bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acoustical and metalworking techniques study of cornua, roman brass instruments, and their sound reproduction by physical modeling sound synthesis
Authors: Caussé René E. , Mille Benoît , Tansu Margaux
Published: October 2015

Under the musical instrument analysis project of ancient societies, combining musical archaeologists and research laboratories on materials and acoustic, a first technological study was conducted in the storage rooms of the Naples Archaeological museum. The five instruments were incomplete and consist of several pieces assembled on a plexiglass tube that does not allow the direct measurement of the bore. Two mouthpieces were associated with these instruments. Morphometric study was conducted and detached fragments of the Cornua were collected. The corresponding samples were then analyzed under a Bright Field Optical Microscope (BFOM) and a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) in order to determine the metalworking techniques. To determine the elemental composition of the Cornua (alloying and trace elements), analyses by means of Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) using the Ion beam facility AGLAE at C2RMF. From the morphometric data, the bore of the different cornua was reconstruct and their resonant frequencies calculated. Several possibilities of reconstituting the bore were tested and compared. Finally, the resonances obtained from the reconstructions of these instruments of the past will be compared with those of present instruments like French horn and trombone. The various reconstructions will also be compared from sound examples obtained through physical modeling synthesis.
The Tintignac carnyx: An acoustical study of an early brasswind instrument
Authors: Newton Michael , Kenny John , Chick John , Lopez-Carromero Amaya , Campbell D. Murray , Gilbert Joel
Published: October 2015

The carnyx was a metal wind instrument used by Celtic peoples around two thousand years ago. It was approximately two meters long with a bell in the shape of an animal head. In 2004, an excavation at Tintignac in the Corrèze district of France uncovered a horde of bronze instruments, including parts of several carnyxes. It proved possible to assemble an almost complete carnyx from these parts, and in 2011, a copy of this carnyx was made in brass by Jean Boisserie. The acoustical behavior of the brass copy was studied by Joel Gilbert and colleagues at the Université du Maine in Le Mans; this work led to the proposal that the musical performance of the instrument would be improved if an additional section of tubing was included in the reconstruction. Later, Boisserie made a second copy in bronze, together with several optional extension pieces. The musical performing possibilities of the bronze copy have been studied by the musician John Kenny, and its acoustical behavior has been studied at the University of Edinburgh. The results of these studies, including measurements of sound radiation by the large bronze ears attached to the head, are presented and discussed.
Advanced signal processing techniques and optimized measurements to extract wind turbine signatures in nearby homes
Authors: Metelka Andy
Published: October 2015

Previous measurements in homes near wind turbines indicate higher pressure levels below 10 Hz than audible pressure levels measured at the same time and location (ASA, vol. 20, 2013 Dooley & Metelka). Blade pass harmonic pressures were proven to be higher relative to basement ground-borne vibration and seismic vibration in floors throughout the home are reexamined simultaneous to broadband pressure. Although the pressure vs. frequency distribution appear to be the same at different locations in one room, they differ when compared to other rooms due to room dimensions. Further multichannel signal processing using a variety of different sensors at various locations inside a home identify areas in a home that are least affected by wind turbine low frequency discrete harmonics as well as acoustic metrics. Wind direction, wind speed, and other factors are precisely measured simultaneously. Sound level metrics inside homes are also compared to narrowband FFT data in an attempt to quantify annoyance and derive alternate metrics.
Source characterization of full-scale jet noise using vector intensity
Authors: Stout Trevor A. , Gee Kent L. , Neilsen Tracianne B. , Wall Alan T. , James Michael M.
Published: October 2015

Vector acoustic intensity has the benefit over pressure measurements in that both the direction and magnitude of energy flow are represented. However, this important quantity has seen little application previously in aeroacoustics. In the present work, an intensity probe captured the radiated field to the sideline and aft of a tethered, full-scale military jet aircraft as one engine was operated at multiple engine conditions. Intensity data from each probe location provide a frequency-dependent map of the sound flow near the aircraft. The vector acoustic intensity is estimated using a recently developed processing technique that extends the traditional upper-frequency limit on estimation accuracy. The intensity vectors are traced back to the jet centerline as a method of approximating the extent and location of the source region as a function of frequency. This method is validated by numerical simulation. As expected for jet mixing noise sources, the resulting source region estimates contract and move upstream with increasing frequency. In addition, the source region at afterburner compared to full-throttle is located about 1 m farther downstream at frequencies above about 300 Hz, and the intensity tends to point more to the sideline by up to 10°. [Work supported by ONR.]
Solid-liner suppressor design, construction, and development
Authors: Salmon Ryan , Cunefare Kenneth A.
Published: October 2015

Noise in a fluid system can be treated with a prototypical liner-style suppressor, an expansion chamber which includes an internal annulus of syntactic foam. A syntactic foam liner consists of host material with hollow microspheres which collapse under pressure to add compliance to the suppressor. The liner effectively increases the transmission loss of the suppressor, or ratio between inlet and outlet acoustic energy. Currently, liner-style suppressors are not commercially available. This study will investigate the integration of solid liner material within suppressor shells while also analyzing the effect of flow-smoothing diffusors on the transmission loss of the suppressor. The diffusors function to center the liner within the device, while reducing the potential for turbulence-induced self-noise. The diffusor may also impact the longevity of the liner, by reducing mechanical erosion. The results of the study should provide additional insight to the commercial viability of the liner-style suppressor.
Modeling consonant-context effects in dialectal variation in a large database of spontaneous speech recordings
Authors: Kiefte Michael , Nearey Terrance M.
Published: October 2015

Given recent interest in the analysis of naturally produced spontaneous speech, we collected, processed, and analyzed a large database of speech samples from the Canadian province of Nova Scotia with the primary aim of examining regional variation in vowel-formant patterns. Although the actual collection of audio recordings is relatively straightforward, the analysis of spontaneous speech suffers from several disadvantages relative to that of laboratory, citation speech: Different vowels have different frequencies of occurrence, surrounding consonants have a large influence on formant peak frequencies, and the distribution of consonant contexts across different vowels is highly unbalanced. To overcome these problems, we developed a statistical procedure inspired by that of Broad and Clermont [1987, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 81, 155] to estimate the specific effects of both onset and coda consonant-context effects on vowel formant frequencies. However, in contrast to their procedure, both vowel formant frequencies and consonant-context effects were allowed to vary freely across the duration of the vocalic portion of a syllable. Thirty-five hours of recorded speech samples from 223 speakers were automatically segmented and formant-frequency values were calculated for all stressed vowels in the database. Consonant effects were factored out to produce context-independent vowel-formant frequencies that varied across time. These data can then be used to examine dialectal variation in vowel production throughout the region.
Voices of coastal Georgia
Authors: Renwick Margaret E. , Olsen Rachel M.
Published: October 2015

The Linguistic Atlas of the Gulf States (LAGS; http://www.lap.uga.edu/Site/LAGS.html) contains sociolinguistic interview data from 914 speakers collected from 1968 to 1983. Impressionistic transcriptions of single words and phrases contributed to the dialectal description and mapping of the southern United States, but without systematic acoustic analysis. We gather recordings of target lexical items from ten LAGS speakers in Georgia’s coastal region, focusing on data collected near St. Marys in four counties (Camden, Glynn, Charlton, and Ware). When interviewed in 1972, speakers ranged from 23 to 80 years (mean 63.7; 5M, 5F); the data thus represent dialect features of the early-mid-20th Century, including the Gullah-speaking community of St. Simons Island. The analysis focuses on features known to characterize the dialect of this region: the monophthongal vowel space, the degree of vowel diphthongization, vowel mergers before /l/ and nasals, and rhoticity of the speaker’s dialect. Acoustic measurements are automatically extracted for comparison across speakers. The recordings (1 to 9 hours/speaker) were digitized as .wav within the Linguistic Atlas Project (LAP; Kretzschmar 2011). Recordings collected for the LAP are an under-attended resource that will serve as a valuable comparison to contemporary studies of regional variation in the southern United States.
Double zero minimum variance distortionless response beamformer
Authors: Tuladhar Saurav R. , Buck John R.
Published: October 2015

Adaptive beamformers (ABFs) place deep beampattern notches near interferers to suppress the interferers' power in the ABF output. The common sample matrix inversion (SMI) Minimum Variance Distortionless Response (MVDR) ABF computes the beamformer weights by substituting the sample covariance matrix (SCM) for the unknown ensemble covariance matrix in the MVDR expression. Errors in the SCM estimate of interferer direction due to limited sample support or interferer motion degrade the ABFs ability to suppress the interferer. This presentation exploits array polynomial properties to design a robust ABF. The array polynomial for a uniform linear array beamformer is the z-transform of the array weights. The array polynomial zeros on the unit circle correspond to the beampattern nulls. The proposed double zero (DZ) MVDR ABF solves for the MVDR weights using the SCM for a half-aperture subarray, then convolves the half-aperture weights with themselves to obtain the full aperture ABF weights. The resulting array polynomial for the DZ MVDR ABF has second-order zeros, producing broader and deeper notches in the interferer direction. The DZ MVDR ABF outperforms the SMI MVDR and covariance matrix tapered ABFs in simulations with stationary and moving interferers. [Work supported by ONR 321US.]
Automated detection of honeybee begging signals from long term vibration monitoring of honeybee hives
Authors: Ramsey Michael-Thomas , Bencsik Martin , Newton Michael
Published: October 2015

We are using high performance accelerometers embedded in the honeycomb to create long term vibrational data sets comprising a range of individual bee pulsed vibrational messages. The statistics of the “vibrational language” of the honeybee can thus be explored. The aim of this study is to create and optimize software that detects and analyses the occurrences of honeybee “begging signals.” Recording from a beehive were monitored for 117 days (July to November 2014) from within its central frame using two ultra-high performance accelerometers (Brüel and Kjær, 1000 mV/g), one in the center and the other one 7 cm lower down. Home-build Linux ‘bash code’ was written to continuously record the accelerometer output into separate one-hour long files, without any data loss. Matlab® code has been developed, that compares a template and instantaneous spectrograms to detect a begging signal. Six independent parameters of the template signal waveform were further optimized, in order to yield the maximum correct detections. Finally, the detection threshold was tuned ensuring that only begging signals were detected. The results show long term trends in the begging signal statistics, a breakthrough in exploring seasonal variations in the honeybee vibrational language.
The exponential decay of underwater acoustic intensity with increasing altitude of low-frequency sound from a Robinson R44 helicopter
Authors: Bevans Dieter A. , Buckingham Michael J.
Published: October 2015

A series of underwater acoustic experiments utilizing a Robinson R44 helicopter and an underwater receiver station has been conducted in shallow (16 m) and deep (>100 m) water. The receiver station consisted of an 11-element nested hydrophone array with a 12 m aperture. In the shallow water experiments the array was configured as a horizontal line (HLA) 0.5m above the seabed; whereas in deep water the array was suspended from the surface in a vertical line (VLA). An in-air microphone was located immediately above the surface. In this paper the power spectral density as a function of helicopter altitude will be reported from measurements on a single hydrophone. The main rotor blades of the helicopter produce low-frequency harmonics, the lowest frequency being ~13 Hz. The tail rotor produces a sequence of harmonics approximately six times higher in frequency. Between heights of 30 m to 600 m above the sea surface the underwater intensity was found to decay exponentially with increasing helicopter altitude. Interpretation of the observed low-frequency sound signatures is being facilitated with a numerical three-layer (atmosphere-ocean-sediment) acoustic propagation model in which the source may be moving or stationary. [Research supported by ONR, NAVAIR, and SIO.]
The effect of signal bandwidth on partially saturated broadband ocean acoustic transmission scintillation in a shallow water waveguide
Authors: Wang Delin , Huang Wei , Ratilal Purnima
Published: October 2015

The acoustic field in a shallow water waveguide at small source-receiver separations <3 km are partially saturated. Here, we examine the scintillation statistics of partially saturated broadband ocean acoustic transmissions in the low to mid frequency range collected using a high-resolution towed horizontal coherent hydrophone array system. The standard deviation of intensity fluctuations and scintillation index are quantified as a function of signal bandwidth and source-receiver separation. The amplitude and intensity distributions are compared with corresponding distribution models for the partially saturated field to determine the number of independent statistical fluctuations present in the broadband data.
Broadband impulse response modeling using the single frequency parabolic equation solution
Authors: Heaney Kevin D.
Published: October 2015

The parabolic equation has been considered the workhorse of low to mid frequency propagation modeling in range dependent environments due to its accurate handling of both refraction and diffraction. The frequency domain solution approach of the PE has severely limited its use in broadband pulse synthesis die to the computational cost of computing each Fourier component. In this paper a hybrid approach that blends the PE forward model for field computation and an analytic model for travel time computation is presented. The PE is computed at the center frequency in a range dependent environment. The beam arrival angle for a virtual line array at the receiver depth (as well as sea surface and sea floor) is stored at each range. The average group slowness as a function of phase speed at the source (wave number invariant) is computed using analytic acoustics methods (Snell's law). The impulse response at each range is computed by incoherently adding the pier of each beam at the arrival time of the associated phase speed energy (the range averaged group slowness). This approach reproduces the behavior of the pulse spread, without the cost of the broadband PE.
A comparison of the reflection coefficient predictions of two competing sediment acoustic models
Authors: Bonomo Anthony L. , Chotiros Nicholas , Isakson Marcia
Published: October 2015

Currently, there are several competing models that have been used to describe the acoustic properties of sandy sediments. These models include those that assume the sediment to behave as an acoustic fluid, a viscoelastic solid, and as a porous media following Biot theory. Perhaps the two most sophisticated acoustic models that have been applied to sand are the Viscous Grain Shearing (VGS) model of Buckingham and the Extended Biot (EB) model of Chotiros. While both of these models have been found to agree with measured sound speed dispersion and attenuation data, previous work has shown that the reflection coefficients predicted using these models disagree. In this work, the reflection coefficient predictions of the VGS and EB models will be compared for both the case of a homogeneous sand half-space and the case of a sand layer overlying a rock substrate. [Work supported by ONR, Ocean Acoustics.]
Computationally efficient algorithm for Kirchhoff approximation
Authors: Kim Donghyeon , Jin Hubum , Ji Yoon Hee , Bae Ho Seuk , Kim Woo-Shik , Kim Jea Soo
Published: October 2015

In order to simulate the target echoes scattered from submerged underwater objects, Kirchhoff approximation is widely used for high frequency region. Since Kirchhoff integration is based on integrating the contributions from discretized boundary elements, the computation can be time-consuming especially for broadband pulses. In this study, a numerically efficient method for generating the scattered signal in time domain based on convolution is proposed and tested. It is shown that the computational time can be reduced by an order of 10–100 in typical cases.
Modeling of sound in coastal oceans with a finite volume method
Authors: Long Wen , Jung Ki Won , Yang Zhaoqing , Deng Zhiqun , Copping Andrea
Published: October 2015

In this research, the finite volume method is employed to solve the 3D Helmholtz equation of sound propagation in the coastal environment. The grid system consists of triangular grids in horizontal plane and sigma-layers in vertical dimension. A 3D sparse matrix solver with complex coefficients is formed for solving the resulting acoustic pressure field. The recent CSLP and ADEF1 preconditioning methods are applied to efficiently solve the matrix system iteratively with MPI parallelization using a high performance cluster. This model is then coupled with the Finite Volume Community Ocean Model (FVCOM) for simulating sound generated by offshore wind energy platform constructions in a range-dependent setting. Details of the development and initial validation will be presented. Keywords: Sound, Coastal Ocean, Finite Volume, Offshore Wind, Coupling, CSLP, ADEF1, Helmholtz equation.
Describing the social behavior of the Indiana bat at day roost sites
Authors: Byrne Caroline M. , O'Keefe Joy M.
Published: October 2015

Bats are highly social, but the study of bat social behavior was limited until recently due to technological limitations. Most of bat behavior is imperceptible to our senses, including both their use of ultrasound and their nocturnal activities. During the maternity seasons (May–August) of 2013 and 2014 near Plainfield, Indiana, we recorded Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis) roost site behaviors with passive emergence count observation, video (Sony Nightshot HandyCams and IR lights), and acoustics (Pettersson D500X acoustic detectors). The objective of this study was to compile a catalog of visual and acoustic behaviors seen at Indiana bat day roost sites. Thus far, we have detected 29 specific types of visual behavior, and five general types of acoustic behavior. The documented behaviors include visual behaviors similar to those categorized as “checking behavior” and acoustic behaviors seen in contexts of agonistic, echolocation, infant isolation, and disturbance in little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus). These are some of the first systematic observations of social behavior for Indiana bats. Understanding the social behaviors of these highly social bats is crucial to gaining a full understanding of their life cycle and daily requirements.
The inner ear as a musical instrument
Authors: Connolly Brian
Published: October 2015

This paper addresses the place of the ears and their potential as musical instruments. Psychoacoustics research into the non-linearities of the inner ear has proven that the organ has much more to offer the composer than has been previously considered. By reversing the role of the ear from being a submissive receiver to an active participant in the creative process, an exciting level of opportunity opens up for the composer. A focus is given in this paper to bandwidth phenomena and auditory distortion products with references to the author's own compositional material which seeks to highlight that the investigation of the non-linear nature of the inner ear is revolutionary in relation to the place of the ear within contemporary composition. Central to this work is the notion that the ear is not simply a passive component of the musical experience. Adorno once stated that the ear is a “dozy and inert” organ and by disproving such a view one can destabilize common assumptions about psychoacoustics and the potential of the ears as musical instruments.
Impact of acoustic resonances on overtone correlations across a large musical instrumental database
Authors: Smith Sarah R. , Bocko Mark F.
Published: October 2015

When performers use vibrato, the pitch and intensity of the note is modulated in order to create an expressive effect. Although one might expect that vibrato would produce a proportional frequency modulation in each of the overtones, this is not always the case. Past work has shown that the instantaneous frequencies of some instruments, particularly bowed strings, tend to exhibit reduced overtone correlation when performed with vibrato. Additionally, the presence of reverberation in a recording has been shown to reduce the correlation between overtones for many instruments. In this study, we present an analysis of overtone correlations for a wide range of instrument sounds taken from multiple large databases. Using this large library of tones, we illustrate the effect of instrument resonators on these correlations for tones performed both with and without vibrato.
Development of open air sound barrier system using single microphone and speakers
Authors: Takao Natsuki
Published: October 2015

Music players usually build soundproof rooms in their houses. These rooms prevent noise problems among their neighbors when they practice at home. However, in soundproof rooms, vibrancy of musical sound is often lost, and music players feel as if the sound is cooped-up. Besides, installation cost of a soundproof room is usually high. We therefore aim to create a new sound barrier system. This system produces soundproof space in the open air by using single microphone and adequate number of speakers. The speakers cancel propagating waves which come from the musical instruments by outputting antiphase waves. The sound is muffled in the half sphere surrounding the player. Thus, the player can listen to their sound without losing vibrancy, while sound leakage outside the system is suppressed. Antiphase waves are predicted based on the wave equation with the signal picked up by the microphone as the boundary condition. In this presentation, a simulation for determination of the adequate number and position of the speakers is presented. Then, experimental validation is discussed in detail.
Standoff photoacoustic spectroscopy for hazard detection
Authors: Marcus Logan S. , Holthoff Ellen L. , Pellegrino Paul M.
Published: October 2015

Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) is a versatile and sensitive chemical sensing method. This versatility allows for the construction of a variety of sensors that are optimized for specific sensing tasks. Current research at the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) is focused on the development of a standoff hazardous materials detection technique based on an interferometric sensor. The standoff detection paradigm increases operator safety and reduces sample preparation requirements as compared to traditional photoacoustic cell-based sensors. We demonstrate the collection of photoacoustic spectra of layered solid samples at a standoff distance of one meter. The layered samples are constructed via deposition of a thin layer of energetic or other hazardous substance upon a thick substrate. We will also discuss excitation source selection as it relates to the operating mode of the source (i.e., pulsed or continuous wave (CW) modulated).
A self consistent theory for phonon propagation in a suspension of one-dimensional filaments
Authors: Photiadis Douglas
Published: October 2015

Using a self consistent, field theoretic multiple scattering theory in a viscous, acoustic fluid, we have developed a mean field model to describe the propagation of phonons in suspensions of one dimensional filaments. This geometry is approximately realized by the cytoskeleton in generic cells and can be studied in a controlled manner using suspensions of carbon nanotubes. We have extended the coherent potential approximation method, typically used for point scatterers, to the case of one dimensional filaments using the supersymmetric method, an approach employed with great success in disordered electronic systems. Unlike similar systems involving suspensions of effectively point scatterers, viscosity is found to play an important role in determining the observed wave speed because of both the high density and the one dimensional nature of the scatterers. We have carried out Brillouin light scattering measurements on both live cells, for which we believe the observed frequency shifts result from coupling to the cytoskeleton, and carbon nanotube suspensions. By varying the temperature, we may approach the glass transition of the fluid and substantially change the viscosity to directly test our predictions. Preliminary measurements show frequency shifts in accord with the predictions. [Research funded by the Office of Naval Research.]
Reflected wave by the first interface of rigid porous medium at Darcy’s regime
Authors: Sadouki Mustapha , Fellah Zine El Abidine , Fellah Mohamed , Depollier Claude
Published: October 2015

In this paper, reflection waves by the first interface of porous medium having rigid frame is considered. The method presented in this work is based on a temporal model of the direct problem in which a simplified expression of the reflection coefficient at the Darcy’s regime (low frequency range) is established using equivalent fluid model, this expression depends only on the porosity and the viscous permeability (or the flow resistivity) of the medium. The simulated reflected wave is obtained in time domain by convolution between the reflected operator and the incident field. Experimental results are given for samples of air-saturated plastic foams and compared with theoretical predictions.
Remote acoustic sensing of mechanical changes in thin vibrating plates
Authors: Flynn Tyler J. , Dowling David R.
Published: October 2015

Remote measurements of radiated sound from a vibrating structure may be exploited for non-contacting structural health monitoring. In this work, an experimental method for remote acoustic sensing of mechanical changes in thin vibrating plates is presented. The basic concept is to compare the radiated sound from baseline and mechanically modified plates to determine the presence or absence of mechanical modifications. Experimental results are presented for measurements of radiated sound from a 0.3-m-square by 1.6-mm-thick aluminum plate with clamped edges subject to swept-frequency shaker base-excitation in the bandwidth from 100 Hz to 4 kHz. The primary mechanical change considered in this investigation is added mass via magnets. Acoustic signals are collected with a linear array of sixteen microphones and are used to characterize the acoustic radiation from baseline and modified vibrating plates, to determine the thresholds above which mechanical changes can be reliably detected with statistical significance. This binary method of non-destructive evaluation can be extended to other classes of defects, such as holes, cuts (simulated cracks), and changes in the boundary conditions. With the integration of more advanced signal processing techniques, localization of the mechanical changes may be possible as well. [Sponsored by NAVSEA through the NEEC.]
Two strategies for distinguishing ngã and sắc tones in Northern Vietnamese
Authors: Miller Taylor L. , Athanasopoulou Angeliki , Pincus Nadya , Vogel Irene
Published: October 2015

The six tones of Northern Vietnamese involve F0 and phonation properties. We examine the acoustic manifestation of two rising tones usually characterized as having distinct phonation (ngã = creaky and sắc = modal) in 1584 vowels produced by 9 Hanoi speakers (88 real three word compounds, 8 target vowels /a/, /i/, /u/ with sắc and ngã in first two syllables). Based on measurements of F0, energy, duration, and phonation properties (spectral tilt, CPP, and HNR), we observed two strategies for producing the two tones: (a) both F0 and phonation differences, where creaky voice appeared in >78% of the ngã tones (N = 7); (b) only F0 difference, where creaky voice appeared in <6% of the ngã tones (N = 2). Classification of the data into the two tones with Binary Logistic Regression Analyses confirmed the distinct behaviors. In the first strategy, the main property distinguishing ngã from sắc is HNR (84%), but F0 was also very successful (75%). In the second strategy, F0 was the only significant property (90%). Given that there were no age, gender, or educational differences, we suggest that the patterns may be due to (i) a regional dialectal difference or (ii) a change in progress in Vietnamese.
The intonation of declaratives and absolute interrogatives in Valencian Spanish
Authors: Craft Jessica
Published: October 2015

This study presents data on the intonation of broad focus declarative sentences and information-seeking absolute interrogative sentences in Valencian Spanish, as the characteristics of this dialect have not previously been described. The main research questions of this study are what types of intonation patterns are typical for Spanish in this region and in what ways these patterns are similar and/or different from the ones attested for Castilian Spanish and Valencian Catalan. The speech data analyzed came from six native speakers of Valencian Spanish, all early bilinguals of Valencian Catalan. A total of 240 sentences were analyzed in Praat (Boersma and Weenink 2014) following standard SpToBI and CatToBI conventions (Beckman, et al. 2002; Estebas-Vilaplana and Prieto 2010; Prieto 2014). The study focuses on the pitch accents used in the prenuclear and nuclear positions, as well as the boundary tones for both sentence types. The speech data show use of intonational contours from both Valencian Catalan and Castilian Spanish and demonstrates the profound influence of Catalan in the Spanish of this region. Furthermore, the data are consistent with what has been reported for other Spanish-Catalan bilingual speakers in other regions of Spain (Romera and Elordieta 2013, Simonet 2011, Romera, et al. 2008).
Research Partnerships in Sport for Development and Peace: Challenges, Barriers, and Strategies
Authors: Peachey Jon Welty , Cohen Adam
Published: October 2015

Research partnerships between scholars and sport for development and peace (SDP) organizations are common, but firsthand accounts of the challenges and barriers faced by scholars when forming and sustaining partnerships are rare. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine them, and to uncover strategies to overcome these challenges across different partnership contexts. Eight prominent SDP scholars were interviewed. Guided by collaboration theory and the partnership literature, findings revealed challenges included navigating the political and organizational landscape; securing commitments from organizations with limited resources; negotiating divergent goals, objectives, and understandings; and conducting long-term evaluations and research. Strategies to address these issues involved developing strategic partnerships, cultivating mutual understanding, building trust, starting small, finding the cause champion, and developing a track record of success. Key theoretical and practical implications are drawn forth, as well as intriguing future research directions.
“Same, Same—but Different!” On Consumers’ Use of Corporate PR Media in Sports
Authors: Burk Verena , Grimmer Christoph G. , Pawlowski Tim
Published: October 2015

Organizations around the globe have numerous avenues to share information with their target groups and communicate directly without any intermediaries such as journalists. Particularly, sports organizations like professional sports teams make frequent use of e-mail newsletters, (online) club TV channels, stadium magazines, and Internet platforms. In addition, they frequently share information using social networks like Twitter and Facebook. Surprisingly, however, very little is known about the factors influencing consumers’ use of these different communication channels. This paper is the first to analyze simultaneously the factors associated with consumers’ use of different public relations (PR) media by using representative data from club members of one of the biggest professional soccer clubs in Germany and employing a multivariate ordered probit model. Results suggest that decisions on the use of different PR media are closely related, though sociodemographic and membership characteristics have a media-specific impact on the frequency of use.
Orchestrating a viral takeover
Authors: Mueller Kristen L.
Published: October 2015

Elevated amounts of a viral noncoding RNA that suppresses host immunity likely led to an outbreak of dengue virus.
EGFR deploys its own defense
Authors: Ferrarelli Leslie K.
Published: October 2015

Activation of the tyrosine kinase receptor EGFR promotes the secretion of a metalloprotease that degrades an extracellular antagonist.
The pain is mostly in the brain
Authors: Kelner Katrina L.
Published: October 2015

PACAP-38–mediated delayed activation and sensitization of central trigeminovascular neurons may contribute to migraines.
Another strike against antioxidants
Authors: Nusinovich Yevgeniya
Published: October 2015

Antioxidants increase migration and invasion of human melanoma cells and accelerate metastasis in an endogenous mouse model of malignant melanoma.
Vascular diseases await translation of blood vessels engineered from stem cells
Authors: Samuel Rekha , Duda Dan G. , Fukumura Dai , Jain Rakesh K.
Published: October 2015

The ability to build functional blood vessels nears clinical translation, but important hurdles remain.
Glutamate imaging (GluCEST) lateralizes epileptic foci in nonlesional temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Davis Kathryn Adamiak , Nanga Ravi Prakash Reddy , Das Sandhitsu , Chen Stephanie H. , Hadar Peter N. , Pollard John R. , Lucas Timothy H. , Shinohara Russell T. , Litt Brian , Hariharan Hari , Elliott Mark A. , Detre John A. , Reddy Ravinder
Published: October 2015

Noninvasive glutamate brain imaging (GluCEST) can localize seizure foci to one hemisphere in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy.
Detection of human brain tumor infiltration with quantitative stimulated Raman scattering microscopy
Authors: Ji Minbiao , Lewis Spencer , Camelo-Piragua Sandra , Ramkissoon Shakti H. , Snuderl Matija , Venneti Sriram , Fisher-Hubbard Amanda , Garrard Mia , Fu Dan , Wang Anthony C. , Heth Jason A. , Maher Cormac O. , Sanai Nader , Johnson Timothy D. , Freudiger Christian W. , Sagher Oren , Xie Xiaoliang Sunney , Orringer Daniel A.
Published: October 2015

Quantitative SRS microscopy can detect human brain tumor infiltration with high sensitivity and specificity, even in tissues appearing grossly normal.
Prefusion F–specific antibodies determine the magnitude of RSV neutralizing activity in human sera
Authors: Ngwuta Joan O. , Chen Man , Modjarrad Kayvon , Joyce M. Gordon , Kanekiyo Masaru , Kumar Azad , Yassine Hadi M. , Moin Syed M. , Killikelly April M. , Chuang Gwo-Yu , Druz Aliaksandr , Georgiev Ivelin S. , Rundlet Emily J. , Sastry Mallika , Stewart-Jones Guillaume B. E. , Yang Yongping , Zhang Baoshan , Nason Martha C. , Capella Cristina , Peeples Mark E. , Ledgerwood Julie E. , McLellan Jason S. , Kwong Peter D. , Graham Barney S.
Published: October 2015

Antibodies to the prefusion conformation of the RSV F glycoprotein neutralize natural infection.
Monitoring synaptic integrity
Authors: Ju Yo-El
Published: October 2015

Neurogranin may be a useful marker of synaptic integrity in Alzheimer’s disease.
Dendritic cells shaken to the core by pathogenic bacteria
Authors: Shaw Tanya J.
Published: October 2015

Pathogens induce DNA demethylation in the regulatory regions of immune response genes in dendritic cells.
Structural and Functional Features of a Developmentally Regulated Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein
Authors: Krasity Benjamin C. , Troll Joshua V. , Lehnert Erik M. , Hackett Kathleen T. , Dillard Joseph P. , Apicella Michael A. , Goldman William E. , Weiss Jerrold P. , McFall-Ngai Margaret J.
Published: October 2015

Mammalian lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding proteins (LBPs) occur mainly in extracellular fluids and promote LPS delivery to specific host cell receptors. The function of LBPs has been studied principally in the context of host defense; the possible role of LBPs in nonpathogenic host-microbe interactions has not been well characterized. Using theEuprymna scolopes-Vibrio fischerimodel, we analyzed the structure and function of an LBP family protein,E. scolopesLBP1 (EsLBP1), and provide evidence for its role in triggering a symbiont-induced host developmental program. Previous studies showed that, during initial host colonization, the LPS ofV. fischerisynergizes with peptidoglycan (PGN) monomer to induce morphogenesis of epithelial tissues of the host animal. Computationally modeled EsLBP1 shares some but not all structural features of mammalian LBPs that are thought important for LPS binding. Similar to human LBP, recombinant EsLBP1 expressed in insect cells boundV. fischeriLPS andNeisseria meningitidislipooligosaccharide (LOS) with nanomolar or greater affinity but boundFrancisella tularensisLPS only weakly and did not bind PGN monomer. Unlike human LBP, EsLBP1 did not bindN. meningitidisLOS:CD14 complexes. Theeslbp1transcript was upregulated ~22-fold byV. fischeriat 24 h postinoculation. Surprisingly, this upregulation was not induced by exposure to LPS but, rather, to the PGN monomer alone. Hybridization chain reaction-fluorescentinsitu hybridization (HCR-FISH) and immunocytochemistry (ICC) localizedeslbp1transcript and protein in crypt epithelia, whereV. fischeriinduces morphogenesis. The data presented here provide a window into the evolution of LBPs and the scope of their roles in animal symbioses.

IMPORTANCEMammalian lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein (LBP) is implicated in conveying LPS to host cells and potentiating its signaling activity. In certain disease states, such as obesity, the overproduction of this protein has been a reliable biomarker of chronic inflammation. Here, we describe a symbiosis-induced invertebrate LBP whose tertiary structure and LPS-binding characteristics are similar to those of mammalian LBPs; however, the primary structure of this distantly related squid protein (EsLBP1) differs in key residues previously believed to be essential for LPS binding, suggesting that an alternative strategy exists. Surprisingly, symbiotic expression ofeslbp1is induced by peptidoglycan derivatives, not LPS, a pattern converse to that of RegIIIγ, an important mammalian immunity protein that binds peptidoglycan but whose gene expression is induced by LPS. Finally, EsLBP1 occurs along the apical surfaces of all the host's epithelia, suggesting that it was recruited from a general defensive role to one that mediates specific interactions with its symbiont.
Growth of Listeria monocytogenes within a Caramel-Coated Apple Microenvironment
Authors: Glass Kathleen A. , Golden Max C. , Wanless Brandon J. , Bedale Wendy , Czuprynski Charles
Published: October 2015

A 2014 multistate listeriosis outbreak was linked to consumption of caramel-coated apples, an unexpected and previously unreported vehicle for
Listeria monocytogenes
. This outbreak was unanticipated because both the pH of apples (<4.0) and the water activity of the caramel coating (<0.80) are too low to support
Listeria
growth. In this study, Granny Smith apples were inoculated with approximately 4 log
10
 CFU of
L. monocytogenes
(a cocktail of serotype 4b strains associated with the outbreak) on each apple's skin, stem, and calyx. Half of the apples had sticks inserted into the core, while the remaining apples were left intact. Apples were dipped into hot caramel and stored at either 7°C or 25°C for up to 11 or 28 days, respectively. Data revealed that apples with inserted sticks supported significantly more
L. monocytogenes
growth than apples without sticks under both storage conditions. Within 3 days at 25°C,
L. monocytogenes
populations increased >3 log
10
in apples with sticks, whereas only a 1-log
10
increase was observed even after 1 week for caramel-coated apples without sticks. When stored at 7°C, apples with sticks exhibited an approximately 1.5-log
10
increase in
L. monocytogenes
levels at 28 days, whereas no growth was observed in apples without sticks. We infer that insertion of a stick into the apple accelerates the transfer of juice from the interior of the apple to its surface, creating a microenvironment at the apple-caramel interface where
L. monocytogenes
can rapidly grow to levels sufficient to cause disease when stored at room temperature.

IMPORTANCE
Neither caramel nor apples are a food where the pathogenic bacterium
Listeria monocytogenes
should grow, as caramel does not contain enough free water and apples are too acidic. Caramel-coated apples, however, were recently linked to a deadly outbreak of listeriosis. We hypothesized that inserting a stick into the apple releases juice to the interface between the apple and caramel, providing a more hospitable environment than either component alone. To test this hypothesis, apples were inoculated with
L. monocytogenes
prior to caramel dipping. Some apples had sticks inserted into them before dipping, while others did not. No growth of
L. monocytogenes
occurred on refrigerated caramel apples without sticks, whereas slow growth was observed on refrigerated caramel apples with sticks. In contrast, significant pathogen growth was observed within 3 days at room temperature on caramel apples with sticks inserted. Food producers should consider interfaces between components within foods as potential niches for pathogen growth.
Role of Autocleavage in the Function of a Type III Secretion Specificity Switch Protein in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium
Authors: Monjarás Feria Julia V. , Lefebre Matthew D. , Stierhof York-Dieter , Galán Jorge E. , Wagner Samuel
Published: October 2015

Type III secretion systems (T3SSs) are multiprotein machines employed by many Gram-negative bacteria to inject bacterial effector proteins into eukaryotic host cells to promote bacterial survival and colonization. The core unit of T3SSs is the needle complex, a supramolecular structure that mediates the passage of the secreted proteins through the bacterial envelope. A distinct feature of the T3SS is that protein export occurs in a strictly hierarchical manner in which proteins destined to form the needle complex filament and associated structures are secreted first, followed by the secretion of effectors and the proteins that will facilitate their translocation through the target host cell membrane. The secretion hierarchy is established by complex mechanisms that involve several T3SS-associated components, including the “switch protein,” a highly conserved, inner membrane protease that undergoes autocatalytic cleavage. It has been proposed that the autocleavage of the switch protein is the trigger for substrate switching. We show here that autocleavage of the
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium switch protein SpaS is an unregulated process that occurs after its folding and before its incorporation into the needle complex. Needle complexes assembled with a precleaved form of SpaS function in a manner indistinguishable from that of the wild-type form. Furthermore, an engineered mutant of SpaS that is processed by an external protease also displays wild-type function. These results demonstrate that the cleavage event
per se
does not provide a signal for substrate switching but support the hypothesis that cleavage allows the proper conformation of SpaS to render it competent for its switching function.

IMPORTANCE
Bacterial interaction with eukaryotic hosts often involves complex molecular machines for targeted delivery of bacterial effector proteins. One such machine, the type III secretion system of some Gram-negative bacteria, serves to inject a multitude of structurally diverse bacterial proteins into the host cell. Critical to the function of these systems is their ability to secrete proteins in a strict hierarchical order, but it is unclear how the mechanism of switching works. Central to the switching mechanism is a highly conserved inner membrane protease that undergoes autocatalytic cleavage. Although it has been suggested previously that the autocleavage event is the trigger for substrate switching, we show here that this is not the case. Rather, our results show that cleavage allows the proper conformation of the protein to render it competent for its switching function. These findings may help develop inhibitors of type III secretion machines that offer novel therapeutic avenues to treat various infectious diseases.
Rapid diagnosis and treatment of severe tricyclic antidepressant toxicity
Authors: Clark Simon , Catt Jerry W , Caffery Terrell
Published: October 2015

A woman in her mid-50s contacted her social worker and expressed intent to commit suicide by ingesting prescription medications. On arrival of emergency responders, the patient was found unconscious with an empty bottle of amitriptyline. Time of ingestion was estimated using the social worker's contact with local authorities. The patient's presentation at the emergency department (ED) exemplified tricyclic antidepressant toxidrome with a poor prognosis, based on measurable criteria and physical findings. Respiratory and cardiovascular collapse was managed emergently. Haemodynamic status and EKG findings responded in a stepwise fashion with therapy in the ED and intensive care unit. Full clinical recovery took 7 days, and the patient was subsequently transferred to an in-patient psychiatric facility for further evaluation. Eight days later, she was discharged home with no neurological sequelae.
Killing two birds with one stone: a case of GIST and supervening CML
Authors: Mehta Vivek Rashmikant , Khan Uzma , Hoang Uyen , Rachshtut Michael
Published: October 2015

A 50-year-old patient who presented with abdominal pain was found to have a suspicious 8×6×9 cm mass in the left upper abdomen on imaging. A complete surgical resection of the mass was performed subsequently and pathology revealed a gastrointestinal stromal tumour. The patient was started on adjuvant Imatinib following the resection. Four years later, reimaging demonstrated no evidence of disease and adjuvant therapy was discontinued. Nine months following discontinuation of Imatinib, routine blood work revealed marked leucocytosis. Further work up including peripheral smear and bone marrow biopsy showed findings consistent with chronic myelogenous leucaemia. Imatinib was restarted and the patient's white cell counts returned to normal range within a month.