bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mindfulness and Its Absence – The Development of the Term Mindfulness and the Meditation Techniques Connected to It from Daoist Classics to the Sinicized Buddhism of the Chan School
Authors: ROŠKER Jana S.
Published: August 2016

This article addresses the modifications of the term mindfulness in sinicized meditation practices derived from Indian Buddhism. It attempts to shed some light on these modifications from two different aspects: first the classical Daoist meditation practices were analysed, and this showed why and in what way did the Daoist terminology function as a bridge in the initial phase of translating Buddhist concepts and the sinicization of Buddhist philosophy. The second aspect focused on the concept of mindfulness. The author addressed the development of the original etymological meaning and the later semantic connotations of the concept nian 念, which––in most translated literature––represents synonyms for the term sati (Pāli) or smrti (Sanskrit), from which it is translated into awareness (in most Indo-European languages) or mindfulness (in English). Based on the analysis of these two aspects the author showed the specifics of the modification of the term mindfulness in Chinese meditative practices as they were formed in the Buddhism of the Chan 禪 School. The various understandings of this concept are shown through the contrast of the interpretations of the notion of nian 念 in the North and South Schools of Chan Buddhism.
Mindfulness and Self-deliverance to Pure Presence
Authors: ULE Andrej
Published: August 2016

In the contemporary (Western) literature on mindfulness many authors present it as only a mental practice, which may bring one to a more successful and effective working of the mind, as well as different kinds of mental concentration. However, at least in part of Buddhist literature mindfulness is taken as an inseparable part of the Eightfold Way, and not as a means to achieve a separate mental aim. Another important emphasis of Mahayana Buddhism is that mindfulness does not aim at something new, but instead leads our awareness towards a deeper origin, which has already been present with us. While the initial form of mindfulness clings to various methods and achievements, the higher form lies bare in the present moment, always ready to reveal itself. When we are ready to let go of all that we achieve and do, we can surrender our being to the here and now.
Dust Opacities inside Dust Devil Column in the Taklimakan Desert
Authors: Luan Zhaopeng , Han Yongxiang , Liu Feng , Zhao Tianliang , Liu Chong , Rood Mark J. , Yang Xinghua , He Qing , Lu Huichao
Published: August 2016

Abstract. The distribution of particulate matter (dust) in dust devils (DDs), which are well-defined vortexes of wind that range from 1 m to 1,000 m tall, is quantitatively quantified here based on light transmission. We applied the Digital Optical Method (DOM) with digital still cameras to quantify the opacity of the DDs in the Taklimakan Desert, China. This study presents the following unique and important results and interpretations: 1) the distinct horizontal distributions of opacity indirectly proved the existence of DDs’ zone of weak winds in the center of the swirling vortex, similar like the eye of tropical cyclone, which is difficult to be observed directly; 2) The opacity of the DDs decreases with increasing height, however, the dust does appears to settle out, and the relatively calm eye leads to a minimum in dust opacity at the eye; 3) The horizontal distribution of opacity is quasi symmetric with a bimodal across the eye of the DDs; and 4) A new robust method is developed for the representation of three-dimensional structure of opacity based on the observed two-dimensional structures provided by DOM. This research not only proposes a highly reliable, low cost and efficient methodology to characterize the inside structure of DDs, but also provides the information on estimation of dust emissions caused by DDs.
Soil carbon stock estimates in a nationwide inventory: evaluating performance of the ROMUL and Yasso07 models
Authors: Lehtonen Aleksi , Linkosalo Tapio , Peltoniemi Mikko , Sievänen Risto , Mäkipää Raisa , Tamminen Pekka , Salemaa Maija , Nieminen Tiina , Ťupek Boris , Heikkinen Juha , Komarov Alexander
Published: August 2016

Abstract. We test whether litter quality, litter quantity and weather data are enough to estimate soil carbon stocks by models. We also test whether inclusion of soil water holding capacity improves soil carbon stock model estimates. Litter input was estimated from stem volume maps provided by the National Forest Inventory, while understorey vegetation was estimated using new biomass models. The litter production rates of trees were based on previous research, while for understorey biomass those were estimated from measured data. We applied Yasso07 and ROMUL models across Finland and ran those models into steady state; thereafter, measured soil carbon stocks were compared with model estimates. We found that the role of understorey litter input is underestimated when the Yasso07 model is parameterised, especially in northern Finland. We also found that the inclusion of soil water holding capacity in the ROMUL model improved predictions, especially in southern Finland. Our results imply that the ecosystem modelling community and greenhouse gas inventories should improve understorey litter estimation in the northern latitudes. Our simulations and measurements show that models using only litter quality, litter quantity and weather data underestimate soil carbon stock in southern Finland and this underestimation is due to omission of the impact of droughts to the decomposition of organic layers.
Large-scale application of the flood damage model Railway
Infrastructure Loss (RAIL)
Authors: Kellermann Patric , Schönberger Christine , Thieken Annegret H.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Experience has shown that river floods can significantly hamper the reliability of railway networks and cause extensive structural damage and disruption. As a result, the national railway operator in Austria had to cope with financial losses of more than one hundred million euros due to flooding in recent years. Comprehensive information on potential flood risk hot spots as well as on expected flood damage in Austria is therefore needed for strategic flood risk management. In view of this, the flood damage model RAIL (RAilway Infrastructure Loss) was applied to estimate 1) the expected structural flood damage, and 2) the resulting repair costs of railway infrastructure due to a 30-year, 100-year and 300-year flood in the Austrian Mur River catchment. The results were then used to calculate the expected annual damage of the railway subnetwork and subsequently analysed in terms of their sensitivity to key model assumptions. Additionally, the impact of risk aversion on the estimates was investigated, and the overall results were briefly discussed against the background of climate change and possibly resulting changes in flood risk. The findings indicate that the RAIL model is capable of supporting decision-making in risk management by providing comprehensive risk information on the catchment level. It is furthermore demonstrated that an increased risk aversion of the railway operator has a marked influence on flood damage estimates for the study area and, hence, should be considered with regard to the development of risk management strategies.
Argaric Sociology: Sex and Death
Authors: Llul Vicente , Micó Rafael , Rihuete Herrada Cristina , Risch Roberto
Published: August 2016

The detailed, rich and diverse Argaric funerary record offers an opportunity to explore social dimensions that usually remain elusive for prehistoric research, such us social rules on kinship rights and obligations, sexual tolerance and the role of funerary practices in preserving the economic and political organization. This paper addresses these topics through an analysis of the social meaning of Argaric double tombs by looking at body treatment and composition of grave goods assemblages according to gender and class affiliation. The Argaric seems to have been a conservative society, scarcely tolerant regarding homosexuality, and willing to celebrate ancestry associated to certain places as a means of asserting residence and property rights.
Procedencia del material granítico de los molinos de vaivén prehistóricos: el caso del yacimiento Cogotas I de Arroyo Mucientes-San Lázaro (Castronuño, Valladolid) y propuesta de una marcha metodológica general
Authors: López Plaza Miguel , López Moro Francisco Javier , Esparza Arroyo Ángel
Published: August 2016

Un elemento habitual en yacimientos prehistóricos como los del grupo arqueológico de Cogotas I son los molinos manuales, cuya materia prima es a menudo de carácter alóctono, por lo que establecer su procedencia es básico para el estudio del aprovechamiento de recursos y para planteamientos de Economía Política. El avance en esas direcciones exige un estudio de conjunto, con molinos de granito seleccionados para cubrir las diversas subzonas del área de dispersión de Cogotas I, y en especial por su alejamiento de los afloramientos graníticos. Tal estudio puede hoy incluir diversos procedimientos analíticos que combinan sucesivos criterios geográficos, petrográficos, mineralógicos y geoquímicos. Para probar su viabilidad, se ha llevado a cabo un primer ensayo experimental estudiando dos molinos obtenidos en la excavación de un yacimiento cogotense de Castronuño (Valladolid), cuya área fuente más probable se localiza a unos 50 km, en la localidad zamorana de Peñausende. El resultado obtenido avala la propuesta de una marcha metodológica generalizable a otras situaciones análogas.
Transtornos Alimentares, Autoestima e a Técnica de Rorschach
Authors: Sopezki Daniela Da Silva , Vaz Cícero E.
Published: August 2016

A pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a autoestima de mulheres com transtornos alimentares. A amostra se constituiu de 51 participantes distribuídas em três grupos: anorexia nervosa (G1), bulimia nervosa (G2) e controle (G3). Os instrumentos utilizados foram: a Técnica de Rorschach e Escala de Rosenberg, para avaliar a autoestima e um questionário para levantamento de dados sociodemográficos e características da amostra. O EAT-26 e o MINI foram utilizados para triar o G3. A análise estatística foi por meio do Teste ANOVA e do Teste Qui-quadrado, com índice de significância de ≤0,05. Observou-se que os G1 e G2 apresentaram indicativos de baixa autoestima, autoimagem e imagem corporal negativas, prejudicadas por distorções no pensamento, comparados com o G3.
Diferentes Abordagens dos Fenômenos Subjetivos na Obra de B. F. Skinner
Authors: Mesquita Pompermaier Henrique , Muchon de Melo Camila , Dos Santos Pimentel Naiene
Published: August 2016

Como a análise do comportamento aborda os fenômenos subjetivos? Seria a teoria de eventos privados a única maneira? Guiado por essas questões, o presente trabalho busca apresentar a abordagem dos fenômenos subjetivos na obra de B. F. Skinner, indicando não apenas a teoria de eventos privados, mas também a possibilidade de abordagens alternativas a essa temática, sem referência à privacidade, por exemplo, por meio da magnitude das ações envolvidas nos fenômenos, níveis (aberto e encoberto) do comportamento e conceitos disposicionais. Indica-se ainda uma significativa diferença de ênfase na teoria de eventos privados ao longo da obra skinneriana. Por fim, conduz-se uma discussão sobre o papel da teoria de eventos privados na análise do comportamento para a abordagem dos fenômenos subjetivos.
Intervenções Comportamentais no Ensino de Atenção Conjunta para Crianças com Autismo: Uma revisão de literatura
Authors: Bacelar Flávia Teresa Neves Silva , Alves de Souza Carlos Barbosa
Published: August 2016

Este trabalho revisou estudos baseados na metodologia e procedimentos da Análise do Comportamento que investigaram o ensino da atenção conjunta (AC) para crianças com autismo, procurando descrever e analisar as variáveis envolvidas no ensino de resposta de atenção conjunta (RAC) e de iniciação de atenção conjunta (IAC). Foram avaliados: componentes da AC e classes de respostas de RAC e IAC treinados; procedimentos utilizados; estímulos discriminativos e reforçadores usados; participação de familiares; e resultados de aquisição e generalização. Os resultados da revisão mostraram o sucesso em estabelecer RAC e IAC através de procedimentos comportamentais e apontam quais estratégias podem favorecer a manutenção e generalização desses repertórios. Sugere-se a necessidade de estudos que avaliem a relação entre AC e operantes verbais básicos.
Amizade e Migração Internacional: O Caso de Gregos no Espírito Santo
Authors: Merizio Costa Lorena Queiroz , Garcia Agnaldo
Published: August 2016

O processo de migração internacional afeta os relacionamentos de imigrantes de diferentes formas, incluindo suas amizades. A presente investigação teve por objetivo descrever as amizades de imigrantes gregos no Brasil à luz do processo de migração internacional e as relações percebidas entre essas amizades e o contexto social a partir de entrevistas com 10 imigrantes estabelecidos no Brasil havia mais de 10 anos. Os resultados indicaram que as amizades estavam associadas à percepção da receptividade do país e adaptação ao Brasil. Mudanças nas amizades anteriores à migração e o papel da comunidade grega nas amizades dos migrantes também foram investigados. Os dados são discutidos com base nas propostas de Hinde para o estudo do relacionamento interpessoal.
Déficits Primários e Secundários de Funções Executivas Pós-TCE: análise de dissociações
Authors: Kochhann Renata , Pereira Natalie , Branco Laura Damiani , Cotrena Charles , Cardoso Caroline De Oliveira , Holz Maila Rossato , Zimmermann Nicolle
Published: August 2016

Este estudo avaliou as associações e dissociações encontradas entre déficits de memória episódica em relação aos de funções executivas e verificou se estes déficits encontrados eram primários ou secundários. Os 81 pacientes pós-Traumatismo Cranioencefálico (TCE) foram avaliados por meio do Teste de Aprendizagem Auditivo-Verbal de Rey e do Teste Hayling. Os resultados sugerem que prejuízo na velocidade de controle inibitório pode contribuir para déficit na memória episódica e que as velocidades de iniciação e inibição parecem ser complementares, mas a primeira precede a segunda. Nossos achados ressaltam que os prejuízos executivos provavelmente sejam primários em nossa amostra de pacientes pós-TCE e que estes prejuízos podem causar déficits na memória episódica.
Decreasing age at first anal intercourse among men who have sex with men in China: a multicentre cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Zou Huachun , Xu Junjie , Hu Qinghai , Yu Yanqiu , Fu Gengfeng , Wang Zhe , Lu Lin , Zhuang Minghua , Chen Xi , Fu Jihua , Zhou Zhenhai , Geng Wenqing , Jiang Yongjun , Shang Hong
Published: August 2016

Introduction

Literature on the age at first anal intercourse (AFAI) among men who have sex with men (MSM) is limited. We aimed to elucidate the evolution of AFAI and the factors associated with early AFAI, based on a large sample of MSM in China.

Methods

We collected information on the demographics and sexual behaviours of MSM from seven large cities in China from 2012 to 2013. Blood samples were collected for HIV serology. AFAI was calculated for MSM born in different time periods. Linear regression models were used to explore factors associated with younger AFAI.

Results

A total of 4491 MSM (median age: 27 years, median AFAI: 21 years) were recruited. Median AFAI decreased steadily from 33 years of age among MSM born from 1940 to 1959 to 18 years of age among MSM born from 1990 to 1996. Factors significantly associated with younger AFAI included more recent birth cohort, being unmarried or living with a male partner, being a student or industry worker, the gender of the first partner being male, and using Rush or Ecstasy in the past six months (p for all <0.05).

Conclusions

AFAI among MSM in China has considerably decreased over the past few decades. The decreasing AFAI and factors associated with younger AFAI point to the necessity of early sex education and control of recreational drug use among MSM in China.
Changes in segmentation and setation along the anterior/posterior axis of the homonomous trunk limbs of a remipede (Crustacea, Arthropoda)
Authors: Ivanenko Viacheslav N. , Antonenko Ekaterina A. , Gelfand Mikhail S. , Yager Jill , Ferrari Frank D.
Published: August 2016

This study describes the segmentation and setation at different developmental stages of the homonomous trunk limbs of the remipedeSpeleonectes tulumensisYager, 1987 collected in anchialine caves of the Yucatan Peninsula. Most homonomous trunk limbs originate ventrolaterally and are composed of two protopodal segments, three exopodal segments and four endopodal segments; contralateral limb pairs are united by a sternal bar. However, the last few posterior limbs originate ventrally, are smaller sized, and have regressively fewer segments, suggesting that limb development passes through several intermediate steps beginning with a limb bud. A terminal stage of development is proposed for specimens on which the posterior somite bears a simple bilobate limb bud, and the adjacent somite bears a limb with a protopod comprised of a coxapod and basipod, and with three exopodal and four endopodal segments. On each trunk limb there are 20 serially homologous groups of setae, and the numbers of setae on different limbs usually varies. These groups of setae are arranged linearly and are identified based on the morphology of the setae and their position on the segments. The number of setae in these groups increases gradually from the anterior homonomous limb to a maximum between limbs 8–12; the number then decreases sharply on the more posterior limbs. Changes in the number of setae, which reach a maximum between trunk limbs 8–12, differ from changes in segmentation which vary only over the last few posterior trunk limbs. Following a vector analysis that identified a spatial pattern for these 20 groups of setae among the different homonomous limbs, the hypothesis was confirmed that the number of setae in any given group and any given limb is correlated with the group, with the position of the somite along the body axis, and with the number of somites present on the specimens. This is the first vector analysis used to analyze a pattern of developmental changes in serially homologs of an arthropod. Development of remipede limbs are compared and contrasted with similar copepod limbs. Architecture, particularly the sternal bar uniting contralateral limb pairs, proposed as homologous, and development of trunk limb segmentation of the remipede is generally similar to that of copepods, but the remipede limb differs in several ways including an additional endopodal segment, the proximal, that appears simultaneously with the protopod during development.
Pneumococcal lipoproteins involved in bacterial fitness, virulence, and immune evasion
Authors: Kohler Sylvia , Voß Franziska , Gómez Mejia Alejandro , Brown Jeremy S. , Hammerschmidt Sven
Published: August 2016

Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) has evolved sophisticated strategies to survive in several niches within the human body either as a harmless commensal or as a serious pathogen causing a variety of diseases. The dynamic interaction between pneumococci and resident host cells during colonization of the upper respiratory tract and at the site of infection is critical for bacterial survival and the development of disease. Pneumococcal lipoproteins are peripherally anchored membrane proteins and have pivotal roles in bacterial fitness including envelope stability, cell division, nutrient acquisition, signal transduction, transport (as substrate‐binding proteins of ABC transporter systems), resistance to oxidative stress and antibiotics, and protein folding. In addition, lipoproteins are directly involved in virulence‐associated processes such as adhesion, colonization, and persistence through immune evasion. Conversely, lipoproteins are also targets for the host response both as ligands for toll‐like receptors and as targets for acquired antibodies. This review summarizes the multifaceted roles of selected pneumococcal lipoproteins and how this knowledge can be exploited to combat pneumococcal infections.
Arctic springtime observations of volatile organic compounds during the OASIS‐2009 campaign
Authors: Hornbrook Rebecca S. , Hills Alan J. , Riemer Daniel D. , Abdelhamid Aroob , Flocke Frank M. , Hall Samuel R. , Huey L. Gregory , Knapp David J. , Liao Jin , Mauldin Roy L. , Montzka Denise D. , Orlando John J. , Shepson Paul B. , Sive Barkley , Staebler Ralf M. , Tanner David. J. , Thompson Chelsea R. , Turnipseed Andrew , Ullmann Kirk , Weinheimer Andrew J. , Apel Eric C.
Published: August 2016

Gas‐phase volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured at three vertical levels between 0.6 m and 5.4 m in the Arctic boundary layer in Barrow, Alaska, for the Ocean‐Atmosphere‐Sea Ice‐Snowpack (OASIS)‐2009 field campaign during March–April 2009. C4‐C8 nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs), including alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones, were quantified multiple times per hour, day and night, during the campaign using in situ fast gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Three canister samples were also collected daily and subsequently analyzed for C2‐C5 NMHCs. The NMHCs and aldehydes demonstrated an overall decrease in mixing ratios during the experiment, whereas acetone and 2‐butanone showed increases. Calculations of time‐integrated concentrations of Br atoms, ∫[Br]dt, yielded values as high as (1.34 ± 0.27) × 1014 cm−3 s during the longest observed ozone depletion event (ODE) of the campaign and were correlated with the steady state Br calculated at the site during this time. Both chlorine and bromine chemistry contributed to the large perturbations on the production and losses of VOCs. Notably, acetaldehyde, propanal, and butanal mixing ratios dropped below the detection limit of the instrument (3 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) for acetaldehyde and propanal, 2 pptv for butanal) during several ODEs due to Br chemistry. Chemical flux calculations of OVOC production and loss are consistent with localized high Cl‐atom concentrations either regionally or within a very shallow surface layer, while the deeper Arctic boundary layer provides a continuous source of precursor alkanes to maintain the OVOC mixing ratios.
A synthetic study to evaluate the utility of hydrological signatures for calibrating a base flow separation filter
Authors: Su Chun‐Hsu , Peterson Tim J. , Costelloe Justin F. , Western Andrew W.
Published: August 2016

Estimation of base flow from streamflow hydrographs has been a major challenge in hydrology for decades, leading to developments of base flow separation filters. When without tracer or groundwater data to calibrate the filters, the standard approach to apply these filters in practice involves some degrees of subjectivity in choosing the filter parameters. This paper investigates the use of signature‐based calibration in implementing base flow filtering by testing seven possible hydrological signatures of base flow against modeled daily base flow produced by Li et al. (2014) for a range of synthetic catchments simulated with HydroGeoSphere. Our evaluation demonstrates that such a calibration method with few selected signatures as objectives is capable of calibrating a filter–Eckhardt filter–to yield satisfactory base flow estimates at daily, monthly and long‐term time scales, outperforming the standard approach. The best performing signatures can be readily derived from streamflow time series. While their performance depends on the catchment characteristics, the catchments where the signature method performs can be distinguished using commonly‐used descriptors of flow dynamics.
Rapid weakening of Typhoon Chan‐Hom (2015) in a monsoon gyre
Authors: Liang Jia , Wu Liguang , Gu Guojun , Liu Qingyuan
Published: August 2016

A monsoon gyre is a low‐frequency cyclonic circulation over the western North Pacific, which plays important roles in tropical cyclone formation and motion. This study shows that the interaction between a monsoon gyre and a tropical cyclone can lead to a sudden weakening of the tropical cyclone through an observational analysis of Typhoon Chan‐Hom (2015). Typhoon Chan‐Hom (2015) initially moved westward along ~10°N and sharply turned northeastward in the Philippine Sea at 0000 UTC 3 July. Its intensity decreased by 10.3 m s−1 within 12 h during the sudden northward turn. Such a rapid weakening event was failed to predict in all of the operational forecasts. It is found that Chan‐Hom was coalescing with a large‐scale monsoon gyre on the intraseasonal (15–30 day) timescale, while it experienced the sudden track change and rapid intensity weakening. The weak and loosely organized convection on the eastern side of the monsoon gyre at 1200 UTC 2 July rapidly enhanced into the well‐organized convection within 6 h. The strong convection maintaining from 1800 UTC 2 July to 0600 UTC 3 July enhanced inflows outside the radius of 500 km from the tropical cyclone center, which prevented the inward transportation of mass and moisture into Chan‐Hom, leading to the collapsing of the eastern part of the eyewall. As a result, Chan‐Hom underwent the rapid weakening even under a large‐scale environment favorable for intensification. The study suggests that the rapid weakening of a tropical cyclone can result from its interaction with a monsoon gyre.
Associations between body composition, nutrition, and physical activity in young adults
Authors: Correa‐Rodríguez María , Rueda‐Medina Blanca , González‐Jiménez Emilio , Schmidt‐RioValle Jacqueline
Published: August 2016

Objective

The aim of the present study is to investigate the associations between total energy, macronutrient intakes, and physical activity (PA) and body composition by assessing body fat mass, fat‐free mass, and BMI in a population of young adults.

Methods

The study population consisted of 605 young Spanish adults (median age 20.38 ± 2.67). Body composition, including fat mass and fat‐free mass, was calculated with body composition analyzer. Daily energy and macronutrient intakes were measured using a 72‐h recall method. The International PA Questionnaire was used to assess PA and sedentary time. Linear regression analyses were performed to test the possible associations between nutrition, PA factors, and body composition.

Results

Linear regression analyses revealed that BMI has a significant positive association with protein intake (P = .004, B = 0.088, 95% CI 0.028–0.149) and an inverse association with carbohydrate intake (P = 0.034, B = −0.027, 95% CI −0.053 – −0.002). Protein intake also demonstrated a significant association with fat‐free mass, but the size of the effect was smaller (P = .027, B = 96.965, 95% CI 11.250–182.679). There was evidence of a positive association between total PA and moderate‐to‐vigorous PA (P < .001, B = 15.630, 95% CI 6.989 −24.270) and fat‐free mass (P < .001, B = 20.208, 95% CI 9.694 −30.723). When fat mass was used as the outcome variable, there was no evidence of any association with the PA, total energy, and macronutrient intakes variables analyzed.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that PA variables were consistently associated with body composition, specifically fat‐free mass. Dietary factors also have influence over body composition; we showed that protein intake is significantly associated with fat‐free mass and BMI.
Connection of the Posterior Occipital Muscle and Dura Mater of the Siamese Crocodile
Authors: Zhang Jing‐Hui , Tang Wei , Zhang Zhao‐Xi , Luan Bing‐Yi , Yu Sheng‐Bo , Sui Hong‐Jin
Published: August 2016

The myodural bridge was proposed initially in 1995. The myodural bridge is a connective tissue bridge that connects a pair of deep muscles at the suboccipital region to the dura mater. There have been numerous studies concerning the morphology and function of the myodural bridge. To determine whether a myodural bridge exists in reptiles, six Siamese crocodiles were investigated using gross anatomy dissection and P45 sheet plastination technologies. As a result, we demonstrated that the posterior occipital muscles of the Siamese crocodile are directly or indirectly connected to the proatlas, atlas, and intermembrane between them. Multiple trabeculae existing in the posterior epidural space extended from the ventral surface of the proatlas, atlas, and intermembrane between them to the dorsal surface of the spinal dura mater. This study showed that the posterior occipital muscle in the suboccipital region of the Siamese crocodile is connected to the spinal dura mater through the proatlas, atlas, and the trabeculae. In conclusion, a myodural bridge‐like structure exists in reptiles. This connection may act as a pump to provide cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation at the occipitocervical junction. We hypothesize that a physiologic role of the Siamese crocodile's myodural bridge may be analogous to the human myodural bridge. Anat Rec, 299:1402–1408, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modellierung von Tunnelbränden
Authors: Knaust Christian
Published: August 2016

Heute verfügbare Technik ermöglicht es, die Wärmetransportmechanismen im Brand, an der Bauteiloberfläche und im Bauteil mittels CFD zu koppeln. Die Kopplung von Fluid und Struktur wurde am Beispiel eines 100‐MW‐Tunnelbrands mit CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) untersucht. Die instationären Berechnungen wurden mit dem CFD‐Programm ANSYS Fluent durchgeführt. Der infolge eines Lkw‐Unfalls verursachte n‐Heptan‐(C7H16)‐Brand wurde mit dem Eddy‐Dissipation‐Verbrennungsmodell modelliert.

Das Fluid‐ und Solid‐Gebiet wurden durch ein ‚Interface’ gekoppelt. Die instationäre Wärmeleitung des Bauteils mit einer Höhe von 0,4 m wurde mit der dreidimensionalen Fourier'schen Wärmeleitungsgleichung modelliert und das instationäre thermische Verhalten des quarzhaltigen Betonbauteils analysiert. Temperaturabhängige Stoffkennwerte wurden berücksichtigt.
LC–MS/MS analysis of metformin, saxagliptin and 5‐hydroxy saxagliptin in human plasma and its pharmacokinetic study with a fixed‐dose formulation in healthy Indian subjects
Authors: Shah Priyanka A. , Shah Jaivik V. , Sanyal Mallika , Shrivastav Pranav S.
Published: August 2016

A specific and rapid liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method is proposed for the simultaneous determination of metformin (MET), saxagliptin (SAXA) and its active metabolite, 5‐hydroxy saxagliptin (5‐OH SAXA) in human plasma. Sample preparation was accomplished from 50 μL plasma sample by solid‐phase extraction using sodium dodecyl sulfate as an ion‐pair reagent. Reversed‐phase chromatographic resolution of analytes was possible within 3.5 min on ACE 5CN (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column using acetonitrile and10.0 mm ammonium formate buffer, pH 5.0 (80:20, v/v) as the mobile phase. Triple quadrupole mass spectrometric detection was performed using electrospray ionization in the positive ionization mode. The calibration curves showed good linearity (r2 ≥ 0.9992) over the established concentration range with limit of quantification of 1.50, 0.10 and 0.20 ng/mL for MET, SAXA and 5‐OH SAXA respectively. The extraction recoveries obtained from spiked plasma samples were highly consistent for MET (75.12–77.84%), SAXA (85.90–87.84%) and 5‐OH SAXA (80.32–82.69%) across quality controls. The validated method was successfully applied to a bioequivalence study with a fixed‐dose formulation consisting of 5 mg SAXA and 500 mg MET in 18 healthy subjects. The reproducibility of the assay was demonstrated by reanalysis of 87 incurred samples.
Does Iodine or Thiocyanate Play a Role in p‐Type Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells?
Authors: Wood Christopher J. , McGregor Calum A. , Gibson Elizabeth A.
Published: August 2016

Charge recombination at the NiO/electrolyte interface is one of the performance‐limiting factors that prevent p‐type dye‐sensitized solar cells (p‐DSCs) from matching the efficiency of conventional TiO2 devices. This article describes the role of redox mediator species I−, I3−, and I2 in the charge‐transfer processes at the NiO/electrolyte interface. NiO appears to catalyze the oxidation of iodide but the addition of guanidinium thiocyanate inhibits recombination by forming a complex with I2. This increases the voltage but decreases the current so the efficiency is only slightly improved. These results suggest that new redox electrolytes will be needed if tandem DSCs are to exceed the efficiency of state‐of‐the‐art TiO2 devices.
Coumarin and carbazole fluorescently modified cellulose nanocrystals using a one‐step esterification procedure
Authors: Sîrbu Elena , Eyley Samuel , Thielemans Wim
Published: August 2016

Fluorescent cellulose nanocrystals with carbazole and coumarin functionalities were synthesized in a one‐step esterification reaction using carbazole‐9‐yl‐acetic acid and coumarin‐3‐carboxylic acid respectively, using a p‐toluenesulphonyl chloride/pyridine system. Characterization with elemental analysis, X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared, absorption and emission spectroscopy, and AFM and TEM imaging confirmed that a high degree of modification could be achieved (up to DSsurf = 1.33) while retaining the CNC core crystallinity and nanoparticle dimensions. The present grafting method gives a straightforward way when compared with previously reported fluorescent labelling methodologies and gives an extremely high grafting density while retaining the CNC crystallinity. UV spectroscopy also indicates fluorescence quenching at high grafting densities so that optimal fluorescence does not necessarily mean maximum grafting density.
Silver(I) Architectures Based on Rigid Terpyridyl‐Carboxyl Ligands: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Electrochemical Properties
Authors: Zhang Biquan , Chen Xi , Yu Fan , Su Min , Li Bao , Zhang Tianle
Published: August 2016

Two novel Ag(I) coordination polymers (CPs), namely, [Ag2(L1)Cl] (1) and [Ag9(L2)8]·NO3 (2), (L1=4‐(4‐carboxyl)‐2,2:4′,4‐terpyridine), L2=4‐(4‐carboxyl)‐2,2′:6′,2′′‐terpyridine), have been synthesized through solvothermal reaction of silver(I) nitrate and highly‐connected terpyridinate‐carboxyl ligands and structurally characterized. Complex 1 exhibits the 3D network based on 1D AgCl chains with the point (Schl?fli) symbol {4·82}{4·83·102}{42·6·82·10}{42·6}, in which Ag···Ag distances fall in the region of 3.129(2) to 3.731(1) Å. In contrast, different topological structure was presented substituting the L1 by L2. Complex 2 exhibits the 2D layer with the point (Schläfli) symbol {4·62}2{42·62·82}{5·62}2{52·6}2{54·82}, in which Ag···Ag distances fall in the region of 2.867(1) to 3.116(1) Å. The different coordination modes of the terpyridiante‐carboxyl ligands must be responsible for the variable Ag(I) coordination architectures. Additionally, results about TGA, UV‐vis, photoluminescence spectra and electrochemistry were also discussed.
Cardiogenic Shock: Failure of Oxygen Delivery and Oxygen Utilization
Authors: Lim Hoong Sern
Published: August 2016

Cardiogenic shock remains a highly lethal condition. Conventional therapy including revascularization and mechanical circulatory support aims to improve cardiac output and oxygen delivery, but increasing basic and clinical observations indicate wider circulatory and cellular abnormalities, particularly at the advanced stages of shock. Progressive cardiogenic shock is associated with microcirculatory and cellular abnormalities. Cardiogenic shock is initially characterized by a failure to maintain global oxygen delivery; however, progressive cardiogenic shock is associated with the release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, derangement of the regulation of regional blood flow, microcirculatory abnormalities, and cellular dysoxia. These abnormalities are analogous to septic shock and may not be reversed by increase in oxygen delivery, even to supranormal levels. Earlier mechanical circulatory support in cardiogenic shock may limit the development of microcirculatory and cellular abnormalities.
Global Analysis of a Model for Capillary Water Waves in Two Dimensions
Authors: Ionescu Alexandru D. , Pusateri Fabio
Published: August 2016

In this paper we prove a global regularity result for a quadratic quasilinear model associated to the water waves system with surface tension and no gravity in dimension 2 (the capillary waves system). The model we consider here retains most of the difficulties of the full capillary water waves system, including the delicate time resonance structure and modified scattering. It is slightly simpler, however, at the technical level, and our goal here is to present our method in this simplified situation. The analysis of the full system is presented in a preprint by the authors (2014). © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The plasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT): Structure, function, and role in organic cation disposition
Authors: Wang J
Published: August 2016

Plasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT) is a new polyspecific organic cation transporter that transports a variety of biogenic amines and xenobiotic cations. Highly expressed in the brain, PMAT represents a major uptake2 transporter for monoamine neurotransmitters. At the blood–cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier, PMAT is the principal organic cation transporter for removing neurotoxins and drugs from the CSF. Here I summarize our latest understanding of PMAT and its roles in monoamine uptake and xenobiotic disposition.
Application of the recursion‐transform method in calculating the equivalent resistance of two‐dimensional finite resistor network
Authors: Ji Ying‐Hua , Hu Ju‐Ju
Published: August 2016

Looking for a handy and exact calculation for the equivalent resistance of an M × N resistor network is important but difficult, even for the rectangular resistor network. In this paper, we calculate the equivalent resistance of an M × N rectangular resistor network by means of the recursion‐transform method, where the idea of multiple external current sources based on the typical mesh current is used, and find a new formula of equivalent resistance which is different from the result of the other paper. In our scheme, recalculations are not required to obtain the equivalent resistance between different terminals. We further investigate how the order of resistor network and the ratio between two unit resistances affect the equivalent resistance. We find that the equivalent resistance between arbitrary terminals tends to a constant as the order and ratio increase when M is given. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transcriptional regulation of the proto‐oncogene Zfp521 by SPI1 (PU.1) and HOXC13
Authors: Yu Ming , Al‐Dallal Salma , Al‐Haj Latifa , Panjwani Shiraj , McCartney Akina S. , Edwards Sarah M. , Manjunath Pooja , Walker Catherine , Awgulewitsch Alexander , Hentges Kathryn E.
Published: August 2016

The mouse zinc‐finger gene Zfp521 (also known as ecotropic viral insertion site 3; Evi3; and ZNF521 in humans) has been identified as a B‐cell proto‐oncogene, causing leukemia in mice following retroviral insertions in its promoter region that drive Zfp521 over‐expression. Furthermore, ZNF521 is expressed in human hematopoietic cells, and translocations between ZNF521 and PAX5 are associated with pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. However, the regulatory factors that control Zfp521 expression directly have not been characterized. Here we demonstrate that the transcription factors SPI1 (PU.1) and HOXC13 synergistically regulate Zfp521 expression, and identify the regions of the Zfp521 promoter required for this transcriptional activity. We also show that SPI1 and HOXC13 activate Zfp521 in a dose‐dependent manner. Our data support a role for this regulatory mechanism in vivo, as transgenic mice over‐expressing Hoxc13 in the fetal liver show a strong correlation between Hoxc13 expression levels and Zfp521 expression. Overall these experiments provide insights into the regulation of Zfp521 expression in a nononcogenic context. The identification of transcription factors capable of activating Zfp521 provides a foundation for further investigation of the regulatory mechanisms involved in ZFP521‐driven cell differentiation processes and diseases linked to Zfp521 mis‐expression.
Boring crustaceans shape the land–sea interface in brackish Caribbean mangroves
Authors: Davidson Timothy M. , Ruiz Gregory M. , Torchin Mark E.
Published: August 2016

Consumer effects on the structure and extent of habitat‐forming foundation species such as trees and coral reefs are well known, but the role of non‐consumer interactions is less studied. Red mangroves are major foundation species at the land–sea interface, creating critical habitat in the tropics and subtropics. The complex aerial roots of mangroves (Rhizophora mangle) provide structural support to the tree and support diverse marine biota including boring isopods (Sphaeroma terebrans). These isopods frequently bore into root tips of mangroves causing atrophy, which can alter the structure and extent of mangrove habitat. We conducted a large‐scale isopod exclusion experiment across 18° of latitude at eight locations from Panama to Florida to test how isopods affect mangrove root structure and anchorage across a broad geographic range. We hypothesized that excluding isopods would increase root growth rates, morphological complexity, and anchorage compared to roots exposed to isopods. After one year, mangrove roots protected from boring isopods with cages increased growth by 2.5–19 times and exhibited a more complex morphology compared to uncaged controls. Further, 15% of caged roots became anchored in the sediment compared to none of the uncaged isopod‐inhabited roots. This suggests that these isopods, which are native to the Indo‐Pacific, are a major, widespread structuring agent of mangrove root habitat in the Caribbean and Florida, potentially limiting mangrove encroachment into estuarine waters.
Encapsulated platelets modulate kupffer cell activation and reduce oxidative stress in a model of acute liver failure
Authors: López Mónica Luján , Uribe‐Cruz Carolina , Osvaldt Alessandro , Kieling Carlos Oscar , Simon Laura , Tobar Santiago , Andrades Michael , Matte Ursula
Published: August 2016

Acute liver failure (ALF) is characterized by massive hepatocyte cell death. Kupffer cells (KC) are the first cells to be activated after liver injury. They secrete cytokines and produce reactive oxygen species, leading to apoptosis of hepatocytes. In a previous study, we showed that encapsulated platelets (PLTs) increase survival in a model of ALF. Here, we investigate how PLTs exert their beneficial effect. Wistar rats submitted to 90% hepatectomy were treated with PLTs encapsulated in sodium alginate or empty capsules. Animals were euthanized at 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after hepatectomy, and livers were collected to assess oxidative stress, caspase activity, and gene expression related to oxidative stress or liver function. The number of KCs in the remnant liver was evaluated. Interaction of encapsulated PLTs and KCs was investigated using a coculture system. PLTs increase superoxide dismutase and catalase activity and reduce lipid peroxidation. In addition, caspase 3 activity was reduced in animals receiving encapsulated PLTs at 48 and 72 hours. Gene expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and nuclear factor kappa B were elevated in the PLT group at each time point analyzed. Gene expression of albumin and factor V also increased in the PLT group. The number of KCs in the PLT group returned to normal levels at 12 hours but remained elevated in the control group until 72 hours. Finally, PLTs modulate interleukin (IL) 6 and IL10 expression in KCs after 24 hours of coculture. In conclusion, these results indicate that PLTs interact with KCs in this model and exert their beneficial effect through reduction of oxidative stress that results in healthier hepatocytes and decreased apoptosis. Liver Transplantation 22 1562–1572 2016 AASLD.
Global dynamics of a multistage SIR model with distributed delays and nonlinear incidence rate
Authors: Song Haitao , Liu Shengqiang , Jiang Weihua
Published: August 2016

In this paper, a multistage susceptible‐infectious‐recovered model with distributed delays and nonlinear incidence rate is investigated, which extends the model considered by Guo et al. [H. Guo, M. Y. Li and Z. Shuai, Global dynamics of a general class of multistage models for infectious diseases, SIAM J. Appl. Math., 72 (2012), 261–279]. Under some appropriate and realistic conditions, the global dynamics is completely determined by the basic reproduction number R0. If R0≤1, then the infection‐free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable and the disease dies out in all stages. If R0>1, then a unique endemic equilibrium exists, and it is globally asymptotically stable, and hence the disease persists in all stages. The results are proved by utilizing the theory of non‐negative matrices, Lyapunov functionals, and the graph‐theoretical approach. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fault Detection of Fuel Systems Using Polynomial Regression Profile Monitoring
Authors: Awad Mahmoud
Published: August 2016

Anomaly detection is the characterization of a normal behavior of a system or process and identification of any deviation from such normal behavior. Anomaly detection of critical systems provides an important financial and client competitive advantage because it gives the decision maker a lead time and flexibility to manage the health of the system. Fuel systems are complex and mission critical systems that require high operational availability because of the high costs associated with the services they provide. In complex systems, it is not uncommon to monitor a quality‐related response, which relies on the functional form between several variables using a nonlinear relationship. We present in this paper a new monitoring framework for smart fuel systems utilizing outlying observations detection and monitoring using c‐chart. The traditional control charts based on Hotelling'sT2statistic were deficient in detecting smart fuel systems anomalies and a new approach was necessary to isolate faulty profiles. The proposed methodology requires a simple quality performance test that can be performed once assembly is completed to assure readiness for client use or completion of a job. The results were tested and validated using scaled data that mimic an actual system. The methodology presented in this paper is scalable and can be applied to a wide range of systems to assess their health from an inspection check to anticipate and avoid failures. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Current molecular methods for the detection of hepatitis B virus quasispecies
Authors: Rybicka Magda , Stalke Piotr , Bielawski Krzysztof Piotr
Published: August 2016

Chronic HBV infection affects more than 240 million people worldwide and is associated with a broad range of clinical manifestations including liver cirrhosis, liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. Because of the lack of an efficient cure for chronic hepatitis B, the main goal of antiviral therapy is the prevention of liver disease progression coupled with prolonged survival of patients. Because HBV viral load has been shown to be a crucial determinant of the progression of liver damage, these goals can be achieved as long as HBV replication can be suppressed. Unfortunately, long‐term therapy with the low‐to‐moderate genetic barrier drugs, which are still recommended in a majority of developing countries, are strongly associated with HBV resistance development and treatment failure. In such cases, the precise and accurate determination of drug‐resistant variants in an individual patient before treatment is important for a proper choice of first‐line potent therapy. Nowadays, a number of techniques are available to study HBV quasispecies evolution. This review describes the advantages and limitations of various assays detecting drug‐resistant HBV variants. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.