bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
El crecimiento de la población extranjera en Madrid. Un episodio característico de la inmigración internacional en la España del cambio de siglo
Authors: Bodega Fernández María Isabel , Cebrían de Miguel Juan Antonio , Matín  Lou María Asunción
Published: October 2008

El crecimiento de la población extranjera en Madrid. Un episodio característico de la inmigración internacional en la España del cambio de Siglo. Al inicio de los años ochenta, España comienza a atraer poblaciones de inmigrantes, que se quedan en el país sin continuar su camino hacia Europa. España es ahora el hogar de millones de personas que han nacido en el extranjero. Este fenómeno ha sido posible debido al crecimiento económico de España y también a la tolerancia de los españoles por aceptar la inmigración irregular. Madrid, la capital del país, está bien situada en el centro de España y, por ello, bien comunicada con todas las regiones autonómicas del Estado. La mayor parte de este artículo está dedicado al rápido crecimiento de la población extranjera en Madrid en las últimas dos décadas.
Distribución, difusión y centralidad musulmanas en España
Authors: Ferrer Regales Manuel
Published: October 2008

La distribución y la difusión de los musulmanes son similares a las del resto de los inmigrantes, caracterizándose por la dispersión interétnica, o diferenciada, y por la yuxtaposición en la trama edificada. Sin embargo, entre los musulmanes suele predominar una mayor tendencia a la agrupación. En el caso de las centralidades y de las microcentralidades la concentración del comercio y de los servicios se acentúa todavía más. Las tipologías de las centralidades varían desde las abiertas a toda clase de gente y las cerradas que se hallan dirigidas a las personas y familias del propio ámbito cultural. Por lo que respecta a la microcentralidades urbanas y rurales el predominio musulmán es todavía más acusado .
Turismo urbano y políticas para su gestión en Francia y España
Authors: Violier Philippe , Zárate Martín M. Antonio
Published: October 2008

A través de este artículo se analizan las políticas de turismo urbano dentro de dos primeras potencias del turismo internacional, Francia y España. En ambos casos, se muestra la finalidad que los actores públicos locales asignan a sus políticas turísticas y las estrategias que ponen en marcha, teniendo en cuenta que el turismo de ciudades adquiere importancia creciente en unas sociedades cada vez más urbanizadas y que la preocupación por las políticas turísticas urbanas es un fenómeno relativamente reciente. El turismo refuerza su papel como motor de desarrollo local, de cambio funcional y de interacción social. Desde los años 90, la intensificación de los cambios económicos, la afirmación del poder urbano en el marco de la descentralización del Estado y la transformación de la cultura en fenómeno de masas impulsan el turismo urbano. Hoy, todas las ciudades acometen políticas turísticas y el turismo es una de las preocupaciones principales de los responsables de la gestión local.
Multinacionales españolas en el Perú: la gente que regresó con el viento
Authors: Durand Francisco
Published: October 2008

El trabajo analiza el origen y desarrollo de las multinacionales españolas en el Perú. Intenta ir más allá de investigaciones limitadas a aspectos contemporáneos económicos. Brinda un análisis histórico de las relaciones comerciales de los dos países, y de cómo la reciente presencia de las multinacionales españolas en el Perú está influida tanto por factores económicos como políticos. En 1990 las multinacionales españolas tuvieron la oportunidad de entrar rápidamente a un nuevo mercado en el cual deseaban ávidamente invertir. Ocurrió cuando la economía recién se abría y con el apoyo de un gobierno autoritario. Gracias al momento de su entrada y los montos invertidos se insertaron rápida y privilegiadamente en la estructura económica. Al concentrarse en banca, comunicaciones, energía y combustibles, y pensiones, operaron en sectores políticamente sensibles. Establecieron una relación cercana y positiva con el gobierno de Fujimori, y los que le siguieron, gozando inicialmente de tranquilidad y rentabilidad. Esta situación continúa en el siglo XXI, aunque el contexto es más inestable debido a crecientes protestas de los consumidores y trabajadores. Su cercanía con el Estado permite contener las demandas sociales, pero pagan el precio de enfrentar una opinión pública más crítica y un aumento de riesgo regulatorio y político.
Sequía de 1846-50 e hipótesis de cambio climático por deforestación en el sureste ibérico
Authors: Gil Olcina Antonio
Published: October 2008

Las sequías de 1841–42 y, sobre todo, 1846–50 en el sureste ibérico, tan próximas y particularmente graves, entre las peores de que hay noticia histórica, movieron a la convocatoria de un certamen nacional para seleccionar la mejor memoria sobre las causas de este tipo de fenómenos en las provincias de Murcia y Almería; con la finalidad de eliminar su causas y, si no era posible, atenuar sus efectos. El Gobierno de España se hacía así eco de la posibilidad de un cambio climático por deforestación.
Mujeres latinoamericanas en Madrid
Authors: Jiménez Blasco Beatriz Cristina
Published: October 2008

En este artículo se analizan las características demográficas, sociales y laborales de las mujeres inmigrantes en la Comunidad de Madrid que proceden de países de América Central y América del Sur, por ser el colectivo de inmigración de mayor peso en nuestra Comunidad. Además de su descripción a partir de las fuentes de datos existentes, se realiza una encuesta que proporciona una información más detallada sobre ciertos aspectos no incluidos en las fuentes oficiales. Los rasgos más relevantes que se han analizado son sus trayectorias migratorias, su incorporación al mercado laboral madrileño y su comportamiento en relación con la natalidad.
Hacia un nuevo modelo de planificación regional de la inversión pública: El caso del PRISMA de la Comunidad de Madrid
Authors: Cazorla Montero Adolfo , De los Ríos Carmenado Ignacio , Díaz-Puente José M. , Salvo Mendívil Miguel
Published: October 2008

El Programa Regional de Inversiones y Servicios de la Comunidad de Madrid (PRISMA) constituye un modelo novedoso de planificación desde el ámbito público basado en el Aprendizaje Social. Bajo este modelo se han coordinado las inversiones del Gobierno Regional y de 178 Gobiernos Locales, convirtiendo a los municipios en sus propios gestores. El modelo queda validado por el unánime respaldo político a nivel regional y local; la continuidad del PRISMA en tres fases sucesivas que abarcan el periodo 1997-2007; y su inclusión en la legislación como instrumento básico para la cooperación de la Administración Regional con los municipios. Sin embargo, la aplicación del modelo presenta algunas dificultades: en relación con la gestión, que – sin las medidas adecuadas– puede verse relegada a un segundo plano; y en relación con el proceso de participación, que –de hacerse de forma automatizada– puede verse diluida con el paso del tiempo.
El Plan de Descongestión Industrial de Madrid en Castilla-La Mancha: una reflexión geográfica
Authors: Escudero Gómez Luis Alfonso , Gómez Gutiérrez Emilio José
Published: October 2008

El Plan de Descongestión de Madrid de 1959 respondía a la necesidad de combatir el proceso de concentración económica y poblacional de la cápital en la mitad del siglo pasado. Establecía una serie de polígonos industriales y residenciales en núcleos castellanos que reorientarían el crecimiento madrileño hacia su periferia. La mayoría de ellos, cinco, se localizaron en la actual Castilla-La Mancha. Sin embargo, la evolución de estos polígonos no se ajustó a lo planificado, ni en el asentamiento industrial ni en el de viviendas. A finales de los 1980 su degradación era elevada, pero suponían reservas de suelo urbanizable a la espera de un momento de reactivación. Con el desarrollo urbano y regional reciente, y en escala diferente según los núcleos, se reciclaron en parques empresariales muy terciarizados y en espacios residenciales periféricos en crecimiento. Forman hoy unidades singulares dentro de la estructura urbana de Alcázar de San Juan, Guadalajara, Manzanares y Toledo.
Evolución geomorfológica, cambios ambientales e intervención humana durante el holoceno en la cuenca alta del Ebro: las tobas de los valles del Purón y Molinar
Authors: González Amuchastegui María José , Serrano Cañadas Enrique
Published: October 2008

Evolución geomorfológica, cambios ambientales e intervención humana durante el Holoceno en la cuenca alta del Ebro: las tobas de los valles del Purón y Molinar. El paso del Pleistoceno al Holoceno supuso un cambio ambiental muy marcado de unas condiciones muy frías a otras cálidas, que en las zonas calizas de la cuenca alta del Ebro fueron acompañadas de una intensa karstificación y el relleno tobáceo de los principales afluentes del río Ebro. Posteriormente y coincidiendo con el inicio de la ocupación antrópica del territorio, cesó la precipitación tobácea y los ríos comenzaron a incidir sus cauces hasta generar importantes terrazas. En este trabajo se analiza la evolución de los valles de los ríos Purón y Molinar, se establece su cronología y se plantea la incidencia que la ocupación antrópica del territorio ha tenido en su evolución.
¿Está equitativamente repartida la contaminación sonora urbana? Una evaluación desde el principio de justicia ambiental en la ciudad de Madrid
Authors: Moreno Jiménez Antonio
Published: October 2008

Entre los principios de mayor trascendencia para enjuiciar situaciones geográficas o actuaciones (planificación y gestión territorial) el de justicia ambiental está adquiriendo un eco creciente, por su utilidad para propugnar cambios y progresos hacia cotas superiores de equilibrio y bienestar socio-espacial. En línea con tal premisa, en este artículo se desarrolla un análisis orientado a evaluar el grado en que el ruido ambiental urbano excesivo afecta de manera igualitaria o desigual a los lugares donde residen los grupos de altas, medias o bajas rentas en Madrid. Se propone un método que combina varios instrumentos estadísticos, gráficos y sistemas de información geográfica para aproximarse en cierto modo a un “justiciómetro“ acústico-ambiental.
Fuentes para la aplicación de la Estrategia Territorial Europea en Castilla-La Mancha
Authors: Pillet Capdepón Félix , Cañizares Ruiz Mª del Carmen , Ruiz Pulpón Ángel Raúl , Plaza Tabasco Julio , Santos Santos Jesús F. , Martínez Sánchez-Mateos Héctor S.
Published: October 2008

La aplicación de la Estrategia Territorial Europea (ETE) a la región de Castilla-La Mancha requerirá, en su diseño, contemplar diversas fuentes de análisis territorial. En este artículo se expone cómo abordar la información ofrecida por algunas de estas fuentes, como la Población Vinculada, las Relaciones Interterritoriales derivadas de la Encuesta de Infraestructuras y Equipamientos o los territorios LEADER y PRODER. El objetivo es establecer los posibles centros y subcentros que organizan este espacio regional, siguiendo la metodología propuesta por la ETE, en un territorio en el que las experiencias de desarrollo territorial han sido escasas.
La evaluación de la vulnerabilidad del suelo a la degradación por uso ganadero en espacios montañosos. Análisis metodológico
Authors: Blanco Sepúlveda Rafael
Published: October 2008

No existen actualmente herramientas de planificación efectivas que permitan ordenar el uso ganadero extensivo y semiextensivo en los espacios montañosos, tanto en su dimensión económica como medioambiental. Hasta ahora se ha utilizado un Sistema de Evaluación de la Capacidad de Tierras, que busca la planificación pecuaria del territorio a través de un enfoque eminentemente económico, ya que se basa esencialmente en determinar la capacidad sustentadora de la vegetación y los requerimientos energéticos de los animales. Esta visión parcial de la realidad ha olvidado tener en cuenta la capacidad física del territorio para el uso ganadero, porque debemos tener en cuenta que sostenibilidad económica no equivale a sostenibilidad medioambiental. Por este motivo, se ofrece en este trabajo una metodología para desarrollar un Sistema de Evaluación de la Vulnerabilidad del suelo a la degradación por uso ganadero, que permitirá completar la planificación ganadera contemplando la dimensión medioambiental del fenómeno.
Transición y peligrosidad climática en la Cordillera Central Oriental: la comarca Tiermes-Caracena
Authors: Ortega Villazán Mª Teresa , Morales Rodríguez Carlos G.
Published: October 2008

Se realiza una caracterización del clima del sector más oriental de la Cordillera Central, centrado principalmente en el estudio de su piedemonte septentrional, el correspondiente a la comarca de Tiermes-Caracena. Con el análisis detallado de sus diferentes variables térmicas y pluviométricas se resaltan los caracteres que más la singularizan, así como los elementos de contraste y diversidad. Se destacan como procesos más significativos en su clima la impronta que introduce el relieve, la transición climática que se marca según direcciones y el comportamiento extremo de algunas variables climáticas de este espacio de montaña interior. Todo queda reflejado en la cartografía climática que se acompaña.
La Eurorregión Galicia-norte de Portugal: una aproximación a la movilidad en el contexto ibérico
Authors: Palmeiro Piñeiro José Luis , Pazos Otón Miguel
Published: October 2008

Este artículo pretende ser una aproximación general y un análisis crítico sobre las transformaciones operadas en el ámbito de las comunicaciones y de la movilidad transfronteriza desde la apertura de las fronteras, resultado del proceso de construcción europea. En concreto, nos detendremos en el papel de la apertura fronteriza y de la mejora de las infraestructuras de transporte en las relaciones de movilidad entre los principales centros urbanos gallegos y portugueses.
Point‐of‐Care Testing: Principles, Practice, and Critical‐Emergency‐Disaster Medicine
Authors: Kost Gerald J. , Tran Nam K. , Louie Richard F.
Published: October 2008

Point‐of‐care testing (POCT) is defined as testing at or near the site of patient care, wherever that medical care is needed. The goal of POCT is to facilitate immediate evidence‐based medical decisions that improve patient outcomes and reduce patient acuity, criticality, morbidity, and mortality, especially during life‐threatening crises and emergency resuscitations. POCT is efficient and efficacious because it facilitates rapid diagnosis, faster treatment decisions, high‐quality trend monitoring, and patient and physician satisfaction. New point‐of‐care (POC) technologies are appearing rapidly. This article summarizes principles and analytical methods of whole‐blood analysis (WBA) for chemistry, hematology, and hemostasis analytes, cardiac injury markers, and other POC diagnostic tests. Then, the article discusses important clinical aspects, including test clusters and medical indications, methods of monitoring and enhancing performance, and optimization strategies. In the next two decades, diagnostic testing will continue to shift to the POC, necessitating collaborative integration, information consolidation, and Knowledge Optimization®in surgery, intensive care, emergency medicine, public health, and other settings extending from the acute care center to the patient's home.
Optical Emission Inductively Coupled Plasma in Environmental Analysis
Authors: Tatro Mark E. , Amarasiriwardena Dulasiri
Published: October 2008

The ability of the inductively coupled plasma‐atomic (or optical) emission spectroscopy (ICP‐AES (or OES))) system to perform multielement trace metal analysis of environmental samples provided commercial laboratories with the needed incentive to enter into the business of efficient trace metal analysis. Previously, trace metals were typically analyzed using colorimetric techniques, which were both cumbersome and subject to interferences, or flame atomic absorption techniques, which, although almost interference free, were labor intensive owing to their one‐element‐at‐a‐time analytical mode. Even the furnace atomic absorption technique, for years the standard bearer of low‐level trace metal analysis, is giving way to axial and radial viewed ICP‐AES techniques. Now, ICP‐AES has become an affordable and well‐established multielement analytical method.

Taking the USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) SW‐846 solid waste analysis manual as an example, this article reviews the methods used for the preparation of samples and the ICP‐AES analysis of the prepared samples for trace metals in environmental matrices. This review includes recent developments in front‐end improvements in ICP‐AES and a detailed overview of the quality control (QC) requirements for environmental ICP‐AES analysis.
Chemical Reagents and Derivatization Procedures in Drug Analysis
Authors: Danielson Neil D. , Gallagher Patricia A. , Bao James J.
Published: October 2008

This article describes both pre‐ and postcolumn derivatization chemistry used in conjunction with either chromatography or capillary electrophoresis (CE) to facilitate the determination of drugs. Generally, only prederivatization is used in gas chromatography (GC), principally to enhance the volatility, temperature stability, and/or detectability. The GC section considers derivatization of drugs by reagent class: alkylation, acylation, and silylation. The GC sample‐handling section describes an approach that combines the extraction and derivatization steps together. Both pre‐ and postcolumn derivatization are common approaches for high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and many of these methods have been adapted for CE. Derivatization for HPLC is often directed toward aliphatic amines, carboxylic acids, or alcohols that are difficult to detect at low levels by absorbance, luminescence, or electrochemical means. In addition, small hydrophilic molecules upon prederivatization are often converted into larger more hydrophobic compounds, making reversed‐phase HPLC easier or even feasible. The HPLC section considers derivatization of drugs based on the following types: alkaloids, amines, antibiotics, barbiturates, carbonyl compounds and carboxylic acids, catecholamines, hydroxy compounds, steroids, and sulfur compounds. For the GC and HPLC sections, tables are included, giving the structures of the more important derivatizing agents, the analytes, and the corresponding reaction products. A brief rationale for derivatization chemistry with CE concludes this article. For CE, derivatization is often done to improve detectability as the path length for absorbance detection is very short and fluorescence can be effective using laser‐based systems.
Cyclic Activation Analysis
Authors: Hou Xiaolin
Published: October 2008

Cyclic activation analysis (CAA) is a method of activation analysis for elemental analysis, in which a sample is irradiated, decayed, counted, and then irradiated again. This process is repeated for a number of cycles, and the spectra from each counting are summed together to give one final total spectrum. By this process, the counts of a short‐lived nuclide of interest are considerably increased, and the analytical sensitivity of elements is significantly improved. The most commonly used CAA is the cyclic neutron activation analysis (CNAA) by irradiation with the thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons produced from nuclear reactor, accelerator, and isotopic neutron source. The nuclear reactor can supply a much high neutron flux and is most often used for this purpose. At least 20 elements produced short‐lived nuclides (half‐life <100 s) by thermal neutron bombardment, and more than 10 elements produced nuclides with half‐life of 100–600 s. These can be determined by thermal and epithermal neutron CAA. This technique has been widely applied in biological, environmental, geological, and industrial studies, and most often measured elements include Se, F, Pb, Hf, Sc, O, Ag, and Rh.

The advantages of CAA, as compared with conventional activation analysis, include significant improvement in the detection limit, analytical precision, and accuracy for the elements by using short‐lived nuclides; short experimental time and increased analytical number of samples per unit time; capability of estimation or confirmation of the half‐life of the short‐lived nuclide; and determination of the degree of homogeneity of a sample. However, the application of CAA is limited by the number of elements determined, because only some of the elements determined by conventional activation analysis can be determined by this method. In addition, dead time and pileup are serious problems in CAA and must be corrected. The principle, selection of optimal experiment conditions, detection limit, analytical precision of CAA, as well as the dead time and pileup corrections are discussed in this article. Some applications of this method are highlighted.
Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis
Authors: Trocellier Patrick , Sajavaara Timo
Published: October 2008

In 1976, a Canadian group described in detail for the first time a new ion beam analytical method based on the elastic recoil of target nuclei collided with high‐energy heavy incident ions. In this case, 25–40‐MeV
35
Cl impinged on a multilayer C or Cu (backing)/LiF or LiOH/Cu (30–150 nm)/LiF or LiOH and H, Li, O, and F recoiled atoms were detected. These exemplified the main characteristics of elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA): its sensitivity to depth distribution and its ability to detect light elements in heavy substrates. In 1979, the use of megaelectronvolt energy
4
He beams permitted the use of ERDA to be extended to depth profiling of hydrogen isotopes in the near‐surface region of solids.

ERDA has rapidly been revealed to be an excellent alternative to resonant nuclear reaction spectrometry (
see
Nuclear Reaction Analysis
) for hydrogen determination in solids. Despite its less advantageous performance with respect to its lower depth resolution, lower analyzable depth, comparable sensitivity, and more restricting irradiation and detection geometry, some ERDA features have made its development in ion beam analysis (IBA) laboratories worldwide easier; these are simultaneous access to
1
H and
2
H depth distributions, access to single‐ended Van de Graaff accelerators compared with tandem accelerators or cyclotrons, and the ability to be combined with Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) (
see
Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy
).

The development of detection devices and the analytical capabilities offered by high‐energy heavy‐ion‐induced ERDA in material sciences for profiling light, medium, and high mass number elements give this method a wide area in which to progress. The main advantage of heavy‐ion ERDA and quite unique feature among analysis techniques is the fact that all sample elements can be depth profiled in one measurement by single detector telescope. By means of Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, the interpretation and reliability of the results have increased greatly over the last few years.
Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy
Authors: McClelland Arthur , Chen Zhan
Published: October 2008

Sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy is a nonlinear optical vibrational spectroscopy, which has been shown to have submonolayer surface sensitivity. It has been developed into a powerful technique to investigate molecular structures of surfaces and interfaces. This paper introduces the technique of SFG spectroscopy and discusses several important SFG applications. One of the most important advantages of SFG over many traditional surface‐sensitive techniques is that SFG does not require high vacuum to operate. Therefore, it can be applied to investigate liquid surfaces and interfaces, as well as interfacial biological molecules in biologically relevant environments. The SFG applications discussed in this article are (i) simple liquid surfaces and interfaces, (ii) polymer surfaces in water and polymer/silane interfaces, and (iii) interfacial structures of peptides and proteins.
Equilibrium adsorption isotherm and controlled release of antibiotic drug chloroamphenicol from poly(2‐vinyl pyridine/acrylic acid) hydrogels prepared by gamma radiation
Authors: Maziad Nabila A. , Abd El‐Aal Samia E. , El‐Kelesh Nabil A.
Published: October 2008

High water sorption of 2‐vinyl pyridine (2‐VP)/acrylic acid (AAc) hydrogel were prepared by free‐radical polymerization in aqueous solution of 2‐VP with AAc as comonomer. The amount of ionic monomer (AAc), the irradiation dose of prepared hydrogel, the pH, and the concentration of drug play an important factor on loading, adsorption, and releasing of water‐soluble chloroamphenicol drug. As a result of dynamic swilling tests, the effect of relative content of AAc on the swelling showed that it allowed a non‐Fickian type of water diffusion. The adsorption of the drug onto (2‐VP/AAc) hydrogels was studied by Freundlish adsorption isotherm. The drug concentrations showed an influence on the adsorption of drug which increased with increasing AAc content. From Freundlish adsorption isotherm, the empirical constants, k and n, can be evaluated and showed the ability of hydrogel to be loaded by the drug and the affinity of the drug to be uptake onto the hydrogel respectively. FTIR, TGA, and SEM techniques were used to study the characterization of hydrogel (2‐VP/AAc). Additionally, the release of the drug loaded from hydrogel discs was studied microbiologically to show that hydrophilic structure of the hydrogel has an antimicrobial effect as a dehydration of cytoplasm and unbalance of the cell wall functions. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Activation of ultra‐thin activated carbon fibers as electrodes for high performance electrochemical double layer capacitors
Authors: Su Yen‐Ju , Ko Tes‐Hao , Cheng Shu‐Hui , Chen Wan‐Shu , Han Tzu‐Hsien , Lin Jui‐Hsiang
Published: October 2008

Activated carbon fibers (ACFs) contain pores with a weak resistance to electrolyte migration but with high electrical resistance between the fibers. The ACFs used herein were prepared from ultra‐thin polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers, to be used as electrodes in electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs), by varying the activation temperatures and the holding times during steam activation. As the activation temperature and holding time were increased, the specific surface area increased along with the specific capacitance (F g−1). A maximum specific capacitance as high as 283 F g−1 can be obtained using the ultra‐thin ACFs fabricated at 1000°C for 10 min with a specific surface area of 1408 m2 g−1. This investigation demonstrates that the surface area, pore structure, and surface functional groups of ACFs were all significant factors in determining the capacitive characteristics of ACFs. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Effect of N,N′‐diphenyl adipamide on the formation of the β‐crystalline form in isotactic polypropylene
Authors: Dou Qiang
Published: October 2008

The polymorphic compositions and mechanical properties of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) samples nucleated by a selective β‐nucleating agent [N,N′‐diphenyl adipamide (DPA)] were investigated with wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, polarized light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and mechanical tests. It was found that β‐phase crystals emerged with the addition of DPA, and the relative proportion of the β‐crystalline form reached the maximum value of 0.97 with the addition of 0.1 wt % DPA. The curved lamellae in the β spherulites were like flowers. The β spherulites were etched more easily than α spherulites because amorphous regions were distributed inside the β spherulites. The Izod notched impact strength increased sharply with the addition of DPA and attained the maximum value of 7.30 kJ/m2 (the value of blank iPP was 3.13 kJ/m2) with the addition of 0.1 wt % DPA. An analysis of the misfit factors between DPA and β‐iPP showed that β‐iPP could epitaxially crystallize on the DPA crystal well. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis of poly(vinyl acetate) containing diblock copolymer by DPE method
Authors: Chen Dong , Shi Yan , Fu Zhifeng
Published: October 2008

Diblock copolymer poly(methyl methacrylate)‐b‐poly(vinyl acetate) (PMMA‐b‐PVAc) was prepared by 1,1‐diphenylethene (DPE) method. First, free‐radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate was carried out with AIBN as initiator in the presence of DPE, giving a DPE containing PMMA precursor with controlled molecular weight. Second, vinyl acetate was polymerized in the presence of the PMMA precursor and AIBN, and PMMA‐b‐PVAc diblock copolymer with controlled molecular weight was obtained. The formation of PMMA‐b‐PVAc was confirmed by 1H NMR spectrum. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were used to detect the self‐assembly behavior of the diblock polymer in methanol. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Psychoanalytic perspectives on sport: a critical review
Authors: Free Marcus
Published: October 2008

Critically reviewing and comparing various psychoanalytic perspectives on conscious and unconscious motivations in sport, this paper contends that the appeal of sports participation may variously derive from its simultaneously involving the indulgence of pre‐Oedipal and Oedipal symbolism within the outward maturity and disciplining frame of a post‐Oedipal symbolic form. It considers differences between distinct psychoanalytic frames, favouring Kleinian and object relations above Lacanian approaches, based on their closer attention to the corporeality and sensuousness of sports participation and the conscious and unconscious fantasies embedded in it. Sport's sensuous corporeality, which enables its embodiment of pre‐Oedipal fantasy as well as post‐Oedipal submission to social reality, lies at the heart of its appeal. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immune‐related proteins induced in the hemolymph after aseptic and septic injury differ in honey bee worker larvae and adults
Authors: Randolt Klara , Gimple Olaf , Geissendörfer Jan , Reinders Jörg , Prusko Carsten , Mueller Martin J. , Albert Stefan , Tautz Jürgen , Beier Hildburg
Published: October 2008

We have employed the proteomic approach in combination with mass spectrometry to study the immune response of honey bee workers at different developmental stages. Analysis of the hemolymph proteins of noninfected, mock‐infected and immune‐challenged individuals by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed differences in the protein profiles. We present evidence that in vitro reared honey bee larvae respond with a prominent humoral reaction to aseptic and septic injury as documented by the transient synthesis of the three antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) hymenoptaecin, defensin1, and abaecin. In contrast, young adult worker bees react with a broader spectrum of immune reactions that include the activation of prophenoloxidase and humoral immune responses. At least seven proteins appeared consistently in the hemolymph of immune‐challenged bees, three of which are identical to the AMPs induced also in larvae. The other four, i.e., phenoloxidase (PO), peptidoglycan recognition protein‐S2, carboxylesterase (CE), and an Apis‐specific protein not assigned to any function (HP30), are induced specifically in adult bees and, with the exception of PO, are not expressed after aseptic injury. Structural features of CE and HP30, such as classical leucine zipper motifs, together with their strong simultaneous induction upon challenge with bacteria suggest an important role of the two novel bee‐specific immune proteins in response to microbial infections. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Correlation between dendritic cell functional defect and spondylarthritis phenotypes in HLA–B27/HUMAN β2‐microglobulin–transgenic rat lines
Authors: Fert Ingrid , Glatigny Simon , Poulain Cécile , Satumtira Nimman , Dorris Martha L. , Taurog Joel D. , Breban Maxime
Published: October 2008

Objective

To examine the functional capacity of dendritic cells (DCs) from a panel of HLA–B27/human β2‐microglobulin (Huβ2m)–transgenic rat lines and crosses with varying susceptibilities to spondylarthritis (SpA)–like disease.

Methods

Mature splenic DCs were isolated from HLA–B27–transgenic, HLA–B7–transgenic, and/or Huβ2m‐transgenic rats and tested for support of allogeneic proliferation, compared with nontransgenic controls (all male rats on Lewis background). Graded numbers of DCs were cultured with allogeneic lymph node CD4+ T cells (dark agouti background). Proliferation was assayed by incorporation of tritiated deoxythymidine after 2–4 days of culture.

Results

Allogeneic proliferation stimulated by DCs from the healthy HLA–B27/Huβ2m–transgenic line 21‐3 and from the healthy Huβ2m‐transgenic line 283‐2 was weakly decreased (21–3) or close to normal (283–2) as compared with that observed with control nontransgenic Lewis rat DCs. In contrast, the ability of DCs from (21‐3 × 283‐2)F1 rats, which develop a dramatic SpA phenotype, to stimulate allogeneic proliferation was markedly defective. When DC‐induced allogeneic proliferation was compared among different transgenic lines and crosses with distinct levels of susceptibility to SpA‐like disease, stimulatory capacity was inversely correlated with disease susceptibility.

Conclusion

In HLA–B27/Huβ2m–transgenic rats, a defective functional capacity of DCs correlates with susceptibility to SpA. Since it was previously demonstrated that defective DC function is not a consequence of disease, it could well be a principal factor in the spontaneous development of SpA in these lines.
Prior authorization for biologic disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs: A description of US medicaid programs
Authors: Fischer Michael A. , Polinski Jennifer M. , Servi Amber D. , Agnew‐Blais Jessica , Kaci Liljana , Solomon Daniel H.
Published: October 2008

Objective

To evaluate state Medicaid prior authorization programs for biologic disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs).

Methods

We obtained biologic DMARD prior authorization policy information from state Medicaid programs. Using aggregate Medicaid drug spending data, we calculated the proportion of DMARD prescriptions and spending attributed to adalimumab and etanercept in 1999 and 2005 and compared the changes in these proportions in states with and without prior authorization policies. Infliximab and other infused DMARDs were not included because of substantial missing data.

Results

Thirty‐two states required prior authorization for ≥1 biologic DMARD, with wide variation in the specific agents covered and the criteria required for a drug to be authorized. There were 18 states with prior authorization requirements for adalimumab or etanercept. States that implemented prior authorization for these agents initially had lower use of the targeted medications, but use increased over time to a level similar to that in states that did not have prior authorization requirements.

Conclusion

States vary widely in their implementation of prior authorization policies to limit use of biologic DMARDs. Although it appears that these policies may have a short‐term effect on the use of targeted medications, this effect does not appear to be sustained. The clinical impact and appropriateness of such policies is not clear from our data and should be studied further.
Megacell phenotype and its relation to metabolic alterations in transketolase deficient strain of Bacillus pumilus
Authors: Srivastava Rajesh K. , Jaiswal Richa , Panda Dulal , Wangikar Pramod P.
Published: October 2008

Fermentation with transketolase (tkt) deficient strain of Bacillus is the only reported industrially viable process for production of D‐ribose, a commercially important pentose sugar. In addition to direct effects of tkt deficiency, the mutation in non‐oxidative part of pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is known to display several unexpected physiological characteristics such as decreased ability to utilize D‐glucose, altered carbon catabolite repression, lack of motility, etc. Here we demonstrate the morphological plasticity of tkt deficient strain of Bacillus pumilus ATCC 21951 and its possible relation with D‐ribose productivity, a measure of carbon flux through PPP. The bacilli divide normally in nutrient rich media such as Luria–Bertani (LB) broth while showing cell elongation of up to 20‐fold without a visible septum accompanied by moderate to high extracellular D‐ribose accumulation in glucose‐rich media. The cells stained with DAPI (4′‐6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole) and anti FtsZ antibody showed nucleoid separation and Z‐ring formation in LB broth but not in glucose‐rich media. FtsZ protein is known to localize at the future division site forming a ring, called Z‐ring, at an early stage in cytokinesis. The strain experiences inhibition or delay in Z‐ring formation resulting in cell elongation, possibly due to its altered cell membrane composition resulting from tkt deficiency. We hypothesize that the lack of PPP intermediates may have two effects on the strain: (i) altered the cell membrane leading to delay in Z‐ring formation and cell elongation; and (ii) induction of genes of the oxidative part of PPP resulting in D‐ribose accumulation. Nutrient rich media such as LB broth may alleviate these metabolite deficiencies thereby restoring normal cell division and inhibiting excessive D‐ribose accumulation. The D‐ribose productivity and cell elongation may therefore be co‐morbid. The results have implications in designing optimal media and monitoring strategy based on morphological analysis. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;102: 1387–1397. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modulation of insulin release by adenosine A1receptor agonists and antagonists in INS‐1 cells: The possible contribution of86Rb+efflux and45Ca2+uptake
Authors: Töpfer M. , Burbiel C. E. , Müller C. E. , Knittel J. , Verspohl E. J.
Published: October 2008

Due to the lack of specific agonists and antagonists the role of adenosine receptor subtypes with respect to their effect on the insulin secretory system is not well investigated. The A1receptor may be linked to different 2nd messenger systems, i.e. cAMP, K+‐ and45Ca2+channel activity. Partial A1receptor agonists are going to be developed in order to improve diabetes (increase in insulin sensitivity, lowering of FFA and triglycerides). In this study newly synthesized selective A1receptor agonists and antagonists were investigated thereby integrating three parameters, insulin release (RIA),45Ca2+uptake and86Rb+efflux (surrogate for K+efflux) of INS‐1 cells, an insulin secretory cell line. The presence of A1‐receptors was demonstrated by Western blotting. The receptor nonselective adenosine analogue NECA (5′‐N‐ethylcarboxyamidoadenosine) at high concentration (10 µM) had no effect on insulin release and45Ca2+uptake which could be interpreted as the sum of effects mediated by mutual antagonistic adenosine receptor subtypes. However, an inhibitory effect mediated by A1receptor agonism was detected at 10 nM NECA and could be confirmed by adding the A1receptor antagonist PSB‐36 (1‐butyl‐8‐(3‐noradamantyl)‐3‐(3‐hydroxy‐propyl)xanthine). NECA inhibited86Rb+efflux which, however, did not fit with the simultaneous inhibition of insulin secretion. The selective A1receptor agonist CHA (N6‐cyclohexyladenosine) inhibited insulin release; the simultaneously increased Ca2+uptake (nifedipine dependent) and inhibition of86Rb+efflux did not fit the insulin release data. The CHA effect (even the maximum effect at 50 µM) can be increased by 10 µM NECA indicating that CHA and NECA have nonspecific and physiologically non‐relevant effects on86Rb+efflux in addition to their A1‐receptor interaction. Since PSB‐36 did not influence the NECA‐induced inhibition of86Rb+efflux, the NECA effect is not mediated by potassium channel‐linked A1receptors. The nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist caffeine increased insulin release which was reversed by CHA as expected when hypothesizing that both act via A1receptors in this case. In conclusion, stimulation of A1receptors by receptor selective and nonselective compounds reduced insulin release which is not coupled to opening of potassium channels (86Rb+efflux experiments) or inhibition of calcium channels (45Ca2+uptake experiments). It may be expected that of all pleiotropic 2nd messengers, the cAMP system (not tested here) is predominant for A1receptor effects and the channel systems (K+and Ca2+) are of minor importance and do not contribute to insulin release though being coupled to the receptor in other tissues. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pax9 mediated cell survival in oral squamous carcinoma cell enhanced by c‐myb
Authors: Lee Jung‐Chang , Sharma Manju , Lee Young‐Hee , Lee Nan‐Hee , Kim Sun‐Young , Yun Ji‐Soo , Nam Sang‐Yun , Hwang Pyoung‐Han , Jhee Eun‐Chung , Yi Ho‐Keun
Published: October 2008

Paired box gene 9 (Pax9) and c‐myb are transcription factors that regulate the expression of the genes involved in mediating cell proliferation, resistance to apoptosis, and migration. However, the function of Pax9 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is virtually unknown. This study examined the anti‐apoptotic roles of Pax9 and c‐myb, and clarified interaction between the two genes in KB cells. Inhibition of Pax9 caused the induction of apoptosis with enhanced cleavage of caspase‐3 and PARP, accelerated Bax, and reduced Bcl‐2 expression. Transducing c‐myb cells with adenovirus c‐myb (Ad/c‐myb) were induced cell growth and inhibited apoptosis, but dominant‐negative myb cells (Ad/DN‐myb) were not affected. Pax9 was upregulated in the Ad/c‐myb cells with simultaneous decrease in the Ad/DN‐myb infection. However, c‐myb remained unaffected in the Pax9 small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfected cells. Moreover, the Pax9 siRNA transfected cells and Ad/DN‐myb infected cells were able to arrest the cell cycle at the G0 phase. This suggests that Pax9 and c‐myb expression in KB cells is essential for cell growth, and survival is enhanced by c‐myb. Disrupting the function of c‐myb and Pax9 could be a potential target for cancer treatment. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Highly Fluorescent Conjugated Pyrenes in Nucleic Acid Probes: (Phenylethynyl)pyrenecarbonyl‐Functionalized Locked Nucleic Acids
Authors: Astakhova Irina V. , Korshun Vladimir A. , Wengel Jesper
Published: October 2008

In recent years, fluorescently labeled oligonucleotides have become a widely used tool in diagnostics, DNA sequencing, and nanotechnology. The recently developed (phenylethynyl)pyrenes are attractive dyes for nucleic acid labeling, with the advantages of long‐wave emission relative to the parent pyrene, high fluorescence quantum yields, and the ability to form excimers. Herein, the synthesis of six (phenylethynyl)pyrene‐functionalized locked nucleic acid (LNA) monomers M1–M6 and their incorporation into DNA oligomers is described. Multilabeled duplexes display higher thermal stabilities than singly modified analogues. An increase in the number of phenylethynyl substituents attached to the pyrene results in decreased binding affinity towards complementary DNA and RNA and remarkable bathochromic shifts of absorption/emission maxima relative to the parent pyrene fluorochrome. This bathochromic shift leads to the bright fluorescence colors of the probes, which differ drastically from the blue emission of unsubstituted pyrene. The formation of intra‐ and interstrand excimers was observed for duplexes that have monomers M1–M6 in both complementary strands and in numerous single‐stranded probes. If more phenylethynyl groups are inserted, the detected excimer signals become more intense. In addition, (phenylethynyl)pyrenecarbonyl–LNA monomers M4, M5, and M6 proved highly useful for the detection of single mismatches in DNA/RNA targets.
Heterometal Alkoxides as Precursors for the Preparation of Porous Fe– and Mn–TiO2 Photocatalysts with High Efficiencies
Authors: Zou Xiao‐Xin , Li Guo‐Dong , Guo Ming‐Yi , Li Xin‐Hao , Liu Da‐Peng , Su Juan , Chen Jie‐Sheng
Published: October 2008

Transition‐metal‐doped titanium glycolates (M–TG, with M=Fe, Mn), which are the first non‐stoichiometric heterometal alkoxides, have been synthesised through a solvothermal doping approach. X‐ray diffraction, UV/Vis diffuse reflectance and ESR spectroscopy revealed that the dopant ion (Fe3+ or Mn2+) is substituted for Ti4+ in the TG lattice. Fe3+ prolongs the crystallisation time of Fe–TG, whereas Mn2+ has a smaller effect on the crystallisation time in comparison with Fe3+. The as‐synthesised M–TG materials were used directly as single‐source precursors for the preparation of metal‐doped titania (M–TiO2) through a simple thermal treatment process. The as‐prepared M–TiO2 materials maintain the rod‐like morphology of the precursors and possess a mesoporous structure with high crystallinity. It has been proved that the dopant ions are incorporated into the TiO2 lattice at the Ti4+ positions. The photocatalytic activities of the M–TiO2 materials obtained were evaluated by testing the degradation of phenol under UV irradiation. From the photocatalytic results, it was concluded that high crystallinity, a large surface area and appropriate transition‐metal‐doping are all beneficial to the enhancement of the photocatalytic performance of the doped TiO2 material. In addition, it was noted that in comparison with Mn–TiO2, Fe–TiO2 shows higher photocatalytic activity due to the better inhibition effect of Fe3+ on recombination of photogenerated electron–hole pairs. In contrast to the conventional nanosized TiO2 photocatalyst, the micrometre‐sized M–TiO2 particles we obtained can be easily separated and recovered after the photocatalytic reactions.
Total Synthesis and Biological Activity of Neopeltolide and Analogues
Authors: Vintonyak Viktor V. , Kunze Brigitte , Sasse Florenz , Maier Martin E.
Published: October 2008

Combining the core structure of neopeltolide, lactone 16 a, with the oxazole‐containing side chain 23 via a Mitsunobu reaction provided the cytotoxic natural product neopeltolide (2). The side chain 23 was prepared from oxazolone 24 via the corresponding triflate. Key steps in the preparation of 23 were a Sonogashira coupling, an enamine alkylation, and a Still–Gennari Horner–Emmons reaction. By changing the Leighton reagent in the allylation step, the 11‐epimer of lactone 16 a, compound 50 was prepared. This led to 11‐epi‐neopeltolide 51. The 5‐epimer of neopeltolide, compound 52, could be obtained from the minor isomer of the Prins cyclization. Furthermore, a range of analogues with modifications in the side chain were prepared. All derivatives were checked for toxicity effects on mammalian cell cultures and inhibitory effects on NADH oxidation in submitochondrial particles of bovine heart. Modifications in the lactone part are tolerated to some degree. On the other hand, shortening the distance between the oxazole and the lactone causes a significant drop in activity. Analogue 65 with an additional double bond is equally or even more active than neopeltolide itself.
Structural Principles of Polyhedral Allotropes of Phosphorus
Authors: Karttunen Antti J. , Linnolahti Mikko , Pakkanen Tapani A.
Published: October 2008

We derive the structural principles of polyhedral allotropes of phosphorus, introducing three distinct families of black phosphorus nanostructures. The predicted tetrahedral, octahedral, and icosahedral phosphorus cages can also be considered as phosphorus fullerenes. Phosphorus cages up to P888 are systematically investigated by quantum chemical methods, and their thermodynamic stabilities are compared with the experimentally known allotropic forms of phosphorus. The tetrahedral cages are thermodynamically favored over the octahedral and icosahedral structures, although large octahedral structures become nearly as stable as the tetrahedral ones. The stability trends of the studied polyhedral families can be rationalized on the basis of their structural characteristics. The phosphorus polyhedra can be further stabilized by fitting smaller structures inside larger ones, resulting in multilayered, bulk‐like cages. The synthesis of the predicted black phosphorus nanostructures is suggested to be viable from the thermodynamic point of view, and several approaches for their experimental preparation can be envisaged.