bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seasonal response of air–water CO2 exchange along the land–ocean aquatic continuum of the northeast North American coast.
Authors: Laruelle G. G. , Lauerwald R. , Rotschi J. , Raymond P. A. , Hartmann J. , Regnier P.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. This regional study quantifies the CO2 exchange at the air–water interface along the land–ocean aquatic continuum (LOAC) of the northeast North American coast, from streams to the shelf break. Our analysis explicitly accounts for spatial and seasonal variability in the CO2 fluxes. The yearly integrated budget reveals the gradual change in the intensity of the CO2 exchange at the air–water interface, from a strong source towards the atmosphere in streams and rivers (3.0 ± 0.5 TgC yr−1) and estuaries (0.8 ± 0.5 TgC yr−1) to a net sink in continental shelf waters (−1.7 ± 0.3 TgC yr−1). Significant differences in flux intensity and their seasonal response to climate variations is observed between the North and South sections of the study area, both in rivers and coastal waters. Ice cover, snowmelt, and intensity of the carbon removal efficiency through the estuarine filter are identified as important control factors of the observed spatiotemporal variability in CO2 exchange along the LOAC.
Nitrogen cycling in the Southern Ocean Kerguelen Plateau area: evidence for significant surface nitrification from nitrate isotopic compositions
Authors: Dehairs F. , Fripiat F. , Cavagna A.-J. , Trull T. W. , Fernandez C. , Davies D. , Roukaerts A. , Fonseca Batista D. , Planchon F. , Elskens M.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. This paper presents whole water column data for nitrate N, O isotopic composition for the Kerguelen Plateau area and the basin extending east of Heard Island, aiming at understanding the N-cycling in this naturally iron fertilized area that is characterized by large re-current phytoplankton blooms. The KEOPS 2 expedition (October–November 2011) took place in spring season and complements knowledge gathered during an earlier summer expedition to the same area (KEOPS 1, February–March 2005). As noted by others a remarkable condition of the system is the moderate consumption of nitrate over the season (nitrate remains >20 μM) while silicic acid becomes depleted, suggesting significant recycling of nitrogen. Nitrate isotopic signatures in the upper water column do mimic this condition, with surprising overlap of spring and summer regressions of δ18ONO3 vs. δ15NNO3 isotopic compositions. These regressions obey rather closely the 18ϵ/15ϵ discrimination expected for nitrate uptake (18ϵ/15ϵ = 1), but regression slopes as large as 1.6 were observed for the mixed layer above the Kerguelen Plateau. A preliminarily mass balance calculation for the early bloom period points toward significant nitrification occurring in the mixed layer and which may be equivalent to up to 47% of nitrate uptake above the Kerguelen Plateau. A further finding concerns deep ocean low δ18ONO3 values (<2‰) underlying high chlorophyll waters at the Polar Front Zone and which cannot be explained by remineralization and nitrification of the local particulate nitrogen flux, which is too small in magnitude. However, the studied area is characterized by a complex recirculation pattern that would keep deep waters in the area and could impose a seasonally integrated signature of surface water processes on the deep waters.
Assimilation of Antarctic velocity observations provides evidence for uncharted pinning points
Authors: Fürst J. J. , Durand G. , Gillet-Chaulet F. , Merino N. , Tavard L. , Mouginot J. , Gourmelen N. , Gagliardini O.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. In ice flow modelling, the use of control methods to assimilate the dynamic and geometric state of an ice body has become common practice. These methods have primarily focussed on inverting for one of the two least known properties in glaciology, namely the basal friction coefficient or the ice viscosity parameter. Here, we present an approach to infer both properties simultaneously for the whole of the Antarctic ice sheet. During the assimilation, the root-mean-square deviation between modelled and observed surface velocities is reduced to 12.3 m a−1, with a value of 16.4 m a−1 for the ice shelves. An exception in terms of the velocity mismatch is the Thwaites Glacier ice shelf, where the RMS value attains almost 80 m a−1. The reason is that the underlying BEDMAP2 geometry ignores the presence of an ice rise, that exerts major control on the dynamics of the eastern part of the ice shelf. On these grounds, we suggest an approach to account for pinning points not included in BEDMAP2 by locally allowing an optimisation of basal friction during the inversion. In this way, the velocity mismatch on the Thwaites ice shelf is more than halved. A characteristic velocity mismatch pattern emerges for unaccounted pinning points close to the marine shelf front. This pattern is exploited to manually identify 7 uncharted features around Antarctica that exert significant resistance to the shelf flow. Potential pinning points are detected on Fimbul, West, Shakelton, Nickerson and Venable ice shelves. As pinning points can provide substantial resistance to shelf flow, with considerable consequences if they became ungrounded in the future, the model community is in need of detailed bathymetry there. Our data assimilation points to some of these dynamically important features, not present in BEDMAP2, and implicitly quantifies their relevance.
¿Qué enseñar en la educación obligatoria acerca de la alimentación y la actividad física? Un estudio con expertos
Authors: Pérez de Eulate González Lourdes , Llorente Cámara Enrique , Gavidia Valentín , Caurín Carlos , Martínez Mª José
Published: March 2015

Este trabajo pretende identificar los problemas más relevantes para la educación obligatoria en el campo de la alimentación y la actividad física desde el punto de vista de la educación para la salud. Para ello, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica y una consulta a expertos a través de un estudio Delphi y de un encuentro presencial. Esta combinación ha permitido consensuar entre diferentes sectores profesionales  no solamente una lista de problemas y contenidos competenciales necesarios sino también aquéllos considerados como prescindibles. Los resultados de este estudio permitirán  actualizar la educación  alimentaria en la escuela y replantearse el curriculum desde una perspectiva que integre la enseñanza de ambas áreas desde la promoción de la salud.
Análisis del comportamiento de alumnos expertos resolutores de problemas en el contexto del concurso matemático Pruebas Canguro
Authors: Guinjoan Francisco Marc , Fortuny Aymemí Josep Maria , Rodríguez Ángel Gutiérrez
Published: March 2015

Presentamos resultados de una investigación que analiza las estrategias de estudiantes considerados expertos resolutores de problemas en el contexto del concurso Proves Cangur, con problemas de elección múltiple y tiempo limitado para resolverlos. Nuestro objetivo es entender mejor las estrategias de resolución utilizadas, el uso de las opciones de respuesta y cómo afecta el límite de tiempo a sus estrategias de resolución y a su confianza en las respuestas. Los estudiantes han resuelto dos bloques de problemas, uno en las condiciones del concurso y otro sin estos condicionantes. Establecemos una categorización para el grado de certeza que muestran los estudiantes en sus respuestas. No se observan diferencias importantes en la selección de estrategias ante la presencia o no de opciones de respuesta, pero sí en el porcentaje de aciertos, que concuerdan con diferencias en el nivel de confianza en el momento de dar una solución.
Desafíos planteados por las actividades abiertas de indagación en el laboratorio: articulación de conocimientos teóricos y prácticos en las prácticas científicas
Authors: Crujeiras Pérez Beatriz , Jiménez Aleixandre María Pilar
Published: March 2015

Se analizan las prácticas de contextualización de tres pequeños grupos de alumnado de máster durante la realización de una indagación en el laboratorio que supone la participación en prácticas científicas. El objetivo es examinar los desafíos planteados por una actividad abierta, a través del análisis del proceso de contextualización, es decir de conexión del conocimiento teórico relevante al contexto (cómo evitar el oscurecimiento en las manzanas cortadas), transformándolo en decisiones y acciones prácticas. Los resultados indican las dificultades de los participantes para movilizar los conocimientos teóricos relevantes y articularlos con los conocimientos prácticos. Se discuten implicaciones para el diseño de actividades abiertas que pretendan la inmersión en prácticas científicas, y para planificar el andamiaje.
Número Completo out./dez. 2014 (PDF com Capa e Artigos)
Authors: Rural Extensão
Published: March 2015

Número Completo out./dez. 2014 (PDF com Capa e Artigos)http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2318179617077
Fire Protection Services in Karachi
Authors: Syed Shahid Ali
Published: March 2015

Public services are the active organs of governments facilitating people to a level of comfort. The provision of these services is an essential part for exercising power by a government. Fire protection is also one of the basic public services which plays a significant role in emergencies. Generally, their service brings a relief helping people to come out of a situation of panic and terror. Karachi is a mega city with a population of more than twenty million and about three million households have only twenty two firefighting station set ups, roughly one station to cater to the needs of one million people. This study is a critical evaluation of effectiveness of these services across the city. Slums and high rise structures in the city pose serious problems in the functioning of these services, besides which encroachments along roads, road conditions, lack of protection from law enforcing agencies, low level of awareness of people regarding fire incidence and finally lack of firefighting attributes and government support are the major problems.
Climate Change Impact on Flow Discharge of Kunhar River Catchment using Snowmelt Runoff Model
Authors: Syed Shahid Ali  , Sayed Sanaullah Shah
Published: March 2015

Most of the runoff in Kunhar Catchment is generated from the snowmelt which makes it more sensitive to climate change. The Snowmelt-Runoff Model (SRM), a simple degree-day model, has been applied around the world under different climatic regions to evaluate the hydrological effects of climate change.The current study encompasses the use of Snowmelt-Runoff Model (SRM) to forecast stream flows in Kunhar river catchment depicting three varying climate change scenarios i.e. a) an increase in +2°C temperature b) an increase in +2°C temperature along with 20% increase in precipitation, and c) a 20% increase in precipitation. The study area was distributed with respect to varying altitude with 500 m elevation interval. Moderate resolution Imaging Satellite (MODIS) daily snow product MOD10A1 is used to map snow cover. SRM model was simulated and later climate change run was evaluated. SRM Model was calibrated for 2003 – 2004 and validated for 2005 – 2006 with an average coefficient of 0.93 R2 and average seasonal volume difference Dv of 1.46%. The stimulated results for scenario “b” show an increase of flow discharge by 27%. Whereas, there was 21% and 6% increment in discharge simulated for scenarios “a” and “c” respectively.
Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oil of Lavendula steochs
Authors: Erum Zahir  , Tahira Saleem  , Humaira Siddiqui  , Shaista Naz  , Syed Muhammad Shahid
Published: March 2015

Antioxidant, antimicrobial activities of essential oil from plant Lavendula steochs were studies bykinetics and thermodynamic approach. Hydro-distillation was used for the extraction of oil from the flowers of Lavendula steochs. - Antioxidant activity was performed using DPPH method, in which the IC50 showed that essential oil has good antioxidant activity. Antimicrobial activity has been analyzed against Methicillin-resistant Staphlococcus aureus (MRSA) and Vancomycin-resistant Staphlococcus aureus (VRSA) which shows that Lavendula steochs is found to be effective against MRSA andVRSA. Chemical composition of essential oils were measured by GC-MS and FT-IR techniques and the kinetic & thermodynamic parameters were used for the characterization of essential oils.
Les rôles des clients dans la logistique de distribution des produits
Authors: Goudarzi Kiane , Rouquet Aurélien
Published: March 2015

L’article traite des rôles que les firmes peuvent faire jouer à leurs clients dans la logistique de distribution de leurs produits. Il montre tout d’abord que quatre stratégies d’utilisation du client sont possibles, selon que la firme implique les clients dans la sortie des produits des magasins et/ou leur transport à domicile. L’article souligne ensuite que deux stratégies coexistent, avec d’un côté des firmes qui contraignent les clients à tenir un seul rôle et de l’autre celles qui les laissent libre sur ce plan. Enfin, cinq facteurs permettant de faire un succès des stratégies axées sur le rôle logistique des clients sont mis en exergue.
Le marketing de la collecte de legs. De la légitimité à proposer l’immortalité à la gestion relationnelle
Authors: Rieunier Sophie , Michel Géraldine
Published: March 2015

Associations de solidarité, établissements d’enseignement supérieurs et institutions culturelles ont de plus en plus de besoins financiers et de moins en moins de subventions publiques. La collecte de fonds devient alors fondamentale pour leur survie. Cet article a pour objectif d’identifier les leviers de la collecte de legs à travers une étude qualitative réalisée auprès de 21 professionnels de la collecte. Les résultats montrent le rôle déterminant de la légitimité à « offrir l’immortalité » et l’importance de la relation nouée entre l’organisation et le testateur potentiel. Enfin, les implications organisationnelles et éthiques de la collecte de legs sont identifiées.
Death following traumatic brain injury in Drosophila is associated with intestinal barrier dysfunction
Authors: Katzenberger Rebeccah J , Chtarbanova Stanislava , Rimkus Stacey A , Fischer Julie A , Kaur Gulpreet , Seppala Jocelyn M , Swanson Laura C , Zajac Jocelyn E , Ganetzky Barry , Wassarman David A
Published: March 2015

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Unfavorable TBI outcomes result from primary mechanical injuries to the brain and ensuing secondary non-mechanical injuries that are not limited to the brain. Our genome-wide association study of Drosophila melanogaster revealed that the probability of death following TBI is associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes involved in tissue barrier function and glucose homeostasis. We found that TBI causes intestinal and blood–brain barrier dysfunction and that intestinal barrier dysfunction is highly correlated with the probability of death. Furthermore, we found that ingestion of glucose after a primary injury increases the probability of death through a secondary injury mechanism that exacerbates intestinal barrier dysfunction. Our results indicate that natural variation in the probability of death following TBI is due in part to genetic differences that affect intestinal barrier dysfunction.
The prenyltransferase UBIAD1 is the target of geranylgeraniol in degradation of HMG CoA reductase
Authors: Schumacher Marc M , Elsabrouty Rania , Seemann Joachim , Jo Youngah , DeBose-Boyd Russell A
Published: March 2015

Schnyder corneal dystrophy (SCD) is an autosomal dominant disorder in humans characterized by abnormal accumulation of cholesterol in the cornea. SCD-associated mutations have been identified in the gene encoding UBIAD1, a prenyltransferase that synthesizes vitamin K2. Here, we show that sterols stimulate binding of UBIAD1 to the cholesterol biosynthetic enzyme HMG CoA reductase, which is subject to sterol-accelerated, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation augmented by the nonsterol isoprenoid geranylgeraniol through an unknown mechanism. Geranylgeraniol inhibits binding of UBIAD1 to reductase, allowing its degradation and promoting transport of UBIAD1 from the ER to the Golgi. CRISPR-CAS9-mediated knockout of UBIAD1 relieves the geranylgeraniol requirement for reductase degradation. SCD-associated mutations in UBIAD1 block its displacement from reductase in the presence of geranylgeraniol, thereby preventing degradation of reductase. The current results identify UBIAD1 as the elusive target of geranylgeraniol in reductase degradation, the inhibition of which may contribute to accumulation of cholesterol in SCD.
Engineering Synergy: Energy and Mass Transport in Hybrid Nanomaterials
Authors: Cho Eun Seon , Coates Nelson E. , Forster Jason D. , Ruminski Anne M. , Russ Boris , Sahu Ayaskanta , Su Norman C. , Yang Fan , Urban Jeffrey J.
Published: March 2015

An emerging class of materials that are hybrid in nature is propelling a technological revolution in energy, touching many fundamental aspects of energy‐generation, storage, and conservation. Hybrid materials combine classical inorganic and organic components to yield materials that manifest new functionalities unattainable in traditional composites or other related multicomponent materials, which have additive function only. This Research News article highlights the exciting materials design innovations that hybrid materials enable, with an eye toward energy‐relevant applications involving charge, heat, and mass transport.
Recent Advances in the Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Synthesis of Silicon‐Stereogenic Organosilanes
Authors: Shintani Ryo
Published: March 2015

Asymmetric catalysis is one of the most attractive and efficient ways of synthesizing chiral enantioenriched compounds from achiral precursors. Compared with the well‐investigated enantioselective preparation of carbon‐stereogenic compounds, the corresponding preparation of silicon‐stereogenic compounds is much less established. In particular, the available methods typically rely on the use of stoichiometric amounts of chiral reagents, and little progress has been made on catalytic enantioselective synthesis using prochiral organosilanes until recently. This Focus Review highlights recent advances in the catalytic enantioselective preparation of silicon‐stereogenic organosilanes under transition‐metal catalysis through desymmetrization of prochiral organosilanes including diorganodihydrosilanes and tetraorganosilanes.
Selective Aptamer‐Based Control of Intraneuronal Signaling
Authors: Lennarz Sabine , Alich Therese Christine , Kelly Tony , Blind Michael , Beck Heinz , Mayer Günter
Published: March 2015

Cellular behavior is orchestrated by the complex interactions of a myriad of intracellular signal transduction pathways. To understand and investigate the role of individual components in such signaling networks, the availability of specific inhibitors is of paramount importance. We report the generation and validation of a novel variant of an RNA aptamer that selectively inhibits the mitogen‐activated kinase pathway in neurons. We demonstrate that the aptamer retains function under intracellular conditions and that application of the aptamer through the patch‐clamp pipette efficiently inhibits mitogen‐activated kinase‐dependent synaptic plasticity. This approach introduces synthetic aptamers as generic tools, readily applicable to inhibit different components of intraneuronal signaling networks with utmost specificity.
Photothermally Reprogrammable Buckling of Nanocomposite Gel Sheets
Authors: Hauser Adam W. , Evans Arthur A. , Na Jun‐Hee , Hayward Ryan C.
Published: March 2015

Patterning deformation within the plane of thin elastic sheets represents a powerful tool for the definition of complex and stimuli‐responsive 3D buckled shapes. Previous experimental methods, however, have focused on sheets that access a limited number of shapes pre‐programmed into the sheet, restricting the degree of dynamic control. Here, we demonstrate on‐demand reconfigurable buckling of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐acrylic acid) (PNIPAM) hydrogel network films containing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) by patterned photothermal deswelling. Predictable, easily controllable, and reversible transformations from a single flat gel sheet to numerous different three‐dimensional forms are shown. Importantly, the response time is limited by poroelastic mass transport, rather than photochemical switching kinetics, enabling reconfiguration of shape on timescales of several seconds, with further increases in speed possible by reducing film thickness.
Velocity Regulation in Pmsms Using Standard Field Oriented Control Plus Adaptation
Authors: Mendoza‐Mondragón F. , Hernández‐Guzmán V.M. , Carrillo‐Serrano R.V.
Published: March 2015

In this paper we present a control scheme for permanent magnet synchronous motors which is proven to be stable and globally convergent to the constant desired velocity. Our controller only differs from standard field oriented control by some simple adaptive terms and performance achieved by both controllers is almost identical. Thus, the main contribution of the present paper is to introduce a formal stability proof which is the closest, to date, to explaining why standard field oriented control of permanent magnet synchronous motors works well in practice providing explicit tuning guidelines. We stress that a global stability proof for standard field oriented control of permanent magnet synchronous motors has not existed until now, which makes the importance of our contribution remarkable.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Bonding in RFe6Ge4 (R: Li, Sc, Zr) and LuTi6Sn4 with Rhombohedral LiFe6Ge4 Type Structure.
Authors: Matar Samir F. , Fickenscher Thomas , Gerke Birgit , Niehaus Oliver , Rodewald Ute Ch , Alam Adel F. Al , Ouaini Naim , Poettgen Rainer
Published: March 2015

Polycrystalline ScFe6Ge4 is prepared by arc melting of stoichiometric amounts of the elements from which single crystals are grown by annealing (muffle furnace, 970 K, 3 weeks).
ChemInform Abstract: The Gallium Intermetallics REPdGa3 (RE: La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu) with SrPdGa3‐Type Structure.
Authors: Seidel Stefan , Niehaus Oliver , Matar Samir F. , Janka Oliver , Gerke Birgit , Rodewald Ute Ch. , Poettgen Rainer
Published: March 2015

LnPdGa3 (Ln: La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu) compounds are obtained by arc‐melting of the elements and subsequent annealing for crystal growth (evacuated quartz tubes, 700 K, 3 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Cotemplating Synthesis of a Rare Borate Ni(en)3·Hen· [B9O13(OH)4]·H2O with a Chiral Polyanonic Chain Constructed from Two Different Clusters.
Authors: Pan Chun‐Yang , Zhong Li‐Juan , Zhao Feng‐Hua , Luo Yuan‐Zhang , Li Da‐Guang
Published: March 2015

The title compound is prepared by solvothermal treatment of a mixture of H3BO3, NiCl2, DMF, en, and 3‐nitrophenylboronic acid in the respective molar ratio of 7.7:0.5:25.9:44.9:0.8 under the co‐templating effect of [Ni(en)3]2+ and Hen+ cations (autoclave, 128 °C, 7 d; 34% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Aza‐Morita—Baylis—Hillman Reaction Between Acrylates and N‐Boc Isatin Ketimines: Asymmetric Construction of Chiral 3‐Substituted‐3‐aminooxindoles.
Authors: Zhao Xuan , Li Tian‐Ze , Qian Jing‐Ying , Sha Feng , Wu Xin‐Yan
Published: March 2015

The first enantioselective aza‐Morita—Baylis—Hillman reaction of acrylates with ketimines derived from isatins is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphine‐Catalyzed Annulations of 4,4‐Dicyano‐2‐methylenebut‐3‐enoates with Maleimides and Maleic Anhydride.
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐Nan , Chen Gen‐Qiang , Tang Xiang‐Ying , Wei Yin , Shi Min
Published: March 2015

The novel [4 + 1] annulation reactions of maleimides afford spirocyclic products whereas [3 + 2] annulation reactions of maleic anhydride provide functionalized cyclopentenones.
ChemInform Abstract: Atom Transfer Radical Cyclization of Trichloroacetamides to Electron‐Rich Acceptors Using Grubbs′ Catalysts: Synthesis of the Tricyclic Framework of FR901483.
Authors: Diaba Faiza , Martinez‐Laporta Agustin , Bonjoch Josep
Published: March 2015

The intramolecular Kharash‐type cycloaddition of trichloroacetamides provides access to 2‐azaspirodecanes (II), morphan derivative (IV), and the core structure (VI) of the immunosuppressant FR901483.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Enantioselective Strecker Reaction of Imines Containing a Thiazole Moiety by Using a Cinchona‐Based Squaramide Catalyst.
Authors: He Hai‐Xiao , Du Da‐Ming
Published: March 2015

The benzothiazole moiety is crucial to achieve a high asymmetric induction and the reaction proceeds without any enantioselectivity for other heterocycles like thiazole or thiadiazole (not shown).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of S,S,O‐Orthoesters and 1,1‐Difluoroalkyl Ethers via Reaction of Peroxides with Lithiated 1,3‐Dithianes.
Authors: Kyasa ShivaKumar , Dussault Patrick H.
Published: March 2015

The first example of intermolecular reaction of dialkyl peroxides with stabilized carbanions is demonstrated.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Endo‐Type Trifluoromethylarylation of Alkynes.
Authors: Xu Jun , Wang Yun‐Long , Gong Tian‐Jun , Xiao Bin , Fu Yao
Published: March 2015

The unprecedented and new title reaction represents the first example of endo‐type carbotrifluoromethylation of unsaturated C—C bonds.
ChemInform Abstract: From Racemic Alcohols to Enantiopure Amines: Ru‐Catalyzed Diastereoselective Amination.
Authors: Oldenhuis Nathan J. , Dong Vy M. , Guan Zhibin
Published: March 2015

An effective method for chiral amine synthesis by combining the power of the widely used Ellman′s sulfinamide auxiliary with the practicality of the inexpensive and an industrially relevant Ru catalyst is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Pd‐Catalyzed Allene Synthesis from Alkynes and Aryl Bromides Through an Intramolecular Base‐Assisted Deprotonation (iBAD) Mechanism.
Authors: Nella Natalie , Parker Evelyne , Hitce Julien , Larini Paolo , Jazzar Rodolphe , Baudoin Olivier
Published: March 2015

The scope of the reaction is investigated with respect to the substituents on the alkyne and an intramolecular application of the process is also described.
ChemInform Abstract: Vanadium‐Catalyzed Solvent‐Free Synthesis of Quaternary α‐Trifluoromethyl Nitriles by Electrophilic Trifluoromethylation.
Authors: Frueh Natalja , Togni Antonio
Published: March 2015

The vanadium catalyzed reaction of silyl ketene imines with hypervalent iodine reagent (II) produces α‐trifluoromethyl nitriles.
ChemInform Abstract: NHC‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Oxidation and Oxidative Esterification of Allylic Alcohols Using TEMPO: The Effect of Alcohol Additives.
Authors: Kang Ye‐Won , Jang Hye‐Young
Published: March 2015

The oxidative esterification of allylic alcohols is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Thiosulfonates by Oxidative Coupling of Thiols with Sodium Sulfinates.
Authors: Taniguchi Nobukazu
Published: March 2015

The title reaction proceeds in the presence of a CuI/phenanthroline catalyst and oxygen as terminal oxidant.
ChemInform Abstract: Negishi Cross‐Coupling of Arenediazonium O‐Benzenedisulfonimides.
Authors: Barbero Margherita , Cadamuro Silvano , Dughera Stefano
Published: March 2015

Title diazonium salts are used for the first time as electrophilic partners in Negishi cross coupling reactions to produce biaryls.
ChemInform Abstract: Piperidine‐Functionalized Silica: An Efficient and Environmentally Benign Catalyst for Claisen—Schmidt Condensation
Authors: Khan Kulsum , Siddiqui Zeba N.
Published: March 2015

16 examples
ChemInform Abstract: Regio‐ and Stereospecific Synthesis of C‐3 Functionalized Proline Derivatives by Palladium Catalyzed Directed C(sp3)—H Arylation.
Authors: Affron Dominic P. , Davis Owen A. , Bull James A.
Published: March 2015

Pd‐catalyzed C—H functionalization stereospecifically installs hetero‐aryl and vinyl substituents at the unactivated 3‐position of proline derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐Pyridyl Thiazoles as Novel anti‐Trypanosoma cruzi Agents: Structural Design, Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation.
Authors: de Oliveira Cardoso Marcos Verissimo , et al. et al.
Published: March 2015

The majority of new compounds (III) and (V) are potent cruzain inhibitors and show similar or greater trypanocidal efficacy than standard drug benznidazole, used for treatment of Chagas disease.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Imidation of C(sp3)—H Bonds Adjacent to Oxygen Atoms of Aryl Ethers under Metal‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Sun Kai , Wang Xin , Li Gang , Zhu Zhonghong , Jiang Yongqing , Xiao Beibei
Published: March 2015

For the first time the oxidative C—N bond formation of ethers with pharmacological saccharin and its derivatives proceeds under environmentally benign conditions and do not require a metal catalyst and the rigorous exclusion of air.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,2,4‐ and 1,3,4‐Oxadiazole Synthesis by Palladium‐Catalyzed Carbonylative Assembly of Aryl Bromides with Amidoximes or Hydrazides.
Authors: Andersen Thomas L. , Caneschi Wiliam , Ayoub Ali , Lindhardt Anders T. , Couri Mara R. C. , Skrydstrup Troels
Published: March 2015

The carbon monoxide is formed ex‐situ from COgen in a separate chamber and is continuously subjected to the reaction mixture.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Olefination of Aryl Tetrazoles via Direct C—H Bond Activation.
Authors: Wang Liang , Wu Wenting , Chen Qun , He Mingyang
Published: March 2015

A straightforward route for the synthesis of o‐alkenylaryl tetrazoles via Rh‐catalyzed C—H olefination of aryl tetrazoles is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Nano α‐Al2O3 Supported Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate (NH4H2PO4/Al2O3): Preparation, Characterization and Its Application as a Novel and Heterogeneous Catalyst for the One‐Pot Synthesis of Tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran and Pyrano[2,3‐c]pyrazole Derivatives.
Authors: Maleki Behrooz , Ashrafi Samaneh Sedigh
Published: March 2015

Derivatives of tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran [(IV), (VI), and (VIII)] and pyrano[2,3‐c]pyrazole [(X) and (XII)] are synthesized through a simple, efficient and environmentally benign three‐component reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium‐Catalyzed N‐Alkylation for the Synthesis of 2‐N‐Pyridylmethyl Benzonitriles and an Exploration of Its Synthetic Utility.
Authors: Chen Mengmeng , Zhang Min , Xie Feng , Wang Xiaoting , Jiang Huanfeng
Published: March 2015

Title compounds (III) as well as 2‐N‐benzyl benzonitriles [like (VIId)] are synthesized using an easily available Ru catalyst system.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphathiahelicenes: Synthesis and Uses in Enantioselective Gold Catalysis.
Authors: Aillard Paul , Voituriez Arnaud , Dova Davide , Cauteruccio Silvia , Licandro Emanuela , Marinetti Angela
Published: March 2015

An enantiopure phosphathiahelicene is prepared and successfully applied as the catalyst for the enantioselective cycloisomerization of N‐tethered enynes.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of exo‐Enamides from Protected Lactams Using a Modified Julia Olefination Reaction: Application to the Synthesis of Spiroaminal Fragments.
Authors: Gigant Nicolas , Habib Samuel , Medoc Marie , Goekjian Peter G. , Gueyrard David , Gillaizeau Isabelle
Published: March 2015

Lactams (I), (IX), and (XIV) are tested as substrates in the title process.
ChemInform Abstract: Further Amphoricarpolides from the Surface Extracts of Amphoricarpos Complex from Montenegro.
Authors: Cvetkovic Mirjana , Dordevic Iris , Jadranin Milka , Vajs Vlatka , Vuckovic Ivan , Menkovic Nebojsa , Milosavljevic Slobodan , Tesevic Vele
Published: March 2015

isolation and characterization of nine new sesquiterpene lactones with guaianolide skeleton (structure examples (I)‐(III)) along with eight known compounds
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of (R,R,R)‐α‐Tocopherol Through Asymmetric Cu‐Catalyzed 1,4‐Addition.
Authors: Termath Andreas Ole , Sebode Hanna , Schlundt Waldemar , Stemmler Rene T. , Netscher Thomas , Bonrath Werner , Schmalz Hans‐Guenther
Published: March 2015

An efficient and conceptually novel synthesis of α‐tocopherol from readily available starting materials is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1D Sb2S3 Nanostructures and Its Application in Visible‐Light‐Driven Photodegradation for MO.
Authors: Zhang Hulin , Hu Chenguo , Ding Yong , Lin Yuan
Published: March 2015

The title nanostructures with different morphologies are hydrothermally synthesized from aqueous solutions of SbCl3, urea, and thiourea (leading to nanotubes) or Na2S (leading to nanowires), or solvothermally (leading to nanorods) from mixtures of ethylene glycol, SbCl3, and thiourea or Na2S (autoclave, 180 °C, 24 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Pot‐in‐Pot Reactions: A Simple and Green Approach to Efficient Organic Synthesis
Authors: Atkinson M. B. J. , Oyola‐Reynoso S. , Luna R. E. , Bwambok D. K. , Thuo M. M.
Published: March 2015

Review: 134 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Bioactive Natural Products Derived from Mangrove‐Associated Microbes
Authors: Xu Jing
Published: March 2015

Review: 241 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Carbon—Carbon Bond Cleavage for the Stereoselective Synthesis of Acyclic Systems
Authors: Marek Ilan , Masarwa Ahmad , Delaye Pierre‐Olivier , Leibeling Markus
Published: March 2015

Review: [92 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Imidazothiazole and Related Heterocyclic Systems. Synthesis, Chemical and Biological Properties
Authors: Fascio Mirta L. , Errea Maria Ines , D'Accorso Norma Beatriz
Published: March 2015

Review: 90 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Free Dehydrogenative Isoquinolone Synthesis
Authors: Jin Rongwei , Patureau Frederic W.
Published: March 2015

Review: 22 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Towards the Ideal Synthesis of Homoallylic Ketones
Authors: Ferrer Sofia , Muratore Michael E. , Echavarren Antonio M.
Published: March 2015

Review: 20 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Phenol Removal from Industrial Wastewaters: A Short Review
Authors: Mohammadi Shohreh , Kargari Ali , Sanaeepur Hamidreza , Abbassian Khalil , Najafi Atefeh , Mofarrah Elham
Published: March 2015

Review: 138 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction Mechanisms: Polar Reactions
Authors: Yau Hon Man , Croft Anna K.
Published: March 2015

Review: 34 refs.
Spectral Imaging to Measure Heterogeneity in Membrane Lipid Packing
Authors: Sezgin Erdinc , Waithe Dominic , Bernardino de la Serna Jorge , Eggeling Christian
Published: March 2015

Physicochemical properties of the plasma membrane have been shown to play an important role in cellular functionality. Among those properties, the molecular order of the lipids, or the lipid packing, is of high importance. Changes in lipid packing are believed to compartmentalize cellular signaling by initiating coalescence and conformational changes of proteins. A common way to infer membrane lipid packing is by using membrane‐embedded polarity‐sensitive dyes, whose emission spectrum is dependent on the molecular order of the immediate membrane environment. Here, we report on an improved determination of such spectral shifts in the emission spectrum of the polarity‐sensitive dyes. This improvement is based on the use of spectral imaging on a scanning confocal fluorescence microscope in combination with an improved analysis, which considers the whole emission spectrum instead of just single wavelength ranges. Using this approach and the polarity‐sensitive dyes C‐Laurdan or Di‐4‐ANEPPDHQ, we were able to image—with high accuracy—minute differences in the lipid packing of model and cellular membranes.
Optimization of a Planar All‐Polymer Transistor for Characterization of Barrier Tissue
Authors: Ramuz Marc , Margita Kaleigh , Hama Adel , Leleux Pierre , Rivnay Jonathan , Bazin Ingrid , Owens Róisín M.
Published: March 2015

The organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) is a unique device that shows great promise for sensing in biomedical applications such as monitoring of the integrity of epithelial tissue. It is a label‐free sensor that is amenable to low‐cost production by roll‐to‐roll or other printing technologies. Herein, the optimization of a planar OECT for the characterization of barrier tissue is presented. Evaluation of surface coating, gate biocompatibility and performance, and optimization of the geometry of the transistor are highlighted. The conducting polymer poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate), which is used as the active material in the transistor, has the added advantage of allowing significant light transmission compared to traditional electrode materials and thus permits high‐quality optical microscopy. The combination of optical and electronic monitoring of cells shown herein provides the opportunity to couple two very complementary techniques to yield a low‐cost method for in vitro cell sensing.
Electrospinning synthesis and photocatalytic property of CaFe2O4/MgFe2O4 heterostructure for degradation of tetracycline
Authors: Li Meng , Bai Hong‐Ye , Da Zu‐Lin , Yan Xu , Chen Chao , Jiang Jin‐Hui , Fan Wei‐Qiang , Shi Wei‐Dong
Published: March 2015

CaFe2O4/MgFe2O4 nanowires with heterostructure had been successfully synthesized by electrospinning method. The obtained samples were systematically characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐Ray diffraction (XRD), UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectra (UV‐Vis DR) and Environment scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). The novel CaFe2O4/MgFe2O4 nanowires exhibit an enhanced photocatalytic activity for degrading of tetracycline (TC) under visible light. Compared with bare CaFe2O4 or MgFe2O4 samples, the prepared CaFe2O4/MgFe2O4 (Ca:Mg:Fe = 3:2:10) composited nanowires show the best photocatalytic performance with a degradation efficiency of 40% after 150 min reaction time. This enhancement is attributed to the heterostructure of CaFe2O4/MgFe2O4 nanowires, which effectively repress the recombination of photo‐generated electrons and holes. Based on heterostructure and energy band positions, the enhancement of mechanism under visible‐light enhances the photocatalytic activity.
Host species composition influences infection severity among amphibians in the absence of spillover transmission
Authors: Han Barbara A. , Kerby Jacob L. , Searle Catherine L. , Storfer Andrew , Blaustein Andrew R.
Published: March 2015

Wildlife epidemiological outcomes can depend strongly on the composition of an ecological community, particularly when multiple host species are affected by the same pathogen. However, the relationship between host species richness and disease risk can vary with community context and with the degree of spillover transmission that occurs among co‐occurring host species. We examined the degree to which host species composition influences infection by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), a widespread fungal pathogen associated with amphibian population declines around the world, and whether transmission occurs from one highly susceptible host species to other co‐occurring host species. By manipulating larval assemblages of three sympatric amphibian species in the laboratory, we characterized the relationship between host species richness and infection severity, whether infection mediates growth and survivorship differently across various combinations of host species, and whether Bd is transmitted from experimentally inoculated tadpoles to uninfected tadpoles. We found evidence of a dilution effect where Bd infection severity was dramatically reduced in the most susceptible of the three host species (Anaxyrus boreas). Infection also mediated survival and growth of all three host species such that the presence of multiple host species had both positive (e.g., infection reduction) and negative (e.g., mortality) effects on focal species. However, we found no evidence that Bd infection is transmitted by this species. While these results demonstrate that host species richness as well as species identity underpin infection dynamics in this system, dilution is not the product of reduced transmission via fewer infectious individuals of a susceptible host species. We discuss various mechanisms, including encounter reduction and antagonistic interactions such as competition and opportunistic cannibalism that may act in concert to mediate patterns of infection severity, growth, and mortality observed in multihost communities.
Isolation over 35 years in a heated biotest basin causes selection on MHC class IIß genes in the European perch (Perca fluviatilis L.)
Authors: Björklund Mats , Aho Teija , Behrmann‐Godel Jasminca
Published: March 2015

Genes that play key roles in host immunity such as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in vertebrates are expected to be major targets of selection. It is well known that environmental conditions can have an effect on host–parasite interactions and may thus influence the selection on MHC. We analyzed MHC class IIß variability over 35 years in a population of perch (Perca fluviatilis) from the Baltic Sea that was split into two populations separated from each other. One population was subjected to heating from cooling water of a nuclear power plant and was isolated from the surrounding environment in an artificial lake, while the other population was not subjected to any change in water temperature (control). The isolated population experienced a change of the allelic composition and a decrease in allelic richness of MHC genes compared to the control population. The two most common MHC alleles showed cyclic patterns indicating ongoing parasite–host coevolution in both populations, but the alleles that showed a cyclic behavior differed between the two populations. No such patterns were observed at alleles from nine microsatellite loci, and no genetic differentiation was found between populations. We found no indications for a genetic bottleneck in the isolated population during the 35 years. Additionally, differences in parasitism of the current perch populations suggest that a change of the parasite communities has occurred over the isolation period, although the evidence in form of in‐depth knowledge of the change of the parasite community over time is lacking. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis of a selective sweep imposed by a change in the parasite community.
Industrial‐scale filtration affects volatile compounds in extra virgin olive oil cv. Ravece
Authors: Sacchi Raffaele , Caporaso Nicola , Paduano Antonello , Genovese Alessandro
Published: March 2015

Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) cv. Ravece (Campania region, Italy) was studied to investigate the effects of the industrial filtration process on the legal quality parameters, fatty acids, phenolics, and volatile compounds. Filtration did not cause significant changes in some quality indices, i.e., acidity and spectrophotometric indices, with the exception of K232 value. Peroxide value was significantly higher after the filtration process, probably due to further exposure to oxygen. This increase may affect oil shelf life. The content of total phenolic compounds did not change dramatically, but hydroxytyrosol and 3,4‐DHPEA‐EA were significantly lower in filtered oil, arising from complex biophenols hydrolysis. Little but significant changes were also observed for some fatty acids. The majority of 38 volatile compounds analyzed by the SPME‐GC/MS technique did not change significantly (p ≤ 0.05) after industrial filtration, while some of them increased their initial concentration up to twofold, i.e., 2‐methylbutanal. 6‐Methyl‐5‐hepten‐2‐one and heptanol also increased after filtration, while t,t‐2,4‐hexadienal, t‐2‐hexen‐1‐ol, and c‐2‐penten‐1‐ol significantly decreased.

Practical applications: These results may be useful at an industrial level as well as from a scientific viewpoint to assess the factors influencing volatiles headspace concentration after filtration. Our findings could also provide important information for olive growers and the olive mill industry to optimize virgin olive oil technology in order to obtain products with specific sensory attributes and to preserve the sensory notes of typicality.

Analysis of volatile compounds from cv. Ravece extra virgin olive oil in unfiltered (“cloudy”) and filtered oil by an industrial‐scale process.
Identifying the causes of sediment-associated toxicity in urban waterways in South China: Incorporating bioavailabillity-based measurements into whole-sediment toxicity identification evaluation
Authors: Yi Xiaoyi , Li Huizhen , Ma Ping , You Jing
Published: March 2015

Sediments in urban waterways of Guangzhou, China, were contaminated by a variety of chemicals and showed prevalent toxicity to benthic organisms. A combination of whole-sediment toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) and bioavailability-based extraction was used to identify the causes of sediment toxicity. Of the 6 sediment samples collected, 4 caused 100% mortality to Chironomus dilutus in 10-d bioassays, and the potential toxicants were assessed using TIE in these sediments after dilution. The results of phase I characterization showed that organic contaminants were the principal contributors to the mortality of the midges in 2 sediments and that metals and organics jointly caused the mortality in the other 2 sediments. Ammonia played no role in the mortality for any samples. Conventional toxic unit analysis in phase II testing identified Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn as the toxic metals, with cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, and fipronils being the toxic organics. To improve the accuracy of identifying the toxicants, 4-step sequential extraction and Tenax extraction were conducted to analyze the bioavailability of the metals and organics, respectively. Bioavailable toxic unit analysis narrowed the list of toxic contributors, and the putative toxicants included 3 metals (Zn, Ni, and Pb) and 3 pesticides (cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and fipronils). Metals contributed to the mortality in all sediments, but sediment dilution reduced the toxicity and confounded the characterization of toxicity contribution from metals in 2 sediments in phase I. Incorporating bioavailability-based measurements into whole-sediment TIE improved the accuracy of identifying the causative toxicants in urban waterways where multiple stressors occurred and contributed to sediment toxicity jointly. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:1744–1750. © 2015 SETAC
The Flipped Classroom in Counselor Education
Authors: Moran Kristen , Milsom Amy
Published: March 2015

The flipped classroom is proposed as an effective instructional approach in counselor education. An overview of the flipped‐classroom approach, including advantages and disadvantages, is provided. A case example illustrates how the flipped classroom can be applied in counselor education. Recommendations for implementing or researching flipped classrooms are shared.
Wiring for independence: Positive feedback motifs facilitate individuation of traits in development and evolution
Authors: Pavličev Mihaela , Widder Stefanie
Published: March 2015

Independent selection response of a trait is contingent on the availability of genetic variation that is not entangled with other traits. Mechanistically, such variational individuation in spite of shared genome results from gene regulation. Changes that increase individuation of traits are likely caused by gene regulatory changes. Yet the effect of regulatory evolution on population variation is understudied. Trait individuation also occurs during development. Developmental differentiation involves two stages‐induction of differentiation and the maintenance of differentiated fate. The corresponding gene regulatory transition involves the feed‐forward and the regulated feedback motifs. Here we consider analogous transition pattern at the evolutionary scale, establishing an autonomous regulatory sub‐network involved in the independent trait variation. A population genetic simulation of regulated feedback loop dynamics under small perturbations shows a decoupling of variation in gene expression between the upstream gene and the responding downstream gene. We furthermore observe that the ranges of dynamics that can be generated by feedback and feed‐forward networks overlap. Such phenotypic overlap enables genetic accessibility of network‐specific expression dynamics. We suggest that feedback topology may eventually confer selective advantage leading from a gradual process to threshold individuation, i.e., the emergence of a novel trait. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 324B: 104–113, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.