bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nano‐cones on micro‐pyramids: modulated surface textures for maximal spectral response and high‐efficiency solar cells
Authors: Ingenito Andrea , Isabella Olindo , Zeman Miro
Published: February 2015

The front‐side reflection represents a significant optical loss in solar cells. One way to minimize this optical loss is to nano‐texture the front surface. Although nano‐textured surfaces have shown a broad‐band anti‐reflective effect, their light scattering and surface passivation properties are found to be generally worse than those of standard micro‐textured surfaces. To overcome these setbacks in crystalline silicon solar cells, advanced texturing and passivation approaches are here presented. In the first approach, we propose a modulated surface texture by superimposing nano‐cones on micro‐pyramidal surface texture. This advanced texture applied at the front side of crystalline silicon wafers completely suppresses the reflection in a broad wavelength range from 300 nm up to 1000 nm and efficiently scatters light up to 1200 nm. In the second approach, we show a method to minimize recombination at nano‐textured surfaces by using defect‐removal etching followed by dry thermal oxidation. These two approaches are applied here in an interdigitated back‐contacted crystalline silicon solar cell and result in decoupling of the interplay between the mechanisms behind short‐circuit current density and open‐circuit voltage. The device exhibits a conversion efficiency equal to 19.8%, record external quantum efficiency (78%) at short wavelengths (300 nm), and electrical performance equal to the performance of the reference interdigitated back‐contacted device based on front‐side micro‐pyramids. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of multi‐outcome longitudinal studies
Authors: Jensen Signe M. , Pipper Christian B. , Ritz Christian
Published: February 2015

Evaluation of intervention effects on multiple outcomes is a common scenario in clinical studies. In longitudinal studies, such evaluation is a challenge if one wishes to adequately capture simultaneous data behavior. In this situation, a common approach is to analyze each outcome separately. As a result, multiple statistical statements describing the intervention effect need to be reported and an adjustment for multiple testing is necessary. This is typically done by means of the Bonferroni procedure, which does not take into account the correlation between outcomes, thus resulting in overly conservative conclusions. We propose an alternative approach for multiplicity adjustment that incorporates dependence between outcomes, resulting in an appreciably less conservative evaluation. The ability of the proposed method to control the familywise error rate is evaluated in a simulation study, and the applicability of the method is demonstrated in two examples from the literature. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of local and allochthonous flint artefacts from the Middle Palaeolithical site ‘Abrigo de la Quebrada’ (Chelva, Valencia, Spain) by macroscopic and physicochemical methods
Authors: Roldán Clodoaldo , Carballo Jorgelina , Murcia Sonia , Eixea Aleix , Villaverde Valentín , Zilhão João
Published: February 2015

This work summarizes the characterization of flint artefacts from the Middle Palaeolithic site ‘Abrigo de la Quebrada’ (Chelva, Valencia, Spain) and flint geological samples collected in the Chelva area. Additionally, some flint artefacts located outside this geographical zone were also analysed and compared with the samples from the Abrigo de la Quebrada site. Flint samples have been studied using methods of macroscopic description and physicochemical analysis [energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD)]. Multivariate statistical analysis of the EDXRF data and the determination of the crystalline index of quartz, obtained from the XRD patterns, are suitable methods to discriminate between local and allochthonous flint artefacts in agreement with the macroscopic classification. These results provide new analytical information of the flint artefacts on a geographical area that had not been studied so far. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fundamental parameters of Zr and Ti for a reliable quantitative X‐ray fluorescence analysis
Authors: Kolbe Michael , Hönicke Philipp
Published: February 2015

Employing characterized beamlines as well as radiometrically calibrated detection systems in the Physikalisch‐Technische Bundesanstalt laboratory at the electron storage ring BESSY II in Berlin, fundamental parameters of the Zr (L subshells) and the Ti (K shell) have been experimentally determined and compared to available literature data. This study is mainly focused on the provision of a reliable uncertainty budget based on the calibrated instrumentation. Using a reference‐free X‐ray fluorescence approach and an advanced evaluation procedure without any input from databases, fundamental parameters, such as Coster–Kronig probabilities as well as fluorescence yields, are determined with both decreased and reliable uncertainties. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resource partitioning and dwarfism patterns between sympatric snakes in a micro‐insular Mediterranean environment
Authors: Luiselli Luca , Petrozzi Fabio , Mebert Konrad , Zuffi Marco A. L. , Amori Giovanni
Published: February 2015

Islands provide an evolutionary window, where a simplified natural network combined with unusual environmental conditions promote selective processes that trigger rapid changes in biological constituents of a species. The Mediterranean island of Montecristo, Italy, provides such a situation with a reduced fauna and flora compared to the mainland. We measured body size (SVL) and recorded diet of the two snake species occurring on the island, the Asp Viper (Vipera aspis) and the Western Whip Snake (Hierophis viridiflavus), and compared these data with populations of conspecifics from the mainland. Compared to mainland populations, the three principal results are: (1) no obvious niche shift along the food or habitat axes between the two snake species; (2) significant body size shift (insular dwarfism) of the whip snake by 30 %, and ca. 10 % in the viper; and (3) arboreal ambushing in the viper to add an alternative diet (birds) compared to mainland populations (more mice) to compensate for the lack of suitable micro‐mammals on Montecristo Island.
Chemical Characterization and Physical Properties of Solvents Derived from Epoxidized Methyl Soyate
Authors: Riley Sean J. , Verkade John G. , Angelici Robert J.
Published: February 2015

Reactions of epoxidized methyl soyate (EMS) with alcohols, carbon dioxide, and acetone yielded liquids with solvent properties that make them more suitable than methyl soyate for dissolving polar substances. The reactions of EMS in the presence of Amberlyst‐15 with alcohols, including methanol, ethanol, n‐butanol, and 2‐methoxyethanol, produced a series of solvents containing ether (–OR) and alcohol (–OH) groups. Reactions of EMS with carbon dioxide and acetone gave products with carbonate and ketonide functional groups, respectively. The complex mixture of compounds present in the product, EMS(MeOH), resulting from the reaction of EMS with MeOH, was characterized by MS and NMR investigations. In addition to products resulting from MeOH addition across the epoxide ring, were major amounts of cyclic tetrahydrofuran derivatives that were derived from reactions of methyl linoleate (18:2) with MeOH. All of the solvents were characterized by high boiling points and low vapor pressures. Their viscosities were higher than that of methyl soyate. Especially notable were their very high Kauri‐butanol values, which ranged from 280 to 852, all of which are much higher than that (57) of methyl soyate. Such high KB values indicate that these solvents have very favorable solubilizing properties, which is illustrated by the ability of EMS(MeOH) to readily dissolve both polar (e.g., MeOH) and non‐polar (e.g., hexane) compounds.
EPA guidance on cultural competence training
Authors: Schouler-Ocak Meryam , Graef-Calliess Iris T. , Tarricone Ilaria , Qureshi Adil , Kastrup Marianne C. , Bhugra Dinesh
Published: February 2015

The stress of migration as well as social factors and changes related to the receiving society may lead to the manifestation of psychiatric disorders in vulnerable individuals after migration. The diversity of cultures, ethnicities, races and reasons for migration poses a challenge for those seeking to understand how illness is experienced by immigrants whose backgrounds differ significantly from their clinicians. Cultural competence represents good clinical practice and can be defined as such that a clinician regards each patient in the context of the patient's own culture as well as from the perspective of the clinician's cultural values and prejudices. The EPA Guidance on cultural competence training outlines some of the key issues related to cultural competence and how to deal with these. It points out that cultural competence represents a comprehensive response to the mental health care needs of immigrant patients and requires knowledge, skills and attitudes which can improve the effectiveness of psychiatric treatment. To reach these aims, both individual and organizational competence are needed, as well as teaching competence in terms of educational leadership. The WPA Guidance on Mental Health and Mental Health Care for Migrants and the EPA Guidance on Mental Health Care for Migrants list a series of recommendations for policy makers, service providers and clinicians; these are aimed at improving mental health care for immigrants. The authors of this paper would like to underline these recommendations and, focusing on cultural competency and training, believe that they will be of positive value.
Retracted: MicroRNA‐575 targets BLID to promote growth and invasion of non‐small cell lung cancer cells
Authors: Wang Hongwei , Yan Chunhua , Shi Xiaodong , Zheng Jiaolin , Deng Lili , Yang Lei , Yu Fangfei , Yang Yuandi , Shao Yuxia
Published: February 2015

This study was designed to detect miR‐575 expression and function in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A higher expression of miR‐575 in NSCLC tissues was observed compared with adjacent non‐neoplastic tissues. Furthermore, re‐introduction of miR‐575 significantly promoted cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in the NSCLC line. Moreover, we showed that BLID is negatively regulated by miR‐575 at the posttranscriptional level, via a specific target site within the 3′UTR. Overexpression of BLID counteracted miR‐575‐induced proliferation and invasion in NSCLC cells. The expression of BLID is frequently downregulated in NSCLC tumors and cell lines and inversely correlates with miR‐575 expression. The findings of this study contribute to the current understanding of the functions of miR‐575 in NSCLC.
Prevention of type 2 diabetes among women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Hod Moshe , Hadar Eran , Cabero‐Roura Luis
Published: February 2015

The morbidity and mortality rates related to diabetes are constantly rising, as well as those for other noncommunicable diseases. The epidemic is spreading throughout the world, in both low‐ and high‐resource countries. Prevention is a key aspect in the battle against the disease and obstetricians play a critical role in the fight. Prevention starts in utero—for the diabetic mother, her infant, and future generations. The postpartum period should not be neglected because it provides another window of opportunity to address prevention. Data on the prevention of type 2 diabetes among women diagnosed with gestational diabetes are discussed.
Strengthening accountability to end preventable maternal deaths
Authors: Mathai Matthews , Dilip Thandassery R. , Jawad Issrah , Yoshida Sachiyo
Published: February 2015

The present paper describes the ongoing efforts to revitalize the accountability of national governments toward preventable maternal deaths. Maternal death reviews are included in the national health policies of the majority of countries contributing 95% of global maternal deaths. However in actual practice, the extent of implementation and follow‐up of recommended actions on lessons learnt from maternal death reviews is inadequate. This paper describes and discusses the role of the Maternal Death Surveillance and Response (MDSR) system in strengthening accountability and ending preventable maternal deaths. MDSR provides a surveillance tool for timely information on where, when, and why maternal deaths occur, builds on maternal death reviews, and includes the missing “response” component for improving quality of care and preventing maternal deaths.
Are safety and operational effectiveness contradictory requirements: The roles of routines and relational coordination
Authors: Pagell Mark , Klassen Robert , Johnston David , Shevchenko Anton , Sharma Sharvani
Published: February 2015

The relationship between managing a production system to be safe and managing it to be operationally effective is often described in conflicting terms, creating confusion for research and practice. Some view improving safety as separate and distinct from increasing operational effectiveness; they are contradictory requirements. Others emphasize that safety and effectiveness are complementary, and combine to enhance competitiveness. Recent research proposes that this confusion can be explained by examining the operational and safety routines used in production. Specifically, when an organization chooses to manage safety and operations in a coordinated fashion using a joint management system, safety and operational effectiveness are complementary. Yet, the contradiction between safety and operations can occur when the functions are managed as separate and unequal silos. This research tests this supposition using the theory of relational coordination. The results, based on a combination of survey and archival safety data from 198 manufacturing firms, show that safety and operational outcomes are indirectly related via routines and that plants that manage safety and operations using a joint management system make these priorities complementary and do not create trade‐offs between safety and operational performance.
Youth mental health in Ireland: a lot done, more to do?
Authors: Coughlan H. , Doyle M.
Published: February 2015

The emergence of a new youth mental health paradigm has challenged how we think about the provision of mental health care for adolescents and young adults. This editorial tracks the origins of this new paradigm within the field of mental health both internationally and in Ireland.
Comparative pharmacokinetics of purified flaxseed and associated mammalian lignans in male Wistar rats
Authors: Mukker Jatinder Kaur , Singh Ravi Shankar Prasad , Muir Alister D. , Krol Ed S. , Alcorn Jane
Published: February 2015

Consumption of flaxseed lignans is associated with various health benefits; however, little is known about the bioavailability of purified lignans in flaxseed. Data on their bioavailability and hence pharmacokinetics (PK) are necessary to better understand their role in putative health benefits. In the present study, we conducted a comparative PK analysis of the principal lignan of flaxseed, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), and its primary metabolites, secoisolariciresinol (SECO), enterodiol (ED) and enterolactone (EL) in rats. Purified lignans were intravenously or orally administered to each male Wistar rat. SDG and its primary metabolites SECO, ED and EL were administered orally at doses of 40, 40, 10 and 10 mg/kg, respectively, and intravenously at doses of 20, 20, 5 and 1 mg/kg, respectively. Blood samples were collected at 0 (pre-dose), 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 45 min, and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 h post-dosing, and serum samples were analysed. PK parameters and oral bioavailability of purified lignans were determined by non-compartmental methods. In general, administration of the flaxseed lignans SDG, SECO and ED demonstrated a high systemic clearance, a large volume of distribution and short half-lives, whereas administration of EL at the doses of 1 mg/kg (intravenously) and 10 mg/kg (orally administered) killed the rats within a few hours of dosing, precluding a PK analysis of this lignan. PK parameters of flaxseed lignans exhibited the following order: systemic clearance, SDG < SECO < ED; volume of distribution, SDG < SECO < ED; half-life, SDG < ED < SECO. The percentage of oral bioavailability was 0, 25 and < 1 % for SDG, SECO and ED, respectively.
Rumen development process in goats as affected by supplemental feeding v. grazing: age-related anatomic development, functional achievement and microbial colonisation
Authors: Jiao Jinzhen , Li Xiaopeng , Beauchemin Karen A. , Tan Zhiliang , Tang Shaoxun , Zhou Chuanshe
Published: February 2015

The aim of the present study was to describe age-related changes in anatomic, functional and microbial variables during the rumen development process, as affected by the feeding system (supplemental feeding v. grazing), in goats. Goats were slaughtered at seven time points that were selected to reflect the non-rumination (0, 7 and 14 d), transition (28 and 42 d) and rumination (56 and 70 d) phases of rumen development. Total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) concentration (P= 0·002), liquid-associated bacterial and archaeal copy numbers (P< 0·01) were greater for supplemental feeding v. grazing, while rumen pH (P< 0·001), acetate molar proportion (P= 0·003) and solid-associated microbial copy numbers (P< 0·05) were less. Rumen papillae length (P= 0·097) and extracellular (P= 0·093) and total (P= 0·073) protease activity potentials in supplemented goats tended to be greater than those in grazing goats. Furthermore, from 0 to 70 d, irrespective of the feeding system, rumen weight, rumen wall thickness, rumen papillae length and area, TVFA concentration, xylanase, carboxymethylcellulase activity potentials, and microbial copy numbers increased (P< 0·01) with age, while the greatest amylase and protease activity potentials occurred at 28 d. Most anatomic and functional variables evolved progressively from 14 to 42 d, while microbial colonisation was fastest from birth to 28 d. These outcomes suggest that the supplemental feeding system is more effective in promoting rumen development than the grazing system; in addition, for both the feeding systems, microbial colonisation in the rumen is achieved at 1 month, functional achievement at 2 months, and anatomic development after 2 months.
The Historiography of India's Partition: Between Civilization and Modernity
Authors: Gilmartin David
Published: February 2015

More than sixty-five years after the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947, controversy about partition, its causes and its effects, continues. Yet the emphases in these debates have changed over the years, and it is perhaps time, in the wake of India's recent elections, to take stock once again of how these debates have developed in the last several decades and where they are heading. What gives these controversies particular significance is that they are not just about that singular event, but about the whole trajectory of India's modern history, as interpreted through partition's lens—engaging academic historians, even as they continue to be deeply enmeshed in ongoing political conflict in South Asia, and, indeed, in the world more broadly.
Inside Taiwan's Sunflower Movement: Twenty-Four Days in a Student-Occupied Parliament, and the Future of the Region
Authors: Rowen Ian
Published: February 2015

“Say goodbye to Taiwan,” wrote political scientist John Mearsheimer in a widely read article in the March-April 2014 issue of The National Interest. Threatened by China's rising economic might and abandoned by a weakening United States, one of Asia's most vibrant democracies was facing, in his “realist” analysis, an almost inevitable annexation via economic if not military force. “Time,” he wrote, “is running out for the little island coveted by its gigantic, growing neighbor.” But only days after publication, on March 18, activists and armchair analysts alike said hello to a new reality.
Die Begegnung am Brunnen (Joh 4.4–42) im Licht der „Schrift“: Überlegungen zu den Samaritanern im Johannesevangelium
Authors: Förster Hans
Published: February 2015

Within the narrative of John 4.4–42 (the Samaritan woman at the well) the fact is mentioned that ‘Jacob's well’ had been given to his son Joseph (John 4.5). By calling Jacob ‘our father’ (John 4.12), the woman claims for the Samaritans a direct lineage from Jacob via Joseph. The Samaritans are designated as ‘children of Israel’ and members of the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh (i.e. the ‘house of Joseph’). The genealogy is embedded in a motif occurring in Scripture (the encounter at the well). Thus, it is questionable whether the passage of the woman at the well can primarily be seen as ‘mission among gentiles’. The narrative focus of the passage seems to point to a mission among the ‘children of Israel’.
How Greek was Paul's Eschatology?
Authors: Van Kooten George , Wischmeyer Oda , Wright N. T.
Published: February 2015

At the 69th Annual Meeting of the Studiorum Novi Testamenti Societas (SNTS), held in Szeged, Hungary, three scholars were invited to debate the theme of the Greek element in Paul's eschatology – a theme proposed by Prof Udo Schnelle, President of SNTS for 2014. The three contrasting presentations, intended primarily for oral delivery, are published here. It is intended that this ‘Quaestiones Disputatae’ format will be a regular feature of the Society's meetings, and that presentations will be published in this journal.
Hot Baths and Cold Minds
Authors: HARRIS JOHN , LAWRENCE DAVID R.
Published: February 2015

The idea—the possibility—of reading the mind, from the outside or indeed even from the inside, has exercised humanity from the earliest times. If we could read other minds both prospectively, to discern intentions and plans, and retrospectively, to discover what had been “on” those minds when various events had occurred, the implications for morality and for law and social policy would be immense. Recent advances in neuroscience have offered some, probably remote, prospects of improved access to the mind, but a different branch of technology seems to offer the most promising and the most daunting prospect for both mind reading and mind misreading. You can’t have the possibility of the one without the possibility of the other. This article tells some of this story.
Get to the Point!
Authors: TAKALA TUIJA
Published: February 2015

This article argues that practicality is currently overemphasized in philosophical contributions to bioethics. The inclinations to aim at relevance, to ground normativity on common morality, and to involve many academic disciplines in ethical discussions is understandable, but they are all poorly founded. When answers to difficult questions are already known at the outset, these endeavors can help decisionmakers in gaining the acceptance of the general public. Wider theoretical analyses, in which philosophers could excel, however, tend to be lost in these practical enterprises.
Philosophical Feminist Bioethics
Authors: MARWAY HERJEET , WIDDOWS HEATHER
Published: February 2015

The end of the last century was a particularly vibrant period for feminist bioethics. Almost two decades on, we reflect on the legacy of the feminist critique of bioethics and investigate the extent to which it has been successful and what requires more attention yet. We do this by examining the past, present, and future: we draw out three feminist concerns that emerged in this period—abstraction, individualism, and power—and consider three feminist responses—relationality, particularity, and justice—and we finish with some thoughts about the future.
Toward a Postmodern Bioethics
Authors: GIBSON DAVID
Published: February 2015

In this article, postmodernism is presented as posing a challenge to the role of philosophy within bioethics. It is argued that any attempt to develop a postmodern bioethics must respond to arguments concerning power, relational responsibility, and violence. Contemporary work on the topic of relational autonomy and naturalized bioethics is interpreted as engaging with the postmodern challenge. This article proposes that the role of philosophy in bioethics should be not to provide moral guidance but rather to adopt a critical approach to the possible consequences of privileging any position or understanding over others.
The Grand Leap of the Whale up the Niagara Falls
Authors: HOLM SØREN
Published: February 2015

This article analyzes a neat conjuring trick employed in bioethics, that is, the immediate conversion of a philosophical conclusion into a policy prescription, and compares it to the “grand leap of the whale up the Niagara Falls” mentioned by Benjamin Franklin. It is shown that there is no simple and easy way to achieve the conversion, by considering arguments falling under four headings: (1) reasonable disagreement about values and theories, (2) general jurisprudential arguments, (3) the differences between policymaking and philosophy, and (4) the messy world of implementation. The particular issue used to illustrate the difficulties in moving from philosophical conclusion to policy description is infanticide of healthy infants, but the analysis is general, and the conclusion that the immediate move to policy is illegitimate is quite general.
Why Is Therapeutic Misconception So Prevalent?
Authors: LIDZ CHARLES W. , ALBERT KAREN , APPELBAUM PAUL , DUNN LAURA B. , OVERTON EVE , PIVOVAROVA EKATERINA
Published: February 2015

Therapeutic misconception (TM)—when clinical research participants fail to adequately grasp the difference between participating in a clinical trial and receiving ordinary clinical care—has long been recognized as a significant problem in consent to clinical trials. We suggest that TM does not primarily reflect inadequate disclosure or participants’ incompetence. Instead, TM arises from divergent primary cognitive frames. The researchers’ frame places the clinical trial in the context of scientific designs for assessing intervention efficacy. In contrast, most participants have a cognitive frame that is personal and focused primarily on their medical problems. To illustrate this, we draw on interview material from both clinical researchers and participants in clinical trials. We suggest that reducing TM requires encouraging subjects to adjust their frame, not just add information to their existing frame. What is necessary is ascientific reframingof participation in a clinical trial.
Assessment of a government-subsidized supermarket in a high-need area on household food availability and children’s dietary intakes
Authors: Elbel Brian , Moran Alyssa , Dixon L Beth , Kiszko Kamila , Cantor Jonathan , Abrams Courtney , Mijanovich Tod
Published: February 2015

Objective

To assess the impact of a new government-subsidized supermarket in a high-need area on household food availability and dietary habits in children.

Design

A difference-in-difference study design was utilized.

Setting

Two neighbourhoods in the Bronx, New York City. Outcomes were collected in Morrisania, the target community where the new supermarket was opened, and Highbridge, the comparison community.

Subjects

Parents/caregivers of a child aged 3–10 years residing in Morrisania or Highbridge. Participants were recruited via street intercept at baseline (pre-supermarket opening) and at two follow-up periods (five weeks and one year post-supermarket opening).

Results

Analysis is based on 2172 street-intercept surveys and 363 dietary recalls from a sample of predominantly low-income minorities. While there were small, inconsistent changes over the time periods, there were no appreciable differences in availability of healthful or unhealthful foods at home, or in children’s dietary intake as a result of the supermarket.

Conclusions

The introduction of a government-subsidized supermarket into an underserved neighbourhood in the Bronx did not result in significant changes in household food availability or children’s dietary intake. Given the lack of healthful food options in underserved neighbourhoods and need for programmes that promote access, further research is needed to determine whether healthy food retail expansion, alone or with other strategies, can improve food choices of children and their families.
Introduction: Twenty Five Years of the Welfare Modelling Business
Authors: Powell Martin , Barrientos Armando
Published: February 2015

Gosta Esping-Andersen's (1990)The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalismhas become one of the most cited works in social policy (over 20,600 Google Scholar citations; 20 October 2014). This path-breaking work, with its identification of three distinct forms of welfare capitalism in high income countries, has become the basis for a whole academic industry described as the Welfare Modelling Business (Abrahamson 1999; Powell and Barrientos 2011). According to Headeyet al. (1997: 332), it has become a canon in comparative social policy against which any subsequent work must situate itself. Abrahamson (1999) notes that, since the publication of the book, every welfare state scholar has referred to Esping-Andersen's tripolar scheme. Scruggs and Allen (2006: 55, 69) remark that it ‘is difficult to find an article comparing welfare states in advanced democratic countries (or a syllabus on social policy) that does not refer to this seminal work’, and ‘it is hard to overstate the significance of the impact ofThe Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism(TWWC) on comparative studies of the welfare state’. Its seminal status is evidenced by the extent to which it continues to be cited in articles on comparative welfare states. It also remains required reading for most (graduate) students of comparative political economy and social policy (Scruggs and Allen, 2008). Kröger (2011) claims that, with few exceptions, comparative social policy research is shaped by welfare regime analysis. Arts and Gelissen conclude thatTWWCis a defining influence upon the whole field of comparative welfare state research (2010: 569). Danforth (2014) writes that the ‘three worlds’ typology has become one of the principal heuristics for examining modern welfare states. In short,TWWCis a ‘modern classic’ (Arts and Gelissen, 2002).
RELATIVE CATEGORICITY AND ABSTRACTION PRINCIPLES
Authors: WALSH SEAN , EBELS-DUGGAN SEAN
Published: February 2015

Many recent writers in the philosophy of mathematics have put great weight on the relative categoricity of the traditional axiomatizations of our foundational theories of arithmetic and set theory (Parsons, 1990; Parsons, 2008, sec. 49; McGee, 1997; Lavine, 1999; Väänänen & Wang, 2014). Another great enterprise in contemporary philosophy of mathematics has been Wright’s and Hale’s project of founding mathematics on abstraction principles (Hale & Wright, 2001; Cook, 2007). In Walsh (2012), it was noted that one traditional abstraction principle, namely Hume’s Principle, had a certain relative categoricity property, which here we termnatural relative categoricity. In this paper, we show that most other abstraction principles arenotnaturally relatively categorical, so that there is in fact a large amount of incompatibility between these two recent trends in contemporary philosophy of mathematics. To better understand the precise demands of relative categoricity in the context of abstraction principles, we compare and contrast these constraints to (i) stability-like acceptability criteria on abstraction principles (cf. Cook, 2012), (ii) the Tarski-Sher logicality requirements on abstraction principles studied by Antonelli (2010b) and Fine (2002), and (iii) supervaluational ideas coming out of the work of Hodes (1984, 1990, 1991).
Corruption performance voting and the electoral context
Authors: Ecker Alejandro , Glinitzer Konstantin , Meyer Thomas M.
Published: February 2015

Fighting corruption is a vital aspect of good governance. When assessing government performance voters should thus withdraw electoral support from government parties that turn a blind eye to or even engage in corrupt practices. Whereas most accounts of performance-based voting focus on economic outcomes, we analyse whether and to what extent voters punish incumbents for high levels of corruption. Using data from the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems, we find that while voters perceiving high levels of corruption punish incumbents, corruption performance voting depends on individual-level attributes and the electoral context: it is most likely for non-partisans, for voters who believe that government turnover will bring about change, and in systems where corruption is a salient issue. Yet, corruption performance voting is not moderated by the clarity of political responsibility. Studying these conditions helps us to understand why corruption is more persistent in some contexts than in others.
How to Decide?
Authors: Gather Jakov , Vollmann Jochen
Published: February 2015

Based on a clinical case report of a 93-year-old person with dementia, who refuses to eat and drink after successful treatment of pneumonia with a subsequent delirium, we discuss different aspects of the evaluation of the patient’s will from an ethical point of view. We describe the problems of applying an advance directive to the present situation and draw ethical conclusions for handling advance directives in psychiatric practice. Furthermore, we discuss how the diverging expressions of someone’s will should be taken into account in order to respect the patient’s autonomy at the best.
Developing Databases of Ancient Sea Level and Ice Sheet Extents
Authors: Williams Felicity H. , Hallmann Nadine , Carlson Anders
Published: February 2015

PALSEA2 Workshop; Lochinver, Scotland, 16–22 September 2014
What Causes Broadband Electrostatic Noise in Space?
Authors: Orwig Jessica
Published: February 2015

Factors that generate electrostatic noise involve how electric fields compress magnetized plasmas.
Honoring AGU Members
Authors:   AGU
Published: February 2015

Appointments and honors for Earth and space scientists.
Muscle-specific Drp1 overexpression impairs skeletal muscle growth via translational attenuation
Authors: Touvier T , De Palma C , Rigamonti E , Scagliola A , Incerti E , Mazelin L , Thomas J-L , D'Antonio M , Politi L , Schaeffer L , Clementi E , Brunelli S
Published: February 2015

Mitochondrial fission and fusion are essential processes in the maintenance of the skeletal muscle function. The contribution of these processes to muscle development has not been properly investigated in vivo because of the early lethality of the models generated so far. To define the role of mitochondrial fission in muscle development and repair, we have generated a transgenic mouse line that overexpresses the fission-inducing protein Drp1 specifically in skeletal muscle. These mice displayed a drastic impairment in postnatal muscle growth, with reorganisation of the mitochondrial network and reduction of mtDNA quantity, without the deficiency of mitochondrial bioenergetics. Importantly we found that Drp1 overexpression activates the stress-induced PKR/eIF2α/Fgf21 pathway thus leading to an attenuated protein synthesis and downregulation of the growth hormone pathway. These results reveal for the first time how mitochondrial network dynamics influence muscle growth and shed light on aspects of muscle physiology relevant in human muscle pathologies.
Neuritin 1 promotes retinal ganglion cell survival and axonal regeneration following optic nerve crush
Authors: Sharma T P , Liu Y , Wordinger R J , Pang I-H , Clark A F
Published: February 2015

Neuritin 1 (Nrn1) is an extracellular glycophosphatidylinositol-linked protein that stimulates axonal plasticity, dendritic arborization and synapse maturation in the central nervous system (CNS). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the neuroprotective and axogenic properties of Nrn1 on axotomized retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in vitro and on the in vivo optic nerve crush (ONC) mouse model. Axotomized cultured RGCs treated with recombinant hNRN1 significantly increased survival of RGCs by 21% (n=6–7, P<0.01) and neurite outgrowth in RGCs by 141% compared to controls (n=15, P<0.05). RGC transduction with AAV2-CAG–hNRN1 prior to ONC promoted RGC survival (450%, n=3–7, P<0.05) and significantly preserved RGC function by 70% until 28 days post crush (dpc) (n=6, P<0.05) compared with the control AAV2-CAG–green fluorescent protein transduction group. Significantly elevated levels of RGC marker, RNA binding protein with multiple splicing (Rbpms; 73%, n=5–8, P<0.001) and growth cone marker, growth-associated protein 43 (Gap43; 36%, n=3, P<0.01) were observed 28 dpc in the retinas of the treatment group compared with the control group. Significant increase in Gap43 (100%, n=5–6, P<0.05) expression was observed within the optic nerves of the AAV2–hNRN1 group compared to controls. In conclusion, Nrn1 exhibited neuroprotective, regenerative effects and preserved RGC function on axotomized RGCs in vitro and after axonal injury in vivo. Nrn1 is a potential therapeutic target for CNS neurodegenerative diseases.
Mitochondrial DNA copy number is regulated by DNA methylation and demethylation of POLGA in stem and cancer cells and their differentiated progeny
Authors: Lee W , Johnson J , Gough D J , Donoghue J , Cagnone G L M , Vaghjiani V , Brown K A , Johns T G , St. John J C
Published: February 2015

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number is strictly regulated during differentiation so that cells with a high requirement for ATP generated through oxidative phosphorylation have high mtDNA copy number, whereas those with a low requirement have few copies. Using immunoprecipitation of DNA methylation on 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), which distinguish between de novo DNA methylation and demethylation, respectively, we set out to determine whether DNA methylation at exon 2 of the human mtDNA-specific polymerase (DNA polymerase gamma A (POLGA)) regulates cell-specific mtDNA copy number in highly proliferative and terminally differentiated cells. Highly proliferative cancer and pluripotent and multipotent cells possessed low mtDNA copy number and were highly methylated at exon 2 of POLGA in contrast to post-mitotic cells. Unlike neural stem cells, cancer cells were unable to differentiate and remained extensively DNA methylated at exon 2 of POLGA. However, mtDNA depletion of cancer cells reduced DNA methylation at exon 2 of POLGA as they replenished mtDNA to form tumours in mice. Glioblastoma cells treated with the DNA demethylation agent 5-azacytidine over 28 days of astrocyte-induced differentiation demethylated exon 2 of POLGA leading to increased mtDNA copy number and expression of the astrocyte endpoint marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). However, the demethylation agent vitamin C (VitC) was unable to sustain increased mtDNA copy number and differentiation, as was the case when VitC was withdrawn after short-term treatment. These data demonstrate that DNA demethylation of POLGA is an essential regulator of mtDNA copy number and cellular fate and that cancer cells are only able to modulate DNA methylation of POLGA and mtDNA copy number in the presence of a DNA demethylation agent that inhibits de novo methyltransferase 1 activity.
Akt phosphorylates Prohibitin 1 to mediate its mitochondrial localization and promote proliferation of bladder cancer cells
Authors: Jiang L , Dong P , Zhang Z , Li C , Li Y , Liao Y , Li X , Wu Z , Guo S , Mai S , Xie D , Liu Z , Zhou F
Published: February 2015

Bladder cancer (BC) is very common and associated with significant morbidity and mortality, though the molecular underpinnings of its origination and progression remain poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that Prohibitin 1 (PHB) was overexpressed in human BC tissues and that PHB upregulation was associated with poor prognosis. We also found that PHB was necessary and sufficient for BC cell proliferation. Interestingly, the overexpressed PHB was primarily found within mitochondria, and we provide the first direct evidence that phosphorylation by Akt at Thr258 of PHB induces this mitochondrial localization. Inhibiton of Akt reverses these effects and inhibited the proliferation of BC cells. Finally, the phosphorylation of PHB was required for BC cell proliferation, further implicating the importance of the Akt in BC. Taken together, these findings identify the Akt/PHB signaling cascade as a novel mechanism of cancer cell proliferation and provide the scientific basis for the establishment of PHB as a new prognostic marker and treatment target for BC.
Complement C1q-induced activation of β-catenin signalling causes hypertensive arterial remodelling
Authors: Sumida Tomokazu , Naito Atsuhiko T. , Nomura Seitaro , Nakagawa Akito , Higo Tomoaki , Hashimoto Akihito , Okada Katsuki , Sakai Taku , Ito Masamichi , Yamaguchi Toshihiro , Oka Toru , Akazawa Hiroshi , Lee Jong-Kook , Minamino Tohru , Offermanns Stefan , Noda Tetsuo , Botto Marina , Kobayashi Yoshio , Morita Hiroyuki , Manabe Ichiro , Nagai Toshio , Shiojima Ichiro , Komuro Issei
Published: February 2015

Hypertension induces structural remodelling of arteries, which leads to arteriosclerosis and end-organ damage. Hyperplasia of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and infiltration of immune cells are the hallmark of hypertensive arterial remodelling. However, the precise molecular mechanisms of arterial remodelling remain elusive. We have recently reported that complement C1q activates β-catenin signalling independent of Wnts. Here, we show a critical role of complement C1-induced activation of β-catenin signalling in hypertensive arterial remodelling. Activation of β-catenin and proliferation of VSMCs were observed after blood-pressure elevation, which were prevented by genetic and chemical inhibition of β-catenin signalling. Macrophage depletion and C1qa gene deletion attenuated the hypertension-induced β-catenin signalling, proliferation of VSMCs and pathological arterial remodelling. Our findings unveil the link between complement C1 and arterial remodelling and suggest that C1-induced activation of β-catenin signalling becomes a novel therapeutic target to prevent arteriosclerosis in patients with hypertension.
A highly conspicuous mineralized composite photonic architecture in the translucent shell of the blue-rayed limpet
Authors: Li Ling , Kolle Stefan , Weaver James C. , Ortiz Christine , Aizenberg Joanna , Kolle Mathias
Published: February 2015

Many species rely on diverse selections of entirely organic photonic structures for the manipulation of light and the display of striking colours. Here we report the discovery of a mineralized hierarchical photonic architecture embedded within the translucent shell of the blue-rayed limpetPatella pellucida. The bright colour of the limpet’s stripes originates from light interference in a periodically layered zig-zag architecture of crystallographically co-oriented calcite lamellae. Beneath the photonic multilayer, a disordered array of light-absorbing particles provides contrast for the blue colour. This unique mineralized manifestation of a synergy of two distinct optical elements at specific locations within the continuum of the limpet’s translucent protective shell ensures the vivid shine of the blue stripes, which can be perceived under water from a wide range of viewing angles. The stripes’ reflection band coincides with the spectral range of minimal light absorption in sea water, raising intriguing questions regarding their functional significance.
Long-range epigenetic regulation is conferred by genetic variation located at thousands of independent loci
Authors: Lemire Mathieu , Zaidi Syed H.E. , Ban Maria , Ge Bing , Aïssi Dylan , Germain Marine , Kassam Irfahan , Wang Mike , Zanke Brent W. , Gagnon France , Morange Pierre-Emmanuel , Trégouët David-Alexandre , Wells Philip S. , Sawcer Stephen , Gallinger Steven , Pastinen Tomi , Hudson Thomas J.
Published: February 2015

The interplay between genetic and epigenetic variation is only partially understood. One form of epigenetic variation is methylation at CpG sites, which can be measured as methylation quantitative trait loci (meQTL). Here we report that in a panel of lymphocytes from 1,748 individuals, methylation levels at 1,919 CpG sites are correlated with at least one distal (trans) single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (P<3.2 × 10−13; FDR<5%). Thesetrans-meQTLs include 1,657 SNP–CpG pairs from different chromosomes and 262 pairs from the same chromosome that are >1 Mb apart. Over 90% of these pairs are replicated (FDR<5%) in at least one of two independent data sets. Genomic loci harbouringtrans-meQTLs are significantly enriched (P<0.001) for long non-coding transcripts (2.2-fold), known epigenetic regulators (2.3-fold), piwi-interacting RNA clusters (3.6-fold) and curated transcription factors (4.1-fold), including zinc-finger proteins (8.75-fold). Long-range epigenetic networks uncovered by this approach may be relevant to normal and disease states.
Highly Stable and Sensitive Fluorescent Probes (LysoProbes) for Lysosomal Labeling and Tracking
Authors: Yapici Nazmiye B. , Bi Yue , Li Pengfei , Chen Xin , Yan Xin , Mandalapu Srinivas Rao , Faucett Megan , Jockusch Steffen , Ju Jingfang , Gibson K. Michael , Pavan William J. , Bi Lanrong
Published: February 2015

We report the design, synthesis and application of several new fluorescent probes (LysoProbes I-VI) that facilitate lysosomal pH monitoring and characterization of lysosome-dependent apoptosis. LysoProbes are superior to commercially available lysosome markers since the fluorescent signals are both stable and highly selective and they will aid in characterization of lysosome morphology and trafficking. We predict that labeling of cancer cells and solid tumor tissues with LysoProbes will provide an important new tool for monitoring the role of lysosome trafficking in cancer invasion and metastasis.
Cardioprotective activity of iron oxide nanoparticles
Authors: Xiong Fei , Wang Hao , Feng Yidong , Li Yunman , Hua Xiaoqing , Pang Xingyun , Zhang Song , Song Lina , Zhang Yu , Gu Ning
Published: February 2015

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are chemically inert materials and have been mainly used for imaging applications and drug deliveries. However, the possibility whether they can be used as therapeutic drugs themselves has not yet been explored. We reported here that Fe2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) can protect hearts from ischemic damage at the animal, tissue and cell level. The cardioprotective activity of Fe2O3 NPs requires the integrity of nanoparticles and is not dependent upon their surface charges and molecules that were integrated into nanoparticles. Also, Fe2O3 NPs showed no significant toxicity towards normal cardiomyocytes, indicative of their potential to treat cardiovascular diseases.
Multi-Fractal Hierarchy of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Hydrophobic Coatings
Authors: De Nicola Francesco , Castrucci Paola , Scarselli Manuela , Nanni Francesca , Cacciotti Ilaria , De Crescenzi Maurizio
Published: February 2015

A hierarchical structure is an assembly with a multi-scale morphology and with a large and accessible surface area. Recent advances in nanomaterial science have made increasingly possible the design of hierarchical surfaces with specific and tunable properties. Here, we report the fractal analysis of hierarchical single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) films realized by a simple, rapid, reproducible and inexpensive filtration process from an aqueous dispersion, then deposited by drytransfer printing method on several substrates, at room temperature. Furthermore, by varying the thickness of carbon nanotube random networks, it is possible tailoring their wettability due to capillary phenomena in the porous films. Moreover, in order to describe the wetting properties of such surfaces, we introduce a two-dimensional extension of the Wenzel-Cassie-Baxter theory. The hierarchical surface roughness of SWCNT coatings coupled with their exceptional and tunable optical and electrical properties provide an ideal hydrophobic composite surface for a new class of optoelectronic and nanofluidic devices.