bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temporal Variation in the Genetic Composition of an Endangered Marsupial Reflects Reintroduction History
Authors: Thavornkanlapachai Rujiporn , Mills Harriet R. , Ottewell Kym , Friend J. Anthony , Kennington W. Jason
Published: June 2021

The loss of genetic variation and genetic divergence from source populations are common problems for reintroductions that use captive animals or a small number of founders to establish a new population. This study evaluated the genetic changes occurring in a captive and a reintroduced population of the dibbler (Parantechinus apicalis) that were established from multiple source populations over a twelve-year period, using 21 microsatellite loci. While the levels of genetic variation within the captive and reintroduced populations were relatively stable, and did not differ significantly from the source populations, their effective population size reduced 10–16-fold over the duration of this study. Evidence of some loss of genetic variation in the reintroduced population coincided with genetic bottlenecks that occurred after the population had become established. Detectable changes in the genetic composition of both captive and reintroduced populations were associated with the origins of the individuals introduced to the population. We show that interbreeding between individuals from different source populations lowered the genetic relatedness among the offspring, but this was short-lived. Our study highlights the importance of sourcing founders from multiple locations in conservation breeding programs to avoid inbreeding and maximize allelic diversity. The manipulation of genetic composition in a captive or reintroduced population is possible with careful management of the origins and timings of founder releases.
A Framework Using Contrastive Learning for Classification with Noisy Labels
Authors: Ciortan Madalina , Dupuis Romain , Peel Thomas
Published: June 2021

We propose a framework using contrastive learning as a pre-training task to perform image classification in the presence of noisy labels. Recent strategies, such as pseudo-labeling, sample selection with Gaussian Mixture models, and weighted supervised contrastive learning have, been combined into a fine-tuning phase following the pre-training. In this paper, we provide an extensive empirical study showing that a preliminary contrastive learning step brings a significant gain in performance when using different loss functions: non robust, robust, and early-learning regularized. Our experiments performed on standard benchmarks and real-world datasets demonstrate that: (i) the contrastive pre-training increases the robustness of any loss function to noisy labels and (ii) the additional fine-tuning phase can further improve accuracy, but at the cost of additional complexity.
The Potential Role of Polyelectrolyte Complex Nanoparticles Based on Cashew Gum, Tripolyphosphate and Chitosan for the Loading of Insulin
Authors: Bezerra Janira M. N. A. , Oliveira Antônia C. J. , Silva-Filho Edson C. , Severino Patricia , Souto Selma B. , Souto Eliana B. , Soares Mônica F. La R. , Soares-Sobrinho José L.
Published: June 2021

Polyelectrolytic complexation has stood out due to its application in the development of drug delivery systems using biopolymers as raw materials. The formation of complexes between cashew gum and chitosan can be intermediated by cross-links, mediated by the action of the sodium tripolyphosphate crosslinking agent. These polymers have been used in the nanotechnological development of formulations to protect peptide drugs, such as insulin, allowing their oral administration. In this work, we describe the development of polyelectrolytic complexes from cashew gum and chitosan as biopolymers for oral administration of insulin. The obtained complexes showed a mean particle size of 234 nm and polydispersity index of 0.2. The complexes were 234 nm in size, PDI 0.2, zeta potential −4.5 mV and 22% trapping. The obtained complexes demonstrated considerable and promising characteristics for use as oral insulin delivery systems.
UA-Zero as a Uranyl Acetate Replacement When Diagnosing Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia by Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Pinto Andreia Lucia , Rai Ranjit Kaur , Shoemark Amelia , Hogg Claire , Burgoyne Thomas
Published: June 2021

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a disorder affecting motile cilia. An early accurate diagnosis helps prevent lung damage and preserve lung function. To make a diagnostic assessment, one of the commonly used methods that allows for the examination of ciliary ultrastructure is transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This allows for a quantitative assessment of ciliary components to identify defects associated with PCD. Heavy metal staining is required to provide a contrast when imaging cilia in the TEM. One of the most commonly used stains is uranyl acetate (UA). UA can be applied to cellular material before embedding (en bloc), or to ultrathin sections of embedded samples (grid staining). UA is radioactive and, due to growing safety concerns and restrictions by government bodies, universities and hospitals, it is essential to find a suitable alternative. We show UA-zero (UAZ), when used en bloc, provides a high contrast and is a suitable replacement for UA. PCD diagnostic experts, having reviewed ciliary cross-sections stained with UAZ en bloc, are confident that the staining and PCD defects are readily detectable similar to samples that have been stained with UA.
Smartphone-Enabled Personalized Diagnostics: Current Status and Future Prospects
Authors: Merazzo Karla Jaimes , Totoricaguena-Gorriño Joseba , Fernández-Martín Eduardo , del Campo F. Javier , Baldrich Eva
Published: June 2021

Smartphones are becoming increasingly versatile thanks to the wide variety of sensor and actuator systems packed in them. Mobile devices today go well beyond their original purpose as communication devices, and this enables important new applications, ranging from augmented reality to the Internet of Things. Personalized diagnostics is one of the areas where mobile devices can have the greatest impact. Hitherto, the camera and communication abilities of these devices have been barely exploited for point of care (POC) purposes. This short review covers the recent evolution of mobile devices in the area of POC diagnostics and puts forward some ideas that may facilitate the development of more advanced applications and devices in the area of personalized diagnostics. With this purpose, the potential exploitation of wireless power and actuation of sensors and biosensors using near field communication (NFC), the use of the screen as a light source for actuation and spectroscopic analysis, using the haptic module to enhance mass transport in micro volumes, and the use of magnetic sensors are discussed.
Motor Cortical Activation Assessment in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Patients Enrolled in Gait Rehabilitation: A Secondary Analysis of the RAGTIME Trial Assisted by Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Lamberti Nicola , Manfredini Fabio , Baroni Andrea , Crepaldi Anna , Lavezzi Susanna , Basaglia Nino , Straudi Sofia
Published: June 2021

This study aimed to determine cortical activation responses to two different rehabilitative programs, as measured through functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). As a secondary analysis of the RAGTIME trial, we studied 24 patients with progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) and severe disability who were randomized to a regimen of robot-assisted gait training (RAGT) or overground walking (OW). Cortical activation during a treadmill walking task, assessed through fNIRS recordings from the motor and premotor cortexes (M1/PM), was calculated as the area under the curve (AUC) of oxyhemoglobin for each hemisphere and the total area (Tot-OxyAUC). Gait speed, endurance, and balance were also measured, along with five healthy control subjects. At baseline, Tot-OxyAUC during walking was significantly increased in MS patients compared to healthy people and was significantly higher for those with more severe disabilities; it was also inversely correlated with physical performance. After rehabilitation, significant opposite variations in Tot-OxyAUC were observed, with activity levels being increased after OW and decreased after RAGT (+242,080 ± 361,902 and −157,031 ± 172,496 arbitrary units, respectively; p = 0.002), particularly in patients who were trained at a lower speed. Greater reductions in the cortical activation of the more affected hemisphere were significantly related to improvements in gait speed (r = −0.42) and endurance (r = −0.44). Cortical activation, assessed through fNIRS, highlighted the brain activity in response to the type and intensity of rehabilitation.
Uncovering and Autonomous Eruption of Palatally Impacted Canines—A Case Report
Authors: Impellizzeri Alessandra , Horodynski Martina , Serritella Emanuela , Palaia Gaspare , De Stefano Adriana , Polimeni Antonella , Galluccio Gabriella
Published: June 2021

The impaction of permanent maxillary canine is a common clinical occurrence, and it is observed in 2% of patients who require orthodontic treatment. This case report describes a new orthodontic-surgical approach through the use of CO2 laser, for the exposure of the palatally impacted canines. A 13-year-old female referred to our observation to make an orthodontic examination because of the maxillary primary canines’ persistence in upper arch. Orthopanoramic X-ray showed impaction of both permanent maxillary canines. The family history revealed that the patient’s mother had the same orthodontic problem. Cone Beam Computer Tomography (CBCT) was requested to plan the surgical-orthodontic treatment. Surgical exposure of the impacted canines was performed using a CO2 laser and subsequent periodontal pack application. No orthodontic devices were applied for impacted teeth traction on dental arch. Canines’ movement was monitored at 1, 8 and 16 weeks post-surgery with photo and intraoral scanner CS3500 (CS3500®, Carestream Health, Atlanta, GA, USA). When canine crowns were completely erupted on palatal side, the alignment in the arch with indirect bonding technique was performed. Complete disimpaction of canine crowns was obtained in only four months. As reported in the literature, this case confirms that impacted canines’ exposure to CO2 laser has advantages if compared with traditional surgery: no bleeding during and after the procedure, decontaminant effect on the surgical area, no suture, and a fast spontaneous eruption. Conclusions: The pre-orthodontic uncovering and autonomous eruption of palatally impacted maxillary canines provides simplified, predictable, and more aesthetic outcomes. Furthermore, a significant positive factor is that there is no need to carry out the orthodontic traction of the impacted element, undoubtedly better compliance by the patient during the next alignment phase with the fix orthodontic appliance.
Detecting and Analyzing Politically-Themed Stocks Using Text Mining Techniques and Transfer Entropy—Focus on the Republic of Korea’s Case
Authors: Choi Insu , Kim Woo Chang
Published: June 2021

Politically-themed stocks mainly refer to stocks that benefit from the policies of politicians. This study gave the empirical analysis of the politically-themed stocks in the Republic of Korea and constructed politically-themed stock networks based on the Republic of Korea’s politically-themed stocks, derived mainly from politicians. To select politically-themed stocks, we calculated the daily politician sentiment index (PSI), which means politicians’ daily reputation using politicians’ search volume data and sentiment analysis results from politician-related text data. Additionally, we selected politically-themed stock candidates from politician-related search volume data. To measure causal relationships, we adopted entropy-based measures. We determined politically-themed stocks based on causal relationships from the rates of change of the PSI to their abnormal returns. To illustrate causal relationships between politically-themed stocks, we constructed politically-themed stock networks based on causal relationships using entropy-based approaches. Moreover, we experimented using politically-themed stocks in real-world situations from the schematized networks, focusing on politically-themed stock networks’ dynamic changes. We verified that the investment strategy using the PSI and politically-themed stocks that we selected could benchmark the main stock market indices such as the KOSPI and KOSDAQ around political events.
Learning Course: Application of Gamification in Teaching Construction and Building Materials Subjects
Authors: Reyes Encarnación , Gálvez Jaime C. , Enfedaque Alejandro
Published: June 2021

This paper presents the experience of a group of Construction and Building Materials lecturers following the introduction of a new contest-based gamification activity aimed at improving interest and learning outcomes in the course. Students’ motivation is of key importance in utilizing educational activities for study and learning in the subject. Evaluation is essential and, therefore, the proposed action makes it possible to earn an extra point in the continuous evaluation that contributes to passing the subject. The outcomes obtained in the first academic year in which this learning contest was implemented allow us to conclude that the activity had positive effects on motivation and the learning process, as well as on the number of students passing the subject. The students’ opinion about the activity was very positive.
Student and Tutor Satisfaction with Problem-Based Learning in Azerbaijan
Authors: Sattarova Ulkar , Groot Wim , Arsenijevic Jelena
Published: June 2021

This article examines tutors’ and students’ satisfaction with the implementation of problem-based learning (PBL) at the Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction. A total of 28 pilot academic staff members and their students participated in PBL during one semester and received a questionnaire about their experiences at the end of the semester. In total, 649 students were involved in the intervention. Descriptive statistics and factor analyses were used to analyze the data. In total, the response rate among students was 61.7%, and 82.1% among tutors. More than 83% of the students thought that the PBL should be kept as part of the module. A total of 91.3% of tutors agreed that PBL is a great tool for student learning. According to the factor analysis, tutors believed that PBL can develop students’ ability for group/team work. Tutors also identified some barriers in applying PBL. For example, they mentioned a lack of relevant skills to apply PBL in higher education. Both students and tutors found the PBL to be a suitable learning tool for their curriculum.
HIL Simulation of a Tram Regenerative Braking System
Authors: Pavlović Tomislav , Župan Ivan , Šunde Viktor , Ban Željko
Published: June 2021

Regenerative braking systems are an efficient way to increase the energy efficiency of electric rail vehicles. During the development phase, testing of a regenerative braking system in an electric vehicle is costly and potentially dangerous. For this reason, Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) simulation is a useful technique to conduct the system’s testing in real time where the physical parts of the system are replaced by simulation models. This paper presents a HIL simulation of a tram regenerative braking system performed on a scaled model. First, offline simulations are performed using a measured speed profile in order to validate the tram, supercapacitor, and power grid model, as well as the energy control algorithm. The results are then verified in the real-time HIL simulation in which the tram and power grid are emulated using a three-phase converter and LiFePO4 batteries. The energy flow control algorithm controls a three-phase converter which enables the control of energy flow within the regenerative braking system. The results validate the simulated regenerative braking system, making it applicable for implementation in a tram vehicle.
Highly Sensitive Sensor Structure Based on Sol-Gel Waveguide Films and Grating Couplers
Authors: Karasiński Paweł , Kaźmierczak Andrzej , Zięba Magdalena , Tyszkiewicz Cuma , Wojtasik Katarzyna , Kielan Paweł
Published: June 2021

The technologies of optical planar evanescent wave chemical and biochemical sensors require chemically resistant, high refractive index waveguide films having very good optical transmission properties. In this paper we present such two-compound SiOx:TiOy waveguide films fabricated by using the sol-gel method and the dip-coating technique. These films not only have high optical quality and low propagation losses but also an extremely high refractive index of >1.90 (λ = 632.8 nm). Further we demonstrate efficient and simple sensing structures, designed and fabricated based on these films. For this purpose, grating couplers with a period of Λ = 417 nm were fabricated on the interface between a waveguide film and cover using the single-step nanoimprint method. These sensing structures were tested as planar refractometers. The results of the theoretical analysis on the basis of which the structures were designed as well as results of their experimental characterization are presented in this work. Consequently, the relationship between parameters and the sensitivity of investigated sensing structures is discussed. As a result, the profitable properties of the designed grating coupler sensors are verified and excellent consistency between the results of the theoretical analysis and experimental results is achieved.
Numerical Analysis of Transient Performance of Grounding Grid with Lightning Rod Installed on Multi-Grounded Frame
Authors: Liu Zhuoran , Shi Weidong , Zhang Bo
Published: June 2021

In large substations, many lightning rods are installed on multi-grounded frames. The lightning rods, the frame, the grounding grid and the soil form a whole body, and the lightning current will be discharged from many grounding points. In this paper, based on the partial element equivalent circuit method, a numerical model, in the time domain, is developed to simulate the lightning-caused electromagnetic transients on the frame and the grounding grid. The model is verified by field testing and by comparison with commercial software. The model has several features: (1) it has a simple time domain form; (2) it is stable due to a staggered arrangement of space and time variables and an implicit difference scheme used, and (3) the dimension of the equations is relatively small because the unknown variables are divided into several groups, which are calculated one by one. With this method, the transient characteristics of the grounding grid with lightning rods on the frame are calculated, and the factors affecting the results are analyzed. It can be seen that although the frame causes the ground potential rise in an evenly distributed manner, compared with the situation in which the lightning strikes an independent lightning rod, the ground potential decrease rate near the main grounding point is almost the same because most of the current still enters the soil from the grounding electrode closest to the lightning strike. Therefore, even if there is a frame, the nearby facilities should take the same protective measures as in the case of an independent lightning rod. The ground conductors near the grounding points of the frame should be dense enough to reduce the potential gradient. The equipment should be kept at least 10 m away from the grounding point for lightning.
A Comparative Study of Pricing Mechanisms to Reduce Side-Payments in the Electricity Market: A Case Study for South Korea
Authors: Shin Hansol , Kim Tae Hyun , Kwag Kyuhyeong , Kim Wook
Published: June 2021

Under marginal-cost pricing, some generators cannot recover their production costs at the market price due to non-convexities in the electricity market. For this reason, most electricity markets pay side-payments to generators whose costs are not sufficiently recovered, but side-payments present the problem of deteriorating transparency in the market. Recently, convex hull pricing and extended locational marginal pricing have been reviewed or gradually introduced to reduce side-payments. Another method is to include non-convex costs in the market price, which is applied in the Korean electricity market. Although it is not generally considered in the electricity market, the Vickrey auction method is also one of the pricing mechanisms that can reduce side-payments. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the financial impact of these alternative pricing mechanisms on market participants through rigorous simulation. We applied the alternative pricing schemes to the Korean electricity market, and the impacts are analyzed by comparing the cost aspect of an electricity sales company and the profit aspect of generation companies. As a result of the simulation study, each pricing mechanism not only differed in the degree to which side-payments are reduced but also has different effects on the type of generators.
An Explicit Fourth-Order Compact Numerical Scheme for Heat Transfer of Boundary Layer Flow
Authors: Nawaz Yasir , Arif Muhammad Shoaib , Shatanawi Wasfi , Nazeer Amna
Published: June 2021

The main contribution of this article is to propose a compact explicit scheme for solving time-dependent partial differential equations (PDEs). The proposed explicit scheme has an advantage over the corresponding implicit compact scheme to find solutions of nonlinear and linear convection–diffusion type equations because the implicit existing compact scheme fails to obtain the solution. In addition, the present scheme provides fourth-order accuracy in space and second-order accuracy in time, and is constructed on three grid points and three time levels. It is a compact multistep scheme and conditionally stable, while the existing multistep scheme developed on three time levels is unconditionally unstable for parabolic and considered a type of equations. The mathematical model of the heat transfer in a mixed convective radiative fluid flow over a flat plate is also given. The convergence conditions of dimensionless forms of these equations are given, and also the proposed scheme solves equations, and results are compared with two existing schemes. It is hoped that the results in the current report are a helpful source for future fluid-flow studies in an industrial environment in an enclosure area.
Vital Factors Stimulating Development and Competitiveness of Design and Construction Enterprises of Photovoltaic Farms
Authors: Kuceba Robert , Chmielarz Grzegorz , Soltysiak Marcin
Published: June 2021

The underlying objective of the paper is to identify and evaluate in the research process vital factors that impact the development of design and construction enterprises of photovoltaic farms on the energy markets, in particular narrowed down to renewable energy sources (RES) markets, including energy coming from photovoltaic sources. The first part of the paper, the epistemological one, introduces a scientific discourse pertaining to conditionings and restrictions related to RES markets in the dimensions of sustainable development. This has been done with the use of literature query, legislative and administrative acts, and reports drawn up for the European Commission. In this reference, we summarized the EU’s essential measures aimed at promoting the idea of sustainability. The second part of the paper, the empirical one, presents a summary of the results obtained within the research pertaining to “opportunities and threats in managing projects of photovoltaic farms in production enterprises of energy appliances”. The research was conducted in a group of 24 design and construction enterprises of photovoltaic farms. The concentration of the research, in the context of the underlying objective of this paper, pertained to the aggregation and evaluation of selected factors that stimulate the development and competitiveness of construction projects and the implementation of photovoltaic farms. We considered the hierarchy of strategic objectives of the investigated enterprises and selected threats to their market position. Two primary criteria were adopted to aggregate and evaluate vital factors that impact the development of design and construction enterprises of PV farms. The first of them is the qualitative one—top scores, weighted averages of respondent evaluations on the five-point Likert scale. The second one is the quantitative criterion—number of indications N ≥ 22 of the respondents (over 90%). A measurable value of the paper is the scientific discourse pertaining to dimensions of competitiveness of the investigated and analyzed enterprises on the RES market, in particular narrowed down to photovoltaic farms.
Optimal Planning of Electricity-Natural Gas Coupling System Considering Power to Gas Facilities
Authors: Xing Jie , Wu Peng
Published: June 2021

Bidirectional coupling systems for electricity and natural gas composed of gas units and power-to-gas (P2G) facilities improve the interactions between different energy systems. In this paper, a combined optimization planning method for an electricity-natural gas coupling system with P2G was studied. Firstly, the characteristics of the component model of the electricity-natural gas coupling system were analyzed. The optimization planning model for the electricity-natural gas coupling system was established with the goal of minimizing the sum of the annual investment costs and the annual operation costs. Based on the established model, the construction statuses for different types of units, power lines, and pipelines and the output distribution values for gas units and P2G stations were optimized. Then, the immune algorithm was proposed to solve the optimization planning model. Finally, an electricity-natural gas coupling system composed of a seven-node natural gas system and a nine-node power system was taken as an example to verify the rationality and effectiveness of the model under different scenarios.
Household Electricity Generation as a Way of Energy Independence of States—Social Context of Energy Management
Authors: Bayramov Shahin , Prokazov Iurii , Kondrashev Sergey , Kowalik Jan
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of influence of alternative options for generating electricity by households on the level of energy independence of countries. The research methodology was based on the use of correlation–regression analysis, as well as adapted non-linear optimization by choosing one of three scenarios for electricity generation by households for 20 countries. Regression analysis showed the dependence of a country’s energy security on households’ energy independence. It is determined that an increase in households’ energy production helps to reduce the level of energy dependence in developed countries. However, for developing countries, there is no such interrelation. The solution of the formulated problem of nonlinear optimization for the studied countries has demonstrated that the criterion of energy dependence is superior to the criterion of a country’s energy security. In the long term, this study can be deepened in the direction of assessing the effectiveness of household investment in electricity generation projects. The proposed results can be used by responsible persons in the field of economy and energy in order to determine the position of various policies, and use strategic levers and indicators that ensure an effective response to energy security challenges in the regional and global markets.
Finite Physical Dimensions Thermodynamics Analysis and Design of Closed Irreversible Cycles
Authors: Dumitrașcu Gheorghe , Feidt Michel , Grigorean Ştefan
Published: June 2021

This paper develops simplifying entropic models of irreversible closed cycles. The entropic models involve the irreversible connections between external and internal main operational parameters with finite physical dimensions. The external parameters are the mean temperatures of external heat reservoirs, the heat transfers thermal conductance, and the heat transfer mean log temperatures differences. The internal involved parameters are the reference entropy of the cycle and the internal irreversibility number. The cycle’s design might use four possible operational constraints in order to find out the reference entropy. The internal irreversibility number allows the evaluation of the reversible heat output function of the reversible heat input. Thus the cycle entropy balance equation to design the trigeneration cycles only through external operational parameters might be involved. In designing trigeneration systems, they must know the requirements of all consumers of the useful energies delivered by the trigeneration system. The conclusions emphasize the complexity in designing and/or optimizing the irreversible trigeneration systems.
Impacts of Reverse Global Value Chain (GVC) Factors on Global Trade and Energy Market
Authors: Lim Byeongho , Yoo Jeongho , Hong Kyoungseo , Cheong Inkyo
Published: June 2021

Since the outbreak of COVID-19 and the American decoupling policy, the global value chains (GVCs) have been switched to regional GVCs, and, in the worst case, are subject to a potential alteration of reversing the GVCs, ultimately entailing a severe impact on international trade and the global energy market. This paper applies a quantitative approach using a computational general equilibrium (CGE) model to estimate the effects of the reverse GVC factors on the global economy, trade, and energy market. These reverse GVC factors will decrease the global GDP, and such effect will bring a greater influence on both China as well as the United States, which is pursuing decoupling. The increased trade costs due to these factors will reduce the GVC indices, mostly in ASEAN by 0.2~1.15%, followed by Korea, Japan and China. Surprisingly, the GVC index in the United States is expected to be strengthened due to the enhanced GVC with its allies such as Canada and Mexico. In China, the use of oil, gas and petroleum is expected to decrease by around 10%, and similar effects are expected in Korea and the EU. Among the world’s major energy producers, it is estimated that the US will reduce energy exports by 16–62% depending on the energy source, and the Middle East and Russia will significantly reduce their gas exports. The global energy market is shrinking, but in particular, the international gas market is expected to decrease by 27.3~38.6%.
Microbial Quality Assessment and Efficacy of Low-Cost Disinfectants on Fresh Fruits and Vegetables Collected from Urban Areas of Dhaka, Bangladesh
Authors: Rahman Md. Mafizur , Azad Md. Obyedul Kalam , Uddain Jasim , Adnan Md. , Ali Md. Chayan , Al-Mujahidy SK. Md. Jakaria , Roni Md. Zohurul Kadir , Rahman Mohammed Saifur , Islam Md. Jahirul , Rahman Md. Hafizur , Choi Ki Young , Naznin Most Tahera
Published: June 2021

This study aimed to examine the total viable bacteria (TVBC); total coliform (TCC); fecal coliform (TFC); pathogenic Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and total fungi (TF); and the effect of different low-cost disinfectants (sterile water, salt water, blanched, and vinegar) in decontamination of 12 types of fruit and 10 types of vegetables. In fruit samples, the lowest TVBC was enumerated at 3.18 ± 0.27 log CFU/g in Indian gooseberry and the highest at 6.47 ± 0.68 log CFU/g in guava. Staphylococci (2.04 ± 0.53–5.10 ± 0.02 log CFU/g), Pseudomonas (1.88 ± 0.03–5.38 ± 0.08 log CFU/g), and total fungi (2.60 ± 0.18–7.50 ± 0.15 log CFU/g) were found in all fruit samples; however, no Salmonella was detected in fruit samples. Similarly, the lowest TVBC recorded 5.67± 0.49 log CFU/g in cucumber and the highest 7.37 ± 0.06 log CFU/g in yard long bean. The Staphylococci (3.48 ± 0.13–4.81 ± 0.16 log CFU/g), Pseudomonas (3.57± 0.21– 4.75 ± 0.23 log CFU/g), TCC (1.85 ± 1.11–56.50 ± 37.14 MPN/g), TFC (1.76 ± 0.87– 3.78 ± 3.76 MPN/g), and TF (3.79 ± 0.18–4.40 ± 0.38 log CFU/g) were recorded in all vegetables samples, but no Salmonella was detected in yard long bean, pointed gourd, carrot, tomato, cucumber, or brinjal. However, vinegar showed the highest microbial load reduction of selected fruit and vegetables among the different treatments. With vinegar treatment, the highest reduction of TVBC (1.61-log) and TF (2.54-log) was observed for fruits, and TVBC (2.31-log) and TF (2.41-log) for vegetables. All the disinfectant treatments resulted in significant (p < 0.01) bacterial load reduction compared to control for the studied fruits and vegetable samples.
Valorisation of Sea Buckthorn Pomace by Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Soluble Dietary Fibre Using Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Hussain Shehzad , Sharma Minaxi , Bhat Rajeev
Published: June 2021

Sea buckthorn pomace is a valuable industrial waste/by-product obtained after juice production that contains bioactive, health-promoting dietary fibres. This pomace finds usage as animal feed or simply discarded, owed to the lack of appropriate handling or processing facilities. The present study was aimed to evaluate the effects of green extraction technologies such as ultrasonic-assisted extraction on the yield of soluble dietary fibre (SDF) from sea buckthorn pomace. Response surface methodology (RSM) coupled with Box–Behnken design (BBD) was applied for optimization of SDF yield. The effects of sonication temperature (60–80 °C), sonication power (100–130 W) and extraction time (30–60 min) on the yield of SDF were also investigated. Furthermore, colour measurement and hydration properties of sea buckthorn pomace powder (STP) and dietary fibre fractions (SDF and insoluble dietary fibre, IDF) were also investigated. From the RSM results, the optimal sonication temperature (67.83 °C), sonication power (105.52 W) and extraction time (51.18 min) were identified. Based on this, the modified optimum conditions were standardised (sonication temperature of 70 °C, sonication power of 105 W and extraction time of 50 min). Accordingly, the yield of SDF obtained was 16.08 ± 0.18%, which was close to the predicted value (15.66%). Sonication temperature showed significant effects at p ≤ 0.01, while sonication power and extraction time showed significant effects at p ≤ 0.05 on the yield of SDF. The result on colour attributes of STP, SDF and IDF differed (L* (STP: 54.71 ± 0.72, IDF: 72.64 ± 0.21 and SDF: 54.53 ± 0.31), a* (STP: 52.35 ± 1.04, IDF: 32.85 ± 0.79 and SDF: 43.54 ± 0.03), b* (STP: 79.28 ± 0.62, IDF: 82.47 ± 0.19 and SDF: 71.33 ± 0.50), and ∆E* (STP: 79.93 ± 0.50, IDF: 74.18 ± 0.30 and SDF: 68.40 ± 0.39)). Higher values of hydration properties such as the water holding, swelling and oil holding capacities were found in SDF (7.25 ± 0.10 g g−1, 7.24 ± 0.05 mL g−1 and 1.49 ± 0.02 g g−1), followed by IDF (6.30 ± 0.02, 5.75 ± 0.07 and 1.25 ± 0.03) and STP (4.17 ± 0.04, 3.48 ± 0.06 and 0.89 ± 0.03), respectively. Based on our results, response surface methodology is recommended to be adopted to optimize the ultrasonic-assisted extraction to obtain maximum yield of SDF from sea buckthorn pomace. These results can be of practical usage while designing future functional food formulations using sea buckthorn pomace.
Preharvest Nutrient Deprivation Reconfigures Nitrate, Mineral, and Phytochemical Content of Microgreens
Authors: Kyriacou Marios C. , El-Nakhel Christophe , Soteriou Georgios A. , Graziani Giulia , Kyratzis Angelos , Antoniou Chrystalla , Ritieni Alberto , De Pascale Stefania , Rouphael Youssef
Published: June 2021

While imparting gastronomic novelty and sensory delight, microgreens also constitute rudimentary leafy greens packed with nutrients and phytochemicals. As such, they comprise an upcoming class of functional foods. However, apart from bioactive secondary metabolites, microgreens also accumulate antinutritive agents such as nitrate, especially under conducive protected cultivation conditions. The current work examined nutrient deprivation before harvest (DBH), applied by replacing nutrient solution with osmotic water for six and twelve days, as a strategy for reducing microgreen nitrate levels in different species (lettuce, mustard, and rocket). The three species were sown on a peat-based substrate, cultivated in a controlled climate chamber, and harvested 18 days after sowing, when the first two true leaves emerged. DBH impact on major constituents of the secondary metabolome, mineral content, colorimetric, and yield traits was appraised. Nitrate and mineral content were determined through ion chromatography, phenolic composition through UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS, and carotenoid composition through HPLC-DAD. Nutrient deprivation was effective in reducing nitrate content; however, effective treatment duration differed between species and decline was more precipitous in nitrate hyperaccumulating species such as rocket. Quercetin and kaempferol glycosides were the flavonol glycosides most abundant in brassicaceous microgreens, whereas lettuce microgreens were steeped in caffeoyl quinic acid. DBH interacted with species as it increased the total phenolic content of lettuce, decreased that of rocket, but did not affect mustard. Further research to link changes in phenolic composition to the sensory and in vivo bioactive profile of microgreens is warranted. Notably, brief (≤6 days) DBH can be applied across species with moderate or no impact on the phenolic, carotenoid, and mineral composition of microgreens. Brief DBH applications also have limited impact on microgreens’ yield and colorimetric traits hence on the commercial value of the product. They can therefore be applied for reducing microgreen nitrate levels without significantly impacting key secondary metabolic constituents and their potential bioactive role.
MiR-208b Regulates Rabbit Preadipocyte Proliferation and Differentiation
Authors: Shao Jiahao , Pan Ting , Wang Jie , Tang Tao , Li Yanhong , Jia Xianbo , Lai Songjia
Published: June 2021

microRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in gene regulation in animals by pairing with target gene mRNA. Many miRNAs are differentially expressed in the adipose tissue, often with conserved expression. In our study, we found that miR-208b expression was observed differently in the preadipocyte differentiation model. When miR-208b was overexpressed in the preadipocyte differentiation model, the overexpressed group displayed higher expression of PPARγ and FABP4—the markers of preadipocyte differentiation. Oil Red O staining revealed that the count of lipid droplets was increased in the overexpressed group. When the expression of miR-208b was inhibited, the above indicators showed an opposite trend. Moreover, results from both 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EDU) and cell counting kit (CCK) analysis showed that miR-208b promoted the proliferation of preadipocyte. Expression of gene CSNK2A2, a direct miR-208b target, was downregulated in the overexpressed group, providing a possible link to multiple signal pathways. Overall, our data indicate that miR-208b play a positive regulatory effect on the proliferation and differentiation of rabbit preadipocyte.
Effects of Nurse-Led Intervention Programs Based on Goal Attainment Theory: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Park Bom-Mi
Published: June 2021

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the goal attainment theory-based nurse-led intervention programs using a systematic review and meta-analysis. Randomized and non-randomized controlled trials, published from January 2001 to December 2020, were examined using four international databases and four domestic databases. The search, selection, and coding were performed independently by two researchers. R version 4.0.3 and Review Manager (version 5.3) were employed for meta-analysis and quality assessment, respectively. Of the 7529 articles retrieved, 18 were selected for analysis. The random overall effect size of the programs was 0.77 (95% CI = 0.61–0.94). Effect size by dependent variables were 2.36 (95% CI = 0.91–3.82), 1.25 (95% CI = 0.66–1.83), 0.83 (95% CI = 0.55–1.10), 0.64 (95% CI = 0.39–0.89), and 0.58 (95% CI = 0.30–0.85) for interpersonal, cognitive, health behavior, psychological, and indicators of physical health, respectively. Effect size by independent variables were 1.25 (95% CI = 0.86–1.64), 0.76 (95% CI = 0.48–1.03), 0.72 (95% CI = 0.37–1.06), 0.35 (95% CI = 0.21–0.49), and 1.35 (95% CI = −0.15–2.85) for prevention, health promotion, counseling and education, goal-setting and health contract, and parent participation programs, respectively. The effect size by control variables was 1.72 (95% CI = 0.88–2.56) at age ≤17, 0.85 (95% CI = 0.54–1.15) at time (min) 61–90, 1.04 (95% CI = 0.76–1.32) at sessions seven to eight, and 0.93 (95% CI = 0.66–1.19) at duration (weeks) five to eight. Thus, these programs were effective in improving various health aspects. Additionally, they can be recommended in various settings. Because efficacy is also influenced by control variables, considering treatment designs based on intervention characteristics and methodological approaches is warranted.
Masticatory Force in Relation with Age in Subjects with Full Permanent Dentition: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Poli Ottavia , Manzon Licia , Niglio Tarcisio , Ettorre Evaristo , Vozza Iole
Published: June 2021

Masticatory performance is directly correlated with masticatory muscle work to grind and cut the food. Chewing efficacy is decisive to eating a variety of foods needed maintain general health status at all ages. Older people have oral problems that get worse with age. Elders have more pathologies such as periodontal diseases, caries, tooth loss and inadequate dental prostheses than younger subjects. Objectives: to investigate the correlation between masticatory bite force (MBF) and body mass index (BMI) vs. aging and sex. Methods: This study was performed on 426 subjects (213 females plus 213 male) assigned into five different groups by age. Group “A” aged from 20 to 35 years; group “B” aged 45–59 years; group “C” aged 60–69 years; group “D” aged 70–79 years; and group “E” aged more than 79 years. Results: There were not statistically significant differences in right-side MBF versus left-side MBF. The differences between sex were statistically significant with a stronger bite in males than females (p < 0.05). At the same time, younger subjects had a stronger bite than elders (p < 0.05). In group “E”, more corpulent subjects (BMI > 25) had an MBF higher than less corpulent subjects (BMI < 25, p < 0.05). The analysis of mean MBF showed a statistically significant difference within all groups stratified by BMI with mean values inversely proportional with age (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The results in our study confirm data from many scientific papers. The importance of the present paper was to correlate data between and within a large sample with a wide range of ages. Our sample subjects had a 31%–33% decrease in MBF from group “A” to group “E” group, but they all had full permanent dentation and they preserved a valid MBF.
Performance of Greenhouse-Grown Beit Alpha Cucumber in Pine Bark and Perlite Substrates Fertigated with Biofloc Aquaculture Effluent
Authors: Ayipio Emmanuel , Wells Daniel E. , Smith Mollie , Blanchard Caroline
Published: June 2021

Using aquaculture effluent (AE) to fertigate plants is gaining popularity worldwide. However, in substrate-based systems, the choice of substrate is essential due to their effects on crop productivity. Differences in the retention of nutrients by substrates makes it necessary to assess suitability for use in AE. This study was conducted from January to July in 2016 and September to October in 2019 to evaluate greenhouse-grown Beit Alpha cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. ‘Socrates’) performance fertigated with AE in pine bark or perlite substrates, grown either as one plant or two plants per pot. A 2 × 2 factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design with four replications for each season was used. The substrate effect on yield in 2016 depended on the density and season. The pooled yield over seasons in 2016 showed pine bark had a significantly higher yield than perlite by 11% in one plant per pot but lowered by the same amount in two plants per pot. In 2019, pine bark significantly reduced the leachate pH in both plant densities and reduced the leachate EC by about 15% in two plants per pot. The foliar boron was occasionally below sufficiency whilst manganese was above sufficiency in pine bark due to its inherently low pH. We conclude that the effect of the substrates on cucumber yield fertigated with AE is dependent on the season and the number of plants per pot. Therefore, due to the local availability of pine bark, it could be a potential substitute for perlite especially when using one plant per pot for AE. In addition, pine bark could be used as an intermediate substrate to reduce the pH in AE for downstream use.
The ACTyourCHANGE in Teens Study Protocol: An Acceptance and Commitment Therapy-Based Intervention for Adolescents with Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Guerrini Usubini Anna , Cattivelli Roberto , Bertuzzi Vanessa , Varallo Giorgia , Rossi Alessandro Alberto , Volpi Clarissa , Bottacchi Michela , Tamini Sofia , De Col Alessandra , Pietrabissa Giada , Mannarini Stefania , Castelnuovo Gianluca , Molinari Enrico , Sartorio Alessandro
Published: June 2021

This Randomized Controlled Trial [(RCT) aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a brief Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)-based intervention combined with treatment as usual (TAU) compared to TAU only in improving psychological conditions in a sample of adolescents with obesity (body mass index, BMI > 97th percentile for age and sex) within the context of a wider multidisciplinary rehabilitation program for weight loss. Fifty consecutive adolescents (12–17 years) of both genders with obesity will be recruited among the patients hospitalized in a clinical center for obesity rehabilitation and randomly allocated into two experimental conditions: ACT + TAU vs. TAU only. Both groups will attend a three-week in-hospital multidisciplinary rehabilitation program for weight loss. The ACT + TAU condition comprises a psychological intervention based on ACT combined with a standard psychological assessment and support to the hospitalization. The TAU comprises the standard psychological assessment and support to the hospitalization. At pre- to post-psychological intervention, participants will complete the Avoidance and Fusion Questionnaire for Youth, the Psychological Well-Being Scale, the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, and the Emotional Eating subscale of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire to assess psychological well-being as the primary outcome and experiential avoidance, psychological distress, emotional dysregulation, and emotional eating as secondary outcomes. Repeated-measures ANOVAs (2 × 2) will be conducted. The study will assess the effectiveness of a brief ACT-based intervention for adolescents with obesity in improving their psychological conditions by targeting specific core processes of the ACT framework (openness, awareness, and engagement). Future directions of the study will assess whether these psychological processes will contribute to addressing long-term weight loss.
Microbial Air Quality in Healthcare Facilities
Authors: Bonadonna Lucia , Briancesco Rossella , Coccia Anna Maria , Meloni Pierluigi , Rosa Giuseppina La , Moscato Umberto
Published: June 2021

There is increasing evidence that indoor air quality and contaminated surfaces provide an important potential source for transmission of pathogens in hospitals. Airborne hospital microorganisms are apparently harmless to healthy people. Nevertheless, healthcare settings are characterized by different environmental critical conditions and high infective risk, mainly due to the compromised immunologic conditions of the patients that make them more vulnerable to infections. Thus, spread, survival and persistence of microbial communities are important factors in hospital environments affecting health of inpatients as well as of medical and nursing staff. In this paper, airborne and aerosolized microorganisms and their presence in hospital environments are taken into consideration, and the factors that collectively contribute to defining the infection risk in these facilities are illustrated.