bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Government Legislation: Case-Studies
Authors: Miers David , Brock Jenny
Published: November 2023

Assessing the impact that the House has on Government legislation is not an easy matter. Though their significance is open to interpretation, it is generally agreed that one of the better indicators of impact is the outcome of amendments tabled in respect of Government bills, in particular, those of non Government origin. While the mere counting of the number of amendments made to a bill says nothing, for example, of their qualitative importance nor of the degree to which they represented Government policy, analysis has to begin with some reckonable data. These have been given in the previous chapter. Our purpose here is to examine in greater depth the work of the House in respect of a limited but representative sample of bills.
Rights and Deprivation: The Development Model
Authors: Jacobs Lesley A
Published: November 2023

§1. Is there an alternative theory of rights and deprivation? In this pivotal chapter, I propose to bring together various strands of the argument made in the preceding chapters to present, in its theoretical form, what I shall call the development model of rights and deprivation. The insight that underlies this model is that redistributive social policy can be defended not so much because it promotes distributional equality or enhances individual liberty but rather because it provides individuals with the resources necessary for him or her to be the kind of person to whom it makes sense to ascribe rights to basic liberties. The next chapter is concerned with translating the conclusions of the development model into practical principles of social policy.
Sovereignty, Regimes, and Human Rights
Authors: Krasner Stephen D
Published: November 2023

There are two distinct lines of argument in the literature on international regimes (Krasner 1991). For the first, which is generally characterized as liberal co-operation theory, the basic challenge for states is to overcome market failure, the situation in which individual rational self-interested policies produce outcomes that leave each state worse off than it might otherwise have been. The challenge is to devise policies that make it possible to reach the Pareto frontier. The exemplary problem is posed by the prisoners’ dilemma pay-off matrix.
Constructing Historical Counterfactuals to Assess the Consequences of International Regimes The Global Debt Regime and the Course of the Debt Crisis of the 1980s
Authors: Biersteker Thomas J
Published: November 2023

Do regimes matter? Does the presence of an international regime in a particular issue area have significant effects independent of other causal explanations? How can we be sure it is regimes (and not something else) that produce these outcomes? Although international regimes have been identified in most issue areas, described in detail, and explained with great frequency in the theoretical literature in international relations for the last fifteen years, surprisingly little attention has been devoted to an examination of their consequences.
True Blues
Authors: Whiteley Paul , Seyd Patrick , Richardson Jeremy
Published: November 2023

The Conservative Party is one of the most successful political parties in the western world. Its success has been built on its large grass roots membership. And yet that membership appears to be increasingly disaffected and in decline. This book is the first in depth study of this crucial section of the Conservative Party. Drawing on new and revealing survey data, it paints a fascinating picture of the social make-up and political views of a grass roots membership who dislike Jacques Delors more than the European Community, and The Sun newspaper most of all. the book challenges the stereotypical view of the Conservative activist as an eccentric and politically irrelevant Thatcher-loving extremist. Instead, the authors argue that the grass roots membership are the unsung heroes of political life; helping to keep the party system working and democracy intact at a time when it is under considerable strain. The authors claim that to some extent the party is the author of its own problems, and point out the likely dire consequences for its future success if the current decline continues. They conclude by outlining the ways in which the leadership might revitalize its most important political asset.
Who Are the Members?
Authors: Whiteley Paul , Seyd Patrick , Richardson Jeremy
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we will provide an overview of the social and political characteristics of the grass-roots Conservative party membership. This begins with an examination of Conservative members’ socio-economic backgrounds, and continues with a discussion of their attitudes to certain key political issues. We will also compare the party members with Conservative voters, to see what similarities and differences exist between the two groups. Our survey of party members and the 1992 British Election Study were conducted within a few months of each other, so comparisons of Conserva tive voters and party members are particularly accurate. In the final section of the chapter we examine their contacts with the party organization, their rates of activism, and the extent to which they vote in general elections.
Ethnicity as a Discipline
Authors: Moynihan Daniel Patrick
Published: November 2023

It is no accident that ethnicity as a subject has tended to be slighted, if not ignored. At the onset of the twentieth century, there were two large ideas abroad, curiously congruent, which predicted a steady or even precipitous decline of ethnic attachments. Milton M. Gordon has termed the first of these “the liberal expectancy.” This is perhaps especially an American view. Ethnic identities were seen as recessive, readily explained by immigrant experience, but essentially transitional. A proper “American” would emerge in time.
Pressure Groups and the European Community: An Overview
Authors: Grant Wyn
Published: November 2023

Before examining interest organization at the Community level, it is important to reflect on the nature of the Community itself. Much of the research and reflection on interest-group activity in Western countries over the last thirty years has emphasized not just government as a target of group activity, but also the way in which government influences, intentionally or not, the structure, scope, and character of activity by interest organizations. The state as a shaper of interest groups has been a central theme of the recent literature on pressure groups (Wilson 1990).
The Rationality of Lobbying in Europe: Why are Euro-Groups so Numerous and so Weak? Some Evidence from the Car Industry
Authors: Mclaughlin Andrew , Jordan Grant
Published: November 2023

The emerging literature on European lobbying suggests that groups are responding to the EC’s political development by organizing themselves into supranational federations. In recent years there has been a proliferation of Euro-groups. Furthermore, empirical studies have indicated that EC decision-makers prefer to consult via such federations (Pryce 1973; see also Ch. 1). However, this preference for consultation by the Commission appears to have been made difficult by fundamental weaknesses within the Euro-groups. Drawing on evidence from the car industry, our analysis considers three main themes: the service that the Euro-group provides for participating members; the weaknesses of these groups; and the rationale for participating in such organizations. This chapter notes the widespread assumption that because Community institutions are increasingly important, there is inevitably a growth in Euro-group activity.
Leonard Woolf and International Government
Authors: Wilson Peter
Published: November 2023

Looking back at the age of eighty-eight over the fifty-seven years of my political work in England, knowing what I aimed at and the results, meditating on the history of Britain and the world since 1914, I see clearly that I achieved practically nothing. The world today and the history of the human anthill during the past fifty-seven years would be exactly the same as it is if I had played pingpong instead of sitting on committees and writing books and memoranda.
Lord Lothian and the Federalist Critique of National Sovereignty
Authors: Bosco Andrea
Published: November 2023

Philip Kerr, Marquess of Lothian, is well known for his tenure at Washington as British Ambassador from September 1939 until his death in December 1940. One of the principal objectives of British foreign policy during these crucial months was to enlist American support for the struggle against Nazi Germany. Lothian’s role in the achievement of this objective was central. Through private diplomacy and a series of highly effective public speeches, Lothian played a notable part in persuading both the Roosevelt Administration, and the wider American public, that the fate of their country was inextricably linked to Britain’s. It is easy to forget, given the subsequent forging of the ‘special relationship’, that many Americans were committed to a thoroughly isolationist stance towards ‘Europe’s sordid squabbles’. Lothian did much to transform this inward-looking perspective. In doing so he paved the way for two deals that were vital for Britain’s war-effort: the destroyers-for-bases deal and the Lend-Lease programme. Not for nothing did Churchill describe Lothian as ‘our greatest Ambassador to the United States’.
The Theoretical Background to the Right of Conquest
Authors: Korman Sharon
Published: November 2023

This chapter consists of three sections: the first considers the nature of the right of conquest and the difficulties which its acceptance has posed for the character of international law; the second considers the positive role which the right of conquest has played, despite these difficulties, in international relations; and the third considers the right of conquest as it affects, or has affected, the rights of people living in conquered territory.
The Right of Conquest in Relations between European States and ‘Barbarian’ Political Communities
Authors: Korman Sharon
Published: November 2023

The expansion of Europe from the sixteenth century onwards was to a large extent achieved by means of war and conquest, which, as I shall argue, the European states recognized as a legitimate mode of acquisition of title to lands inhabited by non-Christian or ‘uncivilized’ peoples. Whereas one writer’s observation that ‘[m]ost of the colonial acquisitions by European Powers from the 15th to the 19th century were effected by conquest’ perhaps overstates the case-since it overlooks the importance of major episodes of colonial expansion, such as the partition of Africa in the nineteenth century, in which title to territory was generally based upon claims that it had been ceded by consent of African rulers and much less frequently upon claims that it had been acquired by right of conquest3-it none the less provides some indication of the importance of conquest as a mode of acquisition of territory in the process of European imperial expansion.
The Right of Conquest in Relations between States Comprising International Society
Authors: Korman Sharon
Published: November 2023

The importance of the right of conquest in the evolution of territorial boundaries within Europe down to the middle of the nineteenth century was observed by Henry Wheaton:

The title of almost all the nations of Europe to the territory now possessed by them, in that quarter of the world, was originally derived from conquest, which has been subsequently confirmed by long possession and international compacts, to which all the European States have successively become parties.
Conditions for the Validity of Title by Conquest
Authors: Korman Sharon
Published: November 2023

Even by the permissive standards of pre-1914 international law, something more than mere seizure of territory by force of arms was required in order to establish a title by conquest. Certain conditions had to be satisfied; but once they were satisfied, other states then recognized the transfer of sovereignty. This chapter aims to clarify the nature of the rules for the acquisition of territory by conquest under traditional international law, as reflected in the practice of states in the pre-1914 period.
The Moral Turning-Point of the First World War: Self-Determination and the Non-Annexation Principle
Authors: Korman Sharon
Published: November 2023

Before the Russian Revolution of March 1917 had transformed the whole relation of the belligerents to the national question, it was generally assumed that annexations of territory would follow the conclusion of the First World War, as they had followed the conclusion of previous wars, on the basis of the right of con quest, without regard to nationality or the wishes of the populations concerned. On the Allied side, this assumption was reflected in the secret treaties of 1915-17, which provided for the post-war distribution of enemy territory in the event of an Allied victory. The annexationist schemes embodied in these treaties—envisaging the partition of the Ottoman Empire between Russia, Great Britain, France, and Italy, and vast accessions of territory transferring millions of foreigners to the rule of Italy, Romania, Japan, France, and Russia at the expense of the Austro-Hungarian and German Empires-were characteristic of an outlook which saw enemy territory as ‘booty’, or legally disposable property, to be acquired by the victors as the spoils of war.
The Experience of Unemployment in Europe: The Debate
Authors: Gallic Duncan , Paugam Serge
Published: November 2023

When the social status of individuals depends primarily on their participation in the systems of economic production and exchange of their society, there is a high probability that unemployment will lead to a loss of status and a feeling of failure, especially if it extends for any length of time. It involves more a process of what might be termed ‘social disqualification’ than a static state. It brings about a sharp drop in living standards, a weakening of social life, and marginalization with respect to those in work effects which can become cumulative and lead to a situation of intense poverty and, at the extreme, of social rupture.
The Politics of Child Daycare in Britain
Authors: Randall Vicky
Published: November 2023

Child daycare is a crucial issue for gender equality. In Britain its provision, and especially publicly provided or subsidised daycare, has been meagre in comparison with a range of European States. In seeking to explain childcare policy in post-war Britain to the present, this study focuses primarily on the institutional context. It shows how the liberal state tradition, limiting intervention in the private family, and market spheres has intersected with an issue that impinges on family responsibilities and, arguably, requires public resources for its effective resolution. The book also argues that liberalism — in practice an eminently flexible approach — cannot on its own explain policy. Account must be taken of the gender assumptions of policy-makers and their principal advisers, including in the past trade unions; of the centralization of the British governmental process; of the weakness and fragmentation of the childcare lobby, including the less than wholehearted involvement of the women’s movement; and of the sheer contingencies of timing.
The Commission as an Actor: An Anthropologist’s View
Authors: Bellier Irѐne
Published: November 2023

In the 1950s Jean Monnet envisaged ‘a new breed of man ... being born in the institutions of Luxembourg, as though in a laboratory, it was the European spirit which was the fruit of common labour’ (Monnet, 1976: 441). The Commission best embodies this notion, inviting us to analyse it as an actor on the European stage in terms of the character of the individuals and not just of its structure or role. The Commission has changed greatly since its ‘youth’, when it was established as the small administration of a kind of task-force. Now, as a result of the Treaty on European Union (TEU), it has responsibility for a growing number of tasks while retaining its role as the motor of the construction of Europe.
The Kaleidoscope of European Policy Making: Shifting Patterns of Participation and Influence
Authors: Wallace Helen , Young Alasdair R
Published: November 2023

The essays in this volume show a kaleidoscope of changing patterns of participation in the collective process of European policymaking on issues of market regulation and policies for industry. Participation in the European arena constitutes a shift in two dimensions. First, the European policy model marks a distinct departure from patterns of policy-making in national arenas. Second, the European policy process is in flux, varying between policy areas and over time. The question is what kind of kaleidoscope is being created, and with what kinds of patterns? And, further, what light do they shed on the form of governance which is emerging in this demi-monde between the traditional West European state and the transnational policy arena.
Internal Pathways of Spread
Authors: Cliff A D , Haggett P , Smallman-Raynor M R
Published: November 2023

Measles came in the early summer of 1907 … and those who had not had measles previously were isolated. Healthy ones were let out if they promised they had had measles before. Among these was a young man who went to Stykkishólmur. Shortly after, came news of measles in Stykkishómur.It was spread by the young man … Stykkishómur was isolated and visitors to the town were confined in homes where there was no one of measles age. They were let out of the town in two weeks time. Among them was a young girl from Reykjavik. She went home with an isolation certificate from the doctor in Stykkishómur. Now Reykjavik was being visited by the King (of Denmark) and the town was full of people. It appears that the girl had a mild case of measles and went into the streets before this was appreciated … The disease spread speedily in Reykjavik and could not be contained. From there, the infection spread rapidly over the whole country, especially from October 1907-February 1908.
Island Research: A Regional Survey
Authors: Cliff A D , Haggett P , Smallman-Raynor M R
Published: November 2023

On the island of Guam in the western Pacific, a killer that has stalked the local population for more than 100 years, eluding all attempts at capture, is now threatening to escape its pursuers forever—and its modus operandi remains unsolved … The disappearance of the killer … could rob science of an important tool for studying three major degenerative diseases.
Island Futures
Authors: Cliff A D , Haggett P , Smallman-Raynor M R
Published: November 2023

Each oceanic island is potentially an isolated laboratory for the study of organic evolution and a testing ground for the principles of ecology. Their value to science is immeasurable and has scarcely begun to be exploited.

For most of the million or so years of its occupation of planet Earth, the human population has been expanding from its continental hearths into offshore islands. For example, we know from archaeological and linguistic evidence that what is now Polynesia, that great 6,000 miles-a-side triangle of the Pacific Ocean (with Hawaii, Easter Island, and New Zealand as its apices) was colonized from Southeast Asia (Levison et al., 1972). The first settlers were moving into the islands 4,000 years ago, and the colonization process was almost complete by the time of the Norman Conquest in Britain. In another hemisphere, the Norse occupation oflceland was beginning around AD 874.
The Palestinians
Authors: Sayigh Yezid
Published: November 2023

The Palestinians offer a unique case study of the impact of the Cold War on Middle East politics. Stateless, and suffering exile and dispersal after 1948, they came to enjoy a presence in regional and inter national fore that was wholly out of proportion to the physical capabilities of the body that represented them, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).
Iraq
Authors: Tripp Charles
Published: November 2023

The intention of this chapter is to assess the ways in which two different ‘logics’ or dynamics interacted in shaping Iraqi politics and the policies pursued by Iraqi governments during the period of the Cold War. The first came from domestic political processes in Iraq. For any ruler of Iraq, there have been certain recurrent preoccupations associated with the regional position of Iraq as a state and with the various forces working in Iraqi society. Their capacity to generate conflict or to produce support has shaped the policies of successive Iraqi governments, leading to the distinctive patterns of Iraqi politics.
Death without Taxes Democracy, State Capacity, and Aid Dependence in the Fourth World
Authors: Moore Mick
Published: November 2023

The title of this volume assumes tensions between ‘democracy’ and ‘development’. What are they? Which state institutions and the gov¬ ernment practices are development-friendly but democracy-averse? There is a long list of familiar claimants to a place on this list. For example: the need for governments to take some key, difficult economic policy decisions both secretly and independently of the influence of economic pressure groups; the requirement that trade unions be controlled and that environmental standards be held low for fear of discouraging (foreign) investment; incentives for government to enter into corporatist-type arrangements, with business, labour, and other economic interests, that privilege these interests and the organizations that represent them in relation to the rest of the population; the temp¬tation to give priority to ‘continuity’, ‘predictability’, and ‘government credibility’ over the uncertainty inherent in democratic elections; and the pressure for states in fiscal trouble to enter into (secret) economic policy agreements with (foreign) creditors at the expense of transparency or democratic accountability.
Are There Alternatives to Liberal Democracy?
Authors: Luckham Robin
Published: November 2023

This chapter differs from analyses of ‘developmental democracy’ which treat popular participation as a clamorous inconvenience to be managed in the interests of economic efficiency.1 Instead it asks what follows from prioritizing participation both as a defining feature of democracy, and as an integral part of what is meant by development. The analysis will be developed in two parts. First I will contrast the narratives of popular and of liberal democracy, showing they come to different conclusions about participation and its role in development. But I will also argue that there are potential complementarities. These were obscured when socialist ‘people’s democracies’ were (misleadingly) seen as popular alternatives to liberal democracy.
The Eastern Enlargement of the European Union
Authors: Pinder John
Published: November 2023

In May 1948 the Congress of Europe at The Hague affirmed the aim of ‘union or federation’ for all European democracies. Winston Churchill, after observing that the eastern part of Europe was disappearing behind an Iron Curtain, had already said in September 1947 that ‘we must build a kind of United States of Europe’, adding that ‘the first step in the re-creation of the European family must be a partnership between France and Germany … France and Germany must take the lead together’. But he did not envisage British participation in it: ‘Britain and the British Commonwealth’ were, like the United States of America, to be ‘the friends and sponsors’ of the new Europe. With remarkable prescience, he prefigured a pattern that was to endure for four decades: French and German leadership in the uniting of Western Europe, with the Central and East Europeans locked into the Soviet system. Britain, with the importance of the Commonwealth fading and unsure of its place in the world, was however to be neither a generous sponsor nor, following its accession, a constructive member of the European Community.
Industrial and Commercial Cultures in Britain and Germany: Rivalry or Reconcilability?
Authors: Leaman Jeremy
Published: November 2023

A recent survey of opinion polls on German attitudes towards Britain paints an interesting, if predictable picture. Britain features strongly as an ‘important partner’ (behind the USA and France) but is almost entirely absent from the list of significant economic threats. Inasmuch as such polls can be seen to represent ‘a’ common view, they reflect still the typical ambivalence of German attitudes in the post-war period, confident in the success of their economic culture and institutions but mindful of Germany’s structural subordination in foreign and security policy and its need to demonstrate a commitment to multilateralism: the economic giant content (mostly) to remain a political dwarf.
Class
Authors: Manza Jeff , Brooks Clem
Published: November 2023

Does class still matter? As we noted in Chapter 1, the ‘class’ question has long been central to sociological research on politics and political behavior. Part of the explanation for this emphasis is that many socio logical studies of voting have started from the assumption that all social cleavages are in large part a product of material inequalities. Scholars of
Policy Representation in Western Democracies
Authors: Miller Warren E , Pierce Roy , Thomassen Jacques , Herrera Richard , Holmberg Sören , Esaiasson Peter , Wessels Bernhard
Published: November 2023

Policy Representation in Western Democracies offers a comparative analysis of policy representation in five Western Democracies: France, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the US. A leading group of authors examines the impact of belief systems and geographical and institutional characteristics on the match between the policy preferences of the electorate and those of their representatives. The book offers a variety of perspectives on the conceptualization, measurement, and interpretation of congruence between mass and elite opinion. The book also evaluates the consequences of different electoral systems for policy representation.
Elite-Mass Linkages in Representative Democracy
Authors: Miller Warren E
Published: November 2023

The seven chapters of this book bring partial closure to an effort begun more than thirty years ago. The chapters present six very different perspectives on the topic of policy representation in the national legislative institutions of five North Atlantic democracies. The chapters are the product of a long overdue decision to capitalize on an intellectual initiative taken in the 1960s by this author and several colleagues then associated with the Political Behavior Program of the University of Michigan’s Survey Research Center. The next few pages sketch the historical context in which this book has been written and from which it should be viewed.
Introduction
Authors: Dalal-Clayton Barry , Dent David
Published: November 2023

Land is prized by everyone. Today and every day, people are fighting one another for land. Having taken possession, maybe at great cost, people often then destroy the very resource they depend upon. Where people are poor, pressure on the land coupled with low levels of technology, low inputs, and low outputs can create a vicious circle: land degradation, permanent loss of productive capacity, and a lack of margins in production systems that leaves both land and people poorer and increasingly vulnerable to natural disasters. Even in rich countries there are insidious environmental problems including pollution of soil, water, and air, and a dramatic loss of biodiversity. One reason for this paradox is ignorance. Information counters ignorance. But information is not simply facts: primary data have to be interpreted to answer specific questions, so information cannot be divorced from either the question in hand or the person who is grappling with it. Put another way, decision-makers need expertise just as much as they need data. In countries where capital and skilled manpower are scarce, most people depend directly on natural resources. Obviously, their decision-makers need good baseline information about the land.
Environmental Impact Assessment
Authors: Dalal-Clayton Barry , Dent David
Published: November 2023

Impact assessment is a process to improve decision-making by ensuring that the development options under consideration are environmentally and socially sound. It is concerned with identifying and evaluating the fore seeable impacts, both beneficial and adverse, of public and private development activities, alternatives, and mitigating measures, so that negative impacts can be minimized and positive impacts optimized. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) was first introduced in the USA as a requirement of the 1969 National Environmental Protection Act. Through the 1970s, it emerged as a procedure for encouraging decision-makers to take account of the effects of development on environmental quality and the productivity of natural resources. More than half the countries in the world now have a formal EIA system, and increasingly comprehensive and sophisticated procedures have been drawn up by development agencies.
Knowledge at all Levels
Authors: Dalal-Clayton Barry , Dent David
Published: November 2023

Our times are witnessing unprecedented change in human populations and societies, and in the natural resources that make up the life-support system. Crises such as dwindling fish stocks and forests; pollution of air, land, and water; global warming; and civil conflict and wars over land are all symptoms of the failure of management in the face of a fundamental challenge: that natural resources are finite while human demands upon them are not International pressure to respond to this challenge peaked at the Earth Summit in 1992. Since then, the political will has seeped away and responsibility to find workable solutions has been shunted back to the professionals.
Germany: Federalism under Strain
Authors: Bullrnann Udo
Published: November 2023

Under the terms of its constitution (Grundgesetz or Basic Law), the Federal Republic of Germany is a democratic and social federal state (Art. 20 I). Its constitutional order at federal as well as at the Lander (state) level must conform to the principles of a republican, democratic, and social state governed by the rule of law (Art. 28 I). The Rechtsstaatsprinzip (or state-of-law principle) reflects the rejection—already established in nineteenth-century German constitutional thinking—of the absolutist administrative state. In its place is a liberal constitutional order that only permits the exercise of democratically legitimized political power, a pnwer itself limited by civil rights such as the right to religious freedom, freedom of expression and assembly, freedom of the press, and freedom of movement. Interpretation of the Basic Law’s Sozialstaatsprinzip (principle of the ‘social state’) is not without controversy. Conservative constitutionalists tend to view it as a non-binding declaration, subordinate to the rule-of-law principle, since, in contrast to the former Weimar constitution, there is no guarantee of social rights in the Basic Law. The left, on the other hand, considers the Sozialstaatsprinzip, in the absence of more detailed regulations, to mean that public life in general, including its social and economic aspects, should be organized along democratic and socially responsible lines.
Italy: The Crisis of the Second Republic
Authors: Loughlin John
Published: November 2023

Italy was a relative latecomer to the dub of nation-states in the nineteenth century, being created only between 1860 and 1870 as a union of many ‘Italies’: the economically developed North with its great cities and political traditions close to those of northern Europe; the backward South characterized by a feudal-type system of large-scale landowners and non-politicized peasants with traditions of patronage and clientelism; and the Centre, once dominated by the Papal States and, like the South, with little experience of liberal constitutional democracy. The Piedmontese elites who created the new state saw their primary task as being to weld these very different territories and societies into a single territorial unit. Only a very small percentage of the population of Italy spoke the Italian language while the majority spoke dialects that were mutually incomprehensible (Putnam, Leonardi, and Nanetti 1993: 18).
Belgium: Federalisn1 and Subnational Democracy in a Divided Country
Authors: Hendriks Frank
Published: November 2023

From its birth in 1830 until the first state reform of 1970, Belgium was a decentralized unitary state, similar to the Netherlands, with a subnational government divided into provinces and municipalities. The four state reforms that have been enacted since 1970 (in 1970, 1980, 1988, and 1993) have altered the relationships between the various tiers of government, transforming the country from a unitary state into a federation (Ministerie van de Vlaamse Gemeenschap 1993; Veldkamp 1993; Alen 1995; Gouvernement Wallon 1998). The first article in the most recent version of the Belgium Constitution reads ‘Belgium is a federation, consisting of communities and regions’.
Sweden: The End of the ‘Swedish Model’?
Authors: Lidstrom Anders
Published: November 2023

The economic, social, and political development of Sweden was slow at the end of the nineteenth century compared with the rest of Europe. Sweden was still a poor country with a population overly dependent on subsistence farming. Industrialization and urbanization lagged behind and political rights were restricted. However, the first decades of the twentieth century witnessed the beginning of a complete transformation of Swedish society. Industries developed rapidly based on the natural resources of timber and ore, rural poverty was eliminated by emigration and urbanization, social problems were gradually reduced, and the Swedes gained new political rights. Democracy emerged via a number of successive steps, but universal suffrage was finally established in 1921.
Economic Restructuring and Urban Segregation in Sao Paulo
Authors: Schiffer Sueli Ramos
Published: November 2023

The spatial changes in the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area can be assessed in tems of its economic development from the late 1800s, when coffee production spurred the city’s emergence as Brazil’s economic centre. through the 1990s, when the nation had to restructure the whole of its economy to fit into todays patterns of economic globalization.
Liberalism and Anti-Semitism in Germany: The Case of Gustav Stresemann
Authors: Wright Jonathan
Published: November 2023

Peter Pulzer has described the legal process of emancipation of the Jews in Germany as a kind of bargain: the Jews would be emancipated and, in return, become assimilated. However, as he points out, it was left unclear what Jews would have to do, or to give up, in order to be accepted. ‘As a consequence, there ensued a dialogue of the deaf: as long as Jews were not prepared to abandon all forms of separate culture, said some, they could not demand complete acceptance. As long as they were not offered complete acceptance, said others, they could scarcely be expected to renounce their traditions.’
Between Mutual Support and Misunderstanding: The British Labour Party and the SPD
Authors: Paterson William E
Published: November 2023

A first impression of Peter Pulzer might be of a classic Oxford don, atypically successful but with a talent for bons mots that places him securely in an established tradition. Closer acquaintance would soon reveal that this apparently most English of academics was born in Vienna and that some of the attributes we take to be typically Oxford would be seen by others as Viennese. Peter Pulzer’s measured academic persona does not immediately suggest a past as a political activist, but one of the less well-known aspects of his spectacular career is the contrast between his distinction as an academic and his lack of success as a political activist when in the 1960s and 1970s he failed on a number of occasions to be elected to Oxford City Council in the Labour interest.
A New Government-a New Democracy? The Red-Green Coalition in Germany
Authors: Kaase Max
Published: November 2023

With the 1989 eclipse of communist ideology and power in Central and Eastern Europe, the political order of democracy has proved to be the preferred way of organizing society, resting on the principle that in politics the pluralist interests of the people can be articulated and represented without fear of repression and that through the operation of market mechanisms citizens are furnished with economic conditions sufficient to conduct their everyday lives. On the other hand, however, liberal democracy has been subjected to ever closer internal scrutiny, and with this, alternate conceptions of how to organize a democratic polity are now more a matter of debate and controversy than ever before.
The Layered State of Vietnam
Authors: Tønnesson Stein
Published: November 2023

A ‘state’ consists of all those public institutions (central, provincial and local administration, army, banks and enterprises) which are—at least on paper—controlled by the government. The term ‘capacity’ can be defined as ‘maximum output’. In this chapter, the term ‘state capacity’ shall be understood as the ability of public institutions to produce the output expected by their leaders. The task is thus to assess the extent to which Vietnamese public institutions are able to meet the expectations of the Vietnamese Communist Party. Before starting to characterize the Vietnamese state, a few words must be said about the general relationship between state and society.
China and Vietnam: Viable Socialism in a Market Economy
Authors: Apter David E
Published: November 2023

It is a difficult time for the few remaining socialist countries. Whatever other concrete problems they confront, they also have been forced to recognize that history is not linear, any more than Marxism is unilinear, and that irreversible change toward socialism is no less a myth than the dictatorship of the proletariat was for a transition to communism. Perhaps this last they knew all along—hence the coercive character of all socialist states. There may be a few people left who believe that in the end communism will triumph. But one does not hear much from them now. In any case, the evidence against that possibility is plain, even among those who, forced by circumstances to be more receptive to market principles, still reject capitalism as a preferred system. Clearly, neither China nor Vietnam has any alternative to the pursuit of market reforms if productivity is to continue to increase. Even a quick glance at the condition of countries like North Korea, or Cuba (countries whose socialism is at the highest stage of sclerosis) would show the futility of resisting the reversibility of irreversible change. Trying to do so would only ensure disaster. Not only does virtually everyone in both countries now recognize that residual Stalinism is a terminal political disease. They can hardly avoid comparisons with the remarkable transformation elsewhere in East Asia, where, despite recent setbacks, growth has been little short of dazzling. Nevertheless, while liberalization has proceeded apace in both China and Vietnam, it has been more in economic terms than political.
Migration Outcomes of Guest Worker and Free Trade Regimes: The Case of Mexico-US Migration
Authors: Martin Philip , Lowell B Lindsay , Taylor Edward].
Published: November 2023

Most regional and international regimes-systems in which national govern ments yield at least some power to a supranational authority that grants member nations rights and impose obligations on them-emerge from crisis, as with security regimes in which nations pledge mutual support, trade regimes in which members agree to lower barriers to the goods from other member nations to promote economic growth, and financial regimes to establish rules for protecting investments and disclosing financial data in order to encourage citizens of one country to invest in another. This chapter is part of a project that aims to think about a global migration regime before a crisis occurs, so that the advantages and disadvantages of various options and structures can be considered without constant reference to the crisis at hand.
Forced Migration in the Post-Cold War Era: The Need for a Comprehensive Approach
Authors: Loescher Gil
Published: November 2023

The post-Cold War era has confronted the international refugee regime with ever-increasing numbers of forcibly displaced people. In recent years, the problem of forced displacement has become larger, more complex, and geographically more widespread. Forcibly displaced people include refugees in the legal sense of the word, namely people who have fled from and are unable to return to their own country because of persecution and violence as well as internally displaced people, namely people who have been uprooted because of persecution or violence but who remain in their own countries and do not or cannot seek refuge across borders.
Detours to Modernity: Long-Term Trends of Parliamentary Recruitment in Republican France 1848–1999
Authors: Best Heinrich , Gaxie Daniel
Published: November 2023

Looking at the political history of modern France since 1789, the most obvious, and to some extent stereotypical, characteristics are discontinuity and division: popular upheavals and frequent changes of constitutional settings, extended periods of governmental instability and fierce conflict between opposing political currents dominate the historical record. However, underneath this choppy surface, we find more steady undercurrents which manifest themselves in astonishingly stable substructures of political processes. One of these continuous elements is the practice of representative government, which for a long time held its own against challengers from the top and bottom of the political order, or at least offered a fall-back position when the holders of supreme power were troubled and the institutions of government dissolved. For long periods after 1830, 1871, and again after 1945, this regime was formally institutionalized as a Parliamentary Monarchy or a Parliamentary Republic.
Parliamentary Elite Transformations along the Discontinuous Road of Democratization: Italy 1861–1999
Authors: Cotta Maurizio , Mastropaolo Alfio , Verzichelli Luca
Published: November 2023

The beginnings of Italian parliamentary history must be traced, as in a number of other European countries, to the fateful year of 1848, that is to say, thirteen years before the creation of the kingdom of Italy. In that year, the constitution granted by the King of Sardinia to the north-western regional states covering Piedmont, Savoy, Genoa, and the island of Sardinia established the first durable elected parliament on the Italian peninsula. In 1861, as a consequence of the process of Italian unification, which had been successfully engineered under the leadership of the Piedmontese state, this constitution and this Parliament became the constitution and parliament of the new Italian state and were extended in the following decades to the other regions as they were integrated.
Approximation of Curvature Dependent Interface Motion
Authors: Elliott C M
Published: November 2023

The propagation of interfaces, surfaces and free boundaries arises naturally in many applications as well as being a subject of compelling mathematical interest and beauty. In this paper we survey numerical methods for the evolution of surfaces where normal velocity is strongly dependent on the mean curvature of the surface. A widely studied problem is ‘motion by mean curvature’.
Algorithms in Tomography
Authors: Natterer Frank
Published: November 2023

The basic problem in computerized tomography (CT) is the reconstruction of a function from its line or plane integrals. Applications come from diagnostic radiology, astronomy, electron microscopy, seismology, radar, plasma physics, nuclear medicine and many other fields. More recent kinds of tomography replace the straight line model by an inverse problem for a partial differential equation. The outline of this paper is as follows. In Section 2 we survey the mathematical models used in tomography. In Section 3 we give a fairly detailed survey of 2D reconstruction algorithms, which are still the work horse of tomography. In Section 4 we describe recent developments in 3D reconstruction. In Section 5 we make a few remarks on the beginning development of algorithms for nonstraight-line tomography.
Function spaces and operators
Authors: Partington Jonathan R
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we shall develop the background material on Banach spaces of analytic functions and their associated operators. We shall begin by reviewing the classical theory of Fourier series and transforms (including Laplace transforms), highlighting the roles of the Fejér and Poisson kernel functions. This will be drawn upon in later chapters, as well as here, where it forms the basis of our discussion of the Hardy spaces of the disc and the half-plane, including the disc algebra. Little interpolation theory will be introduced here, although we shall include a section on Blaschke products and zero sets at this stage.
Convolution operators
Authors: Partington Jonathan R
Published: November 2023

This chapter is, like Chapter 3, slanted towards practical applications in systems identiflcation—this time using input/output measurements rather than transfer function measurements. The question of input design is an important one in this problem and its solution draws heavily upon ideas from Galois theory and classical complex analysis. Finally, we shall consider some tuned identification methods, using the ideas from information-based complexity theory which were presented in Chapter 4. This includes some questions of model validation, and here the classical Carathéodory–Fejér interpolation results are shown to have a practical application.
Approach Spaces
Authors: Lowen R
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we introduce the basic structures which determine what we will call an approach space. One of the powerful features of approach spaces is that they can be determined by conceptually very different but nevertheless equivalent structures. This is not unlike the situation in topology, where the structure of a topological space can be determined by a number of equivalent concepts, such as, for example, open sets, closed sets, closure operator, neighborhood system, and convergence structure. In the next two chapters where we discuss the relation between approach spaces, topological spaces, and metric spaces, the parallelism will become quite apparent.
Compactification
Authors: Lowen R
Published: November 2023

It is well known that compactifications do not often preserve metrizability. Thus for instance a nontrivial Čech-Stone compactification is never metrizable. And even if a compactification is metrizable, then it need not be metrizable by an extension of the given metric. This is the case for instance with the Alexandroff compactification of ℝ. In UAP the situation is better. We will construct a compactification which is the AP-counterpart for the Cech-Stone compactification in TOP. We will prove, moreover, that, in TOP, our compactification coincides with the Čech-Stone compactification, and that in general the TOP-coreflection of our compactification is the Smimov compactification of an associated proximity.
Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies on the non-Watson-Crick base associations of mismatches, modified bases, and non duplex oligonucleotide structures
Authors: Hu.nter William N , Brown Tom
Published: November 2023

The replication of DNA must occur with a high degree of precision in order for genetic information to be faithfully transmitted from one generation to the next. Watson and Crick recognized that a complementary base pairing scheme in duplex DNA could contribute to such a mechanism (1). In this way, purines interact with pyrimidines so that guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C) and adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T) to form what are termed Watson-Crick base pairs (Fig. 10.1).