bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metallurgical and Machinability Characteristics of Wrought and Selective Laser Melted Ti-6Al-4V
Authors: Shunmugavel Manikandakumar , Polishetty Ashwin , Nomani Junior , Goldberg Moshe , Littlefair Guy
Published: October 2016

This research work presents a machinability study between wrought grade titanium and selective laser melted (SLM) titanium Ti-6Al-4V in a face turning operation, machined at cutting speeds between 60 and 180 m/min. Machinability characteristics such as tool wear, cutting forces, and machined surface quality were investigated. Coating delamination, adhesion, abrasion, attrition, and chipping wear mechanisms were dominant during machining of SLM Ti-6Al-4V. Maximum flank wear was found higher in machining SLM Ti-6Al-4V compared to wrought Ti-6Al-4V at all speeds. It was also found that high machining speeds lead to catastrophic failure of the cutting tool during machining of SLM Ti-6Al-4V. Cutting force was higher in machining SLM Ti-6Al-4V as compared to wrought Ti-6Al-4V for all cutting speeds due to its higher strength and hardness. Surface finish improved with the cutting speed despite the high tool wear observed at high machining speeds. Overall, machinability of SLM Ti-6Al-4V was found poor as compared to the wrought alloy.
Optimization of Physiochemical Parameters during Bioremediation of Synthetic Dye byMarasmius cladophyllusUMAS MS8 Using Statistical Approach
Authors: Shuib Fatin Nur Sufinas , Husaini Ahmad , Zulkharnain Azham , Roslan Hairul Azman , Guan Tay Meng
Published: October 2016

In many industrial areas such as in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, printing, and textile, the use of synthetic dyes has been integral with products such as azo dye, anthrax, and dyestuffs. As such, these industries produce a lot of waste by-products that could contaminate the environment. Bioremediation, therefore, has become an important emerging technology due to its cost-sustainable, effective, natural approach to cleaning up contaminated groundwater and soil via the use of microorganisms. The use of microorganisms in bioremediation requires the optimisation of parameters used in cultivating the organism. Thus the aim of the work was to assess the degradation of Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) dye on soil using Plackett-Burman design by the basidiomycete,M. cladophyllusUMAS MS8. Biodegradation analyses were carried out on a soil spiked with RBBR and supplemented with rice husk as the fungus growth enhancer. A two-level Plackett-Burman design was used to screen the medium components for the effects on the decolourization of RBBR. For the analysis, eleven variables were selected and from these four parameters, dye concentration, yeast extract concentration, inoculum size, and incubation time, were found to be most effective to degrade RBBR with up to 91% RBBR removal in soil after 15 days.
Perturbation Solutions for Hagen-Poiseuille Flow and Heat Transfer of Third-Grade Fluid with Temperature-Dependent Viscosities and Internal Heat Generation
Authors: Ogunmola B. Y. , Akinshilo A. T. , Sobamowo M. G.
Published: October 2016

Regular perturbation technique is applied to analyze the fluid flow and heat transfer in a pipe containing third-grade fluid with temperature-dependent viscosities and heat generation under slip and no slip conditions. The obtained approximate solutions were used to investigate the effects of slip on the heat transfer characteristics of the laminar flow in a pipe under Reynolds’s and Vogel’s temperature-dependent viscosities. Also, the effects of parameters such as variable viscosity, non-Newtonian parameter, viscous dissipation, and pressure gradient at various values were established. The results of this work were compared with the numerical results found in literature and good agreements were established. The results can be used to advance the analysis and study of the behavior of third-grade fluid flow and steady state heat transfer processes such as those found in coal slurries, polymer solutions, textiles, ceramics, catalytic reactors, and oil recovery applications.
Analysis of Depth of Shade on Mercerized and Unmercerized Fabric among Different Woven Fabric Structures
Authors: Alam Md Shamim
Published: October 2016

The main objective of this paper is to analyze and compare the color strengths of mercerized and unmercerized fabric among different fabric structures. In this research work Remazol reactive dye and three types of woven fabrics were used such as 20⁎20 sheeting, 30⁎30 sheeting, and herringbone. Spectrophotometer was used to find out the amount of dye which is fixed in the fabrics after soap wash. Three different woven fabrics were dyed with reactive dye (Remazol Red, Remazol Yellow, and Remazol Blue) using pad dyeing method. It was found that mercerized fabric had higher depth of shade under the same dye concentration. In case of shade A (0.5%) 20⁎20 sheeting showed better color strength compared to other two structures but for shade B (1.5%) and shade C (4%) herringbone fabric showed better dye absorptive capacity than 20⁎20 sheeting.
The Relational and Item-Specific Encoding Task in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer Disease
Authors: Sousa Amber , Gomar Jesus J. , Ragland J. Daniel , Conejero-Goldberg Concepcion , Buthorn Justin , Keehlisen Lynda , Huey Ted E. , Koppel Jeremy , Gordon Marc L. , Christen Erica , Goldberg Terry E.
Published: October 2016

Background: The Relational and Item-Specific Encoding task (RISE) measures episodic memory subcomponents, including item-specific and relational encoding of to-be-remembered stimuli. These memory components are neurobiologically relevant because they may engage distinct subregions of the medial temporal lobe, perirhinal and entorhinal cortices, parahippocampus, and hippocampus. Methods: A total of 125 participants, including 84 healthy controls (HC), 22 mild cognitive impairment-diagnosed and 19 Alzheimer disease (AD)-diagnosed participants, were administered the RISE and neuropsychological measures. Stepwise linear regressions assessed prediction of functional ability from RISE d′ measures. ANOVAs and logistic regressions determined the ability of the RISE to discriminate between the diagnostic groups. In addition, the psychometric properties of the RISE were examined. Results: RISE measures predicted diagnosis with pseudo R2 values in the range of 0.25-0.30. Receiver operating characteristic curves demonstrated adequate sensitivity and specificity with areas under the curve in the range of 0.78-0.98. Memory following relational encoding was a significant predictor of everyday functional competence. The RISE had acceptable psychometric properties, with the exception of floor effects in the AD group. Conclusion: The RISE measures significantly predicted diagnosis and predicted everyday functional competence. The RISE offers unique advantages in the assessment of HC and individuals with preclinical AD.
Zelltherapie bei ARDS
Authors: Herkenrath Simon-Dominik , Randerath Winfried
Published: October 2016

Hintergrund: Das akute Atemnotsyndrom (ARDS) ist eine lebensbedrohliche Erkrankung. Trotz größter Bemühungen in der klinischen Forschung fehlt es an wirksamen Behandlungsoptionen, und die mit ARDS verbundene Mortalität ist nach wie vor inakzeptabel hoch. Ziele: Ein männlicher Patient mit schwerem ARDS zeigte unter den konventionellen Therapien keine klinische Verbesserung. Daher wurde eine neuartige experimentelle Intervention durchgeführt. Methoden: Wir verabreichten dem Patienten auf intratrachealem Weg aus dem peripheren Blut stammende autologe mononukleäre Zellen (PBMCs) und Erythropoietin (EPO). Ergebnisse: Zwei Tage nach der initialen PBMC/EPO-Gabe konnten wir eine Verbesserung der Lungenfunktion feststellen und die extrakorporale Membranoxygenierung (ECMO) reduzieren. Bronchoskopie und Serum-Entzündungsmarker zeigten eine Abnahme der Inflammation. Zusätzlich deuteten die Serumkonzentrationen von miR-449a, -b, -c und miR-34a sowie eine transitorische Hochregulation von E-Cadherin und die zugehörigen Chromatinmarker in den PBMC auf eine respiratorisch-epitheliale Differenzierung hin. Extrazelluläre Vesikel aus PBMC zeigten in einem In-vitro-Assay mit TNF-α-Vermittlung und Transkriptionsfaktor NF-κB entzündungshemmende Kapazität. Trotz der verbesserten Lungenfunktion verstarb der Patient durch Multiorganversagen an Tag 38 der ECMO-Behandlung. Schlussfolgerungen: Dieser Fallbericht liefert erste ermutigende Evidenz für die lokale Instillation von PBMC/EPO zur Behandlung von schwerem therapierefraktären ARDS. Die beobachtete klinische Verbesserung könnte teilweise auf die entzündungshemmende Wirkung der PBMC/EPO-Gabe zurückzuführen sein, die die Geweberegeneration fördert. Weitere Studien sind für das tiefer gehende Verständnis der zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen der In-vivo-Regeneration erforderlich. Übersetzung aus Respiration 2015;90:481-492 (DOI: 10.1159/000441799)
Cirrhotic Cardiomyopathy: Another Case of a Successful Approach to Treatment of Hepatorenal Syndrome
Authors: Mocarzel Luis Otávio , Bicca Jessica , Jarske Luiza , Oliveira Thamires , Lanzieri Pedro , Gismondi Ronaldo , Ribeiro Mario Luiz
Published: October 2016

Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is defined as a failure of renal function, potentially reversible, in patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites. Recently, a component of cardiomyopathy associated with HRS was described, but the use of positive inotropic medicine as part of the treatment of the acute phase has not been extensively evaluated. We report a second case in our hospital of a patient with HRS type I without previous heart disease, with secondary hemodynamic decompensation due to liver disease, in which the abnormalities in systolic function by speckle-tracking echocardiography were observed and could be reversed by the use of inotropes. After partial response to current therapies, the patient presented a clinical and laboratorial response with improvement of renal function after infusion of dobutamine. Clinical studies are needed for the therapy approach to HRS taking into account myocardial dysfunction as a major contributing factor for renal dysfunction.
Pedunculopontine Nucleus Region Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson Disease: Surgical Anatomy and Terminology
Authors: Hamani Clement , Aziz Tipu , Bloem Bastiaan R. , Brown Peter , Chabardes Stephan , Coyne Terry , Foote Kelly , Garcia-Rill Edgar , Hirsch Etienne C. , Lozano Andres M. , Mazzone Paolo A.M. , Okun Michael S. , Hutchison William , Silburn Peter , Zrinzo Ludvic , Alam Mesbah , Goetz Laurent , Pereira Erlick , Rughani Anand , Thevathasan Wesley , Moro Elena , Krauss Joachim K.
Published: October 2016

Several lines of evidence over the last few years have been important in ascertaining that the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) region could be considered as a potential target for deep brain stimulation (DBS) to treat freezing and other problems as part of a spectrum of gait disorders in Parkinson disease and other akinetic movement disorders. Since the introduction of PPN DBS, a variety of clinical studies have been published. Most indicate improvements in freezing and falls in patients who are severely affected by these problems. The results across patients, however, have been variable, perhaps reflecting patient selection, heterogeneity in target selection and differences in surgical methodology and stimulation settings. Here we outline both the accumulated knowledge and the domains of uncertainty in surgical anatomy and terminology. Specific topics were assigned to groups of experts, and this work was accumulated and reviewed by the executive committee of the working group. Areas of disagreement were discussed and modified accordingly until a consensus could be reached. We demonstrate that both the anatomy and the functional role of the PPN region need further study. The borders of the PPN and of adjacent nuclei differ when different brainstem atlases and atlas slices are compared. It is difficult to delineate precisely the PPN pars dissipata from the nucleus cuneiformis, as these structures partially overlap. This lack of clarity contributes to the difficulty in targeting and determining the exact localization of the electrodes implanted in patients with akinetic gait disorders. Future clinical studies need to consider these issues.
Nail Damage (Severe Onychodystrophy) Induced by Acrylate Glue: Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Investigations
Authors: Pinteala Tudor , Chiriac Anca Eduard , Rosca Irina , Larese Filon Francesca , Pinteala Mariana , Chiriac Anca , Podoleanu Cristian , Stolnicu Simona , Coros Marius Florin , Coroaba Adina
Published: October 2016

Background: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) techniques have been used in various fields of medical research, including different pathologies of the nails; however, no studies have focused on obtaining high-resolution microscopic images and elemental analysis of disorders caused by synthetic nails and acrylic adhesives. Methods: Damaged/injured fingernails caused by the use of acrylate glue and synthetic nails were investigated using SEM and EDX methods. Results: SEM and EDX proved that synthetic nails, acrylic glue, and nails damaged by contact with acrylate glue have a different morphology and different composition compared to healthy human nails. Conclusions: SEM and EDX analysis can give useful information about the aspects of topography (surface sample), morphology (shape and size), hardness or reflectivity, and the elemental composition of nails.
РОЛЬ СКЛЕРОЗУВАЛЬНОЇ ТЕРАПІЇ У ЛІКУВАНН І СУДИННИХ МАЛЬФОРМАЦІЙ У ДІТЕЙ
Authors: Benzar I. M.
Published: October 2016

РЕЗЮМЕ. Сучасні підходи до лікування судинних мальформацій (СМ) – це використання хірургічних, консервативних та ендоваскулярних способів, де склерозувальна терапія відіграє важливу роль. Мета дослідження – визначення ефективності і безпечності різних способів склеротерапії периферійних СМ у дітей. У дослідження включено 96 пацієнтів віком від 1 до 17 років з СМ за період січень 2011 р. – березень 2016 р. Період спостереження складав від 3 до 63 місяців. Склерозування венозних мальформацій (ВМ) виконано у 10 дітей за показаннями: больовий синдром (n=7), повторні кровотечі (n=2), психологічний дискомфорт (n=1). Склерозування проводили полідоканолом та тетрадецилсульфатом натрію у вигляді «піни» в концентрації 0,5–1 %. «Пінне» склерозування артеріовенозних мальформацій (АВМ) виконано у 2 дітей після попередньої емболізації. Склерозування кістозних лімфатичних мальформацій (ЛМ) з використанням ОК-432 проведено у 84 пацієнтів, серед яких макрокістозні діагностовано у 34 (40,5 %) дітей, мікрокістозні – у 9 (10,7 %) та змішані ЛМ у 41 (48,8 %). Результатом склерозувальної терапії ВМ було припинення кровотеч (n=2), покращення естетичного вигляду (n=2), зменшення больового синдрому (n=7). Після емболізації та склерозування АВМ кровотеч не було. Результатом склерозування ВМ та АВМ є досягнення косметичного результату та зменшення симптомів, проте не одужання. У 84 пацієнтів з кістозними ЛМ виконано 194 сесії склеротерапії ОК-432. Результат лікування ЛМ оцінювали у відсотках зменшення об’єму ЛМ. Результат лікування макрокістозних ЛМ: відмінний – у 94,1 % пацієнтів, добрий – у 5,8 %; мікрокістозних – відмінний – 0, добрий – у 55,6 %, задовільний – у 33,3 %, відсутній – в 11,1 %; результат склеротерапії змішаних ЛМ: відмінний – у 19,5 %, добрий – у 61,0 %, задовільний – у 17,1 %, відсутній – у 2,4 %. Ускладнення – шкірна алергічна реакція – виникло в 1 пацієнта (1,1 %). Склерозувальна терапія є безпечним і ефективним способом лікування СМ у дітей. Для лікування ВМ і АВМ використовували детергенти у вигляді «піни», для лікування кістозних ЛМ використовували ОК-432. Відмінний і добрий результат склеротерапії кістозних ЛМ отримано у 85,7 % пацієнтів, у 2,4 % результат лікування був незадовільний. Використання склеротерапії у дітей з ВМ і АВМ приводить до досягнення контролю за симптомами, тоді як ЛМ з переважанням макрокістозного компонента можуть бути успішно вилікувані.

 
ІНФОРМАЦІЙНО-СТРУКТУРНА МОДЕЛЬ АДАПТИВНОЇ КОРЕКЦІЇ РУХОВОЇ АКТИВНОСТІ ДИТИНИ
Authors: Lepiokhina H. S. , Zlepko S. M. , Azarkhov O. Yu.
Published: October 2016

РЕЗЮМЕ. В статті розглянуто шляхи і побудовано інформаційно-структурну модель адаптивної корекції рухової активності дитини; проаналізовано потоки даних, пов’язаних із індивідуалізацією призначення і вибору параметрів управляючих впливів для корекції рухових розладів у дітей в перинатальному періоді за допомогою функціонального біоуправління. Показано, що управління руховою діяльністю здійснюється за допомогою двоконтурної ієрархічної системи, в якій відновлення порушених функцій здійснюється шляхом вироблення нового динамічного стереотипу. Мета дослідження. Підвищення ефективності лікування дітей з руховими порушеннями шляхом побудови інформаційно-структурної моделі адаптивної корекції рухової активності дитини. Особливістю розробленої моделі є визначення «фонового» стану м’яза і введення інструментального контролю його стомлюваності в процесі сеансу біоуправління. Це забезпечує формування лікарем індивідуальної програми адаптивної корекції рухових розладів дитини з урахуванням її функціонального стану, загрози виникнення ускладнень, що є основою для прийняття остаточного рішення стосовно тактики лікування.
БІОХІМІЧНІ ТА ФІЗІОЛОГІЧНІ ЗМІНИ В КРОВІ ПРИ ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНІЙ ЕМФІЗЕМІ
Authors: Rusinchuk Ia. I. , Korzhov V. I. , Liskina I. V. , Melnyk О. А.
Published: October 2016

РЕЗЮМЕ. У роботі показано, що під час розвитку експериментальної емфіземи в мембрані еритроцитів тварин спостерігаються суттєві біохімічні та структурні зміни.

 
ОЦІНКА АДАПТАЦІЙНИХ МОЖЛИВОСТЕЙ ШКОЛЯРІВ МІСТА КИЄВА З ЙОДОДЕФІЦИТОМ
Authors: Stroy O. A. , Slipachuk L. V. , Kazakova L. M. , Reznikov Yu. P.
Published: October 2016

РЕЗЮМЕ. Мета дослідження – вивчення адаптаційних можливостей школярів молодших класів міста Києва з підтвердженим йододефіцитом (ЙД). Проведено обстеження 50 дітей віком 6–12 років, яке передбачало визначення йодурії у разових порціях сечі з подальшим розрахунком медіани; фізичної витривалості дітей з визначенням індексу Руф’є; оцінку рівня функціонування системи кровообігу та її адаптаційного потенціалу з розрахунком Індексу функціональних змін (ІФЗ). Йодна недостатність виявлена у 86 % обстежених, переважно легкого ступеня. 16 дітей (32 %) мали індекс Руф’є нижче середнього, 29 (58 %) – низький, у 5 школярів (10 %) був середній рівень. Дослідження ІФЗ показало, що у 90 % обстежених були порушення адаптації різного ступеня вираженості. Дослідження йодної забезпеченості показало наявність ЙД легкого та середнього ступеня у 86 % дітей. При оцінці функціонального стану серцево-судинної системи виявлено, що 76 % дітей мали напруження механізмів адаптації. Індекс Руф’є у 90 % школярів не відповідав достатньому резерву системи кровообігу. Зміни функціонального стану та адаптаційних резервів серцево-судинної системи пов’язані певним чином із забезпеченістю організму йодом.
Bremen, Liverpool, Marseille and Rotterdam: Port Cities, Migration and the Transformation of Urban Space in the Long Nineteenth Century
Authors: van de Laar Paul Thomas
Published: October 2016

During the long nineteenth century Bremen, Liverpool, Marseille and Rotterdam developed rapidly and built new harbour districts beyond the confines of the city. These new waterfronts became the zones of the other; an area defined by the social and cultural lives of casual workers, transient migrants and other disadvantaged groups and became a place in need of social and cultural reform. Few scholars have paid attention to the specific interrelations between migration and the transformation of urban space in port cities. This article addresses the issue of how diverse national and transnational migrant movements have shaped the urban identity of these port cities in this period. In a comparative framework, it raises the question what impact a transient population had on the harbour-related districts and how the appearance of these informal zones contributed to the image of the port city as a place of otherness.
‘The Long March through Leipzig’: Train Terminal Chaos and the Transmigrant Registration Station, 1904–1914
Authors: Schmidt Allison
Published: October 2016

Responding to a cholera scare in the 1890s, German steamship companies, backed by the state, set up transmigrant control stations along eastern Prussian borders. Millions of Eastern European emigrants passed through these medical and financial checkpoints as they made their way by rail to northern European harbour cities, where steamships carried them across the Atlantic. In 1904, officials opened a registration station in the Saxon city of Leipzig. A major European railway hub, Leipzig seemed an ideal location. However, the city layout soon proved problematic. Leipzig had no fewer than six separate train stations, one an hour’s walk from the registration station. Saxon police and shipping officials needed to direct transmigrants arriving in Leipzig to the registration station, despite logistical problems and sometimes uncooperative migrants. Building upon a growing scholarship on the continental journey of transoceanic migrants, this article demonstrates how a single city could affect an intricate transatlantic network.
Storm-Track Response to SST Fronts in the Northwestern Pacific Region in an AGCM
Authors: Kuwano-Yoshida Akira , Minobe Shoshiro
Published: October 2016

The storm-track response to sea surface temperature (SST) fronts in the northwestern Pacific region is investigated using an atmospheric general circulation model with a 50-km horizontal resolution. The following two experiments are conducted: one with 0.25° daily SST data (CNTL) and the other with smoothed SSTs over an area covering SST fronts associated with the Kuroshio, the Kuroshio Extension, the Oyashio, and the subpolar front (SMTHK). The storm track estimated from the local deepening rate of surface pressure (LDR) exhibits a prominent peak in this region in CNTL in January, whereas the storm-track peak weakens and moves eastward in SMTHK. Storm-track differences between CNTL and SMTHK are only found in explosive deepening events with LDR larger than 1 hPa h−1. A diagnostic equation of LDR suggests that latent heat release associated with large-scale condensation contributes to the storm-track enhancement. The SST fronts also affect the large-scale atmospheric circulation over the northeastern Pacific Ocean. The jet stream in the upper troposphere tends to meander northward, which is associated with positive sea level pressure (SLP) anomalies in CNTL, whereas the jet stream flows zonally in SMTHK. A composite analysis for the northwestern Pacific SLP anomaly suggests that frequent explosive cyclone development in the northwestern Pacific in CNTL causes downstream positive SLP anomalies over the Gulf of Alaska. Cyclones in SMTHK developing over the northeastern Pacific enhance the moisture flux along the west coast of North America, increasing precipitation in that region.
Attribution of Extreme Events in Arctic Sea Ice Extent
Authors: Kirchmeier-Young Megan C. , Zwiers Francis W. , Gillett Nathan P.
Published: October 2016

Arctic sea ice extent (SIE) has decreased over recent decades, with record-setting minimum events in 2007 and again in 2012. A question of interest across many disciplines concerns the extent to which such extreme events can be attributed to anthropogenic influences. First, a detection and attribution analysis is performed for trends in SIE anomalies over the observed period. The main objective of this study is an event attribution analysis for extreme minimum events in Arctic SIE. Although focus is placed on the 2012 event, the results are generalized to extreme events of other magnitudes, including both past and potential future extremes. Several ensembles of model responses are used, including two single-model large ensembles. Using several different metrics to define the events in question, it is shown that an extreme SIE minimum of the magnitude seen in 2012 is consistent with a scenario including anthropogenic influence and is extremely unlikely in a scenario excluding anthropogenic influence. Hence, the 2012 Arctic sea ice minimum provides a counterexample to the often-quoted idea that individual extreme events cannot be attributed to human influence.
Infrared Spectral Emissivity Property of Pure Titanium in the 473–1035 K Temperature Range
Authors: Zhang Feng , Yu Kun , Zhang Kaihua , Liu Yanlei , Zhao Yuejin , Liu Yufang
Published: October 2016

The normal infrared (IR) spectral emissivity of pure titanium TA1 is experimentally investigated using a self-designed emissivity measurement apparatus. The apparatus and the measurement method are described in detail. Seven samples are treated with abrasive paper to obtain the roughness needed. The emissivity of one sample is obtained between 473 and 1035 K with wavelength range of 3–27 µm in an argon environment. The other six samples are oxidized at a high temperature (873 K) for various times. The surface roughness and composition of the samples are analyzed using roughness tester and X-ray diffraction before and after the emissivity measurement. The results show that the spectral emissivity of titanium sample increases with the increase of temperature and decreases with the increase of wavelength from 3 to 27 µm. For the oxidized samples, the spectral emissivity increases with increasing oxidization time, and after being heated for 12 h, the emissivity values increase slightly. The influence of the oxide film thickness on the spectral emissivity is discussed based on interference theory, and the thickness of oxide film with different oxidation time is accurately measured using scanning electron microscope.
Examining the Effect of Employment on Delinquency: A Longitudinal Study of South Korean Youths
Authors: Lee Hee Jung
Published: October 2016

This study focuses on examining the effects of employment and work hours on delinquency during adolescence. Juvenile employment and work hours are hypothesized to increase delinquency, and the longitudinal panel data obtained from the Korean Youth Panel Survey are utilized. Results from fixed effects models showed that working youths are more likely to participate in crime, substance use, and status offenses. Regarding work hours, both moderate and intensive work was significantly related to substance use and status offenses, whereas only intensive work was significantly related to crime. The effects of intensive work on substance use and status offenses were different between male and female.
An evaluation of health information and wellness priorities among socioeconomically disadvantaged students
Authors: Morris-Paxton Angela A , Van Lingen Johanna M , Elkonin Diane
Published: October 2016

Objective:

A critical evaluation of a salutogenic, wellness education programme was conducted with a group of first-year socioeconomically disadvantaged higher education students, in order to assess the value they placed on health information and wellness priorities.

Methods:

This study took a mixed-methods approach utilising a quantitative–qualitative design. Quantitative analysis regarding the values placed by the students on 22 aspects of health-related information and qualitative analysis of their health priorities drew on findings from a semi-structured researcher-generated questionnaire, administered pre-, post- and 15-week post-post-intervention.

Setting:

The setting was a higher education institution in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Participants were 34 first-year consumer science students, who engaged in a year-long, salutogenic wellness programme.

Results:

Findings revealed an increase in the participants’ value of health information for a number of wellness variables. Future planning, positive thinking and nutrition ranked high among wellness priorities, the reasons for which were disease prevention, as well as the impact of various aspects of health on participants’ future success.

Conclusion:

A holistic, salutogenic, wellness education programme increased student values for information with regard to a number of health variables.
A continuum constitutive model for mechanical behavior of 5052 resin epoxy containing various percentages of MWCNTs
Authors: Hosseini Kordkheili SA , Toozandehjani H , Ashouri Choshali H , Boroumand Azad S
Published: October 2016

In this article, a continuum-based constitutive model is developed to predict the mechanical behavior of 5052 resin epoxy reinforced by multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) based on experimentally generated data. For this purpose, MWCNTs/epoxy specimens with various percentages of functionalized and nonfunctionalized MWCNTs are prepared. The SEM graphs indicate that functionalization leads to a better bound between epoxy and MWCNTs and a higher level of dispersion. The specimens are then tested under standard ASTM D638-02 a procedure and their true plastic stress–strain curves are extracted. Investigations on experimentally generated data reveal that a wt% dependent equation which is obtained using any two series of these data can be successfully implemented for others. The equation is then implemented into a finite element software using a developed user material subroutine in which is utilized based on a particular solution algorithm. In order to verify the accuracy of the model some tensile as well as load-unload-reload tension tests are performed according to standard conditions and acceptable agreement between the numerical and experimental results are observed. Results also indicate that the proposed empirical model can precisely predict the stress–strain behavior of 5052 resin epoxy containing arbitrary wt% of MWCNTs in the range 0–1 wt%.
Micromechanical behavior of β-Al3Mg2-dispersed aluminum composite prepared by high-energy ball milling and hot pressing
Authors: Maity Shubhadeep , Chabri Sumit , Chatterjee Subhranshu , Bera Supriya , Sinha Arijit
Published: October 2016

The present investigation deals with the ball milling of Al–Mg, which results in the formation of metastable fcc solid solutions after 100 h that transform into more stable β-Al3Mg2 phase during subsequent annealing treatment. Powder metallurgy route was successfully employed to synthesize different weight fractions of low density β-Al3Mg2 dispersed Al matrix composites. Maximum hardness was achieved for 15 wt% β-Al3Mg2-dispersed Al composites. Compacted composites display lower hardness for higher percentage (20 wt%) of dispersing phase due to possible agglomeration. Nanomechanical properties as obtained from nanoindentation and nanoscratch measurements substantiate the results obtained from the microhardness measurements. Moreover, the significant hardening of the Al matrix was successfully achieved by incorporation of low density β-Al3Mg2 phase.
Coupling effect of temperature and braided angle on compressive behaviors of 3D braided carbon–epoxy composite at low temperature
Authors: Wang Hailou , Sun Baozhong , Gu Bohong
Published: October 2016

This paper reports the influence of temperature and braided angle on compressive behaviors of 3D braided carbon fiber–epoxy composites. The compressive behaviors of the 3D braided with three braided angles (26°, 35° and 48°) were tested at various temperatures (−100℃, −50℃, 0℃, 20℃). The compressive damage morphologies were observed with SEM photographs. It was observed that the temperature and the braided angle have significant effect on the longitudinal compressive behaviors of 3D braided composites. The overall effect of braided angle on the 3D braided composites was greater than the temperature. The influence of the braided angle on the compressive behaviors is from the yarn orientation angle, while the influence of the temperature is from the temperature-dependent behaviors of the epoxy resin. Under low temperatures, the 3D braided composite behaved as brittle material and the compressive damage was easier than that of room temperature. The changes of yarn trajectory also led to generate the damage zone, especially in the edge and surface regions of the 3D braided composites.
Accreditation in police agencies
Authors: Hougland Steven , Wolf Ross
Published: October 2016

Accreditation suggests an organisation has met standards of quality through extensive self-study and external review. This study examines the influence of Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEA) accreditation on citizen complaints. We identified the accredited status of the agencies included in the 2007 LEMAS report as CALEA-accredited or non-accredited resulting in a final sample size for this study of 628 agencies (CALEA accredited = 314, non-accredited = 314). Findings suggest that no difference exists between CALEA-accredited agencies and non-accredited agencies in: (1) the total number of complaints received; (2) the number of sustained citizen complaints.
The changing identity of research: A cultural and conceptual history
Authors: Godin Benoît , Schauz Désirée
Published: October 2016

Science as a body of knowledge (natural and/or social) and as a method (experimental and hermeneutic) has been discussed and debated for centuries among philosophers and ‘men of science’ (scientists). This paper looks at research, the latest element added to the discourse on science. Science as research (an activity or practice), conducted at the level of individuals or organizations, has received increased attention over the course of the twentieth century in public discourse on what science is.

This paper documents how different players enlarged the meaning of research from the academic sphere to also encompass government and industry, and from research to research and development. It also examines the restriction of research to mean laboratory research, and the marginalization of the role of research in explaining economic progress. It is suggested that these changes bear witness to a shift in society’s cultural values: from (basic) research to (industrial) development to (technological) innovation.
The Venezuelan Path to Socialism
Authors: Seabra Raphael Lana
Published: October 2016

The Bolivarian Revolution is characterized by the gradual and peaceful conquest of political power without an immediate break with the capitalist order, following the legitimate path of democratic radicalization to the creation of a multiple system of property with the medium-to-long-term goal of overcoming the pillars of capitalist domination. Petroleum redistribution policy continues to strengthen some capitalist factions. The tactic of a gradual transition to socialism tends to reinforce the capitalist system of accumulation for certain factions and could interfere with the revolution.

La Revolución Bolivariana se caracteriza por la conquista gradual y pacífica del poder político sin una ruptura inmediata con el orden capitalista. Este proceso sigue la ruta legítima de una radicalización democrática a la creación de un sistema de propiedad múltiple con el objetivo a mediano y largo plazo de superar los fundamentos de la dominación capitalista. La política de redistribución de la renta del petróleo sigue fortaleciendo algunas facciones capitalistas. La táctica de una transición gradual al socialismo tiende a reforzar el sistema capitalista de acumulación para algunas facciones y podría interferir con la revolución.
Fully distributed adaptive consensus control for a class of nonlinear systems of directed topology
Authors: Huang Jiangshuai , Wang Wei , Wang Qing-Guo
Published: October 2016

In this paper, we investigate the problem of consensus tracking of a desired trajectory for a class of nonlinear systems consisting of multiple nonlinear subsystems with intrinsic mismatched unknown parameters. The subsystems are allowed to have non-identical dynamics with similar structures and the same yet arbitrary system order. Suppose that the communications among the subsystems can be represented by a directed graph. A fully distributed adaptive control approach based on a backstepping technique that is different from most of the existing results is proposed, which does not use global information as a parameter of the topology. It is proved that boundedness of all closed-loop signals and asymptotic consensus tracking for all the subsystems’ outputs are ensured. In simulation studies, a numerical example is illustrated to show the effectiveness of the control scheme. Moreover, the design strategy is successfully applied to solve a formation control problem for multiple underactuated ships.
An LMI approach to non-fragile robust optimal guaranteed cost control of uncertain 2-D discrete systems with both state and input delays
Authors: Tandon Akshata , Dhawan Amit
Published: October 2016

In this paper, we present a solution to the problem of non-fragile robust optimal guaranteed cost control for a class of uncertain two-dimensional(2-D) discrete systems described by the general model (GM) subject to both state and input delays. The parameter uncertainties are assumed norm-bounded. A linear matrix inequality (LMI)-based sufficient condition for the existence of non-fragile robust guaranteed cost controller is established. Furthermore, a convex optimization problem with LMI constraints is proposed to select a non-fragile robust optimal guaranteed cost controller stabilizing the uncertain 2-D discrete system with both state and input delays as well as achieving the least guaranteed cost for the resulting closed-loop system. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated with an illustrative example.
Exquisite disturbance attenuation control for a rotary inverted pendulum
Authors: He Shuaipeng , Zhang Chuanlin , Yang Ning , Li Hui
Published: October 2016

This paper investigates the problem of active disturbance attenuation control for a rotary inverted pendulum system. A nonlinear disturbance observer is first constructed to estimate the lumped disturbances, and then a feedback domination technique is integrated to handle the nonlinearities in a novel step-by-step way. Hence an exquisite composite controller can be constructed with strong robustness while the nominal control performance can be maintained. By utilizing a recursive stability analysis based on a Lyapunov function, the effectiveness of the proposed controller is assured. Numerical simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Statistical analysis of ST segments in ECG signals for detection of ischaemic episodes
Authors: Kumar Amit , Singh Mandeep
Published: October 2016

This paper highlights a new method for the detection of ischaemic episodes using statistical features derived from ST segment deviations in electrocardiogram (ECG) signal. Firstly, ECG records are pre-processed for the removal of artifacts followed by the delineation process. Then region of interest (ROI) is defined for ST segment and isoelectric reference to compute the ST segment deviation. The mean thresholds for ST segment deviations are used to differentiate the ischaemic beats from normal beats in two stages. The window characterization algorithm is developed for filtration of spurious beats in ischaemic episodes. The ischaemic episode detection is made through the coefficient of variation (COV), kurtosis and form factor. A bell-shaped normal distribution graph is generated for normal and ischaemic ST segments. The results show average sensitivity (Se) 97.71% and positive predictivity (+P) 96.89% for 90 records of the annotated European ST-T database (EDB) after validation. These results are significantly better than those of the available methods reported in the literature. The simplicity and automatic discarding of irrelevant beats makes this method feasible for use in clinical systems.
Driver inattention monitoring system based on multimodal fusion with visual cues to improve driving safety
Authors: Li Xuanpeng , Seignez Emmanuel
Published: October 2016

Driver inattention, either driver drowsiness or distraction, is a major contributor to serious traffic crashes. In general, most research on this topic studies driver drowsiness and distraction separately, and is often conducted in a well-controlled, simulated environment. By considering the reliability and flexibility of real-time driver monitoring systems, it is possible to evaluate driver inattention by the fusion of multiple selected cues in real life scenarios. This paper presents a real-time, visual-cue-based driver monitoring system, which can track both multi-level driver drowsiness and distraction simultaneously. A set of visual cues are adopted via analysis of drivers’ physical behaviour and driving performance. Driver drowsiness is evaluated using a multi-level scale, by applying evidence theory. Additionally, a general framework of extensive hierarchical combinations is used to generate a probabilistic evaluation of driving risk in real time. This driver inattention monitoring system with multimodal fusion has been proven to improve the accuracy of risk evaluation and reduce the rate of false alarms, and acceptance of the system is recommended.
Application of adaptive robust control for electro-hydraulic motion loading system
Authors: Chengwen Wang , Zongxia Jiao , Long Quan , Hongjun Meng
Published: October 2016

This paper investigates the problem of the high-performance motion loading control of an electro-hydraulic load simulator (EHLS). To begin with, the non-linear motion loading model of the EHLS was developed, by which the external disturbances caused by actuator active motion and the uncertainties arising from the EHLS were comprehensively considered. To address these uncertainties and disturbances, the adaptive robust torque control algorithm was developed with the motion loading model. In contrast to the available control methods concerning the EHLS, the developed method has two advantages. First, instead of performing the fixed coefficients-based linear feed-forward compensation using the actuator velocity, adaptive non-linear feed-forward compensation is achieved through the back-stepping design procedure. Second, the uncertainties and disturbances including system parametric uncertainties, un-modelled friction dynamics and unknown external disturbance are addressed comprehensively. Besides illustrating the theoretical proof, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified through comparative experiments.
Purposefulness as a critical factor in functioning, disability and health
Authors: Lee Joshua Y , Ready Emily A , Davis Eric N , Doyle Philip C
Published: October 2016

Guided by theoretical frameworks of health and illness such as the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF), we seek to describe the importance of purposefulness in the context of rehabilitation. We argue that ascribing meaning to life events, particularly changes in health, and acting in a manner that is driven by purpose is a universal characteristic of human beings. The ability to contextualize purposefulness within the broader biopsychosocial model of illness may provide a greater understanding of the relationship of purpose in the process of rehabilitation.

We support the notion that purposefulness is an ever-present component throughout our lives and it exists as a convergence of personal factors, past experiences, and our personal narrative. Having a sense of purposefulness and being able to understand the meaning of different aspects of our lives is what allows us to find purpose while experiencing a health condition. More importantly, and in the context of rehabilitation efforts, we believe that if purposefulness can be identified or collectively defined by the individual, then rehabilitation outcomes may be enhanced.

In a variety of contexts ranging from disease, aging, severe trauma, and even war, purposefulness and its component elements consistently distinguish themselves as being essential for regaining a sense of direction and facilitating one’s response to any health condition.
Validation of the French Version of the DSM-5 Yale Food Addiction Scale in a Nonclinical Sample
Authors: Brunault Paul , Courtois Robert , Gearhardt Ashley N. , Gaillard Philippe , Journiac Kevin , Cathelain Sarah , Réveillère Christian , Ballon Nicolas
Published: October 2016

Objective:

The Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) is the only questionnaire that assesses food addiction (FA) based on substance dependence criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), Fourth Edition, Text Revision. Following recent updating of addiction criteria, a new DSM-5 version (YFAS 2.0) has been developed. Our study tested the psychometric properties of the French YFAS 2.0 in a nonclinical population.

Method:

We assessed 330 nonclinical participants for FA (French YFAS 2.0), eating behaviour, and eating disorder (Binge Eating Scale, Emotional Overeating Questionnaire, Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R18, Questionnaire on Eating and Weight Patterns-Revised, Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale). We tested the scale’s factor structure (confirmatory factor analysis based on 11 diagnostic criteria), internal consistency, and construct and incremental validity.

Results:

Prevalence of FA was 8.2%. Our results supported a 1-factor structure similar to the US version. In both its diagnostic and symptom count versions, the YFAS 2.0 had good internal consistency (Kuder-Richardson alpha was 0.83) and was associated with body mass index (BMI), binge eating, uncontrolled and emotional eating, binge eating disorder, and cognitive restraint. FA predicted BMI above and beyond binge eating frequency. Females had a higher prevalence of FA than males but not more FA symptoms.

Conclusions:

We validated a psychometrically sound French version of the YFAS 2.0 in a nonclinical population, in both its symptom count and diagnostic versions. Future studies should investigate psychometric properties of this questionnaire in clinical populations potentially at risk for FA (that is, patients with obesity, diabetes, hypertension, or other metabolic syndrome risk factors).
The Neglect of Women’s Capacities in Disaster Management Systems in Iran: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Sohrabizadeh Sanaz
Published: October 2016

Although both women and men can be vulnerable to the negative consequences of disasters, women are generally looked at as helpless victims. Considering women as a highly vulnerable group can be the result of highlighting the negative effects of disasters on women rather than their coping capacities. To fill this gap, the present study aimed to explore women’s capacity to cope in the recent natural disasters of Iran. This qualitative study was carried out in East Azerbaijan, Bushehr and Mazandaran, stricken by earthquakes and floods in the years 2012 and 2013. A total of 20 affected people and key informants were interviewed using the purposive sampling method. Content analysis using the Graneheim approach was applied for data analysis. Four categories were extracted from the data, namely disaster management skills, handling family, family livelihood and special properties. The destructive effects of disasters on women and girls can be modified by mainstreaming their capacities in the post-disaster phases. The findings suggest that women’s participation in disaster management should be strengthened in line with their socio-cultural and economic contexts. In addition, the instruments, tools and space for farming, ranching, carpet weaving and other indoor economic activities should be provided for both men and women to decrease post-disaster poverty and livelihood challenges.