bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increasing the Organic Matter Content of an Oxisol using Rice Husk Compost: Changes in Decomposition and Its Chemistry
Authors: Anda Markus , Shamshuddin J. , Fauziah C. I. , Syed Omar S. R.
Published: June 2010

About 116 million Mg of rice husk, a byproduct of rice milling, are produced worldwide annually. Rice husk could be used as a soil amendment, but little attention has been given to the effect of its application and dynamic properties in soils. A study was, therefore, conducted to determine: (i) the effect of rice husk compost applications on soil organic C content; and (ii) the changes in organic C functional groups with time and under different environments using solid‐state cross polarization magic angle spinning (CP/MAS)13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Experiments were performed under different environments (laboratory, greenhouse, and field) for 15 to 24 mo, using an Oxisol treated with various rates of rice husk compost (RHC) and the soils were periodically sampled and analyzed. Results showed that RHC significantly increased the organic C of the Oxisol and changes in its chemistry occurred after 24 mo ( laboratory) and 12 mo (greenhouse and field). Solid‐state CP/MAS13C NMR showed C types derived from RHC were dominated by cellulose, with specific characteristics of well‐ordered structure (very sharp and well‐resolved peaks at O‐alkyl and di‐O‐alkyl C regions), thereby signifying stabilized organic C. The RHC decomposition was faster in the order field > greenhouse > laboratory conditions as revealed by the high values of decomposition indices (hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity ratio, alkyl/O‐alkyl C ratio, and aromaticity) and the high magnitude of normalized cumulative C loss for conditions with a high decomposition rate. The cumulative C loss was 71 to 80% (depending on the application rates) in the field, 71 to 74% in the greenhouse, and 48 to 62% in the laboratory after 12 mo. Under all conditions, the remaining RHC‐derived C was still significantly higher than the control treatment at the end of the experiments, implying that RHC can be used to increase organic matter in soils.
Navy Bean Response to Residual Effects of Soil Fertilization with Synthetic Zinc Chelates
Authors: Alvarez J.M. , Almendros P. , Obrador A.
Published: June 2010

The aim of this study was to determine the residual effects of Zn applied from five synthetic commercial chelates (Zn–ethylenediaminetetraacetate [EDTA]–hydroxyethyl‐ethylenediaminetriacetate [HEDTA], Zn–HEDTA, Zn– diethylenetriaminepentaacetate [DTPA]–HEDTA–EDTA [Zn‐D‐H‐E], Zn–EDTA, and Zn–ehtylenediaminedihydroxysulfophenylacetate [EDDHSA]) to two soils: Soil 1 (weakly acidic, with moderate permeability) and Soil 2 (calcareous, with moderate to rapid permeability), in a greenhouse experiment. Beneficial effects of Zn on navy bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) response (dry matter yield, total and soluble Zn concentration, and the utilization of applied Zn) were observed, with significant increases in all of the determined plant parameters, especially in Soil 1, in comparison with the control (no Zn addition). The rates of increase varied among sources depending on the soil. For Soil 1, the greatest increases were usually observed for the Zn–HEDTA fertilizer, while for Soil 2 the greatest increases were exhibited for the Zn‐D‐H‐E and Zn–EDTA sources. The fertilizers that produced the biggest total Zn leaching losses were the three sources that contained EDTA and DTPA, especially in the case of Soil 2. The amounts of easily leachable Zn (estimated using the dilute BaCl2 extraction) were significantly correlated with the amounts of Zn actually leached. The amounts of potentially available Zn and Zn in the water‐soluble‐plus‐exchangeable fraction (as assessed by single and sequential extractions) generally decreased in the second cropping year; this could have been due mainly to Zn leaching and to aging processes, especially in Soil 2.
Genesis of Spodic Material underneath Peat Bogs in a Danish Wetland
Authors: Kristiansen Søren M. , Dalsgaard Kristian , Thomsen Ingrid K. , Knicker Heike , Laubel Anker , Schneider Dennis , Odgaard Bent V.
Published: June 2010

The chemistry of wet Spodosols (Aquods) differs from well‐drained Spodosols. Two different hypotheses have been suggested to explain the contrasting genesis of wet spodic horizons. This study attempted to determine whether Aquods at a Danish peat‐bog wetland site are a result of (i) in situ illuviation under a fluctuating water table, or (ii) degradation of a former Fe‐rich, well‐drained spodic horizon. Methods included soil surveys, wet chemical analyses, micromorphology, pollen analysis, and radiocarbon dating of soil organic matter (OM) fractions. Aquods, and soil material with spodic features, were exclusively found in sandy material at the margins of or underneath sphagnum peat bogs, whereas Inceptisols were found on well‐drained sandy deposits only. Aluminum content was very high and Fe low in spodic materials with ortstein properties. Solid‐state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of wet sandy 2Bs horizons were dominated by alkyl C (70%) from water‐insoluble OM and were clearly distinct from NMR spectra of overlying 2Bhsm material. Pollen analysis revealed that an open forest with a thick mor layer dominated until shortly after 5000 yr BP, when sphagnum was first recorded. Radiocarbon ages of bulk soil C in the spodic horizons had mean residence times of 4500 to 4400 yr. Accordingly, the spodic B horizon was probably formed by strong in situ illuviation of Al–OM complexes before the sphagnum peat bog formation. This suggests that spodic material formation and thus strong C accumulation underneath this Danish peat bog took place for a limited period, only in susceptible parent material, and at the margins of the expanding peat bog.
Soil Aggregates and their Associated Carbon and Nitrogen Content in Winter Annual Pastures
Authors: Anders M. M. , Beck P. A. , Watkins B. K. , Gunter S. A. , Lusby K. S. , Hubbell D. S.
Published: June 2010

Winter annual pastures are traditionally established using traditional tillage (TT) on grazing areas that are steeply sloping and not suitable for row‐crop production. This leads to increased erosion and rapid soil degradation. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of tillage intensity on water‐stable soil aggregates (WSA), their C and N content, and soil bulk density (BD). The study consisted of three tillage treatments; TT, disk tillage (DT), and no‐tillage (NT). Total WSA was greater in the 0‐ to 5‐cm soil layer than the 5‐ to 10‐cm layer for the DT and NT treatments, but was similar in the TT treatment. Mean WSA in the four largest aggregate size classes was greatest in the 0‐ to 5‐cm soil layer but similar for both sample depths in the smallest size class. As aggregate size decreased, relative aggregate content at the toeslope position increased. For all tillage treatments and soil depths, mean WSA decreased from the largest size class (>4 mm) to the next size class (4–2 mm), and increased thereafter as aggregate size decreased. Soil BD was unaffected by tillage treatment. Water‐stable aggregate C and N content and weights were equivalent in the DT and NT treatments and greater than the TT treatment. Winter annual grass production using DT or NT practices is a viable means of maintaining or enhancing soil quality.
Freeze–Thaw and Water Tension Effects on Soil Detachment
Authors: Van Klaveren Richard W. , McCool Donald K.
Published: June 2010

Many areas of the northern United States and southern Canada, and particularly the 4 million ha of unirrigated cropland of the Northwestern Wheat and Range Region in the United States, experience severe water erosion under thawing soil conditions. Modeling soil erosion in these areas is hampered by a lack of knowledge of the relation of soil properties and moisture conditions to hydraulic resistance of thawing soils. This study was conducted to determine hydraulic and erodibility parameters of frozen and thawed soil under controlled moisture tension. A tilting flume was designed and constructed to allow near‐natural freezing and thawing of a soil mass and to apply shear stress from flowing water. Flow tests were conducted for 90 min under soil moisture tensions of 50, 150, and 450 mm. A linear relationship was found between detachment and applied shear stress at a given time and moisture tension. Critical shear stress values showed little change with time. Rill erodibility decreased with increased soil moisture tension but changed more rapidly during tests at 50‐ and 150‐mm tension. At 50‐mm tension, the time‐average erodibility, 689 g N−1 min−1, was about the same, and the critical shear value, 1.53 N m−2, about 60% of that found in tests of a similar Palouse silt loam soil tested under 50‐mm tension without freezing. This study adds to the body of knowledge that indicates that the transient nature of rill erodibility during soil freezing and thawing should be considered to improve the accuracy of continuous simulation erosion models for winter conditions.
Impacts of Deficit Irrigation on Carbon Sequestration and Soil Physical Properties under No‐Till
Authors: Blanco-Canqui Humberto , Klocke N. L. , Schlegel A. J. , Stone L. R. , Rice C. W.
Published: June 2010

Deficit irrigation is an important strategy to manage water, but its impacts on soil C sequestration and physical properties have not been well documented. We assessed changes in soil organic C (SOC) and soil inorganic C (SIC) concentrations and selected soil physical properties at two no‐till experiments on Ulysses silt loam (a fine‐silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Aridic Haplustoll) with <1% slope under six irrigation treatments (66, 86, 117, 152, 182, and 217 mm of water applied) at Garden City and three (127, 254, and 381 mm of water applied) at Tribune in western Kansas after 5 and 8 yr of management, respectively. For the 0‐ to 10‐cm depth, SOC concentration and wet aggregate stability increased with an increase in irrigation amount, but bulk density, particle‐size distribution, and SIC concentration were unaffected. At Garden City, the SOC pool in the 0‐ to 10‐cm depth increased by 46% (11.2 vs. 16.4 Mg ha−1) from the lowest (66 mm) to the highest (217 mm) irrigation amount. At Tribune, the SOC concentration in the 5‐ to 10‐cm soil depth increased by 30% when the irrigation amount increased from 127 (7.8 g kg−1) to 254 (10.2 g kg−1) mm. The amount of macroaggregates increased with an increase in the irrigation amount, particularly in the 5‐ to 10‐cm depth. At Garden City, irrigation‐induced increase in SOC concentration increased the mean weight diameter of aggregates (r = 0.66; P < 0.001). Overall, deficit irrigation affected SOC concentration and soil structural development near the soil surface, but the magnitude of impacts was site specific.
Earner-Carer Model at the Crossroads: Reforms and Outcomes of Sweden's Family Policy in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Ferrarini Tommy , Duvander Ann-Zofie
Published: June 2010

Following the 2006 election, the Swedish earner-carer model of family policy seems to have come to an important crossroads, and questions have been raised about the future course of policies. Will the prototypical earner-carer model in Sweden persist? The separate reforms in cash transfers, services, and tax systems in several respects seem to point in contradictory directions, simultaneously introducing new principles of social care. In this article, past and present reforms and potential outcomes of policies are discussed from an institutional and comparative perspective. Reviewing research on outcomes of earner-carer policies for gendered patterns of productive and reproductive work, class-based stratification, child well-being, fertility, and work–family conflict, the article also contributes to the discussion about future challenges for family policy institutions in Sweden and other advanced welfare states.
Social Class Inequalities in the Utilization of Health Care and Preventive Services in Spain, a Country with a National Health System
Authors: Garrido-Cumbrera Marco , Borrell Carme , Palència Laia , Espelt Albert , Rodríguez-Sanz Maica , Pasarín M. Isabel , Kunst Anton
Published: June 2010

In Spain, despite the existence of a National Health System (NHS), the utilization of some curative health services is related to social class. This study assesses (1) whether these inequalities are also observed for preventive health services and (2) the role of additional private health insurance for people of advantaged social classes. Using data from the Spanish National Health Survey of 2006, the authors analyze the relationships between social class and use of health services by means of Poisson regression models with robust variance, controlling for self-assessed health. Similar analyses were performed for waiting times for visits to a general practitioner (GP) and specialist. After controlling for self-perceived health, men and women from social classes IV-V had a higher probability of visiting the GP than other social classes, but a lower probability of visiting a specialist or dentist. No large class differences were observed in frequency of hospitalization or emergency services use, or in breast cancer screening or influenza vaccination; cervical cancer screening frequency was lower among women from social classes IV-V. The inequalities in specialist visits, dentist visits, and cervical cancer screening were larger among people with only NHS insurance than those with double health insurance. Social class differences in waiting times were observed for specialist visits, but not for GP visits. Men and women from social classes IV-V had longer waits for a specialist; this was most marked among people with only NHS insurance. Clearly, within the NHS, social class inequalities are still evident for some curative and preventive services. Further research is needed to identify the factors driving these inequalities and to tackle these factors from within the NHS. Priority areas include specialist services, dental care, and cervical cancer screening.
Women's Health in Developing Countries: Beyond an Investment?
Authors: Mohindra K. S. , Nikiéma Béatrice
Published: June 2010

Most international programs and policies devised to improve women's health in developing countries have been shaped by powerful agencies and development ideologies, including the tendency to view women solely through the lens of instrumentalism (i.e., as a means to an end). In a literature review, the authors followed the trail of instrumentalism by reviewing the different approaches and paradigms that have guided international development initiatives over the past 50 years. The analysis focuses on three key approaches to international development: the economic development, public health, and women-gender approaches. The findings indicate that progressive changes have adopted a more inclusive development perspective that is potentially beneficial to women's health. On the other hand, most paradigms have largely viewed improving women's lives in general, and their health in particular, as an investment or a means to development rather than an end in itself. Public health strategies did not escape the instrumentalism entrenched in the broader development paradigms. Although there was an opportunity for progress in the 1990s with the emergence of the human development and human rights paradigms and critical advances in Cairo and Beijing promoting women's agency, the current Millennium Development Goals project seems to have relapsed into instrumentalism.
Motivation to Quit Smoking Among Hospitalised Individuals with and Without Mental Health Disorders
Authors: Siru Ranita , Hulse Gary K. , Khan Riaz J. K. , Tait Robert J.
Published: June 2010

Background: Persons with mental health disorders (MHD) have higher rates of smoking and poorer cessation of smoking outcomes than those without MHD. A decreased level of motivation may partially explain lower cessation rates, but there is little information on motivation among inpatients with MHD.

Objectives: Primary aims were to compare (1) motivation to cease smoking among those hospitalised with MHD or non-MHD, (2) the proportion that attempted smoking cessation, and (3) use of aids to cessation. A secondary aim was to assess cessation up to six months post-discharge.

Methods: Smokers were recruited at a tertiary hospital in Perth, Western Australia. Surveys were administered upon admission and at 5 and 14 days and 6 months post-discharge.

Results: We recruited 64 MHD inpatients and 43 non-MHD inpatients. At baseline there were no significant differences between the groups on any measures of the five measures of motivation. Significantly more of the MHD sample attempted smoking cessation than those in the non-MHD sample (34 versus 13: χ2(1)=5.472, P=0.028). Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) alone was used by 70% of those attempting to quit but was only provided as part of discharge medication to two people and few persons (<21%) in either group used NRT post-discharge. By 14 days, three (4.7%) of the MHD group and none (0%) of the non-MHD group reported abstinence, at 6-months one from each group reported continuous abstinence since discharge from hospital.

Conclusions: Motivation to cease smoking among inpatients with MHD was similar to those without MHD, as was use of NRT while hospitalised. The low provision of post-discharge NRT may contribute to the poor cessation of smoking outcomes and does not fulfil evidence based guidelines.
Effect of Supplementation of soybean Cake and Fishmeal with Lysine and Methionine in Broiler Diets on the Growth Performance of Turkey Poults
Authors: Karki M
Published: June 2010

The study was carried out during June to August 2003, using one hundred and eight day oldturkey poults which were randomly divided into twelve groups, 9 birds in each. Three replicatewere allocated to each four dietary treatments. Commercially available broiler feed (Ratna feed)was considered as basal diet (Diet-1), Diet-2 was prepared by addition of lysine (0.3%) +methionine (0.1%) to Diet-1, Diet-3 was prepared by supplementation of soybean cake (15%) +lysine (0.2%) + methionine (0.1%) to Diet-1and Diet-4 was formulated by addition of soybeancake (10%) + fishmeal (5%) in Diet-1. Each diet was offered ad lib. from one week to 10 weeksof age. Observation on weekly body weight, weekly and cumulative feed consumed wasaccessed. Weekly body weight gain and feed conversion ratio was calculated. Economics ofdietary treatments in terms of income over chicks and feed cost was also calculated.Significantly higher body weight (P < 0.01) was observed in birds fed with Diet-3 (1881.5 ± 17g), followed by Diet-4 (1745.3 ± 33 g) and Diet-2 (1460.8 ± 51 g) as compared to Diet-1 (1125.2± 20 g) up to 10 weeks of age. The birds fed with supplemented diet consumed significantly (P <0.01) higher feed than that of basal diet. The average additional profit per bird fed withsupplemented diets over basal diet was found to be Rs 31.21, Rs 29.4 and Rs 9.92 for Diet-3,followed by Diet-4 and Diet-2, respectively. The results showed that supplemented diets weremore economical than that of basal diet. It may be concluded that supplementation of eithersoybean cake (15%) along with lysine (0.2%) and methionine (0.1%) or soybean cake (10%) andfishmeal (5%) in commercial broiler ration could be beneficial for enhancing higher body weightof turkey poults and resulted higher gross income as compared to basal diet (broiler ration).Key words: Fishmeal; lysine; methionine; soybean cake; turkeyDOI: 10.3126/narj.v7i0.1871Nepal Agriculture Research Journal Vol.7 2006 pp.70-74
Estimation of Production Function of Hiunde (Boro) Rice
Authors: Bhujel RB , Ghimire SP
Published: June 2010

Hiunde (Boro) rice has not been popularized due to least attention given to this crop in Nepal. Inorder to estimate the production function of this crop, a field survey in Morang district during2002/2003 was carried out using a semi-structured questionnaire. The primary information wascollected through face to face interview. The result of the empirical model of Cobb-Douglasproduction function revealed the model significant at 1% level and defined 95% variation inHiunde rice production due to variation in independent variables included in the model. Thecoefficient of area, nitrogen, phosphorous, and tractor hour were found significant at 1% levelwhile the dummy for more than 10 times of irrigation was significant at 5% level and up to 10times of irrigation and potash was significant at 10% level. The effect of human and bullocklabor was found non-significant. Among the sampled farmers the average cropping intensity was194% and average yield of Hiunde rice was 4802.50 kg/ha. On an average 131 kg of nitrogen,phosphorous and potash was applied for one ha and 15 irrigations in average. The net benefitfrom Hiunde rice was found to be Rs. 14507.41/ha with 1.73 benefit cost ratio. About 31% costwas incurred in land preparation and transplanting which was highest among the operations. Itwas followed by the costs incurred in fertilizers and agrochemicals which counted 23%.Key words: Estimate; Hiunde rice; production functionDOI: 10.3126/narj.v7i0.1874Nepal Agriculture Research Journal Vol.7 2006 pp.88-97
Prognosis and recurrence pattern of patients with cervical carcinoma and pelvic lymph node metastasis
Authors: Shrestha Eliza , Ying Xiong , Li-Zhi Liang , Min Zheng , Luang-Hong Wang , Peng-Fei Deng , Ji-Hong Liu
Published: June 2010

Aim: To investigate the prognostic risk factor(s) and pattern of disease relapse of patients with cervicalcarcinoma and pelvic node metastasis.Methods: One hundred twenty four cases of FIGOIB1~IIA cervical carcinoma with pelvic node metastasistreated from January 1991 to December 2001 were selected for this study. Prognosis and recurrence wereretrospectively analyzed using the clinico-pathological data.Results: The overall 5 year survival and disease-free survival (DFS) was 63.3% and 61.4% respectively.Overall recurrence rate was 39.5% (49/124). Intra-pelvic relapse (25/41, 61.0%) was significantly morefrequent than extra-pelvic relapse (13/41, 1.7%, P=0.008). Multivariate analysis identified involvement ofcommon iliac node as independent prognostic factor (P=0.035). According to this factor, node-positivepatients could be divided into low risk group (without common iliac node involvement, 104 cases) and highrisk group (with common iliac node involvement, 20 cases). The DFS were 69.4% and 24.5% respectively,and the difference was significant (P=0.003). Intra-pelvic relapse was observed in 22.1% of low risk and25.0% of high risk group respectively, the difference was not significant (P>0.05), however extra-pelvicrelapse was seen in 7.7% of low risk and 40.0% of high risk group, and the difference was significant(P<0.001).Conclusions: Common iliac node involvement is the significant factor that influences the prognosis ofpatients with cervical carcinoma and pelvic node metastasis. According to this factor, survival and recurrencepattern differs significantly. These findings provide important reference for individualized modification andinvestigation of treatment mode.Keywords: Cervical neoplasms; lymph node metastasis; prognosisDOI: 10.3126/njog.v4i1.3327Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology June-July 2009; 4(1): 19-24
Abdominal versus vaginal hysterectomy: Appraisal of indications and complications in a Nigerian Federal Medical Centre
Authors: Umeora OUJ , Onoh RC , Eze JN , Igberase GO
Published: June 2010

Aims: To compare hysterectomies performed via the abdominal and vaginal routes in terms of indicationsand associated complications.Methods: Review of retrospective data on all cases of hysterectomies performed at the Federal MedicalCentre Abakaliki over a six-year period (January 2000 to December 2005).Results: There were a total of 62 hysterectomies. Of these, 33 (52.2%) were abdominal hysterectomies while29 (46. 8%) were vaginal hysterectomies. Hysterectomy was carried out predominantly for grand multiparouswomen [21 (72.4%) and 21 (63.7%) were abdominal and vaginal hysterectomies respectively]. The meanages of the patients were 48.8 years and 55.5 years for the abdominal and vaginal operations respectively.The only indication for vaginal hysterectomy in this study was uterovaginal prolapse while uterine fibroid wasthe commonest indication for abdominal hysterectomy. Complications and duration of hospital stay weremore following abdominal hysterectomy.Conclusion: There is need for training and retraining of specialist gynaecologists and trainee residents onprocedures of hysterectomies, especially vaginal hysterectomy to expand the indications for the vaginalsurgery which is attended with less postoperative morbidity.Key words: indications; complications; route; pyrexia; wound; AbakalikiDOI: 10.3126/njog.v4i1.3328Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology June-July 2009; 4(1): 25-29
General practitioner and obstetric service in rural Nepal: A way forward
Authors: Joshi Arbin , Awale Pankaj , Bohler Eric
Published: June 2010

Aims: To review different types of obstetric services provided by the general practitioners with a back-up ofpara-medical staffs in a rural Nepal to analyze obstacles faced in providing qualitative care.Methods: Retrospective analysis of all deliveries conducted at Okhaldhunga Community Hospital in oneyear duration (December 2005 to December 2006).Results: In the study period, 123 deliveries took place with 126 births due to the result of three sets of twin.Caesarean were done in 28(22.7%) and most of them being performed as emergency basis (92.8%). Of the95 vaginal deliveries, instrumental delivery was 7.3%. One (0.8%) underwent vaginal birth after previouscaesarean section (VBAC) and the episiotomy rate was 20.3%. The perinatal mortality rate was 95.23 per1000 births.Conclusion: Obstetric service in rural Nepal can be enhanced by incorporating general practioners.Key words: Obstetric care; general practitioners; rural setting.DOI: 10.3126/njog.v4i1.3330Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology June-July 2009; 4(1): 38-41
Maternal mortality and caesarean delivery: A five year review
Authors: Huria Anju , Mehra Reeta , Gupta Pratiksha , Goel Bharti
Published: June 2010

Aim: To find out maternal mortality related to caesarean deliveryMethods: A review of maternal mortality in Government Medical College Hospital Chandigarh, India wasconducted for the last five years. [2003 to 2007].Results: Maternal mortality ratio was found to be 496.4 per 100,000 live births and of which 23.59% wascausally or incidentally related to caesarean delivery. The caesarean delivery rates for the hospital was29.08% in 2003 and a rising trend to 36.60% in 2007 was also noted.Conclusion: Caesarean remains a good option when rationally indicated; however the maternal and fetalconditions that indicate the operative delivery may be inherently related to mortality and morbidity.Key words: Maternal mortality; maternal mortality ratio; caesarean deliveryDOI: 10.3126/njog.v4i1.3331Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology June-July 2009; 4(1): 42-45
THE FRENCH RESPONSE TO THE WORLD BANK'S DOING BUSINESS REPORTS
Authors: Valcke Catherine
Published: June 2010

In its 2004 and 2006 Doing Business reports, the World Bank endorsed the conclusions advanced in the ‘legal origins’ literature, according to which legal systems belonging to the common law tradition better foster economic performance than systems belonging to the civil law tradition, and systems within the French family fare the worst among civil law systems. This article comments on the response offered to those reports by a group of French legal academics. The author suggests that this response would be more effective if it treated as separate issues (1) the traditional resistance of French jurists to the economic analysis of law (eal), (2) the efficiency of the French legal system, and (3) the merits of analysing French law from an eal perspective. With respect to the first issue, the author argues that the reasons behind the French jurists' traditional resistance to eal are largely sociocultural and, accordingly, can be expected to bear directly on French jurists, and French legal thought more generally, but only minimally on the economic pedigree of the French legal system. With respect to the second issue, questions are raised as to the possibility of reliably assessing the relative efficiency of entire legal systems, whether the French or any other. With respect to the third issue, the author notes that the objections raised against economic assessments of entire legal systems do not apply to the more traditional form of eal, which accordingly remains as valuable a tool for analysing French law as it is for analysing any other body of law.
THE EVIDENTIARY BURDEN FOR OVERTURNING GOVERNMENT'S CHOICE OF REGULATORY INSTRUMENT: THE CASE OF DIRECT-TO-CONSUMER ADVERTISING OF PRESCRIPTION DRUGS
Authors: Flood Colleen M.
Published: June 2010

This article explores Michael Trebilcock's claim that the federal government's present restrictions on direct-to-consumer advertising (dtca) of prescription drugs should not withstand a Charter challenge and his argument that a less intrusive, more nuanced regulatory regime could be implemented. The author explores the government's challenges in mounting a s. 1 defence, analysing the role and limitations of social-science evidence and recognizing that both inherent methodological difficulties and the manner in which health services researchers frame their approach to policy questions are such that there may never be sufficiently robust evidence of competing policy alternatives for the government to use in a s. 1 challenge. The article then goes on to review the appropriate evidentiary hurdles the government should be required to satisfy to justify this kind of policy in the face of a constitutional challenge and raises the question of the courts’ competence to assess the policy ramifications of choosing to take a more stringent approach to review. The policy approaches to dtca in other countries are explored to demonstrate that although alternative regulatory regimes exist in theory, the reality is that they are not enforced, and as such are not real alternatives to the current regime. The author explores what evidence is available regarding the advantages and disadvantages of dtca and concludes that the latter outweigh the former, that the prospect of more nuanced regulations are theoretical only, and that Canada should maintain its present regulatory restrictions.
PERSON, PLACE, OR THING? PROPERTY AND THE STRUCTURING OF SOCIAL RELATIONS
Authors: Austin Lisa M.
Published: June 2010

In positing a relationship between property and personhood, Margaret Jane Radin introduced an influential critique of traditional property theory, including law and economics. In this essay I propose an alternative account of the ‘personhood’ intuition, focusing on real property. This account of personhood focuses on the objective features of individual capacities for direct social relations rather than on the subjective relationship between a particular individual and a thing or place. Places like the home are significant for individual identity because rights of access provide the individual with control over the direct social relations that occur there. I further argue that maintaining this focus on the direct social relations fostered by rights of access to places can help us understand the nature of community interests in relation to certain kinds of public places and provide a basis for arguing for limitations to traditional property doctrines such as expropriation and trespass.
ACADEMIC SCRIBBLERS AND DEFUNCT ECONOMISTS
Authors: Cooter Robert , Schaefer Hans Bernd
Published: June 2010

Three broad theoretical approaches characterize the history of development economics: state-led growth, which dominated from the 1930s until roughly 1980; liberalization theory (the ‘Washington Consensus’), which dominated in the 1980s; and institutionalism, which dominated subsequently. After 2000, development scholars increasingly focused on the legal institutions that support markets: property, contracts, and business law. This essay focuses on legal institutions that support economic innovation, which causes sustained growth. Developing countries mostly innovate by discovering new markets and adapting organizations, which is risky. A risky venture that unites capital and new ideas poses a problem of trust: the investor must trust the innovator not to steal his money, and the innovator must trust the investor not to steal his ideas. If institutions supply the means for entrepreneurs to solve the double trust dilemma, the economy strides ahead through innovation. Conversely, if institutions fail to supply the means for entrepreneurs to solve the double trust dilemma, the economy hobbles along without improvement. The origin of a nation's laws – whether common or civil law – is not so important as the ability to adapt law to business innovations.
THE PERSISTENT DILEMMAS OF DEVELOPMENT: THE NEXT FIFTY YEARS
Authors: Carson Lindsey , Daniels Ronald J.
Published: June 2010

Among the most significant of Michael Trebilcock's many exceptional scholarly contributions has been the impact of his work on the field of law and development. At the core of the development enterprise lies a central conundrum—Why do obviously desirable institutional outcomes not transpire in the developing world?—and Trebilcock has provided invaluable insights into how various historic, economic, social, and political forces may promote, shape, or inhibit such salutary change. Taking Trebilcock's existing corpus of work as a starting point, we outline a proposed research agenda for the next fifty years of law and development scholarship, highlighting outstanding questions that surround the sequencing of reforms; the role of path dependence; the interaction of law, culture, and institutions; and, finally, the role of international institutions in addressing the dilemmas of development.
THE EVOLUTION OF CONTRACT REMEDIES (AND WHY DO CONTRACTS PROFESSORS TEACH REMEDIES FIRST?)
Authors: Triantis George
Published: June 2010

This essay traces the evolution of the scholarly understanding of contract remedies, beginning with the era in which the compensation principle and expectation damages dominated. Fuller and Perdue's classic articles in 1936/1937 and the theory of efficient breach in the 1970s each offered important justifications for the principle. However, as economic analysis extended to incorporate a wider range of incentive and risk-bearing goals, support for the compensation principle became increasingly frayed. The emergence of the incomplete contracts theory further weakened its normative significance. In practice, the cutting-edge uses of contract damages pursue several other objectives unrelated to compensation. In particular, damages promote contracting goals by (a) providing prices for embedded options or (b) setting the stakes, and thereby incentives, for future litigation. Finally, the essay discusses the design of ‘tiered’ damages within a single contract that are triggered by different contingencies. In this sense, damages and contract conditions act as complements as well as substitutes. In light of the complex and interactive role played by contract remedies, the author suggests that this topic should be taught near the end rather than at the beginning of the first-year contracts course.
WHY IS THIS TAKING SO LONG? THE MOVE TOWARD A NATIONAL SECURITIES REGULATOR
Authors: Anand Anita I. , Green Andrew J.
Published: June 2010

Game theoretical analysis can be useful in contexts such as securities regulation, where multiple decision makers (i.e., securities regulatory authorities or commissions) act unilaterally but can also potentially reap benefits from cooperation. We deploy several models in seeking to render more transparent the strategies and pay-offs that motivate jurisdictions to support or resist the introduction of a national securities regulator in Canada. Our analysis suggests that consensus has not been reached regarding a national regulator not only because of a lack of cooperation but also because of a lack of coordination. Indeed, it seems plausible both that provinces recognize the benefit of adopting a common standardized regulatory model and that the source of disagreement surrounds the precise regulatory content of that common standardized model. This essay explores the implications of this insight.
CONSUMER CREDIT REDUX
Authors: Duggan Anthony
Published: June 2010

Consumer credit law was a hot topic for legal scholars during the 1970s and 1980s, but its attraction waned in the next two decades, no doubt due in part to the dampening effect of the law and economics movement on government intervention and its advocacy. However, the last five years have seen a resurgence of scholarly interest in consumer credit law. This is partly because recent market developments have given academics a range of interesting new issues to address and partly because the new generation of legal scholars is economically literate and has been able to draw successfully on developments in law and economics, behavioural economics, and other new theoretical perspectives to enrich the debate over the case for regulation. This essay surveys the recent literature on three topics – sub-prime lending, credit cards, and payday loans – with particular reference to the challenges developments in these areas pose for truth-in-lending laws and policies that, at least until very recently, had remained largely unchanged since the heyday of consumer credit law reform.
'Your Heart Is Not Warm Unless You Steal!'
Authors: Engebrigtsen Ada I.
Published: June 2010

A proverb common in Romania, generally referring to gypsies, claims that 'your heart is not warm unless you steel'. During the author's fieldwork in a village in Transylvania it was, obvious, however, that the moral judgement on theft and stealing varies greatly according to context. The article discusses the social construction of theft in different empirical contexts and historical periods from wartime looting in India to theft of state property in Romania and how the definition and judgement in each case are embedded in social relations and social structures. The article's main objective is to unmask social relations of power and domination that are often hidden behind definitions and judgements concerning the acquisition of the property of others. Thus theft cannot be understood as either legal or moral; instead, it ties together the moral and the legal, the collective and the individual, objects and persons in different ways in different contexts.
Recommunaissance
Authors: Spaskovska Ljubica
Published: June 2010

The article examines the phenomenon of communist/post-socialist nostalgia, with a focus on Slovenia and Poland, through the central issue of identity, memory and the concrete manifestations of nostalgia. The emergence of a somewhat distinct 'Eastern European' identity and the East--West divide in historical and cultural terms is explored through several historical events of the European project between the World Wars. The revival of the communist brands, commercial products, symbols, music and film is the core of the communist 'renaissance', witnessing mainly the need for encountering the past, the selectiveness of memory and the right and emotional need to value one's own personal history and past.
Cultural Heritage in Europe
Authors: Kaschuba Wolfgang
Published: June 2010

This article deals with the often problematic connection between European and ethnological world images. After a short retrospective on the ethnological heritage, it elaborates current social and political problems and determines the ethnological position in these discourses. Finally, it recommends the imagination of an 'ethnology of the present', which increasingly focuses its lens on the European margins, across boundaries, and on movements: ethnology as a 'social ethnography' of the culturally vagrant, ambivalent and fluid.
Europe and Culture
Authors: Horáková Hana
Published: June 2010

After the fall of the Iron Curtain a new concept of Europe as a socially relevant object of study emerged in the social sciences challenging the model of Europe as historical entity, or a philosophical or literary concept. This concept provoked an upsurge of interest in the study of European identity among anthropologists who began to study how Europeanness is constructed and articulated both by the architects of the EU themselves and at a grass-root level. Drawing on notions of European culture and identity, this text examines the image of Europe/the EU in post-communist Europe, particularly in the Czech Republic, from two different perspectives. First, how the institutionalisation of Europe as a cultural idea is viewed by some of the Czech political commentators, and second, from an ethnographically grounded anthropological perspective, focusing on how and at what levels a Czech local community identifies with Europe and the EU. Drawing on a broad range of data, the text attempts to provide new insights into the pitfalls of collective European identity in the making, with the emphasis on its cultural dimension in the post-communist Czech Republic.
The Perpetuation of War in U. S. History Textbooks
Authors: Scott Seth B.
Published: June 2010

American history textbooks, for the better part of the twentieth century, have focused on war as the primary actor. This article investigates the pervasiveness of war in textbooks and considers the e ect of such on students and their role as future policymakers. In the past decade, history textbooks have undergone a total transition toward an emphasis on social history. An examination of what this entails, and what impacts this may have on schoolchildren and society as a whole, lends insight into the e ects the study of history can have. Finally, I argue that a historian must not only choose events that illustrate the past, but also determine how those choices may a ect the future.
Gender and Agency in History, Civics, and National Education Textbooks of Jordan and Palestine
Authors: Alayan Samira , Al-Khalidi Naseema
Published: June 2010

This article analyzes history, civics, and national education textbooks used between grades seven to twelve of the Palestinian and Jordanian school systems from a gender perspective. It focuses on the ways in which men and women are presented within the context of the prevalent culture, which portrays men as the more superior, capable, creative, productive, and therefore dominant, and women as weaker, inferior, dominated, and thus unable to play more than minor roles. As culture affects the perceptions, desires, and ambitions of both males and females, it becomes a key factor in changing the role of women in modern society, and is developed and transferred from one generation to another. This study also emphasizes the need to identify the approaches toward gender adopted by the curricula of Jordan and Palestine, as well as the nature of the language they use. The results from the sample used in this study indicate that although the stereotyping of men and women in both the public and the private sectors varies according to school grade and subject, there is an obvious bias in favor of men.
Berlin's Potsdamer Platz as an Interactive Textbook
Authors: Stehle Maria
Published: June 2010

This article investigates the potential of one of the most contested and debated spaces of German Studies research, the Postdamer Platz in Berlin, as an interactive "textbook." By employing the notion of "play" the areas around the commercialized Postdamer Platz can be "read" and explored as contradictory, chaotic, messy, and haunted by ghosts of the past, despite—or possibly amplified by—the newly constructed, glossy surfaces of global media and capitalism that form a center for the German capital. I consider the subversive possibilities as well as the limits of this playful approach to teaching, exploring, and learning about commercialized urban centers in the twenty-first century.
POSSIBILITIES OF REGENERATION OF PALANGA COASTAL ZONE
Authors: Žilinskas Gintautas , Pupienis Donatas , Jarmalavičius Darius
Published: June 2010

An intensive abrasion of the coast of the most popular Lithuanian Palanga health‐resort necessitates consideration of the most effective ways of its stabilization. Based on the data of field investigations and literary sources, the possibilities of Palanga coastal zone regeneration using the sand dredged from the entrance channel of Klaipeda port are considered. Based on the current geodynamic trends of Palanga coastal zone and results obtained by comparative analysis of granulometric composition of sediments dredged from the entrance channel of Klaipeda Port, the optimal possibilities of using the dredged sand for coast regeneration were determined. It was established that formation of underwater sandbar (analogue of natural bar) in the surf zone of coastal sector between the Palanga Pier and Birute Mount at a depth of 3 m would be the best solution for coast regeneration under the current conditions.

Santrauka

Intensyvi populiariausio Lietuvoje Palangos kurorto jūros kranto arda verčia ieškoti efektyviu kranto stabilizavimo metodu. Pastaruoju metu (2003–2008 m.) atlikti apsauginio paplūdimio kopagūbrio tvirtinimo bei paplūdimio sanašu atsargu papildymo Palangos rekreacineje zonoje darbai leme tik trumpalaiki kranto apsaugos efekta. Straipsnyje, remiantis natūriniu tyrimu bei literatūros duomenimis, ivertintos smelio, iškasamo iš Klaipedos iplaukos kanalo, naudojimo Palangos kranto zonai regeneruoti galimybes. Atsižvelgus i dabartines Palangos kranto zonos geodinamines tendencijas bei atlikus šio ruožo ir iškasamo iš Klaipedos uosto iplaukos kanalo biriu sanašu sudeties lyginamaja analize, nustatytos optimalios iškasamo smelio panaudojimo kranto zonai regeneruoti galimybes. Esant dabartinei situacijai efektyviausias kranto zonos regeneravimo būdas ‐ povandeninio volo (gamtinio sekliaus analogo) 3 m gylyje kranto ruožo tarp Palangos tilto ir Birutes kalno gožos zonoje formavimas.

Резюме

Интенсивный размыв морского берега в рекреационной зоне самого популярного курорта Литвы – Палангe вынуждает искать эффективные способы его стабилизации. Выполненные за последнее время (2003–2008 гг.) работы по укреплению дюнного вала и попытка пополнить пляж наносами в береговой зоне г. Паланги дали лишь кратковременный берегозащитный эффект. На основе натурных данных в статье оценены возможности использования для регенерации береговой зоны Паланги песка, выкапываемого из подвходного канала порта Клайпеды. Учитывая полученные результаты исследований современных геодинамических тенденций береговой зоны г. Паланги, состав наносов подвходного канала порта г. Клайпеды и изучаемого участка, установлены оптимальные возможности использования добываемого песка для стабилизации береговой зоны г. Паланги. Установлено, что при нынешней ситуации самым эффективным способом регенерации береговой зоны является формирование подводного вала (аналог природного) в прибойной зоне на глубине 3 метров на участке между Палангским мостом и мысом горы Бируте.