bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Hadoop‐big data analytic model to predict and classify chronic kidney diseases using improved fractional rough fuzzy K‐means clustering and extreme gradient boost rat swarm optimizer
Authors: Vijayalakshmi J. , Ramaraj E.
Published: October 2022

In this article, a Hadoop‐big data based chronic kidney disease prediction and classification using improved fractional rough fuzzy K‐means (IF‐RFKM) clustering and XG boost rat swarm optimizer is proposed. Here, IF‐RFKM clustering method is contemplated for the disease prediction. This disease is classified using XG boost classifier for classifying the stages of chronic kidney diseases as normal and abnormal. Moreover, the rat swarm optimization (RSO) algorithm is proposed for optimizing the parameters of the XG boost classifier. Initially, the data is randomly generated from CKD dataset. The simulation is carried out in python language. From the simulation, the proposed method attains higher accuracy 99.57%, 98.28%, and 97.35%, higher recall 98.23%, 88.34%, and 78.96% and lower execution time 92.15%, 90.25%, and 92.48% compared with existing methods, like chronic kidney disease detection and classification by recursive feature elimination using decision tree (CCKD‐RFE‐DT). An efficient chronic kidney disease classification and clustering using logistic regression (CCKD‐LR) and efficient chronic kidney disease classification utilizing multi‐kernel support vector machine with (CCKD‐MKC‐SVM).
Maize Seedling Growth and Hormone Response Assays Using the Rolled Towel Method
Authors: Draves Melissa A. , Muench Rebekah L. , Lang Michelle G. , Kelley Dior R.
Published: October 2022

Root system architecture is a critical factor in maize health and stress resilience. Determining the genetic and environmental factors that shape maize root system architecture is an active research area. However, the ability to phenotype juvenile root systems is hindered by the use of field‐grown and soil‐based systems. An alternative to soil‐ and field‐based growing conditions for maize seedlings is a controlled environment with a soil‐free medium, which can facilitate root system phenotyping. Here, we describe how to grow maize under soil‐free conditions for up to 12 days to facilitate root phenotyping. Maize seeds are sterilized and planted on specialized seed germination paper to minimize fungal contamination and ensure synchronized seedling growth, followed by imaging at the desired time point. The root images are then analyzed to quantify traits of interest, such as primary root length, lateral root density, seminal root length, and seminal root number. In addition, juvenile shoot traits can be quantified using manual annotation methods. We also outline the steps for performing rigorous hormone response assays for four classical phytohormones: auxin, brassinosteroid, cytokinin, and jasmonic acid. This protocol can be rapidly scaled up and is compatible with genetic screens and sample collection for downstream molecular analyses such as transcriptomics and proteomics. © 2022 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Maize seedling rolled towel assay and phenotyping

Basic Protocol 2: Maize seedling hormone response assays using the rolled towel assay
Automotive communication applications based circular ring antenna with reconfigurability and conformal nature
Authors: Anilkumar Tirunagari , Madhav Boddapati T. P. , Rao Manikonda Venkateswara , Nadh Badugu Prudhvi , Kumar Prathipati Rakesh
Published: October 2022

This work presents a compact and conformal frequency reconfigurable antenna for automotive applications. The antenna is designed on a liquid crystal polymer substrate of footprint 40 × 30 × 0.1 mm3. The proposed antenna is having coplanar waveguide feeding with a circular ring radiating element and a pair of parasitic circular elements to obtain the multiband operation. The proposed antenna is studied for frequency reconfigurable characteristics by placing the PIN diodes as switching elements in the desired locations and obtained the reconfigurability in the 4.5–6.5 GHz region. Further, the bending effects of the antenna with respect to its operating bands and the conformal effects with PIN diodes for the reconfigurable performance make this study a trailblazing work. The simulated and measured results describe that the on‐glass conformal antenna is covering 1.58–2.33 (GPS, PCS, GSM1800/1900), 3.22–3.7 (WiMAX), and 4.25–6.8 GHz (WLAN, DSRC, WAVE, V2X) bands for vehicular communications with various switching cases. The obtained gain varies from 3.2 to 4.1 dB in the boresight direction and 6.9 to 9.8 dB in the lateral directions of the vehicle with placement on the vehicle body. As per the obtained results, the antenna is suitable to use for conformal usage on the windshield glass of the vehicle for connected driving scenarios.
Historical ecology identifies long‐term rewilding strategy for conservingMediterranean mountain forests in southItaly
Authors: Palli Jordan , Mensing Scott A. , Schoolman Edward M. , Solano Francesco , Piovesan Gianluca
Published: October 2022

In the context of global decline in old‐growth forest, historical ecology is a valuable tool to derive insights into vegetation legacies and dynamics and develop new conservation and restoration strategies. In this cross‐disciplinary study, we integrate palynology (Lago del Pesce record), history, dendrochronology, and historical and contemporary land cover maps to assess drivers of vegetation change over the last millennium in a Mediterranean mountain forest (Pollino National Park, southern Italy) and discuss implications in conservation ecology. The study site hosts a remnant beech–fir (Fagus sylvatica–Abies alba) mixed forest, a priority habitat for biodiversity conservation in Europe. In the 10th century, the pollen record showed an open environment that was quickly colonized by silver fir when sociopolitical instabilities reduced anthropogenic pressures in mountain forests. The highest forest cover and biomass was reached between the 14th and the 17th centuries following land abandonment due to recurring plague pandemics. This rewilding process is also reflected in the recruitment history of Bosnian pine (Pinus heldreichii) in the subalpine elevation belt. Our results show that human impacts have been one of the main drivers of silver fir population contraction in the last centuries in the Mediterranean, and that the removal of direct human pressure led to ecosystem renovation. Since 1910, the Rubbio State Forest has locally protected and restored the mixed beech–fir forest. The institutions in 1972 for the Rubbio Natural Reserve and in 1993 for Pollino National Park have guaranteed the survival of the silver fir population, demonstrating the effectiveness of targeted conservation and restoration policies despite a warming climate. Monitoring silver fir populations can measure the effectiveness of conservation measures. In the last decades, the abandonment of rural environments (rewilding) along the mountains of southern Italy has reduced the pressure on ecosystems, thus boosting forest expansion. However, after four decades of natural regeneration and increasing biomass, pollen influx and forest composition are still far from the natural attributes of the medieval forest ecosystem. We conclude that long‐term forest planning encouraging limited direct human disturbance will lead toward rewilding and renovation of carbon‐rich and highly biodiverse Mediterranean old‐growth forests, which will be more resistant and resilient to future climate change.
Identification of wild‐type transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome surgery (CACTuS)
Authors: Ladefoged Bertil , Clemmensen Tor , Dybro Anne , Hartig‐Andreasen Charlotte , Kirkeby Lone , Gormsen Lars Christian , Bomholt Peter , Gillmore Julian , Poulsen Steen Hvitfeldt
Published: October 2022

Aims

Wild‐type transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (ATTRwt) is an infiltrative cardiomyopathy with a poor prognosis. The condition is associated with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), which often precedes the ATTRwt diagnosis by several years. The aim of the study was (i) to screen patients with a recent history of CTS for ATTRwt using red flags, (ii) to determine whether patients with screened ATTRwt had less advanced disease compared with patients with clinical ATTRwt, and (iii) to assess the sensitivity and specificity of known red flags in ATTRwt.

Methods and results

Patients aged ≥60 years at the time of CTS surgery were invited for screening. Red flags were defined as elevated biomarker levels of N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) or cardiac troponin, an electrocardiogram pattern associated with ATTRwt, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), and impaired longitudinal strain with apical sparring. All patients with a red flag were referred for a diagnostic scintigraphy. Patients with ATTRwt diagnosed by screening were compared with patients with clinical ATTRwt (n = 51) matched by age, gender, and CTS surgery. Among the 120 enrolled subjects (mean age 74.5 years, 90% male), the suspicion of ATTR was raised in 67 (55.8%), and 10 (8.3%) were diagnosed with ATTRwt. Patients identified with ATTRwt were predominantly asymptomatic and had mildly elevated NT‐proBNP, mildly increased LVH, preserved left ventricular ejection fraction, and systolic longitudinal function, which differed significantly from clinical ATTRwt controls (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

The study found an ATTRwt prevalence of 8.3% in a population of age and gender‐selected patients with a recent history of CTS. The identified patients with ATTRwt had less structural and functional cardiac involvement than clinical ATTRwt controls.
Is vascular remodelling in patients with chronic heart failure exaggerated?
Authors: Pietschner Robert , Bosch Agnes , Kannenkeril Dennis , Striepe Kristina , Schiffer Mario , Achenbach Stephan , Schmieder Roland E. , Kolwelter Julie
Published: October 2022

Background

Vascular remodelling of large arteries increases afterload of the left ventricle. The aim of this study was to analyse whether vascular remodelling and function under laboratory and 24‐hour ambulatory conditions is impaired in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) independently of cardiovascular risk factors.

Methods and results

In this monocentric cross‐sectional observational study, 105 patients with CHF and an ejection fraction ≤49% (CHF+) were compared to 118 subjects without CHF (CHF−). After adjustment for age, gender, arterial hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, type 2 diabetes, obesity and smoking, vascular function and structure parameters, as assessed by pulse wave analysis (SphygmoCor) and the UNEX EF device, respectively, between the CHF+ and the CHF− group differed for resting pulse wave velocity (PWV) (P = 0.010), 24‐h ambulatory PWV (P = 0.011), central systolic blood pressure (cSBP) (P = <0.001), 24‐h ambulatory cSBP (P = <0.001), resting central augmentation index (P = 0.002), and brachial intima–media thickness (P = 0.022). In CHF+ patients, higher levels of NT‐proBNP, taken as a marker for the severity of CHF, were related to a higher PWV (r = 0.340, P = <0.001), a higher cSBP (r = 0.292, P = 0.005), and a trend to higher central pulse pressure (cPP) (r = 0.198, P = 0.058), higher 24‐h brachial PP (r = 0.322, P = 0.002), and 24‐h total peripheral resistance (s = 0.227, P = 0.041) after full adjustment for covariates.

Conclusions

In CHF+ patients we observed augmented vascular remodelling and functional impairment compared with CHF− patients independently of cardiovascular risk factors, age, and gender, and the extent of vascular remodelling and impairment was related to the severity of CHF.
Association between serum sodium level trajectories and survival in patients with heart failure
Authors: Xia Yan‐Mei , Wang Shan , Wu Wei‐Dong , Liang Ji‐Fang
Published: October 2022

Aims

The effect of changes in serum sodium levels on the survival of patients with heart failure (HF) is unclear. We aimed to analyse the impact of serum sodium level trajectories on survival in intensive care unit (ICU) patients with HF.

Methods

A total of 4760 patients diagnosed with HF between 2001 and 2012 from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III (MIMIC‐III) database were extracted. Of these patients, 1132 patients who died within 48 h of ICU admission were excluded, and 3628 patients were included in this retrospective cohort study. Sodium levels were measured at baseline, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, and 48 h. Patients were divided into hyponatremia, normal, and hypernatremia groups based on baseline sodium levels, and trajectory modelling was performed for each group separately. Group‐based trajectory model (GBTM) method was utilized to identify serum sodium levels trajectories.

Results

The number of patients with hyponatremia (<135 mmol/L), normal sodium levels (135–145 mmol/L), and hypernatremia (>145 mmol/L) at baseline were 594 (16.37%), 2,738 (75.47%), and 296 (8.16%), respectively. A total of seven trajectory groups were identified, including hyponatremia‐slow rise group [initial levels (IL), 128.48 ± 5.42 mmol/L; end levels (EL), 131.23 ± 3.83 mmol/L], hyponatremia‐rapid rise to normal group (IL, 132.13 ± 2.18 mmol/L; EL, 137.46 ± 3.68 mmol/L), normal‐slow decline group (IL, 137.65 ± 2.15 mmol/L; EL, 134.50 ± 2.54 mmol/L), normal‐steady‐state group (IL, 139.20 ± 2.26 mmol/L; EL, 139.04 ± 2.58 mmol/L), normal‐slow rise group (IL, 140.94 ± 2.37 mmol/L; EL, 143.43 ± 2.89 mmol/L), hypernatremia‐rapid decline to normal group (IL, 146.31 ± 1.98 mmol/L; EL, 140.71 ± 3.61 mmol/L), and hypernatremia‐slow decline group (IL, 148.89 ± 5.54 mmol/L; EL, 146.28 ± 3.90 mmol/L). The results showed that hyponatremia‐slow rise group [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.35; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.01–1.80, P = 0.040], hyponatremia‐rapid rise to normal group (HR = 1.37; 95% CI, 1.11–1.71, P = 0.004), hypernatremia‐rapid decline to normal group (HR = 1.46; 95% CI, 1.08–1.97, P = 0.014), and hypernatremia‐slow decline group (HR = 1.49; 95% CI, 1.07–2.07, P = 0.018) trajectories were associated with an increased risk of 1‐year mortality in HF patients compared with normal‐steady‐state group. After adjustment for all confounders, hyponatremia‐rapid rise to normal group (HR = 1.26, 95% CI; 1.01–1.57, P = 0.038) and hypernatremia‐rapid decline to normal group (HR = 1.36; 95% CI, 1.01–1.84, P = 0.047) trajectories were still related to an increased risk of 1‐year mortality in patients with HF.

Conclusions

Serum sodium level trajectories were associated with mortality in patients with HF. Association between serum sodium level trajectories and prognosis in patients with HF deserve further study.
Regulators as Bankruptcy Agencies in Restructured Energy Markets (US vs. UK)
Authors: Makholm Jeff D.
Published: October 2022

In the corporate world, bankruptcy courts exist to deal with firms that have lost their private credit in an orderly and informed fashion—either dissolving and “wrapping up” the enterprises or overseeing the orderly restructuring of debt obligations to get otherwise productive firms back on their feet quickly. Orderly bankruptcy laws are a big deal. The 1787 US Constitutional Convention wrote bankruptcy into Article I of the US Constitution. The origins of codified UK bankruptcy law stretch back to the 1500s.
Die permanente dreidimensionale Datenerfassung geotechnischer Strukturen mittels webbasierter Anwendung terrestrischer LiDAR‐Sensorik
Authors: Czerwonka‐Schröder Daniel , Gaisecker Thomas
Published: October 2022

As part of the i2MON research project, an integrated monitoring service was developed for the identification and evaluation of soil and slope movements in the context of coal mining. The focus was on the correct integration (to give reliability, accuracy and integrity) of a long‐range laser scanner into a web‐based monitoring system from an engineering geodetic point of view. A web‐based application of terrestrial laser scanners has been developed by cooperation between DMT GmbH & Co. KG and RIEGL Laser Measurement Systems GmbH.

The system allows a high temporal and spatial resolution for measured value acquisition by means of permanent installation in the vicinity of a monitored object. This article shows how the laser scanner can be remotely controlled within a web‐based monitoring platform. In addition, the integration of various sensors (including total station, GNSS, geotechnical sensors) within a project into a uniform monitoring platform based on a web interface and the corresponding data analysis (including the automatic detection of geomorphological processes) will be described.
Speicheranlagen und Wildbäche im Einflussbereich von langsam ablaufenden Großmassenbewegungen
Authors: Marte Roman , Hofmann Robert
Published: October 2022

Slow moving landslides are a common phenomenon in the Alps. Often built‐up areas, infrastructure such as motorways, water storage or stream control structures are affected by such landslides. In this paper two case studies are discussed to present a decision‐making system for the evaluation and handling of such slow‐moving landslides.
Quality monitoring in vibro ground improvement – A hybrid machine learning approach
Authors: Terbuch Anika , Zöhrer Alexander , Winter Vincent , O‘Leary Paul , Khalili‐Motlagh‐Kasmaei Negin , Steiner Gernot
Published: October 2022

This article presents a new approach of quality control to vibro ground improvement techniques based on hybrid machine learning (ML), i.e., a combination of classical analysis and ML techniques. The process is monitored with an instrumented rig equipped with multiple sensors. Key performance indicators (KPIs) are used to identify anomalous foundation columns. As the foundation columns are sub‐surface, there is no direct access to ground truth; consequently, unsupervised ML is applied to the recorded time‐series data. The risk of not detecting defective elements is reduced by the combination of two independent methods for anomaly detection, KPI‐ and ML‐based classification. The ML is used to gain a deeper process understanding and to detect anomalies which were not considered in the design phase of the KPI. New pre‐processing techniques were derived from the insights gained from the ML classifier; this led to a more robust classifier. It is shown how unsupervised ML, using a multi‐channel variational autoencoder (VAE) with long short‐term memory (LSTM) layers, can be utilized in a knowledge discovery process (KDP).
Quantitative interpretation of time‐lapse seismic data at Farnsworth field unit: Rock physics modeling, and calibration of simulated time‐lapse velocity responses
Authors: Acheampong Samuel Appiah , Ampomah William , Khaniani Hassan , Will Robert , Sarkodie‐Kyeremeh Justice
Published: October 2022

This study investigates the contribution of fluid saturation variation to the time‐lapse velocity response by performing fluid substitution modeling. The methodology is exemplified by the time‐lapse seismic monitoring of carbon dioxide at Farnsworth field unit (FWU). In order to evaluate the fluid distribution in a matured oil reservoir, the Southwest Regional Partnership (SWP) acquired multiple vertical seismic profile (VSP) surveys at different times during the CO2–water alternatinggas (WAG) injection period. In this work, we present a thorough methodology for computing the elastic response of the saturated rock for different fluid saturations using a site‐specific petro‐elastic model (PEM). The output from the PEM was combined with results from a fluid compositional model to compute the seismic velocities at times corresponding to each VSP survey. To produce a calibrated simulated response, the measured time‐lapse seismic velocities were integrated into the numerical simulation model. The mismatches between the predicted and measured time‐lapse velocities were minimized through an iterative calibration process using a trained artificial neural network proxy (ANN) coupled with a particle swarm optimizer (PSO). Our study indicates that the hybrid optimization workflow can effectively perform the history matching. With an accurate prediction of the hydrodynamic properties, the migration of CO2 within the subsurface was modeled by predicting the spatial velocity distribution for a radius of 305 m around the injection well. The technology demonstrated and the expertise gained from this study can guide similar CO2‐WAG projects. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Suicide among young‐old and old‐old adults in rural China: A case‐control psychological autopsy study
Authors: Wang Jiali , Ma Zhenyu , Jia Cunxian , Wang Guojun , Zhou Liang
Published: October 2022

Objective

Late‐life suicide is a vital public health concern. Though gerontological research suggested the young‐old and old‐old phases were heterogeneous, age differences in the elderly suicide have not been well studied due to the lack of comparable control groups and small samples. The study aimed to examine the age‐specific suicidal characteristics and risk factors among the young‐old (60–79) and old‐old (over 80) elderly.

Methods

Two hundred and forty two suicide decedents and 242 living comparisons were enrolled in a 1:1 matched case‐control psychological autopsy study in rural China: 173 young‐old and 69 old‐old in each group. Suicidal characteristics, demographic characteristics, living arrangements, physical health, mental disorder, and psychosocial factors were collected. We used logistic regression models to assess risk factors of suicide and test for interactions between age and each risk factor.

Results

Pesticide suicide was more prevalent among young‐old suicides than old‐old suicides (56.07% vs. 40.58%, p = 0.029). Non‐currently married, unemployment, mental disorder, higher disability in physical activities of daily living, higher hopelessness and higher depressive symptom were significantly associated with suicide among older adults. The effect of poor function in physical activities of daily living on suicide was significantly greater during younger ages (p for interaction = 0.038).

Conclusions

Findings indicated that most suicidal characteristics and risk factors for completed suicide were generally similar among young‐old and old‐old adults. But poor function in physical activities of daily living predicted increase suicide risk only at younger ages. In addition to common risk factors, age‐specific factors should also be noted in suicide prevention.

Clinical Trial Registration

According to the ICMJE, purely observational studies (those in which the assignment of the medical intervention is not at the discretion of the investigator) will not require registration. Our study was not registered because this is a case‐control study. But all procedures of the study were carried out in accordance with the latest version of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study were approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the Central South University, Shandong University, and Guangxi Medical University.
The mediating effect of post‐stroke depression between social support and quality of life among stroke survivors: A meta‐analytic structural equation modeling
Authors: Kuang Jinke , Yang Li , Lv Runtian , Li Jia , Zhou Kexin , Xu Mengfan
Published: October 2022

Objectives

The aim was to confirm the relationship between social support (SS), post‐stroke depression (PSD), and quality of life (QOL) and determine the mediating effect of PSD in stroke survivors. Additionally, we tested the impact of economic development level (in developed or developing countries) on the relationship between SS, PSD, and QOL.

Methods

This study utilized meta‐analytic structural equation modeling on systematically searched articles from PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Scopus, PsycINFO, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and WanFang data published from inception to February 2022. Collect the sample size (n) of each study and the associations of observed variables, and conduct meta‐analysis path analysis using AMOS 23.0 to assess the relationships. Concurrently, the effects of the national economic development level were extracted for moderator analysis.

Results

A total of 28 studies (N = 3967) were included for analysis. SS and PSD were significant predictors of QOL (both p < 0.01). PSD mediated the relationship between SS and QOL (β = 0.31; 95% confidence interval 0.273–0.345; p < 0.01). Furthermore, in developed countries, SS was not statistically correlated with PSD (p = 0.811) compared to developing countries.

Conclusions

Improving SS may help improve the QOL of stroke patients. PSD should be addressed using a comprehensive approach that includes interventions to enhance the QOL. Additionally, people have different psychological reactions to SS at different stages of economic development; thus, further research is needed to develop different measurement standards for patients according to the country’s level of economic development.
Healthcare providers' intention to leave their jobs during COVID‐19 pandemic: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Alnaeem Mohammad M. , Hamdan‐Mansour Ayman M. , Nashwan Abdulqadir J. , Abuatallah Alaa , Al‐Hussami Mahmoud
Published: October 2022

Background and Aims

During the coronavirus pandemic (COVID‐19), healthcare providers confronted risks of disease transmission to themselves and their family members, resulting in physical and psychological burdens. This might affect their decisions to leave their jobs temporarily or permanently, fearing infection and protecting their families. This study examined the factors related to the intention to leave a job among healthcare providers during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Jordan.

Methods

A cross‐sectional correlational design was used to collect data using a convenience sample of 557 healthcare providers working in different sectors across Jordan. Data were collected using a self‐administered questionnaire about the intention to leave jobs during the pandemic.

Results

The sample included 368 females (63.8%) and 209 males (36.6%) participants. The mean age of participants was 30.8 years (SD = 6.65). Differences found in intention to leave job during COVID‐19 in relation to age (t = 2.60, p < 0.05), gender (X2 = 4.25, p < 0.001), and marital status (X2 = 18.2, p < 0.001). Participants with a high risk of exposure to COVID‐19 and who experienced higher workloads had higher scores of intention to leave their job during COVID‐19, while being married had lower scores.

Conclusions

Policy‐makers need to pay attention to young and single healthcare providers during the COVID‐19 pandemic to prevent them leave their job. Crucial guidelines for managing workload during the COVID‐19 pandemic are needed. Policy‐makers during pandemics have to protect healthcare providers who feel they are at high risk of infection.
Hydromagnetic mixed convection unsteady radiative Casson fluid flow towards a stagnation‐point with chemical reaction, induced magnetic field, Soret effect, and convective boundary conditions
Authors: Mahato R. , Das Mrutyunjay , Sen S. S. S. , Nandkeolyar R.
Published: October 2022

This article presents the two‐dimensional mixed convective MHD unsteady stagnation‐point flow with heat and mass transfer on chemically reactive Casson fluid towards a vertical stretching surface. This fluid flow model is influenced by the induced magnetic field, thermal radiation, viscous dissipation, heat absorption, and Soret effect with convective boundary conditions and solved numerically by shooting technique. The calculations are accomplished by MATLAB bvp4c. The velocity, induced magnetic field, temperature, and concentration distributions are displayed by graphs for pertinent influential parameters. The numerical results for skin friction coefficient, rate of heat, and mass transfer are analyzed via tables for different influential parameters for both assisting and opposing flows. The results reveal that the enhancement of the unsteadiness parameter diminishes velocity and induced magnetic field but it rises temperature and concentration distributions. Moreover, higher values of magnetic Prandtl number enhance Nusselt number and skin friction coefficient, but it has the opposite impact on Sherwood number. We observe that the amplitude is higher in assisting flow compared to opposing flow for skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number whereas opposite trends are noticed for Sherwood number. Our model will be applicable to various magnetohydrodynamic devices and medical sciences.
Basic and applied research on extinction bursts
Authors: Fisher Wayne W. , Greer Brian D. , Shahan Timothy A. , Norris Halle M.
Published: October 2022

Discontinuation of the contingency between a response and its reinforcer sometimes produces a temporary increase in the response before its rate decreases, a phenomenon called the extinction burst. Prior clinical and basic studies on the prevalence of the extinction burst provide highly disparate estimates. Existing theories on the extinction burst fail to account for the dynamic nature of this phenomenon, and the basic behavioral processes that control response bursting remain poorly understood. In this paper, we first review the basic and applied literature on the extinction burst. We then describe a recent refinement of the concatenated matching law called the temporally weighted matching law that appears to resolve the above‐mentioned issues regarding the extinction burst. We present illustrative translational data based conceptually on the model. Finally, we discuss specific recommendations derived from the temporally weighted matching law regarding procedures clinicians could implement to potentially mitigate or prevent extinction bursts.
Reactive orbital energy theory serving a theoretical foundation for the electronic theory of organic chemistry
Authors: Tsuneda Takao , Sumitomo Hiroki , Hasebe Masatoshi , Tsutsumi Takuro , Taketsugu Tetsuya
Published: October 2022

It is established that the reactive orbital energy theory (ROET) theoretically reproduces the rule‐based electronic theory diagrams of organic chemistry by a comparative study on the charge transfer natures of typical organic carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom bond formation reactions: aldol, Mannich, α‐aminooxylation, and isogyric reactions. The ROET, which is an expansion of the reaction electronic theories (e.g., the frontier orbital theory) in terms of orbital energies, elucidates the reactive orbitals driving reactions and the charge transferability indices of the reactions. Performing the ROET analyses of these reactions shows that the charge transfer directions given in the rule‐based diagrams of the electronic theory are reproduced even for the functional groups of charge transfer destinations in all but only two processes for 38 reaction processes. The ROET analyses also make clear the detailed orbital‐based pictures of these bond formation reactions: that is, the use of the out‐of‐plane antibonding π orbitals in acidic conditions (enol‐mode) and in‐plane antibonding π orbitals in basic conditions (enolate‐mode), which explain the experimentally assumed mechanisms such as the π‐bond formations in acidic conditions and σ‐bond formations at α‐carbons in basic conditions. Furthermore, the ROET analyses explicate that the methyl group initially accepts electrons and then donates them to the bond formations in the target reactions. It is, consequently, suggested that the ROET serves a theoretical foundation for the electronic theory of organic chemistry.
Characterization of the evolution trajectory and immune profiling of new histologic patterns in lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Song Minfang , Xie Huikang , Liu Wei , Zhao Mengmeng , Deng Ziqing , Zhang Liye , Liu Haipeng , Huang Yanfang , Li Hanjie , Ren Yijiu , Chen Chang
Published: October 2022

In lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), the appearance of morphologically diverse tumor regions, termed histological patterns, is closely associated with disease progression and lymph node metastasis. However, the molecular characteristics of the histological patterns in LUAD and the underlying molecular evolutionary mechanisms between the histological patterns in primary tumors and lymph node metastases are poorly understood. Here, we re‐analyzed the large TCGA‐LUAD dataset and depicted a comprehensive profiling of the genome and transcriptome across the histological patterns in LUAD. Tumor phylogenetic trajectory analysis suggested that the complex glands is more apt to metastasize to the lymph node. Further deconvolution of the tumor microenvironment demonstrated that the complex glands had a higher infiltration of cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Single‐cell transcriptome profiling of complex glands pattern identified a novel CAF subtype co‐expressing fibroblast activation protein‐alpha (FAP) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING). Moreover, our data demonstrated that FAP is an important downstream effector of STING in CAFs. In summary, our results provide the basis for the development of innovative therapeutic guidelines and intervention strategies for LUAD patients.
Impact of the U.S.–China trade war on the operating performance of U.S. firms: The role of outsourcing and supply base complexity
Authors: Fan Di , Zhou Yi , Yeung Andy C. L. , Lo Chris K. Y. , Tang Christopher
Published: October 2022

Multinational corporations have benefited tremendously from free trade in the past few decades. However, the dynamism of international relations, paired with the global recession, has rekindled the debate over frictionless trade. In this study, we examine how trade friction, created by tariff trade barriers, affects the operational performance of domestic firms which source from the affected countries. We also investigate how various supply chain characteristics and strategies can moderate the impact of such trade friction. Motivated by the 2018 U.S.–China trade war, we conducted a difference‐in‐difference analysis to examine the impact of trade tariffs on performance indicators of U.S. firms with direct supplier connections in China. Specifically, we found that U.S. firms with direct supply partners (i.e., first‐tier suppliers) in China had a worse performance than the U.S. firms without direct supply partners in China in terms of inventory (i.e., days of supply) and profitability (return‐on‐assets). We further found that the negative impacts were more severe for firms with a higher degree of outsourcing, and horizontal and spatial supply base complexity. We discuss the implications for international operations management, supply chain networks, supply risk management, and provide suggestions to supply chain practitioners and trade policymakers.
TAC score better predicts survival than the BCLC following resection of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Lima Henrique A. , Endo Yutaka , Moazzam Zorays , Alaimo Laura , Shaikh Chanza , Munir Muhammad M. , Resende Vivian , Guglielmi Alfredo , Marques Hugo P. , Cauchy François , Lam Vincent , Poultsides George A. , Popescu Irinel , Alexandrescu Sorin , Martel Guillaume , Endo Itaru , Kitago Minoru , Shen Feng , Pawlik Timothy M.
Published: October 2022

Background

Heterogeneity in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) still exists within the Barcelona clinic liver cancer (BCLC) subcategories. We developed a simple model to better discriminate and predict prognosis following resection.

Methods

Patients who underwent curative‐intent resection for HCC were identified from a multi‐institutional database. Predictive factors of survival were identified to develop TAC (tumor burden score [TBS], alpha‐fetoprotein [AFP], Child−Pugh CP]) score.

Results

Among 1435 patients, median TBS was 5.1 (interquartile range [IQR]: 3.2−8.1), median AFP was 18.3 ng/ml (IQR 4.0−362.5), and 1391 (96.9%) patients were classified as CP‐A. Factors associated with overall survival (OS) included TBS (low: referent; medium: HR 2.26, 95% CI: 1.73−2.96; high: HR = 3.35, 95% CI: 2.22−5.07), AFP (<400 ng/ml: referent; >400 ng/ml: HR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.27−1.92), and CP (A: referent; B: HR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.12−2.92) (all p < 0.05). A simplified risk score demonstrated superior concordance index, Akaike information criteria, homogeneity, and area under the curve versus BCLC (0.620 vs. 0.541; 5484.655 vs. 5536.454; 60.099 vs. 16.194; 0.62 vs. 0.55, respectively), and further stratified patients within BCLC groups relative to OS (BCLC 0, very low: 86.8%, low: 47.8%) (BCLC A, very low: 79.7%, low: 68.1%, medium: 52.5%, high: 35.6%) (BCLC B, low: 59.8%, medium: 43.7%, high: N/A).

Conclusion

TAC is a simple, holistic score that consistently outperformed BCLC relative to discrimination power and prognostication following resection of HCC.
Generalizability and usefulness of artificial intelligence for skin cancer diagnostics: An algorithm validation study
Authors: Ternov Niels K. , Christensen Anders N. , Kampen Peter J. T. , Als Gustav , Vestergaard Tine , Konge Lars , Tolsgaard Martin , Hölmich Lisbet R. , Guitera Pascale , Chakera Annette H. , Hannemose Morten R.
Published: October 2022

Background

Artificial intelligence can be trained to outperform dermatologists in image‐based skin cancer diagnostics. However, the networks' sensitivity to biases and overfitting may hamper their clinical applicability.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to explain the potential consequences of implementing convolutional neural networks for stand‐alone melanoma diagnostics and skin lesion triage.

Methods

In this algorithm validation study on retrospective data, we reproduced and evaluated the performance of state‐of‐the‐art artificial intelligence (convolutional neural networks) for skin cancer diagnostics. The networks were trained on 25,331 annotated dermoscopic skin lesion images from an open‐source data set (ISIC‐2019) and tested using a novel data set (AISC‐2021) consisting of 26,591 annotated dermoscopic skin lesion images. We tested the trained algorithms' ability to generalize to new data and their diagnostic performance in two simulations (melanoma diagnostics and skin lesion triage).

Results

The trained algorithms performed significantly less accurate diagnostics on images of nevi, melanomas and actinic keratoses from the AISC‐2021 data set than the ISIC‐2019 data set (p < 0.003). Almost one‐third (31.1%) of the melanomas were misclassified during the melanoma diagnostics simulation, irrespective of their Breslow thickness. Furthermore, the algorithms marked 92.7% of the lesions ‘suspicious’ during the triage simulation, which yielded a triage sensitivity and specificity of 99.7% and 8.2%, respectively.

Conclusions

Although state‐of‐the‐art artificial intelligence outperforms dermatologists on image‐based skin lesion classification within an artificial setting, additional data and technological advances are needed before clinical implementation.
BMI1 induces ubiquitination and protein degradation of Nod‐like receptor family CARD domain containing 5 and suppresses human leukocyte antigen class I expression to induce immune escape in non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Lu Zhi‐Hui , Tu Gan‐Jie , Fu Si‐Lv , Shang Kai , Peng Su‐Juan , Chen Li , Gu Xi‐Juan
Published: October 2022

The Nod‐like receptor (NLR) family CARD domain containing 5 (NLRC5) has been reported as an activator of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I that is responsible for immune activity in cancer treatment. This work focuses on the role of BMI1 proto‐oncogene (BMI1) in the NLRC5‐HLA class I axis and in immune escape in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). First, immunoblot analysis and/or reverse transcription‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction were performed, which identified decreased NLRC5 and HLA class I levels in NSCLC tissues and cell lines. NSCLCs were co‐cultured with activated CD8+ T cells. Overexpression of NLRC5 in NSCLC cells elevated the expression of HLA class I and increased the activity of T cells and IL‐2 production, and it reduced the PD‐1/PD‐L1 levels. The ubiquitination and immunoprecipitation assays confirmed that BMI1 bound to NLRC5 to induce is ubiquitination and protein degradation. Downregulation of BMI1 in NSCLC cells elevated NLRC5 and HLA class I levels, and consequently promoted T cell activation and decreased PD‐1/PD‐L1 levels in the co‐culture system. However, overexpression of BMI1 in cells led to inverse trends. In summary, this study demonstrates that BMI1 induces ubiquitination and protein degradation of NLRC5 and suppresses HLA class I expression, which potentially helps immune escape in NSCLC.
Topological Edge and Corner States Designed via Meta‐Atoms Orientation
Authors: Bobylev Daniel A. , Tikhonenko Dmitry I. , Zhirihin Dmitry V. , Mazanov Maxim , Vakulenko Anton , Smirnova Daria A. , Khanikaev Alexander B. , Gorlach Maxim A.
Published: October 2022

Rapid development of topological concepts in photonics unveils exotic phenomena such as unidirectional propagation of electromagnetic waves resilient to backscattering at sharp bends and disorder‐immune localization of light at stable frequencies. Recently introduced higher‐order topological insulators (HOTIs) bring in additional degrees of control over light confinement and steering. However, designs of photonic HOTIs reported so far are solely exploiting lattice geometries which are hard to reconfigure thus limiting tunability. This article reports a conceptually new mechanism to engineer topological edge and corner states including higher‐order topological phases which exploits both electric and magnetic responses of the meta‐atoms. Hybridization between these responses gives rise to the difference in the effective coupling which is controlled by the meta‐atoms mutual orientations. This feature allows to tailor photonic band topology exclusively via particle alignment and flexibly reconfigure the topological phase. Focusing on the kagome array of split‐ring resonators, the topological edge and corner states are experimentally demonstrated in the microwave domain. To highlight the generality of this proposal, the formation of higher‐order topological phase is also predicted numerically in a C6‐symmetric lattice of split‐ring resonators. These findings provide a new promising route to induce and control higher‐order topological phases and states.
Metal–Organic Frameworks Derived from Zn and p‐Hydroxybenzoic Acid for Smoke Suppression and Flame Retardation in Vinyl Resin
Authors: Wang Guorong , Mei Zhiyuan , Li Yu , Chen Guotao , Xin Jie , Sun Zhaoyi , Wang Qingxin , Luo Xu
Published: October 2022

A metal–organic framework (MOF) formed between Zn and p‐hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA) is synthesized using a solvothermal method. These Zn‐PHBA nanorods, which are inexpensive and suitable for mass production, are added as a flame‐retardant into vinyl resin (430 LV, a material used in marine composites). Data from cone calorimetric test demonstrates that adding the Zn‐PHBA nanorods to 430 LV significantly improves flame retardation and smoke suppression. At a high Zn‐PHBA content of 10.0 wt%, the limiting oxygen index of 430 LV increases from 19.5% to 28.5%, and the material reaches the V‐0 rating in vertical burning tests (UL‐94). Moreover, the tensile and impact strengths of 430 LV containing 10 wt% Zn‐PHBA as flame‐retardant do not deteriorate and are even slightly improved. This work demonstrates that this MOF synthesized by a simple and efficient method may be used to produce nanocomposites with excellent flame retardation and mechanical properties, while keeping the material cost sufficiently low for marine applications.
Controllable Synthesis of Submicrometer Core–Shell Modifier and Its Effect on Toughening Polypheylene Ether/Polystyrene Blends
Authors: Song Lixin , Wang Wei , Chen Dong , Ren Jiannan , Li Yongchao , Yang Bing , Wang Yuanxia , Shi Ying
Published: October 2022

Core–shell polybutadiene‐graft‐polystyrene (PB‐g‐PS) graft copolymers with different ratios of PB to PS are synthesized by emulsion polymerization. Further, the PB‐g‐PS copolymers are blended with polypheylene ether (PPE) and PS to prepare PPE/PS/PB‐g‐PS blends. The effects of PB‐g‐PS copolymer structure and matrix composition on the morphological, mechanical properties, and deformation mechanism of the blends are studied. The results show that the synthesized submicrometer‐sized PB‐g‐PS copolymer has an excellent toughening efficiency, both the copolymer and PS are introduced into PPE resin to produce a ternary blend which is combined with high toughness and processing properties. The optimum toughening effect on PPE/PS matrix is observed at the core–shell weight ratio of 70/30 in PB‐g‐PS copolymer, and the impact strength of the blends increased from 101 to 550 J m−1. In addition, the dispersion pattern of rubber particles in the matrix gradually changes from uniform dispersion to aggregation as the core–shell ratio of PB‐g‐PS copolymers increases. On the other hand, with the increase of PPE content, the dispersion of rubber particles in PPE/PS matrix is improved, and the deformation mechanism is changed from cracking to a combination of crazing and shear yielding, which can lead to absorb more energy to achieve better toughness.
A compact reconfigurable monopulse antenna with close spacing
Authors: Gao Wei , Wang Yan , Wu Yumao
Published: October 2022

A compact reconfigurable monopulse antenna is presented. The proposed antenna consists of two closely spaced patches, a sum‐difference comparator with four PIN diodes, and an embedded inductor between the two patches. The sum‐difference comparator consists of a 1‐to‐2 divider, two feeding lines with four PIN diodes, and the DC bias line. By controlling the states of the PIN diodes, the sum and difference beams are achieved. The embedded inductor is applied to mitigate the difference in resonant frequency at the sum and difference beams. The working mechanism of the inductor is analyzed in detail. A prototype shows that the measured overlapped −10 dB impedance covers the 3.41–3.58 GHz at the sum and difference beams. The measured gain and null depth in the broadside directions are 6.8 and −30.5 dB, respectively. The proposed monopole antenna with close space is a promising candidate for some compact systems, like unmanned aerial vehicles and mobile terminals.
Mental health diagnosis attenuates weight loss among older adults in a digital diabetes prevention program
Authors: Mayhew Meghan , Smith Ning , Fortmann Stephen P. , Fitzpatrick Stephanie L.
Published: October 2022

Objective

Diabetes Prevention Programs (DPP) are effective at reducing diabetes incidence via clinically significant weight loss. Co‐morbid mental health condition(s) may reduce the effect of DPP administered in‐person and telephonically but this has not been assessed for digital DPP. This report examines the moderating effect of mental health diagnosis on weight change among individuals who enrolled in digital DPP (enrollees) at 12 and 24 months.

Methods

Secondary analysis of prospective, electronic health record data from a study of digital DPP among adults (N = 3904) aged 65–75 with prediabetes (HbA1c 5.7%–6.4%) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2).

Results

Mental health diagnosis only moderated the effect of digital DPP on weight change during the first 7 months (p = 0.003) and the effect attenuated at 12 and 24 months. Results were unchanged after adjusting for psychotropic medication use. Among those without a mental health diagnosis, digital DPP enrollees lost more weight than non‐enrollees: −4.17 kg (95% CI, −5.22 to −3.13) at 12 months and −1.88 kg (95% CI, −3.00 to −0.76) at 24 months, whereas among individuals with a mental health diagnosis, there was no difference in weight loss between enrollees and non‐enrollees at 12 and 24 months (−1.25 kg [95% CI, −2.77 to 0.26] and 0.02 kg [95% CI, −1.69–1.73], respectively).

Conclusions

Digital DPP appears less effective for weight loss among individuals with a mental health condition, similar to prior findings for in‐person and telephonic modalities. Findings suggest a need for tailoring DPP to address mental health conditions.