bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Machaeridians from the Lower Silurian (Llandovery, Telychian) of Shropshire, England
Authors: McCobb Lucy M. E. , Bassett Michael G.
Published: August 2016

Machaeridians are marine Palaeozoic fossils, known from sediments of early Ordovician to mid Permian age (Bengtson, 1978; Cooper and Grant, 1972; Kaasa, 1992). Rare, completely articulated specimens reveal that they were long, slender, bilaterally symmetrical animals, covered by a dorsal scleritome comprising longitudinally arranged series of calcite sclerites (e.g., Adrain et al., 1991; Högström and Taylor, 2001a, 2001b). However, most known machaeridians, including those described in this paper, comprise isolated disarticulated sclerites. Until recently, the taxonomic affinities of the group were uncertain, and historically they were assigned to a number of different phyla (e.g., see Adrain, 1992). However, the recent account of an exceptionally preserved specimen with soft tissue anatomy, from the Lower Fezouata Formation (Lower Ordovician, Tremadocian) of Morocco, now indicates that machaeridians were annelid worms (Vinther et al., 2008).
Bicarinellata a new name for Bicarinella Rode, Lieberman, and Rowell, 2003 (Arthopoda, Bradoriida) preoccupied by Bicarinella Waterhouse, 1966 (Mollusca, Gastropoda) and Bicarinella Akopyan, 1976 (Mollusca, Gastropoda)
Authors: Stigall Alycia L.
Published: August 2016

The genus Bicarinella Rode et al., 2003 was erected for a new hipponicharionid bradoriid species described from the early Cambrian of East Antarctica, characterized by a subtriangular carapace with prominent anterior and posterior lobes developed as two distinctive, sharp ridges (bi = two, carina = ridges). Unfortunately, the name Bicarinella is preoccupied by two different gastropod genera: Bicarinella Waterhouse 1966, a Permian gastropod from New Zealand and Australia, and Bicarinella Akopyan 1976, a gastropod from Late Cretaceous strata of Armenia, Serbia, Romania, Tajikistan, and Egypt (Mennessier, 1994; Banjac, 1998; Pana, 1998). Mennessier (1994) transferred Bicarinella Akopyan, 1976 from its original status as an independent taxon to a subgenus of Pseudomesalia Douvillé 1916, but subsequent workers have continued to consider Bicarinella a valid genus (Pena, 1998; Banjac, 1998). Due to the preoccupation, the bradoriid genus is herein renamed in accordance with the requirement of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1999, article 60). It is also noted here that the one of the two distinct gastropod genera should be renamed. The name Bicarinellata (bi = two, carina = ridges) is proposed as a replacement name for Bicarinella Rode et al., 2003. This name retains the original prefixes to preserve taxonomic stability as much as possible. The type species of Bicarinellata is B. evansi by original designation (Rode et al., 2003).
Taxonomy and biostratigraphy of the Late AlbianActinoceramus sulcatuslineage (Early Cretaceous Bivalvia, Inoceramidae)
Authors: Crampton James S. , Gale Andy S.
Published: August 2016

TheActinoceramus sulcatuslineage (Parkinson, 1819) (Bivalvia: Inoceramidae) is a very distinctive and abundant component of late Albian (Early Cretaceous) molluscan assemblages that is found throughout Europe, Central Asia, Japan and the Far East of Russia, southern and western North America, South Africa, and possibly India, in a range of shallow- to deep-marine facies. The lineage encompasses a wide and continuous range of morphologies that provide evidence of phyletic evolution at varying rates combined with large ecophenotypic plasticity within populations. The evolution ofA. sulcatusmarks the oldest appearance of well-developed radial folds and sulci within the Inoceramidae. The range of morphological variation makes formal taxonomic subdivision of the group problematic. Here we use a combination of formal successional subspecies and informal morphotypes to subdivide the lineage into the following taxa:A. sulcatusformasulcatus, A. sulcatusformasubsulcatus(Wiltshire, 1869),A. sulcatusformamunsoni(Cragin, 1894), andA. sulcatus biometricusCrampton, 1996. Within these taxa and morphotypes, we synonymise a large number of earlier names that have been applied to variants within the lineage. Each of the forms recognized has biostratigraphic utility and we describe four new lineage biozones, in ascending order:A. concentricus parabolicus, A. sulcatus, A. sulcatusformamunsoni, andA. sulcatus biometricusbiozones. The lowest occurrence ofA. sulcatusis approximately coincident with the base of the upper Albian as currently defined, at least throughout most of Europe, and this datum provides a valuable tool in correlation. The nature of radial folds within theA. sulcatuslineage poses interesting but still unanswered questions regarding shell morphogenesis in bivalves and the functional significance (if any) of radial folds in the Inoceramidae.
Mojoceratops perifania, a new chasmosaurine ceratopsid from the late Campanian of Western Canada
Authors: Longrich Nicholas R.
Published: August 2016

A new genus of long-horned chasmosaurine ceratopsid is described from the Dinosaur Park Formation (upper Campanian) of Western Canada. Mojoceratops perifania is represented by a skull and a parietal from the Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta and an isolated parietal from the Dinosaur Park Formation of Saskatchewan. Several other specimens are provisionally referred to this taxon. While Mojoceratops shares many plesiomorphies with Chasmosaurus, the animal lacks the forward-curving parietal epoccipitals and reduced postorbital horns that diagnose the genus Chasmosaurus, and it differs from all other chasmosaurines in exhibiting a prominent sulcus on the anterior margin of the parietal, swellings on the anterodorsal surface of the parietal rami, and a small accessory process on the first parietal epoccipital. Other unusual features include anteriorly extended parietal fenestrae, a broad, heart-shaped frill, and transverse expansion of the postfrontal fontanelle. The type material of “Eoceratops canadensis” and “Chasmosaurus kaiseni” are nondiagnostic and these names are therefore considered nomina dubia, but their morphology is consistent with Mojoceratops and they probably belong to this genus. The frill of Mojoceratops shows marked variation. Some of this variation probably results from intraspecific variation or ontogenetic changes, but because the Dinosaur Park Formation encompasses more than a million years of time, evolution may explain some of these differences. Phylogenetic analysis shows that Mojoceratops forms a clade with Agujaceratops mariscalensis; Chasmosaurus is the most basal member of Chasmosaurinae.
Phytochemicals in animal health: diet selection and trade-offs between costs and benefits
Authors: Villalba Juan J. , Costes-Thiré Morgane , Ginane Cécile
Published: August 2016

Many plant tissues contain plant secondary compounds (PSC), which have long been recognised as defensive chemicals that deter herbivory via their toxic effects. However, herbivores may also benefit from including PSC into their diets. Plant-derived phenolics, terpenes and alkaloids have antiparasitic properties and sesquiterpene lactones have antibacterial, antifungal and antiparasitic properties. These actions are in part a consequence of the negative actions that PSC exert across several trophic levels, including the bacteria, parasites and fungi that inhabit herbivores’ bodies. Given the dual action, toxin and medicine, it is possible to hypothesise that self-selection of PSC by herbivores should occur when the benefits outweigh the costs of PSC ingestion. Recent research suggests that sheep and goats self-medicate against parasitic infections. They increase preference for condensed tannin-containing foods when experiencing a parasitic burden. This behaviour improves health; it is triggered by parasitism and weakens when parasitism subsides. However, the causes underlying these responses are not straightforward when viewed under a unidimensional cost–benefit analysis. This is because the intensity of antinutritional/toxic and medicinal effects of PSC is not static or just dependent upon the isolated post-ingestive effects of single PSC. Nutrient–PSC and PSC–PSC interactions, social models, as well as feeding patterns, all influence the perceived net benefit of incorporating medicines into a diet. A better understanding of the net benefit of self-medication in complex feeding environments will allow for the development of innovative managing strategies aimed at providing the food alternatives and conditions for improving the nutrition, health and welfare of grazing animals.
Art. I.—Description of the various Classes of Vessels constructed and employed by the Natives of the Coasts of Coromandel, Malabar, and the Island of Ceylon, for their Coasting Navigation
Authors: Edye John
Published: August 2016

The following Paper having been referred by the Council of the Royal Asiatic Society to Sir John Malcolm, for his opinion as to its eligibility for insertion in the Printed Transactions of the Society, was returned by that distinguished and lamented individual, with a Letter of which a copy is subjoined, and which will be found to point out, in a very satisfactory manner, the practical value of Mr. Edye's communication.
Art. XII.—Biographical Sketch of the late Captain James McMurdo
Authors: Bird James
Published: August 2016

In presenting to the Royal Asiatic Society the late Captain McMurdo's account of Sindh, embracing the government, productions, and commerce of that country, with the customs and manners of its people, I am entrusted with the pleasing duty of briefly sketching the biography of its estimable author, and of stating in what manner I obtained authority for publishing the statistical information here communicated.
Art. XIII.—Biographical Sketch of M. Alexander Csoma Körösi, the Hungarian Traveller; extracted from a Letter addressed by that Gentleman to Capt. C. P. Kennedy, of the Hon. East-India Company's Service, Assistant to the Political Resident at Dehlí, &c.
Authors: Körösi Alexander Csoma
Published: August 2016

I am a native of the Siculian nation (a tribe of those Hungarians who settled in ancient Dacia in the 4th century of the Christian era), in the great principality of Transylvania, subject to his Imperial Majesty the Emperor of Austria.
Art. II.—Observations on Atmospheric Influence, chiefly in reference to the Climate and Diseases of Eastern Regions, in Five Parts
Authors: Ainslie W.
Published: August 2016

“Aer quoque ipse, qui purus sacram vitæ flammam alit, impurus factus, eandem statim extinguere potest, vel multis vaporibus onustus, aut novicis quibusdam effiuviis corruptus, ingentem morborum cohortem inducere.”— Medicinœ Gregorii Conspectus.

“To understand man, therefore, we must know wherefore it is that air is needful for his support: so to understand air, we must trace its relations to human life.”—Pascal.
Art. III.—An Account of the Batta Race in Sumatra
Authors: Low James
Published: August 2016

The following description of the appearance and customs of the Battas in the island of Pulo Percha, or Sumatra, has been drawn from authentic sources, and may perhaps prove acceptable to the Society.

The features of the Batta tribes are particularized by an uncommonly straight mouth. They are not very regular, but their expression is rather pleasing than otherwise. This last may gain too in the contrast it presents to the idea previously formed in the mind of an observer, of a savage—a devourer of his own species.
Art. VII.—An Abstract of Muhammedan Law
Authors: Kennedy Vans
Published: August 2016

The Muhammedan law is divisible into two parts perfectly distinct— the religious and the municipal. On the first numerous works have been written, and it must therefore seem singular that the latter has never, as far as I am aware, attracted attention; for the real nature of the state of society, and of the government in Muhammedan countries, can never be clearly understood, unless both the religious and the municipal law are taken into consideration. To supply, therefore, this defect, is the intention of the following pages; and sensible as I am of the very imperfect manner in which it has been executed, I can only trust, that any information on a subject not before discussed will prove acceptable to the Society.
Art. IX.—Historical Sketch of the Kingdom of Pándya, Southern Peninsula of India
Authors: Wilson Horace Hayman
Published: August 2016

The following sketch of the history of the principality of Pándya, one of the earliest political divisions of southern India, was compiled several years ago, from documents contained in the manuscript collections of the late Colonel Mackenzie. It was prepared before the completion and publication of my catalogue of those collections, and it was my intention to have revised it at some future period, with the assistance of such further materials as a more thorough examination, of its authorities might have supplied. At the same time, I commenced similar epitomes of the history of the other chief states of the Peninsula, purposing in like manner to give them the benefit of future revision and comparison with additional sources of information. Time, however, passes away, and I have not had any opportunity of carrying my intentions into execution. When such an occasion may offer is still uncertain, and I have thought, therefore, that it may not be unacceptable to the Royal Asiatic Society to be put at once in possession of what I have effected, at least as far as relates to the kindom of Pándya. From my subsequent investigation of the Mackenzie Collection, I do not expect that any material accession to our knowledge of the remote condition of the Pándya kingdom will be derived from it; but, at any rate, so much as is here supplied will, in the mean time, contribute to throw some light upon a dark period of Pándya history, and may pave the way for its more complete and more successful elucidation.
Art. XVIII. — Observations on some Ancient Indian Coins in the Cabinet of the Royal Asiatic Society
Authors: Wilson
Published: August 2016

Having found in the cabinet of the Society several of the coins which have lately been the subject of so much interesting and intelligent research in India, I have selected the accompanying for publication in the Society's Journal; for, although of themselves, and in my hands, they may not add much that is of importance to our knowledge of their origin, yet, as they are in a tolerably perfect condition, they may contribute, by a comparison with others of the same class instituted by the talented individuals who are engaged in the inquiry, to facilitate the deciphering of the legends which they offer, to determine their affinities, and to ascertain their history.
Art. XIX.—Supplementary Note to the Historical Sketch of the Kingdom of Pandya
Authors: Wilson H. H
Published: August 2016

Shortly after the paper which the Royal Asiatic Society has thought worthy of a place in the present Number of the Journal, the Historical Sketch of the Kingdom of Pandya, was printed, I procured a copy of a valuable work recently transmitted to England from Madras, “Oriental Historical Manuscripts in the Tamil Language; translated, with Annotations, by William Taylor, Missionary.” The most important of the manuscripts, now first published by Mr. Taylor, relate to the subject of my Sketch, and constitute materials highly essential to the elucidation of Pandyan history. The chief of them, the “Madura Sthala Purana,” is clearly the same as one of my authorities, the “Madura Purana;” and it seems likely that the “Pandion Chronicle,” and the “History of the Karnata Governors of Madura,” which are also amongst Mr. Taylor's translations, may be identifiable with documents in the “Mackenzie Collection,” of which I have made use.
Art. I.—Hindú Inscriptions
Authors: Elliot Walter
Published: August 2016

I beg to present to the Society two MS. volumes, containing copies of 595 Inscriptions, collected, during a period of eight years, in the southern Mahratta country, or the district of Dharwar; in the western part of the Nizam's territories; in the northern district of Mysore; and from the province of Sunda, comprised in the Mangalore collectorate.
Art. V.—Remarks on the Origin and History of the Parawas
Authors: Chitty Simon Casie
Published: August 2016

In the classification of the Tamil castes, the Parawas rank first among the tribes of fishermen, and they are generally allowed to have been the earliest navigators in the Indian Ocean, like the Phœnicians in the Mediterranean. They are described in the Tamil dictionary, entitled Nigundu Súlamaní, under the head of Neythanílémakkal, or inhabitants of the sea-coast. In Sanscrit they are called Parasavas, or Nishadas, and in Tamil, Parathar, Parathavar, and Paravar. The author of the Historia Ecclesiastica (published in Tamil, at Tranquebar, in the year 1735), identifies them with the Parvaim of the Scriptures, and adds, that in the time of Solomon they were famous among those who made voyages by sea; but it does not appear that there is any solid foundation for this hypothesis.
Art. XV.—Note on the Saltness of the Red Sea
Authors: Malcolmson J. G.
Published: August 2016

In the Asiatic Society Journal for September 1835, Mr. Prinsep, the distinguished Editor of that invaluable publication, has given the result of the examination of two bottles of sea-water; one from the Indian Ocean, the other from the Red Sea. The officers of the Hugh Lindsay steamer having reported that, in consequence of the greater saltness of the Red Sea than of the Ocean, it was necessary “to blow-off much more frequently while in that part of the voyage,” Lieut. Burnes had, therefore, brought to India a bottle of the water of the Ocean, and of the Red Sea, which were found to have (at the temperature of 86°), a specific gravity of 1·0254 and 1·0258 respectively; too small a difference to cause any sensible effect in blowing-off. But as lime might exist in greater quantity in the inland sea, the analysis was principally directed to ascertain the proportions of sulphuric acid and lime, the precipitation of which is the cause of the necessity of blowing-off.
Art. XXIII.—A Dissertation on the Antiquity of the Armenian Language
Authors: Aganoon Arratoon Isaac
Published: August 2016

From all that is preserved in the Holy Scriptures, and in those ancient histories which treat of the subject now under discussion, we are justified in assuming, that from the days of Adam till the time of Noah, and subsequently till the confusion of languages at Babel, “the whole earth was of one language and of one speech.”— Genesis xi. 1. The question, therefore, resolves itself simply into this: Was the confusion of tongues which took place at Babel confined to those who were engaged on that great work of impiety and rebellion in the plains of Shinar, or was the punishment inflicted on the innocent as well as on the guilty, so as to affect Noah and those of his descendants who remained with the venerable patriarch in Armenia? For if it be acknowledged that the language of Noah remained unchanged, I hope to be able to prove satisfactorily, that that language was the Armenian.
Art. XXV.—Narrative of Gaikwár Affairs
Authors: Duncan Jonathan
Published: August 2016

The Society is indebted to Sir Charles Forbes, Bart., for the following interesting Narrative. It has been selected from a voluminous collection of the MSS. of the late Governor Duncan, which have been kindly entrusted to the care and inspection of the Editor, and of which a great portion, will, he trusts, from time to time, appear in this Journal. Some additional interest may perhaps attach to this narrative, from its correspondence with what has lately appeared relative to the Gaikwár affairs in the able and valuable “Dispatches of the Marquess Wellesley,” compiled by Mr. Montgomery Martin.
Note on the Communication of J. R. Steuart, Esq., (page 273,)
Authors: Wilson
Published: August 2016

Some of the coins of which Mr. Steuart possesses so extensive a collection, and of which he has favoured the Society with such full and valuable illustrations, have from time to time found their way to Calcutta, and been noticed and delineated by Mr. James Prinsep in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Knowing the active interest which that gentleman has displayed in the investigation of the different important numismatic discoveries recently made in India, and anticipating from his singular talent for deciphering novel forms of Indian characters, the possibility of his finding the key of those which occur on Mr. Steuart's coins, I requested Captain Harkness to transmit to Mr. Prinsep a copy of the engravings now published. The advantages expected from this communication have been more than realized, as the characters have been deciphered and the inscriptions satisfactorily read. The May number of the Bengal Journal just received, contains an interesting account of Mr. Prinsep's success, and repeats the legends of Mr. Steuart's plate arranged in the order in which each is to be read, differing chiefly in this respect from the plate, in transferring to the head of the line the two or three letters which there stand at the end of it.
Art. VIII.—Account of the Foe Kúe Ki, or Travels of Fa Hian in India
Authors: Wilson H. H.
Published: August 2016

To all those who take an interest in the early condition of India, and who are anxious to see that obscurity which hangs over the periods of its history prior to the Mohammedan invasion, dissipated, in however partial a degree, some most acceptable glimmerings of light have been presented in a recent continental publication. This work is derived from Chinese literature, and has been made accessible to European readers, by the talents and industry of some of the most eminent of those who have rendered Paris illustrious as a school for the cultivation of the language and literature of China. In the course of last year, a book, which was announced some years ago, but was suspended by the lamented death of its distinguished translator, the late M. Remusat, and again interrupted by the demise of another celebrated Orientalist, M. Klaproth, who had undertaken to continue it, was brought to a completion, and published by M. Landresse. It is entitled the “Foe Kúe Ki,” or “Relation des Royaumes Buddhiques,” and is an account given of his travels by Shi Fa Hian, a Buddhist priest and pilgrim, who went upon a pilgrimage to the chief seats of the Buddhist religion in India, at the close of the fourth century of our aera. Shi Fa Hian, or simply Fa Hian, a name which signifies, according to M. Remusat, “Manifestation de la Loi de Sakya,” or “Manifestation de la Loi,” quitted China with this purpose in the year of our Lord 399. He was six years on his route to Central India, including of course a residence, more or less protracted, at various places on the way; he spent six years in India, and was three years on his return, arriving in China a.d. 415. The accounts which he gives are such as might be expected from his religious character, and, to say the truth, are somewhat meagre, relating almost exclusively to the condition in which the religion of Buddha existed at the different places which he visited. Such as they are, however, they are exceedingly curious and instructive, even in this limited view, and exhibit a picture of the state of Buddhism in India, flourishing in some situations and declining in others, which, although we were not wholly unprepared to expect, yet we were hitherto without any accurate means of appreciating. Besides, however, their especial subservience to an authentic history of the religion of Buddha, the travels of Fa Hian are of great value, as offering living testimony of the geographical and political divisions of India at an early date, and one at which we have no other guide on whom we can rely. I have, therefore, thought that a summary review of the principal subjects which are described in the Chinese traveller's journal might not be unacceptable to the Society.
Minute by M. Bernier upon the Establishment of Trade in the Indies, dated 10th March, 1668
Authors: Morison Theodore
Published: August 2016

In 1668 Francis Bernier was on his way back to Europe after a residence of eight years at the Court of the Great Mughal. At Surat he met M. Carron, who had been sent by Colbert, the great Finance Minister of Louis XIV, to lay the foundations of trade between France and India on behalf of the French East India Company (la Compagnie des Indes Orientales) which had been founded in 1664. It was at Carron's request that Bernier wrote the Memoir which is here published in an English translation.
The First and Second Crusades from an Anonymous Syriac Chronicle
Authors: Tritton A. S. , Gibb H. A. R.
Published: August 2016

In 1443 Zangi advanced with, his army to the neighbourhood of Edessa and besieged a fort to the east of the town which the Franks had surprised from an Arab, Mani' son of ‘utair. Zangi took the fort of Shann, marched close to Edessa, sent an ambassador to the townsmen, and said that he did not wish to fight the Franks but to be at peace with them. They sent him gifts and presents from the town, food and drink, and he passed on to Aleppo.
A Further Arabic-Latin Writing on Music
Authors: Farmer Henry George
Published: August 2016

Besides De scientiis, there is another treatise attributed to Al-Fārābī known in Latin which contains references to music. This is De ortu scientiarum. At the same time it must be pointed out that, unlike De scientiis, we do not possess irrefutable proof of authorship, as we shall see. In its Latin dress, however, it appears to have been widely disseminated throughout the great culture centres of Medieval Europe, and for that reason it attracts more than passing interest.
The Origins of the Aryan Gods
Authors: Keith A. Berriedale
Published: August 2016

It is inevitable that efforts should constantly be made to arrive at results regarding the origin of the gods who appear in developed form in the Vedic literature and the A vesta. It is true that for many purposes inquiries of this kind are unimportant. It matters comparatively little for the understanding of the religion of a people to be able to trace its evolution, for what is essential is to know what views the worshippers of a defined period had of their gods, and these may be very different from the opinions to which they should logically have advanced. But it is always possible that a new theory of origins may cast some light on features of religion which remain obscure, and the many divine epithets of the Veda which are still unexplained encourage efforts at further elucidation. It is therefore not unsatisfactory that Professor Rudolph Otto should have worked in detail at his effort to clear up the picture of the Vedic pantheon by endeavouring to apply to it the speculations on the origin of religion which have attracted of late years considerable attention in their attractive presentation in Das Heilige and Das Gefühl des Überweltlichen.
Coins of the Īlkhānīs of Persia
Authors: Burn Richard
Published: August 2016

In 1930 the joint archæological expedition of Oxford University and the Field Museum, Chicago, examined the extensive ruins now known as Abu Sudaira, three miles south-east of the central mound at Kish. Mr. Reitlinger excavated this site at his own expense. A large city was discovered, which, although it contained no traces of Accadian culture, is of interest as being in the style of the Īlkhānī rulers of Persia and Mesopotamia. This attribution is entirely confirmed by the coins found on the site, which have been placed in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. They number altogether 100 (and some fragments), of which two are silver and the rest copper. Unfortunately they are in a bad state of preservation, and only about a third can be ascribed to definite rulers with some certainty. The earliest is (1) a small copper coin of the Khalīfas (wt. 32 grains, ·75″), but neither the mint nor the date can be read. Next in order is (2) a copper coin which Mr. Thorburn, who has examined part of the find, suggests may be a coin of the Seljūq ruler Kaiqubad (a.h. 616–634) (wt. 33 grains, ·85″), and the attribution, though not certain, is approximately correct so far as period is concerned.
Art. XII.— On the Land Tenures of the Dekkan
Authors: Sykes William H.
Published: August 2016

As an account of the tenures in the Dekkan involves the consideration of certain ancient Hindú offices, I beg to offer some preliminary observations which may possibly assist in throwing light on the former state of the country now called Mahárashtra, and its institutions. The Mahrattas do not pretend to be the aborigines; they have a tradition that they came from the north, and that they are of Rájpút origin.
Art. XVI.— Quotations in Proof of his Sketch of Buddhism
Authors: Hodgson Brian Houghton
Published: August 2016

Several distinguished Orientalists having, whilst they applauded the novelty and importance of the information conveyed by the Sketch of Buddhism, called upon me for proofs, I have been induced to prepare for publication the following translation of significant passages from the ancient books of the Saugatas, which are still extant in Nepál in the original Sanskrit. These extracts were made for me (whilst I was collecting the works in question) some years ago by Amrita Nanda Bandya, the most learned Buddhist then, or now, living in this country; they formed the materials from which chiefly I drew my sketch, and they would have been long since communicated to the public had the translator felt sufficiently confident of his powers, or sufficiently assured that enlightened Europeans could be brought to tolerate the rudis indigestaque moles of these original authorities, which, however, in the present instance, are original in a far higher and better sense than those of Csoma De Körös, or of Upham.
Tibetan Inscriptions at Žva-ẖi Lha Khaṅ
Authors: Richardson H. E.
Published: August 2016

1. I have numbered the lines in both texts for ease of reference. This inscription is undamaged except for the lower left-hand corner.
A new Parthian Inscription
Authors: Henning W. B.
Published: August 2016

The scantiness of Parthian inscribed material enhances the importance of any new find. The existence of inscriptions and drawings on the rock-walls of a gorge near Birjand (Southern Khorasan) had been known for some time; but their antiquity was not recognized until Mr. Jamal Rezai, a Persian student from Birjand, visited the gorge and took photographs, which he submitted to Dr. Sadiq Kiya, of the University of Tehran. Dr. Kiya at once correctly identified the writing as Parthian and, in company with Mr. Rezai, published the whole material, together with a preliminary reading of the inscriptions. Dr. Richard N. Frye also paid a visit to the site and reported on it briefly in the Persian literary monthly Mihr. Later some uninformed criticism, claiming modern origin of the remains, appeared in the same periodical; it was justly refuted by Dr. Kiya.
Integrating different understandings of landscape stewardship into the design of agri-environmental schemes
Authors: RAYMOND CHRISTOPHER M. , REED MARK , BIELING CLAUDIA , ROBINSON GUY M. , PLIENINGER TOBIAS
Published: August 2016

While multiple studies have identified land managers’ preferences for agri-environmental schemes (AES), few approaches exist for integrating different understandings of landscape stewardship into the design of these measures. We compared and contrasted rural land managers’ attitudes toward AES and their preferences for AES design beyond 2020 across different understandings of landscape stewardship. Forty semi-structured interviews were conducted with similar proportions of small holders, medium holders and large holders in southwest Devon, UK. Overall, respondents most frequently cited concerns related to the reduced amount of funding available for entry-level and higher-level stewardship schemes in the UK since 2008, changing funding priorities, perceived overstrict compliance and lack of support for farm succession and new entrants into farming. However, there were differences in concerns across understandings of landscape stewardship, with production respondents citing that AES do not encourage food production, whereas environmental and holistic farmers citing that AES do not support the development of a local green food culture and associated social infrastructure. These differences also emerged in preferences for AES design beyond 2020. We adapted a collaborative and coordinated approach for designing AES to account for the differing interests of land managers based on their understanding of landscape stewardship. We discuss the implications of this approach for environmental policy design in the European Union and elsewhere.
Developing Valid Measures of Emergency Management Capabilities within US Department of Veterans Affairs Hospitals
Authors: Dobalian Aram , Stein Judith A. , Radcliff Tiffany A. , Riopelle Deborah , Brewster Pete , Hagigi Farhad , Der-Martirosian Claudia
Published: August 2016

Introduction

Hospitals play a critical role in providing health care in the aftermath of disasters and emergencies. Nonetheless, while multiple tools exist to assess hospital disaster preparedness, existing instruments have not been tested adequately for validity.

Hypothesis/Problem

This study reports on the development of a preparedness assessment tool for hospitals that are part of the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA; Washington, DC USA).

Methods

The authors evaluated hospital preparedness in six “Mission Areas” (MAs: Program Management; Incident Management; Safety and Security; Resiliency and Continuity; Medical Surge; and Support to External Requirements), each composed of various observable hospital preparedness capabilities, among 140 VA Medical Centers (VAMCs). This paper reports on two successive assessments (Phase I and Phase II) to assess the MAs’ construct validity, or the degree to which component capabilities relate to one another to represent the associated domain successfully. This report describes a two-stage confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of candidate items for a comprehensive survey implemented to assess emergency preparedness in a hospital setting.

Results

The individual CFAs by MA received acceptable fit statistics with some exceptions. Some individual items did not have adequate factor loadings within their hypothesized factor (or MA) and were dropped from the analyses in order to obtain acceptable fit statistics. The Phase II modified tool was better able to assess the pre-determined MAs. For each MA, except for Resiliency and Continuity (MA 4), the CFA confirmed one latent variable. In Phase I, two sub-scales (seven and nine items in each respective sub-scale) and in Phase II, three sub-scales (eight, four, and eight items in each respective sub-scale) were confirmed for MA 4. The MA 4 capabilities comprise multiple sub-domains, and future assessment protocols should consider re-classifying MA 4 into three distinct MAs.

Conclusion

The assessments provide a comprehensive and consistent, but flexible, approach for ascertaining health system preparedness. This approach can provide an organization with a clear understanding of areas for improvement and could be adapted into a standard for hospital readiness.

DobalianA, SteinJA, RadcliffTA, RiopelleD, BrewsterP, HagigiF, Der-MartirosianC. Developing valid measures of emergency management capabilities within US Department of Veterans Affairs hospitals. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;31(5):475–484.
Work-related Injuries Among Emergency Medical Technicians in Western Turkey
Authors: Yilmaz Atakan , Serinken Mustafa , Dal Onur , Yaylacı Serpil , Karcioglu Ozgur
Published: August 2016

Objectives

Emergency medical technicians (EMTs) and paramedics are at serious risk for work-related injuries (WRIs) during work hours. Both EMTs and paramedics have higher WRI rates, according to the literature data. This study was designed to investigate causes and characteristics of WRIs involving EMTs and paramedics staffed in Western Turkey.

Methods

All health care personnel staffed in Emergency Medical Services (EMS) in the city were interviewed face-to-face in their off-duty hours to inform them about the study. Excluded from the study were those who declined to participate in the study, those who were not on duty during the two-month study period, and those who had been working in the EMS for less than one year. The subjects were asked to answer multiple-choice questions.

Results

A total of 163 personnel (117 EMTs and 46 paramedics) comprised the study sample. Eighty-three personnel (50.9%) were female and mean age was 29.7 years (SD=8.4 years). The most common mechanisms of WRI, as reported by the personnel, were motor vehicle accidents (MVAs; 31.9%), needlestick injuries (16.0%), ocular exposure to bodily fluids (15.4%), and sharp injuries (9.8%), respectively. Needlestick injuries commonly occurred during intravenous line procedures (59.4%) and inside the cruising ambulance (n=20; 62.5%). Working inside the cruising ambulance was the most commonly accused cause of the WRI (41.3%).

Conclusion

Paramedic personnel and EMTs are under high risk of WRI. Motor vehicle accidents and needlestick injuries were the most common causes of WRI. Strict measures need to be taken to restructure the interior design to protect personnel from all kinds of WRIs.

YilmazA, SerinkenM, DalO, YaylacıS, KarciogluO. Work-related injuries among emergency medical technicians in Western Turkey. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;31(5):505–508.
Hauora Tãne: Mãori Men, Health Behaviours, and the Stages of Change Model
Authors: Paddison Jo , Heta Hemi , Flett Ross
Published: August 2016

Understanding the distribution of Mãori across stages of health behaviour change (precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance) may inform the development of public health programs. In a replication and extension of a study by Nigg et al. (1999) we described the distribution of 73 Mãori male questionnaire respondents (age 18 to 59 years) across these stages for 8 healthy behaviours (avoiding dietary fat, eating fibre, reducing weight, regularly exercising, reducing stress, reducing sun exposure, using sunblock, and conducting cancer self-examinations). Respondents were also asked to rate their general health, health worries, and health locus of control. Evidence found of a continuum of change for ‘ignoring’, to ‘thinking about1 to ‘performing’ healthy behaviour provides moderate support for the idea that behaviour change is not an all-or-nothing event. There were no significant age effects. Respondents who rated their health more positively were more likely to report using sunblock, exercising regularly, and eating a high fibre diet. Respondents who felt they had more control over their health were more likely to eat a diet high in fibre. Eating a high fibre diet, exercising and managing stress were most strongly associated with the other health behaviours which may illustrate the concept of gateway behaviours proposed by Nigg et al. (1999).
Difficulty in ‘Return-to-Work’ After Whiplash Injury: The Role of Pain Self-Efficacy in Mediating the Effects of Neck Disability on Perceived Difficulty in the Return to Work Process
Authors: Guy Lynette , Kendall Elizabeth , Charker Jill , Bellamy Nick
Published: August 2016

Successful rehabilitation of whiplash injuries is a concern for patients, practitioners and third party payers. Despite advances in scientific knowledge and developments in the field of medical investigations and imaging techniques over recent years, recovery from whiplash injury following motor vehicle accident remains uncertain and controversial. Ongoing symptomatology has been associated with limitations in returning to work and home functioning, however, relationships between neck disability, perceived difficulty in return to work and ability to cope with functional demands despite the pain, have been not been explored. This study examined the relationships between these factors by identifying what daily functional activities were difficult for whiplash injured workers, and also comparing the individual's ability to function despite the pain (pain self-efficacy), with ongoing neck disability (NDI) and perceived difficulty in the return to work process.
Has Anti-Discrimination Legislation Improved the Employment Opportunities of Disabled People?
Authors: Floyd Michael , Curtis John
Published: August 2016

This article will first of all consider, in some detail, the recent efforts of researchers in the United States to determine whether the Americans with Disabilities Act has improved the employment opportunities of disabled people. It will then go on to examine data on the employment situation of disabled people in the United Kingdom and how this has changed during the period since December, 1997, when the Disability Discrimination Act came into force. Tentative conclusions are then drawn, regarding the effectiveness of the legislation. The article ends with a consideration of the ways in which the monitoring and evaluation of such major shifts in policy might be improved.
Dispositional and Contextual Variables Impacting Interventions With Women Later in Life
Authors: Harley Emma , Pachana Nancy A.
Published: August 2016

Older persons, particularly women, who in later life require intervention for mental and physical disability, will become an increasing proportion of the population served by health professionals. Personal, dispositional and contextual factors all play an important role in how these women cope with physical and mental health stressors. An improved understanding of both the stressors and potential coping resources available to this population can assist therapists to design interventions for maximal efficacy.
Examining the Role of Rehabilitation in the South Australian Workers' Compensation System
Authors: Roberts-Yates D. Christine
Published: August 2016

This paper will analyse the provision of rehabilitation to injured workers with a registered WorkCover claim in South Australia. It presents the comments of key parties on the practice of rehabilitation, approaches to service delivery, and contradictions and paradoxes of the reality of the practice. The comments of workers, employers, case managers, medical practitioners, and of the rehabilitation providers themselves give ample evidence of the complexity of the demands placed upon providers in this system. Emphasis is placed upon their role in presenting the realities of the situation honestly to the worker and in effectively communicating to other stakeholders the particular strategies needed to overcome barriers to successful return-to-work outcomes.
Supported Employment for Adults with High Functioning Autism and Asperger's Syndrome
Authors: Rehfeldt Ruth Anne
Published: August 2016

The prevalence of autism spectrum disorders is currently on the rise nationwide. Approximately one fifth of all individuals with autism and related disorders function within the normal range of intelligence, and may, in fact, possess superior intelligence in certain areas. Despite this, many individuals with high functioning autism and Asperger's syndrome are not competitively employed. The challenges that such individuals experience in securing and maintaining employment are often just as severe as those for individuals with more limited intellectual functioning. Characteristics of high functioning autism and Asperger's syndrome are described, and recommendations for how rehabilitation counsellors and other professionals can best support the employment pursuits of individuals with the disorders are provided.
The Post-Amputation Rehabilitation Experience of People Living in Rural Settings
Authors: Young Amanda , Murphy Gregory , Kippen Sandra , Foreman Peter
Published: August 2016

This paper reports the results from a qualitative study aimed at identifying the factors influencing the rehabilitation experience of people living with an amputation in a rural setting. Following the conduct of an initial focus group, 24 rural-based individuals responded to an invitation to participate in the study's in-depth interviews. Fourteen of those interviewed lived in a ‘regional’ setting (the regional group) and the other ten lived in more remote locations (the ‘distant’ group). Consistent with this population's demography, the sample was comprised mainly of older people (mean age of 66.8 years) who had suffered their amputation as a result of vascular disease. While the groups differed with respect to two aspects of their rehabilitation experience (with the distant group reporting more problems with accommodation and access to health services), many common themes emerged from the interviews, including an overall positive acceptance of the surgical intervention, the call for increased post-operative counselling services, and an endorsement of the usefulness of peer-support (and more generally of social support) services. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for service delivery and endorsement is made of the suggestion that rural health planning be more community-focussed.
Helping Adults with Muscular Dystrophy: Rehabilitation Counseling Implications
Authors: Chen Roy K.
Published: August 2016

It is estimated about 200,000 Americans have been diagnosed with Muscular Dystrophy (MD), a neuromuscular disease characterized by gradual degeneration and atrophy of the muscle cells and fibers (Siegel, 1999). Functional limitations associated with MD include cognitive, social, physical/vocational, and emotional functioning. Rehabilitation counselors are advised to use a holistic approach to serving clients with MD. Compassion is key to building a meaningful professional relationship between the client and the rehabilitation counselor. However, rehabilitation counselors should neither communicate an overly pessimistic outlook nor raise false hope.
Quality of Life: An Opportunity to Reorganise Services Within a Person Centred Approach to Disability
Authors: Brown Roy I.
Published: August 2016

This paper examines defining features and principles of quality of life as discussed in the literature on disability. It is suggested that many features of such a model require examination and changes to some of our approaches to rehabilitation, and professional values. It is also argued that the concept has serious implications for research, and opens up new ways of viewing aspects of methodology. Finally, the article suggests that quality of life as formulated in the paper has implications beyond disability and its acceptance challenges policy and management practices as viewed within an economic rationalist framework.
Changes in Society and Changes in Approaches to Disability: The Need for a New Paradigm
Authors: Leung Paul
Published: August 2016

Congratulations to all of you and ASORC on your 25th Anniversary. It is great to be able to be here with you at this historic time. I want to express my appreciation to organizers of this conference, ASORC and each of you here. I want to thank Trevor Hawkins for inviting me, and also to acknowledge Bert Biggs who gave me the opportunity to be involved with the Journal during the past few years.

I also want to thank you for the honor of being able to share a few thoughts with you about rehabilitation counseling. It is particularly pleasing to me to be here, in that this presentation is on the eve, as some of you may know, of my leaving Australia, having been here for three years. It has been a wonderful time both personally and professionally — an opportunity not many have to practice their profession in a different country and culture — albeit not one that was totally foreign in that you all use English.

I want to share a few thoughts today related to the rehabilitation and rehabilitation counseling profession and think a bit about what I see as happening as we stand on the brink of a new millennium. It is not new thinking nor particularly original, borrowing as I have from many sources, though I must take full responsibility for what I say. Also, I should emphasize that it is not offered as advice but rather a reinforcement of what many of you already know. As an educator and university professor, I do get stuck in one mode sometimes overemphasizing what I consider important. My remarks are based on my obviously American background but hopefully tempered with some of my experiences and observations here in Australia.