bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biomechanical monitoring of cutaneous sulfur mustard‐induced lesions in the weanling pig model for depth of injury
Authors: Reid Frances M. , Niemuth Nancy A. , Shumaker Shawn M. , Waugh Jack D. , Graham John S.
Published: March 2007

Background/purpose: A sulfur mustard (SM)‐induced cutaneous injury model was developed in weanling swine to evaluate the efficacy of candidate treatment regimens. Lesions were assessed clinically and histopathologically. Histopathologic evaluation of lesions was a subjective and invasive assessment. Biomechanical engineering methods offer an objective and less invasive method to evaluate lesions. The purpose of this study was to use biomechanical engineering instruments to assess SM‐induced lesions for depth of injury and to correlate those assessments with histopathology.

Methods: Two groups of six animals each were exposed to 400 μL undiluted SM applied at each of six abdominal sites for either 2 or 30 min. An additional seven animals received a sham treatment (control; 400 μL deionized water applied to each of six sites for 30 min). Each site was evaluated before exposure and 2 days after exposure. Biomechanical engineering techniques used to assess each lesion were reflectance colorimetry, evaporimetry [transepidermal water loss (TEWL)], laser Doppler perfusion imaging, and high‐frequency (20 MHz) two‐dimensional ultrasound. Injury depth and lesion severity were assessed and correlated to biomechanical methods using special histopathologic staining techniques.

Results: Two‐ and 30‐min cutaneous lesions were significantly different from controls at the 0.05 probability level for redness (chroma meter) and TEWL (evaporimeter), but were not significantly different from each other. The 2‐min lesions had a significant increase (2.11 AU, SE=0.06) and the 30‐min lesions had a decrease (0.96 AU, SE=0.04) from controls (1.31 AU, SE=0.03) in microcirculatory blood flux (laser Doppler). The 2‐min lesions and controls were significantly different at the 0.05 level from 30‐min lesions in skin thickness (ultrasound). The 2‐ and 30‐min groups were significantly different from controls and from each other at the 0.05 level in histopathologic assessment of injury depth, basal cell necrosis, depth of necrosis, and vascular necrosis, with the 30‐min injuries being most severe.

Conclusion: There was mixed evidence that the bioengineering techniques tested could differentiate between controls, 2‐min (partial‐thickness) cutaneous injuries and 30‐min (full‐thickness) cutaneous injuries at day 2. Both biomechanical and histopathologic assessments are useful methods of characterizing SM lesions in the weanling pig model. Biomechanical methods are non‐invasive and quantitative, and multiple readings over shorter and longer periods of time may improve differentiation in depth of injury. Histopathologic assessments are important for confirmation of lesion depth and severity, and for assisting interpretation when a single assessment using bioengineering methods is used.
Evaluation of lotion formulations on irritation using the modified forearm‐controlled application test method
Authors: Farage M. A. , Ebrahimpour A. , Steimle B. , Englehart J. , Smith D.
Published: March 2007

Background/purpose: Cold and allergy sufferers often develop irritation around the nostrils as a result of repeated and frequent rubbing of the skin site with facial tissues. This irritation is a combination of the inherent irritant properties of the tissue components (chemical irritation), and mechanical irritation from friction. Lotion‐coated facial tissues are being developed to provide soothing, skin benefits, and to promote healing of this type of irritation. The objective of these studies was to evaluate the efficacy of different lotion formulations on facial tissues in preventing irritation, or aiding in the healing of irritation.

Methods: The modified forearm‐controlled application test (Modified FCAT) was adapted as a means of quickly evaluating the relative skin benefits of various lotion formulations used to coat facial tissues. The test was conducted on the volar surface of the forearms of volunteer subjects. Test sites were pretreated with 24 h occlusive patches of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) to induce mild or moderate skin irritation. This was followed by repeated wiping of the lotion‐coated tissues. Irritation was evaluated using visual scoring for erythema and dryness. Lotion formulation options were compared in the model. Comparisons included assessments of the type of fatty alcohol in the formulation (stearyl and cetearyl alcohol), the presence of silicone and the base formulation (mineral oil, petrolatum of a proprietary formula).

Results: Differences in the degree of erythema and dryness were detected among various formulation options. No differences were found between formulations containing stearyl or cetearyl alcohol. Low levels of silicone produced benefits in one of two experiments. The proprietary base formula produced greater reductions in erythema following treatment of SLS‐irritated skin compared with mineral oil and petrolatum bases.

Conclusions: The results indicated that this modification of the FCAT can be used to compare various lotion formulations for skin benefits and healing properties, and to rank qualitatively the benefits of various formulation options.
Laser induced autofluorescence studies of animal skin used in modeling of human cutaneous tissue spectroscopic measurements
Authors: Drakaki E. , Borisova E. , Makropoulou M. , Avramov L. , Serafetinides A. A. , Angelov I.
Published: March 2007

Background/purpose: Laser‐induced autofluorescence spectroscopy provides excellent possibilities for medical diagnostics of different tissue pathologies including cancer. However, to create the whole picture of pathological changes, investigators collect spectral information from patients in vivo or they study different tumor models to obtain objective information for fluorescent properties of every kind of healthy and diseased tissue. Therefore, it is very important to find the most appropriate, and close to the human skin, animal samples from the fluorescence point of view, which will allow the extrapolation of the animal data to human spectroscopic diagnostics.

Methods: In the present work, we examined the autofluorescence properties of different animal skin tissues, which are considered as the most common skin models. A nitrogen laser was used as an excitation source. Samples of healthy mouse, chicken and pig skin in vivo and/or ex vivo were studied and were compared with results obtained from investigations of healthy human skin in vivo.

Results and conclusion: Specific features of the recorded spectra are discussed and the possible origin of the obtained fluorescence signals is proposed. Quantitative evaluation of data extrapolation for each skin type is also depicted.
A long‐term evaluation of erythema and pigmentation induced by ultraviolet radiations of different wavelengths
Authors: Suh K.‐S. , Roh H.‐J. , Choi S.‐Y. , Jeon Y.‐S. , Doh K.‐S. , Bae J.‐H. , Kim S.‐T.
Published: March 2007

Background/aims: The long‐term reactions of human skin by different ultraviolet (UV)‐wavebands were not reported. This study was to investigate a time course of erythema and pigmentation induced by UVA‐1, broadband UVA (BBUVA), narrowband UVB (NBUVB) and broadband UVB (BBUVB).

Methods: Ten volunteers participated in this study for 6 months. Four skin areas, from the back of each subject, were irradiated with two minimal erythema dose (MED) of four different UV wavelengths corresponding to UVA‐1, BBUVA, NBUVB and BBUVB.

Results: For both UVA‐1 and BBUVA, erythema and pigmentation were most pronounced immediately and 1 h after exposure. Erythema rapidly diminished but pigmentation persisted throughout the study. For both NBUVB and BBUVB, test areas reacted with erythema of maximum intensity at 1 and 2 days, respectively. A maximum tanning was reached at 3–6 days for NBUVB and 4–7 days for BBUVB, and the return toward the original point was at 1 and 3 months, respectively.

Conclusion: Two MED of UVA produced far prolonged erythema and pigmentation than UVB. For UVA, UVA‐1 and BBUVA showed similar intensity and time course of skin reaction. For UVB, erythema and pigmentation produced by NBUVB were milder in intensity and shorter in a time course than those by BBUVB.
Generalized pruritus in a patient sensitized to tobacco and cannabis
Authors: Stöckli Simone Schwarzenbach , Bircher Andreas J.
Published: March 2007

Respiratory problems or urticaria are well known in patients sensitized to tobacco. This occurs mainly as an occupational disease in tobacco workers, but also occasionally in those who smoke tobacco or dip snuff. Similar respiratory problems and anaphylactoid reactions have been observed in patients sensitized to cannabis. This may occur in those allergic to cannabis pollen when the plants bloom, in those with agricultural exposure and rarely in the end consumer.

We describe a patient with generalized itching provoked by tobacco and cannabis smoking. Skin prick tests and specific IgE towards tobacco and cannabis were positive. Because of the close correlation of smoking tobacco or cannabis and the onset of symptoms, we put forward the diagnosis of a type I allergic reaction towards tobacco and cannabis.
Delayed Cardiotoxicity in Chronic Lithium Poisoning: Discrepancy between Serum Lithium Concentrations and Clinical Status
Authors: Waring William Stephen
Published: March 2007

Abstract:  Chronic lithium poisoning is characteristically associated with greater toxicity than acute ingestion. Neurotoxic features may occur within several hours, whereas major cardiovascular effects are typically not seen until later. This report describes profound bradycardia as a late consequence of chronic lithium poisoning, and reminds us to consider the possibility of delayed toxic effects, even in situations where serum lithium concentrations appear to be declining.
Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Ward‐Begnoche Wendy
Published: March 2007

PURPOSE.  Children who experience acute injury or illness severe enough to result in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) stay are at risk for posttraumatic stress symptoms, as are their parents. A distinction is made between injury‐related traumatic events, illness‐related traumatic events, and treatment‐related traumatic events, all of which contribute to this risk.

CONCLUSIONS.  This paper reviews what the PICU experience is like for children and their parents, the emerging literature on posttraumatic stress symptoms in PICU patients and their parents, and current knowledge regarding risk and resiliency factors for these children.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.  Children hospitalized in the PICU should be monitored for posttraumatic stress disorder during and after their stay. Risk and resiliency factors are a focus for practice and for future research.
Scientific Inquiry
Authors: Youngblut JoAnne M. , Brooten Dorothy
Published: March 2007

Scientific Inquiry provides a forum to facilitate the ongoing process of questioning and evaluating practice, presents informed practice based on available data, and innovates new practices through research and experimental learning.
Introduction: The Players and the Game of Sovereign Debt
Authors: Herman Barry
Published: March 2007

This essay characterizes the main actors and how they operate during a buildup of government foreign debt and after a default on payments. These actors are the borrowing governments, domestic and foreign commercial banks, purchasers of government bonds, other governments lending to the debtor, and multilateral institutions (the International Monetary Fund and development banks). As there is no international sovereign analog to national court-supervised bankruptcy in the case of countries, the workout from crises, mainly hitting poorer economies, occurs without legislated rules or an enforcement mechanism, although the IMF (sometimes with the World Bank) serves as an informal umpire for the global financial community.
LATERAL-TORSIONAL BUCKLING OF BEAMS UNDER COMBINED LOADING: A REAPPRAISAL OF PAPKOVITCH–SCHAEFER THEOREM
Authors: CHALLAMEL NOËL
Published: March 2007

Lateral-torsional buckling of elastic structures under combined loading is considered in this paper. Closed-form solutions are available for a specific range of loading. More generally, approximation of the buckling curve (limit of the stable domain in the loading parameters space) is investigated from the stationary property of the Rayleigh's quotient. The approximation is then compared to a numerical approach, namely the iterative method of Vianello and Stodola. Closed-form solutions give upper bounds with relative error less than 0.2%. It is shown that the stable domain in the loading parameters space is convex. The Papkovitch–Schaefer theorem is extended from previous theoretical works of Plaut,12despite the nonlinear dependence of the equilibrium equations on the loading parameters for the one-dimensional system. The boundary of the stable domain is clearly nonlinear, but this nonlinearity is weak. It is shown that Dunkerley's lower bound is relevant for the two structural cases considered, and the maximum relative error induced by such a lower bound is lower than 2%.
Change in Body Size and the Risk of Colorectal Adenomas
Authors: Sedjo Rebecca L. , Byers Tim , Levin Theodore R. , Haffner Steven M. , Saad Mohammed F. , Tooze Janet A. , D'Agostino Ralph B.
Published: March 2007

Adiposity has been recognized as a risk factor for colorectal adenoma, but the influence of weight gain, adipose tissue distribution, and possible differences between ethnic/racial and gender groups remains unanswered. The aim of this prospective study was to examine the association between adiposity and weight change and colorectal adenoma risk. Over ∼10-year period, anthropometric measures and other risk factors were measured at three time points in the multicenter multiethnic Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study cohort. Colonoscopies were then conducted on 600 cohort participants regardless of symptoms whose mean age at colonoscopy was 64 years. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to assess the association between colorectal adenomas and measures of adiposity and weight change over the ∼10-year period before colonoscopy. Obesity was positively associated with risk of colorectal adenomas at the time of colonoscopy [adjusted odds ratio (ORadj), 2.16; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.13-4.14] and was stronger in women (ORadj, 4.42; 95% CI, 1.53-12.78) than in men (ORadj, 1.26; 95% CI, 0.52-3.07). The risk of adenomas increased among participants who gained weight compared with those who maintained weight over the ∼5 years (ORadj, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.25-4.22) and ∼10 years (ORadj, 2.12; 95% CI, 1.25-3.62). These associations were similar for both advanced and nonadvanced adenomas. These results suggest a positive association between obesity, weight gain, and colorectal adenoma risk. Stronger associations were observed when obesity was measured at the time of colonoscopy, suggesting that obesity may be a promoting factor in the growth of colorectal adenomas. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(3):526–31)
Calculated Cancer Risks for Conventional and “Potentially Reduced Exposure Product” Cigarettes
Authors: Pankow James F. , Watanabe Karen H. , Toccalino Patricia L. , Luo Wentai , Austin Donald F.
Published: March 2007

Toxicant deliveries (by machine smoking) are compiled and associated cancer risks are calculated for 13 carcinogens from 26 brands of conventional cigarettes categorized as “regular” (R), “light” (Lt), or “ultralight” (ULt), and for a reference cigarette. Eight “potentially reduced exposure product” (PREP) cigarettes are also considered. Because agency-to-agency differences exist in the cancer slope factor (CSF) values adopted for some carcinogens, two CSF sets were used in the calculations: set I [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)–accepted values plus California EPA–accepted values as needed to fill data gaps] and set II (vice versa). The potential effects of human smoking patterns on cigarette deliveries are considered. Acetaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, and acrylonitrile are associated with the largest calculated cancer risks for all 26 brands of conventional cigarettes. The calculated risks are proportional to the smoking dose z (pack-years). Using CSF set I and z = 1 pack-year (7,300 cigarettes), the calculated brand-average incremental lifetime cancer risk \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\overline{\mathrm{ILCR}}^{\mathrm{acetaldehyde}}_{1}\) \end{document} values are R, 6 × 10−5; Lt, 5 × 10−5; and ULt, 3 × 10−5 (cf. typical U.S. EPA risk benchmark of 10−6). These values are similar, especially given the tendency of smokers to “compensate” when smoking Lt and ULt cigarettes. \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\overline{\mathrm{ILCR}}^{\mathrm{sub{\Sigma}-lung}}_{1}\) \end{document}is the brand-average per pack-year subtotal risk for the measured human lung carcinogens. Using CSF set I, the \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\overline{\mathrm{ILCR}}^{\mathrm{sub{\Sigma}-lung}}_{1}\) \end{document} values for R, Lt, and ULt cigarettes account for ≤2% of epidemiologically observed values of the all-smoker population average per pack-year risk of lung cancer from conventional cigarettes. RPREP (%) is a science-based estimate of the possible reduction in lung cancer risk provided by a particular PREP as compared with conventional cigarettes. Using CSF set I, all RPREP values are <2%. The current inability to account for the observed health risks of smoking based on existing data indicates that current expressed/implied marketing promises of reduced harm from PREPs are unverified: there is little reason to be confident that total removal of the currently measured human lung carcinogens would reduce the incidence of lung cancer among smokers by any noticeable amount. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(3):584–92)
Occupation and the Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Boffetta Paolo , de Vocht Frank
Published: March 2007

Although thus far no occupational agents have been classified as established causes of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), employment as a farmer, teacher, dry cleaner, meat worker, printer, or wood worker has been associated with elevated risk in the peer-reviewed literature. We conducted several meta-analyses to assess risk in these occupations and industries from articles published in MEDLINE up to August 1, 2006. The summary risk estimates suggest a homogeneous excess risk for NHL among workers in the printing industry [relative risk (RR), 1.86; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.37-2.52] and wood workers (RR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.00-1.31). Considerable heterogeneity but elevated risks were found for farmers (RR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.05-1.17), especially in animal husbandry (RR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.08-1.60), and teaching (RR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.34-1.61). An increased risk was absent for employment in the meat processing industry (RR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.77-1.29). These results suggest that although excess risk is found for employment in the printing industry, wood processing industry, teaching, and farming, it is unlikely that occupation represents a major risk factor for NHL in most populations. At present, no conclusive evidence of causal relations between occupations and increased NHL risk exists; this can be ascribed to methodologic problems in studying the link between NHL risk and occupation, including heterogeneity of disease and exposure circumstances and low statistical power. Implementing state-of-the-art exposure assessment technologies, including biomarker-based assessment, and aiming to identify susceptible subgroups can increase the statistical power enough to analyze etiologically relevant NHL subtypes and provide clues on possible causal agents in future studies. These goals can be best attained within the framework of large-scale, international collaborative projects. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(3):369–72)
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Secondary to Cancer Chemotherapy
Authors: Krishnan Biju , Morgan Gareth J.
Published: March 2007

Increased long-term survival seen in patients with solid and hematologic cancers achieved as a result of aggressive chemoradiotherapy has come at a price. Therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia has been frequently documented in these patient cohorts, and its biology well studied. Recognition of secondary non-Hodgkin lymphoma as a cause of significant morbidity and mortality in these patients is equally important. The patterns of incidence and latency of secondary lymphomas is distinct from that of myeloid malignancies and other solid cancers. We have systematically analyzed and summarized reports from various groups over the last three decades. Risk of secondary lymphomas increases after the first 5 years of completion of chemotherapy or radiotherapy and persists for more than three decades. This reinforces the need for long-term follow-up of all patients exposed to chemoradiotherapy and confirms that chemotherapeutic agents can cause lymphoma. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(3):377–80)
Changed Ideals and Status of the Family and the Public Activities of Women
Authors: Howard George Elliott
Published: March 2007

Probably for every people in each stage of social evolution the typical or basic fact is its prevailing or "working" constitution of the family. By the family constitution is meant, in all its wide implications, the vast complex of relations, internal and external, arising in nature's triad of personalities, the mother, father, and child. The changing quality of these relations is the measure, the yardstick, of social progress. As the ideal of the family rises civili zation advances.
Civic Activities of Women's Clubs
Authors: Wood Mary I. , Pennybacker Percy V.
Published: March 2007

Since The Annals is prophetic as well as historic, I desire my foreword to Mrs. Wood's stimulating account of "The Civic Activities of Women's Clubs" to forecast what I hope may be a leading feature of our work during the next two years.
Diplomacy by Coup D'Etat
Authors: Bradley Phillips
Published: March 2007

The whole line of development and the basic trend of thought which deter mines the procedure of responsible governments leads so heedlessly towards fresh possibilities of an ezplosion that it will require almost a miracle to avoid the incendiary sparks which are preparing a gruesome end.1
Youth and Marriage
Authors: Mudd Emily Hartshorne
Published: March 2007

The present is in every age merely the shifting point at which past and future meet, and we can have no quarrel with either. There can be no world without traditions; neither can there be any life without movement.1
Presidential Disability
Authors: Frelinghuysen Peter
Published: March 2007

In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, Resig nation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by Law pro vide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, both of the Presi dent and Vice President, declaring what Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a Presi dent shall be elected.
Earthquakes
Authors: Don Leet L.
Published: March 2007

The effects of earthquakes are well known. Less known are their causes, hidden in the shifting pressures of the substrata of the earth. Their an nual number has been estimated at from 50,000 to 1,000,000; accurate instru mental locations date from about 1918. At present, seismographic stations register 600 to 700 a year, over a hundred of which are of major intensity. They cluster in two zones, one bordering on the Pacific Ocean and representing 80 per cent of the total energy released, the other running from Burma through the Himalayas westward through Europe's Alps. However, earthquakes may occur anywhere. They seem to run in cycles, but accurate prediction is impos sible. Planning can do much to reduce damage, but their relative rarity and unpredictability make planning difficult; it encounters barriers in inertia, self- interest, and long-term costs.—Ed.
The Armed Forces in Disaster Relief
Authors: Burgess Carter L.
Published: March 2007

Although the basic responsibility for disaster relief lies with civil agencies, national, state, local, and private, the Armed Forces, because of their mobility and organization, are frequently utilized to lend urgently needed aid in emergency situations. National disaster relief, including military, is authorized by the Federal Disaster Act of 1950 and co-ordinated by the Federal Civil De fense Administration when the President declares a "major disaster." However, compelling humanitarian requirements inevitably put the military relief machin ery in action the moment disaster strikes. The magnitude of several recent dis asters has widened the scope of Department of Defense relief. Beyond the prompt emergency aid rendered, under the authority of the 1950 Disaster Act the Department has helped in postdisaster rehabilitation of public works and basic production facilities in disaster areas.—Ed.
Emergency Medical, Hospital, and Nursing Care
Authors: Lueth Harold C.
Published: March 2007

Carefully planned emergency medical service is essential if disaster casualties are to receive full benefit of modern facilities and techniques. De tailed but flexible plans are required, since nonprofessional assistance cannot otherwise be utilized to full advantage, a fact abundantly clear in recent disas ters. Any plan should center on co-ordination with other community services. Basic elements of a plan should stress reception of casualties; sorting and initial diagnosis; emergency medical care; and evacuation of casualties. It is incum bent on the medical profession to initiate the training and guidance of emer gency medical cadres to make any emergency plans effective.—Ed.
Labor Relations in Postwar Germany
Authors: Mcpherson William H.
Published: March 2007

After the last war, the reconstruction of German labor organization faced great difficulties but proceeded rapidly and along partly new lines, com pared with earlier decades. Once the Republic was established in 1949, the German Federation of Trade Unions (DGB) was created, uniting sixteen indus dustrial or multi-industrial unions including 87 per cent of seven million organ ized workers and pledged to a nonpartisan political policy. So far attempts to split the DGB have failed, but the effort to inject a political program, in par ticular by the Social Democratic party, may yet succeed. The author discusses these and other problems, such as collective bargaining, work councils and other forms of employee representation and participation, and the settlement of labor disputes.—Ed.
Postwar Wage Determination in the Netherlands
Authors: Windmuller John P.
Published: March 2007

Out of the confusion of the occupation period, a bipartite body, the Foundation of Labor, was constituted with representatives of top employers' as sociations and trade union federations. Wage questions are dealt with by a board, created by a government decree of 1945 ; the Foundation acts in an ad visory capacity and has great influence on policy. The author discusses the or ganization and powers of these agencies, their relation to the government, the objectives of trade union policy, and wage factors and wage movements. The stability of the wage structure in the Netherlands is credited in large measure to the great restraint and sense of responsibility shown by the unions.—Ed.
Labor and Nationalism in the British Caribbean
Authors: Daniel George T.
Published: March 2007

In the British Caribbean territories, the labor movement and trade unionism have been vehicles for nationalist and home-rule sentiments. The first trade unions appeared after World War I, but their efforts to raise wages and living standards by legislation largely failed, owing to lack of adequate political representation. The depression of the thirties worsened the situation of the workers and led to widespread disturbances in 1937. As a result of recom mendations by a Royal Commission in 1939, universal suffrage was introduced and good labor laws enacted. Since then labor leaders have gained political offices, and the labor movement has become increasingly respectable and effec tive.—Ed.
The Israeli Labor Movement
Authors: Halevi Nadav
Published: March 2007

Labor in Israel is mostly organized into the General Federation of Jewish Labor in Israel (Histadrut), a general union in membership and func tions. It includes all kinds of workers and their families and has trade union functions, mutual aid and social functions, and economic activities. It tries to satisfy all physical, cultural, and spiritual needs of its members. Its ideology is a synthesis of Zionist nationalism and socialism. The author describes the struc ture and organization of the Histadrut and considers what appear to be the basic problems facing the federation in its future development, problems arising from the very size and complex nature of the organization.—Ed.
Indian and European: Indian-White Relations from Discovery to 1887
Authors: Mcnickle D'Arcy
Published: March 2007

When the American continent was settled by Europeans, they saw as a mission the conversion of the natives into Europeans. Needing their friend ship and aid they treated them as free men, true owners of the land, but failed to understand their concept of land use and tenure. A policy of fair dealing soon faced the inexorable facts of a rapidly growing white population eager for land. The westward movement pushed the Indian farther and farther away from the Atlantic shore. Their land boundaries were no longer inviolate and with the Dawes Act of 1887, the final invasion of Indian homelands began.—Ed.
The Demography of the American Indians
Authors: Hadley J. Nixon
Published: March 2007

Various estimates of the size of the aboriginal Indian population of North America exist, but there is agreement on a figure of less than a million and perhaps less than 750,000. By 1850, disease, dissipation, starvation, mas sacre, and maladaptation had reduced the population to a quarter million. This figure remained until 1900, but has since risen to about 400,000. Now the In dian net natural increase is higher than that for the total population of the coun try. The Indian population has a much higher proportion of persons under 25 years of age, which with other factors suggests that by 1975 there will be over 700,000 Indians in our country.—Ed.
Religion Among American Indians
Authors: Underhill Ruth
Published: March 2007

The primitive religious ideas of the American Indians. their ritual istic forms, their social function, and their chief practitioners are described in this article. The persistence of these ideas and the manner in which they affect the Indian's acceptance of the white man's ways are illustrated. Special attention is paid to the rise of the Peyote Cult and its development into the Native American Church, which appears to be a transitional institution ultimately leading to the acceptance of the white man's religion.—Ed.
Stability of English and French Foreign Policy
Authors: Strausz-Hupé Robert
Published: March 2007

The disintegration of the British and the French empires is the major cause of conflict of our time. As the remaining hopes for the preserva tion of empire wane, both Englishmen and Frenchmen are driven to contemplate the only alternative—federation—by which their problem can be resolved. France has already renounced a sizable portion of her sovereignty to supra national control agencies; so have the Germans. It took Suez to shock Britain into a genuine European response. In the last analysis, a closer Atlantic Union is needed to return Europe as a whole to a great center of political and economic power.—Ed.
The Military Potential of NATO
Authors: Lindsay Richard C.
Published: March 2007

NATO required a military expression if it was to satisfy its political purpose. This required the development of national potentials into combined military capability. At the outset, the capability was insignificant, but the po tential based on the resources and the heritage of the free peoples of the West was virtually unlimited if will and unity existed. By capitalizing on that poten tial, we now have a capability which is a prime factor in world affairs.—Ed.
The Future of American Economic Aid to Europe
Authors: Taft Charles P.
Published: March 2007

Economic aid to Europe includes anything consciously provided which helps the balance of payments of European countries in the long run. Even aid to underdeveloped countries indirectly benefits not only Europe but the entire West. Our national security depends on the stability, peace, and inde pendence of the underdeveloped world. Our trade policy, then, becomes an im portant factor. The purpose and scope of financial aid need definition, and both Congress and the public need to be informed of the importance of such aid.—Ed.
Economic Prospects in Western Europe
Authors: Gilbert Milton
Published: March 2007

Originally formed to help distribute American financial aid in Eu rope under the Marshall Plan, the Organization for European Cooperation has since 1950 been the main forum for discussion and common action about the economic problems of Western Europe. In 1951, the Council called for an over-all expansion of production of 25 per cent in five years and set targets for various basic industries. Most of them were achieved. The next five years will show a slower rate of development, and the real demands for resources are likely to cause strains in the economy. Various ways in which the United States can offset this strain are suggested.—Ed.
The Diplomatic Potential of NATO
Authors: Streit Clarence K.
Published: March 2007

NATO as presently constituted is proving too weak to meet present and future needs. Its legislative, executive, and judicial powers are ineffective, not to say nonexistent. There is a pressing need for a strong Atlantic union to meet political and economic as well as military demands of today's world. In this NATO has proved unequal to the task and in times of crisis has been com pletely by-passed. Part of the difficulty lies in the fact that NATO is a union based on units of diplomacy or sovereign nations rather than being a more demo cratic federal union based on sovereign citizens. The body politic is an arti ficial unit, hampered by national rather than international allegiances. A strong and effective Atlantic federal union must, therefore, be built up by first splitting up these bodies politic and then reuniting these men into a greater and more internationally minded organization.—Ed.
The Pattern of Leisure in Contemporary American Culture
Authors: Mead Margaret
Published: March 2007

Leisure as a thing to be earned and re-earned was the typical pat tern of traditional American culture. There was a definite rhythm between work and leisure, and all leisure was seen in the context of future work and good works. The depression and World War II brought about many imbalances in this system. In the last decade there has been a subtle shift in the balance from work and good works to the home. This is now the center for existence which in turn justifies working at all; the role of husband and father has become a vital one. Although there are many rewards in this home-oriented setup, there are also stresses and strains. These are often relieved by getting out of the home and away to work. At the moment our problem is to reach a new balance in which we discard the outmoded sequence of an age of scarcity and satisfac torily integrate the home ritual and shorter working hours of our new age.—Ed.
The Economics of Leisure
Authors: Soule George
Published: March 2007

The economic developments which made a general sharing of leisure possible, together with higher material levels of living, were a marked increase in productivity and an increase in the size of the labor force relative to the popula tion. Gains in leisure were made under the market system by deliberate choice of workers for more free time even at the sacrifice of possible greater gains in real income. This choice has stimulated many industries supplying recreation wants. Market values do not apply to the allocation of free time by the indi vidual. The problem of values is discussed.
Professional Education
Authors: Miller Norman P.
Published: March 2007

The framework for professional education in recreation developed primarily from recommendations of national conferences on the subject. The trend is for increasing emphasis on broad general foundations in humanities and social sciences with opportunities for specialization in various aspects—hospital, industry, municipal, administration—to be centered in the upper division and graduate levels. Problems are: supply of potential leaders, organizational pat terns, accreditation, institutional roles, professional standards. Needs are: more evaluation, more research, higher standards. Suggested guidelines are: coopera tive effort, flexibility in approach, balanced offerings, and reflection of the needs of the profession and society.
Administration of Recreation: Divided Opinions
Authors: Prezioso Sal J.
Published: March 2007

The administration of public recreation is a complex one. Many public agencies play an important role in its functions and as such want the authority to govern. Divided responsibilities and authority lead to duplication of efforts, poor economy, planning, and administration. It is essential that rec reation responsibilities and authority be vested in one central public agency. The question before us is whether such an agency should be administered by a recreation commission, a recreation department working with a citizens' advisory council, or the school boards of education.
Organized Camping
Authors: Carlson Reynold E.
Published: March 2007

Organized camping has shown phenomenal growth in the twentieth century and has achieved recognition for its educational values by voluntary agencies, religious groups, schools, and public agencies.

In our society, in which the working life is increasingly divorced from the soil, camping is of special value in re-establishing contact and familiarity with the out-of-doors.

Day camping, church camping, and camping for children with special needs have grown especially rapidly in recent years; and governmental agencies have increased their participation. Camp programs are vitally concerned with the welfare of individual campers and their adjustment to a democratic society.
Recreational Boating: The Nation's Family Sport
Authors: Choate Joseph E.
Published: March 2007

Thirty million Americans are participating in recreational boating as a major form of leisure activity. They will spend $1,500,000,000 on a total of 6,500,000 pleasure craft this year. How did boating reach these fantastic pro portions and what are the reasons for its growth, particularly in those years fol lowing World War II? Reasons are given for the rise of recreational boating as the nation's number one family sport.
Metropolis Lost, Metropolis Regained
Authors: Meyerson Martin , Terrett Barbara
Published: March 2007

In a period of deep concern for the condition of the American metropolis and amid questions which raise doubts about the continued viability of cities, the authors argue that there is an essential soundness in urban life which preserves cities and keeps them in balance over time. Within this argument, however, they examine some of the problems which need intensive investigation, and subtle evaluation, and which above all require discussion and understanding as a preface to planning and action.
"Urbanism and Government, 1957-1977": A Rejoinder
Authors: Sayre Wallace S.
Published: March 2007

Urban and suburban electorates will find more political common- ground than divergence and will combine to make state governments more urban in outlook and policies. The national government will also increasingly respond to the political power of urban-metropolitan America, will deal more directly with cities and metropolitan areas, and will establish more bureaus concerned particularly with urban or metropolitan affairs.
Creative Methods in Urban Political Change
Authors: Friedrich Carl J.
Published: March 2007

Forecasting metropolitan development requires analysis of emerg ing governmental and political structure and procedure correlated with economic projections. The extended interview, conducted by experienced teams of researchers with men in key positions, should give knowledge of political issues, detect emerging trends, and indicate possible courses of action. Fruitful leads were obtained by initial work of this nature in New York.
In Pursuit of Urbanity
Authors: Von Moltke Willo , Bacon Edmund N.
Published: March 2007

Daily decisions are made which determine the physical nature of our cities, and in most cases they are based on short-term economic and func tional considerations. However, we can in our time design cities which are functional, ordered and aesthetically enjoyable. The sketches attempt to sug gest how to achieve urban forms appropriate for urbanity.
Intoxication and Alcoholism: Physiological Factors
Authors: Greenberg Leon A.
Published: March 2007

Alcoholism is a complex problem whose full comprehension involves concepts from many disciplines. One of these is physiology, dealing with the nature of alcoholic beverages and their fate and action in the body. The pri mary action of alcohol is on the brain, producing intoxication. Since alcohol is consumed in the body liberating energy, its excessive use curtails adequate in take of other essential foods, creating deficiency diseases common to alcoholics. Intoxication itself also indirectly injures organs and functions of the body. Al though physiology has contributed much to knowledge about the course and medical treatment of alcoholism, it has not provided an answer to its etiology.
The Search for the Alcoholic Personality
Authors: Armstrong John D.
Published: March 2007

The limited experience of many investigators leaves the impression that there are certain features unique to the personalities of alcoholics. How ever, scientific reports to date do not permit us to define such an alcoholic per sonality, or even to come to any substantial agreement as to what it may be like. It seems more likely that a number of personality types have a peculiar susceptibility to alcoholism. There is a great need for more effective techniques to continue the investigations.
Alcoholism and the Family
Authors: Jackson Joan K.
Published: March 2007

The relationship between an alcoholic and his family is a two-way one. The alcoholic affects the personalities of family members and the func tioning of the family as a unit. The family in turn contributes to the allevia tion or persistence of the alcoholism. A description of the family crisis pre cipitated by alcoholism is given. Treatment of alcoholism should include help, not only for the alcoholic but also for the family.
Psychiatric Treatment of Alcoholism
Authors: Vogel Sidney
Published: March 2007

This article presents an examination and evaluation of the role of psychiatry in the treatment of alcoholism, and an interpretation of the nature of addiction and the concept of alcoholism as an addictive disease. It treats the conflicts and problems of the alcoholic with a description of common neurotic methods used to solve them; the psychological needs served by alcohol; methods of therapy, including psychotherapy, group therapy, psychoanalysis, Alcoholics Anonymous, and so forth; the role of the patient and therapist in determining results of psychotherapy; and the need for a co-ordination of scientific and lay disciplines to further our knowledge and improve results.
Current Resources for Therapy, Education and Research
Authors: Shepherd Ernest A.
Published: March 2007

A revived interest in alcoholism since 1930 has developed specialized activities in treatment, education, and research. A new underlying philosophy has characterized fresh modes of action. State governmental programs have been outstanding. Research and study are grave needs. As new services for Skid Row drinkers have developed and nationally established general agencies and in stitutions have directed their attention to this aspect of the problem, sweeping programs have been proposed.
The Reproductive Renaissance North of the Rio Grande
Authors: Ryder Norman B.
Published: March 2007

The annual numbers of births in the United States and in Canada have increased by more than 70 per cent in the past twenty years. In both countries an important component of this increase has been a change in the timing pattern of births. In addition to the spurious inflation of annual fer tility which such a timing change induces, mean parity for American cohorts has increased by 27 per cent because of a decline in the proportion of women with submodal fertility. The most likely explanation of this is a rise in real per- capita income among those who regulate childbearing.
United States and Canada Magnets for Immigration
Authors: Eckerson Helen F.
Published: March 2007

The United States remains the largest immigrant-receiving country in the world. Under the national-origins-quota system and emergency legisla tion, 2.6 million immigrants were admitted in 1946-1957: roughly one part dis placed persons and refugees, one part Western Hemisphere immigration, one part families of citizens, and one part quota other than displaced persons. Canada seeks an increase in population through immigrants who may be ab sorbed in her economy. Admissions of 1.5 million immigrants in 1946-1956 made Canada the second largest immigrant-receiving country. Included are immigrants from Commonwealth countries, displaced persons and Netherlands farm families, relatives of Canadian residents, and immigrants selected for oc cupational placement.
Issues and Interests in American Immigration Policy
Authors: Spengler Joseph J.
Published: March 2007

When Congress supports a highly restrictionist immigration policy it is acting in accordance with what appears to be the opinion of a majority of Americans. This opinion at present is largely an expression of noneconomic sentiments since only labor-organization views strongly reflect economic inter ests; business organizations now rarely state positions. The opinions of mem bers of religious, humanitarian, and other groups who favor some relaxation of current restrictions are based predominantly upon ethical and humanistic values. Although current immigration policy is fairly compatible with the theoretical arguments developed in this paper, it does not appear to have been arrived at rationally and in a manner consciously designed to compromise the diverse objectives of the groups interested. However a more careful analysis might show it to have been somewhat more rationally determined than my presenta tion suggests.
Internal Migration and Economic Development in Northern America
Authors: Petersen William
Published: March 2007

Internal migration is at once one of the most important determi nants of population change and the one about which we know least. Every year approximately one American out of every five moves to a different resi dence, and a considerable fraction of this migration is highly significant in eco nomic and cultural terms. There are no indications that Americans will soon cease to be "a nation of nomads." The shifts of population within the country are discussed mainly in terms of three examples: the migration to the West, the population interchange between the United States and Canada, and the migra tion of Negroes out of the South.