bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Method and Characterization for Pollution Preventing of Camera Window
Authors: Kim Dong Hoon , Song Jun Yeob , Lee M.R.
Published: March 2009

This research is focused on the development of protecting system for window. In detail, we
tried to develop pollution preventing system of a glass, mirror, or camera lens. For this, the new
method for efficient pollution prevention was designed and the characteristic evaluation for
developing the system is partly performed. Formerly, the method using air purge is generally used for
preventing the pollution of camera window. However, the conventional method often induces
contaminations due to back flow of air purging. These pollutants can be crucial damage to the camera
window and peripheral materials especially in clean room condition. And the conventional method
always requires air supply, therefore it is difficult to apply the method where air source can not be
supplied such as traveling crane located at mountain altitudes. To solve above mentioned the
problem, the efficient concept for preventing pollution of camera window is proposed in this research.
Without air purging, we proposed the new method using repulsion induced by electrifying dirty or
moisture to positive magnetic force with high-voltage charge and then injecting gas to the
ITO(Indium Tin Oxide) coating window for generating positive ion. To sum up, in this research, we
aim to develop an efficient pollution preventing system for camera window based on the new method
through characteristic evaluation and stabilization of the designed system.
Self-Mixing Interferometer Based on Four-Bucket Integration Technique for Micro-Displacement Measurement
Authors: Guo Dong Mei , Wang Ming
Published: March 2009

A novel self-mixing interference signal analysis method is proposed based on the use of an
electro-optic modulator (EOM). Self-mixing interference occurs in the laser cavity by reflecting the
light from a mirror-like target in front of the laser. Sinusoidal phase modulation of the beam is
obtained by an EOM in the external cavity. The phase of the interference signal is calculated by
four-bucket integration technique. The interferometer is applied to measure the displacement of a
high-precision commercial PZT with an accuracy of a few nanometers.
Research on Specification Uncertainty in the Next Generation GPS
Authors: Lu W. , Liu X. , Jiang X. , Xu Z.
Published: March 2009

The next generation GPS standard system is based on operation/operator. One of the most
important motivations of the next generation GPS is to reduce specification uncertainty. This paper
analyzes the origination of specification uncertainty and the relationship between specification
uncertainty and other two important uncertainties in the next generation GPS, correlation uncertainty
and measurement. And then the procedure for management of Specification uncertainty is proposed
in the paper. Finally, a method on evaluation of specification uncertainty and the general formula for
this method is proposed. The embodied formula for estimation of specification uncertainty on the
diameter example is deduced in the paper.
An Intelligent Design for Foot Orthoses
Authors: Hussein Sherif El-Sayed
Published: March 2009

Foot disorders may arise from different functional impairments. In all cases the resulting
problem relates to a disturbance of the normal load bearing mechanisms of the foot, frequently with
associated pain. Devices used to assist the patient are usually designed relying on the talent and
expertise of well trained clinicians. The number of experienced clinicians in such field is few
compared to the needs of the society. In this research, expert system techniques are used to design
foot orthoses using intelligent methods which are based on fuzzy logic and Genetic Algorithms. The
design is assessed using a specified design problem namely a diabetic foot with an ulcer risk. The
proposed design can achieve better pressure distribution. Further, such a design can be applied to
other comparable problems of a similar nature.
Processing of Complex Modulated Ultrasonic Signals in Gas Flow Metering
Authors: Ricken O. , Hans Volker
Published: March 2009

In ultrasonic gas flow metering the ultrasonic wave is complex modulated by natural or
artificial structures in the fluid. The determination of the shifted phase angle makes problems if the
limited range of the arctan-function is exceeded. It results in phase jumps and ambiguities of the phase
angle [1]. This paper presents a new method of phase angle determination which is called differential
procedure [2]. The differential procedure has been proved good to determine undersampled ultrasonic
data in a wider range of phase shift. The expanded range of phase angle is advantageous for vortex
measurement as well as for correlation measurement. Phase and amplitude modulation are physically
mutually connected. Phase modulation corresponds to frequency modulation and results in
connection with the receiving response of the ultrasound sensor in an additional nonlinear amplitude
modulation.
Development of Measurement System for Accuracy Control in Subsection Manufacture
Authors: Zhang F. , Qu Xing Hua , Dai J.F. , Ye S.
Published: March 2009

The computer aided measuring system is established to evaluate geometrical information
of the structure in subsection manufacture. The cloud points data of surface are collected by laser
tracker so as to explore continuing data processing software and evaluate the error of dimension and
shape, and then the real measuring model, matched by the corner information, is compared with
CAD through the best-fit algorithm. The lack of fitting information which will cause the low
measuring precision is solved by the least square method constrained by radius in structure with
large radius and small central angle. As the research object, the tunnel structure is used in the
quality control of manufacturers.
Designing a System of Interferometry Based on DSP
Authors: Ding X. , Zhao Zhi Min , Chen Y. , Hou Y.
Published: March 2009

Interferometry is a meterage technology which is based on light-wave interference
theory. In the general interferometry measurements, the procedure of analyzing and studying
interferogram depends on a processing system mostly based on PC. In this paper an image
processing system based on DSP is conceived, and the entire system consists of a image collecting
module, a digital data exchanging interface and a image processing module. A typical interferogram
collected from experiments is processed by the system conceived above. Comparing the processed
stripe with the ideal pattern, we found that the system is competent for interferometry.
Influence of Porosity on the Interlaminar Shear Strength of Fibre-Metal Laminates
Authors: Lopes Cláudio S. , Remmers Joris J.C. , Gürdal Zafer
Published: March 2009

Structures manufactured in fibre-metal laminates (e.g. Glare) have been designed
considering ideal mechanical properties determined by the Classical Lamination Theory. This
means that among other assumptions, perfect bonding conditions between layers are assumed.
However, more than often, perfect interfaces are not achieved or their quality is not guaranteed.
When in laboratory, high-quality fibre-metal laminates are easily fabricated, but in the production
line the complicated manufacturing process becomes difficult to control and the outcome products
may not meet the quality expected. One of the consequences may be the poor adhesion of metalprepreg
or prepreg-prepreg as the result of porosity.
The interlaminar shear strength of fibre-metal laminates decreases considerably, due to porosity, as
the result of insufficient adhesion between layers. Small voids or delaminations lead to stress
concentrations at the interfaces which may trigger delamination-propagation at the aluminiumprepreg
and prepreg-prepreg interfaces at load levels significantly lower than what is achievable for
perfectly bonded interfaces. Mechanical experiments show a maximum drop of 30% on the
interlaminar shear strength.
In the present work, the effects of manufacturing-induced porosity on the interlaminar shear strength
of fibre-metal laminates are studied using a numerical approach. The individual layers are modelled
by continuum elements, whereas the interfaces are modelled by cohesive elements which are
equipped with a decohesion law to simulate debonding. Porosity is included in the geometry of the
interface by setting some of these elements to a pre-delaminated state.
Thermal and Cold Spray: Recent Developments
Authors: Fauchais Pierre , Montavon Ghislain
Published: March 2009

Thermal spraying consists in a technology aiming at producing coatings whose
thicknesses range from 10 μm to a few millimeters onto mechanical components to confer them
specific and unique functional properties, such as wear and corrosion resistances, friction
coefficient adaptation, thermal and electrical insulation, biocompatibility, repair, etc., among the
principals. Thermal spraying consists in injecting in a viscous enthalpic jet (animated by a
momentum) powder with particles which average size ranges from 0.01 to 100 μm. These particles
are melted and simultaneously accelerated towards the surface of the part to be covered. They form,
after impact, spreading and solidification, near-circular lamellae the stacking of which form the
coating. Due to the versatility of the available processes exhibiting a wide range of enthalpic and
momentum contents, virtually any kind of material exhibiting congruent melting behavior can be
processed, from alloys and ceramics to polymers, ever since its melting temperature differs from its
vaporization or decomposition temperature by at least 300 K and that it can be processed previously
under the form of powder particles or wires.
Thermal spray techniques offer the unique capability to manufacture a large variety of coatings on
components of a large variety and geometry. However, thermal spraying constitutes a special
process for which the coating service properties derive mostly from the structure and indirectly
from the selection of the operating parameters. Very significant improvements over the past years
permitted to diagnose the in-flight particle characteristics, mostly in terms of velocity and
temperature. Recently, these new capabilities have made possible the development of on-line
process controls. This should participate to a drastic increase in coating reliability.
In convetntional thermal spraying processes, a pulverulent feedstock (i.e., powder particles) is
injected within the plasma jet via a carrier gas. This approach does not permit to process small
diameter particles; i.e., nano-sized particles, which could permit to form finely grained coatings.
Replacing gas by liquid to carry particles offer the unique possibility to process nano-sized
particles. Cold gas spraying may appear as an alternative process to reach the same goal.
Indeed, thermal spray processes experienced very significant developments over the past years,
opening new doors to manufacture coatings with a high reliability and superior properties.
This papepr indend at presenting some of those developments.
Laser Surface Modification of Various Tool Steels for Improving Hardness and Corrosion Resistance
Authors: Kwok C.T. , Cheng F.T. , Man Hau Chung , Leong K.I.
Published: March 2009

Laser surface modification of nine tool steels, namely, plastics mold steels (PMSs), high-speed steels (HSSs) and cold/hot-work steels (CHWSs), was achieved by means of a CW Nd:YAG laser. The microstructure and the phases present in the surface of the specimens were analyzed by optical microscopy, scanning-electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry. The surface hardness of the specimens was measured using a Vickers microhardness tester. The corrosion characteristics of the laser surface-melted steels in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution at 25 oC were studied by potentiodynamic polarization technique. The microstructures of the surface of the steels were changed completely after laser surface melting. Some steels showed improved corrosion resistance compared with the conventionally hardened specimens due to dissolution of the alloying elements in solid solution. The hardness and corrosion characteristics of all the laser surface-melted specimens are strongly dependent on the amount of passivating elements in solid solution and also on the morphology of the re-precipitated carbides. Both these factors depend on the laser processing parameters and the substrate compositions.
Investigation of Hastelloy C Laser Clad Melt Pool Size and its Effect on Clad Formation
Authors: Sun Shou Jin , Brandt Milan
Published: March 2009

The melt pool size of a single-track clad in the laser cladding of Hastelloy C, a Nickel based alloy, on mild steel substrate has been investigated. The effect of laser processing parameters, such as laser power density, scan rate and powder mass flow rate on the melt pool size has been examined. It was found that the melt pool size is strictly controlled by the melt pool temperature which increases with laser power but decreases with increasing scan rate and powder mass flow rate. The melt pool size is critical for the clad formation in terms of clad height and dilution with the substrate. The clad height increases linearly with the ratio of melt pool size to powder stream diameter while the dilution is an exponential function of the ratio of melt pool size to laser spot size.
Geomatrically Nonlinear Analysis of Cracked Stiffened Curved Panels by DBEM
Authors: Baiz P.M. , Aliabadi M.H.
Published: March 2009

This paper presents applications where the DBEM formulations presented by Dirgantara
and Aliabadi [3, 4] is combined with the multi region BEM presented recently by Baiz and Aliabadi
[2], for the analysis of cracked shear deformable plates and shallow shell assemblies. Stress intensity
factors are obtained using the CTOD technique. Several examples are solved to demonstrate the
capabilities of the proposed technique. Comparing DBEM with FEM, it was clear that good accuracy
and e􀀡ciency can be achieved with the present multi region DBEM.
The Effect of Mechanical Stress on Barkhausen Noise from Heat-Treated Permalloy Plates
Authors: Nishihara H. , Kojima K. , Taniguchi S. , Sagae T. , Harada M. , Ogino T. , Matsumoto S. , Maeda H. , Shindo Y. , Ohtsuka N.
Published: March 2009

The effect of mechanical stress on Barkhausen noise from 45-permalloy plate is reported
for as-rolled plate and plates which are annealed at various temperatures up to 1000 K. The data are
compared with data of magnetic permeability, coercive force and Vickers hardness. The
Barkhausen noise energy detected has been found to increase linearly with nominal stress. The
larger the annealing temperature, the less the rate of increase was observed. On the other hand, the
magnetic permeability has been found to decrease linearly with nominal stress in a small stress
region. Overall features are explained qualitatively by a model in which tensile stress makes the
number of effective pinning sites which have appropriate activation energies for discontinuous
motion of domain wall more, while annealing process makes just the number of pinning sites such
as defects and grain boundaries less.
A Comparison of Two Direct Methods of Generalized Stress Intensity Factor Calculations of Bi-Material Notches
Authors: Klusák Jan , Profant Tomáš , Kotoul Michal
Published: March 2009

The study of bi-material notches is becoming a topical problem as they can model
geometrical or material discontinuities efficiently. Assessing the conditions for crack initiation in bimaterial
notches makes it necessary to calculate the generalized stress intensity factors H. In
contrast to the determination of the K factor for a crack in an isotropic homogeneous medium, for
the ascertainment of a generalized stress intensity factor (GSIF) there is no procedure incorporated
in the calculation systems. The calculation of these fracture mechanics parameters is not trivial and
requires certain experience. Nevertheless, the accuracy of the H-factor calculation directly
influences the reliability of the assessment of the singular stress concentrators. Direct methods of
the estimation of H factors usually require choosing the length parameter entering into the
calculation. Two types of direct methods of calculating the GSIFs are presented, tested and mutually
compared. Recommendations for reliable estimation of H factors are suggested.
Approximate Method for Predicting Inelastic Displacement of SDF Systems
Authors: Bae Mun Su , Kim Jong Bo , Han Sang Whan
Published: March 2009

The objective of this study is to develop inelastic displacement ratio for calculating peak
inelastic displacement of SDF systems. The inelastic displacement ratio is defined as the ratio of peak
displacement of inelastic SDF system to the peak displacement of corresponding elastic SDF system.
Statistical studies are carried out to estimate median inelastic displacement ratios and those dispersion
of bilinear SDF systems with given yield-strength reduction factors, natural periods, post-yield
stiffness ratios and damping ratios ranging from 1 to 20% when subjected to 60 earthquake ground
motions recorded on stiff soil sites. This study shows that equal displacement rule overestimates the
peak inelastic displacement of the system which has a fundamental period ranging from the
intermediate to long period. It is also observed that no significant difference was observed in the value
of median inelastic displacement ratio across site classes.
Wood Fibre Reinforced Cement Matrix: A Micromechanical Based Approach
Authors: Sierra Beltran M.G. , Schlangen Erik
Published: March 2009

In this paper a micromechanics-based design is proposed for the development of a material with
enhanced ductility and flexural strength combined with low production cost. The composite
performance is described by 11 micromechanical properties of the system consisting of cement
matrix, fibres and fibre-matrix interface. Most of these properties are defined through laboratory
tests. A strain-hardening behaviour with multiple microcracks prior to failure is is the goal for the
composite with enhanced ductility. The amount and size of the fibres needed for bridging the
microcracks as well as the composition of the cement matrix will be determined in order to achieve
this behaviour.
Stability Maps of a Cracked Timoshenko Beam Resting on Elastic Soils under Sub-Tangential Forces
Authors: Viola Erasmo , Marzani Alessandro , Hasan Walid
Published: March 2009

The goal of this paper is to generate the stability maps for an elastic cracked beam resting
on elastic soils and loaded by a constant distribution of sub-tangential forces. The soil behavior is
simulated by a two-parameter Pasternak model.
Firstly, the extend version of the Hamilton principle is used to formulate the weak form of the
governing equation for the undamaged beam problem. Secondly, a finite element procedure, in
which the effect of an open surface crack is computed via the Line-spring model, leads to the
discrete governing equation for the cracked beam. Finally, the effect of several parameters on
divergence or flutter instability, such as the crack depth and location, the non-conservativeness of
the applied load as well as the stiffness of the two soil parameters, is highlighted.
Cavity Dynamic Formation and Bifurcation of the Rubber-Like Sphere
Authors: Wu Guo Hui , Wang Yong , Tang Li Qiang , Yang Yong
Published: March 2009

Based on the strain energy function proposed by GAO Y C and the theory of finite deformation dynamics, the question about the cavity dynamic formation and bifurcation of the incompressible homogeneous solid sphere under a suddenly applied uniform tensile dead-load was studied. The condition under which a dynamic bifurcated solution exists was examined. The relationship between the dead-load and the cavity radius, the critical load, the stress distributions after the cavity formation, the vibration phase diagram of the cavity radius and the approximate vibration period were also determined.
Evolution of Relevant Parameters on Fretting Fatigue Tests
Authors: Buciumeanu M. , Miranda A.S. , Silva F.S.
Published: March 2009

The degradation process in fretting fatigue is due to mechanical and chemical attack
between two contacting surfaces, being directly related to wear, corrosion and fatigue. There are
many parameters that influence the fretting fatigue phenomenon out of which relative displacement,
δ , normal load, n F , and tangential load t F , are the most important and consequently the most
studied ones. This paper describes the fretting fatigue phenomenon occurring on a high strength
aluminium alloy, Al7175. The aim of this study is to achieve a better understanding of the fretting
fatigue behaviour by observing the evolution of the fatigue life of the specimen with the normal
load, the tangential load and the relative displacement amplitude.
Contact Fatigue Behaviour of PVD-Coated Spur Gears
Authors: Baragetti Sergio , Terranova Angelo , Tordini Federico
Published: March 2009

In this paper the contact fatigue behaviour of gears coated with PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition) thin hard film was studied. Contact fatigue tests (R = 0) were carried out on both coated and uncoated automotive transmission spur gears. The bulk material and the coating analysed throughout the tests were, respectively, case hardened 18NiCrMo5 and CrN. The influence of the coating was both experimentally and numerically evaluated. Several FEM models were developed to assess the stress and strain distributions from tooth flank surface to in-depth layers. The influence of the surface treatments on the bulk material was taken into account with the models and the Coffin-Manson equation was used to predict the number of load cycles necessary for initial fatigue damage to occur. All the tested tooth flanks were observed using optical microscope and SEM.
Experimental Study on the Water Penetration into Mortar under Water Pressure Condition
Authors: Yoo Joh Yeong , Lee Han Seung , Kim Young Jin
Published: March 2009

Concrete is a type of porous materials and is physically and chemically damaged due to
exposure to various environments from the placing to the service life. These reactions affect the
corrosion of steel bars applied in concrete and that decreases the durability life and strength of such
steel bars. Thus, it is very important to insert rust inhibitors into steel bars in the case of a deterioration
element that exceeds the critical amount of corrosion in the location of steel bars. However, it is very
difficult to guarantee corrosion resistance at the location of steel bars using conventional technology
that applies corrosion inhibitors only on the surface of concrete. This study attempts to develop a
method that penetrates corrosion inhibitors up to the location of steel bars and investigate the
penetration depth of corrosion inhibitors by verifying moisture migration in concrete under an applied
pressure.
Crack Development in Concrete, Part 1: Fracture Experiments and CT-Scan Observations
Authors: Schlangen Erik
Published: March 2009

This paper describes a method to measure the 3D-microstructure of a material which can be used to perform fracture simulations. A model concrete is made and the 3D structure is obtained with a CTscanner. Uni-axial tensile tests are performed on cylindrical specimens of the model concrete a regular concrete and of a mortar. The model concrete shows more micro-cracking, a more tortuous crack path, a lower tensile load and a less brittle behaviour compared to the mortar and the regular concrete. Furthermore it is found that the opening of the crack is more uniform when the material is more heterogeneous, which results in a more stable fracture.
Investigation of Rheological Properties of Asphalt Binders Containing Conductive Fillers
Authors: Wu Shao Peng , Li Bo , Huang Jun Feng , Liu Zhi Fei
Published: March 2009

It is currently interesting to use thermal or electrical conductive asphalt mixtures for snow-melting and maintenance of asphalt pavements in winter or strain-sensing application. Graphite is the principal conductive filler for asphalt mixtures. The addition of Graphite not only makes asphalts conductive but also has effects on other properties. Considering the visco-elastic property of asphalt, the effects of graphite on rheological properties of asphalt binders were investigated by Viscosity Test(VT) and Dynamic Shear Rheometer(DSR). The results of Viscosity Test indicate that viscosity of asphalt binder increases with an increasing amount of graphite. And the effect is more prominent at higher amount and lower temperature. It means that graphite makes asphalt binders stiffer. The results from DSR tests present that the values of complex modulus increase while phase angles decrease under a proper amount of graphite. It infers that proper amount of graphite can make asphalt a more elastic like material. And the results of rutting parameter point out that graphite can improve the rutting resistance of asphalts.
Fiber Alignment of Steel Fiber Reinforced High Strength Concrete (SFR-HSC) in Flexural Members and its Effect on the Flexural Strength
Authors: Kang Su Tae , Park Jung Jun , Ryu Gum Sung , Kim Sung Wook
Published: March 2009

The fibers alignment in steel fiber reinforced high strength concrete (SFR-HSC) has
naturally significant influence on the mechanical properties of concrete. Fiber-reinforced concrete
being manufactured by means various kinds of specimen shape and diversified filling methods and
directions, these variables are likely to produce effect on the fibers alignment leading to large
differences in its mechanical properties. This study intended to evaluate the effect of placing and flow
direction not only on the fibers alignment but also on the tensile behavior of SFR-HSC. Section
analysis using photographic shooting was adopted to investigate the fiber alignment and revealed
considerable difference in the fiber alignment according to the placing and flow direction. The best
alignment appears to be achieved when placing is done in the direction of the flexural tensile stress
and the alignment was change with the flow distance although the same flow direction. Such placing
and flow direction produce little difference in the first cracking strength but significant discrepancy
up to 50% in the ultimate tensile strength.
Preparation of Barium Titanate Nanocube Particles by Solvothermal Method and their Characterization
Authors: Wada Satoshi , Nozawa Aki , Ohno Masaru , Tsurumi Takaaki , Kuroiwa Yoshihiro
Published: March 2009

Barium titanate (BaTiO3) nanocube particles below 20 nm were prepared by solvothermal method. To prepare
nanocubes, a selection of organic solvent and inorganic materials of Ba and Ti sourses was most important. At the
temperatures above 200 °C, a nucleation and particle growth of BaTiO3 nanoparticles led to a formation of the
BaTiO3 nanocubes with a size of 10-15 nm.
Preparation and Exchange Bias of a Cr2O3/(La0.7Sr0.3)MnO3 Magnetic Hetero Junction
Authors: Yokota Takeshi , Kuribayashi Takaaki , Murata Shotaro , Gomi Manabu
Published: March 2009

We investigated the magnetic interaction between antiferromagnetic, magnetoelectric Cr2O3 film and ferromagnetic La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 film, which shows colossal magneto-resistance. Magnetic properties and structural analyses revealed that a decrease in the thickness of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 films gives rise to a change in magnetic anisotropy from perpendicular to in-plane. The exchange interaction between Cr2O3 and La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 also changed depending on the magnetic properties of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3. This suggests that the crystallographical control and the selection of a suitable thickness of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 are important to obtain an exchange interaction in the magnetic hetero system using colossal magneto-resistance material.
Classical Molecular Dynamics Simulations on Fast Li Ion Conduction in (Li,La)TiO3
Authors: Hirakuri Masashi , Okumura Toyoki , Saito Morihiro , Kuwano Jun
Published: March 2009

In order to reproduce the observed ionic conductivities and activation energies computationally, the potential parameters (PMs) were optimized for classical molecular dynamic simulations on Li ion conduction in the A-site deficient perovskite solid solution La056Li0.33TiO3 with disordered A-site ion arrangement. By the use of the optimized PMs, the conductivities and the activation energies were improved considerably from 4.1×10-3 Scm-1 to 4.4×10-2 Scm-1 at 800 K and 0.02 eV to 0.2 eV, respectively. The pair correlation functions calculated with the optimized PMs reveal that the Li-ions are located somewhat broadly mainly in the vicinity of the midpoint between the center of the A-site and the center of the bottleneck formed by four O2-, and that the simulated Li location is significantly related to the conductivity.
Observation of Grinding Wheel Wear Patterns by Means of a 3-Dimensional Digital Measuring Method
Authors: Lee Hwa Soo , Yamada Takazo , Ishida Naoyuki
Published: March 2009

Surface geometries of grinding wheels vary due to the wear in grinding process. Since the
wheel wear patterns are affected by the grinding process, measuring and investigating these patterns
quantitatively, grinding process can be evaluated whether appropriate or not. Utilizing a
three-dimensional measuring device for wheel surfaces developed so far, this study aims to evaluate
wheel wear patterns quantitatively. As the results, applying developed device, it is clarified that
wheel wear pattern can be classified and evaluated quantitatively.
Planing of Cobalt-Free Tungsten Carbide Using a Diamond Tool -Cutting Temperature and Tool Wear-
Authors: Yui Akinori , Matsuoka Hiroshi , Kitajima Takayuki , Okuyama Shigeki
Published: March 2009

Diamond tools wear easily under cutting tungsten carbide. To clarify the wear mechanism,
the authors composed a temperature-measurement system of a cutting point using a dual-colorinfrared
pyrometer and performed planing experiments. Infrared rays, emitted from the contact point
between a mono-crystal-diamond tool and a cobalt-free tungsten carbide, are transmitted though the
diamond tool and an optical fiber and then they are detected by the pyrometer. Before the planing
experiments, rubbing experiments were performed using a mono-crystal-diamond stick and a
tungsten-carbide disk. The effects of gas environments and rubbing conditions on contact-point
temperature, friction coefficient, and diamond wear were experimentally investigated. Planing
experiments of the tungsten carbide using mono-crystal-diamond tool, were performed. The effects
of planing conditions and gas environments on cutting-point temperature and tool wear were
investigated. Through the experiments the following results were obtained. Rubbing and cutting
point temperature is the highest in Argon gas followed by Nitrogen gas and is the lowest in Air.
Diamond-tool wear is the greatest in Argon gas, less in Nitrogen gas, and the least in Air. The reason
for this is that a chemically or physically absorbed layer of oxygen or nitrogen on tungsten carbide
acts as a lubricant at the contact point. Cutting-point temperature was in proportion to cutting speed.
The temperature under cutting speed at 90m/min and cutting depth at 1.0μm in Air was
approximately 170degrees Celsius.
Observations on Orthogonal Cutting Processes - Effect of Friction between Tool and Work Material -
Authors: Okida Junya , Moriguchi Hideki , Nishioka Takao , Yoshimura Hiromi
Published: March 2009

In this paper, orthogonal cutting tests of alloy steel, aluminum alloy and Ti6Al4V have
been carried out to consider the cutting mechanism from the viewpoint of friction between the tool
and workpiece. The cutting processes were observed in detail using a high-speed video camera. The
cutting process of alloy steel was greatly affected by its tribological properties compared with those
of the other two work materials. In the cutting process of alloy steel, there were three stages in
relation to the state of the tool rake face and temperature. The difference between non coated and
coated tools was marked in the later stages. From the discussion on the experimental results, it is
considered that the thrust force is suitable for representing the tribological properties between the
tool and workpiece. It is concluded that the orthogonal cutting test is a good method for evaluating
tribological properties between the tool and workpiece.
Researches on Effect of Impact Micro-Damages in Contact Layer on Machinability in Quick-Point Grinding
Authors: Xiu Shi Chao , Yuan Suo Xian , Cai Guang Qi
Published: March 2009

Due to the high grinding speed and the less contact length, there is the super high material
strain rate in the contact layer during quick-point grinding process. Based on the principle of
micro-damages mechanics, it is the impact process between the workpiece and the grits on the wheel
in the process. The weakening effects of the super high strain rate caused by the mechanical impact
micro-damages and the adiabatic shearing damage can lower the dynamic strength of the material in
contact layer and the micro-plastic pile-up deformation on the ground surface in the process.
Therefore, it is possible to improve the surface integrity of the workpiece since the materials removal
mechanism is changed in quick-point grinding process. In this paper, the impact performances and the
model of quick point grinding process were studied. Based on the above, the model of the ground
surface roughness related to the plastic pile-up deformation was established. The effects of the strain
rate on the ground surface roughness and the materials removal ratio were analyzed. In addition, the
grinding experiment was performed to testify such investigations. It is indicated that quick-point
grinding is an impact process assuredly during the removing material process.
Model-Based Compensation of Geometry-Errors when Grinding Material Compounds
Authors: Denkena Berend , Kramer Niklas
Published: March 2009

When grinding material compounds, different material properties cause significantly
changed cutting conditions. Grinding forces, wheel wear and wear mechanisms as well as
temperature load of the system differ due to these changes in mechanism, leading to deviant surface
qualities and geometrical errors. If consistent quality at the compound’s transition from one material
into the other is needed, these errors need to be compensated. In this paper geometry error sources
are evaluated by comparing error cause models to experimental results.
Profit Optimization of Abrasive Blasting Systems
Authors: Pi Vu Ngoc
Published: March 2009

This paper presents a new study on profit optimization of abrasive blasting systems. In the study, the effects of many parameters such as the air pressure, the initial nozzle diameter, the cost components and the nozzle wear on the profit rate were investigated. Based on the results of the optimization problem, regression models for determination of the optimal exchanged nozzle diameter in order to get the maximal profit rate were proposed. With “optimal diameter”, both the profit rate and the cleaning time can be reduced significantly.
Grinding Combination of Electrochemical Smoothing On SKH 51 Surface
Authors: Pa Pai Shan
Published: March 2009

A new finish mode combination of grinding and electrochemical smoothing executes a
finish processes on SKH 51 surface is investigated. In the experiment, a high rotational speed of
finish tool produces a better finish. A thin electrode associated with higher current density provides a
larger discharge space for a better finish. The design change from a full form finish-tool to a partial
finish-tool leads more discharge space, which creates better finishes than full form tool. It is a great
contribution that the synchronous finish processes has a high efficiency than the electrochemical
smoothing to make the workpiece surface smooth and bright.
An Investigation into Surface Roughness of EDM Using Soft Particles Suspension in Silicone Oil
Authors: Tsai Yao Yang , Chang Chih Kang
Published: March 2009

Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is an excellent technology to machining die and mold, but it is uneasy to obtain mirror-like surface. Powder-Mixed dielectric electrical discharge machining (PMD-EDM) is the innovative technology of EDM process, which can improve the quality of machined surface and applied in EDM finish machining now. The powder is usually hard particles, such as Al, Cu, Cr and Si in PMD-EDM. This paper presents a new research of PMD-EDM with suspending soft particles and abrasive grits in the dielectric fluid, especially focus on surface roughness. Experimental result shows the EDM process with polymer particles and abrasive grits can be carried out in silicone oil and the surface roughness has the finer improvement when increasing the rotation speed. Also, the effect of hard particles suspending in dielectric fluid are also discussed and compared. The surface roughness using polymer particles and abrasive in specific condition was better than only hard particles in silicone oil. Moreover, mixing abrasive and polymer in EDM can perform the polishing process.
Polishing Characteristics on Silicon Wafer Using Fixed Nano-Sized Abrasive Pad
Authors: Tso Pei Lum , Shih Cheng Yi
Published: March 2009

A mechanical polishing process was used to reduce surface roughness through
mechanical fracturing and removal of the substrate’s roughened regions. It was thus necessary to
understand the effect of grain size and morphology on the material removal mechanisms of silicon
wafers by stepwise polishing using a fixed abrasive pad. A hybrid process combining the optimized
silicon polishing recipe for rapid roughness reduction with a micro-sized diamond, and then
polishing using a nano-sized diamond to produce a final finished surface, may be the optimum
approach. The best result using the hybrid polishing process was the surface roughness (Ra) value
of 3.32 nm.
Research of Ultrahigh Speed Grinding Spindle System Based on Squeeze Film Damping Technology
Authors: Yu Tian Biao , Gong Ya Dong , Li Hu , Yang Jian Yu , Wang Wan Shan
Published: March 2009

Ultrahigh speed grinding is a kind of high efficient metal cutting method. In order to improve
ability of ultrahigh greed grinding wheel spindle to resist vibration and grinding quality, an
ultrahigh speed grinding spindle system with a squeeze film damper (SFD) was designed based on
the theory of squeeze film damping technology. Pressure distribution and squeeze film stiffness
characteristic of SFD was study by the method of simulation. Based on theory study an ultrahigh
speed spindle system with a SFD was designed and experiments were done. The study results show
that application of SFD technology can effectively restrain vibration which is caused by the
imbalance quality when the grinding wheel spindle turning at ultrahigh speed. And the speed of the
grinding spindle is higher and the effect of attenuation of SFD to grinding spindle is better.
Research works provides a new technology for the design of the ultrahigh speed grinding spindle
system.
Development of CNT-Coated Diamond Grains Using Self-Assembly Techniques for Improving Electroplated Diamond Tools
Authors: Suzuki Tsunehisa , Mitsui Toshiaki , Fujino Tomoki , Kato Mutsuto , Satake Yasufumi , Saito Hiroshi , Kobayashi Seiya
Published: March 2009

Single crystalline diamond grains covered by nested carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were
constructed using self-assembly techniques. The acid-treated CNTs (MWCNTs-COOH) are first
adsorbed onto amine-terminated diamond grains, which were chemically functionalized by silane
coupling treatments, in N, N-dimethylformamide solution. Then, the drying and readsorption cycle
deposited CNT coatings on the diamond grains due to CNT-CNT interactions caused by van der
Waals forces. When the diamond grains were bonded to steel substrates by electroplating using nickel
sulfamate plating bath, the bonding strength of the CNT-coated diamond grains to the Ni matrix was
almost twice as large as that of the normal diamond grains. Hence, the CNT-coated diamond grains
are very useful for improving the tool life of electroplated diamond tools.
Inorganic Dispersed-Phase Composites by Sol-Gel Processing: An Update
Authors: Ganguli Dibyendu , Subasri Raghavan , Varadharajan Ranganathan
Published: March 2009

A brief update (2001 till the present) is presented on published records on nano- and microcomposites involving inorganic compounds as dispersed and matrix or support phase in powder or thin film/coating form. Properties and applications of the currently reported composite materials are also discussed. The status of this field of research is highlighted in a short analysis.
Vision-Based Hand Tracking and Gesture Recognition for Augmented Assembly System
Authors: Wu Yue Ming , He Han Wu , Sun J. , Ru T. , Zheng De Tao
Published: March 2009

A real time hand tracking and gesture recognition approach which can deal with dynamic backgrounds is presented. This approach is based on computer vision. It segments hand from dynamic backgrounds using the color-based and appearance-based methods. Then, it locates the hand according to marker on the hand. Last, it recognizes the gesture based on geometry constraint of hand. In comparison with the traditional approaches, it provides a good real time performance, is easy to realize, does not require a stationary camera and is not sensitive with intensity different because its gesture recognition does not depend on the templates. Moreover, an augmented assembly system using the presented approach is described. The experiment result of the augmented assembly system demonstrated the effectiveness and robustness of our approach.
A Mechanics Analysis of Formation and Expansion of Fatigue Crack in Laser Cladding on Repeated Impact Load
Authors: Fu Ge Yan , Shi Shi Hong
Published: March 2009

Coating samples prepared by laser cladding were subjected to repeated impact fatigue
experiment. It is observed through phenomenological analysis that most coating cracks are original
from the surface. And then, the cracks extend by the combined action of coating inner stress and
repeated impact compression stress. The formation of crack is close related to performance of
coating material. It can be divided to traversed crack and reticular crack from surface side; it also
can be divided to vertical extend crack and reticular extend crack from the cross section side. Rigid
and brickle coating has a shorter repeated impact life because a kind of linear crack is formed easily
in it. On the other hand, tougher coating has a long life. Mechanics of nucleation and expansion of
crack was explained by using stress concentration theory and vacancy concentration theory. The
anti-repeated impact fatigue performance of laser cladding part could be improved by increasing
toughness and reducing hardness of the coating material. Furthermore, suitable dispersion
strengthening and fine-crystal strengthening can obtain the same purpose.
Study on Preparation and Properties of Environment-Friendly Cutting Fluid
Authors: Wu C. , Jia Xiao Ming
Published: March 2009

Using environment-friendly cutting fluid in the process of metal cutting is one of the valid
paths to carry out the green manufacturing. Using metacrylic acid ester, castor oil and boride as the
main raw materials, a new type of environment-friendly water-base cutting fluid had been obtained.
The main components of this cutting fluid are some kind of high molecular polymer and some kind of
B-containing castor oil EP agents. The test results show that the cutting fluid has good stability,
antirust property and biodegradability. The maximal non-chucking load value (PB) of the cutting
fluid, whose consistency is 5%, can be 1068N. In the comparison with dry cutting, cutting force using
environment-friendly cutting fluid is reduced by 23% in a certain condition. Using this cutting fluid
can raise stock-removing efficiency and cutting quality, and extend the service life of cutting-tool.
And this cutting fluid is harmless to operators and free from pollution to the environment. Expansion
and application of the environment-friendly cutting fluid are advantageous to promote the
development of the green manufacturing.
A Comprehensive Evaluation Method of Manufacturing Process Resources and Environmental Attributes and its Application
Authors: Yan W. , Zhang Hua , Jiang Zhi Gang , Luo Xiao
Published: March 2009

Manufacturing process is an important aspect in the implementation of Green
manufacturing, the comprehensive evaluation of manufacturing process resources and environmental
attributes can effectively guide its green improving. A comprehensive evaluation model of
manufacturing process resources and environmental attributes based on B-P neural network is
established, which is closer to human thinking model and integrates qualitative and quantitative
analysis. The structure and solving of the model are studied as well as the quantification method of
network input indexes. The case application proved the correctness and validity of the method.
Dynamic Numerical Computation and Optimum Analysis of Robot Chassis Using Finite Element Method
Authors: Wang Yun Xia , Zhang Xiao Dong , Wu Xue Zhi
Published: March 2009

As the research object, the mobile robot chassis is designed. Firstly, the mobile robot chassis intensity design is processed in accordance with the chassis external load. According to the design results, the structure model is constructed in ANSYS, the strength and stiffness is checked and its structural dynamics characteristic is computed. Then, based on the numerical value analysis, the non-sensitive variable of the bodywork is analyzed and the optimization model of the body structure is established. The result of the Numerical Optimization proved that, the inherent structure frequency characteristics did not change significantly in the case of the body weight components reduced. The mobile robot platform is set up in the laboratory, the experimental results showed that the robot chassis design is reasonable, in line with the requirements of mobile robots.
Heating Current Control in Electric Hot Machining Based on Conservation Law of Optimum Cutting Temperature
Authors: Ye Bang Yan , Liu Jian Ping , Tang Yong , Peng Rui Tao , Zhao Xue Zhi
Published: March 2009

In this paper, we investigate the relationship of heating current in Electric Hot Machining with tool life, cutting parameters and machined surface roughness. Experimental results indicate that there is an optimal heating current in EMH in which the effect of hot machining is the best. A method of rapid determining the optimal heating current under various cutting conditions in EHM is proposed according to the conservation law of optimum cutting temperature. That is, for a certain combination of tool and workpiece, the heating current relative to optimal cutting temperature in different conditions can be found by changing heating current and measuring cutting temperature to meet the control object of temperature in EHM. The PID control principle and effect of computer monitoring system for realizing optimal heating current control in EHM is also introduced.
The Analysis and Research about Temperature and Thermal Error Measurement Technology of CNC Machine Tool
Authors: Xie C. , Roddeck Werner , Liu Chun Shi , Zhang Wei Min
Published: March 2009

The existing problems of temperature measurement for CNC machine tool are pointed out
through analyzing research results of temperature measurement methods, temperature measurement
points optimum and temperature variables selection technology. The devices and properties of
contact and non-contact temperature measurement are compared and evaluated. The error
measurement devices and their technology development of CNC machine tool are described. The
measurement methods and results of temperature and error are analyzed by testing on a concrete CNC
machine tool. It is concluded that some objective rules exist in various machine tools. The locations
of sensitive points for temperature and errors as well as its number can be defined.