bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cognitive and Academic Consequences of Stem-Cell Transplantation in Children
Authors: Phipps Sean , Rai Shesh N. , Leung Wing-Hang , Lensing Shelly , Dunavant Maggi
Published: April 2008

Purpose

To describe cognitive and academic outcomes in survivors after pediatric stem-cell transplantation (SCT) through 5-years post-SCT.

Patients and Methods

A battery of neurocognitive measures were administered before admission and at 1, 3, and 5 years post-SCT for 268 patients who underwent SCT; the study sample is comprised of 158 patients who survived and were evaluated at 1-year post-SCT. Random coefficient models were generated to depict change over time, and to test differences in slope and intercept for medical and demographic predictor variables.

Results

In the cohort as a whole, no significant changes were seen in global intelligence quotient and academic achievement. Despite the overall stability, some significant differences in slopes were found based on diagnosis, type of transplantation, use of total-body irradiation (TBI), and presence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). However, these differences were small, and of limited clinical significance. In comparison, differences as a function of socioeconomic status (SES) were much larger. SES was a significant determinant of all cognitive and academic outcomes, and the effect size generally dwarfed that of other significant predictor variables. Age, which had previously been identified as an important determinant of outcome, was not significantly predictive of outcome in this cohort.

Conclusion

The procedure of SCT entails minimal risk of late cognitive and academic sequelae. Subgroups of patients are at relatively higher risk: patients undergoing unrelated donor transplantation, receiving TBI, and those who experience GVHD. However, these differences are small relative to differences in premorbid functioning, particularly those associated with SES.
Phase I Study of MGCD0103 Given As a Three-Times-Per-Week Oral Dose in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors
Authors: Siu Lillian L. , Pili Roberto , Duran Ignacio , Messersmith Wells A. , Chen Eric X. , Sullivan Rana , MacLean Martha , King Serina , Brown Shirley , Reid Gregory K. , Li Zuomei , Kalita Ann M. , Laille Eric J. , Besterman Jeffrey M. , Martell Robert E. , Carducci Michael A.
Published: April 2008

Purpose

MGCD0103 is a novel isotype-selective inhibitor of human histone deaceylases (HDACs) with the potential to regulate aberrant gene expression and restore normal growth control in malignancies.

Patients and Methods

A phase I trial of MGCD0103, given as a three-times-per-week oral dose for 2 of every 3 weeks, was performed in patients with advanced solid tumors. Primary end points were safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamic (PD) assessments of HDAC activity, and histone acetylation status in peripheral WBCs.

Results

Six dose levels ranging from 12.5 to 56 mg/m2/d were evaluated in 38 patients over 99 cycles (median, 2; range, 1 to 11). The recommended phase II dose was 45 mg/m2/d. Dose-limiting toxicities consisting of fatigue, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and dehydration were observed in three (27%) of 11 and two (67%) of three patients treated at the 45 and 56 mg/m2/d dose levels, respectively. Disease stabilization for four or more cycles was observed in five (16%) of 32 patients assessable for efficacy. PK analyses demonstrated interpatient variability which was improved by coadministration with low pH beverages. Elimination half-life ranged from 6.7 to 12.2 hours, and no accumulation was observed with repeated dosing. PD evaluations confirmed inhibition of HDAC activity and induction of acetylation of H3 histones in peripheral WBCs from patients by MGCD0103.

Conclusion

At doses evaluated, MGCD0103 appears tolerable and exhibits favorable PK and PD profiles with evidence of target inhibition in surrogate tissues.
CD41+ cmyb+ precursors colonize the zebrafish pronephros by a novel migration route to initiate adult hematopoiesis
Authors: Bertrand Julien Y. , Kim Albert D. , Teng Shutian , Traver David
Published: April 2008

Development of the vertebrate blood lineages is complex, with multiple waves of hematopoietic precursors arising in different embryonic locations. Monopotent, or primitive, precursors first give rise to embryonic macrophages or erythrocytes. Multipotent, or definitive, precursors are subsequently generated to produce the adult hematopoietic lineages. In both the zebrafish and the mouse, the first definitive precursors are committed erythromyeloid progenitors (EMPs) that lack lymphoid differentiation potential. We have previously shown that zebrafish EMPs arise in the posterior blood island independently from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). In this report, we demonstrate that a fourth wave of hematopoietic precursors arises slightly later in the zebrafish aorta/gonad/mesonephros (AGM) equivalent. We have identified and prospectively isolated these cells by CD41(itga2b) and cmyb expression. Unlike EMPs, CD41+ AGM cells colonize the thymus to generate rag2+ T lymphocyte precursors. Timelapse imaging and lineage tracing analyses demonstrate that AGM-derived precursors use a previously undescribed migration pathway along the pronephric tubules to initiate adult hematopoiesis in the developing kidney, the teleostean equivalent of mammalian bone marrow. Finally, we have analyzed the gene expression profiles of EMPs and AGM precursors to better understand the molecular cues that pattern the first definitive hematopoietic cells in the embryo. Together, these studies suggest that expression of CD41 and cmyb marks nascent HSCs in the zebrafish AGM, and provide the means to further dissect HSC generation and function in the early vertebrate embryo.
Essential role for PDGF signaling in ophthalmic trigeminal placode induction
Authors: McCabe Kathryn L. , Bronner-Fraser Marianne
Published: April 2008

Much of the peripheral nervous system of the head is derived from ectodermal thickenings, called placodes, that delaminate or invaginate to form cranial ganglia and sense organs. The trigeminal ganglion, which arises lateral to the midbrain, forms via interactions between the neural tube and adjacent ectoderm. This induction triggers expression of Pax3, ingression of placode cells and their differentiation into neurons. However, the molecular nature of the underlying signals remains unknown. Here, we investigate the role of PDGF signaling in ophthalmic trigeminal placode induction. By in situ hybridization, PDGF receptor β is expressed in the cranial ectoderm at the time of trigeminal placode formation, with the ligand PDGFD expressed in the midbrain neural folds. Blocking PDGF signaling in vitro results in a dose-dependent abrogation of Pax3 expression in recombinants of quail ectoderm with chick neural tube that recapitulate placode induction. In ovo microinjection of PDGF inhibitor causes a similar loss of Pax3 as well as the later placodal marker, CD151, and failure of neuronal differentiation. Conversely, microinjection of exogenous PDGFD increases the number of Pax3+cells in the trigeminal placode and neurons in the condensing ganglia. Our results provide the first evidence for a signaling pathway involved in ophthalmic (opV) trigeminal placode induction.
Links between rapid ERP responses to fearful faces and conscious awareness
Authors: Eimer Martin , Kiss Monika , Holmes Amanda
Published: April 2008

To study links between rapid ERP responses to fearful faces and conscious awareness, a backward‐masking paradigm was employed where fearful or neutral target faces were presented for different durations and were followed by a neutral face mask. Participants had to report target face expression on each trial. When masked faces were clearly visible (200 ms duration), an early frontal positivity, a later more broadly distributed positivity, and a temporo‐occipital negativity were elicited by fearful relative to neutral faces, confirming findings from previous studies with unmasked faces. These emotion‐specific effects were also triggered when masked faces were presented for only 17 ms, but only on trials where fearful faces were successfully detected. When masked faces were shown for 50 ms, a smaller but reliable frontal positivity was also elicited by undetected fearful faces. These results demonstrate that early ERP responses to fearful faces are linked to observers' subjective conscious awareness of such faces, as reflected by their perceptual reports. They suggest that frontal brain regions involved in the construction of conscious representations of facial expression are activated at very short latencies.
Holistic face processing can be independent of gaze behaviour: Evidence from the composite face illusion
Authors: de Heering Adélaïde , Rossion Bruno , Turati Chiara , Simion Francesca
Published: April 2008

People tend to perceive identical top halves (i.e. above the nose) of two face stimuli as being different when they are aligned with distinct bottom halves. This composite face illusion is generally considered as the most compelling evidence that facial features are integrated into a holistic representation. Here, we recorded eye‐movements during the composite face illusion in a delayed matching task of top halves of faces. Behavioural results showed a strong composite face effect, participants making more mistakes and taking longer time to match two identical top halves of faces when they were aligned (vs. misaligned) with different bottom halves. Importantly, fixation sites and eye‐movements were virtually identical when the top and bottom parts were aligned (composite illusion) or misaligned (no illusion), indicating that holistic face processing can be independent of gaze behaviour. These findings reinforce the view that holistic representations of individual faces can be extracted early on from information at a relatively coarse scale, independently of overt attention.
Exploring face perception in disorders of development: Evidence from Williams syndrome and autism
Authors: Riby Deborah M. , Doherty‐Sneddon Gwyneth , Bruce Vicki
Published: April 2008

Individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) and autism are characterized by different social phenotypes but have been said to show similar atypicalities of face‐processing style. Although the structural encoding of faces may be similarly atypical in these two developmental disorders, there are clear differences in overall face skills. The inclusion of both populations in the same study can address how the profile of face skills varies across disorders. The current paper explored the processing of identity, eye‐gaze, lip‐reading, and expressions of emotion using the same participants across face domains. The tasks had previously been used to make claims of a modular structure to face perception in typical development. Participants with WS (N=15) and autism (N=20) could be dissociated from each other, and from individuals with general developmental delay, in the domains of eye‐gaze and expression processing. Individuals with WS were stronger at these skills than individuals with autism. Even if the structural encoding of faces appears similarly atypical in these groups, the overall profile of face skills, as well as the underlying architecture of face perception, varies greatly. The research provides insights into typical and atypical models of face perception in WS and autism.
Implicit familiarity processing in congenital prosopagnosia
Authors: Avidan Galia , Behrmann Marlene
Published: April 2008

A particularly interesting and somewhat puzzling finding in the face‐processing literature is that, despite the absence of overt recognition of most faces, many patients with acquired prosopagnosia (AP) exhibit evidence of intact covert face recognition of the very same faces. This phenomenon has important implications for the understanding of the mechanism underlying AP and, by extension, the mechanism underlying normal face processing. Here, we set out to examine whether individuals with congenital prosopagnosia (CP) exhibit a similar dissociation between overt and covert face recognition. We first confirmed that all six of our CP individuals were significantly impaired in face recognition in comparison with controls. Participants then completed a matching task with both famous and unknown faces in which they decided whether two consecutive images have the same identity or not. Critically, the level of face familiarity was orthogonal to the task at hand and this enabled us to examine whether the familiarity of a face enhanced identity matching, a finding which would implicate implicit face processing. As expected, the CP individuals were slower and less accurate than the control participants. More importantly, like the controls, the CP individuals were faster and more accurate at matching famous compared with unknown faces. Also, for both groups, matching performance on unrecognized famous faces fell at an intermediate level between performance on explicitly recognized famous faces and faces which are unknown. These results provide the first solid evidence for the existence of implicit familiarity processing in CP and suggest that, despite the marked impairment in explicit face recognition, these individuals still have some familiarity representation which manifests in the form of covert recognition. We discuss possible models to account for the apparent dissociation of overt and covert face processing in CP.
Investigating Pilot Performance Using Mixed-Modality Simulated Data Link
Authors: Lancaster Jeff A. , Casali John G.
Published: April 2008

Objective: General aviation (GA) pilot performance utilizing a mixed-modality simulated data link was objectively evaluated based on the time required in accessing, understanding, and executing data link commands. Additional subjective data were gathered on workload, situation awareness (SA), and preference. Background: Research exploring mixed-modality data link integration to the single-pilot GA cockpit is lacking, especially with respect to potential effects on safety. Methods: Sixteen visual flight rules (VFR)—rated pilots participated in an experiment using a flight simulator equipped with a mixed-modality data link. Data link modalities were text display, synthesized speech, digitized speech, and synthesized speech/text combination. Flight conditions included VFR (unlimited ceiling and visibility) or marginal VFR flight conditions (clouds 2,800 ft above ground level, 3-mile visibility). Results: Statistically significant differences were found in pilot performance, mental workload, and SA across the data link modalities. Textual data link resulted in increased time and workload as compared with the three speech-type data link conditions, which did not differ. SA measures indicated higher performance with textual and digitized speech data link conditions. Conclusion: Textual data link can be significantly enhanced for single-pilot GA operations by the addition of a speech component. Application: Potential applications include operational safety in future GA systems that incorporate data link for use by a single pilot and guidance in the development of flight performance objectives for these systems.
Effects of Brief Training on Use of Automated External Defibrillators by People Without Medical Expertise
Authors: Mitchell K. Blake , Gugerty Leo , Muth Eric
Published: April 2008

Objective: This study examined the effect of three types of brief training on the use of automatic external defibrillators (AEDs) by 43 lay users. Background: Because AEDs were recently approved for home use, brief training for nonprofessional users needs investigation. Method: During training, the exposure training group read an article about AEDs that provided no information on how to operate them; the low-training group inspected the AED and read the operating instructions in the paper-based manual but was not allowed to use the device; and the high-training group watched a training video and performed a mock resuscitation using the AED but no manikin. All participants returned 2 weeks later and performed a surprise simulatedAED resuscitation on a manikin. Results: Most participants in each training group met criteria of minimally acceptable performance during the simulated manikin resuscitation, as measured by time to first shock, pad placement accuracy, and safety check performance. All participants who committed errors were able to successfully recover from them to complete the resuscitation. Compared with exposure training, the low and high training had a beneficial effect on time to first shock and errors. Conclusion: Untrained users were able to adequately use this AED, demonstrating walk-up-and-use usability, but additional brief training improved user performance. Application: This study demonstrated the importance of providing high-quality but brief training for home AED users. In conjunction with other findings, the current study helps demonstrate the need for well-designed training for consumer medical devices.
The Impact of Night Vision Goggles on Way-Finding Performance and the Acquisition of Spatial Knowledge
Authors: Gauthier Michelle Sylvia , Parush Avi , Macuda Todd , Tang Denis , Craig Gregory , Jennings Sion
Published: April 2008

Objective: This study examined the effects of night vision goggles (NVGs) on navigation and way-finding performance and the acquisition of spatial knowledge. Background: Although numerous studies have examined the effects of NVGs on visual perception, few have examined the effects of using NVGs on the acquisition and expression of spatial cognition. Method: Participants learned the environment through active navigation and way finding, searching for targets within a life-sized maze with or without NVGs. Knowledge of the environment was then tested with two spatial memory tests. Results: Findings show that navigation and way finding with NVGs appear to be harder, as indicated by longer navigation times and additional, unnecessary turns, than they are without NVGs. Moreover, change in navigation performance over the course of the way-finding trials varied as a function of group assignment indicating that NVGs influenced the learning process. NVG users demonstrated a significant decrease in navigation times earlier as well as significant decreases in navigational legs compared with the control group. In judging the positions of objects relative to target objects in different rooms in the maze, performance was better for participants without NVGs than for those with NVGs. In a map-drawing task, participants in the NVG group were more likely to position objects incorrectly and to receive worse scores than the controls. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that NVGs affected not only spatial navigation and way-finding performance but also the acquisition of spatial knowledge. Application: These degradations in spatial knowledge should be considered in operational planning and NVG training programs.
Differences in Day and Night Shift Clinical Performance in Anesthesiology
Authors: Cao Caroline G. L. , Weinger Matthew B. , Slagle Jason , Zhou Chuan , Ou Jennie , Gillin Shakha , Sheh Bryant , Mazzei William
Published: April 2008

Objective: This study examined whether anesthesia residents (physicians in training) performed clinical duties in the operating room differently during the day versus at night. Background: Fatigue from sleep deprivation and working through the night is common for physicians, particularly during residency training. Methods: Using a repeated-measures design, we studied 13 pairs of day-night matched anesthesia cases. Dependent measures included task times, workload ratings, response to an alarm light latency task, and mood. Results: Residents spent significantly less time on manual tasks and more time on monitoring tasks during the maintenance phase at night than during the day. Residents reported more negative mood at night than during the day, both pre- and postoperation. However, time of day had no effect on the mood change between pre- and postoperation. Workload ratings and the response time to an alarm light latency task were not significantly different between night and day cases. Conclusions: Because night shift residents had been awake and working for more than 16 hr, the observed differences in task performance and mood may be attributed to fatigue. The changes in task distribution during night shift work may represent compensatory strategies to maintain patient care quality while keeping perceived workload at a manageable level. Applications: Fatigue effects during night shifts should be considered when designing work-rest schedules for clinicians. This matched-case control scheme can also be applied to study other phenomena associated with patient safety in the actual clinical environment.
Effect of Age and Experience on Lower Leg Fractures in Alpine Sports
Authors: Greenwald Richard M. , Laporte Jean-Dominique
Published: April 2008

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that age and experience level significantly affect injury rates, and lower leg fracture injury rates in particular, in a sufficiently large Alpine sports population. An epidemiology study of skiing, snowboarding, and skiboarding injuries at three large ski resorts covered by the Médecins de Montagne epidemiology network in France was conducted for data collected during the 1998–2004 seasons. Medical injury diagnosis data at the mountain clinic were compiled along with demographic information about the injured skier and their equipment. The population at risk for each sport was determined by collecting control data in parking lot surveys and at the base of lifts using previously published methodologies. There was no significant change in overall injury rates over the seven years for any of the Alpine sports studied. Lower leg fractures and shoulder injuries dominate skiboard injuries, wrist fractures and shoulder injuries dominate snowboard injuries, and knee injuries continue to dominate skiing injuries. The overall rate of lower leg fractures in skiboarding was three to four times higher than in skiing. However, skiers less than 16 years old had approximately the same rate of lower leg fractures as skiboarders of similar age. Overall, beginners had a significantly higher injury rate for all major injury groups. Lower leg fractures occurred in beginner skiers at approximately the same rate as beginner skiboarders. Knee sprains occur much less frequently in skiboarders than skiers. These results demonstrate that while overall injury rates for a specific injury may be significantly different among Alpine sports, controlling for age and ability has a significant impact and must be accounted for when comparing injury rates.
Effect of Sampling Location on the Air Void Analyzer Test Results on Concrete Pavements: Evaluation of Data from a 16 State-Pooled Fund Project
Authors: Rupnow Tyson D. , Wang Kejin , Schaefer Vernon R.
Published: April 2008

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of sampling location on the air void analyzer (AVA) results from a 16 state-pooled fund study. The samples were obtained at locations ahead of the paver and behind the paver on a vibrator trail and between vibrator trails. The AVA air content, specific surface, spacing factor, and percent of air voids less than 300 μm in diameter were analyzed. The total air content of concrete ahead and behind the paver was also measured according to ASTM C231 for comparison. The ASTM C231 test results showed a significant drop in total air content of the samples behind the paver compared with the samples in front of the paver. The results show that the total air content is not an indicator of the spacing factor or percent of air voids less than 300 μm in diameter. There is no significant difference in the AVA results between the samples obtained on a vibrator trail and those obtained between vibrator trails based on the data from all 16 states. When the data for each state were studied individually, the data from some states showed a significant difference in the percent of air voids less than 300 μm (D≤300 μm) as well as the specific surface between the samples obtained ahead and behind the paver. The results imply that vibration removes mainly the large air voids in concrete, and this feature can be captured by the AVA test but not by the conventional ASTM C231 pressure meter test.
University Administrators as Information Tacticians: Understanding Transparency as Selective Concealment and Instrumental Disclosure
Authors: Gawley Tim
Published: April 2008

Despite its burgeoning popularity, the concept of administrative transparency has received little attention from interpretivist sociologists. Symbolic interactionism offers a theoretical and methodological agenda for understanding administrative transparency that departs from the more common quantitative‐ and factor‐based approaches. With an emphasis on educational administration, this article defines and examines how university administrators accomplish transparency in their everyday activities. Data from in‐depth semistructured interviews identify administrative transparency as a reflexive act of concealment and disclosure. These activities are further described by what are identified as silent budgetary bargaining and opportunistic budgeting.
Constructions of Continuity after Stroke
Authors: Hinojosa Ramon , Boylstein Craig , Rittman Maude , Hinojosa Melanie Sberna , Faircloth Christopher A.
Published: April 2008

Prior research suggests that illness disrupts biographical self because of the resulting difficulty in continuing to draw on the same material and symbolic resources used in self‐construction. Recent literature suggests that constructing continuity is possible because of the multi‐faceted nature of self‐construction. One hundred and twenty‐two veterans who had been hospitalized after an acute stroke and discharged home were enrolled in the study. In‐depth interviews were collected from the veterans at one month post‐stroke. Results indicate that some of these individuals construct continuity through their use of personally accessible discursive resources such as expectations for aging and religious beliefs.
Summer Distribution and Growth of Juvenile Coho Salmon during Colonization of Newly Accessible Habitat
Authors: Anderson Joseph H. , Kiffney Peter M. , Pess George R. , Quinn Thomas P.
Published: April 2008

Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. are capable of exploiting vacant habitat, but most research has focused on straying and colonization by adults. However, dispersal of juveniles of stream‐rearing species, such as coho salmon O. kisutch, may also be an important component of colonization. Installation of fish passage structures on the Cedar River, Washington, and subsequent adult migration into the newly accessible habitat provided a rare opportunity to investigate colonization as coho salmon regained access to 33 km of habitat from which they had been excluded for more than a century. In this study, we describe the spatial distribution and growth patterns of the first two generations of juvenile coho salmon produced in the new habitat. Snorkel surveys in the Cedar River revealed patchy distributions of juvenile coho salmon that largely matched the distribution of adults spawning the previous fall, and higher densities occurred in lower reaches (i.e., those not far upstream from the dam). However, sequential surveys indicated that juveniles entered and moved upstream within a Cedar River tributary, Rock Creek, where few, if any, adults spawned. Juveniles captured in the Cedar River were similar in size to those in Rock Creek, but sizes differed between years and larger fish tended to occur farther upriver. We found no evidence for density‐dependent growth; there was no relationship between fish size and local density in either main‐stem or tributary habitat. Abundance estimates suggest that relatively few juvenile coho salmon dispersed long distances into reaches neglected by spawning adults. We were unable to find any clear evidence that juvenile dispersal would increase the number of adults returning in the next generation, but such movements could accelerate the spatial expansion of the colonizing population in philopatric species like coho salmon.
Summer‐Run Hatchery Steelhead Have Naturalized in the South Fork Skykomish River, Washington
Authors: Kassler Todd W. , Hawkins Denise K. , Tipping Jack M.
Published: April 2008

Evaluation of natural‐origin, hatchery‐origin, and unmarked steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss from the Skykomish River drainage basin, Washington, was conducted to determine the source of unmarked steelhead that return to Sunset Falls (South Fork Skykomish River). One possible source is the large number of steelhead stocked into the Skykomish River basin from Reiter Ponds Hatchery; this hatchery stock was founded with fish from Skamania Hatchery in the Washougal River system, Washington. A microsatellite DNA analysis of 10 loci was used to evaluate unmarked samples in comparison with natural‐origin samples from the North Fork Skykomish River and hatchery‐origin samples from Reiter Ponds Hatchery. Results of the analyses provide evidence that the unmarked steelhead collected at Sunset Falls are more closely related to Reiter Ponds Hatchery fish than to natural‐origin fish from the North Fork Skykomish River. There is evidence that unmarked steelhead at Sunset Falls are also mixing with natural‐origin North Fork Skykomish River fish but to a lesser degree than with Reiter Ponds Hatchery fish. This study documents that Skamania Hatchery‐origin steelhead have naturally produced offspring that are returning to spawn in a northern Puget Sound river basin.
Seasonal Movements of Chinook Salmon in Lake Michigan Based on Tag Recoveries from Recreational Fisheries and Catch Rates in Gill‐Net Assessments
Authors: Adlerstein Sara A. , Rutherford Edward S. , Claramunt Randall M. , Clapp David F. , Clevenger John A.
Published: April 2008

There are no specific studies of the movements of introduced Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in Lake Michigan, despite the need for such information for population assessments and stocking allocations. We investigated the seasonal distribution of hatchery‐reared Chinook salmon between May and September based on fishery‐dependent (recoveries from recreational fisheries of fish marked with coded wire tags [CWTs]) and fishery‐independent sources (catches in assessment gill‐net surveys). We modeled recoveries by fishing trips in Michigan waters of Lake Michigan to estimate spatially and temporally explicit abundance indices using generalized linear models (GLMs) and accounted for the efficiency among recovery sources (charter boat captain reports, creel clerk interviews, and headhunter collections of CWT samples from charter boat and non‐charter boat catches). Recovery levels varied among areas, months, years, and recovery sources, and distribution among areas also varied by month. We used CWT data with lakewide geographical coverage and evaluated the distributions of the absolute numbers of coded‐wire‐tagged fish recovered in Michigan and Wisconsin waters of Lake Michigan from all possible recovery sources. From both analyses we found that the distribution of Chinook salmon varied seasonally, with displacements from southern areas toward the north from May through summer, from inshore to offshore areas toward the west during summer, and movement back east in the fall. For the analysis of Chinook salmon catch rates in gill‐net assessments, we used GLMs to compare levels among months, statistical districts, years, nearshore and offshore areas, and different depths. The temporal and spatial trends were similar to those from the CWT analyses, and the distribution shifted toward deeper waters in July and August. Movement patterns coincided with favorable temperature and prey distribution and were consistent with those exhibited by the Pacific Ocean Chinook salmon population from which the Lake Michigan population originated. Seasonal changes in Chinook salmon distribution influence recreational fisheries, and stocking strategies should consider the influences of movement patterns on fishing opportunities in Lake Michigan.
Weight‐Length Relationships in Fisheries Studies: The Standard Allometric Model Should Be Applied with Caution
Authors: De Robertis Alex , Williams Kresimir
Published: April 2008

The standard allometric weight‐length relationship W = aLb is widely used in fisheries science to estimate the weight of fish of known length and to compute body condition indices. This relationship is used in abundance surveys such as acoustic surveys to convert abundance at length into estimates of population biomass. Although fitting this relationship to weight‐length data over a broad range of body sizes is common practice, the fit of this relationship often does not receive careful scrutiny. We explored the fit of the allometric model as well as alternative weight‐length relationships to data from acoustic surveys of walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma from the North Pacific and found a subtle but persistent lack of fit for the allometric relationship, particularly for the largest and smallest fish in the population. This lack of fit results in biased estimates of population biomass. Analysis of weight‐length measurements of 10 additional species indicates that these biases are not restricted to walleye pollock; indeed, the lack of fit of the allometric weight‐length relationship is likely to be a general concern. Our results suggest that the allometric relationship should not be applied to generate weight‐length relations over a broad range of body sizes without careful examination of the potential consequences. In some applications, such as the walleye pollock surveys examined here, use of alternative, less biased, methods to estimate mean weight at length will be beneficial. Such methods include fitting the allometric relationship in a piecewise fashion over restricted size or age intervals and simply computing the mean weight at length. In applications with spawning fish, incorporating the maturity state in weight‐length prediction methods is likely to further improve predictions of weight at length.
Ingestão de fibra alimentar e tempo de trânsito colônico em pacientes com constipação funcional
Authors: Lopes Adriana Cruz , Victoria Carlos Roberto
Published: April 2008

RACIONAL: Pacientes com constipação funcional que não melhoram com suplementação de fibras dietéticas, representam importante problema clínico. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar as relações entre as quantidades de fibras ingeridas, intensidade da constipação e o tempo de trânsito colônico em pacientes com constipação funcional. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 30 pacientes constipados funcionais, sem melhoras após suplementação dietética com fibras e 18 pessoas controle, sadias, sem queixas digestivas, utilizando inquéritos individuais quanto à ingestão de fibras e a intensidade da constipação e, por meio da técnica dos marcadores radiopaco, o tempo de trânsito colônico, total e segmentar. RESULTADOS: Apesar da maior ingestão diária de fibras (26,3 ± 12,9 g, constipados x 9,3 ± 5,2 g, controles), os sintomas da constipação mostraram-se intensos nos constipados (escore médio = 21,3 ± 4,07). O tempo normal para o trânsito colônico foi de 58,8h. O trânsito colônico total, em média, foi mais lento nos constipados (41,0 ± 22,8h, constipados x 21,8 ± 18,5h, controles). Constipados com trânsito lento (>58,8h) apresentaram inércia colônica (oito), obstrução de saída (um) e lentificação no cólon esquerdo (um). Constipados com trânsito normal (<58,8h), apresentaram lentificações isoladas no cólon direito (nove), no cólon esquerdo (três) e no segmento retossigmoideano (oito). Não houve correlação entre a quantidade ingerida de fibra, intensidade da constipação e tempo de trânsito colônico nos constipados funcionais. CONCLUSÕES: Em constipados funcionais a gravidade da constipação não depende apenas da ingestão de fibras, que, também não é a única contributiva para as variações no tempo de trânsito colônico. Este diferencia os pacientes normais dos constipados e nestes, aqueles com trânsito alterado que exigem abordagens diferentes da suplementação de fibras.
Prevalence of celiac disease among first degree relatives of Brazilian celiac patients
Authors: Almeida Patrícia Lopes de , Gandolfi Lenora , Modelli Inês Cristina , Martins Rita de Cássia , Almeida Rodrigo Coutinho de , Pratesi Riccardo
Published: April 2008

BACKGROUND: Several studies have shown that celiac disease, an autoimmune disorder that occurs in genetically susceptible individuals, is highly prevalent among relatives of celiac patients. AIM: To determine the prevalence of celiac disease in a group of first degree relatives of Brazilian celiac patients. METHODS: First degree relatives of celiac patients attending the Brasilia University Hospital Pediatric Gastroenterology Outpatient Clinic or the Celiac Disease Investigation Center, Brasília, DF, Brazil, between March 2001 and November 2004 were invited to undergo serological screening for celiac disease applying the IgA anti-endomysium antibody test (IgA-EMA). All positive IgA-EMA sera underwent a second screening using the IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies test. Duodenal or small intestinal biopsies were performed in all subjects positive to serological testing. Biopsy samples were classified as type (O) normal, (I) infiltrative, (II) infiltrative hyperplastic, (III) flat destructive, and (IV) atrophic hypoplastic. The final diagnosis was ascertained in subjects showing positive serological tests and a grade I to III small intestinal lesion. RESULTS: Nine new cases of celiac disease were found among the 188 first degree relatives tested (4.8%). CONCLUSION: The present study confirms the high prevalence of celiac disease among first degree celiac patients’ relatives and reinforces the need of extensive diagnostic screening in this specific group.
A convivência da família com o portador de Síndrome de Down à luz da Teoria Humanística
Authors: Ramos Acaciane Frota , Caetano Joselany Afio , Soares Enedina , Rolim Karla Maria Carneiro
Published: April 2008

Este estudo teve como objetivo socializar o processo de convivência da família de portadores da síndrome de Down com base na teoria humanística de Paterson e Zderad. Foi realizado na Associação de Pais e Amigos dos Excepcionais - APAE, localizada no município de Sobral - CE. Para coleta de dados utilizamos dinâmicas de grupo, observação participante e entrevista norteadora. Observamos, no estudo, que a convivência familiar ocorre de forma natural, ou seja, os pais desempenham seu papel, buscando o bem-estar e o estar melhor de seus filhos.Verificamos que os esforços dos pais que tentam diminuir as diferenças entre os portadores da síndrome de Down e os normais, como também diminuir e até combater o preconceito imposto pela sociedade foram bastante enfocados. Apreendemos que a tentativa dos pais em diminuir as diferenças pode minimizar os preconceitos impostos pela sociedade teve bastante relevância.
Acidentes na infância e adolescência: uma revisão bibliográfica
Authors: Martins Christine Baccarat de Godoy
Published: April 2008

O estudo objetivou apresentar uma revisão bibliográfica dos acidentes entre menores de 15 anos. Em todo o Brasil, as lesões e envenenamentos são responsáveis por 5 a 6% do total das internações conveniadas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde, gerando gastos hospitalares de 8% do total de gastos com as internações. Os países com menores taxas de mortalidade por causas externas em menores de 15 anos são a Suécia e Itália. A Dinamarca, a Alemanha e o Japão são considerados países com taxas intermediárias. A França, a Bélgica, a Áustria e o Canadá são considerados países com taxas altas de mortalidade por causas externas em menores de 15 anos. O Brasil está, junto com os Estados Unidos da América, Portugal, México e Coréia, entre os países com taxas muito altas de óbitos por acidentes em menores de 15 anos. A literatura aponta para a magnitude dos acidentes infantis, necessitando-se de ações preventivas. Os estudos enfatizam, ainda, a importância de se conhecer a natureza e a realidade acerca dos acidentes na infância a fim de se formar um diagnóstico que auxilie na elaboração e implantação de estratégias específicas de prevenção.
Caracterização anatômica de folha, colmo e rizoma de Digitaria insularis
Authors: Machado A.F.L. , Meira R.M.S. , Ferreira L.R. , Ferreira F.A. , Tuffi Santos L.D. , Fialho C.M.T. , Machado M.S.
Published: April 2008

A anatomia da folha, de colmo e do rizoma de Digitaria insularis foi investigada, visando identificar características que possam estar relacionadas à sua tolerância ao glyphosate. Sementes e rizomas de plantas adultas foram coletadas em campo, em área de plantio direto, onde o herbicida glyphosate vem sendo utilizado repetidamente há vários anos. As plantas provenientes dessas sementes e desses rizomas foram cultivadas em vasos com capacidade de 3 L, contendo solo de textura média, em casa de vegetação. Quando as plantas atingiram o estádio fenológico de pré-florescimento, foram coletadas três folhas totalmente expandidas por planta, entre o terceiro e o quinto nó. Simultaneamente, coletaram-se fragmentos dos rizomas e os entrenós recobertos pelas bainhas das folhas amostradas. As amostras foram fixadas em FAA50 e estocadas em etanol, para obtenção de cortes histológicos e montagem das lâminas, conforme metodologia usual. Para obtenção do índice estomático e da densidade estomática nas superfícies da epiderme, amostras das folhas foram diafanizadas, conforme método utilizado usualmente. Verificou-se que plantas provenientes de rizomas apresentavam maior índice estomático e maior número de estômatos por mm², maior espessura na epiderme das faces adaxial e abaxial e maior espessura da lâmina foliar. Foi observada coloração intensa nos rizomas submetidos ao Lugol, indicando presença de grande quantidade de amido, independentemente da origem do material.
Densidades de plantas daninhas e épocas de controle sobre os componentes de produção da soja
Authors: Silva A.F. , Ferreira E.A. , Concenço G. , Ferreira F.A. , Aspiazu I. , Galon L. , Sediyama T. , Silva A.A.
Published: April 2008

Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de determinar os efeitos de diferentes densidades de plantas daninhas sobre os componentes de rendimento da soja, cv. BRS 243-RR. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, sendo os tratamentos constituídos pela combinação entre dez períodos crescentes de convivência das plantas daninhas com a cultura (0, 0-5, 0-10, 0-15, 0-21, 0-28, 0-35, 0-42, 0-49 e 0-125 dias) e três níveis de infestação (baixa, média e alta). Na área de baixa infestação, a comunidade infestante foi composta principalmente por Brachiaria plantaginea, Ipomoea nil, Euphorbia heterophylla e outras. Nas áreas de média e alta infestação destacaram-se Brachiaria plantaginea, Ipomoea nil, Digitaria horizontalis, Cyperus rotundus e outras. B. plantaginea foi responsável pelo maior acúmulo de fitomassa seca em todos os níveis de infestação. Com relação aos componentes de produção, o número de vagens por planta foi o mais afetado pela competição, com reduções de até 58% na área de baixa infestação, 71% na de média infestação e 78% na de alta infestação. O número de sementes por vagens e peso de mil grãos se mostraram menos responsivos aos efeitos de competição; contudo, houve redução desses parâmetros, indicando relação entre o período de convivência e nível de infestação e os componentes de produção da soja.
Períodos de interferência de uma comunidade de plantas daninhas na cultura da batata
Authors: Costa N.V. , Cardoso L.A. , Rodrigues A.C.P. , Martins D.
Published: April 2008

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar diferentes períodos de controle e de convivência de uma comunidade de plantas daninhas na cultura da batata 'Atlantic'. O experimento foi realizado no município de Botucatu-SP, e o delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de seis períodos de controle, nos quais a cultura foi mantida livre da comunidade de plantas daninhas e após cada período, as plantas daninhas foram deixadas crescer livremente; e de seis períodos de convivência, nos quais a cultura foi mantida na presença da comunidade de plantas daninhas e após cada período, as plantas daninhas foram eliminadas até a colheita. Os períodos foram de 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 e 42 dias após o plantio dos tubérculos, além de uma testemunha mantida sempre livre de plantas daninhas e outra mantida sempre na presença dessas plantas. Foram identificadas 9 famílias e 15 espécies de plantas daninhas, com destaque para Bidens pilosa, Galinsoga parviflora,Brachiaria plantaginea,Commelina benghalensis e Digitaria horizontalis. Os resultados de produção de tubérculos ajustaram-se ao modelo de regressão não-linear: y = 8,907+(17,722/[1+(x/16,865)-8,412]), (R² = 0,963*) - equação para os períodos de controle e y = 5,728+(24,789/[1+(x/39,292)2,247 ]), (R² = 0,947*) - equação para os períodos de convivência. Assim, considerando perda de 5% na produtividade como aceitável, foram determinados o período anterior à interferência (PAI), que foi de 20 dias; o período total de prevenção à interferência (PTPI), de 21 dias; e o período crítico de prevenção da interferência (PCPI), de apenas de um dia, dos 20 aos 21 dias após o plantio dos tubérculos.
Teores de água no solo e eficácia do herbicida fomesafen no controle de Amaranthus hybridus
Authors: Zanatta J.F. , Procópio S.O. , Manica R. , Pauletto E.A. , Cargnelutti Filho A. , Vargas L. , Sganzerla D.C. , Rosenthal M.D'.A. , Pinto J.J.O.
Published: April 2008

Com os objetivos de avaliar a eficácia do herbicida fomesafen no controle de plantas de Amaranthus hybridus se desenvolvendo em solo com diferentes teores de água e determinar qual o menor teor de água do solo que não prejudica a ação desse herbicida no controle dessa espécie, foi realizado um experimento em casa de vegetação. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 5 x 5, envolvendo cinco intervalos entre a última irrigação e a aplicação do herbicida (0, 6, 12, 24 e 48 horas) e cinco doses de fomesafen (0,0, 62,5, 125,0, 250,0 e 375,0 g ha-1). Quando as plantas atingiram estádio de quatro pares de folhas, foram aplicados 10 mm de chuva simulada, conforme tratamento previsto. Ao término do período de simulação de chuva, aplicou-se o herbicida utilizando pulverizador costal pressurizado com CO2, com volume de calda de 120 L ha-1. Aos 5, 22, 29 e 43 dias após a aplicação (DAA) do herbicida, foi avaliado o controle (por escala visual) de A. hybridus e, aos 43 DAA, foram avaliadas também a massa seca das raízes e a da parte aérea. A aplicação de 375,0 g ha-1 de fomesafen proporcionou controle satisfatório de A. hybridus, independentemente do intervalo entre a última irrigação e a aplicação do herbicida ou do teor de umidade do solo, dentro da faixa avaliada. Pulverizações de 250,0 g ha-1 de fomesafen a intervalos menores que 24 horas entre a última irrigação e sua aplicação e/ou em solo com teor de água maior que 0,12 cm³ cm-3 não afetaram a eficácia do herbicida sobre A. hybridus. Aplicações de 125,0 g ha-1 de fomesafen a intervalos menores que 12 horas entre a última irrigação e sua aplicação e/ou em solo com teor de água maior que 0,15 cm³ cm-3 não afetaram a eficácia do herbicida sobre A. hybridus.