bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shadows of Syntax
Authors: Warren Jared
Published: December 2020

What is the source of logical and mathematical truth? This volume revitalizes conventionalism as an answer to this question. Conventionalism takes logical and mathematical truth to have their source in linguistic conventions. This was an extremely popular view in the early 20th century, but it was never worked out in detail and is now almost universally rejected in mainstream philosophical circles. In Shadows of Syntax, Jared Warren offers the first book-length treatment and defense of a combined conventionalist theory of logic and mathematics. He argues that our conventions, in the form of syntactic rules of language use, are perfectly suited to explain the truth, necessity, and a priority of logical and mathematical claims.
In Part I, Warren explains exactly what conventionalism amounts to and what linguistic conventions are. Part II develops an unrestricted inferentialist theory of the meanings of logical constants that leads to logical conventionalism. This conventionalist theory is elaborated in discussions of logical pluralism, the epistemology of logic, and of the influential objections that led to the historical demise of conventionalism. Part III aims to extend conventionalism from logic to mathematics. Unlike logic, mathematics involves both ontological commitments and a rich notion of truth that cannot be generated by any algorithmic process. To address these issues Warren develops conventionalist-friendly but independently plausible theories of both metaontology and mathematical truth. Finally, Part IV steps back to address big picture worries and meta-worries about conventionalism. This book develops and defends a unified theory of logic and mathematics according to which logical and mathematical truths are reflections of our linguistic rules, mere shadows of syntax.
What Is Conventionalism?
Authors: Warren Jared
Published: December 2020

This chapter begins by briefly discussing the historical fortunes of conventionalism in logic and mathematics. After this, it clarifies the nature of conventionalism; critically discussing various ways to understand the view before arguing that conventionalism is best understood as an explanatory claim – logical and mathematical facts in any language are fully explained by the linguistic conventions of that language. The chapter then turns to discussing the notion of “explanation” itself, arguing that conventionalists don’t need to make any controversial assumptions about the nature of explanation. Finally, the chapter discusses what it is that makes a putative explanation acceptable to naturalists, singling out two key constraints on naturalistic explanations (one metaphysical and the other cognitive).
Unrestricted Logical Inferentialism
Authors: Warren Jared
Published: December 2020

This chapter develops and defends an unrestricted inferentialist theory of the meanings of logical constants. Unlike restricted inferentialism, unrestricted inferentialism puts no constraints on which rules can determine meanings. The foundations of inferentialism are also discussed, including various types of holism and the distinction between basic and derivative rules. In order to develop and defend a detailed inferentialist theory of logic, this chapter provides an inferentialist account of the “logical” constants, solves Carnap’s categoricity problem for the meanings of logical constants, and provides inferentialist approaches to both the psychology and metaphysics of logic. Finally, the chapter briefly discusses the challenge to unrestricted inferentialism posed by tonk and related types of bad company. Building on the foundation provided by Part I (chapters 1-2) of the book, this chapter provides a freestanding development and defense of logical inferentialism.
Logical Conventionalism
Authors: Warren Jared
Published: December 2020

This chapter argues that logical truth, validity, and necessity in any language can be fully explained in terms of the language’s linguistic conventions. More particularly, it is demonstrated that unrestricted logical inferentialism is a version of logical conventionalism by arguing for conventionalism in detail and answering various objections involving the role of metasemantic principles and semantic completeness in the conventionalist argument. The chapter then discusses how this account relates to the deflationist accounts offered by Field and others, before turning to the metaphysics and normativity of logic, which it discusses on conventionalist grounds. Overall, this chapter shows that conventionalism leads to a naturalistically acceptable and philosophically plausible theory of logic.
The Very Idea of Truth by Convention
Authors: Warren Jared
Published: December 2020

This chapter answers various influential arguments against truth by convention, in general, and logical conventionalism, in particular. The first argument discussed claims that the contingency of our linguistic conventions is incompatible with the necessity of logical truth. The second claims that while conventions can be used to determine the content of a sentence, they cannot possibly make that content be the case (I call this “the master argument” against conventionalism, because of its influence). The third argument discussed is Quine’s famous argument against logical conventionalism. The fourth is a variation on Quinean themes, related to the later Wittgenstein’s radical conventionalism and Dummett’s discussions of Wittgenstein’s views. The fifth and final objection is Williamson’s argument against understanding-assent links. The chapter’s discussion shows that each of these arguments against conventionalism has decisive failings.
Introduction
Authors: Rajpal Shilpi
Published: December 2020

The book probes the worlds of the social histories of medicine and culture as pivotal entry points into what constitutes madness and deviancy in the asylum records. It will also be the first one to bring together institutional and non-institutional histories of insanity by focussing on Hindi medical literature. Psychiatric repertoire found its way in the Hindi vernacular wherein the meaning and context differed dramatically. Therefore, the study traces the emergence of ‘mind sciences’ in Hindi during the period of high nationalism. The book unmasks the irrationalities of colonialism and nationalism by contextualizing the social, cultural, and political frames in which racial, primordial, psychical, spiritual, and psychiatric understanding of madness enmeshed resulting to a peculiar milieu.
Managing Madness
Authors: Rajpal Shilpi
Published: December 2020

The lunatic asylums were largely ‘custodial’ in nature and had complex hierarchical structures that preserved hierarchies between the ‘sane’ and the ‘insane’, ‘white’ and ‘black’, and the ‘high’ and ‘low’ castes and classes. These binaries were an intrinsic part of colonial medicine. The ‘insane hospitals’ were renamed as the ‘mental hospitals’ by the second decade of the twentieth century. This chapter maps the changes that took place in terms of architecture, medicine, and treatment. The novel principles of moral management became obsolete as the fears of degeneration gave psychiatry a biological turn. Not only did the architectural values change but the underlying ‘scientific’ understanding of madness, its diagnosis and treatment underwent fundamental transformations. It examines the ways in which bureaucratic experiences were structured, organized, and reified into modern Indian psychiatry.
Everyday Histories
Authors: Rajpal Shilpi
Published: December 2020

The routinized lives of the inmates revolved around ‘employment and amusement’, ‘diet and space’, ‘reform and reward’, and ‘resistance and adjustment’. The trope of the mundane provides a microscopic lens to delve deeper into the banal social lives of inmates behind the asylum walls. Work was emphasized for its therapeutic value but profits were central in order to make asylums self-sufficient. Work, in fact, became the yardstick on which a patient’s recovery was measured, and insanity was conceptualized as curable or incurable. The complex temporal and spatial materialities of everyday lives inside the asylum are studied here in order to comprehend the role played by various actors and discern how authority was constantly reordered and redefined.
Prayer as External Authority
Authors: Guhin Jeffrey
Published: December 2020

Prayer is experienced in these schools as an “external authority” that acts in people’s lives and works as an “agent” between individuals and God. Prayer’s authority is maintained and made to feel natural and obvious through the maintenance of key boundaries and the continuation of key practices. This chapter begins with a historical overview and then describes boundaries, going over how prayer is experienced as agentic and authoritative and describing how people improve at the performance and interpretation of prayer in ways that help prayer maintain its authority. In the Muslim schools, prayer is a more complex process requiring explicit instruction, especially the memorization of key phrases for du’a and the various physical actions and recitations involved in salah. In the Christian schools, prayer was often framed as a “relationship,” so even if there were specific rituals associated with the act, these were de-emphasized so as not to make the action appear formulaic.
It’s Dangerous Out There
Authors: Guhin Jeffrey
Published: December 2020

The author lists the book’s key contributions. First, he shows how the distinction between “essential” and “accidental” helps to clarify our understanding of boundaries. He then builds upon practice theory to show how practices matter in the sociology of religion and sociology of culture in three ways: to show how “orthodox” religions are just as practiced as “orthoprax” ones, to show how boundaries are also practiced, and to show how practices help to maintain “external authorities.” External authorities are similar to institutions, except they are experienced as agentic and authoritative, therefore helping to solve “the problem of power” by offloading coercion to something like “the Bible” or “Science” instead of a specific individual making a command. The chapter ends with a description of worries about what students would become after they left the schools, with community members emphasizing the need to ground students’ identities in boundaries and external authorities.
The Role of the Information Channel in Visual Computing
Authors: Feixas Miquel , Sbert Mateu
Published: December 2020

Around seventy years ago, Claude Shannon, who was working at Bell Laboratories, introduced information theory with the main purpose of dealing with the communication channel between source and receiver. The communication channel, or information channel as it later became known, establishes the shared information between the source or input and the receiver or output, both of which are represented by random variables, that is, by probability distributions over their possible states. The generality and flexibility of the information channel concept can be robustly applied to numerous, different areas of science and technology, even the social sciences. In this chapter, we will present examples of its application to select the best viewpoints of an object, to segment an image, and to compute the global illumination of a three-dimensional virtual scene. We hope that our examples will illustrate how the practitioners of different disciplines can use it for the purpose of organizing and understanding the interplay of information between the corresponding source and receiver.
Cross-Disciplinary Collaboration
Authors: Leong Daphne
Published: December 2020

This chapter describes the things and people that facilitate collaboration across disciplines: shared items, shared objectives, and shared agents. (These concepts draw from literature on collaboration in the sciences and from research on intercultural communication.) Shared items function differently from discipline to discipline, while being identifiable across disciplines. Shared objectives comprise activity objects, the prospective outcomes of collaboration, and epistemic objects, knowledge sought. Shared agents function within and across two or more disciplines. In this book, shared items are represented primarily by scores (and recordings), activity objects by the book’s chapters, epistemic objects by interpretations of pieces and of analysis-performance relations, and shared agents by scholar-performers or performer-scholars. Mechanisms and processes of collaboration are briefly described: strategies for collaborating when views diverge, and degrees of collaborative convergence (working in parallel, translating or mediating knowledge for mutual influence, transforming domain-specific knowledge into new cross-domain knowledge).
Creation of Structure
Authors: Leong Daphne
Published: December 2020

This chapter questions the role of the notated score in delimiting structure. Examining first the soundness of the published editions of Schoenberg’s Op. 19, No.4, and then analyzing the score and recordings by three pianists associated with Schoenberg interpretation (Edward Steuermann, Maurizio Pollini, and Mitsuko Uchida), it demonstrates how structure can be defined by the interpreter—analyst or performer. A view of interpretation as creation is set against a backdrop of a score’s affordances, including those of text or script.
Performing with Structure
Authors: Leong Daphne
Published: December 2020

This chapter poses the question of how one synthesizes analysis and performance. Its centerpiece is Leathwood’s analysis of local frictions and long-range connections in the pitch structure of Carter’s Changes; his demonstration of their embodiment in guitaristic timbres, tactile shapes, and kinesthetic moves; and his modeling of how such knowledge might be internalized to inspire vital and free performances. “Improvising Changes: Exercises for Guitarists” and an accompanying video provide practical applications. Leong’s Prelude and Postlude frame Leathwood’s material and highlight how a “third culture” of analysis and performance can be inhabited and passed on—modeled and taught in studio and classroom.
The Prayer Book Printed
Authors: Hefling Charles
Published: December 2020

This chapter considers several aspects of the material embodiment of the Prayer Book in paper and ink. The topics range from general questions, such as identifying the sequence of words that constitute the Book of Common Prayer and how their integrity is maintained, to details such as orthography, punctuation, editorial updates, the use of red ink and blackletter type, printers’ interventions, and the curiously named Black Rubric. The chapter also touches on nonverbal features of Prayer Books as books, such as typography, and design. Included are a number of examples of illustrations, unofficially added to various editions, which both interpret the printed text and indicate how it was understood.
Introduction
Authors: Coverage Crime
Published: December 2020

This chapter sets up the thesis of the book: Crime coverage practices serve as a lens to consider underlying cultural attitudes to concepts like privacy, public, public right to know, and justice. Differing decisions, for example, about whether to name suspects, suggest varying beliefs about the value of privacy and the public right to know. The chapter outlines the methodology and situates the work in relation to Daniel Hallin and Paulo Mancini, whose book Comparing Media Practices influenced the selection of countries, as well as the initial premises. We name the ten countries that comprise the basis of our comparison, and briefly introduce our three media models: the Protectors (Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden), the Watchdogs (the United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, and the United States), and the Ambivalents (Spain, Italy, and Portugal). The chapter concludes with a brief overview of individual book chapters.
Conclusion
Authors: Barnett Jonathan M.
Published: December 2020

For more than a decade, U.S. courts, legislators, and antitrust regulators have sought to weaken IP protections in technology markets. An organizational approach to IP analysis raises doubts about whether this policy trajectory is consistent with the public interest in supporting both the innovation and the implementation of new technologies. The economics, history, and politics of the U.S. patent system support the view that weak-IP regimes induce an organizational bias by favoring firms that operate under integrated and platform-based business models for monetizing R&D, which raises an implicit barrier to entry by smaller R&D-specialized entities that rely on patents to enter into contractual transactions to execute the commercialization functions required to reach market. Weakening IP protections can protect large incumbents against the competitive threat posed by smaller entrants that often produce the most dramatic forms of technological innovation.
Digital Redlining
Authors: Friedline Terri
Published: December 2020

This chapter explores how the rise of digital technologies enables new manifestations of racialization in financial services, using Google Fiber’s promises of low-cost high-speed Internet services in Nashville and Kansas City as examples. Akin to redlining in the lending market, Black and Brown communities may experience digital forms of redlining due to limited access to technologies such as high-speed Internet and smartphones that exist alongside the rising number of bank branch closures. At the nexus of financial and digital divides, banks’ overreliance on fintech can reproduce and amplify marginalization. Not only can fintech concentrate wealth, the computer algorithms on which fintech is built can further stitch whiteness into the financial system.
Speculative Philosophy at the Berlin Academy
Authors: Leduc Christian
Published: December 2020

This contribution focuses on the way in which the relationship between the fields of philosophy and science was the object of intense debate at the Berlin Academy. The contribution analyses some key papers in which members of the academy try to determine what they call the ‘academic spirit’. An important source is Maupertuis’s lecture, in which he explains his views, as president, about the division of classes and the advantages of carrying out research in an academy. But there are other important contributions; particularly that of Formey who, as secretary, wrote several papers on these questions, but also of Dieudonné Thiebault, Jakob Wegelin, and Christian Garve. These discussions took place at distinct periods and express different ways of conceiving of the production of academic scholarship. Most importantly, their representation of speculative philosophy changed, to the extent that some believed that this field should no longer be discussed in the context of the academy. Christian Garve maintains this view, which expresses a major change in the history of the institution. This position is also accompanied by a gradual disappearance of speculative reflections.
The Mind-Expanding Potential of Opposing and Contradictory Positions
Authors: Hermans Hubert J. M.
Published: December 2020

This chapter explores the connection between inner democracy and inner opposition. Literature shows that human beings function as a vessel of contradictions, but in the context of this book, the claim is made that herein lies exactly the basis for inner opposition and the potential of productive inner dialogue. The acknowledgment that we can hold contradictory positions and use them in a creative way functions as the breeding ground for the development of democracy as a learning process. In addition, a theory is presented here that shows that democracy itself is loaded with contradictions. On the one hand, it leads to emancipation, but on the other, it causes envy and resentment.
Compositional Solutions(in the double sense of the word)
Authors: Shelleg Assaf
Published: December 2020

Extending from the early 1980s to the mid-2000s, chapter 4 opens with what thus far in the book has remained subjected to officialdom—the Holocaust. The chapter explores several simultaneous aesthetic modes through which composers and authors confronted the Holocaust in Israel during the late twentieth century. Their formulations ranged from compliance with and duplication of statist views of the Holocaust as a counter-metaphor for political sovereignty to choices opting for exilic imports that garble national encoding and refuse redemption. Composers who distanced themselves from statist triumphalism affirmed the migration of contrafacta traveling political borders, national territorial tropes, and identitarian constructs. Qualities of this kind signaled a new stage in which Jewish exiles became a constituent feature in composers’ modernist agendas while the national soundboard was muted. A final discussion develops this thesis through Andre Hajdu and Betty Olivero’s “solutions” of ethnographic imports.
Flatsight
Authors: Spencer Danielle
Published: December 2020

This chapter begins Part II: Sight, wherein the author recounts her own metagnostic narrative concerning vision. Describing the experience of having strabismus and “lacking” stereoscopic vision, the author’s story is put into conversation with others, deploying narrative scrutiny and exploring themes of communicability and alterity. From nineteenth-century Flatland to “Stereo Sue” to Oliver Sacks, these stories raise questions about the degree to which it is possible to imagine other ways of seeing; philosophical debates about the nature of qualia, or phenomenal experience; and the potential consequences of telling a given story. This chapter also offers an introduction to key concepts in the analysis of illness narratives, and it begins to unpack the particular challenges accompanying metagnostic revelations.
Lessons in Supervision
Authors: Josselson Ruthellen
Published: December 2020

Western concepts of supervision were unknown in China, where supervision is more about being told what one has done right or wrong. The effort to create supervision as a reflective space was one of the most foreign ideas that we brought to the training program. Our struggles with them at the boundaries of how the therapy groups were to be organized and run revealed some vast differences in our assumptions. They live in an authoritarian political culture where the system can always be gamed. We presented a conceptual model where boundary violations are possible but always costly in terms of the therapy. The need to think things through and reason to clinical decisions was conceptually and practically strange to them. Initially they tried to do exactly what they thought we told them to do or exactly what they had seen us doing. This chapter details how the Chinese learned how to learn from our Western model of teaching.
Lucretius on the Ennian Cosmos
Authors: Nethercut Jason S.
Published: December 2020

This chapter approaches Lucretius’ engagement with Ennius on Lucretius’ own terms and explores how the Annales serves Lucretius as a model (or a foil, rather) for poetry about the universe. Lucretius makes clear his identification of Ennius and Ennius’ Homer as poets who also write on “the nature of things” when he singles them out by name in the proem to the DRN (1.117–126). Obviously, the whole tradition of interpreting epic poetry from Homer onward as allegorical philosophy is behind these lines. Throughout the DRN, Lucretius recurrently figures his universe as a direct response to the Ennian cosmos in a procedure that involves philosophical polemics as much as poetic polemics. In so doing, Lucretius articulates a universe whose philosophical dynamics are anti-Ennian, precisely because they are emphatically Epicurean.
Ennian Poetology and Literary Affiliation in Lucretius
Authors: Nethercut Jason S.
Published: December 2020

This chapter adduces Ennius’ own metaphors for literary tradition and affiliation, specifically metempsychosis and the heart, in order to suggest that one of Lucretius’ central aims in the DRN is to undermine Ennius’ literary-historical claims by appropriating and destroying the psychological metaphor that Ennius insisted upon. Lucretius complicates this metaphor while making constant reference to Epicurean physics, thereby literalizing Ennius’ metaphors to show that they are incompatible with the nature of things. As a consequence of investigating how Lucretius goes about correcting Ennius, this chapter argues that Lucretius rejects conventional ideas of literary affiliation and poetology and that he articulates this rejection in terms of the physical first principles of Epicureanism. In short, Lucretius uses Ennius against himself in order to assert the insignificance—and, if we extend Lucretius’ arguments to their logical conclusions, the unreality—of any conventional notion of literary tradition.
The Right to Health and Health-Related Human Rights
Authors: Tobin John , Barrett Damon
Published: December 2020

This chapter reviews the scope and meaning of the right to health under international law. Drawing on public health discourses and expanding beyond a right to health care, the contours of the right to health have been clarified—to encompass a wide range of social, political, and economic determinants of health—by the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) in its General Comment 14, by academics in the fields of law and public health, and by national governments in their domestic laws and judicial interpretations. The normative content of the right to health now provides a foundation for state obligations to respect, protect, and fulfill the right to health; limitations on other rights for public health goals; the right’s essential attributes of availability, accessibility, acceptability, and quality; the minimum core obligations of the right to health; and the progressive realization of health-related human rights.
Human Rights and Non-Communicable Diseases
Authors: Toebes Brigit , Patterson David
Published: December 2020

This chapter explores how human rights norms, principles, and mechanisms can be applied to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). NCDs are now responsible for the vast majority of disease and death worldwide. There is widespread recognition that four behavioral risk factors are at the root of the major NCDs: tobacco use, unhealthy diet, lack of physical exercise, and the harmful use of alcohol. It is widely understood that law and policy measures, including bans and price measures, are important tools for implementing structural and risk avoidance strategies, changing unhealthy behaviors. Human rights scholars and practitioners increasingly emphasize the human rights dimensions of the NCD pandemic as a basis to develop laws and policies to address risk factors and prevent disease. This chapter outlines the current human rights dimensions and approaches to NCD risk factors and suggests opportunities to strengthen legal obligations to respond to NCDs, with an emphasis on controlling tobacco and promoting healthy diets.
Health and Human Rights in Conflict and Emergencies
Authors: Evans Dabney P. , Queen Edward L. , Martin Lara S.
Published: December 2020

This chapter explores the relationship between international humanitarian law and human rights law in safeguarding health and protecting rights in conflict and emergencies, examining the evolving role of aid workers as protectors of health-related rights. Complex Humanitarian Emergencies (CHEs)—from mass displacements, to disease outbreaks, to violent conflicts—create an environment for human rights violations and a challenge for human rights promotion. Humanitarian aid, operating within an interconnecting framework across two bodies of law, has the distinctive ability to mitigate violations, prevent harm, and realize rights. Yet the breakdown in social norms and government systems in conflicts and emergencies creates chaos that requires humanitarian responders to engage in lifesaving service provision and community resiliency support. This role, carrying both power and privilege, requires systems of accountability to ensure health and human rights.
One
Authors: Maçães Bruno
Published: December 2020

This chapter discusses the narrative of decline of the American Republic. Many contemporary commentators argue that American elites now regard their own country as spoils to be fought over. Currents over the past four decades express the relentless pursuit of private interest at the expense of the common good, even when that pursuit may bring about the final collapse of the system. Privatization, deregulation, the rise of finance--these are contemporary versions of the old dialectic of decline. The gulf between economic and intellectual elites and the rest of the people seems larger than ever before. In Washington, Democrats and Republicans are no longer capable of reaching compromises on important policies and often regard winning their disputes as the only thing that matters. Donald Trump is only a small part of this narrative of decline. The chapter then provides a fuller picture of all the ways American life is reaching a breaking point, at a moment when disaggregating forces are getting stronger. Ultimately, this book assesses the possibility of the development of a new, indigenous American society, separate from modern Western civilization, rooted in new feelings and thoughts.
Semantics
Authors: Baraz Yelena
Published: December 2020

This chapter explores how pride is conceived in Rome through an examination of the relevant terminology in Latin texts. It shows that the discourse of Roman pride aims to pinpoint an individual’s incorrect understanding of the balance of power in a given transaction by highlighting a mismatch between one’s own internal judgment and the external evaluation of one’s worth by others. It is directed toward enforcing individual compliance with the communal assessment of status and behavior. Crucial terms are arrogantia (“arrogance”), insolentia (“insolence”), fastus (“haughtiness”), and superbia, the last most the common and the most flexible. A careful investigation of terminology, in its differences and overlaps, yields pride scripts, models of prideful behavior that can then be applied to texts in which the marked terms are not used.
The Transformation of Pride in Augustan Poetry
Authors: Baraz Yelena
Published: December 2020

This chapter follows the analysis of the Aeneid with an examination of the role that pride plays in the poetry of Vergil’s contemporaries, also engaged with the changing meaning of the concept alongside the political changes. Pride, especially associated with triumph, is an indication that excess of good fortune might lead to disaster in book one of Horace’s Odes and in Augustan love poetry, where Propertius develops a way of conceptualizing such pride as justified by the beloved’s qualities and not necessarily disproportionate. The most radical version of this development takes place in the metapoetic sphere, where the first positive reconceptualization of pride takes place: Horace’s attribution of positive pride to his Muse and Propertius’s response to the claim that his fatherland, Umbria, should be proud of his achievement. The concluding part of the chapter shows the poets’ pulling away from extending this rehabilitation of pride into the public sphere.
The Dialectics of Affect
Authors: Bergo Bettina
Published: December 2020

Initially influenced by Schelling’s lectures on positive philosophy (1841–1842), Kierkegaard ultimately withdrew from his lectures, devoting his attention exclusively to the redaction of Either/Or. The Concept of Anxiety was written in the shadow of that work under a uniquely anonymous pseudonym. Of course, anxiety in his deformalization of late idealism was not a concept; it belonged and did not belong to the understanding. Indeed, it precedes human actions under the sign of inherited “sinfulness” and as sheer possibility. If Kierkegaard aligned freedom with a leap, then anxiety was the affect precursive to it. Anxiety was the prethetic knowing that we are able to do. . . X. Tracing the “spiritual” history of the human race which carries the sins of the fathers even as it freely enacts sin, Kierkegaard urged that the more spiritual the culture, the more anxious it was. No longer the adjuvant of reason as in Hegel, anxiety belonged to the irreducible condition of a living subject. Over the five years that separated the Concept of Anxiety from Sickness onto Death, Kierkegaard’s mood of “Angest” will intensify as it is approached from his new perspective of Coram Deo (“before God”). Within the new perspective, the status and the meaning of the self is altered, showing a clearer relation to infinity. For the task of Kierkegaard’s philosophy—learning to become the nothing that one is—had attained a new stage in his existential dialectic. His arguments influenced Heidegger’s recourse to anxiety as a passage toward the question of being.
What Comes Next?
Authors: Inglehart Ronald F.
Published: December 2020

Rapid cultural change, exacerbated by economic distress, has triggered a powerful authoritarian reflex. Whether this is the wave of the future depends on how we learn to cope with the winner-takes-all economies of advanced knowledge societies. Traditional religions present each culture’s norms as universal values, which can be dangerously divisive. To function positively in a globalizing world, religion needs a universal perspective. The cosmology of the Big Bang is at least as impressive as the account in Genesis. That universe had the potential to develop good and evil, benevolence and meaning—but none of these existed before intelligent life emerged. The account of creation in the book of Genesis can be seen as a first approximation of the more recent account provided by the Big Bang theory—which is only a first approximation of the ultimate account. Both traditional religion and modern science provide successive approximations of a truth that is still being fathomed.
The Molecular Farm
Authors: Parrington John
Published: December 2020

Despite many inequalities in the world, it is a testament to human technology that modern agriculture is able to feed the 8 billion people on the planet. However, recently extreme weather patterns linked to global warming have been having an adverse effect on crops and farmed animal production, leading to fears about whether agriculture can continue to feed all the humans on the planet. Genome editing looks set to revolutionise agriculture by making it possible to precisely edit the genomes of farm plants and animals rapidly and economically in an unprecedented way. Such editing could be used to create vegetables and meat with enhanced flavour or nutrition. It could also be used to create disease resistant plants and animals, and reduce the use of antibiotics or pesticides. Looking further into the future it might eventually be possible to use genome editing to reconfigure plants or animals to survive in increasingly extreme types of climates. Despite these positive ways of using genome editing in agriculture, concerns have been raised about the safety of food produced from genome edited animals and plants, and potential adverse effects on animal welfare. Another criticism is that genome editing may only benefit giant agribusiness companies, and not ordinary farmers and consumers. Yet against this criticism, one of the revolutionary aspects of genome editing is how easy and economical it is to use, which means that unlike previous GM technologies, there is no reason why it cannot be used in a local, sustainable, and accessible way.
Elizabeth Barrett and the Making of Browning’s Dramatic Romances and Lyrics
Authors: Cronin Richard
Published: December 2020

Reconstructing Robert Browning’s creative methods is a difficult task because the only manuscripts that survive, almost all at Balliol, are of late poems that even now are scarcely read. All the same, this chapter will discuss the germination of Browning’s early poems. It will rely principally on EBB’s notes on the poems that Browning went on to publish in Bells and Pomegranates VII that were brought together in the 56 page manuscript now held at Wellesley College. In the absence of surviving manuscripts this evidence offers the best clue as to Browning’s processes of revision. By examining Browning’s responses to EBB’s suggestions and the revisions he made to his poems after their first publication in periodicals I hope to show how his interest in the relationship between the poet and the reader is carried through into his compositional practice.
Introduction
Authors: Shapiro Stewart , Hellman Geoffrey
Published: December 2020

The idea (or, perhaps better, the need) for this volume became clear to us when we were working on our monograph, Varieties of continua: from regions to points and back.
1 We deveoped an interest in various contemporary accounts of continuity: the prevailing Dedekind–Cantor account, smooth infinitesimal analysis (or synthetic differential geometry), and intuitionisic analysis. Each of these theories sanctions some long-standing properties that have been attributed to the continuous, at the expense of other properties so attributed. The intuitionistic theories violate the intermediate value theorem, while the Dedekind–Cantor one gives up the thesis that continua are unified wholes, and cannot be divided cleanly. The slogan is that continua are viscous, or sticky....
Dedekind on Continuity
Authors: Haffner Emmylou , Schlimm Dirk
Published: December 2020

In this chapter we present Richard Dedekind’s conception of continuity and his various approaches to continuous domains in a historical context. In addition to his seminal work on foundations of irrational numbers (Stetigkeit und irrationale Zahlen, 1872), we also include a discussion of more mathematical texts (both published and unpublished) in which Dedekind also treats other continuous domains, such as Riemann surfaces, spaces, and multiply extended continuous domains. Dedekind’s reflections on these matters illustrate the wide range and general coherence of his thoughts. In particular, while Dedekind’s approach to mathematics can be characterized as being axiomatic, mapping-based, structuralist, and increasingly abstract, we argue that there is also a more general outlook underlying his methodology, which can be described as being, broadly understood, arithmetical.
The Transition
Authors: Armstrong Kenneth A
Published: December 2020

This chapter studies an innovative governance devise invented by the Brexit negotiators: transition — a stand-still period which will allow the UK to remain pro tempore part of the EU internal market and customs union despite being no longer a member state. On February 1, 2020, and ten months later than scheduled, the EU and the UK entered into a period of ‘transition’; a time between formal membership of the EU and the beginning of a new relationship. At one level, there is a certain taken-for-granted simplicity to the idea of managing not just an orderly exit of the UK from the EU but also the provision of continuity and certainty while the parties negotiate and decide their future relationship. But at another level, the formal terminology and indeed the metaphors used to describe this interim legal framework disclose some deeper tensions around the sequencing and organisation of the withdrawal process as well as the direction of travel of the parties. Transition was originally conceived as a bridge toward the future EU–UK relations, but the risks remain that it may turn into a bridge to nowhere — particularly if the period is not extended beyond December 31, 2020, given time-constraints for such new difficult negotiations.
Guido Cavalcanti
Authors: Bowe David
Published: December 2020

Chapter 3 introduces Guido Cavalcanti’s radically internalized model of poetic subjectivity as a point of contrast with the other poets in this study. The chapter demonstrates Cavalcanti’s resistance towards any sort of unitary poetics or accounts of self and his ambivalence towards religious authority as a source of literary validation. Cavalcanti’s divergence from his predecessors is demonstrated through analysis of his own poetry in dialogue with the works of Guittone, Guinizzelli, and Dante. The chapter explores Cavalcanti’s alternative model of subjectivity and love poetry, in which his texts perform an irreducibly polyphonic subjectivity through multiple personifications, justified by natural philosophy. This analysis foregrounds the importance of an intra-discursive dialogism, in which poetry and subjectivity are generated through tensions and internalized dialogues.
Ars Legendi, Ars Poetica
Authors: Bowe David
Published: December 2020

Chapter 5 builds on the discussion of Dante in dialogue with the poets who preceded and overlapped with him to investigate the Florentine poet’s own efforts to perform a teleological, unitary, and converted subjectivity in the Commedia. The chapter explains and complicates the mechanics of Dante’s performance, using the dream of the femmina balba/siren as a focal point. This analysis draws on the models established through the discussions of Guittone, Guinizzelli, and Cavalcanti to reopen the closure of Dante’s performance of converted textuality and subjectivity. The chapter aims to open the way for the resiliently disruptive textuality of past works to sound alongside the self-consciously authorial voice of the poet of the Commedia.
Unfair Contract Terms and Consumer Protection: Legislative and Judicial Controls in Malaysia
Authors: CHAN Wai Meng , TAY Pek San
Published: December 2020

This chapter examines how Malaysian contract law deals with extremely one-sided, onerous, or otherwise unfair terms, such as exclusions or limitations of liability, penalty clauses, or restraint of trade clauses. It discusses the overt judicial control of such terms under specific legislation, sometimes targeted exclusively at standard terms or consumer contracts. It also analyses how the Malaysian courts have exercised a more indirect control by employing traditional general contract law doctrines, such as contract formation, interpretation, or the rules on procedural fairness, in order to protect parties against the imposition of unfair terms. A number of hypothetical clauses are analysed to illustrate how Malaysian courts regulate unfair contract terms in practice, standard terms, consumer contracts, exemption clause
Contents of Contracts and Unfair Terms in the Myanmar Law of Contract
Authors: BRIGGS Adrian
Published: December 2020

This chapter examines three closely connected issues in defining the contents of contracts in Myanmar: first, the approaches adopted in interpreting the meaning of agreed contractual terms and, second, to what extent additional terms are implied to supplement the express terms, or terms are rectified. It discusses the underlying philosophy of interpretation with regard to the dichotomy of ‘objective’ and ‘subjective’ approaches; it details the various interpretative aids, such as customs, usages, the commercial background, and the negotiations of the parties; and it shows how Myanmar law resolves the tension between literalist and contextualist approaches to interpretation. A number of hypothetical scenarios illustrate how Myanmar courts deal with issues of contractual interpretation and gap-filling in practice. Third, this chapter examines how Myanmar law deals with extremely one-sided, onerous, or otherwise unfair terms, such as exclusions or limitations of liability, penalty clauses, or restraint of trade clauses. The controls are extremely limited. It also analyses how the courts have the power to exercise a more indirect control by employing traditional general contract law doctrines, such as contract formation, interpretation, the rules on procedural fairness, or section 13(3) of the Burma Laws Act 1898, which makes specific reference to the principles of ‘justice, equity and good conscience’ in order to protect parties against unfair terms. Hypothetical cases are discussed to illustrate how unfair contract terms are regulated in practice.
Identification and Interpretation of Contractual Terms in Thai Law
Authors: PONGSAPAN Munin
Published: December 2020

This chapter examines the ascertainment of contract terms, and thus two closely connected issues in defining the contents of contracts, in Thailand: the approaches adopted in interpreting the meaning of agreed contractual terms, as well as to what extent additional terms are implied to supplement the express terms. It discusses the underlying philosophy of interpretation with regard to the dichotomy of ‘objective’ and ‘subjective’ approaches; it details the various interpretative aids, such as customs, usages, the commercial background, and the negotiations of the parties; and it shows how Thai law resolves the tension between literalist and contextualist approaches to interpretation. A number of hypothetical scenarios illustrate how the courts in Thailand deal with issues of contractual interpretation and gap-filling in practice.
The Curse of the Werewolf
Authors: Ogden Daniel
Published: December 2020

This chapter traces the persistent association between werewolves on the one hand and witches and sorcerers on the other in the ancient world (and does same, in a brief way, for the earliest medieval werewolf tales). The Homeric Circe’s wolves should be understood as men transformed by the witch. Despite some modern claims, this was the position of the Odyssey itself, as well as the subsequent ancient tradition. Herodotus’ treatment of the Neuri not only asserts that they are sorcerers that turn themselves into wolves, but also implies that transformation into a wolf is a thing more generally characteristic of sorcerers. Like the Neuri, Virgil’s (Egyptian?) Moeris is projected as a sorcerer that specialises in turning himself into a wolf. Imperial Latin literature provides us with examples of individual witch-figures transforming into wolves, notably Tibullus’ bawd-witch and Propertius’ Acanthis, but, beyond this, there seems to have been a set of thematic associations between werewolfism and the terrible strix-witches. It may have been thought, in particular, that they had a propensity to transform themselves not only into child-stealing and child-maiming screech-owls or screech-owl-like creatures, but also into wolves. The notion that werewolfism could sometimes be effected by a divine curse, as in the Arcadian traditions and as in Aesop’s fable, was perhaps a variation or extension of the more typical and established idea that it could proceed from the cursing of a witch or a sorcerer.
The Werewolf, Inside and Out
Authors: Ogden Daniel
Published: December 2020

Ancient werewolf thinking was strongly articulated in accordance with an axis between an inside and an outside, in three ways. First, the werewolf was often understood as a combination of an outer carapace and an inner core: more often the human element formed the carapace, and the lupine element the core, but the opposite arrangement could also obtain. Usually the humanoid carapace was identified, awkwardly, with the werewolf’s human clothing, and the wolf was revealed once this was shed; but sometimes, perhaps, the wolf could be more deeply buried within, as in the cases of those, like Aristomenes, that boasted a hairy heart. The inner and outer form could be pinned together, as it were, by an identifying wound; it is also possible that the belief that a wound could force a werewolf back into human form existed already in the ancient world. Secondly, a werewolf transformation, in either direction, could be effected by the taking of a foodstuff within the body: a man could be transformed into a werewolf by eating an (enchanted?) piece of bread, or the food most appropriate to a wolf, human flesh; he could be transformed back into a man either by abstinence from human flesh or by the equal-and-opposite process of eating a wolf’s heart. And, thirdly, it was the impulse of the werewolf, when transformed from man to wolf, to make a bolt from the inner places of humanity and civilisation for the outer places of the wilderness and the forest.
Special Algebraic Notions
Authors: Canarutto Daniel
Published: December 2020

A presentation of notions that can be found in the literature, though not always in the precise form that we need: unit spaces and physical scales; complex vector spaces together with conjugate and anti-dual spaces; Hermitian tensors and anti-Hermitian Lie algebra; Clifford algebra.