bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Choosing Well
Authors: Andreou Chrisoula
Published: February 2023

This book focuses on the challenges associated with effective choice over time. In particular, it considers the challenges raised by cyclic preferences and by incomplete preferences, both of which interfere with the agent’s neatly ordering her options, and which make the agent susceptible to self-defeating patterns of choice in which the agent is drawn into taking each of a series of steps that collectively lead her to a result that she deems unacceptable. The book’s guiding questions are the following: What is an agent to do if she finds herself with cyclic preferences or with incomplete preferences? Is an agent or group of agents with such preferences necessarily irrational? It is argued that the answer to the latter question is “no”; rationality does not invariably prohibit disorderly preferences, but it does (to get back to the first question) prompt us to proceed with caution and with a readiness to show restraint, based on an awareness of larger dynamics, when our preferences are disorderly. Theories of rational choice often dismiss or abstract away from the sorts of disorderly preferences at issue here. They assume that rational agents can and should have neat preferences over their options; but this assumption is problematic. Rationality can validate certain disorderly preference structures while also protecting us from self-defeating patterns of choice. Rationality can thus handle quite a lot of messiness, which is important, since rationality wouldn’t be all that helpful if, whenever messiness threatened, we could not turn to it for guidance.
Introduction
Authors: Andreou Chrisoula
Published: February 2023

This chapter briefly introduces the challenges associated with effective choice over time on which the book focuses, where the challenges at issue are associated with cyclic preferences and incomplete preferences. The chapter then provides a brief summary of each chapter. The eight chapters summarized include the following: Chapter 1: Disorderly Preferences; Chapter 2: Self-Defeating Self-Governance; Chapter 3: Instrumental Rationality Revamped; Chapter 4: Parity; Chapter 5: Incomparability; Chapter 6: Betterness; Chapter 7: Resolutions and Regret upon Going Astray; and Chapter 8: Regret in Continued Endorsement Cases. The chapter ends with a brief description of some of the key take-home messages of the book. The central take-home message is that rationality can handle quite a lot of messiness and that this is important, since rationality wouldn’t be all that helpful if, whenever messiness threatened, we had to rush to its rescue rather than look to it for guidance.
Disorderly Preferences
Authors: Andreou Chrisoula
Published: February 2023

This chapter first focuses on choice situations in which cyclic preferences seem natural and considers why they might be seen as too disorderly to be rationally permissible. It then discusses how cyclic preference can be defended and how the most influential challenge to cyclic preferences, namely the money-pump argument, can be reinterpreted. The chapter then turns to incomplete preferences, which raise similar concerns and can be defended in a similar way.
Incomparability
Authors: Andreou Chrisoula
Published: February 2023

This chapter focuses on the question of whether incommensurable options are invariably comparable, even if simply as on a par, or whether some incommensurable options are strictly incomparable. After an assessment of the small-improvement argument and several variations on it, it is concluded that, whether or not options can be strictly incomparable, there is room for cases beyond not just classic cases of trichotomous comparability but even beyond cases involving options that, although not trichotomously comparable, are still comparable as both positive, or both negative, or, even if indeterminate, both fairly neutral. In the relevant further cases, at least one option that combines a positive feature and a negative feature is not positive, negative, neutral, or even fairly neutral (overall). To the extent that comparability is revealed as applicable in such cases, skepticism about incomparability can persist, but its significance is reduced by the revelation of how little comparability requires.
Patterns of Exploitation
Authors: Boucher Anna K.
Published: February 2023

With an estimated 164 million workers globally, migrant workers are an essential component of contemporary workplaces. Despite their number and indispensability in the global economy, these workers suffer workplace violations that range from underpayment of wages to unsafe work conditions through to sexual assault and even industrial manslaughter. Patterns of Exploitation documents the bases for exploitation. It does this through a comparison of labor laws and practices in six labor law jurisdictions and four countries over a twenty-year period: Australia, Canada (Ontario, British Columbia, and Alberta), the United Kingdom (England), and the United States (California). Starting with a startling new database (the Migrant Worker Rights Database) of 907 court cases involving 1,912 migrants, this unprecedented study offers in-depth analysis of seven court cases to document individual migrant experiences. It draws upon fifty-three interviews with leading counsel (and other actors) on both sides of the litigation to provide an assessment of the patterns of exploitation that emerge. The central factors informing these narratives are ethnicity, gender, occupational sector, visa status, trade union membership, and enforcement policy. Yet, the key factor that explains variation across cases is the industrial relations systems of these four countries. This central finding emphasizes ongoing institutional resilience in labor market regulation, even within most-similar liberal market economies that these cases represent.
Methods and Materials
Authors: Lewis Anne-Marie
Published: February 2023

Evidence from ancient sources indicates that Augustus was keenly aware of the celestial sphere and employed it to his advantage throughout his life. He used his astrological genitura privately for personal guidance. But, more importantly, he observed the heavens regularly to note the presence of his Julian kin in their celestial manifestations as a means of confirming for himself and conveying to friends and enemies that he was connected to the cosmos, that he was supported by these celestial kin, and that he would eventually have political success. The chapter establishes the biographical, historical, and sociocultural orientation of the book; the emphasis placed upon the interpretation of important episodes from the life of Augustus described in the ancient sources in consultation with astronomical sky maps and astrological diagrams; and the considerations that underpin the handling of time for the events discussed (calendars, dates, and hours of the day and night).
Octavianus and the Sidus Crinitum
Authors: Lewis Anne-Marie
Published: February 2023

At the ludi Octavianus presented in September 44 b.c. in honor of his great-uncle and adoptive father, Caesar, who had been assassinated several months earlier in March 44 b.c., a noteworthy celestial object served as a backdrop. This celestial object, which Octavianus called the sidus crinitum, was a bright star that was in the sky during the seven days of the ludi. Its appearance represented the belief of Octavianus and others that the soul of Caesar had risen to the Milky Way, the place Cicero had described in his De Republica as the destination of the souls of worthy Romans. At these ludi, Octavianus demonstrated his awareness of the celestial sphere as supportive of his political agenda for the first time.
From Naulochus to Actium
Authors: Lewis Anne-Marie
Published: February 2023

At the Battle of Naulochus in 36 b.c., Octavianus, aided by his close friend Agrippa, defeated Sextus Pompeius at sea off the north coast of Sicily. At the Battle of Actium in 31 b.c., in which Octavianus was aided once again by Agrippa, Octavianus defeated his fellow triumvir Antonius and all the allied forces of Antonius and Cleopatra, also at sea, off the northwestern coast of Greece. The Battle of Naulochus and the Battle of Actium each occurred against a backdrop of meaningful celestial display that reinforced Octavianus’ awareness of the visible support of the Olympian divinities whom he considered to be his ultimate Julian ancestors.
A New Name for Octavianus and the Ludi Saeculares
Authors: Lewis Anne-Marie
Published: February 2023

After Actium, Octavianus became the de facto ruler of Rome, all the while maintaining the facade of Republican government. His elevation to this unprecedented role was signaled in a series of events beginning with the granting of the name Augustus by the Senate in 27 b.c. Within the next decade, Octavianus dedicated the Temple of Jupiter Tonans on the Capitoline Hill in 22 b.c. He also presented, together with Agrippa, in 17 b.c., the religious and civic spectacle known as the Ludi Saeculares, an event that was long overdue and had not been presented at Rome since 146 b.c. All three events were accompanied by meaningful celestial displays.
Consolidation and Transition in the Final Years of Augustus’ Rule
Authors: Lewis Anne-Marie
Published: February 2023

Even in his later years when he had no serious political rivals, Augustus continued his deployment of celestial display to accompany important events. These events included the renaming of the mensis Sextilis after his honorary cognomen Augustus in 8 b.c.; the granting to Augustus of the title of pater patriae in early 2 b.c.; the dedication of the Temple of Mars Ultor, which Augustus had vowed to Mars before the battles fought at Philippi in 42 b.c., later in the year 2 b.c.; and the formal adoption by Augustus of his stepson Tiberius and his grandson Agrippa Postumus in a.d. 4.
The Death, Funeral, and Deification of Augustus
Authors: Lewis Anne-Marie
Published: February 2023

The death of Augustus in August a.d. 14 and the return of Augustus’ body to Rome and his funeral a few weeks later in September a.d. 14 were accompanied by the kind of notable celestial display that Augustus had favored as backdrops for important events throughout his life. On the day of Augustus’ deification by a decree of the Senate in September a.d. 14, the heavens also presented a final meaningful celestial display. Two cameos from early in the reign of Augustus’ successor Tiberius reference and personify the deification of Augustus and the journey of Augustus’ soul to the heavens, where it took up its permanent residence in Spica, the brightest star in the zodiacal constellation Virgo.
Inside Looking In
Authors: Wickström David-Emil
Published: February 2023

Taking a meta-perspective, this chapter discusses the issue of power relations within Higher Music Education Institutions (HMEI) and the consequences. After briefly describing the unique challenges HMEI face due to the way artistic teaching is structured, the second part explains how these power relations can be uncovered and fought by drawing on some strategies different European HMEI are pursuing. In particular, the chapter centers on different models of tuition besides the traditional master-apprentice model. The final part explores how to change the institution by creating an institutional culture that is open to feedback, which raises awareness among staff and students of what amounts to harassment and misconduct and which actively promotes a diverse staff and student body.
A Critical Perspective on Diversity and Inclusion in US Classical Music Discourse
Authors: Ritchey Marianna
Published: February 2023

Classical music in contemporary US practice is widely perceived as having a diversity problem. Specifically, commentators decry the racism and sexism that shapes—and has always shaped—the practices, programming, and pedagogies that constitute the institution of classical music. Calls to diversify classical music fixate on the model of raising up individuals from various marginalized identity categories, for example by programming more women composers at the Metropolitan Opera. The author takes a critical look at such demands, highlighting the way they exclude considerations of class and prestige. Classical music is certainly White supremacist and patriarchal, but it is also elitist, and its elitism is inextricable from its other bigotries. Classical music’s lack of a structural critique of power is tied to the liberal political ethos it is in many respects co-constitutive of. The author suggests ways to radically reframe how to envision both diversity and music itself.
Space from Āfār
Authors: Bhatt Mukesh Chiman
Published: February 2023

“Space from Āfār: From Africa across the Indian Ocean to the Pacific” treats, on their own terms, the cultures surrounding the Indian and Pacific Oceans that have been exploring and using the vastness of space for millennia. These cultures have been denied full partnership in the use and exploration of outer space despite the principles of the Outer Space Treaty. Many of these countries have been developing their own space programs. Integrating space and other technologies into daily culture, this chapter discusses new epistemological approaches to the Western dilemma of making technology compatible with tradition and nature, made possible while emphasizing commonality and cooperation.
The Language of Space
Authors: Kowal Mary Robinette
Published: February 2023

“The Language of Space” predicts that without deliberate effort, many languages from Earth will be lost as space travel expands to other planets. Languages are culture, and losing languages means losing cultures. The chapter’s author considers her own experience living in Iceland and relying on English as a shared language with others there. In space, English, Russian, and Chinese are the three primary common languages, even though speakers of many languages are trained as astronauts. But because the people that control access to space are English, Russian, and Chinese, those are the languages that manuals are written in. For thousands of languages to survive, space travel must be accessible to people from the most marginalized communities and nations.
African Space Art as a New Perspective on Space Law
Authors: Vermeylen Saskia , Njeri Jacque
Published: February 2023

“African Space Art as a New Perspective on Space Law” analyses African space art told through the work of African artists who retell an alternative history of spaceflight from an African cultural archive that produces a more inclusive history for humanity in space. A mix of artworks are analyzed, including the MaaSci (2017) series by Jacque Njeri, and the short film Afronaut (2014) by Nuotama Bodomo. The artworks expose different moral and ethical viewpoints that provide new ideas about the future of space governance. The artworks show how African histories, cultures, and philosophies can decolonize space travel through a deconstruction of the familiar tropes of the white, male astronaut. Space travel’s history of colonization and frontier thinking is challenged through exploring the African archive that is embedded in the artworks, so that spaceflight’s future is directed by the female Afronaut/cyborg embodying the next generation of space travelers protecting space from commercial exploitation.
Embodiment in Space Imagery
Authors: de Paulis Daniela , Haramia Chelsea
Published: February 2023

“Embodiment in Space Imagery: Beyond the Dominant Narrative” describes how we are creatures who travel through the cosmos and robotically position ourselves on and near planetary bodies. Our technology provides remarkable knowledge of other objects in our Solar System. Outer space also provides us with opportunities to better understand ourselves as humans, manifesting this potential whenever we advance in our ability to represent the space environment. This chapter focuses on photographic representation. Through photography, humans extend certain sensory abilities much farther into the cosmos than our physical bodies otherwise allow. But photographs are not a neutral medium; the access we have to other planets is heavily mediated. If we look past the dominant discourse regarding space exploration, we may know and understand more about ourselves in the process. We may find new knowledge of the land of distant planets, and of the realities of human experiences of life on Earth.
On Loving Nonliving Stuff
Authors: Capper Daniel
Published: February 2023

“On Loving Nonliving Stuff” argues that one of the more important things that we can learn from space exploration is how to love lifeless stuff. We generally are taught by our cultures to love life but to not be too concerned with nonlife. However, in our present understanding, within the solar system only Earth has life. If we are to care for places like our amazing Moon and be responsible citizens, we must learn to value the Moon’s abiotic places for what they are in themselves. In our space adventures we similarly must care for other lifeless places like the spectacular rings of Saturn. Tibetans exemplify how we better can adore such things that are not alive through their reciprocal community relationships with the mountains among them. This Himalayan respect for peaks can teach us how to love nonliving stuff and thereby properly cherish wonderful locations within our solar system.
Contact Zones and Outer Space Environments
Authors: Gorman Alice
Published: February 2023

“Contact Zones and Outer Space Environments: A Feminist Archaeological Analysis of Space Habitats” draws on acculturation theories from historical archaeology to reconceptualize the space habitat as a “contact zone” between masculine and feminine cultures. The chapter first considers how space habitats changed from family dwellings in early imaginings to a reality of male-only spaces in which women had to battle for a place. An analysis of commentaries about women in spacecraft reveals that physical distance between male and female bodies has been seen as the key to regulating sexuality and social relations in outer space.
Creating a Culture of Extraterrestrial Environmental Concern
Authors: Kramer William R.
Published: February 2023

“Creating a Culture of Extraterrestrial Environmental Concern” argues that we will regret our actions on the Moon and Mars if we do not assess their environmental impacts and institute measures to avoid them. Such assessments are routine on Earth, and when made part of planning they are effective in reducing adverse impacts, cutting costs, and supporting resource sustainability. Absent a similar culture of environmental concern in space, we should expect environmental damage and its associated costs. This chapter cites examples of adverse environmental impacts on Earth, describes how our relationships with space are dominated by Western landscape domination, provides suggestions on avoiding repeating past mistakes, and calls for including non-Western perspectives in the discussion. If a culture of environmental awareness is nurtured among space actors, a habit of practices of concern will create options for more enlightened, commercially sustainable, and socially productive futures as we venture into this new commons.
Desire, Duty, and Discrimination
Authors: Kendal Evie
Published: February 2023

“Desire, Duty, and Discrimination: Is There an Ethical Way to Select Humans for Noah’s Ark?” discusses ethical issues related to reproduction in space. Confined on Earth, humanity is vulnerable to extinction-level disasters such as catastrophic climate change or asteroid impact hazards. One method of preserving the species from these threats is to establish off-world settlements on other planets. This project will inevitably entail selecting members of the species (and potentially human embryos) from a broad range of candidates, necessitating the development of appropriate selection criteria. This chapter considers relevant ethical issues as they apply to this extreme “Noah’s Ark” example, considering the benefits of preserving diversity in the human population, including for different abilities, sexual orientations, and concepts of family, before interrogating whether there is a coherent method of imposing a duty to procreate in the face of species extinction and if so, how far this duty extends.
Astrobioethics Considerations Regarding Space Exploration
Authors: Chon-Torres Octavio
Published: February 2023

“Astrobioethics Considerations Regarding Space Exploration” discusses a number of questions about space exploration that begin to emerge in the context of astrobioethics, the area of study that examines the moral implications of astrobiological research. Thus, this chapter will address the following questions: (1) Are we the guardians of life in the universe? (2) Can we be morally empathetic to possible extraterrestrial life forms? (3) Is the discovery of life elsewhere in the universe a key factor in the improvement of the human condition? (4) Can becoming multi- or interplanetary beings mean that we finally unite as humanity? (5) Should we avoid at all costs any possible attempt to communicate with other possible civilizations in the universe?
Will Posthumans Dream of Humans?
Authors: Ferrando Francesca
Published: February 2023

“Will Posthumans Dream of Humans? A Message To Our Dear Postplanetary Descendants” asks: what would happen if a message from the past was found by posthuman beings living in outer space? Written in the creative form of a letter and a poem, this chapter makes clear points: space is not the “next frontier”; humans have always been in space. Species are constantly changing and adapting; in the future, posthumanities (descendants of humans who may eventually migrate out of Earth) could evolve on other celestial bodies. Yet, at the existential level, they won’t be so radically different from us, humans of the twenty-first century, as to be an absolute enigma: the awareness of self-realization exceeds any individual, species, and spatiotemporal limitations. Ultimately, space exploration cannot be reduced to an economic endeavor and simplified as a search for new resources, ignited by the ongoing depletion of planet Earth in the era of the Anthropocene. Journeying in space is based on an existential stance: it’s a search for meaning.
Worthy of His Hire
Authors: Peterson Joseph W.
Published: February 2023

Chapter Six returns to Algerian missions, focusing on Charles Lavigerie and his newly-founded “White Fathers” (Pères Blancs) missionary congregation. The White Fathers represented a new, more modern phase in French Catholic thinking about Algerian Islam. Their bulletins and fundraising materials employed sophisticated tactics of humanitarian publicity, such as distributing photographs of starving children and offering the chance for Catholics to financially “adopt” an Algerian orphan. The White Fathers were also more “liberal” than the Jesuits had been. They believed that using charity exclusively, without proselytization, would prove their goodness and would wear down the resistance of the Muslim tribes. Only after the Muslims had been civilized, torn away from allegiance to their local marabouts, and seduced by the “disinterested” charity of France, could the missionaries begin to think of broaching the topic of religion. But the White Fathers’ rhetoric about Islam was harsher and more racialized than that of previous missionaries.
Memory is not one thing
Authors: Budson Andrew E. , Kensinger Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2023

You can use the different memory systems in your brain together when learning and retrieving information. Using multiple memory systems will create strong and long-lasting memories. When you want to use episodic memory to remember the details of an event you are experiencing, pay attention to information coming through your senses into sensory memory. When you want to learn new semantic memory information, try manipulating the information in working memory. This manipulation will help to form a strong episodic memory that will, in turn, help you to form a long-lasting semantic memory. To acquire a new skill, use your episodic memory to learn the instructions that will eventually be internalized in your procedural memory.
Episodic memory
Authors: Budson Andrew E. , Kensinger Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2023

Pay attention to your sensations, thoughts, and emotions. Focusing on the sights, sounds, smells, tastes, thoughts, and feelings while you are experiencing them will help you form long-lasting memories. Focus on the differences between two similar events if you wish to remember each of them distinctly. To recall each distinctly, concentrate on the distinguishing features of different people, puppies, or parking spots. To enhance your retention, review an event after it has concluded. To remember your evening out, think about each aspect of the night as you are traveling home: how you looked in the mirror before you left, the sounds you heard when you opened the door, how others were dressed, the tastes of the food, the faces of the people you met, and the topics you discussed.
Do you need to try to remember?
Authors: Budson Andrew E. , Kensinger Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2023

This chapter discusses how to usher the content you want into memory. Avoid distraction—don’t multitask! You want your brain’s resources focused on what you hope to remember. Memory suffers when attention is divided. Align your in-the-moment goals with your memory goals. What you remember from an event is going to be tied to how you processed the event as it unfolded. If your goal of remembering is creating anxiety, reframe your goal. Anxiety can be a source of distraction; it can cause you to ruminate on past memory failures and other unpleasant thoughts rather than being attuned to the information present right now. If you realize that your anxiety about learning information is getting in your way, a good strategy can be to think of an alternate goal that still facilitates paying close attention.
Just normal aging—or is it Alzheimer’s disease?
Authors: Budson Andrew E. , Kensinger Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2023

This chapter discusses the difference between normal aging and more serious problems. In normal aging, more effort is needed to get information into memory, more time and effort are needed to retrieve memories, and trouble retrieving names of people, places, books, and movies is common. Remembering just the essential elements may lead to wisdom. Dementia means there is cognitive impairment severe enough to interfere with day-to-day function. Mild cognitive impairment is when cognitive problems are noticeable, present on tests, but mild enough so that day-to-day function is preserved. Subjective cognitive decline is the term used when individuals are concerned about their cognition but they score normally on tests of thinking and memory and function normally as well. In Alzheimer’s disease rapid forgetting of information is common, false memories are common, and word-finding difficulties are present for ordinary nouns. In vascular dementia, thinking and memory processes are slowed, more effort is needed to get information into memory, and more effort is needed to retrieve memories.
Exercise
Authors: Budson Andrew E. , Kensinger Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2023

Keep your mind strong by keeping your body fit. Check in with your doctor prior to starting a brand-new exercise program, if you’re not sure what the best exercise is for you, or if you’re experiencing any discomfort while exercising. Perform aerobic exercise 5 to 7 days each week for 30 to 60 minutes each day. Exercise for strength, balance, and flexibility at least 2 hours each week. Begin with small, specific goals that you can accomplish and build up from there. Build in contingency plans for bad weather. For example, “I’m going to walk briskly 5 days this week for 30 minutes each day either outside enjoying the scenery or inside listening to music.” Make your commitment to exercise lifelong. Climb up that hill and start drinking the elixir of life: exercise.
This is your brain on alcohol, cannabis, and drugs
Authors: Budson Andrew E. , Kensinger Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2023

Know the effects of substances on your memory. Even a single alcoholic beverage will interfere with procedural memory (for example, driving) and episodic memory (for example, remembering new facts and events of your life). Drinking alcohol will interfere with your retention of information you learned earlier in the day—and earlier in the week. As an adult, consuming one alcoholic beverage each day should not permanently damage your brain, but there also is no reason to drink in an effort to improve your brain health. Using cannabis will impair your procedural and episodic memory. CBD alone does not impair memory—and may even help it. Cannabis has not been shown to permanently damage memory. Cocaine, Ecstasy, methamphetamine, opioids, and psychedelics will all impair your memory. Cocaine can cause strokes—even in young people—and may lead to vascular dementia and life-long consequences for memory.
Sleep well
Authors: Budson Andrew E. , Kensinger Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2023

Review material you wish to remember shortly before bed. This reduces interference from other information and will increase the likelihood the information is strengthened in memory overnight. If you listen to calm, relaxing music while you are studying, try listening to the same music while you are getting ready for sleep. This may increase the likelihood that the information you studied is reactivated overnight. Don’t cram. Space out your learning. Remember: Study, sleep, repeat. Don’t pull an all-nighter; you’ll remember more information if you give yourself time to sleep. Make sure you get enough sleep each night. Remember that you likely need between 7 and 9 hours in bed trying to sleep each night to get your required amount of sleep.
MRT in the United States
Authors: Glenn Cohen I. , Menon Priyanka , Adashi Eli Y.
Published: February 2023

Regulation of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) in the United States must be understood against the backdrop of the regulation—and, in some cases, lack thereof—of other reproductive technologies. Moreover, given the proximity between MRT and sensitive ethical concerns, political debates over the right to procreate, access to abortion, and concern for fetal personhood provide crucial context. This chapter situates MRT in these larger contexts and juxtaposes the National Academies of Medicine’s proposal for MRT regulation in the United States with the way Congress has thus far regulated the technology by essentially enacting a prohibition via an appropriations rider. The authors also discuss the regulatory scheme surrounding funding for MRT research as the United States lags behind other jurisdictions in nationally available funding. A final part of this chapter considers additional legal and ethical issues raised by the prospect of MRT, including the threat of medical tourism to circumvent US prohibitions.
Medical Tourism and Multilevel Regulation for MRT in the European Union
Authors: Johnson Walter G. , Bowman Diana M.
Published: February 2023

The European Union has been a significant jurisdiction for research in and legal authorisation of mitochondrial replacement therapies (MRT). While still an EU member state, the United Kingdom became the first national government to authorise and regulate MRT. A human clinical trial of maternal spindle transfer techniques to treat infertility was approved by Greek regulators in 2016. However, little supranational regulation of MRT has occurred in Europe, with EU decision-makers appearing to leave discretion to national governments despite the potential for patients to readily cross borders to receive reproductive care. This chapter reviews the current state of reproductive healthcare policy and medical tourism in Europe before exploring international and supranational legal norms potentially relevant to MRT and examining the cases of the United Kingdom and Greece in this context. The chapter concludes that reproductive tourism for MRT in the EU appears likely to continue absent supranational or transnational interventions.
Two Souls That Are Knit Together (1 Samuel 18:1–4)
Authors: Tiemeyer Lena-Sofia
Published: February 2023

This chapter explores the portrayal of Jonathan in 1 Samuel 18:1–4 and in the selected modern fictional retellings. It poses four questions: whence does Jonathan appear, when does Jonathan begin to love David, why does Jonathan love David, and what is the nature of Jonathan’s love for David? Although the biblical text is multivalent and can support a wide range of meanings, the interaction with fiction suggests that Jonathan, at least from a modern Western perspective, cannot be understood as a cohesive character unless he is in love with David. Further, the chapter ponders Jonathan’s possible reaction to David’s anointing in 1 Samuel 16 and notes that most retellings are either incoherent, implausible, or unsatisfactory, with the exception of those who either downplay it or see 1 Samuel 16 as a later fabrication by David’s scribes.
A Heart That Is Split Asunder (1 Samuel 20)
Authors: Tiemeyer Lena-Sofia
Published: February 2023

This chapter explores the portrayal of Jonathan in 1 Samuel 20 and in the selected modern fictional retellings, with a focus on Jonathan’s volatile and rapidly deteriorating relationship with his father. It further discusses Jonathan’s relationships with David and asks whether this is a friendship characterised by political loyalty and mutual piety, or an unequal involvement with Jonathan as the giver and David as the taker, or an ardent and mutual love affair. The chapter also probes Jonathan’s role in the political games between Saul and David. Is Jonathan the intelligent and insightful man who knows fully well what is at stake, yet sides with David against his father nonetheless, or is he overly naïve and lacking the capacity to keep up with David and Saul in their increasingly complex and dangerous fight for power?
“Politeness Has a Heart”
Authors: Morgenstern Aliyah
Published: February 2023

Drawing on a longitudinal videoethnography of French parent-child interactions in family life over a period of six years, children are shown to develop what Bergson called politeness of manner, mind, and heart through interactive sequences permeated with affect and stance. Children’s first “polite” acts are permeated with echoes of the adults’ constructions, which they repeat and manipulate to test sounds, prosodic patterns, gestural configurations, and movements within relevant actions. Children progressively appropriate the linguistic tools, social codes, and behaviors used in their community and find their own voice. The extracts exemplify how the others’ voices shape children’s unique identity as “polite” speaker and co-speaker grounded in the richness of their daily life. Children seem to reverse roles as they perform the other’s actions or voice the other’s cue in the scripts of politeness they recycle during recurrent mundane activities. In our detailed analyses of a selection of examples, we will demonstrate how what could be taken as an effort to socialize children to the habitus of “good behavior” and convention (politeness of manner) through authoritative adult speech, is a form of scaffolding to perspective taking (politeness of the mind) permeated with affect (politeness of the heart). The children progressively learn to fully appropriate politeness and its pragmatic force in its temporal unfolding. They can then deploy re-accentuations which allows them to construct their own identity through embodied and “languaged” identification with others, their needs and their feelings.
Giving Up on Politeness
Authors: Edwards Terra
Published: February 2023

Protactile DeafBlind communities in the United States gave up on politeness about a decade ago. The author of this chapter was there when it happened, and the transformation took over her relationships. One key example: She had developed a habit of jumping up and intervening any time a DeafBlind person was “groping around”—touching things, bumping into walls, reaching their hands out into empty space. Groping, to her, meant that the person was lost and needed a guide. To total outsiders, groping seemed improper and in public spaces, the author felt their judgements in evaluative gaze or explicit reprimand. However, her protactile friends stopped caring about those judgements and they instructed her not to act. She experienced not-acting as a state of jumpiness or nervousness-like a tick that is difficult to manage. It was years before that response was replaced by a calm curiosity about the knowledge that is acquired when one touches, rather than sees, their environment. She started watching her friends grope and imaged what they were learning. At that point, she became polite in a new way. Not the kind of polite that is grounded in mutual face-vulnerability and strategic manipulation, but rather in what Bergson calls “the art of finding life lovable,” wherein one is attentive to an other. One then notices how the other moves and thinks. As in a dream, one can discover in oneself a “light and mobile sympathy” that allows a person to experience some of what an other experience, but weightlessly and without effort.
Current Knowledge
Authors: Lincoln Don
Published: February 2023

Over the centuries, scientists have devised several ideas to explain the origins of the laws of nature. As we better understood the individual theories, researchers realized that a lot of phenomena can be explained as arising from a deeper cause, like how electricity, magnetism, chemistry, and light all can arise from electromagnetism. In the modern day, we know of two theories that describe nearly all experiments. The theory that describes the subatomic world is called the standard model of particle physics, while the theory that describes the cosmos is called general relativity. This chapter describes how these theories came to be devised and the range of phenomena they successfully describe.
Missing Antimatter
Authors: Lincoln Don
Published: February 2023

Einstein’s equation E = mc2 says that energy can convert to matter and vice versa; however, that’s not the full story. When energy makes matter, it makes antimatter in equal quantities. When one combines this fact with the idea of the Big Bang, which says that the early universe was full of energy, this suggests that the current universe should consist equally of matter and antimatter; yet it isn’t. We see only matter. While we don’t understand why this is true, Andrei Sakharov worked out the minimum conditions for there to be an imbalance in the amount of matter and antimatter. This chapter explores those conditions and tells us how much imbalance had to exist between matter and antimatter to evolve into the universe we see today. It turns out for every 2,000,000,000 antimatter particles that once existed, 2,000,000,001 matter particles had to exist. The 2,000,000,000s cancelled each other out, leaving the trace amount of matter to make up the cosmos.
The Future
Authors: Lincoln Don
Published: February 2023

Creating a theory of everything is an ambitious goal and one that is unlikely to proceed without data and experiment to guide thinkers. The energy scale at which a theory of everything is thought to be possible is a quadrillion times higher than the highest energies achievable today, and it will be centuries before we could conceivably build equipment to test a theory of everything. This points out the need for researchers to develop new technology. When one considers the theoretical effort that is needed to develop a theory of everything, it is important to remember that even the science heroes of the past didn’t work alone. They benefited from working with others, thinking through good ideas and killing bad ones. We must remember the final goal, which is a theory of everything, and be satisfied that we continue to progress toward it.
Antimonopoly, in the Country and the City
Authors: Schiller Dan
Published: February 2023

Opposition to corporate control of US telecommunications expanded soon after the originating Bell telephone patents were filed in 1876. In one reform thrust, antimonopolists threw support to independent—that is, non-Bell, or AT&T—suppliers after Bell’s patents lapsed in 1894. Between the 1880s and the 1910s, loose coalitions of farmers, workers, businesses, and middle-class reformers also repeatedly mobilized in support of a Post Office takeover of telegraphs and telephones. Finally, political campaigns for municipal ownership of local telephone systems also gained traction during the 1910s. Relentlessly opposed by AT&T, however, the antimonopoly coalition eroded. Settlements were reached with the giant telephone company by, respectively, large business users and many independent telephone companies. These agreements subjected AT&T to government regulation and stripped away support for postalization; but they did not touch the interests of restive telecommunications workers. As World War I approached, therefore, the political economy of telecommunications remained unstable.
Business Realignment, Federal Intervention, Class Confrontation
Authors: Schiller Dan
Published: February 2023

Federal intervention in telecommunications escalated in the 1910s as both business conflict and class confrontation intensified. On the eve of World War I, meanwhile, telecommunications workers continued to struggle for postalization, believing that it would improve working conditions and enhance service. A threatened telegraph strike in 1918 precipitated an actual takeover of the nation’s networks by the Post Office on grounds of wartime necessity. Unionized women telephone operators in particular, however, found government control a bitterly antagonizing experience; their spring 1919 strike brought postal operations in New England to a halt, and helped precipitate a reprivatization of telephones, telegraphs, and submarine cables mere months later. The Post Office’s year-long stint running the nation’s wireline systems brought a halt to decades’ of antimonopoly effort as, amid the repression that followed World War I, telecommunications was restabilized around those—suppliers and business users alike—who could demonstrate a property interest.
Reactivating Reform
Authors: Schiller Dan
Published: February 2023

Reform found a different footing as AT&T undertook a costly modernization of its network during the 1920s. Because they were legally classed as public utilities, telegraph and telephone carriers were subject to government regulation; however, as leading state regulators objected, AT&T’s integrated interstate structure frustrated effective oversight at every turn. As AT&T multiplied its demands for rate hikes, criticism of the company flared in commission proceedings and court cases. AT&T kept challenges tangled in the courts; reformers nonetheless persevered. With the 1932 election of Franklin Roosevelt to the presidency, they carried reform ideas to Washington. Telecommunications regulation was restructured by the Communications Act of 1934, and the new Federal Communications Commission hit AT&T as a bitterly unwelcome imposition. A campaign to develop greater accountability became, for several years, a wider sociopolitical struggle. By the late 1930s AT&T had reversed some of the proposed structural changes—but abided by others.
The Punishing Passage to Telephone Unionism
Authors: Schiller Dan
Published: February 2023

Unionizing the dispersed, divided, and relatively conservative telephone workforce was a daunting task. Workers nevertheless began to form independent organizations, which affiliated into a weak National Federation of Telephone Workers (NFTW) during World War II. While the NFTW became a more centralized Communications Workers of America (CWA), the ACA also was organizing telephone locals. CWA leaders and many telephone workers were hostile to the Communist-led ACA and, as the US adopted a global Cold War policy between 1946 and 1948, the CIO abandoned its big-tent social unionism. It formed a Telephone Workers Organizing Committee (TWOC) to establish an avenue of affiliation with the CIO that bypassed the left-led ACA and subsumed ACA’s jurisdiction over telephony. CWA was admitted as a CIO affiliate while ACA was expelled from the federation. This process exacted a steep price, as social unionism was supplanted by a business unionism allied to US foreign policy.
Conducting a Review of Related Literature
Authors: Miksza Peter , Shaw Julia T. , Kapalka Richerme Lauren , Hash Phillip M. , Hodges Donald A. , Cassidy Parker Elizabeth
Published: February 2023

This chapter explores approaches for reviewing and synthesizing research literature. Authors conduct reviews of literature in order to provide a context within which to place their study. A literature review can provide background information necessary for a reader to understand a study. Furthermore, syntheses of findings from related literature will reveal what is known about a topic and allow researchers to identify the gaps or weaknesses in the knowledge base, which can help to establish a rationale for a study. Quantitative, qualitative, and action research studies always include a review of related literature; historical and philosophical studies may not. Modern search engines make finding related literature easy but correspondingly difficult in that they return so many possibilities that it can take considerable time and effort to sort through and identify the most relevant sources. Using a reference management system can save many hours of labor in organizing and formatting references. Organizing information under various headings based on important elements of a study will help the reader understand how previous studies are related to the current study. A literature review should also entail critique; researchers are expected to point out weaknesses in data collection or analysis or discrepancies among various findings. Most important, a researcher must demonstrate how previous research is connected to their own. Perhaps they are attempting to fill in gaps in the literature, extend previous findings, or contradict prevailing notions.
Scholarly Writing
Authors: Miksza Peter , Shaw Julia T. , Kapalka Richerme Lauren , Hash Phillip M. , Hodges Donald A. , Cassidy Parker Elizabeth
Published: February 2023

Scholarly writing is markedly different from the kinds of writing that might be found in nonresearch venues (e.g., newspapers), requiring precise and often technical language, support from many citations, a nonbiased tone, and the communication of complex ideas in the clearest and most concise manner possible. Developing scholarly writing skills takes patience and dedication over time and is aided by having a committed schedule and a dedicated space free from distractions. Another key component of scholarly writing involves setting clear goals, both large and small. Effective small goals are specific, measurable, and easily achievable within the time that an author allots for them. Keeping their large goal in mind, authors might continually revise their small goals in light of changing circumstances and reward themselves for their accomplishments. Perhaps one of the biggest differences between student writing projects and articles written for submission is the process of revision. Revising and polishing a manuscript before submission to a journal is crucial. Scholarly writing is difficult, and all writers experience days when they feel frustrated with their work. The aims and desires that motivated you to continue engaging in musical tasks that did not yield immediate joy may parallel those that can energize your ongoing commitment to scholarly writing.