bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on the composition of food
Authors: Robertson Jean , Vipond Margaret S. , Tapsfield D. , Greaves J. P.
Published: September 2005

1. The nutrient content and distribution of the carcass meat in broilers (B) and free range cockerels (FR) was studied in two experiments in 1961–2. Half the birds of each type were roasted at 177°C, without additional fat, before dissection and analysis. The breast muscles and red meat were separately analysed for moisture, protein, fat and thiamine. 2. Chunky hybrids (frozen) and Light Sussex × Rhode Island Red (LS × RIR) cockerels were used in both experiments. Expt 1 (group 1) was a pilot study (using groups of six) inwhich B and FR of similar dressed weight were compared. Expt 2 (group 2) consisted of twelve ‘fresh’ (B1) and twelve frozen (B2) broiler hybrids from the same batch of birds killed at 9 weeks; twelve slightly heavier LS × RIR cockerels (FR2) were killed at 18 weeks and twelve Sykes hybrid 3 cockerels (FR1) killed at 20 weeks. The birds received various standard feeds. 3. The edible portion (skin plus meat), expressed as a percentage of the dressed weight, was greater in the free range birds than in the broiler chickens. Increased cooking losses resulting from freezing were responsible for a significantly smaller proportion of edible meat in the cooked frozen broilers. In both groups the edible portion increased with age irrespective of breed or weight. 4. In broiler and free range chickens differenccs in the mean protein content of the total edible meat were small. 5. Fat content appeared to be related to breed as well as to type of bird. In group 1, B contained slightly more fat than FR1. In group 2, B1, and B2, contained significantly more fat then FR1, but the fat content of the raw meat in FR2, was greater. 6. In both experiments the flesh of the free range chickens contained more thiamine than the broiler meat. In group 1 this difference was significant in all the cooked birds; in group 2 significant differences between free range chickens and broilers were found in the breast and red meat of the cooked birds for all comparisons except FR2 and B1. About one-third of the thiamine was lost on cooking both types of chicken in group 1; in group 2 the loss from the broilers was similar but in the FR birds between 18% (FR1) and 26% (FR2) of the thiamine was destroyed. 7. In general the meat of the broilers contained less thiamine and more fat than did that of the free range chickens. Though such differences are of no significance in a mixed diet (as chicken supplies so little thiamine) they are a useful index of differences in nutritive value which result from the different systems of management.
The absorption of plant sterols by the fowl
Authors: Boorman K. Neil , Hans Fisher
Published: September 2005

1. A gas-liquid chromatographic method for the detection of phytosterols in tissues and excreta of birds was developed. The limitations of this method are discussed. 2. β- and γ-Sitosterol werc detected in the plasma of adult cockerels and in the plasma, intestinal wall, and liver of 4-week-old cockerels. The proportion of sitosterols in the total sterol absorbed appeared to be affected by the nature of the dietary fat. 3. γ-Sitosterol was more effectively absorbed than β-sitosterol. The ratio of β to γ was altered by the nature of the dietary fat. 4. Using a diet containing 10% triolein and 1% cholic acid, and increasing the dietary plant sterol level up to 2%, increased the proportion of sitosterols in the intestinal wall of 4-week-old cocks. Further increases in dietary plant sterols did not produce additional increases in the proportion of sitosterols among intestinal wall sterols. 5. γ-Sitosterol and traces of β-sitosterol were found in eggs from hens given a diet supplemented with maize stcrols.
The influence of dietary phosphorus intake on the rate of bone metabolism in sheep
Authors: Young V. R. , Luick J. R. , Lofgreen G. P.
Published: September 2005

1. A combination of balance and isotope techniques was used to determine the influence of phosphorus depletion on the size of the exchangeable calcium pool and on the rates of Ca deposition in and removal from the whole skeleton of sheep. 2. The exchangeable Ca pool was reduced in size in the depleted sheep to approximately 50% of that in the controls. 3. The rates of Ca deposition in and removal from bone were reduced by P depletion and the rate of Ca transfer from the pool was reduced slightly. 4. The turnover rates of the exchangeable Ca pool and bone Ca in sheep appear to be similar to values published for man.
Phosphorus depletion in sheep and the ratio of calcium to phosphorus in the diet with reference to calcium and phosphorus absorption
Authors: Young V. R. , Richards W. P. C. , Lofgreen G. P. , Luick J. R.
Published: September 2005

1. A total of sixty-three wether lambs, 4–6 months old, were fed on diets low in phosphorus and adequate in calcium (0.072–0.073% P, 0.38–0.40% Ca) or adequate in both (0.38–0.40% P, 0.40% Ca) for 134 or 142 days. 2. Concentrations of serum inorganic P and Ca and alkaline phosphatase activity were studied during the depletion period. Bones were taken for histological analysis at the end of the 142 days. 3. After the preliminary depletion period, a metabolism study was conducted in which the effects of previous P depletion and dietary Ca:P ratio upon Ca and P absorption, as measured by isotope techniques, were studied. 4. Histological analysis of bones showed the presence of lesions characteristic of late rickets in some sheep and of severe osteoporosis in others. 5. A wide dietary Ca:P ratio had no apparent effect on P absorption when P intake was adequate. The availability of P was lowered by a diet deficient in P with a wide Ca:P ratio. 6. Previous P depletion resulted in enhanced P absorption during the first 11.5 days after an increased intake of P, but this effect was not shown during days 14–21 after the increase. 7. Ca absorption was reduced by giving a diet low in P and was increased when the intake of P was raised. 8. The response to wide dietary Ca:P ratios by ruminants and non-ruminants is reviewed, and a hypothesis, based upon a knowledge of the intestinal reaction of these species, is offered for the finding that ruminants tolerate wider dietary Ca:P ratios than non-ruminant species.
The effects of phosphorus depletion, and of calcium and phosphorus intake, on the endogenous excretion of these elements by sheep
Authors: Young V. R. , Lofgreen G. P. , Luick J. R.
Published: September 2005

1. Injections of 32P and 45Ca were used to study the influence of phosphorus depletion and repletion on the rates of endogenous calcium and P excretion in fifteen P-depleted and eighteen control sheep. 2. When given adequate P, there was a marked increase in the rate of excretion of metabolic faecal P in sheep which previously had been depleted. In control sheep a decrease was found in metabolic faecal P excretion with a diet deficient in P. 3. From the values for metabolic faecal P an indirect estimate of total intestinal secretion was made. The estimate was found to be in approximate agreement with values derived from published values for total daily digestive secretions in sheep. 4. The estimated rates of secretion of intestinal P suggest that after the addition of P to the diet the changes in the rate of excretion of metabolic faecal P in P-depleted sheep were the result of a decreased reabsorption of intestinally secreted P rather than of a change in the rate of secretion into the intestine. After a diet low in this element the decrease in metabolic faecal P excretion by control sheep appeared to be the result of a decreased rate of intestinal P secretion. 5. The possible significance of changes in metabolic faecal P excretion in relation to body P homoeostasis in the ruminant animal is discussed.
Vitamin A and carotene in British and American diets
Authors: Greaves J. P. , Tan Jane
Published: September 2005

1. The confusion sometimes found in discussions of dietary vitamin A and its precursors is illustrated. The relative potency of vitamin A and carotene is briefly discussed, and the procedure used in the National Food Survey of Great Britain explained. 2. Changes in the vitamin A and carotene contents of the British diet over the last two decades are illustrated. 3. The vitamin A and carotene contents of the American diet are estimated, and compared with those of the British diets; both estimates of intake are compared with recommended allowances. The difficulties of making such comparisons are discussed, in view of the different conventions used in the two countries. 4. An appendix, on the calculation of vitamin A in the diet, is included, in which interrelations between different methods of expressing vitamin A value are shown.
The effect on digestion in the rumen of a gradual increase in the content of fatty acids in the diet of sheep
Authors: Czerkawski J. W.
Published: September 2005

1. Two sheep were given cubed rations in which the fatty acid content was increased by about 12 g/day at the end of each week, until the daily intake became 74 g. 2. The apparent digestibility of the crude lipid increased with the increased intake, but there was no tendency for the digestibility of the fatty acids to increase or decrease regularly. 3. Comparison of faecal losses during the final periods, when a maximum amount of lipid was given, with the losses during the initial control periods showed that the excretion of dry matter, crude lipid and cellulose increased. The excretion of crude protein was unchanged and that of lipid- and cellulose-free dry matter decreased. There was a reduction in the production of methane of 17 kcal/100 kcal of additional fatty acids in the diet. 4. The concentration of the C18unsaturated acids in the rumen liquor reached a maximum during the 1st week on the diet containing the maximum amount of added fatty acids. The shape of the curves was consistent with rapid hydrogenation of linolenic acid. The concentration of stearic acid in the rumen liquor reached a maximum when the dietary acids increased to only 50% of their maximum value.
Analysis of enzymically digested food proteins by Sephadex-gel filtration
Authors: Ford J. E. , Salter D. N.
Published: September 2005

1. Portions of a preparation of freeze-dried cod fillet were subjected to different conditions of heat treatment and were then digested in vitro with pronase (an enzyme preparation from Streptomyces griseus), or successively with pepsin, pancreatin and erepsin, or with pepsin and papain. The digestions were conducted under ‘static’ conditions in flasks, and also in Sephadex gel G 10 in such a manner that the reaction products were continuously removed from the site of action of the digesting enzymes. The different digests were then passed in turn through a calibrated column of Sephadex gel G25and each was resolved into three fractions containing ‘soluble protein’, ‘peptide’ and ‘free amino acids’. The distribution of several amino acids in these different fractions was determined and the results were assessed in relation to the availabilities of these amino acids in the original test proteins as measured in microbiological and chemical tests and, in some instances, in growth tests with rats. 2. The different enzyme systems gave broadly similar results. With increasing severity of heating, the ‘ free amino acids’ component in the digests became increasingly deficient in several amino acids relative to their content in the original unheated meal, and notably in lysine and the sulphur-containing amino acids. This evidence for a marked differential effect of heating in retarding the enzymic release in vitro of several amino acids was consistent with the results of feeding tests with rats, and of microbiological and chemical assays, which showed corresponding differences in the proportions of lysine, methionine and isoleucine made unavailable by the heat treatment. In severely heated meal more of the lysine, methionine and isoleucine was released by enzymes in vitro than was biologically available to the rat. With increasing severity of heat treatment, the biological availabilities of these amino acids for the rat fell more sharply than did the digestibility of the nitrogen, indicating that amino acids absorbed from the heated meals were relatively poorly retained.
Food intake in Antarctica
Authors: Easty D. L.
Published: September 2005

1. Body-weight, skinfold thickness and food intake were measured at regular intervals in twenty-five young men while on an Antarctic expedition.

2. The mean calorie intake over the year was 3600 kcal/man per day; 12.1% of these calories were supplied by protein, 39.8% by fat, and 48.1% by carbohydrate.

3. The calorie intake was equivalent to that which would be expected in a moderately active worker living in a temperate climate. The chemical composition of the diets did not differ from average values for young men in the United Kingdom.

4. There was a significant fall in food intake during the winter months, when the outside temperatures were greatly reduced and there was polar night. During this period the men were largely confined to the limits of the base hut and the levels of physical activity showed a marked fall.

5. During the year there was a gain in body-weight of 2.7 kg. Of this gain 2.5 kg occurred in the first 2 months.

6. Skinfold thickness followed the trend of the body-weights except for the April-May increment which was unaccompanied by a weight change. This dissociation could not be explained.
The relationship between nutritive value of dietary protein and activity of liver arginase and kidney transamidinase enzymes
Authors: Kean E. A.
Published: September 2005

1. The protein efficiency ratio of three protein sources was determined with rats by a depletion-repletion method. The sources were: a groundnut product, a methionine-supplemented groundnut product and lactalbumin.

2. Livers obtained from the test animals were assayed for arginase activity, and kidneys for transamidinase activity (glycine amidinotransferase).

3. The measurements indicated that there was an inverse relationship between arginase activity and the nutritive value of the dietary protein.

4. Transamidinase activity was also influenced by nutritive value. Only the unsupplemented groundnut product, which had the lowest nutritive value, failed to produce a significant increase of transamidinase activity over basal levels.

5. The findings are discussed from the standpoint of physiological function and needs. It is suggested that observed levels of arginase activity are not necessarily related to amounts of urea excreted; similarly, transamidinase activity may be well in excess of physiological requirements.
Changes in the tissues of guinea-pigs fed on a diet free from vitamin A but containing methyl retinoate
Authors: Howell J. McC. , Thompson J. N. , Pitt G. A.
Published: September 2005

1. Forty-eight guinea-pigs were fed from weaning on a semi-synthetic diet free of retinol and carotenoids. Twenty-two of these animals received a twice-weekly supplement of methyl retinoate and fifteen received a twice-weekly supplement of retinyl acetate. The remaining eleven animals were fed on the vitamin A-free diet without supplementation.

2. At varying times throughout the experiment, animals died or were killed by chloroform inhalation. Testes and seminal vesicles were weighed and these tissues together with trachea, lungs, salivary glands, bladder, eyes and vagina were examined histologically.

3. The eleven guinea-pigs that received the unsupplemented diet developed signs of vitamin A deficiency after being fed on the diet for 3 or 4 weeks. Many epithelia showed a metaplastic change to the stratified squamous form often with keratinization.

4. The guinea-pigs given supplements of either methyl retinoate or retinyl acetate grew at a normal rate and developed none of the signs of vitamin A deficiency that appeared in the animals on the unsupplemented diet. Evidence of metaplastic change in epithelia was not seen in any of these animals.

5. Thirteen males were fed on the deficient diet and methyl retinoate. The testicles and seminal vesicles of these animals weighed less than those of the ten males fed on the deficient diet and retinyl acetate. The testes of the former showed severe histological degeneration of the seminiferous epithelium. The testes of the guinea-pigs fed on retinyl acetate were normal.

6. Fifteen guinea-pigs fed on the deficient diet and retinyl acetate were mated to normal males. Eleven were thought to have become pregant. Eight of these gave birth to twenty-four pups. One died in advanced pregnancy with five apparently normal pups in utero and one produced three living young and died with one still in utero. Sixteen guinea-pigs fed on the deficient diet and methyl retinoate were mated to normal males. Twelve were thought to have conceived but all resorbed their foetuses.

7. The vision of guinea-pigs fed on the synthetic diet and methyl retinoate deteriorated progressively, and after 150 days on the experiment the pupils did not respond to light. However, degeneration of the retina, such as had been seen in rats fed on a vitamin A-deficient diet containing methyl retinoate, was not seen in any of the guinea-pigs.
Studies on the active transport of D-glucose and L-histidine by rats and golden hamsters fed on a penicillin-enriched diet
Authors: Hindmarsh J. T. , Kilby D. , Wiseman G.
Published: September 2005

1. The effect of a penicillin-enriched diet (100 mg or 1000 mg penicillin-G/kg food) on the active transport of D-glucose and L-histidine has been investigated by the use of sacs of everted small intestine of normal young adult rats and golden hamsters. The antibiotic was given for up to several weeks.

2. The penicillin made no difference to the final concentration gradients of D-glucose or L-histidine achieved by rat small intestine, although with the hamster these appeared somewhat improved. Water entry into the serosal fluid remained unchanged.

3. The lengths and the dry weights of the small intestines of both species were not altered by the dietary regimen.
Protein-calorie malnutrition: Effect of deficient diets on enzyme levels of jejunal mucosa of rats
Authors: Solimano G. , Ann Burgess E. , Levin B.
Published: September 2005

1. The effects of low-protein and protein-free diets on the levels of disaccharidase, peptidase and aldolase activities in the jejunal mucosa of rats were studied.

2. Maltase, palatinase and sucrase activities increased significantly after both types of feeding, although there was an initial fall with the protein-free diet.

3. The rise in lactase levels was, however, not so marked.

4. Glycyl-glycine and glycyl-leucine dipeptidase levels fell consistently with both diets.

5. Aldolase activities were generally unaltered, but tended to fall if the period of low-protein feeding was prolonged.

6. Enzyme levels rapidly returned to normal when the rats were given a normal diet after a period on a protein-deficient one.

7. It is suggested that the rise in disaccharidase and fall in peptidase levels are adaptive changes to the high-carbohydrate, low-protein diet, with diminished enzyme synthesis, due to lack of nitrogen, contributing to the lowered peptidase activities. The relevance of these results to disaccharide intolerance in chronic malnutrition, kwashiorkor and gastro-intestinal infection is discussed.
Lysosomal enzymes and vitamin E deficiency
Authors: Bunyan J. , Green J. , Diplock A. T. , Robinson D.
Published: September 2005

1. The activities of several lysosomal hydrolases have been measured in tissues of rats with nutritional liver necrosis. Incipient or actual liver necrosis did not alter total, free or unsedimentable activities of cathepsin, β-glucuronidase, β-galactosidase or acid phosphatase of liver and kidney. Free hydrolytic activity towards p-nitrophenyl phosphate was slightly raised in liver, and serum β-galactosidase and β-glucuronidase were moderately elevated. These results suggest that lysosomal hydrolases are not directly implicated in the causation of liver necrosis.

2. Testicular degeneration was studied with reference to changes in β-giucuronidase activity. This enzyme activity, total, free and unsedimentable, was raised in deficient rat testis at 6 months old and did not decline even after a year. Raised values were also found in serum.
Protein quality of feeding-stuffs
Authors: Boyne A. W. , Price S. A. , Rosen G. D. , Stott J. A.
Published: September 2005

1. Samples of whale, meat, fish, groundnut and soya-bean meals and skim-milk powders were assayed microbiologically with Tetrahymena pyriformis W and Streptococcus zymogenes for available methionine and available lysine.

2. Detailed collaborative studies on the assay of available methionine with Strep. zymogenes were conducted on the effects of dry- or wet-grinding the test meals, the use of crude or purified papain for predigesting the ground meals and the use of optical density or titratable acidity as criteria of bacterial growth response.

3. Wide differences were observed in the available methionine and available lysine contents of a variety of meals in the preliminary studies, with a promising measure of interlaboratory agreement in the assay of available methionine with Strep. zymogenes.

4. As a result of detailed collaborative studies a provisional method is proposed for the assay of available methione with Strep. zymogenes, adopting dry-grinding and predigestion with an agreed level of papain in the preparation of the meals. No general recommendation could be offered on the comparative merits of optical density and titratable acidity as criteria of bacterial growth response.
The effect of uncooked and roll-dried maize starch, alone and mixed in equal quantity with sucrose, on dental caries in the albino rat
Authors: Green R. M. , Hartles R. L.
Published: September 2005

1. One hundred and ten weanling rats were distributed between five dietary groups in randomized blocks. Each block was constructed from within a litter and each member of the block received a different diet.

2. The main features of the diets were: group I (twenty-six rats) 72% sucrose, group 2 (sixteen rats) 72% uncooked maize starch, group 3 (sixteen rats) 72% roll-dried maize starch, group 4 (twenty-six rats) 36% sucrose and 36% uncooked starch, group 5 (twenty-six rats) 36% sucrose and 36% roll-dried starch.

3. The animals were killed after 20 days on the diets and assessed for dental caries. The rats of group 1 (sucrose) had significantly more caries than all other groups, the rats of group 2 (uncooked starch) had significantly less caries than any of the other groups. Roll-dried starch (group 3) produced significantly more caries than uncooked starch (group 2). The mixture of uncooked starch and sucrose (group 4) was significantly more cariogenic than the mixture of roll-dried starch and sucrose (group 5).
Design of cages for work with copper-deficient rats
Authors: McCosker P. J.
Published: September 2005

1. Cages are described for housing copper-deficient rats.

2. The cages are of simple design and constructed of glass and Perspex. Urine and faeces can be readily obtained without exposing the animals to contamination with copper.
Nitrogen balance studies with the milk-fed lamb
Authors: Walker D. M. , Cook L. J.
Published: September 2005

1. Sixteen male cross-bred lambs were given four diets, which differed in the ratio of protein to energy. The protein contents of the diets (on a dry-matter basis) were: 6.1% (diet A), 11.9% (diet B), 17.5% (diet C) and 22.9% (diet D).

2. The experimental period of 7 weeks was divided into two 2-week periods (periods 1 and 2), and one 3-week period. The diets given to the lambs were changed between period 1 and period 2. In period 3 all the lambs were given the same dietary treatment as in period 2.

3. The daily feed intake of the lambs was regulated according to live weight. Adjustments were made at the beginning of period 1 and of period 2. The level of feeding was 121 kcal/kg live weight 24 h. In period 3 the intake was the same as in period 2.

4. Diet digestibility, live-weight gain, and nitrogen and sulphur balances were calculated for each lamb on each diet in all the periods. Wool growth on sample areas was measured over a 2-week and a 4-week period. These wool growth periods corresponded to treatment period 1, and treatment periods 2 and 3, respectively. At the end of the experiment the lambs were slaughtered and the composition of carcass and organs was determined.

5. The mean digestibilities of energy, N, ether extractives and dry matter increased significantly as the protein content of the diet increased.

6. The live-weight gain increased with increasing protein content of the diets, but only the difference between the means for diet A and all other diets was significant.

7. The N and S balances increased with increasing intake of apparently digested N and S, and all differences between the means for individual diets were highly significant.

8. There was a significant correlation between N balance and live-weight gain for each diet. However, when compared at the same late of gain, N balance increased as the protein content or the diet increased.

9. Wool growth on the sample areas increased with an increase in the protein content of the diet and all differences between the means for individual diets were highly significant. There were no significant differences between the dietary treatments in their effect on the N and S contents of the wool. The mean values were 15.7% N and 2.87% S.

10. The retention of N in the wool grown did not account for the increased N retention on the diets of higher protein content. The lambs given diet A, retained more N and S in wool than was supplied by the diet.

11. The percentage of fat in the carcass decreased, and the percentage of protein increased as the protein content of the diet increased. The percentages of moisture and ash were not significantly affected by the dietary treatments.

12. The percentages of moisture in the liver, pancreas and muscle decreased and the percentages of protein in the liver and muscle increased as the protein content of the diet increased. The ratio of N in the organs (with the exception of the spleen and pancreas) to N in the carcass was highest for lambs given the diet with least protein (diet A).
The effect of the protein value of the diet on the neurological manifestations produced in rats by β,β-iminodipropionitrile
Authors: Morcos Sabry Riad
Published: September 2005

1. The ‘landing’ and ‘swimming’ tests have been used to detect the onset of the neurological manifestations of toxicity of β,β-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) in rats.

2. Rats on diets of net percentage of dietary protein calories (NDpCal%) of 10.1, 6.2 or 4.6 developed the syndrome later than those on diets of lower protein value.

3. L-Thyroxine did not prevent the development of the ECC-syndrome, but only delayed the onset of the action of IDPN.
Vitamin B12deficiency and the excretion of ether-soluble acids in the rat
Authors: Armstrong B. K.
Published: September 2005

1. Urinary excretion of total ether-soluble acids and of methylmalonic acid was studied in rats on vitamin B12-deficient diets with and without a vitamin B12supplement.

2. It was shown that urinary excretion of total ether-soluble acids and methylmalonic acid was increased in vitamin B12-deficient rats and that this increase was somewhat variable between individual animals, males and females, and rats from different litters.

3. The increased excretion of these acids could readily be reversed by supplementing the diet with vitamin B12.
Vitamin C synthesis in rats fed on diets deficient or normal in iron content
Authors: Rajalakshmi R. , Subbulakshmi G. , Mehta Tara
Published: September 2005

1. Iron deficiency was induced in albino rats by a milk-powder diet. Control groups were given milk powder plus an iron source.

2. The haemoglobin content of the blood was determined once each month. When the haemoglobin level fell to 10 g/100 ml or less in the deficient animals, determinations were made of the vitamin C content of 24 h urine as well as of liver, kidney, adrenals, brain and blood. Additional studies were made of in vitro synthesis of the vitamin by liver homogenate.

3. The urine and tissues of the deficient animals were found to have a higher concentration of the vitamin than those of the control animals. The difference in enzyme synthesis was in the same direction, but was not statistically significant.

4. The results are interpreted as suggesting an increased requirement, by rats, of the vitamin in iron deficiency; this increased requirement is met by increased synthesis.
The problem of goitre in Ceylon
Authors: Mahadeva K. , Senthe Shanmuganathan S.
Published: September 2005

1. A survey of the incidence of goitre in Ceylon was carried out in the years 1947–9 and goitre was found to be endemic in the south-west sector of the Wet Zone of Ceylon.

2. In response to a request by the Ceylon Government to the World Health Organization for advice, Dr Dagmar Wilson in 1950 confirmed our earlier findings and as a short-term policy recommended the provision of iodine as KI tablets to the stress groups in the Wet Zone. This was initiated in August 1951.

3. A second survey was carried out in 1963 in nine of the villages in the Wet Zone that had been studied previously.

4. Statistical analysis showed that the incidence had significantly increased amongst the females in all nine villages and amongst the males in two villages.

5. A survey of the incidence amongst mothers attending antenatal clinics confirmed the existence of a strip of country where goitre was endemic.

6. The critical level of iodine intake from drinking water below which goitre becomes endemic has been shown to be 10 μg/1.

7. The low iodine content of the water in the Wet Zone has been shown to be due to the persistent heavy rainfall, associated with high drainage into the ocean, by which the soil is leached.

8. The mean annual escape of water per square mile of a river basin (the yield factor) has been shown to be directly proportional to the intensity of endemic goitre in that basin.

9. The aetiological factors related to the problem of goitre are discussed. The prophylactic method failed as it was not sustained.

10. Iodization of kitchen salt is recommended for use by the general population. The amount of iodine added to the salt should not be great enough to produce any side-effects. Potassium iodate is suggested as the most suitable source of iodine for use in tropical regions with high humidity.
Metabolism of urea in sheep
Authors: Cocimano M. R. , Leng R. A.
Published: September 2005

1. The entry rates of urea into the urea pool of the body fluids have been measured in sheep given rations varying in crude protein percentage from 3.5 to 27.3.

2. Results obtained with a single injection and with continuous infusions of [14C]urea were essentially the same.

3. The difference between the entry rate and the rate of excretion of urea in the urine was taken to indicate the quantity of urea degraded in the alimentary tract.

4. Plasma concentrations and urea entry rates were significantly and linearly related.

5. The relationship between excretion rate and plasma urea concentration was best described by a cubic equation.

6. Degradation of urea in sheep was found to be extensive in all the animals studied; as the protein intake increased, the quantity of urea degraded also increased but the percentage of urea entering the body pool that was degraded was decreased. Animals given a ration containing 3.5% crude protein degraded 76–92% of the urea entering the body pool.

7. A rectilinear relationship was found between pool size and plasma urea concentration. The urea space in animals given low-protein rations was significantly less than in animals on high-protein rations.

8. The effects of starvation for 2, 4 and 6 days on urea metabolism in sheep were investi-gated. In a11 the sheep starved for 2 days there was a significant increase in urea pool size, but the entry rate was markedly depressed indicating a retention of urea in the body pool on starvation.

9. A significant amount of nitrogen was found to go through the system: rumen ammonia → portal blood ammonia→blood urea→rumen ammonia.

10.Urea excretion rate, urea clearance by the kidney, urine flow rate and the ratio of the concentration of urea in urine to that in plasma (urea U:P ratio) were also examined.

11. There were significant correlations between urine flow rate and urea excretion and between plasma urea concentration and urine flow rate.
Nutritional effects of autoxidized fats in animal diets
Authors: L'estrange J. L. , Carpenter K. J. , Lea C. H. , Parr L. J.
Published: September 2005

1. In two experiments, 100 pigs were fed from age 4 or 5 weeks to age 16–19 weeks on practical-type diets containing 10% of meat meal (15–17% lipid) of either low (3–17) or high (114–150 μmoles/g lipid) peroxide value. The cereal basis of the diet in the first experiment was wheat and maize and in the second barley. Other variants were the inclusion of a stabilized vitamin E supplement in the diet of one of the groups in Expt 1, the presence of 100 (Expt1) or 250(Expt 2)ppm of copper, and storage of a diet containing oxidized meat meal for 6–21 weeks before feeding to one of the groups in Expt 2.

2. Apart from an unusually high incidence of stomach ulcers which, however, were almost equally distributed between the control and oxidized fat groups and did not appear to affect the health and nutrition of the animals, the pigs grew well, with no significant difference between the groups in weight gain, food conversion ratio, liver weight, vitamin A storage in the liver, and aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities in the serum.

3. Changes in the lipids of the diets during storage were studied and samples of back fat from the carcasses examined for fatty acid composition, tocopherol content and susceptibility to autoxidation. Moisture content appeared to be a major factor influencing the oxidative stability of the meat meals used. Tocopherol content and oxidative stability of the pig fat were highest in the group given a vitamin E supplement, and generally lower in Expt 2 than in Expt 1.
Some effects of feeding sheep on low-sodium hay with and without sodium supplement
Authors: Jones D. I. H. , Miles D. G. , Sinclair K. B.
Published: September 2005

1. After a preliminary period on pelleted perennial ryegrass hay (0.28% sodium in dry matter) groups of sheep were fed on timothy hay (0.04% Na) with and without added sodium chloride or sodium bicarbonate.

2. When the sheep were fed on timothy hay, the Na content of urine and faeces fell and balances were negative. Na content of saliva fell markedly and potassium content increased.

3. Supplementary N a prevented these changes.

4. The low levels of dietary Na appeared to have no effect on the well-being of the sheep.
The concentration of copper in the liver of African children with marasmus
Authors: Godette L. , Warren P. J.
Published: September 2005

1. The concentration of copper in the liver of six African children suffering from marasmus has been compared with the values found for six children from the same area suffering from other diseases.

2. No significant difference was found in the concentration of Cu in the livers of children with marasmus compared with the values for the controls when the results were expressed either on a dry whole tissue basis or on a dry fat-free basis.

3. A highly significant difference was found in the concentration of Cu in the livers of children with marasmus when these values were compared, on a dry fat-free basis, with those found in an earlier study for children with kwashiorkor. The concentration of Cu in the livers of children with marasmus was twice that in the children with kwashiorkor.
Changes in skinfolds during pregnancy
Authors: Taggart Nan R. , Holliday Ruth M. , Billewicz W. Z. , Hytten F. E. , Thomson A. M.
Published: September 2005

1. Skinfold thicknesses at seven sites were measured during and after pregnancy in eighty- four women; in forty-eight of these, total body water was measured concurrently.

2. Early in pregnancy (10 weeks) the skinfold measurements were highly correlated with each other and with maternal weight, ratio of observed weight to standard weight-for-height,‘dry’ (water-free) weight, and with calculated estimates of body fat.

3. At nearly all sites, skinfold thicknesses increased up to about 30 weeks of pregnancy. Increases were greater at ‘central’ and least at ‘peripheral’ sites, and were not proportional to the initial skinfold thickness.

4. From 30 to 38 weeks of pregnancy, the patterns were variable: the mid-thigh skinfold continued to increase and at the other sites there was little change or a decrease.

5. All sites decreased by a surprisingly large amount between 38 weeks of pregnancy and the end of the first post-partum week. The evidence suggests that this change, which was not related to the presence or absence of oedema, occurred about the time of parturition.

6. From the end of the first post-partum week to 6–8 weeks post partum, the changes were again variable.

7. The increase of skinfolds during pregnancy was greater in underweight than in overweight women, and in primiparae than in multiparae. The pattern of change was not affected in any consistent manner by oedema.

8. The changes in skinfold thicknesses during pregnancy, especially up to about 30 weeks, showed patterns similar to those of total body-weight and ‘dry’ body-weight. A formula is given by means of which ‘dry’ weight can be predicted from five skinfolds, height and duration of gestation.
On the existence and significance of lipid peroxides in vitamin E-deficient animals
Authors: Bunyan J. , Murrell Elspeth A. , Green J. , Diplock A. T.
Published: September 2005

1. A micro-adaptation of the iodimetric method has been used to determine lipid peroxides in the tissues of vitamin E-deficient rats and chicks.

2. No increases in lipid peroxide were found in liver, kidney or adipose tissue of rats with nutritional liver necrosis due to deficiency of vitamin E and selenium. When liver necrosis was induced by giving rats a casein diet and silver acetate solution to drink, the peroxide value of the adipose tissue was not increased.

3. Degeneration of the testes of vitamin E-deficient rats was not accompanied by a rise in the peroxide value of the tissue lipids.

4. There was an increase in cathepsin activity of the kidneys of rats displaying the phenomenon of renal autolysis (post mortem), but there was no increase in lipid peroxide content.

5. No rise in lipid peroxide was found in dystrophic chick breast muscle, in cerebellum, brain and adipose tissue of chicks with encephalomalacia nor in the liver of chicks with exudative diathesis.

6. In rat liver, kidney, testis and leg muscle, peroxide values in the range 10–40 µ-equiv./g lipid were found, and these values were not altered either by a substantial change in the degree of unsaturation of the dietary lipid or by the addition of vitamin E to the diet. Dietary addition of N, N'-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPPD) or 6-ethoxy-1, 2-dihydro-2,2,4-trime-thylquinoline (ethoxyquin) also failed to affect the peroxide value of liver. The possibility that lipid peroxide is a normal metabolite of these tissues is discussed.

7. Peroxide values of rat adipose tissue were never found to be greater than 40 µ-equiv./g lipid and were readily decreased by the addition of vitamin E to the diet or by a decrease in the unsaturation of the dietary lipid. The peroxide content of this tissue may depend upon the up-take of peroxidized dietary lipid.

8. The conclusion from this study of true lipid peroxides in animal tissues is that the biological role of vitamin E is not connected with lipid peroxidation in vivo, in agreement with our previous studies on the metabolism of the fatty acid substrates of peroxidation and of α-tocopherol and other postulated biological antioxidants.
Vitamin E and stress
Authors: Green J. , Diplock A. T. , Bunyan J. , Muthy I. R. , Mchale D.
Published: September 2005

1. Liver necrosis was produced in rats given diets deficient in selenium and vitamin E and the metabolism of [5-Me-14C]D-α-tocopherol was studied during the development of the disease. 2. When a torula yeast diet (containing sufficient of the yeast to provide essential fatty acids) was used, the addition of 5 % cod-liver oil fatty acid methyl esters produced only a slight decrease in the time taken to produce the disease, compared to controls given methyl oleate; methionine had little protective effect. The metabolism of the radioactive tocopherol was unaffected by dietary lipid, Se or methionine and was not influenced by the development of necrosis. 3. When a casein diet (devoid of fat and containing insufficient Se to prevent liver necrosis) was used, the addition of small amounts of linoleic acid to the diet (as 2 % maize oil fatty acid methyl esters) decreased the time taken to produce the disease and increased its incidence. However, the metabolism of the radioactive tocopherol was independent of dietary lipid or Se. 4. It would appear that either Se or vitamin E may be necessary for effective utilization of the ratapos;s requirement for linoleic acid.
Vitamin D and manganese in the nutrition of the chick
Authors: Hill R.
Published: September 2005

1. In two experiments with chicks given diets of different manganese content, the effects of vitamin D on the Mn contents of bone and liver and on the retention of54Mn in bone, liver and the whole body were determined.

2. Vitamin D slightly increased the Mn content of dry fat-free bone but the proportion of Mn to ash remained unchanged and the Mn content of bone was influenced much more by the level of dietary Mn than by the presence of vitamin D.

3. Vitamin D, when given over a 3-week period, increased slightly the Mn content of the liver, but again the level of dietary Mn had a greater effect than the presence of vitamin D.

4. The retention of an oral dose of54Mn was not uniformly influenced by vitamin D, but in birds given the hign-Mn diet retention was reduced by vitamin D, indicating a decrease in the turnover of Mn.
Nutritive value of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)
Authors: Chopra A. K. , Sidhu G. S.
Published: September 2005

1. Nine important varieties of groundnut (Arachis hypogaeaLinn.) were analysed for amino acid composition by an ion-exchange chromatographic procedure. Cystine, as cysteic acid, and methionine and tryptophan were determined by colorimetric methods.

2. Small, but statistically significant, differences in the contents of nitrogen, serine, glutamic acid, proline, alanine, leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, lysine, methionine and cystine were found in the varieties.

3. A positive correlation (P< 0.05) between methionine any cystine was observed.

4. There was, however, no indication that selection from the varieties studied would permit development of a variety of superior protein quality.
The effect of streptomycin and erythromycin on vitamin B12nutrition in rats in which coprophagy was prevented
Authors: Armstrong B. K. , Curnow D. H.
Published: September 2005

1. Vitamin B12nutrition was studied in normal, coprophagy-prevented and antibiotic-treated rats on Vitamin B12-deficient diets with and without a vitamin B12supplement; the indices used were excretion of total urinary ether-soluble acid (TUESA) and methylmalonic acid, and vitamin B12assays on the liver and intestinal tract.

2. A significant positive correlation (r= 0.61) was found between TUESA excretion and weight of rats, and a significant negative correlation (r= −0.89) between TUESA excretion and liver vitamin B12contents.

3. Although prevention of coprophagy reduced the contents of vitamin B12in the stomach and small intestine, no effect on vitamin B12nutrition, as assessed by TUESA excretion and liver vitamin B12contents, was found. Rats in which coprophagy was permitted became vitamin B12-deficient, when given a diet in which vitamin B12was low.

4. The amounts of TUESA and methylmalonic acid excreted indicated that streptomycin and erythromycin administered orally prevented vitamin B12deficiency in rats on a diet deficient in vitamin B12. Liver vitamin B12contents were, however, very low in these rats. this anomaly was thought to be due to the non-specificity of theEuglena gracilisassay for vitamin B12.

5. It was concluded that, under the conditions of these experiments, coprophagy was not necessary to the vitamin B12-sparing action of antibiotics.
Effect of ethanol on rat liver
Authors: Kiessling K.-H. , Pilström L.
Published: September 2005

1. Feeding rats with a 15% ethanol solution for several weeks caused structural and functional changes in their liver mitochondria, although their intake of solid food was about the same as that of the controls.

2. Attempts were made to counteract these effects of ethanol by increasing the intake of amino acids, vitamins, lipotropic compounds and electrolytes beyond that which is adequate when water is the drinking fluid.

3. An increased intake of nicotinic acid, together with aqueous ethanol, caused a further enlargement of the mitochondria above that obtained with ethanol solution alone. the diluted matrix observed with the ethanol and nicotinic acid treatment suggested that water imbibition by the mitochondria caused this further enlargement.

4. In rats receiving ethanol fortified with magnesium sulphate and lipotropic compounds (choline, methionine) there was a further increase in mitochondrial size, as compared with those receiving ethanol alone. The matrix was, however, of the same density as in the mitochondria from the rats receiving ethanol alone. the oxidation rate of pyruvate and succinate was unchanged, but α-glycerophosphate and β-hydroxybutyrate were oxidized at a higher rate than in mitochondria from rats drinking ethanol or water.

5. When the ethanol solution was supplemented with amino acids (casein hydrolysate), vitamins and electrolytes, the mitochondrial enlargement after 120 days of treatment was less than with ethanol alone and was completely absent after 300 days. the oxidation rate of pyruvate and succinate was, however, not fully restored to normal.
Vitamin A esterase activity in various organs of the chick
Authors: Nir I , Bruckental I , Ascarelli I
Published: September 2005

1. The distribution of vitamin A esterase activity for vitamin A acetate, palmitate, and alcohol was studied in various tissues of the chick.

2. Liver and kidneys were highly active in the hydrolysis of acetate, and showed only slight activity in the hydrolysis of palmitate or in the synthesis of vitamin A esters.

3. Pancreas was highly active in both acetate and palmitate hydrolysis and in the synthesis of vitamin A esters.

4. The small intestine showed a moderate and equal activity in all three reactions.

5. Sodium taurocholate enhanced the hydrolysis of vitamin A palmitate by pancreas and small intestine. It also enhanced the hydrolysis of vitamin A acetate by pancreas, but had no effect on the hydrolysis of acetate by liver, and even inhibited this reaction in kidneys and intestine. It also inhibited the synthesis of vitamin A esters by pancreas and small intestine.