bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Guillaume Lamy et l'âme matérielle
Authors: Thomson Ann
Published: June 2016

Guillaume Lamy and the material soul.

Guillaume Lamy, author of several medico-philosophical works, defended an epicurean and anti-finalistic philosophy, which led him to reject new medical ideas. His definition of the fiery material soul in his 6th Discours anatomique was reproduced in several 18th-century works, but his works do not seem to have played a vital role in the development of materialistic thought. Only La Mettrie, who preferred a different explanation of intellectual functions, refers to him. Unlike Willis and Duncan, with whom his ideas show some similarity, Lamy's explanations of the functioning of the brain are theoretical, not based on experimental evidence and thus were ignored by the vitalists. The relationship between medicine and materialism can be seen to be more complex than is often thought.
Un prophète «philosophe» ? Une Vie de Mahomed à l'aube des Lumières
Authors: Venturino Diego
Published: June 2016

The Prophet as philosophe ? An early Enlightenment Life of Mohamed.

For a thousand years after the 8th Century, Mohamed was the enemy of Western intellectuals. It was not until the erudite Islamology of the 17th Century (Maracci, d'Herbelot, Reeland, Bayle) that the old prejudices began to wane. Boulainvilliers was not an islamologist but knew that literature well and turned what was only a timid rehabilitation into an apologetic. In his Vie de Mahomed , he tries to show that the Prophet was not a lubricious and irrational monster but an eminent lawgiver, full of common sense and above all a sublime theologian. Thus the historian of the nobles' cause, who was also a free-thinker, influenced by Spinozism and an implacable critic of Western civilisation, presents an unexpected Prophet of Islam, a philosophe who was to attract several of the great intellectuals of the century such as Voltaire or Condorcet.
L'abbé de Saint-Pierre, Rousseau et l'Europe
Authors: Lecercle Jean-Louis
Published: June 2016

Jean-Louis Lecercle : the abbé de Saint-Pierre, Rousseau and Europe.

With his project for perpetual peace, the abbé de Saint-Pierre wished to establish an alliance between the states of Christian Europe in order to ensure international peace. He explained to their leaders that it was in their own interests as it guaranteed their power against all attempts at change ; despite his humanistic views, it was a conservative project. Rousseau respected these generous aims, but he showed their Utopian character : the abbé believed he could pacify leaders whose real interest was war. Rousseau, without abandoning the ideal of peace between all men, thought that in that period any attempt to establish peaceful relations in Europe was doomed to failure. According to him, one first needed democratic states in which free citizens, inspired by patriotism, could rise to universal fraternity. But this ideal could only be achieved by violent and frightening upheavals.
Le roman européen au 18e siècle et la statistique bibliographique
Authors: Martin Angus
Published: June 2016

Angus Martin : The European novel in the isth century and bibliographical statistics.

The progress of the novel in the 18th century was extremely varied in different parts of Europe : rapid and impressive in the Western countries, slower and more sparse in the East, the North and the South. An analysis of the retrospective bibliographies of the genre undertaken to date for a number of national literatures enables us to make a first attempt at a quantitative estimation of this development. A closer examination of the data available for France, England and Germany during the decade 1750-59 leads both to conclusions concerning the output of novels in these three countries and to a comparative thematic study based on the vocabulary in the titles.
Le cosmopolitisme viennois
Authors: Knopper Françoise
Published: June 2016

Françoise Knopper : Viennese cosmopolitanism.

Vienna, throughout the century a meeting-place for artists, diplomats, civil servants, traders and financiers, one-fifth of whose population was not Austrian, was the most frequently visited and described city of the Empire. Thanks to its social infrastructure, it was apparently easier to establish links between different social groups who shared the same amusements, but this cosmopolitanism hid many defects. German, English, Italian and French descriptions, guides and travel accounts show that cultural transfers between nations were rare. Unwittingly, most of the topographers were victims of Eurocentrism. While the young gentry praised the hospitality which allowed them to learn the ways of high society, they mixed with each other and rarely ignored questions of rank. The representatives of the Viennese intellectual élite, who criticised the aristocrats for preferring their public image and ignoring the interests of the state, tried to reconcile cosmopolitanism and patriotism. But they ran the risk of chauvinism, as some transformed a truly hospitable nature into a specific patriarchal virtue.
L'Europe de l'esprit ou la Royal Society de Londres
Authors: Lamoine Georges
Published: June 2016

Georges Lamoine : The Europe of the mind : the Royal Society.

This is a preliminary study of the European members of the Royal Society in the 18th century, although due to lack of sufficient documents for a small number of members, we only have scanty indications concerning some of them. The Royal Society brought together all of Europe's brilliant minds in all scientific fields, taken in a wide sense, for its aim was to unite and not to separate scientists from literati or lawyers ; all the nations of Europe were represented. Some interesting conclusions can be drawn : the three orders met side by side with no distinction of religion or language ; by far the most numerous group was that of holders of an M.D. degree, even though this qualification was simply a useful stepping-stone to more glorious careers ; and the Society seems to have been a haven of toleration. An appendix gives the list of European members of the Royal Society.
La bibliothèque du prince Eugène de Savoie
Authors: Kalmâr Jânos
Published: June 2016

Jânos Kalmâr : Prince Eugene of Savoy's library.

Prince Eugene of Savoy, the French-born general of the Imperial army in the first half of the 18th century, was part of the nobility of varied national origins, which formed around the court in Vienna and dominated the Imperial institutions and the army. He was praised in his day as a cultivated patron of letters and a collector, and although many of his collections were split up on his death, his library has luckily survived. It indicates his love of learning, a wide- ranging curiosity and a typically French attitude, that of the honnête homme, who in addition to his qualities of courage, charity, sociability and cosmopolita¬ nism, was interested in the arts and sciences. Thus Prince Eugene helped to bring French culture to Austria, despite the disapproval of the Imperial court which did not see it merely as one among the different national cultures existing in Vienna. It was both the culture of the new Enlightenment and already an international culture.
Un « citoyen du monde » à travers l'Europe : G. Casanova de Seingalt
Authors: Luna Marie-Françoise
Published: June 2016

Marie-Françoise Luna : A citizen of the world in enlightenment Europe : G. Casanova de Seingalt.

The exiled Venetian Giacomo Casanova de Seingalt's career as an adventurer and man of letters throughout Europe is reflected both in his Story of my Life and in other lesser-known works, in which the reader discovers the diverse Europe of courts, adventurers, artists and intellectuals. Casanova was European both by his humanistic erudition and his curiosity and Enlightened ideals. He was passionately interested in contemporary politics, in particular those of France and Poland, his adopted homelands. But he remained greatly attached to Italy and particularly Venice although he could not live there, and by his writings and his activity he played the role of a cultural and sometimes political or economic go-between between them and the rest of Europe. When he became excluded by age and by the Revolution from a Europe he no longer recognized, he wrote his memoirs in order to cling on to life by reviving his world, that of the Old Régime.
L'image de Cromwell dans la Révolution française
Authors: Barny Roger
Published: June 2016

Roger Barny : The image of Cromwell during the French Revolution.

From 1789 to 1800 the Puritan revolution was linked in complex ways to the positive version of the "English model", but the image of Cromwell was very negative. On the right, even before the end of the monarchy, the parallel between Louis XVI and Charles I was frequent (Malesherbes's prophecy, many references in right-wing papers) ; after the king's execution, royalists insisted that the French were worse than the English puritans ; on the left, the parallel was used immediately after Varennes to threaten Louis XVI. But Cromwell was a monster for both the patriots and their enemies, and many people were compared to Cromwell : La Fayette, Mirabeau, Fauchet, Dumouriez, Danton, Rousin. After Thermidor the image of Robespierre-Cromwell was frequent (although Robes¬ pierre had been alone in foreseeing the danger of a dictatorship), and the final version was of course Bonaparte-Cromwell.
Figures de la pensée quantitative en France
Authors: Klotz Gérard
Published: June 2016

Gérard Klotz : Representatives of quantitative thought.

Together with the appearance of economics as a separate field of research, there developed in France the idea of an order behind economic life, which can be looked at in different ways. The present article studies this order as a circuit made up of measurable flows which irrigate and reproduce society. Thus the functioning and malfunctioning of the circuit can be compared thanks to figures, which was a new method at the time, but one which led the way to modem analyses as the argument, being freed from subjectivity and measurable, claimed to be scientific. For the authors surveyed here, this calculation was in practical terms motivated by essentially fiscal considerations.
Luxe
Authors: Retat Pierre
Published: June 2016

Pierre Rétat : Luxury.

On a superficial view, the debate on luxury which runs through the 18th Century can be seen as a reversal of the theory which saw luxury as an economic stimulus (in mercantilist theory), replacing it by one which saw it as an economic brake (in the Physiocratic and Smithian view of an economy of production). But the notion must also be seen in the context of the ambiguous status of economics, which was still closely associated with morality, politics and philosophy ; luxury is therefore associated with the passions, nature and happiness. The study of luxury in the 18th Century thus throws light on how difficult it was for economics to become a separate field of study.
L'«opportunisme» au siècle des Lumières
Authors: Fontaine Philippe
Published: June 2016

Philippe Fontaine : Opportunism in the Enlightenment.

Since 1970, there has been growing interest in the previously neglected issue of opportunism, which calls for a historical analysis. In this article, based on 18th-century economic literature, it is argued that commentators came to underestimate unfair economic behaviour when they substituted the hypothesis of perfect information concerning the quality and price of products, for that of the result of an analysis in which the progressive accumulation of knowledge discourages opportunism.
Malebranche revisité : l'économie naturelle des physiocrates
Authors: Larrère Catherine
Published: June 2016

Catherine Larrère : Malebranche revisited. The natural economy of the Physiocrats.

This article aims, through a study of the links between Malebranche and Quesnay, at showing the originality of the Physiocrats' approach to the economy. Quesnay found in Malebranche' s naturel theology : firstly a formula for imputing evil which allowed him to charge the government with responsibility for the crisis ; secondly the general formula for the economy, namely the most advantageous natural order for men in society ; and finally a conception of the relationship of humans to nature which allowed him to understand how man can be part of a world that he has not made.
Les Éphémérides du citoyen, instrument périodique au service de l'ordre naturel (1765-1772)
Authors: Goutte Pierre-Henri
Published: June 2016

Pierre-Henri Goutte : The Ephémérides du citoyen, a periodical in the service of the natural order, 1765-1772.

A study of the Ephémérides du citoyen reveals a remarkable convergence between a scientific project (to "discover" evidence of the natural order) and the medium used to achieve it. The Physiocrats studied, on the one hand, great empires to prove that order is unchanging and, on the other, the identity of individual and national interest to show its universal character. By writing in a periodical they chose a means of information that was in itself demonstrative. They were forced to reply periodically to any future event likely to bring into question, even partially, the existence of an eternal order ; they received articles, book reviews, official documents and chronicles which supported their ideas and popularised them in order to show the readers their true interest which, according to the editors, should lead them to follow the principles of the universal order.
Les gens de lettres, le banquier et l'opinion : Diderot et la polémique sur la Compagnie des Indes
Authors: Dulac Georges
Published: June 2016

Georges Dulac : Men of letters, the banker and public opinion. Diderot and

the debate over the "Compagnie des Indes".

From July to October 1769 Diderot wrote for the Correspondance littéraire five articles on the dispute over the suspension of the Compagnie des Indes' charter, which for him was important and on which his opinion changed. He understod what was at stake in a way not always seen by Necker or by Morellet, whom he criticised for being the Minister's mouthpiece. For him the central issue was the role of the man of letters and of public opinion, which he should guide in politics. The philosophe' s reflection reveals the differences separating his conceptions from those of the government, the banker and Morellet, who was close to Turgot. Thus we see the importance Diderot accorded to his economic writing a year before the Apologie de Galiani, in which he returns to some of the issues discussed here.
Sur une petite levrette blanche : lettres inédites de D'Alembert et de Julie de Lespinasse à Louis Dutens, présentées
Authors: Pappas John
Published: June 2016

John P appas : A little white female whippet. Unpublished letters of D'Alembert and Mlle de Lespinasse to Louis Dutens.

This article presents ten unpublished letters, discovered in the archives of Coutts in London, to L. Dutens, a French Protestant in England. As chargé d'affairs in Turin he had met Lagrange who introduced him to D'Alembert ; hence the references to Italian savants and to Lagrange, now in Frederick II' s court on D'Alembert' s recommendation. Much of the correspondence in 1766-68 deals with Mlle de Lespinasse's request for a white female whippet and how it is to be delivered ; the one letter by MUe de Lespinasse thanks him for his guidebook to Europe (1775). There are also references to the Rousseau-Hume quarrel and the Jesuits in England. Despite Dutens' s anti-Voltairian Le Tocsin (1769) D'Alembert remained on good terms with him, no doubt in part because he obtained a pension for Diderot in 1774.
Une lettre inédite de Bernardin de Saint-Pierre à Catherine II
Authors: Stroev Alexandre
Published: June 2016

An unpublished letter from Bernardin de Saint-Plerre to Catherine II, presented by Alexandre Stroev.

Several unpublished letters (one dated 1773, from Bernardin de Saint-Pierre to Catherine II, and two dated 1771 and 1786, from Prince V.S. Dolgourouki to Bernardin) from the archives and libraries of Moscow, Amsterdam and Le Havre, make it possible to trace the history of the French writer's contacts with Russia. The former member of the Russian army sent Catherine II his Voyages à l'île de France (1773) in an attempt to strengthen his literary reputation and win imperial favour, then tried in vain to send her his Études de la nature (1785). Only at the begining of the 19th Century did the Imperial family subscribe to a luxury edition of Paul et Virginie. Bernardin' s correspondence and works present both true and mythological images of Russia. A letter (1805), now in Moscow, from Bernardin to his second wife, is published in an appendix.
La prédication officielle dans la seconde moitié du siècle
Authors: Marconot Jean-Marie
Published: June 2016

Jean-Marie Marconot : Official preaching in the second half of the 18th

Century.

This sociolinguistic study looks at the issue of official preaching, the result of a constantly reevalued consensus between Church and Royalty, and its develop¬ ment during the 18th Century. A clear break occurred after the 1750s ; by studying precisely the relationship between the social and the religious, the preachers announced a bleak future for religion and for the society founded on it. This is particularly obvious in sermons on sensitive topics, such as "blessed are the poor" or "alms". Here we can see one of the early and effective inspirations of the Revolution. Preachers had long felt and expressed the need for deep reforms in society and religion, and by thus expressing doubts concerning the divine or purely social nature of orders and privileges, they prepared minds for another conception of social relations.
L'échec du Contrat social. A propos d'une critique récente de la théorie de Rousseau
Authors: Pezzillo Lelia
Published: June 2016

Lelia Pezzillo : The failure of the Contrat social. On a recent criticism of

Rousseau's theory.

The publication in Italy of a new critical edition of the Contrat social, inspired by the most recent English-language debates on political philosophy, raises certain fundamental questions concerning Rousseau's political theory. This article pays special attention to the passage from the state of nature to the state of society and to the role played in it by antagonism, inequality and property. Relevant contemporary theory also provides an opportunity for a rapid statement of the important links between Rousseauism and Anglo-American philosophy, expecially John Rawls's contractualism. This philosophy has led to an interpretation of Rousseau's political theory that looks like being the most original and interesting study of Rousseau to have appeared in the last two decades.
L'importance des « Extraits » dans la diffusion des Lumières françaises en Hongrie
Authors: Penke Olga
Published: June 2016

Olga Penke : The importance of - excerpts- in the spread of the French

enlightenment in Hungary.

The except was the 18th-century literary genre used to transmit the essence of published works and to popularise knowledge. In Hungary the aim was slightly different, as men of letters used it to bring the intellectual and economic level of their country up to that of Western countries. This study shows the role played by two types of excepts : on the one hand, book reviews, whose importance is demonstrated by a study of about 100 articles from the Esprit des Journalistes de Trévoux, published by one of the first Hungarian-language reviews ; on the other, notes, seen through the study of manuscript extracts from the Histoire des Deux Indes. In the last two decades of the century, these excepts played a fundamental role in awakening public interest in aesthetic, scientific and political questions and in encouraging reflection on the emerging profession of journalism in Hungary.
La pensée des Idéologues en Grèce
Authors: Argyropoulos Roxane D.
Published: June 2016

Roxane D. Argyropoulos : The thought of the Ideologues in Greece.

At the turn of the 18th Century the Idologues were considered in Greece as the most innovative current in philosophy, and their political thought played a role in the development of liberalism. The Greek intellectual A. Coray, a member of the Société des Observateurs de l'Homme, was associated with the Idéologues and considered their philosophy as a science and a new branch of knowledge. It was at his instigation that Ideology was taught in Greek schools in the Ottoman empire and in prosperous centres of the Greek diaspora in Italy, Central Europe and Russia. Ideology also formed the basis of university philo¬ sophy teaching in modern Greece. The limits of the influence of this theory were reached around 1850, but the political thought of the Idéologues continued to dominate in Greece until the end of the century.
Le «génie» de Diderot, ou de l'indistinction première de l'esthétique et de l'histoire
Authors: Martin-Haag Éliane
Published: June 2016

Eliane Martin-Haag : Diderot's "genius".

Does the concern for aesthetics, which is specific to Enlightenment philosophers, show a failure of philosophical rationality or, on the contrary, a greater demand for rationality ? Diderot's conception of "genius" helps us to answer this question, for with this notion he aims philosophically at the construction of a historical conception of knowledge which involves the development of a "religion of humanity" or the cult of great men, in order to invent a hermeneutics or system of "interpretation". Reflection on art forces the philosopher to distinguish the universal from the identic. The genius is only one of numerous individualisations of reason, which means that his work must be subjected to a critical "interpretation". Diderot's "eclecticism" is to be distinguished from eclecticism in the pejorative sense or from "syncreticism".
Rousseau persifleur ?
Authors: Bourguinat Élisabeth
Published: June 2016

Elisabeth Bourguinat : Rousseau, a -persifleur- ?

Le persifleur is a short early work whose frivolous tone contrasts with Rousseau's usual style. A reminder of the original meaning of the word "persiflage", which appeared in 1735 and was in fashion at the time Rousseau wrote the work, and a comparison with other writers using the same term, show the relationship of this work to the "illumination at Vincennes" that occurred shortly afterwards. Le persifleur is a reflection of Rousseau's final attempts to make a name for himself in the salons, and his failure helped to bring about his "reformation".
Les grammaires latines en France
Authors: Colombat Bernard
Published: June 2016

Bernard Colombat : Latin grammars in France.

The aim of this article is to show that while France contributed little to the theoretical development of Latin grammar in the 18th Century, it produced truly new works for learning Latin. The big 17th-century grammars, too complex for children with no real competence in the language, were replaced by much shorter works, even when, like Lhomond's, they were in the traditional style. At the same time there appeared more original methods, like that of Frémy, who claimed to reduce all of Latin syntax to a single rule, inter-line translations (Du Marsais and many others) or methods based on the reading of authors (Chompré, Pluche). The work by Radonvilliers shows a real concern for pedagogical progress and provides interesting remarks on word order. Now Latin was learnt through a knowledge of French grammar and implied an analysis of the differences between French and Latin, or what was precisely called the "method".
L'Antiquité expliquée et représentée en figures (1719-1724) par Bernard de Montfaucon
Authors: Poulouin Claudine
Published: June 2016

Claudine Poulouin : Bernard de Montfaucon's L'antiquité expliquée et

représentée en figures (1719-24).

B. de Montfaucon's Antiquité expliquée, the symbol of antiquarian literature, is a richly-illustrated work which dispensed with the need for the general public to visit scholar's studies as it popularised their riches. But, by proposing a rigorous and coherent classification of objects, the author's ambition was also to transform the antiquarian's curiosity into a scientific attitude. The ten volumes of the work create a new visual space which lays down the boundaries of an as yet unexplored field. The objects, presented just as the pagans produced them, become before the readers' eyes vestiges and traces of an alien experience and gradually modify the way they look at the Ancients. The objects are organised according to an original plan which aims at showing the distant past's individual and collective face, and they are an invitation to create a new learning able to reestablish the communication with the classical past which had been broken by time and neglect. Despite its limits, L'Antiquité dévoilée is a milestone in the understanding of Antiquity.
Les singes de Mars et le singe antiquaire. A propos des dieux gréco-romains
Authors: Mercier-Faivre Anne-Marie
Published: June 2016

Anne-Marie Merceer-Faivre : Aping Mars and the antiquarian ape.

In the 18th Century the world of the ancient gods divided into two ; fables were the futile side while mythology made it an object of science. The fable, which was present in teaching, in social codes and in the arts, seemed ever more old-fashioned, or even immoral or incomprehensible. Mythology, the object of research on the part of historians, philologists and antiquaries, tried to read human history in that of the gods or to interpret these accounts as allegories useful to humans. Ancient traditions subsisted in both the arts and the preoccupations of the learned, but they were drained of life by this two-fold development. On the one hand there were empty forms and on the other disincarnated meaning, and thus they evaporated when faced with changes in people and time.
L'Antiquité ténaréenne de Barère
Authors: Bouyssy Marie-Thérèse
Published: June 2016

Marie-Thérèse Bouyssy : Barère's infernal antiquity.

Barère, a great orator but eminent revolutionary who refused to judge the present and anticipate the future in terms of the past, referred very little to classical Antiquity in his speeches. In the Constituent Assembly the Ancients presided over the process of abandoning the past, while in the Convention, they became the language of defiance and denial, the infernal outcasts. But when one persecutes one's double, there is no point of return, and thus it was only after 1815, in his Belgian exile, that the "Anacreon of the guillotine", who had become Ballanche's "Man without a name", could adopt the timeless confraternity of bookish meditation. Classical antiquity had come into its own.
Lucius Junius Brutus. Un projet d'exposition au musée de la Révolution française (Vizille)
Authors: Bordes Philippe
Published: June 2016

Philippe Bordes : Lucius Junius Brutus. An exhibition at the Museum of the French Revolution (Vizille).

In 1993 the Museum of the French Revolution at Vizille acquired a painting by P. N. Guerin, The Death of Brutus. It was executed in 1793 for the Rome Prize competition organised by the Paris Royal Academy with judges nominated by the National Convention. An exhibition planned for 1996 will examine the context of this competition and the aesthetic debates concerning the definition of republican art which were raised in the judges' published report. During the 18th Century the development of the myth of Brutus as the emblematic figure of republican virtue (Voltaire) broke with the tradition which stressed the problematic nature of his personal sacrifice for Rome (Plutarch). Works of art dating from before and during the Revolution give us a more balanced view of how this evolution took place.
Éducation, morale et politique chez F. M. Grimm
Authors: Grevet René
Published: June 2016

René Grevet : Education, morality and politics in the thought of F. M. Grimm.

F. M. Grimm, the friend of Diderot, was an important participant in the intellectual life of the Enlightenment ; for nearly twenty years (1753-1773), in his Correspondance littéraire, he expressed his views on many subjects, in particular education. Like many intellectuals of the time, he criticised ordinary education that was ineffective and too religious ; he demanded a public education for the prince, the future sovereign on whom the future of the nation depended. Grimm was particulary noteworthy for his merciless analysis of Émile , J : J. Rousseau's famous treatise on education, and he also showed his originality in admitting his doubts concerning perfectibility and the idea of progress. For this enthusiast for enlightened despotism, the spring of all education was part of the political order ; it was less important to work for the intellectual liberation of individuals than to promote a patriotic education which could forge a "national spirit".
État présent des études sur Marivaux
Authors: Rivara Annie
Published: June 2016

Annie Rivara : The present state of research on Marivaux.

This review article, which announces the creation of a Marivaux Society and the Revue Marivaux, continues those published by F. Deloffre (1964 and 1985) and H. Coulet (1978), although it does not claim to be exhaustive. It covers the years 1987-1994 and presents books, symposia and articles (both published and forthcoming), sometimes grouped under a single heading. After an assessment of recent editions, this article is organised according to the various critical approches (history and biography ; discourse analysis ; narratology ; dramaturgy ; poetics ; structural and thematic approaches, some inspired by psychoanalysis or feminist studies ; literary history ; history of genres ; philosophical aspects ; reading, reception and translation). Special emphasis is laid on technical and philosophical analyses as well as studies of intertextual connections.
Wanda, du mythe au roman
Authors: Rosset François
Published: June 2016

François Rosset : Wanda, from myth to novel.

In the legends concerning the origins of the Polish kingdom, Queen Wanda stands out as a perfect, beautiful and virtuous woman, a brave warrior, ideal sovereign and virgin who sacrificed herself to avoid sharing her purity with men. The great myths of femininity (vestal, celestial queen and amazon) thus go to make up this character who fascinated those who, in the 17th and 18th Centuries, thought about the question of the legitimacy of power and sexual roles. However, a study of French historical texts, tragedies and novels using the myth of Wanda between 1647 and 1777 shows that she was an astonishing and inacceptable figure. Historians emphasised her strangeness and exoticism while authors of fiction personalised the heroine by involving her in intrigue and transforming the legend. The mythical figure, her values and the questions she raised were profaned and she became an individual, a particular example of feminine destiny, unusual but corresponding to the age's normative vision of power and women.
Le 18e siècle comme ère de la peinture
Authors: Sasaki Ken-Ichi
Published: June 2016

Ken-ichi Sasaki : The 18th Century as an age of painting.

The Horatian maxim "Ut pictura poesis" was most influential in the 18th Century, and theorists of every type of art took painting as their model. Painting was considered as the ideal of poetic description (Marmontel), theatre (Diderot), ballet (Noverre), gardens (Girardin) and music (Cahusac), and this paradigmatic status accorded to painting can also be seen in general theories of art (Dubos, Batteux). The interest shown in the sense of sight is also evident in philosophical theories of vision (Berkeley, Condillac, Diderot and Herder). From the viewpoint of aesthetic experience, however, what is fundamental is the fact that painting constituted a pseudo-reality seen as a field of experience ; thus painting as the paradigm of art is essentially linked to the style of aesthetic experience peculiar to the 18th century.
La Chine en Europe
Authors: Neveu Bruno
Published: June 2016

Bruno Neveu : China in Europe.

The West's contact with China and its civilisation from the 16th century onwards was almost solely through Catholic missionaries. In the 18th Century the mainly French Jesuits in Peking played a role as cultural intermediaries which was crucial for the development of the Enlightenment's Orient. An analysis of recent historical works shows clearly the exceptional talents of the Jesuits who were at the Imperial court, and the coherence of their apologetic principles. But one should not forget the presence of other missionaries (Augustins, Dominicans, Carmelites) ; they were more concerned with popular teaching and aware of the place of Taoism alongside the educated class's Confucianism, whose image in Europe was attractive but inexact. On the other hand, the reactions of the Chinese to the introduction of Western religious, philosophical and scientific reality is beginning to be better known thanks to the research of Sinologists.
Hannah More : 1789 : une révolution pour la littérature de colportage ?
Authors: Duval Gilles
Published: June 2016

Gilles Duval : Hannah More, the Revolution and popular literature.

From 1795 onwards, Hannah More and a group of friends tried to counteract the influence of Thomas Paine and of traditional chapbooks by publishing more "wholesome" fare, the Cheap Repository Tracts. They were intended to replace popular literature by retaining its form and human interest while changing its content. But this was never achieved and on the whole the lower classes seem to have rejected the CRT.
L'esclavagisme dans la 4e édition de l'Histoire des deux Indes (1820-1821)
Authors: Bénot Yves
Published: June 2016

Yves Bénot : Slavery in the fourth edition of the Histoire des Deux Indes (1820-21).

A comparison between the 1780 edition of the Histoire des Deux Indes and the posthumous edition — which Raynal was preparing, but had not finished when he died in 1796 — reveals both the maintenance of a large number of Diderot's set pieces and profound modifications. The most important ones concern everything about slavery in Book XI. The posthumous edition defends the status quo by giving the final word to a moderate advocate of slavery who replies to what was the final word by Diderot in 1780 ; Diderot's text has been slightly modified but its content is unchanged. The pages added in the posthumous edition seem to date from 1788 and 1789, but with quotations from 1791. Their author is tentatively identified as Mosneron de l'Aunay.
Casanova acteur ou les vertiges de l'illusion
Authors: Toubiana Guy-David
Published: June 2016

Guy David Toubiana : Casanova as an actor.

This article offers a new analysis of the role of simulation in Casanova's Memoirs. Though labelled as actor by most critics, his personality prevents him from grasping what theatrical illusion really is while performing. Ironically, however, upon leaving the stage and re-entering everyday life, he displays all the qualités of a perfect actor. In fact, on occasion, he is even able to go far beyond the limitations of acting by making the unreal plausible. The powerful talent of Casanova-memorialist allows him to define his own character by artfully blurring the boundaries between the real and the imaginary ; by doing so, he inaugurates his own myth by successfully presenting himself to the reader as able to accomplish the impossible.
La poésie italienne à la fin du 18e siècle et au début du 19e dans les revues françaises de la Restauration
Authors: Misan-Montefiore Jacques
Published: June 2016

Jacques Mlsan-Montefiore : late 18Th and early 19th-century Italian poetry in the periodicals of the Restoration.

The literary press of the Restoration, which was a vast intellectual laboratory, was particularly interested in Italian poetry of the end of the Settecento and the early 19th Century. But an analysis of the hundreds of volumes concerned reveals that in this period of transition only two great names are evoked, those of Monti and Foscolo. In a context of political unrest, the press praised the diversity of genres that they attemped and often excelled in : eloquence, lyricism, theatre, philology, translation, fiction, criticism. The journal's criticism concerns three main centres of interest : politics (constance and liberalism are the rule for Foscolo, while for Monti it is recantation), its links with artistic creation (arousing admiration in the case of Foscolo and a certain reticence in the case of Monti) and the relationship between creation and biography (amorous inconstancy for one and faithfulness for the other).
Lumières vigneronnes ou l'intelligence du vignoble
Authors: Wolikow Claudine
Published: June 2016

Claudine Wolikov : Enlightened wine-growers or the intelligence of the vineyard.

In eighteenth-century France, the first liberal publishers began to promote the figure of the wine-grower as a model of an independent hard-working landowner, a clever and skilful craftsman concerned to promote trade and a victim of tyrannical taxation. When this ideal image is compared to the reality of the people living in wine-producing areas, it needs to be seriously modified.
Les présents en vins des villes et États de Bourgogne
Authors: Lamarre Christine
Published: June 2016

Christine Lamarre : Presents of wine from the towns and states of Burgundy.

The custom of giving presents in kind to the powerful is an ancient practice that has always served both to honour the receiver and promote the reputation of the giver. It was gradually limited under pressure from the Intendants, and finally it was restricted to wine. Here the gifts were onerous obligations that were however borne by the local authorities. Thanks to the financial control of the Intendants , local archives are filled with documents concerning these gifts, which enable us to know, over a long period, developments in taste in relation to the wines chosen, prices, presentation (barrels or bottles), the price of transport and so on. The documents also indicate the many different occasions for honouring important people, the extent of the networks created by towns, the subtle hierarchies established between useful people, as well as the rigidity of an officially-established system mainly based on tradition.
Du nectar pour Voltaire
Authors: Mervaud Christiane
Published: June 2016

Christiane Mervaud : Nectar for Voltaire.

From a historical or biographical point of view, Voltaire's Correspondence is full of information about the consumption of wine at the Delices and Ferney, on the supply circuits, the problems of conservation, and the tastes of Voltaire and Mme Denis. For Voltaire, who "liked drinking", wine plays an important role as a convivial element in his fiction. His imagination is nourished by the Biblical symbolism of vines and wine. He was horrified by transsubstantiation, by wine changed into the blood of Christ, and he dreamed of other communions, exhorting philosophers to labour in "the Lord's vineyard", thus inviting them to philosophical libations.
Bacchus, Thespis et la naissance de la comédie
Authors: Quéro Dominique
Published: June 2016

Dominique Quéro : Bacchus, Thespis and the birth of comedy.

In the prologue to Platée, Jean-Philippe Rameau' s burlesque ballet first performed at Versailles in 1745, the poet Jacques Autreau referred to the origins of the theatre by presenting the comic figure of the legendary inventor of tragedy, Thespis who, during the wine harvest, invoked the god of grapes, Bacchus, to create a new type of amusement. Thus, under the auspices of historians of dramatic art, the essence of the theatre is here emphasised as bacchic, satirical and lyrical, which tends to remove the frontier between tragedy and comedy in order to replace it with a wider conception of theatrical forms as complete spectacles, combining the pleasures of song, music and dance. Bacchus, the god of wine and theatre is, just as much as Apollo, the god of inspiration, and thus justly invoked in this prologue entitled "The Birth of Comedy".
Cénacles libertins ou premières loges ? Les débuts de la franc-maçonnerie hollandaise
Authors: Berkvens-Stevelinck Christiane
Published: June 2016

Christiane Berkvens-Stevelinck : Libertin groups or early lodges ? The beginnings of dutch freemasonry.

The beginnings of Dutch Freemasonry are very difficult to establish. In the first quarter of the 18th Century, there were numerous groups meeting regularly in cafés or private houses to listen to serious or joculer speeches from one of their members or indulge in a sort of dining "liturgy", in an atmosphere redolent of both the tradition of chivalric orders and Rabelaisian licentiousness. The organisation of these meetings, their vocabulary and rites are reminiscent of the first Masonic lodges, but such a conclusion is over-hasty. Libertine circles should not be confused with early Masonic lodges, and should not be seen as the origin of the first lodges. They are two very different, although close, cultural manifestations.
L'avocat Demours et le Mémoire pour l'entière abolition de la servitude en France (1765)
Authors: Bressan Thierry
Published: June 2016

Thierry Bressan : The lawyer D amours and his Mémoire pour l'entière

abolition de la servitude en France (1765).

In 1765, about a century after Lamoignon's decrees had proposed in vain the suppression of serfdom, Damours published a hard-hitting Mémoire pour l 'entière abolution de la servitude en France. This was originally a mere factum published in connection with an appeal concerning servile rights exercised by the Verdun cathedral chapter, but the work violently attacked all the remnants of serfdom, depicting them in the worst light, and appealed to the King to eradicate them without delay. Although the privy council decided in favour of the clergy, suspended Damours and banned the work, it nevertheless broke new ground in many ways, by its excessive, even lyrical style, its anticlerical tone and the modernity of its arguments. It is a true product of Enlightened humanist thought which prefigures Voltaire's great campaign against Franche-Comté mortmain and the emancipation edict of August 1779.
Stratégies de publication. Le cas de l'Homme d'Helvétius
Authors: Smith David W.
Published: June 2016

David W. Smith : Publication strategies : the case of Helvétius's De

l'Homme.

This article considers two methods used to minimize the risk of persecution after the publication of De l'Homme. First, Helvétius originally envisaged bringing out De l'Homme during his lifetime, but as a translation of the work of an anonymous German disciple living in Nuremberg. Second, when this strategy was abandoned after the author's sudden death, his heirs persuaded Catherine II to allow the first edition to be dedicated to her. Three main sources are used : the only known manuscript of the work, the first edition, and the third volume of the Correspondance générale, especially an exchange of letters between the Russian ambassador in the Hague, D. A. Golitsyn, and the vice-chancellor, A. M. Golitsyn. Finally, allegations concerning Diderot's role in the work's publication and its manuscript history are refuted.
L'éducation par le théâtre sous la Révolution
Authors: Tarin René
Published: June 2016

René Tarin : Education by the theatre during the Revolution.

The men of 1789 believed firmly in the virtues of the theatre ; under the Constituent Assembly, we find a consensus among both authors and politicians who defended the usefulness of the theatre and emphasized its importance as a tool of education. Thus the theatre illustrates the social function of an art which is closely linked to the historical circumstances of its production. This specific social function, which is entirely devoted to the education of the people and the defence of the Revolution, characterises dramatic art during this period. Both the theatrical form and the subject matter of the plays contributed to a definition of a theatre closely linked to current events, concerned to bear witness to social reality and marked by a profound renewal of dramatic writing. The stage was to become the school for teaching bourgeois morality and the fundamental values of a new social pact.
Don Giovanni, un divertissement tragique
Authors: Moindrot Isabelle
Published: June 2016

Isabelle Moindrot : Don Giovanni, a tragic divertimento.

Mozart and Da Ponte, as heirs of a baroque tradition associating the myth of the punished seducer with the themes of the divertimento and theatrality, played with all the conventions of opera bouffe (rigourous typology, stylistic disharmony, parody, repetitive structure, musical dynamism, fluidity) in order to present Don Giovanni as the embodiment of flight, who refuses all conventions, both moral and theatrical. Thus, by using and corrupting the unifying Utopia and the comic possibilities of opera bouffe, they turned Don Giovanni into the master of divertimenti and gave form to baroque anxiety concerning this character who represented excess and illusion.
Littératures populaires et imprimés de large circulation en Europe. Perspectives d'analyses comparatistes et interculturelles
Authors: Lüsebrink Hans-Jürgen
Published: June 2016

Hans-Jürgen Lusebrink : Popular literature in Europe. Perspectives in

comparative and intercultural analyses.

The article, based on examples from different 18th-century popular literatures, approaches the transnational and transcultural analysis of books with large circulations from three different angles. Firstly, the question of what is defined as 'popular literature' in different 18th-century cultures, which reflects very different means of appropriation ; secondly, the types of comparison to be established between phenomena which are both similar and different, such as the 'Bibliothèque bleue' in France and the 'Literatura del cordel' in Spain ; finally, intercultural relations, concerning forms of exchange between different cultures. Here we deal in particular with modes of translation and intercultural transfers, taking the example of popular almanachs (like the Almanack du père Gérard translated into German and the Messager boiteux / Hinkende Boten).
Nouveaux instruments de la recherche
Authors: Ferrand Nathalie
Published: June 2016

Nathalie Ferrand : New research tools.

This article aims at showing, on the basis of an analysis of some significant examples, how the internet and electronic tools can contribute to 18th-century research. We look at the use of Web servers for making available rare texts, publishing articles in electronic learned journals, and organising collective research. Also discussed is the use of specialised discussion lists and the new parameters for electronic editions of 18th-century works on CD-rom, DVD and the internet.
Guerre et paix chez Rousseau
Authors: Lepan Géraldine
Published: June 2016

Géraldine Lepan : War and peace in Rousseau.

Through an analysis of war in Rousseau, the purpose is to bring out his originality within the contractual and natural law movements. Rousseau explicitly opposes Hobbes by showing that war is a social phenomenon and he opposes all theorisation of a just war, but he is also sceptical about plans for peace. Thus the theory of the social contract and the republicanism connected with it can be seen in a new and problematic light, for there is a total contradiction between man and citizen and between the vague feeling of humanity and civic duty. The values of citizenship and patriotism tend towards particularism, moral and political heroism, martial virtues and even national hatred, while peace can only be envisaged separate from politics. Thus this theme enables us to see the limits of Rousseau's political reflection.
Les deux grands tournants du siècle des Lumières
Authors: Baridon Michel
Published: June 2016

Michel Baridon : Science and esthetics, the two main turning-points of the 18th Century.

The present study attempts to show why the growing influence of Newtonianism in the period 1700-1750 led to the development of the novel and to the degeometrization of forms in the visual arts. It also tries to show why things changed again after 1750, when new advances in the life sciences and in chemistry led to the coining of a new term, 'perfectibility', which created an interest in Utopia and developed more extreme forms of sensibility. This explains the success of the Gothic novel, the regeometrization of architecture by Boullée and Ledoux and the frequent use of the spiral by painters and landscape gardeners.