bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deepwater Gulf of Mexico Development in a Post-Macondo World
Authors: Brewer Linda , McKeeman Ryan
Published: May 2011

Today's operating environment faces a rising tide of stakeholder scrutiny, increased drilling and operating costs as well as rising cost of capital. Many large institutional lenders and insurers are protecting the risks to their own bottom lines by assuming proactive stances on industry best practices and the reputational capital of companies seeking project funding. This re-pricing of risk carries the potential to significantly impact the ability of asset owners to finance major, capital-intensive projects. Deepwater organizations are being challenged to take a more critical look at how risk management, HSE performance, organizational culture, and asset management are central to sustainability performance and securing their license to grow.

Global markets have consistently demonstrated a preference for corporations with a strong record of health, safety, and environmental performance. In addition to being a powerful source of market differentiation, sustainability performance can also help manage critical Non-Technical Risks (NTRs). The identification and early management of NTRs, such as community-related issues and sensitive environments can significantly improve NPV and an asset owner's ability to operate in critical areas of market growth. These same NTRs can account for up to 70-75% of cost and schedule failures in major oil and gas projects in the form of project delays and cost overruns, lost deal opportunities, and host of stakeholder-related issues.

As investor scrutiny escalates in response to billions of dollars lost to Net Present Value (NPV) erosion, compounded by the Macondo incident, the need to better manage Deepwater non-technical performance has abruptly escalated. To address both internal organizational change and deliver on non-technical performance, we have found that NTR is best managed and owned by the line with support from NTR functional expertise that is integrated with the language of the business and a strategic internal organizational change management process. Now is the time to relook at how Deepwater organizations are lined up to address their NTRs, by correctly:Balancing short-term versus long-term business needsIntegrating technical and non-technical risk managementMaking informed non-technical decisions grounded in factsAddressing internal organizational interfaces and fragmentation

Through this approach, this paper will outline how the management of these sustainability issues can be a net contributor to a company's competitive advantage by proactively managing NTRs and ultimately lowering the cost of capital.
Corrosion-Resistant Alloy Cladding of Subsea Componets
Authors: Berridge David
Published: May 2011

What is cladding?

Cladding is defined as the process of protecting one metal by bonding a second metal to its surface.1

Why is cladding utilized in subsea components?

Cladding supplies a combination of desired properties not found in any one metal. A base metal can be selected for cost or structural properties and another metal added for some special property such as corrosion protection.

For example, a majority of subsea components are designed to meet a minimum yield strength of 75 ksi and are constructed from low alloy chrome moly steels such as UNS G41300. Although the mechanical properties of 4130 are excellent and it has been the bell weather base material in the oil and gas industry for the past 25 plus years, it is not known for its corrosion properties.

On the other hand Alloy 625 (UNS N06625) is known for its excellent corrosion properties, but it only has a yield strength of 60 ksi minimum.

If you combine both alloys, 4130 as the structural component and Alloy 625 cladding as the corrosion component, both desired characteristics are attained.

The cladding of Subsea production components with Corrosion Resistant Alloys (CRA) is performed to protect the base material from corrosion, thus assuring the structural integrity of the components over the proposed life of the field.

Considering the cost of recovery, loss of production and the replacement/refurbishment of subsea components, it is prudent to protect them from corrosion.

What is the difference between cladding, inlay and overlay?

There are no differences; all three terms are used interchangeably, which sometimes creates confusion. Historically the application of Corrosion Resistant Alloy Cladding has been a viable, cost effective and reliable method of corrosion protection that has been incorporated into oil and gas components over the past 50 years. Cladding was originally used to combat crevice corrosion and was applied in ring grooves and seat pockets. Up until approximately 15 years ago the predominant cladding material was 300 series austenitic stainless steel grades. API 6A2 explicitly details the qualification of cladding welding procedures, which include acceptable chemical composition and the distance from the base material where the chemistry should be sampled.

The most common cladding material in the austenitic stainless steel grades is Type 316L. The "L" grades are used to provide extra corrosion resistance after welding. The letter "L" after a stainless steel type indicates low carbon. To avoid carbide precipitation in the material when heated in the critical range of 800° F to 1600° F carbon is kept to 0.03% or less.

Coincidently PWHT of cladded components are conducted at the lower end of this temperature range. Carbon precipitates out of the cladding and combines with the chromium which gathers on the grain boundaries, thus denying the material of chromium in solution, which in turn promotes corrosion adjacent to the grain boundaries. By controlling the amount of carbon in the cladding filler material the migration of carbon is minimized.
Effects of Climate Variability and Change on Gulf of Mexico Tropical Cyclone Activity
Authors: Done James , Holland Greg , Bruyere Cindy , Suzuki-Parker Asuka
Published: May 2011

According to three recent assessments, hurricane activity will likely increase in the future. If true, this raises the possibility that new coastal and offshore facilities are being under-designed, and that older facilities may need hardening in order to maintain presently accepted risk levels.

This study presents the latest results from ongoing research that aims to narrow the uncertainties in hurricane activity over the next 50 years using a powerful combination of the latest dynamical and statistical techniques, with particular focus on the Gulf of Mexico. The recent increase in computational capacity has enabled dynamical assessments in unprecedented detail. The benefits of enhanced model resolution are determined together with an assessment of sensitivity of tropical cyclone activity to critical details of the experimental approach.

Storm frequency and storm intensity are shown to increase with increasing model resolution, yet preferred locations and timings of storm activity within the basin and across the hurricane season appear insensitive to both model resolution and details of the model setup; thereby enhancing confidence in previously published results on future increases in storm frequency and intensity. Statistical and dynamical assessments both show an increase in tropical cyclone frequency of 1 to 3 storms by the mid 21st century, further increasing the level of confidence in this prediction.

These latest technologies and techniques are being developed directly into industry-relevant decision tools. One such tool, the Willis Hurricane Index, translates hurricane parameters into quantitative damage assessments and when combined with high resolution simulations can produce damage assessments over the next 50 years.

Introduction

Globally averaged intensity of tropical cyclones will shift towards stronger storms under predicted climate change scenarios, with intensity increases of 2-11% by 2100 according to an assessment by a World Meteorological Organization Expert Team on Climate Change Impacts on Tropical Cyclones (Knutson et al, 2010). They also state that existing modeling studies consistently predict decreases in the globally averaged frequency of tropical cyclones, by 6-34% yet substantial increases in the frequency of the most intense cyclones. The synthesis reports of IPCC (2007) and CCSP (2008) are in general agreement with these assessments. Predicted changes for individual basins; however, show large variations between different modeling studies and there is disagreement on whether numbers of storms in individual basins will increase or decrease (e.g. Knutson et al 2007, Bengtsson et al 2007).
Clinical Development of Cabazitaxel for the Treatment of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Authors: Tsao Che-Kai , Seng Sonia , Oh William K. , Galsky Matthew D.
Published: May 2011

Castration resistant prostate cancer has historically been considered chemotherapy insensitive. However, the approval of estramustine phosphate, mitoxantrone, and docetaxel, over the past few decades, has challenged this notion. Despite these advances, until recently, only docetaxel had been shown to improve survival in patients with castration-resistant disease, and there has been no standard treatment options available for men with disease progression on docetaxel. In the last year, cabazitaxel, a novel taxane with decreased affinity for ATP-dependent drug efflux pump P-glycoprotein, became the first cytotoxic agent to demonstrate an improvement in survival in men with docetaxel-refractory disease, and has received regulatory approval for treatment in this setting. In this review, we examine the clinical development of cabazitaxel for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer, as well as rationale and direction of future therapeutic investigation.
Emissions of isoprenoids and oxygenated biogenic volatile organic compounds from a New England mixed forest
Authors: McKinney K. A. , Lee B. H. , Vasta A. , Pho T. V. , Munger J. W.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. Fluxes of biogenic volatile organic compounds, including isoprene, monoterpenes, and oxygenated VOCs measured above a mixed forest canopy in central Massachusetts during the 2005 and 2007 growing seasons are reported. Mixing ratios were measured using proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) and fluxes computed by the disjunct eddy covariance technique. Isoprene was by far the predominant BVOC emitted at this site, with summer mid-day average fluxes of 5.3 and 4.4 mg m−2 hr−1 in 2005 and 2007, respectively. In comparison, mid-day average fluxes of monoterpenes were 0.21 and 0.15 mg m−2 hr−1 in each of these years. On short times scales (days), the diel pattern in emission rate compared well with a standard emission algorithm for isoprene. The general shape of the seasonal cycle and the observed decrease in isoprene emission rate in early September was, however, not well captured by the model. Monoterpene emission rates exhibited dependence on light as well as temperature, as determined from the improved fit to the observations obtained by including a light-dependent term in the model. The mid-day average flux of methanol from the canopy was 0.14 mg m−2 hr−1 in 2005 and 0.19 mg m−2 hr−1 in 2007, but the maximum flux was observed in spring (29 May 2007), when the flux reached 1.0 mg m−2 hr−1. This observation is consistent with enhanced methanol production during leaf expansion. Summer mid-day fluxes of acetone were 0.15 mg m−2 hr−1 during a short period in 2005, but only 0.03 mg m−2 h−1 averaged over 2007. Episodes of negative fluxes of oxygenated VOCs, particularly acetone, were observed periodically, especially in 2007. Thus, deposition within the canopy could help explain the low season-averaged flux of acetone in 2007. Fluxes of species of biogenic origin at mass-to-charge ($m/z$) ratios of 73 (0.05 mg m−2 hr−1 in 2005; 0.03 mg m−2 hr−1 in 2007) and 153 (5 μg m−2 hr−1 in 2007), possibly corresponding to methyl ethyl ketone and an oxygenated terpene or methyl salicylate, respectively, were also observed.
The role of plant functional trade-offs for biodiversity changes and biome shifts under scenarios of global climatic change
Authors: Reu B. , Zaehle S. , Proulx R. , Bohn K. , Kleidon A. , Pavlick R. , Schmidtlein S.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. The global geographic distribution of biodiversity and biomes is determined by species-specific physiological tolerances to climatic constraints. Current vegetation models employ empirical bioclimatic relationships to predict present-day vegetation patterns and to forecast biodiversity changes and biome shifts under climatic change. In this paper, we consider trade-offs in plant functioning and their responses under climatic changes to forecast and explain changes in plant functional richness and shifts in biome geographic distributions. The Jena Diversity model (JeDi) simulates plant survival according to essential plant functional trade-offs, including ecophysiological processes such as water uptake, photosynthesis, allocation, reproduction and phenology. We use JeDi to quantify changes in plant functional richness and biome shifts between present-day and a range of possible future climates from two SRES emission scenarios (A2 and B1) and seven global climate models using metrics of plant functional richness and functional identity. Our results show (i) a significant loss of plant functional richness in the tropics, (ii) an increase in plant functional richness at mid and high latitudes, and (iii) a pole-ward shift of biomes. While these results are consistent with the findings of empirical approaches, we are able to explain them in terms of the plant functional trade-offs involved in the allocation, metabolic and reproduction strategies of plants. We conclude that general aspects of plant physiological tolerances can be derived from functional trade-offs, which may provide a useful process- and trait-based alternative to bioclimatic relationships. Such a mechanistic approach may be particularly relevant when addressing vegetation responses to climatic changes that encounter novel combinations of climate parameters that do not exist under contemporary climate.
Eddy covariance flux measurements confirm extreme CH4 emissions from a Swiss hydropower reservoir and resolve their short-term variability
Authors: Eugster W. , DelSontro T. , Sobek S.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. Greenhouse gas budgets quantified via land-surface eddy covariance (EC) flux sites differ significantly from those obtained via inverse modeling. A possible reason for the discrepancy between methods may be our gap in quantitative knowledge of methane CH4 fluxes. In this study we carried out EC flux measurements during two intensive campaigns in summer 2008 to quantify methane flux from a hydropower reservoir and link its temporal variability to environmental driving forces: water temperature and pressure changes (atmospheric and due to changes in lake level). Methane fluxes were extremely high and highly variable, but consistently showed gas efflux from the lake when the wind was approaching the EC sensors across the open water, as confirmed by floating chamber flux measurements. The average flux was 3.76 ± 0.39 μg C m−2 s−1 (mean ± SE) with a median of 1.42 μg C m−2 s−1, which is quite high even compared to tropical reservoirs. Fluxes increased exponentially with increasing temperatures, but were decreasing exponentially with increasing atmospheric and/or lake level pressure. A multiple regression using lake surface temperatures (0.1 m depth), temperature at depth (10 m deep in front of the dam), atmospheric pressure, and lake level was able to explain 35.4 % of the overall variance. This best fit included each variable averaged over a 9-h moving window, plus the respective short-term residuals thereof. We estimate that an annual average of 3 % of the particulate organic matter (POM) input via the river is sufficient to sustain these large CH4 fluxes. To compensate the global warming potential associated with the CH4 effluxes from this hydropower reservoir a 1.3 to 3.7 times larger terrestrial area with net carbon dioxide uptake is needed, which indicates the potential relevance of temperate reservoirs and lakes in local and regional greenhouse gas budgets.
Parameterization of bucket models for soil-vegetation-atmosphere modeling under seasonal climatic regimes
Authors: Romano N. , Palladino M. , Chirico G. B.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. We investigate the potential impact of accounting for seasonal variations in the climatic forcing and using different methods to parameterize the soil water content at field capacity on the water balance components computed by a bucket model (BM). The single-layer BM of Guswa et al. (2002) is employed, whereas the Richards equation (RE) based Soil Water Atmosphere Plant (SWAP) model is used as a benchmark model. The results are analyzed for two differently-textured soils and for some synthetic runs under real-like seasonal weather conditions, using 100 time-series of stochastically-generated daily rainfall data. Since transient soil-moisture dynamics and climatic seasonality play a key role in certain zones of the World, such as in Mediterranean land areas, a specific feature of this study is to test the prediction capability of the bucket model under a condition where seasonal variations in rainfall are not in phase with the variations in plant transpiration and. Reference is made to a hydrologic year in which we have a rainy period (starting 1 November and lasting 151 days) where vegetation is basically assumed in a dormant stage, followed by a drier and rainless period with a vegetation regrowth phase. Better agreement between BM and RE-SWAP intercomparison results are obtained when BM is parameterized by a field capacity value determined through the drainage method proposed by Romano and Santini (2002). Depending on the vegetation regrowth or dormant seasons, rainfall variability within a season results in transpiration regimes and soil moisture fluctuations with distinctive features. During the vegetation regrowth season, transpiration exerts a key control on soil water budget with respect to rainfall. During the dormant season of vegetation, the precipitation regime becomes an important climate forcing. Simulations also highlight the occurrence of bimodality in the probability distribution of soil moisture during the season when plants are dormant, reflecting that soil, it being of coarser or finer texture, can be preferentially in either wetter or drier states over this period.
Climate Policy & Corporate Behavior
Authors: Commins Nicola , Lyons Seán , Schiffbauer Marc , Tol Richard S.J.
Published: May 2011

In this paper, we study the impact of energy taxes and the EU ETS on a large number of firms in Europe between 1996 and 2007. Using company level micro-data, we examine how firms in different sectors were affected by environmental policies. Aspects of behavior and performance studied include total factor productivity, employment levels, investment behavior and profitability. On the whole, energy taxes increased total factor productivity and returns to capital but decreased employment, with a mixed effect on investment, for the sectors included in our analysis. However, large sectoral variation is observed, with some industries losing out in terms of productivity and profitability when faced with increased energy taxes, while others benefitted.

doi: 10.5547/ISSN0195-6574-EJ-Vol32-No4-3
Senolytic Therapy Enabled by Senescent Cell‐Sensitive Biomimetic Melanin Nano‐Senolytics
Authors: Zhang Hairui , Xu Xiaoling , Shou Xin , Liao Wucan , Jin Chengkang , Chen Changjiang , Zhang Chen , Gao Wenhua , Zhang Junfeng , Ge Weihong , Shi Liyun
Published: May 2024

Cellular senescence is a significant risk factor for aging and age‐related diseases (ARD). The canonical senolytics Dasatinib and Quercetin (DQ) have shown promise in clearing senescent cells (SnCs); however, the lack of selectivity poses a challenge in achieving optimal outcomes. Despite the recent occurrence of nanomaterial‐based approaches targeting SnCs, limited therapeutic effects, and potential toxicity still remain a major concern. Herein, a “double locks‐like” nanoplatform is developed that integrated Galactan coating and mesoporous polydopamine to encase the senolytic drug DQ. By this way, DQ is only released in SnCs that are featured with higher levels of β‐galactosidase (β‐gal) and low PH. Additionally, the nanoparticles are equipped with 2,2,6,6‐Tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl (Tempo) to gain enhanced photothermal converting potential. Consequently, the synthesized nanosenolytics demonstrate remarkable specificity and efficacy in eradicating SnCs, and accordingly reverse pulmonary fibrosis in mice without affecting normal tissues. Upon exposure of near‐infrared (NIR) light, the nanoparticles demonstrate to efficiently remove senescent tumor cells inducted by chemotherapy, thereby hindering the outgrowth and metastasis or breast cancer. Collectively, the present study develops an “On/Off” switchable nanoplatform in response to SnCs, and produces a more safe, efficient, and feasible way to delay aging or alleviate age‐associated diseases.
Bottom‐Up Assembling Hierarchical Enamel‐Like Bulk Materials with Excellent Optical and Mechanical Properties for Tooth Restoration
Authors: Zhang Shan , Xu Wu , Wu Leping , Li Xiaxin , Liu Xingzi , Wu Xiaoting , Wu Guomin , Zheng Shunli , Cao Chris Ying , Zhou Zheng , Wong Hai Ming , Zhang Xu , Li Quan‐Li
Published: May 2024

Enamel has good optical and mechanical properties because of its multiscale hierarchical structure. Biomimetic construction of enamel‐like 3D bulk materials at nano‐, micro‐, mesh‐ and macro‐levels is a challenge. A novel facile, cost‐effective, and easy large‐scale bottom‐up assembly strategy to align 1D hydroxyapatite (HA) nanowires bundles to 3D hierarchical enamel structure with the nanowires bundles layer‐by‐layer interweaving orientation, is reported. In the strategy, the surface of oleate templated ultralong HA nanowires with a large aspect ratio is functionalized with amphiphilic 10‐methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP). Furtherly, the MDP functionalized HA nanowire bundles are assembled layer‐by‐layer with oriented fibers in a single layer and cross‐locked between layers at a certain angle at mesoscale and macroscale in the viscous bisphenol A‐glycidyl methacrylate (Bis‐GMA) ethanol solution by shear force induced by simple agitation and high‐speed centrifugation. Finally, the excessive Bis‐GMA and ethanol are removed, and (Bis‐GMA)‐(MDP‐HA nanowire bundle) matrix is densely packed under hot pressing and polymerized to form bulk enamel‐like materials. The composite has superior optical properties and comparable comprehensive mechanic performances through a combination of strength, hardness, toughness, and friction. This method may open new avenues for controlling the nanowires assembly to develop hierarchical nanomaterials with superior properties for many different applications.
Sub‐2 nm Microstrained High‐Entropy‐Alloy Nanoparticles Boost Hydrogen Electrocatalysis
Authors: Luo Heng , Li Lu , Lin Fangxu , Zhang Qinghua , Wang Kai , Wang Dawei , Gu Lin , Luo Mingchuan , Lv Fan , Guo Shaojun
Published: May 2024

High‐entropy alloys (HEAs) confine multifarious elements into the same lattice, leading to intense lattice distortion effect. The lattice distortion tends to induce local microstrain at atomic level and thus affect surface adsorptions toward different adsorbates in various electrocatalytic reactions, yet remains unexplored. Herein, this work reports a class of sub‐2 nm IrRuRhMoW HEA nanoparticles (NPs) with distinct local microstrain induced by lattice distortion for boosting alkaline hydrogen oxidation (HOR) and evolution reactions (HER). This work demonstrates that the distortion‐rich HEA catalysts with optimized electronic structure can downshift the d‐band center and generate uncoordinated oxygen sites to enhance the surface oxophilicity. As a result, the IrRuRhMoW HEA NPs show a remarkable HOR kinetic current density of 8.09 mA µg−1PGM at 50 mV versus RHE, 8.89, 22.47 times higher than those of IrRuRh NPs without internal strain and commercial Pt/C, respectively, which is the best value among all the reported non‐Pt based catalysts. IrRuRhMoW HEA NPs also display great HER performances with a turnover frequency (TOF) value of 5.93 H2 s−1 at 70 mV versus RHE, 4.6‐fold higher than that of Pt/C catalyst, exceeding most noble metal‐based catalysts. Experimental characterizations and theoretical studies collectively confirm that weakened hydrogen (Had) and enhanced hydroxyl (OHad) adsorption are achieved by simultaneously modulating the hydrogen adsorption binding energy and surface oxophilicity originated from intensified ligand effect and microstrain effect over IrRuRhMoW HEA NPs, which guarantees the remarkable performances toward HOR/HER.
Thinning the Bulk into the Soft: Flexible and Stretchable Germanium Photodetectors
Authors: Zhao Guopeng , Guo Qinglei
Published: May 2024

Inorganic semiconductor‐based nano/micro‐membranes are of great interest and can be used as active materials for high‐performance and flexible electronics, due to their unique and stable physical or chemical properties. However, the creation of high‐quality and single‐crystalline semiconducting membranes, particularly germanium (Ge) membranes, remains a significant challenge. In this study, a wet etching approach is developed to thin bulk Ge into soft Ge membranes, which are further used to fabricate flexible and stretchable photodetectors. The thickness of the obtained Ge membranes can be precisely controlled, with a minimum thickness of ≈1.6 µm. Investigations on the surface morphology, surface chemical composition, and Raman shifts indicate that the prepared Ge membranes are single‐crystalline and suitable for the following device fabrication. As an example, flexible and stretchable Ge photodetectors, of which the stretchability is realized by a meshed‐structure design, are demonstrated. Bending (with a minimum radius of 4 mm and a bending cycle of 10 000 times) and stretching (with a stretching strain of up to 10%) tests result in negligible variations in the device performance, revealing good flexibility, and stretchability, as well as the significant potentials of the prepared Ge membranes as candidates for flexible electronics.
A Narrative Review of In‐Textile Sensors in Human Health Applications
Authors: Smith Aaron Asael , Li Rui , Xu Lulu , Tse Zion Tsz Ho
Published: May 2024

Sensors have become more versatile and sophisticated in recent years to fulfill the increasing demands for human health applications. Physiological information such as electrocardiogram, pulse rate, and respiration are essential indications of personal health, often collected as vitals, which are typically collected from medical‐grade electrocardiogram (ECG) machines. In‐textile sensors are a fast‐growing sub‐category of wearable sensors embedded in smart textiles to acquire physiological information and movement index and provide harmful chemical warnings without compromising the comfortable nature of clothing. Recent literature has shown that integrating new materials has greatly improved the stability, specificity, and selectivity of in‐textile sensors. For example, polyvinylidene fluoride nanofiber produced a highly stretchable sensor to measure ECG readings during movement without losing data quality. This review discusses a group of nanomaterial‐based in‐textile sensors for consumer use in the home, workplace, and healthcare environments. This review will focus on exploring and analyzing the latest developments in these nanomaterial‐based e‐textiles due to their ability to be more easily integrated for daily use and their great potential for medical applications. Future work will be necessary to incorporate recycled materials, improve the method of powering these sensors, and ultimately refine the designs to be appropriate for more sustainable use.
Dual‐Mode Thermal Responses in Red and Near‐Infrared Emission Channels via Manipulating Cross Relaxations
Authors: Chen Wenli , Luo Qiulian , Zhou Liya , Chen Peican , He Jin , Pang Qi , Zhang Jin Zhong , Chen Yibo
Published: May 2024

Lead‐free double perovskites with multi‐mode emission characters are highly desired for optoelectronic devices. Herein, dual‐mode thermal responses with low thermal quenching in the red emission channel and high thermal quenching in the near‐infrared (NIR) channel are achieved in a holmium‐based double perovskite (Cs2NaHoCl6). The temperature‐dependent emission is modulated by manipulating three cross relaxations of CR1 (5F4, 5I7) → (5F5, 5I6), CR2 (5S2, 5I8) → (5F5, 5I7), and CR3 (5F5, 5F5) → (5I7, 5G4) through adjusting the concentration of Ho3+. The difference in thermal response between the red and NIR emissions becomes more pronounced with a higher concentration of Ho3+ up to 100%, while the two emissions show almost the same thermal quenching behavior when the Ho3+ concentration is below 20%. To demonstrate their applications, a thermal‐responsive dual‐mode information encryption system and a NIR emitting LED with night vision capacity are fabricated using the prepared samples. This study provides a new approach for thermal quenching regulation in rare‐earth‐based lead‐free perovskites and illustrates their potential in lighting, anti‐counterfeiting, and sensing applications.
Photoinduced, trans‐Diastreoselective Oxyselenenylation of Allylic Alcohols to Form Selenylated Cyclic Boronic Esters
Authors: Qu Pei , Jiang You‐Qin , Wu Hongmei , Wang Yong‐Hao , Ling Yong , Zhang Yanan , Liu Gong‐Qing
Published: May 2024

A visible‐light‐induced method was developed to synthesize selenylated cyclic boronic esters through intermolecular oxyselenenylation. This method can be performed under additive‐free and photocatalyst‐free conditions and generates potentially pharmaceutically useful heterocycles. A plausible reaction mechanism was proposed based on several control experiments and previous reports.
Enhancing Injection Molding Optimization for SFRPs Through Multi‐Fidelity Data‐Driven Approaches Incorporating Prior Information in Limited Data Environments
Authors: Lee Hugon , Lee Mingyu , Jung Jiyoung , Lee Ikjin , Ryu Seunghwa
Published: May 2024

Injection molding is one of the dominant methods for mass‐producing short fiber reinforced plastics renowned for their exceptional specific properties. In the utilization of such composite components, optimization of process parameters significantly influences material characteristics and part performance. However, in industrial practice, this process often relies on intuition and iterative experimentation. Prior studies have introduced data‐efficient optimization methods but faced limitations in adopting minor variations in the product development cycle. This study introduces a multi‐fidelity optimization framework aimed at efficiently addressing new problems by leveraging previously acquired knowledge from analogous domains, particularly accommodating alterations in material scenarios. Two data‐driven frameworks are explored: 1) Gaussian process‐based and 2) neural network‐based, each employing distinct information‐transferring techniques, hierarchical Kriging and transfer learning, respectively. Bayesian optimization of process parameters under limited data budget, which is typical in realistic industrial settings, is performed. The results highlight the efficiency of the proposed framework, demonstrating superior performance not only in data‐driven modeling but also in optimization efficiency compared to conventional single‐fidelity approaches. The Pearson correlation coefficient is utilized to assess the applicability of the multi‐fidelity framework in handling the inherent ambiguity of the similarity of problem scenarios. The proposed method is believed to be adaptable and versatile, offering potential application across various challenges in process optimization.
Synergetic Triple Absorber Based High‐Efficiency Solar Cell Design
Authors: Gopila M , Prabu R. Thandaiah , Kumar ATA Kishore , Kumar Atul
Published: May 2024

Computational analysis of triple absorber‐based solar cell structure is undertaken. This solar cell device configuration allows better utilization of the incident solar spectrum. Three different absorbers with a band gap in the range 1–1.5 eV are sandwiched between high‐doped p+ and n+ regions in descending order of electron affinity to form an energy‐matched multiple absorber device. A comprehensive analysis of key device parameters influencing performance, including band gap, conduction band alignment, interfacial defects, and thickness, is presented. The optimized triple absorber device shows beyond Shockley–Queisser limit (SQ limit) performance under the constraint of passivated interfaces with defect density below 1013 cm−2. Wide spectrum coverage leads to high short circuit current and an efficiency of 40.3%, which is higher than the SQ limit for single band gap solar cell.
The Loss of an Orphan Nuclear Receptor NR2E3 Augments Wnt/β‐catenin Signaling via Epigenetic Dysregulation that Enhances Sp1‐β catenin‐p300 Interactions in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Leung Yuet‐Kin , Lee Sung‐Gwon , Wang Jiang , Guruvaiah Ponmari , Rusch Nancy J , Ho Shuk‐Mei , Park Chungoo , Kim Kyounghyun
Published: May 2024

The orphan nuclear receptor NR2E3 (Nuclear receptor subfamily 2 group E, Member 3) is an epigenetic player that modulates chromatin accessibility to activate p53 during liver injury. Nonetheless, a precise tumor suppressive and epigenetic role of NR2E3 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development remains unclear. HCC patients expressing low NR2E3 exhibit unfavorable clinical outcomes, aligning with heightened activation of the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway. The murine HCC models utilizing NR2E3 knockout mice consistently exhibits accelerated liver tumor formation accompanied by enhanced activation of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway and inactivation of p53 signaling. At cellular level, the loss of NR2E3 increases the acquisition of aggressive cancer cell phenotype and tumorigenicity and upregulates key genes in the WNT/β‐catenin pathway with increased chromatin accessibility. This event is mediated through increased formation of active transcription complex involving Sp1, β‐catenin, and p300, a histone acetyltransferase, on the promoters of target genes. These findings demonstrate that the loss of NR2E3 activates Wnt/β‐catenin signaling at cellular and organism levels and this dysregulation is associated with aggressive HCC development and poor clinical outcomes. In summary, NR2E3 is a novel tumor suppressor with a significant prognostic value, maintaining epigenetic homeostasis to suppress the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway that promotes HCC development.
Region‐Specific CD16+ Neutrophils Promote Colorectal Cancer Progression by Inhibiting Natural Killer Cells
Authors: Zhang Yan , Wang Zien , Lu Yu , Sanchez David J. , Li Jiaojiao , Wang Linghao , Meng Xiaoxue , Chen Jianjun , Kien Tran Trung , Zhong Ming , Gao Wei‐Qiang , Ding Xianting
Published: May 2024

The colon is the largest compartment of the immune system, with innate immune cells exposed to antigens in the environment. However, the mechanisms by which the innate immune system is instigated are poorly defined in colorectal cancer (CRC). Here, a population of CD16+ neutrophils that specifically accumulate in CRC tumor tissues by imaging mass cytometry (IMC), immune fluorescence, and flow cytometry, which demonstrated pro‐tumor activity by disturbing natural killer (NK) cells are identified. It is found that these CD16+ neutrophils possess abnormal cholesterol accumulation due to activation of the CD16/TAK1/NF‐κB axis, which upregulates scavenger receptors for cholesterol intake including CD36 and LRP1. Consequently, these region‐specific CD16+ neutrophils not only competitively inhibit cholesterol intake of NK cells, which interrupts NK lipid raft formation and blocks their antitumor signaling but also release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) to induce the death of NK cells. Furthermore, CD16‐knockout reverses the pro‐tumor activity of neutrophils and restored NK cell cytotoxicity. Collectively, the findings suggest that CRC region‐specific CD16+ neutrophils can be a diagnostic marker and potential therapeutic target for CRC.
Steep Slope Field Effect Transistors Based on 2D Materials
Authors: Qin Laixiang , Tian He , Li Chunlai , Xie Ziang , Wei Yiqun , Li Yi , He Jin , Yue Yutao , Ren Tian‐Ling
Published: May 2024

With field effect transistor (FET) sustained to downscale to sub‐10 nm nodes, performance degradation originates from short channel effects (SCEs) degradation and power consumption increment attributed to inhibition of supply voltage (VDD) scaling down proportionally caused by thermionic limit subthreshold swing (SS) (60 mV dec−1) pose substantial challenges for today's semiconductor industry. To further sustain the Moore's law life, incorporation of new device concepts or new materials are imperative. 2D materials are predicted to be able to combat SCEs by virtue of high carrier mobility maintainability regardless of thickness thinning down, dangling bonds free surface and atomic thickness, which contributes to super gate electrostatic controllability. To overcome increasing power dissipation problem, new device structures including negative capacitance FET (NCFET), tunnel FET (TFET), dirac source FET (DSFET) and the like, which show superiority in decreasing VDD by lowering SS below thermionic limit of 60 mV dec−1have been brought out. The combination of 2D materials and ultralow steep slope device structures holds great promise for low power‐dissipation electronics, which encompass both suppressed SCEs and reduced VDD simultaneously, leading to improved device performance and lowered power dissipation.
High‐Energy Nitrogen Rings Stabilized by Superatomic Properties
Authors: Gong Zhen , Wang Rui , Yu Famin , Wan Chenxi , Yang Xinrui , Wang Zhigang
Published: May 2024

How to stabilize nitrogen‐rich high‐energy‐density molecules under conventional conditions is particularly important for the energy storage and conversion of such systems and has attracted extensive attention. In this work, the theoretical study shows for the first time that the stabilization mechanism of the nitrogen ring conforms to the superatomic properties at the atomic level. This result occurs because the stabilized anionic nitrogen rings generally exhibit planar high symmetry and the injected electrons occupy the superatomic molecular orbitals (SAMOs) of the nitrogen rings. According to these results, the typical stabilized anionic nitrogen ring structures N64−, N5−, and N42− are identified, which possess delocalized molecular orbitals with the same symmetry as the atomic orbitals and electron arrangement consistent with the electron shell arrangement of the atom. On this basis, a pathway is further designed to stabilize nitrogen rings by introducing metal atoms as electron donors to form neutral ThN6, LiN5, and MgN4 structures, thereby replacing the anionization of systems. This study highlights the importance of developing nitrogen‐rich energetic materials from the perspective of superatoms.
Ru2P/Ir2P Heterostructure Promotes Hydrogen Spillover for Efficient Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Hong Yongju , Jeong Sangyeon , Seol Jae Hun , Kim Taekyung , Cho Seong Chan , Lee Tae Kyung , Yang Chaeyoen , Baik Hionsuck , Park Hyun S. , Lee Eunsoo , Yoo Sung Jong , Lee Sang Uck , Lee Kwangyeol
Published: May 2024

Efficient and durable electrocatalysts toward alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) are of great significance for the widespread application of anion‐exchange membrane water electrolyzer (AEMWE). Numerous single‐phase catalysts, such as Ru2P, have been explored as efficient HER catalysts; however, many have failed to overcome the inherent sluggish kinetics of the two separate steps involved in the alkaline HER: water dissociation and hydrogen production. In this study, density functional theory calculations are conducted to identify promising combinations of Ir2P and Ru2P materials that promote fast cascade water dissociation and H2 production via kinetically favorable hydrogen spillover from the Ru2P surface to the adjacent Ir2P. An unprecedented construction of Ir2P cluster‐decorated Ru2P hollow nanotubes (c‐RP/IP HNTs), which feature a cooperative heterostructural synergy are developed. This configuration shows greater performance than commercial Pt/C, achieving an overpotential of 23.2 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and maintaining long‐term stability for 55 h in half‐cell tests. Furthermore, the practical AEMWE test, incorporating c‐RP/IP HNTs, demonstrated a remarkable single‐cell performance of 12.23 A cm−2 at 2.0 V and operated stably under 1.0 A cm−2 for over 250 h. This surpasses that of the state‐of‐the‐art proton‐exchange membrane WE.
Tumro: A Tunable Multimodal Wheeled Jumping Robot Based on the Bionic Mechanism of Jumping Beetles
Authors: Pan Yifan , Tang Gangqiang , Liu Shilong , Mei Dong , He Lei , Zhu Sisi , Wang Yanjie
Published: May 2024

The implementation of multimodal motion ensures the stable operation in complex terrain environments, thus providing an effective guarantee for system performance. The crawling‐jumping robot has the ability to navigate in various road conditions utilizing different modes of movement. However, the mobility of the current multimodal jumping robots remains somewhat constrained by their jumping capability and the recovery time after each jump. Drawing inspiration from the energy‐storage jumping mechanism of jumping beetles, a tuneable multimodal jumping robot (Tumro) capable of executing multimodal movements including wheeled locomotion and ground‐based jumping, which can achieve a jump height of up to 3 m and swiftly recover its wheeled crawling state without requiring posture correction post‐jump, is presented. Through a specific structural design, the robot can storage energy and switch motions to jump in the desired direction based on the preset angle according to actual demand. The jumping process is thoroughly analyzed, and the kinematics and dynamics models are derived in meticulous detail. In addition, the performance of the robot is comprehensively assessed from aspects of wheel action versus vertical jump capability, power consumption, and endurance across various motion modes. The simulation scene experiment demonstrates the robot's exceptional jumping capability and efficient wheeled mobility.
A Highly Reversible Sn‐Air Battery Possessing the Ultra‐Low Charging Potential with the Assistance of Light
Authors: Gao Mingze , Wang Ruiya , Lu Xinxin , Fan Yanchen , Guo Ziyang , Wang Yonggang
Published: May 2024

Aqueous Sn‐air batteries are attracting a great deal of interest in recent years due to the ultra‐high safety, low cost, dendrite‐free and highly reversible Sn anode. However, the slurry oxygen reduction/evolution reaction (ORR/OER) kinetics on the air cathodes seriously affect the Sn‐air battery performances. Although various advanced catalysts have been developed, the charge overpotentials (~1000 mV) of these Sn‐air batteries are still not satisfactory. Herein, iron oxide (Fe2O3) modified titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanorods with heterogeneous structure are firstly synthesized on Ti mesh (Fe2O3@TiO2/Ti), and the obtained Fe2O3@TiO2/Ti films are further applied as catalytic electrodes for Sn‐air batteries. The core–shell heterogeneous structure of Fe2O3@TiO2/Ti can effectively facilitate the conversion of electrochemical intermediates and separation of photo‐excited electrons and holes to activate oxygen‐related reaction processes. Density functional theory (DFT) and experimental results also confirm that Fe2O3@TiO2/Ti can not only act as the electrocatalysts to improve ORR/OER properties, but also exhibit the superior photo‐catalytic activity to promote charging kinetics. Hence, the Fe2O3@TiO2/Ti‐based Sn‐air batteries show ultra‐low overpotential of ~40 mV, excellent rate capability and good cycling stability under light irradiation. This work will shed light on rational photo‐assisted catalytic cathode design for new‐type metal‐air batteries.
Two‐step preparation of phosphorus‐containing organoclay and its effect on fire‐resistant and mechanical properties of the flame‐retardant polyethylene composite
Authors: Thi Nhung Hac , Van Hoang Toan , Doanh Truong Cong , Oanh Ho Thi , Dat Doan Tien , Nguyen Ha Tran , Le‐Nhat‐Thuy Giang , Tran Quang Vinh , Hoang Mai Ha , Van Nguyen Tuyen
Published: May 2024

In this study, a nanohybrid based on montmorillonite (oMMT2) was prepared through a two‐step method using Arquad MCB‐80 and 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide (DOPO) as intercalation agents. The nanohybrid exhibited a basal spacing of 31.5 Å, which contained approximately 12.3% of Arquad MCB‐80 and 31.6% of DOPO. Various amount of oMMT2 nanohybrid was incorporated into a flame‐retardant polyethylene system containing aluminum trihydroxide and red phosphorus with a constant total additive content of 20 wt%. The dispersibility of oMMT2 in the composite matrix was evaluated by energy dispersive x‐ray mapping and x‐ray diffraction analyses. At a content of 3 wt% in the nanocomposite, oMMT2 showed a highly exfoliated state, while at a 5% content, a partially exfoliated and intercalated state was observed. A synergistic flame‐retardant effect between the nanohybrid and the mixture of aluminum trihydroxide and red phosphorus was found. The nanocomposite loading 3 wt% oMMT2 demonstrated the best flame retardancy, achieving a V‐0 rating of the vertical burning test with a limiting oxygen index of 27.6%. Moreover, the addition of the low oMMT2 contents (≤3 wt%) improved the mechanical properties of the flame‐retardant composite.
Reproducibility between preschool and school‐age Social Responsiveness Scale forms in the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes program
Authors: Patti Marisa A. , Croen Lisa A. , Dickerson Aisha S. , Joseph Robert M. , Ames Jennifer L. , Ladd‐Acosta Christine , Ozonoff Sally , Schmidt Rebecca J. , Volk Heather E. , Hipwell Alison E. , Magee Kelsey E. , Karagas Margaret , McEvoy Cindy , Landa Rebecca , Elliott Michael R. , Mitchell Daphne Koinis , D'Sa Viren , Deoni Sean , Pievsky Michelle , Wu Pei‐Chi , Barry Fatoumata , Stanford Joseph B. , Bilder Deborah A. , Trasande Leonardo , Bush Nicole R. , Lyall Kristen ,   program collaborators for Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes
Published: May 2024

Evidence suggests core autism trait consistency in older children, but development of these traits is variable in early childhood. The Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) measures autism‐related traits and broader autism phenotype, with two age‐dependent forms in childhood (preschool, 2.5–4.5 years; school age, 4–18 years). Score consistency has been observed within forms, though reliability across forms has not been evaluated. Using data from the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) program (n = 853), preschool, and school‐age SRS scores were collected via maternal report when children were an average of 3.0 and 5.8 years, respectively. We compared reproducibility of SRS total scores (T‐scores) and agreement above a clinically meaningful cutoff (T‐scores ≥ 60) and examined predictors of discordance in cutoff scores across forms. Participant scores across forms were similar (mean difference: 3.3 points; standard deviation: 7), though preschool scores were on average lower than school‐age scores. Most children (88%) were classified below the cutoff on both forms, and overall concordance was high (92%). However, discordance was higher in cohorts following younger siblings of autistic children (16%). Proportions of children with an autism diagnoses were also higher among those with discordant scores (27%) than among those with concordant scores (4%). Our findings indicate SRS scores are broadly reproducible across preschool and school‐age forms, particularly for capturing broader, nonclinical traits, but also suggest that greater variability of autism‐related traits in preschool‐age children may reduce reliability with later school‐age scores for those in the clinical range.