bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Static electricity: New guidance for storage tank loading rates
Authors: Britton Laurence G. , Walmsley Harold L.
Published: August 2012

This article describes how the IEC TC31/101 JWG29 committee adapted a new theoretical model for practical use in the forthcoming IEC Technical Specification 60079‐32‐1, “Explosive Atmospheres ‐ Part 32‐1: Electrostatic hazards, Guidance”. The model, by Britton and Smith, addressed flow rate limits for the transfer of single‐phase, static‐accumulating flammable liquids into vertical cylindrical tanks containing no significant sediment or water bottom. Practical adaptation involved a technical evaluation of the model, optimization of variables in the empirical expression relating charging to flow velocity, plus selection of applicability limits in terms of tank size. From the results we present easy‐to‐use expressions for calculating the flow velocity and flow rate limits, plus tables of example solutions. We also show how to apply the flow velocity limits to piping systems that involve a multiplicity of flow velocities in different pipe segments.

During the adaptation process, the model was extended to liquids such as simple ethers, whose dielectric constants exceed those of the hydrocarbons previously considered and, by introducing the concept of “effective diameter”, to square and nearly‐square vertical tanks. Mathematical details are provided in an appendix.

The information in this article is subject to a broad, comprehensive disclaimer of liability as expressed in Section 8. Tank loading system designs should be based on a recognized Code of Practice with consideration of all relevant requirements and limitations. The purpose of this article is to provide a detailed description of the theoretical considerations behind the new methodology. The article is of general interest since this is the first practical application of a technically‐based “electrostatic” model to the tank loading problem. Of particular interest is how electrostatic theory plus empirical data have been reduced to yield a very simple flow velocity expression. The flow rate solutions and tables are the same as those given in the forthcoming IEC 60079‐32‐1 Technical Specification and are provided to assist other standards‐setting agencies wishing to adopt the same guidance. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2012
Enhanced light‐extraction from a GaN waveguide using micro‐pillar TiO2SiO2 graded‐refractive‐index layers
Authors: Mont Frank W. , Fischer Arthur J. , Noemaun Ahmed N. , Poxson David J. , Cho Jaehee , Schubert E. Fred , Crawford Mary H. , Koleske Daniel D. , Fullmer Kristine W.
Published: August 2012

A GaN waveguide structure with micro‐pillar arrays is designed and fabricated to measure the extraction of optical modes that would be waveguided in the absence of the pillars. Electroluminescence (EL) measurements of waveguide light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) with pillar diameters in the 2–10 µm range revealed increasing light‐extraction efficiency (LEE) enhancement with decreasing pillar diameter. Ray tracing simulations of LED far‐field patterns confirmed experimental trends. A 54% enhancement is demonstrated for GaN waveguides cladded with a triangular lattice of graded‐refractive‐index (GRIN) TiO2SiO2 micro‐pillars of 2 µm diameters compared to GaN waveguides cladded with an unpatterned GRIN TiO2SiO2 layer.
Hubbard‐I approach to the Mott transition
Authors: Grzybowski Przemysław R. , Chhajlany Ravindra W.
Published: August 2012

We expose the relevance of double occupancy conservation symmetry in application of the Hubbard‐I approach to strongly correlated electron systems. We propose the utility of a composite method, viz. the Hubbard‐I method in conjunction with strong coupling perturbation expansion, for studying systems violating the afore‐mentioned symmetry. We support this novel approach by presenting a first successful Hubbard‐I type calculation for the description of the metal‐insulator paramagnetic Mott transition in a strongly correlated electron system with conserved double occupancies, which is a constrained Hubbard Hamiltonian equivalent to the Hubbard bond charge Hamiltonian at a symmetry point X = t. In particular, we obtain the phase diagram of this system for arbitrary fillings, as well as new, universal critical indices of the Mott transition at half‐filling in 1,2, and 3 dimensions. We also compare the Hubbard‐I band–splitting Mott transition description with results obtained using the standard Gutzwiller Approximation (GA), and show that the two approximate approaches lead to qualitatively different results. In contrast to the GA applied to the system studied here, the Hubbard‐I approach compares favorably with known exact results for the d = 1 dimensional chain.
Hierarchical nano/microstructures on silicon surface with ultra low reflectance for photovoltaic applications
Authors: Tan L. T. , Lim A. H. , Chee Z. Y. , Wong Y. L. , Huang Y. C. , Ong H. W. , Wee Q. X. , Ho J. W. , Steeman Rob , Chua S. J.
Published: August 2012

Silicon nanowires (SiNWs) arrays prepared by silver‐assisted chemical etching show ultra‐low reflectance over the wide spectral bandwidth from 300 to 1000 nm. In this work, SiNWs arrays were prepared by using solar‐grade multi‐crystalline (mc‐Si‐pn) and single crystalline (sc‐Si‐pn) silicon(100) wafers. Reflectance is significantly decreased over the visible‐light spectral range with increase in the length of nanowires by almost 5 and 3 times for multi‐crystalline and single crystalline Si samples, respectively. However it is noted that there is no further reduction in the reflectance when the length of nanowires is beyond 400 nm for mc‐Si‐pn and 300 nm for sc‐Si‐pn samples. Also, the reflectance data and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images indicate that the density of nanowires network does not play a dominant role in improving the light absorption as compared to the length of nanowires. Since electroless etching can enable simple, wafer‐scale fabrication of SiNWs without the need of doping, SiNWs arrays show great promise for solar cells in addressing its efficiency and cost issue. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of the composition profile in the excitonic emission of thin graded ZnCdSe quantum wells
Authors: Šutara František , Hernández‐Calderón Isaac
Published: August 2012

We employed submonolayer pulsed beam epitaxy (SPBE) to grow thin graded Zn1‐xCdx Se quantum wells (QW) in a layer‐by‐layer mode. The Cd content, controlled at the monolayer (ML) scale, was gradually increased towards the center of the QW in order to produce a symmetric composition profile. Three samples, each one containing a 15 ML thick graded Zn1‐xCdx Se QW, were grown. The only difference between the QWs was the composition of the central three MLs. The samples were characterized by means of photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Each one presented a single excitonic peak, and large differences in the excitonic emission energy were observed, even though the QWs composition profiles were quite similar. The excitonic spectra of these samples were also compared with those of a rectangular 16 ML thick Zn1‐xCdx Se QW and a 3 ML CdSe ultra‐thin QW with emissions around the same energy. Two of the graded QWs presented intensities comparables to the rectangular QWs. These results evidence the sensitivity of the QW levels to minor modifications in their potential profile and, furthermore, confirm the capability of SPBE to modulate the Cd content of Zn1‐xCdx Se QWs at the monolayer scale. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Photoabsorption spectroscopy of dimethyl sulfoxide at the O1s, C1s, S2s, and S2p Regions: A comparison with acetone
Authors: Leite Thays C. M. , de Barros Ana L. F. , Ferreira Glaucio B. , Guerra Antonio C. O. , Turci Cássia C.
Published: August 2012

The S2p, S2s, C1s, and O1s Total Ion Yield (TIY) spectra of gaseous dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and the C1s and O1s TIY spectra of acetone were measured using tunable synchrotron radiation. To establish a complete and accurate spectral analysis, the assignments for the main experimental bands were carried out using density functional theory (DFT) calculations based on half core hole (HCH) method, as implemented in the StoBe‐deMon program, and ab initio calculations, based on the improved virtual orbital (IVO) method, as implemented in the GSCF3 program, using Hartree‐Fock. The hole state was calculated in Huzinaga basis sets for the IVO method and IGLO‐III basis sets for the HCH method. A nonlocal BE88‐PD86 DFT method was used. The geometric parameters were calculated using the DFT‐B3LYP method with the 6‐311+G** basis sets. The experimental and theoretical results for the ionization potentials and the threshold energies are quite similar. The results reflect some differences for both molecules, likely caused by the presence of the S=O (Cs symmetry) as well as the C=O (C2v symmetry) groups. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Application of extra‐low impact energy SIMS and data reduction algorithm to USJ profiling
Authors: Kouzminov D. , Merkulov A. , Arevalo E. , Grossmann H.‐J.
Published: August 2012

Secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis of ultra‐shallow (sub‐200 eV) B implants is complicated by the presence of native oxide on the surface of Si. Knowledge of the type of oxide present on the surface as well as accurate oxide thickness is very important for correct data reduction in extra‐low energy depth profiling. Sputter rate (SR) variation approach based on the accurate SR measurement in Si and SiO2 can be successfully applied to B implants done through thermal oxides of various thicknesses. Lowest profiling energy should be used to achieve the least profile distortion in the case of de‐channeled B implants: the rule of half of the implant energy used for profiling energy is confirmed. Profiling energy that is equal to the implant energy can be used if implantation is done through native oxide or into the stripped Si. If no thermal oxide is present on the surface, the most consistent result will be obtained when implants are done into the pre‐stripped Si thus eliminating uncontrollable and variable native oxide‐related issues. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wire Flattening Using a Ball Rolling Mill
Authors: Przondziono Joanna , Szymszal Jan
Published: August 2012

Increasing requirements towards narrow and thin strips necessitates research concerning technology improvements and changes in construction of flattening devices. Wire flattening between the balls is an efficient manufacturing method of thin and narrow strips made of steel non‐ferrous metals and their alloys. The study presents an analysis of the effect of flattening process in a ball rolling mill on widening of X10CrNi 18‐8 steel wire. Performed tests proved that flattened strips feature uniform thickness throughout their width, narrow dimensional tolerance and high surface quality. This innovative method of wire flattening in a ball rolling mill means a step ahead in the development of production technologies of extremely narrow and thin metal strips for many modern applications.
Development of New Testing Procedure for Physical Simulation of the Continuous‐Casting Process for Steels
Authors: Bradaskja Bostjan , Fazarinc Matevz , Kugler Goran
Published: August 2012

A new testing procedure was developed to simulate the microstructural changes encountered during the continuous‐casting process of steels. It offers a simultaneous guide to the temperature and mechanical loading with great accuracy. In the present study, two types of experiments were conducted for two different thermo‐mechanical programs: the first type with melting of the specimen before the simulation, and second type with homogenization of the specimen prior to conducting the simulation. The results show that the testing set‐up can be implemented to define the optimum process parameters during continuous casting. Furthermore, the test can also be used to study other microstructural changes in steels or other metals during complex thermo‐mechanical loadings.
The role of ASICs in cerebral ischemia
Authors: Xiong Zhi‐Gang , Xu Tian‐Le
Published: August 2012

Cerebral ischemia is a leading cause of death and long‐term disabilities worldwide. Excessive intracellular Ca2+ accumulation in neurons has been considered essential for neuronal injury associated with cerebral ischemia. Although the involvement of glutamate receptors in neuronal Ca2+ accumulation and toxicity has been the subject of intensive investigation, inhibitors for these receptors showed little effect in clinical trials. Thus, additional Ca2+ toxicity pathway(s) must be involved. Acidosis is a common feature in cerebral ischemia and was known to cause brain injury. The mechanisms were, however, unclear. The finding that ASIC1a channels are highly enriched in brain neurons, their activation by ischemic acidosis, and their demonstrated Ca2+ permeability suggested a role for these channels in Ca2+ accumulation and neuronal injury associated with cerebral ischemia. Indeed, a number of studies have now provided solid evidence supporting the involvement of ASIC1a channel activation in ischemic brain injury. WIREs Membr Transp Signal 2012, 1:655–662. doi: 10.1002/wmts.57

For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.

Conflict of interest: Both authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
P2X receptors in the cardiovascular system
Authors: Ralevic Vera
Published: August 2012

P2X receptors are ligand‐gated ion channels activated by ATP. They are trimeric receptors formed from P2X subunit proteins (P2X1–7), which can associate as homomers or heteromers. Among the P2X receptors, the P2X1 receptor is most widely distributed in the cardiovascular system, being expressed on the smooth muscle of most blood vessels investigated. It mediates contraction to ATP coreleased with noradrenaline as a sympathetic neurotransmitter. P2X receptors are also expressed in the heart and mediate an increase in myocyte contractility, an effect in which the P2X4 receptor is important. Prejunctional P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors on cardiac sympathetic neurones may, through positive feedback, amplify sympathetic neurotransmission. More recently, P2X receptors have been discovered on endothelial cells with immunoreactivity for P2X1–7 receptor proteins variously having been shown, and a role identified for the P2X4 receptor as a mediator of endothelium‐dependent vasodilatation during shear stress. Their widespread expression in the heart and vasculature identifies P2X receptors as potential targets for the development of drugs to treat cardiovascular disease. WIREs Membr Transp Signal 2012, 1:663–674. doi: 10.1002/wmts.58

For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Comparative Study of three Mononuclear Vanadium‐Aromatic 1, 2‐Diol Complexes: Structure, Characterization and Anti‐Proliferating Effects Against Cancer Cells
Authors: Chi Zixiang , Zhu Linli , Lu Xiaoming , Yu Hongtao , Liu Bing
Published: August 2012

Three mononuclear vanadium complexes containing aromatic 1, 2‐diols (catechol and naphthalene‐2, 3‐diol) ligands,[VIVO(cat)2][1, 3‐HPDA]2·CH3OH (1), [VIVO(N‐2, 3‐D)2][1, 3‐H2PDA] (2), and [VVO2(N‐2, 3‐D)(1, 3‐HPDA)]·1, 3‐PDA (3) (cat = catechol, N‐2, 3‐D = naphthalene‐2, 3‐diol, 1, 3‐PDA = 1, 3‐propanediamine) were synthesized and characterized by X‐ray diffraction, IR and UV/Vis spectroscopy, and cyclovoltammetry. X‐ray analysis reveals that the spatial frameworks of complexes 1–3 are all constructed by hydrogen bonds donated by [1, 3‐HnPDA]n+ (n = 1, 2) cation, forming distinct chain structures. Complexes 1 and 2 are both in the non‐chiral form of VO(L)2, but 2 crystallizes in the chiral space group (P6522), due to the symmetry element of spiral axis, whereas complex 3 contains both enantiomers of chiral VO2(L1)(L2) units, but crystallizes in the non‐chiral space group (P$\bar{1}$). The electrochemical behavior of the three complexes is studied in comparison with that of the free ligands. Complex 1 shows a pair of potentials assigned to the redox behavior of vanadium, while complexes 2 and 3 exhibit no such redox potentials. Pharmaceutical screening of complexes 1–3 were carried out against three representative cancer cell lines: A‐549 (lung cancer), Bel‐7402 (liver cancer) and HCT (colonic cancer) by MTT [3‐(4, 5‐dimethylthiazoyl‐2‐yl)‐2, 5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay. The results show that the vanadium‐catechol complex 1 exhibits more obvious anti‐proliferating effects against the three cell‐lines, whereas the two vanadium‐N‐2, 3‐D complexes 2 and 3 basically display no such effects.
Non‐Planar Lithium‐Phthalocyanine in the Double Salt (nBu4N)2[Lipc]PF6
Authors: Huebner Ralph , Kandaiah Sakthivel , Jansen Martin
Published: August 2012

We report the synthesis of the diamagnetic double salt bis(tetra(n‐butyl)ammonium) phthalocyanato(2‐)lithate hexafluorophosphate (nBu4N)2[Lipc]PF6 [pc = phthalocyanine, nBu4N+ = tetra(n‐butyl)ammonium] in dme (dme = dimethoxyethane). According to single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction structure analysis [P$\bar{1}$, a = 8.642(2) Å, b = 12.820(3) Å, c = 15.019(3) Å, α = 83.01(3)°, β = 87.87(3)°, γ = 74.45(3)°, Z = 1, R1 = 6.4 %], the phthalocyanine building bloc shows a substantial distortion of the macrocyclic ring from planarity. The deviation from D4h symmetry originates from packing effects induced by the two tetra(n‐butyl)ammonium cations located above and below the macrocycle. DFT structure optimization starting from the experimental non‐planar configuration produces a fully planar complex anion [Lipc]–.
Intraoperative Local Insufflation of Warmed Humidified CO2 Increases Open Wound and Core Temperatures: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Frey Joana M. K. , Janson Martin , Svanfeldt Monika , Svenarud Peter K. , van der Linden Jan A.
Published: August 2012

Background

The open surgical wound is exposed to cold dry ambient air, resulting in substantial heat loss through radiation, evaporation, and convection. At the same time, anesthesia decreases the patient’s core temperature. Despite preventive measures, mild intraoperative hypothermia has been associated with postoperative morbidity. We hypothesized that local insufflation of warmed humidified carbon dioxide (CO2) would maintain wound and core temperature.

Methods

Eighty patients undergoing open colon surgery were randomized to standard warming measures, or to additional local wound insufflation of warmed (30 °C) humidified (93 % rH) CO2 via a gas diffuser. Surface temperature of the open abdominal wound was measured with a heat‐sensitive infrared camera, and core temperature was measured with an ear thermometer.

Results

Mean operative time was 219 ± 104 and 205 ± 85 min in the CO2 group and the control group, respectively (p = 0.550). Clinical variables did not differ significantly between the groups. The median wound area and wound edge temperatures were 1.2 °C (p < 0.001) and 1.0 °C (p = 0.002) higher in the CO2 group, respectively, than in the control group. The mean core temperature after intubation was the same (35.9 °C) in both groups, but at end of surgery core temperature in the two groups differed, with a mean of 36.2 ± 0.5 °C in the CO2 group and a mean of 35.8 ± 0.5 °C in the control group (p = 0.003).

Conclusions

Insufflation of warmed, humidified CO2 in an open surgical wound cavity prevents intraoperative decrease in surgical wound temperature as well as core temperature.
Changes in the therapeutic strategy for acute cholecystitis after the Tokyo guidelines were published
Authors: Asai Koji , Watanabe Manabu , Kusachi Shinya , Matsukiyo Hiroshi , Saito Tomoaki , Kodama Hajime , Dotai Kojiro , Hagiwara Osahiko , Enomoto Toshiyuki , Nakamura Yoichi , Okamoto Yasushi , Saida Yoshihisa , Nagao Jiro
Published: August 2012

Background

This study examined the feasibility of early laparoscopic cholecystectomy (ELC) for acute cholecystitis (AC) according to the Tokyo guidelines severity grade, and analyzed the changes in the therapeutic strategy for AC after the Tokyo guidelines were published.

Methods

A total of 225 patients were enrolled in this study. The therapeutic period was divided into two periods: before and after the publication of the Tokyo guidelines (prior to and including 2007, and from 2008, respectively).

Results

Comparing the surgical strategy between ELC and delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy (DLC), significant differences were found in the length of preoperative hospital stay and total hospital stay for cases of mild AC compared with moderate AC. With conversion to open surgery, postoperative complications including postoperative bile leak were not significantly different. Since ELC was performed significantly more often after publication of the guidelines, preoperative, postoperative, and total hospital stays were significantly shorter in the later period.

Conclusion

ELC is a safe and effective therapeutic strategy for both mild and moderate AC. The Tokyo guidelines resulted in a significant increase in the performance of ELC and significantly reduced preoperative and total hospital stays without increasing intra‐ and postoperative complications.
Problem Gambling Inside and Out: The Assessment of Community and Institutional Problem Gambling in the Canadian Correctional System
Authors: Turner Nigel E. , Preston Denise L. , McAvoy Steven , Gillam Laura
Published: August 2012

This paper reports on the results of a multi-site survey of gambling behaviour and gambling problems amongst offenders in correctional institutions in Ontario, Canada, conducted between 2008 and 2011. A total of 422 (completion rate 61.5 %) incarcerated offenders (381 male and 41 female) took part in the study including 301 federal offenders and 121 provincial offenders. Based on the Problem Gambling Severity Index of the Canadian Problem Gambling Index (CPGI/PGSI) the prevalence rate of severe problem gambling was 8.9 prior to incarceration and 4.4 % during incarceration. These numbers are substantially higher than rates found among the general public. Thirty-four percent of the sample reported gambling in prison. Half of those who suffered from gambling problems before incarceration continued to have gambling problems during incarceration. People with problems related to slot machines prior to incarceration reported fewer gambling problems during incarceration compared to other problem gamblers.
Highly Upregulated Expression of CD36 and MSR1 in Circulating Monocytes of Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes
Authors: Piechota Michal , Banaszewska Anna , Dudziak Joanna , Slomczynski Marek , Plewa Robert
Published: August 2012

Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) are a group of disorders caused by the significant reduction of circulation in coronary arteries. The most common reason of the dysfunction is a blood clot formed in place of plaque rupture. The role of scavenger receptors in development and progression of atherosclerosis has been confirmed in many animal experiments, however the knowledge about contribution of the receptors in the development of ACS symptoms in humans still remains insufficient. The aim of this work was to define the expression of two scavenger receptors: CD36 and MSR1 in monocytes of patients with ACS after the onset of symptoms and after the 6 months of treatment. The analysis of CD36 and MSR1 expression was carried out with the use of real-time PCR and flow cytometry. Analyses of lipid and glucose concentration in blood and the level of inflammatory markers in plasma were performed additionally for all ACS patients. All data obtained during the research were analyzed using statistical tests, such as Mann Whitney test, Wilcoxon test, or correlation. In all patients with symptoms of ACS the amount of CD36 and MSR1 mRNA in circulating monocytes, as well as the density of both receptors on the cells surface was significantly higher. Re-analysis of subjects after 6 months of treatment, showed a significant decrease in the CD36 and MSR1 expression in all patients who received atorvastatin. The results of presented studies demonstrate that both investigated receptors are involved in the development and/or progression of ACS.
Comparison of Free Fatty Acids Composition of Cuticular Lipids of Calliphora vicina Larvae and Pupae
Authors: Gołębiowski Marek
Published: August 2012

The chemical characterization of the free fatty acid (FFA) fractions of the cuticular lipids of Calliphora vicina larvae and pupae was performed by separating the FFA fraction using high‐performance liquid chromatography with laser light scattering detection (HPLC–LLSD) and quantitatively analyzing the FFA using gas chromatography–electron impact mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Thirty‐two saturated and unsaturated FFA were identified and quantified in the insect lipids. Cuticular FFA profiles of C. vicina larvae and pupae were compared. Cuticular FFA of larvae and pupae accounted for 70.8 and 77.8 % of the total lipids, respectively. The cuticular lipids of C. vicina larvae contained 24 FFA ranging from 8:0 to 24:0, whereas the cuticular lipids of pupae contained 32 FFA ranging from 6:0 to 26:0. The cuticular lipids of the larvae contained 16 saturated, five monounsaturated, one diunsaturated, and two polyunsaturated FFA. The cuticular lipids of the pupae contained 18 saturated, nine monounsaturated, two diunsaturated, and three polyunsaturated FFA. The major cuticular FFA in C. vicina larvae and pupae was 18:1 (47.6 and 41.7 %, respectively). The highest amounts of total cuticular FFA were detected in larvae of C. vicina (1.7 mg/g of the insect body). The quantities of total cuticular FFA in pupae were smaller (1.4 mg/g of the insect body).
Wavelet Analysis of DNA Walks on the Human and Chimpanzee MAGE/CSAG-Palindromes
Authors: Qi Yanjiao , Jin Nengzhi , Ai Duiyuan
Published: August 2012

The palindrome is one class of symmetrical duplications with reverse complementary characters, which is widely distributed in many organisms. Graphical representation of DNA sequence provides a simple way of viewing and comparing various genomic structures. Through 3-D DNA walk analysis, the similarity and differences in nucleotide composition, as well as the evolutionary relationship between human and chimpanzee MAGE/CSAG-palindromes, can be clearly revealed. Further wavelet analysis indicated that duplicated segments have irregular patterns compared to their surrounding sequences. However, sequence similarity analysis suggests that there is possible common ancestor between human and chimpanzee MAGE/CSAG-palindromes. Based on the specific distribution and orientation of the repeated sequences, a simple possible evolutionary model of the palindromes is suggested, which may help us to better understand the evolutionary course of the genes and the symmetrical sequences.
Butcher's Copy-editing
Authors: Butcher Judith , Drake Caroline , Leach Maureen
Published: August 2012

Since its first publication in 1975, Judith Butcher's Copy-editing has become firmly established as a classic reference guide. This fourth edition has been comprehensively revised to provide an up-to-date and clearly presented source of information for all those involved in preparing typescripts and illustrations for publication. From the basics of how to prepare text and illustrations for the designer and typesetter, through the ground rules of house style, to how to read and correct proofs, Copy-editing covers all aspects of the editorial process. New and revised features:
• up-to-date advice on indexes, inclusive language, reference systems and preliminary pages
• a chapter devoted to on-screen copy-editing
• guidance on digital coding and publishing in other media such as e-books
• updated to take account of modern typesetting and printing technology
• an expanded section on law books
• an essential tool for new and experienced copy-editors, working freelance or in-house.
Triumph Forsaken
Authors: Moyar Mark
Published: August 2012

Drawing on a wealth of new evidence from all sides, Triumph Forsaken, first published in 2007, overturns most of the historical orthodoxy on the Vietnam War. Through the analysis of international perceptions and power, it shows that South Vietnam was a vital interest of the United States. The book provides many insights into the overthrow of South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem in 1963 and demonstrates that the coup negated the South Vietnamese government's tremendous, and hitherto unappreciated, military and political gains between 1954 and 1963. After Diem's assassination, President Lyndon Johnson had at his disposal several aggressive policy options that could have enabled South Vietnam to continue the war without a massive US troop infusion, but he ruled out these options because of faulty assumptions and inadequate intelligence, making such an infusion the only means of saving the country.
The Destruction of the Bison
Authors: Isenberg Andrew C.
Published: August 2012

The Destruction of the Bison, first published in 2000, explains the decline of the North American bison population from an estimated 30 million in 1800 to fewer than a thousand a century later. In this wide-ranging, interdisciplinary study, Andrew C. Isenberg argues that the cultural and ecological encounter between Native Americans and Euroamericans in the Great Plains was the central cause of the near-extinction of the bison. Cultural and ecological interactions created new types of bison hunters on both sides of the encounter: mounted Indian nomads and Euroamerican industrial hidemen. Together with environmental pressures these hunters nearly extinguished the bison. In the early twentieth century, nostalgia about the very cultural strife which first threatened the bison became, ironically, an important impetus to its preservation.
Dissections
Authors: Frederickson Greg N.
Published: August 2012

Can you cut an octagon into 5 pieces and rearrange them into a square? How about turning a star into a pentagon? These are just two of the infinite challenges of geometric dissections, the mathematical art of cutting figures into pieces that can be rearranged to form other figures, using as few pieces as possible. This book shows you many ingenious ways to solve these problems and the beautiful constructions you can create. Through the ages, geometric dissections have fascinated puzzle fans and great mathematicians alike. Here you will find dissections known to Plato alongside exciting new discoveries. The author explains solution methods carefully, assuming only a basic knowledge of high school geometry, then poses puzzles for you to solve. He also introduces the people - famous, not-so-famous, and obscure - who have worked on these problems, travelling from the palace school of tenth-century Baghdad to the mathematical puzzle columns in turn-of-the-century newspapers, from the 1900 Paris Congress of Mathematicians to the night sky of Canberra. This beautifully illustrated book will provide hours of enjoyment for any mathematical puzzle enthusiast.
Discover the Moon
Authors: Lacroux Jean , Legrand Christian
Published: August 2012

The Moon is accessible to everyone, and easy to observe even in big cities. It is a prime target for aspiring astronomers and for those who are merely curious about the night sky. This easy-to-use guide to discovering lunar sites takes the reader through fourteen observing sessions from New Moon to Full Moon. For each evening, the book shows which craters, mountains and other features can be seen, and how to find them. Each photograph shows what the observer actually sees through a telescope, solving the usual difficulties of orientation confronting beginners. Images are shown as they appear through both refracting and reflecting telescopes. Maps printed on the front and back flaps of the book show the whole Moon with sites as seen through a refractor, through a Newtonian reflector, or, when turned upside-down, through binoculars.
British and Public Policy 1776–1939
Authors: Checkland Sydney
Published: August 2012

The evolution of British public policy through the industrial revolution, the Victorian age and the inter-war years to 1939 is an essential element of British history. It is also a necessary preliminary to the understanding of today's policy choices as they confront governments. It has not previously been viewed as a totality, embodying the economic aspects, both macro and micro, together with social and welfare provision and the patterns of ideas affecting both. Sydney Checkland's treatment, first published in 1983, embraces all these aspects, and is set within the changing configuration of class and politics as the franchise extended. As successive governments responded to these challenges they sought to improve the operation of the market economy and to ease the social pressures that it generated. They had to find an acceptable level of consent to what they were doing; this often involved limiting the choices of individuals and of groups. Of the latter, in large-scale business the trade unions were an increasing problem. Reciprocally these interests tried both to limit the actions of governments as these affected themselves and, indeed, to influence the general course of policy. Account is taken of the fact that Britain was not one nation, but four, each with its perspective and aspirations. The pattern increases in complexity with the passage of time, so that the discussion of the First World War and the troubled decades of the twenties and thirties comprise the largest section of the book.
Biology and Emotion
Authors: McNaughton Neil
Published: August 2012

There have been rapid and important advances in all behavioural sciences in recent years. These advances have in one sense been very diverse and specialised - sufficiently so for a scientist to quickly lose touch with the current concerns of even neighbouring researches: but in some cases the developments have seemed also to be fundamental and perhaps convergent, with implications across a range of disciplines. In either case there is a real, and increasing, need for scientists to communicate their discoveries and to a new generation of students in their own. Problems in the Behavioural Sciences is designed to meet this need. The books are by leading researchers, and deal with problems or topics that are attracting a special current interest. The central subject matter is psychology, but many of the issues will need to be pursued across existing (and fluid) boundaries between psychology and other behavioural sciences like physiology, pharmacology, sociology, ethology and linguistics. The central idea of this book is that biology, and particularly evolution, provides the best starting point for the study of emotion. In particular, it is argued that all the conventional properties of emotion such as expression, feeling, and motivation can be considered in a scientific manner, and useful conclusions drawn therefrom. The major part of the book involves the application of this central idea to a wide variety of the phenomena of emotion. The resultant review should be useful as an undergraduate text, and so explanations in the text are aimed at the non-specialist. At the same time, the specific conclusions drawn in the book should be of interest to all those who do research on emotion, and particularly those who need a solid framework on which to base interdisciplinary studies. Biology and Emotion differs from the majority of books in the field in that it does not present a specific theory of emotion. The material covered is therefore more general than is often the case, and has not been selected to support a particular point of view. It combines an organised, yet artheoretical, approach with coverage of both animal and human emotions.
Algebraic Curves over Finite Fields
Authors: Moreno Carlos
Published: August 2012

In this Tract Professor Moreno develops the theory of algebraic curves over finite fields, their zeta and L-functions, and, for the first time, the theory of algebraic geometric Goppa codes on algebraic curves. Amongst the applications considered are: the problem of counting the number of solutions of equations over finite fields; Bombieri's proof of the Reimann hypothesis for function fields, with consequences for the estimation of exponential sums in one variable; Goppa's theory of error-correcting codes constructed from linear systems on algebraic curves. There is also a new proof of the Tsfasman–Vladut–Zink theorem. The prerequisites needed to follow this book are few, and it can be used for graduate courses for mathematics students. Electrical engineers who need to understand the modern developments in the theory of error-correcting codes will also benefit from studying this work.
Colloidal Dispersions
Authors: Russel W. B. , Saville D. A. , Schowalter W. R.
Published: August 2012

This book covers the physical side of colloidal science from the individual forces acting between particles smaller than a micrometer that are suspended in a liquid, through the resulting equilibrium and dynamic properties. A variety of internal forces both attractive and repulsive act in conjunction with Brownian motion and the balance between them all decides the phase behaviour. On top of this various external fields, such as gravity or electromagnetic fields, diffusion and non-Newtonian rheology produce complex effects, each of which is of important scientific and technological interest. The authors aim to impart a sound, quantitative understanding based on fundamental theory and experiments with well-characterised model systems. This broad grasp of the fundamentals lends insight and helps to develop the intuitive sense needed to isolate essential features of the technological problems and design critical experiments. The main prerequisites for understanding the book are basic fluid mechanics, statistical mechanics and electromagnetism, though self contained reviews of each subject are provided at appropriate points. Some facility with differential equations is also necessary. Exercises are included at the end of each chapter, making the work suitable as a textbook for graduate courses in chemical engineering or applied mathematics. It will also be useful as a reference for individuals in academia or industry undertaking research in colloid science.
The Estimation and Tracking of Frequency
Authors: Quinn B. G. , Hannan E. J.
Published: August 2012

Many electronic and acoustic signals can be modelled as sums of sinusoids and noise. However, the amplitudes, phases and frequencies of the sinusoids are often unknown and must be estimated in order to characterise the periodicity or near-periodicity of a signal and consequently to identify its source. This 2001 book presents and analyses several practical techniques used for such estimation. The problem of tracking slow frequency changes over time of a very noisy sinusoid is also considered. Rigorous analyses are presented via asymptotic or large sample theory, together with physical insight. The book focuses on achieving extremely accurate estimates when the signal to noise ratio is low but the sample size is large. Each chapter begins with a detailed overview, and many applications are given. Matlab code for the estimation techniques is also included. The book will thus serve as an excellent introduction and reference for researchers analysing such signals.
Plausible Worlds
Authors: Hawthorn Geoffrey
Published: August 2012

Possibilities haunt history. The force of our explanations of events turns on the alternative possibilities these explanations suggest. It is these possible worlds which give us our understanding; and in human affairs we decide them by practical rather than theoretical judgement. In his widely acclaimed account of the role of counterfactuals in explanation, Geoffrey Hawthorn deploys extended examples from history and modern times to defend his argument. His conclusions cast doubt on existing assumptions about the nature and place of theory, and indeed of the possibility of knowledge itself, in the human sciences.
The Ecology of Intercropping
Authors: Vandermeer John H.
Published: August 2012

The practice of growing two or more crops together is widespread throughout the tropics and is becoming increasingly practised in temperate agriculture. The benefits of nutrient exchange, reduced weed competition and pathogen control can generate substantial improvements in growth and yield. In this book John Vandermeer, a leading worker on the subject, shows how classical ecological principles, especially those relating to competition and population ecology, can be applied to intercropping. Despite the large amount of research activity directed towards the subject over the last 20 years, the practice of intercropping has, until now, received very little serious academic attention. The Ecology of Intercropping is unique in approaching the question of intercropping from a theoretical point of view. In addition the details of the approach will take as their starting point well-accepted ecological theory. Using this basis the author shows how the approach can be used to design and evaluate intercropping systems to improve agricultural yields.
Automorphisms of Surfaces after Nielsen and Thurston
Authors: Casson Andrew J. , Bleiler Steven A.
Published: August 2012

This book, which grew out of Steven Bleiler's lecture notes from a course given by Andrew Casson at the University of Texas, is designed to serve as an introduction to the applications of hyperbolic geometry to low dimensional topology. In particular it provides a concise exposition of the work of Neilsen and Thurston on the automorphisms of surfaces. The reader requires only an understanding of basic topology and linear algebra, while the early chapters on hyperbolic geometry and geometric structures on surfaces can profitably be read by anyone with a knowledge of standard Euclidean geometry desiring to learn more abour other 'geometric structures'.
Iterative Solution Methods
Authors: Axelsson Owe
Published: August 2012

This book deals primarily with the numerical solution of linear systems of equations by iterative methods. The first part of the book is intended to serve as a textbook for a numerical linear algebra course. The material assumes the reader has a basic knowledge of linear algebra, such as set theory and matrix algebra, however it is demanding for students who are not afraid of theory. To assist the reader, the more difficult passages have been marked, the definitions for each chapter are collected at the beginning of the chapter, and numerous exercises are included throughout the text. The second part of the book serves as a monograph introducing recent results in the iterative solution of linear systems, mainly using preconditioned conjugate gradient methods. This book should be a valuable resource for students and researchers alike wishing to learn more about iterative methods.
Emile Durkheim: Selected Writings
Authors: Durkheim Emile
Published: August 2012

This 1972 book is a collection of Durkheim's writings drawing upon the whole body of his work. Dr Giddens takes his selections from a wide variety of sources and includes a number of items from untranslated writings in the Revue Philosophique, Annee Sociologique and from L'evolution pedagogue en France. Selections from previously translated writings have been checked against the originals and amended or re-translated where necessary. Dr Giddens arranges his selections thematically rather than chronologically. However, extracts from all phases of Durkheim's intellectual career are represented, giving the date of their first publication, which makes the evolution of his thought easily traceable. In his introduction Dr Giddens discusses phases in the interpretation of Durkheim's thought, as well as the main themes in his work, with an analysis of the effects of his thinking on modern sociology. The book is for students at any level taking courses in sociology, social anthropology and social theory in which Durkheim is one of the major writers studied.
Globalization and Sovereignty
Authors: Cohen Jean L.
Published: August 2012

Sovereignty and the sovereign state are often seen as anachronisms; Globalization and Sovereignty challenges this view. Jean L. Cohen analyzes the new sovereignty regime emergent since the 1990s evidenced by the discourses and practice of human rights, humanitarian intervention, transformative occupation, and the UN targeted sanctions regime that blacklists alleged terrorists. Presenting a systematic theory of sovereignty and its transformation in international law and politics, Cohen argues for the continued importance of sovereign equality. She offers a theory of a dualistic world order comprised of an international society of states, and a global political community in which human rights and global governance institutions affect the law, policies, and political culture of sovereign states. She advocates the constitutionalization of these institutions, within the framework of constitutional pluralism. This book will appeal to students of international political theory and law, political scientists, sociologists, legal historians, and theorists of constitutionalism.
She-Wolf
Authors: Mazzoni Cristina
Published: August 2012

Since antiquity, the she-wolf has served as the potent symbol of Rome. For more than two thousand years, the legendary animal that rescued Romulus and Remus has been the subject of historical and political accounts, literary treatments in poetry and prose, and visual representations in every medium. In She-Wolf: The Story of a Roman Icon, Cristina Mazzoni examines the evolution of the she-wolf as a symbol in western history, art, and literature, from antiquity to contemporary times. Used, for example, as an icon of Roman imperial power, papal authority, and the distance between the present and the past, the she-wolf has also served as an allegory for greed, good politics, excessive female sexuality, and, most recently, modern, multi-cultural Rome. Mazzoni engagingly analyzes the various role guises of the she-wolf over time in the first comprehensive study in any language on this subject.
The Limits of Judicial Independence
Authors: Clark Tom S.
Published: August 2012

This book investigates the causes and consequences of congressional attacks on the US Supreme Court, arguing that the extent of public support for judicial independence constitutes the practical limit of judicial independence. First, the book presents a historical overview of Court-curbing proposals in Congress. Then, building on interviews with Supreme Court justices, members of Congress, and judicial and legislative staffers, the book theorizes that congressional attacks are driven by public discontent with the Court. From this theoretical model, predictions are derived about the decision to engage in Court-curbing and judicial responsiveness to Court-curbing activity in Congress. The Limits of Judicial Independence draws on illustrative archival evidence, systematic analysis of an original dataset of Court-curbing proposals introduced in Congress from 1877 onward and judicial decisions.