bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Seven Week’ s Diet Program for Woman on Body Weight Loss and Health related Index in KOREA
Authors: Koo Jae ok , Park Hee Jung
Published: June 2021

This study was carried out to analyze the effect of diet program on weight loss, eating habit, health related index. The subjects were 415 participants of the 7weeks (20times participation program). The data was collected by questionnaire, measuring weight and health related index by basic somatometry. The average age, height, weight and BMI were 28.6 years, 162.1cm, 62.8kg and 23.9kg/m2, respectively. Their body types by BMI were under weight(1.2%), normal(45.8%), overweight(24.8%), mild obesity(22.7%) and obesity(5.5%). The rates of over weight and mild obesity group significantly decreased 11.4% and 9.3% and the rate of normal group was increased 18.9% during the program. There average weight significantly reduced 2.7kg on 10th and 4.6kg on 20th, and 1.03kg/m2on 10th and 1.75kg/m2 on 20th. There was significant difference of stress index, fatigue index between improving weight and no change group. There were positive change in stress(4.6%), in fatigue(43.9%), health index(54.5%) of the subjects, during the program. In conclusion, the weight loss program was effective on the weight loss and BMI reduction eating habit.

Grant Funding Source: Korea National Open University 2011
Comparison of visceral fat measured by magnetic resonance imaging and dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry in women
Authors: Li Shengqi , Ozias Marlies K , Carlson Susan E , Li Cheng , Lin Ping‐Chang , Schmitt Allan , Hull Holly R
Published: June 2021

Objective

To determine if differences exist between visceral fat (VF) estimations from the newly developed equations by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods

Visceral fat was measured in 13 women (18–45 years) at 2 weeks postpartum by DXA and MRI on the same day. Absolute weight of VF measured by MRI and DXA was compared using a paired t‐test. Bland‐Altman analysis was used to assess bias and regression analysis was used to determine the agreement between the two methods. Measurements were considered accurate if the regression between MRI and DXA had a slope not significantly different from one and an intercept not significantly different from zero. Statistical significance was set as p ≤ 0.05.

Results

Differences in the mean values were found between DXA and MRI (444.0 g vs. 132.1 g, respectively; p < 0.001). The regression of VF measured by MRI against DXA (y = 16.554 + 0.260x, r2 = 0.921, SEE = 38.270 g, p < 0.001) deviated from the line of identity. Bland‐Altman analysis revealed bias between VF estimations from DXA when compared to MRI (r2 = 0.974, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

We found poor agreement between VF estimated by DXA and VF estimated by MRI. Further research in a larger sample is needed to verify our results.

Grant Funding Source: Sam E. & Mary F. Roberts Endowment, NIH grants S10 RR029577 and UL1 TR000001
Recommended Daily Caloric Intake
Authors: Bernardin Charles P. , Moller Aage
Published: June 2021

Using recent advances in Predictive Calorimetry due to Mifflin's equation (1990), we derive an accurate standard for daily caloric intake for adults who wish to maintain a healthy Body Mass Index (BMI). Although the USDA publishes recommendations for daily intake of macronutrients, at this time there is no specific recommendation for total daily caloric intake. Yet, there is no single variable in nutrition more important in controlling obesity than daily caloric intake. Our recommendation is that this standard should be the daily caloric intake needed to maintain a BMI of 25. The results of this study are presented in two Calorie tables (one for US men and another for US women) and as one simple equation that closely approximates the caloric values in these tables:
urn:x-wiley:08926638:media:fsb2fasebj271supplement8542:fsb2fasebj271supplement8542-math-0001

where RDCI is Recommended Daily Caloric Intake and has units of kcal, Height is in units of inches, and Age is given in years. We apply this standard for a range of heights and ages that span the majority of the US adult population and demonstrate that it is best described as a set of iso‐calorie contours which significantly limit the caloric intake of normal weight individuals as they age. To maintain a BMI of 25, we show that 80 year old people need to consume almost 20% less than they could when they were twenty. We recommend that overweight people wanting to maintain a healthier weight begin by estimating their specific energy needs as defined by their RDCI.
Energy expenditure of military helicopter air crews during combat missions assessed by modified factorial method.
Authors: Tharion William J. , Yokota Miyo
Published: June 2021

Purpose

To estimate metabolic energy expenditures (EEs) during aviation soldiers’ workday while in Iraq or Afghanistan.

Methods

Male helicopter crew members (n = 18) with combat flying experience were studied. Volunteers were age: 35 ± 8 yrs; wt: 87 ± 10 kg; ht: 177 ± 7 cm; combat missions flown: 174 ± 115 missions (χ̄ ± SD). Focus groups of 4 to 7 participants were held and video‐taped. Participants described in detail each activity during their last combat mission. The focus group method allowed participants to confirm or contrast their activities with those of other group members participating in the same or similar missions. Videos were transcribed and a timeline of activities to the nearest minute were generated. EEs were estimated using the factorial method: [Body Wt (kg)] × [Time of Activity (min)] × [Activity Level (MET)], comparing each activity to the closest activity listed in Ainsworth et al.'s (1993, 2000) compendia of physical activities.

Results

Estimated EE of these aviator soldiers was 3400 ± 1400 kcal during their 13.0 ± 3.5 hr in‐theatre mission.

Conclusion

This modified post‐hoc factorial method provided useful estimates of EE of soldiers who were not available for study in theater. EEs are used to estimate nutritional requirements and heat strain in these aviator soldiers.

Funding for this research was provided by the U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command.
Partial Least Squares Regression Discriminated High and Low Total Weight Loss Groups in Overweight and Obese Adults Consuming an Energy Restricted Diet.
Authors: Piccolo Brian D , Gertz Erik R , Woodhouse Leslie R , Souza Elaine , Demmer Elieke , Keim Nancy L , Adams Sean H , Newman John W , Van Loan Marta D
Published: June 2021

Multivariate analysis can reduce data to lower dimensional graphics that display group clusters not observed with other techniques. We used PCA and PLS to interpret data from a controlled feeding trial with an energy restricted diet in 71 overweight and obese adults. Clinical, endocrine, and inflammatory markers, body composition, and energy intake and energy expenditure measurements were included in the analyses. Analyses were conducted in R (ver 2.11.1). PCA found two clusters of participants by sex when post‐intervention data were plotted on the first two components. Subsequent PLS analysis of the sex adjusted data discriminated participants grouped by high and low weight loss along Latent Variable 1 (LV1) and LV2. Loadings related to low weight loss included total fat mass, blood lipids and sedentary activity. Loadings related to higher weight loss included physical activity. PLS projections indicated that subjects who had greater weight loss engaged in more physical activity. Since subjects maintained normal activities, our results suggest innate person‐to‐person differences in sedentary behavior and physical activity have a large impact on weight loss even with a highly‐controlled weight loss paradigm.

Funding: National Dairy Council; USDA, ARS, WHNRC; Dairy Council of California; CTSC, University of California (1M01RR19975–01), National Center for Medical Research (UL1 RR024146)
Resistin in Mexican adolescents: does altitude matter?
Authors: Valdes‐Ramos Roxana , Dominguez‐Lopez María Alejandra , Tlatempa‐Sotelo Patricia , Guadarrama‐Lopez Ana Laura , Velasco Rosa Martha , Martinez‐Carrillo Beatriz Elina , Oros‐Pantoja Rigoberto
Published: June 2021

Resistin's role in the epidemic of chronic diseases is not yet clear and no normal values have been defined. As part of the initial evaluation of a physical activity and nutrition education intervention in Mexican overweight and obese adolescents, weight (kg), height (m), and plasma resistin concentrations (μg/mL) were determined in adolescents aged 12–14 from two cities located at different altitudes: Toluca (TO) (2679m) and Tuxtla Gutierrez (TG) (550m). Subjects were classified as normal (NL), overweight (OW) or obese (OB) according to CDC BMI for age and gender. The protocol was approved by the University's Ethics Committee; consent and assent were obtained from parents and adolescents previous to enrolment. Two‐hundred and forty adolescents were evaluated (30 NLTO, 30 NLTG, 56 OWTO, 69OWTG, 34 OBTO, 21 OBTG). No differences by BMI status were observed by one‐way ANOVA; while Student's t‐test showed a slightly significant gender difference (t= 2.196, p=0.29), and a highly significant difference by place of residence (t=13.707, p<0.001). Combination of nutritional status and residence by two‐way ANOVA resulted in highly significant differences (F=21.07, p<.001). The highest values found in TG Obese adolescents (low altitude) and the lowest values in the TO Obese subjects (high altitude). We conclude that altitude may be an important factor to take into account when analyzing resistin concentrations.
Effects of fasting on adipose stress and inflammation
Authors: Torchon Tania , Wong Kristen , Ji Bo , Das Suchita , Spence Jason , Voy Brynn
Published: June 2021

Fasting activates adipose tissue lipolysis and increases local levels of nonesterified fatty acids, which can alter adipocyte metabolism and inflammation by activating cell surface (TLR4) and nuclear (LXR and PPAR) receptors. We recently reported that an acute fast (5 hr) upregulated inflammatory signaling and fatty acid oxidation in white adipose tissue, using the domestic chicken as a model. Our objective was to determine if similar adipose response to fasting is observed in mice. The effect of an overnight (16 hr) fast on lipolysis, inflammation and fatty acid oxidation in perigonadal and inguinal adipose tissue was assessed in 8–10 week‐old male C57BL/6J mice. Multiplex adipokine assays (Milliplex®, Millipore.com) revealed that fasting significantly increased levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) in serum and in abdominal and inguinal adipose tissue (p<0.05). Leptin concentration and resistin levels in plasma but not adipose tissue were significantly decreased by fasting (p<0.05). Fasting significantly increased expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (Pdk4), which enhances fatty acid oxidation by inactivating pyruvate dehydrogenase. Western blot analyses indicate that fasting upregulated p38MAPK stress kinase signaling. Collectively, these data indicate that fasting activates select inflammatory pathways that may mediate metabolic adaptations to energy deprivation.

Grant Funding Source: UT AgInnovation
Effects of pioglitazone on fatty acid desaturation and fat accumulation in rat tissues
Authors: Ochiai Masaru , Matsuo Tatsuhiro
Published: June 2021

Insulin resistance (IR) is a characteristic of type 2 diabetes, but little has been well known about metabolism of fatty acids (FA) in skeletal muscle with IR. Especially, the relationships between desaturation of FA in several tissues and IR have not well been clarified. In this study, we investigated the effects of repeated administration of pioglitazone (PGZ), an anti‐diabetic drug, on desaturation of FA and fat accumulation in rat tissues. Seventeen male Wistar rats divided into control (C, n=9) or PGZ (P, n=8) group, and then all rats were fed a diet high in fat and sucrose for 8 weeks. PGZ (3 mg/kg) or vehicle was orally administered daily to rats in the P group or C group, respectively. After the test period, all rats were sacrificed, and the samples were kept at −80°C until analysis. Levels of serum biochemical components, tissue triacylglycerols (TG), and FA compositions of serum and tissues were analyzed. TG and cholesterol contents in the liver were significantly lower in the P group than in the C group. In contrast, TG contents in the heart and skeletal muscles were significantly higher in the P group than in the C group. In parallel with the increase of tissue TG level, percentages of palmitoleic (C16:1) and oleic (C18:1) acids were significantly increased, and percentages of palmitic (C16:0) and stearic (C18:0) acids were conversely decreased by the administration of PGZ. Therefore, FA desaturation indexes, ratios of C16:1/C16:0 and C18:1/C18:0, of the heart and skeletal muscles were significantly higher in the P group than in the C group. The C18:1/C18:0 ratio of the liver was conversely lower in the P group than the C group. The administration of PGZ significantly suppressed serum glucose levels. In conclusion, the administration of PGZ influenced the fat accumulation and FA profiles tissue‐specifically. The FA desaturation indexes in the liver and skeletal muscles could be important indicators of IR in rat.

Grant Funding Source: Kagawa University
Dietary intake and coronary heart disease risk factors in college students
Authors: Arts Jennifer , Brown Garrick A. , Greene Geoffrey W. , Lofgren Ingrid E.
Published: June 2021

College students’ dietary choices increase their coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. The objective of HeartStart was to determine if a campus‐based dietary intervention would improve CHD risk. Baseline and post‐intervention measures included anthropometrics, 12‐hour fasting blood lipids and glucose and 24‐hour diet recalls using Nutrition Data System for Research 2012. The 6‐week intervention promoted whole grain and low‐fat dairy consumption via messages and information booths at the dining halls and a subsample received a daily text or email. At baseline, 98 normal weight (BMI=23.3 ± 3.2 kg/m2) subjects 18.2 ± 0.6 y completed testing and 91 subjects completed post‐intervention testing. The majority were female (78%) and Caucasian (81%). 13% had elevated systolic blood pressure, 14% had elevated triglycerides, and 19% had elevated LDL‐C. 51% of females and 36% of males had low HDL‐C. The subsample (n=26) had whole grain (1.3 ± 1.4 servings/day) and low‐fat dairy (0.55 ± 0.66 servings/day) intakes below recommended amounts. Whole grain intake was correlated with HDL‐C (r=0.39, p=0.06). Refined grain intake was correlated with weight (r=0.42, p=0.04) and fasting glucose (r=0.39, p=0.05). Full‐fat dairy was correlated with BMI (r=0.45, p=0.02) and waist circumference (r=0.43, p=0.03). Results indicate that improvement is needed in college students’ dietary choices.
Regulation of Adipose Tissue Metabolism by Dietary Fat Prior to the Onset of Obesity During Fasting and After Refeeding
Authors: García‐Olivares Verónica , Torres Nimbe , Tovar Armando R , Diaz‐Villaseñor Andrea
Published: June 2021

It is not well known how the adipose tissue (AT) is affected by the dietary fat (amount and type) prior to the onset of obesity during fasting and short‐term refeeding (30–120 min). Thus, we studied rats fed 7 or 21% coconut (CO, saturated), safflower (SF, monounsaturated) or soybean (SB, polyunsaturated) oil for 21 d. Our data showed that the storage of triglycerides (TG) in AT after refeeding was faster in animals fed 21% dietary fat, particularly CO, however, after 2 h of refeeding, the amount of TG stored was similar among groups, which is in accordance to the size of adipocytes. In addition, after meal ingestion, lipolysis in animals fed 7% dietary fat was totally repressed, independent of the type of fat, whereas in rats fed 21% dietary fat, lipolysis was partially abolished and AT showed a lower esterification index. The expression of esterification of fatty acids (FA) and lipolytic genes followed a similar trend of re‐esterification and lipolysis. The composition of serum free FA in fasting was only dependent by the type of fat; saturated FA content was higher in animals fed CO and lower in animals fed SB, whereas polyunsaturated FA content had the opposite pattern. The secretion of adipokines (leptin, adiponectin, RBP‐4, visfatin and resistin) did not change in fasting among groups; however, after reefeding significant differences were dependent upon the amount and/or type of fat. (Conacyt grant to ADV No. 0154126)
Differential effects of caloric intake and vitamin A status on insulin‐regulated Pck1 and Srebp1c expression in hepatocytes from Zucker fatty rats
Authors: Chen Wei , Li Yang , Lee Howell Meredith , Chen Guoxun
Published: June 2021

Insulin‐regulated hepatic gene expression is impaired in Zucker fatty (ZF) rats. This is corrected by fasting or introducing vitamin A (VA) deficiency. VA deficiency reduces VA status and caloric intake. To separate these two effects, the insulin‐regulated Pck1 and Srebp1c expression were analyzed in primary hepatocytes from ZF rats. ZF rats after weaning were fed ad libitum a VA deficient (VAD), an isocaloric VA sufficient (VAS) diet ad libitum or the same amount of VAS diet consumed by the VAD group in the previous day for 8 weeks. The Pck1 and Srebp1c mRNA levels after insulin stimulation for 6 hours in the primary hepatocytes of these rats were determined by real‐time PCR. In hepatocytes of ZF rats fed the VAS diet, the insulin‐mediated inhibition of Pck1 and induction of Srebp1c expressions were impaired. This impairment was partially restored in hepatocytes of ZF rats fed the VAD diet. In hepatocytes of ZF rats pair‐fed the VAS diet, the insulin‐inhibited Pck1 expression, but not insulin‐induced Srebp1c expression, returned to normal. We conclude that insulin‐regulated expressions of Pck1 and Srebp1c in the ZF rat hepatocytes are respectively affected by caloric intake and VA status of the rats.

Grant Funding Source: AHA (09SDG2140003)
Some like it hot: characteristics underlying spicy food preference and aversion
Authors: Ludy Mary‐Jon
Published: June 2021

Hedonic responses to spicy foods are remarkably diverse. Factors responsible for this variation are poorly understood. To examine determinants of spicy preference and aversion, 352 college students (99 M, 253 F; 20.2±3.2y; 236 spicy food likers, 116 non‐likers) completed an online survey about their spicy food experiences and liking of various flavors, seasonings, and ethnic cuisines. Spicy food introduction occurred 5.1±5.6y earlier in likers than non‐likers (P<0.001), with a trend toward greater liking in males (P=0.095) and non‐Caucasians (P=0.051). Likers reported significantly greater enjoyment of bitter and sour flavors, as well as foods seasoned with black or chili pepper, cloves, and cumin. Ethnic cuisines (n=13), such as Indian and Mexican, were significantly more likely to be ordered by likers, whereas only Italian was preferred by non‐likers. This suggests that likers are, in general, more adventurous eaters. Despite well documented weight management and food safety benefits, 50% of likers reported eating spicy food because “it stimulates my appetite” and a mere 16.5% reported “it kills microbes (bad things) in food.” Understanding predictors of, and knowledge gaps surrounding, spicy food consumption is of critical public health importance. Recommendations to increase intake may be suggested, but health impacts will not occur without compliance. Supported by Bowling Green State University.
Selective transamination of Se‐methyl‐L‐selenocysteine (MSC) and L‐selenomethionine (SM) by glutamine transaminase (GT) K and L, respectively.
Authors: Pinto John Thomas , Chi Amanda , Duffy Dean , Alcutt Steven , Dorai Thambi , Li Jianyong , Sinha Raghu , Cooper Arthur
Published: June 2021

Chemoprevention trials show that MSC and SM reduce the risk of prostate, lung, and colon cancers. Mechanisms underlying the protective effects of selenoamino acids remain unclear. Our studies show that GTK and GTL in the presence of α‐keto acid co‐substrates (α‐keto‐γ‐methiolbutyrate, phenylpyruvate, glyoxylate) transaminate MSC and SM to selenoketo acids, β‐methylselenopyruvate (MSP) and α‐keto‐γ‐methylselenobutyrate (KMSB), respectively. Both MSP and KMSB (10–20 μM) inhibit histone deacetylases and differentially regulate protein targets critical for in vitro growth of human cancer cells. GTK is identical to kynurenine aminotransferase I (KAT I) and our recent study reveals that GTL is identical to KAT III. Using recombinant hGTK/KAT I and mGTL/KAT III, we show that GTK/KAT I rapidly transaminates MSC whereas SM is less effective. Conversely, GTK/KAT III rapidly transaminates SM whereas MSC is less effective. MSP and KMSB formation are measured using HPLC with coulometric detection. Selenoketo acids generated vary from 2‐ to 6‐fold depending on α‐keto acid co‐substrates. Even in the presence of supra‐physiological glutamine levels (>;6 mM, molar ratio >;10:1), selenoamino acids are effectively transaminated to MSP and KMSB. Our studies show that MSC and SM are transaminated to direct‐acting selenoketo acid metabolites whose formation depend on tissue expression of GTK and/or GTL, respectively and vary with α‐keto acid co‐substrates. Thus, the extent of MSC and SM transamination within cells can influence the outcome of chemoprevention.
Twists and Turns in Ubiquitin Conjugation Cascades
Authors: Schulman Brenda Arlene
Published: June 2021

Post‐translational modification by ubiquitin‐like proteins (UBLs) is a predominant eukaryotic regulatory mechanism. The vast reach of this form of regulation extends to virtually all eukaryotic processes that involve proteins. UBL modifications play critical roles in controlling the cell cycle, transcription, DNA repair, stress responses, signaling, immunity, plant growth, embryogenesis, circadian rhythms, and a plethora of other pathways. UBLs dynamically modulate target protein properties including enzymatic activity, conformation, half‐life, subcellular localization, and intermolecular interactions. Moreover, the enzymatic process of UBL ligation to proteins is itself dynamic, involving cascades of E1, E2, and E3 enzymes. The UBL C‐terminus is first activated, then transferred between multiple enzyme active sites, and ultimately ligated via an E3 enzyme to a target. With roughly 300 members, the largest E3 family consists of Cullin‐RING ligases (CRLs), which regulate a staggering number of biochemical pathways and biological processes. In my presentation, I will discuss recent results from the lab addressing structural mechanisms underlying regulation of and by this large family of dynamic ubiquitin E3 ligases.
Intestinal resolution: helminth parasite clearance through selenoproteins
Authors: Nelson Shakira M , Urban Joseph , Prabhu K Sandeep
Published: June 2021

Selenium (Se) in the form of selenoproteins, imparts many beneficial health and anti‐inflammatory properties. Using the tRNA[Ser]Sec (Trsp) KO mice macrophages that lack expression of selenoproteins, we previously demonstrated a complete abrogation of alternatively (M2) activated macrophage activity under high Se (250 nM) conditions, emphasizing the role of selenoproteins in resolution. Current in vivo studies, using the helminthic parasite Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, showed Se supplementation significantly increased intestinal M2 marker expression, while decreasing intestinal worms and fecal eggs. To implicate macrophage‐specific selenoproteins in resolution, Se supplemented WT fl/fl mice, compared to Trspfl/flCreLysM mice, showed a complete abrogation in M2 marker expression with a significant increase in intestinal worms and fecal eggs. Moreover, inhibition of the COX pathway using indomethacin displayed stunted expression of M2 markers despite high Se levels. These data suggest that optimal Se status in the form of selenoproteins, and selenium‐produced anti‐inflammatory prostaglandins are critical to skew macrophage activation to promote resolution of (parasite) infection. NIH grant DK077152

Grant Funding Source: NIH
Analysis of Se contents in Korean processed foods according to food type
Authors: Lee Okhee , Yu Jaeran , Chung Yongsam , Moon Jongwha
Published: June 2021

Selenium is an essential micro‐mineral and antioxidant protecting from the free radical induced lipid peroxidation. However, there are little reports on the Se nutritional status of Koreans because of deficient Se database on foods. This study was aimed to evaluate Se contents in edible portion of processed foods using instrumental activation analysis (=INAA) method, which cause little Se loss during pre‐treatment. The most frequently consumed processed foods by Korean were selected for the analysis of Se contents. Each food samples were individually mixed using homogenizer made with titanium. The homogenized food samples of 10~20g were freeze‐dried at temperature of −60 C for 24~96 h and subsequently, used to analyze Se contents by INAA‐method. Analytical quality control was conducted using NIST SRMs. The analysis limit of Se in foods by INAA was 0.01ppm. Se contents in processed foods ranged from 0.22ug to 14.9ug in 100g foods. The selenium contents were various according to the type of processed foods. The mean Se contents in 100g Ramen, which is one of the most consumed foods among Koran people, was in 8.6ug. The selenium contents were 8.4ug, 6.4ug, 1.4ug in 100g cold noddle, wonton and instant coffee mixture, respectively. This result will be useful in establishing the food Se database for Koreans.

Grant Funding Source: National Reserch Foundtion of Korea
Strong antioxidant selenoneine in tuna blood: its roles in selenium redox metabolism
Authors: Yamashita Michiaki , Yamashita Yumiko , Imamura Shintaro , Hossain Md. Anwar , Yabu Takeshi , Touhara Ken , Ishihara Kenji
Published: June 2021

Selenium‐containing imidazole compound, 2‐selenyl‐Nα, Nα, Nα‐ trimethyl‐L‐histidine, “selenoneine” in tuna blood had a strong antioxidant capacity and bound to hemoglobin and myoglobin (Mb), to protect them from iron autoxidation, and reacted with radicals and methylmercury (MeHg). Cell growth of human and zebrafish cultured cells were enhanced in the presence of selenoneine at 5–100 nM, and GPx1 gene expression was induced in dose‐dependent manner. Administration of selenoneine to yellowtail fish reduced ROS and met‐Mb formation, and the meat color change in dark muscle was protected. Selenoneine was incorporated into human embryonic kidney HEK293 transiently overexpressed with organic cations/carnitine transporter‐1 (OCTN1) and zebrafish embryo cells by OCTN1. The Km value of selenoneine uptake was determined to be 13.0 μM in OCTN1‐oeverexpressed HEK293 cells and 9.5 μM in zebrafish erythrocytes, respectively, indicating that selenoneine is the most specific substrate for the OCTN1 in the human and zebrafish cells. When such OCTN1‐expressing cells and embryos were exposed to MeHg–cysteine (MeHgCys), MeHg accumulation was decreased and the excretion and demethylation of MeHg was enhanced by the presence of selenoneine. In addition, exosomal secretion vesicles were detected in the culture water of embryos that had been microinjected with MeHgCys, suggesting that these may be responsible for MeHg excretion and demethylation. In contrast, OCTN1‐deficient embryos accumulated MeHg, and MeHg excretion and demethylation were decreased. Therefore, the selenoneine‐mediated OCTN1 transport system accelerates secretory extracellular lysosomal vesicle formation and thus the demethylation of MeHg.
The use of a novel visual analog scale in conjunction with a zinc taste test to assess functional zinc status
Authors: Saling Julia , Starkey Leah , Basil Devan , Zdilla Matthew
Published: June 2021

Zinc is an essential mineral of great importance to human health and general function, having a role in taste perception, growth regulation, immunocompetence, neural development and function, and reproduction‐associated processes. Zinc deficiency can lead to diarrhea, loss of motor function, pneumonia, anorexia, and dysgeusia. Despite its importance, a non‐invasive, reliable method of assessing zinc nutriture has yet to be established. The Bryce‐Smith zinc taste test (ZTT) was created based on the strong link between zinc nutriture and taste perception. We compared the results of ZTT scores against scores from a novel visual analog scale (VAS) over a population of 491 college‐age students. Individuals were also given a heath history questionnaire to account for known latent factors. A significant correlation was calculated when ZTT scores (1–4) were compared to VAS (0–100) scores (p‐value<0.01; R2=0.60). A significant correlation was found between averaged VAS scores and ZTT scores (p‐value< 0.01; R2>;0.99). Because the VAS correlates to the ZTT and assesses zinc with a greater range of data points, it appears to be a useful, and potentially more sensitive, adjuvant to the Bryce‐Smith ZTT. Research was funded by the NASA West Virginia Space Grant Consortium Research Enhancement Award.
Impact of broccoli on non‐alcoholic liver disease and cancer in mice fed a Western diet
Authors: Chen Yung‐Ju , Myracle Angela D. , Wallig Matthew A. , Jeffery Elizabeth H.
Published: June 2021

Liver cancer is a lethal cancer with a 5‐year survival around 14%. Obesity causes chronic inflammation, associated with an increased risk for liver cancer in men. Our previous study showed that broccoli can decrease both IL‐6 expression and cancer incidence in a model of inflammation‐enhanced colon cancer. Here we used a diethylnitrosamine (DEN)‐induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) mouse model, plus a Western diet high in saturated fat and sucrose as a model for obesity‐enhanced liver development, to evaluate the impact of broccoli on inflammation and subsequent liver cancer. Male C57BL/6J mice (15 days old) were given 25 mg/kg DEN i.p. and fed ad libitum a control (C), Western (W) or Western+10% broccoli (W+B) diet. Mice (n=6) were killed every month. Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), altered cellular foci, adenoma and HCC were evaluated histologically; liver triglycerides (TG) and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were also evaluated. Serum ALT, increasing over time, was significantly lower in mice receiving the W+B diet compared to those receiving the W diet at month 5. Dietary broccoli decreased NAFLD, but had no overt protective effect on tumor incidence or growth. The project is funded by NCI 5RO3CA162539–02.
Genistein alleviates neurodegeneration in ApoE−/− mice fed a high‐fat diet
Authors: Kwon Young Hye , Park Youn‐Jin , Jeon Sookyoung
Published: June 2021

Altered cholesterol metabolism is believed to play a causal role in major pathophysiological changes in neurodegeneration. Several studies have shown that absence of ApoE leads to an increased susceptibility to neurodegeneration by influencing metabolism of beta‐amyloid peptide and tau protein. Previously, we observed that genistein (GEN) significantly alleviated apoptosis and tau hyperphosphorylation in db/db mice fed a methionine‐choline deficient diet and in SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Therefore, we investigated neuroprotective effects of GEN in ApoE−/− mice fed a high‐fat diet (HFD). Both WT and ApoE−/− mice were fed either an HFD with or without with GEN (0.5 g/kg diet) for 24 wk. Although ApoE−/− mice fed an HFD did not exhibit a significantly increased tau hyperphosphorylation compared to WT mice, GEN supplementation significantly reduced tau hyperphosphorylation in the cortex and hippocampus of both genotypes. Consistently, we observed that GEN significantly inhibited activities of JNK and GSK3‐β, kinases involved in tau phosphorylation. Significantly lower levels of apoptosis were also observed in response to GEN supplementation. Therefore, these results demonstrate that GEN may alleviate neurodegeneration in both WT and ApoE−/− mice fed an HFD. This work was supported by National Research Foundation of Korea.
Effects of high isoflavone soy diet vs casein or arginine‐supplemented casein diet on liver steatosis
Authors: Hakkak Reza , Starrett William , Tang Xinyu , Korourian Soheila
Published: June 2021

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the major cause of abnormal liver function, is often associated with obesity. Arginine (Arg) plays a role in reducing body fat, but there is limited data as to the role that Arg may play in soy protein's ability to protect from fatty liver. The objective of this study was to find the role of native Arg in soy to protect from fatty liver in male obese Zucker rats (N=49; 6 weeks old). Rats had ad libitum access to water and were randomly assigned to one of 3 diets for 8 or 16 weeks: Casein (CAS) diet as control (0.6% Arg) or a casein diet supplemented to contain 1.3% Arg (ARG) or a soy protein isolate diet with high isoflavones (SPI) (1.3% Arg). SPI and ARG rats gained more weight (P<0.05) than CAS rats after 16 weeks only. The SPI rats had lower liver steatosis after 8 and 16 weeks (P<0.05 and P<0.001, respectively) compared to CAS & ARG rats. SPI rats had lower serum alanine amino transferase (ALT) & aminotransferase (AST) levels (P<0.05) compared to CAS after 16 weeks and AST was lower (P<0.05) compared to ARG rats. After 16 weeks the SPI rats had lower (P<0.05) serum ALT and AST levels than SPI rats at 8 weeks. Our results suggest that longer period of SPI feeding results in lower liver steatosis and serum ALT and AST levels while ARG diet had no effect on steatosis or ALT and AST levels. The protective effect of soy protein to reduce fatty liver does not appear to be due to its arginine content. Supported by ABI to RH
Glutathione efficacy as a dietary antioxidant against azoxymethane‐induced colon carcinogenesis in rats
Authors: Waly Mostafa I. , Ali Badreldin H , Deth Richard C
Published: June 2021

Background

Glutathione (GSH) protects against oxidative stress by combating reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation.

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of GSH against azoxymethane (AOM) ‐ induced colon cancer in rats.

Methods

40 Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups (10 rats per group), control group, GSH‐fed group, AOM‐injected group, and GSH‐fed/AOM‐injected group. Animals were continuously fed ad‐libitum their specific basal or GSH‐diets for 16 weeks. At the end of the experiment, all rats were sacrificed and the colon tissues were examined microscopically for lesions suspected of being tumors as well as for biochemical measurements of oxidative stress indices.

Findings

The results revealed a lower incidence of aberrant crypt foci in GSH‐fed/ AOM‐injected group as compared to AOM‐injected group. GSH augmented the AOM‐induced glutathione depletion and antioxidant enzymes inhibition in the examined colon tissues.

Conclusion

The results obtained suggest that GSH inhibits the development of colonic premalignant lesions in an experimental AOM‐induced colon carcinogenesis model, at least in part, by abrogating oxidative stress and improving redox status of colonic cells.
Synergistic impact of whole grain (WG) and resistant starch (RS) components from high‐amylose maize ‐ effects on fermentation in the Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rat
Authors: Guice Justin , Page Ryan , Goldsmith Felicia R. , Martin Roy J. , Coulon Diana B. , Raggio Anne M. , Pelkman Christine , Stout Rhett , Durham Holiday A. , Gaither Amanda , Ye Jianping , Elzer Rebecca , Keenan Michael J.
Published: June 2021

Previously, RS has increased gut fermentation in several rodent models including the non‐obese type 2 diabetic Goto Kakazaki rat. We investigated if the obese ZDF rats would respond to RS with fermentation in the cecum with increased cecal weights (marker of fermentation) and would RS in whole grain flour have a greater effect. There were 4 groups: Amioca control (AC), RS, dent WG control (DWGC), and WGRS (first three groups n=12, WGRS n=11). The signifying diet components, Amioca starch, high amylose maize starch, dent corn flour and WG high amylose maize flour, were analyzed by proximate analysis and modified Englyst assay for formulating diets for macronutrient content and RS amount, respectively. The RS by weight of the final diets was: AC 0%, DWGC 6.9%, RS 25%, and WGRS 25%. Results were significant if p<0.05. Cecal weights (g) were significantly different among all groups: AC 0.46, DWGC 0.55, RS 0.87, and HMWG 1.14±0.03. These increased cecal weights showed that ZDF rats fermented RS and that the combination of WG and high RS has a 30% greater effect than RS without WG. This synergistic effect is evidence for greater possible health benefits of WG. Funding sources: Ingredion, Inc. and LSU AgCenter.
Synergistic Anti‐Inflammatory Effects of Luteolin and Tangeretin on Lipopolysaccharide‐Stimulated Raw 264.7 Cells
Authors: Funaro Antonietta , Wu Xian , Zheng Jinkai , Rodriguez‐Estrada Maria Teresa , Xiao Hang
Published: June 2021

Different dietary components in combination may act synergistically and produce enhanced biological activities. In the present work, we investigated the anti‐inflammatory effects of two dietary flavonoids i.e. luteolin and tangeretin in combination. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated Raw 264.7 macrophage cells were treated with noncytotoxic concentrations of luteolin, tangeretin, and their combinations. The results showed that luteolin and tangeretin in combination produced much stronger inhibitory effects on LPS‐stimulated production of nitric oxide than luteolin or tangeretin alone. Isobologram analysis demonstrated that these enhanced inhibitory effects were highly synergistic. Western blot analysis showed that luteolin/tangeretin combination significantly decreased the expression levels of COX‐2 and iNOS, and increased the expression levels of HO‐1 (hemeoxygnase‐1). Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay demonstrated that luteolin and tangeretin in combination significantly suppressed the levels of IL‐1 and IL‐6. These anti‐inflammatory effects of the combination treatments were stronger than those produced by luteolin or tangeretin alone. Overall, our results demonstrated for the first time that combination of luteolin and tangeretin produced synergistic anti‐inflammatory effects in LPS‐stimulated macrophage cells.
Quercetin decreases tumorigenesis in a mouse model of breast cancer
Authors: Steiner Jennifer , Davis J Mark , McClellan Jamie , Murphy Angela
Published: June 2021

Quercetin is a flavonol with anti‐inflammatory actions in macrophages; however no studies have investigated the benefits of quercetin (Quer) on tumorigenesis and inflammation in a mouse model of breast cancer (BrCa). Female C3(1)/SV40Tag mice were assigned to a Quer (0.2%) or control (AIN‐76A) diet (n=14–15) at 4wks of age and tumor number and volume were recorded bi‐weekly. At 20wks mice were sacrificed; tumors and mammary glands were analyzed for mRNA and protein expression. Quer significantly decreased tumor number (20wks) and volume (18.5–20wks); at sacrifice (20wks) average tumor volume was 2061.8 ± 977.0 mm3 in control mice and only 462.9 ± 75.9 mm3 with quercetin treatment. This was consistent with a reduction in invasiveness and numbers of ductal lesions in the mammary gland. Plasma MCP‐1 and tumor MCP‐1 protein was decreased with quercetin (P<0.05). Similarly, markers of pro‐tumor macrophages (CD206 and IL‐10) were reduced in the mammary gland of quercetin treated mice (P<0.05). However, tumor mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines, MCP‐1, IL‐6, and TNF‐alpha, and the macrophage marker, F4/80, did not differ between treatments. These data provide strong support for a beneficial effect of quercetin on inflammatory processes however, it is likely that inflammation‐independent pathways are also involved.

Grant Funding Source: COBRE grant from NIH/NIGMS (1P20GM103641–01)
Enhanced Glutathione Levels in Blood and Buccal Cells by Oral Glutathione Supplementation
Authors: Richie John P , Nichenametla Sailnendra , Calcagnotto Ana , Neidig Wanda , Schell Todd , Muscat Joshua E
Published: June 2021

Glutathione (GSH) is the major antioxidant in nearly all cells and plays numerous roles in protection against diseases and biological insults. Previous studies in laboratory animals indicate that orally administered GSH is bioavailable and effective at enhancing tissue GSH levels. The current objective was to determine the efficacy of GSH supplementation at enhancing body stores of GSH in healthy adults. We conducted a 6‐mo randomized, double‐blind, placebo controlled trial to determine the impact of GSH administration at 250 mg/day and 1000 mg/day on GSH levels in different blood components and exfoliated buccal mucosal cells. Subjects were 54 healthy adults (41 females/13 males), 28–72 yr of age (mean=46.6 yr). Compliance was >;90% by pill count. After 6 mo in the high dose group, GSH levels were increased 30–35% in RBC, plasma, and lymphocytes and 260% in buccal cells (P<0.05). In most cases, the increases were dose and time dependent and levels returned to baseline after a 1‐month washout. No significant changes were observed in levels of protein bound GSH. A battery of immune function markers was also examined after 3 mo of GSH supplementation and Natural Killer (NK) cytotoxicity was enhanced >; 2‐fold in the high dose group (P<0.05). Altogether, these findings are consistent with previous pre‐clinical studies and indicate that long‐term oral administration GSH is an effective means of enhancing body stores of GSH.
Water soluble cinnamon extract reverses the hydrogen peroxide‐induced down regulation of S100 β secretion and sirtuin protein expression in C6 rat glioma cells
Authors: Qin Bolin , Panickar Kiran , Anderson Richard A
Published: June 2021

Dietary polyphenols exert neuroprotective effects in a variety of brain disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, ischemia/stroke, and Parkinson's disease. The brain is particularly susceptible to oxidative damage due to its high consumption of oxygen and oxidative stress contributes to such damage in these neural disorders. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a water soluble extract of cinnamon, high in type A polyphenols (CP), on oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide in rat C6 glioma cells. After 4 hr of H2O2 (100μM) incubation, the secretion and intracellular expression of the Ca2+‐binding protein, S100β, were significantly decreased as determined by immunoprecitation/immunoblotting and immunofluorescence imaging. CP counteracted the down regulation of S100 β by H2O2. CP also reversed H2O2 reduction of sirtuin 1, 2, and 3, deacetylases important in cell survival. In addition, H2O2 induced the expression of Bcl‐xl, an antiapoptotic member of the Bcl‐2 family, TNF‐α, and phospho‐Nf‐kB p65. CP suppressed the H2O2‐induced expression of these proteins. In summary, our results suggest a protective role of CP on glioma cells during oxidative stress. The water soluble extract of cinnamon, containing a minimum of 3% type A polyphenols, may exert neuroprotective effects in astroglial cells by upregulating pro‐survival proteins and suppressing pro‐inflammatory proteins.
The Collected Research on Medical Food Bioefficacy in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Edelstein Sari F
Published: June 2021

The objective of this collected work is to share peer‐reviewed studies on phytonutrient use in Alzheimer's disease.

Example:

Resveratrol: grapes, berries & peanuts

“…enhances clearance of amyloid beta‐peptides and reduces neuronal damage”

Resveratrol, a neuroprotective supplement for Alzheimer's disease.

Li F. Curr Pharm Des, 2012; Vol. 18 (1), pp. 27–33.

Phytic acid: food grains

“protection against amyloid precursor protein‐C‐terminal fragment‐induced cytotoxicity” Phytic acid as a potential treatment for alzheimer's pathology: evidence from animal and in vitro models. Anekonda TS. J Alzheimers Dis, 2011; Vol. 23 (1), pp. 21–35.

Many more will be presented in the poster.
Berteroin Suppresses Inflammatory Responses via NF‐κB signaling in Macrophages and Mouse Skin
Authors: Jung Yoo Jin , Jung Jae In , Cho Han Jin , Park Jung Han Yoon
Published: June 2021

Berteroin (5‐methylthiopentyl isothiocyanate) is a sulforaphane analog found in cruciferous vegetables including Chinese cabbage, rucola salad leaves, and mustard oil. The present study examined in vitro and in vivo anti‐inflammatory effects of berteroin. Berterion decreased LPS‐induced release of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 in Raw264.7 macrophages, which was accompanied by decreases in the protein expression and transcriptional activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2), respectively. Additionally, berteroin decreased LPS‐induced increases in the protein and mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin (IL)‐6 and IL‐1β. Berteroin inhibited LPS‐induced degradation of inhibitor of κBα and translocation of p65 subunit of NF‐κB to the nucleus. In addition, berteroin inhibited LPS‐induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, and Akt. Furthermore, berteroin suppressed TPA‐induced inflammatory responses in the mouse ear and down‐regulated the expression of iNOS and COX‐2 as well as the phosphoryation of ERK1/2 in mouse skin. We demonstrated that berteroin exhibits potent anti‐inflammatory properties that are associated with the inhibition of transcription and protein expression of iNOS, COX‐2, TNF‐α, IL‐6 and IL‐1β, which is accompanied by decrease activation of NF‐κB as well as signaling molecules including ERK1/2, Akt and p38 MAPK.
Effect of oil palm phenolics (OPP) on pancreatic cancer (PC) in transgenic mouse model (KPC)
Authors: Vemuri Shilpa , Goja Arvind , Sadaat Nadia , Gowthaman Poornima , Chrusciel Michael , Gupta Smiti
Published: June 2021

Patients of PC have poor prognosis in part due to poor therapeutic response. Phytochemicals may be beneficial against cancer progression. OPP, a water‐soluble extract from African oil palm, Elaeis guineensis, has known anticancer properties. This study compared the effect of OPP with gemcitabine, the current drug treatment, in PC mouse model.

Methods

KPC (KrasLSL.G12D/+; p53R172H/+; PdxCretg/+) mice were divided into groups: KC (control diet), KP (5% OPP diet), KG (gemcitabine), KPG (5% OPP diet + gemcitabine). Littermates without mutations served as controls: CC (control diet) and CP (5% OPP diet). PC stage was confirmed by staining tissues with Hematoxylin and Eosin. Blood smears were examined for changes in lymphocytes. Change in gene expression was evaluated by real time RT‐PCR.

Results

A significant decrease in Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PanIN) 1, 2, and 3 was observed in 5% OPP diet and gemcitabine groups. Blood smears showed a 4% increase in natural killer (NK) cells in the KP group relative to the KC group. Compared to the KC group, expression of MMP9, CCND1, and Bcl2 genes was down regulated in KP, KG, and KPG groups, with KPG showing the most significance.

Taken together, the results show that addition of 5% OPP in the diet slowed down tumor progression in KPC mice, possibly via modulation of inflammatory, apoptotic and metastatic pathways. Further analysis is underway to confirm these results.

Grant Funding Source: Malaysian Palm Oil Board
Lycopene inhibits the proliferation and progression of human colon cancer cells in both in vitro and in vivo models
Authors: Tang Feng‐Yao , Pai Man‐Hui , Chiang En‐Pei Isabel , Wang Xiang‐Dong
Published: June 2021

The current study demonstrated that lycopene significantly inhibited the proliferation of human colon cancer cells in vitro. Moreover, consumption of lycopene prevented the growth and progression of colorectal tumor in a mouse xenograft model. Bioluminescence imaging, histopathological, immunofluorescence (IFC), and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining results indicated that lycopene effectively suppressed the growth and progression of colon cancer. The results demonstrated that lycopene significantly suppressed the nuclear expression of PCNA and beta‐catenin proteins. Consumption of lycopene augmented the E‐cadherin adherent molecule and nuclear levels of cell cycle inhibitor p21CIP1/WAF1 protein. The chemopreventive effects of lycopene were associated with suppression of COX‐2, PGE2, and phosphorylated ERK1/2 proteins. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of lycopene were inversely correlated with the plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP‐9) in tumor‐bearing mice. These results suggested that lycopene could act as a chemopreventive agent against the growth and progression of colorectal cancer in a mouse xenograft model.