bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dealing with Individual Cases: An Essential Role for National Human Rights Institutions for Children?
Authors: Rees Osian
Published: June 2010

This article considers whether or not dealing with individual cases by means of an advocacy or investigatory function should be regarded as an essential function for national human rights institutions for children. Based on an analysis of international expectations, particularly the view of the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child, and the views and experiences of various institutions in practice, it is argued that the function is essential, due to its importance in addressing individual violations of children's rights, and its potential for bringing about systemic changes. Consideration is also given to the question of whether institutions should have quasi-judicial competence.
Early Intervention and Autism: The Impact of Positivism and the Call for Change
Authors: Glynne-Owen Ruth
Published: June 2010

Early childhood intervention in autism has over three decades of empirically validated study, but has very limited qualitative analysis. There is a wealth of research in this field, but it remains very much within a solely positivist paradigm and researchers are constantly striving to prove that their method is the most effective In this paper I explore the impact of this paradigm on our approach to intervention, and our understanding of what it means to be autistic. I will look at some of the common themes in early intervention research across a range of approaches, and will state the case for a more ethical methodology when researching young children with autism. I will argue against the medicalization of a disorder that in its nature cannot be defined as a 'medical truth', and subsequently state the case for moving forward into a more qualitative, critical disability paradigm in this field.
Supporting the Participation Rights of Children in a Sensitive Research Project: The Case of Young Road Traffic Victims
Authors: Van Hove Geert , Lauwers Hilde
Published: June 2010

This article addresses the participation rights in research of potentially vulnerable children, in this case children who have survived a serious traffic accident. Children's involvement in research is generally thought to be a balancing act between their welfare rights and their participation rights. However, the general view that children are vulnerable, incompetent, and lack power, makes adults consider that first and foremost it is their duty to protect them. As a result their welfare rights are overemphasized. To leave this dichotomist thinking behind us, we took a relational ethics approach in our research project and this from the very first phase when we were recruiting children to participate. We will focus in detail on the call for participation, the personal communication with participants, the importance of visualising one's message, the boundaries of conventional informed consent, and the multidirectional care provisions.
The Newly Established Constitutional Court in Post-Status Kosovo: Selected Institutional and Procedural Concerns
Authors: Morina Visar
Published: June 2010

In this article, the author first looks at recent constitutional developments in post-status Kosovo by providing an overview of Kosovo's constitutional system from the perspective of both the Constitution and the Comprehensive Proposal for the Kosovo Status Settlement prepared by UN Special Envoy Martti Ahtisaari. The author then explores the foundations of the constitutional review in Kosovo and provides an overview of the process pertaining to the establishment of the 2008 Constitutional Court in Kosovo. After analyzing organizational and jurisdiction-related matters of the Court, the article addresses selected procedural concerns that triggered a lively debate among the framers of the Constitutional Court Act. In particular, the author addresses the right of judges to attach dissenting opinions and whether the publication of such opinions is appropriate in the context of this newly born constitutional democracy. Finally, the author concludes that the lack of a tradition of judicial review and the complex nature of certain morally or politically controversial issues related to finding a constitutional compromise—satisfying both the Settlement and the Constitution—will inevitably make the mission of the Court a very challenging one.
The Russian Trade-Remedy System: Peculiarities and Future Prospects
Authors: Shadikhodjaev Sherzod
Published: June 2010

Since its 1993 application for membership in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT, now the World Trade Organization, or WTO), Russia has enacted several legal instruments to adapt to WTO trade-remedy rules. Russia's 2003 Trade-Remedy Law largely reiterates WTO rules; it also, however, contains certain provisions that clarify ambiguous language used in the WTO agreements, that set forth either stricter or looser standards, or that introduce new elements that do not exist in the current multilateral trade agreements. In addition, some peculiarities can also be found with respect to institutional and practical aspects of the Russian trade-remedy system. Furthermore, it is expected that this system will undergo certain transformations under a planned customs union involving Russia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan.
Public-Private Partnerships in Slovenia: Recent Developments and Perspectives
Authors: Zajc Katarina , Tičar Bojan
Published: June 2010

In this article, the authors define and analyze the legal framework for public-private partnerships (PPP) as a new institution under Slovenian law. In the first part of the article, the authors discuss the legal definition of PPP in the European Union. In the authors' opinion, the EU's concept of PPP can be defined and regulated in several ways. As a result, the understanding of PPP differs from one member state to another. A related issue is the question of the definition of 'public service'. Before defining and discussing new forms of PPP as determined in the 2006 Slovenian Law on PPP, the authors discuss the economic rationale for implementing the two types of PPP in Slovenia: special contractually based partnerships and corporate-based partnerships. The former can be a concession agreement or public-procurement agreement, while the latter is a type of newly established or newly transformed legal entity. In the next part of the article, the authors describe new legal procedures governing PPP arrangements in the future and and offer some limited empirical evidence on those concession agreements that already exist in Slovenia. The authors conclude the article with some open questions about the legal regulation of PPP in the Slovenian legal system as well as an international comparison.
Welcoming Images: Medievally
Authors: Bland Kalman
Published: July 2010

Informed by theoretical considerations distinguishing "visual culture" from "art history" as articulated by W. J. T. Mitchell, this essay compares the editorial programs of two neonatal, overlapping, yet distinct journals: Ars Judaica and Images. The essay concludes by considering passages from two medieval Jewish authorities, Joseph Albo and Judah Alharizi, that suggest new horizons in criticism made possible by Images. Among these horizons are "investigations of the negative and repellent."
Positive Obligations and Gender-based Violence: Judicial Developments
Authors: Marshall Jill
Published: July 2010

International human rights protection traditionally protects individuals from human rights violations committed by their own states. This has been criticised by many, and feminists in particular, as failing those who are violated in the 'private sphere', by actions perpetrated by non-state actors not the state itself. Yet protection from the actions of non-state actors is now increasingly falling within the ambit of international human rights law through positive obligations on states, particularly seen in the concept of due diligence. Developments in this area are analysed in this article with focus on recent decisions of international human rights judicial institutions on cases concerning gender-based violence to show how gender-based violations committed by non-state actors are increasingly being included and interpreted as human rights violations. Whilst not without problems, it is argued that the creativity and potential for protecting all persons from human rights violations is shown, particularly through developments towards a right to personal autonomy, identity and integrity.
The Imperial – Emancipatory Paradox of International Human Rights: How Useful is the Right to Health in Sub-Saharan Africa?
Authors: Muriu Daniel Wanjau
Published: July 2010

In thinking of and formulating strategies for tackling the problem of access to good health care services in Sub-Saharan Africa, it is very tempting to look to the right to health as part of such strategies. However, given the genealogy and practices of the international human rights corpus, the question as to the value of utilising the right to health in such endeavours necessarily comes to the fore and demands investigation. Using the trajectory of the right to health, the paper analyses the usefulness or otherwise of international human rights in seeking solutions to problems relating to health in Sub-Saharan Africa. An argument is made that the right to health has low utility value despite the promises it makes. The paper concludes with the argument that an appreciation of the imperial-emancipatory paradox that is inherent in the corpus of international human rights not only enables one to expect less from the right to health but also opens up possibilities of crafting more productive strategies in the struggle to achieve the 'highest attainable standard of health' for the people of Sub-Saharan Africa.
Historicity as Methodology or Hermeneutics: Collingwood’s Influence on Skinner and Gadamer
Authors: McIntyre Kenneth B.
Published: July 2010

In this paper, I offer both a brief study of Collingwood’s conception of historical explanation and epistemological historicity, and an examination of the influence of Collingwood’s work on the historical methodology of Quentin Skinner and on Gadamer’s hermeneutic philosophy. Collingwood’s work on the philosophy of history manifests a tension between the realist implications of the doctrine of reenactment and the logic of question and answer on the one hand, and, on the other, the constructionist tendency of the rest of his work on the logic of historical inquiry and on the hermeneutic character of his more general conception of human historicity. This tension is displayed in the divergent interpretations of Collingwood by Quentin Skinner and Hans-Georg Gadamer, and in the inherent difficulties of each man’s philosophy of history. I argue that the weaknesses of Skinner’s methodological historicism are present already in his reading of Collingwood and reflect the difficulties inherent in understanding Collingwood as offering primarily a methodology of history. I also claim that Gadamer’s hermeneutic philosophy, while presenting a more plausible reading of Collingwood, suffers from tensions similar to those within Collingwood’s work between the logic of explanation and the logic of practical recommendation, and between the character of historical explanation and the character of philosophical understanding.
Retelling Modern European Religious History: Postwar Immigration and the Alternative Narrative of Presence
Authors: Green Todd
Published: July 2010

The rise of the secularization thesis in the 1960s resulted in secularization becoming the dominant narrative theme in most scholarly accounts of modern European religious history. In the past few decades, sociologists and historians have increasingly challenged the secularization thesis, but less energy has been devoted to devising an alternative to the secularization narrative. Philip Jenkins's Future of Christianity trilogy offers historians something new in this regard, though it also contains plenty of the old. While the first two books largely reiterate the traditional secularization narrative by focusing on the absence of old-stock Europeans from churches, the third book focuses more on the growing presence of vibrant Muslim and Christian immigrant communities in postwar Europe, a presence that has stimulated significant political and cultural debates concerning the place of religion in Europe's past, present, and future.
Talking about the Christian Occident in the Context of European Unification
Authors: Lason Alexandra
Published: July 2010

What does it mean when the concept of the "Christian Occident" is being used in debates on European identity today? The answer depends on what those who use the words understand by "Christian Occident"—which is not always clear. Far from being unambiguous, the concept "Christian Occident" is oscillating. Any simple definition circumvents its complexity and thereby prevents a differentiated perception of the concerns as well as of the dangers expressed by it. In the context of the project "Desecularization in Europe: The vision of the Occident (Abendland) as the return of the politicization of religion?", a critical re-reading of official documents of members of the Catholic hierarchy in Europe after 1945 allowed the author to identify a dialectic in the talk about the (Christian) Occident and to situate this in the framework of social-ethical reflections about Europe, submitting this to a theological critique which demonstrated both its dangers and its positive opportunities.
Studien zu Herman van Swanevelt: Zeichnungen zu Fresken und Gemälden
Authors: Steland Anne Charlotte
Published: July 2010

Between 1628/20) and 1641, in Rome, the painter, draughtsman and etcher Herman van Swanevelt (ca. 1600-1663) developed, in collaboration with Claude Lorrain (who was the same age as himself), a genre that was to have far-reaching consequences: the idyllic, ideal landscape characterised by effects of light appropriate to the time of day. His most eminent patrons during this period were the Barberini and Philip IV of Spain. In his Paris years, from 1643/44, he catered to another circle of customers with perfect but less innovative paintings and most of his highly successful sets of etchings. Up to Goethe's day, and notably in France, renderings of the landscape influenced the development of the period's taste. Anticipating a monograph in progress with a critical oeuvre catalogue of Swanevelt's drawings and paintings, this article presents fourteen drawings for frescos and paintings dating from 1634 to after 1650. These drawings form a record of Swanevelt's stylistic development throughout virtually his entire working life. Research has already linked six of them with frescos and paintings; they are presented here with further-reaching pointers. Six of the other eight drawings are examined in detail, two more briefly in view of the impending publication of an article. The discussion centres on the function of the drawings (preliminary / copy / variant / ricordo / autonomous) and their chronology. The article is preceded by a brief biography of the painter, summarising the scattered published results of relevant research. There are two appendices: the first is a list of dated drawings (15); the second lists the dated paintings (43).
Over Jan van Scorel in Venetië en het vroege werk van Lambert Sustris
Authors: Meijer Bert W.
Published: July 2010

The information we have about Jan van Scorel's presence, work and contacts in Venice around 1520-21 comes from Karel van Mander and a number of paintings, some of them dated. Of the van Scorel paintings in Venetian collections mentioned by Marcantonio Michiel, this article places the recently found Crossing of the Red Sea chronologically in the artist's 'Venetian' oeuvre. The painting is reminiscent of the triptych in Obervellach, dated 15 19. In terms of technique, colouring and figuration it is less dependent on Venetian painting than Tobias and the Angel in Düsseldorf, dated 1521. With regard to a number of compositional and iconographical elements, on the other hand, Scorel's Crossing seems to draw on Titian's large woodcut of the same subject. The Amsterdam painter Lambert Sustris went to Venice about fifteen years after van Scorel. In the 1540s he settled in Padua. Sustris is chiefly known for his portraits and for his landscapes with religious and mythological themes, some of which are of outstanding quality. They unite the northern and Venetian, notably Titian, traditions in a suggestive manner, often featuring antiquary and Raphaclesque elements. In this article new arguments are presented in favour of Peltzer's assumption that Sustris was a pupil of van Scorel's, probably around 1530. In that connection the Sermon of John the Baptist (Utrecht, Centraal Museum), formerly regarded as van Scorel's work and bearing a signature commencing with the letter L and otherwise illegible, is attributed here to Sustris. Sustris may also have designed two frieze-like prints with hunting representations, which exhibit Scorelian traits in the landscape and elsewhere. The powerful influences of classical art and Raphael on the figures and composition apparently stem from Sustris' sojourn in Rome. In view of the fact that these prints are clearly devoid of the 'venetianized' style on which Sustris embarked shortly before 1540, the artist's designs probably predate his move to the Venetian Republic.
Sinnekens in prenten en op schilderijen
Authors: Hummelen W.M.H.
Published: July 2010

Remarks in various art-historical studies of recent date prompt the question of how the Vices ('sinnekens') so popular in sixteenth-century drama can be identified in the art of that period. Unlike the 'Iniquity', (the buffoon-like figure who also occurs outside drama), the Vices assume a variety of guises, judging by the texts of the plays. Their appearance can reflect their names, their function in the overall metaphor of the (allegorical!) play in which they figure or the author's satirical intentions, or they may also accentuate the demonic aspect dictated by the play's subject-matter. On the other hand the simple reference to a personage from a play as a 'Vice' is apparently sufficiently clear. Perhaps this is connected with a local tradition of dressing a 'Vice' in a particular costume owned by the dramatic company performing the piece. A Vice's only permanent attribute is a hammer (deriving from Thor's thunderbolt), but it is not sure how traditional this attribute really is. Some light can be shed on all these questions by extant depictions of Vices, three groups of which may be distinguished: (1) illustrations of plays (figs. 3-11), (2) depictions on rebus blazons alluding to the word 'sinnen' (senses) (figs. 12-16) and (3) engravings of the allegorical procession into Haarlem of companies competing in the interlocal contest (1606). Some of the companies had characters from the play to be performed at the competition (including the Vices) march in the procession (figs. 17-19). From these sources it emerges that the Vices (usually two) were either very similar in appearance or as different as chalk and cheese, except for an attribute (a stick or a hammer). Otherwise they differ from the other characters in a play in bizarre items of costume or their vivacious attitudes. With the aid of these data and the information contained in the texts of plays as to the interpretation of the Vices' roles, a number of figures in various prints and paintings can be identified as Vices (figs. 20-24, 26). As for the studies referred to at the beginning of this summary, the conclusion is that Emmens' interpretation of the kitchen-maids in various paintings by Joachim de Beuckelaer as Vices (fig. 1) must be rejected. The boys attired as Iniquity in Maarten van Hccmskerck's series of engravings The tale of Bel and the dragon (figs. 2, 27, 28) are perhaps inspired by the Vices (Gibson), but only to a certain extent. Their function in the illustrated story is not characteristic of the Vices, nor is their costume (Saunders). Apart from a direct or indirect theatrical link, it seems that the Vices do not, or rarely, occur in prints and paintings. This could however be a delusion, for the Vices have scarcely been sought outside this context.
De portretten van Jan van Huysum door Arnold Boonen en anderen
Authors: Meijer Fred G.
Published: July 2010

The Ashmolcan Museum in Oxford owns a portrait of Jan van Huysum, thc famous painter of still lifes and landscapes, which has always been considered a self-portrait (fig. 1). Stylistic comparison, however, justifies the attribution of this portrait to Arnold Boonen. As early as the mid-eighteenth century the artist and writer Jan van Gool mentioned and illustrated a portrait of Van Huysum by Boonen (fig. 3). That picture can very probably be identified with a painting which was on the London art market in 1981, allegedly as a self-portrait of Jan's father, Justus van Huysum (fig.4). In an Amsterdam auction of 1773 a third, smaller, portrait of Van Huysum by Boonen came up for sale, and in recent decadcs a (studio) version of the Oxford painting has been on the market (fig. 5). From old catalogues it would appear that still more portraits of the painter by Boonen have existed. Printed portraits of Jan van Huysum, among them illustrations in biographical works, were apparently all derived, one way or another, from portraits by Boonen (figs, 3 , 6 and 8-10); even Kremer's romantic representation of the artist known only from a print- appears to be distantly related (fig. 12). The source for a nineteenth-century lithograph remains somewhat uncertain, although it, too, was probably inspired by Boonen (fig. 11). Clearly not a portrait of Jan van Huysum is Heroman van der Mijn's painting at Amsterdam (fig. 13), but a work at Quimper, now considered by the museum to be an anonymous French portrait of an unknown man, might be a fairly early effigy of Jan van Huysum after all (fig. 14).
The Impact of Global Warming on Marine Boundary Layer Clouds over the Eastern Pacific—A Regional Model Study
Authors: Lauer Axel , Hamilton Kevin , Wang Yuqing , Phillips Vaughan T. J. , Bennartz Ralf
Published: June 2010

Cloud simulations and cloud–climate feedbacks in the tropical and subtropical eastern Pacific region in 16 state-of-the-art coupled global climate models (GCMs) and in the International Pacific Research Center (IPRC) Regional Atmospheric Model (iRAM) are examined. The authors find that the simulation of the present-day mean cloud climatology for this region in the GCMs is very poor and that the cloud–climate feedbacks vary widely among the GCMs. By contrast, iRAM simulates mean clouds and interannual cloud variations that are quite similar to those observed in this region. The model also simulates well the observed relationship between lower-tropospheric stability (LTS) and low-level cloud amount.

To investigate cloud–climate feedbacks in iRAM, several global warming scenarios were run with boundary conditions appropriate for late twenty-first-century conditions. All the global warming cases simulated with iRAM show a distinct reduction in low-level cloud amount, particularly in the stratocumulus regime, resulting in positive local feedback parameters in these regions in the range of 4–7 W m−2 K−1. Domain-averaged (30°S–30°N, 150°–60°W) feedback parameters from iRAM range between +1.8 and +1.9 W m−2 K−1. At most locations both the LTS and cloud amount are altered in the global warming cases, but the changes in these variables do not follow the empirical relationship found in the present-day experiments.

The cloud–climate feedback averaged over the same east Pacific region was also calculated from the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A1B simulations for each of the 16 GCMs with results that varied from −1.0 to +1.3 W m−2 K−1, all less than the values obtained in the comparable iRAM simulations. The iRAM results by themselves cannot be connected definitively to global climate feedbacks; however, among the global GCMs the cloud feedback in the full tropical–subtropical zone is correlated strongly with the east Pacific cloud feedback, and the cloud feedback largely determines the global climate sensitivity. The present iRAM results for cloud feedbacks in the east Pacific provide some support for the high end of current estimates of global climate sensitivity.
Decadal Variability of Thermocline and Intermediate Waters at 24°S in the South Atlantic
Authors: McCarthy Gerard , McDonagh Elaine , King Brian
Published: June 2010

New data are presented from 24°S in the South Atlantic in an investigation of the decadal variability of the intermediate and thermocline water masses at this latitude. Variation of salinity on neutral density surfaces is investigated with three transatlantic, full-depth hydrographic sections from 1958, 1983, and 2009. The thermocline is seen to freshen by 0.05 between 1983 and 2009. The freshening is coherent, basinwide, and of a larger magnitude than any errors associated with the datasets. This freshening reverses a basinwide, coherent increase in salinity of 0.03 in the thermocline between 1958 and 1983. Changes in apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) are investigated to support the salinity changes. In the thermocline of the eastern basin, a correlated relationship exists between local AOU and salinity anomalies, which is consistent with the influence of Indian Ocean Water. This correlated relationship is utilized to estimate the magnitude of Indian Ocean influence on the salinity changes in the thermocline. Indian Ocean influence explains half of the salinity changes in the eastern thermocline from 1958 to 1983 but less of the salinity change in the eastern thermocline from 1983 to 2009. Antarctic Intermediate Water properties significantly warm from 1958 through 1983 to 2009. A significant salinification and increase in AOU is evident from 1958 to 1983. Changes in the salinity of AAIW are shown to be linked with Indian Ocean influence rather than changes in the hydrological cycle. Upper Circumpolar Deep Water is seen to be progressively more saline from 1958 through 1983 to 2009. Increased Agulhas leakage and the intensification of the hydrological cycle are conflicting influences on the salinity of thermocline and intermediate waters in the South Atlantic as the former acts to increase the salinity of these water masses and the latter acts to decrease the salinity of these water masses. The results presented here offer an interpretation of the salinity changes, which considers both of these conflicting influences.
Within-Subject Comparison of Changes in a Pretest-Posttest Design
Authors: Hennig Christian , Müllensiefen Daniel , Bargmann Jens
Published: June 2010

The authors propose a method to compare the influence of a treatment on different properties within subjects. The properties are measured by several Likert-type—scaled items. The results show that many existing approaches, such as repeated measurement analysis of variance on sum and mean scores, a linear partial credit model, and a graded response model, conceptualize a comparison of changes in a way that depends on the distribution of the pretest values, but in the present article, change is measured in terms of the conditional distributions of posttest values, given the pretest values. A multivariate regression and analysis of covariance approach is unbiased but shows power deficiencies in a simulation study. The authors suggest a new approach based on poststratification (i.e., aggregating change information conditional on each pretest value), which is unbiased and has a superior power. The approach is applied in a study that compares the influence of a certain piece of music on five different basic emotions.
Forearm and Upper-Arm Oscillometric Blood Pressure Comparison in Acutely III Adults
Authors: Schell Kathleen , Morse Kate , Waterhouse Julie K.
Published: June 2010

When patients’ upper arms are not accessible and/or when cuffs do not fit large upper arms, the forearm site is often used for blood pressure (BP) measurement. The purpose of this study is to compare forearm and upper-arm BPs in 70 acutely ill adults, admitted to a community hospital’s 14-bed ICU. Using Philips© oscillometric monitors, three repeated measures of forearm and upper-arm BPs are obtained with head of bed flat and with head of bed elevated at 30°. Arms are resting on the bed. Paired t tests show statistically significant differences in systolic BPs, diastolic BPs, and mean arterial pressures in the supine and head-elevated positions. Bland—Altman analyses indicate that forearm and upper-arm oscillometric BPs are not interchangeable in acutely ill adults.
A PDA Intervention to Sustain Smoking Cessation in Clients With Socioeconomic Vulnerability
Authors: Buchanan Lynne M. , Khazanchi Deepak
Published: June 2010

This article describes a pilot study to explore use of a personal digital assistant (PDA) to sustain smoking cessation after discharge in clients with socioeconomic vulnerability. The major aim is to describe technology acceptance (perceived ease of use, usefulness, and attitude), portability, technical difficulty, satisfaction, and use time. The sample includes 31 medical surgical clients with average age of 47.35 (±13.3), average household income of $13,629 (±8,204), average number in the household of 2.67 (±2.22), and average education of 11th grade. The results demonstrate mean use time of 9.28 (±3.23) hr, or about 1 hr over 8 weeks. Technology acceptance responses indicate the PDA is viewed as useful to the task of smoking cessation but is not perceived as easy to use. The most beneficial aspect is the portability. There are benefits to a PDA smoking cessation intervention but more study is needed before it can be used in practice.
Measurement of Motivations For and Against Sexual Behavior
Authors: Patrick Megan E. , Maggs Jennifer L. , Cooper M. Lynne , Lee Christine M.
Published: June 2010

A multidimensional measure assessing distinct motivations for and against sex was shown to be reliable, valid, and configurally invariant among incoming first-year college students. Three Motivations Against Sex Questionnaire subscales were developed to measure motivations against sexual behavior (Values, Health, Not Ready) to complement and extend a set of Sexual Motivations Scale–Revised subscales assessing motivations for sexual behavior (Intimacy, Enhancement, Coping). Participants were surveyed the summer prior to college ( N = 1,653; 58.4% female). Exploratory factor analysis on a random one quarter of respondents supported the hypothesized factors. Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated good overall fit to the data and configural invariance across gender and ethnicity and across lifetime sexual experience. Motivations were associated with lifetime oral and penetrative sexual behaviors. This combined measure may be used for identifying motivations, predicting behaviors, and tailoring motivational interventions for sexual health among adolescents and young adults.
Divisive Primaries and Incumbent General Election Performance: Prospects and Costs in U.S. House Races
Authors: Johnson Gregg B. , Petersheim Meredith-Joy , Wasson Jesse T.
Published: June 2010

Do divisive primaries hurt incumbents? If so, does the electoral calendar condition their effects? Potential challengers are predatory and estimate their electoral chances before running against an incumbent, meaning electoral prospects influence both primary divisiveness and general election performance. However, divisive primaries may waste precious campaign resources and damage the primary winner’s reputation. The evidence suggests that although divisive primaries generally hurt incumbents and help challengers as electoral prospects theory predicts, these effects wane and eventually disappear the closer the primary is to the general election.
Oxidation induced void formation in TEM specimens of Al–Cu–Li alloy
Authors: Nakahara S , Tanner D A , Khan A K , Robinson J S
Published: June 2010

A TEM study has revealed, for the first time, the presence of small (∼3 nm in diameter) voids attached to T1 (Al2CuLi) precipitates present in an artificially aged Al–Cu–Li alloy (Al–2·90Cu–1·63Li–0·29Mg–0·28Ag–0·13Zr). These voids do not form from quenched in excess vacancies but are nucleated at the T1 phase/alloy interface from excess vacancies generated during oxidation of the TEM sample. It is concluded that these voids result from the Kirkendall effect with rapid oxidation of the TEM metal surface occurring by molecular oxygen migration through a highly defective surface oxide layer.
Effect of heat treatment on ultrasonic velocity in ductile cast iron
Authors: Geier G F , Bauer W , Muller M
Published: June 2010

The measurement of the ultrasonic velocity is a common method in the foundry industry for the evaluation of the nodularity in ductile iron castings. Practical experience has shown that heat treatment can reduce the ultrasonic velocity compared to the as cast condition. Using ductile iron samples with different heat treatments in order to vary the ferrite and pearlite content respectively confirmed this decrease in the ultrasonic velocity compared to the as cast state. Further investigations showed that with all the heat treatments applied, irrespective of their effect on the microstructure, the density was decreased. The decrease in density correlated with the decrease in ultrasonic velocity for all heat treatments. The mechanisms involved in the reduction in the density are discussed.
Stability of Superhydrophobicity of Lotus Leaf under Extreme Humidity
Authors: Yin Long , Wang Qingjun , Xue Jian , Ding Jianfu , Chen Qingmin
Published: June 2010

We systematically evaluated water contact and sliding angles on the lotus leaf from −10 to 80 °C under either extremely low or high relative humidity. SEM images revealed changes of the hierarchical structures after thermal treatment at different temperatures. The wettability recovery test showed consistent results that a restorable loss of superhydrophobic behavior appeared under low temperature and high humidity due to water condensation, whereas structural destruction at high temperatures caused the lotus leaf to lose extraordinary water repellency permanently.
Lithium-ion Transfer at the Interface between Solid and Liquid Electrolytes under Applying DC Voltage
Authors: Sagane Fumihiro , Miyazaki Kohei , Fukutsuka Tomokazu , Iriyama Yasutoshi , Abe Takeshi , Ogumi Zempachi
Published: June 2010

We focused on the Li+ transfer at an interface between solid and liquid electrolytes by using asymmetric electrochemical impedance measurements to clarify the solvation and desolvation processes of Li+ ions. When DC voltage was imposed on the interface, the current-direction dependency of interfacial Li+-transfer resistances was observed. Consequently, we would conclude that the desolvation process of Li+ transfer from liquid to solid electrolytes mainly governed the interfacial Li+ transfer.
Fine Tuning of Pd0 Nanoparticle Formation on Hydroxyapatite and Its Application for Regioselective Quinoline Hydrogenation
Authors: Hashimoto Norifumi , Takahashi Yusuke , Hara Takayoshi , Shimazu Shogo , Mitsudome Takato , Mizugaki Tomoo , Jitsukawa Koichiro , Kaneda Kiyotomi
Published: June 2010

Fine control of the formation of Pd0 nanoparticles with diameters between 1 and 1.5 nm on hydroxyapatite (HAP) was achieved by adjusting the temperature at which the PdII species on the HAP surface (PdIIHAP) was reduced in the presence of 1 atm of molecular hydrogen. The HAP-supported Pd0 nanoparticles (Pd0HAP) having an average diameter of 1.5 nm exhibited significantly high catalytic activity for the regioselective hydrogenation of quinolines to the corresponding 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolines under mild reaction conditions. Moreover, the Pd0HAP catalyst was reusable without appreciable loss of its high catalytic activity or selectivity.
Technology Adoption with Exit in Imperfectly Informed Equity Markets
Authors: Tinn Katrin
Published: June 2010

This paper focuses on the importance of equity markets in facilitating the exit of entrepreneurs investing in technology. Entrepreneurs' willingness to invest and aggregate output is affected in two opposite ways. First, uncertainty about equity price or lack of market liquidity discourages technology adoption. This can explain slow technology adoption and limited participation by venture capitalists in underdeveloped equity markets. Second, fast adoption is a positive signal to imperfectly informed equity market participants. This provides a rational explanation for overpricing technology stocks and overinvestment in developed markets. Fast adoption is most probable at an intermediate quality of information. (JEL D82, E23, G12, G31, G32, O33)
Reactive aggression and functional, not neural, specificity
Authors: Blair R. J. R.
Published: June 2010

This article is an author response to Harenski and Kiehl's (2010) commentary on Blair (2010).
The Politics of Education in Kenyan Universities: A Call for a Paradigm Shift
Authors: Chege Mwangi
Published: June 2010

The winds of political change have been sweeping across Kenya for the last two decades. However, as many sections of society—the media, the church, civil society, and even ordinary people—take advantage of the unprecedented democratic space in which to engage the political establishment, the country's intelligentsia has remained aloof. The aim of this article is to interrogate discourse patterns in the Kenyan university system. Adopting a historical lens, it argues that the curtailment of intellectual freedom in the postcolonial Kenyan university is a reproduction of the colonial suppression of discourses whose objective was to ensure the political survival of the ruling class. It also argues for the adoption of critical pedagogies that challenge the status quo.
Patron–Client Relationships and Low Education among Youth in Kano, Nigeria
Authors: Morgan Stephen L. , Mohammed Ismaila Z. , Abdullahi Salisu
Published: June 2010

Based on an analysis of original social network data collected from 407 households in an urban community in Northern Nigeria, this article evaluates whether patronage relationships between households have consequences for children's educational attainment. A “social resources” perspective suggests that patronage ties may serve as a form of social capital that activates upward social mobility for entire families, thereby yielding more than simple transitory returns on social connections. An alternative “social constraints” perspective suggests that patronage ties may have no effects (or negative effects) on the schooling of clients' children, since patron-clientage reflects prevailing social inequalities and exists for reasons other than the promotion of dynastic mobility among clients and their families. In the case study reported in this article, the latter pattern holds, and the results are interpreted with reference to the historical record, which shows that a latent function of patron-clientage is the preservation of intergenerational status immobility.
Itineraries of Revival and Ambivalence in Postcolonial North African Cinema: From Benlyazid's Door to the Sky to Moknèche's Viva Laldgérie
Authors: Hamil Mustapha
Published: June 2010

This article addresses the question of identity in contemporary North African cinema, situating the issue within the larger context of Arab discourse on tradition and modernity. It concentrates on two filmmakers, the Moroccan Farida Benlyazid and the Algerian Nadir Moknèche, and their different perspectives on the formation of postcolonial identity (especially for women). While Benlyazid opts for a new form of Islamic feminism—spiritual Islam—Moknèche portrays, in a provocative style, how Algerian women choose practices that subvert the retraditionalization of their country.
Rethinking Property and Society in Gondärine Ethiopia
Authors: Tegegne Habtamu Mengistie
Published: June 2010

The historiographic question that this article asks is: How can historians uncover actual social and economic practices without imposing anachronistic standards and terminologies on the available evidence? The analysis focuses on the relationship between landlords andzégoch—a hitherto unrecognized and socially subservient class of peasants—in the context of social, economic, and cultural realities in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Ethiopia. The thesis is that during this period the Ethiopian ruling classes gained their power and income primarily from ownership ofrimland—a form of private property—and the labor ofzégoch.
African Diasporas: Toward a Global History
Authors: Zeleza Paul Tiyambe
Published: June 2010

This article interrogates the development of African diaspora studies. Based a global research project that seeks to map out the dispersals of African peoples in all the major regions of the world, compare the processes of diasporization, and examine the patterns of diaspora engagements, it offers a vigorous critique of the hegemonous Afro-Atlantic model in African diaspora studies. It focuses on two critical challenges that students of African diasporas must confront: the terms of analysis that are adopted, and the problems of historical mapping.
Achieving Political Objectives: South African Defense Priorities from the Apartheid to the Postapartheid Era
Authors: Truesdell Amy
Published: June 2010

This article explores the question of how well South African defense policies and investments during the apartheid and postapartheid era have supported the country's overall political objectives. Perhaps not surprisingly, the single-mindedness of mission during apartheid contributed, in many ways, to a defense strategy that was more cohesive than that of the postapartheid era. In the postapartheid era, opportunities for using the country's defense assets to achieve political objectives and overall national priorities have not been fully exploited.
Beyond Reforms: The Politics of Higher Education Transformation in Africa
Authors: Aina Tade Akin
Published: June 2010

In spite of over a half century of interventions and waves of “reforms,” higher education in Africa today consists of institutions, systems, and practices that lack distinct values and goals, or a mission and vision connecting them to the major challenges of their local and global contexts. What is needed in African higher education is true transformation, which will involve practical and epistemological ruptures with previous ways of doing things and a reconstruction of structures, relations, cultures, and institutions. Of particular importance are initiatives that will ensure gender equity, changes in the organization and process of knowledge production, and a reenvisioning of universities' funding sources and mechanisms.
From Data Problems to Data Points: Challenges and Opportunities of Research in Postgenocide Rwanda
Authors: King Elisabeth
Published: June 2010

While interest in conducting fieldwork in conflict and postconflict societies continues to grow, literature addressing the specific challenges and dilemmas of this kind of research remains scarce. Based on four months of fieldwork and approximately seventy interviews, this article explores the complexities of conducting research in postgenocide Rwanda. I argue that what at first may appear to be data problems can also be important data points; problems such as historical memory, selective telling, and skewed participant demographics illuminate political structures, group relations, and societal cleavages. This article then illustrates this argument by examining how these challenges/opportunities help explain the difficulties involved in teaching history in postgenocide schools. These reflections on research in Rwanda suggest valuable lessons for fieldwork and data analysis in a number of settings by providing examples of pitfalls, dilemmas, and often unseen opportunities that are likely to present themselves in other divided societies.
Becoming Indigenous in Africa
Authors: Hodgson Dorothy L.
Published: June 2010

This article traces the history of how and why certain African groups became involved in the transnational indigenous rights movement; how the concept of the indigenous has been imagined, understood, and employed by African activists, donors, advocates, and states; and the opportunities and obstacles it has posed for the ongoing struggles for recognition, resources, and the rights of historically marginalized people like Maasai.
Do We Understand Life after Genocide? Center and Periphery in the Construction of Knowledge in Postgenocide Rwanda
Authors: Ingelaere Bert
Published: June 2010

Do we really understand life after genocide? A reflection on the construction of knowledge in and on Rwanda reveals that it is rife with contradictory assertions and images, and that there is a discrepancy between image and reality. This article attempts to map the center(s) of knowledge construction in postgenocide Rwanda, the place not only where policy is made, but also where knowledge is actively construed, managed, and controlled. It argues that an overall cultivation of the aesthetics of progress and a culturally specific communication code have contributed to an active interference in the scientific construction of knowledge. It stresses the need for scholars and observers to reveal the social and historical context for the knowledge being generated. It also urges them to physically and mentally move away from the center of society: to adopt a bottom-up perspective that captures the voices of ordinary people.
Shifting Paradigms and the Politics of AIDS in Zambia
Authors: Frank Emily
Published: June 2010

This article explores how international discourses on AIDS prevention have been incorporated into national-level programs that promote particular lifestyle and livelihood strategies in Zambia, particularly within the realms of wife inheritance, widowhood, and marriage. In response, Zambian communities have recast these narratives to inform local political economies, identities, and struggles for power. Often community and national-level efforts work at odds with each other, as each seeks to legitimize various moralities and codes of behavior. At the local level actors choose the strategies that most effectively mitigate the impact of HIV/AIDS and also enhance their overall well-being.
Some Perspectives on the Migration of Skilled Professionals from Ghana
Authors: Asiedu Alex Boakye
Published: June 2010

In the last four decades, transnational movements of both skilled and unskilled labor from developing countries to the advanced industrial economies have witnessed an unprecedented growth. Motivated largely by deteriorating livelihood conditions in the developing world and increasing demand for wealthy and highly skilled professionals in the developed economies, these movements have attracted a great deal of research attention and inspired public policy debates on their implications and results. Like other countries, Ghana has had a long history of movement of her nationals to various parts of the world for various reasons. However, in terms of the goal of enhancing the benefits of such emigration for Ghana, there appears to be a policy void. This article contributes to filling this gap. It discusses the merits and problems associated with the transnational movements of Ghanaian health and educational professionals and proposes ways to enhance the benefits. It also suggests pathways for aiding future migration policy formulation in Ghana.