bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Focus Structure Theory and Intonation
Authors: Erteschik-Shir Nomi
Published: February 2009

In this paper I argue that intonation is best analyzed as an overt marking of the focus structure (f-structure) of a sentence. The linguistic level of fstructure in which both topic and focus are identified provides the link between context, interpretation, syntax, and intonation. I further show that the view that grammar is f-structure driven modifies the set of questions one must pose in analyzing the function of various sign language correlates of prosody and intonation.
Stress in A SL: Empirical Evidence and Linguistic I ssues
Authors: Wilbur Ronnie B.
Published: February 2009

The study of signed languages provides an opportunity to identify those characteristics of language that are universal and to investigate the effect of production modality (signed vs. spoken) on the grammar. Over time, American Sign Language (ASL) has accommodated itself to the production and perception requirements of the manual/visual modality, resulting in a prosodic system that is comparable in function to spoken languages but different in means of expression. The present focus is on phrasal prominence in ASL. I review the marking of stress and phrase boundaries in ASL, and discuss prominence assignment at the phrasal level, with brief mention of lexical stress. At the kinematic level, there is a modality effect in marking of linguistic prominence but no modality effect with respect to marking phrase position. Of significance is the fact that ASL lacks phrasal prominence plasticity, that is the ability to move prominence to mark focus in a sentence location other than phrase final. I review the typological implications of how ASL handles prominence as compared to other languages.
Extrapolating from Spoken to Signed Prosody via Laboratory Phonology
Authors: Kingston John
Published: February 2009

Laboratory phonology tests the predictions of phonological analyses through experimental investigations of phonetic behavior. This paper describes how a laboratory phonologist might investigate three issues in the analysis of the prosody of signed languages : the internal structure,if any,of the signed syllable, the realization of lexical and phrasal prominence, and the marking of edges. The paper proposes to investigate the internal structure of the syllable by adapting a variety of psycholinguistic techniques that have been extensively used to study the phonetic packaging of phonological material in spoken languages. Phonological and phonetic arguments are presented in support of the hypothesis that signed languages will increase movement kinematics to convey phrasal and perhaps lexical prominence, and an experiment is sketched that would test this hypothesis. Finally, the paper suggests that the experimental study of the edges of sign articulations might allow a clearer choice between competing phonetic and phonological accounts of external sandhi in language in general.
Discreteness and Gradience in Intonational Contrasts
Authors: Gussenhoven Carlos
Published: February 2009

The intonation systems of many languages apparently allow gradient linguistic categories by the side of discrete or categorial contrasts. It is argued that these gradient meanings arise when the intonational phonology leaves a certain amount of unused phonetic space, which may be exploited by speakers to convey “meanings” which are naturally associated with nonlinguistic pitch variation. Because these meanings are often similar to the linguistic meanings attached to the phonological intonational categories, the issue of gradience versus discreteness is more difficult inintonation than in other linguistic domains. Three experimental techniques that can be used to investigate the gradient or discrete nature of intonational differences, the “semantic task,” the “imitation task,” and the “pitch range task,” are discussed and evaluated. In addition, it is pointed out, following an earlier discussion by Newport, that categorical perception is a sufficient, but not a necessary, property of phonological discreteness.
Signed and Spoken Language: A Unique Underlying System?
Authors: Peperkamp Sharon , Mehler Jacques
Published: February 2009

Sign language has only recently become a topic of investigation in cognitive neuroscience and psycholinguistics. In this paper, we review research from these two fields; in particular, we compare spoken and signed language by looking at data concerning either cortical representations or early acquisition.

As to cognitive neuroscience, we show that clinical neuropsychological data regarding sign language is partially inconsistent with imaging data. Indeed, whereas both clinical neuropsychology and imagery show the involvement of the left hemisphere in sign language processing, only the latter highlights the importance of the right hemisphere. We discuss several possible interpretations of these contrasting findings.

As to psycholinguistics,we survey research on the earliest stages of the acquisition of spoken language, and consider these stages in the acquisition of sign language. We conjecture that under favorable circumstances, deaf children exploit sign input to gain entry into the language system with the same facility as hearing children do with spoken input. More data, however, are needed in order to gain a fuller understanding of the relation of different kinds of natural languages to both the underlying anatomical representations and their early acquisition.
The IPA Categories “Pharyngeal” and “Epiglottal”
Authors: Esling John H.
Published: February 2009

The phonetic problem is to describe accurately the articulatory mechanism, or mechanisms, responsible for the production of a series of sounds that are presently labelled on the chart of the International Phonetic Association as either pharyngeal or epiglottal. The sounds on which these categories are based are found in the Semitic languages, in the languages of the Caucasus, and in the languages of the Pacific Northwest coast of North America. In order to reconcile a variety of descriptive terms with a logical phonetic taxonomy, auditorily distinguishable parameters are deduced from a naturally occurring variety of sounds, isolated articulatorily, and observed with a fibreoptic laryngoscope to define a cardinal set of articulatory possibilities. Auditory comparisons with database illustrations of the sounds of various languages inform the production of cardinal values in the laryngoscopic study. Voiceless pharyngeals (fricatives) are identified by aryepiglottic fold constriction and a medial aperture. Voiced pharyngeals(approximants) are identified by aryepiglottic fold constriction and a covered glottis. Trilling can occur laterally along the aryepiglottic folds in either voiceless (fricative) or voiced (approximant) mode. A pharyngeal plosive is identified by full occlusion of the aryepiglottic sphincter. “Epiglottal” sounds, which have been described auditorily as "“deeper” or "“more extreme” than pharyngeals, are associated with either the trilled varieties of the simple fricative or approximant, or the default raised larynx posture of the aryepiglottic sphincter, with radical retraction of the tongue. They are therefore more severely constricted, but not physiologically"“deeper”thansimple[ħ] or [ ]. Pharyngeal articulations may also be produced with larynx lowering. Voiceless pharyngeal[ħ] may be accompaniedby lowering of the larynx to distinguishit from a larynxraised [H] variant. Larynx height variations are also found in "“tense/lax” register distinctions.
Conjugating the Cuban Revolution
Authors: Selbin Eric
Published: February 2009

If 50 years on it is a challenge to get a clear picture of the place of the process known as the Cuban Revolution, no event in that time has had more lasting impact on so many people in so many places. The Cuban Revolution mattered, matters, and will continue to matter. It enabled and enobled people around the world to stand up and struggle or renew struggles already under way, it continues to stand as a powerful testament to both social justice work and commitment in countries around the world, and it will provide a model—for what to do and not to do—for future actors in popular collective efforts as well as efforts to improve health care and education. The legacy of the Cuban Revolution, its premise and its promise, is deep and wide.
Hierarchies and Household Change in Postrevolutionary Cuba
Authors: Safa Helen
Published: February 2009

Although the matrifocal basis of the Cuban family, especially the close relationship between a woman, her children, and her female kin group, has historical roots in slavery, it is sustained by contemporary postrevolutionary structural forces, as seen by the dramatic increase in female-headed households in this period. In particular, matrifocality is linked to (1) the increase in women's labor force participation, which gave women more economic autonomy; (2) household structure, including the prevalence of consensual unions and of the extended family, that provides women with an alternative source of support; and (3) the leveling of prerevolutionary class and racial hierarchies, which eroded the prior status value of legal marriage. The increasing inequality arising in the Special Period poses dangers to this leveling and to Cuban women's autonomy, particularly among the competitive emerging sector of white-collar workers in tourism and other new enterprises.
Survivor: Cuba
Authors: Rumbaut Luis E. , Rumbaut Rubén G.
Published: February 2009

Cuba's history subsequent to Spanish colonization can be divided into 50 years of republican capitalist government and 50 years of socialist revolutionary government, with an intervening 7 years of dictatorship. The revolutionary period was the result of and grew from the first, capitalist, period, including the Batista dictatorship, within the larger context of the cold war. Immediately after coming to power, the revolution met a determined reaction from the United States, setting the stage for 50 years of struggle for its survival, with and without the support of the former Soviet bloc. Far from representing a static tableau of abstract capitalism versus socialism, relations between the two countries followed a tortuous map of events and changes around the world in which both were protagonists, each with victories and defeats. The essential merit of the revolution is to have survived for the past half century.
Situated and Contextual Features of Test Anxiety in UK Adolsecent Students
Authors: Putwain David William
Published: February 2009

Despite a literature spanning over 50 years, there has been little test anxiety research conducted on samples of school-aged students drawn from the UK. As a consequence, little in known about the test anxious experience in the UK, and whether this experience is contextualized by features of the UK educational context. For this reason, the decision has been made to break with tradition and use a qualitative methodology sensitive to contextual and situated features of exploratory research. Thirty-four students identified as highly test anxious by questionnaire were interviewed and data analysed using the procedures of grounded theory. Narratives are structured round three categories: `aspiration, failure and achievement', `anxiety and cognitive difficulties in examinations' and `anxiety and examination conditions'. Findings from the interview analysis confirmed predictions from the existing literature and models of test anxiety, and presented a challenge in the following ways. The perception of examinations as threatening could be conceptualized both as a fear of failure and a motivation to achieve, suggesting an overlap between the test anxiety and achievement goals constructs. The experiences of the final two years of compulsory schooling were conceptualized as a significant developmental antecedent of test anxiety.The perception of low ability increased the perceived likelihood of failure in a particular examination, suggesting that academic self-concept and test anxiety are also closely related constructs. Assessment performance may only be detrimentally affected when a catastrophic response follows anxiety. In summary, this article offers a new methodological approach to the study of test anxiety, sensitive to situated and contextual features of experience.
The Relationship Between School Achievement and Peer Harassment in Canadian Adolescents
Authors: Beran Tanya N. , Lupart Judy
Published: February 2009

The relationship between school achievement and peer harassment was examined using individual and peer characteristics as mediating factors. The sample consisted of adolescents age 12—15 years ( n = 4,111) drawn from the Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, which is a stratified random sample of 22,831 households in Canada. When factors related to achievement and harassment were considered simultaneously, disruptive behaviour problems and peer interactions were found to mediate the link between achievement and harassment, χ2(32) = 300.00, p < 0.001. These results suggest that adolescents who are harassed by their peers are at risk of experiencing poor school achievement if they exhibit disruptive behaviour problems and poor peer interactions. Implications for school psychologists are presented.
Division Director Versus CEO Compensation: New Insights Into the Determinants of Executive Pay
Authors: Santaló Juan , Kock Carl Joachim
Published: February 2009

The authors highlight the importance of firm structure for the optimal compensation contracts of upper-management positions. Making use of task similarity between CEOs of undiversified firms and division directors within larger corporations, the authors analyze trade-offs between monitoring and incentive pay at below-CEO levels. Because division directors are subject to an additional layer of monitoring by upper management, they should receive less incentive pay and lower compensation than do CEOs of undiversified firms, whereas added complexity because of higher levels of diversification will predictably alter these relationships. Matched pair regressions on a unique data set support the authors' hypotheses.
New public management and equal opportunities in the NHS
Authors: Carter John
Published: February 2009

This article argues that there is a tension between the discourse of new public management and the discourse of equality of opportunity within the National Health Service (NHS). Equality policies within the NHS have tended to be regarded as being of marginal importance in comparison to budget control, while simultaneously stereotypical perceptions of ethnic minorities persist which have direct implications for patterns of promotion and recruitment in a management structure that has devolved responsibility for recruitment to line managers. The confinement of ethnic minority nursing staff to the least desirable specialities and grades has largely been unaltered by the introduction of equality policies and in fact has led to increased feelings of scepticism on their part. Of particular significance is the over-representation of ethnic minority nursing staff in disciplinary procedures which reinforces ethnocentric assumptions about minorities among mainly white managers within the NHS.
Performance indicators and social constructivism: conflict and control in housing management
Authors: Jacobs Keith , Manzi Tony
Published: February 2009

As practitioners prepare to implement ‘best value’ models in housing management, it is clear that the measurement and evaluation of all aspects of service provision will have significant organizational consequences. This article argues that the use of performance indicators (PIs) reconfigures traditional power structures and mechanisms of control within organizations. Thus although PIs are generally perceived as valuable management instruments, we suggest that their privileged status in practice results in an oppositional culture whereby staff adopt strategies of resistance. The article is divided into four parts. The first part outlines our methodological approach. Here we set out the merits of a constructivist framework for a critique of recent developments in housing practice. The second part considers the background to the emergence of a performance culture in the public sector. By focusing on issues of power and conflict, the third part makes use of empirical research to highlight how the discourse of ‘performance management’ permeates housing practice. Finally, we provide some examples of other areas of housing practice, which can usefully be explored from a social constructivist perspective.
Scotland divided: poverty, inequality and the Scottish parliament
Authors: Mooney Gerry , Johnstone Charlie
Published: February 2009

The re-establishment of a Scottish parliament in Edinburgh in May 1999 has promised new and innovative developments in social policy. Focusing on poverty and social exclusion, this article considers the likelihood that the approach by the new Scottish parliament will represent a departure from the approach of the Westminster government. There is some expectation that Scotland's experience will be different given the distinctive political and cultural environment, but instead it is argued that the Scottish parliament is very much in tune with New Labour thinking in relation to poverty. The neglect of wider structural inequalities in wealth and income means that the Scottish parliament is unlikely to develop a radical approach which challenges existing structures of inequality.
Narratives of policy: the construction of urban problems and urban policy in the official discourse of British government 1968–1998
Authors: Atkinson Rob
Published: February 2009

The central concern of this article is to examine and investigate the assumptions underlying the development of post-war urban policy in Britain. The essential presumption underlying the article is that in order to situate and analyse policy responses, it is first necessary to understand the ‘problems’ to which policy is responding. This involves asking why, and how, a particular issue (i.e. a facet of reality) comes to be defined as a problem. Additionally it is argued that the definition and construction of a ‘problem’ contains within it the ‘solution’ to that problem. Moreover, the construction of a ‘problem’ (and its ‘immanent solution’) involves the development of a particular discursive narrative (a ‘story’) depicting/portraying the evolution and causes of the problem. Drawing upon work in discourse and narrative analysis and recent developments in policy analysis, this article investigates the ways in which urban problems have been constructed over the last 30 years, providing a periodization of urban policy based upon the distinct modes in which urban problems have been constructed and the immanent policy responses to those problems.
The ‘child in need’ and ‘the rich child’: discourses, constructions and practice
Authors: Moss Peter , Dillon Jean , Statham June
Published: February 2009

Drawing on two principal theoretical perspectives—social constructionism and Foucault's ideas about power—and data from a study of sponsored day care for children in need, the article problematizes the concept of ‘the child in need’—which plays a major part in current discourse, policy and practice in British social work—and explores how the concept is both produced from dominant discourses about childhood, and is in turn productive of a particular construction of the child and particular practices. A different experience, from Reggio Emilia in Italy, is described to make visible some of the assumptions that underlie the concept of ‘the child in need’.
Social inclusion and housing in the Scottish parliament: prospects?
Authors: Taylor Mary , Sim Duncan
Published: February 2009

This article examines the prospects for the Scottish parliament to ‘contribute to a fairer and more inclusive society’ through the use of housing policy. After reviewing concepts of social exclusion and initiatives to increase inclusion, the article considers the powers of the parliament under the Scotland Act 1998. It argues that institutional and resource constraints surround future housing policy interventions and concludes that greater social inclusion is more likely through participation and improved economic prospects than through housing policy.
Critical cyberpolicy: network technologies, massless citizens, virtual rights
Authors: Fitzpatrick Tony
Published: February 2009

This article suggests that those interested in both welfare theory and welfare policy cannot afford to overlook the emerging interactions between online and offline environments. It explores the main parameters of the debate relating to cyberspace, in particular, and Information and Communication Technologies more generally. It argues that the pervasiveness of free market capitalism means that the negative consequences of the Internet for society and social welfare reform are those most likely to prevail at present. The task of the social policy community, then, is to contribute to a ‘cybercriticalism’. The article outlines a concept of ‘virtual rights’, the purpose of which is to reinvigorate the traditional categories of rights in an information society to which they often appear unsuited.
Normalized dislocation and new subjectivities in post-16 markets for education and work
Authors: Fergusson Ross , Pye David , Esland Geoff , McLaughlin Eugene , Muncie John
Published: February 2009

This article argues that the prevailing discourses of transitions and of social exclusion are no longer adequate to describe or explain the experiences of a substantial minority of young people. Reporting on a study of 800 16–19-year-olds, it is argued that an extensively diversified market in post-16 options produces instability and dislocation. Some young people are able to normalize these experiences of serial short-life engagements with courses and jobs into emergent new subjectivities, constructed around highly interdependent modes of studentship, employment and consumption. For others (the poorest students, those with special needs, some racialized groups) these subjectivities are not available.
Acting out the Individual Programme Plan
Authors: Goodley Dan
Published: February 2009

I think when you're doing drama it comes across a lot straighter... People say, ‘I'm going to write it down before I go in’. Whether you write it down or not, your mind just goes a total blank... and you are thinking to yourself, ‘What was I going to say there?’ And when you come out you think, ‘Oh dear, I should have said that’. This [drama] is showing more than words could ever show’. (Julie, from the video ‘My Review’) 1
Social exclusion of Chinese people in Britain
Authors: Chau Ruby C. M. , Yu Sam W. K.
Published: February 2009

This article examines the social exclusion experienced by Chinese people in Britain. It challenges the view that the problem is caused by the cultural characteristics of the Chinese community. It shows that the main cause lies in their way of seeking social integration through market participation. The necessity for many Chinese families to secure their market position not only keeps them at a distance from mainstream society but also from their own ethnic community. While they are not outsiders in either of these groups, they only have one foot in each of them.
Ethics and economics in community care
Authors: Jenkins Mary
Published: February 2009

The need for evaluation of health care is a given in today's health service. Since demands are infinite and resources are finite there is an acceptance that cost considerations are integral to all interventions whether hospital or community based. This work looks at communitybased care and the dilemma of measuring services from practitioners engaged in providing community care. The article argues that any measurement should consider quality of life, a concept which continues to escape definition. There are questions around the effectiveness of Quality Adjusted Life Year (QALY) as an economic measure in this domain and some thought is given to an alternative ethical tool which seems to incorporate the individualism of today's society and the government's notion of community care.
Long-term care: from public responsibility to private good
Authors: Player Stewart , Pollock Allyson M.
Published: February 2009

The neo-liberal assault on the welfare state has not always been direct. The acknowledged popularity of the UK NHS has resulted in governments using covert means to undermine its core principles, namely universality and equity. Long-term care with its vulnerable client base is an important example of how care has become a private responsibility with little or no debate or discussion. Using the social security regulations, the Conservative government of the early 1980s pumpprimed with public funds the massive expansion of private nursing and residential care, to the extent that the past 20 years has witnessed the evolution of a significant new economic market sector. This article charts the trajectory and structure of the market in long-term care provision, from its ‘cottage industry’ beginnings to increasing dominance by generic, often publicly-quoted multinational corporations. It shows how the privatization of funding was accompanied by transferring responsibility for payment of care from central government to local authorities in 1993, and how the introduction of eligibility criteria and the shrinking of public provision has made care a private and personal responsibility. Government is now encouraging companies to diversify into higher-cost specialist areas such as diagnostics, acute psychiatric care and acute hospital and intermediate care, with long-term care increasingly seen as a lower profit ‘core’ industrial package predicated on basic services and casualized, low wage labour. The commodification of the care process is now being extended to other parts of the NHS and has serious implications for the health and well-being of the whole population and not just for the most frail and vulnerable.
Eating into multiculturalism: hospice staff and service users talk food, ‘race’, ethnicity, culture and identity
Authors: Gunaratnam Yasmin
Published: February 2009

Using an innovative analysis, this article concocts an imagined ‘dialogue’ between hospice staff and minoritized service users. It mixes together narrative extracts about food from separate qualitative interviews, enabling staff and service users to ‘talk’ to each other against a context of the multicultural provision of food within an English hospice. The dialogue is put to work through an analysis that explores the connections, exchange and contradictions between speakers. This analysis also theorizes the implications of the dialogue for the implementation and effectiveness of multicultural policies, procedures and practices, while also examining its relation to varied, embodied and racialized power relations at times of ill-health.
Against work: a utopian incursion into social policy
Authors: Levitas Ruth
Published: February 2009

This paper argues in favour of using a utopian method of thinking about the future, rather than simply extrapolating from present conditions. This opens up the possibility of thinking in terms of the kind of society we want to achieve, rather than what seems immediately probable. It criticises the Blair Government's focus on the economic and moral centrality of paid work, and argues, following Gorz, that the link between ‘work’ and income needs to be broken to ensure an adequate livelihood for all. This will entail a re-valuing of forms of human activity, as argued by Herbert Marcuse, and more recently by Fiona Williams. This ultimately calls in question the structures of capitalism itself, since what is entailed is, at the very least, a step change downwards in the proportion of the social product accruing to capital. The paper concludes by contending that any genuinely critical social policy must have this utopian dimension.
National welfare and asylum in Germany
Authors: Liedtke Matthias
Published: February 2009

The German welfare state grants asylum seekers only very limited access to its usual material, social and legal provisions when compared to other welfare recipients including not only citizens, but also denizens or so-called privileged foreigners. As a result, their general living conditions are kept to a minimum or even substandard level, and their independence and autonomy of living are massively restricted by certain welfare state instruments such as paying benefits in kind or by vouchers instead of cash, or by reducing them to an absolute minimum level of subsistence. In addition, free access to the national labour market is not allowed, or is at least very limited, and the validity of the general human rights framework is restricted, in particular with regard to families, women and children. In sum, the German welfare state uses its legal instruments to keep asylum seekers at a minimum level of welfare outside the usual framework of welfare regulations valid for other groups and corresponding with their insecure living conditions as long as their final political status is not determined.
The local state of immigration controls
Authors: Cohen Steve
Published: February 2009

Following the Immigration and Asylum Act 1999, it is manifest that local authorities have a central role in the implementation of immigration control and the policing of asylum seekers and others subject to controls. The forced dispersal of asylum seekers and the linking of essential local authority administered welfare services to immigration status represent the integration of the local state into internal immigration controls and the transformation of local government into an arm of the Home Office. The present article is critical of this collusion. It argues that municipal government should reject any idea of having a benevolent role in ameliorating the condition of asylum seekers by being a party to the dispersal scheme. However, the article goes beyond the immediacy of current legislation. It shows that there are historic connections between local government and immigration controls stretching back to the origins of modern controls at the start of the last century. The conclusion is that immigration controls are inherently, institutionally racist and that local authorities should reject all involvement in their enforcement.
New Labour and the regulatory reform of social care
Authors: Humphrey Jill C.
Published: February 2009

In its mission to modernize public services, the New Labour government has placed a great deal of faith in the ever expanding regulatory apparatus. A partnership between the Audit Commission and the Social Services Inspectorate has resulted in joint reviews of social services authorities, and these have become the vehicle for comparing performance across authorities and ascertaining compliance with central government policies. This article draws upon a theoretical analysis of New Labour and Audit Commission texts and an empirical study of joint reviews in action. It seeks to: unpick the meanings of 'modernization' in relation to social services organizations and the social work profession; explore the position and perspectives of joint reviewers as they mediate between the often warring factions of central and local government; and, finally, expose the underlying value conflicts of the New Labour mission as it attempts to reconcile scientific, economic, political and welfare values.
The parent trap: marriage, parenthood and adulthood for people with intellectual disabilities
Authors: May David , Simpson Murray K.
Published: February 2009

One of the most telling indicators of change in the status of people with intellectual disabilities is in the regulation of their sexuality, reproduction and parenting. There is far greater recognition of certain basic rights that people with intellectual disabilities share with everyone else. This article traces the broad shifts in thinking about sexuality and parenting and intellectual disability over the past 100 years or so. The changes in the past 30 years are given particular attention as rights to marriage, then sexuality and, most recently, parenting came to be widely recognized. Without questioning the value of these changes, the article shows how they also exhibit changing targets and methods of regulation and not simply progressive moves away from control per se. The extent to which access to sexuality and parenthood can be construed as a diminution of the significance of intellectual disability as a social status is therefore questioned.
British policy on teenage pregnancy and childbearing: the limitations of comparisons with other European countries
Authors: ARAI Lisa
Published: February 2009

British policy makers justify their concern about youthful pregnancy and childbearing by comparing relatively high British teenage pregnancy rates with lower rates in other European countries. These comparisons are a feature of 'technical/educational' explanations for youthful childbearing (explanations that depict adolescent pregnancy as a consequence of a lack of sex education and poor use of contraception). Such comparisons are inappropriate for a number of reasons. They fail to take account of the variation in adolescent reproductive behaviour and outcomes in the rest of Europe (such as variation in pregnancy rates and differential use of abortion). They also attribute low rates of teenage pregnancy to sexual openness and sex education, yet the evidence for this is mixed. In addition, such comparisons assume that Britain can learn from the experience of other European nations, despite evidence that Britain is unique, in some respects, within Europe. Policy makers must recognize the multiple reasons for early childbearing.
The pretence of normality: intra-family violence and the response of state agencies in Northern Ireland
Authors: Garrett Paul Michael
Published: February 2009

Northern Ireland is an abnormal political and social formation which, for a large proportion of its population, has lacked political and democratic legitmacy. As a consequence of this, the modalities of state intervention in the private sphere—the family—have been similarly abnormal. The discussion examines these interventions in relation to child abuse and domestic violence. It is argued that these social policy discourses are destabilized in the six counties and that the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) and Health and Social Services Board personnel have not been able to intervene in the same way as their counterparts might in Britain and the Irish Republic.
New packaging, old deal? New Labour and employment policy innovation
Authors: Tonge Jonathan
Published: February 2009

This article examines the extent of employment policy continuity under the Labour government elected in May 1997. It explores four specific questions. First, to what extent has Labour accepted the training orthodoxy permeating employment policy? Second, is the Labour government able to reconcile an interventionist supply-side approach with an institutional framework favouring decentralized employer-led responses to unemployment? Third, to what extent has Labour adopted and advanced the coercive elements of Conservative employment policy. Finally, does Labour's support for employment subsidies represent a relegitimation of state intervention in the arena of job creation?
Institutionalized intolerance: youth justice and the 1998 Crime and Disorder Act
Authors: Muncie John
Published: February 2009

After a year of frenetic activity New Labour's Crime and Disorder Act slipped quietly into the statute book on the last day before parliament's summer recess in 1998. Heralded as a radical shake up of criminal justice and youth justice, the major provisions of the Act are examined in this article and its likely impact on the treatment of young people is critically assessed. It does so by tracing how far the rhetoric of crime prevention represents a radical new departure or a continuation of the former government's commitment to penal populism. By unearthing the key foundational elements in Labour's agenda—authoritarianism, communitarianism, remoralization, managerialism—the article notes the significant presences and absences that are likely to be witnessed in youth justice in England and Wales by the turn of the century.
Genetic screening and ethnic minorities
Authors: Dyson Simon
Published: February 2009

No theory of ‘race’ and ethnicity is without serious practical drawbacks for effecting selective screening for haemoglobin disorders. Universal screening raises issues about consent, resources and eugenicist representation of impairment. The latter requires that people living with haemoglobin disorders and their counsellors should be central to education of practitioners in this area. Practitioners should link explanations of the haemoglobin disorders to explorations with the client of their perception of their ethnic identity. This should address the dangers of not informing clients of the tests; of not explaining to clients the nature and inheritance of haemoglobin disorders; and of not testing those who wish not to be tested. It should enable a record of ethnicity to be made which is tailored to the specific health purpose for which the information is sought.
After the Stephen Lawrence Report
Authors: Mclaughlin Eugene , Murji Karim
Published: February 2009

This article, which was written in the immediate aftermath of the publication of the report of the Stephen Lawrence inquiry, argues that the critical challenge will be to construct an agenda for pushing forward the key recommendations. The authors begin by briefly highlighting the uneven nature of the report's analysis and recommendations. The following sections detail the immediate reactions of the right wing press and the police. The article concludes with proposals for how to overcome the limitations of official discourses on police reform in the UK.
Access for all: housing design and the Disability Discrimination Act 1995
Authors: Madigan Ruth , Milner Joanne
Published: February 2009

The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 introduced proposals to make limited wheelchair access mandatory for all new build housing. In the light of deregulation in the 1980s, the house building industry has been opposed to any extension of the building regulations. Media response suggests that level thresholds, ramped access, wider doors are not immediately popular with many consumers either, having connotations of institutional design. There is however growing pressure, particularly from the housing association movement, effectively to reinstate some form of minimum space standards. Building regulations governing access would reinforce this trend and demand new flexible design which meets both the needs and the aspirations of a wider range of potential users. It is important that building regulations should apply equally to socially rented and privately owned housing to avoid stigmatizing one sector. Innovative design is needed to produce homes which satisfy and expand social conventions of what a home should look like, as well as meeting minimum standards.
‘Civil Wars of the Mind’: The Commemoration of the 1789 Revolution in the Parisian Press of the Radical Right, 1939
Authors: Tumblety Joan
Published: February 2009

This article explores the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the French Revolution in 1939 and the responses to it of agents on the Left, centre and radical Right of French Political culture. In particular, it is argued that French fascists, especially the ‘literary fascists’ of Action française and Je suis partout, developed throughout the sesquicentennial year a critique of revolutionary and republican forces that placed 1789 at the beginning of the French slide into a decadent modernity marked by class conflict, racial integration and the blurring of the boundaries between the sexes. Such an analysis reveals the importance of practising historians in cultural political debate and shows how the commemoration of the 1789 Revolution reflected, in part, contemporary fears of an apocalyptic war against Germany. In addition, the memory of the contested eighteenth-century past was displaced for these actors by a contemplation of a supposedly pure and pre-modern era embodied by Joan of Arc.
Spanish Military Cultures and the Moroccan Wars, 1909–36
Authors: Balfour Sebastian , La Porte Pablo
Published: February 2009

Four main military cultures existed within the Army of Africa: Africanist, Juntero, peninsular and political. Although they coexisted, each enjoyed a period of hegemony within the Army as a result of the course of military action in Morocco or the colonial strategy of the Spanish government. Africanist culture, divided over colonial strategy, was united around authoritarianism and a right-wing mythology of patriotism. Juntero culture focused at first mainly on professional military structure and not on strategy or mission. Peninsular culture was the replication in the colonial army of practices and mentalities characteristic of the peninsular army. Political culture derived from the appointments made by the Second Republic to ensure the colonial army’s loyalty. The Army of Africa was not therefore a united, homogenous bloc. But the last years of the colonial campaign saw the hegemony of the Africanist culture among colonial officers and it was this politically interventionist caste that played a fundamental role in overthrowing the Republic.
Political Language and Wartime Propaganda in Denmark, 1625–1629
Authors: Lockhart Paul Douglas
Published: February 2009

Lockhart examines the role of the Danish clergy in defending the military intervention of King Christian IV in the Thirty Years’ War. The loyal clergy, with royal sanction, acted as the authors and distributors of propaganda in favour of the war, a war which was unpopular with the ruling aristocracy. Elsewhere, most wartime propaganda portrayed intervention in the war as political or confessional necessity; in Denmark, however, the clergy presented the war as the manifestation of divine wrath, brought upon the people of Denmark for their collective sins. Denmark’s enemies were no more than tools of God’s anger; the king, however, was portrayed as a pious national saviour, who would ultimately save his people from their own iniquity. This view was propagated through printed tracts, broadsides, and frequent ‘prayer-days’ at royal command. Lockhart suggests that this was an early manifestation of royalism, depicting the king as superior in virtue to his aristocratic Council of State. The author relies mainly on printed sermons and religious tracts.
From Peasants into Urbanites, from Village into Nation: Ottoman Monastir in the Early Twentieth Century
Authors: Gounaris Basil C.
Published: February 2009

The article discusses how the process and timing of urbanization as well as the consequent social cleavages related to the cultural division of labour affected the local politics of Greek and Bulgarian nationalism in the Ottoman provincial town of Monastir (now Bitola) at the turn of the century. It maintains the view that nationalism extensively exploited social divisions and individual aspirations, but could neither ignore the laws of the free-market economy nor hastily forge ethnic cohesion. The argument is supported by a presentation of the Macedonian economy, an examination of the labour market in particular, and an investigation of living conditions in the suburbs of Monastir. The basic source are three personal notebooks with family expenses which belonged to a wealthy Vlach merchant. They are most detailed, comprising some 7,000 entries, and cover day by day the period from September 1897 until October 1911.
Prelude to Gleichschaltung: The University of Heidelberg and the E.J. Gumbel Controversies, 1924 and 1932
Authors: Gatens Rosanna M.
Published: February 2009

This article examines the erosion of academic freedom at the University of Heidelberg on the eve of the Nazi seizure of power in 1933. This analysis focuses on the role of informal social norms and academic conventions in the decision to dismiss the radical pacifist and socialist E.J. Gumbel from the Heidelberg faculty in 1932. Despite Heidelberg’s reputation for intellectual tolerance and the public view of the University as a bulwark of liberalism, Gumbel’s colleagues, including pro-republican sympathisers, considered his activities an irresponsible violation of their own norms of appropriate behaviour. By incorporating an analysis of these norms in Gumbel’s dismissal we can enlarge our understanding of how the Heidelberg faculty, which tolerated a wide spectrum of political opinion within its ranks, fell into a pattern of responding to public assaults against academic freedom by expelling its most controversial member.
German Hegemony and the Socialist International’s Place in Interwar European Diplomacy
Authors: Blackwood William Lee
Published: February 2009

Although communism’s role in European international affairs between the wars has garnered substantial attention, to this day we know very little about the much more important impact on the European state system exerted by communism’s internecine rival, socialism. By employing a multinational archival approach that draws on hitherto unused Austrian, Belgian, British, Czechoslovak, French, German, Polish and Russian materials, this article focuses on socialism’s critical contribution to Weimar German diplomacy and suggests that the international politics of the democratic left set the stage for the great powers’ later appeasement of Hitler’s Germany.
Clerical Opposition in Habsburg Castile
Authors: Perrone Sean T.
Published: February 2009

Church–State relations in early modern Europe were often turbulent. Princes and clergy regularly clashed over ecclesiastical appointments, jurisdiction and finances. Such conflicts were common in both Protestant and Catholic principalities. Yet, for many historians, Habsburg Castile is still the Catholic Monarchy, and any conflict between Church and State there is seen as an aberration. This article argues that clerical opposition in Castile was not unusual, and it calls into question the conventional views that the Castilian Church had a monolithic structure and was subservient to the Crown. The article focuses primarily on clerical resistance to taxation and examines the methods used by the clergy to curtail royal demands, such as the cesación a divinis, appeals to the king and the pope, and preaching against the Crown.
Race in British Eugenics
Authors: Stone Dan
Published: February 2009

The dominant historiographical view of eugenics in Britain is that it was a middle-class protest movement that found in early genetic science a justification for its objections to paying taxes to aid the poor. Often, this position is contrasted with a ‘harder’, blood-and-soil, continental type of eugenics, one that ended in genocide. In this article Stone does not dispute the class-based nature of British eugenics, but shows that, among all kinds of eugenicists, this class issue was inseparable from a racially motivated world view. ‘Race’, in this reading, was more than simply a synonym for ‘nation’, for already by the Edwardian period there was a widely accepted racial hierarchy. If this was not always referred to, it was because it was taken for granted. Hence the view of British eugenics that sees it as mildly threatening but basically embarrassing needs to be adjusted so that its full, sinister implications can be seen.