bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Airborne lidar measurements of surface ozone depletion over Arctic sea ice
Authors: Seabrook J. A. , Whiteway J. A. , Gray L. H. , Staebler R. , Herber A.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. A differential absorption lidar (DIAL) for measurement of atmospheric ozone concentration was operated aboard the Polar-5 research aircraft in order to study ozone depletions over Arctic sea ice. The lidar measurements during a flight over the sea ice north of Barrow, Alaska on 3 April 2011 found a surface level depletion of ozone over a range of 300 km. The photochemical destruction of ground level ozone was strongest at the most northern point of the flight, and steadily decreased towards land. All the observed ozone depleted air throughout the flight occurred within 300 m of the sea ice surface. A back-trajectory analysis of the air measured throughout the flight indicated that the ozone depleted air originated from the north over the ice. Air at the surface that was not depleted in ozone had originated from over land to the south. An investigation into the altitude history of the ozone depleted air suggests a strong inverse correlation between measured ozone levels up to 1700 m in altitude, and the amount of time the air directly interacted with the sea ice.
Distribution and recurrence of phytoplankton blooms around South Georgia, Southern Ocean
Authors: Borrione I. , Schlitzer R.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. South Georgia phytoplankton blooms are amongst the largest of the Southern Ocean and are associated with a rich ecosystem and strong atmospheric carbon drawdown. Both aspects depend on the intensity of blooms, but also on their regularity. Here we use data from 12 yr of SeaWiFS (Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor) ocean colour imagery and calculate the frequency of bloom occurrence (FBO) to re-examine spatial and temporal bloom distributions. We find that upstream of the island and outside the borders of the Georgia Basin, blooms occurred in less than 4 out of the 12 yr (FBO < 4). In contrast, FBO was mostly greater than 8 downstream of the island, i.e., to the north and northwest, and in places equal to 12, indicating that blooms occurred every year. The typical bloom area, defined as the region where blooms occurred in at least 8 out of the 12 yr, covers the entire Georgia Basin and the northern shelf of the island. The time series of surface chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentrations averaged over the typical bloom area shows that phytoplankton blooms occurred in every year between September 1997 and September 2010, and that Chl a values followed a clear seasonal cycle, with concentration peaks around December followed in many years by a second peak during late austral summer or early autumn, suggesting a bi-modal bloom pattern. The bloom regularity we describe here is in contrast with results of Park et al. (2010) who used a significantly different study area including regions that almost never exhibit bloom conditions.
Scale effect on overland flow connectivity at the plot scale
Authors: Peñuela A. , Javaux M. , Bielders C. L.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. A major challenge in present-day hydrological sciences is to enhance the performance of existing distributed hydrological models through a better description of subgrid processes, in particular the subgrid connectivity of flow paths. The Relative Surface Connection (RSC) function was proposed by Antoine et al. (2009) as a functional indicator of runoff flow connectivity. For a given area, it expresses the percentage of the surface connected to the outflow boundary (C) as a function of the degree of filling of the depression storage. This function explicitly integrates the flow network at the soil surface and hence provides essential information regarding the flow paths' connectivity. It has been shown that this function could help improve the modeling of the hydrograph at the square meter scale, yet it is unknown how the scale affects the RSC function, and whether and how it can be extrapolated to other scales. The main objective of this research is to study the scale effect on overland flow connectivity (RSC function). For this purpose, digital elevation data of a real field (9 × 3 m) and three synthetic fields (6 × 6 m) with contrasting hydrological responses were used, and the RSC function was calculated at different scales by changing the length (l) or width (w) of the field. To different extents depending on the microtopography, border effects were observed for the smaller scales when decreasing l or w, which resulted in a strong decrease or increase of the maximum depression storage, respectively. There was no scale effect on the RSC function when changing w, but a remarkable scale effect was observed in the RSC function when changing l. In general, for a given degree of filling of the depression storage, C decreased as l increased, the change in C being inversely proportional to the change in l. However, this observation applied only up to approx. 50–70% (depending on the hydrological response of the field) of filling of depression storage, after which no correlation was found between C and l. The results of this study help identify the minimal scale to study overland flow connectivity. At scales larger than the minimal scale, the RSC function showed a great potential to be extrapolated to other scales.
Comparative assessment of predictions in ungauged basins – Part 3: Runoff signatures in Austria
Authors: Viglione A. , Parajka J. , Rogger M. , Salinas J. L. , Laaha G. , Sivapalan M. , Blöschl G.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. In a three-part paper we assess the performance of runoff predictions in ungauged basins in a comparative way. While Parajka et al. (2013) and Salinas et al. (2013) assess the regionalisation of hydrographs and hydrological extremes through a literature review, in this paper we assess prediction of a range of runoff signatures for a consistent dataset. Daily runoff time series are predicted for 213 catchments in Austria by a regionalised rainfall–runoff model and by Top-Kriging, a geostatistical interpolation method that accounts for the river network hierarchy. From the runoff timeseries, six runoff signatures are extracted: annual runoff, seasonal runoff, flow duration curves, low flows, high flows and runoff hydrograph. The predictive performance is assessed by the bias, error spread and proportion of unexplained spatial variance of statistical measures of these signatures in cross-validation mode. Results of the comparative assessment show that the geostatistical approach (Top-Kriging) generally outperforms the regionalised rainfall–runoff model. The predictive performance increases with catchment area for both methods and all signatures, while the dependence on climate characteristics is weaker. Annual and seasonal runoff can be predicted more accurately than all other signatures. The spatial variability of high flows is the most difficult to capture followed by the low flows. The relative predictive performance of the signatures depends on the selected performance measures. It is therefore essential to report performance in a consistent way by more than one performance measure.
RECENT DECISIONS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MARCELLUS SHALE IN PENNSYLVANIA
Authors: Abbott Kevin C , Snyder Bagnell Nicolle R
Published: January 2013

Pennsylvania has a long history of natural gas exploration and development beginning in the 1800's. Despite having some of the country's oldest jurisprudence dealing with oil and gas disputes, Pennsylvania case law regarding oil and gas operations is relatively undeveloped in comparison to states like Texas and Oklahoma. With the boom in leasing and developing in the region in the last few years, there has also been an increase in oil and gas litigation in Pennsylvania state and federal courts. This paper will discuss the recent decisions that have impacted the development of Marcellus law in Pennsylvania, as well as identify some of the significant pending issues that are worth watching.
Pourquoi le coût des Jeux Olympiques est-il toujours sous-estimé ? La «malédiction du vainqueur de l’enchère» (winners’s curse).
Authors: Andreff Wladimir
Published: January 2013

Pourquoi le coût des Jeux Olympiques est-il toujours sous-estimé ? La «malédiction du vainqueur de l’enchère» (winners’s curse).
El riesgo país en la inversión extranjera directa: concepto y modalidades de riesgo
Authors: Dans Rodríguez Noemi
Published: January 2013

El análisis de riesgo país en la exportación se basa en el estudio de la capacidad depago y en las pérdidas que puedan ocasionar al acreedor un deterioro de ésta. Encambio, el riesgo país en la inversión directa está relacionado con los eventos quepueden producir pérdidas derivadas de incumplimientos contractuales, minoraciónde los derechos de propiedad, daños en los activos o cese de actividades. Habidacuenta de que las operaciones de inversión extranjera directa son de naturalezadistinta a las exportaciones, este trabajo aborda el concepto del riesgo país en unasy otras con el fin de conocer cuales son los riesgos comunes y cuales sonespecíficos de cada tipo de operación.
Enumeration of Salivary Streptococci and Lactobacilli in Children with Differing Caries Experiences in a Rural Indian Population
Authors: Ravindran Sreeja , Chaudhary Minal , Gawande Madhuri
Published: January 2013

Objectives. Compare the total salivary Streptococci and Lactobacilli counts in cleft and noncleft children with differing caries experiences, correlate the bacterial counts with dmft/DMFT status and identify the different biotypes of Mutans Streptococci (MS).Patients. Group I included thirty subjects with dental caries (DC) and cleft lip and palate (CL/P); Group II had thirty subjects with DC but without CL/P. Group III comprised a control of thirty subjects with neither DC nor CL/P.Methodology. Enumeration of total salivary Streptococci and Lactobacilli was done by the plate count method and correlation of counts with dmft/ DMFT status examined. Differences in biochemical reactions were used to identify the biotypes.Results. Streptococci colonies in CL/P children with caries (64.30 ± 24.52) was significantly higher than in children with no CL/P or caries (45.57 ± 16.73). No significant differences in the Lactobacilli count were observed. dmft/DMFT status and Streptococci counts showed a strong positive correlation whereas Lactobacilli counts showed a moderate correlation.S. mutanswas the predominant biotype.Conclusions. Higher total salivary Streptococci and Lactobacilli counts exist in cleft subjects with caries than in the non-cleft subjects. Positive correlation between dmft/DMFT scores and salivary Streptococci reinforces its role in DC.S. mutansandS. sobrinusare the biotypes more frequently associated with dental caries in children.
On the Possibilities of Decreasing Power Loss in Large Tilting Pad Thrust Bearings
Authors: Wasilczuk Michal , Rotta Grzegorz
Published: January 2013

Different systems of direct oil supply have been developed in order to facilitate efficient introduction of fresh lubricant to the oil gap and reduction of churning power loss in tilting pad thrust bearings. Up to now there is no documented application of the supply groove in large thrust bearings used in water power plants. The results of modeling lubricant flow in the lubricating groove of a thrust bearing pad will be presented in the paper. CFD software was used to carry out fluid film calculations. Such analysis makes it possible to modify groove geometry and other parameters and to study their influence on bearing performance. According to the results a remarkable decrease in total power loss due to avoiding churning losses can be observed in the bearing.
De pai para filho: a complexidade e os desafios da gestão das empresas familiares
Authors: Freitas Ernani Cesar de , Barth Mauricio
Published: January 2013

For his contribution to the Brazilian economy, family businesses occupy a prominent position within the business. Many large companies in the country are, or have already been familiar in its essence, that number could be even higher if not for the complexities faced by these organizations during their generations. Thus, this paper addresses the issue of family business management in order to study the characteristics of management and governance, professional and organizational culture, pointing thus contributions to the huge network of family businesses in Brazil - the most common type of organization in the country. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate and analyze these theoretical main characteristics in family businesses small and medium-sized segmented in trade of the Vale do Sinos/RS. For this, the present study was based from various authors, such as Davis and Frezza (2005), Bornholdt (2005), Casillas, Vazquez and Diaz (2007) and Adams (2009). We used this exploratory work through multiple case study, by means of data collection done through unstructured interview. It was found that some changes occur not only in terms of professional appearance, but by way of management and business decision-making. Some of these processes are often performed more and more worked on some family business focus of this study, however, pointed out that all these aspects should be part of the organizational dynamics of family organizations object of this study.
Análise dos impactos esperados e não-esperados da taxa de juros, câmbio e inflação no mercado brasileiro
Authors: Righi Marcelo Brutti , Schlender Sérgio Guilherme , Ceretta Paulo Sérgio
Published: January 2013

This paper examined the expected and non-expected impacts for interest rates, exchange and inflation rates in the Brazilian market. For this purpose, was applied the ARIMA model to estimate the expected value of the first differences of these variables, under a sample of 383 weekly observations for the period from 02/03/2003 to 19/12/2007. Finally, the results indicate that only unexpected shocks in the exchange rate on stock returns were significant.
Segmentação no setor turístico: o turista LGBT de São Paulo
Authors: Azevedo Maurício Sanitá , Martins Cibele Barsalini , Pizzinatto Nádia Kassouf , Farah Osvaldo Elias
Published: January 2013

The objective of this article is to present the tourism segment LGBT (Lesbian, Gays, Bisexual and Transgender) of Sao Paulo city and gather information about his profile as important support for the tourism sector in defining their marketing strategies. It was carried out an exploratory and statistical data from government and representatives of this public for a description and analysis of data on the composition and profile of this segment, as well as the strategies being used by companies to captivate it and loyalty it. It also composes a Descriptive Study carried out by the Tourism Observatory of São Paulo next to the participants of the Sao Paulo Gay Parade in 2011. As results, it appears that LGBT public presents behavioral particularities as buyers of tourist products, providing during their stay, higher investments than others tourism segments, because it comes as a tourist for a longer period of stay in Sao Paulo, thus leaving more financial resources in the city. It also presents as results, examples of effective use of differentiation strategies by organizations, attraction, service and loyalty in this segment.
Os impactos da estratégia de marcas próprias na relação entre fabricantes e varejo: um estudo em empresas de grande porte
Authors: Telles Renato , Siqueira João Paulo Lara , Hourneaux Junior Flavio
Published: January 2013

The study of marketing and production strategy of own brand products requires an understanding of both the benefits gained by retailers and manufacturers involved in this activity and also the effects of this strategy on the relationship between these companies. According to this idea, a qualitative and descriptive work was conducted, based on six case studies, three of them on large product manufacturers and three on large retailers. The aim of this study is defined is threefold: (1) to analyze the expectations of manufacturers and retailers with their own brands’ current operations, (2) to analyze the expectations of manufacturers and retailers with their own brands’ future operations, and (3) to analyze the influence of the own brands adoption on the relationship between manufacturers and retailers. The results indicate that (a) current operations are primarily based on economic reasons (market share, and use of spare capacity), (b) future operations are perceived from a marketing perspective (survival), and (c) the adoption of own brand strategy does not harm the relationship between the parties – both manufacturers and retailers –, unlike the earlier studies indicated.
Estratégia competitiva de uma multinacional estrangeira na avicultura de postura no Brasil
Authors: Azevedo Denise Barros de , Da Silva Rengel Liane Aparecida Aires , Malafaia Guilherme Cunha , Thomé Karim Marini
Published: January 2013

This paper addresses the question of the strategies involved in the import process of cages for laying hens, directed at the multinational enterprise distribution center. Identifies the reasons why a multinational company invests in Brazil, specifically in the city of Araraquara, São Paulo, where it is implementing a distribution center (DC). Developing the study of the strategies involved in the process, according to the main issue of the work, it took place through the exploratory analysis of the current logistics process of the Company, identifying the strategies adopted and the advantages of the new process. In order to achieve the objectives, the study is based on the theoretical study of Porter's five competitive forces, SWOT analysis, generic strategies adopted to achieve return on investment and, based on issues such as import , logistics, warehousing and distribution center. The survey shows that deployment of the DC, the strategy involves the insertion in the national market, specifically in São Paulo that is the biggest market of laying hens in the country to gain competitive advantage, and the multinational also adopts the strategy generic differentiation, with regard to technology and product quality. Despite the high costs of construction and maintenance of the DC, they represent a barrier to market entry, have no financial risk for the multinational enterprise, since this deployment will also increase the demand for the product, allowing the return on invested capital.
Sala de aula e diversidade
Authors: Vilela-Ribeiro Eveline Borges , Benite Anna Maria Canavarro , Vilela Edda Borges
Published: January 2013

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1984686X3209 O texto consiste em um ensaio teórico que tem como objetivo discutir sobre como as diferenças entre os seres humanos caracterizam a espécie humana e que isso, por si só, já advoga em favor da diversidade. Para isso, são tratados temas tais como a diversidade, a diferença e o diferente e de que maneira isso tudo influencia na configuração da sala de aula. Defendemos a reflexão docente como uma maneira de eufemizar os problemas encontrados.Palavras-chave: Diferença; Inclusão; Salas de aulas inclusivas.
As demandas requeridas para o trabalhador com deficiência no Brasil na década de 1990
Authors: Figueiredo Ireni Marilene Zago , Johann Jackson
Published: January 2013

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1984686X3793 As mudanças que ocorreram na esfera da produção capitalista conferiram novas perspectivas e demandas para a reestruturação do ensino médio e profissional, ocorrido na segunda metade dos anos de 1990. A preocupação da inserção da pessoa com deficiência no mercado de trabalho situa-se na referida década, sendo que a partir do Processo de Educação Profissional e Colocação no Trabalho (PECT), as APAES do Brasil objetivaram ultrapassar o caráter ocupacional e terapêutico que a profissionalização tinha até então. Objetiva-se, a partir da análise documental, demonstrar que o PECT, sustentado pela Federação Nacional das APAES (FENAPAES), ao estar inserido na dinâmica do processo de reestruturação produtiva refletiu, em certa medida, as competências e habilidades básicas exigidas para o trabalhador com deficiência na década de 1990.Palavras-chave: Política de educação profissional; Pessoa com deficiência; Processo de educação profissional e colocação no trabalho (PECT).
Literatura infantil e a multimodalidade no contexto de surdez: uma proposta de atuação
Authors: Figueiredo Luciana Cabral , Guarinello Ana Cristina
Published: January 2013

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1984686X4404 Diversas pesquisas apontam dificuldades encontradas por sujeitos surdos em seu processo educacional. As práticas educacionais baseadas apenas na oralidade, com base na ilusória idéia de que esta representa um pré-requisito para aprendizagem da linguagem escrita são recorrentes. Ações deste tipo acarretam na falta de uma língua compartilhada entre professor ouvinte e aluno surdo em sala de aula, fator que somado à ausência de condições necessárias e materiais didáticos adequados aos alunos surdos, dificulta ainda mais o acesso desses alunos ao letramento e aprendizagem. Distanciando-nos dessa visão, consideramos que o processo educacional do surdo deve acontecer por meio de interações significativas em língua de sinais, respeitando sua condição de não ouvinte/falante. Nessa direção, o processo educacional ultrapassa a realização de atividades mecânicas e descontextualizadas realizadas apenas por meio da língua oral e começa a respeitar a necessidade de o surdo aprender em sua língua própria, o que auxilia no processo de aquisição da linguagem escrita e conseqüentemente minimiza de suas dificuldades de leitura, compreensão e produção textual. Para tornar esta realidade possível, propomos a incorporação da multimodalidade às práticas educacionais e terapêuticas para surdos, utilizando textos clássicos da literatura infantil e tendo como público alvo crianças surdas em processo de aquisição da linguagem escrita.Palavras-chave: Surdez; Multimodalidade; Educação de surdos.
Perfil psicomotor da criança com perturbação específica da linguagem e Dislexia
Authors: Tânia Dias , Mesquita Helena
Published: January 2013

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1984686X5646Projetando-se para além da ideia do corpo orgânico e expressivo e, cimentando uma estreita relação entre motricidade, cognição e linguagem, as atuais práticas de Psicomotricidade alcançam um novo campo concetual. Neste artigo, de natureza qualitativa, pretendeu-se traçar o perfil psicomotor de uma criança de 8 anos com Perturbação Específica da Linguagem (PEL) e Dislexia, através da aplicação da Bateria de Observação Psicomotora (BPM) de Vítor da Fonseca e correlacioná-lo com o perfil cognitivo e linguístico. Através da triangulação dos resultados obtidos nos testes psicomotores, cognitivos e linguísticos corroboraram-se os dados encontrados na literatura, que apontam claramente para a existência de co-morbilidade entre PEL, Dislexia e alterações no perfil psicomotor, demonstrando, assim, uma forte correlação entre psicomotricidade, cognição e linguagem. Por conseguinte, torna-se urgente e exequível sensibilizar a família, os técnicos de saúde e da educação para a necessidade de uma intervenção multidisciplinar, nas áreas da psicomotricidade e linguagem, quer a nível profilático quer reabilitativo. Palavras-chave: Bateria de observação psicomotora; Perturbação específica da linguagem; Dislexia.
Un cas de « production ratée » : « The Velvet Underground and Nico », mise en scène phonographique et analyse transphonographique
Authors: Delaune Benoît
Published: January 2013

Cet article se propose d’étendre le modèle de la transphonographie, mis au point par Serge Lacasse en référence à la théorie de la transtextualité de Gérard Genette, en y ajoutant la notion de phonographie « restreinte » ou « autarcique », par le biais des catégories de l’intraphonogramme et de l’autophonogramme. La notion d’ « avant-texte », mise au point en études littéraires par la critique génétique, permet également d’ajouter au modèle transphonographique la catégorie de « l’avant-phonogramme », qu’il soit à visée scénarique, de brouillon ou de variante. Après les avoir définies, l’article met ensuite en pratique ces notions, par l’étude d’un phonogramme précis, The Velvet Underground And Nico, ainsi que par l’analyse de différents avant-phonogrammes de ce disque. Ne se cantonnant pas à une étude formaliste, l’article, par la mise en relation de différents phonogrammes et par l’analyse des discours autour du groupe et de ce disque, se propose d’étudier plus précisément les stratégies esthétiques mises en oeuvre par les musiciens lors de l’élaboration de TheVelvet Underground And Nico. Enfin, l’étude de ces différents phonogrammes permet également de questionner la notion de « finitude » de l’oeuvre, par la multiplication des formats, mono et stéréo.
Glenn Gould, Conductor: Critical Reception, Chronicle, and Commentary
Authors: Maloney Timothy
Published: January 2013

In 1982, about two months before he died, Glenn Gould conducted a Toronto chamber orchestra to record Richard Wagner’sSiegfried Idyll.Reactions to the recording, eventually released in 1990, varied dramatically: while the Pulitzer Prize–winning critic and Gould scholar Tim Page considered it “a reading of melting and surpassing tenderness,” the composer-conductor Gunther Schuller, also a Pulitzer Prize winner, declared it “the most inept, amateurish, wrong-headed rendition of a major classic ever put to vinyl.” In light of that extreme divergence of opinion, this article examines the recording, Gould’s conducting, and the critical reception to both.
Bulgaria, migration late 19th century to present
Authors: Parla Maria Stoilkova and Ayse
Published: January 2013

Situated in southeast Europe at the crossroads of southeastern Europe and Asia Minor, Bulgaria has had its share of population movements, yet official national narratives systematically ignored migration. Cultural attitudes and state policy toward these flows in and out of Bulgaria may be said to be characterized by a tension between the attribution of minority status on the one hand and immigration status on the other. This essay identifies three distinct periods for the management of migratory flows: the first beginning in the 1870s when Bulgaria received its autonomy; the second, roughly framed between 1949 and 1989 during communist rule; and the third starting post‐1989 after the collapse of the socialist system and running up to the present.
Business and professional migrants
Authors: Colic‐Peisker Val
Published: January 2013

Business and professional migrants are the part of global human migration characterized by high levels of “human” and/or financial capital. From the perspective of nation‐states and in the context of global competition for talent and capital, professional and business migrants are the most desirable category of immigrants, expected to have a positive economic impact by contributing either highly skilled labour or capital to the host society (Hawthorne 2005).
Canada: immigration and settlement
Authors: Troper Triadafilos Triadafilopoulos and Harold
Published: January 2013

Immigration has long been central to Canada's economic development and nation‐building aspirations. During periods of economic growth, immigration policy, with its attendant legislation and regulations, has sought to regulate if not solicit the orderly inflow of labor to capital. Through the late 18th and well into the 19th centuries the majority of immigrants entering Canada were either farmers encouraged to settle the Canadian agricultural hinterland – including, after the completion of the first transcontinental railway, Canada's vast and fertile western plains – or wage laborers who worked on Canada's canal and railway networks or in labor‐intensive mining, forestry, and nascent manufacturing sectors. During periods of economic slowdown and shrinking employment markets, the Canadian welcome mat for immigrants was withdrawn and immigration policy redirected towards restricting the entry of jobseeking “foreigners.” The Canadian state's heavy‐handed use of deportation ensured that “unwanted” immigrants would not place undue demands on existing forms of social provision or threaten stability through the spread of “mutinous ideologies” (such as socialism) and practices (such as union organizing).
Caribbean, Spanish migration, 19th century to present
Authors: Fuentes‐Mayorga Norma
Published: January 2013

The region of the Caribbean and the human migration of its people have played a fundamental yet not well understood part in the emergence of the modern world. Its strategic location between Europe and the Americas has placed the Spanish‐speaking Caribbean nations of Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Dominican Republic at the center of competing political, economic, and globalization forces. Before the Dutch imported the first black slaves into the Island of Manhattan or the British appropriated North America's indigenous territory, the Spanish‐speaking Caribbean region had already endured centuries of European conquest, colonization, and forced miscegenation of its people in the creation of economic plantation systems destined mainly for extraction. Since the arrival of Columbus in the middle of the 15th century, and the Americans in the early 20th century, the history of the Spanish‐speaking Caribbean has been defined by European and North American expansionist quests for economic investments, geopolitical strategies, and democratizing imperatives. Not surprisingly, the complex history of this region requires the emergence of analytical frameworks which can help explain how a history of colonization, including mostly that of its people's productive capacities, affected and still affects racial identity formation processes and socioeconomic stratification as well as a sense of transnational nationhood as diasporas move across ex‐colonizing territories.
Central America: migration patterns and remittances
Authors: Orozco Manuel
Published: January 2013

This essay reviews migration and remittance trends in the Central American region. Migration from Central America is predominantly a by‐product of poverty and its attendant political and economic realities that are shaping the modern history of the region, with close links to the United States. A consequence of this migration trend is a significantly increased transfer of family remittances to families in the region. This essay describes and analyzes the dynamics of remittances vis‐à‐vis the region's economies by way of family ties between migrants and remittance‐recipients.
Pacific Islands, migration 18th century to present
Authors: Bedford Graeme Hugo and Richard
Published: January 2013

Oceania was the last major region to be settled, and recently the dates of earliest continuous settlement in many of the islands in the eastern Pacific have been shown to be four centuries later than was thought (Wilmshurst et al. 2011). From the outset of human settlement mobility has been a constant feature of life in this “sea of islands” (Hau'ofa 1994). The navigation and sailing skills of Micronesians (northern and central Pacific) and Polynesians (eastern Pacific) are widely recognized (Lewis 1972; Levison et al. 1973; Finney 1994). Melanesians (western Pacific) were more mobile within their much larger continental islands than is sometimes assumed for their small‐scale, linguistically diverse societies (Brookfield 1971). Garden rotation, exogamy in marriage, and complex trading networks for foods and items prized in ceremonial events meant that there was considerable intra‐island as well as inter‐island mobility. These were not sedentary subsistence societies.
c-Kit expression as a prognostic molecular marker in patients with basal-like breast cancer
Authors: Kashiwagi S , Yashiro M , Takashima T , Aomatsu N , Kawajiri H , Ogawa Y , Onoda N , Ishikawa T , Wakasa K , Hirakawa K
Published: January 2013

Background

As patients with basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) have a poor prognosis and there is no specifically tailored therapy, molecular biological characterization of BLBC is necessary. c-Kit is a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase known to play important roles in various solid cancers. This study classified BLBCs from patients with breast carcinoma, and addressed the significance of c-Kit expression in these tumours.

Methods

Primary breast tumours were stained with antibodies against oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) 2, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), cytokeratin 5/6 and c-Kit. The association between c-Kit, BLBC and survival was analysed.

Results

A total of 667 patients with breast cancer were followed up for a median of 39 (range 6–72) months. Some 190 tumours (28·5 per cent) were classified as triple-negative for breast cancer (negative for oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and HER2) and 149 (78·4 per cent) had characteristics of BLBC (positive for cytokeratin 5/6 and/or EGFR). c-Kit expression was detected in 111 (16·6 per cent) of 667 tumours. c-Kit-positive tumours were more commonly found among patients with BLBC (42 of 149, 28·2 per cent; P < 0·001) and in patients with nodal metastasis (47 of 216, 21·8 per cent; P = 0·014) than in those without. In patients with BLBC, the prognosis was significantly worse in those with c-Kit expression (P < 0·001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed c-Kit as an independent negative prognostic factor for cancer-specific survival in patients with BLBC (hazard ratio 2·29, 95 per cent confidence interval 1·11 to 4·72).

Conclusion

c-Kit might be a prognostic marker and possible molecular target for therapy in patients with BLBC.
Oxidative stress and innate immunity status in chickens exposed to high dose of ascorbic acid
Authors: Berzina Nadezhda , Markovs Jurijs , Dizhbite Tatiana , Apsite Mirdza , Vasilyeva Svetlana , Basova Nataliya , Smirnova Galina , Isajevs Sergejs
Published: January 2013

The effects of high dose ascorbic acid (10 000 mg·kg–1 in the diet) and the transition metal on the presence of oxidative stress in the internal organs of growing chicks, as well as on the innate immune system status, were investigated. Supplementation with a high dose of ascorbic acid had pro‐inflammatory effects on the intestinal mucosa, and lysozyme levels were decreased significantly in all organs studied. High‐dose ascorbic acid caused an imbalance between prooxidative and antioxidative activities and was associated with the generation of semiquinone radicals. We observed that ascorbic acid increased iron and cadmium absorption. When a high dose of ascorbic acid was applied, elevated kidney and intestinal mucosa iron concentrations were observed. The amount of free malondialdehyde in the above organs has increased as well. These data have important implications for the mechanism of the oxidative stress development under the influence of high dose of ascorbic acid, indicating the importance of the side reactions of the mitochondrial electron transport chain with the formation of semiquinone radicals and the role of transition metals in this process. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cascade Syntheses Routes to the Centrocountins
Authors: Eschenbrenner‐Lux Vincent , Dückert Heiko , Khedkar Vivek , Bruss Hanna , Waldmann Herbert , Kumar Kamal
Published: January 2013

Cascade and domino reactions that proceed through multiple steps in one pot and include multiple bond formations are promising methods for the rapid and efficient generation of complex molecular architectures, including the scaffolds of classes of complex natural product. We describe the development of various one‐pot cascade reaction sequences to yield centrocountins, which are tetracyclic indole derivatives with the basic scaffold of numerous polycyclic alkaloids. The mechanistic investigation of a sequence employing readily available alkynes and 3‐formylchromones as starting materials provided evidence that this one‐pot synthesis proceeds through at least twelve consecutive transformations and includes at least nine different chemical reactions, making it the longest cascade reaction sequence known to date. We describe the scope and limitations of the cascade synthesis approaches and the development of an enantioselectively catalyzed centrocountin synthesis.
A Markov regime‐switching model for crude‐oil markets: Comparison of composite likelihood and full likelihood
Authors: Zou Wei , Chen Jiahua
Published: January 2013

We use the two‐state Markov regime‐switching model to explain the behaviour of the WTI crude‐oil spot prices from January 1986 to February 2012. We investigated the use of methods based on the composite likelihood and the full likelihood. We found that the composite‐likelihood approach can better capture the general structural changes in world oil prices. The two‐state Markov regime‐switching model based on the composite‐likelihood approach closely depicts the cycles of the two postulated states: fall and rise. These two states persist for on average 8 and 15 months, which matches the observed cycles during the period. According to the fitted model, drops in oil prices are more volatile than rises. We believe that this information can be useful for financial officers working in related areas. The model based on the full‐likelihood approach was less satisfactory. We attribute its failure to the fact that the two‐state Markov regime‐switching model is too rigid and overly simplistic. In comparison, the composite likelihood requires only that the model correctly specifies the joint distribution of two adjacent price changes. Thus, model violations in other areas do not invalidate the results.The Canadian Journal of Statistics41: 353–367; 2013 © 2013 Statistical Society of Canada
Foraging Inhibition in Two Cladocerans Feeding on Microcystis aeruginosa
Authors: Zhu Jinyong , Lu Kaihong , Sun Sizhi , Zhang Kexin
Published: January 2013

Bloom‐forming cyanobacteria are known to negatively affect their herbivores, but the possible reasons leading to the foraging inhibition of different cladoceran species are uncertain and controversial so far. Hence, in order to understand how cyanobacteria affect the feeding behavior of cladocerans with different body sizes, feeding rates (FR) of zooplankton cladocerans Daphnia carinata and Moina macrocopa on the mixture of toxic or non‐toxic Microcystis aeruginosa with Scenedesmus quadricauda during a 24‐h period was investigated. FR of M. macrocopa was found generally low in the mixed toxic Microcystis diets, except for the sudden increase after 8 h of exposure, while FR of D. carinata decreased continuously in the mixed toxic diets. The dynamics of FR of both cladocerans on specific algae was similar to that of the total FR. There is no apparent selectivity displayed for either of the two cladoceran species on the mixed diets. There is no significant difference between the strains of Microcystis, suggesting that the feeding pattern of M. macrocopa maybe more of avoiding Microcystis rather than feeding inhibition resulted from the toxicity of algae. Unlike M. macrocopa, there was a significant difference in D. carinata between the strains of Microcystis over time. The reason for feeding inhibition of D. carinata might be toxicity after continuous exposure to the toxic cyanobacteria.
Hydrothermal Carbons from Hemicellulose‐Derived Aqueous Hydrolysis Products as Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors
Authors: Falco Camillo , Sieben Juan Manuel , Brun Nicolas , Sevilla Marta , van der Mauelen Torbjorn , Morallón Emilia , Cazorla‐Amorós Diego , Titirici Maria‐Magdalena
Published: January 2013

Acid pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass, required for bioethanol production, generates large amounts of by‐products, such as lignin and hydrolyzed hemicellulose fractions, which have found so far very limited applications. In this work, we demonstrate how the recovered hemicellulose hydrolysis products can be effectively utilized as a precursor for the synthesis of functional carbon materials through hydrothermal carbonization (HTC). The morphology and chemical structure of the synthesized HTC carbons are thoroughly characterized to highlight their similarities with glucose‐derived HTC carbons. Furthermore, two routes for introducing porosity within the HTC carbon structure are presented: i) silica nanoparticle hard‐templating, which is shown to be a viable method for the synthesis of carbonaceous hollow spheres; and ii) KOH chemical activation. The synthesized activated carbons (ACs) show an extremely high porosity (pore volume≈1.0 cm3 g−1) mostly composed of micropores (90 % of total pore volume). Because of their favorable textural properties, the ACs are further tested as electrodes for supercapacitors, yielding very promising results (300 F g−1 at 250 mA g−1) and confirming the high suitability of KOH‐activated HTC carbons derived from spruce and corncob hydrolysis products as materials for electric double layer supercapacitors.
Thiyl Glycosylation of Propargylated Octasilsesquioxane: Synthesis and Lectin‐Binding Properties of Densely Glycosylated Clusters on a Cubic Platform
Authors: Marra Alberto , Staderini Samuele , Berthet Nathalie , Dumy Pascal , Renaudet Olivier , Dondoni Alessandro
Published: January 2013

A new polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) derivative with a periphery of eight PEGylated chains functionalized with terminal propargyl groups was synthesized starting from commercially available octavinyl‐POSS. The photoinduced free‐radical coupling of this octapropargyl POSS derivative with various sugar thiols enabled the preparation of globular hexadecavalent glycoclusters. Thus, it appears that according to the alkyne hydrothiolation mechanism, two thiyl radicals were added across each triple bond of the POSS scaffold side‐chains. The affinities of some of the densely glycosylated clusters towards certain lectins were measured by the Enzyme‐Linked Lectin Assay (ELLA). The binding selectivity of Concanavalin A between the hexadecavalent mannosylated and glucosylated clusters was much higher than the selectivity observed for the corresponding octavalent glycoclusters (ref.4). Moreover, the affinity of the N‐acetylglucosamine‐based cluster towards wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) revealed a remarkable glycoside cluster effect with up to a 9.0 × 105‐fold increase in binding compared to monovalent GlcNAc. As a multivalent effect of the same order of magnitude was reported for an octavalent GlcNAc cluster towards the same lectin (ref.4), it is concluded that increasing the number of sugar units around the cubic platform does not lead systematically to an enhancement of binding affinity.
Association of tattooing and hepatitis C virus infection: A multicenter case-control study
Authors: Carney Kerrilynn , Dhalla Sameer , Aytaman Ayse , Tenner Craig T. , Francois Fritz
Published: January 2013

Although injection drug use (IDU) and blood transfusions prior to 1992 are well-accepted risk factors for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, many studies that evaluated tattooing as a risk factor for HCV infection did not control for a history of IDU or transfusion prior to 1992. In this large, multicenter, case-control study, we analyzed demographic and HCV risk factor exposure history data from 3,871 patients, including 1,930 with chronic HCV infection (HCV RNA–positive) and 1,941 HCV-negative (HCV antibody–negative) controls. Crude and fully adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of tattoo exposure by multivariate logistic regression in HCV-infected versus controls were determined. As expected, IDU (65.9% versus 17.8%;

P

< 0.001), blood transfusion prior to 1992 (22.3% versus 11.1%;

P

< 0.001), and history of having one or more tattoos (OR, 3.81; 95% CI, 3.23-4.49;

P

< 0.001) were more common in HCV-infected patients than in control subjects. After excluding all patients with a history of ever injecting drugs and those who had a blood transfusion prior to 1992, a total of 1,886 subjects remained for analysis (465 HCV-positive patients and 1,421 controls). Among these individuals without traditional risk factors, HCV-positive patients remained significantly more likely to have a history of one or more tattoos after adjustment for age, sex, and race/ethnicity (OR, 5.17; 95% CI, 3.75-7.11;

P

< 0.001).

Conclusion:

Tattooing is associated with HCV infection, even among those without traditional HCV risk factors such as IDU and blood transfusion prior to 1992.
αB-crystallin complexes with 14-3-3ζ to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition and resistance to sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Huang Xiao-Yong , Ke Ai-Wu , Shi Guo-Ming , Zhang Xin , Zhang Chi , Shi Ying-Hong , Wang Xiao-Ying , Ding Zhen-Bin , Xiao Yong-Sheng , Yan Jun , Qiu Shuang-Jian , Fan Jia , Zhou Jian
Published: January 2013

The overall survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains poor, and the molecular pathogenesis remains incompletely defined in HCC. Here we report that increased expression of αB-Crystallin in human HCC predicts poor survival and disease recurrence after surgery. Multivariate analysis identifies αB-Crystallin expression as an independent predictor for postoperative recurrence and overall survival. We show that elevated expression of αB-Crystallin promotes HCC progression

in vivo

and

in vitro

. We demonstrate that αB-Crystallin overexpression fosters HCC progression by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in HCC cells through activation of the extracellular-regulated protein kinase (ERK) cascade, which can counteract the effect of sorafenib. αB-Crystallin complexes with and elevates 14-3-3ζ protein, leading to up-regulation of ERK1/2 activity. Moreover, overexpression of αB-Crystallin in HCC cells induces EMT progression through an ERK1/2/Fra-1/slug signaling pathway. Clinically, our data reveal that overexpression of both αB-Crystallin and 14-3-3ζ correlates with the HCC poorest survival outcomes, and sorafenib response is impaired in patients with αB-Crystallin overexpression.

Conclusion:

These data suggest that the αB-Crystallin-14-3-3ζ complex acts synergistically to promote HCC progression by constitutively activating ERK signaling. This study reveals αB-Crystallin as a potential therapeutic target for HCC and a biomarker for predicting sorafenib treatment response.
Using the nominal group technique to engage people with chronic pain in health service development
Authors: Wainwright David , Boichat Charlotte , McCracken Lance M.
Published: January 2013

In this methodological paper, we discuss the use of the nominal group technique to facilitate the involvement of people with chronic pain and other stakeholder groups in the design of a community‐based pain management programme. On the basis of our experiences of using the technique in a study conducted in the south‐west region of the UK, we explore conceptual and logistical issues relating to patient involvement in health service development, discuss political issues relating to the articulation and synthesis of different stakeholder perspectives, and provide a description of how the technique can be applied in the aforementioned context. We conclude that although the nominal group technique is not a panacea for the difficulties encountered in patient involvement, it does offer advantages over other approaches. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the Enumeration of ‐Optimal and Minimax‐Optimal k‐Circulant Supersaturated Designs
Authors: Morales Luis B. , Vega Gerardo
Published: January 2013

In recent years, several methods have been proposed for constructing ‐optimal and minimax‐optimal supersaturated designs (SSDs). However, until now the enumeration problem of such designs has not been yet considered. In this paper, ‐optimal and minimax‐optimal k‐circulant SSDs with 6, 10, 14, 18, 22, and 26 runs, factors and are enumerated in a computer search. We have also enumerated all ‐optimal and minimax‐optimal k‐circulant SSDs with (mod 4) and . The computer search utilizes the fact that theses designs are equivalent to certain 1‐rotational resolvable balanced incomplete block designs. Combinatorial properties of these resolvable designs are used to restrict the search space.