bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kimlik eleştirisi: Forster’ın Howards End romanında kadın ve erkek karakterlerin kendilerini doğrulama süreçleri
Authors: Tüfekci Can Dilek
Published: September 2021

Bu çalışmanın amacı E. M. Forster tarafından kaleme alınan Howards End (1910) adlı romandaki kadın ve erkek karakterlerin toplumsal cinsiyet kimliklerini kimlik eleştirisi bağlamında ortaya çıkarmaktır. Bir roman yazarı olarak okurlarının ne istediği ile ilgili güçlü bir sezgiye sahip olan Forster, bu romanında insan ilişkilerini gözlemler ve insan yaşamının tüm yönlerini gerçekçi bir biçimde tasvir eder. Forster, romanındaki karakterleri zayıf ve güçlü yönleriyle Edward döneminin gerçek hayatın temsilcileri olarak okurlarına sunar. Bu nedenle bu çalışma karakterin toplumsal kimliklerini kimlik eleştirisi bağlamında çözümlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Ayrıca, bu makale toplumsal cinsiyet rollerinin giderek bulanıklaştığı Edward döneminde hem kadın hem de erkek karakterlerin kendi kimliklerini nasıl doğrulamaya çalıştıklarını kimlik eleştirisi bağlamında çözümlemeye çalışmaktadır. Dolayısıyla, bu çalışmada karakterlerin kendi kimliklerini doğrulama süreçleri “girdi”, “kimlik standardı”, “karşılaştırıcı” ve “çıktı” gibi unsurlara odaklanarak incelenmektedir. Çalışmanın sonucunda hem kadın hem de erkek karakterlerin, kimliklerinin doğrulandığı bağlamlarda sosyal ilişkilerini sürdürme arayışında oldukları saptanmıştır. Çalışmada, karakterlerin kimliklerini onaylayan diğer kişilerle etkileşime girmeyi tercih ettikleri ve onaylamayanlardan kaçındıkları sonucuna da varılmıştır. Ayrıca kimlik standardını en çok etkileyen unsurların başında, toplumla doğrudan ilgili olan “karşılaştırıcı” ve “hata sinyali” unsurları olduğu bulunmuştur.
PATOGENICIDADE DA SALMONELLA SPP. E OS MECANISMOS DE ESCAPE IMUNOLÓGICO À LUZ DAS EVIDÊNCIAS DA LITERATURA EMERGENTE
Authors: Coutinho Luis Costa , Roseno Francilayra Adelina Da Silva , Soares Laiane Oliveira Lima , Silva Alexander Fernando Ribeiro Da
Published: September 2021

Introdução: Dados dos Estados Unidos, países europeus e países de baixa e média renda indicam o gênero Salmonella como o patógeno mais comum em alimentos de origem animal. A introdução de agentes antimicrobianos e fagos específicos para Salmonella tem sido considerada uma estratégia de intervenção eficaz para reduzir a contaminação por esse patógeno. Objetivo: Caracterizar a patogenicidade da Salmonella e os mecanismos de escape imunológico à luz das evidências da literatura emergente. Metodologia: Realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica do tipo integrativa. Foram consultadas as bases de dados de artigos no Google acadêmico, MedLine e Pubmed, com disponibilidade de acesso textual na íntegra. Utilizou-se os descritores: fisiopatologia da Salmonella spp., salmonelose e sistema imune, em pares e isolados, dos quais foram encontrados 209 artigos, destes, foram selecionados 160, usando como critérios de inclusão: textos em inglês, ensaios clínicos e revisões de literatura. Resultados: Sabe-se que o sistema imunológico do hospedeiro é capaz de prevenir com eficácia a invasão microbiana e eliminar microrganismos. No entanto, a Salmonella desenvolveu mecanismos de resistência às barreiras físicas do hospedeiro e inibição da ativação subsequente da resposta imune por meio de seus fatores de patogenicidade. Assim, tem havido um grande interesse em entender como a Salmonella interage com o hospedeiro e como as respostas imunes adaptativas fornecem um feedback positivo para o sistema imune inato, que é mediado pela síntese de citocinas, levando a um aumento do número e ativação de células efetoras e, subsequentemente, produzindo uma resposta antimicrobiana aumentada. Conclusão: Verificou-se a necessidade de novos estudos que expandam a compreensão da interação entre imunidade e bactérias em diferentes órgãos infectados, tendo em vista que a imunidade inata e adaptativa como estratégias de defesa do hospedeiro em seres humanos ainda não está bem definida. Assim, essa revisão teve como foco explicar a relação entre Salmonella e a imunidade do hospedeiro, e evidenciar a melhoraria das estratégias de prevenção e tratamento destinadas a combater essas doenças infecciosas em um futuro próximo.
My Shanghai, 1942-1946
Authors: Itoh Keiko
Published: September 2021

It is 1942. Shanghai after Pearl Harbor. Newly-arrived Eiko Kishimoto, a twenty-year-old, London-educated Japanese housewife, settles into a privileged existence in the French Concession as a member of the community of the Occupying Power. Initially, her days are filled with high society lunches and dinners, race course and night club visits and open-air summer concerts, amidst an ebullient and remarkably cosmopolitan society that makes up Shanghai. But all is by no means what it seems. As war progresses, and Japan tightens its control within China, tensions mount, relationships unravel, and allegiances are questioned. It is not long before Eiko awakens to the meaning and implications of occupation for both her international friends and for Japanese civilians. Even her settled domestic life, with a growing family and close proximity to her beloved older sister, is threatened as Japan’s war efforts become more desperate and degenerate. Partly biographical – the author taking inspiration from her mother’s own war experiences in China – My Shanghai, 1942-1946 provides a fascinating insight into the Asia Pacific War as never told before, that is through the eyes of a young Japanese woman caught between her Christian values and loyalty to her country.
A Unique Banchado
Authors: Young-woo Han , Eunsung Chung
Published: September 2021

Fully illustrated in colour, here is the first introduction in English to one of Korea’s outstanding cultural assets – the banchado (‘painting of the order of guests at a royal event’) – relating to all those taking part (1800 people) in the eight-day royal procession to Hwaseong (Gyeonggi Province) organized by King Jeongjo in 1795 for the dual purpose of visiting his father’s tomb and celebrating his mother’s sixtieth birthday. The banchado is a fine example of the meticulous record-keeping of the period (known as uigwe – the subject-matter of this book being known as the Wonhaeng eulmyo jeongni uigwe) and the skills of the court artists at that time. In addition to the banchado illustrations, the Wonhaeng eulmyo jeongni uigwe contains extensive lists of all the participants in the procession, details of the workers and technicians involved, including their duties and wages. It even includes the different foods offered at meal-times, the quantity of ingredients and the costs. The author provides a full analysis of the context, planning, execution and significance of the event.
Carmen Blacker
Authors: Cortazzi Hugh
Published: September 2021

Carmen Blacker was an outstanding scholar of Japanese culture, known internationally for her writings on religion, myth and folklore – her most notable work being The Catalpa Bow: A Study of Shamanistic Practices in Japan. Importantly, a third of the volume comprises significant extracts from the author’s diaries covering a period of more than forty years, together with a plate section drawn from her extensive photographic archive, thus providing a rare opportunity to gain a personal insight into the author’s life and work. The volume includes a wide selection of writings from distinguished scholars such as Donald Keene and her former pupil Peter Kornicki in celebration of her work and legacy, together with various essays and papers by Carmen Blacker herself that have hitherto not been widely available. In addition to her scholarship, Carmen Blacker was also highly regarded for her work in promoting Japanese Studies at Cambridge and played a vital role in helping to re-establish The Japan Society, London, post-war.
US-Japan Human Rights Diplomacy Post 1945
Authors: Buckley Roger
Published: September 2021

Comprising two volumes, this is a pioneering study which examines how the United States has deployed public diplomacy with Japan to confront Japanese sexual and labour trafficking, while also charting the successes and failures of the US’s own record on anti-trafficking practices at home and abroad. The subject is an important aspect of human rights advocacy where much remains either unknown or imprecise with regard to a phenomenon that involves millions of people across all continents and within all nation states. The approach is largely chronological and country-based, using documentary evidence from 1945 onwards to trace national and international responses to what is frequently termed ‘modern slavery’, placed within the broader and still evolving context of respect for the full panoply of human rights. Volume 1 comprises the analysis, debates and outcomes, together with ten primary documents relating to the years 1945–1999, as well as a bibliography and index. Volume 2 comprises a further 34 documents relating to the years 2000–2020, including international covenants, US Trafficking In Persons and Congressional reports, and Japanese government papers.
Dauerhaft wirksame antimikrobielle Textilausrüstung reduziert Infektionen
Authors: Schulz Doris
Published: September 2021

Die Corona-Pandemie und die weltweit steigende Zahl von Krankenhausinfektionen mit multiresistenten Keimen rücken antimikrobielle Textilausrüstungen zunehmend in den Fokus. Eine innovative, auf Ultraschall basierende Veredlungstechnologie, die von Sonovia, Brückner Textile Technologies und Weber Ultrasonics entwickelt wurde, bietet hier entscheidende Vorteile: Da die Imprägnierung industrielle Anforderungen an die Waschbeständigkeit erfüllt, bleibt sie langfristig aktiv – auch gegen Coronaviren. Außerdem minimiert der neue Sono-Finishing-Prozess die mit der klassischen Textilveredelung verbundene Umweltbelastung.
ТІК ОРНАЛАСҚАН АУЫЛШАРУАШЫЛЫҚ ФЕРМАЛАРЫ
Authors: Суранкулов Ш.Ж.
Published: September 2021

Бұл мақалада қалада ауыл шаруашылығын дамытудың жолы қарастырылған. Оның заманауи түріне тік орналасқан ферма жатады. Онда қаладағы азынаулақжерде ауылшаруашылық өнімдерін инновациалық технологияларды, яғни аквапоника, гидропоника және аэропониканы пайдалана отырып өсіру жайлы айтылады. Осы жоғары технологияны іске асыратын тік ферманың әлемдегі заманауи түрлері жайлы қысқаша мәлімет келтірілген. Түрлі жобаларды талдай отырып Қазақстанда пайдалану мүмкіндігі бар, сәулеттік көлем-жоспарлау және құрылымдық шешімдері қарапайым жоба таңдап алынған. Соның негізінде сәулеттік-жобалау шешімдері қарапайым тік ферманың эскиздік жобасы ұсынылған. Бұл ғимараттың жоғарғы қабаттарында балық, көкөністер және жеміс-жидектер өсіруге болатындығы, ал төменгі, яғни бірінші қабатта сол дайын өнімдерді тұтынушыға ұсынатын сауда орындары мен түрлі бағыттағы шараларды өткізуге арналған конференьс залы қарастырылғаны айтылады. Сонымен қатар, мақалада күн энергиясы ғимаратты жарықтандыру, жылыту, салқындату, желдету, электр энергиясымен қамтамасыздандару үшін пайдалануға болатындығы және алынған энергияны тиімді қолдану жолдары келтірілген.
ҚҰРҒАҚ СҮТҚЫШҚЫЛДЫ ӨНІМНІҢ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯСЫН ӘЗІРЛЕУ
Authors: Д.Б. Курмангалиева  , А.А. Бектурганова  , А.М. Омаралиева  , Г.Т.  Юсупова  , Ж.К.Шадьярова
Published: September 2021

Талдау көрсеткендей, құрттың кез-келген түрін дайындау үш негізгі технологиялық процесті қамтиды: сүтті ұйыту (қоюландыру), сарысуды сүзу және өнімді кептіру. Сүтқышқылды сүзбе массасының матрицалық массасын дайындаудың жалпы технологиясы зерттелді және ол құрттың барлық түрлері мен формаларын өндіру үшін қолданылады. Теориялық және эксперименттік зерттеулер негізінде құрт ұлттық сүтқышқылды өнім негізінде жаңа құрғақ сүтқышқылды өнімінің технологиясын жасау кезінде дәнді дақылдар мен кальций қоспаларын қолдану мүмкіндігі негізделген. Дайын өнімнің органолептикалық, физика-химиялық, микробиологиялық құрамы зерттелді.Емдік-профилактикалық қасиеттері және бифидогендік факторлары бар өсімдік тектес толтырғыштарды пайдалана отырып, теңдестірілген құрамдағы мамандандырылған өнімдер өндірісі әр түрлі топтарға арналған дайын өнімнің ассортиментін толықтырады және бұндай ұзақ мерзімге салталатын өнімді өндіру өзекті болып табылады.
Saving History
Authors: Kerby Lauren R.
Published: September 2021

Millions of tourists visit Washington, D.C., every year, but for some the experience is about much more than sightseeing. Lauren R. Kerby’s lively book takes readers onto tour buses and explores the world of Christian heritage tourism. These expeditions visit the same attractions as their secular counterparts—Capitol Hill, the Washington Monument, the war memorials, and much more—but the white evangelicals who flock to the tours are searching for evidence that America was founded as a Christian nation.
The tours preach a historical jeremiad that resonates far beyond Washington. White evangelicals across the United States tell stories of the nation’s Christian origins, its subsequent fall into moral and spiritual corruption, and its need for repentance and return to founding principles. This vision of American history, Kerby finds, is white evangelicals’ most powerful political resource—it allows them to shapeshift between the roles of faithful patriots and persecuted outsiders. In an era when white evangelicals’ political commitments baffle many observers, this book offers a key for understanding how they continually reimagine the American story and their own place in it.
Step It Up and Go
Authors: Menconi David
Published: September 2021

This book is a love letter to the artists, scenes, and sounds defining North Carolina’s extraordinary contributions to American popular music. David Menconi spent three decades immersed in the state’s music, where traditions run deep but the energy expands in countless directions. Menconi shows how working-class roots and rebellion tie North Carolina’s Piedmont blues, jazz, and bluegrass to beach music, rock, hip-hop, and more. From mill towns and mountain coves to college-town clubs and the stage of American Idol, Blind Boy Fuller and Doc Watson to Nina Simone and Superchunk, Step It Up and Go celebrates homegrown music just as essential to the state as barbecue and basketball. Spanning a century of history from the dawn of recorded music to the present, and with sidebars and photos that help reveal the many-splendored glory of North Carolina’s sonic landscape, this is a must-read for every music lover.
Whose Blues?
Authors: Gussow Adam
Published: September 2021

Whose Blues is about the way in which we define, interpret, and make sense of the blues in a postmodern moment more than a century removed from the music's origins in the Deep South. If "Blues is black music," as some contemporary claimants insist, what should we make of the International Blues Challenge held annually in Memphis, with its all-comers mix of nationalities and ethnicities? If there's "No black. No white. Just the blues," as another familiar meme would have us believe, why do some Chicago blues people hear that proclamation not as a call to transracial fellowship, but as an aggressive attempt at cultural appropriation and the erasure of traumatic racial histories sounded by the music? In Whose Blues, author Adam Gussow, an award-winning blues scholar and blues harmonica player, surveys the contemporary blues scene and the long and tangled history out of which it emerged, keeping his eye out for the paradoxes--the "bad facts"-- that enable revisionist scholarship and unsettle conventional understandings. Using blues literature as a cultural anchor, Gussow also offers a plain-language introduction to the tradition's major writers and themes, including W. C. Handy, Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, and the Black Arts Movement.
An Intimate Economy
Authors: Finley Alexandra J.
Published: September 2021

Alexandra Finley adds crucial new dimensions to the boisterous debate over the relationship between slavery and capitalism by placing women's labor at the center of the antebellum slave trade, focusing particularly on slave traders' ability to profit from enslaved women's domestic, reproductive, and sexual labor. The slave market infiltrated every aspect of southern society, including the most personal spaces of the household, the body, and the self. Finley shows how women’s work was necessary to the functioning of the slave trade, and thus to the spread of slavery to the Lower South, the expansion of cotton production, and the profits accompanying both of these markets.
Through the personal histories of four enslaved women, Finley explores the intangible costs of the slave market, moving beyond ledgers, bills of sales, and statements of profit and loss to consider the often incalculable but nevertheless invaluable place of women's emotional, sexual, and domestic labor in the economy. The details of these women's lives reveal the complex intersections of economy, race, and family at the heart of antebellum society.
Revisiting universalism in the Finnish education system
Authors: Kalalahti Mira , Varjo Janne
Published: September 2021

The aim of the article is to revisit the principle of universalism and analyze how it has changed in the legislation on compulsory education by asking: how are different characteristics of universalism emphasized in the basic education legislation and parliamentary discussion (in 1968, 1982 and 1997)? The analysis portrays the varieties of universalism within the comprehensive school, produced by the four instruments used to govern education (legislation, economy, ideology and evaluatory). According to the analysis, the foundation of the comprehensive school system in the 1960s was laid on uniform content and aims at the ideological level, emphasizing equality of education. The 1980s was a transition phase between ‘old’ and ‘new’ universalism, when instruments of legal and economic governance enabled the expansion of universalism and increased costs. Simultaneously, the aims of the comprehensive system and its contents were increasingly set at the local level. We conclude that the ‘new’ comprehension of universalism in the 1990s entailed issues such as the rise of the evaluation of education, local economy of education and individualism.
The regional impact of urban emissions on air quality in Europe: the role of the urban canopy effects
Authors: Huszar Peter , Karlický Jan , Marková Jana , Nováková Tereza , Liaskoni Marina , Bartík Lukáš
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Urban areas are hot spots of intense emissions, and they influence air quality not only locally but on a regional or even global scale. The impact of urban emissions over different scales depends on the dilution and chemical transformation of the urban plumes which are governed by the local- and regional-scale meteorological conditions. These are influenced by the presence of urbanized land surface via the so-called urban canopy meteorological forcing (UCMF). In this study, we investigate for selected central European cities (Berlin, Budapest, Munich, Prague, Vienna and Warsaw) how the urban emission impact (UEI) is modulated by the UCMF for present-day climate conditions (2015–2016) using two regional climate models, the regional climate models RegCM and Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem; its meteorological part), and two chemistry transport models, Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions (CAMx) coupled to either RegCM and WRF and the “chemical” component of WRF-Chem. The UCMF was calculated by replacing the urbanized surface by a rural one, while the UEI was estimated by removing all anthropogenic emissions from the selected cities. We analyzed the urban-emission-induced changes in near-surface concentrations of NO2, O3 and PM2.5. We found increases in NO2 and PM2.5 concentrations over cities by 4–6 ppbv and 4–6 µg m−3, respectively, meaning that about 40 %–60 % and 20 %–40 % of urban concentrations of NO2 and PM2.5 are caused by local emissions, and the rest is the result of emissions from the surrounding rural areas. We showed that if UCMF is included, the UEI of these pollutants is about 40 %–60 % smaller, or in other words, the urban emission impact is overestimated if urban canopy effects are not taken into account. In case of ozone, models due to UEI usually predict decreases of around −2 to −4 ppbv (about 10 %–20 %), which is again smaller if UCMF is considered (by about 60 %). We further showed that the impact on extreme (95th percentile) air pollution is much stronger, and the modulation of UEI is also larger for such situations. Finally, we evaluated the contribution of the urbanization-induced modifications of vertical eddy diffusion to the modulation of UEI and found that it alone is able to explain the modeled decrease in the urban emission impact if the effects of UCMF are considered. In summary, our results showed that the meteorological changes resulting from urbanization have to be included in regional model studies if they intend to quantify the regional footprint of urban emissions. Ignoring these meteorological changes can lead to the strong overestimation of UEI.
Dealing with Spatial Heterogeneity in Pointwise to Gridded Data Comparisons
Authors: Souri Amir H. , Chance Kelly , Sun Kang , Liu Xiong , Johnson Matthew S.
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Atmospheric modelers and the trace gas retrieval community typically presuppose that pointwise measurements, which roughly represent the element of space, should compare well with satellite (model) pixels (grids). This assumption implies that the field of interest must possess a high degree of spatial homogeneity within the pixels (grids), which may not hold true for species with short atmospheric lifetimes or in the proximity of plumes. Results of this assumption often lead to a perception of a nonphysical discrepancy between data, resulting from different spatial scales, potentially making the comparisons prone to overinterpretation. Semivariogram is a mathematical expression of spatial variability in discrete data. Modeling the semivariogram behavior permits carrying out spatial optimal linear prediction of a random process field using kriging. Kriging can extract the spatial information (variance) pertaining to a specific scale, which in turn translating pointwise data to a grid space with quantified uncertainty such that a grid-to-grid comparison can be made. Here, using both theoretical and real-world experiments, we demonstrate that this classical geostatistical approach can be well adapted to solving problems in evaluating model-predicted or satellite-derived atmospheric trace gases. This study demonstrates that satellite validation procedures must take kriging variance and satellite spatial response functions into account. We present the comparison of Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) tropospheric NO2 columns against 11 Pandora Spectrometer Instrument (PSI) systems during the DISCOVER-AQ campaign over Houston. The least-squares fit to the paired data shows a low slope (OMI=0.76×PSI+1.18×1015 molecules cm−2, r2=0.67) which is indicative of varying biases in OMI. This perceived slope, induced by the problem of spatial scale, disappears in the comparison of the convolved kriged PSI and OMI (0.96×PSI+0.66×1015 molecules cm−2, r2=0.72) illustrating that OMI possibly has a constant systematic bias over the area. To avoid gross errors in comparisons made between gridded data versus pointwise measurements, we argue that the concept of semivariogram (or spatial auto-correlation) should be taken into consideration, particularly if the field exhibits a strong degree of spatial heterogeneity at the scale of satellite and/or model footprints.
Spatial and temporal variability of pCO2 and CO2 emissions from the Dong River in south China
Authors: Liu Boyi , Tian Mingyang , Shih Kaimin , Chan Chun Ngai , Yang Xiankun , Ran Lishan
Published: September 2021

Abstract. CO2 efflux at the water–air interface is an essential
component of the riverine carbon cycle. However, the lack of spatially
resolved CO2 emission measurements prohibits reliable estimation of the
global riverine CO2 emissions. By deploying floating chambers, seasonal
changes in river water CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) and CO2
emissions from the Dong River in south China were investigated. Spatial
and temporal patterns of pCO2 were mainly affected by terrestrial carbon
inputs (i.e., organic and inorganic carbon) and in-stream metabolism, both
of which varied due to different land cover, catchment topography, and
seasonality of precipitation and temperature. Temperature-normalized gas
transfer velocity (k600) in small rivers was 8.29 ± 11.29 and 4.90 ± 3.82 m d−1 for the wet season and dry season,
respectively, which was nearly 70 % higher than that of large rivers
(3.90 ± 5.55 m d−1 during the wet season and 2.25 ± 1.61 m d−1 during the dry season). A significant correlation was observed
between k600 and flow velocity but not wind speed regardless of river
size. Most of the surveyed rivers were a net CO2 source while exhibiting
substantial seasonal variations. The mean CO2 flux was 300.1 and 264.2 mmol m−2 d−1 during the wet season for large and small rivers,
respectively, 2-fold larger than that during the dry season. However, no
significant difference in CO2 flux was observed between small and large
rivers. The absence of commonly observed higher CO2 fluxes in small
rivers could be associated with the depletion effect caused by abundant and
consistent precipitation in this subtropical monsoon catchment.
Stalagmite carbon isotopes suggest deglacial increase in soil respiration in western Europe driven by temperature change
Authors: Lechleitner Franziska A. , Day Christopher C. , Kost Oliver , Wilhelm Micah , Haghipour Negar , Henderson Gideon M. , Stoll Heather M.
Published: September 2021

Abstract. The temperate region of western Europe underwent significant
climatic and environmental change during the last deglaciation. Much of what
is known about the terrestrial ecosystem response to deglacial warming stems
from pollen preserved in sediment sequences, providing information on
vegetation composition. Other ecosystem processes, such as soil respiration,
remain poorly constrained over past climatic transitions but are critical
for understanding the global carbon cycle and its response to ongoing
anthropogenic warming. Here we show that speleothem carbon isotope (δ13Cspel) records may retain information on soil respiration and
allow its reconstruction over time. While this notion has been proposed in
the past, our study is the first to rigorously test it, using a combination
of multi-proxy geochemical analysis (δ13C, Ca isotopes, and
radiocarbon) on three speleothems from the NW Iberian Peninsula and
quantitative forward modelling of processes in soil, karst, and cave. Our
study is the first to quantify and remove the effects of prior calcite
precipitation (PCP, using Ca isotopes) and bedrock dissolution (using the
radiocarbon reservoir effect) from the δ13Cspel signal to
derive changes in respired δ13C. The coupling of soil gas pCO2 and δ13C via a mixing line describing diffusive gas transport
between an atmospheric and a respired end-member allows the modelling of changes
in soil respiration in response to temperature. Using this coupling and a
range of other parameters describing carbonate dissolution and cave
atmospheric conditions, we generate large simulation ensembles from which
the results most closely matching the measured speleothem data are selected.
Our results robustly show that an increase in soil gas pCO2 (and thus
respiration) is needed to explain the observed deglacial trend in δ13Cspel. However, the Q10 (temperature sensitivity)
derived from the model results is higher than current measurements,
suggesting that part of the signal may be related to a change in the
composition of the soil respired δ13C, likely from changing
substrate through increasing contribution from vegetation biomass with the
onset of the Holocene.
Validation of terrestrial biogeochemistry in CMIP6 Earth system models: a review
Authors: Spafford Lynsay , MacDougall Andrew H.
Published: September 2021

Abstract. The vital role of terrestrial biogeochemical cycles in influencing
global climate change is explored by modelling groups internationally
through land surface models (LSMs) coupled to atmospheric and oceanic
components within Earth system models (ESMs). The sixth phase of the Coupled
Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) provided an opportunity to compare ESM
output by providing common forcings and experimental protocols. Despite
these common experimental protocols, a variety of terrestrial biogeochemical
cycle validation approaches were adopted by CMIP6 participants, leading to
ambiguous model performance assessment and uncertainty attribution across
ESMs. In this review we summarize current methods of terrestrial
biogeochemical cycle validation utilized by CMIP6 participants and
concurrent community model comparison studies. We focus on variables
including the dimensions of evaluations, observation-based reference
datasets, and metrics of model performance. To ensure objective and thorough
validations for the seventh phase of CMIP (CMIP7), we recommend the use of a
standard validation protocol employing a broad suite of certainty-weighted
observation-based reference datasets, targeted model performance metrics,
and comparisons across a range of spatiotemporal scales.
A hydrological framework for persistent river pools
Authors: Bourke Sarah A. , Shanafield Margaret , Hedley Paul , Chapman Sarah , Dogramaci Shawan
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Persistent surface water pools along non-perennial rivers represent an important water resource for plants, animals, and humans. While ecological studies of these features are not uncommon, these are rarely accompanied by a rigorous examination of the hydrological and hydrogeological characteristics that create or support the pools. Here we present an overarching framework for understanding the hydrology of persistent pools. We identified perched water, alluvial through flow and groundwater discharge as mechanisms that control the persistence of pools along river channels. Groundwater discharge is further categorized into that controlled by a geological contact or barrier (not previously described in the literature), and discharge controlled by topography. Emphasis is put on clearly defining through-flow pools and the different drivers of groundwater discharge, as this is lacking in the literature. A suite of diagnostic tools (including geological mapping, hydraulic data and hydrochemical surveys) is generally required to identify the mechanism(s) supporting persistent pools. Water fluxes to pools supported by through-flow alluvial and bedrock aquifers can vary seasonally and resolving these inputs is generally non-trivial. This framework allows the evaluation of the susceptibility of persistent pools along river channels to changes in climate or groundwater withdrawals. Finally, we present three case studies from the Hamersley Basin of north-western Australia to demonstrate how the available diagnostic tools can be applied within the proposed framework.
Uncertainties and their interaction in flood hazard assessment with climate change
Authors: Meresa Hadush , Murphy Conor , Fealy Rowan , Golian Saeed
Published: September 2021

Abstract. The assessment of future impacts of climate change is associated with a cascade of uncertainty linked to the modelling chain employed in assessing local-scale changes. Understanding and quantifying this cascade is essential for developing effective adaptation actions. We evaluate and quantify uncertainties in future flood quantiles associated with climate change for
four catchments, incorporating within our modelling chain uncertainties
associated with 12 global climate models contained in the Coupled Model
Intercomparison Project Phase 6, five different bias correction approaches,
hydrological model parameter uncertainty and the use of three different extreme value distributions for flood frequency analysis. Results indicate increased flood hazard in all catchments for different Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs), with changes in flooding consistent with changes in annual maximum precipitation. We use additive chains and analysis of variance (ANOVA) to quantify and decompose uncertainties and their interactions in estimating selected flood quantiles for each catchment. We find that not only do the contributions of different sources of uncertainty vary by catchment, but that the dominant sources of uncertainty can be very different on a catchment-by-catchment basis. While uncertainties in future projections are widely assumed to be dominated by the ensemble of climate models used, we find that in one of our catchments uncertainties associated with bias correction methods dominate, while in another the uncertainty associated with the use of different extreme value distributions outweighs the uncertainty associated with the ensemble of climate models. These findings highlight the inability to generalise a priori about the importance of different components of the cascade of uncertainty in future flood hazard at the catchment scale. Moreover, we find that the interaction of components of the modelling chain employed are substantial (> 20 % of overall uncertainty in two catchments). While our sample is small, there is evidence that the dominant components of the cascade of uncertainty may be linked to catchment characteristics and rainfall–runoff processes. Future work that seeks to further explore the characteristics of the uncertainty cascade as they relate to catchment characteristics may provide insight into a priori identifying the key components of modelling chains to be targeted in climate change impact assessments.
Giant ice rings in southern Baikal: multi-satellite data help to study ice cover dynamics and eddies under ice
Authors: Kouraev Alexei V. , Zakharova Elena A. , Kostianoy Andrey G. , Shimaraev Mikhail N. , Desinov Lev V. , Petrov Evgeny A. , Hall Nicholas M. J. , Rémy Frédérique , Suknev Andrey Ya.
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Ice cover on lakes is subject to atmospheric forcing from above and the influence of water dynamics and heat flux from below. One characteristic
example of these influences in some large lakes, such as Lake Baikal in Russia, are the giant ice rings and the associated eddies under the ice
cover. In April 2020 a giant ice ring appeared in southern Baikal, and a lens-like eddy was detected below the ice. We analysed the temporal changes
of ice cover using satellite images from multiple satellite missions – MODIS on Terra and Aqua, Sentinel-1 SAR, Sentinel 2 MSI, Landsat 8,
PlanetScope, satellite photography from the International Space Station, and radar altimetry data from Jason-3. Satellite imagery and meteorological
data show unusual temporal changes of ice colour in April 2020, which were explained by water infiltration into the ice followed by the competing
influences of cold air from above and the warm eddy below the ice. Tracking of ice floe displacement also makes it possible to estimate eddy
currents and their influence on the upper water layer. Multi-satellite data contribute to a better understanding of the development of ice cover in
the presence of eddies, the role of eddies in horizontal and vertical heat and mass exchange, and their impact on the chemistry and biology of the
lakes and on human activity.
Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology of Salivary Gland Tumors Before the Milan System: Ten Years of Experience at a Tertiary Care Center in Turkey
Authors: Yıldız Selçuk , Seneldir Lütfü , Tepe Karaca Çiğdem , Zer Toros Sema
Published: September 2021

Objective: The role of fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is well established for preoperative evaluation of patients with salivary gland lesions. However, the lack of a uniform system for salivary gland FNAC has limited its effectiveness. In recent years, the Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology (MSRSGC) has been in use around the world to report the cytology results. We aimed to investigate the efficacy and accuracy of FNAC examined according to pre-MSRSGC era dichotomous benign/malignant classification in salivary gland tumors. Methods: Patients who underwent surgery between January 2011 and December 2020 due to major salivary gland tumors were retrospectively analyzed. Two hundred and four patients were included in the analysis. Preoperative FNAC results and final histopatological diagnoses were grouped as benign or malignant. Final histopatological diagnoses were compared with the preoperative FNAC results. Also, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the preoperative FNAC results, as well as the agreement between both tests were investigated. Results: The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive and negative predictive values of the preoperative FNAC for the diagnosis of malignancy were 59.09%, 97.85%, 93.75%, 76.47%, and 95.29%, respectively. There was a moderate agreement between the preoperative FNAC results and final histopatological diagnoses. Conclusion: The accuracy of the preoperative FNAC and the information given about malignancy risk are the most important criteria for patient management and decision-making. The MSRSGC, which consists of a six-tiered classification rather than a dichotomous “yes/no” system, may contribute to patient management and decision-making by increasing the efficacy and accuracy of FNAC.
Study of Some Physiological and Genetic Changes Using the Soybean (Glicine max (L) MEER) Test System
Authors: Chitanava Zhana , Zarnadze Nana
Published: September 2021

Anthropogenic pressure on the biosphere has become a common process of the 21st century. Among substances synthesized by humans, genotoxic agents which include pesticides are considered to be particularly dangerous. The number of pesticides used in agriculture is gradually increasing, accumulating and circulating in the biosphere. The use of pesticides is accompanied by their involvement in food chains and accumulation in individuals. They are characterized by a fairly high stress index and cause genetic changes in living organisms. Various test methods have been developed to study these issues. B. Wig and Al. Podok suggested a genetic line for soybean containing a mutation of the chlorophyll-synthesizing gene. The genetic line is characterized by a phenotypic effect. Indicator, genetic line owner soybean, diploid, heterozygous, give three phenotypically different sprouts: green (genotype Y11 Y11), lettuce-color (genotype Y11 y11) and yellow (genotype y11 y11). 1: 2: 1 ratio is observed between the sprouts. This type of ratio is typical for incomplete dominance. Through the spots detected on the leaves it is possible to study the recombinogenic and mutagenic activity in soybean induced by chemical and physical factors and to record the induced changes in somatic cell. Using these systems, we first studied the effects of pesticides karate and Bordeaux on plant growth and sprouting processes and the genetic changes induced by their influence. Both pesticides had an inhibitory effect on physiological processes, also, the frequency of direct mutations was determined by the "dose-effect" phenomenon.
Aerobic Bacterial Isolates and Their Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Pus Samples at Tertiary Healthcare Center of Northern India
Authors: Rana Aditya , Gupta Veehteeanveshna , Jaryal Subhash Chand
Published: September 2021

Introduction: Emerging resistance in microorganisms is a matter of great concern in health care setups. Bacterial isolate and AMR pattern changes from place to place and time to time. Unprofessional use of antibiotics has resulted in an increasing burden of antibiotic resistance. This study focused over the aerobic bacteriological profile and antibiotic resistance pattern in pus isolates.
Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was carried out from June, 2020 to May 2021. 1174 pus samples collected during the study period were included. The samples were cultured on Blood and MacConkey agar. After aerobic incubation at 37°C for 18-24 hrs, organisms were identified by biochemical reactions, gram staining and antibiotic susceptibility was tested by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method.
Result: Among the total 1174 pus samples, 712 (60.6%) were male and 462 (39.3%) were females. 857(72.9%) samples showed positive results. Among them, Staphylococcus aureus was the most common isolate followed by Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp. and Klebsiella spp. The sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus was highest with Vancomycin and Linezolid, whereas Enterobacterales and Pseudomonas were sensitive with Piperacillin tazobactam.
Conclusion: Increasing resistance always poses a challenge in treating infections. The development of resistant strains of pathogens can be limited by the judicious use of antibiotics. This study shows the infecting bacterial isolates and their antibiogram from this area.

Keywords: Pus, antimicrobial resistance, bacterial isolates.
Original Research Article on Study of Correlation between Various Clinical Parameters and Hypoxemia in Children with Lower Respiratory Tract Infection of Age 2 Months to 5 Years
Authors: Sahu Chinmay , Panda Deshish Kumar , Naik Surjit
Published: September 2021

A case control study was conducted from October 2018 to September 2020 by taking children between the age group 2 months to 5 years, admitted to Sishu Bhawan and SCB Medical College Hospital, Cuttack with an acute history of cough and rapid respiration or difficulty in breathing, to know the correlation between various clinical parameters and hypoxemia along with ability of each parameter to predict the presence of hypoxemia in children. Among 109 children, 50 children were hypoxemic and 59 children were non hypoxemic with the prevalence of hypoxemia about 45.8%. Among symptoms in children with Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection (ALRI), inability to feed, cough and difficulty in breathing had a sensitivity of 100%, 98% and 92% respectively and specificity was maximum for difficulty in breathing (62.7%) to predict hypoxemia. On comparison between hypoxemic and non-hypoxemic children difficulty in breathing and inability to feed had a p value <0.001 and was statistically significant. Among signs in children with ALRI, appearance of the child, lower chest retraction, respiratory rate had a sensitivity of 100%, 100% and 98% respectively to predict hypoxemia. Central cyanosis was the most specific sign with the specificity of 100% to predict hypoxemia followed by grunting with a specificity of 96.6%. When compared between hypoxemic and non-hypoxemic children the p-value was very highly significant for appearance of nasal flaring, grunting, suprasternal indrawing parameters whereas upon combination of variables, a combination of cough, inability to feed, tachypnoea and the combination of cough, subcostal retractions, tachypnoea had high sensitivity of 96% and 95% respectively to predict hypoxemia in children with ALRI. Combination of difficulty in breathing, cyanosis and grunting had high specificity of 98%. Keeping in view of less feasibility of detection of hypoxemia in lower respiratory tract infection by pulse oximeter and ABG in developing countries and no available study in the state of Odisha, this study is conducted in an attempt to find out the alternative methods by various clinical parameters to detect hypoxemia which are easily recognized by the health personnel in developing countries for the further management of Lower Respiratory Tract Infection (LRTI).

Keywords: Hypoxemia, Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection, Lower Respiratory Tract Infection, Management.
musikalische Konfrontation der Ost- und Westkirche auf dem Konzil von Ferrara-Florenz (1438-1439)
Authors: Glowotz Daniel
Published: September 2021

Das Konzil von Ferrara und Florenz stellt den bis heute letzten Versuch einer Einigung von westlicher und östlicher Christenheit dar. Sein Scheitern spiegelt sich auch in den verschiedenen Musiktraditionen wider - in einigen Berichten sind die musikalischen Aufführungen des Konzils gut belegt. Insbesondere die Mehrstimmigkeit und die Verwendung von Instrumenten im Gottesdienst erschienen den Vertretern der Ostkirche als Inbegriff des Heidnischen und wurden daher abgelehnt.

bms online (Oliver Schöner)
"as anti-war as possible"
Authors: Schaarwächter Jürgen
Published: September 2021

Offenbar setzte sich Britten mehr mit der Trauer um die Opfer von Gewalt als mit aktivem Pazifismus auseinander. An die Stelle der Anklage von Tätern oder des Aufrufs zu Gewaltverzicht tritt die humanistische Erinnerung an das Leider der Opfer. Nur selten bezog er offensiv Position. Dennoch musste er ebenso wie sein Partner Peter Pears seit 1942 mit Repressionen rechnen. Vor allem im Requiem, in der Befassung mit dem Tod und mit den Toten konzentrierte Britten seinen Pazifismus, sein Ablehnen jeglicher Gewalt.

bms online (Autor; gekürzt)
"... alle Claves durchgangen"
Authors: Küster Konrad
Published: September 2021

Im zweiten Teil der Sammlung "Neues Musikalisches Seelenparadis" (1662) für Singstimme und Tasteninstrument arbeitet Flor mit 24 verschiedenen Tonarten (ohne cis, gis und es/dis, aber mit dem Dorischen, Lydischen und Phrygischen). Damit handelt es sich um einen der ältesten Vertreter einer vollchromatischen Konzeption; die Lücken lassen nicht erkennen, dass die fehlenden Tonarten für Flor unerreichbar gewesen wären. Dieses Tonartenspektrum wird von Flor in mehreren Tonart-Durchgängen systematisch ausgeleuchtet. Rist folgt diesem Gedanken in seinen Dichtungen, obgleich deren Abfolge sich weitestgehend nach dem Aufbau des Neuen Testaments richtet. Dies verändert den Blick auf die "Liedschöpfungen" Rists, denen ein sehr viel höherer Anteil gezielt musikalischer Potentiale beigemessen werden muss.
Replik
Authors: Maul Michael , Wollny Peter
Published: September 2021

Erwiderung auf Martin Staehelins im Heft 4/2008 veröffentlichte Rezension: "Beweis oder Vermutung? : zur Publikation der Bach zugeschriebenen Weimarer Tabulaturblätter"
Zur musikalischen Interpretationsgeschichte von Kurt Weills Violinkonzert op. 12
Authors: Eichhorn Andreas
Published: September 2021

Unter allen 25 untersuchten Aufnahmen ist Hermann Scherchen der einzige, der Kurt Weills Tempoarchitektur nicht nur korrekt, sondern auch mit großer Plastizität herausmodelliert. Als vorläufiges Resümee der Interpretationsgeschichte des ersten Satzes von Weills Violinkonzert ließe sich festhalten, dass die Entschlüsselung seines Aufführungssinns nicht nur disparat ausfällt, sondern dass das Werk seit Scherchen immer noch einer angemessenen Realisation seiner Tempoarchitektur harrt.
Friedrich Blumes Entnazifizierungsverfahren
Authors: Custodis Michael
Published: September 2021

Siehe dazu auch die Stellungnahme von Albrecht Dümling in: Die Musikforschung 2012, Heft 4, S. 389-390 (PPN 005082390) sowie die Replik des Autors in: Die Musikforschung 2012, Heft 4, S. 391-392.

Auf der Grundlage von Personal- und Entnazifizierungsakten zeichnet der Aufsatz nach, wie Friedrich Blume (1893-1975) während des Dritten Reiches dank linientreuer Publikationen und systemkonformer Verbandsarbeit an die Spitze der deutschen Musikwissenschaft aufsteigen konnte. Neben einer Mitgliedschaft im Kampfbund für Deutsche Kultur und der Mitwirkung an sogenannten grenzlandpolitischen Propagandaveranstaltungen der ideologisch besonders aktiven Universität Kiel betrifft dies vor allem seine öffentlichkeitswirksame Beschäftigung mit musikwissenschaftlicher Rasseforschung im Vorfeld seiner Beförderung zum verbeamteten Professor 1938. Behilflich war ihm dabei Herman-Walther Frey – der als Ministerialrat am Reichserziehungsministerium eine Vielzahl von Universitätsfächern betreute und die Musikwissenschaft massiv ausbaute –, dessen prominent besetztes Entnazifizierungsnetzwerk ebenfalls rekonstruiert werden konnte. Da Blume nach seiner reibungslosen Entnazifizierung von Kiel aus die Ausgestaltung seines Faches weiter vorantreiben konnte, gilt ein abschließender Blick den Konsequenzen seines Fallbeispiels für den Umgang der Musikwissenschaft mit ihrer eigenen Vergangenheit.