bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new correlation for hazardous area classification based on experiments and CFD predictions
Authors: Souza Andrey O. , Luiz Aurelio M. , Neto Antonio T. P. , Araujo Antonio C. B. , Silva Heleno B. , Silva Sidinei K. , Alves Jose J. N.
Published: May 2018

A correlation developed by the authors for prediction of hazardous area extension due to fugitive emissions is described in this work. The correlation is based on computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation data. The CFD simulation setups were obtained from a Computational Design of Experiments. The CFD model has been validated experimentally. The transport properties, orifice size, temperature, pressure, gas molar mass, and lower explosive limit (LEL) were varied in a range of practical interest using the statistical Technique Latin hypercube to spread the simulation setups. The effect of each variable on hazardous area extension was obtained from the CFD results leading to an analytical correlation for practical use in estimating the extension of the hazardous area. The results showed that the extension of hazardous area in still ambient is merely a function of the leaking gas molar flow rate and gas volume fraction at LEL. The results from the correlation described in this work were compared to results from correlations existing in the literature. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Process Saf Prog 38: 21–26, 2019
Chiral Phonons and Electrical Resistivity of Ferromagnetic Metals at Low Temperatures
Authors: Solano‐Carrillo Edgardo
Published: May 2018

Ferromagnetism is an exciting phase of matter exhibiting strongly correlated electron behavior and a standard example of spontaneously broken rotational symmetry: below the Curie temperature, atomic magnets in an isotropic single‐domain ferromagnetic metal align along a spontaneously chosen direction. The scattering of conduction electrons from thermal perturbations to this spin order, together with electron–electron collisions, mark the material electrical behavior at low temperatures, where the resistivity varies mostly quadratically with the temperature. Around liquid‐helium temperatures however, an interesting phenomenon occurs, giving rise to an extra linear contribution to the variation of the electrical resistivity with temperature, whose theoretical explanation has encountered problems for a long time. Here, a spin‐flip scattering mechanism of conduction electrons in ferromagnetic metals is introduced which arises from their interaction with the internal magnetic induction and is mediated by chiral modes of the crystal lattice vibrations carrying spin 1. This mechanism is able to explain the above anomaly and give a good account of the spin‐lattice relaxation times of iron, cobalt and nickel at room temperatures.
In vitro antiprotozoan activity and mechanisms of action of selected Ghanaian medicinal plants against Trypanosoma, Leishmania, and Plasmodium parasites
Authors: Ohashi Mitsuko , Amoa-Bosompem Michael , Kwofie Kofi Dadzie , Agyapong Jefferey , Adegle Richard , Sakyiamah Maxwell Mamfe , Ayertey Frederick , Owusu Kofi Baffuor‐Awuah , Tuffour Isaac , Atchoglo Philip , Tung Nguyen Huu , Uto Takuhiro , Aboagye Frederick , Appiah Alfred Ampomah , Appiah-Opong Regina , Nyarko Alexander K. , Anyan William Kofi , Ayi Irene , Boakye Daniel Adjei , Koram Kwadwo Ansah , Edoh Dominic , Yamaoka Shoji , Shoyama Yukihiro , Ohta Nobuo
Published: May 2018

Trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and malaria are protozoan infections of public health importance with thousands of new cases recorded annually. Control of these infection(s) with existing chemotherapy is limited by drug toxicity, lengthy parenteral treatment, affordability, and/or the emergence of resistant strains. Medicinal plants on the other hand are used in the treatment of various infectious diseases although their chemical properties are not fully evaluated. In this study, we screened 112 crude extracts from 72 selected Ghanaian medicinal plants for anti‐Trypanosoma, anti‐Leishmania, and anti‐Plasmodium activities in vitro and investigated their mechanisms of action. Twenty‐three extracts from 20 plants showed significant antiprotozoan activity against at least 1 of 3 protozoan parasites screened with IC50 values less than 20 μg/ml. Eleven extracts showed high anti‐Trypanosoma activity with Bidens pilosa whole plant and Morinda lucida leaf extracts recording the highest activities. Their IC50 (selectivity index [SI]) values were 5.51 μg/ml (35.00) and 5.96 μg/ml (13.09), respectively. Nine extracts had high anti‐Leishmania activity with Annona senegalensis and Cassia alata leaf extracts as the most active. Their IC50 (SI) values were 10.8 μg/ml (1.50) and 10.1 μg/ml (0.37), respectively. Six extracts had high anti‐Plasmodium activity with the leaf and stem‐bark extracts of Terminalia ivorensis recording the highest activity. Their IC50 (SI) values were 7.26 μg/ml (129.36) and 17.45 μg/ml (17.17), respectively. Only M. lucida at 25 μg/ml induced significant apoptosis‐like cell death in Trypanosoma parasites. Anti‐Leishmania active extracts induced varying morphological changes in Leishmania parasites such as multiple nuclei and/or kinetoplast, incomplete flagella division, or nuclear fragmentation. Active extracts may be potential sources for developing new chemotherapy against these infections.
Antimicrobial activity of extracts and phthalides occurring in Apiaceae plants
Authors: Pannek Jakub , Gach Joanna , Boratyński Filip , Olejniczak Teresa
Published: May 2018

Apiaceae plants exhibit a broad spectrum of activities, for instance, antithrombotic, hypotensive, antioxidant, and insecticidal. They also provide a source of phthalides, which display antimicrobial activity. Considering the fact of rising resistance of both bacteria and fungi against commonly used antibiotics, developing of new naturally derived compounds is undeniably attractive approach. To our best knowledge, there are no other reviews concerning this subject in the literature. In view of above, an attempt to summarize an antimicrobial potential of isolated compounds and extracts from Apiaceae plants has been made, by specifying techniques of activity determination and methods of extraction. Techniques of antimicrobial activity evaluation are mainly based on bioautography, diffusion, and dilution methods. Therefore, we focused on in vitro data described in literature so far.
Berberine: Pathways to protect neurons
Authors: Lin Xiaorui , Zhang Nan
Published: May 2018

Berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid, is demonstrated to have a variety of pharmacologic effects. Widely used as nonprescription drug for diarrhea, berberine has also broadened its applications in therapies of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, tumor, and so forth. However, researches about berberine's protective effects on nervous system are still so insufficient that clinical uses cannot popularize and underlying molecules mechanisms are confused and incomplete. Well‐known pathways such as Pl3K/Akt/Bcl‐2 pathway, Nrf2/HO‐1 pathway, and MAPK signaling pathway help berberine to protect neurons through antiapoptotic, antioxidative, and anti‐inflammatory activities. New hypotheses have been raised consistently to explore more possible ways of berberine preventing nerves from injuries as attention on its neuroprotective properties is increasing. Therefore, this review is trying to analyze these mechanisms, which actually play roles in neuronal disease models such as brain ischemia, Alzheimer's disease, and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Much more understanding about how berberine mediates these pathways provides novel insights into the clinical treatment of neurological disorders.
The keto→enol photoisomerization of N‐salicilydenemethylfurylamine: Nonadiabatic ab initio dynamics simulation
Authors: Gao Aihua , Wang Meishan
Published: May 2018

The photoinduced isomerization of cis‐keto and trans‐keto isomers in N‐salicilydenemethylfurylamine has been studied using the surface‐hopping approach at the CASSCF level of theory. After the cis‐keto or trans‐keto isomer is excited to S1 state, the molecule initially moves to a excited‐state local minimum. The torsional motion around relative bonds in the chain drives the molecule to approach a keto‐form conical intersection and then nonadiabatic transition occurs. According to our full‐dimensional dynamics simulations, the trans‐keto and enol photoproducts are responsible for the photochromic effect of cis‐keto isomer excited to S1 state, while no enol isomer was obtained in the photoisomerization of trans keto on excitation. The cis keto to enol and cis keto to trans keto isomerizations are reversible photochemical reactions. It is confirmed that this aromatic Schiff base is a potential molecular switch. Furthermore, the torsion of CN bond occurs in the radiationless decay of trans‐keto isomer, while it is completely suppressed by an intramolecular hydrogen bonding interaction in the dynamics of cis‐keto form. Moreover, the excited‐state lifetime of cis keto is longer than that of trans‐keto form due to the O···HN hydrogen bond.
(TMT)n clusters as dilute debris‐free tin source for generation of multiply charged tin ions of relevance in extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography, under intense laser irradiation
Authors: Sharma Pramod , Das Soumitra , Vatsa Rajesh K.
Published: May 2018

Rationale

Multiply charged tin ions ([Sn]8+ to [Sn]13+) are considered as ideal‐emitters at extreme ultraviolet (EUV) wavelength ~13.5 nm, pertinent to the fabrication of advanced micro‐electronic devices. Solid tin targets have been widely explored for the generation of these ions, but debris generation has restricted their utilization. Tin‐containing molecular clusters have the potential to act as dilute and debris‐free sources for the generation of tin ions, as investigated in the present study.

Methods

Efficient coupling of laser energy with clusters has been utilized for the generation of multiply charged tin ions. The ions generated have been characterized using time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. By varying experimental parameters, the yield of multiply charged tin ions has been manipulated, for tetramethyltin (TMT) clusters. In addition, the energetic electrons and photons liberated upon laser‐cluster interaction have been probed utilizing an in‐house developed retarding field analyzer.

Results

Interaction of TMT clusters with 1064 nm picosecond laser pulses of intensity ~1013 W/cm2 leads to the generation of multiply charged tin ions (up to [Sn]14+) and carbon ions (up to [C]4+). Efficient laser‐cluster interaction is evident from the generation of multiply charged tin ions with ionization energy ~282 eV ([Sn]14+). By varying the experimental conditions, the distribution of multiply charged tin ions can be influenced to obtain significant relative ion yields of multiply charged tin ions from [Sn]8+ to [Sn]13+.

Conclusions

Tetramethyltin clusters have the potential to act as dilute and debris‐free sources for EUV lithographic applications, in contrast to bulk tin targets. The inherent properties of clusters, such as higher local density and the pulsed nature of the cluster source, are appropriate for EUV lithographic applications.
Supporting teachers to negotiate uncertainty for science, students, and teaching
Authors: Manz Eve , Suárez Enrique
Published: May 2018

This study addresses how to help elementary science teachers explore the uncertainty inherent in scientific activity and support elementary students to engage in more complex and authentic investigations. We describe a district partnership focused on understanding how to support elementary teachers to adapt curricula to promote science practices. We then present a close analysis of how teachers navigated ideas about uncertainty during their work exploring tools to adapt their curriculum. We argue that an essential aspect of the teachers’ work was developing a more nuanced view of scientific uncertainty, including more precise goals for students’ engagement in scientific activity and a repertoire of strategies for supporting students to engage with scientific uncertainty without unduly increasing uncertainty for teachers. We trace three strategies that appeared to help teachers negotiate and develop this more nuanced view: beginning with complex phenomena, iterating on investigations, and leveraging variability in students’ ways of conducting investigations. The findings have implications for the design of professional development programs for elementary teachers, particularly the support that teachers might need to negotiate a nuanced set of teacher and student roles when seeking to engage students more authentically in science practices.
Single‐Step Synthesis of Novel Polyionic Liquids Having Antibacterial Activity and Showing π‐Electron Mediated Selectivity in Separation of Aromatics
Authors: Ethirajan Sudheesh Kumar , Sengupta Arijit , Jebur Mahmood , Kamaz Mohanad , Qian Xianghong , Wickramasinghe Ranil
Published: May 2018

One‐pot synthesis of polyionic liquids (PILs) from pyridinium and phosphonium family was reported in the present investigation. The size exclusion chromatographic (SEC) method was employed for the determination of the molecular weight of the polymer and the dispersity during synthesis. The aggregation behavior of these PILs was investigated in polar‐ protic, polar‐ aprotic and apolar‐aprotic solvents. The FTIR spectroscopic analysis was utilized for the characterization of the functional groups in PILs, whereas 1H‐NMR analysis was employed for structural characterization of the PILs in terms of the existence of magnetically non‐equivalent protons. UV‐Vis spectroscopic characterization was also employed for these PILs. The anti‐bacterial activity of these PILs were investigated using two gram positive bacteria staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa. Plate reader method was used to determine the ratio of live to dead bacterial cell in presence of PILs as a function of time by monitoring the fluorescence wave length of the corresponding cells after tagging them suitably with the appropriate dye. The plate counting method was also employed for the direct counting of the number of colony of the bacteria as a function of time in presence of the synthesized PILs. A π‐electron mediated separation was found to bring the selectivity in sorption of aromatics on these PILs.
Pd‐Catalyzed Chemoselective Suzuki‐Miyaura Reactions of 1‐Bromo‐4‐(halomethyl)naphthalene
Authors: Pei Mingming , Liu Ping , Ma Xiaowei , Liu Yan , Dai Bin
Published: May 2018

A Pd‐catalyzed chemoselective Suzuki‐Miyaura reaction of 1‐bromo‐4‐(halomethyl)naphthalene and arylboronic acids for the formation of C(sp3)–C(sp2) bond via highly selective C(sp3)‐X bond cleavage is disclosed, which enables the general synthesis of functionalized 1‐benzyl‐4‐bromonaphthalene compounds in good yields under mild conditions. Moreover, the 1‐benzyl‐4‐bromonaphthalene was also obtained on a multi‐gram scale, and further to prepare more complex target molecules through the related chemical transformation.
Children's stress‐related reports and stress biomarkers interact in their association with metabolic syndrome risk
Authors: Michels Nathalie , Matthys Dante , Thumann Barbara , Marild Staffan , De Henauw Stefaan
Published: May 2018

The purpose was to examine the cross‐sectional associations of stress‐related reports and stress biomarkers with metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk in children while also testing the interaction between stress biomarkers and stress reports. In 353 children (5–10 years old, 7.9% overweight/obese), MetS risk was measured by blood pressure, waist circumference, glucose homeostasis, triglycerides, and high‐density cholesterol. Stress was measured by stress‐related reports (events, emotions, and internalizing/externalizing problems) and two biomarkers: salivary cortisol (total‐day and morning output) and heart rate variability (percentage of consecutive normal RR intervals differing more than 50 ms and low‐to‐high‐frequency ratio). Cross‐sectional regression analyses with z scored total MetS risk as outcome were adjusted for age, sex, and socio‐economic status. Only internalizing problems were directly related to a higher MetS risk score (β = 0.236). Cortisol and heart rate variability were significant moderators: High cortisol morning output resulted in a positive (unfavourable) report–MetS relationship (β = 0.259–0.552), whereas low percentage of consecutive normal RR intervals differing more than 50 ms resulted in a negative (favourable) report–MetS relationship (β = −0.298) and low low‐to‐high‐frequency ratio in a positive (unfavourable) report–MetS relationship (β = 0.478). In conclusion, stress can sometimes be a disadvantageous factor in metabolic health of otherwise healthy children. The cortisol biomarker seems relevant because metabolic risk was highest when stress‐related reports were accompanied by high morning cortisol output.
Untersuchungen zum Tragverhalten randnaher Verbunddübelleisten
Authors: Broschart Yannick , Gajda Joanna , Kurz Wolfgang
Published: May 2018

Herrn Univ.‐Prof. Dr.‐Ing. Jörg Lange zur Vollendung seines 60. Lebensjahres gewidmet

Verbunddübelleisten stellen im Stahlverbundbau eine wirtschaftliche Alternative zu den klassischen Verbundmitteln, den Kopfbolzendübeln, dar. Ihr Einsatz birgt vielerlei Vorteile. Moderne Verbunddecken werden in zunehmendem Maße filigraner ausgeführt und darüber hinaus werden oftmals haustechnische Funktionen darin integriert, wie beispielsweise Lüftungsanlagen oder eine thermische Aktivierung der Betonflächen [1]. Um derart geringe Deckendicken zu realisieren, können Verbunddübelleisten horizontal innerhalb der Betonplatte positioniert werden, wodurch eine nahe Position zum freien Betonplattenrand resultiert. Bisherige Untersuchungen beschreiben unterschiedliche Versagensbilder von Konstruktionen mit Verbunddübelleisten, beispielsweise Spalten der Betonplatte, Ausstanzen eines Betonkegels oder Plastizieren der Stahlzähne.

An der TU Kaiserslautern wurden Verbunddübelleisten mit einer Puzzle‐Geometrie und Positionen nahe zum freien Betonplattenrand experimentell sowie mithilfe von numerischen Simulationen untersucht. Zusätzlich wurde der positive Einfluss einer Wendelbewehrung zwischen den Stahlzähnen analysiert. Speziell bei diesen randnahen Positionen der Verbunddübelleisten wurden zusätzliche primäre und sekundäre Versagensmechanismen beobachtet. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchungen sowie ein erster Ansatz für ein Bemessungsmodell werden in diesem Artikel vorgestellt.
Ersatzneubau zweier Fachwerkverbundbrücken im Zuge der B 54 über die BAB 45
Authors: Mank Harald , Dieter Alwin
Published: May 2018

Herrn Prof. Dr.‐Ing. Jörg Lange zur Vollendung seines 60. Lebensjahres gewidmet

Die zwei geplanten Fachwerkverbundbrücken mit Längen von 120 und 96 m Spannweite sollen die BAB 45 als Einfeldträger im schleifenden Schnitt queren. Da als statische Systeme Einfeldträger zum Zuge kamen, konnte auf den problematischen Bau von Mittelstützen zwischen den Richtungsfahrbahnen der BAB verzichtet werden. Im folgenden Beitrag wird die Wahl der Ausführungsvariante erläutert, insbesondere im Hinblick auf naturschutzrechtliche und bauzeitliche Belange, den Entwurf, den spezifischen Bauablauf und die Verkehrsführung. Besonderes Augenmerk wurde auch auf die Arbeitssicherheit beim Ersatzneubau und bei den zukünftigen Instandsetzungsarbeiten gerichtet.
3,4‐Dihydroxybenzaldehyde lowers ROS generation and protects human red blood cells from arsenic(III) induced oxidative damage
Authors: Maheshwari Nikhil , Khan Fahim Halim , Mahmood Riaz
Published: May 2018

Arsenic (As) is a potent environmental toxicant and chronic exposure to it results in various malignancies in humans. Oxidative stress has been implicated in the etiopathogenesis of As‐induced toxicity. This investigated the protective effect of plant antioxidant 3,4‐dihydroxybenzaldehyde (DHB) on sodium meta‐arsenite (SA), an As‐(III) compound, induced oxidative damage in human red blood cells (RBC). The RBC were first incubated with different concentrations of DHB and then treated with SA at 37°C. Hemolysates were prepared and assayed for various biochemical parameters. Treatment of RBC with SA alone enhanced the generation of reactive oxygen species and increased lipid and protein oxidation. Reduced glutathione levels, total sulfhydryl content and cellular antioxidant power were significantly decreased in SA alone treated RBC, compared to the untreated control cells. This was accompanied by membrane damage, alterations in activities of antioxidant enzymes and deranged glucose metabolism. Incubation of RBC with DHB, prior to treatment with SA, significantly and dose‐dependently attenuated the SA‐induced changes in all these parameters. Scanning electron microscopy of RBC confirmed these biochemical results. Treatment of RBC with SA alone converted the biconcave discoids to echinocytes but the presence of DHB inhibited this conversion and the RBC retained their normal shape. These results show that DHB protects human RBC from SA‐induced oxidative damage, most probably due to its antioxidant character.
The relationship between masticatory ability, age, and dental and prosthodontic status in an institutionalized elderly dentate population in Qingdao, China
Authors: Zhang Qian , Witter Dick J. , Bronkhorst Ewald M. , Creugers Nico H. J.
Published: May 2018

Objectives

To identify relationships between masticatory ability and age, and dental and prosthodontic status amongst an institutionalized elderly dentate population in China.

Materials and methods

A sample of 512 elders living in eight nursing homes in Qingdao was categorized based on a hierarchical dental functional classification system with and without tooth replacements. Masticatory disability scores (MDSs) were analyzed using multiple regression models with only age, and age and dentition variables for participants having ≥ 10 natural and those having < 10 natural teeth in each jaw.

Results

Overall, associations between MDS and age, number of teeth, and number of teeth replaced by dental prostheses were identified. For participants having ≥ 10 natural teeth in each jaw, no significant associations between MDS and age and dental and prosthodontic status were found. Participants having < 10 natural teeth in each jaw had higher MDS (increasing chewing difficulties) at higher ages. However, when “premolar region sufficient” and “molar region sufficient” were included, MDS was not associated with age, but with these dentition variables. For participants having ≥ 10 teeth including prosthodontically replaced teeth in each jaw, age was the only variable associated with MDS. For participants having < 10 teeth including teeth replaced in each jaw, the significant factor was “premolar region sufficient.” Overall, lower MDS was associated with increasing number of teeth, as well as with increasing number of teeth replaced by dental prostheses.

Conclusions

In this population of institutionalized dentate elderly, masticatory ability was significantly associated with dental and prosthodontic status.

Clinical relevance

For institutionalized elderly, having less than ten natural teeth in each jaw is associated with chewing problems. Most important dentition factor is the presence of three to four premolar pairs. Teeth added by partial removable dental prostheses compensate impaired masticatory ability due to tooth loss for 50% compared to natural teeth.
Minority stress, perceived burdensomeness, and depressive symptoms among sexual minority youth
Authors: Baams Laura , Dubas Judith Semon , Russell Stephen T. , Buikema Rosemarie L. , van Aken Marcel A.G.
Published: May 2018

Although studies have shown links between minority stress and mental health (e.g., Meyer, 2003), there is little research explaining this association. Research has suggested that adequate coping skills might protect youth from the negative impact of stress (Compas et al., 2017). Thus, we aimed to examine: 1) whether associations between minority stress and depressive symptoms occurred through mechanisms of perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness, and 2) whether these associations were dependent on level of problem‐solving coping (moderated mediation). Using an online survey of 267 sexual minority youth from the Netherlands (16–22 years; 28.8% male), the results show an indirect relationship of sexual orientation victimization and internalized homophobia with depressive symptoms occurring through perceived burdensomeness; for both males and females. Problem‐solving coping skills did not significantly moderate the aforementioned indirect relationships. These results have implications for prevention and intervention work that currently focuses on social isolation rather than perceived burdensomeness.
Effect of vertical profile inefficiency during descent on fuel burn, emissions and flight time
Authors: Aksoy H. , Usanmaz O. , Turgut E. T.
Published: May 2018

Vertical profile inefficiency caused by low-level flight segments during arrival and departure operations has a great impact on the financial cost of operators as well as negative environmental effects. In this regard, continuous descent and climb operations for arrival and departure phases are mostly preferred as one of the methods that reduce or eliminate vertical profile inefficiencies. In this study, focus is put on the arrival phase and the purpose is: (i) to analyse the vertical profiles of arrival traffic at Mugla Milas-Bodrum Airport (BJV), Antalya Airport (AYT) and Ankara Esenboga Airport (ESB) and to characterise the level-offs that occur in the arrival phase and (ii) to quantify the potential time, fuel and emission savings in the event of a shift of inefficient low-level flight segments to the cruise segment of equal distance. For the purpose of this paper, real-time flight data is used for the analysis of the vertical profiles of flights. Flight parameters, such as latitude, longitude, altitude, speed and so on are used to determine, visualise and characterise level-off segments. The Boeing Fuel Flow Method 2 is used to calculate emissions at any altitude. Analyses of the results show that 80%, 74% and 69% of arrival traffic at BJV, AYT and ESB, respectively. were exposed to at least one level-off lasting longer than 20 seconds and significant potential for time, fuel and emissions savings exist for three airports.
Barriers and opportunities related to extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Canada: A report from the first meeting of the Canadian ECPR Research Working Group
Authors: Brooks Steven C. , Shemie Sam D. , Torrance Sylvia , Hornby Laura , Gillrie Clay , Grunau Brian , Nagpal A. Dave , Baker Andrew , Christenson Jim , Gill John , Morrison Laurie
Published: May 2018

For a French translation of the executive summary, please see the Supplementary Material at DOI: 10.1017/cem.2017.429
Market Coupling and the Capacity Allocation and Congestion Management Regulation
Authors: FELTKAMP Régine , HENDRIKX Gerrit
Published: May 2018

This article assesses the manner in which Commission Regulation (EU) 2015/1222 of 24 July 2015 establishing a guideline on capacity allocation and congestion management (“CACM”) alters the legal context within which power exchanges (“PXs”) perform their activities related to market coupling. By submitting the cooperation among the newly-introduced NEMO-entities, and between these NEMOs and TSOs, regarding market coupling to a new set of rules, CACM affects the market coupling activities of PXs in different ways. This article in particular examines from the power exchanges’ perspective (1) the need for the increased regulation introduced by CACM, (2) how CACM affects their activities in the context of market coupling and (3) whether CACM contributes to a better governance of market coupling.
Parsing the Effect of the Internet on Regime Support in China
Authors: Tang Min , Huhe Narisong
Published: May 2018

Although the internet is severely censored in China, negative reporting and critical deliberations of political institutions and policy issues, especially low-profile ones, have been abundant in cyberspace. Given such a mixed pattern of online information, this study explores the complexity of the effect of the internet on regime support by parsing it into direct effect and indirect effect. It argues that the internet indirectly erodes its viewers’ overall support for the authoritarian regime by decreasing their evaluation of government performance. The findings from a mediation analysis of a Beijing sample support this argument. The result of one analysis also indicates that the direct effect of internet use on regime support can be positive. Such findings about the effect of the internet in China help advance our understanding of both political and theoretical implications of the spread of the internet in authoritarian countries.
Rational Choice Meets the New Politics: Choosing the Scottish Parliament’s Electoral System
Authors: Convery Alan , Lundberg Thomas Carl
Published: May 2018

Although there has been extensive research on electoral system choice at the national level, we know relatively little about the dynamics of deciding the rules of the game for sub-state institutions. This article examines the factors that influenced the choice of a proportional electoral system for the new Scottish Parliament in 1999. Through the use of archival sources and interviews with key participants, we challenge the conventional rational choice explanation for the adoption of the mixed-member proportional (MMP) system. Although rational considerations on the part of the Labour Party were involved in the choice of MMP, our findings suggest that, as at the national level, theories of electoral system choice need to consider normative values as well.
ECONOMIC CRIMES IN INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT LAW
Authors: Kryvoi Yarik
Published: May 2018

The protection of foreign investment by treaties often clashes with the State's sovereign right to investigate economic crimes committed by investors. This article examines the different approaches taken by tribunals to questions concerning admissibility and jurisdiction, applicable law, the standard of review, the burden and standard of proof and deference to actions taken by domestic courts and regulators related to economic crimes. It concludes that investors should not automatically be deprived of treaty protections and their access to investment arbitration blocked. The arbitration agreement, being autonomous from the main contract (or the relevant treaty), should, as a rule, remain valid even if the conduct of investors is tainted by economic crimes. The article calls on investment tribunals to reflect in their awards on the contributory fault of the parties when representatives of States and investors are both complicit in economic crimes. To achieve greater legal certainty and procedural efficiency, a new generation of investment treaties and the practice of investment tribunals should draw on not only applicable domestic law but also existing sources of international law concerning economic crimes or national best practice.
Reforming reformed epistemology: a new take on thesensus divinitatis
Authors: MCALLISTER BLAKE , DOUGHERTY TRENT
Published: May 2018

Alvin Plantinga theorizes the existence of asensus divinitatis– a special cognitive faulty or mechanism dedicated to the production and non-inferential justification of theistic belief. Following Chris Tucker, we offer an evidentialist-friendly model of thesensus divinitatiswhereon it produces theistic seemings that non-inferentially justify theistic belief. We suggest that thesensus divinitatisproduces these seemings by tacitly grasping support relations between the content of ordinary experiences (in conjunction with our background evidence) and propositions about God. Our model offers advantages such as eliminating the need for asui generisreligious faculty, harmonizing thesensus divinitatiswith prominent theories in the cognitive science of religion, and providing a superior account of natural revelation.
ESTIMATION OF A SEMIPARAMETRIC TRANSFORMATION MODEL IN THE PRESENCE OF ENDOGENEITY
Authors: Vanhems Anne , Van Keilegom Ingrid
Published: May 2018

We consider a semiparametric transformation model, in which the regression function has an additive nonparametric structure and the transformation of the response is assumed to belong to some parametric family. We suppose that endogeneity is present in the explanatory variables. Using a control function approach, we show that the proposed model is identified under suitable assumptions, and propose a profile estimation method for the transformation. The proposed estimator is shown to be asymptotically normal under certain regularity conditions. A simulation study shows that the estimator behaves well in practice. Finally, we give an empirical example using the U.K. Family Expenditure Survey.
The influence of proficiency and language combination on bilingual lexical access
Authors: KASTENBAUM JESSICA G. , BEDORE LISA M. , PEÑA ELIZABETH D. , SHENG LI , MAVIS ILKNUR , SEBASTIAN-VAYTADDEN RAJANI , RANGAMANI GRAMA , VALLILA-ROHTER SOFIA , KIRAN SWATHI
Published: May 2018

The present study examines the influence of language proficiency and language combination on bilingual lexical access using category fluency in 109 healthy speakers. Participants completed a category fluency task in each of their languages in three main categories (animals, clothing, and food), each with two subcategories, as well as a language use questionnaire assessing their proficiency. Five language combinations were examined (Hindi–English, Kannada–English, Mandarin–English, Spanish–English, and Turkish–English). Multivariate analyses of variance revealed that the average number of correct items named in the category fluency task across the three main categories varied across the different groups only in English and not the other language. Further, results showed that language exposure composite (extracted from the questionnaire using a principal component analysis) significantly affected the average number of items named across the three main categories. Overall, these results demonstrate the effects of particular language combinations on bilingual lexical access and provide important insights into the role of proficiency on access.
MORE THAN A STAGE: DECOLONIZATION, ANAL SEX, AND THE DIRTY EROTICS OF POWER IN DELEUZE, GUATTARI, DEVEREUX, AND HERZOG
Authors: SHEPARD TODD
Published: May 2018

The footprint of Dagmar Herzog's scholarship has moved from Germany to the United States, then back again, before expanding outwards across Europe as well as to spaces drawn into Europe's orbit by conquest. Historically specific intersections between gender, religion, and politics are her specialty, with sexuality and sex as crucial sightlines in the constantly shifting landscapes that these always-moving parts compose. No historian currently writing in English on the late modern period, arguably, more acutely captures the intensity and conflicts that absorb individuals as well as larger groups as they live in and through these distinct topographies. This she does, in part, through the depth and the breadth of her research, which allow Herzog to reveal connections and disjunctures in ways that grab the reader's attention as well as explain the stakes. Her writings reveal an ability to listen to sources and care about what they intimate that is more often seen in certain scholars of the medieval or other exotic histories that rely on scarce or sketchy sources. For historians of the modern era, between the birth of ideology and ready access to endless and dense types of documentation, what Herzog continues to do is a revelation.
FROM ΚΕΙΝΟΣ TO ΟΔΕ: DEIXIS AND IDENTITY IN THEODYSSEY
Authors: Passmore Oliver
Published: May 2018

Scholarship on Homer'sOdysseyhas long recognised the importance of naming and reference in the poem, particularly in the way speakers refer to Odysseus. Here I consider one term regularly used for the protagonist, but largely overlooked in these studies: κεῖνος, ‘that man’. I argue that it acquires a specific and rich association with Odysseus in the epic, one that depends on the deictic properties of the pronoun as marking its object as distant in space and uncertainly located. This is contrasted with Odysseus’ use of the proximal deictic ὅδε, ‘this man’, to reveal his identity at the poem's climax.
Anomalous Pacific‐Antarctic Ridge Volcanism Precedes Glacial Termination 2
Authors: Lund David C. , Seeley Emily I. , Asimow Paul D. , Lewis Madeline J. , McCart Sarah E. , Mudahy Annalisa A.
Published: May 2018

We present results from a well‐dated sediment core on the Pacific‐Antarctic Ridge (PAR) that document a ∼15 cm thick layer of basaltic ash shards that precedes the penultimate deglaciation (Termination 2). The glasses have MORB composition consistent with an axial source and their morphologies are typical of pyroclastic deposits created by submarine volcanism. The ash layer was deposited ∼7 km from the PAR axis, a distance that implies buoyant plumes lofted debris high into the water column with subsequent fallout to the core location. We infer plume rise height using grain settling velocities, the water depth at the core site, and deep ocean current speeds from ARGO floats. Rise heights of 1.5 km or less require unrealistically large current speeds to transport grains to the core site. Instead, the data are consistent with a plume rise height of at least 2 km, implying that T2 was an interval of anomalous volcanism along this segment of the PAR. The timing and duration of the ash deposit is consistent with glacial‐interglacial modulation of ridge magmatism. Volcaniclastic records from additional locations will be necessary to assess whether the PAR record is a rare find or it is representative of mid‐ocean ridge volcanism during glacial terminations.
Artificial Ionospheric GPS Phase Scintillation Excited During High‐Power Radiowave Modulation of the Ionosphere
Authors: Mahmoudian A. , Scales W. A. , Taylor S. , Morton Y. , Bernhardt P. A. , Briczinski S. J. , Ghader S.
Published: May 2018

Artificial ionospheric GPS phase scintillation effects excited during the fourth gyroharmonic (4fce) heating at the High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program along with a theoretical model for the associated ionospheric irregularities are presented in this paper. The generation mechanism and time evolution of artificial GPS phase scintillation have been investigated using the simultaneous collected data including GPS scintillation, wideband stimulated electromagnetic emissions (WSEE), and ionosonde. The generation of the broad upshifted maximum, a WSEE spectral line associated with super small striation, through the four‐wave decay instability is studied using a theoretical model. The possible role of decameter‐scale irregularities within the Fresnel zone as well as super small striation in the GPS phase scintillation is investigated using the correlation of WSEE features with the scintillation data. Time evolution of slant total electron content (STEC) data and modulation of GPS phase and amplitude are compared with the theoretical model to study the plasma waves involved in the scintillation process. The similarity of theoretical and previously developed computational results, with the observations, is discussed. Specifically, the time evolution of STEC fluctuations including an initial growth period and subsequent saturation has been compared with the estimated growth rate of upper hybrid and electron Bernstein waves using the theoretical calculations as well as previous computational results. The damping process associated with the decay of STEC fluctuations after the initial growth has been investigated by considering the nonlinear behavior of electron Bernstein waves obtained from the computational model.
Impact of Spatially Variable Collision Efficiency on the Transport of Biocolloids in Geochemically Heterogeneous Porous Media
Authors: Katzourakis Vasileios E. , Chrysikopoulos Constantinos V.
Published: May 2018

The effect of spatially variable attachment coefficient on biocolloid transport in geochemically heterogeneous porous formations was investigated numerically with a newly developed three–dimensional mathematical model. The biocolloid transport model accounts for horizontal uniform flow in water saturated porous media, and assumes that the biocolloid attachment varies spatially with a constant mean and random fluctuations. Biocolloid particles can either be suspended in the aqueous phase or attached (reversibly or irreversibly) onto the solid matrix. Multiple random realizations of geochemically heterogeneous porous media were employed in order to obtain appropriate ensemble mean concentration distributions, which subsequently were used for classical moment analysis. Emphasis was given in the proper selection of the number of realizations required for the correct ensemble mean estimation of a stochastic variable. The results showed that the existence of spatially variable biocolloid attachment efficiency, caused by geochemical heterogeneity, strongly contributes to an early time substantial increase in biocolloid spreading, an effect that asymptotically dissipated when the migrating biocolloid plume had sampled all of the geochemical heterogeneity within the porous formation. Furthermore, biocolloid plume spreading and enhanced transport were shown to increase with increasing variability of the attachment coefficient. Our findings suggested that neglecting to account for aquifer chemical heterogeneity may lead to erroneous predictions of biocolloid transport in porous media.
What Can We Do to Forecast Tsunami Hazards in the Near Field Given Large Epistemic Uncertainty in Rapid Seismic Source Inversions?
Authors: Cienfuegos Rodrigo , Catalán Patricio A. , Urrutia Alejandro , Benavente Roberto , Aránguiz Rafael , González Gabriel
Published: May 2018

The variability in obtaining estimates of tsunami inundation and runup on a near‐real‐time tsunami hazard assessment setting is evaluated. To this end, 19 different source models of the Maule Earthquake were considered as if they represented the best available knowledge an early tsunami warning system could consider. Results show that large variability can be observed in both coseismic deformation and tsunami variables such as inundated area and maximum runup. This suggests that using single source model solutions might not be appropriate unless categorical thresholds are used. Nevertheless, the tsunami forecast obtained from aggregating all source models is in good agreement with observed quantities, suggesting that the development of seismic source inversion techniques in a Bayesian framework or generating stochastic finite fault models from a reference inversion solution could be a viable way of dealing with epistemic uncertainties in the framework of nearly‐real‐time tsunami hazard mapping.
Deep Structure of Northern Apennines Subduction Orogen (Italy) as Revealed by a Joint Interpretation of Passive and Active Seismic Data
Authors: Piana Agostinetti Nicola , Faccenna Claudio
Published: May 2018

The Apennines is a well‐studied orogeny formed by the accretion of continental slivers during the subduction of the Adriatic plate, but its deep structure is still a topic of controversy. Here we illuminated the deep structure of the Northern Apennines belt by combining results from the analysis of active seismic (CROP03) and receiver function data. The result from combining these two approaches provides a new robust view of the structure of the deep crust/upper mantle, from the back‐arc region to the Adriatic subduction zone. Our analysis confirms the shallow Moho depth beneath the back‐arc region and defines the top of the downgoing plate, showing that the two plates separate at depth about 40 km closer to the trench than reported in previous reconstructions. This spatial relationship has profound implications for the geometry of the shallow subduction zone and of the mantle wedge, by the amount of crustal material consumed at trench.
Retracted: Evaporation Dynamics and NaCl Precipitation on Capillarity‐Coupled Heterogeneous Porous Surfaces
Authors: Bergstad Mina , Or Dani , Withers Philip J. , Shokri Nima
Published: May 2018

Evaporation of saline water from porous media and associated salt deposition are important for many applications ranging from soil salinization to the protection of archeological and civil structures. We investigate the effects of textural heterogeneity of porous media on evaporative salt precipitation patterns. Textural heterogeneity has been introduced into sand columns to form capillary‐interacting porous domains comprised different particle sizes. Several levels of textural contrasts were experimentally studied in terms of their effects on drying rates, salt precipitation patterns, and drying front displacement rates. Results show that in contrast with evaporation of pure water, evaporation of saline solutions from media with textural contrasts exerted only a minor effect on evaporation rates. This difference is attributed to enhanced liquid transport within the highly porous precipitated salt on the surface. The presence of textural contrasts significantly enhanced preferential spread of salt precipitation on the surface. The enhancement is attributed to low surface water content of the coarse domain and larger spacing between remaining evaporating wet pore clusters in which greater local evaporation rates are accelerating salt precipitation. The study illustrates the interactions between the water characteristic curve, preferential drying front displacement and subsequent salt deposition patterns, as also seen in high resolution X‐ray Computed tomography (CT) used to verify the suggested mechanisms. The study provides new insights into mechanisms of saline water evaporation and the complex effects of porous media heterogeneity on salt precipitation patterns and dynamics; all critical ingredients for enhanced understanding of the salt distribution in and transport in soils.
A fiber optoacoustic guide with augmented reality for precision breast-conserving surgery
Authors: Lan Lu , Xia Yan , Li Rui , Liu Kaiming , Mai Jieying , Medley Jennifer Anne , Obeng-Gyasi Samilia , Han Linda K. , Wang Pu , Cheng Ji-Xin
Published: May 2018

Lumpectomy, also called breast-conserving surgery, has become the standard surgical treatment for early-stage breast cancer. However, accurately locating the tumor during a lumpectomy, especially when the lesion is small and nonpalpable, is a challenge. Such difficulty can lead to either incomplete tumor removal or prolonged surgical time, which result in high re-operation rates (~25%) and increased surgical costs. Here, we report a fiber optoacoustic guide (FOG) with augmented reality (AR) for sub-millimeter tumor localization and intuitive surgical guidance with minimal interference. The FOG is preoperatively implanted in the tumor. Under external pulsed light excitation, the FOG omnidirectionally broadcasts acoustic waves through the optoacoustic effect by a specially designed nano-composite layer at its tip. By capturing the acoustic wave, three ultrasound sensors on the breast skin triangulate the FOG tip’s position with 0.25-mm accuracy. An AR system with a tablet measures the coordinates of the ultrasound sensors and transforms the FOG tip’s position into visual feedback with <1-mm accuracy, thus aiding surgeons in directly visualizing the tumor location and performing fast and accurate tumor removal. We further show the use of a head-mounted display to visualize the same information in the surgeons’ first-person view and achieve hands-free guidance. Towards clinical application, a surgeon successfully deployed the FOG to excise a “pseudo tumor” in a female human cadaver. With the high-accuracy tumor localization by FOG and the intuitive surgical guidance by AR, the surgeon performed accurate and fast tumor removal, which will significantly reduce re-operation rates and shorten the surgery time.