bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Present and future combustion systems
Authors: Friedrich F D
Published: July 2017

It is pointed out that in the future, industry will have to strive for high efficiency in energy utilization and will have to reduce its dependence on natural gas and petroleum in favour of coal. Some gains in fuel conservation can be achieved by utilizing
combustion aerodynamics to match flame characteristics with process requirements. Other significant gains can be made through combined processes, such as topping process-steam production with electricity generation. Fluidized-bed combustion is believed likely to emerge soon as a major new
technological development because of its ability to burn low-grade fuels with minimum pollutant emissions. Its advantages and state of development are briefly described. Combustion of coal-in-oil slurry is described as a means for reducing oil consumption in existing oil-fired
equipment.
Washability analysis of lignite borehole samples from the Wood Mountain and Shaunavon (Cypress) areas, Saskatchewan
Authors: Rozenhart C F J
Published: July 2017

Individual borehole samples of lignite from the Wood Mountain and Shaunavon Areas of Saskatchewan were combined and each considered as a single borehole for analysis. After air drying and crushing of the plus 1/4-inch material, subsamples obtained by coning and
quartering were wet-screened to remove the fines and clayey materials. The remaining product was analysed by the float-sink method. Screenability and washability data showed that a power plant product containing 15% ash could be obtained at 71% yield from the Wood Mountain lignite by
desliming at 200 mesh and washing at>1.8 specific gravity using a process such as the Compound Water Cyclone. Ash content of the Shaunavon (Cypress) lignite could be reduced to approx 15% ash by removal of the 200 mesh fraction alone to give a yield of 76% on the as-mined basis.
Sodium contents were 0.51% and 0.03% (coal basis) for Wood Mountain and Shaunavon samples respectively.
The effects of external flue-gas recirculation on emissions from liquid and solid fuel combustion
Authors: Brown T D , Lee G K
Published: July 2017

The use of flue-gas recirculation as a control measure for nitric oxide emissions has been investigated in a pilot-scale research boiler with particular attention being paid to the side effects on other emissions e.g. sulphur trioxide and combustible particulate
matter. The research boiler has a full-load steaming rate of 750 kg/hr at 10 6 N/m 2 and is fired with twin opposed burners inclined downward over a refractory hearth. In the case of liquid fuel, experiments were carried out at full- and part-load with variable conditions of excess-air level,
recirculation ratio and fuelnitrogen content. At the full-load condition reductions in NO emissions of approximately one-third were achieved by reducing the excess-air level from 157 to 57: this was accompanied by a small increase in the soot (unburned carbon) loading of the combustion products and
a slight change in the measured sulphur trioxide concentration. Recirculation of flue gas resulted in 157 and 307 reductions of NO emissions from the high- and low-nitrogen fuel oils respectively; the absolute magnitude of the reduction was the same for both fuels. It had been anticipated from
theory that reductions in flame temperatures due to recirculation would reduce sulphur trioxide concentrations but a slight increase was actually measured. The reduced flame temperatures and residence times in the research boiler (due to recirculation) militated against complete burn-out of the soot
and carbonaceous residues which formed early in the flame. An approximate doubling of the solids concentration in the flue gases was observed as the recirculation ratio approached 0.4. In experiments using a Saskatchewan lignite, (117 ash; 1.17 N2; as fired) it was demonstrated that external
recirculation of flue gas was moderately effective in controlling nitric oxide emissions (reduction = 107). However, major increases in the unburnt carbon carry-over were observed. These increases were probably exaggerated (relative to industrial practice) by the short residence time in the research
boiler. The extent of sulphur dioxide neutralization by the alkaline constituents of the ash remained essentially unchanged as the recirculation ratio increased. It was established that external flue-gas recirculation has limitations as a technique for the control of nitric oxide emissions from both
liquid and solid fuels.
Maturation studies of arctic and McKenzie delta oils in support of exploration
Authors: Sawatzky H , George A E , Montgomery D S
Published: July 2017

This report is a compilation of the data and analyses that have been obtained at this time by the Research on Bituminous Substances Section of the Energy Research Laboratories. A detailed report with a discussion and assessments of the degree of maturation of the
oils will be prepared later. The methods that were used were the same as described in the CANMET Report 77-42, entitled "Maturation Studies of Canadian East Coast Oils" by Sawatzky et al.'
The quality of Canadian metallurgical coals in the Japanese and world markets
Authors: Reeve D A , Botham J C
Published: July 2017

The quality requirements for cokes for large blast furnaces, especially those in Japan, are reviewed. High coke strength is achieved by optimum blending using premium coals from several world sources. Canadian coals play an important role in the production of
high-strength cokes from multi-component blends, and their quality allows them to compete with coals from other more geographically favourable sources, such as Australia. Carbonization and analytical data acquired from CANMET investigations using Canadian metallurgical coals are stored in a computer
for ready access. Some of these data are used in this paper to demonstrate the importance of Canadian coals to the Japanese coal blending philosophy. Changes in carbonization technology are discussed which may provide a place for lower quality Canadian coals in world
markets.
An overview of coal preparation in Canada
Authors: Tibbetts T E
Published: July 2017

This paper presents an outline of coal preparation as practiced at mines across Canada. At some mines coal preparation is limited to breaking or crushing and screening. However, all major producers of bituminous coal now operate sophisticated coal cleaning
facilities that include jigs, heavy media cyclones, hydrocyclones, flotation cells, centrifuges and filters. Clearly, emphasis is on treatment and dewatering of fine coal and tailings. This emphasis is out of respect for both market demands and environmental concern.
Fluidized-bed combustors for coal drying
Authors: Friedrich F D , Lutes I G , Wheeler C M
Published: July 2017

The paper explains that large-scale coal drying is generally accomplished with heat from oil- or gas-fired furnaces. The utilization of coal as a dryer fuel is handicapped by the fact that conventional technology, i.e., pulverized firing, frequently requires
washed coal, whereas, from the viewpoints of economy and energy conservation, the use of unwashed coal would be preferable. Even greater benefits could be obtained if the large quantities of energy in coal washery rejects could be used for drying. To demonstrate that these benefits are within reach,
pilot-scale tests were conducted in a 2 ft diam fluidized-bed combustor using both a high-ash Alberta coal and simulated washery rejects of the same coal containing up to 70% ash. The paper explains that both coals were burned successfully at temperature conditions suitable for a commercial
coal-drying system. It is concluded that existing fluidized-bed combustion technology, having no in-bed heat transfer surfaces and as presently used commercially for disposal of wood waste and sewage sludge, could be used to fire a coal dryer, using coalwashery rejects as
fuel.
Chemical origin of coke deposited on catalyst surface
Authors: Furimsky E
Published: July 2017

A marked difference has been observed in the chemical composition of coke deposits formed during catalytic hydrotreatment of bitumen and heavy gas oil. In the case of the latter, nitrogen and oxygen accumulate in the deposit to a greater extent as compared to the
bitumen feed. This is attributed to different coke precursors, i.e., heterocyclic compounds in the gas oil and heavy asphaltenous species in the bitumen, respectively. In addition to this, metals, when present in the feed, concentrate in the deposits as well. The vanadium/nickel ppm ratios in the
deposits are almost 9, while the ppm ratios in the bitumen feed is only about 3. This suggests that vanadium, when present in the feed, will have a much more detrimental effect on catalyst activity than nickel.
The effect of oxidation on the properties of Devco 26 coal
Authors: Belinko K , Nandi B N
Published: July 2017

The effect of low temperature oxidation on the coking characteristics of an eastern Canadian high volatile bituminous coal was investigated. The changes in oxygen content and in thermal rheological properties resulting from oxidation of the coal were examined in
terms of their influence on coke structure. Optical micrographs of the semi-cokes produced from oxidized coals revealed a transformation to progressively finer grain mosaic structures with increasing degree of oxidation experienced by the coal. Severely oxidized coals produced predominately
isotropic coke structures. The significance of these finds in relation to the development of the anisotropic mesophase during carbonization of oxidized coals was discussed. Toluene extractions of fresh and oxidized coal samples revealed decreasing extraction yields with increasing severity of
oxidation. Extraction yields with toluene/methanol mixtures were found to remain approximately constant regardless of the extent of oxidation of the coal.
Rendement des appareils de chauffage au bois
Authors: Hayden A C S
Published: July 2017

Le présent ouvrage porte sur les quatre méthodes utilisées pour mesurer le rendement des appareils de chauffage au bois. La méthode la plus précise et la plus facile à reproduire est celle qui consiste à calculer les pertes de
chaleur instantanées. La comparaison sur place avec des systèmes connus permet de mesurer le rendement réel des poêles à bois. Pour bien seconder un système de chauffage existant, il faut que le poêle soit placé dans une pièce très
fréquentée. Ce n'est qu'alors qu'un poêle hermétique à l'air et bien conçu permettra de réaliser des économies d'énergie.
Suggested rapid procedure for hydrocarbontype analysis of middle and heavy fractions of synthetic fuels by high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Beshai J , George A E
Published: July 2017

A literature survey of HPLC methods for hydrocarbon-type separation was carried out to determine their suitability for application to the analysis of synthetic fuel middle and heavy distillates. A procedure applying the methods of Dark and Sautoni wherein the
'sample is first separated on an NH2 bonded stationary phase was proposed. The aromatic fraction would be further separated on a u-Porasil column and the polar: on a phenyl bonded stationary phase. Evaluation of various polarar bonded stationary phases was also recommended.
Pilotscale combustion evaluation of Judy Creek North Coal
Authors: Brown T D , Whaley H , Lee G K
Published: July 2017

The combustion performance of a small sample of Judy Creek North coal was evaluated in a pilot-scale, pulverized-fired research boiler. The coal, which contained 22% total moisture and was moderately reactive, handled and pulverized easily, ignited readily
and produced a bright, stable flame. The coal ash did not slag or sinter on high-temperature boiler surfaces and low-temperature corrosion due to sulphuric acid was not detected on probe surfaces controlled at 104 ° C, 120 °C and 138 °C. The coal produced moderate levels of nitric
oxide (about 0.56 lbs/ m 10 6 Btu). Sulphur oxide emissions were considerably less than theoretical because about 40% of the input sulphur was retained in the boiler ash and fly ash. The resistivity of the fly ash, being generally between 10 9 and 10 10 - ohm-cm, indicates that the performance
of cold electrostatic precipitators will be good. The combustion, fouling and emission characteristics of Judy Creek North coal were similar in many respects to those of a Sundance reference coal.
Catalyst fouling and the skin effect during residual oil hydrocracking
Authors: Ternan M , Packwood R H , Parsons B I
Published: July 2017

Hydrocracking studies were performed with two different residual oils. Catalyst fouling by carbon deposition was found to occur at a greater rate than by metals deposition. A mild skin effect was found to be operative on the fresh catalyst. It was concluded that
this initial skin effect had little influence on the catalyst performance. Although carbon was deposited relatively uniformly throughout the catalyst, metals deposition predominated at the pellet exterior surface. After long times on stream, prolonged accumulation of metals would narrow the pore
mouths to eventually produce a severe skin effect. As the metals concentration and the severity of the catalyst skin effect increase, access of reactant molecules to the catalyst would diminish.
The role of CANMET in the research activities of the Canadian Carbonization Research Association
Authors: Brown T D , Leeder W R , Price J T , Gransden J F
Published: July 2017

The Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, as an associate member, provides the experimental facilities which are the focus of the Canadian Carbonization Research Association activities in cokemakina and resource evaluation. Research and development has the
threefold objectives of: 1) improving the quality of coke used in Canadian blast furnaces; 2) improving the quality of cokes made from Canadian coal blends; 3) expanding the range of coals suitable for use in cokemaking in Canada. Experimental programs using technical-scale coke ovens to investigate
the effects of selective pulverization, partial briquetting and pitch additions are illustrated. These programs have demonstrated that these objectives can be achieved using coals available to the Canadian steel industry or coals produced by Canadian coal companies.
Preparation of high porosity catalysts
Authors: Ternan M , Packwood R H , Buchanan R M , Parsons B I
Published: July 2017

Porous alumina catalyst supports have been prepared with pore volumes exceeding 1.0 mL/g, with most pores having diameters of the order of 3 micrometers and with surface areas exceeding 150 m2/g. They were obtained from dilute alumina gels having large
concentrations of acid and very large concentrations of fluid. Attempts were made to dry the gel without collapsing the pore structure between the alumina particles. The catalysts were characterized by gravimetrical BET surface area, mercury porosimetry, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron
microscopy. Catalyst supports having these geometric properties should eliminate mass transfer restrictions during hydrocracking of petroleum residua, heavy oils and bitumen derived from oil sand deposits.
Flame and heat transfer characteristics of beneficiated Tent Mountain-Vicary Creek coal rejects
Authors: Banks G N , Whaley H , Prokopuk R , Lee G K
Published: July 2017

An experimental combustion study to establish the flame and heat transfer characteristics of beneficiated Tent Mountain-Vicary Creek coal rejects in a refractory-lined furnace is described. The pulverized coal flames ignited and burned readily, with combustion
efficiencies in excess of 99.5%, compared to 99.9% efficiencies obtained with No. 6 fuel oil. Axial heat transfer patterns were relatively insensitive to either the degree of swirl or the excess air level, with about 7 to 8% less heat being transferred from the coal flames to the thermal
walls of the kiln than was the case with the No. 6 fuel oil flames. NOx and SOx emissions were low for a refractory-lined furnace. Fly ash emissions appeared to increase with an increase in the flame swirl, but were relatively insensitive to an increase in the excess air
level.
Determination of major and minor elements in fused coal ash samples and related materials with energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry
Authors: Janke L
Published: July 2017

The rapid quantitative determination of the major and minor elements in coal ash is essential to the efficient utilization of coal in industrial processes such as power generation, industrial heating and the production of coke for the steel industry. Present day
state of the art energy dispersive spectrometers are well suited to this purpose as they can be used for the simultaneous determination of a large number of analytes at a much lower cost per analyte than other instrumental methods such as neutron activation analysis. Employing a fusion procedure for
sample preparation coal ashes, furnace deposits, and other related materials covering wide analyte concentration ranges can be reliably analysed using digital computation of absorption factors to compensate for interelement effects. An in depth presentation of the advantages and limitations of a
fusion procedure for sample preparation and the acceptability of the digital computation of interelement effects to determine ash composition are discussed in this paper.
Combustion performance and sulphur capture during fluid bed combustion of a western sub-bituminous coal and an eastern bituminous coal
Authors: Stover N S H , Anthony E J , Desai D
L , Friedrich F D
Published: July 2017

The carbon combustion efficiency and solid phase sulphur retention of low-sulphur Alberta sub-bituminous coal and a high sulphur New Brunswick bituminous coal were examined in an atmospheric fluidized-bed combustor. Input variables were energy release (35 KW to
130 KW), bed temperature (750 0 , 850° and 950°C), and flue gas oxygen concentrations (2.5, 5%). The resulting range of superficial fluidizing velocities was 1 to 4 m/s which produced vigorous bubbling bed conditions. The sub-bituminous coal proved more reactive with a once through
combustion efficiency in the range of 96% to 99%. Comparable figures for the bituminous coal were in the range of 90% to 98%. Attempts to correlate burn-out with bed temperature, excess air and fluidizing velocity indicate that burn-out with the sub-bituminous coal is primarily
dependent on bed temperature. For the bituminous coal burn-out is chiefly dependent on bed temperature and fluidizing velocity. For both coals, sulphur capture in 'coal ash constituents' appear to be best below 750°C. With the high-sulphur bituminous coal (sulphur content of 9%) limestone
was also used to vary the Ca/S mole ratio in the range of 2 to 5 and was able to produce up to a 90% reduction in sulphur emission. The degree of sulphur retention, Ret, followed the relationship: Ret r. 100 1 - exp(-0.46 [Ca/S1)
The SBRG continuous flow coal liquefaction testing facility for direct hydrogenation of Canadian low rank coal
Authors: Teodosiu G , Arsenault R , Bellemore G , Chornet E , Hodd S
L , Kelly J F
Published: July 2017

A 10 kg/hr continuous flow testing facility for direct hydrogenation of Canadian low-rank coals was recently commissioned by SBRG at its research centre in Mississauga. The research and development program leading to the construction of this POU is presented. The
scientific and technical aspects of the program were approached in two phases: an initial experimental statistical study using batch autoclave techniques in order to establish correlations of conversion and oil yield as a function of reaction parameters followed by the design, construction and
commissioning of a continuous POU. The design basis for the POU was derived from the results obtained in the batch studies. A summary of the information obtained in the batch autoclave work using a Western Canadian lignite, comments on the design, construction, operational range, problem areas are
discussed. Also preliminary results and mass balance for a specific case are presented.
Canadian low-rank coals: resources, conversion and utilization
Authors: Lee G K , Brown T D , Friedrich F D , Whaley H
Published: July 2017

Canada's measured resources of lignite and sub-bituminous coal are conservatively estimated at 3,500 and 30,000 megatonnes respectively. Most of the sub-bituminous coals are located close to the surface in the Alberta plains and are now being mined for about
$8.00/tonne. National production of low-rank coals, which totalled about 16 megatonnes in 1980, could escalate to over 80 megatonnes by 2000. About 95% of the present demand is used for electricity generation, but this percentage will gradually decrease as emerging conversion and utilization
processes for industrial heat and energy mature over the next 20 years. Two major pit-head power projects, one at Hat Creek in British Columbia and one south of James Bay in Ontario are under active study and new generating stations in Alberta, Saskatchewan and Ontario will increase electricity
production from low-rank coal from 3950 MW in 1980 to 5500 MW by 1982. R, D and D activities, many of which are being done under shared-cost programs between the federal government, the governments of the producing provinces and industry, are being rapidly accelerated to reflect the high priority
being given the national goals of independence from off-shore oil and the achievement of energy security by 1990. Some of the activities, now in progress include: a) , development of computer technology to evaluate the deep coal resources of the interior plains. b) elucidation of the combustion,
fouling and emission characteristics of new coal deposits. c) technico-economic assessments for a 150 MW and a 300 MW combined cycle power plant based on lignite and d) pilot-plant liquefaction studies of low rank coals using bitumen and heavy oils as hydrogen donors. Other areas of interest include
lignite upgrading to reduce moisture content, in-situ gasification, pressurized fluidized-bed combustion for advanced electricity cycles and the use of low-rank coal for the extraction and upgrading of bitumen and heavy oil.
The behaviour of buoyant plumes in neutral and stable conditions in Canada
Authors: Whaley H , Lee G K
Published: July 2017

Plume dispersion parameters obtained during six years of research 1Di" the Canadian Combustion Research Laboratory (CCRL) have been evaluated and compared to the standard predictive relationships established by Briggs and Pasquill-Gifford. The data correspond to
neutral and stable conditions, _ Stability Class C to F but excludes any limited-mixing or layered atmosphere studies or situations where topography influences plume spread. In all, ten . sources in five geographic regions were studied during Spring, Fall and Winter. It has been shown that the plume
rise data can be represented by the , Briggs and Moore form of relationship for neutral conditions. The data suggest a proportionality constant of 0.87 and a levelling-off at 15 stack heights when constrained to the 2/3 power law required by the Briggs continuous model. The unconstrained regression
yielded a constant of 0.5 and 0.71 power law relationship with downwind distance, between the Briggs and Moore relationships. However, both of the latter significantly overestimate the measured data. In stable conditions the Briggs levelling-off value of 2.9 for the dimensionless plume rise is in
good agreement with the findings in this paper, but this occurs at a dimensionless downwind distance of 18.4 rather than 2.4. A slight variation in the maximum plume rise with the bulk Richardson number over the dispersion zone has been noted for stable conditions. The Pasquill-Gifford plume spread
curves as modified by Bowne for rural conditions represent a convenient means of comparing the data obtained under corresponding stability and topographic conditions in Canada. The variation of measured horizontal spread parameters, a Y with downwind distance differed significantly from the P/G
curves, being wider by at least two stability classes for unstable/neutral i.e. A/B rather than C/D, and for stable, C rather than E. In the case of very stable F class, the nieasured a values corresponded to A class, six classes wider than Y expected. The vertical spread parameters, oz were usually
in agreement with P/G curves from 4 to 10 km from the source, closer to the source az was greater and farther from the source az was less than predicted. It was also found that the bulk Richardson number could be used to classify the plume spread parameters in a similar manner to the P/G stability
classes.
Effect of mineral matter on the coking properties of four western Canadian coals
Authors: Gransden J F , Price J T
Published: July 2017

Four western Canadian coals were cleaned to three ash contents in pilot-scale heavy-media cyclone, water cyclone, and flotation circuits. Two of the coals had an ASTM rank of medium volatile bituminous, one was high volatile bituminous and one was low volatile
bituminous. Ash reduction was in the range 2.9 - 4.8% and this was insufficient to affect the free swelling indices of 3 of the 4 coals. Other thermal rheological properties, the Gieseler maximum fluidity and Ruhr dilatation increased as ash was removed from the coals. Petrographic analysis
revealed that coal cleaning had enriched vitrinite in the clean coal products of at least two of the coals. Cokes were made in 460-mm and 310-mm width pilot-scale ovens. Stability factors increased as ash decreased at rates in the range of 1.6 - 4.7 stability points per one percent ash. This was
accompanied by higher coke hardness factors, smaller mean size of the cokes, and less coke reactivity to carbon dioxide. The removal of large shale particles appeared responsible for the substantially increased strength of coke made from one coal. Coke microscopy showed that ash reduction did not
affect substantially the types of optical anisotropy in the cokes.
Shortresidencetime (SRT) coal liquefaction
Authors: Rahimi P
Published: July 2017

The concept of short residence time (SRT) coal liquefaction is described. The chemistry of conventional coal conversion to liquid fuels in general and short contact time reaction in particular is reviewed. Some experimental results using batch facilities are
presented. The batch laboratory reactors used in these studies are ranked against the desired attributes. Finally, based on a critical technical evaluation, a laboratory reactor has been chosen to meet the objectives at CANMET.
Potential alternate domestic heating fuels
Authors: Hayden A C S , Palmer C E
Published: July 2017

Three potentially renewable liquid fuels are considered for domestic heating in those areas of the country where conventional energy sources are either too expensive or unavailable. They are two vegetable oils, canola and sunflower, and methanol. One attractive
feature of these fuels is that they might be burned in furnaces or boilers equipped with conventional pressure atomizing oil burners fitted with flame retention heads, with little or no modification to the system. However, due to its high viscosity and fatty acid composition, canola oil is not
satisfactory in blends greater than 10% with No. 2 oil. Sunflower oil performs much better, and an optimum blend of 50:50 in No. 2 heating oil offers potential for future use. Methanol, when fired in a furnace quipped with a retrofit condensing heat exchanger designed for use with gas, offers a
major end-use energy advantage, with steady state efficiencies over 94%, and seasonal efficiencies in the 90% range, when compared to conventional furnaces fired with oil or gas, which operate below 60% over the heating season.
Characterization of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in bitumen, heavy oil fractions boiling above 350°c by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry
Authors: Poirier M A , Das B S
Published: July 2017

The separation and characterization of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons of five fractions of bitumen, heavy oils and synthetic fuels boiling above 350°C were performed using a combination of chromatographic techniques. The polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon
fractions were obtained by liquid-solid chromatography using the modified USBM-API 60 procedure. Prior to the high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry techniques, the fractions were subjected to an acid/base extraction procedure to remove polar material. In
total, 97 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons were tentatively identified by correlation of their mass spectra and retention indices with those of 25 model polynuclear aromatic compounds.
The nature of products from the liquefaction of subbituminous coals in the presence of petroleum related residues
Authors: Ahmed S M , Fouda S A , Rahimi P M , Sawatzky H
Published: July 2017

Characterization of distillable hydrocarbons obtained during co-processing of Cold Lake vacuum bottoms and sub-bituminous coal, have been undertaken. These products were separated by solid-liquid chromatography technique into compound-types namely, saturates,
mono-, di, and polynuclear aromatics, and polar materials. The effect of co-processing variables and severity on the composition of these hydrocarbons, have been discussed. The salient feature appears to be the increased production of saturates and mononuclear aromatic compounds with increased
severity
Some physical properties of Canadian coals and their effects on coal reactivity
Authors: Ng S H , Fung D P C , Kim S D
Published: July 2017

The pore volume, surface area and compressibility of eleven Canadian coals, varying in rank from lignite to semianthracite, have been determined by mercury porosimetry, gas adsorption method and relations derived from helium and mercury densities. The total pore
volume was measured in a diameter range of 0.2 nm - 2.98 pm which was subdivided into two groups, namely the micropore region (<0.0036 pm) and the combined meso- and macropore region (0.0036 - 2.98 pm). It has been determined that the porosity of the eleven coals studied varies from 2 to
39%. It has been found that the total pore volume, micropore volume, surface area and the apparent compressibility of these coals decrease with increase in the carbon content, or the rank of the coals. The effect of the total pore volume, micropore volume and surface area on chemical reactivity
of the coal is discussed separately. A good correlation is obtained between the carbon content and helium density of the coal after correction is made for the mineral content.
Effect of calcium-based additives on deposits and emissions from pulverized-coal flames
Authors: Lee G K , Prokopuk R , Banks G N , Whaley H
Published: July 2017

A bituminous coal blend containing 1.7% sulphur and 11% ash was burned in a pilot-scale research boiler to evaluate the influence of limestone and dolomite additions, with and without calcium chloride treatment, on boiler performance, ash and acid gas
emissions. deposition Additive dosage rates of (Ca + Mg) /S = 3 produced dusty, but moderately heavy fireside deposits and a 32% reduction in sulphur oxide emissions. Calcium chloride treatment with the same additive dosage rate resulted in total blockage of the convection passes and a further
28% reduction in sulphur oxide emissions. This incremental sulphur oxide reduction was, however, offset by an equivalent increase in Chloride emissions and a significant increase in the chloride content of the furnace deposits.
H2S adsorption and decomposition in the presence of manganese nodules
Authors: Yumura M , Furimsky E
Published: July 2017

The sample of manganese nodule was tested as a potential adsorbent for H 2p removal from hot gas. In the first stage the H 2S was removed via its reaction with the adsorbent. After the complete sulphidation the adsorbent had catalytic effects on H 2 S
decomposition. In the temperature range of 600 0 to 800°C the amount of H2S which reacted with one gram of the nodule per unit of time was temperature independent whereas that which decomposed showed a fivefold increase. The rate of H 2S reaction with the adsorbent and that of its decomposition
was of the first and a half order, respectively, with respect to the amount of H 2S flowing through the reactor per unit of time. The addition of 10 wt % of CaO to the manganese nodule had little effect on slope of gms of H 2S adsorbed/gms of nodule versus time and gms of H 2S decomposed/gms of
module versus time correlations but increased the sulphur capacity of the adsorbent by about 30%.
Hydrogenation of aromatic compounds in synthetic crude distillates catalyzed by sulfided Ni-W/yAl 2O3
Authors: Wilson M F , Fisher I P , Kriz J F
Published: July 2017

A presulfided Ni-W/y-Al 203 catalyst was used to hydrogenate aromatic compounds contained in middle-distillate fractions of Alberta synthetic crudes, in a continuous-flow high-pressure reactor system. The study incorporates detailed compositional analyses of
feedstocks and products performed using low-resolution mass spectrometry and 13C NMR. Experimental conditions were such that the effects of thermodynamic equilibria were covered. Differences in reactivity with respect to hydrogenation and cracking were observed for various aromatic species. These
allowed comparison of the reaction kinetics and discussion of some mechanistic aspects of catalytic hydrogenation for complex mixtures of hydrocarbons which are not revealed by model compound studies.
Reverse osmosis fractionation of petroleum and synthetic crude distillates
Authors: Farnand B A , Sawatzky H
Published: July 2017

The utility of porous reverse osmosis fractionation that might have application for the upgrading of petroleum and synthetic crude distillates or for the separation of components for chemical feedstocks is claimed. As an example, the reverse osmosis separation of
aromatic from non-aromatic components in naphtha and middle distillate fractions using cellulose acetate and cellulose acetate butyrate is described.
Fourth summary report on the status of Canadian CLM projects: IEA coal liquid mixtures implementing agreement annex ii base technology
Authors: Whaley H
Published: July 2017

This report summarizes the status of projects under Canada's contribution to the IEA CLM implementing agreement, Annex II base technology under three main categories: preparation, combustion, and characterization of coal-liquid mixtures. Since the last meeting of
the Annex II technical committee in San Juan Capistrano, California in June 1984, the Chatham CWF project has been completed (Projects 1 and 2) and plans for the proposed Charlottetown, P.E.I. CWF project are underway. Other CWF activities are planned for the Chatham facility and these are described
together with current projects to develop the technology in Canada.
Separation of nitrogenous type compounds from synthetic crudes
Authors: Jean G , Poirier M , Sawatzky H
Published: July 2017

An adsorbent has been tested to selectively remove nitrogenous compounds from synthetic crudes. The adsorbent is an ilmenite ore treated with liquid bromide. The bromination step forms titanium and iron bromides on the surface; these species are Lewis acids and
are known to form complexes with nitrogenous compounds. Separation using this adsorbent is only partially successful. The results show that basic nitrogenous compounds are extensively retained on treated ilmenite while neutral compounds are not. Thus, the adsorption capacity is high for basic
compounds but low for neutral compounds. A coker kerosene was used to test the adsorbent. Nitrogenous compounds were found in the effluent after only a few millilitres were fed into the column.
Production of boiler feed quality water from bitumen/heavy oil - water emulsion by ultrafiltration
Authors: Farnand B A , Coulombe S , Sawatzky H
Published: July 2017

In order to reduce the large water demand of enhanced bitumen/heavy oil recovery operations, the use of porous membranes in a water recycle process using wellhead oil in water (o/w) emulsions was studied. The permeate was of sufficient quality for single pass
steam raising for well injection. However, stable wellhead o/w emulsions were destabilized by this process, which would aid in further processing to make pipeline quality crude oil. Polar material in the membrane permeate was considered to be the stabilizing agent whose removal caused the emulsion's
destabilization. Selective removal of stabilizing agents with subsequent destabilization of produced bitumen/ heavy oil o/w emulsions has not been previously reported and attempts were made to characterize the polar material. The major difficulties with the use of membranes in this process are
severe fouling of the membrane caused by the bitumen and operation at wellhead temperatures.
Catalyst technology for reactors used to hydrocrack petroleum residua
Authors: Ternan M , Peckwood R H
Published: July 2017

In this paper, the phenomena occurring in catalysts used to hydrocrack petroleum residua are discussed. Reaction sites are provided by the catalyst ' sulphide phase '(Mo is the majority cation) and by the catalyst oxide phase (Al is the majority cation). The
influence of the promoter cations (typically Co or Ni) is also described. The catalyst is deactivated by coke and by metals. Furthermore, the reaction rate is often controlled by the rate of diffusion of the large carbonaceous molecules in the residua. All of these factors have been considered in
mathematical simulations of the phenomena occurring in the catalyst.
Hydroprocessing of coalderived middle distillate
Authors: Fairbridge C , Kriz J F
Published: July 2017

Coal-derived middle distillate, boiling range 437 to 623 K, was hydrotreated in a fixed bed reactor with a commercial NiO-Mo0 3/ Al203 catalyst. The feedstock contained predominantly highlysubstituted aromatics. The product heteroatom content and aromaticity
decreased with increased process temperature or pressure. Aromaticity was proportional to liquid space velocity. Heteroatoms could be effectively reduced at hydroprocessing conditions of 653 K, 10 MPa, and 2 WHSV. Experimentally-derived cetane number was found to be proportional to prôduct
aromaticity. Severe hydroprocessing conditions were required to produce diesel fuel of acceptable cetane number.
CANMET coprocessing of low-rank Canadian coals
Authors: Fouda S A , Kelly J F
Published: July 2017

An extensive research program is underway at CANMET on the simultaneous liquefaction of coal and upgrading of heavy oil or petroleum residues. CANMET coprocessing is a single-stage once-through process that utilizes an inexpensive disposable catalyst. It can be
viewed as an extension of the CANMET hydrocracking process with high coal concentration in the slurry feed. The feasibility of CANMET coprocessing was tested for a number of coals and residues to assess their suitability as coprocessing feedstocks and to generate a database of the product yield
structure for each coal. The process performance using different feedstocks is compared. Using Cold Lake vacuum bottoms as a coprocessing medium, eight coal feedstocks were investigated. The process was feasible for all the coals with marginal variations, among the low rank coals, in the distillate
yields and qualities and in the coal conversions. Similarly, using an Alberta subbituminous coal, the process was shown to be feasible for the residues tested. It was found that the residues originating from bitumens/heavy oils result in higher pitch conversions and higher distillate yields than
those originating from conventional crudes. The distillates produced from conventional crude residues, however, are of a better quality than those produced from bitumen/heavy oil residues.
A mathematical model for fluidized bed coal combustion
Authors: Preto F
Published: July 2017

Fluidized bed coal combustion is one of the most promising technologies for burning coal in a clean and efficient manner. The development of this technology necessarily includes theoretical studies as well as experimental research. As part of these theoretical
studies, mathematical modelling has been carried out at Queen's University at Kingston under a research program partly funded by Energy, Mines and Resources Canada. In its current form, the mathematical model includes submodels for all the major processes occurring in fluidized bed coal combustion.
The model is based on the two phase theory for bubbling fluidization. For each phase mass balances have been written which include terms for the various effluxes occurring within that phase. These include coal combustion, sulphur capture, NO reduction, homogeneous gas phase reactions and interphase
transfer. A numerical simulation of the model has been developed, and is presented in this report.
CANMET hydrocracking and coprocessing for synthetic fuels production
Authors: Rahimi P M , Denis J M
Published: July 2017

The CANMET hydrocracking and coprocessing technologies have been reviewed in terms of feedstocks and product characteristics. An overview of both technologies are presented. The effect of process severities on compound- type distributions are also discussed. The
main objective of this report is to provide information on the compound-types present in synthetic fuels that require further treatment in order to meet product specifications and environmental requirements.
Hysteresis caused by dimensional changes of porous solids during mercury porosimetry
Authors: Ternan M , Mysak L P
Published: July 2017

Hysteresis in mercury porosimetry is often attributed to differences in contact angle and to ink bottle shaped pores. In this paper the contribution to hysteresis from dimensional changes in pores is considered. Empty pores are compressed by the applied external
mercury pressure. The mercury penetration pressure is related to the dimensions of the compressed pores. After the pores are filled with mercury, the pressure becomes isotropic throughout the solid and the pores revert to their original dimensions. The pressure at which mercury retracts from the
pores is related to the original pore dimensions. Using these concepts, the magnitude of the pore dimension changes was determined as a function of the applied mercury pressure, the modulus of elasticity of the solid and the solid porosity. The width of the hysteresis loop (Ppen - Pret) was found to
be minimal at pressures less than 10,000 psi (70 MPa). At 50,000 psi (350 MPa) the width of the hysteresis loop caused by dimensional changes can be significant even when the modulus of elasticity is large. The predicted hysteresis loop widths are compared with experimental data reported for model
pore systems.
Characterization of surfactants isolated by ultrafiltration from enhanced oil recovery oil-in-water emulsions
Authors: Coulombe S , Farnand B A , Sawatzky H
Published: July 2017

Emulsion from an enhanced oil recovery process has been treated by ultrafiltration with three types of membranes. Permeation of the aqueous phase through membranes led to the separation of the emulsion. It is believed that the permeates contain surface active
components that were responsible for the stability of the emulsions. These components were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma. Analysis showed that the surfactants were carboxylate molecules bearing hydroxyl groups. These components were similar
to some fulvic and humic acid samples that were isolated from soils. Potential for reinjection of this material into oil wells with steam is discussed.
The uses and morphology of atmospheric fluidized bed combustion wastes from Canada's first industrial AFBC boilers
Authors: Berry E E , Anthony E J , Kalmanovitch D
P
Published: July 2017

The literature on FBC solid wastes has been critically evaluated and solid wastes from Canada's first atmospheric fluidized bed combustion (AFBC) boilers at the Canadian Forces Base (CFB) Summerside, Prince Edward Island have been investigated in order to
determine possible uses for AFBC wastes. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron microprobe and chemical and physical tests were employed to determine the suitability of the material for pollution control, construction and other uses. SEN and ancillary techniques have shown that the chemical
and physical properties of the bed material and the elutriated streams are significantly different. Agricultural use, pollution control, soil stabilization (where freezing and thawing are not significant problems), asphaltic concrete, and specialized construction applications such as low strength
backfill appear to be potential uses for FBC solid wastes.
Characterization of heteroatomic compounds in various synthetic crude naphthas
Authors: Yoshida T , Chantal P D , Sawatzky H
Published: July 2017

An adsorption chromatographic method for separating and characterizing trace amounts of polar materials in naphthas has been developed. Nitrogenous, oxygenous and sulphurous fractions were isolated from synthetic naphthas by selective adsorption on inorganic
solid adsorbents and recovered by liquid displacement with polar solvents. Naphthas obtained from hydroprocessing or coking of bitumen/heavy oil/residuals contain various amounts of heteroatomic compounds. The total nitrogen breakthrough curves required to determine the naphtha to adsorbent ratio
for the complete separation of heteroatomic compounds vary significantly among naphthas. Identification and quantification of individual nitrogenous, oxygenous and sulphurous compounds were performed by gas chromatography and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Progress on middle distillate combustion research program at the combustion and carbonization research laboratory
Authors: Lee S W , Hayden A C S
Published: July 2017

A brief account of progress summary on the Middle Distillate .Fuels Research Program at the Combustion and Carbonization Research Laboratory is reported. The report describes the program initiation process, significant developments, and current efforts being made
to transfer the technology to the Canadian oil industry. A list of technical reports, computer programs, and publications resulting from this research program is also given.
Reducing alarm fatigue: exploring decision structures, risks, and design
Authors: Hussain Mustafa , Dewey James , Weibel Nadir
Published: July 2017

Automated patient monitoring systems suer from several design problems. Among them, alarm fatigue is one of the most critical issues, as evidenced by the Sentinel Event Alert that The Joint Commission – the U.S. hospital-accrediting body – recently issued. In this study, we explore fast-and-frugal heuristics that may be used to prioritize patient alarms, while continuing to monitor patient physiological state. By using a combination of human factors methodologies and the theory of Distributed Cognition (DCog), we studied alarm fatigue and its relationship to the underlying hospital systems. We identified three specific factors that we envision to be helpful for clinical personnel: ventilator presence, number of intravenous drips, and number of medications. We discuss their application in daily hospital operation. We also address cost-benefit considerations and possible monitor designs.
La biosécurité dans un Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire (CHUV)
Authors: Bourdoiseau Gilles
Published: July 2017

La «biosécurité» se définit comme l’ensemble des mesures de prévention et de protection à l’encontre des agents infectieux : lutte contre l’introduction d’un pathogène dans un laboratoire, un établissement de soins vétérinaires,… (notion de bio-exclusion), contre le risque de transmission à l’extérieur et de propagation (notion de bioconfinement). La biosécurité concerne également les risques de nature physique (radiations) et chimique (médicaments, toxines,…). Ces mesures sont permanentes et s’appliquent sur l’ensemble du campus, d’abord pour la protection de l’homme (détenteur de l’animal, personnels et étudiants), ensuite de l’animal (animaux de compagnie, équidés et bétail), enfin du milieu extérieur. L’établissement doit également assurer un haut niveau de formation des étudiants, en particulier en matière de protection et de biosécurité conformément aux recommandations des associations internationales (EAEVE, AVMA).