bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interplay between heritability, genetic correlation and economic weighting in a selection index with and without genomic information
Authors: Haberland A.M. , Pimentel E.C.G. , Ytournel F. , Erbe M. , Simianer H.
Published: August 2013

The availability of genomic information demands proper evaluation on how the kind (phenotypic versus genomic) and the amount of information influences the interplay of heritability (h2), genetic correlation () and economic weighting of traits with regard to the standard deviation of the index (σI). As σI is directly proportional to response to selection, it was the chosen parameter for comparing the indices. Three selection indices incorporating conventional and genomic information for a two trait (i and j) breeding goal were compared. Information sources were chosen corresponding to pig breeding applications. Index I incorporating an own performance in trait j served as reference scenario. In index II, additional information in both traits was contributed by a varying number of full‐sibs (2, 7, 50). In index III, the conventional own performance in trait j was combined with genomic information for both traits. The number of animals in the reference population (NP = 1000, 5000, 10 000) and thus the accuracy of GBVs were varied. With more information included in the index, σI became more independent of , and relative economic weighting. This applied for index II (more full‐sibs) and for index III (more accurate GBVs). Standard deviations of index II with seven full‐sibs and index III with NP = 1000 were similar when both traits had the same heritability. If the heritability of trait j was reduced ( = 0.1), σI of index III with NP = 1000 was clearly higher than for index II with seven full‐sibs. When enhancing the relative economic weight of trait j, the decrease in σI of the conventional full‐sib index was much stronger than for index III. Our results imply that NP = 1000 can be considered a minimum size for a reference population in pig breeding. These conclusions also hold for comparing the accuracies of the indices.
The optimal process of self‐sampling in fisheries: lessons learned in the Netherlandsa
Authors: Kraan M. , Uhlmann S. , Steenbergen J. , Van Helmond A. T. M. , Van Hoof L.
Published: August 2013

At‐sea sampling of commercial fishery catches by observers is a relatively expensive exercise. The fact that an observer has to stay on‐board for the duration of the trip results in clustered samples and effectively small sample sizes, whereas the aim is to make inferences regarding several trips from an entire fleet. From this perspective, sampling by fishermen themselves (self‐sampling) is an attractive alternative, because a larger number of trips can be sampled at lower cost. Self‐sampling should not be used too casually, however, as there are often issues of data‐acceptance related to it. This article shows that these issues are not easily dealt with in a statistical manner. Improvements might be made if self‐sampling is understood as a form of cooperative research. Cooperative research has a number of dilemmas and benefits associated with it. This article suggests that if the guidelines for cooperative research are taken into account, the benefits are more likely to materialize. Secondly, acknowledging the dilemmas, and consciously dealing with them might lay the basis to trust‐building, which is an essential element in the acceptance of data derived from self‐sampling programmes.
Nation‐building in contemporary Germany: the strange conversion of Hitler's ‘word made of stone’
Authors: Beckstein Martin
Published: August 2013

This article examines the contending redefinitions of national identity in contemporary Germany's memorial culture, focusing particularly on the ensemble of monuments and parade fields known as the former Nazi Party rally grounds in Nuremberg. In a detailed case study, I analyse the recent conversion of one of the physical remnants of National Socialism – Albert Speer's transformer station – into a fast‐food restaurant and interpret this conversion as a novel contribution to the discourse on German nationhood. I argue that the provocative commercial reutilisation of the former Nazi monument gives expression to a renewed self‐confidence that Germany has gained from displaying a willingness to face up to its past as perpetrator nation. While the intervention thus deviates from the self‐indicting spirit that had been characteristic for Germany's memorial culture after World War II, an ironic note is conspicuous in this act of commemorative politics that indicates a way of dealing with the fascist legacy that is, surprisingly in some respects, superior to more conventional memory strategies.
Lumped-Parameter Modeling of an Immersion Flow Field for Analyzing Meniscus Dynamic Behavior
Authors: Chen Ying , Lee Kok-Meng , Lin Chun-Yeon , Fu Xin
Published: August 2013

Motivated by the interest to increase production throughputs of immersion lithography machines, wafers are scanned at increasingly high velocities and accelerations, which may result in liquid loss at the receding contact line. The dynamic characteristics of the immersion fluid with free boundary play an important role for fluid management system, and are concerned in various potential immersion unit designs. To offer intuitive insights into the dynamic effects of the immersion fluid due to scan speeds, a lumped-parameter model based on two-dimensional (2D) image data has been developed to characterize the 3D hydrodynamics of the immersion flow process. To validate the model, meniscus behavior information under dynamic conditions is extracted experimentally and analyzed using image processing techniques. The reduced model agrees qualitatively well with the experimental data.
Analysis and Design of a Small, Two-Bar Creep Test Specimen
Authors: Hyde Tom H. , Ali Balhassn S. M. , Sun Wei
Published: August 2013

In this paper, a new small-sized (two-bar) specimen type, which is suitable for use in obtaining both uniaxial creep strain and creep rupture life data, is described. The specimen has a simple geometry and can be conveniently machined and loaded (through pin-connections) for testing. Conversion relationships between the applied load and the corresponding uniaxial stress, and between the measured load-line deformations and the corresponding uniaxial minimum creep strain rate, have been obtained, based on the reference stress method (RSM), in conjunction with finite element analyses. Using finite element analyses the effects of the specimen dimensions on reference stress parameters have been investigated. On this basis, specimen dimension ratio ranges are recommended. The effects of friction, between the loading pins and the specimen surfaces, on the specimen failure time, are also investigated. Test results obtained from two-bar specimen tests and from corresponding uniaxial specimen tests, for a P91 steel at 600 °C, are used to validate the test method. These results demonstrated that the specimen type is capable of producing full uniaxial creep strain curves. The advantages of this new, small, creep test specimen, for determining uniaxial creep data, are discussed and recommendations for future research are given.
Complete Genome Sequence of a Thermophilic Hydrogenotrophic Methanogen,
Methanothermobacter
sp. Strain CaT2
Authors: Kosaka Tomoyuki , Toh Hidehiro , Toyoda Atsushi
Published: August 2013

We isolated a thermophilic hydrogenotrophic methanogen,
Methanothermobacter
sp. strain CaT2, which is able to aggregate and utilize formate. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of this organism.
Helicobacter hepaticusincreases intestinal injury in a rat model of necrotizing enterocolitis
Authors: Dvorak Katerina , Coursodon-Boyiddle Christine F. , Snarrenberg Chelsea L. , Kananurak Anchasa , Underwood Mark A. , Dvorak Bohuslav
Published: August 2013

Enterohepatic helicobacter species (EHS) infect the intestinal tract and biliary tree, triggering intestinal and hepatic disorders. Helicobacter hepaticus, the prototypic murine EHS, is also associated with inflammation. Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating disease of premature infants. The cause of NEC is not fully understood, but anomalies of bacterial colonization (dysbiosis) are thought to play an important role in disease onset. To evaluate the effect of H. hepaticus infection on the development of NEC, premature formula-fed rats were kept either in H. hepaticus-free conditions or colonized with H. hepaticus; both groups were exposed to asphyxia and cold stress. The incidence of NEC, expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), production of cytokines and mucins, and presence of autophagy regulators were evaluated at the site of injury. H. hepaticus infection increased the incidence of NEC from 39 to 71% and significantly increased levels of TLR4 receptor, expression of proinflammatory cytokines CXCL1, IL-1β, IL-12, and IL-23, and altered activation of autophagy. H. hepaticus induces inflammation and increases the incidence and severity of experimental NEC; this is consistent with observations in neonates of blooms of proinflammatory microbes just before the onset of NEC. Future studies using rodent NEC models should include testing for H. hepaticus infection. Further studies in neonates of early identification and/or diminution of proinflammatory microbes may be beneficial in decreasing the incidence of NEC.
Dynamic Approach to the Shariʿah: A Case Study of Ijtihād and its Application in Contemporary Society
Authors: Bello Abdulmajeed Hassan
Published: August 2013

Abstract

This article argues that the Shariʿah is not entirely fixed and immutable although the Qurʾān and Sunnah, which are two of its three sources, are unalterable. Ijtihād or independent reasoning, which is the third source, is mutable however. The Shariʿah delineates the areas within which a Muslim’s life may develop and flourish as well as concedes to the Muslim community an ‘open road’ for temporal legislation which would cover the contingencies deliberately left untouched by texts in the Qurʾān and Sunnah. This article concludes that, while jurists or fuqahāʾ have provided various legal theories in light of the social reality of their respective eras, the continuing process of social change always necessitates re-adjustment.
The Role of Religious Force in the Wukan Incident
Authors: Yuxin Hou
Published: August 2013

Abstract

The Wukan Incident attracted extensive attention both in China and around the world, and has been interpreted from many different perspectives. In both the media and academia, the focus has very much been on the temporal level of the Incident. The political and legal dimensions, as well as the implications of the Incident in terms of human rights have all been pored over. However, what all of these discussions have overlooked is the role played by religious force during the Incident. The village of Wukan has a history of over four hundred years, and is deeply influenced by the religious beliefs of its people. Within both the system of religious beliefs and in everyday life in the village, the divine immortal Zhenxiu Xianweng and the religious rite of casting shengbei have a powerful influence. In times of peace, Xianweng and casting shengbei work to bestow good fortune, wealth and longevity on both the village itself, and the individuals who live there. During the Wukan Incident, they had a harmonizing influence, and helped to unify and protect the people. Looking at the specific roles played by religion throughout the Wukan Incident will not only enable us to develop a more meaningful understanding of the cultural nature and the complexity of the Incident itself, it will also enrich our understanding, on a divine level, of innovations in social management.
Polarimetric Radar Characteristics of Melting Hail. Part I: Theoretical Simulations Using Spectral Microphysical Modeling
Authors: Ryzhkov Alexander V. , Kumjian Matthew R. , Ganson Scott M. , Khain Alexander P.
Published: August 2013

Spectral (bin) microphysics models are used to simulate polarimetric radar variables in melting hail. Most computations are performed in a framework of a steady-state, one-dimensional column model. Vertical profiles of radar reflectivity factor Z, differential reflectivity ZDR, specific differential phase KDP, specific attenuation Ah, and specific differential attenuation ADP are modeled at S, C, and X bands for a variety of size distributions of ice particles aloft. The impact of temperature lapse rate, humidity, vertical air velocities, and ice particle density on the vertical profiles of the radar variables is also investigated. Polarimetric radar signatures of melting hail depend on the degree of melting or the height of the radar resolution volume with respect to the freezing level, which determines the relative fractions of partially and completely melted hail (i.e., rain). Simulated vertical profiles of radar variables are very sensitive to radar wavelength and the slope of the size distribution of hail aloft, which is correlated well with maximal hail size. Analysis of relative contributions of different parts of the hail/rain size spectrum to the radar variables allows explanations of a number of experimentally observed features such as large differences in Z of hail at the three radar wavelengths, unusually high values of ZDR at C band, and relative insensitivity of the measurements at C and X bands to the presence of large hail exceeding 2.5 cm in diameter. Modeling results are consistent with S- and C-band polarimetric radar observations and are utilized in Part II for devising practical algorithms for hail detection and determination of hail size as well as attenuation correction and rainfall estimation in the presence of hail.
Improved Representation of Tropical Pacific Ocean–Atmosphere Dynamics in an Intermediate Complexity Climate Model
Authors: Sriver Ryan L. , Timmermann Axel , Mann Michael E. , Keller Klaus , Goosse Hugues
Published: August 2013

A new anomaly coupling technique is introduced into a coarse-resolution dynamic climate model [the Liège Ocean Carbon Heteronomous model (LOCH)–Vegetation Continuous Description model (VECODE)–Earth System Models of Intermediate Complexity Climate deBilt (ECBILT)–Coupled Large-Scale Ice–Ocean model (CLIO)–Antarctic and Greenland Ice Sheet Model (AGISM) ensemble (LOVECLIM)], improving the model’s representation of eastern equatorial Pacific surface temperature variability. The anomaly coupling amplifies the surface diabatic atmospheric forcing within a Gaussian-shaped patch applied in the tropical Pacific Ocean. It is implemented with an improved predictive cloud scheme based on empirical relationships between cloud cover and key state variables. Results are presented from a perturbed physics ensemble systematically varying the parameters controlling the anomaly coupling patch size, location, and amplitude. The model’s optimal parameter combination is chosen through calibration against the observed power spectrum of monthly-mean surface temperature anomalies in the Niño-3 region. The calibrated model exhibits substantial improvement in equatorial Pacific interannual surface temperature variability and robustly reproduces El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-like variability. The authors diagnose some of the key atmospheric and oceanic feedbacks in the model important for simulating ENSO-like variability, such as the positive Bjerknes feedback and the negative heat flux feedback, and analyze the recharge–discharge of the equatorial Pacific ocean heat content. They find LOVECLIM robustly captures important ocean dynamics related to thermocline adjustment and equatorial Kelvin waves. The calibrated model demonstrates some improvement in simulating atmospheric feedbacks, but the coupling between ocean and atmosphere is relatively weak. Because of the tractability of LOVECLIM and its consequent utility in exploring long-term climate variability and large ensemble perturbed physics experiments, improved representation of tropical Pacific ocean–atmosphere dynamics in the model may more readily allow for the investigation of the role of tropical Pacific ocean–atmosphere dynamics in past climate changes.
The Arctic–Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation*
Authors: Eldevik Tor , Nilsen Jan Even Ø.
Published: August 2013

The Atlantic Ocean's thermohaline circulation is an important modulator of global climate. Its northern branch extends through the Nordic Seas to the cold Arctic, a region that appears to be particularly influenced by climate change. A thermohaline circulation is fundamentally concerned with two degrees of freedom. This is in particular the case for the inflow of warm and saline Atlantic Water through the Nordic Seas toward the Arctic that is balanced by two branches of outflow. The authors present an analytical model, rooted in observations, that constrains the strength and structure of this Arctic–Atlantic thermohaline circulation. It is found, maybe surprisingly, that the strength of Atlantic inflow is relatively insensitive to anomalous freshwater input; it mainly reflects changes in northern heat loss. Freshwater anomalies are predominantly balanced by the inflow's partition into estuarine and overturning circulation with southward polar outflow in the surface and dense overflow at depth, respectively. More quantitatively, the approach presented herein provides a relatively simple framework for making closed and consistent inference on the thermohaline circulation's response to observed or estimated past and future change in the northern seas.
Joint Contribution of Multiple Equatorial Waves to Tropical Cyclogenesis over the Western North Pacific
Authors: Chen Guanghua , Chou Chia
Published: August 2013

A composite study is performed to examine the differences in equatorial wave behaviors and large-scale background patterns during tropical cyclone (TC) genesis. After removing TC contamination, Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), equatorial Rossby (ER) wave, mixed Rossby–gravity (MRG) wave, and tropical depression (TD)-type disturbance (jointly referred to as the MT wave) are quantified to evaluate the attribution of TC geneses. Given that TC geneses are attributed to a single wave or multiple waves, the eight categories are specified based on the moderate thresholds. The TC geneses related to multiple waves are roughly twice as many as those related to a single wave. The MT wave alone accounts for a minor proportion of TC geneses without collaboration with other larger-scale waves. The mean TC genesis location related to ER wave shifts to higher latitudes, and the TC geneses attributed to both of MJO and MT waves are more concentrated at the west. The single-wave categories are characterized by a zonally propagating component with a large spatial scale. In contrast, the joint contribution from more than one wave type favors creating a coherent environment with enhanced low-level cyclonic vorticity, horizontal convergence, or vertical easterly shear in a preferred region. Consequently, the waves have a more robust structure and a more northwestward-propagating component. Correspondingly, the TC geneses in the MJO–ER category tend to occur within a monsoon trough dominated by cyclonic circulation. For the MJO–MT category, the background field exhibits a confluence pattern with a monsoon trough to the west and easterly flows to the east. The collaboration of the ER and MT waves facilitates TC geneses within an easterly environment in the southern flank of the subtropical high.
Strain changes on the cortical shell of vertebral bodies due to spine ageing: A parametric study using a finite element model evaluated by strain measurements
Authors: Lu Yongtao , Rosenau Eike , Paetzold Helge , Klein Anke , Püschel Klaus , Morlock Michael M , Huber Gerd
Published: August 2013

The probability of fractures of the cortical shell of vertebral bodies increases as ageing progresses. Ageing involves all the spinal component changes. However, the effect of the spinal component ageing on the fracture risk of the cortical shell remains poorly understood. In this study, the influence of the ageing of the spinal components on cortical shell strain was investigated. A lumbar spinal specimen (L3–L5) was mechanically tested under a quasi-static axial compressive load. Clinical computed tomography images of the same specimen were used to create a corresponding finite element model. The material properties were determined by calibrating the finite element model using the L4 cortical shell strains of the anterior centre measurement site. The remaining experiment data (axial displacement, the intra-discal pressures, L4 cortical shell strain on the lateral measurement site) were used to evaluate the model. The individual ageing process of the six spinal components (cortical shell, cancellous bone, bony endplate, posterior elements, nucleus pulposus and annulus matrix) was simulated by changing their Young’s moduli and Poisson’s ratios, and the effect on cortical shell strain was investigated. Results show that the cortical shell strain is more sensitive to the ageing of the cortical shell and the cancellous bone than to the ageing of the nucleus pulposus, the annulus matrix, and the bony endplates and of the posterior elements. The results can help the clinicians focus on the aspects that mainly influence the vertebral cortex fracture risk factor.
Expression of deleted in liver cancer 1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 protein in ovarian carcinoma and their clinical significance
Authors: Ren Fang , Shi Huirong , Zhang Gong , Zhang Ruitao
Published: August 2013

Background

The deleted in liver cancer 1 (DLC1) and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) are known to be closely associated with tumor growth and metastasis in several kinds of human tumors. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of DLC1 and PAI-1 in ovarian carcinoma, and evaluate their relations with the prognosis of ovarian carcinoma.

Methods

Immunohistochemical staining and Western blot were used to examine the expressions of DLC1 and PAI-1 protein in 25 specimens normal ovarian tissues, 52 specimens of serous cystadenocarcinoma tissues and 23 specimens of mucinous cystadenocarcinoma tissues. Chi-square test, Logistic regression and Partial Correlate analysis were performed to evaluate the association between DLC1 and PAI-1 with clinicopathological characteristics. Overall survival was estimated by Kaplan-Meier curves and multivariate Cox analysis. The relationships between DLC1 and PAI-1 protein expression were analyzed by Pearson’s correlation coefficient.

Results

The expression of DLC1 protein in ovarian carcinoma tissues was significantly lower than that in normal ovarian tissues, but it was converse for PAI-1. In ovarian carcinoma, the expression of DLC1 was significantly associated with advanced FIGO stage, ascites and positive lymph node metastasis, whereas PAI-1 protein was closely related with advanced FIGO stage, poor histological differentiation and lymph node metastasis. The expression of DLC1 was negatively correlated with PAI-1 in ovarian carcinoma. Ovarian cancer patients with negative expression of DLC1 and positive expression of PAI-1 had the worst overall survival time compared to other patients.

Conclusions

The expression of DLC1 and PAI-1 were closely related with the metastasis and invasion of ovarian carcinoma, only the combination of DLC1 and PAI-1 could serve as an independent prognostic factor of ovarian carcinoma.
Standardization developments for large scale biobanks in smoking related diseases - a model system for blood sample processing and storage
Authors: Malm Johan , Fehniger Thomas E , Danmyr Pia , Végvári Ákos , Welinder Charlotte , Lindberg Henrik , Upton Paul , Carter Stephanie , Appelqvist Roger , Sjödin Karin , Wieslander Elisabet , Dahlbäck Magnus , Rezeli Melinda , Erlinge David , Marko-Varga György
Published: August 2013

Background

Biobank samples stored in biobanks give researchers and respiratory healthcare institutions access to datasets of analytes valuable for both diagnostic and research practices. The usefulness of these samples in clinical decision-making is highly dependent on their quality and integrity. New procedures that better preserve sample integrity and reduce degradation are being developed to meet the needs of both present and future biobanking. Hereby we present an automatic sample workflow scheme that is designed to handle high numbers of blood samples.

Methods

Blood fractions are aliquoted, heat sealed using novel technology, and stored in 384 tube high-density sample arrays.

Results

The newly developed 384 biobank rack system is especially suited for preserving identical small aliquots. We provide data on robotic processing of clinical samples at −80°C, following initial processing, analysis and shipping between laboratories throughout Europe. Subsequent to unpacking, re-sorting, and storage at these sites, the samples have been returned for analysis. Biomarker analysis of 13 common tests in the clinical chemistry unit of the hospital provides evidence of qualitative and stable logistics using the 384-sample tube system.

Conclusions

This technology development allows rapid access to a given sample in the frozen archive while maintaining individual sample integrity with sample tube confinement and quality management.
A global profiling of uncapped mRNAs under cold stress reveals specific decay patterns and endonucleolytic cleavages in Brachypodium distachyon
Authors: Zhang Jingyu , Mao Zhiwei , Chong Kang
Published: August 2013

Background

mRNA degradation is a critical factor in determining mRNA abundance and enables rapid adjustment of gene expression in response to environmental stress. The involvement of processing bodies in stress response suggests a role for decapping-mediated mRNA degradation. However, little is known about the role of mRNA degradation under stressful environmental conditions.

Results

Here, we perform a global study of uncapped mRNAs, via parallel analysis of RNA ends (PARE), under cold stress in Brachypodium distachyon. Enrichment analysis indicates that degradation products detected by PARE are mainly generated by the decapping pathway. Endonucleolytic cleavages are detected, uncovering another way of modulating gene expression. PARE and RNA-Seq analyses identify four types of mRNA decay patterns. Type II genes, for which light-harvesting processes are over-represented in gene ontology analyses, show unchanged transcript abundance and altered uncapped transcript abundance. Uncapping-mediated transcript stability of light harvesting-related genes changes significantly in response to cold stress, which may allow rapid adjustments in photosynthetic activity in response to cold stress. Transcript abundance and uncapped transcript abundance for type III genes changes in opposite directions in response to cold stress, indicating that uncapping-mediated mRNA degradation plays a role in regulating gene expression.

Conclusion

To our knowledge, this is the first global analysis of mRNA degradation under environmental stress conditions in Brachypodium distachyon. We uncover specific degradation and endonucleolytic cleavage patterns under cold stress, which will deepen our understanding of mRNA degradation under stressful environmental conditions, as well as the cold stress response mechanism in monocots.
Revision from unicompartmental to total knee replacement
Authors: Kerens B. , Boonen B. , Schotanus M. G. M. , Lacroix H. , Emans P. J. , Kort N. P.
Published: August 2013

Although it has been suggested that the outcome after revision of a unicondylar knee replacement (UKR) to total knee replacement (TKR) is better when the mechanism of failure is understood, a comparative study on this subject has not been undertaken.

A total of 30 patients (30 knees) who underwent revision of their unsatisfactory UKR to TKR were included in the study: 15 patients with unexplained pain comprised group A and 15 patients with a defined cause for pain formed group B. The Oxford knee score (OKS), visual analogue scale for pain (VAS) and patient satisfaction were assessed before revision and at one year after revision, and compared between the groups.

The mean OKS improved from 19 (10 to 30) to 25 (11 to 41) in group A and from 23 (11 to 45) to 38 (20 to 48) in group B. The mean VAS improved from 7.7 (5 to 10) to 5.4 (1 to 8) in group A and from 7.4 (2 to 9) to 1.7 (0 to 8) in group B. There was a statistically significant difference between the mean improvements in each group for both OKS (p = 0.022) and VAS (p = 0.002). Subgroup analysis in group A, performed in order to define a patient factor that predicts outcome of revision surgery in patients with unexplained pain, showed no pre-operative differences between both subgroups.

These results may be used to inform patients about what to expect from revision surgery, highlighting that revision of UKR to TKR for unexplained pain generally results in a less favourable outcome than revision for a known cause of pain.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:1204–8.
Multiple Irrigation Levels Affect Boll Distribution, Yield, and Fiber Micronaire in Cotton
Authors: Snowden Chase , Ritchie Glen , Cave Justin , Keeling Wayne , Rajan Nithya
Published: August 2013

The boll distribution characteristics of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars are related to cotton maturity and can interact with environment and management practices to determine yield and fiber quality. The boll distributions of six cotton cultivars under four irrigation levels were compared in 2011 and 2012 on the Texas High Plains. In 2011, a year of severe drought and heat, all cultivars had relatively compact fruiting patterns and increases in irrigation affected both boll accumulations up the plant and second‐position fruiting sites. In 2012, which was less hot and dry than 2011, all cultivars produced more fruit on higher sympodial branches; however many cultivars followed unique patterns of boll accumulation with increased irrigation. Later‐maturing cultivars significantly increased boll production at higher portions of the plant while early maturing cultivars retained more bolls at the bottom of the plant. One cultivar, DP1311, increased yield at the second position as irrigation increased. Micronaire was also compared among the cultivars and irrigation treatments. In 2011, micronaire increased with increasing irrigation, while in 2012, micronaire decreased with increasing irrigation. There was a strong irrigation by cultivar interaction for micronaire in both years, which may have been related to boll accumulation patterns for the cultivars. These findings suggest that the cultivars compensate for yield differently in response to increased irrigation, and the choice of a specific cultivar should also take into account fruiting habits and their potential effect on micronaire in respect to environmental and management factors, particularly water availability.
Spousal Bereavement following Cancer Death
Authors: Caserta Michael S. , Utz Rebecca L. , Lund Dale A.
Published: August 2013

Loss due to cancer could predispose surviving spouses or partners to a variety of negative outcomes. Although a terminal prognosis may provide opportunities to prepare for the loss, existing evidence is inconclusive as to whether death expectedness buffers potentially negative bereavement outcomes. Using data from the Living After Loss study, we examined longitudinally outcomes of bereaved individuals whose spouses/partners died from cancer ( n = 112) versus other causes ( n = 213) while accounting for death expectedness. While most of the cancer deaths were expected, more than half of the non-cancer deaths were not. The lowest levels of depression, grief, and loneliness over time were among those whose spouses/partners died expectedly from causes other than cancer. Cancer-bereavement was as equally distressing as any unexpected death. Future efforts should focus on the mechanisms underlying these outcomes and develop effective and early interventions to those in greatest need.
Detection Bias and Overestimation of Bladder Cancer Risk in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Colmers Isabelle N. , Majumdar Sumit R. , Yasui Yutaka , Bowker Samantha L. , Marra Carlo A. , Johnson Jeffrey A.
Published: August 2013

OBJECTIVE

To investigate whether the risk of bladder cancer in individuals with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes is influenced by the frequency of physician visits before diagnosis as a measure of detection bias.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

With the use of linked administrative databases from 1996 to 2006, we established a cohort of 185,100 adults from British Columbia, Canada, with incident type 2 diabetes matched one to one with nondiabetic individuals on age, sex, and index date. Incidence rates and adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) for bladder cancer were calculated during annual time windows following the index date. Analyses were stratified by number of physician visits in the 2 years before diabetes diagnosis and adjusted for age, sex, year of cohort entry, and socioeconomic status.

RESULTS

The study population was 54% men and had an average age of 60.7 ± 13.5 years; 1,171 new bladder cancers were diagnosed over a median follow-up of 4 years. In the first year after diabetes diagnosis, bladder cancer incidence in the diabetic cohort was 85.3 (95% CI 72.0–100.4) per 100,000 person-years and 66.1 (54.5–79.4) in the control cohort (aHR 1.30 [1.02–1.67], P = 0.03). This first-year increased bladder cancer risk was limited to those with the fewest physician visits 2 years before the index date (≤12 visits, aHR 2.14 [1.29–3.55], P = 0.003). After the first year, type 2 diabetes was not associated with bladder cancer.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggest that early detection bias may account for an overestimation in previously reported increased risks of bladder cancer associated with type 2 diabetes.
April 2010 Book Reviews
Authors: Neumann Donald
Published: August 2013

The JOSPT offers invited reviews of current titles. The April 2010 column includes 7 reviews of the following books: Biological Joint Reconstruction: Alternatives to Arthroplasty; Tension-type and Cervicogenic Headache: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management; AO Handbook: Musculoskeletal Outcomes Measures and Instruments (Volumes 1 and 2); Arthroscopic Techniques of the Knee: A Visual Guide; Arthroscopic Techniques of the Shoulder: A Visual Guide; Manipulative Thrust Techniques: An Evidence Based Approach; and Functional Testing in Human Performance.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2010;40(4):239–244. doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.40.4.239
July 2010 Book Reviews
Authors: Neumann Donald
Published: August 2013

The JOSPT offers invited reviews of current titles. The July 2010 column includes 5 reviews of the following books: Against the Tide: Back Pain Treatment —The Breakthrough; Solutions for Complex Upper Extremity Trauma; Biomechanical Analysis of Fundamental Human Movements; AO Manual of Fracture Management: Elbow and Forearm; and Color Atlas of Human Anatomy Volume 1: Locomotor System. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2010;40(7):448–450. doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.40.7.448
A Special Thanks to 2011 JOSPT Contributors
Authors: Simoneau Guy G.
Published: August 2013

Editor-in-Chief Dr. Guy Simoneau recognizes the authors, associate editors, International Editorial Review Board members, and manuscript and musculoskeletal imaging reviewers who contributed to the various aspects of the Journal over the past 12 months.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(12):911–913. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.0112
October 2011 Book Reviews
Authors: Neumann Donald
Published: August 2013

JOSPT offers invited reviews of current titles. The October 2011 column includes 5 reviews of the following books: Athletic and Sports Issues in Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation; Biomechanics of Human Motion: Basics and Beyond for the Health Professions; Nerve and Vascular Injuries in Sports Medicine; Assessment and Treatment of Muscle Imbalance: The Janda Approach; and Ther Ex Notes: Clinical Pocket Guide.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(10):797–801. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.41.10.797
July 2012 Book Reviews
Authors: Neumann Donald
Published: August 2013

JOSPT offers invited reviews of current titles. The July 2012 column includes 5 reviews of the following books: Mobilization With Movement, Modalities for Therapeutic Intervention (5th Edition), Low back Pain Clinical Management Guidelines, The Hand (4th Edition), and Strap Taping for Sports and Rehabilitation.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2012;42(7):662–665. doi:10.2519/jospt.2012.42.7.662
Posterior Labral Tear With a Paralabral Cyst Causing Suprascapular Nerve Compression
Authors: Westrick Richard B. , Fogarty Brian T. , Johnson Michael R.
Published: August 2013

The patient was a 21-year-old man who was currently enrolled in a military academy. He was seen by a physical therapist in a direct-access capacity for a chief complaint of right shoulder fatigue and discomfort that was present for the past week. Due to marked atrophy and weakness with no history of injury, an orthopaedic surgeon was consulted and diagnostic imaging was requested. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a posterior labral tear with a large paralabral cyst, likely resulting in significant compression of the suprascapular nerve.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2013;43(7):511. doi:10.2519/jospt.2013.0412
Does smoking have an impact on fusion rate in single-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with allograft and rigid plate fixation?
Authors: Luszczyk Myles , Smith Justin S. , Fischgrund Jeffrey S. , Ludwig Steven C. , Sasso Rick C. , Shaffrey Christopher I. , Vaccaro Alexander R.
Published: August 2013

Object

Although smoking has been shown to negatively affect fusion rates in patients undergoing multilevel fusions of the cervical and lumbar spine, the effect of smoking on fusion rates in patients undergoing single-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) with allograft and plate fixation has yet to be thoroughly investigated. The objective of the present study was to address the effect of smoking on fusion rates in patients undergoing a 1-level ACDF with allograft and a locked anterior cervical plate.

Methods

This study is composed of patients from the control groups of 5 separate studies evaluating the use of an anterior cervical disc replacement to treat cervical radiculopathy. For each of the 5 studies the control group consisted of patients who underwent a 1-level ACDF with allograft and a locked cervical plate. The authors of the present study reviewed data obtained in a total of 573 patients; 156 patients were smokers and 417 were nonsmokers. A minimum follow-up period of 24 months was required for inclusion in this study. Fusion status was assessed by independent observers using lateral, neutral, and flexion/extension radiographs.

Results

An overall fusion rate of 91.4% was achieved in all 573 patients. A solid fusion was shown in 382 patients (91.6%) who were nonsmokers. Among patients who were smokers, 142 (91.0%) had radiographic evidence of a solid fusion. A 2-tailed Fisher exact test revealed a p value of 0.867, indicating no difference in the union rates between smokers and nonsmokers.

Conclusions

The authors found no statistically significant difference in fusion status between smokers and nonsmokers who underwent a single-level ACDF with allograft and a locked anterior cervical plate. Although the authors do not promote tobacco use, it appears that the use of allograft with a locked cervical plate in single-level ACDF among smokers produces similar fusion rates as it does in their nonsmoking counterparts.
Increasing Vitamin C Content in Plant Foods to Improve Their Nutritional Value—Successes and Challenges
Authors: Gallie Daniel
Published: August 2013

Vitamin C serves as a cofactor in the synthesis of collagen needed to support cardiovascular function, maintenance of cartilage, bones, and teeth, as well as being required in wound healing. Although vitamin C is essential, humans are one of the few mammalian species unable to synthesize the vitamin and must obtain it through dietary sources. Only low levels of the vitamin are required to prevent scurvy but subclinical vitamin C deficiency can cause less obvious symptoms such as cardiovascular impairment. Up to a third of the adult population in the U.S. obtains less than the recommended amount of vitamin C from dietary sources of which plant-based foods constitute the major source. Consequently, strategies to increase vitamin C content in plants have been developed over the last decade and include increasing its synthesis as well as its recycling, i.e., the reduction of the oxidized form of ascorbic acid that is produced in reactions back into its reduced form. Increasing vitamin C levels in plants, however, is not without consequences. This review provides an overview of the approaches used to increase vitamin C content in plants and the successes achieved. Also discussed are some of the potential limitations of increasing vitamin C and how these may be overcome.
Les garnisons et l'armement des forteresses royales des Corbières (Aude)
Authors: Bayrou Lucien
Published: August 2013

Après la croisade contre les Albigeois et le rattachement du Languedoc à la France, la monarchie occupe et fortifie les châteaux de la frontière méridionale du royaume : Termes, Peyrepertuse, Puilaurens et Fenouillet, Quéribus puis Aguilar. Les souverains, Saint Louis, Philippe le Hardi et Philippe le Bel, ainsi que les sénéchaux de Carcassonne veillent à pourvoir les forteresses en garnisons, vivres et munitions. C'est ce que nous tenons d'exposer à l'aide des rares documents parvenus jusqu'à nous.
Un castrum des environs de l'An Mil en Languedoc central : le Rocher des Vierges à Saint-Saturnin (Hérault)
Authors: Ginouvez Olivier , Schneider Laurent
Published: August 2013

Depuis 1986, est entreprise en parallèle avec la fouille programmée de la Cisterne à Cabrières (Hérault), une série de démarches complémentaires sur d'autres sites des campagnes de la moyenne vallée de l'Hérault. Sondages prospectifs, prospections systématiques au sol et aériennes permettent d'appréhender plus justement les structures du peuplement de cette micro-région. L'étude de cas établie pour le Rocher des Vierges à Saint-Saturnin tient à l'exploitation de renseignements livrés par un sondage effectué en 1986. Les diverses constatations réalisées permettent d'envisager des hypothèses de travail sur la topographie de l'habitat castrai originel comme sur l'évolution des céramiques des alentours de l'an mil.
L'utilisation des ressources hydrauliques par les templiers de la commanderie de Douzens (Aude)
Authors: Macé Laurent
Published: August 2013

L'originalité de la commanderie templière de Douzens tient dans sa volonté d'exploiter rationnellement la force de l'eau. A côté d'une économie essentiellement foncière, les templiers ont diffusé l'utilisation des moulins à eau sur de nombreuses rivières appartenant à leurs domaines. Ces moulins leur ont permis de développer une petite activité drapière et de mettre en place des établissements spécifiques tels que les minoteries. Sources de profits mais aussi sources de conflits, ces aménagements hydrauliques illustrent le dynamisme économique et démographique du pays audois au Xlle siècle ainsi que l'esprit d'initiative des frères de la Milice.
Les fortifications royales de Carcassonne et le problème des embrasures de tir au Moyen Âge
Authors: Salamagne Alain
Published: August 2013

Daté entre 1226 et 1240 par Pierre Héliot, le château de Carcassonne correspond bien par ses caractéristiques d’ensemble (plan, tours, embrasures de tir) aux nouvelles formules de la fortification gothique. La présente étude s’attache plus spécialement à l’analyse des particularités de ses embrasures de tir, en particulier les terminaisons des fentes de tir dotées ou non d’étriers. La comparaison avec les embrasures des ouvrages de la Cité, dont la porte Narbonnaise où elles sont munies de bêches, conduit l’auteur à expliquer la présence de ces terminaisons par l’utilisation des feux de guerre, attestés en Languedoc dans l’attaque ou la défense des places dès le début du XIIIe siècle. Cette analyse, étayée par des comparaisons avec d’autres monuments, l’amène à proposer une nouvelle chronologie, après 1240, pour le château.
Roland contre Ferragut ? Étude sur les fresques du château comtal de Carcassonne
Authors: Errecade Ollivier
Published: August 2013

Ce travail thématique et littéraire porte sur les peintures murales du donjon du château comtal de Carcassonne. Nous nous interrogeons notamment sur le combat équestre opposant deux chevaliers sur le panneau nord. Une étude comparative avec d’autres réalisations iconographiques ainsi que la confrontation de la scène avec un certain nombre de textes littéraires incline à se demander s’il ne s’agit pas là du duel opposant le héros épique Roland au géant Ferragut. Si l’absence de la partie pédestre du combat ne nous permet pas d’identifier avec certitude le neveu de Charlemagne, on peut tout du moins conclure que l’artiste carcassonnais a connu la tradition orale et littéraire de ce duel, et qu’il s’est surtout inspiré de son traitement iconographique très répandu depuis la première moitié du XIIe siècle.
Abbatia Sancti Petri de Almanarra. L’abbaye Saint-Pierre de l’Almanarre à Hyères (Var)
Authors: Ollivier David , Pasqualini Michel , Turc Paul , Mafart Bertrand , Aubry Marianne
Published: August 2013

The excavation of the churchyard of the Saint-Pierre de l’Almanarre abbey revealed some 495 graves and a space organization that can be considered as unusual: a large part of the monial cemetery was indeed open to the lay population. This non-exhaustive digging made possible a synthesis of our historical and archeological information concerning this Cistercian abbey founded in 1221 and to catch a glimpse of the origins of the Christian occupation of the site.
Les fouilles de la Faculté de Droit à Montpellier. Urbanisme et artisanat de la peau dans une agglomération languedocienne du bas Moyen-Age
Authors: Forest Vianney , Ginouvez Olivier , Fabre Laurent
Published: August 2013

L'opération d'archéologie préventive effectuée sur le site de la Faculté de Droit dans l'emprise intra muros de la ville médiévale de Montpellier a mis au jour des structures peu loquaces sur les activités humaines qui s'y déroulaient entre le XIIIe et le XVe siècle. Au contraire, des mobiliers d'origine biologique, charbons de bois et os animaux, ont permis d'envisager l'existence d'une fabrication de maroquin, peau de caprin tannée au sumac, dès le bas Moyen-Âge antérieurement aux dates avancées pour l'introduction de ce type de cuir en France. De plus le quartier de la Blancaria

où cette activité s'exerçait se situerait à l'intérieur des remparts et non à l'extérieur le long du ruisseau voisin.
Research on University Track & Field Web Courseâ??s Basic Attributes Columns
Authors: Lin Weiliang
Published: August 2013

The purpose of this paper is to perfect the effective construction of the web courseâ??s basic attributes modules, so as to help students get to know the personnel allocation and the resource integration efficiently and facilitate their learning online. The research methodology includes literature study, interview, system design method, software programming method, questionnaire survey and mathematical statistics and etc. Results: Firstly, the links between all the basic attributes modules are reasonable and fluent and it is also rich in content; secondly, the teaching staff and resource scale are reflected; thirdly, the course descriptions guide students to know the distribution of the course content better; fourthly, the courseâ??s self-evaluation and construction plan can objectively reflect its current situation and its development direction in the future. Conclusions: The content of the modules can effectively reflect the basic information of the faculty of the course, the whole teaching structure, teaching means and methods used in the course, the teaching conditions and effects and the construction schedules of online resources.