bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NOTE ON LARVAL VARIATION
Authors: Grote A. R.
Published: February 2010

In a paper on the Noctuidæ of North America (6th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci.) I have stated that we should rather expect the acquirements of fresh character to be more apparent during the period of growth of the Lepidoptera. I have elsewhere (Bull.Buff. Soc., 1, 130) shown that there is proof in the excessive variation in the larvæ of a genus where the adults of the species are remarkably uniform in color and ornamentation, that the larva submits to independent and wide modification from the circumstances of its environment.
NOTES ON THE EGG, LARVA AND PUPA OF SMERINTHUS MODESTA
Authors: Bunker Robert
Published: February 2010

Egg–1/18 in. diameter; light green, translucent, smooth, circular, oblate or depressed. Hatched in nine days from extrusion. Larva–¼ in. long; light green, slender; head large, round, slightly depressed medially ; face pink, with a purplish tinge; extremity of the body dark sea-green, with a large wart or tubercle, pyramidal in form, upon which rests the horn.
A NEW GENUS OF TORTRICIDÆ.
Authors: Grote A. R.
Published: February 2010

In the early spring, from the middle to the end of April, Prof. Lintner and Mr. Hill have taken near Albany a rather small and inconspicuously colored moth, remarkable for its diurnal activity. At first sight I did not recognize it as belonging to the Tortricidæ, but on examination it shows the family characters and seems to be allied to the European genus Cheimatophila. But it is not vein 4, but vein 5 that is wanting on the hind wings, and the other characters sufficiently separate our species.
SEXES OF HOMOPTERA LUNATA
Authors: Bean Thos. E.
Published: February 2010

For the purpose of further testing conclusions stated on p. 174 regarding Homopteras lunata, edusa and Saundersii, I have secured all observed at my sugar since the former writing.

There are 38 “lunata,” 23 “Saundersii” and 18 “edusa.” Having opportunity to examine these while fresh, I observed the anatomy of the sex organs in each specimen as captured. The result verified the view previously advanced–the lunatæ were all females, the Saundersii and edusæ all males.
NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF CANADIAN MOTHS MADE BY WM. S. M. D'URBAN, AND NAMED BY F. WALKER
Authors: Grote A. R.
Published: February 2010

The collection which forms the subject of this Paper was kindly presented to the Ent. Soc. Ont. by Mr. D'Urban, and the specimens are kept for reference in the form in which they were given, because they were determined by Mr. Walker, the labels all being in his handwriting and many of the insects being types of his species. Many of the species were collected in the valley of the River Rouge, and some of them are mentioned in two papers in the Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, vol. 5, pages 91-6, and vol. 6, pages 36–41.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF PAMPHILA FROM COLORADO
Authors: Edwards W. H.
Published: February 2010

Male–expanss 1.1 inch.; size and shape of Leonardus, the hind wings somewhat less prolonged anteriorly.

Upper side of both wings light glossy brown ; primaries have five translucent spots, namely, one sub-apical, oblong, narrow, cut into three equal parts by the subcostal nervules; three discal, the first being at the top of the upper median interspace, small, semi-ovall the next large, irregularly qyadrate, crossing the next lower interspace, and the third on sub-median interspace, less transparent, more yellow, in one example clearly defined, sub-triangular, in the other diffuse; these three spots forming an oblique line back of and below the cell.
METAMORPHIC CHANGES OF PLATYSAMIA CECROPIA
Authors: Gentry Thomas G.
Published: February 2010

In the early part of May, 1876, I secured a newly-developed female moth of the above species to a branch of the common red currant (Ribes rubrum). It was about seven o'clock in the evening of May 6th, to be more precise in regard to time. On the next morning, I visited the spot, and a lusty male was discovered in coition. This condition of things continued until the close of the day, when her amorous partner, lured by the presence of dusky night and midnight revels, gradually loosened his embrace, and hied him away to other scenes.
NOTES ON SOME SPECIES OF MELOE OCCURRING IN TEMPERATE NORTH-EASTERN AMERICA
Authors: Caulfield F. B.
Published: February 2010

The life history of Meloe, as given by the Editor in the December No. of this journa1, agreeing very closely with that of M. angusticollis Say, as far as my knowledge of its habits will permit me to judge, it occurred to me on reading Mr. Brodie's very interesting notes in the January No., that unless we have in this country a double brooded Meloe, some one must be referring another species to Say's angusticollis.
MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA
Authors: Chambers V. T.
Published: February 2010

This species varies in color from very pare golden yellow to reddish saffron, and in size from about one-fourth of an inch to about one-third. Likewise as to the size and distinctness of the marginal streaks on the fore wings and as to the dark margins of these streaks. Sometimes only the second dorsal and costal will be dark margined, and these not very distinctly; and sometimes all, including the basal streak, will be distinctly dark margined.
ON A MITE PREYING ON THE ORANGE SCALE INSECT
Authors: Ashmead Wm. H.
Published: February 2010

About the last of March my friend, Mr. Allen Curtiss, a botanist, brought me some Orange twigs infested with the Orange Scale Insect (Aspidiotus Gloverii). On examining them with my pocket lens, I was surprised to see numerons smail black mites running in and out of the scales, and which no doubt prey upon the eggs of the Scale Insect, and probably prevents their increase. Since then I have been enabled to examine them with a more powerful microscope,and I think they are entirely new to science.
ON A NEW SPECIES OF POLIA
Authors: Grote A. R.
Published: February 2010

In the collection before me are the following species referred to Polia, but in the absence of a series of the European forms I am not clear that they are finally to be lelt in this genus. I have separated under the name of Pachypolia atricornis a stout and shaggy species, taken by my friend, Mr. Westcott, which has strongly pectinated antennæ, a character not accorded by Lederer to the European species, but one which is only doubtfully of generic value. To distinguish these species from Hadena is certainly difficult.
ADP-Ribosylation Controls the Outcome of Tolerance or Enhanced Priming Following Mucosal Immunization
Authors: Hasselberg Annemarie , Ekman Lena , Yrlid Linda Fahlén , Schön Karin , Lycke Nils Y.
Published: February 2010

Accumulating evidence suggests that the dichotomy between tolerance and active IgA immunity in mucosal immune responses is regulated at the APC level. Therefore, immunomodulation of the APC could be an effective mechanism to control the two response patterns. In this study, we demonstrate that ADP-ribosylation controls the outcome of tolerance or active effector T cell immunity to an internal peptide p323–339 from OVA inserted into the cholera toxin (CT)-derived CTA1-OVA-DD adjuvant. We found that a single point mutation, CTA1R7K-OVA-DD, resulting in lack of enzymatic activity, promoted peptide-specific tolerance in TCR transgenic CD4+ T cells following a single intranasal (i.n.) treatment. The CTA1R7K-OVA-DD–induced tolerance was strong, long-lasting, and impaired the ability of adoptively transferred naive peptide-specific CD4+ T cells to respond to Ag-challenge, irrespective if this was given i.p or i.n. The tolerance correlated with induction of regulatory T cells of the regulatory T type 1 characterized by CD25−Foxp3−CD4+ T cells producing IL-10. In contrast, in IL-10–deficient mice, no peptide-specific tolerance was observed, and these mice exhibited unimpaired CD4+ T cell responsiveness to recall Ag irrespective of if they were untreated (PBS) or treated i.n. with CTA1R7K-OVA-DD. Thus, for the first time, we can provide unequivocal proof that ADP-ribosylation can control the outcome of mucosal Ag exposure from tolerance to an enhanced effector CD4+ T cell response. The exploitation of this system for clinical treatment of autoimmune diseases is discussed.
Fc RIIA Genotypes and Its Association with Anti-C1q Autoantibodies in Lupus Nephritis (LN) Patients from Western India
Authors: Pradhan Vandana , Patwardhan Manisha , Nadkarni Anita , Ghosh Kanjaksha
Published: February 2010

To identify Fc RIIA genotypes in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) patients and their association with anti-C1q antibodies.Methods. Fc RIIA genotyping was done in eighty Indian SLE patients and eighty healthy controls using allele-specific PCR. Anti-C1q antibodies were measured by ELISA.Results. LN patients showed higher SLEDAI (6–32) as compared to SLE patients without renal manifestations and had SLEDAI between 6–23. Fc RIIA polymorphic frequency in SLE patients was R131/H131 (67.5%), R131/R131 (20%) and H131/ H131 (12.5%) as against that of normal population (62.5%, 10%, and 27.5%), respectively. Sixty two patients (77.5%) showed positivity for anti-C1q antibodies. LN patients showed elevated levels of anti-C1q antibodies () as compared to SLE patients without nephritis ( U/mL). Among anti-C1q positive patients, 71% had R131/H131 genotype, 22.6% had R131/R131 and remaining 6.4%, patients had H131/H131 genotype. All anti-C1q positive patients with R131/R131 genotype had elevated levels of anti-C1q antibodies (>100 U/ml), whereas among anti-C1q negative patients, none had R131/R131 genotype.Conclusion. This first report on Indian SLE patients supports the hypothesis that Fc RIIA R131 variant over expression may constitute a susceptibility factor for development of severe SLE manifestations in LN patients.
Classiﬁcation of bivariate measures of linear association
Authors: Pestman Wiebe R.
Published: February 2010

Given an n × 2 matrix, its rows can be geometrically interpreted as a cloud of points in the plane. Such a cloud of points could show clustering around a straight line. In statistics Pearson’s (empiric) correlation coefﬁcient is often used to capture the degree to which this phenomenon occurs in a number. This seems a peculiar usage, for Pearson’s correlation coefﬁcient changes when the cloud of points is rotated. Hence, whereas the shape of the cloud of points is completely preserved, the very number that is supposed to characterize clustering around a line changes its values (see also [4], [5], [6]). Other measures of linear association that do better in this respect can easily be created. Such measures, however, fail as a rule to be invariant under the action of rescaling the data. It will be explained that this is no coincidence.
A dynamic proof of Thébault’s theorem
Authors: Ostermann Alexander , Wanner Gerhard
Published: February 2010

Thébault’s theorem, discovered in 1938 (see [5]), has the remarkable property that it required three decades to obtain a ﬁrst proof, which then took 24 pages of calculations. Subsequent shorter proofs, but not easy ones, were published mainly in Elemente der Mathematik ([4] and [6]) and in Dutch language. We refer to [1], [2], and [7] for complete accounts of all these and recent proofs. In this note we want to emphasize the role of a certain parabola which comes out of a dynamic machine, and which allows an easy understanding.
Atherosclerotic vascular events in a multinational inception cohort of systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Urowitz M. B. , Gladman D. , Ibañez D. , Bae S. C. , Sanchez‐Guerrero J. , Gordon C. , Clarke A. , Bernatsky S. , Fortin P. R. , Hanly J. G. , Wallace D. J. , Isenberg D. , Rahman A. , Alarcón G. S. , Merrill J. T. , Ginzler E. , Khamashta M. , Nived O. , Sturfelt G. , Bruce I. N. , Steinsson K. , Manzi S. , Ramsey‐Goldman R. , Dooley M. A. , Zoma A. , Kalunian K. , Ramos M. , Van Vollenhoven R. F. , Aranow C. , Stoll T. , Petri M. , Maddison P. ,   Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics
Published: February 2010

Objective

To describe vascular events during an 8‐year followup in a multicenter systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) inception cohort and their attribution to atherosclerosis.

Methods

Clinical data, including comorbidities, were recorded yearly. Vascular events were recorded and attributed to atherosclerosis or not. All of the events met standard clinical criteria. Factors associated with atherosclerotic vascular events were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t‐tests, and chi‐square tests. Stepwise multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the association of factors with vascular events attributed to atherosclerosis.

Results

Since 2000, 1,249 patients have been entered into the cohort. There have been 97 vascular events in 72 patients, including: myocardial infarction (n = 13), angina (n = 15), congestive heart failure (n = 24), peripheral vascular disease (n = 8), transient ischemic attack (n = 13), stroke (n = 23), and pacemaker insertion (n = 1). Fifty of the events were attributed to active lupus, 31 events in 22 patients were attributed to atherosclerosis, and 16 events were attributed to other causes. The mean ± SD time from diagnosis to the first atherosclerotic event was 2.0 ± 1.5 years. Compared with patients followed for 2 years without atherosclerotic events (n = 615), at enrollment, patients with atherosclerotic vascular events were more frequently white, men, older at diagnosis of SLE, obese, smokers, hypertensive, and had a family history of coronary artery disease. On multivariate analysis, only male sex and older age at diagnosis were associated factors.

Conclusion

In an inception cohort with SLE followed for up to 8 years, there were 97 vascular events, but only 31 were attributable to atherosclerosis. Patients with atherosclerotic events were more likely to be men and to be older at diagnosis of SLE.
Factors that influence rheumatologists' decisions to escalate care in rheumatoid arthritis: Results from a choice‐based conjoint analysis
Authors: Kievit Wietske , van Hulst Laura , van Riel Piet , Fraenkel Liana
Published: February 2010

Objective

In order to improve adherence to treatment guidelines and performance indicators advocating tight control of disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), it is important to gain insight into the factors influencing rheumatologists' decisions whether or not to escalate care. Our objective was to determine the influence of specific attributes relative to a validated measure of disease activity (the Disease Activity Score [DAS]) on rheumatologists' decisions to escalate care.

Methods

We used a computer‐based choice‐based conjoint analysis survey to determine the relative importance of 6 attributes on rheumatologists' decisions related to escalation of care in RA. We administered the survey in a convenience sample of rheumatologists attending the 2008 American College of Rheumatology Annual Scientific Meeting. Utilities were calculated using hierarchical Bayes modeling, and these results were used to calculate the relative importance of each attribute.

Results

Rheumatologists assigned the most importance to the DAS score (relative importance of 30.7%) in their decision to escalate care. The age of the patient (21.5%) and erosions (20.5%) were rated as equally important in this decision. The decision to escalate care was least influenced by change in symptoms reported by the patient (11.1%), current treatment (8.9%), and disease duration (7.4%).

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that rheumatologists endorse the DAS as a means to guide decision making in RA. We also found that age and erosions are important influences on rheumatologists' decisions to escalate care in RA. Our results add to the literature supporting age bias in RA and suggest that further research is needed to determine how age affects quality of care in clinical practice.
Toward the development of criteria for global flares in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Brunner Hermine I. , Klein‐Gitelman Marisa S. , Higgins Gloria C. , Lapidus Sivia K. , Levy Deborah M. , Eberhard Anne , Singer Nora , Olson Judyann C. , Onel Karen , Punaro Marilynn , Schanberg Laura , von Scheven Emily , Ying Jun , Giannini Edward H.
Published: February 2010

Objective

To develop a definition of global flare in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and derive candidate criteria for measuring juvenile SLE flares.

Methods

Pediatric rheumatologists answered 2 Delphi questionnaires to achieve consensus on a common definition of juvenile SLE flare and identify variables for use in candidate flare criteria. The diagnostic accuracy of these candidate flare criteria was tested with data from juvenile SLE patients (n = 98; 623 visits total). Physician‐rated change in the juvenile SLE course (worsening, yes/no) between visits served as the criterion standard.

Results

There was 96% consensus that a “a flare is a measurable worsening of juvenile SLE disease activity in at least one organ system, involving new or worse signs of disease that may be accompanied by new or worse SLE symptoms. Depending on the severity of the flare, more intensive therapy may be required.” Variables suggested for use in flare criteria were: physician‐rated disease activity (V1), patient well‐being, protein:creatinine ratio, a validated disease activity index (V2), the Child Health Questionnaire physical summary score (V3), anti–double‐stranded DNA antibodies, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and complement levels. Using multiple logistic regression, several candidate flare criteria were derived with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) as high as 0.92 (sensitivity ≥85%, specificity ≥85%); classification and regression tree analysis suggested that V1, V2, and V3 suffice to identify juvenile SLE flares (AUC 0.81; sensitivity = 64%, specificity = 86%).

Conclusion

Consensus about a definition of global disease flare for juvenile SLE has been obtained and promising candidate flare criteria have been developed. These will need further assessment of their ease of use and accuracy in prospective study.
Alkyl‐Chain‐Length‐Independent Hole Mobility via Morphological Control with Poly(3‐alkylthiophene) Nanofibers
Authors: Oosterbaan Wibren D. , Bolsée Jean‐Christophe , Gadisa Abay , Vrindts Veerle , Bertho Sabine , D'Haen Jan , Cleij Thomas J. , Lutsen Laurence , McNeill Christopher R. , Thomsen Lars , Manca Jean V. , Vanderzande Dirk
Published: February 2010

The field‐effect transistor (FET) and diode characteristics of poly(3‐alkylthiophene) (P3AT) nanofiber layers deposited from nanofiber dispersions are presented and compared with those of layers deposited from molecularly dissolved polymer solutions in chlorobenzene. The P3AT n‐alkyl‐side‐chain length was varied from 4 to 9 carbon atoms. The hole mobilities are correlated with the interface and bulk morphology of the layers as determined by UV–vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with selected area electron diffraction (SAED), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and polarized carbon K‐edge near edge X‐ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. The latter technique reveals the average polymer orientation in the accumulation region of the FET at the interface with the SiO2 gate dielectric. The previously observed alkyl‐chain‐length‐dependence of the FET mobility in P3AT films results from differences in molecular ordering and orientation at the dielectric/semiconductor interface, and it is concluded that side‐chain length does not determine the intrinsic mobility of P3ATs, but rather the alkyl chain length of P3ATs influences FET diode mobility only through changes in interfacial bulk ordering in solution processed films.
Microstructure‐Lattice Thermal Conductivity Correlation in Nanostructured PbTe0.7S0.3 Thermoelectric Materials
Authors: He Jiaqing , Girard Steven N. , Kanatzidis Mercouri G. , Dravid Vinayak P.
Published: February 2010

The reduction of thermal conductivity, and a comprehensive understanding of the microstructural constituents that cause this reduction, represent some of the important challenges for the further development of thermoelectric materials with improved figure of merit. Model PbTe‐based thermoelectric materials that exhibit very low lattice thermal conductivity have been chosen for this microstructure–thermal conductivity correlation study. The nominal PbTe0.7S0.3 composition spinodally decomposes into two phases: PbTe and PbS. Orderly misfit dislocations, incomplete relaxed strain, and structure‐modulated contrast rather than composition‐modulated contrast are observed at the boundaries between the two phases. Furthermore, the samples also contain regularly shaped nanometer‐scale precipitates. The theoretical calculations of the lattice thermal conductivity of the PbTe0.7S0.3 material, based on transmission electron microscopy observations, closely aligns with experimental measurements of the thermal conductivity of a very low value, ∼0.8 W m−1 K−1 at room temperature, approximately 35% and 30% of the value of the lattice thermal conductivity of either PbTe and PbS, respectively. It is shown that phase boundaries, interfacial dislocations, and nanometer‐scale precipitates play an important role in enhancing phonon scattering and, therefore, in reducing the lattice thermal conductivity.
Functional IrIII Complexes and Their Applications
Authors: Chen Zhu‐qi , Bian Zu‐qiang , Huang Chun‐hui
Published: February 2010

Iridium complexes are drawing great interest because they exhibit high phosphorescence quantum efficiency. Extensive efforts have been devoted to the molecular design of ligands to achieve phosphorescent emission over a wide range of wavelengths that is compatible with many applications. In this research news article, we focus on materials design to improve the performance of phosphorescent IrIII complexes for organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs), luminescence sensitizers, and biological imaging.
Magnetic‐Field‐ and Pressure‐Induced Quantum Phases in Complex Materials
Authors: Kim Minjung , Barath Harini , Chen Xiaoqian , Joe Young‐Il , Fradkin Eduardo , Abbamonte Peter , Cooper S. Lance
Published: February 2010

This Progress Report presents temperature‐, magnetic‐field‐, and pressure‐dependent Raman measurements of strongly correlated materials such as the charge‐ordering manganese perovskites, the multiferroic material TbMnO3, and the charge‐density wave (CDW) materials 1T‐TiSe2 and CuxTiSe2. These studies illustrate the rich array of phases and properties that can be accessed with field and pressure tuning in these materials, and demonstrate the efficacy of using magnetic‐field‐ and pressure‐dependent scattering methods to elucidate the microscopic changes associated with highly tunable behavior in complex materials.
Importance of the Conditioning of the Chitosan Support in a Catalyst‐Containing Ionic Liquid Phase Immobilised on Chitosan: The Palladium‐Catalysed Allylation Reaction Case
Authors: Moucel Renaud , Perrigaud Katy , Goupil Jean‐Michel , Madec Pierre‐Jean , Marinel Sylvain , Guibal Eric , Gaumont Annie‐Claude , Dez Isabelle
Published: February 2010

Catalysts containing ionic liquid phase immobilised on chitosan are successfully applied to the palladium‐catalysed allylation reaction. A strong influence of the conditioning of chitosan not only on the activity and enantioselectivity but also on the recyclability and reusability of the catalyst is demonstrated.
Stereoselective Chemoenzymatic Preparation of β‐Amino Esters: Molecular Modelling Considerations in Lipase‐Mediated Processes and Application to the Synthesis of (S)‐Dapoxetine
Authors: Rodríguez‐Mata María , García‐Urdiales Eduardo , Gotor‐Fernández Vicente , Gotor Vicente
Published: February 2010

A wide range of optically active 3‐amino‐3‐arylpropanoic acid derivatives have been prepared by means of a stereoselective chemoenzymatic route. The key step is the kinetic resolution of the corresponding β‐amino esters. Although the enzymatic acylations of the amino group with ethyl methoxyacetate showed synthetically useful enantioselectivities, the hydrolyses of the ester group catalyzed by lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia have been identified as the optimal processes concerning both activity and enantioselectivity. The enantiopreference of this lipase in these reactions has been explained, at the molecular level, by using a fragment‐based approach in which the most favoured binding site for a phenyl ring and the most stable conformation of the 3‐aminopropanoate core nicely match the (S)‐configuration of the major products. The conversion and enantioselectivity values of the enzymatic reactions have been compared in order to understand the influence of the different substitution patterns present in the phenyl ring. This chemoenzymatic route has been successfully applied to the preparation of a valuable intermediate in the synthesis of (S)‐dapoxetine, which has been chemically synthesised in excellent optical purity.
Kinetic Analysis of L‐Carnosine Formation by β‐Aminopeptidases
Authors: Heck Tobias , Makam Venkata S. , Lutz Jochen , Blank Lars M. , Schmid Andreas , Seebach Dieter , Kohler Hans‐Peter E. , Geueke Birgit
Published: February 2010

The β,α‐dipeptide L‐carnosine occurs in high concentrations in long‐lived innervated mammalian tissues and is widely sold as a food additive. On a large scale L‐carnosine is produced by chemical synthesis procedures. We have established two aqueous enzymatic reaction systems for the preparation of L‐carnosine using the dissolved bacterial β‐aminopeptidases DmpA from Ochrobactrum anthropi and BapA from Sphingosinicella xenopeptidilytica as catalysts and investigated the kinetics of the enzyme‐catalyzed peptide couplings. DmpA catalyzed the formation of L‐carnosine from C‐terminally activated β‐alanine derivatives (acyl donor) and L‐histidine (acyl acceptor) in an aqueous reaction mixture at pH 10 with high catalytic rates (Vmax=19.2 μmol min−1 per mg of protein, kcat=12.9 s−1), whereas Vmax in the BapA‐catalyzed coupling reaction remained below 1.4 μmol min−1 per mg of protein (kcat=0.87 s−1). Although the equilibrium of this reaction lies on the side of the hydrolysis products, the reaction is under kinetic control and L‐carnosine temporarily accumulated to concentrations that correspond to yields of more than 50% with respect to the employed acyl donor. However, competing nucleophiles caused unwanted hydrolysis and coupling reactions that led to decreased product yield and to formation of various peptidic by‐products. The substitution of L‐histidine for L‐histidine methyl ester as acyl acceptor shifted the pKa of the amino functionality from 9.25 to 6.97, which caused a drastic reduction in the amount of coupling by‐products in an aqueous reaction system at pH 8.
Methoxycarbonylation of Aliphatic Diamines with Dimethyl Carbonate Promoted by in situ Generated Hydroxide Ion: A Mechanistic Consideration
Authors: Kim Dae Won , Huh Eun Soo , Park Sang Do , Nguyen Ly Vinh , Nguyen Mai Dao , Kim Hoon Sik , Cheong Minserk , Nguyen Dinh Quan
Published: February 2010

The methoxycarbonylation reactions of aliphatic diamines with dimethyl carbonate are accelerated greatly in the presence of water. Theoretical investigations on the mechanistic aspects of the methoxycarbonylation of 1,6‐hexanediamine strongly suggest that the hydroxide ion, generated in situ from the interaction of 1,6‐hexanediamine with water, is an active catalytic species and plays a pivotal role in the rate‐determining hydrogen abstraction step from the amino group.
Facile and Efficient Synthesis of Hydrophenanthren‐1(2H)‐ones and Naphtho[2,1‐c]furan‐3(1H)‐ones by a Palladium‐Catalyzed Aryne Annulation Strategy
Authors: Huang Xian , Sha Feng , Tong Jiawei
Published: February 2010

Novel palladium‐catalyzed carboannulation reactions of arynes with functionalized vinyl iodides are reported. By applying allyl‐substituted iodocycloenones and iodofuranones, a series of hydrophenanthren‐1(2H)‐ones and naphtho[2,1‐c]furan‐3(1H)‐ones were efficiently constructed in one pot under mild conditions.
Highly Linear‐Selective Hydroformylation of 1‐Alkenes using Formaldehyde as a Syngas Substitute
Authors: Makado Gouki , Morimoto Tsumoru , Sugimoto Yasuko , Tsutsumi Ken , Kagawa Natsuko , Kakiuchi Kiyomi
Published: February 2010

A highly linear‐selective hydroformylation of 1‐alkenes using formaldehyde without the direct use of syngas is described. One rhodium(I) complex catalyzes two processes in the overall hydroformylation of 1‐alkenes using formaldehyde as the syngas substitute to give hydroformylated aldehydes with excellent regioselectivities. A high regioselectivity (linear/branched=up to 98/2) and chemical yield (up to 95%) can be achieved by the simultaneous use of two types of phosphanes as ligands.
Highly Efficient Copper‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Internal Alkynes via Aerobic Oxidative Arylation of Terminal Alkynes
Authors: Rao Honghua , Fu Hua , Jiang Yuyang , Zhao Yufen
Published: February 2010

We have developed a novel and highly efficient, copper‐catalyzed synthesis of internal alkynes via oxidative couplings of aromatic boronic acids with terminal alkynes at room temperature. The protocol uses inexpensive copper(I) oxide [Cu2O] as the catalyst, oxygen in the air as the stoichiometric oxidant; no ligand and sealed reaction vessels are required, and remarkable functional group tolerability is observed with coupling occurring.
Diastereoselective Hydrogenation of Substituted Quinolines to Enantiomerically Pure Decahydroquinolines
Authors: Heitbaum Maja , Fröhlich Roland , Glorius Frank
Published: February 2010

The stereoselective hydrogenation of auxiliary‐substituted quinolines was used to build up saturated and partially saturated heterocycles. In a first step, the formation and diastereoselective hydrogenation of 2‐oxazolidinone‐substituted quinolines to 5,6,7,8‐tetrahydroquinolines is reported. In this unprecedented process, stereocenters on the carbocyclic quinoline ring were formed with a dr of up to 89:11. Platinum oxide as a catalyst and trifluoroacetic acid as a solvent were found to be optimal for high levels of chemo‐ and stereoselectivity in this step. In a second hydrogenation step, the completely saturated decahydroquinolines with 4 newly formed stereocenters were obtained with enantioselectivities of up to 99%. Rhodium on carbon as a catalyst and acetic acid as a solvent gave the best results for this hydrogenation and allowed a traceless cleavage of the chiral auxiliary. Thus, this new method allows an efficient stereoselective synthesis of valuable 5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro‐ and decahydroquinoline products.
Copper‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation of Racemic Cyclic Substrates: Application of Dynamic Kinetic Asymmetric Transformation (DYKAT)
Authors: Langlois Jean‐Baptiste , Alexakis Alexandre
Published: February 2010

The copper‐catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation (AAA) is of great interest in organic synthesis. This reaction was extensively studied using a broad range of substrates, ligands and organometallic reagents. However, the use of racemic substrates was still limited. Although some processes of kinetic resolution are reported in the literature, no examples of quantitative deracemization are described as is the case for the Pd‐catalyzed allylic alkylation. We present here a full account of our investigations through the development of the first example of such a process in copper‐catalyzed AAA. High enantioselectivities (up to 99% ee), scope of the reaction and mechanistic considerations are reported herein.
The Substrate Spectra of Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate Reductase, Morphinone Reductase, N‐Ethylmaleimide Reductase and Estrogen‐Binding Protein in the Asymmetric Bioreduction of Activated Alkenes
Authors: Mueller Nicole J. , Stueckler Clemens , Hauer Bernhard , Baudendistel Nina , Housden Hazel , Bruce Neil C. , Faber Kurt
Published: February 2010

Four flavoproteins from the old yellow enzyme (OYE) family, pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETNR) reductase, N‐ethylmaleimide reductase (NEMR), morphinone reductase (MorR) and estrogen‐binding protein (EBP1), exhibited a broad substrate tolerance by accepting conjugated enals, enones, imides, dicarboxylic acids and esters, as well as a nitroalkene and therefore can be employed for the asymmetric bioreduction of carbon‐carbon double (CC) bonds. In particular, morphinone reductase and estrogen‐binding protein often showed a complementary stereochemical preference in comparison to that of previously investigated OYEs.
Gold‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Alkyne Cycloisomerization Cascade: Direct Synthesis of Aryl‐Annulated[a]carbazoles from Aniline‐Substituted Diethynylarenes
Authors: Hirano Kimio , Inaba Yusuke , Watanabe Toshiaki , Oishi Shinya , Fujii Nobutaka , Ohno Hiroaki
Published: February 2010

Aniline‐substituted diethynylarenes, which are readily synthesized through Sonogashira coupling reactions from commercially available 1,2‐dihaloarenes, directly produce aryl‐ and heteroaryl‐annulated[a]carbazoles by the gold‐catalyzed intramolecular cascade hydroamination/cycloisomerization without producing theoretical by‐products. This new atom‐economical route is easily applicable to various aryl‐annulated[a]carbazoles containing an alkyl, aryl or ester substituent.
Frequency response analysis of slot coating
Authors: Tsuda Takeaki , de Santos Juan M. , Scriven L. E.
Published: February 2010

Frequency responses to the slot die coating process is analyzed using empirical modal analysis to predict the effects of periodic process disturbances such as gap oscillation and variations in vacuum pressure, web velocity, and flow rate. A type of empirical modal analysis known as an experimental modal approach was used, and an oscillator basis model was assumed by using a linearized governing equation, and the coefficient of the basis model was determined by curve‐fitting. By completing the process, we were able to decompose each mode, during which process it was found that the modes are of two types: a squeeze mode related to viscous characteristics and sinuous modes that are identical to capillary waves. Observation of the meniscus shapes of each mode revealed, in the third mode near the lip edge, significant fluctuations that can induce other coating defects. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Macaques in farms and folklore: exploring the human–nonhuman primate interface in Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Riley Erin P. , Priston Nancy E. C.
Published: February 2010

The island of Sulawesi is an ecologically diverse and anthropogenically complex region in the Indonesian archipelago; it is home to multiple macaque species and a key locus of human–nonhuman primate interconnections. Here, we review the ethnoprimatology of Sulawesi by exploring two primary domains of the human–macaque interface: overlapping resource use and cultural perceptions of macaques. Crop raiding is the primary form of overlapping resource use. While the raiding of cacao plantations predominates in Central and South Sulawesi, subsistence crops (e.g., sweet potato and maize) are most vulnerable on Buton, Southeast Sulawesi. Despite this overlap levels of conflict are generally low, with farmers showing considerable tolerance. This tolerance can be explained by positive perceptions of the macaques despite their crop raiding behavior, and the finding that in some areas macaques figure prominently in local folklore, hence affording them protection. These findings provide some hope for the future management and conservation of these endemic macaques. Am. J. Primatol. 72:848–854, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fecal bacterial diversity of human‐habituated wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) at Mahale Mountains National Park, Western Tanzania
Authors: Szekely Brian A. , Singh Jatinder , Marsh Terence L. , Hagedorn Charles , Werre Stephen R. , Kaur Taranjit
Published: February 2010

Although the intestinal flora of chimpanzees has not been studied, insight into this dynamic environment can be obtained through studies on their feces. We analyzed fecal samples from human‐habituated, wild chimpanzees at Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania, and compared microbial community profiles to determine if members of the same social group were similar. Between July and December 2007, we collected fresh fecal samples from 12 individuals: four juveniles, four adolescents, and four adults, including three parent–offspring pairs. Each sample was analyzed using Terminal‐Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism of amplified 16S rRNA genes. Twelve different profiles were generated, having between 1 and 15 Terminal‐Restriction Fragments (T‐RFs). Overall, a total of 23 different T‐RFs were produced. Putative assignments of T‐RFs corresponded to the phyla Firmicutes (Clostridia, Bacilli, and Lactobacilli), Bacteroidetes, Tenericutes (Mollicutes Class), Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria, as well as to uncultured or unidentified organisms. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phyla and Mollicutes Class were the most commonly assigned in 11, 8, and 8 of the samples, respectively, with this being the first report of Mollicutes in wild chimpanzees. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) revealed clustering of nine samples, and 80.5% of the diversity was accounted for by three samples. Morisita indices of community similarity ranged between 0.00 and 0.89, with dissimiliarity (<0.5) between most samples when compared two at a time. Our findings suggest that, although phylotypes are common among individuals, profiles among members of the same social group are host‐specific. We conclude that factors other than social group, such as kinship and age, may influence fecal bacterial profiles of wild chimpanzees, and recommend that additional studies be conducted. Am. J. Primatol. 72:566–574, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The outbursts of classical and recurrent novae
Authors: Bode M.F.
Published: February 2010

In this review, I present our current state of knowledge regarding both Classical Nova and Recurrent Nova systems. Two particular objects (V1974 Cyg and RS Oph) are chosen to illustrate the range of phenomena that may be associated with their outbursts. The wider importance of nova research is emphasised and some of the most pressing unsolved problems are summarised (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
X‐ray observations of classical novae: Theoretical implications
Authors: Hernanz M. , Sala G.
Published: February 2010

Detection of X‐rays from classical novae, both in outburst and post‐outburst, provides unique and crucial information about the explosion mechanism. Soft X‐rays reveal the hot white dwarf photosphere, whenever hydrogen (H) nuclear burning is still on and expanding envelope is transparent enough, whereas harder X‐rays give information about the ejecta and/or the accretion flow in the reborn cataclysmic variable. The duration of the supersoft X‐ray emission phase is related to the turn‐off of the classical nova, i.e., of the H‐burning on top of the white dwarf core. A review of X‐ray observations is presented, with a special emphasis on the implications for the duration of post‐outburst steady H‐burning and its theoretical explanation. The particular case of recurrent novae (both the “standard” objects and the recently discovered ones) will also be reviewed, in terms of theoretical feasibility of short recurrence periods, as well as regarding implications for scenarios of type Ia supernovae (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Beginning of the super‐soft phase of the classical nova V2491 Cygni
Authors: Takei D. , Ness J.‐U.
Published: February 2010

We present the results of soft X‐ray studies of the classical nova V2491 Cygni using the Suzaku observatory. On day 29 after outburst, a soft X‐ray component with a peak at ∼0.5 keV has appeared, which is tantalising evidence for the beginning of the super‐soft X‐ray emission phase. We show that an absorbed blackbody model can describe the observed spectra, yielding a temperature of 57 eV, neutral hydrogen column density of 2 × 1021 cm–2, and a bolometric luminosity of ∼1036 erg s–1. However, at the same time, we also found a good fit with an absorbed thin‐thermal plasma model, yielding a temperature of 0.1 keV, neutral hydrogen column density of 4 × 1021 cm–2, and a volume emission measure of ∼1058 cm–3. Owing to low spectral resolution and low signal‐to‐noise ratio below 0.6 keV, the statistical parameter uncertainties are large, but the ambiguity of the two very different models demonstrates that the systematic errors are the main point of concern. The thin‐thermal plasma model implies that the soft emission originates from optically thin ejecta, while the blackbody model suggests that we are seeing optically thick emission from the white dwarf (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
X‐ray emission from optical novae in M 31
Authors: Pietsch W.
Published: February 2010

The first supersoft source (SSS) identification with an optical nova in M 31 was based on ROSAT observations. Twenty additional X‐ray counterparts (mostly identified as SSS by their hardness ratios) were detected using archival ROSAT, XMM‐Newton and Chandra observations obtained before July 2002. Based on these results optical novae seem to constitute the major class of SSS in M 31. An analysis of archival Chandra HRC‐I and ACIS‐I observations obtained from July 2004 to February 2005 demonstrated that M 31 nova SSS states lasted from months to about 10 years. Several novae showed short X‐ray outbursts starting within 50 d after the optical outburst and lasting only two to three months. The fraction of novae detected in soft X‐rays within a year after the optical outburst was more than 30%. Ongoing optical nova monitoring programs, optical spectral follow‐up and an up‐to‐date nova catalogue are essential for the X‐ray work. Re‐analysis of archival nova data to improve positions and find additional nova candidates are urgently needed for secure recurrent nova identifications. Dedicated XMM‐Newton/Chandra monitoring programs for X‐ray emission from optical novae covering the centre area of M 31 continue to provide interesting new results (e.g. coherent 1105 s pulsations in the SSS counterpart of nova M31N 2007‐12b). The SSS light curves of novae allow us – together with optical information – to estimate the mass of the white dwarf, of the ejecta and the burned mass in the outburst. Observations of the central area of M 31 allow us – in contrast to observations in the Galaxy – to monitor many novae simultaneously and proved to be prone to find many interesting SSS and nova types (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical spectroscopy of novae in M 31
Authors: Mille F. Di , Orio M. , Ciroi S. , Bianchini A. , Rafanelli P. , Nelson T.
Published: February 2010

We report results of a spectrophotometric survey of novae in M 31. The observations were carried out using the TNG at La Palma and the 1.82 m telescope of the INAF/OAPD at Asiago observatory. Low resolution spectra of the novae, obtained mainly in the early decline phase, allow us to classify the objects following the Tololo scheme (Williams 1992) (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
V5116 Sgr: A disc‐ecipsed SSS post‐outburst nova?
Authors: Sala G. , Hernanz M. , Ferri C. , Greiner J.
Published: February 2010

Nova V5116 Sgr 2005 No. 2, discovered on 2005 July 4, was observed with XMM‐Newton in March 2007, 20 months after the optical outburst. The X‐ray spectrum showed that the nova had evolved to a pure supersoft X‐ray source, indicative of residual H‐burning on top of the white dwarf. The X‐ray light‐curve shows abrupt decreases and increases of the flux by a factor 8 with a periodicity of 2.97 h, consistent with the possible orbital period of the system. The EPIC spectra are well fit with an ONe white dwarf atmosphere model, with the same temperature both in the low and the high flux periods. This rules out an intrinsic variation of the X‐ray source as the origin of the flux changes, and points to a possible partial eclipse as the origin of the variable light curve. The RGS high resolution spectra support this scenario showing a number of emission features in the low flux state, which either disappear or change into absorption features in the high flux state. A new XMM‐Newton observation in March 2009 shows the SSS had turned off and V51 16 Sgr had evolved into a weaker and harder X‐ray source (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Supersoft X‐ray sources and the progenitors of Type Ia supernovae
Authors: Podsiadlowski Ph.
Published: February 2010

Supersoft X‐ray sources have been proposed as one of the major channels to produce Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia). However, the true nature of the progenitors has remained an unsolved problem. In this review I summarize the present status of our understanding of SN Ia progenitors, the main classes of progenitor models and recent observational constraints. At present, neither the single‐degenerate nor the double‐degenerate model can be ruled out, and indeed more than one channel may be required to explain the observed SN Ia diversity. Finally, I discuss the origin of the lightcurve peak – lightcurve width relation (the ‘Phillips relation’) and show that it is expected to depend on metallicity; this needs to be taken into account in high‐precision cosmological applications (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The outburst properties of AM CVn stars
Authors: Kotko I. , Lasota J.‐P. , Dubus G.
Published: February 2010

We briefly summarise the observational properties of ultra‐compact binaries called AM CVn stars. We analyse their outbursts originating from the thermal‐viscous instability in helium accretion disc. We present our preliminary results in applying the model of Dwarf Novae outbursts to helium discs. We can calculate models of outbursts of reasonable amplitude of 2 mag with a constant α parameter throughout the calculation. Setting the mass transfer rate close to its upper critical value produces model lightcurves that resemble short superoutbursts (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Supersoft X‐ray sources
Authors: Haberl F.
Published: February 2010

The workshop “Supersoft X‐ray Sources – New Developments” brought together observers and theoretician to discuss the present status and unsolved problems of supersoft source research. A large part of the workshop was devoted to optical novae and their supersoft state. Large samples of supersoft X‐ray sources were presented from nearby galaxies, as well as extensive monitoring campaigns ofbright individual sources. The theoretical modelling oflight curves and high‐resolution X‐ray spectra are well underway, but details are often not yet understood (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)