bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A General Approach for the Synthesis of Phenolic Natural Products. Facile Syntheses of Grifolin and Colletochlorins B and D
Authors: Saimoto Hiroyuki , Ueda Jiro , Sashiwa Hitoshi , Shigemasa Yoshihiro , Hiyama Tamejiro
Published: July 2006

A general approach is established for the synthesis of phenolic compounds having terpenoid side chains: (1) protection of the phenolic hydroxyls in the aromatic precursor by ether formation, (2) coupling the aromatic part with a terpenoid bromide, and (3) deprotection to regenerate the hydroxyl groups. This strategy was successfully applied to the synthesis of colletochlorins B and D and grifolin. Some of the colletochlorin derivatives were found to inhibit the cell growth of P388.
Acid Strength of Heteropolyacids and Its Correlation with Catalytic Activity
Authors: Okuhara Toshio , Hu Changwen , Hashimoto Masato , Misono Makoto
Published: July 2006

UV spectrophotometry of a Hammett indicator revealed that the acid strength of the Keggin-type heteropolyacids having W as addenda atoms increased as the valency of the central atom increased (Co < B < Si, Ge < P). The catalytic activity for the decomposition of isobutyl propionate in a homogeneous system was correlated well with the acid strength.
Capillary Zone Electrophoretic Separation of Protein Labeled with Rhodamine B Isothiocyanate and Its On-Line Chemiluminescence Detection
Authors: Hara Tadashi , Nishida Hisashi , Kayama Syuji , Nakajima Riichiro
Published: July 2006

To improve the sensitivity of on-line chemiluminescence dectection of proteins separated by capillary zone electrophoresis, rhodamine B isothiocyanate has been used as a dye-stuff for labeling proteins. By the present method, bovine serum albumin (BSA) in the concentration range of 7 × 10−8—7 × 10−6 M (1 M = 1 mol dm−3) could be determined with a lower detection limit of 5 × 10−8 M (absolute amounts : 1 fmol).
Sensitized Photooxygenation of Dihydropyrimidines. Formation of a Novel Tetraphenyl-5(4H)-pyrimidinone
Authors: Mori Yukie , Maeda Koko
Published: July 2006

Sensitized photooxygenation of 2,4,4,6-tetraphenyl-1,4(or 3,4)-dihydropyrimidine (4a) gave 5-hydroperoxy-2,4,4,6-tetraphenyl-4,5-dihydropyrimidine (5a), which was formed by an ene reaction of singlet oxygen with the 1,4-dihydro form of 4a. Treatment of 5a with silica-gel caused dehydration to give 2,4,4,6-tetraphenyl-5(4H)-pyrimidinone, which is the first synthesized 5-pyrimidinone.
The Relative Permittivity of the Ternary 1,2-Ethanediol + 2-Methoxyethanol + Water Solvent System
Authors: Corradini Fulvio , Marcheselli Luigi , Marchetti Andrea , Tagliazucchi Mara , Tassi Lorenzo , Tosi Giuseppe
Published: July 2006

For many multicomponent cosolvent systems which can be important in electrochemical studies as far as in practical applications, the relative permittivity (ε) is a continuous but nonlinear function of the solvent composition. Rational functions were applied to the 1,2-ethanediol (1) + 2–methoxyethanol (2) + water (3) ternary mixtures data at various temperatures (50 ≤ t/°C ≤ 80) instead of the more conventional polynomial regressions for ε = ε(Xi). These rational functions seem to be more adequate than the other polynomials, being reduced the number of required adjustable coefficients; in fact only a first power dependence on mole fraction (Xi) is necessary, and a computational simplicity in reproducing reliable ε values over the total mole fraction 0 ≤ X1/X2/X3 ≤ 1 range is achieved. Furthermore, the calculated excess function (εe) is always negative, confirming the existence of rather strong interaction between components, probably via hydrogen bonding networks. Changes with temperature in εe for these ternary mixtures seem to be very useful in order to depict and differentiate the experimental trend in three well distincted regions (namely MI,MII,MIII) which are likely characterized by different specific interactions between like and/or unlike species. Nevertheless, no evidence for a three component adduct was obtained.
Microscopic Studies of 1,3 : 2,4-Di-O-benzylidene-d-sorbitol in Ethylene Glycol
Authors: Yamasaki Seiji , Tsutsumi Hisao
Published: July 2006

1,3 : 2,4-Di-O-benzylidene-d-sorbitol (d-DBS) is known to be a chiral oil gelator which forms the gel state with organic solvents having a wide range of polarities. Microscopic and thermoanalytical studies on the binary system, d-DBS/ethylene glycol, were carried out. The gel of the d-DBS/ethylene glycol system showed optical anisotropy under crossed polarizers. Two kinds of mesophases have been identified in the gel state. One was the crystalline phase, by means of observing the spherulitic texture. The other was an isotropic mesophase between spherulitic textures. In the crystalline phase the supramolecular helicoidal strucrture was observed by polarized and electron microscopy. The isotropic mesophase comprized of a network-like structure. It changed to the crystalline phase below the phase transition temperature from a gel to an isotropic solution (Ti), and the crystal of d-DBS was precipitated out from ethylene glycol. It is thus concluded that the gel state of d-DBS/ethylene glycol is a metastable state and that the chirality of d-DBS affects the shape which d-DBS forms in the crystalline state.
Raman Spectroscopic Study of Concentrated Aqueous LiBr Solutions
Authors: Kameda Yasuo , Ebata Hidekazu , Uemura Osamu
Published: July 2006

The Raman spectra for concentrated aqueous LiBr solutions (LiBr)x(H2O)1−x and (LiBr)x(D2O)1−x, x = 0.05—0.25, were measured in the frequency range of 30—1000 cm−1. A polarized peak intensity centered at 160—190 cm−1 in the isotropic spectrum for H2O solutions exhibits a systematic increase with increasing LiBr content. At LiBr concentrations below 15 mol%, this peak contains several shoulders at both the lower and higher frequency sides. The corresponding peak in the isotropic spectrum for D2O solutions is shifted to the lower frequency by ca. 10 cm−1. The isotropic spectra for highly concentrated H2O solutions, such as 20 and 25 mol% LiBr, have another component at 340 cm−1, which is also shifted to the lower frequency by ca. 20 cm−1 in D2O solutions. This 340 cm−1 peak in a 25 mol% LiBr solution is also shifted to the higher frequency by ca. 13 cm−1 when isotopically substituting 6Li (95.5% 6Li) for natLi (92.5% 7Li), while the position of 190 cm−1 peak remains unchanged when substituting. Consequently, the peaks centered at 160—190 cm−1 and at 340 cm−1 can, respectively, be assigned to the totally symmetric stretching vibration of tetrahedrally hydrated lithium ion, Li+(H2O)4, and that of the solvent-shared ion pair, Li+(H2O)4···Br−, by taking into consideration the results of diffraction studies reported previously.
Flow Properties of Montmorillonite Suspended in Water with Surfactant
Authors: Ogura Tsugitoshi , Tanoura Masazumi , Tatsuhara Kiyoshi , Hiraki Akio
Published: July 2006

The flow properties of montmorillonite, one of the main clay components in coal, were studied in water suspensions to clarify the origins of the Bingham flow properties of coal water slurry (CWM) in the presence of a surfactant. The addition of anionic surfactants, such as sodium poly(isoprenesulfonate) and sodium polycarbonate, significantly decreased the apparent viscosity and Bingham yield value of the montmorillonite suspension, although the latter value never became zero, even when a large quantity of surfactant was added. The amount of water bound to montmorillonite particles, measured using 1H NMR, was found to increase with the addition of a surfactant. The Bingham yield value and the relative viscosity of the montmorillonite suspension were described by Michaels’ equation, τB = A(Sφ − Sφ0)3 (Eq. 6), and by the modified Brinkman’s equation, ηr = (1 − Sφ)−k (Eq. 8), respectively. In both equations, the sum volume of montmorillonite particles and its bound water (Sφ) is correlated to the flow properties through constants A and k. A reduction of both A and k suggests two different actions of the anionic surfactants in the montmorillonite suspension. A decrease in the A value indicates a reduction of the strength of the aggregate networks of montmorillonite at a low shear rate, while a decrease in the k value shows that the shape of the effective montmorillonite particle becomes more spherical due to an increase of bound water.
Hydration Structure of SCN− in Concentrated Aqueous Sodium Thiocyanate Solutions
Authors: Kameda Yasuo , Takahashi Ryuji , Usuki Takeshi , Uemura Osamu
Published: July 2006

Time-of-flight (TOF) neutron-diffraction measurements for 10 mol% NaSC14N and NaSC15N solutions in D2O were carried out in order to investigate the hydration structure around the thiocyanate ion, SCN−. There are 1.8 ± 0.2 water molecules coordinated to SCN− with an intermolecular distance of r(N···D) = 2.16 ± 0.02 Å, suggesting that the hydrogen bond is formed between SCN− and the nearest-neighbor water molecules. It has also been indicated by pairing the neutron-diffraction and X-ray diffraction results that the angle between the molecular axis of SCN− and the hydrogen bond, ∠C–N··· H2O, is ca. 120° in 10 and 20 mol% NaSCN aqueous solutions. Furthermore, details concerning the local structure around Na+ in these concentrated solutions have been proposed based on the results of a least-squares fitting between the observed and structural model functions.
Structures and Photoreactivities of N-Isopropyl-N-methylphenylglyoxylamide Included in Two Clathrate Crystals as a Guest
Authors: Hashizume Daisuke , Uekusa Hidehiro , Ohashi Yuji , Matsugawa Rikiya , Miyamoto Hisakazu , Toda Fumio
Published: July 2006

The achiral N-isopropyl-N-methylphenylglyoxylamide molecule forms 1 : 2 host–guest complexes with the two kinds of the chiral host molecules derived from tartaric acid. The guest molecules in both of the clathrate crystals, I and II, are converted to the chiral β-lactam and oxazolidinone on exposure to a Hg lamp. The crystal structures of I and II, which are very similar to each other, were determined by X-rays: (I) Bis[(R,R)-(−)-trans-2,3-bis(diphenylhydroxymethyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro(4.4)nonane]N-isopropyl-N-methylphenylglyoxylamide, (C33H32O4)2·(C12H15NO2), fw = 1190.49, a = 10.404(2), b = 34.056(3), c = 9.434(3) Å, β = 94.87(2)°, V = 3331(1) Å3, Final R became 0.056. (II) Bis[(R,R)-(−)-trans-2,3-bis(diphenylhydroxymethyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro(4.5)decane]N-isopropyl-N-methylphenylglyoxylamide, (C34H34O4)2·(C12H15NO2), fw = 1218.54, a = 10.4616(5), b = 34.358(2), c = 9.469(4) Å, β = 94.798(3)°, V = 3391.4(3) Å3, Final R became 0.052. The guest molecule in each crystal is hydrogen bonded to the two host molecules. The absolute configurations of the chiral products seem to depend on the conformations of the guest molecules in I and II.
Attention as the Mediator Between Top Management Team Characteristics and Strategic Change: The Case of Airline Deregulation
Authors: Cho Theresa S. , Hambrick Donald C.
Published: July 2006

We integrate the upper-echelons perspective with the attention-based view of the firm by examining the role of attentional orientation of top management teams (TMTs). In the context of airline deregulation, we find that deregulation caused a shift in managerial attention, but that this shift in attention was the greatest for firms that changed the composition and compensation of their TMTs in ways that favored the deregulated regime. We also find that attention partially mediated the relationship between TMT changes and strategy changes. The results of this study shed light on the transformation of industry attention patterns following an environmental shift, and the role of TMT composition and incentive systems in that process.
Enhancing Creativity Through “Mindless” Work: A Framework of Workday Design
Authors: Elsbach Kimberly D. , Hargadon Andrew B.
Published: July 2006

We propose that organizations use a new framework of workday design to enhance the creativity of today’s chronically overworked professionals. Although insights from creativity research have been integrated into models of work design to increase the stimulants of creativity (e.g., intrinsic motivation), this has not led to work design models that have effectively reduced the obstacles to creativity (e.g., workload pressures). As a consequence, creative output among professionals in high-workload contexts remains disappointing. In response, we offer a framework of work design that focuses on the design of entire workdays rather than the typical focus on designing either specific tasks or very broad job descriptions (e.g., as the job characteristics model in Hackman et al. 1975). Furthermore, we introduce the concept of “mindless” work (i.e., work that is low in both cognitive difficulty and performance pressures) as an integral part of this framework. We suggest that to enhance creativity among chronically overworked professionals, workdays should be designed to alternate between bouts of cognitively challenging and high-pressure work (as suggested in the original model by Hackman et al. 1975), and bouts of mindless work (as defined in this paper). We discuss the implications of our framework for theories of work design and creativity.
Owning the Code: Status Closure in Distributed Groups
Authors: Metiu Anca
Published: July 2006

An ethnographic study of a team of software developers working on a new product across two groups—located on the West Coast of the United States and in Bangalore, India—is used to analyze status dynamics in distributed groups. Whereas existing literature has emphasized the importance of communication, task design, and incentives for cooperation, this paper shows how status differentials and geographic distance reinforce each other to affect the work processes and collaboration in distributed teams. The focus is on two elements: the relationship between the collaboration across the two groups and their members and the members’ interpretations of this relationship. Status influences the perceptions of the remote group, as well as the willingness to cooperate with its members. The key findings specify the informal closure strategies used by the high-status group in relation to the low-status group. Furthermore, the superimposition of geographic and status distance in remote work lowered the cost of exclusion of one group from the collaboration and led to the deepening of status differences between remote groups. By showing status to be both an input and an output of intergroup relations, the paper specifies some of the mechanisms through which status orderings are maintained and reinforced.
CROSSROADS—Introduction to Mindfulness
Authors: Argote Linda
Published: July 2006

This Crossroads section continues the Organization Science tradition of providing a forum for discussing issues central to our understanding of organizations. Dan Levinthal and Claus Rerup begin the conversation in their essay “Crossing an Apparent Chasm: Bridging Mindful and Less-Mindful Perspectives on Organizational Learning.” Karl Weick and Kathleen Sutcliffe continue the discussion in their response “Mindfulness and the Quality of Organizational Attention.”

Levinthal and Rerup describe the tension between mindful and less mindful or routine-driven processes. Building on the concept of mindfulness developed in the psychological literature, mindfulness is conceived as involving attentiveness and the ability to respond flexibly to contextual cues. By contrast, less mindful behavior involves fewer cognitive processes and greater reliance on previous routines. Levinthal and Rerup note that although the consequences of invoking routines in inappropriate situations can be disastrous, routine-driven behavior has many benefits for organizations, including conserving attention and capturing knowledge accumulated from previous experience in the organization. Levinthal and Rerup argue that mindful and less mindful perspectives complement each other and call for research on their interrelationship.

Weick and Sutcliffe push the discussion of mindfulness in an exciting new direction by bringing Eastern conceptions of mindfulness to the debate. According to Weick and Sutcliffe, the information-processing emphasis in Western approaches to mindfulness concentrates on concepts and making distinctions while the Eastern version emphasizes nonconceptual awareness and reduced distraction. Weick and Sutcliffe argue that it is the quality—not the quantity—of attention that affects outcomes. Further, Weick and Sutcliffe provide an insightful discussion of the question whether mindful and less mindful processes are best conceived as a continuum or as dual processes.

We hope that these essays stimulate future research on mindful and less mindful processes in organizations. Should mindful and less mindful processes be conceived as distinct categories that organizations alternate between over time? Alternatively, do mindful and less mindful processes coexist and support each other? What are the conditions under which mindful processes are likely to arise? What factors favor less mindful, routine-driven behavior in organizations? When will mindful processes be effective? What are the conditions under which less mindful processes will be associated with positive outcomes? We believe that better articulation of these issues will advance our understanding of organizational processes and performance. Enjoy!
When Collections of Creatives Become Creative Collectives: A Field Study of Problem Solving at Work
Authors: Hargadon Andrew B. , Bechky Beth A.
Published: July 2006

This paper introduces a model of collective creativity that explains how the locus of creative problem solving shifts, at times, from the individual to the interactions of a collective. The model is grounded in observations, interviews, informal conversations, and archival data gathered in intensive field studies of work in professional service firms. The evidence suggests that although some creative solutions can be seen as the products of individual insight, others should be regarded as the products of a momentary collective process. Such collective creativity reflects a qualitative shift in the nature of the creative process, as the comprehension of a problematic situation and the generation of creative solutions draw from—and reframe—the past experiences of participants in ways that lead to new and valuable insights. This research investigates the origins of such moments, and builds a model of collective creativity that identifies the precipitating roles played by four types of social interaction: help seeking, help giving, reflective reframing, and reinforcing. Implications of this research include shifting the emphasis in research and management of creativity from identifying and managing creative individuals to understanding the social context and developing interactive approaches to creativity, and from a focus on relatively constant contextual variables to the alignment of fluctuating variables and their precipitation of momentary phenomena.
Talking 'Bout My Generation: The Remediation Liability of Waste Producers
Authors: Lawrence Daniel , Lee Robert
Published: July 2006

The UK Department of Environment Food and Rural Affairs has argued that the EU Environmental Liability Directive draws upon CERCLA policies, but the general view would be that this influence has been curtailed to date within UK legislation, not least by an avoidance of joint and several liability through a complex series of exclusions and risk transfer mechanisms built into the Circular operating the contaminated land regime. The spectre of liability for waste producers has not been widely canvassed and an assumption may have been made that such extensive liability is not a feature of systems on this side of the Atlantic. This article challenges that assumption in relation to the Environmental Protection Act 1990, Part IIA.
The Criminal Jury in England and Scotland: The Confidentiality Principle and the Investigation of Impropriety
Authors: Ferguson Pamela R.
Published: July 2006

The confidentiality of jury deliberations in British criminal trials is maintained by common law rules, as well as by statute. As a result, relatively little is known about how juries actually behave. The article describes and assesses the confidentiality principle, as it operates in both English and Scots law. The courts presume that juries conduct themselves properly, in the manner of an ‘ideal’ or ‘model’ jury. This presumption of propriety and the features of the ‘model jury’ are described, as are the various ways in which actual juries can, and do, fall short of the ideal. The article concludes that the confidentiality principle prevents the courts from conducting appropriate investigation into allegations of jury misbehaviour, and that it is time to end the secrecy surrounding jury deliberations. Various options for reform are considered.
The Validity of the Use of Equivalent DIDO Nickel Dose for Graphite Dosimetry
Authors: Allen DA , Thornton DA , Harris AM , Sterbentz JW
Published: July 2006

Fast neutron dose recommendations for the graphite moderators of Magnox power plant are expressed in terms of Equivalent DIDO Nickel Dose (EDND). EDND is a calculated property that relates the damage rate in graphite at a given location to the fast neutron fluence experienced by graphite test samples irradiated in the DIDO reactor. This paper describes a study undertaken to determine the sensitivity of EDND recommendations to assumptions made in the modeling of neutron damage in graphite. These include different scattering cross sections and damage weighting functions. It is concluded that, although apparently significant differences exist between the available graphite damage response functions, their net effect is not significant in determining EDND. Therefore, confidence in past calculations has been improved and continued use of existing methods is supported.
Small-Building Defense Against Terrorism 016
Authors: Lawless JM , Gumpertz WH
Published: July 2006

Sophisticated methods for defense against terrorism have been devised, used, or planned to protect important and exposed facilities of the U.S. government and industry. This paper attempts to expose methods of protection for secondary targets that also need defense against violent crimes, riots (violent civil disobedience), and direct or indirect acts of ferrorism. These secondary or collateral targets require a different (and more modest) approach as those for which large setbacks and significant hardening is justified. We present some examples of secondary protection based on risk assessment and various defense mechanisms appropriate for buildings with modest resources and defense possibilities.
Ambiguities in Technical Standards—Case Study IEC 60112—Measuring the Resistance of Solid Isolating Materials to Tracking
Authors: Beges G , Stare E , Drnovsek J
Published: July 2006

The paper deals with unclear and incomplete specifications in technical standards and discusses, as a consequence, the ambiguities in specifying testing requirements or even the absence of important facts in the standard. It deals in particular with the technical standard related to the EU Low Voltage Directive (73/23/EEC) for ensuring the safety of electric equipment. These facts are becoming more and more important since the required measurement uncertainty, according to EN ISO/IEC 17025 standard for calibration and testing laboratories is widely implemented and accepted especially with the emerging European and global markets. Placing of products on the market depends on the results of conformity testing against specific characteristics. Therefore, given the importance of standardized test procedures, common understanding of specifications and harmonized interpretation of measuring/testing results is of utmost importance. Regarding measurement/test results, the agreement on influential parameters, contribution to the overall uncertainty is of paramount importance.

The Case study consists of the analyses of IEC 60112 standard: Method for determination of the proof and the comparative tracking indices of solid insulating materials. In the process of uncertainty evaluations, the ambiguity of the standard was identified. This standard describes very complex requirements for tests and is a fine example to highlight the problem.

This article describes problems in connection with indistinctness of the standard IEC 60112.
Evaluation of the Native Status of Sea Lampreys in Lake Champlain Based on Mitochondrial DNA Sequencing Analysis
Authors: Waldman John R. , Grunwald Cheryl , Wirgin Isaac
Published: July 2006

Adult sea lampreys Petromyzon marinus parasitize a variety of recreationally, commercially, and ecologically important fishes in the north temperate Atlantic Ocean and some inland waters of North America, including the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain. This has resulted in the development of international, provincial, and state programs to suppress their abundance in some of these waters. This effort, in part, emanates from the nonnative status afforded sea lampreys in these lakes by management agencies. However, whether the sea lamprey is native to Lake Champlain has long been debated, and the outcome of this debate may impact the intensity of efforts to suppress their abundance there. We addressed this issue by using sequence analysis of the mitochondrial DNA control region. Resultant haplotype frequencies of sea lampreys from the Lake Champlain watershed were compared among sea lamprey collections made in multiple drainages within the Lake Ontario and Lake Superior watersheds and Atlantic coast rivers. We found no evidence of population structuring among tributaries within any of these four systems, but we did find highly significant genetic differentiation between systems. Haplotype diversity was low in the collections from the two Great Lakes and even more so in those from Lake Champlain compared with that in Atlantic coast rivers. Our genetic results are most consistent with the hypothesis that sea lampreys are native to Lake Champlain, having colonized the lake postglacially by one of several zoogeographic corridors.
A Long‐Term Program for Validation and Verification of Dentaries for Age Estimation in the Yellowstone–Sakakawea Paddlefish Stock
Authors: Scarnecchia Dennis L. , Ryckman L. Fred , Lim Youngtaik , Power Greg , Schmitz Brad , Riggs Vic
Published: July 2006

An approach is described to assess the accuracy and precision of age estimates for paddlefish Polyodon spathula of the Yellowstone–Sakakawea stock in Montana and North Dakota. Twenty‐five of 30 fish tagged with coded wire tags as age‐0 fish in 1995 and recaptured over the period 2002–2005 were independently aged correctly with dentaries (lower jaw bones); estimates for the other five fish deviated from actual ages by 1 year. For fish older than age 10, estimated ages based on dentaries collected from 1991 to 2004 were compared with the estimated minimum expected ages of recovered fish that were jaw‐tagged during 1964–2004. Of 323 fish, 300 (93%) had estimated ages that were the minimum expected age or older. The ages for the remaining 23 fish were less than the minimum expected ages, mostly by three or fewer years; these fish spanned a range of ages but tended to be older. Precision estimates (mean coefficient of variation) for age determination ranged from 3.6% for female fish from Montana in 2003 to 7.1% for male fish from North Dakota in 2003. The results indicate that estimating ages from Yellowstone–Sakakawea paddlefish dentaries is generally a repeatable, straightforward process with sufficient accuracy and precision to be useful for stock assessment. Validation studies should be conducted on other paddlefish stocks because the ease of interpreting dentaries varies with locality.
Influence of Beaver Activity on Summer Growth and Condition of Age‐2 Atlantic Salmon Parr
Authors: Sigourney Douglas B. , Letcher Benjamin H. , Cunjak Richard A.
Published: July 2006

The activity of beavers Castor canadensis in freshwater environments can have considerable localized impacts on the physical and biological components of riparian ecosystems. By changing the habitat of a stream, beaver dams can cause spatial variation in growth opportunity that may have direct consequences for the growth of resident fish. In a small stream in eastern Canada, we studied the effects of an ephemeral beaver pond on the growth and maturity of age‐2 Atlantic salmon Salmo salar parr tagged with passive integrated transponder tags. Water temperature remained relatively uniform throughout the study site. We found very little movement of recaptured fish in the study site. Fish that were recaptured in the beaver pond displayed faster summer growth rates in both length and mass than fish that were recaptured immediately above or below the pond. We also found that parr in the pond maintained relatively high condition factors, whereas fish above and below the pond appeared to decrease in condition factor throughout the summer. In addition to growth, the maturation rates of age‐2 males were higher above the dam than below. This study demonstrates the effect a beaver dam can have on individual growth rates. By influencing growth during sensitive periods, the beaver pond may also influence individual life history pathways. This information could be an important component in ecosystem models that predict the effect of beaver population dynamics on the growth of individual salmonids at the landscape scale.
Prietita y el Otro Lado: Gloria Anzaldúa's Literature for Children
Authors: Rebolledo Tey Diana
Published: July 2006

Gloria Anzaldúa is known as a poet, a postcolonial theoretician, the author of Borderlands / la Frontera: The New Mestiza (1987), and the editor or coeditor of important anthologies. She also wrote two books for children, Friends from the Other Side / Amigos del otro lado (1993) and Prietita and the Ghost Woman / Prietita y la Llorona (1995). Here Anzaldúa honed her sense of “conocimientos,” other ways of knowing. She imprinted her heroine, Prietita, as a “bridge”—a way of transforming the world. For Anzaldúa, writing books for children was an important step of activism because children would effect necessary cultural and social transformations.
The Unassimilated Theorist
Authors: Alcoff Linda Martín
Published: July 2006

Gloria Anzaldúa's work invites us to reach beyond the usual conventions of academic writing to make visible the relations between self and world, feeling and thinking, personal experience and theory. As a philosopher, I read her for her insights about and analyses of multiple oppression, mixed identities, and alternative epistemologies. But as another Latina trying to write theory, I read her as one dying for thirst chokes on the first gulp of water. Her fearless accounts of violence in the Chicano/a community, her unapologetic disclosures of her spiritual faith, and her belief in the theoretical value of the personal voice emboldened me to reveal parts of myself in my writing that had felt incongruous in the professional discourses of the academy, even in the supposedly anticonventional circles of feminist theory.
Marie of the Cabin Club
Authors: Petry Ann , Jarrett Gene
Published: July 2006

Over the past two centuries, countless writers in the United States and abroad have adopted noms de plume to exploit the literary marketplace. By definition a name either legally owned by another person or fictitiously derived, a pseudonym “conceal[s] some essential fact[s]” about an author's personal identity that contradict expectations held by publishers, editors, other writers, or public readers (Popkin 343). Those concealed facts tend to be the author's actual name and its locus of associations, including gender, family, class, nationality, and racial identity.
Are Too Many Books Written and Published?
Authors: Woolf Leonard , Woolf Virginia , Cuddy-Keane Melba
Published: July 2006

In July 1927, Virginia Woolf participated in the first of three broadcasts she presented on the BBC. “Are too many Books Written and Published?” was a collaborative project, scripted jointly with her husband, Leonard Woolf, in the typical BBC format of the conversational debate. Virginia was not entirely comfortable in front of a radio microphone, feeling as she did the constrictions of prescribed time limits, the BBC's conventional respectability, and even the sound of her own voice. Yet she engaged in this program with a liveliness, a good humor, and an inventiveness that display her public persona at its best.
Oxidative Co‐Treatment Using Hydrogen Peroxide with Anaerobic Digestion of Excess Municipal Sludge
Authors: Cacho Rivero Jesus A. , Madhavan Narain , Suidan Makram T. , Ginestet Philippe , Audic Jean‐Marc
Published: July 2006

The effect of an oxidative co‐treatment on anaerobic digestion of a mixture of primary and waste activated sludge was investigated. The oxidant used in this study was hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). A maximum improvement in solid destruction of 15.2% was achieved in the overall process, with a dosage of 2.0 g H2O2/g influent volatile suspended solids (VSSinfluent). All configurations operated at this dosage also showed statistically significant increases in solids removal. A statistically significant enhancement in overall solids destruction was observed for the lower oxidant dosage (0.5 H2O2/gVSSinfluent). Surprisingly, for 1.0 g H2O2/gVSSinfluent, only one of the three configurations involving oxidative co‐treatment showed significant increases in solids destruction. Special attention was paid to the performance of this process relative to fecal coliforms destruction. Class A biosolids were obtained for all the different hydrogen peroxide dosages used when oxidative co‐treatment is combined with a two‐stage anaerobic digestion process.
Urban Stormwater Quality Control Analysis with Detention Ponds
Authors: Chen Jieyun , Adams Barry J.
Published: July 2006

This paper presents methodologies for the development of stormwater quality control measures based on the derived probability distribution approach. These stormwater control measures, such as the fraction of pollutant removed from storage facilities, are closed‐form analytical models and can be effectively used to evaluate pollutant loads to receiving waters. In this study, a simple form of rainfall‐runoff transformation with lumped parameters is first extended to take into account the spatial variations in model parameters. Second, the infiltration process is further incorporated to the rainfall‐runoff transformation. This study demonstrates that analytical models can be developed with various levels of complexity based on different hydrologic considerations. The performance of the analytical models is evaluated in a case study, and the results indicate that, with an appropriately formulated rainfall‐runoff transformation, analytical stormwater runoff models are capable of providing comparable results to continuous simulation models in the evaluation of the long‐term performance of storage facilities.
Alkylphenol Polyethoxylate Removal in a Pilot‐Scale Reed Bed and Phenotypic Characterization of the Aerobic Heterotrophic Community
Authors: Sacco Cristiana , Pizzo Anna Maria , Tiscione Emilia , Burrini Daniela , Messeri Luca , Lepri Luciano , Bubba Massimo Del
Published: July 2006

The removal of the non‐ionic surfactant Triton X‐100, dosed at 30 and 300 mg/L in a pilot‐scale subsurface horizontal flow reed bed, and the aerobic heterotrophic cultivable community associated with the roots and with the substrate gravel in both absence and presence of Triton X‐100 were investigated. t‐Octylphenol (OP) and its mono‐, di‐ and tri‐ethoxyl derivatives, among others, were found in the outlet. A mass balance allowed us to calculate that approximately 40% of the Triton X‐100 metabolites OP and octylphenol polyethoxylate derivatives flowed out of the reed bed during the dosage and postdosage experiments. More aerobic heterotrophic microorganisms adhered to the roots than to the gravel. The appearance of new strains (Aeromonas, Flavobacterium, and Aquaspirillum) and the increased presence of others (Pseudomonas) during the dosage of Triton may be linked to the capacity of these bacteria to adapt to the presence of the surfactant or to use it as a nourishment.
Hydraulic Residence Time Effects on Performance of an Activated Sludge Unit Treating Wastewater Containing Dichlorophenol
Authors: Eker Serkan , Kargi Fikret
Published: July 2006

Wastewaters containing chlorophenol compounds are difficult to treat by biological means because of the toxic effects of those compounds on microorganisms. To investigate the adverse effects of chlorophenols on microorganisms, synthetic wastewater containing 2,4 dichlorophenol (DCP) was biologically treated in an activated sludge unit at different hydraulic residence times (HRTs) between 5 and 40 hours, whereas the feed chemical oxygen demand (COD), DCP concentrations, and sludge age were kept constant at 2500 ± 50 mg/L, 150 mg/L, and 20 days, respectively. The resazurin method based on dehydrogenase activity was used for assessment of the feed and effluent wastewater toxicity. Percent COD, DCP, and toxicity removals increased, and the effluent COD, DCP, and toxicity levels decreased with increasing HRT. Biomass concentration in the aeration tank increased with increasing HRT because of low levels of DCP at high HRT levels, resulting in high COD, DCP, and toxicity removals. The sludge volume index decreased with increasing HRT, yielding well‐settling organisms as a result of low levels of toxicity and high concentrations of active cells. Percent DCP and COD removals decreased with increasing specific DCP loading rate. The rates of DCP and COD removals showed a maximum at a low DCP concentration of 6 mg/L in the aeration tank, corresponding to a 25‐hour HRT.
Organic Pollution and Salt Intrusion in Cai Nuoc District, Ca Mau Province, Vietnam
Authors: Tho Nguyen , Vromant Nico , Hung Nguyen Thanh , Hens Luc
Published: July 2006

In Ca Mau, Vietnam, farmers converted from rice to shrimp farming, while ignoring the degradation of the aquatic environment. We assessed the seasonal variations in organic pollution of the surface water and salt intrusion in one district and assessed the difference in chemical characteristics of the surface water of shrimp ponds and canals. Several variables reflecting salinity and organic pollution were measured in the wet and dry season. The results show that in the dry season salinity increased to 37.36–42.73 g l−1 and COD and suspended solids increased to a maximum of 268.7 mg l−1 and 1312.0 mg l−1, respectively. In the wet season salinity values of 8.16 to 10.60 g l−1 were recorded, indicating that salinity could no longer be washed out completely in this season. It is concluded that salinity and suspended solids in the aquatic environment in the Cai Nuoc district are increased by shrimp monoculture, whereas organic pollution is contributed by human population pressure.
A Different Approach for Predicting Reaeration Rates in Gravity Sewers and Completely Mixed Tanks
Authors: Lahav Ori , Binder Assaf , Friedler Eran
Published: July 2006

A new semiempirical approach is presented for predicting air‐to‐water oxygen transfer rates in mixed tanks and gravity sewers, using methods adopted from mixing theory. First, a flocculation unit was used to impart selected mean velocity gradients (G) into a completely mixed tank, from which oxygen was first removed, and dissolved oxygen concentrations were measured with time. Regression analysis was used to fit the rate of oxygen transfer equation against G. The reaeration rate in completely mixed reactors was found to be proportional to G 2 (R 2 = 0.987). Subsequently, G was linked to headloss in sewers, and the equation was calibrated using a slope‐adjustable, 27‐m‐long, gravity‐flow, experimental sewer (internal diameter, D = 0.16 m). Here, the reaeration rate was proportional to G 1 (R 2 = 0.981). The equation was compared with existing oxygen transfer models and validated against experimental data from the literature, to which the overall mass transfer coefficient for oxygen, K L a, derived by the new approach, conformed well.
Dechlorination of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Congeners by Anaerobic Microorganisms From River Sediment
Authors: Chang Bea‐Ven , Chiu Tzu‐Chuan , Yuan Shaw‐Ying
Published: July 2006

The microbial dechlorination of seven kinds of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by anaerobic microorganisms from river sediment was investigated. Dechlorination rates were found to be affected by the chlorine level of PCB congeners; dechlorination rates decreased as chlorine levels increased. Dechlorination rates were fastest under methanogenic conditions and slowest under nitrate‐reducing conditions. The addition of individual electron donors (acetate, pyruvate, and lactate) enhanced the dechlorination of PCB congeners under methanogenic and sulfate‐reducing conditions but delayed the dechlorination of PCB congeners under nitrate‐reducing conditions. PCB congener dechlorination also was delayed by the addition of various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) under three reducing conditions and by surfactants, such as brij30, triton SN70, and triton N101. The results suggest that methanogen, sulfate‐reducing bacteria, and nitrate‐reducing bacteria all are involved in the dechlorination of PCB congeners.
Electrocatalytic Reduction of Nitrate in Water with a Palladium‐Modified Copper Electrode
Authors: Wang Ying , Qu Jiuhui
Published: July 2006

A highly active electrocatalytic electrode for nitrate reduction was prepared by the electro‐deposition of palladium onto a copper electrode. The capacity of nitrate reduction by a palladium‐modified copper electrode has been studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV). The existence of a reduction peak at −0.605 V versus saturated calomel electrode in 0.1‐M sodium nitrate + 0.1‐M perchloric acid solution (pH = 0.86) can be found in the CV measurement. The influence of solution properties, such as pH, nitrate concentration, and other anions in solution, on nitrate reduction was determined in detail. Results showed that nitrate reduction was suppressed in alkaline solution, while it was beneficial to nitrate reduction in acid or neutral solution. At low nitrate concentrations (0.01 to 0.5 M), nitrate reduction current increased with increasing nitrate concentration, but was hindered by sulfate. At high nitrate concentrations (1 to 5 M), no significant difference on nitrate reduction was observed. Compared with other different electrodes prepared in our work (copper, titanium, and palladium‐modified titanium electrodes), the palladium‐modified copper electrode showed the highest electrocatalytic capacity and stability in the nitrate‐reduction process.
Recovery of Polyhydroxyalkanoate from Activated Sludge in an Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal Bench‐Scale Reactor
Authors: Perez‐Feito Rafael , Noguera Daniel R.
Published: July 2006

A sequencing batch reactor was used to study the possibility of harvesting polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) from enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) processes without compromising treatment quality. Because, in EBPR, the highest PHA concentrations are observed after exposure of the sludge to anaerobic conditions, PHA accumulation was evaluated with collection of waste activated sludge (WAS) at the end of the anaerobic stage, in addition to the traditional removal after the aerobic stage. The system achieved good phosphorus removal, regardless of the point of WAS collection. When sludge was harvested at the end of the anaerobic stage, the PHA content of the sludge ranged from 7 to 16 mg PHA/100 mg mixed liquor volatile suspended solids. Although this level of PHA production is below levels obtained with pure cultures, the demonstrated ability to harvest PHA, while simultaneously satisfying phosphorus removal in an EBPR process, is a key initial step towards of the use of wastewater treatment plants for PHA production.
Treatment of High‐Strength Pet Food Wastewater Using Two‐Stage Membrane Bioreactors
Authors: Acharya C. , Nakhla G. , Bassi A. , Kurian R.
Published: July 2006

A two‐stage membrane bioreactor was used to treat dissolved‐air‐flotation pretreated, high‐strength pet food wastewater characterized by oil and grease concentrations of 50 000 to 82 000 mg/L and total chemical oxygen demand (COD) and five‐day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) concentrations of 100 000 and 80 000 mg/L, respectively, to meet stringent surface discharge criteria (i.e., BOD5, total suspended solids [TSS], and ammonium‐nitrogen [NH4 +‐N] of <10 mg/L at an overall hydraulic retention time of 6.3 days). Organic contaminants were removed primarily in the first stage, followed by almost complete removal of ammonia in the second stage. Despite a rise in poorly biodegradable COD in the second stage, overall removal of TSS, BOD5, COD, and ammonia was 100, 99.9, 95.2, and 99.7%, respectively, thus readily achieving the required criteria. Consistent nitrite accumulation over a period of more than 100 days, even at dissolved oxygen concentrations of more than 2.5 mg/L, was remarkable. A residual alkalinity requirement for nitrification was quantified. Membrane performance was extensively studied in this work.
Heterotrophic Bacterial Activities and Treatment Performance of Surface Flow Constructed Wetlands Receiving Woodwaste Leachate
Authors: Tao Wendong , Hall Ken J. , Duff Sheldon J.B.
Published: July 2006

Heterotrophic activities were investigated by measuring 3H‐leucine incorporation to bacterial protein and 14C‐glucose turnover in surface flow constructed wetlands receiving woodwaste leachate. No significant longitudinal variation was found in heterotrophic activities of bacterioplankton. An open wetland, a vegetated wetland, and a fertilized vegetated wetland were used to examine the effects of vegetation and ammonium nitrate amendment. There was not a significant difference in treatment performance among the three wetlands, except for a significant pH increase and more efficient volatile fatty acids removal in the fertilized wetland. The fertilized wetland had the highest leucine incorporation rate and shortest glucose turnover time accompanied by the lowest glucose mineralization percentage, followed by the open wetland, then the vegetated wetland. Planktonic and sedimentary bacteria contributed to the majority of the total heterotrophic activities; epiphytic bacteria played a minor role. Heterotrophic activities were influenced by the availability of nutrient, electron acceptor, and organic substrate.
Measurement of a Multidimensional Index of Globalization
Authors: Heshmati Almas
Published: July 2006

In this article we present two composite indices of globalization. The first is based on the Kearney/Foreign Policy magazine and the second is obtained from principal component analysis. They indicate which countries have become most global and show how globalization has developed over time. The indices are composed of four components: economic integration, personal contact, technology and political engagement, each generated from a number of variables. A breakdown of the index into major components provides possibilities to identify sources of globalization and associate it with economic policy measures. The empirical results show that a low rank in the globalization process is due to political and personal factors with limited possibility for the developing countries to affect. The high ranked developed countries share similar patterns in distribution of various components.