bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of PLLA‐MPEG Diblock Copolymers by Microwave‐Assisted Copolymerization of L‐Lactide and Methoxy Poly(ethylene glycol)
Authors: Zhang Chao , Liao Liqiong , Gong Shaoqin
Published: May 2007

PLLA‐MPEG diblock copolymers with a controlled number‐average molar mass ranging from 7 330 to 117 610 g · mol−1 and an L‐lactide conversion ranging from 65.1 to 97.3% were synthesized effectively in 20 min at 100 °C by MPEG‐initiated ROP of L‐lactide under microwave irradiation. Prolonged microwave irradiation time led to the degradation of the copolymers because the ROP reaction and the thermal degradation reaction occurred simultaneously at the later stage of the reaction process. The differential scanning calorimetric and thermogravimetric study indicated that higher melting temperatures and thermal stability were obtained for PLLA‐MPEG diblock copolymers with longer PLLA segments.

magnified image
A Helical Poly(macromonomer) Consisting of a Polyacetylene Main Chain and Polystyrene Side Chains
Authors: Zhang Wei , Shiotsuki Masashi , Masuda Toshio
Published: May 2007

A novel helical poly(macromonomer) [poly(M‐PS): absolute $\overline M _{\rm w} $ = 82 800–252 000, determined by GPC/RALLS] with a polyacetylene main chain and polystyrene (PS) side chains was synthesized by the polymerization of acetylene‐terminated M‐PS [$\overline M _{\rm n} $ = 2 000, $\overline M _{\rm w} $/$\overline M _{\rm n} $ = 1.20, $\overline {DP} _{\rm n} $ = 18] with an Rh catalyst. M‐PS was prepared by ATRP of styrene using the acetylene‐containing initiator 2‐bromo‐2‐methylpropionic acid (S)‐1‐methylpropargyl ester (l). In solutions, poly(M‐PS) exhibited an intense CD signal at 345–355 nm, indicating that it possessed a predominantly one‐handed helical conformation. Poly(M‐PS) had a stable helical conformation irrespective of solvents and temperature.

magnified image
Preparation of Poly(ε‐caprolactone)/Clay Nanocomposites by Microwave‐Assisted In Situ Ring‐Opening Polymerization
Authors: Liao Liqiong , Zhang Chao , Gong Shaoqin
Published: May 2007

PCL/clay nanocomposites were prepared by microwave‐assisted in situ ROP of ε‐caprolactone in the presence of either unmodified clay (Cloisite® Na+) or clay modified by quaternary ammonium cations containing hydroxyl groups (Cloisite 30B). This PCL showed significantly improved monomer conversion and molecular weight compared with that produced by conventional heating. An intercalated structure was observed for the PCL/Cloisite Na+ nanocomposites, while a predominantly exfoliated structure was observed for the PCL/Cloisite 30B nanocomposites. Microwave irradiation proved to be an effective and efficient method for the preparation of PCL/clay nanocomposites.

magnified image
Cu(II)‐Mediated ATRP of MMA by Using a Novel Tetradentate Amine Ligand with Oligo(ethylene glycol) Pendant Groups
Authors: Becer Caglar Remzi , Hoogenboom Richard , Fournier David , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: May 2007

A novel tetradentate amine ligand namely N,N,N′,N″,N‴;,N‴;‐hexaoligo(ethylene glycol) triethylenetetramine (HOEGTETA) was employed in the homogenous ATRP of MMA in anisole using CuBr and CuBr2 as the catalyst and ethyl 2‐bromoisobutyrate (EBiB) as an initiator. The effect of the polymerization temperature and the various ratios of Cu(I) to Cu(II) were investigated in detail. Moreover, we demonstrated the ATRP of MMA by using only Cu(II) in the absence of any free radical initiator, reducing agent, or air. The ATRP of MMA with the use of only Cu(II) and HOEGTETA or N,N,N′,N″,N″‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) resulted in well‐defined PMMA.

magnified image
Citizen Participation
Authors: Editor Ken Thomson,
Published: May 2007

The articles in this department have been written by Athena Bradley,staff writer for Citizen Participation,a publication of Lincoln Filene Center for Citizenship and public Affairs.
Community problem solving: There are no interjurisdictional panaceas
Authors: Forman Stephen C.
Published: May 2007

Commitment to regional problem solving requires regional citizenship. Suburbanization and widespread preference for the flexibility of local control, however, tend to counter the needed spirit of partnership. Regionalism seems an ideal approach to certain problems; the question is, are we ready for it.
Building university‐community partnerships: Increasing urban competitiveness
Authors: Sweet David C.
Published: May 2007

Universities, in cooperation with the private and public sectors, can make significant contributions to addressing both the social and service‐delivery problems of a region, while creating and reinforcing a regional culture of competitiveness and preparedness for a challenging world economy. In the early years of public higher education, formal patterns of educational‐agricultural cooperation were common. Today's urban, informationbased economy can benefit much from the educational and technological resources of colleges and universities.
Strategic management by design
Authors: Eadie Douglas C.
Published: May 2007

When applied properly, strategic management techniques can assist public organizations in adapting to changing pressures. Organizations must be aware of how their mission and goals can be modified in response to a dynamic environment or constituency. To maximize effectiveness in the long term, organizations must identify the issues they face and design operational and strategic management procedures to address them.
The role of community organization in economic development: Lessons from the monongahela valley
Authors: Gittell Ross
Published: May 2007

This follow‐up of an article in the May‐June 1988 issue of the REVIEW indicates that greater citizen participation in development efforts over the past two years—convened by CDCs—has enhanced economic opportunity and future growth potential in the “Mon” Valley region of Pennsylvania.
Measured decentralization: The New York city community board system
Authors: Pecorella Robert F.
Published: May 2007

In 1975, during a period when a number of American cities provided for increased community participation in the policy‐making process, New York City's existing community planning boards were strengthened, ushering in a period of “measured decentralization.” With more than a decade having passed since the community boards' enhanced empowerment, we may begin to assess their impact on city politics.
Regional civic organizations
Authors: Gates Christopher T.
Published: May 2007

This is the second in a two‐part series on successful civic organizations as a model for citizen participation.
Charter reform in the 1990s
Authors: Zimmerman Joseph F.
Published: May 2007

Recent release of the new Seventh Edition of the Model City Charter has heightened awareness of the need for substantive charter review in many municipalities. The new Model—with its emphasis on simplicity and brevity—is truly a charter for the 1990s, in that it fosters citizen understanding of local government structure and (ultimately) broader participation in local governance. Administrative specifics on which the Charter is silent can readily be provided through legislative ordinance appropriate for unique local conditions.
Leadership training in higher education: A case study
Authors: Moore Linda
Published: May 2007

This is a first‐hand account of an American Council on Education Fellow's experience with leadership training for educational administration. The ACE Fellows Program identifies and trains individuals with background in higher education for upper‐level administrative positions in educational institutions. Evaluating the program, the author concludes that trained administrative leaders contribute significantly to a quality environment for effective teaching.
A church and its neighborhood
Authors: Specht David
Published: May 2007

Churches are a natural and traditional force for community improvement. Most communities have some experience with church convening activities for volunteering and charity. Less traditional—but of much greater potential impact—are structured and aggressive programs to promote active involvement and leadership of church congregants in local service‐delivery institutions.
Healthy communities
Authors: Duhl Leonard J.
Published: May 2007

With this issue of the NATIONAL CIVIC REVIEW we launch a new “Healthy Communities” department. Co‐edited by Leonard J. Duhl of the University of California at Berkeley and Barry Checkoway of the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, this department will be a forum for extended essays and case studies on the use of civic strategies for promoting public health. The following essay presents the theoretical foundation for the healthy community concept as the League defines it for purposes of the National Healthy Communities Initiative.
The city of san diego: An achieving organization
Authors: Cleary Catherine , Hanley Peggy , Sopp Trudy
Published: May 2007

Achievement in San Diego is based on managerial development and commitment to service. Managers at all levels are urged to impact the organization through intelligent risk taking, strategic planning, visioning, and team development. In their interaction with the public, city employees apply a service and quality orientation based on 1) responsiveness to community needs, 2) attention to citizen requests, and 3) willingness to help citizens negotiate the municipal bureaucracy.
America's number one problem: Democracy
Authors: Horwitt Sanford D.
Published: May 2007

People who do not vote are even less likely to be engaged in other responsibilities commonly associated with citizenship in a democracy. Meanwhile, widespread belief that politics — as currently practiced — favors special interests over the “common good” has alienated an ever‐increasing proportion of the electorate. In addition, the decline of local political parties and labor unions, combined with a decline in active church membership, has reduced the number of traditional outlets for grass‐roots action, resulting in an erosion of community values. In the face of growing diversity and fast‐paced change, the challenge to democracy rests in the recognition of a linkage between private gain and the public good; the nation's future depends on it.
The language of citizen democracy
Authors: Boyte Harry C. , Lappé Frances Moore
Published: May 2007

A too restrictive definition of citizenship has reduced public involvement to the mere casting of ballots, and the political role of the citizen to to the consumption of campaign rhetoric. If citizens are to view more active participation in the political process as a means to beneficial social change, methods must be installed to foster greater identification of personal well‐being with that of the broader community. Part of the solution lies in rediscovering old definitions of familiar words such as “public”‐the organized community acting as a whole — and “politics” — the work of the citizen as influential decision maker and direct problem solver.
Revitalizing citizen activism and participatory democracy
Authors: Cisneros Henry G.
Published: May 2007

The mission of the National Civic League is evolving to meet the needs of a society of startling contradictions: riches and poverty, progress and decline, enlightenment and ignorance.
Developing a shared vision: Business, government and education
Authors: McGrew Jean
Published: May 2007

This article concentrates on tactics that can be used by business, education and government leaders to develoep a shared vision of the educational goals of their communities.
The phoenix futures forum: Creating vision, implanting community
Authors: Hall John Stuart , Weschler Louis F.
Published: May 2007

In Phoenix, Arizona, the pressures of unprecedented population growth — and the catalytic effect of a highly critical outside assessment of the community's response to growing size and diversity — led to a multi‐year, ongoing effort to shape neighborhood attitudes and aspirations into a comprehensive plan for the future.
Retrenchment and municipal service priorities: A view from the sunbelt
Authors: Mattson Gary A. , Twogood R. Philip
Published: May 2007

In response to fiscal stress, Florida's small cities are adopting service‐delivery policies that will likely shift the burden on those who can scarcely afford it — the poor and elderly.
Limiting legislative terms is a bad idea
Authors: Ledbetter Cal
Published: May 2007

Term limits are an extreme response to a perceived deficiency in the political process. In fact, turnover among legislators is much higher than generally supposed, and incumbent advantage can be reduced through campaign regulation reform. Meanwhile, citizens can continue to exercise a cherished premise of democracy — choosing their representativies and telling them when to leave.
Latino political participation: Invigorating the democratic process
Authors: Hernandez Antonia
Published: May 2007

Success of the American Latino community will depend on how well it maximizes its opportunities and decreases the negative effects of numerous opposing forces. Unless Latinos make significant gains in educational attainment, they will remain unemployed and underemployed, they will fall farther behind in economic mobility, and remain outside mainstream society.
Campaign advertising and public participation
Authors: Zeller Laurie Hirschfeld
Published: May 2007

Abstracting from the intuitive conclusion that negative advertising — or advertising in general — and the failure of candidates to engage each other substantively under media and citizen scrutiny challenges democracy and discourages participation, this article overviews 1) criticism of the current state of paid campaign media, and 2) a number of political advertising reforms that have been suggested, both legislative and informal.
Community and the quest for excellence
Authors: Kemmis Daniel
Published: May 2007

Community offers to human experience the possibility of health in its deepest, most satisfying significantions: health as a life well lived, in the context of wholeness and unity, both with our natural and built surroundings and our co‐inhabitants.
The spirit of place: The holy in everyday urban life
Authors: Filipovitch Anthony J.
Published: May 2007

While traditional religious sacred space has been used to separate people, secular sacred places unite us all in our common humanity and citizenship — an experience that is particularly important in urban settings which magnify and emphasize the diversity of their residents.
Community for children
Authors: Kordesh Richard
Published: May 2007

If civic leaders and institutions are to strengthen community in their cities, they must ensure that children are properly socialized in the skills of communication and interaction, and aware of the cultural premises of the society.
Empowering the vision: Citywide strategic planning
Authors: Wheeland Craig M.
Published: May 2007

Rock Hill, South Carolina used a citywide approach, called Empowering the Vision (ETV), to produce a 10‐year plan that will significantly transform the city's image as a southern urban village on the leading edge of Charlotte, North Carolina.
The Los Angeles riots: Causes and cures
Authors: Rubenstien Richard E.
Published: May 2007

Given the conditions present in Los Angeles and other American inner cities — economic disparity, physical isolation, failed social service and educational systems, and general hopelessness — the more appropriate question to ask regarding urban unrest last spring may be “Why don't such riots erupt more often?” Desperately needed are new forums for the resolution of conflicts and restructuring of failed systems.
Diversity: A progressive approach
Authors: Gilderbloom John I. , Golden Dennis C.
Published: May 2007

Organizational programs to celebrate racial and ethnic diversity hold great promise for promiting respect for human dignity, values of tolerance, and appreciation of difference.
Democracy, diversity and “smart” ballots
Authors: Cossolotto Matthew
Published: May 2007

A democracy that is truly safe for diversity is one that ensures effective representation of women and minorities on policymaking bodies. The central issue is not the right to vote, but the power to a cast a meaningful vote.
From coast to coast: The term‐limitation express
Authors: Petracca Mark P. , Jump Darcy
Published: May 2007

The term‐limitation movement currently has a single reform aim, albeit motivated by many different reasons. Should the movement fall flat this November, its leaders might be inspired to think about a more comprehensive agenda for reforming our political process.
Strategic intercommunity governance networks (“Signets” of economic competitiveness in the 1990s)
Authors: Dodge William R.
Published: May 2007

Developing new models and pursuing effective strategies for strengthening intercommunity/regional governance are critical to fostering economic competitiveness in the 1990s.
Promoting regional cooperation in southeastern Pennsylvania
Authors: Hershberg Theodore , Magidson Pam , Wernecke Mary Lou
Published: May 2007

Regional action and regional governance, based on the shared values of core cities and their suburbs, requires a strong convening and research institution responsive to governmental, business and civic concerns.
Momentum 21: Regional cooperation in the Chippewa Valley
Authors: Huggins Michael
Published: May 2007

Facing high unemployment, industrial restructuring and intra‐regional competition, leaders from business, government and education founded a forum and process for the cooperative promotion and development of a three‐county region in the vicinity of Eau Claire, Wisconsin.
Systematic approach to functional consolidation and merger
Authors: Pittard Floyd L.
Published: May 2007

Service inefficiency and duplication of effort and investment dramatize the down‐side of suburbanization. Fire protection is a service area which demonstrates the potential of regional cooperation “where the rubber hits the road”.
A communitarian position on the family
Authors: Elshtain Jean , Aird Enola , Etzioni Amitai , Galston William , Gelndon Mary Ann , Minow Martha , Rossi Alice
Published: May 2007

The well‐being of our nation's children is a prime responsibility of parents. Too many parents, however, are failing to discharge this responsibility because our society — principally through public policies and middle class mores — is not fostering a family‐friendly environment. Meanwhile, economic pressures on parents and popular culture are making the raising of children an ever more challenging task, constituting a profound threat to our common life.
Framing a social market for community responsibility: Governing in an age of NIMBYs and LULUs
Authors: O'Looney John
Published: May 2007

We need more effective and equitable means of distributing the consequences of undesirable but necessary land uses. One approach would authorize neighborhood‐level institutions to define and administer a limited market for the purchase of right to develop unwanted facilities.
Leadership and the design and use of forums, arenas and courts
Authors: Crosby Barbara C. , Bryson John M.
Published: May 2007

Communities need many leaders who understand people, groups, organizations, institutions, and communities, both as separate entities and as parts of complex interorganizational networks. Increasingly, effective leadership demands the ability to communicate vision to a diverse audience and knowledge of the vast array of venues in which decisions are made, conflicts are resolved, and action is initiated.
Congressional represention of rural and small‐town interests, 1981–1990
Authors: Saffell David C.
Published: May 2007

During a decade of presidential leadership favoring federal withdrawal from state and local affairs, what insights does the congressional record offer on the voting patterns of rural representatives on programs of interest to small‐town America?
The failure of traditional politics
Authors: Chrislip David D.
Published: May 2007

Responsive, caring communities are not the products of individual practices alone. All the good conversations and all the well meaning collaboration will be of little effect without fundamental reform of our governing institutions and political system, which currently are fashioned to serve the objectives of well funded and organized interest groups.
Revitalizing Cleveland: Organizing citizens to respond to the challenge
Authors: Purdy Janis
Published: May 2007

The strongest civic traditions will not shield communities from the ravages of economic and social transition if they are not capable of self‐renewal. The “Comeback City” bases its turnaround on its flair for consensus‐based problem solving, regional thinking and broad acceptance of personal responsibility to community.
The Atlanta project: A community‐based approach to solving urban problems
Authors: Giles Michael W.
Published: May 2007

Planning of large‐scale community and civic revitalization projects is challenged by the dialectic that exists between the need for effective, centralized coordination and the affirmative value of neighborhood empowerment and control. For the Atlanta Project, striking this balance is both an ongoing challenge and a source of strength.
Ray Flynn's legacy: American cities and the progressive agenda
Authors: Dreier Peter
Published: May 2007

Can urban progressivism flourish in a climate that is also hospitable to the interests of business — developers and industrialists alike? Pushing the “city limits” implies striking this balance, but addressing the root causes of abject urban poverty may ultimately exceed the capacity of the most progressive urban agenda.
Hope for ‘suburbanitis’
Authors: Reed Thomas H.
Published: May 2007

“A genuine cure calls for drastic surgery on the present scheme of local government,” but the going will be hard.
The case for an American renewal
Authors: Peirce Neal R.
Published: May 2007

American Renewal requires a commitment from every individual and every institution to the principles of collaboration, rather than conflict and counter‐productive competion. It also constitutes a new patriotism, founded on the courage to reform our most complex and resistant systems.
American renewal: The challenge of leadership
Authors: Kunde James E.
Published: May 2007

Elected and appointed leaders at all levels of government must summon up the vision, courage and will to confront the serious issues of quality education, work‐force competitiveness, economic opportunity, natural resource allocation, etc. that thereaten America's prosperity, domestic peace and international leadership. This means learning to share power, partnering with the nonprofit sector and accepting the legitimating force of citizen participation in policy development.
A plague of special districts
Authors: Porter Kirk H.
Published: May 2007

Their services are necessary, but not their waste. The author shows why and suggests a remedy.
Bridging the divides of race and ethnicity
Authors: McCoy Martha L. , Sherman Robert F.
Published: May 2007

The process of overcoming bias must begin in communities, where people interact and daily face the consequences of racial, ethnic and class antagonisms. Successful programs combine opportunities for face‐to‐face dialogue among individuals from diverse backgrounds with broad‐based support and involvement of local organizations and governing institutions.
From statistics to soup kitchens: Youth as resources in the 1990s
Authors: Jueds Victoria
Published: May 2007

Today's advocates for youth are espousing a new approach to youth development. Abandoning the traditional problem‐and‐solution perspective on children and adolescents, they are focusing instead on the potential of young people for making positive contributions to their own development as well as their communities.
A new tool for renewing the central city: The urban cultural park
Authors: Bray Paul M.
Published: May 2007

The traditional vision of the urban park — as open space apart and isolated from the residential, economic and social life of the city — must be expanded. Examples abound the communities where urban history, design and planning form the substantive focus for recreation, education, enjoyment, and economic revitalization.
Renewing the bonds of community
Authors: Cisneros Henry G.
Published: May 2007

Programs that treat citizens as passive consumers of services rather than engaged co‐producers of solutions merely perpetuate dependency, as well as disillusionment and hopelessness.
Bringing democracy to life: What works and why. An informal dialogue
Authors: Lappé Frances Moore , Dubois Paul Martin
Published: May 2007

Millions of Americans are learning that for democracy to work it must become an aspect of the way we live — in our schools, work places, organizations, communities — as well as the force defining our relationships with governing institutions and the media. As a result of this realization, Americans are scoring stunning breakthroughs in democratic practice.
The responsible executive. Municipal, county and state
Authors: Cassella William N.
Published: May 2007

The establishment of clear lines of responsibility and accountability — whether in the legislative or executive branche — encourges the efficient and sound conduct of the public's business. It also constitutes a standard against which citizens may judge the performance of their governing officers.
The national civic league and intergovernmental relations
Authors: Cassella William N.
Published: May 2007

Sub‐state regionalism and metropolitan governance have been long‐time preoccupations of the National Civic League. Despite evolution and refinement, NCL policy in tis arena continues to emphasize the essential situational nature of regionalism: solutions must be tailored to the unique characteristics and history of individual regional communities.
Limited, cumulative evidence: Dividing justice department positions on alternative electoral schemes
Authors: Mulroy Steven J.
Published: May 2007

The U.S. Justice Department exhibits an inclinaton to preclear modified at‐large voting plans where the viability of a conventional single‐member district scheme is low, and the local jurisdiction's commitment to voter education and outreach is high.
By the people. The old values of the new citizenship
Authors: Schambra William A.
Published: May 2007

Civic revival will demand greater personal involvement in supporting those working at the grass‐roots level to improve communities.
The quest for a civil society
Authors: Eberly Don E.
Published: May 2007

Individuals must regain comfort with the discussion of values and abandon the practice of framing controversial issues in the strict terms of absolutism and confrontation.
Impact of nonprofits on civil society
Authors: O'Connell Brian
Published: May 2007

While nonprofits exist technically in the private sector, their voluntary character renders them the “most public” of organizations, and thus the agents of maintenance and continuous renewal of civil society.
Mobilzing civic infrastructure. Foundation‐supported job generation
Authors: Giloth Robert , John Dewitt
Published: May 2007

The economies of urban communities are more transitional and fragile than ever, introducing new uncertainty into the lives of inner‐city residents. Philanthropic institutions have an important role to play in linking regional and central‐city economies in ways that build inclusive partnerships across sectors.
Stimulating civic change in metropolitan regions
Authors: West Harry , Taylor Zach
Published: May 2007

Increasingly, metropolitan communities are recognizing the importance and potential of multi‐jurisdictional, participatory planning. The experiences of the Atlanta and Oklahoma City regions dramatize the value of broad inclusion and partnering across sectors. Diverse participation also aids in mobilizing the resources and institutions needed for implementation.
Why women should be included in the voting rights act
Authors: Rule Wilma
Published: May 2007

It is time to correct the ongoing injustice of the under‐representation of women in governing institutions at all levels, perpetrated by the strenuous promotion of single‐member districts. Without an appropriate remedy, the full promise of the 14th and 19th Amendments will not be realized.
A stabilized Hermite spectral method for second‐order differential equations in unbounded domains
Authors: Ma Heping , Zhao Tinggang
Published: May 2007

A stabilized Hermite spectral method, which uses the Hermite polynomials as trial functions, is presented for the heat equation and the generalized Burgers equation in unbounded domains. In order to overcome instability that may occur in direct Hermite spectral methods, a time‐dependent scaling factor is employed in the Hermite expansions. The stability of the scheme is examined and optimal error estimates are derived. Numerical experiments are given to confirm the theoretical results.© 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2007
High order smoothing schemes for inhomogeneous parabolic problems with applications in option pricing
Authors: Khaliq A.Q.M. , Wade B.A. , Yousuf M. , Vigo‐Aguiar J.
Published: May 2007

A new family of numerical schemes for inhomogeneous parabolic partial differential equations is developed utilizing diagonal Padé schemes combined with positivity–preserving Padé schemes as damping devices. We also develop a split version of the algorithm using partial fraction decomposition to address difficulties with accuracy and computational efficiency in solving and to implement the algorithms in parallel. Numerical experiments are presented for several inhomogeneous parabolic problems, including pricing of financial options with nonsmooth payoffs.© 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2007
A supercloseness result for the discontinuous Galerkin stabilization of convection–diffusion problems on Shishkin meshes
Authors: Roos Hans‐Görg , Zarin Helena
Published: May 2007

We consider a convection–diffusion problem with Dirichlet boundary conditions posed on a unit square. The problem is discretized using a combination of the standard Galerkin FEM and an h–version of the nonsymmetric discontinuous Galerkin FEM with interior penalties on a layer–adapted mesh with linear/bilinear elements. With specially chosen penalty parameters for edges from the coarse part of the mesh, we prove uniform convergence (in the perturbation parameter) in an associated norm. In the same norm we also establish a supercloseness result. Numerical tests support our theoretical estimates.© 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2007
Finite difference discretization of the Benjamin‐Bona‐Mahony‐Burgers equation
Authors: Omrani Khaled , Ayadi Mekki
Published: May 2007

Numerical solutions of the Benjamin‐Bona‐Mahony‐Burgers equation in one space dimension are considered using Crank‐Nicolson‐type finite difference method. Existence of solutions is shown by using the Brower's fixed point theorem. The stability and uniqueness of the corresponding methods are proved by the means of the discrete energy method. The convergence in L∞‐norm of the difference solution is obtained. A conservative difference scheme is presented for the Benjamin‐Bona‐Mahony equation. Some numerical experiments have been conducted in order to validate the theoretical results.© 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2007
Effects of preoperative therapeutic play on outcomes of school‐age children undergoing day surgery
Authors: William LI Ho Cheung , Lopez Violeta , Lee Tin Loi Isabel
Published: May 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of therapeutic play on outcomes of children undergoing day surgery. Two hundred and three children admitted for day surgery were invited to participate in a randomized controlled trial. The experimental group received therapeutic play; the control group received routine information preparation. Children in the experimental group reported significantly lower state anxiety scores in pre‐ and postoperative periods and exhibited fewer negative emotions at induction of anesthesia than children in the control group. No significant differences were found between the two groups in postoperative pain. The study provides some evidence that therapeutic play is effective in pre‐ as opposed to postsurgical management of children. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 30: 320–332, 2007
Uneventful administration of vincristine in Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 1X
Authors: Ajitsaria Richa , Reilly Mary , Anderson John
Published: May 2007

Charcot–Marie–Tooth (CMT) disease is the most common inherited peripheral neuropathy. Administration of vinca alkaloids is considered contraindicated in CMT because of the risk of life threatening acute neuropathy. We describe a 5‐year‐old patient with a family history of X‐linked CMT1 who presented with Wilms tumour. Despite confirmation of a connexin 32 point mutation, the patient was treated with 40.5 mg/m2 of vincristine with no clinical evidence of drug‐related neuropathy. This case describes vincristine being safely administered to a patient with molecularly proven type CMT 1X, but in type 1A CMT vincristine is still contraindicated. An extensive literature review revealed no other series of cases in which vincristine administration in molecularly proven CMT 1X had been described. CMT should be excluded in any patient who develops a profound, acute neuropathy following vincristine, as many patients in the cases reviewed were asymptomatic prior to treatment. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:874–876. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proteome phenotyping of acid stress‐resistant mutants of Lactococcus lactis MG1363
Authors: Budin‐Verneuil Aurélie , Pichereau Vianney , Auffray Yanick , Ehrlich Dusko , Maguin Emmanuelle
Published: May 2007

To cope with medium acidity, Lactococcus lactis has evolved a number of inducible mechanisms commonly referred as acid stress response. To better understand the molecular basis of this response, several mutants constitutively tolerant to acidity were previously obtained by insertional random mutagenesis of L. lactis MG1363. Mutants in which the GMP synthase gene (i.e. guaA), the (p)ppGpp synthase gene (i.e. relA*) or the high affinity phosphate transport system (i.e. pstS) are inactivated are further characterized in this study. 2‐DE was performed and showed that 42, 26, and 35 protein spots are positively deregulated in the guaA, relA*, and pstS mutants, respectively, as compared to the wild‐type strain. Most of these proteins were identified by MS. Proteomes comparison of the mutants guaA, relA*, and pstS as well as the acid adaptation proteome of the wild‐type strain revealed (i) the presence of numerous overlaps and (ii) that only five proteins were overexpressed in the four conditions, suggesting that these proteins play a crucial role in the constitutive acid stress tolerance of the mutants and in the acid tolerance response of the wild‐type strain.
Proteomics of ionically bound and soluble extracellular proteins in Medicago truncatula leaves
Authors: Soares Nelson C. , Francisco Rita , Ricardo Cândido P. , Jackson Phil A.
Published: May 2007

A large proportion of the apoplast proteome resides in the intercellular fluid (IF) or is ionically bound (IB) to the wall matrix. A combined analysis of IF and IB proteins of the Medicago truncatula leaf apoplast was performed. 2‐DE analyses demonstrated the reproducible presence of 220 IF and 84 IB proteins in the apoplast. These two protein populations were largely distinct; 22 proteins could be spatially matched, but MALDI‐TOF/TOF analyses suggested a considerably smaller number had common identities. MALDI‐TOF/TOF characterisation identified 81 distinct proteins. Analyses of selected IF proteins (45) indicated 17 distinct proteins with mainly defence‐related functions, whereas analyses of IB proteins (70) identified 63 distinct proteins of diverse natures, including proteins of non‐canonical natures. The presence of non‐canonical proteins in IB extracts is discussed in the light of evidence supporting a low level of contamination of purified walls from symplastic proteins. This work indicates that IB and IF proteins are functionally distinct fractions of the apoplast. The data obtained complements earlier studies of the Medicago proteome and therefore will be useful in future studies investigating the role of apoplastic proteins in plant processes.
Proteomic analysis of day–night variations in protein levels in the rat pineal gland
Authors: Møller Morten , Sparre Thomas , Bache Nicolai , Roepstorff Peter , Vorum Henrik
Published: May 2007

The pineal gland secretes the hormone melatonin. This secretion exhibits a circadian rhythm with a zenith during night and a nadir during day. We have performed proteome analysis of the superficial pineal gland in rats during daytime and nighttime. The proteins were extracted and subjected to 2‐DE. Of 1747 protein spots revealed by electrophoresis, densitometric analysis showed the up‐regulation of 25 proteins during nighttime and of 35 proteins during daytime. Thirty‐seven of the proteins were identified by MALDI‐TOF MS. The proteins up‐regulated during the night are involved in the Krebs cycle, energy transduction, calcium binding, and intracellular transport. During the daytime, enzymes involved in glycolysis, electron transport, and also the Krebs cycle were up‐regulated as well as proteins taking part in RNA binding and RNA processing. Our data show a prominent day–night variation of the protein levels in the rat pineal gland. Some proteins are up‐regulated during the night concomitant with the melatonin secretion of the gland. Other proteins are up‐regulated during the day indicating a pineal metabolism not related to the melatonin synthesis.
Synthesis and characterization of maleimide (Co)polymers with pendant benzoxazine groups by photoinduced radical polymerization and their thermal curing
Authors: Gacal Burcin , Cianga Luminita , Agag Tarek , Takeichi Tsutomu , Yagci Yusuf
Published: May 2007

A maleimide monomer with benzoxazine and nitrile functionalities, 1‐[3‐(4‐cyano‐phenyl)‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐benzo[e] [1,3]oxazine‐6‐yl]‐maleimide (MI‐Bz‐4CN), was prepared using N‐(4‐hydroxyphenylmaleimide) (HPMI), formaldehyde, and 4‐aminobenzonitrile. Photoinduced radical polymerization was employed to prepare the alternating copolymers of MI‐Bz‐4CN with styrene (St) at room temperature using ω,ω‐dimethoxy‐ω‐phenylacetophenone (DMPA) as photoinitiator. These polymers were characterized by FT‐IR and 1H NMR. Monomer reactivity ratios for the studied monomer pair were calculated by using extended Kelen–Tüdos (Ex. K–T) method. Structural parameters of the copolymers were obtained calculating the diad monomer sequence fractions. Copolymers' compositions and the monomer reactivity ratios suggest the alternating nature of the copolymerization. Thermal behavior of the alternating copolymers P(MI‐Bz‐4CN‐alt‐St) was also investigated by thermogravimetrical analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The ring‐opening polymerization of the pendant benzoxazine groups of the copolymers was monitored by DSC and FT‐IR studies. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 2774–2786, 2007
Thermoresponsive hydrogel of poly(glycidyl methacrylate‐co‐N‐isopropylacrylamide) as a nanoreactor of gold nanoparticles
Authors: Jiang Xiaowei , Xiong De'An , An Yingli , Zheng Peiwen , Zhang Wangqing , Shi Linqi
Published: May 2007

The synthesis of a thermoresponsive hydrogel of poly(glycidyl methacrylate‐co‐N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PGMA‐co‐PNIPAM) and its application as a nanoreactor of gold nanoparticles are studied. The thermoresponsive copolymer of PGMA‐co‐PNIPAM is first synthesized by the copolymerization of glycidyl methacrylate and N‐isopropylacrylamide using 2,2′‐azobis(isobutyronitrile) as an initiator in tetrahydrofuran at 70 °C and then crosslinked with diethylenetriamine to form a thermoresponsive hydrogel. The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the thermoresponsive hydrogel is about 50 °C. The hydrogel exists as 280‐nm spheres below the LCST. The diameter of the spherical hydrogel gradually decreases to a minimum constant of 113 nm when the temperature increases to 75 °C. The hydrogel can act as a nanoreactor of gold nanoparticles because of the coordination of nitrogen atoms of the crosslinker with gold ions, on which a hydrogel/gold nanocomposite is synthesized. The LCST of the resultant hydrogel/gold nanocomposite is similar to that of the hydrogel. The size of the resultant gold nanoparticles is about 15 nm. The hydrogel/gold nanocomposite can act as a smart and recyclable catalyst. At a temperature below the LCST, the thermoresponsive nanocomposite is a homogeneous and efficient catalyst, whereas at a temperature above the LCST, it becomes a heterogeneous one, and its catalytic activity greatly decreases. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 2812–2819, 2007
Nanoelectromechanical systems based on multi‐walled nanotubes: nanothermometer, nanorelay, and nanoactuator
Authors: Popov Andrey M. , Bichoutskaia Elena , Lozovik Yurii E. , Kulish Anton S.
Published: May 2007

We report on three new types of nanoelectromechanical systems based on carbon nanotubes: an electromechanical nanothermometer, a nanorelay and a nanomotor. The nanothermometer can be used for accurate temperature measurements in spatially localized regions with dimensions of several hundred nanometers. The nanorelay is a prototype of a memory cell, and the nanoactuator can be used for transformation of the forward force into the relative rotation of the walls. Relative motion of the walls in these nanosystems is defined by the shape of the interwall interaction energy surface. Ab initio and semi‐empirical calculations have been used to estimate the operational characteristics and dimensions of these nanosystems. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of water and hydrolysis catalyst on the crystal structure of nanocrystalline TiO2 powders prepared by sol–gel method
Authors: Juengsuwattananon K. , Jaroenworaluck A. , Panyathanmaporn T. , Jinawath S. , Supothina S.
Published: May 2007

TiO2 powders were synthesized by a sol–gel method from tetrabutyl orthotitanate solution in the presence of water and hydrochloric acid. In order to study the effect of water content and hydrolysis catalyst (HCl) on crystal structure of the TiO2, a composition of H2O:EtOH:HCl was varied to 1:3:1, 1.5:1.5:2, 2:2:1 and 3:1:1. An increase of water and hydrochloric acid content in the precursor led to faster sol formation and greater yield of the TiO2 particle. Both water and hydrochloric acid were also found to promote the formation of rutile phase. Very fine spherical anatase and rutile crystals were obtained from the precursor containing small amount of water, while much larger needle‐shaped pure rutile was obtained when the precursor contained high amount of water. It was shown that phase composition can be monitored by easy manipulation of basic synthesis parameters such as the amount of water and acid catalyst. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Femtosecond electron‐ion dynamics in excited nano‐materials: Real‐time propagation based on the time‐dependent density functional theory
Authors: Miyamoto Yoshiyuki
Published: May 2007

In this article, I describe a method to perform molecular dynamics simulation under electronic excitation within a framework of the time‐dependent density functional theory and the Ehrenfest approximation. I present computational procedure and its application to carrier dynamics in carbon nanotubes. The difficulty in dealing with non‐adiabatic transition within a scheme of the density functional theory is also discussed. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Carbon nanotubes grown from individual gas phase prepared iron catalyst particles
Authors: Schäffel F. , Kramberger C. , Rümmeli M. H. , Kaltofen R. , Grimm D. , Grüneis A. , Mohn E. , Gemming T. , Pichler T. , Büchner B. , Rellinghaus B. , Schultz L.
Published: May 2007

We present a technique to grow carbon nanotubes by chemical vapour deposition of cyclohexane from separately generated catalytic iron nanoparticles. The catalyst particles are synthesized via inert‐gas condensation using DC‐sputtering at pressures in the mbar range. The preparation technique employed allows the production of individual and pure catalyst particles with a narrow particle size distribution. If deposited onto appropriate substrates these nanoparticles can act as individual nucleation sites for the growth of carbon nanotubes. Our findings show that the technique is highly viable for the precise engineering of nanoparticles in terms of material, size, purity, and density on substrates. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth of Rubrene thin film, spherulites and nanowires on SiO2
Authors: Luo Y. , Brun M. , Rannou P. , Grevin B.
Published: May 2007

The growth of rubrene thin films thermally evaporated under ultra‐high vacuum (UHV) on SiO2 has been investigated by combining atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and polarized optical microscopy (POM) techniques. A mode of thin film growth in which an amorphous continuous holy film first covers the substrate, and acts afterwards as a template for the nucleation of polycrystalline rubrene spherulites, has been identified. Additionally, rubrene one‐dimensional structures have been observed with a catalyst‐free growth process. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Laser action in electrically driven quantum dot matrix
Authors: Krasnyj J. , Chuchmała A. , Jacak W. , Tytus M. , Donderowicz W.
Published: May 2007

A lasing system based on electrically driven quantum dot matrix is proposed, where population inversion of the dot matrix is obtained by rapid (nonadiabatic) switching on of in‐plane electric field as a pumping force. Numerical analysis of electron–photon system kinetics is performed for various electric fields and temperatures. For parabolic type of confinement in QDs, a convenient amplification of contribution from several levels is indicated. The relevant analysis utilises an exact solution of Cauchy problem for an infinite chain of linear differential equations. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Über die Fehlerabschätzung beim Extrapolationsverfahren von Adams. II. Gleichungen zweiter und höherer Ordnung
Authors: Matthieu P.
Published: May 2007

Die vom Verfasser kürzlich entwickelte neue Methode der Fehlerabschätzung wird auf Gleichungen höherer Ordnung ausgedehnt.
Taylor‐Entwicklungen und finite Ausdrücke für Δu und ΔΔu
Authors: Albrecht J.
Published: May 2007

Die zur Herleitung finiter Ausdrücke für Δu und ΔΔ erforderliche Taylor ‐ Entwicklung eines allgemeinen Ansatzes wird durch geeignete Zusammenfassung partieller Ableitungen in eine übersichtliche Form gebracht, aus der leicht zu ersehen ist, welche Möglichkeiten hinsichtlich des Taylor ‐ Abgleiches bestehen. Es warden regelmäßige Gitter aus Quadraten, Dreiecken, Sechsecken und Würfeln zugrunde gelegt.
Über die Verteilungsfunktionen von Vektorsummen
Authors: Deuker E. A.
Published: May 2007

In einem p‐dimensionalen, euklidischen Raum seien n Vektoren von beliebiger zunächst fester Länge gegeben, deren Orientierungen statistisch mit gleicher Wahrscheinlichkeit verteilt sind. Der Betrag des Summenvektors ist eine statistische Gröβe, für deren Verteilung eine allgemeine, für alle positiven, ganzzahligen p und n gültige Formel in Gestalt eines uneigentlichen Integrals über Besselsche Funktionen hergeleitet wird. Diese Verteilungen gehen, unter bestimmten Bedingungen, für große Werte von n asymptotisch in bekannte Verteilungen der mathematischen Statistik über.
Über die Fortpflanzung kleiner Störungen in flüssigen Medien, betrachtet als Ausbreitungsvorgang von Unstetigkeiten in den Lösungen der Bewegungsdifferentialgleichung
Authors: Nitsche Johannes
Published: May 2007

Die Fortpflanzung einer kleinen punkthaften Störung in zwei längs ebener Trennfläche aneinandergrenzenden Flüssigkeiten wird nach der Methode der Unstetigkeiten als Ausbreitungsvorgang kleiner Druck‐ und Geschwindigkeitssprünge behandelt. Die Verteilung des Drucksprunges auf der Stoßfront wird angegeben und genauer diskutiert für den Fall, daß die Störung von einem Punkt der Trennfläche ausgeht. Die Verhältnisse bei auftretender Totalreflexion werden an einem Beispiel betrachtet.