bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Matching Response to Context in Complex Political Emergencies: ‘Relief’, ‘Development’, ‘Peace‐building’ or Something In‐between?
Authors: White Philip , Cliffe Lionel
Published: March 2003

There is an ongoing debate over the value and pitfalls of the policy and practice of ‘linking relief and development’ or ‘developmental relief’ in aid responses to complex political emergencies (CPEs). Driven by concerns about relief creating dependence, sometimes doing harm and failing to address root causes of emergencies despite its high cost, pursuit of both relief and development has become a dominant paradigm among international aid agencies in CPEs as in ‘natural’ disasters. In CPEs a third objective of ‘peace‐building’ has emerged, along with the logic that development can itself help prevent or resolve conflict and sustain peace. However, this broadening of relief objectives in ongoing CPEs has recently been criticised on a number of counts, central concerns being that it leads to a dilution of commitment to core humanitarian principles and is overly optimistic. This paper addresses these issues in the light of two of the CPEs studied by the COPE project: Eritrea and Somalia/Somaliland. It is argued that the debate has so far suffered from lack of clarity about what we mean by ‘relief’, ‘development’ and, for that matter, ‘rehabilitation’ and ‘peace‐building’. The wide spectrum of possible aid outcomes does not divide neatly into these categories. The relief–development divide is not always as clear‐cut, technically or politically, as the critics claim. Moreover such distinctions, constructed from the point of view of aid programmers, are often of little relevance to the concerns of intended beneficiaries. Second, there has been insufficient attention to context: rather than attempting to generalise within and across CPE cases, a more productive approach would be to examine more closely the conditions under which forms of aid other than basic life support can fruitfully be pursued. This leads to consideration of collective agency capacity to respond effectively to diverse needs in different and changing circumstances.
Estimating the Capacity of Warehouses
Authors: Cosgrave John
Published: March 2003

The required capacity of warehouses for use in humanitarian emergencies is very often overestimated. This paper reviews some of the principal factors affecting warehouse capacity for emergency humanitarian operations in developing countries. The growing difference between modern commercial warehousing practice and the approach typically used in humanitarian emergencies is highlighted. The principal constraints on capacity are identified and discussed. A simple method for estimating the storage capacity of warehouses for emergency operations is then presented.
Distribution, Equity and Domestic Water Charging Regimes: The Case of Scotland
Authors: McMaster Robert , Mackay Daniel F.
Published: March 2003

This paper argues that charging for a merit good, such as water, raises important distributional concerns. More direct charging is likely to demonstrate a pronounced impact on poorer sections of society. Arguably, this carries potentially adverse allocative efficiency effects. Following Hochman and Rodgers’ (1969) thesis that wealthier individuals may benefit from the redistribution of income to the poor; the regressive pricing of merit goods will engender external costs. We argue that this is likely in the context of domestic water provision in Scotland. On this basis we evaluate the comparative regressiveness of five alternative charging arrangements. Somewhat counter‐intuitively, our simulation results reveal that a flat rate licence fee may be marginally the least regressive of the five arrangements.
Determinants of the Non‐profit Sector Size: An Empirical Analysis in Spain
Authors: Marcuello Carmen
Published: March 2003

The economic literature has proposed different explanations about the role and existence of the non‐profit organizations in the economy. These theories can be divided into two types: demand theories and supply theories. However, Ben‐Ner and Van Hoomissen (1991, 1992) suggested that, in some cases, demand and supply factors operate simultaneously and it is particularly difficult to separate them. Thus, it is necessary to consider these two factors in the study of the determinants that have influence in the existence of non‐profit organizations. In this paper, this argument is considered in order to analyse the demand and supply determinants of the non‐profit organizations’ development in Catalonia, a Spanish region.
Social Economy and New Jobs: A Summary of Twenty Case Studies in European Regions
Authors: Westerdahl Stig , Westlund Hans
Published: March 2003

Employment in the new social economy is growing. In times of rising unemployment new cooperatives and associations are recruiting some of the unemployed. That is the main conclusion in the study on twenty organizations scattered all over Europe presented in this article. The organizations are located in different economic and legal environments, but united in that they are comparatively small, locally based and run in a democratic way. The article also introduces the field `new social economy’ and presents three hypotheses to give a theoretical framework for the results in the study. Finally implications for policy and research are presented.
Credit Rationing, Group Lending and Optimal Group Size
Authors: Impavido Gregorio
Published: March 2003

I develop a model of credit rationing with effort unobservable by lenders where borrowers can choose among projects of different riskiness. In such a set‐up rationing that can be relaxed if borrowers put up physical collateral arises. Group lending proves to be a possible means to relax rationing and improve efficiency when physical collateral is not available. The optimal size of groups is here analysed as a function of social factors. It turns out that groups can be neither too small nor too large because in both cases the effectiveness of social sanctions on behaviour is too low to offset the negative effect on effort due to profit sharing and free riding. Individual sensitivity to social sanctions is the crucial element determining whether groups can be formed or not.
Privatization and Performance in Eastern Europe: Alternative Scenarios
Authors: Roberts Barbara M.
Published: March 2003

The paper focuses on the possible outcomes of privatization and considers how different scenarios of privatization lead to varied macroeconomic performance. Alternative scenarios involve changes in efficiency, taxation, wages, income distribution and interactions with the world economy. The consequences of pursuing different scenarios of privatization are simulated using a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model. Illustrative simulations with the model are carried out for a representative economy, intended to depict a country at the outset of transition. The simulation results suggest that privatization can exert a favourable or adverse impact on the whole economy, depending on the way in which the performance of the newly privatized sector changes. The simulation analysis for Poland shows that some developments accompanying privatization processes might have contributed to recession and budget deficit.
Performance des activités d'éducation et de recherche des systèmes d'enseignement supérieur de l'OCDE
Authors: Bayenet B. , Debande O.
Published: March 2003

Most of the studies in the literature on performance in higher education focus on international comparisons of education expenditure, mainly the expenditure per student, and do not take into account the multi‐dimensional outcome of higher education activities, i.e. research and education. To go thoroughly into the analysis of higher education systems performance, we develop a complementary approach based on the notion of efficiency (“Data Envelopment Analysis” method). Moreover, we evaluate the internal and external efficiency of education and research activities performed by higher education systems, by taking into consideration the labour market integration of the graduates and the publications weighted by the number of researchers. Taking into account the two‐dimensional activity of higher education and introducing qualitative measures of education and research outputs strongly modify the level of efficiency of OECD countries compared with a quantitative one‐dimensional assessment of higher education performance.

Les éudes de comparaison internationale en matière d'évaluation de l'enseignement supérieur se limitent à une analyse budgétaire bivariée. Dans cet article, nous analysons la performance de l'enseignement supérieur en tenant compte de l'éducation et de la recherche. Cette approche se concentre sur la notion d'efficacité(méthode “Data Envelopment Analysis”). Nous mesurons l'efficacité interne et externe de l'enseignement et de la recherche en tenant compte de l'insertion des diplômés sur le marché du travail et des publications pondérées par le nombre de chercheurs. L'introduction du caractère multi‐outputs de l'enseignement supérieur et/ou des mesures qualitatives modifie considérablement le niveau d'efficacitédes pays de l'OCDE.
Universal Service: An economic perspective
Authors: Cremer H. , Gasmi F. , Grimaud A. , Laffont J. J.
Published: March 2003

This paper discusses some important issues that feed the debate on the notion of Universal Service, namely, its definition, justification, cost and financing, within a unified economic framework. In view of the diversity of both the historical and forward looking situations under which the implementation of universal service is envisioned, we provide a systematic analysis of the economic trade‐offs associated with various scenarios. We also draw on some actual universal service experiences that have reached some appreciable level of maturity, most notably in telecommunications and postal services, to illustrate and sometimes fine tune some of our arguments.
Entrepreneurial Manchester: The Genesis of Elite Consensus
Authors: Quilley Stephen
Published: March 2003

The article reviews the changing strategies of Manchester's Labour‐controlled city council from 1987 and the emergence of “urban entrepreneurialism” as the hegemonic framework for local strategy. It is argued that the supply‐side emphasis on “bricks and mortar” regeneration, flagship developments, and place‐marketing depended on the emergence of both tacit and formal partnerships and the consolidation of an elite consensus. Such partnerships were substantially directed at securing discretionary grant funding in direct competition with other cities. The article goes on to analyse the reasons for the city's relative success in this competition, and the processes through which elite consensus was secured and consolidated.
Broadcasting the Rainbow Nation: Media, Democracy, and Nation‐Building in South Africa
Authors: Barnett Clive
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the politics and economics of media reform in South Africa during the 1990s. This process has involved the transformation of the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) from a state broadcaster into an independent public service broadcaster, as well as the opening of the airwaves to new entrants in order to extend the diversity of media ownership and programming. The formulation of media policies before and after the elections of 1994 is discussed, with reference to the different interests involved in this process and their differing positions on how broadcasting should be restructured in accordance with new constitutional principles of language equity. The implementation of policies from 1996 to 1998 is critically examined, revealing the contradictory political and economic factors that have shaped the transformation of broadcasting institutions and the performance of independent regulatory bodies.
Laboring at the Margins: Welfare and the Regulation of Mexican Workers in Southern California
Authors: Walsh Jess
Published: March 2003

Despite sustained disciplinary interest in the social and institutional regulation of labor markets, the relations between welfare provision and work have received scant attention from geographers. This paper charts the functional and spatial interdependence of the urban welfare system and the agricultural industry in Southern California in the 1920s and 1930s. Employer groups actively constructed this interdependence and negotiated its unintended effects with strategies to discursively and physically manage the population of Mexican workers using welfare resources. These strategies, dependent on local grower control of the welfare apparatus, undergirded the racialized division of labor that concentrated Mexicans in casualized farm work.
Women of Steel: Constructing and Contesting New Gendered Geographies of Work in the Australian Steel Industry
Authors: Tonkin Liza
Published: March 2003

The article argues that although structuralist‐inspired approaches to steel restructuring have provided significant insights and recognised the role of “labour” in sectoral change, such studies have predominantly equated labour politics with unionism, downplaying the impact of other forms of workers’ politics. This has created a problematic disjunction between “real world” events and academic research, with ensuing issues for policy development and delivery. In response to this difficulty, the paper builds on Herod’s concept of a labour geography to develop multiple labour geographies of power, an approach that describes different forms of workers’ politics. To illustrate this approach, the paper presents female steelworkers’ politics of restructuring. It details the Jobs for Women Campaign in Wollongong, Australia, a 1980s place‐based initiative that sought to gain blue‐collar employment for women in the local steelworks. The study demonstrates how female steelworkers developed restructuring politics addressing gender and employment discrimination, issues not normally associated with labour politics. The paper concludes that such workers’ struggles need to be analysed as they affect restructuring impacts and processes.
Controlling Bodies: The Punishment of Multiracialized Sexual Relations
Authors: Tyner James , Houston Donna
Published: March 2003

Geographies of sexuality have paid minimal attention to interracial relations. To rectify this, we examine the genealogy of the criminalization and punishment of ‘interracial’ relations. Drawing on three historical moments in the evolution of race relations in Anglo‐America, we argue that the criminalization of these relations has historically been grounded in material relations and not in abstract ideals of racial purity or fears of racial degeneration. Using a strategy of ‘unnatural discourse,’ we suggest that as the American capitalist system expanded, the punishment of multiracialized sexual relations has generated and retained important ideological functions that have never been far removed from their material base.
Southern Unionism and the New Labour Internationalism
Authors: Lambert Rob , Webster Eddie
Published: March 2003

The paper traces the genesis of SIGTUR, a new network/organization of southern unions that has been built over the past decade, which brings together democratic unions from Latin America, Southern Africa, Asia and Australasia. The impact of neoliberal globalisation has spurred this action, and Australian unions—with their rich tradition of labour internationalism—have been at the forefront. The paper shows how the initial hostility of the established trade union internationals has been transformed into strategic alliances as the internationals have come to value SIGTUR's campaign orientation. The paper argues that SIGTUR has continued to expand because of its strong emphasis on internal democracy. The new southern alliance is one instance of a search for a new form of unionism—global social movement unionism—that may offer greater scope for a more effective resistance to the logic of globalisation. In the new millennium, this search is critical if unions are to rekindle the vision and the confidence that drove the early movement.
Illegal Indonesian labour movement from Lombok to Malaysia
Authors: Mantra Ida Bagoes
Published: March 2003

Indonesia is one of Asia's major sources of international contract labour. However little is known about the patterns, causes and consequences of this movement. The present paper sheds some light on one of the major flows of undocumented migration out of Indonesia, from the island of Lombok to Malaysia. The paper examines the process of movement and the causes underlying it. Attention is paid to the role of social networks in that movement, as well as some of the effects of the movement on the migrants themselves, their families and villages of origin.
Vakavanua, vakamatanitū: discourses of development in Fiji
Authors: Overton John
Published: March 2003

Discourses about development have contributed to profound socio‐economic transformation in all parts of the world. This paper examines the development debate in Fiji with particular reference to two distinctive approaches: state‐led developmentalism (vakamatanitū) and a discourse about custom‐led development (vakavanua). Political and economic dimensions of these alternative discourses are reviewed with particular reference to land tenure systems in Fiji. Challenges to both vakamatanitū and vakavanua from an emerging literature on globalism will shift the focus of debate from ‘intentional’ to ‘immanent’ development in Fiji.
Strategies of migration to upland areas in contemporary Vietnam
Authors: Hardy Andrew
Published: March 2003

Migration has changed the face of Vietnam's highlands in the second half of the 20th century. Areas of forest and swidden agriculture, inhabited by ethnic minorities, have lost their tree cover and, especially in the Central Highlands, are planted with coffee and other commodity agriculture. Their populations now have a high proportion of lowland Vietnamese in‐migrants. This paper argues that this transformation is the product of two sets of strategies. One is a state strategy, set in place in the North in 1954 and extended to the South after reunification, to ‘tame’ the region, in terms both of economy and security. The other consists of the strategies of ordinary people in the plains of the North, who migrated with or without reference to the state, hoping to get rich in a region recently described in the lowlands as a ‘promised land’. State organised migration programmes, the Doi Moi process of economic reform, and the decisions and struggles of these families and individuals thus combined to bring about the transformation of the highlands. As the paper shows, however, this combination, has not been without its difficulties.
The Interdependence and Cause of Japanese and US Stock Prices: An Event Study
Authors: Tsutsui Yoshiro
Published: March 2003

This paper analyses the interdependence between the US and Japanese stock price indexes, focusing on whether it exists only when a large change in the index occurs and what its possible causes are. To this end, I employ a kind of ‘event study’, which seeks to investigate whether the stock price index of one country significantly reacts only to a large change in the index of the other country. The results suggest that: (i) a strong two‐way causality between the indexes is recognized clearly when one index shows a large change, while the interdependence is much less clear for small changes; and (ii) the news of a large fall or rise of the index itself plays an important role in the interdependence.
Factors Affecting the Expansion of Telephone Lines in Developing Countries with Special Reference to Pakistan and the Asia Pacific Region
Authors: Looney Robert E.
Published: March 2003

Using the Asia Pacific region as a frame of reference, the purpose of this paper is to examine the factors underlying the expansion of telecoms systems in Pakistan. The results from factor and discriminant analysis suggest that much of the main telephone line growth in the 1980s can be explained by a limited number of factors. Most important appears to be economic performance in the previous decade. Apparently this growth creates pressures that can be alleviated only through expanded infrastructure, including main telephone lines. The growth in main tele‐phone lines also appears to occur more or less simultaneously with that of electricity generating capacity and paved roads. Linkages with expanded railroad tracks and irrigated acreage are much weaker.
The Spatial Dimension of Welfare and Poverty: Lessons from a Regional Targeting Programme in Indonesia
Authors: Daimon Takeshi
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the spatial dimension of welfare and poverty in Indonesia and explores the effective policy interventions to remedy the regional economic disparity which was most vividly shown during the recent economic crisis. The econometric estimations confirm the existence of a spatial poverty trap, where poverty persists for generations. The inclusion of the placement of Impres Desa Tertingal (IDT) implemented during 1994–96 suggests that the regional targeting programme could fail to achieve its policy goal when the empowerment of local communities is insufficient. It is suggested that full–scale decentralization could remedy the targeting policy failure.

JEL classification: O15; O18; R15
Biased Risk Perceptions Among Japanese: Illusion of Interdependence Among Risk Companions
Authors: Yamaguchi Susumu
Published: March 2003

In human history the unit of survival has often been the group rather than the individual. I hypothesized, therefore, that people would feel safer in the presence of risk companions (i.e., those who are exposed to the same risk source) than when they are on their own, even when such expectations are not justifiable on normative grounds. Two experiments lent support to the hypothesis. Participants were asked to estimate the risk level involved either in six hypothetical situa‐tions (Experiment 1: N = 112) or real electric shocks (Experiment 2: N = 81) with varying numbers of risk companions. The participants’ perceived risk level decreased as the number of risk companions increased. People appear to use a cognitive heuristic, which I term interdependence heuristic, in risk perception.
The Cognative Structure of Role Norms in Taiwan
Authors: Chuang Yao‐Chia
Published: March 2003

This study explores the implicit cognitive structure of role norms in Taiwan. Subjects were asked to make direct pair‐wise similarity judgments of 28 role relationships in terms of the way the actor role should treat the object role (e.g., father to son vs. son to father). INDSCAL and cluster analyses were used to delineate the implicit cognitive structure underlying the similarity judgments. INDSCAL showed that Taiwanese implicitly use two dimensions, closeness–distance and dominance–submission, to construct role norms. The first dimension showed that the norm for nuclear family relationships is to love and care for each other. The second dimension revealed that the norm for status‐differential relationships such as father–son or supervisor–subordinate is to behave in accordance with one’s status. Cluster analysis indicated four major clusters of role relationships, of which the hierarchical family cluster was the most prominent. Taiwanese adults and college students have similar cognitive structures and use relational models to construct their system of role norms. These relational models include complementarity, communality sharing, authority ranking, and equality matching. The implications of these findings for Confucian ethics and theories of Chinese social behavior are discussed.
Measuring Attitudes in Test‐Alien Cultures: When Illiteracy and Unfamiliarity Do Not Matter
Authors: Shah Ashiq Ali
Published: March 2003

This study reports the construction of an attitude scale called a “Shah attitude scale.” This scale overcomes the problems of scale construction and attitude measurement in test‐alien cultures peculiar to Western scales. The major problems with the use of these scales are the non‐correspondence of the samples used in scale construction and attitude measurement, difficulty of their use with the illiterate and rural samples, unfamiliarity of their verbal character and the response modality. Our scale is simple to construct and can be easily used with every section of society. Its conceptualization and development is based upon the agreed upon bipolar definition of attitude and the ideas derived from well‐known attitude scales. The scale is based upon trait adjectives and can be used easily in cross‐cultural attitudinal studies.
Development Assistance in Asia in the 1990s
Authors: McCawley Peter
Published: March 2003

Aid programs in Asia have been subject to a series of pressures for reform since the early 1990s. The current economic crisis in Asia seems certain to prompt further major changes. This article surveys events since the early 1990s and updates the 1993 article published in this journal. Some comments about recent dramatic economic events in the region are made in the conclusion. The difference between donor and recipient views about aid is the main theme of this survey.
Efficiency, Performance and Changing Corporate Governance in China's Township–Village Enterprises since the 1990s
Authors: Smyth Russell , Wang Jianguo , Kiang Quek Lee
Published: March 2003

This article outlines some of the major challenges facing Chinese township–village enterprises (TVEs) since the 1990s. The authors argue that the internal mechanisms associated with the unique ownership structure of TVEs has allowed them to perform better than state‐owned enterprises (SOEs). Since the mid‐1990s, debt levels in the TVE sector have increased sharply. Most of the problems of TVEs have been magnified by the close relationship between local governments and enterprises, which was once one of their major strengths. Since the mid‐1990s, local governments have come to regard TVEs with high levels of debt as a burden rather than an asset. In response local governments have moved to other, more indirect forms of governance over most TVEs under their control, while retaining direct control over the most successful. These alternative ownership structures include share‐holding co‐operatives and outright privatisation.
Public Health Conditions and Policies in the Asia Pacific region
Authors: Ahlburg Dennis A. , Flint Darla J.
Published: March 2003

Health has improved dramatically in Asia over the last 40 years. Infant mortality dropped over 60 per cent and life expectancy increased by 40 per cent. Despite these gains, health outcomes remain relatively low in many Asian countries, and vary tremendously by region, income level and demographic group. Little progress has been made, for example, in decreasing maternal mortality. Asia is experiencing an epidemiological transition from a high burden of communicable diseases to a high burden of non‐communicable diseases. The pace of this transition varies across countries, and some countries will experience increasing incidence of non‐communicable diseases before the level of communicable diseases has decreased. Ill‐health imposes a heavy economic cost: HIV/AIDS may reduce economic growth in some countries. As incomes and expectations rise, the demand for health care also rises and one of the greatest challenges facing Asia is how to provide and finance this care.
The Analysis of Methadone Clinic Data Using Marginal and Conditional Logistic Models with Mixture or Random Effects
Authors: Chan Jennifer S.K. , Kuk Anthony Y.C. , Bell James , Mc Gilchrist Charles
Published: March 2003

The paper develops methods for the statistical analysis of outcomes of methadone maintenance treatment (MMT). Subjects for this study were a cohort of patients entering MMT in Sydney in 1986. Urine drug tests on these subjects were performed weekly during MMT, and were reported as either positive or negative for morphine, the marker of recent heroin use. To allow correlation between the repeated binary measurements, a marginal logistic model was fitted using the generalized estimating equation (GEE) approach and the alternating logistic regression approach. Conditional logistic models are also considered. Results of separate fitting to each patient and score tests suggest that there is substantial between‐patient variation in response to MMT. To account for the population heterogeneity and to facilitate subject‐specific inference, the conditional logistic model is extended by introducing random intercepts. The two, three and four group mixture models are also investigated. The model of best fit is a three group mixture model, in which about a quarter of the subjects have a poor response to MMT, with continued heroin use independent of daily dose of methadone; about a quarter of the subjects have a very good response, with little or no heroin use, again independent of dose; and about half the subjects responded in a dose‐dependent fashion, with reduced heroin use while receiving higher doses of methadone. These findings are consistent with clinical experience. There is also an association between reduced drug use and increased duration in treatment. The mixture model is recommended since it is quite tractable in terms of estimation and model selection as well as being supported by clinical experience.
Household Consumption Equivalence Scales: Some Estimates from New Zealand Household Expenditure and Income Survey Data
Authors: Chatterjee Srikanta , Michelini Claudio
Published: March 2003

This paper uses data on expenditures and incomes of New Zealand households of different demographic profiles to construct equivalence scales. The scales are useful in estimating the relative levels of spending required by the households to attain a given level of utility. Preference consistent ‘complete demand systems’ are analyzed to test for the demographic effects on the consumption patterns of households. Equivalence scales for respect to specific items of consumption as well as total consumption are worked out from the observed consumption behaviour of households. The results are largely in line with those found in existing similar studies both in Australia and New Zealand. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt at constructing equivalence scales with New Zealand household budget data in the framework of hypothesized utility maximizing behaviour of households.
Robust Inference for the Bivariate Bifurcating Autoregressive Model
Authors: Bui Quang M. , Huggins Richard M.
Published: March 2003

Cell lineage data consist of observations on quantitative characteristics of the descendants of an initial cell, recorded as a tree so that the relationships between the cells may be determined. The bifurcating autoregressive model of Cowan & Staudte (1986) has been used previously to model univariate characteristics of cell linkage data. Here we extend this model to analyze bivariate cell data. Both maximum likelihood and robust estimators are derived for both balanced and unbalanced cell lineage trees and are applied to a real dataset to estimate the correlation between cell lifetime and final cell diameter.
Risk Comparison of Inequality Constrained Estimators in the Heteroscedastic Linear Model
Authors: Hasegawa Hikaru
Published: March 2003

There exist many studies which treat the inequality and/or interval constraints on coefficients in the homoscedastic linear regression model. However, the sampling performance of the inequality constrained estimators in the heteroscedastic linear model has not been examined. This paper considers the inequality constrained estimators in the heteroscedastic linear regression model and derives their risks under a quadratic loss function. Furthermore, using the inequality constrained estimators, we introduce a pre‐test estimator which might be employed after the test for homoscedasticity and derive its risk. In addition, the risk performance of these estimators is evaluated numerically.
On the Sampling Performance of an Improved Stein Inequality Restricted Estimator
Authors: Ohtani Kazuhiro , Wan Alan T.K.
Published: March 2003

Using the Stein (1964) variance estimator, this paper defines a modified Stein inequality constrained estimator and derives its exact risk under quadratic loss. Numerical evaluations show that over a wide range of the parameter space, the modified Stein inequality constrained estimator has lower risk than the traditional Stein inequality constrained estimator introduced by Judge et al. (1984).
Distribution of the Stopping Time in Bayesian Sequential Sampling
Authors: Pham‐Gia T.
Published: March 2003

The paper presents a method for computing the distribution of the stopping time for the Bayesian sequential one step look‐ahead procedure with the proportion as parameter.
Designs with Repeated Measurements on Any Number of Units over Varying Periods
Authors: Bose Mausumi
Published: March 2003

In the usual repeated measurements designs (RMDs), the subjects are all observed for the same number of periods and the optimum RMDs require specified numbers of subjects, usually depending on the number of treatments to be used. In practice, it is sometimes not feasible to meet these requirements. To overcome this problem, alternative designs are suggested where any number of available subjects may be used and they may be observed for different periods. These designs are based on suitable serially balanced sequences which are shown to be optimal. Moreover, besides the usual direct and residual effects, the model considered has an extra term due to the interaction effect between them. The recommended designs are universally optimal in a very general class.
Theory and Methods: Growth Curves with Explanatory Variables and Estimation of the Effect of Tagging
Authors: Wang You‐Gan
Published: March 2003

The von Bertalanffy growth model is extended to incorporate explanatory variables. The generalized model includes the switched growth model and the seasonal growth model as special cases, and can also be used to assess the tagging effect on growth. Distribution‐free and consistent estimating functions are constructed for estimation of growth parameters from tag‐recapture data in which age at release is unknown. This generalizes the work of James (1991, Biometrics 47 1519–1530) who considered the classical model and allowed for individual variability in growth. A real dataset from barramundi (Lates calcarifer) is analysed to estimate the growth parameters and possible effect of tagging on growth.
Theory and Methods: Hypothesis Testing in Two‐Stage Cluster Sampling
Authors: Givaruangsawat Sumalee , Weerakkody Govinda J. , Gerard Patrick D.
Published: March 2003

Correlated observations often arise in complex sampling schemes such as two‐stage cluster sampling. The resulting observations from this sampling scheme usually exhibit certain positive intracluster correlation, as a result of which the standard statistical procedures for testing hypotheses concerning linear combinations of the parameters may lack some of the optimal properties that these possess when the data are uncorrelated. The aim of this paper is to present exact methods for testing these hypotheses by combining within and between cluster information much as in Zhou & Mathew (1993).
Theory and Methods: D‐Optimal Axial Designs for Quadratic and Cubic Additive Mixture Models
Authors: Chan L.Y. , Meng J.H. , Jiang Y.C. , Guan Y.N.
Published: March 2003

The paper discusses D‐optimal axial designs for the additive quadratic and cubic mixture models σ1≤i≤q(βixi + βiix2i) and σ1≤i≤q(βixi + βiix2i + βiiix3i), where xi≥ 0, x1 + . . . + xq = 1. For the quadratic model, a saturated symmetric axial design is used, in which support points are of the form (x1, . . . , xq) = [1 − (q−1)δi, δi, . . . , δi], where i = 1, 2 and 0 ≤δ2 <δ1 ≤ 1/(q −1). It is proved that when 3 ≤q≤ 6, the above design is D‐optimal if δ2 = 0 and δ1 = 1/(q−1), and when q≥ 7 it is D‐optimal if δ2 = 0 and δ1 = [5q−1 − (9q2−10q + 1)1/2]/(4q2). Similar results exist for the cubic model, with support points of the form (x1, . . . , xq) = [1 − (q−1)δi, δi, . . . , δi], where i = 1, 2, 3 and 0 = δ3 <δ2 < δ1 ≤1/(q−1). The saturated D‐optimal axial design and D‐optimal design for the quadratic model are compared in terms of their efficiency and uniformity.
Theory & Methods: Some Properties of the Liang‐Zeger Method Applied to Clustered Binary Regression
Authors: Balemi Andrew , Lee Alan
Published: March 2003

The Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) method popularized by Liang and Zeger provides a very general method for fitting regression models to observations that occur in clusters. Features of the method are the specification of a ‘working correlation’ (a guess at the true correlation structure of the data) which is used to improve efficiency in estimating the regression coefficients, and the ‘information sandwich’ which provides a way of consistently estimating the standard errors of the estimated regression coefficients even if (as we might expect) the working correlation is wrong. This paper develops asymptotic expressions for the bias and efficiency both of the regression coefficient estimates and of the sandwich estimate, and uses them to study the behaviour of the estimates.

It looks at the effect of the choice of the working correlation on the estimate and also examines the effect of different cluster sizes and different degrees of correlation between the covariates. The performance of these methods is found to be excellent, particularly when the degree of correlation in the responses and covariates is small to moderate.
Theory & Methods: The Asymptotic Power Of Jonckheere‐Type Tests For Ordered Alternatives
Authors: Büning Herbert , Kössler Wolfgang
Published: March 2003

For the c‐sample location problem with ordered alternatives, the test proposed by Barlow et al. (1972 p. 184) is an appropriate one under the model of normality. For non‐normal data, however, there are rank tests which have higher power than the test of Barlow et al., e.g. the Jonckheere test or so‐called Jonckheere‐type tests recently introduced and studied by Büning & Kössler (1996). In this paper the asymptotic power of the Jonckheere‐type tests is computed by using results of Hájek (1968) which may be considered as extensions of the theorem of Chernoff & Savage (1958). Power studies via Monte Carlo simulation show that the asymptotic power values provide a good approximation to the finite ones even for moderate sample sizes.
Theory & Methods: Guarded Weights Of Evidence And Acceptability Profiles Based On Signs: I. Permutation Arguments (With Discussion)
Authors: Dollinger M.B. , Kulinskaya E. , Staudte R.G.
Published: March 2003

A test for a hypothesized parameter is generalized by replacing the indicator function of the test critical region with a function (‘weight of evidence for the alternative’) having values in [0,1] and estimating the value 1 when the alternative is true and 0 otherwise. It is a ‘guarded’ weight of evidence if a bound is placed on the Type I risk. The focus of this paper is on a guarded weight of evidence which is a function of the likelihood ratio of the sign statistic for a two‐sided alternative to a point hypothesis regarding the centre of a symmetric distribution. Inversion of a family of such guarded weights of evidence yields an ‘acceptability profile’ for the median which is more informative than the traditional confidence interval for the median. The main results, with the exception of the comparison of the Type II risks with an envelope risk, are based entirely on permutation arguments.
Theory & Methods: Second‐order biases of the maximum likelihood estimates in von Mises regression models
Authors: Cordeiro Gauss M. , Vasconcellos Klaus L.P.
Published: March 2003

This paper discusses issues related to the improvement of maximum likelihood estimates in von Mises regression models. It obtains general matrix expressions for the second‐order biases of maximum likelihood estimates of the mean parameters and concentration parameters. The formulae are simple to compute, and give the biases by means of weighted linear regressions. Simulation results are presented assessing the performance of corrected maximum likelihood estimates in these models.
Theory & Methods: An Efficient Simulation Method for the Computation of a Class of Conditional Expectations
Authors: Kabaila Paul
Published: March 2003

Suppose that the random vector X and the random variable Y are jointly continuous. Also suppose that an observation x of X can be easily simulated and that the probability density function of Y conditional on X=x is known. The paper presents an efficient simulation‐based algorithm for estimating E{g(X,Y) |h(X, Y) =r} where g and h are real‐valued functions. This algorithm is applicable to time series problems in which X= (X1, . . . ,Xn−1) and Y=Xn where {xt} is a discrete time stochastic process for which (X1, . . . ,Xn) is a continuous random vector. A numerical example from time series analysis illustrates the algorithim, for prediction for an ARCH(1) process.
Theory & Methods: Set Compound Estimation Under Entropy Loss
Authors: Liu Zhihui
Published: March 2003

Set compound estimation has been studied for nearly half a century. This paper explores, for the first time, set compound estimation under entropy (Kullback‐Leibler information) loss for a k‐dimensional standard exponential family with a compact parameter space. It makes detailed investigation of entropy loss with the exponential family and related proper‐ties. Asymptotically optimal set compound estimators with rates O(n−1/2) under this loss are established for some discrete exponential families by using power series, representing the Bayes estimators in terms of a mixture density and applying the Singh‐Datta Lemma. Poisson, negative binomial families and a two‐dimensional model serve as examples.
Theory & Methods: Weighted Integral Test Statistics and Components of Smooth Tests of Fit
Authors: Baringhaus Ludwig , Gürtler Nora , Henze Norbert
Published: March 2003

This paper considers families of statistics for testing the goodness‐of‐fit of various parametric models such as the normal, exponential or Poisson. Each family consists of weighted integrals over the squared modulus of some measure of deviation from the parametric model, expressed by means of an empirical transform of the data. Letting the rate of decay of the weight function tend to infinity, each test statistic, after a suitable rescaling, approaches a limit that is closely connected to the first non‐zero component of Neyman's smooth test for the parametric model.
Theory & Methods: Spatially‐adaptive Penalties for Spline Fitting
Authors: Ruppert David , Carroll Raymond J.
Published: March 2003

The paper studies spline fitting with a roughness penalty that adapts to spatial heterogeneity in the regression function. The estimates are pth degree piecewise polynomials with p− 1 continuous derivatives. A large and fixed number of knots is used and smoothing is achieved by putting a quadratic penalty on the jumps of the pth derivative at the knots. To be spatially adaptive, the logarithm of the penalty is itself a linear spline but with relatively few knots and with values at the knots chosen to minimize the generalized cross validation (GCV) criterion. This locally‐adaptive spline estimator is compared with other spline estimators in the literature such as cubic smoothing splines and knot‐selection techniques for least squares regression. Our estimator can be interpreted as an empirical Bayes estimate for a prior allowing spatial heterogeneity. In cases of spatially heterogeneous regression functions, empirical Bayes confidence intervals using this prior achieve better pointwise coverage probabilities than confidence intervals based on a global‐penalty parameter. The method is developed first for univariate models and then extended to additive models.
A Generalization of Ahmad's Class of Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon Statistics
Authors: Öztürk Ömer
Published: March 2003

In the spirit of the recent work of Ahmad (1996) this paper introduces another class of Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon test statistics. The test statistic compares the rth and sth powers of the tail probabilities of the underlying probability distributions. The choice of r+s= 4 improves the Pitman efficiency for uniform, exponential, lognormal and normal distributions and keeps the same efficiency as the Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon test for logistic and double exponential distributions. The two‐sample test is modified for the one‐sample problem with symmetric underlying distribution.
Theory & Methods: Testing for Homogeneity in an Exponential Mixture Model
Authors: Mosler Karl , Seidel Wilfried
Published: March 2003

This paper studies diagnostic procedures to test for homogeneity against unobserved heterogeneity in an exponential mixture model. The procedures include a dispersion score test, a likelihood ratio test, a moment likelihood approach and several goodness‐of‐fit tests. The paper compares the empirical power of these tests on a broad range of alternatives and proposes a new test that combines the dispersion score test with a properly chosen goodness‐of‐fit procedure; its empirical power comes close to the power of the best of the other tests.
Kruskal–Wallis, Multiple Comparisons and Efron Dice
Authors: Brown B.M. , Hettmansperger T.P.
Published: March 2003

The Kruskal–Wallis test is a rank–based one way ANOVA. Its test statistic is shown here to be a quadratic form among the Mann–Whitney or Kendall tau concordance measures between pairs of treatments. But the full set of such concordance measures has more degrees of freedom than the Kruskal–Wallis test uses, and the independent surplus is attributable to circularity, or non–transitive effects. The meaning of circularity is well illustrated by Efron dice. The cases of k = 3, 4 treatments are analysed thoroughly in this paper, which also shows how the full sum of squares among all concordance measures can be decomposed into uncorrelated transitive and non–transitive circularity effects. A multiple comparisons procedure based on patterns of transitive orderings among treatments is implemented. The testing of circularities involves non–standard asymptotic distributions. The asymptotic theory is deferred, but Monte Carlo permutation tests are easy to implement.
Cars, Paint, and Chemicals: Industry Linkages and the Capture of Overseas Technology Between the Wars
Authors: Todd Jan
Published: March 2003

This paper throws new light on the contentious issue of the car industry's contribution to Australian industrial development between the wars. Against assessments that certain supplier industries were inefficient and technologically stagnant, the paper examines the interactions between the car and paint industries in this period and identifies a stimulus and mechanism for far‐reaching technological change.
Before the Surgeon‐General’s Report: Public Discourse in Australia Over Tobacco Addiction to 1964
Authors: Tyrrell Ian
Published: March 2003

Long before the contemporary debate over nicotine addiction, doctors, alternative health professionals, journalists and moral reformers in Australia discussed this issue in the media. It was assumed that tobacco was a powerful drug, and difficult to give up. Growing acknowledgment of addiction to tobacco was linked to 1) the rise of the cigarette, instead of pipe smoking; 2) the rise of use of other drugs in the aftermath of World War I; 3) the impact of the temperance movement and other moral reformers. The use of the term "addict" increased over time. The 1964 U.S. Surgeon‐General’s Report claim that tobacco smoking was merely a "habit" temporarily inhibited public discussion of addiction. Scientific research and political will over the addiction issue lagged behind commonsense observations of the effects of smoking.