bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Intriguing Formal [2 + 3] Cycloaddition Promoted by a hypervalent Iodine Reagent.
Authors: Berard Didier , Giroux Marc‐Andre , Racicot Leanne , Sabot Cyrille , Canesi Sylvain
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal Carbene Dimerization: Versatile Approach to Polyalkynylethenes.
Authors: Barluenga Jose , de Saa Diana , Gomez Aranzazu , Ballesteros Alfredo , Santamaria Javier , de Prado Ana , Tomas Miguel , Suarez‐Sobrino Angel L.
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Claisen Rearrangements with a Hydrogen‐Bond Donor Catalyst.
Authors: Uyeda Christopher , Jacobsen Eric N.
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Construction of Aryliridium—Salen Complexes: Enantio‐ and Cis‐Selective Cyclopropanation of Conjugated and Nonconjugated Olefins.
Authors: Suematsu Hidehiro , Kanchiku Shigefumi , Uchida Tatsuya , Katsuki Tsutomu
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Cyclopentenones via Intramolecular HWE and the Palladium‐Catalyzed Reactions of Allylic Hydroxy Phosphonate Derivatives.
Authors: Yan Bingli , Spilling Christopher D.
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Baylis—Hillman Reaction of Cyclic Enones with Arenecarbaldehydes and N‐Arylidene‐4‐methylbenzenesulfonamides by Using NAP‐MgO.
Authors: Kantam M. Lakshmi , Chakrapani L. , Choudary B. M.
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Preparation and Processing of the 4‐Methoxybenzyl (PMB) Group for Phenolic Protection Using Ultrasound.
Authors: Luzzio Frederick A. , Chen Juan
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Palladium‐Catalyzed Atom‐Efficient Cross‐Coupling Reactivity of Triarylbismuths with α,β‐Unsaturated Acyl Chlorides.
Authors: Rao Maddali L. N. , Venkatesh Varadhachari , Jadhav Deepak N.
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ligand‐Free Sonogashira Coupling Reactions with Heterogeneous Pd/C as the Catalyst.
Authors: Mori Shigeki , Yanase Takayoshi , Aoyagi Satoka , Monguchi Yasunari , Maegawa Tomohiro , Sajiki Hironao
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 5‐(Adamantan‐1‐yl)‐4,4‐dimethyl‐1‐(3‐oxyphenyl)‐2,6,7‐trioxabicyclo [3.2.0]heptanes and Their Base‐Induced Chemiluminescent Decomposition in Liquid/Solid Phase.
Authors: Matsumoto Masakatsu , Tanimura Masatoshi , Tachi Masahiko , Watanabe Nobuko
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Mandelic Acid Derived Phthalimides as a New Class of Antiinflammatory and Antimicrobial Agents.
Authors: Varala Ravi , Kotra Vijay , Alam M. Mujahid , Kumar N. Ramesh , Ganapaty S. , Adapa Srinivas R.
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of a 2‐Aminoimidazole Library for Antibiofilm Screening Utilizing the Sonogashira Reaction.
Authors: Richards Justin J. , Melander Christian
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and in vitro Study of Novel Isoxazolyl Benzoimidazolyl Benzamides (V), Acrylamides (VIII) and Propionamides (XI) as Antimicrobial Agents.
Authors: Rajanarendar E. , Ramu K. , Reddy S. Siva Rami , Shaik Firoz Pasha
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Characterization and Pharmacological Studies on Some Triazolothiadiazines and Triazolothiadiazoles Containing Naphtho[2,1‐b]furan.
Authors: Ravindra K. C. , Vagdevi H. M. , Vaidya V. P.
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Various Heterocycles Using Coumarinyl Isothiocyanates.
Authors: Mayekar Sagar A. , Mulwad Vinata V.
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Difluoro(methylene)cyclopropanes with Nitrones: Efficient Synthesis of 3,3‐Difluorinated Tetrahydropyridinols.
Authors: Hang Xiao‐Chun , Chen Qing‐Yun , Xiao Ji‐Chang
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Aluminum‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Alkylations of Pyridyl‐Substituted Alkynyl Ketones with Dialkylzinc Reagents.
Authors: Friel Donna K. , Snapper Marc L. , Hoveyda Amir H.
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Cerium(IV) Ammonium Nitrate Catalyzed Facile and Efficient Synthesis of Polyhydroquinoline Derivatives Through Hantzsch Multicomponent Condensation.
Authors: Reddy Cherkupally Sanjeeva , Raghu Mekala
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Indium(III)‐Catalyzed Tandem Reaction with Alkynylbenzaldehydes and Alkynylanilines to Heteroaromatic Compounds.
Authors: Yanada Reiko , Hashimoto Kana , Tokizane Rie , Miwa Yoshihisa , Minami Hideki , Yanada Kazuo , Ishikura Minoru , Takemoto Yoshiji
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt‐Mediated [2 + 2 + 2] Cycloaddition of Alkynyl Boronates to Indole and Pyrrole Double Bonds.
Authors: Amslinger Sabine , Aubert Corinne , Gandon Vincent , Malacria Max , Paredes Elisa , Vollhardt K. Peter C.
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structure and Biological Activities of Some Novel N‐(4,6‐Disubstituted‐pyrimidin‐2‐yl)‐N′‐ (trifluoromethylphenyl)guanidine Derivatives.
Authors: He Feng‐Qi , Liu Xing‐Hai , Wang Bao‐Lei , Li Yong‐Hong , Li Zheng‐Ming
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Synthesis of 6‐Halomethyl‐5,6‐dihydro‐4H‐1,2‐oxazines Based on Cyclizations of Arylalkenyl‐Oximes.
Authors: Karapetyan Vahuni , Mkrtchyan Satenik , Dang Tung T. , Villinger Alexander , Reinke Helmut , Langer Peter
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel N‐Substituted 6‐Chlorothieno[2,3‐e]‐1,4,2‐dithiazin‐3‐amine 1,1‐Dioxides.
Authors: Abu‐El‐Halawa Rajab , Al‐Refai Mahmoud H. , El‐Abadelah Mustafa M. , Tabba Hani D.
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Azepines by a Gold‐Catalyzed Intermolecular [4 + 3]‐Annulation.
Authors: Shapiro Nathan D. , Toste F. Dean
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Dehydrogenative Cyclocondensation of Aldehydes, Alkynes, and Dialkylsilanes.
Authors: Baxter Ryan D. , Montgomery John
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: 3‐Amino‐ and 3‐Acylamido‐2‐phosphonopyridines: Synthesis by Pd‐Catalyzed P—C Coupling, Structure and Conversion to Pyrido[b]‐Anellated P=C—N Heterocycles.
Authors: Adam Mohamed Shaker S. , Kuehl Olaf , Kindermann Markus K. , Heinicke Joachim W. , Jones Peter G.
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antiinflammatory Activity Evaluation of Unsymmetrical Selenides.
Authors: Martinez‐Ramos Federico , Salgado‐Zamora Hector , Campos‐Aldrete Maria Elena , Melendez‐Camargo Estela , Marquez‐Flores Yazmin , Soriano‐Garcia Manuel
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of N‐(2‐Chloroethyl)glycine and ‐DL‐Alanine Esters.
Authors: Aladzheva I. M. , Bykhovskaya O. V. , Petrovskii P. V. , Mastryukova T. A.
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: 20‐N‐Methylpurpuramine E: New Bromotyrosine‐Derived Metabolite from Okinawan Marine Sponge Pseudoceratina purpurea.
Authors: Teruya Toshiaki , Iwasaki Arihiro , Suenaga Kiyotake
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Atomic and Electronic Structure of Gold Clusters: Understanding Flakes, Cages and Superatoms from Simple Concepts
Authors: Haekkinen Hannu
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure and Function of Oxide Nanostructures: Catalytic Consequences of Size and Composition
Authors: Macht Josef , Iglesia Enrique
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Status of Trivalent Copper and Charge‐Transfer Excitons in High‐Tc Cuprates
Authors: Pouchard Michel , Doumerc Jean‐Pierre , Villesuzanne Antoine
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structures and Properties of Functional Metal Selenites and Tellurites
Authors: Mao Jiang‐Gao , Jiang Hai‐Long , Kong Fang
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Increasing the Structural Complexity of Chromium(IV) Oxides by High‐Pressure and High‐Temperature Reactions of CrO2
Authors: Castillo‐Martinez E. , Arevalo‐Lopez A. M. , Ruiz‐Bustos R. , Alario‐Franco M. A.
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Reductive Aldol Addition of Vinyl Ketones via Catalytic Hydrogenation
Authors: Han Soo Bong , Hassan Abbas , Kirsche Michael J.
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Medicinal Chemistry of Polycyclic Cage Compounds in Drug Discovery Research
Authors: Oliver Douglas W. , Malan Sarel F.
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Applications of Ionic Liquids in Synthesis and Catalysis
Authors: Dyson Paul J. , Geldbach Tilmann J.
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Thalidomide as a Multi‐Template for Development of Biologically Active Compounds
Authors: Hashimoto Yuichi
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Biotemplate Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Cage‐Shaped Protein Supramolecule, Apoferritin
Authors: Iwahori Kenji , Yamashita Ichiro
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
High Free Fatty Acid Crude Rice Bran Oil – A Renewable Feedstock for Sustainable Energy and Environment
Authors: Subramani Saravanan , Nagarajan Govindan , Lakshmi Narayana Rao Gattamaneni
Published: November 2008

Biodiesel is a renewable fuel mostly derived from vegetable oils, which has gained greater importance as an alternative source to petroleum derivatives due to its vital role in producing a cleaner environment. While most of the biodiesel‐based research has focused on edible and non‐edible vegetable oils, very little time has been devoted to the investigation of the use of rice bran oil, especially in its crude form with high levels of free fatty acids (FFA). Since crude rice bran oil (CRBO) with high FFA is not used as edible oil, it can be considered as a potential source of non‐edible vegetable oil for utilization as a feedstock for biodiesel production. In the present investigation, high FFA CRBO was subjected to esterification and transesterification processes and the crude rice bran oil methyl ester (CRBME) obtained was tested in a compression ignition (CI) engine to determine its ability to replace petroleum diesel and lead to a reduction in pollutants. A 4.4 kW, four‐stroke, direct‐injection, air‐cooled, stationary diesel engine was used in this investigation. CRBME has less emission of unburned hydrocarbon (UBHC), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and smoke density with a marginal increase in carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, when compared with diesel. It was also observed that the brake thermal efficiency of the engine was not affected when the engine was fueled with CRBME. From the experimental results, it is concluded that CRBO with high FFA has better emission characteristics than diesel without any associated loss of power. Hence CRBO with high FFA can be effectively used as a biofuel for the generation of a cleaner environment.
Incident Ultraviolet Radiation and Disappearance of the Aquatic Macrophyte Egeria densa in a Ramsar Wetlands Site
Authors: Lovengreen Charlotte , Morrow John , Jaramillo Eduardo , Lagos Nelson A. , Contreras Heraldo , Duarte Cristian
Published: November 2008

During mid 2004, abrupt environmental changes including a massive die off of the dominant macrophyte Egeria densa were observed within the wetlands of Río Cruces, a Ramsar site in southern Chile. One of the hypotheses presented to explain these changes was that increased ultraviolet radiation (UVR) may have been responsible. Since variation in UVR operates at regional scales, it is important to understand if the demise of E. densa also occurs at concurrent spatial and temporal scales. The current results demonstrate that monthly and annual variability of UVB was very stable during 1998 to 2006. Furthermore, in situ vertical profiles sampled across the wetlands and nearby rivers showed that UVR penetrates deeper into waters located outside the wetlands, where healthy stands of E. densa are commonly seen. The massive die off of E. densa within the Río Cruces wetlands cannot be explained by regional variability in UVR, and it is much more likely that the definitive reason is found locally within the wetlands rather than regionally.
The zinc finger protein Gfi1 is implicated in the regulation of IgG2b production and the expression of Iγ2b germline transcripts
Authors: Igwe Emeka , Kosan Christian , Khandanpour Cyrus , Sharif‐Askari Ehssan , Brüne Bernhard , Möröy Tarik
Published: November 2008

Gfi1 is a zinc finger transcription factor that is undetectable in B lymphocytes but its expression rises rapidly upon antigenic stimulation or treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Here we show that Gfi1−/− mice have higher serum levels of γ isotype immunoglobulin than WT animals. When challenged with antigen, Gfi1−/− mice react with accelerated formation of PNA+/CD19+ germinal center B cells and an increased production of antigen‐specific IgG2a and IgG2b. Moreover, Gfi1−/− B cells secrete more IgG2a and IgG2b than WT cells and produce higher levels of Iγ2b sterile germline transcripts when cultured with LPS. While the proliferative response to stimulation with anti‐IgM antibodies and plasma cell differentiation was normal in Gfi1−/− B cells, we found that mRNA and protein levels of TGFβ1 were significantly increased in the absence of Gfi1. TGFβ1 has been shown to be essential for the regulation of IgG subclass production and was previously found to selectively stimulate IgG2b secretion. Our findings reveal a new function of Gfi1 in the control of IgG isotype production.
The FGL2‐FcγRIIB pathway: A novel mechanism leading to immunosuppression
Authors: Liu Hao , Shalev Itay , Manuel Justin , He Wei , Leung Elisa , Crookshank Jennifer , Liu Ming F. , Diao Jun , Cattral Mark , Clark David A. , Isenman David E. , Gorczynski Reginald M. , Grant David R. , Zhang Li , Phillips Melville J. , Cybulsky Myron I. , Levy Gary A.
Published: November 2008

Fibrinogen‐like protein 2 (FGL2) is a multifunctional protein, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of allograft and xenograft rejection. Previously, FGL2 was shown to inhibit maturation of BM‐derived DC and T‐cell proliferation. The mechanism of the immunosuppressive activity of FGL2 remains poorly elucidated. Here, we focus on identification of FGL2‐specific receptor(s) and their ability to modulate APC activity and allograft survival. Using flow cytometry and surface plasmon resonance analysis, we show that FGL2 binds specifically to Fc gamma receptor (FcγR)IIB and FcγRIII receptors, which are expressed on the surface of APC, including B lymphocytes, macrophages and DC. Antibody to FcγRIIB and FcγRIII, or deficiency of these receptors, abrogated FGL2 binding. FGL2 inhibited the maturation of BMDC from FcγRIIB+/+ mice but not from FcγRIIB−/− mice and induced apoptosis in the FcγRIIB+ mouse B‐cell line (A20) but not the A20IIA1.6 cell line that does not express FcγRIIB. Recombinant FGL2 infused into FcγRIIB+/+ (C57BL/6J, H‐2b) mice but not FcγRIIB−/− mice inhibited rejection of fully mismatched BALB/cJ (H‐2d) skin allografts. The identification of specific receptor binding has important implications for the pathogenesis of immune‐mediated disease and suggests a potential for targeted FGL2 therapy.
Arginines in the CDR of anti‐dsDNA autoantibodies facilitate cell internalization via electrostatic interactions
Authors: Song Ying‐Chyi , Sun Guang‐Huan , Lee Tai‐Ping , Huang Jason C. , Yu Chia‐Li , Chen Chia‐Hung , Tang Shye‐Jye , Sun Kuang‐Hui
Published: November 2008

Internalization of autoantibodies against double‐stranded DNA (anti‐dsDNA) is crucial to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Anti‐dsDNA may bind to cell‐surface targets in order to facilitate the subsequent cell penetration of the anti‐dsDNA. In this study, we observed that the 9D7 monoclonal anti‐dsDNA autoantibody (9D7 mAb) penetrates into Jurkat cells via a novel alternative pathway. Endocytosis inhibitors or a lipid‐raft inhibitor did not significantly change the penetration of 9D7 mAb into the Jurkat cells. However, heparin sulfate, chondroitin sulfate B, decaarginine and chondroitinase ABC significantly suppressed the internalization and the 9D7 mAb inhibited the internalization of Tat‐GFP. Moreover, the penetration of the 9D7 mAb was significantly reduced in proteoglycan‐deficient cells (pgs A‐745). Positively charged amino acids including arginine are commonly found in the CDR of the 9D7 mAb. Point mutations to the arginine residues in the CDR of the H chain of the recombinant 9D7 mAb significantly attenuated its DNA‐binding and cell‐penetration abilities. These findings indicate that cell penetration of anti‐dsDNA is due to the electrostatic interactions of arginine residues in the CDR with the negatively charged sulfated polysaccharides on the cell surface.
Experimental validation of semi‐active resetable actuators in a ⅕th scale test structure
Authors: Mulligan K. J. , Chase J. G. , Mander J. B. , Rodgers G. W. , Elliott R. B. , Franco‐Anaya R. , Carr A. J.
Published: November 2008

The seismic performance of a test structure fitted with semi‐active resetable devices is experimentally investigated. Shaking table tests are conducted on a ⅕th scale four‐storey building using 27 earthquake records at different intensity scalings. Different resetable device control laws result in unique hysteretic responses from the devices and thus the structure. This device adaptability enables manipulation or sculpting of the overall hysteresis response of the structure to address specific structural cases and types. The response metrics are presented as maximum 3rd floor acceleration and displacement, and the total base shear. The devices reduce all the response metrics compared with the uncontrolled case and a fail‐safe surrogate. Cumulative probability functions allow comparison between different control laws and additionally allow tradeoffs in design to be rapidly assessed. Ease of changing the control law in real‐time during an earthquake record further improves the adaptability of the system to obtain the optimum device response for the input motion and structural type. The findings are an important step to realizing full‐scale structural control with customized semi‐active hysteretic behaviour using these novel resetable device designs. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk of prostate cancer among Swedish‐born and foreign‐born men in Sweden, 1961–2004
Authors: Beiki Omid , Ekbom Anders , Allebeck Peter , Moradi Tahereh
Published: November 2008

To elucidate the importance of environmental and genetic factors in prostate cancer etiology, we compared the risk of prostate cancer among foreign‐born men to that of Swedish‐born men in Sweden and to that in the country of origin. We estimated rate ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) adjusted for age, calendar period of year and education using Poisson regression in a cohort of 3.8 million men aged 45 years and older between 1961 and 2004. During the 45 years of follow‐up, 8,244 and 187,675 cases of prostate cancer occurred among foreign‐born and Swedish‐born men, respectively. Overall, foreign‐born men had a significantly 40% decreased risk of prostate cancer compared to Swedish‐born men (RR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.61–0.63). Men born in Middle Africa and in the Caribbean had an increased risk (RR = 1.89, 95% CI = 0.95–3.78 and RR = 1.24, 95% CI = 0.71–2.19, respectively). The overall risk in both strata of duration of residence or age at immigration was lower among immigrants compared to Swedish‐born men. After additional adjustment for birthplace and age at immigration, although the risk remained lower among immigrants compared to Swedish‐born, but it was increased among immigrants who stayed 35 years and longer compared to those who stayed shorter (RR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.21–1.46). Both environmental and genetic factors seem to be involved in the etiology of prostate cancer. Duration of residence was an important factor affecting the risk among immigrants. Studies focusing on the etiology of prostate cancer specifically in African immigrants and their descendants and increasing preventive and diagnostic activities on old immigrants are recommended. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vibrational Raman optical activity of π‐conjugated helical systems: Hexahelicene and heterohelicenes
Authors: Liégeois Vincent , Champagne Benoît
Published: November 2008

Helicenes constitute a special class of molecules combining helical conformation with π‐electron delocalization. These confer to helicenes specific chirooptical properties. In this article, we investigate the vibrational signatures thanks to the simulation of vibrational Raman optical activity (VROA) spectra. For that, four representative helicenes: hexahelicene, tetrathia‐[7]‐helicene, and its pyrrole and furan analogs have been simulated and interpreted using a recently implemented analytical scheme. Helicenes show intense VROA peaks attributed to their π‐conjugated structure and associated with collective vibrational modes. In hexahelicene, the dominant VROA features are due to vibrational modes involving motions of the carbon skeleton and H‐wagging, but the intensity finds its source almost exclusively in the former. In the case of the three heterohelicenes, the previous statement is also verified, and on changing the heteroatoms, similar modes presenting comparable atomic contribution patterns have been highlighted, though the vibrational and electronic properties are modified. Some fingerprints could therefore be associated with the helicity of the system. In particular, in forward spectra, most of the VROA bands are positive for left‐handed helicenes. Nevertheless, the spectral patterns are quite complex, and no easy rule‐of‐thumb could distinguish between the different heterohelicenes. Then, considering the fact that most of the contributions originate from the C atoms (group coupling matrices decomposition), it can be concluded that the major role of the heteroatom is restricted to modifying the geometry and the normal modes. At last, the small impact of the gauge‐origin on the calculated spectra using a relatively modest basis set (rDPS:3‐21G) is demonstrated here in the case of the tetrathia‐[7]‐helicene molecule presenting a C2 symmetry. This further demonstrates the adequacy of this basis set for VROA calculations. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2009
Stability of N‐based sandwich‐like energetic complexes [N4TiN4]2−: Effect of spins and counterions
Authors: Jin Lin , Ding Yi‐Hong
Published: November 2008

Design and assembly of new aromatic units has received growing attention due to its fundamental and application interests. Recently, a series of singlet sandwich‐like complexes [N4MN4]q (M = Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni) based on the energetic all‐nitrogen 6π‐aromatic species N have been devised. However, how the electronic spins and counterions influence the kinetic stability of sandwich‐like complexes has been very little understood, though it is very important to assess their potential use. In this article, we report our DFT study on the stability of the charged [N4TiN4]2− and [N4TiN4TiN4]2− systems as well as the neutral [N4TiN4]Li2 system in both singlet and triplet electronic states. We found that the ground state structures of di‐deckered [N4TiN4]2− and [N4TiN4]Li2 as well as the tri‐deckered [N4TiN4TiN4]2− are all in triplet state, rather than the previously reported singlet ones. Therefore, the N and Ti2+‐based sandwich‐like complexes should be in high spins and may have potential use for new paramagnetic materials. Moreover, our calculations indicate that although the counterions can induce the electronic stabilization, they on the other hand can lead to the considerable kinetic destabilization of the N‐based sandwich‐like complexes because the counterions can structurally destroy the perfectness of aromatic N. Thus, in study of the sandwich‐like complexes, the effect of counterions cannot be neglected for assessment of the kinetic stability. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2009
Hazards with cracked eggs and their relationship to egg shell strength
Authors: Widdicombe Joanne P , Rycroft Andrew N , Gregory Neville G
Published: November 2008

BACKGROUND: This study examined the relationship between egg shell strength and the prevalence of cracked shells, plus the relationship between egg shell cracks and the presence of bacteria in the albumen of retail eggs. A total of 500 eggs was sampled from five supermarket stores. Each egg was assessed for shell cracks using a candling method. The strength of the shells was assessed using a penetrometer. Bacteria from the egg albumen were recovered on blood agar.

RESULTS: The proportion of eggs that were cracked was on average 9%, and at one of the stores it was 17%. Albumen from eggs with gross cracks produced more abundant bacterial growth on blood agar compared to non‐cracked eggs, and contained a higher incidence of Gram negative bacteria. Campylobacter spp. were not recovered from any eggs. The shells in cracked eggs had lower Shore D durometer values indicating that they were physically weaker than non‐cracked eggs.

CONCLUSIONS: Weaker shells were more prone to developing cracks, and cracked eggs were more likely to contain bacteria. There were substantial differences between supermarkets in the prevalence of eggs with cracked shells. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaluation of castor (Ricinus communis) seed cake in the total mixed ration for sheep
Authors: Gowda NKS , Pal Dintaran T , Bellur Srinivas R , Bharadwaj Ujala , Sridhar Manpal , Satyanarayana Mayasandra L , Prasad Cadaba S , Ramachandra Koodli S , Sampath Koratikere T
Published: November 2008

BACKGROUND: Castor (Ricinus communis) seed cake (CSC), a byproduct of the vegetable‐oil industry, contains fairly good amounts of protein (crude protein, 290–390 g kg−1) which could be a suitable substitute of conventional oil cakes like soybean meal (SBM) in livestock diets but for the presence of a toxic glycoprotein, ricin. Efforts were, therefore, made to determine the feasibility of feeding CSC as such or after detoxification with lime (4%, wt/wt) by incorporating it into a total mixed ration (TMR) containing 65 and 35 parts ragi (Eleucine coracana) straw and concentrate mixture, respectively, with 11 g kg−1 CP and 50 g kg−1 TDN in which the SBM of a control diet was isonitrogenously replaced with either raw or lime‐treated CSC in test diets. The control and two test TMRs were fed to 24 sheep, respectively, divided at random into three dietary groups having equal number of animals for 150 days.

RESULTS: Although lime treatment had a positive effect in reducing ricin by 58%, no adverse effect could be noticed by feeding raw or lime‐treated CSC in terms of body weight changes, macro‐ and micro‐nutrient utilisation, blood biochemical and mineral profile, rumen fermentation pattern, carcass traits, except the level of plasma immunoglobulins which was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in sheep fed CSC diets. No pathological lesions could be noticed in the tissues of visceral organs due to feeding the raw or treated CSC.

CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest no adverse effect in the nutritional performance of adult sheep due to feeding the raw or treated CSC when incorporated into TMRs, probably due to a dilution of the ricin concentration or the development of immunity to the glycoprotein ricin, warranting long‐term growth‐cum‐production studies. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Chemical state of Na and K ions in Na10K5 silicate glass under electron irradiation investigated by XPS with the aid of the line shape analysis
Authors: Lesiak B. , Zemek J. , Jiricek P. , Gedeon O. , Jóźwik A.
Published: November 2008

The NaK (Na10K5) silicate glass, unirradiated and electron irradiated (electron dose from 25 to 8239 Cm−2) is investigated using XPS. The measurements are performed in the angular‐resolved ADES‐400 spectrometer using AlKα X‐ray radiation and an electron beam of energy 2 keV. Owing to surface charging and ambiguity of identification of the atomic oxidized chemical states, the line shapes of selected XPS transitions are analyzed with the aid of the pattern recognition (PR) method. This method is based on a distance measure and deals with spectra representation as vectors in the n‐dimensional space. The algorithm presented, called the fuzzy k‐nearest neighbor (fkNN) rule, allows for identification of ambiguous vectors with the membership vectors described by classes membership probabilities.

Under electron irradiation, the Na and K content in a surface region undergoesincrease and then slow systematic decrease. The line shape analysis indicates difficult classification of XPS spectra recorded for unirradiated and irradiated glass, especially for Na 1s transition. The chemical state of Na is a mixture of elemental and oxidized form and remains unchanged for all electron doses. Larger changes in the chemical form are observed for the K atom. In an unirradiated silicate glass, a mixture of elemental and oxide form is observed with increasing content of oxide under irradiation. The alkali atoms, Na and K, exhibit a migration effect. Comparison of PR and fitting results indicates better reliability and accuracy of the PR method. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mapping of chemical bonding states of Ag/Si(111) with synchrotron radiation photo emission electron microscopy
Authors: Hashimoto M. , Guo F.‐Z. , Suzuki M. , Ueda M. , Matsuoka Y. , Kinoshita T. , Kobayashi K. , Shin S. , Oura M. , Takeuchi T. , Saito Y. , Matsushita T. , Yasue T. , Koshikawa T.
Published: November 2008

The chemical state sensitive imaging of Ag/Si (111) using Ag 3d core photoelectrons was tried using a spectroscopic photo emission and low energy electron microscopy at SPring‐8. XPS spectrum obtained from the two‐dimensional (2D) Ag/Si(111) √3 × √3 structure exhibits the chemical shift of about 0.5 eV toward the higher binding energy with respect to that from the three‐dimensional (3D) Ag(111) island with 1 × 1 structure. The direct imaging of the difference in the chemical bonding state between the 3D and 2D structure has been tried, but it was not easy because the XPS signal from the 3D island was fairly larger than that from the 2D layer. The XPEEM images relative to a reference image taken in between XPS peaks of the 3D and 2D structures made the visualization of the different chemical state possible. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
People mountain, people sea: a study of four Chinese English idioms on the Web
Authors: Fang Fan
Published: November 2008

The English language has developed and spread around the world as a global language. As a variety of English in China, it has also formed some distinct features. This paper first introduces the status quo of the English language in China, and then by analysing the use of four Chinglish idioms on the Internet, argues that the use of Chinglish idioms can be more expressive in some settings. The Internet use of Chinglish idioms shows the actual state of language diversity and creativity, and more significantly, it reflects Chinese identity.
An Exploratory Study of Self Reported Language Learning Behaviors and their Relation to Achievement
Authors: Politzer Robert L.
Published: November 2008

Ninety undergraduate students enrolled in Foreign language courses in French, Spanish and German were asked to respond to a questionnaire concerning their engagement in certain selected learning behaviors culled from recent literature on good language learners. The data reported by the students are described and analyzed according to level of language course, and language. They are also related to student's grades and instructors' evaluations of students' progress, effort and voluntary classroom participation. The main finding is that there is some evidence for a link between certain behaviors and student achievement. However, links between learning behavior and achievement seem dependent on course level and methodology, and suggest the possibility of a learning behavior/treatment interaction.
Apply with Caution
Authors: Hatch Evelyn
Published: November 2008

Perhaps we are no worse than any other, but I think our field must soon be known for the incredible leaps in logic we make in applying our research findings to classroom teaching. When contrasts drawn between first and second languages showed differences and those differences seemed to match errors our students made in the classroom, we leapt to say that Contrastive Analysis alone should form the basis of the language teaching curriculum. When a so-called invariant order of acquisition of morphemes was found, we made two leaps in logic––one to say that this was the best evidence of a creative language acquisition process and a second to say that this research shows that learners should just be exposed to, rather than taught, the language. When we found traits shared by good language learners, we suggested that the curriculum should be altered to make sure everyone does what good learners do. We have looked at conversational analysis and declared that teaching materials should reflect true conversational data. No matter what the finding, we have taught ourselves to ask ‘What -does this mean for the classroom teacher?’ and made suggestions without careful thought. There is hardly a publisher or a political group that won't find (or hasn't already found) something in all these leaps of logic to call giant strides. It shouldn't be hard to find the basis to sell almost any program to almost everyone on the strength of someone's research findings.
Mimicry of Non-distinctive Phonetic Differences Between Language Varieties
Authors: Flege James Emil , Hammond Robert M.
Published: November 2008

A delayed mimicry paradigm was used to assess speakers′ awareness of non-distinctive phonetic differences which in part distinguish languages. The notion of “phonological filtering” implies that second language learners may not be able to perceive phonetic differences between their native language and a foreign language unless the phonetic differences are linguistically relevant in the native language. If cross-language phonetic differences are in fact perceived poorly, it is unlikely that phonetic modification will occur in the course of naturalistic second language acquisition. In this study native English speakers familiar with Spanish-accented English attempted to read sentences with a Spanish accent. Acoustic measurements showed that two phonetic characteristics of English—the long VOT values associated with /p, t, k/ and final-syllable lengthening—were altered in the direction of Spanish and Spanish-accented English. These results provide tentative evidence that non-distinctive phonetic differences between languages are detectable by language learners and thus donotpresent an insuperable barrier to phonetic learning in second language acquisition.
The Wave Model of Linguistic Change and the Naturalness of Interlanguage
Authors: Zobl Helmut
Published: November 2008

This paper investigates the question of whether the Wave Model of linguistic change can furnish a valid idealization for the patterning of variation in interlanguage systems and, thereby, a scale for the determination of their degree of naturalness. Using cross-sectional data from 162 French-speaking adult learners, the paper analyzes the variability in the evolution of the English possessive determiners HIS and HER. The main findings are as follows:

1. The Wave Model furnishes a valid idealization for acquisitional change.

2. The developmental continuum reveals that L2, acquisition appears to involve a greater scope of variability. Change may be initiated in a more marked environment at a point when the rule change process is not yet fully completed in the less marked environment. Nonetheless, the proportion of learners showing variable application of the mature rule in only one environment at a time as opposed to those with variable application in both is more than 2:1.

3. Less natural systems evidence rule blockage and/or compartmentalization of the marked environment; rule conflict between noncontiguous parts of the rule, and violation of markedness constraints.

4. Premature adoption of gender marking on the possessive determiners or, more generally, failure to approach the target language rule with an unmarked, initial hypothesis is one important source of unnaturalness in rule variability.

The data analysis leads up to a number of other issues in interlanguage research such as inter-learner variation, the ‘acquisition-learning’ distinction, and the relationship between the Simple Codes Hypothesis and unsuccessful L2, acquisition.