bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Informed Consent in Pediatric Anesthesia: A Narrative Review
Authors: Feinstein Max M. , Pannunzio Anthony E. , Lobell Samuel , Kodish Eric
Published: August 2018

Informed consent for pediatric anesthesia challenges practitioners to navigate complex ethical, medical, and legal ambiguities. A patient’s status as a minor does not negate the importance of his or her participation in the decision-making process but, rather, necessitates a nuanced evaluation of age and development to involve the patient to an appropriate extent. Given the complexities involved with pediatric informed consent in anesthesia practice and research, it is important to understand the experience of key stakeholders involved. For this review, we searched Medline, the Cochrane database, PROSPERO, and Clinicaltrials.gov for studies involving pediatric anesthesia informed consent. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were designed to select for studies that included issues related to informed consent as primary outcomes. The following data were extracted from included studies: title, authors, date of publication, study type, intervention, data collection method, participant type (ie, parent, pediatric patient, anesthesia provider), number of participants, pediatric patient age range, and primary outcome measures. Twenty-two articles were included for final review: studies of informed consent in pediatric anesthesia span many aspects of informed consent. Parental understanding has been studied most often (7/22 studies), followed by parental preferences (5/22 studies) and provider-related outcomes (5/22 studies) such as time spent interacting with patients, subjective reporting on amount of training related to informed consent, and provider satisfaction with the informed consent process. Outcomes pertaining to pediatric patients themselves constitute the smallest number of studies, including child anxiety (1/22), child understanding (1/22), and child refusal (1/22). Among the parties involved, parents have been most frequently identified as the subjects of these studies (2719/3805 subjects across all included studies, or 71% of all subjects). Pediatric patients are the least frequently involved subjects of studies that investigate informed consent in pediatric anesthesia (493/3805, or 13% of all subjects). Anesthesia providers and investigators have been study subjects (593/3805, or 16% of all subjects) for a range of topics including time spent interacting with patient, nature of informed consent conversation in relation to trainee status, satisfaction with informed consent process, and priorities for informed consent content. The aim of the present narrative review is to summarize the work that has been done on informed consent for pediatric anesthesia.
Termination of cell-type specification gene programs by the miR-183 cluster determines the population sizes of low-threshold mechanosensitive neurons
Authors: Peng Changgeng , Furlan Alessandro , Zhang Ming-Dong , Su Jie , Lübke Moritz , Lönnerberg Peter , Abdo Hind , Sontheimer Jana , Sundström Erik , Ernfors Patrik
Published: August 2018

Touch and mechanical sensations require the development of several different kinds of sensory neurons dedicated to respond to certain types of mechanical stimuli. The transcription factor Shox2 (short stature homeobox 2) is involved in the generation of TRKB+ low-threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMRs), but mechanisms terminating this program and allowing alternative fates are unknown. Here, we show that the conditional loss of the miR-183-96-182 cluster in mouse leads to a failure of extinction of Shox2 during development and an increase in the proportion of Aδ LTMRs (TRKB+/NECAB2+) neurons at the expense of Aβ slowly adapting (SA)-LTMRs (TRKC+/Runx3−) neurons. Conversely, overexpression of miR-183 cluster that represses Shox2 expression, or loss of Shox2, both increase the Aβ SA-LTMRs population at the expense of Aδ LTMRs. Our results suggest that the miR-183 cluster determines the timing of Shox2 expression by direct targeting during development, and through this determines the population sizes of Aδ LTMRs and Aβ SA-LTMRs.
Terrestrial locomotion of the northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris): limitation of large aquatically adapted seals on land?
Authors: Tennett Kelsey A. , Costa Daniel P. , Nicastro Anthony J. , Fish Frank E.
Published: August 2018

The aquatic specializations of phocid seals have restricted their ability to locomote on land. The amphibious northern elephant seal, Mirounga angustirostris, is the second largest phocid seal in the world with males reaching 2,700 kg. Although elephant seals are proficient swimmers and deep divers, their extreme size and aquatic specializations limits terrestrial movement. The kinematics of terrestrial locomotion in northern elephant seals were analyzed from video recordings of animals observed on the beach of Año Nuevo State Reserve, CA. The seals moved using a series of rhythmic undulations produced by dorsoventral spinal flexion. The traveling spinal wave moved anteriorly along the dorsal margin of the body with the chest, pelvic region, and foreflippers serving as the main points of contact with the ground. The hind flippers were not used. The spinal wave and foreflippers were used to lift the chest off the ground as the body was pushed forward from the pelvis as the foreflippers were retracted to pull the body forward. Seals moved over land at 0.41-2.56 m s−1 (0.12-0.71 BL s−1). The frequency and amplitude of spinal flexions both displayed a direct increase with increasing speed. The duty factor for the pelvic region decreased with increasing velocity while the duty factor of the foreflipper remained constant. Kinematic data for elephant seals and other phocids were used in a biomechanical model to calculate the mechanical energy expended during terrestrial locomotion. The elephant seals were found to expend more energy when traveling over land for their size than smaller phocids. The unique method of terrestrial movement also exhibited greater energy expenditure on land than large quadrupeds. The trade-off for the northern elephant seal has been that its massive size and morphology have well adapted it to an aquatic existence, but limited its locomotor performance (i.e., speed, endurance) on land.
Differences in spatial resolution and contrast sensitivity of flight control in the honeybees Apis cerana and Apis mellifera
Authors: Chakravarthi Aravin , Rajus Santosh , Kelber Almut , Dacke Marie , Baird Emily
Published: August 2018

Visually-guided behaviour is constrained by the capacity of the visual system to resolve detail. This is, in turn, limited by the spatial resolution and contrast sensitivity of the underlying visual system. Because these properties are interdependent and vary non-uniformly, it is only possible to fully understand the limits of a specific visually guided behaviour when they are investigated in combination. To understand the visual limits of flight control in bees, which rely heavily on vision to control flight, and to explore whether they vary between species, we tested how changes in spatial resolution and contrast sensitivity affect the speed and position control of the Asian and European honeybees (Apis cerana and A. mellifera). Despite their apparent similarity, we found some interesting and surprising differences between the visual limits of these species. While the effect of spatial frequency and contrast on position control is similar between the species, ground speed is differently affected by these variables. A comparison with published data from the bumblebee Bombus terrestris reveals further differences. The visual resolution that limits the detection and use of optic flow for flight control in both species of honeybees is lower than previously anatomically determined resolution and differs from object detection limits of A. mellifera, providing evidence that the limits of spatial resolution and contrast sensitivity are highly tuned to the particular behavioural task of a species.
The choreography of learning walks in the Australian jack jumper antMyrmecia croslandi
Authors: Jayatilaka Piyankarie , Murray Trevor , Narendra Ajay , Zeil Jochen
Published: August 2018

We provide a detailed analysis of the learning walks performed by Myrmecia croslandi ants at the nest during which they acquire visual information on its location. Most learning walks of 12 individually marked naïve ants took place in the morning with a narrow time window separating the first two learning walks, which most often occurred on the same day. Naïve ants performed between 2 to 7 walks over up to 4 consecutive days before heading out to forage. On subsequent walks naïve ants tend to explore the area around the nest in new compass directions. During learning walks ants move along arcs around the nest while performing oscillating scanning movements. In a regular temporal sequence, the ants’ gaze oscillates between the nest direction and the direction pointing away from the nest. Ants thus experience a sequence of views roughly across the nest and away from the nest from systematically spaced vantage points around the nest. We show further that ants leaving the nest for a foraging trip often walk in an arc around the nest on the opposite side to the intended foraging direction, performing a scanning routine indistinguishable from that of a learning walk. These partial learning walks are triggered by disturbance around the nest and may help returning ants with reorienting when overshooting the nest, which they frequently do. We discuss what is known about learning walks in different ant species and their adaptive significance for acquiring robust navigational memories.
Context-dependent behavioural lateralization in the European pond turtle Emys orbicularis (Testudines, Emydidae)
Authors: Pellitteri-Rosa Daniele , Gazzola Andrea
Published: August 2018

Lateralization presents clear advantages in ecological contexts since dominance of one brain side prevents the simultaneous activation of contrasting responses in organisms with laterally located eyes. This is crucial in selecting a safe refuge during a predatory attack and may strongly affect predator–prey interactions. We explored the possible presence of lateralization in the antipredatory behaviour of European pond turtles, considering their escape facing a possible predatory attack. Thirty individuals (17 males, 13 females) were exposed to three different environmental situations of gradual increasing predatory threat: escape underwater from an unsafe shelter, diving into the water from a basking site, righting after being overturned. All turtles were tested 20 times for each of the three experiments (60 trials per individual and 1800 overall trials). We recorded multiple behavioural responses in the general context of predation risk. This was done in order to assess both the existence of lateralization and possible correlations among different behaviours as function of lateralization. The number of significant responses to the left side was always prevalent in each of the three simulated anti-predatory situations, suggesting the existence of a lateralized behaviour in this species. At the individual level, the differences we found in the three experiments could be related to different ecological contexts and consequent risk of predation. Our findings, among the few on Chelonians, support the possible involvement of the right hemisphere activity and, most importantly, reveal how the complexity of a general predatory context can affect the laterality of escape behaviour.
How does the environment affect fighting? The interaction between extrinsic fighting ability and resource value during contests
Authors: Lane Sarah M. , Briffa Mark
Published: August 2018

An individual's performance during a fight is influenced by a combination of their capacity and willingness to compete. While willingness to fight is known to be determined by both intrinsic and extrinsic drivers, an individual's capacity to fight is generally thought of as solely intrinsic, being driven by a host of physiological factors. However, evidence indicates that variation in fighting ability can also be generated through exposure to different environmental conditions. Environmental contributions to fighting ability may be particularly important for animals living in spatially and temporally heterogeneous habitats, in which fights can occur between rivals recently exposed to different environmental conditions. The rapidly changing environment experienced within intertidal zones, for example, means that seawater parameters, including dissolved oxygen content and temperature, can vary across small spatial and temporal scales. Here we investigate the relative importance of these extrinsic contributions to fighting ability and resource value on contest dynamics in the beadlet sea anemone Actinia equina. We manipulate the extrinsic fighting ability of both opponents (through dissolved oxygen concentration prior to fights) and resource value (through seawater flow rate during the fight). Our results indicate that the extrinsic fighting ability of both opponents can interact with resource value to drive escalation patterns and that extrinsic drivers can be more important in determining contest dynamics than the intrinsic traits commonly studied. Our study highlights the need to combine data on intrinsic state and extrinsic conditions in order to gain a more holistic view of the factors driving contest behaviour.
Walking in Minimalist Shoes Is Effective for Strengthening Foot Muscles
Authors: RIDGE SARAH T. , OLSEN MARK T. , BRUENING DUSTIN A. , JURGENSMEIER KEVIN , GRIFFIN DAVID , DAVIS IRENE S. , JOHNSON A. WAYNE
Published: August 2018

Introduction

Weakness of foot muscles may contribute to a variety of loading-related injuries. Supportive footwear may contribute to intrinsic foot muscle weakness by reducing the muscles’ role in locomotion (e.g., absorbing forces and controlling motion). Increased stimulus to the foot muscles can be provided through a variety of mechanisms, including minimalist footwear and directed exercise.

Purpose

To determine the effect of walking in minimalist footwear or performing foot strengthening exercises on foot muscle size and strength.

Methods

Fifty-seven runners were randomly assigned to one of three groups—minimalist shoe walking (MSW), foot strengthening (FS) exercise, or control (C). All groups maintained their prestudy running mileage throughout the study. The MSW group walked in provided footwear, increasing weekly the number of steps per day taken in the shoes. The FS group performed a set of progressive resistance exercises at least 5 d·wk−1. Foot muscle strength (via custom dynamometers) and size (via ultrasound) were measured at the beginning (week 0), middle (week 4), and end (week 8) of the study. Mixed model ANOVA were run to determine if the interventions had differing effects on the groups.

Results

There were significant group–time interactions for all muscle size and strength measurements. All muscle sizes and strength increased significantly from weeks 0 to 8 in the FS and MSW groups, whereas there were no changes in the C group. Some muscles increased in size by week 4 in the FS and MSW groups.

Conclusions

Minimalist shoe walking is as effective as foot strengthening exercises in increasing foot muscle size and strength. The convenience of changing footwear rather than performing specific exercises may result in greater compliance.
Analgesia linked to Nav1.7 loss of function requires µ- and δ-opioid receptors
Authors: Pereira Vanessa , Millet Queensta , Aramburu Jose , Lopez-Rodriguez Cristina , Gaveriaux-Ruff Claire , Wood John N.
Published: August 2018

Background: Functional deletion of the Scn9a (sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 9) gene encoding sodium channel Nav1.7 makes humans and mice pain-free. Opioid signalling contributes to this analgesic state. We have used pharmacological and genetic approaches to identify the opioid receptors involved in this form of analgesia. We also examined the regulation of proenkephalin expression by the transcription factor Nfat5 that binds upstream of the Penk gene.

Methods: We used specific µ-, δ- and κ-opioid receptor antagonists alone or in combination to examine which opioid receptors were necessary for Nav1.7 loss-associated analgesia in mouse behavioural assays of thermal pain. We also used µ- and δ-opioid receptor null mutant mice alone and in combination in behavioural assays to examine the role of these receptors in Nav1.7 knockouts pain free phenotype. Finally, we examined the levels of Penk mRNA in Nfat5-null mutant mice, as this transcription factor binds to consensus sequences upstream of the Penk gene.

Results: The pharmacological block or deletion of both µ- and δ-opioid receptors was required to abolish Nav1.7-null opioid-related analgesia. κ-opioid receptor antagonists were without effect. Enkephalins encoded by the Penk gene are upregulated in Nav1.7 nulls. Deleting Nfat5, a transcription factor with binding motifs upstream of Penk, induces the same level of enkephalin mRNA expression as found in Nav1.7 nulls, but without consequent analgesia. These data confirm that a combination of events linked to Scn9a gene loss is required for analgesia. Higher levels of endogenous enkephalins, potentiated opioid receptors, diminished electrical excitability and loss of neurotransmitter release together contribute to the analgesic phenotype found in Nav1.7-null mouse and human mutants.

Conclusions: These observations help explain the failure of Nav1.7 channel blockers alone to produce analgesia and suggest new routes for analgesic drug development.
Harvest Hope Food Bank Optimizes Its Promotional Strategy to Raise Donations Using Integer Programming
Authors: Ahire Sanjay L. , Pekgün Pelin
Published: August 2018

Harvest Hope Food Bank (HHFB), based in South Carolina, serves primarily donated food to people in need in 20 counties across the state. It distributed 28 million pounds of food and fed over two million individuals in fiscal year 2014–2015. However, this constituted only 40 percent of the annual meal gap of about 70 million pounds in its service area. One of HHFB’s major strategic goals is to efficiently utilize its operating budget and its human and technical resources to increase food and dollar donations, which it raises through events corresponding to various promotional initiatives. We worked with HHFB management and staff to develop resource-capacity bills (i.e., the consumption of each resource per event), and calculated the expected food and (or) dollar donation yield per event. We then developed an integer programming optimization model to determine the optimal number of events of each initiative per year with the objective of maximizing the total annual meals yield (i.e., the number of meals that could be served using the food and dollar donations), subject to resource constraints and the allowable number of events of each initiative as advised by HHFB management. With our recommended optimal strategy, HHFB can provide 1.72 million additional meals per year (an increase of 41 percent) from these promotional events within the existing resource limits, which can help bridge the meal gap in its service area. HHFB has embedded the optimization model in its strategic planning of promotional events, and the allocation of resources to support these initiatives, to ensure that it can meet its 5- and 10-year meal-coverage targets. Additionally, HHFB is disseminating the value of this integrated framework to its peer food banks within the national Feeding America consortium.
Conflitos urbanos: grafite e pichação em confronto devido à legislação repressiva
Authors: Gohl Fernando César , Fort Mônica Cristine
Published: August 2018

O presente artigo propõe uma reflexão sobre a campanha "Pichação é Crime. Denuncie.", iniciativa da Associação Comercial do Paraná e da Prefeitura Municipal de Curitiba que mobilizaram esforços na repressão da pichação. A campanha buscou associar a pichação ao vandalismo e o pichador a um ser desprezível que emporcalha a cidade, representado pelo personagem Zé Sujeira. É possível identificar na codificação da campanha a reprodução do discurso dominante que tem impacto apenas em parte da sociedade.
A FIFA Fan Fest e as diferentes formas de consumo do produto futebol durante a Copa do Mundo 2014: socialização, pertencimento e entretenimento
Authors: Spacov Yuri , Rocco Jr Ary José , Cardoso Marcos V. , Reis Lucas Cardoso dos
Published: August 2018

O objetivo deste artigo é apontar e analisar os principais fatores que levaram uma pessoa, ou um grupo de pessoas, a assistir um jogo de futebol da Copa do Mundo 2014 em uma FIFA Fan Fest e não em outros locais. Socialização, afetividade e diversão são aspectos considerados na análise. O papel do esporte enquanto produto de entretenimento e consumo também foi contemplado no estudo. O evento, pela proliferação de imagens que proporciona, é exemplo claro do que Guy Debord definiu como Sociedade do Espetáculo. Foram entrevistadas 79 pessoas em duas FIFA Fan Fests realizadas na cidade de São Paulo, em partidas da seleção brasileira na Copa do Mundo 2014. Os resultados obtidos no estudo comprovam a inserção do esporte mais popular do planeta na lógica das modernas estratégias de consumo. Também evidenciam as relações existentes entre o futebol, e seu universo, e a chamada indústria do entretenimento.
Arquibancada Cotidiana: jogos, sociabilidade e interação entre torcedores de futebol no Brasil
Authors: Gastaldo Edison
Published: August 2018

Este trabalho busca discutir, a partir de dados obtidos em trabalho de campo etnográfico coletivo multissituado, elementos de uma cultura comunicacional dos torcedores no Brasil. Tradicionalmente tratados como coletivo, massa, povo ou multidão pelos meios de comunicação tradicionais (rádio, TV, jornais, cinema, etc), a abordagem proposta evidencia, nas falas dos próprios torcedores, uma compreensão sofisticada do universo afetivo, familiar, econômico e político que envolve o torcer por uma equipe de futebol no Brasil contemporâneo.
Enfrentamentos políticos e midiáticos de fãs de música pop em Cuba
Authors: Soares Thiago
Published: August 2018

Através da presença de vestígios da cultura pop anglófila na ilha de Cuba, aciona-se pensar as contradições em torno dos fãs de música pop em Havana, que, a despeito de toda tradição revolucionária do regime de governo cubano, instaurado por Fidel Castro na Revolução Cubana, ostentam ícones da cultura norte-americana em seu cotidiano. A maneira com que os fãs de artistas como Madonna e Lady Gaga, por exemplo, adquirem produtos de seus ídolos (não comercializados em “tiendas”/lojas), a lógica da pirataria como forma de contato com o “exterior” e a maneira com que conectam os artistas a um certo imaginário de resistência, posiciona os fãs de música pop em Cuba num singular lugar de reflexão sobre a ampliação do conceito de Nação.
Arca FM: trajetória de uma rádio comunitária na luta pelo direito à voz em Açailândia-MA
Authors: Moraes Leonan Alves de Sousa , Pinheiro Roseane Arcanjo
Published: August 2018

Rádios comunitárias podem ser um dos caminhos para o debate acerca de uma democratização da comunicação no Brasil. Elas discutem sobre os direitos e deveres da população e são ferramentas na luta para conquistá-los. Isso justifica a espera de nove anos de uma emissora de rádio comunitária maranhense, a Arca FM, de Açailândia, para conseguir ir ao ar legalizada, processo que se estendeu de abril de 1998 a junho de 2007. Abordam-se o longo processo de resistência e a espera pela outorga através das memórias e depoimentos de quem participou da trajetória da Rádio Arca, uma emissora que nasceu para denunciar e combater o aliciamento ao tráfico humano e o trabalho escravo no Maranhão. A entrevista em profundidade foi a principal estratégia metodológica seguida para buscar respostas na experiência subjetiva dos sujeitos envolvidos.
Fundamento e função do processo penal: a centralidade do juízo oral e sua relação com as demais fases da persecução penal para a limitação do poder punitivo
Authors: Vasconcellos Vinicius Gomes de
Published: August 2018

Este artigo almeja estudar as etapas da persecução penal e suas funções cognitivas, com o objetivo de, por um lado, verificar a importância da centralidade do juízo oral, e, por outro, a necessidade e a amplitude do respeito aos direitos fundamentais em todas as fases. Assim, espera-se determinar o fundamento e a função do processo penal, que deverão orientar a estruturação da justiça criminal como instrumento de limitação do poder punitivo estatal. A partir de revisão bibliográfica, esta pesquisa pretende responder os seguintes problemas: 1) qual é o fundamento e a função essencial do processo penal?; 2) qual é a relação entre as fases procedimentais do processo penal e a sua função de um modo amplo?; 3) qual é a relação das fases procedimentais do processo penal entre si?
O PROCESSO CIVIL INTERNACIONAL NO CPC/2015 E OS PRINCÍPIOS ALI/UNIDROIT DO PROCESSO CIVIL TRANSNACIONAL: UMA ANÁLISE DE CONSONÂNCIA DA HARMONIZAÇÃO PROCESSUAL
Authors: Moschen Valesca Raizer Borges , Barbosa Luiza Nogueira
Published: August 2018

A fluidez das fronteiras nacionais, ocasionada pela maior mobilidade dos fatores produtivos, promove a transnacionalização dos conflitos sociais. Por sua vez, a estrutura hermética tradicional do direito processual civil coloca-se em xeque frente à necessidade de acesso à justiça para a solução de conflitos que transpassam as fronteiras nacionais. A codificação do direito processual em prol de sua harmonização torna-se fundamental para a efetividade de direitos no mundo globalizado. Neste sentido, os princípios ALI/UNIDROIT são representativos da harmonização multilateral do processo civil transnacional. O objetivo do presente artigo é investigar em que medida o atual sistema processual brasileiro se compatibiliza com este modelo de framework rules
Kevin Hector. The Theological Project of Modernism: Faith and the Conditions of Mineness
Authors: Wood William
Published: August 2018

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Trent Dougherty and Justin McBrayer, eds. Skeptical Theism: New Essays
Authors: Rhoda Alan R.
Published: August 2018

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Eleonore Stump. The God of the Bible and the God of the Philosophers
Authors: Swinburne Richard
Published: August 2018

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Hemiarthroplasty compared with total hip arthroplasty in fractured neck of femur: a shift in national practice?
Authors: Khan AM , Rafferty M , Daurka JS
Published: August 2018

Introduction

The aim of this study was to determine the trends in national practice regarding total hip arthroplasty compared with hemiarthroplasty in fractured neck of femur between 2010 and 2016.

Materials and methods

A retrospective review was conducted of NHS Digital data (England) between 2010 and 2016. ‘Emergency’ neck of femur fracture admissions, hemiarthroplasties and total hip arthroplasties were included. Elective total hip arthroplasties, revisions and prostheses relocations were excluded. Annual percentages for each operation were calculated. Trends were tabulated and displayed graphically for analysis.

Results

The total number of emergency neck of femur diagnoses was 257,789. Total hip arthroplasty was performed in 2217, 2737, 3305, 3686, 3670 and 3825 patients and hemiarthroplasty was performed in 21,335, 21,744, 21,115, 21,798, 21,804 and 22,163 patients for each year between 2011 and 2016, respectively. The rate of change for total hip arthroplasty slowed from 24.54% increase/year (2011–2013) to 5.24% increase/year (2013–2016). Uncemented arthroplasties decreased over the same time period.

Discussion

Increasing numbers of total hip arthroplasties are conducted for hip fractures; however, this trend has slowed since 2013. Possible explanations include all eligible fractures being treated with total hip arthroplasty, trauma surgeon preference for hemiarthroplasty due to lower surgical specialism or publication of individual surgeon data (National Joint Registry) which may lead to surgeons favouring hemiarthroplasties which have a lower complication rate compared to elective total hip arthroplasties.
Fracture of the tibial tubercle with a Stener-like lesion of the patellar tendon: a case report
Authors: Pincher B , Smith J
Published: August 2018

Fractures of the tibial tubercle account for less than 1% of paediatric orthopaedic injuries. We report a case of a 15-year-old boy presenting with a Stener-like lesion of the patellar tendon associated with a fracture of the tibial tubercle. There have been no previously reported cases of this type of injury in the literature. Treatment with open reduction and internal fixation of the fracture along with a repair of the patellar tendon can result in an excellent functional outcome.
Proteomic Discovery and Validation of the Confounding Effect of Heparin Administration on the Analysis of Candidate Cardiovascular Biomarkers
Authors: Beck Hans C , Jensen Lisette O , Gils Charlotte , Ilondo Albertine M M , Frydland Martin , Hassager Christian , Møller-Helgestad Ole K , Møller Jacob E , Rasmussen Lars M
Published: August 2018

BACKGROUND

Several plasma proteins have been suggested as markers for a variety of cardiovascular conditions but fail to qualify in independent patient cohorts. This may relate to interference of medication on plasma protein concentrations. We used proteomics to identify plasma proteins that changed in concentration with heparin administration and therefore potentially may confound their evaluation as biomarkers in situations in which heparin is used.

METHODS

We used a proteomic approach based on isobaric tagging and nano-LC-MS/MS analysis to quantify several hundred proteins in a discovery study in which individual plasma samples from 9 patients at intravascular ultrasound follow-up 12 months after an acute myocardial infarction before heparin administration and 2, 15, and 60 min after heparin administration; we validated our findings in 500 individual plasma samples obtained at admission from patients with suspected ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), of whom 363 were treated with heparin before admission.

RESULTS

In the discovery study, 25 of 653 identified plasma proteins displayed a changed concentration after heparin administration (Bonferroni-corrected P value at P < 7.66 × 10−5). Fourteen of the proteins changed significantly among heparin-treated patients in the validation study (nominal significance level of P < 6.92 × 10−5). Among heparin-affected proteins in both the discovery study and the validation study were midkine, spondin 1, secreted frizzled-like protein 1, lipoprotein lipase, and follistatin, all previously associated with STEMI.

CONCLUSIONS

Medications such as heparin administration given before blood sampling may confound biomarker discovery and should be carefully considered in such studies.
Comparison between High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin T and Cardiac Troponin I in a Large General Population Cohort
Authors: Welsh Paul , Preiss David , Shah Anoop S V , McAllister David , Briggs Andrew , Boachie Charles , McConnachie Alex , Hayward Caroline , Padmanabhan Sandosh , Welsh Claire , Woodward Mark , Campbell Archie , Porteous David , Mills Nicholas L , Sattar Naveed
Published: August 2018

BACKGROUND

Few data compare cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in a general population. We sought to evaluate the distribution and association between cTnT, cTnI, and cardiovascular risk factors in a large general population cohort.

METHODS

High-sensitivity cTnT and cTnI were measured in serum from 19501 individuals in the Generation Scotland Scottish Family Health Study. Associations with cardiovascular risk factors were compared using age- and sex-adjusted regression. Observed age- and sex-stratified 99th centiles were compared with 99th centiles for cTnT (men, 15.5 ng/L; women, 9.0 ng/L) and cTnI (men, 34.2 ng/L; women, 15.6 ng/L) used in clinical practice.

RESULTS

cTnT and cTnI concentrations were detectable in 53.3% and 74.8% of participants, respectively, and were modestly correlated in unadjusted analyses (R2 = 21.3%) and only weakly correlated after adjusting for age and sex (R2 = 9.5%). Cardiovascular risk factors were associated with both troponins, but in age- and sex-adjusted analyses, cTnI was more strongly associated with age, male sex, body mass index, and systolic blood pressure (P < 0.0001 for all vs cTnT). cTnT was more strongly associated with diabetes (P < 0.0001 vs cTnI). The observed 99th centiles were broadly consistent with recommended 99th centiles in younger men and women. After the age of 60 years, observed 99th centiles increased substantially for cTnT, and beyond 70 years of age, the 99th centiles approximately doubled for both troponins.

CONCLUSIONS

In the general population, cTnT and cTnI concentrations are weakly correlated and are differentially associated with cardiovascular risk factors. The 99th centiles currently in use are broadly appropriate for men and women up to but not beyond the age of 60 years.
Guitar profiling technology in metal music production: Public reception, capability, consequences and perspectives
Authors: Herbst Jan-Peter , Reuter Christoph , Czedik-Eysenberg Isabella
Published: August 2018

This empirical study explores the guitar profiling technology and its consequences for metal music production. After briefly introducing this technology, the article investigates its public reception in reviews and online discussion boards to explore the subjective perspectives. A subsequent acoustic experiment tests the capability of the technology. The findings show that many guitar players and producers have been highly sceptical of digital amplification technology because of tonal shortcomings. However, meanwhile many musicians seem convinced of profiling technology due to its good sound quality that has been confirmed by the experiment too. Since for most metal music genres the sound quality of the electric guitar is very important, the creative practices and economic conditions of its production may likely be hugely affected by this technology. The article concludes by discussing the consequences of profiling technology regarding issues such as democratization of production tools, changes in professional services, creative potentials and future applications of the technology that may radically change metal music production.
Putting the ‘studies’ back into metal music studies
Authors: Savigny Heather , Schaap Julian
Published: August 2018

The field of metal music studies is in the ascendancy and has established itself as a legitimate domain of enquiry. In this article, we argue that the study of metal has the capacity not only to provide us with rich histories of the subculture and the experiences of fans as academics, but is able to (and should) contribute to wider concerns within society. We aim to answer three key questions that, we argue, underpin and legitimate academic enquiry of metal music: (1) why does the study of metal matter? (the need to ask and answer the ‘so what?’ question); (2) how does metal matter? (the case for methodological rigour) and finally, (3) epistemologically: how can we justify our claims to knowledge? As such, this article is a call to reflect on the wider questions and issues that underpin the study of metal and move the field beyond descriptive representational accounts.
Metal by numbers: Revisiting the uneven distribution of heavy metal music
Authors: DeHart Cameron
Published: August 2018

Conventional wisdom suggests, and scholarship confirms, that the distribution of heavy metal music across the world is uneven. Previous studies show there are more metal bands per capita in Europe and North America than in other regions, but it is not clear what country-level factors explain that distribution. Drawing on data from the Encyclopaedia Metallum, I replicate a 2014 study and find weak support to connect heavy metal and religion, legal history and other social factors. In this article, I present an alternative model to explain the distribution of metal bands and show that wealth and political freedom are highly predictive of metal music, not only across the world, but also within regions.
Prevalensi Gangguan Elektrolit Serum pada Pasien Diare dengan Dehidrasi Usia Kurang dari 5 Tahun di RSUP Dr. Sardjito Tahun 2013-2016
Authors: Tyas Rosyida Avicennianing , Damayanti Wahyu , Arguni Eggi
Published: August 2018

Latar belakang. Hingga saat ini, diare masih menjadi salah satu masalah kesehatan dunia, terutama di negara berkembang, termasuk di Indonesia. Salah satu komplikasi lanjutan dari dehidrasi pada diare adalah gangguan elektrolit serum. Tujuan. Untuk mengetahui prevalensi gangguan elektrolit serum pada pasien diare dengan dehidrasi serta karakteristik klinis pasien dan hubungan antara derajat dehidrasi terhadap gangguan elektrolit serum.Metode. Penelitian retrospektif dengan rancangan cross sectional menggunakan data rekam medis. Perbedaan dianalisis menggunakan uji Chi-square.Hasil. Jumlah pasien yang memenuhi kriteria adalah 173 pasien, 115 pasien yang memiliki data rekam medis lengkap. Tujuh puluh di antaranya mengalami gangguan elektrolit serum. Jenis gangguan elektrolit serum terbanyak dialami adalah hipokalsemia (17,34%). Dari 173 pasien diare dengan dehidrasi, 64,74% berjenis kelamin laki-laki, 43,35% berusia 12-35 bulan, 83,24% mengalami muntah, 52,6% mengalami demam, 4,62% mengalami dehidrasi berat. Penelitian ini tidak membuktikan adanya hubungan signifikan antara derajat dehidrasi terhadap gangguan elektrolit (p=0,243).Kesimpulan. Prevalensi gangguan elektrolit serum pada pasien diare dengan dehidrasi pada anak adalah 40,46%.
Narrative ethics and cultural analysis. Insolvency stories and moral debt relief
Authors: Meyer Silke
Published: August 2018

In this article and with the example of debt stories, I discuss the theory of narrative ethics and the hypothesis that a person needs a story to make sense of his or her life. Knowing that narrators are able to correct rupture and deviance through the right kind of story, I conclude that a socially and discursively compatible debt story can compensate for the experience of social exclusion. Based on interview material with debtors, I can show how narrative structure becomes a key instrument in presenting a debt story successfully: conversion, educational or underdog stories enable storytellers to claim agency and take control over the narrative representation of their lives
Changes in External Load When Modifying Rules of 5-on-5 Scrimmage Situations in Elite Basketball
Authors: Vazquez-Guerrero Jairo , Reche Xavi , Cos Francesc , Casamichana David , Sampaio Jaime
Published: August 2018

Vazquez-Guerrero, J, Reche, X, Cos, F, Casamichana, D, and Sampaio, J. Changes in external load when modifying rules of 5-on- 5 scrimmage situations in elite basketball. J Strength Cond Res 34(11): 3217–3224, 2020—Constraining tasks are very frequent during the team sports training process; however, most of the effects of these coaching decisions are unknown, which leads to less controlled performing environments, with less chances to promote improvements. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of modifying rules of 5-a-side scrimmage on the physical performance of professional basketball players. Data were collected from 12 elite male players (age, 29.6 ± 4.5 years; height, 1.99 ± 9.6 cm; body mass, 92.1 ± 11.9 kg) from the Spanish first Division of Basketball during thirty-three 5-on-5 scrimmage situations over a 18-week period. Physical demands were assessed using WIMU PRO Local Positioning System (Realtrack Systems, Almeria, Spain) and included total and speed-ranged distance covered, player load, peak speed, number of high-intensity actions, number of total and high-intensity accelerations and decelerations, and peak acceleration. A repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to test the differences in all variables, considering playing in half-court (HALF), half-court and transition (HTRAN), and full-court (FULL) conditions for the 5-on-5 scrimmage drill. Results showed that during the HALF condition, there was less distance covered (effect size [ES] = 3.55), lower peak speeds (ES = 3.00), less player load (ES = 2.79), lesser number of high-intensity actions (ES = 1.45), and lesser number of high-intensity accelerations (ES = 1.44) and decelerations (ES = 1.31) than in FULL. In HTRAN, players covered more distance (ES = 2.42), presented higher player load (ES = 1.88), higher intensity actions (ES = 1.02), and peak speed (ES = 4.22) than in HALF. In conclusion, physical demands can be modulated changing the rules and court size using 5-on-5 scrimmage situations, and this factor should be taken into account when designing training drills and when fine-tuning periodization.
Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training vs. On-Court Tennis Training in Young Tennis Players
Authors: Kilit Bulent , Arslan Ersan
Published: August 2018

Kilit, B and Arslan, E. Effects of high-intensity interval training vs. on-court tennis training in young tennis players. J Strength Cond Res 33(1): 188–196, 2019—This study aimed to examine the effects of 6 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) vs. 6 weeks of on-court tennis training (OTT) on the psychophysiological responses, performance responses, and technical scores of young tennis players. Twenty-nine young male tennis players (aged 13.8 ± 0.4 years) were divided into HIIT (n = 14) and OTT groups (n = 15). Both groups trained for the same total training duration with passive rest in each session. Pre-test and post-test included maximum oxygen consumption (

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max), sprinting, jumping, 400-m running time, a tennis-specific technical test, and the t-drill agility test. The training interventions resulted in similar improvements in

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max responses (HIIT: +5.2%, d = 1.36 [large effect]; OTT: +5.5%, d = 1.50 [large effect]). Both training protocols increased jumping and sprinting performances significantly from pre-testing to post-testing (p < 0.05, d values ranging from 0.40 to 1.10). The OTT group showed significantly higher performance responses in terms of the agility test performance and technical scores (p < 0.05, d = ranging from 0.77 to 0.88 [moderate effect]) compared with the HIIT group. By contrast, the HIIT group exhibited significantly higher performance responses in terms of the 400-m running time (p < 0.05, d = 1.32 [large effect]). Our results showed that tennis-specific on-court drills might be a more effective training strategy to improve agility and technical ability with greater physical enjoyment, whereas HIIT may be more appropriate for speed-based conditioning in young tennis players.
Practical Considerations for Assessing Pulmonary Gas Exchange and Ventilation During Flume Swimming Using the MetaSwim Metabolic Cart
Authors: Lomax Mitch , Mayger Billy , Saynor Zoe L. , Vine Christopher , Massey Heather C.
Published: August 2018

Lomax, M, Mayger, B, Saynor, ZL, Vine, C, and Massey, HC. Practical considerations for assessing pulmonary gas exchange and ventilation during flume swimming using the MetaSwim metabolic cart. J Strength Cond Res 33(7): 1941–1953, 2019—The MetaSwim (MS) metabolic cart can assess pulmonary gas exchange and ventilation in aquatic environments. The aims of this study were: (a) to determine the agreement between minute ventilation (VE), pulmonary oxygen uptake (Vo
2), and carbon dioxide output (Vco
2) using the MS and Douglas bag (DB) methods during flume swimming; and (b) to assess the repeatability of these and other MS-derived parameters. Sixteen trained swimmers completed a combined incremental and supramaximal verification cardiopulmonary swimming test to determine maximal Vo
2, 2 progressive intensity swimming tests during which MS and DB measurements were made (agreement protocol), and 3–4 constant-velocity submaximal swimming tests during which only the MS was used (repeatability protocol). Agreement was determined using limits of agreement (LoA), bias, random error, and 95% confidence intervals with systematic bias assessed using paired samples t-tests. Within-trial and between-trial repeatability were determined using the coefficient of variation (CV) and the repeatability coefficient (CR). Where data were heteroscedastic, LoA and CR were log-transformed, antilogged, and displayed as ratios. MetaSwim underestimated peak Vo
2 and Vco
2 (≤0.39 L·min−1) and VE (9.08 L·min−1), whereas submaximal values varied between 2 and 5% for CV and ±1.09–1.22 for ratio CR. The test-retest CV during constant-velocity swimming for VE, tidal volume, breathing frequency, Vo
2, Vco
2, and end-tidal pressures of O2 and CO2 was <9% (ratio CR of ±1.09–1.34). Thus, the MS and DB cannot be used interchangeably. Whether the MS is suitable for evaluating ventilatory and pulmonary responses in swimming will depend on the size of effect required.
Empirical Insights on the Trading Behavior of the UK Leveraged ETFs
Authors: Rompotis Gerasimos G.
Published: August 2018

Objective. This paper focuses on UK leveraged Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) and examines their ability to meet their daily targets, the impact of volatility on targets’ achievement, and their pricing efficiency.Methodology. Standard regression analysis is used to evaluate performance, tracking efficiency and persistence in tracking failures, and the relationship between tracking efficiency and market volatility. Moreover, the pricing efficiency is examined along with the persistence in premium and the influence of market factors on premium.Findings. Results reveal that ETFs achieve their targets but occasionally tracking error can be significant. Furthermore, increases in market volatility relate to higher and lower tracking errors for bull and bear ETFs respectively. Moreover, average premiums testify a sufficient fit between trading prices and net asset values whereas the premiums are eliminated sharply. Moreover, the pricing efficiency of bear ETFs is positively associated with benchmark returns. The opposite is the case for bull ETFs. Finally, the pricing deviations are positively related to benchmarks’ volatility.Limitations. A possible limitation is that our sample includes just nine bear and sixteen bull ETFs even though more than 90 leveraged ETFs are traded on the UK market and our results may not be indicative of the entire UK leveraged ETF market. However, we had to use a small sample of ETFs because the trading activity of the rest ETFs has been very poor and, consequently, our analysis could have been biased by a thin trading effect.             Originality/Value. This is the first study to examine the UK market of leveraged ETFs.