bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Membrane dynamics of γ‐secretase with the anterior pharynx‐defective 1B subunit
Authors: Dehury Budheswar , Kepp Kasper P.
Published: August 2020

The four‐subunit protease complex γ‐secretase cleaves many single‐pass transmembrane (TM) substrates, including Notch and β‐amyloid precursor protein to generate amyloid‐β (Aβ), central to Alzheimer's disease. Two of the subunits anterior pharynx‐defective 1 (APH‐1) and presenilin (PS) exist in two homologous forms APH1‐A and APH1‐B, and PS1 and PS2. The consequences of these variations are poorly understood and could affect Aβ production and γ‐secretase medicine. Here, we developed the first complete structural model of the APH‐1B subunit using the published cryo‐electron microscopy (cryo‐EM) structures of APH1‐A (Protein Data Bank: 5FN2, 5A63, and 6IYC). We then performed all‐atom molecular dynamics simulations at 303 K in a realistic bilayer system to understand both APH‐1B alone and in γ‐secretase without and with substrate C83‐bound. We show that APH‐1B adopts a 7TM topology with a water channel topology similar to APH‐1A. We demonstrate direct transport of water through this channel, mainly via Glu84, Arg87, His170, and His196. The apo and holo states closely resemble the experimental cryo‐EM structures with APH‐1A, however with subtle differences: The substrate‐bound APH‐1B γ‐secretase was quite stable, but some TM helices of PS1 and APH‐1B rearranged in the membrane consistent with the disorder seen in the cryo‐EM data. This produces different accessibility of water molecules for the catalytic aspartates of PS1, critical for Aβ production. In particular, we find that the typical distance between the catalytic aspartates of PS1 and the C83 cleavage sites are shorter in APH‐1B, that is, it represents a more closed state, due to interactions with the C‐terminal fragment of PS1. Our structural‐dynamic model of APH‐1B alone and in γ‐secretase suggests generally similar topology but some notable differences in water accessibility which may be relevant to the protein's existence in two forms and their specific function and location.
Attrition and attendance in group therapy for university students: An examination of predictors across time
Authors: Gulamani Tahira , Uliaszek Amanda A. , Chugani Carla D. , Rashid Tayyab
Published: August 2020

Objectives

There exists a dearth of research focused explicitly on predictors of attrition, particularly in the area of group therapy, where both attrition and attendance becomes of primary concern. The present study examined both pretreatment and treatment‐specific variables in the prospective prediction of attendance and attrition in group therapy.

Method

Fifty‐two participants were randomized to one of two 12‐week group treatments. Participants completed baseline interviews and questionnaires, as well as weekly assessments of treatment‐specific factors.

Results

No pretreatment factors predicted attendance or drop out, although men attended a larger amount of sessions and were less likely to drop out. Cross‐lagged panel analyses supported bidirectional, causal relationships both treatment‐specific predictors (therapeutic alliance and number of therapeutic techniques) and attendance.

Conclusions

Successful retention in group therapy may be less predictable from pretreatment factors and instead lie in increasing alliance and fostering the practice of therapeutic strategies.
Identifying the mechanisms of cation inhibition of phenol oxidation by acid birnessite
Authors: Balgooyen Sarah , Remucal Christina K. , Ginder‐Vogel Matthew
Published: August 2020

Many phenolic compounds found as contaminants in natural waters are susceptible to oxidation by manganese oxides. However, there is often variability between oxidation rates reported in pristine matrices and studies using more environmentally relevant conditions. For example, the presence of cations generally results in slower phenolic oxidation rates. However, the underlying mechanism of cation interference is not well understood. In this study, cation co‐solutes inhibit the transformation of four target phenols (bisphenol A, estrone, p‐cresol, and triclosan) by acid birnessite. Oxidation rates for these compounds by acid birnessite follow the same trend (Na+ > K+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+) when cations are present as co‐solutes. We further demonstrate that the same trend applies to these cations when they are absent from solution but pre‐exchanged with the mineral. We analyze valence state, surface area, crystallinity, and zeta potential to characterize changes in oxide structure. The findings of this study show that pre‐exchanged cations have a large effect on birnessite reactivity even in the absence of cation co‐solutes, indicating that the inhibition of phenolic compound oxidation is not due to competition for surface sites, as previously suggested. Instead, the reaction inhibition is attributed to changes in aggregation and the mineral microstructure.
A Potent Fuel? Faith Identity and Development Impact in World Vision Community Programming
Authors: Jennings Michael , Clarke Matthew , Feeny Simon , Westhorp Gill , Donohue Cara
Published: August 2020

This paper explores the role of faith identity on impact in development by looking at the programming of a major international faith‐based development organisation (FBDO). It argues that faith identity rests not only in the internal projected identity of the FBDO but also on perceptions of that identity in the community, highlighting the role context plays in the formulation of faith identity and its impact. Secondly, the paper argues that FBDOs possess not only a faith identity but also a development one and that it is the interplay between both that allows for the creation of engagement and trust in interventions.
7T MR Safety
Authors: Fagan Andrew J. , Bitz Andreas K. , Björkman‐Burtscher Isabella M. , Collins Christopher M. , Kimbrell Vera , Raaijmakers Alexander J.E. ,   ISMRM Safety Committee
Published: August 2020

Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy (MRI/MRS) at 7T represents an exciting advance in MR technology, with intriguing possibilities to enhance image spatial, spectral, and contrast resolution. To ensure the safe use of this technology while still harnessing its potential, clinical staff and researchers need to be cognizant of some safety concerns arising from the increased magnetic field strength and higher Larmor frequency. The higher static magnetic fields give rise to enhanced transient bioeffects and an increased risk of adverse incidents related to electrically conductive implants. Many technical challenges remain and the continuing rapid pace of development of 7T MRI/MRS is likely to present further challenges to ensuring safety of this technology in the years ahead. The recent regulatory clearance for clinical diagnostic imaging at 7T will likely increase the installed base of 7T systems, particularly in hospital environments with little prior ultrahigh‐field MR experience. Informed risk/benefit analyses will be required, particularly where implant manufacturer‐published 7T safety guidelines for implants are unavailable. On behalf of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, the aim of this article is to provide a reference document to assist institutions developing local institutional policies and procedures that are specific to the safe operation of 7T MRI/MRS. Details of current 7T technology and the physics underpinning its functionality are reviewed, with the aim of supporting efforts to expand the use of 7T MRI/MRS in both research and clinical environments. Current gaps in knowledge are also identified, where additional research and development are required.

Level of Evidence 5

Technical Efficacy 2

J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2021;53:333–346.
Live unattenuated vaccines for controlling viral diseases, including COVID‐19
Authors: Chen Ji‐Ming
Published: August 2020

Live unattenuated vaccines (LUVs) have been neglected for decades, due to widespread prejudice against their safety, even though they have successfully controlled yellow fever and adenovirus infection in humans as well as rinderpest and infectious bursal disease in animals. This review elucidated that LUVs could be highly safe with selective use of neutralizing antivirus antibodies, natural antiglycan antibodies, nonantibody antivirals, and ectopic inoculation. Also, LUVs could be of high efficacy, high development speed, and high production efficiency, with the development of humanized monoclonal antibodies and other modern technologies. They could circumvent antibody‐dependent enhancement and maternal‐derived antibody interference. With these important advantages, LUVs could be more powerful than other vaccines for controlling some viral diseases, and they warrant urgent investigation with animal experiments and clinical trials for defeating the COVID‐19 pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2.
Genetic and functional analysis of a Pacific hagfish opioid system
Authors: Huang Alden Y. , Taylor Anna M. W. , Ghogha Atefeh , Pribadi Mochtar , Wang Qing , Kim Tanya S. J. , Cahill Catherine M. , Coppola Giovanni , Evans Christopher J.
Published: August 2020

The actions of endogenous opioids and nociceptin/orphanin FQ are mediated by four homologous G protein‐coupled receptors that constitute the opioid receptor family. However, little is known about opioid systems in cyclostomes (living jawless fish) and how opioid systems might have evolved from invertebrates. Here, we leveraged de novo transcriptome and low‐coverage whole‐genome assembly in the Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii) to identify and characterize the first full‐length coding sequence for a functional opioid receptor in a cyclostome. Additionally, we define two novel endogenous opioid precursors in this species that predict several novel opioid peptides. Bioinformatic analysis shows no closely related opioid receptor genes in invertebrates with regard either to the genomic organization or to conserved opioid receptor‐specific sequences that are common in all vertebrates. Furthermore, no proteins analogous to vertebrate opioid precursors could be identified by genomic searches despite previous claims of protein or RNA‐derived sequences in several invertebrate species. The presence of an expressed orthologous receptor and opioid precursors in the Pacific hagfish confirms that a functional opioid system was likely present in the common ancestor of all extant vertebrates some 550 million years ago, earlier than all previous authenticated accounts. We discuss the premise that the cyclostome and vertebrate opioid systems evolved from invertebrate systems concerned with antimicrobial defense and speculate that the high concentrations of opioid precursors in tissues such as the testes, gut, and activated immune cells are key remnants of this evolutionary role.
Polydopamine‐Incorporated Nanoformulations for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Zheng Pan , Ding Binbin , Li Gao
Published: August 2020

Polydopamine (PDA), a pigment in natural melanin, has attracted considerable attention because of its excellent optical properties, extraordinary adhesion, and good biocompatibility, which make it a promising material for application in energy, environmental, and biomedical fields. In this review, PDA‐incorporated nanoformulations are focused for biomedical applications such as drug delivery, bioimaging, and tumor therapy. First, the recent advances in PDA‐incorporated nanoformulations for drug delivery are discussed. Further, their application in boimaging, such as fluorescence imaging, photothermal imaging, and photoacoustic imaging, is reviewed. Next, their therapeutic applications, including chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, and synergistic therapy are discussed. Finally, other biomedical applications of PDA‐incorporated nanoformulations such as biosensing and clinical diagnosis are briefly presented. Finally, the biomedical applications of PDA‐incorporated nanoformulations along with their prospects are summarized.
Synthesis and Characterization of Polyrotaxanes Comprising γ‐CDs and Distal Azide‐Terminated PHEMA Using Propargylamine Monosubstituted β‐CDs as End Stoppers
Authors: Gao Ming , Lu Hang , Song Rong‐Hao , Ye Lin , Zhang Ai‐Ying , Feng Zeng‐Guo
Published: August 2020

To highlight whether γ‐cyclodextrins (CDs) facilitate propargylamine monosubstituted β‐CDs (PA‐β‐CDs) as end stoppers to get threaded onto a distal azide terminated poly(2‐hydroxyethylmethacrylate) (PHEMA) homopolymer (PH‐46‐2N3) to create linear and hyperbranched polyrotaxanes (PRs) via the in situ copper‐catalyzed azide/alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), PH‐46‐2N3 is self‐assembled with a varying amount of γ‐CDs in water and then subjected the CuAAC with PA‐β‐CDs to end‐cap the resulting γ‐CD‐PHEMA polypseudorotaxanes (PPRs) into the γ‐CD‐PHEMA PRs. It demonstrates that γ‐CDs cannot promote PA‐β‐CDs to be entrapped on the PHEMA chain most likely due to their different cavity size and molecular framework and linear PRs are always formed with up to 29% γ‐CD coverage ratio along the PHEMA axis thereof.
Secondary Dystonia in a Novel Mitochondriopathy Responsive to Deep Brain Stimulation Therapy
Authors: Sharma Vibhash D. , Buetefisch Cathrin M. , Kendall Frances D. , Gross Robert E. , DeLong Mahlon R. , Juncos Jorge L.
Published: August 2020

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6FDA‐containing polyimide‐ionene + ionic liquid gas separation membranes
Authors: Dennis Grayson P. , O'Harra Kathryn E. , Kammakakam Irshad , Jones Tristin A. , Mittenthal Max S. , Flowers Brian S. , Tuan Yi , Jackson Enrique M. , Bara Jason E.
Published: August 2020

Polyimides (PI) synthesized from 4,4′‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride (6FDA) with various diamines have been frequently studied as gas separation membranes. The use of 6FDA in polyimides creates a bent structure than can increase fractional free volume (FFV) and gas permeability. Here, we demonstrate that 6FDA is also a useful building block for PI‐ionene materials, which contain cations directly within the polymer backbone. These new 6FDA‐containing PI‐ionenes were combined with several different imidazolium ionic liquids (ILs) to form thin membranes. The thermal properties of all the derivatives were investigated to determine the relationship between regiochemistry and degradation as well as the intermolecular forces that are present within these structures. The gas separation properties of these 6FDA‐containing PI‐ionene + IL materials were investigated, showing modest CO2 permeabilities similar to other polyimide‐ionenes and CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 permselectivities that were relatively higher than other polyimide‐ionenes.
Influence of H2O and NH3 on the reaction of HO2 with NO in troposphere: Theoretical investigation of HNO3 formation pathways
Authors: Wang Rui , Zhang Yongqi , Li Aizhen , Wen Mingjie , Geng Zerong , Geng Ximei , Wang Zhuqing , Wang Zhiyin , Lily Makroni
Published: August 2020

Quantum chemical calculations at B3LYP and CCSD(T) levels have been performed to investigate the effects of X (X = H2O, (H2O)2, NH3, and H3N···H2O) on HNO3 formation by the direct (HO2 + NO → HNO3) and indirect (N2O4 + H2O → HONO + HNO3) reaction of HO2 + NO. The results show that, for the direct H2O‐assisted reaction, the entrance of H2O···HO2 and NO is more important than the three other channels of HO2···H2O + NO, H2O···NO + HO2, and NO···H2O + HO2. In the H2O···HO2 + NO reactions, (H2O)2, NH3, and H3N···H2O have also been taken into account and substituted in place of H2O; however, their contributions are negligible compared with the H2O···HO2 + NO reaction. It is noted that the atmospheric gas‐phase reaction of H2O···HO2 + NO is not only competitive with the HO2 + NO2 → HNO3 reaction but can also compete well with the NO2 + HO reaction during the day and night at 298 K. Unlike the direct reaction assisted by X, the catalytic effect taken from X can be neglected in the indirect reaction of N2O4 + H2O → HONO + HNO3. However, theoretical results of the direct and indirect reaction of HO2 + NO above may be the main reason why the yield of HNO3 formation in HO2 + NO reaction increases experimentally in the presence of water.
Computational study on the Rh‐catalyzed CC activation of cyclopropanol to construct diketone or monoketone
Authors: Liu Tao , Wang Ping , Ren Hong
Published: August 2020

The mechanisms of CC activation of 1‐benzylcyclopropan‐1‐ol to produce 1,6‐diketone have been investigated by density functional theory calculations. The catalyst [Cp*RhCl2]2 and additive Ag2CO3 play an important role in controlling the selectivity. By using [Cp*RhCl2]2 as the catalyst and Ag2CO3 as the additive, the product is 1,6‐diketone, whereas the β‐hydride elimination product could not be obtained. The product would become monoketone in the absence of [Cp*RhCl2]2. In addition, the combination of catalyst [Cp*RhCl2]2 and additive AgOAc would also lead to monoketone. The observed selectivity could be attributed to the electronic effect.
Consideration of spatial and temporal scales in stream restorations and biotic monitoring to assess restoration outcomes: A literature review, part 1
Authors: Griffith Michael B. , McManus Michael G.
Published: August 2020

Stream and river restoration practices have become common in many parts of the world. We ask the question whether such restorations improve freshwater biotic assemblages or functions over time, and if not, can general reasons be identified for such outcomes. We conducted a literature survey and review of studies in which different types of stream restorations were conducted and outcomes reported. These restoration types included culvert restoration; acid mine restoration or industrial pollutant restoration; urban stream restoration; dam removal, changes in dam operation, or fish passage structures; instream habitat modification; riparian restoration or woody material addition; channel restoration and multiple restorations. The streams ranged from headwater streams to large rivers, and the regions included North America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand, and a small number of sites in Asia and Africa. In this part of the review, we describe the methods used for the review and present reviews for the first three types of stream restorations. For culvert restorations, the small sample size and variable study design and biotic responses limited generalizing about temporal and spatial scale effects for that restoration type. The complex and often lengthy time to restore streams from acid mine drainage and industrial pollutants often resulted in positive biotic responses, but restored sites had reduced responses compared with reference sites. Most urban stream restorations had minimal or mixed improvements in biotic responses, with one mismatch in spatial scale evidenced by hydraulic structures used in a restoration unable to withstand peak discharge.
Golden Bristlegrass‐Like Hierarchical Graphene Nanofibers Entangled with N‐Doped CNTs Containing CoSe2 Nanocrystals at Each Node as Anodes for High‐Rate Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Jo Min Su , Lee Jae Seob , Jeong Sun Young , Kim Jae Kwang , Kang Yun Chan , Kang Dong Won , Jeong Sang Mun , Cho Jung Sang
Published: August 2020

Golden bristlegrass‐like unique nanostructures comprising reduced graphene oxide (rGO) matrixed nanofibers entangled with bamboo‐like N‐doped carbon nanotubes (CNTs) containing CoSe2 nanocrystals at each node (denoted as N‐CNT/rGO/CoSe2 NF) are designed as anodes for high‐rate sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). Bamboo‐like N‐doped CNTs (N‐CNTs) are successfully generated on the rGO matrixed nanofiber surface, between rGO sheets and mesopores, and interconnected chemically with homogeneously distributed rGO sheets. The defects in the N‐CNTs formed by a simple etching process allow the complete phase conversion of Co into CoSe2 through the efficient penetration of H2Se gas inside the CNT walls. The N‐CNTs bridge the vertical defects for electron transfer in the rGO sheet layers and increase the distance between the rGO sheets during cycles. The discharge capacity of N‐CNT/rGO/CoSe2 NF after the 10 000th cycle at an extremely high current density of 10 A g−1 is 264 mA h g−1, and the capacity retention measured at the 100th cycle is 89%. N‐CNT/rGO/CoSe2 NF has final discharge capacities of 395, 363, 328, 304, 283, 263, 246, 223, 197, 171, and 151 mA h g−1 at current densities of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 A g−1, respectively.
Fundamental Understanding of the Formation Mechanism for Graphene Quantum Dots Fabricated by Pulsed Laser Fragmentation in Liquid: Experimental and Theoretical Insight
Authors: Kang Sukhyun , Jung Kyung Hwan , Mhin Sungwook , Son Yong , Lee Kangpyo , Kim Won Rae , Choi Heechae , Ryu Jeong Ho , Han Hyuksu , Kim Kang Min
Published: August 2020

The pulsed laser fragmentation in liquid (PLFL) process is a promising technique for the synthesis of carbon‐based functional materials. In particular, there has been considerable attention on graphene quantum dots (GQDs) derived from multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by the PLFL process, owing to the low cost and rapid processing time involved. However, a fundamental deep understanding of the formation of GQDs from MWCNTs by PLFL has still not been achieved despite the high demand. In this work, a mechanism for the formation of GQDs from MWCNTs by the PLFL process is reported, through the combination of experimental and theoretical studies. Both the experimental and computational results demonstrate that the formation of GQDs strongly depends on the pulse laser energy. Both methods demonstrate that the critical energy point, where a plasma plume is generated on the surface of the MWCNTs, should be precisely maintained to produce GQDs; otherwise, an amorphous carbon structure is favorably formed from the scattered carbons.
CSF glucose tracks regional tau progression based on Alzheimer's disease risk factors
Authors: Pappas Colleen , Klinedinst Brandon S. , Le Scott , Wang Qian , Larsen Brittany , McLimans Kelsey , Lockhart Samuel N. , Allenspach‐Jorn Karin , Mochel Jonathan P. , Willette Auriel A. ,   for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: August 2020

Introduction

Glucose hypometabolism and tau formation are key features of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Less is known about the relationship between fasting glucose and regional tau accumulation.

Methods

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glucose was linearly regressed on regional tau (flortaucipir) among 169 Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI3) participants. Flortaucipir uptake was examined by Braak stages and regions of interest (ROIs). Interactions were explored between CSF glucose and AD risk factors including regional amyloid beta (Aβ), sex, Apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOEε4) status, AD parental family history (AD FH), and cognitive impairment (CI).

Results

Interactions found higher CSF glucose tracked less tau in ROIs or Braak stages I/II (women, APOE ε4+, regional Aβ), III/IV (AD FH+, regional Aβ), and V/VI (AD FH+). CI drove Braak III‐VI associations.

Discussion

Among women and APOE ε4 carriers, higher CSF glucose tracked less early‐stage tau. Higher CSF glucose may reflect compensation against tau spreading in CI, Aβ+, or AD FH+.
Comparison of four mobile, non‐invasive diagnostic techniques for differentiating glass types in historical leaded windows: MA‐XRF, UV–Vis–NIR, Raman spectroscopy and IRT
Authors: Cagno Simone , Van der Snickt Geert , Legrand Stijn , Caen Joost , Patin Mathilde , Meulebroeck Wendy , Dirkx Yarince , Hillen Michaël , Steenackers Gunther , Rousaki Anastasia , Vandenabeele Peter , Janssens Koen
Published: August 2020

This paper critically compares the performance of four non‐invasive techniques that match the accuracy, flexibility, time‐efficiency, and transportability required for in situ characterization of leaded glass windows: macroscopic X‐ray fluorescence imaging (MA‐XRF), UV–Vis–NIR, Raman spectroscopy, and infrared thermography (IRT). In order to compare the techniques on equal grounds, all techniques were tested independently of each other by separate research groups on the same historical leaded window tentatively dated to the 17th century, without prior knowledge. The aim was to assess the ability of these techniques to document the conservation history of the window by classifying and grouping the colorless glass panes, based on differences in composition. IRT, MA‐XRF and UV–Vis–NIR spectroscopy positively distinguished at least two glass groups, with MA‐XRF providing the most detailed chemical information. In particular, based on the ratio between the network modifier (K) and network stabilizer (Ca) and on the level of colorants and decolorizers (Fe, Mn, As), the number of plausible glass families could be strongly reduced. In addition, UV–Vis–NIR detected cobalt at ppm level and gave more specific information on the chromophore Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio. Raman spectroscopy was hampered by fluorescence caused by the metal ions of the decolorizer in most of the panes, but nevertheless identified one group as HLLA.
Why Followership?
Authors: Riggio Ronald E.
Published: August 2020

Followership is associated with many negative characteristics such as being passive, having a lower status, possessing less intelligence, receiving lower pay, order‐taking, providing less value, or avoiding risk. And yet, leadership, followership, and context combine to form a coherent whole. We need to start by understanding followers in the same depth as our understanding of leaders. This chapter addresses why we should care about followers and followership and how it can be explained to others.
Integrating Followership Into Leadership Programs
Authors: Hurwitz Marc , Hurwitz Samantha
Published: August 2020

Followership is more than just a topic to be tacked on to the body of a leadership program; it fundamentally alters the way students engage with leadership theory and practice. In this chapter, the authors draw on 15 years of experience supporting, modifying, and delivering followership training within leadership programs to provide the unique planning and design elements required to include followership into leadership programs, along with samples of course design and practical classroom activities.
Followership Development in Adults
Authors: Rahaman Andrew , Read J. Basil
Published: August 2020

Drawing on 10 years of followership instruction, this chapter explores the authors’ methodology for immersing federal employees and graduate students in discussions about followership and the follower role as a means of enhancing workplace engagement and furthering mission objectives. Our practice has found that when participants explore the tenets of followership from an engagement perspective, perceptions of followers being in subservient obedience to leader authority transition into conceptualizations of a mission‐focused partnership with the leader.
The Army Paradox: Leader and Follower Education
Authors: Thomas Ted , Berg Paul
Published: August 2020

The United States Air Force and the Army's Command and General Staff School use case studies to educate students about their responsibilities to exercise moral courage and effective followership in their military units. This chapter examines followership training and education at different levels within the US Army, both in professional military education schools, as well as in doctrine. We contrast the hierarchical relationships of military organizations and cultures with the need to empower and trust followers. We conclude with instructions on applying the methods the military uses to develop effective followers and provide recommendations for further improvement.
Moderately hypofractionated radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer: updated long-term outcome and toxicity analysis
Authors: Tamihardja Jörg , Schortmann Max , Lawrenz Ingulf , Weick Stefan , Bratengeier Klaus , Flentje Michael , Guckenberger Matthias , Polat Bülent
Published: August 2020

Purpose

Evaluation of long-term outcome and toxicity of moderately hypofractionated radiotherapy using intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) with simultaneous integrated boost treatment planning and cone beam CT-based image guidance for localized prostate cancer.

Methods

Between 2005 and 2015, 346 consecutive patients with localized prostate cancer received primary radiotherapy using cone beam CT-based image-guided intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IG-IMRT) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (IG-VMAT) with a simultaneous integrated boost (SIB). Total doses of 73.9 Gy (n = 44) and 76.2 Gy (n = 302) to the high-dose PTV were delivered in 32 and 33 fractions, respectively. The low-dose PTV received a dose (D95) of 60.06 Gy in single doses of 1.82 Gy. The pelvic lymph nodes were treated in 91 high-risk patients to 45.5 Gy (D95).

Results

Median follow-up was 61.8 months. The 5‑year biochemical relapse-free survival (bRFS) was 85.4% for all patients and 93.3, 87.4, and 79.4% for low-, intermediate-, and high-risk disease, respectively. The 5‑year prostate cancer-specific survival (PSS) was 94.8% for all patients and 98.7, 98.9, 89.3% for low-, intermediate-, and high-risk disease, respectively. The 5‑year and 10-year overall survival rates were 83.8 and 66.3% and the 5‑year and 10-year freedom from distant metastasis rates were 92.2 and 88.0%, respectively. Cumulative 5‑year late GU toxicity and late GI toxicity grade ≥2 was observed in 26.3 and 12.1% of the patients, respectively. Cumulative 5‑year late grade 3 GU/GI toxicity occurred in 4.0/1.2%.

Conclusion

Moderately hypofractionated radiotherapy using SIB treatment planning and cone beam CT image guidance resulted in high biochemical control and survival with low rates of late toxicity.
A novel model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis with fibrosis and carcinogenesis in connexin 32 dominant-negative transgenic rats
Authors: Naiki-Ito Aya , Kato Hiroyuki , Naiki Taku , Yeewa Ranchana , Aoyama Yoshinaga , Nagayasu Yuko , Suzuki Shugo , Inaguma Shingo , Takahashi Satoru
Published: August 2020

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a recognized risk factor for liver fibrosis and malignancies, and is associated with features of metabolic syndrome, such as obesity and insulin resistance (IR). We previously demonstrated that the disturbance of connexin 32 (Cx32), a gap junctional protein of hepatocytes, exacerbated NASH in Cx32 dominant-negative transgenic (Cx32ΔTg) rats fed methionine choline-deficient diet (MCDD). MCDD is well-established means of inducing NASH in rodents; however, the Cx32ΔTg-MCDD NASH model does not reproduce obesity and IR. In this study, we aimed to establish an improved NASH model. Eight-week-old male Cx32ΔTg and wild-type (Wt) rats received a high-fat diet (HFD) with dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) for 12 weeks. The HFD with DMN led to gains in body, liver, and visceral fat weights in both genotypes. IR was significantly greater in Cx32ΔTg than in Wt rats. Elevation of serum hepatic enzymes (AST, ALT), inflammatory cytokine expressions (Tnfα, Il-6, Tgf-β1, Il-1β, Timp2, and Col1a1), steatohepatitis, and fibrosis were significantly greater in Cx32ΔTg as compared with Wt rats. Regarding carcinogenesis, the number and area of glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P)-positive preneoplastic hepatic foci were significantly increased in Cx32ΔTg versus Wt rats. Moreover, activation of NF-κB and JNK contributed to the progression of NASH in Cx32ΔTg rats. These results suggest that Cx32 dysfunction promoted the progression of NASH, metabolic syndrome, and carcinogenesis. Therefore, the novel Cx32ΔTg–HFD–DMN NASH model may be a rapid and useful tool for evaluating the progression of NASH.
Risk factors for the progression of finger interphalangeal joint osteoarthritis: a systematic review
Authors: Shah Karishma , Yang Xiaotian , Lane Jennifer C. E. , Collins Gary S. , Arden Nigel K. , Furniss Dominic , Filbay Stephanie R.
Published: August 2020

Progressive hand interphalangeal joint (IPJ) osteoarthritis is associated with pain, reduced function and impaired quality of life. However, the evidence surrounding risk factors for IPJ osteoarthritis progression is unclear. Identifying risk factors for IPJ osteoarthritis progression may inform preventative strategies and early interventions to improve long-term outcomes for individuals at risk of IPJ osteoarthritis progression. The objectives of the study were to describe methods used to measure the progression of IPJ osteoarthritis and identify risk factors for IPJ osteoarthritis progression. MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and The Cochrane Library were searched from inception to 19th February 2020 (PROSPERO CRD42019121034). Eligible studies assessed potential risk factor/s associated with IPJ osteoarthritis progression. Risk of bias was assessed using a modified QUIPS Tool, and a best evidence synthesis was performed. Of eight eligible studies, all measured osteoarthritis progression radiographically, and none considered symptoms. Eighteen potential risk factors were assessed. Diabetes (adjusted mean difference between 2.06 and 7.78), and larger finger epiphyseal index in males (regression coefficient β = 0.202) and females (β = 0.325) were identified as risk factors (limited evidence). Older age in men and women showed mixed results; 13 variables were not risk factors (all limited evidence). Patients with diabetes and larger finger epiphyseal index might be at higher risk of radiographic IPJ osteoarthritis progression, though evidence is limited and studies are biased. Studies assessing symptomatic IPJ osteoarthritis progression are lacking.
Wie gut sehen unsere ABC-Schützen?
Authors: Elflein Heike M. , Pokora Roman , Müller Denis , Schuster Alexander K. , Jahn Klaus , Ponto Katharina A. , Pitz Susanne , Pfeiffer Norbert , Urschitz Michael S.
Published: August 2020

Hintergrund

Im Rahmen der kinderärztlichen Vorsorgeuntersuchungen U1 bis U9 von der Geburt bis zum Beginn des sechsten Lebensjahres wird unter anderem das Sehvermögen getestet – eine augenärztliche Vorsorgeuntersuchung im Kindesalter gibt es in Deutschland nicht. Diese Studie untersucht, ob eine Teilnahme an der U8 (am Ende des vierten Lebensjahres) und der U9 (zu Beginn des sechsten Lebensjahres) mit Sehschärfeergebnissen assoziiert ist, die im Rahmen der Schuleingangsuntersuchungen (SEU) erhoben werden.

Methoden

Ausgewertet wurden Daten der SEU des Landes Rheinland-Pfalz der Einschulungsjahrgänge 2009/2010 bis 2014/2015. In diesen Jahrgängen wurde die Sehschärfe mittels Rodenstock-Sehtestgerät (E-Haken; Rodenstock Instrumente GmbH, Ottobrunn, Deutschland) und eigener Korrektur geprüft. Festgehalten wurden reduzierte Sehschärfen von <0,7. Der Zusammenhang zwischen der Teilnahme an den Vorsorgeuntersuchungen U8 bzw. U9 und dem Vorliegen einer ein- und beidseitigen Sehschärfe <0,7 bei SEU wurde mithilfe von multipler logistischer Regressionsanalyse untersucht und für wichtige Störgrößen adjustiert.

Ergebnisse

Daten von 189.704 Kindern (91.041 Mädchen und 98.663 Jungen) aus 35 von 36 Landkreisen konnten eingeschlossen werden. Eine Sehschärfe <0,7 wurde bei 8416 Kindern (4,4 %) ermittelt, in beiden Augen bei 4345 (2,3 %) Kindern. Die Teilnahmequote an der U8 bzw. U9 betrug 93,9 % bzw. 93,3 %. Es bestand eine negative Assoziation zwischen der Teilnahme an der U8 bzw. U9 und einem ein- oder beidseitigen SEU-Visus <0,7 (adjustierte OR: 0,68; 95 %-KI: 0,61–0,75; p < 0,01; N = 124.467/adjustierte OR: 0,57; 95 %-KI: 0,51–0,65; p < 0,01; N = 121.496).

Schlussfolgerungen

Es zeigt sich ein hoher Anteil an Kindern mit verminderter Sehschärfe bei der Schuleingangsuntersuchung. Kinder, die in der U8 und U9 untersucht worden waren, hatten eine bessere Chance für eine gute Sehschärfe bei der Schuleingangsuntersuchung.
Health-related quality of life in Japanese patients with bladder cancer measured by a newly developed Japanese version of the Bladder Cancer Index
Authors: Osawa Takahiro , Wei John T. , Abe Takashige , Honda Michitaka , Yamada Shuhei , Furumido Jun , Kikuchi Hiroshi , Matsumoto Ryuji , Hirakawa Kazushi , Sato Yasuyuki , Sasaki Yoshihiro , Harabayashi Toru , Takada Norikata , Minami Keita , Tanaka Hiroshi , Morita Ken , Kashiwagi Akira , Miyajima Naoto , Akino Tomoshige , Murai Sachiyo , Ito Yoichi M. , Fukuhara Shunichi , Ogasawara Katsuhiko , Shinohara Nobuo
Published: August 2020

Introduction

We validated a Japanese version of the Bladder Cancer Index (BCI) as a tool for measuring health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in bladder cancer patients treated with various surgical procedures.

Methods

The reliability and validity of the Japanese BCI were examined in 397 Japanese patients with bladder cancer via cross-sectional analysis. The patients simultaneously completed the Short Form (SF)-12, EQ-5D, and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General and Bladder (FACT-G and FACT-BL). The differences in BCI subscales among various treatment groups were analyzed.

Results

This study involved 397 patients (301 males and 96 females), with a mean age of 70 years and a median disease duration of 29 months (IQR: 12–66 months). Of these patients, 221 underwent transurethral resection of a bladder tumor, and 176 patients underwent radical cystectomy (ileal conduit: 101 patients, ileal neobladder: 49, and ureterostomy: 26). Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was ≥ 0.78 for all subscales, except the bowel bother subscale. Despite moderate correlations being detected between the function and bother score in urinary and bowel domains, the sexual function score was inversely correlated with the sexual bother score (r = − 0.19). A missing value percentage of > 15% was associated with old age (p < 0.05). The mean domain scores differed significantly among distinct clinically relevant treatment groups.

Conclusions

Although revisions are needed to make it easier for elderly patients to comprehend, we confirmed the reliability and validity of the Japanese BCI. The Japanese BCI could be used for cross-cultural assessments of HRQOL in bladder cancer patients.
Effect of the Relative Timing between Same-Polarity Pulses on Thresholds and Loudness in Cochlear Implant Users
Authors: Guérit François , Marozeau Jeremy , Epp Bastian , Carlyon Robert P.
Published: August 2020

The effect of the relative timing between pairs of same-polarity monophasic pulses has been studied extensively in single-neuron animal studies and has revealed fundamental properties of the neurons. For human cochlear implant listeners, the requirement to use charge-balanced stimulation and the typical use of symmetric, biphasic pulses limits such measures, because currents of opposite polarities interact at the level of the neural membrane. Here, we propose a paradigm to study same-polarity summation of currents while keeping the stimulation charge-balanced within a short time window. We used pairs of mirrored pseudo-monophasic pulses (a long-low phase followed by a short-high phase for the first pulse and a short-high phase followed by a long-low phase for the second pulse). We assumed that most of the excitation would stem from the two adjacent short-high phases, which had the same polarity. The inter-pulse interval between the short-high phases was varied from 0 to 345 μs. The inter-pulse interval had a significant effect on the perceived loudness, and this effect was consistent with both passive (membrane-related) and active (ion-channel-related) neuronal mechanisms contributing to facilitation. Furthermore, the effect of interval interacted with the polarity of the pulse pairs. At threshold, there was an effect of polarity, but, surprisingly, no effect of interval nor an interaction between the two factors. We discuss possible peripheral origins of these results.
Characters of $$\pi '$$-degree and small cyclotomic fields
Authors: Giannelli Eugenio , Hung Nguyen Ngoc , Schaeffer Fry A. A. , Vallejo Carolina
Published: August 2020

We show that every finite group of order divisible by 2 or q, where q is a prime number, admits a $$\{2, q\}'$$

{
2
,
q
}

′

-degree nontrivial irreducible character with values in $${\mathbb{Q}}(e^{2 \pi i /q})$$

Q
(

e

2
π
i
/
q

)

. We further characterize when such character can be chosen with only rational values in solvable groups.
These results follow from more general considerations on groups admitting a $$\{p, q\}'$$

{
p
,
q
}

′

-degree nontrivial irreducible character with values in $${\mathbb{Q}}(e^{2 \pi i /p})$$

Q
(

e

2
π
i
/
p

)

or $${\mathbb{Q}}(e^{ 2 \pi i/q})$$

Q
(

e

2
π
i
/
q

)

, for any pair of primes p and q. Along the way,
we completely describe simple alternating groups admitting a $$\{p, q\}'$$

{
p
,
q
}

′

-degree nontrivial irreducible character with rational values.
The Sensitivity of Ear-EEG: Evaluating the Source-Sensor Relationship Using Forward Modeling
Authors: Meiser Arnd , Tadel Francois , Debener Stefan , Bleichner Martin G.
Published: August 2020

Ear-EEG allows to record brain activity in every-day life, for example to study natural behaviour or unhindered social interactions. Compared to conventional scalp-EEG, ear-EEG uses fewer electrodes and covers only a small part of the head. Consequently, ear-EEG will be less sensitive to some cortical sources. Here, we perform realistic electromagnetic simulations to compare cEEGrid ear-EEG with 128-channel cap-EEG. We compute the sensitivity of ear-EEG for different cortical sources, and quantify the expected signal loss of ear-EEG relative to cap-EEG. Our results show that ear-EEG is most sensitive to sources in the temporal cortex. Furthermore, we show how ear-EEG benefits from a multi-channel configuration (i.e. cEEGrid). The pipelines presented here can be adapted to any arrangement of electrodes and can therefore provide an estimate of sensitivity to cortical regions, thereby increasing the chance of successful experiments using ear-EEG.
Arctic Athabaskan Council’s petition to the Inter-American Commission on human rights and climate change—business as usual or a breakthrough?
Authors: Szpak Agnieszka
Published: August 2020

In 2013, the Arctic Athabaskan Council representing the Arctic Athabaskan peoples filed a petition to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. The Council sought relief for violations of their rights resulting from rapid Arctic warming and melting caused by emissions of black carbon by Canada. The aim of the paper is to show legal complaints and arguments of a particular indigenous people, Arctic Athabaskans—arguments intended to enforce Canada’s obligation to reduce or eliminate black carbon emissions, which negatively affect numerous rights of indigenous Athabaskans. Additionally, the article will point to the new legal developments and potential success of those arguments and litigation itself. The article analyses issues at the intersection of human rights, indigenous peoples and climate change. The concluding remarks attempt to answer the research questions and offer some reflections on the potential to protect indigenous peoples’ rights offered by this type of advocacy strategy and, more specifically, the petition in particular. The research method adopted is that of legal-institutional analysis as well as content analysis of relevant literature (analysis of the discourse). This paper moves forward existing climate litigation literature which focuses on human rights. As Osofsky and Peel (2018) highlight, human rights-based climate litigation is a new development in the field, and this paper expands it further.
The Self of Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Hanai Fumi , Narama Miho , Tamakoshi Koji
Published: August 2020

Self-development is a central developmental issue in adolescence, there are few studies describing the experiences related to the self in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We conducted semi-structural interviews with 14 adolescents with ASD and three with ADHD to describe the self. As a result of inductive continuous comparison analysis, three concepts “Interest in self and self-realization”, “Intentionality and self-transformation”, “Unrealized/unnoticed self” were generated. It was suggested that the characteristic perceptions may tend to have difficulty realizing subjective selves.Otherwise, most adolescents realized various sense of self through interaction with others. Nurses should know adolescents’ inner world and share their emotions related to their self-recognition in order to provide care that meets important youth developmental needs.
Habitat requirements of the endangered heath bush-cricket Gampsocleis glabra (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae) in an isolated population
Authors: Grzędzicka Emilia , Vahed Karim
Published: August 2020

Steppes and xerothermic grasslands are hotspots of biodiversity, but are threatened by habitat destruction and fragmentation. The heath bush-cricket, Gampsocleis glabra, is considered to be a specialist of xerothermic habitats and appears in national red lists as a threatened species in several European countries. The goal of the current research was to determine the habitat requirements of G. glabra in an isolated habitat patch in Poland, at the northern edge of its range. By comparing the composition of plant species and vegetation architecture of vacant and occupied sites in the summers of 2018 and 2019, it was found that this population of G. glabra still maintained a strict specialisation for the xerothermofilous Festuco-Brometea plant community. On the contrary to previous studies, however, Stipa-type grasses were not essential for the occurrence of the species and the majority of occupied areas were based on the plant Brachypodium pinnatum. The physiognomy of plant communities was crucial for the abundance of stridulating males, which showed a preference for dense grasses at 10 cm high. The habitat characteristics of patches occupied by males and females did not differ significantly. The study of habitat requirements of this endangered Orthoptera species in an isolated habitat patch could serve as a prelude to the restoration of similar locations before it becomes extinct. This study may also underpin the development of a global conservation strategy for G. glabra.
Remarks on the Interpolation Method
Authors: Boccagna Roberto , Gabrielli Davide
Published: August 2020

We discuss a generalization of the classic condition of validity of the interpolation method for the density of quenched free energy of mean field spin glasses. The condition is written just in terms of the $$L^2$$

L
2

metric structure of the Gaussian random variables. As an example of application we deduce the existence of the thermodynamic limit for a GREM model with infinite branches for which the classic conditions of validity fail. We underline the dependence of the density of quenched free energy just on the metric structure and discuss the models from a metric viewpoint.