bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COVID-19–Associated Hepatitis Complicating Recent Living Donor Liver Transplantation
Authors: Lagana Stephen M. , De Michele Simona , Lee Michael J. , Emond Jean C. , Griesemer Adam D. , Tulin-Silver Sheryl A. , Verna Elizabeth C. , Martinez Mercedes , Lefkowitch Jay H.
Published: April 2020

We present a case of COVID-19 hepatitis in a living donor liver allograft recipient whose donor subsequently tested positive for COVID-19. The patient is a female infant with biliary atresia (failed Kasai procedure). She recovered well, with improving liver function tests for 4 days. On postoperative day 4 the patient developed respiratory distress and fever. COVID-19 testing (polymerase chain reaction) was positive. Liver function test results increased approximately 5-fold. Liver biopsy showed moderate acute hepatitis with prominent clusters of apoptotic hepatocytes and associated cellular debris. Lobular lymphohistiocytic inflammation was noted. Typical portal features of mild to moderate acute cellular rejection were also noted.
HathiTrust U.S. Federal Documents Program Update
Authors: Christenson Heather
Published: April 2020

I am pleased to have this opportunity to update GODORT and DttP readers on the progress of the HathiTrust U.S. Federal Documents Program.As of this writing in December 2019, HathiTrust includes close to 1.4 million U.S. federal documents digitized from print. Our top contributors are the University of Michigan, the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, and the University of Minnesota. The collaborative nature of our aggregate contributions is powerful—our collection includes digital volumes from 51 different institutions and from the Technical Report Archive & Image Library (TRAIL).
Using OCLC WorldCat to Survey Government Publications in a Library’s Collection
Authors: Zellmer Linda
Published: April 2020

A method to evaluate a library’s government information collection using OCLC’s WorldCat is described. By searching material type codes for government publications, and limiting the search to an owning library, it is possible to find the number of cataloged government publications in a library’s collection. The system can be used to identify the age of government publications in a library, the number of items on a given subject, and find publications on a topic from a specific time period. This method of analysis is especially useful for analyzing government information collections when publications are cataloged into a library’s main collection. The search technique can be used to generate statistics on government publication collections which can be used to prepare reports on library collections and materials.
HathiTrust Copyright Review of State Government Documents
Authors: Hall Kristina
Published: April 2020

This article describes a copyright review program at HathiTrust which sought to determine the copyright status of individual US state government documents. The copyright project was carried out from 2014 to November 2019, and more than thirty-five people from different institutions took part.
Proposed GODORT Bylaw changes
Authors: Documents Round Table Government
Published: April 2020

In the accompanying document, text to be removed is indicated by strike though. Proposed new text is bolded and underlined.Purpose:To provide a clearer, more accurate definition of Task Forces, Interest Groups, and Discussion groups.To clarify the roles and differences between Task Forces, Interest Groups, and Discussion groups.To allow Interest Groups to have a voting member on steering.
Late onset periprosthetic infection of the hip caused by the fish pathogen Lactococcus garvieae in a patient not associated with fish exposure
Authors: Westberg Marianne , Brekke Hanne , Hermansen Nils Olav , Flatøy Bernhard
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Lactococcus garvieae is a fish pathogen, rarely causing opportunistic infections in humans. There are only a few cases reported in the literature, mainly endocarditis, suggesting an association with raw fish consumption. We report a case of a periprosthetic hip infection successfully treated with a two-stage revision surgery.
Nicho polínico de Apis mellifera L. na Caatinga durante a floração de Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poiret
Authors: De Sousa Muniz Vitória Inna Mary , De Melo Nascimento José Elton , Felix Jânio Angelo , Alves José Everton
Published: April 2020

O objetivo deste trabalho foi conhecer a composição da flora apícola da Caatinga com importância para A. mellifera durante o período de florescimento da jurema preta (Mimosa tenuiflora), bem como descrever morfologicamente os grãos de pólen desta espécie e as preferências de A. mellifera para os recursos tróficos disponíveis na flora local nesta época. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido numa área de vegetação típica de Caatinga, na zona rural de Sobral, Ceará, em 2017, durante o período que coincidiu com o florescimento da jurema preta (agosto a outubro) e com o período de escassez de chuvas. A metodologia buscou identificar as espécies de plantas em florescimento neste período que faziam parte da dieta polínica de A. mellifera, bem como as características da flora polinífera relacionadas à diversidade, equitatividade e dominância na área investigada. Os resultados mostraram que poucas espécies da Caatinga fornecem pólen para a dieta das abelhas africanizadas durante o segundo semestre do ano. O tipo Cyperaceae 1 foi o preferido para a coleta de pólen pelas colônias de A. mellifera, sucedido pela jurema preta. Os resultados desse trabalho também colaboram para o conhecimento da estrutura do nicho trófico de A. mellifera, fornecendo subsídios para o manejo desse polinizador e para a conservação da biodiversidade da Caatinga no nordeste do Brasil.
Lobação pulmonar em ouriço-cacheiro (Sphiggurus villosus)
Authors: Viana-Peçanha Shirley , Duarte Rafaela Dünkel , Carvalho Raquel Batista Junger , Nascimento Renata Medeiros , Junior Paulo Souza , Abidu-Figueiredo Marcelo
Published: April 2020

O interesse pelo estudo de animais silvestres vem crescendo consideravelmente nos últimos anos, seja em decorrência do risco de extinção ou visando o controle de doenças, especialmente as zoonoses. A ordem Rodentia apresenta o maior número de espécies da classe Mammalia. Apesar de ampla distribuição e importância, dados sobre sua anatomia pulmonar são escassos na literatura. O objetivo deste artigo é caracterizar a lobação pulmonar em Sphiggurus villosus e avaliar aspectos comparativos desta característica em roedores. Os espécimes foram coletados mortos em rodovias do Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos (estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil) e fixados com solução de formaldeído a 10%. Procedeu-se a lavagem em água corrente, abertura da cavidade torácica para dissecção e caracterização da lobação pulmonar de doze espécimes, seis de cada sexo. Em todos os cadáveres o pulmão direito se subdividiu em lobos cranial, médio, caudal e acessório. O pulmão esquerdo se subdividiu em lobo cranial (porção cranial e caudal) e lobo caudal. Não houve diferença na lobação pulmonar entre os sexos. A divisão pulmonar esquerda é o principal aspecto de divergência entre a lobação nas espécies da ordem Rodentia.
The impact of diel vertical migration on fatty acid patterns and allocation inDaphnia magna
Authors: Hahn Meike Anika , Von Elert Eric
Published: April 2020

In freshwater zooplankton diel vertical migration (DVM) is a widespread predator-avoidance behavior that is induced by kairomones released from fish. Thereby zooplankton reduces predation by fish by staying in deep and dark colder strata during daytime and migrating into warmer layers during night, and thus experiences diel alterations in temperature. Constantly lower temperatures have been shown to increase the relative abundance of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) inDaphniasp. Furthermore, a low dietary supply of the ω3-PUFA eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) has been shown to limit the induction of DVM inDaphnia magnaand the performance ofD. magnaunder fluctuating temperatures, as experienced during DVM. In nature DVM ofD. magnain response to fish is accompanied by the presence of fish-borne kairomone and diel fluctuations of depth dependent-parameters like temperature, food, and oxygen supply. Here we investigated the effect of factors, which are differing betweenDaphniathat perform DVM and those which do not. We selected to examine the effect of changing temperature and light conditions and of the presence/absence of fish kairomones onD. magna.For this purpose, we conducted a full factorial experimental design in which we grewD. magnaunder constantly warm temperatures in a diel light-dark regime or under alternating temperatures in darkness crossed with the presence or absence of fish kairomones. We analyzed the fatty acid composition of mature animals and of their offspring in each treatment. Simulation of the light and temperature regime of migrating animals in presence of the fish kairomone resulted in an increased relative allocation of the ω3-PUFA EPA, from adult animals to their offspring, manifesting as decreased EPA concentrations in mothers and increased EPA concentrations in their offspring in response to simulated DVM (mothers). Additionally, EPA concentrations in the offspring were affected by the interaction of simulated DVM and the fish cue. The presence of the fish kairomone alone increased the EPA concentration in the offspring, that was not experiencing simulated DVM. These findings lead to the conclusion that the temperature and light regime associated with DVM alone, as well as in combination with the DVM-inducing fish kairomones, alter the allocation of fatty acids to the offspring in a manner, which is beneficial for the offspring under the decreased average temperatures, which migrating animals are exposed to. A low dietary supply of ω3-PUFAs may constrainD. magna’s amplitude of DVM, but our results suggest that the next generation of animals may be capable of regaining the full DVM amplitude due to the effect of the fish kairomone and the experienced temperature fluctuations (and darkness) on tissue fatty acid composition. These findings suggest that fatty acid limitation in DVM performingDaphniamay be more severe for the maternal than for the offspring generation.
New fossil lizard specimens from a poorly-known squamate assemblage in the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) San Juan Basin, New Mexico, USA
Authors: Woolley C. Henrik , Smith Nathan D. , Sertich Joseph J.W.
Published: April 2020

Recent collection efforts in the upper Campanian (∼76-73.5 Ma) Fruitland and Kirtland formations of northwestern New Mexico have significantly increased the taxonomic diversity of lizards in this historically poorly understood squamate assemblage. New lizard specimens from the “Hunter Wash Local Fauna” of the upper Fruitland and lower Kirtland formations include: (1) new specimens referable to Chamopsiidae; (2) new material belonging to Scincomorpha, (3) new material belonging to Anguidae; and (4) the first reported predatory lizard (Platynota) material from the Campanian of New Mexico. The increase in lizard diversity in the “Hunter Wash Local Fauna” expands our understanding of Late Cretaceous squamate taxonomy, distribution, and diversity in the Western Interior of North America (Laramidia). Collectively, the described specimens represent family-level diversity similar to that seen in other Campanian foreland basin deposits of the Western Interior, such as the mid-paleolatitude Kaiparowits Formation of southern Utah, the higher paleolatitude Dinosaur Park Formation of southern Alberta, and the lower paleolatitude Aguja Formation of southwestern Texas. The lizards of the “Hunter Wash Local Fauna” represent crucial mid-paleolatitude data from a coastal plain depositional setting in Laramidia—allowing for comparisons to more well-studied assemblages at different latitudes and in different depositional settings.
Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment in the High Mountain Region of Nepal: A Case Study of Lamjung District
Authors: Rai Kala , Neupane Basanta Kumar , Pariyar Raj Kumar
Published: April 2020

Climate change vulnerability has need access to targeted scientiﬁc information about the impacts of climate change in order to adapt to its effects. Awareness can be measured through three different parameters-conceptualization, engagement and experimental. This research has conduct in Lamjung district where people are victimize from climate change. Primary and secondary sources of data are used. This study used household surveys and focus group discussions to assess people perceptions of these changes and identify the climate change vulnerability. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the Lamjung districts, vulnerable in the context of the climate change. This result is useful for policymaker, local government and different stockholder who are working on climate change sector. It is also important for long term changes in climate variables and occurrences of natural disasters is the most important component to determine the overall vulnerability. Climate change vulnerability had been decreased considerably in this study area. Meanwhile, long-term research in Nepal is required for extensive work on climate change and primary data collection for climate change vulnerability assessment.
Wirebond Process Improvement through Silicon Die Polyimide Removal
Authors: Moreno Anthony R. , Jaylo Jonalyn E. , Gomez Frederick Ray I. , Graycochea Jr Edwin M. .
Published: April 2020

This study aims to develop polyimide etching process on the silicon die after decapsulation to resolve the wire shear issue during ball shear data gatherings. The shear strength of the ball is affected by the presence of polyimide insulator during ball shearing process, due to the polyimide layer of the silicon die being coplanar with the ball height of the wire. Experimentation and statistical analysis were done on units with and without polyimide coating, with Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) used to remove the excess polyimide.  Results revealed that silicon dice without polyimide coating resulted to better reading in terms of ball shear.
Optimizing Perioperative Antimicrobial Therapy for Acute Cholecystitis Using Bile Gram Stain Results
Authors: Maehira Hiromitsu , Kawasaki Masayasu , Ogawa Masao , Imagawa Atsuo , Itoh Aya , Mizumura Naoto , Okumura Satoshi , Kameyama Masao
Published: April 2020

Objective

We aimed to evaluate whether Gram stain results from smear preparations of bile are useful in determining the optimal perioperative antimicrobial agents.

Summary of background data

Surgical site infections (SSIs) are common complications in emergency cholecystectomy.

Methods

A total of 185 patients who underwent emergency cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis were enrolled (Bell Land General Hospital Ethic Board approval number 2017-0003). Bile was collected from 121 patients. The Gram stain results from bile smear and culture preparations were evaluated. Furthermore, the antimicrobial resistance was evaluated according to bile Gram stain results.

Results

Bile bacteria were detected in 82 patients (67.8%) with the culture preparation and in 72 patients (59.5%) with the smear preparation. The average rate of correspondence in the Gram stain results between smear and culture preparations was 86.3% among patients with bile bacteria in the smear preparation. Cefepime and meropenem had a low antimicrobial resistance rate for all Gram stain results (<10%). However, the resistance rate of other antimicrobial agents differed according to the Gram stain results.

Conclusions

The Gram stain results from the smear preparation appear to be useful in choosing optimal perioperative antimicrobial agents.
Post-harvest behavior of green peppers after pectin methyl esterase and calcium chloride application
Authors: Paixão Airles Regina da Costa
Published: April 2020

The green pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is an important Brazilian vegetable and it is very much appreciated, besides being a source of vitamins, minerals and fibers. However, it has serious post-harvest shelf-life problems, such as tissue softening. The exogenous application of pectin methyl esterase and calcium has been shown to be efficient in maintaining the firmness of several fruits. Thus, the present study had as objective to evaluate the effects of the application of exogenous pectin methyl esterase (PME) and calcium in post-harvest conservation of the cv. Yolo Wander. For this, the green peppers were submitted to vacuum infusion with water, vacuum infusion with 7% of calcium chloride and vacuum infusion of PME associated to 7% calcium chloride, fruits without infusion were used as control. Loss of fresh mass, fruit firmness, peel color, soluble solids content, pH, total acidity and PME activity were evaluated. In relation to the loss of fresh mass there was a significant increase over time in all treatments. Also, according to the results, the fruits not immersed or those immersed in calcium chloride showed greater maintenance of the firmness, as well as smaller variations in the activity of the SME and low levels of organic acids. The vacuum infusion with 7% calcium chloride maintained the firmness and the physicochemical characteristics of the green pepper. However, the application of PME + CaCl2 did not promote the maintaining desirable firmness characteristics for the green pepper.
Surface Engineering of All‐Inorganic Perovskite Quantum Dots with Quasi Core−Shell Technique for High‐Performance Photodetectors
Authors: Saleem Muhammad Imran , Yang Shengyi , Zhi Ruonan , Sulaman Muhammad , Chandrasekar Perumal Veeramalai , Jiang Yurong , Tang Yi , Batool Attia , Zou Bingsuo
Published: April 2020

All‐inorganic lead halide perovskites with good surface morphology show substantial prospect for optoelectronic devices. However, the anion exchange of coordinated alkylamine ligands (e.g., oleic acid and oleylamine) can detach ligands and induce more interface trap sites, subsequently to reduce device performance. In this paper, therefore, a simple solution‐processed route is presented to synthesize quasi coreshell CsPbBr3formamidinium iodide (FAI = CH(NH2)2I) colloidal quantum dots (CQDs), and then it is applied as the active layer for photodetectors by finely controlling the ligands exchange. The presence of FAI = CH(NH2)2I on CsPbBr3 is confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. As a result, the photodetector ITO/ZnO (100 nm)/CsPbBr3 (150 nm)/Au show an enhanced specific detectivity over 1013 Jones with a responsivity of 19 A W1 under 3 mW cm2 405 nm illumination at 1.5 V. The experimental data show that the enhanced device performance is due to the improved crystallinity and less surface defects of CsPbBr3 CQDs, as the result of less alkylamine ligands is detached during its FAI passivation, thus the charge carriers' mobility of the film is improved. Therefore, it provides a promising way for high‐performance solution‐processed all‐inorganic CsPbBr3 based optoelectronic devices.
Deep‐Blue Thiophene‐Based Steric Oligomers as a Low‐Threshold Laser Gain and Host Material
Authors: Han Yamin , Bai Lubing , Xu Man , An Xiang , Wei Chuanxin , Sun Lili , Sun Ning , Yu Mengna , Zhang He , Lin Jinyi , Ou Changjin , Xie Linghai , Yin Chengrong , Sun Chen , Ding Xuehua , Cabanillas‐Gonzalez Juan , Huang Wei
Published: April 2020

Thiophene‐based (Th‐based) derivatives have received wide attentions in organic optoelectronics due to their excellent and tuneable optoelectrical properties as well as chemical modification. However, the low photoluminescence quantum yield in solid state limits their application in solution‐processed light‐emitting optoelectronic devices, especially in organic lasers. Herein, a novel blue‐emitting steric Th‐based fluorophore (MC8‐Th) with excellent optical gain behavior for organic laser is reported. Interestingly, MC8‐Th neat film exhibits efficient exceptional deep‐blue amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) behavior with a remarkably low threshold of 6.0 µJ cm−2 and full‐width‐at‐half‐maximum value of 2.6 nm. Furthermore, random laser signals are also obtained with the lowest threshold of 4.1 µJ cm−2 when incorporating the compound into an inert polystyrene (PS) matrix. In addition, low threshold (16 µJ cm−2, fivefold lower than those of F8BT neat films) yellow–green ASE emission (560 nm) is achieved through Förster resonance energy transfer. Meanwhile, ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy is deployed here to observe the single‐molecular excitonic behavior in solution and PS‐blend, intermolecular excited state in neat film, and efficient energy transfer in MC8‐Th:F8BT‐blend films. As far as known, MC8‐Th shows lower threshold ASE/lasing behavior for the Th‐based conjugated materials.
Ru‐Catalyzed Carbonylative Murai Reaction: Directed C3‐Acylation of Biomass‐Derived 2‐Formyl Heteroaromatics
Authors: Sala Roberto , Roudesly Fares , Veiros Luis F. , Broggini Gianluigi , Oble Julie , Poli Giovanni
Published: April 2020

The Murai reaction is a ruthenium‐catalyzed transformation leading to alkylated arenes through the C−C bond formation between an alkene and an arene bearing a directing group. Discovered in the nineties, this useful C−H activation based coupling has been the object of intense study since its discovery. After having studied the Murai reaction on 2‐formylfurans of biomass derivation, we describe here the carbonylative version applied to 2‐formylfurans, 2‐formylpyrrols and 2‐formylthiophenes. This acylation reaction takes place regioselectively at C3 position of the heterocyclopentadienes thanks to the installation of removable imine directing groups. The transformation can be achieved by treating the two reaction partners with a catalytic amount of Ru3(CO)12, in toluene at 120–150 °C, after CO bubbling, at atmospheric pressure. DFT computations of the full catalytic cycle help in deciphering the mechanism of this transformation, and to rationalize the different behaviors depending on the nature of imine directing groups.

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Water Solubilization of Phthalocyanine Derivatives via Interactions of Long Alkyl Chains and Cyclodextrins: Potential Complexes for Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Goto Yuya , Hino Shodai , Sugikawa Kouta , Kawasaki Riku , Ikeda Atsushi
Published: April 2020

Five types of cyclodextrins, based on α‐cyclodextrin (α‐CDx) and β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CDx), were used to make hydrophobic phthalocyanine (Pc) derivatives with long alkyl chains soluble in water via a high‐speed vibration milling method. Aqueous solutions of DMe‐β‐CDx‐based complexes were found to be the most stable, for at least 1 week over those containing α‐CDx. Although DMe‐β‐CDx complexes containing a free‐base Pc and Zn−Pc with eight dodecyl chains showed greater solubility than their α‐CDx‐base counterparts, α‐CDx complexes containing a free‐base Pc and Zn−Pc with eight dodecyl chains show no self‐aggregation of the Pcs and, as a result, exhibit fluorescence signals. Overall, it was found that the α‐CDx−Zn−Pc complex exhibits higher photodynamic activity than that of the commercially available and widely used photosensitizer Photofrin.
Plasmonic heating using an easily recyclable Pd‐functionalized Fe3O4/Au core‐shell nanoparticle catalyst for the Suzuki and Sonogashira reaction
Authors: De Cattelle Amaury , Billen Arne , Brullot Ward , Verbiest Thierry , Koeckelberghs Guy
Published: April 2020

Palladium functionalized gold nanoparticles were used in the past as a catalyst system in light induced cross‐coupling reactions, but with a main limitation of the recuperation. To overcome this problem, a palladium functionalized Fe3O4/Au core‐shell nanoparticle was successfully synthesized with a peak wavelength of 680 nm from the plasmon resonance of the gold shell. By the presence of the magnetite core, the nanoparticle catalyst can easily be removed using magnetic precipitation. This is accompanied with the advantage of having less valuable gold present in the system. The gold shell makes it possible to induce local heating using plasmon resonance. By this combination, it is possible to recuperate the catalyst system using magnetic precipitation and increase the control and safety of the reaction due to the presence of the light‐induced plasmonic heating. It was possible to perform light‐induced Suzuki cross‐coupling reactions using this catalyst system, but with a dependency of the substrate. It was found that an anionic substrate is repulsed from the negatively charged core‐shell nanoparticle. The catalyst was examined on its recuperation abilities and could be reused up to 5 cycles. At the catalytic site a temperature was reached between 40 °C and 45 °C. Despite the promising results of the Suzuki reaction, it was not possible to perform light‐induced Sonogashira reactions due to the insufficient heat generation at the catalytic site. Nevertheless, these results are promising in the development of an easily recyclable catalyst together with an alternative heating source, resulting in an increase of control and safety.
Valorization of whey using a biorefinery
Authors: Sebastián‐Nicolás Jessica L. , González‐Olivares Luis G. , Vázquez‐Rodríguez Gabriela A. , Lucho‐Constatino Carlos A. , Castañeda‐Ovando Araceli , Cruz‐Guerrero Alma E.
Published: April 2020

In Mexico, whey is discarded into drains without treatment, which represents an environmental problem. It is known that whey is a mixture of nutrients that increase biochemical demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), exceeding the limits established by national and international standards. Some uses of whey have been proposed to reduce the negative impact it produces on the environment. Some of these uses are the production of high‐value raw materials, separation of macromolecules of industrial interest, and the generation of energy, among others. The integral use of waste under a biorefinery scheme represents a viable alternative for the use of this waste. In this way, the chemical composition of the waste can be used to recover compounds with high added value. The main objective of this review is to propose a dairy whey biorefinery to use components of commercial interest. This biorefinery process involves three stages: the first is the separation of lactoferrin using a polyacrylamide matrix (PAM) impregnated with copper; the second is lactic fermentation using the residue resulting from the separation of lactoferrin, from which lactic acid, hydrolyzed proteins, and probiotics will be obtained. Finally, in the third stage, the residue from the previous stage can be used to generate biogas. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Evolutionary Views of Tuberculosis: Indoleamine 2,3‐Dioxygenase Catalyzed Nicotinamide Synthesis Reflects Shifts in Macrophage Metabolism
Authors: Suchard Melinda S. , Adu‐Gyamfi Clement G. , Cumming Bridgette M. , Savulescu Dana M.
Published: April 2020

Indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO) is the rate‐limiting enzyme in conversion of tryptophan to kynurenines, feeding de novo nicotinamide synthesis. IDO orchestrates materno‐foetal tolerance, increasing human reproductive fitness. IDO mediates immune suppression through depletion of tryptophan required by T lymphocytes and other mechanisms. IDO is expressed by alternatively activated macrophages, suspected to play a key role in tuberculosis (TB) pathogenesis. Unlike its human host, Mycobacterium tuberculosis can synthesize tryptophan, suggesting possible benefit to the host from infection with the microbe. Intriguingly, nicotinamide analogues are used to treat TB. In reviewing this field, it is postulated that flux through the nicotinamide synthesis pathway reflects switching between aerobic glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in M. tuberculosis‐infected macrophages. The evolutionary cause of such shifts may be ancient mitochondrial behavior related to reproductive fitness. Evolutionary perspectives on the IDO pathway may elucidate why, after centuries of co‐existence with the Tubercle bacillus, humans still remain susceptible to TB disease.
Modeling the Residence Time Distribution of Integrated Continuous Bioprocesses
Authors: Sencar Jure , Hammerschmidt Nikolaus , Jungbauer Alois
Published: April 2020

In response to the biopharmaceutical industry advancing from traditional batch operation to continuous operation, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has published a draft for continuous integrated biomanufacturing. This draft outlines the most important rules for establishing continuous integration. One of these rules is a thorough understanding of mass flows in the process. A computer simulation framework is developed for modeling the residence time distribution (RTD) of integrated continuous downstream processes based on a unit‐by‐unit modeling approach in which unit operations are simulated one‐by‐one across the entire processing time, and then combined into an integrated RTD model. The framework allows for easy addition or replacement of new unit operations, as well as quick adjustment of process parameters during evaluation of the RTD model. With this RTD model, the start‐up phase to reach steady state can be accelerated, the effects of process disturbances at any stage of the process can be calculated, and virtual tracking of a section of the inlet material throughout the process is possible. A hypothetical biomanufacturing process for an antibody was chosen for showcasing the RTD modeling approach.
Artificial Metalloenzymes based on TetR Proteins and Cu(II) for Enantioselective Friedel‐Crafts Alkylation Reactions
Authors: Gutiérrez de Souza Cora , Bersellini Manuela , Roelfes Gerard
Published: April 2020

The supramolecular approach is among the most convenient methodologies for creating artificial metalloenzymes (ArMs). Usually this approach involves the binding of a transition metal ion complex to a biomolecular scaffold via its ligand, which also modulates the catalytic properties of the metal ion. Herein, we report ArMs based on the proteins CgmR, RamR and QacR from the TetR family of multidrug resistance regulators (MDRs) and Cu2+ ions, assembled without the need of a ligand. These ArMs catalyze the enantioselective vinylogous Friedel‐Crafts alkylation reaction with up to 75 % ee. Competition experiments with ethidium and rhodamine 6G confirm that the reactions occur in the chiral environment of the hydrophobic pocket. It is proposed that the Cu2+‐substrate complex is bound via a combination of electrostatic and π‐stacking interactions provided by the second coordination sphere. This approach constitutes a fast and straightforward way to assemble metalloenzymes and may facilitate future optimization of the protein scaffolds via mutagenesis or directed evolution approaches.
Self‐Organization in Electrochemical Synthesis as a Methodology towards New Materials
Authors: Pinto Maria R. , Costa Gabriel F. , Machado Eduardo G. , Nagao Raphael
Published: April 2020

Despite its potential, self‐organization as a methodology for the synthesis of materials has not been developing at the pace required for the ample scale synthesis of materials with more complex structures. As there is an environmental demand for a fast change in the energy matrix, away from fossil fuels, by using materials with more complex composition and structure, this topic has been gaining potential. As complexity can be observed in many different fields of science, from biology to physical chemistry, this Review intends to focus on recent advances of self‐organization in electrochemical systems. To provide a deeper understanding of the literature being reviewed, the fundamentals of nonlinear dynamics in electrochemistry is discussed, based on classical literature. Following this, two electrochemical processes in which self‐organization is observed will be reviewed, namely electrodeposition and electrodissolution. In the final section, self‐organization is presented as a perspective for applied systems, where self‐organization is employed for the synthesis of materials of technological importance. This Review intends to reignite the debate on how self‐organization could be used to produce more complex materials than the traditional step‐by‐step approach could achieve.
Low‐Energy CO2 Reduction on a Metal‐Free Carbon Material
Authors: Xie Jiafang , Ghausi Muhammad Arsalan , Wang Jian , Wang Xueyuan , Wang Wei , Yang Rui , Wu Maoxiang , Zhang Qiaobao , Wang Yaobing
Published: April 2020

Electrochemical CO2 reduction to value‐added chemicals on carbon‐based catalysts is a potential approach for low‐cost value‐added CO2 recycling. However, high overpotential and limited understanding of the mechanism remain challenging. Herein, a nitrogen and phosphorus co‐doped carbon (NPC) material, which is synthesized through a simple pyrolysis, promoted low‐energy electrochemical CO2 reduction. The NPC electrocatalyst combines the advantages of active sites co‐optimized by N and P, faster electrokinetics with bicarbonate providing proton, and more accessible active sites exposed by soft‐template precursors. The NPC electrocatalyst exhibited more than ten‐ and fourfold enhancement of the partial current density of CO production compared to N‐doped and P‐doped carbon materials, respectively, with high selectivity (86 % faradaic efficiency) at only −0.45 V. Experimental data coupled with density function theory calculations revealed that N and P dopants cooperated to enhance CO2 adsorption, first electron transfer to CO2 and then *COOH intermediate stabilization, leading to active and selective CO2‐to‐CO conversion. This work extends the design and understanding of metal‐free carbon‐based electrocatalysts for electrochemical CO2 reduction.
Hydrogen‐Atom Tunneling in Metaphosphorous Acid
Authors: Qian Weiyu , Chu Xianxu , Song Chao , Wu Zhuang , Jiao Mengqi , Liu Hanwen , Zou Bin , Rauhut Guntram , Tew David P. , Wang Lina , Zeng Xiaoqing
Published: April 2020

Metaphosphorous acid (HOPO), a key intermediate in phosphorus chemistry, has been generated in syn‐ and anti‐conformations in the gas phase by high‐vacuum flash pyrolysis (HVFP) of a molecular precursor ethoxyphosphinidene oxide (EtOPO→C2H4+HOPO) at ca. 1000 K and subsequently trapped in an N2‐matrix at 2.8 K. Unlike the two conformers of the nitrogen analogue HONO, the anti‐conformer of HOPO undergoes spontaneous rotamerization at 2.8 K via hydrogen‐atom tunneling (HAT) with noticeable kinetic isotope effects for H/D (>104 for DOPO) and 16O/18O (1.19 for H18OPO and 1.06 for HOP18O) in N2‐matrices.
A Focus on Unusual ECL2 Interactions Yields β2‐Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists with Unprecedented Scaffolds
Authors: Scharf Magdalena M. , Zimmermann Mirjam , Wilhelm Florian , Stroe Raimond , Waldhoer Maria , Kolb Peter
Published: April 2020

The binding pockets of aminergic G protein‐coupled receptors are often targeted by drugs and virtual screening campaigns. In order to find ligands with unprecedented scaffolds for one of the best‐investigated receptors of this subfamily, the β2‐adrenergic receptor, we conducted a docking‐based screen insisting that molecules would address previously untargeted residues in extracellular loop 2. We here report the discovery of ligands with a previously undescribed coumaran‐based scaffold. Furthermore, we provide an analysis of the added value that X‐ray structures in different conformations deliver for such docking screens.
From 1 to 6: A Finer Analysis of Perturbed Branching Brownian Motion
Authors: Bovier Anton , Hartung Lisa
Published: April 2020

The logarithmic correction for the order of the maximum for two‐speed branching Brownian motion changes discontinuously when approaching slopes , which corresponds to standard branching Brownian motion. In this article we study this transition more closely by choosing and . We show that the logarithmic correction for the order of the maximum now smoothly interpolates between the correction in the i.i.d. case , and when . This is due to the localization of extremal particles at the time of speed change, which depends on α and differs from the one in standard branching Brownian motion. We also establish in all cases the asymptotic law of the maximum and characterize the extremal process, which turns out to coincide essentially with that of standard branching Brownian motion. © 2020 the Authors. Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics published by Wiley Periodicals LLC
Clinical Pharmacology Perspectives on the Antiviral Activity of Azithromycin and Use in COVID‐19
Authors: Damle Bharat , Vourvahis Manoli , Wang Erjian , Leaney Joanne , Corrigan Brian
Published: April 2020

Azithromycin (AZ) is a broad‐spectrum macrolide antibiotic with a long half‐life and a large volume of distribution. It is primarily used for the treatment of respiratory, enteric, and genitourinary bacterial infections. AZ is not approved for the treatment of viral infections, and there is no well‐controlled, prospective, randomized clinical evidence to support AZ therapy in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). Nevertheless, there are anecdotal reports that some hospitals have begun to include AZ in combination with hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine (CQ) for treatment of COVID‐19. It is essential that the clinical pharmacology (CP) characteristics of AZ be considered in planning and conducting clinical trials of AZ alone or in combination with other agents, to ensure safe study conduct and to increase the probability of achieving definitive answers regarding efficacy of AZ in the treatment of COVID‐19. The safety profile of AZ used as an antibacterial agent is well established.1 This work assesses published in vitro and clinical evidence for AZ as an agent with antiviral properties. It also provides basic CP information relevant for planning and initiating COVID‐19 clinical studies with AZ, summarizes safety data from healthy volunteer studies, and safety and efficacy data from phase II and phase II/III studies in patients with uncomplicated malaria, including a phase II/III study in pediatric patients following administration of AZ and CQ in combination. This paper may also serve to facilitate the consideration and use of a priori–defined control groups for future research.
Probing DNA Dynamics: Stacking‐Induced Fluorescence Increase (SIFI) versus FRET
Authors: Morten Michael J. , Steinmark I. Emilie , Magennis Steven W.
Published: April 2020

Stacking‐induced fluorescence increase (SIFI) was introduced recently as a method to probe DNA structure and dynamics using only a single fluorescent label. Here we show that the same DNA hairpin dynamics can be recovered, at the single‐molecule level, using either SIFI (with Cy3 as the label) or FRET (with Cy3 as donor and Cy5 as acceptor). We also measured FRET using a donor that cannot undergo SIFI, Cy3B, in the presence and absence of a molecular crowding agent (PEG). Although crowding increases hairpin hybridisation to the same extent with either Cy3 or Cy3B as the donor, the absolute rates are affected by the choice of donor dye. This work shows that SIFI can be used to measure single‐molecule dynamics, which could offer advantages over FRET in some cases. It also illustrates how local dye interactions can influence biomolecular dynamics, which should be considered when designing experiments.
A Critical Evaluation of the Effect of Electrode Thickness and Side Reactions on Electrolytes for Aluminum–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Lampkin John , Li He , Furness Liam , Raccichini Rinaldo , Garcia‐Araez Nuria
Published: April 2020

The high abundance and low cost of aluminum and sulfur make the Al–S battery an attractive combination. However, significant improvements in performance are required, and increasing the thickness and sulfur content of the sulfur electrodes is critical for the development of batteries with competitive specific energies. This work concerns the development of sulfur electrodes with the highest sulfur content (60 wt %) reported to date for an Al–S battery system and a systematic study of the effect of the sulfur electrode thickness on battery performance. If low‐cost electrolytes made from acetamide or urea are used, slow mass transport of the electrolyte species is identified as the main cause of the poor sulfur utilization when the electrode thickness is decreased, whereas complete sulfur utilization is achieved with a less viscous ionic liquid. In addition, the analysis of very thin electrodes reveals the occurrence of degradation reactions in the low‐cost electrolytes. The new analysis method is ideal for evaluating the stability and mass transport limitations of novel electrolytes for Al–S batteries.
Current Progress of Electrocatalysts for Ammonia Synthesis Through Electrochemical Nitrogen Reduction Under Ambient Conditions
Authors: Liu Anmin , Yang Yanan , Ren Xuefeng , Zhao Qidong , Gao Mengfan , Guan Weixin , Meng Fanning , Gao Liguo , Yang Qiyue , Liang Xingyou , Ma Tingli
Published: April 2020

Ammonia, one of the most important chemicals and carbon‐free energy carriers, is mainly produced by the traditional Haber–Bosch process operated at high pressure and temperature, which results in massive energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Alternatively, the electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction to synthesize NH3 under ambient conditions using renewable energy has recently attracted significant attention. However, the competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) significantly reduces the faradaic efficiency and NH3 production rate. The design of high‐performance electrocatalysts with the suppression of the HER for N2 reduction to NH3 under ambient conditions is a crucial consideration for the development of electrocatalytic NH3 synthesis with high FE and NH3 production rate. Five kinds of recently developed electrocatalysts classified by their chemical compositions are summarized, with particular emphasis on the relationship between their optimal electrocatalytic conditions and NH3 production performance. Conclusions and perspectives are provided for the future design of high‐performance electrocatalysts for electrocatalytic NH3 production. The Review can give practical guidance for the design of effective electrocatalysts with high FE and NH3 production rates.
Current Situation of the Challenging Scale‐Up Development of Hydroxymethylfurfural Production
Authors: Rosenfeld Catherine , Konnerth Johannes , Sailer‐Kronlachner Wilfried , Solt Pia , Rosenau Thomas , van Herwijnen Hendrikus W. G.
Published: April 2020

Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is a high‐value platform chemical derived from renewable resources. In recent years, considerable efforts have been made to produce HMF also at industrial scale, which still faces some challenges regarding yield as well as sustainable and economic process designs. This critical Review evaluates the industrial process development of sustainable biomass conversion to HMF. Qualitative and quantitative guidelines are defined for the technological assessment of the processes described in patent literature. The formation of side products, difficulties in the separation and purification of HMF as well as catalyst regeneration were identified as major challenges in the HMF production. A first small‐scale, commercial HMF production plant with a capacity of 300 tHMF per year has been operating in Switzerland since 2014.
Ultrafast Carrier Transport through an Advanced Thick Electrode with a High Areal Capacity for Aqueous Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Chen Ying‐Chu , Hsu Yu‐Kuei
Published: April 2020

Thick electrode design holds great promise to render the aqueous lithium ion battery more cost effective by boosting the packing density of the electroactive materials to enhance the energy delivery at the device level. However, a thick electrode faces the concomitant challenge of the sluggish transport of electrons and, importantly, the Li ions. To address this issue, numerous 3 D shortcuts that include a conductive percolation network and well‐interconnected mesoporous channels were established in the 330 μm thick V2O5⋅H2O/CC monolithic electrode developed here. In this way, electron transfer and ion transport were favored, which accounts for the outstanding charge‐storage capacity that exceeded 2 mA h cm−2 and the exceptional energy and power densities of 1.38 mW h cm−2 and 34.1 mW cm−2, respectively, measured at the electrode and the device scale within a short subhour timeframe. Such a remarkable high rate performance is better than that of electrodes reported previously for commercial lithium‐ion microbatteries, advanced aqueous batteries, and state‐of‐the‐art supercapacitors designed for high‐power applications.
Recent Progress in Continuous‐Flow Hydrogenation
Authors: Yu Tao , Jiao Jiao , Song Peidong , Nie Wenzheng , Yi Chunhai , Zhang Qian , Li Pengfei
Published: April 2020

To achieve a safe, efficient, and sustainable (even fully automated) production for the continuous‐flow hydrogenation reactions, which is among the most often used reactions in chemical synthesis, new catalyst types and immobilization methods as well as flow reactors and technologies have been developed over the last years; in addition, these approaches have been combined with new and transformational technologies in other fields such as artificial intelligence. Thus, attention from academic and industry practitioners has increasingly focused on improving the performance of hydrogenation in flow mode by reducing the reaction times, increasing selectivities, and achieve safe operation. This Minireview aims to summarize the most recent research results on this topic with focus on the advantages, current limitations, and future directions of flow chemistry.
Energy relations of plasma waves in planar two‐dimensional electron‐ion plasmas
Authors: Moradi Afshin
Published: April 2020

A derivation of the energy densities and power flows of plasma waves in a planar two‐dimensional electron‐ion plasma is presented through a simple approach. In this method, the response of an external current density introduced into the system is determined by a so‐called dispersion function. The advantage of the dispersion function is that it yields not only the dispersion relations of both plasmon (high‐frequency) and ion‐acoustic (low‐frequency) waves of the system, but expressions for the energy relations as
well.
Intraspecific trait variation across elevation predicts a widespread tree species' climate niche and range limits
Authors: Van Nuland Michael E. , Vincent John B. , Ware Ian M. , Mueller Liam O. , Bayliss Shannon L. J. , Beals Kendall K. , Schweitzer Jennifer A. , Bailey Joseph K.
Published: April 2020

Global change is widely altering environmental conditions which makes accurately predicting species range limits across natural landscapes critical for conservation and management decisions. If climate pressures along elevation gradients influence the distribution of phenotypic and genetic variation of plant functional traits, then such trait variation may be informative of the selective mechanisms and adaptations that help define climatic niche limits. Using extensive field surveys along 16 elevation transects and a large common garden experiment, we tested whether functional trait variation could predict the climatic niche of a widespread tree species (Populus angustifolia) with a double quantile regression approach. We show that intraspecific variation in plant size, growth, and leaf morphology corresponds with the species' total climate range and certain climatic limits related to temperature and moisture extremes. Moreover, we find evidence of genetic clines and phenotypic plasticity at environmental boundaries, which we use to create geographic predictions of trait variation and maximum values due to climatic constraints across the western US. Overall, our findings show the utility of double quantile regressions for connecting species distributions and climate gradients through trait‐based mechanisms. We highlight how new approaches like ours that incorporate genetic variation in functional traits and their response to climate gradients will lead to a better understanding of plant distributions as well as identifying populations anticipated to be maladapted to future environments.