bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microwave Conductivity: A New Technique for Gas-Phase Pulse Radiolysis
Authors: Sherwell J , Cooper R , Nguyen DC , Mezyk SP
Published: September 2010

A new technique involving a combination of microwave absorption techniques and pulse radiolysis has been used to monitor electron processes in irradiated gases. The thermal electron attachment rate constants of various halogen-containing molecules have been measured and compared with the available literature values. The adaption of this technique for the measurement of electron-ion recombination rate constants and thermalization times for these gases is discussed.
The Chemistry of Phthalide-3-carboxylic Acid. V. The Reaction of the Acid With Imines
Authors: Chiefari J , Janowski WK , Prager RH
Published: September 2010

Phthalide-3-carboxylic acids decarboxylate readily in the presence of imines, the product depending on the solvent used. In dimethyl sulfoxide, or in the absence of solvent, at 130�, the product is the 3-alkyl 3-hydroxyisoindolone or its dehydration product, but in acetic anhydride at 130� the product is a mixture of diastereoisomeric 3-acetylarninoalkylphthalides. The reactions can be applied to the synthesis of natural products such as the isoindoloisoquinoline and phthalideisoquinoline alkaloids.
E.S.R. and Kinetic Studies on Radicals Produced by Photolysis of Bis(1-methylethyl)diazenes (Azoisopropanes)
Authors: Nishimura N , Takeda K , Furumatsu Y
Published: September 2010

Radicals generated by
photolysis of bis(1-methylethyl) diazenes (azoisopropanes) Me2C(X)-N=N-C(X)Me2, where X = -CN, -SCN, -SPh and -OAc, have been studied by means of spin trapping and radical scavenger techniques. The primarily photoproduced radicals of the type C(X)Me2 were trapped by N-t-butyl-a- phenylnitrone, except for X = -SCN. In this case, thiocyanatyl radicals were trapped by N-t-butyl-a- phenylnitrone . Radicals generated by thermoiysis were all of the type 'C(X)Me2. The diffusive separation process of a pair of photoproduced geminate radicals was investigated spectrophotometrically by following the disappearance of 2,4,6-triphenyl-3,4-dihydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazin-12H)-yl ( verdazyl ), in binary solvent systems of different viscosities. The reciprocal of the apparent zero-order rate constant with respect to verdazyl was found to be linearly related to the viscosity. This first-power relationship is briefly considered.
Kinleithic Acid: a New Hydroxylated Resin Acid From the Biological Treatment System of a New Zealand Kraft Pulp and Paper Mill
Authors: Wilkins AL , Langdon AG , Mills GN , Panadam SS , Stuthridge TR
Published: September 2010

A new hydroxylated resin acid from the biologically treated effluents of a New Zealand pulp and paper mill has been identified as 13 β-hydroxyabietan-18-oic acid. This hydroxy acid appears to be an anaerobic degradation product of abietic acid.
Chemistry of the Podocarpaceae. LXXV. The Conversion of 2-Oxomanoyl Oxide Into 2-oxo-γ-bicyclohomofarnesal
Authors: Cambie RC , Coddington JM , Rutledge PS , Taylor CM , Woodgate PD
Published: September 2010

2-Oxomanoyl oxide (6) has been converted into 2-oxo-13,14,15,16-tetranorlabd-8(17)-en-12-al (2), an oxygenated analogue of the ambergris odorant, γ-bicyclohomofarnesal (1). The acetoxy acid (10), a key intermediate in the sequence, has been synthesized by an improved route in 75% overall yield from (6).
Chemistry of the Burseraceae. XI. X-Ray-Diffraction Studies on Some Tirucall-7-ene Triterpenes From Aucoumea klaineana (Burseraceae)
Authors: Liang GY , Gray AI , Patalinghug WC , Skelton BW , Waterman PG , White AH
Published: September 2010

In a recent study of the resin of Aucoumea klaineana several triterpenes with a tirucall-7-ene skeleton were isolated. X-ray diffraction analysis of flindissol lactone and flindissone lactone have confirmed the stereochemistry of the lactone ring formed through C21 and C23 to be (20S,23R), derived from a tirucallane precursor. A third triterpene was characterized as (225)-hydroxytirucalla-7,24-diene-3,23-dione.
The Reaction of Thiophene 1,1-Dioxide With Haloform-Sodium Hydroxide Under Phase-Transfer Catalysis
Authors: Dent BR , Gainsford GJ
Published: September 2010

3,4-Dibromotetrahydrothiophen 1,1-dioxide (2) reacts in the reagent system chloroformaqueous sodium hydroxide-benzyltriethylammonium chloride to give 3-dichloromethylene-2,3-dihydrothiophen 1,1-dioxide (6a), for which low-temperature X-ray structural data are presented. Bromoform may be substituted for chloroform to give the corresponding dibromomethylene compound (6b) in good yield.
Unusual Spectral Properties of meso-(N,N-Dialkylaminophenyl)Porphyrins
Authors: Gunter MJ , Robinson BC
Published: September 2010

The behaviour of the porphyrins meso-tetrakis(4′-dialkylaminophenyl)porphyrin and 5,15-bis(4′-dimethylaminophenyl)-2,8,12,18-tetraethyl-3,7,13,17-tetramethylporphyrin in acidic solution is examined by ultraviolet-visible and 1H n.m.r. spectroscopy. The unusual nature of the spectra may be explained by the formation of N,N-dialkyliminoquinomethene moieties in which the porphyrin chromophore is modified by interruption of the π-system. Furthermore, acidification renders the macrocycle more susceptible to oxidation so that facile aerial oxidation can occur. The spectral properties of the oxidized species are discussed, and compared to those of analogous quinomethene macrocycles prepared from meso-tetrakis(4′-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrins.
The Crystal Structure of Vanillosmopsis-Derived (-) α-Bisabolol p-Phenylazophenylurethane
Authors: Carman RM , Robinson WT , Sutherland MD
Published: September 2010

The p-phenylazophenylurethane of Vanillosmopsis-derived (-)-α-bisabolol has unit cell dimensions and an X-ray diffraction pattern identical with those reported for the p-phenylazophenylurethane of Matricaria-derived (-)-α-bisabolol, despite having a higher melting point and different optical rotation.
Reduction of Ilmenite in the Presence of Sulfur
Authors: Li C , Merritt RR
Published: September 2010

Synthetic rutile has been produced from a Western Australian ilmenite by reducing it under controlled oxygen and sulfur fugacities , then leaching out the resulting metallic and sulfide phases with a bromine-in-methanol solution. The grade of the synthetic rutile has been determined as a function of reduction temperature, reduction time and oxygen fugacity. Experimental limitations precluded investigation of different sulfur fugacities. Reductions performed at 1301, 1348 and 1423 K have shown that synthetic rutile produced at 1301and 1348 K has a higher grade than that produced at 1423 K. In addition, the reduction time required to achieve a high-grade product at 1301 and 1348 K has been found to be less than that required at 1423 K. Included in the paper are an indication of how phase equilibria for the Fe- Mn -Ti-O-S system can be used to predict the grades of synthetic rutile produced at other temperatures or sulfur fugacities, and a discussion of how the reported results can be applied to ilmenite reduction in coal-fired kilns.
Reactions of Some 3-Methylcyclohexenones With Dimethylformamide Dimethyl Acetal
Authors: Kasum B , Prager RH
Published: September 2010

The reactions of 3-methylcyclohexenone, 4-ethoxycarbonyl-3-methylcyclohexenone, isophorone, 2-amino-3-methylcyclohexenone and 2-nitro-3-methylcyclohexenone with dimethylform-amide dimethyl acetal have been investigated, and the products characterized.
Catalytic Oxidation of Methanol by Ruthenium Oxides
Authors: Kennedy BJ , Smith AW , Wagner FE
Published: September 2010

The electrocatalytic behaviour of carbon-supported ruthenium oxide electrodes for oxygen evolution and methanol oxidation in acid solutions is reported. Physical characterization of the electrodes by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron and 99Ru Mossbauer spectroscopies indicated the ruthenium to be present as a mixture of RuIV oxides including the stable rutile phase. Electrochemical studies show that a RuVI species promotes the catalytic oxidation of methanol, whilst surface-bound RuO4 is involved in the oxygen evolution reaction.
Synthesis and Solvolysis of 1-Bromobicyclo[1.1.1]pentane
Authors: Della EW , Taylor DK
Published: September 2010

1-Bromobicyclo[1.1.1]pentane (3) is found to undergo solvolysis faster than t-butyl bromide in 80% aqueous ethanol, and gives 3-methylenecyclobutanol (7) exclusively. Products arising from capture of the bicyclo[1.1.1] pentyl cation (5) were not detected.
Synthesis of Aryl Carbohydrate Synthons and 2,3-Dihydroxypropanoic Acid-Derivatives of High Optical Purity
Authors: Matthews BR , Jackson WR , Jacobs HA , Watson KG
Published: September 2010

General routes to both L and D aryl carbohydrate precursors and to erythro and threo 2,3-dihydroxypropanoic acids of high optical purity have been established from readily available optically active aryl cyanohydrins.
Two New Aliphatic Acids From the Lichen Parmotrema praesorediosum
Authors: David F , Elix JA , Binsamsudin MW
Published: September 2010

The new aliphatic acids, (+)- praesorediosic acid [2-(14′-carboxytetradecyl)-4-methyl-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-carboxylic acid] (1) and (+)- protopraesorediosic acid [2-(14′-carboxytetradecyl)-4- methylene-5-oxo-2,5-tetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylic acid] (4) have been isolated from the lichen Parmotrema praesorediosum.
The Constituents of Marine Sponges. V. The Isolation From Chelonaplysilla violacea (Dendroceratida) of Aplyviolene and Other Diterpenes, and the Determination of the Crystal Structure of Aplyviolene
Authors: Hambley TW , Poiner A , Taylor WC
Published: September 2010

From the deep violet, encrusting marine sponge Chelonaplysilla violacea, two rearranged spongian diterpenes, aplyviolene, (1R*,1′S*,3?aR*,5R*,6R*,8R*,8′aS*)-3-oxo-8-(1′,4′,4′-trimethyl-8′-methylenedecahydroazulen-1′-yl)-2,7-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-yl acetate (1), the acetoxy derivative, aplyviolacene (2), (5R*,8S*,9S*,10R*,13S*,14R* ,15S*,16R*)-spongian-15,16-diyl diacetate (3) and (5R*,8S*,9S*,10R*,13S*,14R*)-spongian-16-one (4) were isolated. The structures were determined by spectroscopic methods, and the structure of aplyviolene was confirmed by a single-crystal X-ray determination. The crystal structure was refined to a residual of 0.036 for 1125 independent observed reflections. The crystals were orthorhombic, space group P212121 with a 8.098(1), b 11.628(1), c 21.774(3)Ǻ.
The Preparation of Analogs of the Ether-Linked Dimer and Oligomer Components of Hematoporphyrin Derivative
Authors: Byrne CJ , Ward AD
Published: September 2010

The preparation of ether-linked porphyrin dimers and oligomers which are analogues of those present in the anticancer drugs hematoporphyrin derivative and Photofrin IIR is described. These materials are prepared from the appropriately substituted porphyrins containing a 1-hydroxyethyl or a vinyl side chain through an intermediate 1-bromoethyl derivative. Ether-linked porphyrin dimers with ethyl, formyl , hydroxymethyl and 1-alkoxyethyl side chains were prepared, together with trimers and tetramers containing ethyl side chains. Some of the spectroscopic and biological properties of these compounds are discussed.
Simulation of Isotopic Peak Patterns for High-Mass Oligomers and Polynuclidic Transition-Metal Salts
Authors: Pulfer JD , Derrick PJ
Published: September 2010

An algorithm has been developed for rapidly and accurately simulating isotopic peak patterns of such diverse substances as mid- to high-mass-range peptides, e.g. bovine insulin (C254H377N65O75S6) and ribonuclease (C587H909N171O197S12),
large polymerized hydrocarbons such as the styrene oligomer (C804H810), and polynuclidic transition-metal salts such as caesium tetrathiotungstate (VI) (Cs2WS4). The program requires less than 4 kb of random access memory (RAM); it is rapid, and not restricted by the size of the molecule ion. To calculate the experimentally observed peaks of bovine insulin within 2% error required 30 s on an IBM PC-XT 286 microcomputer fitted with a math coprocessor; similarly, all peaks of the styrene oligomer took 68 s on a Commodore 10-II personal computer. A fully documented, highly compact, version of the algorithm is available in either Fortran-77 or GW-Basic.
Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes of Two Non-Steroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs and of an Analgesic Drug
Authors: Brown SE , Coates JH , Easton CJ , Lincoln SF , Luo Y , Stephens AKW
Published: September 2010

U.v .-visible spectrophotometric studies of the interactions of Naproxen, Ibuprofen and Panadol with α-cyclodextrin , β-cyclodextrin, γ-cyclodextrin and dimethyl β- cyclodextrin enable the determination of stability constants of inclusion complexes when their formation gives rise to appreciable spectral changes. The magnitudes of the stability constants are discussed in terms of the relative sizes and the chemical natures of the cyclodextrins and the included molecules.
Flash Vacuum Pyrolysis of Phenanthrene-3,4-dicarboxylic Anhydride and of Cyclobuta[c]-phenanthrene-1,2-dione: Products of Ring Contraction, Insertion and Ring Cleavage
Authors: Adeney M , Brown RFC , Coulston KJ , Eastwood FW , James IW
Published: September 2010

Flash vacuum pyrolysis of phenanthrene-3,4-dicarboxylic anhydride and of cyclobuta [c]phenanthrene-1,2-dione (860-70°/0.02-0.04 mm) gave a pyrolysate containing 1-ethynylacenaphthylene, 3-ethynylacenaphthylene and phenanthrene. The identity of the two ethynes was confirmed by synthesis. The results are interpreted in terms of a reaction sequence involving aryne formation, ring contraction, carbene insertion and ring cleavage of a highly strained intermediate.
4-Amino-1-phenylpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-6(5h)-one, an Isoguanosine Analog
Authors: Quinn RJ , Scammells PJ
Published: September 2010

5-Amino-1-phenylpyrazole-4-carboxamide was condensed with benzoyl isothiocyanate. The resulting thiourea was treated with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and annulated with ethanolic ammonia to yield 4-amino-1-phenylpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-6(5H)-one. This product is a 1-phenylpyrazolo[3,4-d] pyrimidine analogue of the biologically active natural product, isoguanosine.
New Depsides From the Lichen Biatora sorediosa
Authors: Elix JA , David F
Published: September 2010

The new depsides 2′-O-methylisohyperlatolic acid (4) and 2′-O-methylsuperlatolic acid (5) have been detected in the lichen Biatora sorediosa, and the structure of these metabolites has been established by unambiguous synthesis.
Palladium(II) Complexes of Tridentate Ligands. The Crystal Structure of Chloro[2,6-di(2-imidazolin-2-yl)pyridine]palladium(II) Chloride
Authors: Baker AT , Craig DC , Singh P
Published: September 2010

Mono(ligand) palladium(II) complexes of 2,6-di-(thiazol-2-yl)pyridine (1a), 2,6-di(4-methylthia-zol-2-yl)pyridine (1b), 2,6-di(thiazol-4-yl)pyridine (2a), 2,6-di(imidazolin-2-yl]pyridine (3) and 2,6-di(benzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine (4a) of the general formula [ PdLCl ] Cl have been prepared. Stoichiometries have been confirmed by C, H, N and Pd analyses; the presence of solvate molecules has been confirmed by thermogravimetry . The crystal structure of [ PdLCl ]Cl.H2O, L = (3), has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffractometry. The compound crystallizes in an orthorhombic space group, Pna21, a 7.427(2), b 21.932(3), c 8.935(1)Ǻ. The geometry of the complex cation is approximately square planar. The imidazolinyl rings closely approach planarity which is imposed by the delocalization of π-density in the NCN moiety. A hydrogen-bonding scheme involving the imino hydrogens of the ligand, chloride ions and the water molecule is present. The structure was refined by least-squares methods to a residual of 0.018 for 1273 reflections.
The Chemistry of 5-Oxodihydroisoxazoles. VI. The Photolysis of 2-Arylisoxazol-5(2H)-ones in Amines
Authors: Ang KH , Prager RH
Published: September 2010

Ethyl 5-oxo-2-phenyl-2,5-dihydroisoxazole-4-carboxylate (1) undergoes facile photolysis at 300 nm by two pathways in the presence of amines. One pathway gives an isomeric ketene which, in the presence of amines, is trapped as methanetricarboxylic acid amides. The second, by concerted loss of carbon dioxide, gives a carbene , which is trapped as 2,3-diaminoacrylates.
Studies of Australian Ascidians. III. A New Tetrahydrocannabinol Derivative From the Ascidian Synoicum castellatum
Authors: Carroll AR , Bowden BF , Coll JC
Published: September 2010

Extracts of the colonial ascidian Synoicum castellatum have yielded four compounds derived from prenylated hydroquinones . These included a new tetrahydrocannabinol derivative (6), the first to be isolated from a marine source. Its structure was identified on the basis of one- and two-dimensional n.m.r. experiments at 300 MHz. The known quinone (3), the hydroquinone (4) and the chromene (5) were readily identified by spectral comparison with literature values. Cytotoxicity for (6) against a panel of cultured cell lines is reported.
Nucleophilic Displacement in Polyhalogenoaromatic Compounds. XV. The Azulene-6-yl Substituent
Authors: Bolton R , Pilgrim AJ
Published: September 2010

6-(p- Fluorophenyl )-4,8-dimethylazulene (1) undergoes methoxydefluorination ( NaOMe ; Me2SO/MeOH, 9:1, v/v; 323 K) at a rate 1100 times that of fluorobenzene under the same conditions. Substituents (1-NO2, 1,3-Cl2) showed effects similar to those in the benzene system. Both the electron-withdrawing effect of the azulen-6-yl substituent and the efficacy of transmission of substituent effects across the polyannular system are unusually large, and reflect the polarizable and dipolar nature of the azulene system.
Transformations of Podocarpic Acid
Authors: Cambie RC , Rutledge PS , Woodgate PD
Published: September 2010

The A and C rings of the aromatic diterpenoid resin acid podocarpic acid from the heartshakes of the New Zealand conifer Dacrydium cupressinum have been modified to provide useful chiral intermediates for synthesis. The various strategies used by the Auckland group are reviewed.
Synthesis of (±)-Isoautumnaline and (±)-Dysoxyline
Authors: Nimgirawath S
Published: September 2010

The structures previously assigned to the phenethylisoquinoline alkaloids (-)-isoautumnaline and (+)-dysoxyline have been confirmed by total syntheses of the corresponding racemic substances.
Energetics of Intra- and Inter-molecular Bonds in the Three Nitrophenols
Authors: Sabbah R , Gouali M
Published: September 2010

A thermodynamic study of the three nitrophenol isomers (general formula C6H5NO3) was realized by combustion calorimetry of small amounts of substance (a few milligrams), sublimation calorimetry, differential thermal analysis and heat capacity measurements. The experimental enthalpies of combustion, sublimation and fusion of these compounds are as follows:

ortho para

-ΔcH�m(s,298.15K)/kJ
mol-1 2871.0�1.3 2875.1�0.9 2868.5�1.0

ΔsubH�m(298.15K)/kJ mol-1 72.30�0.28 91.23�0.49 92.39�0.43

ΔfusHm/kJ mol-1 18.32�0.35 20.54�0.34 17.33�0.10

Ttriple point/K 318.40�0.01 370.51�0.01 387.26�0.05

 

The strength of the intramolecular hydrogen bond in the ortho isomer was estimated equal to 20.09 kJ mol-1. The relative stability of the three isomers is discussed, and the intermolecular bond enthalpies have been determined. The experimental resonance energies Eexp,conj are 168.7, 142.8 and 148.2 kJ mol-1 for ortho -, meta- and para-nitrophenol respectively, and are in good agreement with theoretical values. The experimental atomization enthalpies Δa,expH°m(298.15K) are 6742.5�1.9, 6719.5�1.7 and 6724.9�1.8 kJ mol-1 for ortho -, meta- and para-nitrophenol respectively.
Collision-Induced Dissociations of Deprotonated Dipeptide Methyl Esters Containing Serine or Threonine
Authors: Steinborner ST , Bradford AM , Waugh RJ , Bowie JH , Vollmer DL , Gross ML
Published: September 2010

The collision-induced mass spectra (MS/MS) of (M - H)- ions derived from dipeptide methyl esters containing serine or threonine lack the characteristic backbone cleavage of the underivatized peptides (which provide primary sequencing data). Instead, competitive fragmentation occurs through the ester and α-side chain functions. For example, Ser methyl esters lose both CH2O (from the side chain) and MeOH ( MeO comes from the methyl ester). Isomeric dipeptides may be differentiated by competitive fragmentations; for example [ Gly Ser( OMe )-H]- fragments first by loss of CH2O, while [Ser Gly ( OMe )-H]-, in contrast, shows initial elimination of MeOH. The structures of the product ions in these spectra have been probed by deuterium labelling and MS/MS/MS studies.
Cembranoid Diterpenes Related to Sarcophytol A From the Soft Coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum (Alcyonacea)
Authors: Greenland GJ , Bowden BF
Published: September 2010

An investigation of metabolites from the soft coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum collected at North East Reef, Orpheus Island, has yielded three simple cembranoid diterpenes , namely (7R,8R,14S,1E,3E,11E)-7,8-epoxycembra-1,3,11-trien-14-ol (1), (7R,8R,14S,1E,3E,11E)-14-acetoxy-7,8-epoxycembra-1,3,11-triene (2) and (7R,14S,1E,3E,8E,11E)-cembra-1,3,8,11-tetraene-7,14-diol(3), together with the known dihydrofuran sarcophytoxide (4). The diterpenes (2) and (3) were previously reported as synthetic derivatives of sarcophytol A, but this is the first report of their natural occurrence. The three mildly cytotoxic diterpenes (1)-(3) are structural modifications of the antitumour promotor sarcophytol A (5). Structures were established by high-resolution n.m.r. spectroscopy and interconversion. The absolute stereochemistries of the metabolites were determined by use of the Mosher n.m.r. method, and the stereochemistry at C14 was shown to be the same as that of sarcophytol A in each case. These results are in agreement with the published absolute stereochemistries of the metabolites determined by the Horeau method. Full n.m.r. assignments for (11S,12S,14S,1E,3E,7E)-11,12-epoxycembra-1,3,7-trien-14-ol (6) and (11S,12S,14S,1E,3E,7E)-14-acetoxy-11,12-epoxycembra-1,3,7-triene (7) are given.
On measuring selection in experimental evolution
Authors: Chevin Luis-Miguel
Published: September 2010

Distributions of mutation fitness effects from evolution experiments are available in an increasing number of species, opening the way for a vast array of applications in evolutionary biology. However, comparison of estimated distributions among studies is hampered by inconsistencies in the definitions of fitness effects and selection coefficients. In particular, the use of ratios of Malthusian growth rates as ‘relative fitnesses’ leads to wrong inference of the strength of selection. Scaling Malthusian fitness by the generation time may help overcome this shortcoming, and allow accurate comparison of selection coefficients across species. For species reproducing by binary fission (neglecting cellular death), ln2 can be used as a correction factor, but in general, the growth rate and generation time of the wild-type should be provided in studies reporting distribution of mutation fitness effects. I also discuss how density and frequency dependence of population growth affect selection and its measurement in evolution experiments.
Exposure to sexual signals during rearing increases immune defence in adult field crickets
Authors: Bailey Nathan W. , Gray Brian , Zuk Marlene
Published: September 2010

Increased investment in immunity is expected to be beneficial under crowded conditions because of the greater risk of pathogen and parasite transmission, but the evolution of this facultative response relies on the ability to accurately assess social cues in the environment and adjust immune defences accordingly. Because of their highly conspicuous nature, long-range sexual signals are prime candidates to be used in evaluating the social conditions likely to be experienced upon adulthood in continuously breeding species; however, their role in mediating immune responses is unknown. We tested whether exposure to acoustic sexual signals in the field cricket
Teleogryllus oceanicus
affects immunity by manipulating male juvenile experience of acoustic signals, and measuring the effect on adult immunity. Adult males exposed to song during rearing showed stronger immune responses than males reared in silence: they were better able to encapsulate artificial nylon implants and showed higher levels of antimicrobial lysozyme-like activity in their haemolymph. Experience of sexual signals thus translates into increased immunity, which suggests that such signals may play a role in conveying information about population demography and shaping density-dependent responses in unintended receivers.
Systematic comparison of three genomic enrichment methods for massively parallel DNA sequencing
Authors: Teer Jamie K. , Bonnycastle Lori L. , Chines Peter S. , Hansen Nancy F. , Aoyama Natsuyo , Swift Amy J. , Abaan Hatice Ozel , Albert Thomas J. ,   NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, Margulies Elliott H. , Green Eric D. , Collins Francis S. , Mullikin James C. , Biesecker Leslie G.
Published: September 2010

Massively parallel DNA sequencing technologies have greatly increased our ability to generate large amounts of sequencing data at a rapid pace. Several methods have been developed to enrich for genomic regions of interest for targeted sequencing. We have compared three of these methods: Molecular Inversion Probes (MIP), Solution Hybrid Selection (SHS), and Microarray-based Genomic Selection (MGS). Using HapMap DNA samples, we compared each of these methods with respect to their ability to capture an identical set of exons and evolutionarily conserved regions associated with 528 genes (2.61 Mb). For sequence analysis, we developed and used a novel Bayesian genotype-assigning algorithm, Most Probable Genotype (MPG). All three capture methods were effective, but sensitivities (percentage of targeted bases associated with high-quality genotypes) varied for an equivalent amount of pass-filtered sequence: for example, 70% (MIP), 84% (SHS), and 91% (MGS) for 400 Mb. In contrast, all methods yielded similar accuracies of >99.84% when compared to Infinium 1M SNP BeadChip-derived genotypes and >99.998% when compared to 30-fold coverage whole-genome shotgun sequencing data. We also observed a low false-positive rate with all three methods; of the heterozygous positions identified by each of the capture methods, >99.57% agreed with 1M SNP BeadChip, and >98.840% agreed with the whole-genome shotgun data. In addition, we successfully piloted the genomic enrichment of a set of 12 pooled samples via the MGS method using molecular bar codes. We find that these three genomic enrichment methods are highly accurate and practical, with sensitivities comparable to that of 30-fold coverage whole-genome shotgun data.
Zum zyklischen Verhalten vornehmlich der Höhe des Endometriums beim Schwein
Authors: Fabian Gerda
Published: September 2010

Bei 146 Schweinen wurden die Veränderungen des Endometriums während des Sexualzyklus untersucht. Das Endometrium ist zur Zeit der Gelbkörper‐Blüte am höchsten und zur Zeit der Ovulation am niedrigsten. Das Oberflächenepithel verhält sich hierbei gerade umgekehrt. Die Uterindrüsen sind zur Zeit der gröz̀ten Schleimhauthöhe am stärksten und zur Zeit der geringsten Schleimhauthöhe am schwächsten geschlängelt. Das unerwartete Verhalten der Schleimhauthöhe in der Brunst sowie die zytomorphologisch sich widersprechenden Angaben über das Drüsenepithel werden kritisch diskutiert.

Cyclical changes, particularly the thickness of the endometrium, in the pig

During the oestrus cycle in the pig the endometrium is tallest at the time of ripening of the corpus luteum (10 days after ovulation) and shortest at the time of ovulation. The surface epithelium behaves in the opposite way. The uterine glands are most developed when the mucous membrane is thickest and they are least convoluted, when the mucosa is thinnest. The unexpected relationship between the thickness of the mucosa and oestrus and the cell changes associated with it are critically discussed. The work is based on a study of the ovaries and uteri from 800 healthy pigs.

Les variations de l'épaisseur de l'endométrium chez le porc pendant le cycle oestral

Pendant le cycle oestral l'épaisseur de l'endométrium chez le porc atteint un maximum au moment où le corps jaune est à la période d'état et un minimum au moment de l'ovulation. L'épithélium superficiel se comporte d'une fačon opposée. Les glandes utérines sont le plus serpentées lors de l'épaisseur maxima et le moins serpentées lors de l'épaisseur minima de la muqueuse. Le comportement inattendu de l'épaisseur de la muqueuse pendant l'oestrus ainsi que les indications cytomorphologiques contradictoires sur l'épithélium glandulaire sont l'objet d'une discussion critique.

El comportamiento cíclico, particularmente de la altura del endometrio en la cerda

En el ciclo, la altura del endometrio de la cerda es mayor en la época de la prosperidad del cuerpo amarillo y menor en el momento de la ovulación. El epitelio superficial se comporta aquí precisamente en sentido inverso. Las glándulas uterinas están más serpenteadas en la época del mayor espesor mucoso y menos en el momento de la menor altura mucosa. Se discuten críticamente el comportamiento inesperado de la altura mucosa durante el celo, así como los datos citomorfológicamente contradictorios sobre el epitelio glandular.
Progesterone Levels in the Bovine Peripheral Plasma Measured by the Competitive Protein Binding Technique
Authors: Edqvist L. E. , Ekman L. , Gustafsson B. , ÄStröm G.
Published: September 2010

The competitive protein binding technique for measurement of progesterone has been applied for progesterone in venous blood plasma of the cow. Chicken plasma was used as binding protein. Data are presented on the progesterone level in blood plasma of the cow during the oestrus cycle, after enucleation of the corpus luteum, after ovariectomy and during pregnancy.

Bestimmung des Progesterongehaltes im Venenblut des Rindes mit der kompetitiven Protein‐Bindungsmethode

Für die quantitative Progesteronbestimmung im venösen Plasma von Kühen wurde die Methode der kompetitiven Proteinbindung angewandt.

Als bindendes Protein wurde Hühnerplasma verwendet. Die vorgelegten Daten betreffen den Progesterongehalt während des Brunstzyklus', nach Enukleation des Gelbkörpers, nach Ovarektomie und während der Trächtigkeit.

Détermination de la teneur en progestérone du sang veineux bovin à l'aide de la méthode de fixation compétitive des protéines

On emploie la méthode de fixation compétitive des protéines pour une détermination quantitative de la progestérone dans le plasma veineux de vaches.

Comme protéine de fixation, on emploie du plasma aviaire. Les résultats cités donnent le taux de progestérone pendant le cycle oestral, après énucléation du corps jaune, après ovariectomie et pendant la gestation.

Determinación del contenido de progesterona en la sangre venosa de vacas con la técnica de fijación competitiva de proteínas

Para la valoración cuantitativa de la progesterona en plasma venoso de vacas se utilizó la técnica de la fijación proteica competitiva.

Como proteína fijadora se empleó plasma de gallinas. Se presentan datos sobre el contenido de progesterona durante el ciclo estral, tras enucleación del cuerpo amarillo, tras ovariectomía y durante la gestación.
REPRODUCTIVE TOURISM AND THE QUEST FOR GLOBAL GENDER JUSTICE
Authors: DONCHIN ANNE
Published: September 2010

Reproductive tourism is a manifestation of a larger, more inclusive trend toward globalization of capitalist cultural and material economies. This paper discusses the development of cross‐border assisted reproduction within the globalized economy, transnational and local structural processes that influence the trade, social relations intersecting it, and implications for the healthcare systems affected. I focus on prevailing gender structures embedded in the cross‐border trade and their intersection with other social and economic structures that reflect and impact globalization. I apply a social connection model of responsibility for unjust outcomes and consider strategies to counter structural injustices embedded in this industry. The concluding section discusses policy reforms and proposals for collaborative action to preclude further injustices and extend full human rights to all.
Methyl jasmonate elicits rapid changes in carbon and nitrogen dynamics in tomato
Authors: Gómez Sara , Ferrieri Richard A. , Schueller Michael , Orians Colin M.
Published: September 2010

Commentary p643
Philips's 1628 Paradisus and the triumph of the Eucharist
Authors: MCCARTHY KERRY
Published: September 2010

Peter Philips (1560/61–1628) was among the first English composers to embrace the musical style of the Italianate Baroque. His Paradisus sacris cantionibus consitus, printed during his final year at the Brussels court of the Archdukes Albert and Isabella, is a large collection of accompanied monodies, duets and trios, a number of them lavishly ornamented. Some of the texts he sets in this book are drawn from the common stock of post‐Tridentine devotion, but others are lengthy eucharistic meditations, unusual and at times rather overwrought. Most of these latter texts can in fact be traced to a devotional book (Hebdomada eucharistica) published a decade earlier in Brussels by one of Philips's fellow English‐speaking exiles at the archducal court, the chaplain and theologian Richard Stanihurst. Philips's musical settings, dedicated to Albert and Isabella's almoner Francis de Rye, took shape in an intense atmosphere of Baroque eucharistic piety – in the company of works such as Rubens' formidable tapestries on the Triumph of the Eucharist, commissioned by Isabella herself, and other elaborate architectural and cultural projects. In this paper, I explore the context of the 1628 Paradisus, the court culture which incited a proudly English composer (as he identified himself on all his title pages) to identify so strongly with the European Counter‐Reformation. I also reconsider the place of Philips and his music in the community of English‐speaking Catholic expatriates.
The Structure of Multiple Credit Relationships: Evidence from U.S. Firms
Authors: GUISO LUIGI , MINETTI RAOUL
Published: September 2010

When firms borrow from multiple concentrated creditors such as banks they appear to differentiate their allocation of borrowing. In this paper, we put forward hypotheses for this borrowing pattern based on incomplete contract theories and test them using a sample of small U.S. firms. We find that firms with more valuable and more homogeneous assets differentiate borrowing more sharply across concentrated creditors. Moreover, borrowing differentiation is inversely related to restructuring costs and positively related to firms' informational transparency. The results suggest that the structure of credit relationships is used to discipline creditors and entrepreneurs, especially during corporate reorganizations.
Impact of Mechanical Shear on the Survival of Listeria monocytogenes on Surfaces
Authors: Sheen Shiowshuh , Costa Sonya , Cooke Peter
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  The impact of mechanical surface shear on microbial viability is rarely a subject for exploration in food processing. The objective of this research was to investigate the impact of mechanical shear on the survival of Listeria monocytogenes on surfaces. Mechanical shear created by slicing a model food was explored to investigate the viability of L. monocytogenes. Cell injury/death was readily demonstrated in fluorescence images by confocal microscopy in which the live and dead cells were fluorescently stained green and red, respectively, with a viability dye kit. Images showed that a large percentage of dead cells appeared after slicing, and they were readily transferred from the slicer blade onto the surfaces of sliced agar, indicating that surface shear may cause the lethal effect on L. monocytogenes. Surface transfer results also showed that viable cell counts on agar slices (in a slicing series) followed a consistently decreasing pattern. The cell counts initially at 5 to 6.5 log CFU/slice (slices 1 to 6), decreased to 3 to 4 log CFU/slice (slices 8 to 30), then to 2 to 3 log CFU/slice (slices 31 to 40), and counts would be expected to further decrease if slicing continued. The overall cell recovery (survival) ratio was about 2% to 3% compared to the initial 8.4 log CFU/blade on a 10 cm2 edge area. The impact of shear on microbial viability during slicing may contribute 99% of viable cell count reduction. This study provides clear evidence that surface shear can kill foodborne pathogens and reduce cross‐contamination. The lethal effects of surface shear may further enhance food safety.
Influence of Droplet Charge on the Chemical Stability of Citral in Oil‐in‐Water Emulsions
Authors: Choi Seung Jun , Decker Eric Andrew , Henson Lulu , Popplewell L. Michael , McClements David Julian
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  The chemical stability of citral, a flavor component widely used in beverage, food, and fragrance products, in oil‐in‐water emulsions stabilized by surfactants with different charge characteristics was investigated. Emulsions were prepared using cationic (lauryl alginate, LAE), non‐ionic (polyoxyethylene (23) lauryl ether, Brij 35), and anionic (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS) surfactants at pH 3.5. The citral concentration decreased over time in all the emulsions, but the rate of decrease depended on surfactant type. After 7 d storage, the citral concentrations remaining in the emulsions were around 60% for LAE‐ or Brij 35‐stabilized emulsions and 10% for SDS‐stabilized emulsions. An increase in the local proton (H+) concentration around negatively charged droplet surfaces may account for the more rapid citral degradation observed in SDS‐stabilized emulsions. A strong metal ion chelator (EDTA), which has previously been shown to be effective at increasing the oxidative stability of labile components, had no effect on citral stability in LAE‐ or Brij 35‐stabilized emulsions, but it slightly decreased the initial rate of citral degradation in SDS‐stabilized emulsions. These results suggest the surfactant type used to prepare emulsions should be controlled to improve the chemical stability of citral in emulsion systems.
Biochemical Traits of Ciauscolo, a Spreadable Typical Italian Dry‐Cured Sausage
Authors: Trani Antonio , Gambacorta Giuseppe , Loizzo Pasqua , Alviti Giovanna , Schena Alessandra , Faccia Michele , Aquilanti Lucia , Santarelli Sara , Di Luccia Aldo
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  Ciauscolo is a short‐ripened fermented sausage manufactured in the Marche region (central Italy) that has recently received a protected geographical indication product classification (PGI). The aim of this study was the exploration of the biochemical traits of this traditional Italian salami, with a special focus on protein and lipid composition. Ciauscolo salami was characterized by pH of 5.1 and 0.91 water activity. A prevalence of lactic acid bacteria in the microbiota was found. The free amino acids and biogenic amines average content was 2657 and 255 mg/kg, respectively. With regards to lipids composition unsaturated fatty acids represented 63% and 72% of total and free fatty acids. Despite these results had wide statistical variability, attributable to differences in the processing parameters and raw matter used, some peculiar traits were found: (1) structural muscular proteins underwent to less proteolysis than sarcoplasmic ones; (2) glycogen phosphorylase, enolase, and aldolase were the most proteolyzed among the sacoplasmic proteins; (3) there was inverse correlation between histamine content and yeasts population, and a direct correlation between the gly‐pro content and lactic acid bacteria counts; (4) the content of aspartic acid and methyonine seem to be a possible molecular marker able to distinguish between double and single milling.
Induction of Detoxification Enzymes by Feeding Unblanched Brussels Sprouts Containing Active Myrosinase to Mice for 2 Wk
Authors: Robbins Melissa G. , Hauder Johanna , Somoza Veronika , Eshelman Bruce D. , Barnes David M. , Hanlon Paul R.
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  In cruciferous vegetables, myrosinase metabolizes the relatively inactive glucosinolates into isothiocyanates and other products that have the ability to increase detoxification enzyme expression. Thus, maintaining myrosinase activity during food preparation may be critical to receiving the maximum benefit of consumption of Brussels sprouts or other cruciferous vegetables. To test the importance of maintaining myrosinase activity for maximizing bioactivity, experimental diets containing 20% unblanched (active myrosinase) or 20% blanched (inactivated myrosinase) freeze‐dried Brussels sprouts and a nutrient‐matched control diet were evaluated in vitro and in vivo for their ability to induce detoxification enzymes. Treatment of immortalized HepG2 human hepatoma cells with the unblanched Brussels sprout diet caused a greater increase quinone activity compared to the blanched Brussels sprout diet. C3H/HeJ mice fed the unblanched Brussels sprout diets for 2 wk had significantly higher plasma sulforaphane concentrations. Liver expression of CYP1A1 and epoxide hydrolase, measured using real‐time PCR, was correlated with the plasma concentration of sulforaphane. In the lung, expression of epoxide hydrolase, thioredoxin reductase, UDP glucuronosyltransferase, quinone reductase, heme oxygenase, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1 were also correlated with the plasma concentration of sulforaphane. Together these data demonstrate that, as predicted by the in vitro experiment, in vivo exposure to Brussels sprouts with active myrosinase resulted in greater induction of both phase I and phase II detoxification enzymes in the liver and the lungs that correlated with plasma sulforaphane concentrations.
Effect of Milk on the Deodorization of Malodorous Breath after Garlic Ingestion
Authors: Hansanugrum Areerat , Barringer Sheryl A.
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  The effect of milk and milk components on the deodorization of diallyl disulfide (DADS), allyl methyl disulfide (AMDS), allyl mercaptan (AM), allyl methyl sulfide (AMS), and methyl mercaptan (MM) in the headspace of garlic as well as in the mouth‐ and nose‐space after garlic ingestion was investigated using selected ion flow tube‐mass spectrometry (SIFT‐MS). Fat‐free and whole milk significantly reduced the head‐, mouth‐, and nose‐space concentrations of all volatiles. Water was the major component in milk responsible for the deodorization of volatiles. Due to its higher fat content, whole milk was more effective than fat‐free milk in the deodorization of the more hydrophobic volatiles diallyl disulfide and allyl methyl disulfide. Milk was more effective than water and 10% sodium caseinate in the deodorization of allyl methyl sulfide, a persistent garlic odor, in the mouth after garlic ingestion. Addition of milk to garlic before ingestion had a higher deodorizing effect on the volatiles in the mouth than drinking milk after consuming garlic.

Practical Application:  Ingesting beverages or foods with high water and/or fat content such as milk may help reduce the malodorous odor in breath after garlic ingestion and mask the garlic flavor during eating. To enhance the deodorizing effect, deodorant foods should be mixed with garlic before ingestion.
Hypolipidemic Effect of Bamboo Shoot Oil (P. pubescens) in Sprague–Dawley Rats
Authors: Lu Baiyi , Xia Daozhong , Huang Weisu , Wu Xiaoqin , Zhang Ying , Yao Yiyuan
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  Atherosclerosis and its related complications are the leading causes of death in the West and in many developed countries. This study aims to investigate the hypolipidemic effect of bamboo shoot oil (BSO) in Sprague–Dawley rats. A group of rats had induced hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, and fatty liver by being fed with a high‐fat, high‐cholesterol diet for 4 wk. The control group was administered 10 mL distilled water per kg body weight, while the other groups were, respectively, administered 250 mg beta‐sitosterol, 250 mg BSO, 500 mg BSO, and 1000 mg BSO per kg body weight by oral gavage. The results demonstrated that BSO could significantly decrease the levels of total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol, phytosterol, lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase, and atherogenic index in serum, and increase the levels of cholesterol in feces. It could also significantly decrease the level of relative liver weight and liver lipids. The pronounced hypolipidemic effects of BSO might be attributed to its ability to inhibit cholesterol absorption and increase cholesterol excretion. These results suggest that consuming BSO may provide benefits in managing hypercholesterolemia. Therefore, BSO may be a good candidate for development as a functional food and nutraceutical.
The Design Challenge
Authors: Peters Tom
Published: September 2010

WHEN TOM PETERS makes the case for design as a business resource, he delivers his message with wit, clarity, and a wealth of down‐to‐earth examples. In the arena of products, he hails perception as “all there is”, and notes how design shapes perception. With respect to being close to customers—be they employees, suppliers or consumers—design is cited as a bridge to these constituencies. And in the realm of organizational management, design is celebrated as responsive leadership, as loving change, and as being passionate about quality and detail.
Design Innovation and the TEAM
Authors: Belbin R. Meredith
Published: September 2010

GIVEN THE INTRICACIES of contemporary markets, products and businesses, a team approach is one of the most effective innovation strategies. But how do managers put together the effective team? Based on extensive research and testing, Belbin offers guidelines for identifying individuals who will make strong team players and then follows up with recommendations for orchestrating the team's efforts and judging its success.
Breaking the Chains of Embedded Knowledge: Architectural Innovation as a Source of Competitive Advantage
Authors: Henderson Rebecca
Published: September 2010

AS HENDERSON DEFINES it, architectural knowledge is the critical ability to integrate information from various sources during the product development process. In this context, if an organization allows architectural knowledge to become one unarticulated aspect of its culture, innovation suffers as traditions stifle new insights. Alternatively, if architectural knowledge is explicitly recognized and well managed, it becomes a catalyst for innovation and a formidable competitive weapon.
A NATIONAL DESIGN POLICY: Of Questionable Value and Unlikely
Authors: Kash Don E.
Published: September 2010

AMONG DESIGN PROFESSIONALS, there is certainly a consensus that the US should have a clearer and more aggressive design policy. Taking on the role of devil's advocate, Don Kash explores problems inherent in such well‐intended aspirations. In particular, he comments on the difficulties related to defining the multiple roles of design in business activities and, against a background of general policy‐making issues, explains how the fragmented nature of design policy goals and constituencies makes for an elusive—and perhaps undefinable—policy target.
CONCEPT Development Strategies
Authors: Livolsi Michael
Published: September 2010

WITH THOUSANDS OF PRODUCTS vying for consumer attention, the design of packaging for items sold in supermarkets is an especially challenging assignment. As Michael Livolsi explains, in this market the strategy is to inform consumers and engage them emotionally To meet these objectives, his firm uses a process that combines thorough product and audience analysis with time to daydream. In the end, concepts emerge from a balanced dialogue between the facts of left‐brain rationality and the excitement of right‐brain vision and creativity.
THE MEGATEAM Design Process: Adding a New Dimension to Concurrent Development
Authors: Beckwith Deanne , Harris David
Published: September 2010

FOR COMPLEX PRODUCTS or systems with multiple components, concurrently developing concepts for different elements in the project is a competitive necessity To this end, the Megateam Design Process, described here by Deanne Beckwith with David Harris, is a compelling strategy because, in coordinating parallel contributions from several design consultants, it saves time and money while offering the opportunity to consider a wide range of creative responses to a problem.