bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Restoration of Conductivity with TTF‐TCNQ Charge‐Transfer Salts
Authors: Odom Susan A. , Caruso Mary M. , Finke Aaron D. , Prokup Alex M. , Ritchey Joshua A. , Leonard John H. , White Scott R. , Sottos Nancy R. , Moore Jeffrey S.
Published: May 2010

The formation of the conductive TTF‐TCNQ (tetrathiafulvalene–tetracyanoquinodimethane) charge‐transfer salt via rupture of microencapsulated solutions of its individual components is reported. Solutions of TTF and TCNQ in various solvents are separately incorporated into poly(urea‐formaldehyde) core–shell microcapsules. Rupture of a mixture of TTF‐containing microcapsules and TCNQ‐containing microcapsules results in the formation of the crystalline salt, as verified by FTIR spectroscopy and powder X‐ray diffraction. Preliminary measurements demonstrate the partial restoration of conductivity of severed gold electrodes in the presence of TTF‐TCNQ derived in situ. This is the first microcapsule system for the restoration of conductivity in mechanically damaged electronic devices in which the repairing agent is not conductive until its release.
Electrochemical preparation and properties of polypyrrole and its blend with poly(vinyl sulfonate) doped with perchlorate anions
Authors: Emamgholizadeh Abbas , Khoshroo Maryam , Omrani Abdollah , Rostami Abbas A.
Published: May 2010

In this article, we report polypyrrole (PPy)/poly(vinyl sulfonate) (PVS) and PPy/perchlorate (ClO) composite films generated by the electrochemical oxidation of pyrrole on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) in an aqueous solution. The response of the produced films to an applied potential at 0.7 V was obtained by a cyclic voltammetry study in acetonitrile media. The films were significantly similar in their electrochemical behavior when ClO ions doped during the redox process. We concluded that with an increasing number of cycles, the anodic current increased because the number of the electroactive participants transported in the copolymer matrix was increased. Theoretical studies based on the Nernst and Butler–Volmer equations indicated that the ClO ion was transported during the oxidation/reduction process of the PPY/PVS and PPY/ClO films. The produced films were characterized further by means of IR spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy to verify that the anion of ClO was doped into the copolymer matrix as well. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Effects of thermal imidization on mechanical properties of poly(amide‐co‐imide)/multiwalled carbon nanotube composite films
Authors: Lee Seung Hwan , Choi Sheong Hyun , Kim Seong Yun , Youn Jae Ryoun
Published: May 2010

In this study, experimental and numerical studies were performed to investigate the relationship among the functionalization method, weight fraction of MWCNTs, thermal imidization cycle, and mechanical properties of various PAI/MWCNT composite films. Poly(amide‐co‐imide)/multiwalled carbon nanotube composite films were prepared by solution mixing and film casting. The effects of chemical functionalization and weight fraction of multiwalled carbon nanotubes on thermal imidization and mechanical properties were investigated through experimental and numerical studies. The time needed to achieve sufficient thermal imidization was reduced with increasing multiwalled carbon nanotube content when compared with that of a pure poly(amide‐co‐imide) film because multiwalled carbon nanotubes have a higher thermal conductivity than pure poly(amide‐co‐imide) resin. Mechanical properties of pure poly(amide‐co‐imide) and poly(amide‐co‐imide)/multiwalled carbon nanotube composite films were increased with increasing imidization time and were improved significantly in the case of the composite film filled with hydrogen peroxide treated multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Both the tensile strength and strain to failure of the multiwalled carbon nanotube filled poly(amide‐co‐imide) film were increased substantially because multiwalled carbon nanotube dispersion was improved and covalent bonding was formed between multiwalled carbon nanotubes and poly(amide‐co‐imide) molecules. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Influence of grafting on structural and optical properties of nylon‐6 fibers
Authors: Seisa E. A.
Published: May 2010

This study throws light on the change of the optical properties and some structural properties due to graft copolymerization of polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride (PDADMAC) and polyacrylamide (PAA) of nylon‐6 fibers. Multiple‐beam interferometric technique in transmission was used to study the change of the diameter, refractive indices, and birefringence of nylon‐6 fibers at different graft yields. The results were utilized to investigate the isotropic refractive index, the mean polarizabilities per unit volume, dielectric constant, dielectric susceptibility, and surface reflectivity for nylon‐6 and grafted nylon‐6 fiber. The effect of grafted PAA onto modified nylon‐6 fibers containing PDADMAC on the crystallinity was studied by X‐ray diffraction. These results reflect good effect of grafting on the optical and structural properties of nylon‐6 fibers. The opto‐thermal properties of grafted PAA with different graft yields have been studied. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
New smart carrageenan‐based superabsorbent hydrogel hybrid: Investigation of swelling rate and environmental responsiveness
Authors: Salimi Hamid , Pourjavadi Ali , Seidi Farzad , Jahromi Payam Eftekhar , Soleyman Rouhollah
Published: May 2010

Synthesis of novel natural‐based superabsorbents with improved properties is of prime importance in many applications. In this article we report an efficient synthesis of new polysaccharide‐based superabsorbent hybrid composing carrageenan, acrylic acid, sodium acrylate, and 2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate through homogenous solution polymerization process. Infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were carried out to confirm the chemical structure of the hydrogel. Moreover, morphology of the samples was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). To deeper studies on the structure‐property relation in SAP hydrogels, three hydrogels with different acrylic acid/2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate (AA/HEA) weight ratios were synthesized and swelling capacity in various media was assessed. The hydrogel hybrid was also tested to be swollen and deswollen alternatively in 0.01 and 0.1 M sodium chloride solution. Moreover, the swelling‐deswelling capability of the hydrogel in alternatively changed methanol‐water mixtures was studied. Additionally, the swelling kinetics of the synthesized hydrogels were examined. The absorbency under load (AUL) of hydrogel was also investigated by using an AUL tester at various applied pressures. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Influence of acrylamide copolymerization of urea–formaldehyde resin adhesives to their chemical structure and performance
Authors: Abdullah Zaimatul Aqmar , Park Byung‐Dae
Published: May 2010

To lower the formaldehyde emission of wood‐based composite panels bonded with urea–formaldehyde (UF) resin adhesive, this study investigated the influence of acrylamide copolymerization of UF resin adhesives to their chemical structure and performance such as formaldehyde emission, adhesion strength, and mechanical properties of plywood. The acrylamide‐copolymerized UF resin adhesives dramatically reduced the formaldehyde emission of plywood. The 13C‐NMR spectra indicated that the acrylamide has been copolymerized by reacting with either methylene glycol remained or methylol group of UF resin, which subsequently contributed in lowering the formaldehyde emission. In addition, an optimum level for the acrylamide for the copolymerization of UF resin adhesives was determined as 1%, when the formaldehyde emission and adhesion strength of plywood were taken into consideration. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Phosphine Ligands in the Palladium‐Catalysed Methoxycarbonylation of Ethene: Insights into the Catalytic Cycle through an HP NMR Spectroscopic Study
Authors: de la Fuente Verónica , Waugh Mark , Eastham Graham R. , Iggo Jonathan A. , Castillón Sergio , Claver Carmen
Published: May 2010

Novel cis‐1,2‐bis(di‐tert‐butyl‐phosphinomethyl) carbocyclic ligands 6–9 have been prepared and the corresponding palladium complexes [Pd(O3SCH3)(L‐L)][O3SCH3] (L‐L=diphosphine) 32–35 synthesised and characterised by NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction. These diphosphine ligands give very active catalysts for the palladium‐catalysed methoxycarbonylation of ethene. The activity varies with the size of the carbocyclic backbone, ligands 7 and 9, containing four‐ and six‐membered ring backbones giving more active systems. The acid used as co‐catalyst has a strong influence on the activity, with excess trifluoroacetic acid affording the highest conversion, whereas excess methyl sulfonic acid inhibits the catalytic system. An in operando NMR spectroscopic mechanistic study has established the catalytic cycle and resting state of the catalyst under operating reaction conditions. Although the catalysis follows the hydride pathway, the resting state is shown to be the hydride precursor complex [Pd(O3SCH3)(L‐L)][O3SCH3], which demonstrates that an isolable/detectable hydride complex is not a prerequisite for this mechanism.
Characterization of CD4+ T cells specific for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) and proinsulin in a patient with stiff‐person syndrome but without type 1 diabetes
Authors: Hänninen Arno , Soilu‐Hänninen Merja , Hampe Christiane S. , Deptula Angie , Geubtner Kelly , Ilonen Jorma , Knip Mikael , Reijonen Helena
Published: May 2010

Background

Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is a rate‐limiting enzyme in the synthesis of gamma‐amino butyric acid (GABA) and an important autoantigen both in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and stiff‐person syndrome (SPS). Autoantibodies (GADA) to the 65‐kDa isoform of GAD are a characteristic feature in both diseases. Approximately 30% of patients with SPS develop diabetes, yet, it is unclear to which extent co‐existing autoimmunity to GAD65 and other islet autoantigens determines the risk of developing T1D.

Methods

In this study, we monitored CD4+ T‐cell responses to GAD65 and proinsulin in a patient with SPS who remained normoglycaemic during the 46‐month follow‐up.

Results

Fluctuating but persistent T‐cell reactivity to GAD65 was identified, as well as T‐cell reactivity to proinsulin at one time point. The majority of the T‐cell clones isolated from the patient with SPS produced high levels of Th2 cytokines (IL‐13, IL‐5 and IL‐4). We also examined levels of GADA, insulin and IA‐2 autoantibodies, and epitope specificity of GADA. In both serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), GADA levels were high, and GADA persisted throughout the follow‐up. Despite T‐cell reactivity to both GAD65 and proinsulin, autoantibodies to other islet autoantigens did not develop.

Conclusions

Further follow‐up will determine whether the beta‐cell autoimmunity observed in this patient will eventually lead to T1D. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brasilamides A–D: Sesquiterpenoids from the Plant Endophytic Fungus Paraconiothyrium brasiliense
Authors: Liu Ling , Gao Hao , Chen Xulin , Cai Xiaoyue , Yang Leilei , Guo Liangdong , Yao Xinsheng , Che Yongsheng
Published: May 2010

New tricyclic sesquiterpenoids brasilamides A–D (1–4) and the known pinthunamide (5) have been isolated from cultures of the plant endophytic fungus Paraconiothyrium brasiliense Verkley. Their structures were elucidated primarily by NMR spectroscopy, and the structure of 1 was further confirmed by X‐ray crystallography. The absolute configuration of the C‐5 tertiary alcohol in 2 was assigned by analogy to 1 and confirmed by observing the circular dichroism of in situ generated [Rh2(OCOCF3)4] complex. Compounds 2–4 showed modest inhibitory effects on HIV‐1 replication in C8166 cells. Compounds 1 and 2 possess an unprecedented4‐oxatricyclo‐[3.3.1.02,7]nonane skeleton.
When co‐payments for physician visits can affect supply as well as demand: findings from a natural experiment in Israel's national health insurance system
Authors: Rosen Bruce , Brammli‐Greenberg Shuli , Gross Revital , Feldman Roger
Published: May 2010

In 1998, Israel's national health insurance system introduced a modest co‐payment for visits to specialist physicians. This study takes advantage of a natural experiment in which 15% of the population—the poor and disabled—was exempted from these co‐payments. It used the micro‐level panel data of three large health plans on the physician visits of 50 000 members per plan in 1997–2001. The data indicate that, following introduction of the co‐payment, specialist visits increased among non‐exempt members, relative to exempt members, of two health plans that together account for two‐thirds of the population. This paper illustrates how, unlike the Health Insurance Experiment and other US studies of cost sharing, the structure of the co‐payment in Israel may have inadvertently limited the incentive to decrease consumer demand and may have created an incentive for the health plans to increase visit rates, especially among the non‐exempt members. Other countries that have implemented co‐payment systems with exemptions may benefit from the Israeli experience in designing and evaluating their systems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quinolone analogues 10: Synthesis of antimalarial quinolones having pyridyl moiety in N1‐side chain
Authors: Kurasawa Yoshihisa , Yoshida Kiminari , Yamazaki Naoki , Kaji Eisuke , Sasaki Kenji , Hiwasa Yoshiko , Tsukamoto Akiko , Ito Hideyuki
Published: May 2010

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Novel 4‐quinolone‐3‐carboxylates 6,7 and 4‐quinolone‐3‐carboxylic acids 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 9c, 10a, 10b, 11a, 11b, 11c were synthesized from 4‐hydroxyquinoline‐3‐carboxylates. Ethyl 1‐[1‐ethoxycarbonyl‐2‐(4‐pyridyl)vinyl]‐6‐fluoro‐4‐oxoquinoline‐3‐carboxylate 7a was found to show antimalarial activity from the screening data. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
The facile syntheses of 2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐1,5‐benzodiazepines and their ribofuranosides
Authors: Jain Renuka , Yadav Tripti , Kumar Manoj , Yadav Ashok K.
Published: May 2010

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The facile syntheses of 2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐benzodiazepines containing heterocyclic moieties and their ribofuranosides have been accomplished in ionic liquids at ambient temperature. The characterization of all these compounds has been done unambiguously by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, GC‐MS spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Efficient synthesis of 1,3,4‐thiadiazoles using hydrogen bond donor (thio)urea derivatives as organocatalysts
Authors: Rostamizadeh Shahnaz , Aryan Reza , Reza Ghaieni Hamid , Mohammad Amani Ali
Published: May 2010

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A simple and efficient procedure for the synthesis of 1,3,4‐thiadiazoles has been achieved using thiourea as organocatalyst. In this study, the steric and electronic effects using structurally different derivatives of urea and thiourea in different solvents were evaluated. The best yields and the rate of the reactions were obtained using 30 mol % of thiourea as catalyst in acetonitrile at room temperature. The molecular structures of the products were established by 1H and 13C NMR spectral data. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
SH3BP2 mutations potentiate osteoclastogenesis via PLCγ
Authors: Lietman Steven A. , Yin Lihong , Levine Michael A.
Published: May 2010

To determine the mechanism for the increased osteoclastogenesis in the jaw of cherubism patients with SH3BP2 mutations we evaluated the effect of mutant compared to wild‐type SH3BP2 on activation of osteoclast signaling pathways. Indeed mutant forms of SH3BP2 do induce greater osteoclastogenesis. Heterozygous activating mutations in exon 9 of SH3BP2 have been found in most patients with cherubism, an unusual genetic syndrome characterized by excessive remodeling of the mandible and maxilla due to spontaneous and excessive osteoclastic bone resorption. Here we have investigated the functional consequences of SH3BP2 mutations on sRANKL‐induced osteoclastogenesis in RAW 264.7 pre‐osteoclast cells. sRANKL‐stimulated RAW 264.7 cells were transfected with wild‐type or mutant SH3BP2 plasmids. NFAT‐luciferase and tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), a marker of osteoclastic differentiation, levels were evaluated. Western immunoblots were also performed to determine phosphorylation of key proteins involved in the PI‐PLC pathway leading to NFATc1 translocation. Our results indicate that forced expression of mutant forms of SH3BP2, found in cherubism patients, in RAW 264.7 cells induce greater NFAT activity and greater expression of TRAP than forced expression of wild‐type SH3BP2. These findings indicate that missense SH3BP2 mutations cause a gain of protein function. Moreover, over expression of SH3BP2 in RAW 264.7 cells potentiates sRANKL‐stimulated phosphorylation of PLCγ1 and PLCγ2. Our studies demonstrate that cherubism is due to gain‐of‐function mutations in SH3BP2 that stimulate RANKL‐induced activation of PLCγ. The consequent activation of calcineurin and NFAT proteins induces the excessive osteoclastic phenotype of cherubism. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:1425–1430, 2010
Kristalle mit integriertem Lösungsmittel
Authors: Ulrich Joachim , Jones Matthew J.
Published: May 2010

Pharmazeutika, Feinchemikalien und Lebensmittel fallen bei ihrer Produktion vielfach als kristalline Feststoffe an oder durchlaufen zumindest während ihrer Herstellung einmal die feste Phase. Entscheidend für Handhabung und Produkteigenschaften ist die Antwort auf die Frage, welcher Stoff unter welchen Bedingungen wie kristallisiert. Ein genauer Blick auf die Kristallstrukturen hilft, die Vorgänge besser zu verstehen.
Neue Herausforderungen in der alten Welt
Authors: Hackenberger Christian , Seeberger Peter H.
Published: May 2010

Wie sollen Europa und Deutschland in den Wettbewerb um die besten Köpfe eintreten? Die Karriere von der Stange gibt es nicht, wohl aber Grundmuster, die junge Wissenschaftler bei der Entscheidung für oder gegen einen Forschungsstandort leiten können ‐ persönliche Betrachtungen eines Rückkehrers, der für seine Forschung in Europa mehr Zeit als in den USA findet.
Metallomics und Phosphoproteomics an 2D‐Gelen
Authors: Pickhardt Carola , Zoriy Myroslav , Becker J. Sabine , Becker J. Susanne , Przybylski Michael
Published: May 2010

Die Kombination zweier massenspektrometrischer Verfahren, LA‐ICP‐MS und Maldi‐FT‐ICR‐MS, ermöglicht die quantitative Elementanalyse von Proteinen.
YoungChem 2004
Authors: Lewandowski Bartosz
Published: May 2010

Mitte Oktober 2004 fand in Jurata, Polen, zum zweiten Mal das Symposium „YoungChem”︁ für junge Chemikern aus Europa statt. Wie im Vorjahr hatte die Interessensgemeinschaft „Flogiston”︁ von Studenten der chemischen Fakultät der Technischen Universität Warschau organisiert; Schirmherr war Wladyslaw Wieczorek, Dekan der chemischen Fakultät. Über 100 Teilnehmer aus 15 europäischen Ländern ‐ Studenten, Doktoranden und Professoren sowie Firmenvertreter ‐ hatten den Weg auf die Hel‐Halbinsel zum Informationsaustausch gefunden. Viele der Teilnehmer präsentierten ihre Forschungsergebnisse zum ersten Mal vor internationalem Publikum.
Vorstandssitzung
Authors: Famulok Michael
Published: May 2010

Die dritte und letzte Sitzung des GDCh‐Vorstands im Jahre 2004 fand am 1. Dezember 2004 auf Einladung der Henkel KGaA in Düsseldorf statt.
Messunsicherheit und Kontrolle von Grenzwerten
Authors: Gluschke Michael , Lepom Peter , Braun Konstantin
Published: May 2010

Es ist eine Aufgabe der Umweltanalytik, zu überprüfen, ob Grenzwerte eingehalten oder überschritten werden. Was ist aber, wenn die Messunsicherheit, mit der alle Analysenergebnisse behaftet sind, eine eindeutige Aussage nicht zulässt? Damit hat sich die GDCh‐Diskussionsgruppe „Analytik im Umweltschutz”︁ (DAU) auseinander gesetzt.
Schadstoffe im Wasser in situ messen
Authors: Borsdorf Helko , Roland Ulf , Renschen Claus‐Peter
Published: May 2010

Eine tiefentaugliche UV/Vis‐Fluoreszenzmessonde eignet sich für In‐situ‐Messungen in der Umwelt‐und Prozessanalytik.
Festkörperchemie 2004
Authors: Niewa Rainer , Wilmer Dirk
Published: May 2010

Polymerer Stickstoff, komplexe Metallate, endohedrale und aromatische Metallcluster, intermetallische Phasen mit invarianten und variablen Teilstrukturen waren Highlights der Grundlagenforschung. Bekannte Materialien, intelligent prozessiert, eröffnen Möglichkeiten für Li‐Batterien und Brennstoffzellen sowie ultrahelle Leuchtdioden; Kohlenstoffnanoröhren gibt es nun zentimetergroß, aber auch als extrem kleine Feldeffekttransistoren.
Theoretische Chemie 2004
Authors: Stock Gerhard , Luckhaus David , Holthausen Max C.
Published: May 2010

Durch Kombination von klassischen und quantenmechanischen Theorien lassen sich Quantenphänomene mittlerweile auch in komplexen Systemen wie Flüssigkeiten, Nanostrukturen und Biomolekülen beschreiben. Die theoretische Spektroskopie ist das Bindeglied zwischen Molekülphysik und Reaktionsdynamik. Fortschritte in der Methodenentwicklung machen den routinemäßigen Einsatz in Analytik und Strukturchemie absehbar. Die Dichtefunktionaltheorie hat sich zu einem wichtigen Bestandteil der chemischen Forschung entwickelt. Die Suche nach Lösungen für fundamentale Probleme bleibt aber schwierig.
Von Hügeln und Tälern
Authors: Friese Jan , Röhm Thomas , Jung Udo
Published: May 2010

Richtig genutztes Patentmanagement unterstützt ein Unternehmen bei der strategischen Entwicklung und ist mehr als nur der Schutz von geistigem Eigentum.
Inhaltsstoffe im Hustensaft
Authors: Marten Silvia , Harms Jonny
Published: May 2010

Gesucht war eine schnelle, robuste HPLC‐Methode, um Inhaltsstoffe in Hustensaft simultan zu bestimmen. Die Trennung der Wirkstoffe Codein, Pseudoefedrin und Guaifenesin durch Umkehrphasen hat sich als optimal erwiesen.
Chemistry Education in China
Authors: Lian Ma
Published: May 2010

Facilities in China for education and R&D in the field of chemistry and chemical engineering at universities and institutes are developing very rapidly, with some of these institutions, especially in Beijing and Shanghai, already having achieved an international level. They focus not only on basic research but also on hi‐tech R&D that serves the country's top priority: economic development.
Multimediale Materialien in der Lehre
Authors: Boeck Gisela , Rost Birgit , Schunk Axel
Published: May 2010

Multimediale Lehrmaterialien können die Lehrqualität an den Hochschulen verbessern ‐ vor allem bei Chemie als Nebenfach. Voraussetzung ist, dass die Dozenten multimediale Angebote mit klassischen Lehrformen kombinieren.
Vom Chemikalienhersteller zum Dienstleister
Authors: Joas Reinhard
Published: May 2010

Bei Leasingmodellen für Chemikalien übernehmen die Hersteller Verantwortung für die Verwendung ihrer Produkte bis hin zur Entsorgung. Dazu bieten sie ein umfangreiches Dienstleistungsprogramm, optimieren industrielle Anwendungen und bleiben oft sogar Eigentümer der Chemikalien. Kunden zahlen für Leistung, nicht für die Menge. Der Outsourcing‐Trend in der industriellen Produktion gibt Service‐Modellen Auftrieb.
Polymere in den Gaschromatographen
Authors: Bruchmann Andreas
Published: May 2010

Mit der analytischen Pyrolyse lassen sich Feststoffe, Biopolymere und synthetische Polymere gaschromatographisch untersuchen.
Hundert Jahre III. Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik
Authors: Bartel Hans‐Georg
Published: May 2010

Das „Nernstsche Wärmetheorem”︁, im gleichen Jahr wie Einsteins „Spezielle Relativitätstheorie”︁ erstmals formuliert, hat nicht nur das Axiomensystem der klassischen Thermodynamik vollendet, sondern der Behandlung von (technisch relevanten) Gasreaktionen bei hohen Temperaturen eine neue Qualität gegeben. Neben der Thermochemie hat Walther Nernst damit aber auch die Tieftemperaturphysik und die Quantentheorie befördert.
Die deutsche Chemie wächst in China mit
Authors: Neubauer Uta
Published: May 2010

Ob als Partner in einem Joint Venture oder im Alleingang ‐ die chemische Industrie zieht es nach China, denn dort sitzen die Verbraucher. Die Produktion wandert zum Kunden, und immer mehr Firmen forschen und entwickeln auch im Reich der Mitte.
Phenolische Säuren in pflanzlichen Lebensmitteln
Authors: Bunzel Mirko
Published: May 2010

Phenolischen Verbindungen werden antioxidative, antimutagene und anticancerogene Wirkungen nachgesagt. Aber auch als Aromavorläufer und Polysaccharid‐und Polysaccharid‐Protein‐Cross‐Links stehen sie im Fokus der Wissenschaft.
Plattform für wissenschaftliche Information
Authors: Schaub Christoph , Zielesny Achim
Published: May 2010

Eine Software kann dabei helfen, unterschiedliche Daten aus wissenschaftlichen Informationsquellen zu integrieren, zu verwalten und zu analysieren.
Qualitätssicherung als Unterrichtsfach
Authors: Wenclawiak Bernd
Published: May 2010

Obwohl Qualitätssicherung in der analytischen Chemie essentiell ist, wird sie im Chemiestudium vernachlässigt. Die Reform der Chemiestudiengänge bietet die Chance, dies zu ändern und jedem Chemiker die Grundlagen zu vermitteln.
Die nächsten Schritte im Bologna‐Prozess
Authors: Mitchell Terence
Published: May 2010

Inzwischen gehören 45 Länder zum europäischen Hochschulraum, so dass er bis 2010 von Cork bis Vladivostok und von Kreta bis zum Nordkap reichen wird. Mitte Mai kamen die für den Bologna‐Prozess zuständigen Minister im norwegischen Bergen zusammen, um Bilanz zu ziehen. Ein Thema war der Studienabschnitt Promotion.
Zum Jobfinden nach Düsseldorf
Authors: Schmitz K.
Published: May 2010

Zum dritten Mal lädt die GDCh im Rahmen ihrer Jahrestagung zum JobCenter ein.
Kulturstadt Düsseldorf
Authors: Schleidt Silvia
Published: May 2010

Wer aus Anlass der GDCh‐Jahrestagung besucht und sich auch für Kunst, Kultur und Kulinarisches interessiert, Wird in Düsseldorf ebenfalls fündig.
Interdisziplinäre Arbeit als Schlüssel zum Erfolg
Authors: Laube Bettina
Published: May 2010

Das Deutsche Kunststoff‐Institut in Darmstadt feiert sein 50‐jähriges Bestehen. Als eine der ältesten derartigen Einrichtungen ist seine Geschichte eng mit der Entwicklung der deutschen Kunststoffindustrie verknüpft. Seit Beginn der großtechnischen Kunststoffproduktion in Deutschland trägt die Arbeit des Instituts wesentlich zu den Fortschritten der Polymerchemie und der Kunststoffverarbeitung bei.
Raman‐Spektroskopie und Polymorphie
Authors: Sawatzki Jügen
Published: May 2010

Polymorphe Kristallformen eines pharmazeutischen Wirkstoffs lassen sich mit der Raman‐Spektroskopie eindeutig charakterisieren.
Heidelberg Forum of Molecular Catalysis 2005
Authors: Kunz Doris
Published: May 2010

Zum dritten Mal nach 2001 und 2003 fand Anfang Juli das „Heidelberg Forum of Molecular Catalyis”︁ (HFMC} mit drei Gastrednern aus den USA und der Verleihung des „BASF Catalysis Award”︁ statt. Das Symposium organisiert der SFB 623 „Molekulare Katalyse: Struktur und Funktionsdesign”︁ (www.sfb623.uni‐hd.de) an der Universität Heidelberg; die BASF finanziert. Über 500 Teilnehmer aus Deutschland und den angrenzenden Nachbarländern waren der Einladung gefolgt.
Bioraffinerien ‐ USA und Europa gehen gemeinsame Wege
Authors: Kamm Birgit , Kamm Teltow‐Seehof Michael
Published: May 2010

Der erste europäisch‐amerikanische Biorefinery Workshop präsentierte Eckpunkte einer Zusammenarbeit zwischen den USA und der EU, um die Biomassewirtschaft grenzüberschreitend zu fördern. Die USA sind den Europäern ein ganzes Stück voraus.
Automatisierte Reaktionssysteme
Authors: Thurow Kerstin , Decker Stefanie , Allwardt Arne
Published: May 2010

Substanzen durch katalytische Hochdruckreaktionen zu synthetisieren, ist neu in der Wirkstoffforschung. Die Laborautomaten für das Hochdurchsatzscreening sind entsprechend anzupassen.
Zum Beispiel Beate Pfannemüller
Authors: Nehls Irene
Published: May 2010

Das Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie der Universität Freiburg wurde bekannt durch den Chemie‐Nobelpreis für Hermann Staudinger. Weniger bekannt ist, dass das Institut auch erfolgreiche Forscherinnen hervorgebracht hat: Unter ihnen Beate Pfannemüller und Elfriede Husemann. Mit Beate Pfannemüller sprach Petra Mischnick.
Ein Molecular‐Modeling‐System auf Expansionskurs
Authors: Lanig Harald
Published: May 2010

Bei Makromolekülen spielt die Visualisierung eine wichtige Rolle, vor allem dann, wenn es um Biomoleküle wie Proteine oder DNS geht. Hier setzt das Molecular‐Modeling‐Paket Chimera an.
In allen Kindergärten
Authors: Lück Gisela , Risch Björn
Published: May 2010

Mit großem Engagement wurde in den letzten Jahren das Thema „Naturwissenschaftliche Bildung im Kindergarten”︁ verbreitet und in die Praxis umgesetzt.
ADAM12 is an effective marker in the second trimester of pregnancy for prenatal screening of Down syndrome
Authors: Wang Min , Lu Shiming , Zhu Yuning , Li Hui
Published: May 2010

Objective

To estimate the use of maternal serum ADAM12 as a second‐trimester Down syndrome serum marker.

Methods

Samples from a total of 46 Down syndrome pregnancies and 184 unaffected singleton pregnancies matched for gestational age and maternal weight were retrieved from storage and measured for ADAM12; 35 false‐positive pregnancies were included among the controls to assess reductions in false‐positive rates by inclusion of ADAM12 in the risk calculation of an algorithm that used α‐fetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) (double screen).

Results

ADAM12 was measured and expressed as multiple of the gestation‐specific median (MoM) and corrected for maternal weight. The median ADAM12 level in the affected pregnancies was 1.26 MoM compared with 1.0 MoM in the unaffected control pregnancies (p < 0.05). In unaffected pregnancies, there was a significant correlation between ADAM12 and AFP (r = 0.314) but not hCG (r = 0.018). Statistical modeling predicted that ADAM12 as a second serum marker could increase the detection rate from 48 to 85%, while reducing the false‐negative and false‐positive rates.

Conclusion

ADAM12 can be used as an effective second‐trimester serum marker for prenatal screening of Down syndrome. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validation of The Health Improvement Network (THIN) primary care database for monitoring prescriptions for smoking cessation medications
Authors: Langley Tessa E. , Szatkowski Lisa , Gibson Jack , Huang Yue , McNeill Ann , Coleman Tim , Lewis Sarah
Published: May 2010

Purpose

Evaluation of tobacco policy requires high quality and timely data on smoking cessation behaviour in the general population and in relevant target groups. Electronic primary care databases have the potential to provide a valuable source of data due to their size and continuity, and the availability of demographic and socioeconomic data. We therefore sought to investigate whether The Health Improvement Network (THIN) prescribing data are complete and can therefore be used to monitor trends in the prescribing of smoking cessation medications.

Methods

The THIN smoking cessation medication prescriptions data for England were compared with smoking cessation medication dispensing data from NHS Prescription Services for January 2004 to December 2005.

Results

Throughout the period the rates of prescribing and dispensing were very similar, both for nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and bupropion combined, and for each type of medication alone. For NRT, dispensing exceeded recorded GP prescribing by 5.5% during the study period. For bupropion, prescribing exceeded dispensing by 5%.

Conclusions

THIN prescribing and national dispensing data are highly comparable. THIN prescribing data could potentially be used to monitor longitudinal trends in prescribing for smoking cessation medications. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sleep aid use during and following breast cancer adjuvant chemotherapy
Authors: Moore Tiffany A. , Berger Ann M. , Dizona Paul
Published: May 2010

Background: Knowledge of sleep aid use is limited despite the high prevalence of insomnia among women before, during, and following breast cancer adjuvant chemotherapy treatments (CTX). This study's purpose was to (1) determine the frequency and characteristics of participants taking sleep aid(s); (2) identify the frequency and percentage of sleep aid use by category (prescription sedative/hypnotics, prescription anti‐depressants, prescription analgesics, prescription anti‐emetics, over‐the‐counter (OTC) analgesics, OTC cold/flu/sinus, OTC sleep, alcohol, and herbal supplements); and (3) compare sleep aid use by category in the experimental and control groups within a randomized‐controlled clinical trial (RCT).

Methods: Longitudinal, descriptive, secondary RCT data analysis of women (n=219) receiving out‐patient CTX, and at 30, 60, and 90 days following the last CTX and 1 year following CTX1. Participants recorded daily sleep aid use on a Sleep Diary. Analyses included descriptives, chi‐square, and RM‐ANOVA.

Results: Approximately 20% of participants took at least one sleep aid before CTX1; usage decreased over time (12–18%); a second sleep aid was used infrequently. Prescription sedative/hypnotics (46%) and OTC analgesics (24%) were used most frequently. OTC sleep aids were most commonly used as a second aid. Prescription sedative/hypnotics [F(7,211)=4.26, p=0.00] and OTC analgesics [F(7,211)=2.38, p=0.023] use decreased significantly over time.

Conclusions: Results reflect the natural course of CTX, recovery, and healing. Comprehensive screening for sleep–wake disturbances and sleep aid use may lead to a better understanding of the risks and benefits of pharmacologic and non‐pharmacologic interventions, and ultimately lead to selection of the safest and most effective treatment. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative study between zinc oxide elaborated by spray pyrolysis, electron beam evaporation and rf magnetron techniques
Authors: Khoury A. , al Asmar R. , Abdallah M. , Moussa G. El Hajj , Foucaran A.
Published: May 2010

Zinc oxide thin films have been fabricated by spray pyrolysis, reactive e‐beam, and rf magnetron sputtering techniques. Structural, optical, and electrical properties have been compared in order to clarify the characteristics of each technique. X‐ray diffraction measurements have shown that ZnO films deposited by reactive e‐beam evaporation reveal tensile stress and ZnO thin layers deposited by magnetron sputtering and spray pyrolysis reveal compressive stress. Raman studies confirm the results obtained with XRD. Concerning the electric resistivity studies, we have seen that the layers exhibiting tensile stress are conductors whereas the films exhibiting compressive stress leads to insulators materials. The optical transmittance shows that the film evaporated by e‐beam exhibits a maximum transmittance of over 60%, the film deposited by electrostatic spray pyrolysis exhibits a maximum transmittance less than 70% and the one fabricated by magnetron was found to have a maximum transparency less than 75%. Finally, the study of the surface morphology has shown that the most respected stoichiometry ratio between Zn and O was obtained using the e‐beam evaporation and sputtering techniques.
Two‐dimensional confined photonic wire resonators – strong light–matter coupling
Authors: Schmidt‐Grund Rüdiger , Hilmer Helena , Hinkel Annekatrin , Sturm Chris , Rheinländer Bernd , Gottschalch Volker , Lange Martin , Zúñiga‐Pérez Jesus , Grundmann Marius
Published: May 2010

Oxide based Bragg reflector (BR) shells were grown conformally on various curved micro‐ and nanostructures by means of plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition and pulsed laser deposition. The BR shells on circular‐cylindrical shaped glass‐rods exhibit an omnidirectional Bragg stop‐band, which was confirmed by spatially resolved ellipsometry. Single free standing hexagonally shaped GaAs and ZnO nanopillars coated with lateral concentric BRs represent two‐dimensionally confined photonic‐wire resonators (PWR). Spatially resolved PL experiments in dependence on the pillar diameter and the temperature provide strong hints for the ZnO PWR being in the strong‐coupling regime. The coupling strength can be estimated to be $V = 80\,{\rm meV}$, reflecting the enhancement of the exciton–polariton coupling strength due to the reduction of the mode volume in such PWR.

magnified image

Left: Scanning electron microscopy image of a BR coated ZnO nanopillar. The insets show longitudinal and cross‐sectional cuts of such a PWR. Right: Spectra of the photoluminescence in dependence of the core cavity diameter d taken from the lateral surface of a ZnO PWR. The mode evolution indicates strong light–matter coupling.
Defects in a nitrogen‐implanted ZnO thin film
Authors: Schmidt Matthias , Ellguth Martin , Schmidt Florian , Lüder Thomas , Wenckstern Holger v. , Pickenhain Rainer , Grundmann Marius , Brauer Gerhard , Skorupa Wolfgang
Published: May 2010

Defects in a nitrogen implanted and thermally annealed zinc oxide thin film (n‐type conducting) and reference samples were studied. Space charge regions realised by fabrication of semitransparent palladium Schottky contacts enabled the application of capacitance spectroscopic methods and photo ‐ current measurements. We report on the formation of a deep level, in the following labelled TN1. It is 580 meV below the conduction band edge, probably related to nitrogen, and must be distinguished from the well known intrinsic deep level E4 at almost equal energetical depth. Capacitance measurements in combination with optical excitation, conducted at different temperatures, as well as photo‐current measurements revealed the existence of two states approximately 60 meV and 100 meV above the valence band edge for the nitrogen implanted sample. These states cause an acceptor compensation degree larger than 0.9. The thermal emission of holes from these states into the valence band was observed by optical deep level transient spectroscopy.
Electrochemical route to thermoelectric nanowires via organic electrolytes
Authors: Klammer Jana , Bachmann Julien , Töllner William , Bourgault Daniel , Cagnon Laurent , Gösele Ulrich , Nielsch Kornelius
Published: May 2010

Thermoelectric nanowires have been predicted to have superior properties compared to their bulk counterparts due to quantum confinement. We present the synthesis of chalcogenide nanowires A2B3 (A = Bi, Sb; B = S, Se, Te) and PbB (B = S, Se, Te) by electrochemical deposition into highly ordered porous Al2O3 membranes. The narrow pore size distribution of the templates reproducibly yields very homogeneous nanowires upon electrodeposition into the pores. The thermoelectric nanowires presented here were deposited from nonaqueous electrolytes based on Bi3+ and S (and their heavier counterparts). The transmission electron microscopy investigations on released nanowires show the homogeneous growth behavior of the material. We will present data on the Seebeck coefficients of nanowire ensembles of various IV–VI and V–VI materials embedded in the porous template.
Magnetic properties of Fe nanoclusters on Cu(111) studied with X‐ray magnetic circular dichroism
Authors: Fauth Kai , Ballentine Greg E. , Praetorius Christian , Kleibert Armin , Wilken Norman , Voitkans Andris , Meiwes‐Broer Karl‐Heinz
Published: May 2010

The magnetisation and magnetic response of Fe nanoclusters are studied by temperature and density dependent in situ X‐ray magnetic circular dichroism after deposition onto Cu(111). The nanoclusters possess enhanced spin magnetic moments at low temperature, whereas no enhancement is found for the orbital moments. The analysis of magnetisation curves and the temperature dependent remnant magnetisation reveals that the individual magnetic anisotropy energies are distributed over a wide range of values, ranging from below to far above the value of bulk α‐Fe. As a result, ferromagnetic response is obtained at ambient temperature, even though the nanocluster densities range well below percolation threshold. At higher cluster densities agglomeration and substrate mediated interaction increase the mean blocking temperature in the particle ensemble. The observed macroscopic magnetic in‐plane anisotropy derives from the average dipolar interactions between the nanoclusters. Single particle properties, substrate mediated coupling and dipolar interactions thus independently contribute to magnetic characteristics on equal footing.
Synthesis of Er5(BO3)2F9 and Properties of RE5(BO3)2F9 (RE = Er, Yb)
Authors: Haberer Almut , Kaindl Reinhard , Konzett Jürgen , Glaum Robert , Huppertz Hubert
Published: May 2010

Er5(BO3)2F9 was synthesised under conditions of 3 GPa and 800 °C in a Walker‐type multianvil apparatus. The crystal structure was determined on the basis of single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data, collected at room temperature. Er5(BO3)2F9 is isotypic to the recently synthesised Yb5(BO3)2F9 and crystallises in C2/c with the lattice parameters a = 2031.2(4) pm, b = 609.5(2) pm, c = 824.6(2) pm, and β = 100.29(3)°. The physical properties of RE5(BO3)2F9 (RE = Er, Yb) including high temperature behaviour and single crystal IR‐ / Raman spectroscopy were investigated.
Early Cholecystectomy after Acute Admission with Cholecystitis: How Much Work?
Authors: Stephens Michael R. , Beaton Ceri , Steger Adrian C.
Published: May 2010

Background

This study was designed to determine the number of cases and amount of operating room time required, for a population of 600,000, to provide definitive treatment in the form of cholecystectomy for all patients admitted as an emergency with cholecystitis.

Methods

The total number of patients admitted to a single NHS trust in South East Wales with the diagnosis of cholecystitis during a 1‐year period was assessed. The number of laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed and the time taken was investigated with the conversion rates.

Results

There were a total of 787 individual emergency admissions attributed to cholecystitis, and 224 patients (36%) underwent cholecystectomy on the same admission. The median operative time was 77 (range, 23–238) min, and the median operating room time was 108 (range, 37–278) min. To treat all patients definitively would necessitate 12 cholecystectomies per week, requiring 1,296 min or 5.4 sessions of operating room time.

Conclusions

A population of 600,000 could be expected to generate enough emergency cholecystectomies to require more than one operating session per day. A significant increase in emergency operating room availability would be necessary to allow the provision of definitive treatment for all emergency admissions with cholelithiasis.
New British Columbia Guidelines for Supporting Sexual Health and Intimacy in Care Facilities
Authors: Everett Bethan , Young Jenny , Carlson Marie , Clements Gerrit
Published: May 2010

Intimacy and sexual expression are an integral part of being human and of healthy living. However, this important aspect of well-being is often overlooked or avoided when a person enters a care facility such as a nursing home, group home, or assisted living residence. This article summarizes the new Supporting Sexual Health and Intimacy in Care Facilities Guidelines, which suggest ways of supporting healthy intimacy and sexuality in care facilities.
Learning Lessons from the National Health Service
Authors: Sunner Jasbir
Published: May 2010

The Canadian College of Health Service Executives has recently formalized a learning partnership with the UK's Institute of Healthcare Management. The development of such a partnership offers Canadian healthcare leaders an opportunity to learn from the UK's decade long multibillion pound effort to improve its healthcare system using a multipronged approach. This article provides an initial insight into the UK system starting with some of the high-level cultural differences between the UK and Canada. It is important to be aware of these differences as an appreciation of the context of the UK system can assist Canadian leaders in adapting the positive aspects to our system. The article describes some of the high-level cultural differences and then focuses on 3 specific areas that hold salient lessons for Canada: (1) the evolution of the primary care system, (2) the collection of structured and comparable consumer/patient feedback, and (3) a focus on quality (or clinical governance).
Multilinear Algebra
Authors: Northcott D. G.
Published: May 2010

Multilinear algebra has important applications in many different areas of mathematics but is usually learned in a rather haphazard fashion. The aim of this book is to provide a readable and systematic account of multilinear algebra at a level suitable for graduate students. Professor Northcott gives a thorough treatment of topics such as tensor, exterior, Grassmann, Hopf and co-algebras and ends each chapter with a section entitled 'Comments and Exercises'. The comments contain convenient summaries and discussion of the content whilst the exercises provide an opportunity to test understanding and add extra material. Complete solutions are provided for those exercises that are particularly important or used later in the book. The volume as a whole is based on advanced lectures given by the author at the University of Sheffield.
The Letters of Thomas Babington MacAulay
Authors: Pinney Thomas , MacAulay Thomas
Published: May 2010

The last four years of Macaulay's life, documented in this final volume of the Letters, began as an agreeable coda to the rest. He had come to terms with his invalid state, and took great satisfaction in the achievement that he had already realised. He continued to work at his History, but without any expectations or anxieties, instead he enjoyed what his labours had already brought him. First among these was his house, Holly Lodge, in Kensington, where he removed early in 1856 after nearly fifteen years in chambers at the Albany. At Holly Lodge, attended by servants, and visited by a steady company of family and friends, Macaulay took pleasure in entertaining, and in supervising the care of his trees, lawn and flowers - novel amusements to an urban bachelor of literary habits.
A History of Global Anglicanism
Authors: Ward Kevin
Published: May 2010

Anglicanism can be seen as irredeemably English. In this book Kevin Ward questions that assumption. He explores the character of the African, Asian, Oceanic, Caribbean and Latin American churches which are now a majority in the world-wide communion, and shows how they are decisively shaping what it means to be Anglican. While emphasising the importance of colonialism and neo-colonialism for explaining the globalisation of Anglicanism, Ward does not focus predominantly on the Churches of Britain and N. America; nor does he privilege the idea of Anglicanism as an 'expansion of English Christianity'. At a time when Anglicanism faces the danger of dissolution Ward explores the historically deep roots of non-Western forms of Anglicanism, and the importance of the diversity and flexibility which has so far enabled Anglicanism to develop cohesive yet multiform identities around the world.
Late Georgian and Regency England, 1760–1837
Authors: Smith Robert A.
Published: May 2010

This handbook provides a guide to historical literature on England between 1760 and 1837, except for the literature and literary criticism of the period. Selected printed source material, bibliographies, catalogues, guides, reference articles are all included. The emphasis is works, secondary studies and scholarly on more recent work, not covered by earlier bibliographies, but all major work is included as arc leading studies of Scottish, Welsh and Irish affairs.