bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maritime Networks in the Roman East
Authors: Leidwanger Justin
Published: April 2020

This chapter brings together insights into the structures and dynamics of Roman maritime interaction, stressing the need to approach it as a spatially and temporally grounded network phenomenon. Discrete and dynamic regional maritime economies—featuring their own small mariners, simple ports, and flexible mobilities—formed the basis for agricultural distribution reaching beyond urban centers. The intersection of these regions with Mediterranean-wide connections offered the opportunity for flexible and varying forms of integration. This approach sheds new light on the emergence and evolution of maritime networks across the eastern Mediterranean, as well as their stability and dynamics in light of the broader economic, political, and social shifts that marked the transformation to Late Antiquity. The chapter ends by considering broader application of this methodology to other datasets for connectivity.
Myths, Misconceptions, and Invalid Assumptions About Counseling and Psychotherapy
Authors: Kottler Jeffrey , Balkin Richard S.
Published: April 2020

In Myths, Misconceptions, and Invalid Assumptions about Counseling the authors examine the science, art, and certainties and uncertainties of psychotherapy. In this book we have selected several dozen issues in our field, many of which are considered generally accepted principles or operating assumptions. We put them under close scrutiny to examine them more carefully. We’ve considered a wide variety of subjects, ranging from those that relate to our espoused beliefs, theoretical models, favored techniques and interventions, to accreditation and licensing requirements. We have also addressed some of the sanctioned statements about the nature and meaning of empirically supported and evidence based treatments. We even question what we can truly “know” for sure and how we can be certain these things are true. When considering the efficacy of psychotherapy, there is overwhelming evidence that the vast majority of clients are significantly improved as a result of our treatments. Advances in the models, methods, and strategies during the last few decades have allowed us to work more swiftly and efficiently, to reach a much more economically and culturally diverse population. But do we really know and understand as much as we pretend to? Is the foundation upon which we stand actually as stable and certain as we think, or at least claim to believe? Are the major assumptions and “truths” that we take for granted and accept as foundational principles really supported by solid data? And how might these assumptions, beliefs, and constructs we hold so sacred perhaps compromise and limit increased creativity and innovation? These are some of the uncomfortable and provocative questions that we wish to raise, and perhaps challenge, so that we might consider alternative conceptions that might further increase our effectiveness and improve our knowledge base grounded with solid evidence.
Introduction
Authors: Kottler Jeffrey A. , Balkin Richard S.
Published: April 2020

In this preface, the authors introduce that idea that we do not know as much as we think about the nature of therapy and how it works. The authors note the controversial nature of some myths and misconceptions in therapy. The authors emphasize that overall effectiveness of therapy but draw attention to issues that operate under assumptions, as opposed to empirical support.
Some Tenuous Assumptions and Conceptions
Authors: Kottler Jeffrey A. , Balkin Richard S.
Published: April 2020

In Some Tenuous Assumptions and Conceptions the authors explain how the myth of certainty affects the therapist. Therapists may often be overconfident in their ability, experience, and approach to counseling. As a result, therapists’ interpretations often lack the accuracy or understanding of clients’ feelings or behaviors. Therapists tend to underestimate the role of parallel processes, in which the impact a therapist believes to be having on a client is also impacting the therapist. Understanding that expertise, experience, and approach do not necessarily guarantee success with a client or even that the therapist has an accurate understanding of the client. Therapists are encouraged to embrace uncertainty when working with a client, as this type of vulnerability may actually enhance the working alliance and serve as a catalyst for client progress.
When Therapy Fails
Authors: Kottler Jeffrey A. , Balkin Richard S.
Published: April 2020

In When Therapy Fails the authors highlight that therapy efforts rarely fail in the sense that clients don’t receive anything meaningful and helpful after their investment of time, effort, and resources. Sometimes clients do not get everything they want from the experience, but it is relatively rare that they leave worse off than when they came. Overall, clients tend to be satisfied with the care they receive and the outcomes associated with it. However, when clients do experience failure in therapy, it is often perceived as the failure of the client, not the failure of the therapist or the therapeutic approach. Numerous therapeutic interventions have been deemed ineffective after years of implementation. Moreover, therapists need to be open to failure with clients and understanding the contributing factors to client failure.
Intake Interviews—The “Real” Problem and the Best Way to Fix It
Authors: Kottler Jeffrey A. , Balkin Richard S.
Published: April 2020

In Intake Interviews, the “Real” Problem, and How to Fix It, the authors identify the process and unrealistic expectations of the intake interview. With a 60 to 90 minute framework, the clinician is to identify problems, diagnose, and document a treatment plan. The intake interview often is a formal or standardized process for therapy—a process that may neither be formal nor standardized. Moreover, there is very poor consistency on how to interpret information form an intake session. Clinicians will often disagree on diagnoses and problem areas. Therapists inevitably will develop very diverse treatment plans. Diagnoses tend to be highly inconsistent among clinicians and often contribute more to client stigma than care. Moreover, the formal process of the intake interview may take away from the client’s agenda, which is important to understanding the client and the client returning for therapy.
Why the Effects of Therapy Don’t Often Last
Authors: Kottler Jeffrey A. , Balkin Richard S.
Published: April 2020

In Why the Effects of Therapy Don’t Often Last, the authors confront the issue of longstanding change from therapy. Compared to other professions, such as a surgeon or a mechanic, the service they provide is to have a lasting effect. This is not necessarily true for counseling. Permanent and enduring change is elusive in therapy; clients may relapse or regress. Factors that lead to change range from traumatic events in internal insights to existential crises. Within the therapist’s influence, developing trust, demonstrating respect, initiating a collaborative relationship, and engaging in a directive but supportive, nonconfrontational approach are qualities that are universal to a variety of theoretical approaches and appear influential in lasting change for clients.
Scolding Therapists About Social Justice and Advocacy
Authors: Kottler Jeffrey A. , Balkin Richard S.
Published: April 2020

In Scolding Therapists About Social Justice and Advocacy, the authors address the daunting nature of advocacy for oppressed and marginalized populations. On one hand is the sanctimonious and self-righteous behavior of others who claim mental health professionals are not doing enough. On the other hand is the realities that true advocacy work is complicated, challenging, difficult, and often unplanned. Such efforts come about due to the nature of the work to which mental health professionals are engaged. However, there are innumerable benefits to engaging in altruistic, selfless, advocacy efforts, including contributions to client welfare, social justice, meaningfulness, and personal well-being. Advocacy efforts can change the lives of clients and helping professionals.
Introduction: Civil Society and Egypt’s Arab Spring
Authors: Herrold Catherine E.
Published: April 2020

The introduction presents the book’s main argument: that civil society organizations operating in autocratic states can take advantage of a political opening to promote democracy and that their efforts can offer lessons to US policy makers about how to better structure and implement democracy aid. The chapter begins by laying out how Egyptian NGOs and philanthropic organizations understood the aims of Egypt’s 2011 uprisings and worked to promote democracy in their aftermath. It then situates these organizations’ efforts in existing literature on civil society in authoritarian contexts and studies of US democracy aid, demonstrates the book’s contributions, and outlines the book’s structure.
The Co-Optation of Egypt’s NGO Sector
Authors: Herrold Catherine E.
Published: April 2020

Chapter 1 opens the book with an account of Egypt’s NGO sector as it existed under Mubarak. Tracing the growth of Egypt’s NGO sector through the latter half of the twentieth century, it introduces the reader to the types of organizations established and shows how the Mubarak regime used them to simultaneously divide Egyptian civil society and advance the government’s neoliberal economic agenda. It goes on to show how, through official laws, unofficial harassment, and clientelist relations, the Mubarak regime molded an NGO sector that addressed social welfare needs and presented a guise of liberalization while failing to unite in a cohesive oppositional bloc.
Conclusion
Authors: Herrold Catherine E.
Published: April 2020

The concluding chapter ties together lessons learned and offers a set of policy recommendations aimed at making US democracy aid more relevant, sustainable, and effective. After summarizing the book’s argument, the chapter maintains that Egyptian NGOs’ perseverance in democracy promotion suggests that organizations operating in autocratic states can create incremental progress toward democracy in ways that existing theories overlook. It proposes that democracy aid could be reformed by de-compartmentalizing grantmaking, funding different types of grantees, reforming application and evaluation procedures, and driving national values instead of institutions. While the Arab Spring did not lead directly to democracy, the uprisings across the Middle East and North Africa gave citizens the space to demand freedom, dignity, and social justice. As this book has shown, local groups are still struggling for those rights as they work to build democracy from the ground up.
Conclusion
Authors: Beissinger Mark R.
Published: April 2020

Russia and China took fundamentally different approaches to authoritarian rule beginning in the 1980s. But there is another dimension to the divide of the 1980s that has rendered. Chinese and Russian authoritarianisms increasingly similar: their common embrace of globalization. Both regimes established statist versions of globalization that seek to contain the impact of external influences and global fluctuations even while integrating into the global economic system. Even while globalizing, both have engaged in similar efforts to regulate their civil societies, cut them off from external sources of support, inoculate citizens against foreign ideas, and utilize globalization to their advantage. In their congruent handling of the challenges posed by globalization, Chinese and Russian authoritarianism may in fact be converging toward common forms of domination that render the institutional differences between competitive and non-competitive forms of authoritarianism moot.
Torture Behind Bars
Authors: Aston Joshua N.
Published: April 2020

Although considered an ancient concept, torture is still practised globally, and with more meticulousness and sophistication than ever before. Custodial violence refers to a form of torture that is experienced physically, psychologically, or emotionally in the custody of a lawful authority. The international legal regime on torture is an area of convergence between international human rights law and humanitarian law, both of which condemn torture in any form. Torture Behind Bars analyses the context of torture and ill-treatment of prisoners and crimes committed by the members of the police force. This may be in the form of custodial violence, or may begin from the point of detention and continue to the point of post-custody. The author reviews the role and accountability of the police force in India in the light of the reports of various national and international human rights committees, non-governmental organizations, and other independent reports. The book highlights several such cases which blatantly disregard the law meant for upholding the human rights and dignity of the individuals.
Reforms in the Police Forces
Authors: Aston Joshua N.
Published: April 2020

The Indian police force or the police system is an organization that is absolute in its institution. Thus it has been a big challenge to bring in a long-lasting and meaningful reforms in the system. This chapter discusses various reforms and recommendations by a number of committees set up in order to reform the Indian police system. There have been many high-level committees established, headed by eminent jurists, reformers, bureaucrats, and so on, to bring reforms in the system.
Dhaka's Changing Landscape
Authors: Afsar Rita , Hossain Mahabub
Published: April 2020

Between 1991 and 2010, Dhaka’s population more than doubled to 15 million. Simultaneously, the city’s contribution to the national economy almost trebled. Clearly, population growth was accompanied by an unmistakable trend of economic growth, and a significant decline in urban poverty and income inequality. On the other hand, Dhaka’s high population density exacerbated serious environmental challenges, and it was soon ranked as one of the world’s least livable cities. In the context of these contradictory signals of rapid urbanization, Dhaka’s Changing Landscape sets to answer three most intriguing questions: Are the poorer segments of urban population, which migrate with dreams for better lives, benefitting from positive economic trends? Are these benefits sustainable? Are these benefits creating scope for this group to have a stake in the city’s growing prosperity? By studying 600 households and applying comparative analysis over a span of 20 years, the authors examine demographic and economic trends to understand the patterns, scale, and complexity of urban poverty, income inequality, and rural–urban migration. Going beyond the space and poverty debate, they enlighten the readers about the quality of life questions, sustainability matters, and gender and generational roles and relations necessary to understand qualitative transformation and migrants’ prospects for a better future.
Migration and Rural−Urban Connectivity
Authors: Afsar Rita , Hossain Mahabub
Published: April 2020

Chapter 3 provides a comprehensive analysis of migration, poverty, space, and development nexus, which is necessary for a balanced, sustainable, inclusive development policy. It answers the contextual issues related to the question: is the poorer segment of the urban population that migrates with dreams for better lives and livelihoods benefitting from positive economic trends? Given the declining trends in poverty, which is estimated in this chapter using the 2010 HIES data and the improved level of physical and social infrastructure development at migrants’ birthplaces from the survey data, the importance of this analysis becomes clear. These broader contexts are then linked with household decision-making processes and migrants’ agency. Going beyond the push−pull debate, the book recasts migration theories by considering migrants’ intrinsic qualities—their self-confidence, hopes, aspirations, and resilience. It also takes into account differential gender roles, asymmetric social and gender relations, and migrants’ gendered backgrounds, while providing causal explanation for migration.
Impact of Urbanization on Health and Education
Authors: Afsar Rita , Hossain Mahabub
Published: April 2020

This chapter focuses on the qualitative changes in the lives of the city dwellers, particularly the poorer ones, regarding the scope for them to benefit from the city’s growing prosperity like their non-poor counterparts. It does so by examining the state of health and education of all. It estimates morbidity rates and highlights disease patterns to assess changes and identify the affected groups. To assess quality of health, it analyses their treatment-seeking behaviour, immunization of children, and whether the determinants of good health are changing over time. It examines changes in enrolment rates of children, adolescents and youth group, and gender parity at the primary, secondary and tertiary levels. Whether the quality of human capital has improved over time is also assessed by analysing the trends in adult literacy, educational attainment, and per capita expenditure in health and education in order to attain the main outcomes—equity and social inclusion.
Cultural Economies of Locative Media
Authors: Wilken Rowan
Published: April 2020

Cultural Economies of Locative Media examines the manifold ways that location, location-awareness, and location data have all become familiar yet increasingly significant parts of our mobile-mediated experiences of everyday life. The book explores the complex of interrelationships that mutually define the new business models and economic factors that emerge around and structure locative media services, their diverse social uses and cultures of consumption, and their policy implications and impacts. It offers a detailed, in-depth account of how location-based services, such as GPS-enabled mobile smartphones and associated applications, are socially, culturally, economically, and politically produced and shaped, as much as technically designed and manufactured. The result is a rich, composite portrait of locative media in all its cultural economic complexity.
Location Services Ecosystems
Authors: Wilken Rowan
Published: April 2020

What precisely is meant by location-based services (as opposed to locative media, more narrowly defined)? And, how might one give shape to and begin to discuss location-based services as an industry? Taking an ecosystems approach, the aims of this chapter are to highlight the diversity of the location-based services ecosystem; give form and shape to this ecosystem; describe some of the constituent “species” (the key corporate players that occupy this ecosystem); detail the ways that the different parts of this ecosystem work together; and detail how the mobile location ecosystem intersects and interacts with a range of other (often much larger) interconnected ecosystems.
The Business of Maps
Authors: Wilken Rowan
Published: April 2020

This chapter builds on prior work on the political economy of location-based services to examine the business of mobile maps, asking the following questions: Who controls maps data? What are these data? Where do these data come from? What is their quality? What does it take to build new mobile maps? What are the motivations for wanting to build new maps? And what are the business and revenue models associated with these maps? The focus of this chapter is an examination of the efforts of one of Google’s key rival firms—Apple—and its struggles to build mapping capacity of its own at sufficient quality to be able to lessen (if not entirely break from) its reliance on Google. Apple presents an interesting case in that, as is well known, it is a major player in other areas of the mobile location services ecosystem, yet took industry pundits by surprise when it announced Apple Maps in 2012.
Introduction
Authors: Hejduk Julia Dyson
Published: April 2020

After explaining briefly who “Jupiter” is and why this quintessential “god of Rome” cannot simply be equated with Zeus, the introduction sets the stage with a brief overview of three aspects of the Augustan poets’ cultural milieu: Greek Zeus, whom they knew primarily through literature and visual art; Roman religion, which they lived and breathed; and the rise of Augustus, which would transform Roman society and, subsequently, nearly all human societies. It then explains the book’s author-by-author structure and varying organization within each discussion; its attempt to examine all appearances of Jupiter; and several of the book’s themes, such as the tension between opposites, lover versus thunderer, and parallels between Jupiter and Augustus.
Horace
Authors: Hejduk Julia Dyson
Published: April 2020

The analysis of Jupiter in Horace shows the importance of genre in assessing the poet’s “philosophy” or “theology.” Our possession of Horace’s works in their entirety lets us see the different faces Jupiter presents: satirist’s ally, desirable lover, cause and punisher of civil war, avatar of Fortune, parallel to Augustus, tribal god of Rome, and many more. The Satires show us a basic alliance between Jupiter and the satirist, both disgusted at human foibles. In the Epodes, Jupiter participates in the impotentia of a world gone awry, sometimes at the mercy of nature, sometimes the recipient of ineffectual prayers, sometimes a player in an impossible fantasy of escape, even though he created the conditions that allowed fratricide to flourish. Odes 1–3 make the god a key player in Horace’s journey from the poetics of war to those of peace, with all that implies about the ascendance of Augustus. The Epistles, the Carmen Saeculare, and Odes 4 represent a diminuendo in Jupiter’s importance as he becomes eclipsed by the new gods of the Augustan regime: Apollo and Augustus himself. In the Ars Poetica, Jupiter has all but disappeared. Perhaps the most comprehensive conclusion is essentially a negative one: Horace makes Jupiter neither a consistent locus for protest nor a consistent purveyor of “Augustan” values.
Conclusion
Authors: Hejduk Julia Dyson
Published: April 2020

“Jupiter” was a creation of poetry as much as of philosophy, theology, or cultic practice—if those things can even be separated. What Jupiter, then, did the poets make? Fate’s voice or Fate’s subject? Life-giving rain, cataclysmic storms, the overseer of human bonds, the destroyer of unlucky civilizations, the perfect lover, the tyrannical rapist? The answer, of course, is “all of the above.” His thunderbolt can be used for punishing human hubris or breaking down a girl’s door; Ganymede can be a symbol of rapture or rape. Throughout most of Augustan poetry, the most comprehensive conclusion about the relationship between Jupiter and Augustus is partly a negative one. While the poets’ Jupiter reflects their response to the social and political changes set in motion by the first princeps, the chief Olympian is too multivalent a figure to have his characterization determined entirely by Roman politics. Roman poets found Jupiter, but they also made him. From that conversation emerged a living reality that, like poetry itself, can never be adequately paraphrased.
What is affirmative action?
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper
Published: April 2020

This chapter (1) offers a definition of affirmative action; (2) presents a typology of affirmative action policies; (3) and distinguishes between different kinds of justifications for affirmative action. These are all three useful points. Often when people seemingly disagree about the justifiability of affirmative action, they define it differently; have different kinds in mind even though they define affirmative action in the same way; or have different kinds of justifications of affirmative action in mind, even though they define it in the same way and have the same kinds in mind. Moreover, if we do not know what affirmative action is, we are not in a position to say which non-moral properties it has. If so, we cannot tell whether it is morally justified per se, since presumably if affirmative action per se is (un)justified, it is (un)justified in virtue of non-moral properties that it has by way of definition. The chapter concludes with a thumbnail sketch of the rest of the book.
Reverse discrimination
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper
Published: April 2020

This chapter argues that there simply is no cogent objection to affirmative action based on the fact that, by its very nature, it is a form of unjust discrimination. The core of the chapter’s argument can be stated in the form of a dilemma: Either affirmative action amounts to discrimination in a generic sense, or it amounts to discrimination in some more specific sense, e.g., unjust differential treatment of people because of their membership of different socially salient groups. If the former, then it is true that affirmative action involves discrimination, but discrimination in a generic sense is not morally objectionable. If the latter, it is not the case that all forms of affirmative action involve discrimination in this sense. Thus, affirmative action is not unjust discrimination—so-called reverse discrimination—per se.
Conclusion
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper
Published: April 2020

The brief final chapter does three things: (1) it summarizes the content of the book; (2) it sets out four of its main claims; and (3) it ends with some remarks about real-life affirmative action schemes mentioned in earlier chapters. Roughly, the pertinent four main claims of the book are (1) the cautious pro-affirmative action claim—that affirmative action is justified to the extent that it mitigates discrimination or reduces inequality of opportunity; (2) the plurality claim—that affirmative action schemes differ hugely in justification-relevant ways; (3) the contingency claim—that the justifiability of any particular affirmative action scheme depends significantly on contingent social facts; (4) and the incongruence claims—that the principle underlying different arguments for (or objections against) affirmative action often pull in different directions.
Digital Journalism, Drones, and Automation
Authors: Dowd Cate
Published: April 2020

Advances in online technology and news systems, such as automated reasoning across digital resources and connectivity to cloud servers for storage and software, have changed digital journalism production and publishing methods. Integrated media systems used by editors are also conduits to search systems and social media, but the lure of big data and rise in fake news have fragmented some layers of journalism, alongside investments in analytics and a shift in the loci for verification. Data has generated new roles to exploit data insights and machine learning methods, but access to big data and data lakes is so significant it has spawned newsworthy partnerships between media moguls and social media entrepreneurs. However, digital journalism does not even have its own semantic systems that could protect the values of journalism, but relies on the affordances of other systems. Amidst indexing and classification systems for well-defined vocabulary and concepts in news, data leaks and metadata present challenges for journalism. By contrast data visualisations and real-time field reporting with short-form mobile media and civilian drones set new standards during the European asylum seeker crisis. Aerial filming with drones also adds to the ontological base of journalism. An ontology for journalism and intersecting ontologies can inform the design of new semantic learning systems. The Semantic CAT Method, which draws on participatory design and game design, also assists the conceptual design of synthetic players with emotion attributes, towards a meta-model for learning. The design of context-aware sensor systems to protect journalists in conflict zones is also discussed.
Formative digital and online technologies in news and journalism
Authors: Dowd Cate
Published: April 2020

Online news systems share some affordances of Turing’s universal machine, especially configurability, but the early generation of web standards enabled data sharing, interoperability, and ultimately frameworks to reasoning about digital resources. At the backend of online news, indexing, mark-up languages, and applied logic, provide a base for machine intelligence that ultimately extends to cloud servers and big data. However, XML languages, like RSS, enabled the first phase of sharing stories in the form of newsfeeds. Specific mark-up for online news, such a NewsML, also defined layout and other features of news sites. Tim Berners-Lee established the W3C for online standards in the 1980s, and then on the cusp of the 21st century he proposed semantic and structured approaches for meaningful data sharing online. However, in subsequent years entrepreneurs have appropriated semantic approaches for different ends. The atomisation of data also introduces “personalised” data preferences to pitch news stories.
Smartphones and social media in reporting the asylum seeker crisis in Europe
Authors: Dowd Cate
Published: April 2020

During the European asylum seeker crisis, circa 2015, asylum seekers used social media and smartphones for communication alongside journalists using disposable and short-form media, streaming media, and civilian drones for real-time stories that changed practices in journalism. Some journalists uploaded live video whilst others stitched together documentaries with short video clips. Google collaborated with the International Rescue Committee to develop an information site for essential services. A data visualisation developed by independent producers also showed the extent of the crisis. A former refugee, as well as media producers, used drones for aerial filming to help rescue people at sea, but as the crisis worsened, drones were used by authorities to stop people from crossing borders. The crisis also exposed journalists to trauma, even without working directly in conflict zones, revealed by the Dart Center for Journalism and Trauma, which plays an important role for the safety and protection of journalists.
Emotions, behaviours, and context-aware systems for journalism
Authors: Dowd Cate
Published: April 2020

New system ideas drawing on Affective Computing for journalism training include synthetic players with behaviour attributes, conceptualised as sub-systems and integrated with emotion engines, but they need to be designed from participatory data. System models could also look to advances in EmotionML (mark-up), but elicitation and articulation of emotions contextualised to professional interactions is the first step. Trigger documents from the Semantic CAT Method are used for these ends. Emotion-based vocabulary can also be integrated into logic models to consider machine reasoning for future journalism systems, but the conceptual models of Finite State Machines (FSMs) for Robo-Journo and Promo-Robo include health and emotion attributes assigned to transitions between states in professional processes. These automated systems are for verifying a story and treatment of press releases in the hands of journalists. Future context-aware systems can also include sensors and wearable systems, with potential to protect journalists reporting in conflict zones.
Global Banks on Trial
Authors: Verdier Pierre-Hugues
Published: April 2020

In the years since the 2008 financial crisis, U.S. prosecutors have brought dozens of criminal cases against the world’s most powerful banks, charging them with manipulating financial indices, helping their customers evade taxes, evading sanctions, and laundering money. To settle these cases, global banks like UBS, Barclays, HSBC, and BNP Paribas paid tens of billions of dollars in fines. They also agreed to extensive internal reforms, hiring hundreds of compliance officers, spending billions on new systems, and installing independent corporate monitors. In effect, they agreed to become worldwide enforcers of U.S. law and policies. This book examines the U.S. enforcement campaign against global banks across four areas: benchmark manipulation, tax evasion, sanctions violations, and sovereign debt. It shows that U.S. prosecutors have unilaterally carved out a new role as global bank regulators, heralding a fundamental shift in how international finance is overseen. Their ability to do so stems from U.S. control over vital hubs of the international financial system, from which they can threaten global banks with exclusion. In some areas, these unilateral U.S. actions have ushered in important multilateral reforms, such as the rise of automatic tax information exchange and better-regulated financial indices. In other areas, such as financial sanctions, unilateralism has attracted protests from other states and attempts to bypass U.S.-based financial infrastructure, which could undermine the country’s power.
Global Leadership Talk
Authors: Goebel Zane
Published: April 2020

This book examines the discursive connections between global flows of ideologies about leadership and good governance, how these ideologies are localized in Indonesia, and how all of this relates to changing political, bureaucratic, and market regimes between 1998 and 2004. It starts with a speech given by the head of the International Monetary Fund about the importance of good governance. It then traces the uptake of shibboleths of this speech within Indonesian government policy documents, within the Indonesian mass media, and in the everyday talk that occurred in a government office in Indonesia during the author’s five months of fieldwork in that office between August 2003 and January 2004. The book makes the case that in order to formulate nuanced interpretations of connection and processes of localization, researchers need to engage in a type of reflexivity that involves a constant movement between data from different time-spaces. Such a practice, it is argued, adds to our understanding of how and why both researchers and those researched come to believe and present themselves in specific ways. In doing so, the book extends contemporary conceptual work in the broad areas of sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology as it relates to notions of scale, connection, chronotope, leadership talk, and personhood, while sketching how this conceptual work can be operationalized methodologically.
Young Men with Horns: The Jazz Biopic’s Golden Age 1950–1959
Authors: Whitehead Kevin
Published: April 2020

A 1950s fad for biographical films about jazz musicians is sparked by the box-office success of The Glenn Miller Story. Subsequent biopics depict the lives of Benny Goodman, W. C. Handy, Red Nichols, and Gene Krupa. Often, their subjects take on signature attributes of the actors who play them. Two fiction films focus on characters derived from existing sources: Young Man with a Horn, based on Dorothy Baker’s novel, and Pete Kelly’s Blues, based on Jack Webb’s radio series. The relationship between Benny Goodman’s memoir Kingdom of Swing and the script to The Benny Goodman Story is detailed. The life of W. C. Handy, as told in his autobiography, is compared to the movie version, 1958’s St. Louis Blues.
Young Lions and Historical Fictions 1990–2000
Authors: Whitehead Kevin
Published: April 2020

The young generation of musicians such as Wynton and Branford Marsalis who shook up jazz in the 1980s arrives on screen in the following decade. Spike Lee’s Mo’ Better Blues and the cable-TV movie Lush Life fictionalize successful musicians of the era. Underage players also show up, as in 1940s movies: a teenage Toronto trumpeter gets advice from good and bad mentors in one, and a young pianist grapples with Tourette’s syndrome in another. In the 1990s, we see an outbreak of historical tales with unreliable narrators: a sometimes fanciful biopic of early jazz cornetist Bix Beiderbecke and Woody Allen’s extended tall tale Sweet and Lowdown, one of two 1990s films with a guitarist beholden to Django Reinhardt. In several particulars, Robert Altman’s Kansas City parallels his earlier film named for a musicians’ hub, Nashville, but in Kansas City, jazz doesn’t invade the main story.
Privilege Lost
Authors: Streib Jessi
Published: April 2020

One in two white youth born into the upper-middle class will fall from it. Drawing upon 10 years of longitudinal interviews with over 100 American youth, this book shows which upper-middle-class youth are most likely to fall, how they fall, and why they do not see it coming. The book shows that upper-middle-class youth inherit different amounts of academic knowledge, institutional insights, and money from their parents. Those raised with more of these resources enter class reproduction pathways, while those raised with fewer of these resources enter downwardly mobile paths. Of course, upper-middle-class youth whose families give them few resources could switch courses by acquiring these resources from their community. They rarely do. Instead, they internalize identities that reflect their resource weaknesses and encourage them to maintain them. Those who fall are then youth raised with resource weaknesses, and they fall by internalizing identities that discourage them from gaining more resources. They are often surprised by their downward mobility as they observed other time periods in which their resources and identities kept them or their parents in their social class.
Rebels
Authors: Streib Jessi
Published: April 2020

Men raised in liberal communities with low levels of academic and institutional knowledge see no institution that will reward them. In liberal communities, early marriage is frowned upon, and they did not receive the resources that would give them status in school, college, or work. They respond by becoming rebels—by repeatedly breaking institutional rules. This identity does not thwart their ability to stay in the upper-middle class at first, but it does after they graduate from college. Most become unemployed or underemployed—and begin to fall out of their original social class.
Encircle the World
Authors: Paul Sharon J.
Published: April 2020

This chapter explores creative techniques for redesigning academic assignments to take advantage of how the brain prefers to learn. The author shares examples of assignments designed to encourage an emotional hook and to reinforce meaning and relevance for the singers, while incorporating novelty, humor, and problem solving. Additionally, this chapter examines the benefits of using a flipped classroom, team journals, debate, and games. The author explores utilizing synectic exercises to spark new ways of thinking, using assignments of forced association where seemingly diverse topics are fit together in an effort to find relationships between what otherwise appear to be unrelated subjects. Finally, this chapter looks at how introducing some elements of novelty occasionally into rehearsal will increase student engagement and focus because the brain has evolved to pay attention to anything new and different, and will take notice of a threat or benefit on the horizon.
Head Strong
Authors: Matthews Michael D.
Published: April 2020

Since the publication of the first edition of Head Strong: How Psychology Is Revolutionizing War in 2014, developments in military psychology have been rapid and important—so much so that this revised edition is necessary to accurately capture the vital role that psychology continues to play in twenty-first-century military success. The ideas contained in the first edition influenced emerging doctrine in the Army’s Human Dimension and informed military leaders around the globe of ways that psychological science and practice may be leveraged to improve combat effectiveness. Many of the predictions made in the first edition have come true, and new and exciting products of military psychology now offer novel ways of impacting military outcomes. This revised edition of Head Strong updates the 13 chapters included in the first edition with breaking news in military psychology and adds new material to augment those chapters. Two entirely new chapters are included in this edition. The first focuses on human performance optimization. It captures rapid developments in psychology, cognitive neuroscience, and other disciplines that may help the military optimize soldier and unit performance. The second dives deeply into character and discusses how to measure it, how to develop it, and how character plays a vital role in the performance of individual soldiers and their units. Like the other topics in Head Strong, these two new chapters have significant applicability to nonmilitary organizations including schools, corporations, and sports teams.
Cognitive Dominance: Soldiers and Systems That Outthink the Enemy
Authors: Matthews Michael D.
Published: April 2020

Cognitive dominance—the ability to quickly understand the unfolding battle and make correct decisions—is critical to winning modern military engagements. Whether it is fighter planes approaching each other at the speed of sound or a surprise ambush during an infantry foot patrol, combatants and their leaders must be better trained to make these life and death decisions. This chapter focuses on how the military has traditionally conceived of and trained these skills and how they may go about it more effectively in the future. Topics include the military decision-making process, situational awareness and how to train it, and intuition. Cognitive psychologists play a central role in understanding and training cognitive dominance. Emerging technologies that may aid in cognitive dominance are discussed.
Human Performance Optimization
Authors: Matthews Michael D.
Published: April 2020

Budgetary constraints and emerging advances in weapons technology have resulted in a substantial reduction in the sizes of contemporary military forces. The US Army, at less than 500,000 soldiers, is a fraction of its size of a generation ago, yet the demands for it to deploy in a variety of missions around the globe have only increased. This chapter reviews current and emerging strategies that may aid in optimizing soldier performance. Developments in human physiology, genetics, nutrition, neurotechnology, sleep, noncognitive amplifiers, and leader development are described. Currently available strategies are identified, as are approaches to human performance optimization that are likely to emerge in the near future. Extrapolations of human performance optimization protocols to other contexts beyond the military are considered.
Tough Hearts: Building Resilient Soldiers
Authors: Matthews Michael D.
Published: April 2020

Soldiers must be prepared to face a variety of challenges and adversity, ranging from long separations from family to killing and dealing with the injury and death of their fellow soldiers. The negative impact of war on psychological well-being is well documented. Shell shock, combat fatigue, and more recently, posttraumatic stress disorder are well-known pathologies that result from combat exposure. Thus, training soldiers to be more resilient prior to combat is necessary to preserve and protect their psychological health and also to sustain combat power. This chapter explores psychological responses to combat, ranging from pathology to posttraumatic growth. New approaches to training resilience skills in soldiers are discussed, including the Army’s Comprehensive Soldier Fitness program, and how simulation technologies may soon be employed to better train resilience skills in soldiers.
Winning Hearts and Minds
Authors: Matthews Michael D.
Published: April 2020

In the large wars of the 20th century, victory depended first and foremost on raw combat power. Bigger and more powerful bombs, faster and more deadly aircraft, and better tanks and warships determined who won the battle. These weapons continue to be important but now, more than ever, strategic victory hinges on cultural savvy and the ability to win over the opinion and support of the population where military operations are occurring and worldwide public opinion as well. It does little good to win a battle if, in doing so, the local population is alienated and world opinion soiled. This chapter examines how the military is going about the task of training cultural awareness and sensitivity among its members and how psychological science may be used to improve operational success by enabling military leaders to base tactical decisions, at least in part, on the social and cultural terrain. Social network analysis and negation training is described.
This Is Not Your Father’s (or Your Mother’s) Army
Authors: Matthews Michael D.
Published: April 2020

By the year 2050, whites will no longer be the majority in the United States. As the nation changes, the military also must change in order to reflect the ethnic and racial composition of the nation and to remain an effective fighting force. In addition to race and ethnicity, the modern military welcomes into its ranks all Americans who qualify to serve. Psychologists may inform the military on ways to better achieve balance among its ranks. Recent policy changes allow women to serve in all military jobs, including direct combat. The history of African Americans and women’s military service is described. Gays, lesbians, and other formerly stigmatized and discriminated against individuals now serve openly, and methods for reducing stigma and bias are discussed. The importance of having a military that accurately represents its national population is explored.
Leading Others in the Digital Age
Authors: Matthews Michael D.
Published: April 2020

The dominance of digital and social media in our lives presents opportunities both to enhance positive social influence and to interfere with it. Traditional military chain of command is rigid and evolved in the era before radio communication was possible. The ability to issue orders and plans in near real-time enables the speed of decision-making to be greatly increased, increasing the lethality of contemporary military operations. On the negative side, misuse of social media by individual solders can have devastating negative impacts at the strategic level. In this context topics of soft power and external manipulation of social media to disrupt morale are discussed. Psychologists may help the military better understand the positive use of information technology to achieve mission success and also develop training and other methods to mitigate against the social use of these technologies.
Spin-Offs: A Better World Through Military Psychology
Authors: Matthews Michael D.
Published: April 2020

Military research routinely yields spin-offs that are useful in the civilian domain. In the hard sciences, World War I spun off advances in chemistry, and World War II produced advances in physics that changed the world. Military psychological science is no different. Aptitude testing sprung from the efforts of psychologists during World War I to help the military better select and classify incoming personnel. Clinical psychology and human factors engineering were boosted as a result of World War II. The Vietnam conflict led to a better understanding of combat stress and contributed to the including of posttraumatic stress disorder as a diagnostic label. All had direct application to the civilian sector. This chapter considers spin-offs from contemporary military psychological research that will benefit general society including better ways to treat stress and promote resilience, select and train employees, and enhance leadership strategies and cultural skills.
Psychology, War, Peace, and Ethics
Authors: Matthews Michael D.
Published: April 2020

This chapter explores the psychology of war and peace, with a focus on how psychologists may set the occasion for the peaceful resolution of conflicts. Topics include a discussion of the growth mindset and the social psychology of interpersonal conflict. The role of education in reducing conflict is examined. A discussion of ethical dilemmas faced by military psychologists and the boundaries that contemporary psychology sets for psychologists working on behalf of the military follows. The chapter introduces a new model of ethics that may help guide psychologists in deciding what research and practice is ethical versus that which is not.