bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: CYCLIZATION OF 2‐PHENYLBENZO(B)FURAN‐3‐ACETIC ACID AND RELATED COMPOUNDS, A REVISION OF EARLIER STRUCTURES
Authors: CHATTERJEA J. N. , BHAKTA C. , LAL S.
Published: March 2016

Im Gegensatz zu Literaturangaben, wonach bei der Behandlung der Benzofuranessigsäuren (Ia) und (Ib) die Verbindungen (II) bzw. (III) gebildet werden sollen, entsteht bei gleicher Behandlung des Tolylderivats (IV) kein Produkt mit Cyclobutenon‐Struktur, sondern ein Dimeres mit der Ester‐Struktur (V), das auch aus (IV) und dem Phenol (VI) erhältlich ist.
ChemInform Abstract: 4,6‐DIOXA‐1‐AZA‐BICYCLO(3,3,0)OCTANE AUS IMINODIAETHANOLEN UND NITRILEN
Authors: BURZIN KLAUS , FEINAUER ROLAND
Published: March 2016

Aus entsprechenden Iminodiäthanolen (I) und Nitrilen (II) in Gegenwart katalytischer Mengen des Na‐alkoholats des eingesetzten Iminoäthanols sind in einem Einstufenprozeß die Titelverbindungen (III) gut zugänglich geworden.
ChemInform Abstract: HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS PART 4, SYNTHESIS OF 2,6‐DIALKYLBENZOBISOXAZOLES
Authors: OSMAN A. M. , MOHAMED S. A.
Published: March 2016

Durch Kondensation des Diamins (I) mit den Säureamiden (II) [die Aminosäurederivate (IId) in der geschützten N‐Phthaloyl‐Form] werden die Benzobisoxazole (III) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: THE REACTION OF 1‐AZIRINES WITH CYCLOPROPENYL CATIONS, PYRIDINE FORMATION
Authors: MOERCK R. E. , BATTISTE M. A.
Published: March 2016

Triphenylcyclopropenyl‐bromid (I) reagiert mit den Azirinen (IIa)‐(IIc) zu den Pyridin‐Derivaten (IIIa)‐(IIIc)‐.
ChemInform Abstract: INTERACTION OF PYRIDOXAL WITH CYANIDE
Authors: KORYTNYK W. , AHRENS H. , ANGELINO N. , KARTHA G.
Published: March 2016

Pyridoxal (I) reagiert mit Cyanidionen bei pH 6 zunächst zum Cyanhydrin (II), das ‐ jedoch in das cyclische Isomere (III) übergeht.
ChemInform Abstract: HYDROLYSIS OF PHOSPHOROGUANIDINES, A MODEL SYSTEM FOR PHOSPHORYLATION BY PHOSPHOROCREATINE
Authors: ALLEN GARY W. , HAAKE PAUL
Published: March 2016

Phosphagene sind natürlich vorkommende Phosphorguanidinate, deren Funktion die Phosphorylierung von ADP zu ATP einschließt. Zur Aufklärung des Mechanismus der Phosphorylierung in vivo werden in vitro‐Untersuchungen an einfachen Phosphorguanidinen unternommen.
ChemInform Abstract: UNTERSUCHUNG VON METALLISCHEN THIOACETATEN 1. MITT. DARSTELLUNG UND THERMISCHE STABILITAET VON BARIUMTHIOACETAT‐TRIHYDRAT UND VON ZWEI NEUEN VERBINDUNGEN, HYDRATISIERTEM CALCIUM‐ UND STRONTIUMACETATTHIOACETAT
Authors: BERNARD M. A. , BOREL M. M. , LEDESERT M. A.
Published: March 2016

Die Titelverbindungen wurden durch Reaktion der Metallcarbonate mit Thioessigsäure in wäßrigem Medium dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: BIS‐(TRIS‐(TRIMETHYLSILYLMETHYL)‐STANNYL)‐CADMIUM UND VERWANDTE VERBINDUNGEN
Authors: KALININA G. S. , KRUGLAYA O. A. , PETROV B. I. , SHCHUPAK E. A. , VYAZANKIN N. S.
Published: March 2016

Diäthylcadmium (II) reagiert mit Tris‐(trimethylsilylmethyl)‐stannan (I) oder Tristrimethylsilylmethyl)‐german (IV) zu den Verbindungen (III) und (V).
ChemInform Abstract: DIE MERCURIERUNG DES CIS‐1,2‐DIPHENYLCYCLOPROPANS
Authors: SHABAROV YU. S. , BURENKO S. N.
Published: March 2016

trans‐1,2‐Diphenylcyclopropan wird auch bei 75‐800 durch Quecksilberacetat (II) I nicht mercuriert.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF MONOMETHYL‐NIOBIUM(V) AND ‐TANTALUM(V) HALIDES AND OF SOME OF THEIR COMPLEXES
Authors: SANTINI‐SCAMPUCCI CATHERINE , RIESS JEAN G.
Published: March 2016

Die Titelverbindungen (I) werden durch Behandlung von Nb(V)‐ und Ta(V)‐halogeniden mit Dimethyl‐Hg oder Tetramethylstannan synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: PI‐GEBUNDENER DISTICKSTOFF IN EINEM KRISTALLINEN NICKEL‐LITHIUM‐KOMPLEX
Authors: JONAS KLAUS
Published: March 2016

Die Umsetzung von all‐trans‐Cyclododecatrien‐(1,5,9)‐Ni(0) (I) mit Phenyl‐Li (II) in Gegenwart von molekularem N2 bei Raumtemperatur führt zu dem beständigen Komplex (III).
ChemInform Abstract: ELECTRONIC SPECTRAL STUDIES OF DITHIO‐ AND PERTHIO‐CARBOXYLATO‐NICKEL(II) COMPLEXES
Authors: FURLANI CLAUDIO , FLAMINI ALBERTO , SGAMELLOTTI ANTONIO , BELLITTO CARLO , PIOVESANA OLIVO
Published: March 2016

Der Zusammenhang zwischen den Elektronenspektren der Ni‐Komplexe (I)‐(VII) und deren Strukturen wird erörtert.
ChemInform Abstract: GROUP IB METAL CHEMISTRY PART 1, PREPARATION AND REACTIONS OF THE CARBONYL(HYDROTRIPYRAZOL‐1‐YLBORATO)COPPER(I)‐COMPLEX
Authors: BRUCE MICHAEL I. , OSTAZEWSKI ANDREW P. P.
Published: March 2016

Die Reaktion zwischen Cu(I)‐chlorid und dem K‐hydridopyrazolylborat (I) in Gegenwart von CO führt zu dem beständigen, kristallinen Cu(I)‐Komplex (IIa).
ChemInform Abstract: BOUNDARY LAYER IN PARTIALLY CRYSTALLIZED GLASS
Authors: KUMAR BINOD , DENNIS MAHLON D. , RINDONE GUY E.
Published: March 2016

In wenig Al2O3 enthaltenden Li‐silicatgläsem tritt vor der Kristallisation eine Phasentrennung auf.
ChemInform Abstract: STRENGTHENING OF SAPPHIRE RODS BY BAO
Authors: RAHMAN S. F. , JONES J. T.
Published: March 2016

Sapphirstäbe wurden mit einer BaO‐Paste beschichtet und geglüht.
ChemInform Abstract: TUNNELEFFEKTE BEI DER SPEKTRALEN SENSIBILISIERUNG AN HOCHDOTIERTEN ZNO‐ELEKTRODEN
Authors: PETTINGER B. , SCHOEPPEL H.‐R. , GERISCHER H.
Published: March 2016

Aus der Potentialabhängigkeit oxidativer Tunne1ströme, hervorgerufen durch Elektronenübergang aus dem Grundzustand von Farbstoffmolekülen in das Leitungsband ′ von ZnO, läßt sich beweisen, daß die angeregten Niveaus der Sensibilisatoren energetisch auf der Höhe des Leitungsbands liegen.
ChemInform Abstract: HEAT OF VAPORIZATION OF EUN AND ITS STANDARD HEAT OF FORMATION
Authors: KORDIS J. , GINGERICH K. A. , KALDIS E.
Published: March 2016

Massenspektrometrisch mit Knudsen‐Effusionszellen wird gezeigt, daß EuN kongruent durch Dissoziation zu Eu und N, verdampft.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES OF SILVER(I) SOLVATION IN BINARY SOLVENT MIXTURES CONTAINING DIMETHYL SULPHOXIDE PART 2, NMR INVESTIGATIONS OF THE SHIFT IN THE PREFERENTIAL SOLVATION OF SILVER IONS FROM WATER TO DMSO
Authors: CLAUSEN A. , EL‐HARAKANY A. A. , SCHNEIDER H.
Published: March 2016

Das Ag ‐1on ist in DMSO stärker solvatisiert als in Wasser.
ChemInform Abstract: NATURE AND STABILITY OF THE CUCL(+) COMPLEX IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION
Authors: LIBUS ZOFIA
Published: March 2016

Es wird gezeigt, daß äquimolale Mischungen zweiwertiger Metallperchlorate ein konstantes Ionenmedium bei der Untersuchung sehr schwacher anorganischer Komplexe in Lösung abgeben.
ChemInform Abstract: DIGITAL SIMULATION OF A ROTATING DOUBLE‐RING‐ELECTRODE
Authors: CLARENBACH S. , GRABNER E. W. , BRAUER E.
Published: March 2016

Es wird eine Pt‐Doppelringelektrode konstruiert, die besonders für Elektrochemilumineszenz‐Versuche geeignet ist.
ChemInform Abstract: THE INFLUENCE OF THE INNER SOLVATION SPHERE ON ELECTROCHEMICAL OUTER SPHERE REDOX REACTIONS OF TRANSITION METAL IONS ‐ A QUANTUM MECHANICAL APPROACH
Authors: SCHMICKLER W.
Published: March 2016

Der Einfluß der inneren Hydrathülle auf Redoxreaktionen der Übergangsmetalle wird im Rahmen der Levich‐Dogonadze‐Theorie berechnet.
ChemInform Abstract: ZUM IONENAUSTAUSCH VON NA(+)‐IONEN GEGEN ZWEIWERTIGE KATIONEN AM ZEOLITHISCHEN MOLEKULARSIEB TYP X 2. MITT. ZUR KINETIK DES IONENAUSTAUSCHES, BERECHNUNG DER KOEFFIZIENTEN DER INNEREN DIFFUSION
Authors: WOLF F. , CEACAREANU D. , PILCHOWSKI K.
Published: March 2016

Die Kinetik des Austauschs von Na"‐Ionen gegen Mg2 ‐, Ca2 ‐ und Cu2+‐Ionen am bindemittelfreien, partiell ionenausgetauschten Zeolith Typ Xwird im Batch‐Verfahren untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: KINETIC MEASUREMENTS FOR THE CARBOTHERMIC SYNTHESIS OF UN, PUN, AND (U,PU)N
Authors: GREENHALGH W. O.
Published: March 2016

Die Kinetik der Bildung von UN, PuN und (U,Pu)Nbei der carbotherrnischen Reduktion von U02 und PuOz in strömendem N2 wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: ANODIC SYNTHESES PART 15, FURTHER STUDIES WITH ETHYLENIC ACIDS
Authors: GARWOOD ROBERT F. , NASER‐UD‐DIN NASER‐UD‐DIN , SCOTT CLAUDE J. , WEEDON BASIL C. L.
Published: March 2016

[in‐ungesättigte Carbonsäuren gehen entgegen früheren Behauptungen die normale elektrolytische Kolbe‐Reaktion unter Bildung ungesättigter Kohlenwasserstoffe ein, die durch Kupplung der möglichen Allylradikale auf dreifache Weise entstehen können.
ChemInform Abstract: NUCLEOPHILIC DISPLACEMENT BY HYDROGEN CARBONATE ANION, AND ITS IMPLICATIONS IN THE OXIDATION OF ALKYL TOLUENE‐P‐SULPHONATES WITH DIMETHYL SULPHOXIDE‐SODIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE
Authors: BOSWORTH NIGEL , MAGNUS PHILIP , MOORE RICHARD
Published: March 2016

Beim Erhitzen des Tosylats (I) in DMSO in Gegenwart von Na‐hydrogencarbonat entsteht das cyclische Carbonat (II).
ChemInform Abstract: CYCLOADDITION VON DIAZOALKANEN AN ALLENISCHE SULFONE UND SULFOXIDE
Authors: VENIARD LOUIS , POURCELOT GUY
Published: March 2016

Die Cycloaddition von Diazomethan (IIa) an die Sulfone (I) in Äther ergibt quantitativ die Methylenpyrazoline (IIIa).
ChemInform Abstract: THE (2+2) CYCLOADDITION DIMER FROM 1,2‐NONADIEN‐4‐YNE
Authors: GENSLER W. J. , WHITEHEAD A.
Published: March 2016

1,2‐Nonadien‐4‐in (I) reagiert um 1000 über ein nicht isoliertes Dimeres zum Cyclobutan (II), das mit Maleinsäureanhydrid (III) über Zwischenstufen der Art (IV) und (V) das Bis‐anhydrid (VI) gibt.
ChemInform Abstract: KONDENSATION VON 3‐AMINO‐PYRIDIN MIT ALIPHATISCHEN CARBONYLVERBINDUNGEN UND RED. DER ERHALTENEN PRODUKTE
Authors: SAULEAU ARMELLE
Published: March 2016

Das Aminopyridin (I) reagiert mit den Alkylcarbaldehyden (II) zu den instabilen Iminen (III) (in Toluol oder Benzol oder in Gegenwart basischer Katalysatoren, wie Piperidin, findet keine Umsetzung statt), die bei 20°C oder in Ätherlösung spontan in die geminalen Diamine (IV) übergehen.
ChemInform Abstract: STEROIDAL SULPHUR COMPOUNDS PART 9, 6ALPHA‐ AND 6BETA‐METHYLSULPHINYLCHOLEST‐4‐ENE AND RELATED COMPOUNDS, STEREOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF THE ALLYL SULPHOXIDE‐SULPHENATE REARRANGEMENT
Authors: JONES D. NEVILLE , BLENKINSOPP JOHN , EDMONDS ANTHONY C. F. , HELMY ESSAN , TAYLOR RICHARD J. K.
Published: March 2016

Die Gleichgewichtsdaten für das Gleichgewicht zwischen den (R)‐ und (S)‐6ß‐Sulf‐ oxiden des Typs (I) sowie den (R)‐ und (S)‐6a‐Sulfoxiden des Typs (IV) in Benzol bei 56°C werden ermittelt.
ChemInform Abstract: REARRANGEMENTS OF CYCLOHEXADIENONES, MIGRATORY APTITUDES OF METHYL AND ETHYL GROUPS
Authors: PILKINGTON J. W. , WARING A. J.
Published: March 2016

Aus den Dienonen (Ia) und (Ib) werden die Kationen (II) gebildet, die zu (III) bzw. (IV) umlagem.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOINDUCED REACTIONS PART 71, PHOTOREARRANGEMENT OF 3‐HYDROXYFLAVONES TO 3‐ARYL‐3‐HYDROXY‐1,2‐INDANDIONES
Authors: MATSUURA T. , TAKEMOTO T. , NAKASHIMA R.
Published: March 2016

Bei der Bestrahlung der Flavone (I) entstehen die neuen Photoumlagerungsprodukte (II), die als o‐Phenylendiaminaddukte (III) charakterisiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: ADDITION OF CYCLOHEPTATRIENYLIDENE TO CIS‐ AND TRANS‐1,3‐PENTADIENE AND TO STYRENE. REARRANGEMENT OF SPIRO(2,6)NONA‐4,6,8‐TRIENES
Authors: WAALI EDWARD E. , JONES W. M.
Published: March 2016

Das thermolytisch oder photolytisch aus dem Tosylhydrazon (I) erzeugte Carben (II) addiert sich an cis‐Pentadien (IIIa) zur Spiroverbindung (IVa), die sich beim Erhitzen auf 50‐75°C in das Bicycloundecatetraen (V) (60 :40‐Gemisch der geometrischen Isomeren) umlagert.
ChemInform Abstract: THE CHROMIUM VI OXIDATIVE CLEAVAGE OF BRIDGEHEAD ALCOHOLS
Authors: CAWLEY J. J. , SPAZIANO V. T.
Published: March 2016

Die Oxidation der drei Carbinole (Ia)‐(Ic) mit Cr(VI) wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: RANEY NICKEL CATALYZED DECARBONYLATION OF FORMATE ESTERS
Authors: SANDNER M. R. , TRECKER D. J.
Published: March 2016

Aus den Ameisensäureestern (I) erhält man bei der Behandlung mit Raney‐Ni unter Decarbonylierung die Alkohole (II).
ChemInform Abstract: RATES OF NONENZYMATIC DEAMIDATION OF GLUTAMINYL AND ASPARAGINYL RESIDUES IN PENTAPEPTIDES
Authors: ROBINSON ARTHUR B. , SCOTCHLER JAMES W. , MCKERROW JAMES H.
Published: March 2016

Nach üblichen Methoden der Merrifield‐Festphasensynthese werden 42 Pentapeptide, z.B. (I), (II) und (III), dargestellt, deren Desamidierungs‐Geschwindigkeiten bei pH 7,4, I = 0,2 und 37°C (Phosphatpuffer) gemessen werden.
ChemInform Abstract: ZUR REFORMATSKY‐RK., DARST. UND REAKTIVITAET DER VON ALPHA‐BROMAMIDEN ABGELEITETEN ORGANOZINK‐KOMPLEXE
Authors: CURE JACQUELINE , GAUDEMAR MARCEL
Published: March 2016

Durch Kondensation von Carbonylverbindungen, wie z.B. (I), mit den aus den α‐Bromamiden (II) gebildeten Organozinkverbindungen [die Reaktivität der aus (IIa) gebildeten Zinkverbindung ist größer als die der aus (IIb) gebildeten] wurden β‐Hydroxyamide, wie z.B. (III), dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: MECHANISM OF THE VON BRAUN AMIDE DEGRADATIONS WITH CARBONYL BROMIDE OR PHOSPHORUS PENTABROMIDE
Authors: PHILLIPS B. A. , FODOR G. , GAL J. , LETOURNEAU F. , RYAN J. J.
Published: March 2016

Die Umsetzung von Benzoylpiperidid (I) mit Carbonylbromid liefert das Iminiumtribromid (II).
ChemInform Abstract: FRIEDEL‐CRAFTS REACTIONS OF ALKENONES WITH BENZENE
Authors: ANSELL MARTIN F. , MAHMUD S. ALEEM
Published: March 2016

Das A4‐Heptenon (I) reagiert mit Benzol (II) in Gegenwart von AlCl3 unter Bildung der Heptanone (III).
ChemInform Abstract: KETENE THIOACETAL MONOXIDES, SOME CONJUGATE ADDITION‐ALKYLATION REACTIONS LEADING TO UNSYMMETRICAL 1,4‐DICARBONYL SYSTEMS
Authors: HERRMANN J. L. , KIECZYKOWSKI G. R. , ROMANET R. F. , SCHLESSINGER R. H.
Published: March 2016

Anionen der Art (Ia) und (Ib) reagieren mit dem Ketenthioacetalmonoxid (II) bei niederer Temperatur zu dem nur dann beständigen Anion (III), das sich bei Raumtemperatur in das isomere Anion (IV) umlagert.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF BOTH GEOMETRIC ISOMERS OF THE MAJOR SEX PHEROMONE OF THE RED BOLLWORM MOTH
Authors: NESBITT B. F. , BEEVOR P. S. , COLE R. A. , LESTER R. , POPPI R. G.
Published: March 2016

Aus der Oxo‐Verbindung (I) entsteht nach Wittig mit dem Ylid (II) ein Gemisch der beiden Isomeren (III) und (IV), das nach den üblichen.Methoden nicht getrennt werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: ALPHA‐SULFO‐CARBONSAEUREN UND DERIVATE 3. MITT. SULFONIERUNG UND CHLORSULFONIERUNG VON ACRYL‐ UND 3‐CHLOR‐PROPIONSAEURE
Authors: LE BERRE ANDRE , ETIENNE ANDRE , COQUELIN JACQUES
Published: March 2016

Die Sulfonsäure (II) wird entweder durch Reaktion der Säure (I) mit SO3 oder durch Reaktion von Acrylsäure (III) mit ClSO3H erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: KLEINE RINGE 15. MITT. TRI‐TERT.‐BUTYL‐CYCLOBUTADIEN
Authors: MAIER GUENTHER , ALZERRECA ARNALDO
Published: March 2016

Belichtung des Anhydrids (I) führt zu den Cyclopentadienonen (II) und (III).
ChemInform Abstract: A NEW METHOD FOR THE PREPARATION OF 4‐METHYLENE‐1‐CYCLOHEXENES
Authors: SNIDER B. B.
Published: March 2016

α‐Brom‐acrolein (I) reagiert mit Cyclopentadien (II) zum Addukt (III), das zum Bromhydrin (IV) reduziert und dann mit Zink/Methanol zum Methylen‐1‐cyclohexen‐ Derivat (V) reduziert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. VON BICYCLO(2,2,2)OCTANEN 1. MITT. VERH. VON CYCLOHEXENONEN BEI DER DIENISIERUNG UND DER DIELS‐ALDER‐RK.
Authors: GERIBALDI SERGE , TORRI GILBERT , AZZARO MARCEL
Published: March 2016

Die aus den Cyclohexenonen (I) durch säurekatalysierte Dienisierung unter der Einwirkung von Propenylacetat bei Siedetemperatur entstehenden Dienolacetate (II) reagieren mit anwesendem Maleinsäureanhydrid zu den Bicyclooctendicarbonsäureanhydriden (III).
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS WITH THE ARYLHYDRAZONES OF SOME ALPHA‐CYANOKETONES
Authors: ELNAGDI MOHAMED HILMY , ABD ALLAH SANAA OSMAN
Published: March 2016

Die Azodinitrile (II) reagieren mit Diazomethan in Äther zu den Methylderivaten (I), mit Hydrazin (R:‐H) bzw. Phenylhydrazin (R: Phenyl) zu den Aminopyrazolen (III); letztere addieren im Falle "R: ‐H Acrylnitril in siedendem Pyridin zu den Propionitrilen (IV), die sich in siedender wäßriger Essigsäure zu den Pyrazolopyrimidinen (V) cyclisieren.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF LEAD TETRA‐ACETATE WITH FORMALDEHYDE AND BENZALDEHYDE 2,4‐DINITROPHENYLHYDRAZONES
Authors: BUTLER R. N.
Published: March 2016

Während das Dinitrophenylhydrazon (I) mit Bleitetraacetat (II) zu einem Azoacetat (III) reagiert, ergibt das Dinitrophenylhydrazon (IV) des Benzaldehyds unter milden Bedingungen das N‐Acylderivat (V) in einer Ausbeute von 35‐40%.
ChemInform Abstract: DIE CHLORIERUNG VON DIACTYLBENZOL
Authors: KHCHEYAN KH. E. , IOFFE A. E. , MAK N. E.
Published: March 2016

Die Chlorierung der Diacetylbenzole (I) und (IV) mit gasförmigem Chlor bei steigenden Temperaturen von 25‐2000 liefert die Bis‐(trichloracetyl)‐benzole (II) und (V) in Ausbeuten von 98‐99%.
ChemInform Abstract: DARSTELLUNG VON TRIJOD‐ISOPHTHALSAEURE‐MONOAMINOSAEUREAMIDEN UND IHRE VERWENDUNG ALS ROENTGENKONTRASTMITTEL
Authors: KLIEGER E. , SCHROEDER E.
Published: March 2016

Durch Reaktion des Säurechlorids (I) mit den Aminosäureamiden (II) erhält man Säureamide (III), die sich mit Natronlauge in Dioxan zu den Carbonsäuren (IV) verseifen lassen.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF POLYHALOPHENYL ESTERS OF NITROCARBANILIC ACIDS PART 6
Authors: LALEZARI I. , MOHTAT G. , AFGHAHI F. , ALILOU M.
Published: March 2016

Aus den Nitrobenzoylaziden (I) werden durch Umsetzung mit den Polyhalogenphenolen (II) die Ester (III) hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: RACEMATSPALTUNG VON 1,1‐DIPHENYL‐ALKAN‐2‐OLEN
Authors: HALLER R. , SCHNEIDER H. J.
Published: March 2016

Chirale Lithiumalkoxyalanate reduzieren die 1,1‐Diphenylalkanole (I) asymmetrisch zu den Alkanolen (II).
ChemInform Abstract: THE REDUCTIVE METHYLATION OF LINEAR CONJUGATED DIENONES
Authors: DASTUR K. P.
Published: March 2016

Aus den konjugierten Dienonen (I) entstehen bei der Behandlung mit Alkalimetall und Methyljodid über diskutierte Zwischenstufen (II) und (III) die Methylierungsprodukte (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: CYCLOADDITION OF DIENES TO FULVENES
Authors: HOUK K. N. , LUSKUS L. J.
Published: March 2016

2,5‐Dimethyl‐3,4‐diphenyl‐cyclopentadienon (I) reagiert mit ‐den Fulvenen (II) zu den Addukten (III).
ChemInform Abstract: ALPHA,ALPHA‐DISUBSTITUIERTE DISAEUREN UND SAEUREN MIT GEMISCHTER FUNKTION UND IHRE DERIVATE 44. MITT. RING‐KETTEN‐ISOMERIE EINIGER ALPHA‐GEMINAL DISUBSTITUIERTER GAMMA‐ALDEHYDBERNSTEINSAEUREN UND ‐ESTER, ANWENDUNG BEI DER SELEKTIVEN RK. VON NUCLEOPHILEN
Authors: DES ABBAYES HERVE , NEVEU CECILE , SALMON‐LEGAGNEUR FRANCOIS
Published: March 2016

Die Aldehydsäuren (I) liegen bevorzugt in den tautomeren cyclischen Formen (II) vor.
ChemInform Abstract: A NEW CYCLIZATION TO INDOLE DERIVATIVES FROM ARYLHYDROXYLAMINES
Authors: OKAMOTO T. , SHUDO K.
Published: March 2016

Aus den Arylhydroxylaminen (I) und den Cyclohexan‐1,3‐dionen (II) entstehen die ungesättigten Hydroxylamine (III), die mit Acetanhydrid zu den O‐Acetaten (IV) reagieren und mit Trifluoressigsäure zu (V) cyclisiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: A NEW PHOTO‐REARRANGEMENT OF A DIVINYL‐DISULPHIDE
Authors: DALGAARD L. , LAWESSON S. O.
Published: March 2016

Bei der Photolyse des Bis‐cyclohexenonyl‐disulfids (I) erhält man über diskutierte Zwischenstufen wie (II) und (III) das Thioketal (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: N‐ACYL‐DERIVATE DES PYRAZOLO‐ANTHRONS
Authors: URSEANE F. , DRAGHICI C.
Published: March 2016

Von dem als Ausgangsmaterial fürBaumwollfarbstoffe bekannten 1,9‐Pyrazolo‐anthron (I) wurden das N‐ Acetyl (IIa) und das N‐Benzoyl‐Derivat (IIb) hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: AZACYCLOLS FROM N‐(2‐BENZYLOXYCARBONYLAMINO‐ACYL)‐LACTAMS
Authors: LUCENTE G. , ZANOTTI G. , FRATTESI P.
Published: March 2016

Aus den N‐Trimethylsilyllactamen (I) entstehen mit den Säurechloriden (II) die acylierten Lactame (III), die in der cyclischen Azacyclol‐Form (IV) Vorliegen‐ Diese können z.B. zu (V) methyliert oder auch zu (VI) dehydratisiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND STUDY OF HYPOTENSIVE ACTIVITY OF NAPHTHYLALKYL GUANIDINES AND NAPHTHYLALKYL 2‐AMINOIMIDAZOLINES
Authors: DONETTI A. , OMODEI‐SALE A. , GAMBA A. , MANTEGANI A.
Published: March 2016

Durch Umsetzung der Naphthylalkylamine (III) mit Methylisothioharnstoffhydrojodid oder Cyanamid (II) bzw. Methylmercapto‐imidazolin (IV) werden die Guanidine (I) bzw. die Imidazoline (V) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: THE PREPARATION OF 2‐ALKYLAMINO‐1,3,4‐THIADIAZOLES
Authors: COBURN R. A. , BHOOSHAN B. , GLENNON R. A.
Published: March 2016

Thiosemicarbazide (I) liefern mit den Orthoestern (II) in Gegenwart von Säuren als Katalysator unter Annahme von Zwischenstufen der Art (V) bzw. (III) und (IV) die Cyclisierungsprodukte (VI) und (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: COUMARINS PART 12, SYNTHESIS OF (+‐)‐CIS‐ AND TRANS‐3′,4′‐DIHYDROXY‐3′,4′‐DIHYDROXANTHYLETIN AND THEIR DIESTERS
Authors: EL‐ANTABLY S. M. , SOINE T. O.
Published: March 2016

Das aus dem Kernholz von Chloroxylon swietenia isolierte Xanthyletin (I) liefert bei der Osmiumtetroxid‐Oxidation in Dioxan das cis‐Dihydroxydihydroxanthyletin perbenzoesäure (III) und Acetanhydrid gewonnenen Derivates (IV) entsteht.
ChemInform Abstract: AM STICKSTOFF SUBSTITUIERTE 3‐AMINO‐PYRIDINE, KONDENSATION MIT ISOBUTANAL UND HYDRIERUNG DER GEBILDETEN ENAMINE
Authors: SAULEAU ARMELLE
Published: March 2016

Die Reaktion des Aminopyridins (Ia) mit äquimolaren Mengen Essigsäure in Gegenwart von Dicyclohexylcarbodiimid bei 0°C (Methode A) führt zu dem Amid (IIa); die Homologen (IIb) bzw. (IIc) werden durch Umsetzung von (Ib) bzw. (Ic) mit Essigsäurechlorid in Gegenwart von K, CO3 unter Rückflußkochen dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: DIE SYNTH. UND DIE BIOLOGISCHE AKTIVITAET SUBSTITUIERTER AMIDE DER 2‐AMINONICOTINSAEURE
Authors: CHESNOKOV V. P. , KONSHIN M. E. , ZALESOV V. S. , KUDRYASHOVA V. K.
Published: March 2016

Der Ester der Aminonicotinsäure (I) wird mit den Dimagnesylaminen (II) zu einer Reihe von Amiden (III) umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: DIE SYNTH. UND BAKTERIOSTATISCHE WIRKUNG EINIGER 5‐SUBSTITUIERTER 2‐(ALPHA‐FURYL)‐1,3‐DIOXANE
Authors: ZELIKMAN Z. I. , KUL'NEVICH V. G. , SHKREBETS A. I. , PERSHIN G. N. , MIKERINA A. L.
Published: March 2016

Das Nitropropandiol (I) wird in Gegenwart des Kationenaustauschers KU‐2 in der H‐Form in wasserfreiem Benzol mit den Furfurolen (II) zu Furyldioxanen (III) um=′ gesetzt.Die antibakterielle Wirkung der: Verbindungen (III) wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: QUINAZOLINES PART 19, REDUCTION OF 2‐AMINO‐5,6,7,8‐TETRAHYDROQUINAZOLINE‐4‐CARBOXYLIC ACID AND 1,2,5,6,7,8‐HEXAHYDRO‐2‐OXOQUINAZOLINE‐4‐CARBOXYLIC ACID
Authors: ARMAREGO WILFRED L. F. , MILLOY BEVERLY A.
Published: March 2016

Die Kondensation der Glyoxylsäure (I) mit dem Carbonat von Guanidin (II) führt zu dem Tetrahydrochinazolin (III), das katalytisch zu (IV) hydriert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐(DELTA‐(N‐ARYLPIPERAZINO)‐BUTINYL)‐ UND 2‐(DELTA‐(N‐ARYLPIPERAZINO)‐BUTYL)‐2‐PHENYLINDANDIONE‐(1,3)
Authors: BERZINYA I. A. , GERMANE S. K. , OZOLINYSH YA. V. , AREN A. K.
Published: March 2016

Das Phenylindandion (I) wird mit Propargylchlorid (II) in Gegenwart von Natriumjodid und Natriumpropylat kondensiert und mit Paraformaldehyd (IV) und den Piperazinen (V) zu den Verbindungen (VI) umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: RED. VON 1H‐1,2‐DIAZEPINEN MIT BOR‐ UND ALUMINIUMHYDRIDEN
Authors: STREITH JACQUES , WILLIG BEATRICE
Published: March 2016

Die selektive Reduktion der Diazepine (I) mit Diboran und mit Diisobutylaluminiumhydrid (Dibal) wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,3‐THIAPHOSPHORINANE
Authors: ISSLEIB K. , HANNIG H.‐J.
Published: March 2016

Das Mercaptopropylphosphin (I) reagiert mit Aldehyden und Ketonen wie (II) in Gegenwart katalytischer Mengen von p‐Toluolsulfonsäure unter intramolekularer Kondensation zu den entsprechenden Titelverbindungen (III).
ChemInform Abstract: POLAROGRAPHISCHE UNTERSUCHUNGEN AN KUPFER(II)‐ UND CADMIUM(II)‐CHELATEN VIERZAEHNIGER AMINOPOLYCARBONSAEUREN
Authors: KRANICH R. , UHLIG E.
Published: March 2016

Die Cu(I)‐Komplexe der vierzähnigen Aminopolycarbonsäuren (Ia) und (II) werden an der Quecksilbertropfelektrode reversibel und in einer Stufe reduziert.
ChemInform Abstract: DARSTELLUNG, MAGNETISCHE UND OPTISCHE EIGENSCHAFTEN VON KOMPLEXVERBINDUNGEN DES DREIWERTIGEN TITANS MIT HARNSTOFF UND HARNSTOFFDERIVATEN
Authors: GEIS‐BLAZEKOVA M.
Published: March 2016

Durch Umsetzung von wasserfreiem TiCla mit den entsprechenden Harnstoff‐Verbindungen in Äthanol, Acetonitril, THF, Dioxan oder Wasser entstehen die Komplex (I)‐(V), die über die Reflexionsspektren der Kristallpulver, das Absorptionsspektrum von (I) und die paramagnetischen Suszeptibilitäten charakterisiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: ON THE REACTION OF UO2(2+) AND TH(4+) WITH METHYLTHYMOL BLUE IN AQUEOUS ACIDIC MEDIUM
Authors: CHIACCHIERINI ERNESTO , PETRONE VINCENZO , MAGRI ANTONIO , STACCHINI ANGELO
Published: March 2016

Spektrophotometrische Untersuchungen der Gleichgewichte zwischen Methylthymolblau und U05" und Th" in wäßriger Na‐perchlorat‐Lösung zeigen, daß die 1:1‐, 1 22‐ und 2:1‐Komplexe (I)‐(V) durch die Koordination des Liganden als Carboxylat und N‐Donator gebildet werden.
ChemInform Abstract: FLUORAUSTAUSCHREAKTIONEN AN METALLTRIFLUORPHOSPHIN‐KOMPLEXEN 4. MITT. REAKTIONEN VON NITROSYLTRIFLUORPHOSPHIN‐KOMPLEXEN VON EISEN UND KOBALT MIT ALKOHOLAT‐ UND HYDROXID‐IONEN
Authors: KRUCK TH. , WALDMANN J. , HOEFLER M. , BIRKENHAEGER G. , ODENBRETT CH.
Published: March 2016

Die durch Hochdruckumsetzung von dimerem Bromo(Chloro)dinitrosyl‐Fe(Co) mit PF3 gebildeten Trifluorphosphin‐Komplexe (I) tauschen bei Behandlung mit Alkoho‐ ; laten oder Phenolaten sämtliche F‐Atome gegen RO‐Gruppen unter Bildung der Phos‐ 7 phito‐Komplexe (III) aus.
ChemInform Abstract: RATES OF INTRAMOLECULAR ELECTRON TRANSFER
Authors: ISIED STEPHAN S. , TAUBE HENRY
Published: March 2016

Die Abhängigkeit der Geschwindigkeit des intramolekularen Elektronenübergangs von Ru(II) zum Co(III) von dem Brückenligand in den Komplexen (IVb) sowie andere Einflüsse des Elektronenübergangs werden untersucht und diskutiert.
ChemInform Abstract: DERIVATE VON SALICYLKETONEN 6. MITT. REAKTIONEN VON METALLCHELATEN DER SCHIFFSCHEN BASEN AUS O‐AMINOARYLKETONEN UND 1,2‐DIAMINEN
Authors: UHLEMANN E. , PLATH M.
Published: March 2016

Die Darstellung der Co(III)‐Komplexe (II) gelingt durch oxidative Addition von Brom oder Jod an die Co(II)‐Komplexe (I) der Schiffschen Basen von Äthylendiamin und . Acet(Benz)ophenon oder Benzaldehyd unter Luftausschluß.
ChemInform Abstract: MECHANISTIC STUDIES ON THE COURSE OF A SIGMA‐BUT‐3‐ENYL‐ TO 1‐3‐MU‐BUT‐2‐ENYL‐NICKEL TRANSFORMATION
Authors: BROWN JOHN M. , MERTIS KONSTANTINOS
Published: March 2016

Der o‐Butenyl‐Komplex (III) lagert sich bei der Thermolyse oder Photolyse in Pyrex zu dem trans‐n‐Butenyl‐Komplex (IV) um.
ChemInform Abstract: TWO DIFFERENT STRUCTURES FOR COPPER AND LITHIUM DERIVATIVES OF VINYLIC ENOLATES, THE EFFECT OF STRUCTURE ON THE DIRECTION OF ELECTROPHILIC ATTACK
Authors: KLEIN JOSEPH , LEVENE RAPHAEL
Published: March 2016

Die Reaktion von Organo‐Cu‐Reagenzien wie (II) mit ogß‐ungesättigten Estern, Säu‐ :ren oderKetonen wie(I)und (VI) ist eine cis‐Addition, die bei tiefen Temperaturen zu den Produkten (III) bzw. (VIIa) mit einer kovalenten C‐Cu‐Bindung in α‐Stellung zur CO‐Gruppe führt.
ChemInform Abstract: NUCLEOPHILIC DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS IN CARBOHYDRATES PART 22, FORMATION OF 1,4‐ANHYDROPYRANOSES FROM 1‐O‐ACETYL‐6‐DEOXY‐2,3‐O‐ISOPROPYLIDENE‐4‐O‐METHYLSULFONYL‐ALPHA‐L‐MANNO‐ AND TALO‐PYRANOSE WITH SODIUM AZIDE
Authors: BRIMACOMBE JOHN S. , MINSHALL JONATHAN , TUCKER LESLIE C. N.
Published: March 2016

Die Acetate (Ib) bzw. (IIIb) des L‐Mannopyranose‐ (Ia) bzw. L‐Talopyranose‐Derivats (IIIa) liefern bei der Behandlung mit Na‐azid in Dimethylformamid die Anhydrozucker (II) (ausschließlich) bzw. (IV) (zu 60% im Gemisch mit mehreren ande‐′ ren Produkten).
ChemInform Abstract: NUCLEOPHILIC AROMATIC SUBSTITUTION VIA A NEW NICKEL‐CATALYZED PROCESS AND VIA THE S(RN)1 REACTION. IMPROVED SYNTHESIS OF CEPHALOTAXINONE
Authors: SEMMELHACK M. F. , STAUFFER R. D. , ROGERSON T. D.
Published: March 2016

3,4‐Methylendioxy‐phenylessigsäure (Ia) wird zum Carbinol (Ib) reduziert und dann zu (IIa) jodiert, das zum Ester (IIb) umgesetzt werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF EXOTOXIN PRODUCED BY BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS
Authors: KALVODA L. , PRYSTAS M. , SORM F.
Published: March 2016

Nach den in der Zucker‐ und Nucleosidchemie üblichen Verfahren wird das Exotoein, ein Inhaltsstoff aus Bacillus Thuringiensis der Struktur (I), synthetisiert.
β‐Cyclodextrin and Its Derivatives Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Targeting Delivery of Curcumin and Cell Imaging
Authors: Zhou Yehong , Wang Congli , Wang Fei , Li Chenzhong , Dong Chuan , Shuang Shaomin
Published: March 2016

β‐Cyclodextrin (β‐CD) and its derivatives functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with high saturated magnetism were fabricated successfully by an effective grafting method. The resultant carboxymethyl/hydroxypropyl/sulfobutyl ether‐β‐CD‐MNPs (CM/HP/SBE‐β‐CD‐MNPs) nanocomposites were characterized by the TEM, FTIR, DLS, Zeta potential, XRD and VSM. In addition, the loading and release performance of the as‐prepared nanocarriers for the hydrophobic anti‐cancer drug curcumin was also investigated. The results revealed that the SBE‐β‐CD‐MNPs possessed the highest loading and release capacity in comparison with other two nanosystems. Cellular uptake and imaging suggested that the SBE‐β‐CD‐MNPs entered into the cell, and curcumin could be successfully delivered into the cell by SBE‐β‐CD‐MNPs nanocarrier. Moreover, cell toxicity experiments demonstrated the SBE‐β‐CD‐MNPs were non‐toxic, while curcumin loaded SBE‐β‐CD‐MNPs showed high potential to kill the HepG2 cells. The as‐prepared magnetic composites were expected to expand their potential applications in biomedical field.
Rh(I)‐Catalyzed Reaction of Trifluoromethylketone N‐Tosylhydrazones and Arylboronates
Authors: Zhang Zhikun , Yu Weizhi , Zhou Qi , Li Tianjiao , Zhang Yan , Wang Jianbo
Published: March 2016

Rh(I)‐Catalyzed synthesis of 1,1‐difluoro‐2,2‐diarylalkenes from trifluoromethylketone N‐tosylhydrazones and arylboronates is presented in this communication. This new synthetic method is based on the Rh(I)‐carbene migratory insertion followed by β‐fluoride elimination. In one particular case the protonation occurs instead of β‐fluoride elimination, affording 2,2‐diaryl trifluoroethane product.
The Special Challenges of Psychotherapy with Persons with Psychosis: Intersubjective Metacognitive Model of Agreement and Shared Meaning
Authors: Hasson‐Ohayon Ilanit , Kravetz Shlomo , Lysaker Paul H.
Published: March 2016

Agreement between client and therapist is an essential part of the therapeutic alliance. While there are general challenges to the creation of agreement and shared meaning in all psychotherapies, there are specific challenges while working with persons with psychosis. These challenges include the different narratives of the client and the therapist with regard to their roles and the description of the condition or problem, as well as possible stigmatic views and theoretical bias. Here we present a metacognitive intersubjective model as a framework for the understanding and resolutions of these challenges. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

Goal consensus, agreement and shared meaning are essential for a collaborative process and positive outcome in psychotherapy.

Challenges to psychotherapy with persons with psychosis include the different narratives of the client and the therapist with regard to their roles and the description of the condition or problem, as well as possible stigmatic views and theoretical bias.

In the intersubjective exchange, the concepts of metacognition and empathy can act as a framework for navigating between the possible challenges and the desired shared meaning and agreement.
Diversification and coevolution of the ghrelin/growth hormone secretagogue receptor system in vertebrates
Authors: Tine Mbaye , Kuhl Heiner , Teske Peter R. , Tschöp Matthias H. , Jastroch Martin
Published: March 2016

The gut hormone ghrelin is involved in numerous metabolic functions, such as the stimulation of growth hormone secretion, gastric motility, and food intake. Ghrelin is modified by ghrelin O‐acyltransferase (GOAT) or membrane‐bound O‐acyltransferase domain‐containing 4 (MBOAT4) enabling action through the growth hormone secretagogue receptors (GHS‐R). During the course of evolution, initially strong ligand/receptor specificities can be disrupted by genomic changes, potentially modifying physiological roles of the ligand/receptor system. Here, we investigated the coevolution of ghrelin, GOAT, and GHS‐R in vertebrates. We combined similarity search, conserved synteny analyses, phylogenetic reconstructions, and protein structure comparisons to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the ghrelin system. Ghrelin remained a single‐gene locus in all vertebrate species, and accordingly, a single GHS‐R isoform was identified in all tetrapods. Similar patterns of the nonsynonymous (dN) and synonymous (dS) ratio (dN/dS) in the vertebrate lineage strongly suggest coevolution of the ghrelin and GHS‐R genes, supporting specific functional interactions and common physiological pathways. The selection profiles do not allow confirmation as to whether ghrelin binds specifically to GOAT, but the ghrelin dN/dS patterns are more similar to those of GOAT compared to MBOAT1 and MBOAT2 isoforms. Four GHS‐R isoforms were identified in teleost genomes. This diversification of GHS‐R resulted from successive rounds of duplications, some of which remained specific to the teleost lineage. Coevolution signals are lost in teleosts, presumably due to the diversification of GHS‐R but not the ghrelin gene. The identification of the GHS‐R diversity in teleosts provides a molecular basis for comparative studies on ghrelin's physiological roles and regulation, while the comparative sequence and structure analyses will assist translational medicine to determine structure–function relationships of the ghrelin/GHS‐R system.
Hydrophobic‐Driven, Metallomacrocyclic Assembly – Towards Quantitative Construction
Authors: Xie Ting‐Zheng , Li Jing‐Yi , Guo Zaihong , Ludlow James M. , Lu Xiaocun , Moorefield Charles N. , Wesdemiotis Chrys , Newkome George R.
Published: March 2016

A series of coordination‐driven, heteroleptic self‐assembled, bowtie‐shaped bis‐macrocycles were designed and constructed by combining tetrakis(terpyridinyl)thianthrene and bis‐terpyridine, 60°‐directed, Ru2+ dimers. The resulting complexes were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and ESI‐MS coupled with travelling wave ion mobility spectrometry (ESI‐TWIM‐MS) experiments. The desired bis‐macrocycles were obtained in quantitative yields through the use of long alkyl‐chain substituents, in contrast to the lower yields obtained for smaller alkyl moieties.
Persistent Postoperative Pain after Cardiac Surgery: Incidence, Characterization, Associated Factors and its impact in Quality of Life
Authors: Guimarães‐Pereira Luís , Farinha Filomena , Azevedo Luís , Abelha Fernando , Castro‐Lopes José
Published: March 2016

Background

Cardiac surgery (CS) ranks among the most frequently performed interventions worldwide and persistent postoperative pain (PPP) has been recognized as a relevant clinical outcome in this context. We aimed to evaluate its incidence, characteristics, associated factors and patient's quality of life (QoL).

Methods

Observational prospective study conducted in patients undergoing CS in a tertiary university hospital. PPP was defined as persistent pain after surgery with higher than 3 months’ duration, after excluding other causes of pain. We used a set of questionnaires for data collection: Pain Catastrophizing Scale, Duke Health Profile, Brief Pain Inventory Short Form, McGill Pain Questionnaire Short Form, Douleur Neuropathique en 4 Questions and standardized questions regarding pain periodicity. Results: A total of 288 patients have completed the study and 43% presented PPP assessed at 3 months (PPP3M); out of which 84% were not under any treatment. PPP patients reported significantly lower QoL, and a neuropathic pain (NP) component was present in 50% of them. Younger age, female gender, higher body mass index, catastrophizing, coronary artery bypass graft, osteoarthritis, history of previous surgery (excluding sternotomy) and moderate to severe acute postoperative pain were independent predictors of PPP3M.

Conclusion

This is the first study comprehensively describing PPP after CS and identifying NP in half of them. Our results support the important role that PPP plays after CS in considering its interference in patients’ daily life and their lower QoL, which deserves the attention of health care professionals in order to improve prevention, assessment and treatment of these patients.

What does this study add?

This study comprehensively describes persistent postoperative pain (PPP) after cardiac surgery (CS) and identifies neuropathic pain (NP) in half of them.

Our results support the important role that PPP plays after CS in considering its interference in patients’ daily life and their lower quality of life.
The influence of salinity on the fate and behavior of silver standardized nanomaterial and toxicity effects in the estuarine bivalve Scrobicularia plana
Authors: Bertrand Carole , Zalouk-Vergnoux Aurore , Giambérini Laure , Poirier Laurence , Devin Simon , Labille Jérôme , Perrein-Ettajani Hanane , Pagnout Christophe , Châtel Amélie , Levard Clément , Auffan Mélanie , Mouneyrac Catherine
Published: March 2016

Because of their antibacterial properties, silver (Ag) engineered nanomaterials are included in many products. The present study used a standardized Ag nanomaterial (NM-300K, 20 nm) supplied with a stabilizing agent. The aim was to investigate the behavior of Ag nanomaterial in an estuarine-like medium at 2 salinities (15 psu and 30 psu). Uptake as well as sublethal effects of Ag nanomaterial (10 μg Ag/L), its stabilizing agent, and AgNO3 (10 μg Ag/L) were assessed in the clam Scrobicularia plana, after 7 d of exposure. The release of soluble Ag from Ag nanomaterial in the experimental media was quantified by using diffusive gradient in thin films and ultrafiltration. A multibiomarker approach was employed to reveal responses of clams at subindividual and individual levels. The bioaccumulation of Ag was significantly greater at 15 psu versus 30 psu, which could be explained by differences in Ag speciation. In conclusion, the present study showed different impacts of Ag nanomaterial that were not always explained by the release of Ag ions in clams at both salinities; such impacts were particularly characterized by induction of oxidative stress, cell damage, and impairment of energetic levels. Burrowing of clams was affected by the stabilizing agent depending on the salinity tested, with stronger effects at 15 psu. Finally, the present study highlighted salinity-dependent changes in the physiology of estuarine bivalves. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2550–2561. © 2016 SETAC
Cdon, a cell surface protein, mediates oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination
Authors: Wang Li‐Chun , Almazan Guillermina
Published: March 2016

During central nervous system development, oligodendrocyte progenitors (OLPs) establish multiple branched processes and axonal contacts to initiate myelination. A complete understanding of the molecular signals implicated in cell surface interaction to initiate myelination/remyelination is currently lacking. The objective of our study was to assess whether Cdon, a cell surface protein that was shown to participate in muscle and neuron cell development, is involved in oligodendrocyte (OLG) differentiation and myelination. Here, we demonstrate that endogenous Cdon protein is expressed in OLPs, increasing in the early differentiation stages and decreasing in mature OLGs. Immunocytochemistry of endogenous Cdon showed localization on both OLG cell membranes and cellular processes exhibiting puncta‐ or varicosity‐like structures. Cdon knockdown with siRNA decreased protein levels by 62% as well as two myelin‐specific proteins, MBP and MAG. Conversely, overexpression of full‐length rat Cdon increased myelin proteins in OLGs. The complexity of OLGs branching and contact point numbers with axons were also increased in Cdon overexpressing cells growing alone or in coculture with dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGNs). Furthermore, myelination of DRGNs was decreased when OLPs were transfected with Cdon siRNA. Altogether, our results suggest that Cdon participates in OLG differentiation and myelination, most likely in the initial stages of development. GLIA 2016;64:1021–1033
Perceived needs for support among care home staff providing end of life care for people with dementia: a qualitative study
Authors: Vandrevala T. , Samsi K. , Rose C. , Adenrele C. , Barnes C. , Manthorpe J.
Published: March 2016

Objective

The aim of the current exploratory study was to investigate the impact on care home staff when working with people with dementia at the end of life and to explore how they cope with this aspect of their work. With UK policy encouraging death in the place of residence, rather than hospital, more people with dementia are dying in care homes.

Method

A qualitative approach was employed; 20 care home staff working in five English care homes were interviewed. Thematic Analysis was used to analyse the data.

Results

Care home staff found the external demands on them and difficulties associated with interacting with people with dementia sometimes challenging, stressful and anxiety‐provoking, particularly as residents approached end of life. Emotional aspects of caring for dying residents were sometimes heightened by close attachments with residents and their families. Staff were able to recognise these unmet needs and identified a need for further training and emotional support to manage these stressors.

Conclusions

This study revealed rich and complex understandings of the practice dimensions of caring for people with dementia at the end of life and the impact these have on staff. There is a need to develop effective psychosocial interventions that focus on emotional support for care home staff. There will be challenges in providing this in employment settings that are generally low paid, low status, have high turnover and are reliant on temporary or migrant staff, where training is not rewarded, mandatory or culturally valued. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An evaluation of the additional benefit of population screening for dementia beyond a passive case‐finding approach
Authors: Mate Karen E. , Magin Parker J. , Brodaty Henry , Stocks Nigel P. , Gunn Jane , Disler Peter B. , Marley John E. , Pond C. Dimity
Published: March 2016

Objective

General practitioners (GPs) fail to identify more than 50% of dementia cases using the existing passive case‐finding approach. Using data from the “Ageing in General Practice” study, we sought to establish the additional benefit of screening all patients over the age of 75 for dementia beyond those patients already identified by passive case‐finding.

Method

Patients were classified as “case‐finding” (n = 425) or “screening” (n = 1006) based on their answers to four subjective memory related questions or their GP's clinical judgement of their dementia status. Cognitive status of each patient was formally assessed by a research nurse using the Cambridge Cognition Examination (CAMCOG‐R). Patients then attended their usual GP for administration of the GP assessment of Cognition (GPCOG) dementia screening instrument, and follow‐up care and/or referral as necessary in light of the outcome.

Results

The prevalence of dementia was significantly higher in the case‐finding group (13.6%) compared to the screening group (4.6%; p < 0.01). The GPCOG had a positive predictive value (PPV) of 61% in the case‐finding group and 39% in the screening group; negative predictive value was >95% in both groups. GPs and their patients both found the GPCOG to be an acceptable cognitive assessment tool. The dementia cases missed via case‐finding were younger (p = 0.024) and less cognitively impaired (p = 0.020) than those detected.

Conclusion

There is a very limited benefit of screening for dementia, as most people with dementia could be detected using a case‐finding approach, and considerable potential for social and economic harm because of the low PPV associated with screening.
Effects of healthcare reform on health resource allocation and service utilization in 1110 Chinese county hospitals: data from 2006 to 2012
Authors: Fang Pengqian , Hu Ruirong , Han Qiuxia
Published: March 2016

The central government of China launched a large‐scale, expensive health reform in April 2009 because of the serious health‐related problems in the country. This reform aims to re‐establish a universal healthcare system, which is expected to provide affordable basic healthcare. Independent two‐sample t‐test, one‐way ANOVA and chi‐squared test were conducted to analyze the effect of the health reform on health resource allocation and service utilization in Chinese county hospitals. First, we described the hospitals' financial performance in terms of funding sources, balances and fiscal compensations (for personnel expenditure). Second, we discussed the total number of health personnel as well as the structure (number of medical personnel per thousand population and ratio of doctors and nurses) and quality of the health personnel. Lastly, we investigated the county hospitals' health resource utilization, bed occupancy and average medical expense per visit. Then, we probed different reasons and provided multiple approaches to existing problems. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of individual thinking styles on item selection during study time allocation
Authors: Jia Xiaoyu , Li Weijian , Cao Liren , Li Ping , Shi Meiling , Wang Jingjing , Cao Wei , Li Xinyu
Published: March 2016

The influence of individual differences on learners' study time allocation has been emphasised in recent studies; however, little is known about the role of individual thinking styles (analytical versus intuitive). In the present study, we explored the influence of individual thinking styles on learners' application of agenda‐based and habitual processes when selecting the first item during a study‐time allocation task. A 3‐item cognitive reflection test (CRT) was used to determine individuals' degree of cognitive reliance on intuitive versus analytical cognitive processing. Significant correlations between CRT scores and the choices of first item selection were observed in both Experiment 1a (study time was 5 seconds per triplet) and Experiment 1b (study time was 20 seconds per triplet). Furthermore, analytical decision makers constructed a value‐based agenda (prioritised high‐reward items), whereas intuitive decision makers relied more upon habitual responding (selected items from the leftmost of the array). The findings of Experiment 1a were replicated in Experiment 2 notwithstanding ruling out the possible effects from individual intelligence and working memory capacity. Overall, the individual thinking style plays an important role on learners' study time allocation and the predictive ability of CRT is reliable in learners' item selection strategy.