bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evolution of a conspicuous melanin‐based ornament in gulls Laridae
Authors: Minias Piotr , Janiszewski Tomasz
Published: February 2020

Melanin‐ and carotenoid‐based ornaments often signal different aspects of individual quality or similar components of quality under different environmental conditions and, thus, they may become evolutionarily integrated into a composite sexual trait. On the other hand, functionally and developmentally different characters (e.g. coloration characters of different developmental origin) are more likely to evolve independently from each other than more similar traits. Here, we examined evolutionary correlations between the occurrence of a conspicuous melanin‐based ornament (hood) and carotenoid‐based bare‐part ornaments within gull family. We also aimed to identify major ecological, life‐history and biogeographical predictors of hood occurrence and reconstruct evolutionary history of this ornament. We found that hood occurrence was associated with red or dark coloration of unfeathered traits (bill and legs), whereas combinations of hood with yellow carotenoid‐based coloration of integument were evolutionarily avoided. Also, hood occurrence correlated negatively with the occurrence of other melanin‐based plumage character (mantle). Breeding latitude and habitat were identified as major predictors of hood occurrence in gulls, as hoods were recorded more frequently in low‐latitude and inland (rather than marine) species. Finally, our analysis provided support for evolutionary lability in hood occurrence, with a dominance of transitions towards hood loss in the evolutionary history of gulls. The results of our study provide one of the first evidence for a correlated evolution of melanin‐ and carotenoid‐based ornaments in an avian lineage, which supports evolutionary modularity of developmentally and functionally different coloration traits.
Phenotypic and genetic differentiation between diadromous and landlocked puyen Galaxias maculatus
Authors: Rojo Javier Hernán , Fernández Daniel Alfredo , Figueroa Daniel Enrique , Boy Claudia Clementina
Published: February 2020

This study reports the phenotypic and genetic differences between individuals of puyen Galaxias maculatus from two sites in the same river basin in Tierra del Fuego National Park, southern South America. Individuals from the two sampling sites presented morphometric and genetic differences. The morphometric differences indicated that individuals from Laguna Negra (LN) were short and more robust and had large eyes, whereas those from Arroyo Negro (AN) were thin and elongated and had small eyes. Genetic differences showed that AN individuals had a greater genetic structuration and an older demographic history than LN individuals. The results of this study affirmed that the individuals from the two sampling sites belong to different populations with a high degree of isolation. The demographic history could indicate that the individuals of G. maculatus which migrated to northern areas during the last glaciation settled in the Beagle Channel after its formation. The LN population could have originated after the retreat of the glaciers, migrating from AN.
Chlorpyrifos induces redox imbalance‐dependent inflammation in common carp lymphocyte through dysfunction of T‐cell receptor γ
Authors: Yang Jie , Gong Yafan , Cai Jingzeng , Zheng Yingying , Liu Honggui , Zhang Ziwei
Published: February 2020

Chlorpyrifos is a poisonous pesticide that is highly toxic to fish and aquatic organisms. However, there are fewer reports about how chlorpyrifos influences the redox balance of immune cells. Herein, the head kidney tissue treated with chlorpyrifos to do transcriptome analysis and TCR γ was screened out. Subsequently, we established TCR γ knockdown and overexpression carp head kidney lymphocyte models, respectively, by using RNA interference and pcDNA3.1. Real‐time PCR, fluorescent staining, oxidation and antioxidant kit were used to detect the related factors. We found that TCR γ knockdown significantly increased the mRNA expression of HSP70 and HSP90 and decreased the mRNA expression of SOD and CAT. Meanwhile, TCR γ knockdown reduced the activities of GSH, GSG‐PX, T‐AOC, CAT and SOD and increased the content of MDA and H2O2 and activities of iNOS. Adverse results were obtained in TCR γ overexpression group. Additionally, TCR γ knockdown significantly increased the mRNA expression of IFN‐γ, IL‐1β, IL‐8, IL‐10, Nrf2 and NF‐κB, but relieved TCR γ overexpression, in which the process of inflammation was activated. Our results reported here indicated that chlorpyrifos induces redox imbalance‐dependent inflammation in common carp lymphocyte through dysfunction of T‐cell receptor γ, and HSPs play potential protective role in entire process.
Trichoscopic evaluation of frontal hairline recession in Egyptian female patients
Authors: Said Marwa , El‐Sayed Sawsan Khalifa , Elkhouly Noha Diyaa Eldeen
Published: February 2020

Background

Since frontal hairline is the most characteristic feature of the face for both men and women, affecting the psychological state of patients, hair loss has been considered to be one of the most prominent esthetic problems. Hair loss either resulting from the androgenetic or nonandrogenetic origin is characterized by changes in the anterior line.

Aim

The aim of this study was to evaluate the causes of the frontal hairline recession in Egyptian female patients using trichoscopy and to detect the prevalence of each of those causes in Egyptian females.

Patients and Methods

This study was performed on a total of 200 Egyptian female patients aged between 15 and 65 years who complained of frontal hairline recession. All patients were derived from Al‐Zahraa University hospital outpatient clinic over a period from November 2017 to April 2019. We classified them into two groups according to age: Group A: 15‐45 and Group B: 46‐65. After full history taking, general and dermatological examination, photographs of hair recession were taken from both frontal and temporal sides. Then, the trichoscopic examination by noncontact dermoscopy was done photographed and evaluated.

Results

The most common cause of the frontal hairline recession in Egyptian female patients was androgenetic alopecia (AGA) (50%). Most of the patients were of old age (58%). The high statistically significant trichoscopic findings in androgenetic alopecia were yellow dots, peripilar sign, hair diameter diversity, and single‐hair pilosebaceous unit (45.0%, 61.0%, 100.0%, and 96.0%), respectively. On the other hand, perifollicular scaling, absence of hair follicles, and lonely hair revealed a high statistically significant presentation (88.9%, 100.0%, and 22.2%), respectively, with frontal fibrosing alopecia, and vellus hair (100.0%) and perifollicular casts (91.8%) with tractional alopecia. Finally, hair broken at different levels (100%), black powder (88.9%), black dots (100.0%), hook hairs (11.1%), i hair (16.7%),V sign (44.4%), flame hairs (33.3%), coiled hair (5.6%), and burnt match stick sign (5.6%) showed a high statistically significance presentation with trichotillomania.

Conclusion

The present study supports the trichoscopic criteria for the diagnosis of causes of frontal hairline recession, which provide a noninvasive diagnostic tool compared with histopathological diagnosis.
Odontogenic myxomas lack PDGFRB mutations reported in myofibromas
Authors: de Siqueira Elisa Carvalho , de Sousa Silvia Ferreira , Carlos Roman , de Andrade Bruno Augusto Benevenuto , Romañach Mário José , Gomez Ricardo Santiago , Gomes Carolina Cavaliéri
Published: February 2020

Background

The molecular pathogenesis of odontogenic myxoma has not been established yet. Considering that odontogenic myxoma may show myofibroblastic differentiation and myxoid areas can be observed in intra‐osseous myofibromas, we tested the hypothesis whether both tumors share a common molecular profile. As recent studies have reported PDGFRB recurrent driver mutations in myofibroma, we evaluated PDGFRB mutations in odontogenic myxomas.

Methods

A convenience sample of 15 odontogenic myxomas cases was selected. We direct sequenced PDGFRB exons 12 and 14, where p.R561C (c.1681C>T) and p.N666K (c.1998C>G) hotspot mutations have been reported among others in single and/or multiple myofibromas.

Results

All 15 odontogenic myxoma samples were successfully sequenced, and all 15 had wild‐type sequences for the PDGFRB mutations investigated.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that PDGFRB mutations do not play a role in odontogenic myxoma pathogenesis, which might be helpful in the differential diagnosis of challenging cases.
Incidence of HCC in chronic hepatitis C patients with advanced hepatic fibrosis who achieved SVR following DAAs: A prospective study
Authors: Shiha Gamal , Mousa Nasser , Soliman Reham , NNH Mikhail Nabiel , Adel Elbasiony Mohamed , Khattab Mahmoud
Published: February 2020

Liver cirrhosis is an important risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma. The reported annual incidence of HCC is about 3%‐8% in CHC cirrhotic patients. Based on the Cochrane systematic review, there was no clear evidence, on the long‐term clinical effects of DAAs in patients achieving SVR, as regard liver cirrhosis‐related HCC incidence. The aim of the study was to determine the incidence of HCC in chronic hepatitis C patients genotype IV with liver cirrhosis and advanced liver fibrosis after achieving SVR following DAA treatment in a prospective large cohort of HCV patients with long follow‐up. This was a prospective observational cohort study including 2372 CHC patients with advanced liver fibrosis or cirrhosis receiving DAA therapy in outpatient clinics at the Egyptian Liver Research Institute and Hospital since January 2015. Liver fibrosis was assessed using transient elastography. Abdominal ultrasonography and AFP measurement were done at baseline and follow‐up visits every 6 months, in addition to triphasic abdominal MSCT when needed. Patients were followed up after achieving SVR12 for at least 12 months. HCC developed in 109 cases during the follow‐up period (mean 23.60 ± 8.25 months). Overall HCC incidence was 2.338/100 PY, 95% CI = 1.942‐2.814. In patients with cirrhosis, the incidence of HCC was 2.917/100 PY, 95% CI = 2.407‐3.535, while in patients with advanced liver fibrosis the incidence of HCC was 0.664/100 PY, 95% CI = 0.333‐1.326. In conclusion, the incidence of HCC was reduced in chronic hepatitis C genotype 4 patients with liver cirrhosis (F4) and advanced hepatic fibrosis (F3) who achieved SVR following DAA therapy.
Diet quality over time is associated with better development in rural Nepali children
Authors: Miller Laurie C. , Neupane Sumanta , Joshi Neena , Shrestha Merina , Neupane Shailes , Lohani Mahendra , Thorne‐Lyman Andrew L.
Published: February 2020

Developmental delays affect between 150 and 200 million children <5 years of age worldwide. Outside of diet supplement studies, relatively little is known about the relationships between diet quality and developmental status in resource‐poor settings. We examined associations between different aspects of dietary quality (dietary diversity score [DDS] and animal‐source food [ASF] consumption) and child development (assessed using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire‐3 [ASQ‐3]) among children whose families were enrolled in a community development intervention trial (implemented by Heifer Nepal) in western Nepal. Two sets of analyses were performed: (a) cross‐sectional Sample (N= 629) seen at the endline survey and (b) longitudinal sample (N= 269) with complete dietary records (six surveys over 48 months). In both samples, child development was significantly related to household wealth, maternal education, and especially home environmental quality. In the cross‐sectional sample, greater consumption of eggs (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.80,p= .04) or dairy products (aOR 0.95,p= .05) over the previous 7 days significantly reduced odds of low total ASQ score, by logistic regression analysis. In the longitudinal sample, only egg consumption and cumulative DDS and ASF scores were associated with significantly reduced odds of low total ASQ score (aORs 0.59–0.89). In adjusted linear regression analysis, both cumulative DDS (β [CI]: 1.92 [0.4, 3.5]) and ASF scores (2.46 [0.3, 4.7]) were significantly associated with greater continuous total child development. Programmes targeting child development must address home environmental quality as well as long‐term diet quality.
Treatment of invasive fungal infections in intensive care units with micafungin: The MYRIADE study
Authors: Timsit Jean‐François , Leverger Guy , Milpied Noël , Gachot Bertrand
Published: February 2020

Background

Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) contribute significantly to nosocomial illness in intensive care units (ICUs). Current practice guidelines recommend echinocandins, such as micafungin, for the treatment of invasive candidiasis. However, limited information on their use in real‐world practice is available.

Objective

To describe the conditions of the use of micafungin in daily clinical practice and to evaluate its effectiveness and tolerability under real‐world conditions.

Patients/Methods

This observational, prospective, multicentre study was performed in 34 ICUs in France. The study population consisted of 275 patients ≥16 years old who received treatment with micafungin during the inclusion period. Dose and duration of treatment were at the discretion of the physician.

Results

Proven invasive candidiasis was documented before treatment in 106 patients (38.6%); 263 patients (95.6%) received the recommended dose (100 mg/day); 78 patients (28.8%) were treated for the recommended duration. A successful outcome was observed for 217 patients (79.2%). This proportion was significantly higher (83.3%; P < .0001) in patients treated for ≥14 days. Three patients discontinued treatment due to an adverse event considered related to micafungin. No clear impact of micafungin on hepatic function was observed.

Conclusion

Micafungin was effective in >75% of patients treated for IFIs in ICUs in France; outcomes may be improved with closer adherence to the recommended treatment duration.
Acupuncture of different treatment frequency in postprandial distress syndrome: A pilot randomized clinical trial
Authors: Wang Yu , Hou Ya‐Quan , Yang Jing‐Wen , Wang Li‐Qiong , Shao Jia‐Kai , Zou Xuan , Yang Na‐Na , Huang Jin , Liu Cun‐Zhi
Published: February 2020

Background

The evidence for different frequencies of acupuncture treatment in postprandial distress syndrome (PDS) is insufficient. This study determined whether 3 sessions per week of acupuncture treatment are superior to 1 session per week for symptomatic outcomes in PDS.

Methods

This 16‐week randomized clinical pilot trial was conducted in an outpatient setting in China. Patients with PDS were randomly assigned to receive 3 sessions per week of acupuncture (group H) or 1 session per week of acupuncture (group L) for 4 weeks. The primary outcome was the complete elimination of core symptoms at week 4. Secondary outcomes included overall treatment efficacy, dyspepsia symptoms, quality of life, anxiety, and depression.

Key Results

Sixty patients were randomized of whom 53 (88.3%) completed this trial. The complete elimination rate of core symptoms was 26.7% (95% CI 12.3%‐45.9%) in group H and 10.0% (95% CI 2.1%‐26.5%) in group L at week 4 (P = .095). There was a significant difference between H and group L at weeks 8, 12, and 16 (P = .038, .02, and .02). All secondary outcomes were better in group H at all time points. No serious adverse events occurred in either groups.

Conclusions

This trial showed that acupuncture, at 3 sessions per week, tended to improve symptoms and the quality of life among patients with PDS as compared to once a week. Acupuncture treatment for 4 weeks was feasible and safe. A larger sample, multicenter, randomized controlled trial of acupuncture for PDS appears to be justified in the future.
Domestic Violence and Child Mortality in the Developing World
Authors: Rawlings Samantha , Siddique Zahra
Published: February 2020

We examine the effect of domestic violence on child mortality using Demographic and Health Surveys from thirty‐two developing countries. We first examine conditional associations between violence faced by the mother and child mortality after controlling for observable confounders. Children of (ever) physically victimized mothers are 0.4, 0.7, and 1.0 pp more likely to die within thirty days, a year, and five years of being born. We find similar associations when examining violence experienced in the last twelve months, although these are no longer statistically significant. The association is statistically significant, and larger, if the mother experiences violence in the last twelve months often, rather than sometimes. Violence is significantly associated with pregnancy loss, suggesting the true effect on mortality is larger than estimates based on live‐births would suggest. We investigate robustness of associations to omitted variable bias, assessing the role of selection on unobservables to estimate lower bounds on the true effect. These continue to indicate economically meaningful positive effects, suggesting selection on unobservables would need to be 2.4–3 times that of selection on observables to nullify the estimated effect. We provide evidence that maternal smoking and breastfeeding practices are mediators in the relationship between domestic violence and child mortality.
Spatial Inequality in Mortality in France over the Past Two Centuries
Authors: Bonnet Florian , d'Albis Hippolyte
Published: February 2020

This article analyzes the evolution of spatial inequalities in mortality across 90 French territorial units since 1806. Using a new database, we identify a period from 1881 to 1980 when inequalities rapidly shrank while life expectancy rose. This century of convergence across territories was mainly due to the fall in infant mortality. Since 1980, spatial inequalities have levelled out or occasionally widened, due mainly to differences in life expectancy among the elderly. The geography of mortality also changed radically during the century of convergence. Whereas in the 19th century high mortality occurred mainly in larger cities and along a line from North‐west to South‐east France, it is now concentrated in the North, and Paris and Lyon currently enjoy an urban advantage.
Policy Durability, Agency Capacity, and Executive Unilateralism
Authors: Turner Ian R.
Published: February 2020

In this article, I argue that the need to motivate bureaucrats to invest in high‐quality policy implementation alters the appeal of executive unilateralism. If executive orders are less durable than legislation, then the bureaucracy will have weaker incentives to invest in policy making. This affects presidents’ willingness to compromise and work with Congress to pass legislation, rather than pursue unilateral action. Unilateralism becomes less attractive as bureaucratic capacity increases and as the relative durability of executive orders decreases. I formalize this logic in a simple formal model and discuss fruitful extensions for future work.
Polls and Elections: Beyond Political Capital: Do Social and Economic Capital Matter?
Authors: Yun Hyun Jung
Published: February 2020

This study aims to illuminate the importance of social, political, and economic capital in American presidential campaigns and elections. Regarding Donald Trump's unexpected win by national polls and the continued controversy arising out of his particular brand of populism, the study compares Trump's and Clinton's values shared with voters across multidimensional social, political, and economic capital during the 2016 presidential campaigns. Utilizing the capital indexes constructed by the researcher's pilot surveys and the hybrid measure of capital warmth formulated in the proposed model, this study explores voters' open‐ended answers about the Republican Party candidate, Donald Trump, and the Democratic Party candidate, Hillary Clinton, that were collected by the American National Election Studies prior to the 2016 presidential election. The study found that Clinton's political and economic capital resources, especially her political reputation and functional ability, more significantly contributed to her voters' support, voting, and confidence. However, in contrast to Clinton's strength in political capital, Trump cultivated relatively more and stronger social capital that contributed to his voters' support, choice, and voting strength. Trump's social capital overpowered Clinton's political capital and appeared to be a feasible answer for “Trumpism” in the 2016 American presidential election.
Can Charitable Donations Compensate for a Reduction in Government Funding? The Role of Information
Authors: de Wit Arjen , Bekkers René
Published: February 2020

Are private donors willing to replace cuts in government funding? The authors conducted a survey experiment (n = 2,458) to examine how information about government funding affected decisions to donate money to a large charitable organization in the Netherlands. Providing information about actual budget cuts increased the number of donors. Most new donors were recruited among respondents who had processed the information correctly, underlining the importance of effective communication. The magnitude of the information effect was stronger for citizens with lower levels of empathic concern, who are less likely to donate but can be converted into donors. The authors conclude that policy information shapes not only attitudes but also civic engagement outside the political sphere.
Programme form and service user well‐being: Linking theory and evidence
Authors: Whitworth Adam , Carter Eleanor
Published: February 2020

Since the early 1990s, the “activation turn” has become a standard welfare orthodoxy at the heart of international welfare systems. Although policymakers talk confidently about the well‐being gains of activation interventions and their employment outcomes, a growing body of research has focused instead on questions around “activation process well‐being”—the potential well‐being effects of participation in activation programmes themselves. The present article makes three main contributions to the theory, knowledge, and policy practice of this activation well‐being literature. First, the paper develops an original conceptual framework that newly connects well‐being theory, qualitative variation in programmatic form, and empirically testable well‐being expectations for participating service users. Second, the paper uses multivariate statistical analyses to examine six conceptually derived hypotheses around variation in programme forms and implications for participating service users' well‐being, drawing on the case study of U.K. activation policy. Noteworthy is the paper's unique distributional insights into well‐being effects across different types of service users. Third, the paper offers new policy contributions around the relevance of policy form to service user well‐being as well as important pointers to key programme features in this regard.
Less enhancement and low apparent diffusion coefficient value on magnetic resonance imaging may be helpful to detect canine prostate adenocarcinoma in case series
Authors: Tanaka Toshiyuki , Ashida Kazuna , Iimori Yasumasa , Yamazaki Hiroki , Mie Keiichiro , Nishida Hidetaka , Akiyoshi Hideo
Published: February 2020

In dogs, diagnosis of prostate cancer is often delayed because clinical signs are not pathognomonic. Although ultrasonography is mainly performed to detect prostate cancer, the ultrasonographic appearance is not specific. In humans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) is used to localize the prostate tumour. To our knowledge, there are no studies of MRI findings for detecting or localizing prostate cancer. The purpose of this study was to assess MRI findings of prostate cancer. As a control, three prostate hyperplasia cases were included. MRI data were analysed, and the following parameters were noted: signal intensity (SI) of prostate lesion on T2‐weighted imaging, T1‐weighted imaging and DWI, enhancement pattern of prostate lesion, and relative contrast enhancement indices (RCEI) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value of prostate lesion. For MRI examination, the mean RCEI of the adenocarcinoma was significantly lower than that of hyperplasia (P = .01, r = .8). The SI of the DWI of adenocarcinoma was significantly higher compared to hyperplasia (P = .03, φ = 1). The mean ADC values of the adenocarcinoma were significantly lower than that of hyperplasia (P = .03, r = .82). Thus, less enhancement on MRI, and low ADC value on MRI may help to detect prostate adenocarcinoma.
Crecimiento urbano e impermeabilización del suelo alrededor de la Reserva Forestal Thomas van der Hammen, en la ciudad de Bogotá
Authors: Salas Pérez Cristian , Coy Castro Daniel , Acuña Ramírez Karen , Páez Cuervo Luisa , Upegui Erika
Published: February 2020

Bogotá ha tenido una rápida urbanización en las últimas décadas, caracterizada por la falta de planeación, la contaminación de cuencas y la generación de impactos ambientales. La reserva Thomas van der Hammen no ha sido ajena a estos procesos de urbanización. Sin embargo, esta área, ubicada al noroccidente de la ciudad, tiene una gran relevancia ambiental, pues es un corredor ecológico que conecta a los cerros orientales con el río Bogotá. En este trabajo se realiza un estudio multitemporal alrededor de la reserva usando técnicas de teledetección. Usando índices espectrales, como el IBI, y calculando la temperatura de superficie, se logró discriminar las áreas impermeabilizadas en el periodo comprendido entre el año 1989 y el 2018. Los resultados demuestran que las técnicas de teledetección para monitorear áreas impermeables son confiables, de manera que se pueden medir las intervenciones antrópicas en el tiempo. El monitoreo realizado sobre la reserva muestra que esta ha evitado que la urbanización en el norte de la ciudad haya conectado con el río Bogotá y generara una carga mayor para la cuenca al impermeabilizar esa zona de la ciudad.
Evaluación de la generación de sedimentos en el distrito de drenaje del Valle de Sibundoy, departamento del Putumayo (Colombia)
Authors: Delgado-Gómez Mario David
Published: February 2020

Esta investigación se desarrolló en el distrito de drenaje del Valle de Sibundoy, localizado a 1º 12′ 12″ N y 76º 51′ 15″ O. Se realizó una simulación empleando el modelo hidrológico SWAT para estimar el balance hídrico y una calibración del modelo para caudales y sedimentos. Con la modelación hidrológica, se estimó un caudal promedio mensual para la cuenca de 32,26 m3/s. Para la producción de sedimentos, con las condiciones actuales de uso de suelo para la cuenca, se calculó un aporte de 1,18 T/ha/a. Con la ayuda de escenarios de cambio climático, se determinó que para el año 2046 se sobrepasará en más del 200 % la producción media de sedimentos. Finalmente, se proponen alternativas de mitigación de impactos, basadas en conservación de suelos, sistemas productivos sustentables, restauración de coberturas y gestión del riesgo en el recurso hídrico.
Capacitación de recursos humanos en salud materna en Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haití, Honduras, Nicaragua y Perú: descripción de la experiencia
Authors: Ortiz Contreras Jovita , De Bortoli Cassiani Silvia Helena , Brandt Amelia , Binfa Esbir Lorena , Menezes da Silva Fernando A.
Published: February 2020

Introducción: América Latina y el Caribe han disminuido la mortalidad materna; sin embargo, aún poseen países con altas tasas, lo que refleja inequidades en el acceso a servicios de salud. La capacitación de recurso humano competente en atención primaria es una de las principales estrategias para abordar la problemática. Objetivo: Describir la experiencia de planificación, implementación y evaluación de un programa de capacitaciones en salud materna en países de la región (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Haití y Perú). Metodología: Entre 2016 y 2019, el Departamento de Sistemas y Servicios de Salud y la Unidad de Recursos Humanos de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud, junto a centros colaboradores, universidades y al Centro Latinoamericano de Perinatología y Salud de la Mujer, realizaron un levantamiento de necesidades de capacitación, desarrollaron plan de formación e implementaron capacitaciones para personal profesional y no profesional en salud materna. Resultados: Las necesidades de capacitación detectadas fueron liderazgo en salud, cuidados prenatales, parto, posparto, emergencias obstétricas y planificación familiar. Estas se consideraron en capacitaciones presenciales y virtuales, con 71 entrenadores de 7 países, quienes a su vez las reprodujeron para más de 4000 personas. Las evaluaciones fueron muy positivas y se espera determinar el impacto en salud en futuros proyectos. Conclusiones: Es fundamental la detección de necesidades y el trabajo colaborativo para realizar capacitaciones acordes en los países de la región, que permita contar con recurso humano motivado y competente para aumentar el acceso y la cobertura en la atención en salud materna de calidad.
Herbert R. Lissner: The Father of Impact Biomechanics
Authors: King Albert I. , Grimm Michele J.
Published: February 2020

Professor Herbert R. Lissner was a pioneer in impact biomechanics, having initiated research on the injury mechanisms, mechanical response, and human tolerance of the human brain to blunt impact 80 years ago—in 1939. This paper summarizes the contributions made by Professor Lissner in head injury as well as in the many areas of impact biomechanics in which he was involved. In 1977, the Bioengineering Division of ASME established the H. R. Lissner Award to recognize outstanding career achievements in the area of biomechanics. In 1987, this award was converted to a society-wide Medal, and to date it has been awarded to 44 exemplary researchers and educators. The lead author of this paper was Professor Lissner's first and only Ph.D. student, and he offers a unique insight into his research and contributions.
Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer From Elliptic Tube Immersed in a Fluidized Bed
Authors: Mohammad M. A. , Sakr R. Y. , Abd-Rabbo M. A. , Mandour M. M.
Published: February 2020

Heat transfer characteristics around an elliptic heated tube immersed in fluidized bed were studied experimentally. Experiments were carried out under uniform heat flux condition, with air as a fluidizing gas and pulverized coal as a bed material of Geldart D. An elliptic tube was heated by using a cartridge heater of 16 mm outer diameter (OD) and 200 mm length. The heated tube had a total surface area of As ≈ 0.015 m2 and a length of 200 mm. The local as well as average heat transfer coefficients were calculated at different superficial air velocities, particle sizes of 2, 4, and 6 mm, and a static bed height of 250 mm. Various values of fluidization number, Usup/Umf, based on hydraulic diameter of the heated tube are utilized in the experiments which are ranged from 1 to 1.4. The results showed that the minimum fluidization velocity increased with the increase in bed particles diameter. The local Nusselt number was quasi-uniform and having a maximum value at the sides of the heated tube and minimum at the stagnation, θ = 0 deg, and top, θ = 180 deg, of the tube. The local and average Nusselt numbers increase with the increase of the fluidization velocity and decrease in particle diameter. A correlation equation for the average Nusselt number with the fluidization number and tube to particle diameter ratio is deduced.
Task-evoked pupil response for accurately recognized accented speech
Authors: McLaughlin Drew J. , Van Engen Kristin J.
Published: February 2020

Unfamiliar second-language (L2) accents present a common challenge to speech understanding. However, the extent to which accurately recognized unfamiliar L2-accented speech imposes a greater cognitive load than native speech remains unclear. The current study used pupillometry to assess cognitive load for native English listeners during the perception of intelligible Mandarin Chinese-accented English and American-accented English. Results showed greater pupil response (indicating greater cognitive load) for the unfamiliar L2-accented speech. These findings indicate that the mismatches between unfamiliar L2-accented speech and native listeners' linguistic representations impose greater cognitive load even when recognition accuracy is at ceiling.
Can background noise increase the informational masking in a speech mixture?
Authors: Best Virginia , Conroy Christopher , Kidd Gerald
Published: February 2020

This study tested the hypothesis that adding noise to a speech mixture may cause both energetic masking by obscuring parts of the target message and informational masking by impeding the segregation of competing voices. The stimulus was the combination of two talkers—one target and one masker—presented either in quiet or in noise. Target intelligibility was measured in this mixture and for conditions in which the speech was “glimpsed” in order to quantify the energetic masking present. The results suggested that the addition of background noise exacerbated informational masking, primarily by increasing the sparseness of the speech.
A psychophysical approach to measuring the threshold for acoustic stimulation in zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Manabe Kazuchika , Dooling R. J.
Published: February 2020

Zebrafish are a popular vertebrate animal model for biomedical research including investigations of the auditory system. Responses to acoustic stimulation have been a challenge to carefully measure in zebrafish. Here, the authors have developed a procedure for measuring hearing sensitivity in adult zebrafish using an appetitive automated Go/No Go task. In this task, a trial is initiated when a fish passes through an observing gate. In a sound trial, the fish is reinforced by an automated food delivery system when it enters the reinforcement compartment. If the fish enters the reinforcement compartment during a no-sound trial, a timeout is implemented. Zebrafish successfully learned this task in a median of about ten days of daily training. Zebrafish were most sensitive at a frequency of 800 Hz, which corresponds well with sensitivity reported from physiological methods. As far as the authors know, the present study is the first to provide hearing thresholds for zebrafish using a conventional combination of operant conditioning and psychophysical procedures. This could open the door to other kinds of tests using acoustic stimuli as are commonly conducted in many other laboratory animals.
Exploring Movement Learning in Physical Education Using a Threshold Approach
Authors: Barker Dean , Nyberg Gunn , Larsson Hakan
Published: February 2020

Purpose: To describe student learning when physical education teacher and students attempted to develop movement capability. Methods: The study reports on the implementation of a 10-lesson pedagogical sequence. Data were generated using observations, interviews, and student diaries with one grade 9 class (26 students aged approximately 15 years) as they developed juggling capabilities. Data were analyzed using the notion of corporeal thresholds. Results: Results show that (a) a “throw–throw–catch–catch” pattern emerged as a corporeal threshold for juggling within the sequence; (b) most learners had crossed the threshold at the outset and were able to experiment with different forms of juggling during the sequence; (c) some students crossed the threshold during the sequence. These students experienced liminal phases, characterized by frustration and an initial feeling that they were juggling in the “wrong” way; and (d) some learners became stuck, pretended to know what to do, and did not cross the threshold during the 10 lessons. Discussion/Conclusion: Three issues related to the threshold approach are discussed: student identity and group membership, the process of learning, and the emotional dimensions of movement learning. This study is concluded with reflections on the implications of the results for scholarship.
Specificity and mutagenesis bias of the mycobacterial alternative mismatch repair analyzed by mutation accumulation studies
Authors: Castañeda-García A. , Martín-Blecua I. , Cebrián-Sastre E. , Chiner-Oms A. , Torres-Puente M. , Comas I. , Blázquez J.
Published: February 2020

The activity of the noncanonical mismatch repair was characterized in Mycobacterium smegmatis by mutation accumulation analysis.
The anatomy, paleobiology, and evolutionary relationships of the largest extinct side-necked turtle
Authors: Cadena E.-A. , Scheyer T. M. , Carrillo-Briceño J. D. , Sánchez R. , Aguilera-Socorro O. A , Vanegas A. , Pardo M. , Hansen D. M. , Sánchez-Villagra M. R.
Published: February 2020

The largest extinct turtle from South America had males with horned shells.
Broadly conserved roles of TMEM131 family proteins in intracellular collagen assembly and secretory cargo trafficking
Authors: Zhang Zhe , Bai Meirong , Barbosa Guilherme Oliveira , Chen Andrew , Wei Yuehua , Luo Shuo , Wang Xin , Wang Bingying , Tsukui Tatsuya , Li Hao , Sheppard Dean , Kornberg Thomas B. , Ma Dengke K.
Published: February 2020

Collagen production and secretion in cells of diverse organisms require a novel family of transmembrane proteins.
Synergistic Effect of Multiple Saccharifying Enzymes on Alcoholic Fermentation for Chinese Baijiu Production
Authors: Wang Bowen , Wu Qun , Xu Yan , Sun Baoguo
Published: February 2020

Jiuqu
starter provides enzymes to the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process of baijiu (Chinese liquor) production; however, the key saccharifying enzymes associated with alcoholic fermentation from
Jiuqu
and their effects on ethanol production remain unclear. We confirmed that
Jiuqu
was the main source of carbohydrate hydrolases for baijiu fermentation and identified two types of saccharifying enzymes from multiple microbes as the key enzymes associated with alcoholic fermentation. Moreover, a proper combination of multiple saccharifying enzymes could enhance ethanol production in baijiu fermentation. This combination provides an approach to optimize the profile of saccharifying enzymes for enhancing ethanol production in baijiu and other food fermentations.
Draft Genome Sequence of Paenibacillus polymyxa 3A-25AI, a Strain Antagonist to Root Rot Causal Phytopathogens
Authors: López-Martínez Jazmín , De La Cruz-Rodríguez Yumiko , Alvarado-Gutiérrez Alejandro , Alvarado-Rodríguez Miguel , Vega-Arreguín Julio , Fraire-Velázquez Saúl
Published: February 2020

Here, we report the draft genome sequence of the
Paenibacillus polymyxa
3A-25AI strain, isolated from the rhizosphere of wild grass. This strain inhibits
Phytophthora capsici
and
Rhizoctonia solani
phytopathogens. The genome size is 5.6 Mb, with a G+C content of 45.59%, and contains 5,079 genes, 4,968 coding DNA sequences (CDSs), 35 tRNAs, 3 rRNAs, and 72 unexpected miscellaneous RNA (miscRNA) features.
Complete Genome Sequence of the Cluster F1 Mycobacteriophage KingMidas
Authors: Byrum Christine A. , Korey Christopher A. , Jordan Zachary , Zhou Yang , Taylor Sarah , Alfajardo Joas , Delesalle Veronique A.
Published: February 2020

Subcluster F1 bacteriophage KingMidas was isolated from soil collected in Providence, Rhode Island, using
Mycobacterium smegmatis
mc
2
155 as the host. The genome is 57,386 bp and contains 105 predicted protein-coding genes but no transfer-messenger RNAs or tRNAs. This siphovirus has an icosahedral head, with a genome 99.1% identical to that of F1 mycobacteriophage Scottish.
Quantifying rates of “rifting while drifting” in the southern Gulf of California: The role of the southern Baja California microplate and its eastern boundary zone
Authors: Umhoefer Paul J. , Plattner C. , Malservisi R.
Published: February 2020

The southern Baja California (Mexico) microplate has been rapidly moving away from the North America plate since ca. 12 Ma. This relative motion toward the northwest developed an oblique-divergent plate boundary that formed the Gulf of California. The rift-drift hypothesis postulates that when a continent ruptures and seafloor spreading commences, rifting on the plate margins ceases, and the margins start to drift, subside, and accumulate postrift sediments, eventually becoming a passive margin. In contrast to this hypothesis, the southern part of the Baja California microplate (BCM), and in particular its actively deforming eastern boundary zone, has continued significant rifting for millions of years after seafloor spreading initiated within the southern Gulf of California at 6–2.5 Ma. This is a process we call “rifting-while-drifting.” Global positioning system (GPS)–based data collected from 1998 to 2011 show relative motion across the eastern boundary zone up to ∼2–3.2 mm/yr with respect to a stable BCM. Furthermore, the velocity directions are compatible with normal faulting across the eastern boundary zone nearly perpendicular to the trend of the plate boundary at the latitude of La Paz and therefore a highly strain partitioned domain. North of 25°N latitude up to the Loreto area, there is a domain with no strain partitioning, and northwest-directed transtensional deformation dominates. From long-term geologic and paleoseismology studies, late Quaternary faulting rates are equal to or less than the GPS-derived rates, while geologic rates older than 1–2 Ma are commonly much higher. We suggest that the “rifting-while-drifting” process may be caused by the large topographic relief across the BCM margin, which created a significant gradient in gravitational potential energy that helps in driving continued relatively slow faulting. The relief was inherited from the much faster faulting of the BCM eastern boundary zone before plate motions largely localized along the modern transform–spreading centers in the axis of the Gulf of California. The low sediment flux from the small drainages and arid climate on the southern Baja California Peninsula result in the maintenance of underfilled to starved basins, and the relatively slow late Quaternary active faulting promotes continued topographic relief over millions of years.
Fifteen-minute consultation: A clinical approach to the management of the child with hypertonia
Authors: Lumsden Daniel E , Cadwgan Jill
Published: February 2020

Elevated tone (hypertonia) is a common problem seen in the paediatric clinic. For most children and young people, hypertonia is just one aspect of a broader disorder of movement and posture. This paper describes a clinical approach to the management of hypertonia in children, considering the contribution of high tone to the functional problems experienced by the child, the potential adverse effects of reducing tone, side effects of the intervention and the importance of setting objectives/goals for intervention which can be measured at follow-up. We describe this as the ‘MOTOR’ approach and provide some examples of how it can be used in practice.
Wound botulism presenting as dysphagia to an ENT ward
Authors: Li Lucy Qian , Cadamy Andrew , Seaton Andrew
Published: February 2020

A 44-year-old man with a background of heroin injection drug use was referred to the ear, nose and throat team with a sore throat and dysphagia. He was treated with intravenous antibiotics and steroids for suspected uvulitis. He developed progressive bulbar weakness and symmetrical descending weakness of the upper extremities over a 12-hour period and was intubated prior to transfer to the intensive care unit.

Botulinum heptavalent antitoxin was administered, and subsequent PCR assay confirmedClostridium botulinumneurotoxin B from his most recent injection site. He was found unconscious on the ward 3 days following extubation. Postmortem confirmed he died from heroin intoxication.

This case highlights the importance of considering wound botulism in injection drug users presenting with unexplained weakness, particularly of the lower cranial nerves. Botulism is not characteristically associated with signs of localised or systemic infection in contrary to other bacterial complications of injection drug use.
Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir+sofosbuvir: an optimal retreatment strategy in the setting of HCV NS5A resistance
Authors: Alimohammadi Arshia , Conway Brian , Yamamoto Leo
Published: February 2020

Some individuals do not achieve a cure of their hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection due to non-adherence or resistance associated substitutions. Salvage options that are optimised for resistance profiles are essential. We report a 56-year-old Caucasian man with fatigue, depression and confusion in the setting of untreated HCV genotype 3a infection. He received ruzasvir and uprifosbuvir for 12 weeks within a clinical trial. The patient relapsed 4 weeks after the end of treatment and at this time resistance testing showed multiple resistances including a NS5A Y93H mutation. Given that this mutation confers resistance to first line salvage options, sofosbuvir and glecaprevir/pibrentasvir was used for 12 weeks and the patient was cured of HCV infection 12 weeks after the end of treatment. This shows that sofosbuvir and glecaprevir/pibrentasvir is a viable, effective option for second line/salvage therapy of HCV infection in the setting of resistance to NS5A inhibitors with the Y93H mutation.
Comparison of OCT angiography in children with a history of intravitreal injection of ranibizumab versus laser photocoagulation for retinopathy of prematurity
Authors: Zhao Jinfeng , Wu Zhenquan , Lam Waiching , Yang Mingmin , Chen Lu , Zheng Lei , Zhang Fuyan , Zeng Jian , Wang Jiantao , Zhang Guoming
Published: February 2020

Purpose

To compare the foveal microvascular structure characteristics in children with a history of intravitreal injection of ranibizumab (IVR) versus laser photocoagulation (LP) for retinopathy of prematurity by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).

Methods

In this cross-sectional study, a total of 17 children (28 eyes) underwent IVR and 20 children (37 eyes) underwent LP were recruited. The age of doing OCTA examination of the two groups are 5.4±1.1 years and 6.3±1.8 years, respectively (p=0.07). Spectral-domain OCTA was performed for all the eyes with a scan size of 3×3 mm. The data of the superficial retinal layer were analysed. The foveal avascular zone (FAZ) and vessel density (including vessel length density (VLD) and perfusion density (PD)) were measured using the software of OCTA (Cirrus AngioPlex 5000, Carl Zeiss, Meditec, Dubin, California, USA). The central foveal thicknesses (CFT) were measured by cross-sectional OCT.

Results

In the central fovea, the retinal VLD and PD of patients with IVR were 13.82±2.99 mm/mm2 and 0.25±0.05 mm2/mm2, respectively, which were significantly lower than those of the LP group (15.64±2.71 mm/mm2 and 0.28±0.05 mm2/mm2, p=0.01 and p=0.006). The FAZ area of patients with IVR and LP were 0.13±0.09 mm2 and 0.09±0.07 mm2, respectively (p=0.048). The CFT of patients with IVR and LP were 200.7±16.7 µm and 220.9±22.7 µm, respectively (p<0.01). The logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution best-corrected visual acuity of patients with IVR and LP were 0.2±0.1 and 0.1±0.1, respectively (p=0.01). There was no significant difference in the parafoveal and foveal VLD and PD, FAZ morphological index and spherical equivalent refraction (SER) between the two groups.

Conclusion

The IVR might contribute to microvascular changes in the macular zone, such as reducing the central foveal VLD and PD, while the LP might contribute to microstructural changes, such as smaller FAZ and thicker CFT.