bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clustering analysis of Yue opera character tone trends based on quantum particle swarm optimization for fuzzy C-means
Authors: Zhang Yuhang , Wu Xiaofeng , Xu Jiawei , Ning Zihao , Han Xiao
Published: January 2025

This study develops an innovative method for analyzing and clustering tonal trends in Chinese Yue Opera to identify different vocal styles accurately. Linear interpolation is applied to process the time series data of vocal melodies, addressing inconsistent feature dimensions. The second-order difference method extracts tonal trend features. We introduce a fuzzy C-means clustering method enhanced by quantum particle swarm optimization (QPSO) to manage data uncertainties, improving classification accuracy and convergence speed. Additionally, we employ a cross-correlation function to eliminate uncertainties from tonal transition redundancies. We designed a detection algorithm using trend data to validate our clustering method, thereby enhancing the accuracy of the analysis of tonal ranges and potential models. This method detects whether Yue Opera adheres to traditional rhythmic norms and models the regularity of musical tones and vocal patterns. Simulation results reveal that our approach achieves a 91.4% accuracy in classifying vocal styles, surpassing traditional methods and demonstrating its potential for identifying various styles. This research offers technical support for Yue Opera music education and interdisciplinary research. The findings enhance the quality of artistic creation and performance in Yue Opera, ensuring its preservation and development.
Trump tariffs and the U.S. defense industry
Authors: Klomp Jeroen
Published: January 2025

In March 2018, U.S. President Trump announced that the U.S. would start imposing tariffs on steel and aluminum imports from most exporting countries around the world. This study explores the impact of introducing these tariffs on the equity return of U.S. defense companies. As the defense industry stands among the largest metal consumers in the U.S., it is expected that these import restrictions have deteriorated the business performance of the U.S. defense industry. For this study, a novel trade uncertainty indicator has been constructed that is based on the key events related to the invocation of Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act. This section empowers the President to impose trade restrictions when the quantity of imports threatens to impair national security. My empirical analysis reveals that investors perceived the introduction of the steel and aluminum tariffs as detrimental to U.S. defense companies. The negative abnormal stock returns in the days around several key tariff-related events evidence this. Already in the period before the Department of Commerce released the findings of its investigation, investors were speculating on the possible introduction of trade barriers. However, the height of the imposed tariff exceeded their expectations since the negative sentiment was further reinforced after the official announcement of the tariff by President Trump.
Sulfur dioxide exposure of mice induces peribronchiolar fibrosis—A defining feature of deployment-related constrictive bronchiolitis
Authors: Teitz-Tennenbaum Seagal , Marinetti Kayla N. , Lahiri Shayanki , Siddiqui Khadijah , Flory Celia , Tennenbaum Karinne , Hicks Helen G. , Song Brian , Ganguly Anutosh , Osterholzer John J.
Published: January 2025

Deployment-related constrictive bronchiolitis (DRCB) has emerged as a health concern in military personnel returning from Southwest Asia. Exposure to smoke from a fire at the Al-Mishraq sulfur enrichment facility and/or burn pits was reported by a subset of Veterans diagnosed with this disorder. DRCB is characterized by thickening and fibrosis of small airways (SA) in the lung, but whether these are related to toxin inhalation remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to determine whether sulfur dioxide (SO2) exposure can induce histopathological features of DRCB. C57BL/6J mice were exposed to 50 ± 5 ppm SO2 for one hour/day for five consecutive days. Lungs from exposed and unexposed mice were evaluated on day 5, 10, and 20. Lung sections were stained using hematoxylin and eosin, Masson’s trichrome, picrosirius red (PSR), and immunofluorescence for club cell secretory protein, acetylated-α-tubulin, and Ki67. Small airway wall thickness was determined by morphometric analysis and collagen content was quantified by measuring PSR fluorescence intensity. CurveAlign and CT-FIRE were used to enumerate collagen fibers and assess fibers’ width and length, respectively. Leukocyte subpopulations were quantified by flow cytometry analysis. This protocol of SO2 exposure of mice: 1) Triggered club cell proliferation and differentiation; 2) Increased SA wall thickness by inducing subepithelial collagen deposition; and 3) Increased width, length, and number, but not density, of collagen fibers within the wall of SA. 4) Induced no peribronchiolar inflammation or respiratory bronchiolitis. Collectively, these findings implicate club cell proliferation and differentiation in the profibrotic response to SO2 and identify this SO2 exposure as a potentially effective though imperfect model for studying SA fibrosis in DRCB.
Distribution characteristics and pollution assessment of heavy metals in typical black soil profiles of Haicheng city, Liaoning province, China
Authors: Li Ziqi , Gong Cang , Ai Xiaojun , Liu Xiaohuang , Zhao Xiaofeng , Liu Jiufen
Published: January 2025

In order to understand the spatial distribution, influencing factors, pollution level and sources of heavy metals in black soil profiles in Northeast China, black soil profile samples were collected from five sampling points in Haicheng City, Liaoning Province, with the deepest profile depth of 50m. The contents of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn) in soil at different depths were analyzed, and the distribution characteristics and influencing factors of heavy metals in black soil profiles were analyzed. The pollution level of heavy metals in soil was evaluated based on the geo-accumulation index method and enrichment factor method, and the sources of heavy metals in soil were analyzed based on principal component analysis. The results show that the content ranges of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn in the surface soil of the five profile sampling points are 7.74–16.5μg/g, 0.14–0.38μg/g, 75.4–104μg/g, 20.6–36.1μg/g, 0.031–0.20μg/g, 27.8–45.6μg/g, 28.5–45.6μg/g and 56.8–158μg/g, respectively. The Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb contents in the surface soil of the five profiles all exceeded the soil background values in Liaoning and China. Except for profile HCZK02, the contents of 8 heavy metals generally decrease with increasing depth. As the depth of profile HCZK02 increases, As, Hg and Pb show a decrease-increase-decrease change; Cd and Cr show a decrease change and Ni shows a zigzag change; Cu and Zn show a decreasing-increasing-decreasing-increasing trend. Corg, N, TC and TFe2O3 in the profile soil have a very significant impact on the vertical distribution characteristics of heavy metals. There are certain differences in the pollution degree of heavy metals in the surface soil of different profiles. Except for profile HCB01, where Cd and Hg in the surface soil are at moderate pollution levels, the heavy metals in the surface soil of the other profiles are at non-pollution to mild pollution levels. Principal component analysis results show that As, Cr, Cu and Ni belong to natural sources, Cd and Hg belong to anthropogenic sources from agricultural activities-atmospheric deposition, and Pb and Zn have both sources.
Insights into the representativeness of biodiversity assessment in large reservoir through eDNA metabarcoding
Authors: Cortez Thainá , Torres André , Guimarães Murilo , Pinheiro Henrique , Cabral Marcelo , Zielinsky Gabriel , Pereira Camila , de Castro Giovanni , Guerreiro Luana , Americo Juliana , do Amaral Danielle , Rebelo Mauro
Published: January 2025

Monitoring biodiversity on a large scale, such as in hydropower reservoirs, poses scientific challenges. Conventional methods such as passive fishing gear are prone to various biases, while the utilization of environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding has been restricted. Most eDNA studies have primarily focused on replicating results from traditional methods, which themselves have limitations regarding representativeness and bias. In our study, we employed eDNA metabarcoding with three markers (12SrRNA, COI, and 16SrRNA) to evaluate the biodiversity of an 800 km2 reservoir. We utilized hydrodynamic modeling to determine water flow velocity and the water renewal ratio throughout the study area. Additionally, we conducted statistical comparisons—rarefaction curves and multivariate methods—among samples as an alternative approach to assess biodiversity representation. The eDNA identified taxa previously documented in the reservoir by traditional monitoring methods, as well as revealed 29 –nine fishes and 20 non-fish—previously unreported species. These results highlight the robustness of eDNA as a biodiversity monitoring technique. Our findings also indicated that by randomly sampling 30% of the original number of samples, we could effectively capture the same biodiversity. This approach enabled us to comprehend the reservoir’s biodiversity profile and propose a straightforward, cost-effective monitoring protocol for the future based on eDNA.
Prevalence of HIV infection and uptake of HIV/AIDs services among fishermen on the shores of Lake Victoria in Kagera region, Northwestern Tanzania
Authors: Mwanahapa Patrick , Mtoro Mtoro J. , Gerald Dina , Horumpende Pius , Mujeeb Salaam
Published: January 2025

Introduction

The Tanzania HIV Impact Survey (THIS) 2022–2023 showed that HIV prevalence among the general population stabilises but varies geographically across the country. Despite this, disproportionate burdens of HIV continue among specific subpopulations, such as fishermen. Fishermen are particularly vulnerable to HIV infection and have a low uptake of HIV prevention and treatment services. This study aimed to understand the prevalence of HIV infection, uptake of HIV/AIDs services, and associated risk factors of HIV Infection among fishermen residing along the shores of Lake Victoria in the Kagera region, Tanzania, in 2024.

Methods

A cross-sectional study among fishermen was employed from February to April 2024, using convenient sampling of 10 beach management units (BMUs) to obtain a robust sample of fishermen aged ≥15 years in Kagera. Participants were randomly selected across BMUs. Information was collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire, and HIV testing was offered on-site according to national testing guidelines. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with HIV infection, adjusted for potential confounders.

Results

A total of 774 fishermen with a median age of 31 years (interquartile range: 25–38 years) were recruited. The study found an HIV prevalence of 11.3% (95% CI: 9.2–13.8). HIV prevalence varied across selected districts: 12.7% in Muleba District, 10.1% in Bukoba Rural District, and 8.6% in Bukoba Urban District. The HIV prevalence was highest among fishermen aged 20–24 years (14.7% (95% CI: 9.7–21.5). The majority, 60.9% (95% CI: 57.4–64.2), had tested for HIV in the past 12 months. Of those living with HIV, 77.6% (95% CI: 67.3–85.9) self-reported using anti-retroviral therapy. In adjusted analysis, using alcohol before sex (aOR = 2.32, 95 CI: 1.42–3.80), not testing for HIV in the last 12 months (aOR = 4.69, 95% CI: 2.79–7.88), and not using condoms (aOR = 1.94, 95% CI: 1.13–3.27) were significantly associated with HIV infection among fishermen.

Conclusion

HIV prevalence among fishermen was nearly twice as high as in the general population in Kagera. HIV programming should be strengthened to reduce new HIV infections. Hotspot mapping to expand HIV prevention and treatment services is pivotal for controlling the HIV epidemic.
Generative adversarial local density-based unsupervised anomaly detection
Authors: Li Xinliang , Peng Jianmin , Li Wenjing , Song Zhiping , Du Xusheng
Published: January 2025

Anomaly detection is crucial in areas such as financial fraud identification, cybersecurity defense, and health monitoring, as it directly affects the accuracy and security of decision-making. Existing generative adversarial nets (GANs)-based anomaly detection methods overlook the importance of local density, limiting their effectiveness in detecting anomaly objects in complex data distributions. To address this challenge, we introduce a generative adversarial local density-based anomaly detection (GALD) method, which combines the data distribution modeling capabilities of GANs with local synthetic density analysis. This approach not only considers different data distributions but also incorporates neighborhood relationships, enhancing anomaly detection accuracy. First, by utilizing the adversarial process of GANs, including the loss function and the rarity of anomaly objects, we constrain the generator to primarily fit the probability distribution of normal objects during the unsupervised training process; Subsequently, a synthetic dataset is sampled from the generator, and the local synthetic density, which is defined by measuring the inverse of the sum of distances between a data point and all objects in its synthetic neighborhood, is calculated; Finally, the objects that show substantial density deviations from the synthetic data are classified as anomaly objects. Extensive experiments on seven real-world datasets from various domains, including medical diagnostics, industrial monitoring, and material analysis, were conducted using seven state-of-the-art anomaly detection methods as benchmarks. The GALD method achieved an average AUC of 0.874 and an accuracy of 94.34%, outperforming the second-best method by 7.2% and 6%, respectively.
Effect of bar jump height on kinetics and kinematics of take-off in agility dogs
Authors: Inkilä Leena , Boström Anna , Valadão Pedro , Avela Janne , Walker Simon , Mäkitaipale Johanna , Bergh Anna , Hyytiäinen Heli K.
Published: January 2025

Sport-related injuries have been reported to occur in around one-third of agility dogs. Higher bar height in competitions has been shown to increase odds of an injury. This study evaluated the effect of bar height on the kinetics and kinematics at take-off to a bar jump. Forces from fore- and hindlimb pairs were measured with force plates. A three-dimensional motion capture system was used to measure sagittal joint kinematics of the shoulder, elbow, carpus, hip, stifle, and tarsal joints, as well as limb coordination, trunk horizontal velocity, take-off distance, and take-off angle. Data were collected for 17 Border Collies at three different bar heights: 80%, 100%, and 120% of wither height. A linear mixed model was used for statistical analysis. At higher bar height, decelerative impulses were greater and accelerative impulses decreased along with greater vertical impulses from forelimb and hindlimb pairs (p<0.001). Post-hoc analyses revealed differences between all three bar heights (p<0.01), except for forelimb decelerative impulse, which did not differ between 80% and 100% heights. Sagittal range of motion was greater, through increased peak flexion or extension, at 120% bar height than at lower bar heights (p<0.05) in almost all measured limb joints. The only exceptions were leading forelimb shoulder and elbow joints and leading hindlimb hip joint. With increasing bar height, the horizontal velocity of trunk decreased (p<0.001), and take-off angle became steeper (p<0.001), with all bar heights differing from each other (p<0.01). Temporal synchronicity between trailing and leading limbs increased and craniocaudal distance decreased in forelimbs (p<0.05) and hindlimbs (p<0.01) as bar height increased. Increased vertical and decelerative impulses, as well as the greater peak flexion and extension angles of joints, may indicate greater load on the tissues at higher bar heights, which could explain the increased odds of injury at higher bar heights in agility dogs.
Dynamic emotion intensity estimation from physiological signals facilitating interpretation via appraisal theory
Authors: Barradas Isabel , Tschiesner Reinhard , Peer Angelika
Published: January 2025

Appraisal models, such as the Scherer’s Component Process Model (CPM), represent an elegant framework for the interpretation of emotion processes, advocating for computational models that capture emotion dynamics. Today’s emotion recognition research, however, typically classifies discrete qualities or categorised dimensions, neglecting the dynamic nature of emotional processes and thus limiting interpretability based on appraisal theory. In our research, we estimate emotion intensity from multiple physiological features associated to the CPM’s neurophysiological component using dynamical models with the aim of bringing insights into the relationship between physiological dynamics and perceived emotion intensity. To this end, we employ nonlinear autoregressive exogeneous (NARX) models, as their parameters can be interpreted within the CPM. In our experiment, emotions of varying intensities are induced for three distinct qualities while physiological signals are measured, and participants assess their subjective feeling in real time. Using data-extracted physiological features, we train intrasubject and intersubject intensity models using a genetic algorithm, which outperform traditional sliding-window linear regression, providing a robust basis for interpretation. The NARX model parameters obtained, interpreted by appraisal theory, indicate consistent heart rate parameters in the intersubject models, suggesting a large temporal contribution that aligns with the CPM-predicted changes.
Nebulization of 2% lidocaine has no detectable impact on the healthy equine respiratory microbiota
Authors: Holley Lauren , Creasey Hannah N. , Bedenice Daniela , Reed Sarah , Romualdo da Silva Debora Regina , Trautwein Victoria , Mazan Melissa , Widmer Giovanni
Published: January 2025

Glucocorticosteroids remain the most common pharmaceutical approach for the treatment of equine asthma but can be associated with significant side effects, including respiratory microbiome alterations. The goal of the study was to assess the impact of 2% lidocaine nebulization, a projected alternative treatment of equine asthma, on the healthy equine respiratory microbiota. A prospective, randomized, controlled, blinded, 2-way crossover study was performed, to assess the effect of 1 mg/kg 2% lidocaine (7 treatments over 4 days) on the equine respiratory microbiota compared to control horses (saline and no treatment). Clinical assessments and respiratory samples, including nasal wash, endoscopic tracheal aspirate and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, were obtained at each sample collection timepoint. The profile of the respiratory bacterial microbiota was evaluated using 16S amplicon sequencing, and clinical data compared using related samples analyses, based on data normality. The treatment did not affect the clinical data or alter the tracheal and nasal microbiota in healthy horses. However, time explained 12.6% of microbiota variation among samples. A significant difference in bacterial composition was observed between nasal and tracheal samples, showing the greatest relative abundance of Actinobacteria and Firmicutes, respectively. Bacterial DNA from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid did not amplify with generic primers targeting the V4 variable region of the prokaryotic small subunit ribosomal RNA gene, despite attempting multiple DNA extraction methods and PCR protocols, and after excluding PCR inhibition. This observation indicates that bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of healthy horses has a low bacterial load.
The relationship between vitamin A and myopia: A population-based study
Authors: Lee Yeo Jin , Jee Donghyun
Published: January 2025

Purpose

We sought to evaluate the relationship between blood vitamin A levels and myopia in adults aged ≥20 years in Korea.

Methods

We collected data of 15,899 participants aged ≥20 years from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Participants underwent refraction tests to identify myopia and high myopia, and their blood pressure and obesity levels were measured. Blood tests were conducted to assess vitamin A, fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, and total cholesterol levels. Blood vitamin A levels were classified into quartiles.

Results

After adjusting for confounding variables like age, sex, income, education, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity, the odds ratio (OR) of blood vitamin A in the second quartile for myopia was 0.66, while the OR in the fourth quartile was 0.74 (P for trend < 0.001). Among women, the ORs for myopia in the second and third quartiles of blood vitamin A levels were 0.48 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.35–0.66) and 0.67 (95% CI, 0.49–0.90), respectively (P for trend < 0.001). In men, the ORs for high myopia in the second, third, and fourth quartiles of blood vitamin A levels were 0.05 (95% CI, 0.004–0.58), 0.15 (95% CI, 0.024–0.91), and 0.05 (95% CI, 0.008–0.364), respectively (P for trend < 0.001).

Conclusion

An inverse relationship was observed between higher blood vitamin A levels and the prevalence of myopia. Notably, higher blood vitamin A levels were associated with a lower prevalence of high myopia in men and a lower prevalence of myopia in women.
Physical measures of physical functioning as prognostic factors in predicting outcomes for neck and thoracic pain: Protocol for a systematic review
Authors: Begum Rabea , Rushton Alison , El Chamaa Alaa , Walton David , Parikh Paul
Published: January 2025

Background

Spinal pain is prevalent and burdensome worldwide. A large proportion of patients with neck and thoracic pain experience chronic symptoms, which can significantly impact their physical functioning. Therefore, it is important to understand factors predicting outcome to inform effective examination and treatment. Knowledge of physical measures of physical functioning as prognostic factors can enhance patient-centered care and aid decision-making. The evidence regarding physical outcome measures as prognostic factors for neck and thoracic pain is unclear. The objective of this study is to summarize the evidence for physical outcome measures of physical functioning as prognostic factors in predicting outcomes in people with neck and thoracic pain.

Methods and analysis

This systematic review follows Cochrane guidelines and aligns with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P). Included studies will be prospective longitudinal cohort studies in which physical measures of physical functioning are explored as prognostic factors for adults with neck and thoracic pain. A comprehensive search will be performed in key databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science) and the grey literature, with hand searches of key journals, and the reference lists of included studies. Two reviewers will independently perform study selection, data extraction, risk of bias assessment (QUIPS, Quality in Prognostic Studies tool), and quality assessment (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation).

Implications

This systematic review will identify physical measures of physical functioning prognostic factors for neck and thoracic pain populations. Findings will inform researchers about gaps in existing evidence, and clinicians about factors to aid their clinical decisions and to enhance the overall quality of care for individuals with neck and thoracic pain.
A missing link: The interdependence between sugar-sweetened beverage and cigarette consumption from China
Authors: Liu Lu , Chen Kevin
Published: January 2025

Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and cigarettes are addictive substances and addictive substances are often related in consumption with each other. However, the potential interdependence between SSB and cigarette consumption has not been explored in the literature. As SSB and cigarette consumption have posed a great threat to individual health, the knowledge of such interdependence is critical for policymakers to design and coordinate government interventions. We thus employed Heckman sample selection model and simultaneous equation model to identify and validate the interdependence between SSB and cigarette consumption across subgroups exhibiting different smoking behaviors with individual-level data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) during the period from 2004 to 2011. We find that SSBs and cigarettes are complements in that individuals who ever smoked are more likely to consume SSBs frequently with higher level of SSB intake eventually and SSB intake of current smokers increases along with the amount of cigarettes smoked. SSBs and cigarettes are also substitutes in that former smokers are more likely to consume SSBs compared with current smokers. The complementary relation observed among current smokers implies that government interventions targeting one of the two goods may yield a double dividend effect on health whereas the substitutable relation displayed by former smokers suggests that the health effect of interventions designed to reduce the consumption of one good may be tempered by an elevated demand for the other.
Inequality in measuring scholarly success: Variation in the h-index within and between disciplines
Authors: Light Ryan , Gullickson Aaron , Harrison Jill Ann
Published: January 2025

Scholars and university administrators have a vested interest in building equitable valuation systems of academic work for both practical (e.g., resource distribution) and more lofty purposes (e.g., what constitutes “good” research). Well-established inequalities in science pose a difficult challenge to those interested in constructing a parsimonious and fair method for valuation as stratification occurs within academic disciplines, but also between them. The h-index, a popular research metric, has been formally used as one such method of valuation. In this article, we use the case of the h-index to examine how the distribution of research metrics reveal within and between discipline inequalities. Using bibliometric data from 1960-2019 on over 50,000 high performing scientists—the top 2% most frequently cited authors—across 174 disciplines, we construct random effects within-between models predicting the h-index. Results suggest significant within-discipline variation in several forms, specifically sole-authorship and female penalties. Results also show that a sole authorship penalty plays a significant role in well-known between-discipline variation. Field-specific models emphasize the “apples-to-oranges,” or incommensurable, property of cross-discipline comparison with significant heterogeneity in sole-authorship and female penalties within fields. In conclusion, we recommend continued caution when using the h-index or similar metrics for valuation purposes and the prioritization of substantive valuations from disciplinary experts.
Gender biases and hate speech: Promoters and targets in the Argentinean political context
Authors: Domenech Burin Laia , Pérez Juan Manuel , Rosati Germán , Rodrigues Pires Magalí , Nanton María , Kozlowski Diego
Published: January 2025

Hate speech found in social media a place to flourish. In the Argentinean context, new right-wing parties have disrupted the political arena, winning the elections of 2023. Many of these new right-wing figures grew in popularity due to their use of social media, on a background of increasing political violence. In this article, we use quantitative and qualitative tools to investigate the prevalence of hate speech targeting women politicians and analyze the role of different political affiliations in promoting such discourse. Furthermore, we propose a model that predicts users’ political alignments based on their profile descriptions, allowing us to explore the distribution of hate speech among different political orientations. Our results provide a descriptive account of the relationship between hate speech by politicians and other users and shows that right-wing political figures and supporters are strong emissors of hate speech, while women, especially those from the left-wing are more prone to receive violent content.
Transitions in intensive care: Investigating critical slowing down post extubation
Authors: Khalil Lucinda , George Sandip V. , Brown Katherine L. , Ray Samiran , Arridge Simon
Published: January 2025

Complex biological systems undergo sudden transitions in their state, which are often preceded by a critical slowing down of dynamics. This results in longer recovery times as systems approach transitions, quantified as an increase in measures such as the autocorrelation and variance. In this study, we analysed paediatric patients in intensive care for whom mechanical ventilation was discontinued through removal of the endotracheal tube (extubation). Some patients failed extubation, and required a re-intubation within 48 hours. We investigated whether critical slowing down could be observed post failed extubations, prior to re-intubation. We tested for significant increases (p <.05) between extubation and re-intubation, in the variance and autocorrelation, over the time series data of heart rate, respiratory rate and mean blood pressure. The autocorrelation of the heart rate showed a significantly higher proportion of increases in the group that failed extubation, compared who those who did not. It also showed a significantly higher magnitude of increase for the failed extubation group in a t-test. Moreover, incorporating these magnitudes significantly improved the fit of a logistic regression model when compared to a model that solely used the mean and standard deviation of the vital signs. While immediate clinical utility is limited, the work marks an important first step towards using dynamical systems theory to understand the dynamics of signals measured at the bedside during intensive care.
Factors associated with vitamin D levels in Mongolian patients with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Jaalkhorol Myadagmaa , Dashtseren Amarsaikhan , Magnaibayar Gantuya , Bat-Orgil Badrangui , Tsunoda Ikuo , Avirmed Shiirevnyamba , Iaquinto Stefania , von Wyl Viktor
Published: January 2025

Background

Multiple sclerosis (MS) onset is caused by genetic and environmental factors. Vitamin D has been identified as contributing environmental risk factor, with higher prevalence at latitudes further from the equator. Mongolia, at 45°N, has limited sunlight exposure, increasing the population’s risk for vitamin D deficiency.

Objectives

To compare vitamin D levels between persons with MS (pwMS) and persons without MS and to identify factors associated with low vitamin D.

Methods

We investigated associations with vitamin D levels using data from MS cases and controls from Mongolia. We used linear mixed-effects regression with fixed effects (case status, sociodemographics, and predefined variables) and participant-specific random intercepts.

Results

Of 62 participants (31 pwMS, 31 controls), pwMS had lower summer [median 23.00 ng/ml (interquartile range 11.30–31.50) vs. 25.00 ng/ml (19.25–32.00)] and winter vitamin D levels [21.00 ng/ml (10.60–27.60) vs. 23.50 ng/ml (15.55–28.60)], with a smaller seasonal decline. Vitamin D deficiency was more prevalent in pwMS. None of these findings reached statistical significance. Winter season and being breastfed as a child were associated with significantly lower vitamin D levels.

Conclusion

Vitamin D deficiency was common among pwMS, which could be influenced by behavioural factors. These findings may inform more targeted recommendations for pwMS to maintain sufficient vitamin D levels.
Exploring a pico-well based scRNA-seq method (HIVE) for simplified processing of equine bronchoalveolar lavage cells
Authors: Fegraeus Kim , Riihimäki Miia , Nordlund Jessica , Akula Srinivas , Wernersson Sara , Raine Amanda
Published: January 2025

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is a valuable tool for investigating cellular heterogeneity in diseases such as equine asthma (EA). This study evaluates the HIVE™ scRNA-seq method, a pico-well-based technology, for processing bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells from horses with EA. The HIVE method offers practical advantages, including compatibility with both field and clinical settings, as well as a gentle workflow suited for handling sensitive cells. Our results show that the major cell types in equine BAL were successfully identified; however, the proportions of T cells and macrophages deviated from cytological expectations, with macrophages being overrepresented and T cells underrepresented. Despite these limitations, the HIVE method confirmed previously identified T cell and macrophage subpopulations and defined other BAL cell subsets. However, compared to previous studies T helper subsets were less clearly defined. Additionally, consistent with previous scRNA-seq studies, the HIVE method detected fewer granulocytes and mast cells than anticipated in the total BAL samples. Nevertheless, applying the method to purified mast cells recovered an expected number of cells. A small set of eosinophils were also detected which have not been characterized in earlier studies. In summary these findings suggest that while the HIVE method shows promise for certain applications, further optimization is needed to improve the accuracy of cell type representation, particularly for granulocytes and mast cells, in BAL samples.
Changes in urinary concentrations of contemporary and emerging chemicals in commerce during the COVID-19 pandemic: Insights from the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) program
Authors: Romano Megan E. , Buckley Jessie P. , Li Xiuhong , Herbstman Julie B. , Kannan Kurunthachalam , Lee Sunmi , Schantz Susan L. , Trasande Leo , Karagas Margaret R. , Perera Frederica ,   for the ECHO Cohort Consortium
Published: January 2025

Previous research indicates that the COVID-19 pandemic catalyzed alterations in behaviors that may impact exposures to environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals. This includes changes in the use of chemicals found in consumer products, food packaging, and exposure to air pollutants. Within the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) program, a national consortium initiated to understand the effects of environmental exposures on child health and development, our objective was to assess whether urinary concentrations of a wide range of potential endocrine-disrupting chemicals varied before and during the pandemic. Drawing from three racially, ethnically, and socioeconomically diverse ECHO cohorts, we assessed key differences in urinary chemical concentrations related to environmental exposures through food packaging, use of disinfectants, personal care products and air pollutants using repeated urine samples in a subset of 47 participants, who contributed a urine sample prior to the pandemic (between October 2018 and February 2020) and a subsequent urine sample after the pandemic began (between March 2020 and April 2021). We measured urinary concentrations of analytes across several chemical groups, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalates/alternative plasticizers, synthetic phenols (parabens, bisphenols, triclosan, benzophenones), organophosphate esters (OPEs), insecticides and fungicides. Multivariable linear mixed models accounting for key covariates and clustering within cohort and across repeated samples were used to estimate the change in urinary analyte concentrations across time points. We observed decreases in urinary concentrations of some PAHs, bisphenols, benzophenones, and triclosan, and increases in specific OPEs. These biomarker data mirror some of the behavior changes reported in our prior work and support the observation that the pandemic-related behavior changes lead to alterations in chemical exposures that have been linked to adverse health outcomes.
Exploring volatility transmission in Capesize freight contracts: Insights from energy and commodity markets
Authors: Mi Jackson Jinhong , Ahmed Shek , Chen Yanhui
Published: January 2025

Analyzing the interactions between spot and time charter freight is crucial for the maritime industry. While numerous studies have explored the relationship between average freight indices and spillover effects, a gap remains in understanding the deeper connections between inter-regional shipping routes and chartering contracts. This research investigates the role of Capesize freight dynamics in shaping the regional dry bulk freight market, with a focus on the influence of energy and commodity price fluctuations. Utilizing the TVP-VAR model, we identify distinct trends across various investment horizons. The analysis reveals that short-term spillovers dominate the system, with crude oil serving as a consistent shock transmitter within the time charter network. The China-Brazil route drives spillovers across all periods, while the Australia-China route transitions from absorbing short-term volatility to transmitting long-term shocks. Similarly, the Tubarão-Rotterdam and Bolivar-Rotterdam routes display comparable shifts, transmitting short-term spillovers but absorbing long-term volatility. These findings offer valuable insights for stakeholders seeking to manage risks amidst economic and geopolitical uncertainties.
Comparative analysis of data-driven models for spatially resolved thermometry using emission spectroscopy
Authors: Kang Ruiyuan , Kyritsis Dimitrios C. , Liatsis Panos
Published: January 2025

A methodology is proposed, which addresses the caveat that line-of-sight emission spectroscopy presents in that it cannot provide spatially resolved temperature measurements in non-homogeneous temperature fields. The aim of this research is to explore the use of data-driven models in measuring temperature distributions in a spatially resolved manner using emission spectroscopy data. Two categories of data-driven methods are analyzed: (i) Feature engineering and classical machine learning algorithms, and (ii) end-to-end convolutional neural networks (CNN). In total, combinations of fifteen feature groups and fifteen classical machine learning models, and eleven CNN models are considered and their performances explored. The results indicate that the combination of feature engineering and machine learning provides better performance than the direct use of CNN. Notably, feature engineering, which is comprised of physics-guided transformation, signal representation-based feature extraction and Principal Component Analysis is found to be the most effective. Moreover, it is shown that when using the extracted features, the ensemble-based, light blender learning model offers the best performance with RMSE, RE, RRMSE and R values of 64.3, 0.017, 0.025 and 0.994, respectively. The proposed method, based on feature engineering and the light blender model, is capable of measuring nonuniform temperature distributions from low-resolution spectra, even when the species concentration distribution in the gas mixtures is unknown.
Transcranial Doppler sonography follow-up study in mild vascular cognitive impairment
Authors: Cantone Mariagiovanna , Pennisi Manuela , Lanza Giuseppe , Ferri Raffaele , Fisicaro Francesco , Cappellani Francesco , David Emanuele , Nicosia Vito , Cortese Klizia , Pennisi Giovanni , Puglisi Valentina , Bella Rita
Published: January 2025

Background

To date, few data to transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) are available in patients with mild vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) at risk for vascular or mixed dementia. In a previous study in patients with mild VCI and cerebral small vessels disease, a hemodynamic pattern of cerebral hypoperfusion and enhanced vascular resistance were observed; however, longitudinal data are currently lacking. Here, we perform a clinical, psychopathological, and neurosonological follow-up of patients with VCI in order to monitor any progression and to identify TCD measures to detect it.

Methods

From the original cohort of 161 patients, 127 with VCI (mean age 73.6 ± 7.1; 67 males) were re-evaluated after 5.0 ± 1.8 years. Namely, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), the 17-items Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), and the Stroop Color-Word Interference Test (StroopT) were administered to screen for global cognitive status, to quantify depressive symptoms, and to explore executive functions, respectively. Mean blood flow velocity (MBFV), peak systolic blood flow velocity (PSV), end-diastolic blood flow velocity (EDV), pulsatility index (PI), and resistivity index (RI) were recorded from the middle cerebral artery, bilaterally.

Results

At follow up, patients exhibited a significant worsening of both MoCA (21.7 ± 2.1 vs. 20.7 ± 2.0) and StroopT scores (57.4 ± 19.4 vs. 59.7 ± 18.6), whereas HDRS showed an improvement, although the mean raw score remained above the cut-off value for depression (10.3 ± 6.6 vs. 9.8 ± 6.3). MBFV, PSV, and EDV showed a significant increase in PSV and PI and a reduction in EDV. When focused to younger patients (<65 years), we confirmed the significant worsening of both MoCA and StroopT but not HDRS, as well as the significant changes in PI and RI. Finally, considering the differences (D) between baseline and follow-up, the following significant correlations emerged, although with a small-to-medium effect size for all of them: positive correlation between MBFV-D and MoCA-D and between RI-D and STROOP-D, and a negative significant correlation between RI-D and MoCA-D.

Conclusions

Notwithstanding some limitations, such as the lack of a control group and neuroimaging data at follow-up, TCD may contribute to the early detection, monitoring, and management of VCI patients at risk for dementia. Together with compatible clinical and cognitive features, the exploration of early TCD markers that possibly indicate a higher risk of progression might represent an intriguing research direction and a significant clinical perspective.
Evaluation of L-carnitine’s protective properties against AlCl3-induced brain, liver, and renal toxicity in rats
Authors: Alqhtani Haifa Ali
Published: January 2025

A common heavy metal in many facets of daily life is aluminum (AlCl3), which can be found in food, toothpaste, cosmetics, food additives, and numerous pharmaceutical items. The hippocampus, liver, and kidneys have the highest concentrations of this powerful neurotoxin, which also accumulates over time and contributes to the development of a number of cognitive disorders. Long-term overconsumption of AlCl3 results in hepatic and renal toxicity as well as neuronal inflammation. The purpose of the research is to assess the potential protective effects of various L-carnitine dosages as an antioxidant against hebato, renal, and neuronal toxicity in rats caused by aluminum chloride (AlCl3) (20 mg/kg, 1/20 LD 50). Six groups (n = 6), consisting of 36 adult albino rats, were randomly assigned. Saline was administered to the control group (GI) by injection. (GII) had given an injection of L-carnitine at a low-dose of 75 mg/kg body weight. An injections of L-carnitine at a high-dose (150 mg/kg) were given to (GIII), and AlCl3 (20 mg/kg) was given to (GIV). (GV) administered with L-carnitine (75 mg/kg) and AlCl3 (20 mg/kg) by injection. For 60 days, AlCl3 (20 mg/kg) and L-carnitine (150 mg/kg) were administered to GVI by injection. Furthermore, the histological structure of the cortex, hippocampus, and hepatic renal tissues appeared to change in response to AlCl3. L-carnitine therapy lessened the negative effects of AlCl3. The observable improvement in the tissues of the brain, liver, and kidneys further supported this histopathologically. It is possible to draw the conclusion that L-carnitine holds promise as a corrective measure for AlCl3, which causes renal toxicity and neural hepatotoxicity in rats. When it comes to adult albino rats, L-carnitine has a negative impact and exhibits ameliorative effects against aluminum chloride.
Is there a risk of developmental problems in infants born to mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus and/or pre-eclampsia?
Authors: Yardımcı-Lokmanoğlu Bilge Nur , Topal Yusuf , Kınacı-Biber Esra , Arıkan Zeynep , Sırtbaş-Işık Gülsen , Porsnok Doğan , Çelik Hasan Tolga , Mutlu Akmer
Published: January 2025

Objective

The aims of this study were (i) to describe the early spontaneous movements in 3-to 5-month-old infants in groups of infants born to mothers with GDM and/or PE, (ii) to compare them, and (iii) to analyze the differences between infants with these risk factors and typically developing infants born to mothers without GDM and/or PE and other risk factors.

Methods

This cohort study included 255 infants in 4 groups: (i) 96 infants born to mothers with GDM, (ii) 78 infants born to mothers with PE, (iii) 31 infants born to mothers with GDM and PE, and (iv) 50 typically developing infants. Early spontaneous movements, including not only fidgety movements but also concurrent movement and postural patterns, were assessed using the General Movements Assessment (GMA), which determines the Motor Optimality Score-Revised (MOS-R). Comparisons were made using one-way ANOVA for normally distributed continuous variables, Kruskal-Wallis test for non-normally distributed data, and Pearson chi-squared for categorical variables. Univariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine the odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Results

There were no differences between the three groups, which included infants whose mothers had at least one of these risk factors (p>0.05). Infants born to mothers with GDM, infants born to mothers with PE, and infants born to mothers with both GDM and PE had more aberrant fidgety movements, reduced age-adequate movement repertoire, and more abnormal postural patterns than typically developing infants (p<0.05), in addition to lower MOS-R. When looking at those with ≤24 in MOS-R, the odds ratios were ≥2.74.

Conclusion

Findings suggest that early spontaneous movements, GMA, may play a crucial role in understanding developmental outcomes of these infants and in determining infants who need early intervention.
Prevalence of accessory navicular in Japanese children: A cross-sectional study using ultrasound–Katsuragi Integrated Defense for Locomotive Syndrome in children study
Authors: Sasaki Takahide , Teraguchi Masatoshi , Mure Kanae , Asai Yoshiki , Kido Yusuke , Onishi Makiko , Shimoe Takashi , Miyai Nobuyuki , Nakagawa Yukihiro , Hashizume Hiroshi , Yamada Hiroshi
Published: January 2025

The accessory navicular (AN) is an accessory bone located on the posteromedial aspect of the navicular tuberosity that can cause pain following overuse or trauma, particularly during childhood. However, the detailed epidemiological characteristics of AN in children have not been well studied. This study aimed to clarify the prevalence of AN and painful AN among Japanese children by examining the characteristics according to sex and age. This cross-sectional study used data from the Katsuragi Integrated Defense for Locomotive Syndrome in Children Study, focusing on musculoskeletal disorders in 875 children aged 6–15 years, with 1750 feet being assessed. Children were divided into five age groups: 6–7, 8–9, 10–11, 12–13, and 14–15. AN was detected using ultrasound to avoid radiation exposure. The sex- and age-group-dependent prevalence of AN and painful AN were calculated, and statistical analyses examined sex differences in prevalence by age group. The overall prevalence of AN was 15.1%, higher in females (17.9%) than in males (12.3%). The prevalence of AN increased with age in both sexes. Among cases diagnosed with AN, 20.8% were symptomatic, with a unimodal peak observed at ages 12–13 in males and 10–11 in females. No statistically significant differences were observed in the proportion of painful AN between sexes. This is the first large-scale epidemiological study on AN in children. The overall prevalence of AN was 15.1%, higher in females than in males. Additionally, 20.8% of patients with AN experienced pain. The results of this study provide important epidemiological data to support clinical management strategies for pediatric patients with AN.