bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Treating Fear and Anxiety in Sexually Abused Children: Results of a Controlled 2-Year Follow-Up Study
Authors: Berliner Lucy , Saunders Benjamin E.
Published: March 2007

Fear and anxiety are the most commonly reported symptoms in sexually abused children. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the addition of specific interventions designed to reduce fear and anxiety to a standard group treatment program for sexually abused children would result in greater reductions in these symptoms. In this study, 80 children ages 4 to 13 were randomly assigned to 10-week index or comparison treatment groups. Both treatment groups included common elements of conventional sexual abuse treatment, and the index group included stress inoculation training (SIT) and gradual exposure treatment procedures. Children and parents were assessed before treatment, immediately after treatment, and 1 year and 2 years after treatment. As had been hypothesized, both treatment groups improved significantly over time on most outcome measures. However, no differences were found between the groups in improvement on fear and anxiety symptoms. Possible explanations for these results and implications for practice and research are discussed.
An Overview of the Theses and Dissertations Completed in Family and Consumer Sciences: 2001
Authors: Smith Terra L. , Hunter Allison K.
Published: March 2007

This article summarizes the 451 titles of theses and dissertations completed in family and consumer sciences in colleges and universities from all four regions of the United States in 2001. The tables represent the information by reporting institution and by subject matter.
Positive Coping Strategies among Immigrant Cambodian Families: An Ethnographic Case Study
Authors: Reiboldt Wendy , Goldstein Avery E.
Published: March 2007

This longitudinal, qualitative research study was employed to study service use among poor immigrant families in the context of their neighborhoods. Researchers interviewed Southeast Asian families over a 2‐year period. It was discovered that these families did not rely on traditional service‐delivery models to fulfill family needs. Rather, families tended to rely on each other. We discovered a variety of family strengths, that is, mechanisms that help families adapt and survive. Emerging themes include a focus on education for children, an emphasis on children's safety, insulation of family members, and a reliance on close family and community members. Family and consumer science professionals can benefit by gaining a greater understanding of the history of Cambodian refugees and by recognizing their strengths and coping strategies.
Menu Planning, Food Consumption, and Sanitation Practices in Day Care Facilities
Authors: Kuratko Connye N. , Martin Ruth E. , Lan William Y. , Chappell James A. , Ahmad Mahassen
Published: March 2007

This research aimed to assess the nutritional quality of diets as well as food safety and sanitation issues in child day care settings. More than 100 day care facilities participated in a comprehensive needs assessment and on‐site visit. Data were collected regarding nutritional content of menus, compliance with Child and Adult Care Food Program guidelines, food consumption by children, and food safety and sanitation practices. Written menus submitted by the facilities exceeded 67% of Recommended Dietary Allowances for age. However, quantities of actual foods served were below requirements. Individual meal components were refused by up to 22% of the children, and no meal components were consumed by more than 65% of the children. Problems in food sanitation were also identified. Results indicate a need to identify barriers that day care personnel encounter in serving safe, adequate, and acceptable meals for children.
Estimation of Food Guide Pyramid Serving Sizes by College Students
Authors: Knaust Gretchen , Foster Irene M.
Published: March 2007

The utility of the Food Guide Pyramid (FGP) as a guide to quantity of consumption and serving sizes was investigated. Participants used the FGP model to assist them in selecting serving sizes on a 10‐item questionnaire. Overall mean scores (31% correct) indicated that participants generally did not know the serving sizes recommended for use with the FGP, despite having access to the model, and having had some previous instruction (73% of participants). Those who had previously read about or received instruction on serving sizes had higher mean scores than those who had not (p < .004). The utility of the FGP as a guide for quantity of consumption requires further attention.
Factors Associated with Different Degrees of Health Insurance Coverage
Authors: Abdel‐Ghany Mohamed , Wang Min Qi
Published: March 2007

This study used data from the 1996 National Health Interview Survey to identify families that have full health insurance coverage, have partial coverage, and are uninsured. It examined the socioeconomic and demographic variables that influenced the probability of being in a particular group. The results indicate that the probability of full insurance coverage was positively related to the level of education and age of the reference person, as well as to having children younger than age 6. Families below the poverty level had a lower probability of being fully covered by any type of health insurance compared with other families. A family with a self‐employed reference person or living in the South was less likely to have insurance. Implications of the study are discussed.
The Inherent Educational Qualities of Nutrition Labels
Authors: Byrd‐Bredbenner Carol , Alfieri Lisa , Wong Angela , Cottee Peta
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to identify the inherent educational qualities of nutrition labeling and those qualities that require consumer education to enhance their usefulness. The population was women, ages 25 to 45, who either were familiar with Nutrition Facts labels or had never before seen such a label. The study instrument assessed the ability to locate and manipulate Nutrition Facts label data and assess nutrient‐content claim accuracy. All study participants could skillfully locate label data, thereby indicating that the label format is easy to read. Those who had never before seen a Nutrition Facts label were significantly less able to manipulate label data than those familiar with these labels. Both groups performed similarly when asked to assess nutrient content claim accuracy. For Nutrition Facts labels to have the greatest impact, education continues to be key. The findings provide insight into directions nutrition labeling education should take.
Extra Heart Beats as a Measurement of Work Cost1
Authors: Agan Tessie , Konz Stephan , Tormey Lucy
Published: March 2007

A 1‐pound load was lifted and lowered to various shelf heights. Work cost, as measured by the extra heart beats due to the task, was determined. The results were compared to a similar study in which a 5‐pound weight was moved and kcal/minute was used as a criterion. Since the conclusions of the two studies are similar and data for the extra heart beat criterion are obtained more easily than kcal/minute, the method studied herein is recommended for the measurement of light as well as heavy work.
Pesticide Residue Levels in Cooked Rice and Noodles1
Authors: Funk Kaye , Zabik Mary E. , Smith Waldina E.
Published: March 2007

This study was conducted to determine whether or not fat‐soluble chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide residues were transferred from cooking media to the food cooked. Egg noodles and rice were cooked in chicken broth contaminated with lindane, dieldrin, and DDT compounds. The data showed small amounts of each pesticide were transferred to the noodles and rice during cooking; however, some of each pesticide remained in the broth drained from the cooked noodles. Conversion of DDT to its isomers occurred during cooking. Losses of pesticides occurred during cooking, probably because of codistillation, heat destruction, or both.
Verbal Interaction Patterns of Mothers, Children, and Other Persons in the Home1
Authors: Dickerscheid Jean D. , Kirkpatrick Sue W.
Published: March 2007

Verbal interaction patterns within the home were the focus in this study. Patterns of verbal interaction between (1) mothers and all persons in the home at the time of the observations, (2) mothers and their familial children, and (3) mothers and their 4‐year‐old children were investigated.

Observations were recorded in each subject's home setting as families conducted their normal daily routines. Data were analyzed to determine conditions within the homes which affected verbal interaction patterns.

When all persons present were considered, income housing level, percentage of male children in the family, age of mothers, and number of familial children present were related to verbal interaction patterns at a significant level. When verbal interactions between mothers and children were analyzed, number of familial children present and the presence of the father were related to verbal interaction patterns. When mothers and 4‐year‐olds were studied, age of mothers was related to the verbal interaction patterns at a significant level.
Rehabilitation for Homemakers with Cardiovascular. Involvements: Changes in Attitudes and Ability1
Authors: Jones Alpha H. , Schwab Lois O.
Published: March 2007

Rehabilitative changes that occurred during an educational program in homemaking were measured using three instruments: an Information and Activity Questionnaire, a Self‐ Analysis Scale, and the Cardiac Adjustment Scale. These tests were administered to 28 homemakers who were divided into experimental and control groups, each group with 14 subjects. The tests were administered on an individual basis before and after the 10‐week program.

Homemakers involved in the homemaking rehabilitation program showed significant and favorable changes in scores on the three instruments, whereas the group not involved in the rehabilitation program did not show significant changes. Also, the differences between mean pre‐ and posttest scores were significantly greater for the experimental than for the control group.
Metric Measures: Their Use in the United States and in the Home Economics Research Journal
Authors: Purchase Mary E.
Published: March 2007

Although use of metric measures has been legally permissible in this country for some time, there is renewed interest in the metric system. A study conducted by the National Bureau of Standards resulted in a recommendation to Congress that the United States adopt the metric system for its official measuring system. The policy has been established that the metric system should be used whenever feasible in reporting research in the HOME ECONOMICS RESEARCH JOURNAL.
Book Reviews
Authors: White Ruth Bennett
Published: March 2007

Book Reviewed in this Article:

Nutrition Education Research Project, Phase I. Floy Eugenia Whitehead, Principal Investi gator, Professor, and Chairman. Monograph. Iowa City: Department of Home Economics, University of Iowa, 1970, 127 pp
Family Backgrounds of Emotionally Disturbed Children1
Authors: Moxley Virginia M. , White Nancy J. , Bollman Stephan R.
Published: March 2007

This study reports on family backgrounds of 32 children and adolescents who were patients in one mental hospital in a midwestern state. Parent figures, all of whom lived in rural areas, were interviewed and data from hospital records obtained to examine possible association between problems of children and problems of their families. Family stress and a lack of family unity from marital discord, low incomes, and inability of the parents and children to relate to each other were evident. Parents, as well as children, had symptoms of emotional instability. Community mental health resources were often inadequate or financially unavailable.
The Vocational Commitment Index1
Authors: Weis Susan F. , Hubbard Constance F.
Published: March 2007

Current movements for job enrichment programs and career education encourage a close examination of the nature of the relationship between people and their vocations. A 74‐item instrument was developed to assess vocational commitment based upon a theoretically derived construct. The Vocational Commitment Index demonstrated ability to discriminate among individuals at various stages of career development when administered to 123 sub jects involved in or aspiring to occupations in the hospitality industry. Evidence of the Index's precision of measurement and internal consistency was secured. A rating scale to assess construct validity was developed and used with a jury to yield evidence of instrument validity.
Tannins in Fruit Extracts as Affected by Heat Treatments
Authors: Watson Ellen K.
Published: March 2007

Thawed, previously‐frozen red currant and red raspberry fruits were heated to 66°C., 88°C., and 98°C. for 1, 20, or 60 minutes after reaching those temperatures. The effect of heating currants with the stems was tested by including stems in a second set of currant samples heated for 20 minutes. Tannins in the drained and pressed juices from currants increased with both time and temperature. The same was true of the drained juice of raspberries. Taste panel scores showed a trend of increased bitterness and astringency with increased tannin content. Heating the currants with stems produced flavors in the juice to which panel members reacted unfavorably.
Level of Living: Factors Influencing the Homemaker's Satisfaction1
Authors: Hafstrom Jeanne L. , Dunsing Marilyn M.
Published: March 2007

This study was designed to determine factors that influenced the homemaker's satisfaction with the family's level of living. Multivariate regression analysis with successive elimination of independent variables was used with data from nuclear families in two samples. One sample was of 488 “typical” families and the other sample was of 191 “disadvantaged” families. The general hypothesis tested was that the homemaker's satisfaction with the family's level of living is influenced by similar factors for both types of families. In addition, it was hypothesized that the factors having the most influence on “typical” homemakers would tend to be more abstract and less concrete; it was also hypothesized that the reverse would be found in the “disadvantaged” sample.

The results tended to support the general hypothesis and the specific hypothesis for the “typical” homemakers. They did not support the specific hypothesis for the “disad vantaged” homemakers. The final regression explained 40 and 39 percent of the variances in the homemaker's satisfaction with level of living for the “typical”a and “disadvantaged” samples, respectively. The adjusted coefficients of multiple determination for both samples were high for cross‐section data, indicating that the method used should be given further consideration by other researchers.
Survival and Redeposition of Fungi During Laundering
Authors: Warden Jessie , Highley Tonda
Published: March 2007

This research concerned survival and redeposition of the fungus, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, on military footwear fabrics (50% wool, 30% nylon, and 20% cotton) subjected to various laundry procedures with water temperatures of 100°, 120°, and 140°F. and detergent concentrations of 0.0 percent and 0.2 percent; and the effect of the two solutions on fiber and fabric.

A sequential experimental design was used to analyze data on the duration of survival of Trichophyton mentagrophytes on knit footwear during laundering. Standard test procedures were employed in the inoculation, soiling, and recovery of the microorganism. Fiber and fabric damage was determined through microanalysis and by testing for fabric strength and elongation.

Only wash water of 140°F. significantly decreased the survival and redeposition of the organism. The effect of soiling on the inoculated fabric was significant in the number of pits and corrosion in cotton and in the bursting strength of the fabric. Detergent concentration was not significant for all types of damage in the textile fibers or for loss of strength and elongation in fabric. The number of launderings before inoculation was significant in damage for fibers and in loss of bursting strength and elongation.
Responsibilities and Decision Routes in the Production of the Home Economics Research Journal
Authors: Schlater Jean Davis
Published: March 2007

At a meeting in Atlantic City, June 24, 1973, the AHEA Board of Directors approved the creation of a policy board for the Home Economics Research Journal. Appointments to the policy board were made in fall, 1973, and included persons from the content and publication‐circulation arms of the Research Journal operation to provide clear communica tion channels at the decision‐making level between the two. This article introduces readers to the policy board, its functions and composition. It also details responsibility and authority of other persons and units directly involved with the Research Journal and portrays the decision routes and interaction channels in its production.
Self‐Concepts of Parents and Children
Authors: Taub Marvin
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine certain associations among the self‐concepts of parents and those of their preschool children. Forty‐one parents and children were tested to determine their self‐concepts.

Correlational analyses include the following findings. There were positive associations between the self‐concepts of the parents and their child, between those of the mother and her child, and between those of the father and his child. If the mother's and the child's self‐concepts were dissimilar, the self‐concepts of the father and child were positively associated; however, dissimilarity between parents' self‐concepts was negatively associated with the child's self‐concept.
Secondary Workers' Earnings and Their Impact on Family Income Adequacy1
Authors: Metzen Edward J. , Helmick Sandra A.
Published: March 2007

The purposes of this study were to investigate the contributions to family income of secondary workers in eight diverse samples and to develop a measure for assessing the impact of such earnings on the family's income adequacy. This measure, the income adequacy improvement index, considers the contributions from secondary workers in relation to adequacy of the family's income from other sources.

The impact of supplemental earnings was determined to be greatest in the sample of California migrant families, both because they received substantial contributions from secondary workers and because the level of income from other sources was inadequate. For the same reasons, secondary workers in black families attained relatively high values for the income adequacy improvement index.
Employment Status of the Wife‐Mother: Psychological, Social, and Socioeconomic Influences1
Authors: Sampson Joan M. , Dunsing Marilyn M. , Hafstrom Jeanne L.
Published: March 2007

This study was designed to determine factors that affect the employment status of the wife‐mother. A multiple regression technique with successive elimination of independent socioeconomic, psychological, and social variables was used. The results of a confusion matrix (cross‐tabulation of the observations of the predicted and the actual employment status of the wives) suggested that the variables used in the present study were good predictors of employment status of the wife‐mother.

The general hypothesis tested was that factors influencing the employment status of the wife‐mother would be similar in both “typical” and “disadvantaged” samples. The results in both samples offer some support for this hypothesis. Three variables, husband's feelings about the wife working, youngest child's educational status, and frequency of family members' help around the house, were “universal”—statistically significant in the final regressions run on both samples. The findings suggest that psychological and social variables, as well as the commonly used socioeconomic variables, should be included in future studies concerned with explaining employment status of the wife‐mother.
Household Textiles Consumption by Farm and City Families: Assortment Owned, Annual Expenditures, and Sources1
Authors: Winakor Geitel
Published: March 2007

A total of 510 rural farm and 630 city families in Iowa, Illinois, and Nebraska were inter viewed in detail about their consumption of household textiles during a 1‐year period in 1970–71. Goals of the project were to describe the consumption process and to develop bud gets for household textiles; this paper reports some findings on the first goal. Analysis of data was mainly by multiple regression.

Farm and city families were similar on most measures of household textiles consumption; apparent differences in spending resulted from differences in income distri butions and proportions of families that moved. Income was positively related to expendi tures, assortment owned, and acquisition of items from several supplementary sources, but results obtained using dummy variables revealed that these relationships were sometimes complex. If a family had moved during the year, its expenditures were markedly higher than those of comparable families that had not moved. Age of wife (perhaps representing length of time since family formation) was inversely related to several variables. Unex plained variance remained high although many different equations were tried; great varia tion is probably characteristic of household textiles consumption.
Selection of the Editor for the Home Economics Research Journal
Authors: Scruggs M. Marguerite
Published: March 2007

The policies and procedures developed for the selection of the editor are reported because of the importance of the position of editor of the Home Economics Research Journal. The Research Journal Policy Board develops criteria and makes the nomination; the AHEA Board of Directors makes the appointment. Criteria focus upon the research competences of the individual and local support available to facilitate the performance of editorial func tions. Responsibilities include leadership in developing policies and procedures, making final decisions regarding all content of each issue, coordinating activities of the editorial board, and processing all papers received. The initial term of an editor is3 years. Thesolici tation of nominations, review of nominees, and appointment of the second editor are timed to allow for an orderly transfer of responsibilities from one editor to the next.
Preparing Disadvantaged Pupils for Homemaker and Wage‐Earner Roles
Authors: Nelson Helen Y. , Lowe Phyllis K. , Dalrymple Julia I.
Published: March 2007

Selected teachers were provided learning experiences preparing them to work effectively with disadvantaged pupils; to cooperate with social and educational agencies; to work with employers providing job experience; and to produce curriculum materials for two courses orienting pupils to a dual role, one emphasizing job preparation, the other homemaking. Experimental and control groups were compared post‐course. Instruments to measure comprehension, job and homemaker skills and attitudes, self‐concept, and employee and employer satisfactions were selected or developed. Teaching methods and curriculum materials were evaluated. Utility of curriculum for teachers not sharing special preparation was assessed. Pupils were followed up after one year.

Pupils in the wage‐earning course evidenced gains in employability, knowledge, and feelings of self‐worth. Pupils in both homemaking and wage‐earning courses gained in positive attitude toward work. The impact of the courses was limited on academic achieve ment, absenteeism, and attitude toward women's dual role. Pupils said they had learned; employers and administrators evidenced satisfaction.

Pupils in the course emphasizing wage earning gained more consistently than those in the course emphasizing homemaking. Agency resources made little contribution. Teachers successfully used the curriculum without special training.
Affective Dimensions of High and Low Cognitive Homemaking Tasks
Authors: Steidl Rose E.
Published: March 2007

Homemakers were asked what they liked and disliked about 1,208 homemaking tasks they named as high and low in the cognitive requirements of attention, judgment, and planning. “Pleasure derived from the results” was the reason cited most often for liking both the high and low cognitive tasks. Their responses for the disliked aspects were varied.

Broad groupings of liked aspects were distributed similarly for high and low cognitive tasks, as were the broad groupings of disliked aspects. Liked aspects were most often in the affective domain, then in the content of the work and in the physical and social context. Disliked aspects were most often about the content of the work, the context, and then affec tive factors.

The 208 wives also rated and ranked their tasks. A significant proportion of high cognitive tasks were rated liked and ranked most liked. Only half of the low cognitive tasks were rated disliked, although a significant proportion were ranked least liked. Implications for design of homemaking tasks are to enhance the personal satisfaction with accomplishment and results and to adjust some of the sources of dislike in the content of the work.
Marital Satisfaction and Conjugal Control
Authors: Burr Wesley R. , Swensen Grace E. , Cannon Kenneth L.
Published: March 2007

Retrospective data were gathered from 1,007 university students about their parents' mar ital relationship. Control in marriage was found to relate to marital satisfaction in the same pattern found in previous research. Tests were also run to determine if the amount of con gruence between spouses' expectations about control and the actual control was related to marital satisfaction and if holding congruence constant would eliminate the covariation between control and satisfaction. The congruence was positively related to marital satis faction, but it had no effect on the relationship between control and satisfaction. It was therefore concluded that control in marriage and this type of congruence are each sepa rately related to marital satisfaction.
Success in Student Teaching of Home Economics as Related to Selected Factors
Authors: Hughes Lois , Crabtree Beverly
Published: March 2007

The purpose was to examine the relationship of attitude, vocational interests, personal needs, academic achievement, background factors, and academic ability to success in stu dent teaching of home economics. Data were collected during six consecutive semesters from 90 home economics education student teachers and were analyzed using correlation and multiple regression statistical methods. Scores from the Minnesota Teacher Attitude Inventory, Strong Vocational Interest Blank, the Ohio State University Psychological Test, and Edwards Personal Preference Schedule were used. All but three of these were found to be unrelated to success in student teaching of home economics. Of the background factors investigated in this study, father's occupation, high school extracurricular activities, and college extracurricular activities were significantly related to success in student teaching of home economics as were grade point average and home economics course work grade point average. However, the significant variables identified did not show a high enough correla tion value to be useful in prediction of success in student teaching of home economics.
Wives' Perceptions of Marital Decision Making
Authors: Jeries Naheel
Published: March 2007

The objective of this study was to determine the relative importance of socioeconomic and demographic, value and goal orientation, perception, sociability, and satisfaction variables in explaining marital decision making as perceived by wives. The sample con sisted of 163 nuclear families living in small towns in southwestern Iowa. Multivariate regression was used to analyze the data. The results of this study partially supported the general hypothesis that sociability and psychological factors would be more closely asso ciated with marital decision making than socioeconomic factors.

The findings indicated that marital satisfaction, going places together as a family, and the family income were positively related to joint decision making. On the other hand, the wife's employment outside the home, seeing and visiting with friends from work, the wife's perception of income adequacy, not being able to meet large bills, and the wife's inclina tion toward authority versus equality in regard to education were negatively related to joint decision making.
Flammability of Children's Sleepwear: Evaluation of Selected Construction Features1
Authors: Ahrens V.D.
Published: March 2007

The effects of selected construction techniques upon the flammability of certain fabrics used in the manufacture of children's sleepwear are reported. Investigations include all combinations of seven fabrics and five construction variables. Construction variables reported include: self‐fabric ruffles, embroidered insertion trim, and edge‐finished seams using three thread types. For each flame retardant (FR) fabric tested, the addition of embroidered insertion trim resulted in a flammability failure and the presence of a cotton seam was accompanied by an increase in char length. A residual flame was noted for FR acetate/polyester tricot with the addition of a self‐ruffle, a cotton seam, or an embroidered insertion.
Testing Consumers for Knowledge of Beef Concepts
Authors: Verma Satish , Tucker Duane , Gassie Edward W.
Published: March 2007

Increasing consumers' competence to make wiser decisions in buying, preparing, and serving food is an important educational task. In developing an educational program of this nature, in formation about consumers' knowledge regarding important food and nutri tion concepts would be invaluable. The purpose of this study was to determine the knowl edge of selected concepts on quality, nutritive value, and preparation and identification of beef among a representative sample of Mississippi homemakers. The mean score of home makers revealed knowledge of 50 percent of the concepts tested. There was considerable variation in knowledge levels of concepts related to quality, nutritive value, and prepara tion and identification. White homemakers, older homemakers, those living in urban areas, and those with higher income and educational levels, were more knowledgeable than homemakers who were black, younger, lived in rural areas, and had less income and educa tion. These differences in knowledge indicate the importance of developing educational programs based on differing needs.
Energy Consumption and Acceptability: Comparison of Cooking Methods and Appliances for Beef Patties1
Authors: Rhee Ki Soon , Drew Flowayne
Published: March 2007

Beef patties were cooked by surface cooking (pan frying), broiling, baking, and microwave heating to determine fuel consumption for the cooking processes and to evalu ate sensory characteristics of the cooked products. Various appliances requiring different energy sources were included in the study. Cost of energy consumption by each cooking process was calculated using the September, 1975, fuel rates in the Bryan‐College Station area of Texas, i.e., 3 cents per kilowatt‐hour for electricity, 0.12 cent per cubic foot for natural gas, and 0.89 cent per cubic foot for liquid petroleum gas (propane).

For surface cooking and broiling, the cost of cooking with the different fuels was, in order of increasing cost, natural gas, liquid petroleum (L.P.) gas, and electricity. For baking, natural gas was much cheaper than both L.P. gas and electricity, but the latter two were comparable. As for the different cooking methods, surface cooking and microwave cooking were comparable and cost least, followed by broiling and baking, respectively. For various sensory characteristics evaluated, surface‐cooked patties ranked highest and microwave‐cooked patties lowest.

A comparison of fuel consumption during baking in preheated and non‐preheated ovens was made. The fuel consumption by the pilot lights of different gas appliances was determined.
Communication Characteristics of Recommended and Non‐Recommended Nutrition Books
Authors: Sims Laura S.
Published: March 2007

This research was undertaken to examine how “recommended” and “non‐recom mended” nutrition books differ in terms of message content and writing style. Seventeen nutrition books were classified into either a “recommended” or “non‐recommended” category according to specified criteria. Several characteristics of each type of book were ex amined: authors' credentials and qualifications for writing in the field of nutrition, persuasibility of message content (determined primarily by content analysis procedures), writing style as determined by the type of sentences used, readability analyses, and exam ination of the structural appearance and characteristics of the books.

The results showed that there were essentially no differences in regard to the authors' credentials or the structural characteristics of the books themselves. The most salient finding was that “non‐recommended” books were more likely to use fear arousing appeals and more emotional, personal referents. In terms of writing style, the authors of “non‐rec ommended” books used more personal interpretation and subjective opinions, while the writers of the “recommended” books contained more factual statements which report verifiable information. The “recommended” books scored slightly higher on “reading ease” and the “non‐recommended” books slightly higher on “human interest,” but both types of books seemed to present information in an interesting style but at a reading level that could be described as “fairly difficult.”
Nineteenth Century Builder's Guides: Influence on Mississippi Architecture
Authors: Crocker Mary Wallace
Published: March 2007

Architectural design and guide books were very popular in America during the nineteenth century because of the scarcity of trained architects coupled with the demand for buildings in the rapidly developing new country. The widespread use of building handbooks by competent carpenter‐builders accounts for much of the similarity of buildings in various sections of the country.

For this study, photographs of Mississippi buildings were matched with design plates published in American builder's guide and pattern books during the nineteenth century. Design parallels were found for exterior designs, floor plans, and finishing details such as door frames, mantels, and plaster work. Minard Lafever's The Modern Builder's Guide (1833) and The Beauties of Modern Architecture (1835) were the most popular guides; however, designs published by Asher Benjamin, Samuel Sloan, Calvert Vaux, Orson Fowler, Frank Wills, and Andrew Jackson Downing were also utilized.
Quality of Life from the Perspective of the Elderly
Authors: Abdel‐Ghany Mohamed
Published: March 2007

In an attempt to discern the aspects of quality of life that are particularly relevant to the aged, 961 adults (age 65 or older) were interviewed and asked to assess their housing, health, social relations and activities, life satisfaction, independence, and economic conditions. The results of factor analysis procedure revealed that social and physical isolation and eco nomic achievement were the most salient factors of quality of life satisfaction. Factor Index—a composite index of quality of life indicators—showed that quality of life as perceived by the elderly varies according to geographical areas. The implication of these findings for future studies is suggested.
Career Appearance Education for Women Who Aspired To White‐Collar Positions
Authors: Kelley Eleanor A. , Anselmo Deborah C.
Published: March 2007

This study was designed to develop a Career Appearance Education unit and to pilot test its effectiveness in business college classes. The unit, designed for black women and white women from working class families, included specially designed slide visuals, lectures, activities, and student manuals. The experimental (n=37) and control (n=20) groups took pretests and posttests, but only the experimental group received career appearance instruction. Black women and white women were included in both treatment groups.

A least squares analysis of variance model with a split plot arrangement of three factors—treatment, ethnicity, and tests—was used to determine significant differences in total test scores and in scores in six conceptual categories: First Impressions; Work Roles; Total Look; Clothing Features of Fit, Design Line, and Color; Grooming; and Preparations for Interview and Daily Work. This model enabled a consideration of between‐group and within‐group differences.

Significant differences in career appearance knowledge at two levels—total scores and selected category scores—appeared for the main effects of ethnic groups, treatment groups, and test administrations and in the interactions of ethnicity by tests and treatments by tests. The experimental group began with higher scores and also achieved greater gains in knowledge between tests than did the control group. White women in both treatment groups exhibited more knowledge on pretest and posttest, but black women had greater improvement ranges between tests.
Effect of Planned Seriation Experiences on Acquisition of Seriation Abilities in Four‐Year‐Old Children
Authors: Sethi Santosh S. , Dickerscheid Jean D.
Published: March 2007

Effect of planned seriation experiences on the acquisition and retention of seriation abilities of four‐year‐old children was the focus of this study. Fifty children from four traditionally‐oriented preschool centers were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Children were tested before, immediately after, and 25 weeks after exposure to planned seriation experiences. Elkind's “Discrimination, Seriation and Numeration Test” was the measure used.

An analysis of variance performed on the data showed that the experimental group obtained significantly higher scores in both acquiring and retaining seriation ability than the control group. Sex of the child, center in which enrolled, and treatment interacted to influence the gain scores.
The Identification of Adoption‐Proneness Among Secondary Home Economics Teachers
Authors: Oscarson David J.
Published: March 2007

This study was conducted in two phases. The first phase examined 19 independent variables relating to the personal characteristics of 202 vocational teachers from the state of Virginia for the purpose of explaining a criterion variable, proneness toward the adoption of educational innovations. It was established that a teacher's age, number of professional publications read monthly, number of years teaching in the present school district, satis faction with teaching, and perception of influence an academic teacher should have on a vocational teacher's classroom procedures all related to adoption‐proneness (dependent variable).

Phase two of the study isolated 39 home economics teachers from the composite sample in order to determine whether certain groups existed within this subsample that had similar characteristics based upon their measured degree of adoption‐proneness and personal characteristics found significant in phase one of the study.

Cluster analysis indicated that the home economics teachers could be clustered into three distinct groups. Furthermore, there were indications that certain clusters existed that were not fully explained in the first phase of the study.

The study should prove particularly useful to those responsible for the diffusion of educational innovations, especially across broad geographical areas.
Sexually Attractive Clothing: Attitudes and Usage
Authors: McCullough Elizabeth A. , Miller Mary Fran , Ford Imogene M.
Published: March 2007

The attitudes and clothing usage of 68 black and 163 white unmarried college females (18 to 21 years of age) enrolled in either one of two southern state universities were studied in relation to the sexual attractiveness of clothing. Subjects rated the sexual attractiveness of 20 specified clothing items and indicated the frequency with which they would wear these items for class time, leisure time, casual date, special date, and job interview. Chi‐square analysis indicated that the black females and the white females differed significantly in their attitudes toward the attractiveness to males of one‐third of the clothing items and on 43 of the 100 clothing usage variables. The black subjects reported that they would wear 75 percent of the clothing items more frequently and on more occasions than the white subjects. However, both groups reported infrequent use of clothing items which they perceived to be sexually attractive. It appears that sexual attraction is not the primary motive that influences a female's clothing usage.
Structuring Information to Enhance Human Information Processing and Decision Style
Authors: Harries‐Belck Nancy
Published: March 2007

This study suggests that a course of instruction in which information is presented in systematic and carefully defined gradations of increasing complexity has the potential to increase levels of conceptual complexity and future time orientation. A pretest‐posttest research design was used to measure changes in three criterion variables—information processing complexity, decision rule complexity, and decision time orientation—of 150 students enrolled in an undergraduate textile class using programmed instructional materials. A multivariate analysis of gain score variance indicated overall significant gains from pretests to posttests, with gain scores from information‐ processing complexity and decision time orientation contributing to the significance level (p<.01). These findings have implications for the design of organized learning sequences that help individu als process information more efficiently for complex future‐oriented decision making.
Evaluation of Homemaking and Consumer Education Programs for Low‐Income Adults
Authors: Nelson Helen Y. , Jacoby Gertrude P. , Shannon Terrie Mikesell
Published: March 2007

Newly‐designed home economics programs funded under Part F, Consumer and Homemaking Education, of Title I of the 1968 Amendments to the Vocational Education Act, were established in New York State to serve limited‐income adults. The present study was a formative evaluation of ten of these fledgling programs. Evaluation techniques included interview; systematic observation; ratings of subjects and paraprofessionals; and recording of critical incidents by local staff and researchers.

Four objectives guided the study: (1) to measure progress of subjects toward objectives of under standing and application of consumer education and homemaking concepts; (2) to assess the ability of professional staff to recognize interests and needs of learners and to present a creative, innova tive program; (3) to measure progress of paraprofessional staff toward objectives of understanding and application of consumer education, homemaking concepts and of characteristics of employabil ity; (4) to provide answers to questions regarding attendance, participation, teaching methods, and program operation.

Evidence was compiled that significant learning took place, even though the attrition rate was high. Evidence showed that local programs were able both to use and supplement services of other agencies. Findings indicated that an imaginative, flexible home economics program, cognizant of target population assets, interests, and sensitivities, can both attract and serve that population.
Energy Consumption of a Smooth‐Top and a Conventional Electric Range in Family Meal Preparation
Authors: Carucci Goss Rosemary , Lovingood Rebecca P.
Published: March 2007

This study was designed to compare the energy consumption of a smooth‐top range with thermo statically controlled units and a conventional electric range in preparing meals for a family of four for one week. A 21‐meal menu was prepared on the top surface of each range using precise duplication of procedures. Electrical energy consumed by each range per meal was recorded in watt‐hours. Total energy consumption was 11,965 watt‐hours for the smooth‐top and 11,850 watt‐hours for the conventional range; a difference of only 0.97 percent. Operating costs would be similar for these cooking systems under controlled conditions, but actual energy consumption in home situations may vary.
Designing Semantic Differential Scales for a Universe of the Near Environment—Chairs
Authors: Alexander Harold H. , Alexander Marjorie A. , Tzeng Oliver C. S.
Published: March 2007

Individual decision making under current social and cultural constraints can be exercised most effectively within the arena of the near environment, and more specifically, the home. Using a component of the home environment, the universe of chairs, an SD measuring instrument was designed that will reveal aspects of the man‐environment interface. This paper describes the methodology by which a set of bi‐polar scales was selected for a group of consumers. Seventy subjects in three groups with different levels of formal educational experiences in art and design were asked to make free associational qualifier responses to slides of 60 representative chairs. Intergroup correlations reduced the number of 67 representative qualifiers that express the concept‐domain relevant traits actually used in common communications about the chairs. Thirty bi‐polar scales were obtained after opposite elicitation. These scales plus 10 Osgood American indigenous affective markers comprise this SD measuring instrument.
Success in Preschool Learning Related to Formal and Open‐Framework Programs: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Lawton Joseph T.
Published: March 2007

The study examined the effect of a formal versus an open‐framework preschool program on young children's learning. The formal program is based on a version of Ausubel's learning theory and uses an expository teaching, meaningful reception training approach. The open‐framework program mainly emphasizes spontaneous child‐directed learning experiences and is based on Pi aget's theory of intellectual development. The Ausubelian program resulted in improved children's performance on both classification and conservation tasks compared to children in the Piagetian program. Data indicated a nonsynchronous development of classification and conservation opera tions. Both groups of children found classification tasks easier to deal with than tasks on conser vation.
Cognitive Interaction and Learning
Authors: Kizer Dorothy , Scruggs M. Marguerite
Published: March 2007

The relationship between levels of cognitive behavior exhibited in the classroom and cognitive learning of students was explored. Other variables assumed to affect learning were also examined according to a conceptual model. Classroom discussions led by selected first‐year home economics teachers in Iowa were videotaped and the verbal behaviors categorized by the Brun Cognitive Interaction System. Levels of cognitive interaction were examined in relation to performance of students on an achievement test, educational ability of students, length of unit of study, and learn ing environment in the classroom. Analyses involving class and control groups supported the hy pothesis of a relationship between student learning and certain variations in median levels of cognitive behavior. Variation in teacher behavior patterns appeared to be related to learning of students. Results of this exploratory study appear to justify refinement of measures of cognitive interaction and further research in this area.