bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fe adsorption on hematite (α-Fe2O3) (0001) and magnetite (Fe3O4) (111) surfaces
Authors: Pabisiak Tomasz , Kiejna Adam
Published: October 2014

The structure and electronic properties of different terminations of hematite (0001) and magnetite (111) surfaces upon submonolayer Fe adsorption were studied using the spin-polarized density functional theory (DFT) including the Hubbard correction term U (DFT+U). On both oxides the Fe atoms were adsorbed on the most stable iron and oxygen terminated surfaces. The results show that Fe atoms bind strongly both to hematite and magnetite surfaces, however, the binding is distinctly stronger at the oxygen than at the iron terminated surfaces. For both oxides and surface terminations the binding energy of the Fe decreases with increasing coverage, which indicates substantial repulsive interactions between Fe adatoms. On the hematite surface, the most stable sites for Fe adsorption are bulk continuation sites which result in formation of the Fe-rich terminations. On the magnetite surface, the bulk continuation site is favored only for Fe adsorption on the oxygen terminated surface while on the iron terminated one Fe adsorbs in a position closer to the surface iron layer. Submonolayer coverages of Fe modify substantially the surface electronic structure of the oxides and, depending on the termination, can change its character from half-metallic to insulating one, and vice versa.
Theoretical study of stability and charge-transport properties of coronene molecule and some of its halogenated derivatives: A path to ambipolar organic-based materials?
Authors: Sancho-García J. C. , Pérez-Jiménez A. J.
Published: October 2014

We have carefully investigated the structural and electronic properties of coronene and some of its fluorinated and chlorinated derivatives, including full periphery substitution, as well as the preferred orientation of the non-covalent dimer structures subsequently formed. We have paid particular attention to a set of methodological details, to first obtain single-molecule magnitudes as accurately as possible, including next the use of modern dispersion-corrected methods to tackle the corresponding non-covalently bound dimers. Generally speaking, this class of compounds is expected to self-assembly in neighboring π-stacks with dimer stabilization energies ranging from –20 to –30 kcal mol−1 at close distances around 3.0–3.3 Å. Then, in a further step, we have also calculated hole and electron transfer rates of some suitable candidates for ambipolar materials, and corresponding charge mobility values, which are known to critically depend on the supramolecular organization of the samples. For coronene and per-fluorinated coronene, we have found high values for their hopping rates, although slightly smaller for the latter due to an increase (decrease) of the reorganization energies (electronic couplings).
General rules prospected for the liquid fragility in various material groups and different thermodynamic conditions
Authors: Paluch M. , Masiewicz E. , Grzybowski A. , Pawlus S. , Pionteck J. , Wojnarowska Z.
Published: October 2014

The fragility parameter has been acknowledged as one of the most important characteristics of glass-forming liquids. We show that the mystery of the dramatic change in molecular dynamics of systems approaching the glass transition can be better understood by the high pressure study of fragility parameters defined in different thermodynamic conditions. We formulate and experimentally confirm a few rules obeyed by the fragility parameters, which are also rationalized by the density scaling law and its modification suggested for associated liquids. In this way, we successfully explore and gain a new insight into the pressure effect on molecular dynamics of van der Waals liquids, polymer melts, ionic liquids, and hydrogen-bonded systems near the glass transition.
Liouvillian integrability of gravitating static isothermal fluid spheres
Authors: Iacono Roberto , Llibre Jaume
Published: October 2014

We examine the integrability properties of the Einstein field equations for static, spherically symmetric fluid spheres, complemented with an isothermal equation of state, ρ = np. In this case, Einstein's equations can be reduced to a nonlinear, autonomous second order ordinary differential equation (ODE) for m/R (m is the mass inside the radius R) that has been solved analytically only for n = −1 and n = −3, yielding the cosmological solutions by De Sitter and Einstein, respectively, and for n = −5, case for which the solution can be derived from the De Sitter's one using a symmetry of Einstein's equations. The solutions for these three cases are of Liouvillian type, since they can be expressed in terms of elementary functions. Here, we address the question of whether Liouvillian solutions can be obtained for other values of n. To do so, we transform the second order equation into an equivalent autonomous Lotka–Volterra quadratic polynomial differential system in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\mathbb {R}^2$\end{document}R2, and characterize the Liouvillian integrability of this system using Darboux theory. We find that the Lotka–Volterra system possesses Liouvillian first integrals for n = −1, −3, −5, which descend from the existence of invariant algebraic curves of degree one, and for n = −6, a new solvable case, associated to an invariant algebraic curve of higher degree (second). For any other value of n, eventual first integrals of the Lotka–Volterra system, and consequently of the second order ODE for the mass function must be non-Liouvillian. This makes the existence of other solutions of the isothermal fluid sphere problem with a Liouvillian metric quite unlikely.
Light-assisted recharging of graphene quantum dots in fluorographene matrix
Authors: Antonova I. V. , Nebogatikova N. A. , Prinz V. Ya. , Popov V. I. , Smagulova S. A.
Published: October 2014

In the present study, the charge transient spectroscopy was used to analyze the transient relaxation of charges in graphene and bilayer-graphene quantum dot (QD) systems formed by chemical functionalization of graphene and few-layer graphene layers. A set of activation energies (one to three different values) for the emission of charges from QDs sized 50 to 70 nm, most likely proceeding via the thermal activation of charge carriers from QD quantum confinement levels, were deduced from measurements performed in the dark. Daylight illumination of samples during measurements was found to result in a strong decrease of the activation energies and in an involvement of an athermal process in the charge relaxation phenomenon. The time of the light-assisted emission of charge carriers from QDs proved to be two to four orders of magnitude shorter than the time of their emission from QDs under no-illumination conditions.
High-pressure structural and elastic properties of Tl2O3
Authors: Gomis O. , Santamaría-Pérez D. , Ruiz-Fuertes J. , Sans J. A. , Vilaplana R. , Ortiz H. M. , García-Domene B. , Manjón F. J. , Errandonea D. , Rodríguez-Hernández P. , Muñoz A. , Mollar M.
Published: October 2014

The structural properties of Thallium (III) oxide (Tl2O3) have been studied both experimentally and theoretically under compression at room temperature. X-ray powder diffraction measurements up to 37.7 GPa have been complemented with ab initio total-energy calculations. The equation of state of Tl2O3 has been determined and compared to related compounds. It has been found experimentally that Tl2O3 remains in its initial cubic bixbyite-type structure up to 22.0 GPa. At this pressure, the onset of amorphization is observed, being the sample fully amorphous at 25.2 GPa. The sample retains the amorphous state after pressure release. To understand the pressure-induced amorphization process, we have studied theoretically the possible high-pressure phases of Tl2O3. Although a phase transition is theoretically predicted at 5.8 GPa to the orthorhombic Rh2O3-II-type structure and at 24.2 GPa to the orthorhombic α-Gd2S3-type structure, neither of these phases were observed experimentally, probably due to the hindrance of the pressure-driven phase transitions at room temperature. The theoretical study of the elastic behavior of the cubic bixbyite-type structure at high-pressure shows that amorphization above 22 GPa at room temperature might be caused by the mechanical instability of the cubic bixbyite-type structure which is theoretically predicted above 23.5 GPa.
A polarity-driven nanometric luminescence asymmetry in AlN/GaN heterostructures
Authors: Tizei L. H. G. , Meuret S. , March K. , Hestroffer K. , Auzelle T. , Daudin B. , Kociak M.
Published: October 2014

Group III Nitrides nanowires are well suited materials for the design of light emitting devices. The internal electric field created by spontaneaous and piezoelectric polarizations in these materials poses some difficulties, but also possible solutions, towards this goal. Here, we report on the high spatial asymmetry of the cathodoluminescence intensity across a GaN quantum well embedded in an AlN nanowire, when a 60 keV, 1 nm wide electron beam is scanned over this heterostructure. This asymmetry is remarkable between positions at different sides of the quantum well. We interpret this asymmetry as originating from the different drift directions of carriers due to the internal electric field. This interpretation is corroborated by the direct determination of the polarity with convergent beam electron diffraction. A precise knowledge of hole mobility and diffusion coefficients would allow an estimate of the electric field in the AlN segment of the nanowire.
Effect of Voronoi volume on fluctuation at initial deformation of amorphous alloys
Authors: Feng S. D. , Zhao W. , Jiao W. , Yu P. F. , Li G. , Qi L. , Liu R. P.
Published: October 2014

Quasi-static compressive behaviors of three amorphous alloys (Cu50Zr50, Pd80Si20, and Ni67Zr33) are investigated via molecular dynamics simulations. Compared to the crystalline counterpart, when the strain is below 1%, significant fluctuations can be observed in the stress-strain curves. Further analysis of the simulated data indicates that the fluctuations are associated with the variations of Voronoi volume. A gradient reduction model is proposed to explain the process of the evolution of Voronoi volume at the initial stage of the deformation.
Governing Our Choices: ‘Proenvironmental Behaviour’ as a Practice of Government
Authors: Dilley Luke T M
Published: October 2014

The concept of proenvironmental behaviour change (PBC) has been the subject of an increasing volume of research. Much of this has either sought to make PBC ‘work better’ or offered critiques of the concept. This paper uses an ethnography of the UK's Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs' Sustainable Behaviours Unit to understand PBC as a practice of government. Drawing on a governmentality framework, in this paper I explore how PBC can be thought of as a heterogeneous array of elements. I demonstrate not only the intellectual labours behind PBC but also how agents have sought to make it practicable. In exploring the coming together of PBC, I try to critically examine a practice which seeks to govern the way we ‘choose to behave’.
The function of foliar scales in water conservation: an evaluation using tropical-mountain, evergreen shrubs of the species Rhododendron in section Schistanthe (Ericaceae)
Authors: Nilsen Erik T. , Webb David W. , Bao Zhe
Published: October 2014

Leaf scales (scarious trichomes) have putative significance to leaf water relations, energy balance, and gas exchange. A survey of leaf scales, stomata, and leaf morphology across 83 species of Rhododendron section Schistanthe in a common garden, at 1207-m elevation on Moana Loa, Hawai’i, was used to probe three possible functional models for scales on abaxial leaf surfaces. Scale density was commonly 10 mm–2, but densities up to 50 mm–2 occurred. The median stomatal density was 200 mm–2, but ranged up to 500 mm–2. Stomatal dispersion was grouped into four classes based on the proportion of stomata located under scales. Stomatal pore index decreased as scale density and scale importance factor increased. Thus, maximum stomatal conductance as represented by stomatal pore index decreased as the effect of scales on the leaf surface increased. Stomatal pore index increased as the elevation of the native range increased. However, the relative effects of scales on stomata peaked at mid-elevation. Principal components analysis indicated that the most important habitat factors determining both scale importance factor and stomatal pore index were elevation and growth form (epiphyte or terrestrial). Therefore, this survey indicated that scales serve a water conservation function, which is most effective at mid-elevation of the native range.
Ionic and photosynthetic homeostasis in quinoa challenged by salinity and drought – mechanisms of tolerance
Authors: Razzaghi Fatemeh , Jacobsen Sven-Erik , Jensen Christian Richardt , Andersen Mathias Neumann
Published: October 2014

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) grown under field conditions was exposed to five irrigation water salinities (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 dS m–1; 4 : 1 NaCl : CaCl2 molar ratio) from flowering, and divided between full irrigation and progressive drought (PD) during seed filling. Quinoa demonstrated homeostatic mechanisms which contributed to quinoa’s extraordinary tolerance. Salinity increased K+ and Na+ uptake by 60 and 100 kg ha–1, respectively, resulting in maintenance of cell turgor by osmotic adjustment, and a 50% increase of the leaf’s fresh weight (FW) : dry weight (DW) ratio and non-significant increase in elasticity enhanced crop water-capacitance. Day respiration (Rd) increased 2.7 times at high salinity but decreased 0.6 times during drought compared with control. Mesophyll conductance (gm) tended to be negatively affected by salinity as the increased succulence (FW : DW) possibly decreased intercellular space and increased cell-wall thickness. However, the increased K+ uptake seemed to alleviate biochemical limitations, as maximum Rubisco carboxylation rate (Vcmax) and photosynthetic electron transport (J) tended to increase under salinity. Overall, salinity and PD restricted stomatal conductance (gs) and photosynthesis (An) moderately, leading to decreased leaf internal to ambient [CO2], increase of intrinsic-water-use-efficiency (An/gs). The saturated electrical conductivity (ECe) resulting in 50% yield was estimated to be 25 dS m–1, reaching no yield at 51.5 dS m–1.
Isolation, characterisation and cDNA sequencing of a new form of parvalbumin from carp semen
Authors: Dietrich Mariola A. , Westfalewicz Błażej , Jurecka Patrycja , Irnazarow Ilgiz , Ciereszko Andrzej
Published: October 2014

Parvalbumins (Pv) are calcium-binding proteins present mainly in the muscle and nervous system where they act as a Ca2+ buffer. Our previous work demonstrated the presence of Pv-I in carp semen and indicated the presence of a second Pv (Pv-II). The purpose of the present work was to identify, purify and determine the full-length cDNA sequence of Pv-II from carp testis. Pv-II from seminal plasma was purified by ion-exchange chromatography (IEC) and preparative electrophoresis, while the Pv-II from spermatozoa was purified by IEC, gel filtration and preparative electrophoresis. The purified Pv-II was submitted to an analysis of molecular mass, isoelectric point (pI), amino-acid sequence and oligomerisation ability. The amino-acid sequence was used to construct primers and obtain the full-length cDNA sequence of seminal-specific Pv-II from carp testis. Analysis of the cDNA sequence indicated that carp-testis Pv-II was distinct from carp-muscle parvalbumins. Pv-II was distinct from Pv-I regarding sequence, molecular mass and pI. Both parvalbumins had the ability to form oligomers or to bind to other proteins. Carp seminal plasma had a protective effect against parvalbumin oligomerisation. Pv-II underwent post-translational modification such as n-acetylation and cysteinylation. The present study is the first to report the full-length cDNA sequence of parvalbumin from carp testis.
Implementation of a rotational grazing system with large paddocks changes the distribution of grazing cattle in the south-western Italian Alps
Authors: Probo Massimiliano , Lonati Michele , Pittarello Marco , Bailey Derek W. , Garbarino Matteo , Gorlier Alessandra , Lombardi Giampiero
Published: October 2014

Continuous grazing systems (CGS) are still widely used for managing cattle herds in the south-western Alps. Recently, Pastoral Plans have been used as a policy tool to improve grazing management. Rotational grazing systems (RGS) with large paddocks (i.e. ~100 ha on average) and stocking rate adjustments based on recommended levels calculated from vegetation surveys have been implemented through Pastoral Plans to improve the uniformity of grazing. A case study was conducted to compare grazing distribution patterns of beef cows during the summer under CGS and RGS on sub-alpine and alpine pastures within Val Troncea Natural Park in the south-western Alps of Italy. Cows were tracked with global positioning system collars at 15-min intervals under both CGS and RGS. Cattle distribution patterns were aggregated in both grazing systems, but in the RGS concentration of grazing was less clustered and the selection of vegetation communities was more homogeneous than in CGS. Under CGS, cows were attracted (P < 0.05) to salt placements and areas with high forage pastoral values, and they avoided (P < 0.05) steep slopes. In contrast, cows under RGS were not influenced by (P > 0.05) high pastoral value, and they avoided areas farther from water (P < 0.05). Similar to CGS, cows under RGS were attracted (P < 0.05) to salt and avoided (P < 0.05) steep slopes. In the RGS, cows used steeper slopes and areas farther from salt and water in the second half of the grazing period within a paddock compared with the first half, which likely explains the improvement in uniformity of grazing with RGS. Our findings indicate that Pastoral Plans that combine appropriate stocking levels and RGS are valid policy and management tools that have the potential to improve grazing distribution on rough sub-alpine and alpine pastures in the south-western Alps.
Tracking sustainable development with a national barometer for South Africa using a downscaled “safe and just space” framework
Authors: Cole Megan J. , Bailey Richard M. , New Mark G.
Published: October 2014

Significance

We have downscaled planetary boundaries and applied the “safe and just space for humanity” framework at the national scale, for the first time, creating a “barometer” for inclusive sustainable development for South Africa. The barometer presents the state and trajectory of a broad but manageable set of indicators for environmental and social priorities, and highlights the country’s proximity to environmental boundaries and the distance from eradication of social deprivation. This creates a monitoring and communication tool for national government for thinking in an integrated manner about environmental and social-development issues. Our case study provides insight into the challenges and complexities of developing indicators and targets for the proposed global Sustainable Development Goals that that are globally, regionally, and nationally relevant.
Optineurin is an autophagy receptor for damaged mitochondria in parkin-mediated mitophagy that is disrupted by an ALS-linked mutation
Authors: Wong Yvette C. , Holzbaur Erika L. F.
Published: October 2014

Significance

In mitophagy, damaged mitochondria recruit parkin to ubiquitinate proteins on the outer mitochondrial membrane, targeting mitochondria for autophagosome engulfment and degradation. However, the proteins involved in mediating autophagosome formation to degrade damaged and ubiquitinated mitochondria remain unknown. We used live cell imaging to demonstrate that optineurin is actively recruited to parkin-labeled ubiquitinated mitochondria and is stabilized by its ubiquitin binding domain. Optineurin binds the autophagosome protein LC3 (microtubule-associated protein light chain 3), and this binding recruits autophagosome assembly around damaged mitochondria. We find that the E478G optineurin mutation, causative for the neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, disrupts autophagosome recruitment. As mutations in parkin are linked to Parkinson’s disease, this study indicates that defects in a single mitochondrial degradation pathway lead to neurodegenerative diseases with distinct pathologies.
Intrinsic conduction through topological surface states of insulating Bi
2
Te
3
epitaxial thin films
Authors: Hoefer Katharina , Becker Christoph , Rata Diana , Swanson Jesse , Thalmeier Peter , Tjeng L. H.
Published: October 2014

Significance

Topological insulators form a novel state of matter that open up new opportunities to create unique quantum particles. Although theoretical studies have proposed an abundance of new phenomena, many of the predictions still await their experimental verification, not to mention their implementation into applications. The main obstacle is material quality and cleanliness of the experimental conditions. The presence of tiny amounts of defects in the bulk or contaminants at the surface masks these phenomena. Here we show that for Bi
2
Te
3
, it is possible to obtain the desired quality by carrying out the preparation and characterization all under ultra-high-vacuum conditions. In situ four-point conductance measurements revealed the charge carriers moving on the surface with very high values of mobility.
Inhibitory Conditioning Resulting from a Reduction in the Magnitude of Reinforcement
Authors: Cotton M. M. , Goodall Glyn , Mackintosh N. J.
Published: October 2014

Five experiments, all employing conditioned suppression in rats, studied inhibitory conditioning to a stimulus signalling a reduction in shock intensity. Experimental subjects were conditioned to a tone signalling a 1·0 mA shock and to a tone-light compound signalling a 0·4 mA shock. On a summation test in which it alleviated the suppression maintained by a third stimulus also associated with the 1·0 mA shock, the light was established as a conditioned inhibitor. Retardation tests gave ambiguous results: the light was relatively slow to condition when paired, either alone or in conjunction with another stimulus, with the 0·4 mA shock, but the difference from a novel stimulus control group was not significant. Two final experiments found no evidence at all of inhibition on a summation test in which the light was presented in conjunction with a stimulus that had itself been associated with the 0·4 mA shock. The results of these experiments have implications for the question of what animals learn during the course of inhibitory conditioning.
The Effects of Changes in the CS-US Interval during Compound Conditioning upon an Other Wise Blocked Element
Authors: Schreurs B. G. , Westbrook R. F.
Published: October 2014

Two experiments employed an autoshaping procedure with pigeons to examine the effects of changes in the inter-stimulus interval (ISI) upon the blocking phenomenon (Kamin, 1968). The introduction of a novel stimulus into a reinforced compound with the pretrained stimulus was accompanied by a decrease (Experiment I) or by increases (Experiment II) in the ISI. A decrease and a relatively small increase in the ISI attenuated the blocking of the added stimulus. The results were related to the major theories of stimulus selection and were interpreted to have added variations in the ISI to the list of operations during compound conditioning that cause “surprise” and, hence, attenuate blocking.
Anticholinergic Treatment Reverses Haloperidol-Induced Blockade of Self-Stimulation of Nucleus Accumbens no less than of Hypothalamus
Authors: Murzi E. , Herberg L. J.
Published: October 2014

Two pairs of electrodes were implanted respectively in the nucleus accumbens (a terminal area of mesolimbic dopaminergic pathways) and in the lateral hypo-thalamic medial forebrain bundle (containing nigrostriatal as well as mesolimbic fibres of passage). Self-stimulation rates through both pairs of electrodes showed a similar dose-dependent depression by haloperidol (0·07 to 0·67 mg/kg IP), and a similar degree of restoration by hyoscine (scopolamine) (0·3 to 1·5 mg/kg IP). This result reinforces recent concern that anticholinergic agents, given to control extrapyramidal side-effects, may counteract the mesolimbic action of anti-psychotic drugs and lessen their therapeutic effect.
The Influence of Partial Reinforcement on Serial Autoshaping with Pigeons
Authors: Collins Louis , Young Douglas B. , Davies Keith , Pearce John M.
Published: October 2014

The effect of partial reinforcement on the rate of responding during the first element of a serial compound was investigated using autoshaping in pigeons. Experiment I employed the illumination of a response key by two different colours as the elements of the compound. Responding during the first element was faster when this stimulus was intermittently paired with the second element and the unconditioned stimulus than when a continuous reinforcement schedule was employed. Experiment II demonstrated that this effect of partial reinforcement is unaffected by maniuplating the associative strength of the second element at the outset of compound conditioning. A similar effect of partial reinforcement was also found in Experiment III which used a tone as the first element of the serial compound.
The Power Law and Weber's Law in Fixed-Interval Postreinforcement Pausing: A Scalar Timing Model
Authors: Wearden J. H.
Published: October 2014

Some quantitative properties of the postreinforcement pause under fixed-interval schedules were simulated by a computer model embodying two processes, either of which could initiate responding in an interval. The first was a scalar timing system similar to that hypothesized to underlie behaviour on other tasks. The second was a process that initiated responding without regard to elapsed time in the interval. The model produced simulated pauses with a mean that varied as a power function of the interval value, and a standard deviation that appeared to grow as a linear function of the mean. Both these features were found in real data. The model also predicted several other features of pausing and responding under fixed-interval schedules and was also consistent with the results produced under some temporal differentiation contingencies. The model thus illustrated that behaviour that conformed to the power law could nevertheless be reconciled with scalar timing theory, if an additional non-timing process could also initiate responding.
Effects of Collicular Lesions in the Hamster during Visual Discrimination. An Analysis from Computer-Video Actograms
Authors: Thinus-Blanc C. , Lecas J. C.
Published: October 2014

Recent reports have suggested that lesions of the superior colliculus may impair the orienting or scanning movements of the head that are thought to serve a key function in visual discrimination. In the present investigation computer-video “actograms” were used to quantify the head movements of freely moving hamsters performing a simultaneous visual discrimination. Hamsters with collicular lesions did not differ from the controls in their head movement spectra, but there was a significant reduction in the incidence of the pauses in locomotion during which these movements are made. Intact animals showed slower and irregular progression interspersed with pauses during which they made scanning movements, whereas collicular hamsters made straighter runs. Although the rate of learning of lesioned hamsters was not impaired, our data strongly suggest that they used different orienting and learning strategies. When tested for the effects of novel stimuli, unrelated to the task, normal hamsters reacted strongly with active exploratory scanning movements, but collicular animals did not, although qualitative changes in their behaviour suggested that the novel stimuli were not being ignored.
The Extinction of an Aversion: Role of the Interval between Non-Reinforced Presentations of the Averted Stimulus
Authors: Westbrook R. F. , Smith F. J. , Charnock D. J.
Published: October 2014

A toxiphobia conditioning paradigm was used to examine the relation between the intertrial interval (ITI) and the extinction of an aversion. The design employed was based upon that developed by Davis (1970) to study the relation between the ITI and the habituation of a response. After conditioning, the conditioned stimulus (CS) was presented on two occasions at times T1 and T2, and this interval (the ITI) was varied across groups. However, the interval from the CS exposure at T2 to the extinction test was common for all groups. On the test, ITIs of 6 to 24 hr were found to have promoted more extinction than ITIs of 0.5 hr with odour (Experiments 1a and b) and flavour (Experiment 1c) CSs. Further, this facilitation of extinction by the long ITIs compared to the short ones was not due to differences in the intervals between the initial CS exposure at T1 and the test (Experiment 2). The final experiment examined the relation between the ITI and extinction when different CSs were presented at T1 and T2. A short interval between the presentation of CS1 at T1 and the presentation of CS2 at T2 was found to have facilitated the extinction of the aversion to CS2 compared either to a long interval between these presentations or to the presentation of CS2 in the absence of a prior CS1 presentation. The results were discussed in terms of the model developed by Wagner (1981).
Formation of α-synuclein Lewy neurite–like aggregates in axons impedes the transport of distinct endosomes
Authors: Volpicelli-Daley Laura A. , Gamble Karen L. , Schultheiss Christine E. , Riddle Dawn M. , West Andrew B. , Lee Virginia M.-Y.
Published: October 2014

Aggregates of α-synuclein (α-syn) accumulate in neurons in Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies. These inclusions predominantly localize to axons even in the early stages of the disease, but their affect on axon function has remained unknown. Previously we established a model in which the addition of preformed α-syn fibrils to primary neurons seeds formation of insoluble α-syn inclusions built from endogenously expressed α-syn that closely recapitulate the neuropathological phenotypes of Lewy neurites found in human diseased brains. Here we show, using live-cell imaging, that immobile α-syn inclusions accumulate in axons from the recruitment of α-syn located on mobile α-syn–positive vesicles. Ultrastructural analyses and live imaging demonstrate that α-syn accumulations do not cause a generalized defect in axonal transport; the inclusions do not fill the axonal cytoplasm, disrupt the microtubule cytoskeleton, or affect the transport of synaptophysin or mitochondria. However, the α-syn aggregates impair the transport of Rab7 and TrkB receptor–containing endosomes, as well as autophagosomes. In addition, the TrkB receptor–associated signaling molecule pERK5 accumulates in α-syn aggregate–bearing neurons. Thus α-syn pathology impairs axonal transport of signaling and degradative organelles. These early effects of α-syn accumulations may predict points of intervention in the neurodegenerative process.
The Acoustics of Different Genres of Singing
Authors: Sundberg Johan
Published: October 2014

This chapter reviews several studies of singing in different styles. The studies reveal that the differences concern all the main dimensions of phonation: pitch, loudness, phonation type, and formant frequencies. Most vocal styles differ substantially from normal speech, though in quite different ways. A difficulty in describing the characteristics of the styles of singing, which are typical of different musical genres, is that the same term does not always mean the same to all experts. Some diverging results in voice research on styles of singing emerge from such terminological issues. The author suggests that descriptions of different styles of singing should be related to objective findings on the overall phonatory and articulatory potentials of the voice.
Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908–1961)
Authors: Kuepers Wendelin
Published: October 2014

Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology highlights the bodily, embodied dimensions and forms of non- or post-representational knowing for understanding organizational phenomena and realties as processes. In addition, it focuses on a re-embodied organization and a corresponding sense-based organizational practice. This chapter first considers Merleau-Ponty’s biography and intellectual life before discussing the significance of his ideas for process philosophy as well as organizational theory and practice. In particular, it examines some key concepts such as the living body and dynamic embodiment beyond empiricism and idealism, reversible flesh as elemental carnality and formative medium and chiasm, as well as wild being and be(com)ing. It also looks at Merleau-Ponty’s connections with two other process thinkers, Alfred North Whitehead and Gilles Deleuze. Finally, it assesses the significance of his process-philosophical phenomenology and ontology for organization studies.
Democratic Decentralization and Economic Development
Authors: Myerson Roger B.
Published: October 2014

Decentralization and democracy may improve the chances for successful economic development. The importance of local government and democracy is evident in the history of many countries, but democratic local government has been less common in Africa than elsewhere. Democratic political competition can improve governance only if voters have a choice among qualified candidates who have good reputations for exercising power responsibly in public service. This essential supply of trusted democratic leadership can develop best in responsible institutions of local government, where successful local leaders can prove their qualifications to become strong competitive candidates for higher office. Thus, a federal constitutional structure that devolves substantial powers to autonomously elected local governments can increase the chances for successful democratic development. Foreign assistance can help to increase this vital supply of leaders with good reputations for spending public funds responsibly if some share of foreign-assistance funding is distributed directly to local governments and other local public service agencies.
The Economics of Happiness and Anger in North Africa
Authors: Chamlou Nadereh
Published: October 2014

Philosophers and intellectuals in North Africa and in the wider Muslim world, such as the fourteenth-century Tunisian scholar Ibn Khaldun, have long been preoccupied with ways to enhance human dignity, happiness, and well-being. In recent years, interest in happiness has gained momentum among thinkers in connection with economic management and development. Studies seem to indicate that happiness is correlated with better economic decision-making in areas ranging from consumption to savings and risk taking. This chapter explores the economics of happiness and anger in North Africa, first by tracing the evolution of concepts of happiness in Western economic thought and relating them to developments and prospects in North Africa. It then discusses the status and changes in happiness reporting by focusing on the World Happiness Report and concludes by explaining how political Islam and an energized secular class can contribute towards achieving happiness for economic development.
Measuring Economic Progress in the African Context
Authors: Jerven Morten
Published: October 2014

This chapter examines the debates over the measurement of economic progress in African countries in the twentieth century, paying particular attention to national accounting and the measurement of gross domestic product per capita and economic growth. It considers how African economic progress has been measured from colonial times to the pioneering national account initiatives in the 1950s, economic liberalization and the “discovery” of the informal sector in the 1970s, and the adoption of evidence-based policy on social indicators in the twentieth century. It also discusses Africa’s focus on poverty reduction and the millennium development goals that required a change in focus in development and in the data needs for measuring progress.
Markets and Urban Provisioning
Authors: Guyer Jane I.
Published: October 2014

The market place has a very long and widespread history, predating by millennia “the market” considered as a price-making mechanism. Africa’s market places and regional trade systems developed monetary and transactional conventions over centuries before colonial rule, and then, in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries these organizations and conventions have been adapted to provisioning rapidly growing cities, and have responded to new opportunities afforded by improvements in transport and infrastructure. They have also accommodated new commodities, crops, and occupations in what the chapter refers to as a “niche economy.” The dangers for continuing market growth come from competition from artificially cheap food imports, deterioration of infrastructures, rising energy costs, or interruptions in supply, civil conflict, and possibly certain conditions of land alienation.
Public–Private Interface for Inclusive Development in Africa
Authors: Ajakaiye Olu , Jerome Afeikhena
Published: October 2014

While the recent global economic crisis has reignited the debate on state versus markets, there is broad consensus on the role public–private interface has played in the remarkable achievements of East Asian countries during the last 40 years. This chapter explores public–private interface in Africa. It notes that economic theory is yet to provide useful guides for understanding this complex relationship and the few disparate attempts in some African countries have not yielded remarkable achievements. On the basis of an evaluation of three archetype developing economies, the chapter outlines the conditions for effective public–private interface to include state capacity; insulation of technocratic policy making process depicted by a Weberian bureaucracy; and, embeddedness of the state vis-à-vis the non-state actors and agents. The chapter recommends a cooperative, complementary and collaborative public–private interface to take Africa to the next level of achieving convergence.
Fetal and Infant Neurobehavioral Development
Authors: Monk Catherine , Hane Amie Ashley
Published: October 2014

This chapter reviews the literature examining fetal and infant neurobehavioral development. Basic fetal neurological development and neurobehavioral functioning are reviewed. Major fetal neurobehavioral milestones and their assessment are addressed and include fetal behavioral states, heart rate, movement, and responsivity to stimuli. The processes of neurological growth from birth to age 2 are reviewed. Infant neurobehavioral development is addressed and includes state regulation and sleep, physical growth and motor development, and the basic processes underlying social-emotional development. For fetus and infant, research examining the associations between neurobehavioral development and maternal distress and poverty is reviewed. The implications for future directions in fetal-infant neurobehavioral research are discussed.
Political Communication
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall , Kenski Kate
Published: October 2014

This chapter offers three sets of definitions of “political communication”: those from early scholarly works, those from the major communication and political science associations, and a set of definitions that emerged at an Annenberg Public Policy Center conference attended by many scholars contributing to this handbook. The authors discuss the institutional and financial forces that cultivated and propelled Political Communication as an interdisciplinary field. Finally, an overview of the Oxford Handbook of Political Communication is provided, including a description of the major thematic sections around which the chapters are collected.
Political Beliefs and Civic Engagement in Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Núñez Jennifer , Flanagan Constance
Published: October 2014

Emerging adulthood is critical for the development and solidification of civic values and commitments. In the midst of exploring employment, relationships, education, and parenthood, young adults question who they are, what they value, and what kind of values they want their society to stand for. According to longitudinal work, the way that individuals wrangle with and take positions on issues that are salient in their early adulthood and the points of view circulating in political discourse at that time shape those individuals’ political positions into midlife. Given the life-long political relevance of emerging adulthood, it is important to examine the opportunities for civic engagement during these years. In this chapter, the authors summarize the current field of civic engagement, explore ways in which civic engagement impacts individual development and functioning, and suggest a set of recommendations for promoting equal opportunities for civic engagement in emerging adulthood and beyond.
Effects of Multiple Concussions
Authors: McCrea Michael A. , Nelson Lindsay D.
Published: October 2014

There is growing concern that suffering multiple sport-related concussions may increase an athlete’s risk of cumulative neurocognitive and neurobehavioral impairment. Many concerns have not been well-validated, however, owing to limited samples of repeatedly concussed players. In this article, we review the theoretical risks and current evidence regarding the extent to which repeat concussions impact players’ experience of and recovery following successive injuries. Concussion effects are considered at multiple levels (e.g., self-reported physical and psychiatric symptoms, neuropsychological performance, and neurophysiological measures) across both the acute and chronic phases of recovery. Recommendations for applying findings to injury management decisions are provided. Although repeat concussions appear to have the potential for cumulative neurophysiological burden, a number of factors (e.g., individual risk for experiencing or responding poorly to injury, recovery time between injuries) appear important to explain discrepant findings among studies and to translate general scientific principles into clinical decisions for individual players. Future work that accumulates larger, prospective samples will allow for clearer delineation of the factors that appear important for predicting how recurrent concussions impact individual athletes.
Defining Dance, Creating Commodity
Authors: Weisbrod Alexis A.
Published: October 2014

This chapter examines how the rhetoric utilized inSo You Think You Can Dance(United States) presupposes details of dance training, including the experience of certain types of bodies and the expectations of racial identity in regards to highly skilled bodies. The structure of the show emphasizes the language of the judges and producers over the work of the dancers. This language, which establishes values and comparisons between bodies, is used to train audience members to read dancing bodies. Examining these patterns of rhetoric, this chapter defines the termconceived body, identifying how it is constructed on both contemporary and hip-hop dancers during the course of the television show’s first eight seasons. Finally, the racialized construction of these dancing bodies is addressed in relation to the spectacle and commodification created by and on these bodies.
Monstrous Belonging
Authors: Bench Harmony
Published: October 2014

This chapter begins by reviewing the importance of Michael Jackson’s early forays in music video, paying particular attention to the short film, “Michael Jackson’s Thriller” from 1983. Jackson’s monstrosity and Ola Ray’s victimization in this film are addressed. This chapter then turns to recent adaptations and performances of “Thriller,” arguing that as a choreography, “Thriller” became a privileged site for articulating a collective sense of belonging in the early twenty-first century. In an era that amplified American insecurity and paranoia, performances of “Thriller” circulating through social media show how performers used the choreography to embody monstrosity, domesticate fear, dissipate threat, form an American public outside nationalist discourses, and resignify public spaces rendered threatening by the “War on Terror.”
Generic Sequences and the Generic Tonnetz
Authors: Hook Julian
Published: October 2014

This chapter employs concepts from diatonic set theory, transformation theory, and neo-Riemannian theory in an investigation of sequences in generic (mod-7) pitch space. Sequences may be described using generic transposition operators, mod-7 analogs of the more familiar mod-12 chromatic transposition operators, and may be mapped in a generic Tonnetz analogous to the Tonnetz diagrams of neo-Riemannian theory. A complete classification of generic sequences with two-chord transposition blocks is derived from the paths described by the sequences in the Tonnetz. While it is tempting to regard generic space as “diatonic,” the examples demonstrate that generic structure governs many sequences that are not actually diatonic at all. The examples also show that the sequences found in the literature include many more types than are widely recognized and that generic sequence structure may apply in numerous other contexts besides patterns of chord roots.
Sentencing Guideline Schemes Across the United States and Beyond
Authors: Krasnostein Sarah , Freiberg Arie
Published: October 2014

Sentencing guidelines are among a number of mechanisms that have been used to address the problem of how to balance sufficient discretion to individualize sentences with sufficient constraint to ensure equal justice and achieve other sentencing policy goals. The difference in where that balance lies is a policy choice that distinguishes the various sentencing guideline systems. This essay examines those policy choices. It assesses the federal and Minnesota guideline systems and the system operating in England. It describes the rejection of guidelines in New Zealand, Canada, and Australia, which challenges the values of structured sentencing. Finally, the benefits and disadvantages of guidelines are looked at alongside the conditions necessary for their successful implementation. The best of the guideline systems are not perfect, but they indicate how other jurisdictions can better regulate sentencing discretion in order to promote both proportionate and equal outcomes at the levels of both theory and practice.
Contemporary Penal Policies
Authors: Tubex Hilde
Published: October 2014

This article provides an overview of the literature leading comparative penological research. Starting from the concept of “punitiveness” as measured in imprisonment rates, it explores and critically assesses how differences in prison populations, and changes over time, have been explained by comparative criminologists. In doing so, it identifies drivers of contemporary penal policies on a global, national, and regional scale. It does, however, also pay particular attention to anomalies, deviating patterns, and overrepresented groups and discusses the validity of the explanatory models in this respect. Finally, it looks at the future of penal policy and prospects for penal reform.
Youth Justice in China
Authors: Jou Susyan , Chang Lennon , Hebenton Bill
Published: October 2014

China’s well-documented and rapid socioeconomic changes, including largely unmanaged rural to urban migration, form an important pressure on development of an adequate juvenile justice system. This chapter identifies and describes key normative principles that are said to underpin contemporary juvenile justice in China. The development of the modern legal framework is also elucidated. In later sections we identify and analyze the regulatory and organizational limits to the implementation of such principles in everyday practice. We argue that the principles stand as part of professional discourse but remain a largely discursive phenomenon—impinging to a limited extent on the reality of juvenile justice processing in contemporary China.