bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diaphragm thickness and stiffness in patients with hyperkyphosis due to osteoporotic vertebral fracture: an ultrasonographic and elastographic study
Authors: Ciloglu Osman , Karaali Evren , Fatma Gorgulu Feride , Ekiz Timur
Published: November 2020

Introduction

The objective of this study was to evaluate the thickness and stiffness of the diaphragm, using ultrasound (US) and strain elastography (SE) in patients with hyperkyphosis due to osteoporotic vertebral fracture.

Material and methods

This prospective and case-control study was conducted between October 2019 and December 2019. Diaphragm thickness, SE, and strain ratio values of patients with hyperkyphosis due to osteoporotic vertebral fracture were compared with those of the control group.

Results

There were 42 patients (14 males, 28 females) with a mean age of 81.10 ± 6.3 years in the kyphosis group and 36 subjects (11 males, 25 females) with a mean age of 81.00 ± 5.5 years in the control group. End-inspirium thickness, change level, and thickening ratio of the diaphragm were significantly higher in the control group (p < 0.001 for all). Strain ratio values were significantly higher in the kyphosis group, and the rate of hardest colour code was significantly higher in the control group. The diaphragm thickness at end-inspirium and thickening ratio values correlated positively with the forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1, %) and forced vital capacity (FVC, %) values. The strain ratio values correlated inversely with the FEV1 (%) and FVC (%) values. The diaphragm thickness at end-inspirium and thickening ratio values correlated inversely with the Cobb values and number of vertebra fractures. A positive correlation was determined between the strain ratio values and the Cobb values and number of vertebra fractures.

Conclusions

Ultrasonography is a promising imaging tool to evaluate and quantify the diaphragm function and stiffness in relevant patients.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the spine
Authors: Winegar Blair Allen , Kay Matthew Derek , Taljanovic Mihra S.
Published: November 2020

Low back and neck pain are common and result in significant patient disability and health care expenditure. When conservative treatment fails or worrisome clinical findings are present, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the imaging modality of choice to assess the cause and complicating features of spine pain. There are many potential aetiologies of spine pain with similar clinical presentation, including degenerative changes, infection, and insufficiency and pathologic fractures. MRI allows for the differentiation of these sources of spine pain and potential complicating features, permitting the appropriate direction of therapy.
Using machine learning to derive cloud condensation nuclei number concentrations from commonly available measurements
Authors: Nair Arshad Arjunan , Yu Fangqun
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) number concentrations are an important aspect of aerosol–cloud interactions and the subsequent climate effects; however, their measurements are very limited. We use a machine learning tool, random decision forests, to develop a random forest regression model (RFRM) to derive CCN at 0.4 % supersaturation ([CCN0.4]) from commonly available measurements. The RFRM is trained on the long-term simulations in a global size-resolved particle microphysics model. Using atmospheric state and composition variables as predictors, through associations of their variabilities, the RFRM is able to learn the underlying dependence of [CCN0.4] on these predictors, which are as follows: eight fractions of PM2.5 (NH4, SO4, NO3, secondary organic aerosol (SOA), black carbon (BC), primary organic carbon (POC), dust, and salt), seven gaseous species (NOx, NH3, O3, SO2, OH, isoprene, and monoterpene), and four meteorological variables (temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), precipitation, and solar radiation). The RFRM is highly robust: it has a median mean fractional bias (MFB) of 4.4 % with ≈96.33 % of the derived [CCN0.4] within a good agreement range of -60%<MFB<+60% and strong correlation of Kendall's τ coefficient ≈0.88. The RFRM demonstrates its robustness over 4 orders of magnitude of [CCN0.4] over varying spatial (such as continental to oceanic, clean to polluted, and near-surface to upper troposphere) and temporal (from the hourly to the decadal) scales. At the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Southern Great Plains observatory (ARM SGP) in Lamont, Oklahoma, United States, long-term measurements for PM2.5 speciation (NH4, SO4, NO3, and organic carbon (OC)), NOx, O3, SO2, T, and RH, as well as [CCN0.4] are available. We modify, optimize, and retrain the developed RFRM to make predictions from 19 to 9 of these available predictors. This retrained RFRM (RFRM-ShortVars) shows a reduction in performance due to the unavailability and sparsity of measurements (predictors); it captures the [CCN0.4] variability and magnitude at SGP with ≈67.02 % of the derived values in the good agreement range. This work shows the potential of using the more commonly available measurements of PM2.5 speciation to alleviate the sparsity of CCN number concentrations' measurements.
Estimation of rate coefficients for the reactions of O3 with unsaturated organic compounds for use in automated mechanism construction
Authors: Jenkin Michael E. , Valorso Richard , Aumont Bernard , Newland Mike J. , Rickard Andrew R.
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Reaction with ozone (O3) is an important removal process for
unsaturated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere. Rate
coefficients for reactions of O3 with VOCs are therefore
essential parameters for chemical mechanisms used in chemistry
transport models. Updated and extended structure–activity
relationship (SAR) methods are presented for the reactions of
O3 with mono- and poly-unsaturated organic compounds. The
methods are optimized using a preferred set of data including
reactions of O3 with 221 unsaturated compounds. For
conjugated dialkene structures, site-specific rates are defined, and
for isolated poly-alkenes rates are defined for each double bond to
determine the branching ratios for primary ozonide formation. The
information can therefore guide the representation of the O3
reactions in the next generation of explicit detailed chemical
mechanisms.
Dependency of particle size distribution at dust emission on friction velocity and atmospheric boundary-layer stability
Authors: Shao Yaping , Zhang Jie , Ishizuka Masahide , Mikami Masao , Leys John , Huang Ning
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Particle size distribution of dust at emission (dust PSD)
is an essential quantity to estimate in dust studies. It has been recognized
in earlier research that dust PSD is dependent on soil properties (e.g.
whether soil is sand or clay) and friction velocity, u∗, which is a surrogate
for surface shear stress and a descriptor for saltation-bombardment intensity.
This recognition has been challenged in some recent papers, causing a debate
on whether dust PSD is “invariant” and the search for its justification.
In this paper, we analyse the dust PSD measured in the Japan Australian Dust
Experiment and show that dust PSD is dependent on u∗ and on
atmospheric boundary-layer (ABL) stability. By simple theoretical and
numerical analysis, we explain the two reasons for the latter dependency,
which are both related to enhanced saltation bombardment in convective turbulent
flows. First, u∗ is stochastic and its probability distribution
profoundly influences the magnitude of the mean saltation flux due to the
non-linear relationship between saltation flux and u∗. Second, in
unstable conditions, turbulence is usually stronger, which leads to higher
saltation-bombardment intensity. This study confirms that dust PSD depends
on u∗ and, more precisely, on the probability distribution of
u∗, which in turn is dependent on ABL stability; consequently,
dust PSD is also dependent on ABL. We also show that the dependency of dust
PSD on u∗ and ABL stability is made complicated by soil surface
conditions. In general, our analysis reinforces the basic conceptual
understanding that dust PSD depends on saltation bombardment and
inter-particle cohesion.
Synergy processing of diverse ground-based remote sensing and in
situ data using GRASP algorithm: applications to radiometer, lidar
and radiosonde observations
Authors: Lopatin Anton , Dubovik Oleg , Fuertes David , Stenchikov Georgiy , Lapyonok Tatyana , Veselovskii Igor , Wienhold Frank G. , Shevchenko Illia , Hu Qiaoyun , Parajuli Sagar
Published: November 2020

Abstract. The exploration of aerosol retrieval synergies from diverse combinations of ground-based passive sun-photometric measurements with co-located active lidar ground-based and radiosonde observations using versatile GRASP algorithm is presented. Several potentially fruitful aspects of observation synergy were considered. First, a set of passive and active ground-based observations collected during both day and night time were inverted simultaneously under the assumption of temporal continuity of aerosol properties. Such approach explores the complementarity of the information in different observations and results in a robust and consistent processing of all observations. For example, the interpretation of the night-time active observations usually suffers from the lack of information about aerosol particles sizes, shapes and complex refractive index. In the realized synergy retrievals, the information propagating from the close-by sun-photometric observations provides sufficient constraints for reliable interpretation of both day- and night- time lidar observations. Second, the synergetic processing of such complementary observations with enhanced information content allows for optimizing the aerosol model used in the retrieval. Specifically, the external mixture of several aerosol components with predetermined sizes, shapes and composition has been identified as an efficient approach for achieving reliable retrieval of aerosol properties in several situations. This approach allows for achieving consistent and accurate aerosol retrievals from processing stand-alone advanced lidar observations with reduced information content about aerosol columnar properties. Third, the potential of synergy processing of the ground-based sun–photometric and lidar observations, with the in situ backscatter sonde measurements was explored using the data from KAUST.15 and KAUST.16 field campaigns held at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) in the August of 2015 and 2016. The inclusion of radiosonde data has been demonstrated to provide significant additional constraints to validate and improve the accuracy and scope of aerosol profiling. The results of all retrieval set-ups used for processing both synergy and stand-alone observation data sets are discussed and inter-compared.
Uncertainties, sensitivities and robustness of simulated water erosion in an EPIC-based global gridded crop model
Authors: Carr Tony W. , Balkovič Juraj , Dodds Paul E. , Folberth Christian , Fulajtar Emil , Skalsky Rastislav
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Water erosion on arable land can reduce soil fertility and
agricultural productivity. Despite the impact of water erosion on crops, it
is typically neglected in global crop yield projections. Furthermore,
previous efforts to quantify global water erosion have paid little attention
to the effects of field management on the magnitude of water erosion. In
this study, we analyse the robustness of simulated water erosion estimates
in maize and wheat fields between the years 1980 and 2010 based on daily
model outputs from a global gridded version of the Environmental Policy
Integrated Climate (EPIC) crop model. By using the MUSS water erosion equation
and country-specific and environmental indicators determining different
intensities in tillage, residue handling and cover crops, we obtained the
global median water erosion rates of 7 t ha−1 a−1 in maize
fields and 5 t ha−1 a−1 in wheat fields. A comparison of our
simulation results with field data demonstrates an overlap of simulated and
measured water erosion values for the majority of global cropland. Slope
inclination and daily precipitation are key factors in determining the
agreement between simulated and measured erosion values and are the most
critical input parameters controlling all water erosion equations included
in EPIC. The many differences between field management methods worldwide,
the varying water erosion estimates from different equations and the complex
distribution of cropland in mountainous regions add uncertainty to the
simulation results. To reduce the uncertainties in global water erosion
estimates, it is necessary to gather more data on global farming techniques
to reduce the uncertainty in global land-use maps and to collect more data
on soil erosion rates representing the diversity of environmental conditions
where crops are grown.
Labrador Sea sub-surface density as a precursor of multi-decadal
variability in the North Atlantic: a multi-model study
Authors: Ortega Pablo , Robson Jon I. , Menary Matthew , Sutton Rowan T. , Blaker Adam , Germe Agathe , Hirschi Jöel J.-M. , Sinha Bablu , Hermanson Leon , Yeager Stephen
Published: November 2020

Abstract. The Subpolar North Atlantic (SPNA) is a region with prominent decadal variability that has experienced remarkable warming and cooling trends in the last few decades. These observed trends have been preceded by slow-paced increases and decreases in the Labrador Sea density (LSD), which are thought to be a precursor of large scale ocean circulation changes. This article analyses the inter-relationships between the LSD and the wider North Atlantic across an ensemble of coupled climate model simulations. In particular, it analyses the link between subsurface density and the deep boundary density, the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), the Subpolar Gyre (SPG) circulation, and the upper ocean temperature in the eastern SPNA. All simulations exhibit considerable multidecadal variability in the LSD and the ocean circulation indices, which are found to be interrelated. LSD is strongly linked with the strength of subpolar AMOC and gyre circulation, and is also linked with the subtropical AMOC, although the strength of this relationship is model dependent. The connectivity of LSD with the subtropics is found to be sensitive to different model features, including: the mean density stratification in the Labrador Sea; the strength and depth of the AMOC; and the depth at which the LSD propagates southward along the western boundary. Several of these quantities can also be computed from observations, and comparison with these observation-based quantities suggests that models representing a weaker link with the subtropical AMOC may be more realistic. This would imply that RAPID AMOC measurements might not be adequate to represent decadal to multidecadal changes in the subpolar overturning circulation.
Land surface model influence on the simulated climatologies of temperature and precipitation extremes in the WRF v3.9 model over North America
Authors: García-García Almudena , Cuesta-Valero Francisco José , Beltrami Hugo , González-Rouco Fidel , García-Bustamante Elena , Finnis Joel
Published: November 2020

Abstract. The representation and projection of extreme temperature and precipitation events in regional and global climate models are of major importance for the study of climate change impacts. However, state-of-the-art global and regional climate model simulations yield a broad inter-model range of intensity, duration and frequency of these extremes. Here, we present a modeling experiment using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to determine the influence of the land surface model (LSM) component on uncertainties associated with extreme events. First, we analyze land–atmosphere interactions within four simulations performed by the WRF model from 1980 to 2012 over North America, using three different LSMs. Results show LSM-dependent differences at regional scales in the frequency of occurrence of events when surface conditions are altered by atmospheric forcing or land processes. The inter-model range of extreme statistics across the WRF simulations is large, particularly for indices related to the intensity and duration of temperature and precipitation extremes. Our results show that the WRF simulation of the climatology of heat extremes can be 5 ∘C warmer and 6 d longer depending on the employed LSM component, and similarly for cold extremes and heavy precipitation events. Areas showing large uncertainty in WRF-simulated extreme events are also identified in a model ensemble from three different regional climate model (RCM) simulations participating in the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) project, revealing the implications of these results for other model ensembles. Thus, studies based on multi-model ensembles and reanalyses should include a variety of LSM configurations to account for the uncertainty arising from this model component or to test the performance of the selected LSM component before running the whole simulation. This study illustrates the importance of the LSM choice in climate simulations, supporting the development of new modeling studies using different LSM components to understand inter-model differences in simulating extreme temperature and precipitation events, which in turn will help to reduce uncertainties in climate model projections.
Rivers in the sky, flooding on the ground: the role of atmospheric rivers in inland flooding in central Europe
Authors: Ionita Monica , Nagavciuc Viorica , Guan Bin
Published: November 2020

Abstract. The role of large-scale atmospheric circulation and atmospheric rivers (ARs) in producing extreme flooding and heavy rainfall events in the lower part of the Rhine catchment area is examined in this study. Analysis of the largest 10 floods in the lower Rhine, between 1817 and 2015, shows that all these extreme flood peaks have been preceded up to 7 d in advance by intense moisture transport from the tropical North Atlantic basin in the form of narrow bands also known as atmospheric rivers. Most of the ARs associated with these flood events are embedded in the trailing fronts of the extratropical cyclones. The typical large-scale atmospheric circulation leading to heavy rainfall and flooding in the lower Rhine is characterized by a low pressure center south of Greenland, which migrates toward Europe, and a stable high pressure center over the northern part of Africa and the southern part of Europe and projects on the positive phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation. On the days preceding the flood peaks, lower (upper) level convergence (divergence) is observed over the analyzed region, which indicates strong vertical motions and heavy rainfall. Vertically integrated water vapor transport (IVT) exceeds 600 kg m−1 s−1 for the largest floods, marking these as very
strong ARs. The results presented in this study offer new insights regarding the importance of moisture transport as a driver of extreme flooding in the lower part of the Rhine catchment area, and we show, for the first time, that ARs are a useful tool for the identification of potentially damaging floods in inland Europe.
ANALYSIS OF AN EXTRATROPICAL CYCLONE IN THE SOUTHWEST ATLANTIC: WRF MODEL BOUNDARY CONDITIONS SENSITIVITY
Authors: Diaz L. R. , Mollmann Junior R. A. , Muchow G. B. , Käfer P. S. , Rocha N. S. , Kaiser E. A. , Costa S. T. L. , Hallal G. P. , Alves R. C. M. , Rolim S. B. A.
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Meteorological conditions characterize the southern Brazilian coast a cyclogenetic area. The current study seeks to analyse the sensitivity of the WRF model to initial and boundary meteorological conditions in the simulation of an extratropical cyclone that occurred on the southern Brazilian coast on October 28, 2018. For this purpose, the WRF model was set up for two experimental simulations using the NCEP FNL and the NCEP CFSv2 reanalysis data as initial/boundary conditions. The sensitivity analysis was carried out with the cyclone trajectory assessment and comparison with wind speed data from meteorological stations. The results show that the initial meteorological conditions significantly influence the simulation of the cyclone track. In a nutshell, the use of NCEP CFSv2 resulted in more accurate wind speed simulations when compared to the values observed in the stations. With correlation coefficient values around 0.7, and the lowest bias (−2.57 m/s) and RMSE (3.68 m/s). In contrast, using the NCEP FNL data, the lowest correlation coefficient and the highest bias and RMSE values were obtained: 0.58, −3.97 m/s and 4.91 m/s, respectively. However, both simulations tend to underestimate observational wind speed values. The superior performance of simulations using CFSv2 tends to be related to the finer horizontal resolution of this reanalysis data source.
Comparison of statistical and analytical hierarchy process methods on flood susceptibility
mapping: in a case study of Tana sub-basin in northwestern Ethiopia
Authors: Wubalem Azemeraw , Tesfaw Gashaw , Dawit Zerihun , Getahun Belete , Mekuria Tamirat , Jothimani Muralitharan
Published: November 2020

Abstract. The sub-basin of Lake Tana is one of the most flood-prone areas in northwestern Ethiopia, which is affected by flood hazards. Flood susceptibility modeling in this area is essential for hazard reduction purposes. For this, the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), bivariate, and multivariate statistical methods were used. Using an intensive field survey, historical record, and Google Earth Imagery, 1404 flood locations were determined which are classified into 70 % training datasets and 30 % testing flood datasets using subset in the GIS tool. The statistical relationship between the probability of flood occurrence and eleven flood-driving factors is performed using the GIS tool. Then, the flood susceptibility map of the area is developed by summing all weighted factors using a raster calculator and classified into very low, low, moderate, high, and very high susceptibility classes using the natural breaks method. The results for the area under the curve (AUC) are 99.1 % for the frequency ratio model is better than 86.9 % using AHP, 81.4 % using the logistic regression model, and 78.2 % using the information value model. Based on the AUC values, the frequency ratio (FR) model is relatively better followed by the AHP model for regional flood use planning, flood hazard mitigation, and prevention purposes.
Nitrogen availability determines the long-term impact of land use change on soil carbon stocks in grasslands of southern Ghana
Authors: Nyameasem John Kormla , Reinsch Thorsten , Taube Friedhelm , Domozoro Charles Yaw Fosu , Marfo-Ahenkora Esther , Emadodin Iraj , Malisch Carsten Stefan
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Enhancing the capacity of agricultural soils to resist soil degradation and to mitigate climate change requires long-term assessments of land use systems. Such long-term evaluations, particularly regarding low-input livestock systems, are limited. In the absence of suitable long-term experiments, this study assessed the outcome of C inputs and outputs across an array of plant functional groups in arable and
permanent systems of a tropical savannah after more than 50 years of
consistent land use. Soil samples were taken (0–30 cm depth) from arable
crop fields, grazed–seeded grassland, cut–use permanent crops and native
grassland. Soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks ranged from 17 to 64 Mg SOC ha−1 (mean ± sd = 32.9 ± 10.2 Mg ha−1). SOC stocks were lower for grazed–seeded grassland relative to cut–use grass, legume
trees and shrubs. Accordingly, while the conversion of the native grassland to grazed pastures caused an estimated loss of 44 % of SOC over the period, the conversion to woody legumes resulted in slight (5 %), incremental
gains. Within sown systems, nitrogen (N) availability seemed to be the most
critical factor in determining the fate of the SOC stocks, with the soil N
concentration and SOC being highly correlated (r – 0.86; p < 0.001). In total N, P and K were significant predictors of SOC density in the soils. Moreover, secondary plant metabolites in legumes, namely tannins, were identified as having an impact on SOC. The results from this study provide the theoretical basis for testing the hypothesis that improved soil fertility management and the use of tannin-rich plants have the potential to promote long-term SOC storage in the savannah ecological region. Our study also shows the potential of legume tree/shrub forage species as an environmentally sustainable land use option to mitigate agricultural CO2 emissions from low-input livestock systems in the grasslands of southern Ghana.
Subglacial upwelling in winter/spring increases under-ice primary
production
Authors: Vonnahme Tobias Reiner , Persson Emma , Dietrich Ulrike , Hejdukova Eva , Dybwad Christine , Elster Josef , Chierici Melissa , Gradinger Rolf
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Subglacial upwelling of nutrient rich bottom water is known to support high summer primary production in Arctic fjord systems. However, during the winter/spring season, the importance of subglacial upwelling has not been considered yet. We hypothesized that subglacial upwelling under sea ice is present in winter/spring and sufficient to increase phytoplankton primary productivity. We evaluated the effects of the subglacial upwelling on primary production in a seasonally fast ice covered Svalbard fjord (Billefjorden) influenced by a tidewater outlet glacier in April/May 2019. We found clear evidence for subglacial upwelling. Although the estimated entrainment factor (1.6) and total fluxes were lower than in summer studies, we observed substantial impact on the fjord ecosystem and primary production. The subglacial meltwater leads to a salinity stratified surface layer and sea ice formation with low bulk salinity and permeability. The combination of the stratified surface layer, a two-fold higher under-ice irradiance, and higher N and Si concentrations at the glacier front supported two orders of magnitude higher primary production (42.6 mg C m−2 d−1) compared to a marine reference site at the fast ice edge. The nutrient supply increased primary production by approximately 30 %. The brackish water sea ice at the glacier front with its low bulk salinity contained a reduced brine volume, limiting the inhabitable place and nutrient exchange with the underlying seawater compared to full marine sea ice. Microbial and algal communities were substantially different in subglacial influenced water and sea ice compared to the marine reference site, sharing taxa with the subglacial outflow water. We suggest that with climate change, the retreat of tidewater glaciers could lead to decreased under-ice phytoplankton primary production, while sea ice algae production and biomass may become increasingly important.
The digital terrain model in the computational modelling of the flow over the Perdigão site: the appropriate grid size
Authors: Palma José M. L. M. , Silva Carlos A. M. , Gomes Vítor C. , Silva Lopes Alexandre , Simões Teresa , Costa Paula , Batista Vasco T. P.
Published: November 2020

Abstract. The digital terrain model (DTM), the representation of earth's surface at regularly spaced intervals, is the first input in the computational modelling of atmospheric flows. The ability of computational meshes based on high- (2 m; airborne laser scanning, ASL), medium- (10 m; military maps, Mil) and low-resolution (30 m; Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, SRTM) DTMs to replicate the Perdigão experiment site was appraised in two ways: by their ability to replicate the two main terrain attributes, elevation and slope, and by their effect on the wind flow computational results. The effect on the flow modelling was evaluated by comparing the wind speed, wind direction and turbulent kinetic energy using VENTOS®/2 at three locations, representative of the wind flow in the region.
It was found that the SRTM was not an accurate representation of the Perdigão site. A 40 m mesh based on the highest-resolution data yielded an elevation error of less than 1.4 m and an RMSE of less than 2.5 m at five reference points compared to 5.0 m in the case of military maps and 7.6 m in the case of the SRTM.
Mesh refinement beyond 40 m yielded no or insignificant changes on the flow field variables, wind speed, wind direction and turbulent kinetic energy. At least 40 m horizontal resolution – threshold resolution – based on topography available from aerial surveys is recommended in computational modelling of the flow over Perdigão.
Tendencias de investigación en memoria histórica y sus desafíos pedagógicos en Latinoamérica
Authors: Ciro Solórzano Luisa Fernanda , Caro-Lopera Miguel Ángel
Published: November 2020

El presente artículo identifica las tendencias de las investigaciones en los procesos de construcción de memoria histórica desde el Estado, la sociedad civil y la escuela, y los desafíos que se advierten en el sector educativo frente a este estado del arte. Este trabajo se ocupa de un corpus de 38 textos derivados de investigaciones durante el período posterior a las dictaduras en Chile (1990) y Argentina (1983) y de posconflicto en Colombia (2012). A partir de allí identifica como tendencias la intención del Estado por fomentar la construcción de memorias y de conferir a la escuela esa tarea. En cuanto a la sociedad civil, advierte el afán de consolidar espacios para resguardar las memorias y de asegurar resistencia frente a los agentes victimarios del pasado. En cuanto a la escuela, reconoce avances y esfuerzos pioneros en los tres nodos del sistema didáctico: profesor, estudiante y saber.
A gap analysis of farm tourism microentrepreneurial mentoring needs in North Carolina, USA
Authors: Ferreira Bruno , Morais Duarte , Szabo Adriana , Bowen Becky , Jakes Susan
Published: November 2020

Tourism is frequently proposed as a strategy to revitalize rural economies. The current mushroom¬ing of web platforms for the tourism sharing eco¬nomy affords rural microentrepreneurs opportu¬nities to capitalize on the growing demand for authentic experiences. However, these platforms may actually be widening the socio-economic gap between individuals across the digital and urban/ rural divides. In addition, the well-established urban culture of entrepreneurial mentorship is not taking hold in the rural areas, which direly need to attract and support nascent entrepreneurs. Farms are increasingly adopting tourism to diversify their business models, and Extension agents are trusted mentors par excellence of agribusiness entrepreneurs; therefore, this study explores the extent to which Extension agents feel able to address the mentoring needs of farm tourism microentrepre-neurs. We measured both tourism e-microentrepre¬neurial self-efficacy (TeMSE) among farmers and tourism e-microentrepreneurial mentoring self-efficacy (TeMMSE) of Extension agents. Results show that farmers have relatively low self-efficacy in the dimensions of e-marketing and marshalling resources, and that agents may be efficacious men¬tors in these dimensions. Farmers also show low self-efficacy in adapting to externalities; however, agents do not perceive themselves as efficacious mentors in this dimension. We conclude with a discussion of practical implications for train-the-trainer strategies to enable farm tourism micro¬entrepreneurship success.
Assessment of Eco-geomorphological potential of Mongolia
Authors: Bumtsend Bayanjargal , Munkhtur Purevsuren , Erdenedalai Avirmed
Published: November 2020

The eco-geomorphological analysis includes the impact assessment of relief under various ecosystem conditions in as much relief has various ecological roles, both direct and indirect. Rising elevation above sea level is mostly influenced by climate indirectly leading to reduced air pressure, oxygen deficiency, reduction of air temperature, excessive solar radiation, and creation of strong wind. The depth of relief dissection of the bumpy surface of mountainous areas created by floods and mudflows, and the depth of the bumpy surface increases energy consumption and poses risks during mountain climbing, and also has negative economic implications if economic activities are undertaken in such terrain. On the other hand, mountainous landscapes have a specific impact on human well-being and also have considerable potential for promoting tourism. Although, in the steppe environment, relief dissection increases the unique features of the landscape and increases the potential of tourism in other respects, however, it is assessed negatively to a large extent. The nature of corelationship between and the interdependence of the terrestrial surface and population, terrestrial surface and livestock, terrestrial surface and agriculture, which are significant in the study into the inter-relationship between environment and human society, was assessed and determined , and the relevant conclusion was drawn.
Electron density in the solar corona from type III radio bursts
Authors: Batmunkh Batbayar , Damdin Batmunkh
Published: November 2020

It has been proven that electron density in the solar corona is determined by observing the frequency drift of type III radio bursts. We investigated the certain dependence of the scale height on the distance, which allows us to obtain different dependence of the frequency drift rate (FDR) on the frequency. The scale height is presented in a combination of two distance dependencies as H= αλT+(1-α)f(r). As a result of integration of equation, we obtain the electron density ne(r) in the form ne= n0(1+y)((-1) ⁄ ((1-α)b)),  y=((1-α)/(α)) b ((r)/(λT) and the constants are determined in comparison with the empirical formulas for FDR. In particular, using the well-known empirical formula (dν)/(dt)=-0.01ν1.84, we can obtain (1-α)b=0.42. The obtained calculation results are compared with the results of other authors and they have been found to be consistent when choosing the parameters included in the formula. The calculation shows that this formula is in good agreement with the data at distances from the lower corona to the Earth's orbit. This dependence of electron density makes it possible to agree with the observed FDR as a function of frequency.
Exposing the changes in work stress level among Mongolian nurses by salivary Alpha amylase test
Authors: Dondonkhuu Otgonbaatar , Enkhbayar Munkhtuya , Nyam Naranbaatar , Jurmeddorj Munkhkhand
Published: November 2020

When stress is part of the work environment, it is difficult to control stress, which can cause recurrent aggression, and which in turn affects an individual's health and ability to act.  The relationship between workplace stressors, physical and mental health changes of the nurses have been found. A combination of high workplace demands, over-responsibility, and over-authority have been identified major sources of occupational stress among nursing staff.

A total of 473 nurses from four tertiary referral hospitals of Mongolia were involved in the study. We employed a Work Stress Profile (WSP) questionnaire of Rice to figure out how nurses perceive and accept stress. The Likert scale was used in measuring the questions. Concerning physical stress factor we measured the level of α-amylase in the saliva of the nurses using the SALIVA AMYLASE MONITOR 2004, a Japanese device. Fabricated salivary amylase activity monitor consisted of three devices, the salivary transcription device, a testing-strip and an optical analyzer. Firstly, the test-strip was taken and put under the tongue for 30 seconds in the morning.

Occasionally, our study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic quarantine period, and we could clearly see that the nurses at National Center for Infectious Diseases are working hard under the urged stressed condition.
Scale Invariant Mask R-CNN for Pedestrian Detection
Authors: Gawande Ujwalla H , Hajari Kamal O , Golhar Yogesh G
Published: November 2020

Pedestrian detection is a challenging and active research area in computer vision. Recognizing pedestrians helps in various utility applications such as event detection in overcrowded areas, gender, and gait classification, etc. In this domain, the most recent research is based on instance segmentation using Mask R-CNN. Most of the pedestrian detection method uses a feature of different body portions for identifying a person. This feature-based approach is not efficient enough to differentiate pedestrians in real-time, where the background changing. In this paper, a combined approach of scale-invariant feature map generation for detecting a small pedestrian and Mask R-CNN has been proposed for multiple pedestrian detection to overcome this drawback. The new database was created by recording the behavior of the student at the prominent places of the engineering institute. This database is comparatively new for pedestrian detection in the academic environment. The proposed Scale-invariant Mask R-CNN has been tested on the newly created database and has been compared with the Caltech [1], INRIA [2], MS COCO [3], ETH [4], and KITTI [5] database. The experimental result shows significant performance improvement in pedestrian detection as compared to the existing approaches of pedestrian detection and instance segmentation. Finally, we conclude and investigate the directions for future research.
’Jeg er trett – trett – trett!’ Alle kvinners blad og kritikken av «husmorparadiset» på 1950-tallet
Authors: Neple Anemari , Lindtner Synnøve Skarsbø
Published: November 2020

1950-tallet fremstilles gjerne som et «husmorparadis», men var i realiteten et tiår preget av en brytningstid mellom gamle og nye kvinneidealer. Sam-tidig som rekordmange gifte kvinner i denne perioden var registrert som husmødre, ble husmorens rolle diskutert både i akademiske miljøer, i kvinnepolitiske miljøer og i den brede offentligheten. I denne artikkelen undersøker vi hvordan Alle kvinners blad både kan sies å ha forholdt seg til og bidratt til denne debatten. Samtidig diskuterer vi hvorfor bladet senere har vært utelatt fra andre undersøkelser av norsk kjønns- og likestillingsdebatt på 1950-tallet, spesielt innenfor den etablerte kjønnshistorien. Gjennom en historiografisk undersøkelse av noen sentrale kjønnshistoriske fremstillinger av 1970-tallets nye kvinnebevegelse, knytter vi utelatelsen til rollen Alle kvinners blad har spilt i disse, som kjønnskonservativ ideologiprodusent som utelukkende bidro til indoktrinering av husmødre.
Brottmålsdomar som genre – Struktur, röster och språkhandlingar i svenska domar
Authors: Orrbén Sofia
Published: November 2020

Brottmålsdomar är strukturellt komplexa texter som ska redogöra för ett flertal röster med motsatta perspektiv samtidigt som en hög läsbarhet och förståelse för tingsrättens bedömningar och beslut upprätthålls. Den här artikeln syftar till att synliggöra brottmålsdomars struktur och visa hur röster och språkhandlingar används för att konstruera strukturen. Studien utgår från en socio-retorisk genretradition där genrer ses som kommunikativa redskap som kan användas för att uppnå olika mål. 42 domar som faller under kategorin brott mot person i brottsbalken analyseras utifrån begreppen språkhandling, tema och röst för att urskilja med vilka drag som genren konstrueras. Analysen visar att brottmålsdomar konstrueras med sex olika drag som genererar tre olika skrivsätt beroende på hur dragen ordnas.
SEDIMENTOLOGÍA DEL PLEISTOCENO TARDÍO–HOLOCENO EN LA CUENCA MEDIA DE LOS RÍOS SALTO-ARRECIFES. CORRELACIÓN REGIONAL Y MODELO ESTRATIGRÁFICO PARA LA PAMPA ONDULADA, ARGENTINA
Authors: Blasi Adriana , Latorre Carola , Block Diego , Fucks Enrique , Del Puerto Laura
Published: November 2020

Con la finalidad de contribuir al conocimiento de la evolución paleoambiental y paleoclimática ocurrida desde el Pleistoceno Tardío hasta el Holoceno Tardío en la Pampa Ondulada, noreste de la provincia de Buenos Aires, se presentan los resultados obtenidos en las investigaciones interdisciplinarias efectuadas en la cuenca hídrica Salto-Arrecifes. Estos resultados, se integran con los publicados por los autores de este trabajo referentes a las características geológicas y paleoecológicas que dominaron desde el Pleistoceno Tardío en la región pampeana. Se acotan temporalmente las sucesiones sedimentarias de 10 localidades de la cuenca Salto-Arrecifes y se asocian a las descriptas para las cuencas de los ríos Luján y Areco. Se definen cuatro unidades depositacionales que caracterizan los procesos sedimentarios ocurridos en los valles actuales de las cuencas media-inferior de estos cursos. Se discriminan las diversas facies sedimentarias presentes en los sectores continentales y en las secciones cercanas a la desembocadura. La sedimentación pleistocena tardía–holocena, ocurrida en la cuenca media de los ríos Salto-Arrecifes, Luján y Areco, muestra la incidencia de los cambios climáticos acaecidos durante el lapso. En tanto, en las facies reconocidas en los tramos cercanos a la desembocadura de ellos, se suma la incidencia de los cambios eustáticos producidos durante el interglacial actual. La exposición en las barrancas de depósitos que poseen las mayores edades registradas y que ocurre en forma saltuaria a lo largo del valle actual, podría indicar que la neotectónica ha sido otro factor extrínseco actuante en las cuencas en algún momento del Holoceno Tardío.
Byzantine law as a nursery garden for legal transplants with specific review of Dusan's Code
Authors: Macura Milan
Published: November 2020

The term Byzantium or Byzantine Empire is used for a state creation that existed from the 4th to the 15th century, more precisely until 1453 and the fall of Constantinople due to the Ottoman conquests. Regardless of what historical discussions and opinions otherwise differ regarding the origin of Byzantium, in this scholarly work May 11th, 330 AD, was taken as the beginning of the Byzantine Empire, the date when New Rome came into existence (Greek NέaῬώme, Lat. Nova Roma) at the site of the Byzantine Greek colony. The paper will analyze the influence of Byzantine law on the further development of the law in the world, as well as the temporal continuity and development of Byzantine law that relies on Roman law. In addition, through a comparison of the Byzantine Code Members and later Dusan's Code, the theory of legal transplants developed by Alan Watson will be analyzed.
Relativization of justice through rhetoric: Plato's Gorgias as paradigm
Authors: Avramović Dragutin , Jovanov Ilija
Published: November 2020

Through analysis of the works of Plato, particularly his dialogue Gorgia, the authors attempt to perceive prospective of rhetoric as the art of persuasion which could relativize truth and justice. The authors firstly try to solve a preliminary issue about qualification of participants in the dialogue as sophists or as rhetors. After examination of different attitudes on that issue in the current theory, the authors take stand that, at least in Gorgia, Plato's Socrates is combating with rhetors (Gorgias, Pollus and Callicles), and not with sophists. Zone of accordance between Socrates and rhetors is, without any doubt, that rhetoric is the art of persuasion, but they do not agree on the outcomes to which that persuasion leads. The tendency to achieve absolute truth (justice), knowledge, is the goal of the philosophers (as Socrates states), which contradicts to the chief aim of the rhetors - a belief or creating a conviction of the truth (justice). The authors also draw attention that Socrates is all the time aware of all the weaknesses of philosophy which, contrary to rhetoric, could not handle real life problems due to the lack of pragmatism. The authors underline that those who are undoubtedly considered as sophists (like Hippias and Antiphon) as their starting principle place the idea of innate equality of people, while those who are predominantly rhetors (as Callicles and Trasimach) start from the concept of natural inequality of people and uphold natural right of the stronger. In that way rhetoric appears as an art which leads to accomplishing the natural right of the stronger. Finally, having in mind examples from antiquity, the authors take position of value relativism. They find that rhetoric stays morally neutral even today and that it has great potential to morally justify (or only to show as just) any desired outcome.
On the division to nonexistent and void contracts in domestic law
Authors: Radovanović Sanja , Miščević Nikolina
Published: November 2020

In the Law on Obligations, in the part that regulates invalidity of contracts only void and voidable contracts are mentioned. However, domestic theory often speaks of the further division of the void contracts to inexistent contracts and void contracts in the narrow sense. While some deny any practical significance to this division, others point out the necessity of its existence. The paper analyzes the perceptions of domestic authors on this division, the arguments made in favor of distinguishing nonexistent from void contracts, as well as the rules of the Law on Obligations, in order to examine the need for nonexistent contracts as a special type of invalid contracts.
Geopolitical aspects of energy security and environmental security in the Republic of Serbia
Authors: Stajić Ljubomir , Radivojević Nenad , Mirković Vladan
Published: November 2020

Endangering of the environment today is largely due to the pursuit of energy security, respectively the need for a large amount of it. In this regard, the subject of our research is to determine the interdependence and impact of energy security on environmental security, and vice versa, as well as identifying the sources, forms and carriers of endangering energy security and environment security. In order to determine this, bearing in mind that "race for remaining resources" in the world in the last few decades has been particularly intensified; it is necessary to consider contemporary geopolitical trends and their impact on the security of small countries, including the Republic of Serbia. Namely, the key factors of energy security are the existence, production (exploitation), transit and use of fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas). The Republic of Serbia has significant quantities of coal reserves, while in the case of oil and natural gas, its energy needs are largely met by imports. The geographical and geo-strategic positions of the Republic of Serbia in the area of Southeastern Europe (and the Western Balkans) indicate its extremely favorable position as a transit country. Achieving its energy security depends largely on viewing and understanding contemporary geopolitical trends. The geopolitical (and hegemonic) aspirations of large countries have often led (and still do) to provoking certain conflicts, crises, and even open armed conflicts that, among other things, have impact on endangering the environment.
Math Medley
Authors: Camp Dane , Carter, John , Masunaga David
Published: November 2020

Song parodies are a fun way to engage others with mathematical topics. The challenge, of course, is finding a song and lyrics that fit just right. While teaching together in Honolulu, we stumbled across a popular song that turned out to be a math parody in disguise! You will notice that we have not changed the words, just how the words were displayed. You might want to try singing this yourself or sing along with the YouTube version: https://youtu.be/d1mqNdZ0obA. What do you notice? What do you wonder?