bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le rôle des entreprises privées dans la lutte contre le VIH/sida en Côte d’Ivoire : des vecteurs d’une utopie sociale aux partenaires d’une action publique
Authors: Bekelynck Anne
Published: December 2014

En Côte d’Ivoire, certaines grandes entreprises privées ont mis sur pied, dès la fin des années 1990, des programmes d’accès aux traitements antirétroviraux (ARV) pour leurs salariés. L’article se propose d’analyser les frontières de la politisation de ces initiatives privées dans la lutte contre le VIH/sida. Si la prise en charge de la santé des travailleurs par les entreprises privées n’est pas nouvelle en Afrique, le VIH/sida a introduit une rupture. L’intervention massive de la coopération internationale autour de cette épidémie a enjoint aux États d’intégrer de manière inédite le secteur privé dans les politiques nationales, tout en créant un « marché du sida » local, et en procurant un fort écho médiatique à des entreprises soucieuses de développer leur capital symbolique. Si les entreprises privées ont pu jouer un rôle décisif dans la promotion de l’« utopie » de l’accès aux ARV dans le Sud aux débuts de l’épidémie, leur inclusion inédite au sein d’une action publique a dilué leur rôle et leur pouvoir de transgression sociale.
Produire « un peu » ou « totalement » autrement ? Hétérogénéité des utopies de l’économie solidaire en France
Authors: Rodet Diane
Published: December 2014

L’article questionne la pertinence de rassembler sous le terme d’économie solidaire des organisations à bien des égards distinctes. Il montre que ces initiatives sont fondées puis investies par des individus aux origines diverses, à la recherche d’espaces alternatifs de militantisme. Tous ne poursuivent pourtant pas la même visée politique. L’analyse des représentations économiques véhiculées dans leurs réseaux met au jour des désaccords quant aux représentations et aux pratiques économiques dominantes. Le choix d’un dispositif de qualité (certification par tiers, charte, système participatif) apparaît comme un révélateur de la division de ces collectifs, remettant en cause le mythe de l’unité du secteur.
Action, normes et critique. Paul Ricoeur et les pouvoirs de l’imaginaire
Authors: Foessel Michaël
Published: December 2014

L’unité de la philosophie ricoeurienne peut être reconstituée au fil conducteur de la question de l’imaginaire. Le propre de Ricoeur est d’envisager l’imagination non comme une faculté psychologique, mais comme un pouvoir sémantique : la métaphore et le récit permettent de percevoir le réel autrement qu’il n’est, donc de l’imaginer. L’image n’est pas moins que la perception et moins que le concept, elle est l’instrument qui permet leur articulation. Cette promotion de l’imaginaire au rang de dimension pratique se vérifie dans la théorie ricoeurienne de l’idéologie et de l’utopie.
Penser le soi : relations, appartenances et capacités
Authors: Vallée Marc-Antoine
Published: December 2014

Dans leurs différents efforts pour se défaire de toute forme d’absolutisation du sujet, plusieurs philosophes ont cherché à développer une intelligence relationnelle du soi. Pour ce faire, ils ont largement puisé dans la tradition judéo-chrétienne qui avait déjà ouvert la voie dans cette direction. Cet article montre, plus précisément, que cette intelligence relationnelle du soi se développe chez Kierkegaard, Buber, Levinas et Marion à travers une reprise philosophique du modèle de l’homme devant Dieu. Mais le problème est qu’une telle approche peine à reconnaître une véritable consistance au soi. Pour éviter cet écueil, l’auteur mobilise la pensée de Paul Ricoeur afin de défendre la thèse selon laquelle les relations, les appartenances et les capacités constitueraient les trois déterminations fondamentales du soi.
Paul Ricoeur et Michel Foucault : l’aveu aux sources de l’herméneutique
Authors: Castonguay Simon
Published: December 2014

Cet article cherche à montrer de quelle manière l’aveu constitue la voie d’accès privilégiée à l’herméneutique pour Paul Ricoeur et Michel Foucault. Mais alors que pour Ricoeur, l’aveu sert une anthropologie phénoménologique de l’homme coupable indexée à une herméneutique de la finitude, la confession est plutôt conçue, chez Foucault, comme une technique de gouvernementalité dont il est possible d’entreprendre la généalogie. Le problème de l’aveu permet ainsi de relever deux apories inhérentes à ces problématisations respectives de la constitution du sujet éthique.
LINKIN, a new transmembrane protein necessary for cell adhesion
Authors: Kato Mihoko , Chou Tsui-Fen , Yu Collin Z , DeModena John , Sternberg Paul W
Published: December 2014

In epithelial collective migration, leader and follower cells migrate while maintaining cell–cell adhesion and tissue polarity. We have identified a conserved protein and interactors required for maintaining cell adhesion during a simple collective migration in the developing C. elegans male gonad. LINKIN is a previously uncharacterized, transmembrane protein conserved throughout Metazoa. We identified seven atypical FG–GAP domains in the extracellular domain, which potentially folds into a β-propeller structure resembling the α-integrin ligand-binding domain. C. elegans LNKN-1 localizes to the plasma membrane of all gonadal cells, with apical and lateral bias. We identified the LINKIN interactors RUVBL1, RUVBL2, and α-tubulin by using SILAC mass spectrometry on human HEK 293T cells and testing candidates for lnkn-1-like function in C. elegans male gonad. We propose that LINKIN promotes adhesion between neighboring cells through its extracellular domain and regulates microtubule dynamics through RUVBL proteins at its intracellular domain.
La alternancia dar/hacer en construcciones con verbo de apoyo y nombre de comunicación
Authors: Sanromán Vilas Begoña
Published: December 2014

En este artículo defendemos que la selección de un verbo de apoyo por parte del nombre que lo acompaña, dentro del contexto de una construcción con verbo de apoyo, se basa en criterios semánticos. En concreto, el objetivo del estudio será el de descubrir qué componente(s) del significado del nombre determina(n) la selección de dar y cuál(es), la de hacer, dos de los verbos de apoyo más frecuentes en español. Para llevar a cabo esta tarea, analizamos nombres pertenecientes al campo semántico de la comunicación verbal que pueden coocurrir con ambos verbos, dar y hacer (dar/hacer una sugerencia), y los contrastamos con otros dos grupos de nombres de comunicación: 1) los que se combinan con dar, pero rechazan *hacer (dar/*hacer una respuesta) y 2) los coocurren con hacer, pero no con *dar (*dar/hacer una pregunta). En la comparación de los grupos trataremos de probar dos hipótesis: una que opera a nivel paradigmático, describiendo los vínculos semánticos entre los verbos de apoyo y los correspondientes verbos plenos y otra, a nivel sintagmático, analizando qué otros verbos, aparte de dar y/o hacer, constituyen la coocurrencia léxica restringida de los nombres de comunicación objeto de estudio.
'El 'vos' es el dialecto que inventamos nosotros, la forma correcta es el 'tú''
Authors: Christiansen Ane
Published: December 2014

Nicaragua es un país con un nivel de escolarización relativamente bajo y el contexto material y social en las escuelas hace que la enseñanza de la lengua materna esté dominada por métodos de memorización y ejercicios de gramática del tipo “rellenar espacios”. Las formas de tratamiento escritas que se utilizan en contextos pedagógicos son únicamente el tú y el usted, a pesar de ser Nicaragua una zona voseante. El presente artículo pretenderá mostrar, a través de referencias a estudios sobre las formas de tratamiento en Nicaragua, análisis del uso de los tratamientos en la escritura, ejemplos de entrevistas de actitudes lingüísticas y de análisis de documentos pedagógicos, que hay una discrepancia entre la norma escrita y la norma hablada en cuanto a las formas de tratamiento tú y vos en Nicaragua. Esta discrepancia se puede explicar con las creencias en torno a las diferentes formas de tratamiento, pero también al revés: el uso contradictorio de parte de las autoridades educativas influirá en las creencias del pueblo en general acerca de las formas de tratamiento y así crece un clima de inseguridad de la corrección de su propia habla. En última instancia tal contradicción puede ser un obstáculo para la enseñanza de la lengua materna y el prestigio lingüístico del habla local.
La ocurrencia del artículo definido en construcciones partitivas
Authors: Mare María
Published: December 2014

Una de las propiedades que presentan las construcciones partitivas es la denominada Condición de Anti-unicidad (ver Jackendoff 1977, Kayne 1994, Barker 1998), i.e., se trata de estructuras indefinidas. Sin embargo, hay una serie de datos que parecen poner en cuestión la condición mencionada: (1) las construcciones partitivas en las variedades antiguas de las lenguas romances, que presentan la secuencia determinante definido + numeral (Esp.Ant. los dos de los soldados) y (2) en español actual, aparece el determinante definido cuando el cuantificador es más o menos (los más de los estudiantes). En este trabajo nos proponemos demostrar que ninguna de estas construcciones viola la Condición de Anti-unicidad y que la presencia del determinante es el resultado de que el movimiento del cuantificador a la posición de Especificador del SD no tuvo lugar.
The Antioxidant Property of Pomelo (Citrus maxima) Fruit Parts
Authors: Racadio Susana P. , Bañez Solita Evangeline S.
Published: December 2014

This study is limited to the qualitative determination of the antioxidant property of the pulp, outer rind, inner rind and seeds of alcohol extract and decoction of pomelo (Citrus maxima) fruit parts. The antioxidant property of the decoction and alcohol extracts of the parts of pomelo was determined in terms of the time it took for the apple to undergo enzymatic oxidation. Results of this study had shown that 1)the pulp, outer rind, inner rind and seeds of the pomelo contain flavonoids, 2) The pulp decoction and alcohol extract exhibited the greatest antioxidant property as shown by the greatest inhibitory action on the enzymatic oxidation of the apple. The decoction and alcohol extract of the pomelo fruit parts exhibit antioxidant property. 3) A significant difference exists in the enzymatic oxidation of apple treated with different pomelo fruit parts. Similarly, a significant difference also exists in the enzymatic oxidation of the apple that had been soaked in alcohol extract and decoction. There is no significant difference on the enzymatic oxidation of the apple due to the interaction of the two factors namely fruit part and the time of soaking. The interaction among the three factors: fruit part, medium used in soaking and time of soaking caused significant differences on the enzymatic oxidation of the apple.   Keywords - antioxidant property, pomelo, flavonoid, enzymatic oxidation and Citrus maxima, Philippines
Efficiency and Environmental Effects of Privatizing Waterworks and Sewerage (MWSS) in Metro Manila, Philippines
Authors: TAN ROSALINA PALANCA
Published: December 2014

In 1997, the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS) was privatized to meet the rapidly growing demand for water, and sewerage and sanitation services in Metro Manila. The purpose of the study was to determine the impacts of private sector participation in the water supply and sanitation sector in Metro Manila, the foremost urban region of the Philippines. The methodology of the study used two lenses—microeconomic efficiency and environmental sustainability. It was found that MWSS privatization resulted in improvements in efficiency that translated into greater social welfare. Social welfare increased with the expansion in the water supply service coverage, and the reductions in the costs of acquiring water for those previously not connected to MWSS and in the operational costs of MWSS. The privatization, however, had not adequately and appropriately addressed two environment-related concerns with important implications on long-term water supply sustainability. First, sanitation and sewerage facilities had not been expanded sufficiently to address the Metro Manila waterways pollution problem largely caused by domestic wastewater. Second, there were no explicit provisions and concrete programs to reduce dependence on groundwater and curb groundwater depletion.Keywords: Environmental Science, water supply, sanitation and sewerage, privatization,microeconomic efficiency, environmental sustainability, descriptive design,Philippines
Exploring the Disaster Management of Teachers and Pupils in Iligan City, Philippines
Authors: NAPERE JR. ROBERTO D. , CANENCIA OLIVA P.
Published: December 2014

With the geologic location and physical characteristics of the Philippines,it is being considered as one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world.Disasters occurring in the country can be natural or human-induced (NDRRMC,2011).   Certainly, when there is a disaster, school children are the mostvulnerable. The study examined the disaster management trainings attended bythe teachers and their capability level in managing natural and human-induceddisasters.  It also explored the pupils’ knowledge, attitudes and behavior aboutdisaster management. Employing descriptive research design, 200 teachers and300 pupils in the public central schools in Iligan City served as respondents.Survey questionnaires were used in data gathering and were treated using frequency counts, means, percentages and correlation procedure. Results revealthat almost all of the teachers did not have trainings on disaster managementand yet, they are capable in managing the identified disasters. Meanwhile, thepupils posted a good remark on their knowledge, attitudes and behavior aboutdisaster management. The two powerful typhoons Sendong (Tropical StormWashi) and Pablo (Tropical Storm Bopha) left a learned lesson to the people inIligan City not to be complacent in any disasters. The study recommend for a fullinstitutionalization of disaster management to all schools to protect the schoolpersonnel, pupils, and educational facilities.Keywords: Disaster management, natural and human-induced disasters, capability level,pupils’ knowledge, attitudes and behavior, descriptive research, Philippines
Arrestin Expression in E. coli and Purification
Authors: Vishnivetskiy Sergey A. , Zhan Xuanzhi , Chen Qiuyan , Iverson Tina M. , Gurevich Vsevolod V.
Published: December 2014

Purified arrestin proteins are necessary for biochemical, biophysical, and crystallographic studies of these versatile regulators of cell signaling. Described herein is a basic protocol for arrestin expression in E. coli and purification of the tag‐free wild‐type and mutant arrestins. The method includes ammonium sulfate precipitation of arrestins from cell lysates, followed by heparin‐Sepharose chromatography. Depending on the arrestin type and/or mutations, the next step is Q‐Sepharose or SP‐Sepharose chromatography. In many cases the nonbinding column is used as a filter to bind contaminants without retaining arrestin. In some cases both chromatographic steps must be performed sequentially to achieve high purity. Purified arrestins can be concentrated up to 10 mg/ml, remain fully functional, and withstand several cycles of freezing and thawing, provided that overall salt concentration is maintained at or above physiological levels. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Risk Process: Introduction
Authors: Dickson David C.M.
Published: December 2014

This article considers classical risk processes in both continuous and discrete time, and discusses how the basic assumptions underlying these processes may be varied.
Genetics and Insurance
Authors: Macdonald Angus S.
Published: December 2014

Most actuarial modeling has concentrated on single‐gene disorders, because it necessarily relies on genetic epidemiology to parameterize any models, and that is where the epidemiology is most advanced. We can identify two broad approaches.

A top‐down approach treats whole classes of genetic disorder as if they were homogeneous. This avoids the need to model individual disorders in detail, which in the case of multifactorial disorders may be impossible just now anyway. If, under extremely adverse assumptions, either extra premiums or the costs of adverse selection are small, this is a useful general conclusion; see for examples. In the long run, this approach is limited.

A bottom‐up approach involves detailed modeling of individual disorders, and estimating the overall premium increases or costs of adverse selection by aggregation. Examples include models of breast cancer and ovarian cancer, Huntington's Disease, early‐onset Alzheimer's Disease, adult polycystic kidney disease and Alzheimer's Disease.
Valuation of Life Insurance Liabilities
Authors: David O'Brien Christopher
Published: December 2014

Placing a value on life insurance liabilities is not easy. The issues are not new: we can go back to 1864, when the British Prime Minister William Gladstone referred in Parliament to the accounts of the Prudential Assurance Company:

‘As it stands, it presents a balance of £41,000 in favor of the society; but it has been examined by actuaries, and those gentlemen, proceeding upon principles which are no more open to question than a proposition of Euclid, say, that instead of a balance of £41,000 in favor of, there is one of £31,000 against the society’.

In the twenty‐first century we still have debates on how to value the liabilities arising from life insurance policies, notably with the work of the International Accounting Standards Board in its effort to design an international financial reporting standard for insurance contracts, to be used in insurers' accounts.

Key questions are

what are the estimated future cash flows from a life policy? and

what discount rate should be applied to the cash flows to derive a present value?

Closely linked with these questions are

how should the uncertainty about the cash flows be reflected in the valuation? and

how can we ensure consistency of the valuation of the liabilities with the valuation of the insurers' assets?
De Finetti, Bruno (1906–1985): His Life and Contributions to Statistics
Authors: Pitacco Ermanno
Published: December 2014

After an essential biography, the scientific work of de Finetti is described with particular emphasis on his contributions to actuarial sciences.
History of Actuarial Science
Authors: Hickman James
Published: December 2014

Actuarial science is the constantly evolving set of ideas that is the intellectual foundation of actuarial practice. Actuarial practice, in turn, is devoted to designing and managing financial security systems. The ideas in this set have roots in many basic disciplines, including the mathematical sciences, economics, demography, and business management.
Stochastic Optimization
Authors: Glynn Peter W.
Published: December 2014

Uncertainty is present in virtually all decision‐making environments. In some applications settings, one may safely choose to ignore the presence of uncertainty because its influence on the optimal decision is likely to be small. In other settings, one would ideally like to explicitly incorporate the presence of uncertainty into a mathematical formulation of the problem, because it is a priori clear that an optimal solution will be significantly influenced by the presence of uncertainty. Loosely speaking, stochastic optimization is the set of mathematical and computational tools that have been developed in order to characterize or compute optimal solutions to mathematical models involving such stochastic elements.

From a mathematical viewpoint, stochastic optimization has two main subdisciplines. The first is that of stochastic control. Stochastic control is concerned with optimization problems in which the optimizing solution is ‘infinite dimensional’ (or of very high dimensionality) in character. The second subdiscipline involves finite‐dimensional stochastic optimization. Much of the corresponding literature focuses on intelligent ‘search’ methods for numerically computing the optimal setting of a (finite‐dimensional) vector of decision variables.
Loss Ratio
Authors: Babcock Nathan J.
Published: December 2014

Actuaries and numerous other insurance professionals use loss ratios in the measurement of profitability, the determination of appropriate pricing and reserving levels, the creation of business strategies, and the completion of financial reports. A loss ratio expresses the relationship between one of several financial items, typically insured losses, and premiums. There are many types of data from which loss ratios can be calculated. The data can include paid or incurred losses and earned or written premium; the data also can be organized by line of business, by any of several accounting period types, by insurance/reinsurance layer, or by evaluation date.
Workers' Compensation Insurance
Authors: Feldblum Sholom
Published: December 2014

Although some of the earliest workers' compensation systems were in Europe, many countries now have included recompense for worker injury into social welfare programs. Currently the largest system for which employers purchase private insurance for this matter is in the United States, and this will be the focus of this article. Each state has its own system, so some differences among these will be addressed. State workers' compensation systems developed in the early twentieth century to replace negligence liability for workplace accidents and illnesses. The development of workers' compensation rates by class and state sparked the emergence of the Casualty Actuarial Society (CAS) in 1914.
L
inder,
F
orrest
E
Authors: Israel Robert A.
Published: December 2014

Linder (1906–1988) was a leading figure in the world of vital and health statistics. He worked for the US Bureau of the Census, and after some years with the United Nations, he returned to the US civil service as director of the National Health Survey, and in 1960, as director of the newly formed National Center for Health Statistics. He followed with a post at the University of North Carolina and served on many international committees. His publications cover a wide range of topics in demography and health.
Mainland,Donald
Authors: Altman Douglas G.
Published: December 2014

Donald Mainland (1902–1985) graduated in medicine and in 1930, he became Professor of Anatomy at Dalhousie University, Canada. He published his first book on medical statistics in 1938 and his second in 1950, shortly after moving to New York University as a medical statistician. He wrote a long and notable series of commentaries on medical statistics, distributed privately or published inClinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics.
Martini, Paul
Authors: Dengler H. J.
Published: December 2014

Paul Martini (1889–1964) was a distinguished professor of internal medicine, working in Munich, Berlin and (from 1932) in Bonn. His 1932 book on therapeutic research was influential in encouraging the application of statistical methods. Later, he expressed reservations about double‐blind (as distinct from single‐blind) trials.
P
etty,
W
illiam
Authors: Armitage Peter
Published: December 2014

A man of many accomplishments, including professorships in Anatomy and Music in Oxford, Petty was influential in the founding of the Royal Society and advocated the setting up of a national statistical office to conduct censuses, organize tax collection, and improve public health. He organized the complete mapping of Ireland. He was a friend of John Graunt, wrote on vital statistics and demography, and invented the term “political arithmetic”.
S
mith,
C
edric
A
usten
B
ardell
Authors: Armitage Peter
Published: December 2014

C.A.B. Smith (1917–2002) was a leading exponent in the United Kingdom of the application of statistics to human genetics, working at the Galton Laboratory, University College London. His principal work was in the detection and measurement of human linkage, and he was an influential exponent of likelihood and Bayesian methods.
Enhanced Electrochromism with Rapid Growth Layer‐by‐Layer Assembly of Polyelectrolyte Complexes
Authors: Cui Mengqi , Ng Wee Siang , Wang Xu , Darmawan Peter , Lee Pooi See
Published: December 2014

In this work, a facile method to deposit fast growing electrochromic multilayer films with enhanced electrochemical properties using layer‐by‐layer (LbL) self‐assembly of complex polyelectrolyte is demonstrated. Two linear polymers, poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and polyethylenimine (PEI), are used to formulate stable complexes under specific pH to prepare polyaniline (PANI)/PAA‐PEI multilayer films via LbL deposition. By introducing polymeric complexes as building blocks, [PANI/PAA‐PEI]n films grow much faster compared with [PANI/PAA]n films, which are deposited under the same condition. Unlike the compact [PANI/PAA]n films, [PANI/PAA‐PEI]n films exhibit porous structure that is beneficial to the electrochemical process and leads to improved electrochromic properties. An enhanced optical modulation of 30% is achieved with [PANI/PAA‐PEI]30 films at 630 nm compared with the lower optical modulation of 11% measured from [PANI/PAA]30 films. The switching time of [PANI/PAA‐PEI]30 films is only half of that of [PANI/PAA]30 films, which indicates a faster redox process. Utilizing polyelectrolyte complexes as building blocks is a promising approach to prepare fast growing LbL films for high performance electrochemical device applications.
Deep desulfurization by oxidation using an active ionic liquid‐supported Zr metal–organic framework as catalyst
Authors: Wu Jianxiang , Gao Yilong , Zhang Wei , Tan Yueyue , Tang Aomin , Men Yong , Tang Bohejin
Published: December 2014

In this study, a Zr metal–organic framework (UIO‐66) was synthesized with zirconium tetrachloride and terephthalic acid using the solvent method. Then various masses of 1‐methylimidazolium‐3‐propylsulfonate hydrosulfate (PSMIMHSO4) were supported on the UIO‐66 as catalysts, which were used for catalytic oxidative desulfurization. Sulfur removal using 400 mg of 40% PSMIMHSO4 supported on the UIO‐66 of greater than 94% was obtained at 313 K for 20 min with an O/S molar ratio of 7:1. The results obtained in this work could provide useful information for the design of water‐stable metal–organic frameworks with permanent porosity in applications of catalytic oxidative desulfurization. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Green and reusable homogeneous oxidative system with ceric ammonium nitrate/[Imim‐PEG1000‐TEMPO] for efficient aerobic oxidation of alcohols and one‐pot synthesis of benzimidazoles from alcohols under ambient conditions
Authors: Wang Zhao‐Gang , Xia Yong‐Gen , Jin Yong , Lu Ming
Published: December 2014

An efficient and reusable catalytic system for aerobic oxidation of alcohols and one‐pot synthesis of benzimidazoles from alcohols with ceric ammonium nitrate and PEG1000–ionic liquid‐immobilized 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl (TEMPO) is described. This system shows excellent activity and selectivity, affording the target products with good yields. Moreover, the catalytic system can be recycled and reused without significant loss of catalytic activity after seven runs. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unanticipated effect of climate change on an aquatic top predator of the Atlantic rainforest
Authors: Herrera Justo , Solari Agustín , Lucifora Luis O.
Published: December 2014

From a biodiversity conservation viewpoint it is crucial to estimate the sensitivity of species and populations to climate change, especially of key species such as top predators.

Here, the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation phenomenon (ENSO) was used as a natural experiment to estimate the sensitivity of a population of the rainforest‐dwelling broad‐snouted caiman, Caiman latirostris, to extreme floods.

Caiman abundance declined by 35% annually between 1996 and 1998, and then increased, without reaching 1996 levels, indicating a marked effect of the 1997 El Niño. Accordingly, the Southern Oscillation Index was positively correlated with caiman abundance, indicating lower caiman abundance with warm ENSO events.

The relationship between the relative annual mean abundance of caimans and the maximum daily annual discharge of the Iguazú River was analysed. This relationship was parabolic, with caiman abundance increasing at discharges from 500 to 1500 m3 s‐1 and then decreasing at discharges from 1500 to 2500 m3 s‐1, indicating an adverse effect of both extreme low and high river discharge. No effect of illegal hunting was measurable.

This study evaluated whether the negative effect of extremely high water levels on caiman abundance could be due to a decrease in the availability of the habitat more commonly used by small (<60 cm total length, TL) and medium (60–120 cm TL) caimans. Small and medium‐sized caimans used herbaceous/shrub habitats more frequently than large caimans (>120 cm TL), i.e. the type of habitat flooded during extreme floods.

An increase in extreme floods, as forecast for the Atlantic rainforest owing to climate change, may seriously affect the population of rainforest caimans through the reduction of adequate habitat for juveniles. This counter‐intuitive result, in which an excess of water reduces the abundance of an aquatic top predator, should be considered in conservation plans of rainforest‐dwelling crocodilians.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fuzzy Decentralized Control for a Class of Networked Systems with Time Delay and Missing Measurements
Authors: Zhou Feng , Liu Lu , Feng Gang
Published: December 2014

This paper is concerned with fuzzy decentralized control of a class of large‐scale networked dynamic systems with network‐induced time delays, missing measurements and external disturbances. Nonlinear systems are modeled in Takagi–Sugeno (T–S) form. Fuzzy decentralized state feedback controllers are developed. A sufficient condition on stochastic stability with prescribed H∞ performance for the closed‐loop control system is obtained by using the Lyapunov function method. The constructive design of the controller is expressed in terms of linear matrix inequalities. Finally, numerical simulations are provided to illustrate the results of this paper.
The need to have an opinion as a driver of consumer choice
Authors: Kokkoris Michail D. , Kühnen Ulrich
Published: December 2014

This research proposes that the need to have an opinion can make consumers choose less preferred options. We review literature from several disciplines indicating that holding opinions is an automatic human response associated with adaptive psychological benefits. We then theorize that when this need is activated in any domain, it can have carry‐over effects even in unrelated domains by inducing an inquisitive choice mindset and expanding consumers' consideration sets. This proposition rests on the assumption that less preferred options offer a higher experience utility, which can better satisfy the need to form opinions on a wider range of topics. Three experiments with diverse consumer and non‐consumer choices as well as various operationalizations and methodologies provide empirical evidence that priming the need to have an opinion makes consumers less likely to make choices based on their stated preferences. These results suggest that the need to have an opinion can affect consumer decision‐making in predictable and systematic ways by encouraging preference‐inconsistent choices. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coming Out and Job Satisfaction: A Moderated Mediation Model
Authors: Prati Gabriele , Pietrantoni Luca
Published: December 2014

Prior research suggests that the disclosure of sexual identity at work is not always significantly associated with job satisfaction. The authors investigated (a) the mediating role of workplace heterosexist climate in linking workplace outness with job satisfaction, and (b) the moderating role of anticipated discrimination in influencing the indirect and direct relationship between workplace outness and job satisfaction. This model was tested among 1,460 lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) employees in Italy. Results indicated that workplace heterosexist climate mediated relationships between workplace outness and job satisfaction. Anticipated discrimination moderated the relationships between LGB employees’ disclosure of their sexual identity and job satisfaction and between workplace heterosexist climate and job satisfaction. This moderated mediation model may assist researchers who aim to understand the complexity of the relationship between workplace outness and job satisfaction. In this regard, practitioners need to recognize the role played by workplace heterosexist climate and anticipated discrimination.
Vocational Personalities and Mindfulness
Authors: Littman‐Ovadia Hadassah , Zilcha‐Mano Sigal , Langer Ellen
Published: December 2014

In the past few decades, many studies have been conducted on the positive effects of mindfulness, a state of openness to novelty in which an individual actively constructs categories and distinctions. The authors tested the applicability of Langer's () mindfulness theory to Holland's () vocational personalities. Data from 156 Israeli full‐time employees were collected. The results link different types of vocational personalities to a mindful mind‐set.
A New Porphyrin for the Preparation of Functionalized Water‐Soluble Gold Nanoparticles with Low Intrinsic Toxicity
Authors: Penon Oriol , Patiño Tania , Barrios Lleonard , Nogués Carme , Amabilino David B. , Wurst Klaus , Pérez-García Lluïsa
Published: December 2014

A potential new photosensitizer based on a dissymmetric porphyrin derivative bearing a thiol group was synthesized. 5‐[4‐(11‐Mercaptoundecyloxy)‐phenyl‐10,15,20‐triphenylporphyrin (PR‐SH) was used to functionalize gold nanoparticles in order to obtain a potential drug delivery system. Water‐soluble multifunctional gold nanoparticles GNP‐PR/PEG were prepared using the Brust–Schiffrin methodology, by immobilization of both a thiolated polyethylene glycol (PEG) and the porphyrin thiol compound (PR‐SH). The nanoparticles were fully characterized by transmission electron microscopy and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Furthermore, the ability of GNP‐PR/PEGs to induce singlet oxygen production was analyzed to demonstrate the activity of the photosensitizer. Cytotoxicity experiments showed the nanoparticles are nontoxic. Finally, cellular uptake experiments demonstrated that the functionalized gold nanoparticles are internalized. Therefore, this colloid can be considered to be a novel nanosystem that could potentially be suitable as an intracellular drug delivery system of photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy.
Ventral Segment‐Preserving Right Hepatectomy in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Lim Jin Hong , Choi Gi Hong , Choi Sung Hoon , Lee Hyung Soon , Kim Kyung Sik , Choi Jin Sub
Published: December 2014

Background

Transection along the anterior fissure was proposed as a mechanism by which to open the third door of the liver. In this study, we investigated surgical outcomes of a ventral segment‐preserving right hepatectomy (VSPRH) compared with those of conventional right hepatectomy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Methods

Between January 2007 and December 2010, 595 primary HCC patients underwent liver resection at the authors’ institution. Among them, the 123 HCC patients who underwent a right hepatectomy were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were classified into two groups according to the type of resection: those who underwent a VSPRH (Group A; 27 cases) and those who underwent a conventional right hepatectomy (Group B; 96 cases).

Results

In Group A, expected remnant liver volume after a right hepatectomy was calculated to be 32.1 ± 7.2 % of functional total liver volume (FTLV); remnant liver volume increased up to 54.7 ± 7.2 % of FTLV after a VSPRH. Clinicopathologic characteristics and intraoperative data did not differ between the two groups. The liver‐related complication rate was higher in Group B (P = 0.02). Overall survival and disease‐free survival rates were similar (3‐year disease‐free survival (Group A: 67.8 %; Group B: 71.7 %; P = 0.65); 3‐year overall survival (Group A: 91.7 %; Group B: 87.4 %; P = 0.26). In regard to long‐term synthetic function, the 1‐year postoperative serum albumin level was higher in Group A.

Conclusions

A VSPRH yielded fewer liver‐related complications and similar long‐term oncologic outcomes, compared with conventional right hepatectomy in cirrhotic patients with a small left lobe volume. Therefore, VSPRH can be considered to be an alternative procedure for a right hepatectomy.
Ionic Liquids Increase the Catalytic Efficiency of a Lipase (Lip1) From an Antarctic Thermophilic Bacterium
Authors: Muñoz Patricio A. , Correa‐Llantén Daniela N. , Blamey Jenny M.
Published: December 2014

Lipases catalyze the hydrolysis and synthesis of triglycerides and their reactions are widely used in industry. The use of ionic liquids has been explored in order to improve their catalytic properties. However, the effect of these compounds on kinetic parameters of lipases has been poorly understood. A study of the kinetic parameters of Lip1, the most thermostable lipase from the supernatant of the strain ID17, a thermophilic bacterium isolated from Deception Island, Antarctica, and a member of the genus Geobacillus is presented. Kinetic parameters of Lip1 were modulated by the use of ionic liquids BmimPF6 and BmimBF4. The maximum reaction rate of Lip1 was improved in the presence of both salts. The highest effect was observed when BmimPF6 was added in the reaction mix, resulting in a higher hydrolytic activity and in a modulation of the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme. However, the catalytic efficiency did not change in the presence of BmimBF4. The increase of the reaction rates of Lip1 promoted by these ionic liquids could be related to possible changes in the Lip1 structure. This effect was measured by quenching of tryptophan fluorescence of the enzyme, when it was incubated with each liquid salt. In conclusion, the hydrolytic activity of Lip1 is modulated by the ionic liquids BmimBF4 and BmimPF6, improving the reaction rate and the catalytic efficiency of this enzyme when BmimPF6 was used. This effect is probably due to changes in the structure of Lip1 induced by the presence of these ionic liquids, stimulating its catalytic activity.
Effect of stacking sequence on physical, mechanical and tribological properties of glass-carbon hybrid composites
Authors: Agarwal Gaurav , Patnaik Amar , Sharma Rajesh kumar , Agarwal Jyoti
Published: December 2014

A study was done to determine the effect of best stacking sequence (position and orientation) on the mechanical properties, friction and wear response of hybrid composites. The main purpose of the study was to determine the best available stacking sequence for which the physical, mechanical and three body abrasive wear rate is optimum. Test for mechanical properties (tensile strength, flexural strength, inter laminar shear strength, impact strength and hardness) was done on glass-carbon hybrid composites. The composites were then subjected to test for three body abrasive wear on a designed experimental setup. Five different factors (sliding velocity, fabric weight percentage, normal load, sliding distance and abrasive particle size) varied in steps to evaluate the friction and three body abrasive wear response of the composites. The design of experiment using Taguchi’s orthogonal array and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to find out minimum specific wear rate. The results revealed the significance in arrangement of two different layers of fabric (glass and carbon) and the difference in properties obtained by them. Using Taguchi experimental analysis it has been observed that three body abrasive wear rate is minimum at 72 cm/s sliding velocity, 30 wt.% fabric content, 80 N normal load, 90 m sliding distance and 125 μm abrasive particle size. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies revealed the dynamics of three-body abrasive wear and underlying micro-mechanisms that result in the analysis of three body abrasive wear.
Taking Fetal Medicine to the Community
Authors: Gundabattula Sirisha R. , Fernandez Evita
Published: December 2014

Supplementing prenatal care with ultrasound technology has a significant impact on improving maternal and perinatal health by identifying at-risk pregnancies and directing deliveries to hospital settings. Ectopic pregnancies, placenta praevia, multiple pregnancy, fetal malposition, and abnormal fetal growth are known to increase morbidity and mortality, and can be diagnosed using ultrasound. We are now able to predict complications in pregnancy as early as the 12th week. The routine use of fetal ultrasound and innovations in fetal therapy raise several moral dilemmas including the unequal distribution of supporting health care and nonavailability of these services to a large proportion of the population residing in developing countries. Several strategies are available to improve delivery of these services: central government provision, contracting out to the private sector and NGOs, decentralization to local governments and community participation. Focused training of fetal medicine specialists, midwives, nurses, and technicians and provision of supporting infrastructure can deliver results and possibly eliminate the disparities in health care.
Udder characteristics and effects of pulsation rate on milking machine efficiency in donkeys
Authors: D‘Alessandro Angela Gabriella , Mariano Michele , Martemucci Giovanni
Published: December 2014

Very little is known about the udder characteristics, partitioning of milk in the mammary gland and efficiency of machine milking in donkeys. This study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of the udder and teats, milk yield in relation to pulsation rates (90, 120 and 150 cycles/min), milk partitioning in the mammary gland, composition of the spontaneously removed and residual milk fractions and milking efficiency. Forty-one healthy Martina Franca jennies in the third month of lactation and routinely milked twice daily were used in three studies. Udder characteristics were evaluated by direct measurements and ultrasonographic scanning. Residual milk was obtained by milking after an oxytocin administration (40 IU i.m.). The prevalent shapes were ‘bowl’ for udders and ‘conical’ for teats. After milking the udder characteristics decreased within a range from −11·6% (udder depth) to −25·7% (diameter of teat at the base). The internal structures of the udder resulted as several pockets of ducts empting directly into the teat. The pulsation rate of 120 cycles/min improved (P<0·05) the milk yield in comparison to the 90 and 150 cycles/min, reduced the residual milk fraction, thus improved (P<0·05) milking efficiency. Residual milk composition had higher (P<0·05) fat content and somatic cell count than the spontaneously removed milk fraction. The udders revealed several pockets of ducts empting into the teat instead of a single cisternal cavity and showed a certain compliance. The use of 120 cycles/min pulsation rate improved milking efficiency.
Morita cohomology and homotopy locally constant sheaves
Authors: HOLSTEIN JULIAN V. S.
Published: December 2014

We identify Morita cohomology, which is a categorification of the cohmology of a topological spaceX, with the category of homotopy locally constant sheaves of perfect complexes onX.
Between Universal and Particular: Baron's Jewish Community in Light of Recent Research
Authors: Carlebach Elisheva
Published: December 2014

Unlike the works of the “old masters” in the fine arts, often seen as the apotheosis of the creative spirit of their and all time, works of historiography have a much briefer shelf life. It is in the nature of scholarship to subject forebears to critical scrutiny; few works hold up beyond a generation or so. We are charged in this forum with reconsidering one of the “old masters” of Jewish historiography, Salo Wittmayer Baron, whose formidable mastery of languages and sources and his prolific output position him as one of the preeminent twentieth-century historians of the Jewish people. Has Baron's three-volumeThe Jewish Community, a masterpiece of historical synthesis first published in 1942, still retained its scholarly relevance? What is striking about this work is how much ahead of his time it was in certain respects, and how, in this work on a subject so central to understanding pre-modern Jewish life, Baron's construction was ahistorical in crucial dimensions. Baron'sJewish Communityhas fallen into disuse, so much so that in the Hebrew collection,Kehal Yisrael(2004), intended to portray specific Jewries and their communal lives, the latter two volumes, comprising dozens of essays and over 800 pages, written by leading Israeli scholars, contain only two references to Baron, in the notes. This blatant example of ignoring Baron's treasure trove is true not only of Israeli scholarship: most recent studies of Jewish communities make scarcely any use of it. Is the neglect deserved?
A Colleague Not a Sacred Authority—Reflections on Salo Baron's Scholarly Opus
Authors: Engel David
Published: December 2014

The three papers by Elisheva Carlebach, David Sorkin, and Adam Teller refreshingly do not merely invoke the name of Salo Baron as a sacred authority but actually reflect critically upon significant pieces of his scholarly corpus. As Adam Teller has pointed out correctly, academic historians of the Jews have sought for decades to align themselves with what they have taken to be the fundamental thrust of Baron's approach to his subject and have warned their students against too great a deviation from it. In the discourse of the field, to claim Baron's mantel is altogether bon ton, while “lachrymose” has long served as a term of severe reproach. Yet, many more people appear to have claimed to be Baron's acolytes in abjuring lachrymosity than have actually read a significant portion of Baron's corpus, much less seriously engaged with what he had to say in those writings. The three contributors are, happily, not among them: in their papers they all have entered into a genuine conversation with certain key propositions in Baron's work, with a mind to refining his insights and building upon them. Baron has served them not as an icon but as an interlocutor in the continuing discussion of significant problems to which he devoted much thought and study. That is a salutary development. Baron's contribution to the study of Jewish history was hardly exhausted by his articulation of a particular conceptual approach to it. As anyone who takes the multiple volumes of A Social and Religious History of the Jews or The Jewish Community in hand becomes aware immediately, Baron was a prodigious researcher whose painstaking mining (and in some cases even discovery) of a vast array of source materials laid the empirical foundations for future scholarship on a broad range of Jewish historical subjects. On that level, as well, reading his work returns significant rewards.
Prevalence and behavioural risk factors ofStaphylococcus aureusnasal colonization in community-based injection drug users
Authors: LEUNG N. S. , PADGETT P. , ROBINSON D. A. , BROWN E. L.
Published: December 2014

The aims of this study were to identifyStaphylococcus aureusnasal colonization prevalence, behavioural risk factors, and to determine staphylococcal protein A (spa) types in community-based injection drug users (IDUs). Nasal swabs were collected and methicillin susceptibility testing andspa/SCCmectyping were performed onS. aureusisolates. Generalized estimating equations were used to report adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Of the 440 participants, 24·1% were colonized and 5·7% had methicillin-resistantS. aureus(MRSA). Colonization was associated with age, employment/marital status, and the presence of scabs but not with sexually transmitted disease co-infection, HIV status, antibiotic use, hospitalization, or drug treatment programme participation. The USA300 MRSA clonespatypes were most common, but 15/49spatypes were new to one of the international databases. Community-based IDUs appear to have different risk factors compared to IDUs from clinical studies. In addition, the number of newly identifiedspatypes indicates a diverse, understudied population.