Human Teeth—An In Vitro Analysis
Authors: Maladkar Shivani Ramesh , Yadav Priyanka , Muniraja Archana Nayaka Akllemallenahalli , Uchil Gayathri S. , George Linet V. , Augustine Dominic , Rao Roopa S. , Patil Shankargouda , Sowmya Samudrala Venkatesiah , Haragannavar Vanishri C.
Published: April 2022

Objectives Frequent consumption of acidic beverages and dietary preservatives in younger generation, diet-conscious (celebrities), and obese individuals have a rapid impact on demineralization of the teeth. An attempt was made to analyze the erosive potential of various acidic beverages.

Materials and Methods One hundred and ninety extracted human permanent teeth were sectioned longitudinally, pre-weighed, randomly grouped, and placed in nine acidic beverages (200 mL) with predetermined pH, i.e., three commercially available fruit juices, three carbonated drinks, and three dietary preservatives.

Statistical Analysis The sectioned specimens (n = 10) were analyzed at time intervals of 12, 24, 48, and 96 days. Mean weight loss was calculated, and surface changes were assessed under a stereomicroscope. The demineralization pattern and microscopic changes were observed under a compound and polarizing microscope. One-way analysis of variance test followed by Tukey's post-hoc analysis was employed.

Results Overall the maximum demineralizing effect was caused by vinegar and apple cider. In the fruit juices category, lemon juice induced significant changes, while in the carbonated drinks category Coca-Cola induced the maximum changes and in the category of food preservatives vinegar induced the maximum changes. Severe discoloration was seen with respect to Coca-Cola followed by Mountain Dew (carbonated drink).

Conclusion The present study is unique as three different types of microscopes have been employed and both dentin and enamel of permanent teeth have been analyzed. In addition, the effect of dietary preservatives on hard tissues was evaluated. Oral health educators can reinforce important practices such as decreasing the frequency of consumption and time duration of beverage contact with the teeth. Also, the use of mouth rinses and buffering agents after the consumption of dietary beverages can be advocated along with regular fluoride application for those who are regular consumers.
Seroprotection of Hepatitis B Vaccine in Dental Students Two Decades after Infant Immunization and the Possible Need for Revaccination
Authors: Lingawi Hanadi S. , Afifi Ibtesam K.
Published: April 2022

Objectives This study aimed to assess hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) persistence among dental students two decades after infant vaccination and immune response after revaccination or booster dose in nonimmune groups.

Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was performed using laboratory reports for anti-HBs performed to dental students at the Umm al-Qura University from 2016 to 2020. Reports were classified according to baseline antibody titer into group I (titer <10 mIU/mL), group II (titer 10 to <100 mIU/mL), and group III (titer ≥100 mIU/mL). The basal antibody titer of each group was correlated to student's gender and birth year and compared with postrevaccination or booster dose titer in groups I and II.

Statistical Analysis Data of baseline and postrevaccination anti-HBs antibody titers were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). One-way ANOVA was used to compare between different means for antibody titers of students as well as baseline and postrevaccination antibody levels for nonimmune students with nonprotective antibody titers. Pairwise multiple comparison of the difference between baseline and postrevaccination anti-HBs antibody titers were done by post hoc Tukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) test. Chi-squared test was used for comparing between the frequencies. A p-Value of ≤0.05 was considered significant and p < 0.01 was considered highly significant.

Results A significant percentage (73.6%) of students had antibody titer <10 mIU/mL, while only 4.8% had antibody titer ≥100 mIU/mL with nonsignificant difference between both genders (χ
2 =3.784, p = 0.151). A statistically nonsignificant difference was also found between the three categories of anti-HBs antibody titers among students with different birth dates (χ
2 = 13.817, p = 0.182). After revaccination of nonimmune students, 100% of them showed strongly protective antibody titers with mean of 842.88 to 844.58 mIU/mL. A highly significant difference was observed between the mean baseline and postrevaccination antibody titers in both genders, with a higher mean of post revaccination (p = 0.000).

Conclusion Two decades after infant immunization, a significant percentage of dental students failed to maintain the anti-HBs seroprotective titer. So titer measurement should be made compulsory before they begin their clinical training and revaccination or booster dose should be given to nonimmune students to maintain a high protection level.
Malondialdehyde Level and Tissue Apoptosis Count as an Early-Detection Marker of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders
Authors: Firdausa Amalia Yosi , Ahimsa Sally Salsabila , Ahmada Rafdan Affan , Sukmawati Natasya Fauzia , Ernawati Diah Savitri , Parmadiati Adiastuti Endah , Soebadi Bagus , Radithia Desiana , Winias Saka , Mahdani Fatma Yasmin , Marsetyo Riyan Iman , Zain Rosnah Binti , Ayuningtyas Nurina Febriyanti
Published: April 2022

Objectives The malondialdehyde (MDA) level and TA count represent the progression of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) to malignancy and thus may be used as an indicator of oral epithelial dysplasia (OED). This study aimed to determine the MDA level and tissue apoptosis (TA) count in oropharyngeal tissue of Wistar rats exposed to sidestream cigarette smoke.

Materials and Methods Wistar rats were divided into three groups: T4 group (4-week cigarette smoke exposure), T8 group (8-week cigarette smoke exposure), and control group, which was not exposed to cigarette smoke. The oropharyngeal tissue of the rats from each group was examined histopathologically to count the number of apoptotic cells, and then the blood serum was made to measure the MDA level.

Statistical Analysis Bonferroni test was performed to see the differences in each group for MDA level. While the data from tissue apoptosis were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test for the significance. All data were considered significant if p < 0.05.

Results The MDA level and TA count increased as the duration of cigarette smoke exposure increased. In the T8 group, the MDA level and TA count were significantly higher compared with the T4 and control groups with a p-value < 0.05.

Conclusions Exposure to sidestream cigarette smoke increased the TA count and MDA level in the oropharyngeal tissue of Wistar rats. The TA count and MDA level may be used as markers of OPMD.