bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of integrating companion cropping and nitrogen application on the performance and infestation of collards by Brevicoryne brassicae
Authors: Mutiga Samuel K. , Gohole Linnet S. , Auma Elmada O.
Published: January 2010

Sustainable management of cabbage aphids, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a major goal for collard, Brassica oleracea (L.) var. acephala (Brassicaceae), growers globally. Host finding ability of insect pests is significantly affected by diversified cropping systems, and this approach is being utilized currently as a pest management tool. Soil nutrition and its interaction with the cropping systems could have a significant effect on the general performance of collards and the infestation by cabbage aphids. In a search for a sustainable cabbage aphid control, a two‐season field experiment was carried out with two intercrops, collards and chilli, Capsicum frutescens (L.) (Solanaceae), and collards and spring onions, Allium cepa (L.) (Alliaceae), and a collard monoculture. For each of the cropping systems, nitrogen (N) was applied to the soil as a top‐dress at 20, 25, 30, and 35 g per collard plant. The response factors monitored were collard yield (fresh weight) and aphid infestation on collards. Spring onion‐collard intercrop had the lowest aphid density and the highest yield. Collard monoculture had the highest aphid infestation and the lowest yield. High levels of N led to increased infestation of collards by aphids, but also led to a significant increase in the yield of collards. Significant interactions between the N rates and the cropping systems were observed on some sampling dates, with the highest yield being realized under a combination of spring onion‐collard intercrop at a N rate of 30 g per plant. High aphid density led to a decrease in the yield of collards. It was concluded that with a spring onion‐collard intercrop, the soil N level could be raised from the blanket rate of 20–30 g per plant and this would lead to an increase in yield.
Detection of ecological hybrid inviability in a pair of sympatric phytophagous ladybird beetles (Henosepilachnaspp.)
Authors: Kuwajima Masakazu , Kobayashi Norio , Katoh Toru , Katakura Haruo
Published: January 2010

Ecological speciation is a process by which reproductive isolation evolves as the result of divergent natural selection between populations inhabiting distinct environments or exploiting alternative resources. Ecological hybrid inviability provides direct evidence for ecological speciation. To detect ecological hybrid inviability, we examined survival rates to the second instar of F1 hybrids and backcross hybrids in a pair of sympatric phytophagous ladybird beetles,Henosepilachna niponicaLewis andHenosepilachna yasutomiiKatakura (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Epilachninae), reared on their respective host plants, thistle [Cirsium alpicolaNakai (Asteraceae)] and blue cohosh [Caulophyllum robustumMaxim. (Berberidaceae)], and on a common food plant, Japanese nightshade [Solanum japonenseNakai (Solanaceae)]. Hybrid larvae reared on leaves of the Japanese nightshade always had high rates of survival, irrespective of the crossing type of their parents, suggesting a lack of intrinsic hybrid inviability between the two species. In contrast, survival rates on thistle and blue cohosh varied greatly. On blue cohosh, the survival rate of F1 hybrids was nearly as high as that ofH. yasutomii, but on thistle, survival was significantly lower than ofH. niponica. Survival rates of backcross hybrids on the two host plants were intermediate between those of the parents, showing a reversed rank order of different types of backcross hybrids on the two food plant species. These results suggest that ecological hybrid inviability exists betweenH. niponicaandH. yasutomii, although the two species do not show intrinsic hybrid inviability. Thus, our study supports the hypothesis thatH. niponicaandH. yasutomiiunderwent ecological speciation by divergent selection.
Assessment of effects of Bt‐oilseed rape on large white butterfly (Pieris brassicae) in natural habitats
Authors: Kjær C. , Damgaard C. , Lauritzen A. J.
Published: January 2010

Much effort has been allocated to the definition of risk, relevant for the assessment of genetically modified plants. However, few studies have emphasised the limitations in testing methods. In this study, tests for and effects on non‐target herbivores were exemplified and evaluated for Pieris brassicae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) and a genetically modified Brassica napus L. (Brassicaceae) expressing the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)‐toxin Cry1Ac. It was established that this herbivore recognises and accepts the transgenic plant as a host. It was found that ovipositing females of P. brassicae preferred the transgenic variety for egg‐laying. Therefore, effects of the transgenic host plant on the herbivore were determined. Larvae feeding on the Bt‐plants experienced 100% mortality for all larval stages. Based on these observations, a population model was established. The model showed that larval survival is increased with amount of food (number of plants) and reduced with the frequency of transgenic specimens, number of host plants needed for completing larval development, and number of egg‐laying butterflies. Such models may both aid the design of further tests for effects and support the assessment whether population effects are likely to occur due to the presence of insect‐resistant plants outside the agricultural area.
Comparing responses of generalist and specialist herbivores to various cyanogenic plant features
Authors: Ballhorn D. J. , Kautz S. , Lieberei R.
Published: January 2010

Plants are obliged to defend themselves against multiple generalist and specialist herbivores. Whereas plant cyanogenesis is considered an efficient defence against generalists, it is thought to affect specialists less. In the present study, we analysed the function of various cyanogenic features of lima bean [Phaseolus lunatus L. (Fabaceae)] during interaction with different herbivores. Three cyanogenic features were analysed, i.e., cyanogenic potential (HCNp; concentration of cyanogenic precursors), β‐glucosidase activity, and cyanogenic capacity (HCNc; release of cyanide per unit time). In no‐choice and free‐choice feeding trials, five lima bean accessions were offered to generalist desert locust [Schistocerca gregaria Forskål (Orthoptera: Acrididae)] and specialist Mexican bean beetle [Epilachna varivestis Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)]. The HCNc was the most important parameter determining host plant selection by generalists, whereas choice behaviour of specialists was strongly affected by HCNp. Although locusts were effectively repelled by high HCNc, this cue was misleading for the detection of suitable host plants, as extensive consumption of low HCNc plant material resulted in strong intoxication of locusts. Balancing cyanide in consumed leaf area, the quantitative release of gaseous cyanide during feeding, and cyanide in faeces suggested that specialists metabolized significantly lower rates of cyanide per consumed leaf material than generalists. We hypothesize that specialists are able to avoid toxic concentrations of cyanide by using HCNp rather than HCNc as a cue for host plant quality, and that they exhibit mechanisms that reduce incorporation of host plant cyanide.
Influence of balsam fir (Abies balsamea) budburst phenology on hemlock looper (Lambdina fiscellaria)
Authors: Butt Cheryl , Quiring Dan , Hébert Christian , Delisle Johanne , Berthiaume Richard , Bauce Eric , Royer Lucie
Published: January 2010

Many herbivorous insects emerge synchronously with budburst of their host plant, as the nutritional quality of foliage often decreases rapidly following budburst. We carried out manipulative field experiments to evaluate the influence of bud and shoot phenology on performance of the hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria Guenée (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ourapterygini), on balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. (Pinaceae), in NF, Canada. Hemlock looper survival, pupal weight, and realized fecundity, which were then combined to estimate fitness, were all highest when newly emerged first instars were placed on foliage of current‐year shoots that had completed approximately 25–35% of their elongation, and lower when placed on younger or older foliage. Survival of a small portion of larvae placed on buds a week before budburst suggests that newly emerged first instars either entered unburst buds or survived for a week without food. In laboratory experiments, approximately half of larvae survived for 4 days without food or water at 10 °C and 65% r.h. The timing of egg hatch in the field appeared to be adaptive, but the short duration of egg hatch suggests that another factor in addition to host plant phenology exerts stabilizing selection pressure on the timing of egg hatch.
An update on the role of glutamate in the pathophysiology of depression
Authors: Mitchell N. D. , Baker G. B.
Published: January 2010

Mitchell ND, Baker GB. An update on the role of glutamate in the pathophysiology of depression.

Objective:  To review the literature on the involvement of glutamate (Glu), including its interactions with other neurochemical systems, in the pathophysiology of depression.

Method:  A MEDLINE search using the terms glutamate, depression and major depressive disorder, was performed.

Results:  Alterations in proteins involved in glutamatergic signalling are implicated in variations in behaviour in animal models of depression. Drugs acting at Glu receptors appear to have antidepressant‐like effects in these models, and traditional antidepressant pharmacotherapies act on the glutamatergic system. Recent evidence from genetic studies and in vivo spectroscopy also correlate glutamatergic dysfunction with depression. Trials of N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor antagonists in humans have provided mixed results.

Conclusion:  A growing body of evidence indicates that the glutamatergic system is involved in the pathophysiology of depression, and may represent a target for intervention.
The mental health of female sex workers
Authors: Rössler W. , Koch U. , Lauber C. , Hass A.‐K. , Altwegg M. , Ajdacic‐Gross V. , Landolt K.
Published: January 2010

Rössler W, Koch U, Lauber C, Hass A‐K, Altwegg M, Ajdacic‐Gross V, Landolt K. The mental health of female sex workers.

Objective:  There is limited information available about the mental health of female sex workers. Therefore, we aimed to make a comprehensive assessment of the mental status of female sex workers over different outdoors and indoors work settings and nationalities.

Method:  As the prerequisites of a probability sampling were not given, a quota‐sampling strategy was the best possible alternative. Sex workers were contacted at different locations in the city of Zurich. They were interviewed with a computerized version of the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Additional information was assessed in a structured face‐to‐face interview.

Results:  The 193 interviewed female sex workers displayed high rates of mental disorders. These mental disorders were related to violence and the subjectively perceived burden of sex work.

Conclusion:  Sex work is a major public health problem. It has many faces, but ill mental health of sex workers is primarily related to different forms of violence.
Ethnic origin and increased risk for schizophrenia in immigrants to countries of recent and longstanding immigration
Authors: Dealberto M.‐J.
Published: January 2010

Dealberto M‐J. Ethnic origin and increased risk for schizophrenia in immigrants to countries of recent and longstanding immigration.

Objectives:  Compare the risk for schizophrenia in immigrants to countries of recent and longstanding immigration. Compare prevalence and incidence rates in black subjects under different conditions.

Method:  An electronic literature search was complemented by review articles and cross‐references. Studies reporting standard diagnosis and incidence or prevalence rates were included.

Results:  Immigrants had an increased risk for schizophrenia in countries of longstanding immigration, but with lower risk ratios than in those of recent immigration. The risk was higher in black immigrants and the black population living in the United States. But incidence and prevalence rates in Africa and the Caribbean were similar to those of international studies.

Conclusion:  Comparing the most recent generation of immigrants with descendants of previous ones may account for the lower risk ratios observed in countries of longstanding vs. recent immigration. Two neurobiological hypotheses are proposed to explain the epidemiological findings in black populations and in immigrants.
Para‐phenylenediamine‐specific lymphocyte activation test: a sensitive in vitro assay to detect para‐phenylenediamine sensitization in patients with severe allergic reactions
Authors: Kneilling Manfred , Caroli Ulrich , Grimmel Cornelia , Fischer Jörg , Eichner Martin , Wieder Thomas , Maier Florian C. , Röcken Martin , Biedermann Tilo
Published: January 2010

Please cite this paper as: Para‐phenylenediamine‐specific lymphocyte activation test: a sensitive in vitro assay to detect para‐phenylenediamine sensitization in patients with severe allergic reactions. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: 435–441.

Abstract:  Patients sensitized to para‐phenylenediamine (PPD) by semi‐permanent tattoos increasingly develop threatening allergic reactions in response to black hair dye. The gold standard to diagnose allergic contact dermatitis is to perform epicutaneous patch tests, however, iatrogenic sensitizations and severe patch test reactions to PPD have been described, the latter especially in patients with severe allergic reactions. We examined nine patients with severe allergic reactions in response to permanent hair dyes. Patch tests using the standard concentration of 1% or 0.5% PPD resulted in severe and sometimes even bullous reactions in all patients responsive to PPD. Titration revealed that at 1% of the standard concentration (0.01% PPD), patch test sensitivity decreased and only 50% of patients responded. Consequently, we established an in vitro assay to diagnose PPD allergy. Freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were cultured with titrated concentrations of PPD with or without IL‐2 supplementation, and cell proliferation was determined by [3H]‐thymidine incorporation. Lymphocyte activation test (LAT) detected PBMC cell proliferation specific to PPD, with at least 3.5‐fold increase in [3H]‐thymidine uptake in all PPD allergic patients. Most importantly, PPD–LAT without IL‐2 supplementation remained negative in three out of eight PPD allergic patients. Thus, PPD‐LAT with IL‐2 supplementation demonstrated a sensitivity of 100%, remained unresponsive in controls not sensitized to PPD, and in one patient sensitive to other p‐amino compounds. These data demonstrate that LAT with PPD can be used to detect PPD sensitization as a possible alternative to patch testing at least in patients with severe allergic reactions to PPD.
Dietary compound ellagic acid alleviates skin wrinkle and inflammation induced by UV‐B irradiation
Authors: Bae Ji‐Young , Choi Jung‐Suk , Kang Sang‐Wook , Lee Yong‐Jin , Park Jinseu , Kang Young‐Hee
Published: January 2010

Please cite this paper as: Dietary compound ellagic acid alleviates skin wrinkle and inflammation induced by UV‐B irradiation. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: e182–e190.

Abstract:  Ellagic acid, a polyphenol compound present in berries and pomegranate, has received attention as an agent that may have potential bioactivities preventing chronic diseases. This study examined photoprotective effects of ellagic acid on collagen breakdown and inflammatory responses in UV (ultraviolet)‐B irradiated human skin cells and hairless mice. Ellagic acid attenuated the UV‐B‐induced toxicity of HaCaT keratinocytes and human dermal fibroblasts. Non‐toxic ellagic acid markedly prevented collagen degradation by blocking matrix metalloproteinase production in UV‐B‐exposed fibroblasts. Anti‐wrinkle activity of ellagic acid was further investigated in hairless mice exposed to UV‐B, in which it attenuated UV‐B‐triggered skin wrinkle formation and epidermal thickening. Topical application of 10 μmol/l ellagic acid diminished production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐1β and IL‐6, and blocked infiltration of inflammatory macrophages in the integuments of SKH‐1 hairless mice exposed to UV‐B for 8 weeks. In addition, this compound mitigated inflammatory intracellular cell adhesion molecule‐1 expression in UV‐B‐irradiated keratinocytes and photoaged mouse epidermis. These results demonstrate that ellagic acid prevented collagen destruction and inflammatory responses caused by UV‐B. Therefore, dietary and pharmacological interventions with berries rich in ellagic acid may be promising treatment strategies interrupting skin wrinkle and inflammation associated with chronic UV exposure leading to photoageing.
N‐acetylcysteine inhibits chromium hypersensitivity in coadjuvant chromium‐sensitized albino guinea pigs by suppressing the effects of reactive oxygen species
Authors: Wang Bour‐Jr , Guo Yue‐Liang , Chang Ho‐Yuan , Sheu Hamm‐Min , Pan Min‐Hsiung , Lee Yu‐Hsuan , Wang Ying‐Jan
Published: January 2010

Please cite this paper as: N‐acetylcysteine inhibits chromium hypersensitivity in coadjuvant chromium‐sensitized albino guinea pigs by suppressing the effects of reactive oxygen species. Experimental Dermatology 2010;19: e191–e200.

Background: Chromium hypersensitivity is an important issue in occupational skin disease. When hexavalent chromium enters the cell, it can be reduced to trivalent chromium, resulting in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are considered to play an important role in the progression of allergic contact dermatitis.N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) could increase glutathione levels in the skin and act as an antioxidant.

Aims: We attempted to demonstrate that NAC could inhibit chromium hypersensitivity in a coadjuvant chromium‐sensitized albino guinea pig model by counteracting the formation of ROS.

Methods: We utilized a coadjuvant chromium‐sensitized albino guinea pig model to evaluate both the severity of the skin reaction by intradermal and epicutaneous elicitation tests and the sensitization rate of chromium hypersensitivity in NAC‐treated and NAC‐untreated albino guinea pigs (GP). Furthermore, three ROS parameters, including H2O2,malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the skin and the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) in plasma, were analyzed in NAC‐treated and NAC‐untreated coadjuvant chromium‐sensitized albino GP.

Results: The severity of the skin reaction in the intradermal and epicutaneous elicitation test significantly diminished when the albino GP were treated with a dose of 1200 mg/kg/day of NAC. This dose also significantly decreased the sensitization rate of chromium hypersensitivity. In addition, treatment with 1200 mg/kg/day of NAC significantly reduced the H2O2and MDA levels in the skin and significantly increased the ORAC in the plasma of albino GP. Therefore, NAC could be a potential chemopreventative agent to prevent the progression of chromium hypersensitivity.
Is there a ‘gut–brain–skin axis’?
Authors: Arck Petra , Handjiski Bori , Hagen Evelin , Pincus Maike , Bruenahl Christian , Bienenstock John , Paus Ralf
Published: January 2010

Please cite this paper as: Is there a ‘gut–brain–skin axis’? Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: 401–405.

Abstract:  Emerging evidence arising from interdisciplinary research supports the occurrence of communication axes between organs, such as the brain–gut or brain–skin axis. The latter is employed in response to stress challenge, along which neurogenic skin inflammation and hair growth inhibition is mediated. We now show that ingestion of a Lactobacillus strain in mice dampens stress‐induced neurogenic skin inflammation and the hair growth inhibition. In conclusion, we are introducing a hypothesis, encouraged by our pilot observations and resting upon published prior evidence from the literature, which amalgamates previously proposed partial concepts into a new, unifying model, i.e. the gut–brain–skin axis. This concept suggests that modulation of the microbiome by deployment of probiotics can not only greatly reduce stress‐induced neurogenic skin inflammation but even affect a very complex cutaneous phenomenon of (mini‐) organ transformation, i.e. hair follicle cycling. These observations raise the intriguing prospect that feeding of just the right kind of bacteria can exert profound beneficial effects on skin homoeostasis, skin inflammation, hair growth and peripheral tissue responses to perceived stress.
Evaluation of poliovirus antibody titers in orally vaccinated semi‐captive chimpanzees in Uganda
Authors: Mugisha L. , Pauli G. , Opuda‐Asibo J. , Joseph O.O. , Leendertz F.H. , Diedrich S.
Published: January 2010

Background  To understand immunological responses in chimpanzees vaccinated with live‐attenuated vaccine (oral polio vaccine; OPV), serum neutralizing antibodies against poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3 were investigated over time.

Methods  The neutralizing antibody titers against poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3 were determined by microneutralization test using 100 ID50 of poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3 (Sabin strains).

Results  Neutralizing antibodies against poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3 were detected in 85.7%, 71.4%, and 65% of the serum from 42 chimpanzees tested 9 years post‐vaccination. The neutralizing antibody titers in chimpanzees were similar to the documented levels in human studies as an indicator of vaccine efficacy.

Conclusions  This study reveals persistence of neutralizing antibodies in chimpanzees for at least 9 years after vaccination with OPV. This first study in chimpanzees provides useful information for the evaluation of the success of vaccination with OPV in other captive apes.
Separate and combined effects of caffeine and dbcAMP on olive baboon (Papio anubis) sperm
Authors: Nyachieo Atunga , Spiessens Carl , Chai Daniel C. , Kiulia Nicholas M. , Mwenda Jason M. , D’Hooghe Thomas M.
Published: January 2010

Background  Improvement of baboon sperm capacitation is necessary for achieving high in vitro fertilization (IVF) rates in baboons. In this study, we evaluated separate and combined effects of caffeine and dbcAMP on baboon sperm capacitation.

Methods  Sixteen male baboons (n = 16) were electroejaculated. Each sperm sample was divided into two aliquots: one for chemical activation and the other untreated control. Group 1: dbcAMP (n = 6); Group 2: caffeine (n = 6) and Group 3: combination of caffeine and dbcAMP (n = 4). In each aliquot, sperm motility after 30 minutes of incubation was evaluated as well as zona pellucida (ZP) binding ability after overnight incubation with 4–5 ZP from unfertilized human oocytes.

Results  Sperm motility and ZP binding ability in all chemically activated groups increased significantly as compared to their respective controls (P < 0.05).

Conclusion  Combined and separate effects of caffeine and dbcAMP increases baboon sperm motility and ZP binding ability and may improve baboon IVF.
Associations between polymorphisms in five inflammation‐related genes and cognitive ability in older persons
Authors: Marioni R. E. , Deary I. J. , Murray G. D. , Fowkes F. G. R. , Price J. F.
Published: January 2010

Several studies have found associations between inflammatory biomarker levels and cognitive ability. This study tested the relationship between polymorphisms in genes that are associated with or encode the biomarkers and cognitive ability and estimated lifetime cognitive change. Data came from the aspirin for asymptomatic atherosclerosis trial (n = 2091, mean age = 67.2 years ). Twelve single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped from five genes (IL‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, HNF‐1A and F13A1). Cognition was assessed via administration of a five‐test battery of psychometric tests, which were used to derive a general intelligence factor, g. A vocabulary‐based cognitive test was also administered and adjusted for in the analysis to enable an estimation of lifetime cognitive change. Age‐ and sex‐adjusted analyses yielded one weakly significant association between the IL‐1α rs2856838 SNP and a measure of mental flexibility/processing speed (P = 0.044). Adjustment for the vocabulary‐based scores resulted in a single, significant association between the IL‐1α rs3783546 SNP and a measure of processing speed (P = 0.048). There is little evidence to suggest an association between SNPs in the inflammation‐related genes IL‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, TCF‐1 and F13A1 and cognition in an elderly population of community‐dwelling Scottish citizens.
Temporal lobe grey matter volume in schizophrenia is associated with a genetic polymorphism influencing glycogen synthase kinase 3‐β activity
Authors: Benedetti F. , Poletti S. , Radaelli D. , Bernasconi A. , Cavallaro R. , Falini A. , Lorenzi C. , Pirovano A. , Dallaspezia S. , Locatelli C. , Scotti G. , Smeraldi E.
Published: January 2010

At the crossroad of multiple pathways regulating trophism and metabolism, glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)3 is considered a key factor in influencing the susceptibility of neurons to harmful stimuli (neuronal resilience) and is a target for several psychiatric drugs that directly inhibit it or increase its inhibitory phosphorylation. Inhibition of GSK3 prevents apoptosis and could protect against the neuropathological processes associated with psychiatric disorders. A GSK3‐βpromoter single‐nucleotide polymorphism (rs334558) influences transcriptional strength, and the less active form was associated with less detrimental clinical features of mood disorders. Here we studied the effect of rs334558 on grey matter volumes (voxel‐based morphometry) of 57 patients affected by chronic schizophrenia. Carriers of the less active C allele variant showed significantly higher brain volumes in an area encompassing posterior regions of right middle and superior temporal gyrus, within the boundaries of Brodmann area 21. The temporal lobe is the brain parenchymal region with the most consistently documented morphometric abnormalities in schizophrenia, and neuropathological processes in these regions develop soon at the beginning of the illness. These results support the interest for GSK3‐βas a factor affecting neuropathology in major behavioural disorders, such as schizophrenia, and thus as a possible target for treatment.
Late effects of early growth hormone treatment in Down syndrome
Authors: Myrelid Å , Bergman S , Elfvik Strömberg M , Jonsson B , Nyberg F , Gustafsson J , Annerén G
Published: January 2010

Objective:  Down syndrome (DS) is associated with short stature and psychomotor delay. We have previously shown that growth hormone (GH) treatment during infancy and childhood normalizes growth velocity and improves fine motor skill performance in DS. The aim of this study was to investigate late effects of early GH treatment on growth and psychomotor development in the DS subjects from the previous trial.

Design:  Twelve of 15 adolescents with DS (3 F) from the GH group and 10 of 15 controls (5 F) participated in this follow‐up study. Fifteen other subjects with DS (6 F) were included as controls in anthropometric analyses. Cognitive function was assessed with the Leiter International Performance Scale‐Revised (Leiter‐R) and selected subtests of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Third edition (WISC‐III). The Bruininks‐Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second edition (BOT‐2), was used to assess general motor ability.

Results:  Although early GH treatment had no effect on final height, the treated subjects had a greater head circumference standard deviation score (SDS) than the controls (−1.6 SDS vs. −2.2 SDS). The adolescents previously treated with GH had scores above those of the controls in all subtests of Leiter‐R and WISC‐III, but no difference in Brief IQ‐score was seen between the groups. The age‐adjusted motor performance of all subjects was below −2 SD, but the GH‐treated subjects performed better than the controls in all but one subtest.

Conclusion:  The combined finding of a greater head circumference SDS and better psychomotor performance indicates that DS subjects may benefit from early GH treatment.
13q33.2 deletion: a rare cause of ambiguous genitalia in a male newborn with growth restriction
Authors: Andresen JH , Aftimos S , Doherty E , Love DR , Battin M
Published: January 2010

13q deletion is a rare cause of ambiguous genitalia in the male newborn, and can be associated with mental retardation of varying degree, retinoblastoma, and malformations of the brain, eye, genitourinary and gastrointestinal tract, depending on the level of the deletion.

We present a male neonate with ambiguous genitalia and IUGR with a 13q33.2 deletion, and a paternal balanced translocation. Microarray analysis found the genes involved to be on chromosome 13 in the region 102989254bp–109214509bp. This deletion encompasses the EFNB2 gene, which has been implicated in genital malformations in 13q deletion cases.

Conclusions:  We find a link between haploinsufficiency of the EFNB2 gene and the presence of ambiguous genitalia and hypospadia in patients with a 13q.33 deletion. This work emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis of this condition due to the link with mental retardation and the need for follow up and management.
Energy expenditure in very low birth weight newborns: a comparison between small and appropriate‐for‐gestational‐age
Authors: Moreira MEL , Soares FVM , Meio MDBB , Abranches AD , Gomes Junior SC
Published: January 2010

Aims:  To compare resting energy expenditure (REE) in small‐ and appropriate‐for‐gestational‐age very low birth weight newborns after reaching corrected at‐term age.

Methods:  Observational study that included all clinically stable very low birth weight newborns admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit. The newborns were classified as small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) and appropriate‐for‐gestational‐age (AGA). Resting energy expenditure was measured using indirect calorimetry when the newborns reached at‐term age.

Results:  A total of 51 newborns, of which 23 were SGA and 28 AGA, were included. There was no statistically significant difference in REE between the two groups, although the observed levels were higher than the reference values.

Conclusion:  There is no statistical difference in resting expenditure energy between SGA and AGA infants when they reached term. The higher energy expenditure found in both groups may be explained by other factors related to prematurity and its complications and requires further investigation.
Influence of clinical status on the association between plasma total and unbound bilirubin and death or adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in extremely low birth weight infants
Authors: Oh W , Stevenson DK , Tyson JE , Morris BH , Ahlfors CE , Bender G Jesse , Wong RJ , Perritt R , Vohr BR , Van Meurs KP , Vreman HJ , Das A , Phelps DL , O’Shea T Michael , Higgins RD ,   On Behalf of the NICHD Neonatal Research Network Bethesda MD
Published: January 2010

Objectives:  To assess the influence of clinical status on the association between total plasma bilirubin and unbound bilirubin on death or adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes at 18–22 months corrected age in extremely low birth weight infants.

Method:  Total plasma bilirubin and unbound bilirubin were measured in 1101 extremely low birth weight infants at 5 ± 1 days of age. Clinical criteria were used to classify infants as clinically stable or unstable. Survivors were examined at 18–22 months corrected age by certified examiners. Outcome variables were death or neurodevelopmental impairment, death or cerebral palsy, death or hearing loss, and death prior to follow‐up. For all outcomes, the interaction between bilirubin variables and clinical status was assessed in logistic regression analyses adjusted for multiple risk factors.

Results:  Regardless of clinical status, an increasing level of unbound bilirubin was associated with higher rates of death or neurodevelopmental impairment, death or cerebral palsy, death or hearing loss and death before follow‐up. Total plasma bilirubin values were directly associated with death or neurodevelopmental impairment, death or cerebral palsy, death or hearing loss, and death before follow‐up in unstable infants, but not in stable infants. An inverse association between total plasma bilirubin and death or cerebral palsy was found in stable infants.

Conclusions:  In extremely low birth weight infants, clinical status at 5 days of age affects the association between total plasma bilirubin and death or adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes at 18–22 months of corrected age. An increasing level of UB is associated a higher risk of death or adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes regardless of clinical status. Increasing levels of total plasma bilirubin are directly associated with increasing risk of death or adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in unstable, but not in stable infants.
Can transfers from residential aged care facilities to the Emergency Department be avoided through improved primary care services? Data from qualitative interviews
Authors: Arendts Glenn , Reibel Tracy , Codde Jim , Frankel Jackie
Published: January 2010

Aim:  To explore the factors that influence the transfer of patients from residential aged care facilities (RACF) to hospital emergency departments (ED), and describe features of improved primary care in RACF that could result in reduced transfer.

Methods:  a. Three focus groups conducted with family and carers of RACF residents, along with RACF, ED and general practice staff. b. Semistructured one‐on‐one interviews with nine residents of RACF.

Results:  Five main themes emerged – staffing and skill mix in RACF, treatment options in RACF, end of life decision‐making, communication and bureaucratic requirements. Analysis of the semistructured interviews demonstrated parallel concerns with many of the focus groups indicators. There was a strong but not universal preference among residents to minimise RACF to ED transfer.

Conclusions:  The transfer of residents from RACF to ED is influenced by multiple interrelated factors, and strategies to reduce transfer should address these.
Older women and arthritis: Tracking impact over time
Authors: Parkinson Lynne , Gibson Richard , Robinson Ian , Byles Julie
Published: January 2010

Aim:  To explore the ongoing impact of arthritis on older community‐dwelling women over 9 years of Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health data.

Methods:  National longitudinal surveys (1996–2005) were conducted with a random sample of 12432 Australian women, aged 70–75 years in 1996. Self‐report of doctor diagnosis of arthritis was the factor of interest. The main outcome measure was SF‐36 health‐related quality of life.

Results:  A total of 7088 women completed the 2005 survey (58% of original cohort): 63% of women aged 77–85 years in 2005 reported doctor diagnosis of arthritis. Women with arthritis were more likely to report comorbid conditions, have poorer health and score as depressed and anxious. Arthritis was associated with decreasing scores for physical function, pain and social function over time.

Conclusion:  Arthritis was associated with an increasing negative impact on health and quality of life for older women over time.
Can Oral Contraceptives Cause Vestibulodynia?
Authors: Goldstein Andrew , Burrows Lara , Goldstein Irwin
Published: January 2010

Aim

To describe the clinical course of a young woman who developed vestibulodynia with introital dyspareunia while on oral contraceptive (OCs) and to provide a possible explanation for the etiology of her symptoms as well as her recovery after treatment.

Methods

A single case is presented including subjective reporting, laboratory evaluation, and quantitative sensory testing.

Results

After topical hormonal therapy, the patient reported resolution of her dyspareunia and and her laboratory values normalized.
A Novel Methodology for Multicomponent Drug Design and Its Application in Optimizing the Combination of Active Components from Chinese Medicinal Formula Shenmai
Authors: Wang Yi , Yu Lingyan , Zhang Ling , Qu Haibin , Cheng Yiyu
Published: January 2010

Traditional Chinese Medicine has become an important resource for searching the effective drug combinations in multicomponent drug designs. In this article, we investigate the methodology on how to efficiently optimize the combination of several active components from traditional Chinese formula. A new method based upon lattice experimental design and multivariate regression was applied to model the quantitative composition‐activity relationship (QCAR) in this study. As a result, multi‐objective optimization was achieved by Derringer function using extensive search algorithm. This newly proposed QCAR‐based strategy for multicomponent drug design was then successfully applied on search optimal combination of three components from Chinese medicinal formula Shenmai. The result validated the effectiveness of the presented method for multicomponent drug design.
NMR‐Based Screening of Membrane Protein Ligands
Authors: Yanamala Naveena , Dutta Arpana , Beck Barbara , Van Fleet Bart , Hay Kelly , Yazbak Ahmad , Ishima Rieko , Doemling Alexander , Klein‐Seetharaman Judith
Published: January 2010

Membrane proteins pose problems for the application of NMR‐based ligand‐screening methods because of the need to maintain the proteins in a membrane mimetic environment such as detergent micelles: they add to the molecular weight of the protein, increase the viscosity of the solution, interact with ligands non‐specifically, overlap with protein signals, modulate protein dynamics and conformational exchange and compromise sensitivity by adding highly intense background signals. In this article, we discuss the special considerations arising from these problems when conducting NMR‐based ligand‐binding studies with membrane proteins. While the use of 13C and 15N isotopes is becoming increasingly feasible, 19F and 1H NMR‐based approaches are currently the most widely explored. By using suitable NMR parameter selection schemes independent of or exploiting the presence of detergent, 1H‐based approaches require least effort in sample preparation because of the high sensitivity and natural abundance of 1H in both, ligand and protein. On the other hand, the 19F nucleus provides an ideal NMR probe because of its similarly high sensitivity to that of 1H and the lack of natural 19F background in biologic systems. Despite its potential, the use of NMR spectroscopy is highly underdeveloped in the area of drug discovery for membrane proteins.
Highly Regio‐ and Stereoselective Synthesis of α‐(N‐Alkyl‐N‐p‐toluenesulfonyl)‐β‐Bromo‐Ketones via Ni(OAc)2‐Catalyzed Aminobromination of Chalcones
Authors: Sun Hao , Zhi San‐Jun , Han Jian‐Lin , Li Guigen , Pan Yi
Published: January 2010

The combinations of N‐methyl‐p‐toluenesulfonamide/NBS and N‐ethyl‐p‐toluenesulfonamide/NBS were found to be good nitrogen/halogen resources for the aminohalogenation of α,β‐unsaturated ketones in the presence of Ni(OAc)2 as the catalyst for the synthesis of vicinal haloamino ketone derivatives. The introduction of N‐alkyl groups to the nitrogen resources resulted in excellent regio‐ and stereoselectivity for both electron‐donating and electron‐withdrawing group‐attached unsaturated ketone substrates. The structure of the resulting products has been unambiguously confirmed by X‐ray crystal structure analysis.
Single mechano‐gated channels activated by mechanical deformation of acutely isolated cardiac fibroblasts from rats
Authors: Kamkin A. , Kirischuk S. , Kiseleva I.
Published: January 2010

Aim:  Mechanosensitive conductances were reported in cardiac fibroblasts, but the properties of single channels mediating their mechanosensitivity remain uncharacterized. The aim of this work was to investigate single mechano‐gated channels (MGCs) activated by mechanical deformations of cardiac fibroblasts.

Methods:  Currents through single MGCs and mechanosensitive whole‐cell currents were recorded from isolated rat atrial fibroblasts using the cell‐attached and whole‐cell patch‐clamp configurations respectively. Defined mechanical stress was applied via the patch pipette used for the whole‐cell recordings.

Results:  Under resting conditions occasional short openings of two types of single MGCs with conductances of 43 and 87 pS were observed. Both types of channels displayed a linear current–voltage relationship with the reversal potential around 0 mV. Small (1 μm) mechanical deformations affected neither single nor whole‐cell mechano‐gated currents. Cell compressions (2, 3 and 4 μm) augmented the whole‐cell currents and increased the frequency and duration of single channel openings. Cell stretches (2, 3 and 4 μm) inactivated the whole‐cell currents and abolished the activity of single MGCs. Gd3+ (8 μm) blocked the whole‐cell currents within 5 min. No single channel activity was observed in the cell‐attached mode when Gd3+ was added to the intrapipette solution. Cytochalasin D and colchicine (100 μm each) completely blocked both the whole‐cell and single channel currents.

Conclusions:  These findings show that rat atrial fibroblasts express two types of MGCs whose activity is governed by cell deformation. We conclude that fibroblasts can sense the direction of applied stress and contribute to mechano‐electrical coupling in the heart.
Assessing clinicians' management of first episode schizophrenia using clinical case vignettes
Authors: Huffman Jeff C. , Freudenreich Oliver , Romeo Sarah , Baer Lee , Sutton‐Skinner Kelly , Petersen Tim , Fromson John A. , Birnbaum Robert J.
Published: January 2010

Background: Patients with first episode schizophrenia may present in a variety of clinical settings to providers who have a range of knowledge and skills. A thoughtful workup of patients with new‐onset psychosis is critical, and the treatment of first episode schizophrenia differs from that of chronic psychotic disorders. Clinical case vignettes with free‐form responses can be used to carefully assess whether front line practitioners provide guideline‐adherent management of first episode psychosis.

Methods: A clinical case vignette, presenting a patient with first episode schizophrenia, was created and administered to the attendees of a continuing medical education programme. Free‐form responses to questions regarding differential diagnosis, workup, treatment and treatment duration were scored based on published practice guidelines. Response frequencies were tabulated and performance was compared among professional disciplines.

Results: Sixty‐two attendees completed the vignette. Though the attendees typically considered a broad differential diagnosis and appropriately initiated treatment with antipsychotics, the respondents' proposed medical workup was limited, and they prescribed antipsychotics at higher doses and for a shorter duration than recommended in the literature. The prescribers outperformed the non‐prescribers on treatment questions (P = 0.006), but the two groups' performance did not signficantly differ on the assessment questions (P = 0.08).

Conclusions: The front line clinicians who encounter patients with first episode schizophrenia may have significant practice gaps in the initial and follow‐up care of these patients. Given the preliminary nature of this study and the debate about the optimal care for first episode psychosis, further study is needed. If such gaps are confirmed, additional educational interventions are required to align clinical management with published practice guidelines.
A descriptive review of qualitative studies in first episode psychosis
Authors: Boydell Katherine M. , Stasiulis Elaine , Volpe Tiziana , Gladstone Brenda
Published: January 2010

Aim: The aim of this paper is to provide a descriptive review of published qualitative research studies on first episode psychosis (FEP).

Methods: A review was undertaken to describe the findings of qualitative studies in early psychosis. Keyword searches in Medline, CINAHL, ASSIA, PsychINFO databases, as well as manual searches of other relevant journals and reference lists of primary papers, were conducted.

Results: Thirty‐one qualitative papers (representing 27 discrete studies) were identified. The majority reported research concerning young people based in community settings. The research studies were organized according to the following generic social processes: (i) achieving identity; (ii) acquiring perspectives; (iii) doing activity; and, (iv) experiencing relationships. The papers reviewed are based on first‐person accounts obtained from individuals who have experienced FEP, their family members and service providers.

Conclusion: This descriptive review contributes to our understanding of the complex social processes of achieving identity, acquiring perspectives, doing activities and developing relationships as experienced by young people and the significant others in their world. The cumulative findings highlight the contextually rich and detailed information made possible through qualitative studies of FEP. They begin to account for the active engagement of individuals affected by psychosis in making sense of their experience and suggest that this experience should be understood from within young people's own framework of meaning.
Stigma and treatment delay in first‐episode psychosis: a grounded theory study
Authors: Franz Lauren , Carter Tandrea , Leiner Amy S. , Bergner Erin , Thompson Nancy J. , Compton Michael T.
Published: January 2010

Aim: A longer duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) is associated with greater morbidity in the early course of schizophrenia. This formative, hypothesis‐generating study explored the effects of stigma, as perceived by family members, on DUP.

Methods: Qualitative interviews were conducted with 12 African American family members directly involved in treatment initiation for a relative with first‐episode psychosis. Data analysis relied on a grounded theory approach. A testable model informed by constructs of Link's modified labelling theory was developed.

Results: Four main themes were identified, including: (i) society's beliefs about mental illnesses; (ii) families' beliefs about mental illnesses; (iii) fear of the label of a mental illness; and (iv) a raised threshold for the initiation of treatment. A grounded theory model was developed as a schematic representation of the themes and subthemes uncovered in the family members' narratives.

Conclusions: The findings suggest that due to fear of the official label of a mental illness, certain coping mechanisms may be adopted by families, which may result in a raised threshold for treatment initiation, and ultimately treatment delay. If the relationships within the grounded theory model are confirmed by further qualitative and quantitative research, public educational programs could be developed with the aim of reducing this threshold, ultimately decreasing DUP.