bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Circulatory Mobility in Post-Mao China: Temporary Migrants in Kaiping County, Pearl River Delta Region
Authors: Woon Yuen-fong
Published: June 2018

Since the 1980s, it has been possible for the Chinese peasant household to diversify its economic base by making use of its social networks to place members in a distant community as migrant workers. Through a microstudy of 50 such migrants in Kaiping County in the Pearl River Delta region, this article illustrates the interplay between macro, meso, and micro factors in the causes and processes of circulatory mobility in post-Mao China. It is found that Hong Kong's search for cheap labor, the PRC's household registration system, and Kaiping's strong localism provide the context in which migrants and their households have to adjust. The particular behavior pattern of these migrants also bears the stamp of their rational household decision-making processes as well as their feelings of moral obligation toward their kin in their community of origin.
Will a Large-Scale Migration of Russians to the Russian Republic Take Place over the Current Decade?
Authors: Dunlop John B.
Published: June 2018

Given the headlong and convulsive pace of political change occurring in the republics of the former Soviet Union, predictions concerning future developments in that area of the world must necessarily be tenuous and hedged about with caveats. The question of the likely scale of in-migration from the other former union republics into the Russian Republic over the remainder of this decade is, however, so politically charged and so important that analysts and forecasters can ill afford to ignore it. One suspects that Western policy-makers are increasingly going to have to focus their attention upon the fate of the 25.3 million ethnic Russians living in that part of the former Soviet Union now called the “Near Abroad” (blizhnee zarubezh'e).
Current Trends and Patterns of Female Migration: Evidence from Mexico
Authors: Donato Katharine M.
Published: June 2018

This study uses a new source of data to assess trends and patterns of female migration from Mexico. Data were collected from migrants interviewed in ten Mexican communities from 1987 through 1990, as well as from outmigrants from those communities who were later located in the United States. The first part of the analysis examines changes in migrant behavior throughout the 1980s by estimating trends in the probability of first-time and repeat migration and by assessing the impact of the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) on these trends. In general, migration probabilities were lower for women than those reported elsewhere for men, but the evidence suggests that, like men, once women begin migrating, they are virtually assured of migrating on a second trip. Results from the departure models in the second half of the article suggest that recent female migration reflects access to the productive resources in Mexican society and a process of family migration whereby women migrate after their husbands and fathers legalized as part of IRCA.
Aggressive Nationalism, Immigration Pressure and Asylum Policy Disputes in Contemporary Germany
Authors: Fijalkowski Jurgen
Published: June 2018

This analysis examines the content of the contemporary German asylum disputes, if a causative relation between immigration pressure and nationalist aggressiveness against foreigners exists at all, the extent immigration pressures are at all existent, what sort of positive policies and political reorientation are required to address the problems of aggressive nationalism; how to address the increasing inmigration pressures and whether asylum rights and immigration regulations offer at all the appropriate instruments to address the problems.
The Making of an Immigrant Niche
Authors: Waldinger Roger
Published: June 2018

Although the dominant paradigm of immigrant employment views immigrants as clustered in a limited number of occupations or industries that comprise a niche, the explanations of how immigrants enter and establish these niches remain incomplete. While most researchers emphasize the importance of social networks, the social network approach begs the issue of how to account for the insertion and consolidation of immigrant networks as opposed to those dominated by incumbent native workers. This article seeks to answer this question through a case study of immigrant professional employees in New York City government. I argue that the growth of this immigrant niche resulted from changes in the relative supply of native workers and in the structure of employment, which opened the bureaucracy to immigrants and reduced native/immigrant competition. These shifts opened hiring portals; given the advantages of network hiring for workers and managers, and an immigrant propensity for government employment, network recruitment led to a rapid buildup in immigrant ranks.
Ethnic Convergence Processes under Conditions of Persisting Socioeconomic-Decreasing Cultural Differences: The Case of Israeli Society
Authors: Benski Tova
Published: June 2018

The central claim of the present study is that under conditions of persistent ethnic inequality accompanied by widespread acculturation, ethnic convergence processes may proceed in various directions among different subsections of the same group. Expectations based on three theoretical approaches that assume different directions of ethnic convergence are tested on data of friendship patterns among two generations of Iraqi Jews in Israel, using logistic regression procedures for polytomous dependent variables. The findings substantiate the central claim and lend general support to the triple melting pot diesis. An explanatory framework that could prove to be a fruitful direction for future research is suggested.
Rejecting “Misfits:” Canada and the Nansen Passport
Authors: Kaprielian-Churchill Isabel
Published: June 2018

After 1918, millions of refugees from the former Russian and Ottoman Empires found themselves without citizenship. To facilitate refugee travel and work, Dr. Fridtjof Nansen, League of Nations HCR, established an international identity certificate, generally known as the “Nansen passport” This document identified the refugee but did not give him the same rights as a legal passport, most notably, the right of return. After the war, racism in Canada's immigration program and a concern for potential public charges affected the way in which Canada dealt with the Nansen passport, her participation at international conferences dealing with refugees, and the entry of refugees qua refugees. These developments occurred at a time when Canada was trying to establish an international presence and a measure of independence from Britain.
Patterns of Economic Attainment of Foreign-Born Male Workers in the United States
Authors: Poston Dudley L.
Published: June 2018

This article is concerned with the economic attainment patterns of foreign-born male workers in the United States in 1980. The economic attainment patterns of males born in 92 countries of the world are examined and are compared among themselves, as well as among the seven principal U.S.-born groups of Anglos, Afro-American, Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cuban Americans, Asian Americans, and American Indians. For all foreign-born groups, the article examines the degree to which such individual-level factors as educational attainment, labor market experience, and so forth account for their variation in economic attainment. We conclude that although microlevel characteristics are not the complete answer, they are important for most foreign-born populations in explaining their variation in earnings.
Divided Fates: Immigrant Children in a Restructured U.S. Economy
Authors: Fernandez-Kelly M. Patricia , Schauffler Richard
Published: June 2018

This essay is based on survey and ethnographic research among second-generation immigrants. The purpose is to investigate the meaning of segmented assimilation by comparing five groups of immigrant children: Haitians, Vietnamese, Cubans, Nicaraguans and Mexicans. We examine the effects of physical location, mode of reception, and membership in particular social networks on characteristics such as fluency in English, school performance, self-perception and occupational expectations among the various groups. We hypothesize that the experience of the new immigrants bifurcates in consonance with self and collective identities. Defining oneself as an immigrant protects a child from some of the deleterious effects of assimilation. This is especially apparent among Haitians and West Indians for whom assimilation may entail becoming African Americans and, therefore, enduring stigma and diminishing opportunities.
Problems and Prospects of Studying Immigrant Adaptation from the 1990 Population Census: From Generational Comparisons to the Process of “Becoming American”
Authors: Hirschman Charles
Published: June 2018

With the loss of the question on parental birthplace in the 1980 and 1990 censuses, there are serious obstacles to current research on immigrant adaption based on the traditional logic of intergenerational progress. The tremendous diversity across contemporary immigrant streams from more dian 40 country/region-of-origin groups, however, reinforces the singular importance of census data for national studies of the post-1965 immigrants and their children. A potentially useful research strategy is to examine variations in socioeconomic adaptation by duration of American residence among immigrants who arrived as children or teenagers. Exploratory investigation using this framework reveals a dominant pattern of successful adaptation with greater exposure to American society (“becoming American”), but also some mixed patterns that are more consistent with the segmented assimilation model.
The Household Structure of Second-Generation Children: An Exploratory Study of Extended Family Arrangements
Authors: Pérez Lisandro
Published: June 2018

Using data from the Children of Immigrants Survey, the antecedents of extended family arrangements among immigrant households with children are examined. The incidence and form of such arrangements, especially the presence of grandparents, are analyzed in relation to single parenthood, national origin, cultural assimilation, and socioeconomic variables. The findings serve to underscore the complexity of the correlates of extended family arrangements. While there is a relationship with single parenthood, more research is needed on the economic basis for the presence of relatives in the household. The analysis uncovered the need to also treat presence of grandparents as an independent variable, especially in the cultural assimilation of children of immigrants.
The Crucible Within: Ethnic Identity, Self-Esteem, and Segmented Assimilation among Children of Immigrants
Authors: Rumbaut Ruben G.
Published: June 2018

Focusing on the formation of ethnic self-identities during adolescence, this article examines the psychosocial adaptation of children of immigrants from Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean. The data are drawn from a survey carried out in the San Diego and Miami metropolitan areas of over 5,000 children of immigrants attending the eighth and ninth grades in local schools. The sample is evenly split by gender and nativity (half are U.S. born, half foreign born). The results show major differences in their patterns of ethnic self-identification, both between and within groups from diverse national origins. Instead of a uniform assimilative path, we found segmented paths to identity formation. Detailed social portraits are sketched for each ethnic identity type. Multivariate analyses then explore the determinants of assimilative and dissimilative ethnic self-identities and of other aspects of psychosocial adaptation such as self-esteem, depressive affect, and parent-child conflict, controlling for gender, socioeconomic status, and national origin. The theoretical and practical implications of these results –especially the effects of acculturation, discrimination, location and ethnic density of schools, parental socialization and family context, upon the psychosocial adaptation of children of recent immigrants to the United States – are discussed.
Social Capital and the Adaptation of the Second Generation: The Case of Vietnamese Youth in New Orleans
Authors: Zhou Min , Bankston Carl L.
Published: June 2018

This article investigates some of the ways in which social capital made available in an immigrant community contributes to, rather than hinders, the adaptation of the younger generation, in school and afterward. We contrast the assimilationist view with alternative arguments on ethnic resources as social capital. Based on a case study of Vietnamese youth in an immigrant community in eastern New Orleans, we explore how aspects of an immigrant culture serve as a form of social capital to affect the adaptational experiences of immigrant offspring. We have found that students who have strong adherence to traditional family values, strong commitment to a work ethic, and a high degree of personal involvement in the ethnic community tend disproportionately to receive high grades, to have definite college plans, and to score high on academic orientation. These values and tenavioral and associational patterns are consistent with the expectations of their community and reflect a high level of social integration among Vietnamese youth. The findings indicate that strong positive immigrant cultural orientations can serve as a form of social capital that promotes value conformity and constructive forms of behavior, which provide otherwise disadvantaged children with an adaptive advantage. We conclude that social capital is crucial and, under certain conditions, more important than traditional human capital for the successful adaptation of younger-generation immigrants.
Wage Mobility of Undocumented Workers in the United States
Authors: Tienda Marta , Singer Audrey
Published: June 2018

This study addresses two fundamental questions about the economic assimilation of undocumented immigrants in the United States: 1) how different recently legalized immigrants are from all foreign-born persons and native-born whites; 2) whether wages of undocumented immigrants improve as they acquire greater amounts of U.S. experience and, if so, how these improvements are comparable to those of immigrants in general. We analyze the Legalized Population Survey and the Current Population Survey to assess the returns to U.S. experience and find positive returns to U.S. experience for both undocumented migrants and all foreign-born men. Returns to U.S. experience depend on region of origin. Undocumented immigrants from Mexico received the lowest wage returns and men from non-Spanish-speaking countries received the highest returns to U.S. experience.
International Labor Migration through Multinational Enterprises
Authors: Tzeng Rueyling
Published: June 2018

This research studies international migration of company transferees. The main purposes are to address how their individual characteristics have influences on their overseas assignment and what kinds of migration patterns are created by the multinational business enterprises. U.S. firms in Taiwan are the primary study focus. By using both quantitative and qualitative data, the results show that although an overseas appointment is mainly based on individual competence, nationality, ethnicity and gender also play crucial roles. And multinationals are important channels for sustainable, return and circular migration.
International Migration: Demographic and Socioeconomic Consequences in the United Kingdom and Europe
Authors: Coleman D. A.
Published: June 2018

People of non-European origin from Commonwealth countries have predominated in postwar immigration to the United Kingdom. That migration neutralized the previously dominant pattern of emigration and increased U.K. population by about 3 million people through immigration and higher fertility, with only slight effects upon the age distribution. Overall economic consequences have never been comprehensively evaluated but are probably minor. Social effects have been more important, arising from the geographical concentration of the immigrants in urban areas, their automatic entitlement to vote, and pervasive measures to enforce racial equality and accommodate new cultural diversity.
The South-to-North Migration of Women
Authors: Zlotnik Hania
Published: June 2018

This article challenges the conventional wisdom that, since the circa 1974 discontinuation of policies encouraging temporary labor migration, female migration has significantly outnumbered male migration. Drawing on data from Belgium, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States, the article shows that the proportion of women in gross immigration is lower when the flows originate in developing rather than in developed countries. Women outnumber men only in terms of net migration. Each receiving country has its own variations on these generalizations, with the chief variables being the receiving countries’ admission policies and the stage in migration history of the expatriate population.
The Impact of the Involuntary Mass ‘Return’ to Jordan in the Wake of the Gulf Crisis
Authors: Van Hear Nicholas
Published: June 2018

This article investigates the impact of the involuntary movement to Jordan of about 300,000 Palestinians in the wake of the Gulf crisis of 1990–91. It explores the character of the population that arrived en masse in Jordan and whether their arrival burdened or benefitted that country. Neither migrants as commonly conceived nor a fully settled minority community in Kuwait and other Gulf states, their case throws doubt on the utility of terms like return and repatriation since a substantial proportion of this population had only minimal experience of Jordan, the ‘home’ to which they ‘returned.’ The involuntary migration compounded other effects of the Gulf crisis on Jordan and exacerbated the country's already serious economic problems. Integration of the returnees was painful. But contrary to initial expectations, the mass arrival did not result in unmitigated disaster and may have contributed to an economic recovery in Jordan, suggesting that there may be potentially beneficial windfall effects of sudden population influxes, even when they are involuntary and disorderly.
Towards a Theory of Ethnic Identity and Migration: The Formation of Ethnic Enclaves by Migrant Germans in Russia and North America
Authors: Waters Tony
Published: June 2018

This article explores the determinants for the maintenance of ethnic identity by comparing six groups of migrant Germans. The groups are eighteenth century German peasants migrating to Volga Russia, thirteenth century migrants to Latvia, seventeenth century bureaucrats and traders migrating to Moscow/St. Petersburg, eighteenth century peasant migrants to Pennsylvania, nineteenth century Hutterite migrants to the North American Midwest, and eighteenth century Volga German migrants to the American Midwest. Notably, three of these groups assimilated into the host society, while three of them formed ethnic enclaves. Comparison of the six cases indicated that what determined whether a group would maintain its identity or not depended on whether individuals could move their inheritable economic base. This is because in the immigrant situation it is the inheritable economic base which determines who the primary reference group will be.
Using ins Border Apprehension Data to Measure the Flow of Undocumented Migrants Crossing the U.S.-Mexico Frontier
Authors: Espenshade Thomas J.
Published: June 2018

This article examines how data on INS border apprehensions are related to the flow of undocumented migrants crossing the southern U.S. border. Its centerpiece is a demographic model of the process of unauthorized migration across the Mexico-U.S. frontier. This model is both a conceptual framework that allows us to see theoretical linkages between apprehensions and illegal migrant flows, and a methodological device that yields estimates of the gross number of undocumented migrants. One implication of the model is that, for the first time, the relation between apprehensions and illegal flows can be examined empirically. We show that the ratio in each period between apprehensions and the undocumented flow is simply the odds of being located and arrested on any given attempt to enter the United States clandestinely. In addition, data for 1977–1988 suggest that the simple linear correlation between the number of apprehensions and the volume of illegal immigration is approximately 0.90 and that the size of the illegal migrant flow is roughly 2.2 times the number of Border Patrol arrests. The article concludes with a discussion of the conditions under which it is appropriate to use INS apprehensions data as an indicator for the flow of undocumented U.S. migrants.
Asians in Small Business in the Russian Far East: A Historical Overview and Comparison with Asians on the American West Coast
Authors: Patsiorkovsky Valeri , Fugita Stephen S. , O'Brien David J.
Published: June 2018

The historical role of Asians in the Russian Far East is examined, with particular attention paid to their involvement in small business activities. Similarities are identified between this experience and that of Asians on the American Pacific Coast.
Neighborhood Change under Conditions of Mass Immigration: The New York City Region, 1970–1990
Authors: Alba Richard D. , Denton Nancy A. , Leung Shu-yin J. , Logan John R.
Published: June 2018

This article investigates the shifting racial and ethnic composition of neighborhoods in the Greater New York metropolitan region in the 1970–1990 period, during which the region has been one of the nation's major receiving grounds for new immigrant groups. Neighborhoods are defined in terms of census tracts, and changes in neighborhood composition are tracked with data from the 1970, 1980, and 1990 censuses. Four racial/ethnic groups are considered: non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, Hispanics and Asians. The analysis, which exploits the neighborhood transition table (Denton and Massey, 1991), reveals a somewhat paradoxical set of developments. On the one hand, there is increasing racial and ethnic complexity in neighborhoods throughout the region: more and more neighborhoods contain multiple groups; fewer and fewer are ethnically or racially homogeneous. On the other hand, there is a crosscutting trend: all-minority neighborhoods, occupied by blacks or blacks and Hispanics, are growing in number. We demonstrate further that these two patterns are associated with other characteristics of neighborhoods, such as the median incomes of their households and whether they are located in cities or suburbs.
Immigration to the Federal Republic of Germany as a Demographic and Social Problem
Authors: Wingen Max
Published: June 2018

Addressing the question of immigration to Western Europe and especially to Germany from east and southeast Europe and from developing countries of the South, this article considers whether such immigration can compensate for reductions in population in developed countries. It is argued that the demographic deficits of an aging population can only be corrected to a limited extent through immigration. Any solution, in order to be effective, must include a simultaneous increase in the birthrates of Germany and other European Community countries. With particular regard to future social development in Germany and the EC, it would be advisable for governments to effect measures that will provide both for controlled admissions of immigrants from outside the EC and an increase in local reproductive capabilities.
Structural Changes in the Receiving Country and Future Labor Migration –The Case of Kuwait
Authors: Shah Nasra M.
Published: June 2018

Structural changes in the labor force of the receiving country can provide some important clues to the speed and nature of replacement of migrant workers by indigenous ones. This article analyzes changes in the national labor force with regard to volume, age and sex composition, retention in the labor force, productivity, type of occupation, and sector of activity. Changes in the above features during the last two decades indicate that the median age of the national male labor force remains low, its concentration in the public sector has increased, and its participation in production and manual work has declined further. The labor force participation of females has increased substantially, and they comprised 31 percent of the national labor force in 1993. Kuwaiti females participate mainly in the professional or technical and clerical occupations. The number of non-Kuwaiti females in the labor force has increased, with domestic servants as a major category. The above structural changes suggest that the national labor force is growing in a manner that implies a continued long-term dependence on foreign workers. Dependence on expatriates is likely to be greatest for occupations involving maintenance of infrastructures and personal services.
Social Context, Household Composition and Employment among Migrant and Nonmigrant Dominican Women
Authors: Gurak Douglas T. , Kritz Mary M.
Published: June 2018

The effects of household composition on the employment of female immigrants from the Dominican Republic residing in New York City and women residing in the Dominican Republic are examined. The analysis indicates that context is more important than group culture in explaining the labor force participation of Dominican women. Dominican women residing in New York with children and no spouse present are less likely to be employed than are either women who have spouses or who have neither spouses nor children – the same pattern exists for women of another important Hispanic immigrant group in New York: Colombians. The reverse pattern holds in the Dominican Republic, where women living in households with spouse present are least likely to be employed. The presence of adult men other than the spouse in the household has effects consistent with those for spouse in both contexts – increasing women's odds of being employed in New York but decreasing them in the Dominican Republic. Structural factors in the Dominican Republic and New York City contexts that might account for the differing dynamics are discussed.
Hispanic Intermarriage in New York City: New Evidence from 1991
Authors: Gilbertson Greta A. , Fitzpatrick Joseph P. , Yang Lijun
Published: June 2018

This study replicates research on Hispanic intermarriage by Fitzpatrick (1966) and Gurak and Fitzpatrick (1982) using 1991 marriage records from New York City. It examines trends in marital assimilation among Puerto Ricans and the non-Puerto Rican Hispanic population. The prevalence of intermarriage varies among the six Hispanic national-origin groups. Changes in intermarriage patterns since 1975 are documented. Results show very high rates of intermarriage with non-Hispanics among Cubans, Mexicans, Central Americans, and South Americans. Considerable intermarriage among Hispanics of different national origins is characteristic of all Hispanics. Finally, Puerto Ricans and Dominicans have distinct patterns of intermarriage, characterized by high rates of intermarriage with each other, lower rates of intermarriage with non-Hispanics, no intergenerational increase in exogamy, and higher rates of nonmixed ancestry among the second generation. Implications of these trends are discussed.
Japans Growing Economic Activities and the Attainment Patterns of Foreign-Born Japanese Workers in the United States, 1979 to 1989
Authors: Fang Di
Published: June 2018

This study examines the impact of the economic activities of Japan in the United States on the socioeconomic attainments of foreign-born Japanese male workers in 1979 and 1989. It demonstrates that working in wholesale trade, finance and manufacturing industries, three major sectors of Japanese investment in America, provided foreign-born male Japanese workers with the highest likelihood of assuming managerial positions. Moreover, the managerial occupation in turn provided the Japanese workers with the highest earnings returns. This pattern is consistent over time and by length of residence. The results suggest the importance of Japan's economic globalization since the 1970s in explaining the socioeconomic attainment patterns of foreign-born Japanese workers in the United States.
Metropolitan Characteristics and Entrepreneurship among Immigrants and Ethnic Groups in Canada
Authors: Razin Eran , Langlois André
Published: June 2018

This study assesses the influence of metropolitan characteristics on self-employment among immigrant groups and ethnic minorities in Canada. It compares self-employment among 65 immigrant and ethnic groups in Canada's 25 metropolitan areas and is based on a special tabulation from the 1991 Census of Canada. Results show that locational variations in self-employment among groups that are clearly distinguished from Canada's mainstream population, and among the more entrepreneurial groups, differ markedly from locational variations among the rest of the population. These groups gravitate to self-employment, particularly in peripheral metropolitan areas where entrepreneurial opportunities are few. Neither does a large local community of co-ethnics positively influence the propensity to become self-employed. However, immigrants and minorities in peripheral metropolitan areas cluster in relatively narrow entrepreneurial niches. While benefiting from less competition by co-ethnics, the immigrants are probably constrained there to self-employment due to the lack of alternative opportunities.
Population in Trans-Border Regions: The Southern California-Baja California Urban System
Authors: Rubin-Kurtzman Jane R. , Ham-Chande Roberto , Van Arsdol Maurice D.
Published: June 2018

This article is a case study of population growth and composition in the Southern California-Baja California trans-border urban system (TBS). The central question guiding the research is how the combination of geographic proximity and economic integration in two very different regions affects population characteristics in the Southern California-Baja California TBS. We begin by briefly defining trans-border urban systems. We then specify the attributes of the Southern California-Baja California TBS, contrasting them with attributes observed elsewhere in the United States and Mexico. We particularly emphasize the impact of the Mexican-origin population on population growth, composition, age structure and trans-border mobility. We conclude by outlining several national and international policy implications that can be derived from a regional focus on the Southern California-Baja California TBS. The units of analysis are the aggregate TBS and the component counties and municipios. The data are drawn primarily from the U.S. and Mexican censuses. Secondary data from a variety of sources also are discussed.
Migration and Its Risks
Authors: O'Brien Peter
Published: June 2018

This essay applies the theories of Ulrich Beck's Risk Society to the politics of migration in Germany. In particular, the essay focuses on Beck's notion of the waning influence, indeed even relevancy, of science and scientists regarding postmodern risk phenomena. The essay argues that migration to Germany can be understood as a Beckian risk phenomenon, helping to explain the decreasing influence of social scientists over the politics of migration in the Federal Republic.
World War I and the Finns of Astoria, Oregon: The Effects of the War on an Immigrant Community
Authors: Hummasti P. George
Published: June 2018

The situation produced by the First World War greatly influenced communities of European immigrants in America, like the settlement of Finns at Astoria, Oregon. The war changed the relationships of Finns there among themselves, with their old homeland, and with the American population of the town. These changes, the last in particular, were felt most acutely by a large group of Finnish socialists. The war encouraged them to increased activity and brought to the Americans a heightened awareness of them both as foreigners and as radicals. This led to attempts by the Americans to suppress radicalism among the Finns.
Maslow's Need Hierarchy and the Adjustment of Immigrants
Authors: Adler Seymour
Published: June 2018

This paper uses the need hierarchy theory of Abraham Maslow (1970) to describe the stages in the adjustment process of new immigrants. This notion is then developed and applied to interpreting some longitudinal data on the changing needs of immigrants to Israel during the first two years after their arrival.
The Italian Community in Toronto: A Demographic Profile
Authors: Tomasi Lydio F.
Published: June 2018

Presenting an analysis of the demographic data on the Italian community in Metro Toronto, this article delineates the relationships between the Italian community and the entire Italian migratory flow overseas following World War II. This study reveals the Italian group as a demographically active community, representing a considerable portion of the social dynamics of the entire Toronto community in development.
Geographically Indirect Immigration to Canada: Description and Analysis
Authors: Greenwood Michael J. , Young Paul A.
Published: June 2018

This article is concerned with geographically indirect immigration to Canada over the period 1968–1988. A geographically indirect immigrant is an individual legally admitted to Canada whose country of last permanent residence differs from country of birth. Records maintained by Employment and Immigration Canada on every immigrant legally admitted over the period were used in the study. Relative to geographically direct immigrants, geographically indirect immigrants tend to be older, more educated, and more highly skilled. Moreover, if they were not born in an English or French speaking country, indirect immigrants are more likely to speak English and/or French capably than direct migrants born in such countries. The study also contains bivariate logit estimates of a model of geographically indirect Canadian immigration. This model suggests that indirect migrants tend to be influenced by personal characteristics (age, sex, marital status, occupation, language ability), as well as by various characteristics of the country of birth (distance from Canada, income level, political conditions).
Population Growth Impacts of Zero Net International Migration
Authors: Bouvier Leon F. , Poston Dudley L. , Zhai Nanbin Benjamin
Published: June 2018

Natural increase, and net international migration are the demographic processes that determine the amount of growth or decline in a nation's population. In a country such as the United States, the contribution of net international migration to overall population change overshadows the contribution of natural increase. It has long been the practice, however, when making population projections for countries, to consider the role of zero net international migration in an incorrect manner. Some analysts have assumed that if the same number of people leave and enter the country each year, then the effect of net international migration will be zero. This article examines that assumption and shows that it is fallacious. Examining the direct, indirect, total, and negative demographic impacts of zero net international migration through simulations with demographic data, we demonstrate that zero net international migration is not the same and therefore does not have the same demographic results and implications as zero international migration. We conclude that zero net international migration should not be confused with zero international migration. In discussions of international migration in either sending or receiving countries, the two concepts must be kept separate for they are not identical and, moreover, have decidedly different demographic implications and effects.
Internal Migration and Development in Vietnam
Authors: Dang Anh , Goldstein Sidney , McNally James
Published: June 2018

This article is a step toward understanding the nature of the interrelationship between population movement and development as Vietnam continues to move toward intensive market reforms. Underutilized tabulations from the 1989 census and national statistical data on characteristics of provinces were explored to gain insights into the roles of development in interprovincial migration within a context of institutional intervention. The overall results of OLS regression indicate that more developed provinces attracted higher volumes of inmigrants, whereas less developed provinces produced more outmigrants, other things being equal. Most of the migrants, especially females, moved to more urbanized and industrialized areas, regardless of their origin home provinces. The government's organized population movements towards remote resettlement areas were costly from the view of the migrants. The study results suggest the importance of interpreting population movement in Vietnam within the broader context of its current transition to a market economy. Government key-policy deliberations must include careful attention to how migration relates to long-term national development.
Refugee Remittances: Conceptual Issues and the Cuban and Nicaraguan Experiences
Authors: Díaz-Briquets Sergio , Pérez-López Jorge
Published: June 2018

This article assesses the notion that the determinants of remittances generated by refugee flows, particularly from Communist-inspired systems, are different from those associated with labor migrations. Labor migration, by definition, involves the voluntary departure from the home country in search of better economic options, whereas refugees, including those from communist systems, depart their homelands for a combination of political and economic reasons. These differences have a major bearing on how labor migrants and refugees perceive their relationship with countries of origin. The propensity of labor migrants to dissociate themselves from the home country is considerably less than among refugees whose perceptions are mediated by opposition to the ruling regime and other factors, such as political relations between refugee-sending and refugee-receiving countries and whether or not there has been a regime change or one is expected to occur. The conceptual issues elaborated here are based on the Cuban-American experience, but also reflect an assessment of Nicaraguan emigration during the 1980s.
First Generation Iranian Immigrants and the Question of Cultural Identity: The Case of Iowa
Authors: Chaichian Mohammad A.
Published: June 2018

Based on survey research and in-depth interviews, this article concerns first generation Iranian immigrants in Iowa and focuses on the extent of their integration into the host society's culture. The findings indicate that while the majority of respondents are fully bilingual and receptive of the host society's culture, they are confident enough to bring up their children based on Iranian cultural values. Yet the longer they stay in the United States, the more isolated they become and the lonelier they feel. There are two plausible explanations: first, their middle-class to upper-class status and above-average educational level is a determining factor in reinforcing Iranian ethnic pride; second, despite their educational and professional successes, Iranian immigrants’ failure to blend into the society at large signals a more serious problem of prejudice and subtle discrimination against them.
Immigration Theory for a New Century: Some Problems and Opportunities
Authors: Portes Alejandro
Published: June 2018

This essay examines some of the pitfalls in contemporary immigration theory and reviews some of the most promising developments in research in this field. As a data-driven field or study, immigration has not had to contend with grand generalizations for highly abstract theorizing. On the contrary, the bias has run in the opposite direction, that is toward ground-level studies of particular migrant groups or analysis of official migration policies. As the distillate of past research in the field and a source of guidance for future work, theory represents one of the most valuable products of our collective intellectual endeavor. Ways to foster it and problems presented by certain common misunderstandings about the meaning and scope of scientific theorizing are discussed.
Rethinking Assimilation Theory for a New Era of Immigration
Authors: Alba Richard , Nee Victor
Published: June 2018

Assimilation theory has been subject to intensive critique for decades. Yet no other framework has provided the social science community with as deep a corpus of cumulative findings concerning the incorporation of immigrants and their descendants. We argue that assimilation theory has not lost its utility for the study of contemporary immigration to the United States. In making our case, we review critically the canonical account of assimilation provided by Milton Gordon and others; we refer to Shibutani and Kwan's theory of ethnic stratification to suggest some directions to take in reformulating assimilation theory. We also examine some of the arguments frequently made to distinguish between the earlier mass immigration of Europeans and the immigration of the contemporary era and find them to be inconclusive. Finally, we sift through some of the evidence about the socioeconomic and residential assimilation of recent immigrant groups. Though the record is clearly mixed, we find evidence consistent with the view that assimilation is taking place, albeit unevenly.
The Immigrant Family: Cultural Legacies and Cultural Changes
Authors: Foner Nancy
Published: June 2018

This article examines the way family and kinship patterns change in the process of immigration — and why. Offering an interpretative synthesis, it emphasizes the way first generation immigrants to the United States fuse together the old and new to create a new kind of family life. The family is seen as a place where there is a dynamic interplay between structure, culture, and agency. New immigrant family patterns are shaped by cultural meanings and social practices immigrants bring with them from their home countries as well as social, economic and cultural forces in the United States.
Segmented Assimilation: Issues, Controversies, and Recent Research on the New Second Generation
Authors: Zhou Min
Published: June 2018

The segmented assimilation theory offers a theoretical framework for understanding the process by which the new second generation – the children of contemporary immigrants – becomes incorporated into the system of stratification in the host society and the different outcomes of this process. This article examines the issues and controversies surrounding the development of the segmented assimilation theory and reviews the state of recent empirical research relevant to this theoretical approach. It also highlights main conclusions from recent research that bear on this theory and their implications for future studies.
Immigration Reform and the Browning of America: Tensions, Conflicts and Community Instability in Metropolitan Los Angeles
Authors: Johnson James H. , Farrell Walter C. , Guinn Chandra
Published: June 2018

Tensions, conflicts, and community instability associated with heightened immigration – especially of nonwhite immigrant groups – threaten to balkanize America. This article highlights the root causes of the growing opposition to both immigrants and U.S. immigration policy — the nativist backlash, presents a typology of the community-level conflicts that have arisen as a consequence of heightened immigration – legal and illegal — to the United States over the last 30 years, and outlines the conditions under which diversity can be brought to the forefront as one of society's strengths.
When Immigrants Are Not Migrants: Counting Arrivals of the Foreign Born Using the U.S. Census
Authors: Ellis Mark , Wright Richard
Published: June 2018

This paper compares characteristics of recent immigrant arrivals in the United States using two measures from the decennial U.S. census: the came-to-stay question and the migration question. We show that a little under 30 percent of immigrants who reported they came to stay between 1985–1990 on the 1990 U.S. Census Public Use Micro Sample were resident in the United States on April 1, 1985. A similar analysis of the 1980 censue reveals that 22 percent of immigrants who reported they came to stay between 1975–1980 lived in the United States on April 1, 1975. Thus among recent arrivals, defined as those who reported they came to stay in the quinquennium preceding the census, a large number were resident in the United States five years before the census date. Furthermore, the proportion of recent arrivals present in the United States five years before the census increased between 1975–1980 and 1985–1990. We show that the profile of recent arrivals is sensitive to their migration status. Generally, in both the 1975–1980 and 1985–1990 cohorts, those resident in the United States five years before the census have significantly less schooling and lower incomes than those who were abroad. Accordingly, we argue that estimates of the skill levels and hourly wages of recent arrivals to the United States vary with the way arrival is measured. Researchers who rely on Public Use samples of the U.S. census for their data should be aware that the year of entry question implies a broader definition of arrival than the migration question. We caution that immigration researchers should consider the idea of arrival more carefully to help distinguish newcomers from the resident foreign born.
Foreign Workers in Israel: History and Theory
Authors: Bartram David V.
Published: June 2018

Beginning in 1993, Israel began importing large numbers of foreign workers, replacing its traditional Palestinian labor force. This article presents a descriptive history and theoretical analysis of the migration, placing it in the context of Israel's reliance on noncitizen labor from the occupied territories. Dual labor market theory is particularly helpful in analyzing labor migration to Israel, but only by also analyzing the determinants of state policy can we understand how these recent flows began. The Israeli case thus suggests a cumulative model of the initiation of labor migration flows: structural factors create a predisposition toward use of foreign labor, and political factors determine whether and how that predisposition will be actualized.
Different Paths: Gender, Immigration and Political Participation
Authors: Jones-Correa Michael
Published: June 2018

Building on arguments made by Grasmuck and Pessar (1991), Hardy-Fanta (1993), and Hondagneu-Sotelo (1994), among others, this article makes the case for a gendered understanding of immigrant political socialization. Looking at recent Latin American immigrants to New York City, the article argues that immigrant Latino men are more likely to favor continuity in patterns of socialization and organization, and immigrant Latinas are more likely to favor change. This finding helps bridge theoretical and empirical literatures in immigration studies, applying the logic of gender-differentiated decisionmaking to the area of immigrant political socialization and behavior.
Discourse, Politics and Policy: The Dutch Parliamentary Debate about Voting Rights for Foreign Residents
Authors: Jacobs Dirk
Published: June 2018

This article contains the results of research concerning parliamentary debate about voting rights for foreign residents in the Netherlands (1970–1996) using a discourse analytical framework. Due to the characteristics of the Dutch political field, a large majority of the political actors has to be willing and able to combine political interests and ideological narratives into one story line propagating franchise for foreign residents in order to grant voting rights to nonnationals. It is claimed that the success and failure of policy changes regarding the political participation of nonnationals is foremost determined by the extent of the discursive affinity of argumentative clusters used by parties of the “center-right” with the (leftist) discourse which propagates enfranchisement.