bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dihaploid Plant Production from 4 × ‐Genotypes of Potato by the Use of Efficient Anther Plants Producing Tetraploid Strains (4 × EAPP‐Clones) — Proposal of a Breeding Methodology
Authors: Uhrig H. , Salamini F.
Published: April 2006

Tetraploid clones of potato with a superior efficiency in producing androgenetic plants (4 × EAPP‐clones) have been obtained by culturing in vitro anthers of 2 × EAPP‐clones. The latter were isolated by three cycles of recurrent selection from diploid breeding material (UHRIG 1985 a). In this paper we report on the capacity of 4 × EAPP‐clones, when crossed to in vitro unresponsive 4 × genotypes, to transmit to their F1 their androgenetic potential, Five 4 ×× 4 × F1 crosses were considered, which produced on average 35 embryoids per flower – a value higher than that of nonresponsive 4 × genotypes (no embryoids obtained), but‐also significantly better than the value found for 4× EAPP‐clones (9.8 embryoids per flower). The hybrid families behaved differently from each other, with one producing up to 63 embryoids per flower. A range of per plant values was, moreover, found, revealing the existence of a large variability among sister plants belonging to the same F1 cross. The presented data indicate a rather simple inheritance of dominant genetic factors acting in favor ot androgenesis. They also suggest that the utilized 4× EAPP‐clones were possibly heterozygous for such genes.

Data are also reported on the ploidy level of anther plants obtained from 4× and 2× EAPP‐clones. In this respect 2× EAPP‐clones show the interesting capacity of generating, via anther culture, a consistent fraction of tetraploid plants (13,7 %).

Based on the findings reported in this paper we propose, for tetraploid S. tuherosum L., a cyclic breeding procedure making use of anther culture and where ploidy level alternates, within a cycle, between 2× and 4×.
The EEC Barley and Malt Committee Index for the Evaluation of Malting Quality in Barley and its Use in Breeding
Authors: Molina‐Cano J. L.
Published: April 2006

A new statistical quality index, Q, is defined in order to facilitate the interpretation of the overall quality of malting barley varieties. Q ranges from O (feeding barley) to 9 (top quality malting barley), and is related to the Normal distribution. The varieties tested within the network of the European Brewery Convention are assessed for malting quality as an example of tire reliability of Q. In addition, the new index is used to study the genotype X environmental interaction for malting quality.
Cytogenetic Investigations in Wheat, Rye and Triticale
Authors: Hesmann C. U. , Pfeifer‐Schad B. , Martin J.
Published: April 2006

In two rye cultivars and four inbred lines, derived from two different source populations, the extent of polymorphism in the distribution of constitutive heterochromatin was investigated by means of the Giemsa C‐banding method. Between the source populations only slight differences appeared, therefore a close relationship has to be assumed. Within open‐pollinated cultivars a wide range of variation was found not only for telomeric, but also for interstitial chromosomal bands. Even intracellular polymorphism between homologous chromosomes was observed frequently in cultivars. On the other hand, polymorphism was detected in the lines to a small extent only.

Inbred lines show a higher number of constant Interstitial bands than cultivars. In the latter there exist different variants of a certain band, but only one of these variants is manifested in an inbred line drawn from the same source population.

Whether this manifestation takes place randomly, or low heterochromatin variants arc preferred, is discussed with regard to the problems of triticale breeding.
The Cytological Status of Plants Regenerated from Shoot‐Meristem Culture of Pisum sativum L
Authors: Ahmed Rina , Gupta S. Dutta , Ghosh P. D.
Published: April 2006

The cytological status of plantlets regenerated from shoot apical meristems of Pisum sativum was investigated. Chromosome counts in root apices of in vitro regenerated plants showed a preponderance of diploid cells. Moreover, the karyotypes of root‐tips from plants derived from culture and from normal plants were basically the same. Topics such as the treatment of chromosomal armlength data, simple statistical comparison of samples derived from normal and regenerated plants are discussed.
Studies on Intergenotypic Competition in a Wheat Multiline Using Alternative Row Design
Authors: Prakish K. S. , Gautum P. L. , Rao B. P.
Published: April 2006

Differences between the isolines in a multiline may result in differences in competitive ability and lead to changes in the frequency of the components after a few cycles of multiplication. Alternative‐row design of Hanson et al. (1961) was used to detect and characterize the presence of intergenotypic interactions among eight isolines of a multiline of bread‐wheat‘Kalyansona’. The material was grown in 1.5 meter row plots using a unique sequence of arrangement. The observations were recorded with respect to plant height and grain yield per plan:. The results of the analysis showed the components of variance for average competitive ability and specific combination to be highly significant, indicating the existence of intergenotypic interactions. Significant genotypic differences between isolines revealed that the genotype of the recurrent parent had not been fully reconstituted. On the basis of the effect of the border genotype averaged over all the genotypes (Ck.), the genotypes were classified into four groups, viz. a) highly depressive, b) mildly depressive, c) mildly cooperative and d) highly cooperative. Categories c and d were indicated as useful for the synthesis of multilines.
Field Performance of Androgenetic Doubled Haploid Spring Wheat Lines in Comparison with Lines Selected by the Pedigree System
Authors: Winzeler H. , Schmidand J. , Fried P. M.
Published: April 2006

A total of 316 doubled haploid lines (DH) of spring wheat were compared with 621 lines selected in a pedigree system (PS) under field conditions in a breeding nursery. The lines originated from 21 crosses and the samples tested represent mean values for variables comprising the main breeding goals such as disease resistance, baking quality, and agronomic traits. In general, the DH lines were later in days to heading and shorter than PS lines of different homozygosity levels. Except for leaf rust (Puccinia recondite), the DHs were more resistant to the artificially infected diseases such as powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis), stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis), and septoria nodorum blotch (Septoria nodorum). These differences, which were relatively small for practical selection purposes, were probably due to easier and more precise disease assessment of the homozygous DH lines. For quality characters, the DHs had a higher protein level, while the rest of the parameters were similar for both origins.

The data analyzed suggest so far that androgentic doubled haploids in spring wheat are very similar to lines selected in a pedigree system in respect to all the agronomic characters tested. However, the DH lines were produced in a much shorter period of time. It is suggested that androgenetic doubled haploids be produced from F1 hybrids and that the well‐established bulk method should continue to allow selection bulk method should continue to allow selection for rare recombinants as soon as homozygosity is reached.
Genetics of Resistance in Vicia sativa L. to Orobanche crenata Forsk.
Authors: Gil J. , Martin L. M. , Cubero J. I.
Published: April 2006

The genetics of resistance of common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) to broomrape (Orobanche crenata Forsk.) was studied for two years by using the P1, P2, F1, BC1, BC2, F2 F3, and F4 generations obtained from crosses between resistant and susceptible lines. Resistant lines were selected by screening a world collection m a naturally infested plot. Resistance was tested both under field and greenhouse conditions. The best index to measure resistance was the number of emerged broomrapes per host plant. The results fit the additive‐dominance model. The main component of the variation was additivity; dominance and interaction effects seemed to depend on the environment. When dominance is expressed, a low number is dominant over a high number of broomrapes per host plant.
Doubled Haploids of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) 1. Observations of Fertility
Authors: Lanaud C.
Published: April 2006

Ovule and pollen fertility have been studied in doubled haploids of cocoa derived from spontaneous haploids, doubled by colchicine treatment. The two measures of fertility were very variable; occasionally, the levels were as high as those of the parent plant, but most were lower. The low fertility was not improved either by changing pollinators or after grafting. Pollen fertility also varied seasonally more in doubled haploids than in their parents.

The lack of differentiation of embryo sacs seemed to be the cause of low values of ovule fertility. Both of these unfavourable characteristics were not observed in the progeny of doubled haploids, The low fertility is described in terms of homozygote depression, forced, on normally allogamous plants, its consequences for the use of doubled haploids in the production of hybrid seeds are discussed.
Effects of Competition upon the Productivity of White Clover‐Perennial Ryegrass Mixtures. Seasonal Trends
Authors: Hill J. , Michaelson‐Yeates T. P. T.
Published: April 2006

Seasonal trends among those characters, affecting productivity in white clover‐perennial ryegrass mixtures were investigated m a set of 20 mixtures using clover material derived from a. diallel cross between four contrasting white clover varieties. The productivity and associated vegetative characters showed the familiar pattern of high grass production in spring, and early summer, with a secondary peak of growth in autumn, whilst clover achieved its; highest productivity levels in mid‐summer. A significant linear relationship was established between clover canopy height and ryegrass canopy height for all 20 mixtures. Although no significant heterogeneity was detected among the fitted regression lines, there was an indication that the linear regressions provided a better fit to the data in those mixtures having ‘Skomer’ as the grass companion. An analysis of the differences in canopy height between ryegrass and clover indicated that the ‘Menna ‘/’S. 23’ mixture had a reduced seasonal range compared to the other mixtures. Consequently, during the early par', of the growing season, when the tallest canopies occurred and. when shading of clover by the grass was most intense, the difference in canopy height between ‘S. 23’ and ‘Menna’ was relatively low. There was a pronounced effect of grass companion upon canopy height difference, due entirely to the taller growth habit of the ‘Skomer’ ryegrass variety, These interrelationships are discussed briefly in the context of improving the productivity of white clover‐perennial ryegrass mixtures.
Cryopreservation of Embryogenic Callus Cultures from Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
Authors: Hahne G. , Lörz H.
Published: April 2006

Embryogenic callus cultures of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were frozen in the presence of a cryoprotector and subsequentjy stored in liquid nitrogen. After thawing, a high percentage of cultures resumed growth after a lag‐period of 2–4 weeks. Plant regeneration was achieved at a frequency comparable to that observed in control cultures.
A Possible Association Between Heading Time and the GM‐A2 Locus in Bread Wheat
Authors: Laflandra D. , Margiotta B. , Porceddu E.
Published: April 2006

A line without expression (null form) o: the α‐gliadins controlled by the 6A chromosome was found when screening electrosboretically single seeds of the bread wheat ‘Raeder’. Differences in heading time were also observed between this null line and the normal one. A linkage between 6A gliadin genes and heading time gene(s) is hypothesized.
Genetic Control of Tetracycline Sensitivity of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility (cms) in Chives (Allium schoenoprasum L.)
Authors: Tatlioglu T. , Wricke G.
Published: April 2006

The expression of cms in chives is controlled by a cytoplasmic factor (5), a restorer gene X/x (Tatlioglu 1982) and a temperature gene T/t (Tatlioglu 1987). In recent investigations (Tatlioglu 1986) it could be shown that tetracycline also influences the expression of 0731. To obtain information about the genetic control of tetracycline sensitivity of cms, tetracycline‐sensitive and tetracycline‐insensitive cms plants were crossed with each other as well as with maintainers and the reaction of their progeny to tetracycline base was investigated.

The results indicated that the promotion of fertility due to high‐temperature conditions (24°C/24 °C, day/night) and tetracycline · base are independent of each other. The results of crosses can be explained by a nuclear gene, A/a, causing the tetracycline sensitivity when recessive. By using different genotypes of the three loci for restoration, temperature and tetracycline sensitivity highly advantageous material can be constructed for the investigation of the interaction between the nuclear and the mitochondrial genome in higher plants, for the molecular and functional basis of cms and for its use in plant breeding.
Economic Valuation of Varieties and Breeding Objectives
Authors: Müller P. , Zeddies J.
Published: April 2006

Breeding planning and variety valuation can be supported only if weighting factors for the economically relevant performance traits are available. In plant breeding they are necessary for the calculation of selection indices as well as for the comparison of varieties and for quantifying the monetary impact of breeding progress.

In this article the economic weights for the most important performance traits of sugar beet are calculated from the farmer's, the sugar factory's, and the national economy's point of view. Based upon economic weights for beet yield, sugar content, potassium, sodium, and ammo nitrogen content, a total of 19 varieties was compared with regard to physical and economic performance. The investigation shows that “best” and “worst” varieties differ in gross margin per ha by 270.— to 330.— DM.

Indications were given for possibilities and limitations of the application of economic weights in breeding planning.
Rye Chromatin Variation in Yugoslavian Wheats
Authors: Petrovic S. , Dera A. R. , Gustafson J. P.
Published: April 2006

C‐banding, which stains the heterochromatic regions of chromosomes, was utilized in order to ascertain whether or not several varieties from a Yugoslavian wheat‐breeding program contained a 1RS/1BL substitution or a 1RS/1BL translocation. Only one variety contained the 1R (1B) substitution, while in the remaining sixteen varieties, the 1RS/1BL translocation was present. The C‐banding results were confirmed utilizing an SDS‐PAGE analysis, and the results indicated that both techniques should be used together. In all of the Yugoslavian wheats containing observable rye chromatin, the C‐band corresponding to the nucleolus organizing region (NOR) was clearly reduced over that found in the wheat parents used in Yugoslavia or the other wheats from around the world containing either the substitution or the trans location. Some unknown selection pressure applied in the Yugoslavian wheat program in Novi Sad over the years has evidently caused a deletion of most of the rye NOR region.
A New Source of Resistance to Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in Spring Wheats (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: Wellings C. R. , McIntosh R. A. , Hussain M.
Published: April 2006

The use of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici pathotypes virulent or avirulent with respect to both Yr6 and a previously undescribed source of resistance, designated YrA, allowed the recognition of the corresponding host resistance genes m a range of Australian and exotic spring wheats. The phenotypes conferred by the YrA resistance varied when exposed to contrasting light intensities in the post‐inoculation phase. The implications of the results in international studies of host resistance to P. striiformis f. sp. tritici are discussed.
Tan‐Spot Resistance Screening of Aegilops Species
Authors: Alam K. B. , Gustapson J. P.
Published: April 2006

Two hundred and twelve accessions of 8 diploid and 10 polyploid species of Aegilops were evaluated for resistance to tan‐spot disease of wheat, caused by Pyrenophora tritici‐repentis (Died.) Drechs., under greenhouse conditions. One or more accessions of Ae. bicornis, Ae. biuncialis, Ae. Crassa, Ae. columnaris, Ae. cylindrica, Ae. speltoides, Ae. squarrosa. Ae. triaristata. Ae. triuncialis, and Ae. Ovata showed resistance following a 24‐hour post‐inoculation wet period. With a 36‐hour wet period, diploids became only slightly or moderately susceptible and resistant polyploids became susceptible. A 48‐hour wet period resulted in still greater susceptibility of both diploid and polyploid species.
Comparison of Anther Culture and the Hordeum bulbosum Method for the Production of Doubled Haploids in Winter Barley
Authors: Devaux P.
Published: April 2006

The comparison, between the efficiency of anther culture and the Hordeum bulbosum method in barley was extended to the chromosome number distributions of all planes derived from the two techniques and the proportions of fertile doubled haploid plants which survived until maturity.

The frequencies of haploid and spontaneously doubled haploid plants which were useful for practical breeding purposes were found to be around 90 % for both techniques. The remainder consisted of polyploid, mixoploid and aneuploid variants in the case of microspore‐derived plants and diploid interspecific hybrids in the progeny of the H. bulbosum method. The ploidy level distributions of the microspore‐ and H. bulbosum‐derived plants appeared to be independent of the genotype of the donor.

There were no significant differences between techniques regarding the proportions, of plants which survived a severe winter and the production of fertile doubled haploid plants. Both techniques can therefore complement each other in a breeding programme and their relative merits are discussed.

Possible ways of improving doubled haploid production in barley are suggested for increasing its use in breeding schemes.
Investigations into the Barrier(s) to Interspecific Hybridization between Cicer arietinum L. and eight other Annual Cicer species
Authors: Ahmad F. , Slinkard A. E. , Scoles G. J.
Published: April 2006

Barrier(s) to interspecific hybridization between the cultivated chickpea, Cicer arietinum L., and eight other annual wild species, i.e. C. reticulatum Lad., C. echinospermum Dav., C. pinnatifidum J. and S., C. judaicum Boiss., C. bijugum Rech., C. chorassanicum (Bge) M. Pop., C. yamashitae Kit. and C. cuneatum Rich., were investigated. In general, good pollen germination and pollen tube growth were observed in all eight crosses and their reciprocals. En spite of a few pollen cube growth abnormalities in most crosses, pollen tube penetration into the ovule and, thus, fertilization was observed in all cross combinations. However, differences were observed in the time from pollination to fertilization, not only between different interspecific crosses but also between reciprocals of a particular interspecific cross. The crossability barrier is, therefore, believed to be due to factor(s) operating after fertilization.
Somatic Embryogenesis in Hypocotyl Protoplast Culture of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)
Authors: Kirti P. B.
Published: April 2006

By using a system of agirose plating and agarose bead culture, it was possible to induce efficient somatic embryogenesis in protoplast‐derived calli of two rapeseed varieties, ‘Ceres’ and ‘Duplo’. Protoplasts were isolated from hypocotyls. For the initial protoplast culture a modified 8P medium was employed containing 2,4D (1.0 mg/l), NAA (0.1 mg/ 1), BAP (0.4 mg/l) and mannitol (7 %). After microcalli were obtained in four weeks, somatic embryos were induced by a two‐step method. This involved a modified MS medium containing 2,4D (3.0 mg/l) in the first step and no 2,4D, but BAP (3.0 mg/l) and GA3 (0.1 mg/l) in the second. This procedure also secured plant regeneration.
Inheritance of Cercospora Leaf Spot Resistance in Mung Bean, Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek
Authors: Mishra S. P. , Asthana A. N. , Yadav Lallan
Published: April 2006

Inheritance of Cercospora leaf spot resistance in mungbean was studied in 20 crosses involving crosses of resistant × susceptible, resistant × resistant, susceptible × susceptible lines. 3:1 ratio was observed in all 14 F2s involving resistant × susceptible parents. The inheritance of Cercospora leaf spot resistance is thus controlled by a single recessive gene. Our results are contradictory to observations of Thaklk et al. (1977 a, b) who found monogenic dominant inheritance of Cercospora leaf spot resistance in mungbean.
Chromosome Studies in the Genus Alstroemeria
Authors: Hang A. , Tsuchiya. T.
Published: April 2006

Chromosomes of 11 cultivars of Alstroemeria were studied to determine their somatic constitutions. Two cultivars, ‘Eureka’ and ‘Zebra’, were diploid (2n = 2×= 16), six cultivars, ‘Yellow King’, ‘King Cardinal’, ‘Mona Lisa’, ‘Appelbloesem’, ‘Pink Triumph’ and ‘Rosita’ were triploid with 2n = 3×= 24, one cultivar, ‘Orange Beauty’ was a hypertriploid (2n = 3×+ 1 = 25), one cultivar, ‘Luciana’ was a hypotetraploid (2n = 4×– 1 =31) and one cultivar, ‘Jubilee’, was true tetraploid (2n = 4×= 32). This result suggests that polyploid cultivars may have more market value in this cut flower, Alstroemeria.
Genetics of the Erucic Acid Content in Interspecific Hybrids of Ethiopian Mustard (Brassies carinata Braun) and Rapeseed (B. napus L.)
Authors: Fernandez‐Escobar J. , Dominguez J. , Martin A. , Fernandez‐Martinez J. M.
Published: April 2006

Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata Braun) is a potential oil crop in which genes for low erucic acid content of the seed oil have not yet been found. In order to solve this problem the potential of rapeseed (B. napus L.) varieties as a source of these genes has been tested. Reciprocal F1 hybrids between B. carinata and a low erucic acid variety of B. napus, F2, and backcrosses with B. carinata were obtained. The fatty acid composition was determined in half seeds of F1 and segregating generations from reciprocal interspecific crosses. The genetic analysis indicated that the erucic acid content of the seed oil of B. carinata is controlled by two genes with no dominance and additive in action.
Relationship between Quality, Colour of Glume and Gliadin Electrophoregrams in Durum Wheat
Authors: Yupsanis T. , Moustakas M.
Published: April 2006

Gliadin electrophoregrams, protein content and SDS‐sedimentation values from the modified SDS‐sedimentation test were obtained from six Greek cultivars of Triticum durum and 98 biotypes (78 with white glumes, 20 with red glumes). Our results provide wheat breeders with the tool TO predict the cooking quality of durum wheat from early generation breeding lines, since we were able to correlate the colour of the glume with the presence or absence of gliadin bands 42/45. All red glume biotypes lacked gliadin band 45 and possessed gliadin band 42. Furthermore, their SDS sedimentation values were around 27 (weak gluten), indicating poor cooking quality. Yet, the electrophoregrams of the gliadin proteins allowed an identification of the wheat cultivars examined, since for each cultivars the pattern was different. No correlation was found between the colour of the glume and the amount of total gram protein.
Genetic Analysis of Morpho‐Physiological Traits in Chickpea
Authors: Kidambi S. P. , Sandhu T. S. , Bhullar B. S.
Published: April 2006

The present study was conducted to investigate the genetic inheritance of morpho‐physiological leaf traits in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). The experimental material comprised six generations, viz., two inbred parents, ‘T88’ and ‘Bold Seeded’, having contrasting leaf traits, and their derived F1, F2 and backcross of F1 to either parent (B1 and B2). The experiment was randomized complete block design with three replications. Genetic parameters were estimated by generation mean analysis using all the six generations. Data were collected on individual plants within each family just before flowering on leaflet area (LA), number of leaflets per leaf (LL), rachis length (RL), and leaflet density (LD), which was calculated as number of leaflets per unit length of rachis. A simple additive‐dominance model was found to be adequate to describe the inheritance of LL and LA, while dominance × dominance (i.e. [1]) and additive × dominance (i.e. [i]) interactions were also significant for RL and LD, respectively. Improvement or seed yield per plant may result from selection for LA by improving both RL and LL. Leaflet area may be included in the ongoing selection schemes, as a supplementary trait to increase the speed of improvement in seed yield per plant. Lanceolate leaflet shape was observed to be monogenically dominant over obovate leaflet shape, and segregated independently from purple/white flower color.
Callusing and Regeneration of Plantlets via Somatic Embryogenesis from Inflorescence Cultures of Triticum aestivum L.: Role of Genotype and Long‐Term Retention of Morphogenic Potential
Authors: Rajylakshmi K. , Dhir S. K. , Maheshwari N. , Maheshwari S. C.
Published: April 2006

In the present investigation we have succeeded in obtaining a high frequency of regeneration of plantlets via somatic embryogenesis from callus derived from immature inflorescence explains of Triticum aestivum var, ‘Sonalika’. The explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2,4‐D, casein hydrolysate and coconut milk. A large number of embryoids germinated, to form plantlets on the medium when 2, 4‐D was omitted altogether or provided at low concentration. Plantlets were transferred to soil under natural environmental conditions and were shown to have the normal chromosome number of 2n = 6x = 42. Experiments with nineteen other varieties show that there is a marked effect of genotype both on initiation of callusing as well as on regeneration. So far ‘Sonahka’ has proved to be the most responsive among varieties tested by us. With callus of the variety ‘Sonalika.’, we also conducted an investigation on long‐term retention of regenerative potential. During Song‐term culture, for about 12 months, the morphogenic potential gradually diminished and was finally lost, but the regeneration potential could be restored by subculturing at very short intervals.
Contributions to the Host Range of Puccinia poae‐nemoralis Otth and Puccinia poarum Nielsen
Authors: Cagaś B. , Marková J.
Published: April 2006

Eighty‐four grass species and cultivars were inoculated with populations of puccinia poae‐nemoralis Otth and Puccinia poarum Nielsen from Zubri; 25 species were infected. Twenty species (Poa species only) with high rust: sporulation may be considered to be the real hosts of those rusts. The largest number of host species may be classed with the tribe Poae.
Electrofusion of Protoplasts and Heterokaryon Survival in the Genus Medicago
Authors: Walton P. D. , Brown D. C. W.
Published: April 2006

To develop a system of clectrofusion for the genus Medicago, protoplast yields from 2 genotypes of M, sativa and 7 wild type1 accessions were determined. Protoplast extraction protocols from mesophyll cells, from suspension culture and from calls were evaluated. An alternating current of 10 volts an a frequency of 150 mhz was applied to tht1 protoplasts Ho align them in a pearl chain formation. A direct current pulse of 150 volts applied for 0.25 usec gave the highest number of protoplast fusions for material from mesophyll cells and suspension culture for both M. sativa and wild species. Over 20% of the protoplasts which occupied places in the “pearl chains” yielded fusion products. An average of 25% of the protoplasts treated with an electrical fusion pulse survived, started, to regenerate cell walls and to divide after a 12 days interval. This system can be used to produce new hybrids which, previously, could not be made in the genus Medicago.
Genetics of Seed Yield and its Components in Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) of Middle‐American Origin
Authors: Nienhuis J. , Singh S. P.
Published: April 2006

Genetic variance, heritability, and expected response from selection arc useful in devising alternative methods and criteria of: selection. The objectives of this study were to estimate these for seed yield and its components from 200 F2: populations involving 80 cultivars and lines of mostly small‐seeded dry bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) of habits growth I, II, and III of Middle‐American origin. All cultivars and lines were crossed in eight sets of ten parents each in a Design II mating system. The F2 populations, without parents, were evaluated in the field in a replicates‐in‐sets design at two locations in Colombia in 1983.

Estimates of additive genetic variance were significant for yield, pods/m2, seeds/pod, and seed weight. Interaction with environments was also significant. Values for nonadditive genetic variance were not significant for either yield or yield components. The estimates of narrow sense heritability, based on the F2 population mean and unbiased by genotype x environment interaction, were 0.21 ± 0.13 for yield. 20 ± 0.13 for pods/m2, 0.57 ± 0.13 for seeds/pod, and 0.74 ± 0.15 for seed weight.

The expected direct response from selection of the top 20 % of F2 populations for yield per se would result in a 4.30 % increase in yield with a correlated response of 0.21 % in seed weight. In contrast, the expected gain from direct selection for seed weight would result in a 11.76 % increase in seed weight with a, correlated gain of 0.28 % for yield. Direct selection for pods/m2 would decrease yield, seeds/pod and seed weight, while direct selection for seeds/pod would reduce pods/m2 and seed weight but increase seed yield by 0.37 %.

Data on yield from replicated trials in the early segregating generations could be utilized for identification and selection of promising crosses and families or lines with crosses for dry bean yield improvement.
Screening for Resistance to Bacterial Blight in Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsatum L.)
Authors: Tyagi A. P. , Olng'otie P. A. S.
Published: April 2006

Fifty four varieties of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) were screened for resistance to bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas malvacearum E. F. Smith, (Dowson) under natural field conditions and artificial Inoculation. In general, moderately high levels of field infection provided useful information on susceptibility of varieties but 11 needed to be1 supplemented with artificial inoculation to confirm resistance. Hypocotyl regions of one week‐old seedlings were subjected to artificial inoculation with bacterial blight crude isolate using hypodermic needles. None of the fifty lour varieties tested was immune to disease 18.5 % showed a high level of resistance, 29.6 % were recorded as resistant while 20.4 % were susceptible. Another 18.5 % were highly susceptible and 13.0 % showed inconsistent disease reaction under natural field conditions. However, under artificial inoculation the seedlings showed lesions of varied sizes but none of the varieties was found to be resistant. Statistical analysis showed non‐significant (P = 0.05) disease interaction indicating susceptibility to disease at the seedling stage. This may be due to lower levels of resistance in seedlings than in mature cotton plants. The resistant varieties were mainly of African origin and well adapted to local conditions. They are therefore potentially useful as commercial varieties in their own right or as donor parents for blight resistance.
Breeding for Modified Fatty Acid Composition by Induced Mutations in Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)
Authors: Nichterlein Karin , Marquard R. , Friedt W.
Published: April 2006

Seeds of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) cultivars ‘Raulinus’ and ‘Bionda’ were treated mutagenically with ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) in order to broaden the variation of fatty acid composition in the seed oil and to select mutants with reduced linolenic acid (C18: 3) content. The M2 generation was evaluated for fatty acid composition of the oil. Genetic variation for unsaturated fatty acids was demonstrated to be extended in the M2 generation as compared to the controls. Finally in the M5 generation of cv. ‘Raulinus’, lines with reduced C18:3 (< 40% vs. 55%) and correspondingly increased linoleic or oleic acid contents, respectively, could be selected. These mutants proved to be genetically stable as demonstrated by parent‐offspring (M4/M5) regression.
The Nutritive Value of Ten Inbred Lines of Faba Beans (Vicia faba L.) in Relation to their Content of Antinutritional Constituents and Protein Quality
Authors: Bjerg B. , Kbmeyer E. , Eggum B. O. , Larsen T. , Röbbelen G. , Sørensen H.
Published: April 2006

Ten inbred lines of fabe beans (Vicia faba L.) selected according to their quality characters have been investigated for carbohydrates, proteins, and antinutritional compounds. Digestible energy, N‐balance trials with growing rats comprising determination of the protein digestibility and biological value were used as criteria in connection with comprehensive chemical‐biochemical analysis.

The chemical composition of the ten lines showed a considerable diversity as cad the results from the rat crisis. However, the content of vicine and convicine in all or the investigated lines were below the level previously found to have effects on the nutritive value, Starch, protein and fibre were the quantitatively dominating seed constituents, and all showed great variation among the lines.

The starch content was not correlated to the quality or nutritive value of the seed, whereas the protein content was negatively correlated to the biological value and net protein utilization. These correlations followed the content of essential amino acids, lysine, threonine and methionine in the faba bean proteins. The content of the sulfur‐containing ammo acids cysteine and methionine are especially dominant factors for protein quality. A simple method for total sulphur determination was found nut 10 be a sufficiently reliable technique for evaluating the content of methionine and cysteine in the faba beans.

Tannin, insoluble‐ and total dietary fibre are phenolic aromatic compounds which were negatively correlated with the faba bean quality as expressed by digestible energy, the protein digestibility and the biological value of the faba beans. The results obtained have also revealed, that it is not sufficient to consider tannin as a group in relation to the faba bean quality. We need to separate and evaluate the different types, of phenolics in relation to the variations in quality of faba beans. Some of the low molecular weight (LMW) phenolics in the faba beans seem 10 be involved in inhibitory effects on hydrolase enzymes, chymotrypsin and trypsin. Trypsin and chymotrypsin from different animals were different in their sensitivity to faba bean inhibitors and additional experiments are required to reveal details about these effects. It has also been revealed that fructosans Lind LMW carbohydrates (oligosaccharides) are important in relation to the quality of faba beans.
Biochemical Evaluation of Fungal Disease Resistance in Sugarcane
Authors: Leal M. Ramos , Ruiz A. , Sandoval I. , Maribona R. H.
Published: April 2006

Two methods are proposed to evaluate rust and eye spot disease resistance in sugarcane using biochemical criteria.

Eye spot disease resistance is easily evaluated by a fast conductimetric bioassay of high sensitivity. If desired, the conductimetric values may be converted into grades of field resistance by means of a regression graph based on standard varieties. The main advantages of this method art it's complete objectivity, reproducibility and independence of climatic conditions.

It was also found that susceptibility of sugarcane to rust can be recognized very early in the infection process by a striking increment of peroxidase activity. The simplicity of this enzyme reaction, which can easily be automated and the speed of detection during infection are discussed as an option for rust resistance evaluation.
Genetic Analysis of DIA, GOT and PGI Isozyme Loci in Daucus carota L. ssp. sativas
Authors: Westphal L. , Wricke G.
Published: April 2006

Isozymes are useful biochemical markers in plant breeding. This paper presents the first results on the inheritance of three enzyme systems: diaphorase (DIA), glutamate oxalacetate transaminase (GOT) and phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI) from leaves of Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus and the linkage relationships among these isozyme loci, marked Dia, Got, and Pgi. Methods of extraction and electrophoresis are described. Segregation ratios indicated that the DIA system is controlled by three genes: Dia‐1, Dia‐2 and Dia‐3, Dia‐1 as invariant. Two codominant alleles and a null allele were found for Dia‐2, and four codominant alleles for Dia‐3‐GOT isozymes are encoded by three genes; Got‐1, Got‐2 and Got‐3. An active allele and a null allele were observed for Got‐1, two codominant alleles for Got‐2 and Got‐3, respectively. PGI isozymes are controlled by a single gene, Pgi‐1, with two codominant alleles. Altogether one invariant isozyme locus and six polymorphic loci are postulated. Test of joint segregation suggested a linkage of Dia‐3 and Pgi‐1. The recombination value is 0.04 ± 0.009.
Phaseolus coccineus Storage Proteins II. Electrophoretic Analysis and Erythroagglutinating Activity in Various Cultivars
Authors: Durante M. , Bernardi R. , Lupi M. C. , Pini S.
Published: April 2006

Biochemical analyses of seed storage proteins of Phaseolus coccineus have been carried out to identify seventeen different cultivars. The electrophoretic patterns in native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and denaturing conditions (SDS‐PAGE); evidenced qualitative and quantitative differences for the three major protein components: legumin, vicilin and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). The results were confirmed by isoelectrofocusing (IEF) analyses. Erythroagglutination tests showed the presence of high agglutinating activity particularly in cultivars with low vicilin content. The experimental results allow one to distinguish all the cultivars by their electrophoretic spectra and agglutinating activities.
The Attempted Transfer of Male Sterility from the Cornerstone Mutant of Tetraploid Wheat to Diploid Wheat
Authors: Hossain M. Azhar
Published: April 2006

An attempt was made to transfer male‐sterility, mslc, from the Cornerstone mutant of tetraploid wheat to diploid wheat. The N‐banding technique revealed that chromosome 4 A of tetraploid wheat does not pair with chromosome 4 of diploid wheat in triploid F1 hybrids: consequtntly the transfer of male‐sterility gene(s) from tetraploid wheat to diploid was not successful. The culchiane induced ampliploids possessing AAAABB in mslc background were fully fertile indicating the complete compensation of mslc by the newly introduced A genome of T. monocaccum. The fertility compensating gene(S) presumably located on chromosome 4 of diploid wheat may be used to produce hybrid wheat by the XYZ system.
The Inheritance of Resistance to Septoria Glume Blotch:
Authors: Ecker R. , Dinoor A. , Cahaner A.
Published: April 2006

The inheritance of resistance in common wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.) to Septoria glume blotch, caused by the pathogen Septoria nodorum Berk., was studied. Four quantitative parameters of resistance were measured: infection efficiency (IE) and disease severity (DS) on intact young plants together with legion size (LS) and length of latent period (LP) on detached leaves. The method of testing the disease reaction of wheat to S. nodorum on detached leaves was refined and standardised to minimize the non‐pathological sources of variation. Four wheat cultivars were tested for their reaction to 11 Septoria nodorum isolates. Two of the cultivars were crossed for studies on the genetics for host resistance, using a single S. nodorum isolate for inoculation; parental, F1, F2 and F3 populations were analysed.

Interaction between wheat cultivars and S. nodorum isolates was significant, but its variance component was quite small compared with the main effects of cultivars and isolates, The inheritance of resistance was mainly additive, with low to moderate heritability, apparently controlled by 3 to 4 quantitative genes, with indications of gene interactions. LS and LP were highly correlated, suggesting pleiotrapy for these two parameters of resistance. IE and DS (on intact plants) were moderately correlated to LS and LP (on detached leaves), apparently due to a partial pleiotropy or linkage.
Genetic Effects on Host × Strain Interaction in the Symbiosis of Vicia faba and Rhizobium leguminosarum
Authors: Roskothen P.
Published: April 2006

50 Vicia faba lines were inoculated with 4 strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum in all possible combinations under greenhouse conditions in 5 replications. A root‐sterile method was used for the cultures. Characters such as plant height, leaf colour, number and colour of nodules, the dry weights of shoot, root and nodules, and the nitrogen content were recorded, after 10 weeks. It was demonstrated by analysis of variance that, for example, for the dry matter of the shoot only 1.9 % of the total phenotypic variance was caused by interaction between Vicia and Rhizobium genotypes, but 24.7 % Was conditioned by the faba bean genotypes and 73.4 % by the Rhizobium strains. Differences of Vicia faba genotypes in their reaction to different Rhizobium strains were detected by joint regression analysis.
Methods for the Selection of Low‐Temperature Tolerant Mutants of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. by Using Irradiated Cell Suspension Cultures
Authors: Huitema J. B. M. , Preil W. , Gussenhoven G. C. , Schneidereit M.
Published: April 2006

In order to improve mutant selection procedures, 5000 plantlets were regenerated in three different harvests (flush A, B and C) from X‐irradiated (15 and 20 Gy) and non‐irradiated cell suspensions of Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. ‘Parliament’. After screening under suboptimal energy condition (12°C greenhouse temperature, winter low‐light), a total of 95 early flowering plants were selected. These plants flowered at least as early as a low‐temperature tolerant (LTT) mutant E2, used as a reference. The percentage of early flowering variants was highest among plants obtained from calli, X‐irradiated with 15 Gy and regenerating relatively late (flush B). It appeared that the applied selection method (e.q. harvest) had a large impact on the number of early plants obtained.
Production of Homomatromorphs through Pollen Treatment in Pisum sativum L.
Authors: Multani Dilbag S. , Virk D. S. , Virk P. S. , Verma M. M.
Published: April 2006

The occurrence of homozygous matromorphic progenis in Pisum sativum L. has, been assessed by using heterozygous female parents in intervarietal and intergeneric crosses. The pollen was subjected to three treatments, i.e. prickle pollination (delayed), gamma irradiation and giibberellic acid (GA3) application, The genetic status of the induced matromorphic progeny was determined by using, multiple gene markers. The frequency or occurrence of homomatromorphs was 3 to 7 per cent, which needs to be increased by pod, ovule or embryo culture, respectively.
Die Nutzung der Antherenkulturmethode im Zuchtprozeß von Winterweizen
Authors: Müller G. , Borschel H. , Vahl U. , Wiberg A. , Hartel H. , Damisch W.
Published: April 2006

Anther culture in the breeding process of winter wheat.

I. Ability of 1B—‐1R wheat‐rye translocation forms for androgenesis

45 winter wheat varieties or F1 hybrids, F2 populations and lines with 1B—1R wheat‐rye translocation were tested for their anther culture ability. A total of 48058 anthers was cultured on Potato‐2 medium. When averaged over all genotypes and the two experimental years frequencies of embryoid formation of 5.4—6.8 per 100 anthers were observed. Plant regeneration efficiency from embryoids ranged from 5.3—9.1 % or a mean of 4—5 green plants per 1000 anthers plated. The results confirmed the preferential regeneration frequency of gametes with the 1BL—1RS chromosome compared to the gametes with the 1BL—IBS chromosome. Multiple peroxidase were used as marker.

The effect of cold pretreatment or of media on the androgenetic response and productivity was not important. On the contrary the variability between the anther response from single ears of the same genotype was noticeable. Examples are presented for the transferability of the androgenetic ability to breeding material. Most green plants obtained were haploid or spontaneous doubled haploid. By cloning it was guaranteed, that progenies were obtained from most of the haploids after colchicine treatment.
Morphology and Cytology of Tissue Culture Derived Octoploid of Elymus canadensis and its Selfed Progeny
Authors: Park C. H. , Walton P. D.
Published: April 2006

Thirty five octoploids (2n = 56). two aneuploids (2n = 54), and one hexaploid (2n = 42) were obtained from the self‐fertilized octoploid which was regenerated from the immature inflorescence culture of Elymus canadensis. The octoploid regenerant showed gigas leaves and stems but reduced tillering and fertility. The selfed octoploid progeny varied from genotype to genotype for all of the characters investigated. Hexaploid was morphologically superior to other ploidy levels. Its dry matter yield was 34 % to 40 % higher than the octoploids and the tetraploids but fertility markedly decreased to 7.4 %. Chromosome pairing at metaphase 1 in the octoploid regenerant and its selfed progeny — octoploid, aneupioid. and hexaploid — were 2.57IV +0.83III + 21.23II + 0.971; 3.06IV + 1.06III + 19.66II + 1.251; 2.23IV + 0.85III + 16.54II + 4.69I; and 0.41IV + 8.34III + 8.25II − 3.141 per microsporocyte, respectively. High frequency of trivalents in hexaploid indicated that it is a doubled triploid. Unequal chromosome disjunction, laggards, and chromatid bridges were commonly observed at the anaphase stage in the first and second meiotic division.
Bread‐Making Quality Indices in Triticum aestivum Progenies. Implications in Breeding for Better Bread Wheat
Authors: Brunori A. , Galterio G. , Zannettino C. , Pogna N. E.
Published: April 2006

Bread‐making quality indices (dough strength and dough mixing stability) in relation to flour protein content, glutenin/gliadin ratio, and high‐molecular‐weight (HMW) subunits of glutenin have been investigated in Triticum aestivum progenies during a three year agronomic trial.

Dough strength (W) proved to be a fairly stable characteristic, slightly but positively correlated with flour protein content. High could be associated with a high glutenin/gliadin ratio as well as with the presence of specific HMW. subunits of glutenin, while high protein content tended to favour a balanced dough tenacity‐extensibility ratio (P/L = 0.4—0.6). Satisfactory values of dough‐mixing stability were frequently observed in association with good expression of W showing that the two quality traits may coexist without much difficulty in the same genotype.

From the plant breeding standpoint the data suggest feasible to obtain high dough strength by concentrating in a genotype the HMW subunits of glutenin known to have a beneficial effect on W. However, very high W may present unfavourable P/L ratios. This possibility is enhanced when the flour has a low protein content which often occurs in high yielding genotypes.