bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fracture patterns in the Zagros Simply Folded Belt (Fars, Iran): constraints on early collisional tectonic history and role of basement faults
Authors: LACOMBE OLIVIER , BELLAHSEN NICOLAS , MOUTHEREAU FRÉDÉRIC
Published: April 2011

Pre-/early folding fracture patterns were recognized in several anticlines from three structural domains in the Simply Folded Belt of the Fars arc. These fracture sets were characterized in terms of opening mode and relative chronology and used to reconstruct the main compressional trends related to the early Zagros collisional history. The palaeostress reconstructions based on these fracture sets were further refined by combination with newly collected or already available fault-slip and calcite twin data. As an alternative to previous models of rigid block rotations or regional stress rotation, we propose that the complex pattern of pre-folding fractures and the contrasting palaeostress orientations through time in the different domains investigated are related to the presence of basement faults with N–S and WNW trends, above which basement and cover were variably coupled during stress build-up and early deformation of the Arabian margin. Beyond regional implications, this study draws attention to the need to carefully consider pre-existing fractures, possibly unrelated to folding, to build more realistic conceptual fold–fracture models.
The Effect of Repeated Play on Reputation Building: An Experimental Approach
Authors: Tingley Dustin H. , Walter Barbara F.
Published: April 2011

What effect does repeated play have on reputation building? The literature on international relations remains divided on whether, when, and how reputation matters in both interstate and intrastate conflict. We examine reputation building through a series of incentivized laboratory experiments. Using comparative statics from a repeated entry-deterrence game, we isolate how incentives for reputation building should change as the number of entrants changes. We find that subjects in our experiments generally build reputations and that those investments pay off, but we also find that some subjects did not react to incentives to build reputation in ways our model had predicted. In order to explain this, we focus on the heterogeneity of preferences and cognitive abilities that may exist in any population. Our research suggests that rational-choice scholars of international relations and those using more psychologically based explanations have more common ground than previously articulated.
The Making of the Territorial Order: New Borders and the Emergence of Interstate Conflict
Authors: Carter David B. , Goemans H. E.
Published: April 2011

We argue that new international borders are rarely new. We propose that when states choose new borders they use previous administrative frontiers to solve a difficult short-term bargaining problem and a long-term coordination problem. With a unique new set of data collected specifically for this project, we systematically examine the new international borders of the twentieth century resulting from secession, partition, and the use of force. New international borders, we find, are drawn not according to principles of “nationalism” or defensible borders, but rather according to previous administrative frontiers. How borders are drawn has important consequences for international stability: borders drawn along previously existing internal or external administrative frontiers experience fewer future territorial disputes and have a much lower risk of militarized confrontation if a dispute emerges.
On two-dimensional foam ageing
Authors: DUPLAT J. , BOSSA B. , VILLERMAUX E.
Published: April 2011

The present study aims at documenting, making use of an original set-up allowing to acquire well-converged data, the coarsening of foams in two dimensions. Experiments show that a foam behaves quite differently depending on the way it has been prepared. We distinguish between an initially quasi-monodisperse foam and a polydisperse foam. The coarsening laws are initially different, although both foams reach a common, time-dependent asymptotic regime.

The ageing process relies on exchanges between adjacent foam cells (von Neumann's law), and on topological rearrangement (1 and 2 processes) whose rates are measured in all regimes. We attempt to make their contribution to the evolution of the area S and facet number n distribution of probability P(S, n, t) quantitative. The corresponding mean field theory predictions represent well the phenomenon qualitatively, and are sometimes in quantitative agreement with the measurements. A simplified version of this theory, taking the form of a Langevin model, explains in a straightforward manner the different scaling laws in the different regimes, for the different foams.
A numerical investigation of high-Reynolds-number constant-volume non-Boussinesq density currents in deep ambient
Authors: BONOMETTI THOMAS , UNGARISH MARIUS , BALACHANDAR S.
Published: April 2011

The time-dependent behaviour of non-Boussinesq high-Reynolds-number density currents, released from a lock of height h0 and length x0 into a deep ambient and spreading over horizontal flat boundaries, is considered. We use two-dimensional Navier–Stokes simulations to cover: (i) a wide range of current-to-ambient density ratios, (ii) a range of length-to-height aspect ratios of the initial release within the lock (termed the lock aspect ratio λ = x0/h0) and (iii) the different phases of spreading, from the initial acceleration phase to the self-similar regimes. The Navier–Stokes results are compared with predictions of a one-layer shallow-water model. In particular, we derive novel insights on the influence of the lock aspect ratio (λ) on the shape and motion of the current. It is shown that for lock aspect ratios below a critical value (λcrit), the dynamics of the current is significantly influenced by λ. We conjecture that λcrit depends on two characteristic time scales, namely the time it takes for the receding perturbation created at the lock upon release to reflect back to the front, and the time of formation of the current head. A comparison of the two with space–time diagrams obtained from the Navier–Stokes simulations supports this conjecture. The non-Boussinesq effect is observed to be significant. While the critical lock aspect ratio (λcrit) is of order 1 for Boussinesq currents, its value decreases for heavy currents and increases significantly (up to about 20) for light currents. We present a simple analytical model which captures this trend, as well as the observation that for a light current the speed of propagation is proportional to λ1/4 when λ < λcrit.
Trust and Early Years Childcare: Parents’ Relationships with Private, State and Third Sector Providers in England
Authors: ROBERTS JONATHAN
Published: April 2011

Relationships of trust are central to the provision of public services. There are, however, concerns that public service reform may disrupt established trust relations. One such reform is the provision of services by a mix of organisations from state, for-profit and third sectors. This paper reports upon an empirical study of the trust relationships between parents and diverse organisations providing early years childcare. It considers whether organisational form or sector is perceived to be a significant indicator of trustworthiness or untrustworthiness, and examines organisational behaviours which may support or hinder trusting relationships. The paper reports that a priori signals, such as sector, have little effect on decisions to trust. Instead, parents actively construct trust through observation of and interactions with providers. Attention therefore shifts to trust-producing organisational behaviours, such as transparency, and to trust-reducing behaviours, such as staff turnover. The paper identifies some benefit in provision through an integrated centre, where parents develop trust over time prior to preschool childcare use. Such a process may be particularly helpful to parents who face disadvantage.
Wellbeing and Welfare: A Psychosocial Analysis of Being Well and Doing Well Enough
Authors: TAYLOR DAVID
Published: April 2011

Wellbeing is increasingly supplanting welfare as a central political goal for social and public policy. In academic social policy, some writers have suggested that a focus on wellbeing allows us to consider a ‘fully rounded humanity’ whereas welfare focuses on economic utility. This article avoids this polarisation and proposes a generative and relational view of wellbeing and welfare as mutually constitutive. It adopts a trans-disciplinary critical psychosocial perspective to reveal highly normative views of wellbeing and agency employed in these political and academic discourses. It proposes a view of agency for wellbeing which is contextual, includes non-rational action and is oriented to being well enough with others. Instead of a concern with outcome measures such as happiness, it proposes a view of wellbeing as a process which varies according to context. Drawing on the notion of ‘thick’ and ‘thin’ needs, the specific content of wellbeing is seen as generated through ‘close’ and ‘distant’ relationships. This approach challenges contemporary policy responses to wellbeing which are individualised and market-led and suggests that a question for social policy is: which relationships and contexts are generative of individual wellbeing and welfare?
Changes in measles seroepidemiology of healthcare workers in southern Taiwan
Authors: HO T. S. , WANG S. M. , WANG L. R. , LIU C. C.
Published: April 2011

To assess the measles seroepidemiology of healthcare workers (HCWs), from 2004 to 2009 all newly recruited staff at a university hospital in Taiwan, were tested for specific immunoglobulin G antibodies for measles virus using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. A total of 1584 HCWs were included. The positivity rate of measles antibody for physicians and nurses was about 90%. The positivity of measles antibody in different age groups was 78·1%, 93·9% and 94·2% for 20–29, 30–39 and ⩾40 years age groups, respectively. Equivocal results were more frequent in the 20–29 (17·1%) years age group. A lack of antibody against measles was reported for 66 (4·2%) of those tested. Medical student (8·3%) and housekeeping personnel (5·3%) had the greatest lack of antibodies. This study demonstrates the waning measles immunity in younger HCWs in Taiwan, which poses the potential risk of nosocomial transmission of measles. Periodic surveillance and revaccination of susceptible HCWs is recommended.
Nazi Persecution: Britain's Rescue of Academic Refugees
Authors: Kohn Ralph
Published: April 2011

In the 1930s, as the power of the Nazis grew, many leading German academics and scholars sought refuge in other countries, including. the UK, the USA and many countries in Europe. Some of the refugees were already well known for their achievements, such as Einstein, Fermi, Schoenberg, Bartok, Brecht and Weill. The more established figures had easier access to those countries offering them refuge, whereas others at that time had fewer choices. The Academic Assistance Council in London and the Royal Society played a significant role in helping academic refugees find places in universities and other institutions where they could continue their research. The USA favoured distinguished academics, whereas the UK and other European countries were more open to younger academic refugees, who would subsequently make their name. There was, however, also opposition from various quarters, including State Department officials in the USA and certain British Noble Lords. Without the dedication and determination of many establishment figures on both sides of the Atlantic, the wealth of talent that had until that time been nurtured in Germany would have been lost. This article describes some of the prominent British figures who played such a significant and, as it turned out, life-saving role during this crucial period.
Metres and the Pound: Taking the Measure of British Modernism
Authors: Ingelbien Raphael
Published: April 2011

Seen in the broader context of European modernism, British modernist literature stands out through the limited role of collective avant-gardes and the conservative or reactionary politics of the writers who make up the canon of modernist poetry. This article explores how these peculiarities are replicated in the use of traditional poetic forms (metres in particular) in the works of W.B. Yeats (1865–1939), Ezra Pound (1885–1972) and T.S. Eliot (1888–1965). As modernist (rather than avant-garde) writers, those poets rejected or backed away from free verse and simultaneously cultivated forms that harked back to older and less insular poetic traditions than the ones that dominated mainstream English poetry in the Victorian period.
Euro-American Modernism as Local Refraction
Authors: Larsen Svend Erik
Published: April 2011

Modernism and everything modern have always been identified with the avant-garde. If something had not at a certain juncture in cultural history been avant-garde,eo ipsoit had also not been modern. But the history of literary Modernism shows a more complex picture. The various arrière-garde movements celebrating the regional, the traditional, the anti-urban aspects of life stood, on the one hand, in manifest contrast to the metropolitan and globally oriented Modernism, but were on the other hand also fostered by the same modernist wave from ca. 1850 onwards. I here discuss the dichotomies between the local and the global, and between the avant- and arrière-garde as constitutive of Modernism as a whole from its very beginnings.
An Avant-garde for Today: ‘the Ally of its Own Gravediggers’? Some Thoughts on Apollinaire and Kundera
Authors: Mathews Timothy
Published: April 2011

This essay is concerned with the power of art to effect change, but also to show attachments to existing ways of understanding. Avant-garde art from Cubism to Surrealism seeks to transform the shapes in which we see the world. But change may simply create blindness to the past, and to what is, and to the way our chains are yanked by the lures of domination whether economic, social or emotional. Kundera's novelistic meditation on the canonical and radical poets Rimbaud and Éluard encourages us to wonder whether the obsession with change is an investment in the powers of oblivion and ignorance.
Rewriting Flaubert in the 1960s
Authors: Jørgensen Steen Bille
Published: April 2011

In French 1960s’ literature, the strategy of re-writing is associated with the New Novel and the ideological Tel Quel movement. However, a more ironical poetics of the novel can be found in Blanche ou l'oubli (1967) by Louis Aragon1 and Les Choses (1967) by Georges Perec.2 Both novels are rewritings of Gustave Flaubert's L'Education sentimentale, with particular attention to that novel's main theme of ‘illusion’. The interesting question then is how literary tradition becomes a part of the meta-fictional interrogation of human experience in a particular historical context. Perec uses the rhythm of Flaubert's sentences to draw attention to the story as a construction and to his characters’ lack of significance. Aragon foregrounds the novel's capacity of holding on to experience as such, with autobiography (Flaubert's as well as his own) linked to materialistic-historical conditions. Ultimately, in following the writer's reading of the historical work, the reader must seek what literature offers him or her the opportunity to apprehend his/her own conditions for experience.
Pre-Treatment Expectations in Clients: Impact on Retention and Effectiveness in Outpatient Substance Abuse Treatment
Authors: Kuusisto Katja , Knuuttila Vesa , Saarnio Pekka
Published: April 2011

Background: Common factors are important for the therapy outcome and also mediate the specific factors of therapy. As one of the common factors, client's expectations towards treatment have been understudied. Aims: The aim was to examine the pre-treatment expectations of outpatient substance abuse treatment clients (N = 327, 111 females, 216 males) and its impact on retention, effectiveness and satisfaction at 6-month follow-up. Method: Dependent variables included the clients’ attitudes towards the twelve-step principles and participation, medical treatment and therapists’ role. Results: An emphasis on the importance of medical treatment at baseline predicted dropping out. Similarly, it predicted a lower percent days abstinent (PDA6) at 6 months follow-up in comparison to those who did not consider medical treatment important for recovery. Percent days abstinent increased with a more positive attitude to mutual support. At follow-up, those who had assessed the therapist's role in recovery to be most important at the baseline were most satisfied with the treatment. Conclusions: The client's pre-treatment expectations have an impact on treatment retention and effectiveness. Further effort should be made to study how clients’ image of treatment could be improved and also how the commitment of the clients with multiple problems could be improved.
Global forest carbon sequestration and climate policy design
Authors: ROSE STEVEN K. , SOHNGEN BRENT
Published: April 2011

Global forests could play an important role in mitigating climate change. However, there are significant implementation obstacles to accessing the world's forest carbon sequestration potential. The timing of regional participation and eligibility of sequestration activities are issues. The existing forest carbon supply estimates have made optimistic assumptions about immediate, comprehensive, and global access. They have also assumed no interactions between activities and regions, and over time. We use a global forest and land use model to evaluate these assumptions with more realistic forest carbon policy pathways. We find that an afforestation only policy is fundamentally flawed, accelerated deforestation may be unavoidable, and a delayed comprehensive program could reduce, but not eliminate, near-term accelerated deforestation and eventually produce sequestration equivalent to idealized policies – but with a different sequestration mix than previously estimated by others and thereby different forests. We also find that afforestation and avoided deforestation increase the cost of one another.
OPTIMAL EDUCATION IN AN AGE-STRUCTURED MODEL UNDER CHANGING LABOR DEMAND AND SUPPLY
Authors: Prskawetz Alexia , Tsachev Tsvetomir , Veliov Vladimir M.
Published: April 2011

We introduce a model of the optimal education policy at the macro level, allowing for heterogeneity of the workforce with respect to its age and qualification skills. Within this framework we study the optimal education rate in the context of changes in labor demand (as represented by the elasticity of substitution across ages and qualification) and labor supply (as represented by a change in the population growth rates). Applying an age-structured optimal-control model, we derive features of the optimal age-specific education rate. Our results show that the relation between the elasticities of substitution of labor across ages plays a crucial role in the way the demographic changes affect (both in the short and in the long run) the optimal educational policy. We also show that under imperfect substitutability across age and qualification groups, the optimal educational policy is adjusted in advance to any change in the labor supply.
The Public Face of Chinatown: Actresses, Actors, Playwrights, and Audiences of Chinatown Theaters in San Francisco during the 1920s
Authors: RAO NANCY YUNHWA
Published: April 2011

In the twentieth century, elaborate and prosperous Chinatown theaters in New York and San Francisco (from the 1920s to the early 1930s) constituted a golden age of Cantonese opera in the United States, a vivid musical life that has been almost completely expunged from U.S. cultural memory. Seeking a historical narrative for this musical past—preserving those vivid sonorities and glamorous images that “threaten to disappear irretrievably”—entails an examination of the actresses, actors, musicians, and playwrights who enlivened the stages of these opera theaters, as well as the audiences who flocked to see them. In particular, this study sheds light on the significance of the performers named on the daily playbills and pictured in newspapers or on immigration bond papers. The images and sonorities extend beyond the bounds of the theaters to epitomize the Chinese community. The study not only offers a significant window into the interior layers of the music lives of Chinese America, but also reflects on the Chinatown community's sense of its musical and artistic self.
An examination of structural dissociation of the personality and the implications for cognitive behavioural therapy
Authors: Harper Simon
Published: April 2011

The aim of this review was to ascertain whether an examination of the theory of structural dissociation of the personality (TSDP) and its treatment may lead to recommendations in the treatment of dissociative identity disorder (DID) and other trauma-related disorders utilizing CBT. An analysis of the neurobiology of trauma will aid this process. The literature review considers a variety of literature on TSDP. Several themes were identified which suggested that dissociation refers to a structural dividedness of the personality and that there is a psychobiological pathway for all trauma-related disorders. Additionally the role of bottom-up vs. top-down processing was explored. Recommendations for the treatment of trauma-related disorders using CBT have been made.
Implementation and application of adaptive mesh refinement for thermochemical mantle convection studies
Authors: Leng Wei , Zhong Shijie
Published: April 2011

Numerical modeling of mantle convection is challenging. Owing to the multiscale nature of mantle dynamics, high resolution is often required in localized regions, with coarser resolution being sufficient elsewhere. When investigating thermochemical mantle convection, high resolution is required to resolve sharp and often discontinuous boundaries between distinct chemical components. In this paper, we present a 2‐D finite element code with adaptive mesh refinement techniques for simulating compressible thermochemical mantle convection. By comparing model predictions with a range of analytical and previously published benchmark solutions, we demonstrate the accuracy of our code. By refining and coarsening the mesh according to certain criteria and dynamically adjusting the number of particles in each element, our code can simulate such problems efficiently, dramatically reducing the computational requirements (in terms of memory and CPU time) when compared to a fixed, uniform mesh simulation. The resolving capabilities of the technique are further highlighted by examining plume‐induced entrainment in a thermochemical mantle convection simulation.
A new technique for reconstruction of the current moment waveform related to a gigantic jet from the magnetic field component recorded by an ELF station
Authors: Kułak Andrzej , Młynarczyk Janusz
Published: April 2011

The paper presents a reconstruction of the current moment waveform of the gigantic jet observed optically last winter in Europe, based on the magnetic field component of the ELF electromagnetic field, recorded by the Hylaty station in Poland. Gigantic jets have only been observed so far on a few occasions, and there is still relatively little known about them. In order to analyze the recorded signal we have developed a new technique, which makes it possible to obtain the actual current moment waveform of the lightning discharges associated with the gigantic jet by eliminating from the waveform the effects of both the impulse response of the receiver and the Earth‐ionosphere propagation channel. The proposed method can be also used to analyze other waveform observations, especially in the ELF and VLF frequency bands.
Exploration Station 2010 Brings Science to the Public
Authors: Wawro Martha , Asher Pranoti
Published: April 2011

Exploration Station is a public outreach event held prior to the AGU Fall Meeting each year and is a joint venture between AGU and NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). The event features hands‐on science activities for the public. This year's event was held in conjunction with the AGU public lecture given by SDO lead project scientist, Dean Pesnell. Many members of the general public attended, including families with children. They were joined by many AGU members, who also enjoyed the exhibits and explored the possible education and outreach activities available within the AGU community. Educators from across AGU were involved, but space physics and planetary sciences were especially well represented.
Extending libSedML to support CellML models
Authors: Nickerson David , You Dongxue Amy
Published: April 2011

libSedML is a collection of libraries and tools developed in support of the Simulation Experiment Markup Language ("SED-ML":http://sed-ml.org/). "libSedML":http://libsedml.sourceforge.net/ is implemented in C and provides libraries for processing SED-ML documents and for running the numerical simulations required for the encoded simulation experiment(s). SED-ML supports models encoded in any encoding format, although predominantly expected to be an XML based encoding. To date, however, libSedML has only supported performing simulations using models encoded in the Systems Biology Markup Language ("SBML":http://sbml.org/). The presented project looked at using the "CellML API":http://cellml.org/tools/api to extend libSedML to support simulations using models encoded in CellML.Using the CellML API, command line utility programs were written (in C++) which performed the functions required by libSedML in order to perform numerical simulations of CellML models. Namely, this involved performing the described simulation with the given CellML model and producing the simulation results in a text file. libSedML was then extended to use these command line utilities as required in the performance of the described simulation experiment. A CellML model specific simulation wizard was also added to libSedML.
Systems Biology Graphical Notation: Entity Relationship language Level 1 (Version 1.2)
Authors: Le Novere Nicolas , Demir Emek , Mi Huaiyu , Moodie Stuart , Villeger Alice
Published: April 2011

Standard graphical representations have played a crucial role in science and engineering throughout the last century. Without electrical symbolism, it is very likely that our industrial society would not have evolved at the same pace. Similarly, specialised notations such as the Feynmann notation or the process flow diagrams did a lot for the adoption of concepts in their own fields. With the advent of Systems Biology, and more recently of Synthetic Biology, the need for precise and unambiguous descriptions of biochemical interactions has become more pressing. While some ideas have been advanced over the last decade, with a few detailed proposals, no actual community standard has emerged. The Systems Biology Graphical Notation (SBGN) is a graphical representation crafted over several years by a community of biochemists, modellers and computer scientists. Three orthogonal and complementary languages have been created, the Process Descriptions, the Entity Relationships and the Activity Flows. Using these three idioms a scientist can represent any network of biochemical interactions, which can then be interpreted in an unambiguous way. The set of symbols used is limited, and the grammar quite simple, to allow its usage in textbooks and its teaching directly in high schools. The current document presents version 1.2 of the first level of the SBGN Entity Relationship language. Shared by the communities of biochemists, genomicians, theoreticians and computational biologists, SBGN languages will foster efficient storage, exchange and reuse of information on signaling pathways, metabolic networks and gene regulatory maps.
Effect of Diet and Exercise, Alone or Combined, on Weight and Body Composition in Overweight‐to‐Obese Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Foster‐Schubert Karen E. , Alfano Catherine M. , Duggan Catherine R. , Xiao Liren , Campbell Kristin L. , Kong Angela , Bain Carolyn E. , Wang Ching‐Yun , Blackburn George L. , McTiernan Anne
Published: April 2011

Lifestyle interventions for weight loss are the cornerstone of obesity therapy, yet their optimal design is debated. This is particularly true for postmenopausal women; a population with a high prevalence of obesity yet toward whom fewer studies are targeted. We conducted a year‐long, 4‐arm randomized trial among 439 overweight‐to‐obese postmenopausal sedentary women to determine the effects of a calorie‐reduced, low‐fat diet (D), a moderate‐intensity, facility‐based aerobic exercise program (E), or the combination of both interventions (D+E), vs. a no‐lifestyle‐change control (C) on change in body weight and composition. The group‐based dietary intervention had a weight‐reduction goal of ≥10%, and the exercise intervention consisted of a gradual escalation to 45‐min aerobic exercise 5 day/week. Participants were predominantly non‐Hispanic whites (85%) with a mean age of 58.0 ± 5.0 years, a mean BMI of 30.9 ± 4.0 kg/m2 and an average of 47.8 ± 4.4% body fat. Baseline and 12‐month weight and adiposity measures were obtained by staff blinded to participants' intervention assignment. Three hundred and ninety nine women completed the trial (91% retention). Using an intention‐to‐treat analysis, average weight loss at 12 months was −8.5% for the D group (P < 0.0001 vs. C), −2.4% for the E group (P = 0.03 vs. C), and −10.8% for the D+E group (P < 0.0001 vs. C), whereas the C group experienced a nonsignificant −0.8% decrease. BMI, waist circumference, and % body fat were also similarly reduced. Among postmenopausal women, lifestyle‐change involving diet, exercise, or both combined over 1 year improves body weight and adiposity, with the greatest change arising from the combined intervention.
In Vivo Nitric Oxide Suppression of Lipolysis in Subcutaneous Abdominal Adipose Tissue Is Greater in Obese Than Lean Women
Authors: Hickner Robert C. , Kemeny Gabor , Clark Paige D. , Galvin Vaughna B. , McIver Kerry L. , Evans Chris A. , Carper Michael J. , Garry Joseph P.
Published: April 2011

Mounting evidence suggests there is a reduced mobilization of stored fat in obese compared to lean women. It has been suggested that this decreased lipid mobilization may lead to, or perpetuate, the obese state; however, there may be a beneficial effect of reduced lipolysis, either by allowing for a sink of excess fatty acids, or by limiting a potentially harmful rise in interstitial and circulating fatty acid concentration. Nitric oxide (NO) may be responsible for a portion of the reduced in vivo rates of lipolysis in obese women because NO reduces adipose tissue lipolysis and adipose tissue nitric oxide synthase (NOS) mRNA is higher in obese than lean individuals. The purpose of this study was to determine if the inhibition of NOS by l‐Ng‐monomethyl‐l‐arginine (l‐NMMA) in the absence and presence of lipolytic stimulation would result in a larger increase in lipolytic rate in obese (OB) than lean (LN) women. Microdialysis probes were inserted into the subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue of seven obese and six lean women to monitor lipolysis. Dialysate glycerol concentration increased in response to l‐NMMA in OB (basal 125 ± 26 µmol/l; l‐NMMA 225 ± 35 µmol/l) to a greater extent than in LN (basal 70 ± 18 µmol/l; l‐NMMA 84 ± 20 µmol/l) women (P < 0.05). Dialysate glycerol increased to a similar extent in OB and LN in response to adrenergic stimulation by isoprenaline or norepinephrine in the presence of l‐NMMA. The differential glycerol responses to l‐NMMA between obese and lean could not be explained by differential blood flow responses. It can be concluded that NO suppresses basal lipolysis in obese women to a greater extent than in lean women.
Inventing Discovery Tools: Combining Information Visualization with Data Mining
Authors: Shneiderman Ben
Published: April 2011

The growing use of information visualization tools and data mining algorithms stems from two separate lines of research. Information visualization researchers believe in the importance of giving users an overview and insight into the data distributions, while data mining researchers believe that statistical algorithms and machine learning can be relied on to find the interesting patterns. This paper discusses two issues that influence design of discovery tools: statistical algorithms vs visual data presentation, and hypothesis testing vs exploratory data analysis. The paper claims that a combined approach could lead to novel discovery tools that preserve user control, enable more effective exploration, and promote responsibility.
Re-thinking American intervention in the 1948 Italian election: beyond a success–failure dichotomy
Authors: Mistry Kaeten
Published: April 2011

American intervention in the 1948 Italian national election campaign has long been a source of contention. Most scholarship has assessed the Truman administration's activities in binary terms that revolve on simplistic notions of ‘success’; the idea that American efforts did or did not affect the outcome. The subsequent tendency has been to celebrate or critique US intervention. This article traces the difficulties experienced by the American government in post-war Italy, which laid the platform for an improvised effort in support of non-communist forces. The mobilisation was neither unified nor coherent and, moreover, was influenced by Italians. The final result nevertheless masked problems with the campaign. Rather than a normative critique of American efforts, this article argues that the outcome fostered a ‘perception of success’ that reframed US conceptualisation of the post-war Italian case and considers the wider ramifications of this mind-frame for future US–Italian relations and broader American approaches in the Cold War.
Stoic Rhetoric: Prospects of a Problematic
Authors: O'Gorman Ned
Published: April 2011

Both “stoicism” and “rhetoric” are approached as, among other things, traditions. In this essay, I attempt to locate “tradition” within systematic knowledges in order to ask, What does it mean to approach the problematic of “stoic rhetoric” in a traditional-historical mode?
The Stoicism of the Ideal Orator: Cicero's Hellenistic Ideal
Authors: Inabinet Brandon
Published: April 2011

This reading of De Oratore uses Stoic philosophy and rhetoric to trace out a complex Ciceronian theory of rhetoric. Cicero rejected Stoic style, labeling it as meager and unpersuasive. However, he coalesced Stoic philosophy with Greek rhetoric to produce his ideal orator. Cicero described eloquentia as natural public speech that was distinctive to every person, yet he also explained how eloquence, like wisdom, unified aspects of the entire universe. Through these connections, Stoic influences enabled Cicero to negotiate major questions concerning rhetoric, such as the emotional control of the orator, the virtue of eloquence, and the status of rhetoric as an art. Cicero's negotiation is productive of a theory of rhetoric that is useful today, especially as it holds speech and public action as important and fundamental acts of human individuality.
The Stoic Nature of Early Dramatistic Theory
Authors: Kennerly Michele
Published: April 2011

As Cicero details in his De Officiis (On Duties), Stoic ethical theory proceeds from a poetics of virtue according to which people act dutifully by performing the roles (personae) in which nature has cast them. Stoicism's dramatistic conception of duty fits within the theatrical dynamics of ancient rhetorical practice, theory, and pedagogy and is a noteworthy precursor to persona theory in contemporary rhetorical studies. Furthermore, the centrality of decorum to Stoic personae theory gives it a poignant rhetorical quality, especially given the circumstances during which Cicero introduced it to Roman readers.
Toward a Rhetorical Cosmopolitanism: Stoics, Kant, and the Challenges of European Integration
Authors: Beasley Von Burg Alessandra
Published: April 2011

In this article, I present a mode of cosmopolitanism that builds on Stoic and Kantian views toward not just rational cosmopolitan agents but rhetorical ones. I outline a new rhetorical approach to cosmopolitanism that addresses the challenge of “otherness.” This rhetorical cosmopolitanism focuses on the conditions for deliberative and participatory practices that bring us before others; it seeks to help us recognize that the way we develop actual—and not just abstract—political relationships to others is fundamentally rhetorical, not just rational or emotional. I explore the debates over the inclusion of minorities in the European Union, particularly focusing on the Muslim population, in order to outline a rhetorical cosmopolitanism that accounts for the place of emotions in discourses of citizenship.
Treatment of incompatible initial and boundary data for parabolic equations in higher dimension
Authors: Chen Qingshan , Qin Zhen , Temam Roger
Published: April 2011

A new method is proposed to improve the numerical simulation of time dependent problems when the initial and boundary data are not compatible. Unlike earlier methods limited to space dimension one, this method can be used for any space dimension. When both methods are applicable (in space dimension one), the improvements in precision are comparable, but the method proposed here is not restricted by dimension.
AP-1 and clathrin are essential for secretory granule biogenesis inDrosophila
Authors: Burgess Jason , Jauregui Miluska , Tan Julie , Rollins Janet , Lallet Sylvie , Leventis Peter A. , Boulianne Gabrielle L. , Chang Henry C. , Le Borgne Roland , Krämer Helmut , Brill Julie A.
Published: April 2011

Regulated secretion of hormones, digestive enzymes, and other biologically active molecules requires the formation of secretory granules. Clathrin and the clathrin adaptor protein complex 1 (AP-1) are necessary for maturation of exocrine, endocrine, and neuroendocrine secretory granules. However, the initial steps of secretory granule biogenesis are only minimally understood. Powerful genetic approaches available in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster were used to investigate the molecular pathway for biogenesis of the mucin-containing “glue granules” that form within epithelial cells of the third-instar larval salivary gland. Clathrin and AP-1 colocalize at the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and clathrin recruitment requires AP-1. Furthermore, clathrin and AP-1 colocalize with secretory cargo at the TGN and on immature granules. Finally, loss of clathrin or AP-1 leads to a profound block in secretory granule formation. These findings establish a novel role for AP-1– and clathrin-dependent trafficking in the biogenesis of mucin-containing secretory granules.
Predation of experimental nests is linked to local population dynamics in a fragmented bird population
Authors: Vögeli Matthias , Laiolo Paola , Serrano David , Tella José L.
Published: April 2011

Artificial nest experiments (ANEs) are widely used to obtain proxies of natural nest predation for testing a variety of hypotheses, from those dealing with variation in life-history strategies to those assessing the effects of habitat fragmentation on the persistence of bird populations. However, their applicability to real-world scenarios has been criticized owing to the many potential biases in comparing predation rates of artificial and natural nests. Here, we aimed to test the validity of estimates of ANEs using a novel approach. We related predation rates on artificial nests to population viability analyses in a songbird metapopulation as a way of predicting the real impact of predation events on the local populations studied. Predation intensity on artificial nests was negatively related to the species' annual population growth rate in small local populations, whereas the viability of large local populations did not seem to be influenced, even by high nest predation rates. The potential of extrapolation from ANEs to real-world scenarios is discussed, as these results suggest that artificial nest predation estimates may predict demographic processes in small structured populations.
Age moderates non‐genetic influences on the initiation of cannabis use: a twin‐sibling study in Dutch adolescents and young adults
Authors: Distel Marijn A. , Vink Jacqueline M. , Bartels Meike , van Beijsterveldt Catharina E. M. , Neale Michael C. , Boomsma Dorret I.
Published: April 2011

Aims  To examine the heritability of cannabis initiation, the influence of a possible twin‐specific environment and the influence of age on the effects of genes and environment in Dutch adolescents and young adults.

Design  Genetic structural equation modelling was used to partition the variance in the liability to cannabis initiation into genetic and environmental components.

Setting  All participants were registered with the Netherlands Twin Register.

Participants  A total of 6208 twins (age 13–20) and 1545 siblings (age 11–25) from 3503 families participated in this study.

Measurements  Self‐reported cannabis use was assessed prospectively with the Dutch Health Behavior Questionnaire.

Findings  At the median age of the sample (16.5), genetic factors explained 40% of the individual differences in liability to cannabis initiation. Twins resembled each other more than non‐twin siblings, which could not be attributed to the age difference between non‐twin siblings. Environmental influences increased with age. This increase applied to environmental factors shared by twins (47% of the variance), environmental factors shared by twins and siblings (24%) and environmental factors unique to an individual (13%).

Conclusion  The heritability of the liability for cannabis initiation is higher in adolescents than in young adults due to a larger contribution of environmental factors in young adults. This is due mainly to environmental factors only shared by twins and those shared by all offspring growing up in the same family, but the contribution of environmental factors specific to individuals is also larger in young adults.
A systematic review and meta‐analysis of the effectiveness of behavioural smoking cessation interventions in selected disadvantaged groups
Authors: Bryant Jamie , Bonevski Billie , Paul Chris , McElduff Patrick , Attia John
Published: April 2011

Aims  A systematic review and meta‐analysis was conducted to assess the methodological quality and effectiveness of behavioural smoking cessation interventions targeted at six disadvantaged groups; the homeless, prisoners, indigenous populations, at‐risk youth, individuals with low socio‐economic status and individuals with a mental illness.

Methods  Medline, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library and PsycInfo databases were searched using MeSH and keywords for studies conducted in developed countries prior to October 2010. Included studies were assessed for methodological quality. A DerSimonian and Laird random effects meta‐analysis was conducted where possible to explore the effectiveness of interventions for the different subgroups. A narrative review was conducted for studies unable to be included in the meta‐analysis. Outcomes examined were abstinence rates at short‐term (up to 3 months) and long‐term (6 months or the longest) follow‐up.

Results  Thirty‐two relevant studies were identified. The majority (n = 20) were rated low in methodological quality. Results of the meta‐analysis showed a significant increase in cessation for behavioural support interventions targeted at low‐income female smokers at short‐term follow‐up [relative risk (RR) 1.68, confidence interval (CI) 1.21–2.33], and behavioural support interventions targeted at individuals with a mental illness at long‐term follow‐up (RR 1.35, CI 1.01–1.81). Results of the narrative review showed several promising interventions that increased cessation rates at 6‐month or longer follow‐up.

Conclusions  Few well‐controlled trials have examined the most effective smoking cessation strategies for highly disadvantaged groups, especially among the homeless, indigenous smokers and prisoners. The use of behavioural smoking cessation interventions for some socially disadvantaged groups appears promising; however, overall findings are inconsistent. Further research is needed to establish the most effective interventions for vulnerable high‐risk groups. Special attention should be given to increasing sample size and power, and to sound evaluation methodology to overcome methodological limitations of conducting research with these high‐risk groups.
Biomarkers of therapy responsiveness in asthma: pitfalls and promises
Authors: Vijverberg S. J. H. , Koenderman L. , Koster E. S. , van der Ent C. K. , Raaijmakers J. A. M. , Maitland‐van der Zee A.‐H.
Published: April 2011

Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide. There is a large inter‐individual variability in response to asthma treatment. Most patients respond well to standard therapy; however, a small proportion of the patients remain symptomatic despite treatment with high dosages of corticosteroids. Uncontrolled asthma leads to a decreased quality of life. Therefore, it is important to identify individuals who will respond poorly to standard asthma medication, especially to standard maintenance therapy with inhaled corticosteroids, at an early stage. Response to anti‐inflammatory therapy is generally monitored by the assessment of clinical symptoms, which only partially correlates with underlying airway inflammation. The identification of specific inflammatory biomarkers might help to guide treatment or predict a corticosteroid response more accurately. Some inflammatory biomarkers are already finding their way into clinical practice (e.g. fraction of nitric oxide in exhaled breath), whereas others are predominantly used as a research tool (e.g. profiles of volatile organic compounds). Currently, there is no inflammatory biomarker used in routine clinical practice to predict a corticosteroid response. More knowledge on the underlying biological mechanism(s) of heterogeneous therapeutic responses could help to identify novel biomarkers. This review will focus on inflammatory patterns and genetic variations that may underlie differences in treatment response in patients with asthma, and will provide an overview of inflammatory biomarkers that could potentially serve as response predictors.

Cite this as: S. J. H. Vijverberg, L. Koenderman, E. S. Koster, C. K. van der Ent, J. A. M. Raaijmakers and A.‐H. Maitland‐van der Zee, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2011 (41) 615–629.