bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
10‐Year Follow‐Up of Immediately Loaded Implants with TiUnite Porous Anodized Surface
Authors: Degidi Marco , Nardi Diego , Piattelli Adriano
Published: February 2012

Background: The immediate loading of implants with a porous anodized surface is a well‐described technique. Few data are however available on the long‐term outcomes.

Purpose: The aim of this prospective study was to assess the 10‐year performance of TiUnite implants supporting fixed prostheses placed with an immediate loading approach in both postextractive and healed sites.

Materials and Methods: All patients received a fixed provisional restoration supported by immediately loaded parallel design, self‐tapping implants with a porous anodized TiUnite surface, and an external‐hexagonal connection. Both healed and postextractive cases were included. Success and survival rate for restorations and implants, changes in marginal peri‐implant bone level, probing depth measurements, biological or technical complications, and any other adverse event were recorded at yearly follow‐up up to 10 years after surgery.

Results: A total of 210 implants fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were consecutively placed in 59 patients. Forty‐seven (22.38%) implants were lost because of the recalled patient refused to attend the planned 10‐year follow‐up. Five over 210 (2.38%) implants were lost. At the final follow‐up, the accumulated mean marginal bone loss and probing depth were, respectively, 1.93 mm (SD 0.40) and 2.54 mm (SD 0.44) for the implants placed in healed sites (n = 84); 1.98 mm (SD 0.37) and 2.63 mm (SD 0.39) for the implants placed in postextractive sites (n = 74). The restorations examined achieved a cumulative 65.26% success rate and 97.96% survival rate. The implants placed in healed and postextractive sites, respectively, achieved a 98.05% and a 96.52% cumulative survival rate.

Conclusions: Positive results in terms of bone maintenance in the long‐term perspective are to be expected using immediately loaded implants with a TiUnite porous anodized surface in both postextractive and healed sites when adequate levels of oral hygiene are kept.
Organ and tissue donation‐related attitudes, education and practices of emergency department clinicians in Australia
Authors: Jelinek George A , Marck Claudia H , Weiland Tracey J , Neate Sandra L , Hickey Bernadette B
Published: February 2012

Objective: The ED is emerging as a priority for efforts to improve rates of organ and tissue donation (OTD) in Australia, but little is known of ED clinicians' attitudes, education or practices in the area. We aimed to determine the attitudes and OTD‐related educational background and practices of Australian ED clinicians.

Methods: This was a national cross‐sectional survey of members of the Australasian College for Emergency Medicine (ACEM) and the College of Emergency Nursing Australasia (CENA); online questionnaire of 133 items, graded responses using Likert and ordinal multi‐category scales, plus open‐ended qualitative questions.

Results: Of 2969 ACEM members, 599 (20.2%) responded; of 1026 CENA members, 212 (20.7%) responded. Respondents were broadly representative of the membership, with male trainee specialists underrepresented. Most ED staff supported OTD, although many were not certain that facilitating OTD was their role, or that the ED was the right place to identify donors. Around a quarter of medical and nursing staff had received no education regarding OTD. Having received education was related to professional status, cultural background, place of work and years of experience, and was significantly associated with attitude towards OTD and whether staff participated in OTD‐related tasks.

Conclusions: More education on OTD is needed and requested by ED clinicians in Australia, particularly on OTD after cardiac death, management of a donor, brain death and obtaining consent. Postgraduate curricula should reflect this need for more OTD‐related education in emergency medicine and nursing.
An Internet Survey of Demographic and Health Factors Associated with Risk of Sexual Dysfunction in Women Who Have Sex with Women
Authors: Shindel Alan W. , Rowen Tami S. , Lin Tzu-Chun , Li Chin-Shang , Robertson Patricia A. , Breyer Benjamin N.
Published: February 2012

Introduction

There has been scant attention to predictors of sexual dysfunction in women who have sex with women (WSW).

Aim

To investigate the associations of high risk for sexual dysfunction in an Internet cohort of WSW.

Main Outcome Measure

A modified version of the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) was used to quantify each subject’s sexual function.

Methods

Women who have sex with women were invited to participate in an Internet-based survey by invitations posted on e-mail listservs and on social media sites catering to WSW. Ethnodemographic, health status, and sexual/relationship data were collected.

Results

The study was completed by 2,433 adult women. Of these, 1,566 participants had complete data on the FSFI and comprised the study cohort; 388 (24.8%) met the FSFI criteria for high risk of female sexual dysfunction (HRFSD). On multivariable analysis, the following variables were found to be independently associated with the HRFSD; moderate or severe subjective bother regarding sexual function (OR 4.8, 95% CI 3.0–7.9 and 13.7, 95% CI 7.5–25.1, respectively), overactive bladder (OAB) (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.0–4.5), having a nonfemale or no partner (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.1–4.7 and 3.2, 95% CI 2.0–5.2, respectively). A history of pregnancy was associated with lower odds of HRFSD (OR 0.567, 95% CI 0.37–0.87). Mean FSFI domain scores for all domains except desire were negatively impacted by partner factors and OAB.

Conclusions

A single-item question on sexual bother is strongly predictive of potentially distressing sexual problems in the WSW. A number of health and social factors are associated with risk of sexual problems in the WSW. Assessment of sexual well-being in the WSW is a priority for practicing healthcare providers.
Observations of turbidity in the Thames Estuary, United Kingdom
Authors: Mitchell Steve , Akesson Lars , Uncles Reginald
Published: February 2012

Two years of data of water level, salinity and turbidity have been analysed to understand the response of the estuarine turbidity maximum in the Thames to variations in tidal range and freshwater flow. We show the increase in turbidity in spring, together with a sudden decrease in autumn after fluvial flooding. In order to try to understand the mechanisms, we also present data from individual tides. During dry periods, there is a period of slack water around high tide when settling occurs. There is little equivalent settling at low tide, nor is there any significant settling during wet weather periods, pointing to the importance of tidal asymmetry at certain times of year. We also present an empirical relationship between peak tidal water level and turbidity during flood tides, which clearly shows the greater landward transport of sediment under spring tides, although this is moderated by the availability of erodible material.
Quine on Objects: Realism or Anti‐Realism?
Authors: KESKINEN ANTTI
Published: February 2012

W. V. Quine describes himself as a “robust realist” about physical objects in the external world. This realism about objects is due to Quine's naturalism. On the other hand, Quine's naturalistic epistemology involves a conception of objects as posits that we introduce in our theories about the world. This conception of objects can be seen as anti‐realist rather than realist. In this article, I discuss the questions whether there is a tension between Quine's realism and his epistemological conception of objects, and how Quine's conception of objects should be understood if he is also to be regarded as a realist. I also address the question whether Quine should be placed on the realist or the anti‐realist side of the current realism debate. I argue that Quine's conception of objects as posits is a general account of the nature of objects, and that this account does not conflict with Quine's realism as long as this realism is properly understood. I also argue that Quine cannot be placed on either side of the contemporary realism debate, since his realism is not metaphysical realism and his conception of objects is not an anti‐realist doctrine according to which objects would be less than real.
An Important Ornithischian Tracksite in the Early Jurassic of the Shenmu Region, Shaanxi, China
Authors: Jianjun LI , LOCKLEY Martin G. , Yuguang ZHANG , Songmei HU , Masaki MATSUKAWA , Zhiqiang BAI
Published: February 2012

A large track site with multiple, well‐preserved trackways of an Early Jurassic quadrupedal ornithischian dinosaur is the first report of Moyenisauripus‐like trackways from Asia, herein named Shenmuichnus youngteilhardorum. The tracks occur in a clastic fluvial sequence in the Fuxian Formation in Shenmu County, Shaanxi Province, which is in the same general region as the discovery site of Sinoichnites, the first dinosaur track reported from China. Based on size and morphology, it is likely that Sinoichnites, which is now lost, also represents an ornithischian. The Shenmuichnus youngteilhardorum trackways show two modes of preservation: the first representing deeper tracks, with sediment rims, results in Deltapodus‐like tracks, with indistinct pes digit traces and sub‐circular manus traces, the second produces Moyenosauripus‐like tracks, with clear tridactyl and pentadactyl digit traces in the pes and manus respectively. Thus the Shenmu trackways play a key role in resolving globally significant ichnotaxonomic problems surrounding the nomenclature of Sinoichnites, Moyenosauripus, Deltapodus and other named (Ravatichnus) and unnamed trackways from Asia, Africa and Europe. In addition they shed important light on the paleogeographical and paleoecological distribution of quadrupedal ornithischians in the Early Mesozoic. The track site has been the focus of a major excavation to transfer the trackways from their original remote location to the new Shenmu Museum, in Shenmu City. Other tracksites in the area which reveal Anomoepus, Grallator and the Deltapodus morphotype, together with Shenmuichnus and plant fossil evidence, suggest an Early Jurassic age for the tracksite.
Ginkgo Huolinhensis sp. nov. from the Lower Cretaceous of Huolinhe Coal Field, Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: Man DONG , Ge SUN
Published: February 2012

A new species, Ginkgo huolinhensis sp. nov., with well‐preserved cuticle from the Lower Cretaceous, Huolinhe Formation of Huolinhe Coal Field in Inner Mongolia, China, was studied morphologically and anatomically. The main characters of the new species are found in the leaves which are deeply dissected with narrow lobes, trichomes developed on both upper and lower epidermal cells, a media papilla developed on the periclinal walls for each cell in upper cuticle, and no trichomes on the cuticle of the petioles. These characters of G. huolinhensis sp. nov. distinguish from the known species of Ginkgo previously reported. This study of the new species is beneficial for the taxonomic research of fossil Ginkgo, and should be helpful for a better understanding the paleoenvironment of Ginkgo living in northeastern China during the Early Cretaceous.
Effect and Prospect of Basic Geological Survey Based on Airborne Gravimetry in China
Authors: Wenyong LI , Jianxin ZHOU , Shengqing XIONG , Zhihong GUO , Wenfen LU , Jianchun XU , Yanxu LIU
Published: February 2012

The airborne gravimetry was an important leap and innovation in the world's history of geophysical exploration. China's first test of the airborne gravity geological survey in the onshore‐offshore transitional area of the western and southern part of the Bohai Sea was successful and effective in geology. Based on the airborne gravity data, and combining previous ground gravity, seismic and drilling data etc., we carried out the geological interpretation by forward and inverse methods. The result shows that the airborne Bouguer gravity anomaly was clear, the fracture interpretation was reliable, and the inversion depth of the main geological interfaces was relatively accurate. This airborne gravity geological survey not only filled the exploring gaps in the onshore‐offshore transitional area, and realized the geological and tectonic junction between the sea and the land, but also discovered four local gravity anomalies, 11 fractures and three sags or subsags, and so on. The good geological effect of airborne gravimetry not restricted by terrain condition shows that it can be served as a new geophysical method in the exploration of complex terrain physiognomy area such as mountain, jungle, desert, marsh, onshore‐offshore transitional area and so on, and has an extensive application prospect in China in the future.
Platinum‐group Element Geochemistry of Magnetite from Porphyry‐Cu‐Mo Deposits and their Host Rocks (Siberia, Russia)
Authors: BERZINA Anita
Published: February 2012

The concentrations of platinum‐group elements (PGE) have been analyzed in primary magmatic magnetite samples from the Zhireken, Shakhtama and Aksug porphyry Cu‐Mo deposits (Siberia, Russia) by laser ablation‐inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to determine the range of PGE contents in magnetites and to check whether magnetite from two main rock suites (barren plutonic suite and mineralized porphyry suite) has distinct PGE composition. The results presented here indicate that magnetites are enriched in PGE relative to whole‐rocks. Comparison of ore‐related porphyry and barren plutonic suites shows that magnetite exhibit relatively similar PGE distribution patterns in both suites. Variations in Rh and Ru contents were controlled by the oxygen fugacity during magma crystallization.
Zircon SHRIMP U‐Pb Dating of the Tourmalinites from Boron‐bearing Series of Borate Deposits in Eastern Liaoning and its Geological Implications
Authors: Jingdang LIU , Rongge XIAO , Yanfei ZHANG , Minghui FAN , Shengzhi WANG , Yuguo JIA , Gang WANG , Zhixue LIU
Published: February 2012

This paper focused on the zircon sensitive high resolution ion micro‐probeU‐Pb geochronology of the tourmalinites from boron‐bearing series of borate deposits in Eastern Liaoning. The zircons commonly have core‐rim structures, most cores show oscillatory zoning in cathodoluminescence and plane polarized light images, suggesting a magmatic detrital origin. Ages of the magmatic detrital zircons from the hyalotourmalite samples (N13) and (N14) are 2175 ± 5 Ma and 2171 ± 9 Ma, respectively. Moreover, metamorphic zircon from the sample (N13) shows an age of 1906 ± 4 Ma. Zircon core and rim from the hyalotourmalite sample (N02) record ages of 2171 ± 6 Ma and 1889 ± 62 Ma, which are explained as indicating the formation and metamorphic ages. Combined with the geological and geochemical studies, it can be concluded that the tourmalinites are formed during sedimentary exhalative mineralizations in the mid‐Paleoproterozoic (∼2170 Ma) and underwent the metamorphism in the late‐Paleoproterozoic (∼1900 Ma). The tourmalinites are the products of submarine acid volcanism in the extension rifting phase of the Liaoji Paleoproterozoic Rift, the rock‐forming materials of which are derived from the mantle sources with recycling crustal contamination. The emergence of tourmalinites not only indicates the mid‐Paleoproterozoic tectonic‐magmatic processes, but also provides impetus, heat and material sources for the mineralization of borate deposits in Eastern Liaoning.
Microbial Mats in Tibetan Hot Springs and their Contributions to the Cesium‐bearing Geyserite Ore Formation
Authors: Hailei WANG , Mianping ZHENG , Fanjing KONG
Published: February 2012

Microbial mats, mainly dominated by filamentous algae Calothrix and Oscillatoria, are well developed in Tibetan hot springs. A great number of fossil microorganisms, which existed as algae lamination in thermal depositional cesium‐bearing geyserite in this area, are identified as Calothrix and Oscillatoria through microexamination and culture experiments. These microbial mats show the ability to accumulate cesium from spring water to the extent of cesium concentration of 0.46–1.03% cell dry weight, 900 times higher than that in water, and capture large numbers of cesium‐bearing opal grain. Silicon dioxide colloid in spring water replaces and fills with the organism and deposits on it to form algae laminated geyserite after dehydration and congelation. Cesium in the microbial mats and opal grain is then reserved in the geyserite. Eventually, cesium‐bearing algae laminated geyserite is formed. Study on cesium distribution in geyserite also shows that cesium content in algae lamination, especially in heavily compacted algae lamination, is higher than in the opal layer. For geyserite with no algae lamination or other organism structure, which is generally formed in spring water with low silicon content, cesium accumulation and cesium‐bearing opal grain assembled by the microbial mats are also indispensable. After the microbial mats accumulating cesium from spring water, silicon dioxide colloid poorly replaces and fills with the organism to form opal grain‐bearing tremellose microbial mats. The shape and structure of the organisms are then destroyed, resulting in cesium‐bearing geyserite with no algae lamination structure after dehydration and congelation. It is then concluded that microbial mats in the spring area contribute to the enrichment of cesium in the formation of cesium‐bearing geyserite, and a biological genesis of the geyserite, besides of the physical and chemical genesis, is likely.
Provenance System Analysis of the Nantun Formation of the Huhehu Sag in Hailar Basin
Authors: Junhui LI , Qi'an MENG , Shuangfang LU , Defeng ZHU , Haibo WU , He LIU , Dazhi ZHANG
Published: February 2012

Huhehu Sag is a new battlefield for the future oil and gas exploration in the Hailar Basin. At present, exploration of this area stays at a low level and the understanding of the provenance system of the Nantun Formation is comparatively weak. So, to carry out the detailed depiction of the provenance system in the study area is significant for the sedimentary system reconstruction, for the prediction of reservoir distribution and favorable areas. Based on comprehensive analysis of paleogeomorphy, light‐heavy mineral and seismic reflection features, sandstone thickness and sandstone percentage, this paper analyzes in detail the provenance system of the Nantun Formation in Huhehu Sag from various angles and levels. It shows that provenances of the Huhehu Sag mainly originated from the eastern Xilinbeier Salient and western Bayan Mountain Uplift. The provenances surrounding the lake basin converged to the center of the basin, among which, the steep slope belt and the gentle slope belt are the main provenances, and the southern uplift is a secondary one. The distribution framework of the provenance fundamentally determines the distribution rules of the depositional system and its sand body developing during the Nantun period.
New Approaches and Markers for Identifying Secondary Biogenic Coalbed Gas
Authors: Mingxin TAO , Jing LI , Xiaobin LI , Yuzhen MA , Zhongping LI , Zuodong WANG , Zhongliang GAO , Xiaojun ZHANG , Yanlong WANG
Published: February 2012

According to the adsorption‐desorption characteristics of coalbed gas and analysis of various experimental data, this paper proposes that the generation of secondary biogenic gas (SBG) and its mixing of with the residual thermogenic gas at an early stage inevitably lead to secondary changes of the thermogenic gas and various geochemical additive effects. Experimental results also show that the fractionation of the carbon isotope of methane of coal core desorption gas changes very little; the δ13C1 value of the mixed gas of biogenic and thermogenic gases is between the δ13C1 values of the two “original” gases, and the value is determined by the carbon isotopic compositions and mixing proportions of the two “original” methanes. Therefore this paper proposes that the study on the secondary changes of the thermogenic gas and various additive effects is a new effective way to study and identify SBG. Herein, a systematic example of research on the coalbed gas (Huainan coalbed gas) is further conducted, revealing a series of secondary changes and additive effects, the main characteristics and markers of which are: (1) the contents of CO2 and heavy‐hydrocarbons decrease significantly; (2) the content of CH4 increases and the gas becomes drier; (3) the δ13C and δD values of methane decrease significantly and tend to have biogenetic characteristics; and (4) the values of δ13C2 and δ13Cco2 grow higher. These isotopic values also change with the degradation degrees by microbes and mixing proportions of the two kinds of gases in different locations. There exists a negative correlation between the δ13C1vsδ13Cco2 values. The Δδ13Cc2–c1 values obviously become higher. The distributions of the Δδ13Cco2–c1 values are within certain limits and show regularity. There exist a positive correlation between the N2 versus Ar contents, and a negative correlation between the N2 versus CH4 contents, indicating the down forward infiltration of the surface water containing air. These are important markers of the generation and existence of SBG.
Accumulation and Reformation of Silurian Reservoir in the Northern Tarim Basin
Authors: Guangyou ZHU , Jie CUI , Jin SU , Haijun YANG , Bin ZHANG , Jianfeng HU , Yongfeng ZHU
Published: February 2012

Silurian sandstone in Tarim Basin has good reservoir properties and active oil and gas shows, especially thick widely‐distributed bituminous sandstone. Currently, the Silurian was found containing both bitumen and conventional reservoirs, with petroleum originating from terrestrial and marine source rocks. The diversity of their distribution was the result of “three sources, three stages” accumulation and adjustment processes. “Three sources” refers to two sets of marine rocks in Cambrian and Middle‐Upper Ordovician, and a set of terrestrial rock formed in Triassic in the Kuqa depression. “Three stages” represents three stages of accumulation, adjustment and reformation occurring in Late Caledonian, Late Hercynian and Late Himalayan, respectively. The study suggests that the Silurian bitumen is remnants of oil generated from Cambrian and Ordovician source rocks and accumulated in the sandstone reservoir during Late Caledonian‐Early Hercynian and Late Hercynian stages, and then damaged by the subsequent two stages of tectonic uplift movements in Early Hercynian and Pre‐Triassic. The authors presumed that the primary paleo‐reservoirs formed during these two stages might be preserved in the Silurian in the southern deep part of the Tabei area. Except for the Yingmaili area where the Triassic terrestrial oil was from the Kuqa Depression during Late Himalayan Stage, all movable oil reservoirs originated from marine sources. They were secondary accumulations from underlying Ordovician after structure reverse during the Yanshan‐Himalayan stage. Oil/gas shows mixed‐source characteristics, and was mainly from Middle‐Upper Ordovician. The complexity and diversity of the Silurian marine primary properties were just defined by these three stages of oil‐gas charging and tectonic movements in the Tabei area.
Dealing with the Spatial Synthetic Heterogeneity of Aquifers in the North China Plain: A Case Study of Luancheng County in Hebei Province
Authors: Rong MA , Jiansheng SHI , Jichao LIU
Published: February 2012

The complexity of alluvial‐pluvial fan depositional systems makes the detailed characterization of their heterogeneity difficult, yet such a detailed characterization is commonly needed for construction of reliable groundwater models. Traditional models mainly focus on using a single aquifer property to qualitatively or semi‐quantitatively characterize the heterogeneity of aquifer, so that they are unable to quantitatively reflect the synthetic heterogeneity of all aquifer properties. In this paper, we propose the heterogeneity synthetic index (HSI) for quantitative characterization of synthetic heterogeneity of an aquifer. The proposed calculation process involves four steps: (1) estimation of the hydraulic conductivity of a sediment sample using the cloud‐Markov model, (2) establishment of the sedimentary microfacies distribution model through the Markov chain, (3) characterization of the distribution model of hydrogeological parameters using the improved sequential simulation method according to the “facies‐controlled modeling” technique, and (4) application of the entropy weight method to calculate the weight coefficient of the above aquifer properties. The HSI of an aquifer is calculated by superposition of these models according to the corresponding weight coefficient. This approach was applied to the Luancheng aquifer deposit in the southeast Hutuo River alluvial‐pluvial fan in the North China Plain (NCP). The results have demonstrated that aquifer 3 which was formed in the middle Pleistocene has the strongest heterogeneity, with an HSI of 0.25–0.75. Aquifer 4 formed in the early Pleistocene shows an intermediate heterogeneity, with the HSI ranging 0.35–0.75. The weakest heterogeneity was found in aquifers 1 and 2 formed in the Holocene and late Pleistocene, with HSI values of 0.40–0.75 and 0.40–0.80, respectively. The heterogeneity of all the four aquifers is relatively strong in the radial direction of the Huai River alluvial‐pluvial fan due to the abrupt change of microfacies. In contrast, in the radial direction of the Hutuo River alluvial‐pluvial fan, the microfacies change mildly, and the continuity of hydrogeological parameters is better, which has resulted in weaker heterogeneity of the four aquifers in this direction. Findings suggest that the sedimentary environment has significant effects on the aquifer heterogeneity. Considering that there arc many aquifer properties, HSI can quantitatively characterize the synthetic heterogeneity of the aquifer and describe the influence of each aquifer property on the synthetic heterogeneity of the aquifer according to its weight coefficient. Thus the HSI approach can be successfully used to deal with the spatial heterogeneity of aquifer and provide a foundation for studies on contaminant transport.
Middle‐Late Pleistocene Glacial Lakes in the Grand Canyon of the Tsangpo River, Tibet
Authors: Song ZHU , Zhenhan WU , Xitao ZHAO , Jianping LI , Hua WANG
Published: February 2012

Many moraines formed between Daduka and Chibai in the Tsangpo River valley since Middle Pleistocene. A prominent set of lacustrine and alluvial terraces on the valley margin along both the Tsangpo and Nyang Rivers formed during Quaternary glacial epoch demonstrate lakes were created by damming of the river. Research was conducted on the geological environment, contained sediments, spatial distribution, timing, and formation and destruction of these paleolakes. The lacustrine sediments 14C (10537±268 aBP at Linzhi Brick and Tile Factory, 22510±580 aBP and 13925±204 aBP at Bengga, 21096±1466 aBP at Yusong) and a series of ESR (electron spin resonance) ages at Linzhi town and previous data by other experts, paleolakes persisted for 691∼505 kaBP middle Pleistocene ice age, 75–40 kaBP the early stage of last glacier, 27–8 kaBP Last Glacier Maximum (LGM), existence time of lakes gradually shorten represents glacial scale and dam moraine supply potential gradually cut down, paleolakes and dam scale also gradually diminished. This article calculated the average lacustrine sedimentary rate of Gega paleolake in LGM was 12.5 mm/a, demonstrates Mount Namjagbarwa uplifted strongly at the same time, the sedimentary rate of Gega paleolake is more larger than that of enclosed lakes of plateau inland shows the climatic variation of Mount Namjagbarwa is more larger and plateau margin uplifted more quicker than plateau inland. This article analyzed formation and decay cause about the Zelunglung glacier on the west flank of Mount Namjagbarwa got into the Tsangpo River valley and blocked it for tectonic and climatic factors. There is a site of blocking the valley from Gega to Chibai. This article according to moraines and lacustrine sediments yielded paleolakes scale: the lowest lake base altitude 2850 m, the highest lake surface altitude 3585 m, 3240 m and 3180 m, area 2885 km2, 820 km2 and 810 km2, lake maximum depth of 735 m, 390 m and 330 m. We disclose the reason that previous experts discovered there were different age moraines dividing line of altitude 3180 m at the entrance of the Tsangpo Grand Canyon is dammed lake erosive decay under altitude 3180 m moraines in the last glacier era covering moraines in the early ice age of late Pleistocene, top 3180 m in the last glacier moraine remained because ancient dammed lakes didn't erode it under 3180 m moraines in the early ice age of late Pleistocene exposed. The reason of the top elevation 3585 m moraines in the middle Pleistocene ice age likes that of altitude 3180 m. There were three times dammed lakes by glacier blocking the Tsangpo River during Quaternary glacial period. During other glacial and interglacial period the Zelunglung glacier often extended the valley but moraine supplemental speed of the dam was smaller than that of fluvial erosion and moraine movement, dam quickly disappeared and didn't form stable lake.
Iron therapy alone or in combination with erythropoietin in surgical and medical cardiac patients
Authors: CLADELLAS MERCÈ , BRUGUERA JORDI , COMÍN‐COLET JOSEP
Published: February 2012

Anemia has been associated to poor outcomes in the whole spectrum of patients with heart disease. The etiology of this comorbidity in cardiac patients is multifactorial but acute bleeding or chronic occult blood loss, iron deficiency and inflammation are common causes in these patients. Abnormal handling or availability of iron and inadequate response to endogenous erythropoietin have both raised the interest of researchers and clinicians to explore the therapeutic role of these agents either alone or in combination. In this review, we analyze the most recent research evaluating the role of iron alone or in combination with erythropoietin in the management of anemia of cardiac patients ranging from those patients that undergo cardiac surgery to those more advanced patients with chronic heart failure.
Contemporary medico‐legal dental radiology
Authors: Wright B
Published: February 2012

The advent of extraoral radiology in general dental practice has become more widespread since 2000, particularly with digital systems. With this comes a range of medico‐legal risks for dentists not adverted to previously.

These risks include a higher than expected radiation dose for some surveys, and the risk of a ‘loss of a chance’ for a patient whereby the images may disclose pathology not diagnosed by general dental practitioners using OPG and CBVT radiology.

Practitioners need to apply relevant legal principles in deciding which surveys to order and record, and also need to explain to patients the dosages of the radiation that they will likely receive. Practitioners also need to assess whether the resultant survey ought to be interpreted by a radiologist to diagnose any wider pathology with which a general practitioner may not be familiar. Extra caution needs to be used in ordering high dose radiology in paediatric patients.

Dentists should not assume patients fully understand the nature of CBVT and MCT, and its risks and benefits. Consideration ought to be given to the volume of CBVT ordered dependent on factors such as patient age, symptoms, history and procedural intent.
Interpretation of panoramic radiographs
Authors: Perschbacher S
Published: February 2012

Panoramic radiography has become a commonly used imaging modality in dental practice and can be a valuable diagnostic tool in the dentist’s armamentarium. However, the panoramic image is a complex projection of the jaws with multiple superimpositions and distortions which may be exacerbated by technical errors in image acquisition. Furthermore, the panoramic radiograph depicts numerous anatomic structures outside of the jaws which may create additional interpretation challenges. Successful interpretation of panoramic radiographs begins with an understanding of the normal anatomy of the head and neck and how it is depicted in this image type. This article will describe how osseous structures, soft tissues, air spaces and ghost shadows contribute to the final panoramic image. A systematic and repeated approach to examining panoramic radiographs, which is recommended to ensure that critical findings are not overlooked, is also outlined. Examples of challenging interpretations, including variations of anatomy, artefacts and disease, are presented to illustrate these concepts.
The impact of computer display performance on the quality of digital radiographs: a review
Authors: Butt A , Mahoney M , Savage NW
Published: February 2012

Radiography makes an essential contribution to the processes of examination, diagnosis and treatment planning in dentistry. While the use of film‐based imaging still predominates in dentistry, digital imaging is gaining wider acceptance and the use of this modality is anticipated to expand in the future. Two concerns associated with this transition have been raised in the literature. The first of these is the dissatisfaction experienced by many dental professionals with quality of digital radiographs when compared to plain film. In addition, there are indications that practitioners feel limited in their understanding of those factors impacting on digital image quality.

One key area highlighted in the literature as having a significant influence on digital radiographic quality and interpretation concerns the performance of the display device. Within the last decade, research derived from the fields of medical radiology and physics have demonstrated that suboptimally performing displays degrade image quality, thereby increasing the potential for compromised diagnostic outcomes. In the field of medicine, this has resulted in the establishment of standards applicable to computer displays used in diagnostic radiology. Conversely, limited guidelines exist in the field of dentistry. The aim of this review is to provide an outline of these standards and highlight the important relationship between computer display performance and digital image quality.
Cone beam computed tomography use in orthodontics
Authors: Nervina JM
Published: February 2012

Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is widely used by orthodontists to obtain three‐dimensional (3‐D) images of their patients. This is of value as malocclusion results from discrepancies in three planes of space. This review tracks the use of CBCT in orthodontics, from its validation as an accurate and reliable tool, to its use in diagnosing and treatment planning, and in assessing treatment outcomes in orthodontics.
Cone beam computed tomography and obstructive sleep apnoea
Authors: Strauss RA , Wang N
Published: February 2012

Sleep apnoea is characterized by an intermittent cessation or diminution of airflow during sleep that may result in significant pulmonary and cardiac consequences, and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. It is a common disease that affects approximately 20% of patients who snore, equating to a total prevalence in the population of about 4% of all middle aged men and 2% of women. In reality, due to lack of recognition and the difficulty with obtaining an accurate diagnosis, the actual incidence is likely much higher.
Update on the biological effects of ionizing radiation, relative dose factors and radiation hygiene
Authors: White SC , Mallya SM
Published: February 2012

Diagnostic imaging is an indispensable part of contemporary medical and dental practice. Over the last few decades there has been a dramatic increase in the use of ionizing radiation for diagnostic imaging. The carcinogenic effects of high‐dose exposure are well known. Does diagnostic radiation rarely cause cancer? We don’t know but we should act as if it does. Accordingly, dentists should select patients wisely – only make radiographs when there is patient‐specific reason to believe there is a reasonable expectation the radiograph will offer unique information influencing diagnosis or treatment. Low‐dose examinations should be made: intraoral imaging – use fast film or digital sensors, thyroid collars, rectangular collimation; panoramic and lateral cephalometric imaging – use digital systems or rare‐earth film screen combinations; and cone beam computed tomography – use low‐dose machines, restrict field size to region of interest, reduce mA and length of exposure arc as appropriate.
Diabetes, hepatitis virus infection and hepatocellular carcinoma: A case–control study in hepatitis endemic area
Authors: Ko Wei‐Hsu , Chiu Sherry Yueh‐Hsia , Yang Kuo‐Ching , Chen Hsiu‐Hsi
Published: February 2012

Aim:  In spite of numerous studies on the association between diabetes mellitus (DM) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the results are inconsistent and whether and how the effect of DM on the risk for HCC is modified or synergistically exerted by hepatitis virus infection are still unclear. We aimed to elucidate and quantify the effect modification and synergism between hepatitis B and C virus (HBV and HCV, respectively) and DM leading to the risk for HCC and also assess the independent contribution of DM to the risk for HCC at population level (population attributable fraction) in a high prevalence area of hepatitis virus infection.

Methods:  A hospital‐based case–control study was conducted from one medical center. Information on hepatitis B and C virus infection and DM status (defined by 8‐h fasting blood glucose level ≥126 mg/dL, current use of oral hyperglycemic agent or insulin injection) was collected to assess interaction of hepatitis virus infection with DM on the risk for HCC.

Results:  The association between DM and the risk for HCC was significant regardless of the presence of HBV infection, whereas a significant positive association was noted for HCV negativity. Synergistic interactions between DM and HBV infection were significant. In the absence of both hepatitis virus infections, the independent effect of DM accounted for 7.5% risk for HCC from the underlying population.

Conclusion:  The effect of DM on the risk for developing HCC is higher in HCV negative patients and synergistic with HBV infection. The independent effect of DM provides a new insight to the prevention of HCC other than virus‐related mechanism.
Estimating the Probabilistic Size and Shape Distributions of 3D Anomalies From Sectioning Measurements Using the Stereological Unfolding Approach
Authors: Liang Wuwei , Enright Michael P.
Published: February 2012

The accuracy of probabilistic risk assessment of rotor disks is strongly dependent on the accurate description of the size and shape distributions of anomalies in alloys. These size-shape distributions of anomalies are often derived from planar sectioning data measurements using stereological unfolding algorithms. Since it is impossible to accurately predict the shape and orientation parameters of a general ellipsoid based on measurements obtained from two-dimensional sectioning data, the anomaly model should be limited to a spheroid. In this study, an unfolding algorithm was implemented and verified that can be used to estimate the probabilistic dimensions and orientations of 3D spheroids based on 2D section data. It is shown that the accuracy of the predicted spheroid model is dependent on the number of sections and the discretization of the mesh used to characterize the data.
Choice Modeling for Usage Context-Based Design
Authors: He Lin , Chen Wei , Hoyle Christopher , Yannou Bernard
Published: February 2012

Usage context-based design (UCBD) is an emerging design paradigm where usage context is considered as a critical part of driving factors behind customers’ choices. Here, usage context is defined as all aspects describing the context of product use that vary under different use conditions and affect product performance and/or consumer preferences for the product attributes. In this paper, we propose a choice modeling framework for UCBD to quantify the impact of usage context on customer choices. We start with defining a taxonomy for UCBD. By explicitly modeling usage context’s influence on both product performances and customer preferences, a step-by-step choice modeling procedure is proposed to support UCBD. Two case studies, a jigsaw example with stated preference data and a hybrid electric vehicle example with revealed preference data, demonstrate the needs and benefits of incorporating usage context in choice modeling.
Wafer level critical dimension control in spacer-defined double patterning for sub-72 nm pitch logic technology
Authors: Kim Ryoung-han , Watso Robert , van Dommelen Youri , Finders Jo , Colburn Matthew E. , Levinson Harry J.
Published: February 2012

Optimization of critical dimension (CD) uniformity during a spacer-defined double patterning process was explored. Image log-slope (ILS) was used as a major metric in optimizing the CD uniformity as well as the vertical sidewall of the developed resist pattern, which was used as a core-mandrel. In aerial image optimization, mask CD, mask pitch, target CD, defocus, and illumination settings were identified as influential factors in the CD uniformity. An over-exposure from a large mask CD was discovered to be beneficial to the CD maintenance as was a vertical sidewall of the resist pattern, although the CD uniformity across the focus reversely deteriorates with an increase in the ILS. As for wafer-level CD uniformity control, ASML’s Spacer Controller was able to correct CD nonuniformity of post-etch patterns across the intra- and inter-fields of the wafer by adjusting the local dose during the lithographic exposure.
Successful growth of Cu2Se-free CuGaSe2 by migration-enhanced epitaxy
Authors: Fujita Miki , Sato Tomohiro , Kitada Tsuyoshi , Kawaharazuka Atsushi , Horikoshi Yoshiji
Published: February 2012

CuGaSe2 films were grown on GaAs (001) substrates by migration enhanced epitaxy, where Cu + Ga and Se are alternately deposited. The in situ reflection high energy electron diffraction observation during growth revealed that the segregation of Cu2Se on CuGaSe2 can be detected by anomalous diffraction patterns. When the Cu2Se segregation takes place, a distorted pattern appears in both Cu + Ga and Se deposition periods. By optimizing the flux ratios, the anomalous diffraction disappears, and we succeeded in growing high quality CuGaSe2 single crystal layers free from Cu2Se segregation on GaAs (001) substrates. The authors also found that, in the CuGaSe2/GaAs wafers with Cu2Se segregation, a high density of voids is often observed at the substrate surface. These voids disappeared when the Cu2Se-free growth conditions were employed. Ga atoms near the GaAs substrate surface were probably drawn out by excess Cu atoms in the growing layer to form CuGaSe2, leading to the creation of voids with fairly large size.
Water Pearls Optics Challenges for Everybody
Authors: Milner-Bolotin Marina
Published: February 2012

Water pearls are superabsorbent polyacrylate beads that can expand about 200 times when submerged in water and are often used for decorative purposes in flower vases. A bag of pearls costs about a dollar. The pearls are very useful for teaching science, especially optics.1 Since water pearls are mainly made of water, their index of refraction matches the index of refraction of water. Consequently, they become invisible while submerged in it (Fig. 1). A spherical shape and the transparency of water pearls make them almost “perfect” spherical water lenses (Fig. 2).
Why Multiply by g?
Authors: Nelson Jane Bray
Published: February 2012

As a new physics teacher, I was explaining how to find the weight of an object sitting on a table near the surface of the Earth. It bothered me when a student asked, “The object is not accelerating so why do you multiply the mass of the object by the acceleration due to gravity?” I answered something like, “That's true, but if the table were not there, the object would accelerate at that rate.” The really determined students might go on to ask, “Yes, but what if the object were already sitting on the surface of the Earth?” About that time, I would hope the bell would ring so that this whole discussion could be delayed until the next day. The next day, I would explain that the newton unit is the same as a kg-m/s2, so multiplying the mass in kilograms times the acceleration due to gravity would give an answer in newtons. It all made sense to me, but I am sure that the students just went along with me to get the right answer.
Stereo 3-D Vision in Teaching Physics
Authors: Zabunov Svetoslav
Published: February 2012

Stereo 3-D vision is a technology used to present images on a flat surface (screen, paper, etc.) and at the same time to create the notion of three-dimensional spatial perception of the viewed scene. A great number of physical processes are much better understood when viewed in stereo 3-D vision compared to standard flat 2-D presentation. The current paper describes the modern stereo 3-D technologies that are applicable to various tasks in teaching physics in schools, colleges, and universities. Examples of stereo 3-D simulations developed by the author can be observed on online.1
Measuring Drag Force in Newtonian Liquids
Authors: Mawhinney Matthew T. , O'Donnell Mary Kate , Fingerut Jonathan , Habdas Piotr
Published: February 2012

The experiments described in this paper have two goals. The first goal is to show how students can perform simple but fundamental measurements of objects moving through simple liquids (such as water, oil, or honey). In doing so, students can verify Stokes' law, which governs the motion of spheres through simple liquids, and see how it fails at higher object speeds. Moreover, they can qualitatively study fluid patterns at various object speeds (Reynolds numbers). The second goal is to help students make connections between physics and other sciences. Specifically, the results of these experiments can be used to help students understand the role of fluid motion in determining the shape of an organism, or where it lives. At Saint Josephs University we have developed these experiments as part of a newly developed course in biomechanics where both physics and biology undergraduate students bring their ideas and expertise to enrich a shared learning environment.
A demonstration apparatus for linear thermal expansion
Authors: Graf Erland H.
Published: February 2012

A quite spectacular demonstration of thermal expansion, suitable for either a large lecture or a small class, can be readily arranged with rather simple materials.
A Biophysical Indicator of Vaso-occlusive Risk in Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Wood David K. , Soriano Alicia , Mahadevan L. , Higgins John M. , Bhatia Sangeeta N.
Published: February 2012

Sickle cell patients are stratified according to risk of vaso-occlusion on the basis of the dynamic biophysical properties of their blood as measured ex vivo in a microfluidic system.
Productive Replication of Ebola Virus Is Regulated by the c-Abl1 Tyrosine Kinase
Authors: García Mayra , Cooper Arik , Shi Wei , Bornmann William , Carrion Ricardo , Kalman Daniel , Nabel Gary J.
Published: February 2012

Ebola virus growth is regulated by a c-Abl tyrosine kinase, which modulates the viral protein VP40, and can be blocked by c-Abl antagonists.
Self-Destructive But Self-Controlled
Authors: Anandasabapathy Niroshana
Published: February 2012

T helper 17 cells are sparse at sites of inflammation because their orphan receptor checks proliferation of these autoimmune-related agents.
Some Disassembly Required
Authors: Collier Joel H.
Published: February 2012

siRNA-loaded nanoparticles can be taken apart in and cleared by the kidneys, leaving room for optimization of these charged delivery vehicles.
Who Is in the House?
Authors: Nahrendorf Matthias
Published: February 2012

Endothelial and perivascular cells provide stem cell factor in hematopoietic stem cellbone marrow niches.