bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neutralization of Oppositions between Accentual Patterns in Japanese
Authors: Akamatsu Tsutomu
Published: December 2008

RéSUMé En japonais parlé dit « standard » il y a, selon mon analyse, huit schémas accentuels qui sont considérés comme huit Variantes dérivant de ce que j’appelle le schéma accentuel architypique. Or, l’établissement de ces huit schémas accentuels n’est possible que dans des contextes bien déterminés, c’est-à-dire devant certains enclitiques (par ex. /ka | á/ « de »). Soulignons que le contexte prépausal n’est pas un contexte où l’opposition entre les huit schémas accentuels est valable. Ce qu’on observe devant d’autres enclitiques c’est ou bien la neutralisation de l’opposition entre Variantes ou bien la simple non-apparition de Variantes. J’insiste que dans toute étude des schémas accentuels en japonais, on doit opérer avec le concept d’ « unité mora ïque », jamais avec celui de « syllabe ».
À propos du statut des diphtongues en arabe standard
Authors: Alioua Ahmed , Shoul Mostafa
Published: December 2008

RéSUMé The problem of diphthongs in Standard Arabic is still a topical question, since aj/ai and aw/au are anlyzed by different authors as monophonemic diphthongs, sequences of phonemes or both. To clear this matter up, we resorted to acoustic analyses, but these were not conclusive. Phonological argumentation, however, proved more helpful in determining the phonological status of aj and aw.
Implications pratiques de la phonologie fonctionnelle : de la méthodologie de recherche à l'intervention didactique
Authors: Blanchet Philippe
Published: December 2008

RéSUMé Although phonology might seem to be a very abstract part of linguistics, it can be looked upon as a fundamental field of what one might refer to as « involved linguistics » (rather than merely « applied linguistics »). The founding role of functional phonology in the shaping of Martinet’s methods and theory, and thereafter, in the shaping of methods and theories in ground linguistics (particulary in sociolinguistics), is analysed through Martinet and other functionalists’ works. Moreover, functional phonology also suggests useful backgrounds and tools for the teaching of so-called « second » or « foreign » languages. This point is studied by comparing Martinet’s proposals to various sources from the field of language teaching. In conclusion, the author emphasizes the success of functional phonology in « general » linguistics, and stresses ways by which phonology could better involve itself in the teaching of languages. Functional phonology would consequently be of great use for a better comprehension and acceptance of linguistic diversity.
Las vibrantes en el portugués brasileno: caracterizacion fonético- fonologica
Authors: Hoyos-Andrade Rafael Eugenio
Published: December 2008

RéSUMé This paper deals with the phonological definition of « trills », in Brazilian Portuguese. The phonemic existence of two distinctive R’s, one « soft » the other « strong », is taken for granted. After reviewing the ideas of some Portuguese speaking phoneticians on this matter, 146 occurrences of R’s – recorded by two informants – were acoustically analyzed. The formants’ general aspect and the length of the R segments were studied in the resulting spectrograms. The phonological table displayed in the conclusion does not include any trill. The « soft » phoneme /r/, instead, is classified as an « interrupted apico-alveolar tap » with a « retroflex » allophone /R]. Neutralization between these two units is discarded.
Le système vocalique du français du Québec. De l'acoustique à la phonologie
Authors: Martin Pierre
Published: December 2008

RéSUMé This study has two different goals, one being descriptive, the other theoretical. To begin with, we present the main acoustical features of all the allophones of the vowels of French from Quebec. Twelve students (six male, six female) attending Laval University in Quebec city served as informants. Our corpus contains nearly 2,000 vowels, taken from all environments of the speech chain. For this purpose, 159 different words were used. The properties closely scrutinised are length, and the value of the first two formants. Then, on a theoretical level, we attempt to show precisely how it is useful and even necessary to carry out such an analysis in order to better understand the structural forces at hand in a phonological system.
Connectedness
Authors: Rastall Paul
Published: December 2008

Il n’est pas toujours facile de déterminer les limites des constructions syntaxiques dans les énoncés. Il existe des énoncés qu’on pourrait interpréter comme constitués d’une construction autonome ou de deux constructions autonomes, mais liées dans le message global, voire les deux à la fois. L’existence de relations syntaxiques « lâches » exige qu’on admette des constructions syntaxiques appropriées dans les modèles descriptifs et qu’on rejette l’apriorisme de la grammaire traditionnelle ainsi que le fait d’imposer des solutions tirées de langues occidentales. L’existence d’associations linguistiques aux niveaux des relations syntagmatiques et sémantiques, tout comme l’existence du « discours » et de la métaphore et l’application d’une logique pratique impliquent des processus non conventionnels, voire non linguistiques, dans la formation et l’interprétation des messages au-delà des relations syntaxiques. Tandis que les traits formels des énoncés et les traits parataxiques sont révélateurs des fonctions syntaxiques, quels traits indiquent que l’on a affaire à une métaphore ou à une autre association non conventionnelle ?
The space between: Self-translator Nancy Huston's Limbes/Limbo
Authors: Danby Nicola
Published: December 2008

Cet article examine un aspect très récent des écrits de Nancy Huston sur le bilinguisme, l’identité culturelle et la pratique de l’autotraduction: l’écriture bilingue simultanée. Il propose une comparaison entre la première édition d’un texte intitulé Limbes/Limbo: un hommage à Samuel Beckett et sa version originale bilingue, intitulée Limbes. Alors que le second texte passe d’une langue à l’autre, les changements y étant déclenchés tour à tour par la forme et par le sens, le premier garde les deux langues nettement séparées – français et anglais en regard. Soigneusement positionnées, les transpositions de forme et de contenu révèlent les négociations souterraines entre les deux moitiés d’un être intérieurement partagé. Les textes de Huston sont la matérialisation ou, mieux, la transcription du flot de conscience émanant d’un esprit qui n’est totalement investi ni par l’anglais ni par le français.
A tale of three translations
Authors: Chu Del Aguila Elsa , Fragkou Effrossyni , Michael Anthony
Published: December 2008

Cet article retrace les grandes lignes d’un effort collectif pour rendre, dans trois langues (anglais, espagnol et grec), le langage politiquement correct (le  PC ) sciemment ironisé, voire ridiculisé, à travers une réécriture française d’un conte classique pour enfants. L’objectif visé est d’en dégager, sur la base d’un modèle de traduction fonctionnaliste, les processus traductionnels mis à l’œuvre par les trois traducteurs. L’analyse qui suit révèle les défis propres à chaque langue et culture ainsi que les solutions provisoirement trouvées, soit individuellement, soit à travers un processus de consultation-confrontation.
Realisational sequences in grammar
Authors: Rastall Paul
Published: December 2008

Dans cet article sont examinées les différentes fonctions des séquences susceptibles d’être réalisées (les soi-disant "ordres des mots") et de leurs variations/permutations. On peut considérer que certaines variations de séquence sont employées à des fins communicatives au niveau des syntagmes et au niveau des phrases.
Code-switching in Yiddish: A Typology
Authors: Szulmajster-Celnikier Anne
Published: December 2008

Tandis que la plupart des études sur l’alternance codique ou code-switching  (CS) se fondent sur des corpus de discours interactif, le présent article se propose de considérer, au sein du yidiche, un corpus (oral et écrit) plus élaboré, à savoir : chansons populaires, énoncés humoristiques, narration historique, et fragment littéraire. Cette recherche s’intéresse par conséquent plus à l’aspect collectif qu’individuel de la parole. Trois types et six fonctions caractérisent particulièrement le CS yidiche, qui se trouvent associés à certaines contraintes structurelles. Une différenciation est établie entre CS conscient et inconscient, libre et conditionné. Cet article aboutit à la conclusion que le CS en yidiche, loin de constituer une aliénation linguistique, représente au contraire un moyen supplémentaire de communication, économique, efficace et diversifié, au service des yidichophones bilingues et multilingues.
The phonological status of the glottal stop in British English
Authors: Akamatsu Tsutomu
Published: December 2008

Le coup de glotte [?] est une des diverses manifestations du phonème /t/ en anglais britannique. Je me propose de discuter le statut phonologique de ce coup de glotte et de confirmer qu’il convient bien d’attribuer le trait pertinent "apical" à /t/ en anglais britannique. Au cours de la discussion, il se révèle que le coup de glotte manifeste également un archiphonème (que je note /p-t-k/). Il convient de souligner deux points en particulier: premièrement, l’identification de tout trait pertinent, à laquelle on arrive au cours de l’épreuve de commutation, se fonde sur le critère d’ ‘opposition’ et, deuxièmement, l’objet de la discussion qui suit démontre indubitablement le principe fonctionnaliste selon lequel il n’y a pas nécessairement de correspondance entre réalité physique et fonction linguistique.
Aesthetic responses and the “cloudiness” of language: is there an aesthetic function of language?
Authors: Rastall Paul
Published: December 2008

Cette étude considère le rôle de l’esthétique dans le langage et la place qu’il occupe dans les réactions aux traits volontairement ou involontairement transmis par les langues sur le plan de l’information. Tout en rejetant une soi-disant "fonction esthétique", l’article précise aussi le rôle des facteurs esthétiques dans l’évolution linguistique et dans certaines associations synchroniques. On propose que l’intuition esthétique explique en partie la nature imprévisible des actes verbaux – leur aspect "nuageux".
A computer‐aided visualization tool for stochastic theory education in water resources engineering
Authors: Schwenk Jonathan , Hossain Faisal , Huddleston David
Published: January 2009

In this paper, we propose and demonstrate the proof‐of‐concept for a computer‐aided visualization tool for stochastic theory education in water resources engineering. Using Java Native Interfacing, the tool can wrap a space‐time stochastic model written in any computer language and also not require any specific language compiler during tool usage. This feature also allows the tool to be implemented very easily on any configuration of currently used classroom PCs. We also gauged the merit of a computer‐aided visualization tool in the classroom by conducting a survey of the civil engineering (CE) curricula of US universities. Questionnaires were distributed to the instructors via an online survey. Eighty‐four percent of the universities surveyed were found to offer a general semblance of stochastic theory education in their curriculum for CE. A similar percentage of the total 241 courses that we initially surveyed were found to be available at the graduate level, while 4.5% and 11.5% were either dual‐listed or undergraduate‐level courses, respectively. Forty universities were found to have complete (integrated) courses dedicated to stochastic theory education (or a near‐relative related discipline). 11.2% (27) of these courses were relevant to water resources engineering, while only 9.5% (23 courses) were related to surface water hydrology. Only 62.5% of instructors were active users of some kind of computer‐aided visualization tools for classroom instruction. All instructors believed that a rapid visualization system to represent the effect of input (i.e., an aspect of stochastic theory) on output (i.e., application or representation of variability) would enhance the technology as a learning tool. Surveyed instructors were unanimous in their willingness to integrate such an instruction tool for teaching theory using real‐world examples of water resources engineering. However, 42% felt that such a tool would need to be user‐friendly and graphically very attractive in order to be popular among students. We believe that with the demonstration of proof‐of‐concept of our proposed computer‐aided visualization tool, the effectiveness of modernizing course curricula in CE for undergraduate water resources education can be made more compatible with the needs of the 21st century and that there is indeed sustainable demand in the classrooms for its institutional development. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 17: 398–411, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20233
Seroconversion to hepatitis C virus alternate reading frame protein during acute infection #
Authors: Morice Yoann , Ratinier Maxime , Miladi Ahmed , Chevaliez Stéphane , Germanidis Georgios , Wedemeyer Heiner , Laperche Syria , Lavergne Jean-Pierre , Pawlotsky Jean-Michel
Published: January 2009

The existence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) proteins encoded by alternate reading frames overlapping the core-encoding region has been suggested. Several mechanisms of production have been postulated, and the functions of these proteins in the HCV life cycle remain unknown. We analyzed cases of seroconversion to an alternate reading frame protein in a group of 17 patients infected by one of the two HCV genotype 1b strains during an outbreak in a hemodialysis unit. Three patients seroconverted, and antibodies were transiently detected in another patient. Three of these patients were infected by one of the two HCV strains, whereas the strain infecting the remaining patient could not be identified. Quasispecies sequence analysis of the core-coding region showed no differences in the core or +1 reading frame sequences that could explain alternate reading frame protein seroconversion in some but not all of the patients infected by one of the HCV strains, and no such difference was found between the two strains. Because differences in the structure of RNA elements could play a role in frameshift events, we conducted a predictive analysis of RNA folding. No difference was found between the patients who did and did not seroconvert to alternate reading frame protein. Conclusion: Our findings prove that alternate reading frame proteins can be produced during acute HCV infection. However, seroconversion does not occur in all patients for unknown reasons. Alternate reading frame protein could be generated by minority quasispecies variants or variants that occur transiently. (Hepatology 2009.)
Fabric softeners: nearly instantaneous characterization and quality control of cationic surfactants by easy ambient sonic‐spray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Saraiva Sérgio A. , Abdelnur Patrícia V. , Catharino Rodrigo R. , Nunes George , Eberlin Marcos N.
Published: January 2009

A tiny droplet of typical samples of fabric softeners from different commercial brands placed on a smooth paper surface was subjected to easy ambient sonic‐spray ionization mass spectrometry (EASI‐MS). With no need for sample‐preparation or pre‐separation procedures, EASI‐MS and EASI‐MS/MS identify nearly instantaneously the main surfactants and the homologous series employed in their formulations. Adulterated and low quality samples containing no or less efficient softeners are also easily recognized. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet absorbance detection, electrospray ionization, collision‐induced dissociation and tandem mass spectrometry on a triple quadrupole for the on‐line characterization of polyphenols and methylxanthines in green coffee beans
Authors: Alonso‐Salces Rosa Maria , Guillou Claude , Berrueta Luis A.
Published: January 2009

Liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector, electrospray ionization, collision‐induced dissociation and tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐DAD/ESI‐CID‐MS/MS) on a triple quadrupole (QqQ) has been used to detect and characterize polyphenols and methylxanthines in green coffee beans: three phenolic acids (caffeic acid, ferulic acid and dimethoxycinnamic acid), three isomeric caffeoylquinic acids (Mr 354), three feruloylquinic acids (Mr 368), one p‐coumaroylquinic acid (Mr 338), three dicaffeoylquinic acids (Mr 516), three feruloyl‐caffeoylquinic acids (Mr 530), four p‐coumaroyl‐caffeoylquinic acids (Mr 500), three diferuloylquinic acids (Mr 544), six dimethoxycinnamoyl‐caffeoylquinic acids (Mr 544), three dimethoxycinnamoyl‐feruloylquinic acids (Mr 558), six cinnamoyl‐amino acid conjugates, three cinnamoyl glycosides, and three methylxanthines (caffeine, theobromine and theophylline). Dimethoxycinnamic acid, three isomers of dimethoxycinnamoyl‐caffeoylquinic acids and another three of dimethoxycinnamoyl‐feruloylquinic acids, as well as the three cinnamoyl glycosides, had not previously been reported in coffee beans. Structures have been assigned on the basis of the complementary information obtained from UV‐visible spectra, relative hydrophobicity, scan mode MS spectra, and fragmentation patterns in MS2 spectra (both in the positive and negative ion modes) obtained using a QqQ at different collision energies. A structure diagnosis scheme is provided for the identification of different isomers of polyphenols and methylxanthines. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimizing distortion for real‐time data gathering in randomly deployed sensor networks
Authors: Zhang Xiaobo , Wang Heping , Nait‐Abdesselam Farid , Khokhar Ashfaq
Published: January 2009

In several wireless sensor network applications, it is required to perform real‐time reconstruction of the data field being sensed by the network. This task is generally carried out at a central location, e.g. sink node, using a continuous data gathering phase and relying on the known correlation properties of the underlying data field. Estimating the overall spatial and temporal distortion in the reconstructed field is an important step toward deciding the number of sensors to be deployed and the data collection algorithm to be used. However, estimating distortion in arbitrary networks is a challenging task. Existing work has focused on regular network deployments such as one‐ and two‐dimensional girds. Such deployments are deemed infeasible in a realistic environment. In this paper, we consider one‐ and two‐dimensional random networks. For the analysis purposes, we assume that the nodes are randomly deployed following Poisson distribution. We determine the total distortion function given the correlation coefficients of the field while assuming a simple data gathering protocol. Based on this, we also determine the optimal number of nodes to be deployed in the field that will minimize distortion. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance improvement of TCP in ad hoc networks by mitigating channel contention
Authors: Kim Dongkyun , Yoo Hongseok
Published: January 2009

In ad hoc networks, the spatial reuse property limits the number of packets which can be spatially transmitted over a path. In standard Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), however, a TCP sender keeps transmitting packets without taking into account this property. This causes heavy contention for the wireless channel, resulting in the performance degradation of TCP flows. Hence, two techniques have been proposed independently in order to reduce the contention. First, a TCP sender utilizes a congestion window limit (CWL), by considering the spatial reuse property. This prevents the TCP sender from transmitting more than CWL number of packets at one time. Second, a delayed ack (DA) strategy is exploited in order to mitigate the contention between the TCP ACK and DATA packets. Recently, although TCP‐DAA (Dynamic Adaptive Acknowledgment) attempts to utilize a CWL‐based DA strategy, TCP‐DAA overlooks a dynamic correlation between these two techniques. This paper, therefore, reveals the dynamic correlation and also proposes a protocol which not only reduces the frequency of the TCP ACK transmissions but also determines a CWL value dynamically, according to network conditions. Simulation studies show that our protocol performs the best in various scenarios, as compared to TCP‐DAA and standard TCP (such as TCP‐NewReno). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carotid Artery Stenting Versus Carotid Endarterectomy: Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Liu Zhenjie , Shi Zhenyu , Wang Yuqi , Chen Bin , Zhu Ting , Si Yi , Fu Weiguo
Published: January 2009

Background

The aim of this study was to evaluate and investigate the complications of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and carotid artery stenting (CAS) by performing a meta‐analysis based on prospective randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Methods

We performed a search of multiple electronic databases for RCTs containing patients with carotid stenosis who underwent CAS or CEA, focusing on studies published during 1995–2008.

Results

Eight trials with 2942 patients (1462 with CEA, 1480 with CAS) were analyzed. The pooled relative risk (RR) after CEA for stroke/death 30 days or 1 year was similar to that for CAS. Thirty‐day RR = 0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.45–1.07, p = 0.10. One‐year RR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.43–1.79, p = 0.72. The rates of death, disabling stroke, and nondisabling stroke at 30 days did not differ significantly between CEA and CAS in the subgroup analysis. Compared with CEA, the relative risk of disabling stroke/death within 30 days was not significantly less for CAS with embolic protection devices (EPDs). The relative risk of myocardial infarction within 30 days, myocardial infarction within 1 year, and cervical/peripheral nerve injury within 30 days were significantly higher after CEA; the relative risk of bradycardia/hypotension within 30 days and the 1‐year restenosis rate were significantly higher after CAS.

Conclusions

CAS is equal to CEA with regard to the incidence of stroke/death. These procedures may be considered complementary rather than competing modes of therapy, each of which can be optimized with careful patient selection. CAS with an EPD may be appropriate in certain patients, and in general CAS should be considered cautiously in symptomatic patients.
Intrahepatic Bilioenteric Anastomosis After Biliary Complications of Liver Transplantation: Operative Rescue of Surgical Failures
Authors: Mercado Miguel Ángel , Vilatobá Mario , Chan Carlos , Domínguez Ismael , Leal Rafael Paulino , Olivera Marco Antonio
Published: January 2009

Background

Biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) are multifactorial in origin. In most series, the frequency of such complications ranges from 5–20%. Most can be treated by endoscopy and/or interventional radiology. For cases in which this option is not successful, surgical approach is indicated. We report the results of reoperation using an intrahepatic bilioenteric anastomosis.

Methods

The medical charts of patients with biliary complications after OLT during a 10‐year period (1997–2007), who failed to respond to nonsurgical treatment and were surgically treated, were reviewed. Roux‐en‐Y hepatojejunostomy was performed. Segments IV and V were partially removed after cutting the hilar plate, thus obtaining healthy ducts without ischemic or inflammatory reaction and allowing a wide hepatojejunostomy.

Results

Five cases (8.4%) with biliary complications after duct‐to‐duct anastomosis not amenable to further endoscopic management or interventional radiology were identified. Hepaticojejunostomy was achieved in all cases (wide, tension‐free, nonischemic, fine hydrolyzable sutures), and segments IV and V were partially removed. No cholangitis, jaundice, and liver function test abnormalities were present in the postoperative. Mean follow‐up was 24 months. Only one patient died of causes not related to bile duct reconstruction during follow‐up.

Conclusions

Intrahepatic hepatojejunostomy with partial resection of segments IV and V offers an excellent therapeutic alternative for biliary complications that require a surgical approach after OLT.
Globalization, Neo‐Liberalism and Community Psychology
Authors: Nafstad Hilde Eileen , Blakar Rolv Mikkel , Carlquist Erik , Phelps Joshua Marvle , Rand-Hendriksen Kim
Published: January 2009

A longitudinal analysis (1984–2005) of media language in Norway is presented, demonstrating how the current globalized capitalist market ideology is now permeating this long‐established Scandinavian welfare state. This ideological shift carries powerful implications for community psychology, as traditional welfare state values of equal services based on a universalistic principle are set aside, and social and material inequalities are increasingly accepted. The methodology developed in the present study may serve as a “barometer of community changes”, to borrow a metaphor used by Sarason (2000).
Phenylalanine tolerance can already reliably be assessed at the age of 2 years in patients with PKU
Authors: van Spronsen F. J. , van Rijn M. , Dorgelo B. , Hoeksma M. , Bosch A. M. , Mulder M. F. , de Klerk J. B. C. , de Koning T. , Rubio‐Gozalbo M. Estela , de Vries M. , Verkerk P. H.
Published: January 2009

Background:

The clinical severity of phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency is usually defined by either pre‐treatment phenylalanine (Phe) concentration or Phe tolerance at 5 years of age. So far, little is known about the course of Phe tolerance or the ability of both pre‐treatment Phe and Phe tolerance at early age to predict Phe tolerance at later age.

Aim:

This study was conducted to investigate the course of the individual Phe tolerance and to assess the predictive value of both the pre‐treatment Phe concentration and Phe tolerance at 1 and 6 months and 1, 2, 3 and 5 years for Phe tolerance at 10 years of age.

Method:

Data on blood Phe concentration, prescribed Phe intake and weight of 213 early and continuously treated Dutch PKU patients up to 10 years of age were collected. Data acquired under good metabolic control were used in the study. Tolerance was expressed in mg/day and mg/kg per day.

Results:

Data at 1 and 6 months and at 1, 2, 3 and 5 years of 61, 58, 59, 57, 56 and 59 patients were included for comparison with the Phe tolerance at 10 years. Phe tolerances (mg/kg per day) at 2, 3 and 5 years showed a clear correlation with the tolerance at 10 years of age (r = 0.608, r = 0.725 and r = 0.661). Results for tolerance expressed as mg/day were comparable. Pre‐treatment Phe concentrations did not correlate significantly with the tolerance.

Conclusion:

Pre‐treatment Phe is unreliable but Phe tolerance is a reliable predictor of the tolerance at 10 years of age, starting at 2 years of age.
A PEX10 defect in a patient with no detectable defect in peroxisome assembly or metabolism in cultured fibroblasts
Authors: Steinberg S. J. , Snowden A. , Braverman N. E. , Chen L. , Watkins P. A. , Clayton P. T. , Setchell K. D. R. , Heubi J. E. , Raymond G. V. , Moser A. B. , Moser H. W.
Published: January 2009

Zellweger spectrum disorders (ZSD) are diagnosed by biochemical assay in blood, urine and cultured fibroblasts and PEX gene mutation identification. In most cases studies in fibroblasts corroborate results obtained in body fluids. In 1996 Clayton and colleagues described a 10‐year old girl with evidence of a peroxisome disorder, based on elevated bile acid metabolites and phytanate. At the time it was not possible to distinguish whether she had a ZSD or a single peroxisomal protein defect. Studies in our laboratory showed that she also had elevated plasma pipecolate, supporting the former diagnosis. Despite the abnormal metabolites detected in blood (phytanate, bile acid intermediates and pipecolate), analysis of multiple peroxisomal pathways in fibroblasts yielded normal results. In addition, she had a milder clinical phenotype than usually associated with ZSD. Since complementation analysis to determine the gene defect was not possible, we screened this patient following the PEX Gene Screen algorithm (PGS). The PGS provides a template for sequencing PEX gene exons independent of complementation analysis. Two mutations in PEX10 were identified, a frameshift mutation inherited from her father and a de novo missense mutation in a conserved functional domain on the other allele. This case highlights that molecular analysis may be essential to the diagnosis of patients at the milder end of the ZSD spectrum. Furthermore, it supports the concept that some tissues are less affected by certain PEX gene defects than brain and liver.
The Second Passover, Pilgrimage, and the Centralized Cult
Authors: Chavel Simeon
Published: January 2009

The passage in Numbers 9:1-14 presents new legislation on the Passover sacrifice. For one who contracted impurity immediately prior to the Passover or was too far away to participate in it, the amendment prescribes an alternate date, one month later:

When any of you or your posterity who are defiled by a corpse or are on a long journey would offer a passover sacrifice to the Lord, they shall offer it in the second month, on the fourteenth day of the month, at twilight (vv. 10-11).
The Job of Judaism and the Job of Kant
Authors: Mittleman Alan
Published: January 2009

The presents its chief protagonist in two discrepant ways: Job the patient and Job the rebel. Ancient Jewish interpretations of Job praise Job the patient and condemn, or at least do not praise, Job the rebel. Modern Jewish interpretations, by contrast, praise Job the rebel and scant the patient, pious Job of the frame story. Job the rebel becomes a model of sincerity or authenticity, a chief value of modernity. Job the patient and pious sufferer so celebrated by antiquity is at best an ambivalent figure.
Rcan1 negatively regulates FcɛRI-mediated signaling and mast cell function
Authors: Yang Yong Jun , Chen Wei , Edgar Alexander , Li Bo , Molkentin Jeffery D. , Berman Jason N. , Lin Tong-Jun
Published: January 2009

Aggregation of the high affinity IgE receptor (FcɛRI) activates a cascade of signaling events leading to mast cell activation. Subsequently, inhibitory signals are engaged for turning off activating signals. We identified that regulator of calcineurin (Rcan) 1 serves as a negative regulator for turning off FcɛRI-mediated mast cell activation. FcɛRI-induced Rcan1 expression was identified by suppression subtractive hybridization and verified by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Deficiency of Rcan1 led to increased calcineurin activity, increased nuclear factor of activated T cells and nuclear factor κB activation, increased cytokine production, and enhanced immunoglobulin E–mediated late-phase cutaneous reactions. Forced expression of Rcan1 in wild-type or Rcan1-deficient mast cells reduced FcɛRI-mediated cytokine production. Rcan1 deficiency also led to increased FcɛRI-mediated mast cell degranulation and enhanced passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. Analysis of the Rcan1 promoter identified a functional Egr1 binding site. Biochemical and genetic evidence suggested that Egr1 controls Rcan1 expression. Our results identified Rcan1 as a novel inhibitory signal in FcɛRI-induced mast cell activation and established a new link of Egr1 and Rcan1 in FcɛRI signaling.
Humidity Dependence of Apparent Dielectric Constant for DSP Cement Materials at High Frequencies
Authors: Hu Ang , Fang Yonghan , Young J. Francis , Oh Young‐Jei
Published: January 2009

The relationship between humidity and dielectric constant for cement densified with small particles (DSP) has been studied in the relative humidity range 0%‐93% and the frequency range 1 MHz to 1 GHz. The calculated dielectric constant appears to increase with increasing humidity as a linear relation at fixed frequency. According to experimental data and basic principles for dielectrics, two experimental expressions are suggested for heterogeneous dielectric materials to describe the observed behavior of the dielectric constant. The expressions fit the experimental data well in the frequency range studied. Apparent dielectric constant decreases with increasing frequency. Polarization of DSP cement is also discussed.
Thermodilatometric Characterization for Devitrification of a Micaceous Dental Glass‐Ceramic
Authors: Bapna Mahendra S. , Mueller Herbert J.
Published: January 2009

The devitrification of an uncerammed micaceous glass‐ceramic used for dental applications was studied by thermodilatometry and compared with the kinetics of mica crystallization studied by differential thermal analysis. The thermodilatometry plots and their derivative plots revealed thermally impeded processes, namely, structural relaxation, glass softening and nucleation, and crystallization, and they were characterized by glass‐transition temperature, glass‐softening temperatures, and crystallization temperature. The heating‐rate dependence for these characteristic temperatures was used to determine the activation energy for structural relaxation of 338 kJ·mol‐1, the activation energy for viscous flow of 276 kJ·mol‐1, and the apparent activation energy for crystallization of 286 kJ·mol‐1 by one model and 342 kJ·mol‐1 by another model. The similar magnitudes for these activation energies suggested the mechanisms for different thermal processes involved analogous molecular motions. Furthermore, the activation energy for crystallization of the micaceous phase of the glass‐ceramic could be estimated from thermodilatometry plots, because it was comparable in magnitude to that obtained from the widely used nonisothermal differential thermal analysis method. Finally, the dilatometry and scanning electron microscopy studies strengthened the earlier opinion that the devitrification of the base glass is a single‐step process, that is, without occurrence of an intermediate phase before the formation of the final crystalline phase.
Dynamics of the Cation Mixing of MgAl2O4 and ZnAl2O4 Spinel
Authors: Kashii Naohito , Maekawa Hideki , Hinatsu Yukio
Published: January 2009

The kinetics of the site exchange reaction of Al3+ cations between tetrahedral and octahedral sites in MgAl2O4 and ZnAl2O4 spinel in natural and synthetic powdered samples was determined by 27Al MAS‐NMR spectroscopy with a high‐speed magic‐angle‐spinning probe using samples heat‐treated for different time periods. Three site fittings to the 27Al NMR spectra, one tetrahedral site [4]Al and two octahedral sites ([6]Al(1) and [6]Al(2)), reasonably reproduced the observed spectra. Among these three sites, [6]Al(2) and [4]Al showed a broad distribution of the nuclear‐quadrupole coupling constant, which suggests a distorted coordination environment of the Al ions. In the ZnAl2O4 spinel, the observed degree of cation disorder and its temperature variation are quite small, which is consistent with previous thermodynamic measurements. For the MgAl2O4 spinel, the change in the concentration of [4]Al versus time was fitted well by a single exponential function. This suggests that the reaction [6]Al +[4]Mg →[4]Al +[6]Mg is a first‐order reaction. An almost linear relationship between the inverse temperature and the logarithm of the reaction rate yielded an activation energy of 260 ± 30 kJ/mol. The reverse rate for the reaction [4]Al +[6]Mg →[6]Al +[4]Mg was also determined. The reverse rate was also shown to be first order and the reaction rates were 2 orders greater than those of the forward reaction. The ratio of the rate constants for the forward and reverse reactions gives a reasonable nonconfigurational free energy change for the cation exchange of MgAl2O4 spinel.
Surface Roughening and Unstable Neck Formation in Faceted Particles: II, Mathematical Modeling
Authors: Sheldon Brain W. , Rankin Janet
Published: January 2009

Unstable neck formation between two isolated particles was analyzed by considering the effects of both faceted and rounded (i.e., “atomically rough”) surfaces. Mathematical descriptions of both neck growth and rupture are devel‐oped here. Calculations conducted with these formulations can explain the neck instability observed by Rankin and Boatner. The analysis and the experimental data suggest that the energy barrier associated with forming a new atomic layer on top of a faceted surface can restrict the shape evolution of a crystalline particle, even at moderately high temperatures. The analysis also indicates that this en‐ergy barrier can be overcome when the positive curvature which initially exists at a facet/rough surface boundary re‐verses as a result of neck growth. This latter effect offers an explanation for neck rupture which is consistent with the experimental results. In addition to providing an explana‐tion for this phenomenon, the analyses presented here also demonstrate that surface phase boundaries and step energy barriers can have a significant effect on microstructure evolution during solid‐state sintering.
Kinetics of Tricalcium Aluminate Hydration in the Presence of Boric Acid and Calcium Hydroxide
Authors: Jr. Bothe James V. , Brown Paul W.
Published: January 2009

Isothermal calorimetry has been used to study the hydration behavior of tricalcium aluminate (3CaO·Al2O3) in the presence of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) and boric acid (H3BO3). Hydration has been initiated with water and boric acid solutions of 0.18M‐0.89Mand at constant temperatures of 25°‐55°C. The resulting hydration products have been characterized via X‐ray diffractometry. Hydration of a 1:1 molar mixture of 3CaO·Al2O3 and Ca(OH)2 in water forms 3CaO·Al2O3·6H2O and produces ∼241 kJ/mol of heat. In boric acid solutions with concentrations of >0.27M, well‐crystallized 4CaO·Al2O3·½B2O3·12H2O forms. The amount of heat that is generated increases as the H3BO3 concentration increases. At H3BO3 concentrations of >0.70M, the total amount of heat that is generated remains constant at ∼330 kJ/mol. The rate curves that are associated with hydration in boric acid solutions of >0.27Mare characterized by two reaction peaks, which are separated by an induction period. The first peak indicates initial and rapid hydration, which occurs during the first hour. The second thermal event reflects the remainder of the 3CaO·Al2O3 that is being consumed. The length of the induction period increases as the H3BO3 concentration increases and decreases as the temperature increases. Such behavior is indicative of diffusion‐controlled processes. An amorphous calcium borate layer is believed to precipitate around the active 3CaO·Al2O3 particles, which retards hydration. Higher temperatures and/or solutions of lower H3BO3 content favor the formation of highly crystalline reaction products. These conditions are associated with a short induction period. The rapid precipitation of 4CaO·Al2O3·½B2O3·12H2O under such conditions may cause “flash set.”
Lattice Constants and Compositions of Manganese‐Bearing Ferrites
Authors: Kanzaki Tado , Bannai Manabu , Kitayama Kenzo
Published: January 2009

When manganese‐bearing ferrites (MnxFe3‐xO4‐delta, with x= 0.17‐1.09) were prepared in the present study via a solid‐state reaction, manganese ions were incorporated into the lattice sites of the ferrites in the divalent state. The lattice constant (a0) of those ferrites increased linearly as the manganese composition xincreased. A ferrite with x= 1.28 contained manganese ions with a valence state higher than 3+; however, no further increase in a0 occurred at valences higher than 2+.
Kinetic Model for Crystallization in White Ceramic Glazes
Authors: Escardino Agustin
Published: January 2009

Theoretical equations have been developed for crystal growth rate in layers of small frit (glass) particles during firing. Throughout the process, the crystalline and the glassy phases have different compositions; therefore, the system can be considered a pseudo‐two‐component system consisting of a crystallizable component (structural unit) and a noncrystallizable mixture of several components. The concentration of the crystallizable component decreases in the residual glassy phase during the crystal growth process, on integrating at the surfaces of crystals having the same composition. Throughout the crystal growth process, a concentration gradient of the crystallizable component is therefore produced in the glassy phase, which results in mass transport by diffusion of this component from the bulk residual glassy phase to the surfaces of the crystals. Equations have been derived assuming that the diffusion step of the crystallizable component through the residual glassy phase is the overall crystal growth process rate‐controlling step.
Sol–Gel Processing and Characterization of Pure and Metal‐Doped SnO2 Thin Films
Authors: Epifani Mauro , Alvisi Marco , Mirenghi Luciana , Leo Gabriella , Siciliano Pietro , Vasanelli Lorenzo
Published: January 2009

A chloride‐based inorganic sol–gel route was used for preparing pure and metal (osmium, nickel, palladium, platinum)‐doped SnO2 sol. SnCl4 was first reacted with propanol, then the resulting compound was hydrolyzed and subsequently mixed with solutions of the metal dopants. The obtained sols were used for depositing thin films by spin coating or for preparing powders by solvent evaporation at 110°C. FTIR spectroscopy and thermal analysis of the powders revealed that chlorine still bound to tin stabilized the sol against gelation by hindering the condensation reactions. Film characterizations showed that platinum and palladium, unlike nickel and osmium, were likely to form nanoparticles in the SnO2 lattice. This result was discussed with regard to the different ways that platinum and palladium, on one hand, and nickel and osmium, on the other, modified the growth of SnO2 grains and the film roughness and morphology. Dopants that formed nanoparticles (platinum, palladium) resulted in the roughest film, while dopants that did not form particles (nickel, osmium) resulted in SnO2 grain size very close to that of pure SnO2.
Synthesis, Structure Determination, and Aqueous Durability of Cs2ZrSi3O9
Authors: Balmer M. Lou , Su Yali , Xu Hongwu , Bitten Eric , McCready David , Navrotsky Alexandra
Published: January 2009

The structure of Cs2ZrSi3O9 synthesized using a sol–gel method was determined from the Rietveld refinement of experimental powder X‐ray diffraction data. The refinement confirmed that this compound was isostructural with wadeite: its structure was hexagonal (space group P63/m), and its lattice parameters were a= 7.2303(2) Å and c= 10.2682(4) Å. The aqueous durability of Cs2ZrSi3O9 varied, depending on the solution conditions. In modified leach tests with buffered (pH 7) and unbuffered solutions, the 7‐d cesium release rates were <1.2 × 10−4 g·(m2·day)−1, which indicated high aqueous durability. However, in unsaturated, unbuffered solutions with a pH of 9–10, the durability was much lower, with 7‐d cesium release rates of 2.2 × 10−3 g·(m2·day)−1. The ability of this material to retain cesium in aqueous environments can be explained by its condensed ring structure, in which the size of the channel openings is smaller than the diameter of a Cs+ ion. However, dissolution of the network silicate occurred at high pH, which resulted in the release of cesium.
Phase Diagram Studies in the System Tl2O3–BaO–CaO–CuO–Ag
Authors: Majewski Peter J. , Jalowicki Arthur , Kaesche Stefanie , Aldinger Fritz
Published: January 2009

The phase relations within the system Tl2O3–BaO–CaO–CuO including Ag have been studied with emphasis on the high‐temperature superconducting phases TlBa2Ca2Cu3O8.5 (1223 phase), Tl2Ba2Ca2Cu3O10 (2223 phase), TlBa2CaCu2O6.5 (1212 phase), and Tl2Ba2CaCu2O8 (2212 phase) at 890°C in an oxygen atmosphere. 1223 has been found to be in equilibrium with a liquid phase that is Tl poor. 2223 and 2212 exhibit varying Tl/(Ba + Ca) ratios. The three‐phase field 1223 + 2223 + 2212 has been identified. The results of this study emphasize that multiphase samples can be prepared which consist of three superconducting phases, each exhibiting a critical temperature of 100 K or above.
IR and XPS Studies on the Surface Structure of Poled ZnO–TeO2 Glasses with Second‐Order Nonlinearity
Authors: Narazaki Aiko , Tanaka Katsuhisa , Hirao Kazuyuki , Hashimoto Tadanori , Nasu Hiroyuki , Kamiya Kanichi
Published: January 2009

The effect of thermal/electrical poling on the surface structure of 30ZnO·70TeO2 glass has been investigated by means of IR reflectance and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). All the poled glasses exhibit a common characteristic that the second‐order nonlinearity is induced preferentially in an anode‐side surface region. The reflectance from the anode‐side glass surface at around 635 cm− 1 assignable to the vibrational mode of the Te–Oax bond, where ax stands for the axial position of the TeO4 trigonal bipyramid, is smaller in comparison with both as‐annealed and cathode‐side surfaces. The XPS analysis of the anode‐side surface shows a depletion of Zn2+ ions and penetration of Na+ ions from the borosilicate glass which was placed between the sample and the anode during poling. These results suggest that the poling brings about both the breaking of the tellurite glass network and compositional changes at the anode‐side surface below which the second‐order nonlinearity is preferentially induced.
Dynamic Permeability Behavior during Drying of Refractory Castables Based on Calcium‐Free Alumina Binders
Authors: Ribeiro Caue , Innocentini Murilo D. M. , Pandolfelli Victor C.
Published: January 2009

Considerable efforts have been made to understand the dewatering behavior of refractory castables. Modeling of this process must be based on realistic heat and mass transfer data; hence, consistent values of castable properties are required, particularly permeability values, since these are the most important parameters that govern the process. Permeability values, however, are usually obtained at room temperature and therefore may not reflect the remarkable microstructural changes that take place during water removal. The problem has become more critical for castable compositions based on calcium‐free binders, in which the dehydration process is still unclear and explosive spalling is more likely to occur. This study has investigated the behavior of the dynamic permeability of high‐alumina calcium‐free refractory castables subjected to a drying process up to 700°C. Samples were previously treated at temperatures ranging from 110° to 1650°C to provide information on the castables’ reversible and irreversible microstructural changes. The results revealed fluctuations and a dramatic decrease in the permeability level near 200°C, which may help to explain the occurrence of explosive spalling in this class of castables.
Effect of Lead Content on the Structure and Electrical Properties of Pb((Zn1/3Nb2/3)0.5(Zr0.47Ti0.53)0.5)O3 Ceramics
Authors: Fan Huiqing , Kim Hyoun‐Ee
Published: January 2009

The effects of lead content on the structure and electrical properties of Pb((Zn1/3Nb2/3)0.5(Zr0.47Ti0.53)0.5)O3 ceramics were investigated. Specimens with various lead concentrations were prepared by the conventional oxide‐mixing method. When the lead concentration was slightly less than the stoichiometric amount, a large amount of pyrochlore phase was formed along with the perovskite phase. On the other hand, excessive amounts of lead led to the formation of PbO on the surface of the specimen. These second phases were seriously detrimental to electromechanical properties. The highest piezoelectric properties were observed when an excess of 1 mol% lead was added. By optimizing the specimen composition, excellent piezoelectric and dielectric properties (kp= 0.7, d33= 490 pC/N, and ɛm= 15000) were obtained.