bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dementia and the heart failure patient
Authors: Doehner Wolfram
Published: December 2019

Heart and brain disorders more frequently co-exist than by chance alone, due to having common risk factors and a degree of interaction. In the setting of heart failure (HF) in the elderly strokes, dementia, and depression are all common and can produce a particularly difficult series of clinical problems to manage. Loss of ability to self-care can lead to very poor quality of life and a dramatic increase in health care expenditure. The Heart Failure Association of the ESC as part of its workshop on physiological monitoring of the complex multi-morbid HF patient reviewed screening, monitoring, prevention, and management of cognitive decline within the setting of HF.
A NEW FEATURE OF JAPANESE CAREGIVING? COMPOUND CAREGIVING OF OLDER ADULTS IN AN AGING SOCIETY WITH FEWER CHILDREN
Authors: Wakui Tomoko , Wakui Tomoko , Agree Emily M , Kai Ichiro
Published: December 2019

Due to the combined effects of longevity of aging parents, fewer children, and caregiving traditions, family members face multiple caregiving responsibilities in Japan. This study examined the emergence of compound caregiving--providing care to multiple adults-- and the relationship of caregiving status to burden, depression, and social support. Data were from the Fukui Longitudinal Caregiver Study, a survey of family caregivers to older Japanese adults who received long-term care services. We analyzed data from 2,025 caregivers whose mean age was 63 years old. Results showed that 9.5% of caregivers provided care for more than two care recipients. Compared to single caregivers, compound caregivers were more significantly burdened. Compound caregivers who reported higher instrumental and informational support from live-in family and higher emotional support from friends showed significantly lower caregiving burden. We discuss how traditional caregiving norms and demographic changes lead to new needs for family support in Japan’s aging society.
MIDDLE-AGED ADULTS’ BEREAVEMENT RESPONSE TO PARENT DEATH: THE ROLE OF PRE-LOSS RELATIONSHIP QUALITY
Authors: Kim Kyungmin , Stokes Jeffrey E , Zarit Steven H , Fingerman Karen L
Published: December 2019

The bereavement literature in adulthood has largely focused on spousal loss. Yet the death of a parent is an influential – and expected – loss experience in middle and later life. This study analyzed prospective data from two waves of the Family Exchanges Study (2008 and 2013) to explore adults’ (N = 192; Mage = 56.76) experience of a recent parent death in the past 5 years, including grief responses and positive memories of the deceased parent. We examined how pre-loss relationships with the deceased parent (e.g., positive and negative relationship quality, relationship importance) are associated with different bereavement responses among the bereaved children. Findings showed that the levels of grief were higher for children who placed more importance on the parent prior to that parent’s death. Positive relationship quality was associated with positive memories after a parent’s death. However, negative relationship quality was not associated with any bereavement responses.
SLEEP QUALITY AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN LATER-LIFE: CROSS-SECTIONAL EXAMINATION OF COGNITIVE MECHANISMS
Authors: Brush David , Paulson Daniel , Legon Manuel Herrera , James Nicholas , Scheurich Jennifer , Stevenson Brittany
Published: December 2019

Sleep quality relates to depressive symptom endorsement. The mechanisms relating these variables are not clearly elucidated, though inhibitory control and rumination are believed to play key roles. The current study aims to elucidate the relationship between sleep quality and depressive symptoms by examining the moderated mediating effect of inhibitory control and rumination. The sample included 41 community-dwelling older adults (age 70 and older). Measures included the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Inventory, a Stroop task (inhibitory control), the Ruminative Responses Scale, and the Geriatric Depression Scale. A series of bootstrapped models were employed to test hypotheses using a stepped approach. Poorer sleep quality was associated with higher rumination and depressive symptoms; however, these associations were no longer significant among older adults with higher inhibitory control. The association between sleep quality and depression was fully attenuated by rumination, and inhibitory control significantly moderated the association between sleep quality and rumination in the final model. Among community-dwelling older adults, the association between sleep quality and depression is mediated by rumination, and this effect is mitigated by inhibitory control. As such, these findings suggest that inhibitory control may be a relevant target for intervention in older adults with poor sleep quality, rumination, and depressive symptoms.
LTSS IS LOCAL, EVEN IN COUNTRIES WITH NATIONAL LTSS PROGRAMS
Authors: Nadash Pamela
Published: December 2019

This study reports the results of a cross-national qualitative assessment of how different countries structure their provision of long term services and supports (LTSS). It emphasizes the universality of the local role, even in countries that offer some form of universal coverage for LTSS. At minimum, countries devolve the responsibility for administration and eligibility determination to sub-national units, variously called provinces, départements, Länder, or other terms. However, many countries do much more than that: subnational units can be responsible for the safety net welfare programs that pick up the costs that the universal programs do not cover. They may also run other programs that affect the ability of people with LTSS needs to live good lives, such as housing and health programs; again, the role of sub-national governments often focuses on those least able to pay. In addition, in some countries, local governments have a role in helping to finance the national program as well. Differing abilities to support these responsibilities across regions can result in geographic disparities in access to care – so, too, can differences in administration and eligibility determination, resulting in many of the same issues that we in the US confront regarding access to LTSS through the Medicaid program. Thus, even countries with strong national programs for LTSS experience many of the same tensions between national and sub-national units of government that we in the US do.
THE HUMAN-ANIMAL BOND: SOCIAL NETWORK COMPOSITIONS, ANIMAL COMPANIONS, AND HEALTH
Authors: LeBlanc Raeann G
Published: December 2019

Animal companionship has been found to be positively related to health, though less is known about the features of social networks that include animal companions and how these relate to health outcomes. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between social network composition including animal companionship and health. A mixed methods cross-sectional descriptive, correlation study design was used. Eighty-nine people age sixty-five and older, living in the community, managing multiple chronic conditions, participated in telephone interviews. Animal companionship was common (42.7%) among the sample (66% lived alone) with at least one animal companion (M=1.57, SD=.903) and associated with improved health function (IADL scores) (r=.234, p=.028). Animal companionship correlated positively with health (SF12 General Health Scores) (r=.210, p=.048). Animal companionship is an important feature in social networks of older people that influences health. Social supports maintain these relationships and the animal human bond.
185 Impact of labor issues on animal welfare
Authors: Daigle Courtney L
Published: December 2019

Stockmanship is the physical manifestation of animal welfare, yet producers face challenges in recruiting and retaining stockpeople. The human population is increasingly urban, fewer people are working in agriculture, there is limited awareness in urban communities that stockmanship is a potential occupation, the current agricultural workforce is aging, and smear campaigns present a negative public perception of agricultural animal handling that neither provides an accurate representation of the occupation nor inspires those wanting to work with animals to enter into this profession. Compensation for stockpeople must increase, the workload needs to be critically evaluated, and the pay strategy should change. Stockpeople can become overwhelmed by the number of animals they are responsible for monitoring, they work long hours for little pay, and can suffer from exhaustion and compassion fatigue. These challenges contribute to high turnover rates (up to 35%) in animal operations. When there is a change in stockperson, the animals notice and the human-animal relationship is disrupted. Employee turnover is associated with the loss of institutional knowledge regarding the operation’s infrastructure, standard operating procedures, and the behavior and health history of individual animals. These factors can result in inconsistencies in animal care, and forces the operation to devote more resources to training new personnel. The training period is challenging for the trainer, the trainee, and the animals – particularly regarding euthanasia. A single stockperson can have operation-level consequences on producer profitability, both positively and negatively. We must challenge “folklore husbandry” and begin implementing scientifically supported, economically viable, and professionally executed husbandry practices. The next generation of stockpeople are most likely urban born and proficient in developing and applying new technologies. Rebranding the occupation and highlighting that stockpeople work with animals and technology may increase the attractiveness of this occupation to urbanites that are seeking a career working with animals.
191 Effects of feeding strategy on growth performance and semen quality of developing bulls
Authors: Proctor Jarret A , Long Nathan S , Biehler Connor K , Schneider Liesel G , Rhinehart Justin D , Strickland Lew G , Smith Jason K
Published: December 2019

The use of high-energy diets to develop bulls is perceived to influence semen quality, yet little research has been conducted using iso-caloric diets that differ in form or feeding management strategy. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of two feeding strategies on growth performance and semen quality of developing bulls. Angus bulls (n = 48; 332 ± 47 d of age) were stratified into one of sixteen drylot pens before pens were randomly assigned to one of two iso-caloric diets: a total mixed ration (TMR; n = 8 pens) or a component-based ration (COMP; n = 8 pens) fed for 84 d. Rumen pH was continuously monitored via rumen boluses and dry matter intake (DMI) was measured daily throughout the experiment. Backfat thickness and hoof conformation were measured on d 0 and 84, with body weight measured and semen collected at 21-d intervals. Semen was assessed for progressive motility, total sperm per ejaculate, and sperm cell morphology. Data were analyzed via ANOVA utilizing JMP 13.0. Bulls fed the COMP ration had a greater DMI (P < 0.01) and ADG (P < 0.01), but similar feed efficiency (P = 0.21) when compared to TMR-fed bulls. Bulls fed COMP tended to have a lower mean rumen pH (P < 0.10). Additionally, COMP-fed bulls had greater backfat thickness (P < 0.01) but similar hoof conformation scores (P = 0.26) when compared to TMR-fed bulls on d 84. Feeding strategy did not affect progressive motility (P = 0.34), total sperm per ejaculate (P = 0.81), or percent morphologically-normal sperm (P = 0.31). These results suggest that the feeding strategies utilized in this experiment affected growth performance, rumen pH, and adiposity without influencing semen quality of developing bulls, and therefore should not be expected to influence breeding soundness examination outcomes.
206 Quantifying the effect of phenotypic factors on pedigree lamb performance using the Irish national database; Sheep Ireland
Authors: Fetherstone Nicola , McGovern Fiona , Boland Tommy , McDermott Kevin , Wall Eamon , McHugh Noirin
Published: December 2019

This study aimed to quantify the effect of phenotypic factors including birth type, rearing type, age at first lambing, lactation number and their interactions on pedigree lamb performance at 40days and 100days of age (weaning), where nutritional requirements were met at luxury levels. A dataset containing 644,330 lamb weight records from 2010–2017 were retrieved. Two datasets were created; 47,694 forty day weights (20–65 days of age and weighing 12-32kg) and 46,088 weaning weights (66–120 days of age and weighing 20-55kg). The PROC HPMIXED model (SAS 9.4) included gender, age, breed-class, contemporary group and interactions, i.e. birth type*rearing type, and lactation*age at first lambing, with dam as the random effect. At forty days and weaning respectively, lambs born and reared as singles weighed heaviest (20.95kg and 36.83kg) and lambs born and reared as triplets weighed lightest (16.83kg and 31.29kg). There was no difference between lambs born as twins and reared as twins and those born as triplets and reared as singles (18.11kg, 18.38kg and 33.00kg and 33.12kg). Lambs born as singles and reared as twins and those born as twins and reared as singles did not differ (19.01kg, 19.20kg and 34.30kg and 34.64kg), (Table 1, P < 0.01). In first and second lactation respectively, ewes that lambed for the first time as hoggets produced heavier lambs at forty days (18.12kg and 19.30kg) and at weaning (33.06kg and 34.58kg) than ewes who lambed as ewe lambs (16.88kg, 18.54kg and 31.40kg and 33.59kg). By third lactation, weights did not differ between progeny of ewes who first lambed as ewe lambs or hoggets (20.00kg, 19.41kg and 33.77kg and 34.64kg), (Figure 1 and 2, P < 0.05). In conclusion, rearing type significantly alters pedigree lamb performance at forty days and weaning regardless of birth type. By third lactation, production is similar regardless of age of first lambing.
331 Efficient quality control methods for genomic and pedigree data used in routine genomic evaluation
Authors: Masuda Yutaka , Legarra Andres , Aguilar Ignacio , Misztal Ignacy
Published: December 2019

Quality control and consistency tests on genotypes and historical pedigree data are applied in a routine genomic evaluation and academic research. The quality control takes more time to finish as more genotypes become available, and this step is a bottleneck in a pipeline of routine evaluation. For the efficient quality control, we have developed several algorithms and a computer program to support for large-scale, biallelic, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The program is designed to detect unsatisfactory genomic markers and individuals in terms of call rate, marker allele frequencies, duplicate samples, and Mendelian inconsistency in the large genomic data with the pedigree including millions of individuals. Duplicated genotypes can be detected using a set of markers. An SNP genotype is packed into a 2-bit representation in memory that enables bitwise operations with parallel computing to efficiently perform the quality control. The software optionally checks the inconsistency of pedigree information. We compared QCF90 with preGSf90, a preceding program, in terms of memory usage and computing time using a data set including 200,000 genotyped individuals, 50,000 SNP markers per individual, and 216,500 pedigree individuals. In total running time, QCF90 was approximately 6 times faster than PREGSF90 (307 s vs 2075 s) while the memory usage was 30 times less (2 GB vs 75 GB) using only 1 thread. The QCF90 program performed better in speed as more threads were used. A check for genomic duplications took 159 s with 16 threads when 5,000 genotypes were compared with 200,000 genotypes using 2500 SNP markers. The new tool is useful in the routine genomic evaluation and the academic research in which both the genotypes and the pedigree information are used. The QCF90 executable is available at http://nce.ads.uga.edu with a user manual.
65 Sustainability of fish-derived feed inputs: an ecological perspective
Authors: Tyedmers Peter , Cashion Tim , Parker Robert
Published: December 2019

Fishmeals and fish oils (FMFOs) sourced traditionally from directed fisheries and increasingly from seafood processing by-product streams, are important sources of key nutrients in animal diets. While attention is understandably paid to the relative nutritional attributes and prices of FMFOs, little consideration is typically paid to the resource utilization and environmental performance attributes of these products, beyond attending to the management status of source fisheries. This is somewhat surprising, however, given the diversity of species and ecosystems from which FMFOs are derived, their relative abundance, the technologies used in their capture, and energy sources used in their processing. Here, we present results of analyses of the greenhouse gas emission intensity (carbon footprint) and area of marine ecosystem to support the primary productivity required to sustain production of the species-specific biomass required (marine ecological footprint) to yield a tonne of fishmeal or oil for 18 distinct combinations of species, source ecosystem and fishing gear used to produce fishmeal and oil. Analyses of the carbon footprint of meals and oils included direct combustion and related upstream GHG emissions associated with direct fuel inputs to fishing along with emissions from processing-related fuel and electricity inputs. Analyses of the marine ecological footprint of meals and oils accounted for the trophic level of the source species as well as the source ecosystem-specific trophic transfer efficiency and average annual primary productivity. Results indicate that the carbon footprint of FMFOs varied by an order of magnitude while the marine ecological footprint of meals and oils varied by four orders of magnitude amongst the sources assessed. Given these substantial environmental and ecological performance differences between many widely traded FMFOs, there is substantial scope for feed formulators to construct and market low environmental impact feeds while maintaining nutritional and cost profiles.
100 Sequential feeding with diets that differ in amino acid content can significantly increase performance of growing and finishing pigs
Authors: Veira Alini , Santos Luan S , Fraga Alicia , Campos Paulo , Caetano Raphael , Hauschild Luciano
Published: December 2019

Recent studies have shown that feed intake, nutrient metabolism and utilization may vary during the 24-h circadian period. In this regard, this study aimed at evaluating the impact on performance from the switching of conventional to sequential feeding programs with diets that differ in amino acid content over the day for growing–finishing pigs. Sixty-eight 25-kg (±2.04) BW barrows were assigned to 4 feeding programs (17 animals per treatment): 1) conventional feeding (CONV), in which pigs received 100% of standardized ileal digestible (SID) AA recommendations for the entire day; 2) sequential feeding (SEQ80-120), providing 80% SID AA recommendations from 2400 to 1159 h and 120% from 1200 to 2359 h; 3) sequential feeding (SEQ70-130) providing 70% SID AA recommendations from 2400 to 1159 h and 130% from 1200 to 2359 h; and 4) sequential feeding (SEQ60-140) providing 60% SID AA recommendations from 2400 to 1159 h and 140% from 1200 to 2359 h. The experimental period lasted 82 d and was subdivided in 3 phases: phase 1 (0 to 28 d), phase 2 (29 to 54 d) and phase 3 (55 to 82 d). The data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure in SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). SEQ80-120 and SEQ60-140 did not improve performance compared to CONV (P > 0.05). However, ADFI, ADG and BW was higher for SEQ70-130 than CONV during phase 1 (1.49 vs 1.3 kg/d; 0.74 vs 0.65 kg/d; 46.55 vs 43.40 kg, respectively; P < 0.05). During phase 2, BW tended to be higher for SEQ70-130 than CONV (69.20 vs 63.60 kg; P = 0.08). In the entire experimental period, ADFI tended to be higher for SEQ70-130 than CONV (2.08 vs 1.89 kg/d; P = 0.10). According to our results, sequential feeding program improves performance of growing–finishing at the beginning of the period.
342 Economic evaluation of Jersey steers using an aggressive implant strategy
Authors: Wesley Kaitlyn , Kirkpatrick Tylo J , Pillmore Sierra L , Cooper Kimberly , Tennant Travis , Lawrence Ty
Published: December 2019

Our objective was to evaluate the profitability of Jersey steers fed in a Non-Hormone Treated Cattle (NHTC) program compared to those receiving an aggressive implant strategy. Jersey steers (n = 30; initial BW 183.3 ± 43.4kg) were allocated to one of two treatments: IMP (Revalor-200 administered at d0-d70-d140-d210-d280-d350) or CON (negative control) and fed for 420 days to assess economic viability for beef production. Live cattle, carcass, and subprimal prices were collected and consolidated from USDA Mandatory Price Reports for the 2018 calendar year. Data were analyzed via independent t-test. Initial cost was $357.02 per animal. Daily feed and yardage costs totaled $2.58 and $2.13 for IMP and CON, respectively. Live cattle value was greater for IMP cattle (P = 0.02; $1,281.20 vs $1,180.70 hd-1) than CON, which resulted from greater live weight. Base grid value was greater for IMP than CON (P = 0.01; $1,209.80 vs $1,076.00) however quality grade discounts were hefty for IMP (-$73.55) due to low marbling and dark-firm-dry outcomes, whereas all CON (+$37.50) carcasses graded Choice and Prime. Premiums for NHTC averaged $121.60 for CON cattle. Although not different (P = 0.19) CON steers netted greater numerical carcass value when marketed on a value-based grid than IMP steers ($1,178.92 vs $1,063.93). Boxed beef values for six steers randomly fabricated per treatment but did not differ (P = 0.87) between IMP and CON ($1,227.19 vs $1,207.92 hd-1). When marketed live, CON returned greater net production value (P = 0.04; -$69.23 vs -$160.60) than IMP, as well as on the grid (P < 0.01; -$71.05 vs -$377.83). However, net production value did not differ when marketed as boxed beef (P = 0.18; -$42.05 vs -$214.56). Marketing Jersey steer beef as NHTC appears to be more economically viable than an aggressive implant strategy, yet neither treatment yielded profit.
125 Supplementing extra dietary DL-methionine mitigates effects of higher stocking density on growth performance, meat quality, and health status of broiler chicks
Authors: Magnuson Andrew , Liu Guanchen , Sun Tao , Tolba Samar , Fahrenholz Adam , Xi L , Whelan Rose , Lei Xingen
Published: December 2019

This study was to determine if 30% extra supplemental DL-methionine could improve growth performance, meat quality, and health status of broilers stocked at a high density. A total of 560 day-old male Cornish cockerel chicks were divided into 4 treatment groups: 2 stocking densities (2.9 and 3.8 kg/ft2) and 2 supplementations of DL-methionine (grower: 2.90 or 3.77 g/kg and finisher: 2.60 or 3.38 g/kg). Chicks were fed the same corn-soybean meal-based starter diet and then experimental diets (grower: 6.4 g SAA/kg, finisher: 5.9 g SAA/kg, n = 10 pens/treatment). Growth performance and mortality were recorded, and blood and tissue samples (3 chicks/pen) were collected at the end of each period. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA. High stocking density decreased (P < 0.05) BW and (or) ADG of growers and finishers. Both high stocking density and methionine decreased (P < 0.05) ADFI and the high methionine improved (P < 0.05) feed use efficiency of chicks during the grower-finisher period. Neither treatment affected feather coverage, mortality, incidences of diseases, or dressing percentage. The high methionine improved (P < 0.05) meat to bone ratio of thigh, and exerted mixed effects (P < 0.05) on texture of breast and thigh. Dietary methionine and stocking density showed no major effects on tissue lipid profiles, but moderate effects (P < 0.05) on plasma concentrations of total cholesterol and(or) triglycerides of chicks. Fatty acid profiles in the liver and breast of chicks were unaffected by either treatment. The two treatments enhanced (P < 0.05) tibial maximum breaking strength (15–20%) and plasma alkaline phosphatase activity of growers. In conclusion, the high stocking density affected growth performance, meat quality, and health status of broilers. Supplementing 30% extra dietary methionine seemed to mitigate some of those effects. (Supported in part by Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH, Germany)
448 Late-breaking: GWAS analysis show QTL in horses which are characterized by sperm resistance to freezing
Authors: Kudinov Andrei A , Dementieva Natalia , Nikitkina Elena , Atroshchenko Michail , Musidray Artem
Published: December 2019

Damaging effects of low temperatures on the functionality of sperm is well known. Stallion sperm cryoresistance has a high individual variability. The genetic basis of cryoresistance and its heritability are little studied. The aim of the study was to search for genome-wide associations with sperm motility after freezing. 96 sperm samples were collected. The collected sperm was diluted to a final concentration 100 mln/ml and frozen in 0.5 ml straws or 18–20 ml tubes. The evaluation of semen was carried out no earlier than 24 hours after freezing. Sperm motility was assessed by computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA). Genomic DNA was purified form semen samples and genotyped using Affymetrix Equine HD array. Genotypes quality control and association studies were performed in Plink 1.9 and EMMAX software respectively. Evaluation of sperm motility showed high individual variability in both total and progressive motility after freezing. Total motility varied from 0.5 to 92.5%, and progressive motility from 0.5 to 70.8%. Sufficient associations of PTF with SNP’s were detected on chromosome (Chr) 1 (P < 1.33e-09) and 4 (P < 2.00e-09). Found SNP’s were located in genes PAS domain-containing protein 3 (Chr1) and UBAP1-MVB12 (Chr4). Expression of these genes in human body was found in cerebrum and male genitals. Suggestive SNPs were found lying nearby to genes responsible for formation of cell wall and proteins affecting mitochondrial activity. Performed studies are presenting first step of understanding genetic background of cryoresistancy of semen in horses. Found markers could be used for selection of stallions based on cryopreservation ability. Authors acknowledge financial support from Russian Science Foundation, Grant No: 18-16-00071.
450 Late-Breaking: Effects of bedding on feedlot receiving phase growth performance in beef steers during the winter in eastern South Dakota
Authors: Smerchek Dathan , Smith Zachary K
Published: December 2019

Two-hundred and forty English × Continental beef steers (initial BW=365 kg [SD 22.5]) were used in a randomized complete block design to evaluate the effects of bedding application during a 36 d feedlot receiving phase on growth performance and efficiency during winter. Steers were allotted to 30 pens (n = 8 steers/pen) at the Ruminant Nutrition Center in Brookings, SD and pens were assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: 1) No bedding applied (NO) or 2) 1.8 kg (as-is basis) of wheat straw bedding/steer/d (BED). Due to the logistics of acquiring, weighing, and timely feeding of steers, the first 9 pen replicates began on test 14 d prior (begin: January 15, 2019 and end: February 20, 2019) to the last 6 pen replicates (begin: January 29, 2019 and end: March 6, 2019). Pen was the experimental unit; an α of 0.05 determined significance. Daily ambient temperature (n = 50) averaged -14.7°C [SD 5.63] and wind-chill (n = 50) averaged -17.7°C [SD 6.40]. Initial BW (365 vs. 365 ± 0.5 kg) and dry matter intake (8.19 vs. 8.22 ± 0.047 kg) did not differ (P ≥ 0.57) between NO and BED. End BW was greater for BED (P = 0.01; 419 vs. 402 ± 1.09 kg) compared to NO. Steers from BED had increased average daily gain (P = 0.01) by 48.0% and gain:feed (P = 0.01) by 49.2% over NO. Using tabular ingredient energy values and observed steer performance shrunk 4%, relative adjustments to metabolic rate were calculated. Estimated metabolic rate was elevated (P = 0.01) for NO (0.146 vs. 0.104 ± 0.0032 Mcal/BW0.75, kg). Bedding improves feedlot receiving phase growth and efficiency in eastern South Dakota during the winter. Under the environmental conditions of this experiment, steers have a 40.4% increased metabolic rate when bedding is not used and steers in bedded pens had a 35.1% increase in metabolic rate compared to (0.077 Mcal/BW0.75, kg).
149 Analysis of culling pattern during breeding cycle and lifetime production from the aspect of culling reasons for gilts and sows in southwest China
Authors: Wang Chao , Peng Jian
Published: December 2019

Unplanned removal of gilts and sows shortens the longevity and decreases the production efficiency. Analyzing and monitoring culling pattern conduces to administrative decisions on productivity and economic results of breeding herds. To investigate culling pattern during breeding cycle and lifetime production from the aspect of culling reasons, 19,471 culling records of 24 pig herds from January 2016 to December 2017 were collected in southwest China. Lifetime pigs born alive (LPBA) and parity for culling reasons were analyzed using mixed linear model (PROC MIXED) with culling reason as fixed effect and farm and year as random effects, respectively. For reason distribution at different parities and breeding cycle analysis, chi-square test (PROC FREQ) was performed for the comparison between any two culling reasons with an adjusted significant level when overall difference was significant. Results showed sows culled for stress and death (SD), lameness (LA), common disease (CD), and return to estrus (NP) had less than 20 of LPBA (P < 0.05). Gilts mainly culled for anestrus beyond 9 months (AB9), CD, and LA, while weaning sows for reproductive system disease (RS), CD, and anestrus beyond 7 days (P < 0.0033). Gestating sows mainly culled for NP, CD, and SD, while lactating sows for low or no milk production (NM), poor litter size, and CD (P < 0.0033). Moreover, sows mainly culled at parity 0, 1, and 2 (P < 0.0024). Besides CD and RS, LA and NP were the primary reason for parity 1 and 2 culls, respectively. In conclusion, SD, LA, CD, and NP sharply decrease sow lifetime production. AB9, RS, NP, and NM mainly occurred in gilts, weaning, gestating, and lactating sows, respectively. Low parity sows had more risks of CD, RS, LA, and NP.
387 Supplementing a yeast-derived product to feedlot cattle: impacts on performance, physiological responses, and carcass characteristics
Authors: Pancini Stefania , Cooke Reinaldo F , Brandão Alice , Dias Nicholas W , Timlin Claire , Fontes Pedro Levy Piza , Sales Alvaro , Wicks Jordan , Murray Adam , Mercadante Vitor R G
Published: December 2019

This experiment evaluated the impacts of supplementing a yeast-derived product (Celmanax; Church & Dwight Co., Inc.; Princeton, NJ) during the finishing period on performance, physiological responses, and carcass quality of beef cattle. Ninety Angus-influenced steers (13 mo of age) were housed into a feeding facility equipped with Calan gates 2 weeks prior to the beginning of the experiment (d 0 to 133). Steer body weight (BW) was collected on d -3, -2, and -1, averaged, and represented steer initial BW (483 ± 3 kg of BW). On d 0, steers were ranked by initial BW to receive a finishing diet containing or not Celmanax at 16 g/steer daily (as-fed basis). Diet composition was (dry matter basis) 22% corn silage, 70.2% ground corn, 5% soybean meal, 1.8% mineral and vitamin mix, and 1% urea. Monensin (Rumensin 90; Elanco, Greenfield, IN) was included in the diet at 27.3 g/ton of dry matter. Steers received diets and treatments individually until slaughter on d 134. Voluntary feed intake was recorded daily throughout the experiment. Steer BW was recorded on d 131, 132, and 133, and averaged for final BW. Feed efficiency was calculated from each steer according to feed intake and BW gain during the 133-d experimental period, Blood samples were collected via jugular venipuncture on days 0, 60, and 133 and harvested for plasma. Hot carcass weight was collected upon slaughter, whereas trained personnel assessed carcass traits after a 24-h chill. No differences in BW gain, feed efficiency, feed intake, and carcass quality traits were observed between treatments (P > 0.25). No differences were also detected for plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, somatomedin, and leptin (P > 0.33). Therefore, Celmanax inclusion into finishing diets containing monensin did not improve performance, physiological responses, and carcass quality of feedlot cattle.
398 Effects of protein level and supplemental methionine in late-gestation on colostrum quality and passive immunity transfer in beef cattle
Authors: Lievre Michaela K S , Collins Madeline M , Lawson Kaitlyn V J , Hodgins Douglas C , Cant John P , Mandell Ira B , Wood Katie M
Published: December 2019

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of metabolizable protein (MP) level and supplemental rumen-protected methionine (RPM) on colostrum quality and passive immunity transfer from beef cows fed during late-gestation. One hundred and forty-seven pregnant Angus crossbred cows and heifers were randomly assigned to one of six dietary treatments based on a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement. Diets included feeding to 90%, 100% and 110% MP requirements (NRC, 2016), offered with (without) 9 g/d of RPM. Cattle were individually fed a partially mixed ration (60% haylage/40% straw for cows; 70% haylage/30% straw for heifers) with supplements top-dressed daily for approximately 56 d prior to calving. Immediately after calving, a colostrum sample was collected from each dam for analysis of milk components, total protein, and IgG concentrations. Two d post-calving, serum samples were collected from each calf for analysis of total protein and IgG concentrations. A refractometer was used to estimate total protein as a preliminary estimate of the transfer of maternal IgG and total IgG concentrations were later determined using Radial Immunodiffusion (RID). Data were analyzed as a completely randomized block design using Proc GLIMMIX in SAS. Level of MP, RPM, and their interaction did not influence concentrations of fat, protein, BHB or SCC in colostrum (P ≥ 0.12). Supplementation of RPM decreased concentrations of MUN (45.92 vs. 54.51 ±3.17 mg/dl; P = 0.04), but did not change IgG (14.66 vs. 15.90 ±0.87 g/dl; P = 0.29). While MP level during gestation did not affect total protein or IgG concentrations in calf serum (P ≥ 0.64), providing supplemental RPM decreased total protein (5.79 vs. 6.33 ±0.13 g/dl; P = 0.002) and IgG concentrations in calf serum (3.44 vs. 4.30 ±0.25 g/dl; P = 0.01). These results suggest that providing supplemental methionine for beef cows during gestation may alter colostrum quality and decrease serum protein and IgG in offspring.
PSII-37 Determining the possible anthelmintic properties of allicin and pumpkin seed oil for mitigation of anthelmintic resistance found in gastrointestinal nematodes infecting ruminants
Authors: Hayes Collin , Benavides Elizabeth , Diamond Malorie , Wetmore Trixie L , Mix Ken
Published: December 2019

Anthelmintics are a widely utilized treatment option for gastrointestinal nematodes infecting ruminants. Recently, these parasites have exhibited increasing resistance towards these drugs. Haemonchus controtus, a gastrointestinal nematode commonly found in small ruminants, has developed resistance towards multiple classes of anthelmintics, leading to huge economic losses worldwide. There are few novel drugs currently being developed, but certain plant-derived products have demonstrated anthelmintic properties when administered in various forms to ruminants. By utilizing these plant products, producers have the opportunity to decrease the rate of development of anthelmintic resistance, and prevent eggs from hatching when excreted by infected livestock. Therefore, it is hypothesized that specific plant-derived products will act as ovicidal agents in H. contortus eggs. The objective of this study was to determine the ovicidal activity of allicin (from Allium sativum) and pumpkin seed oil (PSO). H. contortus eggs were extracted from a pooled fecal sample of Boer and Spanish goats naturally infected with H. contortus. The eggs were then exposed to allicin or PSO at different concentrations. Experiments were replicated four times per concentration. To determine ovicidal activity, samples were observed for unhatched eggs and hatched worms for 24 hours. The 1:100 allicin dilution treatment tended (P = 0.053) to inhibit hatching more than the control. Furthermore, any worms that hatched in allicin treatments exhibited limited signs of motility. Pumpkin seed oil does not appear to possess the same ovicidal potency as allicin, but may still have potential as a larvicidal agent. Based on the current results, allicin is a potential ovicidal agent that may be used independently or incorporated with current treatment methods for H. contortus control.
PSIV-1 Effects of nutrient restriction and realimentation of gestating ewes on fetal carbohydrase activities in the small intestine
Authors: Trotta Ronald J , Vonnahme Kimberly A , Swanson Kendall C
Published: December 2019

The small intestine plays an important role in post-ruminal carbohydrate digestion and there is limited information on its function in response to nutritional adaptation. To examine the effects of nutrient restriction and realimentation on fetal small intestinal carbohydrase activities during mid- to late-gestation, 41 singleton ewes (48.3±0.6 kg BW) were randomly assigned to dietary treatments: 100% (control; CON; n = 20) or 60% of nutrient requirements (restricted; RES; n = 21) from day 50–90 (mid-gestation) of gestation. At day 90, 14 ewes (CON, n = 7; RES, n = 7) were slaughtered. The remaining ewes were subjected to treatments of nutrient restriction or remained under a control diet from day 90–130 (late-gestation): CON-CON (n = 6), CON-RES (n = 7), RES-CON (n = 7), and RES-RES (n = 7) and were slaughtered at day 130. The fetal small intestine was weighed, subsampled, and assayed for carbohydrase (maltase, isomaltase, glucoamylase, lactase, and sucrase) activity. Enzyme activity was expressed as U/g and U/g protein. Protein concentration was expressed as mg/g intestine. Differences between means were determined using contrasts in the MIXED procedure of SAS. Small intestinal mass increased (P < 0.001) with day of gestation. Sucrase activity was undetected in the small intestine. Day of gestation did not affect carbohydrase development in the fetal small intestine. Nutrient restriction did not affect glucoamylase, maltase, or isomaltase activities. There was a significant mid-gestation treatment × late-gestation treatment interaction for lactase activity (P < 0.05). Realimentation during late-gestation after nutrient restriction during mid-gestation increased lactase activity in the fetal small intestine. These data demonstrate that fetal mucosal carbohydrases are imprinted early in gestation and brush border α-glycohydrolases involved in starch digestion (maltase, isomaltase, glucoamylase) do not respond to maternal nutrient restriction in sheep. Nutrient restriction of ewes during mid-gestation followed by realimentation during late-gestation may be a programming strategy to increase fetal lactase activity.
PSIV-8 Effects of restricted maternal nutrition and re-alimentation on fetal muscle development from mid to late gestation in sheep
Authors: Liefeld Amanda E , Mitchell Michaela , Govoni Kristen E , Vonnahme Kimberly A , Grazul-Bilska Anna T , Swanson Kendall C , Zinn Steven A , Reed Sarah A
Published: December 2019

Inadequate maternal nutrition during gestation negatively impacts offspring muscle development, which may be attenuated by re-alimentation. We hypothesized that restricted maternal nutrition would alter fetal muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) and the percent of Pax7(+) progenitor cells. To test this, 48 primiparous ewes, pregnant with singletons, were fed 100% of NRC requirements (CON) between days 25 and 50 of gestation. At day 50 of gestation, seven ewes were euthanized for fetal sample collection. The remaining ewes were fed either CON or 60% NRC requirements (RES). At day 90 of gestation, seven ewes per diet were euthanized for fetal sample collection. The remaining ewes were maintained on their current diet (CON-CON, RES-RES) or switched to the alternate diet (CON-RES, RES-CON). At day 130 of gestation, all ewes (n = 6 or 7 ewes/diet) were euthanized, and fetal samples were collected. On days 90 and 130, fetal longissimus (LM) and triceps brachii (TB) were collected and immunostained for enumeration of Pax7(+) cells and muscle fiber CSA. The percent of Pax7(+) cells was determined by dividing the number of Pax7(+) cells by the total number of cells. At day 90 of gestation, the percent of Pax7(+) cells was less (P < 0.01) in the TB of RES compared with CON. At day 130, fiber CSA was greater (P < 0.04) in RES-CON compared with CON-CON, CON-RES, and RES-CON in the TB, and was greater (P < 0.02) in RES-CON compared with RES-RES and CON-RES in the LM. An effect of maternal nutrition was not observed for the percent of Pax7(+) cells in the LM, or for CSA at day 90 in either muscle. Thus, restricted maternal nutrition during early to mid-gestation alters the percent of Pax7(+) cells at mid-gestation in a muscle specific manner. Re-alimentation during late gestation increased fiber CSA, demonstrating that re-alimentation alters fetal muscle development.
PSII-2 Application of partial least squares regression to predict feed efficiency and intake using feeding behavior patterns in growing steers and heifers
Authors: Johnson Jocelyn R , Carstens Gordon E , Parsons Ira , Tedeschi Luis O
Published: December 2019

Objectives of this study were to evaluate the use of feeding behavior traits to predict individual-animal RFI and DMI of growing cattle fed high-grain finishing diets. Performance, DMI, and feeding behavior data were collected from 1 study utilizing 498 Angus-based composite steers (Study 1), and 2 studies utilizing 408 heifers (Study 2) and 321 steers (Study 3) composed of Brangus, Braford, Simbrah, and Angus breeds. DMI and feeding behavior traits were measured using a GrowSafe system, and RFI calculated within trial. Seventeen feeding behavior traits were evaluated: Frequency and duration of bunk visit (BV) and meal events, head-down duration (HDD), average meal length, maximum non-feeding interval, corresponding day-to-day variation (SD) of these traits, and ratios of HDD per BV duration, HDD per meal duration, and BV events per meal event. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) models for DMI and RFI were calibrated using data from Study 1 and 2, and independently validated using Study 3. Independent variables for the DMI models included mid-test BW0.75, ADG, frame size, and ultrasound traits, with and without feeding behavior traits, and for the RFI model included frame size, ultrasound, and feeding behavior traits. For prediction of DMI, validation R2 (R2v) of the base model (Mid-test BW0.75, ADG, frame size, and ultrasound) was 0.46. Inclusion of feeding behavior traits to the base model increased R2v to 0.66. For prediction of RFI, R2v was low (0.37), but the model classified 51% of calves into the correct RFI group (± 0.50 SD), with only 7% incorrectly classified across 2 RFI groups. Ongoing development of biosensor-based technologies to quantify feeding behavior patterns provides opportunities to predict DMI in support of precision nutrition, and reduce costs of identifying feed-efficient cattle. Further research is warranted to evaluate the robustness of PLSR-based models to predict RFI and DMI in cattle.
PSII-16 Thermal sensor-based multiple object tracking system for estrus detection in Korean native beef cattle
Authors: Kang HyoKon , Park Gee-Tae , Na YoungJun , Kwon HyounChul , Lee Sangrak
Published: December 2019

This experiment was conducted to improve estrus detection using a thermal sensor based on multiple object tracking system. A total of six Hanwoo (Korean native beef cattle, BW= 404 ± 58 kg) were used in this study. They were housed in a 5 × 10 m pen by three animals per replication. The total amount of moving distance and feed intake were measured before and after estrus period. The infrared thermography camera (FLIR A615, FLIR SYSTEMS, USA) was placed approximately 9 m above ground to take thermal images. The video files were analyzed to calculate moving distance of experimental animals by the tracking system which was developed by our previous research. Each animal in a pen was tracked on thermal video files, and then moving distances were calculated by topographic surface-based object segmentation, velocity weight, and the river-bed refinement. Feed intake was calculated every day at 0900 by weighing residual feed. On the day before estrus, the total moving distance of experimental animals was 6,434 m (Pen 1= 6,873 m, Pen 2= 5,995m), whereas it was 15,121 m (Pen 1= 17,434 m and Pen 2= 12,808 m) on the estrus day, showing 2.35 times increase (P < 0.05) in moving activity. Feed intake was decreased (P < 0.05) by 11% on estrus day (29.4 vs. 26.1 kg). A decrease in feed intake and an increase in movement of beef cattle on the estrus day, were obvious signs that have been well documented not only in previous researches and but empirical knowledge. In this study, however, the exact moving distance of Korean native beef cattle was calculated by the thermal imaging video tracking system. Therefore, this multiple object tracking system could be applied in practice to detect estrus of beef cattle.
PSIII-32 The influence of liver copper concentration on copper homeostatic liver proteins in beef cattle
Authors: Tillquist Nicole M , Thorndyke Meghan P , Engle Terry
Published: December 2019

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the influence of liver Cu concentrations on the relative abundance of liver Cu homeostatic proteins in beef cattle. Archived liver biopsy samples were selected based on Cu concentrations (n = 4 samples 21.7±1.35 mg Cu/kg DM-deficient; and n = 4 samples 73.3 ±10.7 mg Cu/kg DM-adequate). Liver samples were obtained from a subset of multiparous beef cows receiving a forage-based diet with no supplemental Cu (basal diet 6.25 mg Cu/kg DM) or 10 mg Cu/kg DM total diet (Cu supplemented as CuSO4·5H2O) for 99 d. Liver proteins were identified using mass spectrometry, normalized, and relative abundance determined using Scaffold software. A total of 895 identical proteins were identified in each sample and relative abundance of each Cu specific homeostatic protein (n = 13) was recorded. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using R software. Copper homeostatic liver proteins identified were: aldehyde dehydrogenase, apolipoprotein A-1, betaine homocysteine methyltransferase, carbonic anhydrase II, Cu chaperone for superoxide dismutase, Cu transport protein, cytochrome c oxidase Cu chaperone, extracellular superoxide dismutase, flavin reductase, glutamate dehydrogenase, glutathione synthetase, protein disulphide isomerase A3, and Cu-zinc superoxide dismutase. By design, liver Cu concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) in Cu adequate vs. Cu deficient liver samples. Copper deficient liver samples had greater (P < 0.05) relative abundance of glutathione synthetase compared to Cu adequate liver samples. The relative abundance of all other Cu homeostatic liver proteins identified were similar (P > 0.05) across Cu concentrations. These data suggest that deficient and adequate liver Cu concentrations ranging from 16.0 to 109.0 mg Cu/kg DM have minimal impact on the relative abundance of Cu homeostatic proteins in beef cattle. Further investigation is needed to determine if liver Cu concentration influences Cu homeostatic protein function.