bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neural Mechanisms of Familiarity
Authors: Montaldi Daniela , Kafkas Alex
Published: July 2024

Despite its crucial role in people’s everyday lives, compared to most other forms of memory, familiarity memory has received relatively little targeted attention in the human memory literature. This is because familiarity has predominantly been studied as a comparison condition for recollection, where much more attention has been targeted. The behavioral and neural signatures of familiarity have often been derived from tasks, and under conditions, not optimal for familiarity to be observed or measured in its richest form or its fullest capacity. In this chapter, it is argued that tests designed specifically to trigger and measure familiarity reveal a much stronger and more confident form of memory than often assumed. Findings from such methods provide strong confirmation that the hippocampus does not support familiarity memory. Instead, the familiarity memory network includes the medial temporal lobe cortices (MTLc) and amygdala, the thalamus, and prefrontal and parietal cortex. This chapter proposes that the material-specific MTLc and amygdala regions are responsible for generating familiarity signals, which project via the ventral lateral and ventral posterior thalamic nuclei to the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus. This intra-thalamic communication is modulated by familiarity strength. The mediodorsal thalamic nucleus then communicates its familiarity signal to the prefrontal cortex, where relative familiarity is computed from independent familiarity and novelty signals. These signals converge in integration regions in both prefrontal and parietal cortex, allowing memory judgments and familiarity decisions to be made. The chapter concludes by highlighting and briefly discussing several key outstanding questions.
Frontoparietal Contributions to Retrieval
Authors: Rugg Michael D.
Published: July 2024

This chapter reviews functional neuroimaging, electrophysiological, and neurostimulation evidence concerning the contributions of lateral parietal cortex and medial and lateral prefrontal cortex to successful memory retrieval. The evidence provides strong support for dual-process perspectives on memory retrieval, in which signals supporting memory judgments are held to dissociate according to whether they contain qualitative information about a prior episode (recollection) or support judgments of prior occurrence in the absence of such information (familiarity). Specifically, whereas some frontoparietal regions, most notably medial prefrontal and left ventral lateral parietal cortex, appear to play a selective role in recollection, others, such as dorsal parietal and left lateral prefrontal cortex, are more strongly implicated in familiarity-based memory judgments. Other prefrontal regions, including left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, appear to play a role in “pre-retrieval” processing supporting the elaboration of retrieval cues. Still other regions, including most prominently right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, are engaged not in support of memory retrieval per se but in the monitoring and evaluation of the products of a retrieval attempt. Differing proposals about the specific mnemonic functions supported by these different cortical regions during successful and unsuccessful retrieval attempts are discussed.
Neurobiological Aging and Memory
Authors: Nyberg Lars , Walhovd Kristine , Fjell Anders
Published: July 2024

Neurobiological aging is expressed at many different neuroscientific levels. This chapter adopts a systems-levels perspective and focuses on findings from human brain imaging studies of age-related changes in episodic memory. Drawing on data from multiple imaging modalities, the chapter first outlines typical (average) structural and functional neurobiological changes. These include gray matter changes in the medial temporal lobes and the prefrontal cortex, and also alterations in structural and, less consistently, functional connectivity. Next, heterogeneity in episodic memory aging is considered. This discussion revolves around central concepts such as brain maintenance as well as reserve and compensation. The final section considers possibilities to influence neurobiological aging by means of direct interventions. It is concluded that future progress in the field will depend on relating central concepts in the neurobiology of memory and aging to timing and targets of interventions.
Amnesic Syndrome
Authors: Patt Virginie , Verfaellie Mieke
Published: July 2024

Clinical studies of patients with amnesia have inspired decades of research, contributing to the characterization of distinct forms of memory. At the same time, it has become clear that amnesia can result from lesions of a number of brain regions—including but not limited to the medial temporal lobes—that form an integrated neural network subserving memory. This chapter characterizes the amnesic syndrome, including its anatomic correlates and associated pattern of functional impairment. In the domain of anterograde memory, the chapter examines how amnesia impacts the ability to acquire new episodic memories as well as new semantic memories, with an emphasis on the contribution of distinct processes to patients’ performance. In the domain of retrograde memory, the chapter discusses the scope of impairment with regard to the distinction between episodic and semantic memory. The status of implicit memory in amnesia is also briefly reviewed, followed by consideration of impairments in domains other than long-term memory, including perception, short-term memory, and episodic simulation. Next, the chapter discusses the most common neurological etiologies of amnesia, with consideration of the pattern of memory impairment and associated neuropathology. These include stroke, hypoxic–ischemic brain injury, encephalitis, Korsakoff syndrome, and transient global amnesia. For etiologies typically associated with lesions outside or beyond the medial temporal lobe, additional neurocognitive deficits are considered that may be superimposed on the classic presentation of the amnesic syndrome.
Learning and Memory in People with Schizophrenia
Authors: Ragland J. Daniel
Published: July 2024

Learning and memory are two of the most severely impaired cognitive abilities in people with schizophrenia. The magnitude of impairment predicts long-term functional outcomes, with individuals experiencing less severe memory impairments benefiting more from clinical interventions and demonstrating better occupational and social functioning following treatment. However, memory is not a unitary construct, and patient performance is characterized by both relative strengths and weaknesses. This chapter first reviews support for the conclusion that learning and memory impairments represent a “core deficit” in schizophrenia that is not secondary to medication or nonspecific treatment effects. This is followed by a review of the standard typology of long-term memory domains in order to clarify why declarative as opposed to procedural memory is the primary focus of research efforts. Within the declarative memory domain, research on semantic memory is initially reviewed, followed by a detailed review of research on episodic memory encoding and retrieval—which remains the primary focus of the chapter. This review of episodic memory research supports the conclusion that patients have the greatest impairment in relational versus item-specific memory processes, which contributes to difficulties making flexible predictions and inferential decisions and to retrieving information based on a sense of recollection versus familiarity. Functional neuroimaging and theoretical models are reviewed that link these disproportionate relational and associative processing deficits to hippocampal and dorsolateral prefrontal dysfunction and to glutamate and dopamine dysregulation, which also contributes to clinical symptoms. The chapter describes current remediation efforts and discusses directions for future research.
Brain-Based Memory Detection and the New Science of Mind Reading
Authors: Rissman Jesse , Murphy Emily R.
Published: July 2024

Neuroimaging studies reveal distinct brain activations when people encounter something they recognize relative to something novel. Such a “neural signature” of memory could theoretically be used as a forensic tool to detect whether or not someone remembers a given entity. This chapter examines the ways that researchers have used electroencephalography and functional magnetic resonance imaging to capture temporal and spatial brain activation profiles that index different recognition memory states. Studies have addressed forensically relevant factors such as the examination of memories acquired in real-world contexts, classification of individual subjects rather than analysis of group differences, and the effect of subjects’ deployment of evasive countermeasures. Recent development of multivariate analysis techniques, capable of decoding brain activity patterns on individual trials, show promise for yielding inferences about a subject’s memory for specific stimuli or event details. Critical methodological shortcomings that may ultimately limit the forensic value of brain-based memory detection are discussed.
The “Mute Music” in Emerson’s Polarity
Authors: Katopodis Christina
Published: July 2024

Emerson understood that our bodies are constantly subjected to forces beyond our perception. Through meditating on developments in science, Emerson attuned himself to the planet’s constant activity and movement in polarity, the magnetic field generated by Earth’s core, the electric frequencies that charge the air. The chapter offers a sound study of Emerson to show how he transformed polarity into a metaphor for “practical power.” Emerson demands that his readers confront and embrace uncertainty, finding themselves somewhere in the lines of force between poles, or between the sound nodes of a wave. The chapter thus forwards an ecocritical perspective on Emerson’s much-examined prehension of pragmatism, introducing a new way of reading Emerson as an exercise in deep listening that cultivates environmental stewardship so that we can move, in action and/or reaction, toward doing good for the greatest number, or toward a sound ecology.
The Seed of the World
Authors: Greenham David
Published: July 2024

This chapter investigates an often overlooked transatlantic origin for Emerson’s conceptualization of nature, which is also a crucial marker in the genealogy of the Anthropocene: the binary distinction between man and nature that emerged in the writings of the pre-Socratics, whose work Emerson sees as the “Seed of the World.” Emerson scholars have unearthed numerous transatlantic strata of Emerson’s thought and writings, whether Platonic, Neoplatonic, Puritan, Empiricist, Scotch Common Sense, Eclectic, or Romantic. However, prior to these layers of influence pre-Socratic thought provides a philosophical origin story to the distinction between matter and spirit that divides man from nature, and represents the deepest, perhaps most stable layer of Emerson’s intellectual evolution. The pre-Socratics give shape and structure to an Anthropocenic conception of man’s place in the cosmos that Emerson inherits, exploits, and bequeaths to nineteenth-century American literature and culture through his symbolic literary theory and practice.
“Nature Abhors the Old”
Authors: Edelstein Sari
Published: July 2024

This chapter reads Emersonian Transcendentalism as a youth discourse in which the perpetual specter of age threatens to rupture the power of autonomous white masculinity. Beyond the embrace of youth and childhood characteristic of Romanticism, Emerson’s journals and most canonical works, including “The American Scholar” and “Self-Reliance,” position old age as the opponent of individualism and independence, thus setting the terms for neoliberal notions of successful aging. Later in his career, in essays such as “Circles,” Emerson seeks to reconcile himself with the phenomenon of aging, often fantasizing about how to extend youth into old age or how to delay or even circumvent the material realities of aging. Reading Emerson’s work in the wake of critical age studies and disability studies, this chapter exposes his Transcendental thinking as a key discursive force in the production of the age norms that anchor industrial capitalism.
Editing Emerson
Authors: Bosco Ronald A. , Myerson Joel
Published: July 2024

Even prior to Emerson’s death in 1882, the editorial history of Emerson’s writings—including his essays, poems, lectures, letters, and journals—is a story involving the work of many scholars, friends of Emerson, and family members. The Emerson family’s stewardship ensured publication of the many modern editorial projects that have appeared in their current, comprehensive forms. New editions of the major works, edited according to modern textual practices, were produced between 1979 and 2015. This essay discusses the editing of Emerson’s printed texts and his letters, sermons, lectures, journals and notebooks, and family papers, beginning in the mid-nineteenth century and up to the present.
The “Arch-Abolitionist”
Authors: Clark Prentiss
Published: July 2024

Much has been written about Emerson’s supposed coldness and failure to reciprocate the affections of friends and family. Much also has been written about Emerson’s reverence for friendship and about the relationships that shaped his life and thought. Less has been written about Emerson and love. Yet love appears throughout his oeuvre, often in surprising ways and in pivotal places. This essay draws from Emerson’s sermons, journals, lectures, and essays to show how love expresses itself in his thinking, writing, and living. More particularly, this essay recounts his sense of the relationship between love, perception, and building a juster world. Present from first to last, and particularly notable in Nature (1836), “Love” (1838, 1841), “Politics” (1844), and lectures from the 1850s and 1860s, love, for Emerson, is a transformative power at once deeply personal and broadly social. “For the arch-abolitionist,” he declares, “… is love, whose other name is justice” (CW 10:393).
Internationalization versus Regionalization of Post-Socialist Firms’ Global Value Chains
Authors: Garanina Olga , Ermolaeva Liubov , Klishevich Daria , Panibratov Andrei
Published: July 2024

This chapter explores the regionalization strategies of firms in the post-socialist space and uncovers the opportunities presented and the barriers to the global development of value chains within the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). Although the home region is considered a space for the development of firms’ competitive advantages, because of the similar political and economic interests of the cooperating states, the centrifugal forces inside the integrational bloc, together with external pressure such as sanctions, can inflame additional challenges for multinational enterprises. The chapter reveals specific challenges for the development of producer-driven value chains in the EAEU due to member states’ significant dependence on foreign technologies and investments, a contradictory policy of “parallel import” and import substitution, and the economic interests of the member states. Nevertheless, the prospects of consumer-driven value chains are encouraging. The chapter encourages further investigation of the regional value chains and regionalization strategies of companies in the post-socialist space in response to multiple challenges they face.
North America and the World, Late Seventeenth to Mid-Eighteenth Century
Authors: Mapp Paul
Published: July 2024

This chapter uses a set of temporal contrasts in the relation between North America and the larger world to highlight the stakes of the Seven Years’ War for the continent and its inhabitants. It discusses developments such as population growth in Eurasia and eastern North America, the westward movement of European exploration and trade, converging commercial and imperial interests in the North Pacific, and the growing military advantages of settled manufacturing peoples from North America to Central Asia to open larger interpretive questions of contingency, tendency, and foresight. In particular, the chapter explores the notion of power, distinguishing between the actual power of seventeenth and eighteenth-century Indigenous peoples highlighted by many current scholars, and the latent power of Euro-American peoples and empires implicit in the writings of historical figures like Benjamin Franklin, Frederick the Great, the marquis de la Galissonière, and Thomas Vélez Cachupín.
War in North America
Authors: Hinderaker Eric
Published: July 2024

This chapter traces the progress and outcomes of the Seven Years’ War in North America, with an emphasis on the role of Indigenous combatants. The hybrid military culture of New France was decisive in the early engagements of the war. Deteriorating French alliances with Indigenous nations, coupled with strengthened British-Indigenous alliances and the British colonies’ large demographic advantage, tipped the balance to Britain and decided the outcome in North America. In the postwar settlement, France and Spain ceded all their lands east of the Mississippi River to Great Britain. For French officials, the defeat was a humiliation that led to corruption trials against leading veterans. For Britain, the war set the stage for new pressures on North American lands. War veterans led many initiatives to establish new settlements. These pressures were one key factor contributing to the breakdown of the British empire in mainland North America.
War in the Caribbean
Authors: Schnakenbourg Éric
Published: July 2024

The Caribbean became a theatre of war from 1758 onward. The British conquered Guadeloupe in 1759 and Martinique in 1762. When peace negotiations began, the Great Britain domestic lobbies struggled to decide which conquest had to be kept: Guadeloupe or Canada. Finally, French recovered Guadeloupe and won Saint Lucia, whereas the British acquired the other former neutral islands and kept Canada. The Seven Years’ War in the Caribbean must also be considered from the point of view of the populations. The enslaved people experienced a hard time during the war. The Macandal poisoning affair in Saint Domingue, and Tacky’s Revolt in Jamaica led to a worsening of the living conditions of slaves in following decades. Finally, whether in terms of relations between the great imperial powers or between masters and slaves, the Seven Years’ War in the Caribbean Indies was a time of implementation of new balances of power.
French Canadian and British Attitudes toward Governance in Post-Conquest Quebec
Authors: Christie Nancy
Published: July 2024

This chapter revises a long-standing historiography that has viewed British attitudes to the French Canadians as largely humane and accommodating, showing rather that French Canadians were viewed by British conquerors as permanent enemies and policies were implemented to exclude them from government offices and trade. Pontiac’s War was a turning point in exacerbating tensions with the Canadian population, who were thereafter seen as seeking to destabilize British hegemony in the interior of North America. Given this context, the concessions granted by the Quebec Act in 1774 preserving French civil law and Catholicism were granted merely to conciliate the Canadian majority out of fear of revolt. Limited in nature, these measures were only instituted to adhere to the provisions of the Treaty of Paris and assuage Canadian elites. The result of these concessions was the alienation of ordinary Canadians, who above all desired an elected assembly, as did the English merchants.
Manpower
Authors: Dziennik Matthew
Published: July 2024

The states that fought the Seven Years’ War were vast consumers of manpower. When desertion and disease could reduce armies by almost 20 percent per year even without the risk of combat, the need for manpower was a constant. European, American, African, and Asian empires all confronted this issue in different ways, but there was an unquestionable trend toward new and innovative ways of mobilizing, disciplining, and deploying armed force. This applied not only to the soldiers of the state’s home territories but also to foreign auxiliaries and, crucially, women and camp followers on whose labor armies depended. Approaching the mobilization of manpower through the lens of labor history allows historians to blur the gendered assumptions of military service and reveal the transformative and global aspects of the Seven Years’ War.
Maritime Warfare and the Expansion of British Seapower in the Seven Years’ War
Authors: Brinkman Anna
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines the role of seapower and maritime strategic thinking during the Seven Years’ War. It looks at how British seapower expanded during the conflict and the effect this had on the balance of power between the British, French, and Spanish empires. The chapter uses the British capture of Louisbourg to demonstrate a classical understanding of seapower and how it was employed during the eighteenth century by France and Britain to wage global and colonial wars. It then explores the role of international law and neutral rights in the shaping and expansion of British seapower. British, French, Spanish, and Dutch maritime strategic thinking was influenced by considerations of neutrality and the effect neutral rights had on the belligerents' ability to undertake commerce predation. Britain’s ability to shape and curtail neutral rights through the prize court system and diplomatic negotiations had a long-lasting effect on maritime warfare between European nations.
Luxury and Consumption
Authors: DuPlessis Robert S.
Published: July 2024

Scholars identify the mid-eighteenth century as the turning point in the “consumer revolution” that transformed engagement with, marketing of, and behavior regarding consumer goods while triggering equally major sociocultural, economic, and political changes. This chapter focuses on consumption of novel imported foodstuffs and manufactures in Britain, France, the Dutch Republic, their colonies, and their North American and Atlantic African trading partners. It argues that the Seven Years’ War had minimal and transitory effects on the decades-old upward trajectory of provision of and demand for consumer goods. In contrast, wartime and postwar politico-economic reforms, entry of new producers, and fresh investment accelerated supply and uptake, particularly in areas outside Northwestern Europe and North America. Within that North Atlantic consumer revolution core, postwar economic and political developments laid the groundwork for the Industrial, American, and French revolutions.
The Economic and Financial Consequences of the Seven Years’ War in Europe
Authors: Covo Manuel
Published: July 2024

This chapter provides a survey of the economic and financial consequences of the Seven Years’ War in Europe. The devastations in Prussia and Austria were only the most direct and visible consequences of the war, but trade and, to a lesser extent, industry were also affected on a European scale. Even more important, the massive wartime mobilization of economic and financial resources profoundly destabilized the foundations of European monarchies. The difficulties of the postwar era intensified a continental political economy debate from which administrators drew inspiration. The cost of war created tensions between the governments and the governed, as swelling public debts led to excessively unpopular reforms and the rocky reconfiguration of imperial states. The financial ramifications of the Seven Years’ War created an explosive context that proved crucial to the British imperial crisis and the forthcoming gathering of Estate Generals in France.
Machine Learning in Chinese Courts
Authors: Wang Nyu , Tian Michael Yuan
Published: July 2024

This chapter focuses on core machine learning (ML) technologies such as Optical Character Recognition (OCR) and Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) technology in the context of how Chinese courts have sought to improve court efficiency and reduce the pressures on an understaffed judiciary through such technologies. In addition, this chapter touches on recent advancements in generative artificial intelligence and large language models (LLMs). There are many concerns about using novel technologies, including general-purpose LLMs in the trial process. However, legal LLMs developed by Chinese academia and companies specifically for the Chinese legal domain seek to avoid some of these pitfalls, which reflects the global development of specialized industry-tailored language models. Social justice challenges and future research regarding the use of ML in judicial systems are also reviewed in this chapter.
Emotions and Economic Crises
Authors: Widmaier Wesley W.
Published: July 2024

Emotions drive economic manias and crises; crises in turn spur policy reactions—and often, overreactions. Yet, international political economy (IPE) and economics scholarships often obscure such emotional contexts. This reflects the influence of rationalist assumptions, which hold that agents employ all available information in forming consistent preferences. To the extent that these assumptions limit emotions to an “error term,” they reduce crises to “exogenous shocks” and cast their effects as spurring efficient, self-stabilizing adjustments. To offer a broader perspective, this chapter posits that an analytic stress on emotions promises insight into the endogenous causes of crises and post-crisis policy overreactions. Highlighting these insights, it offers an analysis of the endogenous, affective causes of the Global Financial Crisis and, in turn, Obama’s evolving constructions of the crisis, in which his increasing repression of emotion from debate facilitated populist backlash. The chapter concludes by arguing that emotional engagement stands to enable more pragmatic policymaking.
Maine de Biran and the Legacy of Ideology
Authors: Devarieux Anne
Published: July 2024

This article shows how Biran came into his own as a philosopher in breaking with the Condillac-influenced Ideological school in its rational (Destutt de Tracy) and medical forms (P.-J.-G. Cabanis). The identification of ‘effort’ as a primitive relation overturned Condillac’s doctrine of transformed sensation and inaugurated a new metaphysics of inner experience that, in turn, required a transformation of traditional metaphysical vocabulary. The chapter assesses Biran’s dialogue with his two Ideologists’ forebears over the key issues of movement and sensibility. In replacing the sensation of movement (Tracy) with effort, and unconscious sensibility (Cabanis) with inner affect, Biran is original in two ways: not only does he forge the syntagm ‘le corps propre’ in order to bring the body into that primitive relation that constitutes consciousness, but he also brings to light an interiority irreducible to the interiority of consciousness.
The Concrete and the Abstract in Modern French Philosophy
Authors: Bianco Giuseppe
Published: July 2024

In order to explain the importance of the concrete/abstract opposition in nineteenth- and twentieth-century French philosophy, this chapter starts by taking into account the attacks against nineteenth-century French spiritualism’s abstraction to show how this transformed the opposition. It then reconstructs the diffusion of American pragmatism and Neo-Hegelianism in France between 1900 and 1920, with the aim of sketching the additional resignifications of the opposition. It explains how and why, during the 1930s, a new intellectual cohort violently attacked ‘abstraction’ and ‘idealism’ and popularized the term ‘concrete’, which was, by then, coagulating several semantic layers stratified since early modernity. Finally, the conclusion tries to provide some reasons for the disappearance of the term ‘concrete’ in French philosophy starting from the 1960s.
Historical Epistemology
Authors: Chimisso Cristina
Published: July 2024

This article examines the French tradition in philosophy of science called historical epistemology. It considers not only the philosophies of Gaston Bachelard and Georges Canguilhem, but also the diverse positions of Léon Brunschvicg, Hélène Metzger, Lucien Lévy-Bruhl, Abel Rey, Alexandre Koyré, and Émile Meyerson on a number of epistemological and historiographical questions, including epistemological breaks, epistemological obstacles, scientific revolutions, and the roles of rationality and emotions in science. It argues that a broader approach to the understanding of historical epistemology beyond the customary focus on Bachelard and Canguilhem, and a consideration of the oft-neglected differences between these two philosophers, show a richer and more diverse tradition, uncover hidden legacies, including in Thomas Kuhn’s philosophy, and crucially will provide current philosophers with a wealth of ideas and intellectual tools.
Eclecticism and Its Discontents
Authors: Antoine-Mahut Delphine
Published: July 2024

Although it has been promoted within a philosophical tradition since Antiquity, one which, in the eighteenth century, came to designate the free-thinking characteristic of the Enlightenment, eclecticism has been severely criticized since Victor Cousin’s reinstatement of it in nineteenth-century France. This article returns to nineteenth-century French eclecticism and to its polemical interactions with its opponents in order to explain why the eclectic method, which was supposed to serve the new ‘spiritualist’ philosophy, served to make nineteenth-century French philosophy a kind of philosophical no-man’s-land between British ‘empiricism’ and German ‘idealism’. In this way, the chapter seeks to reveal what eclecticism is likely to teach us about our practices as historians of philosophy today, in spite of Cousin but also thanks to him.
Irigaray and Feminism in French Philosophy after Beauvoir
Authors: Jones Rachel
Published: July 2024

This chapter offers a route through feminism in French philosophy after Beauvoir. The first section outlines one possible answer to what a specifically feminist approach to philosophy might involve, focusing on the philosophy of sexual difference developed by Luce Irigaray and making connections to the work of Julia Kristeva and Hélène Cixous. The second section expands on Irigaray’s transformative engagement with the history of philosophy by discussing what Penelope Deutscher describes as the generatively ‘maverick’ interventions of thinkers such as Michèle Le Doeuff, Sarah Kofman, Nicole Loraux, Barbara Cassin, and Monique David-Ménard. The final section centres work at the intersections of gender and race along with post- and decolonial feminist thought.
Descartes in Modern French Philosophy
Authors: Gadberry Andrea
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines the role of Descartes in the histories of philosophy of Victor Cousin and Lucien Lévy-Bruhl and concludes with a look at the mid-twentieth-century Descartes of Jean-Paul Sartre. Establishing Descartes as a national figure and as the beginning of modern philosophical history itself, both Cousin and Lévy-Bruhl convey a problem wherein ‘Descartes’ comes to operate as an ‘illusion without an owner’ and represents a concept so powerful it both exceeds the necessity of reading and undergirds the schemata of both figures’ later work. The chapter examines how these later authors furnish a voluntary ‘belief’ in ‘Descartes’, held apart from his seventeenth-century texts. After showing how Descartes’ illusory function extends to philosophy in the epoch of its own redistribution into other disciplines, the chapter looks to the limits of Cartesian freedom in Jean-Paul Sartre’s continuation of the ‘Descartes’ of ‘Frenchmen’.
Marx in Modern French Philosophy
Authors: Fischbach Franck
Published: July 2024

This chapter begins by outlining how Marx’s thought was received in France before the 1930s, before then turning to focus on the different ways in which reference to Marx gave rise to original developments within French philosophy in three main areas of the discipline: phenomenology (in Sartre, Merleau-Ponty, and Henry), together with the philosophers of ‘difference’ (in Derrida, Foucault, and Deleuze), epistemology (in Althusser and Desanti) and political thought (in Castoriadis and Lefort). Beyond the various differences and oppositions that can be discerned between these traditions of thought, the chapter shows how reference to Marx equally informed a questioning of the relationship between philosophy and the social sciences.
The Question of Habit in Modern French Philosophy
Authors: Sinclair Mark
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines how habit has been raised as a question in metaphysics and psychology throughout the modern French philosophical tradition. The issue of habit was already pivotal in eighteenth-century Scottish and French empiricism, but the chapter shows how nineteenth-century French thinkers attempted to give a positive account of what the force of habit is in arguing that it is the condition of repetition rather than its result. Moreover, the chapter shows how French thinkers grant habit a general metaphysical significance in claiming that it can be found throughout the natural world, and not just in the organic and psychological realms. The chapter classifies French approaches as mechanist, vitalist, or animist while arguing that reflection on propensity, tendency, or inclination in habit supports vitalist and, a fortiori, animist approaches. In conclusion, the chapter shows how reflection on tendency in habit leads to a non-linear notion of time as ‘real duration’.
Life
Authors: Bianco Giuseppe
Published: July 2024

In France, from the early nineteenth century, the interaction between what we call today the ‘life sciences’ and ‘philosophy’ provoked several important controversies. Academic philosophers and physicians frequently competed over common topics. This conflictual interaction, which often involved the use of texts from the history of knowledge, resulted in the emergence of new disciplines, in the epistemological reframing of scientific theories and in the readjustment of philosophical concepts, pressured by empirical evidence. This chapter analyses the five most important sequences of these interactions taking place from the beginning of the process of disciplinarization, at the start of the nineteenth century.
Badiou’s Being and Event Trilogy and the Pas de Deux with Deleuze
Authors: Bowden Sean , Lesiuk Caitlyn
Published: July 2024

Since the publication and subsequent English translation of Deleuze: The Clamor of Being, a considerable amount of ink has been spilled probing Badiou’s critical encounter with Deleuze’s philosophy. We argue that, although Badiou ultimately mischaracterized Deleuze’s ontology of the multiple, on a rectified understanding of Deleuze’s philosophy and at a certain level of generality, the two thinkers share important theses regarding the role played by truth, events, and subjects in the production of the new. After clarifying the main claims comprising Badiou’s reading of Deleuze, particularly by situating them in relation to Badiou’s earlier and heavily politicized reviews of Deleuze’s work with Guattari, it raises some objections to Badiou’s reading and shows that Deleuze’s discussions of truth, the event, and the subject resonate with Badiou’s own treatment of these concepts in the Being and Event trilogy.
Introduction
Authors: Sinclair Mark , Whistler Daniel
Published: July 2024

This chapter explains the groundbreaking approach taken to the history of French philosophy by the Handbook of Modern French Philosophy. With the view that French philosophy from the beginning of the nineteenth century cannot be adequately understood without reference to its roots in the national education system, the chapter also offers a historical account of the development of French philosophical institutions. It focuses on the role of philosophy in the education system, the different research and teaching institutions, including universities, and the organs—such as journals—through which it is disseminated.
Jean-Marie Guyau on Morality and Life
Authors: Ansell-Pearson Keith , Testa Federico
Published: July 2024

Jean-Marie Guyau is an unjustifiably forgotten figure in the history of ethics. This chapter examines Guyau’s contribution to moral philosophy in the light of his philosophy of life. It begins by showing how he seeks to ground ethics by focusing on the dynamics of life, notably the trend of life’s activity in its aspect of fecundity. It then analyses Guyau’s engagement with Kant as the modern thinker who challenged the transcendent positive content of the moral law, and who sought in the individual and his self-legislating capacity a new ground for moral action. The chapter also examines Guyau’s critique of a morality of pleasure from the perspective of his philosophy of life in showing that, for Guyau, hedonists and utilitarians mistakenly focus on the end of moral action and neglect its efficient cause: life itself.
Prevention, Precaution, and Polluter Pays Principles
Authors: Dhar Preeta , Gupta Parul
Published: July 2024

This chapter explores the evolution and application of the prevention, precaution, and polluter pays principles in India. Early environmental regulations aimed at planning human activities within the assimilative capacity of the environment—reflecting an initial framing of the prevention principle. However, with the recognition of the limits of ‘scientific certainty’ in determining and addressing environmental harm, more proactive and precautionary measures were adopted. The precautionary and prevention principles are read together in setting environmental standards and regulating activities and substances. The polluter pays principle is a market-based mechanism to build in incentives to minimize and remedy environmental harm. The three principles play out in the allocation of responsibility and liability, but there are inherent limitations and tensions in their application. This chapter discusses some of these tensions through the regulatory framework and case law, and proposes a coherent reading of the three principles aligned with other emerging principles.
Groundwater Law
Authors: Kulkarni Himanshu , Satyam Kumar
Published: July 2024

Groundwater extraction has increased manifold over the last five decades and India’s groundwater footprint is perhaps the world’s largest. Uncontrolled extraction of groundwater and negligent waste and wastewater management have led to serious consequences. Law and policy making on groundwater has generally lagged behind the deepening crisis of groundwater. Groundwater legislation was mooted in the 1970s, although it took time for the States to legislate on groundwater use. Major gaps in the form of rights—equity, fairness and justice—and the lack of a coherent institutional framework continue to exist. The dual challenge of integrating aquifer diversity and complex groundwater contamination issues has impeded the effectiveness of some of these legislative measures. Hence, the Model Groundwater (Sustainable Management) Bill 2017, holds promise to address many of those issues, such as protection of aquifers and water security for the users with participation by communities and overarching law.
Water Sharing and Protection
Authors: Joy K. J. , Bhadbhade Neha , Bhagat Sarita , Samuel Abraham
Published: July 2024

In India, inter-state water sharing is more about allocating water amongst the co-basin states for various uses and less about protection of the river basin. The chapter argues that inter-state water sharing cannot be seen only as a legal and constitutional issue; there is a need to engage with geo-politics, history, ethno-linguistic identities, political economy and developmentalism, geographies and natural resources, including the emerging issues of climate change. Most of the established tribunals lack agreed upon principles and norms for water sharing, further fuelling the disputes. Further, most of the tribunal awards do not pay any serious attention to river protection. There is a need for an alternative approach based on agreed upon principles amongst the stakeholders along with nested institutions including multi-stakeholder platforms. The alternative approach is discussed through the case of the ongoing Mahanadi water dispute between Chhattisgarh and Odisha states.
Nonautonomous Volterra Series Expansion of the Variable Phase Approximation and its Application to the Nucleon-Nucleon Inverse Scattering Problem
Authors: Balassa Gábor
Published: July 2024

In this paper, the nonlinear Volterra series expansion is extended and used to describe certain types of nonautonomous differential equations related to the inverse scattering problem in nuclear physics. The nonautonomous Volterra series expansion lets us determine a dynamic, polynomial approximation of the variable phase approximation (VPA), which is used to determine the phase shifts from nuclear potentials through first-order nonlinear differential equations. By using the first-order Volterra expansion, a robust approximation is formulated to the inverse scattering problem for weak potentials and/or high energies. The method is then extended with the help of radial basis function neural networks by applying a nonlinear transformation on the measured phase shifts to be able to model the scattering system with a linear approximation given by the first-order Volterra expansion. The method is applied to describe the ${}^1S_0$ NN potentials in neutron+proton scattering below 200 MeV laboratory kinetic energies, giving physically sensible potentials and below $1\%$ averaged relative error between the recalculated and the measured phase shifts.
Prevalence and Risk Factors for Stiffness Following Open Reduction for Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip
Authors: Desai Vineet M. , Hall Carter E. , Cardin Stefano , DeFrancesco Christopher J. , Sarkar Sulagna , Sankar Wudbhav N.
Published: July 2024

Objective:

Most prior investigations on adverse outcomes after open reduction (OR) for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) have focused on avascular necrosis, redislocation, and residual dysplasia. To our knowledge, no previous study has investigated risk factors for stiffness, an underappreciated source of postoperative morbidity. The goals of this study were to define the entity more clearly and evaluate the prevalence and risk factors for arthrofibrosis after OR for DDH.

Methods:

A retrospective study was conducted, including all open hip reductions for DDH performed by a single surgeon from 2009 to 2022. Preoperative anteroposterior pelvic radiographs were used to calculate superior displacement, which was defined as the distance from the highest point of the proximal femoral metaphysis to the Hilgenreiner line, normalized by pelvic width. Cases treated with premature postoperative bracing cessation and/or referral to physical therapy with a resolution of stiffness within 6 months were categorized as mild arthrofibrosis. Cases that required >6 months of formal physical therapy for persistent range of motion concerns, manipulation under anesthesia, and/or inpatient rehabilitation admission were categorized as significant arthrofibrosis.

Results:

This study included 170 hips with a mean age of 21.6 months (range: 6.1 to 93.6 mo) and a mean follow-up of 46.8 months. 156 ORs (91.8%) were done through an anterior approach. Sixty-four patients (37.6%) had a concomitant isolated pelvic osteotomy, and 34 (20.0%) had both pelvic and femoral osteotomies. During the postoperative course, 109 patients (64.1%) had no arthrofibrosis, 38 (22.4%) had mild stiffness, and 23 (13.5%) had significant arthrofibrosis. On multivariable analysis, older age, superior displacement, and concomitant pelvic osteotomy were associated with any degree of arthrofibrosis (P < 0.05). Children older than 18 months or with dislocations higher than 16% of pelvic width had a 4.7 and 2.7 times higher risk, respectively, of experiencing some degree of stiffness postoperatively.

Conclusions:

Older age, high dislocations, and concomitant pelvic osteotomy without femoral shortening are risk factors for stiffness after OR for DDH. Surgeons should counsel families about the risk of postoperative stiffness, which occurred to some degree in 36% of our patients.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV.
Closed Reduction Techniques Are Associated With Fewer Complications Than Open Reductions in Treating Moderately Displaced Pediatric Lateral Humeral Condyle Fractures: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Tippabhatla Abhishek , Torres-Izquierdo Beltran , Pereira Daniel E. , Goldstein Rachel , Sanders Julia , Bellaire Laura , Neal Kevin , Denning Jaime , Hosseinzadeh Pooya
Published: July 2024

Introduction:

Lateral humeral condyle (LC) fractures are the second most common pediatric elbow fractures. Traditionally, displaced fractures have been treated with open reduction although recent studies have demonstrated successful outcomes of closed reduction for similar injuries. This study investigates the outcomes comparing open and closed reduction in a large cohort of children with moderately displaced (Song classification types 1 to 4) lateral humeral condyle fractures.

Methods:

Retrospective data from patients aged between 1 and 12 years treated for lateral condyle fractures was collected from 6 academic level 1 trauma centers between 2005 and 2019. Data was collected on patient demographics, radiographic parameters, reduction type, type of hardware fixation, and fracture patterns. Complications recorded include infections, reoperations for nonunion, osteonecrosis, and elbow stiffness.

Results:

An initial 762 fractures were identified. After excluding Song 5 cases, a total of 480 fractures met inclusion criteria, with 202 (42%) treated with closed reduction and 278 (58%) treated with open reduction. Demographics and injury characteristics were similar across the 2 reduction cohorts. After propensity score matching, delayed healing (52% vs. 28%; OR: 2.88, 95% CI: 1.97-4.22; P<0.0001) and stiffness (22% vs. 10%; OR 2.42, 95% CI: 1.42-4.13; P=0.0012) were significantly higher in the open reduction group. No differences in the rates of infection or nonunion (3% CR and 1% OR) were noted between the 2 groups.

Conclusion:

This study demonstrates that moderately displaced lateral condyle fractures requiring open reduction are more likely to have elbow stiffness and delayed healing when compared with the ones treated with closed reduction. For these reasons, we propose attempting closed reduction techniques as the first line of treatment in moderately displaced lateral humeral condyle fractures (if anatomic articular reduction can be achieved) to attain better patient outcomes.
Diamondback Double-Row Reconstruction with Proximal Modification for the Treatment of Chronic Insertional Achilles Tendinosis
Authors: Desai Sarang
Published: July 2024

Chronic insertional Achilles tendinosis is a common source of posterior heel pain. When nonoperative treatment fails, surgical procedures include debridement of unhealthy tissue, enthesophytes, and Haglund’s deformity. This surgical procedure often entails detaching the Achilles tendon from its insertion, followed by a reconstructive procedure to re-attach the Achilles tendon to the bone. Most common double-row repairs involve 2 proximal and 2 distal anchors with crossing sutures. This technique may have several limitations, including the proximal portion of the tendon not being compressed to bone and the lack of complete coverage of the distal Achilles insertion. This paper describes a new double-row technique to address these potential shortcomings, aiming for a more biomechanically favorable repair with a quicker functional recovery. The method and 1-year outcomes from a series of 33 patients are described.

Level of Evidence: Level IV.