bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: BETA‐CHLOROETHYLAMINES RELATED TO MESCALINE
Authors: COOPER P. D.
Published: March 2016

Durch Kondensation von 3,4,5Trimelthoxy‐benzaldehyd (I) mit Malonester (II) entsteht das Zimtsäureesterderivat (III)"das zu (IV) hydriert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: DIE ISOMERISIERUNG VON O‐METHYLANISOL ZU O‐KRESOL UND 2,6‐XYLENOL AN AKTIVIERTEM ALUMINIUMOXID
Authors: VINOGRADOVA V. N. , KHARLAMPOVICH G. D.
Published: March 2016

o‐Methylanisol (I) läßt sich durch Erhitzen über aktiviertem Aluminiumoxid bei 300 ‐ 360°C zu einem Gemisch von o‐Kresol (II), 2,6‐Xylenol (III), 2,4‐Xylenol (IV) und geringeren Mengen Trimethylphenolen isomerisieren.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 1,1,5,7‐TETRAMETHYL‐6‐(3‐METHYL‐PENTYL)‐1,2,3,4‐TETRAHYDRONAPHTHALENE (RUZICKA′S HYDROCARBON)
Authors: NASIPURI D. , DE DALAL ILA
Published: March 2016

Die Titelverbindung (VI), die durch einen ausgedehnten Carboniumionen‐Umlagerungsprozeß aus Sclareol, Manool und verwandten Diterpenen erhältlich ist, wird ausgehend vom Butyrat (I) quantitativ dargestellt und als Ruzickas Kohlenwasserstoff identifiziert.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOCYCLOADDITION REACTION BETWEEN 3‐METHYLCYCLOHEXENONE AND 2‐HYDROXY‐3‐METHYLCYCLOPENTENONE
Authors: YAMAKAWA K. , KURITA J. , SAKAGUCHI R.
Published: March 2016

Bei der Photoaddition von 2‐Hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐cyclopent‐2‐en‐1‐on (II) und 3‐Methylcyclohex‐2‐en‐1‐on (I) entstehen die Addukte (III)‐(VI), die getrennt und strukturell zugeordnet werden.
ChemInform Abstract: DARSTELLUNG VON INDANOL‐(1) UNTER VERWENDUNG VON ANIONITEN
Authors: NOWICKI RYSZARD , FABRYCY ANDRZEJ , CICHOCKI KRZYSZTOF
Published: March 2016

Das Indanol (II) wird nach einer neuen Methode aus dem Chlorindan (I) in großer Reinheit erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: THE CHEMISTRY OF THIADIAZIRIDINE 1,1‐DIOXIDES PART 3
Authors: TIMBERLAKE J. W. , HODGES M. L. , GARNER A. W.
Published: March 2016

Aus den Sulfamiden (I) erhält man über die mit NaH hergestellten Anionen (II) mit tert.‐Butylhypochlorit unter Annahme der Zwischenstufen (IV) die Thiadiaziridin‐1,1‐dioxide (V).
ChemInform Abstract: AZOL‐ UND DELTA(2)‐AZOLINALDOXIME UND IHRE DERIVATE 2. MITT. NMR‐SPEKTREN, DER EINFLUSS DER KONFIGURATION UND DER IONISATION DER OXIMGRUPPE AUF DIE CHEMISCHEN VERSCHIEBUNGEN
Authors: SHAPRANOVA N. I. , SOMIN I. N. , KUZNETSOV S. G.
Published: March 2016

Die NMR‐Spektren der syn‐ und anti‐Isomeren von Pyrazol‐, Imidazol‐, Δ2‐Pyrazolin‐ und Az‐Imidazolinaldoximen sowie ihrer quartären und bisquartären Ammoniumsalze werden untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: ANTIPARASITIC 5‐NITROTHIAZOLES AND 5‐NITRO‐4‐THIAZOLINES PART 3
Authors: ISLIP P. J. , CLOSIER M. D. , NEVILLE M. C.
Published: March 2016

2‐Formamido‐5‐nitrothiazol (I) liefert mit Alkylierungsmitteln die Substitutionprodukte (II), die mit Alkali oder Hydrazinhydrat zu (III) gespalten werden.
ChemInform Abstract: EINE NEUE METHODE ZUR SYNTHESE UND DIE SPEKTREN MESOIONISCHER 1,2,4‐TRIAZOLTHIONE‐(3)
Authors: LAZARIS A. YA. , EGOROCHKIN A. N. , SHMUILOVICH S. M. , BUROV A. I.
Published: March 2016

Die Hydrazide (I) reagieren mit den Isothiocyanaten (II) in polaren Lösungsmitteln wie Dimethylformamid, Dimethylsulfoxid, Acetonitril oder Äthanol zu mesoionischen Triazolthionen (III).
ChemInform Abstract: LYSERGIC ACID AND QUINIDINE ANALOGS, 2‐(O‐ACYLAMINOPHENETHYL)PIPERIDINES
Authors: DYKSTRA S. J. , MINIELLI J. L. , LAWSON J. E. , FERGUSON H. C. , DUNGAN K. W.
Published: March 2016

2‐Nitrobenzaldehyd (I) und 2‐Picolin (II) geben in Gegenwart von Acetanhydrid die Äthylene (III), die zu den Aminen (IV) reduziert und hydriert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: DIE UNTERSUCHUNG VON 2,3‐POLYMETHYLENCHINOLINEN 16. MITT. DIE SYNTHESE SUBSTITUIERTER BETA‐CHININDANCARBONSAEURE‐9‐AMIDE
Authors: UVAROV D. I. , KONSHIN M. E.
Published: March 2016

Der Chinindancarbonsäureester (I) wird mit Dimagnesylaminen (II) zu den Amiden (III) umgesetzt, die mit Wasserstoffperoxid leicht zu den N‐Oxiden (IV) oxidiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: ACTION OF GRIGNARD REAGENTS AND ARYL LITHIUM ON 3‐ALKYL‐2‐STYRYLQUINAZOL‐4‐ONES AND 2‐STYRYL‐3,1‐BENZOXAZ‐4‐ONES
Authors: MESSIHA N. N. , DOSS N. L. , NOSSEIR M. H.
Published: March 2016

Die Styrylbenzoxazone (IIIa) und (IIIb) sowie die Alkylstyrylchinazolone (VIII) werden durch Umsetzung der entsprechenden Methyl‐Verbindungen (I) oder (VI) mit den Arylaldehyden (II) bzw. (VII) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DEPRESSANT ACTIVITY OF SOME 2‐ARYL‐6‐CHLORO‐4‐PHENYLQUINAZOLINES
Authors: KOHL H. , DE SOUZA N. J. , DESAI P. D.
Published: March 2016

5‐Chlor‐2‐aminobenzophenon‐hydrazon (I) kondensiert mit Arylimidoestern (II zu den 2‐Ary1‐6‐chlor‐4‐phenylchinazolinen (III), es entstehen keine Benzotriazepine (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: CONFORMATIONAL DYNAMICS OF ALKOXYDIARYLBORANES
Authors: FINOCCHIARO PAOLO , GUST DEVENS , MISLOW KURT
Published: March 2016

Für Anthryl‐9‐mesityl‐, Dimesityl‐, Bis‐[2,6‐dimethylphenyl]‐, Bis‐[4‐methoxy‐ 2,6‐dimethylphenyl]‐methoxyboran und Mesityl‐dimethoxyboran werden die Konformationen (aufgrund von Tieftemperatur‐1H‐NMR‐Spektren) und der Mechanismus der Stereoisomerisierung bei Temperaturerhöhung diskutiert.
ChemInform Abstract: REAKTIVITAET VON SPIROPHOSPHORANEN, ALKOHOLYSE DER P(V)‐N(CH3)2‐BINDUNG UND SYNTHESE VON DIPHOSPHORANEN
Authors: BERNARD DANIEL , BURGADA RAMON
Published: March 2016

Beim Behandeln mit Methanol in Benzol (Chlorbenzol) gehen die Spirophosphorane (Ia), (IIa) und (IIIa) ohne Verändeurng der Struktur am P in die Methoxyderivate (Ib), (IIb) bzw. (IIIb) über (quantitative Ausbeuten).
ChemInform Abstract: BROMINATION OF THE BERYLLIUM CHELATES OF N‐SUBSTITUTED ACETOACETAMIDES
Authors: PATIL J. N. , SEN D. N.
Published: March 2016

Die durch Kondensation von Äthylacetoacetat mit entsprechenden Anilinen erhaltenen Diketone bilden mit Be‐nitrat bei kontrolliertem pH‐Wert oder mit frisch bereitetem Be‐hydroxyd in Äthanol die Bis‐[acetamidato]‐Be(II)‐Chelate (Ia).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND X‐RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC CHARACTERIZATION OF (ET4N)2(W2(CO)8H2) INCLUDING THE DIRECT LOCATION AND THE REFINEMENT OF THE TWO BRIDGING HYDRIDE LIGANDS
Authors: CHURCHILL M. R. , CHANG W.‐Y. N. , BERCH M. L. , DAVISON A.
Published: March 2016

Tetraäthylammoniumborhydrid (I) ′und Wolframhexacarbonyl (II) bilden den Komplex (III), der auch aus der Verbindung (I) und den Wolfram‐Komplexen (IV) bzw. (V) zugänglich ist.
ChemInform Abstract: CO(II) AND NI(II)‐COMPLEXES OF OXIME‐IMINE AND OXIME‐THIOSEMICARBAZONE
Authors: TALATI A. M. , KAPADIA R. N.
Published: March 2016

Die Bildung von Ni(II)‐ und Co(II)‐Komplexen mit den Schiffschen Basen (II) aus 2,3‐Dioxobutyranilid‐2‐oxim (I) und p‐Toluidin oder Thiosemicarbazid wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: DISUBSTITUTED PHENYLARSONATODICARBONYLRUTHENIUM(II) COMPLEXES
Authors: SANDHU S. S. , MEHTA A. K.
Published: March 2016

Die Phenylarsonato‐Komplexe (I) und (II) werden dargestellt und IR‐spektroskopisch charakterisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: THE NITROSYL LIGAND AS AN OXIDANT
Authors: JOHNSON B. F. G. , BHADURI S.
Published: March 2016

Der Komplex (I) bildet mit Kohlenmonoxid die Verbindung (III), Kohlendioxid und Distickstoffmonoxid.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF C‐2‐C‐3‐TRICYCLIC CEPHALOSPORINS
Authors: SPRY D. O.
Published: March 2016

Verschiedene tricyclische Cephalosporine werden aus (I) entsprechend dem Fo melschema dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: THE NEAR‐ULTRAVIOLET ABSORPTION OF AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF COPPER(II) AMMINE COMPLEX WITH AN EXCESS OF AMMONIA
Authors: SAKAMOTO MASATOMI , KIDA SIGEO
Published: March 2016

Die im nahen UV beobachtete Absorptionsbande wäßriger Cu(II)‐Ammoniak‐ Lösungen wird auf die Bildung des Komplexes (I) zurückgeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: CALCULATION OF MOLAR VOLUME OF TERNARY CRYOLITE‐BASED MELTS
Authors: FELLNER P.
Published: March 2016

Die Molvolumen von binären Schmelzen, die Na3AlF6 als eine Komponente enthalten, werden als Polynomfunktion der Zusammensetzung angegeben.
ChemInform Abstract: THE INFLUENCE OF HALIDE ION CONCENTRATION ON THE EFFECTS OF SURFACE ACTIVE INHIBITORS IN STRONG ELECTROLYTES
Authors: KIRKOV P.
Published: March 2016

Der Einfluß von C1′, Br′ und J ′ auf die Inhibitorwirkung von Diphenylaminen, Hydroxylaminen und Thioharnstoff auf die Korrosion kohlenstoffarmen Stahls in wäßrigen H2 804‐ und Na, SO4‐Lösungen wurde untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: ON THE CHEMISTRY OF METAL HYDRIDES PART 5, THE KINETICS OF THE FORMATION OF SODIUM HYDRIDE
Authors: PROCHAZKA V. , NEDVED M.
Published: March 2016

Eine Apparatur zur Untersuchung der Reaktion geschmolzener Metalle mit Gasen unter konstanten Druck‐ und Temperaturwerten bei Durchmischung wird beschrieben und zur Bestimmung der Geschwindigkeit der Reaktion A in Gegenwart oder Abwesenheit von CO verwendet.
ChemInform Abstract: ON LIQUEFACTION CAUSED BY THE TRITURATION OF PAIRS OF SOLID COMPOUNDS PART 2
Authors: KATSURAI TOMINOSUKE , MAEDA KOKO
Published: March 2016

Beim Verreiben eines festen anorganischen Salzhydrats mit anderen festen Verbindungen ( ;z.B. Alkalimetallthiocyanate, Alkalimetallacetate, Hydroxylamin, Zucker) tritt bei manchen Kombinationen Verflüssigung ein.
ChemInform Abstract: ACIDIC PROPERTIES OF BINARY METAL OXIDES
Authors: SHIBATA KATSUE , KIYOURA TADAMITSU , KITAGAWA JUN , SUMIYOSHI TAKASHI , TANABE KOZO
Published: March 2016

18 binäre Metalloxide der Systeme TiO2‐MmOm ZnO‐MmOn und Al2O3‐MmOn (MmOn: Sb2O5, ZrO2, MgO, Bi2O3, SiO2, PbO, CdO, SnO2) wurden durch Erhitzen von Mischfällungen hergestellt und ihre Oberflächen‐Säurestärken und spezifischen Oberflächen (nach BET) bestimmt.
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐PHENYL‐ AND 2‐THIONO‐1,3‐DIOXOL‐4‐ENE, ALTERNATIVES TO ACETYLENE AS DIENOPHILES IN THE DIELS‐ALDER‐REACTION
Authors: ANDERSON WAYNE K. , DEWEY RICHARD H.
Published: March 2016

Die Titelverbindungen (I) können vorteilhaft als Ersatz für das nur begrenzt anwendbare Dienophil Acetylen (V) dienen: Reaktion mit Butadien (II) z.B. gibt die Addukte (III), aus denen mit Ttialkylphosphiten bzw. mit Butyl‐Li das gewünschte Dien (IV) entsteht.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF N‐ACYLAMINOACETAMIDINE WITH 1,3‐BIFUNCTIONAL COMPOUNDS
Authors: UCHIDA HIROAKI , IWASAWA HIROYUKI , OHTA MASAKI
Published: March 2016

Beide Amidine (I) reagieren mit Acetylaceton zu den entsprechenden Diaminopyridinen (II).
ChemInform Abstract: CONDENSATION‐CYCLIZATION REACTIONS OF ELECTRON‐DEFICIENT AROMATICS PART 7, THE KINETICS AND MECHANISM OF CARBANIONIC SIGMA‐COMPLEX FORMATION AND CYCLIZATION
Authors: STRAUSS M. J. , SCHRAN H. F. , BARD R. R.
Published: March 2016

Trinitrobenzol (I) und Dibenzylketone (II) liefern o‐Komplexe, deren Strukturen diskutiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: (2,3) VS (3,3), THE NOVEL (2,3)SIGMATROPIC REARRANGEMENT OF OXIME‐O‐ALLYL ETHERS
Authors: RANGANATHAN S. , RANGANATHAN D. , SIDHU R. S. , MEHROTRA A. K.
Published: March 2016

Aus den O‐Allyl‐oximäthern (Ia)‐(Ic) erhält man thermisch unter (2,3)sigmatroper Umlagerung die Nitrone (II).
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMISTRY OF DIBORANE AND SODIUM BOROHYDRIDE PART 10, THE REDUCTION OF 2‐OR 4‐SUBSTITUTED PYRIDINES AND QUINOLINES, AND 1‐ OR 3‐SUBSTITUTED ISOQUINOLINES WITH SODIUM BOROHYDRIDE
Authors: KIKUGAWA Y. , KURAMOTO M. , SAITO I. , YAMADA S.
Published: March 2016

Die Umsetzung von Pyridinen, Chinolinen und Isochinolinen mit Natriumbo1= hydrid ergibt die im Formelschema angegebenen Reduktionsprodukte.
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMISTRY OF DIBORANE AND SODIUM BOROHYDRIDE PART 9, THE REDUCTION OF 3‐SUBSTITUTED PYRIDINES AND QUINOLINES, AND 4‐SUBSTITUTED ISOQUINOLINES WITH SODIUM BOROHYDRIDE
Authors: KIRUGAWA Y. , KURAMOTO M. , SAITO I. , YAMADA S.
Published: March 2016

Die Reduktion von substituierten Pyridinen, Chinolinen und Isochinolinen mit Natriumborhydrid ergibt die im Formelschema angegebenen Reaktionsprodukte.
ChemInform Abstract: HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS, MODERN SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES ARE APPLIED TO THE ELUCIDATION OF REACTION MECHANISMS
Authors: TOLMAN C. A. , JESSON J. P.
Published: March 2016

Der Mechansimus der homogenen Katalyse wird am Beispiel der Hydrierung von Olefinen in Gegenwart des Rhodiumkomplexes (I) und an der Isomerisierung von But n‐( UUUZU den Butenen (III) und (IV) in Gegenwart eines Nickel‐Phosphit‐ Komplexes diskutiert.
ChemInform Abstract: HOMOGENEOUS OLEFIN HYDROGENATION CATALYZED BY DICHLORODICARBONYLBIS(TRIPHENYLPHOSPHINE)RUTHENIUM
Authors: FAHEY D. R.
Published: March 2016

Die Hydrierung verschiedener Mono‐ und Polyolefine wird in Gegenwart des Ruthenium‐Katalysators (I) und unter Zusatz von Triphenylphosphin untersucht.′ Zwischen konjugierten Dienen, isolierten Dienen, endständigen Alkenen und mittelständigen Dienen bestehen in der Reaktivität starke Differenzen, so dass eine selektive Hydrierung von Polyolefinen zu Monolefinen möglich ist.
ChemInform Abstract: PYRIMIDINES PART 34, ANRORC‐MECHANISM PART 9, OCCURRENCE OF THE S(N) (ANRORC)‐MECHANISM IN THE REACTION OF 2‐BROMO‐4‐PHENYLPYRIMIDINE WITH POTASSIUM AMIDE IN LIQUID AMMONIA
Authors: KROON A. P. , VAN DER PLAS H. C.
Published: March 2016

Die Aminierung der Titelverbindung (I) mit K‐amid führt zu den Produkten (II) bis (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: THE CARBONYLATION OF ALCOHOLS CATALYZED BY CU(I) CARBONYL
Authors: SOUMA YOSHIE , SANO HIROSHI
Published: March 2016

In CuzO‐haltiger konz. Schwefelsäure werden die Alkohole (I) mit CO zu den tertiären Carbonsäuren (II) und (III) als Hauptprodukte umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: DIE SYNTHESE FUNTIONELLER DERIVATE DES MALONDIALDEHYDS AUS PROPARGYLALDEHYD
Authors: ARENDARUS A. P. , GODZHELLO T. M. , MEL'YANTSEVA V. N. , PROTOPOPOVA T. V. , SKOLDINOV A. P.
Published: March 2016

Die Umsetzung von Propargylaldehyd (I) mit Äthanol (II) in Gegenwart von N‐Methylpiperidin in Benzol als Lösungsmittel ergibt nebeneinander die Verbindungen (III) und (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: HOMOGENOUS CATALYZED REDUCTION OF NITRO COMPOUNDS PART 1, THE SYNTHESIS OF OXIMES
Authors: KNIFTON J. F.
Published: March 2016

Bei Verwendung von alipatischen Polyaminen wie Hexamethylendiamin, 1,3‐ Diaminopropan u.a. werden Nitroverbindungen (I) in Gegenwart von Kupfersalzen durch Kohlenmonoxid zu den Oxirnen (II) reduziert.
ChemInform Abstract: ZUR ACYLIERUNG VON BIS‐(2‐CHLORAETHYL)‐AMIN (N‐LOST)
Authors: HAUPTMANN S. , POEGE A. W.
Published: March 2016

Aus den Carbonsäurechloriden (I): und den α‐Halogenfettsäuren (IV) werden durch Umsetzung mit Bis‐(chloräthyl)‐amin (II) die Derivate (III) und (V) hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: FORMATION AND REACTION OF CYCLOHEXANONE OXIME SULFATE
Authors: FUKUI KIYOSHI , UCHIDA MASARU , MASAKI MITSUO
Published: March 2016

Das bei der Umsetzung von Cyclohexanonoxim mit dem 1,4‐Dioxan‐SO3‐ Adduk in Äthylenchlorid bei Temperaturen 20°C entstehende, leicht zersetzliche und stark hygroskopische Oxim‐hydrogensulfat (I) (das mit Lewis‐Basen, wie Alkylaminen, Anilin oder Imidazol in 90‐100%igen Ausbeuten kristalline Salze bildet) wird beim Erwärmen im Lösungsmittel in einer exothermen Reaktion in das Tetrahydroazepin (II) umgelagert.
ChemInform Abstract: THE SYNTHESIS OF AZULENE DERIVATIVES CONDENSED WITH SEVERAL HETEROCYCLES
Authors: NOZOE TETSUO , ASAO TOYONOBU , KOBAYASHI MASAO
Published: March 2016

Das Azulen (I) wird von 40%iger wäßriger Ameisensäure an der Ammoniumgruppe formyliert, von wasserfreier Ameisensäure aber zu dem Imidazol (II) cyclisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: A NEW SYNTHESIS OF BENZOCYCLOBUTENE AND BICYCLO(4,2,0)OCTO‐1(6),3‐DIENE
Authors: RADLICK P. , BROWN L. R.
Published: March 2016

1‐Cyan‐benzocyclobuten (III) liefert bei der Reduktion mit Lithium in Ammoniak je nach den Bedingungen Benzocyclobuten (IV) oder weiter die Dihydroverbindung (V).
ChemInform Abstract: REAKTION VON POLYHALOGENANTHRACHINONEN MIT NUKLEOPHILEN 8. MITT. REAKTION VON 1‐NITRO‐2,3,4‐TRIFLUOR‐ UND 2‐NITRO‐1,3,4‐TRIFLUOR‐ANTHRACHINON MIT AMINEN IN BENZOL UND DIMETHYLSULFOXID
Authors: LOSKUTOV V. A. , KONSTANTINOVA A. V. , FOKIN E. P.
Published: March 2016

Das 2‐Nitro‐tiifluoranthrachinon (I) reagiert mit äquimolaren Mengen der Amine (II) bei 20°C sowohl in Benzol als auch in Dimethylsulfoxid zu den 3‐Amino‐2‐nitro‐anthrachinonen (III).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF ROBUSTOL TRIMETHYL ETHER
Authors: CANNON J. R. , METCALF B. W.
Published: March 2016

Die makrocyclische Titelsubstanz (VI) wird ausgehend vom K‐Salz (I) des Methyl‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methoxy‐benzoats synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF EPOXYOLEFINS EMPLOYING DIMETHYLOXOSULFONIUM METHYLIDE
Authors: CLARK B. C. JUN. , GOLDSMITH D. J.
Published: March 2016

Durch Umsetzung der Aldehyde (I), (III) und (V) mit Dimethyloxosulfoniummethylid (hergestellt aus Trimethyloxosulfoniumjodid und Natriumhydrid) in Dimethylsulfoxid unter Luft‐ und Feuchtigkeitsausschluß werden in 51‐68%iger Ausbeute Gemische der diastereoisomeren Epoxide (II), (IV) bzw. (VI) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: EPISULPHOXIDE FORMATION FROM SULPHINES
Authors: BONINI B. F. , MACCAGNANI G.
Published: March 2016

Aus den beiden Sulfinen (I) und den Diazoverbindungen (II) entstehen um 10°C die Episulfoxide (III), wobei mit unsymmetrischen Ausgangsverbindungen auch die isomeren Sulfoxide (IV) erhalten werden.
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOCHEMIE DER SYNTHESE VON 2‐OXAZOLINEN AUS BETA‐AMINOALKOHOLEN UND NITRILEN
Authors: WOHL RONALD A.
Published: March 2016

Das erythro‐Aminobutanol (I) reagiert mit den Nitrilen (II) in Gegenwart von ZnCl2 ausschließlich zu den cis‐Oxazolinen (IIIa), und das threo‐Aminobutanol (I) setzt sich entsprechend ausschließlich zu den trans‐Oxazolinen (IIIb) um.
ChemInform Abstract: AROMATIC SULFINES WITH NITRILIMINES, A REGIOSPECIFIC, NON‐STEREOSPECIFIC CYCLOADDITION REACTION
Authors: BONINI B. F. , MACCAGNANI G. , THIJS L. , ZWANENBURG B.
Published: March 2016

Diphenylnitrilimin (II), hergestellt aus de Sulfinen (III) zu den Addukten (IVa) oxidiert werden können.
ChemInform Abstract: SOME REACTIONS OF THE 2‐(1H)‐PYRIDONES PREPARED FROM 4,4′‐DIMETHOXYCHALCONE AND ANISAL ACETONE
Authors: SAMMOUR A. , FAHMY A. F. , EL‐RAHMAN S. A. , AKNOOKH Y. , ELMOEZ M. S. A.
Published: March 2016

Die Chalkone (I) können mit Cyanessigester (II) in sehr geringer Ausbeute zu den Pyridinen (III) und (IV), mit Malondinitril zum Pyridin (VI) und mit den Acetamiden (VII) zu den Pyridinen (VIII) kondensiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: THE SYNTHESIS OF AN ANALOG OF CAMPTOTHESIN BY A GENERAL METHOD
Authors: LYLE R. E. , BRISTOL J. A. , KANE M. J. , PORTLOCK D. E.
Published: March 2016

β‐Picolin‐N‐oxid (Ia) wird zu (Ib) nitriert und durch Acetylbromid oder HBr in die Bromverbindung (Ic) umgewandelt.
ChemInform Abstract: QUATERNIZATION REACTIONS WITH THE AID OF ETHYLENE OXIDE
Authors: DONETTI A. , BELLORA E.
Published: March 2016

Die Alkylierung von Scopolamin (I) mit den Alkylierungsmitteln (IIa)‐(IId) erfolgt in Gegenwart von Äthyleno xid und führt zu einem reinen Material (III), da das Äthylenoxid zusätzlich gebildete Halogenwasserstoffsäuren bindet.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS PART 12, A NOVEL SYNTHESIS OF 5‐OXO‐ AND 7‐OXO‐PYRIDO(2,3‐D)PYRIMIDINES
Authors: OGURA H. , SAKAGUCHI M.
Published: March 2016

Die Uracile (I) bilden mit Acetylendicarbonsäuredimethylester (II) die Addukte (III) und (IV)"sowie die Cyclisierungsprodukte (V) und (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF 3,4,5,6‐TETRAHYDRO‐2H‐AZEPIN‐7‐OL HYDROGEN SULFATE WITH NUCLEOPHILIC REAGENTS
Authors: MASAKI MITSUO , UCHIDA MASARU , FUKUI KIYOSHI
Published: March 2016

Nucleophile spalten die S‐O‐Bindung der Titelverbindung (I) unter Bildung von e‐Caprolactam (II) und den entsprechenden Hydrogensulfaten (IIa) bzw. (IIc) oder (bei der Reaktion mit Aminen) der entsprechenden Sulfaminsäure (als Salz des betreffenden Amins), wie z.B. (IIIb).
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOCHEMISTRY OF METHYLDICHLOROSILANE ADDITIONS TO PENTADIENES
Authors: SWISCHER J. V. , ZULLIG C.
Published: March 2016

Methyldichlorsilan (I) wird mit den isomeren Pentadienen (II)‐(IV) in Addukte übergeführt,die nach Methylierung in Form der Trimethylsi1y1‐olefine (V)‐(IX) oder auch der Hydrierungsprodukte (X) und (XI) isoliert und identifiziert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: INTERCONVERSION REACTIONS OF ALUMINIUM ISOPROPOXIDE POLYMERS
Authors: KLEINSCHMIDT D. C. , SHINER V. J. , WHITTAKER D.
Published: March 2016

Für Aluminium‐isopropylat (I) werden die verschiedenen oligomeren Formen wie (II) und (III) und ihre gegenseitige Umwandlung diskutiert.
ChemInform Abstract: TIN‐ANNUAL SURVEY COVERING THE YEAR 1972
Authors: HARRISON P. G.
Published: March 2016

In dem Übersichtsartikel wird über Zinnverbindungen mit vier Sn‐C‐Bindungen, Hydride, Halogenide, Pseudohalogenide, Oxide, Hydroxide, Peroxide, Alkoxide.
ChemInform Abstract: METAL PERFLUORO‐ALKYL‐ AND ‐ARYL‐THIOLATES PART 2, MOLYBDENUM, TUNGSTEN, MANGANESE, IRON, AND NICKEL DERIVATIVES
Authors: DAVIDSON J. L. , SHARP D. W. A.
Published: March 2016

Die photolytische Reaktion von dimerem Mn‐pentacarbonyl bzw. π‐Cyclopentadienylcarbonylnickel mit entsprechenden Disulfiden in Pentan liefert die instabilen Produkte (I) bzw. (II), die unter Decarbonylierung dimerisieren.
ChemInform Abstract: FERROCENYLALANES, THE PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF (PI‐C5H5)FE(PI‐C5H4AL2ME4CL)
Authors: ATWOOD J. L. , BAILEY B. L. , KINDBERG B. L. , COOK W. J.
Published: March 2016

Die Titelverbindung (II) wurde durch Reaktion der Ferrocenylquecksilber‐ Verbindung (I) mit Trimethylaluminium in Toluol bei 60°C erhalten und durch Kristalldaten, NMR‐ und massenspektroskopische Untersuchungen charakterisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: FERROCENE ‐ ANNUAL SURVEY COVERING THE YEAR 1972
Authors: MARR G. , ROCKETT B. W.
Published: March 2016

Der Übersichsartikel stellt die neuesten Erkenntnisse der Ferrocen‐Chemie zusammen: neben der Chemie neuer Ferrocene wird auch über Spektroskopische, theoretische und stereochemischeUntersuchungen berichtet.
ChemInform Abstract: COPPER, SILVER AND GOLD ‐ ANNUAL SURVEY COVERING THE YEAR 1971
Authors: BROWN J. , COPPER D. G. , POWELL J.
Published: March 2016

Der Artikel berichtet aus der Chemie des Kupfers über Reaktionen von Lithium‐ Kupfer‐Verbindungen, über Kupplungsreaktionen, Additionen an Olefine, Umlagerungen sowie über Kupfer‐Phosphin‐Komplexe.
ChemInform Abstract: THE CHEMISTRY OF POLYNUCLEAR COMPOUNDS PART 25, SOME REACTIONS OF ALPHA‐TETRAHYDRIDODODECACARBONYLTETRARUTHENIUM WITH CYCLIC OLEFINS
Authors: CANTY ALAN J. , DOMINGOS ANTONIO J. P. , JOHNSON BRIAN F. G. , LEWIS JACK
Published: March 2016

Die Reaktion des Hydridocarbonyltetraruthenium‐Komplexes (I) mit Cyclooctadien (II) führt zu den fünf dünnschicht‐ und säulenchromatographisch trennbaren Komplexen (III)‐(VI), deren Strukturen anhand von NMR‐, massenund IR‐spektroskopischen Daten diskutiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: RHODIUM(I), RHODIUM(III), PALLADIUM(II), AND PLATINUM(II) COMPLEXES CONTAINING LIGANDS OF THE TYPE PR(N)Q(3‐N) (N=0, 1, OR 2, R=ME, ET, BU(T), OR PH, Q=CH2OCOME OR CH2OH)
Authors: CHATT JOSEPH , LEIGH G. JEFFERY , SLADE ROGER M.
Published: March 2016

Die Chloro‐Komplexe (I)‐(IV) werden durch Umsetzung der Titelphosphine mit Na‐tetrachloropalladat(II), K‐tetrachloroplatinat?l) bzw. dimerem Chlorodicarbonyl‐Rh(I) synthetisiert und IR‐ sowie NMR‐spektroskopisch charakterisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: ISOCYANIDE COMPLEXES OF RHODIUM AND IRIDIUM PART 2, FOUR‐ AND FIVE‐CO‐ORDINATE COMPLEXES CONTAINING TERTIARY PHOSPHINES, AND SOME OXIDATIVE ADDITION REACTIONS
Authors: DART JAMES W. , LLOYD MALCOLM K. , MASON RONALD , MCCLEVERTY JON A.
Published: March 2016

Die Rh(I)‐ und Ir(I)‐Komplexe (I) und (II) werden durch Substitutionsreaktionen von Chlorocarbonyl‐bis‐[triphenylphosphin]‐Rh oder ‐Ir, Tetrakis‐[diphenylmethylphosphin]‐ oder Carbonyl‐tris‐[diphenylmethylphosphin]‐Rhhexafluorophosphat mit entsprechenden Isonitrilen oder von Tetrakis‐[isonitri?‐ Rh‐hexafluorophosphat mit Phosphinen synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: A SUBSTITUTED 5BETA‐STEROIDS PART 5, SYNTHESES AND SOME REACTIONS OF 1‐OXYGENATED 5BETA‐CHOLESTANES
Authors: SATOH J. YASUO , MISAWA KATSUMI , TAKAHASHI T. TOMOYOSHI , HIROSE MASAKATSU , HORIUCHI C. AKIRA , TSUJI SHIN‐ICHIRO , HAGITANI AKIRA
Published: March 2016

Das Bromcholestanon‐(3) (I) wird über die Stufen (II)‐(V) in das Cholestanon‐ (1) (VI) übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: A NOVEL REDUCTIVE AROMATIZATION OF 4,4‐DIMETHYL‐STEROIDS
Authors: DE NIJS H. , SPECKAMP W. N.
Published: March 2016

Aus den Dimethylsteroiden (I) und (IV) erhält man bei derAlanatreduktion und anschließenden Acylierung die Aromaten (II) sowie die Dimeren (III) und 212 (V).
ChemInform Abstract: SPECIFITY OF ANTIBODIES PRODUCED BY LINEAR ANTIGENIC POLYPEPTIDES OF A KNOWN PRIMARY STRUCTURE, SYNTHESIS AND USE OF THE POLYMERS POLY(L‐PHENYLALANYL‐L‐GLUTAMYL‐L‐VALYLGLYCYL)GLYCINE METHYL ESTER AND POLY(L‐PHENYLALANYL‐L‐ASPARTYL‐L‐VALYLGLYCYL)GLYCINE METHYL ESTER
Authors: JOHNSON B. J.
Published: March 2016

Die im Kaninchenorganismus gegen das Polypeptid (I) erzeugten Antikörper hängen von der Struktur des Antigens ab.
ChemInform Abstract: SUGARS CONTAINING A CARBON‐PHOSPHORUS BOND PART 4, 5‐(ALKYLPHOSPHONYL)‐5‐DEOXY‐O‐METHYL‐D‐XYLOPYRANOSE
Authors: SEO KUNIAKI , INOKAWA SABURO
Published: March 2016

Michaelis‐Arbusov‐Reaktion des Xylofuranose‐Derivates (I) mit den Phosphoniten (II) und Reduktion der gebildeten Phosphinate (IIIa) bzw. (IIIb) liefern die Phosphinoxide (IVa) bzw. (IVb), aus denen bei der Hydrolyse die Tite1verbindungen (Va) bzw. (Vb) erhalten werden.
ChemInform Abstract: ISOLATIONS OF PHYTOTOXIC SUBSTANCES PRODUCED BY PYRICULARIA ORYZAE CAVARA
Authors: IWASAKI S. , MURO H. , SASAKI K. , NOZOE S. , OKUDA S. , SATO Z.
Published: March 2016

Aus obigen Spezies werden als weitere phytotoxische Verbindungen die beiden Tetralone (I) und (II) neben dem substituierten Salicylaldehyd (III) und zwei Isomeren des hydrierten Benzofurans (IV) isoliert.
Synthesis of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Modified BiOCl Microspheres with Enhanced Visible‐Light Response Photoactivity
Authors: Yin Sheng , Di Jun , Li Ming , Fan Wenmin , Xia Jiexiang , Xu Hui , Sun Yilin , Li Huaming
Published: March 2016

A facile approach for the preparation of multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/BiOCl microspheres has been demonstrated by a ionic liquid assisted solvothermal method. The MWCNT/BiOCl heterostructures were fabricated by dispersing MWCNT onto the surface of BiOCl. The as‐synthesized samples were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, UV‐vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and the specific surface area. The MWCNT/BiOCl microspheres showed higher photocatalytic activity for the degradation of rhodamine B than pure BiOCl under visible‐light irradiation. The optimal MWCNT content for the photocatalytic activity of the MWCNT/BiOCl microspheres was 0.1 wt%. The introduction of MWCNT facilitated the separation of electron–hole pairs, and thus led to the improvement of photocatalytic activity. A possible photocatalytic mechanism of MWCNT/BiOCl composites was also proposed.
Ionic‐Liquid‐Functionalized Copper Oxide Nanorods for Photocatalytic Splitting of Water
Authors: Gusain Rashi , Singhal Nikita , Singh Raghuvir , Kumar Umesh , Khatri Om P.
Published: March 2016

Thin films of imidazolium (Im) ionic liquids with bis(salicylato)borate (BScB) and hexafluorophosphate (PF6−) anions were grafted onto copper oxide (CuO) nanorods. Chemical and structural features of ionic‐liquid‐functionalized CuO (CuO−IL) nanorods were examined by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, and high‐resolution TEM analyses. The CuO−IL nanorods were demonstrated to be efficient photocatalysts for the splitting of water under visible‐light irradiation without using any sacrificial agent. The pristine CuO nanorods could not split water, whereas CuO−IL nanorods exhibited excellent photocatalytic activities and produced 1827 and 1082 μmol of hydrogen in 2 h with 20 mg of CuO−ImBScB and CuO−ImPF6 as photocatalysts, respectively. The photocatalytic activity of the CuO−IL nanorods was attributed to the synergistic effect of ionic‐liquid thin films and CuO nanorods. The trapping of photoinduced charge carriers by ionic liquids inhibits the recombination process, and consequently, the CuO nanorods facilitate the water‐splitting reaction. The CuO−IL photocatalysts were efficiently recycled without loss of catalytic activity, which revealed the stability of the ionic‐liquid thin films grafted on the CuO nanorods.
Iterative h‐minima‐based marker‐controlled watershed for cell nucleus segmentation
Authors: Koyuncu Can Fahrettin , Akhan Ece , Ersahin Tulin , Cetin‐Atalay Rengul , Gunduz‐Demir Cigdem
Published: March 2016

Automated microscopy imaging systems facilitate high‐throughput screening in molecular cellular biology research. The first step of these systems is cell nucleus segmentation, which has a great impact on the success of the overall system. The marker‐controlled watershed is a technique commonly used by the previous studies for nucleus segmentation. These studies define their markers finding regional minima on the intensity/gradient and/or distance transform maps. They typically use the h‐minima transform beforehand to suppress noise on these maps. The selection of the h value is critical; unnecessarily small values do not sufficiently suppress the noise, resulting in false and oversegmented markers, and unnecessarily large ones suppress too many pixels, causing missing and undersegmented markers. Because cell nuclei show different characteristics within an image, the same h value may not work to define correct markers for all the nuclei. To address this issue, in this work, we propose a new watershed algorithm that iteratively identifies its markers, considering a set of different h values. In each iteration, the proposed algorithm defines a set of candidates using a particular h value and selects the markers from those candidates provided that they fulfill the size requirement. Working with widefield fluorescence microscopy images, our experiments reveal that the use of multiple h values in our iterative algorithm leads to better segmentation results, compared to its counterparts. © 2016 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Recent changes in mountain grasslands: a vegetation resampling study
Authors: Gillet François , Mauchamp Leslie , Badot Pierre‐Marie , Mouly Arnaud
Published: March 2016

Understanding how land‐use changes affect different facets of plant biodiversity in seminatural European grasslands is of particular importance for biodiversity conservation. As conclusions of previous experimental or synchronic observational studies did not converge toward a general agreement, assessing the recent trends in vegetation change in various grassland systems using a diachronic approach is needed. In this resurvey study, we investigated the recent changes in grassland vegetation of the French Jura Mountains, a region with a long tradition of pastoralism. We compared the floristic composition of 150 grassland plots recorded between 1990 and 2000 with new relevés made in 2012 on the same plots. We considered taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity as well as ecological characteristics of the plant communities derived from ecological indicator values and life strategies of the species. PCA of the floristic composition revealed a significant general trend linked to the sampling year. Wilcoxon paired tests showed that contemporary communities were generally more dominated by grass species and presented a higher tolerance to defoliation, a higher pastoral value, and a higher nutrient indicator value. Comparisons revealed a decrease in phylogenetic and functional diversity. By contrast, local species richness has slightly increased. The intensity of change in species composition, measured by Hellinger distance between pairs of relevés, was dependent on neither the time lag between the two surveys, the author of the first relevé nor its location or elevation. The most important changes were observed in grasslands that previously presented low pastoral value, low grass cover, low tolerance to defoliation, and high proportion of stress‐tolerant species. This trend was likely linked to the intensification of grassland management reported in the region, with a parallel increase in mowing frequency, grazing pressure, and fertilization level. More restrictive specifications should be applied to agricultural practices to avoid overexploitation of mountain species‐rich grasslands and its negative consequences on their biodiversity and resilience.
Genetic variation in bitter taste receptor genes influences the foraging behavior of plateau zokor (Eospalax baileyi)
Authors: Zhao Fang , Zhang Tongzuo , Xie Jiuxiang , Zhang Shoudong , Nevo Eviatar , Su Jianping , Lin Gonghua
Published: March 2016

The ability to detect bitter tastes is important for animals; it can help them to avoid ingesting harmful substances. Bitter taste perception is mainly mediated by bitter taste receptor proteins, which are encoded by members of theTas2rgene family and vary with the dietary preference of a specific species. Although individuals with different genotypes differ in bitterness recognition capability, little is known about the relationship between genetic variation and food selection tendencies at the intraspecific level. In this study, we examined the relationship between genotypes and diet in plateau zokor (Eospalax baileyi), a subterranean rodent endemic to the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau that caches food for the winter. We assayed the composition and taste profile of each plant contained in temporary caches and vicinity quadrats, which were representative of selected and available food, respectively. Bitter plant selection indices (Ebitter) were estimated. We also sequenced 26 candidateTas2rgenes from zokors and determined their relationships with theEbitterof their caches. We identified four key results: (1) zokors varied considerably in both bitter food preference andTas2rsequences; (2) five genes (zTas2r115,zTas2r119,zTas2r126,zTas2r134, andzTas2r136) exhibited allelic variation that was significantly associated withEbitter; (3) synonymousSNPs, nonsynonymousSNPs, and pseudogenization are involved in the genotype–phenotype relationship; (4) the minor genotypes ofzTas2r115,zTas2r134, andzTas2r136and the major genotypes ofzTas2r119andzTas2r126cached more bitter plants. Our results linkTas2rvariation with food selection behavior at the population level for the first time.
Ruthenium Carbonyl Complexes with Azole Heterocycles – Synthesis, X‐ray Diffraction Structures, DFT Calculations, Solution Behavior, and Antiproliferative Activity
Authors: Kuhn Paul‐Steffen , Meier Samuel M. , Jovanović Katarina K. , Sandler Isolde , Freitag Leon , Novitchi Ghenadie , González Leticia , Radulović Siniša , Arion Vladimir B.
Published: March 2016

The reactions of (H2azole)[trans‐RuCl4(Hazole)2] [Hazole = 1H‐pyrazole (Hpz), 1H‐indazole (Hind), 1‐methylindazole (1‐Me‐ind), or 1H‐benzimidazole (Hbzim)] with 1:1 mixtures of 12 M HCl and formic acid resulted in the formation of trans‐[RuCl4(CO)(Hazole)]– complexes, which were isolated and identified by X‐ray diffraction as nBu4N[trans‐RuCl4(CO)(Hpz)] (1a), nBu4N[trans‐RuCl4(CO)(Hind)] (2a), [(Hind)2H][trans‐RuCl4(CO)(Hind)] (2b), nBu4N[trans‐RuCl4(CO)(1‐Me‐ind)] (3a), and nBu4N[trans‐RuCl4(CO)(Hbzim)] (6a), whereas a prolonged reaction with 1H‐benzimidazole afforded (nBu4N)2[trans‐RuCl5(CO)] (7a). The reactions of [(DMSO)2H][trans‐RuCl4(CO)(DMSO)] with different azole heterocycles in dichloromethane afforded five similar complexes, which were isolated as azolium salts (H2azole)[trans‐RuCl4(CO)(Hazole)] [Hazole = 1H‐indazole (2), 1‐methylindazole (3), 2‐methylindazole (4), 1H‐imidazole (5), and 1H‐benzimidazole (6)]. Complexes 2–6 were characterized by elemental analysis, high‐resolution electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry, UV/Vis spectroscopy, and IR spectroscopy, and 3 was also characterized by X‐ray diffraction. The pH of the solution was crucial for the stability of the obtained compound series. The interactions of 2–4 with the model proteins myoglobin and ubiquitin and the influence of the indazole tautomer identity on those processes were investigated by high‐resolution mass spectrometry. The ruthenium(III) complexes interact with the proteins to form protein–RuII(CO) adducts, that is, metal reduction appears to be responsible for the release of the azole heterocycle but not CO. Moreover, the binding of the RuII(CO) unit to myoglobin reduces the observed global charge state of the adduct with respect to that of free myoglobin, which suggests that the Ru(CO) fragment can cross‐link the protein backbone. Complexes 2–6 show low antiproliferative activity against the human cancer cell lines HeLa and MDA‐MB‐231 and the noncancerous cell line MRC‐5, and this activity correlates with the low stability of complexes in aqueous media, especially at neutral or basic pH. The results are compared to previously reported data on ruthenium nitrosyl analogues and KP1019.
One Step Synthesis of Calix[n]quin­ones through the HClO4/PbO2‐Mediated Oxidation of Calix[n]arenes
Authors: Lavendomme Roy , Troian‐Gautier Ludovic , Zahim Sara , Reinaud Olivia , Jabin Ivan
Published: March 2016

A procedure using HClO4 and PbO2 allows the straightforward oxidation of para‐substituted and unsubstituted calix[n]arenes into the corresponding calix[n]quinones in approximately 82 % yield per quinone unit. These mild conditions constitute a good alternative to the classical procedure that involves highly toxic thallium(III) salts in trifluoroacetic acid.
Application of an automated LSPIV system in a mountainous stream for continuous flood flow measurements
Authors: Ran Qi‐hua , Li Wei , Liao Qian , Tang Hong‐lei , Wang Meng‐yao
Published: March 2016

An imaging‐based automated large‐scale particle image velocimetry (LSPIV) system for flash flood monitoring is developed and deployed in a mountainous stream in the Longchi Catchment, Chengdu, China. This system is built from a low‐cost Raspberry Pi board‐level computer with a camera module, which can acquire continuous images/videos automatically at programmed intervals. The minimum quadratic difference algorithm tracks surface patterns as flow tracers to estimate the distribution of surface velocities. Meanwhile, a stereo imaging‐based ‘virtual pole’ method has been developed to reconstruct the three‐dimensional topography with a stereo digital camera, and a cross‐sectional bathymetry has been generated without manual surveying. The varying water stage and water surface gradient, which are critical parameters that affect image rectification and surface velocity measurements, can also be directly resolved by applying the two imaging modules together. Discharge can then be estimated with the velocity–area method through selected cross sections.

A flash flood that occurred between 24 July 2014 and 25 July 2014 is selected for analysis. The water surface level reconstructed from image processing was validated with marked water levels, and a good agreement was found with a root mean square error of 3.7 cm. The discharge recorded during the flood recession process ranged from approximately 3.5 to 27 m3/s. The rating curve obtained can be well described by a power function, and the linear regression suggested a Manning's n roughness coefficient of 0.18 of one specific cross section. Some limitations of the presented large‐scale particle image velocimetry system are also put forward, and possible solutions are provided for future improvements. With these proposed upgrades, the system can provide valuable datasets of flash floods in steep mountainous streams, which are critically needed for improving our understanding and modelling of many hydrological processes associated with flood generation, propagation and erosion, as well as for real‐time forecasting. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lessons from the construction of a climate change adaptation plan: A Broads wetland case study
Authors: Turner R Kerry , Palmieri Maria Giovanna , Luisetti Tiziana
Published: March 2016

The dynamic nature of environmental change in coastal areas means that a flexible “learning by doing” management strategy has a number of advantages. This article lays out the principles of such a strategy and then assesses an actual planning and management process focused on climate change consequences for the Broads wetland on the East coast of England. The management strategy focused on the concept of ecosystem services (stocks and flows) provided by the coastal wetland and the threats and opportunities posed to the area by sea level rise and other climate change impacts. The analysis explores the process by which an adaptive management plan has been formulated and coproduced by a combination of centralized (vertical) and stakeholder social network (horizontal) arrangements. The process values where feasible the ecosystem services under threat and prioritizes response actions. Coastal management needs a careful balance between strategic requirements imposed at a national scale and local schemes that affect regional and/or local communities and social networks. These networks aided by electronic media have allowed groups to engage more rapidly and effectively with policy proposals. However, successful deliberation is conditioned by a range of context specific factors, including the type of social networks present and their relative competitive and/or complementary characteristics. The history of consultation and dialogue between official agencies and stakeholders also plays a part in contemporary deliberation processes and the success of their outcomes. Among the issues highlighted are the multiple dimensions of nature's value; the difficulty of quantifying some ecosystem service changes, especially for cultural services; and the problem of “stakeholder fatigue” complicating engagement arrangements. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2016;12:719–725. © 2016 SETAC
Testing against “normal” with environmental data
Authors: Kilgour Bruce W , Somers Keith M , Barrett Timothy J , Munkittrick Kelly R , Francis Anthony P
Published: March 2016

Normal ranges are some fraction of a reference distribution deemed to represent an expected condition, typically 95%. They are frequently used as the basis for generic criteria for monitoring programs designed to test whether a sample is outside of “normal,” as in reference-condition approach studies. Normal ranges are also the basis for criteria for more classic environmental effects monitoring programs designed to detect differences in mean responses between reference and exposure areas. Limits on normal ranges are estimated with error that varies depending largely on sample size. Direct comparison of a sample or a mean to estimated limits of a normal range will, with some frequency, lead to incorrect conclusions about whether a sample or a mean is inside or outside the normal range when the sample or the mean is near the limit. Those errors can have significant costs and risk implications. This article describes tests based on noncentral distributions that are appropriate for quantifying the likelihood that samples or means are outside a normal range. These noncentral tests reverse the burden of evidence (assuming that the sample or mean is at or outside normal), and thereby encourage proponents to collect more robust sample sizes that will demonstrate that the sample or mean is not at the limits or beyond the normal range. These noncentral equivalence and interval tests can be applied to uni- and multivariate responses, and to simple (e.g., upstream vs downstream) or more complex (e.g., before vs after, or upstream vs downstream) study designs. Statistical procedures for the various tests are illustrated with benthic invertebrate community data collected as part of the Regional Aquatics Monitoring Program (RAMP) in the vicinity of oil sands operations in northern Alberta, Canada. An Excel workbook with functions and calculations to carry out the various tests is provided in the online Supplemental Data. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:188–197. © 2016 SETAC.

Key Points

The article provides clarity on appropriate statistical procedures for testing whether a single observation or a mean falls outside a normal range of variation for a reference distribution. Three statistical procedures are described that test whether an observation or mean falls outside a normal range, and each uses noncentral distributions of test statistics. The procedures are illustrated with real data from simplified examples, in order to give readers a template on which to use the calculations in their work. An Excel workbook is provided with functions and calculations that can be used to compute the various tests.
Phenotypic and biomarker evaluation of zebrafish larvae as an alternative model to predict mammalian hepatotoxicity
Authors: Verstraelen Sandra , Peers Bernard , Maho Walid , Hollanders Karen , Remy Sylvie , Berckmans Pascale , Covaci Adrian , Witters Hilda
Published: March 2016

Zebrafish phenotypic assays have shown promise to assess human hepatotoxicity, though scoring of liver morphology remains subjective and difficult to standardize. Liver toxicity in zebrafish larvae at 5 days was assessed using gene expression as the biomarker approach, complementary to phenotypic analysis and analytical data on compound uptake. This approach aimed to contribute to improved hepatotoxicity prediction, with the goal of identifying biomarker(s) as a step towards the development of transgenic models for prioritization. Morphological effects of hepatotoxic compounds (acetaminophen, amiodarone, coumarin, methapyrilene and myclobutanil) and saccharin as the negative control were assessed after exposure in zebrafish larvae. The hepatotoxic compounds induced the expected zebrafish liver degeneration or changes in size, whereas saccharin did not have any phenotypic adverse effect. Analytical methods based on liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry were optimized to measure stability of selected compounds in exposure medium and internal concentration in larvae. All compounds were stable, except amiodarone for which precipitation was observed. There was a wide variation between the levels of compound in the zebrafish larvae with a higher uptake of amiodarone, methapyrilene and myclobutanil. Detection of hepatocyte markers (CP, CYP3A65, GC and TF) was accomplished by in situ hybridization of larvae to coumarin and myclobutanil and confirmed by real‐time reverse transcription–quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Experiments showed decreased expression of all markers. Next, other liver‐specific biomarkers (i.e. FABP10a and NR1H4) and apoptosis (i.e. CASP‐3 A and TP53) or cytochrome P450‐related (CYP2K19) and oxidoreductase activity‐related (ZGC163022) genes, were screened. Links between basic mechanisms of liver injury and results of biomarker responses are described. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Skeletal muscle regeneration via engineered tissue culture over electrospun nanofibrous chitosan/PVA scaffold
Authors: Kheradmandi Mahsa , Vasheghani‐Farahani Ebrahim , Ghiaseddin Ali , Ganji Fariba
Published: March 2016

Skeletal muscle tissue shows a remarkable potential in regeneration of injured tissue. However, in some of chronic and volumetric muscle damages, the native tissue is incapable to repair and remodeling the trauma. In the same condition, stem‐cell therapy increased regeneration in situations of deficient muscle repair, but the major problem seems to be the lack of ability to attachment and survive of injected cells on the exact location. In this study, chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) nanofibrous scaffold was studied to promote cell attachment and provide mechanical support during regeneration. Scaffold was characterized using scanning electron microscope, X‐ray diffraction, and tensile test. Degradation and swelling behavior of scaffold were studied for 20 days. The cell‐scaffold interaction was characterized by MTT assay for 10 days andin vivobiocompatibility of scaffold in a rabbit model was evaluated. Results showed that cells had a good viability, adhesion, growth, and spread on the scaffold, which make this mat a desirable engineered muscular graft. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 1720–1727, 2016.