bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The psychosocial needs of homebound cardiac patients and families
Authors: Thobaben Marshelle , Woodward Wendy
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the critical need to assess, monitor, and evaluate the patient's psy chological well-being following a myocardial infarction, areas that are often neglected. The authors include questions to assess the family's response to the crisis and the caregiver's level of functioning. Interventions are also included.
Management of congestive heart failure in the home setting: A guide to clinical management and patient education
Authors: Feagins Carrin , Daniel Denise
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the clinical management of the patient with congestive heart failure in the home, stressing the importance of patient education. A case study is presented that incorporates the use of teaching materials.
Diabetes education and home health care: A natural combination
Authors: Betschart Jean
Published: March 2007

Home health care nurses are diabetes educators. They are able to assess the educational needs of patients and families in the home environment and provide education that will affect the diabetic's life. This article presents important aspects of the assessment process, presents teaching plans, and provides the home health care team with resource informa tion for diabetes education standards and certification.
A realistic approach to the nutritional management of diabetes in home health care
Authors: Berry Mary Jo
Published: March 2007

In this article the author focuses on the nutritional management of diabetes in situations where access to a dietitian may be limited. Consequently, the home health care provider must assess the day-to-day knowledge and application of appropriate nutritional man agement. The author presents information on the concepts of when to eat, what kind of food to eat, how much food to eat, how to prepare the food, and how to purchase food. Patient education resources as well as tables on desirable body weight and assessing per cent of calories from fat are also included.
Monitoring blood glucose in the home
Authors: Maschak-Carey Barbara J.
Published: March 2007

Self blood glucose monitoring (SBGM) has changed the treatment of diabetes dramati cally. In this article, the author discusses the advantages and disadvantages, presents the test procedure, and discusses relevant educational issues. This article is a must read for those providing care to the diabetic in the home care setting.
Adaptive diabetes education for visually impaired persons: Teaching nonvisual diabetes self-care
Authors: Williams Ann S.
Published: March 2007

This article covers the basic knowledge necessary for a nurse working in home health care to begin to incorporate the Adaptive Diabetes Education for Visually Impaired Per sons (ADEVIP) into his or her nursing practice. It includes practical information on pre paring to work with the visually impaired person, recommendations for the general as sessment areas to cover, and the actual ADEVIP instructions.
Breastfeeding management in the 1990s
Authors: Redd Beverly
Published: March 2007

Is it that we do not know enough about breastfeeding? Is it that we do not know how to communicate about breastfeeding to new mothers? How can we help the new mother continue breastfeeding when she experiences a difficulty? The role of the home health care nurse in collaboration with the skilled staff from the delivery setting plays a vital role in promoting and maintaining the breastfeeding and the bond it represents between the new mother and newborn. This excellent article provides assessment tools and concrete interventions to achieve this goal.
Local Preparedness for Chemical Accidents: A Survey of U.S. Communities
Authors: Sorensen John H. , Rogers George O.
Published: March 2007

The preliminary results of a survey designed to assess the state of emergency preparedness in communities across the United States aid in the development of a conceptual approach to emergency management. The approach identifies the relationships among existing emergency-management systems and prac tices and assesses their effectiveness in alerting and notifying the public. A comparison of data gleaned from a survey of emergency-preparedness officials permits comparison of existing public-alert and notification systems with state- of-the-art technology, procedures, and management systems. The study also addresses the potential problems and constraints likely to thwart timely effec tive warning in the advent of an emergency. Finally, the authors make recom mendations for improving public-alert and notification systems in chemical emergencies.
Public reactions to the Chernobyl accident: a case of rationality?
Authors: Verplanken Bas
Published: March 2007

This paper addresses the question of to what extent people's reactions to the Chernobyl 1986 nuclear power plant accident were rational. After a review of studies on Chernobyl published to date, two types of rationality are investi gated : outcome rationality and process rationality. The mechanisms by which people seem to come to subjective probability estimates of nuclear risks are further explored in a summary of an experimental study on the meaning of verbal probability expressions. It is concluded that although the rationality of people's responses depends on the interpreter's focus, these responses are un derstandable and meaningful, and should be taken seriously.
Shaken, but alive: organizational behavior in the wake of catastrophic events
Authors: Powell Thomas C.
Published: March 2007

When faced with survival-threatening catastrophic events, organizations are often advised to adopt radical, frame-breaking changes. However, evidence suggests threatened organizations tend to do exactly the reverse: they are rigid and detached, relying on existing strategies, routines and resources to pull them through, and then — if they survive — coping with problems once the threat has passed. This article explores the parallels between organizational crisis be havior and individual behavior in the wake of traumatic events, as described in the clinical theory of "post-traumatic stress disorder" (PTSD). Using Man ville Corporation's asbestos crisis to illustrate the theory, it is proposed that environmental catastrophes produce trauma by contradicting and invalidating strongly held organizational paradigms, or "world views". Although radical changes may be needed to rebuild organizational world views, trauma-related rigidity and detachment preclude such changes, making survival doubly prob lematic. As an alternative to radical change, the article proposes "behavioral self-blame" as a realistic intermediate solution for threatened organizations, and discusses the implications of this solution for researchers, practitioners and organizational change-agents.
En-gendered fears: femininity and technological risk perception
Authors: Cutter Susan L. , Tiefenbacher John , Solecki William D.
Published: March 2007

Historically, risk perception studies have paid little attention to comparative assessments based on gender, race, ethnicity, religion or class. Yet these attri butes are crucial in understanding the local acceptability of risky technologies and activities. This paper uses a feminist analysis to evaluate the efficacy of the psychometric paradigm in distinguishing risk perceptions based on gender. We find some slight differences between the views of women and men, particularly with respect to the distrust, perceived catastrophic potential, and perceived potential for death of 33 technologies and activities. Women in the sample were slightly more pessimistic about technology than men and feared those hazards that are societal in nature (nuclear weapons, CFCS, commercial nuclear power). Though only a few minor differences were found between men and women, this is partially explained by shortcomings in the design of the research instru ment. Sensitizing modifications specific to gender analysis are suggested.
Gender and technological hazards: women at risk in hospital settings
Authors: Kemp Alice Abel , Jenkins Pamela
Published: March 2007

In this paper, we describe and analyze hospitals as dangerous places to work. We summarize into four major areas the technological and social hazards to which health care workers are exposed: physical hazards and accidents, chem ical or toxicological hazards, infectious diseases, and social hazards — includ ing stress and sexual harassment. Further, we discuss the structural barriers which mitigate workers' perceptions of these risks and limit their ability to de fine their workplace as dangerous. Primary among these are the occupational hierarchy, including sex and race segregation, and the differential vulnerability related to that hierarchy. We conclude that in place of a narrow research focus on the biological and technological nature of workplace hazards, we must also bring the worker in as a central and necessary actor to achieving a safe environment.
Environment, Technology and The Japanese Experience: Lessons for Developing Countries from International Collaborative Research
Authors: Uitto Juha I.
Published: March 2007

During the post-World War II period, Japan experienced rapid industrializa tion and economic growth. This was, however, associated with severe envi ronmental pollution with occasionally catastrophic ecological and societal repercussions. Recent years have seen a significant shift in the country's environmental policies, and a cleaning up of the environment based on leg islative and technological innovations. Japan now considers itself a leader in environmental technology and endeavors to promote this role international ly. Lessons from research carried out under the auspices of the United Nations University point to the need to assist developing countries to invest in environmental protection in order to avoid the negative repercussions of economic growth associated with Japan's past development. It is also impor tant to encourage technology cooperation and capacity building based on the needs of the recipient.
An experimental comparison of Pycnogenol® and methylphenidate in adults with Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Authors: Tenenbaum S. , Paull J.C. , Sparrow E.P. , Dodd D.K. , Green L.
Published: March 2007

Twenty-four adults (24 to 53 years old) with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Combined Type, were studied in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of Pycnogenol® and methylphenidate. Pycnogenol is an antioxidant derived from the bark of the French maritime pine tree. Methylphenidate is a standard pharmaceutical intervention for ADHD. Anecdotal reports suggest that Pycnogenol improves concentration in adults with ADHD without adverse side effects.

Participants received Pycnogenol, methylphenidate, and placebo, each for 3 weeks, in a randomized and counterbalanced order. Although ADHD symptoms improved during treatment, neither methylphenidate nor Pycnogenol outperformed the placebo control, as measured by self-report rating scales, rating scales completed by the individual's significant other, and a computerized continuous performance test. The conservative dosage levels and relatively brief length of treatment may have contributed to the absence of significant differences among treatment conditions. Implications for future research are noted.
Courtesy stigma in mothers of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A preliminary investigation
Authors: Norvilitis J.M. , Scime M. , Lee J.S.
Published: March 2007

Mothers of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder face an increased risk for depression, anxiety, and social isolation. In addition to stress due to children's behavior, mothers of children with ADHD may also feel stigmatized by their children's diagnosis.

Fifty-one mothers participated in a study to assess attitudes toward ADHD. Although mothers of children with ADHD expected that parents of children without ADHD would hold harsh views of the disorder, this was not generally the case. This difference between perception and the actual self-reported views of mothers of children without ADHD supports the idea that mothers feel stigmatized but suggests that increased awareness might help mothers of children with ADHD feel less isolated.
An Experimental Implementation of Migration Algorithms On the Intel Hypercube
Authors: Kao S.T. , Leiss E.L. , Johnson Olin
Published: March 2007

This study was aimed at testing whether the Intel Hypercube is suitable for geo physical data processing—i.e., whether the multiprocessing capability of the Hy percube can achieve high performance at low cost in carrying out large-scale geo physical data processing tasks. Two basic migration algorithms—phase shift plus in terpolation migration, and second order in time, fourth order in space, finite differ ence migration—were implemented on the Hypercube. The multiprocessing algo rithm designs were based on the fol lowing issues: control, partitioning, synchronization, scheduling, communica tion, and optimization. The concurrent pro cessing in the d6 Hypercube speeds up the execution by three to four fold over a VAX 11-780. However, the limitations on the size of array by the available memory in the cube manager and the nodes, and the overhead incurred for communication and synchronization, make the present Hypercube system unsuitable for realistic geophysical data processing.
Distributed Interactive Graphics Applications in Computational Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Rogers Stuart E. , Buning Pieter G. , Merritt Fergus J. , Follin Steven E.
Published: March 2007

Implementation of two distributed graphics pro grams used in computational fluid dynamics is discussed. Both programs are interactive in na ture. They run on a CRAY-2 supercomputer and use a Silicon Graphics Iris workstation as the front-end machine. The hardware and supporting software are from the Numerical Aerodynamic Simulation project The supercomputer does all numerically intensive work and the workstation, as the front-end machine, allows the user to perform real-time interactive transformations on the displayed data. The first program was written as a distributed program that computes particle traces for fluid flow solutions existing on the su percomputer. The second is an older post-pro cessing and plotting program modified to run in a distributed mode. Both programs have realized a large increase in speed over that obtained using a single machine. By using these pro grams, one can learn quickly about complex features of a three-dimensional flow field. Some color results are presented.
Multitasking 3-d fOrward Modeling Using High-Order Finite Difference Methods On the Cray X-MP/416
Authors: Terki-Hassaine O. , Leiss E.L.
Published: March 2007

The CRAY X-MP/416 was used to multitask 3-D forward modeling by the high-order finite difference method. Flowtrace analysis reveals that the most expensive operation in the unitasked program is a matrix vector multiplication. The in-core and out-of-core versions of a reentrant subroutine can perform any fraction of the matrix vector multiplication independently, a pattern compatible with multitasking. The matrix vector multipli cation routine can be distributed over two to four pro cessors. The rest of the program utilizes the micro tasking feature that lets the system treat independent iterations of DO-loops as subtasks to be performed by any available processor. The availability of the Solid- State Storage Device (SSD) meant the I/O wait time was virtually zero. A performance study determined a theo retical speedup, taking into account the multitasking overhead. Multitasking programs utilizing both macro- tasking and microtasking features obtained actual speedups that were approximately 80% of the ideal speedup.
Domain Decomposition Methods for Partial Differential Equations On Parallel Computers
Authors: Meurant Gérard
Published: March 2007

In this paper we review several methods for solving large sparse linear systems arising from discretization of elliptic partial differential equations on parallel com puters. The main idea is to use domain decomposition to introduce some parallelism. We describe techniques such as the Schwarz algorithm and the block incomplete factorization method, showing with examples the effi ciency of these domain decomposition techniques when the number of subdomains is increased.
Solving Two- Dimensional Partial Differential Equations On Vector and Scalar Machines
Authors: Kaufman Linda , Schryer Norm
Published: March 2007

TTGR is a Fortran program that solves time-varying par tial differential equations on a rectangle, using a Galerkin method with fixed tensor product B-splines, nonuniform meshes, and higher order approximations. The algo rithm reduces the partial differential equation to a linear system. Problems requiring enormous resources with a finite element or finite difference method are tractable with the Galerkin approach. However, the construction of Galerkin equations often is more costly than their so lution. The straightforward construction has inner loop lengths on the order of the approximation k, which is typically 4. We rearrange the construction so that the inner loops are over the number of mesh points n on a side. On vector machines this produces a speedup of nearly nlk for constructing the matrix equations for the interior points of the domain. We also discuss the per formance of the linear system solvers in TTGR on vector and scalar machines on problems with different orders of B-spline approximations.
Animation of Interactive Fluid Flow Visualization Tools On a Data Parallel Machine
Authors: Sethian J.A. , Salem James B.
Published: March 2007

We describe a new graphics environment for essentially real-time interactive visualization of computational fluid mechanics. The researcher may interactively examine fluid data on a graphics display using animated flow visualization diagnostics that mimic those in the experi mental laboratory. These tools include display of moving color contours for scalar fields, smoke or dye injection of passive particles to identify coherent flow structures, and bubble wire tracers for velocity profiles, as well as three-dimensional interactive rotation and zoom and pan. The system is implemented on a data parallel super computer attached to a framebuffer. Since most fluid visualization techniques are highly parallel in nature, this allows rapid animation of fluid motion. We demonstrate our interactive graphics fluid flow system by analyzing data generated by numerical simulations of viscous, in compressible, laminar and turbulent flow over a back ward-facing step and in a closed cavity. Input param eters are menu-driven, and images are updated at nine frames per second.
Lattice Calculation of Electroweak Amplitude
Authors: Bernard Claude , Gupta Rajan , Kilcup Gregory , Sharpe Stephen R. , Soni Amarjit
Published: March 2007

Over the last two decades an extremely successful model of the fundamental interactions between elemen tary particles, the so-called Standard Model of particle physics, has emerged. Some of its predictions can be extracted via analytical calculations, but many of its most interesting aspects cannot be explored with pencil and paper alone. A prime example is the accurate cal culation of various properties of elementary particles called kaons, which would help determine the unknown parameters of the Standard Model. The most promising method of attack is large-scale computer simulation of the underlying quantum field theory. These simulations are among the most demanding computer calculations being attempted in any field. The U.S. Department of Energy's "Grand Challenge" allocation of 8,000 hours of CRAY-2 time in fiscal year 1989 to study kaon decays, together with improved numerical techniques, made it possible to determine some quantities for the first time, and to raise the quality of others. The results give useful information about the Standard Model, placing con straints on the top quark mass and making predictions for experiments currently under way.
Predicting High- Pressure and Excited-State Properties of Real Materials
Authors: Wang X.W. , Louie Steven G. , Cohen Marvin L.
Published: March 2007

One of the breakthroughs in condensed matter physics is the newly acquired ability of theorists to explain and predict properties of solids using quantum theory. Starting with minimal information about the constituent atoms, the electronic, structural, vibrational, optical, and even superconducting properties of solids have been calculated accurately. Supercomputers have made these applications possible and have led to new theoretical concepts and techniques. The applications described here focus on the analysis of high-pressure properties of hydrogen, superhard compounds, and semiconductor surfaces. These calculations give results that are consis tent with experimental data, and in some cases success fully predict properties of materials.
The Fueling of Active Galaxies
Authors: Hernquist Lars
Published: March 2007

Collisions of galaxies are often invoked to explain vio lent phenomena in the universe. The dynamics of in teracting galaxies is intrinsically three-dimensional and involves both gas and stellar dynamics. In general, a computational approach is needed to model galactic collisions. Galaxy encounters are studied using a hy brid N-body/hydrodynamics code, capable of integrat ing systems of stars, gas, and dark matter in a fully self-consistent manner. These experiments demon strate that gravitational coupling between gas and stars in galactic interactions can drive most of the gas throughout a galaxy into the nucleus of a merger rem nant. The high densities in these gas concentrations are likely to result in strong bursts of star formation. Hence, this process may explain the nuclear starbursts in some systems of interacting galaxies. Further col lapse of these gas concentrations can trigger even more intense activity if some gas is eventually ac creted by a supermassive black hole. Such an evolu tionary sequence may account for some quasars and active galactic nuclei.
Research in the Food Service Industry: an Exploratory Study and Critique
Authors: Schaffer Jeffrey D.
Published: March 2007

This paper is the first part of a two phase exploratory study of research in the food service in dustry. In this first phase an analysis of the nature of a limited sample of research relative to the food service industry is undertaken. Findings reveal that the vast majority of research ac tivities to not focus on topics that are perceived to be of critical importance to the industry.

Insight is provided into problems that continue to plague research efforts in the food service industry. The second phase of the study, to be published in a subsequent issue of the Journal of Hospitality Education and Research, will comprehend a considerably broader sample and seek to confirm and elaborate on these initial findings. A greater awareness of food service research issues should help to encourage industry and academic leaders to address these problems.
Management Development in the Foodservice Industry
Authors: Hart Christopher W. L. , Spizizen Gary S. , Muller Christopher C.
Published: March 2007

How hospitality schools can best prepare their students for tomorrow's chal lenges has long been a controversial issue. In the first two articles of this series, we suggested that hospitality education should at least help students to understand the underlying economic environment and nature of competition in their industry. In this article we explore contemporary management theory and conclude with a summary of recommendations for hospitality educators, based on the material in all three articles in this series.
A Comparison of the Effects of Computer-Assisted Instruction With Printed Instruction On Student Learning in a Hospitality Management Course
Authors: Jaffe William F.
Published: March 2007

Computer-assisted instruction has been found to be a viable instructional tool forprofessional education in the nursing and business fields. Is CAl an instructional technique that can enhance Hospitality Management education? Utilizing the food purchasing curriculum, the study sought to determine if differences in student learning outcomes are present between CAl and printed instruction.
The Ethical Orientations of Hotel Managers and Hospitality Students: Implications for Industry, Education, and Youthful Careers
Authors: Whitney David L.
Published: March 2007

In this comparative study of hotel managers and hospitality students, differ ences in four value-based areas of ethical orientation are identified and examined relative to influence on decision-making, educational curricula, and youthful careers.
Implementation of a Marketing Plan Based On Management By Values
Authors: Hogan Glenn P. , Goll Gerald E.
Published: March 2007

It may be said that marketing is the externalization of the internal values of an organization in order to attract a certain segment of the population that is able to identify with those values. Recently, a resort hotel's revised marketing plan, which is based on management by values, produced an increase in profit before taxes of 2, 933°/ from an increase in sales of38% for May 1989 compared to May 1988. This was accomplished through more effective marketing segmentation and more efficient implementation of the plan, made possible by clarification of the hotel's values. People want to know why. Values give meaning to an organization and provide meaning to everything that is done within the organization. Commitment to any plan's success will be enhanced when the people involved in implementing the plan not onlyknow the objectives and the courses of action to achieve the objectives but why the objectives and courses of action were selected. An objective of any marketing plan should be to increase the quantity and returnability of guests. Management by values is a methodology that the hotel's management used to determine rather effectively the appropriateness of the marketing plan to attract the proper segment of the population and to provide meaning to the plan for all persons within the organization. Success was predictable because the courses of action to achieve the objective were consistent with the objective and, more importantly, enhanced and protected the values of the organization. The values became the common denominator of all the functions performed within the organization. Through management by values, the success of the marketing plan was enhanced by increasing commitment to a higher level of consistency between the planning, controlling, and organizing necessary for coordination of the marketing effort. The marketing plan has been, and will continue to be, successful because it answers the all-important question "Why?" for both the hotel's employees and its guests.
Service Quality Gap in China's Hotel Industry: a Study of Tourist Perceptions and Expectations
Authors: Hailin Qu  , Tsang Nelson
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the study was to assess international tourists'perceptions and expectations of service quality in China's hotel industry. A questionnaire was used and a systematic sampling was applied to survey a sample of 270 tourists. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were employed. The study found 22 significant service gaps in China's hotel in dustry. It explored the six underlying dimensions of perceived service quality and identified that "staff skill and performance" and "extra amenities provided" were the determinants of tourists' choice intention.
Measuring Service Quality of the Computerized Food and Beverage Cost Control System in Hong Kong Hotels Using a Gaps Model Approach
Authors: Cho Vincent , Wong James
Published: March 2007

Computerized food and beverage cost control systems have evolved rapidly during recent years. These computerized systems are designed to remove much of the calculation drudg ery in manual cost control systems, such as budgeting, inventory control, and recipe cost ing. However, many users complain that these systems do not meet their needs. This sug gests that there is a gap in the performance of computerized systems compared with users' actual needs. This article explores the expectations and experience of users of the comput erized Food and Beverage Cost Control Systems (FBCCSs) in some Hong Kong hotels. With the application of the Information System (IS) Service Perception Gap Model bor rowedfrom the marketing discipline, the major problems in the areas of data/information, hardware/software environment, operational procedures, technical support, and security are identifted. A number of suggestions are proposed for system developers to improve the existing computerized FBCCSs.
Analyzing Household Food Expenditure Patterns On Trips and Vacations: a Tobit Model
Authors: Cai Liping A.
Published: March 2007

Based on the theory of consumer behavior, a tobit modeling procedure is applied to investi gate the relationship between vacation food expenditures and household sociodemo graphic characteristics. The resulting model identifies numerous determinants of spending variations of households, including earned and unearned income, education, occupation, number of children, age, marital status, ethnicity, employment status, and seasonality. The important and unique finding of the study is the decomposition of total effects on vacation food spending into current demand and potential market participation. This study also dif ferentiates itself from previous food consumption research in that it uses national survey data and examines travel-related food spending patterns of households on vacation trips. The implications of the results are discussed in the context of hospitality and tourism re search and marketing.
The Confusing Side of Yield Management: Myths, Errors, and Misconceptions
Authors: Schwartz Zvi
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on errors and misconceptions that clutter the literature on hotel yield management. Using the basic tools of economics, it deals with three main topics. First, the article shows that of the oft-quoted list of necessary conditions for yield management sys tems, only perishable product is a true requirement. Second, the article discusses the mis use of the price demand elasticity concept and how it is being confused with willingness to pay. Third, the article discusses the reasons behind the observed increase in willingness to pay as time draws closer to the date of stay It show that alongside the oft-cited explanation that business travelers with higher willingness to pay book later, there is another consumer behavior phenomenon that must not be ignored: Customers of any segment, even leisure travelers, with a relatively low willingness to pay, are willing to pay more for the same room as time nears the date of stay.
Customer Satisfaction Measurement Practice in United Kingdom Hotels
Authors: Gilbert David , Horsnell Stefan
Published: March 2007

Competition in the service industries has been intensifying throughout the past two dec ades and shows little sign of decelerating in the near future. This trend, combined with in creasing consumer sophistication and unparalleled media focus, has made the interrelated issues of service quality and customer satisfaction the key marketing weapons in the battle for competitive differentiation and customer retention. As part of this competition, guest satisfaction measurement has become common practice; however, the cathartic experi ence of a mediocre or poor stay in a hotel is not being assessed adequately. Paradoxically, research reveals that most managers realize that quality customer service is essential for their organizations' health, leading to the question of why the legacy of seeming incapaci tation persists. This article offers further evidence of current practice, setting out a check- list criterion against which U.K. hotels in the mid to luxury categories are assessed as to their guest comment card design and policy.
Toxicity of Pyrolysis Gases From Phenolic, Isocyanurate, and Polystyrene Rigid Foam Insulation
Authors: Hilado Carlos J. , Huttlinger Nancy V.
Published: March 2007

Samples of phenolic, isocyanurate, and polystyrene rigid foam insulation were evaluated for toxicity of pyrolysis gases, using four different test conditions of the toxicity screening test method developed at the University of San Francisco. The test conditions were 200 to 800°C rising temperature and 800°C fixed temperature, each without forced air flow and with 1 L/min air flow.

On the average over these four particular test conditions, phenolic foam appeared to exhibit the greatest toxicity and polystyrene foam appeared to exhibit the least toxicity.
Thermal Insulation Evaluation: Present Status and Future Requirements
Authors: Tye R.P.
Published: March 2007

Current testing methods and evaluation criteria for measuring the properties of thermal insulation materials and systems are reviewed and assessed. Areas where revised or new test methods and criteria are required are identified. These are related to development work that is underway or to that which should be started.
A Laroratory Method for Determining the Effectiveness of Thermal Insulation Systems At Cryogenic Temperatures
Authors: Hilado Carlos J.
Published: March 2007

A laboratory method fordeterming the effectiveness of thermal insulation systems at cryogenic temperatures is described. This method appears to be a satisfactory tool for comparing thermal insulation systems installed on pipes. The results obtained seem to be representative of actual applications because they include the effects of pipe diameter and of protective and fastening materials.
Corrosion Tests On Cellulosic Insulation Containing Borates
Authors: Shen Kelvin K.
Published: March 2007

The results of corrosion tests on laboratory-prepared samples of cellulosic insulation are presented and discussed. Special emphasis is given to borates as chemical add-ons.
Prose and Cons about Goal-Free Evaluation
Authors: Scriven Michael
Published: March 2007

TRACES are what evaluators left behind—discoveries, records, tracks—which made marks on the profession of program evaluation. Published here are excerpts from our past (e.g., articles, passages from books, speeches) that show where we have been or affected where we are g(r)o(w)ing. Suggestions for inclusion should be sent to the Editor, along with rationale for their import. Photocopies of the original printed versions are preferred with full bibliographic information. Copying rights will be secured by the Editor.
Book Reviews : Processing Data: The Survey Example, by Linda B. Bourque and Virginia A. Clark (Sage University Paper series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, series no. 07-085). Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1992, 87 pp
Authors: Posavac Emil J.
Published: March 2007

Books applicable to the broad field of program evaluation are reviewed. Books may be reviewed singly or in groups to illuminate similarities and differences in intent, philosophy, and usefulness. Persons with suggestions of books to be reviewed or those who wish to submit a review should contact Dr. Byron R. Burnham, Evaluation Specialist ( Cooperative Extension Service, Utah State University, Logan, UT84322-4900; phone: 801-750-1637 ) for specific instructions. In general, a review of an individual book should not exceed four double-spaced typewritten pages; groups of books may require additional lengths.
Product Evaluation—The State of the Art
Authors: Scriven Michael
Published: March 2007

Essays, opinions, and professional judgments are welcome in this section of EP.Forum articles speak to and about the philosophical and ethical dilemmas of our profession. Authors are invited to express their views to encourage constructive dialogue centered on issues. To keep the dialogue substantive, other articles motivated by previousForum presentations should have independent titles and themes. Items labeled "Comments on ... " and "Rejoinder to ... " will not be pubished inForum — such responses are welcome and encouraged in theIn Response section of EP. Standard citations and reference lists should acknowledge and identify earlier contributions and viewpoints. Manuscripts should not exceed 10 double-spaced typewritten pages in length.
Book Reviews : Understanding Teaching, by John Olson. Philadelphia, PA: Open University Press, 1992,103 pp
Authors: Franklin-Alley Rasjidah
Published: March 2007

Books applicable to the broad field of program evaluation are reviewed. Books may be reviewed singly or in groups to illuminate similarities and differences in intent, philosophy, and usefulness. Persons with suggestions of books to be reviewed or those who wish to submit a review should contact Dr. Byron R. Burnham, Evaluation Specialist (Cooperative Extension Service, Utah State University, Logan, UT84322-4900;phone:801-750-1637) for specific instructions. In general, a review of an individual book should not exceed four double-spaced typewritten pages; groups of books may require additional lengths.
Classroom Management Problems, Strategies and Influences in Physical Education
Authors: McCormack Ann
Published: March 2007

Both nationally and internationally the quality of education is a major concern and governments continue to address this need through reforms and policies aimed at im proving the quality of teaching and teacher education. Classroom studies of effective teaching have focused on the behavioural aspects of teaching and highlighted classroom management as one of the most important features of good teaching.

This article investigates classroom management problems, strategies and influences as identified by a group of 75 pre service physical education teachers - after the completion of a four week practicum experience - and a group of 65 in-service physical education teachers with varying years of teaching experience. Variables such as gender and mastery of the teaching situation gained through years of teaching experience will be analysed to detect any significant differences or trends. Results of the study gained through quantitative analysis will be outlined and interpreted. Recommendations will be made for the provision of more relevant pedagogical programmes and strategies to assist future preservice physical education teachers develop competence in classroom manage ment.
Motives for Recreational Sport Participation in Greece: Implications for Planning and Provision of Sport Services
Authors: Alexandris Konstantinos , Carroll Bob
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the present study was: (a) to investigate the motives for taking part in recreational sporting activities, based on a sample of Greek sport participants, (b) to investigate demographic differences (gen der, age, level of education, marital status) in the motivational dimensions; (c) to apply the findings within the context of practical sport services delivery. Data were collected by means of a self-administered household survey conducted in an urban area in Greece, with a sample of 340 adults. A principal component analysis of the respon ses to the 26-item instrument revealed six motivational dimensions: (1) status, (2) relaxation, (3) intellectual, (4) social, (5) competition/achievement, (6) health/ fitness. Significant demographic differences in the motivational dimensions were identified. The practical implications of the results for those responsible for the delivery and management of sport related services are discussed.
Children's Physical Activity Levels and Attitudes Towards Physical Activity
Authors: Hagger Martin , Cale Lorraine , Almond Len
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the relationship between attitude towards physical activity and physical activity behaviour and the influence of gender and season on physical activity level in 45 primary school children, aged 9 to 11 years. Attitudes towards physical activity were assessed using two different theoretical approaches: the children's attitudes towards physical activity (CATPA) inventory and the theory of reasoned action (TRA) questionnaire. Physical activity behaviour was measured using Cale's (1994) self-report measure of physical activity. Approximately 50% of the children were categorised as 'inactive' based on cut-off points developed by Blair (1984). A 2 x 2 (gender x season) factorial analysis of variance showed that children partici pated in more moderate physical activity in the summer than in the winter (F(1,44) = 6.29, p<.05) but there were no gender differences in physical activity levels. Descriptive statistics for the CATPA inventory showed that children generally exhibited positive attitudes towards physical activity. Mann-Whitney U tests for two independent samples revealed significant differences between the high-active and low-active children for the catharsis, health and fitness, vertigo and aesthetic subdomains from the CATPA inventory (p<.05). None of the TRA variables showed any significant differences for activity level. Present results suggest that some attitude variables from the CATPA inventory differ according to children's physical activity levels and thereby emphasise the need for physical educators to foster positive attitudes towards physical activity in order to encourage children to adopt and maintain healthy and active lifestyles.
Concept Mapping in Policy Evaluation
Authors: Knox Colin
Published: March 2007

Ideal experimental design conditions rarely exist in public policy evaluation. It is not uncommon for evaluators to be faced with a situation where a collection of programmes is being implemented in pursuance of a public policy, couched in nebulous terms, which is more politically defensible than pragmatic. The individual programmes, which collectively equate to 'the policy', may have had staggered starting times with no baseline measurements and only a tenuous sense of the causal link between policy activities and impact. This paper describes a policy evaluation in such a scenario. Concept mapping (multidimensional scaling and hierarchical clustering) is used as an evaluation technique to assess community relations programmes in Northern Ireland. From this a taxonomy of policy responses is devised and some conclusions drawn on the usefulness of concept mapping as an evaluation technique.
Perception of the Combined Effects of Smoking and Alcohol on Cancer Risks in Never Smokers and Heavy Smokers
Authors: Hermand Daniele , Mullet Etienne , Lavieville Sabine
Published: March 2007

The issue addressed in the study is: How do people perceive the combined effect of alcohol consumption and tobacco consumption on risks of cancer? The method used was an application of Information Integration Theory. Sixty-four participants of both sexes were asked to estimate the risk of cancer associated with a number of situations described by a tobacco-consumption level associated with an alcohol-consumption level. Participants were subsequently presented with a questionnaire concerning the way alcohol and tobacco consumption can cause cancer. Results showed that French adults apparently considered that indulging in only one of these two behaviours represents a maximum health risk. The two effects were seen to combine disjunctively which runs counter to current medical data. However, there was total contradiction between the participants’ answers to the questionnaire concerning their knowledge and the information integration task.
Review-Essay : Paradox Revisited: Recent Work on the Latah Problem
Authors: Kenny Michael G.
Published: March 2007

Latah in Southeast Asia: The ethnography and history of a culture-bound syn drome by Robert L.Winzeler. 1995. New York: Cambridge University Press. Cloth: $54.95, ISBN 0-521-47219-9, xvi+172 pages, Publication of the Soci ety for Psychological Anthropology.
Review : Health Risks from Indoor Air Pollutants: Public Alarm and Toxicological Reality
Authors: Leslie G.B.
Published: March 2007

The air, particularly the indoor air, contains a consider able burden of unwanted pollution. Overall there may be thousands of pollutants. They are brought in with the outside air or are generated from or within buildings. Most will be present in minute amounts but several will be present in measurable quantities. The reaction of peo ple to the components of this pollution has little to do with toxicological assessment but is more concerned with political responses and media scares. The health effects from exposure to the very low levels commonly found in the indoor environment of materials such as combustion products, whether from coal, petrol or to bacco or to lead or asbestos fibres, are probably negligi ble but we worry about them. On the other hand, gases such as carbon monoxide or nitrogen dioxide which are not infrequently present in dangerous concentrations, many solvents and dust-generating DIY projects cause little concern. The distinction between concern and indif ference is made without reference to any toxicological knowledge. Although it is certainly prudent, through source control, design and ventilation of buildings, to reduce all pollutants to the lowest level, concentrating on media favourites rather than more important dangers, including disease transmission, may well be a poor use of our resources.
Passive Downdraught Evaporative Cooling
Authors: Bowman N.T. , Eppel H. , Lomas K.J. , Robinson D. , Cook M.J.
Published: March 2007

This is the first of a series of four papers that describe a 3-year EU-funded research project into the application of passive downdraught evaporative cooling to non- domestic buildings. In this paper various evaporative cooling techniques are reviewed. By spraying fine drop lets of water at the top of atria, a downdraught of air cooled by evaporation can be produced. Such direct eva porative cooling using an evaporation tower appears to be a suitable approach for partly displacing the need for air-conditioning in hot, dry climates. It can satisfy fresh air requirements and reduce or eliminate demand for mechanical cooling. Examples of this cooling technique in Southern Europe and the Middle East have already demonstrated its operation and potential energy sav ings. However, limitations, primarily due to control of the system, have been identified. This introductory paper presents the theoretical basis of evaporative cooling, reviews some historical precedents, and discusses their relative strengths and weaknesses. Three further papers in this series will disseminate the main findings of the project.
Carbon Monoxide and Volatile Organic Compounds as Indicators of Indoor Air Quality in Underground Parking Facilities
Authors: El Fadel M. , Alameddine I. , Kazopoulo M. , Hamdan M. , Nasrallah R.
Published: March 2007

The provision of underground parking facilities (UPFs) has become a necessity particularly in densely popu lated urban areas and business districts. Indoor air quali ty (IAQ) in such facilities is of great concern due to vehi cle-induced emissions. This paper presents an IAQ as sessment at six representative UPFs in Beirut using car bon monoxide and volatile organic compounds as IAQ indicators. For this purpose, concentrations of both pol lutants were measured at different time intervals throughout the day. Vehicular emission factors (EFs) were estimated using the EMFAC7F1.1 model. A tran sient mass balance model was then applied to construct concentration profiles. The ventilation rates required to maintain pollutant concentrations within acceptable standards were estimated under maximum UPF occu pancy, and a sensitivity analysis was conducted to evalu ate the effect of changes in EMFAC7F1.1 input parame ters on EFs and ventilation rates.