bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The early indicator of significant hyperbilirubinemia in healthy full-term infants at 72 hrs of age: A prospective cohort study
Authors:   Associate professor, Department of Pediatrics, M.G.M. Medical College, Indore, Madhya Prdaesh, India, Arys Sunil , Prajapati Jyoti ,   Assistant professor, Department of Pediatrics, M.G.M. Medical College, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India, Panwar Chetan ,   Resident, Department of Pediatrics, M.G.M. Medical College, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
Published: July 2021

Introduction Hyperbilirubinaemia is a very common and frequently benign condition in newborns,but is a leading cause of hospitalisation in the first week of life. Many healthy full-term newbornsdevelop significant hyperbilirubinemia, often leading to serious complications as bilirubinencephalopathy and death. The present study was aimed to determine early predators and riskfactors in full-term healthy newborns developing significant hyperbilirubinemia. Methods - This wasa prospective observational cohort study conducted at the department of pediatrics at a tertiary careteaching hospital over 1 year enrolling 200 full-term healthy newborns and following them from birthto 72 hrs of life to determine early predictors of hyperbilirubinemia. The data were analysed usingthe Statistical Package of Social Science Software (SPSS) program. Bilirubin levels measured at 72hrs were compared to identify significant hyperbilirubinemia using cut off at or above highintermediate risk zone in Bhutani nomogram. Results- Neonates with birth weight <2.5 kg, bornthrough instrumental delivery, delayed feeding, dehydration, 24 Hr serum bilirubin >6mg/dl and 48Hr serum bilirubin >11 mg/dl were significantly associated with significant hyperbilirubinemia(p<0.05) Conclusion- These risk factors can be used as risk indicator to predict the development ofsignificant hyperbilirubinemia in such newborns and better pre-discharge counselling and followupcan be ensured in such newborns especially in resource-limited settings.
Çocuk Kardiyoloji Polikliniğine Akut Göğüs Ağrısı Nedeniyle Başvuran Çocukların Etiyolojik Açıdan Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: YURDAKUL ERTÜRK Emine , KASAR Taner
Published: July 2021

Amaç: Azollerin profilaksi veya tedavi amacıyla yaygın ve tekrarlayan kullanımı Candida albicans (C.albicans) türlerinde direnç gelişimine yol açmıştır.

Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu çalışmada, steril vücut sıvısı kültürlerinden izole edilen C.albicans izolatlarının flukonazol, itrakonazol ve vorikonazole in vitro direnç oranlarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Tür düzeyinde tanımlama, geleneksel tanı yöntemleri ve BD Phoenix 100 (BD, ABD) otomatik tanımlama sistemi kullanılarak yapıldı. Antifungal duyarlılık testi, %2 glukoz içeren RPMI kullanılarak mikrodilüsyon yöntemiyle değerlendirildi. Triazoller olan flukonazol, itrakonazol ve vorikonazol için bulanıklığın belirgin (≥%50) olarak azaldığı kuyucuktaki konsantrasyon, MİK50 değeri olarak belirlendi. Çalışmada kontrol

suş olarak C.albicans ATCC 90028 kullanıldı.

Bulgular: C.albicans izolatlarının %88.2’si (n=45) yoğun bakım ünitelerinden alınan örneklerden izole edildi. Örneklerin 26 (%50.9)’sı yaş ortalaması 68.6±18.29 yıl olan kadın hastalardan, 25 (%49)’i yaş ortalaması 62.22±21.08 yıl olan erkek hastalardan alındı. İzolatların 48 (%94.1)’i kan,1 (%1.96)’i beyin omurilik sıvısı, 1 (%1.96)’i steril vücut sıvısı, 1(%1.96)’i peritoneal sıvı kültüründen tanımlandı. Antifungal duyarlılık test sonuçlarına göre türlerin 7 (%12.2)’si flukonazol, 14 (%27.4)’ü itrakonazol ve 5 (%9.8)’i vorikonazole dirençli bulundu. Toplam 6 (%11.7) örnekte ise çapraz dirence rastlandı.

Sonuç: C.albicans izolatlarında triazollere direncin yanısıra diğer azollere karşı da çapraz direnç saptanmıştır. Bu nedenle uygun tedavi için antifungal duyarlılık test sonuçları dikkate alınmalıdır.
HIGH TEMPERATURE CORROSION OF THIN SHEET STEEL 08KP IN AIR
Authors: BOCHAROV Nikolay M.
Published: July 2021

The study of the nature of high-temperature corrosion of metals is one of the tasks in substantiating the relevance of the use of corrosion-resistant, heat-resistant coatings and barrier layers obtained on the basis of the natural oxidation process. The article presents the gradation of oxidation of surfaces of 08kp thin-sheet steel at diff erent temperature-time parameters of one cycle “heating-cooling”. To regulate the processing modes and register thermal eff ects, a diff erential thermal analysis device was used. It is shown that the eff ect of elevated temperatures on steel in air at atmospheric pressure triggers an intensive growth of scale, which peels off from the metal base and breaks down. After descaling on the steel surface, in addition to blue tarnishing, in some cases, fi lms of a red tint were found. Based on the data of diff erential thermal analysis, an att empt was made to separate and interpret transformations related directly to steel and to reactions in scale associated with iron oxides.
RESTORATION OF BUILDINGS OF OLD PART OF THE SAMARA CITY
Authors: BUTENKO Sergey A.
Published: July 2021

For residents of Samara, numerous tourists of the city, old Samara is of direct interest with its merchant way of life, historical monuments testifying to the emergence of a historical sett lement on the banks of the Volga and its development from the emergence of the wooden fortress “Samara town” to the modern million-plus city. The activity of Samara architects-restorers allows tracing this path of development. Carrying out restoration work is a very long and laborious process, including the study of historical documents and archaeological fi nds, research work.
EFFICIENT CONTROL OF FUNCTIONING OF ELECTRICAL GAS PREPARATION COMPLEX TO TRANSPORTATION BY MAIN PIPELINE
Authors: DANILUSHKIN Aleksandr I. , DANILUSHKIN Vasiliy A.
Published: July 2021

The article discusses the problem of increasing the effi ciency of the linear section of the main gas pipeline system by developing eff ective control algorithms for the operating modes of the gas cooling unit. To develop control algorithms for a gas cooling unit, adapted mathematical models of thermal processes in air-cooled gas devices and in a gas pipeline are used. It is shown that when considering the dynamic modes, the gas pipeline system can be represented as consisting of two dynamic links. The link “gas cooling unit”, which includes up to 24 electric drives with heat exchangers, is characterized by relatively short time constants. In the main gas pipeline, heat exchange processes proceed much more slowly. This circumstance allows the main att ention to be focused on the development of an eff ective control system for the cooling plant. The control is carried out by discrete or continuous change in the fl ow rate of the cooling air through the heat exchanger by adjusting the number of switched on air coolers and changing the fan speed. The search for control algorithms for air coolers is carried out by formulating and solving the problem of minimizing the root-mean-square deviation of the gas temperature at the outlet from the heat exchanger from the required value. To implement the obtained control algorithms, a functional diagram of the automatic control system for the operating modes of the gas cooling unit has been developed.
Personnel safe work training using the methods of pedagogical testing at the enterprises
Authors: Krivova Margarita A.
Published: July 2021

The paper considers the dependence of the prevention of erroneous actions of the companys personnel at work on the degree of training. A scheme of safe human actions when a problem situation occurs has been designed, it is used to develop a technology for training safe actions. This scheme allowed creating comprehensive teaching techniques using a simulator based on concept-oriented pedagogical tests and instructions on safe performance of work with the help of standard-oriented pedagogical tests. A mini-alternative methodology is proposed for the development of skills and abilities to ensure safe work. To assess the effectiveness of this training method, an efficiency criterion is proposed. The authors present a concept of training for safe operations, taking into account the risks, and defining the employees responsibilities in case of emergences. The developed organizational structure of the instructions on safe operations with the use of computer technology includes the blocks that characterize the test activity, the reference base, extra materials and tests. The system of safe operation training has been tested at a number of enterprises in the Samara region and received a positive assessment from specialists.
Mapping Solidarity, Liberation, and Activism: A Critical Autoethnography of Asian American Leaders in Counseling
Authors: Chan Christian D. , Harrichand John J. S. , Anandavalli S , Vaishnav Shreya , Chang Catherine Y. , Hyun Jung H. , Band Monica P.
Published: July 2021

Researchers have documented the disproportionate amount of racism against Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (AAPIs) and a wide swath of exclusionary leadership practices in professional contexts (e.g., higher education, academia, professional associations). AAPI leaders have been largely underrepresented in counseling leadership, higher education, and the broader profession. Due to stereotypes associated with the bamboo ceiling and the model minority, AAPI communities are overlooked for advancement and leadership opportunities while experiencing racial discrimination in a given context (e.g., workplace). However, AAPI leaders can draw from multiple pathways that instill liberation and leverage activism to sustain their footing in leadership spaces. Using an AsianCrit paradigm and critical collaborative autoethnography, seven Asian American counseling leaders explored their experiences with leadership to illustrate the cultural contexts that identified opportunities for solidarity, liberation, and activism. Findings culminated in four themes: (1) recognition; (2) embracing standpoint, social identities, and cultural heritage; (3) resisting through research, scholarship, and leadership; and (4) leaning on community.
As reivindicações da justiça no Século XXI: referências da Teoria da Justiça de Amartya Sen
Authors: Bortoloti José Carlos Kraemer , Zambam Neuro José
Published: July 2021

O início do Século XXI clama pela (re)contextualização da Teoria do Contrato Social. O objetivo desse estudo é apresentar aportes para os temas da democracia, a condição de agente e o direito das culturas na Teoria da Justiça de Amartya Sen. Preocupar-se com a vida concreta das pessoas é fundamental para a legitimidade desse modelo. A partir dessa compreensão, se pode ampliar a democracia, as políticas de desenvolvimento e os direitos das culturas. Emprega-se o método indutivo, com abordagem qualitativa, de caráter explicativo, utilizando-se o procedimento técnico bibliográfico. Conclui-se que o processo para a diminuição das desigualdades, do fomento ao exercício da tolerância, das condições para a liberdade de escolha e das oportunidades acessíveis a todos, bem como, legitimar a democracia como valor moral dependem dessas referências.
A complex scalp resurfacing utilizing Integra® as temporary dressing in aplasia cutis congenita
Authors: Yap Pauline , Mohamad Shah Nurul Syazana , Mat Saad Arman Zaharil , Wan Sulaiman Wan Azman , Mat Johar Siti Fatimah Noor
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUND: Aplasia cutis congenita is a rare newborn malformation characterized by focal absence of skin. It possesses difficulty in reconstruction surgery for neurosurgeons and plastic surgeons. We report a challenging case of aplasia cutis congenita who received treatment in our center.
CLINICAL CASE: A 2-year-old boy, presented to Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hospital USM, with bilateral vertex defect with encephalocele who received a series of surgical interventions since 1 month old. Unfortunately, he returned after 2 years with a chronic nonhealing scalp wound associated with dura defect and cerebral spinal fluid leakage. The wound was debrided and the swab culture result showed no organism growth. Part of the wound bed with dura defect was repaired using a small piece of transplanted fascia lata and Integra was applied.
DISCUSSION: There is scarcity in the medical literature on the reconstructive technique of aplasia cutis congenita. In the case we described here, we successfully managed the wound with multiple application of dermal substitute (Integra) dressing with negative pressure wound therapy and split-thickness skin graft.
CONCLUSIONS: Management of aplasia cutis congenita with skull defect remains a controversy. Its management varies depends on its pattern and underlying condition. We successfully develop a new simple method in treating scalp accutilizing Integra.
Our experience of total hip arthroplasty in adolescents with consequences of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis
Authors: Imomov Khisrav D. , Baskov Vladimir E. , Neverov Valentin A. , Bortulev Pavel I.
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUND: Currently, the number of adolescents with terminal stages of coxarthrosis of various origins who underwent total hip joint arthroplasty has increased, as the use of modern implant models with a long service life has narrowed the age limit and expanded the indications for this intervention.
AIM: This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of total hip arthroplasty in adolescents with stage 3 coxarthrosis caused by acute hematogenous osteomyelitis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study analyzed preoperative data and postoperative clinical, radiological, and functional examination data of 40 patients aged 1318 (15 1.2) years with stage 3 coxarthrosis caused by acute hematogenous osteomyelitis. The study group was composed of 21 (52.5%) boys and 19 (47.5%) girls. The control group consisted of 32 patients with stage 3 post-traumatic coxarthrosis, aged 1218 (15.4 1.7) years, of which 14 (43.75%) were girls and 18 (56.25%) were boys.
RESULTS: The long-term functional results were evaluated using the Harris hip score (14). The average Harris hip scores before and after arthroplasty were 44.87 5.65 and 80 7.61 (p 0.05), respectively. In the comparison group, the mean Harris hip scores before and after surgery were 33.73 4.28 and 89.47 5.60 points, respectively (p 0.05). The postoperative follow-up duration was 5 3 M SD (95% confidence interval) years. No complications were observed in the early and late postoperative periods.
CONCLUSIONS: In adolescents, total hip arthroplasty is an effective surgical treatment for complications of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis. It quickly provides attainable, stable, and favorable outcomes, which improve the quality of life and social adaptation of adolescents.
Oxford ankle foot questionnaire: Localization in Russia
Authors: Kenis Vladimir M. , Dimitrieva Alyona J. , Suponeva Natalya A. , Piradov Mikhail A. , Yusupova Dzhamilya G. , Zimin Alexey A. , Zaitsev Aleksandr B. , Derevianko Denis V. , Polekhina Natalia V. , Ramchandani Nisha Mohan , Bundhun Pratisch
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUND: According to literature data, the Oxford Foot Questionnaire for children is a valid instrument for the assessment of complaints and therefore requires adaptation in Russian.
AIM: Russian localization of the Oxford Ankle Foot Questionnaire.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Localization of the questionnaire was gradually carried out in accordance with international standards. To specify the accuracy of anatomical comprehension of the lower extremity, 35 children aged 516 years old and their parents were interviewed preliminary. For final validation of the Russian version, the pilot testing was performed in 20 children aged 516 years and their parents.
RESULTS: As all the interviewed children correctly anatomically specified the leg, 91.4% of them correctly pointed out the foot, and only 20.0% of children, and 57.0% of the parents were able to find the ankle joint, we translated the phrase ankle and foot as стопа. This was represented in the title and text of the questionnaire items. The final questionnaire version survey illustrated that, generally, children and their parents answered all questions without any difficulties, and additions and clarifications were not essential.
CONCLUSIONS: This Russian version of the Oxford Ankle Foot Questionnaire is the only instrument used for the assessment of different foot complaints in children aged 516 years and parents opinion on how much the existing pathology affects the physical, social, and emotional components of childrens complaints.
Nükleobazların Demetilasyonu ve Güncel Gelişmeler
Authors: KARTLAŞMIŞ Kezban , DİKMEN Nurten
Published: July 2021

DNA dizisi aynı kalarak DNA, RNA ve proteinlerin işlev ve düzenleme mekanizmalarının etkilenmesi ile sonuçlanan gen işlevlerindeki değişiklikler epigenetik olarak tanımlanır. Son yıllarda gelişen teknolojiyle birlikte epigenetik alanında yapılan çalışmalar, insanlar üzerindeki önemli etkilerinin keşfedilmesini ve hastalıklarla ilişkisinin anlaşılmasını sağlamıştır. Birçok hastalık, epigenetik mekanizmaların düzenlenmesindeki hata ya da düzensizlik ile genlerin ifadesinin aşırı artması/baskılanması sonucunda ortaya çıkmaktadır. Son dönemlerde üzerinde çok çalışılan ve hakkında en çok bilgi sahibi olunan epigenetik mekanizmalar DNA ve RNA metilasyonudur. Epigenetik hastalık mekanizmalarının anlaşılma ve değerlendirilmesinde metilasyonların yanı sıra DNA ve RNA demetilasyon süreçleriyle ilgili olarak yapılan moleküler düzeydeki araştırmalar da büyük önem kazanmıştır.
Geometry of the Juan de Fuca plate beneath Washington and northern Oregon from seismicity
Authors: Weaver Craig S. , Baker Glenn E.
Published: July 2021

Earthquake hypocenters within the subducting Juan de Fuca plate beneath Washington and northern Oregon are interpreted as showing that the direction of plate dip changes from northeast beneath the Puget Sound region to east-southeast beneath southwestern Washington. The shallowest hypocenters within the Juan de Fuca plate are between 30- to 40-km depth, and the distribution of these events strikes north-northeast from near the mouth of the Columbia River to the northern Olympic Mountains. The distribution of hypocenters between 40 to 50 km generally strikes parallel with the shallowest events, but shows a significant broadening beneath the eastern Olympic Mountains and Puget Sound. Events with depths greater than 50 km south of the 1965 Seattle earthquake (mb = 6.5) strike north-northeast, approximately parallel with the shallower distributions; however, north of this event, the distribution of these deeper hypocenters strikes northwest. This change in the distribution of earthquake hypocenters reflects an upward arching of the Juan de Fuca plate plate beneath Puget Sound compared with the depth of the plate beneath southwestern Washington. The T axis calculated for the 1949 South Puget Sound earthquake (MS = 7.1) is oriented to the southeast, and the 20° plunge of the T axis is in good agreement with the plate dip angle determined from the earthquake hypocenters. We conclude that the 1949 earthquake resulted at least in part from down-dip tensional forces within the subducting Juan de Fuca plate. One consequence of the change in the direction of plate dip is that volcanic front in Washington is everywhere perpendicular to the dip of the Juan de Fuca plate.
Failure of self-similarity for large (Mω> 814) earthquakes
Authors: Hartzell Stephen H. , Heaton Thomas H.
Published: July 2021

We compare teleseismic P-wave records for earthquakes in the magnitude range from 6.0 to 9.5 with synthetics for a self-similar, ω2 source model and conclude that the energy radiated by very large earthquakes (Mw > 814) is not self-similar to that radiated from smaller earthquakes (Mw < 814). Furthermore, in the period band from 2 sec to several tens of seconds, we conclude that large subduction earthquakes have an average spectral decay rate of ω-1.5. This spectral decay rate is consistent with a previously noted tendency of the ω2 model to overestimate Ms for large earthquakes.
High-frequency spectral scaling of a main shock/ aftershock sequence near the Norwegian coast
Authors: Chael Eric P. , Kromer Richard P.
Published: July 2021

A high-frequency seismic element was recently added to the NORESS regional array in Norway. This system can monitor seismic signals at frequencies up to 50 Hz. In February 1986, the high-frequency seismic element recorded an mbLg 4.7 main shock and several aftershocks which occurred 420 km northwest of NORESS, off Norway's western coast. These events produced high-frequency signals which were well above the background noise at the station. P-wave spectra of these events scale in a manner consistent with the ω-square, constant-stress-drop source model. The data do not require any change in this scaling to magnitudes (mbLg) below 2, in contrast to previous reports that constant-stress-drop scaling breaks down at smaller magnitudes.
The 1918 and 1957 Vancouver Island earthquakes
Authors: Cassidy John F. , Ellis Robert M. , Rogers Garry C.
Published: July 2021

Since 1918, six significant earthquakes (5.2 < M < 7.2) have occurred in the region of central Vancouver Island where the Juan de Fuca, Explorer, and America plates interact. In this study, two of the largest earthquakes are examined in detail: the 1918 (MS ≃ 7) and the 1957 (MS ≃ 6) events.

The preferred location of the 1918 earthquake is on Vancouver Island at 49.44°N, 126.22°W, with a focal depth of 15 km. Magnitudes determined are MS = 6.9 ± 0.3 and mb = 7.2 ± 0.4. Analysis of surface waves suggests this is a predominantly strike-slip earthquake occurring along either a NNW- or an ENE-striking fault. The seismic moment is estimated as 7.40 × 1025 dyne-cm and the stress drop to be 122 bars.

The 1957 earthquake has been relocated on the continental shelf west of Vancouver Island at 49.64°N, 127.00°W, with a focal depth of 30 km. Magnitudes determined are MS = 5.9 ± 0.2 and mb = 6.3 ± 0.3. Surface wave and P-nodal analyses indicate that this is a predominantly strike-slip earthquake; either dextral along an NNW-striking fault, or sinistral along a ENE-striking fault. The seismic moment is estimated as 8.14 × 1024 dyne-cm and the stress drop to be 36 bars.

The 1918 earthquake appears to be a crustal intraplate event occurring in the lithosphere of the America plate, resulting from the complicated interaction of the Explorer, Juan de Fuca, and America plates. The preferred epicenter, depth, focal mechanism, and stress drop for the 1957 earthquake are consistent with the left-lateral motion between the Juan de Fuca and Explorer plates along the subducted extension of the Nootka fault zone. This earthquake is identical, within uncertainties, to events occurring in 1972 and 1986. We believe that these three earthquakes provide the best definition to date of both the position of the subducting portion of the Nootka fault zone west of Vancouver Island and the direction of relative motion along this fault.
Microearthquake location: A nonlinear approach that makes use of a simplex stepping procedure
Authors: Prugger Arnfinn F. , Gendzwill Don J.
Published: July 2021

We present an earthquake location scheme that uses the simplex algorithm in the solution. This method of direct iteration is conceptually simple, does not require derivative calculations, and avoids matrix inversions. The algorithm can be programmed on a small computer and its performance compares favorably with other methods of earthquake location. The method can be used for any velocity structure for which source to geophone times can be calculated. We use a horizontally layered velocity model, and consider both critically and noncritically refracted rays. It is easy to incorporate any time residual misfit norm into the location calculation. We generally use the L1 or L2 (least-squares) norm. The routine we present is used in two different microseismic monitoring systems at two potash mines in Saskatchewan, Canada.
Maximum-likelihood event magnitude estimation with bootstrapping for uncertainty estimation
Authors: McLaughlin K. L.
Published: July 2021

The bootstrap procedure of Efron may be used with maximum-likelihood magnitude estimation to estimate the standard deviation of the event magnitude and the distribution standard deviation. The procedure resamples the observations randomly with replacement. The event magnitude, m, and station magnitude distribution, σ, are then estimated for each random sampling of the observations. This generates a sequence of event magnitude estimations that are used to estimate the event magnitude standard error, σm, and the uncertainty in the distribution, σσ.

Maximum-likelihood mb event magnitudes with uncertainties are provided for events at NTS, Amchitka, Tuamotu, Novaya Zemlya, and Eastern Kazakh. These magnitudes based on WWSSN film chip readings illustrate the importance of nondetection for events with magnitudes below mb < 5 and of clipping for events with magnitudes above mb > 6.5. The uncertainties in the event magnitudes are found to be close to the uncertainty in the mean of the observed signals. The introduction of the maximum-likelihood procedure does not significantly improve the precision of the event magnitude estimate, and furthermore it may actually increase the estimated uncertainty with introduction of censoring information. However, the maximum-likelihood bootstrap estimate is a more accurate estimate of the total uncertainty in the event magnitude.
Frequency and size of quaternary surface ruptures of the pitaycachi fault, northeastern Sonora, Mexico
Authors: Bull William B. , Pearthree Philip A.
Published: July 2021

Movements along the Pitaycachi fault since the Miocene juxtaposed different alluvial units and created 2- to 45-m-high fault scarps downslope from a pedimented mountain front prior to 1887. In 1887, a major earthquake formed a 75-km-long, 12- to 4-m-high scarp along the trace of prehistoric surface ruptures.

Diverse evidence from many study sites indicates that about 200,000 yr elapsed between the prior (youngest Pleistocene) event and the 1887 surface rupture. Cumulative displacements of Pliocene(?) to mid-Pleistocene alluvial fans and stream terraces decrease with decreasing age. The trace of the prior rupture was largely buried by sheets of late Pleistocene and Holocene piedmont alluvium. Late Pleistocene soils are offset about the same amount as the height of the 1887 scarp. Valleys that are as much as 40 m deep and 0.5 to 0.9 km wide have been eroded since the prior event; they contain multiple late Pleistocene and Holocene stream terraces that were not faulted until 1887. Pre-1887 alluvial fault scarps were degraded to 2° to 9° slopes before the 1887 event, even in resistant materials such as clay-rich soil horizons with unweathered rhyolite cobbles and calcrete. Scarp height-maximum slope regressions and diffusion-equation analyses for reconstructed pre-1887 scarp profiles indicate that the prior event occurred more than 100,000 yr ago. Acceleration of scarp degradation rates during the Holocene, and/or relatively resistant materials exposed in the scarps, would increase the age estimates to 200,000 yr or more.

Very long recurrence intervals are the characteristic style of movement on the Pitaycachi fault. At one site, six ages of diverse valley fills were inset into pedimented granodiorite upslope from the fault between the prior and 1887 events. Only 3 m of relief remained before the 1887 rupture increased the scarp height from 3 to 6 m. Some hillslopes have triangular talus facets of carbonatecemented colluvium that resulted from infrequent fault movements and intervening periods of erosion. Smooth hillsides of resistant volcanic rocks between the facets show that virtually all of the prior surface-rupture event scarps had been removed by prolonged slope degradation.
Earthquake locations in the western Hellenic arc relative to the plate boundary
Authors: Papadopoulos T. , Wyss Max , Schmerge David L.
Published: July 2021

Four vertical-component seismograph stations were operated in western Crete, southeastern Peloponnesus, the island of Milos, and south of Corinth on Mount Didimon from 1981 to 1984. Combining arrival times from this network, the Greek National Network, and VOLNET, we relocated hypocenters within Greece and the surrounding area. The difference between the relocations and the locations published in the National Observatory of Athens Bulletin in most instances were minor, except for earthquakes located in the vicinity of the western Hellenic arc. In this area, we found that epicenters thought to lie south of the plate boundary, within the African plate, relocated an average of approximately 60 km to the N30°E, which places them at or north of the plate boundary. We suggest that this difference is a minimum estimate of the location error and the true locations may lie still further to the NNE. We propose that anomalously slow seismic velocities in the Aegean back-arc upper mantle cause travel-time delays to the seismograph stations located to the NE of the source volumes, resulting in location errors in a direction away from these stations. Extrapolating from our observations to other segments of the Hellenic plate boundary and to periods not covered by our operation, we hypothesize that most or all earthquakes thought to have originated on the African plate, within about 100 km of the Hellenic arc, were actually located at the plate boundary or on the Aegean plate.
CodaQbefore the 1983 Hawaii (MS= 6.6) earthquake
Authors: Huang Zhong-Xian , Wyss Max
Published: July 2021

Coda Q values were derived for more than 300 microearthquakes that occurred in a 6-yr period before the 16 November 1983 Kaoiki, Hawaii, earthquake (MS = 6.6). The sources were located within a 14 × 16 km rectangular region surrounding the main shock epicenter, and most of them occurred at depths between 5 and 10 km. Digital recordings from three stations at epicentral distances ranging from 0 to 18 km were used. Coda Q was calculated from the amplitude decay rate of the S-wave coda in nine frequency bands from 4.5 to 27 Hz. The average Q of the NW part of the studied area is about 15 per cent higher than that of the SE part. These two subregions also showed differences in seismicity, b value, and microearthquake source mechanisms. In the high-Q volume, the b value was 1.0, and the rate of earthquakes per unit volume was about 50 per cent of the rate in the low-Q volume where b = 1.3. One interpretation of these observations is that more extensive faulting in the SE Kaoiki fault zone leads to lower Q, higher b value, and a higher seismicity rate. During the 5 to 6 yr before the mainshock, the 1-yr average Q values were stable. No significant Q change could be identified as a precursor to the main shock.
Spectral discrimination between NTS explosions and Western United States earthquakes at regional distances
Authors: Taylor Steven R. , Sherman Nevin W. , Denny Marvin D.
Published: July 2021

Spectral ratio disciminants are applied to 72 Western United States earthquakes and 64 NTS explosions recorded at four broadband seismic stations surrounding NTS. The ratio of the energy in the 1- to 2- and 6- to 8-Hz bands for Pn, Pg, and Lg is calculated and a simple distance correction applied to the data. The spectral ratio appears to have potential as a disciminant at relatively small magnitudes (3.0 < mb < 4.5) and single station misclassification probabilities for detected phases range from 4 to 33 per cent, with Lg showing the best performance followed by Pg and Pn. Below mb 4.5 to 5.0, the earthquakes are observed to have more high-frequency energy than the explosions for all three phases. This observation may be due to actual source differences or to depth-dependent effects of attenuation on the shallow explosions and deeper earthquakes. At higher magnitudes, the two populations merge and discrimination is poor. Overburied explosions are characterized by the existence of more high-frequency energy than those at standard containment depths and are often misclassified. The Brune dislocation source model is shown to satisfactorily fit the earthquake spectral ratios plotted as a function of mb for reasonable stress drops. However, the Mueller-Murphy explosion source model has problems predicting the decrease in the explosion spectral ratio observed at higher magnitudes (mb > 4.5 to 5.0). This may be due to uncertainties in the apparent source-time function for explosions. These complications may be due to changes in the dynamic response of the material in the near-source region as a function of overburden pressure, effects of secondary sources, or to variations in regional phase excitation with depth.
Two types of reservoir-induced seismicity
Authors: Simpson D.W. , Leith W.S. , Scholz C.H.
Published: July 2021

The temporal distribution of induced seismicity following the filling of large reservoirs shows two types of response. At some reservoirs, seismicity begins almost immediately following the first filling of the reservoir. At others, pronounced increases in seismicity are not observed until a number of seasonal filling cycles have passed. These differences in response may correspond to two fundamental mechanisms by which a reservoir can modify the strength of the crust—one related to rapid increases in elastic stress due to the load of the reservoir and the other to the more gradual diffusion of water from the reservoir to hypocentral depths. Decreased strength can arise from changes in either elastic stress (decreased normal stress or increased shear stress) or from decreased effective normal stress due to increased pore pressure. Pore pressure at hypocentral depths can rise rapidly, from a coupled elastic response due to compaction of pore space, or more slowly, with the diffusion of water from the surface.
Inverting measurements of surface slip on the Superstition Hills fault
Authors: Boatwright John , Budding Karin E. , Sharp Robert V.
Published: July 2021

We derive and test a set of inversions of surface-slip measurements based on the empirical relation u(t) = uf/(1 + T/t)c proposed by Sharp and Saxton (1989) to estimate the final slip uf, the power-law exponent c, and the power-law duration T. At short times, Sharp's relation behaves like the simple power law, u(t) ∼ u1tc, where u1 is the initial slip, that is, the slip at 1 day after the earthquake. At long times, the slip approaches the final slip asymptotically. The inversions are designed in part to exploit the accuracy of measurements of differential slip; that is, measurements of surface slip which are made relative to a set of nails or stakes emplaced after the earthquake. We apply the inversions to slip measurements made at 53 sites along the Superstition Hills fault for the 11 months following the M = 6.2 and 6.6 earthquakes of 24 November 1987. In general, estimates of the initial slip and the power law exponent are well resolved, while estimates of the power-law durations and the final slip are less well resolved because the durations of the surface slip measurements are often less than the derived power-law durations. The slip on the three fault strands is a relatively smooth function of position; the initial slip and final slip are well correlated. The time dependence of surface slip at the 53 sites is roughly similar along the entire fault, where the power-law exponents are distributed as c = 0.14 ± 0.04 and the power-law durations range from 100 < T < 1000 days.
High-frequencyPnattenuation in the Canadian shield
Authors: Chun Kin-Yip , Kokoski Richard J. , West Gordon F.
Published: July 2021

Frequency-dependent spatial attenuation of Pn waves, incorporating the combined effects of geometrical spreading and anelastic dissipation, is investigated in eastern Canada between 3 and 15 Hz. Measurement of this total attenuation, instead of the two separate effects, circumvents the usual need for making a priori assumptions regarding the Pn geometrical spreading rate. The data consist of 77 Pn spectra, all amplitude-normalized using a set of previously measured spectral ratios of eastern Canadian earthquake sources. The normalization procedure eliminates the need for explicit source spectral assumptions, another common source of error in Pn attenuation measurements. An unconventional technique is introduced to account for differences in observed Pn spectra, which arise from geological site effects and instrument response error, both of which are frequency-dependent phenomena. We conclude that, at each frequency, the Pn amplitude falls off with distance according to: Δ−n, where Δ is epicentral distance. The exponent n is weakly frequency-dependent and takes the form: 2.2 + 0.02f. A unique interpretation of the behavior of the Pn spectral amplitude decay is unattainable, owing to the difficulty in separating the effects due to anelastic dissipation and the velocity structure in the uppermost mantle. It is interesting to note, however, that the spatial decay of pure elastic head waves follows the classical Δ−1/2L−3/2 relation, where L is the distance the waves travel in the mantle refractor. For the distance range of our interest (260-1087 km), this amounts to Δ−2.2. This indicates that towards low frequencies our n approaches a value which is consistent with the spatial decay rate expected of pure elastic head waves.
Attenuation of refracted seismic waves in young oceanic crust
Authors: Lewis B. T. R. , Jung H.
Published: July 2021

It is commonly observed in seismic refraction experiments over young oceanic crust that refracted energy is concentrated in the 10 to 15 Hz band, even though the source may have far greater bandwidth. We apply spectral ratio methods to data from a midwater hydrophone array towed 10 km from the Juan de Fuca ridge and confirm that the impulse response of the crust to refracted energy has a peak near 10 Hz. This peak appears to result from a combination of two factors that produce attenuation. One is related to the large velocity gradient in the upper crust caused by crack closure with increasing depth. The other is related to anelastic attenuation, which is probably also related to cracks and voids in the upper crust. At low frequencies (wavelengths greater than or equal to the thickness of the high gradient zone), it is shown that attenuation is dominated by the reflectivity of the upper crust. At high frequencies attenuation is dominated by anelastic effects associated with upper crust Q's of between 10 and 50. The wave propagation is dispersive, causing observable phase shifts in the response function, and Q may be frequency dependent. This model of the propagation explains why refraction data over young oceanic crust have energy concentrated near 10 Hz.
Recursive deconvolution filters for seismograph systems
Authors: Ferber R.-G.
Published: July 2021

A time-domain solution of the deconvolution problem for digital recordings from seismograph systems is given. Compensation for the signal distortion caused by the seismograph can be done by numerical data processing of the recorded seismograms using recursive filters which are designed from the analog transfer function using the bilinear z-transform. An application of the method is worked out for the seismograph system of the Central Seismological Observatory Gräfenberg, F. R. Germany.
Spectral scaling of the 1985 to 1988 Nahanni, Northwest Territories, earthquakes
Authors: Boore David M. , Atkinson Gail M.
Published: July 2021

The sequence of earthquakes that began in October 1985 near the Nahanni River, Northwest Territories, Canada, provides an exceptional opportunity to study the variation with magnitude of the source spectra from intraplate earthquakes. We study the spectral scaling for the seven largest events, using P waves recorded at stations of the Western Canada Telemetred Network (WCTN), the Eastern Canada Telemetred Network (ECTN), and the Global Digital Seismograph Network (GDSN). These earthquakes range in size from M = 4.8 to M = 6.8. We compare predictions from various source-scaling models with observed spectral ratios and source acceleration spectra for the suite of events. The spectral ratios show a strong azimuthal dependence, which is probably due to differences in the focal mechanisms or rupture characteristics of the events. Taking the average of the ratios from individual GDSN stations as the best representation of the spectral ratios, an ω-squared model with a constant stress parameter or one that increases slightly with moment magnitude gives a simultaneous fit to both the spectral ratios and to the absolute spectra. The high-frequency spectral levels, by themselves, imply a somewhat stronger dependence of the stress parameter on moment than found from fitting the overall spectra. The stress parameters for the scaling laws are less than 35 bars for earthquakes as large as M = 7. Recently proposed scaling laws in which the corner frequency is proportional to the inverse quarter root of seismic moment for an ω-squared model are not consistent with the data and neither are ω-cubed models.

The spectral scaling for the sequence of Nahanni earthquakes may not be representative of intraplate magnitude scaling in general, since there is some evidence that aftershocks do not exhibit the same scaling as main shocks. The high-frequency spectral levels of the aftershocks of both the Nahanni and the 9 January 1989 Miramichi, New Brunswick, earthquakes imply stress parameters that increase with magnitude. By contrast, the spectral levels for a series of main shocks in eastern North America show less magnitude dependence of the stress, and generally higher stress levels when compared to aftershocks of the same magnitude.
Evidence of shear-wave anisotropy in the upper crust of central Italy
Authors: Iannaccone G. , Deschamps A.
Published: July 2021

Shear-wave polarization analysis has been performed on data from twelve earthquakes recorded in central Italy. These data are part of a set of high quality seismograms recorded by a three-component digital network installed in Abruzzo region after a Ms = 5.8 earthquake on 7 May 1984. Analysis performed on 2 to 6 Hz bandpass-filtered seismograms reveals shear-wave splitting. In order to determine the direction for which the time separation between the two split S waves is maximum, the horizontal traces are rotated in the range 10 to 90° with steps of 10°. At each step the cross-correlation between the two shear waves and the time separation is estimated. The azimuth of 50°N yields the highest correlation coefficient and the maximum time separation of about 0.09 sec. This direction and the orthogonal to it represent axes of minimum and maximum shear-wave velocity respectively. If the time delay is distributed over the whole hypocenter-seismic station path, the maximum variation in velocity is at least 1.4 per cent. The theoretical linear polarization of particle motion at the source is verified after correcting the seismograms for the anisotropic propagation effect. A distribution of vertical cracks aligned in the direction 140°N may explain the observed anisotropy. The stress field deduced from the focal mechanism of the Abruzzo earthquake is compatible with this hypothetical crack distribution.
Alteration in Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Cytoarchitecture of Hepatic Tissues in Freshwater Fish Clarias batrachus (Linn.) under Sub lethal Butachlor Stress: Spectrophotometric and TEM Study
Authors: Chand Gyanendra Bahadur , Verma Prakriti , Singh Prakash
Published: July 2021

The present study addresses the deleterious impact of sub lethal exposure of butachlor 2-chloro-N-(2-6-diphenyl) acetamide on hepatic cells of air breathing fish Clarias batrachus (Linn.) based on light and transmission electron microscopy and estimation of oxidative stress biomarker enzymes viz. reduced glutathione and lipidperoxidase. Fishes were exposed to 1.0µl/L butachlor for 5, 10 and 15 days respectively. After schedule exposure, blood sample were collected and extracted serum were analyzed for quantitative estimation of serum reduced glutathione and lipid peroxidase activity by spectrophotometer. The liver tissues were processed for light and electron microscope. Light photomicrographs of hepatic cells reveal dose related abnormalities which increases with the duration of exposure. Major changes attributed to the hepatic cell were parenchyma degeneration, necrosis along with fibrosis, widening of sinusoids, vacuolation, and infiltration of eosinophilic inclusion, karyolysis, pyknosis and perivenular congestion. Transmission electron microscopy of hepatic cells also revealed degenerated hepatic parenchyma, accumulation of lipid and electron dense material, degenerated mitochondria, nuclear shrinkage and enlarged lysosomes engulfing cytoplasmic particles in contrast to control fish. On prolonged exposure, the most frequent pathological modifications were mitochondrial swelling with regression of cristae and giant lysosome with myelinated phospholipid membrane pointing towards phospholipidosis. The activities of all the marker enzymes showed high fluctuation indicating significant imbalance in comparison to control. The study highlights the oxidative stress caused by butachlor correlated with histopathological anomalies of hepatic cells. It can be used as sensitive index for assessing the magnitude of oxidative damage and physiological dysfunction of experimental fish under laboratory condition.
Cedar Project: Conducting Health Research with Indigenous Peoples in a Good Way
Authors:   For the Cedar Project Partnership, Sharma Richa , Bozoki Violet , Henderson Earl , Demerais Lou , Christian  , Christian Sherri , Thomas Vicky , Pearce Margo , Jongbloed Kate , Mazzuca April , Spittal Patricia
Published: July 2021

The Cedar Project is an interdisciplinary, community-driven research project responding to the crises of HIV and Hepatitis C infection and contributing to the healing of young Indigenous people who use or have used drugs. We are a collective membership of Indigenous Elders, health/social service experts, researchers, and non-Indigenous allies. We situate our work in the context of strength, resilience, and rights to self-determination for Indigenous peoples while also acknowledging the ongoing impacts of historical, intergenerational, and current trauma, specifically those related to the child welfare systems. We provide epidemiological and qualitative evidence that reflects Indigenous perspectives of health and wellness. In this paper, we highlight over seventeen years of shared learnings on conducting research with Indigenous communities in a good way. Specifically, we elaborate on four key components of our unique project. First, our paradigm is to build on young Indigenous people's strengths while acknowledging grief and historical trauma. We recognize that Cedar participants are not statistics—they are relatives of Indigenous partners governing this study. Second, our processes are determined by Indigenous governance, led by Elders and rooted in cultural safety. Third, our research ethics are determined by terms of reference created by the Cedar Project Partnership and by embracing guidelines of TCPS and community-based research. Fourth, we are informed by multiple perspectives and research relationships between Elders, partners, students, academics, and research staff. Sharing our learnings with the larger research community can contribute to decolonizing research spaces by centering Indigenous knowledges and privileging Indigenous voice.
Przeszkody prawne w komunikacji medycznej
Authors: Okoński Jan
Published: July 2021

Artykuł w swojej treści odnosi się do komunikacji medycznej jako zagadnienia istotnego z punktu widzenia funkcjonowania służby zdrowia. Zwrócono uwagę na sfery komunikacji interpersonalnej oraz instytucjonalnej, a także przedstawiono wybrane przeszkody prawne w komunikacji medycznej, przede wszystkim obecne w relacji personel medyczny – pacjent. Wzięto szczególnie pod uwagę aspekt komunikologiczny omawianego zagadnienia. W tym celu dokonano przedstawienia pojęcia komunikologii i towarzyszących tej nazwie kłopotów terminologicznych. Omawianą materię poddano próbie analizy przez pryzmat tezy o nadmiernej jurydyzacji sfery komunikacji.