bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
More Than “Somnambulism”
Authors: Cardeña Etzel
Published: May 2024

Transcendent/mystical experiences have been reported within the hypnotic context from its inception as “animal magnetism/mesmerism. Research on spontaneous experiences during hypnosis and minimal suggestion/neutral hypnosis evidence that such experiences are not an artifact of implicit or explicit hypnotic suggestions but may occur spontaneously when some individuals focus on their inner experience. This chapter offers a brief history of mystical and other anomalous experiences within the context of animal magnetism and later hypnosis, and reviews the research on such experiences occurring spontaneously or after specific suggestions. It also discusses how similar phenomena arising from hypnotic and other contexts such as psychedelic ingestion, meditation, and shamanism point to a common core of transcendent experiences. These are likely to later give rise to religious/spiritual beliefs rather than being their product. A major contribution of hypnosis to the study of transcendent experiences has been to highlight the importance of individual differences, because some people are more likely to have such experiences than others, and to alert researchers to the potential effect of explicit and implicit suggestions.
The Resilience of Identity
Authors: Lixinski Lucas
Published: May 2024

This chapter discusses the lack of Indigenous-centric accounts in the turn to history in international law. Considering that one of the main political uses of this turn to history aims at exposing, critiquing, and ultimately undoing the harm of colonial encounters, it is somewhat sobering that often, and particularly in Indigenous contexts, this encounter is still told from the perspective of the colonizer. This narrative mode frames Indigenous existence solely from the perspective of victimhood, which is inevitably articulated in a way that denies the agency of Indigenous people and peoples as historical actors. This paradox showcases the resilience of Eurocentrism in the articulation of international legal projects, and that of Indigenous identity and resistance despite ongoing structural erasure. This chapter asks what it might mean epistemologically and methodologically to centre Indigeneity in the turn to history in international law, arguing for the recovery and leveraging of Indigenous agency.
Sanctuary, Atonement, and Judgment
Authors: Pröbstle Martin
Published: May 2024

The sanctuary is at the heart of Adventist theology, especially regarding atonement and judgment. The hermeneutical key to the sanctuary doctrine is typology. The sacrifices find their fulfillment in Christ’s substitutionary death. The two phases of atonement at the Hebrew sanctuary, the daily service and the yearly Day of Atonement ritual, prefigure two phases of Christ’s priestly ministry in the heavenly sanctuary, both of which are grounded in his sacrifice. The first phase is his intercessory ministry granting forgiveness. The additional second phase is the eschatological Day of Atonement, consisting of four phases of judgment, beginning with the pre-Advent judgment. According to the apocalyptic prophecies in Daniel 7 and 8 and Revelation 14, the pre-Advent judgment starts in AD 1844. It will vindicate the believers, condemn the wicked, and vindicate God as being just. The sanctuary doctrine has theological and experiential significance for today’s life.
Early Adventists and the Seventh-day Sabbath
Authors: Allen Edward
Published: May 2024

The idea of adopting the seventh-day Sabbath as the day of rest and worship and of abandoning Sunday captured the imagination of a small group of former Millerites. They integrated their new belief in the seventh-day Sabbath into a theological system that both explained their disappointment on October 22, 1844, and gave them a new mission to the world. Their understanding of the Sabbath was distinct from that of Judaism or Seventh Day Baptists. They saw it within the context of their commitment to fundamental Protestant, Millerite, and American principles. They developed a synthesis that combined the seventh-day Sabbath with their new understanding of the prophetic symbols of Daniel, their new understanding of Christ’s ministry in the heavenly sanctuary, and a new perception of their mission defined by the three angels in Revelation 14.
Adventist Hymnody and Music
Authors: Williams David A.
Published: May 2024

This chapter surveys the development of hymnody and music in the Adventist liturgy, beginning with the Millerite movement in the 1840s to the global ministry of the present. Music, particularly congregational song, has played an indispensable role in the development of Adventist identity. Early Adventists viewed their music as “songs of experience,” reflecting their societal marginalization, worship on the Sabbath, and hope of Jesus Christ’s soon return. As Adventism has grown, so has its musical pallet of styles, instruments, and ensembles. The denomination has struggled with which music to include in its worship. Liturgical practice and global songbook publications evidence a predominance of Western music, limiting local musical expressions. This study argues that singing one’s own experience cultivates harmony in diversity. It will interest other Christian groups to consider their own musical and liturgical practices, advocating for all people have a place at the table of the Lord.
Adventists in North America
Authors: Valentine Gilbert M.
Published: May 2024

Emerging in New England in the mid-nineteenth century following the collapse of Millerism, the Seventh-day Adventist Church, formally organized in the early 1860s, retained its convictions about an imminent Second Advent and spread west across the continent. In 2020 the North American church comprised more than six thousand congregations. Careful Sabbath observance and a concern for health and education became major features of a distinctive Adventist lifestyle and a mark of the movement’s institutional presence in communities. Theological development led to a more Christocentric soteriology. Despite periods of debate over the role of founder Ellen G. White and key doctrines, the church avoided schism and achieved exponential international growth necessitating major reorganization in 1901. North American Adventism manifests ethnic diversity and a distinctive expression reflecting the sociocultural and political issues of its particular location. These involve such issues as women in ministry, an independent press, and a strong media outreach.
Adventists and Politics
Authors: Morgan Douglas
Published: May 2024

This chapter traces the political ethos of Seventh-day Adventism through its emergence and development as a religious movement in the United States. A radical and specific critique of the American republic’s betrayal of its promise of liberty was integral to the movement’s identity and mission formed through appropriation of apocalyptic Scripture in the mid-nineteenth century. Concurrent with its formal organization as a legally recognized denomination in the early 1860s, an informal but strong orientation bonded Adventists with radical Republicanism in a reformist political ethos. The Adventist-Republican link proved durable though not inflexible for more than century amid changes in the party and the church. Cautious conservatism replaced selective reform as the dominant feature of Adventism’s political ethos and basis for affinity with Republicanism. Changing racial demographics in the church dissolved the long-standing link with the Republican Party by the twenty-first century, creating a more pluriform political ethos.
Adventists and Archaeology
Authors: Geraty Lawrence T.
Published: May 2024

This chapter divides the history and progress of Adventist involvement and accomplishments in biblical archaeology into six periods: (1) armchair apologetics (pre-1937); (2) the founders of “Adventist” archaeology: Lynn Wood, Edwin Thiele, Siegfried Horn (1937–1951); (3) evidence matters in Adventist archaeological scholarship (1951–1967); (4) the fruits of the Heshbon excavations (1967–1984); (5) the Madaba Plains Project and Adventist identity, largely associated with Andrews University (1984–1993); and (6) after the departure of Lawrence Geraty from Andrews, the dispersion and diversity of Adventist archaeology primarily at three institutions: Andrews University, La Sierra University, and Southern Adventist University (1993–present). Following an account of these six periods, the chapter provides a brief list of notable Adventist archaeological milestones and discoveries, concluding with a peer evaluation of Adventist archaeology by such scholars as Philip King, P. R. S. Moorey, William Dever, and Piotr Bienkowski. There are six guidelines for the practice of “Adventist archaeology” that, when taken together, lie behind the success of the scholarship credited to Seventh-day Adventist archaeologists.
Backgrounds of Sabbatarian Adventism
Authors: Rosario Jeffrey
Published: May 2024

The historical background of Sabbatarian Adventism reveals a long tradition rooted in the observance of the seventh day (Saturday) as the Sabbath commemorating creation and redemption. This chapter surveys the continuity of that tradition beginning with early Christian communities throughout the Roman Empire with adherents from northern Africa to Asia Minor. It follows the spread of this Sabbatarian tradition among the Anabaptists during the European Protestant Reformation and on to the Puritan Seventh Day Baptists in seventeenth-century England, who in turn transplanted it to the British colonies of America. In the mid-nineteenth century, former members of the Millerite movement adopted the seventh-day Sabbath and incorporated it into a broader theological framework that became identified with the Seventh-day Adventist denomination.
The Phenomenon of Continuing Revelation in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Holland David F.
Published: May 2024

Numerous cultural forces converged in the nineteenth-century United States to intensify long-standing debates about the nature of divine revelation. Deists, Millerites, biblical critics, evangelical biblicists, charismatic Christians, Latter-day Saints, Shakers, and others confronted their contemporaries with urgent questions concerning how and when God speaks to humanity. The Seventh-day Adventist message, including its declaration that Ellen White revealed divine truth through the gift of prophecy, was both distinctive in its content and unavoidably shaped by this surrounding culture. This chapter recreates that context and identifies its relationship to the distinguishing elements of Adventist rhetoric and doctrine. It concludes with reflections on the Adventist challenge of situating Ellen White in relation to a deep commitment to the singular authority of the biblical canon.
Theravāda Buddhism in America
Authors: Braun Erik
Published: May 2024

This chapter surveys Theravāda Buddhism in America using the “two Buddhisms” model. While subject to well-founded critique, the model can still serve as a valuable heuristic tool if used to distinguish two interrelated Buddhist cultures, rather than two groups of people (often contrasted as “convert” versus “heritage” Buddhists). One culture, oriented to meditation, began in the late nineteenth century in the United States and has drawn its perspectives from Buddhist sources approached through metaphysical and often Orientalist, racializing conceptions. The other culture, oriented to a cosmological outlook that foregrounds karma and giving, emerged from South and Southeast Asian understandings of Buddhism that arrived in the United States starting in the mid-1960s. Whatever their sources, this historical overview stresses that both cultures are distinctly American versions of Theravāda. Analyzing each offers a better grasp of a significant portion of the U.S. population and, more broadly, of Theravāda’s role in shaping American culture.
Vietnamese Buddhism in America
Authors: Perreira Todd LeRoy
Published: May 2024

Vietnamese Americans constitute the largest Buddhist population group in the United States today, yet this community remains under-documented in the study of Asian American religions and Buddhism in America. Previous scholarship emphasizing an ethnic model approach fails to reveal how Vietnamese Buddhists in America actually understand their identities in relation to political, social, and institutional structures. Analysis framed in terms of racialization, however, enables us to see how members of Buddhist centers, joined by anti-communist “compatriot Buddhists,” utilize the temple and its festivals to manage the transgenerational effects of war while navigating changes in citizenship status and generational succession. It also allows one to see how Black Buddhism in America intersects with the war in Vietnam, the civil rights movement, and the advent of Vietnamese Buddhism in the United States.
Engaged Buddhism in the United States
Authors: Hsu/Chhi Funie
Published: May 2024

This chapter argues that engaged Buddhism in the United States has been relatively disengaged with examining the sociohistorical formulations of the Buddhism it operationalizes as a pathway to enter into social life. Rather than a race-neutral tool for social improvement, American Buddhism emerged out of a history of Asian and Asian American Buddhist disavowal—a heritage of power still embedded in hegemonic American Buddhism. Thus, the American-ness of engaged Buddhism in the United States has played a defining, yet underexamined, role in molding the contours of its expression and scholarly exploration. It further argues that contending with the structures of white settler Christian nationalism that have sought to delegitimate and exclude Asian American Buddhists is critical for discussions of American engaged Buddhism. It calls for analytical attention to the continued denial and disavowal of Asian American Buddhists enacted through hegemonic American engaged Buddhism, and asks the reader to consider its purposes and implications.
American Buddhism and Secularism
Authors: Cheung Kin
Published: May 2024

Self-proclaimed secular Buddhists in the United States are gaining popularity, as evidenced by the over seven million downloads of the Secular Buddhism Podcast episodes and over a hundred thousand followers of the Facebook groups of the Secular Buddhism Podcast and the Secular Buddhist Association. This chapter examines their publicly available media—podcast episodes and internet articles—to describe how these Buddhists are presenting themselves as secular. The author argues that secularization happens in tandem with racialization, such that to understand secular Buddhists, there must be a discussion of whiteness and how race undergirds the construction and classification of one set of specific beliefs and practices as “secular,” “universal,” “rational,” “philosophical,” “pragmatic,” and “scientific,” in contrast to another set that is relegated as “religious,” provincial “culture”(-bound), “irrational,” “dogmatic,” “nonsensical,” and “superstitious.” This hierarchical construction is political in that classifiers adjudicate aspects of Buddhism deemed superior, denigrating the rest as inferior.
Buddhist Material Culture in the United States
Authors: Romaskiewicz Peter
Published: May 2024

This chapter contextualizes Buddhist material culture in the United States, focusing on the historical diaspora of Buddhist artifacts since the seventeenth century and their diverse reception in America up through the twentieth century. Close attention is paid to localized sociopolitical and economic contexts, both in America and abroad, that shaped the significance of Buddhist figural icons. The discussion proceeds chronologically, first turning to the arrival of Chinese icons in the late colonial and early republic periods and their display as ethnographic artifacts. The examination then turns to the religious use of Buddhist material culture during the first wave of Chinese and Japanese immigration and contrasts this to the popular late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century consumption of Buddhist imagery as refined art. Lastly, the discussion turns to the growing diffusion and diversity of Buddhist artifacts since 1945 and the growing American consciousness about Buddhist icons as objects of reverence and sources of religious power.
Introduction
Authors: Gleig Ann , Mitchell Scott A.
Published: May 2024

The introduction to The Oxford Handbook of American Buddhism provides a brief overview of the history and central features of Buddhism in North America via five themes in the study and practice of Buddhism in the United States: (1) a centering of Asian American Buddhist experience; (2) an awareness of the great diversity of Buddhist and Buddhist-derived communities; (3) the importance of acknowledging the historical and social contexts of Buddhist practice; (4) the impact of generational shifts within and across Buddhist communities; and (5) the utilization of modern technology to promote Buddhist practices and identities. The introduction offers a critical reflection on the academic category of American Buddhism, noting that many stakeholders have questioned how it has operated in exclusory ways, legitimating certain forms of Buddhism and neglecting others, and encouraging an ongoing critique and extension of the term. Summaries of the volume’s chapters are included.
American Buddhist Studies and Scholar-Practitioners
Authors: Mitchell Scott A.
Published: May 2024

This chapter takes for granted the notion that communities of Buddhist studies scholars and communities of Buddhist practice exist in a symbiotic relationship in North America. Whereas previous scholarship has examined this relationship on the level of the individual, primarily through the figure of the “scholar-practitioner,” here the author argues that the relationship is also systemic or institutional. This relationship has in many ways defined both the academic field of Buddhist studies (broadly defined) and many communities of practice—or what is often taken for granted as “American Buddhism.” Such an analysis complicates the standard historical narratives of Buddhism and Buddhist studies and calls into question the reification of objectivist scholarship as a normative ideal in the field.
Pure Land Buddhism in America
Authors: Lee Jesse J.
Published: May 2024

While the history of Pure Land Buddhism in America is often associated with the Buddhist Churches of America, there are many other traditions, organizations, and movements that include and engage various Pure Land ideologies and practices. This chapter provides a conventional history of Japanese American Pure Land Buddhism while also gesturing to the presence of Pure Land Buddhism in other aspects of American religious history, including various Chinese American Buddhist movements, orientalist literature, and American popular culture. Not only did Pure Land Buddhists adapt their religious traditions and organizations to meet the needs of their communities, they also adapted to the legal and cultural perceptions and expectations of Buddhism, both positive and negative. In this way, various Pure Land Buddhist organizations, ideologies, and practices have become integral fixtures of the American religious landscape.
Lassitude
Authors: M. Schrock Joshua , S. Sugiyama Lawrence , Snodgrass J. Josh
Published: May 2024

Infectious disease is a powerful force of selection. Perpetual exposure to pathogens throughout evolutionary history has driven the evolution of multiple mechanisms that promote host survival in the face of disease. The highly conserved innate immune system is deployed in response to a wide variety of pathologies, including infection, injury, and toxin exposure. Activation of the innate immune system triggers a coordinated set of neuropsychological changes that help the host mount an effective immune response. These regulatory changes generate the experience of feeling sick. The authors of this chapter use the term lassitude to describe the superordinate coordinating program (i.e., emotion) that coordinates motivational and behavioral responses to disease. Lassitude is triggered by a reliably occurring situation (i.e., disease) and it orchestrates other mechanisms (e.g., appetite, fatigue, nausea, pain, and thermoregulatory motivation) to help solve the adaptive problems that arise when the innate immune response is activated to fight disease.
The Past Explains the Present
Authors: Tooby John , Cosmides Leda
Published: May 2024

Present conditions and selection pressures are irrelevant to the present design of organisms; they do not explain how or why organisms behave adaptively, when they do. To whatever non-chance extent organisms are behaving adaptively, it is (1) because of the operation of underlying adaptations whose present design is the product of selection in the past, and (2) because present conditions resemble past conditions in those specific ways made developmentally and functionally important by the design of those adaptations. All adaptations evolved in response to the repeating elements of past environments, so their design reflects the recurrent properties of those environments. Emotions are adaptations that treat the present as a version of the past. They categorize new situations as instances of evolutionarily recurrent events that posed adaptive problems with large fitness consequences. When activated, an emotion coordinates suites of cognitive and physiological adaptations, in ways well-designed for solving those ancestral problems.
Regret
Authors: Kennair Leif Edward Ottesen , Grøntvedt Trond Viggo , Bendixen Mons
Published: May 2024

Regret is a counterfactual cognitive-emotional response to choices one has made in the past. In hindsight, when considering one’s behavior, one feels aversive emotion and wishes one had made a different choice. There are few sex differences in regret; however, the mating domain does show sex differences. Especially, sex differences in regret for having had or having passed up casual sex has been studied. The suggested adaptive function is that regret about past sexual experiences may reduce future maladaptive sexual behaviors. However, this has only recently been subjected to empirical testing using a predictive, longitudinal design. This chapter considers regret, in general, and evolutionary research into casual sex regret. The discussion focuses on how it may be necessary to reformulate the current understanding of the function of regret, as well as how evolutionary approaches may inform other areas where there may be robust sex differences in regret.
How Jealousy Works
Authors: Lewis David M. G. , Al-Shawaf Laith , Evans Kortnee C.
Published: May 2024

This chapter seeks to invigorate work at the boundary of knowledge about jealousy. First, the chapter conducts a task analysis of the adaptive problem that jealousy is hypothesized to solve. This task analysis reveals key gaps in current knowledge about jealousy. Second, the chapter presents an array of new, testable hypotheses about this important human emotion. These include hypotheses about within-sex individual differences (in contrast to the historical emphasis on between-sex differences), hypotheses about within-individual shifts in jealousy over time, and hypotheses about the distinct tactics the jealousy system should deploy in response to different forms of relationship threat. Finally, the chapter emphasizes the need for more research on jealousy in relationships other than monogamous mating relationships, including consensually non-monogamous relationships as well as non-mating relationships. This chapter contributes novel theoretical insights and suggests future directions that can help generate new empirical discoveries about this important human emotion.
Evolution, Emotions, and the American Legal System
Authors: E. G. Williams Keelah , Patrick Carlton
Published: May 2024

Emotions are embedded in the law—explicitly in statutes, legal opinions, and jury instructions, as well as implicitly in the minds of legal actors. The aim of the law is to regulate behavior; to do so, the law relies on behavioral models and assumptions about the human mind. This chapter introduces an evolutionary approach to emotions in the law, highlighting its descriptive and normative utility in three legal contexts: determining how one’s own emotions shape legal decision-making; evaluating how the emotional experiences of others influences their behavior and legal culpability; and the legislative translation of emotions into legal and social policy. Within the legal sphere, an evolutionary approach provides a coherent framework for understanding the causal influences and cognitive mechanics of emotions. In doing so, an evolutionary perspective provides descriptive clarity, highlights novel explanations for legally relevant behavior, and provides insights that may inform normative debates in the law.
Emotion, Sickness, and Care for the Sick
Authors: Steinkopf Leander
Published: May 2024

Humans usually are not left alone when they are ill or injured, and this makes a big difference in survival and healing: for instance, with the caring support of the group, a broken bone can heal when it would otherwise hinder survival. Being sick or injured in humans is inherently social and is based on emotional communication and negotiation. On the one hand, emotions of pain and malaise bring about adaptive behavior changes in the sick individual and communicate the sick status to others by displaying emotional expressions of suffering. On the other hand, potential helpers may offer care based on emotions of compassion, or may avoid the coughing and sneezing individual because they are disgusted or afraid of infection. This chapter argues that emotional aspects of sickness and healing are deeply rooted in the evolutionary past and play an important though underappreciated role in healthcare in the modern day.
Emotion and Nonverbal Communication
Authors: Svetieva Elena
Published: May 2024

In this chapter, the author reviews how an evolutionary perspective has influenced the earliest theory and research on the nonverbal communication of emotion, including subsequent debate as to whether there are basic emotions, the concordance of felt emotion to expressed emotion, and the extent to which the nonverbal communication of emotion is biologically innate or socially constructed. This chapter considers some of the assumptions that have fueled these debates and outlines how an evolutionary view of emotion expression is commensurate with multiple theoretical perspectives and the empirical findings that have shaped them. The chapter also outlines under-researched areas in the nonverbal communication of emotion, existing opportunities for deepening the understanding of how evolutionary pressures shape why, when, and how humans communicate emotion, and finally, promising directions for study in this field.
Social Emotions Are Governed by a Common Grammar of Social Valuation
Authors: Scrivner Coltan , Sznycer Daniel , W. Lukaszewski Aaron , Al-Shawaf Laith
Published: May 2024

Social emotions appear to be behavior-regulating programs built by natural selection to solve adaptive problems in the domain of social valuation. For example, shame functions to prevent and mitigate the costs of being socially devalued by others, whereas anger functions to correct those people who attach insufficient weight to the welfare of the self. This chapter reviews theory and evidence suggesting that distinctively functional social emotions such as guilt, gratitude, anger, pride, shame, sadness, and envy are all governed by a shared grammar of social valuation. The authors also provide evidence that social emotions and social valuation operate with a substantial degree of universality across cultures. This emotion-valuation constellation appears to shape human sociality through interpersonal interactions. Expanding upon this, they explore how signatures of this constellation may be evident in two spheres of human sociality: personality and the criminal justice system.
The Negative Effect of Ostracism and Other Forms of Social Exclusion on Emotions
Authors: D. Wesselmann Eric , Pfundmair Michaela , R. Spoor Jennifer , G. Moons Wesley
Published: May 2024

Ostracism, a form of social exclusion primarily characterized by being ignored, is a pancultural phenomenon that has been used historically to punish wayward and burdensome group members. Often, an individual would be ostracized briefly to encourage conformity to the group. If the wayward individual either would not or could not conform, the ostracism could become indefinite. For humans, whose survival and reproductive ability are enhanced by group living, indefinite ostracism would essentially be a death sentence. Thus, researchers have argued that the human species likely evolved to detect any hint of potential ostracism or social exclusion, immediately experiencing these cues as painful. Ostracism also elicits negative emotions such as sadness, anger, and shame. This chapter summarizes ostracism research, focusing on both the social and evolutionary underpinnings. It then highlights the research on emotional outcomes of ostracism and closes by providing suggestions for future research.
Emotions and Reconciliation
Authors: Ohtsubo Yohsuke , Smith Adam
Published: May 2024

This chapter provides an overview of the evolution of reconciliatory tendencies and relevant proximate emotions. First, evolutionary game analyses reveal that individuals in long-term relationships are better off maintaining mutual cooperation, and the long-term nature of relationships makes forgiveness adaptive. However, possibilities of erroneous defection make forgiving strategies (generous tit-for-tat) and conciliatory gestures (contrite tit-for-tat) even more advantageous than the simple tit-for-tat strategy. Second, the animal reconciliation literature provides empirical evidence for the presence of reconciliatory tendencies in various species. Third, the human reconciliation literature largely confirms the insights from evolutionary game analyses and the animal reconciliation literature. It also reveals some proximate emotions of human reconciliation processes: empathy and relational anxiety facilitate forgiveness, while guilt promotes sincere apologies. More importantly, relationship value, which is implicated as an ultimate explanation of reconciliation, is positively associated with the abovementioned proximate emotions in reconciliation processes.
Positive Evolutionary Psychology
Authors: A. Wedberg Nicole , Geher Glenn , McQuade Brianna , M. Thomas Dayna
Published: May 2024

To this point in the history of the behavioral sciences, the fields of evolutionary psychology and positive psychology have progressed independently. Evolutionary psychology holds the basic scientific goal of illuminating causes of behavior by using evolutionary concepts. Positive psychology holds the applied scientific goal of shedding light on processes that cultivate positive growth at both the individual and community levels. This chapter discusses the new field of positive evolutionary psychology, which seeks to synergize these fields by carving out an approach to researching questions that bear on advancing the goals of positive psychology by relying on concepts and research from the field of evolutionary psychology. Using an evolutionarily informed framework holds the key to best understanding such positive psychological issues as happiness, love, and the psychology of cooperation.
More than PMS
Authors: Welling Lisa L. M. , Mitchell Virginia E. , Lunge Jenna , Hughes Mercedes
Published: May 2024

Perimenstrual syndrome (PMS) is but one of several noted relationships between hormonal profile and emotion. Hormones play a moderating role in nearly all focal emotions, including negative (i.e., anger, disgust, fear, sadness) and positive (i.e., happiness) emotions. Associations between hormones and emotions are documented in both men and women, although most work has focused on women. For example, severe depression often presents with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction, including elevated cortisol and impaired negative feedback control, and this dysfunction has been observed prior to the development of depression in high-risk populations. This chapter explains basic hormonal processes and reviews the literature on the role of hormones in emotions. The authors review evidence that anger and dominant/aggressive behavior and feelings of disgust are related to steroid hormone levels. Finally, they examine associations between hormones and depression and anxiety disorders. They conclude with recommendations for future research.
Natural Selection and Human Emotions
Authors: Betzig Laura
Published: May 2024

Natural selection is differential reproduction. Demographic and ethnographic, historical and genetic evidence suggest that, over the course of our evolutionary past, members of H. sapiens varied in reproductive success. Selection for emotions and other adaptations underlying intrasexual and intersexual competition should have been strong. In foragers across continents, from Africa to Australia, reproductive variance among women often was limited to single digits, though reproductive variance occasionally reached double digits among men. Those numbers were higher in more sedentary societies. In the first empires, from Asia to the Americas, emperors consistently left behind hundreds of sons; and genetic evidence suggests that the effective breeding population of women was greater than the effective breeding population of men, by a factor of 17 to 1. Adaptations have developed, and have been put to use, in order to promote reproductive success.
The Harmful Dysfunction Analysis
Authors: Wakefield Jerome C. , Conrad Jordan A.
Published: May 2024

This chapter explores the concept of an emotional disorder from the perspective of Jerome Wakefield’s harmful dysfunction analysis (HDA) of mental disorder. According to the HDA, a disorder is the failure of a mechanism to perform its evolved function, in a way that is harmful to the organism. The distinction between disorder and nondisorder is the foundation of medical, including psychiatric, nosology, yet the concept remains much debated. After surveying competing views of mental disorder and arguing for the conceptual advantages of the HDA, this chapter considers some of the challenges that arise in applying the HDA to distinguish disordered versus normal emotional functioning. Reviewing various analyses of the sources of possible diagnostic errors including the cliff-edge and smoke-detector principles, as well as the most prominent evolutionary theory of emotion, the superordinate-program theory of emotion, the authors provide an overview of the unique difficulties emotional disorders pose to diagnostic psychiatry.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Post-Combat Reintegration
Authors: A. Garcia Hector
Published: May 2024

The medical model and mental health stigma frame post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as an essential malfunction. However, in this chapter the author argues that what are regarded as PTSD sequelae exist today because they are based on survival adaptations, helping human ancestors avoid predation, cope with aggressive in-group members, and survive violent inter-group conflicts. While distressing to the experiencer, PTSD-related interpersonal difficulties, as well as behavioral, cognitive, and comorbid symptomology, have ancestral survival utility. In particular, combat-related PTSD and the associated difficulties soldiers face reintegrating into civilian life are illuminated by an evolutionary framing of PTSD, evolved male coalitionary psychology, and the mismatch between the evolutionary past and life in modern, peacetime, civilian environments. Evolutionary explanations of PTSD can help reduce mental health stigma, and increase rates of engagement and completion of evidence-based psychotherapies.
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, Hypochondriasis, and Behavioral Addictions
Authors: Brakoulias Vlasios
Published: May 2024

Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders are characterized by obsessions (recurrent and intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses) and/or compulsions (repetitive behaviors or mental acts). Hypochondriasis is characterized by repetitive concerns regarding one’s health and repetitive checks and investigations. Behavioral addictions are characterized by excessive repetitive actions. This chapter aims to explore the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, hypochondriasis, and behavioral addictions from an evolutionary perspective. The repetition associated with many of these disorders has been linked to protection from harm and reward in a way that supported ancestral survival. An evolutionary perspective may assist people suffering from these disorders in forming an alternative conceptualization for the origin of their symptoms and has potential to enhance outcomes from psychological therapies. Such conceptualizations may be of particular benefit for those sufferers who wish to gain understanding and who may be embarrassed by the seemingly senseless nature of their symptoms.
The Neutralization Theory of Hatred
Authors: Sell Aaron , Scrivner Coltan , Landers Mitchell , C. Lopez Anthony
Published: May 2024

This chapter argues that, while often conceptualized as an extreme form of anger, hatred is a distinct emotion, with unique triggers, conceptual orientations, and terminating conditions. This is because hatred evolved to address its own distinct adaptive problem: the existence of individuals who were—on balance—costly to the hater. Because a well-designed system for solving this problem would have been tailored toward neutralizing those costs, the authors call this hypothesis “the neutralization theory of hatred.” This theory claims that hatred is triggered by cues that an individual’s existence causes fitness decrements for the hater. Cognitively, hatred orients the mind to view costs heaped onto the hated person as benefits to the hater—thus motivating spiteful behavior—and can be characterized as maintaining a negative intrinsic welfare trade-off parameter toward the hated person. Behaviorally, hatred can motivate either avoidance or a predatory cost-infliction strategy that is designed to weaken, incapacitate, or terminate the target.
Indigenous Perspectives on Collaborative Archaeology
Authors: Sanchez Gabriel M. , Grone Mike , Antoniou Anna , Davis Earl
Published: May 2024

Indigenous communities and people direct and participate in archaeological research in diverse ways. Consequently, the development and growth of Indigenous archaeology, collaborative archaeology, and incorporation of community-based participatory research and community-engaged research protocols have also led to the development of diverse Indigenous archaeologies. This chapter outlines two Indigenous archaeology approaches initiated by the Amah Mutsun Tribal Band and the Shoalwater Bay Indian Tribe conducted collaboratively with non-tribal researchers. Several commonalities in research goals and practices exist within these distinct archaeological projects. For example, shared interests in the use of archaeology to support Indigenous natural resource stewardship, recognition of tribal sovereignty and rights to traditional lands and resources, emphasis on tribal health and wellness, and understanding Indigenous foodways in support of Indigenous food sovereignty, among others, exist. Archaeological research of ancestral sites provides further information that can support these initiatives.
Margins or Nodes? The Role of the Inner Asian Mountain Communities in Prehistoric Food Globalization
Authors: Matuzeviciute Giedre Motuzaite
Published: May 2024

The multi-directional translocation of domesticates across Central Asia played a major role in the past cultural, demographic, and environmental transformations of Eurasia. The mountain chains that stretch across Central Asia are especially intriguing for addressing prehistoric network formation systems across Eurasia. Mountain zones acted as geographical filters by influencing when and what animal and plant species were dispersed to trans-range regions of Eurasia, and how networks of interaction formed. At the same time, diverse ecosystems of the mountain valleys and abundance of water acted as a vital area for holding those networks together. This paper discusses the earliest evidence of food production in the Tien Shan and the role of mountain communities in distributing crop and animal species across the wider regions of Asia. In the light of the newest research, the chapter will discuss human subsistence strategies in these high-elevation zones in prehistory, pinpointing the timings of crop and animal arrival, and identifying selection between species due to marginal climates. It will also discuss the environmental and cultural processes that facilitated early crop and domesticated animal movement across the region where filtering effects of plant and animal selection by communities were very distinct. Thus, this region holds a clue to explaining the distribution patterns of our earliest domesticates. Finally, this paper shows that mountains zones were not marginal ‘pass over’ territory, but instead densely populated regions that anchored diverse agricultural economies and long-distance Eurasian exchange networks.
The Socialist Realist Novel in Central Asia
Authors: Fort Chris
Published: May 2024

This chapter examines how Central Asian authors in Soviet Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan conceived of and produced works of socialist realism, a Russian-born notion, soon after the literary trend was introduced in the 1930s. It argues that, contrary to the vague Stalinist instruction that objects of Soviet culture be “national in form, socialist in content,” the novels written by early Soviet Kazakh and Uzbek litterateurs were national and international in form and socialist and national in content. This chapter therefore shows how Kazakh and Uzbek authors represented their national proletariat through the more locally relevant lenses of sedentarism and traditional gender roles rather than through depictions of labor. It also demonstrates how these writers combined Soviet and national narrative forms, drew on Persianate literary techniques, and referenced Russian realism. In this way, they fixed their novels in the Persianate tradition as well as in the international realist tradition.
Reality Effects and Oral Modes of Entextualization
Authors: Chatterji Roma
Published: May 2024

This chapter explores the possibility of extending “realism” to disciplines beyond art and literary criticism. The notion of the “real” is important in subjects as far apart as folk art, oral literature, and ethnography. But it can have different meanings depending on the context in which it occurs and the kinds of interactions that it may be said to be associated with. The chapter argues that the term “reality effect” may be more useful to describe the emergent quality of everyday interactions and whatever the real may connote in non-Western cultures that anthropologists generally study rather than “realism” with its more limited aesthetic reference. The chapter then presents examples of the ways in which the real may be referenced in oral narratives collected from West Bengal, India, and in case conferences and medical dossiers in a verpleghuis (nursing home) in Arnhem, the Netherlands.
The Politics of Postcolonial Realism
Authors: Gorman-DaRif Meghan
Published: May 2024

The genre of realism, in its claim to transparently represent “reality,” has been routinely dismissed as Eurocentric and politically conservative within the field of postcolonial literary studies. Rather than attending to the genre of realism, postcolonial theory’s investment in concepts like mimicry, hybridity, indeterminacy, and so on, has often focused the field on genres like modernism or postmodernism as more productive sites for literary study. Yet realism makes up a significant, if overlooked, number of postcolonial literary texts. This chapter explores realism from a postcolonial context and global lens through a review of debates in the field since the 1980s, alongside close readings of a selection of representative postcolonial realist texts. It starts from those that address the anticolonial struggles of the 1960s and moves to the present day in fiction grappling with globalization and climate change to ask, is realism capable of politically engaging with and responding to the world?
“Take Me Out” to “Sweet Caroline”
Authors: Mihalka Matthew W.
Published: May 2024

During the seventh-inning stretch, an extended break in the action toward the end of a standard nine-inning American baseball game, the crowd members rise to their feet and participate in a uniform baseball practice: the collective singing of “Take Me Out to the Ball Game.” Accompanied by another staple of the baseball soundscape, the organ, the crowd members collectively express their desire to be taken to a ball game, even though they are already at one. The collective singing practices of “the stretch” offer an opportunity for spectators to reinforce their interpersonal bonds, thereby transcending their divergent experiences, ethnicities, or socioeconomic statuses. Other common ballpark singing practices center on patriotic songs such as “The Star-Spangled Banner” and “God Bless America,” although these usually elicit less participation. In addition to these three ubiquitous songs, each with its own history and meaning in the context of US sporting events, Major League Baseball teams have their own individualized sonic traditions that distinguish the experience at their ballparks. Such practices enable teams to develop an identity and unify a frequently diverse fanbase. All these practices strengthen the community that is fostered at baseball games and offer participatory opportunities, providing fans a sense of involvement and keeping them entertained over the span of a game.
Singing Jewishness
Authors: Adelstein Rachel
Published: May 2024

Contemporary Anglophone Jewish congregants prize participatory worship and enjoy singing portions of the liturgy to a selection of familiar, beloved melodies. Hymnals are not used in synagogue worship; instead, congregants learn these melodies by ear, singing liturgical texts as “the song that goes like this.” Most do not know the origins of their favorite melodies, believing them to be much older than they really are. This chapter analyzes the cultural work that this group of liturgical melodies does in Jewish congregational life. Drawing on ethnographic research in the United States and the United Kingdom, as well as the sociology of nostalgia and Jewish history, author Rachel Adelstein argues that these melodies help to express “Jewishness” in worship. Adelstein positions congregational reliance on “the songs that go like this” as a response to the legacy of migration, the challenges of modernity, and the re-centering of Jewish life following the Holocaust. She argues that the veil of nostalgic anonymity placed over these songs gives Jewish congregations a sense of tradition upon which to construct a modern social and religious life. She also examine the threat that this anonymity presents to Jewish communities’ understanding of and reckoning with their own recent history and community structure.