bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isolation and characterization of a novel simazine‐degrading β‐proteobacterium and detection of genes encoding s‐triazine‐degrading enzymes
Authors: Iwasaki Akio , Takagi Kazuhiro , Yoshioka Yuichi , Fujii Kunihiko , Kojima Yuki , Harada Naoki
Published: February 2007

A moderately persistent herbicide, simazine, has been used globally and detected as a contaminant in soil and water. The authors have isolated a simazine‐degrading bacterium from a simazine‐degrading bacterial consortium that was enriched using charcoal as a microhabitat. The isolate, strain CDB21, was gram‐negative, rod‐shaped (0.5–0.6 µm × 1.0–1.2 µm) and motile by means of a single polar flagellum. Based on 16S rRNA sequence analysis, strain CDB21 was identified as a novel β‐proteobacterium exhibiting 100% sequence identity with the uncultured bacterium HOClCi25 (GenBank accession number AY328574). PCR using primers that were specific for the genes of the atrazine‐degrading enzymes (atzABCDEF) of Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP showed that strain CDB21 also possessed the entire set of genes of these enzymes. Nucleotide sequences of the atzCDEF genes of strain CDB21 were 100% identical to those of Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP. Sequence identity of the atzA genes between these bacteria was 99.7%. The 398‐nucleotide upstream fragment of the atzB gene of strain CDB21 was 100% identical to ORF30 of Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP, and the 1526‐nucleotide downstream fragment showed 99.8% sequence similarity to the atzB gene of the pseudomonad. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Temporal synergism by microencapsulation of piperonyl butoxide and α‐cypermethrin overcomes insecticide resistance in crop pests
Authors: Bingham Georgina , Gunning Robin V , Gorman Kevin , Field Linda M , Moores Graham D
Published: February 2007

A microencapsulated formulation that gives a burst release of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) several hours before a burst release of a conventional pyrethroid can effectively overcome metabolic resistance in Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), Aphis gossypii Glover and Myzus persicae Sulzer. This increase in efficacy against resistant pests was reflected in a field trial against B. tabaci on cotton, eliminating the need for two treatments. The ratio between the active insecticide and the synergist was found to be crucial in reducing resistance factors. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Screening and isolation of a nematicidal sesquiterpene from Magnolia grandiflora L.
Authors: Hong Linjun , Li Guohong , Zhou Wei , Wang Xinbiao , Zhang Keqin
Published: February 2007

The ethanolic extracts from 30 plant species were tested for their nematicidal activity against nematodes Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Buhrer) Nickle and Panagrellus redivivus (L.) Goodey. The leaf extract of Magnolia grandiflora L. exhibited the strongest nematicidal activity against both nematodes, causing 73 and 100% mortality respectively within 48 h at 5 mg mL−1. A new nematicidal sesquiterpene was obtained from the leaves of M. grandiflora. The compound was determined to be 4,5‐epoxy‐1(10)E,11(13)‐germacradien‐12,6‐olide, based on spectroscopic methods including 2D NMR techniques. The median lethal concentrations (LC50) of the compound against B. xylophilus and P. redivivus were 71 and 46 mg L−1 respectively at 48 h. This is the first report of Magnoliaceae species with nematicidal activity. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Continuously stratified flows across an Alpine crest with a pass: Shallow and deep föhn
Authors: Armi Laurence , Mayr Georg J.
Published: February 2007

Shallow and deep Alpine föhn flows are analyzed within the framework of continuously stratified hydraulics. A distinguishing upstream feature of these flows is the presence of stagnant, nearly well‐mixed layers above and beneath the moving stratified fluid. These layers isolate the moving stratified fluid, which has a self‐similar parabolic‐like velocity distribution, from the stratified fluid above and beneath. The shallow and deep realizations of these flows were found on 20 and 21 October 1999 during the Mesoscale Alpine Programme. The temporal evolution from shallow to deep föhn was captured with a sequence of radiosondes, automatic weather stations, an instrumented car, and research aircraft flights. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Molecular design and synthesis of artificial double helices
Authors: Furusho Yoshio , Yashima Eiji
Published: February 2007

This account describes novel artificial double helices recently developed by our group. We have designed and synthesized the double helices consisting of two complementary, m‐terphenyl‐based strands that are intertwined through chiral amidinium–carboxylate salt bridges. Due to the chiral substituents on the amidine groups, the double helices adopted an excess one‐handed helical conformation in solution as well as in the solid state. By extending the modular strategy, we have synthesized double helices bearing Pt(II) linkers, which underwent the double helix‐to‐double helix transformations through the chemical reactions of the Pt(II) complex moieties. In addition, artificial double‐stranded metallosupramolecular helical polymers were constructed by combining the salt bridges and metal coordination. In contrast to the design‐oriented double helices based on salt bridges, we have serendipitously developed a spiroborate‐based double helicate bearing oligophenol strands. The optical resolution of the helicate was successfully attained by a diastereomeric salt formation. We have also unexpectedly found that oligoresorcinols consisting of a very simple repeating unit self‐assemble into double helices with the aid of aromatic interactions in water. Furthermore, a bias in the twist sense of the double helices can be achieved by incorporating chiral substituents at both ends of the strands. © 2007 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 7: 1–11; 2007: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20097
Stoichiometric and catalytic oxidations with hypervalent organo‐λ3‐iodanes
Authors: Ochiai Masahito
Published: February 2007

Isolation, characterization, and reaction of the activated iodosylbenzene monomer, hydroxy(phenyl)iodonium ion, as a complex with 18‐crown‐6 (18C6) are reported. The reaction of iodosylbenzene with HBF4 in the presence of 18C6 afforded the hydroxy‐λ3‐iodane complex PhI(OH)BF4·18C6 as stable yellow prisms. X‐ray structure analysis indicated that the close contacts between the iodine(III) and the three adjacent oxygen atoms of 18C6 will be responsible for the increased stability of the complex compared to the uncomplexed PhI(OH)BF4. The aqua complex of the activated iodosylbenzene, PhI(OH)OTf·18C6·H2O, with a water molecule coordinated to iodine(III) was also prepared. These crown ether complexes are highly reactive and serve as versatile stoichiometric oxidants, especially in water. Thus, the complexes undergo oxidative transformations of a variety of functional groups such as olefins, alkynes, enones, silyl enol ethers, sulfides, and phenols under mild conditions. The latter part reports on the iodobenzene‐catalyzed α‐oxidation of ketones, in which diacyloxy(phenyl)‐λ3‐iodanes generated in situ act as real oxidants of ketones and m‐chloroperbenzoic acid (m‐CPBA) serves as a terminal oxidant. The oxidation of a ketone with m‐CPBA in acetic acid in the presence of a catalytic amount of iodobenzene, BF3‐Et2O, and water at room temperature affords an α‐acetoxy ketone in good yield. It is noted that the use of water and BF3‐Et2O is crucial to the success of this α‐acetoxylation. © 2007 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 7: 12–23; 2007: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20104
A third type of hydrogenase catalyzing H2 activation
Authors: Shima Seigo , Thauer Rudolf K.
Published: February 2007

The activation of molecular hydrogen is of interest both from a chemical and biological viewpoint. The covalent bond of H2 is strong (436 kJ mol−1). Its cleavage is catalyzed by metals or metal complexes in chemical hydrogenation reactions and by metalloenzymes named hydrogenases in microorganisms. Until recently only two types of hydrogenases are known, the [FeFe[‐hydrogenases and [NiFe[‐hydrogenases. Both types, which are phylogenetically unrelated, harbor in their active site a dinuclear metal center with intrinsic CO and cyanide ligands and contain iron–sulfur clusters for electron transport as revealed by their crystal structures. Fifteen years ago a third type of phylogenetically unrelated hydrogenase was discovered, which has a mononuclear iron active site and is devoid of iron–sulfur clusters. It was initially referred to as “metal free” hydrogenase, but was later renamed iron–sulfur cluster‐free hydrogenase or [Fe[‐hydrogenase. In this review, we introduce first the [FeFe[‐hydrogenases and [NiFe[‐hydrogenases, and then focus on the structure and function of the iron–sulfur cluster‐free hydrogenase (Hmd) and show that this enzyme contains an iron‐containing cofactor. The low‐spin iron is complexed by two intrinsic CO‐, one sulfur‐ and one or two N/O ligands and has one open coordination site, which is proposed to be the location of H2 binding. © 2007 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 7: 37–46; 2007: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20111
Proliferation of inscriptions and transformations among preservice science teachers engaged in authentic science
Authors: Lunsford Eddie , Melear Claudia T. , Roth Wolff‐Michael , Perkins Matthew , Hickok Leslie G.
Published: February 2007

Inscriptions are central to the practice of science. Previous studies showed, however, that preservice teachers even those with undergraduate degrees in science, generally do not spontaneously produce inscriptions that economically summarize large amounts of data. This study was designed to investigate the production of inscription while a group of 15 graduate‐level preservice science teachers engaged in a 15‐week course of scientific observation and guided inquiry of two organisms. The course emphasized the production of inscriptions as a way of convincingly supporting claims when the students presented their results. With continuing emphasis on inscriptional representations, we observed a significant increase in the number and type of representations made as the course unfolded. The number of concrete, text‐based inscriptions decreased as the number of graphs, tables and other sorts of complex inscriptions increased. As the students moved from purely observational activities to guided inquiry, they made many more transformations of their data into complex and abstract forms, such as graphs and concept maps. The participants' competencies to cross‐reference ultimate transformations to initial research questions improved slightly. Our study has implications for the traditional methods by which preservice science teachers are taught in their science classes. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 44: 538–564, 2007.
Teacher and school characteristics and their influence on curriculum implementation
Authors: Roehrig Gillian H. , Kruse Rebecca A. , Kern Anne
Published: February 2007

Reform‐based curriculum materials have been suggested as a mechanism to make inquiry‐based instruction more prevalent in secondary science classrooms, specifically when accompanied by comprehensive professional development (Loucks‐Horsley, Hewson, Love, & Stiles, 1998; Powell & Anderson, 2002). This research examines the implementation of a reform‐based high school chemistry curriculum in a large, urban school district. We explicitly consider the role of the teachers' knowledge and beliefs in their implementation of the reform‐based chemistry curriculum, as well as school level factors. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected in the form of beliefs interviews and classroom observations from 27 high school chemistry teachers. Analysis of the data revealed that implementation of the curriculum was strongly influenced by the teachers' beliefs about teaching and learning, and the presence of a supportive network at their school sites. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 44: 883–907, 2007
The Role of Prophylactic Surgery in Cancer Prevention
Authors: You Y. Nancy , Lakhani Vipul T. , Wells Samuel A.
Published: February 2007

Background

Since the human genome has been sequenced many mysteries of cell biology have been unravelled, thereby clarifying the pathogenesis of several diseases, particularly cancer. In members of kindreds with certain hereditary diseases, it is now possible early in life to predict with great certainty whether or not a family member has inherited the mutated allele causing the disease. In hereditary malignancies this has been particularly important, because in affected family members there is the possibility of removing the organ destined to develop cancer before malignancy develops or while it is in situ. At first consideration, it would appear that “prophylactic surgery” would have a place in many hereditary malignancies; however, the procedure has applicability only if certain criteria are met: (1) the genetic mutation causing the hereditary malignancy must have a very high penetrance and be expressed regardless of environmental factors; (2) there must be a highly reliable test to identify patients who have inherited the mutated gene; (3) the organ must be removed with minimal morbidity and virtually no mortality; (4) there must be a suitable replacement for the function of the removed organ; and (5) there must be a reliable method of determining over time that the patient has been cured by “prophylactic surgery.”

Conclusions

In this monograph we review several hereditary malignancies and consider those where prophylactic surgery might be useful. As we learn, there are various barriers to performing the procedure in many common hereditary cancer syndromes. The archetype disease syndromes, which meet each of the five criteria mentioned above and where prophylactic surgery is most useful, are the type 2 multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes: MEN2A, MEN2B, and the related familial medullary thyroid carcinoma. An additional benefit of the Human Genome Project, has been the development of pharmacologic and biologic compounds that block the metabolic pathway(s) activated by specific genetic mutations. Many of these compounds have shown efficacy in patients with locally advanced or metastatic cancers, and there is the likelihood that they will prove beneficial in preventing the outgrowth of malignant cells in patients destined to develop a hereditary cancer.
Nitric Oxide Accelerates the Recovery from Burn Wounds
Authors: Zhu Haifeng , Ka Bian , Murad Ferid
Published: February 2007

A full‐thickness burn wound model was used to evaluate the effects of a topically applied gel‐based nitric oxide donor on wound healing in rats. The histological study demonstrated that the nitric oxide (NO) application significantly promoted re‐epithelization that resulted in a fast recovery of burn wound. The histological sections further revealed that inflammatory cell infiltration in the NO‐treated group was significantly increased in comparison to the control group. The enhanced accumulation of inflammatory cells resulted in a higher expression of myeloperoxidase (MPO) that was detected with imunoblotting. An immunohistochemistry study with CD31, a specific marker for endothelial cells, indicated that NO treatment markedly stimulated angiogenesis. Evaluation of collagen synthesis by immunohistochemistry with procollagen antibody demonstrated a significantly increased collagen synthesis in NO‐treated wound bed. We concluded that NO treatment promoted re‐epithelialization and wound closure by means of enhanced inflammatory cell infiltration, and that it promoted angiogenesis and facilitated collagen synthesis in the wound bed.
Clinical response to persistent, low‐level β‐glucuronidase expression in the murine model of mucopolysaccharidosis type VII
Authors: Donsante A. , Levy B. , Vogler C. , Sands M. S.
Published: February 2007

Mucopolysaccharidosis type VII (MPS VII) is a lysosomal storage disease caused by β‐glucuronidase (GUSB) deficiency. This disease exhibits a broad spectrum of clinical signs including skeletal dysplasia, retinal degeneration, cognitive deficits and hearing impairment. Sustained, high‐level expression of GUSB significantly improves the clinical course of the disease in the murine model of MPS VII. Low levels of enzyme expression (1–5% of normal) can significantly reduce the biochemical and histopathological manifestations of MPS VII. However, it has not been clear from previous studies whether persistent, low levels of circulating GUSB lead to significant improvements in the clinical presentation of this disease. We generated a rAAV2 vector that mediates persistent, low‐level GUSB expression in the liver. Liver and serum levels of GUSB were maintained at ∼5% and ∼2.5% of normal, respectively, while other tissue ranged from background levels to 0.9%. This level of activity significantly reduced the secondary elevations of α‐galactosidase and the levels of glycosaminoglycans in multiple tissues. Interestingly, this level of GUSB was also sufficient to reduce lysosomal storage in neurons in the brain. Although there were small but statistically significant improvements in retinal function, auditory function, skeletal dysplasia, and reproduction in rAAV‐treated MPS VII mice, the clinical deficits were still profound and there was no improvement in lifespan. These data suggest that circulating levels of GUSB greater than 2.5% will be required to achieve substantial clinical improvements in MPS VII.
Glycogen storage disease types I and II: Treatment updates
Authors: Koeberl D. D. , Kishnani P. S. , Chen Y. T.
Published: February 2007

Prior to 2006 therapy for glycogen storage diseases consisted primarily of dietary interventions, which in the case of glycogen storage disease (GSD) type II (GSD II; Pompe disease) remained essentially palliative. Despite improved survival and growth, long‐term complications of GSD type I (GSD I) have not responded to dietary therapy with uncooked cornstarch or continuous gastric feeding. The recognized significant risk of renal disease and liver malignancy in GSD I has prompted efforts towards curative therapy, including organ transplantation, in those deemed at risk. Results of clinical trials in infantile Pompe disease with alglucosidase alfa (Myozyme) showed prolonged survival reversal of cardiomyopathy, and motor gains. This resulted in broad label approval of Myozyme for Pompe disease in 2006. Furthermore, the development of experimental therapies, such as adeno‐associated virus (AAV) vector‐mediated gene therapy, holds promise for the availability of curative therapy in GSD I and GSD II/Pompe disease in the future.
Report from the UK and Eire Association of Genetic Nurses and Counsellors (AGNC) Supervision Working Group on Genetic Counselling Supervision
Authors: Clarke Alison , Middleton Anna , Cowley Lorraine , Guilbert Penny , Macleod Rhona , Clarke Angus , Tran Van
Published: February 2007

The Association of Genetic Nurses and Counsellors (AGNC) is the professional organisation which represents genetic counsellors and genetic nurses in the United Kingdom (UK) and Eire. The AGNC recognises that genetic counselling supervision is instrumental to the practice, training and registration of genetic counsellors in the UK. The AGNC formed a Supervision Working Group, whose terms of reference were to collate information on supervision and create a list of ‘best practice’ recommendations for its genetic counsellor members. This report delivers the findings from the Supervision Working Group and has been peer reviewed by the AGNC membership in the UK and Eire and ratified by the AGNC Committee. It offers a working definition of genetic counselling supervision, gives an overview of some of the literature on supervision and concludes with practice recommendations.
Oxidative remodeling in pressure overload induced chronic heart failure
Authors: Henderson Brooke C. , Tyagi Neetu , Ovechkin Alexander , Kartha Ganesh K. , Moshal Karni S. , Tyagi Suresh C.
Published: February 2007

Despite extensive strides in understanding pressure overload induced heart failure, there is very little known about oxidative stress induced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activation, collagen degradation and remodeling in pressure overload heart failure. We hypothesize that pressure overload leads to redox imbalance causing increased expression/activity of MMP‐2/9 producing collagen degradation and heart failure. To test this hypothesis, we created pressure overload heart failure by abdominal aortic stenosis (AS) in wild‐type C57BL/6J and collagen mutant (Col1a1 with 129 s background) mice. At 4 weeks, post surgery, functional parameters were measured. Left ventricle (LV) tissue sections were analyzed by histology, Western Blot and PCR. The results suggest an increase in iNOS with a decrease in eNOS, an increase in nitrated protein modification and depletion of antioxidants thioredoxin and SOD in pressure overload. MMP‐2/9 expression/activity and collagen degradation were increased in the AS animals. To determine whether a mutation in the collagen gene at the site of MMP cleavage mitigates cardiac hypertrophy, we used Col1a1 mice. In these mice, the AS induced LV hypertrophy (LVH) was ameliorated. In conclusion, our results suggest that AS leads to increased oxidative stress, expression/activity of MMP‐2/9 and a decrease in antioxidant expression producing collagen degradation and heart failure.
Making the connections – The crucial role of metabolite transporters at the interface between chloroplast and cytosol
Authors: Weber Andreas P.M. , Fischer Karsten
Published: February 2007

Eukaryotic cells are most fascinating because of their high degree of compartmentation. This is particularly true for plant cells, due to the presence of chloroplasts, photosynthetic organelles of endosymbiotic origin that can be traced back to a single cyanobacterial ancestor. Plastids are major hubs in the metabolic network of plant cells, their metabolism being heavily intertwined with that of the cytosol and of other organelles. Solute transport across the plastid envelope by metabolite transporters is key to integrating plastid metabolism with that of other cellular compartments. Here, we review the advances in understanding metabolite transport across the plastid envelope membrane.
A conserved folding mechanism for PDZ domains
Authors: Chi Celestine N. , Gianni Stefano , Calosci Nicoletta , Travaglini-Allocatelli Carlo , Engström Åke , Jemth Per
Published: February 2007

An important question in protein folding is whether the folding mechanism is sequence dependent and conserved for homologous proteins. In this work we compared the kinetic folding mechanism of five postsynaptic density protein‐95, disc‐large tumor suppressor protein, zonula occludens‐1 (PDZ) domains, sharing similar topology but having different primary structures. Investigation of the different proteins under various experimental conditions revealed that the folding kinetics of each member of the PDZ family can be described by a model with two transition states separated by an intermediate. Moreover, the positions of the two transition states along the reaction coordinate (as given by their βT‐values) are fairly constant for the five PDZ domains.
The sulfhydryl oxidase Erv1 is a substrate of the Mia40‐dependent protein translocation pathway
Authors: Terziyska Nadia , Grumbt Barbara , Bien Melanie , Neupert Walter , Herrmann Johannes M. , Hell Kai
Published: February 2007

The thiol oxidase Erv1 and the redox‐regulated receptor Mia40/Tim40 are components of a disulfide relay system which mediates import of proteins into the intermembrane space (IMS) of mitochondria. Here we report that Erv1 requires Mia40 for its import into mitochondria. After passage across the translocase of the mitochondrial outer membrane Erv1 interacts via disulfide bonds with Mia40. Erv1 does not contain twin “CX3C” or twin “CX9C” motifs which are crucial for import of typical substrates of this pathway and it does not need two “CX2C” motifs for import into mitochondria. Thus, Erv1 represents an unusual type of substrate of the Mia40‐dependent import pathway.
Lymphangiosarcoma in two cats
Authors: Lenard Zoė M. , Foster Susan F. , Tebb Anna J. , Russell Nicholas J. , O'Hara Amanda J. , Lester Nola V.
Published: February 2007

Lymphangiosarcoma is a malignant neoplasm of the lymphatic endothelium that is rare in cats. This report describes two cases of feline lymphangiosarcoma that originated in the distal limb, causing intractable lymphoedema and serosanguineous discharge with ecchymoses in local and distant sites. In association with the neoplasia, one cat had cortical bone lysis of multiple metacarpal bones of the affected limb and the other had severe immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia (IMHA). The disease in both cases affected young cats and progressed rapidly. Persistent distal limb lymphoedema with serosanguineous discharge is suggestive of lymphangiosarcoma especially when local or distal ecchymoses are evident.
AGGRESSIVE DIGITAL PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE HAND
Authors: RAFEE A. , PRASAD G. , PHANG S. , RAMESH P.
Published: February 2007

This paper reports the case of a 26-year-old Caucasian male with an aggressive digital papillary adenocarcinoma of his right index finger. Aggressive digital papillary adenocarcinoma is a rare tumour arising from sweat glands which occurs characteristically on the hands, fingers and toes. It has a high rate of local recurrence and can metastasise, occasionally resulting in mortality.
Evidence for Holocene environmental changes in the northern Fertile Crescent provided by pedogenic carbonate coatings
Authors: Pustovoytov Konstantin , Schmidt Klaus , Taubald Heinrich
Published: February 2007

Holocene environmental changes in the northern Fertile Crescent remain poorly understood because of the scarcity of local proxy records in the region. In this study we investigated pedogenic (soil-formed) carbonate coatings on stones at the Pre-Pottery Neolithic site Göbekli Tepe as an indicator of local early-mid Holocene environmental changes. The 14C ages and stable isotopic composition of carbon and oxygen in thin (0.2–0.3 mm thick) pedogenic carbonate lamina indicate two main periods of coating formation: the early-Holocene (ca. 10000–6000 cal yr BP) and the mid-Holocene (ca. 6000–4000 cal yr BP). During the first period, there was an inverse relationship between δ13C and δ18O curves: a decrease in δ13C values coincide with an increase in δ18O values. For this period a trend towards higher temperatures is suggested. In the mid-Holocene, the mean rate of coating growth was 2–3 times higher than in the early Holocene. Both δ13C and δ18O reached their maximum values during this time and the direction of changes of the δ13C and δ18O curves became similar. The combination of data suggests that this period was the most humid in the Holocene and on average warmer than the early Holocene. At ca. 4000 cal yr BP secondary accumulation of carbonate ceased, presumably reflecting a shift to a more arid climate.
Highway XVI re-visited: the road from non-discrimination to market access in GATS
Authors: MAVROIDIS PETROS C.
Published: February 2007

The GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services) is a highly complicated legal instrument and prone to various interpretations because of the embedded ambiguity. It should not come as a surprise that in the context of all disputes concerning services, WTO panels and the Appellate Body reached diametrically opposite conclusions on the same issues. Un-appealed panel reports, on the other hand, have not been welcome either. One of the major, if not the major, issue is the legal relationship between Arts. XVI and XVII GATS, which regulate market access. The manner in which this relationship has been interpreted inescapably leads to constructing the GATS as a move beyond negative integration. This is at odds with the intent of the founding fathers, the letter and the spirit of the GATS itself. Subjecting Art. XVI to Art. XVII GATS guarantees respect of the negative integration character of GATS. It thus avoids internationalizing issues that WTO Members want to keep in their domaine reservé. Counter-intuitively probably, it allows for more trade liberalization. Using the unfortunate US–Gambling report as an example, this report suggests an approach to understanding Art. XVI as a sub-set of Art. XVII GATS.
Economic justice in an unfair world: towards a level playing field By Ethan B. Kapstein Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006
Authors: RISSE MATHIAS
Published: February 2007

Kapstein begins by stating that ‘If any norm characterizes international economic relations, it is probably that they should be carried out on a “level playing field”’ (p. xi). He then sets out to offer his vision of what such leveling would amount to. The book offers what he calls a ‘liberal internationalist’ perspective on global economic justice, a view defined in opposition to two other views introduced and explored throughout: communitarianism, on the one hand, which according to him takes states too seriously by denying, beyond a certain minimal level, obligations to those who do not belong to them; and cosmopolitanism, on the other hand, which he thinks does not take states seriously enough by failing to acknowledge, to a sufficient degree, the special moral importance of shared citizenship. By way of contrast, liberal internationalism takes states as given, but acknowledges that there are moral obligations tying together states into a society of states, a society that, according to Kapstein's ideal, is supposed to be inclusive, participatory, and welfare-enhancing for all states.
A Framework for the Prediction of Scale‐Up When Using Compressible Chromatographic Packings
Authors: Tran Richard , Joseph John R. , Sinclair Andrew , Bracewell Daniel , Zhou Yuhong , Titchener‐Hooker Nigel J.
Published: February 2007

Experimental data are given for the solid pressure distributions in chromatography columns of various column aspect ratios packed with four types of agarose‐based resin. The loss of column wall support at large scales can result in unexpectedly high pressures caused by the compression of the matrix via drag forces exerted by fluid flow through the bed. The need for an accurate model to predict flow conditions at increasing scale is essential for the scaling‐up of chromatographic processes and for avoiding bed compression during operation. Several studies have generated correlations that allow for the prediction of column pressure drops, but they either are mathematically complex, which impairs their practical use, or require a large number of experiments to be performed before they can be used. In this study an empirical correlation was developed based on a previously proposed model, which links the critical velocity of operation of a chromatographic system (ucrit), to the gravity‐settled bed height (L0), the column diameter (D), the feed viscosity (μ), and the compressibility of the chromatographic media used (u10%). The methodology developed in this study is straightforward to use and significantly reduces the burden of preceding laboratory‐scale experimentation. The approach can be used to predict the critical velocity of any chromatographic system and will be useful in the development of chromatographic operations and for column sizing.
Titan: Atmospheric and surface features as observed with Nasmyth Adaptive Optics System Near‐Infrared Imager and Spectrograph at the time of the Huygens mission
Authors: Hirtzig M. , Coustenis A. , Gendron E. , Drossart P. , Hartung M. , Negrão A. , Rannou P. , Combes M.
Published: February 2007

At the time of the Huygens probe descent in Titan's atmosphere, on 14 January 2005, many ground‐based telescopes were pointed toward Saturn's satellite. Here, we describe the data collected on 15 and 16 January with Nasmyth Adaptive Optics System Near‐Infrared Imager and Spectrograph (NACO) at the Very Large Telescope. We acquired adaptive optics images in the near‐infrared in several NACO modes, 18 then 41 hours after Huygens landing. A variety of different filters, a cryogenic tunable Fabry‐Perot interferometer, and a simultaneous differential imager were used. All these data allowed us to construct a diagnostic of the appearance of Titan's atmosphere and surface at the time of the Huygens probe's descent. We describe the north‐south and east‐west asymmetries characterizing the atmosphere, while reporting on more active phenomena, like cloud activity. The surface of Titan around the Huygens probe's landing site is imaged with a 320‐km spatial resolution, through three methane windows at 1.28, 1.6, and 2.0 μm; it shows features similar to those previously published in near‐infrared maps, with a spectral behavior compatible with methane and water ices.
A methodology for discharge estimation and rating curve development at ungauged river sites
Authors: Perumal Muthiah , Moramarco Tommaso , Sahoo Bhabagrahi , Barbetta Silvia
Published: February 2007

A methodology for estimating discharges and development of rating curves at ungauged river sites is presented. The methodology employs a routing method, which is an extension of the variable parameter Muskingum stage hydrograph (VPMS) routing method developed by M. Perumal and K. G. Ranga Raju, for routing a given upstream stage hydrograph in a channel reach characterized by trapezoidal compound cross section to arrive at the stage hydrograph at the downstream site. Furthermore, the VPMS method also enables us to estimate the discharge hydrographs at the upstream and downstream sites. It is assumed that there is no lateral flow within the routing reach. For establishing the rating curve at the ungauged river site the following concept employed in the development of the VPMS method can be conveniently exploited: During unsteady flow, there exists a one‐to‐one relationship between the stage estimated at the ungauged site and the corresponding steady discharge, which occurs somewhere downstream of that location, and using the method employed in the VPMS method, one can estimate that steady discharge. By linking this discharge with the stage estimated at the ungauged site the rating curve can be established. This approach of developing the rating curve is verified for a number of hypothetical data sets, obtained using the MIKE 11 model, which is used as the benchmark model in this study. Furthermore, the appropriateness of the proposed extended VPMS routing method is verified using two sets of experimental data on unsteady flows, obtained from a laboratory channel with rectangular compound flow section. The methodology is also field tested using six sets of concurrent stage hydrograph data obtained at the upstream and downstream sites of a 15 km reach length of the Tiber River in central Italy, out of which only one set of data was used for calibrating the reach‐averaged Manning's roughness coefficient. The close reproductions of the rating curves and discharge hydrographs recorded at the upstream and downstream sites demonstrate that the proposed methodology can be confidently used for rating curve development and discharge estimation at ungauged sites, thus avoiding the manual discharge measurement at any river site not subjected to backwater effects.
Water hammer dissipation in pneumatic slug tests
Authors: Ostendorf David W. , DeGroot Don J. , Dunaj Philip J.
Published: February 2007

We model and measure the dissipation of water hammer induced by well casing and water elasticity with rapid valve opening at the start of a pneumatic slug test. The higher‐frequency water hammer can obscure slower, aquifer‐controlled, underdamped oscillations of the rigid water column, so a quantitative description of the elastic motion improves the ability of a slug test to calibrate the aquifer permeability k. Internal friction attenuates the water hammer, subject to a known headspace pressure at the air/water interface and equilibrium pressure at the top of the well screen. An analytical elastic solution is presented and matched to an existing rigid motion analysis, with matching predicated on k exceeding 7 × 10−14 m2 and appreciable water hammer dissipation during the first cycle of the slug test. The model is accurately calibrated with data from underdamped slug tests in a PVC monitoring well in the Plymouth‐Carver Aquifer. The calibrated casing elasticity value suggests that effective lateral soil stress appreciably stiffened the casing.
Biogenic nitrogen and carbon in Fe‐Mn‐oxyhydroxides from an Archean chert, Marble Bar, Western Australia
Authors: Pinti Daniele L. , Hashizume Ko , Orberger Beate , Gallien Jean‐Paul , Cloquet Christophe , Massault Marc
Published: February 2007

To quantify and localize nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) in Archean rocks from the Marble Bar formation, Western Australia, and to gain insights on their origin and potential biogenicity, we conducted nuclear reaction analyses (NRA) and carbon and nitrogen isotope ratio measurements on various samples from the 3460‐Myr‐old Fe‐rich Marble Bar chert. The Marble Bar chert formed during the alteration of basaltic volcanoclastic rocks with Fe‐ and Si‐rich hydrothermal fluids, and the subsequent precipitation of magnetite, carbonates, massive silica, and, locally, sulfides. At a later stage, the magnetite, sulfides, and carbonates were replaced by Fe‐Mn‐oxyhydroxides. Nuclear reaction analyses indicate that most of the N and C resides within these Fe‐Mn‐oxyhydroxides, but a minor fraction is found in K‐feldspars and Ba‐mica dispersed in the silica matrix. The N and C isotopic composition of Fe‐oxides suggests the presence of a unique biogenic source with δ15NAIR values from +6.0 ± 0.5‰ to 7.3 ± 1.1‰ and a δ13CPDB value of −19.9 ± 0.1‰. The C and N isotope ratios are similar to those observed in Proterozoic and Phanerozoic organic matter. Diffusion‐controlled fractionation of N and C released during high combustion temperatures indicates that these two elements are firmly embedded within the iron oxides, with activation energies of 18.7 ± 3.7 kJ/mol for N and 13.0 ± 3.8 kJ/mol for C. We propose that N and C were chemisorbed on iron and were subsequently embedded in the crystals during iron oxidation and crystal growth. The Fe‐isotopic composition of the Marble Bar chert (δ56Fe = −0.38 ± 0.02‰) is similar to that measured in iron oxides formed by direct precipitation of iron from hydrothermal plumes in contact with oxygenated waters. To explain the N and C isotopic composition of Marble Bar chert, we propose either (1) a later addition of N and C at the end of Archean when oxygen started to rise or (2) an earlier development of localized oxygenated environments, where biogeochemical cycles similar to modern ones could have developed.
Separator reconnection at Earth's dayside magnetopause under generic northward interplanetary magnetic field conditions
Authors: Dorelli John C. , Bhattacharjee Amitava , Raeder Joachim
Published: February 2007

We investigate the global properties of magnetic reconnection at the dayside terrestrial magnetopause under generic northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions. In particular, we consider a zero dipole tilt case where the y and z components of the IMF (in GSM coordinates) are equal in magnitude, using three‐dimensional resistive magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) simulations to address the following questions: (1) What is the geometry of the dayside X line? (2) How is current density distributed over the magnetopause surface? Using a technique described by Geene (1992) to track the magnetic nulls in the system, we identify the dayside X line as a magnetic separator line, a segment of a magnetic field line which extends across the dayside magnetopause, terminating in the cusps. We demonstrate that the separator line is the intersection of two separatrix surfaces which define volumes containing topologically distinct field lines. Parallel current density, proportional to the parallel electric field in our resistive MHD simulations, is distributed in a broad, thin sheet which extends across the separator line and terminates in the cusps. Thus separator reconnection at the dayside magnetopause displays features of both antiparallel (near the cusp nulls) and component (near the subsolar separator line) reconnection. We discuss some implications of our results for spacecraft observations of reconnection signatures.
Turbulence in the wintertime northern Adriatic Sea under strong atmospheric forcing
Authors: Peters Hartmut , Lee Craig M. , Orlić Mirko , Dorman Clive E.
Published: February 2007

In February 2003, we observed the response of the 40 to 50 m deep northern Adriatic Sea to strong surface forcing by 20 m s−1 winds and 600 W m−2 net upward heat flux resulting from cold bora winds blowing onto a relatively warm sea through gaps in the Croatian mountains. Ocean turbulence throughout the water column was observed with a microstructure profiler and a bottom‐mounted, upward‐looking, 5‐beam, acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP). Microstructure‐based dissipation rates (ɛ) were close to similarity scaling of the surface wind stress. The surface buoyancy flux, related to the oceanic heat loss, contributed little energy to the turbulence, but led to sustained unstable stratification. The energy‐containing range of the turbulence together with the upper end of the inertial subrange, with horizontal scales between a few hundred meters and about 10 m, contained coherent, anisotropic overturning motions aligned with the low‐frequency, barotropic ocean currents which carried stress and showed an asymmetry between rare, narrow, faster downdrafts and diffuse, weak updrafts. These motions bear no similarity with Langmuir cells. The turbulence measurements were embedded in surveys of the mesoscale ocean variability. Part of the observations were set in a front a few hundred meters wide with little density contrast. As the bora wind relaxed, the front began to develop a highly stratified “foot” undergoing intense mixing. The paper addresses problems of beam spreading and instrumental noise in ADCPs.
Update to “Reconciliation of coarse mode sea‐salt aerosol particle size measurements and parameterizations at a subtropical ocean receptor site” regarding the use of aerodynamic particle sizers in marine environments
Authors: Reid Jeffrey S. , Peters Thomas M.
Published: February 2007

In the January 2006 issue of Journal of Geophysical Research, Reid et al. presented their findings regarding the sometimes large biases found in the measurement of the size and inferred mass concentration of coarse mode sea‐salt particles. This was done on the R/P Floating Instrument Platform (FLIP) off of the coast of Oahu, Hawaii, where long fetches of the clean marine environment could be studied. As part of this analysis, data from optical particle counters and TSI aerodynamic particle sizers (APS) (model 3320) were compared to filter mass and chemistry. It was found that a ground‐based APS 3320 gave superior performance on measurement of sea‐salt properties relative to other size spectrometers when previously published correction factors were used. However, a calibration study of APS instruments by Volckens and Peters (2005) was published while Reid et al. (2006) was in press. Volckens and Peters (2005) found significant differences in counting efficiency between wet and dry particles that included evidence for particle impaction inside the APS's acceleration nozzle. This finding does not impact Reid et al.'s (2006) key results or conclusions. However, it does bear relevance to specific comments made regarding what was suggested as appropriate use of APS‐type instruments. It also has bearing on some unexplained anomalous behavior in the Center for Interdisciplinary Remotely‐Piloted Aircraft Studies (CIRPAS) wing‐mounted APS unit. In this short note we briefly review the APS performance bibliography, provide correction factors for size estimates presented in Reid et al. (2006), and discuss how the most current findings impact the study of coarse mode sea salt.
Vertical sheets of dense plasma in the topside Martian ionosphere
Authors: Nielsen E. , Wang X.‐D. , Gurnett D. A. , Kirchner D. L. , Huff R. , Orosei R. , Safaeinili A. , Plaut J. J. , Picardi G.
Published: February 2007

The low‐frequency radar, Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding (MARSIS), on board the Mars Express spacecraft is used to sound electron densities in the topside Martian ionosphere. The radar records the delay times to echoes of reflected radio waves as a function of frequency, yielding spectrograms with traces of radar echoes. At times, two traces are present in spectrograms of the Martian ionosphere. One of these traces corresponds to reflections from the direction to nadir. The other trace originates in a localized reflector in the ionosphere. The local reflectors can be associated with the cusplike regions of near‐vertical crustal magnetic fields. The apparent nadir angle of reflection can occasionally increase to 90°. This suggests that steep gradients of the altitude of the electron isodensity exist in the Martian ionosphere and indicates rapid horizontal spatial variations of vertical diffusion of Martian plasma. Such gradients may arise owing to preferential access of solar wind to the cusplike regions or to precipitation of energetic electrons from acceleration regions located on cusp magnetic field lines high above the ionosphere.
Long‐term observations of southern winters on Mars: Estimations of column thickness, mass, and volume density of the seasonal CO2 deposit from HEND/Odyssey data
Authors: Litvak M. L. , Mitrofanov I. G. , Kozyrev A. S. , Sanin A. B. , Tretyakov V. I. , Boynton W. V. , Kelly N. J. , Hamara D. , Saunders R. S.
Published: February 2007

In this paper, we have analyzed neutron spectroscopy data gathered by the High Energy Neutron Detector (HEND) instrument on board Mars Odyssey for two Martian years of orbital mapping. We focused on the observations of the Martian southern seasonal cap for this period of time. Nuclear methods based on numerical modeling allow us to derive an estimation of the distribution of CO2 frost column density and mass from the temporal variations of neutron flux between summer and winter seasons. We have estimated the seasonal behavior of both the column density and mass of CO2 frost. Comparison between two Martian years revealed minor (<10%) interannual variations of CO2 thickness at the south pole during the middle of southern winter. It was found that maximal mass of the southern seasonal cap is achieved at Ls = 160° and is equal to 6.6 ± 0.6 × 1015 kg. We found that this result corresponds well with previous HEND results, NASA Ames GCM predictions, Gamma Ray Spectrometer estimates, and estimations from gravity models based on MGS and Mars Odyssey tracking data. In our analysis, we also compared to processed MOLA data (linear thicknesses of snow depths) to measure the value of the volume density of the Southern seasonal cap, and we found that it may vary in the range 400–1250 kg/m3.
An optimization in computation time for the prediction of radio coverage zones
Authors: Combeau Pierre , Vauzelle Rodolphe , Pousset Yannis , Aveneau Lilian
Published: February 2007

This paper presents a method which optimizes the computation time for radio coverage prediction, whatever propagation model is used. The principle consists in reducing, in comparison with classical techniques, the number of application points of a propagation model. The proposed method is based on a multiresolution analysis of measured signals operating at 1.8 GHz and on an electromagnetic analysis of the propagation environment. The method is compared with a classical technique and is evaluated in terms of a reduction in computation time and of an increase in accuracy. Satisfactory results were obtained for microcells and small cells, and gains in computation time, with values close to 3 and 80, were achieved for scalar and vectorial models, respectively. As 90% of the estimation errors relating to the received signal level are less than 2.2 dB, a high level of accuracy was also assured.