bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A check list and population trends of invasive amphibians and reptiles in Taiwan
Authors: Lee Ko-Huan , Chen Tien-Hsi , Shang Gaus , Clulow Simon , Yang Yi-Ju , Lin Si-Min
Published: March 2019

Invasive species have impacted biodiversity all around the world. Among various ecosystems, islands are most vulnerable to these impacts due to their high ratio of endemism, highly specialized adaptation, and isolated and unique fauna. As with other subtropical islands, Taiwan faces constant risk of biological invasions and is currently ranked as one of the countries most affected by invasive amphibians and reptiles. In this paper, a comprehensive checklist of all known exotic amphibians and reptiles is provided, including twelve species which have successfully colonized Taiwan and six species with a controversial status. We provide an update on the knowledge of all these species including their distribution, colonization history, threats to native animals, and population trends based on literature records, fauna surveys, and data collected during invasive species eradication and control programs. A list of species with high invasive potentials is also provided. This study reports, for the first time, a comprehensive survey of invasive herpetofauna in Taiwan, which should provide a valuable reference to other regions which might suffer from similar invasion risk.
Media education in the French Community of Belgium
Authors: Clarembeaux Michel
Published: March 2019

This paper gives a brief account of the history of media education in the French Community of Belgium using as a starting point the political, media and educational contexts. Afterwards, it explains media education in the Internet and media society and the integration of the press in the field of learning. Finally, the paper describes the educational challenges of reality-television, cinema and advertising.

Partiendo del contexto político, escolar y mediático de la educación en los medios en la comunidad francesa de Bélgica, este texto hace un breve recorrido de la situación del país tanto anterior a 1995, como del organigrama que surge a partir de 1995 con la creación de un Consejo y tres Centros de Recursos. Posteriormente se conceptualiza la educación en los medios en el marco de la sociedad Internet y multimedia y la integración de la prensa escrita en la enseñanza. Se describe también la tele-realidad y sus retos pedagógicos, así como la educación en el cine y la educación crítica de la publicidad.
Media education in Luxembourg
Authors: Kickert Carole , Beck Nathalie
Published: March 2019

This paper exposes the situation of media education in Luxembourg educational context beginning with the idea that media presence is still insufficient. The article includes an analysis of Education policy and media education proposals through training courses carried out especially by the National Programmes Council. Other proposals are likewise explained.

En este trabajo se plantea la situación de la educación en medios en el contexto nacional de Luxemburgo, constatándose la necesidad de ésta ante su escasa presencia en el sistema educativo. Se analiza el debate político en la cámara de los diputados y las acciones en materia de educación en medios que se están llevando a cabo, especialmente por el Consejo Nacional de Programas (CNP) mediante cursos de formación continua y otros proyectos. Asimismo se describen otras iniciativas y ejemplos sobre educación en medios actualmente en marcha.
Media education in Austria: competence, communication, autonomy
Authors: Krucsay Susanne
Published: March 2019

This paper focuses on the presentation of the Laws for Media Education, which is the legal basis for the implementation of media education in Austria. The law is embedded into a pedagogical context, whose key characteristics are those of an emancipated, liberating concept of education indebted to ideas of the Enlightenment. Media education is used in a holistic sense, encompassing both the so-called traditional media as well as the new media including the Internet. The major areas are critical reflection and creative potential, individual and social responsibility. The ultimate goal is the autonomous media user as an autonomous citizen. As media education is an interdisciplinary practise, a wide choice of materials both in print and online has been developed to support the teachers: part of the paper is particularly devoted to the beginning and growth of the media education website www.mediamanual.at

La legislación para la educación en medios en Austria es el comienzo de este trabajo que encuadra la ley en un contexto pedagógico con características dominantes de conceptos como emancipación y enseñanza liberadora. La educación en medios se utiliza en un sentido holístico, abarcando tanto los medios tradicionales de comunicación como los nuevos medios, incluyendo Internet. Las claves principales que se plantean son la reflexión crítica y la responsabilidad creativa individual y social, así como el papel del usuario de los medios como ciudadano autónomo. Defiende la educación en medios como una práctica interdisciplinar y presenta un portal educativo, www.mediamanual.at, que ha sido experimentado como una opción de oferta amplia de materiales en línea para apoyar a los profesores en el desarrollo de su educación en medios.
Crossroads of Spanish Film History
Authors: Castro-de-Paz José-Luis
Published: March 2019

The overall regrettable situation of Spanish cinema education in our universities, scattered throughout the most varied degrees, mistreated in the syllabuses and different programs, contrasts with a period of deep historiographical renovation. Several recent manuals and other serious works offer syntheses of a new intellectual path, one that approaches our cinema with methodological and analytical accuracy, leaving aside old prejudices regarding Spanish cinema and raising new interests in our students.

La, en general, lamentable situación de la enseñanza del cine español en la universidad, desperdigada por las más variadas titulaciones, maltratada en los planes de estudio, considerada una materia de segunda categoría… contrasta, sin embargo, con un periodo de profunda renovación historiográfica de frutos ya bien solventes, incluidos manuales universitarios que ofrecen diversas síntesis de un nuevo trayecto que, dejando al margen tópicos de todo tipo, se aproxima a nuestro cinema con rigor analítico y metodológico, despertando un creciente interés por parte del alumnado.
History and analysis of Spanish cinematographic humorousness
Authors: Montiel-Mues Alejandro
Published: March 2019

Some research on film and/or history of cinema needs particular strategies. The study of the style in a film of the early years, for example, is totally different from the analysis of variants and invariants in Spanish cinematographic humour from a diacronic perspective. In this case, the analist must define specific tools, that is, he must formulate precise questions and focus the attention on some determined aspects of film.

Determinadas investigaciones sobre el film y/o la historia del cine exigen estrategias singulares, pues en modo alguno puede ser igual el acercamiento al estilo de un film de los pioneros, por ejemplo, que, como aquí se propone, un análisis de las variantes e invariantes del humorismo cinematográfico español desde una perspectiva diacrónica. En este caso es exigible del analista que afine unos instrumentos específicos, lo cual se traduce en la formulación de preguntas muy precisas y una focalización en algunos –y sólo algunos– aspectos concretos de la película.
Concept, instruments and challenges of media education for social change
Authors: Barranquero-Carretero Alejandro
Published: March 2019

Despite its long tradition in other geographic contexts, the field of communication for social change is almost unknown in our country; therefore, there is a widespread ignorance of communication basics on the part of organizations and professionals committed to development. The following article offers a brief historical approach to this concept and describes its main methodologies, in order to help consolidate the discipline and to promote strategies for the future.

Pese a su extensa tradición en otros contextos geográficos, el campo de la edu-comunicación para el cambio social es prácticamente desconocido en nuestro país, por lo que sigue siendo infrautilizado por parte de organizaciones y profesionales comprometidos con el desarrollo. El artículo ofrece una aproximación histórica al concepto y describe sucintamente algunas de sus principales metodologías, a fin de avanzar en la consolidación de la disciplina y potenciar estrategias para el contexto venidero.
Strategies of telephone companies in Spain
Authors: Ramos-Serrano Marina , Jiménez-Marín Gloria
Published: March 2019

Nowadays, mobile phones are an essential communication tool and even a personal symbol which often defines the personality of the young people of the 21th century. Thus, it is important to analyze the causes and consequences of its success, above all, among teenagers, who are the real driving force behind this technology. The present paper analyzes the main features of mobile phones marketing –product, price, distribution and communication– and also.

El teléfono móvil ha pasado de ser un artículo de lujo a una herramienta esencial de la comunicación. Más que un medio, es sinónimo de símbolo personal; y esta seña de identidad define, en muchos casos, la personalidad de los jóvenes del siglo XXI. Por este motivo es importante analizar las causas y consecuencias de su rápida aceptación social, especialmente entre estos adolescentes, que se han convertido en verdaderos impulsores de esta tecnología. Para ello, en el presente artículo se examinan las variables fundamentales en la comercialización de la telefonía móvil –producto, precio, distribución y comunicación– al mismo tiempo que se analizan las opiniones de los jóvenes universitarios frente a estas estrategias de venta de los operadores en España, fundamentalmente los tres mayoritarios: Vodafone, Movistar y Orange.
Content analysis about toy’s advertisment during Christmas campaign
Authors: Ferrer-López Marina
Published: March 2019

Nowadays, advertising is a tool with great influence on children’s tastes and preferences. This study tries to analyze the characteristics of advertisements of toys during the Christmas campaign, when there is a saturation of this type of advertisements. Our results show that the ambiguity of the law that regulates this type of publicity still allows strong male and female stereotypes, and a discourse that creates an unreal image of the product.

En nuestros días, la publicidad se ha convertido en una herramienta de gran influencia en los gustos y preferencias de los niños. El presente estudio intenta analizar las características de los anuncios de juguetes en un periodo en el que se emiten masivamente como es la campaña de navidad. Los datos obtenidos revelan que la ambigüedad de la ley que regula este tipo de publicidad hace que se siga dando fuertes estereotipos femeninos y masculinos o discursos que permiten crear una imagen del producto mitificada e irreal.
Spanish spelling and electronic writing
Authors: Gómez-Camacho Alejandro
Published: March 2019

Secondary students´spelling and punctuation mistakes are not affected by electronic writing. Competent Spanish speakers differentiate between disorthographic writing in chats and orthographic writing in other texts. Associating electronic writing with secondary students´ spelling mistakes is not correct. On the contrary, a high competence in electronic writing goes with a positive attitude towards orthographic writing in secondary education.

Las faltas de ortografía y de puntuación de algunos estudiantes de secundaria no se ven agravadas por el uso de los géneros electrónicos de escritura. La escritura disortográfica de los chats se entiende por los hablantes competentes como un código independiente que no se utiliza en otros textos. Es contraproducente, por tanto, asociar los géneros electrónicos de escritura a la mala ortografía de los alumnos; por el contrario, una elevada competencia en la escritura electrónica lleva aparejada una actitud positiva hacia la escritura ortográfica en secundaria.
Pain After Epithelial Removal by Ethanol-assisted Mechanical Versus Transepithelial Excimer Laser Debridement
Authors: Kanitkar Kunal D , Camp Jeffrey , Humble Homer , Shen David J , Wang Ming X
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To compare subjective pain responses between two techniques of epithelial removal prior to photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) treatment: ethanol-soaked pledget with mechanical debridement of the epithelium versus excimer laser transepithelial ablation.

METHODS: Nine patients underwent bilateral PRK. Each had the epithelium in one eye debrided by placing a pledget soaked in 20% ethanol on the cornea for 2 minutes followed by gentle scraping with a blade. The epithelium in the other eye was removed by transepithelial phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) treatment. For each eye, PRK was initiated immediately after removal of the epithelium. On postoperative day one, each patient was asked to rate the level of pain suffered over the last 24 hours on a scale of 0 (minimal) to 10 (maximal). Data were analyzed in a masked fashion.

RESULTS: Postoperative day one average pain level in the ethanol-assisted mechanically debrided eyes was 3.0 ± 2.5 and in the transepithelial PTK eyes was 6.8 ± 1.8. The difference was statistically significant by Student's ¿-test (P < .01). All epithelial defects healed within 3 days with no clinically significant difference in healing time between the two techniques.

CONCLUSION: In preparation for PRK, ethanolassisted mechanical debridement of the epithelium caused significantly less postoperative pain than epithelial removal using the excimer laser. [J Refract Surg 2000;16:519-522]
A visibilidade de desastres ecológicos no século XXI: revisitando o issue-attention cycle de Downs
Authors: Fortunato Ivan , Penteado Claudio Luis de Camargo
Published: March 2019

Este artigo tem como propósito investigar a contribuição do issue-attention cycle de Anthony Downs, proposto em 1972, para o debate atual sobre a tríplice relação política-mídia-ambiente. Para alcançar os objetivos propostos de articular uma revisão da teoria sobre o issue attention cycle e de averiguar a pertinência do ciclo no que tange à atenção midiática dada às questões ecológicas neste século, este artigo se desdobra em três partes, começando pela revisão do trabalho original de Downs, seguida de uma revisão de literatura nacional e internacional, encerrando com uma proposta de releitura do ‘ciclo’. Ao final, espera-se que essa pesquisa venha contribuir com a consolidação de uma preocupação ambiental efetivamente política, com vistas ao nosso Futuro Comum.
Characterization of different microalgae cultivated in open ponds
Authors: Ribeiro Dagon Manoel , Minillo Alessandro , Silva Cinthia Aparecida De Andrade , Fonseca Gustavo Graciano
Published: March 2019

Microalga is one of the main sources of biomasses for the production of biofuels in the 21st century. Many labs and industries around the world are seeking for more productive strains and better cultivation models. The aim of this work was to evaluate the growth and kinetic parameters of six microalgae, and the moisture and lipid contents and fatty acids profiles of the biomasses harvested at the end of each cultivation. The microalgae were isolated in the Mid-Western Region of Brazil cultivated in open pond systems. It was observed that among the six microalgae used in this work, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata presented the higher maximum specific growth rate (μmax) (0.12 day-1). The microalgae Coelastrum sp. and P. subcapitata were the ones with the highest lipid contents, with approximately 20% of dry mass. The main fatty acid accumulated in these conditions was palmitic acid, with percentages of 59 to 69% for all microalgae evaluated. Other factors that had influenced results from cultivations in open ponds were discussed here.
FISIOLOGIA DA DOR VISCERAL: OS ANTICOLINÉRGICOS PODEM SER ÚTEIS?
Authors: Taffarel Marilda Onghero , Fontanela Marco Aurélio Camargo , Borges Ana Luisa Custódio
Published: March 2019

Conhecer os aspectos anatômicos da dor, assim como os seus mecanismos básicos é fundamental para o entendimento da manifestação do quadro doloroso. A inervação visceral é mediada principalmente por fibras C, de condução lenta que possuem a Substância P como principal neurotransmissor. No entanto a inervação sensitiva das membranas parietais é mediada pelas fibras A-δ, de condução rápida que possuem o glutamato como principal neurotransmissor. Os tecidos lesionados liberam vários mediadores inflamatórios que possuem capacidade de ativar as terminações nervosas dessas fibras, além de levar a outras alterações locais que geram dor, como é o caso de espasmos da musculatura lisa. A escopolamina pode ser classificada como um antimuscarínico de ocorrência natural, também denominada antiespasmótico. Dessa forma, este trabalho teve por objetivo realizar levantamento bibliográfico sobre o uso da escopolamina como adjuvante analgésica em cães em procedimentos com dor visceral, especialmente para ovariosalpingohisterectomia. Apesar de haverem estudos limitados sobre o uso para este fim, a escopolamina pode ser útil como adjuvante analgésico no pós-operatório de ovariosalpingohisterectomia, reduzindo o espasmo visceral. No entanto se fazem necessários mais estudos sobre o correto uso desse fármaco em animais e o real benefício analgésico.
Estudo Anatômico e Morfométrico dos Ramos Colaterais do Arco Aórtico em Coelhos da Espécie Oryctolagus cuniculus
Authors: Carvalho Luan Teles Ferreira de , Dos Santos Deivid Ramos , Calvo Faustino Chaves , Feijó Daniel Haber , Valente André Lopes , Teixeira Renan Kleber Costa , Pinheiro Mauricio Fortuna , Barros Rui Sergio Monteiro de
Published: March 2019

O presente estudo tem como objetivo sistematizar e descrever os ramos do arco aórtico e suas principais ramificações em coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia, estabelecendo um modelo padrão e suas principais variações anatômicas. Foram usados 16 coelhos adultos (Oryctologus cuniculus) New Zeland, pesando 2-3 kg e com 10-12 meses. Os animais foram submetidos à  associação de Cetamina (70 mg/kg) e Xilazina (10 mg/kg) por via subcutânea. Posteriormente, realizou-se a heparinização com 5000 UI por meio da artéria femoral. Foi aguardado 10 minutos e seguiu-se com a eutanásia do animal usando sobredose da associação anestésica. Após, seguiu-se com a abertura da cavidade torácica. A aorta dos coelhos iniciou a partir do ventrículo esquerdo com um diâmetro médio de 5,4 ±0,6mm em seu maior eixo. A aorta projetou-se dorso-crânio-lateralmente à esquerda, em todos os animais estudados, formando o arco aórtico. O tronco arterial braquiocefálico apresentou um diâmetro de 3,8 ±0,4mm em sua eminência. Foram identificados dois padrões de saída artéria carótida comum esquerda. O padrão mais frequente (75%) onde este vaso surge milímetros após a eminência do tronco e o modelo variante onde (25%) onde esta surge após 0,4-0,6mm da base do tronco. Este trabalho observou o padrão de origem da aorta no ventrículo esquerdo, tendo ascensão dorso-crânio-lateral esquerda e posterior deflexão. Observou-se uma grande variação anatômica nos ramos originados das artérias subclávias, não sendo possível uma padronização uniforme.
TCR Affinity Biases Th Cell Differentiation by Regulating CD25, Eef1e1, and Gbp2
Authors: Kotov Dmitri I. , Mitchell Jason S. , Pengo Thomas , Ruedl Christiane , Way Sing Sing , Langlois Ryan A. , Fife Brian T. , Jenkins Marc K.
Published: March 2019

Naive CD4+ T lymphocytes differentiate into various Th cell subsets following TCR binding to microbial peptide:MHC class II (p:MHCII) complexes on dendritic cells (DCs). The affinity of the TCR interaction with p:MHCII plays a role in Th differentiation by mechanisms that are not completely understood. We found that low-affinity TCRs biased mouse naive T cells to become T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, whereas higher-affinity TCRs promoted the formation of Th1 or Th17 cells. We explored the basis for this phenomenon by focusing on IL-2R signaling, which is known to promote Th1 and suppress Tfh cell differentiation. SIRP⍺+ DCs produce abundant p:MHCII complexes and consume IL-2, whereas XCR1+ DCs weakly produce p:MHCII but do not consume IL-2. We found no evidence, however, of preferential interactions between Th1 cell–prone, high-affinity T cells and XCR1+ DCs or Tfh cell–prone, low-affinity T cells and SIRP⍺+ DCs postinfection with bacteria expressing the peptide of interest. Rather, high-affinity T cells sustained IL-2R expression longer and expressed two novel Th cell differentiation regulators, Eef1e1 and Gbp2, to a higher level than low-affinity T cells. These results suggest that TCR affinity does not influence Th cell differentiation by biasing T cell interactions with IL-2–consuming DCs, but instead, directly regulates genes in naive T cells that control the differentiation process.
Short-term physiological responses to drought stress in seedling of tropical and temperate maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars
Authors: Zhao Pu , Wang Jin , Juntawong Niran , Aekatasanawan Chokechai , Kermanee Prasart , Roytrakul Sittiruk , Jia Yinsuo , Ma Chunhong
Published: March 2019

Understanding of the response of tropical and temperate maize (Zea mays L.) to drought is the first step for tolerant temperate maize improvement. Eight maize hybrids were used to investigate physiology responses under drought stress, four of them were tropical maize and the others were temperate maize. Results showed that there were different drought tolerances but similar trends in both tropical maize and temperate maize. Gas exchange parameters revealed different strategies of maize under the stress. In our study, most of the temperate hybrids maintained open stomata to keep a higher photosynthesis rate at the beginning of stress, while the other hybrids decreased stomatal conductance. Compared to temperate maize, the tropical maize had higher antioxidase activity and greater physiological parameter variation among hybrids. KS5731 and ZD309 had stronger drought resistance among tropical and temperate maize hybrids separately. Tolerant hybrids maintained active photosynthesis, have higher osmotic adjustment ability and antioxidase activities but lower malonaldehyde content than the sensitive ones. Our results led to a better understanding of the physiological responses of tropical and temperate maize plants to drought stress and may provide an insight of breeding for drought resistance in maize.
Gender inequality: The problem of harmful, patriarchal, traditional and cultural gender practices in the church
Authors: Wood Hannelie J.
Published: March 2019

This article aims to look at the church’s role in the formation and up-keeping of gender inequality, and how it shaped and constrained gender equality through a stereotypical lens. Harmful and traditional cultural practices contribute to women’s suffering and often result in violence in the patriarchal context. This caused women to renegotiate their identities amidst the church’s views on women and their accepted social roles. Secondly, focus will be placed on gender inequality in the African context. Lastly, I will argue that the church has to confront its views on gender inequality and how it can sanction women’s equality, whereafter I will propose a metaphor for the church as the tree of gender equality.
Singular Hochschild cohomology and algebraic string operations
Authors: Rivera Manuel , Wang Zhengfang
Published: March 2019

Given a differential graded (dg) symmetric Frobenius algebra

A

we construct an unbounded complex

\mathcal{D}^{*}(A,A)

, called the Tate–Hochschild complex, which arises as a totalization of a double complex having Hochschild chains as negative columns and Hochschild cochains as non-negative columns. We prove that the complex

\mathcal{D}^*(A,A)

computes the singular Hochschild cohomology of

A

. We construct a cyclic (or Calabi–Yau)

A

-infinity algebra structure, which extends the classical Hochschild cup and cap products, and an

L

-infinity algebra structure extending the classical Gerstenhaber bracket, on

\mathcal{D}^*(A,A)

. Moreover, we prove that the cohomology algebra

H^*(\mathcal{D}^*(A,A))

is a Batalin–Vilkovisky (BV) algebra with BV operator extending Connes' boundary operator. Finally, we show that if two dg algebras are quasi-isomorphic then their singular Hochschild cohomologies are isomorphic and we use this invariance result to relate the Tate–Hochschild complex to string topology.
Projekt po kreativni poti do znanja 2017–2020
Authors: Kušar Simon
Published: March 2019

Dosedanji poskusi celovite obravnave problematike vodovodne oskrbe v občini niso bili uspešni, največji problem pri upravljanju vodnih virov in načrtovanju njihove bodoče rabe pa so predvsem zelo pomanjkljive evidence. Zato so se za pripravo metodološkega pristopa, ki bi omogočil izdelavo kakovostnih strokovnih podlag za potrebe prostorskega načrtovanja in trajnostnega upravljanja z vodnimi viri, v okviru projekta Po kreativni poti do znanja Stanje in potenciali rabe vodnih virov na območju občine Vitanje s poudarkom na pitni vodi (H2O_Vitanje) povezali gospodarska družba Atelje Piano (Atelje krajinske arhitekture, Saša Piano s.p.), Občina Vitanje ter študenti in njihovi mentorji s treh fakultet: študenti geografije z Oddelka za geografijo Filozofske fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani, krajinske arhitekture Oddelka za krajinsko arhitekturo Biotehniške fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani ter Visoke šole za varstvo okolja iz Velenja. Projektno skupino je vodil Oddelek za geografijo Filozofske fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani.
Digitalizacija negativov na steklih Oddelka za geografijo
Authors: Miklič Cvek Lucija
Published: March 2019

Digitalizacija negativov na steklu je potekala leta 2017. Negative smo skenirali z optičnim bralnikom, ki je s posebnim ozadjem omogočal primerno osvetlitev, tako da smo dobili čim bolj kakovostno fotografijo. Nekaj negativov smo digitalizirali s pomočjo fotoaparata. Dobili smo 413 datotek v formatu JPEG. Enainštirideset negativov je bilo že tako poškodovanih, da ni bilo možno razbrati vsebine, zato jih nismo digitalizirali. Datoteke smo shranjevali na knjižnični strežnik. Hkrati smo pripravljali metapodatkovne opise, ki so vsebovali podatke o naslovu (vsebini fotografije), datumu ali letnici nastanka fotografije, geografskih ključnih besedah, povzetih po vsebinskih predmetnih oznakah, ki jih uporablja knjižnica za katalogizacijo gradiva, in oznako področja, ki ga uporablja portal Kamra. Fotografije smo nato uredili po tematskih sklopih. Zbirka je bila 30. 12. 2017 objavljena na portalu Kamra. To je slovenski regijski portal, na katerem se objavljajo digitalizirane vsebine s področja domoznanstva, ki jih hranijo knjižnice in lokalne kulturne ustanove. Za Kamro smo se odločiti, ker so skrbniki izvedli postopek objave in ker sta zagotovljena vmesnik in hramba datotek na rezervni lokaciji. Zbirka je tako dostopna tudi preko Europeane – evropske digitalne knjižnice.
What kind of syllabus do Slovenian geography teachers in primary school want?
Authors: Konečnik Kotnik Eva , Ilc Klun Mojca , Resnik Planinc Tatjana , Kolnik Karmen
Published: March 2019

The objective of this paper is to present part of the research results on Slovenian geography syllabi, which began in an online chat room in the framework of the Meeting of Slovenian Geographers in Maribor in September 2017. Afterwards, it expanded beyond the set framework and continued until April 2018 via the online group ‘Geolista’, in which geography teachers are included. The aim of the research was to determine what kind of syllabi geography teachers in Slovenia want for geography lessons at the primary and secondary levels of education. This paper presents the opinions of the respondents about the basic conceptual orientation of the syllabus for primary school, as well as about its foundation and scope. The respondents evaluated the adequacy of the existing elements of the syllabus and provided suggestions for supplementing/transforming it. The 122 respondents evaluated the existing concept of the geography syllabus for primary school as good, but at the same time, they expressed a wish for a more issue-oriented syllabus. The majority favours a more general and, above all, shorter syllabus for geography lessons in primary school, accompanied by a handbook on how to execute it. A crucial message is that any modernisation of the syllabus should be undertaken in a timely and systematic manner, with sufficient participation of all stakeholders.
From ERA-Interim to ERA5: the considerable impact of ECMWF's next-generation reanalysis on Lagrangian transport simulations
Authors: Hoffmann Lars , Günther Gebhard , Li Dan , Stein Olaf , Wu Xue , Griessbach Sabine , Heng Yi , Konopka Paul , Müller Rolf , Vogel Bärbel , Wright Jonathon S.
Published: March 2019

Abstract. The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts' (ECMWF's)
next-generation reanalysis ERA5 provides many improvements, but it
also confronts the community with a “big data” challenge. Data
storage requirements for ERA5 increase by a factor of ∼80
compared with the ERA-Interim reanalysis, introduced a decade ago.
Considering the significant increase in resources required for
working with the new ERA5 data set, it is important to assess its
impact on Lagrangian transport simulations. To quantify the
differences between transport simulations using ERA5 and ERA-Interim
data, we analyzed comprehensive global sets of 10-day forward
trajectories for the free troposphere and the stratosphere for the
year 2017. The new ERA5 data have a considerable impact on the
simulations. Spatial transport deviations between ERA5 and
ERA-Interim trajectories are up to an order of magnitude larger than
those caused by parameterized diffusion and subgrid-scale wind
fluctuations after 1 day and still up to a factor of 2–3 larger
after 10 days. Depending on the height range, the spatial
differences between the trajectories map into deviations as large as
3 K in temperature, 30 % in specific humidity, 1.8 % in potential
temperature, and 50 % in potential vorticity after 1 day. Part of
the differences between ERA5 and ERA-Interim is attributed to the better
spatial and temporal resolution of the ERA5 reanalysis, which allows for
a better representation of convective updrafts, gravity waves,
tropical cyclones, and other meso- to synoptic-scale features of the
atmosphere. Another important finding is that ERA5 trajectories
exhibit significantly improved conservation of potential temperature
in the stratosphere, pointing to an improved consistency of ECMWF's
forecast model and observations that leads to smaller data
assimilation increments. We conducted a number of downsampling
experiments with the ERA5 data, in which we reduced the numbers of
meteorological time steps, vertical levels, and horizontal grid
points. Significant differences remain present in the transport
simulations, if we downsample the ERA5 data to a resolution similar
to ERA-Interim. This points to substantial changes of the forecast
model, observations, and assimilation system of ERA5 in addition to
improved resolution. A comparison of two Lagrangian trajectory
models allowed us to assess the readiness of the codes and workflows
to handle the comprehensive ERA5 data and to demonstrate the
consistency of the simulation results. Our results will help to
guide future Lagrangian transport studies attempting to navigate the
increased computational complexity and leverage the considerable
benefits and improvements of ECMWF's new ERA5 data set.
The impact of aerosols on photolysis frequencies and ozone production in urban Beijing during the four-year period 2012–2015
Authors: Wang Wenjie , Shao Min , Hu Min , Zeng Limin , Wu Yusheng
Published: March 2019

Abstract. During the period 2012–2015, the photolysis frequencies were measured at the Peking University site (PKUERS), a representative site of urban Beijing. We present a study of the effects of aerosols on two key photolysis frequencies, j(O1D) and j(NO2). Both j(O1D) and j(NO2) display significant dependence on AOD with a nonlinear negative correlation. With the increase in AOD, the slopes of photolysis frequencies vs AOD decrease, which indicates that the capacity of aerosols to reduce the actinic flux decreases with AOD. In addition, the slopes are equal to 4.21–6.93 × 10−6 s−1 and 3.20 × 10−3 s−1 per AOD unit for j(O1D) and j(NO2) respectively at SZA of 60°, both of which are larger than those observed in the Mediterranean. This indicates that the aerosols in urban Beijing have a stronger extinction on actinic flux than absorptive dust aerosols in the Mediterranean. Since the photolysis frequencies strongly depended on the AOD and the solar zenith angle (SZA), we established a parametric equation to quantitatively evaluate the effect of aerosols on photolysis frequencies in Beijing. According to the parametric equation, aerosols lead to a decrease in j(NO2) by 24.2 % and 30.4 % for summer and winter, respectively, and the corresponding decrease in j(O1D) by 27.3 % and 32.6 % respectively, compared to an aerosol-free atmosphere. Based on an observation campaign in August 2012, we used the photochemical box model to simulate the ozone production rate (P(O3)). The simulation results shows that the monthly average net ozone production rate is reduced by up to 25 % due to the light extinction of aerosols. Through further in-depth analysis, it was found that particulate matter concentrations maintain high level under the condition of high concentrations of ozone precursors (VOCs and NOx), which inhibits the production of ozone to a large extent. This phenomenon implies a negative feedback mechanism in the atmospheric environment of urban Beijing.
Seasonal Sinking rates of Transparent Exopolymer Particles (TEP) concentrations with associated Carbon flux in adjacent Bohai Seaand Yellow Sea
Authors: Islam M. Shahanul , Sun Jun , Li Xiaoqian , Leng Xiaoyun
Published: March 2019

Abstract. To study the seasonal transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) distributions, sedimentation and its impacts on carbon cycle in north Chinese seas, a total of total 56 stations TEP samples and its sinking rate measurements by SETCOL method via water sampling cruise during autumn (2014), summer (2015) and winter (2015) in the Bohai Sea (BS), North Yellow Sea (NYS) and South Yellow Sea (SYS) at three different depths were carried out. Temperature, phytoplankton, chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and salinity with five nutrients, phosphate (DIP), silicate (DSi), dissolved inorganic nitrate (DIN) (including nitrite, nitrate and ammonium) were also collected and measured for correlation analysis to visualize the seasonal effects on TEP concentrations (CTEP) and its sinking. Average of total CTEP (2.13 μg Xeq L−1) was higher in NYS (3.32 μg Xeq L−1) costal currents with highest average CTEP during winter (6.17 μg Xeq L−1) specially in NYS (7.00 μg Xeq L−1) through coastal current mixing zone. Average of total sinking rates (1.03 mD−1) was higher in SYS (1.09 mD−1) through mid-water layer than other seas, especially in autumn (1.13 mD−1) with higher seasonal average sinking rates at summer (1.04 mD−1). Carbon associated with TEP (TEP-C) was averagely distributed (1.47 μg C L−1) at subsurface layer of study areas. Seasonal highest distribution of TEP-C was 4.44 μg C L−1 during winter, mostly in NYS. Dominant phytoplankton species Paralia sulcata, Thalassisira excentrica and Rhizosolenia styliformis maintained average correspondences with CTEP which may indicate the influences of them on TEP concentration. Congregating oceanic stations in other groups, coastal stations were averagely clustered together in multivariate analysis. Average canonical correspondence analysis showed close relation of CTEP with Chl-a during autumn and with nutrient during winter.
Late Miocene–Pliocene climate evolution recorded by the red clay cover on the Xiaoshuizi planation surface, NE Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Li Xiaomiao , Peng Tingjiang , Ma Zhenhua , Li Meng , Feng Zhantao , Guo Benhong , Yu Hao , Ye Xiyan , Hui Zhengchuang , Song Chunhui , Li Jijun
Published: March 2019

Abstract. The Pliocene climate and its driving mechanisms have
attracted substantial scientific interest because of their potential as an
analog for near-future climates. The late Miocene–Pliocene red clay sequence
of the main Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) has been widely used to reconstruct
the history of interior Asian aridification and the Asian monsoon. However,
red clay sequences deposited on the planation surface of the Tibetan Plateau
(TP) are rare. A continuous red clay sequence was recently discovered on the
uplifted Xiaoshuizi (XSZ) planation surface in the Maxian Mountains,
northeastern (NE) TP. In this study, we analyzed multiple climatic proxies
from the XSZ red clay sequence with the aim of reconstructing the late
Miocene–early Pliocene climate history of the NE TP and to assess regional
climatic differences between the central and western CLP. Our results
demonstrate the occurrence of minimal weathering and pedogenesis during the
late Miocene, which indicates that the climate was arid. We speculate that
precipitation delivered by the paleo East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) was
limited during this period and that the intensification of the circulation of the westerlies
resulted in arid conditions in the study region. Subsequently,
enhanced weathering and pedogenesis occurred intermittently during
4.7–3.9 Ma, which attests to an increase in effective moisture. We ascribe
the arid–humid climatic transition near ∼4.7 Ma to the expansion of
the paleo-EASM. The warming of the high northern latitudes in response to
the closure of the Panama Seaway may have been responsible for the
thermodynamical enhancement of the paleo-EASM system, which permitted more
moisture to be transported to the NE TP.
Estimation of surface depression storage capacity from surface roughness
Authors: Abd Elbasit Mohamed A. M. , Ojha Chandra S. P. , Abu-Zerig Majed M. , Yasuda Hiroshi , Gang Liu , Ahmed Fethi
Published: March 2019

Abstract. Depression storage models found in the literature were developed using statistical regression for relatively large soil surface roughness and slope values resulting in several fitting parameters. In this research, we developed and tested a conceptual model to estimate surface depression storage having small roughness values usually encountered in rainwater harvesting microcatchments in arid regions with only one fitting parameter. Laboratory impermeable surfaces of 30 × 30 cm2 were constructed with four sizes of gravel and mortar resulting in random roughness values ranged from 0.9 to 6.3 mm. A series of laboratory experiments were conducted under 9 slope values using simulated rain. Depression storage for each combination of relative roughness and slope were estimated by mass balance approach. Analysis of experimental results indicated that the developed linear model between DSC and the square root of the ration of random roughness (RR) to slope was significant at probability value of 0.001 and coefficient of determination R2 = 0.90. The developed model predicted depression storage of small relief at higher accuracy compared to other models found in the literature.
¿Supone el Derecho uniforme una amenaza frente al Derecho interno? ¿Podríamos hablar de una guerra anunciada?
Authors: Marín Fuentes José Luis
Published: March 2019

El presente artículo busca en cierta medida abordar la problemática que se presenta en muchos ordenamientos jurídicos con la aplicación a una situación jurídica dada de dos o más normativas que en su momento se presentan como idóneas para resolverla, pero donde una de ellas, en consideración a su jerarquía normativa, deberá ser aplicada de manera prioritaria frente a las demás. Todo esto genera ciertas dificultades entre los operadores jurídicos, quienes deberán sortear aquel conflicto para evitar un perjuicio a las partes implicadas. En este corto estudio se podrá observar que un ordenamiento jurídico actual y en el marco de la globalización, en especial la jurídica, no puede permitirse el «lujo» de funcionar solo con su Derecho interno de origen local, por esos se hace necesario que se le inyecte o aporte al mismo normas de carácter global que lo oxigenen y le permitan insertarse en el movimiento unificador global donde la armonía jurídica se sobreponga sobre los diferentes conflictos que a nivel interno se puedan presentar.
Measuring Technical Efficiency of Wheat Farms in Punjab, Pakistan: A Stochastic Frontier Analysis Approach
Authors: Shahzad Muhammad Aamir , Razzaq Amar , Aslam Muhammad , Gulzar Muhammad Faisal , Naseer Muhammad Asad ur Rehman , Nisar Nimra
Published: March 2019

The wheat productivity in Punjab is less than the potential maximum due to imbalanced input use and farm management issues. Many studies have attemped to estimate technical efficiency of wheat crops using different techniques. However, most of them used limited datasets that focus on only a few districts. This study study uses a comprehensive dataset which is representive of Punjab province. We used farm-level panel survey data collected from 1581 farms in 17 districts of Punjab from 2005-06 to 2007-08. The technical efficiency of the wheat farms was analyzed using Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) approach. Further, we identified the determinants of (in)efficiency using the same method. The results show that the mean technical efficiency of wheat farmers in Punjab is 84 percent indicating a considerable room for efficiency improvement. Further, the results indicate that technical efficiency could be improved by educating the younger farmers, building road infrastructure, and improving farmers’ access to essential inputs. The study supports the argument that wheat farmers are less technically efficient in Punjab, Pakistan.
Innføring av studentaktive arbeidsformer i seminarundervisningen. Hvilken betydning har dette på læringsutbyttet og klassemiljøet?
Authors: Netland Kjell Øystein , Sivertsen Annfrid , Olufsen Magne
Published: March 2019

I denne studien ønsket vi å undersøke hvordan innføring av studentaktive læringsformer i seminarundervisningen påvirket det faglige læringsutbyttet og klassemiljøet i STEM-fag (science, technology, engineering and mathematics). Et randomisert kontrollert studie ble gjennomført i seminarundervisningen i to innføringsemner i fysikk og kjemi ved xxx. I emnene fulgte halvparten av studentene seminarundervisning med studentaktive arbeidsformer, og resterende studenter fulgte seminarer med lærersentrert undervisning. Studentene ble gitt kunnskapstester og spørreundersøkelser både ved semesterstart og før eksamen, i tillegg til at eksamensresultatet ble innhentet. Det ble også gjennomført et fokusgruppeintervju av seminarlærerne som underviste på studentaktive seminar.Våre funn viser at både studenter og seminarlærere var fornøyde med omlegging til studentaktiv undervisning. Fra både student- og lærerperspektiv ble det begrunnet med at læringsaktivitetene la til rette for en god faglig diskusjon og skapte engasjement. Studentene var veldig positive til gruppediskusjon rundt grunnleggende faglige begreper, og uttrykte et høyt selvopplevd læringsutbytte fra slike aktiviteter. Vi fant at i fysikk fikk studentene som fulgte studentaktive seminarer en gjennomsnittlig 0,36 bedre karakter på eksamen enn kontrollgruppen, med samme observerte tendens på kunnskapstestene. I kjemi var både eksamenskarakter og resultat fra kunnskapstestene omtrent like mellom studentgruppene. Datamateriale viser at både studenter og lærere mente omlegging til studentaktive seminarer førte til et bedre klassemiljø for studentene. For å bedre kvaliteten på seminarundervisning i høyere utdanning, ser vi fra vårt materiale betydningen av opplæring og oppfølging av undervisere.
Assessing the Magnitude and Risk Factors Associated With Undiagnosed Hypertension in Rural Rwanda
Authors: Mazimpaka Christian , Nsanzimana Sabin , Logan Jenae , Binagwaho Agnes , Wong Rex
Published: March 2019

Individuals living with hypertension are predisposed to higher risk of stroke, kidney diseases and heart failure. Approximately 9.4 million people worldwide die from complications related to hypertension every year. Hypertension is often known as the silent killer because many people do not develop any symptoms until they get very sick. Early screening is particularly important for better treatment outcomes yet it remains a challenge in many countries. Worldwide, approximately 50% of people are living with undiagnosed hypertension. In Rwanda, the rate of undiagnosed hypertension is unknown, and so are the associated risk factors in rural communities. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted to determine the rate and risk factors of undiagnosed hypertension among adults in a rural community in Rwanda.  The proportion of people having undiagnosed hypertension was found to be high. Out of 155 study participants, 41.9% had undiagnosed hypertension, with slightly more men having hypertension (52.3%) than women (47.7%). More than 98% of respondents either did not know or knew wrong information about hypertension, and only 3% knew they should have regular checkups with physicians. Age (p=0.027) and alcohol consumption (p=0.014) were found to be statistically significantly associated with hypertension. Smoking and exercise were not found to be risk factors as most Rwandans living in the rural areas are physically active.  Programs to promote hypertension awareness, encourage regular physical checkups, and reduce alcohol consumption are needed to improve diagnosis and control of hypertension in Rwanda. Community programs offering free regular blood pressure checks may also be helpful in identifying early hypertension. Larger scale studies of this kind should be conducted to understand whether results can be generalized to other areas of Rwanda.
Rodents (Mammalia)from Fitterer Ranch, Brule Formation (Oligocene), North Dakota
Authors: Korth William W. , Emry Robert J. , Boyd Clint A. , Person Jeff J.
Published: March 2019

Korth, William W., Robert J. Emry, Clint A. Boyd, and Jeff J. Person. Rodents (Mammalia) from Fitterer Ranch, Brule Formation (Oligocene), North Dakota. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, number 103, vi + 45 pages, 17 figures, 15 tables, 1 appendix, 2019.—Eighteen rodent species are recognized from the Fitterer Ranch fauna of North Dakota on the basis of more than a thousand collected specimens. Of the species recognized, four are new: the prosciurine aplodontiids Prosciurus hogansoni and Altasciurus leonardi, the heliscomyid Heliscomys borealis, and the cricetid Eumys lammersi. A previously described castorid from this fauna, Oligotheriomys primus Korth, 1998, is considered a synonym of “Eutypomys” magnus Wood, 1937, on the basis of the recovery of lower dentitions but is retained in the genus Oligotheriomys. A single specimen is questionably referred to Microparamys, a genus elsewhere limited to the Eocene (Clarkforkian-Chadronian land mammal ages). The rodent fauna appears to be a combination of predominantly Orellan and Whitneyan species (early Oligocene), suggesting that the section might transcend the Orellan-Whitneyan boundary. However, the rodent fauna does not alter significantly from the lowest to the highest horizons.