bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using Deep Learning in Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Ray Experiments
Authors: Kalashev Oleg
Published: July 2020

The extremely low flux of ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECR) makes their direct observation by orbital experiments practically impossible. For this reason all current and planned UHECR experiments detect cosmic rays indirectly by observing the extensive air showers (EAS) initiated by cosmic ray particles in the atmosphere. Various types of shower observables are analyzed in the modern UHECR experiments including a secondary radio signal and fluorescent light from the excited nitrogen molecules. Most of the data is collected by the network of surface stations which allows to measure the lateral EAS profile. The raw observables in this case are the time-resolved signals for the set of adjacent triggered stations. The Monte Carlo shower simulation is performed in order to recover the primary particle properties. In traditional techniques the MC simulation is used to fit some synthetic observables such as the shower rise time, the shower front curvature and the particle density normalized to a given distance from the core. In this talk we’ll consider an alternative approach based on the deep convolutional neural network trained on a large Monte-Carlo dataset, using the detector signal time series as an input. The above approach has proven its efficiency with the Monte-Carlo simulations of the Telescope Array Observatory surface detector. We’ll discuss in detail how the network architecture is optimized for this particular task.
The FELIX detector interface for the ATLAS TDAQ upgrades and its deployment in the ITk demonstrator setup
Authors: Solans Sanchez C.A.
Published: July 2020

The ATLAS experiment at the LHC at CERN will move to use the Front-End Link eXchange (FELIX) system in a staged approach for LHC Run 3 (2021) and LHC Run 4 (2026). FELIX will act as the interface between the data acquisition; detector control and TTC (Timing, Trigger and Control) systems; and new or updated trigger and detector front-end electronics. FELIX functions as a router between custom serial links from front end ASICs and FPGAs to data collection and processing components via a commodity switched network. Links may aggregate many slower links or be a single high bandwidth link. FELIX also forwards the LHC bunch-crossing clock, fixed latency trigger accepts and resets received from the TTC system to front-end electronics. The FELIX system uses commodity server technology in combination with FPGA-based PCIe I/O cards. The FELIX servers run a software routing platform serving data to network clients. Commodity servers connected to FELIX systems via the same network run innovative multi-threaded software for event fragment building, processing, buffering and forwarding. This proceeding will describe the design and status of the FELIX based readout for the Run 3 upgrade, during which a subset of the detector will be migrated. It will also show how the same concept has been successfully introduced into the demonstrator test bench of the ATLAS Pixel Inner Tracker, acting as a proof of concept towards the longer term Run 4 upgrade in which all detectors will adopt a FELIX based readout.
Tracking performance for long-lived particles at LHCb
Authors: Miguel Garcia Luis , Henry Louis , Kishor Brij , Oyanguren Arantza
Published: July 2020

The LHCb experiment is dedicated to the study of the c- and b-hadron decays, including long-lived particles such as Ks
and strange baryons

(

Λ
0

,

Ξ
−

,

…
)

. These kind of particles are difficult to reconstruct by the LHCb tracking system since they escape detection in the first tracker. A new method to evaluate the performance of the different tracking algorithms for long-lived particles using real data samples has been developed. Special emphasis is laid on particles hitting only part of the tracking system of the new LHCb upgrade detector.
A comparation of different strategies in Principle Component Analysis (PCA) algorithm for clustering human tooth surface using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)
Authors: Trisnawati N L P , Krisandi A , Widagda I G A , Suprihatin I E , Suyanto H
Published: July 2020

The aim of this work was to observe homogeneity of human tooth surface using classification technique by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) coupled with principle component analysis (PCA) algorithm. The human tooth was irradiated by 110 mJ Nd-YaG laser (1064 nm) under Helium gas with flow rate of 50 ml/s to produce plasma. Photon emission of the plasma was captured by ocean optic spectrometer HR 2500+ and displayed spectra of intensity as a function of wavelength. The spectra data were analysed by different strategies in PCA algorithm for classifying human tooth surface. The spectra data were split into three ranges that were a full spectral window, FW (200-850 nm), long special spectral window, LSW (380 – 660 nm) and short special spectral window, SSW (550 – 600 nm). These selected suitable input variables using spectral windows can reduce the influence of over fitting phenomena on classification results. Prior to PCA analysing, data were treated by different strategies of pre-processing namely linear baseline correction, area normalisation, and no pre-processing. The results showed that the short special spectral window (SSW) using pre-processing of area normalization could either clustering and distinguishing parts of human tooth surface clearly. Conclusion dentin surface has highest homogeneity of all.
Kinetics modeling studies of type 1 diabetes mellitus treatment with the function of exogenous glucose and insulin injection
Authors: Kartono A , Arjuna D W , Wahyudi S T
Published: July 2020

Mathematical modeling on dynamics system of glucose-insulin in the human body was one of the interesting researches in the complex system of physics. This research could be used as a treatment simulation of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). In this study, the function of exogenous glucose and insulin would be studied because of these were important factors to describe the maintaining of metabolism in the T1DM subject, especially were the blood glucose concentration in the human body. The modified minimal model would be combined with the functions of exogenous glucose and insulin injection. To control the glucose concentration in the T1DM subject was very dependent depend on the administration time of exogenous glucose and an insulin injection since these could affect the kinematics of the glucose-insulin system in the blood. Based on these simulation results, the optimum treatment was obtained by the first injection of the exogenous insulin of 560 μU/(mL.min) from 0 to 16 min. The administration of exogenous glucose was given by the amount of 47 and 23 mg at time 7 min and 15 min. Later, an injection of the exogenous insulin was given by 38.1 μU/(mL.min) from 35 to 180 min. In this treatment scheme, the intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) curve during 200 min, the value of R
2 was 0.98. It indicates that the treatment simulation results are agreed. Setting the timing and amount of glucose intake and insulin injection affects the glucose concentration in the blood on T1DM subjects so no occur condition of hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia.
Simple harmonic motion experiments with the accelerometer sensor on a smartphone: Improving the problem solving-ability
Authors: Nuryantini A Y , Fajriah H N , Zakwandi R , Nuryadin B W
Published: July 2020

The purpose of this study is to discover the improvement in students’ problem solving abilities after learning activities through a simple harmonic motion experiment method using an accelerometer sensor on an smartphone and revealing student responses on it. Pre-experimental research design with one group pretest-posttest design was used in the study. The samples in this study were students of Class X IPA 1 of SMAN 1 Cilimus Kuningan, West Java. Data on the improvement of students’ problem solving abilities were obtained through an essay test while the student’s response data was obtained through the distribution of response questionnaires. The results showed that the problem-solving ability experienced by students increased in the moderate category. Whereas, the results of the responses of students showed that most of the students responded positively to the learning activities of the sensor accelerometer on this smartphone. So, experiment with smartphone has a potential for improving students problem solving skills.
The effect of Ag on thermoelectric performance of Cu1-xAgxS tetrahedrite/Al prepared using modified polyol methods
Authors: Aditya D , Rizky A S , Suprayogi T , Yogihati C I , Diantoro M , Sunaryono  , Said S M
Published: July 2020

In principle, thermoelectric technology is a semiconductor which capability to convert thermal energy into electrical energy. We used Ag-doped CuS deposited on aluminum foil as a sample understudied. The Cu1-xAgxS was prepared using a modified polyol method. Firstly, CuS powder was dissolved together with dopant using TEG (TetraEthylene Glycol) and NaBH4 with nitrogen, heated at 200 °C, and followed by centrifuged at 5000 rpm. The Characterization of CuS was carried out using XRD, SEM, and I-V. It is shown that the electrical conductivity tends to increase with increasing the Ag dopant. The highest electrical conductivity was reached at 70 °C. We also found that the crystallinity enhanced with the addition of Ag into CuS. Meanwhile, morphological inspection revealed that the increase of Ag, causing changes in grain shape.
The influence of students’ score by compare learning model auditory intelectually repetition and visualization auditory kinestetic of wave and vibration materials in SMP Negeri 33 Bandar Lampung
Authors: Latifah S , Anggraini W , Tamara O
Published: July 2020

This research aims to know the influence of students’ score comparison in the cognitive and affective aspect, using AIR and VAK learning model. This sample research is VIII-A, with using VAK learning model as experimental class 1 and VIII-B using AIR learning model meanwhile sampling technique that is using pursosive sampling technique. This researcher used quasy eksperimental research. The design that researcher use is (control group pretest-posttest design). The data is being analyze by using normalized gain used microsoft excel program that aim to know improvement of students’ score. Then the data tested statistically to pretest and postest students’ score by doing normality test, homogeneity and t-test by using microsoft excel program. The average value in the cognitive aspect, the N-gain score of AIR class is fair category, the N-gain score of VAK class is high category. In the affective aspect VAK class is better of the VAK class. The result of statistical test calculated tcount > ttabel its mean that Ho was rejected and H1 was accepted. The result of this research showing that the magnitude of effectiveness AIR and VAK model is the fair category. VAK model more effective than AIR model.
The method for quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of agar phantom with contrast agent
Authors: Dwihapsari Y , Asdiantoro E , Maulidiyah N
Published: July 2020

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is one of the reliable instruments in medical physics for diagnostic and treatment monitoring. In MRI scanning, data were acquired using several techniques depending on the parameters being measured. Several quantitative MRI methods were conducted to obtain values of some parameters in MRI, such as spin-spin relaxation time or T2. T2-value was generally obtained using spin-echo sequence and the recent development used multiple spin-echo sequence to significantly reduce acquisition time. The quantification of T2 is achieved by exponential fitting of echo-time with signal intensity. Although the quantification is quite straightforward, some distortion and errors were found during quantification process due to several factors. In this study T2 quantification of agar with various concentrations was conducted and the study was focused on the processing method for T2 quantification. The fitting methods based on mono-exponential and bi-exponential models would be applied and the results would be compared to find the best method for quantitative T2 MRI of gel phantom. The method would also be applied in agar phantom with addition of CuSO4 contrast agent to observe the effect of contrast agent on T2-value.
Time variations in Galactic cosmic rays as measured from Southeast Asia
Authors: Ruffolo D
Published: July 2020

We summarizetime variations in Galactic cosmic ray (GCR) measurements from the Princess Sirindhorn Neutron Monitor(PSNM) at the summit of Doi Inthanon, Thailand’s highest mountain, since 2007. PSNM is the first neutron monitor (NM) station making long-term measurements in Southeast Asia, with the world’s highest cutoff (threshold) rigidity (momentum per charge) of ≈17 GV. GCR variations with the ∼11-year sunspot cycle or ∼22-year solar magnetic cycle are known as solar modulation. Compared with measurements at lower cutoff, PSNM reveals a distinct pattern of solar modulation related to the interplanetary magnetic field strength. NM viewing directions rotate with Earth, so daily (“diurnal”) variations indicate the GCR anisotropy, and we identified time intervals with unusually strong anisotropy due to a unidirectional GCR gradient. From worldwide NM data, we determine an hourly anisotropy during GCR decreases associated with solar storms, indicating GCR flows consistent with our previous theory that cosmic rays drift into one leg of an interplanetary flux rope and out the other. PSNM was also the first fixed NM to monitor time delays between successive neutrons, providing a proxy for the cosmic ray spectral index using data from a single station, avoiding the systematic uncertainties of cross-station comparisons.
Void ratio effect on dynamic shear modulus and shear wave velocity for soil stiffness in Banda Aceh and Aceh Besar
Authors: Munirwansyah M , Munirwan R P , Listia V , Munirwan H , Melinda Z
Published: July 2020

Aceh located in earthquake disaster-prone area because it is located between two tectonic plates and also surrounded by several active volcanos. When earthquakes shake, the building frequency (f) should not be equal to the natural soil frequency (fn) as it may cause the collapse of buildings. The purpose of this study is to determine dynamic seismic parameters value on the surface layers for forthcoming disaster mitigation. The object study for this research were Rahmatullah Lampuuk Mosque, Sultan Iskandar Muda Airport, Lambaro Bridge in Aceh Besar, TDMRC building, and Taman Sari. Soil samplings from the locations and data obtained from the BMKG such as earthquake center map, coordinates, magnitude, and earthquake depths were used in the study. The result of this research was Gmax value based on Richart method. Kramer method was also used for computing the fn parameters. Some static and dynamic calculation of design parameter result from Rahmatullah Lampuuk Mosque shows that with void ratio (e) = 0.92, the Gmax = 266 × 103 kg/ms2, Vs = 10.096 m/s and fn = 2.524 Hz. The comparison of fn and fstructure = 2.50 Hz which not equal to zero make the building were safe from collapse during previous earthquakes in Aceh.
Prediction of sediment-forming technologies’ effectiveness for enhanced oil recovery in West Siberian fields
Authors: Batalov D A , Mukhametshin V V , Andreev V E , Kuleshova L S
Published: July 2020

The article presents the results of geological field analysis. The presented results showed that the application of methods to equalize the injectivity profiles of injection wells and to reduce the water cut of produced products is most effective with an average water cut of the production of wells. In this case, the maximum effects of the impact are observed on the layers of the third group. It was established that in the reservoirs of the first and second groups, which are at a late stage of development, the most significant effects are produced by flow diverting technologies associated with a large volume of injection of reagents.
Distributed corporate information systems optimization based on genetic algorithm and object model
Authors: Zemlyanskaya S Y , Chengar O V , Savkova E O , Shumaieva O A
Published: July 2020

In paper object model of distributed corporate information system is developed in the form of interacting models of its typical components, which takes into account replication and distribution of data between nodes of computer network, characteristics of hardware and makes it possible to simulating DCIS of any structure. A new modification of the genetic algorithm for the DCIS optimization problem has been developed, in which combined multichromosomes have been used to represent the placement of database tables, applications and parameters of servers, network devices and communication channels, genetic operators of recombination, crossover and mutation have been developed. To optimize the DCIS functioning, together with a modified genetic algorithm, the object model is used, that calculates the fitness-function, forming the optimal configuration of DCIS data distribution and hardware parameters in real time for the performance criterion formulated as the minimization of the system response time. A serial scheme of implementation of the genetic algorithm was developed, which includes full or partial optimization of DCIS in accordance with the requirements. The approach proposed allows obtaining suboptimal solution to the DCIS optimization problem with deviation from the global optimum of no more than 5%.
Application of the symbolic regression method for solving the inverse problem of control of the 3-RPR platform
Authors: Diveev A I , Rybak L A , Malyshev D I , Averbukh M A
Published: July 2020

The paper is devoted to finding the functional dependence of the position of the 3-RPR platform on the control. In this construction, the controls are the lengths of the brackets attached to the corners of the platform. To solve the problem, one of the methods of symbolic regression the network operator method is used. Initially we got a training sample. The coordinates of the corners of the platform are found for the set of control by a numerical evolutionary PSO algorithm. Then, at the second stage, approximation of the obtained data was the network operator method. As a result, we obtain six functional equations that describe depending on the coordinates of the platform angles on the plane, on the values of the lengths of the control leashes. The solution of the inverse problem was performed for each coordinate of the platform angle separately. The feature of this task is that for the same value of control the platform has several provisions. To account for this property, an additional parameter is introduced into the 3-RPR platform control model, which takes an integer value. Each value of the additional parameter corresponds to one position.
The use of mathematical calculations to determine the feasibility of borrowing in the planning period
Authors: Eremeev D V , Boyko A A , Kukartsev A V , Rozhkova A V , Mylnikova E V , Korpacheva L N
Published: July 2020

The article presents mathematical calculations, conclusions and results obtained on the effectiveness of attracting borrowed resources into the economic activities of a commercial organization. In the presented calculations, the statistical method was used - Student’s criterion for assessing the upper limit of the allowable amount of debt. The calculations were carried out as exemplified by a small enterprise LLC “Electrika” (conditional name), Krasnoyarsk, Russia. As a result of the experiments, the values of the level of allowable debt load for the enterprise were calculated. The resulting totals unequivocally indicate that the level of the debt burden of a commercial organization is high and the attraction of additional resources in the planning period is impractical.
Development of a methodology for studying the influence of technological factors of production on the quality of large ingots from stamped steel grades 5XHM and 56NiCrMoV7
Authors: Kovalev P V , Kazantsev E S , Ryaboshuk S V , Erokhina O O , Matveev I A
Published: July 2020

Currently, one of the main problems of metallurgical and machine-building production is the high proportion of defective metal, which is often associated with the formation of flocs in a steel ingot and increased metal contamination by non-metallic inclusions. One of the methods aimed at minimizing the amount of nonmetallic inclusions in deoxidized steel is the use of rare earth and alkaline earth metals as modifiers. The selection of the modifier must be carried out based on the chemical composition of the steel, as well as the technological features of production. In this regard, to assess the effectiveness of the influence of deoxidation and modification technology, it is necessary to develop a comprehensive research methodology that allows taking into account various technological factors of production in the conditions of variability of input parameters. This article presents an analysis of the quality of forgings made of steel grades 5XNM and 56NiCrMoV7, produced according to various technological schemes of deoxidation and modification, based on the use of a complex technique that includes metallographic analysis, X-ray spectral microanalysis, and thermodynamic modeling. Based on the results of the implementation of the method, a conclusion is made about the optimal technological scheme of deoxidation and modification
Plotting phase diagrams of binary alloys and justification of their industrial use
Authors: Filimonov O V , Galiullina I F
Published: July 2020

Binary eutectic solutions are analyzed as a foundation for a Generalized Lattice Model of each component. Phase transitions of binary solutions depending of concentration of its components and temperature are determined with equations for invariant two-phase equilibriums by construction of binary-phase diagrams. The paper demonstrates a possibility to construct binary-phase diagrams with minimal error with respect to reference sources. An example of cadmium-zinc alloy is used to show changes in its characteristics depending on percentages of its components. An application is suggested for items with cadmium-zinc coating.
Study of closely spaced cracks in steel by eddy current method
Authors: Ishkov A V , Malikov V N
Published: July 2020

The article describes the design of an eddy-current transducer intended for studying the effect of closely spaced cracks in steel parts. The eddy-current transducer runs under the control of the developed hardware-software complex with a system for suppression of noise and amplification of signal received from the eddy-current transducer. Signal processing makes it possible to separate the effects of closely spaced cracks on the eddy-current transducer signal and evaluate the contribution of each crack separately. The results of experiments conducted on the samples with cracks of different depths located at different distances from each other have been presented, and the feasibility of finding different cracks located closer than the distance determined by the geometric dimensions of the windings of the eddy-current transducer has been shown.
Improving the efficiency of testing welded joints from thermally hardened steels of spiral seam pipes
Authors: Khabibullin M Ya , Suleimanov R I
Published: July 2020

When analyzing the places of the destruction of welded samples of thermally hardened steels and the relative transverse narrowing, it was found that in the range of relative thicknesses of the “soft” layer τ <0.6–0.8, when the strength of the welded samples is at the level of thermally hardened base metal. Destruction occurs both on the base metal at a distance from the weld, and along the weakened area in the heat-affected zone. At large values of τ, the destruction of the welded samples occurs, as a rule, along the weakened area near the weld. A characteristic feature of fracture of welded samples in a weakened section is a decrease in the relative transverse narrowing ψ compared to the case when the fracture occurs on the thermally hardened base metal at a distance from the weld. However, as is known, the value of ψ for thermally hardened metal is lower than for normalized. Based on the results of theoretical and experimental studies, as well as taking into account the basic principles of fracture mechanics, recommendations were developed on the choice of hydra model parameters impact testing of the pipeline on a section of 266-505 km in the Tyumen region. The obtained values of the crack depth l
cr = 3.9–4.3 mm correspond to the acts of technical failures of the pipeline in section 335–337 km.
Accelerator as an effective replacement of a business incubator in the Irkutsk region
Authors: Konyuhov V Yu , Gladkih A M , Zott R S
Published: July 2020

This article presents a comparison of business incubators with business accelerators as state support projects in accordance with the government order of March 6, 2015 No. 373-p, which implements the innovative development strategy for the period up to 2020 in the Russian Federation. Also is carried analysis, development specifics of them in the Irkutsk region and the advantages/disadvantages of the each system are revealed.
Improving diagnostics and forecasting of the technical condition of aircraft structural elements by taking into account the impact of non-stationary gas flows
Authors: Kovalenko G V , Ivanov D A
Published: July 2020

This paper presents the results of a study of the effect of pulsating subsonic gas flow treatment on the corrosion resistance of structural metal materials used in aircraft structural elements. The disadvantage of even the most modern methods of increasing the structural strength of metal materials is an insufficient increase in corrosion resistance. An urgent task is to develop methods for increasing the corrosion resistance of aircraft structural elements throughout their volume without additional alloying, which not only increases the cost of the product material, but also, often, makes it less producible, which can be used during the restoration of both aviation and airfield equipment. The article describes a method developed by the authors to increase corrosion resistance using pulsed subsonic gas flows. The data obtained as a result of the conducted research will allow more effective control of the corrosion condition of aircraft by non-destructive methods, as well as increase the accuracy of forecasting the technical condition.
Modeling an automated production control system as part of a reengineering project
Authors: Kukartsev A V , Tynchenko S V , Lobkov K Yu , Fedorova N V , Stupina A A , Shamlitskiy Ya I
Published: July 2020

Nowadays, the operation of production systems common in Russia is no longer relevant. They are already outdated and cannot adequately respond to turbulent global changes, make effective decisions. Also, databases in such systems are isolated and do not interact with other systems. Currently, for enterprises of any industry, automation of information processing and management systems are becoming increasingly relevant. The article presents the project of the enterprise production processes reengineering and its implementation as exemplified by one of the leading enterprises of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Russia. The procedure includes the development of an automated management system using software products and CASE-tools, the construction of structural-functional models of business processes in AllFusion Process Modeler (BPWin), and simulation using the Arena product. Using the complex of models presented in the article, it is possible to calculate the optimal version of the workflow of the automated control systems under consideration by setting the parameters of the document flow. The introduction of an automated control system allows you to effectively allocate time when processing documents, increase the turnover of funds, and not waste time transferring documents between departments of the branch; less human and material resources are required for the development and maintenance of software. Modeling of production processes reengineering allows us to evaluate the effectiveness of the project before making direct changes in the business-core.
Identification of the model elements for evaluating the management activities of an industrial enterprise based on KPI specification
Authors: Kukartseva O I , Lobkov K Yu , Tynchenko S V , Fedorova N V , Boyko A A , Danilchenko Yu V
Published: July 2020

This article summarizes modern methods of evaluating the marketing activities of an industrial enterprise and on this basis, identifies the possibilities of using the concept of a balanced scorecard for a comprehensive assessment and its results. These elements serve as the basis for drawing up a model for assessing the management activities of an industrial enterprise. In the study of the relationship between the prospects of the MBSC and the prospects of the key indicators of achievement, it was determined that the marketing mix should include four marketing sub-mixes (product mix, contract mix, communication mix, distribution mix). Each sub-mix is a key indicators of achievement perspective. As a result of these studies, on the basis of prospects, their optimal ratio was found to solve a specific tactical or strategic task of developing the key indicators of achievement. This topic is relevant, since marketing is the most difficult to manage area of the enterprise and therefore it is necessary to use various models and methods for assessing the effectiveness of various factors that help identify diverse problems and coordinate movement towards goals.
Justification for the selection of distances between wells to increase the efficiency of flooding by deposits in terrigenous reservoirs of Western Siberia
Authors: Kuleshova L S , Mukhametshin V V
Published: July 2020

Under the conditions of oil deposits of Jurassic deposits in Western Siberia, the influence of geological and technological parameters on the degree of response of producing wells to the injection of water into injection wells has been studied. Parameters that have a prevailing effect on the success of water flooding, as reflected by the magnitude of the cross-correlation function, are identified. Water flooding success parameter is proposed. The minimum and critical values of this parameter are established. A technique is proposed for selecting production wells for transferring them to injection, as well as for selecting the density of the grid of wells at the stage of field exit from exploration.
Effect of annealing temperature on corrosion resistance of metal steel samples St52-3
Authors: Nasibullina O A , Tyusenkov A S
Published: July 2020

In the context of increased pace of modern production, the role of heat treatment is increasing, as it is the main method for producing steels with a given structure and mechanical properties. Parts used in production must have a long service life not only at room temperature, but also have high strength characteristics at low and high temperatures. In this regard, special attention is paid to steel used for the manufacture of such parts. One of them is steel grade St52-3 (rus 17Г1C). The aim of the work was to determine the effect of quenching at various temperatures onto corrosion resistance of St52-3 steel. To achieve this goal, tasks such as studying the effect of different tempering temperatures of St52-3 steel on the value of hardness according to the Rockwell method were undertaken. After-treatment gravimetric studies were performed to identify the temperature regime of tempering that minimizes the corrosion rates. It was shown that after tempering, the hardness of the samples decreases with increasing temperature. To assess the corrosiveness of the medium for the test samples, the mass and depth corrosion indicators were calculated. The maximum corrosion rate is observed during quenching and subsequent tempering at a temperature of 300 °C, the minimum at a tempering temperature of 500 °C.
Using the ObjectARX programming environment for modular information-measuring systems design and simulation
Authors: Plotnikov D A , Aljeazna W K M , Lachin V I , Solomentsev K Yu
Published: July 2020

This article deals with the development of tools for configuring and modeling modular information and measurement systems. The use of standard solutions for the industrial facilities automation requires the use of special tools – configurators. It is advisable to use one of the popular CAD systems, for example, AutoCAD, as the basis for creating the configurator. Authors analyse various ways for creating and managing AutoCAD projects using built-in tools and external programs. It is shown that ObjectARX environment is the most powerful means of solving such problems, providing maximum integration and performance. The results obtained by the authors during the modular systems configurator development allow recommending ObjectARX for creation of specialized CAD systems based on AutoCAD.
Reduction of a noise influence with sinusoidal signal meters
Authors: Solomentsev K Yu , Lachin V I , Plotnikov D A , Samtchenko V E , Khovpachev A A , Solomentsev Ya K
Published: July 2020

The purpose of the article is to suggest digital processing methods of sinusoidal signal measurements data as well as compensation of sinusoidal noises. This kind of task arises, for example, in implementation of feeder control of electrical power networks, in which an additional ELF voltage source is included between the controlled network and the ground. A leakage current measuring device for this frequency should be installed on each feeder. The suggestion is to use averaging of the sinusoidal signal over several periods to reduce the effect of random interference. For this purpose, several periods of the signal are stored in digital form, measured after equidistant moments of time. Time sampling frequency is selected at least an order of magnitude higher than the frequency of the signal being measured. Then the values “bound” to a particular signal phase are averaged. In addition, it was proposed to use the approximation of the obtained points by a trigonometric polynomial. A series of averaged values corresponding to one period are approximated for this purpose by the sum of the constant component as well as the cosine and sinusoidal components. For approximation, the least squares method is used, which provides the minimum discrepancy between the measured values and the analytical function. The measurement result is presented in a complex form, i.e. as a sum of cosine (actual) and sinusoidal (imaginary) components. As a result, it is possible to isolate oneself from noise and measure the sinusoidal signal with high precision.
Protection of steels subjected to various types of thermal treatment
Authors: Cherepashkin S E , Latypov O R , Tyusenkov A S
Published: July 2020

Thermal treatment of steels has a certain effect on the corrosion rate of carbon steels. Phase changes in alloys during thermal treatment result in internal stresses, a change in metal potential, and hence an increase in corrosion rate. The use of inhibitors is one of the most effective ways to combat metal corrosion in various aggressive environments. Inhibitors are substances that can slow down or stop chemical processes in small quantities. The purpose of the work is to establish the influence of various types of thermal treatment of steels on the protective capacity of corrosion inhibitors. Similar studies are hardly found in the literature.
Hybrid additive-subtractive methods in robot assisted manufacturing
Authors: Shukalov A V , Dubakin V A , Zharinov I O
Published: July 2020

Additive-subtractive methods of making multi-composite metal parts combine the best technologies in a single hybrid production. Both methods used in the general production plan at the same time are justified for metal-consuming products. Each method shows its strengths when operating embedded fabricate systems with different alloys. Non-standard products with geometric nuances still make up the basic nomenclature of additive-subtractive production. Additive-subtractive solutions for enterprises are proposed, which converge both methods on the basis of complex approach. Solutions are new industrial products with the property of direct integration into production elements. The connection of industrial systems through data exchange information networks creates production models, which are controlled independently.
Automation of individual areas of activity through the integration of neural networks
Authors: Zhigalov K , Bratskich I , Polovneva S I
Published: July 2020

At present, a large number of developments in the field of neural networks are being carried out. All of the researchers are trying to use in their solutions and software products the algorithms of neural networks for maximum and automation without a clue of understanding they work. This circumstance can lead to erroneous data. The article is intended to consider the principles of the operation of neural networks in automated systems.
Materials of devices and equipment for deep-sea mining of manganese resources
Authors: Iungemeister D A , Korolev R I , Serzhan S L , Isaev A I , Borodkin E O
Published: July 2020

The extraction of oceanic ores will make it possible to extract a complex of strategic metals: manganese, nickel, copper, cobalt, molybdenum, zinc. The following materials are considered as cost-effective mineral raw in the ocean: manganese nodules – MN (Mn, Ni, Cu, Co), cobalt-rich manganese crusts – CMC (Co, Mn, Ni), deep-sea polymetallic sulfides – DPS (Cu, Zn, Au, Ag). As an example, the Indian concept of deepwater development is described, which proposes to use the pipeline as a transport of minerals from the bottom. The calculation of the pipeline transportation system with the indication of shortcomings is given. As an alternative, it is proposed to use a lift of a self-propelled device for minerals on a cable made of special material. The article presents a device for deep-sea mining of MN with pressure drop chambers. The method of application of this device for collecting CMC is replacing the pressure drop chambers with the clamshell type device. The grab must be made of strong and at the same time light material and can be equipped with a hydraulic hammer for preliminary destruction. Elements of the shock system of the hydraulic hammer must also be adapted to the conditions of deep-sea mining by using special metal alloys for manufacturing. The destroyed mass is temporarily stored in a hopper mounted on a collector, which can be made of nylon mesh stretched between plates of titanium alloys. The calculation of the performance of the device for deep-sea mining from is presented.
Systematic map of the literature on carbon lock-in induced by long-lived capital
Authors: Fisch-Romito Vivien , Guivarch Céline , Creutzig Felix , Minx Jan C , Callaghan Max W
Published: July 2020

Long-lived capital-stocks (LLCS) such as infrastructure and buildings have significant and long-lasting implications for greenhouse gas emissions. They contribute to carbon lock-in and may hinder a rapid decarbonization of energy systems. Here we provide a systematic map of the literature on carbon lock-in induced by LLCS. Based on a structured search of the Web of Science and Scopus, we identified 226 publications from 38 095 search results using a supervised machine learning approach. We show biases toward power generation and toward developed countries. We also identify 11 indicators used to quantify carbon lock-in. Quantifications of committed emissions (cumulative emissions that would occur over the remaining operational lifetime of an asset) or stranded assets (premature retirement/retrofitting or under-utilization of assets along a given pathway) are the most commonly used metrics, whereas institutional indicators are scarcely represented. The synthesis of quantifications shows that (i) global committed emissions have slightly increased over time, (ii) coal power plants are a major source of committed emissions and are exposed to risk of becoming stranded, (iii) delayed mitigation action increases stranded assets and (iv) sectoral distribution and amount of stranded assets differ between countries. A thematic analysis of policy implications highlights the need to assure stability and legitimacy of climate policies and to enable coordination between stakeholders. Carbon pricing is one of the most cited policy instrument, but the literature emphasizes that it should not be the only instrument used and should instead be complemented with other policy instruments, such as technical regulations and financial support for low carbon capital deployment. Further research is warranted on urban-scale, in developing countries and outside the electricity generation sector, notably on buildings, where stranded assets could be high.
Quaternionic quantum theory admits universal dynamics only for two-level systems
Authors: Steinberg Jonathan , Nguyen H Chau , Kleinmann Matthias
Published: July 2020

We revisit the formulation of quantum mechanics over the quaternions and investigate the dynamical structure within this framework. Similar to standard complex quantum mechanics, time evolution is then mediated by a unitary operator which can be written as the exponential of the generator of time shifts. By imposing physical assumptions on the correspondence between the energy observable and the generator of time shifts, we prove that quaternionic quantum theory admits a time evolution only for systems with a quaternionic dimension of at most two. Applying the same strategy to standard complex quantum theory, we reproduce that the correspondence dictated by the Schrödinger equation is the only possible choice, up to a shift of the global phase.
High-quality electrical transport using scalable CVD graphene
Authors: Pezzini Sergio , Mišeikis Vaidotas , Pace Simona , Rossella Francesco , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Coletti Camilla
Published: July 2020

Producing and manipulating graphene on fab-compatible scale, while maintaining its remarkable carrier mobility, is key to finalize its technological application. We show that a large-scale approach (chemical vapor deposition on Cu followed by polymer-mediated semi-dry transfer) yields single-layer graphene crystals fully comparable, in terms of electronic transport, to micro-mechanically exfoliated flakes. Hexagonal boron nitride is used to encapsulate the graphene crystals—without taking part to their detachment from the growth catalyst—and study their intrinsic properties in field-effect devices. At room temperature, the electron-phonon coupling sets the mobility to ∼ 1.3 × 105 cm2 V−1 s−1 at ∼ 1011 cm−2 concentration. At T = 4.2 K, the mobility (>6 × 105 cm2 V−1 s−1 at ∼ 1011 cm−2) is limited by the devices’ physical edges, and charge fluctuations < 7 × 109 cm−2 are detected. Under perpendicular magnetic fields, we observe early onset of Landau quantization (B ∼ 50 mT) and signatures of electronic correlation, including the fractional quantum Hall effect.
Comparing associations between frailty and mortality in hospitalised older adults with or without COVID-19 infection: a retrospective observational study using electronic health records
Authors: Owen Rhiannon K , Conroy Simon P , Taub Nicholas , Jones Will , Bryden Daniele , Pareek Manish , Faull Christina , Abrams Keith R , Davis Daniel , Banerjee Jay
Published: July 2020

Background

The aim of this study was to describe outcomes in hospitalised older people with different levels of frailty and COVID-19 infection.

Methods

We undertook a single-centre, retrospective cohort study examining COVID-19-related mortality using electronic health records, for older people (65 and over) with frailty, hospitalised with or without COVID-19 infection. Baseline covariates included demographics, early warning scores, Charlson Comorbidity Indices and frailty (Clinical Frailty Scale, CFS), linked to COVID-19 status.

Findings

We analysed outcomes on 1,071 patients with COVID-19 test results (285 (27%) were positive for COVID-19). The mean age at ED arrival was 79.7 and 49.4% were female. All-cause mortality (by 30 days) rose from 9 (not frail) to 33% (severely frail) in the COVID-negative cohort but was around 60% for all frailty categories in the COVID-positive cohort. In adjusted analyses, the hazard ratio for death in those with COVID-19 compared to those without COVID-19 was 7.3 (95% CI: 3.00, 18.0) with age, comorbidities and illness severity making small additional contributions.

Interpretation

In this study, frailty measured using the CFS appeared to make little incremental contribution to the hazard of dying in older people hospitalised with COVID-19 infection; illness severity and comorbidity had a modest association with the overall adjusted hazard of death, whereas confirmed COVID-19 infection dominated, with a sevenfold hazard for death.
Multiple-Imputation Variance Estimation in Studies With Missing or Misclassified Inclusion Criteria
Authors: Giganti Mark J , Shepherd Bryan E
Published: July 2020

In observational studies using routinely collected data, a variable with a high level of missingness or misclassification may determine whether an observation is included in the analysis. In settings where inclusion criteria are assessed after imputation, the popular multiple-imputation variance estimator proposed by Rubin (“Rubin’s rules” (RR)) is biased due to incompatibility between imputation and analysis models. While alternative approaches exist, most analysts are not familiar with them. Using partially validated data from a human immunodeficiency virus cohort, we illustrate the calculation of an imputation variance estimator proposed by Robins and Wang (RW) in a scenario where the study exclusion criteria are based on a variable that must be imputed. In this motivating example, the corresponding imputation variance estimate for the log odds was 29% smaller using the RW estimator than using the RR estimator. We further compared these 2 variance estimators with a simulation study which showed that coverage probabilities of 95% confidence intervals based on the RR estimator were too high and became worse as more observations were imputed and more subjects were excluded from the analysis. The RW imputation variance estimator performed much better and should be employed when there is incompatibility between imputation and analysis models. We provide analysis code to aid future analysts in implementing this method.
Native Language Similarity during Foreign Language Learning: Effects of Cognitive Strategies and Affective States
Authors: Hayakawa Sayuri , Bartolotti James , Marian Viorica
Published: July 2020

According to the US Department of State, a native English speaker can learn Spanish in about 600 h, but would take four times as long to learn Japanese. While it may be intuitive that similarity between a foreign language and a native tongue can influence the ease of acquisition, what is less obvious are the specific cognitive and emotional processes that can lead to different outcomes. Here, we explored the influence of cognitive strategies and affective states on native English speakers’ ability to learn artificial foreign words that vary in their similarity to the native language. Explicit word learning strategies were reported more often, and were more effective for learners of a more similar language, and cognitive strategies were especially helpful for learners with lower moods. We conclude that language similarity, strategy, and affect dynamically interact to ultimately determine success at learning novel languages.