bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long-term Digital Preservation in E-government — a Case of Slovenia
Authors: Dečman Mitja
Published: April 2010

Long-term Digital Preservation in E-government — a Case of Slovenia

The use of information and communication technology and its widespread presence cause a vast amount of data to be created in the public and private sectors every day. The widespread presence of e-government sites, services and communication in the developed world add even more data. This digital data does not only represent the accountability and reliability of the processes, steps and decisions taken by organisations, but also a source of information for future generations. This paper discusses the issue of long-term digital preservation with a special focus on long-term digital preservation in public administration. It analyses problematic issues, current development trends in this area, and principles and solutions that can be found around the world. The paper focuses on Slovenia as one of the EU countries that has most effectively developed its e-government during the last decade. It analyses the situation in Slovenia through legal, organisational and other changes that have appeared over the last few years, and considers this as a model for possible long-term digital preservation. To describe the situation for digital preservation in Slovenian public administration, the results of empirical research made in 2007 are used. The paper uses theoretical background from the field of digital preservation and empirical results to show the important link between e-business, e-government, e-governance and digital preservation. It demonstrates that since Slovenian public administration has strictly specified business processes, the task of implementing digital preservation is much easier. The same concepts can be transferred to the private sector in Slovenia or anywhere else in the world.
Effect of cytisine on some brain and hepatic biochemical parameters in spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Simeonova Rumyana , Vitcheva Vessela , Mitcheva Mitka
Published: April 2010

Effect of cytisine on some brain and hepatic biochemical parameters in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Tobacco smoking is a risk factor for variety of cardio-vascular diseases, such as hypertension, myocardial infarction, stroke and many others. It is of great importance for hypertensive patients to stop smoking. One of the medicines widely used for smoking cessation in Bulgaria is the original Bulgarian product Tabex®, which is developed on the basis of natural plant alkaloid cytisine. The aim of the following study was to ivestigate the effects of cytisine on some brain and hepatic biochemical parameters in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), an widely used rodent model for human essential hypertension, and to compare the obtained results with their age-matched normotensive controls Wistar Kyoto (WKY). Multiple cytisine administration did not affect the activity of ethylmorphine-N-demethylase (EMND) and anylinehydroxylase (AH), as well as the quantity of cytochrome P 450, nor in WKY neither in SHR In the liver cytisine increased the MDA quantity both in SHR and in WKY, by 25% (p<0.05) and by 29% (p<0.05) respectively, while the GSH level was not significantly changed by the compound in both strains. In contrast, on the brain level, cytisine administration to SHR caused more prominent toxicity, resulted in GSH depletion and increased MDA quantity, while in WKY strain did not exert any toxicity. Cytisine did not significantly affect ALAT and ASAT activity in both strains. In conclusion, the results of our study suggest higher brain toxicity of cytisine in spontaneously hypertensive rats, that might be due to their pathophysiological characteristics.
Passing-as-if
Authors: Roshanravan Shireen M.
Published: April 2010

Ethnic Studies and Asian American feminist scholars have investigated how the model-minority racial discourse functions to prevent cross-racial coalition and to cast doubt on Asian American women in their claims to Women of Color political identity. However, none of these analyses provides an account of how, for some Asian American women, the model-minority racial project has so significantly impacted their subjects formation that the transition to Women of Color politics becomes a desired yet delicate and anxiety-producing task. In this paper, I introduce the concept “passing-as-if” to elucidate the historical, ontological, and epistemological processes at play when those non-white women without collectively revalorized racial identities turn to identify politically as Women of Color. I define passing-as-if as the assumption of racial identities reviled by the mainstream yet collectively revalorized through historical processes of community-based struggle. In a horizontal move toward resistant sociality, I argue that passing-as-if functions as a maneuver for political company by those who are racialized as non-white yet who do not belong to groups that have collectively resisted racial oppression in the United States. Contextualizing the logics of passing-as-if within colonial and racial histories of middleman subject-formation, I focus on how this dynamic poses danger for Women of Color coalitions when it manifests—however unwittingly—in one's efforts to forge cross-racial and cross-cultural feminist solidarity.
“Hello, War Brides”
Authors: Yoshimizu Ayaka
Published: April 2010

This article examines “Hello, War Brides,” a series of short, auto/biographical essays authored by two Japanese war brides from the state of Washington. I view this text as a product of collaborative “memory work.” Based on a textual analysis of its narratives and form, I argue that this work represents individual war brides' memories as counter-memories that provide a new understanding of the experiences of Japanese war brides. Such an understanding could be thought of as an alternative to the monolithic and stigmatized images of Japanese war brides, imposed primarily by the Japanese mainstream media against which these women have struggled for decades. The production of the text also worked to reconstruct and renew the women's own memories in a positive light and to create a new form of community of remembrance. This essay aims to shed light on both the literary and the social significance of “Hello, War Brides” as a way to re-evaluate the Japanese war brides' transnational movement that has taken place in the years after its publication.
“Why Must All Girls Want to be Flag Women?”
Authors: Pinto Samantha
Published: April 2010

“Why must all girls want to be flag women?” laments one critic regarding what he sees as the infiltration of “Carnival” culture into the performative desires of Indo-Trinidadian women. The intersections of soca, a form of music derived from the traditional Carnival genre of calypso, and chutney soca, as an Indo-Trinidadian-identified form with roots in traditional South Asian music as well as Carnival cultures, is a particular arena of visibility—and controversy—for critically including Indo-Trinidadian “flag” women in a feminist framework. In this essay, I read these Carnival-related performances in relationship to the colonial and national histories of the circulation of Indian and black women's bodies in Trinidad and Tobago, asking what is at stake in these occupations of genre, form, and performative presence in the latest global scenes of late capitalism (where image and sound, as cultural productions, are always in circulation beyond the scope of the nation, and their own “original” referents).
Revisiting Blu's Hanging
Authors: Wu Cynthia
Published: April 2010

My essay addresses non-normative genders and sexualities in Lois-Ann Yamanaka's Blu's Hanging, a controversial novel set in Hawai'i that—although commercially successful and critically acclaimed—has spurred protests over its racist portrayals of Filipino masculinity. I show how East Asian ethnic/class privilege alternately embraces heteronormativity and mounts challenges to it at key points in the narrative. I argue that the novel falls short of a queer critique because it is not by refusing heteronormative kinship structures but by replicating them that the non-normatively gendered characters find solace and exercise their agency. By extension, I claim that it is the very ethnic and class privilege of these East Asian queer subjects that provides them with the means of mitigating their sexual difference.
“Too high a price”
Authors: Labbé Jessica
Published: April 2010

“‘Too high a price’: The ‘Terrible Honesty’ of Black Women's Work in Quicksand” assumes a New Historical lens to understand the novel through its historical context and, inversely, to reveal a new knowledge of history and culture through Larsen's writing. The author argues that Nella Larsen and her novel Quicksand are emblematic of Ann Douglass's vision of the intricately fused Harlem Renaissance/white modernist literary movement of the 1920s as expressed in her 1995 study, Terrible Honesty: Mongrel Manhattan in the 1920s. As a result, Larsen's liminal novel, her own identity, and even her heroine function as excellent examples of academe's increasingly complex contemporary interpretations of black and white literary production in the modernist American moment. The episodic adventures of Quicksand's heroine, Helga Crane, reveal the problematic interplay of desire and agency; of wanting, but being unable to carry out the necessary functions to achieve one's desired goals. This challenge, along with the implied recognition of inevitable homelessness, the marked impossibility of coexisting individual and communal identities, and the unfeasibility of sustaining desire point to Larsen's interface with the core concerns of the modernist literary project as well as the New Negro Movement. Moreover, Larsen's representation of the work roles available to black women reflects the tangible effects of the period's radical social changes while it illuminates the ways in which labor paradoxically allows and prevents the (often contradictory) actions necessary to bring one's desires to fruition. More specifically, Douglass's framework of the modernist's “terrible honesty” worldview operates as a useful lens with which to deconstruct the purpose and significance of Helga's labor roles, as depicted by Larsen. As such, each labor role—and its social context—allows Larsen to critique different elements of racist and sexist societies throughout the United States and Europe. This aspect of the article's analysis is enriched by an exploration of Larsen's participation in the construction of New Negro womanhood and the black flâneuse. The article concludes by employing the lens of “terrible honesty” to facilitate a reading of Helga Crane as Larsen's symbolic vision of the ill-fated Jazz Age literary moment.
Learning L2 Vocabulary through Extensive Reading: A Measurement Study
Authors: Horst Marlise
Published: April 2010

Many language courses now offer access to simplified materials graded at various levels of proficiency so that learners can read at length in their new language. An assumed benefit is the development of large and rapidly accessed second language (L2) lexicons. Studies of such extensive reading (ER) programs indicate general language gains, but few examine vocabulary growth; none identify the words available for learning in an entire ER program or measure the extent to which participants learn them. This article describes a way of tackling this measurement challenge using electronic scanning, lexical frequency profiling, and individualized checklist testing. The method was pilot tested in an ER program where 21 ESL learners freely chose books that interested them. The innovative methodology proved to be feasible to implement and effective in assessing word knowledge gains. Growth rates were higher than those found in earlier studies. Research applications of the flexible corpus-based approach are discussed.
Effects of Mastery and Performance Goals on the Composition Strategy Use of Adult EFL Writers
Authors: He Tung-hsien
Published: April 2010

This study examines the combined effects of contrasting mastery and performance goals on the use of composition strategies by adult writers of English as a Foreign Language (EFL). Thirty-eight Taiwanese English-major college seniors of homogeneous writing proficiency consented to participate in the study. Based on responses on a goal scale, 19 participants were assigned to the high-mastery-low-performance (HMLP) group, and 19 were assigned to the low-mastery-high-performance (LMHP) group. Participants in the HMLP group were diagnosed as having stronger mastery but weaker performance goal orientations, whereas those in the LMHP group demonstrated the opposite tendency. Evidence from think-aloud protocols indicated that (a) participants used 20 distinctive strategies classified into five categories; (b) the HMLP group used monitoring/evaluating, revising, and compensating strategies significantly more often than the LMHP group; and (c) the frequency of revising strategies and mastery orientations served as two significant positive predictors for better writing outcomes.
Varietal Resistance in Peanut to Aflatoxin Production1
Authors: Mehan V. K. , McDonald D. , Ramakrishna N.
Published: April 2010

Rehydrated, mature, undamaged seed of 502 peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes were scarified, inoculated with an aflatoxigenic strain of Aspergillus flavus Link, and tested for aflatoxin B1 production after incubation at 25 C for 10 days. All genotypes supported production of aflatoxin B1 but significant genotypic differences in levels of aflatoxin B1 production were found. Genotypes U 4–7–5 and VRR 245 supported the lowest levels of aflatoxin B1 (< 10 μg/g seed), whereas the commonly grown Indian cultivar TMV 2 supported production of aflatoxin B1 at levels of over 150 μg/g seed. Eight genotypes with low, moderate or high capacity to support aflatoxin B1 production were further tested using seed from one rainy season crop, and two irrigated postrainy season crops. Genotypic differences in levels of aflatoxin B1 production were consistent over seasons. Production levels were slightly lower in seed from the rainy season crop than in seed from the two postrainy season crops.
Combining Ability and Heritability of Resistance to Early and Late Leafspot of Peanut1
Authors: Anderson W. F. , Wynne J. C. , Green C. C. , Beute M. K.
Published: April 2010

Four parental lines with resistance to early leafspot caused by Cercospora arachidicola Hori and four parental lines with resistance to late leafspot caused by Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. & Curt.) Deighton and the F1 hybrid progeny from crosses between the two groups of parents were evaluated for resistance to both leafspot diseases in the greenhouse using a detached leaf technique. The subsequent F2 plants of all crosses were evaluated in the field for resistance to early leafspot in order to estimate combining ability effects for components of partial resistance and to identify parents useful in developing lines resistant to both diseases. General combining ability, attributed largely to additive genetic variance, accounted for the largest portion of the variability among the F1 and F2 generations for most parameters of resistance to both early and late leafspots. Reciprocal effects and heterosis toward the susceptible parents were also significant for parameters of resistance to the two pathogens. GP-NC 343 and FESR 5-P2-B1 were the best parents for incorporating genes for resistance to both early and late leafspots. Progenies of NC 17090 had a high level of resistance to late leafspot in detached leaf tests and progeny of PI 350680 had reduced defoliation from early leafspot in the field. Broad-sense heritabilities ranged from 0.2 to 0.4 for parameters of resistance to early leafspot estimated from the pooled variances of F2 plants of all crosses planted in the field. Parameters of resistance evaluated in the greenhouse for F1 hybrids were compared to parameters evaluated in the field for the F2 population by rank correlation of entry means. Latent period and sporulation of the fungus on detached leaves of F1 generation plants correlated (r = −0.46 and 0.54, respectively) with defoliation of F2 plants in the field.
Textural Quality of Peanut Butter as Influenced by Peanut Seed and Oil Contents1
Authors: Ahmed E. M. , Ali Theresa
Published: April 2010

Oil content, peanut seed content and the interaction of both factors significantly influenced the textural quality of peanut butter. Spreadability as measured by sensory methodology as well as instrumental measures indicated better quality as percent oil increased from 40 to 50% and peanut seed content increased from 90 to 95%. The higher peanut seed content had a significant improvement on the spreadability of the butter containing 40% oil with no influence for the 50% oil sample. The reverse was true for all adhesiveness measurements. Jamaican peanut butter exhibited textural qualities similar to the butter containing 40% oil.
Effects of Genotype and Date of Harvest on Infection of Peanut Seed by Aspergillus flavus and Subsequent Contamination with Aflatoxin1
Authors: Mehan V. K. , McDonald D. , Ramakrishna N. , Williams J. H.
Published: April 2010

Several peanut genotypes reported as resistant, susceptible or highly susceptible to in vitro colonization of rehydrated, mature, stored, undamaged seed by Aspergillus flavus (IVSCAF) were tested for natural seed infection by A. flavus and other fungi in two or more replicated field trials at ICRISAT Center, Patancheru, India, in 1979–1984. Undamaged pods were sampled before maturity, at optimum maturity (normal harvest) and when over - mature (late harvest) and seed examined for infection by A. flavus and other fungi. In the 1983 and 1984 rainy and 1983/84 postrainy seasons, only four genotypes (one resistant and three susceptible) were tested, and seed were also tested for aflatoxin content. In all seasons the genotypes reported as IVSCAF - resistant had significantly lower levels of seed infection with A. flavus and other fungi than did genotypes reported as IVSCAF - susceptible. Cenotypic differences in levels of seed infection by A. flavus were consistent over seasons. The resistant cultivar J11 had a significantly lower aflatoxin content than the other three IVSCAF - susceptible genotypes tested in the 1983–1984 seasons. Drought stress in the 1984 season apparently increased susceptibility to seed infection by A. flavus and other fungi, and to aflatoxin contamination, in all cultivars. Seed infection by A. flavus and other fungi, and aflatoxin contamination increased with increasing maturity of pods, indicating the importance of lifting the peanut crop at optimum maturity.
Distribution and Diurnal Variation of Nonstructural Carbohydrate in Peanut Grown Under Unshaded and Shaded Conditions1
Authors: Farnham M. W. , Gross H. D. , Cappy J. J.
Published: April 2010

Diurnal variation in carbohydrate content of plant parts has been recognized for many years. Such variation in the peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) plant has received little attention. In order to better understand the dynamics of carbohydrate accumulation and utilization in peanut, a greenhouse study was undertaken to examine the effects of shading on diurnal patterns of carbohydrate distribution in this crop. The cultivar, NC 4, was grown under unaltered greenhouse conditions (control) or under shade cloth (37% of photosynthetic photon flux of control). Plants were harvested 40 and 64 days after planting, at beginning bloom and full-pod. At each harvest date plants were sampled every three hours during a 24-h cycle. The concentrations of reducing and nonreducing sugars and starch were analyzed in leaf, stem, and root plus nodule tissues for all samples. Control plants accumulated about twice the dry matter, nodule mass, and fixed N2 as shaded. The carbohydrate concentration was greater in tissues of controls than in those of shaded plants. Growth stage affected both carbohydrate concentration in tissues and the diurnal variation within tissues. All plants harvested at the bloom stage showed significant but individual diurnal effects on concentrations of reducing and nonreducing sugars and starch in leaves, and significant and comparable patterns of nonreducing sugars and starch in roots. Plants harvested at the pod stage exhibited few significant diurnal effects; there was substantial plant-to-plant variability at this stage. Results from this study emphasize the importance of considering the time of day and developmental stage when analyzing nonstructural carbohydrates in peanut tissues.
Field Screening of Reciprocal Chico x Florigiant Peanut Populations for Resistance to Leafspot in Virginia1
Authors: Coffelt T. A. , Porter D. M.
Published: April 2010

Early and late leafspot of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), caused by Cercospora arachidicola Hon and Cercosporidium personation (Berk. & Curt.) Deighton, respectively, are disease problems of major significance throughout the world. Leafspot control strategies using fungicides can result in a 10% increase in production costs. Field screening tests were conducted in 1980 and 1981 to identify breeding lines with resistance to leafspot Nine genotypes from a cross between Chico x Florigiant and the reciprocal cross were compared with Florigiant for relative susceptibility to the leafspot fungi. Variation in leafspot resistance, especially to C. arachidicola, was found in the peanut germplasm tested. High yielding genotypes with greater resistance to leafspot than Florigiant were identified. Differences in leafspot susceptiblity from reciprocal cross populations indicate that a cytoplasmic factor and additive genetic effects may control leafspot resistance.
Effect of Ethrel Seed Treatment on Growth, Yield, and Grade of Two Virginia-Type Peanut Cultivars1
Authors: Coffelt T. A. , Howell R. K.
Published: April 2010

Two virginia-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars, NC 6 and NC 7, were observed to germinate slowly under field conditions. Three seed treatments (1%, 5%, and 10%) of ethrel, cis-N-((1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethyl)thio)4-cyclo-hexene-1,2-dicarboximide, were prepared with a recommended seed treatment (45% Difolitan and 25% PCNB) and dusted on the seed. The experimental design was a 2 (cultivars) × 4 (3 ethrel treatments and an untreated check) factorial in a randomized complete block with four replications. The experiment was conducted for 2 years (1980 & 1981) at two locations (Suffolk, VA, and Beltsville, MD). Factors studied were: Stand counts (10 and 14 days after planting), plant dry weight (18 and 42 days after planting), pod yield, grams/100 seed, and percentages of meat, total sound mature kernels, extra large kernels, and fancy pods. No significant differences were found among ethrel treatments for any factor, except stand counts. Plots planted with ethrel-treated seed had significantly higher stand counts at 10 and 14 days than plots not planted with ethrel-treated seed. Significant differences occurred between locations for all factors, and between years for all factors, except stand counts at 14 days and grams/100 seed. Significant differences occurred between cultivars for all factors, except plant dry weight at 18 days, pod yield, and percentage of fancy pods. These results indicate that, while stands may be improved with ethrel-treated seed, no significant effects on yield or grade factors were found.
A Comparison of an Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and Western Blotting for Detection of Peanut Mottle Virus and Peanut Stripe Virus1
Authors: Sherwood J. L. , Melouk H. A.
Published: April 2010

Western blotting was used to detect infections of peanut cv. Tamnut 74 with peanut mottle virus (PMV) and/or peanut stripe virus (PStV). Leaf samples were ground in electrophoresis sample buffer and heated for 5 min at 95 C prior to electrophoresis in 12% polyacrylamide gels. After electrophoresis, proteins were transferred to nitrocellulose sheets at 100V for 45 min. Western blots were performed by first blocking unbound sites on the nitrocellulose with 5% non-fat dry milk in Tris-buffered saline (TBS), pH 7.4 for 30 min, followed by incubation in a 1/200 dilution of PMV and/or PStV antiserum in TBS (the latter antiserum provided by J. W. Demski, U. of GA) for 45 min. This was followed by incubation in protein-A-peroxidase (2 μg/mL in TBS) for 45 min, followed by 4-chloro-1-napthol plus hydrogen peroxide in TBS. As little as 25 ng of either purified PMV or PStV was detected. This was similar to the limits of detection fo the double sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Because of the difference in migration of the coat proteins of PMV and PStV, both viruses may be detected in plants infected with PMV and PStV. This assay can be performed in approximately 6 h when mini-gels are used for the initial electrophoretic seperation and does not require the antiserum to be fractionated or bound to an enzyme as is the case with ELISA.
Efficacy of the Visual, Minicolumn, and Thin Layer Chromatography Methods to Test Farmers Stock Peanuts for Aflatoxin1
Authors: Whitaker T. B. , Dickens J. W.
Published: April 2010

This study estimated the efficacy of the visual A. flavus (VAF), minicolumn (MCL), and thin layer chromatography (TLC) methods to detect farmers stock peanuts which contain aflatoxin. Aflatoxin tests on grade samples from each of 2300 lots of farmers stock peanuts was used to estimate the distribution of farmers stock lots according to their aflatoxin concentration (lot distribution). This lot distribution (with an average aflatoxin concentration of 59.5 parts per billion) was incorporated into each of the 3 computer models that simulate the testing of farmers stock peanuts for aflatoxin when the VAF, MCL, and TLC methods are used. The number of lots accepted and the average aflatoxin concentration (AA) in the accepted lots was predicted. Results indicate that when a given percentage of the lots are accepted, lots accepted by the VAF method have less aflatoxin than those lots accepted by either the MCL or TLC methods. When the present visual method was used to test the above lot distribution, 75.8% of the lots tested were accepted and the AA in the accepted and rejected lots were 4.1 and 232.8 parts per billion, respectively.
Growth and Development of the Florunner Peanut Cultivar as Influenced by Population, Planting Date and Water Availability1
Authors: Kvien C. S. , Bergmark C. L.
Published: April 2010

The influence of planting date, plant population, and row pattern on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) growth and development was studied at two locations in Georgia. Twin rows were found to give faster canopy closure at high populations (212,000 plants ha-1) but not at low populations (26,500 plants ha-1). No yield differences due to row pattern were found. Increasing population increased competition for light which increased plant height and the percent of total dry matter partitioned to the stem. Population effect on yield was dependent on planting date and environmental conditions. When an optimum planting date (28 April 1983) was combined with adequate moisture (65 cm of water during season), increasing population from 30,000 to 240,000 plants ha-1 increased yield from 5290 to 6840 kg ha-1. A combination of an optimum planting date and moisture-limiting conditions (33 cm) resulted in a positive yield response of 20% as population was increased from 26,000 to 208,000 plants ha-1. Combining a late planting date (3 June 1983) with either adequate moisture (66 cm) or moisture-limiting conditions (35 cm) resulted in no yield response due to population. Late planting dates significantly reduced grade.
Effect of Gibberellic Acid on Pegging and Seed Set of Arachis Species1
Authors: Stalker H. T. , Seitz M. H. , Reece P.
Published: April 2010

Many species of Arachis fail to produce seeds after self- or cross-pollination. A primary barrier to seed production is pegging for many genotypes; therefore, the effect of applying GA3 (gibberellic acid) to flowers was investigated. Species of Arachis were treated with 0, 88, 176, or 352 ppm GA3 daily for 30 days and the number of flowers and pegs recorded. The species A. chacoense Krap. et Greg. nom. nud., A. villosa Benth., A. correntina (Burk) Krap. et Greg. nom. nud., A diogoi Hoehne, A. stenosperma Greg. et Greg. nom. nud., and A. sp. coll. GK 30006 had a linear response in peg formation to increased levels of GA3 However, A. sp. coll. GKPSc 30108 had a quadratic response. Arachis cardenasii Krap. et Greg, nom. nud. had a cubic response to GA3 levels. The species A. helodes Mart. ex. Krap. et Rig., A. sp. coll. GK 30008, A. sp. coll. GK 30011, A. sp. coll. GK 30017, A. glabrata Benth and A. hypogaea did not have a significant peg response to application of GA3. Flowering was suppressed on all species by 352 ppm GA3. Application of either 88 or 176 ppm GA3 resulted in increased numbers of pegs for all species except A. hypogaea, A. sp. coll. GK 30017 and A. sp. coll. GK 30011. In another experiment, plants of A. chacoense, A. cardenasii, A. villosa, A. helodes, and A. diogoi were treated with 176 ppm GA 3 and pegs were allowed to mature but no seeds were recovered. A crossing program using NC 4 in reciprocal with five species resulted in a significant increase in seeds when GA3 applications were applied, but only for hybrid combinations which are normally successful without GA3. Parthenocarpic development is believed to account for increased numbers of pegs. Because pegging is mandatory before seeds can be obtained in Arachis, applications of GA3 will add significantly toward overcoming a reproductive barrier in Arachis. However, application of additional growth regulators will be necessary to stimulate development of the embryo.
Control of Southern Stem Rot and Rhizoctonia Limb Rot of Peanut with Flutolanil
Authors: Csinos A. S.
Published: April 2010

Flutolanil (SN 84364) was evaluated in vitro against Sclerotium rolfsii and Rhizoctonia solani AG-4. ED50 values were < 0.01 and < 0.1 μg/mL for S. rolfsii and R. solani, respectively, while Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) had ED50 values of < 0.1 and < 1.0 μg/mL, respectively. Concentrations of flutolanil at 0.1 μg/mL greatly reduced sclerotia and sclerotia initial development of S. rolfsii. Field evaluations were conducted near Tifton, GA, during 1983–86 for control of southern stem rot (S. rolfsii) and Rhizoctonia limb rot (R. solani AG 4) on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Flutolanil 50 WP applied as a banded (40 cm) foliar spray at rates of 1.12 – 5.6 kg ai/ha at pegging (about 60 days post seeding) significantly (P = 0.05) decreased both disease loci numbers caused by S. rolfsii and percentage of vines infected with R. solani. Yields were increased significantly (P = 0.05) in all treatments over the four years of trials. Flutolanil 7 G was significantly (P = 0.05) less effective in controlling southern stem rot and increasing yield than the 50 WP formulation.
Incidence and Economic Importance of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes on Peanut in Texas
Authors: Wheeler T. A. , Starr J. L.
Published: April 2010

The distribution of plant-parasitic nematodes in five Texas peanut producing counties was determined during 1985 and 1986 growing seasons. Criconemella, the most frequently detected genus, was present in 83.4% of the samples; evidence of crop damage was not observed. Meloidogyne arenaria was detected in 15.5% of the samples. In microplot tests, there was a significant negative relationship between initial populations of M. arenaria and peanut yields; a linear model estimates a 10% yield loss with initial populations of 44–83 M. arenaria/500 cm3 soil. At least 10% of the survey samples were estimated to have root-knot nematode populations exceeding that necessary for a 10% yield loss. Other parasitic genera found in the survey were Pratylenchus (15.7% of the samples) and Belonolaimus (0.8% of the samples). While pod symptoms of Pratylenchus damage were observed, reliable yield loss estimates can not be made with existing data.
Yield and Market Quality of Seven Peanut Genotypes as Affected By Leafspot Disease and Harvest Date1
Authors: Knauft D. A. , Gorbet D. W. , Norden A. J.
Published: April 2010

The effects of leafspot disease (causal organisms Cercospora arachidicola Hori and Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. & Curt.) Deighton) on the yield and market quality of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) must be understood to more accurately assess genetic potential of breeding lines. Seven peanut genotypes were grown without fungicide application at two locations, Gainesville and Marianna FL, for three years and harvested at three biweekly dates. Consistent pod yields near 5000 kg ha-1 were obtained for leafspot resistant breeding line 94 at Marianna when it was harvested later than 142 days after planting (DAP). Other resistant lines also reached maximum production at late harvests, even though disease incidence increased for all resistant lines. Highest yields of susceptible lines occurred ca. 120 DAP, with the susceptible cultivar Florunner producing over 3400 kg ha-1 at Marianna. Although disease pressure on the susceptible lines was heavy at 120 DAP, pod yields did not decline until later harvests, indicating that a major effect of the leafspot disease was the loss of pods already produced. Increased disease pressure was poorly correlation with seed size or total sound mature kernels in either resistant or susceptible lines.
Effect of Hot Water Immersion on Sensory Properties of Non-Refrigerated Peanuts1
Authors: Branch A. L. , Worthington R. E. , Chinnan M. S. , Heaton E. K. , Nakayama T. O. M.
Published: April 2010

Sensory properties of Fla Early Bunch and NC 7 peanuts immersed in hot water at 79 C for 90 sec and subjected to non-refrigerated storage were evaluated. Sensory scores were lower for immersed peanuts than the non-immersed peanuts, however the attributes for the immersed peanuts were not scored lower than borderline throughout storage. Flavor scores for both cultivars ranged between 6 for slightly good and 7 for moderately good. Significant cultivar differences were observed for color at the initial month and flavor at 2, 5, and 8 mo. NC 7 peanuts had significantly higher flavor sensory scores than the Fla Early Bunch nuts. Duo trio tests showed that panelists detected significant differences between non-immersed and immersed peanuts at the eighth month of storage.
A Comparison of Two Peanut Growth Models for Oklahoma
Authors: Grosz G. D. , Elliott R. L. , Young J. H.
Published: April 2010

Growth simulation models provide potential benefit in the study of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production. Two physiologically-based peanut simulation models of varying complexity were adapted and calibrated to simulate the growth and yield of Spanish peanut under Oklahoma conditions. Field data, including soil moisture measurements and sequential yield samples, were collected at four sites during the 1985 growing season. An automated weather station provided the necessary climatic data for the models. PNUTMOD, the simpler model originally developed for educational purposes, requires seven varietal input parameters in addition to temperature and solar radiation data. The seven model parameters were calibrated using data from two of the four field sites, and model performance was evaluated using the remaining two data sets. The more complex model, PEANUT, simulates individual plant physiological processes and utilizes a considerably larger set of input parameters. Since PEANUT was developed for the Virginia type peanut, several input parameters required adjustment for the Spanish type peanut grown in Oklahoma. PEANUT was calibrated using data from all four study sites. Both models performed well in simulating pod yield. PNUTMOD, which does not allow for leaf senescence, did not perform as well as PEANUT in predicting vegetative growth.
Characterization of Trypsin Inhibitor in Florunner Peanut Seeds (Arachis hypogaea L.)1
Authors: Ahmed E. M. , Applewhite J. A.
Published: April 2010

Florunner peanut seeds contained five trypsin isoinhibitors. Amino acid profiles of the trypsin inhibitors fraction showed high levels of aspartic acid, half-cystine and serine and low levels of histidine and tyrosine. The molecular weight of the inhibitor was 8.3 KDa.

The presence of multiforms of this inhibitor, its low molecular weight and the high amount of half-cystine indicate that peanut trypsin inhibitor is of the Bowman-Birk type.
Peanut Responses to Imposed-Drought Conditions in Southern Ontario
Authors: Roy R. C. , Stonehouse D. P. , Francois B. , Brown D. M.
Published: April 2010

The effects of moisture stress on Valencia peanut (hypogaea L.) yields were evaluated on Fox loamy-sand soils (Typic Hapudalf or Brunisolic Gray Brown Luvisols); of southwestern Ontario. Drought-imposed irrigation experiments were conducted in 1980 and 1981 by withholding water over all possible combinations of three peanut growth periods, as follows: Period I, early and full flowering; Period 2, late flowering and pod formation; Period 3, pod filling. Generally, the results indicated that the period of late flowering and pod formation is most sensitive to moisture and that moisture stress in growth periods 2 and 3 reduced yields more than stress in periods 1 and 2. Year-to-year variations indicated that, at least in this short-season growing area, factors other than moisture stress alone were influencing peanut yield and quality.
Selection Among Early Generation Peanut Progeny for Enhanced Nitrogen Fixation1
Authors: Arrendell S. , Wynne J. C. , Elkan G. H. , Schneeweis T. J.
Published: April 2010

Recurrent selection provides an established methodology for host improvement which should be applicable to increasing N2 fixation. This study was conducted to evaluate response to three cycles of phenotypic selection for fresh plant weight, nodule number and dry weight, and acetylene reduction when individual peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) plants were evaluated in the greenhouse using a mixture of four Bradyrhizobium strains as inoculum. The F2 generation derived from a single cross, Florigiant x CES 101, constituted the base population. In each of three cycles the 20 superior individuals were selected and randomly intermated to generate the subsequent cycle for selection. The 20 selections from each cycle were bulked and evaluated with the original parents in two greenhouse trials to evaluate response to selection. No variability for fresh plant weight, nodule number or dry weight, or acetylene reduction was detected among cycles. Realized heritability estimates were 0.01 ± 0.02, 0.05 ± 0.03, −0.06 ± 0.06, and 0.31 ± 0.32 for fresh plant weight, nodule number, nodule dry weight, and acetylene reduction, respectively. Agronomic traits of the same entries were evaluated in one field study. No variability for these traits was detected among cycles. Insufficient control of environmental variation was suggested as a possible cause of lack of response to selection.
Influence of Peanut Stripe Virus on Growth, Yield, and Quality of Florunner Peanut1
Authors: Lynch R. E. , Demski J. W. , Branch W. D. , Holbrook C. C. , Morgan L. W.
Published: April 2010

The influence of peanut stripe virus (PStV) on growth, yield, and grade of Florunner peanut and percent seed transmissions was determined under field conditions during 1985 and 1986. Plants were artificially inoculated with PStV and infection was confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Under the conditions of these tests, PStV did not significantly influence growth, yield, or grade of Florunner peanut, and seed infection averaged less than 2 percent.
Effect of Selection for Emergence and Maturity on Yield of Ontario Peanuts
Authors: Michaels T. E.
Published: April 2010

Seed yield of Valencia peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. ssp. fastigiata Waldron var. fastigiata) cultivars currently grown in Ontario. Canada appears quite sensitive to cooler or shorter than normal growing seasons. High seed yield may be associated with high percentage emergence and early maturity in this unique peanut-growing region. Selection for percentage emergence and maturity was practiced among F2 derived F4 families of five populations. Maturity was determined by percentage of pod yield as sound mature seeds Percentage emergence selections and percentage sound mature seed selections were recombined in a Comstock and Robinson design II mating design to develop 16 crosses. F3 and F4 bulk progeny of these Crosses were entered in three trials in two locations. Crosses on average had significantly higher percentage emergence and percentage sound mature seeds than the ancestors at only the coolest, shortest season location. Crosses on average were not significantly different from ancestors for pod or seed yield in any trial. General combining ability (GCA) and its interaction with trial were Significant for all characteristics except percentage emergence for the percentage sound mature seed selections. The GCA x trial interactions appeared to be associated with differences in rainfall and temperature in August and September between the two years. Specific combining ability and its interaction with trial were also significant for all characteristics except emergence.
Components of Resistance to Late Leafspot in Peanut. II. Correlations Among Components and Their Significance in Breeding for Resistance1
Authors: Chiteka Z. A. , Gorbet D. W. , Knauft D. A. , Shokes F. M. , Kucharek T. A.
Published: April 2010

A total of 116 peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes, which included all market types, were evaluated for resistance to late leafspot (Cercosporidium personatum Berk, and Curt. (Deighton)) in three tests during 1986. Two tests were conducted in greenhouses at Gainesville and Quincy, Florida. The third test was conducted in the field near Marianna, Florida. Lesion number per leaf, percent leaf necrotic area, lesion diameter, spore production, and latent period were evaluated. Correlations were calculated between greenhouse and field studies. Contributions of each component of resistance to an overall plant appearance score was also determined.

Amount of sporulation, lesion size, and latent period were highly correlated with each other and with percent leaf necrotic area within tests. The rank of genotypes in the field was significantly correlated with the rank in the greenhouse for latent period (r = 0.57), lesion diameter (r = 0.46), and sporulation (r = 0.59). Sporulation, lesion size, and latent period were the most important components contributing to visual plant appearance score. Sporulation accounted for most of the variability in the score.
Characteristics of Visual, Minicolumn and TLC Methods in Detecting Aflatoxin Contaminated Loads of Farmers Stock Peanuts
Authors: Tsai Y. J. , Davidson J. I. , Chew V. , Cole R. J. , Sanders T. H.
Published: April 2010

Results from two 1980 experiments were used to compare the performance of the visual, minicolumn and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) methods in detecting loads of farmers stock peanuts with aflatoxin. The first experiment was conducted to establish variability of the methods under ideal conditions. The second experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of the three methods under commercial conditions. In this paper, data and empirical models were used to explore potential improvements in detecting low-level contaminated lots. The minicolumn and TLC methods were very sensitive and provided consistent measurements. Operation characteristic (OC) curves developed by using empirical models (Logistic and Gompertz) were compared to statistical distribution functions used by Whitaker and coworkers. Assuming a desired probability of acceptance of 15%, both the minicolumn and TLC methods would accept lots with 60 ppb aflatoxin, while the visual methods would accept lots with 150 ppb aflatoxin. In crop years similar to 1980, the currently used method would not segregate peanuts to meet the 1–5 ppb (total) tolerance levels and would provide excessive sheller risk. Because of their objectivity, precision and higher sensitivity, the minicolumn and TLC have potential for improving the detection of contaminated loads of farmers stock peanuts.
Relationship Between Aflatoxin Content and Buoyancy of Florunner Peanut Kernels
Authors: Kirksey J. W. , Cole R. J. , Dorner J. W.
Published: April 2010

A water flotation method was used to study the distribution of aflatoxin relative to kernel density in naturally contaminated samples of shelled farmers stock peanuts. Five-hundred gram samples of visibly undamaged, contaminated peanuts were added to 2000 mL of tapwater, and approximately 15–30% of the kernels rose to the surface as buoyant kernels. These buoyant kernels contained an average of 95 + % of the total sample aflatoxin content. Buoyant kernels, when examined internally, all had a hollow space or “lumen” inside the kernel between the two cotyledons. Data showed an association between aflatoxin content, kernel lumen volume, and the propensity of kernels to float. The lumen may provide a reservoir of air for flotation, fungal growth, and aflatoxin production. The positive association between the presence of a lumen and aflatoxin contamination may provide a possible resistance strategy, if the presence or absence of a lumen is genetically controlled or if it can be manipulated physiologically.
Reaction of Select Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Lines to Southern Stem Rot and Pythium Pod Rot Under Varied Disease Pressure
Authors: Smith O. D. , Boswell T. E. , Grichar W. J. , Simpson C. E.
Published: April 2010

Eight breeding lines, three parents, and the cultivar Florunner were compared under two levels of disease pressure induced by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc., or Pythium myriotylum Drechs. at each of two locations for three years to ascertain the effectiveness of the host plant resistance to each pathogen. Varied disease pressures were created by application of fungicides and supplement of fungal inoculum.

Mean Florunner pod yields varied more than 1000 kg/ha as a result of the S. rolfsii treatments but the yields of the resistant TxAG-3 were not affected. Disease incidence, as measured by frequency of S. rolfsii infection sites and diseased pods, was much higher for Florunner than TxAG-3. Breeding lines for which TxAG-3 was a parent sustained significant yield reductions. The disease incidence in these lines was higher than the resistant parent, equal or less than Tamnut 74, their other parent, and less than Florunner. The grades of TxAG-3 and its derivatives were lower than Florunner.

Pod rot incidence differed for the P. myriotylum treatments but pod yields were not different. TxAG-3 and Toalson sustained less pod disease than Florunner and Tamnut 74. The percent of diseased pod tissue for one derivative of Toalson was lower than Toalson and TxAG-3, and that of one TxAG-3 derivative was equal to its best parent. The breeding lines varied in reaction to the two diseases and some lines showed considerable resistance to both organisms.
Maturity Distribution in Commercially Sized Florunner Peanuts
Authors: Sanders T. H.
Published: April 2010

Quality, as measured by roast color, flavor and storability, is variable within and among peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) lots of the same commercial size. Because maturity is significantly related to many quality characteristics, the variability in maturity distributions (percentage of various maturity classes) was examined within sized peanut lots from twenty random samples, an irrigation study, a harvest date study, and a soil temperature study. Pods from each source were separated into hull scrape maturity classes, dried, shelled, and screened to obtain seed size distributions. Using the weight of each maturity class in each commercial size, the percentage weight contribution of each maturity class in each commercial size category was calculated. Seed size distribution for maturity classes from different treatments in each study varied widely. The data indicated that each commercial size category contained peanuts from each maturity class. Treatments within the studies generally produced significant differences among percentages of individual maturity classes in each size. Large standard deviations and coefficients of variation in all studies indicated the wide variability potential in sized lots. The distributions of maturity within commercial sizes were sufficiently different to suggest that flavor, roast color, storability, and other quality estimators would be affected in final roast products from some of the lots.