bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Time Is a Lie
Authors: Johnson David T.
Published: May 2017

This chapter captures Richard Linklater's preoccupation with time in brief and lays out some background information on Linklater and his films. It reviews the scholarly body of literature surrounding Linklater's films, contextualizing his works into the broader category of cinema studies; and looks furthermore at the myriad influences, references, and kinships Linklater's films share with other films and literature. The chapter then advances a particular approach to studying Linklater's films, which will thus be utilized in the later chapters. This approach might be summed up, generally, as the exploration of temporality, particularly one that celebrates an attendance to the present—one not divorced, it should be said, from the past or future—even as the films are as likely to explore this idea's darker implications and consequences.
Introduction
Authors: Wilkerson William
Published: May 2017

Simone de Beauvoir, Jean-Paul Sartre, and Maurice Merleau-Ponty had a long and complex history together. All three met as students in the late 1920s. Beauvoir’s initial descriptions in her diary of “Ponti”—as she refers to him—were laudatory, happy, and show an affection bordering on love: “Ponti, for whom my sympathy has become profound affection.”...
Preface to Djamila Boupacha
Authors: de Beauvoir Simone
Published: May 2017

A twenty-three-year-old Algerian woman and liaison agent for the FLN was imprisoned, tortured, raped with a bottle by French military men, and it’s considered ordinary.1 Since 1954, in the name of suppressing rebellion, then of pacification, we are all accomplices of a genocide that has claimed over a million victims; men, women, old folks and children have been slaughtered: gunned down during search-raids, burned alive in their villages, throats slit or bellies ripped open, many tortured to death. Entire tribes have been left to starve and freeze, at the mercy of beatings and epidemics in the “relocation camps” which are in fact extermination camps—serving also as brothels to the elite soldiers—and where more than five hundred thousand Algerians currently await their death. During the course of the last few months, the press, including even the most circumspect papers, has been full of horror stories: assassinations, lynchings, violent racist attacks on Arab immigrants; manhunts in the streets of Oran; corpses by the dozen in Paris, hanging from trees in the Bois de Boulogne and along the banks of the Seine; maimed limbs and blown up heads; bloody All Saints Day in Algiers....
Introduction
Authors: Suleiman Susan Rubin
Published: May 2017

These four short essays, written over a twenty-year period, are pièces de circonstance, each one linked to a specific occasion: the publication of a book by a young author, an op-ed piece for a daily newspaper, a symposium on Israel organized by left-wing Jewish intellectuals, the appearance of a film that would become revered around the world. Beauvoir’s essays here are modest efforts, in two cases simply brief prefaces to a much longer work; but read consecutively, they offer an excellent glimpse into the evolution of French public discourse about the Holocaust and about Israel. They also show Beauvoir’s own unwavering commitment to thinking about the implications and consequences of the major atrocity of the twentieth century, as well as her personal interest in the Jewish state....
Preface to Treblinka
Authors: de Beauvoir Simone , Artime Michael , Timmermann Marybeth
Published: May 2017

“Why did the Jews allow themselves to be led to the slaughter like sheep?” the young sabras of Israel asked each other indignantly at the time of the Eichmann trial.1 In Europe also, many Jews of the younger generation, not having known Nazism, wonder about this. The fact is that, in the world of concentration camps, all peoples had the same comportment: a conditioning process carefully designed by the SS assured the submission of the condemned. In 1947, in ...
Introduction
Authors: Davis Oliver
Published: May 2017

Beauvoir is not renowned for her work with film. Aside from appearing in biopics of her and Sartre she had little active involvement in this medium.1 In 1974, however, she collaborated extensively on a film about old age, Promenade au pays de la vieillesse...
Black Women and Politics in New York City
Authors: Gallagher Julie A.
Published: May 2017

This book documents six decades of politically active black women, between the 1910s and the 1970s, in New York City who waged struggles for justice, rights, and equality not through grassroots activism but through formal politics. In tracing the paths of black women activists from women's clubs and civic organizations to national politics—including appointments to presidential commissions, congressional offices, and even a presidential candidacy—the book also articulates the vision of politics the women developed and its influence on the Democratic Party and its policies. Deftly examining how race, gender, and the structure of the state itself shape outcomes, the book exposes the layers of power and discrimination at work in all sectors of U.S. society. The book covers the fights for economic, social, and political rights of black activists, such as Anna Arnold Hedgeman, Irene Moorman Blackstone, Ruth Whitehead Whaley, and Shirley Chisholm. It analyses the great strides made by African American women in the United States during this period and discusses the progress of black activists in more recent years, such as the breaking down of racialized and gendered barriers to political power.
Feminism, Civil Rights, and Liberalism in the 1960s
Authors: Gallagher Julie A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter charts the impressive leap that African American women made into national arenas of political power starting in the early 1960s. Racial discrimination and social injustices in jobs, housing, education, and politics—problems that women had been fighting for the past four decades—were now raised before leaders of the liberal political establishment at the national level. When time passed and many of the changes women hoped for were not forthcoming, women did what they had done in the past: they utilized outside pressure groups and organized constituents to demand change and to hold leaders accountable. Additionally, these women, who had always understood their struggles for justice and equality through a prism of race, had to determine their individual and collective relationships to the burgeoning feminist movement they were helping usher in.
John Sayles
Authors: Shumway David R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents a commentary on John Sayles' film career. Sayles has long been referred to as America's leading independent filmmaker. More recently, he has been called both the grandfather and the godfather of American independent cinema. The press has also described Sayle's as a realist. Realism here means a particular kind of content, and that content is connected to a traditionally leftist position of support for workers. These are both aspects of Sayles' realism, but many of his films are neither gritty nor are focused on a particular class. The remainder of the chapter traces Sayles' path to filmmaking, where he began as writer of short stories and novels. It then turns to an analysis of his films, which include Liana (1983), Baby It's You (1983), The Brother from Another Planet (1984), Matewan (1987), Eight Men Out (1988), Lone Star (1996), Silver City (2004), and Honeydripper (2007).
The Examined Body
Authors: Weiner Marli F. , Hough Mazie
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines physicians' views of the interactions of mind and body in their patients. Southern physicians believed that the bodies they examined and sought to cure were not simply subject to the physiological rules defined by race, sex, and place. They thought that bodies were also influenced by the mind of the individual, and that the mind had a tendency to defy what doctors considered appropriate behavior. In the South, physicians struggled to disentangle the influences of minds and bodies for each group in the population. They wondered how to reconcile their patients' own views of what was wrong and how to treat it with their own, which could lead to conflicts about modesty, use of the speculum, and the very nature of health and illness, among others. This chapter explores how physicians explained the influence of mind–body connection on reproduction and as a cause of nervous diseases in white women, as well as the relationship of race and sex to hysteria.
The Supreme Court and McCarthy-Era Repression
Authors: Lichtman Robert M.
Published: May 2017

This book provides a comprehensive history of the U.S. Supreme Court’s decisions in “Communist” cases during the McCarthy era. The book shows the Court’s vulnerability to public criticism and attacks by the elected branches during periods of political repression. The book describes every Communist-related decision of the era (none is omitted), placing them in the context of political events and revealing the range and intrusiveness of McCarthy-era repression. Demonstrating keen insight into the Supreme Court’s inner workings and making extensive use of the justices’ papers, the book examines the dynamics of the Court’s changes in direction and the relationships and rivalries among its justices, including such towering figures as Hugo Black, Felix Frankfurter, Earl Warren, William O. Douglas, and William J. Brennan, Jr.
Defining the McCarthy Era
Authors: Lichtman Robert M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers the combination of circumstances and events following World War II that held the seeds of political repression during the McCarthy era. These developments signaled unmistakably that the Soviet Union and its allies threatened America’s security on the international scene. On the domestic front, McCarthy-era repression targeted the Communist Party USA and alleged “Communist front” organizations. Whether a significant internal Communist threat existed in the postwar years was open to question. However, the widespread belief that such a threat did exist, and the related claim that liberal Democrats—New Dealers and their political successors—bore responsibility and could not be trusted to respond adequately, would soon become a reality in American politics. McCarthyism was energized not by opposition to communism but by the linkage of Marxism with liberalism. It was also energized by bare-knuckle partisan political tactics.
The Justices of the Vinson Court, Douds, and the Start of the Court’s McCarthy Era
Authors: Lichtman Robert M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the U.S. Supreme Court’s decisions during its October 1949 term. The Court convened for its new term on Monday, October 3, 1949. The beginnings of what would soon be a heavy flow of “Communist” cases either awaited action by the Court or was in the pipeline. Douds was the term’s most important decision. Section 9(h) of the Taft–Hartley Act, assertedly aimed at preventing “political strikes” by Communist-dominated unions, made it next to impossible for American Communist Party (CPUSA) members to hold union office. A six-justice Court, in an opinion by Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson, upheld this provision against a claim that it infringed the First Amendment rights of union officers. The Court found that Congress’ power to regulate interstate commerce authorized it to prevent “political strikes” and that it “could rationally find” that the CPUSA, unlike other political parties, used union leadership positions to obstruct commerce for “political advantage.”
Dennis, the Attorney General’s List, Loyalty Programs, Contempts, and More
Authors: Lichtman Robert M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the U.S. Supreme Court’s decisions during its October 1950 term. The flow of “Communist” cases quickened during the term, and the scope of the cases widened greatly. The Court continued to acquiesce in the government’s actions, but not entirely. By far the most important decision of the termwas Dennis v. United States, which reviewed the Smith Act convictions of the American Communist Party’s (CPUSA) top officials. The First Amendment issue in Douds was the validity of a “partial sanction” for CPUSA membership, not a direct penalty. In Dennis, a direct criminal sanction—prison—punished speech and association. The clear-and-present-danger test was held inapplicable in Douds; but in Dennis its application was seemingly mandated, unless the law was to be changed.
Barenblatt, Uphaus, and the Court in Retreat
Authors: Lichtman Robert M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the U.S. Supreme Court’s decisions during its October 1958 and 1959 terms. The most important decisions were Barenblatt v. United States and Uphaus v. Wyman, in which the Court decided in the government’s favor a constitutional issue it had nibbled at, but avoided deciding, for years: whether legislative committees may, consistent with the First Amendment, compel witnesses to disclose “Communist” associations. Barenblatt was another House Un-American Activities Committee contempt-of-Congress case, and, as in earlier cases, nonconstitutional issues were also presented. But this time the Court chose to decide on constitutional grounds. Uphaus seemed indistinguishable from Sweezy (it involved a New Hampshire adult-camp director’s refusal to provide information to Louis Wyman’s one-man committee). But Chief Justice Harlan F. Stone, who in Sweezy joined Felix Frankfurter in a concurring opinion that sustained the witness’ refusal to answer on First Amendment grounds, wrote for the Court in Uphaus reaching the opposite result.
Frankfurter’s Departure, a Near-Decision in Gibson, and the Era’s End
Authors: Lichtman Robert M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the U.S. Supreme Court’s decisions during its October 1961 term. The number of decisions in “Communist” cases dropped sharply—only three signed decisions compared to fifteen in the preceding term. The signed decisions were in routine cases—another prosecution for filing a false Taft–Hartley affidavit, a challenge to Florida’s loyalty oath for public employees, and a group of contempt-of-Congress cases collected in a single decision. The most significant “Communist” case considered during the term, Gibson v. Florida Legislative Investigation Committee, was not decided, because the justices, divided 4–4 following Whittaker’s retirement, ordered reargument. The case marked a convergence of the Court’s lines of decision in NAACP and “Communist” cases.
The Defender Brings You the World
Authors: Austin Hilary Mac
Published: May 2017

This chapter traces the European journey of Patrick B. Prescott Jr. and his wife as chronicled in the pages of the Chicago Defender in 1934, showing simultaneously how the paper facilitated the nationalization of African Americans in the United States and opened windows onto international experiences and events. Identities are relational, and the process of becoming metropolitan required not only local consciousness but international awareness. In terms of identity formation, the trek of black southerners to Chicago during the 1920s was as complicated a process and practice as it must have been to leave the known confines of the United States to find meaning and fresh experiences in European capitals during the 1930s.
Chicago’s Native Son
Authors: Gellman Erik S.
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the early career of Chicago-born painter Charles White, and argues that the artistic production of young black artists became intricately intertwined with protest politics during the 1930s. As a young man, White educated himself in the history of African Americans by discovering books like The New Negro, the definitive collection of the Harlem Renaissance, and by joining the Arts Craft Guild, where White and his cohorts taught each other new painting techniques and held their own exhibitions. These painters developed as artists by identifying with the laboring people of Chicago and by pushing to expand the boundaries of American democracy. African American artists like White thus came to represent the vanguard of the cultural movement among workers in the 1930s, making Chicago's South Side the center of the black arts movement.
Something More Specifically “Musical”: 1973–1984
Authors: Hicks Michael , Asplund Christian
Published: May 2017

This chapter recounts yet more milestones and developments in Wolff's musical career, as well as the changes within his household which in turn enacted further changes into his opus. As Wolff settled into life at Dartmouth, he once again found himself diverging politically from the paths set by Cage and Cardew. But beyond the social consciousness of his performance collective, Wolff turned to a new technique: the veiled embedding of old worker's songs and political tunes in the fabric of his counterpoint. In addition, Wolff would also create another landmark piece in his career: Wobbly Music, which was his first choral work. It established his canon of musico-political sources: the worker's music championed by folk revivalists of the 1950s and 1960s, and exploited a technique that had long fascinated him: hocket.
The Making of a Poet
Authors: Greene Dana
Published: May 2017

This chapter details events in the life of Denise Levertov from 1956 to 1961. This period was filled not only with cares of family life but the opportunity to acclimate herself in America and to hone her craft. After the publication of The Double Image, Levertov episodically wrote poems for a number of small magazines, but beginning in the mid-1950s a torrent of writing poured forth. Within six years she published Here and Now (1956), Overland to the Islands (1958), With Eyes at the Back of Our Heads (1960), and The Jacob's Ladder (1961). This productivity led to her being lauded as one of the “new American poets.” She had talent and tenacity, but she also had access to mentors and abundant good fortune.
“Once Only”
Authors: Greene Dana
Published: May 2017

This chapter details Denise Levertov's final year of life in 1997. The deaths of En Potter and Steve Blevins, Mitch's life-threatening cancer, and her own increasing weakness and worsening health chastened Levertov. Although she always had a sense of the perishability of life, neither her diaries nor poems of this period show a preoccupation with death. A few of her closest friends knew of her lymphoma, but most did not. As her health deteriorated, she vacillated between the desire to live and a denial of nonliving. Mostly she kept on using her limited energy for writing, giving a few lectures and readings, being with friends, seeing doctors. She also restricted her poetry readings, but she did manage to give two in April: one at Stanford at which she read with Eavan Boland, who had been chosen as her replacement in the Creative Writing Program; and the other at the University of Oregon, Eugene, where composer Robert Kyr, inspired by the poetry of Sands of the Well, created Symphony No 7, “The Sound of Light.” Levertov died on Saturday, December 20, 1997.
Corporations as Speakers
Authors: Bezanson Randall P.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the justices' views and the reasoning behind Supreme Court's 5–4 decision in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission. It does so through a review of the second oral argument before the Court and an analysis of the Court's opinion. After the Court had first heard oral argument in 2009, it scheduled a second argument and instructed the parties to brief and argue the general question of the constitutional status of corporate speech. The Court had ruled in prior cases that much corporate speech was protected by the First Amendment, but as a general rule the protection afforded such speech was weak and limited. After taking full stock of the Court's decision, and in light of the virtual absence of serious constitutional analysis of the core question of the First Amendment's meaning, the chapter then steps back and considers from a fresh and broader perspective whether corporations should be fully protected speakers under the First Amendment, drawing on the Constitution's text, its history, and the structural, philosophical, and practical considerations that bear on this central question.
Speech out of Thin Air
Authors: Bezanson Randall P.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the Supreme Court's decision in Boy Scouts of America v. Dale. Since age eight, James Dale had been a Scout in his home town of Monmouth, New Jersey. By 1988, when he finished as a youth Scout on his eighteenth birthday, he had earned twenty-five merit badges and had become an Eagle Scout, one of the highest honors in Scouting. At age 19, Dale “came out” while attending Rutgers, and became actively involved in the university's lesbian and gay organization. He later received a letter from the Boy Scouts of America saying that he no longer met its standards for leadership, since avowed homosexuals were not permitted in the organization. Dale sought to appeal the decision, but to no avail. He was dismissed from his position as assistant scoutmaster, and his adult membership in the Scouts was revoked. Dale sued, claiming that the Scouts' decision was illegal under the terms of the New Jersey public accommodations law. Dale's lawsuit ultimately prevailed in the New Jersey Supreme Court. The Boy Scouts then appealed the case to the United States Supreme Court. In order to get to the Supreme Court the Scouts had to argue that the New Jersey law could not constitutionally be applied to the Boy Scouts based on its First Amendment right of free speech.
Advertising, Washington, and the Renamed War Advertising Council
Authors: Stole Inger L.
Published: May 2017

This chapter considers the debate over payment for the government’s home front promotions, which pitted the media’s desire for increased advertising revenues against concerns about government intrusion on the First Amendment. The government’s decision to rely on the advertising industry’s volunteer contributions through the Advertising Council was clearly a vote of approval for the organization, but it also imposed a huge responsibility on the business community, demanding a large and well-orchestrated effort. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how internal struggles within the Office of War Information helped to further solidify the advertising industry’s role in the war effort, which led the Council to change its name to the War Advertising Council.
Northfork Mono Women’s Agricultural Work, “Productive Coexistence,” and Social Well-Being in the San Joaquin Valley, California, circa 1850–1950
Authors: Howard Heather A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines Native women's agency in the transformation of economic life in Central California over the century that followed the establishment of American jurisdiction in 1848. It focuses on Northfork Mono women' s seasonal migratory labor patterns in relation to their efforts to sustain family and community physical and social well-being under the complex circumstances of land dispossession particular to California. Native societies in California survived and persisted, despite overwhelming odds posed by land dispossession, largely as a result of women's resourceful efforts to maintain the kinship structures, and to continue aspects of cultural life tied to traditional subsistence activities as they also took on roles in the non-Native economy as agricultural workers.
Maori Sovereignty, Black Feminism, and the New Zealand Trade Union Movement
Authors: Locke Cybèle
Published: May 2017

In 1982, an incident occurred at the Auckland Trade Union Centre in New Zealand. A small group of Maori radicals, called Black Unity, who ran the Polynesian Resource Centre were accused of antitrade unionism and racism and, consequently, were evicted from the Auckland Trade Union Centre with the assistance of the New Zealand police. This chapter explores the radical ideas of Maori sovereignty and Black feminism propagated by Black Unity that inflamed Auckland trade unionists, focusing on the writings of the group's spokeswomen, Ripeka Evans and Donna Awatere. It chapter examines the philosophical position that Maori nationalist members of Black Unity espoused. It explores the historical context for the demand for Maori sovereignty first articulated by Black Unity in 1981; explains why the Maori sovereignty position was also a Black feminist position; and asks what led Maori women to turn with such anger on the radical Left in the early 1980s Finally, it analyzes the longer-term affect of Maori sovereignty demands on the Maori protest movement, the women's movement, the sectarian Left, and the trade union movement.
Mozart’s Second Thoughts
Authors: Kinderman William
Published: May 2017

This chapter argues that Mozart's music, rather than emerging fully formed from the mind of a genius, is rather the product of much labor throughout the compositional process. In particular, the chapter concerns two instances in which Mozart returned to a work in progress to make substantial revisions. The Sonata in D Major, K. 284, is the last of the set of six sonatas completed by early 1775 at Munich. The reworking of its first movement offers insights into Mozart's evolving stylistic language at a pivotal point in his career. This chapter's second example dates from more than a decade later, in 1786, when Mozart reshaped the piano entrance in the first movement of one of his most imposing works for piano, the Concerto in C Major, K. 503.
Globetrotting
Authors: Thomas Damion L.
Published: May 2017

Throughout the Cold War, the Soviet Union deplored the treatment of African Americans by the U.S. government as proof of hypocrisy in the American promises of freedom and equality. This probing history examines government attempts to manipulate international perceptions of U.S. race relations during the Cold War by sending African American athletes abroad on goodwill tours and in international competitions as cultural ambassadors and visible symbols of American values. The book follows the State Department's efforts from 1945 to 1968 to showcase prosperous African American athletes including Jackie Robinson, Jesse Owens, and the Harlem Globetrotters as the preeminent citizens of the African Diaspora rather than as victims of racial oppression. With athletes in baseball, track and field, and basketball, the government relied on figures whose fame carried the desired message to countries where English was little understood. However, eventually African American athletes began to provide counter-narratives to State Department claims of American exceptionalism, most notably with Tommie Smith and John Carlos's famous black power salute at the 1968 Mexico City Olympics.
The Showcase African American
Authors: Thomas Damion L.
Published: May 2017

This chapter argues that the integration of baseball had a direct relationship with a core American foreign policy objective: manipulating international perception of American race relations. Hence, it explores the relationship between Cold War repression and racial integration after the articulation of the Truman Doctrine. By examining the historical context of Jackie Robinson's testimony before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), this chapter examines the processes through which the U.S. government resolved to alter international opinions of American race relations rather than provide substantive changes to the segregated racial order in the early days of the Cold War, as well as the transformations in American political thought that allowed for those changes.
“The Good Negroes”
Authors: Thomas Damion L.
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores President Eisenhower's and President Kennedy's widespread use of symbolic gestures in the realm of civil rights—including the extensive use of African Americans as cultural ambassadors. It argues that both administrations waged an unsuccessful battle to alter international perceptions of U.S. race relations. To illustrate this point, this chapter focuses on the goodwill tours of Mal Whitfield and Rafer Johnson, both of whom were abroad touring in close proximity to the unrest in Little Rock, Arkansas, that was sparked by efforts to desegregate Central High School in 1957. By juxtaposing international coverage of Little Rock with the reception of Whitfield's and Johnson's tours, this chapter suggests that the propaganda campaigns were not able to drastically alter international perceptions of U.S. race relations.
Introduction
Authors: Cavender Gray , Jurik Nancy C.
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter begins with a background on the television series Prime Suspect, which chronicles the life and career of Jane Tennison (Helen Mirren), a detective chief inspector and later a detective superintendent for the London Metropolitan Police. Beyond its worldwide popularity, Prime Suspect is a pathbreaking series because it centers a strong woman lead in a gritty portrayal within what had been an otherwise overwhelmingly male-dominated police procedural subgenre. The series has shaped also the police procedural subgenre by setting higher standards for conveying a sense of social realism in the coverage of police work and, more specifically, what media analysts call “forensic realism.” The remainder of the chapter presents a brief history of the crime genre and women's place as well as a brief history of how television has portrayed women more generally. It concludes with an overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
Prime Suspect and Progressive Moral Fiction
Authors: Cavender Gray , Jurik Nancy C.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the strengths and limitations of Prime Suspect as a work of progressive moral fiction. It identifies ways that the conventions of the crime genre and the strictures of television work against the transformative potential of the series. It elaborates apparent flaws in the character of Jane Tennison: incidents of personality issues and unethical behavior that appear in the series. It suggests that Tennison's flaws can actually enhance debates about gender and justice. The chapter draws on the work of feminist critical race scholar Patricia Hill Collins (2000) in her work Black Feminist Thought to describe a “both/and” perspective for understanding Tennison's character. It compares Prime Suspect with other contemporary police procedural dramas. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the theoretical and pedagogical implications of Prime Suspect and the model of progressive moral fiction. It focuses on how the model can be used in the classroom to address the justice implications in Prime Suspect and media productions more generally.
Introduction
Authors: Simonett Helena
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the inner workings and cultural significance of the accordion. It then sets out the book's purpose, which is to reevaluate the accordion and the many musicultural traditions associated with this instrument. It considers the specific histories and cultural significance of a variety of accordion traditions to shed light onto the instrument's enigmatic popularity in the New World. Because power relations between the social elites and the working class—often immigrants or marginalized ethnic communities—have shaped the accordion's histories across the Americas, issues that emerge as pivotal include identity, discourses of inclusion/exclusion, marginality, and cultural agency; music's capability to engender community; sound aesthetics; and the accordion's place in mainstream and “world music.” An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
Brazilian Women's Filmmaking
Authors: Marsh Leslie L.
Published: May 2017

At most recent count, there are no fewer than forty-five women in Brazil directing or codirecting feature-length fiction or documentary films. In the early 1990s, women filmmakers in Brazil were credited for being at the forefront of the rebirth of filmmaking, or retomada, after the abolition of the state film agency and subsequent standstill of film production. Despite their numbers and success, films by Brazilian women directors are generally absent from discussions of Latin American film and published scholarly works. Filling this void, this book focuses on women's film production in Brazil from the mid-1970s to the current era. The book explains how women's filmmaking contributed to the reformulation of sexual, cultural, and political citizenship during Brazil's fight for the return and expansion of civil rights during the 1970s and 1980s and the recent questioning of the quality of democracy in the 1990s and 2000s. It interprets key films by Ana Carolina and Tizuka Yamasaki, documentaries with social themes, and independent videos supported by archival research and extensive interviews with Brazilian women filmmakers. Despite changes in production contexts, recent Brazilian women's films have furthered feminist debates regarding citizenship while raising concerns about the quality of the emergent democracy. This book offers a unique view of how women's audiovisual production has intersected with the reconfigurations of gender and female sexuality put forth by the women's movements in Brazil and continuing demands for greater social, cultural, and political inclusion.
Cold War Progressives
Authors: Castledine Jacqueline
Published: May 2017

In recognizing the relation between gender, race, and class oppression, American women of the postwar Progressive Party made the claim that peace required not merely the absence of violence, but also the presence of social and political equality. For progressive women, peace was the essential thread that connected the various aspects of their activist agendas. This study maps the routes taken by postwar popular-front women activists into peace and freedom movements of the 1960s and 1970s. The book tells the story of their decades-long effort to keep their intertwined social and political causes from unraveling and to maintain the connections among peace, feminism, and racial equality. It explains how the master narrative of U.S. history too often reduces the scope of leftist women's Cold War-era activism by containing it within women's, workers', or civil rights movements.
Detroit's Cold War
Authors: Doody Colleen
Published: May 2017

This book locates the roots of American conservatism in a city that was a nexus of labor and industry in postwar America. Drawing on archival research focusing on Detroit, the book shows how conflict over business values and opposition to labor, anticommunism, racial animosity, and religion led to the development of a conservative ethos in the aftermath of World War II. Using Detroit—with its large population of African American and Catholic workers, strong union presence, and starkly segregated urban landscape—as a case study, the book articulates a nuanced understanding of anticommunism during the Red Scare. Looking beyond national politics, the book focuses on key debates occurring at the local level among a wide variety of common citizens. In examining this city's social and political fabric, it illustrates that domestic anticommunism was a cohesive, multifaceted ideology that arose less from Soviet ideological incursion than from tensions within the American public.
Cheating the Spread
Authors: Figone Albert J.
Published: May 2017

Delving into the history of gambling and corruption in intercollegiate sports, this book recounts all of the major gambling scandals in college football and basketball. The book finds that game rigging has been pervasive and nationwide throughout most of the sports' history. Naming the players, coaches, gamblers, and go-betweens involved, the book discusses numerous college basketball and football games reported to have been fixed and describes the various methods used to gain unfair advantage, inside information, or undue profit. The book's survey of college football includes early years of gambling on games between established schools such as Yale, Princeton, and Harvard; Notre Dame's All-American halfback and skilled gambler George Gipp; and the 1962 allegations of insider information between Alabama coach Paul “Bear” Bryant and former Georgia coach James Wallace “Wally” Butts; and many other recent incidents. Notable events in basketball include the 1951 scandal involving City College of New York and six other schools throughout the East Coast and the Midwest; the 1961 point-shaving incident that put a permanent end to the Dixie Classic tournament; the 1994–95 Northwestern scandal in which players bet against their own team; and other recent examples of compromised game play and gambling.
Afterword
Authors: Figone Albert J.
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter reflects on the continued trend of widespread gambling in the U.S. entertainment industry—which, among other factors, has contributed to the frequency of betting on college sports to this day—and the consequences thereof. Gambling has since become the norm, and with college sports programs being especially profitable ventures, game rigging as well as the exploitation of the players will continue to remain the norm rather than the exception, as the chapter explores more recent trends in sports betting. To conclude, the chapter discusses the possibility of further legislative regulation on sports betting, but warns for the consequences should such laws be enacted.
Crisis at the Crossroads
Authors: Hazzard-Donald Katrina
Published: May 2017

This chapter charts the transformation of Hoodoo as it moves from the plantation environment and encounters both snake-oil Hoodoo and the spiritual marketplace of the urban environment. Prior to emancipation, the larger plantation slave communities, as well as areas of high black concentration, had functioned as culturally potent repositories and cultural germination sites where, partially due to demographics, the culture-making process was intensified. The period following emancipation was transformative in every sense for African Americans and black belt traditional Hoodoo. In particular, Hoodoo would find itself approaching a critical crossroads in its identity and existence from emancipation to World War II. This chapter examines how the black belt Hoodoo complex was modified and transformed under the influence of both internal and external factors from Reconstruction to World War II. It shows that conjure after emancipation would continue to figure significantly in black consciousness of self, family, and community under the new freedom.
The Demise of Dr. Buzzard
Authors: Hazzard-Donald Katrina
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the black belt Hoodoo complex between the two world wars, with particular emphasis on the demise of Dr. Buzzard. Also known as Stepheney Robinson, Dr. Buzzard is Hoodoo's most famous conjurer. His conjure was free of exotic influences; he used only noncommercial products, he was a living link with the old plantation Hoodoo folk religion, and his life spanned Hoodoo development through several of its rapidly changing stages. This chapter discusses the diversification in spiritual merchandising in the period between World Wars I and II and how it contributed to an ever-strengthening subversion and undermining of Hoodoo's traditional old black belt practice. It also considers the impact of the medical community's attack on midwifery, Hoodoo's thriving and powerful link with the black folk medicine tradition. This period witnessed the merging of Hoodoo, dream interpretation, sign interpretation, the relationship between Hoodoo and the numbers, the rise of candle shops, and the domination of the Hoodoo marketplace by commercial sites and supply houses.
Introduction
Authors: Lombardo Robert M.
Published: May 2017

This book examines the emergence and continuation of traditional organized crime in Chicago from a sociological perspective. It uses the term “organized crime” to define the political corruption that afforded protection to gambling, prostitution, and other vice activity in large American cities from the second half of the nineteenth century until the end of the twentieth century. The book challenges the alien conspiracy theory's interpretation that organized crime evolved in a linear fashion beginning with the Sicilian Mafia in Sicily, emerging in the form of the Black Hand in America's immigrant colonies, and culminating in the development of the Cosa Nostra in America's urban centers. The book instead argues that Italians continued to dominate organized crime after rising out of poverty because of the presence of “racket subcultures” within American society. It thus highlights the importance of social structural conditions for the emergence and continuation of traditional organized crime in American society. This introduction provides an overview of the chapters that follow.
Culmination
Authors: Mirchandani Sharon
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Marga Richter's compositions during the 1990s. In the 1990s, the compositional world was still fragmented as composers focused on serial and electronic music, performance art, and numerous other styles. Richter continued to created choral music as well as music for opera, which she combined with vocal and orchestral works. Her compositions were fewer in number during this decade, but large in scale for the most part. This chapter first considers Richter's works after the death of her husband Alan Skelly, beginning with the seven-poem cycle, Into My Heart, which she dedicated to him. It then examines Richter's Quantum Quirks of a Quick Quaint Quar, along with two large-scale works from the 1990s that mark the apex of her output to date: the triple concerto, Variations and Interludes on Themes from Monteverdi and Bach for violin, cello, piano, and orchestra (1992); and the chamber opera, Riders to the Sea. It also discusses Sarah do not mourn me dead, which has hints of transcendentalism and love.
Attacked from the Right and the Left
Authors: Phillips Lisa
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyzes the challenges Local 65 faced during the early years of the Cold War. Its position within the labor movement changed quickly once the Republican-dominated 80th Congress (1946–48) took office. By late 1948, the union had undergone an investigation by a subcommittee within the House of Representatives designed to root out Communist activity within the New York City distributive trades. Local 65 had broken away from the United Retail and Wholesale Employees of America (URWEA) and maintained an independent status with other “seceding” locals in New York City to form first the Distributive Trades Council (DTC), then the Distributive Workers Union (DWU). The chapter also examines Local 65's attempts to deal with the changing context that had brought it from occupying a central place in the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) to a marginal place outside of the increasingly anti-Communist labor movement.
Parallel Worlds
Authors: Smith Jad
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter discusses the metaphor of parallel worlds as it relates to the work of John Brunner. Brunner once observed that while we all inhabit the same world, we live in and among parallel worlds. He believed that a good science-fiction writer should cultivate awareness of parallel forms of experience and open up vistas onto the future that make readers more mindful of them. In keeping with this view, he developed plots with an eye toward the possible interplay of parallel worlds, imagining zones of contact as native to human experience as the tense friendship of the WASP and “Afram” roomies Donald Hogan and Norman House in Stand on Zanzibar (1968), and as foreign to it as the alternate ecology and symbiotic biotechnologies of The Crucible of Time (1983). Throughout his career, he made a practice of conducting idiosyncratic “thought experiments” in his fiction. These ranged from mirroring the moves of a famous 1892 Steinitz-Chigorin chess game in the plot of The Squares of the City (1965) to exploring the ethical quandaries of artificial intelligence through the grafted consciousness of a sentient spaceship in A Maze of Stars (1991). Time and again, Brunner proved himself an idea merchant of the first and best order. His narrative ventures often brought together parallel genres just as dynamically as parallel worlds, and he enjoyed a lasting reputation for handling even conventional storylines and concepts with an alluring difference that made them distinct—and distinctly his.
Raising the Noise Level, 1951–66
Authors: Smith Jad
Published: May 2017

This chapter details the early life of John Brunner. Brunner had first meaningful encounter with science fiction (SF) when grandfather's rare 1898 Heinemann edition of H. G. Wells' The War of the Worlds (1898) ended up misshelved in his playroom. At six and a half years old, Brunner read it, adorned its endpapers with Martian fighting-machines, and that was that. By nine, Brunner was a full-fledged SF addict. During his final term at Cheltenham College in the fall of 1951, Brunner's first printed story appeared alongside fiction by A. Bertram Chandler, Kenneth Bulmer, and Manly Banister in Walt Willis' celebrated fanzine Slant. Though only a page long, “The Watchers” (1951) leaves little doubt that the seventeen-year-old Brunner began his career as a devoted idealist. In April 1966, Brunner became the first recipient of the British Science Fiction Association's Fantasy Award.
Brunner’s Legacy
Authors: Smith Jad
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the legacy of John Brunner. A wave of memorials followed in the wake of his sudden death. His novel Stand on Zanzibar was classed as his greatest achievement and, along with The Jagged Orbit, The Sheep Look Up, and The Shockwave Rider, were portrayed as the foundation of his reputation. However, speculation about when and why his career faltered was rife. Attention was also focused on his complex personality, relegating important aspects of his literary legacy to the background. Perhaps this outcome was inevitable, given Brunner's lack of commercial success and reputation as a crusty defeatist toward the end of his career.
Nineteenth-Century Stories and Columns
Authors: Wallace Aurora
Published: May 2017

This chapter sets Joseph Pulitzer's spectacular building for his paper, the New York World, against the moves uptown by the Herald and the Times that would begin the shift away from the nineteenth-century concentration on Park Row. Pulitzer's aim was to have the tallest building in the world and a shining beacon in New York City. At twenty-six stories and rising over three hundred feet from the sidewalk to the base of the lantern on top of the dome, the building achieved the height superiority and the notoriety that Pulitzer wanted. The chapter demonstrates how the taller structures signaled a new corporate presence in the city, as wealthy press barons with seemingly unlimited resources increasingly led the news industry. Publishers like Pulitzer built their offices on the uppermost floors from which they could survey the city, their readers, and their competitors.
The New Bushido
Authors: Regalado Samuel O.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the emergence of baseball within the changing political landscapes in both Japan and the United States, with an emphasis on the former. In particular, it explores baseball's origins in Japan and how it had come to be accepted during the Meiji era—a time when the nation took on new ideological approaches and sought to modernize and engage with the wider world. Baseball had landed in Japan equipped with all of the proper ingredients—patriotism, industrial productivity, and modernization—to support the reform mentality of the Meiji leaders. Moreover, American promoters of baseball tirelessly reminded potential converts of the game's democratic values. And most importantly, here was a Western activity that seemingly posed no threat to Japanese tradition.