bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of permanent dipole moments in transient four-wave mixing experiments
Authors: Lavoine J. P.
Published: September 2007

A two-pulse degenerate four-wave mixing experiment is analyzed in the case where the medium under investigation can be modeled by two-level systems having unequal permanent dipole moments. By modeling the light pulses by double exponentials [exp(−Γ∣t∣)], we give an analytical expression of the third-order nonlinear polarization of the medium. We apply this result to simulate the measured signal in such experiment. We show that in the case of a two-photon transition, a signal can be detected if the pump pulse interacts with the medium before the probe pulse contrary to what is observed for excitations in the resonance region. An attempt to explain this behavior is made and the detected signal is analyzed in terms of pure coherent processes. This effect appears as a signature of the presence of permanent dipole moments. To test this property on a more realistic system, we then have considered a one-dimensional frequency-selected infrared degenerate four-wave mixing experiment on a molecular anharmonic vibrational mode modeled by a Morse potential and coupled to a dissipative bath of harmonic oscillators. We show that the two-photon transitions allowed by the presence of permanent dipole moments enable to analyze the multilevel system dynamics as if they were the one of a two-level system. Our results can also be extended to the case of inhomogeneous broadening and are of interest to study the infrared photon-echo response of anharmonic vibrational modes.
Effect of ionization potential change in poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonic acid) on the performance of polymer light emitting diodes due to its reaction with indium tin oxide
Authors: Chang Chih-Hao , Chen Show-An
Published: September 2007

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS) is usually used to facilitate hole injection in polymer light emitting diodes. The authors used ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy to investigate ionization potential (IP) changes of PEDOT:PSS spin coated on indium tin oxide (ITO), and found that increasing delay time to baking after spin coating decreases its IP and increases hole injection barrier to emitting polymer. The IP change is attributed to dedoping of PEDOT in PEDOT:PSS due to reaction of ITO with protons in PSS and those in doped PEDOT in the presence of water. To get good performance of bipolar device, PEDOT:PSS film should be baked right after spin coating.
Nonlinear evolution of the magnetohydrodynamic Rayleigh-Taylor instability
Authors: Stone James M. , Gardiner Thomas
Published: September 2007

We study the nonlinear evolution of the magnetic Rayleigh-Taylor instability using three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations. We consider the idealized case of two inviscid, perfectly conducting fluids of constant density separated by a contact discontinuity perpendicular to the effective gravity g, with a uniform magnetic field B parallel to the interface. Modes parallel to the field with wavelengths smaller than λc=B∙B∕(ρh−ρl)g are suppressed (where ρh and ρl are the densities of the heavy and light fluids, respectively), whereas modes perpendicular to B are unaffected. We study strong fields with λc varying between 0.01 and 0.36 of the horizontal extent of the computational domain. Even a weak field produces tension forces on small scales that are significant enough to reduce shear (as measured by the distribution of the amplitude of vorticity), which in turn reduces the mixing between fluids, and increases the rate at which bubbles and finger are displaced from the interface compared to the purely hydrodynamic case. For strong fields, the highly anisotropic nature of unstable modes produces ropes and filaments. However, at late time flow along field lines produces large scale bubbles. The kinetic and magnetic energies transverse to gravity remain in rough equipartition and increase as t4 at early times. The growth deviates from this form once the magnetic energy in the vertical field becomes larger than the energy in the initial field. We comment on the implications of our results to Z-pinch experiments, and a variety of astrophysical systems.
The effect of resonance absorption in OMEGA direct-drive designs and experiments
Authors: Igumenshchev I. V. , Goncharov V. N. , Seka W. , Edgell D. , Boehly T. R.
Published: September 2007

Resonance absorption enhances the early time laser absorption in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion implosions, affecting the performance of imploding capsules. In this paper, resonance absorption is studied both theoretically and experimentally for a λ=351-nm laser. Simulations demonstrate an important contribution of the resonance absorption during both the short laser picket (∼100ps) and the first 200–300ps in the long laser pulse. It is shown that for the conditions relevant to the direct-drive implosions on the OMEGA Laser System [T. R. Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)], the early time enhancement of laser absorption can be up to 20% for drive intensities of 1014–1015W∕cm2. Planar reflection light experiments on OMEGA were conducted to validate the theoretical results. There is a generally good agreement between simulation and experimental results. As an additional diagnostic of resonance absorption, shock-timing experiments employing OMEGA drive beams of different polarization are proposed.
Photoluminescence analysis of intragrain defects in multicrystalline silicon wafers for solar cells
Authors: Sugimoto H. , Araki K. , Tajima M. , Eguchi T. , Yamaga I. , Dhamrin M. , Kamisako K. , Saitoh T.
Published: September 2007

Structures of intragrain defects were investigated by photoluminescence (PL) mapping tomography in multicrystalline silicon wafers for solar cells. PL dark patterns were observed in short minority carrier diffusion length regions, and we confirmed that the patterns came from the intragrain defects. The tomography revealed that the defects have planelike structures extended to the crystal growth direction. We also found that the growth conditions affect the structures of the defects: slower solidification leads to larger defects with lower density. Origins of the defects were analyzed by low-temperature PL spectroscopy, electron backscatter diffraction pattern measurement and etch-pit observation. We concluded that the defects are metal contaminated dislocation clusters which originate from small-angle grain boundaries.
Photoinduced anisotropic response of azobenzene chromophore functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Feng Yiyu , Feng Wei , Noda Hideki , Fujii Akihiko , Ozaki Masanori , Yoshino Katsumi , Yoshino Katsumi
Published: September 2007

Azobenzene chromophore covalently functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (AZO-MWCNT) were synthesized and their optical properties were investigated by ultraviolet-visible absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The polarized absorption of the AZO-MWCNT film was measured by cross-polarized light along the directions parallel and perpendicular to the incident light under the irradiation of polarized ultraviolet light. Photoinduced optical anisotropy of the AZO-MWCNT film was dominated by the enhanced dipole transition of the nanotube axis parallel to the incident light and the decreased transition perpendicular to light. The unique anisotropy induced by the photo-orientation of azobenzene chromophore provides insight into the polarized optical properties of carbon nanotubes.
Relation of Curie temperature and conductivity: (Ga,Mn)As alloy as a case study
Authors: Kudrnovský J. , Bouzerar G. , Turek I.
Published: September 2007

Experimental investigations of diluted magnetic semiconductors indicate a strong relation between Curie temperature and conductivity. Both quantities depend nontrivially on the concentration of magnetic impurities, the carrier density, and the presence of compensating defects. The authors calculate both Curie temperature and conductivity of (Ga,Mn)As alloys in a self-consistent manner based on the same first-principles Hamiltonian in which the presence of compensating defects is taken into account. The effect of As antisites and Mn interstitials is determined separately, and a good agreement between theory and experiment exists only in the case where the dominating mechanism is due to the Mn interstitials.
Vertical alignment of liquid crystal through ion beam exposure on oxygen-doped SiC films deposited at room temperature
Authors: Son Phil Kook , Park Jeung Hun , Kim Jae Chang , Yoon Tae-Hoon , Rho Soon Joon , Jeon Back Kyun , Shin Sung Tae , Kim Jang Sub , Lim Soon Kwon
Published: September 2007

The authors report the vertical alignment of liquid crystal (LC) through the ion beam exposure on amorphous oxygen-doped SiC (SiOC) film surfaces deposited at room temperature. The optical transmittance of these films was similar to that of polyimide layers, but much higher than that of SiOx films. The light leakage of a LC cell aligned vertically on SiOC films was much lower than those of a LC cell aligned on polyimide layers or other inorganic films. They found that LC molecules align vertically on ion beam treated SiOC film when the roughness of the electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) data is high on the SiOC film surface, while they align homogeneously when the roughness of the EFM data is low.
Realization of magnetic field-induced reversible martensitic transformation in NiCoMnGa alloys
Authors: Yu S. Y. , Cao Z. X. , Ma L. , Liu G. D. , Chen J. L. , Wu G. H. , Zhang B. , Zhang X. X.
Published: September 2007

Effect of a magnetic field on martensitic transformation in the NiCoMnGa alloys was investigated. A field-induced reversible martensitic transformation from the martensitic phase of low magnetization to the parent phase of high magnetization has been realized. The substitution of Co for Ni atoms has turned the magnetic ordering of the parent phase from partially antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic, resulting in a large magnetization change across the transformation, which dramatically enhances the magnetic field driving force. The transformation temperature can be downshifted by magnetic field at a rate up to 14K∕T in Ni37Co13Mn32Ga18. Other mechanism details were also discussed.
Molecular modeling of diffusion on a crystalline pentaerythritol tetranitrate surface
Authors: Lin Po-Han , Khare Rajesh , Weeks Brandon L. , Gee Richard H.
Published: September 2007

Surface diffusion on a pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) crystal was investigated by treating the surface diffusion as an activated process in the formalism of transition state theory. In particular, surface diffusion processes on the (110) and (101) facets, as well as diffusion between these facets, were considered. The authors were able to obtain the potential energy barriers required for PETN surface diffusion. Their results show that the (110) surface is more thermally active than the (101) surface and PETN molecules mainly diffuse from the (110) to (101) facet. These results are in good agreement with experimental observations and previous simulations.
Genetic contributions to white matter architecture revealed by diffusion tensor imaging in Williams syndrome
Authors: Marenco Stefano , Siuta Michael A. , Kippenhan J. Shane , Grodofsky Samuel , Chang Wei-li , Kohn Philip , Mervis Carolyn B. , Morris Colleen A. , Weinberger Daniel R. , Meyer-Lindenberg Andreas , Pierpaoli Carlo , Berman Karen Faith
Published: September 2007

Little is known about genetic regulation of the development of white matter. This knowledge is critical in understanding the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental syndromes associated with altered cognition as well as in elucidating the genetics of normal human cognition. The hemideletion of ≈25 genes on chromosome 7q11.23 that causes Williams syndrome (WS) includes genes that regulate cytoskeletal dynamics in neurons, especially
LIMK1
and
CYLN2
, and therefore offers the opportunity to investigate the role of these genes in the formation of white matter tracts. We used diffusion tensor imaging to demonstrate alteration in white matter fiber directionality, deviation in posterior fiber tract course, and reduced lateralization of fiber coherence in WS. These abnormalities are consistent with an alteration of the late stages of neuronal migration, define alterations of white matter structures underlying dissociable behavioral phenotypes in WS, and provide human
in vivo
information about genetic control of white matter tract formation.
Different cognitive processes underlie human mate choices and mate preferences
Authors: Todd Peter M. , Penke Lars , Fasolo Barbara , Lenton Alison P.
Published: September 2007

Based on undergraduates' self-reports of mate preferences for various traits and self-perceptions of their own levels on those traits, Buston and Emlen [Buston PM, Emlen ST (2003)
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
100:8805–8810] concluded that modern human mate choices do not reflect predictions of tradeoffs from evolutionary theory but instead follow a “likes-attract” pattern, where people choose mates who match their self-perceptions. However, reported preferences need not correspond to actual mate choices, which are more relevant from an evolutionary perspective. In a study of 46 adults participating in a speed-dating event, we were largely able to replicate Buston and Emlen's self-report results in a pre-event questionnaire, but we found that the stated preferences did not predict actual choices made during the speed-dates. Instead, men chose women based on their physical attractiveness, whereas women, who were generally much more discriminating than men, chose men whose overall desirability as a mate matched the women's self-perceived physical attractiveness. Unlike the cognitive processes that Buston and Emlen inferred from self-reports, this pattern of results from actual mate choices is very much in line with the evolutionary predictions of parental investment theory.
In defense of public spheres and public goods
Authors: Shotter John
Published: September 2007

This article examines the arguments offered by Will Hutton (2002) in drawing out a whole set of crucial differences between American and European capitalism, and why we should prefer the European version. The essential difference, as he sees it, is that while there is an ultimate preference for liberty and individualism in America, there are still in Europe a whole set of interlinked, positive attitudes towards equality, social solidarity, and the importance of public discourse. Hutton argues for the importance of these differences because, as he sees it, under the influence of the individualist values implicit in American capitalism, “the idea of the public realm is in eclipse, and with it a conception of civilization.” Hutton hinges his argument around a contrast between with the ideas of two American social theorists: the conservativism of Robert Nozick (1974) with its fixation on individual freedom as a single, political value that trumps all others, and the liberalism of John Rawls (1972) and his arguments for egalitarianism. However, as I see it, more than a contest of ideas is at stake. An issue of a much deeper kind is involved, one that goes right to the very heart of how we should conduct our reasoning in social affairs from now on. Rather than arguments over ideas, the devising and implementing of new, dialogically-structured, participatory practices is required, practices which are constitutive of “public spheres in private places” (Pålshaugen 2002). Here is where we can find important new European leads.
Action research
Authors: Almeida F. H. Eduardo
Published: September 2007

This is a personal Latin American perspective on action research, as my contribution to the debate promoted by Werner Fricke on the subject. My discussion follows the main issues outlined by Davydd Greenwood in his article (CAT 7(2): 2002), which laid the ground for our exchanges. I argue that it is too early to dismiss all contributions from conventional research to the social sciences, and that action research’s main contribution is to really involve ordinary people in building knowledge, an endeavor that is not easy to achieve. In relation to unfulfilled promises and unmet challenges I discuss such issues by referring to my own practice.
Cases and social movements
Authors: Gustavsen Bjørn
Published: September 2007

Contemporary action research is facing three major challenges: The need to deal with a future that can no longer be understood in terms of the past, the need to create processes that can involve large numbers of other actors and the need to link the practical results of action research to the democratic institutions of society. In research terms, these challenges cannot be met through conventional, historically oriented studies only. There is a need to develop new orientations and to shape the research processes accordingly
How to do things with words
Authors: Pålshaugen Øyvind
Published: September 2007

This article argues that the question of what actionable knowledge is, can hardly be answered appropriately either by solely theoretical argumentation or by solely practical demonstration. It is in the very interplay between theory and practice that knowledge can prove to be actionable. Thus it becomes crucial to come to an adequate theoretical understanding of this interplay on the basis of practical experiences. This article, however, does not argue in favour of any particular theoretical model as the only adequate interpretation of this interplay. Rather, the main argument is that experiences from Scandinavian action research programs over the last decades indicates that it is necessary to deconstruct the conventional concepts of general knowledge to be able to construct actionable knowledge. The briefly article presents some of the main steps in this development, and thereby some new perspectives on the main features of actionable knowledge. On this basis, the final part of the article presents some arguments why a linguistic turn in action research and in management and organisation studies may pave the way for a hitherto greatly underexploited resource for creating actionable knowledge: the personal experience of the researchers.
Background-mood in emotional creativity
Authors: Sundararajan Louise
Published: September 2007

Background mood differs from focal emotions in that it is an inchoate “bodily felt sense” rather than full fledged emotional syndromes such as anger, sadness, etc. Microanalysis of a Focusing therapy session is made to illustrate how the cultivation and maintenance of background mood with its characteristic double vision is essential to emotional creativity.
Internal reconstruction of tense-modal suffixes in Jarawara
Authors: Dixon R.M.W.
Published: September 2007

Summary

Jarawara (from the small Arawá family in southern Amazonia) has a system of eleven tense-modal suffixes, which show irregular form; each consists of an initial part (of form -hV-) and a final part of one or two syllables; both parts mark gender of the pivot argument in the clause. An earlier stage of the paradigm, which was almost regular, is obtained by internal reconstruction. The method hinges on recognition that the vowel e plays a pervasive role in diachronic change, engendering various types of assimilation. In addition, what was the final syllable of the stem has — as the result of reallocation of morpheme and word boundaries — been reanalysed as the initial -hV- syllable of the suffix.

Résumé

Jarawara, langue amérindienne qui fait partie de la petite famille linguistique Arawá de l’Amazonie meridionale, présente onze suffixes de modalité e de temps, chacun avec une forme irregulière. Chaque suffixe comprend une partie initiale, de forme -hV-, et une partie finale, d’une ou de deux syllabes. Les deux parties lèvent une marque de concordance en genre avec l’argument-pivot de la phrase. En suivant la métodologie de reconstruction interne, on arrive à une étape antérieure du système qui était prèsque régulier. L’application de cette méthode est basée à une présupposition que la voyelle e avait joué un rôle préponderant dans les processus de changement diachronique, tout en occasionnant de differents types d’assimilation. En plus de ça, la syllabe finale de chaque radical serait reanalysée comme la syllable initiale -hV- du suffixe, en consequence des modifications des frontières de morphème et de mot.

Zusammenfassung

Jarawara (eine Sprache der kleinen Arawá-Sprachfamilie im südlichen Amazonien) besitzt ein System aus elf Suffixen, die Tempus/Modalität ausdrücken. Diese sind unregelmäßig in ihrer Form. Jede Form besteht aus einer Anfangskomponente der Form -hv- und einer ein- oder zweisilbigen Endkomponente. Beide Komponenten kennzeichnen das Genus desjenigen Arguments im Satz, das in der Topikalitätshierarchie am höchsten steht (‘the pivot argument’). Durch interne Rekonstruktion erhält man ein früheres Stadium des Paradigmas, das fast regelmäßig war. Die Rekonstruktionsmethode hängt entscheidend davon ab zu erkennen, daß der Vokal e im historischen Wandel eine überaus wichtige Rolle spielt und verschiedene Assimilationsprozesse auslöst. Außerdem wurde aufgrund einer Verschiebung von Morphem- und Wortgrenzen die letzte Silbe des Stamms als Anfangssilbe -hV- des Suffixes reanalisiert.
On reanalysis and actualization in syntactic change
Authors: Fanego Teresa
Published: September 2007

This paper examines the process whereby the English gerund, originally an abstract deverbal noun of action, was reinterpreted as part of the verb system and acquired verbal properties, such as the ability to govern a direct object (e.g., by writing a letter). The analysis of the data reveals that by Early Middle English some gerundial patterns had become structurally ambiguous and thus served as the basis for the reanalysis of a nominal category as a verbal one. The actualization (Timberlake 1977) of the innovated underlying structure at the observable level of language use is also discussed, as are the implications of the changes undergone by the gerund for current views of grammaticalization as the main mechanism of syntactic change.
Reconstruction through ‘de-construction’
Authors: Güldemann Tom
Published: September 2007

Kwadi is a virtually unknown and probably extinct click language of southwestern Angola. It has thus far not been assigned conclusively to any genealogical language group in Africa. Apart from being subsumed under the non-genealogical label ‘Khoisan’, the only concrete hypothesis has been to affiliate it with the Khoe family, also known as Central Khoisan. Based on my own analysis of the available linguistic data, the first systematic treatment to have been undertaken, the paper provides first empirical substantiation for this hypothesis by presenting evidence for numerous commonalities between the Khoe family and Kwadi involving the marking of person, gender, and number. The resulting reconstruction of Proto-Khoe-Kwadi forms and their organization in a so-called ‘minimal-augmented’ pronoun system also sheds new light on the design of the marking system of Proto-Khoe.
The processing of information from multiple sources in simultaneous interpreting
Authors: Jesse Alexandra , Vrignaud Nick , Cohen Michael M. , Massaro Dominic W.
Published: September 2007

Language processing is influenced by multiple sources of information. We examined whether the performance in simultaneous interpreting would be improved when providing two sources of information, the auditory speech as well as corresponding lip-movements, in comparison to presenting the auditory speech alone. Although there was an improvement in sentence recognition when presented with visible speech, there was no difference in performance between these two presentation conditions when bilinguals simultaneously interpreted from English to German or from English to Spanish. The reason why visual speech did not contribute to performance could be the presentation of the auditory signal without noise (Massaro, 1998). This hypothesis should be tested in the future. Furthermore, it should be investigated if an effect of visible speech can be found for other contexts, when visual information could provide cues for emotions, prosody, or syntax.
Design and development parameters for a rapid automatic screening test for prospective simultaneous interpreters
Authors: Bernstein Jared , Barbier Isabella
Published: September 2007

It would be convenient if a candidate interested in a career in simultaneous interpreting could take a test that would accurately indicate whether or not that person has the aptitude and skills required to start a course in simultaneous interpreting with a reasonable chance of success. This paper suggests that a reliable and efficient testing procedure valid for this use, taking less than an hour to administer and score, could be delivered on demand at a reasonable cost. The paper first proposes such a testing procedure, building on existing techniques in spoken language testing, then outlines the development steps and material needed to build, calibrate, and validate such a testing system. The development of this testing procedure would result in a completely automatic instrument for selecting candidates for admission to interpretation training programs. Other potential uses for the procedure would include both monitoring student progress during training and screening candidates for certification exams, although details of the item selection and scoring might differ across the three uses.
Interpreting in asylum hearings
Authors: Pöllabauer Sonja
Published: September 2007

This paper focuses on interpreting in asylum hearings, a field of research thus far largely neglected in Translation Studies. Specifically, it is based on a discourse analytical study of authentic asylum hearings recorded at the Federal Asylum Office in Graz (Austria). Some aspects of the role and responsibilities of interpreters are discussed. The results clearly suggest that interpreters in asylum hearings frequently assume discrepant roles which may at times be determined by the perceived expectations of the officers in charge, and that these roles are not clear-cut. Interpreters are found to shorten and paraphrase statements, volunteer explanations, try to save their own — and if possible, also the other participants’ — face, and intervene if they deem it necessary.
Simultaneous film interpreting and users’ feedback
Authors: Russo Mariachiara
Published: September 2007

Simultaneous film interpreting is a mode of screen language transfer often required of professional interpreters in Italy for international film festivals. The paper briefly discusses similarities and dissimilarities between film interpreting and conference interpreting, subtitling and dubbing. It focuses on interpreting quality evaluation, discussing results of questionnaires distributed to users watching films interpreted by professionals and students. Comparisons are drawn with the results of published surveys on users’ preferences for television and conference interpreting.
Deconstructing ‘height dissimilation’ in Modern Greek
Authors: Dosuna Julián Méndez
Published: September 2007

A phonetic process of ‘height dissimilation’ is universally reconstructed as an intermediate stage between e.g. AGk þþþþà [ennéa] and MGK îþþþþ [eþá]. The same process is reconstructed for some Ancient Greek dialects (e.g. Boeot. îþþþà traditionally interpreted as representing [ennía]) and for other languages: e.g. Vulgar Latin. Allegedly, the existence of ‘height dissimilation’ is warranted by some modern dialects which seem to preserve the stage [enía]. In a previous paper I dealt with the data of Ancient Greek challenging this explanation. This paper deals with the evidence found in modern vernaculars. On closer inspection, the data at issue turn out to be illusory and call for an alternative reconstruction. ‘Height dissimilation’ is a mere artifact which fails to match any universal process type and lacks any real phonetic motivation either synchronically or diachronically. Synizesis (glide formation) gives a more satisfactory explanation: [eo], [ea] > [o], [a] > [jo], [ja] with non-syllabic [] turning into an optimal [j]-glide. In spite of appearances, the outcomes like [enía] are not a compelling argument for ‘height dissimilation’. There are good reasons to think that this type resulted secondarily from a process of dieresis with accent retraction: [enjá] > [enía].
Conjonctions de subordination et adverbes conjonctifs «  focalisateurs  »
Authors: Piot Mireille
Published: September 2007

SummaryIn this paper, we present a unified hypothesis about «focusing» conjunctional adverbs and subordinating conjunctions in French. A similar hypothesis is to be taken to hold at all romance languages as we argue after Piot (2003) mentioned above. At first, differences are to be observed between this case (with “focus”) and another case in which the same conjunctional items are purely conjunctions (coordinating or subordinating, but without “focus”). Then, we point out which are the common semantic and syntactic properties of the global “focus” operation related to all these items (parallelism between sentences and nominal phrases correlated by these conjunctional items, inclusion or union semantic relations between nominal phrases in some respects ensembles theory relations alike: the addition of syntactic-semantic specific items shares this inclusion or union relation). In particular, this study highlights, as a result, the role of the subject nature of the conjoined first sentence and the syntactic-semantic nature of the verb-phrase in the second sentence. Another study (to appear) will present the results about distinctions in this operation according to the particular significance of each different item.
Sur la syntaxe et la sémantique des groupes nominaux à tête prédicative
Authors: Pasero Robert , Royauté Jean , Sabatier Paul
Published: September 2007

Summary

This paper deals with syntax and semantics of french predicative noun phrases, i.e noun phrases whose head is a predicative noun. A predicative noun is a noun that can be derived from a verb (construction) or an adjective (difficulté) or is a noun that occurs in support verb constructions (effet). We formulate a set of hypothesis for distinguishing predicative nouns from non predicative ones. We show the most important properties of predicative noun phrases, study the syntax of main constructions, and propose a logic semantic representation for them.
The English bare plural and the Finnish partitive
Authors: Välimaa-Blum Riitta
Published: September 2007

To understand the use of a grammatical form in one language, it is sometimes helpful to look at another language. In this paper, I propose that the English bare plural expresses nonbounded quantity in a mental space, just as the Finnish bare partitive does. The different formal means used by English and Finnish thus converge in the cognitive unity of the grammatical structuring of the lexical content. The bare plural is not the plural counterpart of the indefinite singular, that is, it does not express the discourse status of its referent, but rather, it belongs to the quantity domain. One of the basic tenets of cognitive grammar is that grammar is motivated. I propose that the nonbounded semantics of the bare plural is based on a formal-semantic analogy with mass nouns. This same motivation operates on bare singulars as well, for they too can be used to create a cognitive image similar to that of mass nouns.
Modality and modal verbs in contrast
Authors: Rabadán Rosa
Published: September 2007

This paper addresses the question of how English and Spanish encode the modal meanings of possibility and necessity. English modals and Spanish modal periphrases emerge as ‘cross-linguistic equivalents’ in this area. Data from two monolingual ‘comparable’ corpora — the Bank of English and CREA — reveal (i) differences in grammatical conceptualization in the English and the Spanish traditions and (ii) the relative inadequacy of classifications of modality for a translation-oriented contrast in this area. An English-Spanish contrastive map of the semantics (and expressive means) of modality will be an effective way to make relevant and accurate cross-linguistic information available. It is also the first step towards identifying potential translation pitfalls.
Planificación lingüística y constitución de un bloque regional
Authors: Chareille Samantha
Published: September 2007

Nueva área política, económica y profesional, el Mercado común del Sur
también constituye una nueva área lingüística y cultural, un lugar de muchas
referencias. La idea que el sentido de pertenencia al Mercado común se puede encontrar en forma
embrionaria en cada cultura nacional, es pura ficción. Además, el resurgimiento de las identidades
íntimas dentro de cada estado — miembro demuestra que la identidad mercosuriana no
puede ser universal, lo que significaría negar las diferencias, ni específica, lo que ayudaría
a exacerbarlas. Es obvio que el problema no es simple. El resultado de esta búsqueda de una identidad
común dependerá de la capacidad para conservar la diversidad cultural sin perder el sentido de lo
que debe ser la ciudadanía mercosuriana: un objetivo común.
Language transmission in the family in Wales
Authors: Edwards Viv K. , Pritchard Newcombe Lynda
Published: September 2007

This paper examines the achievements to date of Twf (“Growth”) — a project initiated as part of language planning efforts in Wales to encourage families to bring up their children to be bilingual. Evidence is presented of the ways in which the project has succeeded in raising awareness of the advantages of bilingualism amongst parents, prospective parents and the public at large by working strategically with health professionals and Early Years organizations, and by developing a range of highly innovative promotional materials. Given the central importance of the family as a site of intergenerational language transmission, the achievements of this project are likely to be of interest to those concerned with language planning in other minority communities in many other parts of the world. The lessons for language planning both in Wales and in other settings are discussed.
Language and socio-economic development
Authors: Walsh John
Published: September 2007

This paper is about the debate over the role of language and culture in socio-economic development. Drawing on his experience of Ireland, the author examines the rich historical tradition of debate about the positive role which language can play in national development, and suggests a theoretical grounding for those arguments. The elaboration of such a theoretical basis is essential as a counterbalance to powerful and dominant global forces which engage in, as Stephen May puts it, “the denunciation of ethnicity”. Those pursuing these arguments have frequently used a form of economic Darwinism in order to justify the marginalisation or extermination of threatened languages or to oppose multilingualism generally. This paper lays out the foundations of an alternative approach which posits that all languages and cultures, regardless of their status or numerical size, can be integrated into processes of socio-economic development, and that none is inherently anti-development. It is hoped that the arguments presented here will also stimulate debate about the nature of the concept of development itself, and facilitate closer integration of the often distinct disciplines of language planning and policy and socio-economic development.
Linguistic normalisation and the market
Authors: Atkinson David , Kelly-Holmes Helen
Published: September 2007

Language planning and policy in Catalonia has been a focus of much interest and discussion over the past three decades. In this article we go beyond issues of policy in order to examine what happens when an influential constituency in the linguistic landscape of Catalonia, namely advertisers, have a “free choice” as regards the language(s) which they use when advertising in a key site in the print media, that of El Periódico de Catalunya, one of the two biggest-selling newspapers in Catalonia. Uniquely this paper publishes daily “identical” versions in Castilian Spanish and in Catalan and this feature obliges advertisers to select from several sociolinguistic options as regards the language(s) in which their advertising is published. We were particularly interested in establishing whether any patterns of language choice appeared to dominate in this advertising and in identifying any links which might exist between the characteristics of the companies concerned, the types of products and services on offer and the linguistic choices made. The results of our study suggest that there is a tendency among many advertisers, particularly those of certain types of products which cross national boundaries and are associated with technological development and “modernity,” to use Castilian in both the Castilian and the Catalan versions of the newspaper.
Multidimensionality in concepts systems
Authors: Rogers Margaret
Published: September 2007

This article describes how bilingual textual analysis — often a by-product of translation — can reveal complex conceptual relations which are not easily captured in conventional systems, even of a multidimensional kind. The data are taken from text extracts from an automotive handbook available in both German (original) and English (translation). The analysis reveals differences in the way concept relations can be modeled, according to the type of generic and specific features revealed by the terms and phraseological structures in text. It is concluded that some concepts may require more subtle models of description which cannot be met even by multidimensional systems and that the lexemes used to label conceptual systems do not necessarily map onto textual representations of the domain. Some implications for standardisation and specialist translation are discussed, and Toft’s distinction between real and conceptual systems, as well as static and dynamic systems, is suggested as a possible way forward for capturing the dynamic conceptual relations revealed in text.
Terminology setting for ‘minority’ languages within an ultra prescriptive framework
Authors: Baxter Robert Neal
Published: September 2007

Although centred on the specific terminological field of foreign place names within the particular context of the Galizan language, this paper is also concerned with the much wider issues of methodological coherence in neology and corpus planning on the whole and the impact on non-standardised languages, particularly in highly prescriptive settings, with potential consequences for status planning.
The structure of the linguistic world of concepts and its representation in dictionaries
Authors: Sager Juan C.
Published: September 2007

An essential feature of all languages is that, through their agency, the universe of human experience is being disintegrated (= resolved into elements) and transformed into concepts. There are, consequently, as many universal systems as languages exist. The logical and ontological relations prevailing among concepts may be considered to be relevant criteria for translation. With a view to this and other applications it is desirable that concepts and their relationships be studied and that they be accessible for reference in the form of systematized dictionaries and vocabularies. Technical Committee 37 “Terminology” of ISO is concerned with either aspect and this paper discusses the theoretical and practical issues involved.
Investigating the causal relation in informative texts
Authors: Barrière Caroline
Published: September 2007

Our work investigates the causal relation as it is expressed in informative texts. We view causal relations as important because of the dynamic dimension they bring to a domain model. Thorough study of a corpus leads us to distinguish two prominent classes of indicators of the causal relation: conjunctional phrases, and verbs. This paper identifies multiple knowledge-rich patterns within each class and studies their usage, frequency and noise. Results from this manual investigation informs a discussion on the feasibility of automatic extraction of the different forms of expression of the causal relation.
Typologie des constructions syntagmatiques des termes médicaux vietnamiens
Authors: Tran Tuan Duc
Published: September 2007

Today, Vietnamese physicians are directing their attention towards works on semantic relations in medical writing in Vietnamese by trying to build terminological databases using phrasal terms. Phrasal term patterns from the common language are examples of motivated form term formation and comply with terminology policy guidelines in Vietnam. The object of this paper is to examine the typology of various constructions of phrasal terms in recent Vietnamese medical terminology, to describe how medical phrasal terms can be produced by their users in Vietnamese medical literature and to show the role of phrasal term patterns in the democratisation of knowledge.
Simple and EuroWordNet
Authors: Vouros George , Eumeridou Eugenia
Published: September 2007

Since concepts are the starting point of all terminological work, it follows that the development of a terminological base should place the main emphasis on the development of a conceptual system. The major objective of the PROMETHEUS project was the development of a generic ontological framework for the design of conceptual systems that would support searching, exploring and navigating multilingual terminological bases, at least for the European languages. Such a framework must provide the necessary semantic distinctions for structuring conceptual systems in specific domains in order to solve semantic problems inherent in linguistic ontologies and to provide a common ontological backbone for sharing and exploiting multilingual terminologies. The paper compares and reports on two well-established ontological frameworks for the development of multilingual resources for the European languages: EuroWordNet (EWN) and SIMPLE top ontologies. It investigates the correspondences between these frameworks, their underlying principles and their suitability to serve as organizational backbones in terminological knowledge bases. Finally, the paper concludes with a description of the implemenetation of the framework, which is based on the organizational principles underlying these multilingual resources.
Examining Models of Mental Health Service Delivery in the Emergency Department
Authors: Wand Timothy , White Kathryn
Published: September 2007

The purpose of the present paper was to review the current models of mental health service delivery used in the emergency department (ED) setting. A search was conducted of the nursing and medical literature from 1990 to 2007 for relevant articles and reports. Consideration was also given to the global and local context influencing contemporary mental health services. Wider sociopolitical and socioeconomic influences and systemic changes in health-care delivery have dictated a considerable shift in attention for mental health services worldwide. The ED is a topical location that has attracted interest and necessitated a response. The mental health liaison nurse (MHLN) role embedded within the ED structure has demonstrated the most positive outcomes to date. This model aims to raise mental health awareness and address concerns over patient-focused outcomes such as reduced waiting times, therapeutic intervention and more efficient coordination of care and follow up for individuals presenting to the ED in psychological distress. Further research is required into all methods of mental health service delivery to the ED. The MHLN role is a cost-effective approach that has gained widespread approval from ED staff and mental health patients and is consistent with national and international expectations for mental health services to become fully integrated within general health care. The mental health nurse practitioner role situated within the ED represents a potentially promising alternative for enhanced public access to specialized mental health care.
Meta-Analysis of Depressive Symptoms in Dual-Diagnosis Schizophrenia
Authors: Potvin Stéphane , Sepehry Amir Ali , Stip Emmanuel
Published: September 2007

Substance abuse is highly prevalent in schizophrenia and associated with numerous negative consequences. While studies have regularly reported more severe depressive symptoms in addicted schizophrenia patients relative to non-abusing patients, some studies have not corroborated this finding. The current meta-analysis was performed to quantify the relative severity of depressive symptoms in dual-diagnosis schizophrenia. A search of the literature using computerized engines was undertaken. Studies were retained in the analysis if (i) they assessed depressive symptoms using validated scales specific to depression (e.g. Hamilton Depression Rating Scale); and (ii) groups of schizophrenia patients were divided according to substance use disorders (alcohol, amphetamines, cannabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, heroin and/or phencyclidine). According to the inclusion criteria, 20 studies were available for mathematical analysis. A small, positive and significant effect size estimate (n =3283; 1680 dual diagnosis; 1603 single diagnosis; adjusted Hedges's g =0.292; p =0.003) was obtained, within a random-effect model, suggesting that some dual-diagnosis patients experience more severe depressive symptoms than single-diagnosis patients. This significant difference was found only for studies using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale but not for other depression scales. The results of the present meta-analysis suggest that addicted schizophrenia patients experience more severe depressive symptoms compared to non-abusing patients, but that the difference is smaller than commonly assumed. The meta-analysis also shows that the significance of results is related to the scale used to measure depressive symptoms. These results have methodological implications for future studies of depressive symptoms in dual-diagnosis patients, and potential implications for the prevention and treatment of depressive symptoms in schizophrenia.
Future of God in Recovery from Drug Addiction
Authors: Sellman John D. , Baker Michael P. , Adamson Simon J. , Geering Lloyd G.
Published: September 2007

The purpose of the present paper was to explore the concept and experience of God in relation to recovery from drug addiction from a scientific perspective. Examination of a diverse literature was undertaken, including five key threads: the universality of the experience of God; the induction of spiritual experiences of God through hallucinogenic drugs; the nature of drug addiction from an evolutionary neurobiological perspective; the 12 Step movement as the prototype for the place of God in recovery from drug addiction; and identified ingredients for successful recovery from addiction. The diverse threads of literature examined can be integrated around the concept of higher power as an important factor in recovery from drug addiction. Higher power can be manifested in individuals in diverse ways: religious, ethnic, spiritual including the use of entheogens, as well as cognitive behavioural development, but a common final pathway for all is the strengthening of executive functions (the brain's ‘higher power’). Practical implications for assisting people with drug addiction to achieve recovery through their own experience of God/development of higher power are outlined.