bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tradition and transformation: society and civil society in Britain, 1945–2001
Authors: Harris Jose
Published: October 2023

Over the past fifty years private dramas, public events, and social trends in Britain have been recorded, mapped, and measured with ever-increasing detail and precision; but this has not made them easier to interpret. Much more is known about social mobility, social welfare, age distribution, life expectancy, class and gender roles, ethnicity, crime, private attitudes, and public opinion than for any previous epoch in British history.
Two cultures—one—or many?
Authors: Mandler Peter
Published: October 2023

In a famous 1959 lecture, the scientist and novelist C. P. Snow argued that postwar intellectual life in Britain was riven into ‘two cultures’, one scientific-materialist and the other literary-aesthetic, and that the long tradition in this country of favouring the latter at the expense of the former had condemned Britain to a steadily diminishing role in the modern world. Snow’s lecture elicited a furious response from the literary critic F. R. Leavis, for whom Snow represented precisely what was wrong with the modern world.
Britain and the world since 1945: narratives of decline or transformation?
Authors: Reynolds David
Published: October 2023

In January 1952 Anthony Eden, Britain’s Foreign Secretary, told an American audience why his country rejected the idea of joining ‘a federation on the continent of Europe’. That, said Eden,

is something which we know, in our bones, we cannot do ... For Britain’s story and her interests lie far beyond the continent of Europe. Our thoughts move across the seas to the many communities in which our people play their part, in every corner of the world. These are our family ties. That is our life: without it we should be no more than some millions of people living on an island off the coast of Europe, in which nobody wants to take any particular interest.
The fourth century and beyond
Authors: Casey P J
Published: October 2023

In a notable encomium on the state of Britain, the Labour politician Aneurin Bevan said that an island made mainly of coal and surrounded by seas full of fish could neither freeze nor starve and there fore must, by implication, be able in the last analysis to survive, were it not that some organizational genius had contrived to produce a shortage of both commodities at the same time. In the event neither coal nor fish now play a very large part in the economy of the island, but the truth of the overall sentiment is more than the reality of the parts as events in the period 1939-45 proved.
Electing the governors/the governance of the elect
Authors: Tanner Duncan
Published: October 2023

Writing in 1942, Lord Wedgwood of Barlaston claimed that ‘British parliamentary government is better than any other method of government, better than any other variety of democracy, and better now than it ever was in the past’. He was not the first to proclaim the superiority of the ‘Westminster model’ to both its north American and European ‘competitors’. However, unlike many of his predeces-sors Wedgwood was concerned that Britain had not exported this apparently unmatchable system to its imperial possessions. This chapter examines Wedgwood’s distinction between the British and imperial process of democratic change. Whilst the former rested on the consent of the governed, the latter evidently did not. Yet there is also a common thread that winds through this necessarily selective examination of British and imperial politics.
Is Female to Male as Nature is to Culture?
Authors: Ortner Sherry B
Published: October 2023

Much of the creativity of anthropology derives from the tension between two sets of demands: that we explain human universals, and that we explain cultural particulars. Given this tension, woman provides us with one of the more challenging problems to be dealt with. The secondary status of woman in society is one of the true universals, a pan-cultural fact. Yet within that universal fact, the specific cultural conceptions and symbolizations of woman are extraordinarily diverse and even mutually contradictory. Further, the actual treatment of women and their relative power and contribution vary enormously from culture to culture, and over different periods in the history of particular cultural traditions. Both of these points—the universal fact and the cultural variation—constitute problems to be explained.
An Interview with Barbara Kruger
Authors: Mitchell W J T
Published: October 2023

Mitchell: Could we begin by discussing the problem of public art? When we spoke a few weeks ago, you expressed some unease ness with the notion of public art, and I wonder if you could expand on that a bit. Kruger: Well, you yourself lodged it as the ‘problem’ of public art and I don’t really find it problematic inasmuch as I really don’t give it very much thought. I think on a broader level I could say that my ‘problem’ is with categorization and naming: how does one constitute art and how does one constitute a public? Sometimes I think that if architecture is a slab of meat, then so-called public art is a piece of garnish laying next to it. It has a kind of decorative function. Now not saying that it always has to be that way-at all-and I think perhaps that many of my colleagues are working to change that now. But all too often, it seems the case.
Sex, Lies, and the Public Sphere: Reflections on the Confirmation of Clarence Thomas
Authors: Fraser Nancy
Published: October 2023

The making of mainstream public opinion is mainly a routinized affair, the business of pundits as opposed to lay citizens. Occasionally, however, something happens that explodes the circuits of professional opinion-making-as-usual and calls forth widespread and intense public debate. In such moments, something approximating mass participation crystallizes, and for a brief instant, at least, we sense the possibility of a robust political public sphere. Yet the experience is characteristically mixed. Intimations of democracy are laced with demagoguery and exclusion, which the bright light of hyperpublicity casts into sharp relief. These moments can accordingly have great diagnostic value. They make starkly visible the structures of inequality and practices of power that deform public-opinion-making in ordinary times, less obtrusively but more systematically.
Dealing With Difference: A Politics of Ideas or a Politics of Presence?
Authors: Phillips Anne
Published: October 2023

In the post-communist world of the 1980s and 1990s, liberalism and liberal democracy have achieved an impressive ascendancy, and can more plausibly present themselves as the only legitimate bases for equality, justice or democracy. Critics, of course, remain, but the grounds of complaint have shifted considerably. For many years, the central arguments against liberalism fell into three broad categories: that the liberal emphasis on individual freedoms and rights reflected a self-protective and competitive egotism that refused any wider community; that the liberal focus on ‘merely’ political equalities ignored or even encouraged gross inequalities in social and economic life; and that the liberal consolidation of representative democracy reduced the importance of more active citizen participation. None of these complaints has disappeared, but each has been reformulated in terms of diversity and difference.
Introduction
Authors: Dixit Avinash K
Published: October 2023

Economics has been defined as the study of making the best use of scarce resources, that is, of maximization subject to constraints. The criterion being maximized, and the constraints imposed on the choice, vary from one context to the next: households’ consumption and labor supply, firms’ production, and governments’ policies. But all constrained maximization problems have a common mathematical structure, which in turn generates a common economic intuition for them. This book aims to outline the mathematics and develop the intuition.
Seasonality and Habit Persistence in a Life Cycle Model of Consumption
Authors: Osborn* Denise R
Published: October 2023

Abstract. The allocation of non-durable consumers’ expenditure over the four quarters of the year reflects choices made by consumers, implying a utility function exhibiting seasonality. Incorporating such a function, the life cycle model fails to explain fully the observed dynamics in UK seasonally unadjusted data. Seasonal habit persistence effects are introduced and found to be significant. Although this generalized model stands up well to testing in a univariate context, it fails to exclude a predictive role for lagged income changes. Seasonality is inherent in many economic time series, but it is rarely considered to be an issue of interest in econometric model-building. Rather than explicitly investigating the economics underlying seasonal variation, modellers typically try to remove its effects either by using seasonally adjusted data or by including seasonal intercept dummies in their equations.
Nonlinear Models in Economic Theory
Authors: Granger Clive W J , Teräsvirta Timo
Published: October 2023

There are many nonlinear models that have been suggested by economic theory and they are briefly reviewed here to see if they suggest models that econometricians should consider. One class that does seem to be potentially relevant involves switching regimes. One difficulty is that theorists often discuss deterministic models–involving bifurcation, catastrophes, and chaotic processes–whereas econometricians probably believe strongly that the economy is inherently stochastic due to measurement errors, unexpected shocks to the system, and unmeasured variables. The chapter briefly looks at these deterministic models.
Hypothesis Testing
Authors: Hall Alastair R
Published: October 2023

The previous two chapters describe the behavior of the estimator and its associated statistics in both correctly specified and mis specified models. The next step is to develop inference procedures through which the estimation results can be used to learn about the underlying model. There are three broad questions which naturally arise in this context Misspecification has the potential to make the estimator inconsistent, and so to render all subsequent inferences misleading. Therefore, it is prudent to begin by testing whether the model is correctly specified. Within our frame- work, the economic/statistical model
Introduction
Authors: Nielsen Lars Tyce
Published: October 2023

The principle behind the modern theory of pricing and hedging of derivatives or contingent claims is as follows. The future payoff to a claim, such as an option on a stock, will in general depend on the price paths of one or more basic securities. Using those basic securities, one can try to construct a trading strategy which replicates the payoff in the sense that in every possible future scenario, its value at the time of maturity of the claim will equal the payoff to the claim. The trading strategy should be self-financing and satisfy an admissibility condition which is imposed in order to rule out the possibility of arbitrage. If such a replicating trading strategy can be found, then the current price of the claim will be equal to the initial amount of money needed to start off the trading strategy.
The Martingale Valuation Principle
Authors: Nielsen Lars Tyce
Published: October 2023

This chapter continues the development of the theory of valuation of contingent claims. It defines the martingale value process of a claim, investigates the situations in which markets are dynamically complete, and introduces the concept of risk-adjusted probabilities. We define the martingale value process of a contingent claim by the requirement that the product of the state price process and the value process should be a martingale. This definition is justified by the fact that if the claim can be replicated by an admissible self-financing trading strategy, then the value of the trading strategy equals the martingale value of the claim.
‘Mere Auxiliaries to the Commonwealth’: Women and the Origins of Liberalism
Authors: Brennan Teresa , Pateman Carole
Published: October 2023

The peculiar character of man’s domination over woman in the modern family, and the necessity, as well as the manner, of establishing real social equality between the two, will be brought out into full relief only when both are completely equal before the law. F. Engels, The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State Women, more specifically married women, constitute a permanent embarrassment and problem for liberal political theory. If this is not usually acknowledged, it is only because theorists rarely bother to consider whether their arguments have any relevance to women as well as men. Both the character and magnitude of the problem posed by married women, and the form of certain popular contemporary feminist arguments, can only be properly appreciated through an examination of the origins of liberal theory in the social contract theory of the seventeenth century. The arguments of Hobbes and Locke, which we shall discuss here, were developed as part of a con-flict with patriarchal theorists.
Democracy and Representation: Or, Why Should it Matter Who our Representatives Are?
Authors: Phillips Anne
Published: October 2023

Though the overall statistics on women in politics continue to tell their dreary tale of under-representation, this under-representation is now widely regarded as a problem, and a significant number of political parties have adopted measures to raise the proportion of women elected. That the issue is even discussed marks a significantchange. Even more remarkable is that growing support for a variety of enabling devices (day-schools, for example, to encourage potential women candidates) now combines with some minority backing for measures that guarantee parity between women and men. Parties in the Nordic countries took the lead in this, introducing gender quotas for the selection of parliamentary candidates from the midl970s onwards, but a quick survey across Europe throws up a number of parallel developments. Positive action to increase the proportion of women elected is now on the political agenda. It has become one of the issues on which politicians disagree.
The Politics of Paradigms: Gender Difference and Gender Disadvantage
Authors: Rhode Deborah L
Published: October 2023

Traditional approaches to gender difference have alternated between exaggeration and denial. On most issues of public policy, denial has been the preferred strategy; women’s special interests have remained unacknowledged and unaddressed. By contrast, policy initiatives that have spoken to gender difference have often overstated its nature and amplified its adverse consequences. Feminist responses have frequently remained entrapped in similar patterns. Many theoretical approaches that have sought to celebrate women’s distinctive attributes have homogenized and essentialized their content, while strategies of denial have ignored women’s particular needs and circumstances.
Antigone’s Daughters
Authors: Elshtain Jean Bethke
Published: October 2023

This essay advances a note of caution. It argues that feminists should approach the modern bureaucratic state from a standpoint of scepticism that keeps alive a critical distance between feminism and statism, between female self-identity and a social identity tied to the public-political world revolving around the structures, institutions, values, and ends of the state. The basis for my caution and scepticism is a sober recognition that any political order in our time which culminates in a state is an edifice that monopolizes and centralizes power and eliminates older, less universal forms of authority; that structures its activities and implements its policies through unaccountable hierarchies; that erodes local and particular patterns of ethnic, religious, and regional identities; that standardizes culture, ideas, and ideals; that links portions of the population to it through a variety of dependency relationships; that may find it necessary or convenient to override civil liberties and standards of decency for raison d’etat or executive privilege; and that, from time to time, commits its people to wars they have had neither the opportunity to debate fully nor the right to challenge openly.
Transforming Socialist-Feminism: The Challenge of Racism
Authors: Bhavnani Kum-Kum , Coulson Margaret
Published: October 2023

Through struggle, in heated arguments and in writings, black women have been trying to shift socialist-feminist politics. In their 1985 article, Michele Barrett and Mary Mclntosh have provided one response to these initiatives. The two of us are anxious to take seriously this attempt by white feminists to take up the challenge of the charge of racism which has been made against white feminist analysis.
La conciencia de la Mestiza: Towards a New Consciousness
Authors: Anzaldua Gloria
Published: October 2023

Jose Vascocelos, Mexican philosopher, envisaged una raza mestiza, una mezcla de razas afines, una raza de color-la primera raza sintesis del globo. He called it a cosmic race, la raza cósmica, a fifth race embracing the four major races of the world. Opposite to the theory of the pure Aryan, and to the policy of racial purity that white America practices, his theory is one of inclusivity.
‘Race’, Gender and the Concept of ‘Difference’ in Feminist Thought
Authors: Maynard Mary
Published: October 2023

This chapter is concerned with theorizing the interrelationships between ‘race’ and gender oppression and the extent to which this is furthered by using the concept of ‘difference’. [⃛ ] Although the concept has no one connotation, as will be discussed, its implications of plurality and multiplicity have been regarded by many as providing the necessary antidote to the former unquestioning use of the unified terms ‘woman’ or ‘women’. It is now commonplace to read books and articles, often written by white feminists, exhorting us to remember that there are differences between women and that these need to be taken account of in our work.
The Occult of True Black Womanhood: Critical Demeanor and Black Feminist Studies
Authors: duCille Ann
Published: October 2023

For reasons that may already be obvious, the books named above and numerous others like them have led me to think of myself as a kind of sacred text. Not me personally, of course, but me black woman object, Other. Within and around the modern academy, racial and gender alterity has become a hot commodity that has claimed black women as its principal signifier.
Decolonizing Feminism
Authors: Lazreg Marnia
Published: October 2023

Writing about women in Algeria has been the most challenging task I have undertaken so far. Not only did it concretize for me the difficulty of doing interdisciplinary research, and raise theoretical/ methodological issues, it has also led me to question the feasibility of writing and communicating across cultures about the subject of women. My project is not to entertain readers with one more exotic tale or shock them with another astounding revelation about womanhood in a faraway place. All I wish to do is communicate in intelligible terms another mode of being female. But this is more easily said than done.
Environmental Management, Equity and Ecofeminism: Debating India’s Experience
Authors: Agarwal Bina
Published: October 2023

There is today a widespread recognition that for effectively managing local forests and commons, we need the active involvement of village communities. But what shape should community institutions for environmental management take? Many favour the revival or replication of traditional ones. But what would this imply for social equity? Indeed are even the newly emergent institutions challenging traditionally unequal social relations? While the issue of appropriate institutions for environmental management is still being debated, there is a striking absence of a gender perspective within the debate. This neglect of gender continues in the face of a substantial parallel literature (and movement) that has grown under the banner of’ecofeminism’.
Difference, Diversity, Differentiation
Authors: Brah Avtar
Published: October 2023

During the 1970s there was little serious and sustained mainstream academic engagement with issues such as the gendered exploitation of post-colonial labour in the British metropolis, racism within state policies and cultural practices, the radicalization of black and white subjectivity in the specific context of a period following the loss of Empire, and the particularities of black women‘s oppression within feminist theory and practice.
Exploding the Canon
Authors: Parpart Jane L , Marchand Marianne H
Published: October 2023

In the last few decades postmodernist critiques have increasingly dominated scholarship in the humanities and social sciences. Grand theories of the past have been called into question; particularities and difference(s) have triumphed as universal claims to knowledge have come under fire. Feminist scholars have reacted to postmodernist thought in a number of ways. Some reject it outright, while others call for a synthesis of feminist and postmodernist approaches.
In Defense of the ‘Daughters of Israel’
Authors: Greenberg Blu
Published: October 2023

Female sexuality and fertility are naturally of central importance in a matrilineal religion preoccupied with descendants. For well over two thousand years, men struation and related issues were the subject of a vast literature generated by Jewish men who necessarily wrote from the perspective of outsiders. In the twentieth century, Jewish women began to examine for themselves the laws of Niddah (purity). Yet, for different reasons, and with very different consequences, they too adopted the perspective of outsiders, and were inclined to view it as a system that enabled men to control women and encouraged them to disparage female bodily functions.
The Suffering Christ and the Asian Body
Authors: Bong Sharon A
Published: October 2023

A theology that matters is one that is embodied. That Asian Christian theology is ‘body language, heart semantics or soul-syntax’ reclaims the body and its corporeality in theologizing from the lived experiences of the grassroots and in particular, women.It is premised on the historical and material conditions of specific Asian communities and articulated from their positions of marginality and agency. And it effects the following doctrinal transgressions. It is firstly an antithesis to the denigration of the body fed by the church’s tacit valorization of asceticism and residual misogyny of the (male) spirit/(female) body duality.
Against the Male Flood:Censorship, Pornography, and Equality
Authors: Dworkin Andrea
Published: October 2023

I want to say right here, that those well-meaning friends on the outside who say that we have suffered these horrors of prison, of hunger strikes and forcible feeding, because we desired to martyrise ourselves for the cause, are absolutely and entirely mistaken. We never went to prison in order to be martyrs. We went there in order that we might obtain the rights of citizenship. We were willing to break laws that we might force men to give us the right to make laws. Censorship is a real thing, not an abstract idea or a word that can be used to mean anything at all. In ancient Rome, a censor was a magistrate who took the census (a count of the male population and an evaluation of property for the purpose of taxation done every fifth year), assessed taxes, and inspected morals and conduct.
Not a Moral Issue
Authors: MacKinnon Catharine A
Published: October 2023

A critique of pornography is to feminism what its defense is to male supremacy. Central to the institutionalization of male dominance, pornography cannot be reformed or suppressed or banned. It can only be changed. The legal doctrine of obscenity, the state’s closest approximation to addressing the pornography question, has made the First Amendment2 into a barrier to this process. This is partly because the pornographers’ lawyers have persuasively presented First Amendment absolutism, their advocacy position, as a legal fact, which it never has been.
On the Question of Pornography and Sexual Violence: Moving Beyond Cause and Effect
Authors: Cameron Deborah , Frazer Elizabeth
Published: October 2023

What is to be done about pornography? Whenever feminists raise this question-and they have raised it insistently, on both sides of the Atlantic-one particular issue can be counted on to dominate discussion. That issue is: does pornography actually have significant effects in terms of causing violent and misogynistic behaviour? Can we, in other words, establish a firm relationship between the sphere of representation where pornography is located, and the sphere of action in which specific individuals harm other individuals? Any feminist who objects to pornography is immediately challenged to demonstrate such a causal relationship; anyone who doubts that the relationship exists is under pressure to concede that pornography is not a problem. The entire agenda for debate is drawn up in terms of this question.
Looking for Women’s Rights in the Rainbow: Pornography, Censorship, and the ‘New’ South Africa
Authors: Loots Lliane
Published: October 2023

After the first democratic election ever held in South Africa on the 27th of April 1994, South Africa ostensibly shed the shackles of apartheid legislation and became what Archbishop Desmond Tutu had so often called South Africa: a ‘Rainbow Nation’. With the thrill of ‘one person, one vote’ keeping South Africans euphoric for some time, it was only awhile later that the golden haze of this ‘rainbow’ started to cloud over. The depth of the legacy of apartheid law started to manifest itself in how difficult it was for our ‘new’ South Africa to begin shifting and changing legal practices. South Africa’s National Party government had hegemonically constructed and used a legal system to justify racist apartheid state power. While this legal system operated in many seemingly non-race related areas, such as the censorship of sexually explicit material,
Just Looking for Trouble: Robert Mapplethorpe and Fantasies of Race
Authors: Mercer Kobena
Published: October 2023

How does ‘race’ feature in the politics of anti-pornography? Well, it does and it doesn’t. ‘Race’ is present as an emotive figure of speech in the rhetoric of certain feminist anti-pornography arguments; yet ‘race’ is also markedly absent, since there appears to be no distinctly black perspective on the contentious issues of sexuality, censorship and representation that underpin the volatile nature of the anti-porn debate. Although Audre Lorde and Alice Walker made important contributions early on in the debate in the United States over a decade ago, the question of pornography has hardly been a top priority on the agenda of black feminist politics in Britain in the 1980s and early 1990s.1 lf it is indeed the case that white and black women have not been equally involved in the anti-porn movement, or have not made it a shared political priority, then we have to ask:
Polemical Preface Pornography in the Service of Women
Authors: Carter Angela
Published: October 2023

Pornographers are the enemies of women only because our con temporary ideology of pornography does not encompass the possibility of change, as if we were the slaves of history and not its makers, as if sexual relations were not necessarily an expression of social relations, as if sex itself were an external fact, one as immutable as the weather, creating human practice but never a part of it.
Introduction
Authors: Polizzotto Lorenzo
Published: October 2023

Piagnoni, Frateschi, Collitorti, Stropiccioni, Masticapaternostri, Pin zocheroni, Jerosomilitani, Hieronimini:these and other names were applied with varying degrees of ferocity to the followers of Fra Girolamo Savonarola.1 Whether clerics or laymen, Savonarola’s followers were classed together by their enemies under one or other of these headings. Over time, the epithets dwindled in number until two of them, Frateschiand Piagnoni,came to the fore. But all were calculated to arouse a precisely calibrated range of emotions, from scorn at one extreme to fear at the other. They were intended to undermine the Savonarolans by calling into question their motives, their credibility, and even their sanity. Most were designed to stress the factionality of the Savonarolans and their divisive effects on society.
International Copyright Law and Policy
Authors: Lewinski Silke von
Published: October 2023

This book deals comprehensively with the major treaties and conventions covering the law of international copyright and neighbouring rights. It explains the complex legal, economic and political background to the treaties and their contents, and how they inter-relate. There is also practical commercial discussion of how copyright and neighbouring rights are treated in international trade measures such as GATT, WTO, NAFTA, and bilateral and unilateral treaties, with a section devoted to how unilateral trade measures are applied by the USA in particular. There is also some discussion of how international copyright law and neighbouring rights may develop in the future. The book is intended to be a definitive account of the law of international copyright and neighbouring rights, but it is also intended to be accessible to non-specialist practitioners. It is fully cross-referenced to a forthcoming companion volume, European Copyright Law and Policy (expected to publish in 2008), offering readers a comprehensive approach to the subject. The author has been consulted on copyright policy on numerous occasions by various governmental and non-governmental organisations within and outside the EC, and therefore is ideally placed to give an inside view on how policy is formed.
‘Cross+Check’ System: Experiential Knowledge Reasoning Application
Authors: Dean Geoff , Gottschalk Petter
Published: October 2023

Introduction

This is the first of three practical application chapters on specifically designed technological systems for the management of police knowledge. The importance of these applications, presented over the next three chapters, rests on the fundamental distinction made in various ways throughout this book that information lies outside the brain but knowledge is to be found inside it. All three application systems seek to exploit the ‘inside’ or tacit knowledge in the head of experienced police officers.

This chapter introduces an experiential knowledge reasoning system called ‘Cross+Check’ which is designed to capture and utilize police expertise in the investigative domain. The rich diversity of the cumulative experience of individual officers contributes directly to the intellectual capital of a police/law enforcement agency.
‘Investigative Pathways’ System: Neural Network Mapping Application
Authors: Dean Geoff , Gottschalk Petter
Published: October 2023

The application system discussed in this chapter builds on the same conceptual foundation as the fuzzy experiential knowledge reasoning system in the previous chapter; in that this ‘Investigative Pathways’ application also utilizes the notion of police knowledge triangles (PKTs) as the conceptual basis of police work, as well as being related to the ‘Expert System’ (ES) branch of the artificial intelligence (AI) field.

However, what is different about the application in this chapter is that it works more like a neural network rather than a pure fuzzy system, although fuzzy systems are a sister technology to neural networks (Kosko 1999). In essence, neural networks are ‘brain-like’ learning systems. Neural systems are pattern computers. They are able to learn, store, and recall the fuzzy patterns in facial recognition software, personal identification, fraudulent insurance claims, and so forth.
The Lukewarm Peace 1970–1979
Authors: Lindley-French Julian
Published: October 2023

1970–1979 The Lukewarm Peace begins with a United States mired in a costly and failing war in Vietnam and unable to exert the influence it once enjoyed over its fractious European allies. It also begins with a Soviet Union less credible by the day as an ideological power. Consequently, Moscow and Washington begin to forge an ever more direct relationship, often bypassing their European allies and satellites, because by the 1970s the legitimacy of superpower can only be justified by the existence of the other. It is a direct relationship of which Europeans are suspicious not least when Washington and Moscow negotiate a raft of strategic arms control treaties over the heads of the European Allies. In 1970 talks commence between the US and Soviet Union on a Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT), which is duly signed on 26 May, 1972, along with the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty. It is a far cry from the early days of the Cold War and American nuclear monopoly. Indeed, the ABM Treaty is a very un-American treaty designed as it is to ensure the mutual vulnerability that both sides accept as the price for nuclear stability and thus never sits comfortably with the Washington political establishment.
A Brave New Century? 2000–2007
Authors: Lindley-French Julian
Published: October 2023

2000–2007 A Brave New Century: In November 2000 a new kind of American president is elected from an old kind of American political dynasty. The seventh age of European security and defence is born. If Margaret Thatcher was famous not for turning, George W. Bush is famous for not compromising. American interest and the export of the American idea are to be the American way in a world divided neatly into friends and enemies. Beyond the endless ruminations of the chattering classes little attention is paid. American presidents always enter the White House with big ideas and, so the dictum goes, are rapidly forced by what former British Prime Minister Harold MacMillan called ‘events’ to live with the world as it is, not as they would like it to be. That truism is to be tragically proven, but not without struggle.
Bail
Authors: Newton Ben
Published: October 2023

The right to bail is firmly enshrined within both Article 5 and the Bail Act 1976, and at first glance the similarities are more striking than the differences. Differences there are though, and the way in which each has developed over time (Article 5 through the jurisprudence of the European Court, and the Bail Act primarily through amendment by Parliament) means that a careful analysis of the interplay between the two remains essential to any understanding of what the right to bail actually means for a criminal defendant.
Victims of Crime and the Criminal Justice System
Authors: Gerry Alison
Published: October 2023

This chapter will consider the rights of victims and their treatment within the criminal justice system. It will first briefly set out relevant international and regional human rights instruments and standards concerning the rights of victims of crime, and then look specifically at the European Convention on Human Rights and measures in place in England and Wales aimed at ensuring that victims’ rights are recognized and respected within the criminal justice system.
Path to the New World
Authors: Philp Mark
Published: October 2023

Thomas Paine (1737–1809), author and revolutionary, was born in Thetford, Norfolk, on 29 January 1737, the first of two children of Joseph Pain (1708–1787), stay-maker and tenant farmer, and Frances Cocke (1697–c .1790), daughter of Thomas Cocke, attorney and town clerk of Thetford. Paine’s only sibling, Elizabeth, born a year later, died aged seven months. Paine’s father was a Quaker and his mother an Anglican, and it is likely that Paine was baptized into the Anglican church, as was his sister. Paine’s father retained his Quaker principles and, though Thomas was confirmed, his father forbade him to learn Latin when he attended the local grammar school at the age of seven.
National Banks of Belgium and the Netherlands: Happy with the Euro
Authors: Maes Ivo , Verdun Amy
Published: October 2023

Financial integration and monetary union have affected the functions, structures, and powers of European central banks. The scope and content of central bank policies have changed, as has the central focus of the policies. With the creation of the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) and the Eurosystem, European national central banks have become part of a collective system in which monetary policy is set centrally by the Governing Council. The ESCB consists of the European Central Bank and all the EU national central banks (NCBs). The Eurosystem comprises the ECB and the NCBs of EU Member States that have adopted the euro. Given that they are now part of a larger system that sets monetary policy of the euro area, as such, the individual national central banks of the Eurosystem have no sovereignty to set independent national monetary policies as had been the case in the past.
Dispute Settlement in the WTO
Authors: Lowenfeld Andreas F
Published: October 2023

Inevitably, the WTO system of dispute settlement builds on the practices in the GATT as they had evolved over five decades. But whereas those practices had grown up largely in a series of informal or ‘pragmatic ‘ arrangements based on two articles of the General Agreement that gave little guidance—indeed did not even mention the idea of panels—the Understanding on Dispute Settlement is set out in an elaborate treaty of 27 articles and four appendices subscribed to by all member states of the World Trade Organization and applicable to virtually all of the WTO agreements. Moreover, the WTO system of dispute settlement contains two major innovations—provision for appellate review of panel decisions by a standing Appellate Body, and provision for compensation or retaliation if a respondent party found to be out of compliance does not repeal or modify its objectionable practice.
The Arabian Frontier of the British Raj
Authors: Onley James
Published: October 2023

The Arabian Frontier of the British Raj is a study of one of the most forbidding frontier zones of Britain’s Indian Empire. The Gulf Residency, responsible for Britain’s relationship with Eastern Arabia and Southern Persia, was part of an extensive network of political residencies that surrounded and protected British India. Based on extensive archival research in both the Gulf and Britain, this book examines how Britain’s Political Resident in the Gulf and his very small cadre of British officers maintained the Pax Britannica on the waters of the Gulf, protected British interests throughout the region, and managed political relations with the dozens of Arab rulers and governors on both shores of the Gulf. James Onley looks at the secret to the Gulf Residency’s effectiveness – the extent to which the British worked within the indigenous political systems of the Gulf. He examines the way in which Arab rulers in need of protection collaborated with the Resident to maintain the Pax Britannica, while influential men from affluent Arab, Persian, and Indian merchant families served as the Resident’s ‘native agents’ (compradors) in over half of the political posts within the Gulf Residency.
A Constrained Future for Gas in Europe?
Authors: Honoré Anouk , Stern Jonathan
Published: October 2023

Natural gas was virtually unknown in Western Europe until after the Second World War, when fields began to be developed in France and Italy. Dutch gas was discovered in 1959 and gas was found in the North Sea, by England and Norway, in the 1960s. In the 1970s and 1980s, gas markets developed as a consequence of the 1973/4 and 1979/80 oil price shocks, in order to substitute gas for oil products. Its uses were concentrated in the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors. The use of gas for power generation was predominantly based on domestic gas, but was limited in most countries as it was believed to be an inefficient use of a ‘premium fuel’.
Climate Change Negotiations: Past and Future
Authors: Barrett Scott
Published: October 2023

In the history of large-scale, international negotiations, no issue has attracted as much attention as global climate change (the previous record holder was the Law of the Sea negotiations). For over 15 years, numerous negotiating sessions have been held, involving huge delegations, supported in turn by countless domestic meetings among specialized agencies and ministries, colossal efforts by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to synthesize the scientific evidence, and the further attentions of environmental groups, businesses, and academics. The input into this process has been unprecedented.
Introduction
Authors: Freixas Xavier , Philipp Hartmann , Mayer Colin
Published: October 2023

This book brings together leading economists and financial experts from around the world to provide a European perspective on developments in financial markets and institutions. Since Walter Bagehot and Joseph Schumpeter, it has been well known that financial systems are critical for economic productivity, growth, and welfare. Europe is a particularly interesting continent to analyse because of its size and importance in the world economy, the recent introduction of the euro—already today one of the world’s two key currencies—the historically high degree of fragmentation and diversity of its financial systems, and the pace of integration that has been recently pursued.
Finance and growth A macroeconomic assessment of the evidence from a European angle
Authors: Papaioannou Elias
Published: October 2023

Recent research has provided compelling evidence that financial development exerts a significantly positive efiect on economic growth. Ross Levine (2005) provides a thorough review of both the theoretical and empirical work linking the depth and breadth of capital markets to economic performance. The current study aims to be complementary to Levine’s extensive review. It does so by trying to place the, This chapter was written when the author was working at the Financial Research Division of the European Central Bank.
Financial Integration And Economic Welfare
Authors: SøRensen Sebnem Kalemli-Ozcan Bent
Published: October 2023

Across the world financial markets are becoming increasingly more integrated. Economists usually consider this a good thing while to the general public ‘globalization’ sometimes has a sinister ring. Being written by economists, this essay will stress the advantages of financial integration. For a more comprehensive discussion, see Obstfeld and Taylor (2004) who provide an excellent account of the many issues surrounding global capital markets. Most academic economists argue that financial integration has positive efiects on growth and risk sharing for most countries although exact, or even approximate, quantification of these efiects is elusive for researchers.
Monetary Policy Implementation
Authors: Nyborg Ulrich Bindseil Kjell G
Published: October 2023

Monetary policy implementation is one of the most significant areas of interaction between central banking and financial markets. Historically, how this interaction takes place has been viewed as having an important impact on the ultimate objective of monetary policy, for example price stability or stimulating economic growth. In this chapter, we survey difierent approaches to monetary policy implementation. We cover briefly some of the historical trends, but give particular attention to the practice that is now (again) very common worldwide; namely, targeting short-term interest rates.
The Magician
Authors: Ryrie Alec
Published: October 2023

Gregory Wisdom was, of course, a trickster, a liar, and a thief. He made much of his living by weaving illusions, the most lucrative of which was the illusion of magical power. All his dealings with Henry, Lord Neville were built around boasts that he could do things which in fact he could not do. And clearly, a great deal of this was deliberate fraud. But all?

The picture which Lord Henry painted from his prison cell was not one of a wholly cynical charlatan. The final episode, of the attempted murder, only makes sense if Wisdom had believed he might actually be able to do it. Only if the old earl had died would he have been able to lay his hands on a really substantial slice of the Neville family fortune, and there is no sign that he was offered any cash up front.
From the Heart of Darkness to Twenty-First-Century Guilt
Authors: Taithe Bertrand
Published: October 2023

Writing in 1934 on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of the French arrival on the river Niger, a commemoration which had brought back to Soudan the survivors of the conquest, de Trentinian, Gouraud, Gaden, Quinquandon, and Peltier ‘whose youth was galloping next to our door to escort our symbolic convoy’, the humanist colonial administrator Robert Delavig-nette nailed down the contrast between old and new, between colonial administrators and conquerors. Archinard had his statue in Bamako—but it is that other statue, the living one of the abandoned African lover that matters here. The memory of the colonial encounter was one inscribed on more than one body.
Conclusion: A New Shelf-Life?
Authors: Swift Helen J .
Published: October 2023

An anonymous late medieval trial debate introduces Le Procés des femmes et des pulces, composé par ung frere mineur pélerin, retournant des Hirrelendes, où il apprint la vraye recepte pour prendre et faire mourir les pulces, laquelle sera déclairée cy après à la diffinitive dudict Procès. The poem stages a dispute between a Woman and a Flea. The plaintiff, La Femme, submits to the jurisdiction of a Cordelier her case against La Pulce, recommending that the Flea should face the death penalty for his incessant torment of her tender skin. The Cordelier decides this ‘matiere criminelle’ in the Woman’s favour and concludes proceedings by presenting his promised recipe for flea-repellent ointment.
Declaring Independence
Authors: Folbre Nancy
Published: October 2023

The famous woman’s rights activists of the nineteenth-century United States, such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, have seldom been considered contributors to economic theory. The issues they pursued, including gender inequality and family law, were not of interest to most economists. Their ideas were presented, for the most part, in speeches and newspaper articles, rather than in weighty tomes. Their style was often narrative and discursive rather than analytical. Within the realm of political economy, their formidable English allies Harriet Martineau, John Stuart Mill, and Harriet Taylor upstaged them.
The Icy Waters
Authors: Folbre Nancy
Published: October 2023

By most Eurocentric accounts, the nineteenth was the most capitalist of centuries. The expansion of trade and technological change in the now affluent countries of Britain, France, and the U.S. gained visible momentum. The factory became the iconic site of production, and the corporation its iconic legal form. Karl Marx, largely responsible for the term “capitalism”, became its most iconic critic. The German political economist spent most of his life in London, the epicenter of the new and apparently dominant mode of production, trying to understand its laws of motion. He enjoyed the friendship, support, and collaboration of his countryman, Friedrich Engels, whose father was a financially successful factory owner.
Human Capitalism
Authors: Folbre Nancy
Published: October 2023

The world is not so governed from above that private and social interest always coincide. It is not so managed here below that in practice they coincide. It is not a correct deduction from the principles of economics that enlightened self-interest always operates in the public interest. Nor is it true that self-interest generally is enlightened; more often individuals acting separately to promote their own ends are too ignorant or too weak to attain even these.
The Demand for Money
Authors: Bofinger Peter , Reischle Julian , Schachter Andrea
Published: October 2023

The demand for money is closely related to functions and to the definition of money. As we have seen, ‘money’ can be defined in quite different ways. Thus, the demand for ‘money’ will be different depending on the combination of assets that are included in a specific monetary aggregate. The standard approaches to the demand for money focus on a narrow concept of money as it is defined by the money stock Ml. Thus, in the basic models it is assumed that money is a non-interest-bearing asset. However, with some modifications, a theory of the demand for broader monetary aggregates can also be developed.