bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluasi Ekonomi Teknik Produksi Keripik Kentang Secara Manual (Studi Kasus : Taman Teknologi Pertanian, Cikajang, Kabupaten Garut, Provinsi Jawa Barat)
Authors: Thoriq Ahmad , Sampurno Rizky Mulya , Nurjanah Sarifah
Published: January 2018

Agroindustri kentang merupakan unit usaha utama yang dikelola Taman Teknologi Pertanian, Cikajang, Garut.  Kentang yang dikembangkan difokuskan pada kentang industri varietas median. Hasil produksi sebagian dijual dalam bentuk mentah ke Industri keripik kentang dan sebagian lagi diolah sendiri menjadi keripik kentang yang dipasarkan sendiri. Meskipun terdapat beberapa unit mesin, namun produksi keripik kentang masih dilakukan secara manual menggunakan peralatan sederhana, sehingga untuk keberlanjutan usaha perlu dilakukan evaluasi ekonomi usaha produksi keripik kentang yang diolah secara manual. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini analisis ekonomi yang meliputi biaya produksi, harga pokok produksi, titik impas dan  kelayakan usaha yang meliputi Net Present value (NPV),  benefit cost ratio analysis (BC Rasio), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) dan payback period analysis (PBP). Berdasarkan analisis ekonomi, pada umur proyek lima tahun didapatkan HPP keripik kentang sebesar Rp.72.816 perkg, dengan titik impas 600 kg pertahun, BC Rasio sebesar 1,25, NPV sebesar Rp 137.299.137 pertahun, IRR sebesar 16,42 %, dan PBP selama sembilan bulan.Kata kunci : analisis ekonomi, kelayakan usaha, keripik kentang, pengolahan manual
Zur morphologisch-syntaktischen Charakteristik der Handelskorrespondenz
Authors: Höppnerová Věra
Published: January 2018

The article deals with morphological and syntactic phenomena of German business correspondence. The surveyed phenomena are quantified; the reasons of their frequent or lessfrequent occurrence in business correspondence and their purpose are examined. The results are contrasted to usage patterns in Czech business correspondence.
O Reconhecimento do Regime de Competência do Crédito Tributário de Acordo com as Normas Brasileiras de Contabilidade
Authors: Moreira Jeanne Marguerite Molina , Moreira Allyne Marie Molina
Published: January 2018

A Contabilidade Pública passou por mudanças oriundas das Normas Brasileiras de Contabilidade Aplicadas ao Setor Público de acordo com os padrões internacionais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a relevância da adoção do regime de competência para o reconhecimento dos créditos tributários na Prefeitura Municipal de Fortaleza, através do método de estudo de caso, com a utilização da abordagem qualitativa. Foi realizada uma entrevista semiestruturada, pois cada ente da federação possui práticas conceituais. O IPTU foi o único tributo reconhecido pelo regime de competência no Município de Fortaleza, e seus efeitos só poderão ser analisados no longo prazo.
STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITY OF ARTIFICIAL HABITAT AND THE FEEDING SUCCESS OF PREDATORY DRAGONFLY AND DAMSELFLY
Authors: Dan Nur Lestari Khairuddin, Lalu Japa
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe effect of different habitat complexity structure on the feeding success of predatoryDragonfly and Damselfly over the four of three hours trials was tested using an artificialhabitat complexity structure. Complexity of artificial habitat structure was performed usingwoody bamboo stick of 5 cm in length and 2 mm in diameter. The artificial habitats were setin plastic tank with length and wide of 17 cm and 11.5 cm, respectively and 5.5 cm high. Thedeep of water colom was about 4.5 cm. Preys were larvae of mosquitoes. There was highlysignificant of feeding success of predators in simple structure of habitats and significantenough in complex structure of habitats. In other words, feeding success of predatoryDragonfly and Damselfly was much higher in the simple habitats structure compared to thatof the complex one.Key Words : Artificial Habitat, Damselfly, Dragonfly, Feeding, and PredatoryAbstrakPengaruh kompleksitas struktur habitat terhadap keberhasilan pemangsaan predator Dragonflydan Damselfly selama empat kali tiga jam perlakuan diteliti di laboratorium menggunakanhabitat buatan. Kompleksitas struktur habitat dibuat dengan tongkat dari bambu berukuranpanjang 5 cm dengan diameter 2 mm. Habitat buatan dibuat di bak plastik berukuran panjangdan lebar masing-masing 17 cm dan 11,5 cm, dan tinggi 5,5 cm dengan kedalaman kolom airsekitar 4,5 cm. Larva nyamuk digunakan sebagai pangsa dalam penelitian ini. Setiapperlakuan terdiri dari dua ulangan. Setiap perlakuan berlangsung empat kali masing-masingselama tiga jam. Hasil memperlihatkan, keberhasilan pemangsaan Dragonfly dan Damselflysangat signifikan pada habitat stuktur sederhana, dan cukup signifikan pada habitat yangkompleks. Dengan kata lain, keberhasilan pemangsaan Dragonfly dan Damselfly jauh lebihtinggi pada habitat berstruktur sederhana dibanding dengan pada habitat berstrukturkompleks.Kata Kunci : Damselfly, Draggonfly, Habitat Buatan, Pemangsaan, Pemangsa (Predator)
Book Review: Nepal’s Development Tragedy: Threats and Possibilities
Authors: Adhikari Pujan
Published: January 2018

Not available.Economic Journal of Development Issues Vol. 21 & 22 No. 1-2 (2016) Combined Issue, Page: 137-140
Out-of-Pocket and Catastrophic Expenditure of Neonatal Health Care in Kaski District, Nepal
Authors: Adhikari Chiranjivi , Sharma Bishnu Prasad , Subedi Sudarshan
Published: January 2018

Neonatal mortality is the prime indicator that contributes to child mortality. The out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure for treatment remains a major barrier in treatment. The study aimed to calculate OOP of neonatal health care in Kaski district of Nepal. A total of 450 mothers (226 from rural and 224 from urban), having infants aged six months or less or the infants died within last six months, were interviewed face-to-face retrospectively for neonate period. Firstly, six out of 33 urban and ten out of 43 rural clusters were randomly selected from Kaski district and secondly, within each cluster, HHs were selected using EPI method as described by WHO. The mean out-of-pocket expenditure (OOP) of neonatal health care was NRs. 4,322 which was 2.7 percent of total non-food expenditure.  Three percent HHs suffered catastrophic health expenditure due to neonatal OOP. It reached five percent when housing/rental cost was excluded from non-food expenditures. HHs with cases of ARI, diarrhea, and others such as Neonatal Tetanus (NT), constipation, eye infection, preterm, meconium engulf and allergy differed significantly from the HHs with cases of jaundice and fever at all three thresholds of catastrophic health expenditure.  OOP also differed significantly according to the levels of health facilities. Economic Journal of Development Issues Vol. 21 & 22 No. 1-2 (2016) Combined Issue, Page: 1-21
Medical education system in Malaysia maintaining a gold standard – an extraordinary example from the Malaysian Society of Pharmacology and Physiology
Authors: Roy Bedanta , Goh Nicholas , Malik Rukhsana Hussain
Published: January 2018

Founded in 2011 Quest International University Perak (QIUP) is a private university in partnership with Perak state Government. Various professional programmes are conducted in Faculty of Medicine (FOM) helps the young lecturers. Enormous financial aids and moral support are provided by the University for competitive events which are highly appreciable. Universities across the world should encourage their faculties, to organize and participate healthy competitions like quiz, teachers’ prize to make a better educator who guides future health care professionals. Nepal J Epidemiol. 2017;7(3); 697-698
Macro and Micronutrient Storage in Plants and Their Remobilization When Facing Scarcity: The Case of Drought
Authors: Etienne Philippe , Diquelou Sylvain , Prudent Marion , Salon Christophe , Maillard Anne , Ourry Alain
Published: January 2018

Human mineral malnutrition or hidden hunger is considered a global challenge, affecting a large proportion of the world’s population. The reduction in the mineral content of edible plant products is frequently found in cultivars bred for higher yields, and is probably increased by intensive agricultural practices. The filling of grain with macro and micronutrients is partly the result of a direct allocation from root uptake and remobilization from vegetative tissues. The aim of this bibliographic review is to focus on recent knowledge obtained from ionomic analysis of plant tissues in order to build a global appraisal of the potential remobilization of all macro and micronutrients, and especially those from leaves. Nitrogen is always remobilized from leaves of all plant species, although with different efficiencies, while nutrients such as K, S, P, Mg, Cu, Mo, Fe and Zn can be mobilized to a certain extent when plants are facing deficiencies. On the opposite, there is few evidence for leaf mobilization of Ca, Mn, Ni and B. Mechanisms related to the remobilization process (remobilization of mineral forms from vacuolar and organic compounds associated with senescence, respectively) are also discussed in the context of drought, an abiotic stress that is thought to increase and known to modulate the ionic composition of grain in crops.
Climate Change and Pest Management: Unanticipated Consequences of Trophic Dislocation
Authors: Taylor R. , Herms Daniel , Cardina John , Moore Richard
Published: January 2018

The growth of plants and insects occurs only above a minimum temperature threshold. In insects, the growth rate depends on the temperature above the threshold up to a maximum. In plants the growth rate above the threshold generally depends on the availability of sunlight. Thus, the relative growth rates of crops and insect phytophages are expected to differ between temperature regimes. We should therefore expect insect pest pressure at a location to change with climate warming. In this study, we used actual and simulated climate data developed for the IPCC 4th Assessment Report to drive linked plant and insect growth models to examine likely changes in insect-crop interaction. Projections of insect-crop dynamics through the 21st century suggest increases in pest pressure over much of the American Midwest, which could result in substantial increases in pesticide use to maintain productivity. Thus, climate warming could cause an increase in agriculture’s carbon footprint.
A Semi-Explicit Multi-Step Method for Solving Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equations
Authors: Ryzhakov Pavel , Marti Julio
Published: January 2018

The fractional step method is a technique that results in a computationally-efficient implementation of Navier–Stokes solvers. In the finite element-based models, it is often applied in conjunction with implicit time integration schemes. On the other hand, in the framework of finite difference and finite volume methods, the fractional step method had been successfully applied to obtain predictor-corrector semi-explicit methods. In the present work, we derive a scheme based on using the fractional step technique in conjunction with explicit multi-step time integration within the framework of Galerkin-type stabilized finite element methods. We show that under certain assumptions, a Runge–Kutta scheme equipped with the fractional step leads to an efficient semi-explicit method, where the pressure Poisson equation is solved only once per time step. Thus, the computational cost of the implicit step of the scheme is minimized. The numerical example solved validates the resulting scheme and provides the insights regarding its accuracy and computational efficiency.
Elastic Characterization of Transparent and Opaque Films, Multilayers and Acoustic Resonators by Surface Brillouin Scattering: A Review
Authors: Carlotti Giovanni
Published: January 2018

There is currently a renewed interest in the development of experimental methods to achieve the elastic characterization of thin films, multilayers and acoustic resonators operating in the GHz range of frequencies. The potentialities of surface Brillouin light scattering (surf-BLS) for this aim are reviewed in this paper, addressing the various situations that may occur for the different types of structures. In particular, the experimental methodology and the amount of information that can be obtained depending on the transparency or opacity of the film material, as well as on the ratio between the film thickness and the light wavelength, are discussed. A generalization to the case of multilayered samples is also provided, together with an outlook on the capability of the recently developed micro-focused scanning version of the surf-BLS technique, which opens new opportunities for the imaging of the spatial profile of the acoustic field in acoustic resonators and in artificially patterned metamaterials, such as phononic crystals.
Optical Effects Induced by Bloch Surface Waves in One-Dimensional Photonic Crystals
Authors: Soboleva Irina , Romodina Maria , Lyubin Evgeny , Fedyanin Andrey
Published: January 2018

The review considers the influence of Bloch surface waves on the optical and magneto-optical effects observed in photonic crystals; for example, the Goos–Hänchen effect, the Faraday effect, optical trapping and so on. Prospects for using Bloch surface waves for spatial light modulation, for controlling the polarization of light, for optical trapping and control of micro-objects are discussed.
Spatiotemporal Variations of Extreme Precipitation under a Changing Climate in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA)
Authors: Lü Mingquan , Jiang Yi , Chen Xunlai , Chen Jilong , Wu Shengjun , Liu Jun
Published: January 2018

The Three Gorges Dam (TGD) is one of the largest hydroelectric projects in the world. Monitoring the spatiotemporal distribution of extreme precipitation offers valuable information for adaptation and mitigation strategies and reservoir management schemes. This study examined variations in extreme precipitation over the Three Gorges Reservoir area (TGRA) in China to investigate the potential role of climate warming and Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR). The trends in extreme precipitation over the TGRA were investigated using the iterative-based Mann–Kendall (MK) test and Sen’s slope estimator, based on weather station daily data series and TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) data series. The mean and density distribution of extreme precipitation indices between pre-dam and post-dam, pre-1985 and post-1985, and near and distant reservoir area were assessed by the Mann–Whitney test and the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. The ratio of extreme precipitation to non-extreme precipitation became larger. The precipitation was characterized by increases in heavy precipitation as well as decreases in light and moderate rain. Comparing extreme precipitation indices between pre-1985 (cooling) and post-1985 (warming) indicated extreme precipitation has changed to become heavier. Under climate warming, the precipitation amount corresponding to more than the 95th percentile increased at the rate of 6.48%/°C. Results from comparing extreme precipitation for the pre- and post-dam, near reservoir area (NRA) and away from the reservoir area (ARA) imply an insignificant role of the TGR on rainfall extremes over the TGRA. Moreover, the impoundment of TGR did not exert detectable impacts on the surface relative humidity (RH) and water vapor pressure (WP).
Managing Interacting Criteria: Application to Environmental Evaluation Practices
Authors: González-Arteaga Teresa , De Andrés Calle Rocio , Martínez Luis
Published: January 2018

The need for organizations to evaluate their environmental practices has been recently increasing. This fact has led to the development of many approaches to appraise such practices. In this paper, a novel decision model to evaluate company’s environmental practices is proposed to improve traditional evaluation process in different facets. Firstly, different reviewers’ collectives related to the company’s activity are taken into account in the process to increase company internal efficiency and external legitimacy. Secondly, following the standard ISO 14031, two general categories of environmental performance indicators, management and operational, are considered. Thirdly, since the assumption of independence among environmental indicators is rarely verified in environmental context, an aggregation operator to bear in mind the relationship among such indicators in the evaluation results is proposed. Finally, this new model integrates quantitative and qualitative information with different scales using a multi-granular linguistic model that allows to adapt diverse evaluation scales according to appraisers’ knowledge.
Glioblastoma under Siege: An Overview of Current Therapeutic Strategies
Authors: Paolillo Mayra , Boselli Cinzia , Schinelli Sergio
Published: January 2018

Glioblastoma is known to be one of the most lethal and untreatable human tumors. Surgery and radiotherapy in combination with classical alkylating agents such as temozolomide offer little hope to escape a poor prognosis. For these reasons, enormous efforts are currently devoted to refine in vivo and in vitro models with the specific goal of finding new molecular aberrant pathways, suitable to be targeted by a variety of therapeutic approaches, including novel pharmaceutical formulations and immunotherapy strategies. In this review, we will first discuss current molecular classification based on genomic and transcriptomic criteria. Also, the state of the art in current clinical practice for glioblastoma therapy in the light of the recent molecular classification, together with ongoing phases II and III clinical trials, will be described. Finally, new pharmaceutical formulations such as nanoparticles and viral vectors, together with new strategies entailing the use of monoclonal antibodies, vaccines and immunotherapy agents, such as checkpoint inhibitors, will also be discussed.
Micro-Scale Variability of Air Temperature within a Local Climate Zone in Berlin, Germany, during Summer
Authors: Quanz Justus , Ulrich Susanne , Fenner Daniel , Holtmann Achim , Eimermacher Jonas
Published: January 2018

The urban climate, especially the near-surface air temperature ( T ), is influenced to large amounts by urban surface properties on the local-scale. Landscape classification schemes, like the Local Climate Zone (LCZ) concept, classify neighbourhoods on this scale based on their surface properties, neglecting sub-scale heterogeneity in the urban structure and its potential effects on T . To quantify sub-scale T variability, a measurement campaign with eleven stationary T sensors was conducted within one LCZ (class 2B, compact midrise with scattered trees) in Berlin, Germany, during 22 days in summer 2016. Correlation analyses were performed between observed spatial T differences and micro-scale morphometric parameters around the measurement sites, such as sky view factor and building surface fraction. The results show mean night-time T differences of up to 1 K between the different sites. On a clear, calm and dry day, the daytime difference reached 3 K. At night-time, the variability can be best explained by the building surface fraction within a radius of 50 m. Further, a nocturnal cooling influence of a neighbouring green space could be observed. The observed micro-scale T variability was smaller than T differences to other LCZ classes, highlighting the applicability of the LCZ concept.
The Contribution of Professor Gian Tommasso Scarascia Mugnozza to the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity
Authors: Pagnotta Mario , Noorani Arshiya
Published: January 2018

During his lifetime, Professor Scarascia Mugnozza contributed significantly to the field of population genetics, his research ranging from wheat breeding in arid and semi-arid regions, to the conservation of forest ecosystems. He promoted regional networks across the Mediterranean, linking science and policy at national and international levels, focusing on the conservation and sustainable use of genetic diversity. In addition, he worked intensely on improvement of knowledge bases, raising awareness on how research could inform international agreements, and thus lead to evidence-based policies. The loss of biodiversity and the resulting implications for environmental, socio-economic, political, and ethical management of plant genetic resources were of major concern, and he highlighted the absolute necessity for conservation of genetic diversity, stressing the importance of building positive feedback linkages among ex situ, in situ, on-farm conservation strategies, and participatory approaches at the community level. His work emphasized the importance of access to diverse plant genetic resources by researchers and farmers, and promoted equitable access to genetic resources through international frameworks. Farmers’ rights, especially those in centres of origin and diversity of cultivated plants, were a key concern for Professor Scarascia Mugnozza, as their access to germplasm needed to be secured as custodians of diversity and the knowledge of how to use these vital resources. Consequently, he promoted the development of North-South cooperation mechanisms and platforms, including technology transfer and the sharing of information of how to maintain and use genetic resources sustainably.
Improving Remote Health Monitoring: A Low-Complexity ECG Compression Approach
Authors: Elgendi Mohamed , Al-Ali Abdulla , Mohamed Amr , Ward Rabab
Published: January 2018

Recent advances in mobile technology have created a shift towards using battery-driven devices in remote monitoring settings and smart homes. Clinicians are carrying out diagnostic and screening procedures based on the electrocardiogram (ECG) signals collected remotely for outpatients who need continuous monitoring. High-speed transmission and analysis of large recorded ECG signals are essential, especially with the increased use of battery-powered devices. Exploring low-power alternative compression methodologies that have high efficiency and that enable ECG signal collection, transmission, and analysis in a smart home or remote location is required. Compression algorithms based on adaptive linear predictors and decimation by a factor B / K are evaluated based on compression ratio (CR), percentage root-mean-square difference (PRD), and heartbeat detection accuracy of the reconstructed ECG signal. With two databases (153 subjects), the new algorithm demonstrates the highest compression performance ( CR = 6 and PRD = 1.88 ) and overall detection accuracy (99.90% sensitivity, 99.56% positive predictivity) over both databases. The proposed algorithm presents an advantage for the real-time transmission of ECG signals using a faster and more efficient method, which meets the growing demand for more efficient remote health monitoring.
Changes in the Complexity of Heart Rate Variability with Exercise Training Measured by Multiscale Entropy-Based Measurements
Authors: Fazan Frederico , Brognara Fernanda , Fazan Junior Rubens , Murta Junior Luiz , Virgilio Silva Luiz
Published: January 2018

Quantifying complexity from heart rate variability (HRV) series is a challenging task, and multiscale entropy (MSE), along with its variants, has been demonstrated to be one of the most robust approaches to achieve this goal. Although physical training is known to be beneficial, there is little information about the long-term complexity changes induced by the physical conditioning. The present study aimed to quantify the changes in physiological complexity elicited by physical training through multiscale entropy-based complexity measurements. Rats were subject to a protocol of medium intensity training ( n = 13 ) or a sedentary protocol ( n = 12 ). One-hour HRV series were obtained from all conscious rats five days after the experimental protocol. We estimated MSE, multiscale dispersion entropy (MDE) and multiscale SDiff q from HRV series. Multiscale SDiff q is a recent approach that accounts for entropy differences between a given time series and its shuffled dynamics. From SDiff q , three attributes (q-attributes) were derived, namely SDiff q m a x , q m a x and q z e r o . MSE, MDE and multiscale q-attributes presented similar profiles, except for SDiff q m a x . q m a x showed significant differences between trained and sedentary groups on Time Scales 6 to 20. Results suggest that physical training increases the system complexity and that multiscale q-attributes provide valuable information about the physiological complexity.
A High Precision Artificial Neural Networks Model for Short-Term Energy Load Forecasting
Authors: Kuo Ping-Huan , Huang Chiou-Jye
Published: January 2018

One of the most important research topics in smart grid technology is load forecasting, because accuracy of load forecasting highly influences reliability of the smart grid systems. In the past, load forecasting was obtained by traditional analysis techniques such as time series analysis and linear regression. Since the load forecast focuses on aggregated electricity consumption patterns, researchers have recently integrated deep learning approaches with machine learning techniques. In this study, an accurate deep neural network algorithm for short-term load forecasting (STLF) is introduced. The forecasting performance of proposed algorithm is compared with performances of five artificial intelligence algorithms that are commonly used in load forecasting. The Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and Cumulative Variation of Root Mean Square Error (CV-RMSE) are used as accuracy evaluation indexes. The experiment results show that MAPE and CV-RMSE of proposed algorithm are 9.77% and 11.66%, respectively, displaying very high forecasting accuracy.
Conceptual Design of Operation Strategies for Hybrid Electric Aircraft
Authors: Hoelzen Julian , Liu Yaolong , Bensmann Boris , Winnefeld Christopher , Elham Ali , Friedrichs Jens , Hanke-Rauschenbach Richard
Published: January 2018

Ambitious targets to reduce emissions caused by aviation in the light of an expected ongoing rise of the air transport demand in the future drive the research of propulsion systems with lower CO2 emissions. Regional hybrid electric aircraft (HEA) powered by conventional gas turbines and battery powered electric motors are investigated to test hybrid propulsion operation strategies. Especially the role of the battery within environmentally friendly concepts with significantly reduced carbon footprint is analyzed. Thus, a new simulation approach for HEA is introduced. The main findings underline the importance of choosing the right power-to-energy-ratio of a battery according to the flight mission. The gravimetric energy and power density of the electric storages determine the technologically feasibility of hybrid concepts. Cost competitive HEA configurations are found, but do not promise the targeted CO2 emission savings, when the well-to-wheel system is regarded with its actual costs. Sensitivity studies are used to determine external levers that favor the profitability of HEA.
Impedance Characterization and Modeling of Lithium-Ion Batteries Considering the Internal Temperature Gradient
Authors: Dai Haifeng , Jiang Bo , Wei Xuezhe
Published: January 2018

Battery impedance is essential to the management of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles (EVs), and impedance characterization can help to monitor and predict the battery states. Many studies have been undertaken to investigate impedance characterization and the factors that influence impedance. However, few studies regarding the influence of the internal temperature gradient, which is caused by heat generation during operation, have been presented. We have comprehensively studied the influence of the internal temperature gradient on impedance characterization and the modeling of battery impedance, and have proposed a discretization model to capture battery impedance characterization considering the temperature gradient. Several experiments, including experiments with artificial temperature gradients, are designed and implemented to study the influence of the internal temperature gradient on battery impedance. Based on the experimental results, the parameters of the non-linear impedance model are obtained, and the relationship between the parameters and temperature is further established. The experimental results show that the temperature gradient will influence battery impedance and the temperature distribution can be considered to be approximately linear. The verification results indicate that the proposed discretization model has a good performance and can be used to describe the actual characterization of the battery with an internal temperature gradient.
An Open-Data Based Assessment of Expected Changes in Land Use and Water Availability as a Result of the Construction of the West Segment of the Nicaragua Interoceanic Canal
Authors: Muñoz Ardila Andrea , Rebscher Angela , Hack Jochen
Published: January 2018

Nicaragua is preparing the construction of an interoceanic canal that will be the longest and largest canal on Earth. An environmental and social impact assessment was published in 2014 supporting a general viability of the canal. Nonetheless, several scientists and societal actors raised serious concerns regarding the social, economic, and ecological sustainability. Despite an open dispute within the Nicaraguan society, no independent, transparent, and scientifically sound assessment has been carried out. This article presents a transparently documented and comprehensible impact assessment of the West Canal Segment of the Nicaragua Canal. Based on publicly available data and scientifically sound and recognized methods, land use, hydrological (water availability), and socio-economic impacts (population, transportation/communication) are described, quantified, and compared with official declarations in the impact assessment. The examination of official declarations discloses significant ambiguities concerning the methodology and data used for the impact assessment. Consequently, the results presented are at least partly doubtful. When compared with official declarations, the main results of this study reveal: (1) significantly more forested areas (+53.7 km2) and areas of extensive agriculture/near nature (14.4 km2), but far less urban and intensively used areas (−39.6 km2) are affected by the canal; (2) A population of nearly 16,500, and several regional or locally unique transportation and communication routes are directly affected by the canal construction; and (3) a slightly lower water availability (−6.6%) and a much higher water demand for lock operations (+31.8%) were estimated. Accordingly, only about 20% of the lock water demand could be met by locally-available discharge.
Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of Flax Cell Walls during Plant Development: The Relation between Performance and Cell Wall Structure
Authors: Goudenhooft Camille , Siniscalco David , Arnould Olivier , Bourmaud Alain , Sire Olivier , Gorshkova Tatyana , Baley Christophe
Published: January 2018

The development of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) fibers was studied to obtain better insight on the progression of their high mechanical performances during plant growth. Fibers at two steps of plant development were studied, namely the end of the fast growth period and at plant maturity, each time at three plant heights. The indentation modulus of the fiber cell wall was characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) using peak-force quantitative nano-mechanical property mapping (PF-QNM). Changes in the cell wall modulus with the cell wall thickening were highlighted. For growing plants, fibers from top and middle heights show a loose inner Gn layer with a lower indentation modulus than mature fibers, which exhibit thickened homogeneous cell walls made only of a G layer. The influence of these changes in the fiber cell wall on the mechanical performances of extracted elementary fibers was also emphasized by tensile tests. In addition, Raman spectra were recorded on samples from both growing and mature plants. The results suggest that, for the fiber cell wall, the cellulose contribution increases with fiber maturity, leading to a greater cell wall modulus of flax fibers.
Supersymmetric M-brane Solution in a Dynamical Background
Authors: Maeda Kengo , Uzawa Kunihito
Published: January 2018

Supersymmetry arises in certain theories of fermions coupled to gauge fields and gravity in a spacetime of 11 dimensions. The dynamical brane background has mainly been studied for the class of purely bosonic solutions only, but recent developments involving a time-dependent brane solution have made it clear that one can get more information by asking what happens on supersymmetric systems. In this proceeding, we construct an exact supersymmetric solution of a dynamical M-brane background in the 11-dimensional supergravity and investigate supersymmetry breaking, the geometric features near the singularity and the black hole horizon.
Binding of Lysozyme to Spherical Poly(styrenesulfonate) Gels
Authors: Andersson Martin , Hansson Per
Published: January 2018

Polyelectrolyte gels are useful as carriers of proteins and other biomacromolecules in, e.g., drug delivery. The rational design of such systems requires knowledge about how the binding and release are affected by electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions between the components. To this end we have investigated the uptake of lysozyme by weakly crosslinked spherical poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS) microgels and macrogels by means of micromanipulator assisted light microscopy and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) in an aqueous environment. The results show that the binding process is an order of magnitude slower than for cytochrome c and for lysozyme binding to sodium polyacrylate gels under the same conditions. This is attributed to the formation of very dense protein-rich shells in the outer layers of the microgels with low permeability to the protein. The shells in macrogels contain 60 wt % water and nearly charge stoichiometric amounts of lysozyme and PSS in the form of dense complexes of radius 8 nm comprising 30–60 lysozyme molecules. With support from kinetic modelling results we propose that the rate of protein binding and the relaxation rate of the microgel are controlled by the protein mass transport through the shell, which is strongly affected by hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. The mechanism explains, in turn, an observed dependence of the diffusion rate on the apparent degree of crosslinking of the networks.
Environment and Human Health: The Challenge of Uncertainty in Risk Assessment
Authors: Stewart Alex , Hursthouse Andrew
Published: January 2018

High quality and accurate environmental investigations and analysis are essential to any assessment of contamination and to the decision-making process thereafter. Remediation decisions may be focused by health outcomes, whether already present or a predicted risk. The variability inherent in environmental media and analysis can be quantified statistically; uncertainty in models can be reduced by additional research; deep uncertainty exists when environmental or biomedical processes are not understood, or agreed upon, or remain uncharacterized. Deep uncertainty is common where health and environment interact. Determinants of health operate from the individual’s genes to the international level; often several levels act synergistically. We show this in detail for lead (Pb). Pathways, exposure, dose and response also vary, modifying certainty. Multi-disciplinary approaches, built on high-quality environmental investigations, enable the management of complex and uncertain situations. High quality, accurate environmental investigations into pollution issues remain the cornerstone of understanding attributable health outcomes and developing appropriate responses and remediation. However, they are not sufficient on their own, needing careful integration with the wider contexts and stakeholder agendas, without which any response to the environmental assessment may very well founder. Such approaches may benefit more people than any other strategy.
Investigating the Associations between Ethnic Networks, Community Social Capital, and Physical Health among Marriage Migrants in Korea
Authors: Kim Harris Hyun-soo
Published: January 2018

This study examines factors associated with the physical health of Korea’s growing immigrant population. Specifically, it focuses on the associations between ethnic networks, community social capital, and self-rated health (SRH) among female marriage migrants. For empirical testing, secondary analysis of a large nationally representative sample (NSMF 2009) is conducted. Given the clustered data structure (individuals nested in communities), a series of two-level random intercepts and slopes models are fitted to probe the relationships between SRH and interpersonal (bonding and bridging) networks among foreign-born wives in Korea. In addition to direct effects, cross-level interaction effects are investigated using hierarchical linear modeling. While adjusting for confounders, bridging (inter-ethnic) networks are significantly linked with better health. Bonding (co-ethnic) networks, to the contrary, are negatively associated with immigrant health. Net of individual-level covariates, living in a commuijnity with more aggregate bridging social capital is positively linked with health. Community-level bonding social capital, however, is not a significant predictor. Lastly, two cross-level interaction terms are found. First, the positive relationship between bridging network and health is stronger in residential contexts with more aggregate bridging social capital. Second, it is weaker in communities with more aggregate bonding social capital.
Aux/IAA Gene Family in Plants: Molecular Structure, Regulation, and Function
Authors: Luo Jie , Zhou Jing-Jing , Zhang Jin-Zhi
Published: January 2018

Auxin plays a crucial role in the diverse cellular and developmental responses of plants across their lifespan. Plants can quickly sense and respond to changes in auxin levels, and these responses involve several major classes of auxin-responsive genes, including the Auxin/Indole-3-Acetic Acid (Aux/IAA) family, the auxin response factor (ARF) family, small auxin upregulated RNA (SAUR), and the auxin-responsive Gretchen Hagen3 (GH3) family. Aux/IAA proteins are short-lived nuclear proteins comprising several highly conserved domains that are encoded by the auxin early response gene family. These proteins have specific domains that interact with ARFs and inhibit the transcription of genes activated by ARFs. Molecular studies have revealed that Aux/IAA family members can form diverse dimers with ARFs to regulate genes in various ways. Functional analyses of Aux/IAA family members have indicated that they have various roles in plant development, such as root development, shoot growth, and fruit ripening. In this review, recently discovered details regarding the molecular characteristics, regulation, and protein–protein interactions of the Aux/IAA proteins are discussed. These details provide new insights into the molecular basis of the Aux/IAA protein functions in plant developmental processes.
Salvia Species as Sources of Natural Products with Antiprotozoal Activity
Authors: Llurba-Montesino Núria , Schmidt Thomas
Published: January 2018

Natural products from plants have been used since ancestral times to treat a wide variety of diseases worldwide. Plants of the genus Salvia (Sage) have been reported to be used for the prevention and treatment of various diseases and ailments. In particular, some Salvia species have been used in traditional medicine to treat diseases caused by protozoan parasites of the genera Trypanosoma, Leishmania and Plasmodium and scientific studies have demonstrated the activity of various isolated constituents from these plants against these pathogens. The current review attempts to give a critical overview of published information about the antiprotozoal activity of species of the genus Salvia and their chemical constituents. It is meant to give a unified overview of these results in order to avoid repetitions caused, e.g., by limited access to some primary reports, and to stimulate further research to possibly facilitate the development of new molecular leads against protozoal neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) based on Salvia constituents.
Integrated Analyses Reveal Overexpressed Notch1 Promoting Porcine Satellite Cells’ Proliferation through Regulating the Cell Cycle
Authors: Jiao Yiren , Huang Bo , Chen Yu , Hong Guangliang , Xu Jian , Hu Chingyuan , Wang Chong
Published: January 2018

Notch signaling as a conserved cell fate regulator is involved in the regulation of cell quiescence, proliferation, differentiation and postnatal tissue regeneration. However, how Notch signaling regulates porcine satellite cells (PSCs) has not been elucidated. We stably transfected Notch1 intracellular domain (N1ICD) into PSCs to analyze the gene expression profile and miRNA-seq. The analysis of the gene expression profile identified 295 differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) in proliferating-N1ICD PSCs (P-N1ICD) and nine DEGs on differentiating-N1ICD PSCs (D-N1ICD), compared with that in control groups (P-Control and D-Control, respectively). Analyzing the underlying function of DEGs showed that most of the upregulated DEGs enriched in P-N1ICD PSCs are related to the cell cycle. Forty-four and 12 known differentially-expressed miRNAs (DEMs) were identified in the P-N1ICD PSCs and D-N1ICD PSCs group, respectively. Furthermore, we constructed the gene-miRNA network of the DEGs and DEMs. In P-N1ICD PSCs, miR-125a, miR-125b, miR-10a-5p, ssc-miR-214, miR-423 and miR-149 are downregulated hub miRNAs, whose corresponding hub genes are marker of proliferation Ki-67 (MKI67) and nuclear receptor binding SET domain protein 2 (WHSC1). By contrast, miR-27a, miR-146a-5p and miR-221-3p are upregulated hub miRNAs, whose hub genes are RUNX1 translocation partner 1 (RUNX1T1) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2). All the hub miRNAs and genes are associated with cell proliferation. Quantitative RT-PCR results are consistent with the gene expression profile and miRNA-seq results. The results of our study provide valuable information for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying Notch signaling in PSCs and skeletal muscle development.
Useful Bicistronic Reporter System for Studying Poly(A) Site-Defining cis Elements and Regulation of Alternative Polyadenylation
Authors: Deng Zhongyuan , Zhang Shen , Gu Shaohua , Ni Xinzhi , Zeng Wenxian , Li Xianchun
Published: January 2018

The link between polyadenylation (pA) and various biological, behavioral, and pathological events of eukaryotes underlines the need to develop in vivo polyadenylation assay methods for characterization of the cis-acting elements, trans-acting factors and environmental stimuli that affect polyadenylation efficiency and/or relative usage of two alternative polyadenylation (APA) sites. The current protein-based CAT or luciferase reporter systems can measure the polyadenylation efficiency of a single pA site or candidate cis element but not the choice of two APA sites. To address this issue, we developed a set of four new bicistronic reporter vectors that harbor either two luciferase or fluorescence protein open reading frames connected with one Internal Ribosome Entry Site (IRES). Transfection of single or dual insertion constructs of these vectors into mammalian cells demonstrated that they could be utilized not only to quantify the strength of a single candidate pA site or cis element, but also to accurately measure the relative usage of two APA sites at both the mRNA (qRT-PCR) and protein levels. This represents the first reporter system that can study polyadenylation efficiency of a single pA site or element and regulation of two APA sites at both the mRNA and protein levels.
Hybrid Disila-Crown Ethers as Hosts for Ammonium Cations: The O–Si–Si–O Linkage as an Acceptor for Hydrogen Bonding
Authors: Dankert Fabian , Reuter Kirsten , Donsbach Carsten , Von Hänisch Carsten
Published: January 2018

Host-guest chemistry was performed with disilane-bearing crown ethers and the ammonium cation. Equimolar reactions of 1,2-disila[18]crown-6 (1) or 1,2-disila-benzo[18]crown-6 (2) and NH4PF6 in dichloromethane yielded the respective compounds [NH4(1,2-disila[18]crown-6)]PF6 (3) and [NH4(1,2-disila-benzo[18]crown-6)]PF6 (4). According to X-ray crystallographic, NMR, and IR experiments, the uncommon hydrogen bonding motif O(Si)∙∙∙H could be observed and the use of cooperative effects of ethylene and disilane bridges as an effective way to incorporate guest molecules was illustrated.
Imaging with Polarized Neutrons
Authors: Kardjilov Nikolay , Hilger André , Manke Ingo , Strobl Markus , Banhart John
Published: January 2018

Owing to their zero charge, neutrons are able to pass through thick layers of matter (typically several centimeters) while being sensitive to magnetic fields due to their intrinsic magnetic moment. Therefore, in addition to the conventional attenuation contrast image, the magnetic field inside and around a sample can be visualized by detecting changes of polarization in a transmitted beam. The method is based on the spatially resolved measurement of the cumulative precession angles of a collimated, polarized, monochromatic neutron beam that traverses a magnetic field or sample.
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) Based Tear Resistant and Biodegradable Flexible Films by Blown Film Extrusion
Authors: Mallegni Norma , Phuong Thanh , Coltelli Maria-Beatrice , Cinelli Patrizia , Lazzeri Andrea
Published: January 2018

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) was melt mixed in a laboratory extruder with poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) in the presence of polypropylene glycol di glycidyl ether (EJ400) that acted as both plasticizer and compatibilizer. The process was then scaled up in a semi-industrial extruder preparing pellets having different content of a nucleating agent (LAK). All of the formulations could be processed by blowing extrusion and the obtained films showed mechanical properties dependent on the LAK content. In particular the tearing strength showed a maximum like trend in the investigated composition range. The films prepared with both kinds of blends showed a tensile strength in the range 12–24 MPa, an elongation at break in the range 150–260% and a significant crystallinity.
Tailoring Cu Nanoparticle Catalyst for Methanol Synthesis Using the Spinning Disk Reactor
Authors: Ahoba-Sam Christian , Boodhoo Kamelia , Olsbye Unni , Jens Klaus-Joachim
Published: January 2018

Cu nanoparticles are known to be very active for methanol (MeOH) synthesis at relatively low temperatures, such that smaller particle sizes yield better MeOH productivity. We aimed to control Cu nanoparticle (NP) size and size distribution for catalysing MeOH synthesis, by using the spinning disk reactor. The spinning disk reactor (SDR), which operates based on shear effect and plug flow in thin films, can be used to rapidly micro-mix reactants in order to control nucleation and particle growth for uniform particle size distribution. This could be achieved by varying both physical and chemical operation conditions in a precipitation reaction on the SDR. We have used the SDR for a Cu borohydride reduction to vary Cu NP size from 3 nm to about 55 nm. XRD and TEM characterization confirmed the presence of Cu2O and Cu crystallites when the samples were dried. This technique is readily scalable for Cu NP production by processing continuously over a longer duration than the small-scale tests. However, separation of the nanoparticles from solution posed a challenge as the suspension hardly settled. The Cu NPs produced were tested to be active catalyst for MeOH synthesis at low temperature and MeOH productivity increased with decreasing particle size.