bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anti‐spam mail system
Authors: Saito Takamichi , Morii Akio , Komori Tadashi , Kito Toshiyuki , Mizoguchi Fumio
Published: October 2006

The method of rejection or deletion is a well‐known method of dealing with spam. However, the following problem arises in electronic mail systems based on SMTP (simple mail transfer protocol). Since the objective in such systems is to provide service to particular or general users, if valid pieces of mail are incorrectly judged to be spam, the procedure not only will be ineffective, but normal electronic mail will not be delivered at all. This paper proposes a means of solving this problem so as prevent spam mail. We present an implementation of our proposed system in this paper, along with an evaluation experiment. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 37(13): 99–108, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience. wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10627
An operation system for unitary management of network schedule information on multiple platforms
Authors: Fukabori Masaru , Yamaguchi Yutaka , Kikushima Eiichi , Kazama Hiroshi
Published: October 2006

This paper considers multiple communication platforms and discusses an operation system that performs unitary management of network operations. With the recent advent of diversified communication configurations, there is an increasing demand toward communication service over multiple platforms, and it is logical that end‐to‐end network management should be handled in a unitary and efficient way. In the conventional network operation management technique with multiple platforms, the ordinary approach is to use concentrated management, which, however, produces problems in versatility and reliability. From this viewpoint, the operation method combining concentrated and distributed management methods is considered in the proposed operation system in an attempt to overcome the problems. The proposed system is applied to a digital video transmission communication system using a satellite communications network and ATM communications network. The proposed operation method is evaluated by using the newly developed system and its effectiveness in terms of reliability and the like is verified. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 37(13): 67–77, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20414
Effects of combining disparate groups in the analysis of ethnic differences: Variations among asian american mental health service consumers in level of community functioning
Authors: Uehara Edwina S. , Takeuchi David T. , Smukler Michael
Published: October 2006

The Asian American population comprises historically, socially, and culturally diverse ethnic groups. Given this diversity, investigators caution that combining disparate ethnic groups together may lead to erroneous conclusions. Whether by choice or necessity, however, mental health studies still typically consider Asian Americans as a single ethnic category rather than as separate ethnic groups. Few investigations have addressed the consequences of this practice. This paper examines the implications of conceptualizing Asian Americans as an ethnic category versus ethnic groups, in an investigation of the community functioning status of clients in publicly funded mental health programs in King County, Washington. When treated as a single ethnic category in a multivariate linear regression model, Asian Americans are found to have a lower level of functioning difficulty than their white counterparts. However, when treated as separate ethnic groups (e.g., Vietnamese, Japanese), only one of five Asian ethnic groups has a significantly lower level of difficulty. In a separate analysis of the Asian American subsample, groups are found to differ significantly from one another with respect to functional status. Several factors, including refugee status, account for this difference.
A follow‐up of a media‐based, worksite smoking cessation program
Authors: Salina Doreen , Jason Leonard A. , Hedeker Donald , Kaufman Joy , Lesondak Linda , McMahon Susan D. , Taylor Stephanie , Kimball Peter
Published: October 2006

Described an examination of data collected 2 years following the onset of a media‐based, worksite smoking cessation intervention. Thirty‐eight companies in Chicago were randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions. In the inital 3‐week phase, all participants in both conditions received self‐help manuals and were instructed to watch a 20‐day televised series designed to accompany the manual. In addition, participants in the group (G) condition received six sessions emphasizing quitting techniques and social support. In the second phase, which continued for 12 months, employees in G participated in monthly peer‐led support groups and received incentives, while participants in the nongroup (NG) condition received no further treatment. Twenty‐four months after pretest, 30% of employees in G were abstinent compared to only 19.5% in NG. This study is one of the few experimentally controlled worksite smoking cessation interventions to demonstrate significant program differences 2 years following the initial intervention.
Family characteristics as mediators of the influence of problem drinking and multiple risk status on child mental health
Authors: Roosa Mark W. , Dumka Larry , Tein Jenn-Yun
Published: October 2006

Structural equation modeling was used to test a theoretical model in which family cohesion and family reframing coping were hypothesized as mediators between family drinking problems, multiple risk factors, negative life events, and child mental health (conduct disorder, depression, anxiety) in two‐parent families. Family cohesion mediated the relationships of family drinking problems and negative life events to child conduct disorder and depression. Negative life events mediated the relationships of family drinking problems and family multiple risk to child conduct disorder. Family reframing coping did not function as a mediator nor was it related to child mental health when other factors were considered simultaneously. Results indicate that increasing family cohesion and reducing sources of stress within the family (negative life events) represent promising areas for interventions for children with problem‐drinking parents.
Effectiveness of a consultation intervention to promote tobacco control policies in Northwest Indian tribes: Integrating experimental evaluation and service delivery
Authors: Lichtenstein Edward , Lopez Kerri , Glasgow Russell E. , Gilbert-McRae Suzanne , Hall Roberta
Published: October 2006

A quasi‐experimental replication of an intervention for promoting tobacco control policies in Northwest Indian tribes is described and the process of intervention including issues of collaboration among research institutions and Indian organizations is discussed. The policy intervention was evaluated using a pretest‐posttest design wherein 20 tribes that had served as wait‐list controls now received the intervention. The intervention comprised a tribal representative attending a kickoff orientation; follow‐up visits to the tribes; distribution of tobacco policy workbooks; and phone call consultations. Policy status and stringency were assessed by means of telephone interviews with two key contacts per tribe, and by a count of enacted policies. There were significant pre‐post changes in the primary outcome measure, a composite summary score of tobacco policy stringency, and changes were also reflected in enacted policies. The intervention effects observed were similar to those found in the prior randomized trial and suggest a robust, disseminable intervention. Much of the success achieved was attributed to the role of an Indian organization in planning the project and implementing the intervention and evaluation protocols.
Relationships of latitude, altitude, and body size to litter size and mean annual production of offspring in Peromyscus
Authors: Smith Michael H. , McGinnis John T.
Published: October 2006

Litter size was positively correlated with latitude and altitude but not with production of offspring or with body size in Peromyscus. Increased litter size in northern populations probably reflects shortening the breeding season by climate and not a greater mortality rate at northern latitudes compared to southern latitudes. Production of offspring was negatively correlated with body size but not with latitude, altitude, or litter size. This is probably due to larger species living longer and taking longer to mature.
A dispersal‐aggregation model for mountain pine beetle in lodgepole pine stands
Authors: Burnell D. G.
Published: October 2006

In this paper a dispersal‐attack theory for bark beetle attacking trees is developed from a set of simple assumptions, and the resulting theoretical model is fit to data from four epidemic studies. Implications of the theory are discussed in relation to the dynamics of lodgepole pine‐mountain pine beetle interactions.
Population studies ofBrevicoryne brassicae(L.), its parasites and hyperparasites in England
Authors: Chua T. H.
Published: October 2006

Studies on populations ofBrevicoryne brassicae(L.), its parasites and hyperparasites were carried out by actual counting in the sprouts field and by sticky and water traps.B. brassicaewas found to be attacked by one primary parasite,Diaretiella rapae(McIntosh), which in turn is parasitized byAlloxysta brassicae(Ashm.),Asaphes vulgarisWalker,A. suspensus(Nees),Pachyneuron minutissimum(Förster) andDendrocerus carpenterii(Curtis). The aphid population in the field was started by immigrant alates which were found flying too early to be synchronized with the sprouts plants. SimilarlyD. rapaewas not synchronized with the aphids although many individuals could have been carried into a plot through parasitized immigrant alates, of which less than 30% were found parasitized. Because of high hyperparasitism (especially byA. brassicae)D. rapaewas not able to maintain a high rate of parasitism to curb the aphid population growth. The maximum percentage mummies being 27.8%, while the maximum, percentage parasitism being 56.6% recorded only during the early 1974 season (mean=12.9%). The decline of aphid population from September onwards was largely due to the cold weather, Syrphid predation and occasionally fungal attack. The high rate of hyperparasitism byA. brassicaeis attributed to its better synchronization withD. rapae. The mean percentage of parasite that emerged from mummies collected during 1973–74 wereD. rapae31.3%,A. brassicae64.3%,A. vulgarisandA. suspensus4.3%,D. carpenterii0.2% andP. minutissimum0.1%.
System influences on posthomicide beliefs and distress
Authors: Thompson Martie P. , Norris Fran H. , Barry Ruback R.
Published: October 2006

Criminal justice system experiences in 150 family members of homicide victims were investigated. The study had two goals: (a) to document the experiences of homicide survivors in the criminal justice system, including case outcomes, criminal justice system activities, and satisfaction with system personnel; and (b) to determine if experiences with the police impacted posthomicide beliefs (cognitive assumptions about the world and one's relationship to it) and psychological distress. The sample, which was identified through the Medical Examiner's Office, was drawn from all criminal homicides from 1.5 to 5 years prior to selection. Results showed that family members of homicide victims were very dissatisfied with their experiences in the criminal justice system. Additionally, whereas objective system outcomes (e.g, arrest) did not directly affect posthomicide beliefs and distress, subjective system outcomes (e.g., police satisfaction) directly affected beliefs and indirectly affected distress. There was some support for both equity theory and a cognitive theory of change, the two theories that guided the model specification.
Interspecific competition among larvae of Hemipyrellia ligurriens (Calliphoridae) and Boettcherisca formosensis (Sarcophagidae) (Diptera)
Authors: So Ping‐Man , Dudgeon David
Published: October 2006

The effects of larval rearing density and species relative proportions on life‐history parameters of two necrophagous Diptera, Hemipyrellia ligurriens (Wiedemann) (Calliphoridae) and Boettcherisca formosensis Kirner and Lopes (Sarcophagidae), were investigated in mixed cultures. Larval rearing density had a significant effect on larval to adult survivorship, duration of immature development, adult size and relative performance (measured by the composite index of performance, r′) of both species. However, species relative proportions affected adult size of both flies and the duration of immature development of B. formosensis only.

B. formosensis had a higher survivorship than H. ligurriens in all mixed cultures and showed a similar survivorship pattern to that in pure cultures. By contrast, survivorship of H. ligurriens was lower in mixed than in pure cultures.

H. ligurriens adults reared from mixed cultures were smaller than those from pure cultures of comparable density, but B. formosensis adults from pure and mixed cultures were of similar size.

The results suggest that competition between B. formosensis and H. ligurriens larvae was asymmetric and the former was the superior competior.

At low larval densities in mixed cultures, the presence of H. ligurriens enhanced the performance (as measured by r′) of B. formosensis, a consequence of suspected interspecific facilitation of larval growth.
Foraging for patchily‐distributed leaf miners by the parasitic wasp, Dacnusa sibirica
Authors: Sugimoto Tuyosi , Minkenberg Oscar P. J. M. , Takabayashi Junji , Dicke Marcel , van Lenteren Joop C.
Published: October 2006

We studied the rules used by the female parasitoid, Dacnusa sibirica Telenga (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), for deciding when to leave a tomato leaflet on which she is searching for larvae of the leafminer, Liriomyza bryoniae Kalt. (Diptera: Agromyzidae). Females would deposit a marking pheromone on the leaflet and would leave the leaflet when the amount of the pheromone accumulated to the threshold L, which is proportional to the amount of search effort on the leaflet. L appears to increase with host density since it rises after every encounter with a host (or mine).D. sibirica would employ an area‐concentrated search, which is advantageous in foraging for hosts showing a clumped distribution.
Contagious egg‐distribution on host pods and avoidance of pods received eggs in a wild bruchid Kytorhinus sharpianus
Authors: Shimada Masakazu , Ishihara Michihiro
Published: October 2006

The present study investigated the way a wild bruchid, Kytorhinus sharpianus, distributes its eggs on host pods. First, we counted the number of eggs per pod on the host plant (Sophola flavescens) in the field. The egg‐distributions by the overwintered‐generation adults in July and by the second‐generation adults in mid October did not deviate from Poisson distribution because of small numbers of eggs laid. However, the egg‐distribution in late August when many first‐generation adults emerged was significantly contagious.

The deposition of eggs was determined for three types of pods: (A) clean pods, (B) pods with eggs, and (C) those which eggs had been laid on but were removed from later. The numbers of eggs laid newly on three types of pods were significantly different; A>C>B, suggesting that an oviposition marker pheromone (O.M.P.) caused females to avoid pods on which eggs were deposited. Egg‐shells reinforced that response.

Monte Carlo simulations for the egg‐distribution on pods predicted that even if females avoid pods with heavy egg‐load through O.M.P., the egg‐distribution becomes contagious when there is a large heterogeneity in quality of the pods.
A field experiment on dispersal of newly emerged adults of Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Authors: Togashi Katsumi
Published: October 2006

Newly‐emerged adults of Monochamus alternatus aged 1 to 5 days were code‐numbered with lacquer paint and released by placing them on the trunks of one or two trees in a Pinus thunbergii stand at weekly intervals during the beetle emergence period from 1980 to 1983. Beetles were captured at weekly intervals from one week after the first day of release. Determinations were made on the distance and direction of beetle dispersal during a week after release and analysed by a method of Inoue (1978). When the stand canopy was closed, the rate of beetle's stay on trees was 0.56 per week. The beetles dispersed at random by walk and flight. When the pine stand was sparse, the rate of beetle's stay on trees was 0.02–0.30 per week. They dispersed at random by flight. The average distances traversed were estimated to be 7.1–37.8 m for the first week after emergence. Using other method, the average distance traversed was estimated to be 10–20 m for each week through the first 3 weeks after release. The results of stepwise multiple regression analysis and a simple field experiment suggested that the dispersal of newly‐emerged beetles was affected by stand density, number of beetles emerging from individual dead trees, maximum air temperature, and precipitation.
Modeling plant disease increase as a function of vector numbers: Nonpersistent viruses
Authors: Madden L. V. , Raccah B. , Pirone T. P.
Published: October 2006

An understanding of most plant virus disease epidemics requires a consideration of the population dynamics of insect vectors that transmit the viruses and the relationship between vector and disease dynamics. Some simple analytical (continuous‐time) models are proposed for nonpersistently transmitted viruses that center on the absolute
Estimation of contemporaneous mortality factors
Authors: Buonaccorsi John P. , Elkinton Joseph S.
Published: October 2006

We present methods for solving and making statistical inferences about marginal attack rates based on observed death rates for contemporaneous mortality factors. The general method of solution involves solving a system of nonlinear equations which depend in part on competition coefficients that express the outcome when more than one agent attacks the same host individual. For two factors, we present a detailed analysis of the effect of varying this competition coefficient. Statistical inferences are illustrated using standard large sample approximations (the delta method) and the bootstrap, which is a resampling technique. We also extend the results to allow inferences for k‐values.
Geographical variation of elytral spot patterns in the phytophagous ladybird, Epilachna vigintioctopunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in the Province of Sumatera Barat, Indonesia
Authors: Abbas Idrus , Nakamura Koji , Katakura Haruo , Sasaji Hiroyuki
Published: October 2006

Geographical variation in the elytral spot patterns of a phytophagous ladybird, Epilachna vigintioctopunctata, was studied in the Province of Sumatera Barat, Indonesia. Populations of E. vigintioctopunctata were divided into four major groups (I–IV) by the incidence of spot pattern variations. Group I, occurring in the coastal plains and inland lowlands, and Group IV, confined to the highlands, were the extremes of the spot pattern variations, the latter had many more non‐persistent spots and confluences with larger body size and advanced melanism than the former. These two groups were connected with each other via the intermediate groups. A positive relationship was detected between the elevations of sample sites and the average number of non‐persistent spots per elytron. Consequently, present results favor the view that the two previously recognized forms of E. vigintioctopunctata (formae A and B inKatakura et al., 1988) represent a complicated intraspecific variation rather than two distinct sibling species. Elytral spot pattern variations were not different between the sexes or between the beetles collected from different kinds of host plants.
The interaction between the amoebaBalamuthia mandrillarisand extracellular matrix glycoproteinsin vitro
Authors: ROCHA-AZEVEDO B. , JAMERSON M. , CABRAL G. A. , SILVA-FILHO F. C. , MARCIANO-CABRAL F.
Published: October 2006

Balamuthia mandrillaris, a soil amoeba, is the causative agent ofBalamuthiagranulomatous amoebic encephalitis, a life-threatening brain infection. This amoeba is acquired from contaminated soil and may enter the host through cutaneous lesions or through nasal passages, migrating to the lungs or brain. During invasion,B. mandrillarishas access to components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the host. Therefore, we investigated the interaction ofB. mandrillariswith 3 ECM glycoproteins (collagen-I, fibronectin and laminin-1) that are encountered in host connective tissues and at the basal lamina. Using optical microscopy, amoeba association on ECM-coated surfaces was examined. Binding of amoebae on laminin was greater than that on collagen or fibronectin. Laminin-adheredB. mandrillarisexhibited elongated and spread forms, distinctive from those observed for amoebae on a plastic surface. Collagen and fibronectin-adheredB. mandrillarispresented elongated shapes with cellular expansions. Binding to collagen, fibronectin, or laminin was inhibited when amoebae were pre-treated with sialic acid. Treatment with galactose resulted in diminished binding of amoebae on laminin, while mannose increased binding in all coating conditions tested. Dependence of divalent cations on amoeba binding was demonstrated for laminin-amoeba interaction. Collectively, the results indicate thatB. mandrillarisrecognizes specific glycoproteins of the mammalian extracellular matrix.
The use of chicory for parasite control in organic ewes and their lambs
Authors: ATHANASIADOU S. , GRAY D. , YOUNIE D. , TZAMALOUKAS O. , JACKSON F. , KYRIAZAKIS I.
Published: October 2006

The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential benefits of grazing lactating ewes and their lambs on chicory (Cichorium intybus). Fifty-six certified organic twin-rearing ewes were either drenched with an anthelmintic or not, within 2 days after parturition and were grazed upon either grass/clover or chicory pastures. Around 12 weeks after parturition a subset of 12 lambs per treatment was slaughtered for worm number and parasite species determination. The faecal egg counts of lambs from undrenched ewes grazing on chicory were significantly lower than those of lambs from undrenched ewes grazing on grass. Lambs grazing on chicory had similar abomasal worm counts as those grazing on grass at 12 weeks of age; the predominant species wasTeladorsagia circumcincta. There was no difference between the intestinal worm counts in lambs grazing on grass or chicory, withTrichostrongylus vitrinusbeing the predominant species. Liveweight gains over the 126-day experimental period were significantly higher in lambs from drenched than those from undrenched ewes. Lambs from undrenched ewes grazing on chicory had higher liveweight gains compared to those from undrenched ewes grazing on grass. Although chicory grazing did not affect ewe nematode egg excretion, it resulted in lower egg counts in lambs and improved their liveweight gains to the same level as those deriving from drenched ewes.
De la convergence dans la divergence: le cas des quartiers pluri-ethniques en France
Authors: JAMIN MIKAËL , TRIMAILLE CYRIL , GASQUET-CYRUS MÉDÉRIC
Published: October 2006

Notre article porte sur le français de jeunes habitants de quartiers pluri-ethniques et multilingues de grandes villes françaises. Il présente la poursuite d'une approche exploratoire amorcée en 2005 par Jamin et Trimaille consistant à la base en un rapprochement d'études sociolinguistiques réalisées à Grenoble (Trimaille, 2003a) et en région parisienne (La Courneuve et Fontenay-sous-Bois, Jamin, 2005), mais qui s'élargira ici à Marseille (Gasquet-Cyrus, 2004). Nous proposerons que dans un contexte de relative uniformité du français urbain et de tendance convergente du ‘sud linguistique’ vers les normes plus neutres du français d'oïl (pour une variable au moins, la rétention/effacement du schwa), ce nivellement ne se fait pas seulement dans la direction du français décrit comme standard. Des formes non standard similaires sont en effet attestées dans plusieurs centres urbains géographiquement assez distants. Par un ensemble de données quantitatives et qualitatives issues des trois études mentionnées supra, nous proposons d'interpréter la présence dans les trois sites de recherche d'une de ces formes, la palatalisation/affrication des occlusives dentales et vélaires, comme l'indice d'un certain degré de ‘convergence dans la divergence’ par rapport au français standard. Nous nous intéresserons ici aux facteurs de diffusion de cette variante, et plus particulièrement aux rôles respectifs de la variation stylistique et des représentations sociolinguistiques.
On the geographical spread of Oïl French in France
Authors: POOLEY TIM
Published: October 2006

This article seeks to assess in detail the extent of levelling of regional varieties in the so-called collateral-language areas (Langue d'Oïl and Franco-Provençal) of France over the course of the 20th century. By comparing the ‘classic’ accounts of regionally marked pronunciation among speakers born in the first half of the century (Martinet, 1945; Walter, 1982; Carton, Rossi, Autesserre and Léon, 1983) with studies based on informants born since 1965, I seek to characterise and remap the varieties that still show divergence from the supra-local or levelled variety, which has been referred to as Oïl French, in the ancestral Langue d'Oïl and Franco-Provençal regions and to define the areas beyond these ancestral collateral-language areas, where speakers of 40 years or under at the time of writing may be fairly characterised as conforming to the supralocal norm.
Is archaeology a science, an art or a collection of individual experiments …?
Authors: Coudart Anick
Published: October 2006

‘Has theoretical archaeology ever developed into archaeological theory?’ That was the question posed by Michael Dietler and Liv Nilsson Stutz, which the British Matthew Johnson has courageously agreed to answer. Before commenting on his answer and trying, in turn, to answer this question, I strongly recommend the non-British reader to look at the brief synthesis on British phenomenological archaeology written by Joanna Brück (2005). Coming from the innermost postprocessual circle of the Department of Archaeology of Cambridge University, Brück clarifies the issues and places them in perspective.
Foundational histories and power
Authors: Leone Mark P.
Published: October 2006

Matthew Johnson's essay is somewhat more conservative than I had anticipated and I am happy about that. He promotes a scientific archaeology in the sense that he promotes the kind of knowledge that can be established through verifiability. Then he takes what I see to be an increasingly frequent approach to the use of the phenomenological and hermeneutic position in archaeology. His positions are relatively gentle on these matters and are an attempt to seek out a way to utilize archaeology as a superior political tool when it is needed, as it most assuredly is, from place to place in the world. He remains attuned to the established fact that the definitions of many facts are themselves a function of political contexts. I am not sure yet that Matthew Johnson's brief essay succeeds with all the links he intends to make, but I think that a number of scholars are headed in this direction.
Focus found. New directions for Irish historical archaeology
Authors: Horning Audrey J.
Published: October 2006

In 1999 the Irish Post-Medieval Archaeology Group (IPMAG) was established by a diverse group of Northern Ireland archaeologists and heritage professionals, drawn from the commercial, government, museum and university sectors. The aims of the organization, discussed at length at the group's inaugural conference held in Belfast in February of 2001, include (one) undertaking initiatives to raise the profile of post-medieval archaeology within the whole of Ireland, (two) fostering greater contacts between those individuals engaged in researching the archaeology, history and culture of post-1550 Ireland and (three) lobbying for increased academic attention to be paid to the period within Irish universities. That the organization has made progress in approaching these aims is clear, as acknowledged by Tadhg O'Keeffe: ‘the archaeological study of the “historical” (post-fifteenth-century) past is now a big deal in Ireland’. IPMAG conferences have been held in conjunction with academic institutions (Queen's University, Belfast, 2001; Trinity College, Dublin, 2002; University of Ulster, 2004; University College, Cork, 2006), public institutions (Ulster Museum, 2003), and commercial archaeology companies (Aegis Archaeology, Ltd, Limerick, 2005).
Die Tuberkulose aus der Sicht ihrer Entwicklung von der Epidemie zur Endemie, Reminiszenzen eines Zeitzeugen
Authors: Haefliger
Published: October 2006

Die Infektionsprävalenz (die Durchseuchung mit dem Tuberkuloseerreger), welche im Jahre 1900 nach Abschluss des Jugendalters 100% betrug, hat sich bis ins Jahr 1998 auf 23.1% zurückgebildet. Es fanden sich in Krankenhäusern (Akutkliniken) der Schweiz in den Jahren 1990 bis 1993 im Mittel 1100 aktive Tuberkulosefälle. Anlässlich der Armeereihendurchleuchtung (ARD) 1943/44 fanden sich 967 aktive Tuberkulosen entsprechend 1.9‰ der Durchleuchteten. Im Jahre 2000 fanden sich bei den Schirmbilduntersuchungen bei Asylbewerbern in 3.25‰ aktive Tuberkulosen. Diese Untersuchungen werden aus Kostengründen seit anfangs 2006 nicht mehr durchgeführt. Im Jahre 1890 starben 6639 Kranke an Tuberkulose, die Zahl senkte sich bis ins Jahr 2001 auf – unfassbar – 22. Es gilt nun vor allem die Primärinfektion zu verhindern, welche in 5–8% später zu einer Erkrankung an Tuberkulose führt. Eine Ausrottung wird deshalb bei uns wahrscheinlich erst in zwei bis drei Jahrzehnten möglich sein, in Entwicklungsländern nicht einmal in einem Jahrhundert.
Propagation of whistler mode chorus to low altitudes: Spacecraft observations of structured ELF hiss
Authors: Santolík O. , Chum J. , Parrot M. , Gurnett D. A. , Pickett J. S. , Cornilleau‐Wehrlin N.
Published: October 2006

We interpret observations of low‐altitude electromagnetic ELF hiss observed on the dayside at subauroral latitudes. A divergent propagation pattern has been reported between 50° and 75° of geomagnetic latitude. The waves propagate with downward directed wave vectors which are slightly equatorward inclined at lower magnetic latitudes and slightly poleward inclined at higher latitudes. Reverse ray tracing using different plasma density models indicates a possible source region near the geomagnetic equator at a radial distance between 5 and 7 Earth radii by a mechanism acting on highly oblique wave vectors near the local Gendrin angle. We analyze waveforms received at altitudes of 700–1200 km by the Freja and DEMETER spacecraft and we find that low‐altitude ELF hiss contains discrete time‐frequency structures resembling wave packets of whistler mode chorus. Emissions of chorus also predominantly occur on the dawnside and dayside and have recently been considered as a possible source of highly accelerated electrons in the outer Van Allen radiation belt. Detailed measurements of the Cluster spacecraft at radial distances of 4–5 Earth radii show chorus propagating downward from the source region localized close to the equator. The time‐frequency structure and frequencies of chorus observed by Cluster along the reverse raypaths of ELF hiss are consistent with the hypothesis that the frequently observed dayside ELF hiss is just the low‐altitude manifestation of natural magnetospheric emissions of whistler mode chorus.
Seismic wave attenuation in methane hydrate‐bearing sediments: Vertical seismic profiling data from the Nankai Trough exploratory well, offshore Tokai, central Japan
Authors: Matsushima Jun
Published: October 2006

Data from two vertical seismic profiles (VSPs) from the Nankai Trough exploratory well, offshore Tokai, central Japan, are used to estimate compressional attenuation in methane hydrate (MH)‐bearing sediments at seismic frequencies of 30–110 Hz. We compare spectral ratio and centroid frequency shift methods for measuring attenuation. To isolate intrinsic attenuation from total attenuation, attenuation is computed from multiples using one‐dimensional synthetic VSP data from sonic and density logs. The use of two different measurement methods and two VSPs recorded at just 100 m separation provides an opportunity to validate the attenuation measurements. No significant compressional attenuation was observed in MH‐bearing sediments at seismic frequencies. Macroscopically, the peaks of highest attenuation in the seismic frequency range correspond to low‐saturation gas zones. In contrast, high compressional attenuation zones in the sonic frequency range (10–20 kHz) are affected by the presence of methane hydrates in the same well locations. Thus this study demonstrated the frequency dependence of attenuation in MH‐bearing sediments; MH‐bearing sediments cause attenuation in the sonic frequency range rather than the seismic frequency range.
Upper mantle structure of eastern Asia from multimode surface waveform tomography
Authors: Priestley Keith , Debayle Eric , McKenzie D. , Pilidou S.
Published: October 2006

We present a new three‐dimensional Sv wave speed and azimuthal anisotropy model for the upper mantle of eastern Asia constrained by the analysis of more than 17,000 vertical component multimode Rayleigh wave seismograms. This data set allows us to build an upper mantle model for Asia with a horizontal resolution of a few hundred kilometers extending to ∼400 km depth. At 75–100 km depth, there is approximately ±9% wave speed perturbation from the “smoothed PREM” reference model used in our analysis, and the pattern of azimuthal anisotropy is complex. Both the amplitude of the Sv wave speed heterogeneity and the complexity and amplitude of the azimuthal anisotropy decrease with depth. Above ∼200 km depth the upper mantle structure of the model correlates with surface geology and tectonics; below ∼200 km depth the structures primarily reflect the advection of material in the upper mantle. Since shear wave speed is principally controlled by temperature rather than by composition, Vs(z) can be used to calculate the temperature T(z), and hence map the lithospheric thickness. We use the relationship of Priestley and McKenzie to produce a contour map of the lithospheric thickness of eastern Asia from the surface wave tomography. This shows an extensive region of thick lithosphere beneath the Siberian Platform and the West Siberian Basin that extends to the European Platform, forming the stable Eurasian craton or core. The eastern portion of the Eurasian craton has controlled the geometry of continental deformation and the distribution of kimberlites in eastern Asia.
Urban and land surface effects on the 30 July 2003 mesoscale convective system event observed in the southern Great Plains
Authors: Niyogi Dev , Holt Teddy , Zhong Sharon , Pyle Patrick C. , Basara Jeffery
Published: October 2006

The urban canopy of excess heat, water vapor, and roughness can affect the evolution of weather systems, as can land vegetative processes. High‐resolution simulations were conducted using the Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS®) to investigate the impact of urban and land vegetation processes on the prediction of the mesoscale convective system (MCS) observed on 30 July 2003 in the vicinity of Oklahoma City (OKC), Oklahoma. The control COAMPS model (hereinafter CONTROL) used the Noah land surface model (LSM) initialized with the Eta Data Assimilation System and incorporates an urban canopy parameterization (UCP). Experiments assessed the impact of land vegetative processes by (1) adding a canopy resistance scheme including photosynthesis (GEM) to the Noah LSM and (2) replacing the UCP with a simpler urban surface characterization of roughness, albedo, and moisture availability (NOUCP). The three sets of simulations showed different behaviors for the storm event. The CONTROL simulation propagated two storm cells through the OKC urban region. The NOUCP also resulted in two cells, although the convective intensity was weaker. The GEM simulation produced one storm cell west of the downtown region, whose intensity and timing were closer to the observed. To understand the relative roles of the urban and vegetation interaction processes, a factor separation experiment was performed. The urban model improved the ability to represent the MCS, and the enhanced representation of vegetation further improved the model performance. The enhanced performance may be attributed to better representation of the urban‐rural heterogeneities and improved simulation of the moisture fluxes and upstream inflow boundaries.
Phosphate adsorption by mineral weathering particles in oligotrophic waters of high particle content
Authors: Müller Beat , Stierli Ruth , Wüest Alfred
Published: October 2006

We investigated the interactions of dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) and dissolved nonreactive phosphorus (DNRP) with suspended and settled aquatic particles. The sorption to minerogenic particles from an alpine catchment collected in rivers, hydropower reservoirs, and a downstream ultraoligotrophic lake was modeled using Langmuir‐type isotherms. DRP and DNRP exhibited about equal affinities to particle surfaces. The sorption of dissolved species to surfaces alters the fate of P in water bodies. In spite of the small surface‐binding constants, high particle concentrations enhance the sorption of P to surfaces, and, consequently, chemical analysis of DRP can substantially underestimate the potentially bioavailable P. In unpolluted rivers with high content of suspended mineral particles, e.g., triggered by heavy rain events (2 μg DRP/L, 1.3 g/L suspended particles), P loads solely based on DRP measurements underestimate the true load of potentially bioavailable P by more than a factor of two. Modeling P sorption equilibria with a single type of surface site generates a management tool for water quality in P‐limited oligotrophic systems.
Frictional dilatancy
Authors: Sleep Norman H.
Published: October 2006

Frictional sliding dilates gouge or increases the separation of sliding surfaces. A common hypothesis is that the rate of dilatational strain scales linearly with the rate of shear strain. The proportionality constant is called the dilatancy coefficient. Real contact theory of friction may explain this feature. Moving contact asperities produce damaged regions with elastic strains scaling to the ratio of the real strength of asperities to the elastic modulus. Balance between this local strain‐energy production rate and macroscopic work against normal traction indicates that the dilatancy coefficient scales with this ratio. So do the average slopes on a mature rough sliding surface if opening‐mode cracks are unimportant. The result is compatible with the observed dilatancy coefficient of quartz gouge, ∼4%.
A note on pore fluid pressure ratios in the Coulomb wedge theory
Authors: Wang Kelin , He Jiangheng , Hu Yan
Published: October 2006

The widely used exact Coulomb‐wedge stress solution presented by F. A. Dahlen contains an approximation in dealing with pore fluid pressure ratios within the wedge and in the basal fault. We discuss the theoretical and practical ramifications of the approximation and propose simple modifications to make the solution exact. We illustrate that errors caused by the approximation are negligible for taper angles less than about 10° but become significant for larger tapers.
Incidence of Nonsustained and Sustained Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias in Patients with an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator
Authors: ZHOU XIAOHONG , GUNDERSON BRUCE D. , OLSON WALTER H. ,   GEM DR ICD CLINICAL WORLDWIDE INVESTIGATORS
Published: October 2006

Introduction: Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) is a frequent phenomenon in some patients with heart disease, but its association with sustained ventricular tachycardias (ventricular tachycardia [VT]/ventricular fibrillation [VF]) is still not clear. The aim of this study was to determine whether NSVT incidence was associated with sustained VT/VF in patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD).

Methods and Results: Retrospective data analysis was conducted in 923 ICD patients with a mean follow‐up of 4 months. NSVT and sustained VT/VF were defined as device‐detected tachycardias. The incidence rates of NSVT and sustained VT/VF as well as ICD therapies were determined as episodes per patient. The NSVT index was defined as the product of NSVT episodes/day times the mean number of beats per episode, i.e., total beats/day. The NSVT index peak was defined as the highest value on or prior to the day with sustained VT/VF episodes. Patients (n = 393) with NSVT experienced a higher incidence of sustained VT/VF (17.2 ± 63.0 episodes/patient) and ICD therapies (15.2 ± 61.4 episodes/patient) than patients (n = 530) without NSVT (sustained VT/VF: 0.5 ± 6.6 and therapies: 0.5 ± 5.6; P < 0.0001). Approximately 74% of NSVT index peaks occurred on the same day or <3 days prior to sustained VT/VF episodes. The index was higher for peaks ≤3 days prior to the day with sustained VT/VF (94.3 ± 140.1 total beats/day) than for peaks >3 days prior to the day with sustained VT/VF (32.7 ± 55.9 total beats/day; P < 0.0001).

Conclusion: ICD patients with NSVT represent a population more likely to experience sustained VT/VF episodes with a temporal association between an NSVT surge and sustained VT/VF occurrence. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 15, pp. 14‐20, January 2004)
Impact of Age on the Outcome of Pulmonary Vein Isolation for Atrial Fibrillation Using Circular Mapping Technique and Cooled‐Tip Ablation Catheter:
Authors: BHARGAVA MANDEEP , MARROUCHE NASSIR F. , MARTIN DAVID O. , SCHWEIKERT ROBERT A. , SALIBA WALID , SAAD EDUARDO B. , BASH DIANNA , WILLIAMS‐ANDREWS MICHELLE , ROSSILLO ANTONIO , ERCIYES DEMET , KHAYKIN YAARIV , BURKHARDT J. DAVID , JOSEPH GEORGE , TCHOU PATRICK J. , NATALE ANDREA
Published: October 2006

Introduction: A retrospective analysis was performed to define the impact of age on the outcomes and complications in patients undergoing pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). PVI is an evolving technique for the management of atrial fibrillation (AF). The impact of age on the risks, outcomes, and complications of PVI has not been well defined.

Methods and Results: A total of 323 patients (259 men and 64 women; age 18–79 years) underwent PVI for treatment of drug‐refractory symptomatic AF. An ostial isolation of the pulmonary veins was done using a cooled‐tip ablation catheter guided by circular mapping. The patients were divided into three groups based on age (group I: <50 years, group II: 51–60 years, group III: >60 years) and the results were compared. There were 106 patients in group I, 114 patients in group II, and 103 patients in group III (mean age 41.3 ± 7.8 years, 55.4 ± 2.75 years, and 66.6 ± 4.18 years, respectively) who underwent PVI for paroxysmal (53.8%), persistent (10.8%), or permanent (35.3%) AF. Baseline characteristics were similar except for a higher prevalence of hypertension and/or structural heart disease in groups II and III (58% and 63% vs 33% in group I, respectively). The procedural variables were similar in all age groups. The overall risk of complications was similar in the three groups, except that the risk of stroke was significantly higher in patients >60 years of age (3% vs 0%; P < 0.05). The recurrence rates of AF were similar in the three age groups (15.1%, 16.7%, and 18.4%, respectively; P > 0.05). The risk of severe pulmonary vein stenosis (1.8%, 2.6%, and 0.9%, respectively) was low and did not vary with age.

Conclusion: PVI is a safe and effective treatment for patients with drug‐refractory symptomatic AF, and its benefits extend to all age groups. The risk of procedural complications, especially thromboembolic events, appears to be higher in the elderly age group. This observation needs to be considered while assessing potential candidates for the procedure. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 15, pp. 8‐13, January 2004)
Repolarization Abnormality in Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation:
Authors: FUJIKI AKIRA , SUGAO MASATAKA , NISHIDA KUNIHIRO , SAKABE MASAO , TSUNEDA TAKAYUKI , MIZUMAKI KOICHI , INOUE HIROSHI
Published: October 2006

Introduction: We evaluated the characteristics of QT‐RR and QaT (apex of T wave)‐RR relationships in patients with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation (IVF) compared with control subjects. We hypothesized that IVF patients have unique repolarization dynamics related to a reduced fast Na current and a prominent transient outward current.

Methods and Results: The study group consisted of 9 men (age 47 ± 10 years) with IVF (6 with Brugada type and 3 with non‐Brugada type) who had experienced nocturnal episodes of VF. The control group consisted of 28 healthy age‐matched men (age 44 ± 12 years). The relationships between QT and RR intervals and between QaT and RR intervals were analyzed from 24‐hour Holter ECG data using an automatic measurement system. Both QT and QaT at RR intervals of 0.6, 1.0, and 1.2 seconds were determined from QT‐RR and QaT‐RR linear regression lines. Both QT‐RR and QaT‐RR slopes were lower in the IVF group than in the control group (QT‐RR: 0.092 ± 0.023 vs 0.137 ± 0.031, P < 0.001; QaT‐RR: 0.109 ± 0.025 vs 0.153 ± 0.028, P < 0.001). QT at an RR interval of 0.6 second did not differ between two groups, but QT at RR intervals of either 1.0 or 1.2 seconds was significantly shorter in the IVF group than in the control group (RR 1.0 s: 0.384 ± 0.018 vs 0.399 ± 0.017, P < 0.05; RR 1.2 s: 0.402 ± 0.019 vs 0.426 ± 0.020, P < 0.01). QaT at RR intervals of either 1.0 or 1.2 seconds also was shorter in the IVF group (RR 1.0 s: 0.289 ± 0.022 vs 0.312 ± 0.021, P < 0.01; RR 1.2 s: 0.311 ± 0.024 vs 0.343 ± 0.024, P < 0.01). In four patients, oral administration of disopyramide (300 mg/day) was effective in suppressing VF episodes and increased slopes of QT‐RR and QaT‐RR relationships.

Conclusion: IVF patients had lower slopes of QT‐RR and QaT‐RR regression lines and impaired prolongation of QT and QaT at longer RR intervals compared with control subjects. These unique repolarization dynamics may be related to the frequent occurrence of VF episodes at night. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 15, pp. 59‐63, January 2004)
Subelliptic boundary conditions for Spin
ℂ
–Dirac operators, gluing, relative indices, and tame Fredholm pairs
Authors: Epstein Charles L.
Published: October 2006

Let
X
be a Spin
ℂ
manifold with boundary, such that the Spin
ℂ
structure is defined near the boundary by an almost complex structure, which is either strictly pseudoconvex or pseudoconcave (and hence contact). Using generalized Szegő projectors, we define modified ∂̄-Neumann boundary conditions, ℛ
eo
, for spinors, which lead to subelliptic Fredholm boundary value problems for the Spin
ℂ
–Dirac operator, ð
eo
. To study the index of these boundary value problems we introduce a generalization of Fredholm pairs to the “tame” category. In this context, we show that the index of the graph closure of (ð
eo
, ℛ
eo
) equals the tame relative index, on the boundary, between ℛ
eo
and the Calderon projector. Let
X
0
and
X
1
be strictly pseudoconvex, Spin
ℂ
manifolds, as above. Let φ :
bX
1
→
bX
0
, be a contact diffeomorphism,
S
0
,
S
1
denote generalized Szegő projectors on
bX
0
,
bX
1
, respectively, and ℛ
0
eo
, ℛ
1
eo
, the subelliptic boundary conditions they define. If

X
1

is the manifold
X
1
with its orientation reversed, then the glued manifold
X
=
X
0
∐
φ

X
1

has a canonical Spin
ℂ
structure and Dirac operator, ð

X

eo
. Applying these results we obtain a formula for the relative index, R-Ind(
S
0
, φ*
S
1
),

As a special case, this formula verifies a conjecture of Atiyah and Weinstein [(1997)
RIMS Kokyuroku
1014:1–14] for the index of the quantization of a contact transformation between cosphere bundles.