bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optical gain, carrier-induced phase shift, and linewidth enhancement factor in InGaN quantum well lasers
Authors: Schwarz U. T. , Sturm E. , Wegscheider W. , Kümmler V. , Lell A. , Härle V.
Published: November 2003

Adapting the Hakki Paoli method to group III nitrides, we measure gain, differential gain, carrier-induced change of refractive index, carrier-induced phase shift, and the antiguiding factor. Our measurements also cover the low-carrier-density regime, in which spontaneous and piezoelectric fields and Coulomb interaction are only partially screened. This regime is most interesting as a comparison with existing theoretical simulations, including many-body effects.
Roughness at ZrO2/Si interfaces induced by accelerated oxidation due to the metal oxide overlayer
Authors: Watanabe Heiji
Published: November 2003

We investigated reactions at ZrO2/Si interfaces by means of interface oxidation and atomic-scale roughness caused by postoxidation annealing. When fabricating ZrO2 by in situ reoxidation of a thin Zr metal layer, the interface oxidation that results in Zr–silicate formation accelerates, when the initial Zr layer becomes thicker. This implies that interface oxidation is not dominated by oxidant diffusion through the high-k film, but is accelerated by catalytic effects that occurs within the metal oxide. We also found that, in contrast with a SiO2/Si interface, roughness at the high-k/Si interface monotonously increases with the growth of the interface silicate layers. These results demonstrate the importance of postannealing conditions on high-k gate dielectrics.
A Pattern Recognition Approach for Manufacturing Facility Compaction by Machining Function Combination Using Flexible Manufacturing Modules
Authors: Irani Shahrukh , Zhou Jin , Huang Heng
Published: November 2003

Facility layout and flexible automation are two approaches for reduction of material handling costs and space requirements in a machining facility that have always been implemented independently of each other. This paper describes an integrated approach to compaction of existing machining facilities using machine grouping algorithms and multi-function machining centers, also referred to as Flexible Machining Modules (FMMs). First, we decompose a facility into a network of layout modules to reduce product travel distances and simplify material flow control. Then, subject to design feasibility, we identify those sets of machines in each module that could be replaced by multi-function FMMs that could be linked into a Flexible Machining System (FMS). The proposed approach uses a combination of pattern recognition and graph theory algorithms utilized for facility layout. The paper concludes with a description of a validation study conducted in an aerospace machining jobshop.
Measurements and Simulations of Temperature and Deformation Fields in Transient Metal Cutting
Authors: Potdar Yogesh K. , Zehnder Alan T.
Published: November 2003

Advanced finite element software makes it possible to perform accurate simulations of orthogonal metal cutting provided all input parameters such as material properties, friction and material separation criteria are known. In principle, such properties can be determined by performing a series of cutting experiments and mechanical property tests, and then iterating the finite element simulations until acceptable agreement is reached. Cutting measurements have generally included only cutting forces and tool-chip temperatures. We hypothesize that by closely coupling simulations to conventional cutting force measurements and with fine scale spatial and temporal experimental measurements of temperature and strain fields, questions related to the choice of parameters in finite element simulations can be resolved. As a step towards that resolution a method for high resolution experimental measurements of temperature and strain fields is presented here. Temperatures of the workpiece and chip are measured during transient metal cutting over areas of 27×27μm and time scales of 200 ns by using infrared detectors. Three different materials, 1018CR steel, Al6061-T6 and Ti-6Al-4V are tested. A grid method is used to measure deformations in steel with a spatial resolution of 50 μm.
Support Vector Regression for Determination of Minimum Zone
Authors: Prakasvudhisarn Chakguy , Trafalis Theodore B. , Raman Shivakumar
Published: November 2003

Probe-type Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMMs) rely on the measurement of several discrete points to capture the geometry of part features. The sampled points are then fit to verify a specified geometry. The most widely used fitting method, the least squares fit (LSQ), occasionally overestimates the tolerance zone. This could lead to the economical disadvantage of rejecting some good parts and the statistical disadvantage of normal (Gaussian) distribution assumption. Support vector machines (SVMs) represent a relatively new revolutionary approach for determining the approximating function in regression problems. Its upside is that the normal distribution assumption is not required. In this research, support vector regression (SVR), a new data fitting procedure, is introduced as an accurate method for finding the minimum zone straightness and flatness tolerances. Numerical tests are conducted with previously published data and the results are found to be comparable to the published results, illustrating its potential for application in precision data analysis such as used in minimum zone estimation.
The Effect of Chip Adsorption on Selective Depletion From a Multi-Component Synthetic Metalworking Fluid
Authors: Eppert Joseph J. , DeVor Richard E. , Kapoor Shiv G. , Rajagopalan N.
Published: November 2003

Certain components found in metalworking fluid formulations are known to be prone to selective depletion via adsorption onto the surfaces of particulate generated during metal cutting operations. The characteristics of adsorption for a multi-component synthetic metalworking fluid are investigated in order to determine the affect that machining particulate contamination has on component depletion from this fluid. Experimental measurements indicate that the corrosion inhibiting component of the formulation is especially prone to depletion via the adsorption mechanism. A Langmuir isotherm/mass balance based predictive model is developed to determine the effect of chip adsorption on depletion from industrial metalworking fluid systems and is experimentally verified. An industrial case study is applied to further investigate selective component depletion via the adsorption mechanism.
Mechanics of Die-less Asymmetric Rolling for Fabrication of Compound Curved Plates
Authors: Shin Jong-Gye , Choi Yang-Ryul , Yim Hyunjune
Published: November 2003

The mechanics of die-less asymmetric rolling has been investigated in depth, for the first time, using a two-dimensional analytical model and a three-dimensional finite element model. In doing so, the physical understanding of mechanics underlying die-less asymmetric rolling has greatly been enhanced. Moreover, the asymmetry in roller radii was found to be the most effective parameter for curvature control, in the considered ranges of various parameters.
Extension of Oxley’s Analysis of Machining to Use Different Material Models
Authors: Adibi-Sedeh Amir H. , Madhavan Vis , Bahr Behnam
Published: November 2003

The aim of the present work is to extend the applicability of Oxley’s analysis of machining to a broader class of materials beyond the carbon steels used by Oxley and co-workers. The Johnson-Cook material model, history dependent power law material model and the Mechanical Threshold Stress (MTS) model are used to represent the mechanical properties of the material being machined as a function of strain, strain rate and temperature. A few changes are introduced into Oxley’s analysis to improve the consistency between the various assumptions. A new approach has been introduced to calculate the pressure variation along the alpha slip lines in the primary shear zone including the effects of both the strain gradient and the thermal gradient along the beta lines. This approach also has the added advantage of ensuring force equilibrium of the primary shear zone in a macroscopic sense. The temperature at the middle of the primary shear zone is calculated by integrating the plastic work thereby eliminating the unknown constant η. Rather than calculating the shear force from the material properties corresponding to the strain, strain rate and temperature of the material at the middle of the shear zone, the shear force is calculated in a consistent manner using the energy dissipated in the primary shear zone. The thickness of the primary and secondary shear zones, the heat partition at the primary shear zone, the temperature distribution along the tool-chip interface and the shear plane angle are all calculated using Oxley’s original approach. The only constant used to fine tune the model is the ratio of the average temperature to the maximum temperature at the tool-chip interface (ψ). The performance of the model has been studied by comparing its predictions with experimental data for 1020 and 1045 steels, for aluminum alloys 2024-T3, 6061-T6 and 6082-T6, and for copper. It is found that the model accurately reproduces the dependence of the cutting forces and chip thickness as a function of undeformed chip thickness and cutting speed and accurately estimates the temperature in the primary and secondary shear zones.
On the Characteristics and Mechanism of Rolling Instability and Chatter
Authors: Lin Y.-J. , Suh C. S. , Langari R. , Noah S. T.
Published: November 2003

A nonlinear model describing the dynamical interaction between work rolls and metal sheets and the initiation of fifth octave rolling chatter is presented. The model, which comprises a work roll sub-model and a metal sheet roll-bite sub-model, enables the instability of strip rolling to be qualitatively and quantitatively studied as a function of rollstack stiffness, rolling speed, inter-stand tension, roll-bite entry and exit thickness, and the sheet force resulted from the interactive action of the work roll with the plastic deformation of the rolled strip. It is concluded that, even though the governing dynamics is highly nonlinear, rolling chatter instability is none other than mode excitation or beating, and thus linear. Analyzed results correspond well with what have been observed in physical rolling mills. Specifically, the natural frequency predicted for a 4-H rolling stand fits the fifth octave chatter at 550∼650 Hz and there is a critical rolling speed (2.54 m/sec for the material and sheet configurations considered in the paper) beyond which rolling instability will occur. This research establishes the fundamental knowledge base required for the understanding of chatter characteristics and mechanism, and thus provides the essential bases for effective control of rolling instability and chatter-free roll mill design.
Dimensional Errors of Fixtures, Locating and Measurement Datum Features in the Stream of Variation Modeling in Machining
Authors: Djurdjanovic Dragan , Ni Jun
Published: November 2003

Machining processes are usually multi-station processes involving a large number of operations and several locating datum changes. Machining errors are thus introduced, transformed and accumulated as the workpiece is being machined. This paper introduces procedures for expressing the influence of errors in fixtures, locating datum features and measurement datum features on dimensional errors in machining. These procedures are essential in the derivation of the Stream of Variation model of dimensional machining errors using the CAD/CAPP parameters of the machining process. The linear state space form of the Stream of Variation model allows for advanced control theory achievements to be employed in formal solutions to problems in multi-station machining. Modeling procedures presented in this paper were experimentally verified in machining of an automotive cylinder head.
Experimental Cutting Tool Temperature Distributions
Authors: Miller Mark R. , Mulholland George , Anderson Charles
Published: November 2003

High temperatures in machining cutting zones activate wear mechanisms that decrease tool life and increase production costs and yet this phenomenon is not fully understood nor characterized. Although experimental work has been performed, the techniques used have generally been difficult to apply, and lacked sufficient resolution and or acceptable accuracy. Theoretical predictions and computational simulations have been performed to gain further insight into this problem but could not be accurately validated due to the lack of sufficient experimental temperature data. Experimental techniques using modern, digital infrared imaging were developed and successfully applied during this study to gather cutting tool temperature distributions from orthogonal machining operations. This new process has seemingly overcome many problems associated with past experimental techniques.
Thermal Analysis of Ice Walls Built by Rapid Freeze Prototyping
Authors: Sui Guanghua , Leu Ming C.
Published: November 2003

Rapid Freeze Prototyping (RFP) builds ice parts by depositing and freezing water in a layer-by-layer manner. This paper presents a one-dimensional transient heat transfer model for a thin ice wall built by the RFP process. Closed-form solutions for temperatures of the ice wall during solidification of a layer of water are derived, which can be used to estimate the solidification time. Natural cooling of the ice wall after solidification of a water layer is also studied. The analytical solutions of heating and cooling of the ice wall agree well with both numerical and experimental results.
A formula for the number of days between the winter solstice and the latest sunrise
Authors: Reinsch Matthias
Published: November 2003

A simple closed-form expression for the number of days between the winter solstice and the latest sunrise is derived. Formulas for the summer solstice and the sunset are derived as well. These approximate formulas make it easy to see the functional dependence on the latitude of the observer. An approximate expression for the difference in time of day between the latest sunrise and the sunrise on the solstice is also derived. The formulas are not valid in the Arctic, Antarctic or tropics.
Quantum statistics: Is there an effective fermion repulsion or boson attraction?
Authors: Mullin W. J. , Blaylock G.
Published: November 2003

Physicists often claim that there is an effective repulsion between fermions, implied by the Pauli principle, and a corresponding effective attraction between bosons. We examine the origins and validity of such exchange force ideas and the areas where they are highly misleading. We propose that explanations of quantum statistics should avoid the idea of an effective force completely, and replace it with more appropriate physical insights, some of which are suggested here.
Einstein–Cartan theory as a theory of defects in space–time
Authors: Ruggiero M. L. , Tartaglia A.
Published: November 2003

The Einstein–Cartan theory of gravitation and the classical theory of defects in an elastic medium are presented and compared. The former is an extension of general relativity and refers to four-dimensional space–time, while we introduce the latter as a description of the equilibrium state of a three-dimensional continuum. Despite these important differences, an analogy is built on their common geometrical foundations, and it is shown that a space–time with curvature and torsion can be considered as a state of a four-dimensional continuum containing defects. This formal analogy is useful for illustrating the geometrical concept of torsion by applying it to concrete physical problems. Moreover, the presentation of these theories using a common geometrical basis allows a deeper understanding of their foundations.
Experiments with a sunbird
Authors: Güémez J. , Valiente R. , Fiolhais C. , Fiolhais M.
Published: November 2003

A theoretical description of the sunbird, a drinking bird without any external liquid, is compared with experiment. The transient times and the periods of oscillation given by a simulation of the dynamics agree with the measured values.
Microscopic modeling of multi-lane highway traffic flow
Authors: Hodas Nathan O. , Jagota Anand
Published: November 2003

We discuss a microscopic model for the study of multi-lane highway traffic flow dynamics. Each car experiences a force resulting from a combination of the desire of the driver to attain a certain velocity, aerodynamic drag, and change of the force due to car–car interactions. The model also includes multi-lane simulation capability and the ability to add and remove obstructions. We implement the model via a Java applet, which is used to simulate traffic jam formation, the effect of bottlenecks on traffic flow, and the existence of light, medium, and heavy traffic flow. The simulations also provide insight into how the properties of individual cars result in macroscopic behavior. Because the investigation of emergent characteristics is so common in physics, the study of traffic in this manner sheds new light on how the micro-to-macro transition works in general.
Mr. Tompkins in Java: Interactive Lorentz transformations
Authors: Saha Prasenjit
Published: November 2003

This paper describes a simple applet for illustrating Lorentz transformations. The user specifies stationary and moving objects and light pulses, and sees animations of two reference frames. Even with minimal graphics (the objects are colored dots and the light flashes are expanding circles), such animations can make the concepts of redshift, length contraction, time dilation, and non-simultaneity more intuitive than traditional spacetime diagrams.
An Elementary Solution for a Difficult Motion Problem
Authors: Martínez Daniel A. , Queiro Santiago L.
Published: November 2003

Essentially geometrical arguments are applied to solve a seemingly unsolvable problem.
Force on the Dielectric in a Parallel Plate Capacitor
Authors: Gluck Paul
Published: November 2003

An interesting problem on the subject of dielectrics concerns the force exerted by a parallel plate capacitor maintained at constant voltage on a dielectric slab inserted between its plates. Energy methods are used1 to calculate the attractive force, which depends on the square of the electric field, the plate area, and the relative permittivity εr. A version of this problem is the calculation of the attractive force that pulls a liquid dielectric into vertical parallel plates dipped into the dielectric liquid. In some textbooks2 this is posed as an end-of-chapter problem, but in fact it may serve as the basis for a determination of the dielectric constant of a liquid, as described in Ref. 3, which also contains a derivation of the dependence of the height h to which the liquid rises on the voltage V (see Appendix): h = ε0( εr−1)2d2gρV2, where ρ is the density and d the plate separation. Here we shall describe a less sophisticated version of this method, using a homemade apparatus that can be used to demonstrate the effect. With some care it can be turned into a laboratory exercise in which students build the apparatus themselves (apart from the high-voltage supply) and measure the height as a function of the voltage.
Using Computer-Generated Animations as an Aid in Teaching Wave Motion and Sound
Authors: De Jong Marvin
Published: November 2003

When students encounter the mathematics of wave motion, they are at a new level of mathematical sophistication, a step up from kinematics formulas and F = ma. We have found that graphing the equations of wave motion and producing animations of various aspects of wave motion on a computer, coupled with live examples of the same phenomena, are helpful in understanding the mathematics of wave motion and connecting it to the real world. Without some real-world examples, the kind of work described here, although quite visual, is not terribly exciting to students jaded by computer games and television. Simultaneously relating the mathematics of wave motion to the computer graphics and to demonstrations of the same or similar phenomena seems to have a more dramatic and long-lasting effect than using either by itself. This article describes the graphics and animations that we generate with a computer algebra system (CAS), namely, Mathematica. Other software can also produce animations.1,2 Although many students have seen functions and graphs that involve trig functions in mathematics classes, they may not have connected them to the topic of wave motion. A CAS or spreadsheet animation utilizes the power of a computer to help make this connection clear. Finally, achieving the same results by asking students to graph functions with paper and pencil is clearly impossible, although some of the pencil and paper activities described by Arnold Arons3 are both realizable and extremely useful.
A Student-Centered Interactive Color Quiz
Authors: Wyrembeck Edward P.
Published: November 2003

This year I wanted to get my conceptual physics students more actively involved in their study of color addition and subtraction, so I decided to develop an interactive color quiz that I could use throughout the unit. I use the electron oscillator model to explain the emission, reflection, and absorption of light at the atomic level. My quiz is an extension of an activity I read about in The Physics Teacher on an “Interactive Spectra Demonstration.”1 It requires only some spray-painted tennis balls (red, green, and blue) and whatever color of clothing the students wear to class.
Computer Simulation of Radioactive Decay
Authors: Jesse Kenneth E.
Published: November 2003

The straightforward way to determine the half-life of a radioactive substance is to measure its activity in each of a series of time intervals, plot the data as a function of the accumulated time on semilog paper, and then measure the slope of the graph. A computer simulation of this procedure follows based on material presented in Clifford E. Swartz's excellent book, Used Math.1 He presents a very fine mathematical derivation of the exponential law of decay for radioactive atoms in Chapter 4. A brief summary follows using his notation and equation numbers.
Telemetry in the Classroom
Authors: Kraftmakher Yaakov
Published: November 2003

“Telecommunications” means communication at a distance and includes radio and television, mobile telephony, telemetry, and so on. The information to be transmitted must cause modulation of a high-frequency carrier. In amplitude-modulation (AM), the amplitude of a high-frequency carrier is varied in response to a low-frequency signal. A recent paper described a laboratory experiment for learning the principles of radio.1 The experiment described below demonstrates the telemetry of measurement data. The telemetry system includes a laser or a light-emitting diode with a light guide and is used for remote temperature measurements.
Recognizing Excellence in Teaching
Authors: Blanton Patricia
Published: November 2003

Each year since 1993, the AAPT has shown its appreciation of excellence in teaching at the pre-college and college levels by selecting two teachers who have made outstanding contributions to physics teaching. The recipients, AAPT members whose primary responsibility is teaching, are chosen to give a lecture at the AAPT National Summer Meeting. In addition, the teachers receive an award of $2000, travel expenses to the meeting, and a certificate. The knowledge and experience of these teachers offer opportunities for beginning teachers to “learn from the masters.” Here are some brief introductions to the honorees from the last two years and some comments from them that you might find helpful.
ON UNEMPHATIC 'EMPHATIC' PRONOUNS IN GREEK: NOMINATIVE PRONOUNS IN PLATO AND SOPHOCLES
Authors: Dik Helma
Published: November 2003

The nominative forms γ and σ of the Greek personal pronoun are traditionally described as exclusively 'emphatic'. This paper argues, on the basis of examples from Plato and Sophocles, that these pronouns are often better understood as un emphatic, as becomes clear from their treatment as postpositives rather than 'Mobile' words.
The Lagrand Case
Authors:   Jennings
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The Revision of the Statute of the International Court of Justice
Authors:   Lauterpacht
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
International Court of Justice: Practice Directions on Judges Ad Hoc; Agents, Counsel and Advocates; and Submission of New Documents
Authors:   Rosenne
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
New Practice Directions of the International Court of Justice
Authors:   Watts
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: Article 6 Responsibilities
Authors:   Obote-Odora
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Domestic and International Asymmetries in United States–European Union Trade Negotiations
Authors:   Duchesne,   Meunier,   Clark
Published: November 2003

This article studies the determinants of international bargaining power in instances of trade negotiations between the European Union and the United States. The authors' central hypothesis is that an appraisal of the US–EU trade relationship requires an understanding of the ways in which ``domestic'' political institutions shape the bargaining behavior of international actors. In particular, this article argues that the frequent EU ``successes'' in its negotiations with the US are the result of the bargaining power that its unique institutional arrangements grant its negotiators. In order to explain the distributional outcomes of international trade negotiations, the authors explore the ``Schelling conjecture'' and analyze why it is particularly relevant to the understanding of the unique bargaining power of EU negotiators when they are confronted with their American counterparts. To examine the explanatory power of domestic institutions in episodes of trade negotiations, the article analyzes the US-EC Uruguay Round agricultural negotiations (1986–1993).
Negotiations to Set Up Joint Ventures in China
Authors:   Faure
Published: November 2003

Establishing joint ventures in China is an interesting test of cross-cultural negotiation under conditions of uncertainty within a complex network of constraints. On one side is the huge Chinese company, heavily bureaucratic and focused on taking care of all dimensions of its employees lives. On the other side is the Western enterprise focused on quality performance and financial effectiveness. The negotiation process can be distinguished by several stages, each of them related to a specific issue such as the basic policy of the future joint venture, the technical issues, the financial aspects, and the legal aspects. Among the many issues, 16 are considered in this analysis as key issues of crucial importance in the building up of the agreement. A number of difficulties encountered by both parties during the negotiation are scrutinized, such as hidden differences in objectives, the obstacles due to non-overlapping perceptions, the lack of managerial culture, conflicting values behind behaviors, and the decision-making process in an administration-run economy.
Negotiations and International Relations: A Framework for Hydropolitics
Authors:   Dinar
Published: November 2003

Hydropolitics is a relatively new addition to the field of international security and negotiation studies. This article analyzes water, conflict and cooperation in general terms and then examines the case studies presented in this issue within the context of international relations and negotiation studies. In so doing, the article offers a framework in which to consider hydropolitics. This framework supports a process-oriented approach that emphasizes the international context, the regional context and its politics, pertinent intervening variables and the interactions among the parties within their respective negotiations. It demonstrates the necessity of such an integrated approach when analyzing hydropolitical relations among states.
Motivating Water Diplomacy: Finding the Situational Incentives to Negotiate
Authors:   Spector
Published: November 2003

Research attention has been riveted in recent years on identifying the factors that explain or predict the outbreak of violent conflict triggered by environmental change or stress. Much less consideration has been given to understand the factors that orient environmental change situations toward cooperation and the process of negotiation instead. Preliminary analyses and findings are presented that examine the types of environmental, social and economic indicators that presage ripe conditions for negotiating cooperative water resource agreements under circumstances that could easily lead to conflict or cooperation. Unexpectedly, the empirical results suggest that inequality among riparian states across a wide range of physical, economic and social dimensions sets the stage constructively for the negotiation of international and regional agreements on shared water resources.
An Analysis of the Negotiations for the 1995 Mekong Agreement
Authors:   Browder
Published: November 2003

The article examines negotiations for the 1995 Mekong Agreement, signed by Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam. A ``negotiation analysis'' approach is used, which is based on understanding interests and ``no agreement'' alternatives. The article draws upon interviews by the author with approximately 25 principals in the negotiations. Thailand and Vietnam, the regional powers, wanted to build cordial relations in the aftermath of the Cold War, and needed the Agreement to help contain conflict and promote cooperation on water resources. Laos and Cambodia were motivated to reach an accord to help procure aid. Planned Chinese hydropower reservoirs may increase the dry season flow – allowing the lower Mekong countries to share future increments of dry season flow. Negotiation assistance by UNDP was necessary to overcome a legacy of mistrust. Key articles of the Agreement deal with maintaining dry season flows, notification procedures, and a Basin Development Plan.
An Assessment of the Institutional Mechanisms for Water Negotiations in the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna System
Authors:   Faisal,   Nishat
Published: November 2003

This article begins with the historical perspective of the Indo-Bangladesh negotiations over common water-related issues in the GBM system. It presents a complete account of the common waters-related issues that exist between India and Bangladesh. It critically examines the genesis and performance of the institutional mechanisms that have evolved over time, particularly the scope and limitations of the Joint Rivers Commission (JRC). The role of JRC is examined in the context of the treaties and MOUs signed between India and Bangladesh for sharing the Ganges at various times. Lessons learned from these and other international negotiations are compiled to make the JRC more effective and efficient. The potential role of third party mediation in the GBM system is discussed along with the role of multi-track diplomacy. Some pertinent theoretical issues are raised regarding the narrow and ambiguous definitions of ``benefit'' and ``equity'' as mentioned in the statues of the JRC. The difficulty of setting a baseline for water sharing is discussed. Finally, it is recommended that the JRC should be expanded into the JWC (Joint Waters Commission) to allow for incorporation of other water-related issues such as watershed management, water quality and coastal ecosystem management. It is emphasized that political willingness has been the single most important factor in determining the success of bilateral negotiations in the GBM system.
An Institutional Framework for Facilitating Cooperation in the Euphrates-Tigris River Basin
Authors:   Ünver,   Kibaroglu
Published: November 2003

Since the initiation of major development projects, riparians of the Euphrates-Tigris river system, namely Turkey, Syria and Iraq, have begun utilizing those water resources under conditions of complex interdependence. A number of crises have occurred in the basin due to the lack of regularized consultation mechanisms among the riparians. Nevertheless, there have been notable efforts to build up a negotiation framework for data sharing and project coordination. The article describes the negotiation mechanisms and processes between Turkey, Syria and Iraq, as well as the bottlenecks and opportunities that exist over utilizing the waters of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers. Negotiations over the water issues involved, both at the technical level and higher levels, have been suspended since the mid-1990s. The article asserts that there is a need to revitalize these negotiations. A clear understanding of the respective rights and obligations of the three riparians as well as an objective definition of such needs are prerequisites for sustaining the negotiation process. The article concludes by elaborating on the modalities of institution building that would facilitate negotiations over the use of the waters of the Euphrates-Tigris river system.
Indigenous Approaches to Water Conflict Negotiations and Implications for International Waters
Authors:   Wolf
Published: November 2003

As the literature on international water negotiations continues to grow, one resource of expertise remains untapped –that of indigenous populations who have historically inhabited arid regions throughout the world. This article investigates how indigenous peoples of two drylands regions – the Berbers of the High Atlas Mountains and the Bedouin of the Negev Desert –approach negotiations brought about by water scarcity and fluctuation, and their methods are described in the context of current international hydropolitics. Lessons learned from these indigenous methods for conflict resolution which are applicable to modern problems include the following: 1) Allocate time, not water. Berber water management quantifies water in units of time rather than in units of volume. This method allows for local management of a fluctuating supply, and provides a means for a water market without storage structures. 2) Prioritize different demand sectors. Berbers and Bedouin prioritize demand differently, but each provides a hierarchy of importance. This allows for less important uses to be cut off throughout a valley during low flow regimes, rather than entire down-stream villages, and protects investments in infrastructure. 3) Protect downstream and minority rights. Berbers allow only traditional diversion structures which, through their ``inefficiency,'' allow for flow to continue downstream, while Bedouin concepts of equity address honor and pride, as well as right and wrong. 4) Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR). Each group has sophisticated mechanisms of dispute resolution, from which modern international management might benefit. Techniques include recognition of a defined water authority, and ``shared vision'' exercises. 5) The ``sulha.'' Both Berbers and Bedouin follow this Islamic practice of a ritual ceremony of forgiveness. Once the ceremony is performed, the dispute may not be discussed – it is as if it never occurred.
Negotiating Security: New Goals, Changed Process
Authors:   Spector,   Wolf
Published: November 2003

The concept of national security and the process by which it is negotiated has changed. No longer is security synonymous only with the physical well-being of the state; it is now associated with achieving safety from transboundary threats related to the environment, the economy, human rights, and access to food and resources, for example. This transformation of security from a primarily traditional military dimension to a multidimensional range of interests is accompanied by changes in the way these issues are negotiated among states. This article offers a framework and propositions that can help explain the differences. This thematic issue of International Negotiation on non-traditional security negotiation provides detailed cases and analyses that demonstrate and contrast how the negotiation process performs in resource, economic, food, and military security talks.
The Pacific Way: Where `Non-Traditional' is the Norm
Authors:   Rolfe
Published: November 2003

Traditional security is not a major concern for Pacific Island countries and has not been for at last 50 years. Instead, the region has for some time identified non-traditional issues, especially relating to the environment and resources, as among those that could affect the security of its members, collectively and individually. Non-traditional security issues in this region are generally externally imposed. These vulnerabilities are generally beyond the ability of individual states to control or mitigate. As a result, there is little need for conflict and a considerable reliance on cooperative processes to resolve the issues. The main arena for resolving issues is the Pacific Islands Forum (until recently, the South Pacific Forum). Forum decisions are based on consensus decision making in which standard setting and norm-based behavior have taken root. There are signs, though, that as issues of traditional ``high politics'' become more salient within the region, consensus could become strained.
Parallel Informal Negotiation: An Alternative to Second Track Diplomacy
Authors:   Martinez,   Susskind
Published: November 2003

Recently adopted international environmental treaties on climate change and biodiversity represent some of the most complex agreements ever negotiated, involving science-intensive policy questions and implicating not only governments, but industry and a range of nongovernmental organizations. The inter-connections that should have been taken into account in drafting these agreements were difficult to achieve, given the fractured structure of multilateral institutions. Even if the parties were willing to expose their interests as necessary for effective problem-solving, commitments made to home constituencies made it impossible to be flexible. The Consensus Building Institute has pioneered efforts to design a process that can overcome such barriers in high stakes, high profile, multi-party negotiations. Each has involved senior diplomats in what is best described as collaborative problem solving. This article will use the lessons learned from three experiences to show how parallel informal negotiation provides an alternative –or complement – to more traditional second track diplomacy.
Introduction
Authors:   Spector
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Culture and International Mediation: Exploring Theoretical and Empirical Linkages
Authors:   Elgström,   Bercovitch
Published: November 2003

Culture is undoubtedly one of the most significant aspects of identity, yet our understanding of the concept and particularly of its consequences for international conflict management is underdeveloped. In this article, we test the hypothesis that cultural differences between parties reflect diversity and contradictions, and that these differences compound the difficulties faced by conflicting parties in finding effective mediated outcomes. Several theories that deal with culture's impact on conflict management are presented and a model is introduced that permits us to test the hypothesis empirically. Five variables that measure culture are examined; these include geographical proximity, nature of the political system, political rights, civil rights and religion. The analysis suggests that all but one (nature of the political system) have a significant impact on mediation outcomes.
A Pragmatic Approach for Negotiating a Fissile Material Cut-Off Treaty
Authors:   Maerli
Published: November 2003

A Fissile Material Cut-Off Treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices is a natural next step on the multinational nuclear arms control agenda. Despite interest among key states and excessive stockpiles of fissile material, a formalized cut-off has yet to materialize. A new pragmatic approach for negotiating an FMCT patterned after the recent Mine Ban Treaty is presented as a potential model. Sweden, together with the other countries of the New Agenda Coalition, is identified as a possible candidate to take the lead and host an alternative FMCT negotiation process.
Negotiating National Identity in North Africa
Authors:   Mezran
Published: November 2003

The development of a polity can be explained by studying the emergence of national identity, not only as the product of conscious elite actions but as the outcome of negotiations (or lack thereof) between opposing visions within elite groups at the national movement stage and at subsequent key historical moments. Polities where effective broadbased negotiations on national identity values and beliefs were conducted among competing elites tend to enjoy a greater degree of medium to long term stability, while those emerging states where negotiations were not conducted and only one identity vision was imposed tend to suffer from identity and political crises in the course of their political development. Morocco and Algeria present two opposing cases: the former, in which broadbased inter-elite negotiations led to a definition of national identity that became widely shared by the population at large, and the latter, where the lack of such negotiations and the violent outcome of the civil war led to the imposition of only one identity vision and to the subsequent identity crisis that has plagued the country since the early 1980s.
National Identity in France and Germany: From Mutual Exclusion to Negotiation
Authors:   Rosoux
Published: November 2003

When international conflicts come to an end, the question that is raised is not only ``what happened,'' but also – and more importantly – ``what shall we do with the past.'' Solving conflicts in a durable manner requires a gradual transformation in the way parties represent the past and elaborate their identity. To provide an adequate framework for a rapprochement, identities can no longer rely on a rejection of the other; they must be negotiated. This article is divided into three parts. First, the concepts of identity and memory are described. Second, the pre-reconciliation identities of groups are analyzed. In particular, the article examines the identities produced by France and Germany before their rapprochement. It argues that identities on both sides of the Rhine were conceived in monolithic terms and excluded dissident interpretations. Third, the article attempts to characterize identities as they develop in a reconciliation process. In this regard, the Franco-German case shows that identities may be the result of negotiation between different and often contradictory interpretations. The article describes this process of negotiation – the steps involved, the necessary conditions for it to occur, and the role played by key factors.
The Politics of Identity Negotiation in Cameroon
Authors:   Monga
Published: November 2003

`Ethnic' identity does not just happen. It is processed and developed in a context of identity negotiation by culture brokers acting as self-proclaimed representatives of their respective groups. These brokers have shaped the politics of identity negotiation in Cameroon around two issues: fair access to state resources along presumably ethnic lines and protection by each group of its share of the national pie from more politically aggressive ethnic groups. In this context, identity negotiation follows an integrative approach that provides culture brokers, turned political entrepreneurs, with open options and flexible positions to address the issues. Sometimes, they play the ethnic majority card, using a language couched in terms of kinship ideology to recruit allies from neighboring groups, producing, through a process of incremental expansion, a larger ethnic group that displays a negotiated common cultural identity. In other cases, they withdraw from the larger group to play the alternative card of a minority group, using village and autochthon rhetoric to emphasize their authenticity and claim special treatments. In all cases, the bottom line of the political entrepreneurs is to negotiate with the regime for a share of the national pie.
Political Identity Negotiation within Individuals: The Case of Young Activists
Authors:   Scherrer
Published: November 2003

Individuals identify and belong to many social groups and the notion of identity negotiation can shed light on the way individuals manage this identity diversity. Based on a case of young French activists, two propositions are developed concerning the process of identity negotiation. First, young activists choose and negotiate ``between'' their various identifications to build their political identity. Second, their incapacity and unwillingness to decide between the diverse facets of their identity lead them to negotiations ``of'' these facets, as they relatively balance each of them, depending on the situation. It is further assumed that the very duality of the process of identity construction is the prerequisite allowing association between the concept of identity and the concept of negotiation in its sociological sense, which belongs to the sphere of compromise, instead of war.
Lessons Learned from the 1990–1997 Peace Process in the North of Mali
Authors:   Storholt
Published: November 2003

The intra-state conflict in Mali between 1990–1997 represents a rare case of successful management of an internal violent conflict in Africa in the post-Cold War era. This article examines the conditions that permitted negotiations to yield a lasting peace in Mali. ``Success'' is measured in terms of the ability to arrive at an agreement that is not only signed by all parties, but that can be effectively implemented as well. The case of Mali exemplifies a conflict that was ``ripe for resolution'' at the outset of negotiations and yet required considerable effort to ensure success beyond the initial negotiated agreement. The article presents some lessons learned from the negotiation process and an analysis of why the outcome was durable. In Mali, ripeness was complemented by the ability to build trust and confidence through careful timing, by a flexible mix of informal and formal negotiations at different stages of the conflict, by appropriate third party intervention, and by popular participation from civil society. All of these factors were essential to success.
What I Want to Know about Negotiations
Authors:   Zartman
Published: November 2003

Examining information requirements according to the negotiation categories of structure, strategy, procedure, outcome and behavior, this article calls for data on action types, results, and sources; on determinants of target susceptibilities to action types; on blockage and its costs; on issues under consideration, changing proposals and parties' changing positions on issues; on parties' perceived payoffs, and evaluations of win, loss and deadlock; on parties' evaluation of their security points, and efforts to alter security points; on potential tradeoffs; and on available and evolving conceptions of justice.
Negotiating Data: Reflections on the Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Negotiation Processes
Authors:   Hopmman
Published: November 2003

This article examines the relative advantages and disadvantages of quantitative and qualitative research methods for the analysis of the process and outcome of international negotiations. It does this by tracing the author's personal evolution as a researcher in the field, indicating how shifting paradigms and changing research questions have created a need for diverse methodologies, each tailored to the specific questions under investigation. It is concluded that large-scale systematic analyses of international negotiations can best be carried out by large interdisciplinary research teams. This will require negotiation scholars to negotiate with one another to develop collaborative research strategies and measurement instruments. If we are to be successful in large-scale, systematic studies of international negotiations, we must emulate our colleagues in fields such as the natural sciences where large teams with substantial resources collaborate over extended periods of time to produce meaningful findings.