bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE ECOLOGY OF CHAOBORUS IN MYERS LAKE, INDIANA
Authors: Stahl John B.
Published: March 2010

Two species of Chaoborus live in Myers Lake, Indiana, C. punctipennis (Say) and C. flavicans (Meigen). Their distributions and life cycles were studied to see if their ecological niches were sufficiently different to explain their coexistence. C. flavicans emerged earlier than most of the C. punctipennis in Myers Lake, but in two Ontario lakes they emerged at the same time, so differences in emergence time are not thought to be significant. Bathymetric distribution, time of nocturnal vertical migration, and the length at which the larvae become benthic were similar in both species. Although mature larvae of C. flaroicans were larger than those of C. punctipennis, young larvae of the same size lived together during the summer. Presumably larvae of the same size use the same food. Therefore, it is concluded that the niches of C. punctipennis and C. flavicans are similar; any differences are probably too small to explain their coexistence.
SECCHI DISC OBSERVATIONS AND EXTINCTION COEFFICIENTS IN THE CENTRAL AND EASTERN NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN
Authors: Graham Joseph J.
Published: March 2010

Measurements of submarine daylight were made with a photometer and Secchi disc and of water color with a Forel‐Ule color scale during three summer cruises in the central and eastern North Pacific Ocean. The relationships between extinction coefficients, reciprocals of Secchi disc readings, and color observations were determined and their applications and limitations are discussed. It is concluded that the disc is a useful tool, but that caution should be observed when extrapolating the relationship between Secchi disc measurements and extinction coefficients from one oceanic environment to another.
COMPOSITION AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF FECAL PELLETS OF A MARINE CRUSTACEAN1
Authors: Johannes R. E. , Satomi Masako
Published: March 2010

The role of feces in energy flow and nutrient cycles in the marine ecosystem was examined using fecal pellets of the shrimp Palaemonetes pugio, fed on the diatom Nitzschia closterium. The pellets were rich in organic matter, particularly protein. The feces were readily eaten by P. pugio when diatoms were not available and assimilation efficiency was high, indicating that the pellets contained considerable assimilable organic matter. Solution and bacterial respiration reduced the organic content of the feces while light and dissolved organic matter stimulated the growth of autotrophic and heterotrophic microorganisms.

It is estimated that the rate of incorporation of organic matter into fecal pellets in the sea exceeds the rate of incorporation of organic matter into herbivore tissue and that fecal pellets therefore constitute a major potential food source for marine animals.
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF MARINE MOLLUSCAN RANGES ON THE EXTRATROPICAL NORTHEASTERN PACIFIC SHELF1
Authors: Valentine James W.
Published: March 2010

The ranges of shelled Pelecypoda and Gastropoda living on the continental shelf between Point Barrow, Alaska, and Cabo San Lucas, Baja California, have been investigated by computer techniques. Species present within every degree of latitude are compared to those present within every other degree of latitude, and a coefficient of similarity calculated for each latitude pair. Coefficients are then clustered by the weighted pair‐group method. Distributional boundaries considered as provincial boundaries are clearly defined and other distributional regions emerge in the analysis. The species range patterns correspond to those displayed by some older studies based on somewhat different data and appear to be real. They evidently reflect the hydrographic patterns governing temperature regimes on the shelf.

The provinces owe their characters to present worldwide marine temperature gradients and also to more local features that serve to make each provincial regime distinctive. As climates have evolved, so have provincial regimes, and ancient forerunners of modern provinces have therefore not had similar thermal attributes.
ILLUMINATION AND TURBULENCE EFFECTS ON RELATIVE GROWTH IN DAPHNIA1
Authors: Hazelwood Donald H.
Published: March 2010

The relative importance of illumination and turbulence on the helmet length: carapace length ratio in Daphnia galeata mendotae was evaluated. Both factors showed significant positive effects. The influence of several levels of turbulence on the postnatal allometric rate of helmet growth was also evaluated. The light‐turbulent rate was significantly greater than the dark‐turbulent and light‐nonturbulent rates at all levels considered. . No relationship was found between level of turbulence and the allometric growth rate. Evidence is presented that light acts both directly and indirectly on relative helmet growth.
THE DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGY OF NEMATODES IN A GEORGIA SALT MARSH1
Authors: Teal John M. , Wieser Wolfgang
Published: March 2010

The vertical and horizontal distributions of nematodes were sampled in a Georgia salt marsh at six sites between the landward edge and low tide level. Numerical densities as high as 16 × 106/m2 were found in the more productive areas, corresponding to 7.6 g/m2. The respiration in air of 15 species was measured and correlated with feeding habit as indicated by buccal structure. The nematodes account for about 3% of the respiratory exchange between the marsh mud and the air.
SOME INFLUENCES OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER EFFLUENT ON MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON DURING JANUARY 19611
Authors: Hobson Louis A.
Published: March 2010

The distribution of the phytoplankton standing crop along the coasts of Oregon and Washington during January 1961 is described and attempts to evaluate the influences of freshwater runoff on the marine phytoplankton are made.

Marine diatoms and microflagellate concentrations are larger in the Columbia River plume than in the ambient water. Inshore, transition, and offshore species assemblages are present.

Silicate, nitrate, and phosphate concentrations are adequate to support phytoplankton growth in the three areas. Surface stability and critical‐to‐mixed‐depth ratios are much larger in the plume than in the oceanic water. There is a correlation between the critical‐to‐mixed‐depth ratios and the size of the phytoplankton standing crop. It is concluded that the freshwater runoff increases the area in which a neritic diatom flora could exist in winter.
STUDIES ON DISSOLVED CARBOHYDRATE IN CAPE COD WATERS. III. SEASONAL VARIATION IN OYSTER POND AND WEQUAQUET LAKE, MASSACHUSETTS1
Authors: Walsh Gerald E.
Published: March 2010

Annual variations in dissolved carbohydrate (DCHO) concentration were found in two lakes between January 1964 and April 1965. In Oyster Pond, a highly productive coastal pond, average monthly concentrations of DCHO in surface water of the north basin varied from about 1.3 to 2.9 mg/liter between February 1964 and April 1965. Lowest concentrations were found during phytoplankton blooms in February. The seasonal curve for DCHO in the morning was almost a mirror image of that for chlorophyll a. Concentrations of DCHO were greater in the afternoon than in the morning, but daily increases did not appear to be related to chlorophyll a concentrations. In the south basin, average monthly concentrations of DCHO increased during summer stagnation (April–September 1964) from 1.5 to 4.2 mg/liter. A high concentration was associated with a bloom of the green bacterium Chlorobium.

Concentrations of DCHO in Wequaquet Lake, a less productive body of freshwater, also changed seasonally but were always lower than in Oyster Pond. No DCHO was detected between April and August in surface water in the morning, and the highest concentration (1.2 mg/liter) occurred in February 1965.
PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA IN THE WATER COLUMN OF THE MAINLAND SHELF OFF NEWPORT BEACH, CALIFORNIA1
Authors: Lidz Louis
Published: March 2010

Plankton tows were taken off Newport Beach, California, along with temperature, salinity, and transparency measurements. Nearshore conditions and foraminiferal populations are modified by upwelling in Newport Submarine Canyon and domestic effluent waste discharge from the Orange County Sewer outfall.

Foraminifera range in size from 50 to 250 µ; therefore, use of a 62‐µ mesh net is necessary. Globigerina bulloides and G. quinqueloba compose 90% or more of the samples. Right‐coiling specimens of G. pachyderma, characteristic of deep‐water tows, and Bolivina vaughani, usually considered benthic, were also found.
NEW MEASUREMENTS OF OXYGEN SOLUBILITY IN PURE AND NATURAL WATER1
Authors: Carpenter James H.
Published: March 2010

An extended series of measurements of oxygen solubility in pure water and dilutions of seawater over the temperature range 0.5 to 35C was made. Nonlinear dependence of oxygen solubility on chlorinity was found. Interpolation tables of the data have been prepared. The accuracy of the techniques was approximately 0.1%, so the tables appear to be more reliable than those in current use. Because many of the existing field data have been collected using techniques for the Winkler method that introduce significant systematic errors due to volatilization and air oxidation errors, the use of the reported solubility values with these field data will produce misleading results.
DIAGENESIS OF THORIUM ISOTOPES IN DEEP‐SEA SEDIMENTS1
Authors: Antal Paul S.
Published: March 2010

227Th, 230Th, and 232Th were extracted from Caribbean Sea sediment samples of known age using 8 n HNO3 or coned HCl. The yields were compared with the radionuclide content obtained by complete dissolution of the sample and with previously reported data on red clays in Pacific Ocean cores. These comparisons indicate that the internal consistency of dates and sedimentation rates is insufficient to prove the validity of leaching procedures.

The nitric acid leaching yields of authigenic 230Th decrease with depth in the core, that is, with sample age; whereas leaching of 232Th is independent of depth. It is suggested that the initially soluble precipitate of 230Th is transformed in the sediment to a more acid‐resistant state, the apparent half‐life of this transformation being 24,000 years at 3C. Therefore, in the solution obtained by partial extraction, the decrease of the ratio 230TH : 232Th with depth in the core is clue not only to radioactive decay but also to the decreased solubility of authigenic 230Th. Thus, sedimentation rates calculated from (230Th : 232Th) solution may be too low by a factor of three.
NEW DIMENSIONS IN ESTUARY CLASSIFICATION1
Authors: Hansen Donald V. , Rattray Maurice
Published: March 2010

Results of recent theoretical studies are used as a basis for a new two‐parameter system of estuarine classification. The classes are delineated by the magnitudes of the relative stratification and circulation parameters associated with changes in the salt balance mechanism.

The theoretical results depend on a knowledge of the eddy coefficients of viscosity and diffusivity. Tentative relationships between these coefficients and the bulk parameters of tidal current, river flow, and geomorphology, which are obtained from experimental data, may be used to determine the salinity and net current distributions in partially mixed and well‐mixed coastal plain estuaries.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANIC DETRITUS IN THE OCEAN1
Authors: Menzel David W. , Goering John J.
Published: March 2010

Decomposition experiments on particulate matter from surface and deep Atlantic waters are described. Changes in carbon in surface water were related to the initial biomass of phytoplankton, the residue representing refractory detritus. No changes could be induced in deep‐water samples. The distribution of particulate organic carbon in water below 200 m is remarkably constant in time, space, and depth. It is postulated that all of this material is uniformly resistant to decomposition. Surface waters contain living matter which is superimposed upon levels of detrital carbon remarkably similar to those in deep water.
BIOLUMINESCENT CYCLE OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC DINOFLAGELLATES
Authors: Soli Giorgio
Published: March 2010

The luminescence and behavior of Pyrodinium bahamense Plate, as representative of luminescent photosynthetic dinoflagellates, were investigated in a shallow, low‐salinity bay in Jamaica, West Indies. Intensity and spectrum of light emitted were measured with specially built instruments.

Intensity of luminescence could be correlated with the number of organisms, but generally only in the dark. During daylight, when the organisms were assimilating carbon through photosynthesis, luminescence was almost entirely absent. A peak in luminescent ability seemed to occur between 2400 and 0200 hours.

The organisms appeared to migrate up and down twice in a 24‐hr period, being near the surface around 2200 hours and around 1400 hours.

These results confirm the existence of a rhythm or cycle for photosynthetic luminescent dinoflagellates that seems to be controlled by the same type of biological clock observed in the laboratory with the dinoflagellate Gonyaulax polyhedra.
ASSIMILATION OF ORGANIC MATTER BY ZOOPLANKTON1
Authors: Conover Robert J.
Published: March 2010

A method for direct measurement of percentage of assimilation of organic matter by zooplankton that does not require the quantitative recovery of feces and can be adapted for use in the field as well as in laboratory investigations is described. If it is assumed that only the organic fraction of the food ingested by a zooplankton animal is affected by the digestive process, it can be shown that percentage of utilization is defined as

urn:x-wiley:00243590:media:lno19661130338:lno19661130338-math-0001

where F′ is the ash‐free dry weight: dry weight ratio (fraction of organic matter) in the ingested food, and E’ is the same ratio in a representative sample of feces. The method compares favorably, as a measure of assimilation, with direct measurement of the quantity of organic matter lost from food during passage through the digestive tract.
PHOTODENSITOMETRIC MEASUREMENT OF DYE CONCENTRATION IN THE OCEAN1
Authors: Ichiye Takashi , Plutchak Noel B.
Published: March 2010

Diffusion in the ocean can be studied by aerial photography of dye patches. The dye concentration can be quantitatively determined from the photographic negative with a photodensitometcr. Two experiments in Long Island Sound showed that the dye concentrations determined by this method agreed with those measured by a shipborne fluorometer.
PRIMARY ORGANIC PRODUCTION IN RELATION TO THE CHEMISTRY AND HYDROGRAPHY OF THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN1
Authors: Ryther John H. , Hall John R. , Pease Allan K. , Bakun Andrew , Jones Mark M.
Published: March 2010

Primary organic production was measured at 231 stations in the western Indian Ocean. Low levels were measured in the eastern part of the region, both north and south of the Equator. Intermediate levels were encountered in the equatorial area, in the Mozambique Channel, and in the southern part of the region. High productivity was observed in the northern and western portions, particularly in the western Arabian Sea.

The high productivity of the Arabian Sea is attributed to the presence of unusually high concentrations of plant nutrients that extend nearly to the sea surface, from which there is ready transport into the euphotic zone by local advective processes. The distributional pattern of the nutrients, in turn, is believed to result from a major system of upwelling, whereby water from intermediate depths is transported north across the Equator and towards the surface, compensating for the southerly flow of surface water and its loss from the Arabian Sea. The fertility of the region is further enhanced by the mechanism of a nutrient trap which is inherent in all countercurrent upwelling systems.

Annual organic production for the 23 × 106 km2 area studied was 3 × 1012 kg, averaging about twice that of the oceans as a whole.
THE EFFECT OF INTERTIDAL ENVIRONMENT ON THE COMPOSITION OF CALCAREOUS SKELETAL MATERIAL1
Authors: Pilkey Orrin H. , Harris Robert C.
Published: March 2010

Oysters and barnacles were collected in the intertidal zone from four pilings within the estuary system near Sapelo Island, Georgia. The calcareous skeletal material was analyzed for Sr, Fe, Mg, Na, and Mn. Distinct and regular differences in skeletal composition were found. Sr and Mn exhibit some particularly close linear relationships between composition and piling level. Mg is the only element for which no linear relationship was observed.
A METHOD FOR MEASURING PRIMARY PRODUCTION BY STREAM BENTHOS
Authors: Thomas N. A. , O'Connell R. L.
Published: March 2010

Algal chambers were used to estimate the effect of the benthic community on the dissolved oxygen resources of the Truckee River below the city of Reno, Nevada. Community respiration exceeded production, resulting in a net loss of 349 kg of dissolved oxygen/day in the 8‐km study area. By deleting the amount of oxygen used in bacterial metabolism of sewage, an excess of production over respiration of 353 kg/day was estimated. Maximum and minimum gross production at locations within the stream stretch were found to be 16.5 and 4.7 gm m−2 day−1, respectively. Oxygen production and consumption studies were conducted on algal communities dominated by Cladophora and Oscillatoria spp.
SURFACE NITROGENOUS NUTRIENTS AND PHYTOPLANKTON IN THE NORTHEASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC OCEAN 1
Authors: Thomas William H.
Published: March 2010

Mean surface concentrations of nitrogenous nutrients and phosphate are reported for various areas in the northeastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Except at the Costa Rica Dome, an area of upwelling, nitrate concentrations were very low. NO3− : PO43− ratios were also generally low and phytoplankton might remove all of the nitrate while appreciable concentrations of phosphate were still present. Measurements of nitrate during growth of batch cultures of Gymnodinium simplex showed that concentrations below approximately 5 µg‐at./liter probably limited the rate of growth of this dinoflagellate. Since surface nitrate concentrations were generally lower than this value, the rate of growth of G. simplex would be limited over much of the area, unless sources of nitrogen other than nitrate were available. Ammonia and labile amino nitrogen were measured as one nitrogen fraction in one offshore water mass northwest of the Dome. The ammonia concentration was greater than that of nitrate and the N: P ratio was increased threefold to fourfold if ammonia was included with nitrate. The growth of three phytoplankton cultures was supported by ammonia and by various amino compounds. Ammonia may be a relatively important nitrogen source in the northeastern tropical Pacific Ocean, and should be included with nitrate as a measure of the total nitrogen available to phytoplankton. Ammonia may moderate the extreme nitrogen deficiency which would be expected if nitrate were considered the only source of nitrogen.
COMPETITION BETWEEN SKELETONEMA COSTATUM AND OLISTHODISCUS LUTEUS IN NARRAGANSETT BAY AND IN CULTURE
Authors: Pratt David M.
Published: March 2010

This article is in Free Access Publication and may be downloaded using the “Download Full Text PDF” link at right.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SIZE OF NET USED AND ESTIMATES OF ZOOPLANKTON DIVERSITY1
Authors: John A. McGowan , Vernie J. Fraundorf
Published: March 2010

Previous studies of the efficiency of zooplankton nets of various mouth sizes in estimating abundance do not provide information on the nets’ abilities to obtain samples for estimates of the number of species present or diversity. Further, most of these studies have not discriminated between the effects of patchiness and avoidance. To provide information on these problems, four series of tows were taken with nets of 20‐, 40‐, 60‐, 80‐, 100‐, and 140‐cm mouth diameters. An attempt was made to filter the same volume of water on each tow. All tows were taken while following a drogue which tended to drift with a particular parcel of water.

The numbers of species and of individuals per species in each tow were determined for seven taxa. A concordance analysis of these data showed that estimates of both numbers of species and species abundance were smaller with the smaller nets. The smaller nets also yielded less diverse samples. These results can best be interpreted in terms of avoidance.
SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES IN VIBRIO MARINUS GROWN AT ENVIRONMENTAL AND OPTIMAL TEMPERATURES1
Authors: Haight Janet J. , Morita Richard Y.
Published: March 2010

Cells of an obligately psychrophilic marine bacterium, Vibrio marinus, were grown at environmental (4C) and optimal (15C) temperatures and tested for physiological differences. Sugar fermentation patterns and temperature‐shift growth studies showed no differences, but membrane stability and glucose utilization were affected. The cells grown at 15C were more heat stable and utilized glucose at a faster rate than the cells grown at 4C. These differences were attributed to changes in cellular integrity or membrane integrity, or both. The results indicated that for correlation of in vitro results with in situ conditions, marine microorganisms should be grown at the temperature and under the nutrient conditions of their natural habitat.
THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF OIL POLLUTION IN A RIVER1
Authors: McCauley Rita N.
Published: March 2010

Physical, chemical, and biological conditions in the water and sediments of Muddy River, Massachusetts, were observed from autumn 1961 through summer 1963 to determine the effects of oil pollution on biological activity. Samples from above, in, and below the polluted area were collected and analyzed.

The heavy bunker oil pollutant formed a thin partial film on the surface of the water that partially excluded the oxygen from the water but not sufficiently to destroy developing plankton. Low biochemical oxygen demand correlated with consistently high concentrations of oil in the sludge in the polluted region indicating slow decomposition of the oil by microorganisms.

The oil was markedly toxic to the plankton and to the macrofauna of the sediments. The following plankters tolerated the pollution even during periods of highest oil concentration: Lyngbya, Oscillatoria, Ankistrodesmus, Chlamydomonas, Closterium, Gonium, Scenedesmus, Asterionella, Cyclotella, Fragilaria, Meridion, Navicula, Tabellaria, Euglena, Trachelomonas, Vorticella, Asplanchna, Keratella, Polyarthra, Cyclops, and Nemata types. In the sediments, Gammarus, Agrion nymphs, and Dugesia were unable to tolerate conditions in the region of oil pollution while Tubifex, Tendipes larvae, Nemata, and Hirudinca types were tolerant and remained.
ASPECTS OF BIODEPOSITION BY OYSTERS AND OTHER INVERTEBRATE FILTER FEEDERS1
Authors: Haven Dexter S. , Morales‐Alamo Reinaldo
Published: March 2010

Quantities of suspended matter removed by oysters (Crassostrea virginica) and deposited as feces or pseudofeces varied seasonally, reaching maxima in September. Below 2.8C, measurable quantities were not produced. At certain seasons, levels of suspended solids influenced quantities of biodeposits. Laboratory studies indicated that the oysters on 0.405 hectare of an estuarine bottom may produce up to 981 kg of feces and pseudofeces weekly. Of the particles, 95% were under 3 µ in diameter. all types of algal cells present in the surrounding water were represented. The deposits contained 77–91% inorganic matter, mostly illite, chlorite, and mixed‐layer clays, 4–12% organic carbon, and 1.0 g/kg phosphorus. biodeposits of filter feeders such as barnacles, tunicates, and other lamelli‐branchs were similar to those of oysters. Filter feeders may influence deposition, transport, and the composition of suspended sediments in estuaries. A possible relationship between the removal from suspension and the subsequent deposition of radionuclides associated with particles of clay, silt, or planktonic algae and feces or pseudofeces is suggested.
USE OF ARTIFICIAL SUBSTRATA TO ESTIMATE THE PRODUCTIVITY OF PERIPHYTON1
Authors: Kevern N. R. , Wilhm J. L. , Van Dyne G. M.
Published: March 2010

Plexiglas plates were placed in laboratory streams and in a spring and removed at 2‐ to 4‐day intervals to determine the increase in standing crop of periphyton. The instantaneous growth rate, calculated from the growth curve of periphyton on plates in the streams, was 0.51 g m−2 day−1 as compared to an estimate of 0.60 g m−2 day−1 obtained by oxygen measurements for growth of periphyton on the stream bottom. The average growth rate of periphyton on plates in the streams over a single exposure period was 0.31 g m−2 day−1. Under the conditions of this experiment, the instantaneous growth rate was a better estimate of productivity than the average growth rate.
EQUIPMENT FOR USE IN ECOLOGICAL STUDIES USING SCUBA1
Authors: Fager E. W. , Flechsig A. O. , Ford R. F. , Clutter R. I. , Ghelardi R. J.
Published: March 2010

Equipment for underwater use in ecological work on soft substrates is described. It has been tested and developed for more than five years of use. It includes recording equipment, position markers, and equipment for quantitatively sampling the hypoplankton, epifauna, and infauna.
THE MEASUREMENT OF ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE IN THE OCEAN AND ITS ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE1
Authors: Holm‐Hansen Osmund , Booth Charles R.
Published: March 2010

A method is described for the quantitative determination of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in quantities as low as 10−4 µg. Using sample volumes of less than 2 liters, two profiles of ATP concentration have been made down to 1,025 m off the California coast. The biomass of living material in the water has been estimated from these data, using the ATP content of laboratory cultured microorganisms as indicators of endogenous ATP levels. When equated to numbers of bacteria, the ATP levels found at various depths in the ocean indicate bacterial populations between 50−2,000 times those found by plating techniques.
TISSUE ANALYSIS AS A MEASURE OF NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY FOR THE GROWTH OF ANGIOSPERM AQUATIC PLANTS1
Authors: Gerloff G. C. , Krombholz P. H.
Published: March 2010

A tissue analysis technique was used to evaluate nitrogen and phosphorus supplies in natural waters for the growth of angiosperm aquatic plants. Tissue content of nitrogen and phosphorus was employed as an index of element availability in lakes from which plants were collected. This required establishment in the laboratory of the critical level for each element, that is, the minimum tissue content associated with maximum growth.

To establish critical levels, a system was developed for culturing algae‐free plants in a synthetic nutrient medium. The critical nitrogen content for the several species studied was approximately 1.3%; the comparable phosphorus value was 0.13%.

The nitrogen and phosphorus contents of 13 species of aquatic plants collected during the summer from nine lakes were compared with the critical concentrations. In nine samples obtained mostly during periods of heaviest plant growth, the phosphorus content was at or below the critical level; in no sample was the nitrogen content less than the critical concentration. The results indicated that in all but one of the lakes, phosphorus supply was more likely to limit higher aquatic plant growth than was nitrogen.

The primary importance of this study is as an initial step in the development of a satisfactory technique for evaluating nutrient supplies in natural waters.
CHEMICAL NUTRIENT CONCENTRATIONS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO INTERNAL WAVES AND TURBIDITY OFF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA1
Authors: Armstrong F. A. J. , LaFond E. C.
Published: March 2010

Concentrations of silicate and nitrate, temperature, and per cent transmission of white light were simultaneously recorded from a position in 18 m of water off Mission Beach, California. During a 3‐day period in May, vertical distributions of these properties were recorded on four occasions. They showed differences between surface and bottom of 4–6C, 10–25% T, and 17 µg‐at. Si/liter or 14 µg‐at. NO3−‐N/liter, with all the variables changing correspondingly with depth. Two continuous records of about 18 hr showed correlated fluctuations in temperature, turbidity, and nutrients, with ranges of about 3C, 30% T, and of 14 µg‐at. Si/liter or 7 µg‐at. NO3−‐N/liter, respectively. These corresponded to internal waves up to 5 m high with periods of around 10 min.
A DETAILED ANALYSIS OF BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT SUBSTANCES IN A PROFILE OFF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
Authors: Holm‐Hansen O. , Strickland J. D. H. , Williams P. M.
Published: March 2010

Detailed vertical profiles of salinity, temperature, 10 soluble inorganic and organic constituents and six particulate organic constituents have been determined at a station over the Santa Catalina Basin. Irregularities in the Profiles suggest nine “layers” in the 1,300 m column of water; four of the layers are clearly defined by physical properties and the remainder largely by variations in their dissolved organic matter and materials such as phosphate, nitrate, and silicate.

The ratio of carbon oxidized to nitrate and to phosphate formed in the same water averaged 100 : 18.4 : 3.0 by weight, a ratio to be expected from the oxidation of oceanic phytoplankton. The average ratio by weight of carbon to nitrogen to phosphorus in dissolved organic compounds was 100 : 11 : 1, and the ratio for the particulate organic matter was similar.

Except in the top 200 m, the amount of dissolved organic carbon was about 20% of the amount of carbon oxidized and the amount of particulate organic carbon was about 10% of the amount of dissolved organic carbon in the same water. Other ratios are given for silicate, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
VARIATION OF FORAMINIFERAL STANDING CROP OVER SHORT LATERAL DISTANCES IN BUTTONWOOD SOUND, FLORIDA BAY
Authors: Lynts George W.
Published: March 2010

Standing crops of foraminifera collected in Buttonwood Sound, Florida Bay, were analyzed using analysis of variance and percentage data. There were no significant faunal variations, in terms of F‐ratios, at 10 of the 19 stations, indicating foraminiferal micro‐habitats of at least 30 m2. Data in terms of per cent of species occurring in all samples (Sc), and per cent of population made up of species occurring in all samples (Pc), were used to analyze faunal variation. Sc values indicated species composition varied considerably between samples at each station, while Pc values indicated foraminiferal standing crop varied appreciably between samples. Sc and Pc values at each station indicated dominant species are quite constant between samples at each station and variation is caused by fluctuation in rarer species.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LAKE MICHIGAN MACROBENTHOS1
Authors: Andrew Robertson , Wayne P. Alley
Published: March 2010

A 1964 study of Lake Michigan benthos was conducted to compare with the results of studies made by Eggleton in 1931 and 1932. The dominant organisms, the amphipod Pontoporeia affinis, oligochaetes, and sphaeriids, were the same in the two studies. In both cases there was a concentration of Pontoporeia at approximately 40 m and indication of another at approximately 100 m. Neither our data nor Eggleton’s show significant differences in abundance of Pontoporeia or oligochaetes between May, June, and July. There were 1.5 times more Pontoporeia, 2.6 times more oligochaetes, and 4.3 times more sphaeriids, all significant differences, in 1964. At matched pairs of stations from the two studies, there were significantly more Pontoporeia and oligochaetes in 1964, but this was not true for sphaeriids.
THE ESTIMATION OF NUMBERS AND PIGMENT CONTENT IN EPIPELIC ALGAL POPULATIONS
Authors: Eaton John w. , Moss Brian
Published: March 2010

Techniques for estimating the numbers of free‐living algae on submerged sediments and soils are reviewed. A method that gives an estimate of the numbers of algae per unit area of habitat is described. Its reliability is defined statistically, and optimum method designs are discussed. An adaptation of the procedure allows the pigment contents of the algal populations to be determined.
STUDIES ON HETEROTROPHIC ACTIVITY IN SEAWATER BASED ON GLUCOSE ASSIMILATION1
Authors: Vaccaro Ralph F. , Jannasch Holger W.
Published: March 2010

To test the applicability of substrate uptake kinetics for assessing rates of microbial heterotrophic activity in the sea, the conformity between accepted notations for pure enzyme systems as opposed to natural populations is examined. Minimum rates for the in situ uptake of organic carbon are calculated using 14C‐labeled glucose as a substrate. To provide an estimate of naturally occurring substrate, a complementary bioassay procedure is applied to complete the analysis. The isolation and the uptake characteristics of the bioassay organism, which resembles Achromobacter aquamarinus, and its capability of discerning glucose at concentrations as low as 4 × 10−8 m are discussed. Although the reliability of kinetic constants cannot be assured in multisample situations because of the possibility of inherent sample differences, we have applied the complete analysis to coastal and offshore waters to examine the magnitude and internal consistency of the results. The results showed clearly the influence of nutrient‐poor Amazon River water in offshore regions of the South Atlantic Ocean and suggest the possibility of combining uptake measurements of natural populations with those of pure cultures of a test organism. The necessity for an improved direct analysis for more reliable estimates of the natural substrate concentration remains.
MICROLAYER COLLECTION FROM THE SEA SURFACE: A NEW METHOD AND INITIAL RESULTS1
Authors: Harvey George W.
Published: March 2010

A newly constructed collecting device can remove large quantities of a thin layer (approximately 60 µ thick) from the sea surface. Samples obtained by means of this collector indicate larger amounts of organic materials in the thin surface layer of the sea than in the water at a depth of 10 cm. These organic materials include living nannoplankton organisms, structural components of disintegrated organisms, surface‐active substances, chlorophyll, and carotenoid pigments.
ESTIMATES OF IN SITU RATES OF NITROGEN UPTAKE BY TRICHODESMIUM SP. IN THE TROPICAL ATLANTIC OCEAN1
Authors: Goering John J. , Dugdale Richard C. , Menzel David W.
Published: March 2010

Using the 15N technique, the uptake rates of three inorganic nitrogen sources by Trichodesmium sp. occurring in the tropical Atlantic Ocean were measured. The uptake of ammonia was greatest followed by nitrate and molecular nitrogen. At some locations, assimilation of molecular nitrogen was considerable. The highest rate measured was 0.32 N liter−1hr−1, which is comparable to rates measured during nitrogen‐fixing blue‐green algae blooms in lakes.
BIOASSAY AND DISTRIBUTION OF THIAMINE IN THE SEA1
Authors: Natarajan K. V. , Dugdale R. C.
Published: March 2010

A marine yeast, Cryptococcus albidus (Saito) Skinner, has been used for the bioassay of thiamine in seawater and is sensitive in the range of 10 to 300 pg/ml thiamine. The distribution of thiamine has been determined in the North Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Alaska. Thiamine concentrations in surface waters were found to range from undetectable levels up to 490 ng/liter and were generally high in coastal regions and low in open waters. The concentrations generally decreased with depth down to 50 to 75 m, below which the values were generally low or undetectable. Thiamine followed the temperature distribution, with high concentrations in the thermally stratified layer above the thermocline. In one area, there were high concentrations during April and September, but in November the concentrations decreased markedly.
DIURNAL PERIODICITY IN THE PHYTOPLANKTON ASSEMBLAGE OF A HIGH MOUNTAIN LAKE1
Authors: Tilzer Max M.
Published: March 2010

Diurnal changes in phytoplankton stratification and photosynthesis were studied at all seasons. The dominant flagellates usually ascend in the evening and at night and migrate downward with increasing light intensities. Maximum migratory speeds are higher than 1 m hr−1 and almost independent of cell size. The vertical stratification pattern of flagellates is the result of varying upward and downward migrations, but the vertical stratifications of nonmotile species depend on the turbulence of the water.

Over the day the mean photosynthesis of the entire water column varies in about the same proportions as the input of light energy. At a given depth algae seem to be adapted to the daily mean value of light intensity. Near the lake surface, around noon (1000–1400 hours), photosynthesis is considerably reduced due to downward migration, light saturation, and light inhibition—all caused by high light intensities—but at greater depths the utilization of light energy frequently is increased. During low light periods (early morning, evening) suboptimal light intensities in deeper layers of the lake cannot be utilized as effectively. By phototactic vertical migrations, the diurnal shifts of light energy utilization can be partly compensated.
STUDIES ON PIGMENTED MICROORGANISMS FROM APHOTIC MARINE ENVIRONMENTS. III. EVIDENCE OF APPARENT UTILIZATION BY BENTHIC AND PELAGIC TUNICATA1
Authors: Fournier Robert O.
Published: March 2010

Over a 4‐month period 158 colonies of the pelagic tunicate Pyrosoma plus one large salp were trawled from depths between the surface and 750 m in an area to the southwest of the island of Oahu in the subtropical Pacific. Examination of individual zooid gut contents, by light and electron microscopy, revealed the presence of the so‐called olive‐green cells. These cells were abundant in all organisms examined except those from the euphotic zone. Examination of the gut contents of a benthic tunicate collected from 1,500 m in the Indian Ocean also revealed the presence of large numbers of these cells. This is the first direct evidence that olive‐green cells are undergoing significant removal by marine organisms
REDEPOSITION OF POLLEN GRAINS IN LAKE SEDIMENT1
Authors: Davis Margaret Bryan
Published: March 2010

Evidence from sediment traps shows that in dimictic Frains Lake pollen grains and the bottom mud in which they are contained are resuspended during spring and autumn mixing, while in Sayles Lake, a nonstratified lake nearby, similar quantities of pollen‐bearing sediment are resuspended at irregular intervals throughout the year. In the nonstratified lake resuspended material is poorly mixed in the lake water, while in the dimictic lake, during the seasons of water mixing, resuspended sediment is similar in amount, percentage ash weight, and pollen composition at various levels throughout the water column. Resuspension occurs without sorting or differential movement of individual pollen grains. The pollen content of redeposited sediment serves as a tracer, showing that sediment is moved from the littoral zone to the deeper basin of the lake. In the littoral zone annual stirring may involve the uppermost 6–12 mm of sediment; even in the deeper part of the basin, the uppermost millimeter at least is stirred by this process every year.
DIATOMS IN ALKALINE, SALINE LAKES: ECOLOGY AND GEOCHEMICAL IMPLICATIONS1
Authors: Hecky Robert E. , Kilham Peter
Published: March 2010

Six diatoms achieve dominance in 26 alkaline, saline lakes in East Africa. There is a pronounced tendency for these species to replace each other as alkalinity increases. Cyclotella meneghiniana is usually dominant in less concentrated lakes and Nitzschia frustulum is favored as the alkalinity exceeds 80 meq liter−1. Coscinodiscus rudolfi and Navicula elkab are occasionally dominant at intermediate alkalinities. Navicula elkab is usually subdominant when N. frustulum is dominant. Most of these species when dominant are considered functionally planktonic in these waters. The presence of the cyanophyte Oscillatoria (Arthrospira) platensis in bloom seems to be a prerequisite for N. elkab and N. frustulum to enter the plankton. There is some evidence that the anionic composition of these lakes may be selective for some of the benthonic species.

Geochemical data indicate that the production and preservation of diatom frustules appear to control silica concentrations in the waters. Relatively poor correlations were observed between sodium and silica and between pII and silica. These data have important implications for theoretical models of geochemical evolution in closed basins. Little or no dissolution of fossil diatom frustules was observed in the sediments of these highly alkaline, high pH waters.
TRANSIENT AND STEADY‐STATE SALT TRANSPORT BETWEEN SEDIMENTS AND BRINE IN CLOSED LAKES1
Authors: Lerman Abraham , Jones Blair F.
Published: March 2010

A diffusional transport model for Lake Abert, Oregon, predicts the rates of salt transport from pore fluids into lake waters. In a lake without outflow dissolved salts may migrate across the sediment‐water interface in response to a concentration difference between lake and interstitial brine. Transport of salt upward is transient; its direction can be reversed by external input of salt or by depletion of salts stored in the sediments, and a steady‐state concentration in lake water is not attainable. Downward transport can be a stationary process if the sedimentation rate is rapid compared with molecular diffusion of salt in interstitial brine, but characteristic rates arc too slow to lead to steady‐state concentrations within the lifetime of a closed lake. In Lake Abert, diffusional flux upward was much more important than input of salt from other sources; 45% of the salt of lake brine in 1963–1964 was added from the sediment pore space during the preceding 25 years, only 0.1% from external inflow. The sediment source will dominate input during high water level. Such models permit comparison of salt transport across the sediment‐water interface with other input sources at different times of the lake’s history.
pH BUFFERING OF PORE WATER OF RECENT ANOXIC MARINE SEDIMENTS1
Authors: Ben‐Yaakov Sam
Published: March 2010

A model is proposed to explain the relative pH stability in pore water of recent anoxic marine sediments. Oceanic data arc not inconsistent with a model which assumes that the pH of the pore waters is controlled by the byproducts of organic decomposition, sulfate reduction, and precipitation of sulfide and carbonate. The model predicts that the pH of pore waters should remain in the range 6.9 to 8.3, which is in agreement with measured values.
THE EFFECT OF CARBON DIOXIDE ON THE SPECIFIC VOLUME OF SEAWATER1
Authors: Bradshaw Alvin
Published: March 2010

Carbon dioxide gas was dissolved in samples of natural seawater and artificial seawater containing no boric acid, and the changes in volume of the solutions were measured. In natural seawater of 35‰ salinity at 23°C the computed density increased with decreasing pH by 0.009 σt units for a pH change from 8.7 to 7.5. The changes in volume at lower pH values gave 33.4 cm3 mole−1 for the partial molal volume of dissolved molecular carbon dioxide. In the artificial seawater of 35‰ salinity at 23°C the partial equivalent volume of the bicarbonate ion minus that of the carbonate ion was 22.5 cm3 equiv−1. Values for the partial equivalent volume of the carbonate ion relative to that of the chloride ion and for the volume change for the solution of calcium carbonate in seawater were estimated.
CIRCULATION AND SALINITY DISTRIBUTION IN THE SOUTHERN PART OF THE SUEZ CANAL
Authors: Morcos Selim A. , Messieh S. N.
Published: March 2010

Results of 14 hydrographic sections along the southern part of the Suez Canal between Suez Bay and Great Bitter Lake from April 1964 to April 1965 are generally in agreement with previous sections taken 10 years before (1954–1955). A northward current prevailed from November to July and a southward current dominated from 15 August to 15 October, pushing the saline water mass (44%) to Suez Bay.

Two sections on successive days during September 1964 showed differences explained by the sampling time in relation to the tides. In certain stations low salinity occurred after high water and high salinity after low water, mainly due to reversible tidal currents: The northward current at high water carries low salinity water from Suez Bay. Saline water from the Bitter Lakes moves southward during the ebb and attains its maximum at low water.

No increase in salinity was observed in Suez Bay during summer 1966, contrary to all preceding observations in 1924, 1934, 1954, and 1964. Two sections taken in the southern canal in September 1966 did not indicate the usual reversal of currents toward the south. This confirms a previous observation that a change in the current regime in the Suez Canal took place in 1966, just after completion of the Aswan High Dam.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NEARSHORE ENVIRONMENT OFF THE SOUTH COAST OF RNVERS ISLAND, ANTARCTIC PENINSULA1
Authors: Warnke Detlef A. , Richter Joseph , Oppenheimer Carl H.
Published: March 2010

Sediment and water samples were taken at 17 stations in a nearshore area off the southern coast of Anvers Island, Antarctic Peninsula. The sediments are diamietons and display great lateral variability. Their organic carbon content falls within the range of values for oceanic sediments; variations can perhaps be explained in terms of specific local environments of deposition. Silica concentrations in the interstitial water of these sediments seems to be controlled by biogenic processes of sedimentation.

Bacteria are preferentially associated with sediments rich in clay‐sized materials and show little or no correlation with organic carbon in these samples; the surface properties of the fine sediment may be important. Bacterial numbers in the water column are similar to those reported for open‐ocean areas below 200 in in lower latitudes. Nutrient values are high, but many nitrite values are low relative to nitrate as in lower latitudes before the growth season and in the open ocean below the euphotic zone. These similarities may indicate that primary productivity at the time and place of investigation was low.
On the storage of seawater samples for ammonia determination1
Authors: DEGOBBIS DANILO
Published: March 2010

The effects of freezing, rate of freezing, filtration, preservatives, and the type of storage container on ammonia concentrations of stored seawater samples were investigated. Significant changes took place in samples stored without treatment. Ammonia increased when stored in glass, but decreased when stored in polyethylene containers. Quick freezing and slow freezing stabilized ammonia concentrations, although variability was increased; quick freezing had no advantage over slow freezing. Preservation with phenol at the same concentration used in the analytical method (0.4 g 100 ml−1) stabilized unfrozen samples for up to 2 weeks.
Use of a BOD oxygen probe for estimating primary productivity1
Authors: CZAPLEWSKI RAYMOND L. , PARKER MICHAEL
Published: March 2010

The accuracy of a BOD oxygen probe for field measurements of primary production by the light and dark bottle oxygen technique is analyzed. A figure is presented with which to estimate the number of replicate bottles needed to obtain a given accuracy in estimating photosynthetic rates.
Production of the giant kelp, Macrocystis, estimated by in situ incorporation of 14C in polyethylene bags1
Authors: TOWLE DAVID W. , PEARSE JOHN S.
Published: March 2010

Incorporation of 14C by the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera was measured in situ by enclosing individual blades within polyethylene bags in a kelp bed. Incorporation was highest in the tips of the blades in the canopy, about 0.315 mg C g−1 hr−1 on the basis of wet weight. In the densest part of the kelp bed, total wet standing crop of Macrocystis was about 5.9 kg m−2, and production of Macrocystis blades in that area was estimated to be at least 6.8 g C m−2 day−1, or about 17 g organic matter m−2 day−1.