bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Reply to Lam and Yang
Authors: Wheeler Ladd
Published: March 2007

Additional support is given for assertions that the Hong Kong Chinese (a) are materialistic, (b) have stricter standards for nonmarital sexual behavior; and (c) do not have a feminist movement as such. Allegations of sarcasm are denied, as is any intention to denigrate the Chinese. The difficulties of contrasting two cultures are discussed.
Memory Contrivances in Everyday Life
Authors: Gentry Margaret , Herrmann Douglas J.
Published: March 2007

Phenomena of human memory traditionally have been explained in terms of memory processes. However, memory performance and the claims that people make about memory performance may also reflect social processes such as contriving to make a memory act appear different from what actually occurred The present research investigated the extent of the use of memory contrivances as reported on a questionnaire, Memory Use in Social Environments (MUSE). Factor analysis of the responses of the 92 subjects to the MUSE items identified the following eight forms of contrivances (listed in order from most to least used): ignoring another's remembering, excuses, self-deprecation self-enhancement, cover-ups for self-forgetfulness, politeness, insults and misevaluation. In a second study, 43 subjects identified the social goals underlying the eight contrivances. These results indicate a role for social processes in memory performance not recognized previously; the results also suggest specific ways in which cognitive performances can be represented in social interaction. Thus, the phenomena of memory contrivances have implications for the confluence of memory theory and social psychological theory in cognition.
Gender Differences in Perception of Attractiveness of Men and Women in Bars
Authors: Gladue Brian A. , Delaney H. Jean
Published: March 2007

The idea that men and women appear more attractive as the closing time of a bar approaches is suggested by both popular folklore and social science research. In an empirical test of this hypothesis, male and female subjects at a college bar were asked to rate the attractiveness of same -and opposite-gender bar patrons at three times (9:00 PM., 10:30(PM., and 12:00 A.M.) throughout an evening and to record type and amount of alcohol consumed. In addition, subjects rated six opposite-gender photographs that had been previously determined to represent a broad range of facial attractiveness. Ratings of opposite-gender patrons increased over time for both men and women (although female patrons received higher attractiveness ratings than male patrons), but no support was found for the hypothesis that increased ratings were due to alcohol consumption. Further, men rated photographic images of attractive women to be even more attractive as the evening progressed, while scores for less attractive female photographic images declined over time. No such temporal change was found for women subjects who rated male photographic images. These findings are discussed in the general context of dating, desire to meet the opposite sex, and mate selection.
Meta-Analysis of Experimental Manipulations: Some Factors Affecting the Velten Mood Induction Procedure
Authors: Larsen Randy J. , Sinnett Laura M.
Published: March 2007

Manipulation validity may be influenced by many factors, including specific aspects of experimental procedure. Meta-analysis is an ideal tool for assessing factors that influence manipulations because it is capable of equating, combining, and gauging the impact of different experimental procedures on a given manipulation. This use of meta-analysis is demonstrated by meta-analyzing experiments employing the Velten mood manipulation. This manipulation has been criticized for creating experimental demand. Procedures relevant to experimental demand include whether an honest or deceptive cover story is used and whether a self-report or non-self-report manipulation check measure is used. Effect sizes are smaller when a deceptive (vs. honest) cover story is used and when a non-self-report (vs. self-report) manipulation check measure is used. Discussion concerns how the Velten manipulation may be compromised and how meta-analysis may be employed to evaluate factors influencing manipulation validity.
Encoding Operations and the Next-in-Line Effect
Authors: Bond Charles F. , Pitre Urvashi , van Leeuwen Marilyn D.
Published: March 2007

In a verbal interaction, people take turns speaking. Later, they may have difficulty remembering certain parts of the interaction. In particular, they may not recall what was said just before they began to speak. Previous research indicates that this next-in-line memory deficit reflects a failure at encoding, rather than retrieval. The current study assessed two explanations for the next-in-line encoding failure. One explanation locates the failure in a peripheral encoding operation, eye contact; the other locates it in a central operation, elaborative rehearsal. In the current study, verbal elaboration eliminated the next-in-line effect, and eye contact did not. As these results suggest, the next-in-line memory deficit reflects a failure at elaborative rehearsal.
Celerity and Cajolery: Rapid Speech May Promote or Inhibit Persuasion through its Impact on Message Elaboration
Authors: Smith Stephen M. , Shaffer David R.
Published: March 2007

The present experiment tests credibility-cue and elaboration likelihood (ELM) hypotheses about the effect of compressed speech on message-based persuasion. Participants heard either a proattitudinal or a counterattitudinal message on an involving topic, delivered at a slow (144 words per minute), an intermediate (182 wpm), or a rapid (214 wpm) rate of speech. Consistent with the ELM predictions, rapid speech suppressed the tendency to rebut the counterattitudinal message and enhanced persuasion, whereas the same rapid speech rate inhibited favorable elaboration of the proattitudinal message while undermining its persuasive impact. Thus, a distinctly faster than normal rate of speech on an involving topic can either promote or inhibit persuasion by its impact on message elaboration. The generality of these speech rate effects and the conditions under which rapid speech might serve as a peripheral (i.e., credibility) cue are discussed.
Impact of Desired Relationship Type on Affective Reactions to Choosing and Being Required to Help
Authors: Williamson Gail M. , Clark Margaret S.
Published: March 2007

Donors' reactions to choosing and being required to help were examined. Among subjects led to desire a communal relationship with the recipient, both choosing and being required to help elevated positive affect and alleviated negative affect relative to not being asked to help. Changes in affect as a result of choosing to help did not differ from changes as a result of being required to help. Among subjects led to desire an exchange relationship with the recipient, choosing to help caused positive affect to deteriorate, relative to being required to help or to not helping. Changes in affect in the required condition did not differ from those in the no-help condition. Psychological processes that may underlie these effects are discussed.
The Accessibility of Source Likability as a Determinant of Persuasion
Authors: Roskos-Ewoldsen David R. , Fazio Russell H.
Published: March 2007

The accessibility of a source's likability from memory was hypothesized to moderate the influence of source likability on persuasion. The accessibility of subjects' liking for the source of a message was manipulated in two experiments. Subjects with more accessible liking for the source exhibited more attitude change in the direction of the source's message than subjects with less accessible evaluations of the source.
A Collective Self-Esteem Scale: Self-Evaluation of One's Social Identity
Authors: Luhtanen Riia , Crocker Jennifer
Published: March 2007

Social identity theory as developed by Tajfel and Turner argues that there are two distinct aspects of the self-concept: personal identity and social identity (in American terminology, collective identity). Although many self-esteem measures are available in the literature, they allfocus on individuals'evaluation of their personal identity, whether in private or interpersonal domains. No scale currently exists that assesses the positivity of one's social, or collective, identity. A scale was constructed to assess individual differences in collective, rather than personal, self-esteem, with four subscales (Membership esteem, Public collective self-esteem, Private collective self-esteem, and Importance to Identity). Evidence for reliability and validity of the scale was provided by three studies, suggesting that the scale can be a useful research tool. Implications for research and social identity theory are discussed.
Scandals and the Public's Trust in Politicians: Assimilation and Contrast Effects
Authors: Schwarz Norbert , Bles Herbert
Published: March 2007

Subjects either were or were not asked to recall the names of politicians who had been involved in a scandal and subsequently evaluated the trustworthiness of politicians in general and of three specific exemplars. Answering the scandal question decreased judgments of trustworthiness of politicians in general but increased perceived trustworthiness of specific exemplars. Thus, an assimilation effect was obtained when the target category 'politicians in general" invited inclusion of the scandal politicians in the temporary representation formed of the target. In contrast, the primed politicians could not be included in the representations formed of specific individuals. In this case, they were used as a standard of comparison, resulting in contrast effects. These findings are consistent with the inclusion/exclusion model of assimilation and contrast effects, which emphasizes the role of categorization processes in the construction of targets and standards.
The Effects of Source Credibility on the Dilution of Stereotype-Based Judgments
Authors: Macrae C. Neil , Shepherd John W. , Milne Alan B.
Published: March 2007

The present research investigated the relationship between stereotypical and individuating information in judgmental tasks. In particular, it was hypothesized that, in addition to considering the nature of the individuating information presented to subjects, it is also important to investigate how the credibility of the source of this information can affect stereotype dilution. Extending ideas from the literature on persuasion, the present results supported the prediction that subjects differentiate between high-and low-credibility sources only when they provide stereotype-disconfirming individuating information. They did not, however support the contention that stereotype dilution is invariably mediated by a reliance on the representativeness heuristic. These findings are considered in the wider context of cognitive approaches to stereotyping and stereotype change.
Rapist or "Regular Guy": Explanatory Coherence in the Construction of Mental Models of Others
Authors: Read Stephen J. , Miller Lynn C.
Published: March 2007

A model is presented of how people construct coherent representations of others. It integrates work on knowledge representations with Kintsch's construction-integration model of discourse comprehension and Thagard's model of explanatory coherence. A major claim is that parallel constraint satisfaction processes, fundamental to connectionist modeling, play a major role in the development of coherent representations. Several topics are examined: (a) the role of making goal inferences in trait inferences, (b) how people combine apparently inconsistent traits to arrive at a coherent impression, and (c) how this parallel process model can account for findings that have been given a serial interpretation in Trope's two-stage model of dispositional inference and Gilbert's work on cognitive busyness. It is argued that this model provides a more parsimonious but broader explanation for attributions than alternatives.
Communal and Exchange Relationships: What is the Difference?
Authors: Batson C. Daniel
Published: March 2007

Clark and Mills claim that communal and exchange relationships differ in the rules that govern giving and receiving benefits. In exchange relationships, members benefit each other to incur or repay obligation, quid pro quo. In communal relationships, the basis of benefit is concern for the other's welfare. Response by Clark and Mills to three criticism suggests, however that the psychological difference they see between communal and exchange relationships is less than might be imagined. They say that benefits in communal relationships may be bestowed with an eye to gaining self-benefits, including (a) the social and self-rewards for fulfilling one's role obligations and (b) the benefits received from the partner in the form of having one's needs met or establishing a rewarding relationship. If this is true, then quid pro quo exchange principles seem to operate in both communal and exchange relationships; the difference is in the breadth and etiquette of benefits exchanged.
Religiousness, Race, and Psychological Well-Being: Exploring Social Psychological Mediators
Authors: Blaine Bruce , Crocker Jennifer
Published: March 2007

Research and theory combine to suggest that the relationship between religious belief and psychological well-being should be more positive among Black than among White individuals. Further, this relationship should be mediated by social psychological aspects of religion that have positive implications for well-being, such as self-enhancing religious attributions and a positive social identity associated with one's religious affiliation. These predictions were examined in a sample of 66 Black and 59 White university students. Religious belief salience and psychological well-being were moderately positively correlated, but only among Black subjects. The relationship between religious belief and well-being was partially mediated by attributions to God that enhance life meaning and positive social identification resulting from one's religious affiliation, again only among Black subjects. Implications of these results for the self-maintenance of Black college students are discussed.
Effects of Behavioral and Social Class Information on Social Judgment
Authors: Baron Reuben M. , Albright Linda , Malloy Thomas E.
Published: March 2007

Social class schemata appear to affect perceivers' judgments of targets under conditions of stimulus ambiguity. In 1990 E. E. Jones noted that there are insufficient data to determine the effect of clearly disconfirming behavioral information and that the limits on social class schema effects are in need of investigation. This was the focus of the present research. Guided descriptively by a Bayesian model of social perception, the authors predicted and found that unambiguous, relevant stimulus information influenced judgments whereas social class information had no effect. Social class information did, however; affect judgments in a no-information condition. This basic result replicated in two experiments among populations that themselves varied in social class composition, thereby demonstrating the generalizability of the findings. Implications of these data for social perception in a stimulus-rich context are discussed.
Acting on One's Attitudes: The Role of a History of Choosing Situations
Authors: DeBono Kenneth G. , Snyder Mark
Published: March 2007

Three investigations examined the contributions of a history of choosing attitudinally relevant situations to attitude-behavior relations. Study I showed that differing histories of choosing attitudinally relevant situations were predictive of differing degrees of willingness to engage in an attitudinally consistent behavior for low self-monitors but not for high self-monitors. Study 2 showed that manipulated frequency of attitude expression increased attitude accessibility for low, but not for high, self-monitors. Study 3 showed that histories of choosing attitudinally relevant situations were predictive of attitude accessibility for low self-monitors but not for high self-monitors. Theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
On Thinking First and Responding Fast: Flexibility in Social Inference Processes
Authors: Krull Douglas S. , Dill Jody C.
Published: March 2007

Numerous models of the social inference process have been proposed, but research has not specifically investigated the order in which dispositional and situational information is considered. A paradigm was developed to investigate when people think dispositionally and when they think situationally. Three investigations assessed perceivers' reaction times to answer dispositional, situational, and behavior interpretation questions about an individual behaving in an anxious or a sad manner. Participants were instructed to diagnose either the individual's disposition (dispositional-focus condition) or the individual's situation (situational-focus condition). The results indicate that perceivers are flexible in their inference processes in that they are able to draw either dispositional or situational inferences initially. Implications are discussed.
The Psychometric Location of Wisdom-Related Performance: Intelligence, Personality, and more?
Authors: Staudinger Ursula M. , Lopez David F. , Baltes Paul B.
Published: March 2007

The present study aims at presenting evidence on the psychometric location of a measure of wisdom-related performance in relation to standard measures of intelligence, personality, and their interface. A sample of 125 men and women heterogeneous with regard to age, years of education, and professional status responded verbally to three wisdom-related dilemmas and completed a psychometric battery of 33 scales (12 tests) involving intelligence, personality, and the personality-intelligence interface. Findings were consistent with predictions. First, 40% of the variance in wisdom-related performance was predicted by measures of intelligence, personality, and their interface, although none of the individual predictors could be considered equivalent to the authors' measure of wisdom-related performance. Second, the personality-intelligence-interface measures provided the largest unique share (15%). Third, wisdom-related performance evinced a fair degree of measurement independence (uniqueness).
Differential Use of the Availability Heuristic in Social Judgment
Authors: Rothman Alexander J. , Hardin Curtis D.
Published: March 2007

Three experiments demonstrate that chronic applicability regulates the use of two types of information associated with the availability heuristic. In Experiment 1, participants used subjective experience of ease of retrieving behavioral instances when judging out-groups but used the number of behaviors retrieved when judging in-groups. In Experiment 2, manipulating the diagnosticity of experience of ease affected out-group but not in-group judgment. When experience of ease was diagnostic, results replicated Experiment 1; however, when experience of ease was nondiagnostic, the number of behaviors recalled was used in both in-group and out-group judgment. In Experiment 3, participants used the experience of ease to judge close friends but the number of behaviors retrieved to judge casual acquaintances. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that chronic patterns of information use and immediate situational cues define the applicability of accessible information to the judgment at hand.
The Interpersonal Nature of Social Stereotypes: Differential Discussion Patterns about In-Groups and Out-Groups
Authors: Harasty Amy S.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the interpersonal nature of social stereotypes by investigating the extent to which stereotypic representations are conveyed in discussions about in-groups and out-groups. Same-sex dyads held discussions about their gender in-group and out-group. Discussion content was evaluated by two methods. First, a content analysis revealed that out-group discussions contained more group-level, and fewer self-referent, comments than in-group discussions. Also, the negative comments about the out-group were given as global, group-level comments more so than about specific out-group members (negative comments about the in-group did not differ across level of inclusiveness). Second, new participants rated the overall quality of the discussion transcripts. Discussions about out-groups were rated as more stereotypic and expressing more negative affect than in group discussions. Through these analyses, evidence for the expression of stereotypic representations of out-groups in interpersonal settings was found.
Of Scripture and Ascription: The Relation between Religious Fundamentalism and Intergroup Helping
Authors: Jackson Lynne M. , Esses Victoria M.
Published: March 2007

Two studies examined the role of religion and perceived value threat in determining people's approaches to solving problems faced by social groups. Individuals high in religious fundamentalism held the target groups homosexuals and single mothers responsible for an ostensible unemployment problem, and this relation was mediated by the perception that homosexuals and single mothers threatened their values. In contrast, individuals high in religious fundamentalism did not hold the nonthreatening target groups Native Canadians and students responsible for the same problem. Moreover, high attributions of responsibility for the problem predicted endorsement of the view that members of the target group should change themselves to solve the problem and rejection of involved forms of helping.
Accuracy Motivation, Consensus Information, and the Law of Large Numbers: Effects on Attitude Judgment in the Absence of Argumentation
Authors: Darke Peter R. , Chaiken Shelly , Bohner Gerd , Einwiller Sabine , Erb Hans-Peter , Hazlewood J. Douglas
Published: March 2007

This study examined the influence of majority opinion on attitudes in the absence of persuasive argumentation. Participants who were either high or low in accuracy motivation were presented with an opinion poll that conveyed consensus information and the sample size of the poll. According to the law of large numbers (LLN), large polls provide more reliable estimates of consensus than smaller polls. Results generally supported predictions. Less-motivated participants tended to be influenced by consensus regardless of poll size, whereas highly motivated participants based attitudes on this information only if the poll was reliably large. Thus, participants who were highly motivated seemed to appreciate the LLN when making their attitude judgments. Consistent with the heuristic-systematic model, process measures indicated that consensus influenced attitudes through both heuristic and biased systematic processing under high motivation, but it influenced attitudes only via heuristic processing when motivation was low.
What if You Can't Get What You Want? Willingness to Compromise Ideal Mate Selection Standards as a Function of Sex, Mate Value, and Relationship Context
Authors: Regan Pamela C.
Published: March 2007

The majority of mate selection research focuses on what people want, rather than what they will settle for, in a partner. The present study explored the extent to which sex, self perceived mate value, and relationship context moderate ideal partner preferences and the willingness to compromise ideal standards. When considering a casual sex partner, men and women emphasized and were unwilling to compromise on physical attractiveness; when considering a romantic partner, both emphasized and refused to compromise on interpersonal responsiveness. Sex differences primarily occurred in the context of short-term mating, with women ideally seeking an older more interpersonally responsive sex partner and demonstrating less willingness than men to compromise their standards on a number of dimensions. Men's mate value largely was disassociated with their selection criteria; women's mate value correlated positively with their ideal preferences across many characteristics and in both mating contexts.
Path Analysis of Multitrait-Multimethod Matrices
Authors: Schmitt Neal
Published: March 2007

Path analyses of two multitrait-multimethod ma trices are used as examples of the kind of informa tion afforded by application of the technique. Dis cussed are tests of various possible models of the matrix, the reproduction of several correlations, and various reduced models. It is concluded that the technique should be of considerable aid to re searchers who want to evaluate the convergent and discriminant validity of their measures.
Logical Basis of Dimensionality
Authors: Krus David J.
Published: March 2007

The isolation of dimensions from a data matrix has been traditionally formulated in terms of an al gebraic or geometric model. Order analysis was de veloped as a method of multidimensional analysis and scaling based on the theory of Boolean algebra. The order analytic algorithm utilizes functions of the propositional calculus in lieu of eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the general linear model. Also, the graphic presentation of latent space in coordinates of the Euclidian space is paralleled in ordering- theoretic models by dendrograms of the test space. A conceptual outline of order analysis is presented, followed by an empirical comparison of factor and order analysis solutions of a sample data problem. Resulting factor and order analytic structures are evaluated in terms of meeting criteria of simple structure and correct reflection of broad cognitive categories. In addition, the relations of proximity and dominance are discussed from the perspectives of both Cartesian and Leibnitzian theories of di mensionality as pertaining to problems of multi variate analysis and scaling.
Underestimating Correlation from Scatterplots
Authors: Strahan Robert F. , Hansen Chris J.
Published: March 2007

Eighty subjects estimated the correlation coeffi cient, r, for each of 13 computer-printed scatter plots. Making judgments were 46 students in a graduate-level statistics course and 34 faculty and graduate students in a department of psychology. The actual correlation values ranged from .010 to .995, with 200 observations in each scatterplot and with the order of scatterplot presentation ran domized. As predicted, subjects underestimated the degree of actual correlation. Also as predicted, but with substantial moderation by a method-of-presen tation factor, this underestimation was most pro nounced in the middle of the correlational range—between the 0 and 1 extremes. Though per ception of correlation was shown not to be veridical (i.e., in terms of r), little support was given one al ternative view—its being in terms of r 2.
Binomial Test Models and Item Difficulty
Authors: van der Linden Wim J.
Published: March 2007

In choosing a binomial test model, it is impor tant to know exactly what conditions are imposed on item difficulty. In this paper these conditions are examined for both a deterministic and a sto chastic conception of item responses. It appears that they are more restrictive than is generally understood and differ for both conceptions. When the binomial model is applied to a fixed examinee, the deterministic conception imposes no conditions on item difficulty but requires instead that all items have characteristic functions of the Guttman type. In contrast, the stochastic conception allows non- Guttman items but requires that all characteristic functions must intersect at the same point, which implies equal classically defined difficulty. The beta-binomial model assumes identical char acteristic functions for both conceptions, and this also implies equal difficulty. Finally, the compound binomial model entails no restrictions on item diffi culty.
Item Analysis with Small Samples
Authors: Nevo Baruch
Published: March 2007

Traditional item analysis centers on the char acteristics of individual items, typically on the item's level of difficulty and discrimination power. In constructing new tests, attempts are therefore made to obtain large samples of subjects in order to decrease the standard error of measurement of the item's characteristics. However, there are com mon test situations in which the exact parameters of individual items are not of much importance. Rather, the focus of interest is on the position of the items in relation to one another or in relation to some critical statistical value. Five such test situa tions are described. Quasi-simulations of item analyses were performed to determine the optimal sample sizes required in such test situations. These simulations consisted of analyzing responses of 5,200 university applicants, each of whom com pleted three different multiple-choice tests. Sample sizes of 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, and 1,024 were chosen; and for each size, eight samples were ran domly drawn from the population of applicants. For three of five different indices of accuracy that were employed, the results showed that the sample size needed for the pretest stage in test construction is considerably smaller than the traditionally rec ommended size.
Estimating the Parameters of Emrick's Mastery Testing Model
Authors: van der Linden Wim J.
Published: March 2007

Emrick's model is a latent class or state model for mastery testing that entails a simple rule for separating masters from nonmasters with respect to a homogeneous domain of items. His method for estimating the model parameters has only restricted applicability inasmuch as it assumes a mixing pa rameter equal to .50 and an a priori known ratio of the two latent success probabilities. The maximum likelihood method is also available but yields an in tractable system of estimation equations which can only be solved iteratively. The emphasis in this pa per is on estimates to be computed by hand but nonetheless accurate enough for most practical situ ations. It is shown how the method of moments can be used to obtain such "quick and easy" estimates. In addition, an endpoint method is discussed that assumes that the parameters can be estimated from the tails of the sample distribution. A monte carlo experiment demonstrated that for a great variety of parameter values, test lengths, and sample sizes, the method of moments yields excellent results and is uniformly much better than the endpoint meth od.
Relationship Between Corresponding Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) and Computerized Adaptive Testing (CAT) Subtests
Authors: Moreno Kathleen E. , Wetzel C. Douglas , McBride James R. , Weiss David J.
Published: March 2007

The relationships between selected subtests from the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) and corresponding subtests administered as computerized adaptive tests (CAT) were investigated using Marine recruits as subjects. Three adaptive sub tests were shown to correlate as well with ASVAB as did a second administration of ASVAB, even though the CAT subtests contained only half the number of items. Factor analysis showed the CAT subtests to load on the same factors as the corresponding ASVAB subtests, indicating that the same abilities were being measured. The preenlistment Armed Forces Qualifica tion Test (AFQT) composite scores were predicted as well from the CAT subtest scores as from the retest ASVAB subtest scores, even though the CAT con tained only three of the four AFQT subtests. It is con cluded that CAT can achieve the same measurement precision as a conventional test, with half the number of items.
The Reliability of Six Item Bias Indices
Authors: Hoover H.D. , Kolen Michael J.
Published: March 2007

The reliabilities of six item bias indices were inves tigated for each of the eleven tests of the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills, using random samples of fifth-grade students. The reliability of an index was defined as its stability from one randomly equivalent group to an other. Both racial and sexual bias were considered. In addition, correlations among bias indices were investi gated. The results indicate that the item bias indices investigated were fairly unreliable when based on sample sizes of 200 minority and 200 majority exami nees. Consequently, this study suggests that, with sample sizes of about 200, the use of item bias indices to screen achievement test items cannot be expected to lead to consistent decisions about which items are biased.
Analyzing Test Content Using Cluster Analysis and Multidimensional Scaling
Authors: Sireci Stephen G. , Geisinger Kurt F.
Published: March 2007

A new method for evaluating the content representation of a test is illustrated. Item similari ty ratings were obtained from content domain ex perts in order to assess whether their ratings cor responded to item groupings specified in the test blueprint. Three expert judges rated the similarity of items on a 30-item multiple-choice test of study skills. The similarity data were analyzed using a multidimensional scaling (MDS) procedure followed by a hierarchical cluster analysis of the MDS stimulus coordinates. The results indicated a strong correspondence between the similarity data and the arrangement of items as prescribed in the test blueprint. The findings suggest that analyzing item similarity data with MDS and cluster analysis can provide substantive information pertaining to the content representation of a test. The advantages and disadvantages of using MDS and cluster analysis with item similarity data are discussed.
Optimal Design of Tests with Dichotomous and Polytomous Items
Authors: Berger Martijn P. F.
Published: March 2007

This paper reviews some results on optimal design of tests with items of dichotomous and poly-tomous response formats and offers some rules and guidelines for optimal test assembly. The problem of optimal design of tests with dichotomous and polytomous response formats is discussed for two optimality criteria.
Migration in an Interregional Macroeconometric Model of the United States: Will Net Outmigration from the Northeast Continue?
Authors: Milne William J.
Published: March 2007

This paper reports on the specification, estimation and simulation of an interregional net migration model of the United States. The model makes use of time series data including, as explanatory variables, wage rates, unemployment rates, and population density. Simulation experiments are undertaken by joining the migration model with a multiregional macroeconometric model to examine the effect of migration patterns of changes in national economic growth. In particular, the net outmigration trends in the Northeast are examined under alternate scenarios including faster national economic growth and a different energy pricing policy.
A Framework for Modeling Interregional Population Distribution and Economic Growth
Authors: Ledent Jacques , Gordon Peter
Published: March 2007

An integrated model is proposed to capture economic and demographic interactions in a system of regions. This model links the interregional economic model of Isard (1960) and the interregional demographic model of Rogers (1975) via functions describing consumption and migration patterns. Migration rates are determined jointly with labor force participation rates and unemployment rates.
Trade Policies and the Spatial Distribution of Development: A Two-Sector Analysis
Authors: Ruane Frances P.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how trade policies which do not have an explicit spatial objective can implicitly influence the spatial pattern of development in an economy. A version of the neoclassical two-sector model is developed to demonstrate how the introduction of tariffs on the output of one sector will generally alter the spatial distribution of economic activities in an economy. It is shown that the greater the degree to which projects in the relatively protected sector are location-specific, the greater are the spatial effects generated, as mobile factors in the economy gravitate towards that sector.
Consistent Region-Subregion Econometric Models: A Comparison of Multiarea Methods
Authors: Charney Alberta H. , Taylor Carol A.
Published: March 2007

Questions relating to the optimal structure of state-substate multiregional models are addressed by comparing four multiarea models estimated for Arizona and its subcomponent areas. The study arrives at three major findings on structural methodology. First, greater accuracy is achieved at both the state and substate levels when the areas are estimated by a separate single-area free-standing model. Second, the multiarea model structures which maximize accuracy at the state level also maximize sub-state area accuracy. Third, few trade-offs must be made between forecasting accuracy and capability for local impact simulation. Among the multi-area models, those with some "bottom-upness' in model structure are both superior in terms of theoretical correctness and ease of simulation for local impact simulation and most accurate for forecasting.
Agglomeration and Central Place Theory: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Mulligan Gordon F.
Published: March 2007

This paper reviews and evaluates the analytical literature on the interdependencies of agglomeration and central place theory. It is emphasized that economic agents (firms, households) tend to cluster at points of differential centrality on the economic landscape, and that this clustering process can provide even further savings to both producers and consumers. The agglomeration phenomenon is examined at three scales: (1) firm-level analysis focuses on uncertainty, shopping behavior, and spatial equilibria of the economy; (2) settlement-level analysis focuses on static and dynamic city-size models; and (3) system-level analysis focuses on city-size distributions, flows, and evolutionary processes in central place systems. The paper ends with suggestions concerning future research directions.
Seasonal Housing Markets: The Pilgrimage to Mecca
Authors: Pasha Hafiz A.
Published: March 2007

This paper sets up a model of housing markets with a seasonal peak in demand. Rent levels, rent gradients, consumption of housing services, and the spatial distribution and density of population are derived for peak and off-peak periods under conditions of intertemporal locational equilibrium and spatial market equilibrium. The model is empirically applied to the city of Makkah (Mecca) in Saudi Arabia, where during the annual pilgrimage the resident population trebles and housing expenditure increases six times.
Self-Financing Regional Partnerships for Economic Restructuring in the Former Soviet Union
Authors: Popov Mikhail I.
Published: March 2007

The reforms in the former Soviet Union have been dominated by a lingering over-reliance on central institutions within the former republics. The economic character and needs of the regions within the republics are not being recognized adequately. Economic powers that are allocated to the subnational level in market economies are not present. Neither the center nor the regions have sufficient resources to restructure the regional economies. This article proposes a system of Associations for Regional Economic Restructuring and Development. Their objective is to establish new enterprises and address the economic and social needs of the region. A key institution is the commercial banks of the associations, which pool and lend funds for these purposes. The associations combine the resources of enterprises, subnational governments, and other organizations within the region to provide both funds and leadership.
The Strategic Role of Producer Services in Regional Development
Authors: Hansen Niles
Published: March 2007

In recent years, employment in services, especially in producer services, has expanded rapidly in the United States. Meanwhile, employment in manufacturing has remained relatively constant, although the proportion of production workers in manufacturing has declined. A common belief is that these phenomena have adversely affected productivity because most productivity gains are made in the direct production of goods. This view fails to take into account the complex nature of production organization in an economy increasingly based on flexible production, knowledge, information, and communications. Producer services, through their sophisticated interactions with goods production and other service activities, have been playing a strategic role in increasing productivity. Moreover, producer services are frequently exported and can provide a catalyst for regional development. There needs to be greater recognition of, and more research on, the nature and significance of productivity-enhancing interactions among producer services, goods production, and the quality of the labor force.
Estimation of Spatial Regression Models with Autoregressive Errors by Two-Stage Least Squares Procedures: A Serious Problem
Authors: Kelejian Harry H. , Prucha Ingmar R.
Published: March 2007

Time series regression models that have autoregressive errors are often estimated by two-stage procedures which are based on the Cochrane-Orcutt (1949) transformation. It seems natural to also attempt the estimation of spatial regression models whose error terms are autoregressive in terms of an analogous transformation. Various two-stage least squares procedures suggest themselves in this context, including an analog to Durbin's (1960) procedure. Indeed, these procedures are so suggestive and computationally convenient that they are quite "tempting." Unfortunately, however, as shown in this paper, these two-stage least squares procedures are generally, in a typical cross-sectional spatial context, not consistent and therefore should not be used.
Testing for Spatial Error Autocorrelation in the Presence of Endogenous Regressors
Authors: Anselin Luc , Kelejian Harry H.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the properties of Moran's I test for spatial error autocorrelation when endogenous variables are included in the regression specification and estimation is carried out by means of instrumental variables procedures (such as two-stage least squares). The asymptotic distribution of the statistic is formally derived in a general model that encompasses endogeneity due to system feed-backs as well as spatial interaction (in the form of spatially lagged dependent variables). The small-sample performance of the test is assessed in a series of Monte Carlo simulation experiments, and the test is compared to a number of ad hoc approaches that have been suggested in the literature. While some of these ad hoc procedures perform surprisingly well, the new test is the only acceptable one in the presence of spatially lagged dependent variables. The test is straightforward to compute and should become part of routine specification testing of models with endogeneity that are estimated for cross-sectional data.
Mapping Experiment as a Learning Process: How the First Electromagnetic Motor Was Invented
Authors: Gooding David
Published: March 2007

Narrative accounts misrepresent discovery by reconstructing worlds ordered by success rather than the world as explored. Such worlds rarely contain the personal knowledge that informed actual exploration and experiment. This article describes an attempt to recover situated learning in a material environment, tracing the discovery of the first electromagnetic motor by Michael Faraday in September 1821 to show how he modeled new experience and invented procedures to communicate that novelty. The author introduces a notation to map experiment as an active process in a real-world environment and to display the human agency written out of most narratives. Comparing maps of accounts shows how knowledge-construction depends on narrative reconstruction. It is argued that invention processes can be interpreted in the same way as discovery, and a study is proposed to compare packaging learned skills into demonstration devices with the innovative strategies of inventors such as Edison. If situational knowledge is as important as is claimed, computationalists need to join science studies scholars in coming to grips with nonverbal and procedural aspects of discovery and invention.
Image Dissection in Natural Scientific Inquiry
Authors: Knorr-Cetina Karin , Amann Klaus
Published: March 2007

Images are objects of work in the laboratory. On its face, this work is achieved through talk Yet the talk attached to these images makes reference to other images, which are drawn from varcous environments. In this article, four such environments are identified: the domain of laboratory practice; the context of invisible physical reactions; the future image as it will appear in publication; and the domain of case precedents and reference scenarios from the field. The work of image analysis brings the outside of the image into it and takes the inside out. Thus it can be seen that images are not just taken, they are designed and made.
Feminism and Constructivism: Do Artifacts Have Gender?
Authors: Berg Anne-Jorunn , Lie Merete
Published: March 2007

This article explores possibilities for establishing dialogues between feminism and constructivism in the field of technology studies. Based on an overview of Norwegian feminist debates about technology, it indicates several points where feminism and constructivism meet and can mutually benefit from each other. The article critically examines feminist studies questioning the problems of technological determinism, social deternacnism, and essentialism. It criticizes constructivism for a lack of concern for gender and politics but holds that it is still possible to use theoretical tools from constructivism in feminist analyses. Fruitful dialogues require the application of the principle of symmetry to the dcalogues and sharing some common ground and mutual recognation of each other's strengths and weaknesses
Operating as Experimenting: Synthesizing Engineering and Scientific Values in Nuclear Power Production
Authors: Perin Constance
Published: March 2007

Four hundred seventy-six nuclear power plants are in operation or under construction around the world. Are concepts for designing and operating plants safely sufficient? Conventional approaches are premised on expectations of predictability and control of radiation release and on assumptions that plant operations are closed systems. Field observations in the industry find, however, that the periodic necessity to refuel, test safety equipment, and continuously upgrade plant designs introduces challenges to control not originally calculated. The social and cultural contexts of markets, regulation, and work systems create additional contingencies. In this dynamic environment, reactor operations produce invaluable data about the states of the entire technology and organizational system. Rereading these dynamics as "experiments" suggests an alternative epistemol ogy that synthesizes science's values of doubt, discovery, and documentation with engineering's values of efficiency, optimization, and problem solving. This redefines plant-based risk handlers as ethologists, geologists, and anthropologists of an ecology of visible and invisible hazards.
Perceptions of Cancer Care By Professionals and Nonprofessionals
Authors: Hayes Donald M.
Published: March 2007

Critical incident descriptions were obtained by questionnaire from 472 practicing physicians, 59 medical students, 31 house officers, 50 clinical faculty, and 43 allied health professionals. Descriptions were obtained by interview from 660 cancer patients and their families, and from 250 noncancer patients. The resulting 4,877 vignettes were analyzed and dissected to yield 13,009 separate, identifiable critical behaviors, i.e., behaviors deemed critical to the delivery of optimal care. After elimination of duplication and those items not specifically relevant to cancer, there remained 339 distinct attributes of an effective cancer care system. The results confirmed that the nonprofessionals are most concerned with items in the affective domain while the professionals are most concerned with items of a technological nature. However, there was a good deal of overlap in these areas of concern, and it appears from it that "needs" as expressed by professionals and "wants" as expressed by nonprofessionals often represent the same things couched in different terms. This study also yielded a list of desirable competencies of value as educational objectives for programs of profes sional education in cancer care.