bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changing Views on Family Diversity in Urban Korea
Authors: Yoo Gyesook
Published: April 2019

This study, based on a survey of 999 respondents in-Seoul, Korea, examines the degree to which respondents accept diverse family structures and explores the factors predicting acceptance of family diversity. The results show that the intact nuclear family is accepted as the typical normal family in urban Korea. On the contrary, the communal family, extended kin living together, homosexual couples, single households, and one’s ancestors are not viewed as families. Overall, the respondents demonstrate moderate levels of acceptance of family diversity. People who are older, more educated, female, and have more family income are more likely to accept family diversity than their counterparts. Respondents from more traditional family backgrounds are less likely to accept family diversity. The conclusions and implications of these findings are discussed.
Child Care by Poor Single Mothers: Study of Mother-Headed Families in India
Authors: Rani N. Indira
Published: April 2019

Child rearing, single handedly by mothers alone when the spouse is absent due to death, desertion/divorce has been a real challenge. It is further arduous for the mothers belonging to the poverty stricken families. These mothers are handicapped to provide the basic needs. Apart from that, they face many problems in bringing up their children such as childcare arrangements during their absence from home, the time spent with their children, problems with their schooling and behavioral problems exhibited by their children. The present article describes the problems being faced by these poor single mothers.
Premarital Characteristics, Selection into Marriage, and African American Marital Disruption
Authors: Clarkwest Andrew
Published: April 2019

African Americans have long experienced high marital disruption rates relative to other groups in the United States. Attempts to explain those differences using economic and demographic factors have met with limited success. Using longitudinal data from two waves of the National Survey of Families and Households, I examine the relationship between pre-marital attitudinal factors and the racial gap in marital disruption. I first compare the attitudes of initially unmarried African Americans who went on to marry with those of their non-African American counterparts. I find certain important differences, but on the whole they do not contribute to the African Americans' higher rates of marital disruption. As a group, African Americans who marry are highly religious and hold relatively traditional attitudes towards pre-marital sex and cohabitation. The prevalence of such traits results, in part, from high selectivity into marriage. African Americans who marry differ substantially from those who remain single in ways that are generally associated with a lower risk of marital disruption. Stated otherwise, African American singles who would tend to face the highest risk of divorce disproportionately decide not to marry. Among non-African Americans, by contrast, individuals who marry are much more representative of the initial marriage pool as a whole. Were African Americans who marry not such a highly selected group with respect to their attitudinal characteristics, the racial gap in marital disruption would be substantially larger than it is.
Maasai Marriage: A comparative study of Kenya and Tanzania
Authors: Coast Ernestina
Published: April 2019

This study compares and contrast recent and contemporary nuptiality among Maasai men of Kenya and Tanzania, and represents the first cross-national comparable data set on Maasai marriage (n=2,394) (men aged 20 and above). By comparing nuptiality between Kenyan and Tanzanian Maasai, this study examines marriage among the Massai in particular and rural sub-Saharan African populations undergoing social-economic change in general. Maasai men marry later, on average, than the national average in both Kenya and Tanzania, and the age at first marriage appears to be declining. Relative to national levels, polygynous marriages account for a significantly higher proportion of Maasai marriages. Country-level differences in entry into and type of (monogamous or polygynous) marriage are described and explanations sought. The Maasai of Kenya and Tanzania are arguably the best-known pastoralist population in the world, and the current study represents an opportunity to update and review the body of evidence linking pastoralism with polygyny. Linkages between socio-economic divergence and nuptiality are identified, with specific reference to uptake of formal education.
Gender Differences in Gender-Role Attitudes: A Comparative Analysis of Taiwan and Coastal China
Authors: Tu Su-hao , Liao Pei-shan
Published: April 2019

Previous studies have demonstrated that women are more likely than men to support egalitarian gender-role attitudes (Brewster and Padavic 2000; Katsurada and Sugihara 1999; Mason and Lu 1988; Rice and Coates 1995; Wilson and Smith 1995). While considerable attention has been paid to country differences in gender-role attitudes associated with women’s—especially married women’s—employment at the individual and societal levels, the industrialization hypothesis used in the previous studies has, however, yielded inconsistent results (Haller and Hoellinger 1994; Alwin, Braun, and Scott 1992; Baxter and Kane 1995; Crompton and Harris 1997; Hsieh and Burgess 1994; Panayotova and Brayfield 1997; Scott and Duncombe 1992). Several issues have remained unexplored. The first is a theoretical explanation for attitudinal gender differences varying by society when considering non-economic social forces, such as social-political ideology, national policy, and other institutional forces. The second is the extent to which factors corresponding to gender socialization at the individual, familial, and societal levels structure female and male attitudes differently. The third is national comparison focusing on non-Western populations; previously, attention has focused on Western societies.
Mexican American Siblings Caring for Aging Parents: Processes of Caregiver Selection/Designation
Authors: Radina M. Elise
Published: April 2019

This study reports results from a qualitative investigation of the experiences of 10 Mexican American adult sibling pairs (Total participants = 20) who were caring for an aging parent. The specific focus is on findings regarding caregiver selection/designation. Template analysis guided data analyses. Findings include 1) various expectations for why adult child should be/are involved in caregiving, 2) caregivers’ perceptions that caregivers and care recipients should be of the same gender, and 3) individual and family-level pathways to assuming the role of caregiver. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Gendered Work in Family Farm Tourism
Authors: Brandth Berit , Haugen Marit S.
Published: April 2019

Changes in agriculture from farming to tourism imply change from primary production to service work. Based on visits and interviews with entrepreneurs of four tourist businesses, this paper will explore consequences of this change for work. The tourist work on farms is divided into three main categories: administration, accommodation and activities. All of them consist of multiple tasks that are gendered in both traditional and new ways. Women do most of the administrative work, men most of the activities (the core products), while accommodation work is done by both. An important part of tourist work is emotional. As tourist hosts both men and women aim to create good feeling states in the guests, and the paper explores the gendered aspects of emotional work.
Summer Farmers: Gender Discourses in New Arenas
Authors: Villa Marianne , Daugstad Karoline
Published: April 2019

The article explores male and female farmers’ practices and attitudes towards different aspects of nature and resource use in the context of the Norwegian system of summer farming (seterbruk). This represents a new and unique arena for exploring gender relations, as summer farming in Norway -in contrast to many other European countries - has been an exclusively female arena. We ask whether men and women practice summer farming differently. We base our analysis on personal interviews with farmers and build upon some of the dimensions found in theories of the ‘female principle’ as conceptualized within feminism. Our main findings indicate that there are no evidential gender differences in attitudes and practices following the logic of biological sex, when considering nature and resource management as related to summer farming. On the contrary - men were found to hold the strongest expressions of a female principle.
Trends of Agricultural Feminisation in Kastoria, Greece
Authors: Safiliou-Rotschild Constantina , Dimopoulou Eleni , Lagiogianni Raina , Sotiropoulou Spyrithoula
Published: April 2019

The paper tests hypotheses regarding the relationship between husbands’ pluriactivity and women’s integration in the agricultural occupation in terms of feminization of agricultural decision-making and institutional feminization; and between farm size and women’s integration in the agricultural occupation with a population of active women farmers in the province of Kastoria. The data do not support either of the two hypotheses, thus indicating that women’s integration in the agricultural occupation can occur not only among smallholders but as well as among large farmers (and even more among the latter) and that husbands’ full-time off-farm employment is not the sole determining factor for women’s integration in the agricultural occupation. Furthermore, the combination of large farm size with commercial agriculture seems to be positively related to women’s integration in the agricultural occupation. These findings underline the necessity to involve such active women farmers to ongoing development programs aiming to increase farmers’ competitiveness.
Attitudes Towards Gender Roles and Gender Role Behaviour Among Urban, Rural, and Farm Populations in Slovenia
Authors: Istenič Majda Černič
Published: April 2019

This paper aims to contribute to still existing discussion about the origins of the unequal gender roles in society. Albeit significant changes in redefinition of the gender roles under the impact of economic and cultural globalisation the unequal position of women in private and public spheres still persists even in societies with the most developed economies and welfare systems. The basic argument followed in the study is that working arrangements women choose are not simply in accordance with their preferences and attitudes, but a result of complex interplay of attitudes and practical constrains embodied in contextual factors. The result of the study based on the Second European Comparative Survey on the Acceptance of Population-related Policies (PPA2) for Slovenia support that argument by showing that certain contexts (type of place of residence and the way of making a living - like farming) still significantly delineate women lives. In spite of common national specifics (long tradition of high women’s employment, favourable gender equality legislation and availability of institutions and services for working mothers) and relatively similar attitudes towards gender roles among the population, farm women in Slovenia considerably diverge in their daily life patterns (e.g. taking care of children) and preferences to combine family and working life from urban and even rural women and in general from men as well. Based on such results, reflected by ample gender rural studies’ evidences, it can be argued, that not simply natural predispositions affect farm women’s occupational choices, but
Culturally Diverse Elders and Their Families: Examining the Need for Culturally Competent Services
Authors: Trask Bahira Sherif , Hepp Bethany Willis , Settles Barbara , Shabo Lilianah
Published: April 2019

Demographic shifts among the aging population of the United States call for a re-examination of our understanding of the needs of these individuals, especially when race, ethnicity, family composition, and country of origin are considered in the discourse. This paper examines some of the implications of the rapid increase in racial and ethnic diversity among the older population in the United States for delivering culturally competent care through community based service providers. As much of our population ages, families across cultures and classes will increasingly need to be involved with specialized service providers. An ecological approach to this issue posits that elders, their families, and communities are closely intertwined, and need to be examined in relationship to one another. Issues such as race, ethnicity and culture of origin are part of this mix. Nevertheless, the family field, in particular, has been slow in examining the intersections between family, community supports and diversity. This paper highlights this phenomenon in order to spur an interest among scholars and practitioners in expanding this topic. Only with adequate scholarship and discussion will the appropriate delivery of much needed services to these culturally diverse elders and their families become a central component of the family field.
Types of Relations between Adult Children and Elderly Parents in Taiwan: Mechanisms Accounting for Various Relational Types
Authors: Yi Chin-chun , Lin Ju-ping
Published: April 2019

This study examines the intergenerational relationships in an East Asian society, Taiwan. Types of relations from children’s perspective are used to illustrate the dynamics between adult children and their parents. Due to the rapidly declining co-residence between generations, it is assumed that those who do not practice co-residence with parents will become the majority and thus, will become the focus of analysis.

Data are taken from the 2006 Taiwan Social Change Survey (Phase 5 Wave 2). The sample is constituted by 756 adults with at least one parent alive but who are not co-residing at the time of the survey. The intergenerational solidarity model proposed by Bengtson is used as the theoretical framework. The analysis first presents the difference between the co-resident and the non-co- resident groups. Then the Latent Class analysis is performed to derive five types of relations with the Normative type being the highest, followed by the Detached and the Tight-knit, then the Sociable, and lastly the Intimate but Distant type. The final analysis focuses on mechanisms accounting for different relational types. Preliminary result from Multinomial Logistic Regression indicates that the relational types derived may be an outcome of the interplay between individual resources and patriarchal norms. Most importantly, gender differentials appear to follow the prescribed cultural norm in that married sons are likely to endorse the filial norm and to fall into the Normative type, while married daughters tend to enjoy close emotional relationships and to engage in functional exchanges with parents. The paper concludes that future intergenerational relationships in Taiwan may continue to be of the strong Normative type, but at the same time, the Tight-knit type between generations may be observed. The cultural implication of possible future development is briefly discussed.
Exploring Intercultural Relationships: A Study of Russian Immigrants Married to Native Israelis
Authors: Remennick Larissa
Published: April 2019

To explore the internal dynamics of intercultural marriage, we conducted in-depth interviews with 18 married couples, of whom one partner was born in Israel and the other immigrated from the former Soviet Union. The interviews focused on the contentious issues of everyday life: self-identity, language use, cultural consumption, relations with the families/friends, division of household labor, and childrearing. The findings point to a clear tendency for immigrants to make most adjustments to the norms and expectations of the Israeli spouses and their social networks. For most immigrant spouses, the selective acculturation they had hoped for at the outset in fact morphed into relentless assimilation. The lsraelization was expressed in the exclusive use of Hebrew in these homes; preference of Israeli spouse’s families, friends, and pastimes, Israeli style in cooking and housekeeping, as well as Israeli-Hebrew socialization of the children. The drift towards the hegemonic culture experienced by the Russian wives was stronger than for the Russian husbands. The findings are discussed in the light of gender differentials in power relations, comparative statuses of Hebrew and Russian cultures in Israel, and possible self-selection of individuals wishing to leave their culture of origin via out-marriage.
Arranged Marriage: Change or Persistence? Illustrative Cases of Nigerians in the USA
Authors: Sam Monibo A.
Published: April 2019

It is common for parents/families in traditional settings, whether in Africa or China, to pair their children/members in marriage often without their consent. This specific mate selection practice, arrangement, is used to designate marriages in these settings: the so-called arranged marriages. Observations about this mate selection practice are then posited as conclusive evidence of change in these marriages. This paper attempts an exploratory clarification of marriages in traditional Africa in two ways. First, it uses the marriage system of the Okrikans to reveal that arranged and non-arranged marriages coexist, each administered by and organized around distinct institutions, with differing consequences for family membership, inheritance and other important issues. Second, it breaks down traditional marriage into it components, and using cases to illustrate each, shows that the purported change coexists with persistence. The resistance observed with our case also seems to point to a dynamic in the immigrant/homeland interchange that has not been adequately explored.
Attitude toward Childbearing Outside of Marriage in Canada
Authors: Erfani Amir , Beaujot Roderic
Published: April 2019

In low fertility societies, less traditional orientations on questions of gender and family are linked to more non-marital births and a somewhat higher level of childbearing. This study looks at the attitudes to non-marital births to analyze the predictors of attitudes that are more favorable to childbearing. Using a sample from Oxford and Middlesex counties in Ontario, Canada, we find that women who are employed full-time have more favorable attitudes to non-marital childbearing. For men, it is the non-married who have more positive attitudes. In contrast, women in complementary role relationships and men who are married are less favorable to having children outside of a marital relationship. Policies that would support family diversity and single parent families are discussed.
Sisters Doing for Themselves, or Not: Aunts and Caregiving in Canada
Authors: Strong-Boag Veronica
Published: April 2019

Childcare arrangements of many wage-earning parents depend on sisters or sisters-in-law. Yet, for all their significance, aunts have been largely invisible in discussions of child welfare. “Sisters Are Doing for Themselves, Or Not” invokes the iconic Annie Lennox and Aretha Franklin to remind us that the very vocabulary of feminist solidarity celebrates an idealized kin relationship. The very popularity of notions of sisterhood contributes to the taken-for-grantedness of sibling ties and recurring failure to investigate them.

This article begins with observations about women’s longstanding role in kith and kin care and then turns to Canadian aunts and their involvement with nieces and nephews over more than one hundred and fifty years. This last discussion has four parts. The first, “Alliances with the Living,” points to sibling practices of mutual aid in child rearing. The next, “Tributes to the Dead,” addresses aunts’ substitution for dead mothers. “Sibling Contests,” considers sisters in disagreement about the best interests of youngsters. The final section, “Disengagement,” acknowledges another story, the disinterest, withdrawal, or worse of some sisters from any duty of care. In all cases, women’s work as kinkeepers underpins Canada’s longstanding political economy of residualism.
Key Educational Experiences in Israeli Families: Adventures, Trust and Self-Discover
Authors: Yair Gad
Published: April 2019

This paper highlights the importance of key educational experiences for studies of family socialization. It shows that these rare yet decisive educative events constitute opportunities for self-discovery and personal transformation. The empirical investigation is based on a large qualitative study of key educational experiences in Israel, using retrospective accounts provided by adults speaking about their best educational experiences, focusing on episodes that took place in the family. The results suggest that surprising challenges in the family affected self-discovery, and that these outstanding events allowed people to choose new biographical trajectories. Specifically, they point to the centrality of “outward bound” experiences and to the role that the crossing of normative boundaries plays in forming turning points in people’s lives. Coupled with an undercurrent of supportive trust, these episodes constituted arenas for biographical turning points and had long lasting effects. Based on these results, the new approach proposed here seeks to complement cumulative models in family socialization literature, and to open up new avenues for research on families and the educational role they play.
Grandparents Caring for their Grandchildren: Emerging Roles and Exchanges in Global Perspectives
Authors: Settles Barbara H. , Zhao Jia , Mancini Karen Doneker , Rich Amanda , Pierre Shawneila , Oduor Atieno
Published: April 2019

Families are the safety nets for society. They handle whatever problem there is no program or organizational response to solve in the larger society. Normative arrangements for exchange and transfer that have served families well for many generations are under considerable strain as demographic, medical and economic change has increased the length of time generations care for each other, the severity of problems that people are surviving while continuing to need care, and the complexity of making long term plans in a globalization setting. This review and analysis will look cross culturally at both traditional arrangements and new expectations and strategies. The cases as seen in several contemporary societies, of grandparents caring for grandchildren will be highlighted in terms of responding to needs and changed circumstances.
The Persistence of Family Farming: A Review of Explanatory Socio-economic and Historical Factors
Authors: Calus Mieke , Huylenbroeck Guido Van
Published: April 2019

The family farm is a corner-institute of West European agriculture. This article highlights the main characteristics of the family farm and reviews both the socio-economic and political-institutional arguments used for the persistence of this structure in West European farming. At micro level, the socio-economic rationale behind the family farm states that economies of scale tend to increase the optimal farm size, but that this tendency is partly offset by the importance of transaction costs for monitoring labour results. Moreover, the flexibility of family labour, the accumulated human capital within the farming family and the ability to withstand hard (financial) times are factors in favour of the family farm. At macro level, the availability of food for the population has been one of the major concerns of policy makers. Different protectionist measures have been developed in order to secure enough food over time. Although the kind of farming system is not specified in these measures, the farm lobby has influenced the legislations in order to safeguard the current family farms. In the last decades the governmental concern has broadened due to environmental concerns. To reach these goals, the family farm approach is useful as family farms are essential for the kinds of landscape and rural social life. Taking into account the history of the family farm, the paper proposes different strategies, related to labour and capital allocation that can strengthen the survival of the family farm in the next decades.
Television and the Adjustment of Icelandic Children to Family and Peers
Authors: Dunn Thomas P. , Josepsson Bragi , Wells J. Gipson
Published: April 2019

The relationship between television viewing and the behavior of children is currently a matter of societal concern and scholarly debate. This paper examines the potential effects of television on adjustment to family and peers of Icelandic children, along with the relationship between amount of viewing and these adjustments. Although the findings of the questionnaire survey showed no differences in adjustment between TV Area (n=716) and No-TV Area (n= 598) children, the data did reveal that higher amounts of viewing were associated with lower levels of adjustment. Thus, television is seen as an alternative, to that of meaningful interaction with family and peers, for children with adjustment problems.
A Causal Interpretation of the Effect of Mother's Education and Employment Status on Parental Decision-Making Role Patterns in the Korean Family
Authors: Kim On-Jook Lee , Kim Kyong-Dong
Published: April 2019

Using a set of survey data gathered from a group of sixth grade boys and girls in Korea, this study attempts a causal interpretation of the effect of mother's education and occupational involvement upon parental decision-making role patterns in the Korean family. A scale of sex role direction is constructed with several factor analyzed items dealing with parental decision-making behavior. Employing the technique of path analysis, the causal relationships of rural-urban residence, SES, mother's education, and her employment status with sex role scores are explored. Findings indicate that residence and mother's education are the two most influential factors affecting her role in child-rearing decisions. By suggesting a "modernization of sex role" approach, the paper discusses some problems of current theories of family power, based on decision making behavior indicators.
The Attitudes and Activities of Contemporary Family Theorists
Authors: Klein David M. , Schvaneveldt Jay D. , Miller Brent C.
Published: April 2019

One hundred and three family scholars were surveyed about their attitudes and the nature and extent of their activities related to family theory development. The questionnaire data are utilized to describe the background characteristics of family theorists and the project in which they are engaged. Conceptual frameworks or theoretical perspectives are often used, but some of the traditional frameworks are identified with and used infrequently while some newer approaches are strongly endorsed and used. The perceived role of research in the development of family theory is assessed. An index of commitment to family theory is also constructed from the self report data, and correlates of commitment are presented and discussed. lmpl ications for the development of family theory in the near future are proposed.
If the HSU Fits … An Extension of the Hypothesis Relating Kinship and Culture Developed by Francis L.K. Hsu
Authors: Busch Ruth C.
Published: April 2019

In 1966, the anthropologist Francis L.K. Hsu pub I ished a Hypothesis on Kinship and Culture which purports to relate a culturally selected domiant dyad of the nuclear family, through the attributes of that dyad, to more general aspects of the family, kinship and the wider society. Hsu's hypothesis is paraphrased and extended, its assumptions are clarified, and its importance to theory and practice in the sociology of the family is discussed.
Women’s Strategies in Modern Marriage iri Anglophone West Africa: an Ideological and Sociological Appraisal
Authors: Little Kenneth
Published: April 2019

This article examines the position of women in relation to marriage as -conceived of ideologically and as perceived by the social anthropologist. It explains, the traditional and other obstacles in the way of those women who seek a more companionate type of marriage than that customarily vouchsafed. It also describes the kind of tactics that the women's magazines advocate and it explains the kind of strategies that are in fact open to women in this regard. Special attention is paid in this respect to the wife's use of economic and other resources and emphasis is laid upon the women's pragmatic approach.; It is finally suggested that the inclusion of 'strategy' within the notion of role increases the latter's value for purposes of analysing the rapidly changing nature of West African women's status.
Studying load of the cutting structure of rolling cutter bit depending on the errors of its manufacture
Authors: Pyalchenkov Vladimir A. , Pyalchenkov Dmitry V. , Dolgushin Vladimir V. , Kulyabin Gennadiy A.
Published: April 2019

The article deals with the results of experimental studies of the load of the cutting structure of rolling cutter bit depending on the errors of its manufacture. The results of field studies of bits indicate a significant decrease in the resistance of the supports of the rollers, the elements of the cutting structure and sinking on the bit with an increase in the height of the rollers. One of the reasons for reducing the resistance of supports and cutting structure in this case is the uneven distribution of the axial load in the sections. We have tested a batch of bits to establish quantitative regularities between the accuracy of bit production and the load of the cutting structure. The difference in height of chosen bits is varied from 0,34 to 1,28 mm. We have carried out the tests on a special stand, which allowed us to determine the value of the axial force acting on the individual crowns of each cutter bit. It is established that with an unfavorable combination of the mutual position of the rollers, even within the tolerance of the difference in height, the axial load acting on one roller can change almost twice. The results of studies allow investigating the appointment of indicators of accuracy of bit production more reasonable.
The mechanism of cracking hydrocarbons in electromagnetic fields — to the question of oil in Bazhenov formation
Authors: Ponomarev Andrey A.
Published: April 2019

The article is devoted to the depletion of hydrocarbon reserves and the need for hydrocarbon production from the deposits of Bazhenov formation. It is topical issue. This study aims to identify the mechanism of cracking of hydrocarbons under the influence of electrophysical wave fields. The author consecrates experimental data changes of the component composition of oil in Bazhenov formation in the result of the electromagnetic treatment frequency of 50 Hz. Also, small experiment on microwave processing of black shales of Bazhenov formation and evaluation of petroleum generation potential changes is presented in the article. The results obtained are consistent with the theoretical basis of the research of the corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences I. I. Nesterov and academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences A. L. Buchachenko on the paramagnetic centers in the oil fields and stable isotopes with angular electron magnetic effect. The results of this study can be included in the fundamental basis of ideas about the formation of the fuel and energy potential of Bazhenov formation and can help in the development of methods to increase oil recovery.
DISCOVERY ON BEAL CONJECTURE
Authors: BADO OLIVIER IDRISS
Published: April 2019

In this paper we give a proof for Beal's conjecture . Since the discovery of the proof of Fermat's last theorem by Andre Wiles, several questions arise on the correctness of Beal's conjecture. By using a very rigorous method we come to the proof. Let $ \mathbb{G}=\{(x,y,z)\in \mathbb{N}^{3}: \min(x,y,z)\geq 3\}$$\Omega_{n}=\{ p\in \mathbb{P}: p\mid n , p \nmid z^{y}-y^{z}\}$ ,$$\mathbb{T}=\{(x,y,z)\in \mathbb{N}^{3}: x\geq 3,y\geq 3,z\geq 3\}$$$\forall(x,y,z) \in \mathbb{T}$ consider the function $f_{x,y,z}$ be the function defined as :$$\begin{array}{ccccc}f_{x,y,z} & : \mathbb{N}^{3}& &\to & \mathbb{Z}\\& & (X,Y,Z) & \mapsto & X^{x}+Y^{y}-Z^{z}\\\end{array}$$Denote by $$\mathbb{E}^{x,y,z}=\{(X,Y,Z)\in \mathbb{N}^{3}:f_{x,y,z}(X,Y,Z)=0\}$$and $\mathbb{U}=\{(X,Y,Z)\in \mathbb{N}^{3}: \gcd(X,Y)\geq2,\gcd(X,Z)\geq2,\gcd(Y,Z)\geq2\}$Let $ x=\min(x,y,z)$ . The obtained result show that :if $ A^{x}+B^{y}=C^{z}$ has a solution and $ \Omega_{A}\not=\emptyset$, $\forall p \in \Omega_{A}$ ,$$ Q(B,C)=\sum_{j=1}^{x-1}[\binom{y}{j}B^{j}-\binom{z}{j}C^{j}]$$ has no solution in $(\frac{\mathbb{Z}}{p^{x}\mathbb{Z}})^{2}\setminus\{(\overline{0},\overline{0})\} $ Using this result we show that Beal's conjecture is true since $$ \bigcup_{(x,y,z)\in\mathbb{T}}\mathbb{E}^{x,y,z}\cap \mathbb{U}\not=\emptyset$$ Then $\exists (\alpha,\beta,\gamma)\in \mathbb{N}^{3}$ such that $\min(\alpha,\beta,\gamma)\leq 2$ and $\mathbb{E}^{\alpha,\beta,\gamma}\cap \mathbb{U}=\emptyset$ The novel techniques use for the proof can be use to solve the variety of Diophantine equations . We provide also the solution to Beal's equation . Our proof can provide an algorithm to generate solution to Beal's equation
ИДЕНТИФИКАЦИЯ ТОВАРОВ В ЦИФРОВОЙ СРЕДЕ
Authors: Нгуен Фам Бао Чам
Published: April 2019

В статье рассматривается важность идентификации и прослеживаемости продукции в современных условиях с учетом цифровизации экономики. Статья выполнена под научным руководством к.э.н., доцента Ильяшенко С. Б., кафедра торговой политики РЭУ им. Г. В. Плеханова.
КАЧЕСТВО ОБСЛУЖИВАНИЯ КАК ФАКТОР ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ВНЕМАГАЗИННОЙ ТОРГОВЛИ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЦИФРОВИЗАЦИИ
Authors: Зверева Анна Олеговна
Published: April 2019

В статье исследованы проблемы трактовки понятия качества торгового обслуживания в контексте трансформации торговых услуг в условиях цифровизации экономики. Внемагазинные формы торговых услуг, особенно интернет-торговля, приобретают сегодня возрастающее значение. В свете этого набор традиционных параметров, определяющих качество обслуживания необходимо расширять. Их перечень в условиях глобального влияния интернет-компаний должен учитывать специфику оказания торговых услуг в цифровой среде.
ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОЦЕССЫ КАК ПАРАМЕТР ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ ТОРГОВЫХ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЙ
Authors: Иванов Геннадий Геннадьевич , Матосян Владимир Арменович
Published: April 2019

В статье рассмотрены вопросы влияния организации торговой деятельности, в частности некоторых технологических процессов, на социально-экономическую эффективность функционирования предприятий. В современных условиях, в том числе с учетом влияния онлайн инструментов взаимоотношений с потребителем, технологическая модель является весомым фактором, который наравне с масштабом торгового бизнеса предопределяет конечный результат деятельности хозяйствующего субъекта торговой отрасли.
PENGEMBANGAN MODUL PEMBELAJARAN FISIKA BERBASIS DISCOVERY LEARNING PADA MATERI VEKTOR PESERTA DIDIK KELAS X SMA KPG KHAS “PAPUA” MERAUKE
Authors: LESTARI ROSALINA ESTI , VIRMAN VIRMAN
Published: April 2019

This research is a research and development (Research & Development) which aims to find out how to develop physics learning module based on discovery learning on vector material of class X students of SMA KPG Typical "Papua" Merauke. Number of samples of study 21 students of class X MIA-2 SMA KPG Typical "Papua" Merauke. Data analysis techniques used descriptive presentative to determine the feasibility of the module. The results showed that: (1). Module development module starts from potential problem analysis, module planning, module drafting, and development; (2). The feasibility of module from media validator was obtained percentage of average result of 81.96% with very feasible category, material validator equal to 95.62% with very decent category, and result of student response equal to 87.29% with very good category; (3). Excess module that was module contextually according to local wisdom of Papua especially Merauke and improved learners learn result with result of average of n-Gain test equal to 0.64 with medium concept concept category; (4). The shortcomings of the module were the less developed discovery learning stage in the module more broadly.  Keywords: Discovery Learning, Learning Outcomes, and Physics Module.
ANALISIS HASIL BELAJAR KIMIA SISWA YANG DIBELAJARKAN MENGGUNAKAN MODEL PROBLEM BASED LEARNING BERMEDIA POWERPOINT MELALUI PENDEKATAN SAINTIFIK PADA POKOK BAHASAN REDOKS
Authors: SILABAN RAMLAN , TARIGAN ELYSARANI BR , ALEXANDER IRVING JOSAFAT
Published: April 2019

This study aims to find out the chemistry learning outcomes of students with the completeness of the value of Minimum Completion Criteria (KKM), knowing the students 'social attitudes in the learning process, knowing the differences in learning outcomes, the correlation between students' social attitudes toward learning outcomes, and which models are most effectively used in learning models in giving a high contribution to student learning outcomes and students' social attitudes. The study was conducted on class X students of SMA 1 Tigapanah Karo Regency. The results showed that the percentage of students' completeness scores from experiment 1 was 75%, experiment 2 and experiment 3 were 45.83%. The percentage value of experimental 1 social attitudes which belong to the high category is 54.2% and which is categorized as quite 45.8%. The value of students' social attitudes from experiment 2 which belong to the high category is 58.8% and those that are classified as sufficient categories are 41.2%. The value of the students' social attitudes from experiment 3 which belong to the high category is 66.7%, which is categorized as quite by 29.2%, and which is classified as a category of less than 4.1%. The difference in posttest values that experimental learning results 1 (73.13)> experimental class 2 (67.29)> experimental class 3 (66.88) and social attitudes of students in each class can be seen from the average score of students' social attitudes, namely (70.44)> experiment 2 (69.12)> experiment 3 (69.79). There is a correlation between social attitudes and learning outcomes in each class. Teaching with the Problem Based Learning model with powerpoint media through the most effective Scientific Approach is used in teaching to students as evidenced by the highest average learning outcomes of 73.13 and the average value of student learning outcomes is 70.44.Keywords: Problem Based Learning, Powerpoint, Scientific Approach, Redox
Scientific Agendas and Work Tables. An action research initiative in La Plata, Ensenada and Berisso, Argentina
Authors: Bozzano Horacio , Canevari Tomás
Published: April 2019

Scientific Agendas and Permanent Work Tables: two emerging concepts that summarise a position of science constructed over three decades of Participatory-Action-Research from CONICET and UNLP of Argentina. It is a science that, surpassing positions of status quo and allocating time for criticism, seeks to produce Theories of Transformation referring to possible territories. Two cases in progress, in an informal urbanisation and in an industrial and residential flood zone in La Plata, Ensenada and Berisso, Buenos Aires, Argentina, give meaning to two Agendas with their respective Tables: “Puente de Fierro Possible Territory” and “Territory, Industry and Environment”. The objective is to execute a science that brings closer the wishes of people with public policies in cases of high exemplary and replicability. The work is organised in three parts: what science, what agendas, what praxis, and a conclusion.
TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI, PROFESIONALISME ACCOUNT REPRESENTATIVE DAN APLIKASI E-TAX TERHADAP PENERIMAAN PAJAK
Authors: Suryani Lely
Published: April 2019

Research on the effect of information technology, account representative professionalism and e-tax applications on tax revenue in the Pratama Tax Officein Kebayoran Baru Tiga. The sampling method and the use of primary datathrough random sampling. multiple linear regression is used in analyzing data.Each variable uses the validity test and reliability test so that the r count> r tableand the Cronbach Alpha value> 0.60. The results of the normality test obtained0.121. Partially, information technology has no effect on tax revenues, whileaccount representative professionalism is positive, there is a significant andsignificant effect on tax revenue. Simultaneously, information technology andprofessionalism of account representatives have a positive and significantinfluence on tax revenue with fcount> ftabel.
Analisis Kehilangan Minyak (Oil Losses) Pada Proses Pengolahan CPO (Crude Palm Oil) Dengan Metode SPC (Statistical Proces Control) Studi Kasus di PT.Pabrik Nusantara (PTPN) 6 Solok Selatan
Authors: Ernita Tri , Jauhari Gamindra , Helia Tri Maiyuni
Published: April 2019

In every manufacturing and service companies have their own provisions in running the company. Likewise with PTPN VI Solok Selatan, this company is managed by the state (SOE/ STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES) which produces two types of products namely Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and Karnel (core). In its production process, the PTPN 6 Solok Selatan palm oil mill attempts to optimize the yield and improve product quality. Thus the South Solok oil palm plant is certainly trying to lose oil (oil losses) occur to a minimum. Quality control is statistically performed using statistical tools contained in statistical proces control (SPC). Statistical Process Control (SPC) is an analytical decision-making method that shows a process running well or not (Zagloel
Is economic inequality a universal evil?
Authors: Kapeliushnikov Rostislav I.
Published: April 2019

Using published estimates of inequality for two countries (Russia and USA) the paper demonstrates that inequality measuring still remains in the state of “statistical cacophony”. Under this condition, it seems at least untimely to pass categorical normative judgments and offer radical political advice for governments. Moreover, the mere practice to draw normative conclusions from quantitative data is ethically invalid since ordinary people (non-intellectuals) tend to evaluate wealth and incomes as admissible or inadmissible not on the basis of their size but basing on whether they were obtained under observance or violations of the rules of “fair play”. The paper concludes that a current large-scale ideological campaign of “struggle against inequality” has been unleashed by left-wing intellectuals in order to strengthen even more their discursive power over the public.
University Integration of Chinese Undergraduate Students in Canada and the United States
Authors: Li Anke
Published: April 2019

Increasingly Chinese parents send children to Canada and the United States for secondary school prior to university there. This article reports on the lived experiences of Chinese students with secondary education abroad, as well as those from international secondary schools in China. Students’ perceptions of academic and social experiences are uncovered through ethnographies and interviews in an American university and a Canadian university.
Waqf Land Administration and Registration: Legal Analysis
Authors: Binti Osman Roshidah , Binti Ramli Noor Asyimah , Bin Mohd Nor Mohd Zakhiri
Published: April 2019

The conflict in registration of waqf land in Malaysia has been prolonged for such a long time particularly in Penang. This conflict has contributed to the major setback in development of waqf land. This paper aims to examine the procedure in registration of waqf land from legal perspective with reference to provisions in National Land Code 1965 and the state law under Administration of The Religious of Islam (State of Penang) Enactment 2004. The methodology used in this paper wasqualitative and content legal analysis method. This paper found there were inadequacy and insufficiency in administration and registration of waqf enactment in Malaysia. There were also lacuna in National Land Code 1965 and obscure and uncertain in creation and registration of waqf land. This paper concludes that Penang State Islamic Religious Council (SIRC) is in dire need to enact a specific law relating to administration and registration of waqf land in Penang together with a major plan to reform and strengthen the power of Syariah Court in addressing the issue of registration of waqf land in Penang.
Malaysian Youth Awareness Towards Spiritual Program
Authors: Abd. Wahab Norazlina , Abd. Ghani Abdullah , Maamor Selamah , Bashir Aziz Ahmad , Ahmad Razimi Mohd Shahril , Nik Abdullah Nik Safiah , Elias Nor Hanim
Published: April 2019

The aim of this study is to examine the awareness on spirituality programs among youth in Malaysia. In Islam, spirituality is defined as the presence of a relationship with Allah that affects the individual’s self-worth, sense of meaning, and connectedness with others and nature. It has significant effect for health, positive development of a person’s sense of self and for enabling identity to frame the individual’s pursuit of a life path eventuating in idealized adulthood. The lack of spirituality may leads to social problems such as loitering, racers, bohsia, bohjan, club servers (GRO), alcohol consumption, and drug abuse. To minimize these problems, the government as well as the private sectors manage to setup various programs and activities in order to develop and improve spirituality among youth. Hence, awareness on these programs is imperative. Use of press media, incorporation in mainstream education (basic, secondary and tertiary), celebrities’ participation in spirituality programs are some of the ways by which spirituality programs and activities can be heralded. Using a survey of 4703 youth in Malaysia, this study aims to examine the awareness of youth in Malaysia towards the existence of spirituality program for youth. The paper concluded with recommendations of ways of sensitizing youth on the need to be spirituality conscious.
Metformin Inhibits Growth of Breast Cancer Cell T47 through Decreasing Expression of Protein P53, BCL2 and Cyclin D1
Authors: Rangkuti Irma Yanti , Hasibuan Poppy Anjelisa Zaitun , Widyawati Tri , Siregar Yahwardiah
Published: April 2019

Breast cancer is a disease that afflicts women only 0.5 to 1 % are male breast cancers.Breast cancer has several variants and requires a different therapeutic approach, and until now the therapy has not been satisfactory due to the emergence of resistance. Metformin as the main choice drug type 2 diabetes mellitus which is known to have a cytotoxic effect for breast cancer. This study aimed to analyze metformin cytotoxic mechanisms covering the cell cycle , apoptosis, expression of p53, bcl-2 and cyclin D1 T47D cells which exposed to metformin HCl. The study was conducted invitro on T47D breast cancer cells which exposed to metformin concentrations of 1738.2 µg / mL and 3476.4 µg / mL and doxorubicin concentrations of 0.1µg / mL and 0.2µg / mL for 24 hours. Cell cycle testing and apoptosis using the flowsitometry method and expression test of p53 protein, bcl-2 dancycline D1 in T47D cells with immunocytochemistry. Data was analyzed by one way Anova with Bonferroni's advanced test. The results showed that metformin inhibited the G0-G1 phase of the T47D cell cycle, triggered T47D cell apoptosis, significantly reduced p53, bcl-2 and cyclin D1 protein expression (p <0.05). Conclusion of the study, metformin inhibits T47D cells through inhibition of the cell cycle G0-G1 phase, reducing protein expression p53, bcl-2 and cyclin D1.