bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DoE-Based Analytical Failure Modes Critical Effect Analysis (AFMCEA) to a Multipurpose-RP-HPLC Method for the Estimation of Multiple FDC Products of Metformin Hydrochloride Using an Analytical Quality by Design Approach
Authors: Prajapati Pintu B , Mistry Krishna Y , Shah Shailesh A
Published: February 2022

Background

Metformin hydrochloride is the first-choice antihyperglycemic agent and its several fixed-dose combinations (FDCs) with pioglitazone hydrochloride, sitagliptin phosphate, and gliclazide are used for the management of type II diabetes. Numerous reversed-phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) and HPTLC methods have been reported for estimation of FDCs of metformin but each FDC needs separate and dedicated chromatographic conditions for analysis. No RP-HPLC method has been reported yet which promotes synchronous estimation of FDC products of metformin to save time, resources, cost, and organic solvent for analysis.

Objective

Hence, an economical and eco-friendly RP-HPLC method was developed for the synchronous estimation of FDCs of metformin hydrochloride using an enhanced analytical quality by design (AQbD) approach.

Methods

The AQbD approach was implemented using analytical-failure modes critical effects analysis (FMCEA) as per International council for harmonisation (ICH) Q8 and Q9 guidelines. The analytical-FMCEA was applied by identification of potential analytical failure modes followed by their risk assessment by a risk priority number (RPN) ranking and filtering method. Further, the risk of critical failure modes was controlled and mitigated by a design of experiments (DoE)-based Box–Behnken design by navigation of method operable design ranges (MODR).

Results

From the set of control strategies, the RP-HPLC method was developed using a Shim-Pack ODS C18 column and acetonitrile-0.1% triethylamine (40:60, v/v) triethylamine in water (pH 3.2 adjusted by perchloric acid). The method was found to be validated as per ICH Q2 (R1) guideline. The synchronous estimation of different FDCs of metformin hydrochloride was carried out by the developed method.

Conclusion

The developed method can be used as a multipurpose chromatography method as an alternative to published chromatography methods for QC of FDCs of metformin hydrochloride in the pharmaceutical industry.

Highlights

The multipurpose RP-HPLC method has been developed and validated for the synchronous estimation of multiple combined pharmaceutical dosage forms of metformin hydrochloride. The method was developed by the implementation of the AFMCEA-based AQbD approach as per the regulatory requirements of ICH.
An Enhanced LC–MS-MS Technique for Distinguishing Δ8- and Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Isomers in Blood and Urine Specimens
Authors: Reber Jami D , Karschner Erin L , Seither Joshua Z , Knittel Jessica L , Dozier Katherine V , Walterscheid Jeffrey P
Published: February 2022

Among the abundance of cannabinoids identified in cannabis, the active parent drug, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), and its oxidized metabolite, 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-THC (Δ9-THCCOOH), are attractive analytical targets to detect cannabis use. More recently, confirmation of these analytes may be hindered by a related interfering compound. Forensic toxicology laboratories attribute this phenomenon to an increase in cases containing Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8-THC) and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ8-THC (Δ8-THCCOOH). It is technically challenging to chromatographically resolve and accurately quantify Δ8- and Δ9-THC and THCCOOH in toxicology specimens due to their structural resemblance. This study describes a validated method to resolve and quantify active Δ8-THC and Δ9-THC in blood while qualitatively confirming the inactive metabolites Δ8-THCCOOH and Δ9-THCCOOH in blood and urine. Analytes are extracted and concentrated by solid-phase extraction and analyzed by liquid chromatography--electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, which is amenable to modern toxicology laboratory routine workflows. This procedure offers a clear solution to untangling mixtures of these isomers, particularly in cases where Δ8-THC and its metabolite are the sole or dominant form.
Intelligent model for active power prediction of a small wind turbine
Authors: Zayas-Gato Francisco , Jove Esteban , Casteleiro-Roca José-Luis , Quintián Héctor , Pérez-Castelo Francisco Javier , Piñón-Pazos Andrés , Arce Elena , Calvo-Rolle José Luis
Published: February 2022

In this study, a hybrid model based on intelligent techniques is developed to predict the active power generated in a bioclimatic house by a low power wind turbine. Contrary to other researches that predict the generated power taking into account the speed and the direction of the wind, the model developed in this paper only uses the speed of the wind, measured mainly in a weather station from the government meteorological agency (MeteoGalicia). The wind speed is measured at different heights, against the usual measurements in others researches, which uses the wind speed and the direction measured in a weather station on the wind turbine nacelle. The prediction is performed 30 minutes ahead, what ensures that the Building Management System knows the energy generated by the low power wind turbine 30 minutes before, and it can adapt the consumption of different equipment in the house to optimize the power use. The main objective is to allow the Building Management System to optimize the uses of energy, taking into account the predicted amount of energy that will be produced and the energy consumed in the house. The developed model uses a hybrid topology with four clusters to improve the prediction, achieving an error lower than 6.5% for Mean Absolute Error measured in a final test. To perform this test, part of the original dataset was isolated from the beginning of the training process to check the model with a dataset that is not used before, simulating the model as it is receiving new data.
Breast Cancer Incidence, Hormone Receptor Status, Historical Redlining, and Current Neighborhood Characteristics in Massachusetts, 2005-2015
Authors: Wright Emily , Waterman Pamela D , Testa Christian , Chen Jarvis T , Krieger Nancy
Published: February 2022

Background

Scant research has analyzed contemporary US cancer incidence rates in relation to historical redlining (ie, 1930s US federally imposed residential segregation), implemented via the color-coded federal Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) maps.

Methods

We analyzed Massachusetts Cancer Registry data for all patients with primary invasive breast cancer (BC) diagnosed in 2005-2015 among women in the 28 Massachusetts municipalities with digitized 1930s HOLC maps. Multilevel Poisson regression estimated BC incidence rate ratios (IRR), overall and by tumor estrogen receptor (ER-positive, ER-negative) and progesterone receptor (PR-positive, PR-negative) status, in relation to HOLC grade and contemporary census tract (CT) social characteristics.

Results

Net of age and racialized group, the extremes of BC incidence were detected by combinations of HOLC grade and contemporary CT racialized economic segregation. Compared with CTs with the best HOLC grade (A + B) and most privileged contemporary characteristics (T1), for all, ER-positive and PR-positive BC, incidence was highest in T1 and mixed HOLC grade CTs (eg, IRRER+; Mixed-T1 = 1.10, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01 to 1.21) and lowest in CTs with most concentrated racialized economic deprivation (T3) and no HOLC grade (eg, IRRER+; No Grade-T3 = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.75 to 0.95). For ER-negative and PR-negative BC, incidence was highest in CTs with the most contemporary deprivation, but the best HOLC grade (eg, IRRER-; A+B-T3 = 1.27, 95% CI = 0.93 to 1.75) and lowest in T1 and worst HOLC-graded CTs (eg, IRRER-; D-T1 = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.56 to 1.25).

Conclusion

Breast cancer risk may be shaped by combined histories of redlining and present-day CT characteristics.
Cholecystopleural fistula treated by laparoscopy: case report
Authors: Gómez-Álvarez Luis Rodrigo , Benavides-Zavala Tomás , Delgado-García Levi Eliezer , Fernández-Treviño José Rafael , Enrique de la O-Escamilla Manuel , Gómez-Orozco Alberto , Muñoz-Maldonado Gerardo
Published: February 2022

Neimeier, in 1934, proposed a classification for gallbladder perforation. The first type is fistulation between the gallbladder and adjacent viscerae. The second type is a subacute perforation surrounded by an abscess walled off by adhesions from the general peritoneal cavity; and the third type is a peritonitis due to free biliary spillage into the peritoneal cavity without protective adhesions. We will analyze a Neimeier’s type 1 perforation. The patient is a 72-year-old male diagnosed with a cholecystolithiasis and empyema due to a cholecystopleural fistula. Was operated by laparoscopic surgery because its low rate of complications, and lower days at hospital staying. Everything went as planned with no complications. Even though it is not a common presentation, it sets a precedent for it to be furthermore researched, and for it to be used as a literary option in a discussion to know which type of surgery is better for these cases.
Mean medial canthal and differential hemangioma temperatures provide objective infantile facial hemangioma measurements
Authors: Michael Afieharo I
Published: February 2022

Infrared thermography is a useful adjunct for the clinical monitoring of infantile hemangioma (IH) activity with or without treatment. There is a dearth or reporting on the ideal tissue for standardizing temperature readings from IH. This case illustrates the use of mean medial canthal temperatures and the differential hemangioma temperatures for monitoring of facial IH.
Diverse perceptions of supply and demand of cultural ecosystem services offered by urban green spaces in Dhaka, Bangladesh
Authors: Sultana Rumana , Selim Samiya Ahmed , Alam Md Shafiul
Published: February 2022

Understanding inhabitants' perceptions of cultural ecosystem services (CES) of urban green space will offer solutions to sustainability challenges. This study aimed to analyse the social perceptions of the supply and demand sides of CES in Dhaka City. A questionnaire-based social preference method was used. Questions in the survey concerned the respondents' satisfaction with green spaces, connected activities, limitations, CES preference and motivation. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied to the 405 surveyed questionnaire data to understand variation in respondents' opinions. Respondents were mostly dissatisfied with the quantity of green spaces. Respondents' family status and age influenced their satisfaction with green space quantity. Single and teenage respondents prefer green space for active recreational activities, whereas young and old respondents preferred passive kinds of recreational activities. Both space-related issues and respondents' barriers limited CES provisioning. This contextual factor particularly affected female, single and young respondents. Respondents most preferred CES was recreation. Respondents' gender, family status and age are drivers for differing perceptions of the green space-based CES. To develop sustainable city planning in the face of global environmental change, those divergent perceptions should be taken into consideration through urban development strategies. Moreover, understanding the supply and demand sides of CES help facilitate a more inclusive planning process to address urban sustainability issues.
An efficient LC-MS method for isomer separation and detection of sugars, phosphorylated sugars, and organic acids
Authors: Koley Somnath , Chu Kevin L , Gill Saba S , Allen Doug K
Published: February 2022

Assessing central carbon metabolism in plants can be challenging due to the dynamic range in pool sizes, with low levels of important phosphorylated sugars relative to more abundant sugars and organic acids. Here, we report a sensitive liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method for analysing central metabolites on a hybrid column, where both anion-exchange and hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) ligands are embedded in the stationary phase. The liquid chromatography method was developed for enhanced selectivity of 27 central metabolites in a single run with sensitivity at femtomole levels observed for most phosphorylated sugars. The method resolved phosphorylated hexose, pentose, and triose isomers that are otherwise challenging. Compared with a standard HILIC approach, these metabolites had improved peak areas using our approach due to ion enhancement or low ion suppression in the biological sample matrix. The approach was applied to investigate metabolism in high lipid-producing tobacco leaves that exhibited increased levels of acetyl-CoA, a precursor for oil biosynthesis. The application of the method to isotopologue detection and quantification was considered through evaluating 13C-labeled seeds from Camelina sativa. The method provides a means to analyse intermediates more comprehensively in central metabolism of plant tissues.
An Alu insertion map of the Indian population: identification and analysis in 1021 genomes of the IndiGen project
Authors: Prakrithi P , Singhal Khushboo , Sharma Disha , Jain Abhinav , Bhoyar Rahul C , Imran Mohamed , Senthilvel Vigneshwar , Divakar Mohit Kumar , Mishra Anushree , Scaria Vinod , Sivasubbu Sridhar , Mukerji Mitali
Published: February 2022

Actively retrotransposing primate-specific Alu repeats display insertion-deletion (InDel) polymorphism through their insertion at new loci. In the global datasets, Indian populations remain under-represented and so do their Alu InDels. Here, we report the genomic landscape of Alu InDels from the recently released 1021 Indian Genomes (IndiGen) (available at https://clingen.igib.res.in/indigen). We identified 9239 polymorphic Alu insertions that include private (3831), rare (3974) and common (1434) insertions with an average of 770 insertions per individual. We achieved an 89% PCR validation of the predicted genotypes in 94 samples tested. About 60% of identified InDels are unique to IndiGen when compared to other global datasets; 23% of sites were shared with both SGDP and HGSVC; among these, 58% (1289 sites) were common polymorphisms in IndiGen. The insertions not only show a bias for genic regions, with a preference for introns but also for the associated genes showing enrichment for processes like cell morphogenesis and neurogenesis (P-value < 0.05). Approximately, 60% of InDels mapped to genes present in the OMIM database. Finally, we show that 558 InDels can serve as ancestry informative markers to segregate global populations. This study provides a valuable resource for baseline Alu InDels that would be useful in population genomics.
Turkey’s Foreign Policy in the Middle East
Authors: Hintz Lisel
Published: February 2022

This chapter provides an overview of Turkey’s foreign policy toward the Middle East from the collapse of the Ottoman Empire to the present day. Its thematic focus includes institutional legacies of imperial rule, Cold War alliance dynamics, ethnic and religious/sectarian politics, and strategies of economic development. It suggests that an analytical focus on identity contestation between competing versions of Turkishness—Republican nationalism and Ottoman Islamism—that prescribe very different foreign policy orientations helps to explain the dramatic shift toward a highly activist role in the Middle East in the mid-2000s. Applying this conceptual framework, the discussion highlights the key influential factors and inflection points shaping bilateral ties with prominent states, including Iran, Saudi Arabia, Israel, and Syria, as well as nonstate actors, including various Kurdish and Palestinian entities.
US-Turkey Relations since World War II
Authors: Güvenç Serhat , Özel Soli
Published: February 2022

US-Turkey relations were built primarily on a security axis in the aftermath of WW II. After a relatively easygoing period in the 1950s, relations suffered from a deficit of trust by the mid-1960s. Radicalization of public opinion in the 1960s and 1970s and the near unconditional support Washington has given to Turkey’s frequent military interventions kept a residual anti-Americanism alive. In the post–Cold War period, the Gulf War and the emergence of newly independent countries with ample energy resources in the post-Soviet space placed Turkey back on the geopolitical map. In the age of “democratization” and the Islamist-Jihadi challenge, Turkey’s characteristics as a secular and electoral democratic Muslim country and a NATO member seeking EU membership made it more valuable for the United States. At the same time, the two sides never adequately dealt with the reality that their interests diverged considerably after the Cold War. Turkey’s refusal to allow the deployment of US troops prior to the invasion of Iraq led to a political downgrading of the Turkish military by the Pentagon. After a brief period of close relations under President Obama who called for a “model partnership” between the two allies, as a fallout from the Syrian civil war and the increasing authoritarianism of the Turkish government, relations turned increasingly “transactional” and personalized. Under President Trump the crises that plagued the relations deepened as Ankara and Moscow built closer relations and as bilateral relations increasingly relied on personalistic ties between the two leaders.
The Presence, Performance, and Publics of Online Interactions
Authors: Li Qian , Tian Xiaoli
Published: February 2022

Symbolic interactionists have long focused on how context and settings influence interaction dynamics. While developments in digital media have transformed mediated interaction, the key components of social interaction persist, and symbolic interactionism continues to have implications. This chapter discusses how symbolic interactionism elucidates three main aspects of mediated interaction: 1) perception of the presence of others, 2) online presentations of the self, and 3) the ambiguous public and subsequent unique intersubjectivities of online interactions. The growing multimodality of digital media increases cues in mediated interaction and varies the degree of presence online, thus changing how interactants perceive others and themselves. Consequently, new strategies of online self-presentation are used to balance self-idealization and anticipated authenticity. Meanwhile, the invisible audience, context collapse, and blurred boundaries between public and private domains present new challenges.
Disability and Social Participation
Authors: Shandra Carrie
Published: February 2022

Participation is considered a key component of many disability frameworks, yet the concept of social participation remains amorphous and contested. This chapter reviews how common disability frameworks conceptualize activities, roles, and environments in relation to participation. It then discusses challenges to measuring (social) participation through the elements of activities, roles, and environments and describes how time diary data can be used to understand daily life with disability. Finally, it analyzes the nationally representative American Time Use Survey to compare how individuals with and without disabilities spend time in 15 activity categories, across six physical locations and eight types of social interactions. Results indicate that people with disabilities spend more time at home, less time in public places, and less time in transportation than people without disabilities. They also spend more time alone and have less contact with others. However, these results depend upon activity type, illustrating the importance of integrating social and environmental contexts in empirical and theoretical models of participation differences by disability status.
The Able Body and the Pursuit of Power
Authors: Hughes Bill
Published: February 2022

This chapter argues that able power is and has been embodied in what Plato called “those of the best,” men who claim to ennoble the world with their eugenic superiority. Able power, legitimated by this view of congenital superiority, represented the disabled body in a pejorative language of humiliating tropes, the most common of which, in the terminology of antiquity, were deformity, defectiveness, and monstrosity. In modernity, able power absorbs scientific and pseudoscientific ideology into its agenda of legitimation by superimposing on top of the ancient and debilitating ideological categories medical terms that pathologize disabled people and ethnic others who are caught in the civilizing web of White European colonialism. The colonizing predilection of Western able power and its racist representations of non-Western ethnicities as inferior and defectively embodied is explored in a “historical sociology” of disability. Antique and modern imperialisms are examined. In these two moments, able power deploys economic and military might to subdue inferior persons abroad while simultaneously oppressing “dysgenic” bodies at home. The focus is on these two sociological moments because they, it is argued, represent the policies and practices of able power and the “ideology of able-bodiedness” at its most aggressive and violent.
Moral Responsibility in the Context of Addiction
Authors: McConnell Doug
Published: February 2022

This chapter discusses the extent to which addicted people are morally responsible for harming others. It outlines three, semi-independent causes of addiction—dopamine dysregulation, detrimental environments, and detrimental self-conceptual content—and explores the extent to which these factors (alone or in combination) might mitigate addicted people’s responsibility. Dopamine dysregulation mitigates responsibility by causing abnormally large judgment shift and akratic motivation. Detrimental environments mitigate responsibility because they increase the costs of attempting to recover. Self-concepts of being an “addict” mitigate responsibility by making recovery directed actions feel alien and implausible. Interactions between these three factors increase the extent to which responsibility is mitigated. The chapter also considers and largely rejects arguments that addicted people should be held responsible for becoming addicted in the first place or for failing to recover.
Responsibility and Religion
Authors: Speak Daniel
Published: February 2022

Philosophical theorizing about moral responsibility has clearly been influenced by religious thought. The primary purpose of this chapter is to explore some central elements of this influence, particularly as this influence has emerged from theistic sources. It identifies and explains five common features of theistic religious commitment that can be seen to have imposed philosophical pressures on contemporary accounts of moral responsibility. These features are (1) an emphasis on human likeness to God (Imago Dei), (2) a disposition to see human agency as having divine purposes, (3) an assumption of eternal expectations (Heaven and Hell) for human agents, (4) the need to respond to internal philosophical tensions like the problem of divine foreknowledge, and (5) the need to respond to external philosophical challenges like the problem of evil and the problem of divine hiddenness. Special but not exclusive attention is paid to the implications of these pressures for the debate among skeptics, compatibilists, and libertarians in the literature on moral responsiblity.
Moral Responsibility and Neuroscience
Authors: Mele Alfred R.
Published: February 2022

This chapter examines the most prominent neuroscientific source of skepticism about the existence of moral responsibility. This source is a collection of studies that purport to show that various decisions are made unconsciously—that is, that they are made at times at which we are not conscious of making them. The author has argued elsewhere that the data produced by these studies do not warrant the judgment that participants in these studies made decisions unconsciously. In this chapter, it is explained why, even if they did unconsciously make decisions, that poses no significant challenge to the proposition that moral responsibility exists—nor even to the proposition that moral responsibility is widespread. This chapter argues for two main points. First, given the special nature of any decisions identified in the prominent studies discussed, even if the participants did unconsciously make decisions, we cannot properly generalize from that to the claim that all decisions are made unconsciously. Second, even if all decisions are made unconsciously because any consciousness we have of decisions we make routinely lags a bit behind the making of them, this leaves the existence of widespread moral responsibility wide open. The claim that the author operates with a low bar for the existence of moral responsibility that is out of line with lay thinking about free will and moral responsibility is rebutted on the basis of directly relevant studies in experimental philosophy.
Listening Beyond Sound and Life
Authors: Daughtry J. Martin
Published: February 2022

This chapter is an exploration of the embodied experience of “involuntary musical imagery” (a.k.a. “earworms”) and of the dynamics of the auditory imagination more broadly. It argues that imagined sounds regularly exhibit strange behaviors that audible vibrations cannot achieve and draws upon Husserl’s description of the living present and Sartre’s writing on intuition to construct a theory for why this might be the case. The second half of the chapter comprises a sustained attempt at a phenomenological description of a discrete experience of musical imagery. A brief epilogue muses on the similarities between imagined music and the memory of the dead, casting both as a kind of “haunting.” Throughout, the auditory imagination is presented as an ethnographic field site: a palimpsestic ecosystem of interconnection and difference within which the discrete experiences of individuals and groups matter.
The Empirical Turn
Authors: Verbeek Peter-Paul
Published: February 2022

The history of the philosophy of technology is marked by a transition in its approach to technology. After an initial twentieth-century phase of analyzing ‘Technology’ and its conditions and social implications, a period now indicated as ‘classical philosophy of technology,’ the field made an ‘empirical turn’ in order to do more justice to the concreteness of actual technologies in their relations with human beings and societies. This chapter describes how the empirical turn emerged out of earlier approaches in philosophy of technology, how it took shape in several variants, and what it has implied for the field. It does so by elaborating how the philosophy of technology developed into both a philosophy from technology (taking technological developments as a starting point for philosophical analysis), and a philosophy for technology (connecting new forms of ethical analysis to the development, implementation and use of technologies).
Berkeley on God
Authors: Daniel Stephen H.
Published: February 2022

Berkeley’s a posteriori arguments for the existence of God focus on how God causes things in the world, sustains those things when we are not perceiving them, and orders them in intelligible and even communicative patterns. To do this for the things we perceive would require Berkeley’s God to be vastly wise and powerful but not infinite. So, Berkeley also provides an a priori argument for God’s existence, one in which the very possibility of the existence of the world is enough to guarantee the existence of an infinite God. In this latter argument, we do not think of God as the creator of all individual things but as the creator of the total unity of all there is (not just all that we perceive).
Berkeley and Locke
Authors: Connolly Patrick J.
Published: February 2022

This chapter revisits three key disagreements between Locke and Berkeley. The disagreements relate to abstraction, the idea of substance, and the status of the primary/secondary quality distinction. The goal of the chapter is to show that these disagreements are rooted in a more fundamental disagreement over the nature of ideas. For Berkeley, ideas are tied very closely to perceptual content. Locke adopts a less restrictive account of the nature of ideas. On his view, ideas are responsible for both perceptual content and non-perceptual mental content. Recognizing this allows for the following analysis of their disputes. Berkeley often appeals to introspection to suggest that we do not have some particular idea. But Locke’s arguments that we have a particular idea often appeal to the functional role the idea has in our cognitive economy rather than to facts about our immediate phenomenology.
Berkeley and Leibniz
Authors: Puryear Stephen
Published: February 2022

This chapter explores the relationship between the views of Leibniz and Berkeley on the fundamental nature of the created universe. It argues that Leibniz concurs with Berkeley on three key points: that in the final analysis there are only perceivers and their contents (subjective idealism), that there are strictly speaking no material or corporeal substances, and that bodies or sensible things reduce to the contents of perceivers (phenomenalism). It then reconstructs Leibniz’s central argument for phenomenalism, which rests on his belief in the infinite division of matter, his doctrine of the ideality of relations, and the traditional principle that being and unity convert. Finally, it explores Leibniz’s belief that a body having its being in one perceiver can be “founded” on other perceivers, and considers Berkeley’s reasons for opposing such a view.
Berkeley and Mandeville
Authors: Tolonen Mikko
Published: February 2022

This chapter analyzes the intellectual differences between Berkeley and Mandeville. Berkeley’s lifelong antagonism toward skeptics and free-thinkers culminated in his reaction to Mandeville’s Fable of the Bees in the second dialogue of Alciphron. The analysis covers Mandeville’s arguments in the Fable, Berkeley’s reasons for opposing it, and also Mandeville’s later response to Berkeley in Letter to Dion. Mandeville and Berkeley were writing at the time when the relevance of trade changed the landscape of political philosophy. They both understood the importance of commerce, although their perspectives clashed on the questions of virtue and luxury. An interesting feature of the intellectual antagonism between them is the practical component, which is addressed in a discussion on Berkeley’s ideas of education and his attempt to establish a college of theology in the New World. An analysis of Mandeville’s possible influence on the development of Berkeley’s philosophy concludes the chapter.
Berkeley on Abstract Ideas and Idealism
Authors: Bolton Martha Brandt
Published: February 2022

According to Berkeley, philosophers maintain that a general name must stand for a single general idea that represents all members of a kind. To do that, they say, an idea needs to abstract the qualities that are shared by all members of a kind and exclude all those in which they differ. This chapter discusses three aspects of Berkeley’s opposition to such abstract ideas: his argument against the possibility of abstract ideas, his account of how a particular idea and name can come to stand for all things in the same kind, and how the attack on abstraction anticipates the design of establishing the idealist theory that sensible things cannot exist unperceived.
Berkeley and Shepherd
Authors: Rickless Samuel C.
Published: February 2022

This chapter analyzes and evaluates criticisms of Berkeley’s arguments for idealism and theism offered by Shepherd. In the Principles, Berkeley argues that sensible objects (such as tables and chairs) are perceived by sense, that the things we perceive by sense are ideas, and hence that sensible objects are ideas. He also argues that God is the only possible cause of our ideas of sense. Shepherd criticizes both of these arguments. Although most of her criticisms (particularly in the case of Berkeley’s reasons for believing in the existence of God) are unsuccessful, her main strategy in finding fault with Berkeley’s argument for idealism, which involves identifying various ways in which he is guilty of equivocation, is sound.
Berkeley and Irish Philosophy
Authors: Storrie Stefan
Published: February 2022

Irish philosophy is typically characterized in terms of the engagement with a small subset of issues connected to Locke’s view of language. This chapter has two aims. First is to show that the concerns and approaches taken by those included in the category of Irish philosophy is broader and more diverse that is commonly thought. Three issues were at the heart of Irish philosophy: cognitivism, knowledge of spiritual substance, and the validity of a concept of self-determination in moral philosophy. The second aim is to present how Berkeley developed his views on these issues, how it relates to his compatriots’ views, and what his settled approach to these topics amounted to.
Berkeley on Materialism and Immaterialism
Authors: Frankel Melissa
Published: February 2022

Berkeley argues that matter does not exist. His target is what he takes to be a philosophical (rather than common-sense) doctrine, on which there exist corporeal, non-mental substances that play the role either of supporting qualities or of causing sensory ideas. Berkeley’s materialist opponents are diverse, including not only Locke, but also Descartes and his followers. Because the proponents of matter formulate their commitment to that doctrine in differing ways, or offer differing reasons in support of it, Berkeley appeals to a wide range of differing tactics in his attempt to undermine materialism, arguing among other things that it is incoherent, that it is empty, or that it is explanatorily superfluous. This chapter attempts to give a Berkeleyan reconstruction of various materialist theses, as well as to give a sense of the structure of his arguments against those theses, in order to see why Berkeley ultimately thinks we should abandon philosophical materialism.
Berkeley on Qualities
Authors: Glauser Richard
Published: February 2022

The first section of this chapter deals with the so-called primary/secondary quality distinction in Berkeley’s seventeenth-century context, focusing on Locke. The next section discusses Berkeley’s interpretation of the “materialists’ ” conception of secondary qualities. Following that is an examination of the aspects common to Berkeleyan sensible qualities and to Cartesian and Lockean ideas of sense. The fourth section details the aspects that Berkeleyan sensible ideas share with Cartesian and Lockean primary qualities. The next section studies the heterogeneity thesis concerning visible and tangible ideas (qualities) and its role in supporting Berkeley’s metaphysics of immaterialism and idealism. The final two sections discuss Berkeley’s objections to the primary/secondary quality distinction and the complex relation between (a) perceptual relativity and (b) the epistemic and metaphysical status of primary qualities and proper sensibles. Although the primary/secondary quality distinction cannot survive in Berkeley’s philosophy, it is argued that some of its functions are preserved in his distinction between tangible qualities and those of the other senses. Finally, the chapter addresses the question of whether there are other vestiges of the primary/secondary quality distinction in Berkeley’s philosophy.
Latina/o/x Pilgrimage and Embodiment
Authors: Vargas Daisy
Published: February 2022

This chapter posits that a focus on pilgrimage, of both humans and devotional objects and images, provides scholars with new avenues to approach historical and contemporary issues of migration, labor, and politics; the affective bonds between devotees and saint images, forged through the devotional labor of pilgrimage and procession, create a historical and theological bridge between preconquest religion, colonial Catholicism, and contemporary Christianity. This chapter portrays pilgrimage traditions among Latina/o/x communities in the United States to be as much about religions traveling on the bodies of migrants as they are cultural descriptors of migrant communities in diaspora. The chapter emphasizes that pilgrimage is not only about the religious moving through the migrant body but also about the political and cultural implications of migrant religious bodies and images on a racialized American landscape.
Afro-Cuban Catholicisms
Authors: Pérez Elizabeth
Published: February 2022

This chapter focuses on Afro-Cuban Catholic beliefs and practices, taking an historical approach and bringing the reader up to the contemporary moment. As the chapter will demonstrate, people of African descent in Cuba have developed politically sophisticated and multivalent responses to Catholicism as ecclesia docens—the Church hierarchy in its authoritative teaching function—and to the Church as an institutional structure. Likewise, practitioners of transnational Afro-Cuban West and Central African–inspired religions have been embedded in complex relationships with Catholic theology writ large and its social inscription within the power structures of local parishes while grappling with Catholicism as a hegemonic source of cultural value. This chapter pays special attention to a mi manera (“in my own way”)—Catholics who draw on a rich and familiar history of prerevolutionary idiomatic expression in which women have been dominant and powerful figures.
The Authority of the Bible in the Multiscriptural Context of Korean Christianity
Authors: Lee Yoon Kyung
Published: February 2022

The most distinctive feature of Korean Christianity is the absolute authority that is given to the Bible. Yet Korean Christianity confers such power and authority to the Bible in the multiscriptural context of Korea. Traditionally, Koreans believe firmly in the inherent authority of the sacred scriptures of Buddhism and Confucianism. Throughout history, Koreans experienced the mystic-redemptive power of the Buddhist scriptures and the ethical-redemptive power of the Confucian canonical texts. Korean Christians, in turn, have similarly accepted the Bible with the highest regard. Ironically, this renders a cultural supremacy that depoliticizes the Bible, thereby diminishing its effect on Korean society.
Reunification of South and North Koreas
Authors: Ha Kyung-Taek
Published: February 2022

This chapter evaluates biblical and theological studies attempted by Korean scholars to justify Korean unification and offers suggestions for future studies. This work can be divided into four approaches: conceptual, historical, missionary, and theological. They are meaningful despite their limitations and lay the foundation for a unification theology. The reunification of the Korean peninsula would not only unite two countries but also realize biblical values and ideologies, including peace, forgiveness, and reconciliation. Pursuit of reunification also addresses theological concepts, such as oneness, “all Israel,” remnant, the Kingdom of God, mission to the ends of the earth, and a new creation. Biblical and theological studies clarify responses and actions necessary for the processes of Korean reunification.
Tapestry of Korean Biblical Interpretations in the Making
Authors: Lee Won W.
Published: February 2022

Korean Christianity is renowned for its rapid growth and conservative theological orientation. This phenomenon is inextricably tied to Korean appropriation of the Bible in their religiocultural and sociopolitical context since the eighteenth century. Less understood, however, is the complex tapestry of Korean biblical interpretation that emerged from being missionized, colonized, internally divided, and incorporated into global norms. These countervailing forces proffer a distinctive Korean-ness of biblical interpretation. On the one hand, it tracks closely the influence of conservative Western missionaries. On the other hand, it reflects God’s liberating intervention for Koreans and the Korean diaspora. Both of these movements respond to and move beyond distinct histories of oppression. This introduction coheres twenty-four papers by grouping them into four waves of reciprocal interpretative encounters shaping Korean appropriation of the Bible and Christian practices. Although some conservatively align with received Western orthodoxy, others embrace a sense of complementarity that informs the spectrum of Korean Christian thought and practice, the long-standing religious traditions of Korea, the diversity of Korea’s global diaspora, and the learning of non-Koreans who are attentive to the impact of the Bible in Korea.
‘Let’s have a dance’
Authors: Winkler Amanda Eubanks
Published: February 2022

When we think of Shakespeare’s tragedy Macbeth, we might recall the famous soliloquy upon a dagger or Lady Macbeth’s compulsive hand washing. We do not think of showstopping musical numbers. And yet, for audiences in Restoration London, the musical witches in Macbeth were a big draw. As diarist Samuel Pepys observed, ‘[it is] one of the best plays for a stage, and variety of dancing and music, that ever I saw’ (19 April 1667). This chapter considers the dramaturgical strategies Restoration-era adapters used when making space for music, through an analysis of Davenant’s Macbeth (1663/1664), Dryden/Davenant’s The Tempest (1667; rev. Shadwell, 1674), Purcell’s The Fairy-Queen (1692), and Gildon’s Measure for Measure (1700). As innovative as these adaptations were, not everything was new: I also consider Restoration Shakespeare as palimpsest. Just as traces of Shakespeare’s plays co-existed alongside newly composed lines of text, older songs were retained or their memory lingered.
Shakespeare in Sweden
Authors: Broad Leah
Published: February 2022

When the director Per Lindberg took up the Artistic Directorship of the Lorensberg Theatre in Gothenburg in 1919, he intended to use the position to revolutionize Swedish theatre. Believing that realism, the predominant theatrical style, was outdated and made theatre unpopular, Lindberg wanted instead to create a spectacular form of theatre that he hoped would be popular with a broad audience. Shakespeare was central to this new theatre, as Lindberg framed him as an accessible, modern playwright, staging multiple Shakespeare plays at the Lorensberg. This chapter examines the role that music played in Lindberg’s Shakespeare productions, focusing on the 1922 Romeo and Juliet with music by Wilhelm Stenhammar. Both Stenhammar and Lindberg saw the theatre as a potential force for social improvement, and the chapter contextualizes their conception of modern theatre within interlinked debates about contemporary politics, theatrical style, and musical modernism. It argues that this context is crucial for understanding both Stenhammar’s resistance to musical modernism, and Shakespeare’s significance as a playwright in 1920s Sweden.
Masculinity, Everyday Racism, and Gaming
Authors: Ortiz Stephanie M.
Published: February 2022

Online gaming provides sociologists with a valuable site for exploring the complex relationship between masculinity and racism. After reviewing the ways masculinity and racism have been studied in sociology and in the interdisciplinary research on online gaming, this chapter proposes incorporating sociological approaches to masculinity and everyday racism into the study of gaming through two analytic shifts. First, the chapter centers on Whiteness in the examination of masculinity, exploring how emotions, manhood acts, and peer socialization contribute to everyday racism in a gaming context. Second, it broadens the study of experiences of racism in gaming by including an analysis of masculinity as a set of practices used as resistance against racism. The chapter suggests that White masculinity is key to understanding the often-overlooked ways that racism is reproduced and tolerated by men navigating a world where hegemonic masculinity is the gold standard.
Backlash Against Feminism
Authors: Kenney Sally J.
Published: February 2022

Backlash is a reaction to real or perceived change, leaving progressives worse off by catalyzing conservatives to oppose change by changing their opinions to be more negative, holding opposing views more deeply, or taking action, including violence, when they would not have otherwise. The claim that progressive social change has been counterproductive is an empirical one, but too often those diagnosing backlash fail to distinguish what is truly a measurable setback from the fierce countermobilization of preexisting opponents who are losing ground. Progressives themselves have famously warned against using courts in particular to advance the causes of civil rights, gender equality, or gay rights, yet careful examination reveals no regression in response to legal progress. Once we complicate a simple linear understanding of progress, think about gender inequality intersectionally, and add an analysis of discursive countermobilizations to simple empirical measures of progress, we must conclude the implicit baggage the concept carries outweighs its usefulness.
International Exploitation, Capital Export, and Unequal Exchange
Authors: Cogliano Jonathan F. , Kaneko Soh , Veneziani Roberto , Yoshihara Naoki
Published: February 2022

This chapter discusses how international exploitation and unequal exchange emerge in the global economy by focussing on simple economic models with and without credit markets. Free trade of commodities among rich and poor countries results in a transfer of labour time between countries, allowing the citizens of some countries to consume more of the world’s social labour than they have contributed. Capital movements across borders together with strong restrictions on the movement of people result in net exporters of capital exploiting (or benefitting from unequal exchange at the expense of) net capital importers. Under perfect competition, mutual benefits from free trade in goods and capital can coexist alongside unequal flows of revenue and labour in the world economy. Market imperfections and the open use of coercion are not necessary for international exploitation to emerge. However, they may be central for it to persist over time.
Slavery, Capitalism, and Imperialism
Authors: Rioux Sébastien
Published: February 2022

This chapter problematizes the relationship between slavery, capitalism, and imperialism. First, it explores how slavery and the slave trade played a key historical role in capital accumulation and international value transfer from the early modern period to the Industrial Revolution. More specifically, it looks at the central importance of slavery in the expansion of capitalist trade and production as well as its role in the constitution of an international division of labour premised upon the uneven exploitation of distant spaces and populations. Second, the chapter explores the ways in which capitalist techniques shaped slavery and its institutions. In this respect, it investigates the rationalization of slave production in the context of an increasingly competitive international market in goods. Third, the chapter considers the fundamental importance of struggles and resistance against slavery in the context of capitalist imperialism. The chapter concludes with a discussion on modern-day slavery and its roots in militarized borders, wars of encroachment, and dependent economies of imperialism.
Surplus Labour
Authors: Scherrer Christoph
Published: February 2022

Informal labour relations and underemployed persons abound in many formerly colonized countries. The abundance of persons offering their labour power in relationship to the limited demand for their labour stems from the insufficient absorption of peasants set free from their land. In many late industrializing countries, most of those who are leaving agriculture do not find gainful employment. In fact, many of the late industrializers are prematurely de-industrializing. Based on a comparison between the conditions prevalent among the early industrializers and present-day latecomers to industry and advanced services, this chapter highlights how the generally violent passage from an agrarian-rural to a capitalist industrial-urban economy is aggravated by imperialist legacies and current post-imperialist practices for many countries of the Global South.