bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical Sensor for Measurement of Volatile Organic Compounds Employing Square Wave Perturbation Voltage
Authors: Gębicki Jacek , Kloskowski Adam
Published: December 2010

Electrochemical Sensor for Measurement of Volatile Organic Compounds Employing Square Wave Perturbation Voltage

The paper presents the results of investigation on a prototype sensor for measurement of benzaldehyde in air. Sensitivity and limit of quantification of the sensor were determined for different internal electrolytes using square wave voltammetry (SWV) as the detection technique. The working and counter electrodes were made of platinum. Ionic liquids 1-hexyl, 3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-hexyl, 3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoro-methanesulfonyl) imide and 1-butyl, 3-methylimidazolium tricyanomethan constituted the internal electrolyte. A polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane separated the gaseous medium from the electrolyte.
Effect of Ankle Arthritis on Clinical Outcome of Lateral Ankle Ligament Reconstruction in Cavovarus Feet
Authors: Irwin Todd A. , Anderson Robert B. , Davis W. Hodges , Cohen Bruce E.
Published: December 2010

Background: Patients with idiopathic cavovarus deformity and lateral ankle ligament instability often present with varying degrees of ankle arthritis. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the severity of degenerative change would impact the clinical outcome in patients treated operatively for both cavovarus deformity and lateral ankle ligament instability. Materials and Methods: Twenty-two patients were treated with lateral ankle ligament reconstruction and realignment foot osteotomy. American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score, Karlsson and Peterson (KP) scoring scale, Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain, and level of satisfaction were obtained. Preoperative and postoperative ankle radiographs were reviewed and graded using the van Dijk score. Patients with Grade 0 and I arthritis preoperatively were grouped together as “no to minimal arthritis” (Group 1) and those with Grade II and III arthritis preoperatively as “moderate to severe arthritis” (Group 2). There were 14 ankles in Group 1 and eight ankles in Group 2. Mean followup was 60.4 months. Results: Mean AOFAS and KP scores were significantly improved in Group 1 compared to Group 2 at latest followup, while VAS pain scale trended lower in Group 1. There were 12 excellent/good results, one fair result, and one poor result in Group 1. Patients in Group 2 had three excellent/good results, two fair results, and three poor results. One of 14 patients in Group 1 had progression of arthritis, while five of eight patients in Group 2 either had progression of arthritis or required an ankle fusion. Conclusion: Patients treated with lateral ankle ligament reconstruction and cavovarus realignment osteotomy with no to minimal preoperative tibiotalar arthritis have higher clinical scores and increased satisfaction compared to patients with more advanced preoperative tibiotalar arthritis. A cautious and realistic approach should be followed when recommending surgical treatment for this patient population.

Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Painful Bone Marrow Edema Syndrome of the Foot and Ankle
Authors: Orr Justin D. , Sabesan Vani , Major Nancy , Nunley James
Published: December 2010

Background: Bone marrow edema syndrome (BMES) of the foot and ankle is an uncommon and often undiagnosed disorder that, to our knowledge, has not previously been reported in the orthopaedic literature. The current study reviews a consecutive series of patients who were seen with this musculoskeletal disorder in order to highlight the clinical presentation and diagnostic imaging characteristics specific to this disorder. Materials and Methods: A retrospective chart study was performed involving 601 patients who underwent magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the foot and ankle at our institution from April 2005 to April 2006. We identified 14 patients whose MR imaging demonstrated findings consistent with BMES. Results: All 14 patients demonstrated characteristic diffuse, irregularly increased signal intensity on T2-weighted MR imaging and variable areas of decreased signal intensity on T1-weighted MR images in an average of three bones within the foot and ankle. Average patient age was 16.4 (range, 10 to 27) years, and no patient reported a history of prior trauma. Eight patients received treatment for an incorrect initial diagnosis with two of those patients undergoing surgical procedures. Twelve patients were successfully treated with supportive nonoperative therapy for an average length of 19.4 months. Four patients had followup MR imaging demonstrating signal changes consistent with their clinical improvement/changes. Conclusion: BMES of the foot and ankle is a clinical disorder seen in younger patients with a clinical history of prolonged foot and ankle pain of unknown etiology and without prior trauma. MR findings from this series are consistent with previous descriptions in the radiology literature. Furthermore, MR imaging can be utilized to monitor the progression or resolution of this disorder. Proper diagnosis and treatment may prevent further unnecessary diagnostic testing or surgical procedures.

Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Retrograde Intramedullary Nail Arthrodesis for Avascular Necrosis of the Talus
Authors: DeVries J. George , Philbin Terrence M. , Hyer Christopher F.
Published: December 2010

Background: Avascular necrosis (AVN) of the talus from any etiology is a devastating pathology. There are few salvage options available and controversy exists as to the surgical management for patients with talar AVN. The authors present their results of tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis with a retrograde nail. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive chart and radiographic review was pulled from our database for patients with AVN of the talus, who were treated by tibiotalocalcaneal fusion with retrograde intramedullary nail. Primary outcome was union, with time to clinical union as a secondary endpoint. Results: Fourteen patients were included. The average age at surgery was 47.4 ± 12.8 years, there were nine female patients, and the average Body Mass Index was 33.5 ± 6.0. Surgical risk factors included two patients who smoked, one was diabetic, and one had a preoperative ulceration. The average time to partial weightbearing was 70.6 ± 25.4 days, and the average time to full weightbearing was 100.6 ± 35.5 days. Four patients had postoperative complications, while no patients required major revision surgery. Twelve patients went on to solid fusion, while two went on to a stable, braceable pseudoarthrosis. Eight patients were able to return to shoes, and eight were able to walk unaided at final followup. Conclusion: Salvage of talar AVN is possible by tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis with an intramedullary nail. Physicians may offer this as a salvage option to patients with a high likelihood of successful fusion.

Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
One Stage Resection and Pin Stabilization of First Metatarsophalangeal Joint for Chronic Plantar Ulcer With Osteomyelitis
Authors: Johnson Jeffrey E. , Anderson Sarah A.
Published: December 2010

Background: Standard treatment of plantar first metatarsal head neuropathic ulceration with underlying osteomyelitis consists of extensive debridement of infected soft tissues and bone and often first ray amputation. The purpose of this study was to present a previously unreported, one stage, alternative to first ray amputation in patients with chronic first metatarsal head ulceration and associated chronic osteomyelitis. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review was conducted of all patients that underwent one stage resection of the first metatarsophalangeal joint with pin stabilization for treatment of chronic plantar first metatarsal head ulceration with associated chronic osteomyelitis. The study included 15 patients (18 feet) who underwent 18 resections and stabilizations. All patients had a diagnosis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy, chronic plantar first metatarsal head ulceration of at least 3 months duration with exposed bone, and no gross purulence or acute cellulitis. Nine patients (60%) (11 feet) were available for followup telephone interviews. Four of the 15 (27%) (four feet) were deceased so they had medical record review only. The average followup was 48.8 months. Results: All ulcers healed with the exception of one foot (5%) who required a transmetatarsal amputation for worsening infection and wound complications. Three feet (17%) developed recurrent ulcerations. No foot had amputation of only the hallux or first ray. Conclusion: This study presents a previously unreported, relatively simple, one stage treatment option for chronic first metatarsal head ulceration with underlying chronic osteomyelitis. This procedure allowed for successful healing of the ulcer while retaining the first ray.

Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Plantar Pressure During Running in Subjects With Chronic Ankle Instability
Authors: Morrison Katherine E. , Hudson David J. , Davis Irene S. , Richards James G. , Royer Todd D. , Dierks Tracy A. , Kaminski Thomas W.
Published: December 2010

Background: It has been suggested that dynamic foot and ankle mechanics predispose individuals with CAI to repetitive episodes of the ankle “giving way.” Plantar pressure variations during a walking gait have been detected in those with CAI, but more dynamic conditions for analysis are needed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate plantar pressure distributions during a running gait in individuals with CAI, individuals who suffered a lateral ankle sprain, but did not develop CAI (AS), and subjects with no history of a lateral ankle sprain (CON). Materials and Methods: Forty-five subjects [15 in each group, healthy males (18) and females (27), age 18 to 45] were recruited from University communities to participate in this study. Plantar pressure distributions were analyzed on a Tekscancopy; plantar pressure mat at 66 frames per second during a running gait at a controlled speed. The following variables were obtained: rearfoot medial/lateral (M/L) pressure ratio at foot strike (FS) and center-of-pressure (COP) trajectory during the initial loading response (heel strike to initial peak GRF). Separate one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc were used to test for group differences. The significance level was defined as p < 0.05. Results: The CAI group had a significantly more lateral ratio (0.97 ± 0.12) at FS when compared to the CON (1.01 ± 0.13) and AS (1.11 ± 0.13) groups. The CAI subjects had a lateral COP trajectory during the loading phase (7.97 degrees ± 11.02), while both the AS (−3.68 degrees ± 10.24) and CON groups (−6.27 degrees ± 9.86) had medial trajectories. The difference was significant between the CAI group and both the AS and CON groups (all significant p values were less than 0.05). Conclusion: Our results confirm that CAI subjects have a more lateral foot positioning and loading pattern during a barefoot running gait when compared to both the CON and LAS groups. Clinical Relevance: Clinicians treating patients with CAI should consider providing interventions to decrease the amount of rearfoot inversion at FS and during loading in order to create a more medial COP trajectory upon impact.
Dorsal Opening Wedge Osteotomy of Second Proximal Phalanx for Second MTP Dorsiflexion
Authors: Salari Nima , Faro Frances D. , Miller Stuart D.
Published: December 2010

Level of Evidence: V, Expert Opinion
Technical Tip: Use of the Kerrison Rongeur Through a Single-Incision Exposure for Resection of Haglund's Deformity
Authors: Min William , Ding Bryan C. , Sheskier Steven
Published: December 2010

Level of Evidence: V, Expert Opinion
Comparison of Different Outcome Instruments Following Foot and Ankle Trauma
Authors: Goldstein Christina L. , Schemitsch Emil , Bhandari Mohit , Mathew George , Petrisor Brad A.
Published: December 2010

Background: Identifying optimal treatment strategies in patients with traumatic foot and ankle injuries has been hampered by the use of multiple available outcome measures with unproven reliability and validity. This prospective observational study aimed to measure the correlation between six functional outcome measures in patients with traumatic foot and ankle injuries. Materials and Methods: Patients 18 years of age or older with a traumatic foot or ankle injury completed the Short Form-12 (SF-12), Short Musculoskeletal Functional Assessment (SMFA), Foot Function Index (FFI), Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM), American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS), Foot and Ankle Questionnaire and American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle-Hindfoot Scale at a single followup visit. Raw scores for each of the outcome measures were calculated. Fifty-two patients were enrolled in our study. Pearson correlation coefficients provided measures of correlation. Results: Moderate to strong correlations were found for most pairwise comparisons of raw scores and functional categorical rankings (ρ = |0.5243 to 0.92|, p < 0.002). The strongest correlations were found between the SMFA, FFI, FAAM and AAOS Foot and Ankle Questionnaire. Conclusion: High correlations between scores on six commonly used functional outcome instruments suggest it is likely unnecessary to use more than one instrument when examining functional outcome in patients with traumatic foot and ankle injuries. However, inconsistencies between measures in the same patient population suggest a need for further validation and scrutiny.

Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Bilateral Congenital Absence of the Anterior Tibialis Tendon: Case Report
Authors: Cosculluela Pedro E. , Varner Kevin E.
Published: December 2010

Level of Evidence: V, Expert Opinion
Intoeing Harris View for Accessory Navicular Visualization and Hindfoot Alignment: Technique Tip
Authors: Melamed Eyal A.
Published: December 2010

Level of Evidence: V, Expert Opinion
Technique Tip: Open Ankle Athrodesis Using Locking Compression Plate Combined With Anterior Sliding Bone Graft
Authors: Yasui Youichi , Takao Masato , Miyamoto Wataru , Innami Ken , Komatsu Fumito , Narita Nobuyo , Matsushita Takashi
Published: December 2010

Level of Evidence: V, Expert Opinion
Contradictory Evidence as a Guide for Future Research: Investigating the Relationship between Pastoral Labour and Production
Authors: Næss Marius Warg
Published: December 2010

While there is a general agreement that labour has a significant effect on agricultural production, questions have been raised as to whether this is the case for pastoral production. While a review of the literature reveals a prevalent assumption of a positive effect of labour inputs, studies quantifying the relationship have found contradictory evidence for this assumption. Consequently, it could be questioned if it is still justifiable to maintain the assumption of a positive relationship between pastoral labour and production. This article argues that this position is still tenable as previous studies raise important unanswered questions. First, previous studies have been characterized by varying sample sizes, an important issue if the effect of pastoral labour is marginal as some evidence suggests. Second, previous studies have used different measures of pastoral production and as such do not represent clear-cut evidence for or against the assumed positive relationship.
Sphenoorbital meningioma: surgical technique and outcome
Authors: Oya Soichi , Sade Burak , Lee Joung H.
Published: December 2010

Object

The aim of this study was to describe the surgical technique used for removal of sphenoorbital meningiomas in the authors' practice and to review the operative outcome.

Methods

Review of the senior author's practice between 1994 and 2009 revealed 39 patients (mean age 48 years) eligible for this study. Clinical presentation, surgical technique, postoperative outcome, and follow-up data are presented. Surgical technique is detailed, with an emphasis on aggressive removal consisting of drilling of the hypertrophied sphenoid bone, orbital wall, and anterior clinoid process, followed by tumor removal and a wide resection of the involved dura. A simple dural closure without reconstruction of the orbital roof or the lateral wall of the orbit is also described.

Results

Gross-total resection was achieved in 15 cases (38.5%), near-total resection with small residual in the cavernous sinus or periorbita in 20 cases (51.3%), and subtotal resection in 4 cases (10.3%). Postoperative complications included trigeminal hypesthesia in 9 patients, oculomotor palsy in 3 patients, and seizure in 2 patients. Seven patients had recurrence within the mean follow-up period of 40.7 months. Preoperative visual deficits were present in 21 patients (53.8%). Of these, 14 (66.7%) experienced visual recovery to normal levels postoperatively. Statistical analyses revealed preoperative severe visual deficit and sphenoid bone hypertrophy as an independent risk factor and an independent favorable factor, respectively, for a favorable visual outcome. Proptosis was resolved (≤ 2 mm) in 73.5% of the authors' patients. No patient had postoperative enophthalmos.

Conclusions

In the authors' practice, surgery for sphenoorbital meningiomas consists of resection of the orbital/sphenoid intraosseous, intraorbital, and intradural tumor components. The authors believe that aggressive removal of the orbital/sphenoid intraosseous tumor is critical for a favorable visual outcome and tumor control. Furthermore, satisfactory cosmetic results can be achieved with simple reconstruction techniques as described.
Cyclic sciatica from extrapelvic endometriosis affecting the sciatic nerve
Authors: Floyd John R. , Keeler Elizabeth R. , Euscher Elizabeth D. , McCutcheon Ian E.
Published: December 2010

Sciatic (catamenial) radiculopathy, waxing and waning with the menstrual cycle, is an uncommon condition typically caused by pelvic endometriosis affecting the lumbosacral plexus or proximal sciatic nerve. The authors describe a woman with catamenial sciatica caused by endometriosis affecting the sciatic nerve trunk in the upper thigh. Symptomatic with leg pain for 5 years, this patient developed gluteal atrophy and sensory loss and decreased strength in the L-5 dermatomyotome, a distribution confirmed by electromyography. Magnetic resonance imaging suggested thickening of the sciatic nerve at and distal to the sciatic notch. At operation the nerve showed extrinsic and intrinsic abnormality, proven to be endometriosis. Her symptoms improved, and she began gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist therapy for further suppression. This very unusual case shows that endometriosis can affect the sciatic nerve over a range of territory inside and outside the pelvis, and that surgery must be appropriately directed to avoid negative exploration. Surgical decompression achieves good relief of symptoms, and medical therapy also allows sustained suppression of this disease.
Biomechanics of thoracic short versus long fixation after 3-column injury
Authors: Lazaro Bruno C. R. , Deniz Fatih Ersay , Brasiliense Leonardo B. C. , Reyes Phillip M. , Sawa Anna G. U. , Theodore Nicholas , Sonntag Volker K. H. , Crawford Neil R.
Published: December 2010

Object

Posterior screw-rod fixation for thoracic spine trauma usually involves fusion across long segments. Biomechanical data on screw-based short-segment fixation for thoracic fusion are lacking. The authors compared the effects of spanning short and long segments in the thoracic spine.

Methods

Seven human spine segments (5 segments from T-2 to T-8; 2 segments from T-3 to T-9) were prepared. Pure-moment loading of 6 Nm was applied to induce flexion, extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation while 3D motion was measured optoelectronically. Normal specimens were tested, and then a wedge fracture was created on the middle vertebra after cutting the posterior ligaments. Five conditions of instrumentation were tested, as follows: Step A, 4-level fixation plus cross-link; Step B, 2-level fixation; Step C, 2-level fixation plus cross-link; Step D, 2-level fixation plus screws at fracture site (index); and Step E, 2-level fixation plus index screws plus cross-link.

Results

Long-segment fixation restricted 2-level range of motion (ROM) during extension and lateral bending significantly better than the most rigid short-segment construct. Adding index screws in short-segment constructs significantly reduced ROM during flexion, lateral bending, and axial rotation (p < 0.03). A cross-link reduced axial rotation ROM (p = 0.001), not affecting other loading directions (p > 0.4).

Conclusions

Thoracic short-segment fixation provides significantly less stability than long-segment fixation for the injury studied. Adding a cross-link to short fixation improved stability only during axial rotation. Adding a screw at the fracture site improved short-segment stability by an average of 25%.
Hangman's fracture: a historical and biomechanical perspective
Authors: Rayes Mahmoud , Mittal Monika , Rengachary Setti S. , Mittal Sandeep
Published: December 2010

The execution technique of hanging, introduced by the Angle, Saxon, and Jute Germanic tribes during their invasions of the Roman Empire and Britain in the 5th century, has remained largely unchanged over time. The earliest form of a gallows was a tree on which prisoners were hanged. Despite the introduction of several modifications such as a trap door, the main mechanism of death remained asphyxiation. This created the opportunity for attempted revival after the execution, and indeed several well-known cases of survival following judicial hanging have been reported. It was not until the introduction of the standard drop by Dr. Samuel Haughton in 1866, and the so-called long drop by William Marwood in 1872 that hanging became a standard, humane means to achieve instantaneous death. Hangmen, however, fearing knot slippage, started substituting the subaural knot for the traditional submental knot. Subaural knots were not as effective, and cases of decapitation were recorded. Standardization of the long drop was further propagated by John Berry, an executioner who used mathematical calculations to estimate the correct drop length for each individual to be hanged. A British committee on capital sentences, led by Lord Aberdare, studied the execution method, and advocated for the submental knot. However, it was not until Frederic Wood-Jones published his seminal work in 1913 that cervical fractures were identified as the main mechanism of death following hanging in which the long drop and a submental knot were used. Schneider introduced the term “hangman's fracture” in 1965, and reported on the biomechanics and other similarities of the cervical fractures seen following judicial hangings and those caused by motor vehicle accidents.
Petroclival meningiomas: study on outcomes, complications and recurrence rates
Authors: Nanda Anil , Javalkar Vijayakumar , Banerjee Anirban Deep
Published: December 2010

Object

Petroclival meningiomas are notoriously difficult lesions to manage surgically, given the critical neurovascular structures that are intimately associated with the tumors. In this paper, the authors' aim was to review their series of patients with petroclival meningiomas who underwent surgical treatment; emphasis was placed on evaluating modes of presentation, postoperative neurological outcome, complications, and recurrence rates.

Methods

Fifty patients underwent surgical treatment for petroclival meningiomas. The majority of the patients were women (72%). The authors retrospectively reviewed the patients' medical records, imaging studies, and pathology reports to analyze presentation, surgical approach, neurological outcomes, complications, and recurrence rates.

Results

Headache was the most common presentation (58%). The most commonly used approach was the transpetrous approach (in 16 patients), followed by the orbitozygomatic approach (in 13). Gross-total resection was performed in 14 patients (28%), and in the remaining patients there was residual tumor (72%). Eighteen patients with tumor remnants were treated with Gamma Knife surgery. New postoperative cranial neuropathies were noted in 22 patients (44%). The most common cranial nerve (CN) deficit following surgery was CN III dysfunction (in 11 patients) and facial weakness (in 10). In 9 patients, the CN dysfunction was transient (41%), and 7 patients had permanent dysfunction (32%). Eight patients developed hydrocephalus and all required placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. A CSF leak was noted in only 2 patients (4%), and wound dehiscence was noted in 1. The CSF leaks and the wound dehiscence occurred in patients who were undergoing reoperations. Adequate radiographic follow-up (minimum 6 months) was available for 31 patients (62%). The mean follow-up was 22.1 months. In 6 patients, tumor progression or recurrences were noted. The median time to recurrence was 84 months. At the time of discharge from the hospital, 92% of the patients had good outcomes (Glasgow Outcome Scale Scores 4 and 5). Three patients died of causes not directly related to the surgery.

Conclusions

Petroclival meningiomas still pose a formidable challenge to neurosurgeons. In their series, the authors used multiple skull base approaches and careful microneurosurgical technique to achieve a good functional outcome (Glasgow Otcome Scale Score 4 or 5) in 92% of patients, although the extent of gross-total resection was only 28%. The authors' primary surgical goal was to achieve maximal tumor resection while maintaining or improving neurological function. The authors favor the treatment of residual tumor or recurrent tumor with stereotactic radiosurgery.
Stereotactic body radiotherapy for spinal metastases: current status, with a focus on its application in the postoperative patient
Authors: Sahgal Arjun , Bilsky Mark , Chang Eric L. , Ma Lijun , Yamada Yoshiya , Rhines Laurence D. , Létourneau Daniel , Foote Matthew , Yu Eugene , Larson David A. , Fehlings Michael G.
Published: December 2010

Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for spinal metastases is an emerging therapeutic option aimed at delivering high biologically effective doses to metastases while sparing the adjacent normal tissues. This technique has emerged following advances in radiation delivery that include sophisticated radiation treatment planning software, body immobilization devices, and capabilities of detecting and correcting patient positional deviations with imageguided radiotherapy. There are limited clinical data specifically supporting the role of SBRT as a superior alternative to conventional radiation in the postoperative patient. The focus of this review was to examine the evidence pertaining to spine SBRT in the treatment of spinal metastases and to provide a comprehensive analysis of published patterns of failure, with emphasis on the postoperative patient.
Analysis of prevertebral soft-tissue swelling and dysphagia in multilevel anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein–2 in patients at risk for pseudarthrosis
Authors: Stachniak Joseph B. , Diebner Jeffrey D. , Brunk Estee S. , Speed Shelley M.
Published: December 2010

Object

The goal of this study was to demonstrate the incidence of fusion and soft-tissue swelling in multilevel anterior cervical discectomies and fusions (ACDFs) using polyetheretherketone (PEEK) spacers with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein–2 (rhBMP-2) impregnated in a Type I collagen sponge and titanium plates.

Methods

A single surgeon performed 30 multilevel ACDFs using PEEK spacers with an rhBMP-2 impregnated collagen sponge (0.4 ml, or the equivalent of 0.6 mg rhBMP-2). Soft-tissue swelling was assessed using cervical spine radiographs on postoperative Day 1 and at 2, 6, and 10 weeks and 6 months after surgery. Incidence of dysphagia was assessed with the Cervical Spine Research Society Swallowing–Quality of Life tool. Clinical success was evaluated with the Neck Disability Index, neck pain scores, and arm pain scores. Final fusion was assessed with CT by an independent neuroradiologist.

Results

Patients were followed for 6 months unless they had an incomplete fusion; those patients were reassessed at 9 months. Twenty-four patients underwent 2-level ACDFs and 6 underwent 3-level ACDFs were performed on patients with the following risk factors for pseudarthrosis: smoking (33%), diabetes (13%), and obesity (body mass index ≥ 30 [43%]). Seventeen percent of the patients had multiple risk factors. Soft-tissue swelling peaked at 2 weeks regardless of level of surgery or number of levels treated surgically and decreased to near preoperative levels by 6 months. At 2 weeks, Swallowing–Quality of Life evaluation showed 19% of patients frequently choking on food, 4.8% frequently choking when drinking, and 47.6% with frequent food sticking in the throat. Scores continued to improve, and at 6 months, 0% had frequent choking on food, 6.7% had frequent difficulty drinking, and 6.7% had frequent food sticking in the throat. The Neck Disability Index, neck pain, and arm pain scores all improved progressively over 6 months. Incidence of fusion was 95% at 6 months and 100% at 9 months. There were no rehospitalizations or reoperations for soft-tissue swelling or dysphagia.

Conclusions

Multilevel ACDF procedures using PEEK grafts and rhBMP-2 can be performed safely in patients with multiple risk factors for pseudarthrosis with excellent fusion outcomes.
Total en bloc spondylectomy for spinal metastases in thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Demura Satoru , Kawahara Norio , Murakami Hideki , Abdel-Wanis Mohamed E. , Kato Satoshi , Yoshioka Katsuhito , Tomita Katsuro , Tsuchiya Hiroyuki
Published: December 2010

Object

Thyroid carcinoma generally has a favorable prognosis, and patients rarely present with distant metastases. Authors of several studies have proposed piecemeal resection for spinal metastases in thyroid carcinoma; however, few have analyzed the impact of local curative surgery such as total en bloc spondylectomy (TES) for thyroid carcinoma. The purposes of the present study are to determine the strategy of surgical treatment for spinal metastases of thyroid carcinoma and to evaluate the surgical results of and the prognosis associated with TES.

Methods

Twenty-four cases of spinal metastases were retrospectively reviewed. The patients included 16 women and 8 men, with a mean age of 60.7 years. Histological examination showed follicular carcinoma in 15 cases, papillary carcinoma in 8, and medullary carcinoma in 1. Total en bloc spondylectomy was performed in 10 cases; debulking surgery, such as piecemeal excision or eggshell curettage, was performed in 14. The average follow-up time was 55 months (12–180 months).

Results

Four patients had no evidence of disease, 8 were alive with the disease, and 12 had died of the disease. The overall survival rate from the time of surgery was 74% at 5 years. Patients with visceral metastases had a significant, higher risk of death. The survival rate of patients following TES was 90% at 5 years, which was higher than the rate in patients who underwent debulking surgery (63%). However, no significant difference was observed between the 2 types of surgery. There was a local recurrence after debulking surgery in 8 (57%) of 14 cases. Because of the recurrences, reoperation was required after a mean of 41 months. In contrast, there was a local recurrence after TES in only 1 (10%) of 10 cases. The difference between debulking surgery and TES regarding local recurrence was statistically significant.

Conclusions

Total en bloc spondylectomy with enough of a margin provided favorable local control of spinal metastases of thyroid carcinoma during a patient's lifetime.
Correlation of matrix metalloproteinases–1 and –3 with patient age and grade of lumbar disc herniation
Authors: Zigouris Andreas , Batistatou Anna , Alexiou George A. , Pachatouridis Dimitrios , Mihos Evaggelos , Drosos Dimitrios , Fotakopoulos George , Doukas Michail , Voulgaris Spyridon , Kyritsis Athanasios P.
Published: December 2010

Object

The authors studied the histological alterations and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)–1 and MMP-3 in disc specimens of patients who had undergone operations for lumbar disc herniation.

Methods

Forty-three lumbar disc specimens were evaluated histopathologically for degenerative changes and immunohistochemical expression of MMP-1 and MMP-3. The observed degenerative changes provided a degenerative score that was applied in each patient. Sections of disc immunostained for MMP-1 and MMP-3 were evaluated semiquantitatively. Patients were categorized in 3 age groups: < 30 years, between 30 and 60 years, and > 60 years of age. The expression of MMP-1 and MMP-3 were correlated to patient's age, degenerative score, and grade of lumbar disc herniation.

Results

There was no statistically significant difference in the degenerative score between the age groups. Degenerative changes were more pronounced in greater grades of herniation (p < 0.0001). In the group of patients < 30 years of age there was a significant correlation between MMP-1 and MMP-3 expression and both degenerative score and herniation grade. For the group of patients 30–60 years of age, there was no significant difference between MMP-1 expression and degenerative score, but the correlation between MMP-1 expression and grade of herniation was significant. There was a significant correlation between MMP-3 expression and both degenerative score and herniation grade. Regarding the patients > 60 years of age, there was a significant correlation between MMP-1 and MMP-3 expression and both degenerative score and herniation grade. There was a significantly lower expression of both MMP-1 and MMP-3 in the group < 30 years of age compared with the other ages. No significant correlation was found in MMP-1 and MMP-3 expression between the groups of patients who were 30–60 and > 60 years of age. Interestingly, in age groups > 30 years, there were no statistically significant differences between the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-3, whereas in patients < 30 years of age the expression of MMP-3 was significantly lower than the expression of MMP-1.

Conclusions

The expression of MMP-1 and MMP-3 were strongly correlated to the age of the patients and the grade of herniation. An important finding in this study is the differential expression of MMP-1 and MMP-3 between the age groups. In the young age group it appears that deregulation of MMP-1 expression is higher than that of MMP-3 in the pathogenesis of lumbar disc herniation.
Does vertebral level of pedicle subtraction osteotomy correlate with degree of spinopelvic parameter correction?
Authors: Lafage Virginie , Schwab Frank , Vira Shaleen , Hart Robert , Burton Douglas , Smith Justin S. , Boachie-Adjei Oheneba , Shelokov Alexis , Hostin Richard , Shaffrey Christopher I. , Gupta Munish , Akbarnia Behrooz A. , Bess Shay , Farcy Jean-Pierre
Published: December 2010

Object

Pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO) is a spinal realignment technique that may be used to correct sagittal spinal imbalance. Theoretically, the level and degree of resection via a PSO should impact the degree of sagittal plane correction in the setting of deformity. However, the quantitative effect of PSO level and focal angular change on postoperative spinopelvic parameters has not been well described. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between the level/degree of PSO and changes in global sagittal balance and spinopelvic parameters.

Methods

In this multicenter retrospective study, 70 patients (54 women and 16 men) underwent lumbar PSO surgery for spinal imbalance. Preoperative and postoperative free-standing sagittal radiographs were obtained and analyzed by regional curves (lumbar, thoracic, and thoracolumbar), pelvic parameters (pelvic incidence and pelvic tilt [PT]) and global balance (sagittal vertical axis [SVA] and T-1 spinopelvic inclination). Correlations between PSO parameters (level and degree of change in angle between the 2 adjacent vertebrae) and spinopelvic measurements were analyzed.

Results

Pedicle subtraction osteotomy distribution by level and degree of correction was as follows: L-1 (6 patients, 24°), L-2 (15 patients, 24°), L-3 (29 patients, 25°), and L-4 (20 patients, 22°). There was no significant difference in the focal correction achieved by PSO by level. All patients demonstrated changes in preoperative to postoperative parameters including increased lumbar lordosis (from 20° to 49°, p < 0.001), increased thoracic kyphosis (from 30° to 38°, p < 0.001), decreased SVA and T-1 spinopelvic inclination (from 122 to 34 mm, p < 0.001 and from +3° to −4°, p < 0.001, respectively), and decreased PT (from 31° to 23°, p < 0.001). More caudal PSO was correlated with greater PT reduction (r = −0.410, p < 0.05). No correlation was found between SVA correction and PSO location. The PSO degree was correlated with change in thoracic kyphosis (r = −0.474, p < 0.001), lumbar lordosis (r = 0.667, p < 0.001), sacral slope (r = 0.426, p < 0.001), and PT (r = −0.358, p < 0.005).

Conclusions

The degree of PSO resection correlates more with spinopelvic parameters (lumbar lordosis, thoracic kyphosis, PT, and sacral slope) than PSO level. More importantly, PSO level impacts postoperative PT correction but not SVA.
Forage as a Primary Source of Mycotoxins in Animal Diets
Authors: Skládanka Jiří , Nedělník Jan , Adam Vojtěch , Doležal Petr , Moravcová Hana , Dohnal Vlastimil
Published: December 2010

The issue of moulds and, thus, contamination with mycotoxins is very topical, particularly in connexion with forages from grass stands used at the end of the growing season. Deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), fumonisins (FUM) and aflatoxins (AFL) are among the most common mycotoxins. The aim of the paper was to determine concentrations of mycotoxins in selected grasses (Lolium perenne, Festulolium pabulare, Festulolium braunii) and their mixtures with Festuca rubra an/or Poa pratensis during the growing season as a marker of grass safety, which was assessed according to content of the aforementioned mycotoxins. During the growing season grass forage was contaminated with mycotoxins, most of all by DON and ZEA. The contents of AFL and FUM were zero or below the limit of quantification. Moreover, the level of the occurrence of mould was quantified as ergosterol content, which was higher at the specific date of cut. All results were statistically processed and significant changes were discussed.
Cell Surface Markers in Colorectal Cancer Prognosis
Authors: Belov Larissa , Zhou Jerry , Christopherson Richard I.
Published: December 2010

The classification of colorectal cancers (CRC) is currently based largely on histologically determined tumour characteristics, such as differentiation status and tumour stage, i.e., depth of tumour invasion, involvement of regional lymph nodes and the occurrence of metastatic spread to other organs. These are the conventional prognostic factors for patient survival and often determine the requirement for adjuvant therapy after surgical resection of the primary tumour. However, patients with the same CRC stage can have very different disease-related outcomes. For some, surgical removal of early-stage tumours leads to full recovery, while for others, disease recurrence and metastasis may occur regardless of adjuvant therapy. It is therefore important to understand the molecular processes that lead to disease progression and metastasis and to find more reliable prognostic markers and novel targets for therapy. This review focuses on cell surface proteins that correlate with tumour progression, metastasis and patient outcome, and discusses some of the challenges in finding prognostic protein markers in CRC.
Synthesis of Substituted 1,4-Diazepines and 1,5-Benzodiazepines Using an Efficient Heteropolyacid-Catalyzed Procedure
Authors: Kaoua Rachedine , Bennamane Norah , Bakhta Saliha , Benadji Sihame , Rabia Cherifa , Nedjar-Kolli Bellara
Published: December 2010

An efficient and improved procedure for the synthesis of 1,4-diazepine and 1,5-benzodiazepine derivatives via the reaction of ketimine intermediates with aldehydes in the presence of Keggin-type heteropolyacids (HPAs) was developed. High yields and short reaction times were obtained for both electron-releasing and electron-withdrawing substituted 1,4-diazepine and 1,5-benzodiazepines derivatives.
In Vivo Bioluminescent Imaging (BLI): Noninvasive Visualization and Interrogation of Biological Processes in Living Animals
Authors: Close Dan M. , Xu Tingting , Sayler Gary S. , Ripp Steven
Published: December 2010

In vivo bioluminescent imaging (BLI) is increasingly being utilized as a method for modern biological research. This process, which involves the noninvasive interrogation of living animals using light emitted from luciferase-expressing bioreporter cells, has been applied to study a wide range of biomolecular functions such as gene function, drug discovery and development, cellular trafficking, protein-protein interactions, and especially tumorigenesis, cancer treatment, and disease progression. This article will review the various bioreporter/biosensor integrations of BLI and discuss how BLI is being applied towards a new visual understanding of biological processes within the living organism.
Sensing Pressure Distribution on a Lower-Limb Exoskeleton Physical Human-Machine Interface
Authors: De Rossi Stefano Marco Maria , Vitiello Nicola , Lenzi Tommaso , Ronsse Renaud , Koopman Bram , Persichetti Alessandro , Vecchi Fabrizio , Ijspeert Auke Jan , Van der Kooij Herman , Carrozza Maria Chiara
Published: December 2010

A sensory apparatus to monitor pressure distribution on the physical human-robot interface of lower-limb exoskeletons is presented. We propose a distributed measure of the interaction pressure over the whole contact area between the user and the machine as an alternative measurement method of human-robot interaction. To obtain this measure, an array of newly-developed soft silicone pressure sensors is inserted between the limb and the mechanical interface that connects the robot to the user, in direct contact with the wearer’s skin. Compared to state-of-the-art measures, the advantage of this approach is that it allows for a distributed measure of the interaction pressure, which could be useful for the assessment of safety and comfort of human-robot interaction. This paper presents the new sensor and its characterization, and the development of an interaction measurement apparatus, which is applied to a lower-limb rehabilitation robot. The system is calibrated, and an example its use during a prototypical gait training task is presented.
Roller Bearing Fault Diagnosis Based on Nonlinear Redundant Lifting Wavelet Packet Analysis
Authors: Gao Lixin , Yang Zijing , Cai Ligang , Wang Huaqing , Chen Peng
Published: December 2010

A nonlinear redundant lifting wavelet packet algorithm was put forward in this study. For the node signals to be decomposed in different layers, predicting operators and updating operators with different orders of vanishing moments were chosen to take norm of the scale coefficient and wavelet coefficient acquired from decomposition, the predicting operator and updating operator corresponding to the minimal norm value were used as the optimal operators to match the information characteristics of a node. With the problems of frequency alias and band interlacing in the analysis of redundant lifting wavelet packet being investigated, an improved algorithm for decomposition and node single-branch reconstruction was put forward. The normalized energy of the bottommost decomposition node coefficient was calculated, and the node signals with the maximal energy were extracted for demodulation. The roller bearing faults were detected successfully with the improved analysis on nonlinear redundant lifting wavelet packet being applied to the fault diagnosis of the roller bearings of the finishing mills in a plant. This application proved the validity and practicality of this method.
Magnetic interactions between nanoparticles
Authors: Mørup Steen , Hansen Mikkel Fougt , Frandsen Cathrine
Published: December 2010

We present a short overview of the influence of inter-particle interactions on the properties of magnetic nanoparticles. Strong magnetic dipole interactions between ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic particles, that would be superparamagnetic if isolated, can result in a collective state of nanoparticles. This collective state has many similarities to spin-glasses. In samples of aggregated magnetic nanoparticles, exchange interactions are often important and this can also lead to a strong suppression of superparamagnetic relaxation. The temperature dependence of the order parameter in samples of strongly interacting hematite nanoparticles or goethite grains is well described by a simple mean field model. Exchange interactions between nanoparticles with different orientations of the easy axes can also result in a rotation of the sub-lattice magnetization directions.
Austrian State Policy and Its Interest in Slovenian Folk Culture
Authors: Rajšp Vinko
Published: December 2010

This article writes about the project „Das Volkslied in Österreich“ (Folk Song in Austria) that was supported by the then Government in Vienna and its meaning for Slovenians. This was the way how Slovenian language was recognised also as the language of Slovenian folk culture, after it was put into force as an official language and language of education in the time of Maria Theresa.
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V prispevku je predstavljen sprejem projekta “Das Volkslied in Österreich = Narodna pesem v Avstriji”, ki je dobil podporo takratne vlade na Dunaju in je izrednega pomena tudi za Slovence. Slovenščina, ki se je od časa Marije Terezije naprej uveljavljala kot uradni jezik in jezik izobraževanja, je bila priznana tudi kot jezik slovenske ljudske kulture.
“The Young Sing Only Modern Songs,” or the Large-Scale Program for Collecting Folk Songs between Expectations and Recognition
Authors: Klobčar Marija
Published: December 2010

The collection of folk songs, which was directed by a committee as part of the program The Folk Song in Austria, provides a special perspective on folk song heritage. The committee’s assumption was that folk song survived only in remote villages, and not among the young, in towns, or in industrialized areas. A comparison of the components of this program, the questionnaire used, and the collected results shows where the expectations and findings of this project agreed and where they differed.
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Zbiranje ljudskih pesmi, za katero je znotraj akcije Narodna pesem v Avstriji na Slovenskem skrbel ustrezni odbor, je odsevalo poseben pogled na pesemsko dediščino. Sodeč po pričakovanjih odbora, naj bi ljudska pesem živela le še v odročnih vaseh, ne pa tudi med mladino, v mestih ali v industrijskih krajih. S primerjavo programov akcije, »povpraševalnih pol« in rezultatov zbiranja želim ugotoviti, v čem so se pričakovanja in spoznanja tega projekta skladala in kje so se razhajala.