bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Communication shapes sensory response in multicellular networks
Authors: Potter Garrett D. , Byrd Tommy A. , Mugler Andrew , Sun Bo
Published: August 2016

Significance

Cells routinely sense and respond to their environment, and they also communicate with each other. Exactly how communication impacts sensing remains poorly understood. We study a population of fibroblast cells that responds to a chemical stimulus (ATP) and communicates by molecule exchange. Combining experiments and mathematical modeling, we find that cells exhibit calcium oscillations in response to not only the ATP stimulus but also, increased cell–cell communication. Our results show that, when cells are together, their sensory responses reflect not just the stimulus level but also, the degree of communication within the population.
Near-optimal protocols in complex nonequilibrium transformations
Authors: Gingrich Todd R. , Rotskoff Grant M. , Crooks Gavin E. , Geissler Phillip L.
Published: August 2016

Significance

Classical thermodynamics was developed to help design the best protocols for operating heat engines that remain close to equilibrium at all times. Modern experimental techniques for manipulating microscopic and mesoscopic systems routinely access far-from-equilibrium states, demanding new theoretical tools to describe the optimal protocols in this more complicated regime. Prior studies have sought, in simple models, the protocol that minimizes dissipation. We use computational tools to investigate the diversity of low-dissipation protocols. We show that optimal protocols can be accompanied by a vast set of near-optimal protocols, which still offer the substantive benefits of the optimal protocol. Although solving for the optimal protocol is typically difficult, computationally identifying a near-optimal protocol can be comparatively easy.
Dopaminergic inputs in the dentate gyrus direct the choice of memory encoding
Authors: Du Huiyun , Deng Wei , Aimone James B. , Ge Minyan , Parylak Sarah , Walch Keenan , Zhang Wei , Cook Jonathan , Song Huina , Wang Liping , Gage Fred H. , Mu Yangling
Published: August 2016

Significance

Reward boosts forms of learning and memory through dopamine-mediated neuromodulation in the brain. However, the influence of dopamine has been an underappreciated component of episodic information in the hippocampus. Using a cross-disciplinary approach, we demonstrate that dopaminergic input in the dentate gyrus, a hippocampal subregion critical for the formation of high-resolution memories, impairs subsequent learning by suppressing cortical inputs and ensemble neuronal activity in this area. This work reveals a mechanism by which dopamine signal biases memory storage of events leading to rather than subsequent to the reward.
Rate-weakening friction characterizes both slow sliding and catastrophic failure of landslides
Authors: Handwerger Alexander L. , Rempel Alan W. , Skarbek Rob M. , Roering Joshua J. , Hilley George E.
Published: August 2016

Significance

A predictive understanding of landslide behavior remains elusive, to the extent that once landslide motion is detected the factors that control whether motion will remain slow or accelerate to catastrophic failure remain uncertain. Here, we adapt standard fault mechanics treatments to present a single model that captures both slow and catastrophic landslide motion. We test model predictions using field, laboratory, and remote sensing observations. The failure mode depends on the material properties and the dimensions of the landslide slip surface relative to a critical size. If the slip surface exceeds this size and has rate-weakening frictional properties then catastrophic failure must occur. However, landslides composed of rate-weakening material are characterized by slow sliding when the critical size exceeds landslide dimensions.
Reg4
+
deep crypt secretory cells function as epithelial niche for Lgr5
+
stem cells in colon
Authors: Sasaki Nobuo , Sachs Norman , Wiebrands Kay , Ellenbroek Saskia I. J. , Fumagalli Arianna , Lyubimova Anna , Begthel Harry , van den Born Maaike , van Es Johan H. , Karthaus Wouter R. , Li Vivian S. W. , López-Iglesias Carmen , Peters Peter J. , van Rheenen Jacco , van Oudenaarden Alexander , Clevers Hans
Published: August 2016

Significance

Stem cells crucially depend on their complex microenvironment, also called niche. The niche is defined as an anatomic site, consisting of specialized niche cells. These niche cells anchor stem cells and provide the stem cells with physical protection and essential growth and maintenance signals. In the murine small intestinal crypts, Paneth cells constitute an important part of cellular niche for Lgr5
+
stem cells with which they are intermingled. Paneth cells provide molecules such as Wnt3, EGF, and Notch ligands to maintain intestinal stem cell. There exists no typical Paneth cell in the colon. Here, we show that Reg4-expressing deep crypt secretory cells function as the colon equivalent of Paneth cells.
Merkel disc is a serotonergic synapse in the epidermis for transmitting tactile signals in mammals
Authors: Chang Weipang , Kanda Hirosato , Ikeda Ryo , Ling Jennifer , DeBerry Jennifer J. , Gu Jianguo G.
Published: August 2016

Significance

The Merkel disc is a main type of tactile end organ for sensing gentle touch and is essential for sophisticated sensory tasks, including social interaction, environmental exploration, and tactile discrimination. Despite recent studies showing that Merkel cells in Merkel discs are main sites of mechanotransduction in response to tactile stimuli, it remains unclear how Merkel cells transmit tactile signals to Aβ-afferent endings, leading to tactile sensations. Here we show that Merkel discs are serotonergic synapses in the epidermis, that tactile stimuli trigger serotonin release from Merkel cells to excite their associated whisker Aβ-afferent endings, and that this epidermal serotonergic transmission is critical to both electrophysiological and behavioral responses to tactile stimulation.
Cognitive neurosciences and cognitive translation studies
Authors: Shreve Gregory M. , Diamond Bruce J.
Published: August 2016

Cognitive translation studies has made great strides in recent decades. The
discipline has engaged more deeply with the cognitive sciences, integrating the
study of mental processes into its understanding of the translation task. The
information processing paradigm has been a mainstay of the conceptual framework
of the cognitive sciences and has also been wholeheartedly adopted by
cognitive translation scholars. However, we have really only focused on investigating
two of the three “levels” of cognitive information processing identified by
Marr (1982): the computational (task) level and the algorithmic/representational
(mental processing) level. We are only now just beginning to study the implementation
level where mental processing during the translation task engages
with neural structures and arrays – the domain of cognitive neuroscience. This
chapter investigates some important issues in cognitive translation studies from
the perspective of the information processing paradigm and the “implementation”
level where translation is enacted in neuronal arrays. It also emphasizes
new research directions and points out the potential problems and opportunities
of collaboration between translation science and cognitive neuroscience.
Language pedagogy and translation studies
Authors: Leonardi Vanessa , Salvi Rita
Published: August 2016

The aim of this chapter is to show how the field of language pedagogy, and more
specifically that of language for specific purposes (LSP), could benefit from the
use of translation. We give evidence that some theoretical approaches
in translation studies can help language learners develop communicative
competence so as to make their communication exchanges more successful. In
particular, translation in LSP can help language learners bridge the gap between
language and culture, between forms and uses of languages, by providing
them with all the mediation, negotiation, comparison and decision-making
skills which are fundamental to any language learning process. In this chapter,
both functional approaches to language learning and functionalist approaches
in translation studies are illustrated to show the trans-disciplinary nature of
translation studies and language pedagogy in a collaborative effort to maximise
positive synergies between these two disciplines. A discourse analysis pattern
to support translation is proposed, and some possible applications of corpus
linguistics to translation activities will also be provided.
Gender studies and translation studies
Authors: von Flotow Luise , Scott Joan W.
Published: August 2016

Gender studies and translation studies are related in many different ways: both
are trans-disciplinary fields that play roles in numerous other academic disciplines
– in the social sciences, the humanities, in law and in medicine, as well as
in commerce. Both raise questions about socio-cultural and political meaningfulness,
and its control – whether in regard to sexual difference or textual difference
–, and both operate across linguistic, cultural, geographical and national
borders. This chapter explores the many ways the two disciplines connect, with
Joan Scott’s essay on the translation issues around the English term “gender” in
international forums serving as the stimulus for a broader discussion about how
these two areas of study can be brought together.
On the relation between ergativity, stativity and the verbal configuration of Basque
Authors: Berro Ane
Published: August 2016

This paper shows that, in Basque, ergative case does not always correlate with agentivity and with the verbal category. Ergative subjects can be holders of verbal states, and, in some cases, subjects of non-verbal stative predicates. I argue that in non-verbal stative predicates, termed bare analytic predicates, the ergative argument is introduced by a head of central coincidence. It is proposed that this head is responsible for the spell out of a have auxiliary (à la Kayne 1993) and is also related to the ergative marking of the subject. In the last sections, this analysis is generalized to verbal states and analytic eventive verbs headed by the -tu suffix, claiming that the ergative subject is always introduced by a head of central coincidence.
Differential object marking in Basque varieties
Authors: Fernández Beatriz , Rezac Milan
Published: August 2016

This chapter studies Differential Object Marking (DOM) in nonstandard varieties of Basque. DOM in Basque overtly resembles a common DOM pattern of coding direct as indirect objects in both case and agreement, that is absolutives as datives, according to their animacy and specificity, as in Spanish and Hindi-Urdu. However, Basque DOM is also sensitive to properties of the clause such as tense. In both respects, there is variation across Basque. Some varieties let us probe the nature of DOM datives, and reveal systematic patterning with non-DOM absolutives rather than with indirect object datives. This includes robust diagnostics for structural Case, such as ECM and absolutive-dative alternations. We propose a structural Agree/Case mechanism for DOM datives that brings out their relationship to absolutives and allows sensitivity to properties of both the object and the clause.
Strategies for argument and adjunct focalization in Basque
Authors: Irurtzun Aritz
Published: August 2016

In this chapter, I provide an overview of the different strategies employed for Wh-questions and focalizations across Basque dialects. I argue that a core property of Basque syntax is the fact that both Wh- and focus phrases undergo syntactic (A′-type) displacements, and that they exhibit the main characteristics of syntactic displacements (locality, successive cyclicity, sensitivity to islands, etc.). After analysing the “standard strategy”, which is available across all dialects, I provide an overview of the new in situ Wh-question strategy of the young speakers of Navarro-Labourdin and two different strategies that are employed across different dialects to generate reinforced foci: the highly contrastive rightward focus constructions (specific to Southern dialects, and particularly common in High Navarrese), and the ‘reinforced movement’ strategy of Navarro-Labourdin (a Northern variety). I finish with a brief description of some other constructions involving foci: the mirative focus constructions of substandard Basque, and the dialectal distribution of different types of split interrogatives.
Microsyntactic variation in the Basque hearsay evidential
Authors: Etxepare Ricardo , Uria Larraitz
Published: August 2016

This paper studies the syntactic distribution of the Basque hearsay evidential omen across Basque dialects. We test the hypothesis that the complex dialectal variation regarding the syntactic distribution exhibited by omen follows from a basic syntactic microparameter: in central varieties the features that constitute the hearsay evidential are projected as part of the clausal spine; in Eastern varieties, those features are compiled as a separate syntactic term, merged as the Specifier of an independent Evidential Head. This microparameter accounts in a unified way for most of the differences in the syntactic distribution of the evidential. Together with this basic microparameter, the comparative study of Basque dialects seems to support the idea that certain functional projections (like NegP, FocP or EvP) may appear in more than one position in the cartography of the clause, and more specifically, at the edge of cyclic domains.
Determining the Presence of Hooks Inside White Sturgeon Using Metal Detector and Portable X-Ray Technology
Authors: Bowersox Brett J. , DuPont Joseph M. , Tucker Russell , Barrett Larry , Lamansky James A.
Published: August 2016

We examined the feasibility of using handheld metal detectors and portable X-ray technology to assess the occurrence and type of hooks ingested by White Sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus in the Hell's Canyon reach of the Snake River, Idaho. Three hundred and fifty-two White Sturgeon were collected in the Hell's Canyon reach using angling and setline techniques from 2009 to 2011. Thirty-one percent scanned positive for the presence of hooks inside them. We found the handheld metal detector accurately determined hook presence in White Sturgeon 97% of the time when verified with X-ray. Larger size-classes of fish had a higher occurrence of hooks inside them (>50%) than did smaller size-classes. Occurrence of hooks within White Sturgeon across the entire study area was similar from year to year, ranging from 25% to 33%. We estimated that 64% of hooks observed with X-ray images were consistent with gear used for White Sturgeon angling and 36% were consistent with gear used for Smallmouth Bass Micropterus dolomieu and steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss angling. Five White Sturgeon previously captured with hooks inside them did not scan positive for hooks upon recapture, indicating that they had passed hooks through the digestive tract or out the abdominal cavity. Hook ingestion is relatively common within this population; however, additional investigations on deep-hooking, hook processing, and potential effects on fish health need to be conducted before drawing conclusions about effects on the population.

Received August 24, 2015; accepted April 13, 2016
A Spatially Explicit Assessment of Changes in Chinook Salmon Fisheries in Lakes Michigan and Huron from 1986 to 2011
Authors: Clark Richard D. , Bence James R. , Claramunt Randall M. , Johnson James E. , Gonder David , Legler Nicholas D. , Robillard Steve R. , Dickinson Ben D.
Published: August 2016

We produced a spatially explicit assessment of the changes in stocking, catch, fishing effort, and catch per effort (CPE) for Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in Lakes Michigan and Huron from 1986 to 2011. We focused on describing spatial differences in the changes that occurred during three well-known episodes of rapid change: (1) a decline in abundance during 1986–1994 in Lake Michigan, (2) a recovery in abundance during 1994–2006 in Lake Michigan, and (3) a decline in abundance during 2002–2010 in Lake Huron. We used a spatial grid system to describe and contrast trends in fishing effort and CPE among the main lake basins (Michigan, Huron, and Georgian) and subregions within those basins. We applied linear regressions, ANCOVAs, and Tukey's tests to assess differences. We found that trends differed among and within basins during all three episodes, which resulted in changes in the distribution of fishing effort and CPE. Fishing effort generally decreased in all basins and subregions over the entire 25 years, but it decreased less in areas where CPE had increased. The timing of the recovery episode and second mortality episode overlapped, so CPE simultaneously increased from 79 to 139 fish/1,000 h of fishing in the Michigan basin and decreased from 65 to 35 fish/1,000 h of fishing in the Huron basin. Movement of fishing effort and Chinook Salmon from the Huron basin to the Michigan basin probably occurred during this time. The CPE did not change significantly in the Georgian basin. Within basins, CPE exhibited sharp declines of more than 80% in some subregions during both mortality episodes but declined much less or not at all in others. After the recovery episode, areas of highest CPE in the Michigan basin had shifted from eastern subregions to western subregions.

Received February 2, 2016; accepted April 23, 2016 Published online August 30, 2016
Comparison of eating quality and physicochemical properties between Japanese and Chinese rice cultivars
Authors: Nakamura Sumiko , Cui Jing , Zhang Xin , Yang Fan , Xu Ximing , Sheng Hua , Ohtsubo Ken’ichi
Published: August 2016

In this study, we evaluated 16 Japanese and Chinese rice cultivars in terms of their main chemical components, iodine absorption curve, apparent amylose content (AAC), pasting property, resistant starch content, physical properties, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis, and enzyme activity. Based on these quality evaluations, we concluded that Chinese rice varieties are characterized by a high protein and the grain texture after cooking has high hardness and low stickiness. In a previous study, we developed a novel formula for estimating AAC based on the iodine absorption curve. The validation test showed a determination coefficient of 0.996 for estimating AAC of Chinese rice cultivars as unknown samples. In the present study, we developed a novel formulae for estimating the balance degree of the surface layer of cooked rice (A3/A1: a ratio of workload of stickiness and hardness) based on the iodine absorption curve obtained using milled rice.
Flavor characteristics of the juices from fresh market tomatoes differentiated from those from processing tomatoes by combined analysis of volatile profiles with sensory evaluation
Authors: Iijima Yoko , Iwasaki Yumi , Otagiri Yuji , Tsugawa Hiroshi , Sato Tsuneo , Otomo Hiroe , Sekine Yukio , Obata Akio
Published: August 2016

Various commercial tomato juices with different flavors are available at markets worldwide. To clarify the marker compounds related to the flavor characteristics of tomato juice, we analyzed 15 pure commercial tomato juices by a combination of volatile profiling and sensory evaluation. The correlations among volatiles and the relationship between volatiles and sensory descriptors were elucidated by multivariate analyses. Consequently, the tomato juices made from fresh market tomatoes (including the popular Japanese tomato variety “Momotaro”) were clearly separated from other juices made from processing tomatoes, by both the volatile composition and sensory profiles. cis-3-Hexenol, hexanal, and apocarotenoids negatively contributed to the juices from fresh market tomatoes, whereas Strecker aldehydes and furfural showed positive contributions to the juices. Accordingly, the sensory characteristics of juices from fresh market tomatoes were related to cooked and fruity flavors but not to green or fresh notes.
Critical Dissolved Oxygen Tolerances of Whirling Disease-Resistant Rainbow Trout
Authors: Fetherman Eric R , Wardell Jonathan A , Praamsma Chris J , Hura Marta K
Published: August 2016

A low concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) is commonly the limiting factor in fish culture systems. Hypoxia tolerance in Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss can be affected by both history of domestication and growth rate. As such, selecting strains for specific characteristics such as growth rate or disease resistance could potentially affect DO tolerance, making culture difficult. Here we used two experiments to examine the differences in tolerance to lower DO concentrations among four Rainbow Trout strains and crosses selected for resistance to whirling disease Myxobolus cerebralis. The first experiment examined differences in critical DO concentrations of fry (≥73 mm total length [TL]) when exposed to rapid decreases in DO at 30, 60, 90, and 120 d postswim-up. In addition, since formalin is a common chemical used in aquaculture to treat for external parasites, the effect of exposure to formalin on tolerance to low DO was evaluated. The second experiment evaluated critical DO concentrations among four strains and crosses exposed to a prolonged decrease in DO at age 7 months (averaging 178 mm TL). Formalin exposure had an effect on low-DO tolerance, with DO concentrations that resulted in a loss of equilibrium decreasing with an increase in formalin concentration. In addition, low-DO tolerances were diminished with an increase in fish size, with larger fish losing equilibrium at higher DO concentrations. Differences in DO concentrations resulting in loss of equilibrium and mortality were evident among the strains and crosses in the second experiment. This experiment demonstrated that DO concentrations must be below 2.0 mg/L before loss of equilibrium is observed. However, if fish are soon returned to well-oxygenated water, losses can be minimized. Additionally, other hatchery practices that compromise hypoxia tolerance may increase mortality more quickly following low-DO exposure, and care should be taken to correct low-DO issues shortly after loss of equilibrium is observed.
The Relationship between Bilingualism and Selective Attention in Young Adults: Evidence from an Ambiguous Figures Task
Authors: Chung-Fat-Yim Ashley , Sorge Geoff B. , Bialystok Ellen
Published: August 2016

Previous research has shown that bilinguals outperform monolinguals on a variety of tasks that have been described as involving executive functioning, but the precise mechanism for those effects or a clear definition for “executive function” is unknown. This uncertainty has led to a number of studies for which no performance difference between monolingual and bilingual adults has been detected. One approach to clarifying these issues comes from research with children showing that bilinguals were more able than their monolingual peers to perceive both interpretations of an ambiguous figure, an ability that is more tied to a conception of selective attention than to specific components of executive function. The present study extends this notion to adults by assessing their ability to see the alternative image in an ambiguous figure. Bilinguals performed this task more efficiently than monolinguals by requiring fewer cues to identify the second image. This finding has implications for the role of selective attention in performance differences between monolinguals and bilinguals.
Scaling dependence of memory windows and different carrier charging behaviors in Si nanocrystal nonvolatile memory devices*
Authors: Yu Jie , Chen Kun-ji , Ma Zhong-yuan , Zhang Xin-xin , Jiang Xiao-fan , Wu Yang-qing , Huang Xin-fan , Oda Shunri
Published: August 2016

Based on the charge storage mode, it is important to investigate the scaling dependence of memory performance in silicon nanocrystal (Si-NC) nonvolatile memory (NVM) devices for its scaling down limit. In this work, we made eight kinds of test key cells with different gate widths and lengths by 0.13-μm node complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. It is found that the memory windows of eight kinds of test key cells are almost the same of about 1.64 V @ ± 7 V/1 ms, which are independent of the gate area, but mainly determined by the average size (12 nm) and areal density (1.8 × 1011/cm2) of Si-NCs. The program/erase (P/E) speed characteristics are almost independent of gate widths and lengths. However, the erase speed is faster than the program speed of test key cells, which is due to the different charging behaviors between electrons and holes during the operation processes. Furthermore, the data retention characteristic is also independent of the gate area. Our findings are useful for further scaling down of Si-NC NVM devices to improve the performance and on-chip integration.
Mid/far-infrared photo-detectors based on graphene asymmetric quantum wells
Authors: Ben Salem E , Chaabani R , Jaziri S
Published: August 2016

We conducted a theoretical study on the electronic properties of a single-layer graphene asymmetric quantum well. Quantification of energy levels is limited by electron–hole conversion at the barrier interfaces and free-electron continuum. Electron–hole conversion at the barrier interfaces can be controlled by introducing an asymmetry between barriers and taking into account the effect of the interactions of the graphene sheet with the substrate. The interaction with the substrate induces an effective mass to carriers, allowing observation of Fabry–Pérot resonances under normal incidence and extinction of Klein tunneling. The asymmetry, between barriers creates a transmission gap between confined states and free-electron continuum, allowing the large graphene asymmetric quantum well to be exploited as a photo-detector operating at mid- and far-infrared frequency regimes.
Pseudepigraphy, Early Christian
Authors: Marshall John W.
Published: August 2016

Pseudepigraphy, or the false ascription of authorship, was widely known in Antiquity. The modern term “pseudonymity” is in some cases distinguished from it to emphasize a document that explicitly makes a false claim of authorship as opposed to a document to which a false or incorrect author has been ascribed by tradition. The distinction, though sensible, is not widely or consistently adopted. This article uses the term “pseudepigraphy” in the sense of false claim by the writer of a document and therefore does not treat scholarship on such cases as ascriptions of authors to otherwise anonymous gospels or letters such as Hebrews or the Johannine epistles. Nor does it treat confusions of authorship such as that of Revelation with the ascribed author of the fourth Gospel. The fact of pseudepigraphy has been known in Christian circles since Antiquity, witnessed in the canon itself (2 Thessalonians 2.2) and in the earliest canon list, the Muratorian. The idea that works within the canon are actively pseudepigraphical has, however, been seriously argued in academic circles only since Schmidt, Schleiermacher, and the Tübingen school in the early 19th century, though even Jerome expressed polite doubts about Ephesians. The possibility of falsehood within texts of scripture has proven problematic in many confessional contexts, and it must be recognized that confessional contexts remain prominent in the study of early Christianity. This mixture of religious confession and historical-critical method has made discussions of pseudepigraphy difficult, often repetitive, and in many cases methodologically incoherent. This article clearly skews toward the topic of pseudepigraphy in and around the New Testament, and this requires explanation. Put simply, the possibility of letters falsified in Paul’s name has generated controversy and scholarship at an intensity that, for example, the multiple redactions of prophecy in the name of Isaiah have not. The reasons for this are several: the immediacy and personal qualities of the letter genre, the particularly Protestant focus on a pure originary moment of religious authenticity and plenitude, the power of the figure of Paul in inner Christian dispute during the Reformation and its aftermath, the predominantly Christian context of development of historical-critical approaches to scriptural texts, and the 19th-century evangelical or fundamentalist articulations of doctrines of scripture. Such a short sketch is necessarily inadequate, but it gestures to the context in which scholarly resources and attention have been distributed. Nevertheless, the sections on surveys of scholarship, articles, and essays endeavor to treat Hebrew Bible and Second Temple Jewish materials as well.
Intelligence Oversight
Authors: Adams Jeffrey
Published: August 2016

Oversight has the objective of ensuring accountability in the operations of a country’s security and intelligence organizations. Among established democracies, the United States has taken a clear lead by putting numerous legal safeguards in place, notably after the major congressional investigations of 1975. A wave of reform followed in other countries—initially in Australia and Canada and later extending to the United Kingdom, Denmark, Austria, Greece, Norway, and Italy. Emerging democracies such as South Africa and Romania initiated a similar process, while China, Japan, and the Russian Federation registered little if any change. A crucial debate confronts any representative government: preserving a protective cloak of secrecy in the interest of national security while maintaining outside scrutiny of an agency’s performance and pattern of conduct. Oversight can be exercised by either the executive or the legislative branch of the government, although most commonly one finds a mixture of the two. Occasionally the permanent courts will adjudicate espionage cases involving the unauthorized disclosure of sensitive classified information, just as more specialized bodies such as commissions, ombudsmen, and tribunals might be created and enter the picture. In some instances, the news media have proven to be critical instruments in shaping public opinion and exerting pressure on government officials; far more limited has been the impact of civil rights and other independent groups. The international repercussions of both the 9/11 terrorist attacks in 2001 and the National Security Agency leaks by Edward Snowden in 2013 have given fresh impetus to proponents and critics alike. As more nations have sought to democratize their intelligence communities, intelligence oversight has attracted increased attention, becoming in the process a prominent element in the expanding academic discipline of intelligence studies. Still, no universal formula or model has yet emerged—and some form of compromise among the alternatives nearly always results. The robust debate over secrecy versus transparency thus appears guaranteed to continue into the foreseeable future.
Sophia Peabody Hawthorne
Authors: Argersinger Jana
Published: August 2016

In 1809, Sophia Amelia Peabody was born in Salem, Massachusetts, to an old and distinguished New England family, the third of seven children. The family was sustained largely by its women, who ran and taught in a variety of schools—providing an intellectually stimulating, if not economically thriving, environment. Her home studies spanned an unusual range for a woman of her time. Under the particular tutelage of eldest sister Elizabeth—who would become an education reformer, transcendentalist, and publisher—she read widely across such fields as history, theology, literature, art, science, and philosophy, acquiring a lifelong habit of self-education. A talent not only for writing but also for visual art emerged, and after the Peabodys moved to Boston, Sophia began informal apprenticeships with such prominent painters as Washington Allston and Thomas Doughty. The family’s circle also expanded to include such luminaries as Margaret Fuller and Ralph Waldo Emerson. In 1833, severe headaches that had long plagued Sophia prompted the Peabodys to send her, with older sister Mary (later an author herself), for an extended rest cure in Cuba. While there, she produced a letter-journal of over eight hundred pages and dispatched it in installments to New England, captivating family and friends with closely observed descriptions of unfamiliar landscapes and social scenes—which, however, tended to avoid Cuban slavery. Not long after returning to Salem, Sophia met the author Nathaniel Hawthorne, who admired her as the “Queen of Journalizers,” and they married in 1842. At the Old Manse, the young couple became part of Concord life (the Emersons, Thoreaus, and Alcotts lived nearby) and had the first of three children; Nathaniel wrote short stories, while Sophia largely set aside her professional aspirations as an artist, embracing the roles of wife and mother with a passion that would define her well into the 20th century. Throughout life, however—through childbearing, financial strain, European travel, and widowhood—Sophia maintained sketchbooks and wrote profusely in letters, journals, and travel notebooks. Only one authored text saw publication before her death in 1871: the 1869 Notes in England and Italy. Until quite recently, Sophia’s main claim to recognition had been her marriage to the celebrated author and her editorial work on his notebooks for posthumous publication. In the 1990s, interest in her as both writer and artist began to accelerate, and the early 21st century has seen a vigorous upturn: two major biographies, the first essay collection on the Peabody sisters, a special journal issue, and numerous essays have helped recover a Sophia Peabody Hawthorne whose complexity extends well beyond her conventional persona. As these studies demonstrate, she is richly relevant to such vibrant areas of inquiry as literary and artistic marketplaces, epistolary cultures, gender politics, transnationalism, and travel writing.
Hasidism in Poland
Authors: Wodzinski Marcin
Published: August 2016

Hasidism is a mystical pietistic movement that originated in the 18th-century Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and by the mid-nineteenth century became the most influential religious, cultural, and social force among eastern European Jews. However, by Hasidism in Poland, or Polish Hasidism, both the scholarly literature and the Hasidim themselves usually understand the Hasidic movement as developing in territories in central Poland and not of the pre-partitioned Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. This is, thus, territory significantly narrower than pre-partitioned Poland-Lithuania, or even ethnic Poland. It is usually understood as synonymous with the 19th-century Kingdom of Poland, or Russian Poland, also known as Congress Poland, created in the wake of the 1815 Congress of Vienna. Indeed, the division of Hasidism into its major geographical branches, Polish, Russian, Lithuanian, Galician, Ukrainian, Hungarian, and Romanian, reflects the 19th-century political and cultural divisions of eastern Europe. Thus, a “Polish Hasid” is a follower of the tsadik of Ger (Góra Kalwaria) or Alexander (Aleksandrów) in central Poland, but not of Galician Bełz or of Volhynian Trisk (Turzysk). This might be confusing because, at times, scholarly literature––especially by historians of the Early Modern period––does speak also in a much broader sense about Polish Hasidism as opposed to medieval Hasidei Ashkenaz, German Hasidism. In this latter meaning “Poland” equals the pre-partitioned Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, that is, the cradle of Hasidism. In this article we shall follow the narrower meaning of Poland, that is, territories of the 19th-century Kingdom of Poland with some concessions for the whole territory of interwar Poland and territories of occupied Poland during World War II and the Holocaust as well as for the post-Holocaust period. It should be also noted that the very concept of dividing Hasidism into geographical entities, Polish Hasidism among them, has been repeatedly criticized on the ground of the argument that the geographical spaces in which Hasidism operated crossed political frontiers and that the descriptive categories commonly ascribed to Hasidim from the various regions are inaccurate and simplistic.
Liang Qichao
Authors: Bai Limin
Published: August 2016

In the transitional period spanning the latter part of the Qing dynasty to the early republican era, Liang Qichao (Liang Ch’i-ch’ao) 梁启超 (b. 1873–d. 1929), perhaps a failed politician, was well known as a Chinese scholar, journalist, philosopher, and reformist. There is no doubt that Liang Qichao was one of the most influential historical figures in 20th-century China, and his voluminous writings were read by almost every educated person in China at the turn of the century. The first complete collection of Liang’s works, published in 1936 by Zhonghua shuju, and the completion of a Chronology of Liang’s life in the same year, marked a dynamic achievement in the field of Liang Qichao studies. From this point up to 1949, few serious research works on Liang Qichao emerged except for Wu Qichang’s吴其昌Liang Qichao zhuan梁启超传 (1944), the first intellectual biography of Liang Qichao. However, it remained unfinished as the author died one month after he completed the first volume. From 1949 to the late 1970s the study of Liang Qichao in mainland China was characterized by ideologically fuelled criticism of Liang’s “anti-revolutionary” stance, while in Taiwan more scholarly works emerged to explore various aspects of Liang’s ideas and activities. Works produced by the scholars in Taiwan, along with three English intellectual biographies of Liang Qichao published during the 1950s to the 1970s, marked a new phase of intellectual query into Liang’s life and work in both Chinese and English literature. It was not until the 1980s that the study of Liang Qichao in mainland China flourished and scholars gradually changed their revolutionary tones and adopted a more objective scholarly approach. Thousands of publications in various forms have been published since then and the quality of research is inconsistent. Research themes are largely formed and developed in accordance with the stages of Liang’s life, mainly investigating his ideas and activities around the 1898 Reform; the role of Japan in Liang’s intellectual development; Liang as a politician in the early republican years; and his scholarly work and changes in his ideas after 1918. The existing publications touch upon almost every aspect of his life, his political ideas and activities, and his views on education, historiography, literature, journalism, language and translation, philosophy, Buddhism and national learning, laws and economics. The study of Liang Qichao has become a significant part of scholarship on modern Chinese history.
Patterns of Healthcare Utilization Among Veterans Infected With Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Coinfected With HIV/HCV: Unique Burdens of Disease
Authors: Katrak Shereen , Park Lawrence P. , Woods Christopher , Muir Andrew , Hicks Charles , Naggie Susanna
Published: August 2016

Background.  Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a leading cause of cirrhosis and the primary cause of liver transplantation in the United States, and coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) increases the risk of comorbidities. However, healthcare utilization (HCU) patterns among HIV/HCV-coinfected patients are poorly understood. This study compared the rates of HCU and reasons for hospital admission among HCV-infected, HIV-infected, and HIV/HCV-coinfected veterans.

Methods.  Hepatitis C virus- and HIV-infected and HIV/HCV-coinfected veterans in care with the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) from 1998 to 2009 (n = 335 371, n = 28 179, n = 13 471, respectively) were identified by HIV- and HCV-associated International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes from the clinical case registry. We assessed rates of HCU using emergency department (ED) visits, outpatient visits, and hospitalization and primary diagnoses associated with hospitalization. Independent risk factors associated with hospitalization were also examined.

Results.  Rates of outpatient and ED visits increased over the 11-year study period for all groups, with inpatient admission rates remaining stable. The HCU rates were consistently higher for the coinfected than other cohorts. The primary reason for hospital admission for all groups was psychiatric disease/substance use, accounting for 44% of all admissions. Nadir CD4 <350 cells/mm3 was associated with higher rates of hospitalization versus nadir CD4 >500 cells/mm3.

Conclusions.  As the current population of HCV-infected, HIV-infected, and HIV/HCV-coinfected veterans age, they will continue to place a substantial and increasing demand on the US healthcare system, particularly in their utilization of ED and outpatient services. These data suggest the need for an ongoing investment in mental health and primary care within the VA healthcare system.
Changes in Insulin Resistance After Initiation of Raltegravir or Protease Inhibitors With Tenofovir-Emtricitabine: AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5260s
Authors: Dirajlal-Fargo Sahera , Moser Carlee , Brown Todd T. , Kelesidis Theodoros , Dube Michael P. , Stein James H. , Currier Judith , McComsey Grace A.
Published: August 2016

Background.  Antiretroviral therapy (ART) can alter glucose metabolism, but little data exist on the association of raltegravir (RAL) with insulin resistance.

Methods.  A5260s was a substudy of A5257, a prospective open-label randomized trial in which human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected treatment-naive participants were randomized to tenofovir-emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) plus atazanavir-ritonavir (ATV/r), darunavir-ritonavir (DRV/r), or RAL over 96 weeks. Baseline and changes in insulin resistance as estimated by the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were assessed. Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were used to assess shifts in the distribution of fold increase from baseline between treatment arms, and Spearman correlation was used to assess associations between HOMA-IR and measures of inflammation and body composition.

Results.  Three hundred twenty-eight participants were randomized; 90% were male, baseline median age was 36, HIV ribonucleic acid copies were 4.55 log10 copies/mL, and CD4 cell count was 349/mm3. Overall, HOMA-IR increased significantly after 4 weeks (1.9-fold change; 95% confidence interval, 1.73–2.05) then plateaued over the remainder of the study. Changes in HOMA-IR were not different between the arms (P ≥ .23). Changes in HOMA-IR were associated with changes in body mass index at weeks 48 and 96 (r = 0.12–0.22; P ≤ .04). There was a trend with increases in HOMA-IR and increases in visceral abdominal fat at week 96 (r = 0.12; P = .06). At 48 and 96 weeks, HOMA-IR correlated with interleukin-6, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and soluble CD163 (r = 0.16–0.27; P ≤ .003).

Conclusions.  Insulin resistance increased rapidly and then plateaued in treatment-naive participants initiating ART with TDF/FTC, and no differences were found with RAL when compared with ATV/r or DRV/r.
Value-Added Clinical Systems Learning Roles for Medical Students That Transform Education and Health: A Guide for Building Partnerships Between Medical Schools and Health Systems
Authors: Gonzalo Jed D. , Lucey Catherine , Wolpaw Terry , Chang Anna
Published: August 2016

To ensure physician readiness for practice and leadership in changing health systems, an emerging three-pillar framework for undergraduate medical education integrates the biomedical and clinical sciences with health systems science, which includes population health, health care policy, and interprofessional teamwork. However, the partnerships between medical schools and health systems that are commonplace today use health systems as a substrate for learning. Educators need to transform the relationship between medical schools and health systems. One opportunity is the design of authentic workplace roles for medical students to add relevance to medical education and patient care. Based on the experiences at two U.S. medical schools, the authors describe principles and strategies for meaningful medical school–health system partnerships to engage students in value-added clinical systems learning roles. In 2013, the schools began large-scale efforts to develop novel required longitudinal, authentic health systems science curricula in classrooms and workplaces for all first-year students. In designing the new medical school–health system partnerships, the authors combined two models in an intersecting manner—Kotter’s change management and Kern’s curriculum development steps. Mapped to this framework, they recommend strategies for building mutually beneficial medical school–health system partnerships, including developing a shared vision and strategy and identifying learning goals and objectives; empowering broad-based action and overcoming barriers in implementation; and generating short-term wins in implementation. Applying this framework can lead to value-added clinical systems learning roles for students, meaningful medical school–health system partnerships, and a generation of future physicians prepared to lead health systems change.
Characteristics of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Research Design Programs in Institutions With Clinical and Translational Science Awards
Authors: Rahbar Mohammad H. , Dickerson Aisha S. , Ahn Chul , Carter Rickey E. , Hessabi Manouchehr , Lindsell Christopher J. , Nietert Paul J. , Oster Robert A. , Pollock Brad H. , Welty Leah J.
Published: August 2016

Purpose

To learn the size, composition, and scholarly output of biostatistics, epidemiology, and research design (BERD) units in U.S. academic health centers (AHCs).

Method

Each year for four years, the authors surveyed all BERD units in U.S. AHCs that were members of the Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) Consortium. In 2010, 46 BERD units were surveyed; in 2011, 55; in 2012, 60; and in 2013, 61.

Results

Response rates to the 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013 surveys were 93.5%, 98.2%, 98.3%, and 86.9%, respectively. Overall, the size of BERD units ranged from 3 to 86 individuals. The median FTE in BERD units remained similar and ranged from 3.0 to 3.5 FTEs over the years. BERD units reported more availability of doctoral-level biostatisticians than doctoral-level epidemiologists. In 2011, 2012, and 2013, more than a third of BERD units provided consulting support on 101 to 200 projects. A majority of BERD units reported that between 25% and 75% (in 2011) and 31% to 70% (in 2012) of their consulting was to junior investigators. More than two-thirds of BERD units reported their contributions to the submission of 20 or more non-BERD grant or contract applications annually. Nearly half of BERD units reported 1 to 10 manuscripts submitted annually with a BERD practitioner as the first or corresponding author.

Conclusions

The findings regarding BERD units provide a benchmark against which to compare BERD resources and may be particularly useful for institutions planning to develop new units to support programs such as the CTSA.
Preclinical Pain Research
Authors: Clark J. David
Published: August 2016

Regrettably, the list of unique analgesic tools has expanded very slowly during the past few decades. Many very promising drugs have failed once tested in clinical populations, and the associated costs of these translational failures have been extremely high. Part of this problem can be traced to the ways we select and use preclinical tools and perhaps to the way we report our findings. We are beginning to reevaluate our selection of animal models and the methods we use to measure pain-related responses in these animals. In addition, many journals now require a clear statement of the experimental hypothesis, the details of the experimental methods, a description of the statistical approach to analyzing the data, and the disclosure of conflicts of interest. These new practices pose challenges to laboratory-based research groups. However, a more rigorous approach to preclinical investigations may be necessary for the successful development of new analgesics.