bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimation and distribution of some phosphorus fractions in leaves of plants
Authors: Hewitt E. J. , Notton B. A.
Published: November 2006

A procedure for fractionation of phosphorus compounds in leaves has been studied. Serial extractions with 85% ethanol, 0.2N‐HCl, IN‐HClO4 at 4°, 0.5N‐HClO4 at 70° and 2N‐NaOH removes 99.8% of the total phosphorus from tomato or cauliflower leaves. A method, involving preliminary treatment of fractions with isobutanol, was designed to eliminate interfering effects of unknown compounds on the determination of inorganic and acid‐labile phosphorus by the phosphomolybdic acid method used.

Several extractions with ethanol and 0.2N‐HCl are required for exhaustive removal of phosphorus compounds by each of these reagents. Single extractions by these reagents remove about 75% of the respective fractions. A major part of the organic phosphorus remaining after exhaustive ethanol extraction is readily removed by 0.2N‐HCl. By using 32P‐labelled inorganic phosphorus it was shown that whereas ribonucleic acids (RNA) are not decomposed during extraction in IN‐HClO4 at 4° for 18 h. there is appreciable decomposition of nucleic acids including deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) during subsequent extraction by 0.5N‐HClO4 at 70° for 20 min. RNA is estimated as organic phosphorus in the IN‐HClO4 extract and DNA as total phosphorus in the 0.5N‐HClO4 extract. Light extinction values at 260 mμ tend to be higher than expected in relation to phosphorus contents, especially for DNA.

The distribution of organic phosphorus by single consecutive extractions into the fractions described above was determined for seven different species or varieties of plants grown in sand culture.
Changes in the lipids of flour induced by treatment with chlorine dioxide or chlorine, and on storage
Authors: Daniels D. G. H.
Published: November 2006

Fatty acid composition of wheat flour oils was measured by gas chromatography, and results were presented either as fractions of the total C16 and C18 acids or, by application of an internal standard, as the percentage of each acid in the original oils.

Flour treated with chlorine dioxide (up to 120 p.p.m.) and stored for periods up to 15 weeks showed no changes in the fatty acid composition of the mixed oil extracted successively by light petroleum and acetone. Heavier treatment resulted in significant oxidative changes. After 27 weeks' storage, however, both untreated and lightly treated flour (up to 33 p.p.m. of ClO2) showed changes in the acetone—but not in the light petroleum—extracts. These findings were correlated with measurements of the induction periods of whole flours when heated in oxygen at 100°, both treatment and storage diminishing the induction periods.

Chlorine treatment of the flour caused decreases in linoleic acid contents of the extracted mixed oils at all levels of treatment. The effect on induction period was complex, but in general chlorine treatment caused long induction periods, which diminished during storage less than those of untreated flour. The significance of these results is discussed.
Treatment of meats with ionising radiations. IV.—Comparison of the deterioration in quality during storage of eviscerated chicken carcasses treated with chlortetracycline or radiation
Authors: Coleby B. , Ingram M. , Shepherd H. J. , Thornley M. J.
Published: November 2006

Eviscerated chicken carcasses were treated with chlortetracycline (CTC) or irradiated with 0.3 or 0.6 Mrad, and then stored at 0.°. Changes in quality during storage up to 26 days were studied, and microbial counts made on the carcasses. 0.6 Mrad caused a fairly rapid decline in quality, but with 0.3 Mrad or CTC deterioration of quality was only noticed when the carcasses had been stored at 0° for 19 days or longer. This loss of quality was not due to the growth of micro‐organisms.
Treatment of meats with ionising radiations. V.—Radiation pasteurisation of beef for chilled storage
Authors: Lea C. H. , MacFarlane J. J. , Parr L. J.
Published: November 2006

Small‐scale experiments on the storage of cuts of beef and of beef fatty tissue at chilling temperatures showed that microbial spoilage is considerably retarded by doses of ionising radiation between 25,000 and 100,000 rads, as indicated by a delay in the development of “tainted” odour and flavour, by a retarded appearance of visible bacterial growth and by a slower rate of increase in the free fatty acid content of the fat.

It is concluded that the margin between desirable and undesirable effects may be so small as to make the application of irradiation of doubtful benefit for the overseas transport of chilled beef.
Determination of trichloroacetate when incorporated in an N.P.K. fertiliser
Authors: Johnston I.
Published: November 2006

A partition chromatographic method is described for the determination of about 0.5% of trichloroacetate incorporated in an N.P.K. fertiliser. The free acid together with its main contaminant, dichloroacetic acid, is extracted from the fertiliser, chromatographed and the individual acids titrated with sodium methoxide. Although developed for the separation of di‐ and tri‐chloroacetic acids, the method will separate acetic, mono‐, di‐ and tri‐chloroacetic acids in the presence of each other.

Once the chromatographic column has been prepared and standardised, a complete analysis can be carried out in about 6 h. Over 50 separations have been made with one column.

Experiments indicate a recovery of 97% ± 2%.
Organic acid metabolism in cider and perry fermentations. III.—Keto‐acids in cider‐apple juices and ciders
Authors: Whiting G. C. , Coggins R. A.
Published: November 2006

The keto‐acids of cider‐apple juices and ciders have been studied qualitatively by conversion to their 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones and subsequent catalytic hydrogenation to the corresponding amino‐acids. The metabolism of pyruvic and α‐ketoglutaric acids during fermentation has been followed quantitatively; possible, metabolic pathways are discussed.
Phosphorus compounds of oats. II.—The utilisation of phytate phosphorus by growing chicks
Authors: Ashton W. M. , Evans C. , William P. C.
Published: November 2006

The basal phytin‐free diet of 5‐week‐old chicks was supplemented with phosphorus in the form of (a) inorganic P, (b) phytate P, and (c) phytate P containing radioactive phytin extracted from oats. The results obtained suggest that young growing chicks may utilise considerable amounts of phytate P.
Effect of formulation on toxicity to plants and insects of some systemic insecticidal seed dressings
Authors: Bardner R.
Published: November 2006

Wheat, mustard and sugar beet seeds were treated with dressings containing certain systemic insecticides and various stickers and fillers. Activated carbon, polyvinyl acetate emulsion and a chlorinated diphenyl resin lessened the toxicity of the insecticides to seedlings grown in sand. Polyethylene glycol ethers and polyvinyl alcohol solution also had some effect. Carbon and polyvinyl acetate prolonged the period of systemic action of “Thimet” against the mustard beetle Phaedon cochleariae F. and the bird‐cherry aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (L.). Mustard plants grown from seed treated with γ‐BHC formulated with these materials were slow to attain their maximum insecticidal activity. These effects are attributed to the initial absorption of insecticide by the sticker or filler and its subsequent slow release. Formulations permitting the slow release of insecticides have a practical use because they can combine low phytotoxicity with a long persistence of systemic insecticidal activity.
Acetone‐soluble lipids of grasses and other forage plants. II.–general observations on the properties of the lipids with special reference to the yield of fatty acids
Authors: Shorland F. B.
Published: November 2006

Examination of the lipids soluble in acetone at 0° from the leaves of rye‐grass (Lolium perenne), cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata), white clover (Trifolium repens) and rape (Brassica napus L.) shows that the yield of fatty acids from these sources when corrected for unsaponifiable matter ranges from 70.5 to 76.5% as compared with 95.6% required for a pure triglyceride calculated as trilinolenin. Further investigation of the cold acetonesoluble lipids of rye‐grass by diffusion in light petroleum through a rubber membrane showed that as in the red clover leaf lipids examined by Weenink1 most of the fatty acids were combined in a non‐dialysable form as galactolipids. These results support the view that glycerides do not occur to any appreciable extent in leaves but are replaced by galactolipids.

Fatty acid analysis showed marked differences between the dialysable lipids (comprising 28.7% of the total acetone‐soluble fraction) and the non‐dialysable lipids in which the linolenic acid is largely concentrated, forming 88% of the total fatty acids.
The determination of proteins in whole wheatmeal and flour by the biuret procedure
Authors: Williams P. C.
Published: November 2006

A colorimetric method for the determination of protein in wheat and flour is described: its application to the routine analysis of these materials has been studied from several technical and chemical aspects. The method has been found to possess certain economical and practical advantages over the Kjeldahl method, whilst the results obtained show excellent correlation with those obtained using the latter procedure.
Effect of processing conditions on nutritive value of soya‐bean oil meals for chicks
Authors: Bornstein S. , Ben‐Adam Z. , Lipstein B.
Published: November 2006

Thirteen commercial and experimental soya‐bean oil meals were included in practical chick rations either as the only protein supplement (33–35% of the diet) or as 14–23% of the diet together with protein supplements of animal origin, and their nutritional quality was tested in five growth experiments.

Growth rate and feed/gain ratio were significantly affected by the nutritive properties of the soya‐bean meals, which depended directly on the degree of processing. Heat treatments, adequate for driving off the solvent according to normal commercial production methods, were insufficient for producing soya‐bean oil meals of maximal nutritional quality. This was obtained only under conditions of heating for a prolonged period after a high level of moisture had been initially obtained.

The presence of fishmeal and skim milk powder in the chick rations did not eliminate the importance of adequate processing of soya‐bean oil meals.
Residues in wheat and wheat products after fumigation with ethylene dibromide
Authors: Heuser S. G.
Published: November 2006

Possible methods for determining bromide remaining as reaction product and as unchanged fumigant in wheat and flour after fumigation with ethylene dibromide (EDB) have been reviewed and tested, and new analytical methods developed. The effects of duration of treatment, temperature, moisture content and milling of wheat on the sorption and desorption of fumigant and on the size of the water‐soluble bromide fraction produced during fumigation were determined and the practical implications of the results are discussed. Recommended procedures for the determination of bromide residues in cereal products after fumigation with EDB are described.
Improved method for detection and approximate estimation of fungal amylase supplementation of wheat flour
Authors: Hayden K. J.
Published: November 2006

A simple method is described for the detection and semi‐quantitative estimation of fungal α‐amylase activity of wheat flour. It depends on the selective inactivation of cereal amylases on bentonite in presence of sodium acetate and detection of the fungal amylase by a cup‐plate technique with a starch‐agar substrate.
Determination of traces of copper in rubber latex ash by neutron activation analysis
Authors: Dalziel J. A. W. , Hsia R. C. H.
Published: November 2006

Neutron activation is used to determine copper in latex ash. Purification of the copper activity by homogeneous sulphide precipitation in the presence of carriers is sufficient for the resolution of the 0.51‐MeV γ‐activity of 64Cu by scintillation spectrometry. The further purification, particularly from 32P, which is needed for β‐counting is achieved by electrodeposition. Chemical yields are determined by EDTA titration. A typical ash was found to contain 370 ± 20 p.p.m. of copper.
Value of bush, grass or legume fallow in Ghana
Authors: Singh Khazan
Published: November 2006

(1) Field studies compare the effects of different periods of bush or grass fallow and of different species of grass and legume in fallows, on the nutrient status of fallow plots and on the yields of subsequent crops.

(2) Bush fallowing for 2 years was better than for 1 year, while a third year gave no advantage in respect of yield, and a 5‐ or 6‐year period gave yields no better than did a continuous cropping system.

(3) Among grasses and legumes used as fallow cover crops, elephant grass followed, in order, by Guinea grass and pigeon pea were the most effective.

(4) At two southerly stations maize yields were increased after fallow but this was not so in three more northerly stations. The difference may depend on the type of fallow, whether grass or legume, and on the availability of nitrogen in the soil. Andropogon grass fallow did not prove so successful in the nitrogen‐deficient soils of the north as did the elephant or Guinea grass in the rich soils of the southern area of forest. The pigeon pea which is less demanding on soil‐nitrogen than are the grasses gave good results at one of the stations in the Guinea Savannah.

(5) The final cut of the grass burnt in situ and the burning of the surface soil affected the nutrient status of the soil, increasing chiefly the P, K and Mg; there was no significant difference between the three grass fallow treatments in this respect.

Probably, the residues of grass in the 2‐ and 3‐year fallows incorporated in the soil improved the physical condition of soil, thus contributing to the superiority of these grass fallows over the 1‐year fallow in regard to yields of succeeding crops.
Entry of fungi and chemical substances in solution into mature cereal grains
Authors: Caldwell F.
Published: November 2006

The literature on the subject is reviewed.

The layers of tissue enveloping mature cereal grains are considered in respect of their influence on the selective permeability of the grain. The nature of the semi‐permeable system is discussed, as are its relation to grain viability, response to treatment with fungicides, and the possibility of acceleration of germination by such treatment.
Lead content of Australian brandies
Authors: Rankine B. C.
Published: November 2006

The lead contents of 37 Australian brandies ranged, with one exception (0.25 p.p.m.), from <0.01 to 0.06 p.p.m. with a mean of 0.029 p.p.m. These included samples of Australian brandies bottled in the United Kingdom.

The significance of the results in view of the proposed British legal limit of 0.5 p.p.m. is discussed.
A semi‐micro technique for crude fibre determination
Authors: Bredon R. M. , Juko C. D.
Published: November 2006

The semi‐micro technique of Bredon has several advantages over the standard method of the Fertilisers & Feeding Stuffs Regulations. The former gives satisfactory results and, with proper equipment, can give four times as many crude fibre determinations as the latter in the same time.

After application of the Dougall corrections for altitude, results by the semi‐micro method showed comparatively small errors as compared with those by the official method (determinations at 3750 and 6800 ft. altitude), and are acceptable for routine analyses.
Protein and lipid constitution of some Pakistani pulses
Authors: Baker B. E. , Papaconstantinou J. A. , Cross C. K. , Khan N. A.
Published: November 2006

Nineteen fatty acids have been determined by gas chromatography in the light petroleum extracts of five species of pulses commonly grown in West Pakistan.

The dispersion of the nitrogenous constituents of the same five pulses by water and by sodium chloride solutions ranging in concentration from 0.005N to 1.0N, has been studied. Two minima were observed in the peptisation curves obtained with mash, mung, masur and gram but only one minimum was observed with lobia.
Enzymic changes in lambs' liver during storage. II.—activation of the autolytic enzymes by freezing
Authors: Rhodes D. N.
Published: November 2006

Autolytic degradation of the lipids and protein of lambs' liver at 15° is accelerated three‐to four‐fold by previous freezing and thawing of the tissue. The maximum activation is achieved after freezing for 5 days at −2° or 3 days at −10° and is unaffected by holding at −10° or −20° for periods up to 14 weeks. The effect is due to the elimination of a lag phase preceding the onset of enzymic hydrolysis. Possible mechanisms are discussed.
Laboratory and field tests for evaluating the efficiency of wetting agents used in agriculture
Authors: Ashworth R. de B. , Lloyd G. A.
Published: November 2006

A modified Shapiro's cotton tape test is a satisfactory laboratory method for examining the wetting properties of anionic and non‐ionic wetters when used with agricultural sprays at high volume. It has been shown that the concentration of wetter which wets a standard length of cotton tape in 15 sec. is related to the degree of wetting of a cabbage leaf. The test may be standardised for leaves other than cabbage.
Citrus essential oils. I.—evaluation of natural and terpeneless lemon oils
Authors: Slater C. A.
Published: November 2006

Samples of natural and terpeneless lemon oil have been examined by a combination of absorption and gas chromatography and infra‐red spectroscopy. Natural lemon oil contains at least seven terpenes and nine sesquiterpenes whilst there are at least twenty‐four oxygenated compounds. It is possible by examination of the oxygenated and hydrocarbon fractions to make a decision as to the authenticity and freshness of an oil, but organoleptic tests are of considerable value.
Influence of several moisture tension ranges and chloride levels on the yield and chloride content of bromegrass
Authors: Beaton J. D. , Speer R.
Published: November 2006

The influence of soil‐moisture tension ranges and chloride (Cl−) levels on the yield and Cl− content of bromegrass was investigated in a growth chamber experiment. Although the differences were not large, the wettest tension ranges significantly outyielded the driest moisture tension ranges. Any addition of Cl− caused a significant increase in the Cl− content of bromegrass. For the 0 and 75 lb. rates and to a lesser extent with 150 lb., Cl− % decreased greatly with each successive crop. With 0% Cl− there was a significant tendency for Cl− % to decrease with increase in moisture tension. Moisture tension differences did not consistently affect the Cl− % when 75 lb. of Cl− per acre were added. With 150 lb. of Cl−, Cl− % generally increased significantly with increase in moisture tension.
Studies on egg shells. XIV.—variations in egg weight, shell thickness and membrane thickness between eggs within a clutch
Authors: Tyler C. , Geake F. H.
Published: November 2006

Clutches containing up to five eggs were available from 16 birds over a period of three laying seasons. Variations in egg weight, shell thickness and membrane thickness were studied in relation to the position of the egg within the clutch. It was found that generally the results agreed with those of earlier workers, but the main argument used in the paper is that statistically significant differences are not necessarily a good basis on which to build biological hypotheses when individual clutches and individual birds show a large proportion of results which do not agree with the mean result.
Studies on egg shells. XV.—critical appraisal of various methods of assessing shell thickness
Authors: Tyler C. , Geake F. H.
Published: November 2006

Shell thickness may be measured directly or expressed in terms of weight per unit area of either true shell or shell plus membranes. Percentage shell has also been used as an indication of shell thickness but one of the most used routine methods is that of finding the specific gravity of the whole egg by a flotation process. All these and other methods have been studied both from a theoretical and experimental standpoint. It was found that percentage shell is the least reliable but that true shell weight per unit area, shell plus membrane weight per unit area (with certain provisos), and specific gravity measured accurately by Archimedes' principle, are all very satisfactory. Specific gravity by flotation is reasonably good if suitable precautions are taken, but these make it less of a quick routine method. The calculation of specific gravity from egg weight and egg volume computed from the length and breadth of the egg is inaccurate.
Extraction of proteins from green leaves
Authors: Festenstein G. N.
Published: November 2006

Extraction of nitrogenous material (especially protein nitrogen) from leaves of different species has been studied using the Pirie steel press, which grinds small quantities of leaves by forcing them through a narrow slot. Extraction of young tobacco leaves is comparable with high‐speed maceration and sedimentable material is more dispersed; increased extraction under alkaline conditions is largely due to greater dispersion of chloroplasts, appreciable at 1500 g, but only slight at 12,000 g; a total of 90–95% extraction of nitrogenous material is obtained with the use of detergents to release nitrogen from residual fibre after initial extraction in the press. Comparatively less nitrogen is released from macerated fibre.
Pilot‐plant studies in production of sulphur from sulphate‐enriched sewage sludge
Authors: Burgess S. G. , Wood L. B.
Published: November 2006

The process originated by the National Chemical Laboratory for microbiological production of sulphur from sulphate‐enriched sewage sludge, has been successfully carried out on a pilot‐plant scale (50 gal.). Yields of sulphur obtained in laboratory experiments have been confirmed, and in some cases exceeded.

Pilot‐plant studies in the after‐treatment of the sludge have been made with a view to its disposal. The sulphide‐digested sludge has been treated aerobically to give a product which can be dewatered to give an effluent of good quality, and sludge which can be handled without danger or nuisance.

Observations have been made concerning the absence of corrosion effects of the sulphite sludge.
Unidentified chick growth factors in fermentation by‐products
Authors: Wakelam J. A. , Jaffe W. P.
Published: November 2006

Chick growth studies are reported on distillery by‐products recovered from ethyl alcohol (yeast fermentation of molasses) and acetone/butanol (bacterial fermentation of molasses) production on an industrial basis. Both chick studies and a tentative microbiological assay have indicated that these materials, dried brewer's yeast, dried whey and distiller's solubles from whisky production, provide similar unidentified growth factors. The validity of correcting growth figures for feed intake to eliminate appetite factors is briefly discussed as is the authors' opinion that these factors are acting via the microflora of the intestinal tract and should more properly be termed ‘absorption factors’ rather than ‘growth factors’.
The nitrate‐nitrogen content of herbage. III.—the mineral nitrate content of rape and kale
Authors: ap Griffith G. , Johnston T. D.
Published: November 2006

The high nitrate‐nitrogen content found in some herbage samples persisted to maturity, although it varied considerably in different portions of the same plant.

Nitrate‐N was closely related to the level of N application and to the crude protein content of the plant. About 18% of crude protein was accompanied by what may be a nutritionally unacceptable amount of nitrate‐N. The level of fertiliser nitrogen at which this point is reached coincided with that at which dry matter yield response ceased.
The nitrogen metabolism of the young pig. I.—supplemental value of certain amino–acids when added to groundnut meal rations
Authors: Jones A. S. , Hepburn W. R. , Boyne A. W.
Published: November 2006

Young pigs weighing between 25 and 50 lb. live‐weight were fed diets consisting of cereals and groundnut meal alone, or with additions ofL‐lysine monohydrochloride, orDL‐methionine, or both. Nitrogen retention was measured over 5‐day‐periods, and a highly significant increase was obtained with theL‐lysine supplement at all levels of crude protein. Groundnut + lysine diets were as good as white fish meal diets, providing similar total lysine levels when the protein level was 12 or 15%, but were inferior at 18 and 21% crude protein. No significant response was obtained toDL‐methionine except at 18% crude protein, when it depressed nitrogen retention. The greatest nitrogen retentions were obtained either at 18% or 21% of dietary crude protein.
Studies on egg quality. I.—effects of certain poultry housing systems, age of bird and season
Authors: Jones K. Bryce , Houston T. W. , Harries J. M.
Published: November 2006

The initial quality of eggs from pullets and hens of the same strain under intensive and extensive systems of management have been studied over a twelve‐month period. Candling quality, percentage thick white, yolk index, the occurrence of meat and blood spots, and yolk and shell colours were recorded. The eggs were also examined by visual comparison with graded picture charts. The system of management had little effect on the quality of the eggs except that access to range resulted in slightly darker yolks, and in slightly improved appearance of the albumen during the winter months. Changes of quality due to the maturing of pullets were small compared with the effects of season. Different measures of quality were differently affected by season.
Effects of salt and other fertilizers on yield and mineral composition of forage crops. III.—herbage
Authors: Hemingway R. G.
Published: November 2006

Salt did not increase the yields of herbage in four experiments, two of which were responsive to muriate of potash. There were, however, consistent negative interactions between salt and potash. Salt in finely powdered form may scorch clover severely if applied in dry weather. Salt and ammonium sulphate, providing the nitrogen, increased yields, greatly increased sodium contents of both grass and clover, whilst muriate of potash markedly depressed sodium contents. Salt did not alter the potassium concentrations in either grass or clover but muriate of potash had consistently large incremental effects. Repeated application of ammonium sulphate reduced potassium concentrations. Fertilisers did not in any way alter calcium contents of either grass or clover and, apart from superphosphate, there were no effects on phosphorus concentrations.

Three cwt. of ammonium sulphate increased the percentage concentration of magnesium by an average of 14% for grass and 4% for clover, while 2 cwt. of muriate of potash or 4 cwt. of salt depressed the grass and clover magnesium contents by 7.5% and 4% respectively. Much the greatest reductions in herbage magnesium due to muriate of potash were in the late‐season samples. A small dressing of magnesium sulphate increased herbage magnesium in one of two experiments.
Utilisation of dietary energy by poultry. II.—effects of indigestible organic matter and protein on the utilisation of metabolisable energy for growth
Authors: Davidson J. , McDonald I. , Mathieson J. , Williams R. B.
Published: November 2006

Rations compounded from individual cereals or from mixtures of cereals were fed to growing cockerels. When the levels of protein and metabolisable energy were closely controlled, the effect of indigestible material up to levels likely to be encountered in practice did not appear to have a consistent effect on the utilisation of metabolisable energy for gain in tissue energy, although a maize plus wheat diet which had the lowest content of indigestible material proved superior to other rations tested.

A ration based on oats which contained the highest level of indigestible matter, gave poor growth, although utilisation of metabolisable energy for gain was normal. The poorer growth was attributed to reduced food intake owing to its relative unpalatability and bulk.

When fed a diet containing a critical content of protein with an amino‐acid imbalance, the birds tended to compensate by consuming more food and thus more energy than was normal for their weight and the excess energy was lost as heat.
The expressible fluid of fish fillets. X.—sodium and potassium content in frozen and iced fish
Authors: Love R. M.
Published: November 2006

Sodium and potassium were determined in the expressible fluid of thawed fish which had been frozen at different rates. The sodium level altered little, but the potassium rose and fell at certain rates, corresponding to the variations in the concentration of protein. No new information was obtained on the mechanism of the freezing process, but the results were considered to support the thesis that at least part of the intracellular potassium is not free to diffuse, even after death. The ash content of the expressible fluid from fish kept for various times in ice showed little change in the proportion of sodium, but potassium decreased over the first 4 days and increased again after about 14 days.
The expressible fluid of fish fillets. XI.—ice crystal formation and cell damage in cod muscle frozen before rigor mortis
Authors: Love R. M. , Haraldsson S. B.
Published: November 2006

Fillets of cod were frozen at different speeds, both before and after the onset of rigor mortis, and the ice crystal patterns and cell damage were studied. In pre‐rigor fish the intracellular ice crystals were smaller than those in comparable post‐rigor fish, and also intracellular ice was seen in pre‐rigor fish at much slower freezing rates than in post‐rigor material. Cell damage ‘peak B’ (as measured by the deoxyribose nucleic acid method) which usually occurs in post‐rigor fillets at a freezing time of about 80 min. was found to be at about 200 min. in pre‐rigor fillets. Possible mechanisms are discussed.
Kaffircorn malting and brewing studies. VIII.—nutritive value of some kaffircorn products
Authors: Aucamp M. C. , Grieff J. T. , Novellie L. , Papendick B. , Schwartz H. M. , Steer A. G.
Published: November 2006

Protein, fat, fibre, ash, thiamine, riboflavin and nicotinic acid were determined in eight samples each of kaffircorn (Sorghum vulgare) grain and malt and in one sample of breakfast food prepared from these.

Twenty‐one samples of kaffir beer produced on a large scale in municipal breweries were analysed, particular attention being paid to their content of B vitamins. Changes in the vitamin content during fermentation were studied. Other factors influencing the vitamin content of the beer are discussed.
Studies on egg shells. XVII.—variations in membrane thickness and in true shell nitrogen over different parts of the same shell
Authors: Tyler C.
Published: November 2006

Variations in membrane thickness and in total, insoluble and soluble nitrogen in the true shell over different parts of the same shell have been considered.

For membrane thickness the variations around any particular latitude were much smaller than variations along any longitude. Variations around any one collar were greater for membrane thickness than for shell thickness and greater for total nitrogen than for membrane thickness.
Chemical studies on the herring (Clupea harengus). v.—the effect of heat processing on the extractable nitrogen fraction
Authors: Hughes R. B.
Published: November 2006

The non‐coagulable nitrogen fraction of herring increases during heat processing, being influenced by processing time and temperature. Free amino‐acids did not contribute to this increase, which was shown to be due to (a) gelatin derived from connective tissue, (b) ammonia derived from unknown sources, (c) nitrogenous components which became available for extraction during heat processing and which yielded ammonia under conditions of acid hydrolysis. The significance of these results in relation to quality in canned herring is discussed.
Preservation of custard apple (Anona squamosa) pulp
Authors: Bhatia B. S. , Sastry L. V. L. , Krishnamurthy G. V. , Nair K. G. , Lal Girdhari
Published: November 2006

Custard apple pulp, when exposed to air, turns pink due to peroxidase activity and becomes bitter when heated above 55°, which renders preservation by heat treatment inapplicable. To preserve the pulp, it is necessary to add 1% of citric acid together with 0.1% of sodium benzoate, while addition of 50–100 p.p.m. of sulphur dioxide checks the pink discoloration due to enzymic activity.
Production of volatile compounds related to the flavour of foods from the Strecker degradation of DL‐methionine
Authors: Ballance P. E.
Published: November 2006

A qualitative investigation of the volatile compounds formed during the Strecker degradation of DL‐methionine has been carried out. The volatile products were condensed in cold traps and analysed by gas–liquid chromatography. The condensate was shown to consist chiefly of methyl mercaptan, together with traces of other compounds including acrolein and dimethyl sulphide. The suggestion that degradation of methionine first gives rise to methional is supported by the identification of this compound and the demonstration of its decomposition with ninhydrin to methyl mercaptan and acrolein. These findings are discussed in relation to the importance of methionine as a source of flavour in food.
The depletion of insecticides in sheep‐dipping baths: Further field trials
Authors: Harrison I. R. , Marshall P. G.
Published: November 2006

Further work has been carried out on the depletion of aldrin, dieldrin and γ‐BHC from sheep‐dipping baths under field conditions. The analytical procedure used for the determination of aldrin has been modified.

Replenishment procedures have been varied in an endeavour to maintain a more uniform dip throughout a trial, and a study has been made of the change in physical behaviour of the dip with the passage of large numbers of sheep and of the eventual stabilisation of insecticide concentration.

A reason for this stabilisation of concentration is suggested.
A possible effect of wheat dehydrogenases on the meaning of physical tests on unyeasted doughs
Authors: Cawley R. W.
Published: November 2006

When unyeasted doughs of pH about 6.1 are kept at 26°, there is a marked increase in extensibility and the doughs become ‘green’. It is postulated that this is due to the effect of dehydrogenases. The effects are much reduced by adjustment of the pH to 5.6 (that of fermenting dough). The importance of this effect in the study of the physical properties of unyeasted doughs is emphasized.
Soil nitrogen. VI.—correlations between laboratory measurements of soil mineral‐N and crop yields and responses in pot and field experiments
Authors: Gasser J. K. R.
Published: November 2006

Soil samples from sites of field experiments testing N‐fertilisers for barley, potatoes, kale and grass were used for pot experiments with ryegrass and also to measure ‘available’‐N in the laboratory.

Mineral‐N in the fresh soil (Mineral‐Nfresh) and the increases when fresh or re‐wetted airdry soils were incubated (Δ Mineral‐Nfresh or Δ Mineral‐Nair‐dry) were determined. These were more highly correlated with organic C than with total N content of the soils. Among ‘available’‐N measurements, Mineral‐Nfresh and Δ Mineral‐Nair‐dry were most correlated with one another.

The yields of dry matter and N uptake by ryegrass grown in unfertilised soil, or with two rates of applied N, were significantly correlated with Mineral‐Nfresh or Δ Mineral‐Nair‐dry at each level of nitrogen, but not with Δ Mineral‐Nfresh.

The unfertilised yields of barley in field experiments were significantly correlated with Mineral‐Nfresh, Δ Mineral‐Nair‐dry, and total N; responses by barley to 0.5 cwt. of N/acre were significantly negatively correlated with all three ‘available’‐N measurements and with total N. Unfertilised yields of potatoes were significantly correlated with the three ‘available’‐N measurements and responses to 1.0 cwt. of N/acre were significantly negatively correlated with Δ Mineral‐Nair‐dry and total N. Mineral‐Nfresh and Δ Mineral‐Nair‐dry are suggested as useful measurements for advisory purposes.
Pesticide residues on fruit. I.—microbioassay of pesticide residues using the vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Tew R. P. , Sillibourne J. M.
Published: November 2006

A simple procedure for the microbioassay of pesticide residues using adult Drosophila melanogaster is described, with observations on the importance of certain experimental conditions.
Studies of the smoking process for foods. II.—the rǒle of smoke particles
Authors: Foster W. W. , Simpson T. H. , Campbell D.
Published: November 2006

Wood smoke consists of two discrete phases, a disperse liquid phase—smoke particles— and a dispersing gas phase—smoke vapours. These phases constitute a partition system, individual smoke constituents being distributed between them according to their respective partition coefficients, following Nernst's law. When the partition equilibrium is disturbed, e.g., by diluting the smoke with air or by scrubbing out smoke components from the vapour phase, or when the partition coefficients are changed, e.g., by raising the temperature, a transfer of smoke constituents from the disperse liquid to the vapour phase occurs. This results in a change in the relative mass concentrations of individual smoke constituents in the vapour phase, the vapours becoming relatively richer in non‐volatile and poorer in volatile smoke components. Since the rate of absorption of smoke compounds by water is proportional to their mass concentration in the vapour phase these changes in vapour composition are reflected in changes in the composition of the smoke deposits.
Biological assay of insecticides using the brine shrimp, Artemia salina (L.)
Authors: Stevenson J. H.
Published: November 2006

A method of using first instar nauplii of Artemia salina for biological assay of pesticides and of pesticide residues is described. A comparison of the suitability of the nauplius and of the adults for the purpose is made.
Pesticide residues on fruit. IV.—Endrin residues on blackcurrants
Authors: Tew R. P. , Sillibourne J. M.
Published: November 2006

Post‐blossom applications of endrin emulsion to fruiting blackcurrant bushes at rates equivalent to 0.0375 and 0.05% endrin left harvest residues, estimated by two chemical methods and by microbioassay, exceeding 1 p.p.m. Some evidence has been obtained that these residues do not pass into expressed juice.
Use of a malathion wettable powder for surface application to bagged rice bran
Authors: McFarlane J. A.
Published: November 2006

Twenty‐seven 100‐lb. bags of rice bran were sprayed on their upper sides with approximately 160 mg. of malathion per sq. ft. as each layer of a 3 × 3 × 3 stack was completed. Finally the sides of the stack were similarly sprayed. Samples (1000 g.) were taken from single bags, or from grouped bags, 1 and 3 weeks after spraying in order to assess the degree of contamination of the bran. A single sample of the bran obtained by brushing out a number of the sampled bags was also taken on each occasion.

Contamination (estimated by a standard analytical procedure) was not more than 0.5 p.p.m. in samples drawn after 1 week from the bulk of the contents of tested bags, and 1.6 p.p.m. in the residue (approximately 1000 g.) obtained by brushing out six bags. Overall contamination was estimated at not more than 0.51 p.p.m., allowing for contamination in both the main bulk and the residual bran.

Contamination in samples taken 3 weeks after treatment was found to be nil in all of three samples taken from the mixed contents of nine bags. Contamination in the residual bran (approximately 1400 g.) obtained by brushing out the same nine bags was found to be 0.8 p.p.m. Maximum overall contamination at 3 weeks was estimated at not more than 0.11 p.p.m.

In a subsequent test a single lightweight (16‐oz.) jute bag containing 100 lb. of bran was heavily oversprayed, set aside for 1 week, and the contents subsequently stored for 4 more weeks in a clean bag. Samples taken after 1,2 and 5 weeks showed only low levels of malathion contamination.
A preliminary examination of the flavour of meat extract
Authors: Bender A. E. , Ballance P. E.
Published: November 2006

A volatile fraction obtained from meat extract was examined by gas‐liquid chromatography. Twelve compounds were identified (methyl mercaptan, acetaldehyde, ethyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulphide, acetone, ethyl methyl ketone, methanol and ethanol—which have also been shown to be present in meat by other workers—together with hydrogen sulphide, propionaldehyde, isobutyraldehyde and isovaleraldehyde) but others may be present.
The mechanism of fruit holding in high‐ratio cake batters
Authors: Cornford S. J.
Published: November 2006

An investigation into the factors affecting fruit holding in high‐ratio cake batters is described in relation to the results of baking tests and measurements of the rheological properties of the batters. the cake batters behaved as plastic materials having a small yield value and flow properties in which shear stress varied almost linearly with square root of rate of shear. Yield value and apparent viscosity showed minimum values in the temperature range 140–160°F. Chlorine treatment of the flour was a major factor affecting fruit holding and its mechanism was to permit greater swelling of the starch at low temperatures, below the normal swelling temperature, which increased the yield value of the batter. Reduced protein content and coarse particle size of the flour were detrimental to fruit holding. Other factors examined were different acid ingredients, salt, type of fruit and egg quality.
Hydrogen peroxide‐induced oxidation of ascorbic acid in fruit juices
Authors: Chang Annie Tom , Ross Edward
Published: November 2006

Hydrogen peroxide‐induced oxidation of ascorbic acid was found to be catalysed by several fruit juices. Products exhibiting peroxidatic activity were passion fruit, orange and pineapple juices, papaya and guava purees, liquid coconut products, and bottled (pasteurised) apple juice. A mathematical relationship between logarithm of juice dilution to initial reaction rate was developed. Passion fruit juice exhibited the highest peroxidatic activity on the basis of calculated intercepts and slopes. Several other fresh juices exhibited peroxidatic activity. Although the fruit juices reduce the activity in Fenton's reaction with ascorbic acid as substrate, the oxidising activity of the juices may not be a Fenton reaction. Coconut skim milk showed the highest inhibitory effect and passion fruit juice was second highest. Mechanisms for the inhibitory effect are considered.
Effect of flour treatment on the suitability of bread as food for dogs
Authors: Impey S. G. , Moore T. , Sharman I. M.
Published: November 2006

Dogs given bread‐crumbs made from flour heavily treated with agene promptly developed hysteria. No hysteria, or any other detectable ill effects, resulted from the prolonged inclusion in the diet of bread‐crumbs made from untreated flour, from flour ‘improved’ by prolonged aeration or by heavy treatment with chlorine dioxide, potassium bromate or ascorbic acid.
Antifungal activity of substituted nitroanilines and related compounds
Authors: Clark N. G. , Hams A. F.
Published: November 2006

The preparation of a group of nitroanilines and some related compounds is described, together with two of the biological methods adopted for the assessment of their antifungal activity. Certain of these compounds show high activity against Botrytis cinerea, and one of them, 2,6‐dichloro‐4‐nitroaniline, has been developed as a commercial fungicide (‘Allisan’).
Carbon dioxide production during incubation of soils treated with cellulose as a possible index of the nitrogen status of soils
Authors: Cornfield A. H.
Published: November 2006

The amount of carbon dioxide produced during incubation (3 weeks at 28°) of 18 soils (of varying texture and pH) treated with 1% cellulose was highly correlated with the total mineral nitrogen content of unamended soils after 3 weeks’ incubation. This ‘indirect incubation technique appears a convenient method for assessing the nitrogen status of soils, as there is no need to extract and determine mineral nitrogen.
Colorimetric determination of 2,6‐dichloro‐4‐nitroaniline in plants and soil
Authors: Roburn J.
Published: November 2006

Colour reactions of the fungicide 2,6‐dichloro‐4‐nitroaniline are discussed. An analytical method for the determination of its residues on the surface and within the tissues of lettuce and fruit and in soil is described in detail. Work carried out to demonstrate the validity of the method is summarised and discussed.

The analysis is based on reduction to 2,6‐dichloro‐p‐phenylenediamine, followed by oxidation, in the presence of aniline, to a blue indamine dye.
Effects of air‐drying and air‐dry storage on the mineralisable‐nitrogen of soils
Authors: Gasser J. K. R.
Published: November 2006

Samples of eight soils were air‐dried and stored in brown‐paper or in sealed polythene bags for periods up to 98 weeks. Portions of the fresh and re‐wetted air‐dry soils were incubated at 25° for 10–84 days. the soils were extracted before and after incubation and the increase in mineral‐N (NH4+‐N + NO3−‐N) content (Δ Mineral‐N) was measured. Air‐drying increased Δ Mineral‐N. Air‐dry storage further increased Δ Mineral‐N, the value increasing with the period stored, but the mineralisable‐N of soils kept in sealed polythene bags increased less than that of soils in paper bags, the increases occurring only in the easily mineralisable‐N; most of the extra mineral‐N was formed during the first 10 days incubation and all by 42 days, thereafter the air‐dried soils had the same rate of mineralisation as the fresh soils. the mineral‐N content of the air‐dry soils increased with storage.

In a further similar test with 14 soils, air‐dried and stored in brown‐paper bags for periods up to 32 weeks, the mean value of Δ Mineral‐N varied irregularly with time of storage up to 18 weeks but thereafter increased with increasing period of storage before incubation. the mineral‐N content of the air‐dry soils varied, the maximum value being found in the samples stored for 12 weeks.
Field observations on the ‘Exhaustion’ of suspension and emulsion sheep dip formulations
Authors: Graham N. P. H.
Published: November 2006

The ‘ exhaustion ’, or decrease in insecticide concentration, of sheep dip washes comprising emulsions, suspensions or colloidal suspensions of BHC, dieldrin or DDT was investigated under field conditions. All showed some degree of exhaustion during dipping, but the emulsions exhausted more rapidly than the suspensions. the ‘ exhaustion rate ’ was constant for each formulation, and the percentage drop in concentration was closely related to the percentage of the wash volume removed on the sheep.

If dip washes are replenished with a certain concentration, sheep carry out the same mean deposit of insecticide irrespective of the rate of exhaustion of the formulation, the frequency of replenishments or the volume of wash through which they pass. These three factors, however, affect the extent of the variation about the mean value.

If the wash is replenished continuously at approximately the same rate as it is being removed by the sheep, the deposit of insecticide per sheep will be constant for all sheep, and, with exhausting formulations, this system will give the highest minimum deposit for any concentration of replenishments.
Systemic fungicides
Authors: Cremlyn R. J. W.
Published: November 2006

The article describes some of the main types of compounds possessing systemic antifungal properties, and their possible modes of action are discussed. the requirements for a compound to be a successful systemic fungicide are listed, together with the probable lines of future development in this field of crop protection.