bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deep learning based decoding of local field potential events
Authors: Schilling Achim , Gerum Richard , Boehm Claudia , Rasheed Jwan , Metzner Claus , Maier Andreas , Reindl Caroline , Hamer Hajo , Krauss Patrick
Published: October 2022

How is information processed in the cerebral cortex? To answer this question a lot of effort has been undertaken to create novel and to further develop existing neuroimaging techniques. Thus, a high spatial resolution of fMRI devices was the key to exactly localize cognitive processes. Furthermore, an increase in time-resolution and number of recording channels of electro-physiological setups has opened the door to investigate the exact timing of neural activity. However, in most cases the recorded signal is averaged over many (stimulus) repetitions, which erases the fine-structure of the neural signal. Here, we show that an unsupervised machine learning approach can be used to extract meaningful information from electro-physiological recordings on a single-trial base. We use an auto-encoder network to reduce the dimensions of single local field potential (LFP) events to create interpretable clusters of different neural activity patterns. Strikingly, certain LFP shapes correspond to latency differences in different recording channels. Hence, LFP shapes can be used to determine the direction of information flux in the cerebral cortex. Furthermore, after clustering, we decoded the cluster centroids to reverse-engineer the underlying prototypical LFP event shapes. To evaluate our approach, we applied it to both neural extra-cellular recordings in rodents, and intra-cranial EEG recordings in humans. Finally, we find that single channel LFP event shapes during spontaneous activity sample from the realm of possible stimulus evoked event shapes. A finding which so far has only been demonstrated for multi-channel population coding.
Analyses of single extracellular vesicles from non-small lung cancer cells to reveal effects by Epidermal growth factor inhibitor treatments
Authors: Stridfeldt Fredrik , Cavallaro Sara , Hååg Petra , Lewensohn Rolf , Linnros Jan , Viktorsson Kristina , Dev Apurba
Published: October 2022

Precision cancer medicine have changed the treatment landscape of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) as illustrated by tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) towards mutated Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Yet, responses to such TKIs e.g., erlotinib and osimertinib among patients are heterogenous and there is a need for non-invasive blood-based analytics to follow treatment response and reveal resistance to improve patient’s treatment outcome. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been identified as an important source of tumor biomarkers promising to revolutionize liquid biopsy-based diagnosis of cancer. However, high heterogeneity has been a major bottleneck. The pathological signature is often hidden in the differential expression of membrane proteins in a subset of EVs which are difficult to identify with bulk techniques. Using a fluorescence-based approach, we for the first time demonstrate that the single-EV technique can be used to monitor the treatment response of targeted cancer therapies such as TKIs towards EGFR. To test the hypothesis, we analyzed the membrane proteins of native EVs extracted from EGFR-mutant NSCLC cell line, both prior and post treatment with EGFR-TKIs erlotinib or osimertinib. The selected cell line being refractory to erlotinib and responsive to osimertinib makes it a suitable model system. The expression level of five surface proteins; two common tetraspanins (CD9, CD81) and three markers of specific interest in lung cancer (EGFR, PD-L1, HER2) were studied. The data suggest that in contrast to erlotinib, the osimertinib treatment increases the population of PD-L1, EGFR and HER2 positive EVs while the expression level per EV decreases for all the three markers. The PD-L1 and HER2 expressing EV population seems to increase by several fold because of osimertinib treatment. The observations agree with the previous reports performed on cellular level indicating the biomarker potential of EVs for liquid-biopsy based monitoring of targeted cancer treatments.

Highlights

Membrane protein analyses of single EVs may reveal distinct differences when lung cancer cells are refractory vs responsive under different EGFR-TKI treatments.

Comparison of 1stgeneration erlotinib and 3rdgeneration osimertinib shows clear signature on the expression of PD-L1, EGFR, HER2 on single EVs

Colocalization showed a change in common marker combinations before after treatment.

PD-L1 expression per vesicle decreases while the number of PD-L1 positive EVs increases as a result of osimertinib treatment, indicating that such signature may not be detectable under bulk analysis
Canonical and Non-Canonical Psychedelic Drugs Induce Common Network Changes in Human Cortex
Authors: Dai Rui , Larkin Tony E. , Huang Zirui , Tarnal Vijay , Picton Paul , Vlisides Phillip E. , Janke Ellen , McKinney Amy , Hudetz Anthony G. , Harris Richard E. , Mashour George A.
Published: October 2022

Abstract

The neurobiology of the psychedelic experience is not fully elucidated. Identifying common brain network changes induced by both canonical (i.e., acting at the 5-HT2 receptor) and non-canonical psychedelics would provide mechanistic insight into state-specific characteristics. We analyzed whole-brain functional connectivity based on resting-state fMRI data in humans, acquired before and during the administration of nitrous oxide, ketamine, and lysergic acid diethylamide. We report that, despite distinct molecular mechanisms and modes of delivery, all three psychedelics reduced within-network functional connectivity and enhanced between-network functional connectivity. More specifically, all drugs tested increased connectivity between right temporoparietal junction and bilateral intraparietal sulcus as well as between precuneus and left intraparietal sulcus. These regions fall within the posterior cortical “hot zone,” posited to mediate the content of consciousness. Thus, both canonical and non-canonical psychedelics modulate networks within an area of known relevance for conscious experience, identifying a biologically plausible candidate for their subjective effects.
Baculovirus Surface Display of Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase for Monoclonal Antibody Production
Authors: Lo Huei-Ru , Wu Chun-Pei , Jan Jia-Tsrong , Chao Yu-Chan , Tsai Chih-Hsuan
Published: October 2022

The H7N9 influenza virus that emerged in 2013 is a dangerous infectious disease with a high mortality rate of up to 40%. Developing effective monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to detect and treat the infection of this virus is therefore critical. In this study, we expressed hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) of H7N9 (A/Anhui/1/2013) on the surface of baculovirus (i.e., HA7-Bac and NA9-Bac). Our results showed that both HA or NA proteins displayed on HA7-Bac or NA9-Bac could well maintain their native biological function. Mice antisera derived from the injections of either HA7-Bac- or NA9-Bac exhibited high inhibitory activity in the hemagglutination and neuraminidase assay of H7N9 virus. mAbs generated by immunization with HA7-Bac exhibited high neutralizing activity against H7N9 virus infectivity in cell assays, whereas mAbs generated by immunization with NA9-Bac inhibited neuraminidase activity. These results proved that baculovirus display of HA and NA from H7N9 could be convenient agents to generate neutralizing mAbs against virus infection.
Reclassification of probioticLactobacillus acidophilusNCIMB 30184 asLactobacillus helveticusandLactobacillus caseiNCIMB 30185 asLacticaseibacillus paracasei
Authors: Rodenes A. , Casinos B. , Alvarez B. , Martinez-Blanch J.F. , Vijayakumar V. , Superti G. , Day R. , Chenoll E.
Published: October 2022

The strains NCIMB 30184 and NCIMB 30185, originally designated asLactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus caseirespectively, have been studied in published pre-clinical and clinical studies. Their nucleotide sequences of the 16S rRNA were compared with public databases and were preliminarily found to have the highest similarity withLactobacillus helveticusandLacticaseibacillus paracaseispecies respectively. Subsequently, total 16S and 23S rRNA genes were compared with their most similar taxa, and the preliminary identification asLactobacillus helveticusandLacticaseibacillus paracaseiwere confirmed.
Temporal and regulatory dynamics of the inner ear transcriptome during development in mice
Authors: Cao Rui , Takechi Masaki , Wang Xiuwan , Furutera Toshiko , Nojiri Taro , Koyabu Daisuke , Li Jun
Published: October 2022

The inner ear controls hearing and balance, while the temporal molecular signatures and transcriptional regulatory dynamics underlying its development are still unclear. In this study, we investigated time-series transcriptome in the mouse inner ear from embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5) to postnatal day 7 (P7) using bulk RNA-Seq. A total of 10,822 differentially expressed genes were identified between pairwise stages. We identified nine significant temporal expression profiles using time-series expression analysis. The constantly down-regulated profiles throughout the development are related to DNA activity and neurosensory development, while the constantly up-regulated profiles are related to collagen and extracellular matrix. Further co-expression network analysis revealed that several hub genes, such as pnoc1, cd9, and krt27, are related to the neurosensory development, cell adhesion, and keratinization. We uncovered three important transcription regulatory paths during mice inner ear development. Transcription factors related to Hippo/TGFβ signaling induced decreased expressions of genes relate to the neurosensory and inner ear development, while a series of INF genes activated the expressions of genes in immunoregulation. In addition to deepening our understanding of the temporal and regulatory mechanisms of inner ear development, our transcriptomic data could fuel future multi-species comparative studies and elucidate the evolutionary trajectory of auditory development.
Quantitative texture analysis at the WAND2 and HIDRA diffractometers
Authors: Peterson Nathan E. , Fancher Chris M. , Frontzek Matthias , Bunn Jeffrey , Payzant Andrew , An Ke , Agnew Sean
Published: October 2022

Data collection and analysis strategies have been developed for efficient and reliable crystallographic texture measurements at two recently upgraded neutron diffractometers: the Wide Angle Neutron Diffractometer Squared (WAND2) and the High Intensity Diffractometer for Residual Stress Analysis (HIDRA) at the High Flux Isotope Reactor located at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. These methods are demonstrated using measurements on a variety of textured samples, including multi-phase steel composites and polycrystalline calcite (CaCO3). Reference measurements were also made at VULCAN, the engineering diffractometer located at the Spallation Neutron Source. The texture data obtained on the different instruments are in agreement, and WAND2 is more time efficient than HIDRA. Two analysis methods were investigated, single-peak fitting to obtain individual pole figures for inversion and Rietveld texture analysis using MAUD. The impact of the differences between the various textures obtained was evaluated through the calculation of diffraction elastic constants, which is one application of the texture data collected. Both instruments were found to provide texture data that are suitable for complementing other analyses, such as residual stress mapping.
Customers create customers!–Assessing the role of perceived personalization, online advertising engagement and online users' modes in generating positive e-WOM
Authors: Noor Uzma , Mansoor Mahnaz , Shamim Amjad
Published: October 2022

Purpose

This study examined the relationship between perceived personalization and positive electronic word of mouth, as well as the mediating impact of online advertising engagement and the moderating effect of online users' modes on that relationship. The theory of presence serves as the foundation for the relationships among variables.

Design/methodology/approach

A quasi-experimental research design was used to carry out the investigation. The analysis was performed on 865 valid responses from the treatment and control groups.

Findings

Results showed no mediation for the control group and partial mediation for the treatment group. The treatment group's moderated mediation relationships were found as significant, but the control group's relationships were insignificant. The findings also supported the hypothesis that there is a significant association between perceived personalization and online advertising engagement for playful online users and a weak relationship for serious online users. On the mediation link of online advertising engagement between perceived personalization and positive electronic word of mouth, the conditional indirect influence of “online users' modes” has been specifically studied.

Originality/value

This study is the first to examine online advertising through the lens of the theory of presence and offers a moderated-mediation model of Online Users' Modes and Online Advertising Engagement, which is a valuable addition to the marketing body of knowledge.
Impact of GST on motor and pump exports in India
Authors: Negi Raghuveer , Arumugam Muthusamy , Nomani Abuzar , Geeta Shetty Deepa Thangam
Published: October 2022

Purpose

The impact of Goods and Service Tax (GST) on the motor and pump exports in the Coimbatore region is measured in this study using various parameters and scales. The data collected from exporters were used to identify the pros and cons of GST, stating their opinions on variables considered by the researchers through extensive literature on GST and exports.

Design/methodology/approach

The data were collected from 220 motors and pump exporters through a field survey from the month of January to September 2021. The impacts have been measured using principal component analysis (PCA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The factor analyses and CFA will derive the positive and negative impact of GST determined through critical empirical evidence in this study. Also, the problems faced by the exporters allied to GST, which the authors could not include in the questionnaire due to certain reasons, are concisely apportioned and discussed.

Findings

The study depicts the major advantages of GST, such as harmonized system, long-run performance, reduction in logistics cost, check-post operation, bonds and ease of doing business. Also, it highlights the disadvantages of GST, such as biases in the indirect tax system, the reimbursement of duty drawback being late or pending and document filing was still a tedious job under the GST regime.

Originality/value

The unavailability of considerable literature on the impact of GST on Indian exports signifies the novelty of this research. So far, this is the first empirical attempt to measure the impact of GST on exports which is a unique and original attempt to highlight the problem that lies under the GST regime and the necessary reforms the tax structure needs in the context of Indian exports.
The pharaoh rises: Z-generation startup PIK
Authors: El Bedawy Randa , Elsayed Mayar Farrag
Published: October 2022

Learning outcomes

The case can be used to discuss leadership issues in young ventures. It also allows for a discussion of effective sales and marketing functions for a new product. The case also addresses the different challenges facing certain business models in the market, and finally the importance of having a supporting team.

Case overview/synopsis

The case traces the development of an Egyptian startup software venture and the challenges faced regarding the entrepreneurship ecosystem. The startup’s main dilemma is whether to continue in its existing market or to extend elsewhere. Launching the main services of the startup is another challenge, as the market needs to be educated to see its value. Despite the success story, as a young Egyptian entrepreneur, the founder is expected to face various challenges to excel in the Egyptian market, such as financing, marketing, teamwork and self-development of the entrepreneur himself.

Complexity academic level

The case can be used at all levels, from undergraduate and MBA classes to executive seminars, because the issues it addresses are of broad interest.

Supplementary materials

Teaching notes are available for educators only.

Subject code

CSS 3: Entrepreneurship.
Identifying the relationship between abusive supervision and organizational members’ deviant behavior, in-role behavior and work–life balance
Authors: Cho Taejun , Park Yongho , Jang Jaeyeon
Published: October 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships among abusive supervision, in-role behavior, career commitment and work–life balance.

Design/methodology/approach

The data were collected from 310 South Korean company employees using the survey method. To investigate the research hypotheses, structural equation modeling analysis was conducted.

Findings

This study found negative effects of abusive supervision on in-role behavior, career commitment and work–life balance. Career commitment and work–life balance has the positive influences on in-role behavior. These results support the research hypotheses.

Research limitations/implications

Although this study empirically confirmed the negative effects of abusive supervision on employees’ attitudes toward their careers, lives and working behavior, the influence of cultural aspects was not considered. This study found mediating effects of work–life balance and career commitment.

Practical implications

This study points out that one leader with abusive supervision can negate all organizational efforts aimed at employees’ well-being because the influence of leaders on employees’ careers, lives and working behavior is very critical.

Originality/value

This paper provides a comprehensive understanding of the relationships between abusive supervision and other related variables from a human resource development perspective.
Determinants of time-varying equity risk premia in an emerging market
Authors: Candemir Işıl , Karahan Cenk C.
Published: October 2022

Purpose

This study aims to document the time varying risk premia for market, size, value and momentum factors for an emerging market using a sophisticated conditional asset pricing model. The focus of this study is Turkish stock market denominated in local currency with its peculiar risk premia.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors employ Gagliardini et al.'s (2016) econometric method that uses cross-sectional and time series information simultaneously to infer the path of risk premia from individual stocks.

Findings

Using this methodology, the authors assess several conditioning information and conclude that local dividend yield, inflation and exchange rates have the most explanatory power. The authors document the time varying risk premia in Turkey over three decades.

Originality/value

Existing studies on dynamic estimation of risk premia lack a consensus as to which state variables should be included and to what extent they impact the magnitude of the premium. The authors extend the conditioning information set beyond the ones existing in the literature to determine variables that are specifically important for an emerging market.
The production inefficiency of US electricity industry in the face of restructuring and emission reduction
Authors: Nguyen Manh-Hung , Le Chon Van , Atkinson Scott E.
Published: October 2022

Purpose

The paper investigates the production inefficiency of the US electricity industry in the wake of restructuring and emission reduction regulations.

Design/methodology/approach

The study estimates a multiple-input, multiple-output directional distance function, using six inputs: fuel, labor, capital and annualized capital costs of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOX) and particulate removal devices, two good outputs – residential and industrial-commercial electricity and three bad outputs – SO2, carbon dioxide (CO2) and NOX emissions.

Findings

The authors find that restructuring in electricity markets improves deregulated utilities' technical efficiency (TE). Deregulated utilities with below-average NOX control equipment tend to invest less in these devices, but above-average utilities do the opposite. The reverse applies to particulate removal devices. The whole sample spends more on NOX, particulate and SO2 control systems and reduces its electricity sales slightly. Increased investments in SO2 and NOX control equipment do not reduce SO2 and NOX emissions, but expansions of particulate control systems cut down SO2 emissions greatly. Stricter environmental regulations have probably shifted the production frontier inwards and the utilities farther from the frontier over time.

Practical implications

Restructuring and environmental regulations do not make all utilities invest more in emission control systems. The US government should devise other schemes to achieve this goal.

Originality/value

The paper unveils heterogeneous reactions of US electric utilities in the wake of restructuring and emission regulations.
Accounting fraud in light of organismic integration theory
Authors: Orth Caroline de Oliveira , Marrone Daniela D’Incao , Macagnan Clea Beatriz
Published: October 2022

Purpose

This systematic literature review aims to identify how literature approaches motivations for committing fraud in financial statements and presents a framework on these motivations in the light of organismic integration theory (OIT).

Design/methodology/approach

Therefore, initially, 251 articles were analyzed. Through a systematic review of the literature, 25 were submitted to content analysis.

Findings

The findings suggest that the OIT explains motivational processes neglected by traditional theories, such as the fraud triangle and agency theory. Both theories consider that all human beings are utilitarian by nature. The authors expect that the better we understand the motivational factors that contribute to the large-scale endorsement of immoral behavior, it would be easier to prevent accounting fraud incidents.

Research limitations/implications

This work went to the limit of the proposition of premises; however, other authors can be to advance to the empirical tests.

Practical implications

So, different people have different motivations for committing fraud. For this reason, it is important that organizations, auditors, regulatory and professional bodies that are engaged in combating such dysfunctional behaviors seek to know more deeply whether people are more externally or internally motivated.

Social implications

This recognition will make it possible to design adequate rules and controls, rather than assuming that everyone is equal, and will be discouraged from committing fraud only when there is a severe punishment associated with it.

Originality/value

This study adds to the stream of scholars who analyze fraud from a broader perspective than the assumption that all beings are rational and seek to maximize their well-being. However, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to analyze the phenomenon of fraud from the perspective of the OIT.
A window to peace and tolerance or otherwise: a multi-perspective approach to curriculum analysis
Authors: Khilji Gulab , Jogezai Nazir Ahmed
Published: October 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to analyze the views of educators regarding the constructs of the history curriculum to determine whether history education is usually used for polarization and negative identity enactment or for positive purposes such as tolerance, peace and social justice.

Design/methodology/approach

This study used a qualitative approach, using focus group discussions as a means of data collection. The data were coded deductively based on the preconceived constructs of the Korostelina (2013) model.

Findings

This study found that history education in Pakistan is generally used for national identity formation, which forces manipulation of historical facts and accounts. This study identifies apprehensions that upon knowing the true historical accounts in the later stages of life, students may react adversely to the formed narratives, which may cause further polarization.

Research limitations/implications

This study has significant implications for future researchers, curriculum developers, educators and policy actors.

Originality/value

This study is notable for providing a holistic investigation into the usefulness of history curricula in the context of peacebuilding. In nations where intolerance is prominent, such as Pakistan, the history curriculum can serve to transform people’s perceptions of history. This study offers insights into making the history curriculum more meaningful by offering insights and a way forward to help break down binaries and promote peace and harmony.
The best person for the job is the most qualified, right? An experimental study about Islamophobia in hiring practices
Authors: El Maohub Yassmeen , Rangelov Natalie , Suggs L. Suzanne
Published: October 2022

Purpose

Islamophobia is a growing social problem that leads to the discrimination of Muslims. Using Group Conflict Theory and the Integrated Threat Theory as the theoretical frameworks, this study aims to measure the presence of Islamophobia in the hiring practices of the most southern state of Switzerland.

Design/methodology/approach

An experimental formative research study was conducted with employees. Based on CVs for two positions, back-office and front-office, candidates were selected for interviews and reasons were provided. Two variables were manipulated to represent the “Muslim appearance” on the CVs: the picture and the name. A content analysis of reasons was conducted in addition to descriptive statistics of survey responses.

Findings

A negative perception of Muslim candidates emerged from the answers with a clear difference between the two scenarios: candidates perceived to be Muslim were not rejected from the back-office position, but they were from the front-office position.

Social implications

Results demonstrate that hiring practices in Ticino Switzerland are, in some cases, based on a prejudicial attitude. As long as Muslims were “not seen as Muslims to the customers,” they were judged as acceptable for the job. This has implications for social marketing research and practice aimed to change this discrimination behavior. A next step could be to understand if it is fear of Muslims or fear of what the public might think of Muslims that cause the selection difference between the two jobs. Systems-wide and macro level social marketing research is well suited to investigate such problems and test solutions, in a local context, following the methodology used in this study.

Originality/value

A disturbing escalation of the phenomenon of Islamophobia has emerged across the globe. This paper examines a fundamental issue in equity and prosperity, which is equal opportunity for employment. Using experimental design, the authors find that discrimination exists in hiring practices, which is a problem that social marketing is well equipped to address.
Social effects of joint R&D: the role of learning and accumulation of capacities
Authors: Verre Vladimiro , Milesi Darío , Petelski Natalia
Published: October 2022

Purpose

Joint research is pointed out by the literature as a potentially virtuous cooperation scheme to generate learning in the public sphere and beneficial effects in society. The purpose of this study, based on the Argentine experience in the COVID-19 pandemic, is to analyze the network of capacities, relationships and effects generated, over time, by a series of projects financed by the State in 2010, to clarify the link between learning effects and social effects.

Design/methodology/approach

A qualitative methodology focused on the multiple case study method was used. Each case covers joint R&D projects financed 10 years ago by the state that subsequently led to different solutions for COVID-19.

Findings

The work identifies a public learning process that integrates both industry’s contributions and the intellectual dimension of economic benefits and their translation into specific capabilities; conceptualizes the capacities accumulation process as a multiplier of social effects (direct and indirect) that emerge as knowledge is reused; identifies the articulation between different schemes as a condition for learning effects and social effects to manifest over time.

Originality/value

An aspect not studied in the literature is addressed, the relationship between the learning process induced by joint research, in terms of capabilities, and the social effects specifically generated over time. This is taking place in a context, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, where calls from the scientific and academic community to promote science–industry cooperation are multiplying.
Phenothiazine- isophorone dyes (D–π–A and A–π–D–π–A): synthesis, electronic properties and DFT computational study
Authors: A.M. Al-Zahrani Fatimah
Published: October 2022

Purpose

This paper aims to prepare a new donor–π–acceptor (D–π–A) and acceptor–π– D–π–A (A–π–D–π–A) phenothiazine (PTZ) in conjugation with vinyl isophorone (PTZ-1 and PTZ-2) were designed and their molecular shape, electrical structures and characteristics have been explored using the density functional theory (DFT). The results satisfactorily explain that the higher conjugative effect resulted in a smaller high occupied molecular orbital–lowest unoccupied molecular orbital gap (Eg). Both compounds show intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) transitions in the ultraviolet (UV)–visible range, with a bathochromic shift and higher absorption oscillator strength, as determined by DFT calculations.

Design/methodology/approach

The produced PTZ-1 and PTZ-2 sensors were characterized using various spectroscopic methods, including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H/13CNMR). UV–visible absorbance spectra of the generated D–π–A PTZ-1 and A–π–D–π–A PTZ-2 dyes were explored in different solvents of changeable polarities to illustrate positive solvatochromism correlated to intramolecular charge transfer.

Findings

The emission spectra of PTZ-1 and PTZ-2 showed strong solvent-dependent band intensity and wavelength. Stokes shifts were monitored to increase with the increase of the solvent polarity up to 4122 cm−1 for the most polar solvent. Linear energy-solvation relationship was applied to inspect solvent-dependent Stokes shifting. Quantum yield (ф) of PTZ-1 and PTZ-2 was also explored. The maximum UV–visible absorbance wavelengths were detected at 417 and 419 nm, whereas the fluorescence intensity was monitored at 586 and 588 nm.

Originality/value

The PTZ-1 and PTZ-2 dyes leading to colorimetric and emission spectral changes together with a color shift from yellow to red.
Interpersonal dimensions of self-criticism: exploring nuanced social processes through vignettes in interpretative phenomenological analysis
Authors: Winzenried Caroline , Coburn Jennifer
Published: October 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this study was twofold: to explore the everyday experiences and interpretations of verbalised self-criticism in emergent adult males (ages 18–25) in social contexts and, secondly, to explore the utilisation of vignettes in phenomenological research exploring social processes.

Design/methodology/approach

Four Australian male participants participated in semi-structured interviews to share the participants' experiences and sense-making of self-criticism in social contexts. Vignettes of verbalised self-criticism were used to prompt attentive reflection. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used to analyse the data.

Findings

Four superordinate themes emerged from participant responses: (1) searching for context, (2) self-improving or self-attacking, (3) self-criticism as a social tool, and (4) engaging and distancing responses.

Originality/value

This study provides useful insights into how verbalised self-criticism in social contexts was experienced by four emergent adult males. Furthermore, this study provides a working example of how vignettes can be used within an interpretative phenomenological analysis frame to prompt attentive reflection on sensitive, nuanced social phenomenon. Implications for future research are discussed. Further research could use this study's findings to explore female responses to verbalised self-criticism and potential causality between contextual factors and the nature of responses.
Democracy and access to finance in developing countries
Authors: Farooq Omar , Aktaruzzaman Khondker
Published: October 2022

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to document the effect of democracy on the financing constraints faced by private firms.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper uses the data from the World Bank's Enterprise Surveys to test the arguments presented in this paper in a large sample of private firms from 92 developing countries.

Findings

The results show that firms headquartered in more democratic countries have better access to finance than firms headquartered in less democratic countries. The findings are robust to the comprehensive inclusion of relevant controls and to a number of sensitivity tests. The authors' findings highlight an important channel through which democracy can affect the business environment of a country.

Originality/value

The authors believe that this paper is an initial attempt to document the effect of democracy on the financing constraints faced by private firms.
Anisotropic 4D seismic response inferred from ultrasonic laboratory measurements: A direct comparison with the isotropic response
Authors: Asaka Michinori
Published: October 2022

Pore‐pressure depletion causes changes in the triaxial stress state. Pore‐pressure depletion in a flat reservoir, for example, can be reasonably approximated as uniaxial compaction, in which the horizontal effective stress change is smaller than the vertical effective stress. Furthermore, the stress sensitivity of velocities can be angle‐dependent. Therefore, time‐lapse changes in reservoir elastic anisotropy are expected as a consequence of production, which can complicate the interpretation of the 4D seismic response. The anisotropic 4D seismic response caused by pore‐pressure depletion was investigated using existing core velocity measurements. To make a direct comparison between the anisotropic 4D seismic response and the isotropic response based only on vertical velocities, pseudoisotropic elastic properties were utilized, and the two responses were compared in terms of a dynamic rock physics template. A comparison of the dynamic rock physics templates indicates that time‐lapse changes in reservoir elastic anisotropy have a noticeable impact on the interpretation of 4D seismic data. Changes in anisotropy as a result of pore‐pressure depletion cause a time‐lapse amplitude variation with offset response as if there is a reduction in VP/VS (i.e., pseudoisotropic VP/VS decreases), although the vertical VP/VS increases. The impact of time‐lapse changes in anisotropy on the amplitude variation with offset gradient was also investigated, and the time‐lapse anisotropy was found to enhance changes in the amplitude variation with offset gradient for a given case.
Reciprocal bark exchange helps to disentangle tree species‐dependent bark and wood trait effects on invertebrate diversity
Authors: Chang Chenhui , Berg Matty P. , van Logtestijn Richardus S. P. , Zuo Juan , Lin Li , Bom Cynthia , Wolters Jesper , Biesbroeck Maarten , de Ruijter Pepijn , Hefting Mariet M. , Sass‐Klaassen Ute , Cornelissen Johannes H. C.
Published: October 2022

Previous studies showed that bark cover at early‐decay stage had profound control on the invertebrate assemblages of bark and wood, with possible consequence for the decomposition process. However, previous experimental designs could not disentangle how bark versus wood traits affect the invertebrate assemblage process in bark and/or wood separately because wood traits of different tree species may vary independently from bark traits. Furthermore, we do not know whether such tree species‐specific bark trait effects are still influential at mid‐decay stage.

To unravel whether and how bark and wood traits influence invertebrate communities in tree logs at mid‐decay stage, we introduce reciprocal bark transplantation within pairs of different tree species as a new method. We applied this method to two pairs of phylogenetically contrasting species of gymnosperms (pair I: Araucaria araucana and Cryptomeria japonica, pair II: Picea abies and Thuja plicata) and another gymnosperm (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana) set as disturbance control to test for potential bark manipulation artefacts on invertebrate community composition.

Our bark exchange experiment revealed that both bark and wood host abundant and divergent subsets of invertebrates on mid‐decay logs of different tree species. We further documented that the invertebrate community composition was predominantly shaped by the traits of host tissue per se, while also being significantly but less strongly affected by the traits of the other tissue, that is, the adjacent bark or wood. Our results indicated that bark trait effects faded with time and how long bark trait effects persist greatly depends on bark thickness.

Synthesis. Our study suggests that maintaining deadwood heterogeneity related to variation between tree species and bark versus wood, is important for nursing a large biodiversity of invertebrates. Combined with bark removal methodology, our bark exchange method can be further extended to more decay stages and more forest biomes to track bark trait effects and bark induced priority effects on deadwood decomposition, and its associated invertebrate and microbial communities.
Uptake of inorganic and organic phosphorus compounds by two marine sponges and their associated bacterial communities in aquaria
Authors: Jonas Lauren , Hill Russell
Published: October 2022

Marine sponges are abundant filter‐feeders in benthic ecosystems and many host copious microorganisms. Sponges and their symbionts have emerged as major players within marine biogeochemical cycles, facilitating uptake and release of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. Sponge holobionts' role in transforming dissolved carbon and nitrogen is well established; however, the same depth of understanding has not yet been extended to phosphorus. In this aquaria‐based study, 32P‐labelled orthophosphate and ATP were used to determine that two sponges, Lendenfeldia chondrodes and Hymeniacidon heliophila, both take up ambient dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) and dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP). Subsequent genetic analyses and chemical extraction showed that sponge symbionts have the potential to synthesise polyphosphate (poly‐P) and that this energy‐rich form of stored phosphorus is present in both sponges. L. chondrodes, an oligotrophic sponge with a microbiome dominated by cyanobacteria, stores more phosphorus as poly‐P (6%–8% of total phosphorus) than H. heliophila (0.55%), a eutrophic sponge with low cyanobacterial abundance. DIP/DOP uptake, as well as poly‐P storage, may be driven by two factors: cyanobacterial abundance and nutrient availability. Considering their prevalence in phosphorus‐limited ecosystems and their ability to pump large amounts of seawater, sponge holobionts are likely to be key players within benthic phosphorus cycles.
The effect of oral refeeding compared with nasogastric refeeding on the quality of care for patients hospitalised with an eating disorder: A systematic review
Authors: Bendall Cassandra , Taylor Nicholas F.
Published: October 2022

Aim

The aim of this systematic review was to compare the benefits and harms of nasogastric and oral‐based refeeding on the quality of care, including effectiveness, safety, and patient experience, for patients hospitalised with an eating disorder.

Methods

A systematic search for studies measuring comparative data between nasogastric and oral refeeding methods was conducted in August 2021. Title and abstracts and remaining full texts were screened by both authors. Risk of bias was evaluated using the PEDro scale, and overall quality of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation narrative synthesis.

Results

Seven studies (one randomised controlled trial, five non‐randomised studies of interventions, and one qualitative study) with 917 participants were included. There was low certainty evidence that nasogastric refeeding resulted in no difference or a small increase in weekly weight gain, and moderate certainty of greater total weight gain, and very low certainty of increased length of stay compared to oral refeeding. There was no difference or a small increase in discharge weight and body mass index with nasogastric refeeding compared to oral refeeding. No serious adverse events were reported.

Conclusion

Patients selected for nasogastric refeeding have a longer duration of illness and lower admission weight, making it difficult to determine which refeeding approach is superior. However, the lack of clear difference in weekly weight gain and the lack of reported harms suggests that other factors such as the normalisation of eating behaviour may be taken into account when choosing the most appropriate refeeding method.
Grenville's Postponement of the Stamp Act Reconsidered*
Authors: Kukla Jon
Published: October 2022

In March 1764 George Grenville announced plans to raise revenues in America for colonial defence with stamp duties. Opinions differ about why Grenville then postponed the Stamp Act until a year hence. Writing in 1950, Edmund S. Morgan found the decision puzzling. Peter D.G. Thomas and John L. Bullion subsequently offered procedural explanations. Grenville envisaged the Stamp Act as a firm precedent for parliament's authority to impose direct taxation (‘inland duties’) in the colonies – a prospect that terrified Americans schooled in the common law, alert to dangerous precedents, and already prone to slippery‐slope reasoning. With the mundane details of the Stamp Act unavailable until after its passage, however, the postponement also raised imperial debate to a level of abstraction from which it never retreated. Grenville's postponement of the Stamp Act foreclosed prospects for compromise and set British imperial policy on a course that ultimately fomented the American Revolution.
The Economic Achievement of Sir Robert Peel 1841–6*
Authors: Gash Norman
Published: October 2022

Norman Gash (1912–2009), the leading authority on the ‘age of Peel’, died on 1 May 2009, having left instructions to his daughters that the bulk of his private correspondence and personal papers should be destroyed. A small exception was made in respect of material relating to Sir Robert Peel (1788–1850), the subject of his most famous historical and biographical labours. A collection of papers and correspondence was bequeathed to the Peel Society at Tamworth, on strict condition that it should never be sold.1 Among the ‘Gash Bequest’ was a hitherto unpublished essay on ‘The Economic Achievement of Sir Robert Peel 1841–1846’. Typed in characteristic style on Gash's Remington typewriter, with only occasional manuscript insertions, the essay aptly summarises the position which he had developed in the final volume of his biography of Peel, the second volume of which was published 50 years ago this autumn.2 The essay is republished below as written, without any supporting notes or references. It acts not only as a commemoration of the half‐century since Gash's life of Peel was completed, but of the 40 years which have elapsed since he published an equally ground‐breaking article on the Conservative Party in the first volume of Parliamentary History.3
Edinburgh's Local Liberal Party and the Political Crises of 1885–6*
Authors: Thompson M.K.
Published: October 2022

This article examines Edinburgh's Liberal politics in the wake of the 1884–5 electoral reforms and the introduction of the Irish home rule debate. The objective is to uncover local nuances of this transitional period of Liberal politics. The Third Reform Act and the Redistribution of Seats Act of 1885 fractured the local Liberal Party as Liberals fought to control the newly established single‐member districts’ associations. Advanced Liberals gained control over the associations and endorsed parliamentary candidates holding advanced views on the leading questions in the 1885 election. In three districts, unofficial Liberals stood and won against endorsed Liberals. Consequently, after the election the local Liberal associations in each of these districts split creating rival associations. This allows for unique insight into the effects of Irish home rule on Liberal politics as the associations were largely divided along partisan lines. Ultimately this study shows that the ideological stance of Liberals was not the determining factor of support or opposition to Irish home rule and that Gladstone's Irish question created a more united Party in Edinburgh.
The long iron line: Water resources development at the United States Military Academy, West Point (1802–1943)
Authors: Butkus Michael A. , Malinowski Jon C.
Published: October 2022

Comprehensive analyses of long‐term region‐specific water resources developments could offer new insights for contemporary water resources planners and decision makers. The objective of this work was to analyze water supply development at the United States Military Academy (USMA) during the 19th and early 20th Centuries through the lens of selected modern water resources planning and management practices. Analysis of water usage, population, and technological growth revealed that changes in technology had a greater influence on total water withdrawals than an increase in population. The USMA water supply system evolved incrementally over much of the 141‐year study period and failure to adequately recognize shortcomings in water supply options resulted in several suboptimal decisions. Communications and enhanced stakeholder participation might have resulted in alternative decisions.
Lower injection‐site reactions and long‐term safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of etanercept biosimilar YLB113: Results from a post‐hoc analysis of a double‐blind, randomized, phase III comparative study and its open‐label extension in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Yamanaka Hisashi , Tanaka Yoshiya , Hibino Toshihiko , Unmesh Gopalakrishnan , Shah Chirag , Bakhle Dhananjay , Stefanidis Dimitris
Published: October 2022

Aim

YLB113 biosimilar was evaluated in an open‐label extension single‐arm study to assess long‐term safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We also report post‐hoc results on the incidence of injection‐site reactions (ISRs) and injection‐site erythema (ISE) from a phase III study.

Method

Participants from the phase III, double‐blind, randomized, 96 week equivalence study who completed the final visit received 50 mg YLB113 subcutaneously every 2 weeks. Key safety end points were assessed through adverse events (AEs), ISRs, ISE, and anti‐drug antibody (ADA) incidence. The efficacy end point was change from baseline in Disease Activity Score 28‐joint count (DAS28) over time.

Results

Of 201 participants, 184 (91.5%) completed the study. Treatment‐emergent AEs were experienced by 93.5% and severe AEs by 10.0% of participants. The discontinuation rate due to AEs was 2.0%. Overall, 20.0% of participants reported an incidence of ISRs throughout the open‐label extension study. Two participants developed ADAs, and none developed neutralizing ADAs at any time after study drug administration. The overall DAS28 (mean ± SD) change was 2.22 ± 0.95 at the study transition, 2.10 ± 0.91 at week 72, and 2.06 ± 0.89 at the end of the study. In the post‐hoc analysis, YLB113 showed a statistically significant lower incidence of ISRs (10 [3.8%], P < 0.0001) and ISE (5 [1.9%], P < 0.0001) compared with the reference product Enbrel®.

Conclusion

YLB113 demonstrated long‐term safety and sustained efficacy for up to 96 weeks. Patients on YLB113 experienced significantly lower ISRs and ISE in a post‐hoc analysis of the phase III study when compared with reference product.