bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of solid lubricants on wire and arc additive manufactured structures
Authors: Adebayo Adeyinka , Mehnen Jörn , Tonnellier Xavier
Published: September 2013

This article reports a systematic study which examines the use of solid lubricants in the sequential deposition and machining of wire and arc additive manufactured parts and characterises the effects of solid lubricants on the microstructure. This article also describes the microstructure developed and the effect on microhardness by manual cleaning of deposited layers with acetone. Mild steel wire consumable electrode G3Si1 with the diameter of 0.8 mm was used. The use of graphite and molybdenum disulphide as solid lubricants in machining was also studied and a scanning electron microscope was used in detecting any form of lubricant contamination. A systematic study shows that a significant amount of solid lubricant contamination can be found in the deposited material. Furthermore, the results indicate that even cleaning of the wire and arc additive manufactured surfaces with acetone prior to the weld deposition can affect the microstructure of the deposited material.
Why Neoliberal Values of Self-Enhancement Lead to Cheating in Higher Education
Authors: Pulfrey Caroline , Butera Fabrizio
Published: September 2013

The significant number of financial and academic frauds hitting the headlines is paralleled by high rates of cheating in schools. Does adherence to the neoliberal values that underpin our economic and academic systems predict acceptance of cheating? Four studies revealed that adherence to neoliberal values of self-enhancement—power and achievement—predicts the motivation to gain social approval; this motivation, in turn, favors the adoption of context-specific competitive performance-approach goals, which predict the condoning of cheating. An experimental study showed that when participants were exposed to a source promoting the values of universalism and benevolence (self-transcendence values, the normative opposite of self-enhancement values), self-enhancement adherence ceased to predict the condoning of cheating. Most important, a classroom-based study addressed the core question of cheating behavior, revealing that adherence to self-enhancement values indeed predicted actual cheating behavior. These results point to the relevance of diagnosing societal values as social causes of cheating.
The Development of Episodic Memory
Authors: Yim Hyungwook , Dennis Simon J. , Sloutsky Vladimir M.
Published: September 2013

Episodic memory involves the formation of relational structures that bind information about the stimuli people experience to the contexts in which they experience them. The ability to form and retain such structures may be at the core of the development of episodic memory. In the first experiment reported here, 4- and 7-year-olds were presented with paired-associate learning tasks requiring memory structures of different complexity. A multinomial-processing tree model was applied to estimate the use of different structures in the two age groups. The use of two-way list-context-to-target structures and three-way structures was found to increase between the ages of 4 and 7. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the ability to form increasingly complex relational memory structures develops between the ages of 4 and 7 years and that this development extends well into adulthood. These results have important implications for theories of memory development.
Sustained Striatal Activity Predicts Eudaimonic Well-Being and Cortisol Output
Authors: Heller Aaron S. , van Reekum Carien M. , Schaefer Stacey M. , Lapate Regina C. , Radler Barry T. , Ryff Carol D. , Davidson Richard J.
Published: September 2013

Eudaimonic well-being—a sense of purpose, meaning, and engagement with life—is protective against psychopathology and predicts physical health, including lower levels of the stress hormone cortisol. Although it has been suggested that the ability to engage the neural circuitry of reward may promote well-being and mediate the relationship between well-being and health, this hypothesis has remained untested. To test this hypothesis, we had participants view positive, neutral, and negative images while fMRI data were collected. Individuals with sustained activity in the striatum and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to positive stimuli over the course of the scan session reported greater well-being and had lower cortisol output. This suggests that sustained engagement of reward circuitry in response to positive events underlies well-being and adaptive regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
Nonverbal Expressions of Status and System Legitimacy
Authors: Weisbuch Max , Slepian Michael L. , Eccleston Collette P. , Ambady Nalini
Published: September 2013

A voluminous literature has examined how primates respond to nonverbal expressions of status, such as taking the high ground, expanding one’s posture, and tilting one’s head. We extend this research to human intergroup processes in general and interracial processes in particular. Perceivers may be sensitive to whether racial group status is reflected in group members’ nonverbal expressions of status. We hypothesized that people who support the current status hierarchy would prefer racial groups whose members exhibit status-appropriate nonverbal behavior over racial groups whose members do not exhibit such behavior. People who reject the status quo should exhibit the opposite pattern. These hypotheses were supported in three studies using self-report (Study 1) and reaction time (Studies 2 and 3) measures of racial bias and two different status cues (vertical position and head tilt). For perceivers who supported the status quo, high-status cues (in comparison with low-status cues) increased preferences for White people over Black people. For perceivers who rejected the status quo, the opposite pattern was observed.
Aerodynamic optimization of a transonic axial compressor with a casing groove combined with tip injection
Authors: Kim Jin-Hyuk , Kim Dae-Woong , Kim Kwang-Yong
Published: September 2013

A multiobjective optimization to enhance the stall margin and peak adiabatic efficiency of an axial compressor with a casing groove combined with injection was performed in this work. The geometry of the casing groove was optimized using a hybrid multiobjective evolutionary algorithm coupled with a surrogate model. Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations with a k– ɛ turbulence model were discretized by finite volume approximations and solved on hexahedral grids to analyze the flow in the compressor. The stall margin and peak adiabatic efficiency were selected as objective functions with three design variables related to the geometry of the casing groove. Latin hypercube sampling was applied as a design-of-experiment technique to generate 25 design points within the design space. Response surface approximation models as the surrogate models for the objectives were constructed based on the objective function values at the design points. A fast nondominated sorting genetic algorithm for the local search coupled with the surrogate models was applied to determine the global Pareto-optimal solutions. The tradeoff between the two objectives was determined and is described with respect to the Pareto-optimal solutions. The multiobjective optimization results showed that the stall margin and peak adiabatic efficiency of the axial compressor with an optimized casing groove combined with injection were simultaneously improved compared to the compressor with a smooth casing.
Andrea Pasta (1706–1782), eclectic scholar of anatomy and clinical medicine, communication and the history of art
Authors: Clerici Carlo Alfredo , Veneroni Laura , Patriarca Carlo
Published: September 2013

Andrea Pasta was an eclectic visionary light years ahead of his time. He made numerous contributions to the field of medicine, some recognized by his contemporaries and others so visionary that they are being applied only in modern times. His contributions spanned the disciplines of psychology, gynaecology, haematology, infectious diseases and the doctor–patient relationship. Well known among his contemporaries, he combined a passion for clinical medicine and a keen interest in history and art with a strict research methodology and an approach to caring for patients as human beings. By studying his life and works, we can better understand the magnitude and significance of his innovative method and its applicability in modern times and also the significance of his many contributions.
A memoir of Sir John Forbes (1787–1861)
Authors: Agnew Robin
Published: September 2013

The 150th anniversary of the death of Sir John Forbes passed on 13 November 2011 perhaps unnoticed except in his native land. This memoir is an attempt to remind the medical profession of some of his achievements and of the value of percussion and auscultation in the bedside diagnosis of diseases of the heart and lungs.
Hardware-in-the-loop optimization of an active vibration controller in a flexible beam structure using evolutionary algorithms
Authors: Nobahari Hadi , Hosseini Kordkheili Seyed A , Afshari Sajad Saraygord
Published: September 2013

In this study, active vibration control of a cantilevered flexible beam structure equipped with bonded piezoelectric sensor/actuators is investigated. The linear quadratic regulator technique together with an observer is adopted to design the controller as well as to provide the full-state feedback. Two different approaches are subsequently used for simultaneously integrated optimization of the controller and observer parameters. In the first approach, a linear experimental model of the system is obtained using identification techniques, and the optimization is then performed based on a computer simulation of the system. However, in the second approach, a hardware-in-the-loop optimization scheme is proposed and applied to automatically tune the parameters. In both cases, a hybrid metaheuristic algorithm called tabu continuous ant colony system is utilized to find the optimal controller and observer. The integrated performance is experimentally evaluated to demonstrate effectiveness of the proposed hardware-in-the-loop optimization method. Finally, a comparison is made between the frequency response of the current controller with a pole placement controller from the literature in order to assess the improvement achieved through hardware-in-the-loop optimization.
Mechanical and shape recovery properties of shape memory polymer composite embedded with cup-stacked carbon nanotubes
Authors: Yu Kai , Liu Yanju , Liu Yong , Peng Hua-Xin , Leng Jinsong
Published: September 2013

This study investigated the mechanical and shape recovery properties of a styrene-based shape memory polymer composite reinforced by cup-stacked carbon nanotubes. Due to their unique morphology, cup-stacked carbon nanotubes could be well dispersed in the polymer matrix and offer remarkable benefits in the load transfer between the reinforcement fillers and shape memory polymer. Under the same amount of fillers, shape memory polymer composites embedded with cup-stacked carbon nanotubes exhibit superior mechanical properties in comparison with those embedded with multiwalled carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers. The elastic modulus, tensile strength, and flexural strength of the 2 wt% cup-stacked carbon nanotube–reinforced shape memory polymer composite increased by 61%, 66%, and 84%, respectively. It was also found that the glass transition temperature of shape memory polymer composite decreased from 61.9°C to 52.8°C by introducing 2 wt% cup-stacked carbon nanotubes, indicating that the shape recovery process could be triggered more easily by external stimulus due to the role of reinforcement fillers. Finally, under the external resistance load, the developed shape memory polymer composite was successfully driven to recover their shapes under thermal stimulus. The cup-stacked carbon nanotubes were proved to be a promising candidate for the polymer reinforcement.
Micromechanical models for the effective time-dependent and nonlinear electromechanical responses of piezoelectric composites
Authors: Lin Chien-Hong , Muliana Anastasia
Published: September 2013

This study introduces micromechanical models for analyzing the overall electromechanical responses of piezoelectric composites comprising polarized piezoelectric ceramics and polymeric constituents. The polarized piezoelectric ceramics can experience nonlinear electromechanical responses due to an application of large electric fields, while the polymer exhibits viscoelastic response. Thus, the piezoelectric composites can experience significant time-dependent and nonlinear electromechanical coupling behaviors. Two micromechanical models are considered: the Mori–Tanaka and unit-cell models. Linearized micromechanical relations are first defined for obtaining the overall responses of the piezoelectric composites followed by iterative schemes in order to correct errors from linearizing the nonlinear responses. Numerical results are presented for two composite systems, that is, piezoelectric unidirectional fiber with circular/square cross section and spherical/cubic particle inhomogeneities embedded in a polymeric matrix. The linear electromechanical responses from the two micromechanical models are compared with the experimental data available in the literature. Parametric studies are performed in order to examine the effect of inhomogeneity geometry and compositions and prescribed boundary conditions on the overall time-dependent and nonlinear electromechanical responses of the composites.
Healing of fatigue delamination cracks in carbon–epoxy composite using mendable polymer stitching
Authors: Pingkarawat Khomkrit , Wang Chun H , Varley Russell J , Mouritz Adrian P
Published: September 2013

This article presents an experimental investigation into the mode I delamination fatigue properties and fatigue crack healing mechanism of a self-healing carbon fibre–epoxy composite containing mendable thermoplastic stitches. Mode I interlaminar fatigue tests using double cantilever bending specimens show that through-the-thickness reinforcement of the composite with mendable poly(ethylene- co-(methacrylic acid)) stitches is highly effective in healing delamination cracks and restoring the fatigue properties. Aided by a pressure delivery mechanism unique to this type of mendable thermoplastic, the healing agent stored in an interconnected network of stitches is able to flow into narrow delamination cracks. The mode I interlaminar fatigue resistance as well as the fracture toughness of the composite was fully restored by poly(ethylene- co-(methacrylic acid)) stitches. Transverse tension tests were performed to determine the traction law of the healing agent, which controls the healing efficiency and interlaminar toughening mechanism under static and fatigue mode I interlaminar loading.
Development of structural carbon nanotube–based sensing composites for concrete structures
Authors: Schumacher Thomas , Thostenson Erik T
Published: September 2013

Structural health monitoring has become a viable solution to monitor critical infrastructure components that show distress or are unable to pass current load ratings. This research introduces the concept of a composite layer bonded to concrete structures, which is capable of providing distributed sensing capabilities. The layer consists of carbon nanotubes that are deposited on a carrier, which form a continuous conductive skin that is exceptionally sensitive to changes in strain and the formation and propagation of micro-damage and macro-damage. It can be either structural, where the layer represents the reinforcement as well as the sensor, or nonstructural, where the layer acts as a sensing skin alone. Distributed sensing allows for increased detectability of forming or growing damage that cannot necessarily be captured with conventional point-type sensors such as strain gages or accelerometers. Once developed, this sensing skin may be able to give real-time feedback on changes in strain, temperature effects, and formation and propagation of damage. In this article, we present the fabrication and evaluation of an integrated structural sensing composite layer attached to a concrete beam specimen. The specimen was tested to failure in the laboratory. Experimental results are presented and discussed, and currently ongoing research is introduced.
An Exploratory Taxonomy of Business Games
Authors: Greco Marco , Baldissin Nicola , Nonino Fabio
Published: September 2013

This article proposes a business game taxonomy. The taxonomy creates a comprehensive definition of business games in general and identifies their parameter-defining characteristics. A successful taxonomy can facilitate the comparison of different game-based educational tools and can direct application-based research to a game’s most learning-associated components. The field’s existing taxonomies within the literature are inadequate for both purposes. The genesis of our five-part taxonomy of business games was both literature-based and intuitive. It is hoped that this taxonomy will serve to develop a global database to be built collaboratively by the community of business game users and developers.
Child–Parent Interventions for Childhood Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Brendel Kristen Esposito , Maynard Brandy R.
Published: September 2013

Objective:

This study compared the effects of direct child–parent interventions to the effects of child-focused interventions on anxiety outcomes for children with anxiety disorders.

Method:

Systematic review methods and meta-analytic techniques were employed. Eight randomized controlled trials examining effects of family cognitive behavior therapy compared to individual or group child-only therapy met criteria.

Results:

The overall mean effect of parent–child interventions was 0.26, 95% confidence interval [0.05, 0.47], p < .05, a small but positive and significant effect, favoring child–parent interventions. Results of the heterogeneity analysis were not significant ( Q = 8.08, df = 7, p > .05, I2 = 13.41).

Discussion:

Parent–child interventions appear to be more effective than child-focused individual and group cognitive behavioral therapy in treating childhood anxiety disorders. Implications for practice and research are discussed.
Combination of D942 With Curcumin Protects Cardiomyocytes From Ischemic Damage Through Promoting Autophagy
Authors: Yang Keping , Xu Chenhong , Li Xin , Jiang Hong
Published: September 2013

Myocardial ischemia is one of the main causes of sudden cardiac death. Autophagy has been demonstrated to protect cardiomyocytes from ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced damage. A small molecule compound 5-(3-(4-(2-(4-fluorophenyl)ethoxy)phenyl)propyl)furan-2-carboxylic acid (D942) has been previously shown to specifically activate adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in cancer cells. Another reagent, curcumin, has been shown to inhibit mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signal pathway in tumor cells. Since AMPK signaling induces autophagy, while mTOR signaling inhibits autophagy, here we tested the potential protective efficacy of D942 with curcumin for cardiomyocytes under oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R). Mouse neonatal cardiomyocytes were treated with D942 and curcumin after being subjected to OGD/R. Cell survival and autophagy-related signal pathways were measured after treatment. Our data indicated both D942 and curcumin enhanced cell survival after OGD/R. The D942 and curcumin induced autophagy in cardiomyocytes through activating AMPK pathway or inhibiting mTOR signaling. Induction of autophagy by D942 and curcumin was the cause of cardioprotection, since inhibition of autophagy abolished the protective efficacy. Furthermore, combination treatment with D942 and curcumin profoundly upregulated autophagy after OGD/R and significantly promoted cell survival. Treatment with D942 and curcumin significantly upregulated autophagy in a murine myocardial I/R model. Taken together, our research suggests that D942 and curcumin could be promising therapeutic agents for myocardial I/R.
Primary Thrombophilia in México X
Authors: Velázquez-Sánchez-de-Cima Sara , Zamora-Ortiz Gabriela , Hernández-Reyes Jesús , Vargas-Espinosa Jocelyn , García-Chavez Jessica , Rosales-Padrón Jaime , Ruiz-Delgado Guillermo J. , Ruiz-Arguelles Alejandro , Ruiz-Argüelles Guillermo J.
Published: September 2013

Introduction:

The sticky platelet syndrome (SPS) is a common cause of thrombosis. There are no prospective studies concerning treatment.

Objective:

To analyze changes in platelet hyperaggregability of patients with SPS who were given antiplatelet drugs and to assess its association with rethrombosis.

Methods:

A total of 55 patients with a history of thrombosis and SPS phenotype were prospectively studied before and after treatment with aspirin and/or clopidogrel.

Results:

Patients were followed for 1 to 129 months, median 13. Of 55 patients, 40 received aspirin, 13 received aspirin + clopidogrel, and 2 received only clopidogrel. The platelet aggregation response to adenosine diphosphate and epinephrine significantly diminished after treatment, and only 2 patients developed rethrombosis 52 and 129 months after starting therapy, with the freedom from rethrombosis rate of the patients being 96.4% at 129 months.

Conclusion:

Using antiplatelet drugs, the platelet hyperreactivity of patients with the SPS phenotype was reverted; and this translated into a substantial decrease in the rethrombosis rate.
The Relationship Between Eosinophil and Cardiac Syndrome X
Authors: Demir Mehmet , Şentürk Muhammed , Kuzeytemiz Mustafa
Published: September 2013

Aim:

The pathophysiology of cardiac syndrome X (CSX) has not been clearly identified, although multiple abnormalities including microvascular spasm, endothelial dysfunction, and atherothrombosis have been reported. It is known that eosinophils play an important role in vasoconstruction and thrombosis. We aimed to compare the eosinophil counts in patients with CSX versus controls. Materials and

Methods:

This study included 50 patients with CSX (20 male, mean age 50.42 ± 9.6 years) and 30 control persons (10 male, mean age 49.16.11 ± 9.2 years). These participants underwent concurrent routine biochemical tests, and their eosinophil counts were obtained on whole blood count. These parameters were compared between groups.

Results:

Baseline characteristics of the study groups were comparable. Patients with CSX had a higher eosinophil count and mean platelet volume (MPV) value than the controls (339.4 ± 188 vs 132.7 ± 75 and 8.8 ± 0.2 vs 7.2 ± 0.1 fL; P < .001, respectively).

Conclusion:

As a result, our study revealed a relationship between eosinophil count and MPV in patients with CSX.
Practical Management of Rivaroxaban for the Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism
Authors: Imberti Davide , Benedetti Raffaella
Published: September 2013

Traditional anticoagulants, such as low-molecular-weight heparin and vitamin K antagonists, have been the mainstay for the treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in the hospital setting and after discharge. These anticoagulants are effective but are associated with some limitations that may lead to their underuse. Based on the results of the EINSTEIN clinical trial program, the oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban is approved for the treatment of acute deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) and for the prevention of recurrent VTE. The single-drug approach with rivaroxaban is now available in both the hospital and the outpatient settings and may overcome some of the limitations of traditional agents. This review provides hospital physicians with an overview of the practical management of rivaroxaban and a critical evaluation of its use for the treatment of DVT and PE, including in specific clinical settings and special patient populations.
Neutrophil–Lymphocyte Ratio May Predict Left Atrial Thrombus in Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Yalcin Murat , Aparci Mustafa , Uz Omer , Isilak Zafer , Balta Sevket , Dogan Mehmet , Kardesoglu Ejder , Uzun Mehmet
Published: September 2013

Objective:

Neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been associated with poor outcomes in patients with cardiovascular diseases. We aimed to compare NLRs among patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF) with or without left atrial (LA) thrombus.

Methods:

A total of 309 (70.1 ± 9.8 years, 49% male) patients with nonvalvular AF have undergone transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) to assess the presence of LA thrombus. Baseline NLR was measured by dividing neutrophil count to lymphocyte count.

Results:

Left atrial thrombus was detected in 32 (10.3%) of 309 patients. Mean NLR (2.2 ± 1.0 vs 2.7 ± 1.1, P = .026) was significantly higher among patients with LA thrombus compared to patients without LA thrombus. On multivariate analysis, NLR (odds ratio 1.59, 95% confidence interval 0.87-4.18; P < .02) was an independent risk factor for the presence of LA thrombus in patients with nonvalvular AF.

Conclusion:

Neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio, an emerging marker of inflammation, was independently associated with the presence of LA thrombus in patients with nonvalvular AF.
Hemostatic Efficacy of a Traditional Medicinal Plant Extract (Ankaferd Blood Stopper) in Bleeding Control
Authors: Sogut Ozgur , Erdogan Mehmet Ozgur , Kose Rustu , Boleken Mehmet Emin , Kaya Halil , Gokdemir Mehmet Tahir , Ozgonul Abdullah , Iynen Ismail , Albayrak Levent , Dokuzoglu Mehmet Akif
Published: September 2013

The aim of this study is to assess the in vivo hemostatic effect of Ankaferd Blood Stopper (ABS) on rats using a tail bleeding model. Wistar rats were randomized into 4 groups of 9 each: group 1, control, no pretreatment, irrigated with saline; group 2, no pretreatment, irrigated with ABS; group 3, control, heparin pretreatment, irrigated with saline; and group 4, heparin pretreatment, irrigated with ABS. To control bleeding, compressive dressings were placed after instilling 1 mL of either ABS or saline to the bleeding area. Without heparin pretreatment, ABS shortened hemostasis time by 1.57 minutes and reduced the amount of bleeding by 0.85 g. With heparin pretreatment, ABS shortened hemostasis time by 3.29 minutes and reduced the amount of bleeding by 1.32 g. The ABS was more effective than saline irrigation for treating tail tip bleeding in rats, with or without heparin pretreatment, while also using a compressive dressing.
Mental Health and Substance Use Disparities Among Urban Adolescent Lesbian and Bisexual Girls
Authors: Marshal Michael P. , Dermody Sarah S. , Shultz Michelle L. , Sucato Gina S. , Stepp Stephanie D. , Chung Tammy , Burton Chad M. , Markovic Nina , Hipwell Alison E.
Published: September 2013

BACKGROUND: Sexual minority girls (SMGs) report large substance use disparities and victimization experiences, yet there is a dearth of research that focuses exclusively on SMGs. OBJECTIVE: To examine substance use and mental health disparities among SMGs and to determine whether disparities were larger for African American compared with European American girls. METHOD: Data were used from Wave 11 of the Pittsburgh Girls Study, a multiple-cohort, prospective study of urban girls. Girls for the current analysis were aged 16 to 19 years. Fifty-five percent were African American. One hundred and seventy-three (8.3%) identified as SMGs, and 1,891 identified as heterosexual. Multiple regression analyses controlling for age, race, and parent education were conducted. RESULTS: SMGs reported a robust pattern of large disparities in externalizing, internalizing, and borderline personality disorder symptoms. There was little evidence to suggest disparities were moderated by race. CONCLUSION: SMGs and their families would benefit from intervention and prevention programs to reduce disparities among this highly vulnerable population.
Visual Reaction Time™ as a Predictor of Sexual Offense Recidivism
Authors: Gray Steven R. , Abel Gene G. , Jordan Alan , Garby Tina , Wiegel Markus , Harlow Nora
Published: September 2013

In this study, we investigated the use of Visual Reaction Time™ (VRT™) for sexual interest in children to predict recidivism of sexual offenses among men who sexually abused children and men with other sexually deviant behaviors. The authors hypothesized that study participants with a higher VRT™ to stimuli of children would be more likely to sexually reoffend compared with those with a lower VRT™ to stimuli of children. Participants included 621 adult males on parole or probation for acting on a range of sexual paraphilias who sought outpatient treatment or evaluation at two separate therapists’ practices. Sample 1 consisted of 284 adult males followed up (by the lead author) during a 15-year period, while Sample 2 consisted of 337 adult males followed up (by the second author) during a 7-year period. A discrete-time hazard model found VRT™ to children to be significantly related to sexual recidivism. The researchers found that VRT™ to children measured at intake held up in its predictive ability over a 15-year period. When the participants were divided into three groups based on their VRT™, of the 97 participants who measured at least one standard deviation lower than the mean VRT™, 0% reoffended. The 432 participants in the medium-VRT™ group had an estimated recidivism rate of 7% after 15 years and the 92 participants who measured at least one standard deviation higher than the mean had an estimated recidivism rate of 27%.
Identification of Potential Serum Biomarkers in Mercury-Treated Mice Using a Glycoproteomic Approach
Authors: Kim Bong-Hwa , Moon Pyong-Gon , Lee Jeong-Eun , Lee Soyoung , Kim Sook-Kyung , Lee Jong Kwon , Kim Sang-Hyun , Baek Moon-Chang
Published: September 2013

Mercury is a well-recognized health hazard and a deleterious environmental contaminant. Exposure to mercury can cause neurotoxic manifestations, nephrotoxicity, and immune function alterations; however, the mechanisms and related proteins responsible for these effects are still unclear. Our goal is to understand the relationship between the toxicity of mercury and the proteins affected by this toxic heavy metal and to define biomarkers for mercury intoxication. Two different forms of mercury, organic methylmercury or inorganic mercury sulfide, were orally administered to the mice for 4 weeks. To reduce complexity of the serum proteome, we enriched glycoproteins from mice serum with lectin concanavalin A resin, and the tryptic peptides of the purified glycoproteins were subjected to nanoultra performance liquid chromatography-Quadrupole time-of-flight for identification and label-free quantification. In this study, we characterized approximately 209 proteins from mice serum, and, among them, 21 proteins were differentially expressed in organic methylmercury-treated mice serum compared with the control group. Two proteins, serum amyloid P component (SAP) and inter α-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITI-H4), were upregulated in organic methylmercury-treated mice and confirmed with different doses of both types of mercury by Western blot analysis. Results of immunohistochemistry also confirmed the validity of SAP and ITI-H4 as biomarker candidates for organic methylmercury exposure. Findings of this study may assist in understanding the relationship between toxicity of mercury and upregulated proteins in mouse serum. Furthermore, the proteins identified here might be used as biomarker candidates in mercury intoxication.
Associations Among Depression, Obesity, and Metabolic Syndrome in Young Adult Females
Authors: Lin Kuan Pin , Liang Tien Li , Liao I Chen , Tsay Shiow Luan
Published: September 2013

Depression may be a risk factor for obesity or metabolic syndrome. The aims of this study were to determine the relationships among depression, obesity, and metabolic syndrome in young adult females as well as the role of depression in the components of metabolic syndrome. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 323 young adult females. Demographic characteristics, anthropometric measurements, and laboratory values were collected. The criteria of the Bureau of Health Promotion, Department of Health, Taiwan, were used to define metabolic syndrome. Depression was measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale. The prevalence of depression in the sample was 17%, that of overweight and obesity was 17%, and that of metabolic syndrome was 6.8%. Depression showed significant associations with high body mass index (BMI), increased waist circumference and blood pressure (BP), and overweight and obesity (β = 0.15, odds ratio [OR] = 1.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.11, 1.23], p < .001). No associations were observed between depression and metabolic syndrome (β = −0.01, OR = 0.99, 95% CI = [0.92, 1.06], p = .69) or any of its individual components after adjustment for BMI and demographic variables. The findings show that depression was associated with increasing odds of overweight and obesity in young adult females and may also have increased the physiological risk associated with metabolic syndrome. Early detection of depression and obesity as part of metabolic syndrome is important in the health management of young adult females for decreasing the risks of cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
Associations of Schizophrenia Symptoms and Neurocognition With Physical Activity in Older Adults With Schizophrenia
Authors: Leutwyler Heather , Hubbard Erin M. , Jeste Dilip V. , Miller Bruce , Vinogradov Sophia
Published: September 2013

Background:

Low levels of physical activity contribute to the generally poor physical health of older adults with schizophrenia. The associations linking schizophrenia symptoms, neurocognition, and physical activity are not known. Research is needed to identify the reasons for this population’s lack of adequate physical activity before appropriate interventions can be designed and tested.

Design and Methods:

In this cross-sectional study, 30 adults aged ≥55 years with schizophrenia were assessed on symptoms (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), neurocognition (MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery), and physical activity (Sensewear ProArmband). Pearson’s bivariate correlations (two-tailed) and univariate linear regression models were used to test the following hypotheses: (1) more severe schizophrenia symptoms are associated with lower levels of physical activity and (2) more severe neurocognitive deficits are associated with lower levels of physical activity.

Results:

Higher scores on a speed-of-processing test were associated with more average daily steps ( p = .002) and more average daily minutes of moderate physical activity ( p = .009). Higher scores on a verbal working memory task were associated with more average daily minutes of moderate physical activity ( p = .05). More severe depressive symptoms were associated with more average daily minutes of sedentary activity ( p = .03).

Conclusion:

Physical activity interventions for this population are imperative. In order for a physical activity intervention to be successful, it must include components to enhance cognition and diminish psychiatric symptoms.
A Case–Control Study Examining the Effects of Active Versus Sedentary Lifestyles on Measures of Body Iron Burden and Oxidative Stress in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Bartfay Wally , Bartfay Emma
Published: September 2013

Approximately half of the Canadian adults have sedentary lifestyles that increase their risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). Women are 10 times more likely to die from CVD than from any other disease. Their risk almost doubles with the onset of menopause, which may result in increased body iron burden and oxidative stress in sedentary women. Body iron burden may catalyze the production of cytotoxic oxygen species in vivo. We hypothesized that postmenopausal women who engage in moderate forms of aerobic exercise for at least 30 min three or more times per week would have significantly (i) lower levels of body iron burden, (ii) increased glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, and (iii) decreased oxidative stress in comparison to sedentary controls. An age-matched, case–control study was employed to examine the effects of active ( N = 25) versus sedentary ( N = 25) lifestyles in women aged 55–65 years on measures of body iron burden as quantified by total serum iron, transferrin saturation, and serum ferritin levels; GPx activity; and oxidative stress as quantified by 4-hydroxynonenal, malondialdehyde, and hexanal. Measures of body iron burden were significantly elevated in sedentary women in comparison to active women ( p < .001). Red cell GPx activity was higher in active women compared to sedentary women ( p < .001). Measures of oxidative stress were significantly higher in sedentary versus active women ( p < .001). These findings suggest that aerobic forms of exercise may mitigate the risk of developing CVD in postmenopausal women by improving antioxidant capacity and decreasing body iron burden.
Intangible spaces
Authors: Wood Aylish
Published: September 2013

Intangible spaces exist as a particular gathering together of influences, including those of people, things, locations and technologies. They are fascinating for thinking about how technologies influence cinematic space. This discussion of digital three-dimensional (3D) technologies in Hugo and the image maximum (IMAX) format in The Dark Knight uses paratexts to elaborate on this idea. Paratexts released in conjunction with Hugo are used to introduce an understanding of digital 3D cinematic space as something that is built as opposed to recorded. Those of The Dark Knight show film-makers encountering unexpected spaces arising from their use of IMAX technologies. By paying attention to the parameters of intangible space in The Dark Knight, the IMAX format is configured not as seamlessly immersive but as a location that offers multiple points of engagement for an audience. Both these examples demonstrate how thinking in terms of relationality, mediation and entanglement describes a cinematic space given shape by and through technologies.
Measuring Illness beliefs in neurodegenerative disease: Why we need to be specific
Authors: Hurt Catherine S , Julien Camille L , Brown Richard G
Published: September 2013

Positive perceptions of illness are typically associated with good health outcomes. However, this may not be true for all domains of illness perception in neurodegenerative diseases because of their progressive incurable nature. The appropriateness of current measures of illness belief in these conditions is not known. The validity and reliability of the Illness Perception Questionnaire–Revised was evaluated in 215 participants with Parkinson’s disease. A confirmatory factor analysis supported the structure of the Illness Perception Questionnaire–Revised with the exception of the treatment control domain. It is important to consider the nature of neurodegenerative diseases and limits of symptom control when planning interventions.
The relationship between transformational teaching and adolescent physical activity: The mediating roles of personal and relational efficacy beliefs
Authors: Bourne Jessica , Liu Yan , Shields Christopher A , Jackson Ben , Zumbo Bruno D , Beauchamp Mark R
Published: September 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which transformational teaching, exhibited by secondary school physical education teachers, predicts within-class physical activity and leisure-time physical activity among adolescents. The study used a prospective observational design and involved data collected from 874 Grade 10 adolescents ( Mage = 15.41, ( SD) = .61). Through use of structural equation modeling, the results revealed that adolescents’ perceptions of transformational teaching were positively related to within-class physical activity and leisure-time physical activity, and these effects were mediated by adolescents’ estimation of their teacher’s confidence in their abilities (i.e. relation-inferred self-efficacy) and self-efficacy beliefs.
Being healthy in unhealthy places: Health tactics in a homeless lifeworld
Authors: Stolte Ottilie , Hodgetts Darrin
Published: September 2013

Street life can compromise a person’s health. In response, homeless people exert considerable agency in attempts to preserve their health. Drawing on ethnographic research in central Auckland, this article explores the ways in which a homeless man maintains his health. We consider the tactics Clinton develops to maintain his health and to gain respite while living on the streets, an unhealthy place. Of particular note are the ways in which he works to transform a ‘landscape of despair’ into a ‘landscape of care’. The case of Clinton foregrounds the fundamentally emplaced and relational nature of homeless peoples’ health.
Theorising beyond the individual: Adherence to antiretroviral therapy in resource-constrained societies
Authors: Kagee Ashraf , Swartz Alison , Swartz Leslie
Published: September 2013

Adherence to antiretroviral therapy, while often conceptualised as an individual or community-level concern, needs to be understood in the context of political and historical developments that have characterised many resource-constrained societies. This article identifies some of these dimensions of antiretroviral therapy adherence in South Africa and outlines the implications for community health psychology in taking this perspective. Using the conceptual apparatus of therapeutic citizenship, we demonstrate the importance of historical, political and other structural barriers to adherence. We conclude by examining the implications of these debates for community health psychology that go beyond the individual as the unit of intervention and analysis.
Moving images: Psychoanalytically informed visual methods in documenting the lives of women migrants and asylum seekers
Authors: Haaken Janice K , O’Neill Maggie
Published: September 2013

While feminist arts-based projects have gained legitimacy, theory guiding the use of visual images in field research has lagged. Drawing on psychoanalytic-feminist theory and participatory action research methods, the article presents a study carried out with women refugee and asylum seekers that focuses on their experiences in seeking a place of safety in the United Kingdom. The aim was to produce through photography and videography a collective account of asylum as a daily process. In discussing the study, the authors provide a psychoanalytic framework for working through ethical, political, and methodological dilemmas in the use of visual imagery in feminist research.
Patient and public involvement in health research: Ethical imperative and/or radical challenge?
Authors: Rose Diana
Published: September 2013

Patient and public involvement in health research, including mental health research, is promoted by research funders in England. However, it is poorly conceptualised. One argument is that patient and public involvement in research is an ethical imperative because those who research is for should have a stake in how it is done. This could be developed through concepts of citizenship and democratic science. More strongly, it can be argued that changing the knowledge producers will change knowledge itself. Starting with feminist standpoint epistemology, it is argued that a political conceptualisation best captures the new knowledge that marginalised health groups can produce.
Looking within and beyond the community: Lessons learned by researching, theorising and acting to address urban poverty and health
Authors: Hodgetts Darrin , Chamberlain Kerry , Tankel Yadena , Groot Shiloh
Published: September 2013

Urban poverty and health inequalities are inextricably intertwined. By working in partnership with service providers and communities to address urban poverty, we can enhance the wellness of people in need. This article reflects on lessons learned from the Family100 project that explores the everyday lives, frustrations and dilemmas faced by 100 families living in poverty in Auckland. Lessons learned support the need to bring the experiences and lived realities of families to the fore in public deliberations about community and societal responses to urban poverty and health inequality.
Community organizing practices in a globalizing era: Building power for health equity at the community level
Authors: Speer Paul W , Tesdahl Eric A , Ayers Jeanne F
Published: September 2013

In the postindustrial era, global economic processes have constrained the ability of local agencies, service providers, and civic groups to respond to systemic challenges in public health. Community health psychology can benefit by focusing on interventions through mediating structures that develop innovative methods of leveraging power in the context of globalizing economic forces. Promising methods include careful analysis of power within targeted policy domains and developing strategic alliances with others, so as to exercise social power to affect policy change. The case of ISAIAH, an organizing group based in Minnesota, illustrates innovative avenues for intervention in the context of globalization.
The role of schools in promoting inclusive communities in contexts of diversity
Authors: Andreouli Eleni , Howarth Caroline , Sonn Christopher
Published: September 2013

Against the background of evidence for links between ill-health and prejudice, in this article we discuss how to promote inclusive communities in contexts of diversity. A brief critical overview of dominant psychological approaches to prejudice reduction reveals the apolitical nature of these approaches, and thus, we argue for a more contextual and political model on how to promote inclusive communities. Drawing on examples of different school practices on cultural diversity from across England, we argue that we need to develop a perspective that connects local contexts of everyday practice, resistance and agency to the institutional and structural realities of prejudice.
A queer-theoretical approach to community health psychology
Authors: Nic Giolla Easpaig Bróna R , Fryer David M , Linn Seònaid E , Humphrey Harvey
Published: September 2013

Queer-theoretical resources offer ways of productively rethinking how central concepts such as ‘person-context’, ‘identity’ and ‘difference’ may be understood for community health psychologists. This would require going beyond consideration of the problems with which queer theory is popularly associated to cautiously engage with the aspects of this work relevant to the promotion of collective practice and engaging with processes of marginalisation. In this article, we will draw upon and illustrate the queer-theoretical concepts of ‘performativity’ and ‘cultural intelligibility’ before moving towards a preliminary mapping of what a queer-informed approach to community health psychology might involve.
Risky eating behaviors and beliefs among adolescent girls
Authors: Cruz-Sáez Soledad , Pascual Aitziber , Salaberria Karmele , Etxebarria Itziar , Echeburúa Enrique
Published: September 2013

This study investigated the prevalence of weight control and binge eating behaviors in a sample of 767 adolescent girls aged 16–20 years, and the differences between adolescents with and without altered eating behaviors regarding anthropometric and body image variables and beliefs associated with eating disorders. Adolescents who engaged in unhealthy strategies were found to be at a higher risk of eating disorders, since these behaviors were accompanied by higher levels of drive for thinness and body dissatisfaction, as well as by beliefs associated with the importance of weight and body shape as a means of personal and social acceptance.