bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Defining subjectivity in visual art audio description
Authors: Soler Gallego Silvia
Published: July 2020

Audio description is an intersemiotic translation modality used to make art museums accessible to visually impaired visitors. Existing audio description guidelines in various countries recommend describing only that which is seen, in other words, to avoid subjective interpretations of the visual message. However, there is evidence that some visually impaired people prefer more subjective audio descriptions. The controversy around this issue has generated reception- and product-oriented studies of audio description which demonstrate that not only is subjectivity present in existing audio descriptions, but also that it may benefit the construction of a more meaningful experience. A methodology which combines corpus and contextual analysis and draws on cognitive linguistics as well as art theories has been followed in this study to examine audio descriptive guides in art museums in four different countries. Results show considerable levels of subjectivity and offer a categorization of this element. Additionally, the level and type of subjectivity appear to be influenced by contextual factors, including the level of abstraction of the artwork and the audio describer’s degree of compliance with existing guidelines.
Accesibilidad en los subtítulos de campañas institucionales contra la violencia de género*
Authors: González-Iglesias González** J. David , Martínez Pleguezuelos** Antonio J.
Published: July 2020

En esta investigación proponemos un análisis del subtitulado de las campañas institucionales impulsadas por el Gobierno de España para atajar el problema de la violencia de género. En particular, utilizaremos los datos vertidos por las diferentes encuestas demográficas llevadas a cabo por el Gobierno de España y las medidas legislativas impulsadas tanto en el ámbito nacional como en el europeo. Asimismo, entenderemos desde una perspectiva interseccional que un sector importante de la población al que van dirigidos los subtítulos está constituido por mujeres con diferentes grados de discapacidad auditiva y mujeres no nativas de lengua española con un conocimiento limitado de este idioma, así como una combinación de ambos rasgos. Ante este perfil, examinaremos los parámetros aplicados al proceso de subtitulación de estos anuncios emitidos en España desde el año 2006 hasta 2017 con el objetivo de comprobar si, en función de las características técnicas que se han establecido, la información se transmite correctamente y de forma íntegra al público o si resultará complicado recibir todo el contenido para los sectores que tomamos en consideración en este estudio. Para ello, analizaremos la velocidad de lectura de cada anuncio, la presencia de intérprete de signos, el narrador y otros elementos semióticos que deberán tenerse en cuenta en el proceso del subtitulado.
Settler Colonialism and Beyond
Authors: Greer Allan
Published: July 2020

The settler colonial approach has much to offer historians. However, when we
consider the extended, 500-year history of the invasion of Indigenous North America, we
encounter several sorts of colonialism; the settler variety stands out as a dominant force
in some periods and regions, but it fades to insignificance in others. Two other versions of
colonialism discussed in this article, “Imperial/Commercial Penetration” and “Extractivism,”
seem particularly relevant to the history of the northern half of the continent. Along with
Settler Colonialism, these two modes of colonialism made their appearance according to quite
different timetables in the various regions of Canada. Extractivism, it is argued here, has
become the predominant form of intrusion into Indigenous spaces in recent
decades.
A Perfect Fifth of Blue and Red: Enlightened Harmonies of the Senses
Authors: Barnet Edward Halley
Published: July 2020

In this article, I use Louis-Bertrand Castel’s attempt to create a music of colours as a window into 18th-century debates on the inter-relationship between physics, physiology, and sense experience. In part one, I address Castel’s original 1725 proposition to build an “ocular harpsichord,” a musical instrument designed to play colour rather than sound. I argue that Castel’s idea relied in equal measure on contemporary music theory, optics, and neurophysiology. In part two, I examine Castel’s attempts to justify his new music experimentally. Though his purported demonstrations became more eclectic, the core theoretical principles behind his optical music remained the same. In part three, I turn to what should have been the triumph of Castel’s career: his creation of a partially functioning harpsichord in 1755, along with the publication of two proposals for other sensorial musics in 1753 and 1755. The ostensible failure of Castel’s idea points to the limitations — theoretical, experimental, aesthetic — of his original proposal. At the same time, their enduring power to inspire spoke to the appeal of music as an explanatory framework, encompassing both art and science, body and mind.
Acceso al empleo de las personas con discapacidad: situación en el empleo en las personas con enfermedad mental
Authors: Salinas Tomás Manuel Francisco , Marhuenda Fluixá Fernando
Published: July 2020

Las personas con enfermedad mental encuentran mayores dificultades en el acceso al empleo que otras personas que también forman parte del colectivo de personas con discapacidad.Los datos estadísticos que hablan del empleo de personas con discapacidad suelen aglutinar bajo el término discapacidad psíquica tanto a personas con enfermedad mental como a personas con discapacidad intelectual. Dicha agrupación da lugar a equívocos, puesto que se trata de discapacidades bien diferenciadas y cuyo tratamiento requiere un abordaje específico tanto en apoyos como en medidas específicas de inserción.Un estudio de los datos estadísticos de las diferentes modalidades de inclusión laboral reguladas en la legislación nos lleva a la conclusión de que es necesario un cambio en el sistema de recogida de datos y su tratamiento para poder diferenciar la enfermedad mental del resto y así poder elaborar medidas de inclusión diferenciadas y por tanto de mayor eficacia.
La empresa social italiana después de la reforma del tercer sector
Authors: Fici Antonio
Published: July 2020

En Italia, en julio de 2017, se aprobó el Código del Tercer Sector (Decreto Legislativo 117/2017), una ley orgánica y sistemática sobre las entidades del tercer sector, incluida la empresa social. Se trata de una reforma legislativa “histórica” por varias razones que serán destacadas en este artículo, junto a una visión general de la nueva regulación de la empresa social.
Cooperativa- centro especial de empleo como forma jurídica de empresa para la inserción laboral. (Análisis a partir de un caso)
Authors: Rodríguez González Amalia
Published: July 2020

En el presente trabajo se analiza desde un punto de vista jurídico, el fenómeno del cooperativismo de iniciativa social como herramienta al servicio de la inserción laboral de colectivos en riesgos de exclusión social o colectivos con especiales dificultades para el acceso al empleo, así como el papel que desempeñan los centros especiales de empleo de iniciativa social como coadyuvantes de las cooperativas de iniciativa social (de trabajo asociado o de consumidores) en la consecución de aquel fin. Desde distintas instituciones y organizaciones en esta materia y desde hace ya algún tiempo, se apuesta por potenciar el empleo ordinario como mejor instrumento de integración social para lo cual son necesarios mecanismos eficaces para facilitar el tránsito desde el empleo protegido al ordinario.
Centros especiales de empleo de Euskadi. El modelo vasco de inclusión sociolaboral
Authors: Echebarria Rubio Ane
Published: July 2020

El empleo se ha convertido en uno de los principales instrumentos de inclusión social de las personas con discapacidad. La inclusión laboral supone el derecho a trabajar en igualdad de condiciones con las demás personas, en un entorno abierto, accesible e inclusivo, y mediante un trabajo libremente elegido. Los Centros Especiales de Empleo de Euskadi, que conforman el llamado Modelo Vasco de Inclusión Sociolaboral, llevan años trabajando con el objetivo de crear empleo de calidad para las personas con más necesidades de apoyo y facilitar el tránsito al mercado de empleo ordinario para el colectivo. En el presente estudio, se han analizado las cualidades de los centros especiales de empleo para el desarrollo profesional y personal de las personas con discapacidad, poniendo una especial atención en el funcionamiento y características de las entidades pertenecientes al llamado Modelo Vasco de Inclusión Sociolaboral.
El carpooling o viaje en coche compartido. Especial referencia a BlaBlaCar, de Pablo Fernández Carballo-Calero. Prólogo de Anxo Tato Plaza (Thomson Reuters Aranzadi, Cizur Menor, 2019)
Authors: García Pérez Rafael
Published: July 2020

La muy relevante y oportuna aportación doctrinal que reseñamos en estas páginas analiza el fenómeno del coche compartido o carpooling. Vaya por delante, para evitar confusiones, que no nos referimos al fenómeno Uber, sino a otro que constituye, como apunta el autor, una de las manifestaciones más puras o auténticas de la economía colaborativa. En efecto, el libro se refiere al fenómeno BlaBlaCar, que se caracteriza por dos notas fundamentales: a) los conductores que operan en esta plataforma ofrecen plazas libres en sus vehículos para compartir los gastos de desplazamiento de un viaje que iban a realizar en cualquier caso; b) las cantidades que reciben los conductores sirven para sufragar los gastos que supone el trayecto, y en ningún caso para obtener un lucro (lo ingresado no puede superar los costes del trayecto, y el conductor debe asumir su propia parte de los costes). Es importante tener en cuenta estas características, porque en buena medida condicionan el régimen jurídico de la figura.
RElettric: una aplicación ad hoc para la movilidad eléctrica de bicicletas y patinetes en la ciudad de Reggio Emilia
Authors: Alcántara Monferrer Jorge
Published: July 2020

Este proyecto ha consistido en el estudio, la conceptualización y el diseño de una aplicación móvil para el alquiler de patinetes y bicicletas eléctricas en la ciudad italiana de Reggio Emilia, así como la de una página web para la presentación del servicio. El resultado del proyecto ha sido un prototipo de alta fidelidad de la aplicación móvil.
Mineral Content, Proximate Composition and the Antioxidant Properties of the Ethanol Extract of Hyphaene thebaica L. from Gezawa Town, Kano State, Nigeria
Authors: Datti Y. , Ibrahim M. , Salihu I. , Abdulhadi M. , Muhammad S. M. , Abubakar S. A. , Halima S. , Ahmad U. U. , Nura T.
Published: July 2020

The fruits of the doum palm tree, Hyphaene thebaica are one of the oldest relish fruit. This study analyzed the chemical composition (both proximate and the mineral contents) of this plant, as well as its antioxidant property. The mineral content was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, while the proximate and phytochemical analyses were carried out using standard procedures at Bayero University, Kano. The fruit were found to contain some minerals including K (3366.21 mg/100 g), Ca (292.04 mg/100 g), Na (212.27 mg/100 g), Mg (177.14 mg/100 g), Fe (4.86 mg/100 g), Mn (0.83 mg/100 g), Zn (0.68 mg/100 g), Cu (0.40 mg/100 g), Ni (0.32 mg/100 g) and Co (0.12 mg/100 g). The proximate composition of the doum palm fruit pulp reveals protein (2.86%), lipid (0.92%), ash content (6.24%), crude fiber (12.87%), moisture content (8.64%) and carbohydrate 68.47%. The DPPH radical scavenging efficacy of the ethanol extract of the fruit of the doum palm tree was analyzed at different concentrations of the extract. At concentration 0.0625 mg/mL, 0.125 mg/mL, 0.250 mg/mL and 0.500 mg/mL the extract showed inhibitory activity of 31%, 61%, 72% and 81% respectively. Thus the doum palm fruit pulp extract possess potential antioxidant properties.
Pattern of Childhood and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Disorders Associated with Obstetric Complications in University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH)
Authors: Nkporbu A. K. , Green K.I.
Published: July 2020

Background: Obstetric complications tend to affect the immature brain which may cause or predispose to neurological or psychiatric disorder(s) in childhood or adolescence.

Aim: To determine the pattern and prevalence of childhood and adolescent neuropsychiatric disorders associated with obstetric complications in UPTH.

Methodology: This is a multi-design study, a descriptive cross sectional for assessing psychiatric illness in childhood and adolescence at the time of presentation in the outpatient clinic and this was followed by a retrospective design for mothers to recall cases associated with obstetric complications. Therefore, all cases of childhood psychiatric disorders with established and reliable history of obstetric complications as volunteered by either or both parents of affected children from January, 2013-December, 2019 were included in the study. Diagnoses were made by consultant neuropsychiatrists using the Diagnostic Statistical Manual version 5 (DSM IV) criteria. All cases with family history of mental illness were excluded from the study. A study questionnaire was also administered to the mothers of affected children. The results were analysed using GraphPad Prism statistical software.

Results: In all, 2182 cases of various childhood psychiatric disorders were seen within the period under study. Out of this figure, 408 (18.7%) were associated with history of obstetric complications. The most prevalent neuropsychiatric disorder was substance abuse with 17.3%, followed by depression 16.2% and then anxiety disorder 14.8%.

Conclusion: Obstetric complications have become important in childhood and adolescent neuropsychiatric disorders and is therefore important to pay more attention to steps that are necessary to prevent obstetric complications in pregnancy, labour, delivery as well as the immediate post partum.
Interest of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in Childhood Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Iloughmane Zakaria , Chemsi Mohamed , Kaddouri Ahmed , Radi Abdelilah , Argubi Fatime Zahra , Sellouti Mohamed , Abilkassem Rachid , Hassani Amale , Agadr Aomar
Published: July 2020

Carbon monoxide poisoning is one of the common causes of poisoning in patients. However, few studies have focused on the pediatric group. We performed this study in order to clarify the clinical characteristics of pediatric patients with Carbon monoxidepoisoning.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of pediatric patients (age < 14 years)  diagnosed with CO intoxication and  admited in the Hyperbaric Oxygen chamber of the military hospital MOHAMED V of RABAT between January 2018 and March 2020, epidemiologic and clinical data were collected, analyzed  and compared with  literature.

Results: A total of 112 children with CO poisoning were identified. Their ages ranged from one to 14 years, symptoms were nausea and vomiting (31%), headache (23%), altred consciousness (19%), dizziness (15%) and seizure (8%).  Most events (67.8%) occurred during winter, (100%) of cases were recorded as accidental poisoning. Only one child developed delayed neurologic sequelae, with no death enregistred in our series.

The most common cause of intoxication was improperly vented exhaust produced by gas, hot water heaters (98%).(And) (20%) of patients needed two or more sessions of Hyperbaric Oxygen therapy.

Conclusion: The treatment of Carbon monoxide poisoning is a race against time. Patients requiringHyperbaric Oxygen therapy must be carefully selected within the first few hours, and kept under close observation. Children with Carbon monoxide poisoning had good outcomes in this series.
A Clear Conception of Zero and Infinity with Practical Illustrations
Authors: Ufuoma Okoh
Published: July 2020

This paper presents a clear conception of zero and infinity and furnishes some instances to show how this may be employed in Physics.
The Establishment of Nutrient Profiles for Solid Pre-packaged Food in China
Authors: Zhu Jing , Xiang Xuesong , Wang Xin , Verhagen Hans , Yang Yuexin
Published: July 2020

Objectives: To provide scientific and practical criteria for Nutrient Profiles (NP) in China in order to evaluate the overall nutritional quality of solid pre-packaged food according to their nutrient composition.

Methods: Based on data obtained from a survey of experts’ grading of foods available in China, a NP model was established, which covered scope of application, choice and balance of nutrients, choice of benchmarks and algorithm used. 

Results: A NP model for solid foods was established as a scoring model, the reference amount was 100 g. The recommended intake standards were Nutrient Reference Value (NRV) in labeling regulation. Nutrients taken into account included qualifying nutrients (dietary fiber, vitamin C) and disqualifying nutrients (total fat, saturated fatty acid (SFA), sodium). A total score was calculated as (score of dietary fiber + score of vitamin C) – (score of total fat + score of SFA + score of sodium). Foods with a total score ≤-5were qualified as "less healthy", a score of -4 ≤ total score ≤ 2 was "intermediate" and a total score ≥3 indicated "healthier".

Conclusion: A NP model for pre-packaged foods in China was established that can be used to assess and compare the impact of different foods on diet, and help decide which pre-packaged foods are qualified to carry nutrition and health claims.
Exploring Yield Potential of Pigeonpea and Soybean Intercropping Systems in NEHZ
Authors: Kithan Lowrence , Sharma Malini B. , Longchar Akumla , Sema Tinatoly , Sumi Kavi
Published: July 2020

A field study was conducted on yield potential of Pigeonpea and Soybean intercropping systems at the experimental farm of School of Agriculural Sciences and Rural Development (SASRD) on AICRP on Pigeonpea Nagaland University Medziphema Campus under rainfed conditions during 2016 and 2017. The treatment comprised of different row ratios of Pigeonpea and Soybean i.e 1:1, 1:2, 2:1 and 2:2 respectively with sole Pigeonpea and Soybean. The variety used for Pigeonpea was UPAS 120 and for Soybean was JS-9752 respectively. The experiment was laid in RBD with 3 Replications and 6 Treatments. Sole Pigeonpea performed better with respect to growth and yield. Among the different intercropping systems paired rows (2:2) ratios of Pigeonpea and Soybean performed significantly better in terms of yield (1025.64 Kg/ha) which was at par with (2:1) row ratios. As for economics paired row (2:2) ratios of Pigeonpea and Soybean proved superior to all other treatments in LER (1.89), Net return (Rs 86877/ha), Gross return (Rs 133177.8/ha) and Pigeonpea Equivalent yield (876.9 Kg/ha) which was at par with (1:2) row ratios of Pigeonpea and Soybean.
Sensory Profiling of Pulpy Fruits Based Ready to Reconstitute Little Millet Smoothies
Authors: Neeharika B. , Suneetha W. Jessie , Kumari B. Anila , Tejashree M.
Published: July 2020

Convenience foods are the now a big trend in the food business. The Indian ready to eat (RTE), ready to cook (RTC) and ready to serve (RTS) food segments have emerged from its early days of being a fringe alternative to home cooked meals or eating out. The underutilised little millet like other nutricereals is nutritionally superior to regularly consumed cereals. Malting of little millet enhances the digestibility, reduces the antinutritional components and can provide appropriate food-based strategy to derive nutrients maximally. Hence, a ready to reconstitute (RTR) smoothie mix was developed with a malted little millet that promotes the incorporation of nourishing drinks in daily diet. The suitability of mix to blend with fruit pulps viz. banana, papaya and pineapple in 1:1 and 1:2 ratio was assessed for its sensory parameters. The results revealed that the best scores for sensory attributes were for 1:1 blend except for appearance. Further, the overall acceptability scores of banana, papaya and pineapple smoothies on a hedonic scale of 9.0 were 8.37±0.09, 8.17±0.07 and 8.27±0.08 respectively indicating that the evaluated pulpy fruits were suitable for preparation of RTR smoothies.
Assessment of the Preservative Efficacy of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. and Psidium guajava L. Leaf Extracts on Capsicum annuum L. (Bell Pepper)
Authors: Oyun Justina Folashade , Oyetayo Victor Olusegun
Published: July 2020

This study assessed the preservative efficacy of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Psidium guajava (Guava) leaf extracts on Capsicum annuum (Bell pepper). The phytochemical compositions of A. indica and P. guajava leaf extracts were determined using standard methods. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of saponnin, anthraquinone tannin, steroid, terpenoid, flavonoid and glycosides in ethanol extracts of Azadirachta Indica A. Juss. and Psidium guajava L. leaves and tannin, terpenoid, flavonoid and glycosides are present in n-hexane extracts of the selected plants. Among the phytochemicals identified, Terpenoid was the highest in value (25.79mg/g) and saponnin has the least value (3.27 mg/g). The ethanolic extracts of Guava had the highest inhibition against the growth of Staphyloccoccus aureus (35.00±1.15 mm).The n-hexane extracts of Neem leaves had the lowest inhibition against the growth of Staphyloccoccus sp (8.00±0.57 mm). Ethanolic extract has the highest antifungal effect against Saccharomyces cerevisiae (58.66±0.90 mm). Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the ethanol extracts of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. and Psidium guajava L. leaves are more effective than the n-hexane extracts of P. guajava and A. indica leaves because it effectively inhibited the growth of the microorganisms. The Capsicum annuum L. fruits coated with selected plant extracts were preserved for a longer period than the uncoated fruits. All these results therefore suggest that the leaf extracts of P. guajava and A. indica can be used as bio preservatives for the extension of the shelf life of C. annuum.
Treze anos após a lei 10.639/03: o que os estudantes sabem sobre a história da África? (Ponta Grossa, 2015)
Authors: Janz Rubia Caroline , Cerri Luis Fernando
Published: July 2020

Este texto busca refletir sobre a efetivação do ensino de História e Cultura Africana e Afro-Brasileira após 2003. Adotamos como conceitos norteadores a consciência histórica e a cultura histórica, de Jörn Rüsen e Klaus Bergmann. A amostra analisada foi constituída por 254 estudantes ponta-grossenses que responderam a um instrumento com questões fechadas e abertas. Neste texto, são discutidos os resultados referentes especificamente à história da África. A metodologia usada é a estatística descritiva. Os resultados indicam a consecução parcial dos objetivos, com relativa vantagem da amostra de escola privada. Verificou-se ainda que, entre os autodeclarados negros, o alcance dos objetivos revelou-se mais limitado, o que enseja uma reflexão didática adicional para a correção de rumos do processo.

Palavras-chave: didática da história - aprendizagem histórica - história da África - educação étnico-racial.

 

Abstract

This text aims to reflect on the teaching of African and Afro-Brazilian history and culture, after 2003. Historical consciousness and historical culture were stated at this text as guiding concepts, in the theoretical bias of Jörn Rüsen e Klaus Bergmann. The sample consisted of 254 students from the city of Ponta Grossa who answered an instrument with closed and open questions. In this text the results referring specifically to the history of Africa are discussed. The methodology used is descriptive statistics. The results indicate the partial achievement of the objectives, with a relative advantage of the private school sample. It was also verified that among the self-declared blacks the scope of the objectives was more limited, which leads to an additional didactic reflection for the correction of course of the process.

Keywords: history didactics - historical learning - history of Africa - ethnic-racial education.
Conservando o conservadorismo: entre a agência escrava e a estrutura jornalística
Authors: Couceiro Luiz Alberto
Published: July 2020

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A comida na diáspora: um olhar antropológico sobre a comida chinesa em Salvador, Bahia
Authors: De Sá Teles Minnaert Ana Claudia
Published: July 2020

No mundo contemporâneo, a cozinha chinesa está sofrendo diversas adaptações. Muitos pratos símbolos da “chinesidade” são produtos da culinária de diferentes regiões da China adaptados às preferências alimentares dos comedores do país de abrigo, não sendo mais identificados como pertencentes à sua cozinha pelos chineses. O objetivo deste trabalho é compreender a formação da cozinha chinesa em Salvador-BA, tendo como objeto a comida servida nos restaurantes chineses do Centro dessa cidade e a comida consumida por seus proprietários. Para esses imigrantes, a comida que se vende como chinesa não é a mesma que se come como tal, são duas preparações distintas que representam uma mesma cozinha. Na sua comida, os chineses revivem suas memórias, marcam seu espaço no novo território, constroem seu futuro, onde o novo e o velho se mesclam, onde os limites são fluídos e as fronteiras entre o eu e o outro se confundem.

Palavras-chave: migração internacional - comportamento alimentar - culinária.
Como pensar o elemento servil: o lugar dos libertos nas expectativas das elites após a emancipação
Authors: Gonçalves Aline Najara da Silva , Nascimento Álvaro Pereira do
Published: July 2020

Este artigo apresenta uma análise, à luz de historiografia referente aos processos de emancipação e pós-abolição no Brasil, de quatro publicações que versam sobre os caminhos para a eliminação gradual da escravidão. Nas páginas analisadas, veem-se propostas e regras que vislumbravam, em larga medida, assegurar os privilégios de proprietários de pessoas escravizadas e definir o lugar dos libertos na sociedade, garantindo que as hierarquias sociais, políticas, econômicas e raciais existentes no período permanecessem nas décadas posteriores. Além do impacto das leis emancipacionistas sobre o futuro de senhores e escravizados em fins do século XIX, os escritos de uma parteira, um progressista, um intelectual e um médico expressaram propostas sobre como conduzir a nação brasileira para um futuro no pós-abolição.
A democracia racial revisitada
Authors: Guimarães Antonio Sérgio
Published: July 2020

Neste artigo, revisito a história da democracia racial enquanto ideologia racial, cunhada entre os anos 1930 e 1940. Procuro acompanhar a negociação intelectual que ocorreu entre diversos intelectuais brancos e negros, no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos, a partir da rede tecida entre Herskovits, Ortiz, Price-Mars e Ramos, e daquela outra que envolvia os cientistas sociais das universidades de Chicago, Atlanta, Fisk e Howard, estudando as formas de integração do negro à sociedade americana. Tais conexões foram absorvidas no esforço de guerra do Departamento de Estado americano, antes e durante a guerra, para aproximar-se dos países da América Latina, ao tempo que procurava uma nova política racial doméstica que substituísse a Herrenvolk democracy, cunhada no sul americano.
Advanced Nanowood Materials for the Water–Energy Nexus
Authors: Chen Xi , Zhu Xiaobo , He Shuaiming , Hu Liangbing , Ren Zhiyong Jason
Published: July 2020

Wood materials are being reinvented to carry superior properties for a variety of new applications. Cutting‐edge nanomanufacturing transforms traditional bulky and low‐value woods into advanced materials that have desired structures, durability, and functions to replace nonrenewable plastics, polymers, and metals. Here, a first prospect report on how novel nanowood materials have been developed and applied in water and associated industries is provided, wherein their unique features and promises are discussed. First, the unique hierarchical structure and associated properties of the material are introduced, and then how such features can be harnessed and modified by either bottom‐up or top‐down manufacturing to enable different functions for water filtration, chemical adsorption and catalysis, energy and resource recovery, as well as energy‐efficient desalination and environmental cleanup are discussed. The study recognizes that this is a nascent but very promising field; therefore, insights are offered to encourage more research and development. Trees harness solar energy and CO2 and provide abundant carbon‐negative materials. Once harvested and utilized, it is believed that advanced wood materials will play a vital role in enabling a circular water economy.
Surface Enriched Sulfonic Acid Ionic Clusters of Nafion Nanofibers as Long‐Range Interconnected Ionic Nanochannels for Anisotropic Proton Transportation: Phenomenon and Molecular Mechanism
Authors: Jin Fei , Yan Ke , Zhao Ying , Du Lijuan , Li Rui , Zheng Jie , Wang Ting , Feng Zhang‐Qi
Published: July 2020

Construction of long‐range interconnected ionic channels in proton exchange membranes (PEMs) is the key to realize anisotropic proton transportation. But, how to effectively modulate ionic channels at the molecular level still remains a great challenge for modern nanoenergy technology. Here, surface enriched sulfonic acid ionic clusters in Nafion (NF)/ZnO nanofibers are successfully designed and fabricated as long‐range interconnected ionic channels, in which the ZnO nanofiller (nano‐ZnO) act as an inducer to enable the spatial deformation and inversion of sulfonic acid groups in NF molecule from the inside to the surface of the NF/ZnO nanofibers, due to the strong intermolecular electrostatic interactions between nano‐ZnO and the CF2 of NF backbones. The phenomenon and molecular mechanism are visually confirmed by physicochemical analysis. Ultimately, the NF/ZnO nanofibers demonstrate the relative higher of proton conductivity up to 253.2 mS cm‐1 and power density of 115.72 mW cm‐2 than that of reported NF‐based PEMs. This study, for the first time, reveals that the surface enrichment of sulfonic acid ionic clusters is an efficient strategy to construct long‐range interconnected ionic channels in the NF‐based PEMs, proves that the formation of the ionic channels could be efficiently modulated by controlling the molecular activity and morphology of nanofiller.
Highly Transparent All‐Polysaccharide Composite Films with Tailored Transmission Haze for Light Manipulation
Authors: Cheng Yixiu , Tian Weiguo , Mi Qinyong , Zheng Xuejing , Zhang Jun
Published: July 2020

Low‐cost light management films that completely originate from natural polymers for biodegradable optoelectronics are a growing trend with great demand in the near future, for example, highly transparent and hazy films. Herein, a novel green method simply based on the solubility difference between cellulose and chitosan in ionic liquid is proposed to cast all‐polysaccharide transparent films with customized transmission haze. The dissolved cellulose in 1‐Allyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride (AmimCl) ionic liquid serves as matrix. The insoluble chitosan is deliberately dispersed in the matrix, which can maintain its original particle size due to its poor solubility in AmimCl and can significantly increase the surface roughness of the composite film and hence functions as the light scatterer. Eventually, an all‐polysaccharide composite film (Cel/CS) with high transmittance (>84.8%) and tunable haze (10–93%) is prepared using different coagulating bath and drying methods. The film is highly suitable for large‐scale continuous production and sufficient to satisfy the varying haze requirements of different applications, including flexible lighting and displays, antireflection and anti‐glare coatings, and privacy protection.
Leadership Matters: Needs Assessment and Framework for the International Federation for Emergency Medicine Administrative Leadership Curriculum
Authors: Tupesis Janis P. , Lin Janet , Nicks Brett , Chiu Arthur , Arbalaez Christian , Wai Abraham , Jouriles Nic
Published: July 2020

Objectives

The objective was to research and develop a novel curriculum on administrative leadership development within the discipline of emergency medicine (EM) with the goal of establishing and implementing it through the world's EM professional organizations.

Methods

From 2016 to 2018 an assessment of different administrative and leadership programs was performed by researching and reviewing previously outlined curricula. Using the data from this assessment, a questionnaire was developed, that was subsequently sent to members of the International Federation for Emergency Medicine's (IFEM) listserv.

Results

A total of 377 people from 38 different countries participated in the survey. The majority of respondents identified themselves as EM specialists (81%, 306/377), while others identified themselves as EM resident physicians (9.5%, 36/377) and non‐EM specialist physicians (4.5%, 17/377). A large majority of respondents articulated that there was a paucity of developed curricula focusing on leadership, administrative, and management principles within their institution, training program, or professional organization. Across all topic areas, fewer than 30% of polled individuals indicated that they had formal education related to individual and programmatic leadership development, change management, assessment methodology, negotiation skills, financial analysis, media relations, and health care policy. Quality improvement (QI) was the only curricular element that a majority of respondents had integrated into their clinical practice (61%). Qualitative data analysis of the narrative comments was performed with further evaluation of thematic components.

Conclusions

The results of this study further support the findings that the majority of EM providers queried do not have a longitudinal curriculum that fosters administrative and leadership development nor advocate for its importance in relation to the quality of care. Given this gap, we propose that medical education at all levels—medical schools, EM resident/specialty training programs, and professional organizations—should consider creating administrative and leadership development programs. Additionally, development of any curriculum should require a global understanding of health care systems and awareness of the unique contexts of a given location and its available resources.
Soil fertility, crop nutrition, and cropping systems: Research for Mediterranean dryland agriculture
Authors: Ryan John
Published: July 2020

The mission of the Consortium on Global International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) is to reduce poverty and enhance food, water, nutritional security, and environmental health in the face of global challenges, including climate change. It operates worldwide through a network of 15 international research centers. One of these institutions, The International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) has focused on dryland agriculture in the Mediterranean region, specifically in West Asia–North Africa (WANA). Soil fertility, agronomy, and crop nutrition were key areas of its research program. This mini review highlights the research achievements at ICARDA with respect to nitrogen, phosphorus, micronutrients, nutrient dynamics, fertilizer use, soil testing, sustainable cropping and/or crop rotations, and conservation tillage. Despite the destruction of the Center's headquarters in the ongoing civil war and its dispersion in the region, the legacy of ICARDA will survive through documentation of its research in the international literature.
Simulating impacts of nitrogen fertilization using DAYCENT to optimize economic returns and environmental services from bioenergy sorghum production
Authors: Wang Yong , Dou Fugen , Paustian Keith H. , Del Grosso Stephen J. , Storlien Joseph O. , Wight Jason P. , Hons Frank M.
Published: July 2020

Inappropriate nitrogen (N) fertilization rate could cause yield and economic losses and negative environmental impacts. This study was conducted to explore optimum N rate for a promising biofuel crop ‐ bioenergy sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. The biogeochemical model, DAYCENT, was verified with an eight‐year field trial and then used to simulate the long‐term (35 years) effects of N fertilization on aboveground biomass carbon (C), soil organic C (SOC), carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Associated with the simulated metrics, N use efficiency (NUE), net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and net economic return to N (RTN) were calculated to determine the optimum N rate. The model was capable of reproducing the field measurements with r2 of 0.57, 0.47, 0.55, and 0.34 for aboveground biomass C, SOC, CO2, and N2O, respectively. Projection with 0–350 kg N ha−1 fertilization in increments of 70 kg N ha−1 indicated positive responses of aboveground biomass C and SOC to increasing N but with little increase above 140 kg N ha−1. Declining NUE and increasing net GHG emission at field scale were predicted as N rate increased. When considering GHG mitigation from fossil fuel replacement, net GHG emission decreased first and leveled off at a N rate of 70–140 kg N ha−1 before increasing. Net economic RTN increased first and peaked when N rate was around 140 kg N ha−1 before decreasing. Fertilization at 140 kg N ha−1 was found to be optimal when using both GHG mitigation and economic criteria.
Speech and language development in children with 49,XXXXYsyndrome
Authors: Samango‐Sprouse Carole A. , Lasutschinkow Patricia C. , McLeod Michael , Porter Grace F. , Powell Sherida , St. Laurent Jillyan , Sadeghin Teresa , Gropman Andrea L.
Published: July 2020

49,XXXXY is the rarest X and Y chromosomal variation and is frequently characterized by expressive and receptive language dysfunction, low muscle tonus, and intellectual deficits. Due to the low incidence of this disorder, comprehensive studies analyzing the specific aspects of the speech and language phenotype in these boys have been uncommon. This is the first in‐depth investigation of the speech and language profiles in a large cohort of boys with 49,XXXXY. Based on the clinical judgment of speech and language pathologists, there was an increased incidence (91.8%) of Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS), which has not been previously described in this disorder. In preschool boys, some significant differences were demonstrated between boys who received early hormonal treatment (n = 16) and untreated boys (n = 4) on the language scales (p = .047) on the Bayley Scales of Infants and Toddlers, as well as significant differences between treated (n = 13) and untreated boys (n = 8) on the Expressive One Word Picture Vocabulary Test (p = .008). No significant differences between treatment groups were found in school age children, however, treated groups demonstrated less discrepancies between expressive and receptive language. More research and larger samples are needed to determine the extent of the impact of testosterone treatment on boys with 49,XXXXY. This study identifies CAS as a potential explanation for the significant expressive language dysfunction and subsequent behavioral dysfunction. These findings may assist in facilitating more targeted treatment and improved outcomes for boys with 49,XXXXY.
Effect of aqueous electrolytes on the supercapacitive performance of glycol‐mediated CoFe2O4 nanoparticles
Authors: Rani Barkha , Sahu Niroj Kumar
Published: July 2020

Glycol‐mediated facile solvothermal process for synthesis of mesoporous cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles (NPs) is reported. The structure, surface functionalization and morphology of the prepared sample are characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). The role of the electrolyte on the charge‐storage performance of the CoFe2O4 NPs is investigated in detail by performing cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic stability tests in neutral (3M Na2SO4) and alkaline (3M KOH) aqueous electrolytes. The electrochemical activity of inverse spinel CoFe2O4 can be tuned with the electrolytes. It possesses specific capacitance (Csp) of 477 and 176 F/g in alkaline and neutral aqueous media respectively at a scan rate of 2 mV/s. The sample shows better performance in KOH electrolyte because of the smaller size of solvated ions whereas possesses better rate capability in the neutral electrolyte. Significant Coulombic efficiency of 97% is observed in alkaline medium with a rise in Csp upto 5,000 cycles, which remains constant until 10,000 cycles.
Development of self‐healing coatings based on urea‐formaldehyde/polyurethane microcapsules containing epoxy resin
Authors: Parsaee Sadaf , Mirabedini S. Mojtaba , Farnood Ramin , Alizadegan Farhad
Published: July 2020

In this study, the synthesis of urea‐formaldehyde/polyurethane (UF/PU) microcapsules containing epoxy resin for self‐healing and anti‐corrosion coatings with good stability has been reported. Spherical microcapsules were prepared with a diameter of about 50–720 μm and a shell thickness of 0.6–0.7 μm via in situ polymerization in an oil‐in‐water emulsion using 2,4‐toluene diisocyanate‐based pre‐polymer along with the urea‐formaldehyde. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy (OM) were employed to evaluate the shape and morphology of the microcapsules. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed the absence of free isocyanate groups within the microcapsule shell confirming the completion of shell formation reactions. OM illustrated that the microcapsules were stable over a period of 30‐days in toluene and xylene. Increasing microcapsule loading improved crack repairing and anti‐corrosion performance of the coating layer. Low‐carbon steel coupons coated with an epoxy resin containing 10 wt% microcapsules and scribed using a scalpel blade showed no visible sign of corrosion after up to 5 weeks of exposure in a standard salt spray test chamber.
Designs of conductive polymer composites with exceptional reproducibility of positive temperature coefficient effect: A review
Authors: Chen Long , Zhang Jianming
Published: July 2020

Conductive polymer composites with positive temperature coefficient (PTC) effect have gained intensive attention for the potential application in the smart heating field. The PTC reproducibility is significantly essential to guarantee the security and utility of PTC composites. Regrettably, during the repeated temperature cycles, the irreversible self‐aggregation of conductive filler and the random reconstruction of conductive network lead to unsatisfactory performance of PTC reproducibility. Extensive efforts have been conducted to address this issue by strategies, including modification of fillers, cross‐linking of a polymer matrix, hybrids of fillers, and application of binary polymer matrix. Nevertheless, there are very limited reviews about this issue. In this review, the recent advances in fabricating PTC composites with the enhanced PTC reproducibility have been systematically summarized. Meanwhile, the current challenges and future prospects of PTC composite are also presented. We hope that this review will provide some inspirations for designing PTC materials of long‐term performance for commercial applications.
Effect of vortex‐induced physical stress on fluorescent properties of dye‐containing poly(ethylene glycol)‐block‐poly(lactic acid) micelles
Authors: Odom Tyler L. , Blankenship Jacob R. , Campos Giselle , Mart Devin C. , Liu Wenyan , Wang Risheng , Yoshimatsu Keiichi
Published: July 2020

The effect of vortex‐induced mechanical stresses on the fluorescent properties of dye‐containing poly(ethylene glycol)‐block‐poly(lactic acid) (PEG‐b‐PLA) block copolymer micelles has been investigated. PEG‐b‐PLA block copolymer micelles containing fluorescent dyes, 3,3′‐dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine perchlorate (DiO) and/or 1,1′‐dioctadecyl‐3,3,3′,3′‐tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI), are prepared by a simple one‐step procedure that involves the self‐assembly of block copolymers and spontaneous incorporation of hydrophobic dyes into the core of the micelles. Upon vortexing, the micelle dispersion samples showed a decrease in fluorescence intensity in a rotational speed‐ and time‐dependent manner. The results demonstrated that the vortexing can alter the fluorescent properties of the dye‐containing PEG‐b‐PLA block copolymer micelle dispersion samples, suggesting the potential utility of block copolymer micelles as a mechanical stress‐responsive nanomaterial.
COVID‐19 in Patients With Inflammatory Arthritis: A Prospective Study on the Effects of Comorbidities and Disease‐Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs on Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Haberman Rebecca H. , Castillo Rochelle , Chen Alan , Yan Di , Ramirez Deborah , Sekar Vaish , Lesser Robert , Solomon Gary , Neimann Andrea L. , Blank Rebecca B. , Izmirly Peter , Webster Dan E. , Ogdie Alexis , Troxel Andrea B. , Adhikari Samrachana , Scher Jose U. ,   the NYU WARCOV Investigators
Published: July 2020

Objective

To characterize the hospitalization and death rates among patients with inflammatory arthritis (IA) affected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) and to analyze the associations of comorbidities and immunomodulatory medications with infection outcomes.

Methods

Data on clinical and demographic features, maintenance treatment, disease course, and outcomes in individuals with IA (rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthritis) with symptomatic COVID‐19 infection were prospectively assessed via web‐based questionnaire followed by individual phone calls and electronic medical record review. Baseline characteristics and medication use were summarized for hospitalized and ambulatory patients, and outcomes with the different medication classes were compared using multivariable logistic regression.

Results

A total of 103 patients with IA were included in the study (80 with confirmed COVID‐19 and 23 with high suspicion of COVID‐19). Hospitalization was required in 26% of the participants, and 4% died. Patients who were hospitalized were significantly more likely to be older (P< 0.001) and have comorbid hypertension (P= 0.001) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (P= 0.02). IA patients taking oral glucocorticoids had an increased likelihood of being admitted for COVID‐19 (P< 0.001), while those receiving maintenance anticytokine biologic therapies did not.

Conclusion

Among patients with underlying IA, COVID‐19 outcomes were worse in those receiving glucocorticoids but not in patients receiving maintenance anticytokine therapy. Further work is needed to understand whether immunomodulatory therapies affect COVID‐19 incidence.
Novel intramolecular charge transfer effect‐based ligands and aggregation‐induced emission‐active europium complexes: synthesis, characterization, and fluorescence properties
Authors: Yang Shuaishuai , Guo Zuping , Hu Zhongqian , Guo Dongcai
Published: July 2020

Two novel coumarin derivatives and the corresponding europium complexes were prepared using a simple procedure. The pH response of the ligand and the aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) properties of the target europium complex were studied. The ligand had an intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) effect and was linearly and sharply responsive under acidic conditions. The goal europium complexes exhibited excellent AIE performance when subjected to increasing concentrations of target europium complex or proportion of poor solvent. The effect of substituents on fluorescence strength or thermogravimetric and electrochemical properties was further investigated. The target complexes displayed the typical fluorescence of europium. The fluorescence amplitude of the target europium complexes was enhanced by the addition of electron‐donating groups to ligands. Thermogravimetric research findings indicated that the target complexes possessed extreme thermal stability. Electrochemistry discovery findings indicated that the highest occupied molecular orbit energy level of EuL1 was greater than EuL2, but the lowest unoccupied molecular orbit energy level was smaller than that of EuL2. These complexes could be applied in medicinal chemistry, substance chemistry, and fluorescence labelling areas.