bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COPI-mediated membrane trafficking is required for cytokinesis inDrosophilamale meiotic divisions
Authors: Kitazawa Daishi , Yamaguchi Masamitsu , Mori Hajime , Inoue Yoshihiro H.
Published: May 2012

The coatomer protein complex, COPI, mediates retrograde vesicle transport from the Golgi apparatus to the ER. Here, we investigated the meiotic phenotype of Drosophila melanogaster spermatocytes expressing dsRNA of 52 genes encoding membrane-trafficking-related factors. We identified COPI as an essential factor for male meiosis. In Drosophila male meiotic divisions, COPI is localized in the ER–Golgi intermediate compartment of tER–Golgi units scattered throughout the spermatocyte cytoplasm. Prior to chromosome segregation, the vesicles assemble at the spindle pole periphery through a poleward movement, mediated by minus-end motor dynein along astral microtubules. At the end of each meiotic division, COPI-containing vesicles are equally partitioned between two daughter cells. Our present data strongly suggest that spermatocytes possess a regulatory mechanism for equal inheritance of several types of membrane vesicles. Using testis-specific knockdown of COPI subunits or the small GTPase Arf or mutations of the γCOP gene, we examined the role of COPI in male meiosis. COPI depletion resulted in the failure of cytokinesis, through disrupted accumulation of essential proteins and lipid components at the cleavage furrow region. Furthermore, it caused a reduction in the number of overlapping central spindle microtubules, which are essential for cytokinesis. Drosophila spermatocytes construct ER-based intracellular structures associated with astral and spindle microtubules. COPI depletion resulted in severe disruption of these ER-based structures. Thus, we propose that COPI plays an important role in Drosophila male meiosis, not only through vesicle transport to the cleavage furrow region, but also through the formation of ER-based structures.
Invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast: MRI pathological correlation following bilateral total mastectomy
Authors: Stivalet Aude , Luciani Alain , Pigneur Frederic , Dao Thu Ha , Beaussart Pauline , Merabet Zahira , Perlbarg Julie , Meyblum Evelyne , Baranes Laurence , Calitchi Elie , Lepage Christophe , Belkacemi Yazid , Lagrange Jean-Leon , Lantieri Laurent , Rahmouni Alain
Published: May 2012

Background

Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) is more often multifocal and bilateral than invasive ductal carcinoma. MRI is usually recommended for detection of all ILC sites. The performance of known diagnostic breast MRI criteria for ILC characterization has not been evaluated to date using bilateral mastectomy specimens as gold standard.

Purpose

To determine the value of BI-RADS 2006 MRI criteria for ILC detection and characterization, using pathological examination of bilateral mastectomy specimens as the reference standard.

Material and Methods

Between 2004 and 2007, we retrospectively included all patients with pathologically documented ILC referred to our institution for bilateral mastectomy and preoperative bilateral breast MRI. The location, diameter, and characteristics (BI-RADS) of all lesions were compared with pathological findings. The sensitivity and positive predictive value of bilateral breast MRI for the diagnosis of ILC were calculated. Association of MRI BI-RADS categorical variables and characterization of ILC were assessed (Fisher exact test).

Results

Among 360 patients treated for ILC in 2004–2007, 15 patients qualified for this study. Thirty-one ILC foci were found on pathological examination (30 ipsilateral and 1 contralateral tumor; mean diameter 23 mm; range 2–60 mm) and all were identified on MRI, with 90% of masses and 10% non-mass-like enhancements; MRI features significantly associated with ILC included absence of smooth margins ( P = 0.02) and rim-shaped enhancement ( P = 0.039). Enhancement kinetics of the 31 foci were evenly distributed among wash-out, plateau, and persistent profiles. Eleven additional lesions were seen on MRI, mainly corresponding to fibrocystic disease; 91% presented as masses and 9% had a wash-out profile.

Conclusion

Based on the 2006 BI-RADS criteria, breast MRI shows a high sensitivity for ILC detection, at the expense of a 26% false-positive rate, suggesting that a pathological proof by US- or MR-guided biopsy is required in case of suspicious MRI images in this context.
Planning a Pharmacy-Led Medical Mission Trip, Part I: Focus on Medication Acquisition
Authors: Brown Dana A , Ferrili Mary J
Published: May 2012

This article, focusing on medication acquisition and formulary development, is the first in a 4-part series on pharmacist-led medical mission trips. The second article, “Servant Leadership and Team Dynamics,” examines the concept of servant leadership as part of medical missions’ efforts and provides suggestions for team building, both before and during the mission trip. Part 3, “Development and Implementation of an Elective Medical Missions Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experience (APPE) Rotation,” focuses on developing an elective APPE for international and domestic medical missions, including provision of products. Part 4, “An Exploratory Study of Student Experiences,” is an evaluation of data collected from both APPE and non-APPE student participants on Gregory School of Pharmacy mission trips during the summer of 2011. Specifically it examines the issue of professionalism and the personal impact that mission trips may have on pharmacy students.

Pharmacists can be involved in many functions of the medical mission team. Particularly, they can play a large role in formulary development, acquisition of medications, and organization of medications before and during the mission trip. Important factors for consideration in formulary development and logistical planning include the group's budget; importation laws and regulations of the country being visited; transportation and storage of medications and supplies; disease states anticipated; whether controlled substances wilt be included; whether medical or surgical procedures will be provided; age distribution and languages of the population to be treated; whether sample medications will be used; handling of unused medications and supplies after the trip; and considerations of the population's cultural beliefs. Various organizations are available to provide medications for medical mission efforts at little to no cost, and knowledge of these organizations will help to facilitate the process of medication acquisition. Additionally, pharmacists can provide insight regarding the logistical set-up and workflow considerations during the mission experience.
New strategies for natural products containing chroman spiroketals
Authors: Green Jason C. , Burnett G. Leslie , Pettus Thomas R. R.
Published: May 2012

Two cycloaddition strategies are described that lead to various chroman spiroketals from assorted exocyclic enol ethers. Unlike conventional thermodynamic ketalization strategies, the stereochemical outcome for this approach is determined by a kinetic cycloaddition reaction. Thus, the stereochemical outcome reflects the olefin geometry of the starting materials along with the orientation of the associated transition state. However, the initial kinetic product can also be equilibrated by acid catalysis and reconstituted into a thermodynamic stereochemical arrangement. Thus, these strategies uniquely enable synthetic access to either the thermodynamic or kinetic conformation of the spiroketal stereocenter itself. Applications of these strategies in the syntheses of berkelic acid, β-rubromycin, and paecilospirone are presented along with the use of a chroman spiroketal for the construction of heliespirones A and C.
Practical iron-catalyzed atom/group transfer and insertion reactions
Authors: Chow Toby Wai-Shan , Chen Guo-Qiang , Liu Yungen , Zhou Cong-Ying , Che Chi-Ming
Published: May 2012

Iron-catalyzed reactions are receiving a surge of interest owing to the natural abundance and biocompatibility of Fe and the urge to develop practically useful sustainable catalysis for fine chemical industries. This article is a brief account of our studies on the C–O and C–N bond formation reactions catalyzed by Fe complexes supported by oligopyridine, macrocyclic tetraaza, and fluorinated porphyrin ligands. The working principle is the in situ generation of reactive Fe=O and Fe=NR intermediates supported by these oxidatively robust N-donor ligands for oxygen atom/nitrogen group transfer and insertion reactions. The catalytic reactions include C–H bond oxidation of saturated hydrocarbons (up to 87 % yield), epoxidation of alkenes (up to 96 % yield),cis-dihydroxylation of alkenes (up to 99 % yield), epoxidation–isomerization (E–I) reaction of aryl alkenes (up to 94 % yield), amination of C–H bonds (up to 95 % yield), aziridination of alkenes (up to 95 % yield), sulfimidation of sulfides (up to 96 % yield), and amide formation from aldehydes (up to 89 % yield). Many of these catalytic reactions feature high regio- and diastereoselectivity and/or high product yields and substrate conversions, and recyclability of the catalyst, demonstrating the applicability of Fe-catalyzed oxidative organic transformation reactions in practical organic synthesis.
Mapping Early Speech: Prescriptive Developmental Profiles for Very Remote Aboriginal Students in the First Two Years of School
Authors: Kenny Lawrence
Published: May 2012

This article examines the issues surrounding the mapping
of the oral language development of Standard Australian
English (SAE) in the early school years of remote and very
remote Aboriginal education in the Northern Territory (NT).
Currently, teachers in this context have 2 mandated
documents as guides that chart the development of SAE
oracy. However, a close inspection of both documents
demonstrates an incomplete view of English oracy for this
unique education and linguistic context within the broader
Australian social milieu. A detailed profile of emerging
English oracy is not captured by current profiles that do
not recognise the influences of homeland Aboriginal
language groups on the acquisition of SAE. A more detailed
emergent SAE oral profile can be constructed from existing
oral SAE language samples. These samples have been
collected by the NT Department of Education and Training
(NT DET) from 6-year-old children participating in the
Indigenous Language Speaking Student (ILSS) program. The
development of an emergent oral SAE profile will be an
extremely useful adjunct for the 2 existing documents. This
article is a preliminary mapping of the issues with current
SAE oral language profiles for remote and very remote
Aboriginal school children.
Learning Preferences and Impacts of Education Programs in Dog Health Programs in Five Rural and Remote Australian Indigenous Communities
Authors: Constable Sophie , Dixon Roselyn , Dixon Robert
Published: May 2012

As part of strategies to improve dog and community
health in rural and remote Indigenous communities, this
study investigated preferences and impacts of dog health
education programs. Semistructured interviews with 63
residents from five communities explored learning
preferences. Though each community differed, on average
yarning was preferred by most (68.4%) respondents, followed
by visual (65.0%) and practical learning (46.9%).
Text-based and computer/screen-based learning were
important to 16.2% and 14.6% of respondents respectively.
With paper-based visual and text resources, respondents
reported a preference for locally made (28/36 or 78%) over
mainstream resources. Twenty eight residents involved in
the creation of locally made resources reported
satisfaction, knowledge exchange, and displayed enthusiasm
for the process. Colour resources were more successful than
black and white resources or word of mouth in terms of
program advertising, alerting 67% (10/15) of respondents
compared to 6% to 24% for programs using word of mouth. Dog
health programs that incorporated education programs based
on these identified preferences achieved significantly
better results in terms of improvements in mange prevalence
and average condition score, partly through increased
community understanding and engagement with the program.
Thus, culturally appropriate and locally relevant education
programs can significantly improve the success of dog
health programs.
An Academic Occupation: Mobilisation, Sit-In, Speaking Out and Confrontation in the Experiences of Māori Academics
Authors: Mercier Ocean Ripeka , Asmar Christine , Page Susan
Published: May 2012

Māori and other Indigenous scholars have been calling for the Indigenisation of academic space for decades. But what is the day-to-day experience of Māori academics within Aotearoa–New Zealand universities, and how does this experience reveal or enact the commitments to claim space? We interviewed 12 Māori academics and analysed and organised their experiences in the following way: the university can be understood as a site of (1) mobilisationof Māori staff and students; (2) sit-in, or infusing the institutional system with Indigenous values; (3) speaking out, thereby educating not only students, but staff and the public about Indigenous issues; and (4) at which confrontationis part of the academic terrain. The most common outcome of confrontationwas negotiationand reclamationof space for Māori people, norms and values. In spite of this apparent willingness of the university to compromise, we find that capitulation(being moulded to the norms of the academy) and ( self-)eviction(reconciling difference by leaving the university) are ever-present possibilities for Māori academics. In shaping and presenting the Māori academic occupation as a 4-stage commitment to affirm Māori identity, norms and scholarship, we present a framework within which Indigenous and minority academic work may be understood.
In ‘The Best Interests of the Child’: Critical Reflections on an Overused Construct
Authors: Hansen Patricia , Ainsworth Frank
Published: May 2012

The construct ‘the best interest of the child’ is embedded in child protection legislation in all Australian states and territories. This phrase or construct in its modern iteration that dates from 1973 is constantly evoked when decisions are being made about a child's future following the substantiation of a case of child abuse and neglect. The use of the best interests of the child as a standard for decision-making, even though there is no consensus in law or social science as to what the construct means, needs to be questioned. What often follows from reliance on the best interests of the child is the placement of a child in foster care or kinship care in the hope that this will produce a better outcome for the child than if they remained in parental care. No doubt this is true for some children. Recent outcomes studies of foster care point to less than promising results for many children. As a result it can be argued that placing a child in foster care is a gamble with the child's future life.
Young Refugees in Australia: Perspectives From Policy, Practice and Research
Authors: Cameron Georgiana , Frydenberg Erica , Jackson Alun
Published: May 2012

This article aims to bring together perspectives from policy, practice and research in reviewing the experiences of young refugees arriving in Australia. By reviewing international and local research and applying it to the Australian policy context, this article highlights how evidence-based practices for this population are lacking. Risk and protective factors for young refugees are discussed in relation to possible avenues of intervention. In particular, unaccompanied refugee minors are seen as being at heightened risk of social exclusion and mental illness. Quantitative and qualitative literature is integrated to provide an overall picture of young refugees in the Australian context. Studies evaluating psychological interventions and support for refugees, as well as research into how young refugees typically cope with adversities, are used to inform recommendations for school and community-based psychological interventions.
The Relationships Among Different Types of Social Support Accessed by Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury Survivors
Authors: Murphy Gregory C. , O'Hare Mary Alice , Wallis Lara
Published: May 2012

Aim: This exploratory study examined the relationships among different types of social support accessed by patients with traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Method: Using a cross-sectional study design, 20 SCI patients of workforce age discharged from the Royal Talbot Rehabilitation Hospital, Melbourne, Australia during 2007 were assessed on a range of demographic, injury and social support variables. Results: Higher quality interactions (i.e., actual social support) were significantly associated with greater social integration (i.e., structural social support) and higher perceived social support. However, community integration and social integration, which measure different aspects of structural social support, were essentially unrelated. Conclusions: Actual social support influences perceived social support and social integration. Theoretically, these results suggest that actual social support influences the two main opposing models that explain the relationship between social support and wellbeing: the stress-buffering model (for perceived social support) and the main-effects model (for structural social support). From a research perspective, the use of well-defined types of social support, and psychometrically sound measures, is critical for assessing the influence of social support on rehabilitation outcomes. To effectively match rehabilitation efforts with SCI survivors' needs, future research should examine which types of social support best predict particular rehabilitation outcomes.
Competencies and Tasks of Disability Management Professionals in Germany
Authors: Niehaus Mathilde , Marfels Britta
Published: May 2012

Demographic changes are transforming Germany's working environment. A shrinking and aging workforce is having to cope with rising market requirements for skilled labour. As the risk of occupational disability rises with age, lawmakers have introduced a number of legislative changes to sustain workers' ability to work as long as possible. Another important step in this direction was the introduction of a training program to become a Certified Disability Management Professional (CDMP), based on the Canadian model and driven by the German Social Accident Insurance (DGUV). International scientific research has long recognised the importance of professional counselling and support for successful vocational rehabilitation of sick and disabled people. In Germany, however, there has been a lack of studies investigating which competencies disability managers need for their work or whether their training is adequate. The present study fills this gap. 217 disability managers and other vocational rehabilitation professionals were asked about their tasks and the competencies required for their work. Two important areas of responsibility were identified: work with the client, on the one hand, and organisational and managerial tasks on the other. This represents a lower degree of specialisation than that found in related American or Australian studies. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed.
Romantic Partner Behaviours as Social Context: Measuring Six Dimensions of Relationships
Authors: Ducat Wendy H. , Zimmer-Gembeck Melanie J.
Published: May 2012

A new measure, Partner Behaviours as Social Context (PBSC), was developed and tested in two studies (N = 215, N = 316) and tested as a correlate of psychological wellbeing in a third (N = 157). Self-Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000) and related research has suggested that there are six important dimensions of partner behaviours, which should be associated with individual psychological need fulfilment, wellbeing and development. Three of these dimensions are positive, including warmth, or provision of love/affection; autonomy support, or supporting a partner's decisions; and structure, or being consistent and reliable. Three of these dimensions are negative, namely rejection, or ignoring/being hostile to a partner; coercion, or being controlling/demanding; and chaos, or unpredictability. Factor analysis supported the six-dimensional construct. The six PBSC dimensions, positive and negative subscales and total score had good distributional properties, high internal consistency, related as expected to other relationship quality measures, and diverged from most personality constructs. All PBSC scales were related to wellbeing, with some behaviours more related than others. For example, coercion was strongly associated with compromised wellbeing, while warmth showed weak, positive associations with positive functioning. The PBSC is expected to have utility in both research and clinical settings.
The Brief Attachment Adjective Checklist: A Measure of the Fourfold Definition of the Theory of Attachment
Authors: Bowles Terry
Published: May 2012

The aims of this research were to develop and validate a Brief Attachment Adjective Checklist (BAAC) to represent the four category model of attachment, compare it with a current measure of attachment, and use both to predict relationship satisfaction. A 32-item operationalisation of a hypothesised four-category model was analysed using a principal component analysis. Results of Study 1 (n = 174) indicated the items of the four-category model reflected good factor structure. Comparison with the four-paragraph Relationship Questionnaire (RQ) showed low correlation between the two operationalisations, suggesting that they were measuring different aspects of attachment. Analyses showed that the BAAC was a weak but better predictor of relationship satisfaction than the RQ. A confirmatory factor analysis in Study 2 (n = 131) refined the structure of the BAAC. The pattern of correlations showing relative independence of the BAAC and the RQ in Study 1 was also shown in Study 2. The frequency of respondents in dominant attachment categories of the RQ was consistent with previous research but the frequency of respondents in dominant attachment categories differed for RQ compared with the BAAC. The replication of the prediction of relationship satisfaction in Study 2 showed that both measures were weak predictors of relationship satisfaction but the BAAC was a better predictor than the RQ.
Discussion of Rapadas: Transmission of Violence: Parallels to Latinos in the United States
Authors: Valencia Albert
Published: May 2012

In his article, Dr Rapadas provides a serious and thoughtful look into the traumatisation of an indigenous community. The article serves as a reminder of our history and as a call to those who believe that peace and justice are worthy and noble goals. The article also provides striking parallels to the struggles of Latinos, particularly Mexican Americans, in the United States.
Discussion of Arredondo: Psychohistory and Soul Wounds
Authors: Aros Jesus (Jess)
Published: May 2012

It is clear that organisational and social efforts are necessary in forming a nonviolent political process that rightly seeks to empower both the Mestizo (mixed) and fully indigenous peoples of Mexico, and western Latino/a America as a part of the Pacific Rim, and affirm our multiple existence and voices (Arredondo & Aros, 2004; Arredondo, this volume).
Discussion of Upegui-Hernandez: The Role of Escuelas Nuevas and Social Capital in Colombia in Peace Psychology and Conflict Resolution
Authors: Van Hoorn Judith
Published: May 2012

Upegui-Hernandez contributes to work on social capital and peace-building by situating Colombian national educational policy discussions within the larger social, political and economic context of globalisation and global politics of today. Questions regarding the roles of schools, particularly the role of schools in maintaining the status quo and thus furthering structural violence are most frequently asked by those who work in school settings (Brown, & Quinn, 2001; Kahne, O'Brien, & Quinn, 2001). Recently, we find this topic addressed by others from a wider range of professions and places (Lipman, 2005; McCarthy, Borgoiakova, Gilmore, Lomawaima, & Romero, 2005; Schwebel, 2003). Through her own background and work as a Columbian peace psychologist, Upegui-Hernandez draws upon a wide range of theoretical traditions and both a specific national as well as international context. Consequently, she raises critical questions about the role that Escuelas Nuevas play in Colombia's national processes of peace-building (Christie, 2006). She underscores her conclusion that although the existence of social capital in a community is important, is should not stand in the place of state and international programs for social justice.
All the Waters of Lethe
Authors: Piper Alana
Published: May 2012

Whether it is treated as an issue for consternation or celebration, a propensity for drunkenness has long been represented as an essential trait of the Australian character. The image of the Australian drinker has remained distinctly masculine, with drinking canonised as a male pastime by Russel Ward’s The Australian Legend (Ward 1958: 2). While Australian histories of inebriation have recognised the gendered nature of alcohol use, they have assumed implicitly that because drinking typically has been considered a masculine prerogative, the primary significance of liquor consumption to gender studies lies in the role it played in the construction of masculine identity. The assumption has been that because women’s drinking was not conducted on the same scale as men’s, the excessive drinking indulged in by a minority of females is unimportant to larger understandings of femininity. This has inhibited investigation of female drunkenness, the responses it provoked and the critical expression of power relations constituted by these reactions.
Differential Age and Sex Effects in the Assessment of Major Depression: A Population-Based Twin Item Analysis of the DSM Criteria
Authors: Aggen Steven H. , Kendler Kenneth S. , Kubarych Thomas S. , Neale Michael C.
Published: May 2012

A twin item factor analytic model was developed to test for the presence of noninvariant age, sex, and age by sex interaction effects on the individual DSM-III-R criteria for major depression (MD). Based on 1-year reports, six of the nine MD criteria and duration requirement were found to have covariate factor loading and/or threshold effects that significantly deviated from their corresponding factor level expectations. A significant age effect was found for the binary duration variable factor loading. The ‘loss of interest’, ‘weight problems’ and ‘psychomotor problems’ criteria all displayed forms of threshold only effects. ‘Depressed mood’, ‘fatigue’, and ‘feeling worthless’ had more complex patterns that included both factor loading and threshold effects. A significant factor age by sex interaction effect indicating an increasing female mean difference with age was found to be largely associated with the presence of differential threshold covariate effects. Disagreement between estimated factor scores and DSM-derived affected vs. unaffected classification was ∼ 1.3%. Status on the duration requirement was found to be the one feature common to all discrepancies. The MD criteria set provided maximum information for calibrating MD factor scores in the scale region where discrepancies occurred. The dimensional modeling results are discussed in the broader context of epidemiological research and clinical assessment of major depression.
A Behavioral-Genetic Study of Alexithymia and its Relationships with Trait Emotional Intelligence
Authors: Baughman Holly M. , Schwartz Sara , Schermer Julie Aitken , Veselka Livia , Petrides K. V. , Vernon Philip A.
Published: May 2012

The present study is the first to examine relationships between alexithymia and trait emotional intelligence (trait EI or trait emotional self-efficacy) at the phenotypic, genetic, and environmental levels. The study was also conducted to resolve inconsistencies in previous twin studies that have provided estimates of the extent to which genetic and environmental factors contribute to individual differences in alexithymia. Participants were 216 monozygotic and 45 dizygotic same-sex twin pairs who completed the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20. In a pilot study, a sub-sample of 118 MZ and 27 DZ pairs also completed the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire. Results demonstrated that a combination of genetic and non-shared environmental influences contribute to individual differences in alexithymia. As expected, alexithymia and trait EI were negatively correlated at the phenotypic level. Bivariate behavioral genetic analyses showed that that all but one of these correlations was primarily attributable to correlated genetic factors and secondarily to correlated non-shared environmental factors.
Nature, Nurture, and Ethnocentrism in the Minnesota Twin Study
Authors: Orey Byron D'Andra , Park Hyung
Published: May 2012

The preponderance of research on the study of ethnocentrism has primarily attributed such attitudes to learned behavior. The research here advances the argument that both socialization and genetic inheritance contribute to the development of ethnocentric attitudes and behavior. This analysis employs the Minnesota Twins Political Survey data consisting of 596 complete twin pairs. Using the classical twin design, we employed structural equation modeling to model the covariance of twins in regards to additive genetic effects, shared environmental effects, and unique environmental effects (i.e., the classic ACE model). The findings reveal that genetic inheritance is significant in explaining the variance in genetic attitudes. Specifically, genetic inheritance explains 18% of the variance, with the overwhelming 82% being explained by the unique environment.
Feeling of Cold Hands and Feet is a Highly Heritable Phenotype
Authors: Hur Yoon-Mi , Chae Jeong-Ho , Chung Ki Wha , Kim Jung Jin , Jeong Hoe-Uk , Kim Jong Woo , Seo Sung Yum , Kim Kyung Soo
Published: May 2012

The prevalence of the feeling of cold hands and feet (FCHF) is high in the
general population but the etiology of FCHF is largely unknown. The aim of the
present study was to explore whether the FCHF is heritable. Eight hundred and
ninety-four pairs of twins completed a question about FCHF. Tetrachoric
correlations for FCHF were .58, .29, .67, .52, and .04 for monozygotic male,
dizygotic male, monozygotic female, and dizygotic female twins, respectively.
Model-fitting analyses suggested that in the best fitting model, additive
genetic and nonshared environmental variance including measurement error were
64% (95% CI: 55%-72%) and 36% (28%-45%), respectively. Sex differences in
genetic and environmental influences were not significant.
Funding Implications of Social Enterprise: The Role of Mission Consistency, Entrepreneurial Competence, and Attitude toward Social Enterprise on Donor Behavior
Authors: Smith Brett R. , Cronley Maria L. , Barr Terri F.
Published: May 2012

Social entrepreneurship covers a broad domain, including social enterprise, defined as the use of for-profit strategies by nonprofit organizations. Driven by multiple factors, nonprofit organizations have increasingly turned to social enterprise in the hopes of funding their social missions. However, only limited research has fully delineated how the use of social enterprises affects overall funding and the conditions under which social enterprises are relatively more effective. This mixed-method, three-study project provides evidence that the introduction of a social enterprise negatively affects individual donations but that some of the negative effects can be mitigated when the social enterprise is perceived as mission consistent and competent. In addition, the results show that donor attitudes toward social enterprises moderate the effects. The results of these studies have important implications for marketing, social entrepreneurship, and public policy.
A focal subgroup theorem for outer commutator words
Authors: Acciarri Cristina , Fernández-Alcober Gustavo A. , Shumyatsky Pavel
Published: May 2012

Let be a finite group of order , where is a prime and
is not divisible by , and let be a Sylow -subgroup of .
If is an outer commutator word, we prove that is
generated by the intersection of with the set of th powers
of all values of in .
Exploring the movement dynamics of manual and oral articulation: Evidence from coarticulation
Authors: Grosvald Michael , Corina David P.
Published: May 2012

This project explores three classes of human action through an investigation of long-distance coarticulation, defined here as the articulatory influence of one phonetic element (e.g., consonant or vowel) on another across more than one intervening element. Our first experiment investigated anticipatory vowel-to-vowel (VV) coarticulation in English. The second experiment was patterned after the first but deals instead with anticipatory location-to-location (LL) effects in American Sign Language (ASL). The sign experiment also incorporated a non-linguistic manual action, permitting a comparison of effects not only between spoken and signed language, but also between linguistic and non-linguistic manual actions.

For the spoken-language study, sentences were created in which multiple consecutive schwas (target vowels) were followed by various context vowels. Eighteen English speakers were recorded as they repeated each sentence six times, and statistical tests were performed to determine the extent to which target vowel formant frequencies were influenced differently by different context vowels. For some speakers, significant effects of one vowel on another were found across as many as five intervening segments. In the sign study, motion-capture technology was used to investigate LL coarticulation in the signing of five ASL users. Some evidence was found of significant LL coarticulatory influence of one sign on another across as many as three intervening signs. However, LL effects overall were weaker and less pervasive than the VV effects found in the spoken-language study. The outcomes in the sign study's linguistic and non-linguistic conditions did not substantially differ. Collectively, these results support and complement previous research which has found that in comparisons of linguistic and non-linguistic manual and oral actions, movement patterns associated with oral and manual actions differ appreciably, while the linguistic vs. non-linguistic distinction appears to show little or no influence.
Connectivity-Based Parcellation of the Human Orbitofrontal Cortex
Authors: Kahnt Thorsten , Chang Luke J. , Park Soyoung Q , Heinzle Jakob , Haynes John-Dylan
Published: May 2012

The primate orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is involved in reward processing, learning, and decision making. Research in monkeys has shown that this region is densely connected with higher sensory, limbic, and subcortical regions. Moreover, a parcellation of the monkey OFC into two subdivisions has been suggested based on its intrinsic anatomical connections. However, in humans, little is known about any functional subdivisions of the OFC except for a rather coarse medial/lateral distinction. Here, we used resting-state fMRI in combination with unsupervised clustering techniques to investigate whether OFC subdivisions can be revealed based on their functional connectivity profiles with other brain regions. Examination of different cluster solutions provided support for a parcellation into two parts as observed in monkeys, but it also highlighted a much finer hierarchical clustering of the orbital surface. Specifically, we identified (1) a medial, (2) a posterior-central, (3) a central, and (4–6) three lateral clusters spanning the anterior–posterior gradient. Consistent with animal tracing studies, these OFC clusters were connected to other cortical regions such as prefrontal, temporal, and parietal cortices but also subcortical areas in the striatum and the midbrain. These connectivity patterns provide important implications for identifying specific functional roles of OFC subdivisions for reward processing, learning, and decision making. Moreover, this parcellation schema can provide guidance to report results in future studies.
Calcium-Activated Sustained Firing Responses Distinguish Accessory from Main Olfactory Bulb Mitral Cells
Authors: Shpak Guy , Zylbertal Asaph , Yarom Yosef , Wagner Shlomo
Published: May 2012

Many mammals rely on pheromones for mediating social interactions. Recent studies indicate that both the main olfactory system (MOS) and accessory olfactory system (AOS) detect and process pheromonal stimuli, yet the functional difference between these two chemosensory systems remains unclear. We hypothesized that the main functional distinction between the MOS and AOS is the type of sensory information processing performed by each system. Here we compared the electrophysiological responses of mitral cells recorded from the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) and main olfactory bulb (MOB) in acute mouse brain slices to various stimuli and found them markedly different. The response of MOB mitral cells to brief (0.1 ms, 1–100 V) stimulation of their sensory afferents remained transient regardless of stimulus strength, whereas sufficiently strong stimuli evoked sustained firing in AOB mitral cells lasting up to several minutes. Using EPSC-like current injections (10–100 pA, 10 ms rise time constant, 5 s decay time constant) in the presence of various synaptic blockers (picrotoxin, CGP55845, APV, DNQX, E4CPG, and MSPG), we demonstrated that this difference is attributable to distinct intrinsic properties of the two neuronal populations. The AOB sustained responses were found to be mediated by calcium-activated nonselective cationic current induced by transient intense firing. This current was found to be at least partially mediated by TRPM4 channels activated by calcium influx. We hypothesize that the sustained activity of the AOS induces a new sensory state in the animal, reflecting its social context.
CNS Dopamine Transmission Mediated by Noradrenergic Innervation
Authors: Smith Caroline C. , Greene Robert W.
Published: May 2012

The presynaptic source of dopamine in the CA1 field of dorsal hippocampus is uncertain due to an anatomical mismatch between dopaminergic terminals and receptors. We show, in anin vitroslice preparation from C57BL/6 male mice, that a dopamine (DA) D1 receptor (D1R)-mediated enhancement in glutamate synaptic transmission occurs following release of endogenous DA with amphetamine exposure. It is assumed DA is released from terminals innervating from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) even though DA transporter (DAT)-positive fibers are absent in hippocampus, a region with abundant D1Rs. It has been suggested this results from a lack of DAT expression on VTA terminals rather than a lack of these terminals per se. Neither a knockdown of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression in the VTA by THsiRNA, delivered locally, by adeno-associated viral vector, nor localized pharmacological blockade of DAT to prevent amphetamine uptake into DA terminals, has any effect on the D1R synaptic, enhancement response to amphetamine. However, either a decrease in TH expression in the locus ceruleus (LC) or a blockade of the norepinephrine (NE) transporter prevents the DA-mediated response, indicating LC terminals can release both NE and DA. These findings suggest noradrenergic fibers may be the primary source of DA release in hippocampus and corresponding DA-mediated increase in synaptic transmission. Accordingly, these data imply the LC may have a role in DA transmission in the CNS in response to drugs of abuse, and potentially, under physiological conditions.
Endocrine modulation of the recipient environment affects development of bovine testis tissue ectopically grafted in mice
Authors: Rodriguez-Sosa Jose R , Costa Guilherme M J , Rathi Rahul , França Luiz R , Dobrinski Ina
Published: May 2012

Testis tissue xenografting is a powerful approach for the study of testis development and spermatogenesis, and for fertility preservation in immature individuals. In bovine testis xenografts, maturation and spermatogenesis are inefficient when compared to other species. To evaluate if exogenous modulation of the endocrine milieu in recipient mice will affect spermatogenic efficiency in xenografts from newborn calves, recipient mice were treated with the GnRH antagonist acyline (5 mg/kg s.c. every 2 weeks) to reduce testosterone production in xenografts, or with 6-N-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU, 0.1% in drinking water for 4 weeks), to induce transient hypothyroidism in recipient mice respectively. Both treatments altered developmental parameters of testis xenografts and reduced germ cell differentiation. While the effects of acyline treatment can be attributed to inhibition of GnRH and gonadotropin action, lower Sertoli cell numbers and decreased seminiferous tubule length observed after PTU treatment were opposite to effects reported previously in rats. Regardless of treatment, Sertoli cells underwent only partial maturation in xenografts as Müllerian inhibiting substance and androgen receptor expression were lower than in donor and adult tissue controls respectively. In conclusion, although treatments did not result in improvement of maturation of bovine testis xenografts, the current study demonstrates that exogenous modulation of the endocrine milieu to affect xenograft development in recipient mice provides an accessible model to study endocrine control of spermatogenesis in large donor species.
Not All That's Gold Does Glitter
Authors: Mulvaney Paul
Published: May 2012

Generally, when one looks up the properties of an element such as gold in an encyclopedia, one is immediately confronted with a list of established facts and figures. While many people are aware that most countries do not rely on a “gold reserve” anymore, it is surprising to learn that even basic physical and chemical properties of something as familiar as gold are not as fixed as one may believe. The reason for this is that tabulated values for material properties inevitably refer to macroscopic samples. It turns out that many simple properties such as those listed in the definition given here go spectacularly wrong as the size of the piece of gold is reduced. One of the most dramatic demonstrations of this was provided by Buffat and Borel, who measured the melting point of gold particles as a function of particle size using an electron microscope. They found that by the time gold crystals are just 4 nm across, the melting point drops to 700 K from its “encyclopedia value” of 1337 K. Another example is the noble character of gold metal.
Investigation of a collapsed scaffold structure
Authors: Andresen Jan
Published: May 2012

The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 covers all workplaces in the UK. The UK Health and Safety Executive (HSE) – an arms-length government body set up as a result of the act – works independently from government in carrying out work as a prosecuting authority and a regulator. This paper describes an investigation by the HSE following the collapse of a scaffold on a construction site.
Mentoring in the oil and gas industry
Authors: Bell Robert
Published: May 2012

This paper is about the mentoring of graduate engineers in the oil and gas industry. The paper starts by defining what measurable success should look like for graduates, and outlines a 5-year plan leading to professional membership of Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE). Key steps en route are defined as technical competency, ICE membership, understanding the business and technical excellence. The author and other senior professionals developed two uniquely appropriate training courses, one at graduate entry level and the other at advanced level. These courses were used to train many graduates and other engineers in the essential skills and techniques of oil and gas structural engineering. The courses were produced and delivered freely, in the spirit of ‘learned society’ and ‘passing on the faith’ and were tremendously well received. References include recent ICE and Institution of Structural Engineers proceedings papers around the topic of ‘what should be taught in structural engineering design?’. Most of the literature comes from the academic side; this paper comes from a practitioner’s perspective. The principles involved can be readily applied to all branches of civil engineering.
Briefing: Murray & Roberts chair at Stellenbosch University
Authors: Wium Jan A.
Published: May 2012

The construction industry needs people with the necessary skills to combine engineering and management for realising challenging projects. A chair in construction engineering and management was established at the department of civil engineering at Stellenbosch University in January 2010 with full sponsorship from South Africa’s leading engineering, contracting and construction services company Murray & Roberts. Although the chair participates in the curriculum of the final year of undergraduate studies in civil engineering, the focus is on postgraduate programmes and advanced management development and students can enrol for MScEng, MEng and PhD studies. Students with backgrounds and qualifications other than engineering are also encouraged to participate and can be considered for the postgraduate diploma in engineering. The research at the chair for construction engineering and management focuses on large, multidisciplinary capital projects. Areas of particular interests are design management, project risk, modular construction and infrastructure management.
Resolving construction disputes in Dubai
Authors: Nazlim Baris
Published: May 2012

As the Middle East’s leading business and service hub, Dubai has been the centre of attraction for various industries for a long time. Finance, logistics, hospitality, real estate and construction industries have been among them. Particularly in real estate and construction, mega projects have been planned, designed and commenced at an amazingly fast pace, competing with the inbound flow of capital and the rising population. Although the global financial crisis has slowed the rate of economic development, many believe that it has also provided the pause that was needed to review, adjust and harden for further growth over the years to come. This paper provides an overview of some of the essential means of construction dispute resolution seen in Dubai. It is anticipated that it will familiarise readers, principally from a foreign contractor’s perspective, with the key features of doing construction business in Dubai.
Sewage sludge quality from small wastewater treatment plants
Authors: Rizzardini Claudia Bruna , Contin Marco , de Nobili Maria , Goi Daniele
Published: May 2012

The authors evaluated the quality of sewage sludges of 10 typical small-scale wastewater treatment plants receiving mainly domestic or urban wastewaters from an area characterised by a prevalently rural economy, with only small contributions from industrial effluents. In view of their direct distribution on agricultural land and/or utilisation to produce good-quality compost, in addition to macronutrients (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium), micronutrients (calcium, magnesium, iron, boron, molybdenum) and toxic metals, sludges were analysed for extractable organic halogens, polychlorinated biphenyls, dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, di-2-(ethyl-hexyl)phthalate, nonylphenol, nonylphenolethoxylates and linear alkylbenzene sulfonates. Contaminant loads were generally low and did not represent a potential limitation for use in agriculture at the currently allowed rates. Results were examined by principal component analysis of the whole dataset, which did not show any significant grouping according to treatment plant origin, water source and type of treatment, and confirmed the substantial homogeneity of the sludges with respect to both toxic metals and organic contaminants.