bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Christian Civilizations
Authors: Norris Frederick W.
Published: January 2012

The subject of Christian civilization often comes up in either discussions or debates about the quality of what Christians have produced when compared with Muslim civilization, Hindu civilization, Buddhist civilization, etc. Some compare western scientific civilization with what believers of different religions have created. Many, if asked about Christian civilization, will respond with a description of western Christendom. It began no later than the 4th century, probably much earlier with the Apologists of the 2nd century. Although it no longer represents the majority of world Christian believers, it recognizably exists and maintains itself with varying degrees of effectiveness at least in North America, Europe, and parts of Latin America. A large part of historical Christian mission has been involved in transplanting this civilization within various areas of the globe. For instance, the Basilica of our Lady of Peace of Yamous‐soukro in the Ivory Coast, one of the ten largest church buildings in the world, strongly resembles Rome's Vatican. The present encyclopedia is in many ways formed by that definition and the particulars that give it substance. Such presentations are meant to show that Christianity has been able to build and sustain strong civilization.
Seventh Day Baptists
Authors: Hasel Frank M.
Published: January 2012

Seventh Day Baptists (SDB) are Christian Baptists who continue to observe the Sabbath on the seventh day of the week, which is Saturday. SDB have ten statements of belief even though they have no binding creed as a denomination. Most local SDB congregations have their own statement of belief.
Latter Rain Movement
Authors: Knowles Brett
Published: January 2012

The Latter Rain movement was a radically independent Pentecostal movement, originating from an outbreak of revivalism in North Battleford, Saskatchewan, Canada in 1948. Although initially opposed by major Pentecostal denominations, it had a worldwide impact, influencing hundreds of autonomous “revival churches” in the 1950s and 1960s and contributing to the emergence of the Charismatic movement in the 1960s and 1970s.
Mechanical Strength of Silicon Wafers Cut by Loose Abrasive Slurry and Fixed Abrasive Diamond Wire Sawing
Authors: Wu Hao , Melkote Shreyes N. , Danyluk Steven
Published: January 2012

This paper reports on the mechanical strength of polycrystalline silicon wafers cut by loose abrasive slurry and fixed abrasive diamond wire sawing processes. Four line bending and biaxial flexure tests are used to evaluate the fracture strength of the wafers. Fracture strength of the wafers depends on the location, size, and orientation of microcracks in the silicon wafer and the distribution and magnitude of applied stresses. Measurement of microcracks at the wafer edge and center shows that edge cracks are typically larger than center cracks. Fixed abrasive diamond wire sawn wafers are found to have a higher crack density but smaller average crack length. Wafer fracture in four line bending is found to be primarily due to the propagation of edge cracks while center cracks are found to be the primary cause of wafer failure in biaxial flexure tests. Fracture mechanics based analyses demonstrate that crack orientation plays a significant role in four line bending, but not in biaxial flexure. Correlations of the wafer fracture strength and critical crack length agree well with microcrack measurements. The fracture strength of diamond cut wafers is found to be comparable or superior to the strength of slurry cut wafers.
Efficient Transparent Thin Dye Solar Cells Based on Highly Porous 1D Photonic Crystals
Authors: Colodrero Silvia , Forneli Amparo , López‐López Carmen , Pellejà Laia , Míguez Hernán , Palomares Emilio
Published: January 2012

A working electrode design based on a highly porous 1D photonic crystal structure that opens the path towards high photocurrents in thin, transparent, dye‐sensitized solar cells is presented. By enlarging the average pore size with respect to previous photonic crystal designs, the new working electrode not only increases the device photocurrent, as predicted by theoretical models, but also allows the observation of an unprecedented boost of the cell photovoltage, which can be attributed to structural modifications caused during the integration of the photonic crystal. These synergic effects yield conversion efficiencies of around 3.5% by using just 2 μm thick electrodes, with enhancements between 100% and 150% with respect to reference cells of the same thickness.
Surnames in Chile: A study of the population of Chile through isonymy
Authors: Barrai I. , Rodriguez‐Larralde A. , Dipierri J. , Alfaro E. , Acevedo N. , Mamolini E. , Sandri M. , Carrieri A. , Scapoli C.
Published: January 2012

In Chile, the Hispanic dual surname system is used. To describe the isonymic structure of this country, the distribution of 16,277,255 surnames of 8,178,209 persons was studied in the 15 regions, the 54 provinces, and the 346 communes of the nation. The number of different surnames found was 72,667. Effective surname number (Fisher's α) for the entire country was 309.0, the average for regions was 240.8 ± 17.6, for provinces 209.2 ± 8.9, and for communes 178.7 ± 4.7. These values display a variation of inbreeding between administrative levels in the Chilean population, which can be attributed to the ‘Prefecture effect’ of Nei and Imaizumi. Matrices of isonymic distances between units within administrative levels were tested for correlation with geographic distance. The correlations were highest for provinces (r = 0.630 ± 0.019 for Euclidean distance) and lowest for communes (r = 0.366 ± 0.009 for Lasker's). The geographical distribution of the first three‐dimensions of the Euclidean distance matrix suggests that population diffusion may have taken place from the north of the country toward the center and south. The prevalence of European plus European‐Amerindian (95.4%) over Amerindian ethnicity (4.6%, CIA World Factbook) is compatible with diffusion of Caucasian groups over a low‐density area populated by indigenous groups. The significant excess of maternal over paternal indigenous surnames indicates some asymmetric mating between nonAmerindian and Amerindian Chileans. The available studies of Y‐markers and mt‐markers are in agreement with this asymmetry. In the present work, we investigate the Chilean population with the aim of detecting its structure through the study of isonymy (Crow and Mange,1965) in the three administrative levels of the nation, namely 15 regions, 54 provinces, and 346 communes. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ancient‐to‐modern secular changes in Korean stature
Authors: Shin Dong Hoon , Oh Chang Seok , Kim Yi‐Suk , Hwang Young‐il
Published: January 2012

Statural growth in human populations is a sensitive indicator of socio‐economic well‐being, and improvements in socio‐economic status are reflected in secular increases in adult height. In the present study, we investigated the statures of historical Korean societies to show how stature changed over time. Applying Fujii's equation, derived from modern Japanese, to the measurement of femora removed from 15th‐ to 19th‐century Joseon tombs, the average heights of Korean adults during the Joseon dynasty were estimated to be 161.1 ± 5.6 cm and 148.9 ± 4.6 cm for males and females, respectively. Plotting statures for successive historical societies against time revealed that Korean heights remained relatively unchanged through to the end of the 19th century, a pattern that differs from that seen in many Western countries in which stature transiently decreases after the Middle Ages. In contrast, a sharp increase in Korean stature was observed at the beginning of the 20th century, similar to trends seen in other nations (although exact timing varies in different countries). There were no accompanying changes of stature sexual dimorphism. The data reported in this study reflect the unique historical experience of Korea; the relative isolation of Joseon society, the late onset of modernization (at the end of the 19th century), and the later occurrence of industrialization (during the 1960s). Am J Phys Anthropol, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Technical note: Interpreting stable carbon isotopes in human tooth enamel: An examination of tissue spacings from South Africa
Authors: Loftus Emma , Sealy Judith
Published: January 2012

Stable isotope analysis of skeletal tissues is widely used in archeology and paleoanthropology to reconstruct diet. In material that is poorly preserved or very old, the tissue of choice is frequently tooth enamel, since this is less susceptible to diagenesis. The relationships between carbon isotope ratios in tooth enamel (δ13Cenamel), bone collagen (δ13Ccollagen), and bone apatite (δ13Cbone apatite) are, however, not well understood. To elucidate these, we have measured all three indicators in archeological humans from the western and southern Cape coastal regions of South Africa. The correlation between δ13Cenamel and δ13Ccollagen is good (R2 = 0.71 if two outliers are excluded, n = 79). The correlation between δ13Cenamel and δ13Cbone apatite is weaker (R2= 0.37, n = 33) possibly due to bone diagenesis. No systematic offset between δ13Cbone apatite and δ13Cenamel was observed in this sample of archeological humans. Intertooth comparisons of δ13Cenamel in three individuals showed little variation, despite the different ages of crown formation. Carbon isotope ratios in both enamel and bone collagen are good proxies for δ13Cdiet. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Allene in katalytischer asymmetrischer Synthese und Naturstoffsynthese
Authors: Yu Shichao , Ma Shengming
Published: January 2012

Allene – Verbindungen mit zwei benachbarten CC‐Bindungen – bilden die einfachste Klasse unter den Cumulenen. Sie verfügen über außergewöhnliche physikalische und chemische Eigenschaften und sind aussichtsreich für Anwendungen in der modernen organischen Chemie. Hier werden Fortschritte in katalytischen asymmetrischen Synthesen und Naturstoffsynthesen erörtert, die auf wohlbekannten Reaktionen von Allenen beruhen: Propargylierungen, Additionen, Cycloadditionen, Cycloisomerisierungen, Cyclisierungen und weitere Reaktionen können sowohl mit als auch ohne Katalysator(en) gelingen. Durch die vielseitige Reaktivität und Substituierbarkeit, die mögliche Übertragung der Achsenchiralität auf ein Chiralitätszentrum und die steuerbare Selektivität können effiziente Wege zu molekularen Zielverbindungen entworfen werden. In diesem Aufsatz haben wir die wichtigsten Themen anhand von ausgewählten Beispielen aus den Jahren 2003 bis 2011 illustriert.
The hierarchical structure of water‐assisted injection molded high density polyethylene: Small angle X‐ray scattering study
Authors: Liu Xianhu , Zheng Guoqiang , Jia Zhenhua , Li Songwei , Liu Chenggang , Zhang Yang , Shao Chunguang , Dai Kun , Liu Baochen , Zhang Qinxing , Wang Songjie , Liu Chuntai , Chen Jingbo , Peng Xiangfang , Shen Changyu
Published: January 2012

High density polyethylene (HDPE) was molded by a new polymer processing method, that is, water‐assisted injection molding (WAIM), and its hierarchical structure was studied by two‐dimensional small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS). For comparison, the hierarchical structure of HDPE molded by conventional injection molding (CIM) was also characterized. The result shows that the WAIM part exhibits a distinct skin‐core‐water channel structure which is different from the skin‐core structure for the CIM part. In the skin layer of both WAIM and CIM parts, the shish‐kebab structure was formed due to the shear stress brought by melt filling, but the lamellar orientation parameter of CIM part is smaller than that of WAIM part. The spherulites with random lamellar orientation are dominant at the core of both parts owing to the low cooling rate and feeble shear stress therein. Interestingly, the shish structure and the lamellae with low level of orientation can be found at the water channel layer of WAIM part. They are attributed to the shear stress brought by water penetration. Moreover, the lamellar orientation parameter in water channel layer is smaller than that of skin layer. In addition, the long period of WAIM part first increases and then decreases with the elevating distance from the skin surface, while that of CIM part tends to increase monotonously. In a word, one can conclude that the rapid cooling rate and shear brought by the injected water have significant influence on the structural evolution for the WAIM part. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Comparative SAXS study of heated and alkali‐treated sisal fibers
Authors: Khan Md. N. , Bisoyi D. K. , Shukla J.
Published: January 2012

The present investigation deals with the fine structural characteristics of heated and alkali‐treated sisal fiber using small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) technique for nonideal two‐phase systems. The SAXS intensities of heated and alkali‐treated sisal fibers deviate from Porod's law, indicating that the samples belong to nonideal two‐phase systems characterized by continuous variation of electron density at the phase boundary. The macromolecular parameters such as the average periodicity transverse to layers, specific inner surface, volume fractions of void and matter phases, and so on of the samples were evaluated by using one‐ and three‐dimensional correlation functions, which reveal all the information concealed in the slit smeared SAXS patterns. As all the samples under our purview of study have two‐phase structure with diffuse phase boundaries, the average thickness of the transition region have been determined. This analysis throws some light on the structural changes that occurred in the dewaxed sisal fiber treated by NaOH solutions and subject to heat treatments. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Synthesis, film morphology, and performance of cationic fluorinated polyacrylate emulsion with core‐shell structure
Authors: Xu Wei , An Qiufeng , Hao Lifen , Huang Liangxian
Published: January 2012

A novel cationic fluorinated polyacrylate emulsion (CFBDH) was prepared by polymerization of dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate (DFMA) with butyl acrylate (BA), dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DM), and 2‐hydroxypropyl acrylate (HpA) via seeded emulsion polymerization. Chemical structure, particle morphology, glass transition temperature, and thermal property of resultant CFBDH were characterized by FTIR, 1H‐NMR, TEM, DSC, and TGA, respectively. The as‐synthesized product was utilized to treat the clean glass sheet and cotton fabric substrates, then morphology, components, hydrophobicity, and other performances of films on those substrates were investigated by SEM, AFM, XPS, and contact angle meter, etc. Results show that the target product possesses anticipative structure and its latex particles have uniform spherical core‐shell structure with an average diameter of 126 nm. The core‐shell CFBDH latex film thus has two Tg and its thermal property has been improved due to the introduction of fluorine‐containing acrylate monomer. The CFBDH film on cotton fabric surface seems to be smooth compared to the blank by SEM. However, the CFBDH film on silicon‐wafer is inhomogeneous and has many low or high peaks. At 2 nm data scale and in 1 μm2 scanning field, the root mean square roughness of CFBDH film reaches to 0.205 nm. XPS analysis indicates the perfluoroalkyl groups have the tendency to enrich at the film‐air interface. In addition, CFBDH can provide good hydrophobicity for the treated fabric and do not influence whiteness of the treated fabric indeed. However it will make the treated fabric slightly stiff at high doses. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Effects of electron beam irradiation on the structure–property behavior of blends based on low density polyethylene and styrene‐ethylene‐butylene‐styrene‐block copolymers
Authors: Senna Magdy M. H. , Abdel‐Moneam Yasser K. , Hussein Yousry A. , Alarifi Abdallah
Published: January 2012

Low density polyethylene (LDPE) blends with different additives were exposed to various doses of electron beam irradiation. The additives used were styrene‐ethylene‐butylene‐styrene‐block copolymers (SEBS), styrene‐ethylene‐butylene‐styrene‐block copolymer grafted with maleic anhydride (SEBS‐g‐MA) and mineral compounds. The structure–property behavior of electron beam irradiated blends was characterized in terms of mechanical, thermal, and electrical resistivity properties. The results indicated that the unirradiated LDPE blends with the different compositions showed improved mechanical properties, thermal and volume resistivity properties than pure LDPE. However, the improvement in properties of unirradiated blends by using SEBS‐g‐MA was higher than using SEBS copolymer. Further improvement in the mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of the LDPE blends was achieved after electron beam irradiation. The limited oxygen index (LOI) data revealed that the LDPE/SEBS‐g‐MA/ATH blend was changed from combustible to self‐extinguishing material after electron beam irradiation to a dose of 100 kGy. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Degradation of electrospun poly(L‐lactide) membranes under cyclic loading
Authors: Zhao Yunhui , Qiu Dapeng , Yang Yanfang , Tang Gongwen , Fan Yubo , Yuan Xiaoyan
Published: January 2012

Because of the great effect of mechanical loads on degradation of biodegradable biomaterials, investigation on degradation of electrospun membranes under dynamic loading is of importance. In this article, degradation of electrospun poly(L‐lactide) (PLLA) membranes was carried out in a Tris‐HCl buffer solution containing proteinase K under a cyclic stretch loading (dynamic condition) in comparison with that in shaking water bath (static condition). The evolutions of mass loss, morphology, thermal properties, and relative molecular weight of PLLA were monitored during degradation. The results showed that after degradation for 10 h, the mass of the electrospun PLLA membranes dropped by 38.7% and 31.3%, respectively, under dynamic and static conditions. And the electrospun PLLA membranes showed higher value of crystallinity during degradation under both cyclic loading and static condition. In addition, benzyl triethyl ammonium chloride (BTEAC) was introduced during electrospinning, and the effects of electrospun membranes characteristic and crystallinity on degradation were also investigated. The degradation study results are expected to be a basic study in mimicking actually mechanical environments. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 124:258–266, 2012
Hydrolytic degradation of poly(L‐lactic acid): Combined effects of UV treatment and crystallization
Authors: Tsuji Hideto , Shimizu Kenta , Sato Yoshihiro
Published: January 2012

Amorphous and crystallized poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA) films were prepared and the hydrolytic degradation of the ultraviolet (UV)‐treated and UV‐nontreated films was investigated. This study reveals that the combination of UV and thermal treatments can produce the PLLA materials having different hydrolytic degradation profiles and that the UV‐irradiation in the environment will affect the design of recycling process for PLLA articles. In an early stage, the degrees of hydrolytic degradation monitored by weight loss (Wloss), number‐average molecular weight (M
n), and melting temperature (T
m) were higher for the UV‐treated films than for the UV‐nontreated films. In a late stage, the trend traced by Wloss was reversed, and the difference in the degrees of hydrolytic degradation between the UV‐treated and UV‐nontreated films monitored by M
n and T
m became smaller, with the exception of the degrees of hydrolytic degradation of the amorphous films traced by T
m. Also, in the early stage, the degrees of hydrolytic degradation monitored by Wloss and M
n were higher for the crystallized films than for the amorphous films. In the late stage, this trend was reversed, with the exception of the degrees of hydrolytic degradation of the UV‐treated films monitored by M
n. The main factors that determined the Wloss and T
m were the molecular weight and initial crystallinty but not the molecular structures such as terminal CC double bonds and crosslinks. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Determining molecular weight scale and molecular weight distribution of ethylene‐tetrafluoroethylene alternating copolymer via a rheological technique
Authors: Chen Xiao‐Yong , Zhang Yong‐Ming
Published: January 2012

A self‐scaling rheology‐based technique was developed to determine the molecular weight (MW) and molecular weight distribution (MWD) of ethylene‐tetrafluoroethylene alternating copolymer (ETFE). The self‐scaling technique makes determining MW and MWD with isolated completely rheological method possible. Moreover, the two key parameters (the plateau modulus and zero‐shear viscosity) were obtained by more robust numerical technique, which let determining MW and MWD via rheological method initiated by Tuminello [Macromolecules 1993, 26, 499] being building on more robust and rigid basis. Our case overcomes the shortage of Tuminello's method and gives more practical and simply mean to analyze the MW scale and MWD in the production and application of ETFE. It is found that the peak MW of a ETFE (commercial grade: EP541) is 1.73 × 105 g/mol, the MWD curve is a pattern with a slightly raised “shoulder” at high‐molecular mass end, and a high peak on the median and the polydispersity is broad (the polydispersity index is near to 10.3). The wide polydispersity indicates the commercial ETFE combining good processability of relative lower MW molecules with physical properties of high MW ones. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Highly aligned electrospun nanofibers by elimination of the whipping motion
Authors: Kiselev Pavel , Rosell‐Llompart Joan
Published: January 2012

This work shows how elimination of the whipping motion of electrospinning fibers leads to nearly perfect alignment of fibers collected onto fast‐rotating cylindrical collectors. The whipping motion is eliminated by using lower and more uniform electrical fields than are typically used in electrospinning practice and by pulling the fiber mechanically by the collector. Two types of polymeric fibers, solid fibers of poly(ethylene oxide) and porous fibers of polystyrene, are collected at collector surface speeds ranging from 2 to 15 m/s, showing a rapid transition from either nonaligned or wavy fibers, to straight fibers with nearly perfect alignment (over 95% of the fibers within 1° and 100% within 4°). Very high collection speeds lead to worsening of alignment, apparently because of air turbulence created by the cylinder rotation. The degree of fiber stretching is quantified as a function of the collector surface speed. A 50% decrease in average diameter is measured for PEO fibers, while for porous PS fibers; it decreases by <30% over the same range in collection speed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Spontaneous Healing Capacity of Calvarial Bone Defects inmdxMice
Authors: Nakagaki Wilson Romero , Camilli José Angelo
Published: January 2012

Themdxmouse is an experimental model widely used for the study of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, which is characterized by the lack of dystrophin and cycles of muscle degeneration/regeneration. Studies demonstrated elevated levels of growth factors and accelerated skin wound repair in these animals. We therefore raised the hypothesis that the bone repair process might also be altered in these animals. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the spontaneous healing of calvarial defects inmdxmice by histomorphometric analysis. Animals (45 days old) were divided intomdxand control groups. A defect measuring 2 mm in diameter was produced surgically in the right parietal bone of each animal. The animals were sacrificed 15, 30, and 60 days after surgery, and the skulls were processed by routine histological procedures. No difference in the volume of new bone inside the defect was observed between the two groups at any of the three postoperative time points. There was also no difference between the different periods of healing when each group was analyzed separately. The lower quality of femoral and calvarial bone inmdxmice reported in previous studies and the similar bone regeneration rates seen in two groups suggest that the healing capacity of calvarial defects was more expressive inmdxmice than in control animals. An increase in the amount of osteogenic factors released by damaged myofibers may have favored osteogenesis during bone defect healing inmdxmice. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Histological and Ultrastructural Characteristics of the Primordial Vomeronasal Organ in Lungfish
Authors: Nakamuta Shoko , Nakamuta Nobuaki , Taniguchi Kazumi , Taniguchi Kazuyuki
Published: January 2012

Many vertebrates have two anatomically distinct olfactory organs—the olfactory epithelium and the vomeronasal organ—to detect chemicals such as general odorants and pheromones in their environment. The vomeronasal organ is not present in fish but is present in vertebrates of a higher order than amphibians. Among all extant fishes, the lungfish is considered to be genetically and phylogenetically closest to tetrapods. In this study, we examined the olfactory organs of African lungfish, Protopterus annectens, by lectin histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy. Two types of sensory epithelia were identified in the olfactory organ—the olfactory epithelium covering the surface of lamellae and the sensory epithelium lining the recesses both at the base of lamellae and in the wall of the nasal sac—and designated here as the lamellar olfactory epithelium and the recess epithelium, respectively. Based on analysis of G‐protein expression and ultrastructure, the lamellar olfactory epithelium resembled the olfactory epithelium of ordinary teleosts and the recess epithelium resembled the vomeronasal organ of tetrapods. Furthermore, lectin histochemistry demonstrated that the axons from the recess epithelium converge and project to the ventrolateral part of the olfactory bulb, suggesting that lungfish possess a region homologous to the accessory olfactory bulb of tetrapods. Based on these results, it seems appropriate to refer to the recess epithelium as “a primordium of the vomeronasal organ.” This study may provide important clues to elucidate how the vomeronasal organ emerged during the evolution of vertebrates. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of A2B6‐Type [36]Octaphyrins: Copper(II)‐Metalation‐Induced Fragmentation Reactions to Porphyrins and N‐Fusion Reactions of meso‐(3‐Thienyl) Substituents
Authors: Mori Hirotaka , Aratani Naoki , Osuka Atsuhiro
Published: January 2012

5,10,15‐Tris(pentafluorophenyl)tetrapyrromethane was efficiently prepared through a route involving stepwise diaroylation of 5‐pentafluorophenyldipyrromethane. A2B6‐type [36]octaphyrins were prepared by the cross condensation of the tetrapyrromethane with aryl aldehydes in moderate yields. A2B6‐type [36]octaphyrins bearing 2,4,6‐trifluorophenyl, 2,6‐dichlorophenyl, and phenyl substituents underwent CuII‐metalation‐induced fragmentation to give two molecules of AB3‐type CuII porphyrins. A2B6‐type [36]octaphyrin bearing 3‐thienyl substituents underwent thermal N‐thienyl fusion reactions to provide a modestly aromatic [38]octaphyrin, which, upon treatment with MnO2, underwent further N‐thienyl fusion and subsequent oxidation to give a nonaromatic doubly N‐thienyl fused [36]octaphyrin.
Knockdown of HMGA1 expression by short/small hairpin RNA inhibits growth of ovarian carcinoma cells
Authors: Liu Yinglan , Wang Yingwei , Zhang Yaling , Fu Jianhua , Zhang Guangmei
Published: January 2012

The aim of the current study was to investigate the influence of downregulating high‐mobility group protein A1 (HMGA1) on the tumor gene and the mechanisms underlying the antitumor of HMGA1. The efficient short/small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) of HMGA1 were constructed and transfected into human ovarian carcinoma OVCAR cells. The changes were identified by reverse transcription PCR (RT‐PCR), Western blotting, methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium, and invasion assay. The knockdown of HMGA1 expression in OVCAR cells could obviously change cell morphology, decrease cell proliferation, and reduce invasion in vitro. BALB/C nude mice injected with OVCAR cells transfected HMGA1 shRNA showed a significantly lower tumor weight and volume than those in the control group. Taken together, HMGA1 knockdown could reduce the growth and metastasis potentials of OVCAR cells.
Prevalence of desloratadine poor metabolizer phenotype in healthy Jordanian males
Authors: Hakooz Nancy , Salem Isam I.
Published: January 2012

Purpose

To study the prevalence of desloratadine slow metabolizer phenotype among a group of healthy Jordanian male volunteers.

Methods

A total of 62 healthy Jordanian male volunteers were included in this study. A single 5 mg desloratadine oral tablet was given and blood samples were taken to determine the desloratadine and 3‐hydroxydesloratadine (3‐OH‐desloratadine) concentrations using a specific liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometric method (LC/MS/MS). The determination of pharmacokinetic parameters of all the individuals was determined by using Kinetica® program version 4.1. Poor metabolizers or slow metabolizers of desloratadine were determined as individuals having a 3‐OH‐desloratadine to desloratadine exposure ratio lower than 10% or a desloratadine half‐life ≥ 50 h.

Results

Among the 62 volunteers who participated in the study there were only two volunteers who were labeled as desloratadine slow metabolizers, giving a prevalence of 3.2%. The maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) were similar in the extensive and slow metabolizers groups but a longer time (tmax) was needed to achieve this concentration in one of the volunteers who was a desloratadine slow metabolizer.

Conclusion

The incidence of the poor metabolizer phenotype of desloratadine in the Jordanian population studied is similar to certain ethnic groups (e.g. Asian, Caucasians and Hispanic); however, it is lower than other populations (e.g. American Indians and Black). Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Utility of a physiologically–based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling approach to quantitatively predict a complex drug–drug–disease interaction scenario for rivaroxaban during the drug review process: implications for clinical practice
Authors: Grillo Joseph A. , Zhao Ping , Bullock Julie , Booth Brian P. , Lu Min , Robie‐Suh Kathy , Berglund Eva Gil , Pang K. Sandy , Rahman Atiqur , Zhang Lei , Lesko Lawrence J. , Huang Shiew‐Mei
Published: January 2012

Background

Rivaroxaban is an oral Factor Xa inhibitor. The primary objective of this communication was to quantitatively predict changes in rivaroxaban exposure when individuals with varying degrees of renal impairment are co‐administered with another drug that is both a P‐gp and a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor.

Methods

A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed to simulate rivaroxaban pharmacokinetics in young (20–45 years) or older (55–65 years) subjects with normal renal function, mild, moderate and severe renal impairment, with or without concomitant use of the combined P‐gp and moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor, erythromycin.

Results

The simulations indicate that combined factors (i.e., renal impairment and the use of erythromycin) have a greater impact on rivaroxaban exposure than expected when the impact of these factors are considered individually. Compared with normal young subjects taking rivaroxaban, concurrent mild, moderate or severe renal impairment plus erythromycin resulted in 1.9‐, 2.4‐ or 2.6‐fold increase in exposure, respectively in young subjects; and 2.5‐, 2.9‐ or 3.0‐fold increase in exposure in older subjects.

Conclusions

These simulations suggest that a drug–drug–disease interaction is possible, which may significantly increase rivaroxaban exposure and increase bleeding risk. These simulations render more mechanistic insights as to the possible outcomes and allow one to reach a decision to add cautionary language to the approved product labeling for rivaroxaban. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unusual formation of the median nerve associated with the third head of biceps brachii
Authors: Ongeti Kevin , Pulei Anne , Ogeng'o Julius , Saidi Hassan
Published: January 2012

Unilateral variations in the formation of the median nerve, with the presence of the third head of the biceps brachii entrapping the nerve are very rare. These variations were observed on the right side, of a 30‐year‐old male cadaver during routine dissection at the Department of Human Anatomy, University of Nairobi. The median nerve was formed by the union of three contributions; two from the lateral cord and one from the medial cord. An additional head of the biceps brachii looped over the formed median nerve. On the left side, the median nerve was formed classically by single contributions from the medial and the lateral cords. These variations are clinically important because symptoms of high median nerve compression arising from similar formations are often confused with more common causes such as radiculopathy and carpal tunnel syndrome. Clin. Anat. 25:961–962, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
“Choke” vessels between vascular territories of the abdominal wall: Literature review and rare case of Leriche's syndrome
Authors: Ye Xuan , Rozen Warren M. , Alonso‐Burgos Alberto , Ashton Mark W.
Published: January 2012

We undertook a review of the anatomical changes of “choke” vessels between the internal thoracic artery (ITA) and deep inferior epigastric artery (DIEA), as highlighted by a case of aortoiliac occlusive disease (Leriche's syndrome), and discuss the physiological concepts observed with regard to surgical delay procedures within the abdominal wall performed prior to abdominal cutaneous free flaps and coronary artery bypass grafting. Computed tomographic angiography (CTA) was undertaken on a patient with a rare case of Leriche's syndrome and a literature review of over 200 references on the anatomy, physiology and clinical uses of choke vessels in the abdominal wall was undertaken. The CTA demonstrated that in patients with Leriche's syndrome, there is a marked dilatation of all ITA‐DIEA pathways and increased flow through choke vessels. If these changes can be surgically replicated in the form of a delay procedure for patients seeking to undergo autologous breast construction, this could improve the outcomes of abdominal cutaneous free flaps and coronary artery bypass grafting. We accordingly propose three surgical methods for augmenting blood flow to the abdominal wall: a) ligation of the DIEA; b) ligation of the distal ITA; and c) creation of an arterio‐venous fistulae in the DIEA. Our review of the literature confirmed the viability of these propositions. The dilatation of choke vessels in response to increased haemodynamic stress may thus be utilised to enhance blood supply to tissues prior to transfer and can be achieved through simple and minimally invasive methods. Clin. Anat. 25:998–1004, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Myxobacterial Compounds Spirangien A and Spirangien M522 Are Potent Inhibitors of IL‐8 Expression
Authors: Reboll Marc René , Ritter Birgit , Sasse Florenz , Niggemann Jutta , Frank Ronald , Nourbakhsh Mahtab
Published: January 2012

Elevated expression of interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) has been implicated in inflammatory diseases, in tumor growth, and in angiogenesis. The aim of this study was to identify natural or synthetic compounds that suppress IL‐8 production in response to interleukin‐1 (IL‐1), the natural inflammatory stimulus of the IL‐8 gene. We therefore developed an IL‐1‐inducible cell‐based screening assay by stable integration of an IL‐8 reporter gene into HeLa S3 cells. The screening of heterogeneous compound libraries revealed several compounds that displayed an inhibitory effect on the reporter gene expression. Following hit validation, we focused on the most efficient compound, spirangien A, and its chemical derivate spirangien M522. Detailed analysis shows that both compounds are potent inhibitors of the endogenous IL‐8 gene transcription. Furthermore, both compounds decelerate the phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα, the key regulator of the IL‐1‐stimulated NF‐κB signaling pathway. Our study has identified the two spirangiens A and M522 as potent inhibitors of IL‐1/NF‐κB‐mediated IL‐8 gene expression.
Stereoselective Hydride Transfer by Aryl‐Alcohol Oxidase, a Member of the GMC Superfamily
Authors: Hernández‐Ortega Aitor , Ferreira Patricia , Merino Pedro , Medina Milagros , Guallar Victor , Martínez Angel T.
Published: January 2012

Primary alcohol oxidation by aryl‐alcohol oxidase (AAO), a flavoenzyme providing H2O2 to ligninolytic peroxidases, is produced by concerted proton and hydride transfers, as shown by substrate and solvent kinetic isotope effects (KIEs). Interestingly, when the reaction was investigated with synthesized (R)‐ and (S)‐α‐deuterated p‐methoxybenzyl alcohol, a primary KIE (≈6) was observed only for the R enantiomer, revealing that the hydride transfer is highly stereoselective. Docking of p‐methoxybenzyl alcohol at the buried crystal active site, together with QM/MM calculations, showed that this stereoselectivity is due to the position of the hydride‐ and proton‐receiving atoms (flavin N5 and His502 Nε, respectively) relative to the alcohol Cα‐substituents, and to the concerted nature of transfer (the pro‐S orientation corresponding to a 6 kcal mol−1 penalty with respect to the pro‐R orientation). The role of His502 is supported by the lower activity (by three orders of magnitude) of the H502A variant. The above stereoselectivity was also observed, although activities were much lower, in AAO reactions with secondary aryl alcohols (over 98 % excess of the R enantiomer after treatment of racemic 1‐(p‐methoxyphenyl)ethanol, as shown by chiral HPLC) and especially with use of the F501A variant. This variant has an enlarged active site that allow better accommodation of the α‐substituents, resulting in higher stereoselectivity (S/R ratios) than is seen with AAO. High enantioselectivity in a member of the GMC oxidoreductase superfamily is reported for the first time, and shows the potential for engineering of AAO for deracemization purposes.
A benchmark spike‐in data set for biomarker identification in metabolomics
Authors: Franceschi Pietro , Masuero Domenico , Vrhovsek Urska , Mattivi Fulvio , Wehrens Ron
Published: January 2012

The development and the validation of innovative approaches for biomarker selection are of paramount importance in many ‐omics technologies. Unfortunately, the actual testing of new methods on real data is difficult, because in real data sets, one can never be sure about the “true” biomarkers. In this paper, we present a publicly available metabolomic ultra performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry spike‐in data set for apples. The data set consists of 10 control samples and three spiked sets of the same size, where naturally occurring compounds are added in different concentrations. In this sense, the data set can serve as a test bed to assess the performance of new algorithms and compare them with previously published results.

We illustrate some of the possibilities provided by this spike‐in data set by comparing the performance of two popular biomarker‐selection methods, the univariate t‐test and the multivariate variable importance in projection. To promote a widespread use of the data, raw data files as well as preprocessed peak lists are made available. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fluorescent Detection of Hypochlorous Acid from Turn‐On to FRET‐Based Ratiometry by a HOCl‐Mediated Cyclization Reaction
Authors: Yuan Lin , Lin Weiying , Xie Yinan , Chen Bin , Song Jizeng
Published: January 2012

Hypochlorous acid (HOCl), a reactive oxygen species (ROS), plays a significant biological role in living systems. However, abnormal levels of HOCl are implicated in many inflammation‐associated diseases. Therefore, the detection of HOCl is of great importance. In this work, we describe the HOCl‐promoted cyclization of rhodamine‐thiosemicarbazides to rhodamine‐oxadiazoles, which is then exploited as a novel design strategy for the development of a new fluorescence turn‐on HOCl probe 2. On the basis of the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) signaling mechanism, 2 was further converted into 1 a and 1 b, which represent the first paradigm of FRET‐based ratiometric fluorescent HOCl probes. The outstanding features of 1 a and 1 b include well‐resolved emission peaks, high sensitivity, high selectivity, good functionality at physiological pH, rapid response, low cytotoxicity, and good cell‐membrane permeability. Furthermore, these excellent attributes enable us to demonstrate, for the first time, the ratiometric imaging of endogenously produced HOCl in living cells by using these novel ratiometric probes. We expect that 1 a and 1 b will be useful molecular tools for studies of HOCl biology. In addition, the HOCl‐promoted cyclization reaction of rhodamine‐thiosemicarbazides to rhodamine‐oxadiazoles should be widely applicable for the development of different types of fluorescent HOCl probes.
Visible‐Light‐Induced Selective Photocatalytic Aerobic Oxidation of Amines into Imines on TiO2
Authors: Lang Xianjun , Ma Wanhong , Zhao Yubao , Chen Chuncheng , Ji Hongwei , Zhao Jincai
Published: January 2012

Imines are important intermediates for the synthesis of fine chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and agricultural chemicals. Selective oxidation of amines into their corresponding imines with dioxygen is one of the most‐fundamental chemical transformations. Herein, we report the oxidation of a series of benzylic amines into their corresponding imines with atmospheric dioxygen as the oxidant on a surface of anatase TiO2 under visible‐light irradiation (λ>420 nm). The visible‐light response of this system was caused by the formation of a surface complex through the adsorption of a benzylic amine onto the surface of TiO2. From the analysis of products of specially designed benzylic amines, we demonstrated that a highly selective oxygenation reaction proceeds via an oxygen‐transfer mechanism to afford the corresponding carbonyl compound, whose further condensation with an amine would generate the final imine product. We found that when primary benzylic amines (13 examples), were chosen as the substrates, moderate to excellent selectivities for the imine products were achieved (ca. 38–94 %) in moderate to excellent conversion rates (ca. 44–95 %). When secondary benzylic amines (15 examples) were chosen as the substrates, both the corresponding imines and aldehydes were detected as the main products with moderate to high conversion rates (ca. 18–100 %) and lower selectivities for the imine products (ca. 14–69 %). When tribenzylamine was chosen as the substrate, imine (27 %), dibenzylamine (24 %), and benzaldehyde products (39 %) were obtained in a conversion of 50 %. This report can be viewed as a prototypical system for the activation of CH bonds adjacent to heteroatoms such as N, O, and S atoms, and oxofuctionalization with air or dioxygen as the terminal oxidant under visible‐light irradiation using TiO2 as the photocatalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: In Search of Chemical Frustration in the Ca—Cu—Cd System: Chemical Pressure Relief in the Crystal Structures of Ca5Cu2Cd and Ca2Cu2Cd9.
Authors: Harris Nicholas A. , Hadler Amelia B. , Fredrickson Daniel C.
Published: January 2012

Two new compounds in the Ca—Cu—Cd system of nominal composition Ca5Cu2Cd and Ca2Cu2Cd9 are synthesized from nearly stoichiometric mixtures of the elements (1100 °C, 48 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Structure, Bonding, and Phase Relations in Bi2Sn2O7 and Bi2Ti2O7 Pyrochlores: New Insights from High Pressure and High Temperature Studies.
Authors: Salamat Ashkan , Hector Andrew L. , McMillan Paul F. , Ritter Clemens
Published: January 2012

Compression of Bi2Ti2O7 does not result in any phase changes up to about 33 GPa.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal Structures and Properties of the Zintl Phases Sr2ZnP2, Sr2ZnAs2, A2ZnSb2 and A2ZnBi2 (A: Sr and Eu).
Authors: Wilson Dereck K. , Saparov Bayrammurad , Bobev Svilen
Published: January 2012

The title compounds are prepared from the elements using Zn, Pb, or Sn as a flux (900—1000 °C, 20 h).
ChemInform Abstract: HfSb2‐xTex: The Second New Compound on the Quasi‐Binary Section HfSb2—HfTe2 with Different Sb—Sb Interactions.
Authors: Kleinke Katja M. , Assoud Abdeljalil , Kleinke Holger
Published: January 2012

HfSb2‐xTex (0.4 ≤ x ≤ 0.7) is synthesized from the elements (900 °C, 7 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrothermal Descriptive Chemistry and Single Crystal Structure Determination of Cesium and Rubidium Thorium Fluorides.
Authors: Underwood Christopher C. , Mann Matthew , McMillen Colin D. , Kolis Joseph W.
Published: January 2012

The new compounds (III) and (V)—(VII) are structurally characterized using powder and single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Heteroatomic Si/Ge Zintl Clusters: Single‐Crystal Structure Determination of Rb4[Si7.8Ge1.2](NH3)5 and [Rb([18]crown‐6)Rb3] [Si7.5Ge1.5](NH3)4.
Authors: Waibel Markus , Benda Christian B. , Wahl Bernhard , Faessler Thomas F.
Published: January 2012

The ternary Zintl phases K12Si17‐xGex (x = 5, 9, 12) and Rb12Si17‐xGex (x = 1, 5, 9, 12) are prepared from the elements (900 °C, 1 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrothermal Synthesis, Structure Characterization and Catalytic Property of a Zigzag Chain Structural Cluster Compound Built on the Novel Tetra‐Capped and Centered By NiII.
Authors: Yan Dawei , Chen Qi , Xu Yan , Sun Qi , Zhu Dunru , Song You , Elangovan S. P.
Published: January 2012

The novel Mo/W mixed Keggin derivative (IV) is characterized by powder and single crystal XRD, XPS, IR spectroscopy, and magnetic susceptibility measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structural Transformation, Thermal Stability, Valence State, and Magnetic and Electronic Properties of PbNiO3 with Perovskite‐ and LiNbO3‐Type Structures.
Authors: Inaguma Yoshiyuki , Tanaka Kie , Tsuchiya Takeshi , Mori Daisuke , Katsumata Tetsuhiro , Ohba Tomonori , Hiraki Ko‐ichi , Takahashi Toshihiro , Saitoh Hiroyuki
Published: January 2012

The high‐pressure perovskite‐type PbNiO3 phase is obtained from a stoichiometric mixture of β‐PbO2 and NiO (3 GPa, 800 °C, 1 ).
ChemInform Abstract: Ba2Ni3: A Missed Intermetallic Compound.
Authors: Hoehn Peter , Burkhardt Ulrich , Hoffmann Stefan , Jach Franziska , Kniep Ruediger
Published: January 2012

Reinvestigation of the binary system Ba—Ni reveals the existence of the title compound in the temperature range 450—800 °C.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrothermal Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Property of a Barbell‐Like Copper Complex with {(μ‐F)[(μ‐O)2(NbF4)2]} as the Handle Bar.
Authors: Alimaje Kundawlet , Liu Mingguan , Peng Jun , Zhang Pengpeng , Wang Xiang , Zhu Min , Wang Dandan , Meng Cuili
Published: January 2012

The new compound (III) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with Z = 4 (single crystal XRD).
ChemInform Abstract: Quaternary Germanide Arsenides ZrCuGeAs and HfCuGeAs.
Authors: Baergen Alyson M. , Blanchard Peter E. R. , Stoyko Stanislav S. , Mar Arthur
Published: January 2012

The title compounds are prepared by reaction of “ZrCuGe” or “HfCuGe” precursors (obtained by arc melting of the elements) with As at 800 °C for two weeks.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Henry Reaction Catalyzed by a Zn‐Amino Alcohol System.
Authors: Zheng Bing , Wang Min , Li Zhiyuan , Bian Qinghua , Mao Jianyou , Li Shuoning , Liu Shangzhong , Wang Mingan , Zhong Jiangchun , Guo Hongchao
Published: January 2012

Aromatic as well as aliphatic aldehydes undergo the Henry reaction with nitromethane under catalysis of an in situ generated chiral amino alcohol—Zn complex to give the corresponding β‐nitroalcohols in moderate to good enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular Aryne—Ene Reaction: Synthetic and Mechanistic Studies.
Authors: Candito David A. , Panteleev Jane , Lautens Mark
Published: January 2012

A high‐yielding, stereo‐ and regioselective aryne—ene reaction allows the synthesis of cyclized products.