bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing Intonation Skills in a Tertiary Music Training Programme
Authors: Fogarty Gerard J. , Buttsworth Louise M. , Gearing Phillip J.
Published: March 2007

Buttsworth, Fogarty, and Rorke (1993) reported the construction of a battery of tonal tests designed to assess intonation abilities. A subset of the tests in the battery predicted 36% of final scores in an aural training subject in a tertiary music course. In the current study, the original battery of fourteen tests was reduced to six tests and administered three times throughout the academic year to a new sample (N = 87) of tertiary music students. Three research questions were investigated. Firstly, it was hypothesised that tests in the battery would discriminate among the different aural classes at the University of Southern Queensland, which were grouped according to ability level. The results from discriminant function analyses provided strong support for this hypothesis. Secondly, it was hypothesised that students should improve their performance on the pitch battery across the three administrations. A repeated measures analysis of variance failed to find evidence of overall improvement. Finally, it was hypothesised that there would be significant differences on the intonation tests between musicians of different instrumental families. Again, no overall differences were found. The results indicated that intonation tests appear to tap an ability that (a) is not significantly modified by training, (h) is more or less the same across different instrument families, and (c) is related to success in music training programmes.
Some Observations on Pianists' Timing of Arpeggiated Chords
Authors: Repp Bruno H.
Published: March 2007

The timing of arpeggiated chords involving both hands sequentially was measured in performances of Edvard Grieg's Erotik, op. 43, No. 5, by ten graduate student pianists (who played the piece three times after brief study) and by eight commercially recorded ("expert") pianists. Arpeggio durations depended more on the preceding note value and position in the phrase than on the number of notes. The student pianists frequently overlapped the two hands, contrary to the notation. Those student arpeggios which were executed correctly frequently showed lengthening of the final and, less often, of the initial interonset interval. There were consistent individual differences in the students' timing patterns. The expert pianists showed even larger individual differences and few commonalities. The origins of these differences and their perceptual and aesthetic implications remain to be investigated.
Perceptions of More Complete Musical Compositions: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Berz William L. , Kelly Anthony E.
Published: March 2007

This study describes a methodology for documenting listeners' conceptions of musical structure. The method uses digital technologies that allows precise identification of musical structure, together with a word-processing feature that allows the researcher to capture listeners' interpretations of the piece. In the study, inexperienced listeners (N = 19) and experienced listeners (N = 13) were asked to identify structural events when listening to an intact musical example (last movement, Symphony No. 34 in C major, K. 338 by Mozart). The data collected using this method showed that inexperienced listeners were significantly poorer than the experienced listeners at recognising formal structural events. Most experienced listeners used perceptual attributes or musical labels to describe the structural units that they had identified; many of the inexperienced listeners did not. Eight inexperienced listeners reported psychoacoustic labels, two reported affective labels, four reported sporadic imagery and five reported sustained action involving imagined characters. Thus, this method demonstrated its ability to capture data at each of Umemoto's (1990) four dimensions for analysing compositions.
Biodiversity Datadiversity
Authors: Bowker Geoffrey C.
Published: March 2007

Biodiversity is a data-intense science, drawing as it does on data from a large number of disciplines in order to build up a coherent picture of the extent and trajectory of life on earth. This paper argues that as sets of heterogeneous databases are made to converge, there is a layering of values into the emergent infrastructure. It is argued that this layering process is relatively irreversible, and that it operates simultaneously at a very concrete level (fields in a database) and at a very abstract one (the coding of the relationship between the disciplines and the production of a general ontology). Finally, it is maintained that science studies as a discipline is able to (and should) make a significant contribution to the design of robust and flexible databases which recognize this performative character of infrastructure.
From Field to Fantasy
Authors: Waterton Claire
Published: March 2007

This paper sets out some observations on the making, and use, of contemporary classifications of nature in the context of a simultaneous and on-going `making' of Europe. It looks in particular at two classifications, one of British vegetation communities and the other of European `biotopes' (a concept that closely relates to natural or semi-natural `habitats') - respectively, the UK National Vegetation Classification (NVC) and the EU CORINE Biotopes Classification. It investigates aspects of the relationship between these two classifications which has come about through their use in a European conservation policy. The CORINE Biotopes classification, in particular, represents a new ordering of nature in a very active sense: it is a good example of a `working archive', and is intimately tied into policy decisions at many levels in Europe. The paper addresses questions as to how contemporary classifications are being made and used, and whether certain tacit understandings and conceptual frameworks `built in' to them reflect back upon the world at a later stage. It argues that these classifications do not always simply reflect the assumptions and understandings built into them: once in the policy domain, they are not as `reversible' as that. Their categories quickly become unstable, mutating and interacting in sometimes unpredictable ways. The two classifications, through their relationship with policy, have a jointly evolving history. The continual renewal of meaning attached to classes within these classifications appears to reflect outwards rather than inwards - in chorus with the broader social and political context, rather than reflecting the condition of their making. In their evolving forms, they illustrate very well the complex nature of the dynamic between unity and diversity, centre and periphery, that lies at the heart of the European Union.
Women Academic Scientists in India
Authors: Gupta Namrata , Sharma Arun K.
Published: March 2007

Gender inequality in science is common to most nations. To a large extent, this inequality is a product of the socio-cultural environment in which science is conducted. The professional environment and the socio-cultural context are inextricably linked together in the practice of science. This Note analyses the perceptions of women academic scientists in India regarding the work and social environment, and the nature of problems faced by them. A triangulation of questionnaire and interview methods was employed to develop a holistic picture. The findings show that women academic scientists are influenced by the prevailing sociocultural system. Thus, ‘patrifocal’ ideology prevails at the workplace and in the family. Women face gender-related difficulties at work, and also shoulder a dual burden resulting in stress. These problems have significant consequences for the career of women academic scientists.
The Corrected Quality Ratio: A Composite Index of Scientific Contribution to Knowledge
Authors: Lindsey Duncan
Published: March 2007

Empirical studies of the organization and conduct of science have tended to rely on the separate measurement of production and citations. Since these measures are interrelated to the overall assessment of scientific contribution, / have proposed a composite Index which combines these two components Into an overall measure. The simplicity and broad applicability of the index makes it an attractive candidate for uniform measurement of scientific contribution to knowledge.
Citation Visibility of Africa's Science
Authors: Rabkin Yakov M. , Eisemon Thomas O. , Lafitte-Houssat Jean-Jacques , McLean Rathgeber Eva
Published: March 2007

This Note analyzes data related to the visibility of the science being done in Africa. More specifically, the geographical distribution of citations to scientific papers produced at the University of Ibadan in Nigeria, and the University of Nairobi in Kenya, in the fields of botany, zoology, mathematics and physics is compared with similar data collected for two other peripheral Commonwealth universities. The hypothesis that botany and zoology may be more locally oriented (and thus more locally cited) than physics and mathematics was confirmed. Consistently high citation visibility has been observed in Britain for research carried out in all four peripheral Commonwealth universities. The high rates of intra-national citations received by scientists at Ibadan and Nairobi seem to indicate that the existing system of scientific communication affords significant visibility for the scientific work of developing nations.
When Black Boxes Clash: Competing Ideas of What Science Is in Economics, 1924-39
Authors: Yonay Yuval P.
Published: March 2007

This paper analyzes American economics during the period between the World Wars. During those years, two major groups of economists - neoclassicists and institutionalists - competed for control of the discipline. I analyze this struggle with the conceptual tools of actor-network theory: black boxes, trials of strength, allies and translation. The neoclassical - institutionalist struggle is depicted as a trial of strength of two competing approaches to the scientific study of the economy. I argue that the parties in such struggles tend to recruit allies from other prestigious disciplines, as well as from the field's own past leading practitioners, and to make arguments concerning the potential of their research programmes to solve important problems. The advocates speak in the name of these allies ('translation') and try to create unbreakable links with them. Rivals try to break these links, and the protagonists respond by mobilizing more allies and strengthening the network. Thus, methodological controversies resemble controversies over facts and theories, although the materials of which contested networks are made are different.
Enrolling the Core Set: The Case of the Animal Experimentation Controversy
Authors: Michael Mike , Birke Lynda
Published: March 2007

The notion of the `core set' usually refers to that group of scientists involved in the eventual resolution of a given technical controversy. Drawing upon actor-network theory, we suggest that such core sets, especially at science/public interfaces, are, in fact, constituted from generalized agonistic sets which entail `non-technical' issues - political, ethical, economic. Interview material with scientists who use animals in their research showed how they attempted to demarcate such a core set with their public critics. We consider how they constricted the core set by discursively demarcating the criteria for membership. These included `rationality' and `emotional authenticity'. Elaborating on Collins' use of `core set', we suggest that these discourses indicate that scientists are potentially engaged in actively constituting a core set by setting out cultural criteria for membership. Contrary to the focus of actor-network theory upon `definitive' enrolment, we found that scientists can also engage in characterizing suitable antagonists. As a supplement to both core set and enrolment, we suggest the concept of `envelopment'.
Ideology and the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge
Authors: Lynch William T.
Published: March 2007

Ideology critique has traditionally proceeded either by contrasting science and ideology or by distinguishing genuine interests from the distortions of false consciousness. At the same time that the sociology of scientific knowledge has opened up the content of science to social analysis, it has undermined the bases for such ideology critique. Barnes's attempt to rehabilitate a critical conception of ideology fails to provide for robust critique, and reintroduces an asymmetry - earlier banished - between instrumentalism and concealed social interest An alternative approach to ideology is proposed, that dispenses with appeals to demarcation criteria or the interrogation of motives. Instead, ideology should be seen as a particular effect of many signifying practices within and outside science - the establishment or maintenance of disparities of power in society. The role that social studies of science can play in identifying potential remedies for ideology is discussed.
A Spectrum of Belief: Goethe's `Republic' versus Newtonian `Despotism'
Authors: Jackson Myles W.
Published: March 2007

This paper offers a contextualized study of Goethe's Zur Farbenlehre. Goethe's work on colour theory did not merely depict his disdain for the Newtonian doctrine of light and colours: it illustrated his opposition to two extreme forms of politics apparent during the first decade of the nineteenth century - unenlightened despotism and anarchy. Goethe's prismatic games offered a more accessible epistemology to a wider audience. Hence, he linked what he considered to be the closed circles of interpretation of Newtonianism to Catholicism and the Illuminati. He wished to establish a `republic of colour theory' in order to subvert the hegemonic control which the Newtonians had established in optics. By using both the prismatic games and the history which Goethe himself provided in Zur Farbenlehre, this paper offers an account of how political narratives shape the meaning of experiment.
The Role of Reductionism in the Development of Molecular Biology: Peripheral or Central?
Authors: Fuerst John A.
Published: March 2007

It has been claimed that `reductionism' (broadly understood as a belief in explanation of biological phenomena wholly in physical and chemical terms) has been only of peripheral significance to the development of molecular biology, and even that various forms of non- or anti-reductionism have been important in that development. To examine these claims, this paper investigates the problems of analytical approaches to reductionism and reviews the early scientific and institutional history of molecular biology with respect to the role of reductionist assumptions. It is argued that for complete historical and sociological understanding of the role of philosophical assumptions in molecular biology, reductionism must be considered as a belief system more complex than that implied by any one definition of `reduction' derived from philosophical analysis. It is concluded from the historical review that reductionism was of central significance to the development of molecular biology, since it was central to institutions financially supporting and promoting early molecular biology, and to all the heuristically significant scientific areas of the emerging molecular biological speciality.
Towards an Analysis of Scientific Observation: The Externality and Evidential Significance of Observational Reports in Physics
Authors: Pinch Trevor
Published: March 2007

In this paper a new schema for the analysis of scientific observation is proposed. The concepts of `externality' and `evidential' context of observational reports are introduced. The degree of externality of reports is shown to be related to the specificity of the evidential context. Attention is drawn to how the new concepts differ from traditional issues raised by the problem of the theory-ladenness of observations. The analysis is illustrated by reference to the detection of solar neutrinos and measurements of solar oblateness. Detailed studies of these cases reveal how the externality and evidential context shifts during the course of observational disputes. Some of the consequences of the new schema for the analysis of scientific language, access to experimental data, and black-box instrumentation are developed.
Scientific Work and Uncertainty
Authors: Star Susan Leigh
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the transformation of local uncertainties encountered by working scientists into global certainty, or `scientific facts'. It discusses six mechanisms by which scientists transform local uncertainty: attributing certainty to the results of other fields; substituting processual for production evaluations in the face of technical failures; ideal type substitutions; shifting clinical and basic evaluation criteria; ad hoc generalizing of case studies; and the subsuming of epistemological questions in internal debates. The data are drawn from a study of late nineteenth-century British neurophysiologists (surgeons, neurologists, pathologists, physiologists). The approach is drawn from the sociology of work.
Paradigms and Ferrets
Authors: Clark Tim , Westrum Ron
Published: March 2007

Protecting endangered species is a very complicated scientific task, requiring ingenuity and imagination. Yet the organizations to which we have given this task may be little suited to it. Examining the ecology of black-footed ferrets and their near-extinction under government management, the authors question the adequacy of traditional wildlife management approaches whose calculative rationality fails to respond to the often rapidly changing and precarious situation of an endangered species. They argue that a different, generatively rational approach is needed if species like the ferret are to survive. Such an approach would use available cognitive resources better than does the highly centralized approach which wildlife bureaucracies seem to favour. Such organizational checks and balances would provide less danger for blind spots in our perception of the environment.
The British Success with Penicillin
Authors: Liebenau Jonathan
Published: March 2007

Penicillin is regarded as the prime example of the failure of British scientists to develop their inventions and to lose them to American commercial exploitation. However, British efforts to commercialize penicillin were extensive, and involved collaboration between major pharmaceutical corporations. This detailed analysis shows what work was done during World War II, and why the British were less successful in scaling up laboratory procedures sufficiently. This reflects as much upon attitudes towards the use of science in industry as upon financial opportunity.
Model Discourse: Interpretative Repertoires in Scientists' Conference Talk
Authors: McKinlay Andrew , Potter Jonathan
Published: March 2007

This paper is concerned with the organization of psychologists' discourse concerning scientific models. It examines accounts where both advocates and critics of `top-down' and `bottom-up' theoretical models defend their own conceptions and criticize other psychologists' conceptions. The findings of this analysis (1) illustrate the way in which psychologists use interpretative repertoires to produce internally coherent - but at the same time highly variable - accounts of action and belief; (2) explain the detailed content and organization of accounts in terms of dual motivations both to maintain a coherent position and to avoid making a potentially disruptive blaming; (3) represent a development of the work done on error accounting in biochemistry, the focus of interest in the present study being switched to social scientists and the use of interactional, rather than interview, data. Overall, the analysis describes some features of the constitution of scientific conferences and shows the potential for integrating discourse and conversation analytic approaches.
Accounting for Research: New Histories of Corporate Laboratories and the Social History of American Science
Authors: Dennis Michael Aaron
Published: March 2007

Industrial research is acclaimed as the motor of contemporary American economic growth. This paper discusses several recent histories of corporate laboratories and industrial research by explicating common themes and assumptions. Alfred D. Chandler's work on business organization in late nineteenth-century America is the interpretative framework used in two recent and important histories - Leonard Reich's The Making of American Industrial Research: Science and Business at GE and Bell, 1876-1926, and George Wise's Willis R. Whitney, General Electric, and the Origins of US Industrial Research. Both works provide rich accounts concerning the reasons why firms invested in research laboratories. Both also reveal the problems inherent in using Robert Merton's sociology of scientists in discussions of researchers working outside of the discipline-oriented university. The remainder of the paper replaces the normative sociological framework found in these recent histories with an analysis that locates the first corporate laboratories within the history of late-nineteenth- and early twentieth-century American science.
The Social Shaping of Industrial Innovations
Authors: Vergragt Philip J.
Published: March 2007

In this paper, the `social shaping' of new technologies within industrial research laboratories is investigated in detail. Industrial research laboratories are the sites where new products and processes are created. Two case studies of industrial innovation are presented and analyzed in terms of a conceptual framework, the essence of which is that the outcomes of industrial innovative processes are determined by negotiations between actors about dominant problem definitions. The resulting research lines are characterized by `niches' in which problem definitions are stable, and `decision points' where a change in dominant problem definition has occurred. The potential of this model both for enriching the analysis of industrial research processes, and for enhancing social influence over industrial research, is discussed.
Negotiating Arithmetic, Constructing Proof: The Sociology of Mathematics and Information Technology
Authors: MacKenzie Donald
Published: March 2007

The first part of this paper discusses floating-point arithmetic, as performed by computers and advanced digital calculators. It shows that different computer arithmetics have been proposed, and that the nearest approximation to a consensual computer arithmetic — the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' standard for floating-point arithmetic — had to be negotiated, rather than deduced from existing human arithmetic. The second part of the paper discusses mathematical proof of the correctness of programs and hardware designs, which is increasingly being demanded for systems crucial to safety or security. It argues that this extension of the domain of application of mathematical proof involves the negotiation of what a proof consists in. In 1987, this argument led the author and colleagues to predict a legal case concerning the nature of mathematical proof. Such litigation took place in 1991; the key point at issue is described. More general disagreement about proof as applied to computer systems is also discussed. A further prediction is made: that there will be litigation concerning not just what kind of argument counts as a proof, but over the internal structure of formal proofs.
The Theatre of the Blind: Starring a Promethean Prankster, a Phoney Phenomenon, a Prism, a Pocket, and a Piece of Wood
Authors: Ashmore Malcolm
Published: March 2007

One of the most notorious cases of full-blown scientific error is the `non-existent' form of radiation known as `N-rays', discovered in the spring of 1903 by the French physicist Blondlot. After a short but full and interesting life, N-rays were killed off (so the story goes) in the autumn of 1904 by the American physicist Wood, who, after visiting Blondlot's laboratory in Nancy, published in Nature a damning report of what he found (or didn't find). In this paper, I look at the way in which these events have been represented in subsequent commentaries (including a later one of Wood's), concentrating particularly on `the tale of the removal of the prism'. I also examine the source of the effectiveness of Wood's `rhetoric of undiscovery' which I claim lies in his construction and operation of a `theatre of the blind', in which only we who were not there can see the nothing that is there. Throughout the text, Wood's credibility as a reporter is questioned in the interest of providing a symmetrically sceptical account of Wood's scientific claims and status, as a counter to the standard story.
Sounding the Global Alarm: Environmental Issues in the US National News
Authors: Mazur Allan , Lee Jinling
Published: March 2007

The New York Times and a few other major national news organizations, along with their sources of information, were effective in placing the global environment on the American agenda of problems during the late 1980s. This appears to have been an unplanned outcome, largely the result of a few specific environmental problems with different constituencies all becoming important news stories at about the same time. Each story reinforced the attention given to the others, so that their global linkages and common elements were emphasized. This case illustrates the interplay among national news media, prominent news sources, and extraneous events in shaping national concerns.
From Fax to Facts: Communication in the Cold Fusion Saga
Authors: Lewenstein Bruce V.
Published: March 2007

Science in the mass media is usually interpreted in terms of traditional, linear, `dissemination and translation' models of science communication. Using the cold fusion saga that began in 1989, this paper argues that communication among scientists uses many media, which interact in complex ways. A more appropriate model for modern science must account for the permeable boundaries between formal publications, preprints, electronic computer networks, fax machines, mass media presentations and other forums for scientific discussions. The new model must account for the paradox that increased communication activity may be associated with instability rather than stability, at least in the preliminary periods of a scientific controversy.
(Un)Boxing the Monster
Authors: Richards Evelleen
Published: March 2007

This paper engages with the debate over SSK's normative rôle (and over the moral and political responsibilities of the SSK analyst) by utilizing a `sociology of monsters' framework to criticize Collins' insistence on the methodological and political necessity of neutrality, and his associated principles of compartmentalization and alternation. The advantages of viewing the analyst as an exemplary monster — as marginal to, or simultaneously inhabiting, a number of intersecting social worlds — are explored through a discussion of my attempts to draw on my contextualized SSK analysis of the vitamin C and cancer controversy, to inform policy recommendations intended to address asymmetries of power in the conduct and evaluation of clinical trials.
Compare, Standardize and Settle Agreement
Authors: Mallard Alexandre
Published: March 2007

Historical and sociological studies have shown that precision measurement and metrology play an important social and scientific role. This paper contrasts the dynamics of four metrological configurations. The first concerns an instrument for routine car repair. It displays the network of institutions, conventions and procedures allowing for the conservation of legal metrological precision. Such resources are not yet available during the genesis of an instrument. Very often in scientific laboratories, instruments and their metrology are elaborated simultaneously. The three other case studies analyze this construction by looking at ordinary metrological operations: the collective elaboration of standards; the translation of scientific instruments in metrological laboratories; and the intercomparison of instruments. It appears that the diversity and heterogeneity of resources associated with metrological networks result in different ways of articulating the natural and conventional character of precision measurement.
Slaying the Kraken:
Authors: MacKenzie Donald
Published: March 2007

This paper outlines the history of the four-colour conjecture (that four colours suffice to colour in any map drawn on a plane in such a way that no countries that share a border are the same colour). It describes the conjecture's origins, the first claimed proof (in 1879), the refutation of that proof (in 1890), and the developments that led to Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken's celebrated, computer-assisted solution of the problem in 1976. There is a brief discussion of the significance of the new computerized proof by Robertson, Sanders, Seymour and Thomas. The paper describes fierce controversy over whether or not the Appel-Haken solution should be regarded as a `proof', and contrasts the case of the four-colour theorem with Imre Lakatos' history of the proof of Euler's polyhedral formula. While Lakatos showed the negotiation of concepts such as `polyhedron', `face' and `edge', the history of the four-colour theorem reveals the negotiability of `proof' itself, and therefore of the boundary of what constitutes mathematical knowledge.
The Stored-Program Computer
Authors: Peláez Eloína
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the contrasting understandings of the stored program and of computing embodied in John von Neumann's Draft Report on the EDVAC and Alan Turing's ACE Report, and their different relations with the mathematical and engineering traditions. It is suggested that the far greater influence of von Neumann's report should be understood in terms of intrumentality, and of the complementarity which this implies between forms of thought and forms of social organization.
Benzodiazepines and Shoplifting
Authors: Williams Richard , Dalby J. Thomas
Published: March 2007

The relationship between the use of benzodiazepines and shoplifting behaviour is reviewed. Three case vignettes are presented in which shoplifting is temporally associated with benzodiazepine treatment. The mechanisms for this association are explored and the potentialfor reduction/releasefrom criminal responsibility is noted.
Participant-Observation in a County Jail
Authors: Esbensen Finn-Aage
Published: March 2007

As part of an evaluation for a rehabilitative/reintegrative program, the author spent 52 days incarcerated in a Massachusetts County House of Corrections. During this period, the role and importance of informal networks and power structures became readily apparent, not only in terms of institutional management, but in terms of successful management of one's life while incarcerated. In order to facilitate institutional management, informal networks between administrators and inmates, staff and inmates, and among inmates were developed outside of the formal organizational context. To enhance one's position in the institution, it was beneficial for all participants to develop ties with this informal organizational structure.
Difficulties With Evaluation of Persons With Schizotypal Personality Attributes in Court-A Case Report
Authors: Pepper Edith S. , Robbins Arnold
Published: March 2007

The Schizotypical individual may typically present bizarre manners, but, upon further evaluation, show sufficient cognitive capacity to be consideredforensically competent. A case study illustrates this opinion.
An Exploratory Study of Elderly Probationers
Authors: Shichor David
Published: March 2007

This exploratory study focuses on elderly offenders on probation. It deals with the characteristics of elderly probationers, the issues connected with their handling by the criminal justice system in general, and the probation in particular. Among other variables the study shows that there are relatively few elderly people on probation; more than half of them have a previous record; among males a large percent committed sex related offenses; generally their educational level is low; most have a manual or semi-skilled occupational background; about one-third of them have a very low income; and many have health problems.
Intervening with Young Offenders: The Canadian Case
Authors: Basso Robert
Published: March 2007

The Young OffendersAct (YOA) (1984) in Canada is a relatively new legislation that attempts to "connect" offending youths to appropriate services in the community. The front-line workers who are responsiblefor identifying andproviding services to youths may have one of the most diffi cult jobs in corrections. A goal of this article is to outline a practice approach for the front-line workers.

There are numerous theories that attempt to explain juvenile delinquency. From the many theories, three were chosen for closer examination. The three theories are: Childhood Developmental Theory; Social Control Theory; and Social Learning Theory. These approaches were examined for practice directions related to the tasks prescribed by the YOA. Elements from each of these theories are drawn together to create underpinnings for the proposed practice approach.

The choice for a rehabilitative approach is made at the outset of this paper. The tasks of thefront-line worker include assessing youths' needs and locating services for these youths. Assessment foci include: the individual youth, the family, the peer relationships, and the youth in school. Special attention is recommended for offering remedial help to youths in social and educational skill development areas. The major practice activity is described as "Matching" the youths to services.
Race and Discretionary Sentencing: An Analysis of "Obvious" and "Nonobvious" Cases
Authors: Walsh Anthony
Published: March 2007

This study explores the effects of race on sentencing for 666 felony offenders. I found that whites were significantly more likely to be incarcerated than blacks after adjusting for crime seriousness and prior record, as measured by the sentencing guidelines employed by the courts in the jurisdiction from which the sample was obtained. Looking at "nonobvious" cases (as determined by the sentencing guideline), I found that whites were 2.5 times more likely to be imprisoned than were blacks. When sentence length was examined among those who were imprisoned, no significant racial effect was found. However, among those offenders who were placed on probation, significantly harsher probation terms were imposed on whites than were imposed on blacks.
A Profile of Canadian Correctional Workers
Authors: Hughes Gareth V. , Zamble Edward
Published: March 2007

A random sample of front-line workers in the Canadian federal prison system was asked in interviews to provide examples of stressful situations in their lives, and to report how they coped with these situations. A variety of other measures was obtained, including demographic information, lifestyle and health-related behaviors, personal dispositions, coping efficacy, and several adaptational outcomes, including job performance, health, and personal satisfaction. Results showed that subjects experienced a wide array of significant stressors both on and off the job, yet demonstrated high levels of coping efficacy. Scores on several standardized questionnaire measures of personal disposition were similar to those from comparable samples in the general population. Subjects were not particularly dissatisfied with their jobs, and appeared to be performing them well. The majority enjoyed good health and appeared moderately satisfied with their lives. Thus, in contrast to some previous reports, this contemporary sample of correctional workers seems to be reasonably effective and adaptive, with little evidence of unusual stress problems.
The Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles: Part III. Predictive Validity
Authors: Walters Glenn D.
Published: March 2007

The predictive validity of the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS) was explored in a group of 536 medium-security prison inmates. Scores on six of the eight PICTS clinical scales were observed to correlate with future disciplinary problems in this sample of subjects. Although age was a more potent predict or of disciplinary status, several of the PICS scales displayed predictive efficacy independent of that attained with the age variable. The implications of these results are discussed with respect to continued development of the PICTS instrument.
Paroxetine and Offenders: A Pilot Study
Authors: Kinzie J. David , Hancey James , Wilson William , Hartner John
Published: March 2007

Recidivism rates for offenders constantly reflect disappointment. In an effort to reduce the rate of recidivism, the SSRI (selective seroton in reuptake inhibitor) medication paroxetine was attempted with a small group of offenders in a community-based program About half the offenders dropped out after one or two sessions, but 14 completed 3 months of treatment. These had a reduction in depressive and obsessive-conpulsive disorder symptoms, but it is difficult to determine the impact on the total rehabilitation program for the offenders. The implications for further research and clinical work are discussed
The Use of the Early Memories Procedure in a Psychotherapy Group of Substance Abusers
Authors: Demuth Peter W. , Bruhn Arnold R.
Published: March 2007

Treatment programs in prison settings lacka solid basis regarding the rehabilitation of inmates who sincerely want to change. Although the need for practical and effective treatment programs continues to increase, few viable interventions exist. Richard's program for substance abusers, customized to eight modules for an offender population, constitutes one promising exception. One module, in particular, involves filling out Bruhn's Early Memories Procedure (EMP) and discussing these memories in a 10-person group. Although the EMP is fairly well known as an assessment instrument and is used in individual and couples treatment, nothing has been written about its application in a group therapy context. In this article, the utility of the EMP in a prison population of substance abusers is explored.
A Closer Look at Sex Offender Character Pathology and Relapse Prevention: An Integrative Approach
Authors: Anechiarico Barry
Published: March 2007

Classical psychoanalysis has been unable to adequately address the underlying narcissistic character pathology in sex offenders and sufficiently reduce relapse. Recent theoretical constructs about the nature of attachments to others and the formation of self-esteem are discussed and applied to sexually exploitative behavior A new dimension of relapse prevention-the interpersonal dimension-is described, along with an enhanced explanation of the cycle of offending behavior and the nature of high-risk situations. Principles of change and recovery to follow in the treatment of the offender character pathology are also described This deeper theoretical understanding of the motivation of sex offenders has formed the basis for treatment developed by the Counseling and Psychotherapy Center (C.P.C.). Two cases serve to illustrate this theoretical approach.
The Use of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) and Rorschach in Treatment Planning with Antisocial Personality Disordered Patients
Authors: Gacono Carl B.
Published: March 2007

As mental health resources dwindle, efficient use of available services becomes an economic and ethical necessity. Integral to this process are screening, assessment, and treatment planning. Treatment planning is especially critical in correctional settings where change-resistant Antisocial Personality Disordered (ASPD) individuals compose a disproportionate percentage of the population. Not a homogeneous group, some ASPDs are treatable, some are not. The Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) and Rorschach Test aid the clinician in formulating diagnoses, assessing treatment amenability, targeting areas for intervention, and, with the Rorschach, monitoring treatment progress. This article discusses the PCL-R's and Rorschach's role in treating ASPD patients. Two low-Lambda, introversive, T = 1, ASPD Rorschach protocols highlight treatment planning and treatment progress assessment.
The New Propaganda of Declining Profit Shares and Inadequate Investment
Authors: Perlo Victor , Perlo Victor
Published: March 2007

This paper investigates and refutes the claim, sponsored by business interests and prominent economists, that there is a shortage of capital in the United States, arising from undue encroachment on profits by rising wages The statistical distortions involved are exposed Data are presented proving that the surplus value generated bv U S workers is more than ample for any reasonably expectable dom estic investment requirements, under capitalist conditions Other data are presented which show that the share of capital in net values created has been stable or increasing in recent decades, while the rate of exploitation of labor has increased, and the wage share of net production declined The paper characterizes the false claims as propaganda devices used to justify attacks on working peoples' living standards, which are already underway An alternative policy approach is sketched, and an ultimate socialist solution advocated
Malaria, the Politics of Public Health and the International Crisis
Authors: Cleaver Harry , Cleaver Harry
Published: March 2007

After more than a decade of increasing control, malaria has been making a dramatic resurgence in the 1970s — a resurgence which has been allowed to continue unchecked for several years. This article seeks an under standing of this de-control in the history of the class politics of public health and in an analysis of the current international capitalist crisis. These past and present experiences are analysed within a new Marxist perspective which emphasizes the autonomy of working class struggle within and against capital and the central role of the wageless in capital's division of the class. To analyse the role of un waged labor in the accumulation process and the investment or disinvestment in public health the concept of the "circuit of the reproduction of labor power" is developed. In each of the historical periods the development or underdevelop ment of public health programs are seen as the outcome of the particular charac teristics of the working class struggles and of capital's strategies of these periods. On the basis of these analyses the author suggests that the current de-control of malaria is part of that underdevelopment approach to some areas which forms part of capital's strategies of repression and global restructuring in the present crisis.
The Internationalization of Capital: Banks, Eurocurrency and the Instability of the World Monetary System
Authors: Hawley Jim
Published: March 2007

The paper traces some key developments in the internationaliza tion of capital and its impacts on the growth of the Eurocurrency system and the instability of the current international monetary system. In the last two decades, there has been a qualitative growth in international commercial banking which is symbiotically related to the growth of the stateless Eurocurrency system and to transnational corporations. The paper looks at the significance of these develop ments on the growth of bank held debt instruments of certain Third World coun tries, and in terms of the overall instability of the world monetary system. As pects of the relation of the Eurocurrency system to the generation and transmis sion of worldwide inflation are also examined. Specifically it is suggested that the explosion of world liquidity since the mid to late 1960s is rooted both in develop ments in private-sector capital, and in policies pursued by various nation-states towards the Eurocurrency system. It is also argued that while the dollar has falt ered, it nevertheless remains the dominant international reserve and transaction currency enabling the U.S. to maintain elements of its former hegemony and privilege in an otherwise highly unstable world system. The Eurocurrency system is defined and is seen as being the first truely international "money" or near mon ey, functioning in part as a fractional reserve banking system, yet without a cen tral bank regulator or lender of last resort. The instability of the international monetary system is thereby increased.
The Value of Money the Value of Labor Power and the Marxian Transformation Problem
Authors: Foley Duncan K.
Published: March 2007

An interpretation of the labor theory of value is proposed which retains the proportionality of profit and unpaid labor time in the face of any deviations of prices from labor values. The concept "value of labor power" in the case when prices are proportional to labor values is equal both to the labor value of workers' consumption and to the product of the money wage and the "value of money," that is, the ratio of aggregate direct labor time to aggregate money value added. On the basis of the second definition a consistent interpretation of the labor theory of value is constructed in which surplus value is conserved in the transformation from labor values to prices, but in which the value of labor power is not in general equal to the labor value of workers' consumption. This interpretation can be made operational in terms of accounting data from capitalist firms.
The Concept of the Surplus in Economic Development
Authors: Lippit Victor D.
Published: March 2007

The concept of the surplus was developed by Paul Baran in The Political Economy of Growth (1968) as a distinct category of economic analysis. He argued that by examining which classes received the surplus and the manner in which they disposed of it, the forces creating and perpetuating underdevelopment could be understood. His insights on the critical role of class structure and surplus use in underdeveloped countries have never been properly followed up, however, in part because of confusion and inconsistencies in his own presentation. This essay attempts to clarify the concept of the surplus and to show how it can be used, in conjunction with the analysis of class structure, in theoretical and empirical analyses of economic development.
Public School Finance in the United States: Historical Trends and Contending Interpretations
Authors: England Richard W.
Published: March 2007

This paper begins by describing the dramatic changes in both the scale and mode of financing of public education in the United States during the past century. It then sketches and critiques the theoretical interpretation of those trends provided by neoclassical economics, a line of interpretation which hinges on such concepts as "human capital" and "external benefits." Marxian political economy is then offered as an alternative, and superior, theoretical framework with which to analyze the evolution of public school finance. The paper concludes with a Marxian interpretation of school finance reform in the United States during the Great Depression of the 1930s.
Behind the Crisis: The Exhaustion of a Regime of Accumulation. A "regulation school" perspective on some French empirical works
Authors: Lipietz Alain
Published: March 2007

The theory of a fall in the rate of profit due to a rise in the organic composition of capital has been too quickly discarded in recent years. A mathematical theorem shows that this phenomenon is viable under a "monopoly regulation." Data suggest that both a rise in organic composition and a "productivity-pull profit squeeze" could be at the root of the present crisis.
Roemer on Exploitation and Class
Authors: Houston David B.
Published: March 2007

This review examines the work of John Roemer on exploitation and class considering his methods, definitions and models. His work represents a significant innovation in the field of Marxian analysis, but the usefulness and the appropriateness of his new directions are questioned.