bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk Factors Associated With Shoulder Pain and Disability Across the Lifespan of Competitive Swimmers
Authors: Tate Angela , Turner Gregory N. , Knab Sarah E. , Jorgensen Colbie , Strittmatter Andrew , Michener Lori A.
Published: March 2017

Context:

The prevalence of shoulder pain among competitive swimmers is high, but no guidelines exist to reduce shoulder injuries. Elucidating differences between swimmers with and without shoulder pain can serve as a basis for the development of a program to prevent shoulder injury that might lead to pain and dysfunction.

Objective:

To determine whether physical characteristics, exposure, or training variables differ between swimmers with and without shoulder pain or disability.

Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Setting:

Multisite swimming centers.

Patients or Other Participants:

A total of 236 competitive female swimmers aged 8 to 77 years.

Data Collection and Analysis:

Participants completed the Penn Shoulder Score and underwent testing of core endurance, range of motion, muscle force production, and pectoralis minor muscle length and the Scapular Dyskinesis Test. Swimmers were grouped by age for analysis: ages 8 to 11 years (n = 42), 12 to 14 years (n = 43), 15 to 19 years (high school, n = 84), and 23 to 77 years (masters, n = 67). Comparisons were made between groups with and without pain and disability using independent t tests for continuous data and χ2 analyses and Fisher exact tests for categorical data.

Results:

Nine (21.4%) swimmers aged 8 to 11 years, 8 (18.6%) swimmers aged 12 to 14 years, 19 (22.6%) high school swimmers, and 13 (19.4%) masters swimmers had shoulder pain and disability. Differences that were found in 2 or more age groups between athletes with and without shoulder pain and disability included greater swimming exposure, a higher incidence of previous traumatic injury and patient-rated shoulder instability, and reduced participation in another sport in the symptomatic groups (P < .05). Reduced shoulder flexion motion, weakness of the middle trapezius and internal rotation, shorter pectoralis minor and latissimus, participation in water polo, and decreased core endurance were found in symptomatic females in single varying age groups (P < .05).

Conclusions:

Female competitive swimmers have shoulder pain and disability throughout their lives. Given that exposure and physical examination findings varied between athletes with and without substantial pain and disability, a program to prevent shoulder injury that might lead to pain and dysfunction appears warranted and might include exposure reduction, cross-training, pectoral and posterior shoulder stretching, strengthening, and core endurance training.
Sports Nutrition Knowledge Among Collegiate Athletes, Coaches, Athletic Trainers, and Strength and Conditioning Specialists
Authors: Torres-McGehee Toni M. , Pritchett Kelly L. , Zippel Deborah , Minton Dawn M. , Cellamare Adam , Sibilia Mike
Published: March 2017

Context:

Coaches, athletic trainers (ATs), strength and conditioning specialists (SCSs), and registered dietitians are common nutrition resources for athletes, but coaches, ATs, and SCSs might offer only limited nutrition information. Little research exists about sports nutrition knowledge and current available resources for nutrition information for athletes, coaches, ATs, and SCSs.

Objective:

To identify resources of nutrition information that athletes, coaches, ATs, and SCSs use; to examine nutrition knowledge among athletes, coaches, ATs, and SCSs; and to determine confidence levels in the correctness of nutrition knowledge questions within all groups.

Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Setting:

National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I, II, and III institutions across the United States.

Patients and Other Participants:

The 579 participants consisted of athletes (n = 185), coaches (n = 131), ATs (n = 192), and SCSs (n = 71).

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Participants answered questions about nutrition resources and domains regarding basic nutrition, supplements and performance, weight management, and hydration. Adequate sports nutrition knowledge was defined as an overall score of 75% in all domains (highest achievable score was 100%).

Results:

Participants averaged 68.5% in all domains. The ATs (77.8%) and SCSs (81.6%) had the highest average scores. Adequate knowledge was found in 35.9% of coaches, 71.4% of ATs, 83.1% of SCSs, and only 9% of athletes. The most used nutrition resources for coaches, ATs, and SCSs were registered dietitians.

Conclusions:

Overall, we demonstrated that ATs and SCSs have adequate sports nutrition knowledge, whereas most coaches and athletes have inadequate knowledge. Athletes have frequent contact with ATs and SCSs; therefore, proper nutrition education among these staff members is critical. We suggest that proper nutrition programming should be provided for athletes, coaches, ATs, and SCSs. However, a separate nutrition program should be integrated for ATs and SCSs. This integrative approach is beneficial for the continuity of care, as both categories of professionals might be developing and integrating preventive or rehabilitative programs for athletes.
Muscle Imbalance Among Elite Australian Rules Football Players: A Longitudinal Study of Changes in Trunk Muscle Size
Authors: Hides Julie , Stanton Warren
Published: March 2017

Context:

Trunk muscles, such as the transversus abdominis (TrA) and multifidus, play a key role in lumbopelvic stability, which is important in athletic performance. Asymmetry or imbalance in these and other trunk muscles could result from the specific requirements of the game of Australian rules football.

Objective:

To determine whether seasonal variations in the sizes of key trunk muscles associated with lumbopelvic stability occur in Australian Football League players.

Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Setting:

Hospital.

Patients or Other Participants:

The number of players eligible to participate at each of the 4 time points was 36 at the start of preseason 1 (T1), 31 at end of season 1 (T2), 43 at the end of preseason 2 (T3), and 41 at the start of preseason 3 (T4). The group with data at all 4 time points (n  =  20) was used in the analyses and was shown to be representative of the total sample.

Intervention(s):

Magnetic resonance imaging was used to determine the cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of the multifidus (vertebral levels L2 to L5) and lumbar erector spinae (LES) muscles (L3), as well as the thickness of the TrA and internal oblique (IO) muscles at L3.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Cross-sectional areas of the multifidus and LES muscles and thickness of the TrA and IO muscles.

Results:

By the end of the playing season, results showed 11.1% atrophy for multifidus CSA at L3 and 21% atrophy for TrA thickness at rest. In comparison, the CSA of the LES muscles increased by 3.6%, and the thickness of the IO muscle increased by 11.8% compared with the start of the preseason.

Conclusions:

The results indicated an imbalance of the key muscles associated with lumbopelvic stability.
Prediction of Core and Lower Extremity Strains and Sprains in Collegiate Football Players: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Wilkerson Gary B. , Giles Jessica L. , Seibel Dustin K.
Published: March 2017

Context:

Poor core stability is believed to increase vulnerability to uncontrolled joint displacements throughout the kinetic chain between the foot and the lumbar spine.

Objective:

To assess the value of preparticipation measurements as predictors of core or lower extremity strains or sprains in collegiate football players.

Design:

Cohort study.

Setting:

National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Football Championship Subdivision football program.

Patients or Other Participants:

All team members who were present for a mandatory physical examination on the day before preseason practice sessions began (n  =  83).

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Preparticipation administration of surveys to assess low back, knee, and ankle function; documentation of knee and ankle injury history; determination of body mass index; 4 different assessments of core muscle endurance; and measurement of step-test recovery heart rate. All injuries were documented throughout the preseason practice period and 11-game season. Receiver operating characteristic analysis and logistic regression analysis were used to identify dichotomized predictive factors that best discriminated injured from uninjured status. The 75th and 50th percentiles were evaluated as alternative cutpoints for dichotomization of injury predictors.

Results:

Players with ≥2 of 3 potentially modifiable risk factors related to core function had 2 times greater risk for injury than those with <2 factors (95% confidence interval  =  1.27, 4.22), and adding a high level of exposure to game conditions increased the injury risk to 3 times greater (95% confidence interval  =  1.95, 4.98). Prediction models that used the 75th and 50th percentile cutpoints yielded results that were very similar to those for the model that used receiver operating characteristic-derived cutpoints.

Conclusions:

Low back dysfunction and suboptimal endurance of the core musculature appear to be important modifiable football injury risk factors that can be identified on preparticipation screening. These predictors need to be assessed in a prospective manner with a larger sample of collegiate football players.
Frequency of Use of Clinical Shoulder Examination Tests by Experienced Shoulder Surgeons
Authors: Sciascia Aaron D. , Spigelman Tracy , Kibler W. Ben , Uhl Timothy L.
Published: March 2017

Context

Health care professionals have reported and used a multitude of special tests to evaluate patients with shoulder injuries. Because of the vast array of tests, educators of health care curriculums are challenged to decide which tests should be taught.

Objective

To survey experienced shoulder specialists to identify the common clinical tests used to diagnose 9 specific shoulder injuries to determine if a core battery of tests should be taught to allied health professionals.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

Descriptive survey administered via e-mail.

Patients or Other Participants

Of 131 active members of the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons, 71 responded to the survey.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Respondents were asked to complete a survey documenting their use of clinical tests during a shoulder examination. They answered yes or no to indicate their use of 122 different tests for diagnosing 9 shoulder conditions.

Results

The average number of tests used for all pathologic conditions was 30 ± 9. The anterior apprehension and cross-body adduction tests were used by all respondents. At least 1 test was used for each of the 9 conditions listed (range = 1–7), and at least 50% of respondents used 25 tests. The tests were reviewed for valid diagnostic accuracy via the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS) tool. High diagnostic value and a large amount of QUADAS variability have been reported in the literature for 16 of the 25 tests.

Conclusions

A small percentage (20%) of clinical tests is being used by most examiners. The 25 most common tests identified from this survey may serve as a foundation for the student's knowledge base, with the clear understanding that multiple clinical tests are used by some of the most experienced clinicians dealing with shoulder injuries.
Preferential Type II Muscle Fiber Damage From Plyometric Exercise
Authors: Macaluso Filippo , Isaacs Ashwin W. , Myburgh Kathryn H.
Published: March 2017

Context:

Plyometric training has been successfully used in different sporting contexts. Studies that investigated the effect of plyometric training on muscle morphology are limited, and results are controversial with regard to which muscle fiber type is mainly affected.

Objective:

To analyze the skeletal muscle structural and ultrastructural change induced by an acute bout of plyometric exercise to determine which type of muscle fibers is predominantly damaged.

Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Setting:

Research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Eight healthy, untrained individuals (age = 22 ± 1 years, height = 179.2 ± 6.4 cm, weight = 78.9 ± 5.9 kg).

Intervention(s):

Participants completed an acute bout of plyometric exercise (10 sets of 10 squat-jumps with a 1-minute rest between sets).

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Blood samples were collected 9 days and immediately before and 6 hours and 1, 2, and 3 days after the acute intervention. Muscle samples were collected 9 days before and 3 days after the exercise intervention. Blood samples were analyzed for creatine kinase activity. Muscle biopsies were analyzed for damage using fluorescent and electron transmission microscopy.

Results:

Creatine kinase activity peaked 1 day after the exercise bout (529.0 ± 317.8 U/L). Immunofluorescence revealed sarcolemmal damage in 155 of 1616 fibers analyzed. Mainly fast-twitch fibers were damaged. Within subgroups, 7.6% of type I fibers, 10.3% of type IIa fibers, and 14.3% of type IIx fibers were damaged as assessed by losses in dystrophin staining. Similar damage was prevalent in IIx and IIa fibers. Electron microscopy revealed clearly distinguishable moderate and severe sarcomere damage, with damage quantifiably predominant in type II muscle fibers of both the glycolytic and oxidative subtypes (86% and 84%, respectively, versus only 27% of slow-twitch fibers).

Conclusions:

We provide direct evidence that a single bout of plyometric exercise affected mainly type II muscle fibers.
Eating Disorder Risk and the Role of Clothing in Collegiate Cheerleaders' Body Images
Authors: Torres-McGehee Toni M. , Monsma Eva V. , Dompier Thomas P. , Washburn Stefanie A.
Published: March 2017

Context

With increased media coverage and competitive opportunities, cheerleaders may be facing an increase in eating disorder (ED) prevalence linked to clothing-related body image (BI).

Objective

To examine ED risk prevalence, pathogenic weight control behaviors, and variation in clothing-specific BI across position and academic status among collegiate cheerleaders.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I and II institutions.

Patients or Other Participants

Female collegiate cheerleaders (n = 136, age = 20.4 ± 1.3 years, height = 160.2 ± 8.1 cm, weight = 57.2 ± 8.3 kg).

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Participants self-reported height, weight, and desired weight and completed the Eating Attitudes Test. Body image perceptions in 3 clothing types (daily clothing, midriff uniform, full uniform) were assessed using sex-based silhouettes (body mass index = 18.3 kg/m2 for silhouette 1, 23.1 kg/m2 for silhouette 4).

Results

The ED risk for cheerleaders was estimated at 33.1%. However, when body mass index was controlled using backward stepwise logistic regression, flyers had greater odds (odds ratio = 4.4, 95% confidence interval = 1.5, 13.2, P = .008) of being at risk compared with bases, but no difference was noted between the base and back-spot positions (odds ratio = 1.9, 95% confidence interval = 0.5, 6.6, P = .333). A main effect of BI perceptions was seen (P < .001), with a significant interaction by clothing type (F2,133 = 22.5, P < .001, η2 = 0.14). Cheerleaders desired to be smaller than their perceived BIs for each clothing type, with the largest difference for midriff uniform (2.6 ± 0.8 versus 3.7 ± 0.9), followed by full uniform (2.7 ± 0.8 versus 3.5 ± 0.9) and daily clothing (2.8 ± 0.8 versus 3.5 ± 0.9).

Conclusions

Cheerleaders, especially flyers, appear to be at risk for EDs, with greatest BI dissatisfaction when wearing their most revealing uniforms (ie, midriffs). Universities, colleges, and the national governing bodies of these squads need to focus on preventing eating disorders and BI dissatisfaction and promoting self-esteem.
Practice-Based Research Networks, Part II: A Descriptive Analysis of the Athletic Training Practice-Based Research Network in the Secondary School Setting
Authors: McLeod Tamara C. Valovich , Lam Kenneth C. , Bay R. Curtis , Sauers Eric L. , Valier Alison R. Snyder
Published: March 2017

Context

Analysis of health care service models requires the collection and evaluation of basic practice characterization data. Practice-based research networks (PBRNs) provide a framework for gathering data useful in characterizing clinical practice.

Objective

To describe preliminary secondary school setting practice data from the Athletic Training Practice-Based Research Network (AT-PBRN).

Design

Descriptive study.

Setting

Secondary school athletic training facilities within the AT-PBRN.

Patients or Other Participants

Clinicians (n = 22) and their patients (n = 2523) from the AT-PBRN.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

A Web-based survey was used to obtain data on clinical practice site and clinician characteristics. Patient and practice characteristics were obtained via deidentified electronic medical record data collected between September 1, 2009, and April 1, 2011.

Descriptive data regarding the clinician and CPS practice characteristics are reported as percentages and frequencies. Descriptive analysis of patient encounters and practice characteristic data was performed, with the percentages and frequencies of the type of injuries recorded at initial evaluation, type of treatment received at initial evaluation, daily treatment, and daily sign-in procedures.

Results

The AT-PBRN had secondary school sites in 7 states, and most athletic trainers at those sites (78.2%) had less than 5 years of experience. The secondary school sites within the AT-PBRN documented 2523 patients treated across 3140 encounters. Patients most frequently sought care for a current injury (61.3%), followed by preventive services (24.0%), and new injuries (14.7%). The most common diagnoses were ankle sprain/strain (17.9%), hip sprain/strain (12.5%), concussion (12.0%), and knee pain (2.5%). The most frequent procedures were athletic trainer evaluation (53.9%), hot- or cold-pack application (26.0%), strapping (10.3%), and therapeutic exercise (5.7%). The median number of treatments per injury was 3 (interquartile range = 2, 4; range = 2–19).

Conclusions

These preliminary data describe services provided by clinicians within the AT-PBRN and demonstrate the usefulness of the PBRN model for obtaining such data.
Practice-Based Research Networks, Part I: Clinical Laboratories to Generate and Translate Research Findings Into Effective Patient Care
Authors: Sauers Eric L. , McLeod Tamara C. Valovich , Bay R. Curtis
Published: March 2017

Context

To improve patient care, athletic training clinicians and researchers should work together to translate research findings into clinical practice. Problems with patient care observed in clinical practice should be translated into research frameworks, where they can be studied. Practice-based research networks (PBRNs) provide a compelling model for linking clinicians and researchers so they can conduct translational research to improve patient care.

Objective

To describe (1) the translational research model, (2) practice-based research as a mechanism for translating research findings into clinical practice, (3) the PBRN model and infrastructure, (4) the research potential using the PBRN model, and (5) protection of human participants in PBRN research.

Description

Translational research is the process of transforming research findings into health behavior that ultimately serves the public and attempts to bridge the gap between research and clinical practice. Practice-based research represents the final step in the translational research continuum and describes research conducted by providers in clinical practices. The PBRNs are characterized by an organizational framework that transcends a single site or study and serves as the clinical research “laboratory” for conducting comparative-effectiveness studies using patient-oriented measures. The PBRN approach to research has many benefits, including enhanced generalizability of results, pooling of resources, rapid patient recruitment, and collaborative opportunities. However, multisite research also brings challenges related to the protection of human participants and institutional review board oversight.

Clinical and Research Advantages

Athletic training studies frequently include relatively few participants and, consequently, are able to detect only large effects. The incidence of injury at a single site is sufficiently low that gathering enough data to adequately power a treatment study may take many years. Collaborative efforts across diverse clinical practice environments can yield larger patient samples to overcome the limitations inherent in single-site research efforts.
Knee Proprioception and Strength and Landing Kinematics During a Single-Leg Stop-Jump Task
Authors: Nagai Takashi , Sell Timothy C. , House Anthony J. , Abt John P. , Lephart Scott M.
Published: March 2017

Context

The importance of the sensorimotor system in maintaining a stable knee joint has been recognized. As individual entities, knee-joint proprioception, landing kinematics, and knee muscles play important roles in functional joint stability. Preventing knee injuries during dynamic tasks requires accurate proprioceptive information and adequate muscular strength. Few investigators have evaluated the relationship between knee proprioception and strength and landing kinematics.

Objective

To examine the relationship between knee proprioception and strength and landing kinematics.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants

Fifty physically active men (age = 26.4 ± 5.8 years, height = 176.5 ± 8.0 cm, mass = 79.8 ± 16.6 kg).

Intervention(s)

Three tests were performed. Knee conscious proprioception was evaluated via threshold to detect passive motion (TTDPM). Knee strength was evaluated with a dynamometer. A 3-dimensional biomechanical analysis of a single-legged stop-jump task was used to calculate initial contact (IC) knee-flexion angle and knee-flexion excursion.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

The TTDPM toward knee flexion and extension, peak knee flexion and extension torque, and IC knee-flexion angle and knee flexion excursion. Linear correlation and stepwise multiple linear regression analyses were used to evaluate the relationships of both proprioception and strength against landing kinematics. The α level was set a priori at .05.

Results

Enhanced TTDPM and greater knee strength were positively correlated with greater IC knee-flexion angle (r range = 0.281–0.479, P range = .001–.048). The regression analysis revealed that 27.4% of the variance in IC knee-flexion angle could be accounted for by knee-flexion peak torque and TTDPM toward flexion (P = .001).

Conclusions

The current research highlighted the relationship between knee proprioception and strength and landing kinematics. Individuals with enhanced proprioception and muscular strength had better control of IC knee-flexion angle during a dynamic task.
Dynamic of thermo-MHD flows via a new approach
Authors: Rionero Salvatore
Published: March 2017

Via a new approach, the dynamic of thermo-MHD flows in horizontal layers heated from below, in the Boussinesq scheme, is investigated. Denoting by

m_0

,

E

,

P_r

,

P_m

and

\bar R_C

the thermal conduction solution, the

L^2

-energy of the nonlinear perturbations to

m_0

, the Prandtl number, the magnetic Prandtl number and the steady convection onset critical value of the Rayleigh number

R^2

, first of all we obtain, for any initial data, the ultimately boundedness of

E

, via the existence of

L^2-

absorbing sets. Successively we introduce a new approach for the E-longtime behaviour associated to the

R^2-

increasing. This new approach is based on an

L^2

-energy
linearization principle
and on a new way of analyzing and using the linear stability. As concerns the linearization principle, denoting by

\mathcal E

the

L^2

-energy of the linear perturbations to

m_0

, it is shown that: "

\left(\frac{d\mathcal E}{dt}\right)_{(t=0)}<0

for any initial data, implies

\frac{dE}{dt}<0

\forall t\in\mathbb R^+

“.

In order to obtain

\left(\frac{d\mathcal E}{dt}\right)_{(t=0)}<0

for any initial data
, denoting by

\texttt L_n

the linear operator governing the nth-Fourier component of perturbations, we introduce the characteristic values

\texttt I_{jn},\,(j=1,2,3)

of

\texttt L_n

via the

\texttt L_n-

entries and obtain the equation

\lambda^3-\texttt I_{1n}\lambda^2+\texttt I_{2n}\lambda-\texttt I_{3n}=0

, governing the

\texttt L_n-

eigenvalues. To this equation we apply the Hurwitz's Criterion guaranteeing that all the eigenvalues have negative real part. As matter of fact, the Hurwitz's Criterion, applied for each

n\in\mathbb N

, allows to obtain conditions necessary and sufficient for being

\left(\frac{d\mathcal E}{dt}\right)_{(t=0)}<0

for any initial data
. Following this new approach, we show that

the unconditional nonlinear asymptotic stability of

m_0

, with respect to the

L^2-

energy norm, is guaranteed by the linear stability

and obtain – among other things – two conditions, in a very simple closed forms, guaranteeing the onset of oscillatory convection (
overstability laws
).

All the results, first obtained for the free-free boundary case, are successively generalized to the rigid-rigid, rigid-free and free-rigid boundary cases.
On the analytic bijections of the rationals in [0,1]
Authors: Lombardo Davide
Published: March 2017

We carry out an arithmetical study of analytic functions

f: [0,1] \to [0,1]

that by restriction induce a bijection

\mathbb{Q} \cap [0,1] \to \mathbb{Q} \cap [0,1]

. The existence of such functions shows that, unless

f(x)

has some additional property of an algebraic nature, very little can be said about the distribution of rational points on its graph. Some more refined questions involving heights are also explored.
Ancient solutions of semilinear heat equations on Riemannian manifolds
Authors: Castorina Daniele , Mantegazza Carlo
Published: March 2017

We study the qualitative properties of ancient solutions of linear and semilinear heat equations in a Riemannian manifold, with particular attention to positivity and constancy in space.
One-sided approximation of sets of finite perimeter
Authors: Comi Giovanni E. , Torres Monica
Published: March 2017

In this note we present a new proof of a one-sided approximation of sets of finite perimeter introduced in [2], in order to fill a gap in the original proof.
Investigación de la enseñanza ética de los periodistas en España. Análisis bibliométrico y prescripciones formativas aplicadas (2005-2015)
Authors: Redondo Marta , Sánchez-García Pilar , Etura Dunia
Published: March 2017

El artículo recoge un estudio bibliométrico de las investigaciones publicadas en revistas científicas indexadas del ámbito español sobre la enseñanza de la ética y la deontología periodísticas con el fin de realizar un balance del estado de la investigación y detectar los puntos fuertes y las posibles carencias analíticas, además de establecer prescripciones en un momento de transformación comunicativa. Metodología. Se recurre a una metodología mixta apoyada en técnicas cualitativas y cuantitativas  de revisión documental y análisis de contenido aplicado a las 52 revistas de Comunicación de la base de datos DICE (2005-2015), analizando tres categorías: fuente, contenido y prescripciones formativas. Resultados. El estudio detecta un limitado interés por parte de los investigadores y universidades españolas con el resultado concreto de ocho artículos dedicados a la enseñanza ética en diez años de especial relevancia por los cambios formativos y tecnológicos y ante los retos éticos del nuevo entorno comunicativo. Los expertos analizados prescriben una enseñanza de la ética basada en la filosofía aplicada a partir de estudios de caso. Discusión. Las lagunas de investigación detectadas en torno a los nuevos dilemas éticos permiten destacar la necesidad de intensificar el debate académico acerca de la importancia que debe tener la asignatura en los planes de estudio de Periodismo, así como la adaptación de la materia al entorno digital.
Should Institutional Pharmacy Managers Maintain an Active Clinical Practice?
Authors: Beresford Laura , Dagenais Renée , Hong Jenny , Louie Sam , Leung Leanne , Thorne-Humphrey Lucas , Tkachuk Stacey , Dalen Dawn
Published: March 2017

-
Stability of Extemporaneously Compounded Tacrolimus in Glass Bottles and Plastic Syringes
Authors: Friciu Mihaela , Zaraa Sarra , Leclair Grégoire
Published: March 2017

-
“You Want To Go Where?” A Perspective on Skills and Competencies Developed through International Pharmacy Education Experiences
Authors: Peterson Shaylee C
Published: March 2017

-
CSHP Professional Practice Conference 2017: Poster Abstracts / Conférence sur la pratique professionnelle 2017 de la SCPH : Résumés des affiches
Authors: Authors Various
Published: March 2017

-
The Pursuit of Professional Practice Excellence and the Achievement of Peer Recognition
Authors: Pearson Glen J
Published: March 2017

-
Ренормгрупповое описание неравновесной критической динамики спиновых систем при фиксированной размерности пространства $d=3$
Authors: Lavrukhin Ivan Vladimirovich , Prudnikov Vladimir Vasil'evich , Prudnikov Pavel Vladimirovich
Published: March 2017

Представлены методика и результаты ренормгруппового описания неравновесной критической релаксации модели А с эволюцией из начального высокотемпературного состояния. Рассчитана двухвременная зависимость для корреляционной функции и функции отклика и выявлены нарушения флуктуационно-диссипативной теоремы в неравновесном критическом режиме. Для предельного флуктуационно-диссипативного отношения, являющегося универсальной характеристикой неравновесной критической динамики, проведен в двухпетлевом приближении расчет флуктуационных и примесных поправок при фиксированной размерности пространства $d=3$ с применением методов суммирования асимптотических рядов Паде-Бореля.
Ренормированные константы связи трехмерной скалярной теории поля типа $\lambda\phi^4$ и псевдо-$\epsilon$-разложение
Authors: Nikitina Margarita Aleksandrovna , Sokolov Aleksandr Ivanovich
Published: March 2017

Ренормированные константы связи $g_{2k}$, которые входят в уравнение состояния и определяют нелинейные восприимчивости системы, принимают универсальные значения $g_{2k}^*$ в точке Кюри. Они вычисляются вместе с отношениями $R_{2k}^ =g_{2k}^ /g_4^{k-1}$ для трехмерной скалярной теории поля типа $\lambda\phi^4$ с помощью метода псевдо-$\epsilon$-разложения. Псевдо-$\epsilon$-разложения для $g_6^*$, $g_8^*$, $R_6^*$ и $R_8^*$ найдены в пятипетлевом приближении, численные оценки приведены для $R_6^*$ и $R_8^*$. Коэффициенты псевдо-$\epsilon$-разложений для $g_6^*$ и $R_6^*$ столь малы, что получить высокоточные численные результаты можно, используя простые аппроксиманты Паде. Их применение дает значение $R_6^*=1.650$, в то время как недавние расчеты на решетках привели к значению $R_6^*=1.649(2)$. Структура псевдо-$\epsilon$-разложений для $g_8^*$ и $R_8^*$ менее благоприятна с вычислительной точки зрения. Тем не менее суммирование методом Паде-Бореля ряда для $R_8^*$ ведет к оценке $R_8^*=0.890$, лишь немного отличающейся от значений $R_8^*=0.871$, $R_8^*=0.857$, извлеченных из результатов решеточных и теоретико-полевых вычислений.
Построение пертурбативно корректного гамильтониана на световом фронте для $(2+1)$-мерной калибровочной теории
Authors: Malyshev Mikhail Yur'evich , Prokhvatilov Evgenii Vasil'evich , Zubov Roman Andreevich , Franke Valentin Al'fredovich
Published: March 2017

Обсуждается теория возмущений на световом фронте, регуляризованная методом, аналогичным регуляризации Паули-Вилларса для $(2+1)$-мерной $SU(N)$-симметричной теории калибровочного поля. Это дает возможность построения корректного перенормированного гамильтониана на световом фронте.
Свойство максимальной трансцендентности: вычисление интегралов Фейнмана
Authors: Kotikov Anatolii Vasil'evich
Published: March 2017

Рассмотрены примеры двухпетлевых двух- и трехточечных интегралов Фейнмана, для которых результаты расчетов обладают свойством максимальной трансцендентности.
Метод уникальностей и оптическая проводимость графена: новое применение мощной техники многопетлевых вычислений
Authors: Teber Sofian , Kotikov Anatolii Vasil'evich
Published: March 2017

Дан краткий обзор метода уникальностей, являющегося мощным средством расчета многопетлевых диаграмм Фейнмана в теориях с конформной симметрией. Метод применен в импульсном пространстве. Показанa его эффективность при расчете двухпетлевой безмассовой диаграммы Фейнмана пропагаторного типа с нецелым индексом на центральной линии. Полученный результат использован для вычисления оптической проводимости графена в инфракрасной лоренц-инвариантной неподвижной точке. Проанализировано влияние контрчленов. Проведено сравнение с нерелятивистским пределом.
Passenger and Light Truck Tire Traction Device Profile Determination and Classification
Authors:   Highway Tire Committee
Published: March 2017

The purpose of this SAE Recommended Practice is to set up a guide as to body, frame, and wheelhouse clearances required to accommodate tire traction devices (e.g., tire chains), and to provide a means of classifying these devices according to their maximum profile. In addition, it enables the vehicle manufacturer to specify the proper traction devices for each vehicle.

This report is intended to apply to passenger cars and light trucks up to 4535 kg (10 001 lb) GVW. This document is not to be construed as approving traction device operation at conditions exceeding manufacturer's specifications, although short periods of such operations may be required for test purposes.
Heavy Truck and Bus Retarder Downhill Performance Mapping Procedure
Authors:   Truck and Bus Powertrain Committee
Published: March 2017

The procedure covers the estimation of the total retardation capability available to a specific vehicle from:

a

Natural retardation (rolling resistance, aerodynamic drag, etc).

b

Engine drag

c

Engine, integral automatic transmission, driveline or trailer-axle retarders

It assumes that foundation brakes are not used for maintaining speed on long mountain descents. Retardation is rated in terms of the maximum grades on which stable control speeds can be maintained for each gear over the range of highway speeds appropriate to that gear. For each gear, the calculation procedure determines maximum grades for at least four values of control speed ranging from the vehicle velocity corresponding to full load governed engine rpm, to the vehicle velocity corresponding to the engine rpm at minimum (idle) speed. In addition, the calculation procedure provides information on the total retarding power available for each gear.
Measurement of Vehicle and Suspension Parameters for Directional Control Studies--Rationale
Authors:   Vehicle Dynamics Standards Committee
Published: March 2017

This SAE Information Report presents the background and rationale for SAE J1574-1.

The motor vehicle industry is working toward a more complete understanding of the factors affecting the motions of vehicles on the roadway, by using a variety of techniques that predict responses to road and operator inputs. The capability to predict responses is desirable so that vehicles can be designed for optimum safety and utility. In addition to the force and moment properties of the pneumatic tires, a number of vehicle and suspension parameters affect the response of the vehicle; these include weight, center-of-gravity location, moments of inertia, suspension ride and roll rates, suspension kinematic and compliance properties, and shock absorber characteristics. These parameters must be quantified in order to predict vehicle responses.

Measurement of most of these parameters will be limited to determining their values in the linear range for use in directional control simulations. The limitation to linear range characteristics primarily reflects current measurement practice, to which SAE J1574-1 is directed. In the case of mass and inertia properties, this limitation clearly does not apply. For those to which it does apply, it is not felt to be a serious limitation since most of the measurement techniques can be extended beyond the linear range through appropriate increases in steering or suspension displacement or loading. Use of the measured parameters in simulations is assumed as the most frequent use. However, this does not seem to limit their use to simulations. Vehicle and suspension characteristics appropriate for simulation can equally well be used for vehicle and suspension characterization and comparison, suspension development and optimization, and processing of road test data.

As noted in SAE J1574-1, vehicles addressed will be limited to passenger cars, light trucks, and on-highway recreational and commercial vehicles with two or more axles of approximately the same wheel track. This excludes bicycles, motorcycles, tricycles, and vehicles intended primarily for off-highway use. This limitation is largely a recognition of the types of vehicles historically measured for ride and directional control simulation, since SAE J1574-1 has been written to document the current state-of-the-art rather than to expand it. Additionally, inclusion of these other vehicles might well require measurement of other chassis characteristics to properly simulate their dynamic characteristics. The measurement of these additional characteristics may not be supported by widespread experimental practice.
Discriminating Back-Up Alarm System Standard
Authors:   OPTC3, Lighting and Sound Committee
Published: March 2017

This SAE Standard describes methods for evaluating the performance of the systems detection device, the minimum detection areas behind the machine, the visual and audible information presented to the operator and ground personnel, and the systems fault detection requirements. Also included are operator system function tests and maintenance procedures.
Automobile and Light Truck Engine Coolant Concentrate Propylene Glycol Type
Authors:   Cooling Systems Standards Committee
Published: March 2017

This SAE Recommended Practice applies to engine coolant concentrate, propylene glycol base, for use in automotive and light truck engine cooling systems.
Clutch Application Powertrain Startability Rating Requirements for Truck and Bus Applications
Authors:   Truck and Bus Powertrain Committee
Published: March 2017

Although not limited to, these installations are normally used on trucks considered as Medium Duty (Class 6 and 7), as well as Heavy Duty (Class 8).

This SAE Recommended Practice defines powertrain application startability rating requirements for pull type single and twin plate truck clutches.
High Temperature Materials for Exhaust Manifolds
Authors:   Metals Technical Committee
Published: March 2017

A subcommittee within SAE ISTC Division 35 has written this report to provide automotive engineers and designers a basic understanding of the design considerations and high temperature material availability for exhaust manifold use. It is hoped that it will constitute a concise reference of the important characteristics of selected cast and wrought ferrous materials available for this application, as well as methods employed for manufacturing. The different types of manifolds used in current engine designs are discussed, along with their range of applicability. Finally, a general description of mechanical, chemical, and thermophysical properties of commonly-used alloys is provided, along with discussions on the importance of such properties.
Identification and Measurement of Best Practice in Implementation of Lean Operation
Authors:   Automotive Quality and Process Improvement Committee
Published: March 2017

SAE J4000 is a tool to identify and measure best practice in the implementation of lean operation in a manufacturing organization. Implementation of lean operation is defined as the process of eliminating waste exhibited in an organization’s value stream. Best practice in this process is Level 3 conduct as described in the standard’s component statements. A description of the levels of implementation is:

A procedure for evaluation and scoring of each component will be included in the SAE J4001 Implementation of Lean Operation User Manual.
Implementation of Lean Operation User Manual
Authors:   Automotive Quality and Process Improvement Committee
Published: March 2017

SAE J4001 provides instruction for evaluating levels of compliance to SAE J4000. Component text (Sections 4 to 9) from SAE J4000 is included for convenience during the evaluation process. Applicable definitions and references are contained in SAE J4000.

SAE J4000 tests lean implementation within a manufacturing organization and includes those areas of direct overlap with the organization’s suppliers and customers. If applied to each consecutive organizational link, an enterprise level evaluation can be made. SAE J4001 relates the following approximate topic percentages to the implementation process as a whole:

SAE J4001 is to be applied on a specific component basis. Each of the fifty-two components tests part of, one, or multiples of the specific requirements of lean implementation. Implementation throughout an organization may be measured by evaluating all of the components. The level of compliance for each component relative to best practice may be used as a reference by an organization to compare itself to current best practice in establishing lean operation. Examples of current best practice are available in SAE publication RR003, Automotive Lean Enterprise Conversion Best Practice Examples.

An organization may evaluate only selected components without affecting validity of results.
Vehicle Electromagnetic Immunity--Off-Vehicle Source
Authors:   Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Standards
Published: March 2017

This part of SAE J551 specifies off-vehicle radiation source test methods and procedures for testing passenger cars and commercial vehicles.

Two methods for calibrating electromagnetic fields are defined in the document: a substitution method and a closed-loop method. The substitution method is the method most commonly used.

SAE J551-1 specifies general, definitions, practical use, and basic principles of the test procedure.
STANDARD FOR D.C. BRUSH MOTOR – HVAC BLOWERS
Authors:   USCAR
Published: March 2017

This standard sets forth the performance and durability requirements for 12-volt, D.C. brush-type electric motors used for automobile Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) blowers and outlines Production Validation and Continuing Conformance testing.
How to represent human behavior and decision making in Earth
system models? A guide to techniques and approaches
Authors: Müller-Hansen Finn , Schlüter Maja , Mäs Michael , Hegselmann Rainer , Donges Jonathan F. , Kolb Jakob J. , Thonicke Kirsten , Heitzig Jobst
Published: March 2017

Abstract. In the Anthropocene, humans have a critical impact on the Earth system and vice versa, which can generate complex feedback processes between social and ecological dynamics. Integrating human behavior into formal Earth System Models (ESMs), however, requires crucial modeling assumptions about actors and their goals, behavioral options and decision rules, as well as modeling decisions regarding human social interactions and the aggregation of individuals' behavior. In this tutorial review, we compare existing modeling approaches and techniques from different disciplines and schools of thought dealing with human behavior at various levels of decision making. Providing an overview over social-scientific modeling approaches, we demonstrate modelers' often vast degrees of freedom but also seek to make modelers aware of the often crucial consequences of seemingly innocent modeling assumptions. After discussing which socio-economic units are potentially important for ESMs, we review models of individual decision making that correspond to alternative behavioral theories and that make diverse modeling assumptions about individuals' preferences, beliefs, decision rules, and foresight. We discuss approaches to model social interaction, covering game theoretic frameworks, models of social influence and network models. Finally, we elaborate approaches to study how the behavior of individuals, groups and organizations can aggregate to complex collective phenomena, discussing agent-based, statistical and representative-agent modeling and economic macro-dynamics. We illustrate the main ingredients of modeling techniques with examples from land-use dynamics as one of the main drivers of environmental change bridging local to global scales.
Re-visiting the flipped classroom in a design context
Authors: Coyne Richard David , Lee John , Petrova Denitsa
Published: March 2017

After explaining our experience with a flipped classroom model of learning, we argue that the approach brings to light the dramaturgical and mediatized aspects of learning experiences that favour a closer connection between recorded content and “live” presentation by the lecturer. We adopted the flipped classroom approach to learning and teaching in a class of over 100 postgraduate level university students, some learning at a distance, and run over two successive years. This article describes the format of the lecture recordings, class activities and assessment method. We also describe the outcome of course evaluation, and present what we learned from the process. 
An in-depth analysis of learning goals in higher education: Evidence from the programming education
Authors: Xia Belle Selene
Published: March 2017

Previous research has shown that, despite the importance of programming education, there is limited research done on programming education experiences from the students’ point of view and the need to do so is strong. By understanding the student behaviour, their learning styles, their expectation and motivation to learn, the quality of teaching can be improved. The goal of this paper is to examine the connection between educational theories and student-centred pedagogy via an empirical study. While research results have confirmed student difficulties in learning programming in terms of the retention and completion rates of the programming courses, we will propose some of the solutions to overcome these challenges. We will also classify the various definitions of learning goals both theoretically and empirically in order to further our understanding in the subject field. New research opportunities are opened in the applied work of a personalised learning environment.
The influence of theory and student feedback on learning design
Authors: Lloyd Margaret , Bahr Nan
Published: March 2017

The papers in this issue put paid to the simplistic objective binary that teachers teach and students learn. The complex reality is that teachers design and scaffold student learning experiences based on theoretical constructs and discipline standards. Xia (this issue) concisely explains that “goals are set in order to reach a specific performance outcome” and that “learning outcomes can be defined in general as acting as a benchmark for ensuring teaching quality” (p. 25). These experiences are then customised to meet particular student needs and contexts and, in turn, modified for logistical reasons such as timing or access to human and physical resources.

 The main reason for modification, however, is clearly from student feedback. This feedback, in turn, is substantively drawn from affective responses and inherent goals and capacities which can include: prior experience, background, personality, academic background, interests, cognitive ability, quality of teaching and student expectation (Xia, this issue).
Verdad geográfica de los humedales en La Araucana de Alonso de Ercilla
Authors: Sanz Donaire Juan José
Published: March 2017

La obra de Alonso de Ercilla ha sido objeto de análisis desde numerosos puntos de vista, especialmente los literarios, históricos e incluso patrióticos, pero apenas existen estudios de su realidad geográfica. A rellenar este hueco me propongo aportar algunos datos, con especial hincapié en el tratamiento que el autor realiza de los humedales o higrocoras.