bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethylene Dibromide Fumigation of Citrus Fruit to Control the Mediterranean Fruit Fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wied.)1
Authors: Bussel J. , Kamburov S. S.
Published: August 2022

Grapefruit, orange, and lemon fruits were fumigated with ethylene dibromide (EDB) at 12 and 14 g/m3 for 2 hr exposures against eggs, larvae, and pupae of the Mediterranean fruit fly. Grapefruit also was fumigated at 16 g/m3 for 2 and 2.5 hr exposures. EDB sorption was determined in an empty chamber and when the chamber was loaded with fruit. At EDB dosages of 12 and 14 g/m3, a complete kill of eggs, larvae, and pupae was obtained by fumigating artificially infested oranges and lemons. With grapefruit, complete kill of eggs and pupae and high mortality of larvae were obtained at those dosages. When the dosage was increased to 16 g/m3 and exposure prolonged to 2.5 hr a 100% kill of larvae was obtained. All citrus fruits were tolerant to dosages used and no peel injury occurred during subsequent 1 month storage and 2 weeks under shelf-life conditions. The rate of EDB residue desorption from various citrus fruits after fumigation was determined. The amounts of inorganic bromide residue resulting from fumigation were below safety limits.
Collapse of ‘Murcott’ Tangerine Trees1
Authors: Smith Paul F.
Published: August 2022

‘Murcott’ tangerine (Citrus hybrid) trees often decline suddenly during fall and winter, if they are heavily loaded with fruit. First symptoms are wilt, yellowing of leaves, defoliation, and shriveling of fruit. The rapid loss of leaves and fruit, followed by dying back of branches, gives the appearance of death. However, such trees generally recover. The remaining leaves are deficient in one or more minerals such as N, P, K, or Mn. However, extra fertilizer does not prevent tree collapse. Seasonal studies showed that starch depletion and death of feeder roots accompany the decline. Root starvation, as a result of crop strain, appears to be the primary cause of rapid tree collapse.
Water Soluble Extracts from Peach Plant Parts and Their Affect on Growth of Seedlings of Peach, Apple and Bean1
Authors: Oh Sung Do , Carlson Robert F.
Published: August 2022

Water suspensions from seeds, root and shoots of peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) influenced growth of peach, apple and bean seedlings when applied to soil of potted plants. Different levels of amygdalin were found in plant parts of peach and apple. Synthetic amygdalin applied to potted peach seedlings was not toxic. Certain nutrient elements were altered due to the soil treatment. Disposal of plant parts is suggested as a practical sanitation practice to possibly reduce peach tree decline on old soil.
Use of Cryoprotectants on Apple and Pear Trees1
Authors: Ketchie D. O. , Murren C.
Published: August 2022

The croprotectants, polyvinylpyrolidone, glycerol, ethylene glycol and dimethyl sulfoxide were applied individually or in combination with each other in the form of a spray on whole apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees in the greenhouse and by terminal feeding apple and pear (Pyrus communis L.) trees in the field. The trees were tested both by artificial and natural freezing. The cryoprotectants increased cold resistance, however, different cultivars showed different effects with the various protective agents. Factors other than the colligative properties appeared to modify the effects of cryoprotectants.
Correlation Between Banana Storage Life and Minimum Treatment Time Required for Ethylene Response1
Authors: Liu F. W.
Published: August 2022

Good correlation was found between length of storage life of banana (Musa cavendishii Lambert cv. Dwarf Cavendish) and minimum treatment time required for ethylene ripening response at harvest. All test bananas responded to 24 hours or less of 10 ppm ethylene treatment. Based on 29 sample groups of greenhousegrown ‘Dwarf Cavendish’ bananas, a linear regression equation relating banana storage life in days in air at 21°C (as output Y) and minimum time in hours required for ripening response to 10 ppm ethylene (as input X) was obtained as Y = 4.59 + 1.25X. The 2 variables had a correlation coefficient of 0.92.
Use of Hill Plots for Genetic and Breeding Studies of Bean1
Authors: Bliss F. A.
Published: August 2022

The precision of a 9-plant hill-plot design in which plants were sown 15 cm apart in a 3 × 3 arrangement compared favorably to that of 3-m-row plots containing approximately 75 plants for the estimation of pod yield of snap beans Phaseolus vulgaris L. Quality traits and sieve size distribution based on pod diameter in both plot designs were similar. Using the square design, the entire 9-plant plot can be taken as the unit of selection, or single plant selection can be practiced when the test plant is grown in the center hill surrounded by 8 uniform guard plants. Single plant selection using this design has been used effectively to modify traits of beans having moderate to high heritability. Selection based on family means should be used for traits with low heritability. Efficiency of the hill-plot design is realized in terms of smaller plot size, fewer required seeds per plot and reduced harvest time.
Influence of Temperature, Time of Day, and Flower Age on Pollen Germination, Stigma Receptivity, Pollen Tube Growth, and Fruit Set of Allium cepa L.1
Authors: Chang W. N. , Struckmeyer B. Esther
Published: August 2022

Male fertile lines M611B and P52-371B and male-sterile lines M2399A and P54-306A of onion were grown in 3 chambers in the Biotron with maximum temperatures of 24°C, 35°, and 43° and a minimum of 18°. Temperature and flower age affected longevity and viability of pollen. There was no striking difference in % germination between the 2 male-fertile lines in time of day pollen was collected from flowers of the same age. At 24° stigma receptivity was highest on the 4th day; at 35°, the 3rd day; and at 43°, the 1st day after anthesis. Pollen started germinating ½ hour after placement on the stigma at the 3 temperatures. Pollen tubes grew the entire length of the style within 12 hours after pollination. The highest % fruit set was at 35°. Seeds per ovary were 2.57, 3.20 and 1.66 for 24°, 35° and 43°, respectively.
Lilium sp. ‘Mid Century Hybrids’ Adapted to Pot Use with Ancymidol1
Authors: White John W.
Published: August 2022

‘Enchantment’, ‘Prosperity’, ‘Harmony’, and ‘Hornback's Gold’ were the hybrid garden-type lilies most adaptable for pot plant use. With 6 or 8 weeks of post-plant-storage, a growth retardant was not required to obtain a final plant height between 30 and 50 cm. With 10 or 13 weeks of post-plant-storage at 0°C, ancymidol [N,N,N-2 tetramethyl-5-(1-methyl-ethyl)-4-[(1-piperidinylcarbonyl)oxy]-benzenamonium chloride] as a 0.5 mg a.i. (.0264% active ingredient) drench applied at shoot emergence or as a 100-ppm spray applied when shoots were 7.5 cm long, effectively reduced height and improved appearance.

The final plant heights of ‘Rainbow Hybrid’, ‘Sutter's Gold’ and ‘Pastel Hybrid’ were maintained between 30 and 50 cm with a 0.5 mg ancymidol drench. However, these cultivars were not as promising for pot plants because of narrow and short leaves and necrosis of lower foliage which detracted from their general appearance. The concentration of ancymidol used did not reduce sufficiently the final plant height of ‘Challenger’. Cost of the bulbs may be a factor when considering the use of cultivars such as ‘Challenger’ and ‘Pepper’ for use as pot plants.
Evaluation of Sweet Corn Inbreds for Resistance for European Corn Borer1
Authors: Andrew R. H. , Carlson J. R.
Published: August 2022

European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn.) damage to sweet corn (Zea mays L.) inbreds was evaluated by husk ratings, tip ratings, ear tunnel counts, and ear indexes for two years. Egg masses placed in the leaf whorl and on the ear shoot were used to simulate egg laying by first and second generation corn borer adults, respectively. Differences among inbreds for second generation corn borer ear damage were highly significant in both years. Husk rating and tip damage rating gave a consistent measurement of these differences in two markedly different seasons. Correlations for all measurements of second generation damage were highly significant within years. Measurements of first and second generation damage were not consistently related. Host maturity was negatively correlated, although not always significantly, with first and second generation damage parameters.
Promotion of Olive Fruit Abscission with 2-Chloroethyl-tris-(2-methoxyethoxy)-silane1
Authors: Hartmann Hudson T. , Reed Walfred , Opitz Karl
Published: August 2022

Foliar applications of 2-chloroethyl-tris-(2-methoxy ethoxy)-silane (CGA 13586) caused abscission of olive fruits and, to much lesser extent, leaves due to its release of ethylene upon contact with water. Maximum reduction in fruit removal force occurred 7 to 8 days after application and seemed to be a direct effect on the abscission layer. The ethylene-releasing reaction rate was affected by the solution pH, increasing with higher pH values. Lower pH (ca. 6) gave greater abscission than did higher pH levels since the compound presumably hydrolyzed too rapidly in the latter for the ethylene released to cause abscission. CGA 13586 produced considerably higher initial ethylene release in comparisons with (2 chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) but it was not as long lasting.
Influence of Daminozide on the Levels of Root-promoting Substances in Pelargonium hortorum Bailey1
Authors: Heng Duane A. , Read Paul E.
Published: August 2022

Levels of root-promoting substances from Pelargonium hortorum Bailey were detected by the mung bean rooting bioassay. Fractionated ethanolic extracts from Pelargonium showed 1 major and 2 minor zones which promoted rooting of mung beans. The active fractions promoted rooting in the absence of indoleacetic acid (IAA), in contrast to results previously published. Levels of promoters fluctuated during the propagation period, decreasing to a low point just prior to root initiation. Active zones from extracts of Pelargonium treated with 2500 ppm succinic acid-2, 2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide, SADH) did not differ from those of controls indicating that daminozide does not promote rooting by modification of the level of ethanolic extractable root promoters.
A Survey of Nematode Distribution in California Vineyard Soils1
Authors: Ferris H. , McKenry M. V.
Published: August 2022

The spatial distribution of nematodes in the soil of nine California vineyards was surveyed in summer and winter months. Soil samples were taken in the vine row and between rows at 15 cm depth intervals. There were no measurable seasonal changes in nematode distribution. Variation in the distribution of genera amongst vineyards was related to soil physical conditions and vineyard cultural practices. In general, highest concentrations of Meloidogyne spp. and Xiphinema spp. were in the upper 60 cm of soil in the vine row, whereas Tylenchulus semipenetrans was more deeply and uniformly distributed throughout the root zone.
Genotypic Influence on Elemental Composition of Strawberry Tissues1
Authors: John M. K. , Daubeny H. A. , McElroy F. D. , Garland M.
Published: August 2022

Concentrations of macro- and micro-elements in the leaves of 7 strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cultivars or selections (genotypes) were determined before flowering, at fruiting, and in the fall. Genotypic differences in nutrient concentration depended on sampling time, but genotype affected the levels of all 13 elements studied in leaves and the levels of Mg, S, Ca, Zn, Fe, Al, and Cu in petioles. There were effects of plant age on leaf concentrations of some elements observed in 1- and 2-year-old representatives of three genotypes.
Defoliation of Pepper Transplants in Transit by Endogenously-evolved Ethylene1
Authors: Kays S. J. , Jaworski C. A. , Price H. C.
Published: August 2022

Pepper transplants (Capsicum annuum L.) held under simulated transit conditions synthesized substantial amounts of ethylene, the rate of which was temperature dependent. Transplants treated with known concentrations of ethylene (0, 0.1 to 10.0 μ1/liter) were substantially defoliated at levels lower than those that may be produced in transit by the plants themselves. Exposure to ethylene concentrations of 0.5 jul/liter and greater impeded the growth of transplants after planting into the field. Removal of ethylene in storage with potassium permanganate greatly reduced abscission. Elevated storage CO2 levels stimulated ethylene synthesis by as much as 34%.
Inheritance of Carboxylation Efficiency in the Tomato1
Authors: Augustine J. J. , Stevens M. Allen , Breidenbach R. W.
Published: August 2022

The mode of inheritance of carboxylation efficiency (CE) of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was studied using parents, F1, BCP1, BCP2, and F2 progeny from the crosses Ottawa 67 (067) × VF 145-7879 (7879) and 067 × LA959. The inheritance of chlorophyll content was studied with the cross 067 × LA959. The difference in CE between 067 and 7879 is controlled by a single gene with high CE apparently conditioned by the high pigment (hp) gene from 067. The differences in CE and chlorophyll content between 067 and LA959 are under digenic control. The differences appear to be controlled by hp from 067 and lurida (lur) from LA959. A causal relationship between chlorophyll content and CE may not exist, but the evidence presented indicates the two characteristics are closely related.
Response of Tomato to pH of a Coastal Plain Soil1
Authors: Worley Ray E.
Published: August 2022

Best marketable yields of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were obtained when the soil pH (Tifton loamy sand) was between 6.5−6.9. Yields were reduced when soil pH was below 6.0. Liming to the desired pH increased the percentage of decaying fruit but decreased the percentage of other cull fruit. Liming increased leaf N, P, Ca, and Mg and decreased leaf Mn, Fe, and B concentrations.
Intraspecific Differences in Growth of Beans at Stress Levels of Phosphorus1
Authors: Whiteaker Gary , Gerloff G. C. , Gabelman W. H. , Lindgren Dale
Published: August 2022

Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) lines were screened for efficiency of P utilization in nutrient culture at 2 mg P per plant (seed P + added P). The P in the nutrient cultures was removed rapidly and nearly all the P stored in cotyledons was exported before abscission. From 54 lines screened, 6 were selected to represent extremes in response to P stress and were classified as efficient, moderately inefficient, and inefficient based on dry weight production and P efficiency ratio (PER) defined as the mg dry weight yield per mg of P in the tissue. PER values for top dry weight production at 2 mg of P varied from 380 to 671 mg. In some lines, growth increased as solution P increased to relatively high levels; in other lines there was no growth response. Under P stress, net photosynthesis per unit of P was higher in an efficient than in an inefficient line. Thus, 1 factor in P efficiency was concluded to be associated with photosynthetic metabolism. Inheritance of P efficiency based on top dry weight varied among different matings. Reciprocal hybrids indicated little or no maternal inheritance of efficiency.
Reduction of Peel Roughness of ‘Shamouti’ Orange with Growth Regulators1
Authors: Erner Y. , Goren R. , Monselise S. P.
Published: August 2022

Excessive rough and thick peel, linked with large fruit sizes is found in ‘Shamouti’ oranges (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) grown under marginal soil and climatic conditions. This condition was overcome by early (April-May) sprays of succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) and 2-chloroethyltrimethylammonium chloride (CCC, chlormequat), probably counteracting high endogenous promotors found in rough tissues. While SADH is too expensive to be profitable and it usually decreases fruit size, CCC can be used without this effect and is commercially rewarding.
Hormonal Bioassay of French Prune (Prunus domestica L.) Seed and Pericarp1
Authors: Martin George C. , Campbell Robert C.
Published: August 2022

In two consecutive growing seasons, extracts of prune flower and fruit tissue were bioassayed for hormonal activity. High levels of GA-like and neutral auxin-like compounds were evident in seed extracts in midseason during the period of rapid embryonic growth. An ABA-like inhibitor increased in the pericarp as maturity approached, while GA-like activity fell to negligible levels.
Cycles in U.S. Pecan Production 1919—1974 Identified by Power Spectral Analysis1
Authors: Gemoets E. E. , Gemoets L. A. , Cannon T. E. , McIntyre R. G.
Published: August 2022

U. S. production of pecan (Carya illinoensis (Wang) K. Koch) has been characterized by highly irregular variations in crop size from season to season. Spectral analysis is applied to the U. S. pecan production system to identify cycles. In analysis of U. S. pecan production data for 1919 through 1974, a first order autoregressive process with a negative constant of −0.39 to −0.62, a biennial alternating process, was found. Also identified were cycles of 2½, 4, and 11 – 16 years statistically significant at the 95% and higher levels for all pecans, native pecans and improved pecans.
Influence of Peach Seedling Rootstocks on Growth, Yield and Survival of Peach Scion Cultivars1
Authors: C. Layne R. E. , Weaver G. M. , Jackson H. O. , Stroud F. D.
Published: August 2022

An 8-year study was made to assess the performance of Harrow Blood and Siberian C rootstock seedlings in comparison with the commercial seedling rootstocks Rutgers Red Leaf, Veteran, Halford and Bailey. Rootstocks significantly influenced tree size of ‘Loring’, ‘Redhaven’ and ‘Babygold 5’ peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch). Siberian C had the largest influence on size control, reducing tree volume by about 20%. Tree height and spread, trunk circumference and trunk cross-sectional areas were also influenced by rootstocks, but annual growth of terminal shoots was not. Rootstocks influenced crotch angle development of ‘Loring’, but had no effect on crotch angle development of ‘Redhaven’ or ‘Babygold 5’. Cropping efficiency of ‘Babygold 5’ was influenced by rootstocks but cropping efficiency of ‘Redhaven’ and ‘Loring’ were not. Yields were significantly influenced by rootstocks. The highest cumulative yields of ‘Loring’ were on Veteran seedlings, the highest of ‘Redhaven’ were on Rutgers Red Leaf and the highest of ‘Babygold 5’ were on Halford. Yields were also a function of tree size with the highest yields being obtained on the largest trees. Trunk circumference and crosssectional area were the only growth measurements that were significantly correlated with the yield of each cultivar. Tree survival was best on Harrow Blood and Siberian C and poorest on Rutgers Red Leaf and Veteran. Tree mortality was associated with winter injury and canker (Leucostoma spp.) infection but not with incompatibility.
Influence of Night Temperature and Daylength on Fruit Shape of Grapefruit1
Authors: Wutscher Heinz K.
Published: August 2022

The shape of ‘Redblush’ grapefruit, Citrus paradisi Macf., grown in controlled environments was affected by the difference between day and night temperature. Fruit grown under a 32°/30°C day/night temperature regime had creased stem ends; a 32°/24° regime resulted in normal fruit, and 32°/7° induced severe sheepnosing. Reducing daylength from 14 to 11 hours had no influence on fruit shape.
Effect of Sucrose on Response of Cut Carnation to Kinetin, Ethylene, and Abscisic Acid1
Authors: Mayak S. , Dilley D. R.
Published: August 2022

The longevity of cut carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) was enhanced by solutions containing kinetin and sucrose compared to kinetin alone. Flowers developing during periods of low light intensity senesced rapidly and responded to kinetin only when supplemented with sucrose. Flowers supplemented with sucrose senesced less rapidly when treated with ethylene or abscisic acid than those not treated with sucrose.
Carrot Injury and Yield Response to Ozone1
Authors: Bennett James P. , Oshima Ronald J.
Published: August 2022

Container-grown plants of carrot (Daucus carota L.) exposed intermittently to 0.19 or 0.25 ppm ozone throughout their growth increased in plant height and total number of leaves in spite of the development of chlorotic leaves. Leaf dry weight was unaffected by ozone, but root dry matter decreased 32 to 46%. As a result, the root weight/total dry weight ratio and root/shoot ratio declined significantly in the presence of ozone. A regression of root dry weight on chlorotic leaf dry weight explained 35% of the root loss and predicted that 1.5 g of root tissue is lost for every g of chlorotic leaf dry weight caused by ozone injury.
Effect of Ethephon and SADH on Quality of Clipped and Nonclipped Tomato Transplants1
Authors: Campbell G. M.
Published: August 2022

(2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) and succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH, daminozide) improved quality and uniformity of clipped and nonclipped transplants of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). The materials were effective when applied singly or in combination and with or without a fungicide (maneb). Ethephon applied at 150 to 300 ppm reduced the percentage of transplants bearing flowers and fruits, reduced stem elongation and stimulated root development. SADH at 5,000 ppm reduced stem elongation and yellowing of foliage. Foliage, root, and stem quality were enhanced by using the materials in combination. Neither yields nor fruit quality were adversely influenced by the treatments.
A Survey of Pollen Characteristics in Certain Vaccinium Species1
Authors: Cockerham L. E. , Galletta G. J.
Published: August 2022

Pollen stainability, frequency of unreduced pollen grains, and pollen diameter were examined in 13 species and 4 interspecific hybrids of Vaccinium comprising 3 ploidy levels. Pollen in the tetraploid species was potentially more fertile (as judged by stainability) than in the diploid species. Pollen stainability in the hexaploids was not different from the diploids or tetraploids. Four pollen viability classes (good, fair, poor, and very poor) were established among species. Practically all of the species studied produced unreduced pollen grains. Mean pollen diameter was 11% larger in the tetraploids than in the diploids and 11% larger in the hexaploids than in the tetraploids. The normal pollen diameter ranges for the 3 ploidy levels of Vaccinium were calculated and presented as a possible taxonomic tool.

Genetic, rather than seasonal or environmental differences, appeared to account for the major portion of the interclonal and interspecific variation observed in pollen stainability and in the frequency of unreduced pollen grains.

Frequent irregularities observed were empty pollen grains and granular, unstained pollen, which were assumed to represent early postmeiotic abortions. Meiosis was studied in a representative species of each ploidy level. Pairing and segregation were essentially normal, but a few multivalents or pseudo-multivalents (bivalents secondarily associated) were observed in the hexaploid species.
Ethylene Inhibition of Senescent Spots on Ripe Bananas1
Authors: Liu F. W.
Published: August 2022

Ten to 100 ppm ethylene in air inhibited the development of superficial senescent spots on ripe bananas (Musa cavendishii Lambert cv. Valery). The ethylene did not affect the respiration rate but accelerated softening of the partially ripe or ripe bananas at 21°C. Six days of continuous exposure to 10 ppm ethylene did not affect the eating quality of bananas but 9 days of exposure slightly lowered the quality. Ethylene did not inhibit anthracnose (Gloeosporium masarum Cke. & Mass.) growth on banana fruit or on petri dish culture. Dipping ripe bananas in 100 to 1000 ppm (2 chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) did not inhibit the senescent spot development. Brief dipping in silver nitrate solution (50 mg/liter) counteracted the ethylene effect.
Mass Selection in Sweet Potato: Breeding for Resistance to Insects and Diseases and for Horticultural Characteristics1
Authors: Jones Alfred , Dukes P. D. , Cuthbert F. P.
Published: August 2022

Advances attained by the sixth generation of mass selection in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) were assessed. The objective was to combine multiple resistances to pathogens, nematodes and insects with other desirable production and market qualities. Although progress from 6 single-year cycles of selection was encouraging, a change to 2-year cycles was indicated. Generation 6 contained high frequencies of flowering and seed set, attractive root shape, orange flesh, thin cortex, root specific gravities of about 1.02, acceptable yield, and resistance to fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. batatas (Wr.) Snyd. and Hans.), the southern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood) and the following soil insects: the southern potato wireworm (Conoderus falli Lane), the banded cucumber (Diabrotica balteata LeConte), the spotted cucumber beetle (D. undecimpuncta howardi Barber), the elongate flea beetle (Systena elongata (F.)), a white grub (Plectris aliena Chapin), and the sweet-potato flea beetle (Chaetocnema confinis Crotch).
Effect of Daminozide and NAA on Ca Uptake and Accumulation in ‘McIntosh’ Apple Seedlings1
Authors: Himelrick David G. , Pollard James E. , Estes G. O.
Published: August 2022

Leaves from succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide)-treated seedlings of ‘McIntosh’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh) accumulated significantly more 45Ca than those from 1-napthaleneacetic acid (NAA)-treated seedlings. Stem sections from daminozide-treated seedlings accumulated significantly more 45Ca than stems from control seedlings. Total 45Ca content in daminozide-treated seedlings was significantly greater than in either controls or NAA-treated seedlings. The expected reduction in total shoot length by treatment with daminozide, NAA + daminozide and NAA was noted. The increases in 45Ca content in all treatments appear to be due in part to the concentration effect of reduced shoot growth and in part to an effect of daminozide on rate of uptake.
Alleviation of Salinity and High Temperature Stress by Plant Growth Regulators Permeated into Lettuce Seeds via Acetone1
Authors: Braun Joseph W. , Khan Anwar A.
Published: August 2022

Permeation via acetone of fusicoccin (FC), or of a combination of the three growth regulators, kinetin (K), 2-chloroethyl(phosphonic acid) (ethephon) (E), and gibberellic acid (G) into dry lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cvs. Grand Rapids and Mesa 659) seeds markedly relieved the inhibiting effects of stress on germination and seedling emergence. Permeation with FC or K+E+G increased dark germination by 80 to 90% at 30°C. At 35°, germination of ‘Grand Rapids’ seeds was enhanced much more by FC than by K+E+G. Both FC and K+E+G increased germination in solutions of NaCl (−4.95 bars) or polyethylene glycol-6000 (−3 bars). In saline medium at 30 and 35°, FC was more active than K+E+G. Hypocotyl and radicle elongation was greater for seeds treated with FC than for seeds treated with other materials in both aqueous and saline media. In soil moistened with water or 0.1 NaCl, emergence of unpermeated ‘Mesa 659’ seeds was 0 to 2% at 25°. Permeation with FC or K+E+G enhanced emergence 65–80% in water, 48–55% in NaCl. FC produced more vigorous seedlings in terms of fresh weight and size than any other treatment including K+E+G. Furthermore, FC generally shortened the emergence time more than K+E+G treatment, the difference being more marked in saline soil.
Cowpea Curculio Feeding Stimulants from Southernpea Pods1
Authors: Rymal Kenneth S. , Chambliss Oyette L.
Published: August 2022

Compounds active as feeding stimulants for cowpea curculio (Chalcodermus aeneus Boheman) were quantitatively determined by laboratory bioassays in pods of 5 cultivars of southernpeas (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walpers). Feeding response was tested on intact sections of fresh pods and on filter paper wrapped plugs of agar and water-extracts of hulls with seeds removed. Water extracts were partitioned with ether and the tests of the activity of both fractions indicated that the active compounds were lipid in nature. Active compounds extracted from a susceptible cultivar were added to the extract of a resistant cultivar and feeding response was increased nearly 10 fold.

Quantitative and qualitative differences in fatty acid composition between resistant and susceptible cultivars were shown by gas chromatography. The amounts of eicosenoic acid were directly related to curculio feeding response to the cultivars.
Heritabilities of Sweet Potato Resistances to Root Knot Caused by Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica1
Authors: Jones Alfred , Dukes P. D.
Published: August 2022

Three greenhouse tests to determine the reactions of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) breeding lines and their respective open-pollinated offspring to 2 species of root-knot nematodes were conducted. Resistances occurred in high frequency to both the southern root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood) and the Javanese (tropical) root knot nematode (M. javanica (Treub) Chitwood). Reaction to M. incognita was studied in 2 consecutive years with different sets of parental lines using an egg mass index. Estimated heritability (h2) in 1976 was 0.75 ± 0.23 and in 1977 was 0.57 ± 0.37. Three indices of reaction to M. javanica and respective h2 estimates were: Egg mass index, 0.69 ± 0.18; galling index, 0.78 ± 0.19; and necrosis index, 0.72 ± 0.20. Resistances to the 2 species were not correlated, indicating independent inheritance. Development of cultivars with high levels of resistance to each or to both of the above diseases is possible.
Response of Progeny from Interspecific Cross of Cucumis melo × C. metuliferus to Meloidogyne incognita acrita
Authors: Granberry D. M. , Norton J. D.
Published: August 2022

Progeny from a hybridization of C. melo L. (PI 140471), a feral Cucumis melo, with the nematode-resistant African horned cucumber (C. metuliferus E. Mey.) (PI 292190) were screened for resistance to Meloidogyne incognita acrita Chitwood. Although C. metuliferus exhibited resistance, no resistance was observed in PI 140471 nor in the F2 generation after inoculation with a larval suspension having 600 larvae/ml. However, when grown in contact with chopped galled roots, certain progeny appeared to be resistant. Evaluation of egg mass production revealed that the resistant plants produced significantly fewer eggs than susceptible plants.
Genic Male Sterility in the Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)1
Authors: Mutschler Martha A. , Bliss F. A.
Published: August 2022

A male sterile bean plant was observed in the F2 population of WI 74-2047 × ‘Swedish Brown’. Male sterile phenotypes were characterized by all pollen grains being shriveled and non-functional, but with female fertility unaffected. Expression of sterility was genic, involving 2 unlinked loci, Ms1 and In-ms1, which interact to give a 13:2:1 F2 ratio of non-sterile:sterile:lethal individuals. ‘Swedish Brown’ contained fully fertile and semisterile plants, the latter presumed to be caused by the presence of a reciprocal translocation. One of the loci involved in male sterility is loosely linked to one of the break points of the translocation, and lines segregating for sterility but not semisterility were obtained.
Respiration of Grapefruit and Orange Flavedo Tissue in Relation to Chilling and Non-chilling Temperatures and Respiratory Inhibitors1
Authors: Purvis A. C.
Published: August 2022

One theory on the mechanism of chilling injury of tropical and subtropical fruits is that aerobic respiration is impaired at chilling temperatures and injury occurs from consequent accumulation of fermentation products. Therefore, O2 uptake and CO2 evolution by the flavedo (colored portion of peel) of chill-sensitive grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) and chill-resistant orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) tissue were measured by a manometric Warburg technique over a range of chilling and non-chilling temperatures to see if there were differences in respiratory activities of the 2 tissues. A break in the Arrhenius plot of CO2 evolution and O2 uptake by grapefruit tissues occurred at 12°C but no break was apparent in similar plots for orange tissue. Respiratory quotients for both orange and grapefruit were lower at chilling than non-chilling temperatures. When O2 uptake was determined in the presence of maximal inhibitory levels of cyanide and salicylhydroxamic acid, a large residual O2 uptake remained. At chilling temperatures, in the absence of cyanide, salicylhydroxamic acid reduced O2 uptake by grapefruit flavedo tissue by 30% but had no effect on O2 uptake by orange flavedo tissue in the absence of cyanide. The results indicate that extra-mitochondrial oxidases may have a role in chilling injury of grapefruit flavedo.
Response of Ilex crenata Thunb. cv. Helleri to Timed Fertilizer Applications1
Authors: Yeager T. H. , Wright R. D. , Alley M. M.
Published: August 2022

Multiple branched liners of ‘Helleri’ holly growing in a pine bark medium were fertilized at the beginning of active root growth at 300, 400, 500, or 600 ppm N with a 20N−8.7P−16.7K water soluble fertilizer. One week later, one half of the plants were fertilized again. The treatments were repeated during the next 2 periods of root growth which occurred about 6 weeks apart. The above soluble fertilizer was applied weekly at 300 ppm N to the control plants. Shoot growth of plants fertilized twice at 500 ppm N was comparable to growth of the control plants. Further, these plants received 44% less fertilizer and utilized 17.6% more of the total fertilizer applied. Extract nutrient and soluble salt levels were high during root growth and low during shoot growth except for the control plants, indicating the plant's need for fertilizer predominates during periods of active root growth.
Factors Affecting Shoot and Root Initiation from Cultured Rose Shoot Tips1
Authors: Hasegawa Paul M.
Published: August 2022

In vitro-derived shoot tips of ‘Improved Blaze’ rose (Rosa hybrida L.) proliferated on a medium containing MS salts, thiamine·HCl (0.5 mg/liter), pyridoxine·HCl (0.5 mg/liter), nicotinic acid (0.5 mg/liter), glycine (2.0 mg/liter), i-inositol (100 mg/liter), sucrose (30 g/liter), Bacto agar (8 g/liter), indoleacetic acid (IAA) (0.3 mg/liter) and 6-benzylamino purine (BA) (1.0, 3.0, or 10.0 mg/liter). A 6-fold multiplication could be obtained after 4 weeks; no further increase in multiplication was obtained by extending the length of the culture period. In vitro-proliferated shoots cultured for 10 to 14 days on the basal medium without growth regulators initiated roots and could be successfully transplanted into soil; however, both root formation and transplantability were enhanced by α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (0.03 or 0.10 mg/liter) or IAA (1.0 mg/liter) and by lowering the MS salt concentration to ¼ or ½ strength. Although the degree of root initiation and successful establishment in soil was variable, 90 to 100% successful transfer to soil could be obtained.
Evaluation of Muskmelon Cultivar Performance by Joint Regression Analysis1
Authors: Ng Timothy J , McClurg C. A. , Angell F. F. , Anderson J. I.
Published: August 2022

Data from 2 experiments, each involving a set of 6 muskmelon cultivars grown over a period of 4 years, were subjected to joint regression analysis to characterize performance across environments. ‘Burpee’ and ‘Gold Star’ were common to both experiments. A majority of the cultivars exhibited linear response for yield but not for fruit characteristics. There were also significant differences in regression coefficients among cultivars in each experiment. ‘Burpee’ and ‘Gold Star’ each had similar joint regression coefficients in both experiments for total weight of fruit per plant, but not for total number of fruit.
Light Intensity and Fruiting Effects on Carbohydrate Contents, Spur Development, and Return Bloom of ‘Hartley’ Walnut1
Authors: Ryugo K. , Marangoni Bruno , Ramos D. E.
Published: August 2022

Leaf number, area and chlorophyll content, and specific leaf weight were greater in light-exposed spurs of ‘Hartley’ walnut (Juglans regia L.) than those grown in the shade. Starch content increased early in the season in shaded spurs, but the accumulation ceased while the nuts stored dry matter. In exposed spurs, starch increased steadily until harvest. After harvest, starch level decreased in exposed and shaded spurs. Light intensity did not affect percentage composition of spurs and fruit with respect to carbohydrates or oil content in kernels. Increased exposure to light resulted in higher percentage of return bloom, greater spur growth, and more pistillate flowers per spur the following season.
Effect of Vitamin K5 and Menadione on Ripening, and Ethylene and Carbon Dioxide Production by Apple and Tomato Fruit1
Authors: Saltveit Mikal E.
Published: August 2022

A 10-minute soak in 1.0 mm vitamin K5 reduced ethylene production over 90%, while doubling carbon dioxide production by cortical tissue from pre-climacteric apples (Malus domestica Borkh.). Reduced ethylene production persisted for at least 4 hours, while carbon dioxide production declined to rates not significantly different from the controls. Vitamin K5 also reduced ethylene production by 50% from quartered fruit of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) at different stages of maturity, and from cortex tissue from apples at or near their climacteric peak of ethylene production.
Identification of Eight Crabapples by Pollen Surface Sculpture1
Authors: Martens Julia , Fretz Thomas A.
Published: August 2022

Pollen specimens from 8 ornamental crabapples (Malus spp.) were compared using the scanning electron microscope (SEM) to determine if they, like apple cultivars, can be distinguished by pollen characters. All pollen grains were approximately equivalent in size, tricolpate, elliptical in shape, with tectate-perforate exine type. Exine riding was superficially similar among all 8 crabapples, but close examination revealed sufficient detail to distinguish between them. Pollen from 4 of the 8 crabapples, M. baccata var. mandshurica (Maxim.) C. K. Schneid., M. × purpurea (Hort. Barbier) Rehd. ‘Lemoinei’, M. × robusta (Carriere) Rehd. and M. Sargenta Rehd. possessed collared perforations. Among these M. baccata var. mandshurica and M. × purpurea ‘Lemoinei’ pollen had grains with parallel, unbroken exine ridging, while M. × robusta and M. sargentii grains commonly exhibited whorling of ridges. Spacing between exine ridges were wider on pollen grains of M. baccata var. mandshurica than on those of M. × purpurea ‘Lemoinei’, but M. × robusta and M. sargentii could not be distinguished using pollen characters alone. The remaining 4 crabapples lacked collared perforations and were further subdivided by perforation frequency. M. floribunda Siebold ex Van Houtte and M. × purpurea (Hort. Barbier) Rehd. pollen displayed a large number of simple perforations while pollen from M. × purpurea ‘Aldenhamensis’ and M. × zumi calocarpa (Matsum.) Rehd. yielded lower perforation frequencies. M. floribunda pollen had more closely spaced exine ridges than M. × purpurea. M. × purpurea ‘Aldenhamensis’ differed from M. × zumi var. calocarpa in that its pollen generally had larger perforations.
Effect of Nitrogen Status of Dormant Rooted Lowbush Blueberry Cuttings on Rhizome Production1
Authors: Smagula John M. , Hepler Paul R.
Published: August 2022

Cuttings of 2 clones of lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) treated with increasing rates of urea (0, 40, 80 kg N/ha) during rooting resulted in increased levels of total stem nitrogen in the respective treatments. Fall flowering and vegetative growth of cuttings in the propagation beds were stimulated by nitrogen treatments. Plants moved to cold storage (5°C) for 3 months and then grown under long day (16 hours) greenhouse conditions for 2 months did not produce more rhizomes in response to nitrogen treatments. However, plants which remained in the propagation beds during the winter and which were grown under field conditions for 6 months, responded to the nitrogen treatments by producing larger root systems, more aerial growth and more rhizomes.
Effects of N, K, and Mg on Growth and Leaf Nutrient Composition of Three Container Grown Woody Ornamentals Inoculated with Mycorrhizae1
Authors: Johnson C. R. , Joiner J. N. , Crews C. E.
Published: August 2022

High N fertilization reduced percent infection by Glomus spp. (Glomus fasciculatus (Thaxter Gerd. & Trappe and G. mossae (Nich. and Gerd.) & Trappe) endomycorrhizae on inoculated Podocarpus macrophyllus Thunb., Pittosporum tobira Thunb., and Rhododendron simsii Planch. plants. Inoculation with Glomus spp. benefited growth of the 3 woody plant species even at high levels of fertilization (1250 N, 1250 K and 230 Mg kg/ha·yr−1) although leaf nutrients levels showed little difference from noninoculated plants.
Effectiveness of Digested Sewage Sludge Compost in Supplying Nutrients for Soilless Potting Media1
Authors: Chaney Rufus L. , Munns John B. , Cathey Henry M.
Published: August 2022

Marigold was grown on 4 media treatments with different levels of composted digested sewage sludge. On each medium, a number of fertilizer amendment treatments were studied to evaluate compost as a replacement for the amendments ordinarily required for complete media. Media contained 0, 33, 67, and 100% sludge compost (by volume); the remainder was unfertilized Cornell mix (equal volume mixture of sphagnum peat moss and vermiculite). The recommended amendments for Cornell mix (N, P, limestone, and trace elements) were deleted one at a time, all, or all but N. Severe P deficiency of −P media was fully corrected by compost at all rates. Compost provided only part of the N requirement at 33%. All trace element requirements were supplied by compost, yet toxicities did not occur; compost-amended media pH was ≥ 6.7, which limited metal availability to plants. Soluble salts limited yield somewhat on all treatments containing 67 or 100% compost. Fertilization of 33% compost media with only KNO3 (recommended rate for Cornell mix) allowed plant performance equal to the complete Cornell mix. Compost supplied much higher amounts of Fe, Zn, and Cu than are ordinarily added to media, and corrected an apparent marginal Cu deficiency-stress of complete Cornell mix. Composted digested sewage sludge was found to be an effective ingredient for potting media for marigolds when N is supplied from chemical sources.
Influence of Ancymidol on Four Species of Tropical Foliage Plants under Different Artificial Light Intensities1
Authors: Blessington Thomas M. , Link Conrad B.
Published: August 2022

Soil drenches of alpha-cyclopropyl-alpha-(p-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol) were applied 2 weeks after planting to Brassaia actinophylla Endl., X Fatshedera lizei (Cochet) Guillaum, Philodendron scandens Subsp. oxycardium (Schott) Bunt., and Tradescantia fluminensis Vell, at concentrations of 0. 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/15 cm pot to retard their growth and elongation while growing in a greenhouse under specific acclimatization procedures. Several months later the plants were placed in a controlled environment room under variable artificial light intensities (270, 540, 1080 lux) and after a 6-week period were evaluated as decorative materials. All plants treated with ancymidol, except Brassaia, showed decreased internodal length, were more compact in growth habit and displayed more intense color than those untreated. Ancymidol treatments maintained the decrease in internodal length at all light intensities for Tradescantia, Philodendron and Fatshedera with the greatest decrease evident at the highest (1.0 mg/pot) concentration. Only Brassaia exhibited leaf drop and no phytotoxicity was noted on any ancymidol treated plants.
Leaf Types of F1 Hybrids and Backcrosses Involving Unifoliolate Citrus and Trifoliolate Poncirus1
Authors: Cameron J. W. , Soost R. K.
Published: August 2022

The degree of multifoliolate leaf expression in 272 F1 hybrid and 132 first backcross field trees involving unifoliolate Citrus and trifoliolate Poncirus is reported. Among the F1's of 9 Citrus cultivars × Poncirus, 246 trees had >50% multifoliolate leaves and only 7 had 30% or less. Individual crosses all showed similar behavior. Among the backcrosses to Citrus, 23 trees had >30% multifoliolate leaves and 109 had 30% or less. No multifoliolate leaves were observed in 55 of these. Environment had a discernible, but not a major, effect on leaf type. The data imply that only a few genes control leaf type in these crosses but the exact genetic basis is uncertain.
Low Oxygen Effects on Dessert Quality, Scald Prevention, and Nitrogen Metabolism of ‘d’Anjou’ Pear Fruit during Long-term Storage1
Authors: Mellenthin W. M. , Chen P. M. , Kelly S. B.
Published: August 2022

‘d’Anjou’ pears (Pyrus communis L.) harvested at optimum maturity, 6.4 kg flesh firmness, were stored in 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 5.0% O2 with CO2 concentration were maintained at 0.01 to 0.03%. Other samples were stored in commercially recommended concentrations of 2-2.5% O2 and 0.8-1.0% CO2 (i.e., regular CA), and conventional air storage. Temperatures of −1.1°C (30°F) were maintained in all cabinets throughout the 8 month storage. Oxygen concentration below 1.5% maintained the dessert quality of fruit and reduced the incidence of superficial storage scald after 8 months of storage. Fruit stored at 1.0% O2 for 8 months did not develop scald even after returning to air storage for 30 days. Oxygen concentration above 2% without CO2 had no beneficial effect on dessert quality or scald control. Regular CA storage also maintained dessert quality, but had only slight effect on scald control. Fruit stored below 2% O2 softened slower, lost titratable acids and free amino acids more slowly, and accumulated protein more slowly than samples stored at higher O2 levels for 8 months. Regular CA fruit changed similarly to those from the 1.0% and 1.5% O2 treatments. Overall fruit metabolism in 0.5% O2 was markedly retarded during the 5 to 8 month storage period.
Effect of Gaseous Hydrogen Chloride on Seed Germination and Early Development of Seedlings1
Authors: Granett A. L. , Taylor O. C.
Published: August 2022

Seeds of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) on germination media were exposed to hydrogen chloride gas for 20 min. Seeds incubated and exposed on filter paper suffered developmental effects which were dependent on gas concentration. While germination rate was slightly reduced for sensitive seeds at the higher concentrations, suppression of seedling growth was evident at all levels of HCl tested. There was little effect on either germination or seedling length in seeds exposed and incubated on soil. Filter paper and soil adsorbed HCl during 20-minute exposures in proportion to gas concentration, but the soil apparently buffered most adverse reactions of the acid.
Mineral and Chlorophyll Changes in Leaf Tissue of Silver Maple after Treatment with Iron Chelates1,2
Authors: Morris R. L. , Swanson B. T.
Published: August 2022

Chlorotic silver maples (Acer saccharinum L.) were treated during bud break with soil-applied EDDHA (ethylenediaminedi-0-hydroxyphenylacetate) and trunk implants of encapsulated FAC (ferric ammonium citrate), EDTA (ethylenediaminetetracetate) and DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetate). Foliar levels of Ca were higher in chlorotic than green tissue. Chlorophyll levels and twig growth of treated trees were not significantly different from chlorotic controls after treatment. Soil Fe levels were different under chlorotic and green control plants. However, foliar Fe analyses demonstrated that Fe levels were not different in green and chlorotic leaf tissue.
Respiration and Ethylene Evolution and Internal Composition in Developing and Senescing Fruit of Guiana Chestnut (Pachira aquatica Aubl.)1
Authors: Akamine Ernest K. , Goo Theodore
Published: August 2022

The relationship between the respiratory pattern and ethylene (C2H4) production in developing and senescing fruit of Guiana chestnut (Pachira aquatica Aubl.) suggested that accelerated evolution and increased internal concentrations of C2H4 just prior to dehiscence of the fruit controls dehiscence. High concentrations of C2H4 are probably first synthesized in the placenta and the attached seeds and then diffused to the pericarp which then responds to the stimulus by dehiscing.